PMID- 27352991
TI  - Late mitral paravalvular leak.

PMID- 27352992
TI  - Plant adaptive radiation mediated by polyploid plasticity in transcriptomes.
AB  - The habitats of polyploid species are generally distinct from their parental
      species. Stebbins described polyploids as 'general purpose genotypes', which can
      tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. However, little is known about
      its molecular basis because of the complexity of polyploid genomes. We
      hypothesized that allopolyploid species might utilize the expression patterns of
      both parents depending on environments (polyploid plasticity hypothesis). We
      focused on hydrological niche segregation along fine-scale soil moisture and
      waterlogging gradients. Two diploid species, Cardamine amara and Cardamine
      hirsuta, grew best in submerged and unsubmerged conditions, respectively,
      consistent with their natural habitats. Interestingly, the allotetraploid
      Cardamine flexuosa derived from them grew similarly in fluctuating as well as
      submerged and unsubmerged conditions, consistent with its wide environmental
      tolerance. A similar pattern was found in another species trio: allotetraploid
      Cardamine scutata and its parents. Using the close relatedness of Cardamine and
      Arabidopsis, we quantified genomewide expression patterns following dry and wet
      treatments using an Arabidopsis microarray. Hierarchical clustering analysis
      revealed that the expression pattern of C. flexuosa clustered with C. hirsuta in
      the dry condition and with C. amara in the wet condition, supporting our
      hypothesis. Furthermore, the induction levels of most genes in the allopolyploid
      were lower than in a specialist diploid species. This reflects a disadvantage of
      being allopolyploid arising from fixed heterozygosity. We propose that recurrent
      allopolyploid speciation along soil moisture and waterlogging gradients confers
      niche differentiation and reproductive isolation simultaneously and serves as a
      model for studying the molecular basis of ecological speciation and adaptive
      radiation.

PMID- 27352993
TI  - National attitudes towards mental health treatment: the importance of research
      evidence.
AB  - Most conceptualizations of evidence-based practice view it as a "three legged
      stool" consisting of: the use of best available research evidence, clinical
      expertise, and client preferences. Although empirical evidence and clinical
      expertise have received greater empirical attention, relatively little research
      has systematically explored client preferences. The present study analyzed self
      reported treatment preferences for various clinical and non-clinical
      presentations. Adult participants (n = 1262) residing in the United States were
      presented with diagnostic vignettes and rated their relative preferences among 5
      treatment variables, including: use of an empirically supported treatment (EST),
      quality of the client-therapist relationship, therapist empathy, therapist
      experience, and client speaking for the majority of therapy sessions. Results
      indicated that participants endorsed significant preference for receiving an EST
      over other treatment variables for all clinical disorders, with effect sizes
      ranging from small to large depending on the diagnosis. There was slightly
      greater variability in treatment preferences for non-clinical issues, though
      participants generally reported greater preference for receiving an EST. Follow
      up questions provided further evidence for EST preferences. The implications of
      these results are discussed.

PMID- 27352994
TI  - CXCR4 antagonism overcomes diabetic stem cell mobilopathy.

PMID- 27352995
TI  - Photoluminescence, semiconductive properties and theoretical calculation of a
      novel bismuth biimidazole compound.
AB  - A novel bismuth biimidazole compound, [(BiCl4 )-(MU2 -Cl)2 -(BiCl4 )][(CH3 )4 
      2,2'-biimidazole]2 (1) with the (CH3 )4 -2,2'-biimidazole moiety generated in
      situ, was successfully prepared under hydrothermal conditions and structurally
      characterized using a single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Compound 1 is
      characteristic of an isolated structure, consisting of [(BiCl4 )-(MU2 -Cl)2 
      (BiCl4 )] and (CH3 )4 -2,2'-biimidazole moieties. Solid-state photoluminescence
      measurement reveals that it shows a strong emission in the blue region. Time
      dependent density functional theory studies show that this emission is ascribed
      to metal-to-ligand charge transfer. The solid-state diffuse reflectance spectrum
      reveals the existence of an optical band gap of 2.09 eV, indicating that it is a
      semiconductor.

PMID- 27352996
TI  - Short AntiMicrobial Peptides (SAMPs) as a class of extraordinary promising
      therapeutic agents.
AB  - The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria has a direct impact on global
      public health because of the reduced potency of existing antibiotics against
      pathogens. Hence, there is a pressing need for new drugs with different modes of
      action that can kill microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can be
      regarded as an alternative tool for this purpose because they are proven to have
      therapeutic effects with broad-spectrum activities. There are some hurdles in
      using AMPs as clinical candidates such as toxicity, lack of stability and high
      budgets required for manufacturing. This can be overcome by developing shorter
      and more easily accessible AMPs, the so-called Short AntiMicrobial Peptides
      (SAMPs) that contain between two and ten amino acid residues. These are emerging
      as an attractive class of therapeutic agents with high potential for clinical use
      and possessing multifunctional activities. In this review we attempted to compile
      those SAMPs that have exhibited biological properties which are believed to hold
      promise for the future. Copyright (c) 2016 European Peptide Society and John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 27352997
TI  - High-molecular-weight poly(Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro) synthesis through microwave
      irradiation.
AB  - In this study, we synthesized a polypeptide from its pentapeptide unit using
      microwave irradiation. Effective methods for polypeptide synthesis from unit
      peptides have not been reported. Here, we used a key elastin peptide, H
      GlyValGlyValPro-OH (GVGVP), as the monomer peptide. It is difficult to obtain
      poly(Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro) (poly(GVGVP)) from the pentapeptide unit of elastin,
      GVGVP, via polycondensation. Poly(GVGVP) prepared from genetically recombinant
      Escherichia coli is a well-known temperature-sensitive polypeptide, and this
      temperature sensitivity is known as the lower critical solution temperature. When
      microwave irradiation was performed in the presence of various additives, the
      pentapeptide (GVGVP) polycondensation reaction proceeded smoothly, resulting in a
      product with a high molecular weight in a relatively good yield. The reaction
      conditions, like microwave irradiation, coupling agents, and solvents, were
      optimized to increase the reaction efficiency. The product exhibited a molecular
      weight greater than Mr 7000. Further, the product could be synthesized on a gram
      scale. The synthesized polypeptide exhibited a temperature sensitivity that was
      similar to that of poly(GVGVP) prepared from genetically recombinant E. coli.
      Therefore, this technique offers a facile and quick approach to prepare
      polypeptides in large amounts. Copyright (c) 2016 European Peptide Society and
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 27352998
TI  - Identification of a female spawn-associated Kazal-type inhibitor from the
      tropical abalone Haliotis asinina.
AB  - Abalone (Haliotis) undergoes a period of reproductive maturation, followed by the
      synchronous release of gametes, called broadcast spawning. Field and laboratory
      studies have shown that the tropical species Haliotis asinina undergoes a two
      week spawning cycle, thus providing an excellent opportunity to investigate the
      presence of endogenous spawning-associated peptides. In female H. asinina, we
      have isolated a peptide (5145 Da) whose relative abundance in hemolymph increases
      substantially just prior to spawning and is still detected using reverse-phase
      high-performance liquid chromatography chromatograms up to 1-day post-spawn. We
      have isolated this peptide from female hemolymph as well as samples prepared from
      the gravid female gonad, and demonstrated through comparative sequence analysis
      that it contains features characteristic of Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors
      (KPIs). Has-KPI is expressed specifically within the gonad of adult females. A
      recombinant Has-KPI was generated using a yeast expression system. The
      recombinant Has-KPI does not induce premature spawning of female H. asinina when
      administered intramuscularly. However it displays homomeric aggregations and
      interaction with at least one mollusc-type neuropeptide (LRDFVamide), suggesting
      a role for it in regulating neuropeptide endocrine communication. This research
      provides new understanding of a peptide that can regulate reproductive processes
      in female abalone, which has the potential to lead to the development of greater
      control over abalone spawning. The findings also highlight the need to further
      explore abalone reproduction to clearly define a role for novel spawning
      associated peptide in sexual maturation and spawning. Copyright (c) 2016 European
      Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 27352999
TI  - Elastography in Dermatology.
AB  - Elastography is a recently developed ultrasound technique applicable to various
      medical specialties. It provides information on the physical properties of
      tissues in the context of physiologic and pathologic alterations. In this review
      we explain the physical principles of the method, the information provided by the
      different elastography techniques, and its new applications in clinical
      dermatology. 

PMID- 27353000
TI  - Cargo binding promotes KDEL receptor clustering at the mammalian cell surface.
AB  - Transmembrane receptor clustering is a ubiquitous phenomenon in pro- and
      eukaryotic cells to physically sense receptor/ligand interactions and
      subsequently translate an exogenous signal into a cellular response. Despite that
      receptor cluster formation has been described for a wide variety of receptors,
      ranging from chemotactic receptors in bacteria to growth factor and
      neurotransmitter receptors in mammalian cells, a mechanistic understanding of the
      underlying molecular processes is still puzzling. In an attempt to fill this gap
      we followed a combined experimental and theoretical approach by dissecting and
      modulating cargo binding, internalization and cellular response mediated by KDEL
      receptors (KDELRs) at the mammalian cell surface after interaction with a model
      cargo/ligand. Using a fluorescent variant of ricin toxin A chain as KDELR-ligand
      (eGFP-RTA(H/KDEL)), we demonstrate that cargo binding induces dose-dependent
      receptor cluster formation at and subsequent internalization from the membrane
      which is associated and counteracted by anterograde and microtubule-assisted
      receptor transport to preferred docking sites at the plasma membrane. By means of
      analytical arguments and extensive numerical simulations we show that cargo
      synchronized receptor transport from and to the membrane is causative for
      KDELR/cargo cluster formation at the mammalian cell surface.

PMID- 27353002
TI  - Finite particle size drives defect-mediated domain structures in strongly
      confined colloidal liquid crystals.
AB  - When liquid crystals are confined to finite volumes, the competition between the
      surface anchoring imposed by the boundaries and the intrinsic orientational
      symmetry-breaking of these materials gives rise to a host of intriguing phenomena
      involving topological defect structures. For synthetic molecular mesogens, like
      the ones used in liquid-crystal displays, these defect structures are independent
      of the size of the molecules and well described by continuum theories. In
      contrast, colloidal systems such as carbon nanotubes and biopolymers have micron
      sized lengths, so continuum descriptions are expected to break down under strong
      confinement conditions. Here, we show, by a combination of computer simulations
      and experiments with virus particles in tailor-made disk- and annulus-shaped
      microchambers, that strong confinement of colloidal liquid crystals leads to
      novel defect-stabilized symmetrical domain structures. These finite-size effects
      point to a potential for designing optically active microstructures, exploiting
      the as yet unexplored regime of highly confined liquid crystals.

PMID- 27353001
TI  - Altered expression of mir-222 and mir-25 influences diverse gene expression
      changes in transformed normal and anaplastic thyroid cells, and impacts on MEK
      and TRAIL protein expression.
AB  - Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and accounts for the
      majority of endocrine cancer-related deaths each year. Our group and others have
      previously demonstrated dysfunctional microRNA (miRNA or miR) expression in the
      context of thyroid cancer. The objective of the present study was to investigate
      the impact of synthetic manipulation of expression of miR-25 and miR-222 in
      benign and malignant thyroid cells. miR-25 and miR-222 expression was upregulated
      in 8505C (an anaplastic thyroid cell line) and Nthy-ori (a SV40-immortalised
      thyroid cell line) cells, respectively. A transcriptomics-based approach was
      utilised to identify targets of the two miRNAs and real-time PCR and western
      blotting were used to validate a subset of the targets. Almost 100 mRNAs of
      diverse functions were found to be either directly or indirectly targeted by both
      miR-222 and miR-25 [fold change >=2, false discovery rate (FDR) <=0.05]. Gene
      ontology analysis showed the miR-25 gene target list to be significantly enriched
      for genes involved in cell adhesion. Fluidigm real-time PCR technologies were
      used to validate the downregulation of 23 and 22 genes in response to miR-25 and
      miR-222 overexpression, respectively. The reduction of the expression of two miR
      25 protein targets, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and mitogen
      activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MEK4), was also validated. Manipulating the
      expression of both miR-222 and miR-25 influenced diverse gene expression changes
      in thyroid cells. Increased expression of miR-25 reduced MEK4 and TRAIL protein
      expression, and cell adhesion and apoptosis are important aspects of miR-25
      functioning in thyroid cells. 

PMID- 27353003
TI  - Supramolecular core-shell nanoparticles for photoconductive device applications.
AB  - We report a breakthrough discovery involving supramolecular-based strategies to
      construct novel core-shell heterojunction nanoparticles with hydrophilic adenine
      functionalized polythiophene (PAT) as the core and hydrophobic phenyl-C61-butyric
      acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the shell, which enables the conception of new
      functional supramolecular assemblies for constructing functional nanomaterials
      for applications in optoelectronic devices. The generated nanoparticles exhibit
      uniform spherical shape, well-controlled tuning of particle size with narrow size
      distributions, and excellent electrochemical stability in solution and the solid
      state owing to highly efficient energy transfer from PAT to PCBM. When the
      PAT/PCBM nanoparticles were fabricated into a photoconducting layer in an
      electronic device, the resulting device showed excellent electric conduction
      characteristics, including an electrically-tunable voltage-controlled switch, and
      high short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage. These observations
      demonstrate how the self-assembly of PAT/PCBM into specific nanostructures may
      help to promote efficient charge generation and transport processes, suggesting
      potential for a wide variety of applications as a promising candidate material
      for bulk heterojunction polymer devices. 

PMID- 27353004
TI  - Peptide hormones regulate the physiological functions of reproductive organs in
      Tenebrio molitor males.
AB  - In insects, the majority of studies have been conducted on the hormonal
      regulation of female reproduction. Thus far, little is known about the regulation
      of male reproductive physiology, especially by peptide hormones. We report here,
      for the first time in insects, the effects of three peptides, Neb-colloostatin
      (SIVPLGLPVPIGPIVVGPR), Neb-TMOF (NPTNLH) and Lepde-NPF-I (ARGPQLRLRFa), on
      various aspects of reproduction in male Tenebrio molitor beetles. All three
      tested peptides increased the soluble protein concentration in the testes and the
      dry mass of the beetle's testes. They also significantly changed the protein
      profiles of the testes. Injection of these peptides also significantly changed
      the number of sperm cells in the testes. However, the observed effects were age
      specific. The most prominent changes were observed in 4-day-old males. Neb
      colloostatin and Neb-TMOF decreased the number of sperm cells, whereas Lepde-NPF
      I increased the number of spermatocytes. Moreover, in vitro experiments revealed
      that Neb-TMOF and Lepde-NPF-I increased the contractility of the ejaculatory duct
      of T. molitor males. The results obtained suggest that different reproductive
      processes in males might be regulated by complex mechanisms.

PMID- 27353005
TI  - Stress-associated radiation effects in pygmy wood mouse Apodemus uralensis
      (Muridae, Rodentia) populations from the East-Urals Radioactive Trace.
AB  - This work is based on the comparative analysis of data obtained in the course of
      monitoring pygmy wood mouse populations (Apodemus uralensis Pallas, 1811) in the
      East-Urals Radioactive Trace (EURT) area and background territories. The effect
      of population size and its interaction with the radioactivity on biochemical
      parameters in the spleen and adrenal glands was studied. The concentrations of
      total lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA, activity of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
      and catalase as well as the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) were evaluated. The
      functional-metabolic shifts seen with large population sizes were characterized
      by delipidisation of adrenocortical cells, increased LPO as the main mechanism
      for steroidogenesis, growth of the protein components of the adrenal glands to
      maintain their hyperfunction, as well as immunosuppression associated with the
      restriction of carbohydrates providing splenocytes, reduction of DNA synthesis,
      and the development of a pro-/antioxidant imbalance. Reactivity of the
      neuroendocrine and hematopoietic systems of animals experiencing a high
      population density was higher in the EURT zone compared with the reference group.
      This difference can be explained by the additional stress from the chronic
      radiation exposure. The level of LPO, catalase activity, and DNA/protein ratio in
      the spleen and the total protein content in the adrenal glands were the most
      sensitive to the interaction of population size and radiation exposure. The
      harmful effect (distress) of the interaction of non-radiation and radiation
      factors can manifest when there is a population abundance above 30 ind./100 trap
      day and a radiation burden which exceeds the lower boundary of the Derived
      Consideration Reference Levels, which is above 0.1 mGy/day.

PMID- 27353006
TI  - Surface metabolites of the brown alga Taonia atomaria have the ability to
      regulate epibiosis.
AB  - This study aimed to improve understanding of the strategies developed by the
      Mediterranean seaweed Taonia atomaria to chemically control bacterial epibiosis.
      An experimental protocol was optimized to specifically extract algal surface
      associated metabolites by a technique involving dipping in organic solvents
      whilst the integrity of algal cell membranes was assessed by fluorescent
      microscopy. This methodology was validated using mass spectrometry-based profiles
      of algal extracts and analysis of their principal components, which led to the
      selection of methanol as the extraction solvent with a maximum exposure time of
      15 s. Six compounds (A-F) were identified in the resulting surface extracts. Two
      of these surface-associated compounds (B and C) showed selective anti-adhesion
      properties against reference bacterial strains isolated from artificial surfaces
      while remaining inactive against epibiotic bacteria of T. atomaria. Such
      specificity was not observed for commercial antifouling biocides and other
      molecules identified in the surface or whole-cell extracts of T. atomaria.

PMID- 27353007
TI  - Carbon nanotubes dispersed in aqueous solution by ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl
      complexes.
AB  - Cationic ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes with appended pyrene groups have
      been synthesized and used to disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in
      aqueous solutions. To this end, planar pyrene groups enable association by means
      of pi-stacking onto carbon nanotubes and, in turn, the attachment of the cationic
      ruthenium complexes. Importantly, the ionic nature of the ruthenium complexes
      allows the formation of stable dispersions featuring individualized SWCNTs in
      water as confirmed in a number of spectroscopic and microscopic assays. In
      addition, steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy was used to probe the
      excited state interactions between the ruthenium complexes and SWCNTs. These
      studies show that the photoluminescence of both, that is, of the ruthenium
      complexes and of SWCNTs, are quenched when they interact with each other. Pump
      probe transient absorption experiments were performed to shed light onto the
      nature of the photoluminescence quenching, showing carbon nanotube-based bands
      with picosecond lifetimes, but no new bands which could be unambigously assigned
      to photoinduced charge transfer process. Thus, from the spectroscopic data, we
      conclude that quenching of the photoluminescence of the ruthenium complexes is
      due to energy transfer to proximal SWCNTs. 

PMID- 27353008
TI  - Elevated 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) levels in serum of individuals
      with newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 27353009
TI  - Editorial Comment to Risk factors of systemic inflammation response syndrome
      after endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in the modified Valdivia position.

PMID- 27353010
TI  - A world-wide survey and field study in clinical haemostasis laboratories to
      evaluate FVIII:C activity assay variability of ADYNOVATE and OBIZUR in comparison
      with ADVATE.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Discrepancies have been previously reported for one-stage clotting
      and chromogenic assays for FVIII activity analysis. Inter-laboratory variations
      in instruments, method of clot detection, assay set-up, reference standard
      calibration, reagent source and reagent composition all contribute to assay
      variability. AIM: To characterise multilaboratory assay variability in measuring
      ADYNOVATE, OBIZUR and ADVATE FVIII activity in human plasma and survey
      multinational FVIII activity assay preferences. METHODS: As samples from patients
      treated with either of the FVIII products are not available in the quantities
      required for a systematic collaborative study, haemophilia A plasma was spiked in
      vitro with either ADYNOVATE (PEGylated rFVIII), OBIZUR [Porcine Sequence
      Antihaemophilic Factor (Recombinant)] or ADVATE at high (0.80 IU or U mL-1 ),
      medium (0.20 IU or U mL-1 ) and low (0.05 IU or U mL-1 ) FVIII concentrations,
      based on labelled potencies. Clinical laboratories used their routine FVIII
      activity assay to determine FVIII activity of each product. Thirty-five data sets
      using one-stage clotting assay and 11 sets using chromogenic assay were obtained.
      RESULTS: A vast majority of laboratories (98%) prefer and rely on the one-stage
      clotting assay. Mean recoveries across all concentrations were 113%, 120% and
      127% for ADYNOVATE, OBIZUR and ADVATE respectively. Assay variation was
      comparable between ADVATE, ADYNOVATE and OBIZUR with inter-laboratory percent
      coefficients of variation (%CV) ranging from 11 to 22%. Mean chromogenic assay
      results were 116%, 51% and 113% for ADYNOVATE, OBIZUR and ADVATE respectively.
      Inter-laboratory CV's were similar for ADYNOVATE, OBIZUR and ADVATE. CONCLUSIONS:
      One-stage clotting assays can and will be used with sufficient accuracy and
      precision for the measurement of ADYNOVATE, OBIZUR and ADVATE in plasma samples
      from subjects with haemophilia A. Chromogenic assay underestimates OBIZUR
      potency, particularly at lower concentrations.

PMID- 27353011
TI  - Binding and thermodynamics of REV peptide-ctDNA interaction.
AB  - The thermodynamics of DNA-ligand binding is important as it provides useful
      information to understand the details of binding processes. HIV-1 REV response
      element (RRE) located in the env coding region of the viral genome is reported to
      be well conserved across different HIV-1 isolates. In this study, the binding
      characteristics of Calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) and REV peptide from HIV-1 were
      investigated using spectroscopic (UV-visible, fluorescence, and circular
      dichroism (CD)) and isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) techniques. Thermal
      stability and ligand binding properties of the ctDNA revealed that native ctDNA
      had a Tm of 75.5  degrees C, whereas the ctDNA-REV peptide complex exhibited an
      incremental shift in the Tm by 8  degrees C, indicating thermal stability of the
      complex. CD data indicated increased ellipticity due to large conformational
      changes in ctDNA molecule upon binding with REV peptide and two binding
      stoichiometric modes are apparent. The ctDNA experienced condensation due to
      large conformational changes in the presence of REV peptide and positive B->Psi
      transition was observed at higher molar charge ratios. Fluorescence studies
      performed at several ligand concentrations revealed a gradual decrease in the
      fluorescence intensity of EtBr-bound ctDNA in response to increasing ligand
      concentrations. The fluorescence data further confirmed two stoichiometric modes
      of binding for ctDNA-REV peptide complex as previously observed with CD studies.
      The binding enthalpies were determined using ITC in the temperature range of 293
      K-308 K. The ITC binding isotherm was exothermic at all temperatures examined,
      with low DeltaH values indicating that the ctDNA-REV peptide interaction is
      driven largely by entropy. The heat capacity change (DeltaCp ) was insignificant,
      an unusual finding in the area of DNA-peptide interaction studies. The variation
      in the values obtained for DeltaH, DeltaS, and DeltaG with temperature further
      suggests that ctDNA-REV peptide interaction is entropically driven. ITC based
      analysis of salt dependence of binding constant gave a charge value (Z) = +4.01,
      as determined for the deltalnK/deltaln[Na+ ] parameter, suggesting the
      participation of only 3-4 Arg out of 11 Arg charge from REV peptide. The
      stoichiometry observed for the complex was three molar charge of REV peptide
      binding per molar charge of ctDNA. ITC based analysis further confirmed that the
      binding between ctDNA and REV peptide is governed by electrostatic interaction.
      Molecular interactions including H-bonding, van der Waals forces, and solvent
      molecules rearrangement, underlie the binding of REV peptide to ctDNA.

PMID- 27353012
TI  - Approach To Deliver Two Antioxidant Enzymes with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
      into Cells.
AB  - Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important factors in many clinical diseases.
      However, direct delivery of antioxidant enzymes into cells is difficult due to
      poor cell uptake. A proper design of delivery of enzymes by nanoparticles is very
      desirable for therapeutic purposes. To overcome the cell barrier problem, a
      designed mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) system with attached TAT-fusion
      denatured enzyme for enhancing cell membrane penetration has been developed.
      Simultaneous delivery of two up-downstream antioxidant enzymes, superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx), reveals synergistic efficiency
      of ROS scavenging, compared to single antioxidant enzyme delivery. TAT peptide
      conjugation provided a facile nonendocytosis cell uptake and escape from endosome
      while moving and aggregating along the cytoskeleton that would allow them to be
      close to each other at the same time, resulting in the cellular antioxidation
      cascade reaction. The two-enzyme delivery shows a significant synergistic effect
      for protecting cells against ROS-induced cell damage and cell cycle arrest. The
      nanocarrier strategy for enzyme delivery demonstrates that intracellular anti-ROS
      cascade reactions could be regulated by multifunctional MSNs carrying image
      fluorophore and relevant antioxidation enzymes. 

PMID- 27353013
TI  - A cross-sectional investigation of public attitudes toward dementia in Bristol
      and South Gloucestershire using the approaches to dementia questionnaire.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date, surveys of attitudes toward dementia have largely been
      conducted using unvalidated materials or have focused on healthcare professionals
      supporting people affected by dementia. The aim of this study was to carry out a
      survey of public attitudes toward people affected by dementia in Bristol and
      South Gloucestershire. METHODS: A survey was carried out using a modified version
      of the Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire (ADQ). Data from people living
      outside the area, and people who were working with people affected by dementia
      were omitted from the analysis. Responses from the remaining 794 ADQ
      questionnaires were weighted to correct for under-represented age, gender, and
      ethnic groups. RESULTS: Younger people held more positive attitudes toward
      dementia than older people. Individuals who identified themselves as White held
      more positive attitudes than non-White individuals. Individuals with personal
      experience of dementia held more positive attitudes than those with no experience
      of dementia. When considering age differences, gender played a role, with younger
      men having more positive scores than other groups. CONCLUSIONS: This is one of
      the first surveys of public attitudes to dementia to use a validated
      questionnaire such as the ADQ. The study provides a baseline of attitudes toward
      dementia for the Bristol and South Gloucestershire areas, against which we will
      be able to compare changes over time. This is important due to the emphasis in
      public health campaigns on improving attitudes toward dementia.

PMID- 27353014
TI  - Lotka systems with directed dispersal dynamics: Competition and influence of
      diffusion strategies.
AB  - We study a Lotka system describing two competing populations, and each of them
      chooses its diffusion strategy as the tendency to have a distribution
      proportional to a certain positive prescribed function. For instance, the
      standard diffusion corresponds to the choice of a uniform distribution. The paper
      is focused on the interplay of species competition and diffusion strategies. In
      the case when one of the diffusion strategies is proportional to the carrying
      capacity, while the other is not, and the competition does not discriminate the
      former species, we prove the competitive exclusion of the latter one. If the
      competition favors the latter species, there is still a range of parameters for
      which there is a coexistence, thanks to the better dispersal strategy chosen by
      the former species. The dependency on the interaction type, diffusion
      coefficients and intrinsic growth rates is explored. We prove that in the limit
      case, higher diffusion coefficients are detrimental while higher growth rates, as
      well as lower resources sharing, are beneficial for population survival.

PMID- 27353016
TI  - Corrigendum to "Reasons for premature termination of dialectical behavior therapy
      for inpatients with borderline personality disorder".

PMID- 27353015
TI  - Genome-wide characterization of the beta-1,3-glucanase gene family in Gossypium
      by comparative analysis.
AB  - The beta-1,3-glucanase gene family is involved in a wide range of plant
      developmental processes as well as pathogen defense mechanisms. Comprehensive
      analyses of beta-1,3-glucanase genes (GLUs) have not been reported in cotton.
      Here, we identified 67, 68, 130 and 158 GLUs in four sequenced cotton species, G.
      raimondii (D5), G. arboreum (A2), G. hirsutum acc. TM-1 (AD1), and G. barbadense
      acc. 3-79 (AD2), respectively. Cotton GLUs can be classified into the eight
      subfamilies (A-H), and their protein domain architecture and intron/exon
      structure are relatively conserved within each subfamily. Sixty-seven GLUs in G.
      raimondii were anchored onto 13 chromosomes, with 27 genes involved in segmental
      duplications, and 13 in tandem duplications. Expression patterns showed highly
      developmental and spatial regulation of GLUs in TM-1. In particular, the
      expression of individual member of GLUs in subfamily E was limited to roots,
      leaves, floral organs or fibers. Members of subfamily E also showed more protein
      evolution and subgenome expression bias compared with members of other
      subfamilies. We clarified that GLU42 and GLU43 in subfamily E were preferentially
      expressed in root and leaf tissues and significantly upregulated after
      Verticillium dahliae inoculation. Silencing of GLU42 and GLU43 significantly
      increased the susceptibility of cotton to V. dahliae.

PMID- 27353017
TI  - Corrigendum to "A randomized controlled trial evaluating a parenting program
      designed specifically for grandparents".

PMID- 27353018
TI  - Comparison of two high-resolution manometry software systems in evaluating
      esophageal motor function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-resolution manometry (HRM) utilizes software tools to diagnose
      esophageal motor disorders. Performance of these software metrics could be
      affected by averaging and by software characteristics of different manufacturers.
      METHODS: High-resolution manometry studies on 86 patients referred for antireflux
      surgery (61.6 +/- 1.4 year, 70% F) and 20 healthy controls (27.9 +/- 0.7 year,
      45% F) were first subject to standard analysis (Medtronic, Duluth, GA, USA).
      Coordinates for each of 10 test swallows were exported and averaged to generate a
      composite swallow. The swallows and averaged composites were imported as ASCII
      file format into Manoview (Medtronic) and Medical Measurement Systems database
      reporter (MMS, Dover, NH, USA), and analyses repeated. Comparisons were made
      between standard and composite swallow interpretations. KEY RESULTS: Correlation
      between the two systems was high for mean distal contractile integral (DCI, r2 >=
      0.9) but lower for integrated relaxation pressure (IRP, r2 = 0.7). Excluding
      achalasia, six patients with outflow obstruction (mean IRP 23.2 +/- 2.1 with 10
      swallow average) were identified by both systems. An additional nine patients
      (10.5%) were identified as outflow obstruction (15 mmHg threshold) with MMS 10
      swallow and four with MMS composite swallow evaluation; only one was confirmed.
      Ineffective esophageal motility was diagnosed by 10-swallow evaluation in 19
      (22.1%) with Manoview, and 20 (23.3%) with MMS. On Manoview composite, 17 had DCI
      <450 mmHg/cm/s, and on MMS composite, 21, (p >= 0.85 for each comparison) but
      these did not impact diagnostic conclusions. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Comparison
      of 10 swallow and composite swallows demonstrate variability in software metrics
      between manometry systems. Our data support use of manufacturer specific software
      metrics on 10-swallow sequences.

PMID- 27353019
TI  - Non-canonical NFkappaB activation promotes chemokine expression in podocytes.
AB  - TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) receptor Fn14 is expressed by
      podocytes and Fn14 deficiency protects from experimental proteinuric kidney
      disease. However, the downstream effectors of TWEAK/Fn14 in podocytes are poorly
      characterized. We have explored TWEAK activation of non-canonical NFkappaB
      signaling in cultured podocytes. In cultured podocytes, TWEAK increased the
      expression of the chemokines CCL21, CCL19 and RANTES in a time-dependent manner.
      The inhibitor of canonical NFkappaB activation parthenolide inhibited the CCL19
      and the early RANTES responses, but not the CCL21 or late RANTES responses. In
      this regard, TWEAK induced non-canonical NFkappaB activation in podocytes,
      characterized by NFkappaB2/p100 processing to NFkappaB2/p52 and nuclear migration
      of RelB/p52. Silencing by a specific siRNA of NIK, the upstream kinase of the non
      canonical NFkappaB pathway, prevented CCL21 upregulation but did not modulate
      CCL19 or RANTES expression in response to TWEAK, thus establishing CCL21 as a non
      canonical NFkappaB target in podocytes. Increased kidney Fn14 and CCL21
      expression was also observed in rat proteinuric kidney disease induced by
      puromycin, and was localized to podocytes. In conclusion, TWEAK activates the non
      canonical NFkappaB pathway in podocytes, leading to upregulation of CCL21
      expression. The non-canonical NFkappaB pathway should be explored as a potential
      therapeutic target in proteinuric kidney disease.

PMID- 27353020
TI  - Invalidation of Diphyllobothrium hottai (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) based on
      morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses.
AB  - Diphyllobothrium hottai Yazaki, Fukumoto & Abe, 1988 was described based on the
      morphology of adult worms recovered from golden hamsters that had been
      experimentally infected with plerocercoids obtained from Japanese surf smelts
      (Hypomesus pretiosus japonicus) and olive rainbow smelts (Osmerus eperlanus
      mordax). Although D. hottai was considered to be distinct from Diphyllobothrium
      ditremum (Creplin, 1825), their taxonomic relationship requires further
      clarification. In our study, D. hottai and D. ditremum obtained from hamsters
      experimentally infected with plerocercoids isolated from Japanese surf smelts
      were compared using morphological and molecular methods. The criterion usually
      used to differentiate between D. hottai and D. ditremum is the difference in the
      angle between the long axis of the cirrus sac and that of the seminal vesicle.
      However, we found variation of the angle within the same individual and, one
      specimen showed both of the different angles that were supposedly unique to each
      of the species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the complete sequences of
      the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome b genes revealed
      that both species were genetically indistinguishable. Therefore, D. hottai is
      considered to be a junior synonym of D. ditremum. 

PMID- 27353021
TI  - Taxonomic status of Syngamus nematodes parasitizing passeriform hosts from
      Central Europe: Morphological, morphometric and molecular identification.
AB  - The systematic position and validity of species within genus Syngamus have always
      been controversial. In this present work, we evaluated the taxonomic status and
      phylogenetic relationships between three species of Syngamus nematodes (Syngamus
      trachea, Syngamus taiga and Syngamus merulae) and one taxa, determined only to
      the generic level, collected from respiratory tracts of passeriform hosts from
      Central Europe using newly obtained sequences of 2 nuclear markers (internal
      transcribed spacers 1 and 2 [ITS1, ITS2]) and a fragment of mitochondrial
      cytochrome oxidase I [COI] gene. Our results clearly showed that S. trachea, S.
      taiga and S. merulae are valid, molecularly and morphologically distinct species.
      Moreover, molecular analysis of adult female of Syngamus sp. collected from
      tracheae of the European robin Erithacus rubecula clearly indicate that these
      comprise separate species. In the derived phylogeny, the Syngamus clade is
      divided into two sub-clades: one comprised Syngamus species with a
      characteristic, well-developed cuticular collar around the oral opening (S.
      trachea and S. taiga) and a second that groups taxa without or with rudimentary
      collar (S. merulae and currently sequenced Syngamus sp. from Erithacus rubecula).
      These results clearly suggest that the degree of collar development (well
      developed vs. rudimentary/absent) may be an important phylogenetic feature for
      determining the structure of the genus Syngamus on subgeneric level.
      Additionally, our results support historical division of the genus Syngamus into
      two subgenera S. (Syngamus) and S. (Ornithogamus). 

PMID- 27353022
TI  - Serial use of pentamidine and miltefosine for treating Leishmania infantum-HIV
      coinfection.
AB  - Liposomal amphotericin B (LAmb) may fail to heal Leishmania infantum visceral
      leishmaniasis (VL) in the immunodeficient host. There are currently no guidelines
      on how to treat such patients and efficacy of miltefosine monotherapy seems
      limited in this indication. We present 2 cases of patients with VL and AIDS for
      which LAmb had to be interrupted (one because of toxicity, one because of
      treatment failure) and who were treated effectively with pentamidine followed by
      miltefosine. 

PMID- 27353023
TI  - Asthma associated with chronic rhinosinusitis: a population-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the relationship between asthma and
      chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The present study investigated the association
      between asthma and the risk of CRS in a large national sample. METHODS: Patients
      newly diagnosed with asthma (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
      Revision [ICD-9], Clinical Modification code 493) between 2000 and 2008 were
      identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The cases
      were compared with sex-, age-, residence-, and insurance premium-matched
      controls, and both groups were followed until the end of 2009 for incidences of
      CRS with or without nasal polyps (CRSwNP or CRSsNP, respectively). Competing risk
      adjusted Cox regression analyses were performed after adjustment for sex, age,
      residence, insurance premium, steroid use, hyperlipidemia, diabetes,
      hypertension, coronary artery disease, Charlson comorbidity index score, and
      mortality. We also performed a case-control study to determine the association
      between asthma and CRS. RESULTS: The cohort study analysis examined 81,462
      patients with a mean +/- standard deviation (SD) follow-up period of 5.8 +/- 2.4
      years. Asthma was an independent predictor of CRSsNP (hazard ratio = 2.58; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 2.20 to 3.03; p < 0.001) in the fully adjusted models.
      In the case-control analysis, both CRSwNP and CRSsNP were associated with asthma
      in the fully adjusted models. CONCLUSION: Asthma was associated with increased
      risks of CRSwNP and CRSsNP, independent of several potential confounding factors.

PMID- 27353024
TI  - Medical ultrasound diagnosis in the near future as we move toward the era of the
      singularity.

PMID- 27353025
TI  - Developing and pilot testing an electronic medical record-based allergen
      immunotherapy template.

PMID- 27353026
TI  - A functional neuregulin-1 gene variant and stressful life events: Effect on drug
      use in a longitudinal population-representative cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The neuregulin 1 gene is a susceptibility gene for substance
      dependence. A functional polymorphism (SNP8NRG243177/rs6994992; C/T) in the
      promoter region of the brain-specific type IV neuregulin-1 gene ( NRG1) has been
      associated with psychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder)
      that often present higher odds of smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use. This
      study assessed the association of the NRG1 genotype with drug use and possible
      interaction with stressful life events (SLEs). METHODS: The database of the
      Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study (beginning in 1998) was
      used. Cohorts of children initially 9 years old ( n=583; followed up at 15 and 18
      years) and 15 years old ( n=593; followed up at 18 and 25 years) provided self
      reports on alcohol, tobacco and illicit substance use and SLEs. Psychiatric
      assessment based on DSM-IV was carried out on the older birth cohort at age 25 to
      assess the lifetime presence of substance use disorders. NRG1 rs6994992 was
      genotyped in all participants by TaqMan(r) Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping Assay on
      the Applied Biosystems ViiATM 7 Real-Time PCR System. The minor (T) allele
      frequency was 0.37. RESULTS: NRG1 rs6994992 C/C homozygotes, especially those who
      had experienced more SLEs, were more likely to develop alcohol use disorders by
      young adulthood, were generally more active consumers of tobacco products, and
      had more likely used illicit drugs. In T allele carriers, SLEs had a negligible
      effect on substance use. CONCLUSIONS: In humans, NRG1 genotype is associated with
      substance use, and this relationship is moderated by adverse life events, with a
      gain-of-function allele being protective.

PMID- 27353027
TI  - The good and bad news about glutamate in drug addiction.
AB  - In 1998 we published a perspective review describing how drug-induced
      neuroadaptations might serve towards understanding drug craving. We proposed
      experimental perspectives to help discern data relevant to long-lasting brain
      changes, and to distinguish dopamine-related changes that were largely
      pharmacological from glutamatergic changes that were based on drug-environment
      associations. These perspectives are embedded in drug abuse research, and the
      last 18 years has witnessed marked development in understanding addiction
      associated corticostriatal glutamate plasticity. Here we propose three new
      perspectives on how the field might approach integrating and using the emerging
      data on glutamatergic adaptations. (1) Consider adaptations produced in kind
      across drug classes as most useful towards understanding shared characteristics
      of addiction, such as relapse. (2) Consider how drug-induced changes in glia and
      the extracellular matrix may contribute to synaptic alterations. (3) Make
      measurements not only at late withdrawal, but also during drug seeking events to
      capture transient changes that mediate active drug seeking that are shared across
      drug classes.

PMID- 27353028
TI  - Distinct Transcriptional Changes and Epithelial-Stromal Interactions Are Altered
      in Early-Stage Colon Cancer Development.
AB  - Although the progression of mutated colonic cells is dependent upon interactions
      between the initiated epithelium and surrounding stroma, the nature of these
      interactions is poorly understood. Here, the development of an ultrasensitive
      laser capture microdissection (LCM)/RNA-seq approach for studying the epithelial
      and stromal compartments of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) is described. ACF are the
      earliest identifiable preneoplastic lesion found within the human colon and are
      detected using high-definition endoscopy with contrast dye spray. The current
      analysis focused on the epithelium of ACF with somatic mutations to either KRAS,
      BRAF, or APC, and expression patterns compared with normal mucosa from each
      patient. By comparing gene expression patterns among groups, an increase in a
      number of proinflammatory NF-kappaB target genes was identified that was specific
      to ACF epithelium, including TIMP1, RELA, and RELB Distinct transcriptional
      changes associated with each somatic mutation were observed and a subset of ACF
      display BRAF(V600E)-mediated senescence-associated transcriptome characterized by
      increased expression of CDKN2A Finally, LCM-captured ACF-associated stroma was
      found to be transcriptionally distinct from normal-appearing stroma, with an
      upregulation of genes related to immune cell infiltration and fibroblast
      activation. Immunofluorescence confirmed increased CD3(+) T cells within the
      stromal microenvironment of ACF and an abundance of activated fibroblasts.
      Collectively, these results provide new insight into the cellular interplay that
      occurs at the earliest stages of colonic neoplasia, highlighting the important
      role of NF-kappaB, activated stromal fibroblasts, and lymphocyte infiltration.
      IMPLICATIONS: Fibroblasts and immune cells in the stromal microenvironment play
      an important role during the earliest stages of colon carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer
      Res; 14(9); 795-804. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27353029
TI  - Notch Signaling Activation Is Associated with Patient Mortality and Increased
      FGF1-Mediated Invasion in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity.
AB  - Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a cancer subtype that lacks validated
      prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers, and human papillomavirus status has not
      proven beneficial in predicting patient outcomes. A gene expression pathway
      analysis was conducted using OSCC patient specimens to identify molecular targets
      that may improve management of this disease. RNA was isolated from 19 OSCCs
      treated surgically at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB; Birmingham,
      AL) and evaluated using the NanoString nCounter system. Results were confirmed
      using the oral cavity subdivision of the Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
      Cancer (HNSCC) study generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research
      Network. Further characterization of the in vitro phenotype produced by Notch
      pathway activation in HNSCC cell lines included gene expression, proliferation,
      cell cycle, migration, invasion, and radiosensitivity. In both UAB and TCGA
      samples, Notch pathway upregulation was significantly correlated with patient
      mortality status and with expression of the proinvasive gene FGF1 In vitro Notch
      activation in HNSCC cells increased transcription of FGF1 and induced a marked
      increase in cell migration and invasion, which was fully abrogated by FGF1
      knockdown. These results reveal that increased Notch pathway signaling plays a
      role in cancer progression and patient outcomes in OSCC. Accordingly, the Notch
      FGF interaction should be further studied as a prognostic biomarker and potential
      therapeutic target for OSCC. IMPLICATIONS: Patients with squamous cell carcinoma
      of the oral cavity who succumb to their disease are more likely to have
      upregulated Notch signaling, which may mediate a more invasive phenotype through
      increased FGF1 transcription. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 883-91. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27353030
TI  - Changing models of care for emergency surgical and trauma patients in Singapore.
AB  - The last 15 years have seen changing patterns of injury in emergency surgery and
      trauma patients. The ability to diagnose, treat and manage these patients
      nonoperatively has led to a decline in interest in trauma surgery as a career. In
      addition, healthcare systems face multiple challenges, including limited
      resources, an ageing population and increasing subspecialisation of medical care,
      while maintaining government-directed standards and managing public expectations.
      In the West, these challenges have led to the emergence of a new subspecialty,
      'acute care surgery', with some models of care providing dedicated acute surgical
      units or separating acute and elective streams with the existing manpower
      resources. The outcomes for emergency surgery patients and efficiency gains are
      promising. In Singapore, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital has implemented its first
      dedicated acute surgical unit. This article outlines the evolution of acute care
      surgery and its relevance to Asia. 

PMID- 27353031
TI  - Drinking Patterns Among Older Couples: Longitudinal Associations With Negative
      Marital Quality.
AB  - Objectives: Research with younger couples indicates that alcohol use has powerful
      effects on marital quality, but less work has examined the effects of drinking
      among older couples. This study examined whether dyadic patterns of drinking
      status among older couples are associated with negative marital quality over
      time. Method: Married participants (N = 4864) from the Health and Retirement
      Study reported on alcohol consumption (whether they drink alcohol and average
      amount consumed per week) and negative marital quality (e.g., criticism and
      demands) across two waves (Wave 1 2006/2008 and Wave 2 2010/2012). Results:
      Concordant drinking couples reported decreased negative marital quality over
      time, and these links were significantly greater among wives. Wives who reported
      drinking alcohol reported decreased negative marital quality over time when
      husbands also reported drinking and increased negative marital quality over time
      when husbands reported not drinking. Discussion: The present findings stress the
      importance of considering the drinking status rather than the amount of alcohol
      consumed of both members of the couple when attempting to understand drinking and
      marital quality among older couples. These findings are particularly salient
      given the increased drinking among baby boomers and the importance of marital
      quality for health among older couples.

PMID- 27353032
TI  - Enlarged colitogenic T cell population paradoxically supports colitis prevention
      through the B-lymphocyte-dependent peripheral generation of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Treg
      cells.
AB  - Intestinal inflammation can be induced by the reconstitution of T/B cell
      deficient mice with low numbers of CD4(+) T lymphocytes depleted of
      CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). Using RAG-knockout mice as recipients
      of either splenocytes exclusively depleted of CD25(+) cells or FACS-purified
      CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) T cells, we found that the augmentation of potentially
      colitogenic naive T cell numbers in the inoculum was unexpectedly beneficial for
      the suppression of colon disease and maintenance of immune homeostasis.
      Protection against T cell-mediated colitis correlated with a significant
      increment in the frequency of peripherally-induced CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T
      (pTreg) cells, especially in the mesenteric lymph nodes, an effect that required
      the presence of B cells and CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(+) cells in physiological
      proportions. Our findings support a model whereby the interplay between B
      lymphocytes and a diversified naive T cell repertoire is critical for the
      generation of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) pTreg cells and colitis suppression.

PMID- 27353033
TI  - Erratum to: The effect of soluble E-selectin on tumor progression and metastasis.

PMID- 27353034
TI  - Ofatumumab-associated acute respiratory manifestations: clinical characteristics
      and treatment.

PMID- 27353035
TI  - Myeloid neoplasms after chemotherapy and PRRT: myth and reality.
AB  - Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with (90)Y-octreotide or (177)Lu
      octreotate is an effective treatment for inoperable or metastatic neuroendocrine
      tumors (NETs), particularly well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic or
      bronchopulmonary NETs. PRRT is generally extremely well tolerated, with modest
      toxicity to target organs, kidney and bone marrow. Nevertheless, a priori
      concerns regarding long-term effects lead clinicians such as Brieau and
      coworkers, in this ERC issue, to ascribe to the combination of alkylating agents
      and PRRT the apparently high occurrence (n=4) of myeloproliferative events
      (therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MNs)) in a small cohort of 20 progressive,
      advanced digestive NETs treated with PRRT after chemotherapy. Anecdotal reports
      of myelotoxic events should be placed in the correct perspective of larger
      series, where the reported incidence of these events is ~2%, with the aim of
      promoting a balanced awareness of the issue and unbiased and reasonable overall
      conclusions. For a comprehensive definition of the issue, we provide an
      evaluation of the occurrence of t-MN in patients treated with various myelotoxic
      treatments.

PMID- 27353036
TI  - MGMT expression predicts response to temozolomide in pancreatic neuroendocrine
      tumors.
AB  - Temozolomide (TEM) showed encouraging results in well-differentiated pancreatic
      neuroendocrine tumors (WDPNETs). Low O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
      (MGMT) expression and MGMT promoter methylation within tumors correlate with a
      better outcome under TEM-based chemotherapy in glioblastoma. We aimed to assess
      whether MGMT expression and MGMT promoter methylation could help predict the
      efficacy of TEM-based chemotherapy in patients with WDPNET. Consecutive patients
      with progressive WDPNET and/or liver involvement over 50% who received TEM
      between 2006 and 2012 were retrospectively studied. Tumor response was assessed
      according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1
      guidelines. Nuclear expression of MGMT was assessed by immunochemistry (H-score,
      0-300) and MGMT promoter methylation by pyrosequencing. Forty-three patients (21
      men, 58years (27-84)) with grade 1 WDPNET (n=6) or 2 (n=36) were analyzed.
      Objective response, stable disease, and progression rates were seen in 17
      patients (39.5%), 18 patients (41.9%), and 8 patients (18.6%), respectively. Low
      MGMT expression (<=50) was associated with radiological objective response
      (P=0.04) and better progression-free survival (PFS) (HR=0.35 (0.15-0.81),
      P=0.01). Disease control rate at 18months of treatment remained satisfying with
      an MGMT score up to 100 (74%) but dropped with a higher expression. High MGMT
      promoter methylation was associated with a low MGMT expression and longer PFS
      (HR=0.37 (0.29-1.08), P=0.05). Low MGMT score (<=50) appears to predict an
      objective tumor response, whereas an intermediate MGMT score (50-100) seems to be
      associated with prolonged stable disease.

PMID- 27353037
TI  - T3/TRs axis in hepatocellular carcinoma: new concepts for an old pair.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death
      worldwide, and its burden is expected to further increase in the next years.
      Chronic inflammation, induced by multiple viruses or metabolic alterations, and
      epigenetic and genetic modifications, cooperate in cancer development via a
      combination of common and distinct aetiology-specific pathways. In spite of the
      advances of classical therapies, the prognosis of this neoplasm has not
      considerably improved over the past few years. The advent of targeted therapies
      and the approval of the systemic treatment of advanced HCC with the kinase
      inhibitor sorafenib have provided some hope for the future. However, the benefits
      obtained from this treatment are still disappointing, as it extends the median
      life expectancy of patients by only few months. It is thus mandatory to find
      alternative effective treatments. Although the role played by thyroid hormones
      (THs) and their nuclear receptors (TRs) in human cancer is still unclear,
      mounting evidence indicates that they behave as oncosuppressors in HCC. However,
      the molecular mechanisms by which they exert this effect and the consequence of
      their activation following ligand binding on HCC progression remain elusive. In
      this review, we re-evaluate the existing evidence of the role of TH/TRs in HCC
      development; we will also discuss how TR alterations could affect fundamental
      biological processes, such as hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation, and
      consequently HCC progression. Finally, we will discuss if and how TRs can be
      foreseen as therapeutic targets in HCC and whether selective TR modulation by TH
      analogues may hold promise for HCC treatment.

PMID- 27353038
TI  - Angiopoietin-2 promotes ER+ breast cancer cell survival in bone marrow niche.
AB  - In estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, it is recognized that
      metastases may develop after a long period of dormancy. Bone marrow (BM) vascular
      niche is where the dormant tumor cells are most likely to reside. So far, it is
      not fully understood why the dormant tumor cells become proliferative and
      eventually generate tumor. We hypothesized that therapeutic or menopause-related
      estrogen depletion may be the switch behind dormant ER+ tumor cell awakening in
      BM. We utilized an existing experimental model of BM endothelial niche that can
      simulate ER+ tumor cell dormancy to test our hypothesis. In results, estrogen
      depletion paradoxically promoted ER+ tumor cell proliferation in the BM
      endothelial niche, and their molecular phenotype shifted from dormant to awaken.
      Following estrogen depletion, the BM niche cells produced angiopoietin-2
      (ANGPT2), which destabilized niche endothelium by interfering ANGPT1/Tie2
      signaling, and promoted ER+ tumor cell survival under estrogen deficiency via
      cell surface integrin &1. Knockdown of ANGPT2 completely negated ER+ tumor cell
      awakening in the niche. Furthermore, ANGPT2 expression in ER+ tumor human samples
      was associated with increased risk of distant metastasis only in those who
      underwent adjuvant estrogen depletion therapy, not in those who did not undergo
      adjuvant therapy. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ANGPT2 signaling activated
      after estrogen depletion paradoxically triggers ER+ tumor cell awakening from
      dormancy in their BM niche, partly indirectly via endothelial Tie2 receptor and
      partly directly via tumor cell surface integrin &1.

PMID- 27353039
TI  - MicroRNAs associated with small bowel neuroendocrine tumours and their
      metastases.
AB  - Novel molecular analytes are needed in small bowel neuroendocrine tumours
      (SBNETs) to better determine disease aggressiveness and predict treatment
      response. In this study, we aimed to profile the global miRNome of SBNETs, and
      identify microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in tumour progression for use as potential
      biomarkers. Two independent miRNA profiling experiments were performed (n=90),
      including primary SBNETs (n=28), adjacent normal small bowel (NSB; n=14), matched
      lymph node (LN) metastases (n=24), normal LNs (n=7), normal liver (n=2) and liver
      metastases (n=15). We then evaluated potentially targeted genes by performing
      integrated computational analyses. We discovered 39 miRNAs significantly
      deregulated in SBNETs compared with adjacent NSB. The most upregulated (miR-204
      5p, miR-7-5p and miR-375) were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Two miRNAs (miR-1 and miR
      143-3p) were significantly downregulated in LN and liver metastases compared with
      primary tumours. Furthermore, we identified upregulated gene targets for miR-1
      and miR-143-3p in an existing SBNET dataset, which could contribute to disease
      progression, and show that these miRNAs directly regulate FOSB and NUAK2
      oncogenes. Our study represents the largest global miRNA profiling of SBNETs
      using matched primary tumour and metastatic samples. We revealed novel miRNAs
      deregulated during SBNET disease progression, and important miRNA-mRNA
      interactions. These miRNAs have the potential to act as biomarkers for patient
      stratification and may also be able to guide treatment decisions. Further
      experiments to define molecular mechanisms and validate these miRNAs in larger
      tissue cohorts and in biofluids are now warranted.

PMID- 27353040
TI  - A Research Protocol to Test the Effectiveness of Text Messaging and Reminder
      Calls to Increase Service Use Referrals in a Community Engagement Program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mobile phoned-based interventions have been increasingly used in
      clinical populations to improve health and health care delivery. The literature
      has shown that mobile phone-based text messages (short message service, SMS) are
      instantaneous, cost effective, and have less chance of being misplaced. Studies
      using mobile phone based-text messages have reported text messages as effective
      reminders that have resulted in increased appointment attendance, adherence to
      treatment, and better self-management. There have been no reports of adverse
      events when using text messaging in terms of misreading or misinterpreting data,
      transmitting inaccurate data, losing verbal or nonverbal communication cues,
      privacy issues, or failure or delay in message delivery. However, the literature
      has cited a need for personalized messages that are more responsive to individual
      needs. In addition, there has been a dearth of information on the use of
      reminders in nonclinical populations. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to
      assess the effectiveness of adding reminders in the form of text messaging versus
      reminder calls versus text messages and reminder calls to increase use of service
      referrals provided through community outreach. METHODS: A total of 300
      participants will be recruited for the study. Each participant will be randomized
      to one of three arms: a group that receives only reminder calls (CALLSONLY); a
      group that receives only text message reminders (TEXTONLY); and a group that
      receives both reminder calls and text messages (CALLS+TEXT). All groups will
      receive their reminder intervention on the 15th and 45th day after baseline when
      they receive medical and social service referrals from the community health
      workers (CHWs). A standard script will be used to administer the call and text
      reminders and a 15-item telephone-based satisfaction survey will be administered
      to assess the participant satisfaction with the process of receiving periodic
      reminders. RESULTS: The study is in the recruitment and follow-up phase. The
      authors anticipate completion of recruitment, interventions, and data entry by
      July 2016. Preliminary results are expected to be available by September 2016.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide an opportunity to test the effectiveness of
      mobile-based interventions on nonclinical, community-recruited populations. In
      particular, such a protocol would increase the effectiveness of a community-based
      engagement program by instating a formal reminder system for all program members
      who receive social and/or medical service referrals during outreach in the
      community. Findings from this study would guide the development and
      implementation of reminder protocols for community-based engagement programs
      nationwide.

PMID- 27353041
TI  - Lipid extraction mediates aggregation of carbon nanospheres in pulmonary
      surfactant monolayers.
AB  - Increasing evidence indicates that carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), which mainly
      originate from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, have an adverse impact on
      the respiratory system. Recent in vivo experiments have shown that the pulmonary
      toxicity of CNPs is attributed to their aggregation in pulmonary surfactant
      monolayers (PSMs) while the underlying mechanism of aggregation remains unclear.
      Here, by performing coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate
      for the first time that the aggregation of carbon nanospheres (CNSs) in PSMs is
      in fact size-dependent and mediated by lipid extractions. Upon CNS deposition,
      neighbouring lipid molecules are extracted from PSMs to cover CNSs from the top
      side. The extracted lipids induce clustering of CNSs to maximize the CNS-lipid
      interaction, by forming inverse micelles to wrap the aggregated CNSs
      cooperatively. The formed CNS clusters perturb the molecule structure of the PSM
      and thus affect its biofunction on respiration. Our simulations show that during
      the expiration process, CNSs form clusters that perturb the mechanical properties
      of the PSM in a manner depending on the CNS size. With deep inspiration, a high
      concentration of large CNSs may induce PSM rupture and thus have a potential
      impact on its biophysical properties. 

PMID- 27353042
TI  - Trials of Zika vaccine are set to begin in North America.

PMID- 27353043
TI  - Experience of a multidisciplinary task force with exome sequencing for Mendelian
      disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In order to optimally integrate the use of high-throughput sequencing
      (HTS) as a tool in clinical diagnostics of likely monogenic disorders, we have
      created a multidisciplinary "Genome Clinic Task Force" at the University
      Hospitals of Geneva, which is composed of clinical and molecular geneticists,
      bioinformaticians, technicians, bioethicists, and a coordinator. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: We have implemented whole exome sequencing (WES) with subsequent
      targeted bioinformatics analysis of gene lists for specific disorders. Clinical
      cases of heterogeneous Mendelian disorders that could potentially benefit from
      HTS are presented and discussed during the sessions of the task force. Debate
      concerning the interpretation of identified variants and the content of the final
      report constitutes a major part of the task force's work. Furthermore, issues
      related to bioethics, genetic counseling, quality control, and reimbursement are
      also addressed. CONCLUSIONS: This multidisciplinary task force has enabled us to
      create a platform for regular exchanges between all involved experts in order to
      deal with the multiple complex issues related to HTS in clinical practice and to
      continuously improve the diagnostic use of HTS. In addition, this task force was
      instrumental to formally approve the reimbursement of HTS for molecular diagnosis
      of Mendelian disorders in Switzerland.

PMID- 27353044
TI  - CXCL16 Deficiency Attenuates Renal Injury and Fibrosis in Salt-Sensitive
      Hypertension.
AB  - Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive kidney
      disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of
      inflammation are not completely understood. We have found that CXCL16 is induced
      in the kidney in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. Here we
      examined whether CXCL16 is involved in DOCA-salt-induced renal inflammation and
      fibrosis. Wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice were subjected to uninephrectomy and
      DOCA-salt treatment for 3 weeks. There was no difference in blood pressure at
      baseline between wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice. DOCA-salt treatment resulted
      in significant elevation in blood pressure that was comparable between wild-type
      and CXCL16 knockout mice. CXCL16 knockout mice exhibited less severe renal
      dysfunction, proteinuria, and fibrosis after DOCA-salt treatment compared with
      wild-type mice. CXCL16 deficiency attenuated extracellular matrix protein
      production and suppressed bone marrow-derived fibroblast accumulation and
      myofibroblast formation in the kidneys following DOCA-salt treatment.
      Furthermore, CXCL16 deficiency reduced macrophage and T cell infiltration into
      the kidneys in response to DOCA-salt hypertension. Taken together, our results
      indicate that CXCL16 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of renal injury and
      fibrosis in salt-sensitive hypertension through regulation of bone marrow-derived
      fibroblast accumulation and macrophage and T cell infiltration.

PMID- 27353045
TI  - Occupancy of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Peptide Receptors by the Antagonist LY2940094
      in Rats and Healthy Human Subjects.
AB  - Therapeutic benefits from nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP) antagonism
      were proposed for obesity, eating disorders, and depression. LY2940094 ([2-[4-[(2
      chloro-4,4-difluoro-spiro[5H-thieno[2,3-c]pyran-7,4'-piperidine]-1'-yl)methyl]-3
      methyl-pyrazol-1-yl]-3-pyridyl]methanol) is a novel, orally bioavailable, potent,
      and selective NOP antagonist. We studied NOP receptor occupancy (RO) after single
      oral LY2940094 doses in rat hypothalamus and human brain by use of liquid
      chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (LSN2810397) and positron
      emission tomography (PET) ([(11)C]NOP-1A) tracers, respectively. A bolus plus
      constant infusion tracer protocol with PET was employed in humans at 2.5 and 26.5
      hours after administration of the LY2940094 dose. The RO was calculated from the
      change in regional distributional volume (VT) corrected for nondisplaceable
      volume using Lasson plots. The RO followed a simple Emax relationship to plasma
      LY2940094 concentration, reaching near complete occupancy in both species. For
      rat hypothalamus, the plasma concentration at half-maximum RO (EC50) was 5.8
      ng/ml. In humans, LY2940094 was well tolerated and safe over the 4-40 mg dose
      range, and it peaked in plasma at 2 to 6 hours after a 1- to 2-hour lag, with
      approximate dose-proportional exposure. After 4-40 mg doses, NOP RO was similar
      across the prefrontal cortex, occipital cortex, putamen, and thalamus, with EC50
      of 2.94 to 3.46 ng/ml, less than 2-fold lower than in rats. Over 4-40 mg doses,
      LY2940094 mean plasma levels at peak and 24 hours were 7.93-102 and 1.17-14.1
      ng/ml, corresponding to the cross-region average NOP RO of 73%-97% and 28%-82%,
      respectively. The rat EC50 translates well to humans. LY2940094 readily
      penetrates the human brain, and a once-daily oral dose of 40 mg achieves
      sustainably high (>80%) NOP RO levels suitable for testing clinical efficacy.

PMID- 27353046
TI  - Stock enhancement or sea ranching? Insights from monitoring the genetic
      diversity, relatedness and effective population size in a seeded great scallop
      population (Pecten maximus).
AB  - The mass release of hatchery-propagated stocks raises numerous questions
      concerning its efficiency in terms of local recruitment and effect on the genetic
      diversity of wild populations. A seeding program, consisting of mass release of
      hatchery-produced juveniles in the local naturally occurring population of great
      scallops (Pecten maximus L.), was initiated in the early 1980s in the Bay of
      Brest (France). The present study aims at evaluating whether this seeding program
      leads to actual population enhancement, with detectable effects on genetic
      diversity and effective population size, or consists of sea ranching with limited
      genetic consequences on the wild stock. To address this question, microsatellite
      based genetic monitoring of three hatchery-born and naturally recruited
      populations was conducted over a 5-year period. Results showed a limited
      reduction in allelic richness but a strong alteration of allelic frequencies in
      hatchery populations, while genetic diversity appeared very stable over time in
      the wild populations. A temporal increase in relatedness was observed in both
      cultured stock and wild populations. Effective population size (Ne) estimates
      were low and variable in the wild population. Moreover, the application of the
      Ryman-Laikre model suggested a high contribution of hatchery-born scallops to the
      reproductive output of the wild population. Overall, the data suggest that the
      main objective of the seeding program, which is stock enhancement, is fulfilled.
      Moreover, gene flow from surrounding populations and/or the reproductive input of
      undetected sub-populations within the bay may buffer the Ryman-Laikre effect and
      ensure the retention of the local genetic variability.

PMID- 27353047
TI  - Prediction and estimation of effective population size.
AB  - Effective population size (Ne) is a key parameter in population genetics. It has
      important applications in evolutionary biology, conservation genetics and plant
      and animal breeding, because it measures the rates of genetic drift and
      inbreeding and affects the efficacy of systematic evolutionary forces, such as
      mutation, selection and migration. We review the developments in predictive
      equations and estimation methodologies of effective size. In the prediction part,
      we focus on the equations for populations with different modes of reproduction,
      for populations under selection for unlinked or linked loci and for the specific
      applications to conservation genetics. In the estimation part, we focus on
      methods developed for estimating the current or recent effective size from
      molecular marker or sequence data. We discuss some underdeveloped areas in
      predicting and estimating Ne for future research.

PMID- 27353048
TI  - Comparative genomics analysis of the companion mechanisms of Bacillus
      thuringiensis Bc601 and Bacillus endophyticus Hbe603 in bacterial consortium.
AB  - Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus endophyticus both act as the companion
      bacteria, which cooperate with Ketogulonigenium vulgare in vitamin C two-step
      fermentation. Two Bacillus species have different morphologies, swarming motility
      and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid productivities when they co-culture with K. vulgare.
      Here, we report the complete genome sequencing of B. thuringiensis Bc601 and
      eight plasmids of B. endophyticus Hbe603, and carry out the comparative genomics
      analysis. Consequently, B. thuringiensis Bc601, with greater ability of response
      to the external environment, has been found more two-component system,
      sporulation coat and peptidoglycan biosynthesis related proteins than B.
      endophyticus Hbe603, and B. endophyticus Hbe603, with greater ability of
      nutrients biosynthesis, has been found more alpha-galactosidase, propanoate,
      glutathione and inositol phosphate metabolism, and amino acid degradation related
      proteins than B. thuringiensis Bc601. Different ability of swarming motility,
      response to the external environment and nutrients biosynthesis may reflect
      different companion mechanisms of two Bacillus species. Comparative genomic
      analysis of B. endophyticus and B. thuringiensis enables us to further understand
      the cooperative mechanism with K. vulgare, and facilitate the optimization of
      bacterial consortium.

PMID- 27353050
TI  - Fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis?

PMID- 27353049
TI  - HIV-1 Sequence Data Coverage in Central East Africa from 1959 to 2013.
AB  - Central and Eastern African HIV sequence data have been most critical in
      understanding the establishment and evolution of the global HIV pandemic. Here we
      report on the extent of publicly available HIV genetic sequence data in the Los
      Alamos National Laboratory Sequence Database sampled from 1959 to 2013 from six
      African countries: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of
      Congo, and Rwanda. We have summarized these data, including HIV subtypes, the
      years sampled, and the genomic regions sequenced. We also provide curated
      alignments for this important geographic area in five HIV genomic regions with
      substantial coverage.

PMID- 27353051
TI  - Systems genetics reveals key genetic elements of drought induced gene regulation
      in diploid potato.
AB  - In plants, tolerance to drought stress is a result of numerous minor effect loci
      in which transcriptional regulation contributes significantly to the observed
      phenotypes. Under severe drought conditions, a major expression quantitative
      trait loci hotspot was identified on chromosome five in potato. A putative
      Nuclear factor y subunit C4 was identified as key candidate in the regulatory
      cascade in response to drought. Further investigation of the eQTL hotspots
      suggests a role for a putative Homeobox leucine zipper protein 12 in relation to
      drought in potato. Genes strongly co-expressed with Homeobox leucine zipper
      protein 12 were plant growth regulators responsive to water deficit stress in
      Arabidopsis thaliana, implying a possible conserved mechanism. Integrative
      analysis of genetic, genomic, phenotypic and transcriptomic data provided
      insights in the downstream functional components of the drought response. The
      abscisic acid- and environmental stress-inducible protein TAS14 was highly
      induced by severe drought in potato and acts as a reliable biomarker for the
      level of stress perceived by the plant. The systems genetics approach supported a
      role for multiple genes responsive to severe drought stress of Solanum tuberosum.
      The combination of gene regulatory networks, expression quantitative trait loci
      mapping and phenotypic analysis proved useful for candidate gene selection.

PMID- 27353052
TI  - Apocynin reduces blood pressure and restores the proper function of vascular
      endothelium in SHR.
AB  - This study has evaluated how the vascular endothelium of hypertensive rats
      chronically treated with apocynin affects acetylcholine (ACh), sodium
      nitroprusside (SNP), and phenylephrine (PE) action on the nitric oxide (NO)
      signal transduction pathway in endothelial (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells.
      Treatment with apocynin significantly reduced the mean arterial pressure in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In addition, apocynin improved the
      impaired ACh hypotensive effect on SHR. Although systemic oxidative stress was
      high in SHR, SHR treated with apocynin and normotensive rats presented similar
      systemic oxidative stress levels. Endothelium significantly blunted PE
      contractions in intact aortas of treated SHR. The ACh effect was impaired in
      resistance arteries and aortas of SHR, but this same effect was improved in
      treated SHR. The SNP potency was higher in intact resistance arteries of treated
      SHR than in intact resistance arteries of untreated SHR. NO and calcium
      concentrations increased, whereas reactive oxygen species levels decreased in EC
      of treated SHR. Aortas of untreated and treated SHR did not differ in terms of
      sGC alpha or beta units expression. Aorta of treated SHR expressed higher eNOS
      levels as compared to aorta of untreated SHR. The study groups did not differ
      with respect to NOX1, NOXO1, or NOX4 expression. However, treatment with apocynin
      normalized overexpression of NOX2 and its subunit p47phox in aortas of SHR. Based
      on all the results presented in this study, we suggest apocynin increases NO
      biovailability by different mechanisms, restoring the proper function of vascular
      endothelium in SHR.

PMID- 27353054
TI  - Considerations of statistical power and risk of bias question the strength of
      nicotine replacement therapy's effectiveness.

PMID- 27353053
TI  - Pomalidomide mitigates neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and behavioral
      impairments induced by traumatic brain injury in rat.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global health concern that
      typically causes emotional disturbances and cognitive dysfunction. Secondary
      pathologies following TBI may be associated with chronic neurodegenerative
      disorders and an enhanced likelihood of developing dementia-like disease in later
      life. There are currently no approved drugs for mitigating the acute or chronic
      effects of TBI. METHODS: The effects of the drug pomalidomide (Pom), an FDA
      approved immunomodulatory agent, were evaluated in a rat model of moderate to
      severe TBI induced by controlled cortical impact. Post-TBI intravenous
      administration of Pom (0.5 mg/kg at 5 or 7 h and 0.1 mg/kg at 5 h) was evaluated
      on functional and histological measures that included motor function, fine more
      coordination, somatosensory function, lesion volume, cortical neurodegeneration,
      neuronal apoptosis, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha,
      IL-1beta, IL-6). RESULTS: Pom 0.5 mg/kg administration at 5 h, but not at 7 h
      post-TBI, significantly mitigated the TBI-induced injury volume and functional
      impairments, neurodegeneration, neuronal apoptosis, and cytokine mRNA and protein
      induction. To evaluate underlying mechanisms, the actions of Pom on neuronal
      survival, microglial activation, and the induction of TNF-alpha were assessed in
      mixed cortical cultures following a glutamate challenge. Pom dose-dependently
      ameliorated glutamate-mediated cytotoxic effects on cell viability and reduced
      microglial cell activation, significantly attenuating the induction of TNF-alpha.
      CONCLUSIONS: Post-injury treatment with a single Pom dose within 5 h
      significantly reduced functional impairments in a well-characterized animal model
      of TBI. Pom decreased the injury lesion volume, augmented neuronal survival, and
      provided anti-inflammatory properties. These findings strongly support the
      further evaluation and optimization of Pom for potential use in clinical TBI.

PMID- 27353055
TI  - FibroScan, APRI, FIB4, and GUCI: Role in prediction of fibrosis and response to
      therapy in Egyptian patients with HCV infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Multiple noninvasive methods have been used
      successfully in the prediction of fibrosis. However, their role in the prediction
      of response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) antiviral therapy is debatable. The aim of
      this study was to validate and compare the diagnostic performance of FibroScan,
      APRI (aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index), FIB4, and GUCI
      (Goteborg University Cirrhosis Index) for the prediction of hepatic fibrosis and
      treatment outcome in HCV-infected patients receiving pegylated interferon and
      ribavirin (PEG-IFN/ribavirin). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 182
      Egyptian patients with chronic HCV infection. They were classified into two
      groups based on the stages of fibrosis: mild to significant fibrosis (F1-F2) and
      advanced fibrosis (F3-F4). The APRI, FIB4, and GUCI scores were calculated before
      the antiviral treatment. The FibroScan was performed for all patients before
      treatment. RESULTS: Stiffness and FIB4 have greater sensitivity and specificity
      in detecting advanced fibrosis of 80%, 77% and 88%, 84%, respectively. Based on
      multivariate regression analysis, FIB4, body mass index (BMI), and alpha
      fetoprotein (AFP) level were found to be statistically significant predictors of
      advanced fibrosis (p-value: 0.000, 0.011, and 0.001, respectively) with odds
      ratio (OR: 3.184, 1.170, and 1.241, respectively). With respect to virological
      response, the stiffness, APRI, FIB4, and GUCI were significantly lower in
      sustained virological responders. However, these are not good predictors of
      response to PEG-IFN/ribavirin therapy. AFP was the only statistically significant
      predictor of response (p=0.002) with OR of 1.141 in multivariate regression
      analysis. CONCLUSION: FibroScan and noninvasive scores such as APRI, FIB4, and
      GUCI can be used as good predictors of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.
      However, they are not good predictors of response to PEG-IFN/ribavirin therapy.

PMID- 27353056
TI  - Left Atrial Compression Caused by an Intrapericardial Hematoma after Coronary
      Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Left atrial compression (LAC) is an uncommon condition that causes
      left ventricular inflow obstruction. The clinical and pathologic features are
      similar to those of mitral stenosis. Impaired left ventricular filling may cause
      hypotension, syncope, or shock. The increased left atrial pressure causes
      retrograde increase of the pressure throughout the pulmonary circulation with
      subsequent signs of congestion. CASE REPORT: An 84-year-old man presented with
      LAC caused by a focal tamponade related to a pericardial hematoma as a
      complication of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The formation of the
      hematoma occurred 3 weeks postsurgery. The echocardiographic study before
      discharge at day 12 after CABG surgery showed neither a focal hematoma nor a
      tamponade. The diagnosis was made 6 days later. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN
      BE AWARE OF THIS?: Intrapericardial tamponade caused by bleeding is a known
      complication of CABG surgery in the early postoperative stage. However, emergency
      physicians should be aware that a postoperative hematoma may also present as a
      focal tamponade because of postoperative adhesion by scar formation. The
      literature of LAC is limited. The most reported causes of LAC are compression
      caused by structures of the gastrointestinal tract, followed by thoracic aortic
      pathology. A Medline search for the terms "left atrial compression and hematoma"
      and "left atrial compression and intrapericardial hematoma" found only 31 and 4
      hits, respectively. We also briefly discuss the import role of bedside
      echocardiography in the diagnostic process of LAC in the emergency medicine
      department.

PMID- 27353057
TI  - Spontaneous Iliopsoas Hematoma.

PMID- 27353058
TI  - Thrombus-in-Transit: A Case for a Multidisciplinary Hospital-Based Pulmonary
      Embolism System of Care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism, including pulmonary embolism (PE), is a
      common disease identified in the emergency department that carries significant
      morbidity and mortality. In its most severe form, PE is fulminant and
      characterized by cardiac arrest and death. CASE REPORT: In the midst of risk
      stratifying PE by using echocardiography to assess right ventricular function,
      thrombus-in-transit (free-floating clot in the right atrium or ventricle) may be
      seen. We present a case of a 49-year-old man diagnosed with an acute saddle PE
      who was incidentally found to have a thrombus-in-transit and patent foramen ovale
      and required open thrombectomy. Identification of these additional potentially
      life-threatening features was possible only due to our availability of risk
      stratification resources, specifically bedside echocardiography. WHY SHOULD AN
      EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Albeit rare, with a reported incidence
      estimated at 4%, the presence of thrombus-in-transit may change emergent clinical
      management. A multidisciplinary team of resources should be considered emergently
      as part of a hospital-based PE system of care.

PMID- 27353059
TI  - Associated Injuries in Skeletally Immature Children with Pelvic Fractures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pediatric pelvic fractures are rare injuries resulting from high
      energy mechanisms that warrant an extensive work-up for associated injuries.
      OBJECTIVES: We performed a retrospective study to review concomitant injuries in
      children who suffered a pelvic fracture and have an open triradiate cartilage.
      METHODS: Using a database, pediatric pelvic fractures presenting to the authors'
      institution were extracted. Radiographs and computed tomography scans were
      reviewed, ensuring that triradiate cartilages were not fused and the pelvic
      injuries were classified using the Modified Torode Classification. Epidemiologic
      data extracted included Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Injury Severity Score (ISS),
      and Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS). RESULTS: Sixty patients met the inclusion
      criteria, and their average age was 8.3 years (range 2-14 years). There were no
      mortalities. The most common mechanism of injury was a vehicle striking a
      pedestrian. There were no significant correlations between GCS, ISS, and AIS. All
      60 children (100%) suffered extremity injuries. Nineteen patients required
      surgical orthopedic intervention, and 6 required operative stabilization of the
      pelvis. Patients who were struck by a motor vehicle were more likely to have
      multiple pelvic fractures (p < 0.05). Patients with multiple pelvic fractures
      were more likely to require orthopaedic surgical intervention and require a blood
      transfusion (p < 0.05). Patients who had type III-B or IV fractures were more
      likely to require a transfusion than patients with III-A fracture (p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients sustaining fractures to an immature pelvis are likely to
      have additional injuries, which may be fatal or disabling if not diagnosed in a
      timely manner.

PMID- 27353060
TI  - Vein of Galen Malformation.

PMID- 27353061
TI  - Virological response and resistance profile in HIV-1-infected patients starting
      darunavir-containing regimens.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the virological response in patients starting a regimen
      based on darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r), which is currently the most widely used
      ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. METHODS: Data from 206 drug-naive and 327
      PI-experienced patients starting DRV/r 600/100 mg twice daily (DRV600) or 800/100
      mg once daily (DRV800) were examined. The probabilities of virological success
      (VS) and virological rebound (VR) were evaluated in survival analyses. Baseline
      DRV/r resistance and its evolution at failure were also examined. RESULTS: DRV600
      was preferentially administered in patients with complex requirements (older age,
      higher viraemia, lower CD4 cell count and DRV/PI resistance) compared with
      DRV800. By 12 months, the probability of achieving VS was 93.2% and 84.3% in drug
      naive and PI-experienced patients, respectively. The higher the baseline
      viraemia, the longer was the time required to achieve VS, both in drug-naive
      patients [>500 000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL: median [interquartile range (IQR)] 6.1
      (5.1-10.3) months; 100 000-500 000 copies/mL: median (IQR) 4.9 (3.8-6.1) months;
      <100 000 copies/mL: median (IQR) 3.9 (3.5-4.8) months; P < 0.001] and in PI
      experienced patients [>=100 000 copies/mL: median (IQR) 7.2 (5.7-11.6) months;
      <100 000 copies/mL: median (IQR) 2.8 (2.4-3.3) months; P < 0.001]. In PI
      experienced patients, the probability of VR was higher for higher viraemia levels
      (22.3% for >=100 000 copies/ml vs. 9.7% for <100 000 copies/mL; P = 0.007).
      Baseline resistance did not affect the virological response. At failure, a high
      percentage of patients maintained virus susceptible to all PIs (drug-naive: 95%;
      PI-experienced: 80%). Despite being used more often in patients with more complex
      requirements, DRV600 performed as well as DRV800. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical
      practice, use of DRV/r (with its flexible dosage) results in high rates of
      virological response. These data support the use of PI/r in patients whose
      characteristics require potent drugs with a high genetic barrier.

PMID- 27353062
TI  - Fatigue failure of dental implants in simulated intraoral media.
AB  - Metallic dental implants are exposed to various intraoral environments and
      repetitive loads during service. Relatively few studies have systematically
      addressed the potential influence of the environment on the mechanical integrity
      of the implants, which is therefore the subject of this study. Four media
      (groups) were selected for room temperature testing, namely dry air, saliva
      substitute, same with 250ppm of fluoride, and saline solution (0.9%). Monolithic
      Ti-6Al-4V implants were loaded until fracture, using random spectrum loading. The
      study reveals that the only aggressive medium of all is the saline solution, as
      it shortens significantly the spectrum fatigue life of the implants. The
      quantitative scanning electron fractographic analysis indicates that all the
      tested implants grew fatigue cracks of similar lengths prior to catastrophic
      fracture. However, the average crack growth rate in the saline medium was found
      to largely exceed that in other media, suggesting a decreased fracture toughness.
      The notion of a characteristic timescale for environmental degradation was
      proposed to explain the results of our spectrum tests that blend randomly low and
      high cycle fatigue. Random spectrum fatigue testing is powerful technique to
      assess and compare the mechanical performance of dental implants for various
      designs and/or environments.

PMID- 27353063
TI  - Chronic Chagas cardiopathy in Chile. Importance of Trypanosoma cruzi burden and
      clinical evaluation.
AB  - Currently there are no biological markers to indicate which individuals with
      chronic indeterminate period of Chagas disease develop heart disease and who will
      remain all his life in this phase. The aim of this survey was to determine if
      Trypanosoma cruzi burden is related to the presence of heart disease in patients
      with chronic Chagas disease. 200 patients who had not been treated, 100 with
      cardiopathy and 100 without, groups A and B respectively, were submitted to
      clinical study and electrocardiogram, Echo-Doppler was performed for group A in
      which all important known causes of cardiopathy were discarded. In both groups
      xenodiagnosis, conventional PCR and quantitative PCR were undertaken. The 100
      cardiopaths had 133 electrocardiographic alterations most of them in grade II of
      the New York Heart Association classification. 98 cardiopaths were classified in
      grade I by Echo-Doppler and only 2 cases were in grade III due to low ejection
      fraction. The difference in average parasitemia in patients of group A and B was
      not significant and no statistically differences were observed between average
      parasitemia of cardiopaths grade II versus grade I of NYHA. This results allow to
      characterize same clinical, electrocardiographical and parasitological features
      in chagasic cardiopaths of Chile. 

PMID- 27353065
TI  - Disentangling the relationships between staff nurses' workplace empowerment and
      job satisfaction.
AB  - AIM: The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationships between
      structural empowerment, psychological empowerment and job satisfaction among
      staff nurses, after controlling for their leaders' use of empowering behaviours.
      BACKGROUND: Nurses' job satisfaction is a critical factor in health-care
      organisations because of its association with nurse turnover and quality of
      patient care. Nurses continue to report high levels of job dissatisfaction.
      METHODS: Cross-sectional data for 1007 Canadian staff nurses were analysed using
      hierarchical multiple regression. RESULTS: Structural empowerment was the
      strongest independent predictor of job satisfaction, followed by leader
      empowering behaviours and psychological empowerment. After accounting for the
      effects of structural empowerment and leader empowering behaviours, the four
      dimensions of psychological empowerment showed only small independent effects on
      job satisfaction. Psychological empowerment did not mediate the effects of
      structural empowerment on job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Nurses' job satisfaction
      is most influenced by their access to organisational empowerment structures.
      Leader empowering behaviours, structural empowerment, and psychological
      empowerment, operating together, enhance nurses' job satisfaction. IMPLICATIONS
      FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nurse leaders should use a variety of empowerment
      strategies that are important to nurses' job satisfaction and potentially to the
      quality of patient care and nurse turnover.

PMID- 27353064
TI  - Novel proteases from the genome of the carnivorous plant Drosera capensis:
      Structural prediction and comparative analysis.
AB  - In his 1875 monograph on insectivorous plants, Darwin described the feeding
      reactions of Drosera flypaper traps and predicted that their secretions contained
      a "ferment" similar to mammalian pepsin, an aspartic protease. Here we report a
      high-quality draft genome sequence for the cape sundew, Drosera capensis, the
      first genome of a carnivorous plant from order Caryophyllales, which also
      includes the Venus flytrap (Dionaea) and the tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes).
      This species was selected in part for its hardiness and ease of cultivation,
      making it an excellent model organism for further investigations of plant
      carnivory. Analysis of predicted protein sequences yields genes encoding
      proteases homologous to those found in other plants, some of which display
      sequence and structural features that suggest novel functionalities. Because the
      sequence similarity to proteins of known structure is in most cases too low for
      traditional homology modeling, 3D structures of representative proteases are
      predicted using comparative modeling with all-atom refinement. Although the
      overall folds and active residues for these proteins are conserved, we find
      structural and sequence differences consistent with a diversity of substrate
      recognition patterns. Finally, we predict differences in substrate specificities
      using in silico experiments, providing targets for structure/function studies of
      novel enzymes with biological and technological significance. Proteins 2016;
      84:1517-1533. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27353066
TI  - Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking of the Fetal Heart: A Practical Step-by-Step
      Approach for the Fetal Sonologist.
AB  - Various approaches to 2-dimensional speckle tracking have been used to evaluate
      left ventricular function and deformation in the fetus, child, and adult. In
      2015, because of differences in imaging devices and analytical programs, the
      cardiology community published a consensus document proposing standards for
      pediatric/adult deformation imaging using 2-dimensional speckle tracking. The
      understanding and application of deformation imaging in the fetus have been
      limited by a lack of uniform software, terminology, techniques, and display. This
      article provides a practical, step-by-step approach for deformation analysis of
      the fetal heart using offline software that is independent of specific ultrasound
      vendors. 

PMID- 27353067
TI  - Expected Sonographic Appearance of the Spleen in Children and Young Adults With
      Sickle Cell Disease: An Update.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To update the imaging literature regarding spleen appearances in
      young patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective study and included 112 patients age 0 to 21 years with SCD who had
      at least 1 abdominal sonogram at our institution between 1999 and 2011.
      Radiologic findings were compared between risk groups by chi(2) analysis.
      Findings were correlated with other imaging modalities when available. RESULTS:
      In our cohort, 35.7% of patients had autosplenectomy, and 8.0% had undergone
      surgical splenectomy. Only 5.0% of individuals age 0 to 5 years had
      autosplenectomy. In those who had not undergone surgical splenectomy or
      autosplenectomy, 76.2% had echogenic spleens, heterogeneous-appearing spleens, or
      both, and patients with the homozygous sickle cell anemia (HbSS) genotype were
      more likely to have an abnormal spleen echo texture. Patients treated with
      transfusions had echogenic spleens and had a higher frequency of splenic
      regeneration nodules. Most patients (80%) with splenomegaly did not require
      surgical splenectomy after 5.7 years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty years ago,
      children with HbSS SCD were expected to have autosplenectomy by age 5 years.
      There have been changes in the radiologic appearance of the spleen in patients
      with SDC, likely due to improved supportive care and the use of acute and chronic
      transfusion therapy. We found that autosplenectomy is rare by age 5 years, and
      during childhood and adolescence, the spleen typically appears echogenic,
      heterogeneous, or both, depending on disease severity.

PMID- 27353068
TI  - Carotid-Ventricular Coupling During Exercise: A Pilot Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate carotid elasticity and left ventricular elastance during
      a graded bicycle semisupine exercise test in patients with known or suspected
      coronary artery disease and compare them with a control group of healthy young
      volunteers. METHODS: Thirty-six elderly patients and 18 young healthy volunteers
      were recruited. The right carotid diameter was estimated by an automatic system
      applied to B-mode sonographic sequences, central mean blood and pulse pressures
      by radial artery tonometry, and cardiac volumes by 2-dimensional transthoracic
      echocardiography; from these direct measurements, the carotid cross-sectional
      distensibility coefficient and left ventricular elastance index were obtained.
      Analyses were performed at rest, at peak stress, and during the recovery phase.
      RESULTS: The elderly patients included 20 men (mean age +/- SD, 61 +/- 8 years);
      the volunteers included 9 men (mean age, 34 +/- 3 years). The mean blood pressure
      (at rest: patients, 97 +/- 7 mm Hg; controls, 93 +/- 9 mm Hg; not significant)
      increased similarly in both groups during exercise and decreased during the
      recovery phase. The diameter was higher in patients than controls (7.5 +/- 1.1
      versus 6.2 +/- 0.5 mm) and increased significantly with exercise only in the
      latter group (at peak: 6.5 +/- 0.6 mm; P < .05). The distensibility coefficient
      and elastance index were lower in patients than controls during the test phases
      [at rest: 24.5 +/- 10.2 versus 60.8 +/- 21.3 * 10(-3)/kPa and 3.6 +/- 1.4 versus
      1.6 +/- 0.8 mm Hg/(mL/m(2))] and mostly changed in the controls, showing a
      decreased distensibility coefficient (peak: 40.6 +/- 15.1 * 10(-3)/kPa) and an
      increased elastance index [peak: 5.9 +/- 2.8 mm Hg/(mL/m(2))]. CONCLUSIONS: In
      older patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors or established coronary
      artery disease, an abnormal carotid-ventricular adaptation to exercise was
      observed when compared to young healthy individuals.

PMID- 27353069
TI  - A New Sonographic Weight Estimation Formula for Small-for-Gestational-Age
      Fetuses.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a new specific weight
      estimation formula for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses that
      differentiated between symmetric and asymmetric growth patterns. METHODS: A
      statistical estimation technique known as component-wise gradient boosting was
      applied to a group of 898 SGA fetuses (symmetric, n = 750; asymmetric, n = 148).
      A new formula was derived from the data obtained and was then compared to other
      commonly used equations. RESULTS: The new formula derived is as follows:
      estimated fetal weight = e^[1.3734627 + 0.0057133 * biparietal diameter +
      0.0011282 * head circumference + 0.0201147 * abdominal circumference + 0.0183081
      * femur length - 0.0000177 * biparietal diameter(2) - 0.0000018 * head
      circumference(2) - 0.0000297 * abdominal circumference(2) -0.0001007 * femur
      length(2) + 0.0397563 * I(sex = male) + 0.0064505 * gestational age (days) +
      0.0096528 * I(SGA = asymmetric)], where the function I denotes an indicator
      function, which is 1 if the expression is fulfilled (sex = male; SGA type =
      asymmetric) and otherwise 0. In the whole study group and the 2 subgroups, the
      new formula showed the lowest median absolute percentage error, mean percentage
      error, and random error and the best distribution of absolute percentage errors
      within prespecified error bounds. CONCLUSIONS: The new formula substantially
      improves weight estimation in SGA fetuses.

PMID- 27353070
TI  - Echocardiographic Findings of an Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery in
      Children and Adolescents: Real or Fake?
AB  - An anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (LCA) is a relatively uncommon
      congenital heart defect that can lead to myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac
      death. An LCA arising from the pulmonary artery and an LCA arising from the
      opposite sinus of Valsalva are the common types of anomalous origins of the LCA.
      Echocardiographic assessment of the coronary arteries is an important component
      of the routine cardiovascular evaluation, but echocardiographic "pseudo images"
      of LCA origination can be present in some patients. Detection of an anomalous
      origin of the LCA remains a challenge to sonographers. 

PMID- 27353071
TI  - Sonographic Elastography of Mastitis.
AB  - Sonographic elastography has been shown to be a useful imaging modality in
      characterizing breast lesions as benign or malignant. However, in preliminary
      research, mastitis has given false-positive findings on both strain and shear
      wave elastography. In this article, we review the findings in mastitis with and
      without abscess formation on both strain and shear wave elastography. The
      elastographic findings in all cases were suggestive of a malignancy according to
      published thresholds. In cases of mastitis with abscess formation, there is a
      characteristic appearance, with a central very soft area (abscess cavity) and a
      very stiff outer rim (edema and inflammation). This appearance should raise the
      suspicion of mastitis with abscess formation, since these findings are rare in
      breast cancers. 

PMID- 27353072
TI  - Ultrasound Quality Assurance for Singletons in the National Institute of Child
      Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To report on the ultrasound quality assurance program for the
      National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies and
      describe both its advantages and generalizability. METHODS: After training on an
      ultrasound system and software, research sonographers were expected to capture
      blank (unmeasured) images in triplicate for crown-rump length, biparietal
      diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length. A
      primary expert sonographer was designated and validated. A 5% sample (n = 740 of
      14,785 scans) was randomly selected in 3 distinct rounds from within strata of
      maternal body mass index (round 1 only), gestational age, and research site.
      Unmeasured images were extracted from selected scans and measured with the
      ultrasound software by an expert sonographer. Correlations and coefficients of
      variation (CVs) were calculated, and the within-measurement standard deviation
      (ie, technical error of the measurement), was calculated. RESULTS: The
      reliability between the site sonographers and the expert was high, with
      correlations exceeding 0.99 for all dimensions in all rounds. The CV % values
      showed low variability, with the percentage differences being less than 2%,
      except for abdominal circumference in rounds 2 and 3, in which it averaged about
      3%. Correlations remained high (>0.90) with increasing fetal size; there was a
      monotonic increase in technical errors of the measurement but without a
      corresponding increase in the CV %. CONCLUSIONS: Using rigorous procedures for
      training sonographers, coupled with quality assurance oversight, we determined
      that the measurements acquired longitudinally for singletons are both accurate
      and reliable for establishment of an ultrasound standard for fetal growth.

PMID- 27353073
TI  - Treatment of Skin Inflammation with Benzoxaborole Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors:
      Selectivity, Cellular Activity, and Effect on Cytokines Associated with Skin
      Inflammation and Skin Architecture Changes.
AB  - Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are skin diseases affecting millions of patients.
      Here, we characterize benzoxaborole phosphodiesterase (PDE)-4 inhibitors, a new
      topical class that has demonstrated therapeutic benefit for psoriasis and atopic
      dermatitis in phase 2 or phase 3 studies. Crisaborole [AN2728, 4-((1-hydroxy-1,3
      dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)benzonitrile], compd2 [2-ethoxy-6-((1
      hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)nicotinonitrile], compd3 [6-((1
      hydroxy-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-(2
      isopropoxyethoxy)nicotinonitrile], and compd4 [5-chloro-6-((1-hydroxy-1,3
      dihydrobenzo[c][1,2]oxaborol-5-yl)oxy)-2-((4-oxopentyl)oxy)nicotinonitrile] are
      potent PDE4 inhibitors with similar affinity for PDE4 isoforms and equivalent
      inhibition on the catalytic domain and the full-length enzyme. These
      benzoxaboroles are less active on other PDE isozymes. Compd4 binds to the
      catalytic domain of PDE4B2 with the oxaborole group chelating the catalytic
      bimetal and overlapping with the phosphate in cAMP during substrate hydrolysis,
      and the interaction extends into the adenine pocket. In cell culture,
      benzoxaborole PDE4 inhibitors suppress the release of tumor necrosis factor
      alpha, interleukin (IL)-23, IL-17, interferon-gamma, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL
      22, and these cytokines contribute to the pathologic changes in skin structure
      and barrier functions as well as immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis and
      psoriasis. Treatment with compd3 or N(6),2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-cyclic
      monophosphate increases cAMP response element binding protein phosphorylation in
      human monocytes and decreases extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      phosphorylation in human T cells; these changes lead to reduced cytokine
      production and are among the mechanisms by which compd3 blocks cytokine release.
      Topical compd3 penetrates the skin and suppresses phorbol myristate acetate
      induced IL-13, IL-22, IL-17F, and IL-23 transcription and calcipotriol-induced
      thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in mouse skin. Skin thinning is a major
      dose-limiting side effect of glucocorticoids. By contrast, repeated application
      of compd3 did not thin mouse skin. These findings show the potential benefits and
      safety of benzoxaborole PDE4 inhibitors for the treatment of psoriasis and atopic
      dermatitis.

PMID- 27353074
TI  - Class I Histone Deacetylase Inhibition for the Treatment of Sustained Atrial
      Fibrillation.
AB  - Current therapies are less effective for treating sustained/permanent versus
      paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). We and others have previously shown that
      histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition reverses structural and electrical atrial
      remodeling in mice with inducible, paroxysmal-like AF. Here, we hypothesize an
      important, specific role for class I HDACs in determining structural atrial
      alterations during sustained AF. The class I HDAC inhibitor N-acetyldinaline [4
      (acetylamino)-N-(2-amino-phenyl) benzamide] (CI-994) was administered for 2 weeks
      (1 mg/kg/day) to Hopx transgenic mice with atrial remodeling and inducible AF and
      to dogs with atrial tachypacing-induced sustained AF. Class I HDAC inhibition
      prevented atrial fibrosis and arrhythmia inducibility in mice. Dogs were divided
      into three groups: 1) sinus rhythm, 2) sustained AF plus vehicle, and 3)
      sustained AF plus CI-994. In group 3, the time in AF over 2 weeks was reduced by
      30% compared with group 2, along with attenuated atrial fibrosis and intra-atrial
      adipocyte infiltration. Moreover, group 2 dogs had higher atrial and serum
      inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and atrial immune cells and adipocytes
      compared with groups 1 and 3. On the other hand, groups 2 and 3 displayed similar
      left atrial size, ventricular function, and mitral regurgitation. Importantly,
      the same histologic alterations found in dogs with sustained AF and reversed by
      CI-994 were also present in atrial tissue from transplanted patients with chronic
      AF. This is the first evidence that, in sustained AF, class I HDAC inhibition can
      reduce the total time of fibrillation, atrial fibrosis, intra-atrial adipocytes,
      and immune cell infiltration without significant effects on cardiac function.

PMID- 27353075
TI  - The Chondrogenic Potential of Progenitor Cells Derived from Peripheral Blood: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - An increasing number of studies have detected mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)
      and mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) in the peripheral blood (PB). This study
      aimed to systematically review the possibility of using the PB as a source for
      chondrogenic progenitors. PubMed, the Web of Science, and Embase were searched
      for relevant articles. The findings of the studies were reviewed to evaluate the
      biological characteristics of PB-derived MSCs, chondrogenic MPCs, and their
      applications in cartilage repair. Thirty-six articles were included in the final
      analysis, 29 of which indicated that PB is a potential source for chondrogenic
      progenitor cells. Thirty-two studies reporting in vitro data, including 79.2%
      (19/24) of studies on PB MSCs and 75% (6/8) of studies on chondrogenic PB MPCs,
      confirmed the existence of PB MSCs and PB MPCs, respectively; all in vivo
      investigations showed that using PB as a cell source enhanced cartilage repair.
      PB MSCs were found in most of the animal studies (12/13), whereas 7 of 11 human
      studies described the presence of PB MSCs. This systematic review strongly
      indicates the existence of MSCs in the PB of animals, whereas the presence of
      MSCs in human PB is less clear. Although the presence of both MSCs and
      chondrogenic MPCs in the PB, as well as a few favorable outcomes associated with
      the use of PB-derived progenitors for cartilage repair in vivo, suggests that the
      PB is a potential alternative source of chondrogenic progenitor cells for
      cartilage repair, the efficacy of these cells has not been compared to those from
      other sources, such as bone marrow or adipose tissue in controlled studies.

PMID- 27353076
TI  - Bone Remodeling Around Implants with External Hexagon and Morse-Taper
      Connections: A Randomized, Controlled, Split-Mouth, Clinical Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate clinical, radiographic, microbiologic, and biomechanical
      parameters related to bone remodeling around implants with external hexagon (EH)
      and Morse-taper (MT) connections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve totally
      edentulous patients received four custom-made implants in the interforaminal
      region of the mandible. Two of those implants had the same macroscopic design,
      but different prosthetic connections. All patients received an immediate implant
      supported prosthesis. Clinical parameters (periimplant probing pocket depth
      (PPD), modified gingival index (mGI), and mucosal thickness (MTh)) were evaluated
      at 12 months follow-up. The distance between the top of the implant and the first
      bone-to-implant contact (IT-FBIC) was evaluated on standardized digital peri
      apical radiographs acquired at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up. Samples of the
      subgingival microbiota were collected 1, 3, and 6 months after implant loading
      and used for the quantification of Tanerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis,
      Aggragatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium
      nucleatum. Further, 36 computerized-tomography based finite element (FE) models
      were accomplished, simulating each patient under three loading conditions.
      RESULTS: The evaluated clinical parameters were equal for EH and MT implants.
      Mean IT-FBIC was significantly different between the tested connections (1.17 +/-
      0.44 mm for EH, and 0.17 +/- 0.54 mm for MT, considering all evaluated time
      periods). No significant microbiological differences could be observed between
      tested connections. FE analysis showed a significantly higher peak of equivalent
      (EQV) strain (p = 0.005) for EH (mean 3,438.65 uepsilon) compared to MT (mean
      840.98 uepsilon) connection. CONCLUSIONS: Radiographic periimplant bone loss
      depends on the implant connection type. MT connections showed less periimplant
      bone loss, compared to EH connections.

PMID- 27353077
TI  - A Case Report of Bilateral Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of Adrenal Glands With Adrenal
      Insufficiency.
AB  - Adrenocortical carcinomas are relatively rare, but they are considered to be
      highly aggressive malignant tumors. Sarcomatoid carcinomas represent an even more
      aggressive type. Bilateral malignant adrenal tumors are extraordinary rare,
      except for those that represent metastatic spread from a primary neoplasm. Here
      we report a case of a 69-year-old woman who presented symptoms that raised strong
      suspicions of adrenal insufficiency. Bilateral adrenal masses, identified in the
      imaging study, were responsible for the clinical manifestation and surgically
      resected. Surgical specimens of the bilateral adrenal tumors shared histological
      features compatible with sarcomatoid carcinoma. It was very difficult to confirm
      that the sarcomatoid carcinomas were derived from the cortex of the adrenal
      glands, but careful morphological observation and the panel of antibodies used
      for immunohistochemistry made the diagnosis possible. This is the first report of
      sarcomatoid carcinomas involving both adrenal glands. It should be emphasized
      that sarcomatoid carcinoma can arise bilaterally from even functionally impaired
      adrenal glands.

PMID- 27353078
TI  - High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Breast With Focal Squamous
      Differentiation.
AB  - Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast is a rare tumor that comprises
      less than 1% of breast carcinomas, with most patients being in the sixth or
      seventh decade of their life. In this article, the authors present the case
      report of a 42-year-old woman with a rapidly growing tumor in her right breast.
      After clinical staging by physical examination, breast imaging, and
      thoracoabdominal computed tomography the patient underwent breast-conserving
      surgery. The histologic results showed a unique type of high-grade, predominantly
      large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma with focal abrupt squamous differentiation.
      The authors also discuss the clinical and morphological characteristics of the
      tumor as well as treatment options.

PMID- 27353079
TI  - Muscle Activation During Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation Occurs Due to
      Recruitment of Efferent Nerve Fibers, Not Direct Muscle Activation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) is a potential treatment
      for chronic low-back pain. Pain relief using PNFS is dependent on activation of
      non-nociceptive Abeta-fibers. However, PNFS may also activate muscles, causing
      twitches and discomfort. In this study, we developed a mathematical model, to
      investigate the activation of sensory and motor nerves, as well as direct muscle
      fiber activation. METHODS: The extracellular field was estimated using a finite
      element model based on the geometry of CT scanned lumbar vertebrae. The electrode
      was modeled as being implanted to a depth of 10-15 mm. Three implant directions
      were modeled; horizontally, vertically, and diagonally. Both single electrode and
      "between-lead" stimulation between contralateral electrodes were modeled. The
      extracellular field was combined with models of sensory Abeta-nerves, motor
      neurons and muscle fibers to estimate their activation thresholds. RESULTS: The
      model showed that sensory Abeta fibers could be activated with thresholds down to
      0.563 V, and the lowest threshold for motor nerve activation was 7.19 V using
      between-lead stimulation with the cathode located closest to the nerves. All
      thresholds for direct muscle activation were above 500 V. CONCLUSIONS: The
      results suggest that direct muscle activation does not occur during PNFS, and
      concomitant motor and sensory nerve fiber activation are only likely to occur
      when using between-lead configuration. Thus, it may be relevant to investigate
      the location of the innervation zone of the low-back muscles prior to electrode
      implantation to avoid muscle activation.

PMID- 27353080
TI  - Breast-feeding and malocclusions: The quality and level of evidence on the
      Internet for the public.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The authors sought to assess the quality of information on the
      Internet for laypeople regarding the effect of breast-feeding on malocclusions
      and to determine the levels of evidence of the articles cited to support the
      information. METHODS: The first author (E.J.D.) entered a key word term, "breast
      feeding and crooked teeth," and a natural language term, "does breast-feeding
      protect against crooked teeth," into 4 search engines. The author performed
      consecutive sampling of every Web site until 5 Web sites were identified that
      fulfilled the inclusion criteria per search engine, per search term, producing 40
      Web sites for evaluation. The author assessed quality using the LIDA instrument
      and determined the levels of evidence of the cited articles according to the
      Joanna Briggs Institute Levels of Evidence. RESULTS: The author determined that
      the quality of the Web sites was moderate, represented by a median overall LIDA
      score of 73%. The author identified only 2 high-quality Web sites. Nearly one
      half of the Web sites cited a combined total of 10 scientific articles to support
      their content, and these ranged from moderate to very low levels of evidence.
      CONCLUSIONS: The authors found the quality of freely available information on the
      Internet for laypeople about the protective effect of breast-feeding against
      malocclusions to be moderate and that the evidence base cited to support the
      content ranged from moderate to very low levels of evidence. PRACTICAL
      IMPLICATIONS: Increasingly, patients are seeking health information online,
      although not all information is credible. Dental heath care practitioners should
      regularly review their practices' Web sites to ensure that they are accessible
      and that the content is usable, reliable, and up-to-date, particularly as new,
      higher-level evidence becomes available.

PMID- 27353084
TI  - A newly discovered member of the Atlastin family, BmAtlastin-n, has an antiviral
      effect against BmNPV in Bombyx mori.
AB  - Atlastin is a member of the dynamin protein superfamily and it can mediate
      homotypic fusion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, which is required for
      many biological processes. In this study, a new Atlastin homologous protein,
      BmAtlastin-n, was characterized in silkworms and was found to contain an N
      terminal conserved GTPase domain and a coiled-coil middle domain. BmAtlastin-n is
      localized in the cytoplasm and enriched in silkworm midgut. Results also showed
      that overexpression of BmAtlastin-n in BmN-SWU1 cells could enhance resistance to
      BmNPV. To better confirm its antiviral effect, microRNA was used to knock down
      the expression of BmAtlastin-n in BmE-SWU1 cells with inducing the reproduction
      of BmNPV. A transgenic expression vector of BmAtlastin-n was constructed and
      introduced to silkworm embryos by microinjection. The transgenic silkworm also
      showed considerable antiviral capacity. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate
      that BmAtlastin-n plays an important role in BmNPV defense. More importantly, the
      current study may provide a new clue for Atlastin research.

PMID- 27353085
TI  - Ethanol extracts of chickpeas alter the total lipid content and expression levels
      of genes related to fatty acid metabolism in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
AB  - Desi-type chickpeas, which have long been used as a natural treatment for
      diabetes, have been reported to lower visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia and
      insulin resistance induced by a chronic high-fat diet in rats. In this study, in
      order to examine the effects of chickpeas of this type in an in vitro system, we
      used the 3T3-L1 mouse cell line, a subclone of Swiss 3T3 cells, which can
      differentiate into cells with an adipocyte-like phenotype, and we used ethanol
      extracts of chickpeas (ECP) instead of chickpeas. Treatment of the 3T3-L1 cells
      with ECP led to a decrease in the lipid content in the cells. The desaturation
      index, defined as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)/saturated fatty acids
      (SFAs), was also decreased by ECP due to an increase in the cellular content of
      SFAs and a decrease in the content of MUFAs. The decrease in this index may
      reflect a decreased reaction from SFA to MUFA, which is essential for fat
      storage. To confirm this hypothesis, we conducted a western blot analysis, which
      revealed a reduction in the amount of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), a key
      enzyme catalyzing the reaction from SFA to MUFA. We observed simultaneous
      inactivations of enzymes participating in lipogenesis, i.e., liver kinase B1
      (LKB1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and AMPK, by phosphorylation, which may lead
      to the suppression of reactions from acetyl-CoA to SFA via malonyl-CoA in
      lipogenesis. We also investigated whether lipolysis is affected by ECP. The
      amount of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), an enzyme important for the
      oxidation of fatty acids, was increased by ECP treatment. ECP also led to an
      increase in uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), reported as a key protein for the
      oxidation of fatty acids. All of these results obtained regarding lipogenesis and
      fatty acid metabolism in our in vitro system are consistent with the results
      previously shown in rats. We also examined the effects on SCD1 and lipid contents
      of ethanol extracts of Kabuli-type chickpeas, which are used worldwide. The
      effects were similar, but of much lesser magnitude compared to those of ECP
      described above. Thus, Desi-type chickpeas may prove to be effective for the
      treatment of diabetes, as they can alter the lipid content, thus reducing fat
      storage. 

PMID- 27353087
TI  - Human LAT mutation results in immune deficiency and autoimmunity but also raises
      questions about signaling pathways.

PMID- 27353088
TI  - Combination immunotherapy for cancer.

PMID- 27353086
TI  - MLP and CARP are linked to chronic PKCalpha signalling in dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - MLP (muscle LIM protein)-deficient mice count among the first mouse models for
      dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), yet the exact role of MLP in cardiac signalling
      processes is still enigmatic. Elevated PKCalpha signalling activity is known to
      be an important contributor to heart failure. Here we show that MLP directly
      inhibits the activity of PKCalpha. In end-stage DCM, PKCalpha is concentrated at
      the intercalated disc of cardiomyocytes, where it is sequestered by the adaptor
      protein CARP in a multiprotein complex together with PLCbeta1. In mice deficient
      for both MLP and CARP the chronic PKCalpha signalling chain at the intercalated
      disc is broken and they remain healthy. Our results suggest that the main role of
      MLP in heart lies in the direct inhibition of PKCalpha and that chronic
      uninhibited PKCalpha activity at the intercalated disc in the absence of
      functional MLP leads to heart failure.

PMID- 27353090
TI  - Development and implementation in the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE of a new virtual
      source model for radiotherapy photon beams and portal image calculation.
AB  - This work aims at developing a generic virtual source model (VSM) preserving all
      existing correlations between variables stored in a Monte Carlo pre-computed
      phase space (PS) file, for dose calculation and high-resolution portal image
      prediction. The reference PS file was calculated using the PENELOPE code, after
      the flattening filter (FF) of an Elekta Synergy 6 MV photon beam. Each particle
      was represented in a mobile coordinate system by its radial position (r s ) in
      the PS plane, its energy (E), and its polar and azimuthal angles (phi d and theta
      d ), describing the particle deviation compared to its initial direction after
      bremsstrahlung, and the deviation orientation. Three sub-sources were created by
      sorting out particles according to their last interaction location (target,
      primary collimator or FF). For each sub-source, 4D correlated-histograms were
      built by storing E, r s , phi d and theta d values. Five different adaptive
      binning schemes were studied to construct 4D histograms of the VSMs, to ensure
      histogram efficient handling as well as an accurate reproduction of E, r s , phi
      d and theta d distribution details. The five resulting VSMs were then implemented
      in PENELOPE. Their accuracy was first assessed in the PS plane, by comparing E, r
      s , phi d and theta d distributions with those obtained from the reference PS
      file. Second, dose distributions computed in water, using the VSMs and the
      reference PS file located below the FF, and also after collimation in both water
      and heterogeneous phantom, were compared using a 1.5%-0 mm and a 2%-0 mm global
      gamma index, respectively. Finally, portal images were calculated without and
      with phantoms in the beam. The model was then evaluated using a 1%-0 mm global
      gamma index. Performance of a mono-source VSM was also investigated and led, as
      with the multi-source model, to excellent results when combined with an adaptive
      binning scheme.

PMID- 27353091
TI  - [New progression of translational research on colorectal cancer].
AB  - Precision medicine is becoming the goal of translational research on colorectal
      cancer. Accurate molecular subtyping contributes to better guidance of clinical
      practice. The current TNM staging system of colorectal cancer is inadequate in
      terms of guiding clinical practice, such as the underestimation of prognosis of
      with stage II( and III( colorectal cancer TNM staging, and identification of high
      risk and low-risk patients with stage II( colorectal cancer. Researchers from
      Europe and US have proposed a number of molecular subtypings with
      clinicopathological phenotypes and molecular phenotypes, which has certain
      practical significance and is beneficial to the choice of treatment regimen and
      targeted drugs. But the current results of subtyping research require further
      validations by clinical large scale multi-center trials. Based on precision
      medicine, molecular subtyping gradually reveals its clinical significance and is
      optimized through combining genomics with various clinical phenotypes, indicating
      its guidance for clinical practice, which is the inevitable course of precision
      medicine accomplishment. In recent years, there have been many new advances in
      colorectal cancer liver metastasis treatment. The prognosis of colorectal cancer
      patients undergoing resection of liver metastasis lesion is similar to those with
      stage III(. Early recurrence within 6 months after translational treatment and
      resection occurred in about one third of the patients with initially unresectable
      liver metastasis, and the overall survival was poor. Thus, an evaluation system
      should be established in order to avoid the strong therapy and strive for better
      quality of life in some patients. Individualized treatment for colorectal cancer
      is emphasized increasingly. Body fluid (peripheral blood and urine) marker
      detection is a recent research hotspot, including serum protein(polypeptide),
      plasma miRNA, circulating tumor cells and circulating nucleic acid. 

PMID- 27353089
TI  - Mast cells regulate myofilament calcium sensitization and heart function after
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - Acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a severe ischemic disease responsible for
      heart failure and sudden death. Inflammatory cells orchestrate postischemic
      cardiac remodeling after MI. Studies using mice with defective mast/stem cell
      growth factor receptor c-Kit have suggested key roles for mast cells (MCs) in
      postischemic cardiac remodeling. Because c-Kit mutations affect multiple cell
      types of both immune and nonimmune origin, we addressed the impact of MCs on
      cardiac function after MI, using the c-Kit-independent MC-deficient (Cpa3(Cre/+))
      mice. In response to MI, MC progenitors originated primarily from white adipose
      tissue, infiltrated the heart, and differentiated into mature MCs. MC deficiency
      led to reduced postischemic cardiac function and depressed cardiomyocyte
      contractility caused by myofilament Ca(2+) desensitization. This effect
      correlated with increased protein kinase A (PKA) activity and
      hyperphosphorylation of its targets, troponin I and myosin-binding protein C. MC
      specific tryptase was identified to regulate PKA activity in cardiomyocytes via
      protease-activated receptor 2 proteolysis. This work reveals a novel function for
      cardiac MCs modulating cardiomyocyte contractility via alteration of PKA
      regulated force-Ca(2+) interactions in response to MI. Identification of this MC
      cardiomyocyte cross-talk provides new insights on the cellular and molecular
      mechanisms regulating the cardiac contractile machinery and a novel platform for
      therapeutically addressable regulators.

PMID- 27353092
TI  - [Present status and future of multi-disciplinary treatment for colorectal
      cancer].
AB  - Multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT) is an effective pattern to implement the
      standardized and individualized treatment for cancer. Under the pattern of MDT
      which integrates the surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, interventional therapy,
      targeted therapy and immune therapy, there has been a landmark progress in the
      diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Curative resection followed by
      adjuvant chemotherapy has been established as a standard treatment for stage III(
      colon cancer, but it is still controversial about whether patients with stage II(
      colon cancer should receive adjuvant chemotherapy and which regimen is preferred.
      Decision making regarding the use of adjuvant therapy for stage II( patients
      should not only depend upon the clinicopathological features but also
      individualized discussion between patients and physicians about the biological
      behavior of the disease, evidence supporting the efficacy, and possible toxicity.
      Radical operation following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is currently the
      standard modality for locally advanced rectal cancer, but the strategy of 'Wait
      and See' is proposed by some researchers for those achieving complete response
      after chemoradiotherapy, although there is no sufficient supportive data yet.
      Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer should undergo an upfront evaluation
      and discussion by a multidisciplinary team before the initial treatment.
      Achieving a negative surgical margin with adequate remanent liver reserve is the
      criteria for determining the resectability of liver metastasis. Both adjuvant and
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy are two alternatives for initially resectable liver
      metastasis. Concomitant with the progress of medicine, the MDT is moving toward a
      precise treatment system oriented by genes and being able to predict the
      prognosis, efficacy and side effects exactly. 

PMID- 27353093
TI  - [Research hotspot and progress of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal
      cancer].
AB  - Preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has become an important component of
      comprehensive treatment for rectal cancer. Although local recurrent risk has been
      remarkably reduced by CRT, distant metastasis remains the main cause of
      therapeutic failure. Therefore, more and more studies focused on controlling
      distant metastasis in order to prolong long-term survival. Recently, CRT has
      achieved certain progression in rectal cancer: (1)Patients with stage T3 should
      be classified into specific subgroups to formulate individualized treatment
      regimen. For stage T3a, it is feasible to perform surgery alone or administrate
      low intensity preoperative CRT; for stage T3b and T3c, conventional preoperative
      CRT should be performed in order to reduce the risk of recurrence
      postoperatively. (2)With regard to combined regimen for chemotherapy, oral
      capecitabine superiors to intravenous bolus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and is
      comparable to continuous intravenous infusion 5-FU with a better safety.
      Therefore, capecitabine is recommended for older patients and those with poor
      tolerance to chemotherapy. Compared to single 5-FU concurrent CRT, addition of
      oxaliplatin into preoperative CRT may result in a higher survival benefit in
      Chinese patients. As to the application of irinotecan, bevacizumab or cetuximab,
      unless there are more evidence to confirm their efficacy and safety from
      randomized controlled trial, they should not be recommended for adding to
      preoperative CRT routinely. (3)On the optimization in CRT pattern, the
      application values of induction chemotherapy before concurrent CRT, consolidation
      chemotherapy after concurrent CRT, neoadjuvant sandwich CRT, neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy alone and short-course preoperative radiotherapy remain further
      exploration. (4)On the treatment strategy for clinical complete response (cCR)
      after CRT, whether "wait and see" strategy is able to be adopted, it is still a
      hot topic with controversy. 

PMID- 27353094
TI  - [Radiotherapy standard and progress in locally advanced rectal cancer].
AB  - Recently, treatment strategy optimization for neoadjuvant therapy of rectal
      cancer includes two aspects: (1) Increasing treatment intensity may improve
      pathological complete response rate, including increasing radiation dose or
      concurrent chemotherapy intensity, or shifting adjuvant chemotherapy; (2) Short
      course radiotherapy or neoadjuvant chemotherapy which can promise treatment
      efficacy will decrease toxicity and lead to better tolerance. Long-course
      chemoradiotherapy is the recent treatment standard for locally advanced rectal
      cancer. NCCN guidelines do not recommend combined chemotherapy in the
      radiotherapy period. However, it is important for individualized treatment of
      rectal cancer if appropriate patients who may benefit from the combined
      concurrent chemotherapy can be selected. Short-course radiotherapy is defined as
      5 Gy * 5. It is recommended for T3 or N+ rectal cancer in NCCN guidelines, but
      not for T4 patients. In ESMO guidelines, stratified patients of intermediate risk
      by MRI can be treated with either short-course or long-course radiotherapy, but
      short-course radiotherapy is not recommended for T4 or positive mesorectum fascia
      (MRF+) patients with high risk. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy incorporated in the
      neoadjuvant part has been a therapeutic choice in NCCN guidelines. However, It is
      still unclear whether chemotherapy upfront as a component of neoadjuvant
      treatment or even completion of chemotherapy before surgery can improve treatment
      outcome or not. There are phase II( studies focused on this issue and final
      results are pending. 

PMID- 27353095
TI  - [Advances of minimally invasive technique in colorectal cancer surgery].
AB  - Colorectal surgery is rapidly developing in the direction of minimally invasive
      surgery and functional surgery. New technology and ideas are constantly emerging
      recently. Laparoscopic colon surgery has already been recommended by NCCN
      guideline. However, laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery still needs to wait for
      survival and recurrence rates of long-term follow-up data for verification. In
      recent years, with the rapid progression of imaging equipment of laparoscope, the
      new 3D laparoscopic system will process image more quickly, and surgeons can get
      space depth feeling like open surgery only with a pair of glasses. The new 3D
      laparoscopic system has many advantages, and can also shorten the learning curve
      of the beginners. But it does not mean the traditional 2D laparoscopy has been
      out of date. It is admitted that dialectical view on the development of the
      technology and equipment is still required. New things also need the accumulation
      of time and validation, and the deficiency of imaging system remains to be
      improved. At present, the robotic colorectal cancer surgery is still in its
      infancy, and its application is relatively common in colon surgery. In respect of
      robotic rectal cancer surgery, it still lacks of long-term follow-up survival
      results for verification. To reduce physical and psychological trauma for
      patients is the goal of the surgeon. Surgeons are experiencing the change from
      minimally invasion to non-invasion. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic
      surgery (NOTES) and natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) arise at
      the historic moment. Among them, transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME)
      incorporates the concepts of NOTES, anal minimally invasive surgery and total
      mesorectum excision, guaranteeing the radical cure and no scar of abdomen, but it
      still needs multicenter, large sample and long-term follow-up clinical data to
      prove its safety, efficacy and indication. Therefore, surgical procedure is
      transforming from conventional laparoscopic surgery to the NOTES and NOSES. The
      surgical principle is the eternal cornerstone to ensure the radical tumor
      resection and the safety of patients. 

PMID- 27353096
TI  - [Prevention of intraoperative incidental injuries during sphincter-preserving
      surgery for rectal cancer and management of postoperative complication].
AB  - Prevention of intraoperative incidental injuries during radical operation for
      rectal cancer and management of postoperative complication are associated with
      successful operation and prognosis of patients. This paper discusses how to
      prevent such intraoperative incidental injuries and how to manage postoperative
      complication. (1) Accurate clinical evaluation should be performed before
      operation and reasonable treatment decision should be made, including
      determination of the distance from transection to lower margin of the tumor, T
      and M staging evaluated by MRI, fascia invasion of mesorectum, metastasis of
      lateral lymph nodes, metastatic station of mesentery lymph node, association
      between levator ani muscle and anal sphincter, course and length of sigmoid
      observed by Barium enema, length assessment of pull-through bowel. Meanwhile
      individual factors of patients and tumors must be realized accurately. (2) Injury
      of pelvic visceral fascia should be avoided during operation. Negative low and
      circumference cutting edge must be ensured. Blood supply and adequate length of
      pull-down bowel must be also ensured. Urinary system injury, pelvic bleeding and
      intestinal damage should be avoided. Team cooperation and anesthesia procedure
      should be emphasized. Capacity of handling accident events should be cultivated
      for the team. (3) intraoperative incidental injuries during operation by
      instruments should be avoided, such as poor clarity of camera due to spray and
      smog, ineffective instruments resulted from repeated usage. (4) As to the
      prevention and management of postoperative complication of rectal cancer
      operation, prophylactic stoma should be regularly performed for rectal cancer
      patients undergoing anterior resection, while drainage tube placement does not
      decrease the morbidities of anastomosis and other complications. After sphincter
      preserving surgery for rectal cancer, attentions must be paid to the occurrence
      of anastomotic bleeding, pelvic bleeding, anastomotic fistula, ileus, intestinal
      necrosis and anastomotic stenosis. After sphincter-preserving surgery for rectal
      cancer, if small amount of bleeding happens, titanium clamp or electric
      coagulation can be used; if delayed pelvic bleeding occurs obviously, embolism
      should be applied. Conservative treatment may be used for the non-carcinomatous
      ileus. When small anastomotic stenosis is found, local treatment is available
      (finger dilation, balloon expansion, transanal radiated cutting or resection),
      and for severe stenosis, transadominal operation is required. 

PMID- 27353097
TI  - [Assessment of lymph node status in rectal cancer by imaging].
AB  - Assessment of lymph node status in patients with rectal cancer is important
      before operation and neoadjuvant treatment because it has an influence on
      definition of operative plan, strategy of chemoradiotherapy and prognosis of the
      patients with rectal cancer. The imaging modalities that can be used to assess
      lymph node status include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endorectal
      ultrasonography (ERUS), multi-row detector computer tomography (MDCT), and PET
      CT. The existing imaging criteria for metastatic lymph nodes in rectal cancer
      have not been reached. Combined with morphologic and functional imaging
      characteristics can be accurately predict metastatic lymph nodes. Based on the
      size of lymph node, the accuracy of rectal cancer N stage defined by imaging
      modality is poor. If the border and signal intensity of lymph nodes are used to
      predict the metastasis, the sensitivity and specificity can be significantly
      improved. However, the reproducibility needs an improvement because of limitation
      in imaging quality and difference in ability of imaging interpretation. In
      comparison, ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide MRI (USPIO-MRI) has
      relatively higher reproducibility in definition of the metastatic lymph nodes
      while it is not permitted as an imaging tool used in clinical practice. In
      addition, USPIO-MRI has been used to evaluate the lymph node response to
      chemotherapy. As functional imaging tool, DW-MRI has high sensitivity in
      detection of lymph nodes, while the specificity is low. In contrast, PET-CT has
      lower sensitivity because of the limitation in imaging resolution, which can not
      find the small metastatic lymph nodes. ERUS and high resolution MRI have similar
      ability in distinguishing metastatic and benign nodes within mesorectum. While
      MRI and DW-MRI have greater diagnostic view than ERUS, thus they can effectively
      screen and diagnose the pelvic lateral lymph nodes and rectal upper arteriovenous
      lymph nodes. MDCT is the better choice in screening chest and abdominal
      metastatic lymph nodes compared with other modalities. The proper selection of
      imaging modality or combination of multi-modalities is necessary for special
      purpose in clinical practice. 

PMID- 27353098
TI  - [Efficacy analysis of suprapubic single-incision laparoscopy in the treatment of
      rectosigmoid cancer].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and cosmetic result of suprapubic single
      incision laparoscopic surgery(SSILS) in the treatment of rectosigmoid cancer.
      METHODS: Clinicopathological data of 16 patients undergoing SSILS and 122
      undergoing conventional laparoscopic surgery(CLS) for sigmoid colon and upper
      rectal cancer in the Nanfang Hospital from August 2011 to July 2012 were
      retrospectively analyzed. The patients were analyzed with propensity score
      matching at a ratio of 1 to 2 by logistic regression analysis. The matching
      covariates included age, gender, body mass index, American Society of
      Anesthesiologists(ASA) score, tumor location, tumor diameter, pathologic TNM
      stage, previous abdominal surgery. After matching, 48 patients (16 SSILS and 32
      CLS) were enrolled in the study. The SSILS group comprised of 13 (81.3%) males
      with mean age of (56.4+/-13.4) years. The CLS group comprised of 23(71.9%) males
      with mean age of (55.6+/-13.7) years. Postoperative short-term parameters,
      oncologic efficacy and cosmetic result were compared between the two groups.
      RESULTS: The male gender ratio, age, body mass index, ASA score, tumor location,
      tumor diameter, tumor differentiation, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis,
      TNM stage, previous abdominal surgery were comparable between the two groups. As
      compared to CLS group, less incision length [(4.8+/-1.5) cm vs. (6.8+/-1.2) cm,
      U=63.000, P=0.000], shorter time to ambulation [(2.6+/-1.0) days vs. (3.9+/-1.5)
      days, U=116.500, P=0.002], shorter hospital stay [(8.4+/-5.3) days vs.(9.2+/-3.1)
      days, U=139.000, P=0.010] and less postopertive pain(Visual Analogue Scale: 4.3+/
      1.4 vs. 5.2+/-1.1 at day 3, t=2.457, P=0.018; 3.7+/-1.0 vs. 4.6+/-1.0 at day 4,
      t=2.700, P=0.010; 3.3+/-0.8 vs. 4.0+/-1.0 at day 5, t=2.466, P=0.017) were
      observed in SSILS group. The other short-term parameters(blood loss, operative
      time, insertion of additional port rate, time to flatus, defecation, time to
      liquid and soft diet, complication morbidity, number of lymph nodes harvested,
      proximal and distal resection margin) were not significantly different between 2
      groups(all P>0.05). The median follow-up time was 41(22-49) months. There was no
      loco-regional recurrence in 2 groups. Distant metastasis was 18.8% (n=3, all
      liver metastasis) and 6.3% (n=2, one liver metastasis and one peritoneal
      metastasis) in SSILS and CLS groups (chi(2)=0.698, P=0.404) respectively. Three
      year disease-free survival and 3-year overall survival were 81.3% vs
      93.0%(chi(2)=1.355, P=0.244) and 100.0% vs 96.9%(chi(2)=0.500, P=0.480) in SSILS
      and CLS groups, respectively. Photograph questionnaire investigation showed that
      the cosmetic score was significantly higher in SSILS group than that in CLS group
      (8.9+/-1.1 vs. 7.6+/-1.1, U=100.500, P=0.000). Of 48 patients of 2 groups,
      81.3%(39/48) case preferred SSILS. CONCLUSION: In experienced laparoscopic
      treatment centers, SSILS for rectosigmoid cancer is feasible and safe with quite
      good oncological efficacy and certain advantages, such as fast recovery, less
      pain and better cosmetic result.

PMID- 27353099
TI  - [Laparoscopy combined with transperineal extralevator abdominoperineal excision
      for locally advanced low rectal cancer].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the laparoscopy combined with transperineal extralevator
      abdominoperineal excision (TP-ELAPE) for locally advanced low rectal caner.
      METHODS: Clinical data of 12 patients with locally advanced low rectal cancer
      undergoing laparoscopy combined with TP-ELAPE in our department from May 2013 to
      March 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 8 male and 4 female patients
      with median aged of 63 (46 to 72) years. The median distance from tumor lower
      margin to anal verge was 3.5(2.0 to 4.0) cm. A self-made transanal suit for
      minimally invasive operation was used to make a sealed lacuna outside the
      sphincter, thus laparoscope can be applied to perform transperineal operation.
      RESULTS: All the patients underwent operations successfully without conversion to
      open abdominal operation. The median operating time was 206 (180 to 280) minutes
      with perineal operating time 95(80 to 120) minutes. The median intraoperative
      blood loss was 120(50 to 200) ml. The median postoperative hospital stay was 12(9
      to 18 ) days. Postoperative pathology revealed that all circumferential margins
      (CRM) were negative. The area of sample horizontal section was (2 824+/-463)
      mm(2), and of outer muscularis propria was(2 190+/-476) mm(2). Postoperative
      complications included chronic sacrococcygeal region pain in 2 cases, urinary
      retention in 3 cases, perineal wound infection in 1 case. No perineal seroma,
      perineal hernia, wound dehiscence and sinus tract formation were observed. Among
      8 patients with preoperative normal sexual function, sexual dysfunction occurred
      in 2 patients. There was no local recurrence and metastasis during a median
      follow-up of 21(12 to 34) months. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopy combined with TP-ELAPE
      has the potential to simplify the operation procedure for low rectal cancer, can
      ensure the radical treatment and safety of operation, and may be carried out in
      experienced centers.

PMID- 27353100
TI  - [Clinical analysis on lymph node metastasis pattern in left-sided colon cancers].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pattern of lymph node metastasis in patients with
      left-sided colon cancer in order to provide evidences for the choice of operation
      mode and the range of lymph node clearance. METHODS: Clinical data of 556 cases
      with left-sided colon carcinoma undergoing surgical treatment in Department of
      Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital from January 2000 to
      October 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Among these patients, cancer of
      splenic flexure and transverse colon close to splenic flexure (splenic flexure
      group) was found in 41 cases, descending colon cancer in 73 cases(descending
      colon goup) and sigmoid colon cancer in 442 cases (sigmoid colon group),
      respectively; T1 was found in 29 cases, T2 in 63 cases, T3 in 273 cases, T4 in
      191 cases. All the patients underwent D3 radical operation or complete mesocolic
      excision(CME). Para-bowel lymph node was defined as the first station, mesenteric
      lymph node as the second station, and lymph node in root of mesentery and around
      upper and inferior mesenteric arteries as the third station. Metastasis was
      compared among these 3 stations with regard to different sites and tumor
      invasions. RESULTS: The total lymph node metastasis rate was 49.6%(276/556). The
      lymph node metastasis rates of splenic flexure, descending colon and sigmoid
      colon groups were 53.7%(22/41), 52.1%(38/73) and 48.9%(216/442) respectively
      without significant difference (P>0.05). The lymph node metastasis rates of the
      first, second, and third stations were 47.3%(263/556), 16.9%(94/556) and
      5.8%(32/556) respectively with significant difference (chi(2)=287.54, P=0.000).
      In the first, second and third station, the lymph node metastasis rate was
      13.8%(4/29), 0 and 0 in T1; 25.4%(16/63), 4.8%(3/63) and 3.2%(2/63) in T2;
      45.8%(125/273), 14.7%(40/273) and 4.8%(13/273) in T3; 61.8%(118/191),
      26.7%(25/191) and 8.9%(17/191) in T4 respectively. In splenic flexure group,
      metastasis rates were similar between No.222 and No.232[14.6%(61/41) vs.
      12.2%(5/41), chi(2)=0.11, P=1.000] and between No.223 and No.253 [7.3% (3/41) vs.
      2.4% (1/41), chi(2)=1.05, P=0.616]. In descending colon group, metastasis rate of
      No.232 was higher as compared to No.222[15.1%(11/73) vs. 2.7% (2/73),
      chi(2)=6.84, P=0.017]; metastasis rate of No.253 was slightly higher as compared
      to No.223 without significant difference [4.1%(3/73) vs. 0, chi(2)=3.06,
      P=0.245]. Metastasis rates of No.222 and No.223 in splenic flexure group were
      significantly higher than those in descending colon and sigmoid colon groups
      (chi(2)=5.69, P=0.025; Fisher exact test, P=0.044); While such rates of
      No.232(No.242 for sigmoid colon group) and No.253 were not significantly
      different among 3 groups respectively (chi(2)=0.90, P=0.660; chi(2)=1.14,
      P=0.611). CONCLUSIONS: Left-sided colon cancers in T1 should undergo D2 radical
      operation, while cancers in T2 to T4 should undergo D3 radical operation. The D3
      radical operation for splenic flexure cancers and cancers of transverse colon
      close to splenic flexure should clear No.223 and No.253. The D3 radical operation
      for descending colon cancer should clear No.222 and No.253. The D3 radical
      operation for sigmoid colon should clear No.253.

PMID- 27353101
TI  - [Clinical study on locally advanced rectal cancer patients with pathological
      complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy prediction of the locally advanced rectal
      cancer patients, especially those with pathological complete response(pCR),
      receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in order to execute precise preoperative
      neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. METHODS: From January 2000 to January 2011, 125
      patients diagnosed as locally advanced rectal cancer receiving preoperative
      neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in our department with complete data were enrolled
      in this study, including 85 males and 40 females with mean age of 54(15 to 77)
      years old. All the patients received radiotherapy with 46 Gy(23 times) and
      administered XELOX regimen (oxaliplatin 100 mg/m(2) plus capecitabine 2 000
      mg/m(2)) for 2 courses simultaneously, and underwent radical operation 6 to 8
      weeks after chemoradiotherapy. The data of these patients were analyzed
      retrospectively. Pathological remission was divided into 4 grades. Patients
      achieving grade 4 were defined as pCR, and those achieving above grade 2 were
      defined as better response. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify
      significant predictors of pCR. RESULTS: Among 125 patients, 16(12.8%) achieved
      pCR status, and 90(72.0%) had better response to the neoadjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy. Logistic regression analysis showed that age(OR:1.060,
      P=0.037) and preoperative positive lymph nodes detected by endorectal
      ultrasonography (OR:0.059, P=0.006) were independent predictors of pCR after
      neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative existence of lymph node
      metastasis around bowel indicates the poor response to neoadjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy. Age is associated with pCR in patients receiving neoadjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy.

PMID- 27353102
TI  - [Diagnostic value of 3.0-tesla high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for
      invasion depth of rectal cancer].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of 3.0T high-resolution magnetic resonance
      imaging(MRI) in definition of tumor invasion depth staging (T staging) before
      operation. METHODS: Clinical and radiographic data of 49 rectal cancer patients
      who underwent radical resection within two weeks after 3.0 T high-resolution MRI
      examination without preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Peking University
      People's Hospital between February 2015 and November 2015 were retrospectively
      collected. Two radiologists reviewed the MRI imagines and evaluated the location
      and T staging of rectal cancer independently(radiologist A and B). The kappa
      statistics was used to evaluate the interobserver agreement, and kappa value
      greater than 0.81 indicated excellent agreement. The accuracy, sensitivity and
      specificity of high-resolution MRI in definition of rectal cancer T staging were
      assessed with pathological result as golden standard. RESULTS: According to
      pathological result of 49 rectal cancer patients, 3 were pT1, 17 were pT2, 22
      were pT3, and 7 were pT4a. In 2 cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma, MRI T2WI showed
      focal or diffuse significantly higher signal close to perirectal fat. And in
      other 47 patients of non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, MRI T2WI showed equal or higher
      signal compared with pelvic muscle. Interobserver agreement was excellent in
      diagnosis of T staging of rectal cancer with 3.0T high-resolution
      MRI(Kappa=0.87). The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of both radiologists
      for T1 staging was 95.9%(47/49), 1/3 and 100%(46/46) respectively, besides, 1
      case was both diagnosed correctly and 2 cases were overstaged. For 2
      radiologists, the accuracy of T2 staging was 87.8%(43/49) and 91.8%(45/49)
      respectively, the sensitivity was both 88.2%(15/17), and the specificity was
      87.5%(28/32) and 93.5%(30/32) respectively, besides, 15 cases were both diagnosed
      correctly and 2 cases were overstaged. The accuracy for T3 staging was
      89.8%(44/49) and 93.9%(46/49) respectively, the sensitivity was 86.4%(19/22) and
      95.5%(21/22) respectively, and the specificity was both 92.6%(25/27). Radiologist
      A made correct diagnosis for 19 cases, understaged 2 cases and overstaged 1 case.
      Radiologist B made correct diagnosis for 21 cases and only overstaged 1 case. The
      accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of both radiologists for T4a staging was
      98.0%(48/49), 7/7 and 97.6%(41/42) respectively, besides, 7 cases were both
      diagnosed correctly. The overall accuracy of T staging was 85.7%(42/49) and
      89.8%(44/49) by two radiologists respectively. The accuracy for differentiating
      T1/T2 from T3/T4 was 91.8%(45/49) and 95.9%(47/49) by two radiologists
      respectively. Radiologist A overstaged 2 cases and understaged 2 cases, and
      radiologist B overstaged 2 cases. CONCLUSION: High-resolution MRI can accurately
      evaluate preoperative T staging of rectal cancer and help select the high-risk
      rectal cancer patients with over T3 to receive neoadjuvant treatment.

PMID- 27353103
TI  - [Association of colorectal adenoma and metabolic syndrome and relevant
      parameters].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of colorectal adenoma with metabolic
      syndrome (MS) and relevant parameters. METHODS: Clinical data of 289 subjects who
      underwent screening colonoscopy in the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital
      from January 2014 to June 2015 were retrospectively analyzed, including 130
      normal subjects (normal group) and 159 cases with colorectal adenoma confirmed by
      pathology(adenoma group). Levels of MS-associated parameters were compared
      between the two groups, and the association of metabolic diseases with colorectal
      adenoma was examined. RESULTS: The gender, smoking and drinking habit, regular
      physical activity, family history of colorectal cancer, and consumption history
      of long-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were not significantly
      different between two groups (all P>0.05). As compared to normal group, adenoma
      group had higher body mass index (BMI) [(23.5+/-3.2) kg/m(2) vs. (22.7+/-2.8)
      kg/m(2), t=1.97, P=0.050], larger abdominal circumference [(83.4+/-10.3) cm vs.
      (79.6+/-13.8) cm, t=2.46, P=0.015], higher serum high-density lipoprotein level
      [(1.3+/-0.3) mmol/L vs. (1.2+/-0.3) mmol/L, t=2.03, P=0.044], and higher serum
      cholesterol [(5.4+/-1.0) mmol/L vs. (5.0+/-1.1) mmol/L, t=2.39, P=0.018]. No
      significant difference was demonstrated in comparing hip circumference and waist
      hip ratio, as well as serum fasting glucose and triglyceride(all P>0.05). Higher
      incidence of colorectal adenoma was found in subjects with MS [69.8%(37/53) vs.
      1.7%(122/236), P=0.017], overweight or obesity [65.1% (56/86) vs. 50.7%(103/203),
      P=0.025], hypertension [67.3%(37/55) vs. 52.1%(122/234), P=0.046] and
      hypercholesterolemia [66.7%(64/96) vs. 49.2%(95/193), P=0.005]. CONCLUSIONS:
      Metabolic syndrome increased the risk of developing colorectal adenoma. The
      mechanism may be related to higher serum cholesterol and high density
      lipoprotein, which may lead to the elevated catabolism of serum cholesterol.
      Screening colonoscopy should be performed for patients diagnosed as metabolic
      syndrome, especially for those with central obesity and hypercholesterolemia,
      thus early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal adenoma may be available.

PMID- 27353104
TI  - [Application of a novel method to collect large amount of fecal mucosa in
      screening colorectal cancer].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of a novel device of collecting large
      amount of fecal mucosa for detecting the DNA methylation and screening colorectal
      cancer. METHODS: Preoperative complete fecal sample and surgical specimen of 10
      patients with colorectal cancer, and complete fecal sample and normal bowel
      mucosal samples confirmed by colonoscopy of 6 hospitalization cases at The Third
      Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of TCM from March to April 2014 were
      collected. A self-made bowel mucosa collector (consisting of upper, middle, lower
      three containers of 1 000 ml volume, with filter screen in each bottom whose pore
      diameter is 100, 200 and 300 mesh.) was used to collect mucosal exfoliation
      cells. Fecal DNA kit was applied to extract DNA of exfoliation cells and the
      concentration and purity of DNA were measured by UV spectrophotometer
      (A260/A280), meanwhile DNA methylation of fecal fluid and mucosal tissues was
      detected by bisulfite sequencing pCR(BSP). RESULTS: DNA methylation sequencing
      showed that FBN1, SPG20, and SNCA genes presented methylation in CpG island in
      fecal fluid and cancer tissues from 10 colorectal cancer patients, but did not
      presented methylation in fecal fluid and mucosa from 6 control cases. When fecal
      amount was below 100 g, collection rate of fecal fluid was 60% to 80%; when fecal
      amount was over 100 g, collection rate of fecal fluid was unstable. When fecal
      amount was 50 to 100 g, DNA A260/A280 value was 1.6 to 1.8, and DNA concentration
      was 5.0 to 56.1 ng/L. CONCLUSION: Collection rate of fecal fluid with this self
      made fecal mucosa collector is quite stable when managing fecal amount of 50 to
      100 g once, and can obtain higher purity and concentration of DNA, meeting the
      demand of methylation detection for screening colorectal cancer.

PMID- 27353105
TI  - [Expression of NF-E1b in colorectal cancer tissues and its clinical
      significance].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of NF-E1b in colorectal cancer tissues and
      its association with various clinicopathological parameters and prognosis of the
      patients. METHODS: Clinicopathological and follow-up data of 168 colorectal
      cancer patients undergoing radical operation at Department of Gastrointestinal
      Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute from 2005 to 2012 were
      retrospectively analyzed, including 96 males and 72 females, with mean age of
      (57.8+/-11.2) years. The expression of NF-E1b protein was detected in samples of
      168 resected colorectal cancer tissues and 45 adjacent non-cancerous tissues by
      immunohistochemistry. The expression rates of NF-E1b were compared among
      different clinicopathological features. Moreover, the association between NF-E1b
      expression and prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS: The expression of NF-E1b protein
      located mainly in cytoplasm. Positive rate of NF-E1b expression in adjacent non
      cancerous tissues was 17.8% (8/45), which was obviously lower than 67.9%(114/168)
      of cancer tissues with significant difference (chi(2)=36.376, P=0.000).
      Clinicopathological parameters analysis suggested that the expression level of NF
      E1b in cancer tissues was associated with age (chi(2)=4.862, P=0.030), TNM
      staging (chi(2)=10.969, P=0.002), lymph node metastasis (chi(2)=7.390, P=0.008)
      and distal metastasis (chi(2)=17.887, P=0.000). The median follow-up time was
      23(1-77) months. The overall 5-year survival of this cohort was 33.3%. Colorectal
      cancer patients with high levels of NF-E1b expression showed a worse overall
      survival compared with those with low levels of NF-E1b expression (18.4% vs.
      56.6%, P=0.000). Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that tumor location
      (P=0.034), tumor size (P=0.003), TNM staging (P=0.000), depth of tumor invasion
      (P=0.009), lymph node metastasis (P=0.000), distant metastasis (P=0.000) and NF
      E1b expression level (P=0.001) were associated with the prognosis of colorectal
      cancer patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that tumor
      diameter >4 cm (HR=2.193,95% CI:1.334 to 3.603, P=0.002), distant metastasis
      (HR=2.064, 95% CI:1.160 to 3.672, P=0.014) and high NF-E1b expression
      (HR=1.994,95% CI:1.068 to 3.724, P=0.030) were independent risk factors of
      predicting poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: NF-E1b
      expression up-regulates in colorectal cancer tissues. High expression of NF-E1b
      is associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. NF-E1b may serve
      as a potential target of the treatment for colorectal cancer.

PMID- 27353106
TI  - [Expression of CD133 in rectal cancer tissues and its relationship with
      neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of CD133 expression in rectal cancer
      tissues with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and tumor regression grading
      (TRG) after nCRT. METHODS: Radical resected rectal cancer specimens and
      clinicopathological data of 105 patients, including 60 men and 45 women with
      median age of 59 years, diagnosed as locally advanced rectal cancer in Peking
      Union Medical College Hospital from January 2008 to December 2014 were collected
      retrospectively. Thirty-nine and 66 cases were histologically classified as good
      moderate and poor differentiation respectively. Sixty-eight and 37 cases were
      clinically graded as stage I(-II( and III(-IIII( in preoperative assessment
      respectively. NCRT was administered in 61 cases before surgery (nCRT group). The
      nCRT consisted of preoperative pelvic radiotherapy using 50 Gy (2 Gy once, for 25
      sessions) with FOLFOX regimen (5-fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin) for 2-3 cycles or
      XELOX regimen (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin) for 2 cycles. Patients underwent
      surgery after 6 courses of nCRT, and then received the same previous chemotherapy
      regimen. In nCRT group, biopsy specimens before nCRT were obtained in 45 cases.
      Forty-four cases received surgery alone without nCRT (surgery alone group). CD133
      expression was tested by immunohistochemical Envision two-step methods. The
      histological TRG evaluation was performed in the nCRT group. TRG score 0-2 was
      defined as insensitivity to nCRT, whereas TRG score 3-4 was defined as
      sensitivity. CD133 expression in rectal cancer samples before and after nCRT was
      compared. Association of CD133 expression with TRG after nCRT was examined.
      RESULTS: No significant differences of baseline parameters were found between
      nCRT group and surgery alone group (all P>0.05). The positive rate of CD133 in
      nCRT group was 70.4%(43/61,) which was significantly higher than that in surgery
      alone group (47.7%, 21/44)(chi(2)=5.566, P=0.018) and that in biopsy samples
      before nCRT group (44.4%, 20/45)(chi(2)=7.287, P=0.007). Twenty-two cases (36.1%,
      22/61) in nCRT group had TRG score of 3-4 . Among these 22 cases, 11 cases were
      negative CD133, and constituted 61.1% (11/18) of all CD133-low expression cases
      in nCRT group, whereas the other 11 cases were positive CD133, and constituted
      25.6%(11/43) of all CD133-high expression cases in nCRT group (chi(2)=6.974,
      P=0.008). CONCLUSION: The CD133 expression up-regulates markedly in rectal cancer
      after nCRT and nCRT may have potential positive modulation on CD133 expression.
      CD133-positive cancer reveals lower response to nCRT, suggesting CD133 may be a
      potential target for improving efficacy of nCRT in rectal cancer.

PMID- 27353108
TI  - [Efficacy meta-analysis of laparoscope-assisted transanal total mesorectal
      excision and conventional laparoscopic excision for rectal cancer].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the short-term efficacy of laparoscope-assisted transanal
      total mesorectal excision (LA-taTME) and conventional laparoscopic TME (LTME) for
      rectal cancer by meta-analysis. METHODS: Clinical studies that compared clinical
      outcomes of LA-taTME and LTME were searched from form PubMed, Embase, Ovid, CNKI
      and Wanfang database before January 2016. Two reviewers independently screened
      the articles and assessed the quality of the included studies by using the MINORS
      standard which involves 12 items. The score is 0-2 for each item and the maximum
      score is 24, and the ideal global score should be above16. RevMan 5.3 software
      was used for meta-analysis and outcome measures included operation time, hospital
      stay, number of harvested lymph node, rate of conversion, positive rate of
      circumferential resection margin and the rate of incomplete mesorectum. RESULTS:
      Seven studies were included in the analysis, and the score of all the studies was
      more than 16 points. A total of 479 patients (208 in LA-taTME, 271 in LTME) were
      enrolled. There were no significant differences in terms of age, sex, tumor
      location and clinical stage between two groups (all P>0.05). Results of meta
      analysis showed that LA-taTME had lower rate of incomplete mesorectum (OR=0.29,
      95% CI:0.10 to 0.84, P=0.02), lower rate of complications (OR=0.59, 95% CI:0.35
      to 0.97, P=0.04) and shorter hospital stay (MD=-1.66, 95% CI:-3.22 to -0.11,
      P=0.04) than those of LTME, with significant differences. In terms of operation
      time (MD=-14.49, 95% CI:-37.87 to 8.90, P=0.22), number of harvested lymph node
      (MD=-0.45, 95% CI:-1.98 to 1.08, P=0.56), the rate of conversion (OR=0.31, 95%
      CI:0.08 to 1.24, P=0.10) and positive rate of circumferential resection margin
      (OR=0.43, 95% CI:0.17 to 1.04, P=0.06), there were no significant differences
      between two groups. CONCLUSION: Compared to LTME, LA-taTME has similar short-term
      efficacy for rectal cancer, but it can reduce the rate of complications and rate
      of incomplete mesorectum.

PMID- 27353107
TI  - [Effect of interleukin 17 on invasion of human colon cancer cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and its possible mechanism of interleukin-17
      (IL-17) on invasion and metastasis of human colon cancer cells. METHODS: IL-17
      was added into the culture media of human colon cancer cells SW480 and LOVO.
      Cells were divided into 4 groups: SW480 control group (SW480 cells), LOVO control
      group (LOVO cells), SW480 experiment group (50 MUg/L IL-17+SW480 cells), and LOVO
      experiment group (50 MUg/L IL-17+LOVO cells). Cell growth was measured by CCK-8
      assay. The proliferation rate(%)=[(Aexperiment group-Ablank)/(Acontrol group
      Ablank)]*100%). The ability of cell invasion and migration was measured by
      transwell assay. Real time-PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of VEGF and MMP
      9. Western blot was performed to detect protein expression of STAT3, p-STAT3,
      VEGF and MMP-9. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to measure
      the protein content of VEGF and MMP-9 in the supernatant. RESULTS: After
      cultivation for 24, 48 and 72 hours, CCK-8 assay revealed that the proliferation
      rate of SW480 was 1.18%+/-0.07%, 1.42%+/-0.09%, and 1.62%+/-0.08%; the
      proliferation rate of LOVO was 1.13%+/-0.02%, 1.32%+/-0.05% and 1.73%+/-0.02% in
      experiment group. Transwell experiments showed that after cultivation with IL-17
      for 24 hours, number of invasion cell in experimental groups (SW480: 34.00+/
      0.45, LOVO: 41.60+/-0.51) was higher as compared to corresponding control groups
      (SW480: 4.53+/-0.14; LOVO: 3.67+/-0.33) with significant differences (SW480: t=
      76.026, P=0.001; LOVO: t=-81.580, P=0.005). The number of migration cell in
      experimental groups (SW480: 36.40+/-0.51, LOVO: 46.40+/-0.68) was higher as
      compared to corresponding control groups (SW480: 7.83+/-0.69; LOVO: 6.67+/-0.48)
      with significant differences (SW480: t=-51.542, P=0.003; LOVO: t=-49.265,
      P=0.005). Real-time PCR results revealed that after cultivation with IL-17 for 24
      hours, VEGF and MMP-9 mRNA relative expression levels in experimental groups
      (SW480: VEGF:1.53+/-0.12, MMP-9: 2.44+/-0.23; LOVO: VEGF: 2.96+/-0.35, MMP-9:
      3.38+/-0.55) were higher than those in control groups (both 1) with significant
      differences (VEGF: t=3.799, P=0.043; MMP-9: t=5.254, P=0.039). Western blot
      illustrated that after cultivation with IL-17 for 24 hours, STAT3, p-STAT3, VEGF
      and MMP-9 proteins relative expression levels in experimental groups were
      significantly higher that those in control groups (SW480:STAT3: t=3.233, P=0.023;
      p-STAT3: t=3.954, P=0.032; VEGF: t=3.201, P=0.025; MMP-9: t=3.154, P=0.029; LOVO:
      STAT3: t=3.788, P=0.012; p-STAT3: t=2.662, P=0.040; VEGF: t=4.118, P=0.035; MMP
      9: t=4.268, P=0.030). ELISA indicated that content of VEGF and MMP-9 in the
      supernatant of experimental groups (SW480: VEGF 5 491.41+/-63.22, MMP-9: 21.43+/
      1.35. LOVO: VEGF: 8 631.46+/-129.59, MMP-9: 178.32+/-3.20) were higher than those
      in control groups (SW480: VEGF:4 456.32+/-87.56, MMP-9:18.57+/-2.44. LOVO: VEGF:
      8 122.38+/-108.66, MMP-9: 163.22+/-6.89) with significant differences (SW480:
      VEGF: t=6.993, P=0.037; MMP-9: t=5.587, P=0.040. LOVO: VEGF: t=7.013, P=0.044;
      MMP-9: t=6.762, P=0.043). CONCLUSION: IL-17 may be able to activate STAT3 signal
      transduction pathway in vitro through up-regulation of VEGF and MMP-9 expression,
      thereby enhancing the invasion and migration of colon cancer SW480 and LOVO
      cells.

PMID- 27353109
TI  - [Role of transanal drainage tube in the prevention of anastomotic leakage after
      anterior resection for rectal cancer].
AB  - Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the most serious complications of anterior
      resection for rectal cancer with morbidity about 10%. Distance of anastomosis to
      anal margin, underlying disease, surgical technique and perioperative situations
      are associated with AL. The transanal drainage tube (TDT) after anastomosis is
      gradually proved to be useful in prevention of AL. Most of the literatures
      suggest that TDT is simple and safe, and can reduce the incidence of AL. The
      materials and the operating process of TDT have been universalized gradually:
      application of silicone or rubber material, large lumen with several side holes,
      placement at a distance of 3 to 5 cm above the anastomosis for 5 to 7 days.
      However, selection bias existed in previous studies, and the main problems were
      disunity of enrolling standard and exclusion of patients with high AL risk, which
      would not fully reflect the value of TDT. Defunctioning stoma (or diverting
      stoma, DS) is a common method to prevent and treat the AL. At present, efficacy
      comparison between TDT and DS remains controversial. Thus, randomized, double
      blind, controlled trials are needed to investigate the value of TDT in prevention
      of AL after anterior resection, especially for middle and low rectal cancer. 

PMID- 27353110
TI  - [Application and prospect of circulating tumor cells detection in colorectal
      cancer].
AB  - About 30%-50% of colorectal cancer patients would develop recurrence and
      metastasis. At present, there is still a lack of effective evaluation method for
      recurrence, metastasis and prognosis. In recent years, a great progress about
      circulating tumor cells (CTC) in diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer has
      been made. The most common CTC detection methods include immunocytochemistry,
      flow cytometry, PCR, immunomagnetic separation, optical fiber array scanning and
      CTC chip. Based on present studies, researchers reach the consensus that CTC is
      clinically valuable in the following aspects: detection of occult metastasis,
      monitor of disease progress and evaluation of response to treatment. With recent
      development of clinical specialization, multi-disciplinary treatment (MDT), gene
      detection and targeted therapy, individualized treatment may greatly improve
      overall survive and disease-free survival of colorectal cancer patients. However,
      the methods above depend on tumor tissues that are always impractical to obtain
      for late stage and non-surgery patients. Moreover, the size of specimen is always
      small, making gene expression and mutation detection difficult. CTC detection may
      solve such problems based on molecular biology with high plausibility and
      repeatability. Therefore, CTC detection can be used as a new diagnosis tool. It
      is believed that CTC detection will play an important role in early diagnosis,
      evaluating recurrence, metastasis, making individualized treatment and predicting
      prognosis. 

PMID- 27353111
TI  - Dysregulation of hypothalamic modulation in olanzapine treated male rats.

PMID- 27353112
TI  - Acute stress induces increases in salivary IL-10 levels.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress-reactivity of the anti
      inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in saliva and to determine how salivary IL-10
      levels change in relation to those of IL-1beta, a pro-inflammatory cytokine,
      following stress. Healthy young adults were randomly assigned to retrieve a
      negative emotional memory (n = 46) or complete a modified version of the Trier
      Social Stress Test (n = 45). Saliva samples were taken 10 min before (baseline)
      and 50 min after (post-stressor) onset of a 10-min stressor, and were assayed
      using a high sensitivity multiplex assay for cytokines. Measurable IL-10 levels
      (above the minimum detectable concentration) were found in 96% of the baseline
      samples, and 98% of the post-stressor samples. Flow rate-adjusted salivary IL-10
      levels as well as IL-1beta/IL-10 ratios showed moderate but statistically
      significant increases in response to stress. Measurement of salivary IL-10 and
      pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios may be useful, noninvasive tools, in
      stress research.

PMID- 27353113
TI  - Effect of glucose on Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation, and assessment of
      the biofilm's sanitation tolerance.
AB  - Listeria monocytogenes is an important cause of human foodborne infections and
      its ability to form biofilms is a serious concern to the food industry. To reveal
      the effect of glucose conditions on biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes, 20
      strains were investigated under three glucose conditions (0.1, 1.0, and 2.0% w v(
      1)) by quantifying the number of cells in the biofilm and observing the biofilm
      structure after incubation for 24, 72, and 168 h. In addition, the biofilms were
      examined for their sensitivity to sodium hypochlorite. It was found that high
      concentrations of glucose reduced the number of viable cells in the biofilms and
      increased extracellular polymeric substance production. Moreover, biofilms formed
      at a glucose concentration of 1.0 or 2.0% were more resistant to sodium
      hypochlorite than those formed at a glucose concentration of 0.1%. This knowledge
      can be used to help design the most appropriate sanitation strategy.

PMID- 27353114
TI  - Detection, differentiation, and identification of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes
      C, CD, D, and DC by highly specific immunoassays and mass spectrometry.
AB  - Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes C and D and their mosaic variants CD and DC
      cause severe cases of botulism in animal husbandry and wildlife. Epidemiological
      data on the exact serotype or toxin variant causing outbreaks are rarely
      available, mainly because of their high sequence identity and the lack of fast
      and specific screening tools to detect and differentiate the four similar toxins.
      To fill this gap, we developed four highly specific sandwich enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) able to detect and differentiate botulinum
      neurotoxins type BoNT/C, D, CD, and DC based on four distinct combinations of
      specific monoclonal antibodies targeting both conserved and divergent subdomains
      of the four toxins. Here, highly sensitive detection with detection limits
      between 2 and 24 pg mL(-1) was achieved. The ELISAs were extensively validated
      and results were compared with data obtained by quantitative real-time PCR using
      a panel of Clostridium botulinum strains, real sample materials from veterinary
      botulism outbreaks, and non-BoNT-producing Clostridia. Additionally, in order to
      verify the results obtained by ELISA screening, the new monoclonal antibodies
      were used for BoNT enrichment and subsequent detection (i) on a functional level
      by endopeptidase mass spectrometry (Endopep-MS) assays and (ii) on a protein
      sequence level by LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Based on all technical information
      gathered in the validation study, the four differentiating ELISAs turned out to
      be highly reliable screening tools for the rapid analysis of veterinary botulism
      cases and should aid future field investigations of botulism outbreaks and the
      acquisition of epidemiological data. 

PMID- 27353115
TI  - The persistence length of adsorbed dendronized polymers.
AB  - The persistence length of cationic dendronized polymers adsorbed onto oppositely
      charged substrates was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and quantitative
      image analysis. One can find that a decrease in the ionic strength leads to an
      increase of the persistence length, but the nature of the substrate and of the
      generation of the side dendrons influence the persistence length substantially.
      The strongest effects as the ionic strength is being changed are observed for the
      fourth generation polymer adsorbed on mica, which is a hydrophilic and highly
      charged substrate. However, the observed dependence on the ionic strength is much
      weaker than the one predicted by the Odijk, Skolnik, and Fixman (OSF) theory for
      semi-flexible chains. Low-generation polymers show a variation with the ionic
      strength that resembles the one observed for simple and flexible polyelectrolytes
      in solution. For high-generation polymers, this dependence is weaker. Similar
      dependencies are found for silica and gold substrates. The observed behavior is
      probably caused by different extents of screening of the charged groups, which is
      modified by the polymer generation, and to a lesser extent, the nature of the
      substrate. For highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), which is a hydrophobic
      and weakly charged substrate, the electrostatic contribution to the persistence
      length is much smaller. In the latter case, we suspect that specific interactions
      between the polymer and the substrate also play an important role. 

PMID- 27353116
TI  - Defining Taiwanese children's health literacy abilities from a health promotion
      perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health literacy is related to health inequality, health behaviors,
      and health status. Globally, health literacy has primarily focused on adults and
      has been based on the medical model. It is necessary to understand children's
      life experiences as they relate to health; thus, this study attempted to evaluate
      and describe the health literacy abilities of sixth-graders in Taiwan. METHODS:
      Interviews were conducted with 10 teachers and 11 caregivers, and focus groups
      were conducted with 32 children. Health literacy abilities corresponding to real
      life situations were identified from life skills and the Taiwanese Curriculum
      Guidelines for health education. Three expert meetings were held to redefine
      children's health literacy using a health promotion perspective and confirmed
      indicators. RESULTS: An operational definition of three aspects of children's
      health literacy and 25 abilities was proposed: 11 functional health literacy
      abilities (e.g. understands the connection between personal health care behaviors
      and health); seven interactive health literacy abilities (e.g. obtains and
      understands information from various channels); and seven critical health
      literacy abilities (e.g. analyzes the relationship between personal needs and
      diet choices for a balanced diet). These indicators cover 10 health education
      categories. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of understanding
      Taiwanese children's health literacy, and the urgency of developing an
      appropriate measurement tool. The definition and indicators in this study were
      identified using a child-centered approach focusing on children's real-life
      experiences. The result serves as a solid basis for the development of the Taiwan
      Children's Health Literacy Scale, and provides information for the decision
      making sector on health education.

PMID- 27353117
TI  - A qualitative study of tobacco use in eight economically disadvantaged Dominican
      Republic communities.
AB  - Understanding social conditions prior to intervention design can enhance tobacco
      control interventions. This paper describes formative research conducted in 2010
      about tobacco use in eight economically disadvantaged Dominican Republic
      communities, four of which participated in a previous intervention study (2003
      2008). A combined US-Dominican team used a rapid assessment process to collect
      qualitative social and cultural data on tobacco use, knowledge and attitudes;
      plus observations about social and policy factors, such as exposure to secondhand
      smoke (SHS), tobacco regulations, pregnancy, health care provider (HCP) practices
      and sustainability of the 2003-2008 intervention. This assessment found that
      tobacco use varied by age. While all ages typically used cigarettes, older adults
      used relatively more unprocessed tobacco, which is seen as less harmful and less
      addictive. Middle-aged smokers typically used commercial cigarettes, which are
      viewed as dangerous, addictive, expensive and offensive. Young adults reported
      avoiding smoking, but using relatively more smokeless tobacco. Smoking during
      pregnancy has reportedly decreased. SHS was viewed as harmful, although smoke
      free homes were uncommon. HCPs discussed tobacco issues mostly for patients with
      tobacco-related conditions. Sustainability of the 2003-2008 intervention appeared
      to be linked to active Community Technology Centers with strong leadership, and
      community social capital. This information could be used to design better
      targeted interventions in these communities.

PMID- 27353118
TI  - The relationship between insufficient milk perception and breastfeeding self
      efficacy among Turkish mothers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between
      perceived insufficient milk and breastfeeding self-efficacy levels among Turkish
      mothers. METHODS: The study was conducted on 200 mothers whose infants were
      hospitalized and under treatment and who could breastfeed their infants in the
      newborn clinic of a university hospital in eastern Turkey between June 2013 and
      February 2014. A sampling method was not applied in the study, so the sample
      consisted of the population of the study. The 'Personal Information Form',
      'Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale' and 'Perception of Insufficient Milk
      Questionnaire' were used to collect the data. Data were analysed by using
      percentage distribution and arithmetic average; independent sample t test, Mann
      Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis, Pearson correlation analysis
      and Cronbach alpha reliability coefficiency in the SPSS 18.0 package program.
      RESULTS: The study determined that advanced age, higher education level and
      higher income status, male gender of the child, planning of the pregnancy, many
      births, receiving breastfeeding education and the length of time that mothers
      planned to exclusively breastfeed affected breastfeeding self-efficacy and
      perception of milk sufficiency positively ( p<0.05). The study showed that, as
      breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of mothers increased, their perception of milk
      sufficiency also increased ( p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The study concluded that some
      factors related to the mother, infant, pregnancy and breastfeeding affected
      breastfeeding self-efficacy and the perception of milk insufficiency. As the
      breastfeeding self-efficacy level increased, the milk was perceived to be more
      sufficient.

PMID- 27353119
TI  - Correlates of psychological outcomes in people with diabetes: results from the
      second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2(TM) ) study.
AB  - AIMS: To assess country- and individual-level correlates of psychological
      outcomes, and differences among countries in the associations of individual
      characteristics with psychological outcomes among adults with diabetes. METHODS:
      The second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN2(TM) ) study assessed self
      reported characteristics of people with diabetes in 17 countries, including 1368
      adults with Type 1 diabetes and 7228 with Type 2 diabetes. In each country, a
      sample of 500 adults, stratified by diabetes type and treatment, completed a
      questionnaire incorporating the validated WHO-5 wellbeing index, the WHOQOL-BREF,
      and the five-item Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale, as well as the newly developed
      Diabetes Impact on Life Dimensions that assessed impact ranging from very
      positive to very negative, with no impact as the midpoint. Multilevel regression
      analyses identified significant (P < 0.05) independent correlates of
      psychological outcomes. RESULTS: There were significant variations in all
      outcomes across countries before adjustment for individual-level factors;
      adjustment reduced between-country disparities. Worse psychological outcomes were
      associated with more complications, incidence of hypoglycaemia, hypoglycaemic
      medication, perceived burden of diabetes, family conflict and experience of
      discrimination. Better psychological outcomes were associated with higher self
      rated health, greater access to diabetes education and healthcare, and more
      psychosocial support from others. The associations of many factors with the
      outcomes were mediated by modifiable factors. The association of all factors with
      the outcomes varied across (interacted with) countries, highlighting the need for
      country-specific analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in modifiable risk factors
      (reductions in burden and increases in support) may lead to better psychological
      outcomes in adults with diabetes.

PMID- 27353120
TI  - Editorial Comment to Association between body mass index and outcomes in Japanese
      living kidney transplant recipients: The role of sex differences.

PMID- 27353121
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis for haemophilia: the Thai experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Haemophilia is a lifelong X-linked recessive inherited bleeding
      disorder. Since the haemophilia management in economically less-developed
      countries is inadequately provided, prevention of new cases of haemophilia is
      essentially required. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 42 pregnancies in 37 women
      at risk for severe and moderate haemophilia (A = 33, B = 4) were enrolled. The
      prenatal diagnostic (PND) procedure was performed in 32 women, while 10 women
      refused further PND procedure after knowing their foetuses were female (n = 8)
      and male (n = 2). The foetal specimen was obtained through chorionic villus
      sampling (n = 14), amniocentesis (n = 1) and cordocentesis (n = 17). The status
      of haemophilia was determined using informative RFLP markers and inversion of
      intron 22 of the F8 gene, and/or foetal FVIII:C or FIX:C. RESULTS: The final
      diagnosis revealed normal males (n = 18), haemophilia A males (n = 9), normal
      females (n = 3) and haemophilia A carrier females (n = 2). All women with
      affected haemophilia sons requested to terminate their pregnancies except one
      woman. One of 32 pregnancies (3.1%) had spontaneous abortion. At follow-up after
      birth, the PND was accurately confirmed in one haemophilia A male, three normal
      females and two carrier females by laboratory testing, and 18 unaffected normal
      males by history taking of no bleeding manifestations. However, 10 women who
      continued their pregnancies after knowing foetal sex turned out to have two
      haemophilia A males, one normal female, one haemophilia A carrier female and six
      normal or carrier females. CONCLUSION: The PND of haemophilia could be accurately
      determined but it was not well accepted by all couples at risk.

PMID- 27353122
TI  - Fusion and fission of molecular assemblies of amphiphilic polypeptides generating
      small vesicles from nanotubes.
AB  - Three amphiphilic block polypeptides, (sarcosine)m -b-(l- or d-Leu-Aib)n (L16,
      D16, D14), having different helical chain lengths or helicity are synthesized. A
      mixture of L16, D16, and D14 generates vesicles of diameters more than ca. 130 nm
      by injecting the ethanol solution into water and heating at 90 degrees C for 1 h.
      On the other hand, when nanotubes composed of L16 and D14 having ca. 50 nm
      diameter are mixed with nanosheets composed of D16, smaller and homogeneous
      vesicles of ca. 60 nm diameter are obtained with the heat treatment. The time
      lapse TEM image analysis of the mixtures revealed some transient structures of
      nanotubes sticking a nanosheet or a vesicle at the open end of nanotubes. The
      precise size control of vesicles is therefore attainable by using nanotubes as a
      structural template regulating the size of vesicles near to the nanotube diameter
      upon the membrane fission processes.

PMID- 27353123
TI  - Selenium-Containing Fused Bicyclic Heterocycle Diselenolodiselenole: Field Effect
      Transistor Study and Structure-Property Relationship.
AB  - The first application of the diselenolodiselenole (C4Se4) heterocycle as an
      active organic field effect transistor materials is demonstrated here. C4Se4
      derivatives (2a-2d) were obtained by using a newly developed straightforward
      diselenocyclization protocol, which includes the reaction of diynes with selenium
      powder at elevated temperature. C4Se4 derivatives exhibit strong donor
      characteristics and planar structure (except 2d). The atomic force microscopic
      analysis and thin-film X-ray diffraction pattern of compounds 2a-2d indicated the
      formation of distinct crystalline films that contain large domains. A scanning
      electron microscopy study of compound 2b showed development of symmetrical grains
      with an average diameter of 150 nm. Interestingly, 2b exhibited superior hole
      mobility, approaching 0.027 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) with a transconductance of 9.2 MUS.
      This study correlate the effect of pi-stacking, Se...Se intermolecular
      interaction, and planarity with the charge transport properties and performance
      in the field effect transistor devices. We have shown that the planarity in C4Se4
      derivatives was achieved by varying the end groups attached to the C4Se4 core. In
      turn, optoelectronic properties can also be tuned for all these derivatives by
      end-group variation. 

PMID- 27353124
TI  - Association of cognitive function with tooth loss and mitochondrial variation in
      adult subjects: a community-based study in Beijing, China.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cognitive impairment is a common neurological problem in elderly
      people. In this study, we investigated whether tooth loss, periodontal
      parameters, and gene variations in the mitochondrial DNA displacement loop region
      are potential influencing factors on cognitive function. DESIGN: We employed a
      linear regression model to estimate cross-sectional association between number of
      teeth lost, periodontal parameters and Mini-mental State Examination score,
      adjusting for demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, general health status,
      smoking, drinking, and life habits. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 905 Han Chinese
      people, >=50 years of age, with complete data, were enrolled. Blood samples of
      567 of the subjects were analyzed for correlation between mitochondrial DNA
      variants and Mini-mental State Examination score. RESULTS: The number of teeth
      lost (beta = -0.042, 95% CI: -0.061, -0.024, P < 0.001), two single nucleotide
      polymorphism (SNP) points: A189G (beta = -1.540, 95% CI: -2.818, -0.263, P =
      0.018) and A16164G (beta = -1.053, 95% CI: -2.054, -0.052, P = 0.039) in the
      mitochondrial DNA displacement loop region, and haplogroup Y (beta = -2.152, 95%
      CI: -4.062, -0.242, P = 0.027) were found to be negatively associated with Mini
      mental State Examination scores in the fully adjusted model. No correlation was
      found between periodontal parameters and Mini-mental State Examination scores.
      CONCLUSION: Number of teeth lost, mitochondrial SNPs, and haplogroup Y were
      correlated with cognitive function in this study population.

PMID- 27353125
TI  - Prospective Memory in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Neuropsychological studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
      have revealed deficits in attention/working memory, processing speed, executive
      functioning, and retrospective memory. However, little is known about prospective
      memory (PM) in PTSD, a clinically relevant aspect of episodic memory that
      supports the encoding and retrieval of intentions for future actions. METHODS:
      Here we examined PM performance in 40 veterans with PTSD compared to 38 trauma
      comparison (TC) veterans who were exposed to combat but did not develop PTSD. All
      participants were administered the Memory for Intentions Test (MIST; Raskin,
      Buckheit, & Sherrod, 2010), a standardized and validated measure of PM, alongside
      a comprehensive neurocognitive battery, structured diagnostic interviews for
      psychiatric conditions, and behavioral questionnaires. RESULTS: Veterans with
      PTSD performed moderately lower than TC on time-based PM, with errors primarily
      characterized as PM failure errors (i.e., omissions). However, groups did not
      differ in event-based PM, ongoing task performance, or post-test recognition of
      PM intentions for each trial. Lower time-based PM performance was specifically
      related to hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD. Time-based-performance was also
      associated with neuropsychological measures of retrospective memory and executive
      functions in the PTSD group. Nevertheless, PTSD was significantly associated with
      poorer PM above and beyond age and performance in retrospective memory and
      executive functions. DISCUSSION: Results provide initial evidence of PM
      dysfunction in PTSD, especially in strategic monitoring during time-based PM
      tasks. Findings have potential implications for everyday functioning and health
      behaviors in persons with PTSD, and deserve replication and future study. (JINS,
      2016, 22, 724-734).

PMID- 27353127
TI  - Exercise capacity in left ventricular assist device patients with full and
      partial support.
AB  - Background In the present work, we investigated the exercise capacities of
      patients with partial flow left ventricular assist devices and its evolution over
      time. We then compared the exercise capacities of these patients with those of
      full support ventricular assist device patients. Methods We retrospectively
      analysed the data of maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests of ten partial
      support patients (CircuLite Synergy(r) Micropump) collected before (PS0), at 3
      (PS3) and 6 months (PS6) after implantation. The data were then compared with
      those of 17 patients (FS6) treated with a full support device (HeartMate II,
      Thoratec(c)). For this analysis, we considered the exercise tests performed at 6
      months after pump implantation for both groups. Results Peak oxygen uptake
      evolved in the PS0, PS3 and PS6 groups from 11.5 +/- 2.3 to 12.6 +/- 2.8 and 12.0
      +/- 2.7 mL/kg/min, respectively. Heart rate peak increased from PS0 to PS6 (100
      +/- 17 bpm and 107 +/- 22 bpm, p = 0.05). The comparative analysis between PS6
      and FS6 groups showed no difference in terms of exercise performance (12.0 +/-
      2.7 and 13.5 +/- 3.0 mL/kg/min, respectively), fatigue perception, ventilation
      efficiency slope, anaerobic threshold and oxygen uptake efficiency slope. The
      chronotropic response was also similar in both PS6 and FS6 groups. However, PS6
      patients were more often treated with beta-blockers and therefore had lower heart
      rates at rest and at peak exercise than FS6 patients. Conclusions Exercise
      performance does not change after partial support implantation and stays stable
      over time. Partial and full support patients show similar exercise performances
      that attain 41% and 46% of the expected values, respectively.

PMID- 27353126
TI  - 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical
      practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and
      Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice
      (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts):
      Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for
      Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR).

PMID- 27353128
TI  - A review of guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation exercise programmes: Is there
      an international consensus?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation is an important component in the continuum of
      care for individuals with cardiovascular disease, providing a multidisciplinary
      education and exercise programme to improve morbidity and mortality risk.
      Internationally, cardiac rehabilitation programmes are implemented through
      various models. This review compared cardiac rehabilitation guidelines in order
      to identify any differences and/or consensus in exercise testing, prescription
      and monitoring. METHODS: Guidelines, position statements and policy documents for
      cardiac rehabilitation, available internationally in the English language, were
      identified through a search of electronic databases and government and cardiology
      society websites. Information about programme delivery, exercise testing,
      prescription and monitoring were extracted and compared. RESULTS: Leading cardiac
      rehabilitation societies in North America and Europe recommend that patients
      progress from moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic endurance exercise over the
      course of the programme, with resistance training included as an important
      adjunct, for maintaining independence and quality of life. North American and
      European guidelines also recommend electrocardiograph-monitored exercise stress
      tests. Guidelines for South America and individual European nations typically
      include similar recommendations; however, those in the United Kingdom, Australia
      and New Zealand specify lower-intensity exercise and less technical assessment of
      functional capacity. CONCLUSION: Higher-intensity aerobic training programmes,
      supplemented by resistance training, have been recommended and deemed safe for
      cardiac rehabilitation patients by many authorities. Based on research evidence,
      this may also provide superior outcomes for patients and should therefore be
      considered when developing an international consensus for exercise prescription
      in cardiac rehabilitation.

PMID- 27353129
TI  - Ethnic differences in case fatality following an acute ischaemic heart disease
      event in New Zealand: ANZACS-QI 13.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate ischaemic heart disease
      (IHD) case fatality in high-risk ethnic populations in New Zealand. DESIGN: This
      is a national data-linkage study using anonymised hospitalisation and mortality
      data. METHODS: Linked individual patient data were used to identify 35-84-year
      olds who experienced IHD events (acute IHD hospitalisations and/or deaths) in
      2009-2010. Subjects were classified as: (i) hospitalised with IHD and alive at 28
      days post-event; (ii) hospitalised with IHD and died within 28 days; (iii)
      hospitalised with a non-IHD diagnosis and died from IHD within 28 days; or (iv)
      died from IHD but not hospitalised. Multinomial logistic regression was used to
      estimate the proportion of people in each group, as well as overall 28-day case
      fatality, adjusted for ethnic differences in demographic and comorbidity
      profiles. RESULTS: A total of 26,885 people experienced IHD events (11.3% Maori,
      4.0% Pacific and 2.5% Indian); 3.3% of people died within 28 days of IHD
      hospitalisations, 5.1% died of IHD within 28 days of non-IHD hospitalisations and
      13.0% died of IHD without any recent hospitalisation. Overall adjusted case
      fatality was 12.6% in Indian, 20.5% in European, 26.0% in Pacific and 27.6% in
      Maori people. Compared to Europeans, the adjusted odds of death were
      approximately 50% higher in Maori and Pacific people and 50% lower in Indians,
      regardless of whether they were hospitalised. CONCLUSIONS: Major ethnic
      inequalities in IHD case fatality occur with and without associated
      hospitalisations. Improvements in both primary prevention and hospital care will
      be required to reduce inequalities.

PMID- 27353130
TI  - ST segment/heart rate hysteresis improves the diagnostic accuracy of ECG stress
      test for coronary artery disease in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The exercise electrocardiographic stress test (ExET) is the most
      widely used non-invasive diagnostic method to detect coronary artery disease.
      However, the sole ST depression criteria (ST-max) have poor specificity for
      coronary artery disease in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. We
      hypothesised that ST-segment depression/heart rate hysteresis, depicting the
      relative behaviour of ST segment depression during the exercise and recovery
      phase of the test might increase the diagnostic accuracy of ExET for coronary
      artery disease detection in such patients. METHODS: In three cardiology centres,
      we studied 113 consecutive patients (mean age 66 +/- 2 years; 88% men) with
      hypertension-related left ventricular hypertrophy at echocardiography, referred
      to coronary angiography after an ExET. The following ExET criteria were analysed:
      ST-max, chronotropic index, heart rate recovery, Duke treadmill score, ST-segment
      depression/heart rate hysteresis. RESULTS: We detected significant coronary
      artery disease at coronary angiography in 61 patients (53%). At receiver
      operating characteristic analysis, ST-segment depression/heart rate hysteresis
      had the highest area under the curve value (0.75, P < 0.001 when compared with
      the 'neutral' receiver-operating characteristic curve value of 0.5). Area under
      the curve values were 0.68 (P < 0.01) for the chronotropic index, 0.58 (P = NS)
      for heart rate recovery, 0.57 (P = NS) for ST-max and 0.52 (P = NS) for the Duke
      treadmill score. CONCLUSIONS: Among currently available ExET diagnostic
      variables, ST-segment depression/heart rate hysteresis offers a substantially
      better diagnostic accuracy for coronary artery disease than conventional criteria
      in patients with hypertension-related left ventricular hypertrophy.

PMID- 27353131
TI  - Understanding malarial toxins.
AB  - Recognized since antiquity, malaria is one of the most infamous and widespread
      infectious diseases in humans and, although the death rate during the last
      century has been diminishing, it still accounts for more than a half million
      deaths annually. It is caused by the Plasmodium parasite and typical symptoms
      include fever, shivering, headache, diaphoresis and nausea, all resulting from an
      excessive inflammatory response induced by malarial toxins released into the
      victim's bloodstream. These toxins are hemozoin and
      glycosylphosphatidylinositols. The former is the final product of the parasite's
      detoxification of haeme, a by-product of haemoglobin catabolism, while the latter
      anchor proteins to the Plasmodium cell surface or occur as free molecules.
      Currently, only two groups of antimalarial toxin drugs exist on the market,
      quinolines and artemisinins. As we describe, they both target biosynthesis of
      hemozoin. Other substances, currently in various phases of clinical trials, are
      directed towards biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol, formation of
      hemozoin, or attenuation of the inflammatory response of the patient. Among the
      innovative approaches to alleviating the effects of malarial toxins, is the
      development of antimalarial toxin vaccines. In this review the most important
      lessons learned from the use of treatments directed against the action of
      malarial toxins in antimalarial therapy are emphasized and the most relevant and
      promising directions for future research in obtaining novel antimalarial agents
      acting on malarial toxins are discussed. 

PMID- 27353132
TI  - Gastrointestinal dysfunction and enteric neurotoxicity following treatment with
      anticancer chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of the anticancer chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5
      FU) is often limited by nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea; these side
      effects persist long after treatment. The effects of 5-FU on enteric neurons have
      not been studied and may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying 5-FU
      induced gastrointestinal dysfunction. METHODS: Balb/c mice received
      intraperitoneal injections of 5-FU (23 mg/kg) 3 times/week for 14 days.
      Gastrointestinal transit was analysed in vivo prior to and following 3, 7, and 14
      days of 5-FU treatment via serial x-ray imaging. Following 14 days of 5-FU
      administration, colons were collected for assessment of ex vivo colonic motility,
      gross morphological structure, and immunohistochemical analysis of myenteric
      neurons. Fecal lipocalin-2 and CD45+ leukocytes in the colon were analysed as
      markers of intestinal inflammation. KEY RESULTS: Short-term administration of 5
      FU (3 days) increased gastrointestinal transit, induced acute intestinal
      inflammation and reduced the proportion of neuronal nitric oxide synthase
      immunoreactive neurons. Long-term treatment (7, 14 days) resulted in delayed
      gastrointestinal transit, inhibition of colonic migrating motor complexes,
      increased short and fragmented contractions, myenteric neuronal loss and a
      reduction in the number of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons after the inflammation was
      resolved. Gross morphological damage to the colon was observed following both
      short- and long-term 5-FU treatment. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Our results
      indicate that 5-FU induces accelerated gastrointestinal transit associated with
      acute intestinal inflammation at day 3 after the start of treatment, which may
      have led to persistent changes in the ENS observed after days 7 and 14 of
      treatment contributing to delayed gastrointestinal transit and colonic
      dysmotility.

PMID- 27353133
TI  - Little effects of reduced-impact logging on insect communities in eastern
      Amazonia.
AB  - Selective logging has become a major source of threats to tropical forest,
      bringing challenges for both ecologists and managers to develop low-impact
      forestry. Reduced-impact logging (RIL) is a prominent activity accounting for
      such forestry practices to prevent strong forest disturbances. Our aims were to
      evaluate the effects of RIL on insect communities of forested streams from
      Eastern Amazon and to test the hypothesis of negative effects of RIL on species
      richness, abundance, and functional feeding groups of aquatic insect assemblages.
      Neither of the evaluated metrics of the studied assemblages were negatively
      affected by RIL. Environmental metrics, such as substrate heterogeneity, woody
      canopy cover, and hill slope height, varied more among RIL streams than in
      reference streams, indicating a gradient according to logging impacts, and are
      suitable candidates to monitor RIL impacts in Amazonian streams. In addition, the
      PHI index also varied among REF and RIL, according to age class and year of
      logging, which could reflect trends to recover the forest structure after logging
      in a time frame of only 10 years. We conclude that RIL impacts have not had
      detrimental impacts on insect communities, but have changed little of the
      environmental conditions, especially of the riparian vegetation around streams. 

PMID- 27353134
TI  - Occurrence of selected estrogenic compounds and estrogenic activity in surface
      water and sediment of Langat River (Malaysia).
AB  - The occurrence and estrogenic activities of steroid estrogens, such as the
      natural estrone (E1), 17beta estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3), as well as the
      synthetic 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), were investigated in eight sampling
      points along the Langat River (Malaysia). Surface water samples were collected at
      0.5 m and surface sediment 0-5 cm from the river surface. Instrument analysis of
      steroid estrogens was determined by UPLC-ESI-MS with an ultra-performance liquid
      chromatograph (Perkin Elmer FX15) coupled to a Q Trap function mass
      spectrophotometer (model 3200: AB Sciex). Steroid estrogen concentrations were
      higher in the Langat River sediments than those in its surface water. In surface
      water, E1 was not detected in any sampling point, E2 was only detected in two
      midstream sampling points (range 0-0.004 ng/L), E3 in three sampling points
      (range 0-0.002 ng/L), and EE2 in four sampling points (range 0-0.02 ng/L). E1 and
      E2 were detected in sediments from all sampling points, E3 in five sampling
      points, while EE2 only in one midstream sample (3.29E-4 ng/g). Sewage treatment
      plants, farming waste, and agricultural activities particularly present midstream
      and downstream were identified as potential sources of estrogens. Estrogenic
      activity expressed as estradiol equivalents (EEQs) was below 1 ng/L in all
      samples for both surface water and sediment, indicating therefore a low potential
      estrogenic risk to the aquatic environment. Although the health risks are still
      uncertain for drinking water consumers exposed to low levels of steroid estrogen
      concentrations, Langat River water is unacceptable for direct drinking purposes
      without treatment. Further studies of endocrine disruptors in Malaysian waters
      are highly recommended. 

PMID- 27353135
TI  - Surface water pH variations and trends in China from 2004 to 2014.
AB  - With economic development and the increase of energy consumption, surface water
      acidification has been a potential environmental concern in China. Here, we
      analyzed variations and trends in surface water pH of 73 sites from ten river
      basins in China from 2004 to 2014 with nonparametric Seasonal Kendall test
      method. Our analysis showed that the variations of surface water pH in China
      ranged from 6.5 to 9.0 in the past decade (2004-2014), which satisfied the water
      quality criteria in pH for protection of aquatic ecosystems in China (6.0-9.0)
      and USA (6.5-9.0). However, significant decreasing trends in surface water pH
      were found in 31 monitoring sites, which were mainly located in Haihe River,
      Taihu Lake and Yangtze River, while the pH value showed significant increasing
      trends in 22 sites, which mainly were located in Songhua River and Pearl River.
      Our results suggested the increased potential acidification of susceptible water
      bodies in China. Besides the control policy of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions,
      the emissions of nitrous oxides (NOx) should also be reduced to protect the
      aquatic systems in China. 

PMID- 27353136
TI  - Membrane protein assembly: two cytoplasmic phosphorylated serine sites of Vpu
      from HIV-1 affect oligomerization.
AB  - Viral protein U (Vpu) encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a
      short integral membrane protein which is known to self-assemble within the lipid
      membrane and associate with host factors during the HIV-1 infectivity cycle. In
      this study, full-length Vpu (M group) from clone NL4-3 was over-expressed in
      human cells and purified in an oligomeric state. Various single and double
      mutations were constructed on its phosphorylation sites to mimic different
      degrees of phosphorylation. Size exclusion chromatography of wild-type Vpu and
      mutants indicated that the smallest assembly unit of Vpu was a dimer and over
      time Vpu formed higher oligomers. The rate of oligomerization increased when (i)
      the degree of phosphorylation at serines 52 and 56 was decreased and (ii) when
      the ionic strength was increased indicating that the cytoplasmic domain of Vpu
      affects oligomerization. Coarse-grained molecular dynamic simulations with models
      of wild-type and mutant Vpu in a hydrated lipid bilayer supported the
      experimental data in demonstrating that, in addition to a previously known role
      in downregulation of host factors, the phosphorylation sites of Vpu also modulate
      oligomerization.

PMID- 27353137
TI  - Protein-Ligand Informatics Force Field (PLIff): Toward a Fully Knowledge Driven
      "Force Field" for Biomolecular Interactions.
AB  - The Protein Data Bank (PDB) contains a wealth of data on nonbonded biomolecular
      interactions. If this information could be distilled down to nonbonded
      interaction potentials, these would have some key advantages over standard force
      fields. However, there are some important outstanding issues to address in order
      to do this successfully. This paper introduces the protein-ligand informatics
      "force field", PLIff, which begins to address these key challenges (
      https://bitbucket.org/AstexUK/pli ). As a result of their knowledge-based nature,
      the next-generation nonbonded potentials that make up PLIff automatically capture
      a wide range of interaction types, including special interactions that are often
      poorly described by standard force fields. We illustrate how PLIff may be used in
      structure-based design applications, including interaction fields, fragment
      mapping, and protein-ligand docking. PLIff performs at least as well as state-of
      the art scoring functions in terms of pose predictions and ranking compounds in a
      virtual screening context.

PMID- 27353138
TI  - [Detection of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: A study on patients diagnosed with
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary health care].
AB  - The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain is 10.2%.
      Although tobacco is the main aetiological factor, biomass smoke exposure and
      alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) have also been related to its development.
      AATD is a genetic condition which could be causing 2-3% of COPD cases. The aim of
      this cross-sectional descriptive study was to exclude the existence of AATD in a
      population of COPD patients from CS Culleredo, A Coruna. The thick blood drop
      test on blotting paper, as well as the analysis of the mutations PI*S and PI*Z of
      the gene SERPINA 1 by the analysis of denaturing gradients after simultaneous
      amplification related to PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The study population
      included 80 patients between 40-80 years old, of whom 30% were carriers of a
      deficient allele (heterozygous), and 80% of them were the allele PiS. Only one
      PiSZ (1.25%) individual and no PiZZ was detected. This represents an allelic
      frequency of 3.1% (PiZ), and 13.1% (PiS). The detected allelic frequencies are
      higher than previously reported in the Spanish population. Severe AATD has been
      excluded in 98.75% of the study population. The Pi*SZ patient has been diagnosed
      in an early stage of the disease. We have also achieved one of the quality
      indicators recommended by GesEPOC. Our area has shown a high PiS and PiZ
      frequency, thus our study could be used as a reference for further research in
      the Galician population.

PMID- 27353139
TI  - [Professional development and maintenance].

PMID- 27353140
TI  - [Chest impalement: Presentation of a case].

PMID- 27353141
TI  - [Perceived quality of life in the "healthy people" municipal community health
      promotion program in Ciudad Lineal-Madrid].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The measurement of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a
      comprehensive way to estimate the health of both the individual and the
      community. The aim of this study was to assess changes in health and HRQoL using
      the intervention strategies "healthy people" and "health promotion programs" of
      the City Council of Madrid-Madrid Health. The study was conducted in the
      Municipal Health Centre of Ciudad Lineal, in 2014, and included promotion of
      exercise, healthy eating, smoking cessation, psycho-hygiene, memory training, and
      health education for the elderly, with group interventions. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      A before and after community trial, with the administration of questionnaire with
      COOP/WONCA HRQoL charts to 200 participants. RESULTS: The study population
      (n=87), included those who completed the first and second questionnaire. Positive
      changes were seen in the overall before and after COOP/WONCA scores, with a mean
      change from 23.16 to 21.94, with statistical significance, p<=0.002. In the
      psychology groups, it changed from 28.14 to 23.57 with a p<=0.05, and healthy
      eating from 22.81 to 20.85, with p<=0.03. In the health education groups it
      changed from 21 to 20.81 points, and in memory training from 23.31 to 22.45
      points (both without significance). CONCLUSIONS: The significant improvement in
      scores reflects a positive change in self-perceived health of this community
      after the intervention and proper operation of programs. The areas directly
      related to health and interventions in psychology and nutrition-exercise, are
      those with the most significant changes.

PMID- 27353142
TI  - Symptomatic Diverticulosis Is Characterized By Loose Stools.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease is considered
      to be a discreet clinical entity distinct from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),
      but population-based data are unavailable. We aimed to investigate the prevalence
      and location of diverticulosis in the general population, and its association
      with colonic symptoms and mental health. We propose that individuals with
      diverticulosis would report more constipation and IBS. METHODS: We performed a
      population-based study of randomly selected adults born in Sweden (age, 18-70 y;
      57.2% women); 745 received a gastroenterology consultation, completed validated
      abdominal symptom and mental health questionnaires, and were examined by
      colonoscopy. Logistic regression was used to calculate the associations between
      diverticulosis and age, sex, gastrointestinal symptoms, anxiety, depression, and
      self-rated health. RESULTS: Among the 742 participants (54.6% women), 130 (17.5%)
      had diverticulosis. Age was the strongest predictor of diverticulosis (P < .001),
      and diverticulosis was rare in participants younger than 40 years (0.7%). All
      participants with diverticulosis had sigmoid involvement. Participants with
      diverticulosis were more likely to report loose stools (odds ratio [OR], 1.88;
      95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-2.96), urgency (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.02-2.63),
      passing mucus (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.08-4.72), and a high stool frequency (OR,
      2.02; 95% CI, 1.11-3.65). Diverticulosis was associated with abdominal pain (OR,
      2.10; 95% CI, 1.01-4.36; P = .047) and diarrhea-predominant IBS (OR, 9.55; 95%
      CI, 1.08-84.08; P = .04) in participants older than 60 years. The presence of
      anxiety and depression and self-rated health were similar in participants with
      and without diverticulosis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diverticulosis is age
      dependent. Diverticulosis is associated with diarrhea in subjects across all age
      ranges. In subjects older than age 60, diverticulosis is associated with
      abdominal pain and diarrhea-predominant IBS.

PMID- 27353143
TI  - Soot Combustion over Nanostructured Ceria with Different Morphologies.
AB  - In this study, nano-structure ceria with three different morphologies (nanorod,
      nanoparticle and flake) have been prepared by hydrothermal and solvothermal
      methods. The ceria samples were deeply characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, H2-TPR,
      XPS and in-situ DRIFTS, and tested for soot combustion in absence/presence NO
      atmospheres under loose and tight contact conditions. The prepared ceria samples
      exhibit excellent catalytic activities, especially, the CeO2 with nanorod (Ce-R)
      shows the best catalytic activity, for which the peak temperature of soot
      combustion (Tm) is about 500 and 368  degrees C in loose and tight contact
      conditions, respectively. The catalytic activity for Ce-R is higher than that of
      the reported CeO2 catalysts and reaches a level that of precious metals. The
      characterization results reveal that the maximal amounts of adsorbed oxygen
      species on the surface of the nanostructure Ce-R catalyst should be the crucial
      role to decide the catalytic soot performance. High BET surface area may also be
      a positive effect on soot oxidation activity under loose contact conditions.

PMID- 27353145
TI  - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Associated With Long-Term Use of Hydroxychloroquine
      for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
AB  - Hydroxychloroquine (HQ) is commonly prescribed for autoimmune diseases such as
      systemic lupus erythematosus. We report a case of a 75-year-old female presenting
      with de novo decompensated heart failure and restrictive cardiomyopathy (left
      ventricular ejection fraction: 40%-45%) after treatment with HQ for more than 11
      years. Hydroxychloroquine was discontinued, and follow-up echocardiogram 57 days
      after discontinuation showed normalization of her left ventricular ejection
      fraction. A score of 7 on the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale
      indicates that HQ is a probable cause of this patient's cardiomyopathy. An
      adverse drug effect due to HQ should be considered in treated patients who
      present with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Discontinuation may allow for partial or
      complete reversal of the cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 27353144
TI  - FolC2-mediated folate metabolism contributes to suppression of inflammation by
      probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri.
AB  - Bacterial-derived compounds from the intestinal microbiome modulate host mucosal
      immunity. Identification and mechanistic studies of these compounds provide
      insights into host-microbial mutualism. Specific Lactobacillus reuteri strains
      suppress production of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF),
      and are protective in a mouse model of colitis. Human-derived L. reuteri strain
      ATCC PTA 6475 suppresses intestinal inflammation and produces 5,10
      methenyltetrahydrofolic acid polyglutamates. Insertional mutagenesis identified
      the bifunctional dihydrofolate synthase/folylpolyglutamate synthase type 2
      (folC2) gene as essential for 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid polyglutamate
      biosynthesis, as well as for suppression of TNF production by activated human
      monocytes, and for the anti-inflammatory effect of L. reuteri 6475 in a
      trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced mouse model of acute colitis. In contrast,
      folC encodes the enzyme responsible for folate polyglutamylation but does not
      impact TNF suppression by L. reuteri. Comparative transcriptomics between wild
      type and mutant L. reuteri strains revealed additional genes involved in
      immunomodulation, including previously identified hdc genes involved in histidine
      to histamine conversion. The folC2 mutant yielded diminished hdc gene cluster
      expression and diminished histamine production, suggesting a link between folate
      and histadine/histamine metabolism. The identification of genes and gene networks
      regulating production of bacterial-derived immunoregulatory molecules may lead to
      improved anti-inflammatory strategies for digestive diseases.

PMID- 27353146
TI  - Expression and purification of the modification-dependent restriction enzyme BisI
      and its homologous enzymes.
AB  - The methylation-dependent restriction endonuclease (REase) BisI (G(m5)C ? NGC) is
      found in Bacillus subtilis T30. We expressed and purified the BisI endonuclease
      and 34 BisI homologs identified in bacterial genomes. 23 of these BisI homologs
      are active based on digestion of (m5)C-modified substrates. Two major
      specificities were found among these BisI family enzymes: Group I enzymes cut
      GCNGC containing two to four (m5)C in the two strands, or hemi-methylated sites
      containing two (m5)C in one strand; Group II enzymes only cut GCNGC sites
      containing three to four (m5)C, while one enzyme requires all four cytosines to
      be modified for cleavage. Another homolog, Esp638I cleaves GCS ? SGC (relaxed
      specificity RCN ? NGY, containing at least four (m5)C). Two BisI homologs show
      degenerate specificity cleaving unmodified DNA. Many homologs are small proteins
      ranging from 150 to 190 amino acid (aa) residues, but some homologs associated
      with mobile genetic elements are larger and contain an extra C-terminal domain.
      More than 156 BisI homologs are found in >60 bacterial genera, indicating that
      these enzymes are widespread in bacteria. They may play an important biological
      function in restricting pre-modified phage DNA.

PMID- 27353147
TI  - EUROmediCAT signal detection: a systematic method for identifying potential
      teratogenic medication.
AB  - AIMS: Information about medication safety in pregnancy is inadequate. We aimed to
      develop a signal detection methodology to routinely identify unusual associations
      between medications and congenital anomalies using data collected by 15 European
      congenital anomaly registries. METHODS: EUROmediCAT database data for 14 950
      malformed foetuses/babies with first trimester medication exposures in 1995-2011
      were analyzed. The odds of a specific medication exposure (coded according to
      chemical substance or subgroup) for a specific anomaly were compared with the
      odds of that exposure for all other anomalies for 40 385 medication anomaly
      combinations in the data. Simes multiple testing procedure with a 50% false
      discovery rate (FDR) identified associations least likely to be due to chance and
      those associations with more than two cases with the exposure and the anomaly
      were selected for further investigation. The methodology was evaluated by
      considering the detection of well-known teratogens. RESULTS: The most common
      exposures were genitourinary system medications and sex hormones (35.2%), nervous
      system medications (28.0%) and anti-infectives for systemic use (25.7%). Fifty
      two specific medication anomaly associations were identified. After discarding 10
      overlapping and three protective associations, 39 associations were selected for
      further investigation. These associations included 16 which concerned well
      established teratogens, valproic acid (2) and maternal diabetes represented by
      use of insulin (14). CONCLUSIONS: Medication exposure data in the EUROmediCAT
      central database can be analyzed systematically to determine a manageable set of
      associations for validation and then testing in independent datasets. Detection
      of teratogens depends on frequency of exposure, level of risk and teratogenic
      specificity.

PMID- 27353148
TI  - Failure to thrive in babies and toddlers.
AB  - Failure to thrive in a child is defined as 'lack of expected normal physical
      growth' or 'failure to gain weight'. Diagnosis requires repeated growth
      measurements over time using local, age-appropriate growth centile charts.
      Premature babies with appropriate growth velocity and children with 'catch-down'
      growth, constitutional growth delay or familial short stature show normal growth
      variants, and usually do not require further evaluation. In Singapore, the most
      common cause of failure to thrive in children is malnutrition secondary to
      psychosocial and caregiver factors. 'Picky eating' is common in the local setting
      and best managed with an authoritative feeding style from caregivers. Other
      causes are malabsorption and existing congenital or chronic medical conditions.
      Child neglect or abuse should always be ruled out. Iron deficiency is the most
      common complication. The family doctor plays a pivotal role in early detection,
      timely treatment, appropriate referrals and close monitoring of 'catch-up' growth
      in these children. 

PMID- 27353150
TI  - Role of ion-pair states in the predissociation dynamics of Rydberg states of
      molecular iodine.
AB  - Using femtosecond pump-probe ion imaging spectroscopy, we establish the key role
      of I(+) + I(-) ion-pair (IP) states in the predissociation dynamics of molecular
      iodine I2 excited to Rydberg states. Two-photon excitation of Rydberg states
      lying above the lowest IP state dissociation threshold (1st tier) is found to be
      followed by direct parallel transitions into IP states of the 1st tier
      asymptotically correlating to a pair of I ions in their lowest states I(+)((3)P2)
      + I(-)((1)S0), of the 2nd tier correlating to I(+)((3)P0) + I(-)((1)S0), and of
      the 3rd tier correlating to I(+)((1)D2) + I(-)((1)S0). Predissociation via the
      1st tier proceeds presumably with a delay of 1.6-1.7 ps which is close to the
      vibrational period in the 3rd tier state (3rd tier-mediated process). The 2nd
      tier IP state is concluded to be the main precursor for predissociation via lower
      lying Rydberg states proceeding with a characteristic time of 7-8 ps and giving
      rise to Rydberg atoms I(5s(2)5p(4)6s(1)). The channel generating I((2)P3/2) +
      I((2)P1/2) atoms with total kinetic energy corresponding to one-photon excitation
      is found to proceed via a pump - dump mechanism with dramatic change of angular
      anisotropy of this channel as compared with earlier nanosecond experiments. 

PMID- 27353149
TI  - A multi-level intervention in subsidized housing sites to increase fruit and
      vegetable access and intake: Rationale, design and methods of the 'Live Well,
      Viva Bien' cluster randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adequate fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake is important for disease
      prevention. Yet, most Americans, especially low-income and racial/ethnic
      minorities, do not eat adequate amounts. These disparities are partly
      attributable to food environments in low-income neighborhoods where residents
      often have limited access to affordable, healthful food and easy access to
      inexpensive, unhealthful foods. Increasing access to affordable healthful food in
      underserved neighborhoods through mobile markets is a promising, year-round
      strategy for improving dietary behaviors and reducing F&V intake disparities.
      However, to date, there have been no randomized controlled trials studying their
      effectiveness. The objective of the 'Live Well, Viva Bien' (LWVB) cluster
      randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of a multicomponent
      mobile market intervention at increasing F&V intake among residents of subsidized
      housing complexes. METHODS/DESIGN: One housing complex served as a pilot site for
      the intervention group and the remaining 14 demographically-matched sites were
      randomized into either the intervention or control group. The intervention group
      received bimonthly, discount, mobile, fresh F&V markets in conjunction with a
      nutrition education intervention (two F&V campaigns, newsletters, DVDs and
      cooking demonstrations) for 12 months. The control group received physical
      activity and stress reduction interventions. Outcome measures include F&V intake
      (measured by two validated F&V screeners at baseline, six-month and twelve
      months) along with potential psychosocial mediating variables. Extensive
      quantitative and qualitative process evaluation was also conducted throughout the
      study. DISCUSSION: Modifying neighborhood food environments in ways that increase
      access to affordable, healthful food is a promising strategy for improving
      dietary behaviors among low-income, racial and ethnic minority groups at
      increased risk for obesity and other food-related chronic diseases. Discount,
      mobile F&V markets address all the major barriers to eating more F&V (high cost,
      poor quality, limited access and limited time to shop and cook) and provide a
      year-round solution to limited access to healthful food in low-income
      neighborhoods. LWVB is the first randomized controlled trial evaluating the
      effectiveness of mobile markets at increasing F&V intake. If proven efficacious
      at increasing F&V consumption, LWVB could be disseminated widely to neighborhoods
      that have low access to fresh F&V. TRIALS REGISTRATION: Clinicatrials.gov
      registration number: NCT02669472 First Received: January 19, 2016.

PMID- 27353152
TI  - [Recurrent pulmonary embolism due to popliteal venous aneurysm].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Popliteal venous aneurysms are very rare, but when left untreated
      they can lead to severe and recurrent pulmonary embolism. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 35
      year-old man was referred to the outpatients' vascular clinic for additional
      diagnostics of a swelling just above the back of his right knee. He had a history
      of recurrent idiopathic pulmonary embolism despite anticoagulation. Diagnostic
      imaging revealed a large popliteal venous aneurysm. The patient underwent
      surgical resection of the aneurysm and was prescribed oral anticoagulation
      postoperatively. Duplex ultrasound at 3 months postoperative revealed unimpeded
      blood flow in the venous interposition graft. The patient no longer had oedema.
      CONCLUSION: Aneurysms of the popliteal vein should be included in the
      differential diagnosis of patients with pulmonary embolism. In patients with
      unexplained recurrent pulmonary embolism despite anticoagulation, additional
      diagnostic imaging of the lower extremities should be considered and inclusion of
      duplex ultrasound is recommended.

PMID- 27353151
TI  - High-throughput sequencing reveals differential regulation of miRNAs in
      fenoxaprop-P-ethyl-resistant Beckmannia syzigachne.
AB  - Non-target site resistance (NTSR) to herbicides is an increasing concern for weed
      control. The majority of previous studies have focused on metabolic resistance
      mechanisms of NTSR, but no research exists on gene regulation mechanisms behind
      herbicide resistance, such as microRNA (miRNA). Here, we identified 3 American
      sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne Steud.) populations containing fenoxaprop-P
      ethyl-resistant plants. We then constructed small RNA libraries and subjected
      them to deep sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. Forty known and 36
      potentially novel, predicted miRNAs were successfully identified. Of these, we
      identified 3 conserved, predicted candidate NTSR-determinant miRNAs and their
      potential corresponding target genes, as well as 4 novel potential miRNAs with
      high count. Target gene prediction and annotation indicated that these 7
      differentially expressed miRNAs potentially play a role in regulating specific
      stress-responsive genes, very likely related to herbicide resistance. Expression
      profiles were determined with quantitative real-time PCR. The present study is a
      novel, large-scale characterization of weed miRNAs. The results should further
      our understanding of miRNA expression profiles associated with herbicide
      resistance, allowing for the development of more effective weed management
      strategies.

PMID- 27353153
TI  - [A young man with a painful knee].
AB  - A 23-year-old man injured his left knee. A CT scan showed a dislocation of the
      proximal tibiofibular joint. Closed reduction of the dislocation was done
      successfully under procedural sedation and analgesia. Afterwards he was treated
      with a pressure bandage and immobilisation of the knee for 2 weeks.

PMID- 27353154
TI  - [Mesenteric venous thrombosis during pregnancy; a rare cause of acute ischaemia
      of the small intestine].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute ischaemia of the small intestine is caused by mesenteric venous
      thrombosis in 5-15% of patients. The non-specific symptoms frequently lead to a
      diagnostic delay. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 30-year-old pregnant woman presented at the
      accident and emergency department with progressive abdominal pain, nausea and
      vomiting. During admission the patient developed signs of peritonitis. Diagnostic
      laparoscopy revealed a picture of mesenteric venous thrombosis, and we resected
      170 cm ischemic small intestine. No underlying cause was identified, apart from
      the pregnancy. The patient was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin and
      later gave birth to a healthy child. CONCLUSION: If a patient presents with
      (unexplained) progressive abdominal symptoms and disproportional abdominal pain
      without peritonitis, the possibility of intestinal ischaemia should be considered
      during differential diagnosis.

PMID- 27353155
TI  - [A man with skin lesions of his face].
AB  - A 69-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis developed a discoid rash on his face
      years after the initiation of treatment with adalimumab. Serological tests were
      positive for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and autoantibodies against Sjogren's
      syndrome-related antigen A (SSA). We diagnosed him with 'lupus-like syndrome'.
      After discontinuation of the adalimumab therapy and the use of topical
      corticosteroids, his symptoms resolved quickly.

PMID- 27353156
TI  - [PTSD in young children after medical procedure].
AB  - An eight-year-old boy with spastic type bilateral cerebral palsy and a two-year
      old girl with biliary atresia were referred to a psycho-trauma centre. Both
      children developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms as a result of
      the medical procedure. Because of their symptoms, they were resisting further
      medical treatment. The children were given trauma-focused treatment (eye movement
      and desensitisation reprocessing and cognitive behavioural therapy). This article
      argues that hypnosis and distraction can play a role in preventing PTSD symptoms
      after undergoing a medical procedure. If PTSD is unavoidable, it is important to
      recognise the symptoms and to treat these children. Furthermore, their parents
      might also be traumatised. PTSD symptoms in children and their parents can be
      successfully treated. Also children with sub-threshold PTSD can benefit from
      trauma treatment.

PMID- 27353157
TI  - [A man with remarkable clavicles].
AB  - A 26-year-old male complained of painful clavicles. His medical history included
      multiple fractures of both clavicles, all treated conservatively. Conventional
      radiographs revealed a typical shape of both clavicles, suggesting non-union. His
      extraordinary medical history and non-union of both clavicles led to the
      diagnosis: 'congenital pseudarthrosis of both clavicles'.

PMID- 27353158
TI  - [Electrotherapy for headaches].
AB  - Neuromodulation is being applied increasingly for the treatment of drug resistant
      headache. Although these techniques are often considered high-tech,
      electrotherapy for headache has a long history; electric fish have been used for
      headache treatment since the first century CE. During the eighteenth and
      nineteenth century, static electricity was a treatment for a wide variety of
      neuropsychiatric disorders including headache. The efficacy of electrotherapy,
      however, has been disputed continuously, since opponents were of the opinion that
      the positive results could be attributed to suggestion. At the beginning of the
      twentieth century, the electric treatment of headache gradually disappeared. In
      recent years, there has been a resurgence in the use of electrotherapy, along
      with the efficacy debate. With this historical review we wish to emphasize the
      importance of placebo-controlled studies, not only in terms of electrotherapy of
      headache, but also for the evaluation of neuromodulation for other disorders.

PMID- 27353159
TI  - [Radiofrequency ablation of a symptomatic benign thyroid nodule].
AB  - Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) enables the ablation of selected tissue by means of
      heat. For the first time in the Netherlands, RFA is being used to treat patients
      with benign thyroid nodules. RFA is able to reduce the volume of a nodule that
      may be causing cosmetic complaints or problems due to mass effect. This avoids
      the need for surgery or treatment with radioactive iodine in this benign
      condition. The average reduction in size is 80% in the first year, leading to a
      considerable decrease in both symptomatic and cosmetic complaints. At Erasmus
      Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, this technique has been introduced in
      accordance with current guidelines, and it is expected that other centres of
      excellence will follow in implementing it. It is important that the initial
      experiences with this technique in the Netherlands in terms of effectiveness,
      risks and patient satisfaction should be monitored before RFA becomes routine
      treatment.

PMID- 27353160
TI  - [Free choice of doctor: patient's right or doctor's power?].
AB  - This article outlines the historical development of the principle of patients'
      free choice of doctor in the Netherlands. Far from being the result of debates on
      patients' rights, this principle was used instead as an instrument by the medical
      profession to gain a foothold in the power relations between doctors and sickness
      funds back in the early 20th-century. This development created a medical power
      bloc that lasted for most of that century and forced sickness funds and private
      insurers to start organizing in this fashion too. Therefore, when the new market
      ideology of introducing competition in health care was introduced in 1987, the
      fields of health provision and insurance were already defined by a high degree of
      cartelization. These relations lingered even after the introduction of regulated
      competition in 2006. Knowledge of this history therefore leads to a better
      understanding of current debates and problems in the organization of Dutch health
      care.

PMID- 27353161
TI  - [Pain trajectories in early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis].
AB  - DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHOD: We obtained data for this study from
      the 'Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee' (CHECK) study. Participants who presented with
      knee osteoarthritis at baseline were included. We assessed baseline patient
      parameters such as demographics, anamnesis and physical examination measurements.
      Pain outcome measure was assessed annually using a numeric rating scale.
      Different pain trajectories were defined by latent class growth analysis.
      Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate relative risk ratios.
      RESULTS: In total, 705 participants were included. Six distinct pain trajectories
      were identified with favourable and unfavourable courses. We found significant
      differences in baseline characteristics between the different pain trajectories,
      including BMI; symptom severity; and pain coping strategies. Higher BMI, lower
      education, presence of co-morbidities, higher activity limitation scores and
      joint space tenderness were more often associated with trajectories characterized
      by more pain at first presentation and pain progression. No association was found
      for baseline radiographic features. CONCLUSION: We defined six distinct pain
      trajectories in individuals with early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Our
      results can help physicians identify those patients that require more frequent
      monitoring compared patients for whom a watch-and-wait policy seems justifiable.
      In general practice, radiography does not provide added value to the follow-up of
      early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis patients.

PMID- 27353162
TI  - [Aspiration of water during underwater birth].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Underwater birth is becoming increasingly popular because of the
      advantages for the mother. Women who deliver in this way feel less pain and
      therefore pain relief is less frequently needed during the delivery. But what
      seems to be forgotten is the fact that aspiration of water by the neonate could
      take place during an underwater birth, resulting in respiratory distress. CASE
      DESCRIPTION: A one-day-old neonate was admitted because of tachypnoea following
      underwater delivery at home. The respiratory rate of the neonate was one hundred
      breaths per minute without evident signs of dyspnoea. Chest radiography showed
      bilateral patches on the lungs consistent with aspiration of bathwater. After
      seven days of intravenous antibiotic treatment, the neonate recovered and could
      be discharged home. CONCLUSION: An underwater birth may cause respiratory
      problems in the neonate. If a pregnant woman wants to deliver under water, she
      should also be advised of the potential detrimental consequences for the neonate.

PMID- 27353163
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of lipophilic teicoplanin pseudoaglycon
      derivatives containing a substituted triazole function.
AB  - A series of lipophilic teicoplanin pseudoaglycon derivatives, including alkyl-,
      aryl-, calixarene- and protected sugar-containing conjugates, were prepared using
      azide-alkyne click chemistry. Out of the conditions applied, the CuSO4-ascorbate
      reagent system proved to be more efficient than the Cu(I)I-Et3N-mediated
      reaction. Some of the new compounds have high in vitro activity against
      glycopeptide-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, including vanA-positive
      Enterococcus faecalis. A few of them also display promising in vitro anti
      influenza activity.

PMID- 27353165
TI  - Pyrazinone protease inhibitor metabolites from Photorhabdus luminescens.
AB  - Photorhabdus luminescens is a bioluminescent entomopathogenic bacterium that
      undergoes phenotypic variation and lives in mutualistic association with
      nematodes of the family Heterorhabditidae. The pair infects and kills insects,
      and during their coordinated lifecycle, the bacteria produce an assortment of
      specialized metabolites to regulate its mutualistic and pathogenic roles. As part
      of our search for new specialized metabolites from the Photorhabdus genus, we
      examined organic extracts from P. luminescens grown in an amino-acid-rich medium
      based on the free amino-acid levels found in the circulatory fluid of its common
      insect prey, the Galleria mellonella larva. Reversed-phase HPLC/UV/MS-guided
      fractionation of the culture extracts led to the identification of two new
      pyrazinone metabolites, lumizinones A (1) and B (2), together with two N-acetyl
      dipeptides (3 and 4). The lumizinones were produced only in the phenotypic
      variant associated with nematode development and insect pathogenesis. Their
      chemical structures were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and high
      resolution ESI-QTOF-MS spectral data. The absolute configurations of the amino
      acids in 3 and 4 were determined by Marfey's analysis. Compounds 1-4 were
      evaluated for their calpain protease inhibitory activity, and lumizinone A (1)
      showed inhibition with an IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value of
      3.9 MUm.

PMID- 27353166
TI  - In vitro susceptibility of beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant
      Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) to eravacycline.
AB  - Eravacycline is a novel, fully synthetic fluorocycline antibiotic of the
      tetracycline class being developed for the treatment of complicated urinary tract
      infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Eravacycline has activity
      against many key Gram-negative pathogens, including Enterobacteriaceae resistant
      to carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase
      inhibitor combinations, including strains that are multidrug-resistant.
      Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) isolates from 2010 to 2013 (n=110)
      were characterized for carbapenemase genes by PCR and sequencing. MICs for
      eravacycline, tetracycline, tigecycline, amikacin, imipenem, ceftazidime,
      cefotaxime and levofloxacin were determined in broth microdilution assays. All
      isolates produced at least one carbapenemase, most frequently KPC-3. Nine
      isolates produced both a KPC serine carbapenemase and a metallo-beta-lactamase,
      NDM-1 (n=1) or VIM-1 (n=8). The 110 isolates were highly resistant to all the
      beta-lactams tested and to levofloxacin, and had MIC50/MIC90 values in the
      intermediate range for tetracycline and amikacin. MIC50/MIC90 values for
      eravacycline were 1/2 MUg ml(-1) compared with 2/2 MUg ml(-1) for tigecycline.
      Eravacycline MICs were often twofold lower than for tigecycline, with 64% of the
      eravacycline MICs <2 MUg ml(-1) as compared with <4% of tigecycline MICs.
      Overall, eravacycline demonstrated the lowest cumulative MICs against this panel
      of recent CRE and may have the potential to treat infections caused by CRE. 

PMID- 27353164
TI  - Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline at the end of 2015.
AB  - There is growing global recognition that the continued emergence of multidrug
      resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to human health. Action plans released
      by the World Health Organization and governments of the UK and USA in particular
      recognize that discovering new antibiotics, particularly those with new modes of
      action, is one essential element required to avert future catastrophic pandemics.
      This review lists the 30 antibiotics and two beta-lactamase/beta-lactam
      combinations first launched since 2000, and analyzes in depth seven new
      antibiotics and two new beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations
      launched since 2013. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity
      and genesis (natural product, natural product-derived, synthetic or
      protein/mammalian peptide) of the 37 compounds and six beta-lactamase/beta-lactam
      combinations being evaluated in clinical trials between 2013 and 2015 are
      discussed. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2013 and new
      antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed.

PMID- 27353167
TI  - Isolation and anti-HIV-1 integrase activity of lentzeosides A-F from
      extremotolerant lentzea sp. H45, a strain isolated from a high-altitude Atacama
      Desert soil.
AB  - The extremotolerant isolate H45 was one of several actinomycetes isolated from a
      high-altitude Atacama Desert soil collected in northwest Chile. The isolate was
      identified as a new Lentzea sp. using a combination of chemotaxonomic,
      morphological and phylogenetic properties. Large scale fermentation of the strain
      in two different media followed by chromatographic purification led to the
      isolation of six new diene and monoene glycosides named lentzeosides A-F,
      together with the known compound (Z)-3-hexenyl glucoside. The structures of the
      new compounds were confirmed by HRESIMS and NMR analyses. Compounds 1-6 displayed
      moderate inhibitory activity against HIV integrase.

PMID- 27353168
TI  - Antibacterial fatty acids destabilize hydrophobic and multicellular aggregates of
      biofilm in S. aureus.
AB  - Present study is based on 20 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      isolates recovered from different food items. These isolates were identified on
      the basis of colony morphology, Gram staining and growth on different selective
      and differential media. Studies on 16S RNA and positive reactions on DNase agar
      and Prolex Latex Agglutination system confirm it as Staphylococcus aureus.
      Oxacillin susceptibility testing and PCR with mecA gene-specific primer results
      showed that these isolates are MRSA-carrying mecA gene that belongs to SCCmecA
      type IV and also harbor agr type II. Phenotypic study revealed that these
      isolates adopt biofilm mode of growth after exposure to subinhibitory doses of
      oxacillin. The biofilm and cell surface hydrophobicity have a strong correlation.
      It was noticed that affinity to hexadecane (apolar-solvent) of planktonic cells
      was low, suggesting its hydrophilic character. However, as the cells are exposed
      to oxacillin, they adopt biofilm mode of life and the affinity to apolar solvent
      increases, indicating a hydrophobic character. In biofilm consortia, the cells
      with more hydrophobic surfaces show incomplete septation and produce
      multicellular aggregates. This is due to reduced expression of atl gene. This was
      confirmed by real-time PCR studies. Moreover, the planktonic or wild-type
      phenotypes of these isolates were more tolerant to antibacterial effect of the
      fatty acids used; that is, cis-2-decanoic acid and cis-9-octadectanoic acid.
      These fatty acids were more effective against biofilms. After exposure to these
      fatty acids, established biofilms were dispersed and surviving cells were unable
      to readopt biofilm mode of life. The planktonic or wild-type phenotypes produce
      fatty acid-modifying enzyme (FAME) to inactivate the bactericidal activity of
      fatty acids by esterification to cholesterol. The biofilm indwellers are
      metabolically inactive and unable to produce FAME; hence, they are vulnerable to
      antibiofilm effect of cis-2-decanoic acid and cis-9-octadectanoic acid.

PMID- 27353169
TI  - MiR-548an, Transcriptionally Downregulated by HIF1alpha/HDAC1, Suppresses
      Tumorigenesis of Pancreatic Cancer by Targeting Vimentin Expression.
AB  - Hypoxic microenvironments contribute to the tumorigenesis of numerous cancers by
      regulating the expression of a subset of miRNAs called "hypoxiamiRs." However,
      the function and mechanism of these deregulated miRNAs in hypoxic
      microenvironments within pancreatic cancers remain undefined. This study
      demonstrates that miR-548an is significantly downregulated in pancreatic cancer
      tissues and correlates with increased tumor size, advanced TNM stage, distant
      metastasis, and poor prognosis. Moreover, the overexpression of miR-548an
      significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells
      in vitro and in vivo We further revealed that hypoxia-induced factor-1alpha (HIF
      1alpha) induces the downregulation of miR-548an in pancreatic cancer cells during
      hypoxia. Our co-IP and ChIP assays revealed that HIF-1alpha and histone
      deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) form a complex and bind to the hypoxia response elements
      (HRE) on the miR-548an promoter. In addition, inhibition of HDAC1 with
      trichostatin A antagonizes the suppression of miR-548 by hypoxia. Our dual
      luciferase assay validated that miR-548an directly binds to the 3' untranslated
      region of vimentin mRNA. The downregulation of vimentin suppresses the
      proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo In
      addition, vimentin was inversely correlated with miR-548an expression in
      pancreatic cancer samples. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the HIF
      1alpha-HDAC1 complex transcriptionally inhibits miR-548an expression during
      hypoxia, resulting in the upregulation of vimentin that facilitates the
      pancreatic tumorigenesis. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2209-19. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27353170
TI  - A New Class of Bifunctional Major Histocompatibility Class I Antibody Fusion
      Molecules to Redirect CD8 T Cells.
AB  - Bifunctional antibody fusion proteins engaging effector T cells for targeted
      elimination of tumor cells via CD3 binding have shown efficacy in both
      preclinical and clinical studies. Different from such a polyclonal T-cell
      recruitment, an alternative concept is to engage only antigen-specific T-cell
      subsets. Recruitment of specific subsets of T cells may be as potent but
      potentially lead to fewer side effects. Tumor-targeted peptide-MHC class I
      complexes (pMHCI-IgGs) bearing known antigenic peptides complexed with MHC class
      I molecules mark tumor cells as antigenic and utilize the physiologic way to
      interact with and activate T-cell receptors. If, for example, virus-specific
      CD8(+) T cells are addressed, the associated strong antigenicity and tight immune
      surveillance of the effector cells could lead to efficacious antitumor treatment
      in various tissues. However, peptide-MHC class I fusions are difficult to express
      recombinantly, especially when fused to entire antibody molecules. Consequently,
      current formats are largely limited to small antibody fragment fusions expressed
      in bacteria followed by refolding or chemical conjugation. Here, we describe a
      new molecular format bearing a single pMHCI complex per IgG fusion molecule
      characterized by enhanced stability and expression yields. This molecular format
      can be expressed in a full immunoglobulin format and can be designed as mono- or
      bivalent antibody binders. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2130-42. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27353171
TI  - Tunable tapered waveguide for efficient compression of light to graphene surface
      plasmons.
AB  - Dielectric-graphene-dielectric (DGD) structure has been widely used to construct
      optical devices at infrared region with features of small footprint and low
      energy dissipation. The optical properties of graphene can be manipulated by
      changing its chemical potential by applying a biased voltage onto graphene.
      However, the excitation efficiency of surface wave on graphene by end-fire method
      is very low because of large wavevector mismatch between infrared light and
      surface wave. In this paper, a dielectric-semiconductor-dielectric (DSD) tapered
      waveguide with magnetic tunability for efficient excitation of surface waves on
      DGD at infrared region is proposed and analyzed. Efficient excitation of surface
      waves on DGD with various chemical potentials in graphene layer and incident
      frequencies can be attained by merely changing the external magnetic field
      applied onto the DSD tapered waveguide. The electromagnetic simulations verify
      the design of the proposed structure. More importantly, the constituent materials
      used in the proposed structure are available in nature. This work opens the door
      toward various applications in the field of using surface waves.

PMID- 27353172
TI  - Urachal adenocarcinoma incidentally discovered in a young woman at elective
      caesarean section.
AB  - Urachal adenocarcinoma is a rare non-urothelial malignancy that represents only
      0.5% of all vesical cancers. Urachal adenocarcinoma most commonly occurs in the
      5th to 7th decade. We describe a case of a 35-year-old woman (G3P1) who presented
      at 20 weeks pregnancy with two episodes of post-coital bleeding. Ultrasound
      demonstrated a uterine mass measuring 59*43*56 mm, presumed to be a leiomyoma.
      The decision was made to proceed to caesarean section at 38 weeks, given the
      progression of the presumed leiomyoma. A 2 cm bladder dome mass was incidentally
      discovered at the time of the caesarean section and an urgent intraoperative
      urology consult was sought. Resultantly, the bladder mass was dissected to the
      dome, and pathology returned urachal adenocarcinoma. This case report considers
      the treatment decisions involved when faced with urachal adenocarcinoma and
      reviews the literature surrounding this rare malignancy. 

PMID- 27353173
TI  - Skin necrosis after self-removal of an artificial penile nodule in a Surinamese
      man.
AB  - The implantation of objects in the penis for aesthetic reasons or sexual pleasure
      is becoming more popular among specific socioethnic groups within both, non
      Western and Western countries. The implantation and removal of penile implants is
      currently often performed unanaesthetised, and in unsterile conditions, putting
      men who undergo the practice at risk of complications. This paper describes a
      patient with an infection of the penis after self-removal of a penile implant,
      requiring urgent medical treatment. 

PMID- 27353174
TI  - Simple vaginal trachelectomy as a fertility-sparing treatment to manage high
      grade dyskaryosis following multiple large loop excision of the transformation
      zone.
AB  - A 34-year-old nullipara, wishing to start a family, presented to colposcopy
      clinic. Her most recent cervical cytology result showed high-grade dyskaryosis.
      Having undergone four large loop excisions of the transformation zone during the
      past 6 years, this woman had no remaining vaginal cervix. In order to excise
      presumed high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia while mitigating obstetric
      risk, she underwent a simple vaginal trachelectomy and isthmic cerclage. 6 months
      later, the patient had a negative test of cure. 7 months following surgery she
      became pregnant naturally. At 29 weeks she had antenatal sepsis of unknown cause,
      which was treated with intravenous antibiotics. She delivered by caesarean
      section at 37 weeks and now has a healthy child. This report will discuss the
      obstetric impact of colposcopic treatment, and simple vaginal trachelectomy as a
      fertility-sparing treatment option for women who have had multiple loop excision
      procedures to treat premalignant lesions. 

PMID- 27353175
TI  - Type 1 Brugada pattern ECG due to supra-therapeutic phenytoin level.
AB  - Brugada syndrome is an inherited arrhythmogenic disease, characterised by a coved
      type ST segment elevation in right precordial leads and an increased risk of
      sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmia. To unmask or exacerbate a
      Brugada ECG pattern, class IA or IC antiarrhythmic agents are used, and
      clinicians can predict sudden cardiac death in a high-risk patient. However,
      phenytoin, one of the class IB agents, may induce a Brugada pattern ECG at a
      supra-therapeutic level and this association has rarely been reported. We
      describe a case of a patient with a phenytoin level about twice as high as the
      therapeutic level, which led to the emergence of a type 1 Brugada pattern ECG.
      Awareness should be made between this important association of supra-therapeutic
      phenytoin level and type 1 Brugada pattern ECG because symptomatic Brugada
      syndrome can lead to sudden cardiac death. 

PMID- 27353176
TI  - Fungus ball in the nasal cavity mimicking a rhinolith.
AB  - A 63-year-old man presented to the outpatient department of our tertiary care
      hospital, with unilateral left nasal obstruction, foul smelling nasal discharge
      and occasional mild epistaxis. On examination, a hard greyish black mass was
      noted in the anteroinferior portion of the inferior turbinate, with extension
      posteriorly into the inferior meatus with surrounding unhealthy granulation
      tissue. Provisional diagnosis of rhinolith was surprisingly reversed by
      histopathology, which suggested the presence of an Aspergillus fungus ball with
      Actinomyces colonisation. 

PMID- 27353177
TI  - Femoral diaphyseal stress fracture as the initial presentation of acute leukaemia
      in an adolescent.
AB  - A 14-year-old boy was referred to the orthopaedic clinic by his general
      practitioner, reporting of a 6-week history of left thigh pain. Clinical
      examination was unremarkable. Radiographs demonstrated a periosteal reaction at
      the proximal femur. MRI scans demonstrated a stress fracture of the femur, with
      no associated sinister features and no evidence of a pathological lesion. As the
      fracture healed and symptoms improved, the patient became unwell with weight
      loss, lethargy, chest and jaw pain and fevers. After multiple blood tests over a
      25-day period, including five full blood counts and two normal blood films, a
      third blood film finally demonstrated blasts in keeping with acute leukaemia. We
      discuss a literature review of musculoskeletal manifestations of leukaemia and
      the often atypical presentations found. 

PMID- 27353178
TI  - Acute pericarditis: a presenting manifestation of aortic dissection.

PMID- 27353179
TI  - Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: CT findings.

PMID- 27353180
TI  - Myxoedema coma: a forgotten presentation of extreme hypothyroidism.

PMID- 27353181
TI  - Overlapping lung parenchymal and bronchial lesion and hilar lymphadenopathy in
      pulmonary actinomycosis mimicking lung cancer.

PMID- 27353182
TI  - Near Full-Length Genome Identification of a Novel HIV-1 Recombinant Form
      (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) in Zhejiang, China.
AB  - CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC are the two major circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in
      China. Furthermore, many kinds of unique recombinant forms (URFs) between
      CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC were recently identified in China. Here we detected a novel
      recombinant of CRF07_BC/CRF01_AE, whose genome structure is distinctly different
      from other URFs reported before. The phylogenetic analysis of the near full
      length sequence of 15zj032 reveals that three regions of CRF01_AE insert into the
      CRF07_BC backbone. Recently, the continued emergence of novel URFs implies that
      super infections of different subtypes of HIV-1 are common in China and should be
      given enough importance.

PMID- 27353183
TI  - US Supreme Court strikes down key provisions of restrictive Texas abortion law.

PMID- 27353184
TI  - Full-length genome analysis of two genetically distinct variants of porcine
      epidemic diarrhea virus in Thailand.
AB  - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has continued to cause sporadic outbreaks
      in Thailand since 2007 and a pandemic variant containing an insertion and
      deletion in the spike gene was responsible for outbreaks. In 2014, there were
      further outbreaks of the disease occurring within four months of each other. In
      this study, the full-length genome sequences of two genetically distinct PEDV
      isolates from the outbreaks were characterized. The two PEDV isolates, CBR1/2014
      and EAS1/2014, were 28,039 and 28,033 nucleotides in length and showed 96.2% and
      93.6% similarities at nucleotide and amino acid levels respectively. In total, we
      have observed 1048 nucleotide substitutions throughout the genome. Compared to
      EAS1/2014, CBR1/2014 has 2 insertions of 4 ((56)GENQ(59)) and 1 ((140)N) amino
      acid positions 56-59 and 140, and 2 deletions of 2 ((160)DG(161)) and 1 ((1199)Y)
      amino acid positions 160-161 and 1199. The phylogenetic analysis based on full
      length genome of CBR1/2014 isolate has grouped the virus with the pandemic
      variants. In contrast, EAS1/2014 isolate was grouped with CV777, LZC and SM98, a
      classical variant. Our findings demonstrated the emergence of EAS1/2014, a
      classical variant which is novel to Thailand and genetically distinct from the
      currently circulating endemic variants. This study warrants further
      investigations into molecular epidemiology and genetic evolution of the PEDV in
      Thailand.

PMID- 27353185
TI  - Differences among HIV-1 subtypes in drug resistance against integrase inhibitors.
AB  - Three integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), raltegravir (RAL),
      elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG), have been approved by the FDA.
      Resistance against these three INSTIs have been reported and cross-resistance
      among them has been documented. Due to extensive and dynamic genetic diversity in
      different HIV-1 variants, significant differences in susceptibility to the INSTIs
      have been observed among HIV subtypes. This review summarizes what is known about
      this topic and discusses possible clinical implications.

PMID- 27353187
TI  - Drug company is suspended from UK industry body after "deception on a grand
      scale".

PMID- 27353186
TI  - Whole genome sequences of Japanese porcine species C rotaviruses reveal a high
      diversity of genotypes of individual genes and will contribute to a
      comprehensive, generally accepted classification system.
AB  - Porcine rotavirus C (RVC) is distributed throughout the world and is thought to
      be a pathogenic agent of diarrhea in piglets. Although, the VP7, VP4, and VP6
      gene sequences of Japanese porcine RVCs are currently available, there is no
      whole-genome sequence data of Japanese RVC. Furthermore, only one to three
      sequences are available for porcine RVC VP1-VP3 and NSP1-NSP3 genes. Therefore,
      we determined nearly full-length whole-genome sequences of nine Japanese porcine
      RVCs from seven piglets with diarrhea and two healthy pigs and compared them with
      published RVC sequences from a database. The VP7 genes of two Japanese RVCs from
      healthy pigs were highly divergent from other known RVC strains and were
      provisionally classified as G12 and G13 based on the 86% nucleotide identity cut
      off value. Pairwise sequence identity calculations and phylogenetic analyses
      revealed that candidate novel genotypes of porcine Japanese RVC were identified
      in the NSP1, NSP2 and NSP3 encoding genes, respectively. Furthermore, VP3 of
      Japanese porcine RVCs was shown to be closely related to human RVCs, suggesting a
      gene reassortment event between porcine and human RVCs and past interspecies
      transmission. The present study demonstrated that porcine RVCs show greater
      genetic diversity among strains than human and bovine RVCs.

PMID- 27353188
TI  - Genetic and functional analyses of krs, a locus encoding kurstakin, a lipopeptide
      produced by Bacillus thuringiensis.
AB  - Bacteria of the Bacillus genus are able to synthesize several families of
      lipopeptides. These small molecules are the product of non-ribosomal peptide
      synthetases. In 2000, it was found that Bacillus thuringiensis, an
      entomopathogenic bacterium of the Bacillus cereus group, produced a previously
      unknown lipopeptide: kurstakin. Genomic analyses reveal that the krs locus,
      encoding the kurstakin synthetases, is specific to the B. cereus group, but is
      unevenly distributed within this group. Previous work showed that krs
      transcription requires the necrotrophism quorum-sensor NprR. Here, we
      demonstrated that the genes of the krs locus form an operon and we defined its
      transcription start site. Following krs transcription at the population and
      single-cell levels in multiple culture conditions, we depicted a condition
      dependent transcription pattern, indicating that production of kurstakin is
      subject to environmental regulation. Consistent with this idea, we found krs
      transcription to be regulated by another master regulator, Spo0A, suggesting that
      krs expression is fine-tuned by integrating multiple signals. We also reported an
      unknown DNA palindrome in the krs promoter region that modulates krs expression.
      Due to their surfactant properties, lipopeptides could play several physiological
      roles. We showed that the krs locus was required for proper biofilm
      structuration.

PMID- 27353190
TI  - Shark teeth as edged weapons: serrated teeth of three species of selachians.
AB  - Prior to European contact, South Pacific islanders used serrated shark teeth as
      components of tools and weapons. They did this because serrated shark teeth are
      remarkably effective at slicing through soft tissues. To understand more about
      the forms and functions of serrated shark teeth, we examined the morphology and
      histology of tooth serrations in three species: the Tiger Shark (Galeocerdo
      cuvier), Blue Shark (Prionace glauca), and White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias).
      We show that there are two basic types of serrations. A primary serration
      consists of three layers of enameloid with underlying dentine filling the
      serration's base. All three species studied have primary serrations, although the
      dentine component differs (orthodentine in Tiger and Blue Sharks; osteodentine in
      the White Shark). Smaller secondary serrations are found in the Tiger Shark,
      formed solely by enameloid with no contribution from underlying dentine.
      Secondary serrations are effectively "serrations within serrations" that allow
      teeth to cut at different scales. We propose that the cutting edges of Tiger
      Shark teeth, equipped with serrations at different scales, are linked to a diet
      that includes large, hard-shelled prey (e.g., sea turtles) as well as smaller,
      softer prey such as fishes. We discuss other aspects of serration form and
      function by making analogies to man-made cutting implements, such as knives and
      saws.

PMID- 27353189
TI  - HIV viraemia and mother-to-child transmission risk after antiretroviral therapy
      initiation in pregnancy in Cape Town, South Africa.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Maternal HIV viral load (VL) drives mother-to-child HIV transmission
      (MTCT) risk but there are few data from sub-Saharan Africa, where most MTCT
      occurs. We investigated VL changes during pregnancy and MTCT following
      antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS: We
      conducted a prospective study of HIV-infected women initiating ART within routine
      antenatal services in a primary care setting. VL measurements were taken before
      ART initiation and up to three more times within 7 days postpartum. Analyses
      examined VL changes over time, viral suppression (VS) at delivery, and early MTCT
      based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing up to 8 weeks of age. RESULTS: A
      total of 620 ART-eligible HIV-infected pregnant women initiated ART, with 2425 VL
      measurements by delivery (median gestation at initiation, 20 weeks; median pre
      ART VL, 4.0 log10 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL; median time on ART before delivery, 118
      days). At delivery, 91% and 73% of women had VL <= 1000 and <= 50 copies/mL,
      respectively. VS was strongly predicted by time on therapy and pre-ART VL. The
      risk of early MTCT was strongly associated with delivery VL, with risks of 0.25,
      2.0 and 8.5% among women with VL < 50, 50-1000 and > 1000 copies/mL at delivery,
      respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High rates of VS at delivery and low rates
      of MTCT can be achieved in a routine care setting in sub-Saharan Africa,
      indicating the effectiveness of currently recommended ART regimens. Women
      initiating ART late in pregnancy and with high VL appear substantially less
      likely to achieve VS and require targeted research and programmatic attention.

PMID- 27353191
TI  - Breeding biology of a winter-breeding procellariiform in the North Atlantic, the
      Macaronesian shearwater Puffinus lherminieri baroli.
AB  - The breeding success of burrow-nesting seabirds may be influenced by both nest
      site characteristics and oceanographic conditions influencing food availability
      at sea. In this study we describe the breeding biology of the winter-breeding
      Macaronesian shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri baroli), including nest site
      characteristics and interspecific competition. We also evaluate the possible
      effects of changing oceanographic conditions on breeding phenology and breeding
      success. The study was carried out over two breeding seasons on two islands in
      the North Atlantic Ocean, Cima Islet and Selvagem Grande. Oceanographic
      characteristics differed between years. On a regional scale, the North Atlantic
      Oscillation (NAO) index was low and negative in 2011, and on a local scale, birds
      used areas with significantly lower values of chlorophyll a concentration and
      significantly higher values of sea surface temperature anomalies. Hatching
      success was higher in 2012 than in 2011. At both colonies, egg cracking was the
      main cause of hatching failure, but in 2011 several eggs on Selvagem Grande were
      deserted. In 2012 birds laid earlier and chicks had longer wings and were
      heavier. At both colonies, nests that were deeper, were sheltered from prevailing
      winds and had small chambers and a soil substrate had a higher probability of
      being used successfully by the birds. Nests occupied solely by Macaronesian
      shearwaters were much deeper and had less volume than nests shared with other
      species. Our study suggests that the breeding success of Macaronesian shearwaters
      is strongly related to nest site characteristics and that at-sea environmental
      conditions exert a strong influence on reproductive parameters, with birds
      breeding in a poor year (evaluated in terms of lower marine productivity) laying
      much later and their chicks growing at a slower rate than in a good year. The
      influence of nest site characteristics and environmental conditions may be very
      important for understanding the breeding ecology of Procellariiformes and may
      help explain the negative population trend of Macaronesian shearwaters.

PMID- 27353193
TI  - Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (watermelon stomach) in a patient with limited
      scleroderma (CREST syndrome).

PMID- 27353192
TI  - From orphan drugs to adopted therapies: Advancing C3-targeted intervention to the
      clinical stage.
AB  - Complement dysregulation is increasingly recognized as an important pathogenic
      driver in a number of clinical disorders. Complement-triggered pathways
      intertwine with key inflammatory and tissue destructive processes that can either
      increase the risk of disease or exacerbate pathology in acute or chronic
      conditions. The launch of the first complement-targeted drugs in the clinic has
      undeniably stirred the field of complement therapeutic design, providing new
      insights into complement's contribution to disease pathogenesis and also helping
      to leverage a more personalized, comprehensive approach to patient management. In
      this regard, a rapidly expanding toolbox of complement therapeutics is being
      developed to address unmet clinical needs in several immune-mediated and
      inflammatory diseases. Elegant approaches employing both surface-directed and
      fluid-phase inhibitors have exploited diverse components of the complement
      cascade as putative points of therapeutic intervention. Targeting C3, the central
      hub of the system, has proven to be a promising strategy for developing biologics
      as well as small-molecule inhibitors with clinical potential. Complement
      modulation at the level of C3 has recently shown promise in preclinical primate
      models, opening up new avenues for therapeutic intervention in both acute and
      chronic indications fueled by uncontrolled C3 turnover. This review highlights
      recent developments in the field of complement therapeutics, focusing on C3
      directed inhibitors and alternative pathway (AP) regulator-based approaches.
      Translational perspectives and considerations are discussed, particularly with
      regard to the structure-guided drug optimization and clinical advancement of a
      new generation of C3-targeted peptidic inhibitors.

PMID- 27353194
TI  - Tactile feedback for relief of deafferentation pain using virtual reality system:
      a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have tried to relieve deafferentation pain (DP) by
      using virtual reality rehabilitation systems. However, the effectiveness of
      multimodal sensory feedback was not validated. The objective of this study is to
      relieve DP by neurorehabilitation using a virtual reality system with multimodal
      sensory feedback and to validate the efficacy of tactile feedback on immediate
      pain reduction. METHODS: We have developed a virtual reality rehabilitation
      system with multimodal sensory feedback and applied it to seven patients with DP
      caused by brachial plexus avulsion or arm amputation. The patients executed a
      reaching task using the virtual phantom limb manipulated by their real intact
      limb. The reaching task was conducted under two conditions: one with tactile
      feedback on the intact hand and one without. The pain intensity was evaluated
      through a questionnaire. RESULTS: We found that the task with the tactile
      feedback reduced DP more (41.8 +/- 19.8 %) than the task without the tactile
      feedback (28.2 +/- 29.5 %), which was supported by a Wilcoxon signed-rank test
      result (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings indicate that the tactile
      feedback improves the immediate pain intensity through rehabilitation using our
      virtual reality system.

PMID- 27353195
TI  - Here Comes the Sunshine: Industry's Payments to Cardiothoracic Surgeons.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Physician Payment Sunshine Act was implemented to provide
      transparency to financial transactions between industry and physicians. Under
      this law, the Open Payments Program (OPP) was created to publicly disclose all
      transactions and inform patients of potential conflicts of interest.
      Collaboration between industry and cardiothoracic surgeon-scientists is essential
      in developing new approaches to treating patients with cardiac disease. The
      objective of this study is to characterize industry payments to cardiothoracic
      surgeons as reported by the OPP. METHODS: We used the first wave of Physician
      Payment Sunshine Act data (August 2013 to December 2013) to assess industry
      payments made to cardiothoracic surgeons. RESULTS: Cardiothoracic surgeons (n =
      2,495) received a total of $4,417,545 during a 5-month period. Cardiothoracic
      surgeons comprised 0.5% of all persons in the OPP and received 0.9% of total
      disclosed industry funding. Among cardiothoracic surgeons receiving funding, 34%
      received payments less than $100, 43% received payments of $100 to $999, 19%
      received payments of $1,000 to $9,999, 4% received payments of $10,000 to
      $99,999, and 0.2% received payments of more than $100,000. The median was $181
      (interquartile range [IQR]: $60 to $843) and the mean +/- SD was $1,771 +/-
      $7,664. The largest payment to an individual surgeon was $159,444. The three
      largest median payments made to cardiothoracic surgeons by expense category were
      royalty fees $8,398 (IQR: $536 to $12,316), speaker fees $3,600 (IQR: $1,500 to
      $8,000), and honoraria $3,344 (IQR: $1,563 to $7,350). CONCLUSIONS: Among
      cardiothoracic surgeons who are listed as recipients of nonresearch industry
      payments, 50% of cardiothoracic surgeons received less than $181. Awareness of
      the OPP data is critical for cardiothoracic surgeons, as it provides a means to
      prevent potential public misconceptions about industry payments within the
      specialty that may affect patient trust.

PMID- 27353196
TI  - Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever in Dogs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the United States, Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF) in dogs is
      caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia turicatae and Borrelia hermsii,
      transmitted by Ornithodoros spp. ticks. The hallmark diagnostic feature of this
      infection is the visualization of numerous spirochetes during standard blood
      smear examination. Although the course of spirochetemia has not been fully
      characterized in dogs, in humans infected with TBRF the episodes of spirochetemia
      and fever are intermittent. OBJECTIVES: To describe TBRF in dogs by providing
      additional case reports and reviewing the disease in veterinary and human
      medicine. ANIMALS: Five cases of privately-owned dogs naturally infected with
      TBRF in Texas are reviewed. METHODS: Case series and literature review. RESULTS:
      All dogs were examined because of lethargy, inappetence, and pyrexia. Two dogs
      also had signs of neurologic disease. All dogs had thrombocytopenia and
      spirochetemia. All cases were administered tetracyclines orally. Platelet numbers
      improved and spirochetemia and pyrexia resolved in 4 out of 5 dogs, where follow
      up information was available. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: TBRF is likely
      underdiagnosed in veterinary medicine. In areas endemic to Ornithodoros spp.
      ticks, TBRF should be considered in dogs with thrombocytopenia. Examination of
      standard blood smears can provide a rapid and specific diagnosis of TBRF when
      spirochetes are observed.

PMID- 27353197
TI  - Local adaptation to developmental density does not lead to higher mating success
      in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - In this study, we investigate the effect of local adaptation to developmental
      density on male mating success in laboratory populations of Drosophila
      melanogaster. Mating success is known to be influenced by body condition which
      can in turn be influenced by local adaptation. We test the hypothesis that males
      adapted to a given environment have higher mating success when assayed in that
      environment. We used males selected for adaptation to high larval density and
      their controls which are reared at low larval density. We grew assay males in low
      and high densities whereas the focal females (raised at low larval density) used
      for the experiment belonged to the common ancestor of selected and control
      populations. We considered selected males grown at high density and control males
      grown at low density as 'adapted'. Similarly, we considered selected males grown
      at low density and control males grown at high density as 'nonadapted'. Selected
      male belonging to a given treatment (larval density) was made to compete with
      control male of the same treatment for mating with ancestral female. We
      quantified components of reproductive fitness: mating latency, copulation
      duration, mating success and number of progeny sired by the 'adapted' and
      'nonadapted' males. The results show that local adaptation does not lead to
      higher mating success in populations adapted to their own larval rearing
      environment.

PMID- 27353198
TI  - Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and neurodevelopment: attention function and
      autism spectrum symptoms.
AB  - Background: Acetaminophen is extensively used during pregnancy. But there is a
      lack of population-representative cohort studies evaluating its effects on a
      range of neuropsychological and behavioural endpoints. We aimed to assess whether
      prenatal exposure to acetaminophen is adversely associated with
      neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 and 5 years of age. Methods: This Spanish birth
      cohort study included 2644 mother-child pairs recruited during pregnancy. The
      proportion of liveborn participants evaluated at 1 and 5 years was 88.8% and
      79.9%, respectively. Use of acetaminophen was evaluated prospectively in two
      structured interviews. Ever/never use and frequency of use (never, sporadic,
      persistent) were measured. Main neurodevelopment outcomes were assessed using
      Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST), Conner's Kiddie Continuous Performance
      Test (K-CPT) and ADHD-DSM-IV form list. Regression models were adjusted for
      social determinants and co-morbidities. Results: Over 40% of mothers reported
      using acetaminophen. Ever-exposed offspring had higher risks of presenting more
      hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.41, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.98), K-CPT commission errors (IRR = 1.10, 1.03
      1.17), and lower detectability scores (coefficient beta = -0.75, -0.13--0.02).
      CAST scores were increased in ever-exposed males (beta = 0.63, 0.09-1.18).
      Increased effect sizes of risks by frequency of use were observed for
      hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (IRR = 2.01, 0.95-4.24) in all children, K-CPT
      commission errors (IRR = 1.32, 1.05-1.66) and detectability (beta = -0.18, -0.36
      0.00) in females, and CAST scores in males (beta = 1.91, 0.44-3.38). Conclusions:
      Prenatal acetaminophen exposure was associated with a greater number of autism
      spectrum symptoms in males and showed adverse effects on attention-related
      outcomes for both genders. These associations seem to be dependent on the
      frequency of exposure.

PMID- 27353200
TI  - Low Cost Inkjet Printed Smart Bandage for Wireless Monitoring of Chronic Wounds.
AB  - Chronic wounds affect millions of patients around the world and their treatment
      is challenging as the early signs indicating their development are subtle. In
      addition, a type of chronic wound, known as pressure ulcer, develops in patients
      with limited mobility. Infection and frequent bleeding are indicators of chronic
      wound development. In this article, we present an unprecedented low cost
      continuous wireless monitoring system, realized through inkjet printing on a
      standard bandage, which can send early warnings for the parameters like irregular
      bleeding, variations in pH levels and external pressure at wound site. In
      addition to the early warnings, this smart bandage concept can provide long term
      wound progression data to the health care providers. The smart bandage comprises
      a disposable part which has the inkjet printed sensors and a reusable part
      constituting the wireless electronics. This work is an important step towards
      futuristic wearable sensors for remote health care applications.

PMID- 27353202
TI  - Attachments.

PMID- 27353199
TI  - Efficacy of histotripsy combined with rt-PA in vitro.
AB  - Histotripsy, a form of therapeutic ultrasound that uses the mechanical action of
      microbubble clouds for tissue ablation, is under development to treat chronic
      deep vein thrombosis (DVT). We hypothesize that combining thrombolytic agents
      with histotripsy will enhance clot lysis. Recombinant tissue plasminogen
      activator (rt-PA) and rt-PA-loaded echogenic liposomes that entrain
      octafluoropropane microbubbles (OFP t-ELIP) were used in combination with highly
      shocked histotripsy pulses. Fully retracted porcine venous clots, with similar
      features of DVT occlusions, were exposed either to histotripsy pulses alone (peak
      negative pressures of 7-20 MPa), histotripsy and OFP t-ELIP, or histotripsy and
      rt-PA. Microbubble cloud activity was monitored with passive cavitation imaging
      during histotripsy exposure. The power levels of cavitation emissions from within
      the clot were not statistically different between treatment types, likely due to
      the near instantaneous rupture and destruction of OFP t-ELIP. The thrombolytic
      efficacy was significantly improved in the presence of rt-PA. These results
      suggest the combination of histotripsy and rt-PA could serve as a potent
      therapeutic strategy for the treatment of DVT.

PMID- 27353205
TI  - The Age of Love.

PMID- 27353206
TI  - Platinum-catalyzed cycloisomerizations of a common enyne: a divergent entry to
      cyclopropane sesquiterpenoids. Formal synthesis of sarcandralactone A.
AB  - A common enyne scaffold, resembling the structures of natural elemanes was found
      to be an excellent substrate for highly regioselective cycloisomerizations to
      produce diverse cyclopropane sesquiterpenoids. Platinum-catalysis was utilized to
      produce either lindenane or myliol cores, found in natural products, starting
      from enyne acetate 10 and its corresponding allene 12 respectively. Based on this
      concept, a second generation strategy allows the formal synthesis of
      sarcandralactone A. 

PMID- 27353207
TI  - Neuroprotective Effects of Engineered Polymeric Nasal Microspheres Containing
      Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin on beta-Amyloid (1-42)-Induced Toxicity.
AB  - beta-Amyloid (Abeta) plaques are the key neurotoxic assemblies in Alzheimer
      disease. It has been suggested that an interaction occurs between membrane
      cholesterol and Abeta aggregation in the brain. Cyclodextrins can remove
      cholesterol from cell membranes and change receptor function. This study aimed to
      investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-CD) polymeric
      microspheres, based on chitosan or sodium alginate, on the levels of lipid
      peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial function in
      brain synaptosomes. The effect of microspheres on DNA fragmentation, the
      expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Apex1 mRNAs in rat hippocampus after Abeta(1-42)
      peptide-induced neurotoxicity was also evaluated. Comparison with HP-CD raw
      material was performed. Abeta(1-42) treatment significantly decreased the
      mitochondrial activity of Apex1 and Bcl-2 mRNAs, induced DNA fragmentation, and
      increased mRNA levels of Bax. Treatment with HP-CD microspheres against Abeta(1
      42) significantly reduced DNA fragmentation and increased the Bcl-2/Bax mRNA
      ratio and mitochondrial function. In addition, HP-CD microspheres used against
      Abeta(1-42) decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen
      species production. These results indicate that nasally administered spray-dried
      HP-CD microspheres are able to provide protection against Abeta(1-42)-induced
      neurotoxicity, due to the suppressed levels of oxidative stress and apoptotic
      signals in the rat hippocampus.

PMID- 27353208
TI  - Interpolymer Complexation Between Polyox and Carbopol, and Its Effect on Drug
      Release From Matrix Tablets.
AB  - Interaction between Polyox N12K and Carbopol 907 was pH dependent. A hydrogen
      bond-induced complexation began between pH 5.0 and 6.0 in an aqueous medium, and
      the interpolymer complex started to precipitate when the pH fell to 4.0. This
      complex was amorphous with a glass transition temperature of 3.17 degrees C. The
      molar ratio between ethylene oxide and acrylic acid units in the complex was
      1.3:1. About 46% of the COOH groups in Carbopol 907 were H bonded to ether oxygen
      in Polyox. Theophylline release from tablets containing both polymers was a
      function of dissolution media pH, due to the pH-dependent interactions. In 0.01 N
      HCl, an insoluble tablet matrix formed in situ. 93% drug was released over 27 h
      via Fickian diffusion. In acetate buffer pH 4.0, the insoluble tablet matrix
      formed in situ disintegrated into tiny gel particles. Gel erosion controlled drug
      release at pH 4.0. These 2 polymers were unable to complex in a phosphate buffer
      pH 6.8. Therefore, the tablet matrix dissolved, and drug release followed the
      anomalous transport mechanism at pH 6.8. The release profiles in an acetate
      buffer pH 4.0 and phosphate buffer pH 6.8 were statistically same, and a
      sustained release over 12 h was achieved.

PMID- 27353209
TI  - Study on the Unfrozen Water Quantity of Maximally Freeze-Concentrated Solutions
      for Multicomponent Lyoprotectants.
AB  - The concentration of maximally freeze-concentrated solutions [Formula: see text]
      and the corresponding glass transition temperature [Formula: see text] and ante
      melting temperature [Formula: see text] of lyoprotectant solutions, are critical
      parameters for developing lyophilization process. Usually, the lyoprotectant
      solutions are multicomponent solutions composed of electrolytes, sugars,
      proteins, polymers, and other chemicals. In this article, the Wg' values of
      several multicomponent solutions including trehalose/NaCl, bovine serum
      albumin/NaCl, and hydroxyethyl starch/NaCl with water were determined by
      differential scanning calorimetry. A linear relationship between the unfrozen
      water fraction Wun and the initial solute concentrations Wi was found: Wun =
      ?(ai.Wi), which suggested that in the multicomponent solutions each solute could
      hydrate a certain amount of water ai (g water/g solute) that could not be frozen.
      The hypothesis was compared with more literature data. For the same solute in
      different solutions, variation in the fitted coefficient ai is noticed and
      discussed. If a "universal" value ai for each solute is adopted, both [Formula:
      see text] and [Formula: see text] for a multicomponent solution could be
      predicted if Couchman-Karasz equation is adopted for calculating glass transition
      temperature at the same time. The prediction discrepancies for [Formula: see
      text] with experimental data were less than 2 degrees C. The finding is discussed
      about its molecular basis and applicability.

PMID- 27353210
TI  - Integration of oral health-related quality of life instruments.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To integrate items from two widely used oral health-related quality
      of life (OHRQoL) questionnaires, the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI)
      and the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP), as well as culturally-specific
      items of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) into a four-dimensional OHRQoL
      model consisting of Oral Function, Orofacial Pain, Orofacial Appearance, and
      Psychosocial Impact. METHODS: Subjects came from an ancillary study of the
      Dimensions of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Project (N=267 patients, mean
      age+/-SD: 54.0+/-17.2years, 58% women.) Patients filled in the original 49 items
      of OHIP and 22 additional OHRQoL items in a cross-sectional study. These
      additional items consisted of 7 culturally specific OHIP items and 15 GOHAI or
      OIDP items with unique content not covered in OHIP-49. Before data collection,
      three experts hypothesized to which of the four OHRQoL dimensions these items
      belong. Hypotheses were tested in correlation analyses between the 22 items and
      the four dimension scores that were derived from OHIP-49. RESULTS: Five of the 22
      items did not provide sufficient information to which dimension they belong. In
      16 of the remaining 17 items, the pattern of correlation coefficients fitted
      experts' a priori hypotheses. Acceptance of 16 of the 17 hypotheses was
      interpreted as evidence that additional (not in OHIP-49 contained) OHRQoL items
      can be assigned to Oral Function, Orofacial Pain, Orofacial Appearance, and
      Psychosocial Impact. CONCLUSION: Items of three OHRQoL instruments can be
      integrated into a dimensional OHRQoL model consisting of Oral Function, Orofacial
      Pain, Orofacial Appearance, and Psychosocial Impact. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Oral
      Function, Orofacial Pain, Orofacial Appearance, and Psychosocial Impact can serve
      as a simple and clinically appealing set of oral health-related quality of life
      (OHRQoL) dimensions and therefore provide an opportunity for simpler, but
      psychometrically improved OHRQoL measurement in the future.

PMID- 27353212
TI  - Enhancing the effectiveness of biological control programs of invasive species
      through a more comprehensive pest management approach.
AB  - Invasive species are one of the greatest economic and ecological threats to
      agriculture and natural areas in the US and the world. Among the available
      management tools, biological control provides one of the most economical and long
      term effective strategies for managing widespread and damaging invasive species
      populations of nearly all taxa. However, integrating biological control programs
      in a more complete integrated pest management approach that utilizes increased
      information and communication, post-release monitoring, adaptive management
      practices, long-term stewardship strategies, and new and innovative ecological
      and genetic technologies can greatly improve the effectiveness of biological
      control. In addition, expanding partnerships among relevant national, regional,
      and local agencies, as well as academic scientists and land managers, offers far
      greater opportunities for long-term success in the suppression of established
      invasive species. In this paper we direct our recommendations to federal agencies
      that oversee, fund, conduct research, and develop classical biological control
      programs for invasive species. By incorporating these recommendations into
      adaptive management strategies, private and public land managers will have far
      greater opportunities for long-term success in suppression of established
      invasive species. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27353211
TI  - A Comparison of the Quality of Life of Patients With an Entirely Subcutaneous
      Implantable Defibrillator System Versus a Transvenous System (from the EFFORTLESS
      S-ICD Quality of Life Substudy).
AB  - The first clinical results from the Evaluation of Factors Impacting Clinical
      Outcome and Cost Effectiveness of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter
      defibrillator (EFFORTLESS S-ICD) Registry on the entirely S-ICD system are
      promising, but the impact of the S-ICD system on patients' quality of life (QoL)
      is not known. We evaluated the QoL of patients with an S-ICD against an unrelated
      cohort with a transvenous (TV)-ICD system during 6 months of follow-up.
      Consecutively implanted patients with an S-ICD system were matched with patients
      with a TV-ICD system on a priori selected variables including baseline QoL. QoL
      was measured with the Short-Form Health Survey at baseline, 3, and 6 months after
      implant and compared using multivariable modeling with repeated measures.
      Patients with an S-ICD (n = 167) versus a TV-ICD system (n = 167) did not differ
      significantly on physical (p = 0.8157) and mental QoL scores (p = 0.9080) across
      baseline, 3, and 6 months after implantation in adjusted analyses. The evolution
      in physical (p = 0.0503) and mental scores (p = 0.3772) during follow-up was
      similar for both cohorts, as indicated by the nonsignificant interaction effect
      for ICD system by time. Both patients with an S-ICD system and a TV-ICD system
      experienced significant improvements in physical and mental QoL between time of
      implant and 3 months (both p's <0.0001) and between time of implant and 6 months
      (both p's <0.0001) but not between 3 and 6 months (both p's >0.05). In
      conclusion, these first results show that the QoL of patients with an S-ICD
      versus TV-ICD system is similar and that patients with either system experience
      improvements in QoL on the short term. 

PMID- 27353213
TI  - Adherence to prophylactic treatment in patients with haemophilia in Germany.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Adherence to prophylactic treatment in haemophilia is important for
      patient outcome. AIM: This study analysed the influence of potential impact
      factors on adherence assessed through the application of the German translation
      of the VERITAS-Pro questionnaire. METHODS: All members of the German haemophilia
      patient organisation (DHG) who suffer from severe or moderate haemophilia and are
      on continuous prophylactic treatment were asked to complete the VERITAS-Pro
      questionnaire. Further questions were added regarding the patients' age, severity
      of haemophilia, type A or B, frequency of prophylaxis, pain level, factor
      application self or non-self and co-morbidities. RESULTS: Responses of 397
      patients on continuous prophylactic treatment, 0-80 years old, were analysed
      according to several age groups: 0-14, 15-19, 20-59 (20-29 and 30-39) and >=60
      years of age. The mean total VERITAS-Pro score for the whole sample was 36.7 +/-
      11.7 (range of 24-86). The scores were significantly higher, indicating the
      poorest adherence, in patients between 20 and 59 years of age (41.1 +/- 11.7)
      compared with the other age groups (30.0-35.7). Adherence to treatment was
      highest in patients between 0 and 14 years of age in all subscales of the VERITAS
      Pro. The following potential risk factors for non-adherence were evaluated in all
      age groups: organisation suffering (care by a haemophilia centre), severity and
      type of haemophilia, factor concentrate administration and the presence of co
      morbidities. CONCLUSION: The identification of significant differences between
      age groups in special subscales of adherence and impact factors offers tailored
      starting points for improvements of adherence to prophylactic treatment.

PMID- 27353214
TI  - Emerging peptide science from Japan.

PMID- 27353215
TI  - Balancing scientific accuracy and participant burden: testing the impact of
      sampling intensity on diurnal cortisol indices.
AB  - Despite the increasing popularity of incorporating salivary cortisol measurement
      into health and social science research, relatively little empirical work has
      been conducted on the number of saliva samples across the day required to capture
      key features of the diurnal cortisol rhythm, such as the diurnal cortisol slope,
      the area under the curve (AUC), and the cortisol awakening response (CAR). The
      primary purpose of this study is to compare slope, AUC, and CAR measures obtained
      from an intensive sampling protocol with estimates from less intensive protocols,
      to identify sampling protocols with minimal participant burden that still provide
      reasonably accurate assessment of each of these measures. Twenty-four healthy
      adults provided samples four times in the first hour awake, and then every hour
      throughout the rest of the day until bedtime (M = 17.8 samples/day; SD = 2.0),
      over two consecutive days (N = 862 total samples). We compared measures
      calculated from this maximum intensity protocol to measures calculated from two
      to six sampling points per day. Overall, results show that salivary cortisol
      protocols with two fixed samples (waking and bedtime) and three additional daily
      samples, closely approximates the full cortisol decline (slope). Abbreviated
      sampling protocols of total cortisol exposure across the day (AUC), however, were
      not well approximated by reduced sampling protocols. CAR measures based on only
      two samples, including waking cortisol and a second sample measured at a fixed
      time point between 30 and 60 min after waking, provided a measure of the CAR that
      closely approximated CAR measures obtained from 3 or 4 sampling points.

PMID- 27353216
TI  - Intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for anastomotic leakage and
      pneumonia after esophagectomy for cancer.
AB  - Morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy are often related to anastomotic
      leakage or pneumonia. This study aimed to assess the relationship of
      intraoperative and postoperative vital parameters with anastomotic leakage and
      pneumonia after esophagectomy. Consecutive patients who underwent transthoracic
      esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis for esophageal cancer from January 2012
      to December 2013 were analyzed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression
      analyses were used to determine potential associations of hemodynamic and
      respiratory parameters with anastomotic leakage or pneumonia. From a total of 82
      included patients, 19 (23%) developed anastomotic leakage and 31 (38%)
      experienced pneumonia. The single independent factor associated with an increased
      risk of anastomotic leakage in multivariable analysis included a lower minimum
      intraoperative pH (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77-0.94). An increased risk of pneumonia was
      associated with a lower mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the first 12 hours after
      surgery (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.86-0.99) and a higher maximum intraoperative pH (OR
      1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.27). Interestingly, no differences were noted for the MAP and
      inotrope requirement between patients with and without anastomotic leakage. A
      lower minimum intraoperative pH (below 7.25) is associated with an increased risk
      of anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy, whereas a lower postoperative average
      MAP (below 83 mmHg) and a higher intraoperative pH (above 7.34) increase the risk
      of postoperative pneumonia. These parameters indicate the importance of setting
      strict perioperative goals to be protected intensively.

PMID- 27353217
TI  - Ethanol extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. promotes
      osteoblastogenesis through the regulation of Runx2 and Osterix.
AB  - Bone remodeling and homeostasis are largely the result of the coordinated action
      of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation.
      The differentiation of osteoblasts is regulated by the transcription factors,
      Runx2 and Osterix. Natural products of plant origin are still a major part of
      traditional medicinal systems in Korea. The root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon
      Sieb. et Zucc. (LR), the purple gromwell, is an herbal medicine used for
      inflammatory and infectious diseases. LR is an anti-inflammatory and exerts
      anticancer effects by inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the
      precise molecular signaling mechanisms of osteoblastogenesis as regards LR and
      osteoblast transcription are not yet known. In this study, we investigated the
      effects of ethanol (EtOH) extract of LR (LES) on the osteoblast differentiation
      of C2C12 myoblasts induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and the
      potential involvement of Runx2 and Osterix in these effects. We found that the
      LES exhibited an ability to induce osteoblast differentiation. LES increased the
      expression of the osteoblast marker, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as its
      activity, as shown by ALP staining and ALP activity assay. LES also increased
      mineralization, as shown by Alizarin Red S staining. Treatment with LES increased
      the protein levels (as shown by immunoblotting), as well as the transcriptional
      activity of Runx2 and Osterix and enhanced osteogenic activity. These results
      suggest that LES modulates osteoblast differentiation at least in part through
      Runx2 and Osterix. 

PMID- 27353218
TI  - Adaptation of Campylobacter jejuni to biocides used in the food industry affects
      biofilm structure, adhesion strength, and cross-resistance to clinical
      antimicrobial compounds.
AB  - The emergence of biocide-adapted Campylobacter jejuni strains that developed into
      biofilms and their potential to develop clinical resistance to antimicrobial
      compounds was studied. C. jejuni was grown in sub-lethal concentrations of five
      biocides used in the food industry. C. jejuni exhibited adaptation to these
      biocides with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations. The 3-D structures of
      the biofilms produced by the biocide-adapted cells were investigated by atomic
      force microscopy (AFM). The results revealed marked variability in biofilm
      architecture, including ice-crystal-like structures. Adaptation to the biocides
      enhanced biofilm formation, with significant increases in biovolume, surface
      coverage, roughness, and the surface adhesion force of the biofilms. Adaptation
      to commercial biocides induced resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin. This
      study suggests that the inappropriate use of biocides may lead to cells being
      exposed to them at sub-lethal concentrations, which can result in adaptation of
      the pathogens to the biocides and a subsequent risk to public health.

PMID- 27353219
TI  - High-responsivity graphene-on-silicon slot waveguide photodetectors.
AB  - We demonstrated strong optical absorption in a graphene integrated silicon slot
      waveguide. Due to the increase in light intensity and decrease of optical mode
      confinement in the silicon slot, the graphene experienced an increased
      interaction to the in-plane light. A waveguide absorption of 0.935 dB MUm(-1) was
      measured at 1.55 MUm wavelengths. Based on the graphene-on-silicon slot
      waveguide, a compact and high-responsivity photodetector was demonstrated.
      Benefited from the lack of efficient electron cooling in the suspended graphene
      and the intensity enhancement effect in the nano slot, a maximum responsivity of
      0.273 A W(-1) was achieved in the telecommunication band. 

PMID- 27353220
TI  - Harm reduction-a systematic review on effects of alcohol reduction on physical
      and mental symptoms.
AB  - Based on the knowledge that alcohol misuse causes a multitude of diseases and
      increased mortality, this systematic review examines whether a reduction of the
      individual alcohol consumption can contribute to a minimization of health risks
      within a harm reduction approach. In fact, the reviewed 63 studies indicate that
      interventions aiming at alcohol reduction (including total abstinence as one
      possible therapeutic aim) indeed resulted in or were associated with positive
      effects in harmful, hazardous or alcohol-dependent drinkers. Major benefits were
      observed for reducing alcohol-associated injuries, recovery of ventricular heart
      function in alcoholic cardiomyopathy, blood pressure lowering, normalization of
      biochemical parameter, body weight reduction, histological improvement in pre
      cirrhotic alcohol-related liver disease and slowed progression of an already
      existing alcohol-attributable liver fibrosis. Furthermore, reduced withdrawal
      symptoms, prevalence of psychiatric episodes and duration of in-patient hospital
      days, improvement of anxiety and depression symptoms, self-confidence, physical
      and mental quality of life, fewer alcohol-related adverse consequences as well as
      lower psychosocial stress levels and better social functioning can result from
      reduced alcohol intake. The reviewed literature demonstrated remarkable
      socioeconomic cost benefits in areas such as the medical health-care system or
      workforce productivity. Individuals with heightened vulnerability further benefit
      significantly from alcohol reduction (e.g. hypertension, hepatitis C, psychiatric
      co-morbidities, pregnancy, but also among adolescents and young adults).
      Concluding, the reviewed studies strongly support and emphasize the importance
      and benefits of early initial screening for problematic alcohol use followed by
      brief and other interventions in first contact medical health-care facilities to
      reduce alcohol intake.

PMID- 27353221
TI  - Electrocatalytic monitoring of peptidic proton-wires.
AB  - The transfer of protons or proton donor/acceptor abilities is an important
      phenomenon in many biomolecular systems. One example is the recently proposed
      peptidic proton-wires (H-wires), but the ability of these His-containing peptides
      to transfer protons has only been studied at the theoretical level so far. Here,
      for the first time the proton transfer ability of peptidic H-wires is examined
      experimentally in an adsorbed state using an approach based on a label-free
      electrocatalytic reaction. The experimental findings are complemented by
      theoretical calculations at the ab initio level in a vacuum and in an implicit
      solvent. Experimental and theoretical results indicated Ala3(His-Ala2)6 to be a
      high proton-affinity peptidic H-wire model. The methodology presented here could
      be used for the further investigation of the proton-exchange chemistry of other
      biologically or technologically important macromolecules. 

PMID- 27353223
TI  - The relationship between perifoveal achromatic, L- and M-cone acuity and retinal
      structure as assessed with multimodal high resolution imaging.
AB  - The relationships between perifoveal measures of achromatic-, L- and M-cone
      acuity and retinal structure were investigated in healthy young males. Thirty-two
      males, aged 20-39years, with normal foveal logMAR letter acuity and no observed
      ocular abnormalities participated in the study. Achromatic and isolated L- and M
      cone spatial acuity was measured in the dominant eye with a Sloan E letter of 90%
      achromatic decrement contrast or 23% increment cone contrast, respectively.
      Separately, the central part of the same eye was imaged with high-resolution
      spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and adaptive optics
      ophthalmoscopy (AOO). Thickness measures and cone density in the fovea and
      parafoveal region were not correlated with perifoveal structural measures. A
      significant correlation was observed between thicker retinal pigment epithelium
      (RPE) complex, higher cone density and better L-cone logMAR at 5deg eccentricity,
      but not for achromatic or M-cone logMAR. The results imply that single letter
      perifoveal L-cone acuity, rather than achromatic acuity, may provide a useful
      measure for assessing the structure-function relationship and detecting early
      changes in the perifoveal cone mosaic.

PMID- 27353222
TI  - Adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome report increased eating-associated
      symptoms, changes in dietary composition, and altered eating behaviors: a pilot
      comparison study to healthy adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: About half of adult irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients report
      symptoms with eating and disordered eating habits. However, little is known about
      eating in adolescent IBS patients, a common age at which eating disorders
      develop. The aim of the study was to investigate if adolescents with IBS are more
      likely than healthy controls (HCs) to experience eating-associated symptoms
      (EAS), report disordered eating patterns, and show differences in diet
      composition. METHODS: A total of 99 adolescents between 15 and 21 years-of-age
      participated (n = 48 IBS; n = 51 HCs). All subjects completed three 24-h dietary
      recalls and questionnaires on EAS and disordered eating. KEY RESULTS: IBS
      patients were more likely to report EASs than HC (91.7% vs 28%, p < 0.001).
      Eating-associated symptoms were controlled by avoiding the offending food
      (97.7%), not eating any food even when hungry (43.2%), or vomiting after eating
      (13.6%). Compared to HC, IBS patients reported reduced daily intake of overall
      calories (1828 vs 2139; p < 0.05), fat (65.4 g vs 81.4 g, p < 0.05), and lactose
      (8.2 g vs 12.8 g, p < 0.01). No differences were found between IBS and HC in
      screening for disordered eating patterns or BMI, though IBS patients endorsed
      using potentially unhealthy eating behaviors in an attempt to control symptoms.
      CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Eating-associated symptoms are very common in
      adolescents with IBS and associated with changes in eating behaviors and dietary
      composition. They do not appear to change BMI and risk for eating disorders. More
      research is needed to guide adolescents with IBS in making appropriate dietary
      changes to control EASs.

PMID- 27353224
TI  - An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception.
AB  - Gestalt psychology is often criticized as lacking quantitative measurements and
      precise mathematical models. While this is true of the early Gestalt school,
      today there are many quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception and the
      special issue of Vision Research "Quantitative Approaches in Gestalt Perception"
      showcases the current state-of-the-art. In this article we give an overview of
      these current approaches. For example, ideal observer models are one of the
      standard quantitative tools in vision research and there is a clear trend to try
      and apply this tool to Gestalt perception and thereby integrate Gestalt
      perception into mainstream vision research. More generally, Bayesian models, long
      popular in other areas of vision research, are increasingly being employed to
      model perceptual grouping as well. Thus, although experimental and theoretical
      approaches to Gestalt perception remain quite diverse, we are hopeful that these
      quantitative trends will pave the way for a unified theory.

PMID- 27353226
TI  - Use of Swedish smokeless tobacco (snus) and the risk of Type 2 diabetes and
      latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood (LADA).
AB  - AIMS: It has been suggested that moist snuff (snus), a smokeless tobacco product
      that is high in nicotine and widespread in Scandinavia, increases the risk of
      Type 2 diabetes. Previous studies are however few, contradictory and, with regard
      to autoimmune diabetes, lacking. Our aim was to study the association between
      snus use and the risk of Type 2 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes of
      adulthood (LADA). METHOD: Analyses were based on incident cases (Type 2 diabetes,
      n = 724; LADA, n = 200) and population-based controls (n = 699) from a Swedish
      case-control study. Additional analyses were performed on cross-sectional data
      from the Norwegian HUNT study (n = 21 473) with 829 prevalent cases of Type 2
      diabetes. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated adjusted for age, BMI family history of
      diabetes and smoking. Only men were included. RESULTS: No association between
      snus use and Type 2 diabetes or LADA was seen in the Swedish data. For Type 2
      diabetes, the OR for > 10 box-years was 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47
      to 2.11] and for LADA 1.01 (95% CI, 0.45 to 2.29). Similarly, in HUNT, the OR for
      Type 2 diabetes in ever-users was estimated at 0.91 (95% CI, 0.75 to 1.10) and in
      heavy users at 0.92 (95% CI, 0.46 to 1.83). CONCLUSION: The risk of Type 2
      diabetes and LADA is unrelated to the use of snus, despite its high nicotine
      content. This opens the possibility of the increased risk of Type 2 diabetes seen
      in smokers may not be attributed to nicotine, but to other substances in tobacco
      smoke.

PMID- 27353225
TI  - The organization of the cone photoreceptor mosaic measured in the living human
      retina.
AB  - The cone photoreceptors represent the initial fundamental sampling step in the
      acquisition of visual information. While recent advances in adaptive optics have
      provided increasingly precise estimates of the packing density and spacing of the
      cone photoreceptors in the living human retina, little is known about the local
      cone geometric arrangement beyond a tendency towards hexagonal packing. We
      analyzed the cone mosaic in data from 10 normal subjects. A technique was applied
      to calculate the local average cone mosaic structure which allowed us to
      determine the hexagonality, spacing and orientation of local regions. Using cone
      spacing estimates, we find the expected decrease in cone density with retinal
      eccentricity and higher densities along the horizontal as opposed to the vertical
      meridians. Orientation analysis reveals an asymmetry in the local cone spacing of
      the hexagonal packing, with cones having a larger local spacing along the
      horizontal direction. This horizontal/vertical asymmetry is altered at
      eccentricities larger than 2 degrees in the superior meridian and 2.5 degrees in
      the inferior meridian. Analysis of hexagon orientations in the central 1.4
      degrees  of the retina shows a tendency for orientation to be locally coherent,
      with orientation patches consisting of between 35 and 240 cones.

PMID- 27353227
TI  - A scoping review of bereavement service outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This scoping literature review, through finding and assessing
      researched bereavement service outcomes, sought to determine the state of
      bereavement services evaluation, to catalogue service types, and to identify
      which service or services, if any, demonstrate clear evidence of effectiveness.
      METHOD: Our methods included: (1) a literature search for published English
      language research articles from 2005-2015; (2) critical appraisal of articles to
      identify findings; (3) compilation of findings; and (4) determination of the
      relevance of our findings. RESULTS: Some 38 papers were found, and all were
      retained to identify the outcomes researched and research findings. Many
      different outcomes were studied in the 18 quantitative, 11 qualitative, and 9
      mixed-methods investigations undertaken worldwide. Ten studies focused on level
      of grief, six on stress/distress level, six on grief knowledge, six on level of
      depression, and five on somatization or physical symptoms. Most commonly, a group
      of bereavement services was evaluated as a whole, followed by group therapy,
      individual counseling, written information, and other less common services. No
      group of services or individual service was determined to yield clear and
      convincing evidence of effectiveness. Regardless, all but one service were shown
      to have value-most often related to gaining grief information and/or emotional
      support. Until high-quality research studies have repeatedly revealed evidence of
      effectiveness, it is possible that the positive outcomes of bereavement services
      will be largely based on bereaved people receiving helpful educational
      information and emotional support from organizations and people prepared to help
      them. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: This project outlines existing bereavement service
      types and the state of science in relation to determination of outcomes. It
      offers suggestions to advance the state of science to validate or refine
      bereavement services. It brings to light the issue that bereavement service
      outcomes need to be carefully researched so that evidence can drive service
      refinement and expansion. It also highlights the importance of effective
      bereavement services.

PMID- 27353228
TI  - High-Loading Nickel Cobaltate Nanoparticles Anchored on Three-Dimensional N-Doped
      Graphene as an Efficient Bifunctional Catalyst for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.
AB  - The lithium-oxygen batteries have been considered as the progressive energy
      storage equipment for their expected specific energy. To improve the
      electrochemical catalytic performance in the lithium-oxygen batteries, the
      NiCo2O4 nanoparticles (NCONPs) are firmly anchored onto the surface of the N
      doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) by the hydrothermal method followed by low
      temperature calcination. Compared with the pure metallic oxide, the introduction
      of the rGO can create the high surface area, which give a good performance for
      ORR (oxygen reduction reaction), and improve the electrical conductivity between
      the NCONPs. The high-loading NCONPs also ensure the material to have great
      catalytic activity for OER (oxygen evolution reaction), and the rGO can be
      protected by the nanoparticles coating against the side reaction with the Li2O2.
      The as-synthesized NCO@N-rGO composites deliver a specific surface area (about
      242.5 m(2) g(-1)), exhibiting three-dimensional (3D) porous structure, which
      provides a large passageway for the diffusion of the oxygen and benefits the
      infiltration of electrolyte and the storage of the discharge products. Owing to
      these special architectures features and intrinsic materials, the NCO@N-rGO
      cathode delivers a high specific capacity (6716 mAh g(-1)), great rate
      performance, and excellent cycling stability with cutoff capacity of 1000 mAh g(
      1) (112 cycles) in the lithium-oxygen batteries. The improved electrochemical
      catalytic activity and the special 3D porous structure make the NCO@N-rGO
      composites be a promising candidate for Li-O2 batteries. 

PMID- 27353229
TI  - Reversibility of developmental heat and cold plasticity is asymmetric and has
      long-lasting consequences for adult thermal tolerance.
AB  - The ability of insects to cope with stressful temperatures through adaptive
      plasticity has allowed them to thrive under a wide range of thermal conditions.
      Developmental plasticity is generally considered to be a non-reversible
      phenotypic change, e.g. in morphological traits, while adult acclimation
      responses are often considered to be reversible physiological responses. However,
      physiologically mediated thermal acclimation might not follow this general
      prediction. We investigated the magnitude and rate of reversibility of
      developmental thermal plasticity responses in heat and cold tolerance of adult
      flies, using a full factorial design with two developmental and two adult
      temperatures (15 and 25 degrees C). We show that cold tolerance attained during
      development is readily adjusted to the prevailing conditions during adult
      acclimation, with a symmetric rate of decrease or increase. In contrast, heat
      tolerance is only partly reversible during acclimation and is thus constrained by
      the temperature during development. The effect of adult acclimation on heat
      tolerance was asymmetrical, with a general loss of heat tolerance with age.
      Surprisingly, the decline in adult heat tolerance at 25 degrees C was decelerated
      in flies developed at low temperatures. This result was supported by correlated
      responses in two senescence-associated traits and in accordance with a lower rate
      of ageing after low temperature development, suggesting that physiological age is
      not reset at eclosion. The results have profound ecological consequences for
      populations, as optimal developmental temperatures will be dependent on the
      thermal conditions faced in the adult stage and the age at which they occur.

PMID- 27353230
TI  - Determining position, velocity and acceleration of free-ranging animals with a
      low-cost unmanned aerial system.
AB  - Unmanned aerial systems (UASs), frequently referred to as 'drones', have become
      more common and affordable and are a promising tool for collecting data on free
      ranging wild animals. We used a Phantom-2 UAS equipped with a gimbal-mounted
      camera to estimate position, velocity and acceleration of a subject on the ground
      moving through a grid of GPS surveyed ground control points (area ~1200 m(2)). We
      validated the accuracy of the system against a dual frequency survey grade GPS
      system attached to the subject. When compared with GPS survey data, the
      estimations of position, velocity and acceleration had a root mean square error
      of 0.13 m, 0.11 m s(-1) and 2.31 m s(-2), respectively. The system can be used to
      collect locomotion and localisation data on multiple free-ranging animals
      simultaneously. It does not require specialist skills to operate, is easily
      transported to field locations, and is rapidly and easily deployed. It is
      therefore a useful addition to the range of methods available for field data
      collection on free-ranging animal locomotion.

PMID- 27353231
TI  - Evolution and Engineering of Precisely Controlled Ge Nanostructures on Scalable
      Array of Ordered Si Nano-pillars.
AB  - The scalable array of ordered nano-pillars with precisely controllable quantum
      nanostructures (QNs) are ideal candidates for the exploration of the fundamental
      features of cavity quantum electrodynamics. It also has a great potential in the
      applications of innovative nano-optoelectronic devices for the future quantum
      communication and integrated photon circuits. Here, we present a synthesis of
      such hybrid system in combination of the nanosphere lithography and the self
      assembly during heteroepitaxy. The precise positioning and controllable evolution
      of self-assembled Ge QNs, including quantum dot necklace(QDN), QD molecule(QDM)
      and quantum ring(QR), on Si nano-pillars are readily achieved. Considering the
      strain relaxation and the non-uniform Ge growth due to the thickness-dependent
      and anisotropic surface diffusion of adatoms on the pillars, the comprehensive
      scenario of the Ge growth on Si pillars is discovered. It clarifies the inherent
      mechanism underlying the controllable growth of the QNs on the pillar. Moreover,
      it inspires a deliberate two-step growth procedure to engineer the controllable
      QNs on the pillar. Our results pave a promising avenue to the achievement of
      desired nano-pillar-QNs system that facilitates the strong light-matter
      interaction due to both spectra and spatial coupling between the QNs and the
      cavity modes of a single pillar and the periodic pillars.

PMID- 27353232
TI  - Update on medical treatment of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Small intestinal (SI) neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are relatively
      rare tumors. Due to the lack of symptom or specific symptoms, SI-NETs are often
      diagnosed at an advanced stage, making therapy challenging. The management of
      patients with advanced stage SI-NETS requires a multidisciplinary approach that
      combines surgical and medical treatment including novel targeted molecular
      therapies. AREAS COVERED: This article summarizes current strategies for the
      medical treatment of SI-NETS. Expert commentary: The treatment plan of advanced
      stage SI-NETs should be tailored in a case-by-case manner with the adoption of a
      multidisciplinary approach that combines different treatment options, including
      biological targeted therapies. In particular, we believe that the identification
      of the optimal treatment sequence(s), correct treatment timing and the selection
      of patients eligible to different treatments need specific investigation in
      controlled clinical trials.

PMID- 27353233
TI  - Modular modelling with Physiome standards.
AB  - KEY POINTS: The complexity of computational models is increasing, supported by
      research in modelling tools and frameworks. But relatively little thought has
      gone into design principles for complex models. We propose a set of design
      principles for complex model construction with the Physiome standard modelling
      protocol CellML. By following the principles, models are generated that are
      extensible and are themselves suitable for reuse in larger models of increasing
      complexity. We illustrate these principles with examples including an
      architectural prototype linking, for the first time, electrophysiology,
      thermodynamically compliant metabolism, signal transduction, gene regulation and
      synthetic biology. The design principles complement other Physiome research
      projects, facilitating the application of virtual experiment protocols and model
      analysis techniques to assist the modelling community in creating libraries of
      composable, characterised and simulatable quantitative descriptions of
      physiology. ABSTRACT: The ability to produce and customise complex computational
      models has great potential to have a positive impact on human health. As the
      field develops towards whole-cell models and linking such models in multi-scale
      frameworks to encompass tissue, organ, or organism levels, reuse of previous
      modelling efforts will become increasingly necessary. Any modelling group wishing
      to reuse existing computational models as modules for their own work faces many
      challenges in the context of construction, storage, retrieval, documentation and
      analysis of such modules. Physiome standards, frameworks and tools seek to
      address several of these challenges, especially for models expressed in the
      modular protocol CellML. Aside from providing a general ability to produce
      modules, there has been relatively little research work on architectural
      principles of CellML models that will enable reuse at larger scales. To
      complement and support the existing tools and frameworks, we develop a set of
      principles to address this consideration. The principles are illustrated with
      examples that couple electrophysiology, signalling, metabolism, gene regulation
      and synthetic biology, together forming an architectural prototype for whole-cell
      modelling (including human intervention) in CellML. Such models illustrate how
      testable units of quantitative biophysical simulation can be constructed.
      Finally, future relationships between modular models so constructed and Physiome
      frameworks and tools are discussed, with particular reference to how such
      frameworks and tools can in turn be extended to complement and gain more benefit
      from the results of applying the principles.

PMID- 27353234
TI  - Geographically weighted regression as a generalized Wombling to detect barriers
      to gene flow.
AB  - Barriers to gene flow play an important role in structuring populations,
      especially in human-modified landscapes, and several methods have been proposed
      to detect such barriers. However, most applications of these methods require a
      relative large number of individuals or populations distributed in space,
      connected by vertices from Delaunay or Gabriel networks. Here we show, using both
      simulated and empirical data, a new application of geographically weighted
      regression (GWR) to detect such barriers, modeling the genetic variation as a
      "local" linear function of geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude). In
      the GWR, standard regression statistics, such as R(2) and slopes, are estimated
      for each sampling unit and thus are mapped. Peaks in these local statistics are
      then expected close to the barriers if genetic discontinuities exist, capturing a
      higher rate of population differentiation among neighboring populations.
      Isolation-by-Distance simulations on a longitudinally warped lattice revealed
      that higher local slopes from GWR coincide with the barrier detected with
      Monmonier algorithm. Even with a relatively small effect of the barrier, the
      power of local GWR in detecting the east-west barriers was higher than 95 %. We
      also analyzed empirical data of genetic differentiation among tree populations of
      Dipteryx alata and Eugenia dysenterica Brazilian Cerrado. GWR was applied to the
      principal coordinate of the pairwise FST matrix based on microsatellite loci. In
      both simulated and empirical data, the GWR results were consistent with
      discontinuities detected by Monmonier algorithm, as well as with previous
      explanations for the spatial patterns of genetic differentiation for the two
      species. Our analyses reveal how this new application of GWR can viewed as a
      generalized Wombling in a continuous space and be a useful approach to detect
      barriers and discontinuities to gene flow. 

PMID- 27353235
TI  - Convergent Synthesis of Novel Muramyl Dipeptide Analogues: Inhibition of
      Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Pro-inflammatory Effects by High Doses of
      Muramyl Dipeptide.
AB  - Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.)-induced TNF-alpha can be affected by muramyl
      dipeptide (MDP) in a biphasic concentration-dependent manner. We found that in
      P.g.-exposed macrophages, treatment with 10 MUg/mL of MDP (MDP-low) up-regulated
      TNF-alpha by 29%, while 100 MUg/mL or higher (MDP-high) significantly decreased
      it (16% to 38%). MDP-high was found to affect the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20
      and activator protein 1 (AP1). An AP1 binding site was found in the promoter
      region of A20. A20 promoter activity was up-regulated after transfection of AP1
      cDNA in cells. Four analogues of MDP (3-6) were prepared through a convergent
      strategy involving the synthesis of two unique carbohydrate fragments, 7a and 7b,
      using the peptide coupling reagents, EDCI and HOAt. Analogue 4 improved MDP
      function and P.g.-induced activities. We propose a new signaling pathway for TNF
      alpha induction activated after exposing macrophages to both P.g. and MDP-high or
      analogue 4.

PMID- 27353236
TI  - The influence of gold(i) on the mechanism of thiolate, disulfide exchange.
AB  - The mechanism of gold(i)-thiolate, disulfide exchange was investigated by using
      initial-rate kinetic studies, 2D ((1)H-(1)H) ROESY NMR spectroscopy, and
      electrochemical/chemical techniques. The rate law for exchange is overall second
      order, first order in gold(i)-thiolate and disulfide. 2D NMR experiments show
      evidence of association between gold(i)-thiolate and disulfide.
      Electrochemical/chemical investigations do not show evidence of free thiolate and
      are consistent with a mechanism involving formation of a [Au-S, S-S], four
      centered metallacycle intermediate during gold(i)-thiolate, disulfide exchange. 

PMID- 27353237
TI  - Acute effects of unilateral temporary stellate ganglion block on human atrial
      electrophysiological properties and atrial fibrillation inducibility.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In experimental models, stellate ganglion block (SGB) reduces the
      induction of atrial fibrillation (AF), while data in humans are limited.
      OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of unilateral SGB on
      atrial electrophysiological properties and AF induction in patients with
      paroxysmal AF. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with paroxysmal AF were randomized in
      a 2:1 order to temporary, transcutaneous, pharmaceutical SGB with lidocaine or
      placebo before pulmonary vein isolation. Lidocaine was 1:1 randomly infused to
      the right or left ganglion. Before and after randomization, atrial effective
      refractory period (ERP) of each atrium, difference between right and left atrial
      ERP, intra- and interatrial conduction time, AF inducibility, and AF duration
      were assessed. RESULTS: After SGB, right atrial ERP was prolonged from a median
      (1st-3rd quartile) of 240 (220-268) ms to 260 (240-300) ms (P < .01) and left
      atrial ERP from 235 (220-260) ms to 245 (240-280) ms (P < .01). AF was induced by
      atrial pacing in all 24 patients before SGB, but only in 13 patients (54%) after
      the intervention (P < .01). AF duration was shorter after SGB: 1.5 (0.0-5.8)
      minutes from 5.5 (3.0-12.0) minutes (P < .01). Intra- and interatrial conduction
      time was not significantly prolonged. No significant differences were observed
      between right and left SGB. No changes were observed in the placebo group.
      CONCLUSION: Unilateral temporary SGB prolonged atrial ERP, reduced AF
      inducibility, and decreased AF duration. An equivalent effect of right and left
      SGB on both atria was observed. These findings may have a clinical implication in
      the prevention of drug refractory and postsurgery AF and deserve further clinical
      investigation.

PMID- 27353238
TI  - Timely detection of superior vena cava laceration with thoracoscopy during lead
      extraction.

PMID- 27353239
TI  - Super-oscillatory focusing of circularly polarized light by ultra-long focal
      length planar lens based on binary amplitude-phase modulation.
AB  - In traditional optics, the focal spot size of a conventional lens is restricted
      to the diffraction limit 0.5lambda/NA, where lambda is the wavelength in vacuum
      and NA is the numerical aperture of the lens. Recently, various sub-diffraction
      focusing optical devices have been demonstrated, but they usually have short
      focal length and high numerical aperture. Moreover, they always suffer the
      problem of huge sidelobes near the focal spot and small field of view, especially
      when the focal spot size is less than the super-oscillation criteria
      0.38lambda/NA. To address the problem, here, we reported a far-field sub
      diffraction point-focusing lens based on binary phase and amplitude modulation
      with ultra-long focal length 252.8 MUm (399.5lambda) and small numerical aperture
      0.78, and experimentally demonstrated a super-oscillatory focusing of circularly
      polarized light with spot size 287 nm (0.454lambda), smaller than the diffraction
      limit 0.64lambda and the super-oscillation criterion 0.487lambda. What's more, on
      the focal plane, in the measured area within the radius of 142lambda, the largest
      sidelobe intensity is less than 26% of the central lobe intensity. Such ultra
      long distance super-oscillatory focusing with small sidelobes and large field of
      view has great potential applications in far-field super-resolution microscopy,
      ultra-high-density optical storage and nano-fabrication.

PMID- 27353240
TI  - Possible association of diazotrophs with marine zooplankton in the Pacific Ocean.
AB  - Dinitrogen fixation, the biological reduction in N2 gas to ammonia contributes to
      the supply of new nitrogen in the surface ocean. To understand the diversity and
      abundance of potentially diazotrophic (N2 fixing) microorganisms associated with
      marine zooplankton, especially copepods, the nifH gene was studied using
      zooplankton samples collected in the Pacific Ocean. In total, 257 nifH sequences
      were recovered from 23 nifH-positive DNA extracts out of 90 copepod samples. The
      nifH genes derived from cyanobacteria related to Trichodesmium, alpha- and gamma
      subdivisions of proteobacteria, and anaerobic euryarchaeota related to
      Methanosaeta concilii were detected. Our results indicated that Pleuromamma,
      Pontella, and Euchaeta were the major copepod genera hosting dinitrogen fixers,
      though we found no species-specific association between copepods and dinitrogen
      fixers. Also, the digital PCR provided novel data on the number of copies of the
      nifH gene in individual copepods, which we report the range from 30 to 1666
      copies per copepod. This study is the first systematic study of zooplankton
      associated diazotrophs, covering a large area of the open ocean, which provide a
      clue to further study of a possible new hotspot of N2 fixation.

PMID- 27353241
TI  - Design and conduct of early phase drug studies in children: challenges and
      opportunities.
AB  - It has historically been very difficult to conduct early phase drug studies in
      children for a number of reasons related to ethics, acceptability, rarity,
      standardization, end points, safety, dosing and feasibility. Over the past decade
      there have been a number of developments including novel clinical trial design,
      in silico pharmacology and microdosing that have significantly enhanced the
      ability of investigators to conduct early phase drug studies in children. While
      the evolution of drug therapy is creating a series of new challenges, there has
      never been a better time for conducting drug studies in children.

PMID- 27353242
TI  - Demosaiced pixel super-resolution for multiplexed holographic color imaging.
AB  - To synthesize a holographic color image, one can sequentially take three
      holograms at different wavelengths, e.g., at red (R), green (G) and blue (B)
      parts of the spectrum, and digitally merge them. To speed up the imaging process
      by a factor of three, a Bayer color sensor-chip can also be used to demultiplex
      three wavelengths that simultaneously illuminate the sample and digitally
      retrieve individual set of holograms using the known transmission spectra of the
      Bayer color filters. However, because the pixels of different channels (R, G, B)
      on a Bayer color sensor are not at the same physical location, conventional
      demosaicing techniques generate color artifacts in holographic imaging using
      simultaneous multi-wavelength illumination. Here we demonstrate that pixel super
      resolution can be merged into the color de-multiplexing process to significantly
      suppress the artifacts in wavelength-multiplexed holographic color imaging. This
      new approach, termed Demosaiced Pixel Super-Resolution (D-PSR), generates color
      images that are similar in performance to sequential illumination at three
      wavelengths, and therefore improves the speed of holographic color imaging by 3
      fold. D-PSR method is broadly applicable to holographic microscopy applications,
      where high-resolution imaging and multi-wavelength illumination are desired.

PMID- 27353243
TI  - Serious Adverse Events Reports: Analysis and Outcome of Review by an
      Institutional Ethics Committee of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mumbai, India.
AB  - The Indian regulations for clinical trials were amended in January 2013 regarding
      reporting time lines, relatedness, and compensation for Serious Adverse Events
      (SAEs). Our study assessed the extent of regulatory compliance in reporting SAEs
      to the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) over 4 years (January 2009-January
      2013) before and 18 months after (February 2013-July 2014) the amended
      regulations. SAE reports were studied retrospectively for reporting time lines,
      relatedness, compensation, and IEC response before and after the law revision.
      Before 2013 had 89/160 (55.6%) SAEs reports submitted late while in the after
      period, only 2/11 reports were delayed (18%). In the before period, 26 SAE
      reports mentioned "relatedness" of which only 15 (57.6%) stated about
      compensation. After 2013, all the 9 non-death reports were complete. The IEC took
      median 17 days to respond before 2013, while after 2013 responded within 5 days.
      Thus, there was poor compliance in terms of SAE reporting time lines before the
      revision of the law.

PMID- 27353244
TI  - Health Promotion Board-Ministry of Health Clinical Practice Guidelines: Obesity.
AB  - The Health Promotion Board (HPB) has developed the Clinical Practice Guidelines
      (CPG) on Obesity to provide health professionals in Singapore with
      recommendations for evidence-based interventions for obesity. This article
      summarises the introduction, epidemiology and executive summary of the key
      recommendations from the HPB-MOH CPG on Obesity for the information of SMJ
      readers. The chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer
      to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Health Promotion
      Board website: http://www.hpb.gov.sg/cpg-obesity. The recommendations should be
      used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article
      are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines. 

PMID- 27353245
TI  - The efficacy and safety of extended-release methylphenidate following traumatic
      brain injury: a randomised controlled pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of extended
      release methylphenidate in enhancing processing speed, complex attentional
      functioning and everyday attentional behaviour after traumatic brain injury.
      DESIGN: Seven week randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel pilot
      study. SETTING: Inpatient and outpatient Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation
      Program. PARTICIPANTS: Eleven individuals with reduced processing speed and/or
      attention deficits following complicated mild to severe traumatic brain injury.
      INTERVENTIONS: Participants were allocated using a blocked randomisation schedule
      to receive daily extended-release methylphenidate (Ritalin(r) LA at a dose of 0.6
      mg/kg) or placebo (lactose) in identical capsules. MAIN OUTCOMES: Tests of
      processing speed and complex attention, and ratings of everyday attentional
      behaviour were completed at baseline, week 7 (on-drug), week 8 (off-drug) and 9
      months follow-up. Vital signs and side effects were monitored from baseline to
      week 8. RESULTS: Three percent ( n = 11) of individuals screened participated
      (mean post-traumatic amnesia duration = 63.80 days, SD = 45.15). Results were
      analysed for six and four individuals on methylphenidate and placebo,
      respectively. Groups did not differ on attentional test performance or
      relative/therapist ratings of everyday attentional behaviour. One methylphenidate
      participant withdrew due to difficulty sleeping. Methylphenidate was associated
      with trends towards increased blood pressure and reported anxiety. CONCLUSION:
      Methylphenidate was not associated with enhanced processing speed, attentional
      functioning or everyday attentional behaviour after traumatic brain injury.
      Alternative treatments for attention deficits after traumatic brain injury should
      be explored given the limited feasibility of methylphenidate in this population.

PMID- 27353246
TI  - Combined exercise is more effective than aerobic exercise in the improvement of
      fall risk factors: a randomized controlled trial in community-dwelling older men.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the long-term effects of two community-based exercise
      programs on fall risk factors, such as balance, postural control, mobility and
      leg strength, in community-dwelling older men. DESIGN: Single-blinded randomized
      controlled trial, comparing three groups, with follow-ups at eight, 16, 24 and 32
      weeks. SETTING: Older men independent-living residing in Maia city, Portugal.
      PARTICIPANTS: A total of 66 older men (aged 69.0 +/-4.9 years) were randomly
      assigned to an aerobic exercise group ( n = 22), a combined aerobic and
      resistance exercise group ( n = 22) or a control group ( n = 22). INTERVENTIONS:
      Both community-based exercise programs consisted of three sessions each week for
      32 consecutive weeks and were planned for moderate-to-vigorous intensity. The
      control group had no exercise intervention. MEASUREMENTS: Main outcomes were
      measured by the Timed Up and Go Test, functional reach test, 30-second chair
      stand test and 6-minute walk test, on five different occasions. RESULTS: Repeated
      measures of analysis of covariance revealed significant main effects between time
      * group interaction in all outcomes over time (Timed Up and Go Test: p < 0.001;
      functional reach test: p = 0.002; 30-second chair stand: p = 0.001; 6-minute walk
      test: p < 0.001). Both exercise groups reported improvements; however, better
      performance was identified in the combined aerobic and resistance exercise group
      compared with the aerobic exercise group (-20.3% vs. -9.1% on the Timed Up and Go
      Test, +27.5% vs. +10.9% on the functional reach test, +20.8% vs. +7.3% on 30
      second chair stand, +10.9% vs. +3.5% on 6-minute walk test). CONCLUSIONS: Adding
      resistance exercise to aerobic exercise improves factors associated with an
      increased risk of falls. However, both exercise regimes, combined or aerobic
      alone, are more effective than no exercise in the reduction of fall risk factors.
      ClinicalTrials.org #NCT01874132.

PMID- 27353247
TI  - The effectiveness of supplementary arm and upper body exercises following total
      hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis in the elderly: a randomized controlled
      trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether arm and upper body exercises in addition to the
      standard rehabilitation programme improve outcomes after hip arthroplasty.
      DESIGN: Prospective, parallel, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: Orthopaedic
      and rehabilitation departments. SUBJECTS: A total of 70 patients >60 years of
      age, who underwent hip replacement, out of 98 eligible candidates after exclusion
      criteria were implemented. INTERVENTIONS: The study group took part in the
      supplementary arm and upper body exercise programme to be compared with the
      standard rehabilitation programme group. MAIN OUTCOME: The primary outcome was a
      Harris Hip Score. Secondary outcomes were: Hand grip strength and Medical
      Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Outcomes were assessed
      preoperatively, two weeks after surgery and at 12 weeks follow-up. RESULTS: In
      the intervention group, significant improvements were found: in functional
      ability - Harris Hip Score after two (mean difference = 4.7 points) and 12 (mean
      difference = 5.85 points) weeks; in muscle strength - handgrip for both hands
      (mean difference for dominant hand = 4.16 and for the other hand = 2.8) after 12
      weeks; and in role-physical dimension SF-36 Health Survey (mean difference = 6.42
      points) after 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that arm and
      upper body exercises in addition to the standard rehabilitation programme improve
      outcomes 12 weeks after hip arthroplasty.

PMID- 27353248
TI  - Online nutrition information for pregnant women: a content analysis.
AB  - Pregnant women actively seek health information online, including nutrition and
      food-related topics. However, the accuracy and readability of this information
      have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate
      pregnancy-related food and nutrition information available online. Four search
      engines were used to search for pregnancy-related nutrition web pages. Content
      analysis of web pages was performed. Web pages were assessed against the 2013
      Australian Dietary Guidelines to assess accuracy. Flesch-Kincaid (F-K), Simple
      Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Gunning Fog Index (FOG) and Flesch reading ease
      (FRE) formulas were used to assess readability. Data was analysed descriptively.
      Spearman's correlation was used to assess the relationship between web page
      characteristics. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to check for differences among
      readability and other web page characteristics. A total of 693 web pages were
      included. Web page types included commercial (n = 340), not-for-profit (n = 113),
      blogs (n = 112), government (n = 89), personal (n = 36) and educational (n = 3).
      The accuracy of online nutrition information varied with 39.7% of web pages
      containing accurate information, 22.8% containing mixed information and 37.5%
      containing inaccurate information. The average reading grade of all pages
      analysed measured by F-K, SMOG and FOG was 11.8. The mean FRE was 51.6, a 'fairly
      difficult to read' score. Only 0.5% of web pages were written at or below grade 6
      according to F-K, SMOG and FOG. The findings suggest that accuracy of pregnancy
      related nutrition information is a problem on the internet. Web page readability
      is generally difficult and means that the information may not be accessible to
      those who cannot read at a sophisticated level. (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27353249
TI  - Liquid self-diffusion of H2O and DMF molecules in Co-MOF-74: molecular dynamics
      simulations and dielectric spectroscopy studies.
AB  - In this work we use molecular dynamics simulations to study the diffusion of N,N
      dimethylformamide (DMF) and H2O as a function of temperature within the well
      known metal-organic framework Co2(dobdc).[G] (G = 2DMF.1H2O), also known as Co
      MOF-74. The molecular dynamics simulations show that the diffusivity of guest
      molecules, which is almost negligible at low temperatures (T < 200 K), increases
      in the range of 200 < T (K) < 400 up to 3 and 4 orders of magnitude for DMF and
      H2O, respectively. This molecular diffusion can be easily detected by dielectric
      spectroscopy as it gives rise to extrinsic interfacial polarization effects that
      result in an apparent "colossal" dielectric constant at room temperature,
      epsilonr' ~ 42 000 (T = 300 K, nu = 10 Hz). Furthermore, the measured dielectric
      constant exhibits a thermal dependence similar to that of the diffusion
      coefficient, revealing the parallelism of the dielectric response and the
      molecular diffusion as a function of temperature. These results highlight: (a)
      the great utility of the fast and non-destructive dielectric and impedance
      spectroscopy techniques for the study and detection of the molecular transport of
      small polar molecules within porous metal-organic frameworks and related
      materials; (b) the peculiarity and uniqueness of MOF materials with "medium" size
      nanopores containing guest molecules as they are solid materials in which the
      guest molecules display a liquid state-like behaviour close to room temperature;
      and 

PMID- 27353250
TI  - Intranasal Administration of Chitosan Against Influenza A (H7N9) Virus Infection
      in a Mouse Model.
AB  - Influenza virus evolves constantly in an unpredictable fashion, making it
      necessary to vaccinate people annually for effective prevention and control of
      influenza. In general, however, during the first wave of an influenza outbreak
      caused by a newly emerging virus strain, influenza morbidity and mortality have
      been observed to rise sharply due to the lack of a matching vaccine. This
      necessitates the exploration of novel intervention approaches, particularly those
      prophylactic or therapeutic agents that have a broad range of antiviral
      activities and are also proven to be non-toxic. Here, we reported that
      stimulation of the innate immune system by intranasal administration of chitosan
      as a single agent was sufficient to completely protect BALB/c mice from lethal
      infection by H7N9 virus, a newly emerged viral strain that is highly pathogenic
      to humans. Remarkably, animals could still be protected against lethal challenge
      by H7N9 (10*LD50), even ten days after the intranasal chitosan administration.
      The significantly enhanced infiltration of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar
      lavage and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the bronchia/lung
      tissues revealed the potent activation of mucosal immune responses by
      intranasally delivered chitosan. We also observed that chitosan can protect mice
      from three other virus strains. The marked breadth and magnitude of protection
      against diverse viral strains makes chitosan an attractive candidate as a
      universal anti-influenza agent.

PMID- 27353251
TI  - NLRP6 function in inflammatory monocytes reduces susceptibility to chemically
      induced intestinal injury.
AB  - NLRP6 is a member of the Nod-like receptor family, whose members are involved in
      the recognition of microbes and/or tissue injury. NLRP6 was previously
      demonstrated to regulate the production of interleukin (IL)-18 and is important
      for protecting mice against chemically induced intestinal injury and colitis
      associated colon cancer. However, the cellular mechanisms by which NLRP6 reduces
      susceptibility to colonic inflammation remain unclear. Here, we determined that
      NLRP6 expression is specifically upregulated in Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes
      that infiltrate into the colon during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced
      inflammation. Adoptive transfer of wild-type (WT) Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes
      into Nlrp6-/- mice was sufficient to protect them from mortality, significantly
      reducing intestinal permeability and damage. NLRP6-deficient inflammatory
      monocytes were defective in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) production,
      which was important for reducing DSS-induced mortality and was dependent on
      autocrine IL-18 signaling by inflammatory monocytes. Our data reveal a previously
      unappreciated role for NLRP6 in inflammatory monocytes, which are recruited after
      DSS-induced intestinal injury to promote barrier function and limit bacteria
      driven inflammation. This study highlights the importance of early cytokine
      responses, particularly NLRP6-dependent and IL-18-dependent TNFalpha production,
      in preventing chronic dysregulated inflammation.

PMID- 27353252
TI  - An LGG-derived protein promotes IgA production through upregulation of APRIL
      expression in intestinal epithelial cells.
AB  - p40, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-derived protein, transactivates epidermal
      growth factor receptor (EGFR) in intestinal epithelial cells, leading to
      amelioration of intestinal injury and inflammation. To elucidate mechanisms by
      which p40 regulates mucosal immunity to prevent inflammation, this study aimed to
      determine the effects and mechanisms of p40 on regulation of a proliferation
      inducing ligand (APRIL) expression in intestinal epithelial cells for promoting
      immunoglobulin A (IgA) production. p40 upregulated April gene expression and
      protein production in mouse small intestine epithelial (MSIE) cells, which were
      inhibited by blocking EGFR expression and kinase activity. Enteroids from
      Egfrfl/fl, but not Egfrfl/fl-Vil-Cre mice with EGFR specifically deleted in
      intestinal epithelial cells, exhibited increased April gene expression by p40
      treatment. p40-conditioned media from MSIE cells increased B-cell class switching
      to IgA+ cells and IgA production, which was suppressed by APRIL receptor
      neutralizing antibodies. Treatment of B cells with p40 did not show any effects
      on IgA production. p40 treatment increased April gene expression and protein
      production in small intestinal epithelial cells, fecal IgA levels, IgA+B220+,
      IgA+CD19+, and IgA+ plasma cells in lamina propria of Egfrfl/fl, but not of
      Egfrfl/fl-Vil-Cre, mice. Thus p40 upregulates EGFR-dependent APRIL production in
      intestinal epithelial cells, which may contribute to promoting IgA production.

PMID- 27353253
TI  - Responses of Poa annua and three bentgrass species (Agrostis spp.) to adult and
      larval feeding of annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera:
      Curculionidae).
AB  - The annual bluegrass weevil (ABW), Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, is an
      economically important pest of short-cut turfgrass in Eastern North America. Wide
      spread insecticide resistance warrants the development of alternative management
      strategies for this pest. ABW damage typically occurs in areas with a high
      percentage of annual bluegrass, Poa annua L., the preferred ABW host. Damage to
      bentgrasses, Agrostis spp., is much rarer and usually less severe. To aid the
      implementation of host plant resistance as an alternative ABW management strategy
      we investigated the tolerance of three bentgrass species to ABW feeding.
      Responses of P. annua, creeping bentgrass, Agrostis stolonifera L., colonial
      bentgrass, Agrostis capillaris L., and velvet bentgrass, Agrostis canina L., to
      adult and larval feeding were compared in greenhouse experiments. Grass responses
      were measured as visual damage, dry weight of the grass stems and leaves, color,
      density and overall grass quality. To determine possible mechanisms of grass
      tolerance constitutive fiber and silicon content were also determined. The three
      bentgrass species tolerated 2-3 times higher numbers of ABW adults and larvae
      than P. annua before displaying any significant quality decrease. Creeping
      bentgrass had the lowest damage ratings. ABW infestation caused higher plant
      yield reduction in P. annua (up to 42%) than in bentgrasses. Observed differences
      among the grass species in fiber and silicon content in the plant tissue are
      unlikely to play a role in the resistance of bentgrasses to ABW. Our findings
      clearly show that A. stolonifera is the best grass species for the implementation
      of host plant resistance in ABW management.

PMID- 27353254
TI  - Anti-tumor effect of beta-glucan from Lentinus edodes and the underlying
      mechanism.
AB  - beta-Glucans are well known for its various bioactivities, but the underlying
      mechanism has not been fully understood. This study focuses on the anti-tumor
      effect and the potential mechanism of a branched beta-(1, 3)-glucan (LNT)
      extracted from Lentinus edodes. The in vivo data indicated that LNT showed a
      profound inhibition ratio of ~75% against S-180 tumor growth, even significantly
      higher than the positive control of Cytoxan (~54%). Interestingly, LNT sharply
      promoted immune cells accumulation into tumors accompanied by cell apoptosis and
      inhibition of cell proliferation during tumor development. Furthermore, LNT not
      only up-regulated expressions of the tumor suppressor p53, cell cycle arrestin
      p21 and pro-apoptotic proteins of Bax and caspase 3/9, but also down-regulated
      PARP1 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 expressions in tumor tissues. It was first
      found that LNT initiated p53-dependent signaling pathway to suppress cell
      proliferation in vitro, and the caspase-dependent pathway to induce cell
      apoptosis in vivo. The underlying anti-tumor mechanism was proposed that LNT
      activated immune responses to induce cell apoptosis through caspase 3-dependent
      signaling pathway and to inhibit cell proliferation possibly via p53-dependent
      signaling pathway in vivo. Besides, LNT inhibited angiogenesis by suppressing
      VEGF expression, leading to slow progression of tumors.

PMID- 27353255
TI  - Short Communication: HIV Controller T Cells Effectively Inhibit Viral Replication
      in Alveolar Macrophages.
AB  - Macrophages are targets of HIV-1 infection, and control of viral replication
      within these cells may be an important component of a T-cell-based vaccine.
      Although several studies have analyzed the ability of CD8+ T cells to inhibit
      viral replication in monocyte-derived macrophages, the effect of T cells on HIV-1
      infected tissue macrophages is less clear. We demonstrate here that both CD4+ and
      CD8+ T-cell effectors from HIV controllers are capable of suppressing viral
      replication in bronchoalveolar lavage-derived alveolar macrophages. These
      findings have implications for HIV-1 vaccine and eradication strategies.

PMID- 27353256
TI  - Maintenance of B cells during chronic murine Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
      infection.
AB  - African trypanosomosis is a debilitating parasitic disease occurring in large
      parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounts for 98% of the
      reported HAT infections and causes a chronic, gradually progressing disease.
      Multiple experimental murine models for trypanosomosis have demonstrated
      inflammation-dependent apoptosis of splenic follicular B (FoB) cells and the
      destruction of B-cell memory against previously encountered pathogens. Here, we
      report that during murine infection with a chronic T. b. gambiense field isolate,
      FoB cells are retained. This coincided with reduced levels of IFN-gamma and TNF
      alpha during the acute phase of the infection. This result suggests that in
      chronic infections with low virulent parasites, less inflammation is elicited and
      consequently no FoB cell destruction occurs.

PMID- 27353258
TI  - IGF-I/EGF and E2 signaling crosstalk through IGF-IR conduit point affects breast
      cancer cell adhesion.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor (EGF)/insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and Estradiol
      (E2) can regulate biological functions of hormone-dependent tumor cells.
      Fibronectin (FN) is a large glycoprotein abundantly expressed in breast cancer
      extracellular matrices (ECMs) postulated to be a marker of aggressiveness during
      cancer pathogenesis. In this study we demonstrate that IGF-I/EGF as well E2
      strongly increase the adhesion of the MCF-7 breast cancer cells onto FN.
      Moreover, IGF-IR is necessary for the IGF-I-/EGF- and E2-induced cell adhesion.
      Erk1/2 inhibition abolished the IGF-I-/EGF-/E2-induced MCF-7 cell adhesion,
      suggesting that this regulation of cell adhesion is perpetrated through Erk1/2
      downstream signaling. Erk1/2 signaling was shown to modulate IGF-IR status as
      its' inhibition attenuates both IGF-IR expression and activation. Notably, EGF
      and E2 enhanced the mRNA as well as protein expression of IGF-IR in MCF-7 cells.
      Confocal microscopy demonstrated that treatment of MCF-7 cells with IGF-I or EGF
      induced actin reorganization, which was attenuated with Erk1/2 inhibition.
      Interestingly, IGF-I treatment induced a co-localization of IGF-IR and FAK, which
      was evident mostly at the cell membranes of MCF-7 cells. In summary, IGF-IR was
      shown to be a convergence point for the IGF-/EGF- and E2-dependent MCF-7 cell
      adhesion onto FN.

PMID- 27353259
TI  - Training health professionals in shared decision making: Update of an
      international environmental scan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To update an environmental scan of training programs in SDM for health
      professionals. METHODS: We searched two systematic reviews for SDM training
      programs targeting health professionals produced from 2011 to 2015, and also in
      Google and social networks. With a standardized data extraction sheet, one
      reviewer extracted program characteristics. All completed extraction forms were
      validated by a second reviewer. RESULTS: We found 94 new eligible programs in
      four new countries and two new languages, for a total of 148 programs produced
      from 1996 to 2015-an increase of 174% in four years. The largest percentage
      appeared since 2012 (45.27%). Of the 94 newprograms, 42.55% targeted licensed
      health professionals (n=40), 8.51% targeted pre-licensure (n=8), 28.72% targeted
      both (n=27), 20.21% did not specify (n=19), and 5.32% targeted also patients
      (n=5). Only 23.40% of the new programs were reported as evaluated, and 21.28% had
      published evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Production of SDM training programs is
      growing fast worldwide. Like the original scan, this update indicates that SDM
      training programs still vary widely. Most still focus on the single
      provider/patient dyad and few are evaluated. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This update
      highlights the need to adapt training programs to interprofessional practice and
      to evaluate them.

PMID- 27353260
TI  - Enhancement of Combined Umami and Salty Taste by Glutathione in the Human Tongue
      and Brain.
AB  - Glutathione, a natural substance, acts on calcium receptors on the tongue and is
      known to enhance basic taste sensations. However, the effects of glutathione on
      brain activity associated with taste sensation on the tongue have not been
      determined under standardized taste delivery conditions. In this study, we
      investigated the sensory effect of glutathione on taste with no effect of the
      smell when glutathione added to a combined umami and salty taste stimulus. Twenty
      six volunteers (12 women and 14 men; age 19-27 years) performed a sensory
      evaluation of taste of a solution of monosodium L-glutamate and sodium chloride,
      with and without glutathione. The addition of glutathione changed taste qualities
      and significantly increased taste intensity ratings under standardized taste
      delivery conditions (P < 0.001). Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed
      that glutathione itself elicited significant activation in the left ventral
      insula. These results are the first to demonstrate the enhancing effect of
      glutathione as reflected by brain data while tasting an umami and salty mixture.

PMID- 27353261
TI  - Discontinuation and restarting in patients on statin treatment: prospective open
      cohort study using a primary care database.
AB  - OBJECTIVES:  To estimate rates of discontinuation and restarting of statins, and
      to identify patient characteristics associated with either discontinuation or
      restarting. DESIGN:  Prospective open cohort study. SETTING:  664 general
      practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink in the United
      Kingdom. Data extracted in October 2014. PARTICIPANTS:  Incident statin users
      aged 25-84 years identified between January 2002 and September 2013. Patients
      with statin prescriptions divided into two groups: primary prevention and
      secondary prevention (those already diagnosed with cardiovascular disease).
      Patients with statin prescriptions in the 12 months before study entry were
      excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:  Discontinuation of statin treatment (first 90
      day gap after the estimated end date of a statin prescription), and restarting
      statin treatment for those who discontinued (defined as any subsequent
      prescription between discontinuation and study end). RESULTS:  Of 431 023
      patients prescribed statins as primary prevention with a median follow-up time of
      137 weeks, 47% (n=204 622) discontinued treatment and 72% (n=147 305) of those
      who discontinued restarted. Of 139 314 patients prescribed statins as secondary
      prevention with median follow-up time of 182 weeks, 41% (n=57 791) discontinued
      treatment and 75% (43 211) of those who discontinued restarted. Younger patients
      (aged <=50 years), older patients (>=75 years), women, and patients with chronic
      liver disease were more likely to discontinue statins and less likely to restart.
      However, patients in ethnic minority groups, current smokers, and patients with
      type 1 diabetes were more likely to discontinue treatment but then were more
      likely to restart, whereas patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes were
      less likely to discontinue treatment and more likely to restart if they did
      discontinue. These results were mainly consistent in the primary prevention and
      secondary prevention groups. CONCLUSIONS:  Although a large proportion of statin
      users discontinue, many of them restart. For many patient groups previously
      considered as "stoppers," the problem of statin treatment "stopping" could be
      part of the wider issue of poor adherence. Identification of patient groups
      associated with completely stopping or stop-starting behaviour has positive
      implications for patients and doctors as well as suggesting areas for future
      research.

PMID- 27353257
TI  - A synopsis on aging-Theories, mechanisms and future prospects.
AB  - Answering the question as to why we age is tantamount to answering the question
      of what is life itself. There are countless theories as to why and how we age,
      but, until recently, the very definition of aging - senescence - was still
      uncertain. Here, we summarize the main views of the different models of
      senescence, with a special emphasis on the biochemical processes that accompany
      aging. Though inherently complex, aging is characterized by numerous changes that
      take place at different levels of the biological hierarchy. We therefore explore
      some of the most relevant changes that take place during aging and, finally, we
      overview the current status of emergent aging therapies and what the future holds
      for this field of research. From this multi-dimensional approach, it becomes
      clear that an integrative approach that couples aging research with systems
      biology, capable of providing novel insights into how and why we age, is
      necessary.

PMID- 27353262
TI  - HIV drug resistance levels in adults failing first-line antiretroviral therapy in
      an urban and a rural setting in South Africa.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Urban and rural HIV treatment programmes face different challenges in
      the long-term management of patients. There are few studies comparing drug
      resistance profiles in patients accessing treatment through these programmes. The
      aim of this study was to perform such a comparison. METHODS: HIV drug resistance
      data and associated treatment and monitoring information for adult patients
      failing first-line therapy in an urban and a rural programme were collected. Data
      were curated and managed in SATuRN RegaDB before statistical analysis using
      Microsoft Excel 2013 and stata Ver14, in which clinical parameters, resistance
      profiles and predicted treatment responses were compared. RESULTS: Data for 595
      patients were analysed: 492 patients from a rural setting and 103 patients from
      an urban setting. The urban group had lower CD4 counts at treatment initiation
      than the rural group (98 vs. 126 cells/MUL, respectively; P = 0.05), had more
      viral load measurements performed per year (median 3 vs. 1.4, respectively; P <
      0.01) and were more likely to have no drug resistance mutations detected (35.9%
      vs. 11.2%, respectively; P < 0.01). Patients in the rural group were more likely
      to have been on first-line treatment for a longer period, to have failed for
      longer, and to have thymidine analogue mutations. Notwithstanding these
      differences, the two groups had comparable predicted responses to the standard
      second-line regimen, based on the genotypic susceptibility score. Mutations
      accumulated in a sigmoidal fashion over failure duration. CONCLUSIONS: The
      frequency and patterns of drug resistance, as well the intensity of virological
      monitoring, in adults with first-line therapy failure differed between the urban
      and rural sites. Despite these differences, based on the genotypic susceptibility
      scores, the majority of patients across the two sites would be expected to
      respond well to the standard second-line regimen.

PMID- 27353263
TI  - In Vitro Assessment of Combinations of Enterovirus Inhibitors against Enterovirus
      71.
AB  - Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth
      disease (HFMD) epidemics. No antiviral therapies are currently available for
      treating EV-A71 infections. Here, we selected five reported enterovirus
      inhibitors (suramin, itraconazole [ITZ], GW5074, rupintrivir, and favipiravir)
      with different mechanisms of action to test their abilities to inhibit EV-A71
      replication alone and in combination. All selected compounds have anti-EV-A71
      activities in cell culture. The combination of rupintrivir and ITZ or favipiravir
      was synergistic, while the combination of rupintrivir and suramin was additive.
      The combination of suramin and favipiravir exerted a strong synergistic antiviral
      effect. The observed synergy was not due to cytotoxicity, as there was no
      significant increase in cytotoxicity when compounds were used in combinations at
      the tested doses. To investigate the potential inhibitory mechanism of
      favipiravir against enterovirus, two favipiravir-resistant EV-A71 variants were
      independently selected, and both of them carried an S121N mutation in the finger
      subdomain of the 3D polymerase. Reverse engineering of this 3D S121N mutation
      into an infectious clone of EV-A71 confirmed the resistant phenotype. Moreover,
      viruses resistant to ITZ or favipiravir remained susceptible to other inhibitors.
      Most notably, combined with ITZ, rupintrivir prevented the development of ITZ
      resistant variants. Taken together, these results provide a rational basis for
      the design of combination regimens for use in the treatment of EV-A71 infections.

PMID- 27353264
TI  - Eravacycline Pharmacokinetics and Challenges in Defining Humanized Exposure In
      Vivo.
AB  - We assessed the pharmacokinetic profile of eravacycline, a novel antibiotic of
      the tetracycline class, and determined the dose in an immunocompetent murine
      thigh infection model that would provide free-drug exposure similar to that
      observed in humans after the administration of 1 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) every
      12 h (q12h). Eravacycline demonstrated a nonlinear protein-binding profile. The
      2.5-mg/kg i.v. q12h dose in mice resulted in an area under the concentration-time
      curve for the free, unbound fraction of the drug of 1.64 mg . h/liter, which
      closely resembles the human exposure level.

PMID- 27353265
TI  - Antibacterial Efficacy of Eravacycline In Vivo against Gram-Positive and Gram
      Negative Organisms.
AB  - Members of the tetracycline class are frequently classified as bacteriostatic.
      However, recent findings have demonstrated an improved antibacterial killing
      profile, often achieving >=3 log10 bacterial count reduction, when such
      antibiotics have been given for periods longer than 24 h. We aimed to study this
      effect with eravacycline, a novel fluorocycline, given in an immunocompetent
      murine thigh infection model over 72 h against two methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates (eravacycline MICs = 0.03 and 0.25 MUg/ml)
      and three Enterobacteriaceae isolates (eravacycline MICs = 0.125 to 0.25 MUg/ml).
      A humanized eravacycline regimen, 2.5 mg/kg of body weight given intravenously
      (i.v.) every 12 h (q12h), demonstrated progressively enhanced activity over the
      72-h study period. A cumulative dose response in which bacterial density was
      reduced by more than 3 log10 CFU at 72 h was noted over the study period in the
      two Gram-positive isolates, and eravacycline performed similarly to comparator
      antibiotics (tigecycline, linezolid, and vancomycin). A cumulative dose response
      with eravacycline and comparators (tigecycline and meropenem) over the study
      period was also observed in the Gram-negative isolates, although more variability
      in bacterial killing was observed for all antibacterial agents. Overall, a
      bacterial count reduction of >=3 log was achieved in one of the three isolates
      with both eravacycline and tigecycline, while meropenem achieved a similar
      endpoint against two of the three isolates. Bactericidal activity is typically
      defined in vitro over 24 h; however, extended regimen studies in vivo may
      demonstrate an improved correlation with clinical outcomes by better
      identification of antimicrobial effects.

PMID- 27353266
TI  - In Vitro and In Vivo Effectiveness of an Innovative Silver-Copper Nanoparticle
      Coating of Catheters To Prevent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      Infection.
AB  - In this study, silver/copper (Ag/Cu)-coated catheters were investigated for their
      efficacy in preventing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      infection in vitro and in vivo Ag and Cu were sputtered (67/33% atomic ratio) on
      polyurethane catheters by direct-current magnetron sputtering. In vitro, Ag/Cu
      coated and uncoated catheters were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or
      rat plasma and exposed to MRSA ATCC 43300 at 10(4) to 10(8) CFU/ml. In vivo,
      Ag/Cu-coated and uncoated catheters were placed in the jugular vein of rats.
      Directly after, MRSA (10(7) CFU/ml) was inoculated in the tail vein. Catheters
      were removed 48 h later and cultured. In vitro, Ag/Cu-coated catheters
      preincubated in PBS and exposed to 10(4) to 10(7) CFU/ml prevented the adherence
      of MRSA (0 to 12% colonization) compared to uncoated catheters (50 to 100%
      colonization; P < 0.005) and Ag/Cu-coated catheters retained their activity (0 to
      20% colonization) when preincubated in rat plasma, whereas colonization of
      uncoated catheters increased (83 to 100%; P < 0.005). Ag/Cu-coating protection
      diminished with 10(8) CFU/ml in both PBS and plasma (50 to 100% colonization). In
      vivo, Ag/Cu-coated catheters reduced the incidence of catheter infection compared
      to uncoated catheters (57% versus 79%, respectively; P = 0.16) and bacteremia
      (31% versus 68%, respectively; P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy of
      explanted catheters suggests that the suboptimal activity of Ag/Cu catheters in
      vivo was due to the formation of a dense fibrin sheath over their surface. Ag/Cu
      coated catheters thus may be able to prevent MRSA infections. Their activity
      might be improved by limiting plasma protein adsorption on their surfaces.

PMID- 27353267
TI  - Analysis of the Endogenous Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate Pool in HIV-Positive and 
      Negative Individuals Receiving Tenofovir-Emtricitabine.
AB  - Tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC), two
      nucleos(t)ide analogs (NA), are coformulated as an anti-HIV combination tablet
      for treatment and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). TDF/FTC may have effects on the
      deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool due to their similar structures and
      similar metabolic pathways. We carried out a comprehensive clinical study to
      characterize the effects of TDF/FTC on the endogenous dNTP pool, from baseline to
      30 days of TDF/FTC therapy, in both treatment-naive HIV-positive and HIV-negative
      individuals. dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and TTP were quantified in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMC) with a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodology. Forty individuals (19 HIV-positive) were
      enrolled and underwent a baseline visit and then received TDF/FTC for at least 30
      days. Longitudinal measurements were analyzed using mixed-model segmented linear
      regression analysis. The dNTPs were reduced by 14% to 37% relative to the
      baseline level within 3 days in both HIV-negative and HIV-positive individuals (P
      <= 0.003). These reductions persisted to various degrees at day 30. These
      findings indicate that dNTP pools are influenced by TDF/FTC therapy. This may
      alter cellular homeostasis and could increase the antiviral effect through a more
      favorable analog/dNTP ratio. Further work is needed to elucidate mechanisms, to
      evaluate the clinical significance of these findings, and to further probe
      differences between HIV-negative and HIV-positive individuals. (This study has
      been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT01040091.).

PMID- 27353269
TI  - Population Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir in HIV-1-Uninfected Members of
      Serodiscordant Couples and Effect of Dose Reporting Methods.
AB  - Antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with once-daily dosing of tenofovir
      and tenofovir-emtricitabine was shown to be effective for preventing HIV-1
      infection in individuals who had HIV-1-seropositive partners (the Partners PrEP
      Study). We developed a population pharmacokinetic model for tenofovir and
      investigated the impacts of different dose reporting methods. Dosing information
      was collected as patient-reported dosing information (PRDI) from 404 subjects
      (corresponding to 1,280 drug concentration records) from the main trial and
      electronic monitoring-based adherence data collected from 211 subjects
      (corresponding to 327 drug concentration records) in an ancillary adherence
      study. Model development was conducted with NONMEM (7.2), using PRDI with a
      steady-state assumption or using PRDI replaced with electronic monitoring records
      where available. A two-compartment model with first-order absorption was the best
      model in both modeling approaches, with the need for an absorption lag time when
      electronic monitoring-based dosing records were included in the analysis. Age,
      body weight, and creatinine clearance were significant covariates on clearance,
      but only creatinine clearance was retained in the final models per stepwise
      selection. Sex was not a significant covariate on clearance. Tenofovir population
      pharmacokinetic parameter estimates and the precisions of the parameters from the
      two final models were comparable with the point estimates of the parameters,
      differing from 0% to 35%, and bootstrap confidence intervals widely overlapped.
      These findings indicate that PRDI was sufficient for population pharmacokinetic
      model development in this study, with a high level of adherence per multiple
      measures.

PMID- 27353268
TI  - Macrolones Are a Novel Class of Macrolide Antibiotics Active against Key
      Resistant Respiratory Pathogens In Vitro and In Vivo.
AB  - As we face an alarming increase in bacterial resistance to current antibacterial
      chemotherapeutics, expanding the available therapeutic arsenal in the fight
      against resistant bacterial pathogens causing respiratory tract infections is of
      high importance. The antibacterial potency of macrolones, a novel class of
      macrolide antibiotics, against key respiratory pathogens was evaluated in vitro
      and in vivo MIC values against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes,
      Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae strains sensitive to macrolide
      antibiotics and with defined macrolide resistance mechanisms were determined. The
      propensity of macrolones to induce the expression of inducible erm genes was
      tested by the triple-disk method and incubation in the presence of subinhibitory
      concentrations of compounds. In vivo efficacy was assessed in a murine model of
      S. pneumoniae-induced pneumonia, and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles in mice were
      determined. The in vitro antibacterial profiles of macrolones were superior to
      those of marketed macrolide antibiotics, including the ketolide telithromycin,
      and the compounds did not induce the expression of inducible erm genes. They
      acted as typical protein synthesis inhibitors in an Escherichia coli
      transcription/translation assay. Macrolones were characterized by low to moderate
      systemic clearance, a large volume of distribution, a long half-life, and low
      oral bioavailability. They were highly efficacious in a murine model of pneumonia
      after intraperitoneal application even against an S. pneumoniae strain with
      constitutive resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antibiotics.
      Macrolones are the class of macrolide antibiotics with an outstanding
      antibacterial profile and reasonable PK parameters resulting in good in vivo
      efficacy.

PMID- 27353270
TI  - Activities of Tedizolid and Linezolid Determined by the Reference Broth
      Microdilution Method against 3,032 Gram-Positive Bacterial Isolates Collected in
      Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, and Latin American Countries in 2014.
AB  - Tedizolid and linezolid in vitro activities against 3,032 Gram-positive pathogens
      collected in Asia-Pacific, Eastern European, and Latin American medical centers
      during 2014 were assessed. The isolates were tested for susceptibility by the
      current reference broth microdilution methods. Due to concern over the effect of
      MIC endpoint criteria on the results of testing the oxazolidinones tedizolid and
      linezolid, MIC endpoint values were read by two methods: (i) reading the MIC at
      the first well where the trailing began without regard for pinpoint trailing,
      according to CLSI M07-A10 and M100-S26 document instructions for reading
      linezolid (i.e., 80% inhibition of growth; these reads were designated tedizolid
      80 and linezolid 80), and (ii) at 100% inhibition of growth (designated tedizolid
      100 and linezolid 100). All Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
      Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus group, and Enterococcus
      faecalis isolates were inhibited at tedizolid 80 and 100 MIC values of 0.25 and
      0.5, 0.25 and 0.25, 0.25 and 0.5, 0.12 and 0.25, and 0.5 and 1 MUg/ml,
      respectively. Generally, MIC50 and MIC90 results for tedizolid 80 and linezolid
      80 were one doubling dilution lower than those read at 100% inhibition. Tedizolid
      was 4- to 8-fold more potent than linezolid against all the isolates tested
      regardless of the MIC endpoint criterion used. Despite the differences in
      potency, >99.9% of isolates tested in this survey were susceptible to both
      linezolid and tedizolid using CLSI and EUCAST interpretive criteria. In
      conclusion, tedizolid demonstrated greater in vitro potency than linezolid
      against Gram-positive pathogens isolated from patients in medical centers across
      the Asia-Pacific region, Eastern Europe, and Latin America.

PMID- 27353272
TI  - Raised inflammatory markers may indicate poorer quality of life in advanced
      cancer.

PMID- 27353271
TI  - Clinical Resistance to Velpatasvir (GS-5816), a Novel Pan-Genotypic Inhibitor of
      the Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein.
AB  - Velpatasvir (VEL, GS-5816) is a novel pan-genotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV)
      nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor with activity against genotype 1 (GT1)
      to GT6 HCV replicons. In a phase 1b 3-day monotherapy study, patients treated
      with a 150-mg dose of GS-5816 had a mean maximal HCV RNA decline of >=3.3 log10
      IU/ml in GT1a, -1b, -2, -3, and -4. This report characterizes virologic
      resistance to VEL in these patients. NS5A resistance-associated substitutions
      (RASs) were detected by deep sequencing (1% cutoff) pretreatment in 22/70
      patients, i.e., 10/35 (29%) patients with GT1a, 1/8 (13%) with GT1b, 4/8 (50.0%)
      with GT2, 5/17 (29.4%) with GT3, and 2/2 (100.0%) with GT4. In GT1a and GT3
      patients, pretreatment RASs were associated with a slightly reduced HCV RNA
      response compared to that of patients without pretreatment RASs; among patients
      with GT1b, GT2, and GT4, no significant difference in response was observed in
      those with or without pretreatment RASs. Following treatment, the pattern of
      emergent RASs was more complex for GT1a than for the other genotypes. In GT1a,
      substitutions emerged at positions M28, Q30, L31, P32, H58, E92, and Y93, with
      the most prevalent substitutions at positions Y93, M28, and L31. RASs were
      observed at two positions in GT1b and GT2 (Y93 and L31), three positions in GT3
      (Y93, L31, and E92), and four positions in GT4 (L28, M31, P32L, and Y93). RASs
      that were present pretreatment persisted through the 48-week follow-up period;
      however, RASs emerging during treatment were more likely to decline both in
      prevalence and in frequency within the viral population during follow-up. (This
      study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no.
      NCT01740791.).

PMID- 27353273
TI  - Non-beneficial treatments in hospital at the end of life: a systematic review on
      extent of the problem.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the extent of objective 'non-beneficial treatments
      (NBTs)' (too much) anytime in the last 6 months of life in routine hospital care.
      DATA SOURCES: English language publications in Medline, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane
      library, and the grey literature (January 1995-April 2015). STUDY SELECTION: All
      study types assessing objective dimensions of non-beneficial medical or surgical
      diagnostic, therapeutic or non-palliative procedures administered to older adults
      at the end of life (EOL). DATA EXTRACTION: A 13-item quality score estimated
      independently by two authors. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Evidence from 38 studies
      indicates that on average 33-38% of patients near the EOL received NBTs. Mean
      prevalence of resuscitation attempts for advanced stage patients was 28% (range
      11-90%). Mean death in intensive care unit (ICU) was 42% (range 11-90%); and mean
      death rate in a hospital ward was 44.5% (range 29-60%). Mean prevalence of active
      measures including dialysis, radiotherapy, transfusions and life support
      treatment to terminal patient was 7-77% (mean 30%). Non-beneficial administration
      of antibiotics, cardiovascular, digestive and endocrine treatments to dying
      patients occurred in 11-75% (mean 38%). Non-beneficial tests were performed on 33
      50% of patients with do-not-resuscitate orders. From meta-analyses, the pooled
      prevalence of non-beneficial ICU admission was 10% (95% CI 0-33%); for
      chemotherapy in the last six weeks of life was 33% (95% CI 24-41%). CONCLUSION:
      This review has confirmed widespread use of NBTs at the EOL in acute hospitals.
      While a certain level of NBT is inevitable, its extent, variation and
      justification need further scrutiny.

PMID- 27353275
TI  - High levels of serum homocysteine in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

PMID- 27353274
TI  - Histopathological assessment of calcification and inflammation of calcific aortic
      valves from patients with and without diabetes mellitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common valvular
      heart disease and likely evolves from inflammatory pre-conditions in the valve.
      Type II diabetes mellitus (DMII) has been associated with pathogenesis of CAVD,
      however, the mechanism initiating CAVD in DMII is not well understood and the
      human valve pathology in DMII has not been described. We therefore performed
      quantitative histological analyses of aortic valves of CAVD patients with and
      without DMII. METHODS: CAVD human aortic valves (n=45) obtained after surgical
      valve replacement were examined macroscopically with gross measurements of
      calcified areas. Inflammation and calcification were assessed by
      immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Calcification was
      increased in diabetic patients according to gross measurements (p<0.01) and
      alizarin red staining (p=0.05). Early calcification markers, including Runx2
      (p=0.02) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, p=0.03) were significantly elevated in
      diabetic patients. Furthermore, in diabetic patients we found significantly
      increased expression of annexin II (p=0.04) and annexin V (p=0.04), both of which
      are thought to play a role in microcalcification formation via apoptosis or
      extracellular vesicle release. Macrophage numbers were comparable in both groups
      (p=0.41), while the expression of the pro-inflammatory protein S100A9 (p<0.01)
      was significantly decreased in diabetic individuals. Evaluation of lymphocytes
      revealed similar CD8 (p=0.45) and CD4 (p=0.92) T cell counts in diabetic and non
      diabetic aortic valves. CONCLUSION: Aortic valves from diabetic patients show
      more calcification, while inflammation is similar in both patient populations.
      Considering the generally accepted theory of an inflammation-dependent mechanism
      of calcification, these data suggest that in patients with CAVD requiring valve
      replacement, diabetic patients could be molecularly in a more advanced disease
      stage with a higher grade of mineralization than non-diabetic patients.

PMID- 27353276
TI  - 'There will be blood'. Differences in the pictorial representation of the
      arterial spurt of blood in Caravaggio and followers.

PMID- 27353277
TI  - Obesity and hypomagnesemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Whether low serum magnesium is an epiphenomenon related with obesity
      or, whether obesity per se is cause of hypomagnesemia, remains to be clarified.
      OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between body weight status and
      hypomagnesemia in apparently healthy subjects. METHODS: A total of 681 healthy
      individuals aged 30 to 65years were enrolled in A cross-sectional study. Extreme
      exercise, chronic diarrhea, alcohol intake, use of diuretics, smoking, oral
      magnesium supplementation, diabetes, malnutrition, hypertension, liver disease,
      thyroid disorders, and renal damage were exclusion criteria. Based in the Body
      Mass Index (BMI), body weight status was defined as follows: normal weight (BMI
      <25kg/m2); overweight (BMI >=25<30 BMIkg/m2); and obesity (BMI >=30kg/m2).
      Hypomagnesemia was defined by serum magnesium concentration <=0.74mmol/L. A
      multiple logistic regression analysis was used to compute the odds ratio (OR)
      between body weight status (independent variables) and hypomagnesemia (dependent
      variable). RESULTS: The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that
      dietary magnesium intake (OR 2.11; 95%CI 1.4-5.7) but no obesity (OR 1.53; 95%CI
      0.9-2.5), overweight (OR 1.40; 95%CI 0.8-2.4), and normal weight (OR 0.78; 95%CI
      0.6-2.09) were associated with hypomagnesemia. A subsequent logistic regression
      analysis adjusted by body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat,
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and triglycerides levels showed that
      hyperglycemia (2.19; 95%CI 1.1-7.0) and dietary magnesium intake (2.21; 95%CI 1.1
      8.9) remained associated with hypomagnesemia. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that
      body weight status is not associated with hypomagnesemia and that, irrespective
      of obesity, hyperglycemia is cause of hypomagnesemia in non-diabetic individuals.

PMID- 27353278
TI  - Factors contributing to the development of overt encephalopathy in liver
      cirrhosis patients.
AB  - The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships among psychometric testing
      results, blood ammonia (NH3) levels, electrolyte abnormalities, and degree of
      inflammation, and their associations with the development of overt hepatic
      encephalopathy (HE) in liver cirrhosis (LC) patients. The relationships between
      covert HE and blood NH3, sodium (Na), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined
      in 40 LC patients. The effects of elevated NH3, hyponatremia, and elevated CRP on
      the development of overt HE were also investigated. The covert HE group had
      significantly lower serum Na levels and significantly higher serum CRP levels.
      During the median observation period of 11 months, 10 patients developed overt
      HE, and the results of multivariate analysis showed that covert HE and elevated
      blood NH3 were factors contributing to the development of overt HE. Electrolyte
      abnormalities and mild inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of HE.
      Abnormal psychometric testing results and hyperammonemia are linked to subsequent
      development of overt HE.

PMID- 27353279
TI  - Malaria in British military personnel deployed to Sierra Leone: a case series.
AB  - From December 2014 to April 2015, seven cases of malaria were seen in 1530
      military personnel deployed to Sierra Leone on Operation GRITROCK in response to
      the West African Ebola outbreak, despite predeployment briefings, prescription of
      chemoprophylactic agents and bite prevention measures. The cases have prompted
      discussion regarding the efficacy of current measures and how to prevent future
      cases in deployed military personnel or more widely, those working in malaria
      risk environments. All of the cases have made a full recovery and returned to
      work. We discuss what can be learnt concerning the choice of chemoprophylactic
      agent and whether anything further be added to standard operating procedures
      regarding bite prevention and treatment of cases.

PMID- 27353281
TI  - A negatively charged transmembrane aspartate residue controls activation of the
      relaxin-3 receptor RXFP3.
AB  - Relaxin-3 is an insulin/relaxin superfamily neuropeptide involved in the
      regulation of food intake and stress response via activation of its cognate
      receptor RXFP3, an A-class G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). In recent studies,
      a highly conserved ExxxD motif essential for binding of relaxin-3 has been
      identified at extracellular end of the second transmembrane domain (TMD2) of
      RXFP3. For most of the A-class GPCRs, a highly conserved negatively charged Asp
      residue (Asp(2.50) using Ballesteros-Weinstein numbering and Asp128 in human
      RXFP3) is present at the middle of TMD2. To elucidate function of the conserved
      transmembrane Asp128, in the present work we replaced it with other residues and
      the resultant RXFP3 mutants all retained quite high ligand-binding potency, but
      their activation and agonist-induced internalization were abolished or
      drastically decreased. Thus, the negatively charged transmembrane Asp128
      controlled transduction of agonist-binding information from the extracellular
      region to the intracellular region through maintaining RXFP3 in a metastable
      state for efficient conformational change induced by binding of an agonist.

PMID- 27353280
TI  - BjMYB1, a transcription factor implicated in plant defence through activating
      BjCHI1 chitinase expression by binding to a W-box-like element.
AB  - We previously identified the W-box-like-4 (Wbl-4) element (GTAGTGACTCAT), one of
      six Wbl elements in the BjC-P promoter of the unusual chitinase gene BjCHI1 from
      Brassica juncea, as the core element responsive to fungal infection. Here, we
      report the isolation and characterization of the cognate transcription factor
      interacting with the Wbl-4 element. Using Wbl-4 as a target, we performed yeast
      one-hybrid screening of a B. juncea cDNA library and isolated an R2R3-MYB
      transcription factor designated as BjMYB1. BjMYB1 was localized in the nucleus of
      plant cells. EMSA assays confirmed that BjMYB1 binds to the Wbl-4 element.
      Transiently expressed BjMYB1 up-regulated the activity of the BjC-P promoter
      through its binding to the Wbl-4 element in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana)
      leaves. In B. juncea, BjMYB1 displayed a similar induced expression pattern as
      that of BjCHI1 upon infection by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Moreover,
      heterogeneous overexpression of BjMYB1 significantly elevated the resistance of
      transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana to the fungus B. cinerea These results suggest
      that BjMYB1 is potentially involved in host defence against fungal attack through
      activating the expression of BjCHI1 by binding to the Wbl-4 element in the BjC-P
      promoter. This finding demonstrates a novel DNA target of plant MYB transcription
      factors.

PMID- 27353282
TI  - Ovarian cancer patients' and their family members' perspectives on novel vaccine
      and virotherapy trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Some of the most promising avenues of cancer clinical
      investigation center on immunotherapeutic approaches. These approaches have
      provided notable gains in cancer therapeutics with recent Food and Drug
      Administration approvals of agents of this class in several types of cancers,
      although gains for ovarian cancer lag behind. This study examined perceptions of
      therapeutic trials including immunotherapy and virotherapy among ovarian cancer
      patients and their family members. METHODS: A total of 72 semi-structured
      qualitative interviews were conducted with 33 patients and 39 family members at
      two National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer centers. Eligible
      patients were diagnosed with epithelial ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian
      tube carcinoma and had experience with clinical trial conversations; family
      members were nominated by patients and interviewed separately. Applied thematic
      analysis was used to understand and interpret the data. RESULTS: More
      participants were aware of vaccine trials than virus trials, although more than
      half had heard of at least one of them. Initial reactions to vaccine trials were
      generally favorable. For many, childhood experience with vaccines lent a familiar
      frame of reference. Virus trials elicited more negative initial reactions,
      including the use of adjectives such as "scary" and "dreadful." Viruses seemed
      contagious or difficult to control. Increased receptivity to these trials
      occurred in the context of limited therapeutic options and cancer recurrence.
      Most participants, including those not immediately drawn to these types of
      trials, indicated openness to learning more. CONCLUSION: Although vaccine and
      viral trials are both immunologically based therapeutic approaches, patients who
      are offered these trials may perceive their potential benefit and safety quite
      differently. There is a need to consider terminology, solicit and address "gut
      reactions," and provide information that enables patients and their family
      members to better understand the science behind these trials.

PMID- 27353283
TI  - Managing Troponin Testing.

PMID- 27353284
TI  - Discharge Glucose Is Not Associated With Short-Term Adverse Outcomes in Emergency
      Department Patients With Moderate to Severe Hyperglycemia.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: Hyperglycemia is frequently encountered in the emergency
      department (ED), and there is no consensus on optimal care before discharge. The
      importance of glucose reduction in the ED is unknown. We seek to determine
      whether an association exists between discharge glucose and 7-day adverse
      outcomes. METHODS: A cohort design with retrospective chart review was conducted
      at a high-volume urban ED. Patients were included if any glucose level was
      greater than or equal to 400 mg/dL and they were discharged from the ED.
      Generalized estimating equation models were created for the 7-day outcomes with a
      primary predictor of discharge glucose. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 422
      patients with 566 ED encounters. Mean arrival and discharge glucose were 491
      mg/dL (SD 82 mg/dL) and 334 mg/dL (SD 101 mg/dL), respectively. In the 7-day
      follow-up period, 62 (13%) and 36 (7%) patients had a repeat ED visit for
      hyperglycemia and were hospitalized, respectively. Two patients had diabetic
      ketoacidosis. After adjustment for arrival glucose, whether a chemistry panel was
      obtained, amount of intravenous fluids administered, and amount of subcutaneous
      insulin administered, discharge glucose was not associated with repeat ED visit
      for hyperglycemia (adjusted odds ratio 0.997; 95% confidence interval 0.993 to
      1.001) or hospitalization for any reason (adjusted odds ratio 0.998; 95%
      confidence interval 0.995 to 1.002). CONCLUSION: ED discharge glucose in patients
      with moderate to severe hyperglycemia was not associated with 7-day outcomes of
      repeat ED visit for hyperglycemia or hospitalization. Attaining a specific
      glucose goal before discharge in patients with hyperglycemia may be less
      important than traditionally thought.

PMID- 27353285
TI  - Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose metabolism in the adult
      population of the Basque Country, Spain.
AB  - AIMS: To assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose
      metabolism in the Basque Country and their relationship with cardiovascular risk
      factors. METHODS: A population-based, cross-sectional, cluster sampling design
      study was carried out in an adult (>=18 years) Basque population. A total of 847
      participants completed a questionnaire on personal and family medical history and
      lifestyle. Anthropometric variables and blood pressure were measured and
      biochemical analysis and an oral glucose tolerance test (75 g) were also
      performed. RESULTS: The total prevalence of diabetes was 10.6% (95% CI 8.65
      12.95). Among them 6.3% (95% CI 4.79-8.22) had previously been diagnosed and 4.3%
      (95% CI 3.04-5.92) were not aware that they had diabetes. Impaired glucose
      tolerance was present in 7.2% (95% CI 5.53-9.15) and impaired fasting glucose in
      3.8% (95% CI 2.64-5.37) of the population. In total, 21.6% of the population had
      some type of glucose metabolism disturbance, with a higher rate among men (28.3
      vs 16.3%; P<0.001) and with the rate increasing with age. Risk factors
      independently associated with the development of diabetes were: male sex [odds
      ratio 4.58 (95% CI 2.34-8.97)]; abdominal obesity [odds ratio 2.80 (95% CI 1.47
      5.36)]; high triglyceride levels [odds ratio 2.46 (95% CI 1.26-4.81)];
      hypertension [odds ratio 2.40 (95% CI 1.16-4.96)]; family history of diabetes
      [odds ratio 2.30 (95% CI 1.25-4.24)]; high LDL cholesterol levels [odds ratio
      1.83 (95% CI 1.01-3.31)] and older age [odds ratio 1.08 (95% CI 1.05-1.10)].
      CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diabetes in the Basque Country was lower than in
      Spain and was independently associated with family history of diabetes and with
      cardiovascular risk factors such as abdominal obesity, hypertension, high LDL
      cholesterol levels and high triglyceride levels, which were also observed in
      those with prediabetes.

PMID- 27353286
TI  - Characteristics of patients who made a return visit within 72 hours to the
      emergency department of a Singapore tertiary hospital.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: 72-hour emergency department (ED) reattendance is a widely-used
      quality indicator for quality of care and patient safety. It is generally assumed
      that patients who return within 72 hours of ED discharge (72-hour re-attendees)
      received inadequate treatment or evaluation. The current literature also suggests
      considerable variation in probable causes of 72-hour ED reattendances
      internationally. This study aimed to understand the characteristics of these
      patients at the ED of a Singapore tertiary hospital. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective cohort study on all ED visits between 1 January 2013 and 31
      December 2013. 72-hour re-attendees were compared against non-re-attendees based
      on patient demographics, mode of arrival, patient acuity category status (i.e.
      P1/P2/P3/P4), seniority ranking of doctor-in-charge and medical diagnoses.
      Multivariate analysis using the generalised linear model was conducted on
      variables associated with 72-hour ED re-attendance. RESULTS: Among 104,751 unique
      patients, 3,065 (2.93%) were in the 72-hour re-attendees group. Multivariate
      analysis showed that the following risk factors were associated with higher risk
      of returning within 72 hours: male gender, older age, arrival by ambulance,
      triaged as P2, diagnoses of heart problems, abdominal pain or viral infection
      (all p < 0.001), and Chinese ethnicity (p = 0.006). There was no significant
      difference in the seniority ranking of the doctor-in-charge between both groups
      (p = 0.419). CONCLUSION: Several patient and event factors were associated with
      higher risk of being a 72-hour re-attendee. This study forms the basis for
      hypothesis generation and further studies to explore reasons behind reattendances
      so that interventions can be developed to target high-risk groups.

PMID- 27353287
TI  - Sevoflurane during CPR for intraoperative cardiac arrest: To discontinue or to
      maintain?

PMID- 27353288
TI  - Automated external defibrillation skills by naive schoolchildren.
AB  - AIM: Early defibrillation should achieve the highest survival rates when applied
      within the first minutes after the collapse. Public access defibrillation
      programs have increased the population awareness of the importance of
      defibrillation. Schoolchildren should be trained in basic life support (BLS)
      skills and some countries have included BLS in their school syllabus. However,
      little is known of the current knowledge and ability of schoolchildren to use an
      automated external defibrillator (AED). METHODS: A multicentric descriptive
      study, 1295 children from 6 to 16 years of age without previous BLS or AED
      training. Subjects performed a simulation with an AED and a manikin with no
      training or feedback and were evaluated by means of a checklist. RESULTS: A total
      of 258 participants (19.9%) were able to simulate an effective and safe
      defibrillation in less than 3min and 52 (20.1% of this group) performed it
      successfully. A significant correlation between objective and age group was
      observed (G=0.172) (p<0.001). The average time to deliver a shock was 83.3+/
      26.4s; that time decreased significantly with age [6 YO (108.3+/-40.4) vs. 16 YO
      (64.7+/-18.6)s] (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Around 20% of schoolchildren without
      prior training are able to use an AED correctly in less than 3min following the
      device's acoustic and visual instructions. However, only one-fifth of those who
      showed success managed to complete the procedure satisfactorily. These facts
      should be considered in order to provide a more accurate definition and effective
      implementation of BLS/AED teaching and training at schools.

PMID- 27353289
TI  - Quantitative analysis of duty cycle in pediatric and adolescent in-hospital
      cardiac arrest.
AB  - AIMS: Quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with improved
      outcomes during cardiac arrest. Duty cycle (DC) represents an understudied
      element of CPR quality. Our objective was to quantitatively analyze DC during
      actual pediatric and adolescent in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). METHODS:
      Prospective observational study of IHCA at a large academic children's hospital.
      CPR variables included DC (%) up to the first 10min of recorded chest
      compressions (CCs). American Heart Association (AHA) DC compliance was
      prospectively defined as an average event DC of 50+/-5%. Percentage of events
      compliant with AHA DC was compared to a priori hypothesized compliance percentage
      of 25% using chi-square. Association between DC quartiles and categories of depth
      (<38, 38-49, >=50mm) and rate (<100, 100-120, >120min(-1)) were analyzed by chi
      square test for trend. RESULTS: Between October 2006 and June 2015, 97 events in
      87 patients were analyzed. Mean DC for events was 40+/-2.8%. DC quartiles: Q1 (DC
      <=38.3%), Q2 (>38.3-40.1%), Q3 (>40.1-42.1%), Q4 (>42.1%). Only 5 (5.2%) events
      met AHA DC compliance, significantly less than the a priori hypothesis of 25%
      (p<0.001). Average CC rates trended higher across DC quartiles: (Q1) 105+/-9;
      (Q2) 106+/-9; (Q3) 112+/-8; and (Q4) 118+/-14min(-1); p<0.001. Other CPR quality
      variables were not associated with DC. There was no association between DC and
      survival. CONCLUSIONS: Compression DC during resuscitation of actual child and
      adolescent IHCA met AHA recommendations in only 5% of events. In this series we
      found no association of DC with CC depth or survival.

PMID- 27353290
TI  - Biomolecular environment, quantification, and intracellular interaction of
      multifunctional magnetic SERS nanoprobes.
AB  - Multifunctional composite nanoprobes consisting of iron oxide nanoparticles
      linked to silver and gold nanoparticles, Ag-Magnetite and Au-Magnetite,
      respectively, were introduced by endocytic uptake into cultured fibroblast cells.
      The cells containing the non-toxic nanoprobes were shown to be displaceable in an
      external magnetic field and can be manipulated in microfluidic channels. The
      distribution of the composite nanostructures that are contained in the endosomal
      system is discussed on the basis of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
      mapping, quantitative laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
      (LA-ICP-MS) micromapping, and cryo soft X-ray tomography (cryo soft-XRT). Cryo
      soft-XRT of intact, vitrified cells reveals that the composite nanoprobes form
      intra-endosomal aggregates. The nanoprobes provide SERS signals from the
      biomolecular composition of their surface in the endosomal environment. The SERS
      data indicate the high stability of the nanoprobes and of their plasmonic
      properties in the harsh environment of endosomes and lysosomes. The spectra point
      at the molecular composition at the surface of the Ag-Magnetite and Au-Magnetite
      nanostructures that is very similar to that of other composite structures, but
      different from the composition of pure silver and gold SERS nanoprobes used for
      intracellular investigations. As shown by the LA-ICP-MS data, the uptake
      efficiency of the magnetite composites is approximately two to three times higher
      than that of the pure gold and silver nanoparticles. 

PMID- 27353291
TI  - Strain gradient development in 3-dimensional extracellular matrix scaffolds
      during in vitro mechanical stimulation.
AB  - This study analyzed strain variations in 3D ECM scaffolds using a membrane
      adherent model (MM) and a direct elongation model (DM). Computational models were
      solved for target strains from 1 to 10% at varied scaffold thicknesses and intra
      scaffold slices. DM strain profiles were uniform within the scaffold and
      independent of thickness. However, a wide range of strains developed with
      substantial volume experiencing significantly off-target strain. MM strain
      profiles varied throughout the scaffold, exhibiting significantly reduced average
      strain with increasing thickness. These findings are important for tissue
      engineering studies since biological responses are commonly attributed to a
      single strain level that only partially describes the mechanical condition,
      making it difficult to develop precise causal relationships. Spatial strain
      variations and reduced average strain may warrant targeted sampling for cell
      response and should be taken into consideration by investigators using large
      volume 3D scaffolds when engineering mechanically sensitive tissues.

PMID- 27353292
TI  - A metagenomic-based survey of microbial (de)halogenation potential in a German
      forest soil.
AB  - In soils halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) are cycled through the
      transformation of inorganic halides into organohalogen compounds and vice versa.
      There is evidence that these reactions are microbially driven but the key enzymes
      and groups of microorganisms involved are largely unknown. Our aim was to uncover
      the diversity, abundance and distribution of genes encoding for halogenating and
      dehalogenating enzymes in a German forest soil by shotgun metagenomic sequencing.
      Metagenomic libraries of three soil horizons revealed the presence of genera
      known to be involved in halogenation and dehalogenation processes such as
      Bradyrhizobium or Pseudomonas. We detected a so far unknown diversity of genes
      encoding for (de)halogenating enzymes in the soil metagenome including specific
      and unspecific halogenases as well as metabolic and cometabolic dehalogenases.
      Genes for non-heme, no-metal chloroperoxidases and haloalkane dehalogenases were
      the most abundant halogenase and dehalogenase genes, respectively. The high
      diversity and abundance of (de)halogenating enzymes suggests a strong microbial
      contribution to natural halogen cycling. This was also confirmed in microcosm
      experiments in which we quantified the biotic formation of chloroform and
      bromoform. Knowledge on microorganisms and genes that catalyze (de)halogenation
      reactions is critical because they are highly relevant to industrial
      biotechnologies and bioremediation applications.

PMID- 27353293
TI  - Endothelin-1 Immunoreactivity and its Association with Intramedullary Hemorrhage
      and Myelomalacia in Naturally Occurring Disk Extrusion in Dogs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of ascending/descending myelomalacia (ADMM) after
      canine intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusion remains poorly understood. Vasoactive
      molecules might contribute. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To investigate the
      immunoreactivity of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the uninjured and injured spinal cord
      of dogs and its potential association with intramedullary hemorrhage and
      extension of myelomalacia. ANIMALS: Eleven normal control and 34 dogs with
      thoracolumbar IVD extrusion. METHODS: Spinal cord tissue of dogs retrospectively
      selected from our histopathologic database was examined histologically at the
      level of the extrusion (center) and in segments remote from the center.
      Endothelin-1 immunoreactivity was examined immunohistochemically and by in situ
      hybridization. Associations between the immunoreactivity for ET-1 and the
      severity of intramedullary hemorrhage or the extension of myelomalacia were
      examined. RESULTS: Endothelin-1 was expressed by astrocytes, macrophages, and
      neurons and only rarely by endothelial cells in all dogs. At the center, ET-1
      immunoreactivity was significantly higher in astrocytes (median score 4.02) and
      lower in neurons (3.21) than in control dogs (3.0 and 4.54) (P < .001; P = .004)
      irrespective of the grade of hemorrhage or myelomalacia. In both astrocytes and
      neurons, there was a higher ET-1 immunoreactivity in spinal cord regions remote
      from the center (4.58 and 4.15) than in the center itself (P = .013; P = .001).
      ET-1 mRNA was present in nearly all neurons with variable intensity, but not in
      astrocytes. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Enhanced ET-1 immunoreactivity
      over multiple spinal cord segments after IVD extrusion might play a role in the
      pathogenesis of ADMM. More effective quantitative techniques are required.

PMID- 27353294
TI  - Early-onset Purkinje cell dysfunction underlies cerebellar ataxia in peroxisomal
      multifunctional protein-2 deficiency.
AB  - The cerebellar pathologies in peroxisomal diseases underscore that these
      organelles are required for the normal development and maintenance of the
      cerebellum, but the mechanisms have not been resolved. Here we investigated the
      origins of the early-onset coordination impairment in a mouse model with neural
      selective deficiency of multifunctional protein-2, the central enzyme of
      peroxisomal beta-oxidation. At the age of 4weeks, Nestin-Mfp2(-/-) mice showed
      impaired motor learning on the accelerating rotarod and underperformed on the
      balance beam test. The gross morphology of the cerebellum and Purkinje cell
      arborization were normal. However, electrophysiology revealed a reduced Purkinje
      cell firing rate, a decreased excitability and an increased membrane capacitance.
      The distribution of climbing and parallel fiber synapses on Purkinje cells was
      immature and was accompanied by an increased spine length. Despite normal
      myelination, Purkinje cell axon degeneration was evident from the occurrence of
      axonal swellings containing accumulated organelles. In conclusion, the electrical
      activity, axonal integrity and wiring of Purkinje cells are exquisitely dependent
      on intact peroxisomal beta-oxidation in neural cells. 

PMID- 27353296
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27353295
TI  - Health care utilization and outpatient, out-of-pocket costs for active convulsive
      epilepsy in rural northeastern South Africa: a cross-sectional Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, with over 80 % of cases
      found in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Studies from high-income
      countries find a significant economic burden associated with epilepsy, yet few
      studies from LMICs, where out-of-pocket costs for general healthcare can be
      substantial, have assessed out-of-pocket costs and health care utilization for
      outpatient epilepsy care. METHODS: Within an established health and socio
      demographic surveillance system in rural South Africa, a questionnaire to assess
      self-reported health care utilization and time spent traveling to and waiting to
      be seen at health facilities was administered to 250 individuals, previously
      diagnosed with active convulsive epilepsy. Epilepsy patients' out-of-pocket,
      medical and non-medical costs and frequency of outpatient care visits during the
      previous 12-months were determined. RESULTS: Within the last year, 132 (53 %)
      individuals reported consulting at a clinic, 162 (65 %) at a hospital and 34 (14
      %) with traditional healers for epilepsy care. Sixty-seven percent of individuals
      reported previously consulting with both biomedical caregivers and traditional
      healers. Direct outpatient, median costs per visit varied significantly (p <
      0.001) between hospital (2010 International dollar ($) 9.08; IQR: $6.41-$12.83)
      and clinic consultations ($1.74; IQR: $0-$5.58). Traditional healer fees per
      visit were found to cost $52.36 (IQR: $34.90-$87.26) per visit. Average annual
      outpatient, clinic and hospital out-of-pocket costs totaled $58.41. Traveling to
      and from and waiting to be seen by the caregiver at the hospital took
      significantly longer than at the clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Rural South Africans with
      epilepsy consult with both biomedical caregivers and traditional healers for both
      epilepsy and non-epilepsy care. Traditional healers were the most expensive mode
      of care, though utilized less often. While higher out-of-pocket costs were
      incurred at hospital visits, more people with ACE visited hospitals than clinics
      for epilepsy care. Promoting increased use and effective care at clinics and
      reducing travel and waiting times could substantially reduce the out-of-pocket
      costs of outpatient epilepsy care.

PMID- 27353297
TI  - Biomonitoring of heavy metals using bottom fish and crab as bioindicator species,
      the Arvand River.
AB  - The main aim of this study was to biomonitor mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium
      (Cd), lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) concentrations in the Arvand River using
      Heteropnestis fossilis and Parasesarma persicum Comparison of heavy metals among
      the stations indicated that the concentrations of Hg, As, Cd, Cu and Pb in
      sediment samples were apparently different among the stations. The results of
      linear regression analyses showed that there were significant correlations (p <
      0.05) between Hg, As and Pb elements in sediment and hepatopancreas of P.
      persicum and between As in sediment and liver of H. fossilis These findings
      showed that P. persicum could be considered as a biomonitor of Hg, As and Pb and
      H. fossilis as a biomonitor of As contamination in sediment of the Arvand River. 

PMID- 27353298
TI  - Determining mercury levels in anchovy and in individuals with different fish
      consumption habits, together with their neurological effects.
AB  - An increase in enviromental pollution may lead to mercury toxicity of fish origin
      due to the accumulative nature of methylmercury in fish. The main sources of
      human exposure to organic mercury compounds are contaminated fish and other
      seafoods. This descriptive study was planned to determine mercury levels in
      anchovy and in hair samples from individuals with different fish consumption
      habits, and to evaluate those individuals in terms of toxic effects. For that
      purpose, we analyzed 100 anchovies from the Black Sea and 100 anchovies from the
      Sea of Marmara, and assessed 25 wholesale workers in fish markets and 25 cleaning
      firm employees from both Ankara and Istanbul. Mercury levels in samples were
      measured using a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Participants
      were examined neurologically and mini mental state examination was applied to
      evaluate their cognitive functions. Mercury levels in fish were found to be below
      the national and international permitted levels. There was no statistically
      significant relation between mercury levels and the sea from which fish were
      caught. Hair mercury levels for all participants were within permitted ranges.
      However, hair mercury levels in both cities increased significantly with amount
      and frequency of fish consumption. A significant correlation was determined at
      correlation analysis between levels of fish consumption and hair mercury levels
      in the fishmongers and in the entire group (r = 0.32, p = 0.025; r = 0.23, p =
      0.023, respectively). Neurological examination results were normal, except for a
      decrease in deep tendon reflexes in some participants in both cities. There was
      no correlation between Standardized Mini Mental State Examination results and
      hair mercury levels. We conclude that establishing a monitoring system for
      mercury levels in fish and humans will be useful in terms of evaluating potential
      neurotoxic effects. 

PMID- 27353299
TI  - Protective effect of crocin against apoptosis induced by subchronic exposure of
      the rat vascular system to diazinon.
AB  - Research has suggested that natural antioxidant, crocin, an active ingredient of
      saffron, may protect against diazinon (DZN)-induced toxicity. Although increased
      production of lipid peroxidation by DZN in rat aorta has been shown previously,
      the effects of DZN on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in vascular system have
      not been evaluated. In this study, the effect of crocin on DZN-induced apoptosis
      in rat vascular system was investigated. The rats were divided into 7 groups:
      corn oil (control), DZN (15 mg/kg/day, gavage), crocin (12.5, 25, and 50
      mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) + DZN, vitamin E (200 IU/kg, i.p., 3 days a
      week) + DZN, and crocin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.). The treatments were continued for 4
      weeks. Levels of apoptotic (Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9) and antiapoptotic
      proteins (Bcl2) were analyzed by Western blotting. Transcript levels of Bax and
      Bcl2 genes were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain
      reaction. Results showed DZN-induced apoptosis by activation of caspase 9 and
      caspase 3 and by increasing the Bax/Bcl2 ratio (both protein and messenger RNA
      levels). Crocin and vitamin E inhibited apoptosis induced by DZN. In summary,
      subchronic exposure to DZN induced caspase-mediated apoptosis, and crocin reduced
      the toxic effects of DZN by inhibiting apoptosis in aortic tissue. 

PMID- 27353300
TI  - The effect of benzo[alpha]pyrene on expression and signaling cross talk of aryl
      hydrocarbon receptor and NFATc1 in mouse lung tissue.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potent environmental
      pollutants. Benzo[alpha]pyrene (B[alpha]P) is the major compound of PAHs that
      acts by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in cells. B[alpha]P is a known
      carcinogen and an immunotoxicant; however, its role with regard to nuclear factor
      of activated T cell (NFAT) pathway is unclear. AhR and NFAT signaling pathways
      have common roles in pathological functions in immunotoxicity and lung cancer. In
      this study, the effect of AhR activation on expression and signaling cross talk
      of AhR and NFATc1 pathways in mouse lung tissue has been investigated. METHODS:
      Swiss albino mice were randomly allocated to five groups and administered with
      cyclosporin A (CsA) and B[alpha]P for seven constitutive days. Animals were then
      killed, and lung tissues were obtained after washing the whole blood. Paraffin
      embedded blocks were prepared, and 5 um sections were cut for histopathological
      and immunohistochemical assessments. The results were scored by observer and
      digitally analyzed using ImageJ software. RESULTS: Our data showed that CsA
      administration resulted in a significant reduction of AhR expression. This effect
      was partly blocked in mice coadministrated with B[alpha]P and CsA. NFATc1
      expression was also reduced in CsA-treated animals. Furthermore, CsA inhibited
      the pathological effects of B[alpha]P in mouse lung tissue. CONCLUSION: AhR
      expression is dependent on NFATc1 activation, and NFATc1 inhibition remarkably
      decreases AhR expression. However, it seems that total expression of NFATc1 is
      not dependent on AhR expression or activation. Moreover, CsA can prevent
      B[alpha]P-induced lung tissue damage, and it remarkably decreases NFATc1
      expression. The results from this study point toward the molecular interactions
      of AhR and NFATc1 activation in lung tissue and the benefit of CsA treatment in
      B[alpha]P-induced lung damage.

PMID- 27353301
TI  - Combining machine learning and matching techniques to improve causal inference in
      program evaluation.
AB  - RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Program evaluations often utilize various
      matching approaches to emulate the randomization process for group assignment in
      experimental studies. Typically, the matching strategy is implemented, and then
      covariate balance is assessed before estimating treatment effects. This paper
      introduces a novel analytic framework utilizing a machine learning algorithm
      called optimal discriminant analysis (ODA) for assessing covariate balance and
      estimating treatment effects, once the matching strategy has been implemented.
      This framework holds several key advantages over the conventional approach:
      application to any variable metric and number of groups; insensitivity to skewed
      data or outliers; and use of accuracy measures applicable to all prognostic
      analyses. Moreover, ODA accepts analytic weights, thereby extending the
      methodology to any study design where weights are used for covariate adjustment
      or more precise (differential) outcome measurement. METHOD: One-to-one matching
      on the propensity score was used as the matching strategy. Covariate balance was
      assessed using standardized difference in means (conventional approach) and
      measures of classification accuracy (ODA). Treatment effects were estimated using
      ordinary least squares regression and ODA. RESULTS: Using empirical data, ODA
      produced results highly consistent with those obtained via the conventional
      methodology for assessing covariate balance and estimating treatment effects.
      CONCLUSIONS: When ODA is combined with matching techniques within a treatment
      effects framework, the results are consistent with conventional approaches.
      However, given that it provides additional dimensions and robustness to the
      analysis versus what can currently be achieved using conventional approaches, ODA
      offers an appealing alternative.

PMID- 27353302
TI  - Why are some cyano-based ionic liquids better glucose solvents than water?
AB  - Among different classes of ionic liquids (ILs), those with cyano-based anions
      have been of special interest due to their low viscosity and enhanced solvation
      ability for a large variety of compounds. Experimental results from this work
      reveal that the solubility of glucose in some of these ionic liquids may be
      higher than in water - a well-known solvent with enhanced capacity to dissolve
      mono- and disaccharides. This raises questions on the ability of cyano groups to
      establish strong hydrogen bonds with carbohydrates and on the optimal number of
      cyano groups at the IL anion that maximizes the solubility of glucose. In
      addition to experimental solubility data, these questions are addressed in this
      study using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular
      dynamics (MD) simulations. Through the calculation of the number of hydrogen
      bonds, coordination numbers, energies of interaction and radial and spatial
      distribution functions, it was possible to explain the experimental results and
      to show that the ability to favorably interact with glucose is driven by the
      polarity of each IL anion, with the optimal anion being dicyanamide. 

PMID- 27353303
TI  - A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and safety of
      treatment regimens for HIV-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis: is trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole a real option?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and
      meta-analysis of the literature to evaluate the efficacy and safety of therapies
      for cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected adults. The pyrimethamine plus
      sulfadiazine (P-S) combination is considered the mainstay therapy for cerebral
      toxoplasmosis and pyrimethamine plus clindamycin (P-C) is the most common
      alternative treatment. Although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) has
      potential advantages, its use is infrequent. METHODS: We searched PubMed and four
      other databases to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort
      studies. Two independent reviewers searched the databases, identified studies and
      extracted data. Risk ratios (RRs) were pooled across studies using random-effects
      models. RESULTS: Nine studies were included (five RCTs, three retrospective
      cohort studies and one prospective cohort study). In comparison to P-S, treatment
      with P-C or TMP-SMX was associated with similar rates of partial or complete
      clinical response [P-C: RR 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70-1.08; TMP-SMX:
      RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.78-1.21], radiological response (P-C: RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.82
      1.03), skin rash (P-C: RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.56-1.17; TMP-SMX: RR 0.17; 95% CI 0.02
      1.29), gastrointestinal impairment (P-C: RR 5.16; 95% CI 0.66-40.11), and drug
      discontinuation because of adverse events (P-C: RR 0.32; 95% CI 0.07-1.47). Liver
      impairment was more frequent with P-S than P-C (P-C vs. P-S: RR 0.48; 95% CI 0.24
      0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence fails to identify a superior regimen in
      terms of relative efficacy or safety for the treatment of HIV-associated cerebral
      toxoplasmosis. Use of TMP-SMX as preferred treatment may be consistent with the
      available evidence and other real-world considerations. Larger comparative
      studies are needed.

PMID- 27353304
TI  - Family history and perceived risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer,
      and depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Family history is a useful and inexpensive tool to assess risks of
      multifactorial diseases. Family history enables individualized disease
      prevention, but its effects on perceived risks of various diseases need to be
      understood in more detail. We examined how family history relates to perceived
      risk of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and depression,
      and whether these associations are independent of or moderated by
      sociodemographic factors, health behavior/weight status (smoking, alcohol
      consumption, physical activity, BMI [kg/m(2)]), or depressive symptoms. METHODS:
      Participants were Finnish 25-74-year-olds (N=6258) from a population-based
      FINRISK 2007 study. Perceived absolute lifetime risks (Brewer et al., 2004;
      Becker, 1974; Weinstein and Nicolich, 1993; Guttmacher et al., 2004; Yoon et al.,
      2002) and first-degree family history of CVD, diabetes, cancer and depression,
      and health behaviors were self-reported. Weight and height were measured in a
      health examination. RESULTS: Family history was most prevalent for cancer
      (36.7%), least for depression (19.6%). Perceived risk mean was highest for CVD
      (2.8), lowest for depression (2.0). Association between family history and
      perceived risk was strongest for diabetes (beta=0.34, P<0.001), weakest for
      depression (beta=0.19, P<0.001). Adjusting for sociodemographics, health
      behavior, and depressive symptoms did not change these associations. The
      association between family history and perceived risk tended to be stronger among
      younger than among older adults, but similar regardless of health behaviors or
      depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION: Association between family history and perceived
      risk varies across diseases. People's current understandings on heritability need
      to be acknowledged in risk communication practices. Future research should seek
      to identify effective strategies to combine familial and genetic risk
      communication in disease prevention.

PMID- 27353307
TI  - How do levels of nursing home adjustment differ by length of stay?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore how residents' adjustment is different
      depending on the length of stay in nursing homes. A total of 161 cognitively
      intact residents completed a survey questionnaire of the Nursing Home Adjustment
      Scale (NHAS) and demographic information. Controlling for activities of daily
      living function, a generalized linear model demonstrated that the levels of
      nursing home adjustment are different depending on the length of stay for nursing
      home residents. Residents who stayed 12 months or more (Groups 4 or 5) showed the
      highest NHAS scores, followed by the group who stayed under 3 months (Groups 1 or
      2), and those who stayed 3 months or more but under 12 months (Group 3) had the
      lowest NHAS scores. Knowing that residents' life adjustment might vary based on
      the length of stay, nursing home staff can identify residents' level of
      adjustment, predict their needs and implement interventions in a timely manner.

PMID- 27353306
TI  - Role of Cl- -HCO3- exchanger AE3 in intracellular pH homeostasis in cultured
      murine hippocampal neurons, and in crosstalk to adjacent astrocytes.
AB  - KEY POINTS: A polymorphism of human AE3 is associated with idiopathic generalized
      epilepsy. Knockout of AE3 in mice lowers the threshold for triggering epileptic
      seizures. The explanations for these effects are elusive. Comparisons of cells
      from wild-type vs. AE3-/- mice show that AE3 (present in hippocampal neurons, not
      astrocytes; mediates HCO3- efflux) enhances intracellular pH (pHi ) recovery
      (decrease) from alkali loads in neurons and, surprisingly, adjacent astrocytes.
      During metabolic acidosis (MAc), AE3 speeds initial acidification, but limits the
      extent of pHi decrease in neurons and astrocytes. AE3 speeds re-alkalization
      after removal of MAc in neurons and astrocytes, and speeds neuronal pHi recovery
      from an ammonium prepulse-induced acid load. We propose that neuronal AE3
      indirectly increases acid extrusion in (a) neurons via Cl- loading, and (b)
      astrocytes by somehow enhancing NBCe1 (major acid extruder). The latter would
      enhance depolarization-induced alkalinization of astrocytes, and extracellular
      acidification, and thereby reduce susceptibility to epileptic seizures. ABSTRACT:
      The anion exchanger AE3, expressed in hippocampal (HC) neurons but not
      astrocytes, contributes to intracellular pH (pHi ) regulation by facilitating the
      exchange of extracellular Cl- for intracellular HCO3- . The human AE3
      polymorphism A867D is associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Moreover,
      AE3 knockout (AE3-/- ) mice are more susceptible to epileptic seizure. The
      mechanism of these effects has been unclear because the starting pHi in AE3-/-
      and wild-type neurons is indistinguishable. The purpose of the present study was
      to use AE3-/- mice to investigate the role of AE3 in pHi homeostasis in HC
      neurons, co-cultured with astrocytes. We find that the presence of AE3 increases
      the acidification rate constant during pHi recovery from intracellular alkaline
      loads imposed by reducing [CO2 ]. The presence of AE3 also speeds intracellular
      acidification during the early phase of metabolic acidosis (MAc), not just in
      neurons but, surprisingly, in adjacent astrocytes. Additionally, AE3 contributes
      to braking the decrease in pHi later during MAc in both neurons and astrocytes.
      Paradoxically, AE3 enhances intracellular re-alkalization after MAc removal in
      neurons and astrocytes, and pHi recovery from an ammonium prepulse-induced acid
      load in neurons. The effects of AE3 knockout on astrocytic pHi homeostasis in MAc
      related assays require the presence of neurons, and are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the AE3 knockout reduces functional expression of astrocytic
      NBCe1. These findings suggest a new type of neuron-astrocyte communication, based
      on the expression of AE3 in neurons, which could explain how AE3 reduces seizure
      susceptibility.

PMID- 27353308
TI  - A Lack of Serotonin 1B Autoreceptors Results in Decreased Anxiety and Depression
      Related Behaviors.
AB  - The effects of serotonin (5-HT) on anxiety and depression are mediated by a
      number of 5-HT receptors, including autoreceptors that act to inhibit 5-HT
      release. While the majority of anxiety and depression-related research has
      focused on the 5-HT1A receptor, the 5-HT1B receptor has a lesser known role in
      modulating emotional behavior. 5-HT1B receptors are inhibitory GPCRs located on
      the presynaptic terminal of both serotonin and non-serotonin neurons, where they
      act to inhibit neurotransmitter release. The autoreceptor population located on
      the axon terminals of 5-HT neurons is a difficult population to study due to
      their diffuse localization throughout the brain that overlaps with 5-HT1B
      heteroreceptors (receptors located on non-serotonergic neurons). In order to
      study the contribution of 5-HT1B autoreceptors to anxiety and depression-related
      behaviors, we developed a genetic mouse model that allows for selective ablation
      of 5-HT1B autoreceptors. Mice lacking 5-HT1B autoreceptors displayed the expected
      increases in extracellular serotonin levels in the ventral hippocampus following
      administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. In behavioral
      studies, they displayed decreased anxiety-like behavior in the open field and
      antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim and sucrose preference tests.
      These results suggest that strategies aimed at blocking 5-HT1B autoreceptors may
      be useful for the treatment of anxiety and depression.

PMID- 27353309
TI  - Heightened Dopaminergic Response to Amphetamine at the D3 Dopamine Receptor in
      Methamphetamine Users.
AB  - Neuroimaging studies in stimulant use (eg, cocaine, methamphetamine) disorders
      show that diminished dopamine release by dopamine-elevating drugs is a potential
      marker of relapse and suggest that increasing dopamine at the D2/3 receptors may
      be therapeutically beneficial. In contrast, recent investigations indicate
      heightened D3 receptor levels in stimulant users prompting the view that D3
      antagonism may help prevent relapse. Here we tested whether a 'blunted' response
      to amphetamine in methamphetamine (MA) users extends to D3-rich brain areas.
      Fourteen MA users and 15 healthy controls completed two positron emission
      tomographic scans with a D3-preferring probe [11C]-(+)-PHNO at baseline and after
      amphetamine (0.4 mg/kg). Relative to healthy controls, MA users had greater
      decreases in [11C]-(+)-PHNO binding (increased dopamine release) after
      amphetamine in D3-rich substantia nigra (36 vs 20%, p=0.03) and globus pallidus
      (30 vs 17%, p=0.06), which correlated with self-reported 'drug wanting'. We did
      not observe a 'blunted' dopamine response to amphetamine in D2-rich striatum;
      however, drug use severity was negatively associated with amphetamine-induced
      striatal changes in [11C]-(+)-PHNO binding. Our study provides evidence that
      dopamine transmission in extrastriatal 'D3-areas' is not blunted but rather
      increased in MA users. Together with our previous finding of elevated D3 receptor
      level in MA users, the current observation suggests that greater dopaminergic
      transmission at the D3 dopamine receptor may contribute to motivation to use
      drugs and argues in favor of D3 antagonism as a possible therapeutic tool to
      reduce craving and relapse in MA addiction.

PMID- 27353310
TI  - GSK3beta Hyperactivity during an Early Critical Period Impairs Prefrontal
      Synaptic Plasticity and Induces Lasting Deficits in Spine Morphology and Working
      Memory.
AB  - Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the emergence of
      cognitive symptoms occurs during early adolescence. Glycogen synthase kinase
      3beta (GSK3beta) plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity during development
      and is highly implicated in the etiology of SZ. However, how GSK3beta activity
      affects synaptic plasticity and working memory function in the prefrontal cortex
      (PFC) during development remains unknown. Here we show a GSK3beta hyperactivity
      during the early postnatal period in a neurodevelopmental rat SZ model that
      receives gestational exposure (E17) to the neurotoxin methylazoxymethanol (MAM).
      Accompanied with this change, adult MAM rats exhibited a significant decrease in
      spine density as well as impaired working memory, which was rescued by treatment
      with a GSK3beta inhibitor during the juvenile period. Furthermore, the age
      dependent hyperactive GSK3beta caused a significant deficit in long-term
      potentiation (LTP) and facilitated long-term depression (LTD) in PFC pyramidal
      neurons. Notably, these changes in synaptic plasticity occurred only during the
      late juvenile period and were efficiently reversed by application of GSK3beta
      inhibitors. Because the balance of LTP and LTD plays a critical role in activity
      dependent synaptic stabilization and elimination during cortical development, the
      transient hyperactive GSK3beta likely accounts for the cortical spine loss and
      PFC-dependent cognitive deficits in adulthood. These results highlight the
      importance of the postnatal trajectory of GSK3beta for spine development and PFC
      function, and may shed light on the prophylactic treatment of cognitive symptoms
      in the SZ.

PMID- 27353311
TI  - Total joint replacement in haemophilia A patients with high titre of inhibitor
      using a new brand recombinant factor VIIa (Aryoseven((r)) ).

PMID- 27353312
TI  - Caring with evidence based medicine.

PMID- 27353313
TI  - Pyropia yezoensis glycoprotein promotes the M1 to M2 macrophage phenotypic switch
      via the STAT3 and STAT6 transcription factors.
AB  - Macrophage polarization has been well documented. Macrophages can aquire two
      phenotypes, the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, and the anti-inflammatory and
      wound healing M2 phenotype. The M1 macrophage phenotype has been linked to
      metabolic disease and is also associated with cancer-related inflammation. Of
      note, macrophage polarization can be influenced by the extracellular environment.
      In the current study, we examined the effects of Pyropia yezoensis glycoprotein
      (PYGP) on M1 to M2 macrophage polarization in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated
      macrophages. RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with LPS exhibited an upregulated
      expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, namely of the M1 markers, nitric oxide
      (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide synthase
      2 (NOS-2). Treatment with PYGP inhibited the production of M1 markers and
      increased arginase 1 (ARG1), chitinase-like 3 (Chil3; also known as Ym1),
      resistin like beta (RETNLB; also known as FIZZ1), IL-10, CD163, CD206, peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and Kruppel-like factor 4
      (KLF4) M2 marker gene expression. The signal transducer and activator of
      transcription (STAT)3 and STAT6 transcription factors were phosphorylated
      following treatment with PYGP. However, the silencing of STAT3 and STAT6 using
      siRNA in the macrophages decreased ARG1, Ym1 and FIZZ1 M2 marker gene expression
      in spite of treatment of PYGP. These findings suggest that PYGP exerts anti
      inflammatory effects by regulating the M1 to M2 phenotypic switch through STAT3
      and STAT6. Thus, PYGP may have potential for use as a natural remedy for
      inflammatory diseases. 

PMID- 27353314
TI  - Threshold for surgery to reduce ovarian cancer risk should be lowered, suggests
      study.

PMID- 27353315
TI  - Enhancing inhibitory learning to reduce overeating: Design and rationale of a cue
      exposure therapy trial in overweight and obese women.
AB  - The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased substantially over the
      last decades. Weight loss attempts in overweight individuals are common, though
      they seldom result in successful long-term weight loss. One very promising
      treatment is food cue exposure therapy, during which overweight individuals are
      repeatedly exposed to food-associated cues (e.g., the sight, smell and taste of
      high-calorie foods, overeating environments) without eating in order to
      extinguish cue-elicited appetitive responses to food cues. However, only few
      studies have tested the effectiveness of cue exposure, especially with regards to
      weight loss. For exposure treatment of anxiety disorders, it has been proposed
      that inhibitory learning is critical for exposure to be effective. In this RCT,
      we translated techniques proposed by Craske et al. (2014) to the appetitive
      domain and developed a novel cue exposure therapy for overeating aimed at
      maximizing inhibitory learning. The current RCT tested the effectiveness of this
      8-session cue exposure intervention relative to a control intervention in 45
      overweight adult (aged 18-60) females at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, of
      which 39 participants completed the study. Weight loss, eating psychopathology,
      food cue reactivity, and snacking behaviour were studied as main treatment
      outcomes, and mediators and moderators of treatment effects were studied. The
      presented study design represents an innovative effort to provide valuable
      clinical recommendations for the treatment of overeating and obesity.

PMID- 27353316
TI  - sigma(E) -dependent activation of RbpA controls transcription of the furA-katG
      operon in response to oxidative stress in mycobacteria.
AB  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis adopts various strategies to cope with oxidative
      stress during infection. Transcriptional regulators, including sigma factors,
      make important contributions to this stress response, but how these proteins
      cooperate with each other is largely unknown. In this study, the role of RbpA and
      its cooperation with sigma factors in response to oxidative stress are
      investigated. Knock down expression of rbpA in Mycobacterium smegmatis attenuated
      bacterial survival in the presence of H2 O2 . Additionally, transcription of the
      rbpA gene was induced by H2 O2 in a sigma(E) -dependent manner. After induction,
      RbpA interacts with the principal sigma factor, sigma(A) , to control the
      transcription of furA-katG operon, which encodes an H2 O2 scavenging enzyme.
      Moreover, this regulation is responsible for the role of sigma(E) in oxidative
      response because bacterial survival was attenuated and transcription of the furA
      katG operon was down-regulated with H2 O2 treatment in sigE deletion mutant
      (DeltasigE), and over-expression of RbpA in DeltasigE strain restored all of
      these phenotypes. Taken together, our study first illustrated a mechanism for
      sigma(E) in response to oxidative stress through regulation of rbpA
      transcription. This study was also the first to demonstrate that RbpA is required
      for the full response to oxidative stress by cooperating with the principal
      sigma(A) .

PMID- 27353317
TI  - Understanding the mechanisms underpinning health inequalities: lessons from
      economics.

PMID- 27353319
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptor is overexpressed in neuroblastoma tissues and
      cells.
AB  - Neuroblastoma is the most common abdominal malignant tumor in childhood.
      Immunotoxin (IT) that targets the tumor cell surface receptor is a new
      supplementary therapeutic treatment approach. The purpose of this study is to
      detect the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in neuroblastoma
      cell lines and tissues, and to explore if IT therapy can be used to treat
      refractory neuroblastoma. The EGFR expression in human neuroblastoma tissue
      samples was detected by immunohistochemistry staining. The positive rate of EGFR
      expression was 81.0% in neuroblastoma tissue and 50.0% in gangliocytoma,
      respectively, but without statistical significance between them (P > 0.05). The
      positive rate of EGFR expression in favorable type and unfavorable type was 62.5%
      and 92.3%, respectively, but they were not statistically different (P > 0.05).
      Results from pre-chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy samples showed that there was
      no significant statistical difference (P > 0.05) between them in the EGFR
      expression. Furthermore, the EGFR expression levels in five neuroblastoma cell
      lines were measured using cell-based ELISA assay and western blot analysis. The
      results showed that the expression of EGFR was higher in KP-N-NS and BE(2)-C than
      those in other cell lines. Our results revealed that there are consistent and
      widespread expressions of EGFR in neuroblastoma tissues as well as in
      neuroblastoma cell lines, suggesting that it is possible to develop future
      treatment strategies of neuroblastoma by targeting at the EGFR. 

PMID- 27353320
TI  - Cathelicidin PR-39 peptide inhibits hypoxia/reperfusion-induced kidney cell
      apoptosis by suppression of the endoplasmic reticulum-stress pathway.
AB  - Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of acute kidney damage, which
      often occurs in deceased donor kidney transplants. Cathelicidin PR-39 peptide
      possesses anti-inflammatory and wound repair effects through tissue angiogenesis
      and anti-apoptosis. This study assessed the role of PR-39 in anti-apoptosis in
      vitro using a lentiviral vector with a kidney specific promoter (KSP) to drive PR
      39 expression. Our data revealed that PR-39 peptide was specifically over
      expressed in kidney-derived HK-2 cells, but was scarcely detected in non-kidney
      tissue-derived cells. PR-39 over-expression had a protective role in the
      hypoxia/re-oxygenation (H/R) treated cells. The anti-apoptotic activity of PR-39
      peptide was mediated by the inhibition of caspase-2, caspase-12 and caspase-3
      activity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptotic pathway. It
      was also revealed that the anti-apoptotic effect of PR-39 peptide was mediated by
      an apoptosis-related protein, cellular inhibitor apoptosis protein-2 (c-IAP-2).
      Taken together, the current data demonstrate that PR-39 expression driven by KSP
      could prevent kidney damage (apoptosis) from IRI via the ER stress-induced
      apoptotic pathway. 

PMID- 27353321
TI  - Diagnosis and management of iatrogenic cardiac perforation caused by pacemaker
      and defibrillator leads.
AB  - Aims: Cardiac perforations caused by pacemaker or implantable cardioverter
      defibrillator (ICD) leads are uncommon but potentially fatal events. The optimal
      approach to such cases is unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the
      optimal imaging modality and management strategy for cardiac perforation. Methods
      and results: All patients presenting to a single institution with cardiac
      perforation >24 h since implant between 2011 and 2015 were identified
      retrospectively. Assessment of the diagnostic performance of pre-extraction chest
      radiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and computed tomography (CT)
      was carried out by blinded review. The method of lead extraction and any
      associated complications were examined. Eighteen cases of cardiac perforation
      were identified from 426 lead extraction procedures. Sixteen patients had
      abnormal electrical parameters at device interrogation. In all cases, the
      perforating lead was an active fixation model, and in four cases, this was an ICD
      coil. The accuracy of CT imaging for the diagnosis of cardiac perforation was
      92.9%, with sensitivity and specificity of 100 and 85.7%, respectively. This was
      superior to both TTE (accuracy 62.7%, sensitivity and specificity 41.2 and 84.2%,
      respectively) and chest radiography (accuracy 61.1%, sensitivity and specificity
      27.7 and 94.4%, respectively). Transvenous lead extraction (TLE) was performed in
      17 patients, and a hybrid surgical approach in 1 patient. Of those who underwent
      TLE, there was 100% complete procedural success as per Heart Rhythm Society
      definitions. Conclusion: In the setting of cardiac perforation, CT is the imaging
      modality of choice. Transvenous lead extraction can be recommended as a safe,
      efficacious, and versatile intervention.

PMID- 27353322
TI  - Long-term benefit of first-line peri-implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
      implant ventricular tachycardia-substrate ablation in secondary prevention
      patients.
AB  - Aims: This study assessed the benefit of peri-implantable cardioverter
      defibrillator implant ventricular tachycardia (VT)-substrate ablation in patients
      with structural heart disease (SHD). Methods and results: Patients with SHD and
      indication for secondary prevention ICD implant were prospectively included.
      Patients presenting with incessant and/or slow VT or frequent (>=2) VT episodes
      who underwent peri-ICD VT-substrate ablation (the scar dechannelling technique)
      were compared with those who received ICD alone and did not meet ablation
      criteria. The primary endpoint was any sustained VT/ICD therapy during follow-up.
      Of 206 patients included (43.2% non-ischaemic), 70 were assigned to ablation and
      136 received ICD implant alone. During a mean follow-up of 45.6 +/- 24.7 months,
      the primary endpoint was more frequent in the non-ablation group (47.1 vs. 22.9%;
      P< 0.0001). Higher VT recurrence-free survival rate [log-rank P= 0.001; HR = 0.42
      (0.24-0.73), P= 0.002] and ICD shock-free survival rate [log-rank P= 0.007; HR =
      0.36 (0.17-0.78); P = 0.01] were observed in the ablation group. Higher relative
      risk reduction was observed in ischaemic [HR = 0.38 (0.18-0.83); P = 0.015] vs.
      non-ischaemic patients [HR = 0.49 (0.23-1.01); P = 0.08]. Patients with left
      ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <35% showed no differences in VT recurrence
      between treatment groups (log-rank P = 0.213) although VT burden during follow-up
      was lower in the ablation group [median (interquartile range) 1 (1-3) vs. 4 (1
      10) VT episodes; P = 0.05]. Conclusion: First-line peri-ICD implant VT-substrate
      ablation was associated with decreased VT recurrence and ICD shocks during long
      term follow-up in patients with SHD and indication for secondary prevention ICD
      implant, especially in ischaemic patients. In patients with LVEF <35%, no benefit
      was observed in terms of VT recurrence-free survival, although VT burden during
      follow-up was lower in the ablation group.

PMID- 27353323
TI  - Wound haematoma following defibrillator implantation: incidence and predictors in
      the Shockless Implant Evaluation (SIMPLE) trial.
AB  - Aims: Pocket haematoma is a common complication after defibrillator [implantable
      cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)] implantation, which is not only painful, but
      also increases the risk of device-related infection, and possibly embolic events.
      The present study seeks to evaluate the rate and predictors of clinically
      significant pocket haematoma. Methods and results: This study included 2500
      patients receiving an ICD in the SIMPLE trial. A clinically significant pocket
      haematoma was defined as a haematoma that required re-operation or interruption
      of oral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy. Clinically significant pocket haematoma
      occurred in 56 of 2500 patients (2.2%) of which 6 (10.7%) developed device
      related infection. Patients who developed pocket haematoma were older (mean age
      67.6 +/- 8.8 years vs. 62.7 +/- 11.6 years, P < 0.001), were more likely to have
      permanent atrial fibrillation (30.4 vs. 6.7%, P < 0.001) and a history of stroke
      (17.9 vs. 6.7%, P = 0.004), or were more likely to receive peri-operative OAC
      (50.0 vs. 28.4%, P < 0.001), unfractionated heparin (16.1 vs. 5.2%, P = 0.003),
      or low-molecular-weight heparin (37.5 vs. 17.5%, P < 0.001). Independent
      predictors of wound haematoma on multivariable analysis included the use of
      heparin bridging (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.48-4.73, P = 0.001), sub-pectoral location of
      ICD (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.12-3.57, P =0.020), previous stroke (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.20
      5.10, P = 0.015), an upgrade from permanent pacemaker (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.07-5.94,
      P = 0.035), and older age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.06, P = 0.049). Conclusion:
      Pocket haematoma remains an important complication of ICD implantation and is
      associated with a high risk of infection. Independent predictors of pocket
      haematoma include heparin bridging, prior stroke, sub-pectoral placement of ICD,
      older age, and upgrade from a pacemaker.

PMID- 27353324
TI  - Impact of surround flow catheter tip irrigation in contact force ablation on the
      incidence of asymptomatic oesophageal lesions after atrial fibrillation ablation:
      a prospective comparative study.
AB  - Aims: Aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a recently introduced
      contact force ablation catheter with modified irrigation technology compared with
      a conventionally irrigated ablation catheter on the incidence of endoscopically
      detected oesophageal lesions (EDEL). Methods and results: Patients with
      symptomatic, drug-refractory paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF)
      who underwent left atrial radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation were
      prospectively enrolled. Patients were ablated using a single-tip RF contact force
      ablation catheter with conventional irrigation (Group 1; n = 50) or with a
      recently introduced intensified 'surround flow' irrigation technology (Group 2; n
      = 50). Assessment of EDEL was performed by oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in all
      patients after ablation. A total of 100 patients (mean age 63.6 +/- 12.1 years;
      men 58%) with paroxysmal (n = 41; 41%) or persistent AF were included. Groups 1
      and 2 patients were comparable in regard to baseline characteristics and
      procedural parameters, especially ablation time at posterior left atrial wall.
      Overall, 13 patients (13%) developed EDEL after AF ablation (8 oesophageal
      ulcerations, 5 erythema). The incidence of EDEL including oesophageal ulcerations
      was higher in Group 2 compared with Group 1 patients without statistical
      significance (18 vs. 8%, P = 0.23). One pericardial tamponade and one access site
      bleeding occurred in Group 2. No further adverse events were reported in both
      groups. Conclusion: According to these preliminary results, the use of an
      improved ablation catheter irrigation technology (surround flow) in conjunction
      with contact force measurement was associated with a higher but not statistically
      significant probability of oesophageal thermal lesions. Further studies including
      larger patient cohorts are needed.

PMID- 27353325
TI  - Long-term outcomes after event-free cardioverter defibrillator implantation:
      comparison between patients discharged within 24 h and routinely hospitalized
      patients in the German DEVICE registry.
AB  - Aims: To analyse the long-term safety of implantable cardioverter defibrillators
      (ICDs) in patients discharged within 24 h or after 2- 5-day hospitalization,
      respectively, after complication-free implantation, in circumstances of actual
      care. Methods and results: Patients in the multicentre, nationwide German DEVICE
      registry were contacted 12-15 months after their first ICD implantation or device
      replacement. Data were collected on complications, potential arrhythmic events,
      syncope, resuscitation, ablation procedures, cardiac events, hospitalizations,
      heart failure status, change of medication, and quality of life. Of 2356 patients
      from 43 centres, 527 patients were discharged within 24 h and 1829 were
      hospitalized routinely for >24 h after complication-free implantations. The
      disease profiles and rates of co-morbidities were similar at baseline for both
      cohorts. During between 384 and 543 days of follow-up, there were no significant
      differences between the groups in terms of complications, hospitalizations, or
      quality of life. One-year rates of death were 4.5% in patients discharged early
      compared with 7.2% in hospitalized patients (hazard ratio 0.65; 95% confidence
      interval 0.42-1.02; P = 0.052). Rates of major adverse cardiovascular events or
      defibrillator events were not higher in patients discharged after 24 h. In both
      groups, a high rate of patients declared that they would opt for the procedure
      again in the same situation. Conclusion: Data from a large-scale registry
      reflecting current day-to-day practice in Germany suggest that most patients can
      be discharged safely within 24 h of successful ICD implantation if there are no
      procedure-related events. Follow-up data up to 1.5 years after implantation did
      not raise long-term safety concerns.

PMID- 27353326
TI  - Multiple P-TEFbs cooperatively regulate the release of promoter-proximally paused
      RNA polymerase II.
AB  - The association of DSIF and NELF with initiated RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) is the
      general mechanism for inducing promoter-proximal pausing of Pol II. However, it
      remains largely unclear how the paused Pol II is released in response to
      stimulation. Here, we show that the release of the paused Pol II is cooperatively
      regulated by multiple P-TEFbs which are recruited by bromodomain-containing
      protein Brd4 and super elongation complex (SEC) via different recruitment
      mechanisms. Upon stimulation, Brd4 recruits P-TEFb to Spt5/DSIF via a recruitment
      pathway consisting of Med1, Med23 and Tat-SF1, whereas SEC recruits P-TEFb to
      NELF-A and NELF-E via Paf1c and Med26, respectively. P-TEFb-mediated
      phosphorylation of Spt5, NELF-A and NELF-E results in the dissociation of NELF
      from Pol II, thereby transiting transcription from pausing to elongation.
      Additionally, we demonstrate that P-TEFb-mediated Ser2 phosphorylation of Pol II
      is dispensable for pause release. Therefore, our studies reveal a co-regulatory
      mechanism of Brd4 and SEC in modulating the transcriptional pause release by
      recruiting multiple P-TEFbs via a Mediator- and Paf1c-coordinated recruitment
      network.

PMID- 27353327
TI  - Prior knowledge transfer across transcriptional data sets and technologies using
      compositional statistics yields new mislabelled ovarian cell line.
AB  - Here, we describe gene expression compositional assignment (GECA), a powerful,
      yet simple method based on compositional statistics that can validate the
      transfer of prior knowledge, such as gene lists, into independent data sets,
      platforms and technologies. Transcriptional profiling has been used to derive
      gene lists that stratify patients into prognostic molecular subgroups and assess
      biomarker performance in the pre-clinical setting. Archived public data sets are
      an invaluable resource for subsequent in silico validation, though their use can
      lead to data integration issues. We show that GECA can be used without the need
      for normalising expression levels between data sets and can outperform rank-based
      correlation methods. To validate GECA, we demonstrate its success in the cross
      platform transfer of gene lists in different domains including: bladder cancer
      staging, tumour site of origin and mislabelled cell lines. We also show its
      effectiveness in transferring an epithelial ovarian cancer prognostic gene
      signature across technologies, from a microarray to a next-generation sequencing
      setting. In a final case study, we predict the tumour site of origin and
      histopathology of epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines. In particular, we
      identify and validate the commonly-used cell line OVCAR-5 as non-ovarian, being
      gastrointestinal in origin. GECA is available as an open-source R package.

PMID- 27353328
TI  - Optimizing sgRNA position markedly improves the efficiency of CRISPR/dCas9
      mediated transcriptional repression.
AB  - CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) represents a newly developed tool for targeted gene
      repression. It has great application potential for studying gene function and
      mapping gene regulatory elements. However, the optimal parameters for efficient
      single guide RNA (sgRNA) design for CRISPRi are not fully defined. In this study,
      we systematically assessed how sgRNA position affects the efficiency of CRISPRi
      in human cells. We analyzed 155 sgRNAs targeting 41 genes and found that CRISPRi
      efficiency relies heavily on the precise recruitment of the effector complex to
      the target gene transcription start site (TSS). Importantly, we demonstrate that
      the FANTOM5/CAGE promoter atlas represents the most reliable source of TSS
      annotations for this purpose. We also show that the proximity to the FANTOM5/CAGE
      defined TSS predicts sgRNA functionality on a genome-wide scale. Moreover, we
      found that once the correct TSS is identified, CRISPRi efficiency can be further
      improved by considering sgRNA sequence preferences. Lastly, we demonstrate that
      CRISPRi sgRNA functionality largely depends on the chromatin accessibility of a
      target site, with high efficiency focused in the regions of open chromatin. In
      summary, our work provides a framework for efficient CRISPRi assay design based
      on functionally defined TSSs and features of the target site chromatin.

PMID- 27353329
TI  - Blue light-mediated transcriptional activation and repression of gene expression
      in bacteria.
AB  - Light-regulated modules offer unprecedented new ways to control cellular behavior
      in precise spatial and temporal resolution. The availability of such tools may
      dramatically accelerate the progression of synthetic biology applications.
      Nonetheless, current optogenetic toolbox of prokaryotes has potential issues such
      as lack of rapid and switchable control, less portable, low dynamic expression
      and limited parts. To address these shortcomings, we have engineered a novel
      bidirectional promoter system for Escherichia coli that can be induced or
      repressed rapidly and reversibly using the blue light dependent DNA-binding
      protein EL222. We demonstrated that by modulating the dosage of light pulses or
      intensity we could control the level of gene expression precisely. We show that
      both light-inducible and repressible system can function in parallel with high
      spatial precision in a single cell and can be switched stably between ON- and OFF
      states by repetitive pulses of blue light. In addition, the light-inducible and
      repressible expression kinetics were quantitatively analysed using a mathematical
      model. We further apply the system, for the first time, to optogenetically
      synchronize two receiver cells performing different logic behaviors over time
      using blue light as a molecular clock signal. Overall, our modular approach
      layers a transformative platform for next-generation light-controllable synthetic
      biology systems in prokaryotes.

PMID- 27353330
TI  - SLIRP stabilizes LRPPRC via an RRM-PPR protein interface.
AB  - LRPPRC is a protein that has attracted interest both for its role in post
      transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial gene expression and more recently
      because numerous mutated variants have been characterized as causing severe
      infantile mitochondrial neurodegeneration. LRPPRC belongs to the
      pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein family, originally defined by their RNA
      binding capacity, and forms a complex with SLIRP that harbours an RNA recognition
      motif (RRM) domain. We show here that LRPPRC displays a broad and strong RNA
      binding capacity in vitro in contrast to SLIRP that associates only weakly with
      RNA. The LRPPRC-SLIRP complex comprises a hetero-dimer via interactions by polar
      amino acids in the single RRM domain of SLIRP and three neighbouring PPR motifs
      in the second quarter of LRPPRC, which critically contribute to the LRPPRC-SLIRP
      binding interface to enhance its stability. Unexpectedly, specific amino acids at
      this interface are located within the PPRs of LRPPRC at positions predicted to
      interact with RNA and within the RNP1 motif of SLIRP's RRM domain. Our findings
      thus unexpectedly establish that despite the prediction that these residues in
      LRPPRC and SLIRP should bind RNA, they are instead used to facilitate protein
      protein interactions, enabling the formation of a stable complex between these
      two proteins.

PMID- 27353331
TI  - Homology directed repair is unaffected by the absence of siRNAs in Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) defend the organism against harmful transcripts
      from exogenous (e.g. viral) or endogenous (e.g. transposons) sources. Recent
      publications describe the production of siRNAs induced by DNA double-strand
      breaks (DSB) in Neurospora crassa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila melanogaster
      and human cells, which suggests a conserved function. A current hypothesis is
      that break-induced small RNAs ensure efficient homologous recombination (HR).
      However, biogenesis of siRNAs is often intertwined with other small RNA species,
      such as microRNAs (miRNAs), which complicates interpretation of experimental
      results. In Drosophila, siRNAs are produced by Dcr-2 while miRNAs are processed
      by Dcr-1. Thus, it is possible to probe siRNA function without miRNA
      deregulation. We therefore examined DNA double-strand break repair after
      perturbation of siRNA biogenesis in cultured Drosophila cells as well as mutant
      flies. Our assays comprised reporters for the single-strand annealing pathway,
      homologous recombination and sensitivity to the DSB-inducing drug camptothecin.
      We could not detect any repair defects caused by the lack of siRNAs derived from
      the broken DNA locus. Since production of these siRNAs depends on local
      transcription, they may thus participate in RNA metabolism-an established
      function of siRNAs-rather than DNA repair.

PMID- 27353332
TI  - Frequent occurrence of large duplications at reciprocal genomic rearrangement
      breakpoints in multiple myeloma and other tumors.
AB  - Using a combination of array comparative genomic hybridization, mate pair and
      cloned sequences, and FISH analyses, we have identified in multiple myeloma cell
      lines and tumors a novel and recurrent type of genomic rearrangement, i.e.
      interchromosomal rearrangements (translocations or insertions) and
      intrachromosomal inversions that contain long (1-4000 kb; median ~100 kb)
      identical sequences adjacent to both reciprocal breakpoint junctions. These
      duplicated sequences were generated from sequences immediately adjacent to the
      breakpoint from at least one-but sometimes both-chromosomal donor site(s). Tandem
      duplications had a similar size distribution suggesting the possibility of a
      shared mechanism for generating duplicated sequences at breakpoints. Although
      about 25% of apparent secondary rearrangements contained these duplications,
      primary IGH translocations rarely, if ever, had large duplications at breakpoint
      junctions. Significantly, these duplications often contain super-enhancers and/or
      oncogenes (e.g. MYC) that are dysregulated by rearrangements during tumor
      progression. We also found that long identical sequences often were identified at
      both reciprocal breakpoint junctions in six of eight other tumor types. Finally,
      we have been unable to find reports of similar kinds of rearrangements in wild
      type or mutant prokaryotes or lower eukaryotes such as yeast.

PMID- 27353333
TI  - The aggrecanopathies; an evolving phenotypic spectrum of human genetic skeletal
      diseases.
AB  - The large chondroitin sulphated proteoglycan aggrecan (ACAN) is the most abundant
      non-collagenous protein in cartilage and is essential for its structure and
      function. Mutations in ACAN result in a broad phenotypic spectrum of non-lethal
      skeletal dysplasias including spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia,
      spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, familial osteochondritis dissecans and various
      undefined short stature syndromes associated with accelerated bone maturation.
      However, very little is currently known about the disease pathways that underlie
      these aggrecanopathies, although they are likely to be a combination of
      haploinsufficiency and dominant-negative (neomorphic) mechanisms. This review
      discusses the known human and animal aggrecanopathies in the context of clinical
      presentation and potential disease mechanisms.

PMID- 27353334
TI  - Bacteriophage cocktail and multi-strain probiotics in the feed for weanling pigs:
      effects on intestine morphology and targeted intestinal coliforms and
      Clostridium.
AB  - Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary
      supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail, probiotics and a combination of these
      two supplements on performance and gut health of weanling pigs. In Experiment 1,
      150 weaned piglets were randomly allotted to three treatments on the basis of BW.
      The dietary treatments included a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1.0
      and 1.5 g/kg bacteriophage cocktail. Pigs fed 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg bacteriophage
      product had greater (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG), apparent total tract
      digestibility of dry matter from day 22 to 35, ileal Lactobacillus spp., villus
      height (duodenum and jejunum), and fewer coliforms (ileum) and Clostridium spp.
      (ileum). In Experiment 2, 200 weaned piglets were randomly allotted to four
      treatments. Dietary treatments included basal diet, basal diet supplemented with
      3.0 g/kg fermented probiotic product (P), 1.0 g/kg bacteriophage cocktail (B) and
      combination of 1.0 g/kg bacteriophage cocktail and 3.0 g/kg fermented probiotic
      product. Pigs fed bacteriophage cocktail diets had greater (P<0.05) overall ADG,
      gain to feed ratio (G : F), fecal score from day 8 to day 21, and pigs fed
      bacteriophage cocktail diets had fewer coliforms (ileum) Clostridium spp. (ileum
      and cecum). Probiotics significantly increased G : F, colonization of
      Lactobacillus spp. in ileum. At day 35, bacteriophage treatment group showed
      greater (P<0.05) villus height of the duodenum, but a deeper crypt in duodenum.
      The present results indicate that the bacteriophage cocktail had a potential to
      enhance the performance and gut health of weanling pigs, however their
      combination with probiotics did not show an interaction.

PMID- 27353335
TI  - Stimulation map for control of functional grasp based on multi-channel EMG
      recordings.
AB  - Transcutaneous activation of muscles with electrical stimulation has limited
      selectivity in recruiting paralyzed muscles in stroke patients. However, the
      selectivity could be increased by the application of smaller electrodes and their
      appropriate positioning on the skin. We developed a method for selecting the
      appropriate positions of the stimulating electrodes based on electromyography
      (EMG). The EMG activity maps were estimated from signals recorded with two
      electrode arrays and two 24-channel wearable amplifiers positioned on the
      nonparetic and paretic forearms. The areas where the difference between the EMG
      maps obtained from the nonparetic and paretic arms was significant were
      identified as the stimulation sites. The stimulation was applied through array
      electrodes with magnetic holders and two wearable stimulators with four output
      channels each. The measures of functionality included joint angles measured with
      goniometers (hand opening) and grasp force measured with a multi-contact
      dynamometer (grasping). The stimulation protocol comprised co-activation of
      flexors and extensors to stabilize the wrist joint and prevent
      pronation/supination.

PMID- 27353336
TI  - The role of dendritic cells in male reproductive tract.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells.
      The central role of various DC subsets as bridges between innate and adaptive
      immunity has become more and more evident. However, the role of DC subsets in
      male reproductive tract remains largely unexplored, in particular distinct DC
      subsets (including myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs), their maturation stage, and
      tissue distribution, as well as state of health or disease. Furthermore,
      infection and inflammation of male genital tract are thought to be a primary
      etiological factor of male infertility. This review sheds some light on this
      complex and rapidly growing field. It summarized the recent findings and deals
      with the characterization and role of DCs in male reproductive tract, that is,
      testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicle, semen, and foreskin, which might
      help to understand the immunopathological mechanisms of male infertility and
      design effective vaccines for male reproductive health.

PMID- 27353337
TI  - Multifunction Sr, Co and F co-doped microporous coating on titanium of
      antibacterial, angiogenic and osteogenic activities.
AB  - Advanced multifunction titanium (Ti) based bone implant with antibacterial,
      angiogenic and osteogenic activities is stringently needed in clinic, which may
      be accomplished via incorporation of proper inorganic bioactive elements. In this
      work, microporous TiO2/calcium-phosphate coating on Ti doped with strontium,
      cobalt and fluorine (SCF-TiCP) was developed, which had a hierarchical micro/nano
      structure with a microporous structure evenly covered with nano-grains. SCF-TiCP
      greatly inhibited the colonization and growth of both gram-positive and gram
      negative bacteria. No cytotoxicity appeared for SCF-TiCP. Furthermore, SCF-TiCP
      stimulated the expression of key angiogenic factors in rat bone marrow stem cells
      (MSCs) and dramatically enhanced MSC osteogenic differentiation. The in vivo
      animal test displayed that SCF-TiCP induced more new bone and tighter
      implant/bone bonding. In conclusion, multifunction SCF-TiCP of antibacterial,
      angiogenic and osteogenic activities is a promising orthopedic and dental Ti
      implant coating for improved clinical performance.

PMID- 27353338
TI  - Toxicities and effects of insecticidal toxic baits to control Drosophila suzukii
      and Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii is a primary insect pest that causes direct damage
      to fruits with a thin epidermis such as strawberries, cherries and blueberries.
      In strawberry fields, the co-occurrence of D. suzukii and Zaprionus indianus has
      increased production losses. This study evaluated the toxicities and effects of
      insecticidal baits to control adults and larvae of both D. suzukii and Z.
      indianus. RESULTS: Organophosphate (dimethoate and malathion), spinosyn (spinosad
      and spinetoram), pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and diamide (cyantraniliprole)
      insecticides exhibited high toxicity to both adults and larvae of D. suzukii and
      Z. indianus (mortality >80%) in topical and dip bioassays. However, when the
      insecticides were mixed with a feeding attractant, a positive effect was observed
      only for adults of D. suzukii. Insecticides containing neonicotinoids
      (acetamiprid and thiamethoxam) and pyrolle (chlorfenapyr) caused intermediate
      mortality to adults of D. suzukii (40-60%) and low mortality for Z. indianus
      (mortality <23%); however, these compounds reduced the larval infestation of the
      two species by 55-86%. Botanical (azadirachtin) and sulphur insecticides
      exhibited low toxicity (mortality <40%) on adults and larvae of both species.
      CONCLUSION: Dimethoate, malathion, spinosad, spinetoram, lambda-cyhalothrin and
      cyantraniliprole are highly toxic to both larvae and adults of D. suzukii and Z.
      indianus. The use of toxic baits for adults of D. suzukii could be an alternative
      in management of this species. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27353339
TI  - Salusin-beta contributes to vascular inflammation associated with pulmonary
      arterial hypertension in rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Inflammation is closely linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension
      (PAH). Salusin-beta, a bioactive peptide, has been reported to participate in
      vascular inflammation. We therefore hypothesized that salusin-beta contributes to
      monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH in rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were
      treated with MCT (60 mg kg(-1), single intraperitoneal injection). Salusin-beta
      expression in the lungs of the MCT-treated rats was evaluated using
      immunofluorescence staining, western blot, and real-time PCR. For salusin-beta
      blockade assay, rats injected with MCT were given a chronic infusion of anti
      salusin-beta immunoglobulin G (IgG) (salusin-beta blocker, 1.0 MUg kg(-1) h(-1))
      or isotype-matched control IgG. Four weeks after MCT+anti-salusin-beta treatment,
      the effects of salusin-beta blockade were determined using hemodynamics, western
      blot, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemical detection. The effect of salusin
      beta on human pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (HPAEC) function was detected
      by adhesion and tube formation experiments in vitro. RESULTS: Salusin-beta
      expression was significantly increased in the lungs of the MCT-treated rats, and
      immunofluorescence results showed that salusin-beta was predominantly expressed
      in pulmonary macrophages and vascular endothelial cells. Salusin-beta blockade
      significantly ameliorated PAH by acting against pulmonary vascular remodeling,
      decreasing macrophage infiltration, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine
      expression and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activity in the lungs of the
      MCT-treated rats. In addition, salusin-beta could induce cell adhesion and
      accelerate angiogenesis by activating the NF-kappaB pathway and promoting pro
      inflammatory cytokine expression in the cultured HPAECs. This effect was
      suppressed by addition of the NF-kappaB inhibitor, N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
      CONCLUSIONS: Salusin-beta plays a crucial role in the development of MCT-induced
      PAH models.

PMID- 27353340
TI  - Involvement of Oct4 in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic dissection via
      inducing the dedifferentiated phenotype of human aortic smooth muscle cells by
      directly upregulating KLF5.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Oct4 in human thoracic aortic
      dissection (TAD) and the regulation mechanisms of Oct4 on phenotype transition of
      human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). METHODS: Aortic samples from TAD
      patients (n = 12) and organ donors (n = 6) were collected. qRT-PCR, western blot,
      and immunohistochemistry were performed to identify Oct4 expression in aortic
      media. Immunofluorescence was performed to analyze Oct4 expression in primary
      HASMCs. Oct4A and Oct4B isoforms were detected. Gain-of-function experiments were
      performed to determine the effects of Oct4 on HASMC phenotype transition.
      Chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase assay, and rescue experiments were
      performed to analyze mechanisms of Oct4 on HASMC phenotype transition. RESULTS:
      Oct4 expression levels, especially the Oct4A isoform, were significantly higher
      in TAD patients compared with normal controls. Notably, Oct4 presented a strong
      and strict nuclear localization in primary HASMCs of TAD patients but a mild and
      diffuse distribution in both cytoplasm and nucleus in the control group.
      Overexpression of Oct4 induced dedifferentiation of HASMCs characterized by
      decreased contractile proteins and elevated migration capability. Kruppel-like
      factor 5 (KLF5) was found to be a directly regulated target gene of Oct4 in
      HASMCs. Furthermore, downregulation of KLF5 significantly alleviated the effects
      of Oct4 on phenotype transition of HASMCs. CONCLUSIONS: Oct4 expression was
      significantly upregulated in aortic tissues and primary HASMCs of TAD patients.
      The increased Oct4 induced phenotype transition of HASMCs from the contractile
      type to the synthetic type by directly upregulating KLF5.

PMID- 27353341
TI  - Drug repurposing for chronic myeloid leukemia: in silico and in vitro
      investigation of DrugBank database for allosteric Bcr-Abl inhibitors.
AB  - Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by chromosomal rearrangement resulting
      in the expression of Bcr-Abl fusion protein with deregulated Abl tyrosine kinase
      activity. Approved drugs - imatinib, dasatinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib - target
      the ATP-binding site of Abl kinase. Even though these drugs are initially
      effective, long-term usefulness is limited by the development of resistance. To
      overcome this problem, targeting the allosteric site of Abl kinase, which is
      remote from the ATP-binding site is found to be a useful strategy. In this study,
      structure-based and ligand-based virtual screening methods were applied to narrow
      down possible drugs (from DrugBank database) that could target the allosteric
      site of Abl kinase. Detailed investigations of the selected drugs in the
      allosteric site of Abl kinase, using molecular dynamics and steered molecular
      dynamics simulation shows that gefitinib, an EGFR inhibitor approved for the
      treatment of lung cancer, could bind effectively to the allosteric site of Bcr
      Abl. More interestingly, gefitinib was found to enhance the ability of imatinib
      to bind at the ATP-binding site of Bcr-Abl kinase. Based on the in silico
      findings, gefitinib was tested in combination with imatinib in K562 CML cell line
      using MTT cell proliferation assay and found to have a synergistic
      antiproliferative activity. Further detailed mechanistic study could help to
      unravel the full potential of imatinib - gefitinib combination for the treatment
      of CML.

PMID- 27353342
TI  - Facile synthesis of complex shaped Pt-Cu alloy architectures.
AB  - Several intricate Pt-Cu alloy architectures have been synthesized including
      hexapod backbones with stretchers and caved octahedron like hexapods, as well as
      some other intermediates with complex structures. The mechanistic study indicates
      that the shape is realized via a competitive effect between etching and growth
      induced by different chemicals. 

PMID- 27353343
TI  - Tsunami-generated magnetic fields may constrain focal mechanisms of earthquakes.
AB  - A geomagnetic observatory named SFEMS is being operated on the deep seafloor in
      the northwest Pacific since August, 2001. SFEMS is capable of measuring both
      scalar and vector geomagnetic fields as well as the seafloor instrument's precise
      attitudes, which makes it a powerful tool in detecting the so-called oceanic
      dynamo effect. It was found that SFEMS captured clear magnetic signals generated
      by the giant tsunamis of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake even for an epicentral
      distance of larger than 1500 km. Here we report estimates of the focal mechanism
      of a closer tsunamigenic earthquake in January, 2007 on the seaward slope of the
      Kuril Trench using tsunami-generated variations in the observed downward magnetic
      component. Three-dimensional solutions of the tsunami-generated magnetic
      components were calculated by a new numerical code based on non-uniform thin
      sheet approximation and particle motions of seawater using the linear Boussinesq
      approximation. As a result, a southeast dipping fault alone reproduced the
      dispersive nature of the downward magnetic component, while any northwest dipping
      faults could not. This implies that the tsunami-generated electromagnetic fields
      are useful for determination of focal mechanisms of tsunamigenic earthquakes,
      since fault dips are one of the most difficult source parameters to estimate even
      in modern seismology.

PMID- 27353344
TI  - Iminoguanidines as Allosteric Inhibitors of the Iron-Regulated Heme Oxygenase
      (HemO) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - New therapeutic targets are required to combat multidrug resistant infections,
      such as the iron-regulated heme oxygenase (HemO) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, due
      to links between iron and virulence and dependence on heme as an iron source
      during infection. Herein we report the synthesis and activity of a series of
      iminoguanidine-based inhibitors of HemO. Compound 23 showed a binding affinity of
      5.7 MUM and an MIC50 of 52.3 MUg/mL against P. aeruginosa PAO1. An in cellulo
      activity assay was developed by coupling HemO activity to a biliverdin-IXalpha
      dependent infrared fluorescent protein, in which compound 23 showed an EC50 of
      11.3 MUM. The compounds showed increased activity against clinical isolates of P.
      aeruginosa, further confirming the target pathway. This class of inhibitors acts
      by binding to an allosteric site; the novel binding site is proposed in silico
      and supported by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR as well as by hydrogen
      exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS).

PMID- 27353346
TI  - Three-dimensional microscopic analysis of clinical prostate specimens.
AB  - AIMS: Microscopic evaluation of prostate specimens for both clinical and research
      purposes is generally performed on 5-MUm-thick tissue sections. Because cross
      sections give a two-dimensional (2D) representation, little is known about the
      actual underlying three-dimensional (3D) architectural features of benign
      prostate tissue and prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to show that
      a combination of tissue-clearing protocols and confocal microscopy can
      successfully be applied to investigate the 3D architecture of human prostate
      tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS: Optical clearing of intact fresh and formalin-fixed
      paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical prostate specimens allowed us to visualize
      tissue structures up to a depth of 800 MUm, whereas, in uncleared tissue,
      detection of fluorescence was only possible up to 70 MUm. Fluorescent labelling
      with a general nuclear dye and antibodies against cytokeratin (CK) 5 and CK8-18
      resulted in comprehensive 3D imaging of benign peripheral and transition prostate
      zones, as well as individual PCa growth patterns. After staining, clearing, and
      imaging, samples could still be processed for 2D (immuno)histochemical staining
      and DNA analysis, enabling additional molecular and diagnostic characterization
      of small tissue specimens. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the applicability of 3D
      imaging to archival FFPE and fresh clinical specimens offers unlimited
      opportunities to study clinical and biological topics of interest in their actual
      3D context.

PMID- 27353345
TI  - Site-specific covalent modifications of human insulin by catechol estrogens:
      Reactivity and induced structural and functional changes.
AB  - Proteins, covalently modified by catechol estrogens (CEs), were identified
      recently from the blood serum of diabetic patients and referred to as
      estrogenized proteins. Estrogenization of circulating insulin may occur and
      affect its molecular functioning. Here, the chemical reactivity of CEs towards
      specific amino acid residues of proteins and the structural and functional
      changes induced by the estrogenization of insulin were studied using cyclic
      voltammetry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, circular dichroism
      spectroscopy, molecular modeling, and bioassays. Our results indicate that CEs,
      namely, 2- and 4-hydroxyl estrogens, were thermodynamically and kinetically more
      reactive than the catechol moiety. Upon co-incubation, intact insulin formed a
      substantial number of adducts with one or multiple CEs via covalent conjugation
      at its Cys 7 in the A or B chain, as well as at His10 or Lys29 in the B chain.
      Such conjugation was coupled with the cleavage of inter-chain disulfide linkages.
      Estrogenization on these sites may block the receptor-binding pockets of insulin.
      Insulin signaling and glucose uptake levels were lower in MCF-7 cells treated
      with modified insulin than in cells treated with native insulin. Taken together,
      our findings demonstrate that insulin molecules are susceptible to active
      estrogenization, and that such modification may alter the action of insulin.

PMID- 27353348
TI  - A Validated HPLC Method for the Determination of Linagliptin in Rat Plasma.
      Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study.
AB  - A sensitive and reproducible HPLC method for the determination of linagliptin
      (LNG) in rat plasma was developed and validated using pindolol (PIN) as the
      internal standard. Both LNG and PIN were separated on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18
      column kept at ambient temperature using as mobile phase a combination of 75%
      methanol: 25% formic acid 0.1% pH 4.1 at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 UV detection
      was performed at 254 nm. The method was validated in compliance with ICH
      guidelines and found to be linear in the range of 5-1,000 ng mL-1 The limit of
      quantification (LOQ) was found to be 5 ng mL-1 based on 100 uL of plasma. The
      variations for intra- and inter-assay precision were <10%, and the accuracy
      values were ranged between 93.3 and 102.5%. The extraction recovery (R%) was
      >83%. The assay was successfully applied to an in vivo pharmacokinetic study of
      LNG in rats that were administered a single oral dose of 10 mg kg-1 LNG. The
      maximum concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-time
      curve (AUC0-72) were 927.5 +/- 23.9 and 18,285.02 +/- 605.76 ng mL-1,
      respectively.

PMID- 27353347
TI  - Development of a spherically focused phased array transducer for ultrasonic image
      guided hyperthermia.
AB  - A 1.5 MHz prolate spheroidal therapeutic array with 128 circular elements was
      designed to accommodate standard imaging arrays for ultrasonic image-guided
      hyperthermia. The implementation of this dual-array system integrates real-time
      therapeutic and imaging functions with a single ultrasound system (Vantage 256,
      Verasonics). To facilitate applications involving small animal imaging and
      therapy the array was designed to have a beam depth of field smaller than 3.5 mm
      and to electronically steer over distances greater than 1 cm in both the axial
      and lateral directions. In order to achieve the required f number of 0.69, 1-3
      piezocomposite modules were mated within the transducer housing. The performance
      of the prototype array was experimentally evaluated with excellent agreement with
      numerical simulation. A focal volume (2.70 mm (axial)  *  0.65 mm (transverse)  *
      0.35 mm (transverse)) defined by the  -6 dB focal intensity was obtained to
      address the dimensions needed for small animal therapy. An electronic beam
      steering range defined by the  -3 dB focal peak intensity (17 mm (axial)  *  14
      mm (transverse)  *  12 mm (transverse)) and  -8 dB lateral grating lobes (24 mm
      (axial)  *  18 mm (transverse)  *  16 mm (transverse)) was achieved. The combined
      testing of imaging and therapeutic functions confirmed well-controlled local
      heating generation and imaging in a tissue mimicking phantom. This dual-array
      implementation offers a practical means to achieve hyperthermia and ablation in
      small animal models and can be incorporated within protocols for ultrasound
      mediated drug delivery.

PMID- 27353349
TI  - Development and Multi-laboratory Verification of US EPA Method 543 for the
      Analysis of Drinking Water Contaminants by Online Solid Phase Extraction-LC-MS
      MS.
AB  - A drinking water method for seven pesticides and pesticide degradates is
      presented that addresses the occurrence monitoring needs of the US Environmental
      Protection Agency (EPA) for a future Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
      Regulation (UCMR). The method employs online solid phase extraction-liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS-MS). Online SPE-LC-MS-MS has
      the potential to offer cost-effective, faster, more sensitive and more rugged
      methods than the traditional offline SPE approach due to complete automation of
      the SPE process, as well as seamless integration with the LC-MS-MS system. The
      method uses 2-chloroacetamide, ascorbic acid and Trizma to preserve the drinking
      water samples for up to 28 days. The mean recoveries in drinking water (from a
      surface water source) fortified with method analytes are 87.1-112% with relative
      standard deviations of <14%. Single laboratory lowest concentration minimum
      reporting levels of 0.27-1.7 ng/L are demonstrated with this methodology. Multi
      laboratory data are presented that demonstrate method ruggedness and
      transferability. The final method meets all of the EPA's UCMR survey requirements
      for sample collection and storage, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity.

PMID- 27353350
TI  - HIV Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral-Naive Patients in Mexico After 10 Years: Is
      There a Difference?
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the extent of resistance to antiretroviral
      (ARV) drugs among the population in Mexico before and after 2005. The mutations
      and drug resistance database of Stanford University were used for analyzing drug
      resistance tests that had been performed on HIV treatment-naive patients. The
      sequences obtained were divided into group 1 (isolated in 2002-2003) and group 2
      (isolated in 2010-2014). Both groups showed 14% similarity in resistance
      mutations. In both groups, mutations in N88D protease inhibitor were identified,
      D67N and T69D were found for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs),
      and K103N was found for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In both
      groups, the resistance to ARV drugs was 7.4%. Both groups showed resistance to
      nelfinavir, efavirenz, and nevirapine. The prevalence of resistance to ARV
      therapy remained stable from 2002 to 2014. However, a marked reduction in
      resistance to NRTIs was observed for the same period.

PMID- 27353351
TI  - The erosion of nursing in Dutch mental health care: a critique on the
      proliferation of psychologists.

PMID- 27353352
TI  - Masked hypertension and allograft function in pediatric and young adults kidney
      transplant recipients.
AB  - Masked hypertension is a common complication of pediatric kidney transplantation.
      While office hypertension is known to be associated with worse short- and long
      term graft function, the role of masked hypertension in allograft dysfunction is
      not clear. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 77
      consecutive pediatric kidney transplant recipients who had routine 24-h
      ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with the aims to estimate the prevalence of
      masked hypertension and examine its association with allograft function. Masked
      hypertension was defined as a 24-h systolic or diastolic blood pressure load
      >=25%. Twenty-nine percent of patients had masked hypertension. Patients with
      masked hypertension had significantly lower allograft function estimated using
      the creatinine-based Schwartz-Lyon formula, a cystatin C-based formula, and
      combined cystatin C and creatinine-based formulas than patients with normal blood
      pressure (all p values <0.05). In a multivariable analysis, masked hypertension
      remained independently associated with worse allograft function after adjustment
      for age, sex, race, time post-transplant, rejection history, antihypertensive
      treatment, and hemoglobin level. We conclude that in young kidney transplant
      recipients, masked hypertension is common and is associated with worse allograft
      function. These results support the case for routine ambulatory blood pressure
      monitoring as the standard of care in these patients to detect and treat masked
      hypertension.

PMID- 27353353
TI  - Quantitative projection of human brain penetration of the H3 antagonist PF
      03654746 by integrating rat-derived brain partitioning and PET receptor
      occupancy.
AB  - 1. Unbound brain drug concentration (Cb,u), a valid surrogate of interstitial
      fluid drug concentration (CISF), cannot be directly determined in humans, which
      limits accurately defining the human Cb,u:Cp,u of investigational molecules. 2.
      For the H3R antagonist (1R,3R)-N-ethyl-3-fluoro-3-[3-fluoro-4-(pyrrolidin-1
      lmethyl)phenyl]cyclobutane-1-carboxamide (PF-03654746), we interrogated Cb,u:Cp,u
      in humans and nonhuman primate (NHP). 3. In rat, PF-03654746 achieved net blood
      brain barrier (BBB) equilibrium (Cb,u:Cp,u of 2.11). 4. In NHP and humans, the
      PET receptor occupancy-based Cp,u IC50 of PF-03654746 was 0.99 nM and 0.31 nM,
      respectively, which were 2.1- and 7.4-fold lower than its in vitro human H3 Ki
      (2.3 nM). 5. In an attempt to understand this higher-than-expected potency in
      humans and NHP, rat-derived Cb,u:Cp,u of PF-03654746 was integrated with Cp,u
      IC50 to identify unbound (neuro) potency of PF-03654746, nIC50. 6. The nIC50 of
      PF-03654746 was 2.1 nM in NHP and 0.66 nM in human which better correlated (1.1-
      and 3.49-fold lower) with in vitro human H3 Ki (2.3 nM). 7. This correlation of
      the nIC50 and in vitro hH3 Ki suggested the translation of net BBB equilibrium of
      PF-03654746 from rat to NHP and humans, and confirmed the use of Cp,u as a
      reliable surrogate of Cb,u. 8. Thus, nIC50 quantitatively informed the human
      Cb,u:Cp,u of PF-03654746.

PMID- 27353355
TI  - Immune response to recombinant Leishmania infantum lipophosphoglycan 3 plus CpG
      oligodeoxynucleotides in BALB/c mice.
AB  - Development of a protective antileishmanial vaccine is an urgent priority for
      successful control of different forms of leishmaniasis. The potential of a
      recombinant lipophosphoglycan 3 (rLPG3) expressed by Leishmania tarentolae was
      evaluated in combination with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) as a Th1
      promoting adjuvant against Leishmania infantum infection in BALB/c mice. First,
      mice were immunized subcutaneously with rLPG3 either alone or in combination with
      CpG-ODN. Next, the immunogenic and protective efficacies of this vaccine were
      analysed in immunized mice. It was observed that coadministration of rLPG3 with
      CpG-ODN led to enhance in a Th1 response to rLPG3 induced by itself as the IFN
      gamma production was promoted in association with the predominant presence of
      IgG2a antibodies in the sera. However, immunization with rLPG3 plus CpG-ODN
      induced partial protection against infectious challenge in BALB/c mice. Taken
      together, further studies are required to improve the protective efficacy using
      either more potent immune enhancers or vaccination strategies.

PMID- 27353354
TI  - Transcriptome profiling of the rat retina after optic nerve transection.
AB  - Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases characterized by alterations in the contour
      of the optic nerve head (ONH), with corresponding visual field defects and
      progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This progressive RGC death is
      considered to originate in axonal injury caused by compression of the axon
      bundles in the ONH. However, the molecular pathomechanisms of axonal injury
      induced RGC death are not yet well understood. Here, we used RNA sequencing (RNA
      seq) to examine transcriptome changes in rat retinas 2 days after optic nerve
      transection (ONT), and then used computational techniques to predict the
      resulting alterations in the transcriptional regulatory network. RNA-seq revealed
      267 differentially expressed genes after ONT, 218 of which were annotated and 49
      unannotated. We also identified differentially expressed transcripts, including
      potentially novel isoforms. An in silico pathway analysis predicted that CREB1
      was the most significant upstream regulator. Thus, this study identified genes
      and pathways that may be involved in the pathomechanisms of axonal injury. We
      believe that our data should serve as a valuable resource to understand the
      molecular processes that define axonal injury-driven RGC death and to discover
      novel therapeutic targets for glaucoma.

PMID- 27353356
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of prodigiosin is attributable to plasma-membrane damage.
AB  - The bacterial pigment prodigiosin has various biological activities; it is, for
      instance, an effective antimicrobial. Here, we investigate the primary site
      targeted by prodigiosin, using the cells of microbial pathogens of humans as
      model systems: Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus.
      Inhibitory concentrations of prodigiosin; leakage of intracellular K+ ions, amino
      acids, proteins and sugars; impacts on activities of proteases, catalases and
      oxidases; and changes in surface appearance of pathogen cells were determined.
      Prodigiosin was highly inhibitory (30% growth rate reduction of C. albicans, E.
      coli, S. aureus at 0.3, 100 and 0.18 MUg ml-1, respectively); caused leakage of
      intracellular substances (most severe in S. aureus); was highly inhibitory to
      each enzyme; and caused changes to S. aureus indicative of cell-surface damage.
      Collectively, these findings suggest that prodigiosin, log Poctanol-water 5.16,
      is not a toxin but is a hydrophobic stressor able to disrupt the plasma membrane
      via a chaotropicity-mediated mode-of-action.

PMID- 27353358
TI  - Balloon angioplasty versus Viabahn stent graft for treatment of failing or
      thrombosed prosthetic hemodialysis grafts.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of stent graft placement to balloon angioplasty
      for the treatment of stenosis at the venous anastomosis of failing and thrombosed
      prosthetic hemodialysis grafts. METHODS: This prospective, multicenter trial
      included 293 patients randomized (1:1) to the stent graft (n = 145) or balloon
      angioplasty (n = 148) group for treatment of stenosis at the venous anastomosis
      of dysfunctional (n = 164) or thrombosed (n = 129) hemodialysis grafts. The
      primary study end point was target lesion primary patency at 6 months;
      participants were followed for up to 24 months. Primary patency of the access
      circuit was a secondary end point. Statistical analysis of effectiveness was
      performed using both the intent-to-treat population and the effectiveness-per
      protocol (EPP) populations for primary patency end points. Statistical analysis
      of additional effectiveness end points was performed using the EPP population.
      RESULTS: The 6-month target lesion primary patency was statistically greater in
      the stent graft group than the balloon angioplasty group (intent-to-treat, 51.6%
      vs 34.2% [P = .006]; EPP, 52.9% vs 35.5% [P = .008]). Compared with the
      angioplasty group, the stent graft group increased the median time from the index
      procedure to the next intervention on the target lesion by 95 days (203 vs 108
      days). Patients with dysfunctional (stenotic) grafts had higher target lesion
      primary patency compared with patients with thrombosed grafts regardless of
      treatment (EPP, stent graft, 64.6% vs 36.1% and balloon angioplasty, 45.8% vs
      23.5%). When compared with angioplasty, using a stent graft for treatment of a
      venous anastomotic stenosis of a thrombosed graft increased the 6-month target
      lesion primary patency by 53.6% (EPP, 36.1% vs 23.5%). CONCLUSIONS: When compared
      with balloon angioplasty, a stent graft provided superior target lesion primary
      patency at 6 months for treatment of venous anastomotic stenoses of dysfunctional
      and thrombosed prosthetic hemodialysis grafts.

PMID- 27353359
TI  - Autonomic outcome is better after endarterectomy than after stenting in patients
      with asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Carotid endarterectomy and stenting have comparable efficacy in stroke
      prevention in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. In patients with carotid stenosis,
      cardiac events have a more than threefold higher incidence than cerebrovascular
      events. Autonomic dysfunction predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality,
      and carotid stenosis interferes with baroreceptor and chemoreceptor function. We
      assessed the effect of elective carotid revascularization (endarterectomy vs
      stenting) on autonomic function as a major prognostic factor of cardiovascular
      health. METHODS: In 42 patients with >=70% asymptomatic extracranial carotid
      stenosis, autonomic function was determined by analysis of heart rate variability
      (total band power [TP], high frequency band power [HF], low-frequency band power
      [LF], very low frequency band power [VLF]), baroreflex sensitivity (alphaHF,
      alphaLF), respiratory chemoreflex sensitivity (central apnea-hypopnea index), and
      cardiac chemoreflex sensitivity (hyperoxic TP, HF, LF, and VLF ratios) before and
      30 days after revascularization. RESULTS: Patients with endarterectomy were older
      than patients with stenting (69 +/- 7 vs 62 +/- 7 years; P <= .008) but did not
      differ in gender distribution and preintervention autonomic function. Compared
      with stenting, postintervention heart rate variability was higher (ln TP, 6.7
      [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.3-7.0] vs 6.1 [95% CI, 5.8-6.5; P <= .009]; ln
      HF, 4.5 [95% CI, 4.1-5.0] vs 4.0 [95% CI, 3.4-4.5; P <= .05]; ln VLF, 6.0 [95%
      CI, 5.7-6.4] vs 5.5 [95% CI, 5.2-5.9; P <= .02]); respiratory chemoreflex
      sensitivity (central apnea-hypopnea index, 5.5 [95% CI, 2.8-8.2] vs 10.0 [95% CI,
      6.9-13.1; P <=. 01]) and cardiac chemoreflex sensitivity (TP ratio, 1.2 [95% CI,
      1.1-1.3] vs 1.0 [95% CI, 0.9-1.0; P <= .0001]; HF ratio, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.2-1.5] vs
      0.9 [95% CI, 0.8-1.1; P <= .001]; LF ratio, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.3-1.6] vs 1.0 [95% CI,
      0.8-1.1; P <= .0001]; VLF ratio, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1-1.3) vs 1.0 [95% CI, 0.9-1.1; P
      <= .002]) were lower after endarterectomy. Postintervention baroreflex
      sensitivity did not differ after endarterectomy and stenting. CONCLUSIONS:
      Autonomic function was better after endarterectomy than after stenting. Better
      autonomic function after endarterectomy was based on restoration of chemoreceptor
      but not baroreceptor function and may improve cardiovascular long-term outcome.

PMID- 27353357
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa in premise plumbing of large buildings.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that is widely
      occurring in the environment and is recognized for its capacity to form or join
      biofilms. The present review consolidates current knowledge on P. aeruginosa
      ecology and its implication in healthcare facilities premise plumbing. The
      adaptability of P. aeruginosa and its capacity to integrate the biofilm from the
      faucet and the drain highlight the role premise plumbing devices can play in
      promoting growth and persistence. A meta-analysis of P. aeruginosa prevalence in
      faucets (manual and electronic) and drains reveals the large variation in device
      positivity reported and suggest the high variability in the sampling approach and
      context as the main reason for this variation. The effects of the operating
      conditions that prevail within water distribution systems (disinfection,
      temperature, and hydraulic regime) on the persistence of P. aeruginosa are
      summarized. As a result from the review, recommendations for proactive control
      measures of water contamination by P. aeruginosa are presented. A better
      understanding of the ecology of P. aeruginosa and key influencing factors in
      premise plumbing are essential to identify culprit areas and implement effective
      control measures.

PMID- 27353361
TI  - Conservation and Diversification of the SHR-SCR-SCL23 Regulatory Network in the
      Development of the Functional Endodermis in Arabidopsis Shoots.
AB  - Development of the functional endodermis of Arabidopsis thaliana roots is
      controlled, in part, by GRAS transcription factors, namely SHORT-ROOT (SHR),
      SCARECROW (SCR), and SCARECROW-LIKE 23 (SCL23). Recently, it has been shown that
      the SHR-SCR-SCL23 regulatory module is also essential for specification of the
      endodermis (known as the bundle sheath) in leaves. Nevertheless, compared with
      what is known about the role of the SHR-SCR-SCL23 regulatory network in roots,
      the molecular interactions of SHR, SCR, and SCL23 are much less understood in
      shoots. Here, we show that SHR forms protein complexes with SCL23 to regulate
      transcription of SCL23 in shoots, similar to the regulation mode of SCR
      expression. Our results indicate that SHR acts as master regulator to directly
      activate the expression of SCR and SCL23. In the SHR-SCR-SCL23 network, we found
      a previously uncharacterized negative feedback loop whereby SCL23 modulates SHR
      levels. Through molecular, genetic, physiological, and morphological analyses, we
      also reveal that the SHR-SCR-SCL23 module plays a key role in the formation of
      the endodermis (known as the starch sheath) in hypocotyls. Taken together, our
      results provide new insights into the regulatory role of the SHR-SCR-SCL23
      network in the endodermis development in both roots and shoots.

PMID- 27353360
TI  - The FNIP co-chaperones decelerate the Hsp90 chaperone cycle and enhance drug
      binding.
AB  - Heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) is an essential molecular chaperone in eukaryotes
      involved in maintaining the stability and activity of numerous signalling
      proteins, also known as clients. Hsp90 ATPase activity is essential for its
      chaperone function and it is regulated by co-chaperones. Here we show that the
      tumour suppressor FLCN is an Hsp90 client protein and its binding partners
      FNIP1/FNIP2 function as co-chaperones. FNIPs decelerate the chaperone cycle,
      facilitating FLCN interaction with Hsp90, consequently ensuring FLCN stability.
      FNIPs compete with the activating co-chaperone Aha1 for binding to Hsp90, thereby
      providing a reciprocal regulatory mechanism for chaperoning of client proteins.
      Lastly, downregulation of FNIPs desensitizes cancer cells to Hsp90 inhibitors,
      whereas FNIPs overexpression in renal tumours compared with adjacent normal
      tissues correlates with enhanced binding of Hsp90 to its inhibitors. Our findings
      suggest that FNIPs expression can potentially serve as a predictive indicator of
      tumour response to Hsp90 inhibitors.

PMID- 27353362
TI  - PTOX Mediates Novel Pathways of Electron Transport in Etioplasts of Arabidopsis.
AB  - The immutans (im) variegation mutant of Arabidopsis defines the gene for PTOX
      (plastid terminal oxidase), a versatile plastoquinol oxidase in chloroplast
      membranes. In this report we used im to gain insight into the function of PTOX in
      etioplasts of dark-grown seedlings. We discovered that PTOX helps control the
      redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool in these organelles, and that it plays
      an essential role in etioplast metabolism by participating in the desaturation
      reactions of carotenogenesis and in one or more redox pathways mediated by PGR5
      (PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5) and NDH (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase), both of which are
      central players in cyclic electron transport. We propose that these elements
      couple PTOX with electron flow from NAD(P)H to oxygen, and by analogy to
      chlororespiration (in chloroplasts) and chromorespiration (in chromoplasts), we
      suggest that they define a respiratory process in etioplasts that we have termed
      "etiorespiration". We further show that the redox state of the PQ pool in
      etioplasts might control chlorophyll biosynthesis, perhaps by participating in
      mechanisms of retrograde (plastid-to-nucleus) signaling that coordinate
      biosynthetic and photoprotective activities required to poise the etioplast for
      light development. We conclude that PTOX is an important component of metabolism
      and redox sensing in etioplasts.

PMID- 27353363
TI  - Tumor microenvironment on the move and the Aselli connection.
AB  - The tumor microenvironment is involved in many activities that promote tumor cell
      growth, local spreading, and metastasis. In this issue of Science Signaling, Jung
      et al found that lymphangiogenesis may result from the cooperation of two
      molecules, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2), produced by
      tumor cells and macrophages, respectively. The new S1P-LCN2 axis stresses the
      importance of innate immunity in remodeling the tumor microenvironment and in
      lymphangiogenesis.

PMID- 27353364
TI  - Lipocalin 2 from macrophages stimulated by tumor cell-derived sphingosine 1
      phosphate promotes lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis.
AB  - Tumor cell-derived factors skew macrophages toward a tumor-supporting phenotype
      associated with the secretion of protumorigenic mediators. Apoptosing tumor cells
      release sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which stimulates the production of
      lipocalin 2 (LCN2) in tumor-associated macrophages and is associated with tumor
      metastasis. We explored the mechanism by which S1P induces LCN2 in macrophages
      and investigated how this contributed to tumor growth and metastasis. Knockdown
      of S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) in primary human macrophages and experiments with bone
      marrow-derived macrophages from S1PR1-deficient mice showed that S1P signaled
      through S1PR1 to induce LCN2 expression. The LCN2 promoter contains a consensus
      sequence for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and
      deletion of the STAT3 recognition sequence reduced expression of an LCN2
      controlled reporter gene. Conditioned medium from coculture experiments indicated
      that the release of LCN2 from macrophages induced tube formation and
      proliferation in cultures of primary human lymphatic endothelial cells in a
      manner dependent on the kinase PI3K and subsequent induction of the growth factor
      VEGFC, which functioned as an autocrine signal stimulating the receptor VEGFR3.
      Knockout of Lcn2 attenuated tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and breast tumor
      metastasis both in the breast cancer model MMTV-PyMT mice and in mice bearing
      orthotopic wild-type tumors. Our findings indicate that macrophages respond to
      dying tumor cells by producing signals that promote lymphangiogenesis, which
      enables metastasis.

PMID- 27353366
TI  - The adaptor protein CIN85 assembles intracellular signaling clusters for B cell
      activation.
AB  - The adaptor molecule Cbl-interacting protein of 85 kD (CIN85) regulates signaling
      from a number of cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors and
      antigen receptors on lymphocytes. Because of its multidomain structure, CIN85 is
      thought to act as a classical adaptor protein that connects functionally distinct
      components of a given signaling pathway through diverse protein domains. However,
      we found that in B lymphocytes, CIN85 functions to oligomerize SLP-65, which is
      the central effector protein of the B cell receptor (BCR). Therefore, CIN85
      trimerizes through a carboxyl-terminal, coiled-coil domain. The multiple Src
      homology 3 (SH3) domains of trimeric CIN85 molecules associated with multiple SLP
      65 molecules, which recruited further CIN85 trimers, thereby perpetuating the
      oligomerization process. Formation of this oligomeric signaling complex in
      resting B cells rendered the cells poised for the efficient initiation of
      intracellular signaling upon BCR stimulation. Our data suggest that the
      functionality of signaling cascades does not rely solely on the qualitative
      linkage of their various components but requires a critical number of effectors
      to become concentrated in signaling complexes.

PMID- 27353365
TI  - The ER structural protein Rtn4A stabilizes and enhances signaling through the
      receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB3.
AB  - ErbB3 and ErbB4 are receptor tyrosine kinases that are activated by the
      neuregulin (NRG) family of growth factors. These receptors govern various
      developmental processes, and their dysregulation contributes to several human
      disease states. The abundance of ErbB3 and ErbB4, and thus signaling through
      these receptors, is limited by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nrdp1, which targets ErbB3
      and ErbB4 for degradation. Reticulons are proteins that influence the morphology
      of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by promoting the formation of tubules, a
      response of cells to some stressors. We found that the ER structural protein
      reticulon 4A (Rtn4A, also known as Nogo-A) increased ErbB3 abundance and
      proliferative signaling by suppressing Nrdp1 function. Rtn4A interacted with
      Nrdp1 and stabilized ErbB3 in an Nrdp1-dependent manner. Rtn4A overexpression
      induced the redistribution of Nrdp1 from a cytosolic or perinuclear localization
      to ER tubules. Rtn4A knockdown in human breast tumor cells decreased ErbB3
      abundance, NRG-stimulated signaling, and cellular proliferation and migration.
      Because proteins destined for the plasma membrane are primarily synthesized in
      the sheet portions of the ER, our observations suggest that Rtn4A counteracts the
      Nrdp1-mediated degradation of ErbB3 by sequestering the ubiquitin ligase into ER
      tubules. The involvement of a reticulon suggests a molecular link between ER
      structure and the sensitivity of cells to receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated
      survival signals at the cell surface.

PMID- 27353367
TI  - The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic
      stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: results of a randomized
      controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous research indicates a high prevalence of post-traumatic
      stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among refugees. Eye movement
      desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective treatment for PTSD for
      victims of natural disasters, car accidents or other traumatic events. The
      current study examined the effect of EMDR on symptoms of PTSD and depression by
      comparing the treatment with a wait-list control condition in Syrian refugees.
      METHOD: Adult refugees located in Kilis Refugee Camp at the Turkish-Syrian border
      with a PTSD diagnosis were randomly allocated to either EMDR (n = 37) or wait
      list control (n = 33) conditions. All participants were assessed with the Mini
      International Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus at pre-intervention, at 1 week
      after finishing the intervention and at 5 weeks after finishing the intervention.
      The main outcome measures were the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) and the
      Impact of Event Scale-Revised. The Beck Depression Inventory and the Hopkins
      Symptoms Checklist-25 were included as secondary outcome measures. The Trial
      Registration no. is NCT01847742. RESULTS: Mixed-model analyses adjusted for the
      baseline scores indicated a significant effect of group at post-treatment
      indicating that the EMDR therapy group showed a significantly larger reduction of
      PTSD symptoms as assessed with the HTQ. Similar findings were found on the other
      outcome measures. There was no effect of time or group * time interaction on any
      measure, showing that the difference between the groups at the post-treatment was
      maintained to the 5-week follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: EMDR may be effective in
      reducing PTSD and depression symptoms among Syrian refugees with PTSD located in
      a refugee camp.

PMID- 27353368
TI  - Long-Term Palliative Effect of Stenting in Gastric Outlet Obstruction Due to
      Transarterial Chemoembolization with Yttrium-90 in a Patient with Metastatic
      Neuroendocrine Tumor.
AB  - Internal radioembolization with yttrium-90 is a promising treatment method,
      predominantly for liver tumors. However, the shifting of yttrium-90-loaded
      spherules into the arteries and veins that supply the duodenum and stomach,
      leading to ulceration, hemorrhage, perforation, and outlet obstruction of these
      organs, is one of the major undesirable consequences of this technique. We report
      a case of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) due to antropyloric stenosis with
      ulceration, edema, and inflammation following transarterial yttrium-90 treatment
      for a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor in a 58-year-old man. Stenting was used for
      palliation in this case. GOO improved after stenting and recovery of oral intake
      was permanent after stent removal.

PMID- 27353370
TI  - Photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran by TiO2-coated activated carbon: Model
      for kinetic, electrical energy per order and economic analysis.
AB  - The photocatalytic removal of carbofuran (CBF) from aqueous solution in the
      presence of granular activated carbon supported TiO2 (GAC-TiO2) catalyst was
      investigated under batch-mode experiments. The presence of GAC enhanced the
      photocatalytic efficiency of the TiO2 catalyst. Experiments were conducted at
      different concentrations of CBF to clarify the dependence of apparent rate
      constant (kapp) in the pseudo first-order kinetics on CBF photodegradation. The
      general relationship between the adsorption equilibrium constant (K) and reaction
      rate constant (kr) were explained by using the modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L
      H) model. From the observed kinetics, it was observed that the surface reaction
      was the rate limiting step in the GAC-TiO2 catalyzed photodegradation of CBF. The
      values of K and kr for this pseudo first-order reaction were found to be 0.1942 L
      mg(-1) and 1.51 mg L(-1) min(-1), respectively. In addition, the dependence of
      kapp on the half-life time was determined by calculating the electrical energy
      per order experimentally (EEO experimental) and also by modeling (EEO model). The
      batch-mode experimental outcomes revealed the possibility of 100% CBF removal
      (under optimized conditions and at an initial concentration of 50 mg L(-1) and
      100 mg L(-1)) at a contact time of 90 min and 120 min, respectively. Both L-H
      kinetic model and EEO model fitted well with the batch-mode experimental data and
      also elucidated successfully the phenomena of photocatalytic degradation in the
      presence of GAC-TiO2 catalyst. 

PMID- 27353369
TI  - Evaluation of Faecalibacterium 16S rDNA genetic markers for accurate
      identification of swine faecal waste by quantitative PCR.
AB  - A genetic marker within the 16S rRNA gene of Faecalibacterium was identified for
      use in a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to detect swine faecal contamination in
      water. A total of 146,038 bacterial sequences were obtained using 454
      pyrosequencing. By comparative bioinformatics analysis of Faecalibacterium
      sequences with those of numerous swine and other animal species, swine-specific
      Faecalibacterium 16S rRNA gene sequences were identified and Polymerase Chain
      Okabe (PCR) primer sets designed and tested against faecal DNA samples from swine
      and non-swine sources. Two PCR primer sets, PFB-1 and PFB-2, showed the highest
      specificity to swine faecal waste and had no cross-reaction with other animal
      samples. PFB-1 and PFB-2 amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences from 50 samples of
      swine with positive ratios of 86 and 90%, respectively. We compared swine
      specific Faecalibacterium qPCR assays for the purpose of quantifying the newly
      identified markers. The quantification limits (LOQs) of PFB-1 and PFB-2 markers
      in environmental water were 6.5 and 2.9 copies per 100 ml, respectively. Of the
      swine-associated assays tested, PFB-2 was more sensitive in detecting the swine
      faecal waste and quantifying the microbial load. Furthermore, the microbial
      abundance and diversity of the microbiomes of swine and other animal faeces were
      estimated using operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The species specificity was
      demonstrated for the microbial populations present in various animal faeces. 

PMID- 27353371
TI  - The drivers of wildfire enlargement do not exhibit scale thresholds in
      southeastern Australian forests.
AB  - Wildfires are complex adaptive systems, and have been hypothesized to exhibit
      scale-dependent transitions in the drivers of fire spread. Among other things,
      this makes the prediction of final fire size from conditions at the ignition
      difficult. We test this hypothesis by conducting a multi-scale statistical
      modelling of the factors determining whether fires reached 10 ha, then 100 ha
      then 1000 ha and the final size of fires >1000 ha. At each stage, the predictors
      were measures of weather, fuels, topography and fire suppression. The objectives
      were to identify differences among the models indicative of scale transitions,
      assess the accuracy of the multi-step method for predicting fire size (compared
      to predicting final size from initial conditions) and to quantify the importance
      of the predictors. The data were 1116 fires that occurred in the eucalypt forests
      of New South Wales between 1985 and 2010. The models were similar at the
      different scales, though there were subtle differences. For example, the presence
      of roads affected whether fires reached 10 ha but not larger scales. Weather was
      the most important predictor overall, though fuel load, topography and ease of
      suppression all showed effects. Overall, there was no evidence that fires have
      scale-dependent transitions in behaviour. The models had a predictive accuracy of
      73%, 66%, 72% and 53% accuracy at 10 ha, 100 ha, 1000 ha and final size scales.
      When these steps were combined, the overall accuracy for predicting the size of
      fires was 62%, while the accuracy of the one step model was only 20%. Thus, the
      multi-scale approach was an improvement on the single scale approach, even though
      the predictive accuracy was probably insufficient for use as an operational tool.
      The analysis has also provided further evidence of the important role of weather,
      compared to fuel, suppression and topography in driving fire behaviour. 

PMID- 27353372
TI  - Assessing effectiveness of WEEE management policy in Australia.
AB  - Australia is one of the top ten consumers of electrical and electronic (EE)
      products in the world; yet legislation for the management of WEEE (Waste
      Electrical and Electronic Equipment) is in its infancy and has received minimal
      review. This paper sets to assess the effectiveness of Australian legislation,
      policies and associated instruments, with a focus on the sub-national level of
      implementation. A mixed methodology was adopted to this end, including:
      literature review, case study, semi-structured interviews and a comparative
      analysis of WEEE management practices in Australia versus Japan and Switzerland;
      the latter to identify causative factors of international leading practice that
      could advance current policy in Australia. The findings indicate that Australia's
      management of WEEE is not effective. The rate and types of WEEE generated in
      Australia far exceed the measures prescribed in legislation to address or even
      curb the problem. The five key issues were identified around stakeholder roles
      and responsibilities; scope of WEEE categories legislated for recovery and
      recycling; public engagement and accessibility to services; recycling and
      material recovery targets; and the auditing and compliance of material flows
      within the system. Our findings suggest that Australia has the capacity to
      address the five key priority areas within the current legal framework and
      achieve effective WEEE management in line with leading practice examples from
      Japan and Switzerland. 

PMID- 27353373
TI  - Biomimetic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC
      27853: An approach for conversion of selenite.
AB  - A facile and green method for the reduction of selenite was developed using a
      Gram-negative bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa, under aerobic conditions.
      During the process of bacterial conversion, the elemental selenium nanoparticles
      were produced. These nanoparticles were systematically characterized using
      various analytical techniques including UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, Raman
      spectroscopy, SEM, DLS, TEM and FTIR spectroscopy techniques. The generation of
      selenium nanoparticles was confirmed from the appearance of red colour in the
      culture broth and broad absorption peaks in the UV-vis. The synthesized
      nanoparticles were spherical, polydisperse, ranged from 47 to 165 nm and the
      average particle size was about 95.9 nm. The selected-area electron diffraction,
      XRD patterns; and Raman spectroscopy established the amorphous nature of the
      fabricated nanoparticles. The IR data demonstrated the bacterial protein mediated
      selenite reduction and capping of the produced nanoparticles. The selenium
      removal was assessed at different selenite concentrations using ICP-OES and the
      results showed that the tested bacterial strain exhibited significant selenite
      reduction activity. The results demonstrate the possible application of P.
      aeruginosa for bioremediation of waters polluted with toxic and soluble selenite.
      Moreover, the potential metal reduction capability of the bacterial strain can
      function as green method for aerobic generation of selenium nanospheres. 

PMID- 27353374
TI  - Treatment of sugarcane vinasse by combination of coagulation/flocculation and
      Fenton's oxidation.
AB  - The efficiency of individual and integrated processes applied to organic matter
      reduction and biodegradability improvement of a biodigested sugarcane vinasse
      wastewater was assessed. Strategies considered were Fenton's oxidation (Strategy
      1), coagulation/flocculation (Strategy 2) and the combination of both processes
      (coagulation/flocculation followed by Fenton's reaction) - Strategy 3. It was
      found that Fenton's oxidation per se allowed reducing the organic matter,
      increasing the wastewater biodegradability and a non-toxic effluent was
      generated; however the cost of treatment was very high (86.6 R$/m(3) - 21.2
      ?/m(3)). Under optimized conditions, coagulation/flocculation provided a slight
      increase in effluent's biodegradability, toxicity towards Vibrio fischeri was
      also eliminated and moderate removals of total organic carbon - TOC - (30.5%),
      biological oxygen demand - BOD5 - (27.9%) and chemical oxygen demand - COD -
      (43.6%) were achieved; however, the operating costs are much smaller. The use of
      dissolved iron resulting from coagulation/flocculation (270 mg/L) as catalyst in
      the second stage - Fenton's oxidation - was shown to be an innovative and
      economically attractive strategy. Under optimal conditions overall removals of
      51.6% for TOC, 45.7% for BOD5 and 69.2% for COD were achieved, and a
      biodegradable (BOD5:COD ratio = 0.54) and non-toxic effluent was obtained. In
      order to increase the efficiency of the process but using less hydrogen peroxide,
      the Fenton's oxidation was performed by gradually adding the oxidant. This
      procedure allowed to obtain the highest organic matter removal efficiency (as
      compared with the addition of all hydrogen peroxide at the beginning of the
      reaction). This way it was possible to minimize the reagent consumption and,
      consequently, reduce the treatment cost. 

PMID- 27353375
TI  - Coherent destruction of tunneling in two-level system driven across avoided
      crossing via photon statistics.
AB  - In this paper, the nature of the multi-order resonance and coherent destruction
      of tunneling (CDT) for two-level system driven cross avoided crossing is
      investigated by employing the emitted photons <N> and the Mandel's Q parameter
      based on the photon counting statistics. An asymmetric feature of CDT is shown in
      the spectrum of Mandel's Q parameter. Also, the CDT can be employed to suppress
      the spontaneous decay and prolong waiting time noticeably. The photon emission
      pattern is of monotonicity in strong relaxation, and homogeneity in pure
      dephasing regime, respectively.

PMID- 27353376
TI  - A ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for fluoride ion imaging in living
      cells and zebrafish.
AB  - Using 6-hydroxyl-quinoline-2-benzothiazole (HQB) as a two-photon fluorophore and
      tert-butyldiphenylsilyl as a recognition domain for F(-), a ratiometric two
      photon fluorescent fluoride probe, QF, was synthesized and fully characterized.
      QF displays both one- and two-photon ratiometric responses towards fluoride ions
      in aqueous solution. QF was enabled to detect exogenous fluoride ions in living
      cells by a ratiometric method. Two-photon microscopic imaging of fluoride ions in
      living HeLa cells and zebrafish has also been achieved. QF has been demonstrated
      to be an excellent fluorescent probe with high selectivity, low cytotoxicity and
      good photostability. 

PMID- 27353377
TI  - ZNF70, a novel ILDR2-interacting protein, contributes to the regulation of HES1
      gene expression.
AB  - A diabetes susceptibility gene, immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor 2
      (Ildr2), encodes a transmembrane protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum
      membrane that is closely related to hepatic lipid metabolism. The livers of ob/ob
      mice in which Ildr2 is transiently overexpressed are relieved of hepatic
      steatosis. However, the molecular mechanisms through which ILDR2 affects these
      changes in hepatic lipid metabolism remain unknown. This study aimed to identify
      ILDR2-interacting proteins to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms
      underlying the role of ILDR2 in lipid homeostasis. We purified ILDR2-containing
      protein complexes using tandem affinity purification tagging and identified
      ZNF70, a member of the Kruppel C2H2-type zinc finger protein family, as a novel
      ILDR2-interacting protein. We demonstrated that ZNF70 interacts with ZFP64 and
      activates HES1 transcription by binding to the HES1 promoter. In addition, HES1
      gene expression is increased in ILDR2-knockdown HepG2 cells, in which ZNF70 is
      translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, suggesting that ZNF70 migration
      to the nucleus after dissociating from the ILDR2-ZNF70 complex activates HES1
      transcription. These results support a novel link between ILDR2 and HES1 gene
      expression and suggest that ILDR2 is involved in a novel pathway in hepatic
      steatosis.

PMID- 27353378
TI  - Crystal structures of human peroxiredoxin 6 in different oxidation states.
AB  - Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes found ubiquitously.
      Prxs function not only as H2O2 scavengers but also as highly sensitive H2O2
      sensors and signal transducers. Since reactive oxygen species are involved in
      many cellular metabolic and signaling processes, Prxs play important roles in
      various diseases. Prxs can be hyperoxidized to the sulfinic acid (SO2H) or
      sulfonic acid (SO3H) forms in the presence of high concentrations of H2O2. It is
      known that oligomerization of Prx is changed accompanying oxidation states, and
      linked to the function. Among the six Prxs in mammals, Prx6 is the only 1-Cys
      Prx. It is found in all organs in humans, unlike some 2-Cys Prxs, and is present
      in all species from bacteria to humans. In addition, Prx6 has Ca(2+)-independent
      phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. Thus far only the crystal structure of Prx in
      the oxidized state has been reported. In this study, we present the crystal
      structures of human Prx6 in the reduced (SH) and the sulfinic acid (SO2H) forms.

PMID- 27353379
TI  - The lysine biosynthetic enzyme Lys4 influences iron metabolism, mitochondrial
      function and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans.
AB  - The lysine biosynthesis pathway via alpha-aminoadipate in fungi is considered an
      attractive target for antifungal drugs due to its absence in mammalian hosts. The
      iron-sulfur cluster-containing enzyme homoaconitase converts homocitrate to
      homoisocitrate in the lysine biosynthetic pathway, and is encoded by LYS4 in the
      model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we identified the ortholog
      of LYS4 in the human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, and found that
      LYS4 expression is regulated by iron levels and by the iron-related transcription
      factors Hap3 and HapX. Deletion of the LYS4 gene resulted in lysine auxotrophy
      suggesting that Lys4 is essential for lysine biosynthesis. Our study also
      revealed that lysine uptake was mediated by two amino acid permeases, Aap2 and
      Aap3, and influenced by nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR). Furthermore, the
      lys4 mutant showed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, agents that
      challenge cell wall/membrane integrity, and azole antifungal drugs. We showed
      that these phenotypes were due in part to impaired mitochondrial function as a
      result of LYS4 deletion, which we propose disrupts iron homeostasis in the
      organelle. The combination of defects are consistent with our observation that
      the lys4 mutant was attenuated virulence in a mouse inhalation model of
      cryptococcosis.

PMID- 27353380
TI  - Differential effects of two-pore channel protein 1 and 2 silencing in MDA-MB-468
      breast cancer cells.
AB  - Two-pore channel proteins, TPC1 and TPC2, are calcium permeable ion channels
      found localized to the membranes of endolysosomal calcium stores. There is
      increasing interest in the role of TPC-mediated intracellular signaling in
      various pathologies; however their role in breast cancer has not been extensively
      evaluated. TPC1 and TPC2 mRNA was present in all non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic
      breast cell lines assessed. Silencing of TPC2 but not TPC1 attenuated epidermal
      growth factor-induced vimentin expression in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. This
      effect was not due to a general inhibition of epithelial to mesenchymal
      transition (EMT) as TPC2 silencing had no effect on epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      induced changes on E-cadherin expression. TPC1 and TPC2 were also shown to
      differentially regulate cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-mediated changes in cytosolic
      free Ca(2+). These findings indicate potential differential regulation of
      signaling processes by TPC1 and TPC2 in breast cancer cells.

PMID- 27353381
TI  - Macrothrombocytopenia With Dohle Body-Like Granulocyte Inclusions: A Case Report
      of May-Hegglin Anomaly in a 33-Year-Old White Woman With an Update on the
      Molecular Findings of MYH9-Related Disease.
AB  - A 33-year-old white woman arrived at the hospital to undergo a hysterectomy due
      to uterine fibroids. Blood smear review identified macrothrombocytopenia and
      Dohle body-like cytoplasmic leukocyte inclusions. Genetic testing identified a
      mutation in exon 39 of the myosin heavy chain gene (MHY9; OMIM 160775), which
      confirmed the diagnosis of May-Hegglin anomaly. May-Hegglin anomaly is one of a
      spectrum of MYH9 disorders that also includes Sebastian, Epstein, and Fechtner
      syndromes. Herein, we describe the clinical and laboratory presentation of a
      patient with May-Hegglin anomaly and provide an update on the molecular findings
      and a discussion of the genotypic-phenotypic correlations in this potentially
      underdiagnosed disorder. 

PMID- 27353382
TI  - Nitrous Oxide Production in Co- Versus Counter-Diffusion Nitrifying Biofilms.
AB  - For the application of biofilm processes, a better understanding of nitrous oxide
      (N2O) formation within the biofilm is essential for design and operation of
      biofilm reactors with minimized N2O emissions. In this work, a previously
      established N2O model incorporating both ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)
      denitrification and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) oxidation pathways is applied in two
      structurally different biofilm systems to assess the effects of co- and counter
      diffusion on N2O production. It is demonstrated that the diffusion of NH2OH and
      oxygen within both types of biofilms would form an anoxic layer with the presence
      of NH2OH and nitrite ( ), which would result in a high N2O production via AOB
      denitrification pathway. As a result, AOB denitrification pathway is dominant
      over NH2OH oxidation pathway within the co- and counter-diffusion biofilms. In
      comparison, the co-diffusion biofilm may generate substantially higher N2O than
      the counter-diffusion biofilm due to the higher accumulation of NH2OH in co
      diffusion biofilm, especially under the condition of high-strength ammonium
      influent (500 mg N/L), thick biofilm depth (300 MUm) and moderate oxygen loading
      (~1-~4 m(3)/d). The effect of co- and counter-diffusion on N2O production from
      the AOB biofilm is minimal when treating low-strength nitrogenous wastewater.

PMID- 27353383
TI  - Positive Lymph Node Ratio as an Indicator of Prognosis and Local Tumor Clearance
      in N3 Gastric Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nodal metastasis is an important clinical issue in gastric cancer
      patients. This study was designed to investigate the clinical usefulness of the
      positive lymph node ratio (PLNR), which reflects both metastatic and retrieved
      lymph node numbers, in patients with pN3 gastric cancer. METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed the records of 138 consecutive pN3 patients who
      underwent curative gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy from 2000 to 2012. RESULTS: A
      PLNR of 0.4 was proved to be the best cutoff value to stratify the prognosis of
      patients with pN3 gastric cancer (P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate
      analyses revealed that older age, larger tumor size (>=10 cm), and PLNR >= 0.4 [P
      < 0.001, HR 3.1 (95 % CI 1.7-5.4)] were independent prognostic factors in pN3
      gastric cancer. Regarding the recurrence, patients with PLNR <0.4 had a
      significantly lower rate of lymph node recurrence than those with PLNR >=0.4 (P =
      0.020). There was no significant difference in the lymph node recurrence rate
      between N3a and N3b patients in the PLNR <0.4 group [P = 0.546, 11.6 % (7/60) vs.
      12.5 (1/8)], indicating a better local control regardless of pN3 subgroups.
      CONCLUSIONS: PLNR is useful to stratify the prognosis and evaluate the extent of
      local tumor clearance in pN3 gastric cancer.

PMID- 27353384
TI  - Unplanned reattendances at the paediatric emergency department within 72 hours: a
      one-year experience in KKH.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Unscheduled reattendances at the paediatric emergency department
      may contribute to overcrowding, which may increase financial burdens. The
      objectives of this study were to determine the rate of reattendances and
      characterise factors influencing these reattendances and hospital admission
      during the return visits. METHODS: Medical records of all patients who attended
      the emergency department at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, from 1
      June 2013 to 31 May 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. We collected data on
      patient demographics, attendance data and clinical characteristics. Planned
      reattendances, recalled cases, reattendances for unrelated complaints and
      patients who left without being seen were excluded. A multivariate analysis was
      conducted to determine the odds ratio of variables associated with hospital
      admission for reattendances. RESULTS: Of 162,566 children, 6,968 (4.3%) returned
      within 72 hours, and 2,925 (42.0% of reattendance group) were admitted on their
      return visits. Children more likely to reattend were under three years of age,
      Chinese, triaged as Priority 2 at the first visit, and were initially diagnosed
      with respiratory or gastrointestinal conditions. However, children more likely to
      be admitted on their return visits were over 12 years of age, Malay, had a higher
      triage acuity or were uptriaged, had the presence of a comorbidity, and were
      diagnosed with gastrointestinal conditions. CONCLUSION: We identified certain
      subgroups in the population who were more likely to be admitted if they
      reattended. These findings would help in implementing further research and
      directing strategies to reduce potentially avoidable reattendances and
      admissions.

PMID- 27353385
TI  - School-based interventions for improving contraceptive use in adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Young women, especially adolescents, often lack access to modern
      contraception. Reasons vary by geography and regional politics and culture. The
      projected 2015 birth rate in 'developing' regions was 56 per 1000 compared with
      17 per 1000 for 'developed' regions. OBJECTIVES: To identify school-based
      interventions that improved contraceptive use among adolescents SEARCH METHODS:
      Until 6 June 2016, we searched for eligible trials in PubMed, CENTRAL, ERIC, Web
      of Science, POPLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP. SELECTION CRITERIA: We
      considered randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assigned individuals or
      clusters. The majority of participants must have been 19 years old or younger.The
      educational strategy must have occurred primarily in a middle school or high
      school. The intervention had to emphasize one or more effective methods of
      contraception. Our primary outcomes were pregnancy and contraceptive use. DATA
      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We assessed titles and abstracts identified during the
      searches. One author extracted and entered the data into RevMan; a second author
      verified accuracy. We examined studies for methodological quality.For unadjusted
      dichotomous outcomes, we calculated the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio (OR) with 95%
      confidence interval (CI). For cluster randomized trials, we used adjusted
      measures, e.g. OR, risk ratio, or difference in proportions. For continuous
      outcomes, we used the adjusted mean difference (MD) or other measures from the
      models. We did not conduct meta-analysis due to varied interventions and outcome
      measures. MAIN RESULTS: The 11 trials included 10 cluster RCTs and an
      individually randomized trial. The cluster RCTs had sample sizes from 816 to
      10,954; the median number of clusters was 24. Most trials were conducted in the
      USA and UK; one was from Mexico and one from South Africa.We focus here on the
      trials with moderate quality evidence and an intervention effect. Three addressed
      preventing pregnancy and HIV/STI through interactive sessions. One trial provided
      a multifaceted two-year program. Immediately after year one and 12 months after
      year two, the intervention group was more likely than the standard-curriculum
      group to report using effective contraception during last sex (reported adjusted
      ORs 1.62 +/- standard error (SE) 0.22) and 1.76 +/- SE 0.29), condom use during
      last sex (reported adjusted ORs 1.91 +/- SE 0.27 and 1.68 +/- SE 0.25), and less
      frequent sex without a condom in the past three months (reported ratios of
      adjusted means 0.50 +/- SE 0.31 and 0.63 +/- SE 0.23). Another trial compared
      multifaceted two-year programs on sexual risk reduction and risk avoidance
      (abstinence-focused) versus usual health education. At 3 months, the risk
      reduction group was less likely than the usual-education group to report no
      condom use at last intercourse (reported adjusted OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.96)
      and sex without a condom in the last three months (reported adjusted OR 0.59, 95%
      CI 0.36 to 0.95). At 3 and after 15 months, the risk avoidance group was also
      less likely than the usual-education group to report no condom use at last
      intercourse (reported adjusted ORs 0.70, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.93; and 0.61, 95% CI
      0.45 to 0.85). At the same time points, the risk reduction group had a higher
      score than the usual-education group for condom knowledge. The third trial
      provided a peer-led program with eight interactive sessions. At 17 months, the
      intervention group was less likely than the teacher-led group to report oral
      contraceptive use during last sex (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.91). This difference
      may not have been significant if the investigators had adjusted for the
      clustering. At 5 and 17 months, the peer-led group had a greater mean increase in
      knowledge of HIV and pregnancy prevention compared with the control group. An
      additional trial showed an effect on knowledge only. The group with an emergency
      contraception (EC) session was more likely than the group without the EC unit to
      know the time limits for using hormonal EC (pill) and the non-hormonal IUD as EC.
      AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Since most trials addressed preventing STI/HIV and
      pregnancy, they emphasized condom use. However, several studies covered a range
      of contraceptive methods. The overall quality of evidence was low. Main reasons
      for downgrading the evidence were having limited information on intervention
      fidelity, analyzing a subsample rather than all those randomized, and having high
      losses.

PMID- 27353386
TI  - Severity of gambling problems modulates autonomic reactions to near outcomes in
      gambling.
AB  - Outcomes in gambling games cannot only be classified based on their valence (wins
      and misses) but also based on their closeness (near and full outcomes). The
      present study investigated autonomic responses (phasic heart period changes and
      skin conductance responses) to near and full outcomes on a wheel of fortune in a
      sample of males with different degrees of gambling problems. Near relative to
      full outcomes elicited increased interbeat intervals shortly after outcome
      presentation. Furthermore, participants with more severe gambling problems showed
      increased skin conductance responses following near relative to full outcomes as
      well as relatively smaller interbeat interval responses to near relative to full
      misses. The findings confirm different processing of near compared to full
      outcomes and altered processing of gambling outcomes with increasing severity of
      gambling problems.

PMID- 27353387
TI  - Fertility Control: Reproductive Desires, Kin Work, and Women's Status in
      Contemporary India.
AB  - This article reappraises the link between fertility and women's status by
      examining changing means and meanings of reproduction in India. It is based on
      data gathered during and after 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted
      between 2005 and 2007 in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, on social and cultural
      contexts of infertility. Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, India's
      most populous state. Historical views of population and fertility control in
      India and perspectives on the contemporary use of assisted reproductive
      technologies (ARTs) for practices such as surrogacy situate the ethnographic
      perspectives. Analysis of ARTs in practice complicates ideas of autonomy and
      choice in reproduction. Results show that these technologies allow women to
      challenge power relations within their marital families and pursue stigmatized
      forms of reproduction. However, they also offer new ways for families to continue
      and extend an old pattern of exerting control over women's reproductive
      potential.

PMID- 27353388
TI  - New light on bacterial carbonic anhydrases phylogeny based on the analysis of
      signal peptide sequences.
AB  - Among protein families, carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes
      characterized by a common reaction mechanism in all life domains: the carbon
      dioxide hydration to bicarbonate and protons (CO2+H2O <=> HCO3(-)+H(+)). Six
      genetically distinct CA families are known to date, the alpha-, beta-, gamma-,
      delta-, zeta- and eta-CAs. The last CA class was recently discovered analyzing
      the amino acid sequences of CAs from Plasmodia. Bacteria encode for enzymes
      belonging to the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CA classes and recently, phylogenetic
      analysis revealed an interesting relationship regarding the evolution of
      bacterial CA classes. This result evidenced that the three bacterial CA classes,
      in spite of the high level of the structural similarity, are evolutionarily
      distinct, but we noted that the primary structure of some beta-CAs identified in
      the genome of Gram-negative bacteria present a pre-sequence of 18 or more amino
      acid residues at the N-terminal part. These observations and subsequent
      phylogenetic data presented here prompted us to propose that the beta-CAs found
      in Gram-negative bacteria with a periplasmic space and characterized by the
      presence of a signal peptide might have a periplasmic localization and a role
      similar to that described previously for the alpha-CAs. 

PMID- 27353389
TI  - Transport of the outer dynein arm complex to cilia requires a cytoplasmic protein
      Lrrc6.
AB  - Lrrc6 encodes a cytoplasmic protein that is expressed specifically in cells with
      motile cilia including the node, trachea and testes of the mice. A mutation of
      Lrrc6 has been identified in human patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia
      (PCD). Mutant mice lacking Lrrc6 show typical PCD defects such as hydrocephalus
      and laterality defects. We found that in the absence of Lrrc6, the morphology of
      motile cilia remained normal, but their motility was completely lost. The 9 + 2
      arrangement of microtubules remained normal in Lrrc6(-/-) mice, but the outer
      dynein arms (ODAs), the structures essential for the ciliary beating, were absent
      from the cilia. In the absence of Lrrc6, ODA proteins such as DNAH5, DNAH9 and
      IC2, which are assembled in the cytoplasm and transported to the ciliary axoneme,
      remained in the cytoplasm and were not transported to the ciliary axoneme. The
      IC2-IC1 interaction, which is the first step of ODA assembly, was normal in
      Lrrc6(-/-) mice testes. Our results suggest that ODA proteins may be transported
      from the cytoplasm to the cilia by an Lrrc6-dependent mechanism. 

PMID- 27353390
TI  - The importance of the unit of analysis: Commentary on Beugels et al. (2016).
      Complications in unilateral versus bilateral deep inferior epigastric artery
      perforator flap breast reconstructions: A multicentre study.

PMID- 27353391
TI  - Gravity packaging final waste recovery based on gravity separation and chemical
      imaging control.
AB  - Plastic polymers are characterized by a high calorific value. Post-consumer
      plastic waste can be thus considered, in many cases, as a typical secondary solid
      fuels according to the European Commission directive on End of Waste (EoW). In
      Europe the practice of incineration is considered one of the solutions for waste
      disposal waste, for energy recovery and, as a consequence, for the reduction of
      waste sent to landfill. A full characterization of these products represents the
      first step to profitably and correctly utilize them. Several techniques have been
      investigated in this paper in order to separate and characterize post-consumer
      plastic packaging waste fulfilling the previous goals, that is: gravity
      separation (i.e. Reflux Classifier), FT-IR spectroscopy, NIR HyperSpectralImaging
      (HSI) based techniques and calorimetric test. The study demonstrated as the
      proposed separation technique and the HyperSpectral NIR Imaging approach allow to
      separate and recognize the different polymers (i.e. PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC),
      PolyStyrene (PS), PolyEthylene (PE), PoliEtilene Tereftalato (PET), PolyPropylene
      (PP)) in order to maximize the removal of the PVC fraction from plastic waste and
      to perform the full quality control of the resulting products, can be profitably
      utilized to set up analytical/control strategies finalized to obtain a low
      content of PVC in the final Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF), thus enhancing SRF
      quality, increasing its value and reducing the "final waste".

PMID- 27353392
TI  - A mathematical model for municipal solid waste management - A case study in Hong
      Kong.
AB  - With the booming economy and increasing population, the accumulation of waste has
      become an increasingly arduous issue and has aroused the attention from all
      sectors of society. Hong Kong which has a relative high daily per capita domestic
      waste generation rate in Asia has not yet established a comprehensive waste
      management system. This paper conducts a review of waste management approaches
      and models. Researchers highlight that mathematical models provide useful
      information for decision-makers to select appropriate choices and save cost. It
      is suggested to consider municipal solid waste management in a holistic view and
      improve the utilization of waste management infrastructures. A mathematical model
      which adopts integer linear programming and mixed integer programming has been
      developed for Hong Kong municipal solid waste management. A sensitivity analysis
      was carried out to simulate different scenarios which provide decision-makers
      important information for establishing Hong Kong waste management system.

PMID- 27353393
TI  - Evaluation of recycled concrete aggregates for their suitability in construction
      activities: An experimental study.
AB  - Construction and demolition waste disposal is a major challenge in developing
      nations due to its ever increasing quantities. In this study, the recycling
      potential of waste concrete as aggregates in construction activities was studied.
      The metal leaching from the recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) collected from the
      demolition site of a 50year old building, was evaluated by performing three
      different leaching tests (compliance, availability and Toxic Characteristic
      Leaching Procedure). The metal leaching was found mostly within the permissible
      limit except for Hg. Several tests were performed to determine the physical and
      mechanical properties of the fine and coarse aggregates produced from recycled
      concrete. The properties of recycled aggregates were found to be satisfactory for
      their utilization in road construction activities. The suitability of using
      recycled fine and coarse aggregates with Portland pozzolanic cement to make a
      sustainable and environmental friendly concrete mix design was also analyzed. No
      significant difference was observed in the compressive strength of various
      concrete mixes prepared by natural and recycled aggregates. However, only the
      tensile strength of the mix prepared with 25% recycled fine aggregates was
      comparable to that of the control concrete. For other mixes, the tensile strength
      of the concrete was found to drop significantly. In summary, RCA should be
      considered seriously as a building material for road construction, mass concrete
      works, lightly reinforced sections, etc. The present work will be useful for the
      waste managers and policy makers particularly in developing nations where proper
      guidelines are still lacking.

PMID- 27353394
TI  - Improvements of physical, mechanical and biodegradation properties of
      polybutadiene rubber insulators by chitosan and silica nanoparticles.
AB  - 1,4-cis-Polybutadiene rubber(1,4-cis pBR) as an insulation material is developing
      that will provide superior thermal insulation properties, flexibility, toughness
      by natural polymers such as chitosan(CS) and silica nanoparticles. This material
      is widely used in the insulation industries specially architecture. This research
      concerns physical, mechanical properties and also biodegradation of 1,4-cis pBR,
      which to be composed with the natural polymers such as CS. Silica nanoparticles
      were used as filler to improve the physical and mechanical properties of 1,4-cis
      pBR. To evaluating its physical and mechanical properties, stretching and bending
      and impact tests were used and the results show some improvement in these
      properties. Our observations show that temperature plays an important role as
      main factor in order to improve the mechanical properties of nanocomposites.
      Similar improvements in tensile modulus and strength have been observed for 1,4
      cis pBR/CS-silica nanoparticles. 

PMID- 27353395
TI  - Contemporary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for testis cancer in
      the UK - a national study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To undertake a comprehensive prospective national study of the
      outcomes of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for testis cancer over
      a 1-year period in the UK. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were submitted online using
      the British Association of Urological Surgeons Section of Oncology Data and Audit
      System. All new patients undergoing RPLND for testis cancer between March 2012
      and February 2013 were studied prospectively. Data were analysed using Tableau
      software and case ascertainment compared with Hospital Episode Statistics data.
      RESULTS: In all, 162 men underwent RPLND by 20 surgeons in 17 centres. The mean
      (range) case volume per centre was 9 (2-32) and the median (range) case volume
      per surgeon was 6 (1-30). Indications included: residual mass after chemotherapy
      (73%), primary treatment (6%), relapse (14%), and salvage (7%). The median time
      to surgery after chemotherapy was 8-12 weeks (<4 - >12 weeks) and 91% of
      procedures utilised open surgery. The median operating time was 3-4 h (<1.5 - >6
      h). Nerve sparing was performed in 67% of patients (19% bilateral, 48%
      unilateral). The dissection was template in 81% and lumpectomy in 16%; 25%
      required additional intraoperative procedures including 11% synchronous planned
      nephrectomy. In all, 157/160 (98%) of recorded RPLND operations were completed.
      One was terminated due to bleeding and in two the mass could not be removed.
      There were no deaths within 30 days of surgery. In all, 75% of the men did not
      require a blood transfusion, 15% required 1-2 units and 10% received >2 units.
      There were postoperative complications in 10% of the men (Clavien-Dindo Grade I,
      seven men; Grade II, seven; and Grade III, one). The mean (range) length of stay
      was 5.5 (1-59) days. Histology showed necrosis in 22%; teratoma differentiated in
      42%; and residual cancer in 36%. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective collaborative
      national study describes for the first time the surgical outcomes after RPLND
      across the UK. The quality of RPLND in the UK appears high. The study can act as
      a benchmark for this type of surgery across the world.

PMID- 27353396
TI  - Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus among 193,435 Cats Attending Primary-Care
      Veterinary Practices in England.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrine disease of cats. The
      prevalence of DM in cats in England is not well-defined. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES:
      To estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors for DM in a large population
      of cats attending primary-care practices. ANIMALS: A cohort of 193,563 cats in
      the VetCompass Programme attending 118 primary-care practices in England.
      METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of cohort clinical data. Data were extracted
      covering September 1st 2009 and August 31st 2014. Period prevalence of DM was
      calculated. Associations between risk factors and DM were assessed using logistic
      regression modelling. RESULTS: Of 1,128 DM cases were identified among 194,563
      cats (period prevalence 0.58%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.54-0.61).
      Multivariable modelling indicated that Tonkinese (OR 4.1; 95% CI 1.8-9.6; P =
      .001), Norwegian Forest (odds ratio [OR] 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.6; P = .001) and
      Burmese (OR 3.0; 95% CI 2.0-4.4; P < .001) cats had increased odds of DM compared
      with crossbred cats. DM odds increased as bodyweight categories increased above 4
      kg (P < .001), as cats aged beyond 6 years old (P < .001) and in insured cats (OR
      2.0; 95% CI 1.6-2.4; P < .001) but sex was not significantly associated with DM.
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Diabetes mellitus is an important component
      of the primary-care practice caseload with 1-in-200 cats affected. An increased
      risk of DM in certain cat breeds supports a genetic predisposition. These results
      can guide future research and preventative healthcare.

PMID- 27353397
TI  - The genes that encode the gonococcal transferrin binding proteins, TbpB and TbpA,
      are differentially regulated by MisR under iron-replete and iron-depleted
      conditions.
AB  - Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces two transferrin binding proteins, TbpA and TbpB,
      which together enable efficient iron transport from human transferrin. We
      demonstrate that expression of the tbp genes is controlled by MisR, a response
      regulator in the two-component regulatory system that also includes the sensor
      kinase MisS. The tbp genes were up-regulated in the misR mutant under iron
      replete conditions but were conversely down-regulated in the misR mutant under
      iron-depleted conditions. The misR mutant was capable of transferrin-iron uptake
      at only 50% of wild-type levels, consistent with decreased tbp expression. We
      demonstrate that phosphorylated MisR specifically binds to the tbpBA promoter and
      that MisR interacts with five regions upstream of the tbpB start codon. These
      analyses confirm that MisR directly regulates tbpBA expression. The MisR binding
      sites in the gonococcus are only partially conserved in Neisseria meningitidis,
      which may explain why tbpBA was not MisR-regulated in previous studies using this
      related pathogen. This is the first report of a trans-acting protein factor other
      than Fur that can directly contribute to gonococcal tbpBA regulation.

PMID- 27353398
TI  - Indolent T- and NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorders of the gastrointestinal
      tract: a review and update.
AB  - Primary gastrointestinal (GI) T- and NK-cell lymphomas are usually aggressive
      neoplasms associated with high morbidity and mortality. Over the past two
      decades, however, cases of primary GI lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) or
      lymphomas of T- or NK-cell derivation with indolent behavior have been reported.
      These LPDs are rare and they can be challenging to diagnose as they share
      clinical and pathological features with both, inflammatory disorders and
      aggressive T- and NK-cell lymphomas. Primary, indolent clonal T-cell
      proliferations of the GI tract, which can be CD4+, CD8+ or CD4- CD8-, have been
      included as a provisional entity in the newly revised World Health Organization
      (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms and designated 'indolent T-cell LPD of
      the GI tract'. It is currently unclear whether the indolent NK-cell LPDs
      represent reactive or neoplastic proliferations. In this review, we describe the
      clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic and genetic features of indolent GI T-
      and NK-cell LPDs and provide guidance in differentiating them from other
      inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. We believe that greater awareness of these
      LPDs amongst physicians and the research community will lead to timely and
      accurate diagnoses, stimulate investigations into the pathogenetic mechanisms
      underlying different entities thereby enhancing our understanding of disease
      biology and enable the development of effective therapeutic regimens. Copyright
      (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27353399
TI  - Retraction notice to "Anti-fibrotic cardio protective efficacy of Aminoguanidine
      against Streptozotocin induced cardiac fibrosis and high glucose induced collagen
      up regulation in cardiac fibroblasts" [CBI 197 (2012) 119-128].

PMID- 27353400
TI  - Nutrition: How will the next 'Decade of Nutrition' be different from the past
      one?

PMID- 27353401
TI  - Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection of large
      colonic polyps.
AB  - Almost all large and complex colorectal polyps can now be resected
      endoscopically. Piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (PEMR) is an established
      technique with fairly low complication risk and good short-term and medium-term
      outcomes. Several modifications to the basic injection and snare technique have
      been developed contributing to safer and more complete resections. Delayed
      bleeding requiring reintervention is the most troublesome complication in 2-7% of
      patients, particularly in those with comorbidities and large, right-sided polyps.
      Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has become popular in Japan and has
      theoretical advantages over PEMR in providing a complete, en bloc excision for
      accurate histological staging and reduced local recurrence. These advantages come
      at the cost of a more complex, expensive and time-consuming procedure with a
      higher risk of perforation, particularly early in the procedure learning curve.
      These factors have contributed to the slow adoption of ESD in the West and the
      challenge to develop new devices and endoscopic platforms that will make ESD
      easier and safer. Currently, ESD indications are limited to large rectal lesions,
      in which procedural complications are easily managed, and for colorectal polyps
      with a high risk of containing tiny foci of early submucosally invasive cancer,
      whereby ESD may be curative compared with PEMR.

PMID- 27353402
TI  - Liver regeneration - mechanisms and models to clinical application.
AB  - Liver regeneration has been studied for many decades and the mechanisms
      underlying regeneration of the normal liver following resection or moderate
      damage are well described. A large number of factors extrinsic (such as bile
      acids and circulating growth factors) and intrinsic to the liver interact to
      initiate and regulate liver regeneration. Less well understood, and more
      clinically relevant, are the factors at play when the abnormal liver is required
      to regenerate. Fatty liver disease, chronic scarring, prior chemotherapy and
      massive liver injury can all inhibit the normal programme of regeneration and can
      lead to liver failure. Understanding these mechanisms could enable the rational
      targeting of specific therapies to either reduce the factors inhibiting
      regeneration or directly stimulate liver regeneration. Although animal models of
      liver regeneration have been highly instructive, the clinical relevance of some
      models could be improved to bridge the gap between our in vivo model systems and
      the clinical situation. Likewise, modern imaging techniques such as spectroscopy
      will probably improve our understanding of whole-organ metabolism and how this
      predicts the liver's regenerative capacity. This Review describes briefly the
      mechanisms underpinning liver regeneration, the models used to study this
      process, and discusses areas in which failed or compromised liver regeneration is
      clinically relevant.

PMID- 27353403
TI  - Obesity: Metabolically healthy obesity and NAFLD.

PMID- 27353405
TI  - Time- and ensemble-averages in evolving systems: the case of Brownian particles
      in random potentials.
AB  - Anomalous diffusion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in complex systems. It is often
      quantified using time- and ensemble-averages to improve statistics, although time
      averages represent a non-local measure in time and hence can be difficult to
      interpret. We present a detailed analysis of the influence of time- and ensemble
      averages on dynamical quantities by investigating Brownian particles in a rough
      potential energy landscape (PEL). Initially, the particle ensemble is randomly
      distributed, but the occupancy of energy values evolves towards the equilibrium
      distribution. This relaxation manifests itself in the time evolution of time- and
      ensemble-averaged dynamical measures. We use Monte Carlo simulations to study
      particle dynamics in a potential with a Gaussian distribution of energy values,
      where the long-time limit of the diffusion coefficient is known from theory. In
      our experiments, individual colloidal particles are exposed to a laser speckle
      pattern inducing a non-Gaussian roughness and are followed by optical microscopy.
      The relaxation depends on the kind and degree of roughness of the PEL. It can be
      followed and quantified by the time- and ensemble-averaged mean squared
      displacement. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the dynamics is characterized using
      single-trajectory analysis. The results of this work are relevant for the correct
      interpretation of single-particle tracking experiments in general. 

PMID- 27353404
TI  - Transitional care interventions and hospital readmissions in surgical
      populations: a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite hospital readmission being a targeted quality metric, few
      studies have focused on the surgical patient population. We performed a
      systematic review of transitional care interventions and their effect on hospital
      readmissions after surgery. DATA SOURCES: PubMed was searched for studies
      evaluating transitional care interventions in surgical populations within the
      years 1995 to 2015. Of 3,527 abstracts identified, 3 randomized controlled trials
      and 7 observational cohort studies met inclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Discharge
      planning programs reduced readmissions by 11.5% (P = .001), 12.5% (P = .04), and
      23% (P = .26). Patient education interventions reduced readmissions by 14% (P =
      .28) and 23.5% (P < .05). Primary care follow-up reduced readmissions by 8.3% for
      patients after high-risk surgeries (P < .001). Home visits reduced readmissions
      by 7.69% (P = .023) and 4% (P = .161), respectively. Therefore, improving
      discharge planning, patient education, and follow-up communication may reduce
      readmissions.

PMID- 27353406
TI  - Functional and oncologic outcome of cemented endoprosthesis for malignant
      proximal femoral tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cemented endoprosthetic replacement is an option for reconstruction
      of the proximal femur to achieve limb salvage. Existing outcome studies combine
      benign and malignant conditions, or group endoprostheses from multiple areas into
      one cohort. We sought to examine a series of endoprosthetic replacements of the
      proximal femur for a malignant process. METHODS: We reviewed 204 patients who
      underwent an endoprosthesis for a malignant process of the proximal femur with at
      least 2-year follow-up. Mean age was 59 years, with 55% being male. The most
      common pathology was metastatic disease (n = 120, 59%). Mean follow-up was 7
      years (2-22 years). Mean time to death was 2 years (range 2 weeks-18 years). A
      bipolar component was used in 93% of patients. RESULTS: 5-year survival was 8% in
      patients with metastatic disease and 54% for patients with primary disease. Local
      recurrence and metastatic disease developed in 5 and 19 patients with a primary
      sarcoma. Following the procedure the mean Harris Hip and Musculoskeletal Tumor
      Society Scores were 75 and 18. CONCLUSION: Patients typically succumb to their
      disease prior to implant failure; however, endoprosthetic replacement provides
      patients with an acceptable means of functional recovery with an acceptable
      complication profile. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:501-506. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27353407
TI  - Normal fundal morphology obscuring a unicornuate and an equally developed blind
      uterine horn - an unclassified Mullerian variant.

PMID- 27353409
TI  - Therapeutic potential of targeting TBK1 in autoimmune diseases and
      interferonopathies.
AB  - The serine/threonine protein kinase, TBK1, plays a crucial role as the hub for
      many innate immune signaling pathways that lead to the induction of type I
      interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Due to its key function
      in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system, cell survival and proliferation,
      TBK1 activity is tightly regulated. Dysregulation of TBK1 activity is often
      associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer, implicating the potential
      therapeutic benefit for targeting TBK1. Tremendous effort from both academic
      institutions and private sectors during the past few years has led to the
      development of many potent and selective TBK1 inhibitors, many of which have
      shown great promise in disease models in vivo. This review summarizes recent
      advance on the pharmacological inhibition of TBK1 and its potential for treating
      autoimmune diseases and interferonopathies.

PMID- 27353410
TI  - Social supports and mental health: a cross-sectional study on the correlation of
      self-consistency and congruence in China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psychosocial job characteristics require nursing staff with high self
      consistency and good mental health. However, the attention and effort of such
      study remained very limited in China. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire
      was distributed to the bedside nurses in an affiliated hospital of Hebei Medical
      University, China. Of 218 registered bedside nurses eligible to participate in
      the survey anonymously, the data producing sample of 172 subjects resulted in a
      79 % of effective response rate.. The Social Support Rating Scale was used to
      measure social support, and the Self-Consistency and Congruence Scale were used
      to measure mental health. RESULTS: Compared with the normal referenced group of
      college students, higher self-flexibility scores, lower self-conflict and self
      stethoscope scores from the sample group were obtained with statistical
      significance in self-conflict scores. The close correlations were observed
      between participants' social support and Self-Consistency and Congruence Scale
      score. The difference of Social Support Rating Scale score was significant in
      demographic features including years of work, marital status, only child family,
      and levels of cooperation with other health worker. CONCLUSIONS: Bedside nurses
      in this study show a better inner harmony, and their Self-Consistency and
      Congruence closely correlates with the levels of social support. Thus, it is
      substantial to improve inner perception of support and external factors, such as
      the workplace support, and offer beneficial social environment to improve the
      bedside nurse's sub-health symptoms and decrease the high turnover rate.

PMID- 27353411
TI  - Use of donated clotting factors for surgeries on haemophilic patients in a
      resource-constrained country: a kind donor, good outcome, change of practice and
      future directions.

PMID- 27353412
TI  - Facial nerve repair after operative injury: Impact of timing on hypoglossal
      facial nerve graft outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: Reanimation of facial paralysis is a complex problem with multiple
      treatment options. One option is hypoglossal-facial nerve grafting, which can be
      performed in the immediate postoperative period after nerve transection, or in a
      delayed setting after skull base surgery when the nerve is anatomically intact
      but function is poor. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of
      timing of hypoglossal-facial grafting on functional outcome. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A retrospective case series from a single tertiary otologic referral
      center was performed identifying 60 patients with facial nerve injury following
      cerebellopontine angle tumor extirpation. Patients underwent hypoglossal-facial
      nerve anastomosis following facial nerve injury. Facial nerve function was
      measured using the House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system at a median follow
      up interval of 18months. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used
      determine how time to hypoglossal-facial nerve grafting affected odds of
      achieving House-Brackmann grade of <=3. RESULTS: Patients who underwent acute
      hypoglossal-facial anastomotic repair (0-14days from injury) were more likely to
      achieve House-Brackmann grade <=3 compared to those that had delayed repair (OR
      4.97, 95% CI 1.5-16.9, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Early hypoglossal-facial anastomotic
      repair after acute facial nerve injury is associated with better long-term facial
      function outcomes and should be considered in the management algorithm.

PMID- 27353414
TI  - A life-course and multifactorial approach to Alzheimer's disease: Implications
      for research, clinical assessment and intervention practices.
AB  - According to the dominant biomedical view, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a
      precise, necessary and unifying neurobiological cause, which distinguishes it
      from other neurodegenerative diseases and normal ageing. However, different types
      of evidence specifically lead to questioning the foundations of this essentialist
      and category-based approach to AD. It seems more and more evident that AD
      represents a heterogeneous state, determined by multiple factors and mechanisms
      that interact and intervene throughout life. This other way of conceiving AD not
      only requires a change of research objectives, but also a profound modification
      of clinical assessment and intervention practices. It also appeals to follow the
      path of prevention.

PMID- 27353413
TI  - Risk of Venous Thromboembolism After Laparoscopic Surgery for Gynecologic
      Malignancy.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after
      laparoscopic surgery for gynecologic cancer. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of
      the ACS-NSQIP database (Canadian Task Force Classification II.1). SETTING:
      Academic and community healthcare institutions across the United States.
      PATIENTS: Women who underwent at least 1 major laparoscopic surgery for uterine,
      ovarian, and cervical cancers. INTERVENTION: Data were collected on surgical
      procedures, patient demographic variables, type of malignancy and VTE, and
      mortality outcomes within 30 days of surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: VTE
      was defined as deep venous thrombosis requiring therapy and pulmonary embolism
      confirmed by imaging or autopsy within 30 days of surgery. Of the 2219 patients
      included in the final analysis, 15 patients (.7%) were diagnosed with VTE within
      30 days after surgery. Six patients (.3%) were diagnosed before discharge, and 9
      patients (.4%) were diagnosed after discharge. The median time from surgery to
      diagnosis was 6 days (range, 0-28 days). Although most patients included in the
      study had uterine cancer (86%, n = 1913), no difference was noted based on the
      site of cancer (.5% for cervical cancer, .7% for endometrial cancer, and .8% for
      ovarian cancer; p = .95). There was no difference in rate of VTE when stratified
      by age (p = .10), body mass index (p = .68), diabetes (p = .22), smoking (p =
      .60), respiratory morbidities (p = .55), cardiac disease (p = .22), hypertension
      (p = .13), preoperative blood transfusion (p = .90), or American Society of
      Anesthesiologists class (p = .10). There was a trend toward higher risk of VTE
      among patients with disseminated cancer compared with those with early cancers
      (3.6% vs .6%, p = .05). No difference was found in the risk of VTE based on
      operative time (.7% for <2 hours, .6% for 2-3 hours, and .7% for >3 hours; p =
      .96). No difference was noted in the risk of VTE among those who underwent
      lymphadenectomy compared with those who did not (.9% vs .5%, p = .35). In
      multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusting age (p = .12), body mass
      index (p = .90), operative time (p = .71), and lymphadenectomy (p = .30), none of
      these variables was significantly associated with risk of VTE. In multivariable
      analysis adjusting for other confounders, VTE within 30 days was a significant
      predictor of higher 30-day mortality (OR, 26.0; 95% CI, 2.2-306.9; p = .01).
      CONCLUSION: The rate of VTE is low after major laparoscopic surgery for
      gynecologic cancers but is associated with increased 30-day mortality. Universal
      or extended thromboprophylaxis does not appear to be indicated for all patients.
      Further studies are needed to identify patients at high risk for postoperative
      VTE who may benefit from pharmacologic prophylaxis.

PMID- 27353415
TI  - Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed pathways related to the
      metastatic characteristics of osteosarcoma.
AB  - In this study, gene expression data of osteosarcoma (OSA) were analyzed to
      identify metastasis-related biological pathways. Four gene expression data sets
      (GSE21257, GSE9508, GSE49003 and GSE66673) were downloaded from Gene Expression
      Omnibus (GEO). An analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was performed
      using the Significance Analysis of Microarray (SAM) method. Gene expression
      levels were converted into scores of pathways by the Functional Analysis of
      Individual Microarray Expression (FAIME) algorithm and the differentially
      expressed pathways (DEPs) were then disclosed by a t-test. The distinguishing and
      prediction ability of the DEPs for metastatic and non-metastatic OSA was further
      confirmed using the principal component analysis (PCA) method and 3 gene
      expression data sets (GSE9508, GSE49003 and GSE66673) based on the support vector
      machines (SVM) model. A total of 616 downregulated and 681 upregulated genes were
      identified in the data set, GSE21257. The DEGs could not be used to distinguish
      metastatic OSA from non-metastatic OSA, as shown by PCA. Thus, an analysis of
      DEPs was further performed, resulting in 14 DEPs, such as NRAS signaling, Toll
      like receptor (TLR) signaling, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) regulation of
      cytokines and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-mediated
      interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) activation. Cluster analysis indicated that
      these pathways could be used to distinguish between metastatic OSA from non
      metastatic OSA. The prediction accuracy was 91, 66.7 and 87.5% for the data sets,
      GSE9508, GSE49003 and GSE66673, respectively. The results of PCA further
      validated that the DEPs could be used to distinguish metastatic OSA from non
      metastatic OSA. On the whole, several DEPs were identified in metastatic OSA
      compared with non-metastatic OSA. Further studies on these pathways and relevant
      genes may help to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms
      underlying metastasis and may thus aid in the development of novel therapies. 

PMID- 27353416
TI  - Innominate Artery Stenosis Presenting With Migratory Digital Ischemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atherosclerotic lesions of the supra-aortic trunk vessels, including
      the innominate artery, subclavian artery, or the common carotid artery, tend to
      present either as low-flow state distal to the lesion or as embolic events. The
      risk of embolic cerebrovascular event complicates the management of this
      condition via a pure endovascular approach. A combined operative-endovascular
      intervention may be a valuable approach in order to reduce the risk of
      intraoperative stroke and prevent future embolic events. CASE PRESENTATION: An 84
      year-old female presented at the emergency department (ED) with a 4-month history
      of migratory digital cyanotic lesions across various fingers on her right hand.
      The lesion eventually progressed into dry gangrene on her right middle finger.
      Selective angiography of the aortic arch vessels demonstrated significant
      atherosclerotic plaque burden throughout her supra-aortic vessels and a segmental
      stenosis at the proximal innominate artery. A right carotid cut down was
      performed to allow clamping of the carotid artery so as to minimize the risk of
      intraoperative stroke from plaque manipulation. Retrograde balloon angioplasty
      was performed, and stent was placed across the stenotic segment. The patient
      tolerated the procedure well and had an uneventful postoperative course. She was
      discharged on postoperative day 3. At 2-week follow-up, she has had no
      progression of her digital ischemia nor other focal cranial nerve deficits.
      CONCLUSION: Migratory digital ischemia is a rare presentation of atherosclerotic
      disease of the supra-aortic vessels. It represents a challenging situation for
      endovascular intervention due to concern about plaque dislodgment during the
      procedure. A retrograde balloon-stent angioplasty following distal carotid
      control with an open approach may be safe and effective in selected patients.

PMID- 27353417
TI  - GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent
      approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 1: Introduction.

PMID- 27353419
TI  - A new approach for categorizing pig lying behaviour based on a Delaunay
      triangulation method.
AB  - Machine vision-based monitoring of pig lying behaviour is a fast and non
      intrusive approach that could be used to improve animal health and welfare. Four
      pens with 22 pigs in each were selected at a commercial pig farm and monitored
      for 15 days using top view cameras. Three thermal categories were selected
      relative to room setpoint temperature. An image processing technique based on
      Delaunay triangulation (DT) was utilized. Different lying patterns (close, normal
      and far) were defined regarding the perimeter of each DT triangle and the
      percentages of each lying pattern were obtained in each thermal category. A
      method using a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network, to automatically
      classify group lying behaviour of pigs into three thermal categories, was
      developed and tested for its feasibility. The DT features (mean value of
      perimeters, maximum and minimum length of sides of triangles) were calculated as
      inputs for the MLP classifier. The network was trained, validated and tested and
      the results revealed that MLP could classify lying features into the three
      thermal categories with high overall accuracy (95.6%). The technique indicates
      that a combination of image processing, MLP classification and mathematical
      modelling can be used as a precise method for quantifying pig lying behaviour in
      welfare investigations.

PMID- 27353418
TI  - Impact of statin related media coverage on use of statins: interrupted time
      series analysis with UK primary care data.
AB  - OBJECTIVE:  To quantify how a period of intense media coverage of controversy
      over the risk:benefit balance of statins affected their use. DESIGN:  Interrupted
      time series analysis of prospectively collected electronic data from primary
      care. SETTING:  Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) in the United Kingdom.
      PARTICIPANTS:  Patients newly eligible for or currently taking statins for
      primary and secondary cardiovascular disease prevention in each month in January
      2011-March 2015. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:  Adjusted odds ratios for
      starting/stopping taking statins after the media coverage (October 2013-March
      2014). RESULTS:  There was no evidence that the period of high media coverage was
      associated with changes in statin initiation among patients with a high recorded
      risk score for cardiovascular disease (primary prevention) or a recent
      cardiovascular event (secondary prevention) (odds ratio 0.99 (95% confidence
      interval 0.87 to 1.13; P=0.92) and 1.04 (0.92 to 1.18; P=0.54), respectively),
      though there was a decrease in the overall proportion of patients with a recorded
      risk score. Patients already taking statins were more likely to stop taking them
      for both primary and secondary prevention after the high media coverage period
      (1.11 (1.05 to 1.18; P<0.001) and 1.12 (1.04 to 1.21; P=0.003), respectively).
      Stratified analyses showed that older patients and those with a longer continuous
      prescription were more likely to stop taking statins after the media coverage. In
      post hoc analyses, the increased rates of cessation were no longer observed after
      six months. CONCLUSIONS:  A period of intense public discussion over the
      risks:benefit balance of statins, covered widely in the media, was followed by a
      transient rise in the proportion of people who stopped taking statins. This
      research highlights the potential for widely covered health stories in the lay
      media to impact on healthcare related behaviour.

PMID- 27353420
TI  - Superior anti-tumor activity of the MDM2 antagonist idasanutlin and the Bcl-2
      inhibitor venetoclax in p53 wild-type acute myeloid leukemia models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Venetoclax, a small molecule BH3 mimetic which inhibits the anti
      apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and idasanutlin, a selective MDM2 antagonist, have both
      shown activity as single-agent treatments in pre-clinical and clinical studies in
      acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we deliver the rationale and
      molecular basis for the combination of idasanutlin and venetoclax for treatment
      of p53 wild-type AML. METHODS: The effect of idasanutlin and venetoclax
      combination on cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression was
      investigated in vitro using established AML cell lines. In vivo efficacy was
      demonstrated in subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models generated in female
      nude or non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. Mode
      of-action analyses were performed by means of cell cycle kinetic studies, RNA
      sequencing as well as western blotting experiments. RESULTS: Combination
      treatment with venetoclax and idasanutlin results in synergistic anti-tumor
      activity compared with the respective single-agent treatments in vitro, in p53
      wild-type AML cell lines, and leads to strongly superior efficacy in vivo, in
      subcutaneous and orthotopic AML models. The inhibitory effects of idasanutlin
      were cell-cycle dependent, with cells arresting in G1 in consecutive cycles and
      the induction of apoptosis only evident after cells had gone through at least two
      cell cycles. Combination treatment with venetoclax removed this dependency,
      resulting in an acceleration of cell death kinetics. As expected, gene expression
      studies using RNA sequencing showed significant alterations to pathways
      associated with p53 signaling and cell cycle arrest (CCND1 pathway) in response
      to idasanutlin treatment. Only few gene expression changes were observed for
      venetoclax treatment and combination treatment, indicating that their effects are
      mediated mainly at the post-transcriptional level. Protein expression studies
      demonstrated that inhibition of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 contributed to
      the activity of venetoclax and idasanutlin, with earlier inhibition of Mcl-1 in
      response to combination treatment contributing to the superior combined activity.
      The role of Mcl-1 was confirmed by small hairpin RNA gene knockdown studies.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide functional and molecular insight on the
      superior anti-tumor activity of combined idasanutlin and venetoclax treatment in
      AML and support its further exploration in clinical studies.

PMID- 27353421
TI  - French general practitioners' sense of isolation in the management of elderly
      cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer care in people over 75 years of age is particularly complex
      and requires collaboration between oncologists, geriatricians, GPs and other
      professional and family carers. To improve the care pathways for elderly people
      living with cancer, the French health authorities have created a network of
      oncologists and geriatricians; however, GPs experience difficulties in
      establishing their place in this network. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse
      the impressions of French GPs involved in the care of elderly patients with
      cancer, including their feelings regarding their relationships with their
      oncologist and geriatrician colleagues. METHODS: A qualitative approach using
      focus groups was employed. The proceedings of these focus groups were recorded,
      retranscribed and subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS: Although heavily
      involved in the care of their elderly patients living with cancer, the GPs who
      participated reported feeling isolated in their role at each step during the
      course of the disease. The principal themes addressed were screening and
      diagnosis, therapeutic decisions, multidisciplinary consultation meetings, the
      announcement of the diagnosis and monitoring at home. Their relationships with
      their oncologist colleagues showed much room for improvement, and they were
      unaware of the oncogeriatric network. CONCLUSIONS: Improving the communication
      between GPs, oncologists and geriatric medicine seems to be one response to the
      isolation that GPs feel when caring for older people with cancer. At the primary
      care level, integration of GPs into the oncogeriatric network and the creation of
      a cancer care communication system in collaboration with the relevant hospital
      teams may be effective solutions.

PMID- 27353422
TI  - Glycemic and vascular choreoballism as main causes of secondary choreoballism
      involving the putamen.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The putamen is frequently involved in cases of secondary
      choreoballism (CB). To date, no study has investigated clinical features of
      secondary CB such as vascular CB (vCB) and glycemic CB (gCB) in view of putaminal
      involvement. OBJECTIVES: Cases of CB with putaminal lesions from our hospital
      were identified in hospital records. Historical cases were obtained from the
      MEDLINE database. Cases of gCB are defined as those with CB, diabetes mellitus
      and high signal intensities (HSIs) in the putamen on T1 weighted imaging (T1WI).
      Cases of vCB are identified among those with CB and stroke involving the putamen.
      RESULTS: A total of 284 cases (in-hospital cases, 11 gCB and 3 vCB; historical
      cases, 225 gCB and 45 vCB) were included after excluding 23 glycemic cases
      without HSIs on T1WI and 53 cases with non-glycemic etiologies. Persistence of CB
      was longer than one month in 84 cases (gCB, 36.9%, and vCB, 63.0%). Extra
      putaminal lesions occurred more frequently in vCB (71.1%) than gCB (50.7%). Age,
      cerebrovascular etiology and extra-putaminal lesions were found to be significant
      predictors for persistence of CB one month after onset. Female gender and extra
      putaminal lesions were significant predictors for persistence of CB one year
      after onset. CONCLUSIONS: gCB was the primary common cause of secondary CB
      involving the putamen. Older age, female gender, vascular etiologies and
      extensive lesions (putaminal and extra-putaminal) were significant predictors of
      CB persistence.

PMID- 27353423
TI  - miRNA in Macrophage Development and Function.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control cellular gene expression via primarily
      binding to 3' or 5' untranslated region of the target transcript leading to
      translational repression or mRNA degradation. In most cases, miRNAs have been
      observed to fine-tune the cellular responses and, therefore, act as a rheostat
      rather than an on/off switch. Transcription factor PU.1 is a master switch that
      controls monocyte/macrophage development from hematopoietic stem cells. Recent
      Advances: PU.1 induces a specific set of miRNAs while suppressing the miR17-92
      cluster to regulate monocyte/macrophage development. In addition to development,
      miRNAs tightly control the macrophage polarization continuum from proinflammatory
      M1 or proreparative M2 by regulating expression of key transcription factors
      involved in the process of polarization. CRITICAL ISSUES: miRNAs are intricately
      involved with fine-tuning fundamental macrophage functions such as phagocytosis,
      efferocytosis, inflammation, tissue repair, and tumor promotion. Macrophages are
      secretory cells that participate in intercellular communication by releasing
      regulatory molecules and microvesicles (MVs). MVs are bilayered lipid membranes
      packaging a hydrophilic cargo, including proteins and nucleic acids. Macrophage
      derived MVs carry functionally active miRNAs that suppress gene expression in
      target cells via post-transcriptional gene silencing, thus regulating cell
      function. In summary, miRNAs fine-tune several major facets of macrophage
      development and function. Such fine-tuning is critical in preventing exaggerated
      macrophage response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: A
      critical role of miRNAs in the regulation of innate immune response and
      macrophage biology, including development, differentiation, and activation, has
      emerged. A clear understanding of such regulation on macrophage function remains
      to be elucidated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 795-804.

PMID- 27353424
TI  - Efficient production of multi-modified pigs for xenotransplantation by
      'combineering', gene stacking and gene editing.
AB  - Xenotransplantation from pigs could alleviate the shortage of human tissues and
      organs for transplantation. Means have been identified to overcome hyperacute
      rejection and acute vascular rejection mechanisms mounted by the recipient. The
      challenge is to combine multiple genetic modifications to enable normal animal
      breeding and meet the demand for transplants. We used two methods to colocate
      xenoprotective transgenes at one locus, sequential targeted transgene placement -
      'gene stacking', and cointegration of multiple engineered large vectors -
      'combineering', to generate pigs carrying modifications considered necessary to
      inhibit short to mid-term xenograft rejection. Pigs were generated by serial
      nuclear transfer and analysed at intermediate stages. Human complement inhibitors
      CD46, CD55 and CD59 were abundantly expressed in all tissues examined, human HO1
      and human A20 were widely expressed. ZFN or CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homozygous GGTA1
      and CMAH knockout abolished alpha-Gal and Neu5Gc epitopes. Cells from multi
      transgenic piglets showed complete protection against human complement-mediated
      lysis, even before GGTA1 knockout. Blockade of endothelial activation reduced
      TNFalpha-induced E-selectin expression, IFNgamma-induced MHC class-II
      upregulation and TNFalpha/cycloheximide caspase induction. Microbial analysis
      found no PERV-C, PCMV or 13 other infectious agents. These animals are a major
      advance towards clinical porcine xenotransplantation and demonstrate that
      livestock engineering has come of age.

PMID- 27353425
TI  - Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio is associated with endothelial dysfunction in
      HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.
AB  - Endothelial dysfunction, a marker of cardiovascular (CV) risk, is common in human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Microalbuminuria is frequent in
      HIV-infected patients, and is a predictor of renal impairment and CV risk. We
      investigated the association between microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction
      among HIV-infected patients receiving highly-active antiretroviral therapy
      (HAART). Endothelial function, measured by brachial artery flow-mediated
      dilatation (bFMD), and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), were measured in
      170 HAART-treated HIV-infected adults. The relationship between UACR and bFMD was
      evaluated. The prevalence of increased UACR, defined by two cut-off levels (20
      mg/g and 30 mg/g), was 29% and 17%. UACR was significantly higher while bFMD was
      lower among patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). UACR was associated with bFMD
      (r = -0.31; p < 0.001). This association was stronger in MS-patients (r = -0.44;
      p = 0.003). UACR above 20 mg/g was associated with an increased risk (OR 2.37,
      95% CI 1.15-4.89, p = 0.020) of severely impaired bFMD (bFMD <= 2.1%). Patients
      with MS and increased UACR had the lowest bFMD compared with those with none or
      one of the two conditions. Microalbuminuria and endothelial dysfunction are
      positively associated in HIV-infected patients regardless of known confounders.
      The coexistence of microalbuminuria and MS amplifies their deleterious influence
      on endothelial function.

PMID- 27353426
TI  - Training professionals to engage agriculture as an instrument of public health.

PMID- 27353427
TI  - The actin crosslinking protein palladin modulates force generation and
      mechanosensitivity of tumor associated fibroblasts.
AB  - Cells organize actin filaments into higher-order structures by regulating the
      composition, distribution and concentration of actin crosslinkers. Palladin is an
      actin crosslinker found in the lamellar actin network and stress fibers, which
      are critical for mechanosensing of the environment. Palladin also serves as a
      molecular scaffold for alpha-actinin, another key actin crosslinker. By virtue of
      its close interactions with actomyosin structures in the cell, palladin may play
      an important role in cell mechanics. However, the role of palladin in cellular
      force generation and mechanosensing has not been studied. Here, we investigate
      the role of palladin in regulating the plasticity of the actin cytoskeleton and
      cellular force generation in response to alterations in substrate stiffness.
      Traction force microscopy revealed that tumor-associated fibroblasts generate
      larger forces on substrates of increased stiffness. Contrary to expectations,
      knocking down palladin increased the forces generated by cells and inhibited
      their ability to sense substrate stiffness for very stiff gels. This was
      accompanied by significant differences in actin organization, adhesion dynamics
      and altered myosin organization in palladin knock-down cells. Our results suggest
      that actin crosslinkers such as palladin and myosin motors coordinate for optimal
      cell function and to prevent aberrant behavior as in cancer metastasis.

PMID- 27353428
TI  - Experimentally simulating quantum walks with self-collimated light.
AB  - In self-collimated photonic crystal, periodically arranged air holes of sub
      wavelength scale provide flattened equi-frequency curves perpendicular to the
      GammaM direction, which allow light or photons propagating in a quasi-uniform
      medium without diffraction. Here we for the first time experimentally simulate
      four-step single-photon discrete time quantum walks with classical light in such
      a photonic crystal chip fabricated on silicon-on-insulator. Similarities between
      theoretical expectations and experimental results are higher than 0.98. The
      functional area is compact and can be extended to construct more complicated
      linear quantum circuits.

PMID- 27353429
TI  - The IL-17-Th1/Th17 pathway: an attractive target for lung cancer therapy?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is strong pharmaceutical development of agents targeting the
      IL-17-TH17 pathway for the treatment of psoriasis (Ps) and psoriatic arthritis
      (PsA). Lung cancer accounts for 28% of all cancer-related deaths worldwide, and
      roughly 80% of patients with newly-diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
      present with metastatic disease, with a poor prognosis of around 12 months.
      Therefore, there is a high unmet medical need for the development of new and
      potent systemic treatments in this deadly disease. The emergence of
      immunotherapies such as anti-PD-1 or anti-PDL1 as candidate therapies in non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) indicates that targeting critical immuno
      modulatory cytokines including those within the IL-17-Th1/Th17 axis may have
      proven benefit in the treatment of lung cancer. Areas covered: In this review we
      describe the current evidence for aberrant IL-17-Th1/Th17 settings in cancer,
      particularly with regard to targeting this axis in NSCLC. We further discuss the
      current agents under pharmaceutical development which could potentially target
      this axis, and discuss the current limitations and areas of concern regarding the
      use of these in lung cancer. Expert opinion: Current evidence suggests that
      moving forward agents targeting the IL-17-Th1/Th17 pathway may have novel new
      oncoimmunology indications in the treatment paradigm for NSCLC.

PMID- 27353430
TI  - Detecting Memory Impairment in Deaf People: A New Test of Verbal Learning and
      Memory in British Sign Language.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Most existing tests of memory and verbal learning in adults were
      created for spoken languages, and are unsuitable for assessing deaf people who
      rely on signed languages. In response to this need for sign language measures,
      the British Sign Language Verbal Learning and Memory Test (BSL-VLMT) was
      developed. It follows the format of the English language Hopkins Verbal Learning
      Test Revised, using standardized video-presentation with novel stimuli and
      instructions wholly in British Sign Language, and no English language
      requirement. METHOD: Data were collected from 223 cognitively healthy deaf
      signers aged 50-89 and 12 deaf patients diagnosed with dementia. Normative data
      percentiles were derived for clinical use, and receiver-operating characteristic
      curves computed to explore the clinical potential and diagnostic sensitivity and
      specificity. RESULTS: The test showed good discrimination between the normative
      and clinical samples, providing preliminary evidence of clinical utility for
      identifying learning and memory impairment in older deaf signers with
      neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS: This innovative video testing approach transforms
      the ability to accurately detect memory impairments in deaf people and avoids the
      problems of using interpreters, with international potential for adapting similar
      tests into other signed languages.

PMID- 27353431
TI  - Standardization, Clinical Validation, and Typicality Norms of a New Test
      Assessing Semantic Verbal Fluency.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Semantic verbal fluency (SVF) tests are widely used in clinical
      neuropsychology. We propose the standardization and clinical validation of a new
      SVF test based on the production of names of birds and articles of furniture
      (Birds and Articles of Furniture test-BAF). METHODS: A sample of 268 subjects
      aged 40 years or more underwent the test. The clinical validation was conducted
      on subjects affected by amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI; N = 106), mild
      (N = 178), and moderate (N = 114) Alzheimer's disease (AD). RESULTS: The BAF
      total score was influenced by both age and education, whereas the single scores
      obtained on BAF were also influenced by gender. The percentage of subjects with
      pathological score on BAF increased from aMCI (19%) to mild (45.5%) and moderate
      (71.1%) AD, and receiver operating characteristic curves analysis showed that the
      BAF may be highly reliable in distinguishing aMCI and AD patients from healthy
      subjects. We also provide typicality norms for birds and articles of furniture
      that could be useful in the assessment of qualitative features of words produced
      in semantic fluency tests. CONCLUSIONS: The BAF test could be a valid and
      reliable tool in both clinical practice and research on subjects affected by
      cognitive impairment.

PMID- 27353432
TI  - Gaseous product mixture from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis as an efficient carbon
      feedstock for low temperature CVD growth of carbon nanotube carpets.
AB  - Low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of carbon nanotube (CNT)
      carpets from Fe and Fe-Cu catalysts using a gaseous product mixture from Fischer
      Tropsch synthesis (FTS-GP) as a superior carbon feedstock is demonstrated. This
      growth approach addresses a persistent issue of obtaining thick CNT carpets on
      temperature-sensitive substrates at low temperatures using a non-plasma CVD
      approach without catalyst pretreatment and/or preheating of the carbon feedstock.
      The efficiency of the process is evidenced by the highly dense, vertically
      aligned CNT structures from both Fe and Fe-Cu catalysts even at temperatures as
      low as 400  degrees C - a record low growth temperature for CNT carpets obtained
      via conventional thermal CVD. The grown CNTs exhibit a straight morphology with
      hollow interior and parallel graphitic planes along the tube walls. The apparent
      activation energies for CNT carpet growth on Fe and Fe-Cu catalysts are 0.71 and
      0.54 eV, respectively. The synergistic effect of Fe and Cu show a strong
      dependence on the growth temperature, with Cu being more influential at
      temperatures higher than 450  degrees C. The low activation energies and long
      catalyst lifetimes observed are rationalized based on the unique composition of
      FTS-GP and Gibbs free energies for the decomposition reactions of the hydrocarbon
      components. The use of FTS-GP facilitates low-temperature growth of CNT carpets
      on traditional (alumina film) and nontraditional substrates (aluminum foil) and
      has the potential of enhancing CNT quality, catalyst lifetime, and scalability. 

PMID- 27353433
TI  - The macroecology of infectious diseases: a new perspective on global-scale
      drivers of pathogen distributions and impacts.
AB  - Identifying drivers of infectious disease patterns and impacts at the broadest
      scales of organisation is one of the most crucial challenges for modern science,
      yet answers to many fundamental questions remain elusive. These include what
      factors commonly facilitate transmission of pathogens to novel host species, what
      drives variation in immune investment among host species, and more generally what
      drives global patterns of parasite diversity and distribution? Here we consider
      how the perspectives and tools of macroecology, a field that investigates
      patterns and processes at broad spatial, temporal and taxonomic scales, are
      expanding scientific understanding of global infectious disease ecology. In
      particular, emerging approaches are providing new insights about scaling
      properties across all living taxa, and new strategies for mapping pathogen
      biodiversity and infection risk. Ultimately, macroecology is establishing a
      framework to more accurately predict global patterns of infectious disease
      distribution and emergence.

PMID- 27353434
TI  - Extracellular Matrix of Current Biological Scaffolds Promotes the Differentiation
      Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the ability of
      bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (bMSC) to differentiate toward bone,
      fat, cartilage, and tendon lineages when grown on commercially available
      scaffolds compared with control and native tendon tissue. METHODS: BMSCs were
      cultured and analyzed by fluorescent automated cells sorting for surface markers
      CD73, -90, and -105. BMSCs were grown on rotator cuff tendon (RCT),
      decellularized human dermis patch (DDP), bilayer collagen matrix, and fibrin
      matrix (FM) to test their differentiation potential using quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction and establish markers for osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic,
      and tenogenic lineages. Immunocytochemical testing was used to determine the
      specific proteins present on the scaffolds. RESULTS: Alkaline phosphatase and
      osteocalcin gene expression was significantly higher on RCT (P < .001) and
      collagen scaffold (CS) (P < .001) compared with DDP and FM scaffolds (P < .001, P
      < .001). When differentiated toward a cartilage lineage, bMSCs grown on CS had
      significantly more type II collagen and aggrecan compared with DDP (P < .001, P <
      .001), FM (P < .001, P < .001), and RCT (P < .001, P < .001). Differentiated
      bMSCs grown on the CS had a significant increase in PPARgamma and FABP4 gene
      expression compared with bMSCs grown on all other scaffolds (all P < .001). The
      differentiation of bMSCs into tendon on CSs had significantly more tenacin C,
      decorin, and type III collagen gene expression when compared with RCT, DDP, and
      FM (all P < .001). Decorin gene expression in the control undifferentiated CS was
      also significantly increased, suggesting that the matrix alone may promote a
      tenogenic lineage (P = .637). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in the extracellular
      matrix composition of scaffolds significantly impact their potential to promote
      differentiation of bMSCs. Comparing the native RCT to the tested scaffolds showed
      that a high content of type I and III collagen significantly increased the
      potential of bMSCs to differentiate toward bone, tendon, fat, and cartilage
      lineages. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This in vitro study shows the differences between
      commercially available scaffolds for rotator cuff repairs. Therefore, these
      results support clinical use depending on the surgical intention and the
      potential of bMSCs to differentiate into bone, tendon, cartilage, and fat tissue.

PMID- 27353436
TI  - Immunochemical and molecular assessment of urothelial neoplasms and aspects of
      the 2016 World Health Organization classification.
AB  - The new World Health Organization classification of tumours of the urinary system
      and male genital organs (4th edn) has several changes from previous versions, and
      was published in January 2016. New pathways have been discovered in the
      development of bladder cancer, and were included in this new classification.
      Guidance from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) helped
      to clarify open questions, in conjunction with the new classification. The
      histological groups of urothelial carcinoma evolved. Grading remained the same,
      despite controversy among European urologists. Substaging of pT1 tumours is
      recommended for the first time, and the ICCR has made recommendations on how to
      report this. Furthermore, worldwide advice has been published on the use of
      immunohistochemistry, and recommendations have been made to try to standardize
      the handling of bladder cancer from a histopathological point of view. At a
      molecular level, bladder cancer groups have been stratified, and an upcoming
      molecular classification permits a novel view of this malignancy. This review
      will try to summarize the most important changes.

PMID- 27353437
TI  - Chemical and in vitro biological information to predict mouse liver toxicity
      using recursive random forests.
AB  - In this study, recursive random forests were used to build classification models
      for mouse liver toxicity. The mouse liver toxicity endpoint (67 toxic and 166 non
      toxic) was a composition of four in vivo chronic systemic and carcinogenic
      toxicity endpoints (non-proliferative, neoplastic, proliferative and gross
      pathology). A multiple under-sampling approach and a shifted classification
      threshold of 0.288 (non-toxic < 0.288 and toxic >= 0.288) were used to cope with
      the unbalanced data. Our study showed that recursive random forests are very
      efficient in variable selection and for the development of predictive in silico
      models. Generally, over 95% redundant descriptors could be reduced from modelling
      for all the chemical, biological and hybrid models in this study. The predictive
      performance of chemical models (CCR of 0.73) is comparable with hybrid model
      performance (CCR of 0.74). Descriptors related to the octanol-water partition
      coefficient are vital for model performance. The in vitro endpoint of CYP2A2
      played a key role in the development and interpretation of hybrid models.
      Identifying high-throughput screening assays relevant to liver toxicity would be
      key for improving in silico models of liver toxicity. 

PMID- 27353438
TI  - Interferon-Gamma and Fas Are Involved in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced
      Apoptosis of Human Extravillous Trophoblast-Derived HTR8/SVneo Cells via
      Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A number of studies recently revealed a link between periodontal
      disease and preterm birth (PTB). PTB can be induced by dental infection with
      Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a periodontopathic bacterium. This study aims to
      investigate responses of human extravillous trophoblast-derived HTR8/SVneo cells
      to Pg infection. METHODS: Cell apoptosis, cell viability, protein expression, and
      cytokine production in HTR8 cells were measured via: 1) flow cytometry, 2) CCK-8
      assay, 3) western blot, and 4) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods,
      respectively. RESULTS: Pg decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis,
      active caspase-3 and Fas expression, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion
      in HTR8 cells. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 inhibitor U0126
      and FasL neutralizing antibody NOK1 that blocks FasL/Fas interaction both
      significantly suppressed Pg-induced apoptosis. U0126 also inhibited IFN-gamma
      secretion and Fas expression close to control levels. Moreover, treatment with
      recombinant IFN-gamma also significantly decreased number of viable HTR8 cells
      and increased Fas expression, suggesting IFN-gamma may play an important role in
      Pg-induced apoptosis of HTR8 cells, at least partially through regulation of Fas
      expression. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first
      study to demonstrate Pg induces IFN-gamma secretion, Fas expression, and
      apoptosis in human extravillous trophoblast-derived HTR8/SVneo cells in an ERK1/2
      dependent manner, and IFN-gamma (explored by recombinant IFN-gamma) and Fas are
      involved in Pg-induced apoptosis. The finding that Pg infection abnormally
      regulates inflammation and apoptosis of human trophoblasts may give new insights
      into the possible link of PTB with maternal periodontal disease and periodontal
      pathogens.

PMID- 27353439
TI  - Clinical Usefulness of Novel Immunochromatographic Detection Device for
      Porphyromonas gingivalis in Evaluating Effects of Scaling and Root Planing and
      Local Antimicrobial Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The authors have previously reported development of a novel
      immunochromatographic device (DK13-PG-001) for specific detection of
      Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). In this study, clinical usefulness of the
      detection device during periodontal therapy is presented. METHODS: The
      multicenter study was conducted with 62 patients contributing 118 periodontitis
      sites with probing depth (PD) of 4 to 9 mm. Subgingival plaque samples were used
      for detection of Pg by DK13-PG-001 and the PCR-invader method at: 1) baseline
      (BL); 2) reevaluation (RE; after scaling and root planing); and 3) final
      evaluation (FE; after local drug delivery system). Periodontal examinations were
      performed concurrently with the test for Pg detection. Plasma immunoglobulin G
      (IgG) titers against Pg were also determined in patients using an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: DK13-PG-001 score and number of Pg by the PCR
      invader method showed a strong correlation (r = 0.862) at three stages during
      periodontal therapy (n = 354). High sensitivity and specificity of DK13-PG-001,
      in comparison with the PCR-invader method, were shown. A significant correlation
      was found among device score, number of Pg by the PCR-invader method, and PD and
      clinical attachment level at BL and RE. Plasma IgG titers against Pg were
      significantly reduced at FE in comparison with BL. Weak but significant
      correlations between IgG titers and device scores were shown at BL and FE.
      CONCLUSION: Results suggest the DK13-PG-001 device is a useful tool for detection
      of Pg in dental offices and can aid clinical evaluation of the extent of
      periodontitis and therapeutic efficacy.

PMID- 27353440
TI  - Preliminary Results of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment in Patients With Breast
      Cancer Undergoing Chemotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although priority is often given to treat the cancer itself, focus
      should also be directed to prevention and improvement of oral complications that
      may occur as a result of cancer and/or its treatment. This study compares
      periodontal treatment results in healthy patients and patients with breast cancer
      undergoing chemotherapy by monitoring clinical conditions and C-reactive-protein
      (CRP) levels. METHODS: Thirty-five participants were allocated to one of two
      groups: patients with periodontitis (P) (n = 18) and patients with breast cancer
      and periodontitis (CAN/P) (n = 17). The following clinical parameters were
      assessed at baseline and 45, 90, and 180 days after non-surgical periodontal
      treatment (NSPT): 1) probing depth (PD); 2) clinical attachment level (CAL); 3)
      plaque index (PI); 4) gingival index (GI); 5) CRP; and 6) complete blood count.
      Clinical parameters and CRP levels were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: P and
      CAN/P groups presented a statistically significant decrease in PD after NSPT at
      45, 90, and 180 days compared with baseline (P <0.05). There was a CAL gain in
      the P group and a significant reduction in PI and GI at 45, 90, and 180 days for
      both groups (P <0.05). At 180 days after NSPT treatment, the CAN/P group showed a
      higher number of residual pockets (P <0.05) compared with the P group (46.48 +/-
      26.80 and 7.58 +/- 7.40, respectively). The P group demonstrated a significant
      reduction in CRP levels at 45 and 180 days after NSPT compared with baseline (P
      <0.05), whereas this reduction was not observed in the CAN/P group. CONCLUSION:
      Patients with breast cancer who were undergoing chemotherapy responded to
      periodontal non-surgical therapy, although with less favorable results than
      patients with periodontitis without cancer, and may require additional or
      adjunctive periodontal treatments.

PMID- 27353441
TI  - Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft
      Versus Platelet-Rich Fibrin for the Treatment of Periodontal Intrabony Defects in
      Humans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A wide variety of materials have been proposed for treatment of
      periodontal intrabony defects (IBDs); recently, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has
      been suggested as a grafting material. The aim of this study is to report changes
      in clinical attachment level (CAL) and bone fill of periodontal IBDs treated with
      demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) compared with PRF in humans.
      METHODS: Thirty-six patients completed the study protocol. Each patient
      contributed a single IBD, which was randomized to receive either DFDBA or PRF.
      Clinical and standardized radiographic data were collected at baseline and 6
      months after treatment. Primary outcome measures included: 1) radiographic bone
      fill as measured from the cemento-enamel junction to base of bony defect and 2)
      change in CAL. RESULTS: Both treatment groups had significant gains in CAL as
      well as bone fill, with no significant differences in outcomes between groups.
      DFDBA had a mean CAL gain of 1.16 +/- 1.33 mm, mean clinical bone fill of 1.53 +/
      1.64 mm, and mean radiographic bone fill of 1.14 +/- 0.88 mm. PRF had a mean CAL
      gain of 1.03 +/- 0.86 mm, mean clinical bone fill of 1.35 +/- 1.60 mm, and mean
      radiographic bone fill of 1.10 +/- 1.01 mm. CONCLUSION: Treatment of IBDs with
      either DFDBA or PRF resulted in a significant gain in CAL as well as bone fill
      after 6 months of healing, with no significant difference between materials.

PMID- 27353442
TI  - Characterization of a putative ArsR transcriptional regulator encoded by Rv2642
      from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

PMID- 27353443
TI  - Rhodopsin kinase and arrestin binding control the decay of photoactivated
      rhodopsin and dark adaptation of mouse rods.
AB  - Photoactivation of vertebrate rhodopsin converts it to the physiologically active
      Meta II (R*) state, which triggers the rod light response. Meta II is rapidly
      inactivated by the phosphorylation of C-terminal serine and threonine residues by
      G-protein receptor kinase (Grk1) and subsequent binding of arrestin 1 (Arr1).
      Meta II exists in equilibrium with the more stable inactive form of rhodopsin,
      Meta III. Dark adaptation of rods requires the complete thermal decay of Meta
      II/Meta III into opsin and all-trans retinal and the subsequent regeneration of
      rhodopsin with 11-cis retinal chromophore. In this study, we examine the
      regulation of Meta III decay by Grk1 and Arr1 in intact mouse rods and their
      effect on rod dark adaptation. We measure the rates of Meta III decay in isolated
      retinas of wild-type (WT), Grk1-deficient (Grk1(-/-)), Arr1-deficient (Arr1(-/
      )), and Arr1-overexpressing (Arr1(ox)) mice. We find that in WT mouse rods, Meta
      III peaks ~6 min after rhodopsin activation and decays with a time constant (tau)
      of 17 min. Meta III decay slows in Arr1(-/-) rods (tau of ~27 min), whereas it
      accelerates in Arr1(ox) rods (tau of ~8 min) and Grk1(-/-) rods (tau of ~13 min).
      In all cases, regeneration of rhodopsin with exogenous 11-cis retinal is rate
      limited by the decay of Meta III. Notably, the kinetics of rod dark adaptation in
      vivo is also modulated by the levels of Arr1 and Grk1. We conclude that, in
      addition to their well-established roles in Meta II inactivation, Grk1 and Arr1
      can modulate the kinetics of Meta III decay and rod dark adaptation in vivo.

PMID- 27353444
TI  - Syndromic deafness mutations at Asn 14 differentially alter the open stability of
      Cx26 hemichannels.
AB  - Connexin 26 (Cx26) is a transmembrane protein that forms hexameric hemichannels
      that can function when unopposed or dock to form intercellular gap junction
      channels. Aberrantly functioning unopposed hemichannels are a common feature of
      syndromic deafness associated with mutations in Cx26. In this study, we examine
      two different mutations at the same position in the N-terminal domain of Cx26,
      N14K and N14Y, which have been reported to produce different phenotypes in
      patients. We find that both N14K and N14Y, when expressed alone or together with
      wild-type (WT) Cx26, result in functional hemichannels with widely disparate
      functional properties. N14K currents are robust, whereas N14Y currents are small.
      The two mutants also exhibit opposite shifts in voltage-dependent loop gating,
      such that activation of N14K and N14Y is shifted in the hyperpolarizing and
      depolarizing directions, respectively. Deactivation kinetics suggests that N14K
      stabilizes and N14Y destabilizes the open state. Single N14K hemichannel
      recordings in low extracellular Ca(2+) show no evidence of stable closing
      transitions associated with loop gating, and N14K hemichannels are insensitive to
      pH. Together, these properties cause N14K hemichannels to be particularly
      refractory to closing. Although we find that the unitary conductance of N14K is
      indistinguishable from WT Cx26, mutagenesis and substituted cysteine
      accessibility studies suggest that the N14 residue is exposed to the pore and
      that the differential properties of N14K and N14Y hemichannels likely result from
      altered electrostatic interactions between the N terminus and the cytoplasmic
      extension of TM2 in the adjacent subunit. The combined effects that we observe on
      loop gating and pH regulation may explain the unusual buccal cutaneous
      manifestations in patients carrying the N14K mutation. Our work also provides new
      considerations regarding the underlying molecular mechanism of loop gating, which
      controls hemichannel opening in the plasma membrane.

PMID- 27353445
TI  - Improved resolution of single channel dwell times reveals mechanisms of binding,
      priming, and gating in muscle AChR.
AB  - The acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from vertebrate skeletal muscle initiates
      voluntary movement, and its kinetics of activation are crucial for maintaining
      the safety margin for neuromuscular transmission. Furthermore, the kinetic
      mechanism of the muscle AChR serves as an archetype for understanding activation
      mechanisms of related receptors from the Cys-loop superfamily. Here we record
      currents through single muscle AChR channels with improved temporal resolution
      approaching half an order of magnitude over our previous best. A range of
      concentrations of full and partial agonists are used to elicit currents from
      human wild-type and gain-of-function mutant AChRs. For each agonist-receptor
      combination, rate constants are estimated from maximum likelihood analysis using
      a kinetic scheme comprised of agonist binding, priming, and channel gating steps.
      The kinetic scheme and rate constants are tested by stochastic simulation,
      followed by incorporation of the experimental step response, sampling rate,
      background noise, and filter bandwidth. Analyses of the simulated data confirm
      all rate constants except those for channel gating, which are overestimated
      because of the established effect of noise on the briefest dwell times. Estimates
      of the gating rate constants were obtained through iterative simulation followed
      by kinetic fitting. The results reveal that the agonist association rate
      constants are independent of agonist occupancy but depend on receptor state,
      whereas those for agonist dissociation depend on occupancy but not on state. The
      priming rate and equilibrium constants increase with successive agonist
      occupancy, and for a full agonist, the forward rate constant increases more than
      the equilibrium constant; for a partial agonist, the forward rate and equilibrium
      constants increase equally. The gating rate and equilibrium constants also
      increase with successive agonist occupancy, but unlike priming, the equilibrium
      constants increase more than the forward rate constants. As observed for a full
      and a partial agonist, the gain-of-function mutation affects the relationship
      between rate and equilibrium constants for priming but not for channel gating.
      Thus, resolving brief single channel currents distinguishes priming from gating
      steps and reveals how the corresponding rate and equilibrium constants depend on
      agonist occupancy.

PMID- 27353446
TI  - Patch-clamp fluorometry-based channel counting to determine HCN channel
      conductance.
AB  - Counting ion channels on cell membranes is of fundamental importance for the
      study of channel biophysics. Channel counting has thus far been tackled by
      classical approaches, such as radioactive labeling of ion channels with blockers,
      gating current measurements, and nonstationary noise analysis. Here, we develop a
      counting method based on patch-clamp fluorometry (PCF), which enables
      simultaneous electrical and optical recordings, and apply it to EGFP-tagged,
      hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-regulated (HCN) channels. We
      use a well-characterized and homologous cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel to
      establish the relationship between macroscopic fluorescence intensity and the
      total number of channels. Subsequently, based on our estimate of the total number
      of HCN channels, we determine the single-channel conductance of HCN1 and HCN2 to
      be 0.46 and 1.71 pS, respectively. Such a small conductance would present a
      technical challenge for traditional electrophysiology. This PCF-based technique
      provides an alternative method for counting particles on cell membranes, which
      could be applied to biophysical studies of other membrane proteins.

PMID- 27353447
TI  - A new mechanism for dendritic pattern formation in dense systems.
AB  - Patterns are often formed when particles cluster: Since patterns reflect the
      connectivity of different types of material, the emergence of patterns affects
      the physical and chemical properties of systems and shares a close relationship
      to their macroscopic functions. A radial dendritic pattern (RDP) is observed in
      many systems such as snow crystals, polymer crystals and biological systems.
      Although most of these systems are considered as dense particle suspensions, the
      mechanism of RDP formation in dense particle systems is not yet understood. It
      should be noted that the diffusion limited aggregation model is not applicable to
      RDP formation in dense systems, but in dilute particle systems. Here, we propose
      a simple model that exhibits RDP formation in a dense particle system. The model
      potential for the inter-particle interaction is composed of two parts, a
      repulsive and an attractive force. The repulsive force is applied to all the
      particles all the time and the attractive force is exerted only among particles
      inside a circular domain, which expands at a certain speed as a wave front
      propagating from a preselected centre. It is found that an RDP is formed if the
      velocity of the wave front that triggers the attractive interaction is of the
      same order of magnitude as the time scale defined by the aggregation speed.

PMID- 27353448
TI  - Mental health nurses' views about antipsychotic medication side effects.
AB  - WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: The only previous quantitative study that examined
      nurses' use of assessment tools to identify antipsychotic medication side effects
      found that about 25% of mental health nurses were using assessment tools. No
      previous studies have examined factors that influence the manner in which mental
      health nurses assess antipsychotic medication side effects. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS
      TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: One-third of the respondents were not aware of any
      antipsychotic medication side-effect assessment tool, and only one-quarter were
      currently using an assessment tool. 'Service responsibility' was significantly
      associated with ongoing use of antipsychotic medication assessment tools,
      indicating that respondents with more positive attitudes to their service were
      more likely to continue using antipsychotic medication assessment tools. WHAT ARE
      THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The low level of awareness and use of
      antipsychotic medication side-effect assessment tools indicates that nursing
      educational institutions should incorporate more detail about these tools in
      course content, and emphasize in particular the benefits that result from the use
      of these tools in clinical practice. Service processes contributed significantly
      to the use of antipsychotic medication assessment tools, which indicates that
      managers need to foster workplace cultures that promote routine use of these
      tools. ABSTRACT: Introduction Limited evidence suggests that only a minority of
      mental health nurses regularly use standardized assessment tools to assess
      antipsychotic medication side effects, but the factors that contribute to the non
      routine use of these tools remain unknown. Aim To examine Australian mental
      health nurses' awareness of, and attitudes towards, side-effect assessment tools,
      and also identify factors the influence the use of these tools. Methods A cross
      sectional survey was undertaken through distributing an online questionnaire via
      email to members of the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses. Completed
      questionnaires were received from 171 respondents. Linear regression was used to
      examine the relationship between the 'service responsibility' and 'personal
      confidence' scale scores, and awareness, previous use and ongoing use of
      antipsychotic medication assessment tools. Results Only one-quarter of the
      respondents (26.5%) were currently using an assessment tool. 'Service
      responsibility' was significantly associated with ongoing use of antipsychotic
      medication assessment tools (Beta = 3.26; 95% CI 0.83-5.69). 'Personal
      confidence' did not influence the ongoing use of assessment tools (Beta = -0.05;
      95% CI -1.06-1.50). Implications for clinical practice Stakeholders can
      incorporate 'service responsibility' processes to foster increased use of
      assessment tools, which may enhance the identification antipsychotic medication
      side effects and improve the quality of care for service users.

PMID- 27353449
TI  - Child-Adult Relationship Enhancement in Primary Care (PriCARE): A Randomized
      Trial of a Parent Training for Child Behavior Problems.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Child-Adult Relationship Enhancement in Primary Care (PriCARE) is a 6
      session group parent training designed to teach positive parenting skills. Our
      objective was to measure PriCARE's impact on child behavior and parenting
      attitudes. METHODS: Parents of children 2 to 6 years old with behavior concerns
      were randomized to PriCARE (n = 80) or control (n = 40). Child behavior and
      parenting attitudes were measured at baseline (0 weeks), program completion (9
      weeks), and 7 weeks after program completion (16 weeks) using the Eyberg Child
      Behavior Inventory (ECBI) and the Adult Adolescent Parenting Inventory 2 (AAPI2).
      Linear regression models compared mean ECBI and AAPI2 change scores from 0 to 16
      weeks in the PriCARE and control groups, adjusted for baseline scores. RESULTS:
      Of those randomized to PriCARE, 43% attended 3 or more sessions. Decreases in
      mean ECBI intensity and problem scores between 0 and 16 weeks were greater in the
      PriCARE group, reflecting a larger improvement in behavior problems [intensity: 
      22 (-29, -16) vs -7 (-17, 2), P = .012; problem: -5 (-7, -4) vs -2 (-4, 0), P =
      .014]. Scores on 3 of the 5 AAPI2 subscales reflected greater improvements in
      parenting attitudes in the PriCARE group compared to control in the following
      areas: empathy toward children's needs [0.82 (0.51, 1.14) vs 0.25 (-0.19, 0.70),
      P = .04], corporal punishment [0.22 (0.00, 0.45) vs -0.30 (-0.61, 0.02), P =
      .009], and power and independence [0.37 (-0.02, 0.76) vs -0.64 (-1.19, -0.09), P
      = .003]. CONCLUSIONS: PriCARE shows promise in improving parent-reported child
      behavior problems in preschool-aged children and increasing positive parenting
      attitudes.

PMID- 27353451
TI  - Cell discharge correlates of posterior hypothalamic theta rhythm. Recipe for
      success in recording stable field potential.
AB  - The theta rhythm discovered in the posterior hypothalamus area (PHa) differs from
      theta observed in the hippocampal formation. In comparison to hippocampal
      spontaneous theta, the theta recorded in the PHa is rarely registered, has lower
      amplitude, often disappears, and sometimes returns after a few minutes. These
      features indicate that spontaneous theta recorded in the PHa is not an
      appropriate experimental model to search for the correlation between PHa cell
      discharges and local field potential. In this paper we present standard
      experimental conditions necessary to record theta-related cells in the PHa in
      anesthetized rats. Three pharmacological agents were used in the experiments to
      induce PHa theta rhythm in urethanized rats: carbachol (CCH), carbenoxolone and
      kainic acid, which are potent enough to induce well-synchronized PHa theta.
      However, CCH was found to be the best pharmacological tool to induce PHa theta
      oscillations, due to its longest duration of action and lack of preliminary
      epileptogenic effects. It seems that CCH-induced theta can be the most suitable
      pharmacological model for experiments with the use of protocol of long-lasting
      recordings of PHa theta-related cell discharges.

PMID- 27353450
TI  - The genetic regulatory signature of type 2 diabetes in human skeletal muscle.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes (T2D) results from the combined effects of genetic and
      environmental factors on multiple tissues over time. Of the >100 variants
      associated with T2D and related traits in genome-wide association studies (GWAS),
      >90% occur in non-coding regions, suggesting a strong regulatory component to T2D
      risk. Here to understand how T2D status, metabolic traits and genetic variation
      influence gene expression, we analyse skeletal muscle biopsies from 271 well
      phenotyped Finnish participants with glucose tolerance ranging from normal to
      newly diagnosed T2D. We perform high-depth strand-specific mRNA-sequencing and
      dense genotyping. Computational integration of these data with epigenome data,
      including ATAC-seq on skeletal muscle, and transcriptome data across diverse
      tissues reveals that the tissue-specific genetic regulatory architecture of
      skeletal muscle is highly enriched in muscle stretch/super enhancers, including
      some that overlap T2D GWAS variants. In one such example, T2D risk alleles
      residing in a muscle stretch/super enhancer are linked to increased expression
      and alternative splicing of muscle-specific isoforms of ANK1.

PMID- 27353453
TI  - Observation of intracellular interactions between DNA origami and lysosomes by
      the fluorescence localization method.
AB  - We obtained the fluorescence localization images of tube DNA origami
      nanostructures in NIH 3T3 cells for the first time. The fluorescence localization
      images of tube DNA origami nanostructures and TIRF images of lysosomes were
      combined and they revealed the detailed interactions between the two structures.
      Quantitative analysis illustrated that the tube origami can be captured as well
      as degraded by lysosomes with time. 

PMID- 27353452
TI  - Predicting the diagnosis of autism in adults using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient
      (AQ) questionnaire.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remain undiagnosed.
      Specialist assessment clinics enable the detection of these cases, but such
      services are often overstretched. It has been proposed that unnecessary referrals
      to these services could be reduced by prioritizing individuals who score highly
      on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report questionnaire measure of
      autistic traits. However, the ability of the AQ to predict who will go on to
      receive a diagnosis of ASD in adults is unclear. METHOD: We studied 476 adults,
      seen consecutively at a national ASD diagnostic referral service for suspected
      ASD. We tested AQ scores as predictors of ASD diagnosis made by expert clinicians
      according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria, informed
      by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic (ADOS-G) and Autism
      Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) assessments. RESULTS: Of the participants,
      73% received a clinical diagnosis of ASD. Self-report AQ scores did not
      significantly predict receipt of a diagnosis. While AQ scores provided high
      sensitivity of 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.82] and positive
      predictive value of 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.80), the specificity of 0.29 (95% CI 0.20
      0.38) and negative predictive value of 0.36 (95% CI 0.22-0.40) were low. Thus,
      64% of those who scored below the AQ cut-off were 'false negatives' who did in
      fact have ASD. Co-morbidity data revealed that generalized anxiety disorder may
      'mimic' ASD and inflate AQ scores, leading to false positives. CONCLUSIONS: The
      AQ's utility for screening referrals was limited in this sample. Recommendations
      supporting the AQ's role in the assessment of adult ASD, e.g. UK NICE guidelines,
      may need to be reconsidered.

PMID- 27353454
TI  - Solvent-dependent fluorescent-colorimetric probe for dual monitoring of Al(3+)
      and Cu(2+) in aqueous solution: an application to bio-imaging.
AB  - A novel, quinoline-based smart probe L has been designed for the detection of
      Al(3+) and Cu(2+) at physiological range. The unprecedented solvent-dependent
      sensitivities of the probe L for simultaneous detection of Al(3+) and Cu(2+) ions
      with high selectivity and sensitivity have been observed for the first time. It
      displays quick responses through visible colorimetric as well as fluorogenic
      changes towards both Al(3+) and Cu(2+), as delineated by absorption and
      fluorescence titrations. The sensitivity of the fluorescence-based assay (12.6
      nM) for Al(3+) and (18.4 nM) for Cu(2+) is far below the limit recommended in the
      World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water. From (1)H NMR
      data, the Job plot and the ESI-MS spectrum, 1 : 2 stoichiometric complexations
      between L and both metals have been established. The geometry and spectral
      property of L and its metal complexes have been well rationalized by DFT
      calculations. This probe L has been tested as being highly suitable for mapping
      Al(3+) and Cu(2+) in human breast cancer cells, MCF7, thus providing a wonderful
      candidate for tracking Al(3+) and Cu(2+) in biological organisms and processes.
      The proposed chemosensor L has also been successfully applied for analysis of
      real samples. 

PMID- 27353456
TI  - General anaesthesia vs. conscious sedation for transfemoral aortic valve
      implantation: a single UK centre before-and-after study.
AB  - Reported data suggest that 99% of transfemoral, transcatheter aortic valve
      implantations in the UK are performed under general anaesthesia. This before-and
      after study is the first UK comparison of conscious sedation vs. general
      anaesthesia for this procedure. Patients who underwent general anaesthesia
      received tracheal intubation, positive pressure ventilation, radial arterial and
      central venous access and urinary catheterisation. Anaesthesia was maintained
      with propofol or sevoflurane. Patients who received conscious sedation had a
      fascia iliaca and ilioinguinal nerve block and low-dose remifentanil infusion,
      without invasive monitoring or urinary catheterisation. Recruitment took place
      between August 2012 and July 2015, with a 6-month crossover period between
      November 2013 and June 2014. A total of 88 patients were analysed, evenly divided
      between the two groups. Patients receiving conscious sedation had a shorter
      anaesthetic time (mean (SD) 121 (28) min vs. 145 (41) min; p < 0.001) and
      recovery room time (110 (50) min vs. 155 (48) min; p = 0.001), lower requirement
      for inotropes (4.6% vs 81.8%; OR (95% CI) 0.1 (0.002-0.050); p < 0.001) and a
      lower incidence of malignant dysrhythmia (0% vs 11.4%; p = 0.020). Conscious
      sedation appears a feasible alternative to general anaesthesia for this procedure
      and is associated with a reduced requirement for inotropic support and improved
      efficiency.

PMID- 27353455
TI  - Pennsylvania's Medical Home Initiative: Reductions in Healthcare Utilization and
      Cost Among Medicaid Patients with Medicaland Psychiatric Comorbidities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Chronic Care Initiative (CCI) was a large state-wide patient
      centered medical home (PCMH) initiative in Pennsylvania in place from 2008-2011.
      OBJECTIVE: Determine whether the CCI impacted the utilization and costs for
      Medicaid patients with chronic medical conditions and comorbid psychiatric or
      substance use disorders. DESIGN: Analysis of Medicaid claims using difference-in
      difference regression analyses to compare changes in utilization and costs for
      patients treated at CCI practices to propensity score-matched patients treated at
      comparison non-CCI practices. SETTING: Ninety-six CCI practices in Pennsylvania
      and 60 non-CCI practices during the same time period. PARTICIPANTS: A total of
      11,105 comorbid Medicaid patients treated in CCI practices and an equal number of
      propensity-matched comparison patients treated in non-CCI practices.
      MEASUREMENTS: Changes in total per-patient costs from 1 year prior to 1 year
      following an index episode period. Secondary outcomes included utilization and
      costs for emergency department (ED), inpatient, and outpatient services. RESULTS:
      The CCI group experienced an average adjusted total cost savings of $4145.28 per
      patient per year (P = 0.023) for the CCI relative to the non-CCI group. This was
      largely driven by a $3521.15 savings (P = 0.046) in inpatient medical costs, in
      addition to relative savings in outpatient psychiatric ($21.54, P < 0.001) and
      substance abuse service costs ($16.42, P = 0.013), compared to the non-CCI group.
      The CCI group, related to the non-CCI group, had decreases in expected mean
      counts of ED visits (for those who had any) and psychiatric hospitalizations of
      15.6 (95 % CI: -21, -9) and 40.7 (95 % CI: -57, -18) percentage points
      respectively. LIMITATIONS: We do not measure quality of care and cannot make
      conclusions about the overall cost-effectiveness or long-term effects of the CCI.
      CONCLUSIONS: The CCI was associated with substantial cost savings, attributable
      primarily to reduced inpatient costs, among a high-risk group of Medicaid
      patients, who may disproportionally benefit from care management in patient
      centered medical homes.

PMID- 27353457
TI  - GATA1 mutations in a cohort of Malaysian children with Down syndrome-associated
      myeloid disorder.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of
      developing distinctive clonal myeloid disorders, including transient abnormal
      myelopoiesis (TAM) and myeloid leukaemia of DS (ML-DS). TAM connotes a
      spontaneously resolving congenital myeloproliferative state observed in 10%-20%
      of DS newborns. Following varying intervals of apparent remission, a proportion
      of children with TAM progress to develop ML-DS in early childhood. Therefore, TAM
      and ML-DS represent a biological continuum. Both disorders are characterised by
      recurring truncating somatic mutations of the GATA1 gene, which are considered
      key pathogenetic events. METHODS: We herein report, to our knowledge, the first
      observation on the frequency and nature of GATA1 gene mutations in a cohort of
      Malaysian children with DS-associated TAM (n = 9) and ML-DS (n = 24) encountered
      successively over a period of five years at a national referral centre. RESULTS:
      Of the 29 patients who underwent GATA1 analysis, GATA1 mutations were observed in
      15 (51.7%) patients, including 6 (75.0%) out of 8 patients with TAM, and 9
      (42.9%) of 21 patients with ML-DS. All identified mutations were located in exon
      2 and the majority were sequence-terminating insertions or deletions (66.7%),
      including several hitherto unreported mutations (12 out of 15). CONCLUSION: The
      low frequency of GATA1 mutations in ML-DS patients is unusual and potentially
      indicates distinctive genomic events in our patient cohort.

PMID- 27353458
TI  - Osteopontin deficiency reduces kidney damage from hypercholesterolemia in
      Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
AB  - Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for kidney injury, which
      can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Osteopontin (OPN) has been implicated
      in the pathology of several renal conditions. This study was to evaluate the
      effects of OPN on hypercholesterolemia induced renal dysfunction. Eight-week-old
      male mice were divided into 4 groups: apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) and
      ApoE/OPN knockout (ApoE(-/-)/OPN(-/-)) mice fed a normal diet (ND) or high
      cholesterol diet (HD). After 4 weeks, Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and oil red O
      staining revealed excessive lipid deposition in the glomeruli of ApoE(-/-)HD
      mice, however, significantly suppressed in ApoE(-/-)/OPN(-/-)HD mice. Lectin-like
      oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression was lower in the
      glomeruli of ApoE(-/-)/OPN(-/-)HD mice than ApoE(-/-)HD mice. In vitro study,
      primary mesangial cells were incubated with recombinant mouse OPN (rmOPN). RmOPN
      induced LOX-1 mRNA and protein expression in primary mesangial cells. Pre
      treatment with an ERK inhibitor suppressed the LOX-1 gene expression induced by
      rmOPN. These results indicate that OPN contributes to kidney damage in
      hypercholesterolemia and suggest that inhibition of OPN may provide a potential
      therapeutic target for the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 27353459
TI  - Effectiveness of vildagliptin versus other oral antidiabetes drugs as add-on to
      sulphonylurea monotherapy: Post hoc analysis from the EDGE study.
AB  - AIM: In this post hoc analysis of the EDGE study, we assessed the effectiveness
      and safety of vildagliptin versus other oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs) as add-on
      to first-line sulphonylurea (SU) therapy in patients who did not receive
      metformin in a real-life setting. METHODS: The primary endpoint was odds of
      achieving an HbA1c reduction of >0.3% without tolerability issues. Secondary
      endpoint was odds of achieving HbA1c <7.0% without hypoglycaemia or weight gain.
      Changes in HbA1c, body weight; and safety were also assessed. RESULTS: 2936
      patients received vildagliptin and 820 received comparator OADs (any alpha-GI,
      TZD, glinide) as add-on to first-line SU therapy. Overall, the mean age, disease
      duration, HbA1c, and BMI at baseline were 57.1 years, 6.3 years, 8.5%, and
      27.7kg/m2, respectively. The odds ratios for achieving primary and secondary
      endpoints were 1.6 (95% CI: 1.36, 1.86; p<0.0001) and 1.8 (1.45, 2.21; p<0.0001),
      respectively, in favour of vildagliptin. The between-treatment differences
      (vildagliptin vs. comparator OAD) for the mean change in HbA1c and body weight
      were -0.2+/-0.04% (p<0.0001) and -0.8+/-0.16kg (p<0.0001), respectively. Overall,
      the incidence of adverse events was low (vildagliptin, 7% vs. comparator, 8.2%)
      in both groups. Similar results were observed in a subset of patients enrolled
      from India and patients who received TZDs as a comparator OAD. CONCLUSION: Under
      real-life settings, vildagliptin as add-on to SU monotherapy showed better
      glycaemic response without tolerability issues compared with other OADs.

PMID- 27353460
TI  - Hepatic radioembolization from transradial access: initial experience and
      comparison to transfemoral access.
AB  - PURPOSE: Despite the growing evidence in the cardiology literature that
      transradial approach has substantial benefits over transfemoral access, this
      technique is rarely used during interventions in the systemic circulation. The
      aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of transradial approach for
      hepatic radioembolization and to compare it with transfemoral approach. METHODS:
      Sixty-four hepatic radioembolizations performed in 50 patients were included in
      the study. Thirty-three procedures were performed via radial access in 27
      patients, and 31 procedures were performed via femoral access in 23 patients.
      RESULTS: There was 100% technical success in performing hepatic radioembolization
      in both groups. The majority (97%) of the patients who underwent transradial
      radioembolization reported preference for radial artery access. The fluoroscopy
      time was significantly longer (9.45+/-5.09 min vs. 5.72+/-3.67 min, P < 0.01) and
      the radiation dose was significantly higher (597.8+/-585.2 mGy vs. 302.8+/-208.3
      mGy, P < 0.01) in the radial group compared with the femoral group. The direct
      cost savings using radial access versus femoral access is approximately
      $100/procedure. In addition, there was a one hour (50%) shorter postprocedural
      stay for patients who underwent the transradial procedure. CONCLUSION:
      Transradial access is feasible for hepatic radioembolization. The transradial
      approach is cheaper and offers improved patient comfort. However, it is
      technically challenging, with longer fluoroscopy times and higher radiation
      doses. Transradial approach should be considered as a primary choice in patients
      with low platelet count and/or morbid obesity. Transradial access should be in
      the procedural repertoire of every interventional radiologist.

PMID- 27353461
TI  - An evolutionarily conserved allosteric site modulates beta-lactamase activity.
AB  - Declining efficiency of antibiotic-inhibitor combinatorial therapies in treating
      beta-lactamase mediated resistance necessitates novel inhibitor development.
      Allosteric inhibition offers an alternative to conventional drugs that target the
      conserved active site. Here, we show that the evolutionarily conserved PWP triad
      located at the N-terminus of the H10 helix directly interacts with the allosteric
      site in TEM-1 beta-lactamase and regulates its activity. While point mutations in
      the PWP triad preserve the overall secondary structures around the allosteric
      site, they result in a more open and dynamic global structure with decreased
      chemical stability and increased aggregation propensity. These mutant enzymes
      with a less compact hydrophobic core around the allosteric site displayed
      significant activity loss. Detailed sequence and structure conservation analyses
      revealed that the PWP triad is an evolutionarily conserved motif unique to class
      A beta-lactamases aligning its allosteric site and hence is an effective
      potential target for enzyme regulation and selective drug design.

PMID- 27353462
TI  - Sexual dimorphism in the glucose homeostasis phenotype of the Aromatase Knockout
      (ArKO) mice.
AB  - We investigated the effects of estrogens on glucose homeostasis using the
      Aromatase Knockout (ArKO) mouse, which is unable to convert androgens into
      estrogens. The ArKO mouse is a model of total estrogen ablation which develops
      symptoms of metabolic syndrome. To determine the development and progression of
      whole body state of insulin resistance of ArKO mice, comprehensive whole body
      tolerance tests were performed on WT, ArKO and estrogen administrated mice at 3
      and 12 months of age. The absence of estrogens in the male ArKO mice leads to
      hepatic insulin resistance, glucose and pyruvate intolerance from 3 to 12 months
      with consistent improvement upon estrogen treatment. Estrogen absence in the
      female ArKO mice leads to glucose intolerance without pyruvate intolerance or
      insulin resistance. The replacement of estrogens in the female WT and ArKO mice
      exhibited both insulin sensitizing and resistance effects depending on age and
      dosage. In conclusion, this study presents information on the sexually dimorphic
      roles of estrogens on glucose homeostasis regulation.

PMID- 27353463
TI  - Resistin impairs glucose permeability in EA.hy926 cells by down-regulating GLUT1
      expression.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease which is now affecting the
      health of more and more people in the world. Resistin, discovered in 2001, is
      considered to be closely related to metabolic dysfunction and obesity. Previous
      study showed that hyperglycemia is always accompanied by a high serum resistin
      concentration. We therefore investigated whether resistin can mediate glucose
      transfer across the blood-tissue barrier. Here, we employed a transwell system to
      analyze glucose permeability in EA.hy926 human endothelial cells treated without
      or with human resistin. In EA.hy926 cells treated with resistin, the permeability
      to glucose was heavily impaired. This was due to the down-regulation of GLUT1
      expression as a result of the treatment, rather than regulation of tight
      junctions. In addition, overexpression of GLUT1 in EA.hy926 cells was able to
      recover the blocking effect of resistin on glucose permeability. We further found
      that resistin could inhibit the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated
      receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and consequently impede the transcription of GLUT1.
      The results of the present study suggested that resistin could cause glucose
      retention in serum and thus result in hyperglycemia. This provides a novel
      explanation for hyperglycemia and a potential new way of treating type 2 diabetes
      mellitus.

PMID- 27353464
TI  - Rise and fall of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The study objective was to examine the epidemiological trends of KPC
      producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City medical centres. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Single patient isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from nine
      medical centres in New York City during a 3 month period from 2013 to 2014.
      Isolates were tested for the presence of blaKPC. Results were compared with
      similar surveillance studies conducted in 2006 and 2009. Infection control data,
      including utilization of medical devices, were analysed at a subset of hospitals.
      RESULTS: There was a progressive decline in the percentage of K. pneumoniae
      harbouring blaKPC from 2006 to 2013-14. For the nine hospitals that participated
      in all three surveillance studies, the percentages of isolates with blaKPC fell
      from 36% in 2006 to 25% in 2009 to 13% in 2013-14. Seven of the nine hospitals
      had marked declines in isolates with blaKPC, while two hospitals continued to
      struggle with this pathogen. These two hospitals were smaller and had longer
      lengths of patient stay. Device utilization rates were obtained from two
      hospitals that successfully controlled the spread of KPC-producing K. pneumoniae;
      both had ~20%-25% reduction in the usage of urinary catheters. Changes in
      antibiotic usage at one hospital could not explain the decline in these
      pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: Over the past decade there has been a steady decline in
      KPC-producing K. pneumoniae in most New York City hospitals. The reason for the
      decline is probably multifactorial, involving a reduction in device (catheter)
      utilization and possibly an improvement in infection control practices.

PMID- 27353465
TI  - In vitro biological evaluation of novel broad-spectrum isothiazolone inhibitors
      of bacterial type II topoisomerases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the in vitro biological properties of a novel class of
      isothiazolone inhibitors of the bacterial type II topoisomerases. METHODS:
      Inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV activity was assessed using DNA
      supercoiling and decatenation assays. MIC and MBC were determined according to
      CLSI guidelines. Antibacterial combinations were assessed using a two-dimensional
      chequerboard MIC method. Spontaneous frequency of resistance was measured at
      various multiples of the MIC. Resistant mutants were generated by serial passage
      at subinhibitory concentrations of antibacterials and genetic mutations were
      determined through whole genome sequencing. Mammalian cytotoxicity was evaluated
      using the HepG2 cell line. RESULTS: Representative isothiazolone compound
      REDX04957 and its enantiomers (REDX05967 and REDX05990) showed broad-spectrum
      bactericidal activity against the ESKAPE organisms, with the exception of
      Enterococcus spp., as well as against a variety of other human bacterial
      pathogens. Compounds retained activity against quinolone-resistant strains
      harbouring GyrA S83L and D87G mutations (MIC <=4 mg/L). Compounds inhibited the
      supercoiling activity of wild-type DNA gyrase and the decatenation function of
      topoisomerase IV. Frequency of resistance of REDX04957 at 4* MIC was <9.1 * 10(
      9). Against a panel of recent MDR isolates, REDX05967 demonstrated activity
      against Acinetobacter baumannii with MIC50 and MIC90 of 16 and 64 mg/L,
      respectively. Compounds showed a lack of cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells at 128
      mg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Isothiazolone compounds show potent activity against Gram
      positive and -negative pathogens with a dual targeting mechanism-of-action and a
      low potential for resistance development, meriting their continued investigation
      as broad-spectrum antibacterial agents.

PMID- 27353466
TI  - Impact of amoxicillin therapy on resistance selection in patients with community
      acquired lower respiratory tract infections: a randomized, placebo-controlled
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of amoxicillin treatment on resistance
      selection in patients with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections
      in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Patients were prescribed
      amoxicillin 1 g, three times daily (n = 52) or placebo (n = 50) for 7 days.
      Oropharyngeal swabs obtained before, within 48 h post-treatment and at 28-35 days
      were assessed for proportions of amoxicillin-resistant (ARS; amoxicillin MIC >=2
      mg/L) and -non-susceptible (ANS; MIC >=0.5 mg/L) streptococci. Alterations in
      amoxicillin MICs and in penicillin-binding-proteins were also investigated. ITT
      and PP analyses were conducted. RESULTS: ARS and ANS proportions increased 11-
      and 2.5-fold, respectively, within 48 h post-amoxicillin treatment compared with
      placebo [ARS mean increase (MI) 9.46, 95% CI 5.57-13.35; ANS MI 39.87, 95% CI
      30.96-48.78; P < 0.0001 for both]. However, these differences were no longer
      significant at days 28-35 (ARS MI -3.06, 95% CI -7.34 to 1.21; ANS MI 4.91, 95%
      CI -4.79 to 14.62; P > 0.1588). ARS/ANS were grouped by pbp mutations. Group 1
      strains exhibited significantly lower amoxicillin resistance (mean MIC 2.8 mg/L,
      95% CI 2.6-3.1) than group 2 (mean MIC 9.3 mg/L, 95% CI 8.1-10.5; P < 0.0001).
      Group 2 strains predominated immediately post-treatment (61.07%) and although
      decreased by days 28-35 (30.71%), proportions remained higher than baseline
      (18.70%; P = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: By utilizing oropharyngeal streptococci as
      model organisms this study provides the first prospective, experimental evidence
      that resistance selection in patients receiving amoxicillin is modest and short
      lived, probably due to 'fitness costs' engendered by high-level resistance
      conferring mutations. This evidence further supports European guidelines that
      recommend amoxicillin when an antibiotic is indicated for community-acquired
      lower respiratory tract infections.

PMID- 27353467
TI  - Comparative efficacy of telavancin and daptomycin in experimental endocarditis
      due to multi-clonotype MRSA strains.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MRSA strains of clonal complexes (CCs) 5, 8, 30 and 45 are leading
      causes of complicated endovascular infections associated with suboptimal clinical
      outcomes. Telavancin is a novel anti-MRSA agent that both inhibits bacterial cell
      wall synthesis and disrupts membranes by depolarization. METHODS: In this study,
      we compared the in vitro susceptibility and in vivo efficacy of telavancin versus
      daptomycin in an experimental rabbit infective endocarditis (IE) model caused by
      four MRSA strains representing each of the above CC types. RESULTS: All study
      strains were susceptible to telavancin (MICs of <=0.12 mg/L) and daptomycin (MICs
      of <=0.5 mg/L). In vitro time-kill analyses revealed that supra-MIC levels of
      telavancin were effective at preventing regrowth at 24 h of incubation. In the IE
      animal model for all CC types, treatment with telavancin produced significantly
      greater reductions in MRSA counts as compared with daptomycin-treated animals in
      all target tissues. Moreover, telavancin-treated animals had a significantly
      higher percentage of sterile tissue cultures versus daptomycin-treated animals
      (e.g. 78%-100% versus 0% sterile vegetations and 100% versus 0%-11% sterile
      kidneys and spleen, in the telavancin- and daptomycin-treated animals,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that telavancin exhibits
      significantly greater efficacies versus daptomycin in treating experimental IE
      caused by MRSA clinical isolates across four common CC types.

PMID- 27353468
TI  - Development and validation of the knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotics
      and resistance (KAAR-11) questionnaire for primary care physicians.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a novel, self-administered
      questionnaire to identify primary-care physicians' knowledge and attitudes
      regarding antibiotics and resistance (KAAR). METHODS: The study population
      comprised primary care physicians. The study was conducted in five phases. Phase
      I consisted of a systematic review and qualitative focus-group study (n = 33
      physicians), in which items were formulated so as to be measured on a continuous,
      visual analogue scale (VAS); in Phase II, content validation and face validity
      were evaluated by a panel of experts, which reformulated, added and deleted
      items; Phase III consisted of a pilot study on a population possessing similar
      characteristics (n = 15); in Phase IV, we analysed reliability by means of a test
      retest study (n = 91) and calculated the intraclass correlation coefficients
      (ICCs); and in Phase V, we assessed construct validity by applying the known
      groups technique, measuring the differences between contrasting groups of
      physicians formed according to antibiotic prescription quality indicators (group
      1, n = 156 versus group 2, n = 191). RESULTS: Following Phases I and II, the
      questionnaire contained 16 knowledge and attitude items. Participants in the
      pilot study (Phase III) reported no difficulty. The test-retest study (Phase IV)
      showed that 11 of the 16 initial knowledge and attitude items yielded an ICC >
      0.5, while analysis of known-groups validity (Phase V) showed that 13 of the 16
      initial items which assessed knowledge and attitudes discriminated between
      physicians with good and bad indicators of antibiotics prescription. CONCLUSION:
      The final 11 item KAAR questionnaire appears to be valid, reliable and
      responsive.

PMID- 27353469
TI  - Sequential steps of daptomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium and reversion
      to hypersusceptibility through IS-mediated inactivation of the liaFSR operon.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To improve understanding of mechanisms of daptomycin resistance and
      to dissect the genetic basis of reversion to daptomycin hypersusceptibility in
      Enterococcus faecium. METHODS: Daptomycin-resistant mutants (Mut4, Mut8, Mut16,
      Mut32, Mut64 and Mut128 with MICs from 4 to 128 mg/L) were obtained in vitro from
      E. faecium strain Aus0004 (MIC at 2 mg/L). The entire genome sequences of Mut64
      and Mut128 were determined as well as those of liaFSR and cls genes for other
      mutants and corresponding revertants (named Rev4 to Rev128). The study of
      daptomycin resistance stability was performed without any selective pressure. The
      expression of liaF, liaS and liaR genes was quantified by quantitative RT-PCR.
      RESULTS: By comparative genomic analysis, substitutions Asn13Ser in cls and
      Gly92Asp in liaS were identified in Mut64 and Mut128. Only the liaS mutation was
      found in Mut16 and Mut32 while Mut4 and Mut8 were devoid of any mutation. After
      15 days, all mutants except Mut4 reverted to daptomycin hypersusceptibility (MICs
      from 0.12 to 0.25 mg/L). In all revertants (except Rev4 and Rev8), an IS was
      found in the liaFSR operon with a dramatic decrease of its expression: IS66 in
      the promoter region of liaF (Rev16 and Rev64), IS30 in liaR (Rev32) and IS982 in
      liaF (Rev128). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the stepwise and sequential
      acquisition of mutations in liaS and in cls leading to daptomycin resistance in
      E. faecium, and the instability of daptomycin resistance as well as the role of
      liaFSR inactivation in reversion to daptomycin hypersusceptibility.

PMID- 27353470
TI  - Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in urinary tract infections in primary
      care.
AB  - Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common reasons for prescription
      of antimicrobials in primary care. Laboratory resistance data produced because of
      specimen analysis to support individual patient diagnosis and management are
      generalized to guide empirical therapy across a wider population, but are limited
      by bias toward certain patient groups and almost certainly overestimate the
      incidence of resistance. Other methods of surveillance are required to provide
      unbiased estimates of antimicrobial resistance, but need to be sustainable.
      Sentinel surveillance, perineal flora sampling and development of clinical
      algorithms to support more stratified and personalized antimicrobial prescribing
      need to be further investigated. Linkages to prescription and clinical outcome
      data are essential if the burden of antimicrobial resistance in UTI is to be
      understood. Pilot and feasibility studies need to be performed to establish the
      best approach to enhancing the quality, relevance and sustainability of
      antimicrobial resistance surveillance in community-acquired UTI.

PMID- 27353471
TI  - Synovial sarcoma cell lines showed reduced DNA repair activity and sensitivity to
      a PARP inhibitor.
AB  - Synovial sarcoma is a soft-tissue sarcoma and a rare type of cancer.
      Unfortunately, effective chemotherapies for synovial sarcomas have not been
      established. In this report, we show that synovial sarcoma cell lines have
      reduced repair activity for DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation (IR) and a
      topoisomerase II inhibitor (etoposide). We also observed reduced recruitment of
      RAD51 homologue (S. cerevisiae; RAD51) at sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in
      synovial sarcoma cell lines that had been exposed to IR. These findings showed
      that synovial sarcoma cell lines are defective in homologous recombination (HR)
      repair. Furthermore, we found that a poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)
      inhibitor (AZD2281; olaparib) effectively reduced the growth of synovial sarcoma
      cell lines in the presence of an alkylating agent (temozolomide). Our findings
      offer evidence that treatment combining a PARP inhibitor and an alkylating agent
      could have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of synovial sarcoma. 

PMID- 27353472
TI  - An atypical forkhead-containing transcription factor SsFKH1 is involved in
      sclerotial formation and is essential for pathogenicity in Sclerotinia
      sclerotiorum.
AB  - Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic plant pathogen with a
      worldwide distribution. The sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum are pigmented
      multicellular structures formed from the aggregation of vegetative hyphae. These
      survival structures play a central role in the life and infection cycles of this
      pathogen. Here, we characterized an atypical forkhead (FKH)-box-containing
      protein, SsFKH1, involved in sclerotial development and virulence. To investigate
      the role of SsFkh1 in S. sclerotiorum, the partial sequence of SsFkh1 was cloned
      and RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing was employed to alter the
      expression of SsFkh1. RNA-silenced mutants with significantly reduced SsFkh1 RNA
      levels exhibited slow hyphal growth and sclerotial developmental defects. In
      addition, the expression levels of a set of putative melanin biosynthesis-related
      laccase genes and a polyketide synthase-encoding gene were significantly down
      regulated in silenced strains. Disease assays demonstrated that pathogenicity in
      RNAi-silenced strains was significantly compromised with the development of a
      smaller infection lesion on tomato leaves. Collectively, the results suggest that
      SsFkh1 is involved in hyphal growth, virulence and sclerotial formation in S.
      sclerotiorum.

PMID- 27353473
TI  - Response to 5-azacytidine in a patient with TET2-mutated angioimmunoblastic T
      cell lymphoma and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia preceded by an EBV-positive
      large B-cell lymphoma.
AB  - We report the case of a patient with a history of Epstein-Barr virus-positive
      large B-cell lymphoma, who relapsed with an angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
      (AITL) associated with a chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML). We performed
      targeted next-generation sequencing on CMML and AITL DNA, which revealed
      mutations of TET2, DNMT3A, SRSF2, NRAS and IDH1, thus confirming that the
      spectrum of AITL mutations share similarities with myeloid disorders. The
      frequencies of TET2/DNMT3A and SRSF2 variants could support the hypothesis that
      TET2/DNMT3A mutations occurred in an early progenitor cell, which later
      progressed to both the AITL and CMML clones. Treatment with 5-azacytidine led to
      the complete remission of both diseases. Thus, targeting DNA methylation
      abnormalities in AITL may be an alternative strategy to chemotherapy. Copyright
      (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27353474
TI  - Expression of Bcl-2 genes in channel catfish after bacterial infection and
      hypoxia stress.
AB  - Bcl-2 proteins are of vital importance in regulation of apoptosis, and are
      involved in a number of biological processes such as carcinogenesis and immune
      responses. Bcl-2 genes have been well studied in mammals, while they are not well
      investigated in teleost fish including channel catfish, the major aquaculture
      species in the United States. In this study, we identified 34 bcl-2 genes from
      the channel catfish genome, and verified their identities by conducting
      phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. The expression profiles of the bcl-2 genes in
      response to bacterial infections (Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium
      columnare) and hypoxia stress were determined by performing meta-analysis using
      the existing RNA-Seq datasets. Differential expressions of bcl-2 genes were
      observed after bacterial infections and hypoxia treatment, including 22 bcl-2
      genes after E. ictaluri infection, 22 bcl-2 genes after F. columnare infection,
      and 19 bcl-2 genes after hypoxia stress. Overall, the expression of the pro
      apoptotic bcl-2 genes were repressed after bacterial infection and hypoxia
      stress, indicating that bcl-2 genes are potentially involved in the stress
      response by reducing cell apoptosis. Some bcl-2 genes, such as bcl2b, mcl1a,
      bmf1, and bnip3, showed different expression pattern during the E. ictaluri and
      F. columnare infection, suggesting the difference in the pathogenicity of
      diseases. This work presented the first systematic identification and annotation
      of bcl-2 genes in catfish, providing essential genomic resources for further
      immune and physiological studies.

PMID- 27353475
TI  - Nurses' oral hygiene care practices with hospitalised older adults in postacute
      settings.
AB  - AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore how nurses provide
      bedtime oral hygiene care, how they decide on interventions provided, and what
      factors influence their ability to provide oral care. BACKGROUND: Current
      evidence links poor oral hygiene to systemic and infectious diseases such as
      pneumonia. Hospitalised patients, who now retain their teeth into older
      adulthood, often rely on nurses to provide oral hygiene care. Nurses have the
      potential to impact oral health outcomes and quality of life by controlling
      plaque. However, oral hygiene care practices of nurses in postacute hospital
      settings are relatively unknown. DESIGN: A qualitative, exploratory multiple-case
      study was conducted with 25 nurses working on five inpatient units at different
      hospitals. METHODS: Nurses were accompanied on their evening rounds to observe
      oral care practices, the physical environment and workflow. Thematic analysis was
      used to analyse the case study data including transcripts of guided
      conversations, field notes and documents. Within-case analysis was followed by
      cross-case analysis. RESULTS: Findings indicate that (i) nurses often convey oral
      hygiene care to their patients as being optional; (ii) nurses are inclined to
      preserve patient autonomy in oral hygiene care; (iii) oral hygiene care is often
      spontaneous and variable, and may not be informed by evidence; and (iv) oral
      hygiene care is not embedded into bedtime care routines. CONCLUSIONS: Oral
      hygiene care is discretionary and often missed care. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:
      Nurses need knowledge of the health benefits of oral care, and skills related to
      assessment and approaches to oral care. Availability of effective products and
      supplies facilitates provision of oral care. The evidence for oral hygiene care
      practices, outcomes of nurse-administered oral care and nursing's role in
      influencing the oral health literacy of patients require further study.

PMID- 27353476
TI  - Feedback control of Campylobacter jejuni flagellin levels through reciprocal
      binding of FliW to flagellin and the global regulator CsrA.
AB  - Bacterial flagella assembly is tightly regulated to ensure a timely and
      sequential production of the various flagellum constituents. In the pathogen
      Campylobacter jejuni the hierarchy in flagella biosynthesis is largely determined
      at the transcriptional level through the activity of the alternative sigma
      factors sigma54 and sigma28 . Here, we report that C. jejuni flagellin levels are
      also controlled at the post-transcriptional level via the thus far poorly
      characterized flagellar assembly factor FliW. Analysis of flagellin synthesis in
      C. jejuni 81116 and a DeltafliW knock-out mutant showed reduced flagellin protein
      levels in the mutant strain while ectopic expression of FliW resulted in enhanced
      levels. Real-time RT-PCR revealed relatively minor changes in flaA and flaB mRNA
      levels for the recombinant and parent strain consistent with post-transcriptional
      regulation. Purified FliW was found to bind to FlaA and FlaB flagellin as well as
      to the global post-transcriptional regulator CsrA. Inactivation of CsrA resulted
      in increased levels of flagellin translation. An in vitro translation assay
      confirmed the regulatory role of CsrA in flagellin biosynthesis. We propose that
      competitive reciprocal binding of FliW to flagellins and the RNA binding protein
      CsrA serves as a feedback mechanism to control the number of cytosolic flagellin
      copies at the protein level.

PMID- 27353477
TI  - DNA replication and beyond.

PMID- 27353478
TI  - Tight junctions: from simple barriers to multifunctional molecular gates.
AB  - Epithelia and endothelia separate different tissue compartments and protect
      multicellular organisms from the outside world. This requires the formation of
      tight junctions, selective gates that control paracellular diffusion of ions and
      solutes. Tight junctions also form the border between the apical and basolateral
      plasma-membrane domains and are linked to the machinery that controls apicobasal
      polarization. Additionally, signalling networks that guide diverse cell
      behaviours and functions are connected to tight junctions, transmitting
      information to and from the cytoskeleton, nucleus and different cell adhesion
      complexes. Recent advances have broadened our understanding of the molecular
      architecture and cellular functions of tight junctions.

PMID- 27353480
TI  - Glycogen distribution in the microwave-fixed mouse brain reveals heterogeneous
      astrocytic patterns.
AB  - In the brain, glycogen metabolism has been implied in synaptic plasticity and
      learning, yet the distribution of this molecule has not been fully described. We
      investigated cerebral glycogen of the mouse by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using
      two monoclonal antibodies that have different affinities depending on the
      glycogen size. The use of focused microwave irradiation yielded well-defined
      glycogen immunoreactive signals compared with the conventional periodic acid
      Schiff method. The IHC signals displayed a punctate distribution localized
      predominantly in astrocytic processes. Glycogen immunoreactivity (IR) was high in
      the hippocampus, striatum, cortex, and cerebellar molecular layer, whereas it was
      low in the white matter and most of the subcortical structures. Additionally,
      glycogen distribution in the hippocampal CA3-CA1 and striatum had a 'patchy'
      appearance with glycogen-rich and glycogen-poor astrocytes appearing in
      alternation. The glycogen patches were more evident with large-molecule glycogen
      in young adult mice but they were hardly observable in aged mice (1-2 years old).
      Our results reveal brain region-dependent glycogen accumulation and possibly
      metabolic heterogeneity of astrocytes. GLIA 2016;64:1532-1545.

PMID- 27353481
TI  - The 5th world symposium for lymphedema surgery-Recent updates in lymphedema
      surgery and setting up of a global knowledge exchange platform.
AB  - The successful completion of the 5th World Symposium for Lymphedema Surgery
      (WSLS) marks another milestone in the development and advancement of the
      management of lymphedema. We present our experience in organizing such a
      scientific lymphedema conference as well as a summary of seven variable live
      surgeries used for treating lymphedema. An update of current knowledge and
      determination of future direction in the treatment of lymphedema was made
      possible via WSLS 2016. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:6-12. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27353479
TI  - Coupling changes in cell shape to chromosome segregation.
AB  - Animal cells undergo dramatic changes in shape, mechanics and polarity as they
      progress through the different stages of cell division. These changes begin at
      mitotic entry, with cell-substrate adhesion remodelling, assembly of a cortical
      actomyosin network and osmotic swelling, which together enable cells to adopt a
      near spherical form even when growing in a crowded tissue environment. These
      shape changes, which probably aid spindle assembly and positioning, are then
      reversed at mitotic exit to restore the interphase cell morphology. Here, we
      discuss the dynamics, regulation and function of these processes, and how cell
      shape changes and sister chromatid segregation are coupled to ensure that the
      daughter cells generated through division receive their fair inheritance.

PMID- 27353482
TI  - Cancer Recurrence After Esophagectomy: Impact of Postoperative Infection in
      Propensity-Matched Cohorts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postoperative infection increases cancer recurrence and worsens
      survival in colorectal cancer, but the relationship for esophagogastric
      adenocarcinoma after esophagectomy is not well defined. We aimed to determine
      whether recurrence and survival after minimally invasive esophagectomy for
      esophagogastric adenocarcinoma were influenced by postoperative infection using
      propensity-matched analysis. METHODS: We abstracted data for 810 patients (1997
      2010) and defined exposure as at least 1 in-hospital or 30-day infectious
      complication (n = 206 [25%]). Using 29 pretreatment/intraoperative variables,
      patients were propensity-score matched (caliper = 0.05). Time to cancer
      recurrence and survival (Kaplan-Meier curves and the Breslow test), and
      associated factors (Cox regression with shared frailty) were assessed. RESULTS:
      After propensity matching (n = 167 pairs), median bias across propensity-score
      variables was reduced from 12.9% (p < 0.001) to 4.4% (p = 1.000). Postoperative
      infection was not associated with rate (n = 60 versus 63; McNemar p = 0.736) or
      time to recurrence in those in whom disease recurred (median, 10.7 versus 11.1
      months; Wilcoxon signed-rank p = 0.455) but was associated with shorter overall
      survival (n = 124 versus 102 deaths; median, 26 versus 41 months; Breslow p =
      0.002). After adjusting for age, body mass index, neoadjuvant therapy, sex,
      comorbidity score, positive resection margins, pathologic stage, R0 resection,
      and recurrence, postoperative infection was associated with a 44% greater hazard
      for death (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.89). CONCLUSIONS:
      In patients with esophagogastric adenocarcinoma, infections after esophagectomy
      were not associated with an increased rate or earlier time to recurrence when
      baseline characteristics associated with infection risk were balanced using
      propensity-score matching. Despite this, overall survival was shorter in patients
      with infectious complications. After adjusting for other important survival
      predictors, infections after esophagectomy continued to be independently
      associated with worse survival.

PMID- 27353483
TI  - Recurrent Coarctation After Neonatal Univentricular and Biventricular Norwood
      Type Arch Reconstruction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have evaluated recurrent coarctation after the
      Norwood procedure (NP) in patients with single-ventricle (SV) anatomy. Extended
      patch augmentation of the aorta, a Norwood-type arch reconstruction (NTAR), is
      also used in patients with 2 ventricles and a diffusely hypoplastic arch;
      however, outcomes after NTAR in these patients are not well described. METHODS: A
      retrospective review was performed of neonates with SV and 2-ventricle (2V)
      anatomy who underwent an NP or NTAR at our institution from 2000 to 2010. The
      incidence of recurrent coarctation requiring intervention and associated risk
      factors were evaluated. RESULTS: Overall, 101 patients with 2V anatomy and 361
      patients with SV anatomy were included. Eighteen patients with 2V anatomy (17.8%)
      and 35 patients with SV anatomy (9.7%) required intervention for recurrent
      coarctation at a median of 0.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 0.3-1.2 years)
      after the initial operation. Independent risk factors associated with recurrent
      coarctation in patients with 2V anatomy included weight less than 2.5 kg (hazard
      ratio [HR], 6.05; p = 0.001) and peak aortic arch gradient (PAAG) on the
      discharge echocardiogram greater than 10 mm Hg (HR, 3.07; p = 0.03). In patients
      with SV anatomy, shunt type (HR, 6.42; p < 0.0001 for right ventricle to
      pulmonary artery [RV-PA] shunt compared with others) and peak gradient on the
      discharge echocardiogram greater than 10 mm Hg were found to be significant (HR,
      7.40; p < 0.0001). There was no survival difference in patients with and those
      without recurrent coarctation. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent coarctation is common after
      NTAR. Small patient size and shunt type were found to be independent risk factors
      for recurrent coarctation in the 2V and SV populations, respectively, and
      discharge aortic arch gradient was a significant risk factor in both populations.

PMID- 27353484
TI  - Macrophage-Targeted Indocyanine Green-Neomannosyl Human Serum Albumin for
      Intraoperative Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Porcine Esophagus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept has been proposed to avoid
      unnecessary invasive LN dissection in surgery for esophageal cancer. This study
      evaluated a new macrophage-targeting fluorescent agent, indocyanine green
      neomannosyl human serum albumin (ICG:MSA), for SLN mapping using a custom-made
      intraoperative color and fluorescence-merged imaging system (ICFIS) in porcine
      esophagus. METHODS: The LN targeting ability of ICG:MSA, indocyanine green-human
      serum albumin (ICG:HSA), and ICG was examined in vitro using the U937
      differentiated monocyte cell line and in vivo in a mouse footpad model using
      fluorescence imaging. SLN identification in rabbit esophagus was then performed
      using ICG:MSA, ICG:HSA, and ICG. Finally, intraoperative SLN detection was
      conducted in porcine esophagus after esophagoscopic injection of ICG:MSA.
      RESULTS: The fluorescence signal of U937 cells treated by ICG:MSA was
      significantly higher than that of ICG or ICG:HSA (ICG: 1.0 +/- 0.37; ICG:HSA: 3.4
      +/- 0.28, ICG:MSA: 6.8 +/- 1.61; ICG to ICG:HSA, p = 0.03; ICG:HSA to ICG:MSA, p
      = 0.04; ICG to ICG:MSA, p = 0.0009). ICG:MSA was retained in popliteal LNs as
      long as 3 h, while ICG rapidly diffused through the entire mouse lymphatic system
      within 5 min. Esophageal SLN was detected within 15 min after injection of either
      ICG or ICG:MSA, but ICG:MSA provided more distinguishable images of LNss than ICG
      in rabbit esophagus. The SLN was also successfully detected in all porcine
      esophagus; the mean number of SLNs identified per esophagus was 1.6 +/- 0.55.
      CONCLUSIONS: ICG:MSA has more specific macrophage-targeting properties, which
      could overcome the limitation of the low SLN retention of ICG, and could provide
      more precise real-time SLN detection during esophageal cancer surgery.

PMID- 27353485
TI  - The David V Valve-Sparing Root Replacement Provides Improved Survival Compared
      With Mechanical Valve-conduits in the Treatment of Young Patients With Aortic
      Root Pathology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Valve-sparing root replacement (VSRR) is an attractive therapy for
      aortic root aneurysms; however, there is a paucity of data comparing VSRR with
      conventional root replacement using a mechanical valve-conduit (MECH). This study
      evaluates and compares outcomes of VSRR and MECH. METHODS: A retrospective review
      from 2002 to 2015 at a US academic center identified 444 patients who underwent
      VSRR (282 patients) or MECH (162 patients). Propensity score matching was
      performed, based on 22 preoperative and intraoperative characteristics, and 87
      matched pairs were identified. RESULTS: There was no difference in mean age
      between the groups (VSRR 45.0 years, MECH 44.2 years, p = 0.59). The incidence of
      Marfan syndrome (VSRR 10.3%, MECH 12.6%, p = 0.63), type A acute aortic
      dissection (VSRR 25.3%, MECH 27.6%, p = 0.73), reoperation (VSRR 23.0%, MECH
      21.8%, p = 0.86), and arch replacement (VSRR 54.0%, MECH 52.9%, p = 0.88) were
      similar in both groups. Ejection fraction was similar (VSRR 52.8% +/- 10.9%, MECH
      52.4% +/- 11.7%, p = 0.83). Operative mortality was 2.3% with VSRR and 8.0% with
      MECH (p = 0.10). There were no significant differences in renal failure requiring
      dialysis (VSRR 1.1%, MECH 4.6%, p = 0.24), permanent neurologic dysfunction (VSRR
      2.3%, MECH 6.9%, p = 0.16), and pacemaker implantation (VSRR 1.1%, MECH 1.1%, p =
      0.99) between the groups. Survival at 7 years was significantly improved in
      patients who underwent VSSR (VSRR 85.5%, MECH 73.6%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In
      comparison with patients undergoing MECH, there is improved midterm survival
      among patients undergoing VSRR, with similar operative mortality and morbidity.
      For appropriately selected patients, VSRR provides an attractive and potentially
      superior alternative to MECH.

PMID- 27353487
TI  - Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression
      Scale across 11 world-wide societies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In order to compare estimates by one assessment scale across various
      cultures/ethnic groups, an important aspect that needs to be demonstrated is that
      its construct across these groups is invariant when measured using a similar and
      simultaneous approach (i.e., demonstrated cross-cultural measurement invariance).
      One of the methods for evaluating measurement invariance is testing for
      differential item functioning (DIF), which assesses whether different groups
      respond differently to particular items. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Revised Child Anxiety and
      Depression Scale (RCADS) in societies with different socioeconomic, cultural, and
      religious backgrounds. METHODS: The study was organised by the International
      Child Mental Health Study Group. Self-reported data were collected from
      adolescents residing in 11 countries: Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Indonesia,
      Montenegro, Nigeria, Palestinian Territories, the Philippines, Portugal, Romania
      and Serbia. The multiple-indicators multiple-causes model was used to test the
      RCADS items for DIF across the countries. RESULTS: Ten items exhibited DIF
      considering all cross-country comparisons. Only one or two items were flagged
      with DIF in the head-to-head comparisons, while there were three to five items
      flagged with DIF, when one country was compared with the others. Even with all
      cross-culturally non-invariant items removed from nine language versions tested,
      the original factor model representing six anxiety and depressive symptoms
      subscales was not significantly violated. CONCLUSIONS: There is clear evidence
      that relatively small number of the RCADS items is non-invariant, especially when
      comparing two different cultural/ethnic groups, which indicates on its sound
      cross-cultural validity and suitability for cross-cultural comparisons in
      adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms.

PMID- 27353488
TI  - Understanding the new HHS nondiscrimination rule and how it applies to your
      facility.

PMID- 27353489
TI  - Putative function of hypothetical proteins expressed by Clostridium perfringens
      type A strains and their protective efficacy in mouse model.
AB  - The whole genome sequencing and annotation of Clostridium perfringens strains
      revealed several genes coding for proteins of unknown function with no
      significant similarities to genes in other organisms. Our previous studies
      clearly demonstrated that hypothetical proteins CPF_2500, CPF_1441, CPF_0876,
      CPF_0093, CPF_2002, CPF_2314, CPF_1179, CPF_1132, CPF_2853, CPF_0552, CPF_2032,
      CPF_0438, CPF_1440, CPF_2918, CPF_0656, and CPF_2364 are genuine proteins of C.
      perfringens expressed in high abundance. This study explored the putative role of
      these hypothetical proteins using bioinformatic tools and evaluated their
      potential as putative candidates for prophylaxis. Apart from a group of eight
      hypothetical proteins (HPs), a putative function was predicted for the rest of
      the hypothetical proteins using one or more of the algorithms used. The
      phylogenetic analysis did not suggest an evidence of a horizontal gene transfer
      event except for HP CPF_0876. HP CPF_2918 is an abundant extracellular protein,
      unique to C. perfringens species with maximum strain coverage and did not show
      any significant match in the database. CPF_2918 was cloned, recombinant protein
      was purified to near homogeneity, and probing with mouse anti-CPF_2918 serum
      revealed surface localization of the protein in C. perfringens ATCC13124
      cultures. The purified recombinant CPF_2918 protein induced antibody production,
      a mixed Th1 and Th2 kind of response, and provided partial protection to
      immunized mice in direct C. perfringens challenge.

PMID- 27353490
TI  - Complete genome analysis of contemporary G12P[8] rotaviruses reveals
      heterogeneity within Wa-like genomic constellation.
AB  - G12 rotaviruses are globally emergent rotaviruses causing severe childhood
      gastroenteritis. Little is known about the evolution and diversity of G12P[8]
      rotaviruses and the possible role that widespread vaccine use, globally, has had
      on their emergence. In Sicily, Italy, surveillance activity for rotaviruses has
      been conducted uninterruptedly since 1985, thus representing a unique observatory
      for the study of human rotaviruses in the pre- and post-vaccine era. G12
      rotaviruses were first detected only in 2012 and between 2012 and 2014 they
      accounted for 8.7% of all rotavirus-associated infections among children, with
      peaks of 27.8% in 2012/2013 and 21% in 2014. We determined and analyzed the full
      genome of 22 G12P[8] rotaviruses collected during the 2012-2014. Although all
      G12P[8] rotaviruses exhibited a typical Wa-like genotype constellation (G12P[8]
      I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1), phylogenetic analysis allowed distinguishing either
      two or three (sub)lineages in each genome segment. On the basis of the
      segregation patterns into lineages/sublineages, 20 G12P[8] rotaviruses could be
      grouped into three stable major genomic sub-constellations, whilst two strains
      displayed unique genome architectures, likely due to ressortment with co
      circulating strains. Altogether, these findings indicate that the onset and
      prolonged circulation of G12 rotaviruses was due to repeated introductions of
      different G12 rotaviruses circulating globally. Importantly, as regional
      rotavirus vaccination was initiated in 2012 reaching a 45% coverage in newborns
      in 2014, a correlation between the appearance and spread of G12 rotaviruses and
      the enacted vaccination program could not be drawn. Constant epidemiologic
      surveillance remains important to monitor the epidemiological dynamics of human
      rotaviruses.

PMID- 27353491
TI  - Differential gene expression in mouse spermatogonial stem cells and embryonic
      stem cells.
AB  - Mouse spermatogonial stem cells (mSSCs) may be reprogrammed to become pluripotent
      stem cells under in vitro culture conditions, due to epigenetic modifications,
      which are closely associated with the expression of transcription factors and
      epigenetic factors. Thus, this study was conducted to compare the gene expression
      of transcription factors and epigenetic factors in mSSCs and mouse embryonic stem
      cells (mESCs). Firstly, the freshly isolated mSSCs [mSSCs (f)] were enriched by
      magnetic-activated cell sorting with Thy1.2 (CD90.2) microbeads, and the typical
      morphological characteristics were maintained under in vitro culture conditions
      for over 5 months to form long-term propagated mSSCs [mSSCs (l)]. These mSSCs (l)
      expressed pluripotency-associated genes and were induced to differentiate into
      sperm. Our findings indicated that the mSSCs (l) expressed high levels of the
      transcription factors, Lin28 and Prmt5, and the epigenetic factors, Tet3, Parp1,
      Max, Tert and Trf1, in comparison with the mESCs, with the levels of Prmt5, Tet3,
      Parp1 and Tert significantly higher than those in the mESCs. There was no
      significant difference in Kdm2b expression between mSSCs (l) and mESCs.
      Furthermore, the gene expression of N-Myc, Dppa2, Tbx3, Nr5a2, Prmt5, Tet3,
      Parp1, Max, Tert and Trf1 in the mSSCs (l) was markedly higher in comparison to
      that in the mSSCs (f). Collectively, our results suggest that the mSSCs and the
      mESCs displayed differential gene expression profiles, and the mSSCs possessed
      the potential to acquire pluripotency based on the high expression of
      transcription factors and epigenetic factors. These data may provide novel
      insights into the reprogramming mechanism of mSSCs. 

PMID- 27353492
TI  - No effects of oral vitamin D supplementation on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
      in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic
      disorder worldwide, reaching prevalence up to 90 % in obese patients with type 2
      diabetes (T2D), and representing an independent risk factor for cardiovascular
      mortality. Furthermore, the coexistence of T2D and NAFLD leads to higher
      incidence of diabetes' complications and additive detrimental liver outcomes. The
      existence of a close association between NAFLD and hypovitaminosis D, along with
      the anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties of vitamin D, have been
      largely described, but vitamin D effects on hepatic fat content have never been
      tested in a randomized controlled trial. We assessed the efficacy and safety of
      24-week oral high-dose vitamin D supplementation in T2D patients with NAFLD.
      METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out
      at the Diabetes Centre of Sapienza University, Rome, Italy, to assess oral
      treatment with cholecalciferol (2000 IU/day) or placebo in T2D patients with
      NAFLD. The primary endpoint was reduction of hepatic fat fraction (HFF) measured
      by magnetic resonance; as hepatic outcomes, we also investigated changes in serum
      transaminases, CK18-M30, N-terminal Procollagen III Propeptide (P3NP) levels, and
      Fatty Liver Index (FLI). Secondary endpoints were improvement in metabolic
      (fasting glycaemia, HbA1c, lipids, HOMA-IR, HOMA-beta, ADIPO-IR, body fat
      distribution) and cardiovascular (ankle-brachial index, intima-media thickness,
      flow-mediated dilatation) parameters from baseline to end of treatment. RESULTS:
      Sixty-five patients were randomized, 26 (cholecalciferol) and 29 (placebo)
      subjects completed the study. 25(OH) vitamin D significantly increased in the
      active treated group (48.15 +/- 23.7 to 89.80 +/- 23.6 nmol/L, P < 0.001);
      however, no group differences were found in HFF, transaminases, CK18-M30, P3NP
      levels or FLI after 24 weeks. Vitamin D neither changed the metabolic profile nor
      the cardiovascular parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Oral high-dose vitamin D
      supplementation over 24 weeks did not improve hepatic steatosis or
      metabolic/cardiovascular parameters in T2D patients with NAFLD. Studies with a
      longer intervention period are warranted for exploring the effect of long time
      exposure to vitamin D. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial was approved on July 2011
      by the Ethics Committee of Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome,
      Italy, and registered at www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu number 2011-003010-17.

PMID- 27353493
TI  - Usefulness of Microvascular Ultrasonography in Differentiating Metastatic
      Lymphadenopathy from Tuberculous Lymphadenitis.
AB  - This study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of vascular pattern analysis
      on microvascular ultrasonography in distinguishing metastatic lymphadenopathy
      from tuberculous lymphadenitis, compared with conventional power Doppler
      ultrasonography, and to evaluate inter-observer agreement for microvascular
      ultrasonography. Thirty-four patients with metastatic lymphadenopathy and 27
      patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis were included. The level of inter
      observer agreement was excellent or good for all aspects of vascular pattern
      analysis on both ultrasonographic examinations. Vascular distribution, internal
      vascularity and internal vascular features of lymph nodes on microvascular
      ultrasonography differed significantly different (p <= 0.002) between metastatic
      lymphadenopathy and tuberculous lymphadenitis. A central vascular pattern with
      displacement was prevalent in metastasis, and an avascular pattern was more
      frequent in tuberculosis. Internal vascularity of metastasis was higher than that
      of tuberculosis. Vascular patterns on power Doppler ultrasonography did not
      differ significantly. Vascular pattern analysis using microvascular
      ultrasonography can be helpful in differentiating metastatic lymphadenopathy from
      tuberculous lymphadenitis with good inter-observer agreement.

PMID- 27353494
TI  - Heterologous expression of Cenchritis muricatus protease inhibitor II (CmPI-II)
      in Pichia pastoris system: Purification, isotopic labeling and preliminary
      characterization.
AB  - Cenchritis muricatus protease inhibitor II (CmPI-II) is a tight-binding serine
      protease inhibitor of the Kazal family with an atypical broad specificity, being
      active against several proteases such as bovine pancreatic trypsin, human
      neutrophil elastase and subtilisin A. CmPI-II 3D structures are necessary for
      understanding the molecular basis of its activity. In the present work, we
      describe an efficient and straightforward recombinant expression strategy, as
      well as a cost-effective procedure for isotope labeling for NMR structure
      determination purposes. The vector pCM101 containing the CmPI-II gene, under the
      control of Pichia pastoris AOX1 promoter was constructed. Methylotrophic Pichia
      pastoris strain KM71H was then transformed with the plasmid and the recombinant
      protein (rCmPI-II) was expressed in benchtop fermenter in unlabeled or (15)N
      labeled forms using ammonium chloride ((15)N, 99%) as the sole nitrogen source.
      Protein purification was accomplished by sequential cation exchange
      chromatography in STREAMLINE DirectHST, anion exchange chromatography on Hitrap Q
      Sepharose FF and gel filtration on Superdex 75 10/30, yielding high quantities of
      pure rCmPI-II and (15)N rCmPI-II. Recombinant proteins displayed similar
      functional features as compared to the natural inhibitor and NMR spectra
      indicated folded and homogeneously labeled samples, suitable for further studies
      of structure and protease-inhibitor interactions.

PMID- 27353495
TI  - Effective non-denaturing purification method for improving the solubility of
      recombinant actin-binding proteins produced by bacterial expression.
AB  - Bacterial expression is commonly used to produce recombinant and truncated mutant
      eukaryotic proteins. However, heterologous protein expression may render
      synthesized proteins insoluble. The conventional method used to express a poorly
      soluble protein, which involves denaturation and refolding, is time-consuming and
      inefficient. There are several non-denaturing approaches that can increase the
      solubility of recombinant proteins that include using different bacterial cell
      strains, altering the time of induction, lowering the incubation temperature, and
      employing different detergents for purification. In this study, we compared
      several non-denaturing protocols to express and purify two insoluble 34 kDa actin
      bundling protein mutants. The solubility of the mutant proteins was not affected
      by any of the approaches except for treatment with the detergent sarkosyl. These
      results indicate that sarkosyl can effectively improve the solubility of
      insoluble proteins during bacterial expression.

PMID- 27353496
TI  - Modelling lifelong effects of different prophylactic treatment strategies for
      severe haemophilia A.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lifelong prophylactic replacement therapy with clotting factor
      concentrates is recommended for severe haemophilia. The prophylactic dose
      determines both clinical outcome and treatment cost. In the absence of clinical
      studies, computer simulation was used to explore lifelong effects and clotting
      factor consumption for various prophylactic dose levels, and optimize strategies
      for switching between prophylactic and on-demand treatment. DESIGN AND METHODS:
      Individual patients' lifetime joint bleeds, radiological arthropathy (Pettersson
      score, 0-78) and consumption were simulated for each treatment strategy.
      Treatment effectiveness (expressed as % of patients maintaining a lifetime
      Pettersson score <=14) and clotting factor consumption were modelled for lifelong
      prophylaxis at dose levels 1000-4500 IU kg(-1) year(-1) , for on-demand treatment
      and for switching strategies. Treatment efficiency (consumption per unit of
      effectiveness) was used to compare strategies. RESULTS: Compared to lifelong on
      demand treatment, lifelong prophylaxis at 1000 IU kg(-1) year(-1) increased
      effectiveness from 21 to 36%, at an additional consumption of 0.9 * 10(6) IU kg(
      1) . For lifelong prophylaxis, each additional 1000 IU kg(-1) year(-1) resulted
      in a proportional increase in consumption by +/-5 * 10(6) IU kg(-1) but a less
      than proportional reduction in arthropathy by +/-50%; consequently, increasing
      consumption progressively diminished treatment efficiency. Switching strategies
      slightly reduce effectiveness and consumption. Optimum switching criteria were
      similar across prophylactic dose levels. CONCLUSION: According to the simulation
      model, low-dose prophylaxis (1000 IU kg(-1) year(-1) ) improved outcome at a
      limited increase in consumption compared to on-demand treatment. Increasing
      prophylactic dose further improved health outcomes, but at decreasing efficiency.
      Optimal prophylactic dose should therefore be selected balancing acceptable
      health impact and available budget.

PMID- 27353497
TI  - Statins, news, and nuance.

PMID- 27353498
TI  - Unified Synthesis of 10-Oxygenated Lycopodium Alkaloids: Impact of C10
      Stereochemistry on Reactivity.
AB  - The pronounced impact of the C10 stereochemistry on the successful construction
      of a polycyclic Lycopodium alkaloid scaffold has been explored. A wide range of
      reaction conditions and functionality were investigated to control a keto sulfone
      Michael addition to construct the C7-C12 linkage. An unexpected, overriding
      impact of the C10 stereochemistry in stereoselectivity and reaction rate in the
      Michael addition was observed. Furthermore, divergent reactivity of a
      conformationally accelerated, intramolecular Mannich cyclization based on the C10
      stereochemistry was discovered. The successful execution of this synthetic route
      resulted in the total synthesis of all three known 10-oxygenated Lycopodium
      alkaloids: 10-hydroxylycopodine, paniculine, and deacetylpaniculine.

PMID- 27353501
TI  - GATS Collaborative Group List.

PMID- 27353499
TI  - Surrogate endpoints and competing risk of death in cardiac arrest research.
AB  - We urgently need new therapies to improve outcomes after cardiac arrest. Initial
      studies typically target surrogate endpoints, and these studies help to inform
      subsequent larger trials that are powered to measure more patient-orientated
      clinical outcomes such as survival. The competing risk of death and premature
      assessment of neurological prognosis pose significant challenges to measuring
      these surrogate endpoints after cardiac arrest.

PMID- 27353502
TI  - Dynamic functional characterization and phylogenetic changes due to Long Chain
      Fatty Acids pulses in biogas reactors.
AB  - The process stability of biogas plants is often deteriorated by the accumulation
      of Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA). The microbial community shifts due to LCFA
      disturbances have been poorly understood as the molecular techniques used were
      not able to identify the genome characteristics of uncultured microorganisms, and
      additionally, the presence of limited number of reference genomes in public
      databases prevented the comprehension of specific functional roles characterizing
      these microorganisms. The present study is the first research which deciphers by
      means of high throughput shotgun sequencing the dynamics of the microbial
      community during an inhibitory shock load induced by single pulses of unsaturated
      LCFA at two different concentrations (i.e. 2 g/L-reactor and 3 g/L-reactor). The
      metagenomic analysis showed that only the microbes associated with LCFA
      degradation could encode proteins related to "chemotaxis" and "flagellar
      assembly", which promoted the ability to move towards the LCFA sources so as to
      degrade them. Moreover, the syntrophic interactions found between Syntrophomonas
      sp. together with Methanosarcina sp. were possibly assigned to the menaquinone
      electron transfer. Finally, it was proven that a previously exposed to LCFA
      inoculum is more efficient in the degradation process of LCFA due to the
      specialization of the microbial consortium.

PMID- 27353504
TI  - Calcium, Strontium and Barium Homogeneous Catalysts for Fine Chemicals Synthesis.
AB  - The large alkaline earths (Ae), calcium, strontium and barium, have in the past
      15 years yielded a brand new generation of heteroleptic molecular catalysts for
      the production of fine chemicals. However, the integrity of these complexes is
      often plagued by ligand redistribution equilibria in solution. This personal
      account retraces the paths followed in our research group towards the design of
      stable heteroleptic alkalino-earth complexes, including the use of intramolecular
      noncovalent Ae...H-Si and Ae...F-C interactions. Their implementation as
      homogenous precatalysts for reactions such as the intramolecular and
      intermolecular hydroamination and hydrophosphination of activated alkenes, the
      hydrophosphonylation of ketones, and the dehydrogenative coupling of amines and
      hydrosilanes that enable the efficient and controlled formations of C?P, C?N, or
      Si?N sigma-bonds, is presented in a synthetic perspective that highlights their
      overall outstanding catalytic performance.

PMID- 27353503
TI  - Multimodal MRI features predict isocitrate dehydrogenase genotype in high-grade
      gliomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-grade gliomas with mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase
      (IDH) gene family confer longer overall survival relative to their IDH-wild-type
      counterparts. Accurate determination of the IDH genotype preoperatively may have
      both prognostic and diagnostic value. The current study used a machine-learning
      algorithm to generate a model predictive of IDH genotype in high-grade gliomas
      based on clinical variables and multimodal features extracted from conventional
      MRI. METHODS: Preoperative MRIs were obtained for 120 patients with primary
      grades III (n = 35) and IV (n = 85) glioma in this retrospective study. IDH
      genotype was confirmed for grade III (32/35, 91%) and IV (22/85, 26%) tumors by
      immunohistochemistry, spectrometry-based mutation genotyping (OncoMap), or
      multiplex exome sequencing (OncoPanel). IDH1 and IDH2 mutations were mutually
      exclusive, and all mutated tumors were collapsed into one IDH-mutated cohort.
      Cases were randomly assigned to either the training (n = 90) or validation cohort
      (n = 30). A total of 2970 imaging features were extracted from pre- and
      postcontrast T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and apparent diffusion coefficient map.
      Using a random forest algorithm, nonredundant features were integrated with
      clinical data to generate a model predictive of IDH genotype. RESULTS: Our model
      achieved accuracies of 86% (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.8830) in the training
      cohort and 89% (AUC = 0.9231) in the validation cohort. Features with the highest
      predictive value included patient age as well as parametric intensity, texture,
      and shape features. CONCLUSION: Using a machine-learning algorithm, we achieved
      accurate prediction of IDH genotype in high-grade gliomas with preoperative
      clinical and MRI features.

PMID- 27353505
TI  - Assessments of fatigue and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus
      erythematosus enrolled in the Phase 2 clinical trial with blisibimod.
AB  - This report evaluates the effects of blisibimod (A-623, AMG 623), a potent and
      selective inhibitor of B-cell activating factor (BAFF), on patient-reported
      fatigue and disease activity in the Phase 2b PEARL-SC clinical trial in patients
      with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A total of 547 individuals who met the
      American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for SLE, were
      positive for anti-double-stranded DNA or antinuclear antibodies, and had a Safety
      of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus
      Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI) score >=6 at baseline, were
      randomized to receive placebo or blisibimod for at least 24 weeks. Patient self
      reported fatigue was evaluated using the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness
      Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue scale, and disease activity was evaluated using
      Physician's Global Assessment, SELENA-SLEDAI, and British Isles Lupus Assessment
      Group Score. Statistically significant improvements in FACIT-Fatigue score were
      observed among individuals randomized to blisibimod, especially in the 200 mg QW
      group where favorable effects on disease activity with blisibimod compared to
      placebo were observed as early as Week 8. The mean improvement from baseline of
      6.9 points at Week 24, compared with 4.4 points with placebo, met the criteria
      for minimal clinically important improvement difference defined for patients with
      SLE. Despite concomitant improvements in FACIT-Fatigue, SLE Responder Index (SRI)
      and SLE biomarkers (reported previously), FACIT-Fatigue score correlated only
      weakly with disease activity. While poor correlation between fatigue and disease
      activity is not new, the observation that correlation remains poor despite
      concurrent population improvements in disease and fatigue brings a new facet to
      our understanding of SLE.

PMID- 27353507
TI  - Security Personnel Practices and Policies in U.S. Hospitals: Findings From a
      National Survey.
AB  - Concerns of violence in hospitals warrant examination of current hospital
      security practices. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from members of a
      health care security and safety association to examine the type of personnel
      serving as security in hospitals, their policies and practices related to
      training and weapon/restraint tool carrying/use, and the broader context in which
      security personnel work to maintain staff and patient safety, with an emphasis on
      workplace violence prevention and mitigation. Data pertaining to 340 hospitals
      suggest security personnel were typically non-sworn officers directly employed
      (72%) by hospitals. Available tools included handcuffs (96%), batons (56%),
      oleoresin capsicum products (e.g., pepper spray; 52%), hand guns (52%), conducted
      electrical weapons (e.g., TASERs(r); 47%), and K9 units (12%). Current workplace
      violence prevention policy components, as well as recommendations to improve
      hospital security practices, aligned with Occupational Safety and Health
      Administration guidelines. Comprehensive efforts to address the safety and
      effectiveness of hospital security personnel should consider security personnel's
      relationships with other hospital work groups and hospitals' focus on patients'
      safety and satisfaction.

PMID- 27353506
TI  - Can SLE classification rules be effectively applied to diagnose unclear SLE
      cases?
AB  - Objective The objective of this paper is to develop novel classification criteria
      to distinguish between unclear systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and mixed
      connective tissue disease (MCTD) cases. Methods A total of 205 variables from 111
      SLE and 55 MCTD patients were evaluated to uncover unique molecular and clinical
      markers for each disease. Binomial logistic regressions (BLRs) were performed on
      currently used SLE and MCTD classification criteria sets to obtain six reduced
      models with power to discriminate between unclear SLE and MCTD patients that were
      confirmed by receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Decision trees were
      employed to delineate novel classification rules to discriminate between unclear
      SLE and MCTD patients. Results SLE and MCTD patients exhibited contrasting
      molecular markers and clinical manifestations. Furthermore, reduced models
      highlighted SLE patients exhibiting prevalence of skin rashes and renal disease
      while MCTD cases show dominance of myositis and muscle weakness. Additionally
      decision tree analyses revealed a novel classification rule tailored to
      differentiate unclear SLE and MCTD patients (Lu-vs-M) with an overall accuracy of
      88%. Conclusions Validation of our novel proposed classification rule (Lu-vs-M)
      includes novel contrasting characteristics (calcinosis, CPK elevated and anti-IgM
      reactivity for U1-70K, U1A and U1C) between SLE and MCTD patients and showed a
      33% improvement in distinguishing these disorders when compared to currently used
      classification criteria sets. Pending additional validation, our novel
      classification rule is a promising method to distinguish between patients with
      unclear SLE and MCTD diagnosis.

PMID- 27353508
TI  - Association Among Sociodemograhic Factors, Work Ability, Health Behavior, and
      Mental Health Status for Young People After Prolonged Unemployment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to explore the associations of prolonged
      unemployment, health, and work ability among young workers using data from the
      2008-2010 Occupational Health Counselling project in Kuopio, Eastern Finland. The
      total sample for this study was 190 young unemployed adults. The questionnaire
      included the Work Ability Index (WAI), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Alcohol
      Use Disorders Identification Test, and the Occupational Health Counselling
      Survey. Multivariate analyses revealed that men had a higher prevalence of
      prolonged unemployment than women. Using drugs for purposes other than treatment
      was associated independently with an increased prevalence of prolonged
      unemployment. Low WAI scores were associated with a higher prevalence of
      prolonged unemployment. This study showed that attention should be paid to male
      workers, those who have poor or moderate work ability and workers who use drugs.
      Young unemployed workers should be recognized at an early stage. A comprehensive,
      flexible network of community resources is essential to support young unemployed
      adults.

PMID- 27353509
TI  - Musculoskeletal Injury Prevention for New Nurses.
AB  - Nurses continue to sustain musculoskeletal injuries even with increased emphasis
      on safe patient handling and mobility (SPHM) and organizational cultures of
      safety to protect health care workers. Analysis of data from 2011-2014 registered
      nurse graduates explored hospital safety culture, SPHM education/training, and
      incidence of new-nurse musculoskeletal injury. Results indicated hospitals
      provided some type of SPHM education and training, but 46% of study participants
      were not informed or aware of national SPHM standards or guidelines. Merely 13.9%
      of participants stated a written "no manual lifting policy" had been implemented;
      only 32.9% indicated staffing was adequate for SPHM tasks; and only 39.4% stated
      the hospital had all of the equipment needed to perform SPHM safely. Thirty-nine
      percent of participants had already sustained a musculoskeletal injury with an
      additional 35% sustaining but not reporting an injury. More actions are needed to
      ensure a decrease in musculoskeletal injuries for new nurses.

PMID- 27353510
TI  - Postpartum blood loss: visual estimation versus objective quantification with a
      novel birthing drape.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Immediate postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the most common cause of
      maternal mortality worldwide. Most recommendations focus on its prevention and
      management. Visual estimation of blood loss is widely used for the early
      detection of PPH, but the most appropriate method remains unclear. This study
      aimed to compare the efficacy of visual estimation and objective measurement
      using a sterile under-buttock drape, to determine the volume of postpartum blood
      loss. METHODS: This study evaluated patients aged >= 18 years with low-risk term
      pregnancies, who delivered vaginally. Immediately after delivery, a birth
      attendant inserted the drape under the patient's buttocks. Postpartum blood loss
      was measured by visual estimation and then compared with objective measurement
      using the drape. All participants received standard intra- and postpartum care.
      RESULTS: In total, 286 patients with term pregnancies were enrolled. There was a
      significant difference in postpartum blood loss between visual estimation and
      objective measurement using the under-buttock drape (178.6 +/- 133.1 mL vs. 259.0
      +/- 174.9 mL; p < 0.0001). Regarding accuracy at 100 mL discrete categories of
      postpartum blood loss, visual estimation was found to be inaccurate, resulting in
      underestimation, with low correspondence (27.6%) and poor agreement (Cohen's
      kappa coefficient 0.07; p < 0.05), compared with objective measurement using the
      drape. Two-thirds of cases of immediate PPH (65.4%) were misdiagnosed using
      visual estimation. CONCLUSION: Visual estimation is not optimal for measurement
      of postpartum blood loss in PPH. This method should be withdrawn from standard
      obstetric practice and replaced with objective measurement using the sterile
      under-buttock drape.

PMID- 27353511
TI  - SLC6A3 rs28363170 and rs3836790 variants in Han Chinese patients with sporadic
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD; OMIM 168600) is the second most common neurodegenerative
      disorder characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the
      substantia nigra and other brainstem nuclei. Recently, two variants (rs28363170
      and rs3836790) in the solute carrier family 6 member 3 gene (SLC6A3) were
      identified to be significantly associated with PD patients in French population.
      The purpose of our study was to explore whether these two variants are associated
      with sporadic PD in Han Chinese population. We designed a case-control comparison
      study in 521 Han Chinese patients with sporadic PD and 502 age, gender and
      ethnicity matched normal controls from Mainland China. There is no statistically
      significant difference in either genotypic or allelic distribution between
      disease group and normal controls in our cohort for the two variants (all
      P>0.05). In addition, we did not identify any related haplotype that would either
      increase the risk for PD or play a protective role against PD. Our data suggest
      that variants rs28363170 and rs3836790 are not associated with sporadic PD in Han
      Chinese population.

PMID- 27353512
TI  - Association of AKT1 gene polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson's disease in
      Chinese Han population.
AB  - Genetic variants of AKT1 have been shown to influence brain function of
      Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, and in this paper our aim is to investigate
      the association between the three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2498799;
      rs2494732; rs1130214) and PD in Han Chinese. 413 Han Chinese PD patients and 450
      healthy age and gender-matched controls were genotyped using the Polymerase Chain
      Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Both the
      patient and control groups show similar genotype frequencies at the three loci:
      rs2498799, rs2494732 and rs1130214. We are able to identify a significant
      difference in the frequencies of genotype (p=0.019) and G allele (OR=0.764, 95%
      CI=0.587-0.995, p=0.045) both at rs2498799 between the patient and control
      groups. Furthermore, the association of subjects with GG genotypes versus those
      with GA+AA genotype remain significant after adjusting for age in the Han Chinese
      female cohort (OR=0.538, 95%CI=0.345-0.841, p=0.006), which is especially evident
      in the late-onset cohort (OR=0.521, 95%CI=0.309-0.877, p=0.012). In contrast,
      allele frequencies at rs2494732 and rs1130214 were similar between patients and
      controls in all subgroup analyses. These results suggest that polymorphism of
      AKT1 locus is associated with risk of PD and that the G allele at rs2498799 may
      decrease the risk of PD in the North-eastern part of Han Chinese female
      population.

PMID- 27353513
TI  - Lithium and valproate prevent methylphenidate-induced mania-like behaviors in the
      hole board test.
AB  - Manic bipolar is diagnosed by psychomotor agitation, increased goal-directed
      activity, insomnia, grandiosity, excessive speech, and risky behavior. Animal
      studies aimed to modeling mania are commonly based in psychostimulants-induced
      hyperlocomotion. The exploration of other behaviors related with mania is
      mandatory to investigate this phase of bipolar disorder in animals. In this
      study, the hole board apparatus was suggested for evaluating mania-like behaviors
      induced by the psychostimulant methylphenidate. The treatment with
      methylphenidate (10mg/kg, ip) increased locomotion in the open field test. The
      pretreatment with lithium (50mg/kg, ip) and valproate (400mg/kg, ip)
      significantly prevented the hyperlocomotion. In the hole-board test,
      methylphenidate increased interactions with the central and peripheral holes and
      the exploration of central areas. Lithium was more effective than valproate in
      preventing all the behavioral manifestations induced by the psychostimulant.
      These findings were discussed based on the ability of methylphenidate-treated
      mice mimicking two symptoms of mania in the hole board test: goal-directed action
      and risk-taking behavior. In conclusion, the results point to a new approach to
      study mania through the hole board apparatus. The hole board test appears to be a
      sensitive assay to detect the efficacy of antimanic drugs.

PMID- 27353514
TI  - Increased anxiety-like behaviour and altered GABAergic system in the amygdala and
      cerebellum of VPA rats - An animal model of autism.
AB  - Anxiety is one of the associated symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. According
      to the literature, increases in anxiety are accompanied by GABAergic system
      deregulation. The aim of our study, performed using an animal model of autism in
      the form of rats prenatally treated with valproic acid (VPA rats), was to
      investigate changes in anxiety-like behaviour and the gene expression of
      molecules that control levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. Anxiety-like behaviours were investigated
      using zone preferences in the open field test. The levels of the 65 and 67kDa
      enzymes of l-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) mRNAs and type 1 GABA transporter
      (GAT1) were evaluated in the amygdala, as well as GABA producing enzymes in the
      cortex layer of the cerebellum. Our research showed that adult VPA rats spent
      less time in the inner zone of the testing chamber and more time in the outer
      zone of the testing chamber in the open field test. We also found that adult VPA
      rats had increased expression of GAT1 in the amygdala, as well as decreased
      levels of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNA in the cerebellum compared to control animals.
      These findings support the existence of a relationship between increased anxiety
      like behaviour and changes in the regulation of the GABAergic system in VPA rats.

PMID- 27353515
TI  - Genetic analysis of the CHCHD2 gene in a cohort of Chinese patients with
      Parkinson disease.
AB  - CHCHD2 has been recently reported as a causative gene for autosomal dominant
      Parkinson disease (ADPD) in Japanese populations. Further genetic studies of
      CHCHD2 in other populations are needed. Herein, we sequenced CHCHD2 gene in 162
      patients (90 from ADPD pedigrees, 72 with sporadic Parkinson disease) and 90
      healthy controls in Chinese population. We observed 5 exonic variants (c.-34C>A,
      c.-9T>G, c.5C>T, c.*125G>A, c.*154A>G) including 1 novel variant. No pathogenic
      mutation was found, suggesting that CHCHD2 mutations may be rare in Chinese ADPD
      patients.

PMID- 27353516
TI  - Primary Care Residents Improve Knowledge, Skills, Attitudes, and Practice After a
      Clinical Curriculum With a Hospice.
AB  - Effective approaches to teaching attitudes, knowledge, and skills to resident
      physicians in primary care that can be implemented in any residency program are
      needed. We examined the feasibility and impact of a single palliative care
      residency curriculum, including a clinical rotation with a hospice program,
      across 5 cohorts of residents in 7 divergent primary care residency programs
      (both family medicine and internal medicine). The didactic content was drawn from
      the national Education for Physicians on End-of-Life Care Project. A total of 448
      residents completed the curriculum. A large effect size was seen in measures of
      knowledge change (*Cohen d = .89) when compared to a national sample of primary
      care residency programs. Additionally, measures of confidence to perform
      palliative care skills and ethical concerns also improved significantly ( P <
      .001). A frequent comment is wishing the rest of medicine were like that
      experienced in the hospice setting. In a separate, ancillary evaluation, the
      average length of stay of patients enrolled in hospice care was 18.5 days longer
      for the alumni of this program when compared to physicians referring for hospice
      care who hadn't experienced the curriculum.

PMID- 27353517
TI  - Next-generation sequencing-based molecular diagnosis of neonatal hypotonia in
      Chinese Population.
AB  - Neonatal hypotonia is extremely challenging to diagnose because numerous
      disorders present similar clinical manifestations. Two panels for diagnosing
      neonatal hypotonia were developed, which enriches 35 genes corresponding to 61
      neonatal hypotonia-related disorders. A cohort of 214 neonates with hypotonia was
      recruited from 2012 to 2014 in China for this study. Of these subjects, twenty
      eight neonates with hypotonia were eliminated according to exclusion criteria and
      97 were confirmed using traditional detection methods. The clinical diagnoses of
      the remaining 89 neonates with hypotonia were approached by targeted next
      generation sequencing (NGS). Among the 89 tested neonates, 25 potentially
      pathogenic variants in nine genes (RYR1, MECP2, MUT, CDKL5, MPZ, PMM2, MTM1,
      LAMA2 and DMPK) were identified in 22 patients. Six of these pathogenic variants
      were novel. Of the 186 neonates with hypotonia, we identified the genetic causes
      for 117 neonates by the traditional detection methods and targeted NGS, achieving
      a high solving rate of 62.9%. In addition, we found seven neonates with RETT
      syndrome carrying five mutations, thus expanding the mutation profiles in Chinese
      neonates with hypotonia. Our study highlights the utility of comprehensive
      molecular genetic testing, which provides the advantage of speed and diagnostic
      specificity without invasive procedures.

PMID- 27353518
TI  - Introductions do not compensate for functional and phylogenetic losses following
      extinctions in insular bird assemblages.
AB  - The ratio of species extinctions to introductions has been comparable for many
      insular assemblages, suggesting that introductions could have 'compensated' for
      extinctions. However, the capacity for introduced species to replace ecological
      roles and evolutionary history lost following extinction is unclear. We
      investigated changes in bird functional and phylogenetic diversity in the wake of
      extinctions and introductions across a sample of 32 islands worldwide. We found
      that extinct and introduced species have comparable functional and phylogenetic
      alpha diversity. However, this was distributed at different positions in
      functional space and in the phylogeny, indicating a 'false compensation'.
      Introduced and extinct species did not have equivalent functional roles nor
      belong to similar lineages. This makes it unlikely that novel island biotas
      composed of introduced taxa will be able to maintain ecological roles and
      represent the evolutionary histories of pre-disturbance assemblages and
      highlights the importance of evaluating changes in alpha and beta diversity
      concurrently.

PMID- 27353519
TI  - The immediate effect of vaginal and caesarean delivery on anal sphincter
      measurements.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of vaginal and caesarean delivery on
      internal and external anal sphincter muscle thickness using translabial
      ultrasonography (TL-US). METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled
      nulliparous women who either had vaginal or caesarean deliveries. The thickness
      of the hypoechoic internal anal sphincter (IAS) and hyperechoic external anal
      sphincter (EAS) at the 12, 3, 6, and 9 o'clock positions at the distal level were
      measured before delivery and within 24-48 h after delivery. RESULTS: A total 105
      consecutive women were enrolled in the study: 60 in the vaginal delivery group
      and 45 in the caesarean delivery group. The IAS muscle thickness at the 12
      o'clock position in the vaginal delivery group was significantly thicker before
      compared with after delivery (mean +/- SD: 2.31 +/- 0.74 mm versus 1.81 +/- 0.64
      mm, respectively). The EAS muscle thickness at the 12 o'clock position in the
      vaginal delivery group was significantly thicker before compared with after
      delivery (mean +/- SD: 2.42 +/- 0.64 mm versus 1.97 +/- 0.85, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: There was significant muscle thinning of both the IAS and EAS at the
      12 o'clock position after vaginal delivery, but not after caesarean delivery.

PMID- 27353520
TI  - Structure of a Novel Phosphotriesterase from Sphingobium sp. TCM1: A Familiar
      Binuclear Metal Center Embedded in a Seven-Bladed beta-Propeller Protein Fold.
AB  - A novel phosphotriesterase was recently discovered and purified from Sphingobium
      sp. TCM1 (Sb-PTE) and shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of a broad spectrum of
      organophosphate esters with a catalytic efficiency that exceeds 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)
      for the hydrolysis of triphenyl phosphate. The enzyme was crystallized and the
      three-dimensional structure determined to a resolution of 2.1 A using single
      wavelength anomalous diffraction (Protein Data Bank entry 5HRM ). The enzyme
      adopts a seven-bladed beta-propeller protein fold, and three disulfide bonds were
      identified between Cys-146 and Cys-242, Cys-411 and Cys-443, and Cys-542 and Cys
      559. The active site of Sb-PTE contains a binuclear manganese center that is
      nearly identical to that of the structurally unrelated phosphotriesterase from
      Pseudomonas diminuta (Pd-PTE). The two metal ions in the active site are bridged
      to one another by Glu-201 and a water molecule. The alpha-metal ion is further
      coordinated to the protein by interactions with His-389, His-475, and Glu-407,
      whereas the beta-metal ion is further liganded to His-317 and His-258.
      Computational docking of mimics of the proposed pentavalent reaction
      intermediates for the hydrolysis of organophosphates was used to provide a model
      for the binding of chiral substrates in the active site of Sb-PTE. The most
      striking difference in the catalytic properties of Sb-PTE, relative to those of
      Pd-PTE, is the enhanced rate of hydrolysis of organophosphate esters with
      substantially weaker leaving groups. The structural basis for this difference in
      the catalytic properties between Sb-PTE and Pd-PTE, despite the nearly identical
      binuclear metal centers for the activation of the substrate and nucleophilic
      water molecule, is at present unclear.

PMID- 27353521
TI  - The surgical anatomy of the supraclavicular lymph node flap: A basis for the free
      vascularized lymph node transfer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vascularized lymph node transfer is an effective surgical method in
      reducing lymphedema. This study provides the first detailed description of the
      surgical anatomy of the supraclavicular lymph node flap in regard to pedicle
      length, pedicle diameter, and the number of lymph nodes and their exact location
      inside the flap. METHODS: Bilateral supraclavicular dissections of nine fresh
      cadavers (five female) were performed. Before the dissection, the exact number of
      lymph nodes was determined sonographically by an experienced radiologist, and
      their distance from the jugular notch was measured. After anatomic dissection,
      the vascular pedicle's diameter and length were measured. RESULTS: The mean
      number of lymph nodes was 1.5 +/- 1.85 on the right side and 3 +/- 2.26 on the
      left. Their mean distance from the jugular notch was 8.29 +/- 2.15 cm on the
      right and 6.10 +/- 1.21 cm on the left. The pedicle's length was 4.72 +/- 1.03 cm
      on the right and 4.86 +/- 0.99 cm on the left, and its diameter 2.03 +/- 0.83 on
      the right and 1.80 +/- 0.77 on the left. CONCLUSION: The pedicle length and
      diameter of the supraclavicular lymph node flap are suitable for a microvascular
      tissue transfer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:60-62. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27353522
TI  - Two homologous host proteins interact with potato virus X RNAs and CPs and affect
      viral replication and movement.
AB  - Because viruses encode only a small number of proteins, all steps of virus
      infection rely on specific interactions between viruses and hosts. We previously
      screened several Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb) proteins that interact with the stem
      loop 1 (SL1) RNA structure located at the 5' end of the potato virus X (PVX)
      genome. In this study, we characterized two of these proteins (NbCPIP2a and
      NbCPIP2b), which are homologous and are induced upon PVX infection.
      Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that both proteins bind to either
      SL1(+) or SL1(-) RNAs of PVX. The two proteins also interact with the PVX capsid
      protein (CP) in planta. Overexpression of NbCPIP2a positively regulated systemic
      movement of PVX in N. benthamiana, whereas NbCPIP2b overexpression did not affect
      systemic movement of PVX. Transient overexpression and silencing experiments
      demonstrated that NbCPIP2a and NbCPIP2b are positive regulators of PVX
      replication and that the effect on replication was greater for NbCPIP2a than for
      NbCPIP2b. Although these two host proteins are associated with plasma membranes,
      PVX infection did not affect their subcellular localization. Taken together,
      these results indicate that NbCPIP2a and NbCPIP2b specifically bind to PVX SL1
      RNAs as well as to CP and enhance PVX replication and movement.

PMID- 27353523
TI  - Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update.
AB  - The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been classified as carcinogenic to
      humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1988. More
      recently, in 2010, ethanol as the major constituent of alcoholic beverages and
      its metabolite acetaldehyde were also classified as carcinogenic to humans.
      Alcoholic beverages as multi-component mixtures may additionally contain further
      known or suspected human carcinogens as constituent or contaminant. This review
      will discuss the occurrence and toxicology of eighteen carcinogenic compounds
      (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic, benzene, cadmium, ethanol, ethyl
      carbamate, formaldehyde, furan, glyphosate, lead, 3-MCPD, 4-methylimidazole, N
      nitrosodimethylamine, pulegone, ochratoxin A, safrole) occurring in alcoholic
      beverages as identified based on monograph reviews by the IARC. For most of the
      compounds of alcoholic beverages, quantitative risk assessment provided evidence
      for only a very low risk (such as margins of exposure above 10,000). The highest
      risk was found for ethanol, which may reach exposures in ranges known to increase
      the cancer risk even at moderate drinking (margin of exposure around 1). Other
      constituents that could pose a risk to the drinker were inorganic lead, arsenic,
      acetaldehyde, cadmium and ethyl carbamate, for most of which mitigation by good
      manufacturing practices is possible. Nevertheless, due to the major effect of
      ethanol, the cancer burden due to alcohol consumption can only be reduced by
      reducing alcohol consumption in general or by lowering the alcoholic strength of
      beverages. 

PMID- 27353524
TI  - Fermentable soluble fibres spare amino acids in healthy dogs fed a low-protein
      diet.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research in cats has shown that increased fermentation-derived
      propionic acid and its metabolites can be used as alternative substrates for
      gluconeogenesis, thus sparing amino acids for other purposes. This amino acid
      sparing effect could be of particular interest in patients with kidney or liver
      disease, where this could reduce the kidneys'/liver's burden of N-waste removal.
      Since dogs are known to have a different metabolism than the obligatory
      carnivorous cat, the main objective of this study was to assess the possibility
      of altering amino acid metabolism through intestinal fermentation in healthy
      dogs. This was studied by supplementing a low-protein diet with fermentable
      fibres, hereby providing an initial model for future studies in dogs suffering
      from renal/liver disease. RESULTS: Eight healthy dogs were randomly assigned to
      one of two treatment groups: sugar beet pulp and guar gum mix (SF: soluble fibre,
      estimated to mainly stimulate propionic acid production) or cellulose (IF:
      insoluble fibre). Treatments were incorporated into a low-protein (17 %) extruded
      dry diet in amounts to obtain similar total dietary fibre (TDF) contents for both
      diets (9.4 % and 8.2 % for the SF and IF diet, respectively) and were tested in a
      4-week crossover feeding trial. Apparent faecal nitrogen digestibility and post
      prandial fermentation metabolites in faeces and plasma were evaluated. Dogs fed
      the SF diet showed significantly higher faecal excretion of acetic and propionic
      acid, resulting in a higher total SCFA excretion compared to IF. SF affected the
      three to six-hour postprandial plasma acylcarnitine profile by significantly
      increasing AUC of acetyl-, propionyl-, butyryl- + isobutyryl-, 3-OH-butyryl-, 3
      OH-isovaleryl- and malonyl-L-carnitine. Moreover, the amino acid plasma profile
      at that time was modified as leucine + isoleucine concentrations were
      significantly increased by SF, and a similar trend for phenylalanine and
      tyrosine's AUC was found. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that guar gum and
      sugar beet pulp supplementation diminishes postprandial use of amino acids
      favoring instead the use of short-chain fatty acids as substrate for the
      tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Further research is warranted to investigate the
      amino acid sparing effect of fermentable fibres in dogs with kidney/liver
      disease.

PMID- 27353525
TI  - Central nervous system aspergillosis resembling haemorrhagic brain infarct in a
      paediatric leukaemia patient.

PMID- 27353526
TI  - The Hallmarks of Cancer from a Redox Perspective.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: For a healthy cell to turn into a cancer cell and grow out to
      become a tumor, it needs to undergo a series of complex changes and acquire
      certain traits, summarized as "The Hallmarks of Cancer." These hallmarks can all
      be regarded as the result of altered signal transduction cascades and an
      understanding of these cascades is essential for cancer treatment. RECENT
      ADVANCES: Redox signaling is a long overlooked form of signal transduction that
      proceeds through the reversible oxidation of cysteines in proteins and that uses
      hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger. CRITICAL ISSUES: In this article, we
      provide examples that show that redox signaling is involved in the regulation of
      proteins and signaling cascades that play roles in every hallmark of cancer.
      FUTURE DIRECTIONS: An understanding of how redox signaling and "classical" signal
      transduction are intertwined could hold promising strategies for cancer therapy
      in the future. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 300-325.

PMID- 27353527
TI  - Arsenic-based Life: An active learning assignment for teaching scientific
      discourse.
AB  - Among recent high profile scientific debates was the proposal that life could
      exist with arsenic in place of phosphorous in its nucleic acids and other
      biomolecules. Soon after its initial publication, scientists across diverse
      disciplines began to question this extraordinary claim. Using the original
      article, its claims, its scientific support, and the ensuing counterarguments, a
      two-day, active learning classroom exercise was developed focusing on the
      presentation, evaluation, and discussion of scientific argumentation and
      discourse. In this culminating assignment of a first semester biochemistry
      course, undergraduate students analyze the scientific support from the original
      research articles and then present and discuss multiple scientific rebuttals in a
      lively, civil classroom debate. Through this assignment, students develop a sense
      of skepticism, especially for the original arsenic-based life claims, and learn
      to clearly articulate their counterarguments with scientific support and critical
      reasoning. With its direct integration into first-semester biochemistry
      curriculum and the excitement surrounding arsenic based life, this assignment
      provides a robust, simple, and stimulating framework for introducing scientific
      discourse and active learning into the undergraduate molecular science
      curriculum. (c) 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular
      Biology, 45(1):40-45, 2017.

PMID- 27353528
TI  - Interaction between ionic liquid cation and water: infrared predissociation study
      of [bmim](+).(H2O)n clusters.
AB  - The infrared predissociation spectra of [bmim](+).(H2O)n, n = 1-8, in the 2800
      3800 cm(-1) region are presented and analyzed with the help of electronic
      structure calculations. The results show that the water molecules solvate
      [bmim](+) by predominately interacting with the imidazolium C2-H moiety for the
      small n = 1 and 2 clusters. This is characterized by a redshifted and relatively
      intense C2-H stretch. For n>= 4 clusters, hydrogen-bond interactions between the
      water molecules drive the formation of ring isomers which interact on top of the
      imidazolium ring without any direct interaction with the C2-H. The water
      arrangement in [bmim](+).(H2O)n is similar to the low energy isomers of neutral
      water clusters up to the n = 6 cluster. This is not the case for the n = 8
      cluster, which has the imidazolium ring disrupting the otherwise preferred cubic
      water structure. The evolution of the solvation network around [bmim](+)
      illustrates the competing [bmim](+)-water and water-water interactions. 

PMID- 27353529
TI  - Disturbance-specific social responses in long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala
      melas.
AB  - Social interactions among animals can influence their response to disturbance. We
      investigated responses of long-finned pilot whales to killer whale sound
      playbacks and two anthropogenic sources of disturbance: tagging effort and naval
      sonar exposure. The acoustic scene and diving behaviour of tagged individuals
      were recorded along with the social behaviour of their groups. All three
      disturbance types resulted in larger group sizes, increasing social cohesion
      during disturbance. However, the nature and magnitude of other responses differed
      between disturbance types. Tagging effort resulted in a clear increase in
      synchrony and a tendency to reduce surface logging and to become silent (21% of
      cases), whereas pilot whales increased surface resting during sonar exposure.
      Killer whale sounds elicited increased calling rates and the aggregation of
      multiple groups, which approached the sound source together. This behaviour
      appears to represent a mobbing response, a likely adaptive social defence against
      predators or competitors. All observed response-tactics would reduce risk of loss
      of group coordination, suggesting that, in social pilot whales, this could drive
      behavioural responses to disturbance. However, the behavioural means used to
      achieve social coordination depends upon other considerations, which are
      disturbance-specific.

PMID- 27353530
TI  - Lipid transfer proteins and the tuning of compartmental identity in the Golgi
      apparatus.
AB  - The Golgi complex constitutes a central way station of the eukaryotic
      endomembrane system, an intricate network of organelles engaged in control of
      membrane trafficking and the processing of various cellular components. Previous
      ideas of compartmental stability within this network are gradually being reshaped
      by concepts describing a biochemical continuum of hybrid organelles whose
      constitution is regulated by compartmental maturation. Membrane lipid composition
      and lipid signaling processes make fundamental contributions to
      compartmentalization strategies that are themselves critical for organizing
      cellular architecture and biochemical activities. Phosphatidylinositol transfer
      proteins (PITPs) are increasingly recognized as key regulators of membrane
      trafficking through the secretory pathway. They do so by coordinating lipid
      metabolism with lipid signaling, translating this information to core protein
      components of the membrane trafficking machinery. In this capacity, PITPs can be
      viewed as regulators of an essential lipid-protein interface of cisternal
      maturation. It is also now becoming appreciated, for the first time, that such an
      interface plays important roles in larger systems processes that link secretory
      pathway function with cell proliferation.

PMID- 27353531
TI  - Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 5-fluoro-1H-benzimidazole-4
      carboxamide derivatives as potent PARP-1 inhibitors.
AB  - A series of novel 5-fluorine-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide analogs were designed
      and synthesized. All target compounds were evaluated for their PARP-1 inhibitory
      activity. Compounds possessed high intrinsic PARP-1 inhibitory potency have been
      evaluated in vitro cellular assays to measure the potentiation effect of
      cytotoxic agents against cancer cell line. These efforts led to the
      identification of compound 10f, which displayed strong inhibition against the
      PARP-1 enzyme with an IC50 of 43.7nM, excellent cell inhibitory activity in
      HCT116 cells (IC50=7.4MUM) and potentiation of temozolomide cytotoxicity in
      cancer cell line A549 (PF50=1.6).

PMID- 27353532
TI  - Structural modification of luteolin from Flos Chrysanthemi leads to increased
      tumor cell growth inhibitory activity.
AB  - The luteolin from Flos Chrysanthemi was found to directly bind to the Bcl-2
      protein and inhibit the tumor cell growth in our previous study. However, it has
      been shown to possess wide and week biological activities. In this study, a
      series of derivatives of luteolin were designed and synthesized, and their tumor
      cell growth inhibitory activities were evaluated against human leukemia cell line
      HL-60. The results showed that compounds 1B-2, 2A-3, and 2B-5, with hydrophobic
      substituted benzyl groups introduced to B ring and hydrogen or methyl introduced
      to 7-OH group of luteolin, exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity with the
      IC50 lower than 10MUM, which were significantly more potent than luteolin. The
      studies presented here offer a good example for modifications of flavones to
      improve their tumor cell growth inhibitory activities.

PMID- 27353533
TI  - Conversion of adenine to 5-amino-4-pyrimidinylimidazole caused by acetyl capping
      during solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis.
AB  - The acetyl capping reaction used throughout solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis
      is meant to minimize n-1 deletionmer impurities by terminating sequences that
      fail to couple to a phosphoramidite. However, the reaction is also responsible
      for the formation of a number of impurities. One capping-related impurity has an
      additional mass of 98amu from the parent oligonucleotide. The n+98 amu impurity
      was found to result from modification of an adenine nucleobase. The structure of
      the impurity was determined by preparation of an oligonucleotide enriched in n+98
      amu, enzymatic digestion to individual nucleosides, isolation of the pure
      nucleoside+98 amu species, crystallization, and X-ray crystallographic analysis.
      The n+98 amu impurity is an oligonucleotide in which one adenine residue has been
      converted to 5-amino-4-pyrimidinylimidazole. The mechanism of formation of the
      impurity was investigated, and a mechanism is proposed.

PMID- 27353534
TI  - New structure-activity relationships of N-acetamide substituted
      pyrazolopyrimidines as pharmacological ligands of TSPO.
AB  - Translocator protein (TSPO) represents an attractive target for molecular imaging
      and therapy due to its prevalence and critical roles played in oncology and other
      pathologies. Based upon our previously optimized pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold, we
      elucidated new structure activity relationships related to N,N-disubstitutions of
      the terminal acetamide on pyrazolopyrimidines and further explored the impacts of
      these substituents on lipophilicity and plasma protein binding. Several novel
      chemical probes reported here exhibited significantly increased binding affinity,
      suitable lipophilicity and protein binding compared with contemporary TSPO
      ligands. We illustrate that N,N-acetamide disubstitution affords opportunities to
      introduce diverse chemical moieties distal to the central pyrazolopyrimidine
      core, without sacrificing TSPO affinity. We anticipate that further exploration
      of N-acetamide substitutions may yield additional TSPO ligands capable of
      furthering the field of precision medicine.

PMID- 27353535
TI  - Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of novel Schiff base
      tethered boronate esters of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-d-xylofuranose.
AB  - A series of twenty one Schiff bases based on boronate ester of 1,2-O
      isopropylidene-alpha-d-xylofuranose scaffold were designed and synthesized by
      condensation of formyl or amino phenyl boronate esters with substituted anilines
      or 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes, respectively. All the imines are remarkably stable
      crystalline solids and were obtained in good yields. All the products were fully
      characterized by FT-IR, multinuclear NMR ((1)H, (13)C and (11)B) spectroscopy,
      and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the molecular structures of two of the
      Schiff bases were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All
      the compounds have been screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against
      various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains. They
      exhibited moderate to good inhibitory activity against most of the tested
      organisms in comparison with standard drugs.

PMID- 27353536
TI  - Synthesis and evaluation of 2-pyridinylpyrimidines as inhibitors of HIV-1
      structural protein assembly.
AB  - In an effort to identify an HIV-1 capsid assembly inhibitor with improved
      solubility and potency, we synthesized two series of pyrimidine analogues based
      on our earlier lead compound N-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)-2-(pyridine-4
      yl)quinazoline-4-amine. In vitro binding experiments showed that our series of 2
      pyridine-4-ylpyrimidines had IC50 values higher than 28MUM. Our series of 2
      pyridine-3-ylpyrimidines exhibited IC50 values ranging from 3 to 60MUM. The
      congeners with a fluoro substituent introduced at the 4-N-phenyl moiety, along
      with a methyl at C-6, represent potent HIV capsid assembly inhibitors binding to
      the C-terminal domain of the capsid protein.

PMID- 27353537
TI  - Biomarker Tests for Molecularly Targeted Therapies--The Key to Unlocking
      Precision Medicine.

PMID- 27353538
TI  - A Rare Case of Ascites due to Peritoneal Amyloidosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The clinical manifestations of amyloidosis depend on the type of
      insoluble protein as well as the location of amyloid deposits in tissues or
      organs. In the gastrointestinal tract, the small intestine is the most common
      site of amyloid deposits, whereas peritoneal involvement and ascites are rare.
      CASE REPORT: We report on a case of ascites due to peritoneal amyloidosis. A 65
      year-old patient was admitted to our institution due to anasarca and pulmonary
      congestion, mimicking heart failure. We started the patient on diuretics and
      vasodilators. Despite improvement in pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema,
      his ascites was not reduced. Echocardiogram revealed restrictive cardiomyopathy
      and a speckle-tracking pattern suggestive of cardiac amyloidosis. Subcutaneous
      and peritoneal biopsies revealed amyloidosis. CONCLUSIONS: Amyloidosis is rare in
      the peritoneum and is usually asymptomatic. Ascites occurs in only 20% of
      patients with peritoneal amyloidosis. We searched PubMed using "ascites" and
      "amyloidosis" and identified only eight case reports of amyloidosis with ascites.
      Physicians should be particularly careful in heart failure and anasarca cases
      when ascites is disproportional or not responsive to diuretic treatment. To date,
      there is no specific treatment for peritoneal amyloidosis.

PMID- 27353539
TI  - Water-soluble fractions from defatted sesame seeds protect human neuroblast cells
      against peroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress.
AB  - Oxidative stress is involved in the development of aging-related diseases, such
      as neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary antioxidants that can protect neuronal
      cells from oxidative damage play an important role in preventing such diseases.
      Previously, we reported that water-soluble fractions purified from defatted
      sesame seed flour exhibit good antioxidant activity in vitro. In the present
      study, we investigated the protective effects of white and gold sesame seed water
      soluble fractions (WS-wsf and GS-wsf, respectively) against 2,2'-azobis(2
      amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced
      oxidative stress in human neuroblast SH-SY5Y cells. Pretreatment with WS-wsf and
      GS-wsf did not protect cells against AAPH-induced cytotoxicity, while
      simultaneous co-treatment with AAPH significantly improved cell viability and
      inhibited membrane lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that WS-wsf and GS
      wsf protect cells from AAPH-induced extracellular oxidative damage via direct
      scavenging of peroxyl radicals. When oxidative stress was induced by H2O2,
      pretreatment WS-wsf and GS-wsf significantly enhanced cell viability. These
      results suggest that in addition to radical scavenging, WS-wsf and GS-wsf enhance
      cellular resistance to intracellular oxidative stress by activation of the Nrf
      2/ARE pathway as confirmed by the increased Nrf2 protein level in the nucleus and
      increased heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA expression. The roles of ferulic and
      vanillic acids as bioactive antioxidants in these fractions were also confirmed.
      In conclusion, our results indicated that WS-wsf and GS-wsf, which showed
      antioxidant activity in vitro, are also efficient antioxidants in a cell system
      protecting SH-SY5Y cells against both extracellular and intracellular oxidative
      stress. 

PMID- 27353540
TI  - Evaluating the outcomes of the STEPPS programme in a UK community-based
      population; implications for the multidisciplinary treatment of borderline
      personality disorder.
AB  - WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Individuals with a diagnosis of Borderline
      Personality Disorder (BPD) now constitute a substantial portion of the caseload
      for community teams. Specialized treatments for BPD often consume a large portion
      of available psychology resources and also involve lengthy waiting lists. The
      STEPPS programme is a treatment approach which is growing in evidence,
      particularly in the US. However, further evidence for the effectiveness of this
      programme within the UK healthcare system is needed. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS TO
      EXISTING KNOWLEDGE: The results of this study support the preliminary evidence
      for the effectiveness of STEPPS in a UK community-based population. A reduction
      in symptom severity was in evidence. Novel measures were used to build on
      previous evaluations of the STEPPS programme. These measures show a significant
      reduction in patients' affinity for unhelpful schemas, as well as an increase in
      patients' self-reported quality of life; an important perspective for a recovery
      focused approach to treatment. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The
      STEPPS programme has shown its merit as an effective and more accessible
      treatment option for the community-based treatment of BPD, though some
      methodological limitations are noted. Furthermore, the results of this study
      demonstrate that STEPPS can be delivered effectively by teams of facilitators
      from different professional backgrounds who do not necessarily have extensive
      training in psychotherapeutic interventions. The result is a well-rounded and
      diverse skill set possessed by the team of facilitators, adding to the richness
      of the patient's recovery journey and leading to a more favourable spread of
      teams' resources. ABSTRACT: Aims & Background Systems Training for Emotional
      Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS) is a group treatment for individuals
      with a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) which has a growing
      evidence base, particularly in the US. Evidence is sparse for its use with UK
      populations, and this study seeks to assess the reliability of this evidence,
      whilst adding to existing knowledge through the use of additional measures.
      Method Thirty patients completed one of four STEPPS groups. Data regarding
      symptom severity, quality of life and affinity for maladaptive schemas were
      collected at the start and end of the group to allow pairwise analysis. Results
      Significant reductions in symptom severity and affinity for maladaptive schemas
      were in evidence, as well as highly significant increases in patients' self
      reported quality of life. Implications The results provide further evidence for
      the efficacy of STEPPS with a UK sample of patients with a diagnosis of BPD,
      though limitations with the design of this study warrant caution. They also show
      that the programme achieves this level of efficacy when delivered by facilitators
      who are not intensively trained in psychological treatment models. As such, the
      STEPPS programme provides a resourceful approach to the treatment of BPD in a UK
      community-based setting.

PMID- 27353545
TI  - Erratum to "Why do we laugh at misfortunes? An electrophysiological exploration
      of comic situation processing" [Neuropsychologia 61 (2014) 324-334].

PMID- 27353541
TI  - Self-reference in psychosis and depression: a language marker of illness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Language use is of increasing interest in the study of mental
      illness. Analytical approaches range from phenomenological and qualitative to
      formal computational quantitative methods. Practically, the approach may have
      utility in predicting clinical outcomes. We harnessed a real-world sample (blog
      entries) from groups with psychosis, strong beliefs, odd beliefs, illness, mental
      illness and/or social isolation to validate and extend laboratory findings about
      lexical differences between psychosis and control subjects. METHOD: We describe
      the results of two experiments using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software
      to assess word category frequencies. In experiment 1, we compared word use in
      psychosis and control subjects in the laboratory (23 per group), and related
      results to subject symptoms. In experiment 2, we examined lexical patterns in
      blog entries written by people with psychosis and eight comparison groups. In
      addition to between-group comparisons, we used factor analysis followed by
      clustering to discern the contributions of strong belief, odd belief and illness
      identity to lexical patterns. RESULTS: Consistent with others' work, we found
      that first-person pronouns, biological process words and negative emotion words
      were more frequent in psychosis language. We tested lexical differences between
      bloggers with psychosis and multiple relevant comparison groups. Clustering
      analysis revealed that word use frequencies did not group individuals with strong
      or odd beliefs, but instead grouped individuals with any illness (mental or
      physical). CONCLUSIONS: Pairing of laboratory and real-world samples reveals that
      lexical markers previously identified as specific language changes in depression
      and psychosis are probably markers of illness in general.

PMID- 27353546
TI  - Correction: Hydrophobic matrix-free graphene-oxide composites with isotropic and
      nematic states.
AB  - Correction for 'Hydrophobic matrix-free graphene-oxide composites with isotropic
      and nematic states' by Martin Wahlander, et al., Nanoscale, 2016, DOI:
      10.1039/c6nr01502f. 

PMID- 27353547
TI  - Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-fluoro and 3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl
      piperazinylalkyl derivatives of 1H-imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4(3H,8H)-dione as
      potential antidepressant agents.
AB  - A series of 2-fluoro and 3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazinylalkyl derivatives of
      1H-imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4(3H,8H)-dione (4-21) were synthesized and evaluated
      for their serotonin (5-HT1A/5-HT7) receptor affinity and phosphodiesterase (PDE4B
      and PDE10A) inhibitor activity. The study enabled the identification of potent 5
      HT1A, 5-HT7 and mixed 5-HT1A/5-HT7 receptor ligands with weak inhibitory
      potencies for PDE4B and PDE10A. The tests have been completed with the
      determination of lipophilicity and metabolic stability using micellar
      electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) system and human liver microsomes (HLM)
      model. In preliminary pharmacological in vivo studies, selected compound 8-(5-(4
      (2-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)pentyl)-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-imidazo[2,1-f]purine
      2,4(3H,8H)-dione (9) behaved as a potential antidepressant in forced swim test
      (FST) in mice. Moreover, potency of antianxiety effects evoked by 9 (2.5 mg/kg)
      is greater than that of the reference anxiolytic drug, diazepam. Molecular
      modeling revealed that fluorinated arylpiperazinylalkyl derivatives of 1H
      imidazo[2,1-f]purine-2,4(3H,8H)-dione have major significance for the provision
      of lead compounds for antidepressant and/or anxiolytic application.

PMID- 27353548
TI  - The Value of Deferred Stenting in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Can Minimalist
      Immediate Mechanical Intervention Do It All?

PMID- 27353549
TI  - Obesity and diabetes: An update.
AB  - The twin epidemic of obesity and diabetes is a major crisis globally. Several
      epidemiologic studies reveal the parallel escalation of obesity and diabetes. The
      term 'diabesity' expresses their close relationship to each other, wherein both
      these metabolic disorders are characterized by defects of insulin action. The
      pathophysiology connecting obesity and diabetes is chiefly attributed to two
      factors: insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Recent years have seen an
      increasing body of work on the following metabolic defects common to both obesity
      and diabetes such as, impaired tissue perfusion, sleep disturbances, androgen
      dysfunction, altered Vitamin D levels and GI stress. The scope of this review is
      to present the most widely accepted theories that link the two diseases, provide
      an update on some proposed unifying metabolic defects and highlight current and
      future prevention and management strategies.

PMID- 27353550
TI  - Biochemical evidence for relaxed substrate specificity of Nalpha
      acetyltransferase (Rv3420c/rimI) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - Nalpha-acetylation is a naturally occurring irreversible modification of N
      termini of proteins catalyzed by Nalpha-acetyltransferases (NATs). Although
      present in all three domains of life, it is little understood in bacteria. The
      functional grouping of NATs into six types NatA - NatF, in eukaryotes is based on
      subunit requirements and stringent substrate specificities. Bacterial orthologs
      are phylogenetically divergent from eukaryotic NATs, and only a couple of them
      are characterized biochemically. Accordingly, not much is known about their
      substrate specificities. Rv3420c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a NAT ortholog
      coding for RimI(Mtb). Using in vitro peptide-based enzyme assays and mass
      spectrometry methods, we provide evidence that RimI(Mtb) is a protein Nalpha
      acetyltransferase of relaxed substrate specificity mimicking substrate
      specificities of eukaryotic NatA, NatC and most competently that of NatE. Also,
      hitherto unknown acetylation of residues namely, Asp, Glu, Tyr and Leu by a
      bacterial NAT (RimI(Mtb)) is elucidated, in vitro. Based on in vivo acetylation
      status, in vitro assay results and genetic context, a plausible cellular
      substrate for RimI(Mtb) is proposed.

PMID- 27353551
TI  - Age-Based Tailoring of Adult Spinal Deformity Alignment Goals.

PMID- 27353552
TI  - Brain Metastasis From Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metastatic disease is a well-known sequela of malignant peripheral
      nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). Metastic spread to the brain is unusual. CASE
      DESCRIPTION: A 56-year-old man was found to have a high grade MPNST of the
      sciatic nerve. Despite en-bloc excision of the sciatic nerve mass and local
      radiation postoperatively, he developed pathologically confirmed systemic
      metastases. He was found to have lung nodules and received chemotherapy 25 months
      after the diagnosis, and 32 months after the initial diagnosis, he presented with
      left leg weakness and sensory changes and was found to have a lesion of the
      frontal lobe for which he received palliative radiation. He developed systemic
      metastases and died 35 months after initial presentation. We retrospectively
      reviewed the charts of 179 patients treated at our institution with MPNSTs since
      1994. This was the only case of a pathology proven brain metastasis, resulting in
      an incidence of 0.5%. Literature review revealed 21 cases. The mean age was found
      to be 37.5 years, and mean survival after development of a brain metastasis was
      9.9 months. CONCLUSIONS: Brain metastases from MPNSTs are very rare and represent
      a poor prognosis, with survival after brain metastasis reported to be
      approximately 10 months. Early and effective initial diagnosis and treatment of
      MPNSTs likely represent the best opportunity for increased overall survival.

PMID- 27353553
TI  - Endovascular Neurosurgery: Personal Experience and Future Perspectives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: From Luessenhop's early clinical experience until the present day,
      experimental methods have been introduced to make progress in endovascular
      neurosurgery. METHODS: A personal historical narrative, spanning the 1980s to
      2010s, with a review of past opportunities, current problems, and future
      perspectives. RESULTS: Although the technology has significantly improved, our
      clinical culture remains a barrier to methodologically sound and safe innovative
      care and progress. CONCLUSIONS: We must learn how to safely practice endovascular
      neurosurgery in the presence of uncertainty and verify patient outcomes in real
      time.

PMID- 27353555
TI  - Bioresorbable Intracranial Sensors: A New Frontier for Neurosurgeons.

PMID- 27353554
TI  - Association Between Comorbidities, Nutritional Status, and Anticlotting Drugs and
      Neurologic Outcomes in Geriatric Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies using trauma data banks and registers showed that
      age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Injury Severity Score, and intraventricular
      hemorrhage were independent factors for neurologic outcomes in geriatric patients
      with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, these analyses did not
      comprehensively evaluate factors particularly associated with geriatric patients.
      We aimed to identify factors particularly associated with geriatric patients that
      affect neurologic outcomes in TBI. METHODS: Patients aged >=65 years who were
      hospitalized consecutively in Kagawa University Hospital with severe TBI between
      1 January 2008 and 31 October 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. We evaluated
      background factors particularly associated with geriatric patients, including
      comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI]), nutritional status (serum
      albumin level), and presence/absence of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs, in
      addition to baseline characteristics. Multivariate analyses were performed to
      identify independent predictors of unfavorable neurologic outcomes (UO), as
      defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1-3 at discharge from hospital. The
      association between CCI and UO was evaluated in a subgroup analysis. RESULTS: UO
      occurred in 65.0% of 140 patients. Multivariate analyses showed that the CCI
      (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-3.29; P = 0.011), age, and GCS
      were independent predictors of UO. In subgroup analyses of patients with an
      initial GCS score of 13-15, the rate of UO significantly increased with CCI score
      (CCI 0, 35.5%; CCI 1 or 2, 39.4%; CCI >2, 83.3%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CCI was
      an independent predictor of UO in geriatric patients with severe TBI.

PMID- 27353556
TI  - Outcome After Decompressive Craniectomy in Different Pathologies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We compare the outcome after decompressive craniectomy for various
      neurologic diseases with the final common pathway of coma, compression of the
      basal cisterns, a midline shift, or refractory intracranial hypertension.
      METHODS: Between January 2005 and June 2009, 134 patients underwent decompressive
      craniectomy for traumatic brain injury (n = 74), intracerebral hemorrhage (n =
      21), spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 11), malignant cerebral infarction
      (n = 27), or encephalitis (n = 1). The outcome was classified at discharge and up
      to 12 months after treatment in accordance with the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS),
      as well as the Glasgow Coma Scale, Marshall classification, or National
      Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Significance was established as P <= 0.05.
      RESULTS: Median and mean scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale at time of
      neurosurgical assessment in all patients were <=7. Midline shift was reduced in
      each subset as a result of surgery (mean, 0.26-0.46 cm; P <= 0.049). Overall
      outcome based on the median GOS score at discharge ranged from death to severe
      disability. After 12 months, the median range narrowed to a range of death to
      persistent vegetative state. At various time points, mean GOS score was not found
      to differ significantly between the subsets. Unfavorable outcome after 3 months
      was found in a smaller group of patients after traumatic brain injury than was
      found in patients with other diseases (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The outcome after
      decompressive craniectomy does not differ significantly in different diseases
      once the final pathophysiologic pathway of refractory intracranial hypertension,
      coma, compression of the basal cisterns, or midline shift has been reached.

PMID- 27353557
TI  - Multiple Osseous Loose Bodies Associated with Lumbar Isthmic Spondylolisthesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple osseous loose bodies in the lumbar spine have never been
      reported. We describe a rare surgical case of multiple osseous loose bodies
      associated with lumbar isthmic spondylolisthesis. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 74-year-old
      man who experienced left foot numbness and bilateral gluteal pain was diagnosed
      with lumbar spondylolisthesis 7 years previously and managed conservatively. He
      reported recurrence of the left foot numbness 6 months previously, at which time
      aggressive (rather than conservative) therapy became a consideration. Radiographs
      of the lumbar spine revealed L5 isthmic spondylolisthesis with dynamic
      instability at L5/S1. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine revealed
      multiple mass lesions dorsally located in the lumbar canal. Computed tomography
      myelography demonstrated multiple osseous materials near the isthmic portion at
      the L5 level where compression of the dural sac by the lesions induced lumbar
      canal stenosis. The patient underwent posterior decompression surgery that
      enabled total removal of the osseous lesions. Intraoperative findings revealed
      osseous lesions located in the fibrocartilage material and no connection of the
      lytic portion at the L5 level or ligamentum flavum. Postoperative course of the
      patient was uneventful as his neurological symptoms improved. CONCLUSIONS: We
      described the first instance of multiple loose bodies in the spinal canal with
      lumbar canal stenosis. It is presumed that long standing minor trauma due to
      dynamic instability with a trend of hyperossification induced secondary synovial
      osteochondromatosis forming multiple loose bodies.

PMID- 27353558
TI  - Minimal Access Posterior Approach for Extrapleural Thoracic Sympathectomy: A
      Cadaveric Study and Cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Operatively, video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy (VATS)
      involves pleural entry and poses risk in small children and patients with
      pulmonary disease. A conventional posterior sympathectomy is more invasive than
      VATS. We investigated a cadaveric feasibility study of a minimal access posterior
      approach for endoscopic extrapleural sympathectomy and discuss this minimal
      approach in children with cardiac sympathectomy. METHODS: A posterior endoscopic
      extrapleural approach for thoracic sympathectomy was performed using lightly
      embalmed cadavers; surgical corridor depth, width, and associated pleural
      violation were recorded. Two pediatric cases undergoing secondary prevention for
      breakthrough cardiac dysrhythmias using this approach are discussed: case 1, a 9
      year-old girl with refractory long QT syndrome; and case 2, a 13-year-old boy
      with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. RESULTS: The cadaveric study supported 100%
      identification of a craniocaudal-oriented sympathetic chain using an 18-mm
      tubular retractor, and a 10% pleural violation rate. There were no clinically
      significant pneumothoracies in either proof of concept cases. CONCLUSIONS:
      Minimal access posterior extrapleural sympathectomy is feasible to expose the
      sympathetic chain in the thoracic region with good visualization using either
      endoscopic or microscopic magnification. Single-position bilateral thoracic
      sympathectomy can be performed in pediatric patients with life-threatening
      ventricular arrhythmias. Based on the cadaveric study and the 2 preliminary
      cases, we believe that a posterior minimal access approach allows safe and
      effective access to the thoracic sympathetic chain for causes requiring
      sympathectomy using single positioning, with minimal risk of pneumothorax or
      Horner syndrome.

PMID- 27353559
TI  - Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Vagus Nerve Stimulation, and Anti-Inflammatory
      Response.

PMID- 27353560
TI  - Delirium after transcatheter aortic valve implantation via the femoral or apical
      route.
AB  - We thought that delirium might be less frequent after transcatheter aortic valve
      implantation via the femoral artery compared with via the cardiac apex. We
      reviewed 210 patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation
      between January 2009 and October 2014. The proportion (95% CI) of patients who
      suffered delirium in the 3 days after valve implantation were: 10 (3-16%) in 105
      patients who had transfemoral implantation; and 35 (25-45%) in 105 patients who
      had transapical implantation, p = 0.0001. The variables that independently
      associated with postoperative delirium were age, male sex and the transapical
      approach. The median (IQR [range]) hospital stay was 7 (5-13 [2-41]) days and 10
      (7-15 [2-64]) days, respectively, p = 0.004. Future trials should focus on
      different peri-operative management strategies to reduce delirium rates after
      transcatheter aortic valve implantation, particularly in older men having
      implantations via the cardiac apex.

PMID- 27353561
TI  - The Role of Osteopontin in the Pathogenesis and Complications of Type 1 Diabetes
      Mellitus in Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the most common chronic metabolic
      disorder of childhood and adolescence. Osteopontin plays a significant role in
      the development and progression of several autoimmune diseases. Moreover,
      osteopontin promotes adipose tissue inflammation, dysfunction, and insulin
      resistance. To investigate the levels of serum osteopontin in pediatric patients
      with T1DM and to explore if these levels have a role in the prediction of
      diabetes complications. METHODS: This was a case-control study conducted at the
      Endocrinology unit of the Children's Hospital of Zagazig University in Egypt,
      from October 2014 to December 2015. Sixty patients with T1DM and 60 healthy
      subjects were enrolled. A detailed medical history was taken from all
      patients/parents. A full clinical examination including ophthalmoscopy was
      performed on all patients. Fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), urine
      albumin/creatinine ratio, and serum osteopontin levels were also determined in
      all subjects. RESULTS: Patients with T1DM had significantly higher serum
      osteopontin levels compared with controls (mean +/- standard deviation: 13.7+/
      3.4 MUg/L vs. 8.9+/-2.9 MUg/L, p<0.001). Also, serum osteopontin concentrations
      were higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in patients with normal
      albumin excretion rate and in the control group. Similarly, those who had retinal
      disease had higher osteopontin concentrations than those without (16.8+/-2 vs.
      12.4+/-3 mg/L; p=0.005). Serum osteopontin levels correlated with a diagnosis of
      T1DM, and in diabetic patients, correlated with higher systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure, body mass index values and with lower high density lipoprotein
      values, diagnosis of retinopathy, and microalbuminuria. No correlation was found
      between osteopontin levels and HbA1c, insulin dose, co-medications, and diabetes
      duration in T1DM patients. The association between high osteopontin levels and
      T1DM was independent from all confounders. CONCLUSION: This study shows that
      increased osteopontin levels are independently associated with T1DM in pediatric
      patients and supports the hypothesis that osteopontin may have a role in the
      prediction of microvascular diabetes complications.

PMID- 27353562
TI  - The use of psychiatric services by young adults who came to Sweden as teenage
      refugees: a national cohort study.
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the patterns of use of different forms of psychiatric care
      in refugees who settled in Sweden as teenagers. METHOD: Cox proportional hazards
      models were used to estimate the use of different forms of psychiatric care from
      2009 to 2012 in a population of 35 457 refugees, aged from 20 to 36, who had
      settled in Sweden as teenagers between 1989 and 2004. These findings were
      compared with 1.26 million peers from the same birth cohorts in the general
      Swedish population. RESULTS: Unaccompanied and accompanied refugees were more
      likely to experience compulsory admission to a psychiatric hospital compared with
      the native Swedish population, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 2.76 (1.86-4.10) and
      1.89 (1.53-2.34), respectively, as well as psychiatric inpatient care, with HRs
      of 1.62 (1.34-1.94) and 1.37 (1.25-1.50). Outpatient care visits by the young
      refugees were similar to the native Swedish population. The longer the refugees
      had residency in Sweden, the more they used outpatient psychiatric care. Refugees
      born in the Horn of Africa and Iran were most likely to undergo compulsory
      admission, with HRs of 3.98 (2.12-7.46) and 3.07 (1.52-6.19), respectively. They
      were also the groups who were most likely to receive inpatient care, with HRs of
      1.55 (1.17-2.06) and 1.84 (1.37-2.47), respectively. Our results also indicated
      that the use of psychiatric care services increased with the level of education
      in the refugee population, while the opposite was true for the native Swedish
      population. In fact, the risks of compulsory admissions were particularly higher
      among refugees who had received a secondary education, compared with native
      Swedish residents, with HRs of 4.72 (3.06-7.29) for unaccompanied refugees and
      2.04 (1.51-2.73) for accompanied refugees. CONCLUSIONS: Young refugees received
      more psychiatric inpatient care than the native Swedish population, with the
      highest rates seen in refugees who were not accompanied by their parents. The
      discrepancy between the use of inpatient and outpatient care by young refugees
      suggests that there are barriers to outpatient care, but we did note that living
      in Sweden longer increased the use of outpatient services. Further research is
      needed to clarify the role that education levels among Sweden's refugee
      populations have on their mental health and health-seeking behaviour.

PMID- 27353564
TI  - Mechanistic study of the inhibitory activity of Geum urbanum extract against
      alpha-Synuclein fibrillation.
AB  - The presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is a major pathological hallmark of
      Parkinson's disease and is hypothesized to be linked to disease development,
      although this is not yet conclusive. Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites primarily
      consist of fibrillated alpha-Synuclein; yet, there is no treatment available
      targeting stabilization of alpha-Synuclein in its native state. The aim of the
      present study was to investigate the inhibitory activity of an ethanolic extract
      of Geum urbanum against alpha-Synuclein fibrillation and examine the structural
      changes of alpha-Synuclein in the presence of the extract. The anti-fibrillation
      and anti-aggregation activities of the plant extract were monitored by thioflavin
      T fibrillation assays and size exclusion chromatography, while structural changes
      were followed by circular dichroism, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
      intrinsic fluorescence, small angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy.
      Since the extract is a complex mixture, structure-function relationships could
      not be determined. Under the experimental conditions investigated, Geum urbanum
      was found to inhibit alpha-Synuclein fibrillation in a concentration dependent
      way, and to partly disintegrate preformed alpha-Synuclein fibrils. Based on the
      structural changes of alpha-Synuclein in the presence of extract, we propose that
      Geum urbanum delays alpha-Synuclein fibrillation either by reducing the
      fibrillation ability of one or more of the aggregation prone intermediates or by
      directing alpha-Synuclein aggregation towards a non-fibrillar state. However,
      whether these alterations of the fibrillation pathway lead to less pathogenic
      species is yet to be determined.

PMID- 27353563
TI  - Droplet barcoding for massively parallel single-molecule deep sequencing.
AB  - The ability to accurately sequence long DNA molecules is important across
      biology, but existing sequencers are limited in read length and accuracy. Here,
      we demonstrate a method to leverage short-read sequencing to obtain long and
      accurate reads. Using droplet microfluidics, we isolate, amplify, fragment and
      barcode single DNA molecules in aqueous picolitre droplets, allowing the full
      length molecules to be sequenced with multi-fold coverage using short-read
      sequencing. We show that this approach can provide accurate sequences of up to 10
      kb, allowing us to identify rare mutations below the detection limit of
      conventional sequencing and directly link them into haplotypes. This barcoding
      methodology can be a powerful tool in sequencing heterogeneous populations such
      as viruses.

PMID- 27353566
TI  - Dynamic impact of brief electrical nerve stimulation on the neural immune axis
      polarization of macrophages toward a pro-repair phenotype in demyelinated
      peripheral nerve.
AB  - Demyelinating peripheral nerves are infiltrated by cells of the monocyte lineage,
      including macrophages, which are highly plastic, existing on a continuum from pro
      inflammatory M1 to pro-repair M2 phenotypic states. Whether one can
      therapeutically manipulate demyelinated peripheral nerves to promote a pro-repair
      M2 phenotype remains to be elucidated. We previously identified brief electrical
      nerve stimulation (ES) as therapeutically beneficial for remyelination, benefits
      which include accelerated clearance of macrophages, making us theorize that ES
      alters the local immune response. Thus, the impact of ES on the immune
      microenvironment in the zone of demyelination was examined. Adult male rat tibial
      nerves were focally demyelinated via 1% lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) injection.
      Five days later, half underwent 1 hour 20 Hz sciatic nerve ES proximal to the LPC
      injection site. ES had a remarkable and significant impact, shifting the
      macrophage phenotype from predominantly pro-inflammatory/M1 toward a
      predominantly pro-repair/M2 one, as evidenced by an increased incidence of
      expression of M2-associated phenotypic markers in identified macrophages and a
      decrease in M1-associated marker expression. This was discernible at 3 days post
      ES (8 days post-LPC) and continued at the 5 day post-ES (10 days post-LPC) time
      point examined. ES also affected chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2; aka MCP-1)
      expression in a manner that correlated with increases and decreases in macrophage
      numbers observed in the demyelination zone. The data establish that briefly
      increasing neuronal activity favorably alters the immune microenvironment in
      demyelinated nerve, rapidly polarizing macrophages toward a pro-repair phenotype,
      a beneficial therapeutic concept that may extend to other pathologies. GLIA
      2016;64:1546-1561.

PMID- 27353565
TI  - Two different mechanisms mediate chemotaxis to inorganic phosphate in Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa.
AB  - Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a central signaling molecule that modulates virulence
      in various pathogens. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, low Pi concentrations induce
      transcriptional alterations that increase virulence. Also, under low Pi levels,
      P. aeruginosa exhibits Pi chemotaxis-a process mediated by the two non-paralogous
      receptors CtpH and CtpL. Here we show that the two receptors operate via
      different mechanisms. We demonstrate that the ligand binding domain (LBD) of CtpH
      but not CtpL binds Pi directly. We identify the periplasmic ligand binding
      protein PstS as the protein that binds in its Pi loaded state to CtpL, resulting
      in receptor stimulation. PstS forms part of the Pi transporter and has thus a
      double function in Pi transport and chemotaxis. The affinity of Pi for CtpH was
      modest whereas that for PstS very high, which may explain why CtpH and CtpL
      mediate chemotaxis to high and low Pi concentrations, respectively. The pstS/ctpH
      double mutant was almost devoid of Pi taxis, indicating that PstS is the only
      CtpL Pi-shuttle. Chemotaxis mechanisms based on indirect ligand recognition were
      unambiguously identified in enterobacteria. The discovery of a similar mechanism
      in a different bacterial order, involving a different chemoreceptor type and
      chemoeffector suggests that such systems are widespread.

PMID- 27353568
TI  - Amused, flirting or simply baffled? Is recognition of all emotions affected by
      traumatic brain injury?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether people with moderate-severe traumatic
      brain injury (TBI) display a specific or a general impairment in emotion
      recognition compared with matched controls, whether these deficits might be
      accounted for by deficits in other cognitive processes, and whether emotion
      recognition predicts social functioning following TBI. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two
      participants with TBI and 32 matched controls took part in this study. DESIGN:
      Participants completed the Complex Audio-Visual Emotion Assessment Task (CAVEAT),
      a novel measure of emotion recognition, alongside measures of neuropsychological
      functioning. The TBI group also completed selected self-report measures of
      psychosocial functioning. RESULTS: Traumatic brain injury participants performed
      more poorly than controls in recognizing all emotions, rather than displaying a
      selective impairment in recognizing some emotions (e.g., negative vs. positive)
      compared with others. Although abstract reasoning, working memory, and processing
      speed were associated with emotion recognition, injury severity and abstract
      reasoning were the sole predictors of emotion recognition as measured by the
      CAVEAT. Emotion recognition accuracy in the TBI group was associated with number
      of friends and self-reported apathy. CONCLUSION: Emotion recognition deficits are
      a direct consequence of TBI and have a direct effect on the social dysfunction
      which is a common outcome of TBI, strengthening the need for targeted
      remediation.

PMID- 27353567
TI  - Selective association between cortical thickness and reference abilities in
      normal aging.
AB  - A previous study of reference abilities and cortical thickness reported that
      association between reference abilities and cortical thickness summarized over
      large ROIs suppressed was suppressed after controlling for mean cortical
      thickness and global cognition. In this manuscript, we showed that preserving
      detailed spatial patterns of cortical thickness can identify reference-ability
      specific association besides the association explained by global cognition and
      mean cortical thickness. We identified associations between cortical thickness
      and 3 cognitive reference abilities after controlling for mean thickness, global
      cognition, and linear chronological age: (1) memory, (2) perceptual speed, and
      (3) vocabulary. Global cognition was correlated with mean overall thickness but
      also was found to have a regionally specific pattern of associations. Nonlinear
      associations between cortical thickness and cognition were not observed, neither
      were nonlinear age effects. Age-by-thickness interactions were also absent. This
      implies that all thickness-cognition relations and age associations are
      independent of age and that consequently no age range is inherently special,
      since brain-behavioral findings are invariant across the whole age range.

PMID- 27353570
TI  - What motivates adolescents? Neural responses to rewards and their influence on
      adolescents' risk taking, learning, and cognitive control.
AB  - Adolescence is characterized by pronounced changes in motivated behavior, during
      which emphasis on potential rewards may result in an increased tendency to
      approach things that are novel and bring potential for positive reinforcement.
      While this may result in risky and health-endangering behavior, it may also lead
      to positive consequences, such as behavioral flexibility and greater learning. In
      this review we will discuss both the maladaptive and adaptive properties of
      heightened reward-sensitivity in adolescents by reviewing recent cognitive
      neuroscience findings in relation to behavioral outcomes. First, we identify
      brain regions involved in processing rewards in adults and adolescents. Second,
      we discuss how functional changes in reward-related brain activity during
      adolescence are related to two behavioral domains: risk taking and cognitive
      control. Finally, we conclude that progress lies in new levels of explanation by
      further integration of neural results with behavioral theories and computational
      models. In addition, we highlight that longitudinal measures, and a better
      conceptualization of adolescence and environmental determinants, are of crucial
      importance for understanding positive and negative developmental trajectories.

PMID- 27353571
TI  - Multi-doped carbon dots with ratiometric pH sensing properties for monitoring
      enzyme catalytic reactions.
AB  - Multi-doped carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized using a facile one-pot
      solvothermal method, and the C-dots can be used as a ratiometric pH probe
      directly without integrating with other dyes, which was demonstrated by
      monitoring the proton-producing enzyme catalytic reactions. 

PMID- 27353572
TI  - Replication fork progression is paused in two large chromosomal zones flanking
      the DNA replication origin in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Although the speed of nascent DNA synthesis at individual replication forks is
      relatively uniform in bacterial cells, the dynamics of replication fork
      progression on the chromosome are hampered by a variety of natural impediments.
      Genome replication dynamics can be directly measured from an exponentially
      growing cell population by sequencing newly synthesized DNA strands that were
      specifically pulse-labeled with the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine
      (BrdU). However, a short pulse labeling with BrdU is impracticable for bacteria
      because of poor incorporation of BrdU into the cells, and thus, the genomewide
      dynamics of bacterial DNA replication remain undetermined. Using a new thymidine
      requiring Escherichia coli strain, eCOMB, and high-throughput sequencing, we
      succeeded in determining the genomewide replication profile in bacterial cells.
      We also found that fork progression is paused in two ~200-kb chromosomal zones
      that flank the replication origin in the growing cells. This origin-proximal
      obstruction to fork progression was overcome by an increased thymidine
      concentration in the culture medium and enhanced by inhibition of transcription.
      These indicate that DNA replication near the origin is sensitive to the
      impediments to fork progression, namely a scarcity of the DNA precursor
      deoxythymidine triphosphate and probable conflicts between replication and
      transcription machineries. 

PMID- 27353573
TI  - SAFE Medication Management for Patients With Physical Impairments of Stroke, Part
      Two.
AB  - PURPOSE: Part one of this series addressed impairments of stroke affecting motor
      skills. This second article focuses on the sensory impairments of stroke as they
      affect medication management: vision, hearing, memory and thinking,
      communication, and emotional disturbances. DESIGN: Each impairment is discussed,
      and possible interventions are proposed. Every patient is an individual and
      requires variable care plans. METHOD: Interventions and strategies, such as tools
      for assessment, practice tips, and assistive devices, aid patients, families, and
      their caregivers in practicing safe medication management. FINDINGS: Development
      of a comprehensive care plan will assist the patient to return as close to
      previous capabilities as possible. Patient outcomes and successes are variable.
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The rehabilitation nurse uses observation,
      skills, and experience to assess stroke patients' needs and develop strategies to
      assist the patient in managing their medications. Involving patient, family, and
      caregivers in the teaching of SAFE (Systematic, Accurate, Functional, Effective)
      medication management increases safety, decreases the number of adverse drug
      events, and prevents hospitalizations.

PMID- 27353574
TI  - A Neural Model of Mind Wandering.
AB  - The role of the default-mode network (DMN) in the emergence of mind wandering and
      task-unrelated thought has been studied extensively. In parallel work, mind
      wandering has been associated with neuromodulation via the locus coeruleus (LC)
      norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. Here we propose a neural model that links the two
      systems in an integrative framework. The model attempts to explain how dynamic
      changes in brain systems give rise to the subjective experience of mind
      wandering. The model implies a neural and conceptual distinction between an off
      focus state and an active mind-wandering state and provides a potential neural
      grounding for well-known cognitive theories of mind wandering. Finally, the
      proposed neural model of mind wandering generates precise, testable predictions
      at neural and behavioral levels.

PMID- 27353575
TI  - Can Ordinary People Detect Deception After All?
AB  - The tipping point framework of lie detection posits that people can, and do,
      accurately detect deception. This framework pinpoints three circumstances that
      aid accuracy: (i) using methods of measurement that circumvent controlled,
      conscious cognition; (ii) when individual differences or situational factors
      portend potent risks to lie detection failure, such as in high-stakes or
      threatening settings; and (iii) when factors diminish concern over the
      relationship or reputation costs of asserting that someone has lied. We thus
      depict a psychological system that registers lie detection consistently in
      nonconscious reactions (e.g., brain based, bodily, indirect social evaluations)
      and that allows information into consciousness to inform overt assessments of
      lies when the costs of failing to detect deception exceed those of signaling
      distrust.

PMID- 27353577
TI  - Mosquito vectors developing in atypical anthropogenic habitats: Global overview
      of recent observations, mechanisms and impact on disease transmission.
AB  - The major mosquito vectors of human diseases have co-evolved with humans over a
      long period of time. However, the rapid growth in human population and the
      associated expansion in agricultural activity and greater urbanisation have
      created ecological changes that have had a marked impact on biology of mosquito
      vectors. Adaptation of the vectors of malaria and important arbovial diseases
      over a much shorter time scale to the new types of preimaginal habitats recently
      created by human population growth and activity is highlighted here in the
      context of its potential for increasing disease transmission rates. Possible
      measures that can reduce the effects on the transmission of mosquito-borne
      diseases are also outlined. 

PMID- 27353576
TI  - Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake rates of different species from a coral reef
      community after a nutrient pulse.
AB  - Terrestrial runoff after heavy rainfall can increase nutrient concentrations in
      waters overlying coral reefs that otherwise experience low nutrient levels. Field
      measurements during a runoff event showed a sharp increase in nitrate (75-fold),
      phosphate (31-fold) and ammonium concentrations (3-fold) in waters overlying a
      fringing reef at the island of Curacao (Southern Caribbean). To understand how
      benthic reef organisms make use of such nutrient pulses, we determined ammonium,
      nitrate and phosphate uptake rates for one abundant coral species, turf algae,
      six macroalgal and two benthic cyanobacterial species in a series of laboratory
      experiments. Nutrient uptake rates differed among benthic functional groups. The
      filamentous macroalga Cladophora spp., turf algae and the benthic cyanobacterium
      Lyngbya majuscula had the highest uptake rates per unit biomass, whereas the
      coral Madracis mirabilis had the lowest. Combining nutrient uptake rates with the
      standing biomass of each functional group on the reef, we estimated that the
      ammonium and phosphate delivered during runoff events is mostly taken up by turf
      algae and the two macroalgae Lobophora variegata and Dictyota pulchella. Our
      results support the often proposed, but rarely tested, assumption that turf algae
      and opportunistic macroalgae primarily benefit from episodic inputs of nutrients
      to coral reefs.

PMID- 27353578
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis epidemiologic evolution in timeframes, based on
      demographic changes and scientific achievements in Brazil.
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease of chronic evolution which could be
      uniformly fatal, if left untreated. Human VL was first described in the Americas
      in 1913 and in 1936 in Brazil. The number of VL cases in Brazil is increasing
      steadily in the last three decades. Medical literature highlights this change in
      the disease epidemiology as a recent urbanization phenomenon, with most of the
      cases occurring in large cities since 1981, different to that observed
      previously, like a typical rural endemic. The aim of this study was to create a
      narrative review of the evolution of VL epidemiology since its first description
      in Brazil. To describe the process of urbanization of VL, timeframes were created
      historically consistent with the scientific and public health knowledge obtained
      about the VL and the demographics changes in Brazil, especially considering the
      extensive migratory movements in the country due to political or economic events.
      The first phase of VL was the decades of 30-50 when industrialization triggered
      internal migration process from countryside to the cities; during this period VL
      was studied for the first time and described as a rural endemic disease with no
      relevance to public health. Until the second phase, between the 50s and 80s of
      the 20th century, demography was characterized by expansion of immigration to the
      large cities and increase in population density in the suburbs with poor living
      standards. In this period, there was an advancement in the knowledge of the
      transmission of the disease being described as the first case acquired in the
      urban environment. The third phase was characterized by the explosion of cases in
      Brazilian cities and consolidation of urban endemic transmission. The possibility
      of urban transmission has been known since the 50s; however, the current
      phenomenon was due to the creation of ideal conditions for the establishment of
      transmission cycle in Brazilian cities. 

PMID- 27353579
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa KUN2, extracellular toxins-A potential source for the
      control of dengue vector.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Dengue fever is one of the serious health disease
      transmitted by Aedes spp mosquitoes. The incidence of dengue has increased
      dramatically around the world in recent decades. Vector control is one of the
      important strategies practiced for the control of dengue fever. The emergence of
      resistance among vectors against the existing insecticides has raised new
      challenges. The aim of the present study was to identify the larvicidal activity
      of extracellular toxins from Pseudomonas spp for the control of dengue vector,
      Aedes aegypti. METHODS: Bacterial isolates KUN1, KUN2, KUN3, KUN4, and KUBS were
      isolated from rhizosphere soil of the agricultural fields in Coimbatore, Tamil
      Nadu. Lyophilized culture supernatant of KUN2 (24, 48, and 72 h culture) and the
      solvent extracts from the diethyl ether, petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl
      acetate were tested against the IV instar larvae of Ae. aegypti. RESULTS:
      Morphological and biochemical characterization of KUN2 showed its resemblance to
      Pseudomonas spp. Further, characterization by molecular methods confirmed it as
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lyophilized culture supernatant of KUN2 showed more
      toxicity towards the larvae of Ae. aegypti when grown in the modified medium.
      Secondary metabolite from the petroleum ether extract was found more toxic to the
      Ae. aegypti larvae even at low concentration (50 MUg/ml). The supernatant of 48 h
      culture of KUN2 recorded 100% larvicidal activity when compared to other
      isolates. Further, the rate of mortality was 100% at 24 h when treated with 100
      MUg/ml of petroleum ether extract of KUN2. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Among the
      isolates used for the control of Ae. aegypti, the isolate KUN2 showed increased
      larvicidal activity when grown in the modified medium. The maximum larval
      mortality was observed in the solvent extract of petroleum ether. The mortality
      of the larvae might be due to the effect of the toxic compound present in the
      extract which would have entered the larvae through its cuticle damaging its
      whole system and obstructing further development. Further, studies on the toxic
      compound responsible for the larvicidal activity need to be carried out for
      effective dengue control.

PMID- 27353580
TI  - Seroprevalence of West Nile virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus,
      Francisella tularensis and Borrelia burgdorferi in rural population of Manisa,
      western Turkey.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Zoonotic diseases are well recognised threat to public
      health globally. The information of regional prevalence and associated risk
      factors allow the national programmes to determine and frame better strategies
      for their control, as they also provide the actual status of zoonosis in the
      region. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of West Nile
      virus (WNV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Francisella
      tularensis and Borrelia burgdorferi among the rural residents of Manisa region,
      Turkey and to identify the associated risk factors. METHODS: Cross sectional
      study was conducted in rural parts of Manisa, Aegean region of western Turkey in
      2012. Blood samples from 324 randomly selected subjects were screened for the
      presence of IgG antibodies to WNV, CCHFV, F. tularensis and B. burgdorferi with
      commercially available kits. The demographic structure of the rural residents and
      risk factors related to lifestyle such as outdoor agriculture activities, animal
      husbandry, hunting and history of tick bite were questioned and their
      relationships with positive results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: It was
      observed that 49 subjects (15%) had IgG antibodies to at least one of the
      zoonotic agents studied. The seroprevalence of F. tularensis was highest with a
      percentage of 7.1% (n = 23). Distribution of the positive results for WNV, CCHFV
      and B. burgdorferi were 4.3% (n = 14), 3.7% (n = 12) and 0.9% (n = 3),
      respectively. Older age and uncompleted secondary education were the
      statistically significant risk factors for seropositivity to at least one
      zoonotic agent investigated. Logistic regression analyses confirmed that older
      age (over 50) increased the risk of WNV and CCHFV seropositivity. INTERPRETATION
      & CONCLUSION: Seropositivity rates were not found to be higher than the expected
      rates. Further, studies are needed to evaluate the threat of vector borne
      zoonoses and associated risk factors in the study area.

PMID- 27353581
TI  - Biting behaviour of Anopheles funestus populations in Mutare and Mutasa
      districts, Manicaland province, Zimbabwe: Implications for the malaria control
      programme.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Biting behaviour of Anopheles funestus in Mutare and
      Mutasa districts, Zimbabwe, is little understood. An investigation was conducted
      to primarily compare indoor and outdoor biting behaviour of the mosquito, as well
      as blood meal sources and sporozoite rates. METHODS: Monthly adult anopheline
      sampling was conducted from October 2013 to September 2014 using Centers for
      Disease Control light-traps, pyrethrum spray catch and artificial pit shelter
      methods. Mosquitoes sampled by light-traps were divided into two cohorts. In one
      cohort, traps were left overnight and mosquitoes were collected the following
      morning, while in the other set, mosquitoes were collected hourly from 1800-0600
      hrs . Collected females were identified using morphological characters and
      categorised according to their abdominal status. Polymerase chain reaction was
      used to identify An. funestus sibling species and blood meal sources. Infection
      rate was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Morphological
      identification showed that indoor and outdoor catches comprised Anopheles
      funestus (98.3%) and Anopheles gambiae s.l. (1.7%). Of the 2268 mosquitoes
      collected, 66.2% were caught by light-traps, and 33.8% were caught resting
      indoors and outdoors. Anopheles funestus and An. gambiae s.l. were trapped more
      abundantly indoors (68%) than outdoors (32%). Both indoor and outdoor An.
      funestus densities were higher in wet (4.3) than dry season (1.8). In Burma
      Valley and Zindi areas, An. funestus demonstrated variable nocturnal indoor and
      outdoor flight activity rhythms, with two peaks during the night; between 2200
      2300 hrs and 0200- 0400 hrs. Human blood index in An. funestus was 0.64, with
      Plasmodium falciparum infection rate of 1.8%. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The
      present work highlighted important information on the host-seeking behaviour,
      blood meal sources and infection rates in An. funestus. The information would be
      helpful in improving the vector control strategies.

PMID- 27353582
TI  - Spatial analysis of wing geometry in dengue vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.)
      (Diptera: Culicidae), populations in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Aedes aegypti (L.) is an efficient vector for arboviral
      diseases such as dengue. The wings of Ae. aegypti has been extensively studied in
      order to investigate population heterogeneity and structure by utilizing a
      landmark based geometric morphometrics (GMs) approach. The aim of this study was
      to examine and assess the wing geometry of Ae. aegypti in Metropolitan Manila.
      METHODS: In total, 312 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected from 98 sampling
      points using a mosquito light-trap from May 2014 to January 2015. A complete
      coverage of the wing was achieved by removing wing scales with chemical and
      physical treatment, leading to identification of 26 landmarks. Geometric
      morphometric analyses were employed and the spatial distance pattern was
      estimated using isolation by distance (IBD) and spatial autocorrelation (SA).
      RESULTS: The results of the GM analyses revealed population heterogeneity and
      structuring in Ae. aegypti populations for both sexes using principal component
      and canonical variate analyses respectively. Moreover, IBD and SA only detected
      significant spatial structure in male Ae. aegypti populations while female
      population structures were homogeneous throughout the geographical area.
      INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The newly modified wing preparation procedure was
      able to capture a complete coverage of the wings of Ae. aegypti, thus providing a
      stronger separation power for very close populations in an urban area. It is also
      noteworthy that the results of IBD and SA supported the findings of GM in the
      population structuring of male and female Ae. aegypti. The outcome of the study
      increases our understanding of the vector, which would be useful in developing
      effective control strategies.

PMID- 27353583
TI  - Spatial distribution and insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti and
      Aedes albopictus in dengue affected urban areas of Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Dengue is one of the most common arthropod-borne viral
      diseases which is transmitted mainly by two vector species, Aedes aegypti
      (Linnaeus 1762) and Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) worldwide. As there is no
      effective medicine and vaccine available, vector control remains the most
      effective measure to prevent its transmission and outbreak. The aim of the study
      was to confirm the co-occurrence of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations
      in the different localities of Rawalpindi, Pakistan and examine their
      susceptibility status against different groups of insecticides. METHODS: Ovitraps
      were randomly placed in the study localities. The number of eggs from all the
      ovitraps were counted and incubated for hatching in Medical Entomology and
      Disease Vector Control (MEDVC) insectarium for rearing up to adult stage. The
      adults were then identified by using the pictorial keys. Spatial distribution and
      aggregation of both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations was determined by
      using Index of dispersion or variance to mean ratio and k values of the negative
      binomial distribution. The susceptibility status of both the species against
      different insecticides was assessed by using the World Health Organization (WHO)
      standard bioassay tests. RESULTS: The results showed that there was coexistence
      among Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus populations and the aggregation of their
      eggs was also observed in all the localities studied in Rawalpindi. Larval
      bioassays of both the populations exhibited incipient resistance against temephos
      while adult susceptibility testing results showed that both the species were
      resistant to DDT, malathion, bendiocarb and permethrin. INTERPRETATION &
      CONCLUSION: The results suggested that all the field populations of Ae. aegypti
      and Ae. albopictus existed together and showed qualitative changes in their
      susceptibility status. Resistance against deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin was
      not confirmed and further investigation was recommended to confirm the change in
      their susceptibility status. This study could help public health authorities to
      apply simultaneous control activities on both species due to their coexistence
      and also resistance management strategies should be formulated to slow down the
      process of development of resistance.

PMID- 27353584
TI  - Impact of container material on the development of Aedes aegypti larvae at
      different temperatures.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of dengue generally
      breeds in intradomestic and peridomestic containers made up of different
      materials, i.e. plastic, iron, rubber, earthen material etc. The material of
      container is likely to affect the temperature of water in container with
      variation in environmental temperature. The present study was aimed to determine
      the effect of different container materials on larval development of Ae. aegypti
      at different temperatures. METHODS: Newly hatched I instar larvae (2-4 h old)
      were used in the study and experiments were conducted using three different
      containers made up of plastic, iron and earthen material. Three replicates for
      each type of container at 22, 26, 30, 34, 38, 40, and 42 degrees C were placed in
      environmental chamber for the development of larvae. RESULTS: At temperatures >22
      degrees C, 50% pupation was completed in earthen pot within 4.3+/-0.6 to 6.3+/
      0.6 days followed by plastic containers (5+/-0 to 8+/-0 days) and iron containers
      (6+/-0 to 9+/-0 days). Developmental time for 50% pupation in the three
      containers differed significantly (p < 0.05) at all the experimental temperature
      ranges. A significant variation was found in the temperature of environmental
      chamber and the temperature of water in three types of containers (p < 0.05). The
      difference in the temperatures of water in different containers resulted in
      significant variations in the developmental period of larvae. More than 35
      degrees C temperature of water was found inimical for pupal development.
      INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The results revealed the variation in temperature of
      water in different types of containers depending on the material of container,
      affecting duration of larval development. As the larval development was faster in
      earthen pot as compared to plastic and iron containers, community should be
      discouraged for storing the water in earthen pots. However, in view of containers
      of different materials used by the community in different temperature zones in
      the country, further studies are required for devising area-specific preventive
      measures for Aedes breeding.

PMID- 27353585
TI  - Molecular identification of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Pilani region of
      Rajasthan, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Aedes aegypti is the most important vector of dengue
      virus infection in humans worldwide. Accurate identification and colonization are
      the essential requirements to understand vector biology as well as its diseases
      transmission potential. In this study, we have used molecular approaches for the
      identification of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes that were collected from the Pilani
      region of Rajasthan, India Methods: Field collected mosquito larvae were
      colonized under laboratory conditions. Conserved genetic markers, ITS-2 and mtCOI
      were used for amplification through species-specific primers to identify the
      mosquito species/ strain. Sequencing result of this strain was phylogenetically
      compared with other global strains through MEGA software. RESULTS: A
      comprehensive multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that
      COI gene of Ae. aegypti has extremely low genetic variability with one of the
      Indian isolate from Thirumala, Andhra Pradesh region (GenBank: HM807262.1).
      However, in context of different geographical locations, it indicated close
      similarity with Thailand's strain and high variability when compared with
      Madagascar strain. On the other hand, ITS-2 illustrated highest identity with Ae.
      aegypti of Saudi Arabia (GenBank: JX423807.1) whereas, high divergence was
      observed from Mayotte, France strain (GenBank: KF135506). INTERPRETATION &
      CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that this isolate from Rajasthan is similar to
      other Asian continent strains possibly due to the same origin. Understanding the
      vectorial capacity of these geographically distributed mosquito strains will
      enhance our knowledge to improve existing vector surveillance and control
      programme.

PMID- 27353586
TI  - In silico evaluation of inhibitory potential of triterpenoids from Azadirachta
      indica against therapeutic target of dengue virus, NS2B-NS3 protease.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: NS2B-NS3 protease (NS2B-NS3 pro ) of dengue virus (DENV)
      is the prime therapeutic target for the development of anti-dengue drug to combat
      the DENV infection, which is currently an increasing health problem in many
      countries. In the area of antiviral drug discovery, numerous reports on the
      antiviral activity of various medicinal plants against dengue viruses have been
      published. Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) is one among those medicinal plants
      which is reported to show potential antiviral activity against DENV. But active
      principle of neem plant extract which has inhibitory potential against DENV NS2B
      NS3 pro is not yet reported. The aim of the present study was to explore the
      inhibitory potential of five triterpenoids from neem plant, viz. nimbin,
      desacetylnimbin, desacetylsalannin, azadirachtin and salannin, against DENV NS2B
      NS3 pro. METHODS: The molecular 3D structural data of DENV NS2B-NS3 pro and
      selected triterpenoids of neem plant were collected from protein databank (PDB
      ID: 2VBC) and PubChem database respectively. The molecular docking approach was
      employed to find out the in silico inhibitory potential of the five triterpenoids
      against DENV NS2B- NS3 pro. RESULTS: The molecular docking results showed that
      nimbin, desacetylnimbin and desacetylsalannin have good binding affinity with
      DENV NS2B-NS3 pro , while azadirachtin and salannin did not show any interaction
      with the target protein. It was observed that the DENV NS2B-NS3 pro binding
      energy for nimbin, desacetylnimbin and desacetylsalannin were -5.56, -5.24 and 
      3.43 kcal/mol, respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The findings attained
      through this study on the molecular interaction mode of three neem triterpenoids
      and DENV NS2B-NS3 pro can be considered for further in vitro and in vivo
      validation for designing new potential drugs for DENV infection.

PMID- 27353587
TI  - Examination of the specific clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of Crimean
      Congo hemorrhagic fever.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a fatal
      disease, caused by a tick-borne virus (Nairovirus), having a high mortality rate.
      The study was aimed to evaluate the risk factors, the presenting symptoms and
      findings of the patients with prediagnosis of CCHF disease, and to compare these
      variables between the CCHF-positive and CCHF-negative patients. It was also aimed
      to develop a scoring formula for the diagnosis of CCHF. METHODS: In total, 281
      patients who were admitted to the Sabuncuoglu Serafeddin Training and Research
      Hospital, Amasya, Turkey between 2011 and 2015 and were prediagnosed with CCHF
      based on the clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and risk factors were
      included in the study. The definitive laboratory diagnosis of patients with
      prediagnosis of CCHF was ensured via molecular and serological methods. In
      addition, a mathematical diagnostic scoring formula was developed for enhancing
      the laboratory results of CCHF. RESULTS: The ratio of certain clinical symptoms
      such as fever (p<0.001), headache (p<0.001), widespread body pain (p<0.001),
      fatigue (p = 0.001), nausea and vomiting (p = 0.013) in CCHF-positive patients
      were found to be significantly higher compared to the ratio in CCHF-negative
      patients. In terms of laboratory findings such as presence of leucopenia
      (p<0.001), creatine kinase (CK) elevation (p<0.001), thrombocytopenia (p<0.001),
      aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) elevation
      (p<0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (p = 0.002), absence of abnormal
      findings on chest radiograph (p = 0.042), and the absence of anaemia (p = 0.007),
      the CCHF-positive patients had higher rates in comparison to CCHF-negative ones.
      INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: It was inferred that certain clinical symptoms and
      laboratory findings such as fever, headache, widespread body pain, fatigue,
      leucopenia, nausea, vomiting, high CK levels, thrombocytopenia, AST/ ALT
      elevation and elevated LDH levels are highly specific and are required to be
      considered in the definitive diagnosis of CCHF, particularly in regions where
      this infection is observed as endemic.

PMID- 27353589
TI  - Molecular docking and simulation studies of gustatory receptor of Aedes aegypti:
      A potent drug target to distract host-seeking behaviour in mosquitoes.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: It is well reported that exhaled CO 2 and skin odour
      from human being assist female mosquitoes to locate human host. Basically, the
      receptors for this activity are expressed in cpA neurons. In both Aedes aegypti
      and Anopheles gambiae, this CO 2-sensitive olfactory neuron detects myriad number
      of chemicals present in human skin. Therefore, manipulation of gustatory
      receptors housing these neurons may serve as important targets for behavioural
      intervention. The study was aimed towards virtual screening of small molecules in
      the analyzed conserved active site residues of gustatory receptor and molecular
      dynamics simulation study of optimum protein-ligand complex to identify a
      suitable lead molecule for distracting host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes.
      METHODS: The conserved residue analysis of gustatory receptor (GR) of Ae. aegypti
      and An. gambiae was performed. The structure of GR protein from Ae. aegypti was
      modeled and validated, and then molecular docking was performed to screen 2903
      small molecules against the predicted active residues of GR. Further, simulation
      studies were also carried out to prove protein-ligand stability. RESULTS: The
      glutamine 154 residue of GR was found to be highly conserved in Ae. aegypti and
      An. gambiae. Docking results indicated that the dodecanoic acid, 1,2,3
      propanetriyl ester (dynasan 112) was interacting with this residue, as it showed
      better LibDock score than previously reported ethyl acetate used as mosquito
      repellant. Simulation studies indicated the structural instability of GR protein
      in docked form with dynasan 112 suggesting its involvement in structural changes.
      Based on the interaction energies and stability, this compound has been proposed
      to be used in mosquitoes' repellant. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: A novel
      effective odorant acting as inhibitor of GR is proposed based on its stability,
      docking score, interactions and RMSD, considering ethyl pyruvate as a standard
      inhibitor. Host preference and host-seeking ability of mosquito vectors play key
      roles in disease transmission, a clear understanding of these aspects is
      essential for preventing the spread of the disease.

PMID- 27353588
TI  - Monitoring the efficacy of antimalarial medicines in India via sentinel sites:
      Outcomes and risk factors for treatment failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: To combat the problem of antimalarial drug resistance,
      monitoring the changes in drug efficacy over time through periodic surveillance
      is essential. Since 2009, systematic and continuous monitoring is being done
      through nationwide sentinel site system. Potential early warning signs like
      partner drug resistance markers were also monitored in the clinical samples from
      the study areas. METHODS: A total of 1864 patients with acute uncomplicated
      malaria were enrolled in therapeutic efficacy studies of artesunate plus
      sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (AS+SP) for Plasmodium falciparum; those infected with
      P. vivax were given chloroquine (CQ). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to
      distinguish post-treatment reinfection from treatment failures. Isolates of P.
      falciparum were also analysed for dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) and
      dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene mutations. RESULTS: Overall, 1687 (91.7%)
      patients completed the follow-up. In most of the falciparum patients the
      parasitaemia was cleared within 24 h of treatment, except 12 patients who
      remained parasite positive after 72 h. Presence of dhfr and dhps quintuple
      mutation was observed predominantly in treatment failure samples. A daily dose of
      artesunate of < 3 mg/kg of body weight, age of <5 yr, and fever at enrolment were
      associated with an increased risk of treatment failure. The AS+SP in P.
      falciparum was effective in > 95% cases in all the sentinel sites except in
      Northeastern region (NE). Chloroquine remained 100% efficacious in case of P.
      vivax infections. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Till 2012, India's national
      antimalarial drug resistance monitoring system proved highly efficacious and safe
      towards first-line antimalarials used in the country, except in Northeastern
      region where a decline in efficacy of AS+SP has been observed. This led to change
      in first-line treatment for P. falciparum to artemether-lumefantrine in
      Northeastern region.

PMID- 27353590
TI  - Molecular confirmation of scrub typhus infection and characterization of Orientia
      tsutsugamushi genotype from Karnataka, India.

PMID- 27353591
TI  - Expansion of visceral leishmaniasis to northwest sub-Himalayan region of India: A
      case series.

PMID- 27353592
TI  - NS1 antigen positivity rate in canine sera from dengue endemic area.

PMID- 27353594
TI  - Impact of Diradical Spin State (Singlet vs Triplet) and Structure (Puckered vs
      Planar) on the Photodenitrogenation Stereoselectivity of 2,3
      Diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes.
AB  - Versatile transformations of azo compounds are utilized not only in synthetic
      organic chemistry but also in materials science. In this study, a hitherto
      unknown stereoselectivity was observed by low-temperature in situ NMR
      spectroscopy for the photochemical denitrogenation of a cyclic azoalkane (2,3
      diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) derivative. Direct (singlet) photodenitrogenation at
      188 K afforded two products, the configurationally retained ring-closed compound
      (ret-CP) and the inverted compound (inv-CP), in a ratio of 82/18 (+/-3) (ret
      CP/inv-CP), with an overall yield of >95%. Triplet-sensitized denitrogenation at
      199 K using benzophenone ((3)BP*) or xanthone ((3)Xan*) selectively produced inv
      CP, with a ret-CP/inv-CP ratio of 7/93 (+/-3). Thermal isomerization of inv-CP
      into ret-CP was observed by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy. Transient
      absorption spectroscopy revealed that two distinct singlet diradicals are
      involved in the formation of CP during direct photodenitrogenation, that is,
      puckered puc-(1)DR and planar pl-(1)DR diradicals. The former produces ret-CP,
      whereas the latter affords inv-CP. Kinetic analysis using the integrated profiles
      method was used to determine the molecular absorption coefficient of pl-(1)DR
      (epsilon560 = 4900 +/- 250 M(-1) cm(-1)) for the first time. The involvement of
      the puckered singlet diradical resolves the mechanistic puzzle of stereoselective
      denitrogenation of diazabicycloheptane-type azoalkanes.

PMID- 27353593
TI  - Implementation of an in-house quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
      method for Hepatitis B virus quantification in West African countries.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. HBV
      infection is diagnosed by serological tests, while real-time polymerase chain
      reaction (qRT-PCR) assays are used to quantify viral load, which is a crucial
      parameter to determine viral replication and to monitor antiviral treatments.
      However, measuring viral load in resource-limited countries remains
      nonsystematic, due to the high cost of commercial kits. Here, we describe the
      development, validation and implementation of a low-cost, in-house qRT-PCR assay
      to monitor HBV viral load in chronic carriers enrolled in the PROLIFICA programme
      in the Gambia and Senegal. Over 1500 HBsAg-positive patients, including 210
      chronically infected HBV patients, who were given antiviral treatment
      (tenofovir), were monitored by qRT-PCR using the SYBR Green- and HBV-specific
      primers. Twenty-four tenofovir-treated patients were followed up and their viral
      load was tested every 3 months over the 12-month experimental time course.
      Compared to commercial assays, our in-house assay was shown to be (i) highly
      reliable, with good intra- and interassay reproducibility over a wide range (45
      4.5 * 108 copies mL-1 ), (ii) very similar in the viral loads detected (R2  =
      .90), (iii) highly sensitive, as it detected loads as low as 30 copies mL-1 (~5
      IU mL-1 ), (iv) cheaper (2- to 3-fold), (v) easier to implement and (vi) more
      rapid. Based on our experience, we recommend this assay as a reliable alternative
      to commercial assays, for monitoring HBV viraemia in resource-limited, highly
      endemic countries to reduce the cost and technical obstacles associated with
      commercial kits.

PMID- 27353595
TI  - In vitro and in vivo evaluation of 2-aminoalkanol and 1,2-alkanediamine
      derivatives against Strongyloides venezuelensis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic disease widely present in tropical
      and subtropical areas. Strongyloides stercoralis represents the main species that
      infects human beings. Ivermectin is the current drug of choice; however, issues
      related with treatment failure in patients with diabetes or infected with T
      lymphotropic virus-1 make the identification of new molecules for alternative
      treatment a priority. In the present study, the activity of sphingosine-related
      aminoalcohol and diamine were evaluated against Strongyloides venezuelensis third
      stage larva (L3) cultures and experimental infections in mice. METHODS: The
      efficacy of each compound against L3 was assessed using both XTT (2,3-bis-(2
      methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay and
      microscopic observation with concentrations ranging from 1 to 350 MUM.
      Cytotoxicity was evaluated using J774.2 macrophage cell line and XTT assay.
      Lethal concentration 50 (LC50), selectivity index (SI) and structure-activity
      relationships were established. The activity compounds 4 (2-(ethylamino)
      hexadecan-1-ol), 6 (2-(butylamino) hexadecan-1-ol), 17 (tert-butyl N-(1
      aminododecan-2-yl) carbamate) and 18 (tert-butyl N-(1-aminohexadecan-2-yl)
      carbamate) were further assessed against experimental S. venezuelensis infections
      in CD1 mice measuring reductions in the numbers of parthenogenetic females and
      egg passed in faeces. Mice were infected with 3,000 L3 and treated with 20
      mg/kg/day for five days. RESULTS: In the screening study of 15 aminoalcohols
      [lauryl (n = 9); palmityl (n = 13); stearyl (n = 15) and alcohol derivatives],
      the presence of a palmitol chain was associated with the highest efficacy against
      L3 (LC50 31.9-39.1 MUM). Alkylation of the 2-amino group with medium size
      fragments as ethyl or n-butyl showed the best larvicidal activity. The
      dialkylation did not improve efficacy. Aminoalcohols 4 and 6 showed the highest
      SI (1.5 and 1.6, respectively). With respect to diamine derivative compounds, a
      chain size of sixteen carbon atoms (palmitoyl chain, n = 13), and the alkylation
      of the 2-amino group with medium-sized fragments, were associated with the
      highest lethal activities. The presence of carbamoyl group in diamines 17 and 18
      yielded high SI (1.7 and 1.4, respectively). Infected mice treated with
      aminoalcohol 6 showed reduction in parthenogenetic females (59 %) and eggs in
      faeces (51 %). CONCLUSIONS: These results support the potentiality of
      aminoalcohol and diamine sphingosine-related compounds as suitable prototypes for
      developing new promising drugs against strongyloidiasis.

PMID- 27353596
TI  - Risk of hip, subtrochanteric, and femoral shaft fractures among mid and long term
      users of alendronate: nationwide cohort and nested case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES:  To determine the skeletal safety and efficacy of long term (>=10
      years) alendronate use in patients with osteoporosis. DESIGN:  Open register
      based cohort study containing two nested case control studies. SETTING: 
      Nationwide study of population of Denmark. PARTICIPANTS:  61 990 men and women
      aged 50-94 at the start of treatment, who had not previously taken alendronate,
      1996-2007. INTERVENTIONS:  Treatment with alendronate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 
      Incident fracture of the subtrochanteric femur or femoral shaft (ST/FS) or the
      hip. Non-fracture controls from the cohort were matched to fracture cases by sex,
      year of birth, and year of initiation of alendronate treatment. Conditional
      logistic regression models were fitted to calculate odds ratios with and without
      adjustment for comorbidity and comedications. Sensitivity analyses investigated
      subsequent treatment with other drugs for osteoporosis. RESULTS:  1428
      participants sustained a ST/FS (incidence rate 3.4/1000 person years, 95%
      confidence interval 3.2 to 3.6), and 6784 sustained a hip fracture (16.2/1000
      person years, 15.8 to 16.6). The risk of ST/FS was lower with high adherence to
      treatment with alendronate (medication possession ratio (MPR, a proxy for
      compliance) >80%) compared with poor adherence (MPR <50%; odds ratio 0.88, 0.77
      to 0.99; P=0.05). Multivariable adjustment attenuated this association (adjusted
      odds ratio 0.88, 0.77 to 1.01; P=0.08). The risk was no higher in long term users
      (>=10 dose years; 0.70, 0.44 to 1.11; P=0.13) or in current compared with past
      users (0.91, 0.79 to 1.06; P=0.22). Similarly, MPR >80% was associated with a
      decreased risk of hip fracture (0.73, 0.68 to 0.78; P<0.001) as was longer term
      cumulative use for 5-10 dose years (0.74, 0.67 to 0.83; P<0.001) or >=10 dose
      years (0.74, 0.56 to 0.97; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS:  These findings support an
      acceptable balance between benefit and risk with treatment with alendronate in
      terms of fracture outcomes, even for over 10 years of continuous use.

PMID- 27353597
TI  - Leptin suppresses sweet taste responses of enteroendocrine STC-1 cells.
AB  - Leptin is an important hormone that regulates food intake and energy homeostasis
      by acting on central and peripheral targets. In the gustatory system, leptin is
      known to selectively suppress sweet responses by inhibiting the activation of
      sweet sensitive taste cells. Sweet taste receptor (T1R2+T1R3) is also expressed
      in gut enteroendocrine cells and contributes to nutrient sensing, hormone release
      and glucose absorption. Because of the similarities in expression patterns
      between enteroendocrine and taste receptor cells, we hypothesized that they may
      also share similar mechanisms used to modify/regulate the sweet responsiveness of
      these cells by leptin. Here, we used mouse enteroendocrine cell line STC-1 and
      examined potential effect of leptin on Ca(2+) responses of STC-1 cells to various
      taste compounds. Ca(2+) responses to sweet compounds in STC-1 cells were
      suppressed by a rodent T1R3 inhibitor gurmarin, suggesting the involvement of
      T1R3-dependent receptors in detection of sweet compounds. Responses to sweet
      substances were suppressed by ?1ng/ml leptin without affecting responses to
      bitter, umami and salty compounds. This effect was inhibited by a leptin
      antagonist (mutant L39A/D40A/F41A) and by ATP gated K(+) (KATP) channel closer
      glibenclamide, suggesting that leptin affects sweet taste responses of
      enteroendocrine cells via activation of leptin receptor and KATP channel
      expressed in these cells. Moreover, leptin selectively inhibited sweet-induced
      but not bitter-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion from STC-1
      cells. These results suggest that leptin modulates sweet taste responses of
      enteroendocrine cells to regulate nutrient sensing, hormone release and glucose
      absorption in the gut.

PMID- 27353598
TI  - Guidelines for Evaluation and Management of Cognitive Disorders in HIV-Positive
      Individuals.
AB  - Antiretroviral therapy has revolutionised the treatment for people living with
      HIV (PLWH). Where antiretroviral coverage is high, the treatment paradigm for HIV
      disease is now one of managing the long-term consequences of the virus and its
      treatment rather than the consequences of untreated HIV-disease such as
      immunosuppression and opportunistic infections. One such long-term consequence is
      HIV-associated cognitive impairment which is reported to occur in up to 50 % of
      treated PLWH and has been associated with poorer outcomes. Given the ageing
      cohort and increased frequency of comorbidities, the prevalence of symptomatic
      cognitive impairment may increase with time. High quality evidence for management
      strategies including screening, diagnosis and treatment of HIV-associated
      cognitive impairment are lacking and in general guidelines are based on best
      clinical practice. In this article, we assessed recent guidelines concerning the
      management of HIV-associated cognitive impairment by performing a systematic
      review of the MEDLINE database using PubMed. We report that, in general,
      guidelines from around the world regarding the management of HIV-associated
      cognitive impairment are converging. Screening is generally not recommended in
      asymptomatic PLWH. Diagnosis of HIV-associated cognitive impairment should be
      made only after a comprehensive assessment and exclusion of other potential
      causes. Antiretroviral therapy forms the cornerstone of management of HIV
      associated cognitive impairment and should be guided by plasma and cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) genotype(s).

PMID- 27353599
TI  - Erratum for "Safe use of high intakes of folic acid: research challenges and
      paths forward." Nutrition Reviews 2016; 74: 469-474.

PMID- 27353600
TI  - Clinical, Ergonomic, and Economic Outcomes With Multichamber Bags Compared With
      (Hospital) Pharmacy Compounded Bags and Multibottle Systems: A Systematic
      Literature Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multichamber bags (MCBs) may offer potential clinical, ergonomic, and
      economic advantages compared with (hospital) pharmacy compounded bags (COBs) and
      multibottle systems (MBSs). METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed
      to identify and assess the available evidence regarding advantages of MCBs
      compared with COBs and MBSs. Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Databases, and EconLit
      were searched for articles reporting clinical, ergonomic, and economic outcomes
      for MCBs compared with COBs or MBSs. The search was limited to studies conducted
      in hospitalized patients >2 years of age that were published in English between
      January 1990 and November 2014. The Population Intervention Comparison Outcomes
      Study Design (PICOS) framework was used for the analysis. RESULTS: From 1307
      unique citations, 74 potentially relevant publications were identified; review of
      references identified 2 additional publications. Among the 76 publications, 18
      published studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were retrospective in design.
      Ten studies reported clinical outcomes, including 1 prospective randomized trial
      and multiple retrospective analyses that reported a lower risk of bloodstream
      infection for MCBs compared with other delivery systems. Sixteen studies reported
      ergonomic and/or economic outcomes; most reported a potential cost benefit for
      MCBs, with consistent reports of reduced time and labor compared with other
      systems. The largest cost benefit was observed in studies evaluating total
      hospitalization costs. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic literature review identified
      evidence of potential clinical, ergonomic, and economic benefits for MCBs
      compared with COBs and MBSs; however, methodological factors limited evidence
      quality. More prospective studies are required to corroborate existing evidence.

PMID- 27353601
TI  - Measuring rotational diffusion of colloidal spheres with confocal microscopy.
AB  - We report an experimental method to measure the translational and rotational
      dynamics of colloidal spheres in three dimensions with confocal microscopy and
      show that the experimental values reasonably agree with the theoretical values.
      This method can be extended to study rotational dynamics in concentrated
      colloidal systems and complex bio-systems. 

PMID- 27353602
TI  - Improving Heart Failure Outcomes in Ambulatory and Community Care: A Scoping
      Study.
AB  - Despite a large body of literature testing interventions to improve heart failure
      care, care is often suboptimal. This scoping study assesses organizational
      interventions to improve heart failure outcomes in ambulatory settings. Fifty-two
      studies and systematic reviews assessing multicomponent, self-management support,
      and eHealth interventions were included. Studies dating from the 1990s
      demonstrated that multicomponent interventions could reduce hospitalizations,
      readmissions, mortality, and costs and improve quality of life. Self-management
      support appeared more effective when included in multicomponent interventions.
      The independent contribution of eHealth interventions remains unclear. No studies
      addressed management of comorbidities, geriatric syndromes, frailty, or end of
      life care. Few studies addressed risk stratification or vulnerable populations.
      Limited reporting about intervention components, implementation methods, and
      fidelity presents challenges in adapting this literature to scale interventions.
      The use of standardized reporting guidelines and study designs that produce more
      contextual evidence would better enable application of this work in health system
      redesign.

PMID- 27353604
TI  - On the non-innocence of "Nacnacs": ligand-based reactivity in beta-diketiminate
      supported coordination compounds.
AB  - While beta-diketiminate (BDI or 'nacnac') ligands have been widely adopted to
      stabilize a wide range of metal ions in multiple oxidation states and
      coordination numbers, in several occurrences these ligands do not behave as
      spectators and participate in reactivity. Besides unwanted decomposition
      processes, BDI redox non-innnocence and unusual metal-ligand cooperative
      activation of substrates yielding attractive reactivity have been reported. This
      feature article will provide a comprehensive analysis of the various
      transformations involving BDI ligand platforms in coordination compounds across
      the periodic table. 

PMID- 27353603
TI  - Zonulin Regulates Intestinal Permeability and Facilitates Enteric Bacteria
      Permeation in Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - Several studies have reported an association between enteric bacteria and
      atherosclerosis. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene belong to
      Enterobacteriaceae have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques. How intestinal
      bacteria go into blood is not known. Zonulin reversibly modulate intestinal
      permeability (IP), the circulating zonulin levels were increased in diabetes,
      obesity, all of which are risk factors for atherosclerosis. It is unclear whether
      the circulating zonulin levels were changed in coronary artery disease (CAD)
      patients and modulate IP. The 16S rRNA gene of bacteria in blood sample was
      checked by 454 pyrosequencing. The zonulin levels were determined by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. The distribution of zonulin was
      detected by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Bacteria and Caco-2 cell
      surface micro-structure were checked by transmission electron microscopy. A high
      diversity of bacterial 16S rRNA gene can be detected in samples from CAD
      patients, most of them (99.4%) belong to Enterobacteriaceaes, eg. Rahnella. The
      plasma zonulin levels were significantly higher in CAD patients. Pseudomonas
      fluorescens exposure significantly increased zonulin expression and decreased IP
      in a time dependent manner. The elevated zonulin increase IP and may facilitate
      enteric translocation by disassembling the tight junctions, which might explain
      the observed high diversity of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in blood samples.

PMID- 27353605
TI  - Association Between Severe Hypoglycemia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in
      Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 27353607
TI  - Predicting Outcomes Over Time in Patients With Heart Failure, Left Ventricular
      Systolic Dysfunction, or Both Following Acute Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most studies of risk assessment or stratification in patients with
      myocardial infarction (MI) have been static and fail to account for the evolving
      nature of clinical events and care processes. We sought to identify predictors of
      mortality, cardiovascular death or nonfatal MI, and cardiovascular death or
      nonfatal heart failure (HF) over time in patients with HF, left ventricular
      systolic dysfunction, or both post-MI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using data from the
      VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion (VALIANT) trial, we developed models to
      estimate the association between patient characteristics and the likelihood of
      experiencing an event from the time of a follow-up visit until the next visit.
      The intervals are: hospital arrival to discharge or 14 days, whichever occurs
      first; hospital discharge to 30 days; 30 days to 6 months; and 6 months to 3
      years. Models were also developed to predict the entire 3-year follow-up period
      using baseline information. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was
      used throughout with Wald chi-squares as the comparator of strength for each
      predictor. For the baseline model of overall mortality, the 3 strongest
      predictors were age (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% CI, 1.28-1.42;
      P<0.0001), baseline heart rate (adjusted HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.14-1.21; P<0.0001),
      and creatinine clearance (<=100 mL/min; adjusted HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.84-0.89;
      P<0.0001). According to the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net
      reclassification improvement (NRI) indices, the updated model had significant
      improvement over the model with baseline covariates only in all follow-up periods
      and with all outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Patient information assessed closest to the
      time of the outcome was more valuable in predicting death when compared with
      information obtained at the time of the index hospitalization. Using updated
      patient information improves prognosis over using only the information available
      at the time of the index event.

PMID- 27353606
TI  - Outcome of 1051 Octogenarian Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial
      Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Observational
      Cohort From the London Heart Attack Group.
AB  - BACKGROUND: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is increasingly common in
      octogenarians, and optimal management in this cohort is uncertain. This study
      aimed to describe the outcomes of octogenarians with ST-segment elevation
      myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 10 249 consecutive patients with ST-segment
      elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary
      intervention between 2005 and 2011 at 8 tertiary cardiac centers across London,
      United Kingdom. The primary end point was all-cause mortality at a median follow
      up of 3 years. In total, 1051 patients (10.3%) were octogenarians, with an
      average age of 84.2 years, and the proportion increased over the study period
      (P=0.04). In-hospital mortality (7.7% vs 2.4%, P<0.0001) and long-term mortality
      (51.6% vs 12.8%, P<0.0001) were increased in octogenarians compared with patients
      aged <80 years, and age was an independent predictor of mortality in a fully
      adjusted model (hazard ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.07-1.09, P<0.0001). Time-stratified
      analysis revealed an increasingly elderly and more complex cohort over time.
      Nonetheless, long-term mortality rates among octogenarians remained static over
      time, and this may be attributable to improved percutaneous coronary intervention
      techniques, including significantly higher rates of radial access and lower
      bleeding complications. Variables associated with bleeding complications were
      similar between octogenarian and younger cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: In this large
      registry, octogenarians undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention had
      a higher rate of complications and mortality compared with a younger population.
      Over time, octogenarians undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention
      increased in number, age, and complexity. Nevertheless, in-hospital outcomes were
      reasonable, and long-term mortality rates were static.

PMID- 27353608
TI  - Cystatin C Predicts Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Twins.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cystatin C is associated with both renal function and atherosclerotic
      cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We have previously shown a genetic correlation
      between cystatin C and prevalent ASCVD. The objective of this article is to study
      whether variation in cystatin C or creatinine predicts incident ASCVD when
      controlled for genetic factors. METHODS AND RESULTS: The predictive value of
      cystatin C and creatinine for incident ASCVD was studied in 11 402 Swedish twins,
      free of CVD at baseline, in an adjusted Cox-regression model during a median
      follow-up of 71 months. Twin pairs discordant for incident stroke, myocardial
      infarction and ASCVD during follow-up were identified and within-pair comparisons
      regarding cystatin C and creatinine levels were performed. We also investigated
      whether contact frequency and degree of shared environment influences were
      associated with similarity in cystatin C levels. In univariate analysis, cystatin
      C predicted incident ASCVD hazard ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.47-1.67. When adjusted for
      traditional Framingham risk factors as covariates, cystatin C remained a
      predictor of incident stroke hazard ratio 1.45, 95% CI (1.25-1.70), ASCVD hazard
      ratio 1.26, 95% CI (1.13-1.41), and myocardial infarction hazard ratio 1.16, 95%
      CI (1.01-1.33). In twins discordant for incident stroke, cystatin C at baseline
      was higher in the twin who experienced a stroke compared to the healthy co-twin
      (1.11+/-0.3 mg/L versus 1.06+/-0.3 mg/L), whereas creatinine was lower in the
      twin who developed CVD compared to their healthy co-twins (76.1+/-16.9 MUmol/L
      versus 79.4+/-20.3 MUmol/L). CONCLUSIONS: Variation in cystatin C relates to
      incident ASCVD and to stroke when adjusted for genetic confounding. In identical
      twins, cystatin C may be a sensitive marker of early hypertensive end-organ
      damage and small-vessel disease, whereas creatinine level may reflect nutritional
      status. The findings in disease-discordant monozygotic twins indicate that
      unique, possibly preventable, environmental factors are important.

PMID- 27353609
TI  - Inflammatory Markers Associated With Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease: The
      Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite evidence for higher risk of coronary artery disease among
      HIV+ individuals, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We
      investigated associations of inflammatory markers with subclinical coronary
      artery disease in 923 participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (575 HIV+
      and 348 HIV- men) who underwent noncontrast computed tomography scans for
      coronary artery calcification, the majority (n=692) also undergoing coronary
      computed tomography angiography. METHODS AND RESULTS: Outcomes included presence
      and extent of coronary artery calcification, plus computed tomography angiography
      analysis of presence, composition, and extent of coronary plaques and severity of
      coronary stenosis. HIV+ men had significantly higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL
      6), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein, and soluble-tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha receptor (sTNFalphaR) I and II (all P<0.01) and a higher
      prevalence of noncalcified plaque (63% versus 54%, P=0.02) on computed tomography
      angiography. Among HIV+ men, for every SD increase in log-interleukin-6 and log
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1, there was a 30% and 60% increase,
      respectively, in the prevalence of coronary stenosis >=50% (all P<0.05).
      Similarly, sTNFalphaR I and II in HIV+ participants were associated with an
      increase in prevalence of coronary stenosis >=70% (P<0.05). Higher levels of
      interleukin-6, sTNFalphaR I, and sTNFalphaR II were also associated with greater
      coronary artery calcification score in HIV+ men (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Higher
      inflammatory marker levels are associated with greater prevalence of coronary
      stenosis in HIV+ men. Our findings underscore the need for further study to
      elucidate the relationships of inflammatory pathways with coronary artery disease
      in HIV+ individuals.

PMID- 27353611
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding human papillomavirus vaccination
      among young women attending a tertiary institution in Singapore.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices
      of young women regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. METHODS: We
      conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study among female
      students at a tertiary institute in Singapore. RESULTS: A total of 255
      questionnaires were completed and formed the basis of the analysis. 244 (95.7%)
      of the total participants were of the age group 15-22 years. 252 (98.8%)
      participants were unmarried and 240 (94.1%) had never had sexual intercourse.
      Only 25 (9.8%) women had received vaccination. Among the unvaccinated
      participants, 96 (41.7%) had no intention to receive HPV vaccination and 62 of
      them cited lack of information as a major barrier to HPV vaccination. Knowledge
      of cervical cancer and HPV vaccination was also assessed and graded via a point
      system, with a maximum score of 14. Knowledge was found to be low, with a median
      score of 7. There was a significant association between HPV vaccination uptake
      and the source from which they first heard about the vaccine (p = 0.007).
      Vaccinated respondents tended to first hear about it from their relatives and
      friends, as compared to unvaccinated respondents (60.0% vs. 27.0%). CONCLUSION:
      There is poor uptake of HPV vaccination amongst Singapore's susceptible youth as
      well as poor knowledge of cervical cancer and HPV vaccination. Public health
      education regarding cervical cancer and HPV vaccination is still needed and has
      to be targeted at not only respondents, but also their family and friends.

PMID- 27353610
TI  - Postnatal Development of Right Ventricular Myofibrillar Biomechanics in Relation
      to the Sarcomeric Protein Phenotype in Pediatric Patients with Conotruncal Heart
      Defects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The postnatal development of myofibrillar mechanics, a major
      determinant of heart function, is unknown in pediatric patients with tetralogy of
      Fallot and related structural heart defects. We therefore determined the
      mechanical properties of myofibrils isolated from right ventricular tissue
      samples from such patients in relation to the developmental changes of the
      isoforms expression pattern of key sarcomere proteins involved in the contractile
      process. METHODS AND RESULTS: Tissue samples from the infundibulum obtained
      during surgery from 25 patients (age range 15 days to 11 years, median 7 months)
      were split into half for mechanical investigations and expression analysis of
      titin, myosin heavy and light chain 1, troponin-T, and troponin-I. Of these
      proteins, fetal isoforms of only myosin light chain 1 (ALC-1) and troponin-I
      (ssTnI) were highly expressed in neonates, amounting to, respectively, 40% and
      80%, while the other proteins had switched to the adult isoforms before or around
      birth. ALC-1 and ssTnI expression subsequently declined monoexponentially with a
      halftime of 4.3 and 5.8 months, respectively. Coincident with the expression of
      ssTnI, Ca(2+) sensitivity of contraction was high in neonates and subsequently
      declined in parallel with the decline in ssTnI expression. Passive tension
      positively correlated with Ca(2+) sensitivity but not with titin expression.
      Contraction kinetics, maximal Ca(2+)-activated force, and the fast phase of the
      biphasic relaxation positively correlated with the expression of ALC-1.
      CONCLUSIONS: The developmental changes in myofibrillar biomechanics can be
      ascribed to fetal-to-adult isoform transition of key sarcomeric proteins, which
      evolves regardless of the specific congenital cardiac malformations in our
      pediatric patients.

PMID- 27353612
TI  - Leading With LARCs in Nigeria: The Stars Are Aligned to Expand Effective Family
      Planning Services Decisively.

PMID- 27353613
TI  - A Convenient Truth: Cost of Medications Need Not Be a Barrier to Hepatitis B
      Treatment.

PMID- 27353614
TI  - Investing in Family Planning: Key to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

PMID- 27353615
TI  - mHealth for Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence: A Framework to Guide Ethical
      Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation.

PMID- 27353616
TI  - Feasibility and Effectiveness of mHealth for Mobilizing Households for Indoor
      Residual Spraying to Prevent Malaria: A Case Study in Mali.
AB  - Components of mHealth are increasingly being added to development interventions
      worldwide. A particular case of interest is in Mali where the U.S. President's
      Malaria Initiative (PMI) Africa Indoor Residual Spraying (AIRS) Project piloted a
      mobile mass-messaging service in Koulikoro District in August 2014 to determine
      whether voice and/or text messages received on cell phones could effectively
      replace door-to-door mobilization for an indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign.
      To measure the pilot's effectiveness, we evaluated structure preparedness (all
      household and food items removed) in 3 pilot intervention villages compared with
      3 villages prepared for spray through door-to-door mobilization that was modified
      by incorporating town hall meetings and radio spots. Structure preparedness was
      significantly lower in households mobilized through the mobile-messaging approach
      compared with the door-to-door approach (49% vs. 75%, respectively; P = .03).
      Spray coverage of targeted households also was significantly lower among the
      mobile-messaging villages than the door-to-door mobilization villages (86% vs.
      96%, respectively; P = .02). The mobile-messaging approach, at US$8.62 per
      structure prepared, was both more costly and less effective than the door-to-door
      approach at US$1.08 per structure prepared. While literacy and familiarity with
      technology were major obstacles, it also became clear that by removing the face
      to-face interactions between mobilizers and household residents, individuals were
      not as trusting or understanding of the mobilization messages. These residents
      felt it was easier to ignore a text or voice message than to ignore a mobilizer
      who could provide reassurances and preparation support. In addition, men often
      received the mobile messages, as they typically owned the mobile phones, while
      women-who were more likely to be at home at the time of spray-usually interacted
      with the door-to-door mobilizers. Future attempts at using mHealth approaches for
      similar IRS mobilization efforts in Mali should be done in a way that combines
      mHealth tools with more common human-based interventions, rather than as a stand
      alone approach, and should be designed with a gender lens in mind. The choice of
      software used for mass messaging should also be considered to find a local option
      that is both less expensive and perhaps more attuned to the local context than a
      U.S.-based software solution.

PMID- 27353617
TI  - Factors Associated With Community Health Worker Performance Differ by Task in a
      Multi-Tasked Setting in Rural Zimbabwe.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Zimbabwe, like most low-income countries, faces health worker
      shortages. Community health workers (CHWs) bridge this gap by delivering
      essential health services and nutrition interventions to communities. However, as
      workloads increase, CHWs' ability to provide quality services may be compromised.
      We studied influences upon CHWs' performance related to pregnancy surveillance
      and nutrition and hygiene education in rural Zimbabwe. METHODS: In the context of
      a cluster-randomized trial conducted in 2 rural districts between November 2012
      and March 2015, 342 government-employed CHWs identified and referred pregnant
      women for early antenatal care and delivered household-level behavior change
      lessons about infant feeding and hygiene to more than 5,000 women. In 2013, we
      conducted a survey among 322 of the CHWs to assess the association between
      demographic and work characteristics and task performance. Exploratory factor
      analyses of the Likert-type survey questions produced 8 distinct and reliable
      constructs of job satisfaction and motivation, supervision, peer support, and
      feedback (Cronbach alpha range, 0.68 to 0.92). Pregnancy surveillance performance
      was assessed from pregnancy referrals, and nutrition and hygiene education
      performance was assessed by taking the average summative score (range, 5 to 30)
      of lesson delivery observations completed by a nurse supervisor using a 6-item
      Likert-type checklist. Poisson and multiple linear regressions were used to test
      associations between CHW demographic and work characteristics and performance.
      RESULTS: CHWs who referred more pregnant women were female, unmarried, under 40
      years old, from larger households, and of longer tenure. They also perceived work
      resources to be adequate and received positive feedback from supervisors and the
      community, but they were less satisfied with remuneration. CHWs with high scores
      on behavior change lesson delivery were from smaller households, and they
      received more supportive supervision but less operational supervision. Measures
      of job satisfaction and motivation were not associated with either task.
      CONCLUSION: Among CHWs responsible for multiple tasks in rural Zimbabwe, factors
      associated with performance of one task were not the same as those associated
      with performance of another task. Our methods and findings illustrate ways to
      examine heterogeneity in CHW performance and to identify organizational factors
      associated with quality of program delivery.

PMID- 27353618
TI  - School Distribution as Keep-Up Strategy to Maintain Universal Coverage of Long
      Lasting Insecticidal Nets: Implementation and Results of a Program in Southern
      Tanzania.
AB  - Tanzania successfully scaled up coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets
      (LLINs) through mass campaigns. To sustain these gains, a school-based approach
      was piloted in the country's Southern Zone starting in 2013, called the School
      Net Program 1 (SNP1). We report on the design, implementation, monitoring, and
      outputs of the second round (SNP2) undertaken in 2014. SNP2 was conducted in all
      schools in Lindi, Mtwara, and Ruvuma regions, targeting students in primary
      (Standards 1, 3, 5, and 7) and secondary (Forms 2 and 4) schools and all
      teachers. In Lindi region, 2 additional classes (Standards 2 and 4) were
      targeted. LLIN distribution data were managed using an Android software
      application called SchoolNet. SNP2 included 2,337 schools, 473,700 students, and
      25,269 teachers. A total of 5,070 people were trained in LLIN distribution (487
      trainers and 4,583 distributors), and 4,392 (434 ward and 3,958 village)
      community change agents undertook sensitization and mobilization. A total of
      507,775 LLINs were distributed to schools, with 464,510 (97.9% of those
      registered) students and 24,206 (95.8% of those registered) school teachers
      receiving LLINs. LLIN ownership and use is expected to have increased,
      potentially further reducing the burden of malaria in the Southern Zone of
      Tanzania.

PMID- 27353619
TI  - Improved Childhood Diarrhea Treatment Practices in Ghana: A Pre-Post Evaluation
      of a Comprehensive Private-Sector Program.
AB  - Diarrhea is the fourth leading cause of child mortality in Ghana. In 2010, Ghana
      endorsed guidelines from the World Health Organization and the United Nations
      Children's Fund for use of zinc with low-osmolarity oral rehydration salts (ORS)
      for the treatment of acute childhood diarrhea. From late 2011 through 2014, the
      Strengthening Health Outcomes through the Private Sector (SHOPS) project
      implemented a comprehensive program in 3 regions of Ghana to increase the
      availability and use of ORS and zinc and to decrease incorrect use of antibiotics
      and antidiarrheals. The program included (1) partnering with local pharmaceutical
      firms to introduce and market locally produced zinc products, (2) collaborating
      with the Ghanaian Pharmacy Council to provide training and supportive supervision
      of private-sector providers on diarrhea management, and (3) conducting mass media
      campaigns to raise caregiver awareness. We evaluated the effect of this program
      using a baseline survey of 754 caregivers of children under 5 with diarrhea at
      the start of the intervention in 2012 and a follow-up survey of 751 caregivers in
      2014. Regression analysis showed that use of ORS with zinc increased from 0.8% in
      2012 to 29.2% in 2014 (P<.001), and antibiotic use declined from 66.2% to 38.2%
      (P<.001) during the same period. The magnitude and statistical significance of
      these results remained the same after including potential confounding factors as
      covariates. Inappropriate antibiotic use, however, remained high at follow-up. We
      conclude that similar programs applied in other settings have the potential to
      rapidly scale up use of ORS and zinc. Additional efforts are required to reduce
      persistent incorrect antibiotic use.

PMID- 27353620
TI  - Success Providing Postpartum Intrauterine Devices in Private-Sector Health Care
      Facilities in Nigeria: Factors Associated With Uptake.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Use of modern contraceptive methods in Nigeria remained at 10%
      between 2008 and 2013 despite substantive investments in family planning
      services. Many women in their first postpartum year, in particular, have an unmet
      need for family planning. We evaluated use of postpartum intrauterine device
      (IUD) insertion and determined factors associated with its uptake in Nigeria.
      METHODS: Data were collected between May 2014 and February 2015 from 11 private
      health care facilities in 6 southern Nigerian states. Women attending antenatal
      care in participating facilities were counseled on all available contraceptive
      methods including the postpartum IUD. Data were abstracted from participating
      facility records and evaluated using a cross-sectional analysis. Categorical
      variables were calculated as proportions while continuous variables were
      calculated as medians with the associated interquartile range (IQR). Multivariate
      logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with uptake
      of the postpartum IUD while controlling for potential confounding factors,
      including age, educational attainment, marital status, parity, number of living
      children, and previous use of contraception. RESULTS: During the study period,
      728 women delivered in the 11 facilities. The median age was 28 years, and most
      women were educated (73% had completed at least the secondary level). The
      majority (96%) of the women reported they were married, and the median number of
      living children was 3 (IQR, 2-4). Uptake of the postpartum IUD was 41% (n = 300),
      with 8% (n = 25) of the acceptors experiencing expulsion of the IUD within 6
      weeks post-insertion. After controlling for potential confounding factors,
      several characteristics were associated with greater likelihood of choosing the
      postpartum IUD, including lower education, having a higher number of living
      children, and being single. Women who had used contraceptives previously were
      less likely to choose the postpartum IUD than women who had not previously used
      contraception (adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 0.84).
      CONCLUSION: A high percentage (41%) of women delivering in private health care
      facilities in southern Nigeria accepted immediate postpartum IUD insertion. Scale
      up of postpartum IUD services is a promising approach to increasing uptake of
      long-acting reversible contraceptives among women in Nigeria.

PMID- 27353621
TI  - Partnerships for Policy Development: A Case Study From Uganda's Costed
      Implementation Plan for Family Planning.
AB  - In global health, partnerships between practitioners and policy makers facilitate
      stakeholders in jointly addressing those issues that require multiple
      perspectives for developing, implementing, and evaluating plans, strategies, and
      programs. For family planning, costed implementation plans (CIPs) are developed
      through a strategic government-led consultative process that results in a
      detailed plan for program activities and an estimate of the funding required to
      achieve an established set of goals. Since 2009, many countries have developed
      CIPs. Conventionally, the CIP approach has not been defined with partnerships as
      a focal point; nevertheless, cooperation between key stakeholders is vital to CIP
      development and execution. Uganda launched a CIP in November 2014, thus providing
      an opportunity to examine the process through a partnership lens. This article
      describes Uganda's CIP development process in detail, grounded in a framework for
      assessing partnerships, and provides the findings from 22 key informant
      interviews. Findings reveal strengths in Uganda's CIP development process, such
      as willingness to adapt and strong senior management support. However, the
      evaluation also highlighted challenges, including district health officers
      (DHOs), who are a key group of implementers, feeling excluded from the
      development process. There was also a lack of planning around long-term
      partnership practices that could help address anticipated execution challenges.
      The authors recommend that future CIP development efforts use a long-term
      partnership strategy that fosters accountability by encompassing both the short
      term goal of developing the CIP and the longer-term goal of achieving the CIP
      objectives. Although this study focused on Uganda's CIP for family planning, its
      lessons have implications for any policy or strategy development efforts that
      require multiple stakeholders to ensure successful execution.

PMID- 27353622
TI  - Family Planning Counseling in Your Pocket: A Mobile Job Aid for Community Health
      Workers in Tanzania.
AB  - To address low contraceptive use in Tanzania, a pilot intervention using a mobile
      job aid was developed to guide community health workers (CHWs) to deliver
      integrated counseling on family planning, HIV, and other sexually transmitted
      infections (STIs). In this article, we describe the process of developing the
      family planning algorithms and implementation of the mobile job aid, discuss how
      the job aid supported collection of real-time data for decision making, and
      present the cost of the overall system based on an evaluation of the pilot. The
      family planning algorithm was developed, beginning in June 2011, in partnership
      with the Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare based on a combination of
      evidence-based tools such as the Balanced Counseling Strategy Plus Toolkit. The
      pilot intervention and study was implemented with 25 CHWs in 3 wards in Ilala
      district in Dar es Salaam between January 2013 and July 2013. A total of 710
      family planning users (455 continuing users and 255 new users) were registered
      and counseled using the mobile job aid over the 6-month intervention period. All
      users were screened for current pregnancy, questioned on partner support for
      contraceptive use, counseled on a range of contraceptives, and screened for
      HIV/STI risk. Most new and continuing family planning users chose pills and male
      condoms (59% and 73%, respectively). Pills and condoms were provided by the CHW
      at the community level. Referrals were made to the health facility for pregnancy
      confirmation, injectable contraceptives, long-acting reversible contraceptives
      and HIV/STI testing. Follow-up visits with clients were planned to confirm
      completion of the health facility referral. The financial cost of implementing
      this intervention with 25 CHWs and 3 supervisors are estimated to be US$26,000
      for the first year. For subsequent years, the financial costs are estimated to be
      73% lower at $7,100. Challenges such as limited client follow-up by CHWs and use
      of data by supervisors identified during the pilot are currently being addressed
      during the scale-up phase by developing accountability and incentive mechanisms
      for CHWs and dashboards for data access and use.

PMID- 27353623
TI  - Enhancing the Supervision of Community Health Workers With WhatsApp Mobile
      Messaging: Qualitative Findings From 2 Low-Resource Settings in Kenya.
AB  - An estimated half of all mobile phone users in Kenya use WhatsApp, an instant
      messaging platform that provides users an affordable way to send and receive text
      messages, photos, and other media at the one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or
      many-to-many levels. A mobile learning intervention aimed at strengthening
      supervisory support for community health workers (CHWs) in Kibera and Makueni,
      Kenya, created a WhatsApp group for CHWs and their supervisors to support
      supervision, professional development, and team building. We analyzed 6 months of
      WhatsApp chat logs (from August 19, 2014, to March 1, 2015) and conducted
      interviews with CHWs and their supervisors to understand how they used this
      instant messaging tool. During the study period, 1,830 posts were made by
      41participants. Photos were a key component of the communication among CHWs and
      their supervisors: 430 (23.4%) of all posts contained photos or other media. Of
      the remaining 1,400 text-based posts, 87.6% (n = 1,227) related to at least 1 of
      3 defined supervision objectives: (1) quality assurance, (2) communication and
      information, or (3) supportive environment. This supervision took place in the
      context of posts about the roll out of the new mobile learning intervention and
      the delivery of routine health care services, as well as team-building efforts
      and community development. Our preliminary investigation demonstrates that with
      minimal training, CHWs and their supervisors tailored the multi-way communication
      features of this mobile instant messaging technology to enact virtual one-to-one,
      group, and peer-to-peer forms of supervision and support, and they switched
      channels of communication depending on the supervisory objectives. We encourage
      additional research on how health workers incorporate mobile technologies into
      their practices to develop and implement effective supervisory systems that will
      safeguard patient privacy, strengthen the formal health system, and create
      innovative forms of community-based, digitally supported professional development
      for CHWs.

PMID- 27353624
TI  - Declining HIV Prevalence in Parallel With Safer Sex Behaviors in Burkina Faso:
      Evidence From Surveillance and Population-Based Surveys.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate trends in HIV prevalence and changes in reported sexual
      behaviors between 1998 and 2014 in Burkina Faso. METHODS: We obtained data on HIV
      prevalence from antenatal care (ANC) surveillance sites (N = 9) that were
      consistently included in surveillance between 1998 and 2014. We also analyzed
      data on HIV prevalence and reported sex behaviors from 3 population-based surveys
      from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), conducted in 1998-99, 2003, and
      2010. Sex behavior indicators comprised never-married youth who have never had
      sex; sex with more than 1 partner; sex with a nonmarital, non-cohabiting partner;
      condom use at last sex with a nonmarital, non-cohabiting partner; and sex before
      age 15. We calculated survey-specific HIV prevalence with 95% confidence
      intervals (CIs) and used the chi-square test or chi-square test for trend to
      compare HIV prevalence across survey years and to analyze trends in reported sex
      behaviors. RESULTS: HIV prevalence among pregnant women ages 15-49 decreased by
      72% in urban areas, from 7.1% in 1998 to 2.0% in 2014, and by 75% in rural areas,
      from 2.0% in 2003 to 0.5% in 2014. HIV declined most in younger age groups, which
      is a good reflection of recent incidence, with declines of 55% among 15-19-year
      olds, 72% among 20-24-year-olds, 40% among 25-29-year-olds, and 7% among those
      >=30 years old (considering urban and rural data combined). Data reported in the
      DHS corroborated these declines in HIV prevalence: between 2003 and 2010, HIV
      prevalence dropped significantly-by 89% among girls ages 15-19, from 0.9% (95%
      CI, 0.2 to 1.6) to 0.1% (95% CI, 0.0 to 0.4), and by 78% among young women ages
      20-24, from 1.8% (95% CI, 1.6 to 3.0) to 0.4% (95% CI, 0.0 to 0.7). During the
      same time period, people reported safer sex behaviors. For example, significantly
      higher percentages of never-married youth reported they had never had sex, lower
      percentages of sexually active youth reported multiple sex partners, and lower
      percentages of youth reported having sex before age 15. In addition, the
      percentage of men ages 20-49 reporting sex with a nonmarital, non-cohabiting
      partner declined significantly, while condom use at last sex with such a partner
      increased significantly among both men and women ages 15-49. CONCLUSIONS: Both
      ANC surveillance and population-based surveys report sharp declines in HIV
      prevalence in Burkina Faso between 1998 and 2014, accompanied by improvements in
      reported risky sex behaviors.

PMID- 27353625
TI  - Handwashing With a Water-Efficient Tap and Low-Cost Foaming Soap: The Povu Poa
      "Cool Foam" System in Kenya.

PMID- 27353626
TI  - Fertility Awareness Methods Are Not Modern Contraceptives: Defining Contraception
      to Reflect Our Priorities.

PMID- 27353627
TI  - Response to Austad: Offering a Range of Methods, Including Fertility Awareness
      Methods, Facilitates Method Choice.

PMID- 27353628
TI  - Perinatal Mortality Due to Pre-Eclampsia in Africa: A Comprehensive and
      Integrated Approach Is Needed.

PMID- 27353629
TI  - Editors' Response to Omotayo: Research Needed on Better Prevention of Pre
      Eclampsia.

PMID- 27353630
TI  - Optimism for the UN Proclamation of the Decade of Action on Nutrition: An African
      Perspective.

PMID- 27353632
TI  - Holographic microscopy and microfluidics platform for measuring wall stress and
      3D flow over surfaces textured by micro-pillars.
AB  - Understanding how fluid flow interacts with micro-textured surfaces is crucial
      for a broad range of key biological processes and engineering applications
      including particle dispersion, pathogenic infections, and drag manipulation by
      surface topology. We use high-speed digital holographic microscopy (DHM) in
      combination with a correlation based de-noising algorithm to overcome the optical
      interference generated by surface roughness and to capture a large number of 3D
      particle trajectories in a microfluidic channel with one surface patterned with
      micropillars. It allows us to obtain a 3D ensembled velocity field with an
      uncertainty of 0.06% and 2D wall shear stress distribution at the resolution of
      ~65 MUPa. Contrary to laminar flow in most microfluidics, we find that the flow
      is three-dimensional and complex for the textured microchannel. While the
      micropillars affect the velocity flow field locally, their presence is felt
      globally in terms of wall shear stresses at the channel walls. These findings
      imply that micro-scale mixing and wall stress sensing/manipulation can be
      achieved through hydro-dynamically smooth but topologically rough micropillars.

PMID- 27353633
TI  - Human choices between variable and fixed rewards in hypothetical variable-delay
      and double-reward discounting procedures.
AB  - Prior research has shown that nonhumans show an extreme preference for variable-
      over fixed-delays to reinforcement. This well-established preference for
      variability occurs because a reinforcer's strength or "value" decreases according
      to a curvilinear function as its delay increases. The purpose of the present
      experiments was to investigate whether this preference for variability occurs
      with human participants making hypothetical choices. In three experiments,
      participants recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk made choices between variable
      and fixed monetary rewards. In a variable-delay procedure, participants
      repeatedly chose between a reward delivered either immediately or after a delay
      (with equal probability) and a reward after a fixed delay (Experiments 1 and 2).
      In a double-reward procedure, participants made choices between an alternative
      consisting of two rewards, one delivered immediately and one after a delay, and a
      second alternative consisting of a single reward delivered after a delay
      (Experiments 1 and 3). Finally, all participants completed a standard delay
      discounting task. Although we observed both curvilinear discounting and magnitude
      effects in the standard discounting task, we found no consistent evidence of a
      preference for variability-as predicted by two prominent models of curvilinear
      discounting (i.e., a simple hyperbola and a hyperboloid)-in our variable-delay
      and double-reward procedures. This failure to observe a preference for
      variability may be attributed to the hypothetical, rule-governed nature of
      choices in the present study. In such contexts, participants may adopt relatively
      simple strategies for making more complex choices.

PMID- 27353634
TI  - Comparison of laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma located
      in the posterosuperior segments or anterolateral segments: A case-matched
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic liver resection is an attractive option for treating
      liver tumors. Laparoscopic liver resection is more difficult for hepatocellular
      carcinomas located in the posterosuperior segments than for hepatocellular
      carcinomas in the anterolateral segments. We compared perioperative and long-term
      outcomes between laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinomas
      located in the posterosuperior and anterolateral segments. METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed the clinical data for 230 patients who underwent
      laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinomas between September 2003
      and July 2014. Of these, 116 patients were selected by case-matched analysis
      using age, sex, tumor number and size, Child-Pugh class, and extent of liver
      resection. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to tumor location:
      the anterolateral group (n = 58) and the posterosuperior group (n = 58). RESULTS:
      Operation time (355 minutes vs 212 minutes, P < .005), intraoperative blood loss
      (600 mL vs 410 mL, P < .001), and hospital stay (8.5 days vs 7 days, P = .040)
      were significantly greater in the posterosuperior group than in the anterolateral
      group. The open conversion (13.8% vs 10.3%, P = .777), postoperative complication
      (17.2% vs 10.3%, P = .420), 5-year overall survival (88.5% vs 85.7%, P = .370),
      and 5-year, recurrence-free survival (47.6% vs 40.9%, P = .678) rates were not
      significantly different between the posterosuperior and anterolateral groups.
      CONCLUSION: Although laparoscopic liver resection is more difficult for
      hepatocellular carcinomas located in the posterosuperior segment, there were no
      differences in the short- and long-term outcomes between the posterosuperior and
      anterolateral groups. The perceived impact of tumor location on patient outcomes
      could be overcome by experience and technical improvements.

PMID- 27353635
TI  - Optimum coil insertion speed of various coils in brain aneurysm embolization in
      vitro.
AB  - A coil must comprise material with shape memory to perform optimal coil
      embolization. To achieve this, the alloy characteristics of the coil (hardness,
      shape, and thickness) must be understood. In this experiment, a catheter was
      fixed in the bright position and the movement of the coil was observed under a
      constant rate of insertion; the optimal insertion rate during clinical use was
      investigated. The first coil insertion speed was evaluated using simulated
      aneurysms in an in vivo arterial model. The results showed that the insertion
      force relates to the deployment shape of the coil, that the feedback through the
      force indicator using sound is very effective, and that the recorder is useful
      for analysis of coil embolization. The inserted coils during aneurysm
      embolization were able to wind uniformly within the aneurysm due to a variety of
      factors (guiding or micro-catheter position and kick-back phenomenon such as
      delivery wire). Optimal speed is achieved with proper coil design, which allows
      the coil to be inserted into the aneurysm. The shape and size of the aneurysm can
      help determine the necessary size and design of the coil that should be used
      during the optimal speed range. Aneurysm wall and coil characteristics are
      considered, along with the friction state of the coil (hardness, shape, and
      thickness), leading to improvements in safety during the insertion procedure at
      optimum speed. 

PMID- 27353636
TI  - Intestinal malrotation needs immediate consideration and investigation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical presentation,
      diagnostic studies, and volvulus rate and to describe the unusual clinical clues
      of intestinal malrotation. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive review was
      carried out of all patients diagnosed with intestinal malrotation between 2002
      and 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: infants (<=1 year, n = 16; group
      1); and children (>1 year, n = 12; group 2). Patient demographics, clinical
      history, symptoms, physical examination, diagnostic work-up, operative findings
      and early outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: Bilious vomiting was the cardinal
      complaint in both groups. Unusual symptoms such as respiratory insufficiency,
      dehydration, afebrile convulsion, and lethargy were prominent symptoms in six
      patients in group 1, whereas history of frequent hospitalization due to recurrent
      abdominal pain and feeding intolerance were prominent in six patients in group 2.
      Midgut volvulus was identified in 15 patients, four of whom were in group 2.
      Standard Ladd's procedure was done in addition to correction of volvulus.
      CONCLUSION: Malrotation with or without midgut volvulus is not a rare condition
      and should be kept in mind for any age group. Specific signs of diagnosis are not
      easily identified. In the case of unusual clinical presentation, diagnosis may be
      delayed and can result in catastrophic consequences if intestinal perfusion
      occurs. Although midgut volvulus is seen most frequently in infants, risk and
      complication rate are high beyond 1 year of age as well, and can manifest as
      failure to thrive, food intolerance, and abdominal pain needing recurrent
      hospitalization. Diagnostic suspicion and interdisciplinary coordination are
      essential for timely diagnosis and surgical treatment.

PMID- 27353637
TI  - Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of the red cell volume disorders.
AB  - Genetic defects of erythrocyte transport proteins cause disorders of red blood
      cell volume that are characterized by abnormal permeability to the cations Na(+)
      and K(+) and, consequently, by changes in red cell hydration. Clinically, these
      disorders are associated with chronic haemolytic anaemia of variable severity and
      significant co-morbidities, such as iron overload. This review provides an
      overview of recent insights into the molecular basis of this group of rare
      anaemias involving cation channels and transporters dysfunction. To date, a total
      of 5 different membrane proteins have been reported to be responsible for volume
      homeostasis alteration when mutated, 3 of them leading to overhydrated cells (AE1
      [also termed SLC4A1], RHAG and GLUT1 [also termed SCL2A1) and 2 others to
      dehydrated cells (PIEZO1 and the Gardos Channel). These findings are not only of
      basic scientific interest, but also of direct clinical significance for improving
      diagnostic procedures and identify potential approaches for novel therapeutic
      strategies.

PMID- 27353631
TI  - Hydrogenase Enzymes and Their Synthetic Models: The Role of Metal Hydrides.
AB  - Hydrogenase enzymes efficiently process H2 and protons at organometallic FeFe,
      NiFe, or Fe active sites. Synthetic modeling of the many H2ase states has
      provided insight into H2ase structure and mechanism, as well as afforded
      catalysts for the H2 energy vector. Particularly important are hydride-bearing
      states, with synthetic hydride analogues now known for each hydrogenase class.
      These hydrides are typically prepared by protonation of low-valent cores.
      Examples of FeFe and NiFe hydrides derived from H2 have also been prepared. Such
      chemistry is more developed than mimicry of the redox-inactive monoFe enzyme,
      although functional models of the latter are now emerging. Advances in physical
      and theoretical characterization of H2ase enzymes and synthetic models have
      proven key to the study of hydrides in particular, and will guide modeling
      efforts toward more robust and active species optimized for practical
      applications. 

PMID- 27353639
TI  - Design and synthesis of hollow NiCo2O4 nanoboxes as anodes for lithium-ion and
      sodium-ion batteries.
AB  - Hollow porous NiCo2O4-nanoboxes (NCO-NBs) were synthesized with zeolitic
      imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) nanocrystals as the template followed by a
      subsequent annealing treatment. The structure and morphology of the NCO-NBs were
      characterized using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron
      microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. When tested as potential anode
      materials for lithium-ion batteries, these porous NCO-NBs with a well-defined
      hollow structure manifested enhanced performance of Li storage. The discharge
      capacity of the NCO-NBs remained 1080 mA h g(-1) after 150 cycles at a current
      rate of 500 mA g(-1) and 884 mA h g(-1) could be obtained at a current density of
      2000 mA g(-1) after 200 cycles. Even when cycled at a high density of 8000 mA g(
      1), a comparable capacity of 630 mA h g(-1) could be achieved. Meanwhile, the Na
      storage behavior of NCO-NBs as anode materials of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) was
      initially investigated and they exhibited a high initial discharge capacity of
      826 mA h g(-1), and a moderate capacity retention of 328 mA h g(-1) was retained
      after 30 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance for NCO-NBs could be
      attributed to the hierarchical hollow structure and the desirable composition,
      which provide enough space to alleviate volume expansion during the Li(+)/Na(+)
      insertion/extraction process and facilitate rapid transport of ions and
      electrons. 

PMID- 27353638
TI  - Impact of age, gender and CYP2C9/2C19 genotypes on dose-adjusted steady-state
      serum concentrations of valproic acid-a large-scale study based on naturalistic
      therapeutic drug monitoring data.
AB  - PURPOSE: Valproic acid (VPA) has an extensive interindividual pharmacokinetic
      variability. Published data regarding the impact of gender, age, and CYP2C9/2C19
      genetics on VPA variability are conflicting, and the purpose of present study is
      to clarify the effect of these factors on dose-adjusted steady-state serum VPA
      concentration (C:D ratio) in a large, naturalistic patient material. METHODS: In
      patients who had been subjected to cytochrome P450 (CYP) genotyping and
      therapeutic drug monitoring of VPA, information about serum concentrations, dose,
      gender, age, and CYP2C9/2C19 genotypes was retrospectively collected from a
      routine TDM database during the period 2008-2012. The effects of age, gender, and
      CYP2C9/CYP2C19 genotypes on C:D ratios of VPA were investigated by multivariate
      analyses (mixed model) including sampling time as covariate. RESULTS: In total,
      857 serum concentrations from 252 patients were included. A significant gender
      effect was observed with a 1.3-fold higher estimated C:D ratio in females than in
      males, i.e., geometric means 0.34 vs. 0.27 MUM/mg/day, respectively (p < 0.001).
      A similar and significant difference in estimated geometric means was found
      between patients >65 vs. <=65 years, i.e., 0.36 vs. 0.26 MUM/mg/day (p < 0.001),
      respectively. Finally, no association between the various CYP2C9/2C19 variant
      genotypes and C:D ratio of VPA was observed (p > 0.1). CONCLUSION: The present
      study shows that age and gender significantly influence VPA serum concentration.
      In order to obtain similar drug exposure, our findings suggest that older female
      patients would generally require 30-50 % lower dosing of VPA compared to younger
      males. Moreover, we conclude that CYP2C9/2C19 genotype is not relevant for
      variability in VPA exposure.

PMID- 27353640
TI  - Construct Validity of Almutairi's Critical Cultural Competence Scale.
AB  - Cultural diversity in health care settings can threaten the well-being of
      patients, their families, and health care providers. This psychometric study
      evaluated the construct validity of the recently developed four-factor, 43-item
      Critical Cultural Competence Scale (CCCS) which was designed to overcome the
      conceptual limitations of previously developed scales. The study was conducted in
      Canada with a random sample of 170 registered nurses. Comparisons with the
      Cultural Competence Assessment instrument, Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy, and
      Cultural Intelligence Scale provided mixed evidence of convergent validity.
      Modest correlations were found between the total scale scores suggesting that the
      CCCS is measuring a more comprehensive and conceptually distinct construct.
      Stronger correlations were found between the more conceptually similar subscales.
      Evidence for discriminant validity was also mixed. Results support use of the
      CCCS to measure health care providers' perceptions of their critical cultural
      competence though ongoing evaluation is warranted.

PMID- 27353641
TI  - Social Support and Cognition: Early Childhood Versus Older Adulthood.
AB  - Cognitive development in early childhood and cognitive preservation in older
      adulthood are critical for leading healthy life. Social engagement can
      significantly affect cognition, but their relationships are unclear. The purpose
      of this review was to synthesize current findings on the relationship between
      social engagement and cognition in early childhood and older adulthood. PubMed,
      Web of Science, Ovid Medline, and PsycINFO were searched for studies published in
      1995-2015 for a comprehensive review. Included in this review were 42 articles
      written in English, published in peer-reviewed journals with participants' age
      being 2 to 6 or >=65 years, and measurement of social engagement and cognition.
      Overall, greater social engagement was associated with higher levels of cognition
      across the life span, association of which seemed more prominent in populations
      at risk of cognitive impairment. Additional research is needed to elucidate
      biobehavioral mechanisms underlying these relationships and to test the efficacy
      of new interventions.

PMID- 27353642
TI  - Green tea extract catechin improves internal cardiac muscle relaxation in RCM
      mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diastolic dysfunction refers to an impaired relaxation and an
      abnormality in a heart's filling during diastole while left ventricular systolic
      function is preserved. Diastolic dysfunction is commonly observed in patients
      with primary hypertension, diabetes and cardiomyopathies such as hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy or restrictive cardiomyopathy. We have generated a restrictive
      cardiomyopathy (RCM) mouse model with troponin mutations in the heart to mimic
      the human RCM patients carrying the same mutations. RESULTS: In the present
      study, we have investigated the ventricular muscle internal dynamics and pressure
      developed during systole and diastole by inserting a micro-catheter into the left
      ventricle of the RCM mice with or without treatment of desensitizer green tea
      extracts catechins. Our results demonstrate that green tea catechin is able to
      correct diastolic dysfunction in RCM mainly by improving ventricular compliance
      and reducing the internal muscle rigidity caused by myofibril hypersensitivity to
      Ca(2+). CONCLUSION: Green tea extract catechin is effective in correcting
      diastolic dysfunction and improving ventricular muscle intrinsic compliance in
      RCM caused by troponin mutations.

PMID- 27353643
TI  - Seasonality of sex ratio at births in Iceland and effects of the 2010
      Eyjafjallajokull volcanic eruption.

PMID- 27353644
TI  - Urinary inflammatory cytokines as indicators of kidney damage in type 2 diabetic
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate whether urinary levels of
      interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) are altered in
      normoalbuminuric patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and whether these
      cytokines are able to identify diabetic kidney disease (DKD) among these
      patients. METHODS: This study included 125 T2DM patients classified into 3 groups
      according to urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR): uACR <10mg/g creatinine,
      uACR 10-30mg/g creatinine and uACR >30mg/g creatinine. Urinary inflammatory
      cytokines were measured. RESULTS: The urinary IL-6 concentrations increased from
      uACR <10 (97.2+/-26.4pg/ml) to uACR 10-30 (113.6+/-28.0pg/ml) and to uACR >30mg/g
      creatinine (163.5+/-25.6pg/ml) (P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively) patients. The
      urinary IL-10 concentrations decreased in these uACR ranges [100.0 (58.0-141.0)
      pg/ml vs. 62.0 (54.5-71.5) pg/ml vs. 42.0 (32.0-48.0) pg/ml] (P<0.05 and P<0.001,
      respectively). All urinary cytokines demonstrated good ability to identify DKD
      (areas under curves >0.9). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary inflammatory cytokines,
      especially IL-6 and IL-10, may assist in the identification of DKD in T2DM
      patients, even in the absence of micro- and macroalbuminuria.

PMID- 27353645
TI  - A FBN1 mutation association with different phenotypes of Marfan syndrome in a
      Chinese family.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrated that patients with different FBN1
      mutations often present more considerable phenotypic variation compared to
      different members of the related family carrying a same mutation. The purpose of
      our study was to identify pathogenic mutation and provide more information about
      genotype-phenotypic correlations in a large Chinese family with Marfan syndrome.
      METHODS: 15 related family members from a Chinese 4-generation pedigree with
      Marfan syndrome underwent physical, ophthalmologic, radiological and
      cardiovascular examinations. The propositus has De Bakey III aortic dissection
      and didn't fulfill the revised Ghent criteria for Marfan syndrome. Nine family
      members have ectopia lentis and their echocardiogram was normal. Five other
      family members have no evidence of Marfan syndrome. Genomic DNA was isolated from
      blood leukocytes. The exome sequencing was employed on the propositus, then the
      Sanger sequencing was conducted for mutation verification in other 14
      participants of this family. RESULTS: The causative mutation in FBN1 discovered
      in the propositus was a known heterozygous missense mutation, c.1633T>G
      (p.R545C), in exon 14 (NM 000138). This same mutation was also identified in all
      9 ectopia lentis patients and one unaffected 8-year-old girl. However, the same
      mutation was not discovered in other 4 unaffected family members. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our data enhance the information of genotype-phenotype correlation owing to FBN1
      mutations. To our current knowledge, we firstly reported that the same FBN1
      mutation, c. 1633C>T (Arg545Cys), was detected simultaneously in three different
      cardinal phenotypes (ectopia lentis, aortic dissection and unaffected) within one
      family. The unaffected girl with FBN1 mutation may presumably represent a rare
      case of nonpenetrance.

PMID- 27353646
TI  - Presepsin is an early monitoring biomarker for predicting clinical outcome in
      patients with sepsis.
AB  - Despite their undoubted helpfulness in diagnosing sepsis, increased blood C
      reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) levels have been described in many
      noninfectious conditions. Presepsin is a soluble fragment of the cluster of
      differentiation 14 involved in pathogen recognition by innate immunity. We aimed
      to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of presepsin in
      comparison to PCT and CRP in patients presenting with systemic inflammatory
      response syndrome (SIRS) and suspected sepsis. Seventy-six subjects were enrolled
      in this study, including 51 patients with SIRS as well as 25 healthy subjects.
      Plasma presepsin, PCT and CRP levels were serially measured on admission and at
      days 1, 3, 7 and 15. Presepsin and PCT yielded similar diagnostic accuracy,
      whereas presepsin performed significantly better than CRP. Presepsin and PCT
      showed comparable performance for predicting 28-day mortality, and both
      biomarkers performed significantly better than CRP. In septic patients, presepsin
      revealed earlier concentration changes over time when compared to PCT and CRP.
      Presepsin and PCT could differentiate between septic and non-septic patients with
      comparable accuracy and both biomarkers showed similar performance for predicting
      28-day mortality. Early changes in presepsin concentrations might reflect the
      appropriateness of the therapeutic modality and could be useful for making
      effective treatment decisions. 

PMID- 27353647
TI  - The infectious BAC genomic DNA expression library: a high capacity vector system
      for functional genomics.
AB  - Gene dosage plays a critical role in a range of cellular phenotypes, yet most
      cellular expression systems use heterologous cDNA-based vectors which express
      proteins well above physiological levels. In contrast, genomic DNA expression
      vectors generate physiologically-relevant levels of gene expression by carrying
      the whole genomic DNA locus of a gene including its regulatory elements. Here we
      describe the first genomic DNA expression library generated using the high
      capacity herpes simplex virus-1 amplicon technology to deliver bacterial
      artificial chromosomes (BACs) into cells by viral transduction. The infectious
      BAC (iBAC) library contains 184,320 clones with an average insert size of 134.5
      kb. We show in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) disease model cell line and mouse
      embryonic stem (ES) cells that this library can be used for genetic rescue
      studies in a range of contexts including the physiological restoration of Ldlr
      deficiency, and viral receptor expression. The iBAC library represents an
      important new genetic analysis tool openly available to the research community.

PMID- 27353648
TI  - The Bacterial Microbiome and Virome Milestones of Infant Development.
AB  - The human gut harbors a complex community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists,
      and other microorganisms (collectively termed the microbiome) that impact health
      and disease. Emerging studies indicate that the gut bacterial microbiome and
      virome play an important role in healthy infant development. In turn, the
      composition of the microbiome during development can be influenced by factors
      such as dietary, environmental, and maternal conditions. As such, the microbiome
      trajectory during early infancy could be predictors of healthy development.
      Conversely, adverse early events in life may have consequences later in life.
      This review focuses on our understanding of the bacterial microbiome and virome
      during early development, conditions that might influence these processes, and
      their long-term implications for infant health.

PMID- 27353649
TI  - The Escherichia coli P and Type 1 Pilus Assembly Chaperones PapD and FimC Are
      Monomeric in Solution.
AB  - The chaperone/usher pathway is used by Gram-negative bacteria to assemble
      adhesive surface structures known as pili or fimbriae. Uropathogenic strains of
      Escherichia coli use this pathway to assemble P and type 1 pili, which facilitate
      colonization of the kidney and bladder, respectively. Pilus assembly requires a
      periplasmic chaperone and outer membrane protein termed the usher. The chaperone
      allows folding of pilus subunits and escorts the subunits to the usher for
      polymerization into pili and secretion to the cell surface. Based on previous
      structures of mutant versions of the P pilus chaperone PapD, it was suggested
      that the chaperone dimerizes in the periplasm as a self-capping mechanism. Such
      dimerization is counterintuitive because the chaperone G1 strand, important for
      chaperone-subunit interaction, is buried at the dimer interface. Here, we show
      that the wild-type PapD chaperone also forms a dimer in the crystal lattice;
      however, the dimer interface is different from the previously solved structures.
      In contrast to the crystal structures, we found that both PapD and the type 1
      pilus chaperone, FimC, are monomeric in solution. Our findings indicate that
      pilus chaperones do not sequester their G1 beta-strand by forming a dimer.
      Instead, the chaperones may expose their G1 strand for facile interaction with
      pilus subunits. We also found that the type 1 pilus adhesin, FimH, is flexible in
      solution while in complex with its chaperone, whereas the P pilus adhesin,
      PapGII, is rigid. Our study clarifies a crucial step in pilus biogenesis and
      reveals pilus-specific differences that may relate to biological function.
      IMPORTANCE: Pili are critical virulence factors for many bacterial pathogens.
      Uropathogenic E. coli relies on P and type 1 pili assembled by the
      chaperone/usher pathway to adhere to the urinary tract and establish infection.
      Studying pilus assembly is important for understanding mechanisms of protein
      secretion, as well as for identifying points for therapeutic intervention. Pilus
      biogenesis is a multistep process. This work investigates the oligomeric state of
      the pilus chaperone in the periplasm, which is important for understanding early
      assembly events. Our work unambiguously demonstrates that both PapD and FimC
      chaperones are monomeric in solution. We further demonstrate that the solution
      behavior of the FimH and PapGII adhesins differ, which may be related to
      functional differences between the two pilus systems.

PMID- 27353650
TI  - Competence for Genetic Transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Mutations in
      sigmaA Bypass the ComW Requirement for Late Gene Expression.
AB  - Streptococcus pneumoniae is able to integrate exogenous DNA into its genome by
      natural genetic transformation. Transient accumulation of high levels of the only
      S. pneumoniae alternative sigma factor is insufficient for development of full
      competence without expression of a second competence-specific protein, ComW. The
      DeltacomW mutant is 10(4)-fold deficient in the yield of recombinants, 10-fold
      deficient in the amount of sigma(X) activity, and 10-fold deficient in the amount
      of sigma(X) protein. The critical role of ComW during transformation can be
      partially obviated by sigma(A) mutations clustered on surfaces controlling
      affinity for core RNA polymerase (RNAP). While strains harboring sigma(A)
      mutations in the comW mutant background were transforming at higher rates, the
      mechanism of transformation restoration was not clear. To investigate the
      mechanism of transformation restoration, we measured late gene expression in
      sigma(A)* suppressor strains. Restoration of late gene expression was observed in
      DeltacomW sigma(A)* mutants, indicating that a consequence of the sigma(A)*
      mutations is, at least, to restore sigma(X) activity. Competence kinetics were
      normal in DeltacomW sigma(A)* strains, indicating that strains with restored
      competence exhibit the same pattern of transience as wild-type (WT) strains. We
      also identified a direct interaction between ComW and sigma(X) using the yeast
      two-hybrid (Y2H) assay. Taken together, these data are consistent with the idea
      that ComW increases sigma(X) access to core RNAP, pointing to a direct role of
      ComW in sigma factor exchange during genetic transformation. However, the lack of
      late gene shutoff in DeltacomW mutants also points to a potential new role for
      ComW in competence shutoff. IMPORTANCE: The sole alternative sigma factor of the
      streptococci, SigX, regulates development of competence for genetic
      transformation, a widespread mechanism of adaptation by horizontal gene transfer
      in this genus. The transient appearance of this sigma factor is strictly
      controlled at the levels of transcription and stability. This report shows that
      it is also controlled at the point of its substitution for SigA by a second
      transient competence-specific protein, ComW.

PMID- 27353652
TI  - cis-Encoded Small RNAs, a Conserved Mechanism for Repression of Polysaccharide
      Utilization in Bacteroides.
AB  - Bacteroides is a major component of the human gut microbiota which has a broad
      impact on the development and physiology of its host and a potential role in a
      wide range of disease syndromes. The predominance of this genus is due in large
      part to expansion of paralogous gene clusters, termed polysaccharide utilization
      loci (PULs), dedicated to the uptake and catabolism of host-derived and dietary
      polysaccharides. The nutritive value and availability of polysaccharides in the
      gut vary greatly; thus, their utilization is hierarchical and strictly
      controlled. A typical PUL includes regulatory genes that induce PUL expression in
      response to the presence of specific glycan substrates. However, the existence of
      additional regulatory mechanisms has been predicted to explain phenomena such as
      hierarchical control and catabolite repression. In this report, a previously
      unknown layer of regulatory control was discovered in Bacteroides fragilis
      Exploratory transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed the presence of
      cis-encoded antisense small RNAs (sRNAs) associated with 15 (30%) of the B.
      fragilis PULs. A model system using the Don (degradation of N-glycans) PUL showed
      that the donS sRNA negatively regulated Don expression at the transcriptional
      level, resulting in a decrease in N-glycan utilization. Additional studies
      performed with other Bacteroides species indicated that this regulatory mechanism
      is highly conserved and, interestingly, that the regulated PULs appear to be
      closely linked to the utilization of host-derived glycans rather than dietary
      plant polysaccharides. The findings described here demonstrate a global control
      mechanism underlying known PUL regulatory circuits and provide insight into
      regulation of Bacteroides physiology. IMPORTANCE: The human gut is colonized by a
      dense microbiota which is essential to the health and normal development of the
      host. A key to gut homeostasis is the preservation of a stable, diverse
      microbiota. Bacteroides is a dominant genus in the gut, and the ability of
      Bacteroides species to efficiently compete for a wide range of glycan energy
      sources is a crucial advantage for colonization. Glycan utilization is mediated
      by a large number of polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) which are regulated
      by substrate induction. In this report, a novel family of antisense sRNAs is
      described whose members repress gene expression in a distinct subset of PULs.
      This repression downregulates PUL expression in the presence of energy sources
      that are more readily utilized such as glucose, thereby allowing efficient glycan
      utilization.

PMID- 27353651
TI  - Partial Diversity Generates Effector Immunity Specificity of the Bac41-Like
      Bacteriocins of Enterococcus faecalis Clinical Strains.
AB  - Bacteriocin 41 (Bac41) is the plasmid-encoded bacteriocin produced by the
      opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis Its genetic determinant consists of
      bacL1 (effector), bacL2 (regulator), bacA (effector), and bacI (immunity). The
      secreted effectors BacL1 and BacA coordinate to induce the lytic cell death of E.
      faecalis Meanwhile, the immunity factor BacI provides self-resistance to the
      Bac41 producer, E. faecalis, against the action of BacL1 and BacA. In this study,
      we demonstrated that more than half of the 327 clinical strains of E. faecalis
      screened had functional Bac41 genes. Analysis of the genetic structure of the
      Bac41 genes in the DNA sequences of the E. faecalis strains revealed that the
      Bac41-like genes consist of a relatively conserved region and a variable region
      located downstream from bacA Based on similarities in the variable region, the
      Bac41-like genes could be classified into type I, type IIa, and type IIb.
      Interestingly, the distinct Bac41 types had specific immunity factors for self
      resistance, BacI1 or BacI2, and did not show cross-immunity to the other type of
      effector. We also demonstrated experimentally that the specificity of the
      immunity was determined by the combination of the C-terminal region of BacA and
      the presence of the unique BacI1 or BacI2 factor. These observations suggested
      that Bac41-like bacteriocin genes are extensively disseminated among E. faecalis
      strains in the clinical environment and can be grouped into at least three types.
      It was also indicated that the partial diversity results in specificity of self
      resistance which may offer these strains a competitive advantage. IMPORTANCE:
      Bacteriocins are antibacterial effectors produced by bacteria. In general, a
      bacteriocin-coding gene is accompanied by a cognate immunity gene that confers
      self-resistance on the bacteriocin-producing bacterium itself. We demonstrated
      that one of the bacteriocins, Bac41, is disseminated among E. faecalis clinical
      strains and the Bac41 subtypes with partial diversity. The Bac41-like
      bacteriocins were found to be classified into type I, type IIa, and type IIb by
      variation of the cognate immunity factors. The antibacterial activity of the
      respective effectors was specifically inhibited by the immunity factor from the
      same type of Bac41 but not the other types. This specificity of effector-immunity
      pairs suggests that bacteriocin genes might have evolved to change the immunity
      specificity to acquire an advantage in interbacterial competition.

PMID- 27353653
TI  - MicroRNA-140 Inhibits Cell Proliferation in Gastric Cancer Cell Line HGC-27 by
      Suppressing SOX4.
AB  - BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor with a high morbidity and
      mortality. MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression, influencing the
      progression of gastric cancer. This study aimed to reveal the role of microRNA
      140 (miR-140) in gastric cancer cell proliferation and its potential mechanisms.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS Gastric cancer tissues and cell lines BGC-823, SGC-7901, and
      HGC-27 were used to analyze miR-140 levels compared to normal tissues and cell
      line GES-1. In HGC-27 cells transfected with miR-140 mimic, we performed MTT,
      colony formation assay, and cell cycle assay by flow cytometry. SOX4, a predicted
      target of miR-140, was mutated to verify its regulation by miR-140, and was
      overexpressed to analyze its function in cell proliferation. Doxorubicin
      treatment was performed to investigate the effect of miR-140 on drug resistance.
      RESULTS miR-140 was down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines, with
      the lowest expression level in HGC-27. miR-140 overexpression inhibited HGC-27
      cell viability and colony formation and resulted in G0/G1 arrest. miR-140
      suppressed SOX4 expression via binding to the 3' untranslated region, while the
      mutant SOX4 could not be regulated. Overexpressing SOX4 led to promoted cell
      viability, colony formation, and cell cycle progress. miR-140 overexpression also
      improved the anti-viability effects of doxorubicin, suggesting its potential in
      reducing the drug resistance of gastric cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest
      that miR-140 directly inhibits SOX4, which might be one of its mechanisms in
      suppressing gastric cancer cell proliferation. This study provides a promising
      therapeutic strategy for treating gastric cancer and facilitates microRNA
      research in various diseases. 

PMID- 27353654
TI  - Structured substrates and delivery vehicles: trending now in biomedicine.

PMID- 27353655
TI  - The use of hyperthermia in the treatment of bladder cancer.

PMID- 27353656
TI  - Lupus anticoagulants associated inhibitor against factor IX in a young patient
      with haemophilia B.

PMID- 27353657
TI  - Protein kinase A inhibition of macrophage maturation is accompanied by an
      increase in DNA methylation of the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene.
AB  - Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) plays a critical role in the
      differentiation of mononuclear phagocytes from bone marrow precursors, and
      maturing monocytes and macrophages exhibit increased expression of the CSF-1
      receptor, CSF1R. The expression of CSF1R is tightly regulated by transcription
      factors and epigenetic mechanisms. We previously showed that prostaglandin E2 and
      subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA) inhibited CSF1R expression and
      macrophage maturation. Here, we examine the DNA methylation changes that occur at
      the Csf1r locus during macrophage maturation in the presence or absence of
      activated PKA. Murine bone marrow cells were matured to macrophages by incubating
      cells with CSF-1-containing conditioned medium for up to 6 days in the presence
      or absence of the PKA agonist 6-bnz-cAMP. DNA methylation of Csf1r promoter and
      enhancer regions was assayed by bisulphite pyrosequencing. DNA methylation of
      Csf1r decreased during normal macrophage maturation in concert with an increase
      in Csf1r mRNA expression. Treatment with the PKA agonist inhibited Csf1r mRNA and
      protein expression, and increased DNA methylation at the Csf1r promoter. This was
      associated with decreased binding of the transcription factor PU.1 to the Csf1r
      promoter. Treatment with the PKA agonist inhibited the responsiveness of
      macrophages to CSF-1. Levels of endogenous PKA activity decreased during normal
      macrophage maturation, suggesting that attenuation of this signalling pathway
      contributes to the increase in CSF1R expression during macrophage maturation.
      Together, these results demonstrate that macrophage maturation is accompanied by
      Csf1r hypomethylation, and illustrates for the first time the ability of PKA to
      increase Csf1r DNA methylation.

PMID- 27353658
TI  - Methane and carbon dioxide flux in the profile of wood ant (Formica aquilonia)
      nests and the surrounding forest floor during a laboratory incubation.
AB  - We compared methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in samples collected
      from the aboveground parts of wood ant nests and in the organic and mineral layer
      of the surrounding forest floor. Gas fluxes were measured during a laboratory
      incubation, and microbial properties (abundance of fungi, bacteria and
      methanotrophic bacteria) and nutrient contents (total and available carbon and
      nitrogen) were also determined. Both CO2 and CH4 were produced from ant nest
      samples, indicating that the aboveground parts of wood ant nests act as sources
      of both gases; in comparison, the forest floor produced about four times less CO2
      and consumed rather than produced CH4 Fluxes of CH4 and CO2 were positively
      correlated with contents of available carbon and nitrogen. The methanotrophic
      community was represented by type II methanotrophic bacteria, but their abundance
      did not explain CH4 flux. Fungal abundance was greater in ant nest samples than
      in forest floor samples, but bacterial abundance was similar in both kinds of
      samples, suggesting that the organic materials in the nests may have been too
      recalcitrant for bacteria to decompose. The results indicate that the aboveground
      parts of wood ant nests are hot spots of CO2 and CH4 production in the forest
      floor.

PMID- 27353659
TI  - Endophytic microbial diversity of the halophyte Arthrocnemum macrostachyum across
      plant compartments.
AB  - In this study, the microbial community structures of the endosphere of the
      halophyte Arthrocnemum macrostachyum were evaluated from two locations in
      Mallorca, Spain, focusing on three plant compartments (roots, green and red
      stems) compared to the rhizospheric soil where the plants grew. The
      physicochemical parameters of the rhizospheric soils differed between locations,
      and the soils were characterized by different microbial community structures.
      Accordingly, the endophytic community composition, mainly composed of putatively
      halophilic organisms, was highly influenced by the rhizospheric soil microbiota,
      as revealed by the co-occurrence of the major endophytic taxa in the endosphere
      and the rizospheric soils. Moreover, the reduction of diversity from the
      endorhizosphere towards the red leaves may support the fact that part of
      colonization of the plant by bacteria could have an origin in the rhizospheric
      soils through the roots and subsequent migration to the aerial parts of the
      plant. Finally, there were certain relevant ubiquitous taxa, such as
      Chromohalobacter canadensis, Rudaea cellulosilytica (never reported before as
      endophytic), Psychrobacter sp., Bradyrhizobium sp. and Halomonas sp., that, due
      their moderate halophilic nature, seemed to find an optimal environment inside
      the plants. Some of these relevant endophytes were not always detectable in their
      respective soils, and were probably part of the soils' rare biosphere, which
      would gain preponderance in a favorable endophytic environment.

PMID- 27353660
TI  - Spatial and taxonomical overlap of fungi on phylloplanes and invasive alien
      ladybirds with fungal infections in tree crowns of urban green spaces.
AB  - Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi on phylloplanes in Tilia * europaea crowns
      between 1 and 13 m was assessed in urban parks. Prevalence of fungal infections
      in ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) collected from Tilia * europaea was
      assessed to determine whether fungi found on phylloplanes also occurred as
      infections in ladybirds. Isaria spp. was most abundant on phylloplanes (mean
      colony forming units (CFU) per leaf +/- SE, 0.33 +/- 0.03) followed by Beauveria
      spp. (0.22 +/- 0.02 CFU per leaf) and Lecanicillium spp. (0.19 +/- 0.02 CFU per
      leaf). Densities of inoculum were higher in inner crowns and decreased with
      height, although Lecanicillium spp. peaked at 5-7 m. Upper phylloplane surfaces
      harboured higher densities of Isaria spp. and Beauveria spp. than lower surfaces,
      whereas Lecanicillium spp. was equally distributed. Most prevalent on ladybirds
      were Isaria spp. (20.6% Harmonia axyridis; 4.8% natives), Lecanicillium spp.
      (13.6% H. axyridis; 4.8% natives), with fewer Beauveria spp. infections (2.6% H.
      axyridis). Molecular identification revealed Beauveria bassiana, B.
      pseudobassiana, Isaria farinosa and Lecanicillium muscarium among isolates of
      both tree and ladybird origin. Tilia * europaea phylloplanes support a diverse
      assemblage of entomopathogenic fungal species with a different prevalence in
      coccinellids compared to their relative abundance in this habitat.

PMID- 27353661
TI  - Disulfiram chelated with copper promotes apoptosis in human breast cancer cells
      by impairing the mitochondria functions.
AB  - Disulfiram (DSF) has been proved to have broad-spectrum anti-alcoholism effects,
      and it is also found to show stronger anti-tumor effects after chelating with
      Cu2+ to form DSF-Cu complex. In this work, we studied the anti-tumor activity of
      DSF-Cu in MCF-7 cells by flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscope, and
      atomic force microscopy to clarify the underlying anti-tumor mechanisms. MCF-7
      cells were incubated with 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 nM DSF chelated with 10 uM
      CuCl2 for 24 h. The results showed that DSF-Cu could induce the accumulation of
      MCF-7 cells in G2/M phase and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner.
      Additionally, atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis at nanoscale level showed
      that the morphology of cell was significantly shrunk with destroyed filopodia and
      ultrastructure presented many irregular protuberances on the cell membrane after
      DSF-Cu treatment, which was closely associated with the re-arrangement of
      cytoskeleton. DSF-Cu induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS),
      increased the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ and decreased the mitochondrial
      membrane potential (MMP) in MCF-7 cells resulting in a mitochondria-dependent
      apoptosis pathway. The results indicated that DSF-Cu has a potential anti-tumor
      activity in breast cancer by impairing the mitochondria functions. SCANNING
      38:825-836, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27353662
TI  - Rates of Community-based Antibiotic Prescriptions and Hospital-treated Infections
      in Individuals With and Without Type 2 Diabetes: A Danish Nationwide Cohort
      Study, 2004-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The excess risk of antibiotic use and hospital-treated infections in
      patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared with general population is poorly
      understood. METHODS: In a nationwide cohort of patients with incident T2D (n =
      155 158) and an age-, gender-, and residence-matched comparison cohort (n = 774
      017), we used Cox regression to compute rates and confounder-adjusted rate ratios
      (aRRs) of community-based antibiotic prescription redemption and hospital-treated
      infections during 2004-2012. RESULTS: The rates of community-based antibiotic
      prescriptions in the T2D and comparison cohorts were 364 vs 275 per 1000 person
      years after a median follow-up of 1.1 years (aRR = 1.24; 95% confidence interval
      [CI], 1.23 to 1.25). The corresponding rates for hospital-treated infection were
      58 vs 39 per 1000 person-years after a median follow-up of 2.8 years (aRR = 1.49;
      95% CI, 1.47 to 1.52). The aRRs were increased particularly for urinary tract
      infections (UTIs, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.35 to 1.45), skin infections (1.50; 95% CI,
      1.45 to 1.55), septicemia (1.60; 95% CI, 1.53 to 1.67), and tuberculosis (1.61;
      95% CI, 1.25 to 2.06) and of community-based antibiotics prescribed for UTIs
      (1.31; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.33), Staphylococcus aureus infections (1.32; 95% CI,
      1.30 to 1.34), and mycobacterial infections (1.69; 95% CI, 1.36 to 2.09). The 1
      year aRR declined from 1.89 (95% CI, 1.75 to 2.04) in 2004 to 1.59 (95% CI, 1.45
      to 1.74) in 2011 for hospital-treated infection (trend P = .007) and from 1.31
      (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.36) in 2004 to 1.26 (95% CI, 1.22 to 1.30) in 2011 for
      community-based antibiotic prescriptions (trend P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Patients
      with T2D have rates of community-based antibiotic prescriptions and hospital
      treated infections that are higher than for the general population.

PMID- 27353663
TI  - Kinetic Analysis of Biomarkers in a Cohort of US Patients With Ebola Virus
      Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and often fatal disease.
      Despite the fact that more than 30 000 individuals have acquired Ebola virus
      disease (EVD), the medical and scientific community still does not have a clear
      understanding of the mechanisms by which EBOV causes such severe disease.
      METHODS: In this study, 54 biomarkers in plasma samples serially collected from 7
      patients with EVD were analyzed in an attempt to define the kinetics of
      inflammatory modulators. Two clinical disease groups were defined (moderate and
      severe) based on the need for clinical support. Biomarkers were evaluated for
      correlation with viremia and clinical disease in an effort to identify pathways
      that could be useful targets of therapeutic intervention. RESULTS: Patients with
      severe disease had higher viremia than those with moderate disease. Several
      biomarkers of immune activation and control were significantly elevated in
      patients with moderate disease. A series of pro-inflammatory cytokines and
      chemokines were significantly elevated in patients with severe disease.
      CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers that were associated with severe EVD were proinflammatory
      and indicative of endothelial or coagulation cascade dysfunction, as has been
      seen historically in patients with fatal outcomes. In contrast, biomarkers that
      were associated with moderate EVD were suggestive of a strong interferon response
      and control of both innate and adaptive responses. Therefore, clinical
      interventions that modulate the phenotype and magnitude of immune activation may
      be beneficial in treating EVD.

PMID- 27353664
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Toxoplasmosis: Cats Have It, Humans Get It, but How Much
      Disease Does It Cause?

PMID- 27353666
TI  - Pride in autistic diversity.

PMID- 27353665
TI  - Understanding Toxoplasmosis in the United States Through "Large Data" Analyses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii infection causes substantial morbidity and
      mortality in the United States, and infects approximately one-third of persons
      globally. Clinical manifestations vary. Seropositivity is associated with
      neurologic diseases and malignancies. There are few objective data concerning US
      incidence and distribution of toxoplasmosis. METHODS: Truven Health MarketScan
      Database and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9)
      codes, including treatment specific to toxoplasmosis, identified patients with
      this disease. Spatiotemporal distribution and patterns of disease manifestation
      were analyzed. Comorbidities between patients and matched controls were compared.
      RESULTS: Between 2003 and 2012, 9260 patients had ICD-9 codes for toxoplasmosis.
      This database of patients with ICD-9 codes includes 15% of those in the United
      States, excluding patients with no or public insurance. Thus, assuming that
      demographics do not change incidence, the calculated total is 61 700 or 6856
      patients per year. Disease was more prevalent in the South. Mean age at diagnosis
      was 37.5 +/- 15.5 years; 2.4% were children aged 0-2 years, likely congenitally
      infected. Forty-one percent were male, and 73% of women were of reproductive age.
      Of identified patients, 38% had eye disease and 12% presented with other serious
      manifestations, including central nervous system and visceral organ damage.
      Toxoplasmosis was statistically associated with substantial comorbidities,
      including human immunodeficiency virus, autoimmune diseases, and neurologic
      diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Toxoplasmosis causes morbidity and mortality in the United
      States. Our analysis of private insurance records missed certain at-risk
      populations and revealed fewer cases of retinal disease than previously
      estimated, suggesting undercoding, underreporting, undertreating, or differing
      demographics of those with eye disease. Mandatory reporting of infection to
      health departments and gestational screening could improve care and facilitate
      detection of epidemics and, thereby, public health interventions.

PMID- 27353667
TI  - Sickle-cell disease: managing comorbidities.

PMID- 27353668
TI  - Self-medicating in the opioid crisis.

PMID- 27353669
TI  - AIDS 2016: from aspiration to implementation.

PMID- 27353670
TI  - WHO recommendations on shorter treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

PMID- 27353672
TI  - US presidential candidates urged to support health research.

PMID- 27353673
TI  - Yellow fever continues to spread in Angola.

PMID- 27353674
TI  - Canada's Indigenous suicide crisis.

PMID- 27353675
TI  - The Lancet Technology: pharming blood.

PMID- 27353676
TI  - Invasive strategy in acute coronary syndrome.

PMID- 27353677
TI  - Invasive strategy in acute coronary syndrome.

PMID- 27353678
TI  - Invasive strategy in acute coronary syndrome.

PMID- 27353679
TI  - The double burden of malnutrition associated with poverty.

PMID- 27353680
TI  - Invasive strategy in acute coronary syndrome - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27353681
TI  - Treatment false advertisement in China: a tragedy.

PMID- 27353682
TI  - Regulating illegal drug markets: what legal markets can teach us.

PMID- 27353683
TI  - Out-of-pocket payments in Nigeria.

PMID- 27353684
TI  - Department of Error.

PMID- 27353685
TI  - The intersection between asthma and acute chest syndrome in children with sickle
      cell anaemia.
AB  - Acute chest syndrome is a frequent cause of acute lung disease in children with
      sickle-cell disease. Asthma is common in children with sickle-cell disease and is
      associated with increased incidence of vaso-occlusive pain events, acute chest
      syndrome episodes, and earlier death. Risk factors for asthma exacerbation and an
      acute chest syndrome episode are similar, and both can present with shortness of
      breath, chest pain, cough, and wheezing. Despite overlapping risk factors and
      symptoms, an acute exacerbation of asthma or an episode of acute chest syndrome
      are two distinct entities that need disease-specific management strategies.
      Although understanding has increased about asthma as a comorbidity in sickle-cell
      disease and its effects on morbidity, substantial gaps remain in knowledge about
      best management. 

PMID- 27353686
TI  - Fetal haemoglobin in sickle-cell disease: from genetic epidemiology to new
      therapeutic strategies.
AB  - Sickle-cell disease affects millions of individuals worldwide, but the global
      incidence is concentrated in Africa. The burden of sickle-cell disease is
      expected to continue to rise over the coming decades, adding to stress on the
      health infrastructures of many countries. Although the molecular cause of sickle
      cell disease has been known for more than half a century, treatment options
      remain greatly limited. Allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the
      only existing cure but is limited to specialised clinical centres and remains
      inaccessible for most patients. Induction of fetal haemoglobin production is a
      promising strategy for the treatment of sickle-cell disease. In this Series
      paper, we review scientific breakthroughs in epidemiology, genetics, and
      molecular biology that have brought reactivation of fetal haemoglobin to the
      forefront of sickle-cell disease research. Improved knowledge of the regulation
      of fetal haemoglobin production in human beings and the development of genome
      editing technology now support the design of innovative therapies for sickle-cell
      disease that are based on fetal haemoglobin. 

PMID- 27353688
TI  - Sonographic and Power Doppler Evaluation of an Invasive Mole Located in a
      Cesarean Scar Pregnancy.

PMID- 27353687
TI  - Cardiovascular complications and risk of death in sickle-cell disease.
AB  - In sickle-cell disease, a point mutation in the beta-globin chain causes
      haemoglobin to polymerise within erythrocytes during deoxygenation, altering red
      blood cell rheology and causing haemolysis. Improvements in health
      infrastructure, preventive care, and clinical treatments have reduced the
      morbidity and mortality of sickle-cell disease in developed countries. However,
      as these patients live longer, the chronic effects of sustained haemolytic
      anaemia and episodic vaso-occlusive events drive the development of end-organ
      complications. Cardiopulmonary organ dysfunction and chronic kidney injury have a
      large effect on morbidity and premature mortality, and typically accelerate in
      the second decade of life. These processes culminate in the development of
      pulmonary hypertension, left ventricular diastolic heart disease, dysrhythmia,
      and sudden death. In this Series paper, we review the mechanisms, clinical
      features, and epidemiology of major cardiovascular complications in patients with
      sickle-cell disease and discuss how screening and intervention could reduce their
      incidence. 

PMID- 27353689
TI  - Early First-Trimester Appearance of a Hydatidiform Mole on Sonography: The
      "Snowball" Sign.

PMID- 27353690
TI  - Re: ACES: Accurate Cervical Evaluation With Sonography.

PMID- 27353691
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27353692
TI  - Correction: Site controlled red-yellow-green light emitting InGaN quantum discs
      on nano-tipped GaN rods.
AB  - Correction for 'Site controlled red-yellow-green light emitting InGaN quantum
      discs on nano-tipped GaN rods' by M. Conroy et al., Nanoscale, 2016, 8, 11019
      11026. 

PMID- 27353693
TI  - Hospitalized Children With Encephalitis in the United States: A Pediatric Health
      Information System Database Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Given the paucity of data on resource utilization among children with
      encephalitis, the objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology and
      evaluate resource utilization and discharge data of children with encephalitis
      admitted to US hospitals from 2004 to 2013. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective
      cohort study utilizing the Pediatric Health Information System database of
      children aged 0 to 18 years with the International Classification of Diseases,
      Ninth Revision codes for encephalitis from 2004 to 2013. Only the initial
      admissions were included, and the age group analyzed was 0 to 18 years. RESULTS:
      Among 7298 children with encephalitis, 2933 (40%) were admitted to a pediatric
      intensive care unit. The median age was nine years, the overall median length of
      stay was 16 days, and children requiring critical care had a median length of
      stay of 25 days. Children in the pediatric intensive care unit were more likely
      to have seizures (P <0.001) and head magnetic resonance imaging (P <0.001) than
      children on the floor. Similarly, children requiring critical care were more
      likely to have a broad diagnostic evaluation sent including cerebrospinal fluid
      cultures, blood bacterial and fungal cultures, western equine encephalitis
      antibody, St. Louis equine encephalitis antibody, varicella-zoster serology,
      human immunodeficiency virus 1 antibody, human immunodeficiency virus DNA
      polymerase chain reaction, acid-fast stain, and Lyme disease serology. Seventeen
      percent of children were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, and 4%
      underwent plasmapheresis. There was a trend of increasing use of intravenous
      immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis in children with encephalitis over the study
      period. A total of 5944 (81%) children were discharged home, and the mortality in
      this cohort was 3% (230). The mean charges for hospitalization for a child with
      encephalitis was $64,604 and for those requiring critical care was $260,012.
      CONCLUSIONS: Encephalitis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in
      children. Children with encephalitis admitted to the pediatric intensive care
      unit are more likely to have seizures and to undergo a more extensive evaluation
      to determine the cause of encephalitis. Use of plasmapheresis and intravenous
      immunoglobulin is on the rise in hospitalized children. Prospective studies are
      necessary to better understand treatment and intervention strategies for children
      with encephalitis and their impact on outcomes.

PMID- 27353694
TI  - Contribution of Histologic Chorioamnionitis and Fetal Inflammatory Response
      Syndrome to Increased Risk of Brain Injury in Infants With Preterm Premature
      Rupture of Membranes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To determine the association of histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) and
      fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) with brain injuries in infants born
      to mothers with preterm premature rupture of membranes. METHODS: A total of 103
      singleton infants born to mothers with preterm premature rupture of membranes
      were enrolled. The placental inflammation was confirmed by HCA, and FIRS was
      defined in fetuses with preterm labor and an elevation of the fetal plasma
      interleukin-6 concentration. Examination of brain images was conducted to confirm
      the existence of brain injuries. Based on placental HCA and umbilical cord blood
      interleukin-6 level, all patients were divided into three groups: HCA(-)FIRS(+),
      HCA(+)FIRS(-), and HCA(+)FIRS(+). RESULTS: Among all infants with preterm
      premature rupture of membranes, 53.40% were exposed to HCA, 20.38% experienced
      FIRS, and the overall incidence of brain injuries was 38.83%. The incidence of
      brain injury in HCA(-)FIRS(+), HCA(+)FIRS(-), and HCA(+)FIRS(+) groups were
      20.83%, 41.18%, and 76.19%, respectively. HCA at the advanced grades and stages
      was associated with increased risk of brain injury. Umbilical cord blood levels
      of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF
      alpha), and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in premature infants
      with brain injuries were significantly higher than in those without brain
      injuries. Infants diagnosed with both HCA and FIRS showed significantly higher
      levels of IL-8, TNF-alpha, and G-CSF than those with HCA alone. CONCLUSIONS:
      Preterm infants exposed to severe chorioamnionitis had an increased risk of brain
      injury. IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and G-CSF in cord blood were associated with brain
      injuries in preterm infants and may be used as extradiagnostic criteria.

PMID- 27353695
TI  - Predictors of Cognitive Functions in Children With Sturge-Weber Syndrome: A
      Longitudinal Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sturge-Weber syndrome is often accompanied by seizures and
      neurocognitive deterioration, although previous studies have suggested that early
      functional brain reorganization may diminish the cognitive sequelae in some
      children with unilateral Sturge-Weber syndrome. The "rules" governing these
      plasticity mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated
      longitudinal changes of cognitive functioning (intelligence quotient [IQ]) and
      assessed the performance of clinical, electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) variables for predicting IQ in children with Sturge-Weber
      syndrome. METHODS: Thirty-three young children (mean age: 3.3 years at baseline)
      with unilateral Sturge-Weber syndrome underwent MRI, scalp EEG, and
      neuropsychology evaluation twice, with a median follow-up of 2 years. None of the
      children had epilepsy surgery. Longitudinal IQ changes were calculated. Seizure
      variables, interictal EEG abnormalities, and extent and location of MRI brain
      involvement were correlated with IQ assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: Global IQ
      showed a highly variable course with both increases and decreases over time.
      Lower IQ at baseline was associated with interval IQ increase. In univariate
      analyses, lower outcome IQ was associated with baseline EEG abnormalities (P <
      0.001), young age at seizure onset (P = 0.001), high seizure frequency (P =
      0.02), and early frontal-lobe involvement on MRI (P = 0.01). In multivariate
      analysis, EEG abnormalities at baseline remained a robust, independent predictor
      of outcome IQ. CONCLUSIONS: The early trajectory of cognitive changes in children
      with unilateral Sturge-Weber syndrome is highly variable; children with improving
      IQ likely undergo effective unimpeded functional reorganization. Early onset,
      frequent seizures, and interictal epileptiform abnormalities on EEG likely
      interfere with this process resulting in poor cognitive functions. Future studies
      assessing interventions should target this high-risk subgroup to optimize
      cognitive outcome in Sturge-Weber syndrome.

PMID- 27353696
TI  - Severe Neurological Complications Associated With Tourette Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tics and Tourette syndrome are common problems evaluated by both the
      general pediatrician and pediatric neurologist. The common comorbidities of tics
      are well known, but the severe neurological complications are rare and may not be
      appreciated. METHODS: This is a retrospective case series and literature review.
      RESULTS: We present here four adolescents with Tourette syndrome who had severe
      neurological complications secondary to motor tics. We provide the history,
      neurological examination, and radiological findings in addition to a review of
      previously reported cases of vascular and cervical cord complications associated
      with violent motor tics. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the importance of recognizing
      the presenting signs of these complications early and the need to vigorously
      treat violent motor tics to prevent significant neurological complications.

PMID- 27353697
TI  - Imaging Flow Cytometry Analysis to Identify Differences of Survival Motor Neuron
      Protein Expression in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the
      deficient expression of survival motor neuron protein in motor neurons. A major
      goal of disease-modifying therapy is to increase survival motor neuron
      expression. Changes in survival motor neuron protein expression can be monitored
      via peripheral blood cells in patients; therefore we tested the sensitivity and
      utility of imaging flow cytometry for this purpose. METHODS: After the
      immortalization of peripheral blood lymphocytes from a human healthy control
      subject and two patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 with two and three
      copies of SMN2 gene, respectively, we used imaging flow cytometry analysis to
      identify significant differences in survival motor neuron expression. A bright
      detail intensity analysis was used to investigate differences in the cellular
      localization of survival motor neuron protein. RESULTS: Survival motor neuron
      expression was significantly decreased in cells derived from patients with spinal
      muscular atrophy relative to those derived from a healthy control subject.
      Moreover, survival motor neuron expression correlated with the clinical severity
      of spinal muscular atrophy according to SMN2 copy number. The cellular
      accumulation of survival motor neuron protein was also significantly decreased in
      cells derived from patients with spinal muscular atrophy relative to those
      derived from a healthy control subject. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of imaging flow
      cytometry for peripheral blood analysis include its capacities for analyzing
      heterogeneous cell populations; visualizing cell morphology; and evaluating the
      accumulation, localization, and expression of a target protein. Imaging flow
      cytometry analysis should be implemented in future studies to optimize its
      application as a tool for spinal muscular atrophy clinical trials.

PMID- 27353698
TI  - A class of sulfonamides as carbonic anhydrase I and II inhibitors.
AB  - Four groups of novel sulfonamide derivatives: (i) acetoxybenzamide, (ii)
      triacetoxybenzamide, (iii) hydroxybenzamide and (iv) trihydroxybenzamide, all
      having thiazole, pyrimidine, pyridine, isoxazole and thiadiazole moieties were
      prepared and their inhibitory effects were studied on two metalloenzymes, i.e.
      carbonic anhydrase isozymes (hCA I and II), purified from human erythrocyte cells
      by Sepharose-4B-l-tyrosine-sulfanilamide affinity chromatography. These enzymes
      are present in almost all living organisms to catalyse the synthesis of
      bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) from carbon dioxide and water. The sulfonamide
      derivatives were found to be active against hCA I and II in the range of 2.62
      136.54 and 5.74-210.58 nM, respectively.

PMID- 27353699
TI  - [Family medicine teaching units, trapped in the net... of bureaucracy].

PMID- 27353700
TI  - [Description of clinical pathological concordance and patient satisfaction in
      minor surgery in a Primary Care centre].
AB  - AIM: To describe the minor surgery (MS) characteristics in a Primary Care (PC)
      centre, and to evaluate the clinical pathological concordance and patient
      satisfaction. DESIGN: Descriptive and retrospective study. SETTING: Primary Care,
      urban health care centre, Almeria, Spain. PARTICIPANTS: The population were the
      patients belonging to urban Primary Health Care centre, referred by their family
      physicians or paediatricians for the performing of MS during year 2013, and who
      consented to the intervention. A sample of 223 patients was obtained. MAIN
      MEASUREMENTS: Variables analysed were: sex, age, locations of the lesions, type
      of intervention, clinical diagnosis, histopathology diagnosis, complications, and
      patient satisfaction. The data were extracted from the medical history, the
      histopathology reports, and by using a satisfaction questionnaire completed by
      post or telephone by the patients. RESULTS: The population consisted of 53.8%
      males, and had a mean age of 51.12 years (SD 19.02). The location of the most
      intervened lesions was in the head (35.4%). Electro-surgery was the most used
      procedure (62.8%), with only 16.9% of the lesions being biopsied, of which the
      most frequent was fibroids (32.3%). The clinical pathological concordance was
      >80% and the Kappa index was 0.783 (P<.001). The complications presented were
      low. The patient's satisfaction was high. CONCLUSIONS: Although a simple MS
      technique like electro-surgery has become more extensive, MS in PC remains safe
      and satisfactory for the user.

PMID- 27353701
TI  - Identification and expression profiles of neuropeptides and their G protein
      coupled receptors in the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis.
AB  - In insects, neuropeptides play important roles in the regulation of multiple
      physiological processes by binding to their corresponding receptors, which are
      primarily G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The genes encoding neuropeptides
      and their associated GPCRs in the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis were
      identified by a transcriptomic analysis and were used to identify potential
      targets for the disruption of physiological processes and the protection of
      crops. Forty-three candidate genes were found to encode the neuropeptide
      precursors for all known insect neuropeptides except for arginine-vasopressin
      like peptide (AVLP), CNMamide, neuropeptide-like precursors 2-4 (NPLP2-4), and
      proctolin. In addition, novel alternative splicing variants of three neuropeptide
      genes (allatostatin CC, CCHamide 1, and short neuropeptide F) are reported for
      the first time, and 51 putative neuropeptide GPCRs were identified. Phylogenetic
      analyses demonstrated that 44 of these GPCRs belong to the A-family (or rhodopsin
      like), 5 belong to the B-family (or secretin-like), and 2 are leucine-rich repeat
      containing GPCRs. These GPCRs and their likely ligands were also described. qRT
      PCR analyses revealed the expression profiles of the neuropeptide precursors and
      GPCR genes in various tissues of C. suppressalis. Our study provides fundamental
      information that may further our understanding of neuropeptidergic signaling
      systems in Lepidoptera and aid in the design of peptidomimetics, pseudopeptides
      or small molecules capable of disrupting the physiological processes regulated by
      these signaling molecules and their receptors.

PMID- 27353704
TI  - Metal complexes as "protein surface mimetics".
AB  - A key challenge in chemical biology is to identify small molecule regulators for
      every single protein. However, protein surfaces are notoriously difficult to
      recognise with synthetic molecules, often having large flat surfaces that are
      poorly matched to traditional small molecules. In the surface mimetic approach, a
      supramolecular scaffold is used to project recognition groups in such a manner as
      to make multivalent non-covalent contacts over a large area of protein surface.
      Metal based supramolecular scaffolds offer unique advantages over conventional
      organic molecules for protein binding, including greater stereochemical and
      geometrical diversity conferred through the metal centre and the potential for
      direct assessment of binding properties and even visualisation in cells without
      recourse to further functionalisation. This feature article will highlight the
      current state of the art in protein surface recognition using metal complexes as
      surface mimetics. 

PMID- 27353703
TI  - Protein-directed synthesis of highly monodispersed, spherical gold nanoparticles
      and their applications in multidimensional sensing.
AB  - An in-situ reduction method has been reported to prepare gold nanoparticles
      (GNPs) of 40-110 nm by using the green reducing agents of proteins, which are
      activated by H2O2 and the superoxide anion (). The protein of collagen turns
      HAuCl4 to the aqueous Au(I) ainions, which are further reduced by other proteins
      to be highly monodispersed and spherical GNPs of different sizes. The GNPs
      reduced by different proteins are found to be with the exposed {100} facets, the
      distinctive UV-vis absorption spectra and various colors (See Fig. 1). By means
      of extracting the color responses, such as red, green and blue (RGB) alterations,
      an in-situ reduction method-based multidimensional sensing platform is fabricated
      in the process of GNPs synthesis. Without further modification of GNPs, nine
      common proteins are found to be well detected and discriminated at different
      concentrations. Moreover, this sensing platform also demonstrates great
      potentials in qualitative and semiquantitative analysis on the individuals of
      these proteins with high sensitivity. Furthermore, the validation of this
      multidimensional sensing platform has been carried out by analysis on the spiked
      proteins in human urine and the target proteins in complex matrix (e.g. lysozyme
      in human tear).

PMID- 27353702
TI  - The roles of vascular endothelial growth factor in bone repair and regeneration.
AB  - Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is one of the most important growth
      factors for regulation of vascular development and angiogenesis. Since bone is a
      highly vascularized organ and angiogenesis plays an important role in
      osteogenesis, VEGF also influences skeletal development and postnatal bone
      repair. Compromised bone repair and regeneration in many patients can be
      attributed to impaired blood supply; thus, modulation of VEGF levels in bones
      represents a potential strategy for treating compromised bone repair and
      improving bone regeneration. This review (i) summarizes the roles of VEGF at
      different stages of bone repair, including the phases of inflammation,
      endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification during callus formation
      and bone remodeling; (ii) discusses different mechanisms underlying the effects
      of VEGF on osteoblast function, including paracrine, autocrine and intracrine
      signaling during bone repair; (iii) summarizes the role of VEGF in the bone
      regenerative procedure, distraction osteogenesis; and (iv) reviews evidence for
      the effects of VEGF in the context of repair and regeneration techniques
      involving the use of scaffolds, skeletal stem cells and growth factors.

PMID- 27353705
TI  - Development of a Novel PmpD-N ELISA for Chlamydia psittaci Infection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Chlamydia psittaci is an avian respiratory pathogen and zoonotic
      agent. The wide prevalence of C. psittaci poses a threat to the poultry industry
      and its employees. However, few commercial kits are available for detecting avian
      antibodies excluding the in-house ELISA kit. In this study, we developed a novel
      ELISA kit for detecting antibodies against C. psittaci based on the N-terminal
      fragment of polymorphic outer membrane protein D (PmpD-N) as the coating antigen.
      METHODS: The antigen concentrations, primary antibody, and cut-off value were
      determined and optimized. The ELISA, designated PmpD-N ELISA, was assessed for
      sensitivity, specificity, and concordance using sera samples from 48
      experimentally infected and 168 uninfected SPF chickens. RESULTS: The sensitivity
      and specificity of PmpD-N ELISA were 97.9%, 100%, respectively, while the
      concordance was 98.1% as compared to that of MOMP-ELISA. No cross-reaction with
      positive sera for other avian pathogens was found. Using PmpD-N ELISA, 799/836
      clinical samples were positive, including 93.0% and 98.1% positivity in layers
      and broilers, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that indirect ELISA
      with PmpD-N as the antigen candidate is a promising approach for the surveillance
      of C. psittaci infection.

PMID- 27353706
TI  - Evaluation of Six Recombinant Proteins for Serological Diagnosis of Lyme
      Borreliosis in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic efficiency of six
      recombinant proteins for the serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis (LB) and screened
      out the appropriate antigens to support the production of a Chinese clinical
      ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit for LB. METHODS: Six recombinant
      antigens, Fla B.g, OspC B.a, OspC B.g, P39 B.g, P83 B.g, and VlsE B.a, were used
      for ELISA to detect serum antibodies in LB, syphilis, and healthy controls. The
      ELISA results were used to generate receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      curves, and the sensitivity and specificity of each protein was evaluated. All
      recombinant proteins were evaluated and screened by using logistic regression
      models. RESULTS: Two IgG (VlsE and OspC B.g) and two IgM (OspC B.g and OspC B.a)
      antigens were left by the logistic regression model screened. VlsE had the
      highest specificity for syphilis samples in the IgG test (87.7%, P<0.05). OspC
      B.g had the highest diagnostic value in the IgM test (AUC=0.871). Interactive
      effects between OspC B.a and Fla B.g could reduce the specificity of the ELISA.
      CONCLUSION: Three recombinant antigens, OspC B.g, OspC B.a, and VlsE B.a, were
      useful for ELISAs of LB. Additionally, the interaction between OspC B.a and Fla
      B.g should be examined in future research.

PMID- 27353707
TI  - Viral Etiology Relationship between Human Papillomavirus and Human Breast Cancer
      and Target of Gene Therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the viral etiology of human breast cancer to determine
      whether there are novel molecular targets for gene therapy of breast cancer and
      provide evidence for the research of gene therapy and vaccine development for
      breast cancer. METHODS: PCR was used to screen HPV16 and HPV18 oncogenes E6 and
      E7 in the SKBR3 cell line and in 76 paraffin embedded breast cancer tissue
      samples. RNA interference was used to knock down the expression of HPV18 E6 and
      E7 in SKBR3 cells, then the changes in the expression of cell-cycle related
      proteins, cell viability, colony formation, metastasis, and cell cycle
      progression were determined. RESULTS: HPV18 oncogenes E6 and E7 were amplified
      and sequenced from the SKBR3 cells. Of the patient samples, 6.58% and 23.68% were
      tested to be positive for HPV18 E6 and HPV18 E7. In the cell culture models, the
      knockdown of HPV18 E6 and E7 inhibited the proliferation, metastasis, and cell
      cycle progression of SKBR3 cell. The knockdown also clearly affected the
      expression levels of cell cycle related proteins. CONCLUSION: HPV was a
      contributor to virus caused human breast cancer, suggesting that the oncogenes in
      HPV were potential targets for gene therapy of breast cancer.

PMID- 27353708
TI  - Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparisons of Different Chinese Rabies Virus
      Lineages Including the First Complete Genome of an Arctic-like Strain in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To learn the rabies genome molecular characteristics and compare the
      difference of China rabies lineages. METHODS: The complete genomes of 12 strains
      from different China rabies lineages were amplified and sequenced, and all the
      China street strain genomes (total 43), Arctic and Arctic-like genomes were
      aligned using ClustalX2, the genome homologies were analyzed using MegAlign
      software, and the phylogenetic trees were constructed by MEGA 5. RESULTS: First
      Arctic-like rabies genome in China (CQH1202D) was reported, and we supplemented
      the rabies genome data of China, ensuring at least one genome was available in
      each China lineage. The genome size of China V (11908nt) is obviously shorter
      than other lineages' (11923-11925nt) for the difference of N-P non-coding
      regions. Among different lineages, the genome homologies are almost under 90%.
      CQH1202D (China IV lineage) has close relationship with strains from South Korea
      and they share about 95% genome similarities. CONCLUSION: The molecular
      characteristics of 6 different China rabies lineages were compared and analyzed
      from genome level, which benefits for continued comprehensive rabies
      surveillance, rabies prevention and control in China.

PMID- 27353709
TI  - The Status and Associated Factors of Successful Aging among Older Adults Residing
      in Longevity Areas in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the status of successful aging (SA) in
      longevity areas in China and explore multiple factors associated with SA among
      the young-old and oldest-old. METHODS: A total of 2296 elderly people aged 65 and
      older were interviewed in the longevity areas sub-sample of the Chinese
      Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) in 2012. Baseline assessments
      included a researcher-administered questionnaire, physical examination, and
      laboratory testing. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors
      associated with SA. RESULTS: The prevalence of SA was 38.81% in the CLHLS in
      2012. There were significant differences between ages groups, with SA
      compromising 56.85% among ?65 years group and 20.31% among ?100 years group
      (chi2trend=126.73, P<0.01). The prevalence of SA among females was 33.59%, which
      was significantly lower than that among males (45.58%) (chi2gender=33.65,
      P<0.05). In the regression analysis, having anemia (OR=0.744, 95% CI: 0.609
      0.910), poor lifestyle (OR=0.697, 95% CI: 0.568-0.854), poor sleep quality
      (OR=0.558, 95% CI: 0.456-0.682), and central obesity (OR=0.684, 95% CI: 0.556
      0.841) were the main factors associated with SA. The promoting SA rate decreased
      as age increased, and the group of 65-79 years had higher odds than the other age
      group. CONCLUSION: Preventing central obesity, improving sleep quality and
      promoting healthy lifestyle may contribute to achieve SA among the elderly.

PMID- 27353710
TI  - Cognitive Training in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated the feasibility and efficacy of cognitive training for
      older adults in rural settings and with low education levels, who have mild
      cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: Forty-five older adults (ages >65 years)
      with MCI were assigned to treatment or control groups, at a 2:1 ratio. Cognitive
      training occurred in the treatment group for 2 months. The cognitive abilities of
      the participants were assessed at pre-training, metaphase, and post-training time
      points, using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive
      Assessment (MoCA), Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA),
      and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D). RESULTS: Following training, cognitive
      abilities improved in the treatment group, based on the total scores of all 4
      measures, as well as specifically on the MoCA and LOTCA. There were differences
      in the main effects of group and time point on some subscales, but these
      differences had little, if any, effect on the overall analyses. CONCLUSION: The
      present study demonstrated that cognitive training has beneficial effects on
      attention, language, orientation, visual perception, organization of visual
      movement, and logical questioning in patients with MCI. Furthermore, the observed
      effects are long-term changes.

PMID- 27353711
TI  - Dietary Exposure to Benzyl Butyl Phthalate in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) is a plasticizer used in food contact
      materials. Dietary exposure to BBP might lead to reproduction and developmental
      damages to human. The present paper was aimed to assess the health risk of BBP
      dietary exposure in Chinese population. METHODS: The BBP contents were detected
      in 7409 food samples from 25 food categories by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry operated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The dietary
      exposures of BBP in different age and sex groups were estimated by combining the
      content data with food consumption data derived from 2002 China National Nutrient
      and Health Survey, and evaluated according to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of
      BBP established by European Food safety Agency. RESULTS: It was found that BBP
      was undetectable in most samples and the highest level was 1.69 mg/kg detected in
      a vegetable oil sample. The average dietary exposure of BBP in people aged ?2
      years was 1.03 MUg/kg bw per day and the highest average exposure was found in 2
      6 years old children (1.98 MUg/kg bw per day). The BBP exposure in 7-12 months
      old children excessed 10% of tolerable daily intake (TDI) in worst scenario. .
      CONCLUSION: The health risk of BBP dietary exposure in Chinese population is low
      and, considering BBP alone, there is no safety concern.

PMID- 27353712
TI  - Rapid and Sensitive Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for the Determination of
      Neomycin Residues in Milk.
AB  - Immunoassays greatly contribute to veterinary drug residue analysis. However,
      there are few reports on detecting neomycin residues by immunoassay. Here, a
      rapid and sensitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLIEA) was successfully
      developed for neomycin residue analysis. CLIEA demonstrated good cross-reactivity
      for neomycin, and the IC50 value was 2.4 ng/mL in buffer. The average recovery
      range was 88.5%-105.4% for spiked samples (10, 50, and 100 MUg/kg), and the
      coefficient of variation was in the range of 7.5%-14.5%. The limit of detection
      of CLEIA was 9.4 MUg/kg, and this method was compared with the liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using naturally contaminated
      samples, producing a correlation coefficient of >0.95. We demonstrate a reliable
      CLIEA for the rapid screening of neomycin in milk. 

PMID- 27353713
TI  - Occupational Exposure to Indium of Indium Smelter Workers.
AB  - Case reports of indium-related lung disease in workers have raised public concern
      to the human toxicity of indium (In) and its compounds. However, studies
      evaluating the exposure or health of workers in In smelting plants are rare.
      Therefore, in this study, we focused on four In smelting plants, with the main
      objective of characterizing In in smelter plants in China and discussing the
      potential exposure biomarkers of In exposure. We recruited 494 subjectsat four In
      smelting plants in China. Personal air samples, first morning urine and spot
      blood samples were collected. In concentrations in samples were analyzed using
      inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In concentrations in air samples
      did not exceed the permissible concentration-time weighed average, but the
      smelter workers had a higher internal exposure to In. Positive correlations were
      observed between the air In and urine In concentrations, and between the air In
      and blood In concentrations. This study provides basic data for the following In
      exposure and health risk assessment. 

PMID- 27353714
TI  - Circulating MicroRNA-21 is Downregulated in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome.
AB  - The microRNA-21 (miR-21) is known to play a major role in cancer progression;
      however, its function in the cardiovascular system appears to be even more
      complex and conflicting. To characterize miR-21 expression in the plasma of
      individuals with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS), 58 MetS cases and 96 non
      MetS controls were investigated. Expression levels of miR-21 were significantly
      decreased in the circulation of MetS subjects (OR=0.52, 95% CI: 0.29-0.92)
      compared with that of non-MetS subjects. Body mass index (BMI) and the number of
      MetS components had a negative correlation with the level of miR-21, whereas age
      was inversely related to the level of miR-21. No significant difference was
      detected in miR-21 levels between the sexes (P=0.056). MiR-21 might be a negative
      regulating factor in MetS. 

PMID- 27353715
TI  - Does cardiotocography have a role in the antenatal management of pregnancy
      complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Controversy surrounds the role of fetal cardiotocography (CTG) in the
      antenatal management of pregnancy complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus
      (GDM). AIM: The aim was to investigate whether antenatal CTG aids management in
      pregnancy complicated by GDM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective audit of 1404
      consecutive antenatal CTG in women diagnosed with GDM. Outcomes for all CTG were
      audited to determine whether CTG altered pregnancy management. RESULTS: In women
      requiring combination therapy (diet and medication), 43 CTG were required to
      change management of a pregnancy. In women managed by diet alone with a secondary
      pregnancy complication, 161 CTG were required to change management. In women
      managed by diet alone with no secondary pregnancy complication, CTG did not
      change management. CONCLUSIONS: Antenatal CTG is not recommended in women with
      GDM managed by diet alone with no secondary pregnancy complication. Antenatal CTG
      is recommended in women with GDM who require combination therapy (diet and
      medication). The role of CTG in women managed by diet alone with a secondary
      pregnancy complication should be based upon the nature of the complication.

PMID- 27353716
TI  - Spray layer-by-layer films for photodynamic inactivation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A novel approach for photodynamic inactivation of Candida albicans is
      proposed. This method consists of realizing inactivation using ultraviolet light
      (254nm) combined with spraying layer-by-layer films of acridine orange. METHODS:
      To evaluate the effectiveness of the approach, the C. albicans were immobilized
      on quartz slices and covered with the spray layer-by-layer films. The fungi were
      analyzed using experiments to determine cell viability, as well as by
      fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. RESULTS: Viability analysis of C.
      albicans after photodynamic inactivation assisted by the films indicates cell
      death. The extent of cell death increases as the number of film layers increases.
      Fluorescence and atomic force microscopy analyses corroborated the cell death of
      C. albicans, which is posited to be due to damages to the fungi cell wall.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our approach has the potential to be used as an alternative for
      photodynamic inactivation of C. albicans. In addition, this method could be used
      in clinical procedures, such as for the decontamination of medical devices.

PMID- 27353717
TI  - Bi-directional interplay between proximal and distal inputs to CA2 pyramidal
      neurons.
AB  - Hippocampal area CA2 is emerging as a critical region for memory formation.
      Excitatory Scaffer collateral (SC) inputs from CA3 do not express activity
      dependent plasticity at SC-CA2 synapses, and are governed by a large feed-forward
      inhibition that prevents them from engaging CA2 pyramidal neurons. However, long
      term depression at inhibitory synapses evoked by stimulation of SC inputs highly
      increases the excitatory/inhibitory balance coming from CA3 and allows the
      recruitment of CA2 pyramidal neurons. In contrast, distal excitatory inputs in
      stratum lacunosum moleculare (SLM) can drive action potential firing in CA2
      pyramidal neurons and also express a long-term potentiation. However, it is
      unknown whether stimulation of distal inputs can also evoke plasticity at
      inhibitory synapses and if so, whether this plasticity can control the strength
      of excitatory inputs. Here we show that stimulation in SLM evokes a long-term
      depression at inhibitory synapses. This plasticity strongly increases the
      excitatory drive of both proximal and distal inputs and allows CA3 to recruit CA2
      pyramidal neurons. These data reveal a bi-directional interplay between proximal
      and distal inputs to CA2 pyramidal neurons that is likely to play an important
      role in information transfer through the hippocampus.

PMID- 27353718
TI  - The effect of AMPA receptor blockade on spatial information acquisition,
      consolidation and expression in juvenile rats.
AB  - Improvement on spatial tasks in rats is observed during a late, postnatal
      developmental period (post-natal day (PND) 18 - PND 20). The developmental
      emergence of this spatial function occurs in conjunction with hippocampal
      connectivity changes and enhanced hippocampal-AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic
      responses. The current work investigated the effect of AMPAr blockade on the
      emergence and long-term storage of spatial information in juvenile rats and
      associated neural activity patterns in the dorsal hippocampus CA1 region. Male,
      Long Evans rats between the ages of PND 18 and PND 20 were systemically (i.p.)
      administered the AMPAr antagonist, NBQX, (0, 5 or 10mg/kg) every day prior to
      hidden platform water maze training (PND 18, 19 and 20), every day immediately
      post-training or immediately before the probe test (PND 41). NBQX administration
      prior to training prolonged latencies, pathlength and increased thigmotaxis
      during the acquisition phase. Administration of NBQX immediately posttraining had
      no effect on the day-to-day performance. When given a probe test 3weeks later,
      the saline group across all conditions spent more time in the target quadrant.
      Rats treated with pretraining 5mg NBQX dose showed a preference for the target
      quadrant while the posttraining and pretesting 5mg NBQX doses impaired the target
      quadrant preference. Groups injected with 10mg of NBQX pretraining, posttraining
      or pretesting did not show a preference for the target quadrant. c-Fos labeling
      in the CA1 reflected these differences in probe performance in that groups
      showing greater than chance dwell time in the target quadrant showed more c-Fos
      labeling in the CA1 region than groups that did not show a target quadrant
      preference. These findings provide support for the critical role of AMPA receptor
      mediated function in the organization and long-term storage of spatial memories
      acquired during the juvenile period.

PMID- 27353719
TI  - Effects of Sling Exercise on Flexibility, Balance Ability, Body Form, and Pain in
      Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sling exercise
      on pain, balance, flexibility, and body form in patients with chronic low back
      pain (LBP). DESIGN: The pretest-posttest control group design. METHODS: Thirty
      participants with chronic lumbar pain were divided into three groups (Sling only,
      Sling + Swing stick flexible bar, and Sling + Ball cushion) and exercised for 12
      weeks. FINDINGS: All types of sling exercises provided significant positive
      effects on pain scale, body balance, flexibility, and body form. In particular,
      the sling exercise with swing stick flexible bar or ball cushion was more
      effective on body form, flexibility, and balance than a sling alone. CONCLUSIONS:
      In conclusion, sling exercises over a period of 12 weeks had positive effects on
      flexibility, balance, pain, and body form in patients with chronic lumbar pain.
      CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study has generated effects of sling exercise, which
      will assist nursing practitioners in prescribing the beneficial physical
      rehabilitation for patients with chronic LBP.

PMID- 27353720
TI  - The brainstem in late preterm birth: Born small-for-gestational-age is the "tip
      of the iceberg".

PMID- 27353721
TI  - Th17/Treg Imbalance Induced by Dietary Salt Variation Indicates Inflammation of
      Target Organs in Humans.
AB  - The functions of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells are tightly
      orchestrated through independent differentiation pathways that are involved in
      the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines induced by high-salt
      dietary. However, the role of imbalanced Th17/Treg ratio implicated in
      inflammation and target organ damage remains elusive. Here, by flow cytometry
      analysis, we demonstrated that switching to a high-salt diet resulted in
      decreased Th17 cells and reciprocally increased Treg cells, leading to a
      decreased Th17/Treg ratio. Meanwhile, Th17-related pathway was down-regulated
      after one day of high salt loading, with the increase in high salt loading as
      shown by microarray and RT-PCR. Subsequently, blood oxygen level-dependent
      magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) observed hypoxia in the renal medulla
      (increased R2(*) signal) during high-salt loading, which was regressed to its
      baseline level in a step-down fashion during low-salt feeding. The flow-mediated
      vasodilatation (FMD) of the branchial artery was significantly higher on the
      first day of high salt loading. Collectively, these observations indicate that a
      short-term increase in dietary salt intake could induce reciprocal switches in
      Th17/Treg ratio and related cytokines, which might be the underlying cellular
      mechanism of high-salt dietary induced end organ inflammation and potential
      atherosclerotic risk.

PMID- 27353722
TI  - A multiple hold-out framework for Sparse Partial Least Squares.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Supervised classification machine learning algorithms may have
      limitations when studying brain diseases with heterogeneous populations, as the
      labels might be unreliable. More exploratory approaches, such as Sparse Partial
      Least Squares (SPLS), may provide insights into the brain's mechanisms by finding
      relationships between neuroimaging and clinical/demographic data. The
      identification of these relationships has the potential to improve the current
      understanding of disease mechanisms, refine clinical assessment tools, and
      stratify patients. SPLS finds multivariate associative effects in the data by
      computing pairs of sparse weight vectors, where each pair is used to remove its
      corresponding associative effect from the data by matrix deflation, before
      computing additional pairs. NEW METHOD: We propose a novel SPLS framework which
      selects the adequate number of voxels and clinical variables to describe each
      associative effect, and tests their reliability by fitting the model to different
      splits of the data. As a proof of concept, the approach was applied to find
      associations between grey matter probability maps and individual items of the
      Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a clinical sample with various degrees of
      dementia. RESULTS: The framework found two statistically significant associative
      effects between subsets of brain voxels and subsets of the questions/tasks.
      COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: SPLS was compared with its non-sparse version
      (PLS). The use of projection deflation versus a classical PLS deflation was also
      tested in both PLS and SPLS. CONCLUSIONS: SPLS outperformed PLS, finding
      statistically significant effects and providing higher correlation values in hold
      out data. Moreover, projection deflation provided better results.

PMID- 27353724
TI  - Rhinovirus species and clinical features in children hospitalised with pneumonia
      from Mozambique.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of human rhinovirus (RV) species in
      children hospitalised with pneumonia in Manhica, Mozambique, and the associations
      between RV species and demographic, clinical and laboratory features. METHODS:
      Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children 0 to 10 years of age (n =
      277) presenting to Manhica District Hospital with clinical pneumonia. Blood
      samples were collected for HIV and malaria testing, blood culture and full blood
      counts, and a chest X-ray was performed. A panel of common respiratory viruses
      was investigated using two independent multiplex RT-PCR assays with primers
      specific for each virus and viral type. RV species and genotypes were identified
      by seminested PCR assays, sequencing and phylogenetic tree analyses. RESULTS: At
      least one respiratory virus was identified in 206 (74.4%) children hospitalised
      with clinical pneumonia. RV was the most common virus identified in both HIV
      infected (17 of 38, 44.7%) and HIV-uninfected (74 of 237, 31.2%; P = 0.100)
      children. RV-A was the most common RV species identified (47 of 275, 17.0%),
      followed by RV-C (35/275, 12.6%) and RV-B (8/275, 2.9%). Clinical presentation of
      the different RV species was similar and overlapping, with no particular species
      being associated with specific clinical features. CONCLUSIONS: RV-A and RV-C were
      the most common respiratory viruses identified in children hospitalised with
      clinical pneumonia in Manhica. Clinical presentation of RV-A and RV-C was similar
      and overlapping.

PMID- 27353723
TI  - Historical and contemporary factors generate unique butterfly communities on
      islands.
AB  - The mechanisms shaping island biotas are not yet well understood mostly because
      of a lack of studies comparing eco-evolutionary fingerprints over entire
      taxonomic groups. Here, we linked community structure (richness, frequency and
      nestedness) and genetic differentiation (based on mitochondrial DNA) in order to
      compare insular butterfly communities occurring over a key intercontinental area
      in the Mediterranean (Italy-Sicily-Maghreb). We found that community
      characteristics and genetic structure were influenced by a combination of
      contemporary and historical factors, and among the latter, connection during the
      Pleistocene had an important impact. We showed that species can be divided into
      two groups with radically different properties: widespread taxa had high
      dispersal capacity, a nested pattern of occurrence, and displayed little genetic
      structure, while rare species were mainly characterized by low dispersal, high
      turnover and genetically differentiated populations. These results offer an
      unprecedented view of the distinctive butterfly communities and of the main
      processes determining them on each studied island and highlight the importance of
      assessing the phylogeographic value of populations for conservation.

PMID- 27353725
TI  - Surface engineering of hierarchical platinum-cobalt nanowires for efficient
      electrocatalysis.
AB  - Despite intense research in past decades, the lack of high-performance catalysts
      for fuel cell reactions remains a challenge in realizing fuel cell technologies
      for transportation applications. Here we report a facile strategy for
      synthesizing hierarchical platinum-cobalt nanowires with high-index, platinum
      rich facets and ordered intermetallic structure. These structural features enable
      unprecedented performance for the oxygen reduction and alcohol oxidation
      reactions. The specific/mass activities of the platinum-cobalt nanowires for
      oxygen reduction reaction are 39.6/33.7 times higher than commercial Pt/C
      catalyst, respectively. Density functional theory simulations reveal that the
      active threefold hollow sites on the platinum-rich high-index facets provide an
      additional factor in enhancing oxygen reduction reaction activities. The
      nanowires are stable in the electrochemical conditions and also thermally stable.
      This work may represent a key step towards scalable production of high
      performance platinum-based nanowires for applications in catalysis and energy
      conversion.

PMID- 27353726
TI  - Identification and characterization of CD4+ T cell epitopes present in
      Trichinella spiralis paramyosin.
AB  - Trichinellosis is a worldwide zoonosis and vaccinating swine with a potent
      vaccine is a practical approach to prevent Trichinella infections in China.
      Paramyosin of T. spiralis (Ts-Pmy) was shown in our previous work to be a good
      vaccine candidate against Trichinella infections. Because CD4+ T cells play a
      crucial role in effective immunity against T. spiralis infection, identifying
      CD4+ T cell epitopes of paramyosin is crucial for constructing a chimeric subunit
      epitope vaccine. Twelve CD4+ T cell epitopes of Ts-Pmy with the highest scores
      were predicted and synthesized as peptides. Five of the twelve peptides, P2, P3,
      P4, P5 and P12, induced strong splenocyte proliferation and secretion of the Th2
      cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 from rTs-Pmy-immunized mouse splenocytes. To assess the
      immunogenicity of CD4+ T cell epitopes in vivo, splenocytes from mice immunized
      with individual peptides were stimulated with the corresponding peptides. P2, P3,
      P4 and P5 induced strong cell proliferation and secretion of both Th1 (INF-gamma,
      IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines. The results indicate that the peptides P2,
      P3, P4 and P5 are immunodominant CD4+ T cell epitopes of Ts-Pmy. This study will
      facilitate the design of an effective epitope-based multivalent subunit vaccine
      against Trichinella infections.

PMID- 27353727
TI  - MALAT1 induces tongue cancer cells' EMT and inhibits apoptosis through Wnt/beta
      catenin signaling pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MALAT1 is recognized as an oncogenic lncRNA in various malignancies.
      However, its expression and function in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma are
      still unknown. This study aims to investigate the expression and function of
      MALAT1 in TSCC tissues and cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: qPCR was performed to
      detect the expression of MALAT1. MALAT1 was suppressed and upregulated by plasmid
      transfection in TSCC cells, and then cell migration, invasion, EMT, and apoptosis
      were analyzed. RESULTS: LncRNA MALAT1 was upregulated in TSCC tissues and
      correlated with cervical lymph node metastasis in TSCC patients. Moreover, MALAT1
      induced cell migration, invasion, EMT, and inhibited apoptosis by modulating
      Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Finally, inhibiting Wnt/beta-catenin
      signaling pathway attenuated the effect of exogenous MALAT1. CONCLUSION: In
      summary, upregulated MALAT1 in TSCC promoted EMT and inhibited cell apoptosis by
      modulating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.

PMID- 27353729
TI  - On the relationship of inter-particle cohesiveness and bulk powder behavior:
      Flowability of pharmaceutical powders.
AB  - This study investigates the relationship between particle interactions dominated
      by the cohesive van der Waals force and powder flowability for materials commonly
      used by the pharmaceutical industry in oral solid dosage formulation. This study
      first sought to correlate the granular Bond number, defined as the ratio of the
      inter-particle cohesion force to particle weight, to the flow function
      coefficient, a metric commonly used to assess powder flowability. However, the
      granular Bond number which strictly quantifies inter-particle cohesiveness was
      found to correlate poorly with powder flowability due to the complexity
      associated with particle assemblies. To account for the multitude of interactions
      between particles of different sizes within a powder and to more precisely
      predict bulk powder behavior, a population-dependent granular Bond number was
      proposed. The population-dependent granular Bond number which explicitly accounts
      for particle size distribution and described herein as a quantification of powder
      cohesiveness (instead of inter-particle cohesiveness) was shown to correlate well
      with the flow function coefficient for a wide variety of materials including four
      active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fourteen common pharmaceutical
      excipients. Due to the success of the population-dependent granular Bond number,
      it was extended to predict the flowability of powder blends. This so-called
      population-dependent multi-component granular Bond number takes into account
      relevant material properties and particle interactions and was used to predict
      the flowability of 6-component powder blends containing acetaminophen as a model
      cohesive active pharmaceutical ingredient. Prediction of bulk powder behavior
      from individual material properties as accomplished here may be highly useful in
      formulation development. 

PMID- 27353728
TI  - Health related quality of life of women at the sixth week and sixth month
      postpartum by mode of birth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life of women in the postpartum period may
      depend on the mode of birth. However, previous findings are contradictory. AIM:
      To explore health-related quality of life of women at the sixth week and sixth
      month postpartum by mode of birth. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal
      prospective study in Spain that included 546 healthy primiparae aged 18 to 45
      years who gave birth to a healthy newborn. At the sixth week and sixth month
      postpartum, we analysed sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and
      compared health-related quality of life (measured using the SF-36) by mode of
      birth (normal vaginal, forceps, vacuum-extraction, elective caesarean section,
      emergency caesarean section). In addition, we analysed the change in health
      related quality of life between the two time points for each mode of birth.
      FINDINGS: We did not find differences in health-related quality of life by mode
      of birth at the sixth week or sixth month postpartum. At the sixth week
      postpartum, regardless of the mode of birth, women with postpartum urinary
      incontinence reported lower health-related quality of life. Between the sixth
      week and sixth month postpartum, health-related quality of life improved for all
      modes of birth. CONCLUSION: While mode of birth is not directly associated with
      health-related quality of life, it does have an indirect relationship in the
      short term. Women who reported the lowest health-related quality of life were
      those with postpartum urinary incontinence. Most women with postpartum urinary
      incontinence were in the forceps group.

PMID- 27353730
TI  - Formulating better medicines for children-Still too far to walk.

PMID- 27353731
TI  - Triboelectrification: A review of experimental and mechanistic modeling
      approaches with a special focus on pharmaceutical powders.
AB  - The continuous relative motion of particles against solid surfaces in
      pharmaceutical manufacturing triggers multiple physio-chemical alterations
      generating contact charging or triboelectrification. Charged particles in
      manufacturing processes can actuate multiple impediments including agglomeration,
      segregation during flow or adhesion to process equipment. Generation of excess
      charge might lead to electrostatic discharges inducing severe imperilments of
      fire and explosions. Despite its prevalence, the electrostatic charging process
      is not fully understood, owing to the diverse physical, chemical and
      environmental factors that can affect the phenomenon. In the course of this
      review, some of the basic concepts involved in charge transfer have been briefly
      discussed highlighting the different experimental approaches employed in
      measuring electrostatic charges and summarizing the constituent factors
      responsible. Pertinent numerical models have been further conferred to analyze
      the different hypotheses of particle charging. 

PMID- 27353732
TI  - Ocean acidification affects marine chemical communication by changing structure
      and function of peptide signalling molecules.
AB  - Ocean acidification is a global challenge that faces marine organisms in the near
      future with a predicted rapid drop in pH of up to 0.4 units by the end of this
      century. Effects of the change in ocean carbon chemistry and pH on the
      development, growth and fitness of marine animals are well documented. Recent
      evidence also suggests that a range of chemically mediated behaviours and
      interactions in marine fish and invertebrates will be affected. Marine animals
      use chemical cues, for example, to detect predators, for settlement, homing and
      reproduction. But, while effects of high CO2 conditions on these behaviours are
      described across many species, little is known about the underlying mechanisms,
      particularly in invertebrates. Here, we investigate the direct influence of
      future oceanic pH conditions on the structure and function of three peptide
      signalling molecules with an interdisciplinary combination of methods. NMR
      spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations were used to assess the direct
      molecular influence of pH on the peptide cues, and we tested the functionality of
      the cues in different pH conditions using behavioural bioassays with shore crabs
      (Carcinus maenas) as a model system. We found that peptide signalling cues are
      susceptible to protonation in future pH conditions, which will alter their
      overall charge. We also show that structure and electrostatic properties
      important for receptor binding differ significantly between the peptide forms
      present today and the protonated signalling peptides likely to be dominating in
      future oceans. The bioassays suggest an impaired functionality of the signalling
      peptides at low pH. Physiological changes due to high CO2 conditions were found
      to play a less significant role in influencing the investigated behaviour. From
      our results, we conclude that the change of charge, structure and consequently
      function of signalling molecules presents one possible mechanism to explain
      altered behaviour under future oceanic pH conditions.

PMID- 27353733
TI  - Computational imaging with a balanced detector.
AB  - Single-pixel cameras allow to obtain images in a wide range of challenging
      scenarios, including broad regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and through
      scattering media. However, there still exist several drawbacks that single-pixel
      architectures must address, such as acquisition speed and imaging in the presence
      of ambient light. In this work we introduce balanced detection in combination
      with simultaneous complementary illumination in a single-pixel camera. This
      approach enables to acquire information even when the power of the parasite
      signal is higher than the signal itself. Furthermore, this novel detection scheme
      increases both the frame rate and the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. By
      means of a fast digital micromirror device together with a low numerical aperture
      collecting system, we are able to produce a live-feed video with a resolution of
      64 * 64 pixels at 5 Hz. With advanced undersampling techniques, such as
      compressive sensing, we can acquire information at rates of 25 Hz. By using this
      strategy, we foresee real-time biological imaging with large area detectors in
      conditions where array sensors are unable to operate properly, such as infrared
      imaging and dealing with objects embedded in turbid media.

PMID- 27353734
TI  - Erratum to: Safety of concurrent treatment of cats with fluralaner and emodepsid
      praziquantel.

PMID- 27353735
TI  - Functional properties of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) phytochemicals and
      bioactives.
AB  - Overwhelming evidence indicates that diets rich in fruits and vegetables are
      protective against common chronic diseases, such as cancer, obesity and
      cardiovascular disease. Leafy green vegetables, in particular, are recognized as
      having substantial health-promoting activities that are attributed to the
      functional properties of their nutrients and non-essential chemical compounds.
      Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely regarded as a functional food due to its
      diverse nutritional composition, which includes vitamins and minerals, and to its
      phytochemicals and bioactives that promote health beyond basic nutrition. Spinach
      derived phytochemicals and bioactives are able to (i) scavenge reactive oxygen
      species and prevent macromolecular oxidative damage, (ii) modulate expression and
      activity of genes involved in metabolism, proliferation, inflammation, and
      antioxidant defence, and (iii) curb food intake by inducing secretion of satiety
      hormones. These biological activities contribute to the anti-cancer, anti
      obesity, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of spinach. Despite these
      valuable attributes, spinach consumption remains low in comparison to other leafy
      green vegetables. This review examines the functional properties of spinach in
      cell culture, animals and humans with a focus on the molecular mechanisms by
      which spinach-derived non-essential phytochemicals and bioactives, such as
      glycolipids and thylakoids, impart their health benefits. 

PMID- 27353736
TI  - Guidance is needed on synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and cannabis.

PMID- 27353737
TI  - Retraction of "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and Oxygenated PAH (OPAH)
      Air-Water Exchange during the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill".

PMID- 27353738
TI  - Clinical characteristics and predictors of gangrene in patients with systemic
      sclerosis and digital ulcers in the Digital Ulcer Outcome Registry: a
      prospective, observational cohort.

PMID- 27353739
TI  - A Case of Vitamin D-Dependent Rickets Type 1A with a Novel Mutation in the Uzbek
      Population.
AB  - Vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1A (VDDR-1A) (Online Mendelian Inheritance in
      Man #264700) is a rare, autosomal recessively inherited disorder due to
      inactivating mutations in CYP27B1. It is characterized by early onset of rickets
      with hypocalcemia. We aimed to describe the clinical and laboratory findings in a
      VDDR-1A case and to report a novel homozygote truncating mutation NM_000785.3
      c.403C>T (p.Q135*) in CYP27B1 which to our knowledge is the first described
      mutation in the Uzbek population. The patient was admitted with tetany at the age
      of 12 months. He was a healthy Uzbek boy until 9 months of age when he had a
      seizure due to hypocalcemia. Vitamin D treatment was given orally in Turkmenistan
      (no data available for dose and duration). The patient was the product of a
      consanguineous marriage. His brother had died with hypocalcemia and pneumonia. At
      physical examination, anthropometric measurements were within normal limits; he
      had caput quadratum, enlarged wrists, and carpopedal spasm. Blood calcium,
      phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and parathormone (PTH) levels were 5.9 mg/dL,
      3.5 mg/dL, 987 IU/L, and 182.8 pg/mL (12-72), respectively. Radiological findings
      included cupping and fraying of the radial and ulnar metaphyses. Renal ultrasound
      revealed nephrocalcinosis (grade 1). Despite high serum PTH and 25-hydroxyvitamin
      D3 levels, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 level was low, suggesting a diagnosis of VDDR
      1A. The patient was treated with calcium carbonate and calcitriol. DNA sequencing
      revealed a novel homozygous mutation of NM_000785.3 c.403C>T (p.Q135*) in
      CYP27B1. VDDR-1A is a rare disorder which needs to be considered even in
      countries where nutritional vitamin D deficiency is still common.

PMID- 27353741
TI  - The value of liver magnetic resonance imaging in patients with findings of
      resectable pancreatic cancer on computed tomography.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Accurate staging of patients with pancreatic cancer is important to
      avoid unnecessary operations. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess
      the impact of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on preoperative staging of liver in
      patients with findings of resectable pancreatic cancer on computed tomography
      (CT). METHODS: All patients who presented to a tertiary referral centre with
      pancreatic cancer between April 2012 and December 2013 were included in the
      study. Patients with findings of resectable disease on CT underwent further liver
      diffusion-weighted MR imaging, using a hepatocyte-specific contrast agent.
      RESULTS: A total of 583 patients with pancreatic cancer were referred. 69 (11.8%)
      had resectable disease on CT. Of these 69 patients, 16 (23.2%) had liver
      metastases on MR imaging, while 6 (8.7%) had indeterminate lesions. Of the 16
      patients with positive MR imaging findings of liver metastases, 11 died of
      pancreatic cancer, with a mean survival time of nine months (95% confidence
      interval [CI] 5.22-14.05). The mean survival time of the 47 patients with
      negative MR imaging findings was 16 months (95% CI 14.33-18.10; p = 0.001).
      Subsequently, 22 of these patients underwent surgery, and only 1 (4.5%) patient
      was found to have liver metastasis at surgery. CONCLUSION: The results of the
      present study indicate that MR imaging improves the staging of disease in
      patients with resectable pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 27353742
TI  - Enzyme-driven metabolomic screening: a proof-of-principle method for discovery of
      plant defence compounds targeted by pathogens.
AB  - Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites to defend themselves from
      pathogen attack, while pathogens have evolved to overcome plant defences by
      producing enzymes that degrade or modify these defence compounds. However, many
      compounds targeted by pathogen enzymes currently remain enigmatic. Identifying
      host compounds targeted by pathogen enzymes would enable us to understand the
      potential importance of such compounds in plant defence and modify them to make
      them insensitive to pathogen enzymes. Here, a proof of concept metabolomics-based
      method was developed to discover plant defence compounds modified by pathogens
      using two pathogen enzymes with known targets in wheat and tomato. Plant extracts
      treated with purified pathogen enzymes were subjected to LC-MS, and the relative
      abundance of metabolites before and after treatment were comparatively analysed.
      Using two enzymes from different pathogens the in planta targets could be found
      by combining relatively simple enzymology with the power of untargeted
      metabolomics. Key to the method is dataset simplification based on natural
      isotope occurrence and statistical filtering, which can be scripted. The method
      presented here will aid in our understanding of plant-pathogen interactions and
      may lead to the development of new plant protection strategies.

PMID- 27353740
TI  - Pharmacological targeting of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in human
      erythrocytes by Bay 11-7082, parthenolide and dimethyl fumarate.
AB  - In mature erythrocytes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6
      phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) yield NADPH, a crucial cofactor of the
      enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) converting glutathione disulfide (GSSG) into
      its reduced state (GSH). GSH is essential for detoxification processes in and
      survival of erythrocytes. We explored whether the anti-inflammatory compounds Bay
      11-7082, parthenolide and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) were able to completely deplete
      a common target (GSH), and to impair the function of upstream enzymes of GSH
      recycling and replenishment. Treatment of erythrocytes with Bay 11-7082,
      parthenolide or DMF led to concentration-dependent eryptosis resulting from
      complete depletion of GSH. GSH depletion was due to strong inhibition of G6PDH
      activity. Bay 11-7082 and DMF, but not parthenolide, were able to inhibit the GR
      activity. This approach "Inhibitors, Detection of their common target that is
      completely depleted or inactivated when pharmacologically relevant concentrations
      of each single inhibitor are applied, Subsequent functional analysis of upstream
      enzymes for this target" (IDS), can be applied to a broad range of inhibitors and
      cell types according to the selected target. The specific G6PDH inhibitory effect
      of these compounds may be exploited for the treatment of human diseases with high
      NADPH and GSH consumption rates, including malaria, trypanosomiasis, cancer or
      obesity.

PMID- 27353743
TI  - Patients with COPD tell their stories about living with the long-term condition:
      an innovative and powerful way to impact primary health care professionals'
      attitudes and behaviour?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sub-optimal adoption of evidence based practice by primary health
      care professionals (PHCPs) is affecting the health of people with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This paper shows how 'patient stories' were
      used to engineer professional and organisational change. METHODS: 'Stories' were
      transmitted via a pre-planned question and answer session involving patients and
      carers. The impact on PHCPs' attitudes and behaviour was explored through
      observing the session, open-text questionnaires completed by the PHCPs at the end
      of the session and clinician interviews. FINDINGS: The stories about living with
      COPD, told by patients and their carers, were found to be an innovative and
      powerful way to impact PHCPs' attitude and behaviour. Strong motivational context
      was created, in which clinicians were able to see the relevance of learning
      through active engagement with real people. CONCLUSION: Long term conditions such
      as COPD have long term implications for the daily lives of patients and their
      carers. Hearing about these consequences in 'the first person' is an influential
      training tool with a powerful impact on PHCPs' attitudes and behaviour.

PMID- 27353744
TI  - A rare cause of colonic thickening and lymphadenopathy.

PMID- 27353745
TI  - Chemical Coding of Sensory Neurons Supplying the Hip Joint Capsule in the Sheep.
AB  - Immunohistochemical properties of nerve fibres supplying the joint capsule were
      previously described in many mammalian species, but the localization of sensory
      neurons supplying this structure was studied only in laboratory animals, the rat
      and rabbit. However, there is no comprehensive data on the chemical coding of
      sensory neurons projecting to the hip joint capsule (HJC). The aim of this study
      was to establish immunohistochemical properties of sensory neurons supplying HJC
      in the sheep. The study was carried out on 10 sheep, weighing about 30-40 kg. The
      animals were injected with a retrograde neural tracer Fast Blue (FB) into HJC.
      Sections of the spinal ganglia (SpG) with FB-positive (FB+) neurons were stained
      using antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) substance P (SP),
      pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), nitric oxide synthase (n
      NOS), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), Leu-5
      enkephalin (Leu-Enk), galanin (GAL) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter
      (VACHT). The vast majority of FB+ neurons supplying HJC was found in the ganglia
      from the 5th lumbar to the 2nd sacral. Immunohistochemistry revealed that most of
      these neurons were immunoreactive to CGRP or SP (80.7 +/- 8.0% or 56.4 +/- 4.8%,
      respectively) and many of them stained for PACAP or GAL (52.9 +/- 2.9% or 50.6 +/
      19.7%, respectively). Other populations of FB+ neurons were those immunoreactive
      to n-NOS (37.8 +/- 9.7%), NPY (34.6 +/- 6.7%), VIP (28.7 +/- 4.8%), Leu-Enk (27.1
      +/- 14.6) and VACHT (16.7 +/- 9.6).

PMID- 27353746
TI  - Fulminant liver failure resulting from massive hepatic infarction associated with
      hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome.
AB  - Hepatic infarction is an extremely rare and fatal complication associated with
      hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP) syndrome. It can
      develop into fulminant liver failure, which increases both maternal and neonatal
      mortality rates. A 34-year-old woman with no remarkable past medical history
      developed eclampsia after delivery at 40 weeks of gestation. Imaging indicated
      massive hepatic infarction and rupture followed by cardiac arrest and fulminant
      liver failure. Despite liver replacement therapy with plasma exchange and
      continuous hemodiafiltration, the patient gradually deteriorated with persistent
      bacterial infection until death at 98 days after delivery. The management of
      fulminant liver failure complicated with HELLP syndrome should be
      multidisciplinary. Liver transplantation, the only radical treatment for
      fulminant liver failure, is worth attempting, if applicable.

PMID- 27353747
TI  - Children with Poor Reading Skills at the Word Level Show Reduced Fractional
      Anisotropy in White Matter Tracts of Both Hemispheres.
AB  - Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies showed that microstructural alterations
      are correlated to reading skills. In this study, we aim to investigate white
      matter microstructure of a group of Portuguese speakers with poor reading level,
      using different parameters of DTI. To perform this analysis, we selected children
      ranging from 8 to 12 years of age, poor readers (n = 17) and good readers (n =
      23), evaluated in the word-level ability based on a Latent Class Analysis (LCA)
      of Academic Performance Test (TDE). Poor readers exhibited significant fractional
      anisotropy (FA) reductions in many tracts of both hemispheres, but small and
      restricted clusters of increased radial diffusivity (RD) in the left hemisphere.
      Spatial coherence of fibers might be the main source of differences, as changes
      in FA were not similarly accompanied in terms of extension by changes in RD.
      Widespread structural alterations in the white matter could prevent good reading
      ability at word level, which is consistent with recent studies demonstrating the
      involvement of multiple cortical regions and white matter tracts in reading
      disabilities.

PMID- 27353748
TI  - Glycerol inhibits the primary pathways and transforms the secondary pathway of
      insulin aggregation.
AB  - Aggregation of insulin initiated from the monomeric form proceeds via the
      secondary pathway of fragmentation. It was interesting to find that glycerol had
      the potential to transform the secondary pathway of aggregation from
      fragmentation to heterogeneous nucleation in a concentration dependent manner.
      Such a change in the secondary pathway was manifested by a change in the
      fibrillar morphology, wherein, longer fibrils were formed in the presence of
      glycerol. Glycerol could inhibit all the major steps of insulin aggregation. The
      analysis of the kinetic traces suggested that the inhibitory effect was most
      significant on the primary pathways, although secondary nucleation and elongation
      were also inhibited. In fact, at higher glycerol concentrations, the primary
      pathways were inhibited to such an extent that the majority of the aggregation
      was now driven by the secondary pathways. Our data suggest that glycerol binds to
      the early intermediates in the insulin aggregation pathway, and inhibits them
      from forming the aggregation competent species capable of elongation. As higher
      order species are formed in the aggregation pathway, the relative stabilization
      rendered by glycerol diminishes due to the exclusion of glycerol from the
      interface. 

PMID- 27353749
TI  - Properties of the feline tumour suppressor reduced expression in immortalized
      cells (REIC/Dkk-3).
AB  - Reduced expression in immortalized cells (REIC/Dkk-3), a member of the human
      Dickkopf (Dkk) family, is a growth suppressor in human and canine mammary
      tumours. Mammary gland tumours are common neoplasms with high malignancy in
      female cats. The purpose of this study was to clone the feline REIC/Dkk-3
      homolog, investigate its expression in cell lines established from feline mammary
      gland tumours, and test its tumour suppressor function. Western blot analysis
      revealed that expression of the REIC/Dkk-3 protein was reduced in feline mammary
      carcinoma cell lines. Forced expression of REIC/Dkk-3 induced apoptosis in feline
      mammary tumour cell lines. These results demonstrate that REIC/Dkk-3 expression,
      which is downregulated in feline mammary tumour cell lines, results in the
      induction of apoptosis in these cells. Our findings suggest that feline REIC/Dkk
      3 represents a potential molecular target for the development of therapies
      against feline mammary cancers.

PMID- 27353750
TI  - Longitudinal changes in Langerhans cell density of the cornea and conjunctiva in
      contact lens-induced dry eye.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim was to determine longitudinal changes in Langerhans cell
      density (LCD) in the human cornea and conjunctiva during asymptomatic and
      symptomatic contact lens wear. METHODS: Twenty-five participants with contact
      lens-induced dry eye (CLIDE) and 35 without CLIDE (NO-CLIDE), diagnosed using a
      range of symptom questionnaires and objective tests (tear film break up, cotton
      thread tear test and corneal staining) were enrolled. The central cornea and
      nasal bulbar conjunctiva were examined using a Heidelberg laser scanning confocal
      microscope at baseline and following one, four and 24 weeks wear of daily
      disposable hydrogel contact lenses. Twenty-three non-contact lens-wearing
      controls were also examined. Langerhans cells were counted manually from randomly
      selected images. RESULTS: In the cornea, mean and standard error of the mean LCD
      was greater after one week of lens wear in CLIDE (55 +/- 7 cells/mm2 ) versus NO
      CLIDE (43 +/- 4 cells/mm2 ) (p = 0.041) and controls (27 +/- 4 cells/mm2 ) (p <
      0.001). LCD was also greater in NO-CLIDE versus controls (p = 0.010). At week 4,
      LCD was greater in CLIDE (41 +/- 6 cells/mm2 ) versus controls (27 +/- 4
      cells/mm2 ) (p = 0.004). There were no other significant differences between
      groups at weeks four or 24. In the conjunctiva, LCD was greater after one week of
      lens wear in CLIDE (17 +/- 1 cells/mm2 ) (p = 0.003) and NO-CLIDE (17 +/- 3
      cells/mm2 ) (p = 0.001) versus controls (7 +/- 1 cells/mm2 ). There were no
      significant differences between groups at weeks four or 24. CONCLUSIONS: The
      initial transient increase in corneal and conjunctival LCD in CLIDE (versus NO
      CLIDE) suggests an inflammatory component in the aetiology of this condition.

PMID- 27353751
TI  - Directed Binding of Gliding Bacterium, Mycoplasma mobile, Shown by Detachment
      Force and Bond Lifetime.
AB  - Mycoplasma mobile, a fish-pathogenic bacterium, features a protrusion that
      enables it to glide smoothly on solid surfaces at a velocity of up to 4.5 um s(
      1) in the direction of the protrusion. M. mobile glides by a repeated catch-pull
      release of sialylated oligosaccharides fixed on a solid surface by hundreds of 50
      nm flexible "legs" sticking out from the protrusion. This gliding mechanism may
      be explained by a possible directed binding of each leg with sialylated
      oligosaccharides, by which the leg can be detached more easily forward than
      backward. In the present study, we used a polystyrene bead held by optical
      tweezers to detach a starved cell at rest from a glass surface coated with
      sialylated oligosaccharides and concluded that the detachment force forward is
      1.6- to 1.8-fold less than that backward, which may be linked to a catch bond
      like behavior of the cell. These results suggest that this directed binding has a
      critical role in the gliding mechanism. IMPORTANCE: Mycoplasma species are the
      smallest bacteria and are parasitic and occasionally commensal, as represented by
      Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes so-called "walking pneumonia" in humans.
      Dozens of species glide on host tissues, always in the direction of the
      characteristic cellular protrusion, by novel mechanisms. The fastest species,
      Mycoplasma mobile, catches, pulls, and releases sialylated oligosaccharides
      (SOs), which are common targets among influenza viruses, by means of a specific
      receptor based on the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Here, force measurements made
      with optical tweezers revealed that the force required to detach a cell from SOs
      is smaller forward than backward along the gliding direction. The directed
      binding should be a clue to elucidate this novel motility mechanism.

PMID- 27353752
TI  - Genomic Analysis and Comparison of Two Gonorrhea Outbreaks.
AB  - Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease causing growing concern, with a
      substantial increase in reported incidence over the past few years in the United
      Kingdom and rising levels of resistance to a wide range of antibiotics.
      Understanding its epidemiology is therefore of major biomedical importance, not
      only on a population scale but also at the level of direct transmission. However,
      the molecular typing techniques traditionally used for gonorrhea infections do
      not provide sufficient resolution to investigate such fine-scale patterns. Here
      we sequenced the genomes of 237 isolates from two local collections of isolates
      from Sheffield and London, each of which was resolved into a single type using
      traditional methods. The two data sets were selected to have different
      epidemiological properties: the Sheffield data were collected over 6 years from a
      predominantly heterosexual population, whereas the London data were gathered
      within half a year and strongly associated with men who have sex with men. Based
      on contact tracing information between individuals in Sheffield, we found that
      transmission is associated with a median time to most recent common ancestor of
      3.4 months, with an upper bound of 8 months, which we used as a criterion to
      identify likely transmission links in both data sets. In London, we found that
      transmission happened predominantly between individuals of similar age, sexual
      orientation, and location and also with the same HIV serostatus, which may
      reflect serosorting and associated risk behaviors. Comparison of the two data
      sets suggests that the London epidemic involved about ten times more cases than
      the Sheffield outbreak. IMPORTANCE: The recent increases in gonorrhea incidence
      and antibiotic resistance are cause for public health concern. Successful
      intervention requires a better understanding of transmission patterns, which is
      not uncovered by traditional molecular epidemiology techniques. Here we studied
      two outbreaks that took place in Sheffield and London, United Kingdom. We show
      that whole-genome sequencing provides the resolution to investigate direct
      gonorrhea transmission between infected individuals. Combining genome sequencing
      with rich epidemiological information about infected individuals reveals the
      importance of several transmission routes and risk factors, which can be used to
      design better control measures.

PMID- 27353753
TI  - Targeting Alpha Toxin and ClfA with a Multimechanistic Monoclonal-Antibody-Based
      Approach for Prophylaxis of Serious Staphylococcus aureus Disease.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus produces numerous virulence factors, each contributing
      different mechanisms to bacterial pathogenesis in a spectrum of diseases. Alpha
      toxin (AT), a cytolytic pore-forming toxin, plays a key role in skin and soft
      tissue infections and pneumonia, and a human anti-AT monoclonal antibody (MAb),
      MEDI4893*, has been shown to reduce disease severity in dermonecrosis and
      pneumonia infection models. However, interstrain diversity and the complex
      pathogenesis of S. aureus bloodstream infections suggests that MEDI4893* alone
      may not provide adequate protection against S. aureus sepsis. Clumping factor A
      (ClfA), a fibrinogen binding protein, is an important virulence factor
      facilitating S. aureus bloodstream infections. Herein, we report on the
      identification of a high-affinity anti-ClfA MAb, 11H10, that inhibits ClfA
      binding to fibrinogen, prevents bacterial agglutination in human plasma, and
      promotes opsonophagocytic bacterial killing (OPK). 11H10 prophylaxis reduced
      disease severity in a mouse bacteremia model and was dependent on Fc effector
      function and OPK. Additionally, prophylaxis with 11H10 in combination with
      MEDI4893* provided enhanced strain coverage in this model and increased survival
      compared to that obtained with the individual MAbs. The MAb combination also
      reduced disease severity in murine dermonecrosis and pneumonia models, with
      activity similar to that of MEDI4893* alone. These results indicate that an MAb
      combination targeting multiple virulence factors provides benefit over a single
      MAb neutralizing one virulence mechanism by providing improved efficacy, broader
      strain coverage, and protection against multiple infection pathologies.
      IMPORTANCE: Alternative strategies to broad-spectrum antibiotics are required to
      combat the antibiotic resistance epidemic. Previous attempts at active or passive
      immunization against Staphylococcus aureus targeting single antigens have failed
      in clinical trials despite positive preclinical data. To provide broad disease
      and isolate coverage, an effective immunization strategy likely must target
      multiple virulence mechanisms of the pathogen. Herein, we tested a
      multimechanistic MAb combination targeting alpha toxin (AT) and clumping factor A
      (ClfA) that neutralizes AT-mediated cytotoxicity, blocks fibrinogen binding by
      ClfA, prevents bacterial agglutination, targets the bacteria for opsonophagocytic
      killing, and provides broad isolate coverage in a lethal-bacteremia model.
      Although each MAb alone was effective in bacteremia against some individual
      isolates, the MAb combination provided improved protection against other
      isolates. These results illustrate the importance of targeting multiple virulence
      mechanisms and highlight the potential for an MAb combination targeting AT and
      ClfA to effectively prevent S. aureus disease.

PMID- 27353754
TI  - Light Regimes Shape Utilization of Extracellular Organic C and N in a
      Cyanobacterial Biofilm.
AB  - Although it is becoming clear that many microbial primary producers can also play
      a role as organic consumers, we know very little about the metabolic regulation
      of photoautotroph organic matter consumption. Cyanobacteria in phototrophic
      biofilms can reuse extracellular organic carbon, but the metabolic drivers of
      extracellular processes are surprisingly complex. We investigated the metabolic
      foundations of organic matter reuse by comparing exoproteome composition and
      incorporation of (13)C-labeled and (15)N-labeled cyanobacterial extracellular
      organic matter (EOM) in a unicyanobacterial biofilm incubated using different
      light regimes. In the light and the dark, cyanobacterial direct organic C
      assimilation accounted for 32% and 43%, respectively, of all organic C
      assimilation in the community. Under photosynthesis conditions, we measured
      increased excretion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and proteins
      involved in micronutrient transport, suggesting that requirements for
      micronutrients may drive EOM assimilation during daylight hours. This
      interpretation was supported by photosynthesis inhibition experiments, in which
      cyanobacteria incorporated N-rich EOM-derived material. In contrast, under dark,
      C-starved conditions, cyanobacteria incorporated C-rich EOM-derived organic
      matter, decreased excretion of EPS, and showed an increased abundance of
      degradative exoproteins, demonstrating the use of the extracellular domain for C
      storage. Sequence-structure modeling of one of these exoproteins predicted a
      specific hydrolytic activity that was subsequently detected, confirming increased
      EOM degradation in the dark. Associated heterotrophic bacteria increased in
      abundance and upregulated transport proteins under dark relative to light
      conditions. Taken together, our results indicate that biofilm cyanobacteria are
      successful competitors for organic C and N and that cyanobacterial nutrient and
      energy requirements control the use of EOM. IMPORTANCE: Cyanobacteria are
      globally distributed primary producers, and the fate of their fixed C influences
      microbial biogeochemical cycling. This fate is complicated by cyanobacterial
      degradation and assimilation of organic matter, but because cyanobacteria are
      assumed to be poor competitors for organic matter consumption, regulation of this
      process is not well tested. In mats and biofilms, this is especially relevant
      because cyanobacteria produce an extensive organic extracellular matrix,
      providing the community with a rich source of nutrients. Light is a well-known
      regulator of cyanobacterial metabolism, so we characterized the effects of light
      availability on the incorporation of organic matter. Using stable isotope tracing
      at the single-cell level, we quantified photoautotroph assimilation under
      different metabolic conditions and integrated the results with proteomics to
      elucidate metabolic status. We found that cyanobacteria effectively compete for
      organic matter in the light and the dark and that nutrient requirements and
      community interactions contribute to cycling of extracellular organic matter.

PMID- 27353756
TI  - Plasmid Dynamics in KPC-Positive Klebsiella pneumoniae during Long-Term Patient
      Colonization.
AB  - Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are formidable hospital
      pathogens that pose a serious threat to patients around the globe due to a rising
      incidence in health care facilities, high mortality rates associated with
      infection, and potential to spread antibiotic resistance to other bacterial
      species, such as Escherichia coli Over 6 months in 2011, 17 patients at the
      National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center became colonized with a
      highly virulent, transmissible carbapenem-resistant strain of K. pneumoniae Our
      real-time genomic sequencing tracked patient-to-patient routes of transmission
      and informed epidemiologists' actions to monitor and control this outbreak. Two
      of these patients remained colonized with carbapenemase-producing organisms for
      at least 2 to 4 years, providing the opportunity to undertake a focused genomic
      study of long-term colonization with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Whole-genome
      sequencing studies shed light on the underlying complex microbial colonization,
      including mixed or evolving bacterial populations and gain or loss of plasmids.
      Isolates from NIH patient 15 showed complex plasmid rearrangements, leaving the
      chromosome and the blaKPC-carrying plasmid intact but rearranging the two other
      plasmids of this outbreak strain. NIH patient 16 has shown continuous
      colonization with blaKPC-positive organisms across multiple time points spanning
      2011 to 2015. Genomic studies defined a complex pattern of succession and plasmid
      transmission across two different K. pneumoniae sequence types and an E. coli
      isolate. These findings demonstrate the utility of genomic methods for
      understanding strain succession, genome plasticity, and long-term carriage of
      antibiotic-resistant organisms. IMPORTANCE: In 2011, the NIH Clinical Center had
      a nosocomial outbreak involving 19 patients who became colonized or infected with
      blaKPC-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae Patients who have intestinal colonization
      with blaKPC-positive K. pneumoniae are at risk for developing infections that are
      difficult or nearly impossible to treat with existing antibiotic options. Two of
      those patients remained colonized with blaKPC-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae for
      over a year, leading to the initiation of a detailed genomic analysis exploring
      mixed colonization, plasmid recombination, and plasmid diversification. Whole
      genome sequence analysis identified a variety of changes, both subtle and large,
      in the blaKPC-positive organisms. Long-term colonization of patients with blaKPC
      positive Klebsiella pneumoniae creates new opportunities for horizontal gene
      transfer of plasmids encoding antibiotic resistance genes and poses complications
      for the delivery of health care.

PMID- 27353755
TI  - Overexpression of Plasmodium berghei ATG8 by Liver Forms Leads to Cumulative
      Defects in Organelle Dynamics and to Generation of Noninfectious Merozoites.
AB  - Plasmodium parasites undergo continuous cellular renovation to adapt to various
      environments in the vertebrate host and insect vector. In hepatocytes, Plasmodium
      berghei discards unneeded organelles for replication, such as micronemes involved
      in invasion. Concomitantly, intrahepatic parasites expand organelles such as the
      apicoplast that produce essential metabolites. We previously showed that the ATG8
      conjugation system is upregulated in P. berghei liver forms and that P. berghei
      ATG8 (PbATG8) localizes to the membranes of the apicoplast and cytoplasmic
      vesicles. Here, we focus on the contribution of PbATG8 to the organellar changes
      that occur in intrahepatic parasites. We illustrated that micronemes colocalize
      with PbATG8-containing structures before expulsion from the parasite.
      Interference with PbATG8 function by overexpression results in poor development
      into late liver stages and production of small merosomes that contain immature
      merozoites unable to initiate a blood infection. At the cellular level, PbATG8
      overexpressing P. berghei exhibits a delay in microneme compartmentalization into
      PbATG8-containing autophagosomes and elimination compared to parasites from the
      parental strain. The apicoplast, identifiable by immunostaining of the acyl
      carrier protein (ACP), undergoes an abnormally fast proliferation in mutant
      parasites. Over time, the ACP staining becomes diffuse in merosomes, indicating a
      collapse of the apicoplast. PbATG8 is not incorporated into the progeny of mutant
      parasites, in contrast to parental merozoites in which PbATG8 and ACP localize to
      the apicoplast. These observations reveal that Plasmodium ATG8 is a key effector
      in the development of merozoites by controlling microneme clearance and
      apicoplast proliferation and that dysregulation in ATG8 levels is detrimental for
      malaria infectivity. IMPORTANCE: Malaria is responsible for more mortality than
      any other parasitic disease. Resistance to antimalarial medicines is a recurring
      problem; new drugs are urgently needed. A key to the parasite's successful
      intracellular development in the liver is the metabolic changes necessary to
      convert the parasite from a sporozoite to a replication-competent, metabolically
      active trophozoite form. Our study reinforces the burgeoning concept that
      organellar changes during parasite differentiation are mediated by an autophagy
      like process. We have identified ATG8 in Plasmodium liver forms as an important
      effector that controls the development and fate of organelles, e.g., the
      clearance of micronemes that are required for hepatocyte invasion and the
      expansion of the apicoplast that produces many metabolites indispensable for
      parasite replication. Given the unconventional properties and the importance of
      ATG8 for parasite development in hepatocytes, targeting the parasite's autophagic
      pathway may represent a novel approach to control malarial infections.

PMID- 27353757
TI  - Bacterial Hyaluronidase Promotes Ascending GBS Infection and Preterm Birth.
AB  - Preterm birth increases the risk of adverse birth outcomes and is the leading
      cause of neonatal mortality. A significant cause of preterm birth is in utero
      infection with vaginal microorganisms. These vaginal microorganisms are often
      recovered from the amniotic fluid of preterm birth cases. A vaginal microorganism
      frequently associated with preterm birth is group B streptococcus (GBS), or
      Streptococcus agalactiae However, the molecular mechanisms underlying GBS
      ascension are poorly understood. Here, we describe the role of the GBS
      hyaluronidase in ascending infection and preterm birth. We show that clinical GBS
      strains associated with preterm labor or neonatal infections have increased
      hyaluronidase activity compared to commensal strains obtained from rectovaginal
      swabs of healthy women. Using a murine model of ascending infection, we show that
      hyaluronidase activity was associated with increased ascending GBS infection,
      preterm birth, and fetal demise. Interestingly, hyaluronidase activity reduced
      uterine inflammation but did not impact placental or fetal inflammation. Our
      study shows that hyaluronidase activity enables GBS to subvert uterine immune
      responses, leading to increased rates of ascending infection and preterm birth.
      These findings have important implications for the development of therapies to
      prevent in utero infection and preterm birth. IMPORTANCE: GBS are a family of
      bacteria that frequently colonize the vagina of pregnant women. In some cases,
      GBS ascend from the vagina into the uterine space, leading to fetal injury and
      preterm birth. Unfortunately, little is known about the mechanisms underlying
      ascending GBS infection. In this study, we show that a GBS virulence factor,
      HylB, shows higher activity in strains isolated from cases of preterm birth than
      those isolates from rectovaginal swabs of healthy women. We discovered that GBS
      rely on HylB to avoid immune detection in uterine tissue, but not placental
      tissue, which leads to increased rates of fetal injury and preterm birth. These
      studies provide novel insight into the underlying mechanisms of ascending
      infection.

PMID- 27353758
TI  - A Commensal Bacterium Promotes Virulence of an Opportunistic Pathogen via Cross
      Respiration.
AB  - Bacteria rarely inhabit infection sites alone, instead residing in diverse,
      multispecies communities. Despite this fact, bacterial pathogenesis studies
      primarily focus on monoculture infections, overlooking how community interactions
      influence the course of disease. In this study, we used global mutant fitness
      profiling (transposon sequencing [Tn-seq]) to determine the genetic requirements
      for the pathogenic bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to cause
      disease when coinfecting with the commensal bacterium Streptococcus gordonii Our
      results show that S. gordonii extensively alters A. actinomycetemcomitans
      requirements for virulence factors and biosynthetic pathways during infection. In
      addition, we discovered that the presence of S. gordonii enhances the
      bioavailability of oxygen during infection, allowing A. actinomycetemcomitans to
      shift from a primarily fermentative to a respiratory metabolism that enhances its
      growth yields and persistence. Mechanistically, respiratory metabolism enhances
      the fitness of A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo by increasing ATP yields via
      central metabolism and creating a proton motive force. Our results reveal that,
      similar to cross-feeding, where one species provides another species with a
      nutrient, commensal bacteria can also provide electron acceptors that promote the
      respiratory growth and fitness of pathogens in vivo, an interaction that we term
      cross-respiration. IMPORTANCE: Commensal bacteria can enhance the virulence of
      pathogens in mixed-species infections. However, knowledge of the mechanisms
      underlying this clinically relevant phenomenon is lacking. To bridge this gap, we
      comprehensively determined the genes a pathogen needs to establish coinfection
      with a commensal. Our findings show that the metabolism of the pathogen is low
      energy-yielding in monoinfection, but in coinfection, the commensal improves the
      fitness of the pathogen by increasing the bioavailability of oxygen, thereby
      shifting the pathogen toward a high-energy-yielding metabolism. Similar to cross
      feeding, this interaction, which we term cross-respiration, illustrates that
      commensal bacteria can provide electron acceptors that enhance the virulence of
      pathogens during infection.

PMID- 27353759
TI  - Dengue Virus Genome Uncoating Requires Ubiquitination.
AB  - The process of genome release or uncoating after viral entry is one of the least
      studied steps in the flavivirus life cycle. Flaviviruses are mainly arthropod
      borne viruses, including emerging and reemerging pathogens such as dengue, Zika,
      and West Nile viruses. Currently, dengue virus is one of the most significant
      human viral pathogens transmitted by mosquitoes and is responsible for about 390
      million infections every year around the world. Here, we examined for the first
      time molecular aspects of dengue virus genome uncoating. We followed the fate of
      the capsid protein and RNA genome early during infection and found that capsid is
      degraded after viral internalization by the host ubiquitin-proteasome system.
      However, proteasome activity and capsid degradation were not necessary to free
      the genome for initial viral translation. Unexpectedly, genome uncoating was
      blocked by inhibiting ubiquitination. Using different assays to bypass entry and
      evaluate the first rounds of viral translation, a narrow window of time during
      infection that requires ubiquitination but not proteasome activity was
      identified. In this regard, ubiquitin E1-activating enzyme inhibition was
      sufficient to stabilize the incoming viral genome in the cytoplasm of infected
      cells, causing its retention in either endosomes or nucleocapsids. Our data
      support a model in which dengue virus genome uncoating requires a nondegradative
      ubiquitination step, providing new insights into this crucial but understudied
      viral process. IMPORTANCE: Dengue is the most significant arthropod-borne viral
      infection in humans. Although the number of cases increases every year, there are
      no approved therapeutics available for the treatment of dengue infection, and
      many basic aspects of the viral biology remain elusive. After entry, the viral
      membrane must fuse with the endosomal membrane to deliver the viral genome into
      the cytoplasm for translation and replication. A great deal of information has
      been obtained in the last decade regarding molecular aspects of the fusion step,
      but little is known about the events that follow this process, which leads to
      viral RNA release from the nucleocapsid. Here, we investigated the fate of
      nucleocapsid components (capsid protein and viral genome) during the infection
      process and found that capsid is degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
      However, in contrast to that observed for other RNA and DNA viruses, dengue virus
      capsid degradation was not responsible for genome uncoating. Interestingly, we
      found that dengue virus genome release requires a nondegradative ubiquitination
      step. These results provide the first insights into dengue virus uncoating and
      present new opportunities for antiviral intervention.

PMID- 27353760
TI  - The Brazilian Dilemma: Increased Scientific Production and High Publication Costs
      during a Global Health Crisis and Major Economic Downturn.

PMID- 27353761
TI  - Erratum for O'Neill et al., Cytosolic Replication of Group A Streptococcus in
      Human Macrophages.

PMID- 27353762
TI  - Erratum for Ben Zakour et al., Sequential Acquisition of Virulence and
      Fluoroquinolone Resistance Has Shaped the Evolution of Escherichia coli ST131.

PMID- 27353763
TI  - In the Limelight: Photoreceptors in Cyanobacteria.
AB  - Certain cyanobacteria look green if grown in red light and vice versa. This
      dramatic color change, called complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA), is caused
      by alterations of the major colored light-harvesting proteins. A major controller
      of CCA is the cyanobacteriochrome (CBCR) RcaE, a red-green reversible
      photoreceptor that triggers a complex signal transduction pathway. Now, a new
      study demonstrates that CCA is also modulated by DpxA, a CBCR that senses yellow
      and teal (greenish blue) light. DpxA acts to expand the range of wavelengths that
      can impact CCA, by fine-tuning the process. This dual control of CCA might
      positively impact the fitness of cells growing in the shade of competing algae or
      in a water column where light levels and spectral quality change gradually with
      depth. This discovery adds to the growing number of light-responsive phenomena
      controlled by multiple CBCRs. Furthermore, the diverse CBCRs which are
      exclusively found in cyanobacteria have significant biotechnological potential.

PMID- 27353764
TI  - alpha-Galactosidase delivery using 30Kc19-human serum albumin nanoparticles for
      effective treatment of Fabry disease.
AB  - Fabry disease is a genetic lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of
      alpha-galactosidase, the enzyme-degrading neutral glycosphingolipid that is
      transported to lysosome. Glycosphingolipid accumulation by this disease causes
      multi-organ dysfunction and premature death of the patient. Currently, enzyme
      replacement therapy (ERT) using recombinant alpha-galactosidase is the only
      treatment available for Fabry disease. To maximize the efficacy of treatment,
      enhancement of cellular delivery and enzyme stability is a challenge in ERT using
      alpha-galactosidase. In this study, protein nanoparticles using human serum
      albumin (HSA) and 30Kc19 protein, originating from silkworm, were used to enhance
      the delivery and intracellular alpha-galactosidase stability. 30Kc19-HSA
      nanoparticles loaded with the alpha-galactosidase were formed by desolvation
      method. 30Kc19-HSA nanoparticles had a uniform spherical shape and were well
      dispersed in cell culture media. 30Kc19-HSA nanoparticles had negligible toxicity
      to human cells. The nanoparticles exhibited enhanced cellular uptake and
      intracellular stability of delivered alpha-galactosidase in human foreskin
      fibroblast. Additionally, they showed enhanced globotriaosylceramide degradation
      in Fabry patients' fibroblasts. It is expected that 30Kc19-HSA protein
      nanoparticles could be used as an effective tool for efficient delivery and
      enhanced stability of drugs.

PMID- 27353766
TI  - ATP sensitive potassium channel openers: A new class of ocular hypotensive
      agents.

PMID- 27353767
TI  - Comparison of Free Light Chain Assays:  Freelite and N Latex in Diagnosis,
      Monitoring, and Predicting Survival in Light Chain Amyloidosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Measurement of serum free light chains (FLCs) is critical in
      diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring treatment responses in light chain (AL)
      amyloidosis. We compare the Freelite assay (polyclonal antibodies to hidden light
      chain epitopes), which is the current gold standard, with a new assay: a mixture
      of monoclonal antibodies to light chain epitopes (N Latex). METHODS: We collected
      240 serum samples from 94 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed AL
      amyloidosis (at least three serial serum samples during the first 6 months)
      analyzed at the National Amyloidosis Centre, London, from January 2011 to April
      2012. Concordance in detecting abnormal light chain components and hematologic
      response was assessed at 2, 4, and 6 months. RESULTS: The kappa and lambda clonal
      light chain involvement was 21% and 79%, respectively, with an abnormal
      kappa/lambda ratio or detectable protein in 78.7%. Median kappa, lambda, and
      difference in involved and uninvolved FLCs by Freelite and N Latex assays were
      17.3 vs 16 mg/L (R(2 ) = 0.91), 48.8 vs 52.6 mg/L (R(2) = 0.52), and 43.2 vs 39.1
      mg/L, respectively. Discordant kappa/lambda ratios at presentation were as
      follows: 10 of 90 abnormal by Freelite/normal by N Latex and 11 of 90 abnormal by
      N Latex/normal by Freelite. CONCLUSIONS: Both FLC assays show good correlation in
      detecting the abnormal light chain subtype with discordance in absolute values
      and thus are not interchangeable.

PMID- 27353765
TI  - Growth differentiation factor-15 promotes glutamate release in medial prefrontal
      cortex of mice through upregulation of T-type calcium channels.
AB  - Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) has been implicated in ischemic brain
      injury and synapse development, but its involvement in modulating neuronal
      excitability and synaptic transmission remain poorly understood. In this study,
      we investigated the effects of GDF-15 on non-evoked miniature excitatory post
      synaptic currents (mEPSCs) and neurotransmitter release in the medial prefrontal
      cortex (mPFC) in mice. Incubation of mPFC slices with GDF-15 for 60 min
      significantly increased the frequency of mEPSCs without effect on their
      amplitude. GDF-15 also significantly elevated presynaptic glutamate release, as
      shown by HPLC. These effects were blocked by dual TGF-beta type I receptor
      (TbetaRI) and TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII) antagonists, but not by a
      TbetaRI antagonist alone. Meanwhile, GDF-15 enhanced pERK level, and inhibition
      of MAPK/ERK activity attenuated the GDF-15-induced increases in mEPSC and
      glutamate release. Blocking T-type calcium channels reduced the GDF-15 induced up
      regulation of synaptic transmission. Membrane-protein extraction and use of an
      intracellular protein-transport inhibitor showed that GDF-15 promoted CaV3.1 and
      CaV3.3 alpha-subunit expression by trafficking to the membrane. These results
      confirm previous findings in cerebellar granule neurons, in which GDF-15 induces
      its neurobiological effects via TbetaRII and activation of the ERK pathway,
      providing novel insights into the mechanism of GDF-15 function in cortical
      neurons.

PMID- 27353768
TI  - Bone Marrow Conventional Karyotyping and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization: 
      Defining an Effective Utilization Strategy for Evaluation of Myelodysplastic
      Syndromes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The current standard of practice for evaluation of myelodysplastic
      syndromes (MDS) includes peripheral blood and bone marrow morphology review and
      conventional karyotyping. Karyotype provides a global view of the chromosome
      complement while fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) targets specific
      abnormalities. The aim of this study was to determine if an MDS-FISH panel would
      add value beyond karyotype in MDS workup. METHODS: We studied 505 patients who
      were evaluated for a possible MDS and had concurrent bone marrow examination,
      karyotyping, and MDS-FISH performed. RESULTS: In total, 462 cases had adequate
      karyotyping (>=20 metaphases) and showed excellent concordance (96%, 445/462)
      between karyotyping and MDS-FISH. Additional FISH abnormalities had no impact on
      diagnosis and minimal impact on the cytogenetic prognostic scoring in the myeloid
      neoplasm cases (2%, 4/206). The concordance rate dropped to 82% (32/39) in the
      group with insufficient karyotyping (<20 metaphases), and additional FISH
      findings in this subgroup had no impact on the diagnosis but altered the
      cytogenetic prognostic scoring in 10% (2/20) of myeloid neoplasm cases.
      CONCLUSIONS: In the evaluation of a possible MDS, FISH rarely provides additional
      value when karyotype is adequate. We propose a value-based, cost-effective
      algorithmic approach for conventional karyotyping and FISH testing in routine MDS
      workup.

PMID- 27353769
TI  - Safety and efficacy of intra-articular injections of a combination of hyaluronic
      acid and mannitol (HAnOX-M) in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis:
      Results of a double-blind, controlled, multicenter, randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To compare both safety and efficacy of a novel intra-articular
      viscosupplement made of intermediate molecular weight (MW) hyaluronic acid (HA)
      mixed with high concentration of mannitol with a marketed high MW HA, in patients
      with knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Patients with symptomatic knee OA, with
      radiological OARSI grades 1 to 3, were enrolled in a controlled, double-blind,
      parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. They were randomized to receive three
      intra-articular injections, at weekly intervals, of either HAnOX-M made of a
      combination of HA (MW one to 1.5MDa, 31mg/2ml) and mannitol (70mg/2ml) or Bio-HA
      (MW 2.3 to 3.6MDa, 20mg/2ml). The primary outcome was six-month change in the
      WOMAC pain subscale (0 to 20). Sample size was calculated according to a non
      inferiority margin of 1.35. Secondary endpoints included six-month change in
      function and walking pain, analgesic consumption and safety. RESULTS: The
      intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) populations consisted of 205 and
      171 patients. HAnOX-M and Bio-Ha groups did not differ statistically at baseline.
      The primary analysis was conducted in the PP population, then in the ITT
      population. The average WOMAC pain score at baseline was 9.5 in both groups. Mean
      (SD) variations in WOMAC pain score were -4.4 (3.8) and -4.5 (4.3) mm, for HAnOX
      and Bio-HA respectively, satisfying the claim for non-inferiority. Similar
      results were obtained for all other secondary endpoints. CONCLUSION: Treatment
      with of HAnOX-M is effective to alleviate knee OA symptoms and to improve joint
      function over six months, with similar safety than conventional HA
      viscosupplement.

PMID- 27353770
TI  - Enhanced expression of long non-coding RNA Sox2ot promoted cell proliferation and
      motility in colorectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common carcinomas
      throughout the world. Although the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have
      made some progression in the treatment of CRC patients, the mortality of CRC
      remains relatively high. Hence, it is an urgency to find out the detailed
      mechanisms of how CRC occurs. METHODS: LncRNA Sox2ot expression was explored in
      CRC tissues and cell lines by using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Cell
      proliferation, migration and invasion ability was measured following
      downregulated expression of lncRNA Sox2ot by siRNA in CRC cells. Furthermore,
      western blot was used to detected the expression of Cyclin B1, Cdc 25C, N
      cadherin, and E-cadherin in si-Sox2ot transfected CRC cells. RESULTS: We found
      that lncRNA Sox2ot was increased in CRC tissues and cell lines. High expression
      of Sox2ot was associated with the progression of CRC patients. Decreased Sox2ot
      expression inhibited the proliferation capacity and caused cell cycle arrested in
      G0/G1 phase in CRC cells. The key cell cycle regulators Cyclin B1 and Cdc 25C
      were consistently downregulated by knockdown of Sox2ot. Furthermore, knockdown of
      Sox2ot suppressed cell migration and invasion and decreased the expression of
      mesenchymal protein N-cadherin, while it increased the expression of epithelial
      protein E-cadherin in CRC cells. CONCLUSIONS: LncRNA Sox2ot could promoted CRC
      cell proliferation and motility and associated with the outcome of CRC patients,
      suggesting Sox2ot could serve as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment
      of CRC.

PMID- 27353772
TI  - A new look for an evolving profession.

PMID- 27353771
TI  - Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnosis and proposal of treatment.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks third among the causes of cancer deaths
      globally. The most frequent causes are the hepatitis C virus (HCV), a combination
      of alcohol/HCV and metabolic syndrome (MS). The introduction of new
      pharmaceutical drugs that inhibit protease will bring a relative increase in the
      number of cases of HCC that are linked to the consumption of alcohol and MS. The
      latest development in the diagnostic sector is the total recognition of the
      contrast-enhanced ultrasound diagnostic algorithm. In the treatment sector we are
      moving on from the Barcelona criteria. With nodules up to 3 cm in size and with
      favorable anatomical and clinical conditions, the first treatment choice is
      percutaneous ablation. The first choice for nodules that are 3-5 cm in size is
      still hepatic resection (HR). For cases that fall completely within the Milan
      criteria with portal hypertension and compromised liver function the first
      treatment choice, in the total absence of any contraindications, is certainly LT.
      Intermediate forms of HCC are the most complicated as the stratification of
      patients is particularly relevant. TACE certainly no longer represents the only
      choice. HR is preferable where possible. According to the individual case and
      during down-staging, LT may be proposed. In some cases both locoregional ablative
      approaches and sorafenib can be used. In advanced cases with preserved function,
      the best treatment is still sorafenib. The treatment of HCC is complex because of
      the extreme anatomic-clinical variability of the cases. The key to a successful
      and effective approach is the creation of a true multi-disciplinary group in
      which the various players have the opportunity to express their own opinion. This
      is an indispensable prerequisite for a successful synthesis.

PMID- 27353773
TI  - Social care placements should become compulsory.

PMID- 27353774
TI  - Staff want training to deal with abuse.

PMID- 27353776
TI  - LGBT people mistrust services.

PMID- 27353777
TI  - Queen Margaret University to offer master's degree in person-centred practice.

PMID- 27353778
TI  - Mental health lead is nurse of the year 2016.

PMID- 27353779
TI  - With their enthusiasm, vanguards show the way in older people's care.

PMID- 27353782
TI  - Leading Change, Adding Value.

PMID- 27353783
TI  - Carers are not always seeking out the support they may need.

PMID- 27353784
TI  - Role of genetic factors in pain after hip replacement.

PMID- 27353785
TI  - Higher potato intake associated with hypertension risk.

PMID- 27353786
TI  - All that glisters....

PMID- 27353787
TI  - The great indoors can work wonders.

PMID- 27353788
TI  - Advance care plans.

PMID- 27353789
TI  - Identifying and responding to gaps in domestic abuse services for older women.
AB  - Domestic abuse is widespread and indiscriminate. Older women living with domestic
      abuse report more health-related concerns than any other group, and demonstrate a
      higher incidence of significant mental health issues. Research suggests that
      older women who have experienced domestic abuse are not having their
      psychological and physical support needs met by existing services. This article
      examines the physical and mental health issues that older women face as a result
      of abusive relationships, and the barriers to seeking help. Multidisciplinary
      healthcare professionals can facilitate the therapeutic engagement of older women
      living with domestic abuse. Refuges and related interventions are limited in
      terms of the support they can offer, however, research suggests that developing a
      stepped approach, tailored to suit older women's needs, could be beneficial. 

PMID- 27353790
TI  - Primary hyperparathyroidism and the role of the nurse.
AB  - Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disorder that results in
      elevated levels of parathyroid hormone and subsequent hypercalcaemia. Nurses have
      an important role in the support, education and care of the older person
      undergoing surgical or conservative treatment. Knowledge of pathophysiology is
      essential to ensure complications of hyperparathyroidism are identified promptly
      and managed appropriately alongside existing healthcare needs. 

PMID- 27353791
TI  - Supporting people with dementia to eat.
AB  - The aim of this systematic review was to identify the best ways of supporting
      people with dementia to eat. Five electronic databases were searched, with a date
      range from January 2004 to July 2015. Following screening of the 233 studies
      identified, 22 were included in the final analysis. The study interventions
      focused on educational programmes, environmental or routine changes, and
      assistance with eating, with the strongest evidence shown in the more complex
      educational programmes for people with dementia. The evidence suggests that staff
      who support people with dementia to eat should undertake face-to-face education
      programmes and aim to give people enough time when helping them to eat. However,
      cultural change may be needed to ensure individual assessments are carried out to
      identify those having difficulty eating, and to ensure they are afforded enough
      time to eat their meals. 

PMID- 27353792
TI  - No one achieves change alone.

PMID- 27353794
TI  - Reducing risk of mosquito-borne infections.

PMID- 27353795
TI  - Project looks at success of same-day discharge.

PMID- 27353796
TI  - Barriers to good health care.

PMID- 27353797
TI  - Increased Dickkopf-1 expression is correlated with poisoning severity in carbon
      monoxide-poisoned humans and rats.
AB  - CONTEXT: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning results in neuronal injury. The
      expression of Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) has not been investigated previously after CO
      poisoning. OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to investigate the DKK-1 expression
      levels in humans and rats with acute CO poisoning and to analyze their
      correlation with poisoning severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured serum DKK
      1 levels in patients with acute CO poisoning (n = 94) and in healthy controls (n
      = 90). On admission, a poisoning severity score (PSS) was determined for each
      patient. In addition, 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into
      three groups: (a) Sham group, (b) Low CO group and (c) High CO group. At 2 h
      after CO poisoning, DKK-1 expression and histopathological damage in the
      hippocampal tissues were measured. RESULTS: Serum DKK-1 levels were significantly
      higher in the acute CO-poisoned patients, compared to the healthy controls. Serum
      DKK-1 levels were significantly higher in the CO-poisoned patients with a lower
      PSS. In rats, CO poisoning induced significant upregulation of the gene and
      protein expression of DKK-1 in hippocampal tissues. Moreover, there was a
      positive correlation between DKK-1 levels and the degree of damage in the
      hippocampal tissues. DISCUSSION: DKK-1 induction in neurons after CO poisoning
      causes further neuronal injury. The severity of acute CO poisoning in rat models
      is associated with elevated serum DKK-1 levels and its upregulation in the brain
      tissue. CONCLUSION: DKK-1 appears to have potential utility in providing valuable
      information for determining the severity and damage of CO poisoning.

PMID- 27353798
TI  - Genotyping might help therapeutic decision-making in patients with von Willebrand
      disease type 2 B.

PMID- 27353799
TI  - Building nursing and midwifery leadership capacity in the Pacific.
AB  - AIM: The Australian Award Fellowship Program aimed to strengthen nursing and
      midwifery leadership and capacity in developing countries in the Pacific.
      BACKGROUND: It is necessary to build an optimal global health workforce, and
      leadership and mentorship are central to this need. This is especially important
      in small island states such as the Pacific who have limited capacity and
      resources. INTRODUCTION: This health system strengthening program addressed
      quality improvement in education, through the mentorship of potential nursing and
      midwifery leaders in the South Pacific Region. METHODS: Program participants
      between 2013 and 2015 were interviewed. Data were audio-taped, transcribed and
      analysed thematically using an inductive process. RESULTS: Thirty-four nurses and
      midwives from 12 countries participated. There were four main themes arising from
      the data which were: having a country-wide objective, learning how to be a
      leader, negotiating barriers and having effective mentorship. DISCUSSION: Our
      study showed that participants deemed their mentorship from country leaders
      highly valuable in relation to completing their projects, networking and role
      modelling. Similar projects are described. LIMITATIONS: The limitation of this
      study was its small size. There is a need to continue to build the momentum of
      the program and Fellows in each country in order to build regional networks.
      CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND MIDWIFERY: The Program has provided
      beneficial leadership education and mentorship for nurses and midwives from
      Pacific countries. It has provided a platform to develop quality improvement
      projects in line with national priorities. IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY: Global
      aid programs and the recipients of the program would benefit from comparable
      health strengthening approaches to nursing and midwifery in similar developing
      countries.

PMID- 27353800
TI  - Trypan blue as an affordable marker for automated live-dead cell analysis in
      image cytometry.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to combine image cytometry and trypan blue (TB)
      exclusion staining for a reproducible high-throughput detection of dead cells,
      enabling TB as an inexpensive marker, to be affordable for many studies and
      creating the possibility to combine fluorochromes without or with less spectral
      overlap. Capillary blood was drawn from a healthy volunteer, red blood cells were
      lysed and leukocyte cell death was induced. Samples were stained with CD45-FITC,
      CD14-PE, TB and DAPI, and then analyzed using image cytometry (iCys). TB
      quenching control tests were performed using DAPI and CD45-FITC. Images were
      generated in .TIF and .JPEG format using iCys image cytometer. The images were
      analyzed using CellProfiler (CP) modules to optimize the analysis based on the
      aims of each phase of this study. CellProfiler Analyst (CPA) was used to classify
      cells throughout machine learning and to calculate sensibility of the
      classification. A sensitivity of 0.94 for dead cells and 0.99 for live cells was
      calculated using CPA. We did not see any quenching effects of the FITC staining.
      DAPI signal was reduced in the presence of TB. The results of the present study
      revealed that TB serves as a dead cell marker in an image cytometric analysis,
      being able to be combined with other fluorescence markers without loss of
      fluorescence intensity signal or overlapping emission spectrum. SCANNING 38:857
      863, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27353803
TI  - Invited Commentary on: Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on platelet mitochondrial
      respiration and correlation with aggregation and bleeding: a pilot study.

PMID- 27353804
TI  - Organ donation depends on trust.

PMID- 27353805
TI  - Communicating risk about children's heart surgery well.

PMID- 27353806
TI  - What can public health do for mental health?

PMID- 27353807
TI  - Alcohol and the Sustainable Development Goals.

PMID- 27353808
TI  - Use of corticosteroids in tuberculous meningitis.

PMID- 27353810
TI  - WHO investigates mysterious outbreak in South Sudan.

PMID- 27353811
TI  - Unaccompanied migrant children at risk across Europe.

PMID- 27353812
TI  - Gaps in India's health response to violence against women.

PMID- 27353813
TI  - Tom Potokar--helping burns climb up the international agenda.

PMID- 27353814
TI  - Association between Guillain-Barre syndrome and Zika virus infection.

PMID- 27353815
TI  - Association between Guillain-Barre syndrome and Zika virus infection.

PMID- 27353816
TI  - The PRINTO juvenile dermatomyositis trial.

PMID- 27353817
TI  - Association between Guillain-Barre syndrome and Zika virus infection - Authors'
      reply.

PMID- 27353818
TI  - Ovarian cancer screening: UKCTOCS trial.

PMID- 27353819
TI  - The PRINTO juvenile dermatomyositis trial - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27353820
TI  - Ovarian cancer screening: UKCTOCS trial.

PMID- 27353821
TI  - Ovarian cancer screening: UKCTOCS trial.

PMID- 27353822
TI  - Ovarian cancer screening: UKCTOCS trial - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27353824
TI  - Measuring Graph Literacy without a Test: A Brief Subjective Assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Visual aids tend to help diverse and vulnerable individuals
      understand risk communications, as long as these individuals have a basic
      understanding of graphs (i.e., graph literacy). Tests of objective graph literacy
      (OGL) can effectively identify individuals with limited skills, highlighting
      vulnerabilities and facilitating custom-tailored risk communication. However, the
      administration of these tests can be time-consuming and may evoke negative
      emotional reactions (e.g., anxiety). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a brief and easy-to
      use assessment of subjective graph literacy (SGL) (i.e., self-reported ability to
      process and use graphically presented information) and to estimate the robustness
      and validity of the SGL scale and compare it with the leading OGL scale in
      diverse samples from different cultures. PARTICIPANTS: Demographically diverse
      residents (n = 470) of the United States, young adults (n = 172) and patients (n
      = 175) from Spain, and surgeons (n = 175) from 48 countries. DESIGN: A focus
      group and 4 studies for instrument development and initial validation (study 1),
      reliability and convergent and discriminant validity evaluation (study 2), and
      predictive validity estimation (studies 3 and 4). MEASURES: Psychometric
      properties of the scale. RESULTS: In about 1 minute, the SGL scale provides a
      reliable, robust, and valid assessment of skills and risk communication
      preferences and evokes fewer negative emotional reactions than the OGL scale.
      CONCLUSIONS: The SGL scale can be suitable for use in clinical research and may
      be useful as a communication aid in clinical practice. Theoretical mechanisms
      involved in SGL, emerging applications, limitations, and open questions are
      discussed.

PMID- 27353825
TI  - Quantitative Framework for Retrospective Assessment of Interim Decisions in
      Clinical Trials.
AB  - This article presents a quantitative way of modeling the interim decisions of
      clinical trials. While statistical approaches tend to focus on the epistemic
      aspects of statistical monitoring rules, often overlooking ethical
      considerations, ethical approaches tend to neglect the key epistemic dimension.
      The proposal is a second-order decision-analytic framework. The framework
      provides means for retrospective assessment of interim decisions based on a clear
      and consistent set of criteria that combines both ethical and epistemic
      considerations. The framework is broadly Bayesian and addresses a fundamental
      question behind many concerns about clinical trials: What does it take for an
      interim decision (e.g., whether to stop the trial or continue) to be a good
      decision? Simulations illustrating the modeling of interim decisions
      counterfactually are provided.

PMID- 27353826
TI  - Predicting Mean Survival Time from Reported Median Survival Time for Cancer
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mean duration of survival following treatment is a prerequisite for
      cost-effectiveness analyses used for assessing new and costly life-extending
      therapies for cancer patients. Mean survival time is rarely reported due to
      censoring imposed by limited follow-up time, whereas the median survival time
      often is. The empirical relationship between mean and median survival time for
      cancer patients is not known. AIM: To derive the empirical associations between
      mean and median survival time across cancer types and to validate this empirical
      prediction approach and compare it with the standard approach of fitting a
      Weibull distribution. METHODS: We included all patients in Norway diagnosed from
      1960 to 1999 with one of the 13 most common solid tumor cancers until emigration,
      death, or 31 December 2011, whichever came first. Observed median, restricted
      mean, and mean survival times were obtained in subcohorts defined by patients'
      sex, age, cancer type, and time period of diagnosis, which had nearly complete
      follow-up. Based on theoretical considerations, we fitted a linear relationship
      between observed means and medians on the log scale. For validation, we estimated
      mean survival from medians of bootstrap samples with artificially induced
      censoring and compared with fitting a Weibull distribution. RESULTS: A linear
      relationship between log-mean survival time and log-median survival time was
      identified for the 6 cancers with shortest survival plus metastasized breast and
      prostate cancers. The predicted means of the empirical approach had smaller bias
      than the standard Weibull approach. CONCLUSION: For cancer diagnoses with poor
      prognosis, mean survival times could be predicted from corresponding medians.
      This empirical prediction approach is useful for validation of estimates of mean
      survival time and sensitivity analyses in settings with aggregated data only.

PMID- 27353827
TI  - Rotary piston blood pumps: past developments and future potential of a unique
      pump type.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The design of implantable blood pumps is either based on
      displacement pumps with membranes or rotary pumps. Both pump types have
      limitations to meet the clinical requirements. Rotary piston blood pumps have the
      potential to overcome these limitations and to merge the benefits. Compared to
      membrane pumps, they are smaller and with no need for wear-affected membranes and
      valves. Compared to rotary pumps, the blood flow is pulsatile instead of a non
      physiological continuous flow. Furthermore, the risk of flow-induced blood damage
      and platelet activation may be reduced due to low shear stress to the blood.
      AREAS COVERED: The past developments of rotary piston blood pumps are summarized
      and the main problem for long-term application is identified: insufficient seals.
      A new approach with seal-less drives is proposed and current research on a
      simplified rotary piston design is presented. Expert commentary: The development
      of blood pumps focuses mainly on the improvement of rotary pumps. However,
      medical complications indicate that inherent limitations of this pump type remain
      and restrict the next substantial step forward in the therapy of heart failure
      patients. Thus, research on different pump types is reasonable. If the
      development of reliable drives and bearings succeeds, rotary piston blood pumps
      become a promising alternative.

PMID- 27353829
TI  - Physical Activity Moderates the Association Between Pain and PTSD in Treatment
      Seeking Veterans.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and pain are frequently comorbid
      conditions that can result in bidirectional exacerbations. Initial research
      suggests physical activity may prevent PTSD symptoms or assist with recovery.
      Unfortunately, Veterans with PTSD are less likely to engage in physical activity,
      often citing pain as a primary reason. The current study examines the potential
      role of physical activity as a moderator of the pain and PTSD relationship.
      DESIGN: Data were collected from 239 Veterans who were seeking PTSD treatment at
      a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital between 2006 and 2013. Veterans completed the
      Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) to measure PTSD severity and self-report
      inventories to measure pain and physical activity. Multiple moderated linear
      regressions were used to examine the influence of physical activity on the
      relationship between pain and PTSD symptoms. RESULTS: Pain severity and
      interference were associated with more severe PTSD. Physical activity did not
      have main effects on PTSD severity. However, it did moderate the relationship
      between PTSD and pain, such that those who were active, despite high levels of
      pain severity or pain interference, had fewer PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: For
      Veterans seeking treatment for PTSD, physical activity was particularly salient
      for those reporting high levels of pain severity and intensity. While assessment
      of pain is recommended with all Veterans, it may also be beneficial to evaluate
      physical activity in those with prominent pain complaints. Further examination of
      the role of exercise in integrated care for pain and PTSD is warranted.

PMID- 27353832
TI  - Relationships Between Living Arrangements and Health Status Among Older Adults in
      the United States, 2009-2014: Findings From the National Health Interview Survey.
AB  - Limited research has examined how health varies across living arrangements among
      older adults. Adults aged 65 years and older were sampled from National Health
      Interview Survey 2009-2014. Four indicators of health (serious psychological
      distress, health status, functional limitations, and number of health conditions)
      were compared across older adults living alone, living with others
      related/unrelated, living with a spouse/partner (no children), and living with
      children (no spouse/partner). Regression models showed older adults living with
      others have the poorest health; they were less likely to report excellent or very
      good health, had serious psychological distress and limitations in activities of
      daily living (ADLs), and a greater number of health conditions compared with
      older adults living with a spouse/partner. However, older women living alone or
      with children were more likely to report two or more health conditions compared
      with women living with a spouse/partner, suggesting that in older age, there are
      gender variations in health across living arrangements.

PMID- 27353833
TI  - Development of the Older Adult Prescription Drug Assessment Questionnaire for
      Case Workers.
AB  - Instruments assessing geriatric case managers' perceptions of prescription abuse
      are limited. Based on a review of current literature and pilot testing feedback,
      22 items were initially assembled to form an older adult Prescription Drug
      Assessment Questionnaire (PDAQ). Case managers ( N = 161) at an older adult
      agency located in a Midwestern state were surveyed using the instrument. Data
      were subjected to exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring
      (PAF) and Promax rotation, and Horn's parallel analysis determined the number of
      extracted factors. PAF generated a final 11-item three-factor model accounting
      for 51% of total variance explained: Standard Assessment (Factor 1; four items;
      infinity = .83), Assessment Belief (Factor 2; three items; infinity = .74), and
      Problem Scope (Factor 3; four items; infinity = .62). The older adult PDAQ is a
      brief, data-driven instrument with acceptable psychometric properties for
      assessing perceptions of prescription drug abuse and misuse assessment and
      counseling.

PMID- 27353834
TI  - Smoking Cessation and Changes in Body Mass Index Among Middle Aged and Older
      Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study contributes to the body of literature examining smoking
      cessation and body mass index (BMI) for adults aged 50 and older. METHOD:
      Utilizing the 2004 and 2010 waves of the RAND Health and Retirement Study, this
      analysis utilized Fixed Effects (FE) regression on a sample of 1,316 adults aged
      50 and older. RESULTS: Older adults undergo a small change in BMI after a
      transition from smoking to nonsmoking during a 6-year period, and this occurs
      after accounting for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity. More
      specifically, men experience a BMI gain of 1.24 ( p< .01) and women experience a
      BMI gain of 1.58 ( p< .01). DISCUSSION: Gerontologists/health professionals can
      use these results to inform older adults about the potential for a small increase
      in BMI and, in the process, assuage any apprehensions about excessive weight
      gain. This insight may encourage a greater number of older adults to cease
      smoking.

PMID- 27353835
TI  - Microbiological diagnosis of human papilloma virus infection.
AB  - Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of sexually
      transmitted infection worldwide. This virus generally causes benign lesions, such
      as genital warts, but persistent infection may lead to cervical cancer, anal
      cancer, vaginal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer, although less frequently.
      Cervical cancer is a severe disease with a high mortality in some countries.
      Screening with cytology has been very successful in the last few years, but
      nowadays there are numerous studies that confirm that cytology should be replaced
      with the detection of HPV as a first line test in population based screening.
      There are several commercially available FDA approved tests for screening of
      cervical cancer. A new strategy, based on individual detection of the high risk
      genotypes HPV16 and HPV18, present in 70% of cervical cancer biopsies, has been
      proposed by some experts, and is going to be implemented in most countries in the
      future.

PMID- 27353837
TI  - Controlled synthesis and comparison of NiCo2S4/graphene/2D TMD ternary
      nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitors.
AB  - Novel ternary electrode materials based on graphene, NiCo2S4, and transition
      metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) were designed and fabricated with the intention of
      exploiting synergistic effects conducive to supercapacitive energy storage.
      Compared to NiCo2S4-g-MoSe2, the NiCo2S4-g-MoS2 electrode exhibited higher
      specific capacitance, enhanced rate capability (1002 F g(-1) even at 5 A g(-1),
      6.01 F cm(-2) at a current density of 25 mA cm(-2)) and cycling stability (94.8%
      retention of its original capacity after cycling 4000 times). The mechanism was
      proposed and this pioneering work will be helpful in making judicious choices of
      which 2D materials to be selected for supercapacitor applications in the future. 

PMID- 27353836
TI  - DNA signals at isoform promoters.
AB  - Transcriptional heterogeneity is extensive in the genome, and most genes express
      variable transcript isoforms. However, whether variable transcript isoforms of
      one gene are regulated by common promoter elements remain to be elucidated. Here,
      we investigated whether isoform promoters of one gene have separated DNA signals
      for transcription and translation initiation. We found that TATA box and
      nucleosome-disfavored DNA sequences are prevalent in distinct transcript isoform
      promoters of one gene. These DNA signals are conserved among species. Transcript
      isoform has a RNA-determined unstructured region around its start site. We found
      that these DNA/RNA features facilitate isoform transcription and translation.
      These results suggest a DNA-encoded mechanism by which transcript isoform is
      generated.

PMID- 27353838
TI  - Photonic Programmable Tele-Cloning Network.
AB  - The concept of quantum teleportation allows an unknown quantum states to be
      broadcasted and processed in a distributed quantum network. The quantum
      information injected into the network can be diluted to distant multi-copies by
      quantum cloning and processed by arbitrary quantum logic gates which were
      programed in advance in the network quantum state. A quantum network combines
      simultaneously these fundamental quantum functions could lead to new intriguing
      applications. Here we propose a photonic programmable telecloning network based
      on a four-photon interferometer. The photonic network serves as quantum gate,
      quantum cloning and quantum teleportation and features experimental advantage of
      high brightness by photon recycling.

PMID- 27353840
TI  - Regulation of the blood-testis barrier.
AB  - The purpose of this review is to describe the endocrine and local testicular
      factors that contribute to the regulation of the blood-testis barrier (BTB),
      using information gained from in vivo and in vitro models of BTB formation
      during/after puberty, and from the maintenance of BTB function during adulthood.
      In vivo the BTB, in part comprised of tight junctions between adjacent somatic
      Sertoli cells, compartmentalizes meiotic spermatocytes and post-meiotic
      spermatids away from the vasculature, and therefore prevents autoantibody
      production by the immune system against these immunogenic germ cells. This
      adluminal compartment also features a unique biochemical milieu required for the
      completion of germ cell development. During the normal process of
      spermatogenesis, earlier germ cells continually cross into the adluminal
      compartment, but the regulatory mechanisms and changes in junctional proteins
      that allow this translocation step without causing a 'leak' remain poorly
      understood. Recent data describing the roles of FSH and androgen on the
      regulation of Sertoli cell tight junctions and tight junction proteins will be
      discussed, followed by an examination of the role of paracrine factors, including
      members of the TGFbeta superfamily (TGFbeta3, activin A) and retinoid signalling,
      as potential mediators of junction assembly and disassembly during the
      translocation process.

PMID- 27353841
TI  - Oxazolidinone-containing pseudopeptides: Supramolecular materials, fibers,
      crystals, and gels.
AB  - The formation of fibers through self-assembly is of particular interest, as
      fibrous proteins (such as collagen, keratin, actin, and so on) are involved in
      intra- and extracellular functions. To understand aggregation phenomena,
      oligopeptides may be designed and prepared either to mimic or to interfere with
      these processes. In this article, we will demonstrate that the introduction of
      the 4-methyl-5-carboxy-oxazolidin-2-one (Oxd) moiety inside a peptide chain
      favors the formation of fiber-like materials organized either in beta-sheets or
      in supramolecular helices, provided that it is combined with other factors, like
      pi-stacking interactions and intermolecular N?H***O?C bonds. The presence of the
      Oxd moiety is essential for the material formation: when Oxd is replaced with
      Pro, only liquids or amorphous solids are obtained. Remarkably, some of these
      molecules are low-molecular-weight gelators, as they induce the formation of both
      organogel and hydrogels that have been used for several applications.

PMID- 27353839
TI  - DiPALS: Diaphragm Pacing in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - a
      randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease
      resulting in death, usually from respiratory failure, within 2-3 years of symptom
      onset. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a treatment that when given to patients
      in respiratory failure leads to improved survival and quality of life. Diaphragm
      pacing (DP), using the NeuRx/4((r)) diaphragm pacing system (DPS)TM (Synapse
      Biomedical, Oberlin, OH, USA), is a new technique that may offer additional or
      alternative benefits to patients with ALS who are in respiratory failure.
      OBJECTIVE: The Diaphragm Pacing in patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
      (DiPALS) trial evaluated the effect of DP on survival over the study duration in
      patients with ALS with respiratory failure. DESIGN: The DiPALS trial was a
      multicentre, parallel-group, open-label, randomised controlled trial
      incorporating health economic analyses and a qualitative longitudinal substudy.
      PARTICIPANTS: Eligible participants had a diagnosis of ALS (ALS laboratory
      supported probable, clinically probable or clinically definite according to the
      World Federation of Neurology revised El Escorial criteria), had been stabilised
      on riluzole for 30 days, were aged >= 18 years and were in respiratory failure.
      We planned to recruit 108 patients from seven UK-based specialist ALS or
      respiratory centres. Allocation was performed using 1 : 1 non-deterministic
      minimisation. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomised to either standard care
      (NIV alone) or standard care (NIV) plus DP using the NeuRX/4 DPS. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: The primary outcome was overall survival, defined as the time from
      randomisation to death from any cause. Secondary outcomes were patient quality of
      life [assessed by European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, three levels (EQ-5D-3L),
      Short Form questionnaire-36 items and Sleep Apnoea Quality of Life Index
      questionnaire]; carer quality of life (EQ-5D-3L and Caregiver Burden Inventory);
      cost-utility analysis and health-care resource use; tolerability and adverse
      events. Acceptability and attitudes to DP were assessed in a qualitative
      substudy. RESULTS: In total, 74 participants were randomised into the trial and
      analysed, 37 participants to NIV plus pacing and 37 to standard care, before the
      Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee advised initial suspension of recruitment
      (December 2013) and subsequent discontinuation of pacing (on safety grounds) in
      all patients (June 2014). Follow-up assessments continued until the planned end
      of the study in December 2014. The median survival (interquartile range) was 22.5
      months (lower quartile 11.8 months; upper quartile not reached) in the NIV arm
      and 11.0 months (6.7 to 17.0 months) in the NIV plus pacing arm, with an adjusted
      hazard ratio of 2.27 (95% confidence interval 1.22 to 4.25; p = 0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Diaphragmatic pacing should not be used as a routine treatment for
      patients with ALS in respiratory failure. FUTURE WORK: It may be that certain
      population subgroups benefit from DP. We are unable to explain the mechanism
      behind the excess mortality in the pacing arm, something the small trial size
      cannot help address. Future research should investigate the mechanism by which
      harm or benefit occurs further. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials
      ISRCTN53817913. FUNDING: This project was funded by the National Institute for
      Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in
      full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 45. See the HTA programme
      website for further project information. Additional funding was provided by the
      Motor Neurone Disease Association of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

PMID- 27353842
TI  - Can axillary node dissection be safely omitted in the elderly? A retrospective
      study on axillary management of early breast cancer in older women.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is a minimally invasive technique
      to stage the axillary lymph node status. The burden of nodal metastasis is of
      great concern, as the clinical relevance and therapeutic implications of pN1mi
      and pN0(i+) in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) remain a matter of debate. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We examined the pathological features of 901 patients above the age
      of 65 presenting with clinical T1-T2 N0M0 breast tumours (<3 cm), detecting
      tumours related to llary non-sentinel node (NSN) metastases when the SLN was
      minimally involved. RESULTS: A total of 270 patients underwent complete axillary
      lymph node dissection (cALND) after their SLNB specimen tested positive for
      macrometastasis, micrometastasis and isolated tumour cells (ITCs). Seventy-six
      patients were diagnosed with micrometastatic disease pN1mi (27.5%), whilst ITCs
      (pN0i+) were detected in seven patients (2.5%). NSNs were found to be involved in
      two patients (2.6%) with micrometastases at the SLN. No further metastatic
      disease was detected in NSNs when the SLN contained ITCs. At a median follow-up
      period of 5.8 years, no axillary recurrence was observed among pN1mi and pN0(i+)
      patients. Lobular histotype, multicentricity and lymphovascular invasion were
      found to be associated with NSN involvement. DISCUSSION: The results from our
      case series are supported by IBCSG 23-01 level 1 evidence, which demonstrated a
      local recurrence rate of 1% in 'minimally involved not-surgical treated axilla'.
      CONCLUSIONS: Based on current evidence, we spare well-informed and consenting
      patients from further axillary surgery when the SLN is minimally involved in
      early breast cancer within an agreed protocol, whilst scheduling adjuvant
      treatment based on the patients' primary tumour characteristics.

PMID- 27353844
TI  - BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB) versus Spatz Adjustable Balloon System
      (ABS): Our experience in the elderly.
AB  - The BioEnterics Intragastric Balloon (BIB) and the Spatz Adjustable Balloon
      System (ABS) are in fact recommended for weight reduction as a bridge to
      bariatric surgery. We retrospected studied patients with body mass index (BMI)
      and age ranges of 37-46 and 70-80 years, respectively, who had undergone BIB from
      January 2010 to July 2012 and prospected studied patients who had undergone Spatz
      balloon from July 2012 to August 2014. The aim of this study is to compare BIB
      and Spatz in terms of weight loss, complications, and maintenance of weight after
      removal. For both procedures, the median weight loss was 20 +/- 3 kg, median BMI
      at the end of the therapy was 32 +/- 2, and no severe complication occurred.

PMID- 27353843
TI  - Liver resection for metastases from colorectal cancer in very elderly patients:
      New surgical horizons.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) may develop liver
      metastases. Surgical resection remains the best treatment of choice for
      colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) according to resectability criteria, with a
      long-term survival of 25% up to 41% after 5 years. Advanced age is associated
      with a higher incidence and co-morbidity, particularly cardiovascular disease, as
      well as deteriorating physiological reserves. The aim of this study was to
      analyse the overall and disease-free survival for patients with CRLM according to
      their chronological age. METHODS: Patients with CRLM were enrolled in the study.
      Data on gender, age, co-morbidity, metastasis characteristics (number, size and
      total metastatic volume (TMV)), use of perioperative chemotherapy and operative
      and post-operative complications were collected. Then, according to recent World
      Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, the patients were grouped by age.
      Statistical analysis was performed using the software R (ver. 2.14.1). RESULTS:
      Hepatic resection was performed in 149 patients (21 patients in the very elderly
      group, 79 in the elderly group and 49 in the younger group). The three groups
      were comparable in terms of operative duration, transfusion rate, length of high
      dependency unit (HDU) stay and post-operative hospital stay. The very elderly
      group showed a non-significant increase in post-operative morbidity. The 30-day
      and 60-day/inpatient mortality rates increased with age without any significant
      statistically difference between the three groups (very elderly group 4.8% and
      4.8%; elderly group: 2.5% and 3.8%; and younger group 0% and 2%). At 5 years, the
      overall survival was 28.6% for very elderly patients (>=75 years), 33.3% for
      elderly patients (>=65 to <75 years) and 43.5% for younger patients (<=65 years).
      The 1-, 3- and 5-year disease-free survival was similar across the groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: Liver resection for CRLM in carefully selected patients above the
      age of 75 can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates, similar
      to those in younger patients. Moreover, the severity of CRLM in elderly patients
      is proven to be lesser than in younger patients. Thus, we can conclude that
      advanced chronological age cannot be considered a contraindication to hepatic
      resection for CRLM.

PMID- 27353845
TI  - Performance status versus anatomical recovery in metastatic disease: The role of
      palliative radiation treatment.
AB  - Metastatic disease is a common complication of the most advanced malignancies. It
      may compromise the patients' quality of life, often posing a greater risk than
      the primary disease itself. Currently, several different therapeutic approaches
      are available to palliate or cure (single metastasis with primary neoplasm under
      control - radical surgery) secondary disease. In particular, radiation therapy is
      widely used, as it often leads to full or at least partial functional recovery,
      depending on the number and location of metastases. The aim of our study was to
      evaluate whether clinical improvement subsequent to radiation therapy may be
      related to anatomical recovery of the site of metastasis in cancer patients with
      metastatic disease. Given the heterogeneity of the diseases considered and the
      general complex conditions of the patients, a single method could not be used to
      evaluate the response to radiation treatment and its correlation with the
      performance status (PS). Thus, depending on the specific disease being assessed,
      we divided the patients into different groups. Patients in the same group were
      followed up with the same methods. This correlation was noted in a very high
      percentage of patients, predominantly in patients with vertebral and brain
      metastases. Moreover, we investigated the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in the study of spinal metastases. We propose
      its use in the local evaluation of vertebral secondary lesions, both in the
      diagnostic phase and during the assessment of treatment efficacy. 

PMID- 27353846
TI  - Laparoscopic management of non-midline incisional hernia: A multicentric study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The laparoscopic repair of non-midline ventral hernia (LNM) has been
      debated. The aim of this study is to analyze our experience performing the
      laparoscopic approach to non-midline ventral hernias (NMVHs) in Northwest Italy
      for 6 years. METHODS: A total of 78 patients who underwent LNM between March 2008
      and March 2014 in the selected institutions were analyzed. We retrospectively
      analyzed the peri- and postoperative data and the recurrence rate of four
      subgroups of NMVHs: subcostal, suprapubic, lumbar, and epigastric. We also
      conducted a literature review. RESULTS: No difference was found between the four
      subgroups in terms of demographic data, defect characteristics, admission data,
      and complications. Subcostal defects required a shorter operating time. Obesity
      was found to be a risk factor for recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience,
      subcostal defects were easier to perform, with a lower recurrence rate, lesser
      chronic pain, and faster surgical performance. A more specific prospective
      randomized trial with a larger sample is awaited. Based on our experience,
      however, the laparoscopic approach is a safe treatment for NMVHs in specialized
      centers.

PMID- 27353847
TI  - Resection of hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients and the role of energy
      balance.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Progressive functional impairment with age has a significant impact
      on perioperative risk management. Chronic liver diseases induce a strong
      oxidative stress; in the elderly, in particular, impaired elimination of free
      radicals leads to insufficient DNA repair. The events associated with a weak
      response to growth factors after hepatectomy leads to a decline in liver
      regeneration. Hypercholesterolemia is highly prevalent in the elderly, which may
      alter the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) levels and in turn the cellular energy balance. This
      condition is commonly treated with statins. The aim of this study is to
      investigate the role of preoperative cellular energy balance in predicting
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) postresection outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In
      a 5-year period (2009-2013), elderly patients with hypercholesterolemia,
      cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus, undergoing HCC resection, were
      recruited and grouped by age (<75 and >= 75 years old). All patients were
      previously treated with statins. The risk factors associated with hospital
      morbidity/mortality and prolonged length of stay (LOS) were evaluated. RESULTS:
      Forty-five elderly patients were recruited and grouped according to their
      treatment: Group 1 (n = 23) was treated with statins alone (control group),
      whereas Group 2 (n = 22) was treated with statins and a CoQ analogue, 3 weeks
      from the surgery and at least a month later (experimental group). The majority of
      our patients were treated with atorvastatin [n = 28 (53.84%)] and the minority
      with simvastatin [n = 17 (32.69%)], 20 mg/day, for at least 3 years before the
      surgery. Perioperative mortality was observed in one patient of Group 1 (4.3%).
      Morbidities were noted in 13 patients of Group 1 (56.5%) and four patients of
      Group 2 (18.2%). The control group showed delayed functional recovery, muscle
      weakness, increased infection rate, and pleural effusion due to prolonged bed
      rest (hospital stay 13 days (7-19) vs. 8.5 days (5-12)), compared with the
      experimental group. The overall survival at 5 years was similar for both groups
      (n = 10 patients (43%) in Group 1 vs. n = 10 patients (45%) in Group 2).
      CONCLUSION: In the elderly population, survival is closely linked to
      postoperative morbidity and mortality. In our study, prolonged LOS was found to
      be related to delayed bioenergetic recovery. When limited, risk factors such as
      infections, neutropenia, and red blood cell transfusions could lower LOS and
      mortality of elderly patients with HCC. Higher age was associated with greater
      postoperative morbidity and successful hospital stay.

PMID- 27353848
TI  - Impacts of peritoneal cancer index on the survival outcomes of patients with
      colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Peritoneal cancer index (PCI) has been suggested to be the most
      important prognostic factors for the outcomes in colorectal peritoneal
      carcinomatosis (CRPC). METHODS: This was a retrospective study of prospectively
      collected data of 168 consecutive patients with CRPC following cytoreductive
      surgery (CRS) and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (PIC). Patients were
      divided into five groups according to their PCI. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was
      0%. Patients in low PCI groups had a significantly lower major morbidity rate,
      shorter intensive care unit and high dependency unit stay and higher overall
      survival (p=0.017, 0.001, 0.046, p<0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION: Combined CRS
      with PIC can be safely performed to provide encouraging survival benefits for
      patients with CRPC. Our findings suggest that this approach is particularly
      beneficial for patients with low volume of disease. Early referral to specialist
      centre for evaluation is warranted for better survival outcomes.

PMID- 27353849
TI  - A comparison of the Cook-Swartz Doppler with conventional clinical methods for
      free flap monitoring: A systematic review and a meta-analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Currently there is no consensus on what is the optimal method for
      monitoring free flaps. Our meta-analysis compared the free flap success and
      salvage rates of Cook-Swartz Implantable Doppler monitoring with clinical
      monitoring to gain insight into the relative benefit of these systems. METHODS:
      Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched until
      January 16, 2016. Search terms included free flap surgery, free flap microsurgery
      and implantable Doppler. Studies were included if they involved the comparison of
      Cook-Swartz Doppler and clinical assessment for monitoring free flap function.
      Studies using free flap monitoring as an outcome measure for drug treatment were
      also excluded. Sensitivity analysis using the leave-one-out approach was used to
      assay the reliability of the findings. RESULTS: Initial search identified 14
      studies, of which five studies were included in the meta-analysis. Cook-Swartz
      Doppler had significantly better rate of free flap success and salvage than
      clinical monitoring methods (P values <= 0.006). Data did not markedly changed
      when each study was removed in turn, showing reliability of the findings.
      DISCUSSION: The Cook-Swartz Doppler as a monitoring method may result in a higher
      rate of free flap success and salvaging but also a greater frequency of false
      positives than conventional methods. Our analysis is limited by designs of
      included studies and by heterogeneity of clinical monitoring techniques.
      CONCLUSIONS: More studies are needed to evaluate if Cook-Swartz Doppler can be
      used alone, or to be better used as an adjunctive technique to complement the
      clinical method of monitoring.

PMID- 27353850
TI  - Management of venous ulcers: State of the art.
AB  - Venous ulceration is a complex and serious problem that affects 1-2% of the
      global elderly population (>65 years), and its incidence is constantly
      increasing. The population group with higher risk of development of venous
      ulceration is the elderly. These lesions have a significant negative impact on
      patients' quality of life. Our aim was to analyze the state of the art, starting
      with the medical literature review. The evidence supports that managing chronic
      wounds with a multidisciplinary wound care team significantly increases wound
      healing and reduces the severity of wound-associated pain and the required daily
      wound treatments compared with persons who are not managed by such a team. 

PMID- 27353851
TI  - Could 3D bioprinted tissues offer future hope for microtia treatment?
AB  - Microtia is a congenital deformity where the pinna is underdeveloped.
      Contraindications to rib surgery for microtia reconstruction include high-risk
      surgical status and chest-wall deformities [1-2]. However does stem-cell-based 3D
      Bioprinting offer revolutionary therapeutic options for patients with such tissue
      abnormalities. As a technology, 3D-bioprinting is being developed to generate
      homogeneous tissues by depositing a low viscosity printable cellular-active gel
      which matures into a tissue [3]. Currently on-going research is developing the
      process towards producing cartilage tissues for use in reconstructive surgery.
      This process focuses on using the natural self-organising properties of cells in
      order to produce a functional tissue which has measurable: mechanical, metabolic
      and functional properties. 

PMID- 27353853
TI  - Stiff Arteries, Stiff Ventricles: Correlation or Causality in Heart Failure?

PMID- 27353852
TI  - Association of Aortic Stiffness With Left Ventricular Remodeling and Reduced Left
      Ventricular Function Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Multi-Ethnic
      Study of Atherosclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study sought to assess cross-sectional associations of aortic
      stiffness assessed by magnetic resonance imaging with left ventricular (LV)
      remodeling and myocardial deformation in the Multi-Ethnic Study of
      Atherosclerosis (MESA). METHODS AND RESULTS: Aortic arch pulse wave velocity
      (PWV) was measured with phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging. LV
      circumferential strain (Ecc), torsion, and early diastolic strain rate were
      determined by tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariable linear regression
      models were used to adjust for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors. Of
      2093 participants, multivariable linear regression models demonstrated that
      higher arch PWV was associated with higher LV mass index (B=0.53 per 1 SD
      increase for log-transformed PWV, P<0.05) and LV mass to volume ratio (B=0.015,
      P<0.01), impaired LV ejection fraction (LVEF; B=-0.84; P<0.001), Ecc (B=0.55;
      P<0.001), torsion (B=-0.11; P<0.001), and early diastolic strain rate (B=-0.003;
      P<0.05). In sex stratified analysis, higher arch PWV was associated with higher
      MVR (B=0.02; P<0.05), impaired Ecc (B=0.60; P<0.001), and LVEF (B=-0.45; P<0.05),
      but with maintained torsion in women. Higher PWV was associated with impaired Ecc
      (B=0.49; P<0.001) and LVEF (B=-1.21; P<0.001), with lower torsion (B=-0.17;
      P<0.001) in men. CONCLUSIONS: Higher arch PWV is associated with LV remodeling,
      and reduced LV systolic and diastolic function in a large multiethnic population.
      Greater aortic arch stiffness is associated with concentric LV remodeling and
      relatively preserved LVEF with maintained torsion in women, whereas greater
      aortic arch stiffness is associated with greater LV dysfunction demonstrated as
      impaired Ecc, torsion, and LVEF, with less concentric LV remodeling in men.

PMID- 27353854
TI  - MRA_1571 is required for isoleucine biosynthesis and improves Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis H37Ra survival under stress.
AB  - Threonine dehydratase is a pyridoxal 5-phosphate dependent enzyme required for
      isoleucine biosynthesis. Threonine dehydratase (IlvA) participates in conversion
      of threonine to 2-oxobutanoate and ammonia is released as a by-product. MRA_1571
      is annotated to be coding for IlvA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Mtb-Ra).
      We developed a recombinant (KD) Mtb-Ra strain by down-regulating IlvA. The growth
      studies on different carbon sources suggested reduced growth of KD compared to
      wild-type (WT), also, isoleucine concentration dependent KD growth restoration
      was observed. The expression profiling of IlvA suggested increased expression of
      IlvA during oxygen, acid and oxidative stress. In addition, KD showed reduced
      survival under pH, starvation, nitric oxide and peroxide stresses. KD was more
      susceptible to antimycobacterial agents such as streptomycin (STR), rifampicin
      (RIF) and levofloxacin (LVF), while, no such effect was noticeable when exposed
      to isoniazid. Also, an increase in expression of IlvA was observed when exposed
      to STR, RIF and LVF. The dye accumulation studies suggested increased
      permeability of KD to ethidium bromide and Nile Red as compared to WT. TLC and
      Mass studies confirmed altered lipid profile of KD. In summary down-regulation of
      IlvA affects Mtb growth, increases its susceptibility to stress and leads to
      altered cell wall lipid profile.

PMID- 27353855
TI  - Group sequential monitoring based on the weighted log-rank test statistic with
      the Fleming-Harrington class of weights in cancer vaccine studies.
AB  - In recent years, immunological science has evolved, and cancer vaccines are now
      approved and available for treating existing cancers. Because cancer vaccines
      require time to elicit an immune response, a delayed treatment effect is expected
      and is actually observed in drug approval studies. Accordingly, we propose the
      evaluation of survival endpoints by weighted log-rank tests with the Fleming
      Harrington class of weights. We consider group sequential monitoring, which
      allows early efficacy stopping, and determine a semiparametric information
      fraction for the Fleming-Harrington family of weights, which is necessary for the
      error spending function. Moreover, we give a flexible survival model in cancer
      vaccine studies that considers not only the delayed treatment effect but also the
      long-term survivors. In a Monte Carlo simulation study, we illustrate that when
      the primary analysis is a weighted log-rank test emphasizing the late
      differences, the proposed information fraction can be a useful alternative to the
      surrogate information fraction, which is proportional to the number of events.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 27353856
TI  - Neuroinflammatory response to experimental stroke is inhibited by eriodictyol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebral ischemia is a common disease and one of the most common
      causes of death and disability worldwide. The lack of glucose and oxygen in
      neuronal tissue leads to a series of inflammatory events, culminating in neuronal
      death. Eriodictyol is a flavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb Dracocephalum
      rupestre that has been proven to have anti-inflammatory properties.
      HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: Thus, the present study was designed to explore whether
      eriodictyol has neuroprotective effects against the neuronal damage, motor and
      memory deficits induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in
      mice. STUDY DESIGN: Animals were orally treated with eriodictyol (1, 2 and
      4mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) 30min before pMCAO, 2h after, and then once daily for
      the following five days. METHODS: The parameters studied were neuronal viability,
      brain infarcted area; sensorimotor deficits; exploratory activity; working and
      aversive memory; myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity; TNFalpha, iNOS and GFAP
      immunoreactivity. RESULTS: The treatment with eriodictyol prevented neuronal
      death, reduced infarct area and improved neurological and memory deficits induced
      by brain ischemia. The increase of MPO activity and TNF-alpha, iNOS and GFAP
      expression were also reduced by eriodictyol treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings
      demonstrate that eriodictyol exhibit promising neuroprotection effects against
      the permanent focal ischemia cerebral injury in the mice experimental model and
      the underlying mechanisms might be mediated through inhibition of
      neuroinflammation.

PMID- 27353857
TI  - Involvement of glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the expression of
      increased head-dipping behaviors in the hole-board tests of olfactory
      bulbectomized mice.
AB  - Olfactory bulbectomized (OB) mice produce agitated anxiety-like behaviors in the
      hole-board test, which was expressed by an increase in head-dipping counts and a
      decrease in head-dipping latencies. However, the associated mechanisms remain
      unclear. In the present study, MK-801 (10, 100MUg/kg), a selective N-methyl-d
      aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, significantly and dose-dependently
      suppressed the increased head-dipping behaviors in OB mice, without affecting
      sham mice. Similar results were obtained with another selective NMDA receptor
      antagonist D-AP5 treatment in OB mice. On the other hand, muscimol, a selective
      aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agonist produced no effects on these
      hyperemotional behaviors in OB mice at a dose (100MUg/kg) that produced
      anxiolytic-like effects in sham mice. Interestingly, glutamine contents and
      glutamine/glutamate ratios were significantly increased in the amygdala and
      frontal cortex of OB mice compared to sham mice. Based on these results, we
      concluded that the glutamatergic NMDA receptors are involved in the expression of
      increased head-dipping behaviors in the hole-board tests of OB mice. Accordingly,
      the changes in glutamatergic transmission in frontal cortex and amygdala may play
      important roles in the expression of these abnormal behaviors in OB mice.

PMID- 27353858
TI  - Effect of NADH kinase on poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production by recombinant
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The cofactor NADPH participates in a variety of anabolic reactions and its
      availability is considered to play a critical role in biotransformation
      processes. NADH kinase (Pos5) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyzes the
      phosphorylation of NADH to generate NADPH. To investigate the effect of NADH
      kinase on poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production, pos5 was co-expressed with PHB
      synthetic operon phbCAB in Escherichia coli. The recombinant strain carrying pos5
      and phbCAB co-expression plasmid reached 5.96 g/L cell dry weight with 64.1% PHB
      accumulation in 72 h shake flask cultivation, while the control strain without
      pos5 yielded 3.93 g/L cell dry weight with 58.5% PHB content. PHB production
      titer was enhanced from 2.30 g/L to 3.82 g/L. Intracellular cofactor
      concentration analysis revealed that the ratio of NADP/NAD in pos5 overexpression
      strain was two times more compared with that of the control without pos5. The
      results showed that NADH kinase could be employed as an effective metabolic
      manipulation target to improve PHB synthesis.

PMID- 27353859
TI  - Heterologous expression of a new manganese-dependent peroxidase gene from
      Peniophora incarnata KUC8836 and its ability to remove anthracene in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The white rot fungus Peniophora incarnata KUC8836 has received an attention as
      the greatest degrader of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are
      hazardous xenobiotics and recalcitrant pollutants. To characterize the mechanisms
      through which MnP degrades PAHs, heterologous expression of manganese-dependent
      peroxidase (MnP) gene pimp1 was performed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 via
      the pGEM-T Easy vector, resulting in the recombinant plasmid pESC-URA/pimp1
      containing the MnP signal peptide. MnP was significantly secreted into the
      culture medium with galactose as an active protein with higher efficiency (3.58 U
      mL-1) by transformants than by the wild-type S. cerevisiae. The recombinant MnP
      protein was shown to have a molecular weight of 44 kDa by western blotting
      analysis. With regard to enhancing the bioremediation of PAHs in the environment,
      anthracene was effectively degraded by the MnP encoded by pimp1, with a
      degradation rate of 6.5% when Tween 80 was added. In addition, the MnP activity
      of the transformant exhibited the highest efficiency (2.49 U mL-1) during the
      degradation. These results show that pimp1 might be useful for biodegradation and
      gene expression technologies at a transcriptional level, and genetic approaches
      can be improved by incorporating the highly ligninolytic gene pimp1 and the
      fungus P. incarnata KUC8836.

PMID- 27353860
TI  - Novel synthetic kojic acid-methimazole derivatives inhibit mushroom tyrosinase
      and melanogenesis.
AB  - In this study, two kojic acid-methimazole (2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole, MMI, 1)
      derivatives, 5-hydroxy-2-{[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)thio]methyl}-4H-pyran-4-one
      (compound 4) and 5-methoxy-2-{[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)thio]methyl}-4H-pyran-4
      one (compound 5), were synthesized to examine their inhibitory kinetics on
      mushroom tyrosinase. Compound 4 exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on
      monophenolase activity in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 0.03 mM.
      On diphenolase activity, compound 4 exhibited a less inhibitory effect (IC50 =
      1.29 mM) but was stronger than kojic acid (IC50 = 1.80 mM). Kinetic analysis
      indicated that compound 4 was both as a noncompetitive monophenolase and
      diphenolase inhibitor. By contrast, compound 5 exhibited no inhibitory effects on
      mushroom tyrosinase activity. The IC50 value of compound 4 for the 2,2-diphenyl-1
      picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was 4.09 mM, being much higher
      than the IC50 of compound 4 for inhibiting the tyrosinase activity. The results
      indicated that the antioxidant activity of compound 4 may be partly related to
      the potent inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase. Compound 4 also exerted a
      potent inhibitory effect on intracellular melanin formation in B16/F10 murine
      melanoma cells, and caused no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, compound 4 induced no
      adverse effects on the Hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM).

PMID- 27353861
TI  - Mantle Subduction and Uplift of Intracontinental Mountains: A Case Study from the
      Chinese Tianshan Mountains within Eurasia.
AB  - The driving mechanism that is responsible for the uplift of intracontinental
      mountains has puzzled geologists for decades. This study addresses this issue by
      using receiver function images across the Chinese Tianshan Mountains and
      available data from both deep seismic profiles and surface structural
      deformation. The near-surface structural deformation shows that the Tianshan
      crust experienced strong shortening during the Cenozoic. The receiver function
      image across the Tianshan Mountains reveals that the lithosphere of the Junggar
      Basin to the north became uncoupled along the Moho, and the mantle below the Moho
      subducted southwards beneath the northern part of the Tianshan Mountains, thereby
      thickening the overlying crust. Similar deep structures, however, are not
      observed under the Tarim Basin and the adjacent southern Tianshan Mountains. This
      difference in the deep structures correlates with geomorphological features in
      the region. Thus, a new model of mantle subduction, herein termed M-type
      subduction, is proposed for the mountain-building processes in intracontinental
      compressional settings. The available geomorphological, geological and seismic
      data in the literatures show that this model is probably suitable for other high,
      linear mountains within the continent.

PMID- 27353862
TI  - Triggers and nursing influences on delirium in intensive care units.
AB  - Among care providers, nurses have the most influence on the occurrence of
      delirium in patients. To identify and investigate the risk factors associated
      with delirium and analyse the nurse's influence on delirium, a secondary data
      analysis approach was used with clinical data from the electronic medical record
      and health care provider data from the management information systems of a
      university hospital. Data of 3284 patients (delirium = 688, non-delirium = 2596)
      hospitalized in the medical and surgical intensive care units containing 2178
      variables were analysed. Donabedian's structure-process-outcome model was applied
      to categorize the factors for multilevel hierarchical logistic regression
      analysis. Sixteen factors (10 patient factors, 1 provider factor, 1 environmental
      factor, 2 nursing intervention factors and 2 medical intervention factors) were
      identified as significant in the final model. Longer intensive care unit
      experience of nurses did not decrease the risk of delirium. Greater number of
      nursing intervention needs and greater use of restraints were associated with an
      increased risk of delirium. The duration of nursing career did not affect the
      reduction of the risk of delirium. Nurses should therefore endeavour to acquire
      nursing experience specific for delirium care and attend training courses for
      delirium management.

PMID- 27353864
TI  - Big bad wolf or man's best friend? Unmasking a false wolf aggression on humans.
AB  - The return of the wolf in its historical range is raising social conflicts with
      local communities for the perceived potential threat to people safety. In this
      study we applied molecular methods to solve an unusual case of wolf attack
      towards a man in the Northern Italian Apennines. We analysed seven biological
      samples, collected from the clothes of the injured man, using mtDNA sequences,
      the Amelogenin gene, 39 unlinked autosomal and four Y-linked microsatellites.
      Results indicated that the aggression was conducted by a male dog and not by a
      wolf nor a wolf x dog hybrid. Our findings were later confirmed by the victim,
      who confessed he had been attacked by the guard dog of a neighbour. The genetic
      profile of the owned dog perfectly matched with that identified from the samples
      previously collected. Our results prove once again that the wolf does not
      currently represent a risk for human safety in developed countries, whereas most
      animal aggressions are carried out by its domestic relative, the dog.

PMID- 27353865
TI  - Narrow-band UVB phototherapy and psoralen-ultraviolet A photochemotherapy in the
      treatment of cutaneous mastocytosis: a study in 20 patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In mastocytosis, the skin is almost invariably involved, and
      cutaneous symptoms deeply affect patients' quality of life. METHODS: A
      retrospective observational analysis of patients affected by cutaneous
      mastocytosis (CM) and indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) treated with
      phototherapy/photochemotherapy (PUVA or NB-UVB) has been conducted. For each
      patient, total numbers of PUVA or NB-UVB exposures, the cumulative UV dose (J/cm2
      ), serum tryptase profile, and pruritus, before and after treatment, according to
      the visual analogue scale (VAS) were considered. Skin lesions of each patient
      were assessed, before and after treatment, according to a cutaneous scale score.
      RESULTS: Twenty patients affected by CM and ISM were studied; in particular, 10
      patients received NB-UVB therapy, and other 10 patients received PUVA. A
      statistically significant mean reduction of pruritus in both groups (P < 0.01)
      was observed. The number of treatments necessary to obtain symptom relief was
      significantly lower in the PUVA group, but the mean exposure dose was
      significantly higher, if compared to the NB-UVB group. Serum tryptase levels
      showed a downward trend. The cutaneous score improved in both groups.
      LIMITATIONS: This study was a retrospective study with a small sample size and
      without a control group. CONCLUSION: This work provides evidence that both NB-UVB
      and PUVA represent a safe and useful second-line therapy of the cutaneous
      symptoms in mastocytosis.

PMID- 27353863
TI  - SARI inhibits angiogenesis and tumour growth of human colon cancer through
      directly targeting ceruloplasmin.
AB  - SARI, also called as BATF2, belongs to the BATF family and has been implicated in
      cancer cell growth inhibition. However, the role and mechanism of SARI in tumour
      angiogenesis are elusive. Here we demonstrate that SARI deficiency facilitates
      AOM/DSS-induced colonic tumorigenesis in mice. We show that SARI is a novel
      inhibitor of colon tumour growth and angiogenesis in mice. Antibody array and
      HUVEC-related assays indicate that VEGF has an essential role in SARI-controlled
      inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, Co-IP/PAGE/mass spectrometry indicates
      that SARI directly targets ceruloplasmin (Cp), and induces protease degradation
      of Cp, thereby inhibiting the activity of the HIF-1alpha/VEGF axis. Tissue
      microarray results indicate that SARI expression inversely correlates with poor
      clinical outcomes in colon cancer patients. Collectively, our results indicate
      that SARI is a potential target for therapy by inhibiting angiogenesis through
      the reduction of VEGF expression and is a prognostic indicator for patients with
      colon cancer.

PMID- 27353866
TI  - Contributions to the phytotherapies of digestive disorders: Traditional knowledge
      and cultural drivers of Manoor Valley, Northern Pakistan.
AB  - ETHNO PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ethno medicinal traditional knowledge regarding
      the uses of indigenous medicinal plants used for various human digestive
      disorders are mostly known to the elder community members. As the young
      generation is not much aware about such vital traditional medicinal practice
      because they rely on elders. AIM OF STUDY: To document, accumulate and widely
      disseminate the massive indigenous knowledge of century's practiced therapeutic
      uses of medicinal plants by the local people living in this remote area.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 63 local inhabitants (39 males and 24 females)
      were interviewed through a structured questionnaire. The data obtained were
      quantitatively analyzed through the use value (UVi), fidelity level index (FL%)
      and relative frequency citations (RFCs), consensus index (CI%) and informant
      consensus factor (FIC). For novel uses all the plants were checked with
      previously published articles on same disease by analyzing through Jaccard index
      (JI) and Sorensen's similarity index (QS). Plants specimen were preserved,
      mounted and labeled on the herbarium sheets, cataloged and deposited with voucher
      numbers in Hazara University Herbarium, Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP). RESULTS: 44
      plant species belonging to 44 genera and 28 families were documented in the
      current study. These medicinal plant species were used commonly as an ethno
      medicine against 26 various digestive disorders out of which most frequently
      occurred are; stomach ache, diarrhea, indigestion, constipation and inflammation
      etc. Herbaceous plant species were the dominant among plants studied which were
      64% of the total plants, followed by trees (20%) and shrubs (16%). Lamiaceae was
      the leading family among collected medicinal plant species (13.6%). Maximum
      medicinal plant species were used for treatment of stomach ache (11.7%), diarrhea
      and indigestion (10.9% each). Most widely used parts were leaves (41% citations),
      fruit and whole plant (12% citations each) for medication of various digestive
      problems by the traditional drivers. Dominated medicinal plants with most use
      values were Ficus carica having (UVi=0.90) and Trifolium repens (UVi=0.84). Based
      on the RFC values, the most cited medicinal plant species by the traditional
      drivers were Ficus carica (0.43) and Berberis lycium (0.41), while most
      respondents percentage was noticed for same plant species calculated through
      consensus index (CI%=42.9% and 41.3%) respectively. The medicinal plant species
      with highest fidelity level was of Grewia optiva, Juglans regia and Sorbaria
      tomentosa each cited 100% for anthelmintic, easy digestion and Diarrhea
      respectively. Due to representation by only single medicinal plant taxa (Nt=1),
      the digestive diseases viz. cholera, colon cancer, emetic, internal injuries,
      kill microorganisms, Soothing, tumor and urine suppression had maximum FIC value.
      The analytical result reveals that 57% of medicinal plant species were reported
      for the first time regarding their uses. new medicinal uses of Anaphalis
      contorta, Caltha palustris, Pinus wallichiana, Plantago himalaica were recorded
      for the first time from Pakistan and Aralia cachemirica, Bupleurum longicaule,
      Pleurospermum stellatum, Potentilla argentea and Juglans regia across the globe
      for currently reported medicinal uses. Besides this, all the mentioned plant
      species were reported for the first time for digestive disorders from Manoor
      Valley as no single study up-till now has been conducted ethno medicinally.
      CONCLUSION: The present study revealed the importance to document and launch list
      of all the possible plants that are used in traditional medicinal practices
      against digestive disorders in the unexplored study area and to show the
      important medicinal plants for future biological, phytochemical and
      pharmacological experimentation regarding digestive problems.

PMID- 27353867
TI  - alpha-Cyperone of Cyperus rotundus is an effective candidate for reduction of
      inflammation by destabilization of microtubule fibers in brain.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae), commonly known
      as purple nutsedge or nut grass is one of the most invasive and endemic weeds in
      tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. This plant has been extensively used
      in traditional medicine for anti-arthritic, antidiarrheal and antiplatelet
      properties as well as treatment for several CNS disorders such as epilepsy,
      depression and inflammatory disorders. Inflammation is evidently occurring in
      pathologically susceptible regions of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain as well
      as other disorders. Many cellular processes are responsible in chronic
      inflammation. Microtubule-based inflammatory cell chemotaxis is a well-recognized
      process that influences production of cytokines and phagocytosis. The effect of
      alpha-Cyperone, one of main ingredients of Cyperus rotundus on microtubule
      assembly and dynamics has not been examined and is the purpose of this
      investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microtubules and tubulin were extracted in
      order to explore their interaction with alpha-Cyperone by utilization of
      turbidimetric examinations, intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism
      spectroscopy (CD) studies. The molecular docking analysis was executed in order
      to facilitate a more detail and stronger evidence of this interaction. The
      BINding ANAlyzer (BINANA) algorithm was used to evaluate and further substantiate
      the binding site of alpha-Cyperone. RESULTS: It was demonstrated that alpha
      Cyperone had a pronounced influence on the tubulin structure, decreased
      polymerization rate and reduced concentration of polymerized tubulin in vitro.
      The CD deconvolution analysis concluded that significant conformational changes
      occurred, demonstrated by a drastic increase in content of beta-strands upon
      binding of alpha-Cyperone. The fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that a static
      type of quenching mechanism is responsible for binding of alpha-Cyperone to
      tubulin. Upon characterization of various biophysical parameters, it was further
      deduced that ligand binding was spontaneous and a single site of binding was
      confirmed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that upon binding of alpha
      Cyperone to microtubule the number and complexity of fibers were noticeably
      decreased. The computational analysis of docking suggested that alpha-Cyperone
      binds preferably to beta-tubulin at a distinct location with close proximity to
      the GTP binding and hydrolysis site. The ligand interaction with beta-tubulin is
      mostly hydrophobic and occurs at amino acid residues that are exclusively on
      random coil. The BINANA 1.2.0 algorithm which counts and tallies close molecular
      interaction by performing defined set of simulations revealed that amino acid
      residues Arg 48 and Val 62 have registered the highest scores and are possibly
      crucial in ligand-protein interaction. CONCLUSION: alpha-Cyperone binds and
      interacts with tubulin and is capable of distinctly destabilizing microtubule
      polymerization. The effect of this interaction could result in reduction of
      inflammation which would be highly beneficial for treatment of inflammatory
      diseases such as AD.

PMID- 27353868
TI  - Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Drypetes: A review.
AB  - AIMS: Traditional medicinal use of species of the genus Drypetes is widespread in
      the tropical regions. The aim of this review is to systematically appraise the
      literature available to date on phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, toxicology and
      bioactivity (in vitro and in vivo) of crude extracts and purified compounds.
      ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Plants of the genus Drypetes (Putranjivaceae) are
      used in the Subsaharan African and Asian traditional medicines to treat a
      multitude of disorders, like dysentery, gonorrhoea, malaria, rheumatism,
      sinusitis, tumours, as well as for the treatment of wounds, headache, urethral
      problems, fever in young children, typhoid and several other ailments. Some
      Drypetes species are used to protect food against pests, as an aphrodisiac, a
      stimulant/depressant, a rodenticide and a fish poison, against insect bites, to
      induce conception and for general healing. This review deals with updated
      information on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and biological activities of
      ethnomedicinally important Drypetes species, in order to provide an input for the
      future research opportunities. METHODS: An extensive review of the literature
      available in various recognized databases e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed, Science
      Direct, SciFinder, Web of Science, www.theplantlist.org and www.gbif.org, as well
      as the Herbier National du Cameroun (Yaounde) and Botanic Gardens of Limbe
      databases on the uses and bioactivity of various species of the Drypetes was
      undertaken. RESULTS: The literature provided information on ethnopharmacological
      uses of the Subsaharan African and Asian species of the genus Drypetes, e.g.,
      Drypetes aubrevillii, D. capillipes, D. chevalieri, D. gerrardii, D. gossweileri,
      D. ivorensis, D. klainei, D. natalensis, D. pellegrini (all endemic to Africa)
      and D. roxburghii (Asian species), for the treatment of multiple disorders. From
      a total of 19 species, more than 140 compounds including diterpenes,
      sesquiterpenes, triterpenes (friedelane, oleanane, lupane and hopane-type),
      flavonoids, lignans, phenylpropanoids and steroids, as well as some thiocyanates,
      were isolated. Several crude extracts of these plants, and isolated compounds
      displayed significant analgesic, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, anti-emetic anti
      inflammatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic, central nervous system depressant,
      cytotoxic, and insecticidal activities both in vitro and in vivo. Some toxicities
      associated with the stem, bark, seed and leaf extracts of D. roxburghii, and the
      flavonoid, amentoflavone, isolated from the stem extract of D. littoralis as well
      as D. gerrardii, were confirmed in the animal models and in the rat skeletal
      myoblast cells assays. As a consequence, traditional medicine from this genus
      should in future be applied with care. CONCLUSIONS: Plants of this genus have
      offered bioactive samples, both from crude extracts and pure compounds, partly
      validating their effectivity in traditional medicine. However, most of the
      available scientific literatures lacks information on relevant doses, duration of
      the treatment, storage conditions and positive controls for examining bioefficacy
      of extract and its active compounds. Additional toxicological studies on the
      species used in local pharmacopeia are urgently needed to guarantee safe
      application due to high toxicity of some crude extracts. Interestingly, this
      review also reports 10 pimarane dinorditerpenoids structures with the aromatic
      ring C, isolated from the species collected in Asia Drypetes littoralis (Taiwan),
      D. perreticulata (China), and in Africa D. gerrardii (Kenya), D. gossweileri
      (Cameroon). These compounds might turn out to be good candidates for
      chemotaxonomic markers of the genus.

PMID- 27353869
TI  - Retracted: Detection of Abnormal Hemoglobin Variants by HPLC Method: Common
      Problems with Suggested Solutions.
AB  - [This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/257805.]. 

PMID- 27353870
TI  - Polymer-free nanofibers from vanillin/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: high
      thermal stability, enhanced solubility and antioxidant property.
AB  - Vanillin/cyclodextrin inclusion complex nanofibers (vanillin/CD-IC NFs) were
      successfully obtained from three modified CD types (HPbetaCD, HPgammaCD and
      MbetaCD) in three different solvent systems (water, DMF and DMAc) via an
      electrospinning technique without using a carrier polymeric matrix. Vanillin/CD
      IC NFs with uniform and bead-free fiber morphology were successfully produced and
      their free-standing nanofibrous webs were obtained. The polymer-free CD/vanillin
      IC-NFs allow us to accomplish a much higher vanillin loading (~12%, w/w) when
      compared to electrospun polymeric nanofibers containing CD/vanillin-IC (~5%,
      w/w). Vanillin has a volatile nature yet, after electrospinning, a significant
      amount of vanillin was preserved due to complex formation depending on the CD
      types. Maximum preservation of vanillin was observed for vanillin/MbetaCD-IC NFs
      which is up to ~85% w/w, besides, a considerable amount of vanillin (~75% w/w)
      was also preserved for vanillin/HPbetaCD-IC NFs and vanillin/HPgammaCD-IC NFs.
      Phase solubility studies suggested a 1 : 1 molar complexation tendency between
      guest vanillin and host CD molecules. Molecular modelling studies and
      experimental findings revealed that vanillin : CD complexation was strongest for
      MbetaCD when compared to HPbetaCD and HPgammaCD in vanillin/CD-IC NFs. For
      vanillin/CD-IC NFs, water solubility and the antioxidant property of vanillin was
      improved significantly owing to inclusion complexation. In brief, polymer-free
      vanillin/CD-IC NFs are capable of incorporating a much higher loading of vanillin
      and effectively preserve volatile vanillin. Hence, encapsulation of volatile
      active agents such as flavor, fragrance and essential oils in electrospun polymer
      free CD-IC NFs may have potential for food related applications by integrating
      the particularly large surface area of NFs with the non-toxic nature of CD and
      inclusion complexation benefits, such as high temperature stability, improved
      water solubility and an enhanced antioxidant property, etc. 

PMID- 27353871
TI  - Authors' reply to Thomas and colleagues.

PMID- 27353872
TI  - Smothering in UK free-range flocks. Part 2: investigating correlations between
      disease, housing and management practices.
AB  - Smothering, when birds group together in a way that results in death from
      suffocation, is a welfare and economic concern for the egg industry. This
      questionnaire-based study explored correlations between disease, housing,
      management practices and smothering on free-range farms. A binomial logistic
      regression approach was used to test whether question responses predicted
      occurrence of nest box smothers (NBS) and panic and recurring smothers (PSRS) on
      farms. Breed (P=0.008) and nest box manufacturer (P=0.014) predicted NBS. Breed
      and nest box design have been previously reported to affect nesting behaviour.
      The affect of nest box manufacturer found in this study may illustrate the effect
      of nest box design features or house layouts. Nest box manufacturer (P=0.009),
      feeding oyster grit or grain on the litter (P<0.001) and range use on a sunny day
      (P<0.001) also predicted PSRS. Implementing some management practices to
      encourage desirable behaviours (eg ranging) may contribute to smothering, whereas
      some management practices such as those aimed at occupying birds may be
      beneficial, illustrating the delicate balance of factors involved in free-range
      egg production. It is hoped that these results will stimulate further work
      exploring the suitability of housing design and management of laying hens in
      light of smothering. 

PMID- 27353873
TI  - Assessment of unnecessary suffering in animals by veterinary experts.
AB  - Veterinary surgeons are often asked to provide reports to courts describing
      factual observations and their expert opinion on the presence or absence of
      unnecessary suffering in animals. This study reviewed 42 expert witness reports
      in order to describe the approach taken to the assessment of unnecessary
      suffering. While most reports suitably described factual observations, there was
      significant variation in the opinions on suffering and the actions of the owner.
      Severity and duration of potential suffering was commented upon in 26 and 29
      reports, respectively. Experts used terms associated with negative mental states
      and physical states in 28 and 27 reports, respectively. The necessity of
      suffering was commented upon in 27 reports, with minimal commentary on the
      actions of the owner. External references supporting the opinion of the expert
      were only provided in 13 reports. There was evidence of disputes between experts
      concerning the definition of suffering, the significance of clinical findings and
      the relevance of different assessment methods. It is suggested that expert
      witness reports should include a systematic consideration of the animal's mental
      and physical states, severity of harm, duration of harm and a commentary on the
      necessity of suffering as defined by legislation. 

PMID- 27353874
TI  - Questionnaire regarding skin disorders in pet and smallholder pigs.

PMID- 27353875
TI  - Cumulative incidence and risk factors for limber tail in the Dogslife labrador
      retriever cohort.
AB  - Limber tail is a condition that typically affects larger working breeds causing
      tail limpness and pain, resolving without veterinary intervention. It is poorly
      understood and the disease burden has not been well characterised. Data collected
      from owners of the Dogslife cohort of Labrador Retrievers have been used to
      describe incidents and a case-control study was undertaken to elucidate risk
      factors with 38 cases and 86 controls. The cumulative incidence of unexplained
      tail limpness was 9.7 per cent. Swimming is not a necessary precursor for limber
      tail, but it is a risk factor (OR=4.7) and working dogs were more susceptible
      than non-working dogs (OR=5.1). Higher latitudes were shown to be a risk factor
      for developing the condition and the case dogs were more related to each other
      than might be expected by chance. This suggests that dogs may have an underlying
      genetic predisposition to developing the condition. This study is the first,
      large-scale investigation of limber tail and the findings reveal an unexpectedly
      high illness burden. Anecdotally, accepted risk factors have been confirmed and
      the extent of their impact has been quantified. Identifying latitude and a
      potential underlying genetic predisposition suggests avenues for future work on
      this painful and distressing condition. 

PMID- 27353876
TI  - Moxie matters: associations of future orientation with active life expectancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Being oriented toward the future has been associated with better
      future health. We studied associations of future orientation with life expectancy
      and the percentage of life with disability. METHOD: We used the Panel Study of
      Income Dynamics (n = 5249). Participants' average age in 1968 was 33.0. Six
      questions repeatedly measured future orientation, 1968-1976. Seven waves (1999
      2011, 33,331 person-years) measured disability in activities of daily living for
      the same individuals, whose average age in 1999 was 64.0. We estimated monthly
      probabilities of disability and death with multinomial logistic Markov models
      adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, childhood health, and education. Using the
      probabilities, we created large populations with microsimulation, measuring
      disability in each month for each individual, age 55 through death. RESULTS: Life
      expectancy from age 55 for white men with high future orientation was age 77.6
      (95% confidence interval 75.5-79.0), 6.9% (4.9-7.2) of those years with
      disability; results with low future orientation were 73.6 (72.2-75.4) and 9.6%
      (7.7-10.7). Comparable results for African American men were 74.8 (72.9-75.3),
      8.1 (5.6-9.3), 71.0 (69.6-72.8), and 11.3 (9.1-11.7). For women, there were no
      significant differences associated with levels of future orientation for life
      expectancy. For white women with high future orientation 9.1% of remaining life
      from age 55 was disabled (6.3-9.9), compared to 12.4% (10.2-13.2) with low future
      orientation. Disability results for African American women were similar but
      statistically significant only at age 80 and over. CONCLUSION: High future
      orientation during early to middle adult ages may be associated with better
      health in older age.

PMID- 27353877
TI  - Modified Rhytidectomy that Produces a More Natural Look: Experience with 110
      Cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recognition of the effects of aging on the ear and the mechanisms
      leading to ear deformity associated with facelift procedures aid in achieving
      improved aesthetic results. In 2009, the author developed a novel rhytidectomy
      technique to provide more natural-looking results than those achieved through
      other facelift procedures, which often result in facial and ear
      distortion/deformity. This technique is designed to optimize aesthetic outcomes
      by employing incisions hidden within the ear, autologous fat transfer to restore
      normally lost facial volume, and absorbable bidirectional sutures, all of which
      allow less skin removal and shorter, more concealable scars within the inside
      perimeter of the ear, and thus less-distorted facial contours. In this
      retrospective study, the author added one important modification to this
      previously described approach for preventing ear deformity. OBJECTIVES: The
      author will show that this modified rhytidectomy technique has many benefits over
      a traditional rhytidectomy, and it results in a natural-looking facelift.
      METHODS: The author modified the original technique to secure the ears in a way
      that prevents inferior drifting. The modified technique involves the placement of
      two parallel strands of 3-0 Monocryl sutures under the scalp and over the skull
      and running from one side of the head to the other side using a 6-inch blunt
      needle. The absorbable strands are passed from the inferior part of each earlobe
      one in front of the ear and the other in back of the ear. The strands are tied
      with knots under moderate tension under each earlobe, securing the ear back in
      the anatomical preoperative position. This secures the bottom of the ears and
      prevents caudal drifting. DISCUSSION: The use of 360 degrees  round-block, inside
      the-ear incisions is advantageous. These incisions have much less lymphatic
      derangement of the skin, because the overall cut is shorter and the skin is not
      cut as extensively as in other methods that use longer incisions to get rid of
      more excess skin in facelifts. RESULTS: This modified rhytidectomy technique has
      many benefits over a traditional rhytidectomy: the incisions are hidden inside
      the ears, so there are almost no visible external incisions, and there is no
      deformity of the ears and earlobes, because the ears do not drift downward. The
      ear canal is not distorted, there is no hairline distortion, and most
      importantly, it results in a natural-looking facelift without the commonly seen
      deformity of any noticeable pulling. CONCLUSIONS: This modified approach to
      rhytidectomy achieves natural looking, aesthetically pleasing results. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to
      each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings,
      please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors
      www.springer.com/00266 .

PMID- 27353883
TI  - Predictors of early discharge after open gynecological surgery in the setting of
      an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol.
AB  - AIM: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols have been proven to
      decrease length of hospital stay without increasing readmission rates or
      complications. However, patient and operative characteristics that improve the
      chance of successful early hospital discharge are unknown. The aim of this study
      was to determine the characteristics of patients undergoing open gynecological
      surgery in an ERAS protocol who could be discharged home by postoperative day 3.
      METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on patients undergoing laparotomy
      by a single surgeon and managed by an ERAS protocol between January 2008 and
      April 2013. Data collection on patient characteristics, hospitalization and post
      discharge details was performed prospectively. Patients successfully discharged
      home on or by day 3 (early discharge) were compared to patients who had a longer
      admission (late discharge). RESULTS: During the study period, 454 consecutive
      patients were identified and included in the study. No patients were excluded. A
      total of 335 patients (73.8%) were successfully discharged home within 3 days.
      After adjusting for age and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score,
      patients with early discharge were significantly less likely to have a malignancy
      (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36-0.97; P = 0.038),
      intensive care unit admission (OR, 0.59; 95%CI, 0.36-0.97; P = 0.046), vertical
      midline incision (OR, 0.28; 95%CI, 0.07-0.82), complications (OR, 0.21; 95%CI,
      0.09-0.49; P = 0.0003), or FIGO Stage III or IV disease (OR, 0.39; 95%CI, 0.23
      0.67; P = 0.001). Prior abdominal surgery, body mass index > 25 and lymph node
      dissection did not significantly influence length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION:
      Malignancy, advanced-stage disease, intensive care unit admission, vertical
      midline incision and perioperative complications are significantly associated
      with longer hospital stay in patients managed by an ERAS protocol.

PMID- 27353884
TI  - 2.5-Year-Olds Express Suspense When Others Approach Reality With False
      Expectations.
AB  - The study investigated if 2.5-year-olds are susceptible to suspense and express
      tension when others' false expectations are about to be disappointed. In two
      experiments (N = 32 each), children showed more tension when a protagonist
      approached a box with a false belief about its content than when she was
      ignorant. In Experiment 2, children also expressed more tension when the
      protagonist's belief was false than when it was true. The findings reveal that
      toddlers affectively anticipate the "rude awakening" of an agent who is about to
      discover unexpected reality. They thus not only understand false beliefs per se
      but also grasp the affective implications of being mistaken. The results are
      discussed with recourse to current theories about early understanding of false
      beliefs.

PMID- 27353885
TI  - Parametrization of halogen bonds in the CHARMM general force field: Improved
      treatment of ligand-protein interactions.
AB  - A halogen bond is a highly directional, non-covalent interaction between a
      halogen atom and another electronegative atom. It arises due to the formation of
      a small region of positive electrostatic potential opposite the covalent bond to
      the halogen, called the 'sigma hole.' Empirical force fields in which the
      electrostatic interactions are represented by atom-centered point charges cannot
      capture this effect because halogen atoms usually carry a negative charge and
      therefore interact unfavorably with other electronegative atoms. A strategy to
      overcome this problem is to attach a positively charged virtual particle to the
      halogen. In this work, we extend the additive CHARMM General Force Field (CGenFF)
      to include such interactions in model systems of phenyl-X, with X being Cl, Br or
      I including di- and trihalogenated species. The charges, Lennard-Jones
      parameters, and halogen-virtual particle distances were optimized to reproduce
      the orientation dependence of quantum mechanical interaction energies with water,
      acetone, and N-methylacetamide as well as experimental pure liquid properties and
      relative hydration free energies with respect to benzene. The resulting
      parameters were validated in molecular dynamics simulations on small-molecule
      crystals and on solvated protein-ligand complexes containing halogenated
      compounds. The inclusion of positive virtual sites leads to better agreement
      across experimental observables, including preservation of ligand binding poses
      as a direct result of the improved representation of halogen bonding.

PMID- 27353886
TI  - Small molecule non-peptide inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin serotype E:
      Structure-activity relationship and a pharmacophore model.
AB  - Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most poisonous biological substance known
      to humans. They cause flaccid paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine
      at the neuromuscular junction. Here, we report a number of small molecule non
      peptide inhibitors of BoNT serotype E. The structure-activity relationship and a
      pharmacophore model are presented. Although non-peptidic in nature, these
      inhibitors mimic key features of the uncleavable substrate peptide Arg-Ile-Met
      Glu (RIME) of the SNAP-25 protein. Among the compounds tested, most of the potent
      inhibitors bear a zinc-chelating moiety connected to a hydrophobic and aromatic
      moiety through a carboxyl or amide linker. All of them show low micromolar IC50
      values.

PMID- 27353887
TI  - Synthesis and anticancer activity of novel 4-morpholino-7,8-dihydro-5H
      thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives bearing chromone moiety.
AB  - Herein, we designed and synthesized of a novel series of 7,8-dihydro-5H
      thiopyrano[4,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives bearing chromone moiety (10a-j, 13a-j).
      All the compounds were evaluated for the IC50 values against five cancer cell
      lines (A549, PC-3, MCF-7, Hela and HepG2). Seven of the target compounds
      exhibited moderate to excellent cytotoxicity. For these compounds, we tested
      their inhibitory activities against mTOR kinase, and four of them were tested
      their inhibitory activities against PI3Kalpha kinase in further. The results
      indicated that the optimized compound 10j showed excellent inhibitory activity
      and cytotoxicity against mTOR kinase, PI3Kalpha kinase and five cancer cell lines
      with IC50 values of 1.1MUM, 0.92MUM and 8.77-14.3MUM. Structure-activity
      relationships (SARs) and docking studies indicated that the thiopyrano[4,3
      d]pyrimidine scaffolds exerted little effect on antitumor activities of target
      compounds. Substitutions of chromone moiety at C-6 position with carboxyl were
      benefit to the antitumor activities.

PMID- 27353888
TI  - Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel indandione derivatives as
      multifunctional agents with cholinesterase inhibition, anti-beta-amyloid
      aggregation, antioxidant and neuroprotection properties against Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - A series of novel 2-(4-(4-substituted piperazin-1-yl)benzylidene)-1H-indene
      1,3(2H)-diones were designed, synthesized and appraised as multifunctional anti
      Alzheimer agents. In vitro studies of compounds 27-38 showed that these compounds
      exhibit moderate to excellent AChE, BuChE and Abeta aggregation inhibitory
      activity. Notably, compounds 34 and 38 appeared as most active multifunctional
      agents in the entire series and exhibited excellent inhibition against AChE
      (IC50=0.048MUM: 34; 0.036MUM: 38), Abeta aggregation (max% inhibition 82.2%,
      IC50=9.2MUM: 34; max% inhibition 80.9%, IC50=10.11MUM: 38) and displayed
      significant antioxidant potential in ORAC-FL assay. Both compounds also
      successfully diminished H2O2 induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells.
      Fascinatingly, compounds 34 and 38 showed admirable neuroprotective effects
      against H2O2 and Abeta induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, both
      derivatives showed no considerable toxicity in neuronal cell viability assay and
      represented drug likeness properties in the primarily pharmacokinetics study. All
      these results together, propelled out that compounds 34 and 38 might serve as
      promising multi-functional lead candidates for treatment of AD in the future.

PMID- 27353889
TI  - The design strategy of selective PTP1B inhibitors over TCPTP.
AB  - Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has already been well studied as a highly
      validated therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. However, the lack of
      selectivity limited further studies and clinical applications of PTP1B
      inhibitors, especially over T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). In this
      review, we enumerate the published specific inhibitors of PTP1B, discuss the
      structure-activity relationships by analysis of their X-ray structures or docking
      results, and summarize the characteristic of selectivity related residues and
      groups. Furthermore, the design strategy of selective PTP1B inhibitors over TCPTP
      is also proposed. We hope our work could provide an effective way to gain
      specific PTP1B inhibitors.

PMID- 27353890
TI  - A comparison between physicians and computer algorithms for form CMS-2728 data
      reporting.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: CMS-2728 form (Medical Evidence Report) assesses 23 comorbidities
      chosen to reflect poor outcomes and increased mortality risk. Previous studies
      questioned the validity of physician reporting on forms CMS-2728. We hypothesize
      that reporting of comorbidities by computer algorithms identifies more
      comorbidities than physician completion, and, therefore, is more reflective of
      underlying disease burden. METHODS: We collected data from CMS-2728 forms for all
      296 patients who had incident ESRD diagnosis and received chronic dialysis from
      2005 through 2014 at Indiana University outpatient dialysis centers. We analyzed
      patients' data from electronic medical records systems that collated information
      from multiple health care sources. Previously utilized algorithms or natural
      language processing was used to extract data on 10 comorbidities for a period of
      up to 10 years prior to ESRD incidence. These algorithms incorporate billing
      codes, prescriptions, and other relevant elements. We compared the presence or
      unchecked status of these comorbidities on the forms to the presence or absence
      according to the algorithms. FINDINGS: Computer algorithms had higher reporting
      of comorbidities compared to forms completion by physicians. This remained true
      when decreasing data span to one year and using only a single health center
      source. The algorithms determination was well accepted by a physician panel.
      Importantly, algorithms use significantly increased the expected deaths and
      lowered the standardized mortality ratios. DISCUSSION: Using computer algorithms
      showed superior identification of comorbidities for form CMS-2728 and altered
      standardized mortality ratios. Adapting similar algorithms in available EMR
      systems may offer more thorough evaluation of comorbidities and improve quality
      reporting.

PMID- 27353891
TI  - Unusual distance dependences of electron transfer rates.
AB  - Usually the rates for electron transfer (kET) decrease with increasing donor
      acceptor distance, but Marcus theory predicts a regime in which kET is expected
      to increase when the transfer distance gets longer. Until recently, experimental
      evidence for such counter-intuitive behavior had been very limited, and
      consequently this effect is much less well-known than the Gaussian free energy
      dependence of electron transfer rates leading to the so-called inverted driving
      force effect. This article presents the theoretical concepts that lead to the
      prediction of electron transfer rate maxima at large donor-acceptor distances,
      and it discusses conditions that are expected to favor experimental observations
      of such behavior. It continues with a consideration of specific recent examples
      in which electron transfer rates were observed to increase with increasing donor
      acceptor distance, and it closes with a discussion of the importance of this
      effect in the context of light-to-chemical energy conversion. 

PMID- 27353892
TI  - Brexit: what are the implications for nurses?
AB  - The referendum result is in and appears to have caught the nation by surprise.
      Whatever the fallout from voters' decision to leave the EU, the implications for
      nursing are likely to be widespread and profound - and could take years to
      resolve. 

PMID- 27353893
TI  - Chief nurse reassures EU workers after Brexit vote.
AB  - European Union nurses remain 'an integral and appreciated' part of the NHS,
      England's chief nurse has said in the wake of the UK's Brexit vote. 

PMID- 27353894
TI  - Nottingham tram named after award-winning nurse.
AB  - A theatre recovery nurse will travel to work in style from now on after having a
      tram named in her honour. 

PMID- 27353895
TI  - MP asks Hunt about nurse advice unit cuts.
AB  - Pressure is mounting on the Department of Health to reconsider its controversial
      plan to axe its team of nurse advisers. 

PMID- 27353896
TI  - Call for rent controls as nursing staff struggle to find affordable housing.
AB  - Nurses priced out of affordable homes are risking their health driving long
      distances home after shifts, RCN congress heard last week. 

PMID- 27353897
TI  - Sculptor unfazed by Seacole statue backlash.
AB  - The backlash against the soon to be unveiled Mary Seacole statue is 'a storm in a
      bedpan', according to the artist behind it. 

PMID- 27353898
TI  - Students share their views of funding plans.
AB  - The chief nursing officer for England has met with nursing students to hear first
      hand their views on government proposals to cut NHS bursaries. 

PMID- 27353900
TI  - Backing public health will save money in long term.
AB  - Cuts to the public health budget have been condemned as illogical and short
      sighted by nurses. 

PMID- 27353903
TI  - Streamling ruling council from 31 to 17 gets backing at RCN's AGM.
AB  - RCN members have backed changes to the way their ruling council is run, aimed at
      making it more streamlined and effective - but only after a row at the annual
      general meeting (AGM). 

PMID- 27353904
TI  - Images of nursing impress judges of national photographic competition.
AB  - A photograph showing a violin-playing patient surrounded by his hospital nursing
      team has won its taker an award in a national photographic competition. 

PMID- 27353905
TI  - What does Brexit mean for nursing and our EU staff?
AB  - Currently there is free movement of labour and mutual recognition of nurse
      training and qualifications between EU member states. This means UK hospitals can
      actively recruit nurses from across the EU to cover staff shortfalls. So what
      now? 

PMID- 27353908
TI  - Neonatal jaundice.
AB  - Essential facts Jaundice is one of the most common conditions affecting newborn
      babies. It is estimated that 6 out of every 10 babies develop jaundice, with even
      higher rates for premature babies. Caused by increased levels of bilirubin in the
      blood, jaundice is generally harmless, and resolves without treatment by 2 weeks
      of age. However, high levels of bilirubin can be harmful if not treated and need
      to be identified quickly. 

PMID- 27353909
TI  - Expressing anger positively could reduce eating disorders in women.
AB  - Lessons on how to express anger in direct and positive ways could help reduce
      eating disorders in girls, say researchers. 

PMID- 27353910
TI  - Lung cancer patients could be given choice over treatment.
AB  - Having radiotherapy once a day for 6.5 weeks, or twice a day for 3 weeks - when
      combined with chemotherapy - is equally good at treating small cell lung cancer
      that has not spread, a study suggests. 

PMID- 27353911
TI  - Migraines linked to heart attacks in women.
AB  - Women who experience migraines have an increased risk of developing
      cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes, say researchers. 

PMID- 27353913
TI  - Telephone follow-up reduces anxiety in burns patients.
AB  - A tailored education programme for people who have experienced burns can help
      reduce symptoms of anxiety and post-traumatic stress, a new study suggests. 

PMID- 27353914
TI  - Inspirational, meaningful care quality nursing across Scotland.
AB  - In Scotland, geography and social conditions are placing demands on nurses'
      ingenuity. As RCN Scotland Director Theresa Fyffe says: 'Nurses in Scotland are
      constantly overcoming the challenges thrown at them by our health and social care
      system and diverse geography. 

PMID- 27353915
TI  - Hub eases strain on primary care.
AB  - It is widely acknowledged that NHS primary care services are struggling to cope
      with demand. NHS England's General Practice Forward View, published in April,
      highlights 'unprecedented pressure on practices, which impacts on staff and
      patients'. It also points out that small changes in GP capacity have a big effect
      on demand for hospital care. 

PMID- 27353916
TI  - Time to market nursing.
AB  - For too long nursing has been seen as a cost rather than a way of providing
      efficient and cost-effective care. My hope is that the nursing framework, Leading
      Change, Adding Value, will help nurses re-establish their place in the system. 

PMID- 27353918
TI  - The NMC has to look beyond England, says Janet Finch.
AB  - The Nursing and Midwifery Council is a 4-country regulator. Our remit covers
      Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and England, which is reflected in the
      membership of our council and many of our activities. 

PMID- 27353917
TI  - Let's not forget attrition.
AB  - The heated debate about the ending of bursaries for nursing students has given
      scant attention to one important issue: drop-out rates. 

PMID- 27353919
TI  - Look again at psychedelic drugs.
AB  - The World Health Organization recommends that anxiety, depression, agitation and
      delirium at end of life should be treated with drugs such as lorazepam, diazepam,
      midazolam and haloperidol. 

PMID- 27353920
TI  - How do nurses feed a family?
AB  - Imposing student loans without consultation means nurses taking on a burden of
      debt that may never be repaid, with a negative effect on all with domestic or
      caring responsibilities. The student loan will take care of tuition fees, but
      what about feeding the family and keeping a roof over their heads? 

PMID- 27353921
TI  - Doormen are the answer.
AB  - I'd like to see a doorman at every emergency department to support often
      distraught people on arrival. It is about making people's lives easier and would
      also help lower aggression and violence against staff. 

PMID- 27353924
TI  - Senior nurses are critical.
AB  - Pressures on health and social care have never been greater. This month Nigel
      Edwards, chief executive of the respected Nuffield Trust, cautioned that NHS
      morale was at an all-time low, posing a threat at least as great as financial
      constraints. 

PMID- 27353925
TI  - Readers' panel - Should nurses be prosecuted if they fail to report child abuse?
AB  - Our experts consider a hot topic of the day. 

PMID- 27353926
TI  - Medical reality dramas do not show the real NHS.
AB  - My other half likes those medical reality programmes, whereas I would rather
      stick my head in the oven than watch anything to do with work. 

PMID- 27353929
TI  - Know Your DAS.
AB  - The Know Your DAS app, created by the National Rheumatoid Arthritis Society,
      monitors users' rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in between consultations by prompting
      them to complete a self-assessment. 

PMID- 27353930
TI  - A passport to better care.
AB  - Having worked as a healthcare assistant (HCA) for almost 20 years, Lorraine
      Ramnath found training to become a nurse at the Open University gave her a new
      insight into patient care. 

PMID- 27353931
TI  - Never underestimate the importance of hand holding.
AB  - During a shift on a ward, it is easy to get overwhelmed with paperwork,
      checklists and practices such as infection control. These exist to keep patients
      and staff safe, but sometimes patients just need human contact to take them
      through what can be a traumatic time. 

PMID- 27353932
TI  - Changing perceptions on flexible working is the way.
AB  - Research from Bradford University has shone new light on the dilemma of how
      nurses struggle to reconcile professional duties and family commitments,
      suggesting that some of the resistance to making the career more accessible for
      women with young children is coming from other female nurses. 

PMID- 27353933
TI  - Whoever holds the purse strings holds the power.
AB  - An average ward has a budget of about L1 million a year for staffing and
      supplies. With responsibility for its allocation often with the ward manager or
      sister, budgeting skills are essential. 

PMID- 27353934
TI  - 'Have confidence in yourself'.
AB  - Former director of nursing at Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust
      Caroline Shuldham OBE left the NHS last year to work independently. She
      celebrates 45 years in nursing this year and is involved in research, teaching,
      mentoring, inspection and advising on care. 

PMID- 27353935
TI  - How to record and evidence continuing professional development for revalidation.
AB  - Rationale and key points This is the third in a series of eight articles
      providing information about the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) revalidation
      process. This article focuses on recording and providing evidence of continuing
      professional development (CPD). Nurses and midwives must have undertaken 35 hours
      of CPD, of which at least 20 hours must have included participatory learning,
      relevant to their scope of practice, in the 3-year period since their
      registration was last renewed or they joined the register. " CPD enables nurses
      and midwives to ensure their knowledge and skills are up to date. " The
      participatory component of CPD encourages engagement and communication with
      others, thus challenging professional isolation. Reflective activity 'How to'
      revalidate articles can help to update your practice and provide information
      about the revalidation process, including how you can record and evidence CPD for
      revalidation. Reflect on and write a short account of: 1. How recording and
      evidencing CPD will demonstrate the skills, knowledge and experience you have
      gained in practice. 2. How you could use this article to educate your colleagues.
      Subscribers can update their reflective accounts at: rcni.com/portfolio. 

PMID- 27353936
TI  - Legal and ethical issues in neonatal nursing: a case study.
AB  - Neonatal nurses regularly face complex legal and ethical dilemmas. This article
      discusses the hypothetical case of Jack, a two-day-old infant diagnosed with
      trisomy 13 (syndrome), a life-limiting condition. Jack's prognosis is poor, and
      he is not expected to live past two weeks of age. The legal and ethical
      perspectives of withholding life-sustaining treatment in infants and children
      will be explored through the application of ethical frameworks, as well as
      statute and case law relevant to children and adolescent nursing. The article
      also discusses the neonatal nurse's role, with reference to local and national
      guidelines. 

PMID- 27353938
TI  - Medicines optimisation.
AB  - What was the nature of the CPD activity and/or practice-related feedback and/or
      event or experience in your practice? The CPD article outlined the priorities and
      challenges of medicines optimisation, which is a person-centred approach to safe
      and effective medicines use. The aim is for the patient to achieve the best
      possible outcomes from their medicines. 

PMID- 27353937
TI  - Palliative and end-of-life care for people living with dementia in care homes:
      part 2.
AB  - This article, the second of two, provides healthcare practitioners with an
      overview of best practice in palliative and end-of-life care, including
      nutrition, hydration, oral hygiene and pain management. Communication and
      spiritual care are discussed, as well as care after death. Providing support and
      education for families is an important aspect of palliative and end-of-life care.
      Care home nurses should ensure that the person living with dementia is at the
      centre of decision making, and provide care that is inclusive of their needs and
      wishes. The article is framed in a care home context; there is little research
      about how to optimise palliative care for people living with dementia in care
      homes. 

PMID- 27353939
TI  - 'Cathy became my confidante'.
AB  - I was wary of a respiratory nurse becoming involved in my care. I had a good
      relationship with the respiratory consultants and, although I was unwell and
      things were difficult, I did not see what another nurse could add. I could not
      have been more wrong. 

PMID- 27353940
TI  - Nurses lead on waste reduction.
AB  - Waste in the NHS accounts for about 20% of health expenditure. This article
      examines the literature on reducing waste, analyses some approaches to waste
      reduction, and identifies the role of nurses and other health professionals in
      developing a sustainable NHS. 

PMID- 27353941
TI  - Violence against older women.
AB  - Domestic abuse is widespread and indiscriminate. Older women living with domestic
      abuse experience a number of health-related concerns and significant mental
      health issues. 

PMID- 27353942
TI  - Depression in transition to becoming a new father.
AB  - Over the past three decades, there has been a growing awareness about the burden
      of ill-health experienced by men. 

PMID- 27353943
TI  - Public health spend.
AB  - 'Spending on public health offers the best value for public money. We should fund
      more and spend more on public health, not less'. 

PMID- 27353944
TI  - Nutrition.
AB  - Staff supporting people with dementia to eat should take part in face-to-face
      education programmes. 

PMID- 27353945
TI  - Presidential address: Experimenting with the scientific past.
AB  - When it comes to knowledge about the scientific pasts that might have been - the
      so-called 'counterfactual' history of science - historians can either debate its
      possibility or get on with the job. Taking the latter course means re-engaging
      with some of the most general questions about science. It can also lead to fresh
      insights into why particular episodes unfolded as they did and not otherwise.
      Drawing on recent research into the controversy over Mendelism in the early
      twentieth century, this address reports and reflects on a novel teaching
      experiment conducted in order to find out what biology and its students might be
      like now had the controversy gone differently. The results suggest a number of
      new options: for the collection of evidence about the counterfactual scientific
      past, for the development of collaborations between historians of science and
      science educators, for the cultivation of more productive relationships between
      scientists and their forebears, and for heightened self-awareness about the
      curiously counterfactual business of being historical. 

PMID- 27353946
TI  - Film lessons: early cinema for historians of science.
AB  - Despite much excellent work over the years, the vast history of scientific
      filmmaking is still largely unknown. Historians of science have long been
      concerned with visual culture, communication and the public sphere on the one
      hand, and with expertise, knowledge production and experimental practice on the
      other. Scientists, we know, drew pictures, took photographs and made three
      dimensional models. Rather like models, films could not be printed in journals
      until the digital era, and this limited their usefulness as evidence. But that
      did not stop researchers from making movies for projection at conferences as well
      as in lecture halls, museums and other public venues, not to mention for breaking
      down into individual frames for analysis. Historians of science are more likely
      to be found in the library, archive or museum than the darkened screening room,
      and much work is still needed to demonstrate the major effects of cinema on
      scientific knowledge. Film may have taken as long to change science as other
      areas of social life, but one can begin to glimpse important ways in which 'image
      machines' (cameras, projectors and the like) were beginning to mediate between
      backstage experimental work and more public demonstration even around 1900. 

PMID- 27353947
TI  - Next generation sequencing based identification of disease-associated mutations
      in Swiss patients with retinal dystrophies.
AB  - Inherited monogenic diseases of the retina and vitreous affect approximately 1 in
      2000 individuals. They are characterized by tremendous genetic heterogeneity and
      clinical variability involving mutations in approximately 250 genes and more than
      20 different clinical phenotypes. Clinical manifestations of retinal dystrophies
      (RDs) range from mild retinal dysfunctions to severe congenital forms of
      blindness. A detailed clinical diagnosis and the identification of causative
      mutations are crucial for genetic counseling of affected patients and their
      families, for understanding genotype-phenotype correlations and developing
      therapeutic approaches. Using whole exome sequencing (WES) we have established a
      reliable and efficient high-throughput analysis pipeline to identify disease
      causing mutations. Our data indicate that this approach enables us to genetically
      diagnose approximately 64% of the patients (n = 58) with variant(s) in known
      disease-associated genes. We report 20 novel and 26 recurrent variants in genes
      associated with RDs. We also identified a novel phenotype for mutations in
      C2orf71 and provide functional evidence for exon skipping due to a splice-site
      variant identified in FLVCR1. In conclusion, WES can rapidly identify variants in
      various families affected with different forms of RDs. Our study also expands the
      clinical and allelic spectrum of genes associated with RDs in the Swiss
      population.

PMID- 27353948
TI  - Development and Validation of a Pediatric Endocrine Knowledge Assessment
      Questionnaire: Impact of ac Pediatric Endocrine Knowledge Assessment
      Questionnaire Intervention Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: While there is general agreement that patient education is essential
      for compliance, no objective tools exist to assess knowledge in children and
      parents of children with endocrine disorders. We aimed to design and validate a
      Pediatric Endocrine Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire (PEKAQ) for congenital
      hypothyroidism, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, isolated growth hormone deficiency,
      Graves' disease, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. We evaluated baseline
      knowledge of children and parents of children with these disorders and assessed
      impact of educational intervention. METHODS: At baseline, 77 children (12-18
      years) and 162 parents of children 1-18 years participated in this prospective
      intervention study. Educational handouts for five targeted disorders were
      designed. Following one-on-one educational intervention, 55 children and 123
      parents participated. Baseline and post-intervention knowledge scores were
      compared using McNemar's test. RESULTS: Adequate multi-rater Kappa measure of
      agreement was achieved for children's (0.70) and parent's (0.75) PEKAQs. Flesch
      Reading Ease Score for both PEKAQs (15 questions each) was 65. Post-intervention,
      significantly higher proportion of parents and children answered majority of
      questions correctly (p<0.05). Sixteen percent more parents and 22% more children
      knew their diagnosis correctly (p<0.05). Significant improvement was noted among
      all participants regarding reason for treatment, steps to take in a situation of
      missed dose, exercise and diet with these disorders, and long-term prognosis.
      Parent's knowledge score was an independent predictor of child's score.
      CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first validated PEKAQ that can be used
      widely in pediatric endocrinology clinics. We noted significant improvement in
      knowledge of children and parents of children with endocrine disorders.

PMID- 27353949
TI  - Development of Cutaneous Toxicities During Selective Anti-BRAF Therapies:
      Preventive Role of Combination with MEK Inhibitors.

PMID- 27353950
TI  - Restricted distribution and lateralization of mutualistic Wolbachia in the
      Drosophila brain.
AB  - Microbial symbionts are universal entities of all living organisms that can
      significantly affect host fitness traits in manifold ways but, even more
      fascinating, also their behaviour. Although better known from parasitic
      symbionts, we currently lack any cases where 'neurotrophic' symbionts have co
      evolved mutualistic behavioural interactions from which both partners profit. By
      theory, most mutualistic associations have originated from ancestral parasitic
      ones during their long-term co-evolution towards a cost-benefit equilibrium. To
      manipulate host behaviour in a way where both partners benefit in a reciprocal
      manner, the symbiont has to target and remain restricted to defined host brain
      regions to minimize unnecessary fitness costs. By using the classic Drosophila
      paulistorum model system we demonstrate that (i) mutualistic Wolbachia are
      restricted to various Drosophila brain areas, (ii) form bacteriocyte-like
      structures within the brain, (iii) exhibit strictly lateral tropism, and (iv)
      finally propose that their selective neuronal infection affects host sexual
      behaviour adaptively.

PMID- 27353952
TI  - Role of compassion competence among clinical nurses in professional quality of
      life.
AB  - AIM: The study aimed to explore measurable compassion competence among nurses and
      to examine the relationships between nurses' compassion competence and levels of
      compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and secondary traumatic stress.
      BACKGROUND: Compassion is a vital asset in the nursing profession. It is
      necessary to explore whether compassion competence is a factor influencing
      professional quality of life. METHODS: This study utilized a multicenter
      descriptive cross-sectional survey. Data were collected from 680 nurses. RESULTS:
      Professional quality of life based on nurses' general characteristics showed a
      significant difference in the subjects' age, marital status, education, and total
      clinical experience. In addition, compassion competence had a significant
      positive correlation with compassion satisfaction and STS, whereas it had a
      significant negative correlation with burnout. Compassion competence was a factor
      influencing compassion satisfaction and burnout in professional quality of life.
      LIMITATIONS: Our study included nurses with at least 1 year of clinical
      experience in a single cultural area, which limits its widespread applicability.
      To improve generalizability, future studies should include clinical nurses of
      various races, working in diverse cultural areas and with various levels of
      experience (including entry-level nurses and nursing students). CONCLUSION AND
      IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY: Compassion competence of clinical
      nurses was a predictive factor for professional quality of life. Hospital
      administrators, nurse leaders and policy makers should develop and adopt nurse
      retaining strategies that focus on improving nurses' compassion competence in
      order to reduce their burnout. We recommend the development of educational
      programmes to improve nurses' compassion competence and thereby enhance their
      professional quality of life.

PMID- 27353951
TI  - Mucous membrane pemphigoid in dogs: a retrospective study of 16 new cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a chronic autoimmune subepidermal
      blistering disease of dogs, cats and humans. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study
      was to describe the clinical, histological and immunological features and
      treatment outcomes of canine MMP. ANIMALS: Sixteen dogs were diagnosed with MMP
      based on the presence of mucosal- or mucocutaneous-predominant vesiculation
      and/or ulceration, histological confirmation of subepidermal clefting and an age
      of disease onset greater than 6 months. RESULTS: Six of 16 dogs (38%) were German
      shepherd dogs and their crosses. The median age of disease onset was 6 years
      (range: 1-10 years). At the time of presentation, the dogs exhibited erosions and
      ulcers in the oral cavity (11 of 16; 69%), nasal (nine of 16; 56%), periocular
      (eight of 16; 50%) and genital (six of 16; 38%) regions. Haired skin lesions were
      less frequent (six of 16; 38%) and involved mostly concave pinnae. Information on
      treatment outcome was available for 11 dogs (69%). A complete remission (CR) of
      lesions was achieved in 10 of 11 dogs (91%). The median time to CR was 33 weeks
      (range: 6-64 weeks). Treatment regimens varied widely but six of 10 (60%) dogs
      received a combination of tetracycline antibiotic and niacinamide alone, or with
      another drug, at the time of CR. Forty percent of the dogs in which CR had
      occurred experienced lesion relapse upon drug dose reduction. CONCLUSIONS AND
      CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Canine MMP is a chronic and relapsing disease requiring long
      term treatment. Combination therapy is often needed to achieve CR.

PMID- 27353953
TI  - Impaired orexin receptor expression in the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus in sudden infant
      death syndrome: possible involvement of this nucleus in arousal pathophysiology.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: As well known, the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is
      characterized by the sudden death of a seemingly healthy infant during sleep,
      frequently resulted from a deficit in arousal phase. Awakening from sleep
      requires a fully developed and functioning neuronal respiratory network to
      modulate the ventilation as needed. The pontine Kolliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN) plays
      a pivotal role in breathing control, thanks to its interconnections with the
      widespread serotonin and noradrenaline neurons in the brainstem. Numerous studies
      to date have focused on the implication of orexin, a neuropeptide synthesized by
      neurons of the lateral hypothalamus, with major projections to the brainstem
      raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus, in arousal, a neurobiological process closely
      linked to breathing modifications. The aim of our research has been to
      demonstrate that also the KFN is a fundamental component of the orexin system,
      actively involved in arousal. METHODS: We have evaluated the expression and
      distribution of the orexin receptors (orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors)
      particularly in the rostral pons, where the KFN is located, of 25 SIDS cases and
      18 controls. RESULTS: An intense orexin-1 innervation around the KF neurons has
      been detected in almost all the controls and only in 20% of SIDS cases.
      DISCUSSION: On the basis of these results, we believe that: (1) the KFN plays a
      leading role not only in providing a regular breathing rhythm but also in the
      coordination of the sleep-to-wake transition; (2) a defective orexin expression
      in the KFN could prevent arousal, thus assuming a crucial importance in causing
      SIDS.

PMID- 27353954
TI  - PUFA and oxidative stress. Differential modulation of the cell response by DHA.
AB  - Although an increased dietary intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA is considered an
      effective preventive strategy, a theoretical concern related to the possible
      increase of lipid peroxidation induced by a PUFA-rich diet still remains a
      problem. In this study, the effects of different PUFA (linoleic, alpha-linolenic,
      arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid) on cytotoxicity, lipid
      oxidation, and modulation of antioxidant defenses were evaluated in HepG2 cells
      submitted to an oxidative stress (H2O2). Results clearly evidenced that all
      supplemented PUFA, but DHA, enhanced cell susceptibility to H2O2. Overall, our
      results underline that PUFA cannot be considered as a single category but as
      individual compounds, and research on mechanisms of action and preventive effects
      should deal with the individual fatty acids, particularly in the case of DHA. 

PMID- 27353955
TI  - Changing paradigm in mild traumatic brain injury research.

PMID- 27353956
TI  - Population pharmacokinetic modelling of factor IX activity after administration
      of recombinant factor IX in patients with haemophilia B.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim is to develop a pharmacokinetic model for factor IX activity
      (FIX) after BeneFIX (nonacog alfa, rFIX) administration and assess potential
      covariates using all available clinical data collected during development.
      METHODS: The data set for model development combined observations from eight
      studies. Postdose FIX observations were adjusted by subtracting predose FIX if
      these were above the lower limit of quantification (BLQ) and all BLQ observations
      were removed. A population pharmacokinetic model was then developed with 4936
      observations from 201 patients. Two additional studies (385 observations from 72
      patients) became available and were used to evaluate the model. RESULTS: A two
      compartment model, parameterized for clearance (CL), volume of distribution of
      the central (V1) and peripheral (V2) compartments, and intercompartmental
      clearance (Q), with an effect of weight on all parameters was the final model.
      Weight was incorporated as a power function with exponent estimates close to
      conventional allometric scaling. Including interoccasion variability (IOV) on CL
      and V1 showed decreases in the objective function. Investigations of a full block
      omega matrix lead to the retention of a correlation between V2 and Q. Age was not
      a significant covariate with weight already included in the model. Observations
      in the studies used for evaluation were found to be higher than simulated values
      immediately after dosing, as well as a week after dosing. The differences may be
      due perhaps to differences in the patients enrolled in the evaluation studies
      (all were adults) as well as the sample collection time after dosing (longer
      after dosing in the evaluation studies). CONCLUSIONS: FIX is appropriately
      modelled as a two-compartment model after rFIX administration. When weight is
      included, no additional effect of age is observed. Longer times of observation
      after dosing may be helpful in refining the model.

PMID- 27353958
TI  - Retraction of "Impact of Natural Gas Extraction on PAH Levels in Ambient Air".

PMID- 27353959
TI  - The short-term association between meteorological factors and mumps in Jining,
      China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An increasing trend of the incidence of mumps has been observed in a
      few developing countries in recent years, presenting a major threat to children's
      health. A few studies have examined the relationship between meteorological
      factors and mumps with inconsistent findings. METHODS: The daily data of
      meteorological variables and mumps from 2009 to 2013 were obtained from Jining, a
      temperate inland city of China. A generalized additive model was used to quantify
      the association between meteorological factors and mumps based on the exposure
      response relationship. RESULTS: A total of 8520 mumps cases were included in this
      study. We found a nonlinear relationship of daily mean temperature, sunshine
      duration and relative humidity with mumps, with an approximately linear
      association for mean temperature above 4 degrees C (excess risk (ER) for 1
      degrees C increase was 2.72%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.38%, 3.05% on the
      current day), for relative humidity above 54%, the ER for 1% increase was -1.86%
      (95% CI: -2.06%, -1.65%) at lag day 14; and for sunshine duration higher than
      5h/d, the ER for per 1h/d increase was12.91% (95% CI: 11.38%, 14.47%) at lag day
      1. While we found linear effects for daily wind speed (ER: 2.98%, 95% CI: 2.71%,
      3.26% at lag day 13). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that meteorological
      factors might be important predictors of incidence of mumps, and should be
      considered in its control and prevention.

PMID- 27353957
TI  - NMR Characterization of Information Flow and Allosteric Communities in the MAP
      Kinase p38gamma.
AB  - The intramolecular network structure of a protein provides valuable insights into
      allosteric sites and communication pathways. However, a straightforward method to
      comprehensively map and characterize these pathways is not currently available.
      Here we present an approach to characterize intramolecular network structure
      using NMR chemical shift perturbations. We apply the method to the mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38gamma. p38gamma contains allosteric sites that
      are conserved among eukaryotic kinases as well as unique to the MAPK family. How
      these regulatory sites communicate with catalytic residues is not well
      understood. Using our method, we observe and characterize for the first time
      information flux between regulatory sites through a conserved kinase
      infrastructure. This network is accessed, reinforced, and broken in various
      states of p38gamma, reflecting the functional state of the protein. We
      demonstrate that the approach detects critical junctions in the network
      corresponding to biologically significant allosteric sites and pathways.

PMID- 27353960
TI  - The cbfs triple mutants reveal the essential functions of CBFs in cold
      acclimation and allow the definition of CBF regulons in Arabidopsis.
AB  - In Arabidopsis, the C-repeat binding factors (CBFs) have been extensively studied
      as key transcription factors in the cold stress response. However, their exact
      functions in the cold response remains unclear due to the lack of a null cbf
      triple mutant. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to mutate CBF1 or
      CBF1/CBF2 in a cbf3 T-DNA insertion mutant to generate cbf1,3 double and cbf1
      cbf2 cbf3 (cbfs) triple mutants. The response of the cbfs triple mutants to
      chilling stress is impaired. Furthermore, no significant difference in freezing
      tolerance was observed between the wild-type and the cbf1,3 and cbfs mutants
      without cold acclimation. However, the cbfs mutants were extremely sensitive to
      freezing stress after cold acclimation, and freezing sensitivity ranking was cbfs
      > cbf1,3 > cbf3. RNA-Seq analysis showed that 134 genes were CBF regulated, of
      which 112 were regulated positively and 22 negatively by CBFs. Our study reveals
      the essential functions of CBFs in chilling stress response and cold acclimation,
      as well as defines a set of genes as CBF regulon. It also provides materials for
      the genetic dissection of components in CBF-dependent cold signaling. 

PMID- 27353961
TI  - Re: alpha1-Blockers Improve Benign Prostatic Obstruction in Men with Lower
      Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Urodynamic
      Studies.

PMID- 27353962
TI  - Words of Wisdom.

PMID- 27353963
TI  - Re: Failure-Free Survival and Radiotherapy in Patients with Newly Diagnosed
      Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer: Data from Patients in the Control Arm of the
      STAMPEDE Trial.

PMID- 27353964
TI  - Re: Robot-assisted Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy: A Contemporary Analysis of
      an All-payer Discharge Database.

PMID- 27353965
TI  - Re: Vinflunine-gemcitabine Versus Vinflunine-carboplatin as First-line
      Chemotherapy in Cisplatin-unfit Patients with Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma:
      Results of an International Randomized Phase II Trial (JASINT1).

PMID- 27353966
TI  - Re: Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of 295 Cases of Clinically Advanced
      Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Reveals a High Frequency of
      Clinically Relevant Genomic Alterations.

PMID- 27353967
TI  - Re: Kidney-Failure Risk Projection for the Living Kidney-Donor Candidate.

PMID- 27353968
TI  - Role of CA3 theta-modulated interneurons during the transition to spontaneous
      seizures.
AB  - Multiple studies have observed heterogeneous neuronal firing patterns as a local
      network transitions to spontaneous seizures. We demonstrated that separately
      examining interneurons and pyramidal cells during this transition in a rat model
      of temporal lobe epilepsy elucidates some of this heterogeneity. Recently, it was
      demonstrated that classifying cells into specific theta-related subtypes further
      clarified the heterogeneity. Moreover, changes in neuronal synchrony with the
      local field potential were identified and determined to be specific to
      interneurons during the transition to seizures. To extend our understanding of
      the chronic changes in epileptic networks, we examined field potentials and
      single neuron activity in the CA3 hippocampus of pilocarpine-treated rats during
      interictal periods and compared these to neuronal activity in healthy controls
      and during preictal periods. Neurons were classified into theta-subtypes based on
      changes in firing patterns during theta periods. As previously reported, we find
      a high probability of theta oscillations before seizure onset and a selective
      increase in theta-on interneuron firing rate immediately preceding seizure onset.
      However, we also find overall slower theta rhythm and a general decrease in
      subtype-specific firing during interictal periods compared to that in control
      animals. The decrease in subtype specific interneuron activity is accompanied by
      increases in synchrony. Exceptionally, theta-on interneurons, that selectively
      increase their firing rate at seizure onset, maintain similar firing rates and
      synchrony as controls during interictal period. These data suggest that increased
      synchrony during interictal periods may compensate for low firing rates creating
      instability during theta that is prone to seizure initiation via a transition to
      hyper-synchronous activation of theta-on interneurons.

PMID- 27353969
TI  - Association of visual sensory function and higher-order visual processing skills
      with incident driving cessation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many studies on vision and driving cessation have relied on measures
      of sensory function, which are insensitive to the higher-order cognitive aspects
      of visual processing. The purpose of this study was to examine the association
      between traditional measures of visual sensory function and higher-order visual
      processing skills with incident driving cessation in a population-based sample of
      older drivers. METHODS: Two thousand licensed drivers aged 70 years or older were
      enrolled and followed for three years. Tests for central vision and visual
      processing were administered at baseline and included visual acuity, contrast
      sensitivity, sensitivity in the driving visual field, visual processing speed
      (useful field of view [UFOV] Subtest 2 and Trails B) and spatial ability measured
      by the Visual Closure Subtest of the Motor-free Visual Perception Test.
      Participants self-reported the month and year of driving cessation and provided a
      reason for cessation. Cox proportional hazards models were used to generate crude
      and adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals between visual
      functioning characteristics and risk of driving cessation over a three-year
      period. RESULTS: During the study period, 164 participants stopped driving, which
      corresponds to a cumulative incidence of 8.5 per cent. Impaired contrast
      sensitivity, visual fields, visual processing speed (UFOV and Trails B) and
      spatial ability were significant risk factors for subsequent driving cessation
      after adjusting for age, gender, marital status, number of medical conditions and
      miles driven. Visual acuity impairment was not associated with driving cessation.
      Medical problems (63 per cent), specifically musculoskeletal and neurological
      problems, as well as visual problems (17 per cent) were cited most frequently as
      the reason for driving cessation. CONCLUSION: Assessment of cognitive and visual
      functioning can provide useful information about subsequent risk of driving
      cessation among older drivers. In addition, a variety of factors, not just
      vision, influenced the decision to stop driving and may be amenable to
      intervention.

PMID- 27353970
TI  - Dynamic functional connectivity shapes individual differences in associative
      learning.
AB  - Current neuroscientific research has shown that the brain reconfigures its
      functional interactions at multiple timescales. Here, we sought to link transient
      changes in functional brain networks to individual differences in behavioral and
      cognitive performance by using an active learning paradigm. Participants learned
      associations between pairs of unrelated visual stimuli by using feedback.
      Interindividual behavioral variability was quantified with a learning rate
      measure. By using a multivariate statistical framework (partial least squares),
      we identified patterns of network organization across multiple temporal scales
      (within a trial, millisecond; across a learning session, minute) and linked these
      to the rate of change in behavioral performance (fast and slow). Results
      indicated that posterior network connectivity was present early in the trial for
      fast, and later in the trial for slow performers. In contrast, connectivity in an
      associative memory network (frontal, striatal, and medial temporal regions)
      occurred later in the trial for fast, and earlier for slow performers. Time
      dependent changes in the posterior network were correlated with visual/spatial
      scores obtained from independent neuropsychological assessments, with fast
      learners performing better on visual/spatial subtests. No relationship was found
      between functional connectivity dynamics in the memory network and visual/spatial
      test scores indicative of cognitive skill. By using a comprehensive set of
      measures (behavioral, cognitive, and neurophysiological), we report that
      individual variations in learning-related performance change are supported by
      differences in cognitive ability and time-sensitive connectivity in functional
      neural networks. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3911-3928, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 27353971
TI  - Using the gini coefficient to measure the chemical diversity of small-molecule
      libraries.
AB  - Modern databases of small organic molecules contain tens of millions of
      structures. The size of theoretically available chemistry is even larger.
      However, despite the large amount of chemical information, the "big data" moment
      for chemistry has not yet provided the corresponding payoff of cheaper computer
      predicted medicine or robust machine-learning models for the determination of
      efficacy and toxicity. Here, we present a study of the diversity of chemical
      datasets using a measure that is commonly used in socioeconomic studies. We
      demonstrate the use of this diversity measure on several datasets that were
      constructed to contain various congeneric subsets of molecules as well as
      randomly selected molecules. We also apply our method to a number of well-known
      databases that are frequently used for structure-activity relationship modeling.
      Our results show the poor diversity of the common sources of potential lead
      compounds compared to actual known drugs. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27353972
TI  - [Professional discourses on intimate partner violence: implication for care of
      immigrant women in Spain].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: 1) to examine the discourses of professionals involved in the care of
      female victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), with emphasis on how they
      describe the immigrant women, the perpetrators and their own responsibility of
      care; and 2) to compare these discourses with the other professions involved in
      caring for these women (social services, associations and police and justice).
      METHODS: Qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 43
      professionals from social services, associations and the police and judicial
      systems. A discourse analysis was carried out to identify interpretive
      repertoires about IPV, immigrant women and their aggressors, their culture and
      professional practices. RESULTS: Four interpretive repertoires emerged from
      professional discourses: "Cultural prototypes of women affected by IPV",
      "Perpetrators are similar regardless of their culture of origin", "Are victims
      credible and the perpetrators responsible?" and "Lack of cultural sensitivity of
      professionals in helping immigrant women in abusive situations". These
      repertoires correspond to preconceptions that professionals construct about
      affected women and their perpetrators, the credibility and responsibility they
      attribute to them and the interpretation of their professional roles.
      CONCLUSIONS: The employment of IPV-trained cultural mediators in the services
      responsible for caring for the female victims, together with cultural training
      for the professionals, will facilitate the provision of culturally sensitive care
      to immigrant female victims of intimate partner violence.

PMID- 27353974
TI  - A single-step acid catalyzed reaction for rapid assembly of NH-1,2,3-triazoles.
AB  - NH-1,2,3-Triazole moieties are a part of the design of various biologically
      active compounds, pharmaceutical agents and functional materials. Unfortunately,
      the applications of this heterocycle are still underexplored due to the lack of a
      general synthetic protocol. Here we outline a novel, general and facile metal
      free pathway that enables the direct synthesis of these heterocycles by combining
      readily accessible and abundant precursors such as enolizable ketones and NH4OAc
      with high levels of regioselectivity via an organocascade process. The developed
      chemistry has been successfully applied to the synthesis of several structurally
      diverse products, pharmaceutical agents and supramolecular receptors. 

PMID- 27353973
TI  - Usefulness of fetal autopsy in the diagnosis of blomstrand chondrodysplasia: a
      report of three cases.
AB  - Blomstrand osteochondrodysplasia (BOCD) is a rare autosomal recessive sclerosing
      skeletal dysplasia characterized by accelerated chondrocyte differentiation. In
      this article, we discuss three cases where lethal skeletal dysplasia was
      suspected and Blomstrand dysplasia was diagnosed by autopsy. Antenatal ultrasound
      findings include increased nuchal translucency, tetramicromelia and
      polyhydramnios. Radiological hallmark is advanced skeletal maturation and bone
      sclerosis. Histology of long bones revealed narrow cartilagenous cap and changes
      in the physeal growth zone which showed severe hypoplasia and disorganization of
      proliferative phase and hypertrophic phase. Homozygous and compound heterozygous
      mutations in PTHR1 gene have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this
      chondrodysplasia.

PMID- 27353975
TI  - The PaPsr1 and PaWhi2 genes are members of the regulatory network that connect
      stationary phase to mycelium differentiation and reproduction in Podospora
      anserina.
AB  - In filamentous fungi, entrance into stationary phase is complex as it is
      accompanied by several differentiation and developmental processes, including the
      synthesis of pigments, aerial hyphae, anastomoses and sporophores. The regulatory
      networks that control these processes are still incompletely known. The analysis
      of the "Impaired in the development of Crippled Growth (IDC)" mutants of the
      model filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina has already yielded important
      information regarding the pathway regulating entrance into stationary phase.
      Here, the genes affected in two additional IDC mutants are identified as
      orthologues of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae WHI2 and PSR1 genes, known to
      regulate stationary phase in this yeast, arguing for a conserved role of these
      proteins throughout the evolution of ascomycetes.

PMID- 27353976
TI  - Endothioxopeptides: A conformational overview.
AB  - Although thionamides would have been first prepared two centuries ago and their
      chemical and spectroscopic properties extensively investigated, only much more
      recently (since about 1985) a well deserved but still insufficient attention has
      been paid to their endothioxopeptide subfamily which nonetheless currently
      represents a rapidly emerging area of great scientific interest in the broader
      field of foldameric compounds based on biologically relevant building blocks.
      After two brief sections offering information on the unfortunately still limited
      number of endothioxopeptides discovered from natural sources but also on the
      impressive advancements registered in the last few years in their synthetic
      methods, this review article outlines the results of a detailed literature survey
      on the ongoing great, but not systematic, progress related to the conformational
      consequences generated by incorporating one (or more) thionamide group(s) into a
      polypeptide chain. Finally, a short discussion of the growing, but still in its
      infancy, class of the endoselenoxopeptide congeners is also presented. 

PMID- 27353977
TI  - Translational Research and Complexity of Clinical Practice: Issues, Challenges,
      and Way Forward.

PMID- 27353978
TI  - Histological Effect of Methotrexate and Folinic Acid on Oral Epithelium of Albino
      Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of damage to oral epithelium caused by high
      dose methotrexate (HDMTX) and the ameliorating role of folinic acid (FA) on
      damaging effect of methotrexate. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. PLACE AND
      DURATION OF STUDY: Anatomy Department of Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI),
      Lahore, from March to September 2013. METHODOLOGY: Forty-two albino rats were
      randomly allocated to 3 groups: Exp group-I was given HDMTX intramuscularly (I/M)
      on alternate days, Exp group-II was given both MTX and FA(I/M) on alternate days,
      and the control group received no intervention. After 16 days, buccal mucosa was
      excised for histological analysis under light microscope using H & E stains to
      see the effect of intervention. RESULTS: Exp group-I showed marked reduction in
      epithelial thickness compared to Exp group-II, and the control (F = 46.44, p <
      0.001) had significantly depleted basal layer (F = 6.32, p < 0.004), as well as
      inflammatory infiltrate with evidence of erosion and ulceration. Exp group-II
      showed less atrophic changes, a few inflammatory cells, no erosion and ulceration
      compared to the Exp group-I. Assuming epithelial thickness of control group 100%
      intact, the Exp group-II was found to have 78% intact and Exp group-I had only
      38% thickness intact. Thus FArescued epithelial thickness by 40%. CONCLUSION:
      Folinic acid considerably saved oral mucosa from the damaging effect of HDMTX,
      improving quality of life of patients.

PMID- 27353979
TI  - Bedside Ultrasonography: AUseful Tool for Traumatic Pneumothorax.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of bedside ultrasound and supine
      chest radiography for the diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax. STUDY DESIGN:
      Analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: PIMS and PAEC General Hospital,
      Islamabad, from November 2014 to August 2015. METHODOLOGY: Patients coming to
      emergency departments of the study centres, who had sustained chest injuries,
      were inducted. Their portable bedside ultrasound and supine chest radiographs
      were taken for assessing pneumothorax and subsequently CTchest was done for
      confirmation as gold standard. RESULTS: Based on CTfindings, sensitivity for
      ultrasonography and chest radiography was found to be 83.33% and 54.76%,
      respectively and specificity of 100% for both modalities. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound
      can be used as a useful and suitable adjunct to CTin trauma patients as it is
      easily available, non-invasive, bedside, easily examined with no radiation risk.

PMID- 27353980
TI  - Pattern of Altered Lipid Profile in Patients with Subclinical and Clinical
      Hypothyroidism and its Correlation with Body Mass Index.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the lipid profile of the subclinical and clinical
      hypothyroid patients and to evaluate the correlation between body mass index
      (BMI) and lipid profile in hypothyroidism. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
      PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Islamic International Medical College, Riphah
      International University, Islamabad, and Citi Laboratory, Rawalpindi, from
      January to December 2013. METHODOLOGY: The subjects were selected through non
      probability, purposive sampling. On the basis of thyroid profile, the subjects
      were divided into 3 groups: euthyroids (n=20), subclinical hypothyroids (n=50),
      and clinical hypothyroids (n=30). The blood of these subjects was then analyzed
      for lipid profile. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 18 statistical software.
      RESULTS: Both hypothyroid groups showed altered lipid profile which was observed
      to be significantly raised when compared with the euthyroid subjects. Comparison
      of lipid profile in euthyroid, subclinical, and clinical hypothyroid groups
      showed significant differences by non-parametric tests (p < 0.05). An assessment
      of correlation of lipid profile with the BMI was found to be significant (p <
      0.01). CONCLUSION: Hypothyroidism causes alteration of lipid profile. Clinical
      and subclinical hypothyroid patients have altered lipid profile as compared to
      euthyroids. Thyroid status monitoring is very important, since it can induce
      changes in lipid profile. Such dyslipidemic status is significant not only for
      the management of thyroid disorders but also for common diseases like obesity and
      coronary atherosclerosis in the population.

PMID- 27353981
TI  - Effect of Lymph Node Retrieval and Ratio on the Long-Term Survival and Recurrence
      of Colon Cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of lymph node retrieval and ratio with the
      prognosis of colon cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Acohort study. PLACE AND DURATION OF
      STUDY: Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK, from October 2014 to
      March 2015. METHODOLOGY: Data was collected for adult patients who were diagnosed
      with primary adenocarcinoma of colon between 2003 and 2008. The follow-up period
      was 5-year. The data was collected from regional electronic colorectal cancer
      database. Kaplan-Meier graph was used to calculate and depict overall survival in
      different groups of patients. RESULTS: There were a total of 370 patients with
      colon cancer. For Dukes stages Aand B, there was no significant difference in
      median overall survival for patients with lymph node retrieval (< 12 nodes vs. >
      12 nodes). For Dukes stage C (n=147), median survival for patients with lymph
      node retrieval < 12 nodes was 4 years vs. 4 years for patients with lymph node
      retrieval > 12 nodes (p = 0.85). Median survival for patients with lymph node
      ratio (LNR) < 0.125 was 4 years (range 1 - 11) vs. 3 years (range 0 - 11) for
      patients with LNR > 0.125 (p = 0.14). There was no significant difference in the
      recurrence rate based on lymph node retrieval (p = 0.87) and LNR (p = 0.97).
      CONCLUSION: Lymph node retrieval > 12 and reduced LNR < 0.125 had no significant
      effect on long-term survival and recurrence of colon cancer.

PMID- 27353982
TI  - Is Surgery Safe in Gallstone-Related Acute Diseases in Elderly Patients?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determinate the safety of the surgical treatment of acute biliary
      pancreatitis and acute cholecystitis in elderly patients. STUDY DESIGN:
      Observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of General Surgery,
      Elazig Training and Research Hospital, Elazig, Turkey, from January 2010 to July
      2012. METHODOLOGY: Records of 172 patients with acute complications of biliary
      calculi, aged over 65 years, were included. Patients were assessed for
      demographic information, hospitalisation diagnosis, leucocyte count, ASA
      classification, treatment type, conversion rates, length of hospital stay,
      morbidity and mortality. Statiscal analyses were performed using the SPSS version
      20.0. RESULTS: The sample included 128 females (74.4%) and 44 males (25.6%).
      Patients' diagnoses included 135 (78.4%) acute cholecystitis and 37 (21.6%) acute
      pancreatitis. Medical treatment was offered to 113 patients (65.7%). Open
      cholecystectomy was directly performed in 17 patients (9.9%). Two patients (4.8%)
      were converted to an open cholecystectomy during surgery, while a laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy was performed sucessfully on 42 patients (24.4%). Those who
      underwent surgery were discharged as cured, except for minimal surgical
      complications. CONCLUSION: Treatment choice in acute gallstone complications in
      the elderly depends on the patient's general condition, severity of the disease,
      and ASAscore. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a good option in selected
      elderly patients with acute cholecystitis and non-severe acute biliary
      pancreatitis.

PMID- 27353983
TI  - Paediatric Living Donor Liver Transplantation: ASingle Centre Experience from
      Pakistan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes of paediatric living donor liver
      transplantation (LDLT) recipients from Pakistan in terms of 90-day morbidity and
      mortality. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Shifa
      International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan, between April 2012 and April 2015.
      METHODOLOGY: All patients in paediatric age group (<= 17 years) who underwent
      LDLT with a minimum follow-up of 3 months, were included. All grade 2 and above
      complications on Clavien-Dindo system were included as morbidity. The main
      outcome measure was 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Fourteen paediatric
      LDLTs were performed. Median age of the recipients was 8.5 years ranging between
      6 months and 17 years. Wilson's disease and cryptogenic cirrhosis were the most
      common etiologies (28.6% each). Acute liver failure was present in 5 (35.7%)
      patients. Overall 90-day morbidity and mortality was 71.4% and 14.2%; both were
      attributable to pulmonary infection. No difference was observed in morbidity
      (21.3% vs. 42.8%, p=0.3) and mortality rates (20% vs. 11%, p=1.0) between
      patients with acute and chronic liver failure. Estimated 3-year survival was 85%.
      CONCLUSION: Paediatric LDLT offers a promising treatment option for acute and
      chronic liver failure. Mortality was attributable to post-transplant pulmonary
      infections.

PMID- 27353984
TI  - Interferon Lambda-3 rs12979860 Variants and Response to Pegylated Interferon in
      Chronic Hepatitis-C Genotype-3.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the
      interferon lambda-3 (IFNlambda3) (formal IL-28B) gene rs12979860 in predicting
      sustained virologic response (SVR) in hepatitis-C virus genotype-3 (HCV-3). STUDY
      DESIGN: Descriptive, analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of
      Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from July 2012 to June 2014.
      METHODOLOGY: Patients with HCV-3 were classified as sustained virologic response
      (SVR), relapsers and non-responders. SNPrs12979860 was determined by PCR
      RFLPprotocol. Differences between categorical variables were assessed by chi
      square or Fisher's exact test, while those between continuous variables were
      evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Binary logistic regression analysis by
      forward conditional method was performed by using significant variables with p
      values less than 0.05 as the criteria for model inclusion. RESULTS: Out of 115
      patients, rs12979860 genotype-CC, CT, TTwas found in 37 (32.2%), 70 (60.9%), and
      8 (7%) patients. 72 patients were male with median age of 45 years. Cirrhosis was
      present in 32 patients. Patients with response failures (no response and relapse,
      n=36 and 29, respectively) had higher baseline gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
      level (p < 0.001), higher alanine aminotransferase (p=0.027) and cirrhosis
      (p=0.001) than patients with SVR. Genotype-CC was present in 16/65 in response
      failures compared to 21/50 who achieved SVR (p=0.048). Rapid virologic response
      (RVR) (p < 0.001), low GGT(p=0.001) and absence of cirrhosis (p=0.039) were the
      independent predictive factors for SVR. In patients who could not achieve RVR and
      in patients with cirrhosis, SVR was seen more in with genotype-CC (p=0.007 and
      0.038). CONCLUSION: In patients infected with HCV-3, IFNlambda3 rs12979860,
      SNPhas less impact on SVR.

PMID- 27353985
TI  - Microbiological Load of Ethylene Oxide Sterilized Medical Devices and its
      Elimination by Cobalt 60 Source.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the residing microbial flora of ethylene oxide (EtO)
      sterilized medical devices and optimization of safe dose of gamma radiation
      (Cobalt 60 source) for the complete elimination of microbial load. STUDY DESIGN:
      Experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Biotechnology,
      Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan from September 2014 to June
      2015. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-six samples of EtO sterilized medical devices of same
      batch of three different companies were collected for this study. Isolation and
      enumeration of microbes were done by using different selective and differential
      media. Gram staining and biochemically characterization by API 20 (Bio Merieux,
      France) kit was done for identification of the microorganisms. The medical
      devices having high microbial load were sent to Pakistan Radiation Services
      (PARAS) for gamma irradiations at 3 different selected doses (20 KGy, 25 KGy, and
      30 KGy). RESULTS: Different types of Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus
      epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus andBacillus subtilis) were isolated from the
      EtO sterilized samples. Gram negative bacteria and fungi were not detected on
      these medical devices. Gamma irradiations results showed that 30 KGy was
      optimized dose for complete elimination of microbial flora on endotracheal,
      Nelaton, and tracheostomy tubes. CONCLUSION: Gamma radiations (Co 60 source)
      effectively decontaminate the microbial flora on the equipment previously
      sterilized by the ethylene oxide gas; and 30 KGy is the optimized dose for all
      these medical devices.

PMID- 27353986
TI  - Frequency of Hyperthermia in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Visiting a Tertiary
      Care Hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of hyperthermia in acute ischemic stroke
      patients visiting a tertiary care hospital in a developing country. STUDY DESIGN:
      Cross-sectional, observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Medical Wards
      of Civil Hospital, Karachi, from January to June 2013. METHODOLOGY: Patients aged
      >=18 years of either gender with acute ischemic stroke presenting within 24 hours
      of onset of symptoms were included. Written informed consent was obtained from
      all participants as well as approval of ethical review committee of the
      institute. Axillary temperature by mercury thermometer was monitored at the time
      of admission and after every 6 hours for 3 days. The data was analyzed using SPSS
      version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., IL, Chicago, USA). RESULTS: Atotal of 106 patients of
      ischemic stroke were included. The mean age of enrolled participants was 60.1 +/
      9.5 years. Among these, 61 (57.5%) were males and 45 (42.5%) females. Among all
      patients, 51.9% presented with loss of consciousness, 30.2% with slurred speech,
      77.4% with limb weakness, and 9.4% with decrease vision. Atotal of 17 (16%)
      patients with ischemic stroke developed hyperthermia. When the prevalence of
      hyperthermia was stratified according to age, among patients of < 60 years of
      age, 26% developed hyperthermia compared to 7.1% in patients of >=60 years of age
      (p=0.008). On gender stratification, among male patients, 14.8% developed
      hyperthermia compared to 17.8% in female patients (p=0.43). CONCLUSION: It is
      concluded from this study that the frequency of hyperthermia in ischemic stroke
      was 16% and it should be looked for as it has significant impact on the outcome.
      The hyperthermia was significantly more common in younger adults as compared to
      older adults. However, gender had no influence on the prevalence rate of
      hyperthermia.

PMID- 27353987
TI  - Central Corneal Thickness and its Relationship to Intra-Ocular and Epidmiological
      Determinants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To measure central corneal thickness in Pakistani population and
      determine its relationship to intra-ocular pressure, age, gender and ethnicity.
      STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional observation study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY:
      Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, between December
      2013 and February 2015. METHODOLOGY: The right eyes of 1000 cases (496 males and
      504 females) were recruited for this study. Inclusion criteria were Pashtun or
      Punjabi ethnicity, intra-ocular pressure < 22 mmHg, gonioscopically open angles,
      cup-disk-ratio < 0.5, and age matched normal visual fields. Cases with prior
      ocular surgery, contact lens use, corneal pathologies, myopia or hypermetropia >
      +/-3.0 diopters, astigmatism of > +/-1.0 diopters were excluded. Central corneal
      thickness was measured using a TopCon non-contact specular microscope. Intra
      ocular pressure was measured using Goldmann applanation tonometer. Frequency
      distribution, test of significance, and regression analysis was carried out using
      Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. RESULTS: Mean age was 47.31
      +/-11.78 years. Ethnic composition was 51.6% (n=516) Pashtun and 48.4% (n=484)
      Punjabi. The mean central corneal thickness was 503.96 (+/-12.47) um, while the
      mean intra-ocular pressure was 15.61 (+/-2.68) mmHg. Regression analysis showed a
      significant association between central corneal thickness and intra-ocular
      pressure (p=0.00) and age (p=0.00). A+/-100 uchange in central corneal thickness
      was associated with change in IOPof +/-3.30 mmHg, whereas central corneal
      thickness decreased by 0.12 um per year. No significant association could be
      established between central corneal thickness and ethnicity (p=0.19). CONCLUSION:
      Central corneal thickness of the studied races was comparable to non-Caucasians
      which affects intra-ocular pressure measurements, and decreases with increasing
      age. No relationship was observed between central corneal thickness and ethnicity
      or gender.

PMID- 27353988
TI  - Spectrum of Inherited Metabolic Disorders in Pakistani Children Presenting at a
      Tertiary Care Centre.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency, presentation and outcome of various
      inherited metabolic diseases in children presenting in a tertiary care hospital,
      Lahore, Pakistan. STUDY DESIGN: An observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF
      STUDY: Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department of The Children
      Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from January 2011 to October
      2014. METHODOLOGY: All children aged < 14 years with high suspicion of a
      metabolic disorder were inducted. Routine and radiological investigation were
      carried out at the study place. Comprehensive diagnostic testing of particular
      metabolic disorder was sent abroad. Those with a specific metabolic disorder were
      included in the study while those with normal metabolic work-up were excluded.
      All data was collected on preformed proforma. RESULTS: Atotal of 239 patients
      were enrolled. Nineteen different types of inherited metabolic disorders were
      diagnosed in 180 patients; age ranged from 8 days to 14 years. Consanguinity was
      positive in 175 (97%) among the parents of the affected children, with previously
      affected siblings in 64 (35.5%). The most frequent disorders were inherited
      disorders of carbohydrate metabolism (92, 51%), lipid storage disease (59,
      32.7%), organic acidemia and energy defects (18, 10%), amino acid disorder (6,
      3.3%), and miscellaneous (4, 2.2%). Fifty-eight (32.2%) presented with acute
      metabolic crisis, 28 (15.5%) patients presented with early onset liver failure,
      and 24 (13.3%) with mental retardation. Out of these, 16 (8.8%) expired.
      CONCLUSION: Glycogen storage disorders being the commonest followed by Gaucher
      disease and Galactosemia. The associated complications resulted in high morbidity
      and mortality.

PMID- 27353989
TI  - Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Techniques as Compared
      to Traditional Strength Training in Gait Training Among Transtibial Amputees.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
      (PNF) techniques as compared with the traditional prosthetic strength training
      (TPT), in improving ambulatory function in subjects with transtibial amputation.
      STUDY DESIGN: Randomized control trial. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Artificial
      Limb Centre of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi, from July to December 2014.
      METHODOLOGY: Patients with lower-limb amputation was selected through purposive
      sampling and randomly assigned into PNF group (n=31) and traditional group
      (n=32). The baseline and follow-up of 04 weeks treatment session was provided and
      measurement was noted through the locomotor capabilities index. RESULTS: The
      locomotor capabilities index abilities had significant difference in both groups.
      The mean index was 23.93 for PNF and 18.18 for TPT(p > 0.05), and the knee muscle
      strength was also significantly different (p > 0.05). There was no significant
      difference in gait parameters. CONCLUSION: Proprioceptive neuromuscular
      facilitation technique is better in improving the locomotor abilities and knee
      muscle strength as compared to traditional training. The basic gait parameters
      have same effect in both groups.

PMID- 27353990
TI  - Relationship between Unwanted Pregnancy and Health-Related Quality of Life in
      Pregnant Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between unwanted pregnancy and health
      related quality of life in pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study.
      PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Community Medicine, Kermanshah
      University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, from October 2013 to July 2014.
      METHODOLOGY: Of the pregnant women who presented to primary healthcare centers of
      Kermanshah, Iran to receive prenatal care at 6 - 10 weeks of their pregnancy,
      those with unwanted pregnancy were selected as cases and those with wanted
      pregnancy were selected as control group. The selection process was done using
      multi-stage stratified random sampling. Frequency matching was applied to match
      the two groups. Quality of life was measured by the SF-36 questionnaire and was
      compared by the t-test. Relationship power between pregnancy type (wanted or
      unwanted pregnancy) and impairment of quality of life subscales as the outcome
      was assessed using odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: Frequency distribution of matched
      variables was not statistically different between the two studied groups. Mean
      scores of mental component summary and physical component summary as well as
      eight subscales (physical functioning, role, bodily pain, general health,
      vitality, social functioning, role emotional, and mental health) were lower in
      the unwanted pregnancy group compared to women with wanted pregnancy (p < 0.001).
      The highest high impairment odds ratio was highest for the mental component
      summary (MCS) (OR = 9.19; 95% CI = 5.17- 16.32) and vitality subscale (OR = 5.2;
      95% CI = 2.89- 9.33). CONCLUSION: Mental health of the pregnant women with
      unwanted pregnancy is affected more than their physical health. Mental health in
      women with unwanted pregnancy is 9.19 times more likely to be reduced. Among
      mental health subscales, vitality (energy/fatigue) showed the highest decrease.

PMID- 27353991
TI  - Association Between Functional Dyspepsia and Severity of Depression.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between functional dyspepsia and the
      severity of depression. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION
      OF STUDY: Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital,
      Lahore, from September 2012 till January 2013. METHODOLOGY: After taking informed
      written consent, patients with symptoms of dyspepsia fulfilling the Rome III
      criteria were included in the study. All patients were evaluated for depression,
      using Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
      was done. Fischers' exact test and independent t-test were used for determining
      significance of association. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients with mean age
      of 35.81 (+/-14.81) years and male to female ratio of 1.41:1 (54/47) were
      included. Predominant symptoms were early satiety (72.3%), epigastric pain
      (65.3%), bloating (49.5%), postprandial fullness (40.6%), and regurgitation
      (40.6%). Alarm symptoms were positive in 44 (43.6%) patients. Dyspepsia were
      classified as epigastric pain syndrome (EPS, 69.3%), and postprandial distress
      syndrome (PDS, 30.7%). Significantly more females had PDS (p=0.04), with positive
      endoscopic findings in EPS (p=0.03). Positive endoscopic findings noted were
      esophagitis in 21.8%, and gastritis in 48.5% patients. All patients except one
      had depression, mild in 22.8%, moderate in 33.7%, severe in 31.7%, and very
      severe in 10.9% patients. Severe depression was seen in 32 (45.7%) patients with
      EPS and PDS; whereas very severe depression was in 11 (15.7%) patients of EPS,
      while 11 (35.4%) patients of PDS had severe depression but the difference was not
      significant. CONCLUSION: Functional dyspepsia is associated with depression,
      while positive endoscopic findings are more likely in patients with EPS. Very
      severe depression was only seen with epigastric pain syndrome.

PMID- 27353992
TI  - Snake-bite-induced Acute Kidney Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical spectrum and outcome of patients presenting
      to a tertiary care kidney center, developing acute kidney injury (AKI) after
      snake-bite. STUDY DESIGN: An observational study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY:
      Nephrology Department, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT),
      Karachi, from January 1990 to December 2014. METHODOLOGY: All patients coming to
      SIUTidentified as having AKI after snake-bite during the study period were
      included. AKI was defined according to RIFLE criteria with sudden rise in
      creatinine or decline in urine output or both. Demographics, clinical
      presentation, laboratory profile, and final outcome was noted. RESULTS: During
      the studied period, 115 cases of AKI, secondary to snake-bite, were registered at
      this institution. Median age of patients was 35.92 +/-15.04 (range: 6 - 70) years
      and male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Time from bite and referral to this hospital
      ranged from 2 to 28 days (mean: 8.77 +/-5.58 days). Oligo-anuria was the most
      common presentation, being found in 98 (93.90%) patients. Bleeding diathesis was
      reported in 75 (65.21%) patients on presentation. All patients had normal sized,
      non-obstructed kidneys on ultrasonography, with no previous comorbids. Renal
      replacement therapy (RRT) was required in 106 (92.17%) patients. Complete
      recovery was seen in 59 (51.30%), while 15 (13.04%) patients expired during acute
      phase of illness, 4 (3.47%) developed CKD, 11 (9.56%) required dialysis beyond 90
      days, and 26 (22.60%) were lost to long-term follow-up. CONCLUSION: Snake-bite,
      leading to multiple complications including renal failure and death, is a major
      health issue in tropical countries. Late referral of these patients to
      specialized centres results in undesirable outcome.

PMID- 27353993
TI  - Imaging Guided Breast Interventions.
AB  - Breast imaging is a developing field, with new and upcoming innovations,
      decreasing the morbidity and mortality related to breast pathologies with main
      emphasis on breast cancer. Breast imaging has an essential role in the detection
      and management of breast disease. It includes a multimodality approach, i.e.
      mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine techniques
      and interventional procedures, done for the diagnosis and definitive management
      of breast abnormalities. The range of methods to perform biopsy of a suspicious
      breast lesion found on imaging has also increased markedly from the 1990s with hi
      technological progress in surgical as well as percutaneous breast biopsy methods.
      The image guided percutaneous breast biopsy procedures cause minimal breast
      scarring, save time, and relieve the patient of the anxiety of going to the
      operation theatre. The aim of this review was to describe and discuss the
      different image guided breast biopsy techniques presently employed along with the
      indications, contraindication, merits and demerits of each method. 

PMID- 27353994
TI  - A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Use of Information Technology by Selected Students
      of Health Colleges of a Saudi University.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the use of information technology (IT) among students of
      Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy in Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University, Al
      Khraj, Saudi Arabia (PSAU). STUDY DESIGN: Across-sectional survey. PLACE AND
      DURATION OF STUDY: From September 2014 to January, 2015. METHODOLOGY: Aclose
      ended questionnaire consisting of 30 multiple choice questions (MCQs) was
      distributed to the students. The questions were related to their access to
      computers, skills and training, computer activities, and internet access. Data
      analyses and descriptive analyses for various variables were performed using SPSS
      version 17.0. RESULTS: An overall response rate of 84.9% (488 out of 575) was
      obtained. All of the students (100%) had an access to the computers. Most of the
      students (61.9%) used computers for academic purposes. Amajority of the students
      (74.4%) preferred the use of powerpoint presentations aided by marker-and-board
      method for teaching. For communication from the colleges, 62.9% of the
      respondents preferred it through the email; 100% of the students had an email
      account. All of the students (100%) used internet; 83.1% considered the
      information as accurate. The internet was used by 47.6% of the students for
      seeking the medical information. CONCLUSION: All of the students had an access to
      ITand used it for their educational purposes.

PMID- 27353995
TI  - Modified Quilting Sutures: ANew Technique for Hematoma and Abscess of Nasal
      Septum.
AB  - This study aimed to analyze the results of a modified continuous quilting sutures
      technique in a series of patients presenting with hematoma and/or abscess of
      nasal septum (HANS). Only patients with a confirmed diagnosis of HANS without co
      morbid conditions (which could predispose to a bleeding tendency), were selected.
      Following incision and drainage, nasal septal flaps were coapted by applying
      continuous quilting sutures only. The success rate of this technique in terms of
      recurrence requiring re-exploration and drainage was 100%. Quilting sutures were
      generally well tolerated with few complaints. Saddle deformity was the most
      obvious complication of HANS, seen with septal abscess. Quilting sutures can be
      considered as an alternative treatment option for HANS. The modified technique
      employed in this study demonstrated impressive results and avoided the morbidity
      of nasal packing with fewer complications. 

PMID- 27353996
TI  - Percutaneous Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus Under Echocardiographic
      Guidance.
AB  - Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is done in the cardiac
      catheterization laboratory, usually under fluoroscopic and angiographic guidance.
      The aortogram is used for assessing PDAsize and shape the pre-device
      implantation. Additionally, post-device aortograms are applied for the assessment
      of device position, profile and residual shunt. Angiograms expose patient to
      radiation and possible untoward effects of contrast media. Recently,
      transthoracic echocardiography has been utilized to guide in PDAclosure to avoid
      radiation exposure as well as contrast material. On two occasions, we were
      obligated by special circumstances to close the PDAunder echocardiography
      guidance. First case was a 6-month baby girl with mild signs of heart failure
      having moderate size PDA. She underwent device closure under transthoracic
      echocardiogram as the angiographic system had stopped working during the
      procedure. Second case was a 6-year girl, weighting 16-kg with chronic renal
      failure. She had moderate size PDAclosed by device under transthoracic
      echocardiographic, guidance avoiding the use of contrast agent due to chronic
      renal failure. 

PMID- 27353997
TI  - Coexistence of Celiac and Crohn's Disease in a Patient Presenting with Chronic
      Diarrhea.
AB  - Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common causes of malabsorption. It is an
      immune-mediated disease manifested by diarrhea, steatorrhea, flatulence, and
      weight loss, caused by ingestion of gluten containing diets. The disease has
      typical small intestinal biopsy features of villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia,
      and intense inflammation of the mucosal layer. The disease is rarely associated
      with Crohn's disease (CRD). Studies on the impact of CD on the natural history of
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have shown that the natural course of CRD is not
      influenced by coexistent CD. We report a case of 54-year female who presented
      with diarrhea and weight loss. On initial evaluation, CD was diagnosed, and
      responded to gluten-free diet (GFD). Later on, she developed joint pains and her
      diarrhea recurred. Further evaluation revealed coexistence of CRD. The treatment
      of CRD was also initiated and this led to marked improvement in the symptoms of
      the patient. 

PMID- 27353998
TI  - Hemolytic Anemia and Heart Failure Caused by Anti-C and Anti-E Immunization.
AB  - Many different blood group systems, such as Rh, ABO, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS, have
      been reported as causes of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Hemolysis due to
      minor blood group incompatibility in the fetus or newborn has been determined in
      isolated case reports. Here, we report a case of a patient who had received red
      cell transfusion due to severe Rh c and E incompatibility, leading to hemolytic
      anemia with heart failure. The mother and the baby were grouped B and B,
      respectively, both being positive for RhD antigen. The baby's blood group type
      was C+, c+, E+, e+, K-, while her mother's blood group type was C+, c-, E-, e+, K
      . Our patient was diagnosed as Rh c and E incompatibility, leading to the
      hemolytic anemia. Minor blood group incompatibility should be considered in
      infants with prolonged jaundice and severe anemia, leading to heart failure. 

PMID- 27353999
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of Anti-Endomysial Antibody in Celiac Disease.
AB  - The objective of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of anti-EMA
      antibody in comparison to histopathological findings in patients suspected of CD.
      This cross-sectional study was conducted at Gastroenterology Department, Fatima
      Memorial Hospital, Lahore, from March to October 2014. One hundred and twenty-one
      patients aged between 5 - 60 years of either gender were recruited in the study.
      Every patient went through serological testing and biopsy specimens were obtained
      from second part of the duodenum. Histopathological evaluation was done according
      to the Modified Marsh classification. The overall sensitivity of anti-EMAcame out
      to be 85.7% which varied with the histological lesions being 75.0%, 83.3%, and
      100% for Marsh IIIA, IIIB and IIIC, respectively. Although anti-EMAhas high
      sensitivity but serological tests as a sole mean of diagnosis are currently
      unable to replace the biopsy. 

PMID- 27354000
TI  - Statistical Analysis of Factors Affecting Child Mortality in Pakistan.
AB  - Child mortality is a composite indicator reflecting economic, social,
      environmental, healthcare services, and their delivery situation in a country.
      Globally, Pakistan has the third highest burden of fetal, maternal, and child
      mortality. Factors affecting child mortality in Pakistan are investigated by
      using Binary Logistic Regression Analysis. Region, education of mother, birth
      order, preceding birth interval (the period between the previous child birth and
      the index child birth), size of child at birth, and breastfeeding and family size
      were found to be significantly important with child mortality in Pakistan. Child
      mortality decreased as level of mother's education, preceding birth interval,
      size of child at birth, and family size increased. Child mortality was found to
      be significantly higher in Balochistan as compared to other regions. Child
      mortality was low for low birth orders. Child survival was significantly higher
      for children who were breastfed as compared to those who were not. 

PMID- 27354001
TI  - Successful Treatment of Haemoglobinopathy Associated Chronic Leg Ulcer with
      Platelet Rich Plasma.

PMID- 27354002
TI  - Acute Rheumatic Fever Carditis Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin.

PMID- 27354003
TI  - Thoracic Mass in an Immune-Competent Child.

PMID- 27354004
TI  - Use of Video Laryngoscopy for Rapid Sequence Induction.

PMID- 27354005
TI  - Cyclophilin A protects mice against infection by influenza A virus.
AB  - Our previous studies indicate that Cyclophilin A (CypA) impairs the replication
      of influenza A virus in vitro. To further evaluate the antiviral functions of
      CypA and explore its mechanism, transgenic mice with overexpression of CypA by
      two specific promoters with SPC (CypA-SPC) or CMV (CypA-CMV) were developed.
      After challenge with the A/WSN/33(H1N1) influenza virus, CypA-SPC and CypA-CMV
      transgenic mice displayed nearly 2.5- and 3.8-fold stronger disease resistance to
      virus infection, respectively, compared to wild-type animals. Virus replication,
      pathological lesions and inflammatory cytokines were substantially reduced in
      both lines of transgenic mice. In addition, after infection there was an
      upregulation of genes associated with cell migration, immune function, and organ
      development; and a downregulation of genes associated with the positive
      regulation of immune cells and apoptosis in the peritoneal macrophages of CypA
      overexpressing transgenic mice (CypA+). These results indicate that CypA is a key
      modulator of influenza virus resistance in mice, and that CypA+ mice constitutes
      an important model to study the roles of CypA in the regulation of immune
      responses and infections.

PMID- 27354006
TI  - Multifucosylated Alpha-1-acid Glycoprotein as a Novel Marker for Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma.
AB  - High-sensitivity and -specificity diagnostic techniques to detect early-stage
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are in high demand. Screening with serum HCC
      markers, such as alpha-fetoprotein, is not practical because they possess poor
      sensitivity and specificity. As such, we focused on glycan alterations of
      glycoproteins found in patient sera in an attempt to discover novel HCC markers
      that are more specific and sensitive than current HCC markers. Sera from 42 HCC
      patients and 80 controls, composed of 27 chronic hepatitis B patients, 26 chronic
      hepatitis C patients, and 27 healthy volunteers, were analyzed in this study.
      Glycopeptides obtained from serum proteins by trypsin digestion were enriched by
      ultrafiltration and Aleuria aurantia lectin-based affinity chromatography,
      followed by analysis using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry. The data were analyzed by our newly developed software, which
      calculates peak intensities and positions (m/z and elution time), aligns all
      sample peaks, and integrates all data into a single table. HCC markers were
      extracted from more than 30 000 detected glycopeptide peaks by t test, mean-fold
      change, and ROC analyses. As a result, we revealed that alpha-1-acid glycoprotein
      with multifucosylated tetraantennary N-glycans was significantly elevated in HCC
      patients, whereas the single fucosylated derivative was not.

PMID- 27354007
TI  - Role of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in modulating T-helper cell immune
      responses during silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis.
AB  - Silicosis is characterized by chronic lung inflammation and fibrosis, which are
      seriously harmful to human health. Previous research demonstrated that
      uncontrolled T-helper (Th) cell immune responses were involved in the
      pathogenesis of silicosis. Lymphocytes also are reported to have important roles.
      Existing studies on lymphocyte regulation of Th immune responses were limited to
      T cells, such as the regulatory T (Treg) cell, which could negatively regulate
      inflammation and promote the process of silicosis. However, other regulatory
      subsets in silicosis have not been investigated in detail, and the mechanism of
      immune homeostasis modulation needs further exploration. Another regulatory
      lymphocyte, the regulatory B cell, has recently drawn increasing attention. In
      this study, we comprehensively showed the role of IL-10-producing regulatory B
      cell (B10) in a silicosis model of mice. B10 was inducible by silica
      instillation. Insufficient B10 amplified inflammation and attenuated lung
      fibrosis by promoting the Th1 immune response. Insufficient B10 clearly inhibited
      Treg and decreased the level of IL-10. Our study indicated that B10 could control
      lung inflammation and exacerbate lung fibrosis by inhibiting Th1 response and
      modulating the Th balance. The regulatory function of B10 could be associated
      with Treg induction and IL-10 secretion.

PMID- 27354009
TI  - Implementation of a repeated fed-batch process for the production of chitin
      glucan complex by Komagataella pastoris.
AB  - The yeast Komagataella pastoris was cultivated under different fed-batch
      strategies for the production of chitin-glucan complex (CGC), a co-polymer of
      chitin and beta-glucan. The tested fed-batch strategies included DO-stat mode,
      predefined feeding profile and repeated fed-batch operation. Although high cell
      dry mass and high CGC production were obtained under the tested DO-stat strategy
      in a 94h cultivation (159 and 29g/L, respectively), the overall biomass and CGC
      productivities were low (41 and 7.4g/Lday, respectively). Cultivation with a
      predefined profile significantly improved both biomass and CGC volumetric
      productivity (87 and 10.8g/Lday, respectively). Hence, this strategy was used to
      implement a repeated fed-batch process comprising 7 consecutive cycles. A daily
      production of 119-126g/L of biomass with a CGC content of 11-16wt% was obtained,
      thus proving this cultivation strategy is adequate to reach a high CGC
      productivity that ranged between 11 and 18g/Lday. The process was stable and
      reproducible in terms of CGC productivity and polymer composition, making it a
      promising strategy for further process development.

PMID- 27354008
TI  - Cellular responses to HSV-1 infection are linked to specific types of alterations
      in the host transcriptome.
AB  - Pathogen invasion triggers a number of cellular responses and alters the host
      transcriptome. Here we report that the type of changes to cellular transcriptome
      is related to the type of cellular functions affected by lytic infection of
      Herpes Simplex Virus type I in Human primary fibroblasts. Specifically, genes
      involved in stress responses and nuclear transport exhibited mostly changes in
      alternative polyadenylation (APA), cell cycle genes showed mostly alternative
      splicing (AS) changes, while genes in neurogenesis, rarely underwent these
      changes. Transcriptome wide, the infection resulted in 1,032 cases of AS, 161
      incidences of APA, 1,827 events of isoform changes, and up regulation of 596
      genes and down regulations of 61 genes compared to uninfected cells. Thus, these
      findings provided important and specific links between cellular responses to HSV
      1 infection and the type of alterations to the host transcriptome, highlighting
      important roles of RNA processing in virus-host interactions.

PMID- 27354010
TI  - Severe, persistent, and fatal T-cell immunodeficiency following therapy for
      infantile leukemia.
AB  - We describe five cases of children who completed chemotherapy for infantile acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and soon after were diagnosed with severe T-cell,
      non-HIV immunodeficiency, with varying B-cell and NK-cell depletion. There was
      near absence of CD3(+) , CD4(+) , and CD8(+) cells. All patients developed
      multiple, primarily opportunistic infections. Unfortunately, four patients died,
      although one was successfully treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
      These immunodeficiencies appeared to be secondary to intensive infant ALL
      chemotherapy. Our report highlights the importance of the early consideration of
      this life-threatening immune complication in patients who received chemotherapy
      for infantile ALL.

PMID- 27354011
TI  - Use of MALDI-TOF to detect colonized vascular catheter tips after 6 and 12h of
      incubation.
AB  - We analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS 80 catheter tips after 6h and 12h of incubation and
      the sensitivity of each incubation period for the identification of colonization
      and C-RBSI was, respectively, 9.5%-NA and 42.9%-28.6%. Despite MALDI-TOF MS
      cannot be used to predict catheter colonization, it may rule out C-RBSI.

PMID- 27354012
TI  - Using multi-criteria decision making for selection of the optimal strategy for
      municipal solid waste management.
AB  - Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a relatively new tool for decision
      makers who deal with numerous and often contradictory factors during their
      decision making process. This paper presents a procedure to choose the optimal
      municipal solid waste (MSW) management system for the area of the city of
      Kragujevac (Republic of Serbia) based on the MCDM method. Two methods of multiple
      attribute decision making, i.e. SAW (simple additive weighting method) and TOPSIS
      (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution), respectively,
      were used to compare the proposed waste management strategies (WMS). Each of the
      created strategies was simulated using the software package IWM2. Total values
      for eight chosen parameters were calculated for all the strategies. Contribution
      of each of the six waste treatment options was valorized. The SAW analysis was
      used to obtain the sum characteristics for all the waste management treatment
      strategies and they were ranked accordingly. The TOPSIS method was used to
      calculate the relative closeness factors to the ideal solution for all the
      alternatives. Then, the proposed strategies were ranked in form of tables and
      diagrams obtained based on both MCDM methods. As shown in this paper, the results
      were in good agreement, which additionally confirmed and facilitated the choice
      of the optimal MSW management strategy. 

PMID- 27354013
TI  - Treatment of a mud pit by bioremediation.
AB  - The mud generated from oil and natural gas drilling, presents a considerable
      ecological problem. There are still insufficient remedies for the removal and
      minimization of these very stable emulsions. Existing technologies that are in
      use, more or less successfully, treat about 20% of generated waste drilling mud,
      while the rest is temporarily deposited in so-called mud pits. This study
      investigated in situ bioremediation of a mud pit. The bioremediation technology
      used in this case was based on the use of naturally occurring microorganisms,
      isolated from the contaminated site, which were capable of using the
      contaminating substances as nutrients. The bioremediation was stimulated through
      repeated inoculation with a zymogenous microbial consortium, along with mixing,
      watering and biostimulation. Application of these bioremediation techniques
      reduced the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons from 32.2 to 1.5 g kg(
      1) (95% degradation) during six months of treatment. 

PMID- 27354014
TI  - Quantitative option analysis for implementation and management of landfills.
AB  - The selection of the most feasible strategy for implementation of landfills is a
      challenging step. Potential implementation options of landfills cover a wide
      range, from conventional construction contracts to the concessions. Montenegro,
      seeking to improve the efficiency of the public services while maintaining
      affordability, was considering privatisation as a way to reduce public spending
      on service provision. In this study, to determine the most feasible model for
      construction and operation of a regional landfill, a quantitative risk analysis
      was implemented with four steps: (i) development of a global risk matrix; (ii)
      assignment of qualitative probabilities of occurrences and magnitude of impacts;
      (iii) determination of the risks to be mitigated, monitored, controlled or
      ignored; (iv) reduction of the main risk elements; and (v) incorporation of
      quantitative estimates of probability of occurrence and expected impact for each
      risk element in the reduced risk matrix. The evaluated scenarios were: (i)
      construction and operation of the regional landfill by the public sector; (ii)
      construction and operation of the landfill by private sector and transfer of the
      ownership to the public sector after a pre-defined period; and (iii) operation of
      the landfill by the private sector, without ownership. The quantitative risk
      assessment concluded that introduction of a public private partnership is not the
      most feasible option, unlike the common belief in several public institutions in
      developing countries. A management contract for the first years of operation was
      advised to be implemented, after which, a long term operating contract may
      follow. 

PMID- 27354015
TI  - Waste management under a life cycle approach as a tool for a circular economy in
      the canned anchovy industry.
AB  - The anchovy canning industry has high importance in the Cantabria Region (North
      Spain) from economic, social and touristic points of view. The Cantabrian canned
      anchovy is world-renowned owing to its handmade and traditional manufacture. The
      canning process generates huge amounts of several food wastes, whose suitable
      management can contribute to benefits for both the environment and the economy,
      closing the loop of the product life cycle. Life cycle assessment methodology was
      used in this work to assess the environmental performance of two waste management
      alternatives: Head and spine valorisation to produce fishmeal and fish oil; and
      anchovy meat valorisation to produce anchovy paste. Fuel oil production has been
      a hotspot of the valorisation of heads and spines, so several improvements should
      be applied. With respect to anchovy meat valorisation, the production of
      polypropylene and glass for packaging was the least environmentally friendly
      aspect of the process. Furthermore, the environmental characterisation of anchovy
      waste valorisation was compared with incineration and landfilling alternatives.
      In both cases, the valorisation management options were the best owing to the
      avoided burdens associated with the processes. Therefore, it is possible to
      contribute to the circular economy in the Cantabrian canned anchovy industry. 

PMID- 27354016
TI  - Did we choose the best one? A new site selection approach based on exposure and
      uptake potential for waste incineration.
AB  - Ecological problems arising after the construction and operation of a waste
      incineration plant generally originate from incorrect decisions made during the
      selection of the location of the plant. The main objective of this study is to
      investigate how the selection method for the location of a new municipal waste
      incineration plant can be improved by using a dispersion modelling approach
      supported by geographical information systems and multi-criteria decision
      analysis. Considering this aim, the appropriateness of the current location of an
      existent plant was assessed by applying a pollution dispersion model. Using this
      procedure, the site ranking for a total of 90 candidate locations and the site of
      the existing incinerator were determined by a new location selection practice and
      the current place of the plant was evaluated by ANOVA and Tukey tests. This
      ranking, made without the use of modelling approaches, was re-evaluated based on
      the modelling of various variables, including the concentration of pollutants,
      population and population density, demography, temporality of meteorological
      data, pollutant type, risk formation type by CALPUFF and re-ranking the results.
      The findings clearly indicate the impropriety of the location of the current
      plant, as the pollution distribution model showed that its location was the
      fourth-worst choice among 91 possibilities. It was concluded that the location
      selection procedures for waste incinerators should benefit from the improvements
      obtained by the articulation of pollution dispersion studies combined with the
      population density data to obtain the most suitable location. 

PMID- 27354017
TI  - Results of fibre and toner flotation depending on oleic acid dosage.
AB  - The literature was reviewed with respect to deinking flotation methods with toner
      samples, specifically emphasizing the speciation of copy machine and laser
      printing, which produce an increasing quantity of paper that is difficult to
      recycle. Speciation here refers to the physical-chemical characteristics of the
      toner, which change because of the polymerization (fusion) and oxidation process,
      due to exposure to heat, light and oxygen (air) during the printing process. To
      simulate the deinking flotation, after the ideal disintegration process, samples
      of toner were prepared in order to provide free toner particles. Synthetic toner
      has iron content and the same physical-chemical features as free disintegrated
      printed toner particles.We report the toner (I) and fibre (Y) recovery and the
      brightness (B) of laboratory filter pads formed of deinked product as deinking
      efficiencies. The application of oleic acid as the collector in the flotation
      stage gives a better flotation recovery in alkaline than in acidic conditions.
      The highest brightness (BF = 93.66%) and flotation recoveries (I = 90, Y =
      92.82%) were achieved during testing at an oleic acid concentration of 3.38.10(
      6) mol l(-1), which is the lowest dose used. This makes the use of oleic acid
      economical and environmentally friendly. 

PMID- 27354018
TI  - 2016 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With Atrial
      Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter: A Report of the American College of
      Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures.

PMID- 27354019
TI  - Grey matter atrophy is associated with disability increase in natalizumab-treated
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Brain volume loss (BVL) is a key outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS)
      trials. Natalizumab is highly effective on inflammation with moderate impact on
      atrophy. OBJECTIVE: To explore BVL in patients receiving natalizumab with an
      emphasis on grey matter (GM). METHODS: We performed a retrospective post hoc
      analysis of BVL in 38 patients receiving natalizumab for 3 years using
      longitudinal voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and FreeSurfer. RESULTS: Significant
      BVL was observed during first year: brain parenchymal fraction (BPF): -1.12% ( p
      < 0.001); white matter fraction (WMF): -0.9% ( p = 0.001); grey matter fraction
      (GMF): -1.28% ( p = 0.002). GM loss was found using VBM in bilateral cerebellum,
      cingulum, left > right fronto-parietal cortex, right > left hippocampus and left
      caudate. FreeSurfer showed significant volume losses in subcortical GM, brainstem
      and cerebellum, and cortical thinning in the left insula. In the second year,
      only WMF decrease (-0.6%; p = 0.015) was observed with no VBM changes, although
      FreeSurfer detected significant volume loss in thalamus, hippocampus and
      cerebellum. Baseline gadolinium enhancement influenced WMF and BPF changes during
      the first year, but not GMF. Patients with confirmed Expanded Disability Status
      Scale (EDSS) worsening at 3 years had lower baseline GMF and left thalamus volume
      and greater BVL over follow-up. CONCLUSION: BVL develops mainly during the first
      year of natalizumab therapy. GM changes are independent of baseline inflammation
      and correlate with disability.

PMID- 27354020
TI  - Working memory network dysfunction in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis
      phenotypes: A clinical-imaging evaluation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We investigated clinical, behavioural and functional magnetic
      resonance imaging (fMRI) correlates of working memory load in relapse-onset
      multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. METHODS: In total, 12 clinically isolated
      syndromes (CIS) patients at risk of MS, 38 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
      (RRMS), 22 secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and 24 healthy
      controls (HC) performed an N-back fMRI task. Correlations between fMRI
      abnormalities and clinico-behavioural and structural magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) measures were assessed. RESULTS: Participants activated brain regions of
      the working memory network, especially in fronto-parietal lobes and cerebellum,
      and deactivated areas of the default mode network (DMN). During the N-back load
      contrast, compared to HC, the three groups of MS patients had a common pattern of
      decreased activation of the right superior parietal lobule, left inferior
      parietal lobule and left middle frontal gyrus. Areas specifically more active in
      CIS patients compared to the other study groups were found in the left medial
      superior frontal gyrus and right anterior cingulate cortex, whereas SPMS patients
      selectively activated the left parahippocampal gyrus and left superior temporal
      pole (STP). Worse accuracy and global cognitive scores correlated with increased
      STP activation. CONCLUSION: Load-dependent alterations of working memory network
      recruitment occur in MS. Frontal hyperactivation is maintained in CIS and lost in
      SPMS. Abnormal recruitment of DMN areas is related to worse cognitive and
      behavioural outcomes.

PMID- 27354021
TI  - A phase I study of CD25/regulatory T-cell-depleted donor lymphocyte infusion for
      relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
AB  - Donor lymphocyte infusions are used to treat relapse after allogeneic
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but responses are inadequate. In
      addition to effector cells, infusions contain CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg)
      that may suppress graft-versus-tumor responses. We undertook a phase I study of
      donor lymphocyte infusions depleted of CD25+ T cells in patients with hematologic
      malignancies who had relapsed after transplantation. Twenty-one subjects received
      CD25/Treg-depleted infusions following removal of CD25+ cells using antibody
      conjugated magnetic beads. Sixteen subjects received prior cytoreductive therapy.
      Four were in complete remission at the time of infusion. Two dose levels were
      administered: 1*107 (n=6) and 3*107 CD3+ cells/kg (n=15). A median 2.3 log
      depletion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg was achieved. Seven subjects (33%) developed
      clinically significant graft-versus-host disease by 1 year, including one patient
      who died. At dose level 1, five subjects had progressive disease and one had
      stable disease. At dose level 2, nine subjects (60%) achieved or maintained
      responses (8 complete responses, 1 partial response), including seven with active
      disease at the time of infusion. A shorter period between relapse and infusion
      was associated with response at dose level 2 (P=0.016). The 1-year survival rate
      was 53% among patients treated with dose level 2. Four of eight subjects with
      acute myeloid leukemia remained in remission at 1 year. When compared to
      unmodified donor lymphocyte infusions in 14 contemporaneous patients meeting
      study eligibility, CD25/Treg depletion was associated with a better response rate
      and improved event-free survival. Circulating naive and central memory CD4+ T
      cells increased after CD25/Treg-depleted infusion, but no immunophenotypic
      signature for response was noted. CD25/Treg-depleted donor infusion appears
      feasible and capable of inducing graft-versus-tumor responses without excessive
      graft-versus-host disease. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT#00675831).

PMID- 27354022
TI  - Discrepancies of applying primary myelofibrosis prognostic scores for patients
      with post polycythemia vera/essential thrombocytosis myelofibrosis.

PMID- 27354023
TI  - Donor and recipient sex in allogeneic stem cell transplantation: what really
      matters.
AB  - We investigated whether and how recipient-donor sex affects transplantation
      outcomes of 11,797 patients transplanted between 2008 and 2010. Thirty-seven
      percent were male recipients with male donors, 21% male recipients with female
      donors, 25% female recipients with male donors, and 17% female recipients with
      female donors. In multivariable analyses, male recipients had inferior overall
      survival and progression-free survival compared to females regardless of donor
      sex, with an 11% relative increase in the hazard of death (P<0.0001) and a 10%
      relative increase in the hazard of death or relapse (P<0.0001). The detrimental
      effect of male recipients varied by donor sex. For male recipients with male
      donors, there was a 12% relative increase in the subdistribution hazard of
      relapse compared with female recipients with male donors (P=0.0036) and male
      recipients with female donors (P=0.0037). For male recipients with female donors,
      there was a 19% relative increase in the subdistribution hazard of non-relapse
      mortality compared with male recipients with male donors (P<0.0001) and a 22%
      relative increase compared with female recipients with male donors (P=0.0003). In
      addition, male recipients with female donors showed a 21% relative increase in
      the subdistribution hazard of chronic graft-versus-host disease (P<0.0001)
      compared with female recipients with male donors. Donor sex had no effect on
      outcomes for female recipients. Transplantation of grafts from male and female
      donors was associated with inferior overall survival and progression-free
      survival in male recipients with differing patterns of failure. Recipient sex is
      an important prognostic factor independent of donor sex.

PMID- 27354025
TI  - [The burial of a scientific finding].

PMID- 27354024
TI  - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the developing world: review of 4539 cases from the
      International Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Classification Project.
AB  - The distribution of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes varies around the world, but a
      large systematic comparative study has never been done. In this study, we
      evaluated the clinical features and relative frequencies of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
      subtypes in five developing regions of the world and compared the findings to the
      developed world. Five expert hematopathologists classified 4848 consecutive cases
      of lymphoma from 26 centers in 24 countries using the World Health Organization
      classification, and 4539 (93.6%) were confirmed to be non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with
      a significantly greater number of males than females in the developing regions
      compared to the developed world (P<0.05). The median age at diagnosis was
      significantly lower for both low- and high-grade B-cell lymphoma in the
      developing regions. The developing regions had a significantly lower frequency of
      B-cell lymphoma (86.6%) and a higher frequency of T- and natural killer-cell
      lymphoma (13.4%) compared to the developed world (90.7% and 9.3%, respectively).
      Also, the developing regions had significantly more cases of high-grade B-cell
      lymphoma (59.6%) and fewer cases of low-grade B-cell lymphoma (22.7%) compared to
      the developed world (39.2% and 32.7%, respectively). Among the B-cell lymphomas,
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was the most common subtype (42.5%) in the
      developing regions. Burkitt lymphoma (2.2%), precursor B- and T-lymphoblastic
      leukemia/lymphoma (1.1% and 2.9%, respectively) and extranodal natural killer/T
      cell lymphoma (2.2%) were also significantly increased in the developing regions.
      These findings suggest that differences in etiologic and host risk factors are
      likely responsible, and more detailed epidemiological studies are needed to
      better understand these differences.

PMID- 27354026
TI  - Marine reserves lag behind wilderness in the conservation of key functional
      roles.
AB  - Although marine reserves represent one of the most effective management responses
      to human impacts, their capacity to sustain the same diversity of species,
      functional roles and biomass of reef fishes as wilderness areas remains
      questionable, in particular in regions with deep and long-lasting human
      footprints. Here we show that fish functional diversity and biomass of top
      predators are significantly higher on coral reefs located at more than 20 h
      travel time from the main market compared with even the oldest (38 years old),
      largest (17,500 ha) and most restrictive (no entry) marine reserve in New
      Caledonia (South-Western Pacific). We further demonstrate that wilderness areas
      support unique ecological values with no equivalency as one gets closer to
      humans, even in large and well-managed marine reserves. Wilderness areas may
      therefore serve as benchmarks for management effectiveness and act as the last
      refuges for the most vulnerable functional roles.

PMID- 27354028
TI  - Corrigendum to "Characterization of the fatty acid composition of lamb
      commercially available in northern Spain: Emphasis on the trans-18:1 and CLA
      content and profile" [Meat Science 117 (2016) 108-116].

PMID- 27354027
TI  - Extrinsic allospecific signals of hematopoietic origin dictate iNKT cell lineage
      fate decisions during development.
AB  - Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are critical to the maintenance of tolerance toward
      alloantigens encountered during postnatal life pointing to the existence of a
      process for self-education. However, the impact of developmentally encountered
      alloantigens in shaping the phenotype and function of iNKT cells has not been
      described. To better understand this process, the current report examined naive
      iNKT cells as they matured in an allogeneic environment. Following the prenatal
      transfer of fetal hematopoietic cells between age-matched allogeneic murine
      fetuses, cell-extrinsic signals appeared to dictate allospecific patterns of Ly49
      receptor expression and lineage diversity in developing iNKT cells. Regulation
      for this process arose from cells of hematopoietic origin requiring only rare
      exposure to facilitate broad changes in developing iNKT cells. These findings
      highlight surprisingly asymmetric allospecific alterations in iNKT cells as they
      develop and mature in an allogeneic environment and establish a new paradigm for
      study of the self-education of iNKT cells.

PMID- 27354029
TI  - The evolution of research on occlusion and brain function.

PMID- 27354030
TI  - Mandibular movement during sleep bruxism associated with current tooth attrition.
AB  - PATIENT: Observation of attrition patterns suggests that mandibular movement in
      sleep bruxism (SB) may be associated with current tooth attrition. The aim of
      this study was to confirm this phenomenon by investigating mandibular movement
      and masseter muscle activity. The subject was a healthy 21-year-old Japanese
      male. We recorded biological signals including mandibular movement and masseter
      electromyograms (EMGs) with a polysomnograph. Based on the EMG using Okura's
      criteria, SB events were classified into clenching, grinding and mixed types
      according to mandibular movement criteria. The close-open mandibular movement
      cycles (CO-cycles) during grinding and mixed type events were selected based on
      mandibular movement trajectories. DISCUSSION: Fifty-eight CO-cycles were selected
      in seven grinding and three mixed types. We found that SB mandibular movements
      associated with current tooth attrition. Excessive lateral movements (ELM) beyond
      the canine edge-to-edge position were observed in the closing (10.3%) and opening
      (13.8%) phases of the CO-cycle. Total masseter muscle activity was significantly
      higher during voluntary grinding (VGR) than during CO-cycle including ELM
      (working side: P=0.036, balancing side: P=0.025). However, in the middle and late
      parts of the opening phase, working side masseter muscle activity was
      significantly higher during CO-cycle including ELM than during VGR (P=0.012). In
      the early part of the closing phase, balancing side masseter muscle activity was
      significantly higher during CO-cycle including ELM than during VGR (P=0.017).
      CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that excessive forceful grinding during
      ongoing SB events may have caused canine attrition in this patient.

PMID- 27354031
TI  - Functional strength training: Seated machine vs standing cable training to
      improve physical function in elderly.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The majority of the strength training studies in older adults have
      incorporated fixed-form exercises using seated resistance training machines. In
      light of the modest improvements in physical function shown in these studies,
      functional or task-specific exercises, involving movement patterns that mimic
      daily activities, have been studied. Free-form exercises, using free-weights or
      cable, is another form of functional strength training. Currently, no
      intervention studies exist comparing free-form exercises, using cable machines,
      and fixed-form exercises, using seated machines in older adults. METHODS: A total
      of 29 independently-living older adults, 65years or older, were randomized into
      two groups, seated machine (SM, n=10) and standing cable (SC, n=12). After
      12weeks of training twice per week, groups were compared. The primary outcome was
      the Physical Performance Battery (PPB), a measure of physical function. Secondary
      outcomes were lower and upper body strength and power, activities of daily living
      evaluated by multiple tests including: Physical Performance Test (PPT), pan carry
      and gallon jug transfers, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and self-reported
      function using Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS).
      Outcome assessors were blinded to participants' intervention assignments.
      RESULTS: The PPB (SC=0.23 points; SM=0.15 points) showed clinical and significant
      improvements, but there was no significant difference between the groups (g=0.2,
      95% CI (-0.6, 1.0). For secondary outcomes, chair stand (g=0.7, 95% CI (0.2,
      1.6), p=0.03) and pan carry (g=0.8, 95% CI (0.07, 1.07), p=0.04) favored SC,
      while chest press 1RM (g=0.2, 95% CI (0.06, 1.1), p=0.02) favored SM. There were
      no statistically significant group differences between PPB, gallon jug transfer,
      leg press 1RM, power, RPE or self-reported function. CONCLUSIONS: Standing cable
      training was not superior to seated machine training in improving physical
      performance in older adults. However, both training interventions were effective
      in improving function. The findings also suggest that exercise specificity should
      be considered when prescribing resistance exercises to improve physical function
      in older adults.

PMID- 27354032
TI  - Delivery of minimally dispersed liquid interfaces for sequential surface
      chemistry.
AB  - We present a method for sequential delivery of reagents to a reaction site with
      minimal dispersion of their interfaces. Using segmented flow to encapsulate the
      reagents as droplets, the dispersion between reagent plugs remains confined in a
      limited volume, while being transmitted to the reaction surface. In close
      proximity to the target surface, we use a passive array of microstructures for
      removal of the oil phase such that the original reagent sequence is
      reconstructed, and only the aqueous phase reaches the reaction surface. We
      provide a detailed analysis of the conditions under which the method can be
      applied and demonstrate maintaining a transition time of 560 ms between reagents
      transported to a reaction site over a distance of 60 cm. We implemented the
      method using a vertical microfluidic probe on an open surface, allowing contact
      free interaction with biological samples, and demonstrated two examples of assays
      implemented using the method: measurements of receptor-ligand reaction kinetics
      and of the fluorescence response of immobilized GFP to local variations in pH. We
      believe that the method can be useful for studying the dynamic response of cells
      and proteins to various stimuli, as well as for highly automated multi-step
      assays.

PMID- 27354033
TI  - Citizens' juries could help to guide screening policy.

PMID- 27354034
TI  - Clinical Manifestations of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux.

PMID- 27354035
TI  - The Gastric and Duodenal Eosinophilia in Functional Dyspepsia.

PMID- 27354036
TI  - Probiotic Yeast Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

PMID- 27354037
TI  - Obtaining i.v. fosfomycin through an expanded-access protocol.
AB  - PURPOSE: One hospital's experience with procuring i.v. fosfomycin via an expanded
      access protocol to treat a panresistant infection is described. SUMMARY: In mid
      2014, a patient at a tertiary care institution had an infection caused by a gram
      negative pathogen expressing notable drug resistance. Once it was determined by
      the infectious diseases (ID) attending physician that i.v. fosfomycin was a
      possible treatment for this patient, the ID pharmacist began the process of drug
      procurement. The research and ID pharmacists completed an investigational new
      drug (IND) application, which required patient-specific details and contributions
      from the ID physician. After obtaining approval of the IND, an Internet search
      identified a product vendor in the United Kingdom, who was then contacted to
      begin the drug purchasing and acquisition processes. Authorization of the
      transaction required signatures from key senior hospital administrators,
      including the chief financial officer and the chief operating officer.
      Approximately 6 days after beginning the acquisition process, the research
      pharmacist arranged for the wholesaler to expedite product delivery. The ID
      pharmacist contacted the wholesaler's shipping company at the U.S. Customs
      Office, providing relevant contact information to ensure that any unexpected
      circumstances could be quickly addressed. The product arrived at the U.S. Customs
      Office 8 days after beginning the acquisition process and was held in the U.S.
      Customs Office for 2 days. The patient received the first dose of i.v. fosfomycin
      13 days after starting the expanded-access protocol process. CONCLUSION: I.V.
      fosfomycin was successfully procured through an FDA expanded-access protocol by
      coordinating efforts among ID physicians, pharmacists, and hospital executives.

PMID- 27354038
TI  - Long-term pharmacotherapy considerations in the bariatric surgery patient.
AB  - PURPOSE: Pharmacists' role in optimizing long-term pharmacotherapy for bariatric
      surgery patients is detailed. SUMMARY: Bariatric surgery patients provide a
      difficult challenge in terms of many pharmacotherapy issues, especially in the
      chronic care setting, where data on long-term effects of bariatric surgery are
      limited. The most common procedures are Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB),
      adjustable gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy. Sleeve gastrectomy has become
      the most common procedure in the United States, primarily because it has less
      overall chronic malabsorption effects than RYGB. Pharmacotherapy management is
      complicated by rapid weight loss combined with a number of pharmacokinetic
      changes, such as decreased absorption of some medications due to altered
      gastrointestinal tract anatomy and potentially increased concentrations of some
      medications due to a decreased volume of distribution resulting from weight loss.
      Nutritional and metabolic supplementation are of the utmost importance in order
      to limit deficiencies that can lead to a number of conditions. Many chronic
      diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and
      urinary incontinence, are improved by bariatric surgery but require close
      monitoring to ensure the effectiveness of maintenance pharmacotherapy and
      avoidance of adverse effects. Psychotropic medication management is also an
      important pharmacotherapy concern, as evidenced by antidepressants being the most
      commonly used medication class among preoperative bariatric surgery patients.
      CONCLUSION: Pharmacists have an increasing role in the chronic management of the
      bariatric surgery patient due to their knowledge of medication dosage forms and
      expertise in disease states affected by bariatric surgery.

PMID- 27354039
TI  - Assessment of inpatient admissions and top 25 medications for obese pediatric
      patients at two academic hospitals.
AB  - PURPOSE: Inpatient admissions and the top 25 medications for obese pediatric
      patients at two academic hospitals were assessed. METHODS: Children age 2-17
      years were included if they were obese and admitted to either hospital on or
      after January 1, 2011, and discharged before December 31, 2011. Obesity was
      defined as a body mass index of >=95th percentile for age and sex. The objectives
      of this study were to determine the percentage of hospital admissions involving
      obese children and compile a list of medications prescribed to these patients.
      The top 25 medications prescribed were further evaluated to determine their
      pharmacokinetic disposition in obese patients. RESULTS: Obese children accounted
      for 18.8% of the 15,119 admissions for children age 2-17 years at the two study
      hospitals. No significant difference was noted in the number of obese pediatric
      children admitted between institutions. A total of 28,234 medications were
      ordered for this population, with a median number of 8 medications prescribed per
      admission. Sixteen of the same medications (64.0%) ranked in the top 25 at each
      facility. The most commonly prescribed medications for these patients included
      analgesics, antimicrobials, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and
      gastrointestinal agents. CONCLUSION: Obese children accounted for 18.8% of
      admissions for patients age 2-17 years at two academic hospitals over a 1-year
      period. The most commonly prescribed medications for these children included
      analgesics, antimicrobials, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and
      gastrointestinal agents. The literature guiding the dosing of these medications
      in this population was limited to seven studies, representing just three
      medications.

PMID- 27354040
TI  - Olodaterol for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: Published data on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and
      safety of the once-daily, long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) olodaterol are
      reviewed. SUMMARY: Olodaterol (Striverdi Respimat, Boehringer Ingelheim), a LABA
      with high selectivity for beta2-adrenergic receptors, is indicated for the
      treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); the recommended dose
      is 5 MUg, to be delivered once daily via the Respimat inhaler. In 48- and 6-week
      Phase III clinical trials of olodaterol evaluating various lung function and
      symptomatic outcomes in patients with moderate to very severe COPD, olodaterol
      use was associated with significant improvements in spirometry outcomes, such as
      postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), as well as
      dyspnea severity and quality-of-life measures. Other clinical trials demonstrated
      that olodaterol produced beneficial effects on FEV1 measures throughout the 24
      hour dosing interval. A meta-analysis of data from 20 published research reports
      indicated that olodaterol's efficacy was comparable to that of the once-daily
      LABA indacaterol and that the combination of olodaterol and tiotropium provided
      improvements in lung function greater than those provided by tiotropium alone.
      Analysis of pooled data from four long-term trials showed that olodaterol's
      safety profile was comparable to that of formoterol; the most frequently reported
      adverse effects associated with olodaterol use were bronchitis, nasopharyngitis,
      and upper respiratory tract infection. CONCLUSION: Once-daily olodaterol 5 MUg is
      an effective therapy in improving lung function and symptomatic outcomes in
      patients with moderate to very severe COPD receiving other maintenance therapy,
      with a satisfactory safety profile.

PMID- 27354042
TI  - Resolution of abnormal cardiac MRI T2 signal following immune suppression for
      cardiac sarcoidosis.
AB  - Cardiac MR (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement is commonly used to detect
      cardiac damage in the setting of cardiac sarcoidosis. The addition of T2 mapping
      to CMR was recently shown to enhance cardiac sarcoidosis detection and correlates
      with increased cardiac arrhythmia risk. This study was conducted to determine if
      CMR T2 abnormalities and related arrhythmias are reversible following immune
      suppression therapy. A retrospective study of subjects with cardiac sarcoidosis
      with abnormal T2 signal on baseline CMR and a follow-up CMR study at least 4
      months later was conducted at The Ohio State University from 2011 to 2015. Immune
      suppression treated participants had a significant reduction in peak myocardial
      T2 value (70.0+/-5.5 vs 59.2+/-6.1 ms, pretreatment vs post-treatment; p=0.017),
      and 83% of immune suppression treated subjects had objective improvement in
      cardiac arrhythmias. Two subjects who had received inadequate immune suppression
      treatment experienced progression of cardiac sarcoidosis. This report indicates
      that abnormal CMR T2 signal represents an acute inflammatory manifestation of
      cardiac sarcoidosis that is potentially reversible with adequate immune
      suppression therapy.

PMID- 27354041
TI  - Aurora A, MCAK, and Kif18b promote Eg5-independent spindle formation.
AB  - Inhibition of the microtubule (MT) motor protein Eg5 results in a mitotic arrest
      due to the formation of monopolar spindles, making Eg5 an attractive target for
      anti-cancer therapies. However, Eg5-independent pathways for bipolar spindle
      formation exist, which might promote resistance to treatment with Eg5 inhibitors.
      To identify essential components for Eg5-independent bipolar spindle formation,
      we performed a genome-wide siRNA screen in Eg5-independent cells (EICs). We find
      that the kinase Aurora A and two kinesins, MCAK and Kif18b, are essential for
      bipolar spindle assembly in EICs and in cells with reduced Eg5 activity. Aurora A
      promotes bipolar spindle assembly by phosphorylating Kif15, hereby promoting
      Kif15 localization to the spindle. In turn, MCAK and Kif18b promote bipolar
      spindle assembly by destabilizing the astral MTs. One attractive way to interpret
      our data is that, in the absence of MCAK and Kif18b, excessive astral MTs
      generate inward pushing forces on centrosomes at the cortex that inhibit
      centrosome separation. Together, these data suggest a novel function for astral
      MTs in force generation on spindle poles and how proteins involved in regulating
      microtubule length can contribute to bipolar spindle assembly.

PMID- 27354043
TI  - Beneficial effects of long-acting nifedipine on coronary vasomotion abnormalities
      after drug-eluting stent implantation: The NOVEL study.
AB  - AIMS: It is widely known that drug-eluting stents (DES) induce coronary
      vasomotion abnormalities. We have previously demonstrated that chronic treatment
      with long-acting nifedipine suppresses coronary hyperconstricting responses
      induced by the first-generation DES (e.g. sirolimus- and pacritaxel-eluting
      stents) through inhibition of vascular inflammation in pigs. To examine whether
      this is also the case with the second-generation DES (everolimus-eluting stents,
      EES) in humans, the most widely used DES in the world, we conducted a
      prospective, randomized, multicentre trial, termed as the NOVEL Study. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: We evaluated 100 patients with stable angina pectoris who underwent
      scheduled implantation of EES in the left coronary arteries. They were randomly
      assigned to receive either conventional treatments alone or additionally long
      acting nifedipine (10-60 mg/day) (n = 50 each). After 8-10 months, 37 patients in
      the control and 38 in the nifedipine group were examined for coronary
      vasoreactivity to intracoronary acetylcholine (ACh) by quantitative coronary
      angiography after 48-h withdrawal of nifedipine. Coronary vasoconstricting
      responses to ACh were significantly enhanced at the distal edge of EES compared
      with non-stented vessel (P = 0.0001) and were significantly suppressed in the
      nifedipine group compared with the control group (P = 0.0044). Furthermore, the
      inflammatory profiles were also improved only in the nifedipine group, which
      evaluated by serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP (P = 0.0001) and adiponectin (P
      = 0.0039). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that DES-induced coronary
      vasomotion abnormalities still remain an important clinical issue even with the
      second-generation DES, for which long-acting nifedipine exerts beneficial effects
      associated with its anti-inflammatory effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is
      registered at the UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN-CTR; ID=UMIN000015147).

PMID- 27354045
TI  - Typical STEMI: or not? Embolic left anterior descending artery occlusion,
      fulminant pulmonary embolism, and in-transit thrombus in a patent foramen ovale.

PMID- 27354044
TI  - Geographic variations in the PARADIGM-HF heart failure trial.
AB  - AIMS: The globalization of clinical trials has highlighted geographic variations
      in patient characteristics, event rates, and treatment effects. We investigated
      these further in PARADIGM-HF, the largest and most globally representative trial
      in heart failure (HF) to date. METHODS AND RESULTS: We looked at five regions:
      North America (NA) 602 (8%), Western Europe (WE) 1680 (20%), Central/Eastern
      Europe/Russia (CEER) 2762 (33%), Latin America (LA) 1433 (17%), and Asia-Pacific
      (AP) 1487 (18%). Notable differences included: WE patients (mean age 68 years)
      and NA (65 years) were older than AP (58 years) and LA (63 years) and had more
      coronary disease; NA and CEER patients had the worst signs, symptoms, and
      functional status. North American patients were the most likely to have a
      defibrillating-device (54 vs. 2% AP) and least likely prescribed a
      mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (36 vs. 65% LA). Other evidence-based
      therapies were used most frequently in NA and WE. Rates of the primary composite
      outcome of cardiovascular (CV) death or HF hospitalization (per 100 patient
      years) varied among regions: NA 13.6 (95% CI 11.7-15.7) WE 9.6 (8.6-10.6), CEER
      12.3 (11.4-13.2), LA 11.2 (10.0-12.5), and AP 12.5 (11.3-13.8). After adjustment
      for prognostic variables, relative to NA, the risk of CV death was higher in LA
      and AP and the risk of HF hospitalization lower in WE. The benefit of
      sacubitril/valsartan was consistent across regions. CONCLUSION: There were many
      regional differences in PARADIGM-HF, including in age, symptoms, comorbidity,
      background therapy, and event-rates, although these did not modify the benefit of
      sacubitril/valsartan. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL:
      http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01035255.

PMID- 27354047
TI  - Abnormal right ventricular-pulmonary artery coupling with exercise in heart
      failure with preserved ejection fraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exercise intolerance is common in people with heart failure and
      preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction has been
      shown at rest in HFpEF but little data are available regarding dynamic RV
      pulmonary artery (PA) coupling during exercise. METHODS AND RESULTS: Subjects
      with HFpEF (n = 50) and controls (n = 24) prospectively underwent invasive
      cardiopulmonary exercise testing using high-fidelity micromanometer catheters
      along with simultaneous assessment of RV and left ventricular (LV) mechanics by
      echocardiography. Compared with controls at rest, subjects with HFpEF displayed
      preserved RV systolic and diastolic mechanics (RV s' and e'), impaired LV s' and
      e', higher biventricular filling pressures, and higher pulmonary artery
      pressures. On exercise, subjects with HFpEF displayed less increase in stroke
      volume, heart rate, and cardiac output (CO), with blunted increase in CO relative
      to O2 consumption (VO2). Enhancement in RV systolic and diastolic function on
      exercise was impaired in HFpEF compared with controls. Exercise-induced PA
      vasodilation was reduced in HFpEF in correlation with greater venous hypoxia.
      Elevations in biventricular filling pressures and limitations in CO reserve were
      strongly correlated with abnormal enhancement in ventricular mechanics in the RV
      and LV during stress. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to limited LV reserve, patients
      with HFpEF display impaired RV reserve during exercise that is associated with
      high filling pressures and inadequate CO responses. These findings highlight the
      importance of biventricular dysfunction in HFpEF and suggest that novel therapies
      targeting myocardial reserve in both the left and right heart may be effective to
      improve clinical status.

PMID- 27354046
TI  - Randomized comparison of intravenous procainamide vs. intravenous amiodarone for
      the acute treatment of tolerated wide QRS tachycardia: the PROCAMIO study.
AB  - Aims: Intravenous procainamide and amiodarone are drugs of choice for well
      tolerated ventricular tachycardia. However, the choice between them, even
      according to Guidelines, is unclear. We performed a multicentre randomized open
      labelled study to determine the safety and efficacy of intravenous procainamide
      and amiodarone for the acute treatment of tolerated wide QRS complex (probably
      ventricular) tachycardia. Methods and results: Patients were randomly assigned to
      receive intravenous procainamide (10 mg/kg/20 min) or amiodarone (5 mg/kg/20
      min). The primary endpoint was the incidence of major predefined cardiac adverse
      events within 40 min after infusion initiation. Of 74 patients included, 62 could
      be analysed. The primary endpoint occurred in 3 of 33 (9%) procainamide and 12 of
      29 (41%) amiodarone patients (odd ratio, OR = 0.1; 95% confidence interval, CI
      0.03-0.6; P = 0.006). Tachycardia terminated within 40 min in 22 (67%)
      procainamide and 11 (38%) amiodarone patients (OR = 3.3; 95% CI 1.2-9.3; P =
      0.026). In the following 24 h, adverse events occurred in 18% procainamide and
      31% amiodarone patients (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.15-1.61; P: 0.24). Among 49 patients
      with structural heart disease, the primary endpoint was less common in
      procainamide patients (3 [11%] vs. 10 [43%]; OR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.04-0.73, P =
      0.017). Conclusions: This study compares for the first time in a randomized
      design intravenous procainamide and amiodarone for the treatment of the acute
      episode of sustained monomorphic well-tolerated (probably) ventricular
      tachycardia. Procainamide therapy was associated with less major cardiac adverse
      events and a higher proportion of tachycardia termination within 40 min.

PMID- 27354048
TI  - Acute stent thrombosis unveils two electrocardiogram patterns in a patient with
      'De Winter T-waves' anterior myocardial infarction.

PMID- 27354050
TI  - The BIOSOLVE II trial: a step forward for the bioresorbable scaffold?

PMID- 27354049
TI  - Large-scale community echocardiographic screening reveals a major burden of
      undiagnosed valvular heart disease in older people: the OxVALVE Population Cohort
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Valvular heart disease (VHD) is expected to become more common as the
      population ages. However, current estimates of its natural history and prevalence
      are based on historical studies with potential sources of bias. We conducted a
      cross-sectional analysis of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of
      VHD identified at recruitment of a large cohort of older people. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: We enrolled 2500 individuals aged >=65 years from a primary care
      population and screened for undiagnosed VHD using transthoracic echocardiography.
      Newly identified (predominantly mild) VHD was detected in 51% of participants.
      The most common abnormalities were aortic sclerosis (34%), mitral regurgitation
      (22%), and aortic regurgitation (15%). Aortic stenosis was present in 1.3%. The
      likelihood of undiagnosed VHD was two-fold higher in the two most deprived
      socioeconomic quintiles than in the most affluent quintile, and three-fold higher
      in individuals with atrial fibrillation. Clinically significant (moderate or
      severe) undiagnosed VHD was identified in 6.4%. In addition, 4.9% of the cohort
      had pre-existing VHD (a total prevalence of 11.3%). Projecting these findings
      using population data, we estimate that the prevalence of clinically significant
      VHD will double before 2050. CONCLUSIONS: Previously undetected VHD affects 1 in
      2 of the elderly population and is more common in lower socioeconomic classes.
      These unique data demonstrate the contemporary clinical and epidemiological
      characteristics of VHD in a large population-based cohort of older people and
      confirm the scale of the emerging epidemic of VHD, with widespread implications
      for clinicians and healthcare resources.

PMID- 27354051
TI  - Serial 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT angiography in
      transcatheter-implanted aortic valve endocarditis.

PMID- 27354052
TI  - The pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction and strategies of protection
      beyond reperfusion: a continual challenge.
AB  - The incidence of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has decreased
      over the last two decades in developed countries, but mortality from STEMI
      despite widespread access to reperfusion therapy is still substantial as is the
      development of heart failure, particularly among an expanding older population.
      In developing countries, the incidence of STEMI is increasing and interventional
      reperfusion is often not available. We here review the pathophysiology of acute
      myocardial infarction and reperfusion, notably the temporal and spatial evolution
      of ischaemic and reperfusion injury, the different modes of cell death, and the
      resulting coronary microvascular dysfunction. We then go on to briefly
      characterize the cardioprotective phenomena of ischaemic preconditioning,
      ischaemic postconditioning, and remote ischaemic conditioning and their
      underlying signal transduction pathways. We discuss in detail the attempts to
      translate conditioning strategies and drug therapy into the clinical setting.
      Most attempts have failed so far to reduce infarct size and improve clinical
      outcomes in STEMI patients, and we discuss potential reasons for such failure.
      Currently, it appears that remote ischaemic conditioning and a few drugs (atrial
      natriuretic peptide, exenatide, metoprolol, and esmolol) reduce infarct size, but
      studies with clinical outcome as primary endpoint are still underway.

PMID- 27354053
TI  - The dream of near-zero X-rays ablation comes true.
AB  - While radiation exposure related to natural sources plays a minor role, medicine
      related exposure, represents, to date, a major exposure source. Within this
      exposure interventional electrophysiology is a relevant contributor.
      Unfortunately, no safe dose in radioprotection exists, the negative acute and
      long-term effects of radiological exposure may emerge at any radiation exposure
      dose. For this reason, patients and physicians should be aware of the risk of
      radiation exposure and the benefits of the imaging/procedure balanced by the
      required radiation exposure. Given this, performing a near to zero X-rays
      transcatheter ablation procedure should therefore represent an aim for all
      electrophysiological lab. Fortunately, the introduction of electroanatomic
      mapping systems, have provided the possibility to perform simple and complex
      electrophysiological procedures avoiding, or at least, limiting the use of
      radiations. The present review summarizes state of the art of feasibility and
      safety of the near to zero approach for the main electrophysiological procedures,
      highlighting the potential health benefits.

PMID- 27354054
TI  - Early experience of the trialign system for catheter-based treatment of severe
      tricuspid regurgitation.

PMID- 27354055
TI  - Let us preserve the harmonious development of transcatheter aortic valve
      implantation!

PMID- 27354056
TI  - A propitious time for initiating clinical trials in patients with heart failure
      with reduced ejection fraction and an estimated glomerular filtration rate <30
      mL/min with an mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and a K+ binder: 'the
      forbidden fruit'.

PMID- 27354057
TI  - Big data, smart computer systems, and doctor-patient relationship.

PMID- 27354058
TI  - Endo-epicardial dissociation in conduction.

PMID- 27354059
TI  - Acute thrombosis of left renal artery treated with thrombolysis and percutaneous
      transluminal angioplasty.

PMID- 27354060
TI  - Pressure-volume-loop-guided closure of an iatrogenic atrial septal defect for
      right heart failure following MitraClipTM-implantation.

PMID- 27354061
TI  - Oligomycins and pamamycin homologs impair motility and induce lysis of zoospores
      of the grapevine downy mildew pathogen, Plasmopara viticola.
AB  - Four antibiotics (pamamycin, oligomycin A, oligomycin B and echinosporin) were
      isolated and characterized from the fermentation broth of the marine Streptomyces
      strains B8496 and B8739. Bioassays revealed that each of these compounds impaired
      motility and caused subsequent lysis of P. viticola zoospores in a dose- and time
      dependent manner. Pamamycin displayed the strongest motility inhibitory and lytic
      activities (IC50 0.1 MUg mL(-1)) followed by oligomycin B (IC50 0.15 and 0.2 MUg
      mL(-1)) and oligomycin F (IC50 0.3 and 0.5 MUg mL(-1)). Oligomycin A and
      echinosporin also showed motility inhibitory activities against the zoospores
      with IC50 values of 3.0 and 10.0 MUg mL(-1), respectively. This is the first
      report of motility inhibitory and lytic activities of these antibiotics against
      zoospores of a phytopathogenic peronosporomycete. Structures of all the isolated
      compounds were determined based on detailed spectroscopic analysis.

PMID- 27354062
TI  - Coordinated Regulation of Cap-Dependent Translation and MicroRNA Function by
      Convergent Signaling Pathways.
AB  - Cell growth and proliferation require the coordinated activation of many cellular
      processes, including cap-dependent mRNA translation. MicroRNAs oppose cap
      dependent translation and set thresholds for expression of target proteins.
      Emerging data suggest that microRNA function is enhanced by cellular activation
      due in part to induction of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) scaffold
      protein GW182. In the current study, we demonstrate that increased expression of
      GW182 in activated or transformed immune cells results from effects of
      phosphoinositol 3-kinase-Akt-mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) and
      Jak-Stat-Pim signaling on the translation of GW182 mRNA. Both signaling pathways
      enhanced polysome occupancy and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding
      to the 5' 7mG cap of GW182 mRNA. The effect of Jak-Stat-Pim signaling on polysome
      occupancy and expression of GW182 protein was greater than that of PI3K-Akt-mTOR
      signaling, likely resulting from enhanced eIF4A-dependent unwinding of G
      quadruplexes in the 5' untranslated region of GW182 mRNA. Consistent with this,
      GW182 expression and microRNA function were reduced by inhibition of mTOR or Pim
      kinases, translation initiation complex assembly, or eIF4A function. Taken
      together, these data provide a mechanistic link between microRNA function and cap
      dependent translation that allows activated immune cells to maintain microRNA
      mediated repression of targets despite enhanced rates of protein synthesis.

PMID- 27354063
TI  - Cotranslational Intersection between the SRP and GET Targeting Pathways to the
      Endoplasmic Reticulum of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Targeting of transmembrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proceeds
      via either the signal recognition particle (SRP) or the guided entry of tail
      anchored proteins (GET) pathway, consisting of Get1 to -5 and Sgt2. While SRP
      cotranslationally targets membrane proteins containing one or multiple
      transmembrane domains, the GET pathway posttranslationally targets proteins
      containing a single C-terminal transmembrane domain termed the tail anchor. Here,
      we dissect the roles of the SRP and GET pathways in the sorting of homologous,
      two-membrane-spanning K(+) channel proteins termed Kcv, Kesv, and Kesv-VV. We
      show that Kcv is targeted to the ER cotranslationally via its N-terminal
      transmembrane domain, while Kesv-VV is targeted posttranslationally via its C
      terminal transmembrane domain, which recruits Get4-5/Sgt2 and Get3. Unexpectedly,
      nascent Kcv recruited not only SRP but also the Get4-5 module of the GET pathway
      to ribosomes. Ribosome binding of Get4-5 was independent of Sgt2 and was strongly
      outcompeted by SRP. The combined data indicate a previously unrecognized
      cotranslational interplay between the SRP and GET pathways.

PMID- 27354064
TI  - Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein Regulates the Expression and Metabolic
      Functions of Wild-Type and Oncogenic IDH1.
AB  - Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) is a major transcriptional
      regulator of the enzymes underlying de novo lipid synthesis. However, little is
      known about the SREBP-mediated control of processes that indirectly support
      lipogenesis, for instance, by supplying reducing power in the form of NAPDH or
      directing carbon flux into lipid precursors. Here, we characterize isocitrate
      dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) as a transcriptional target of SREBP across a spectrum of
      cancer cell lines and human cancers. IDH1 promotes the synthesis of lipids
      specifically from glutamine-derived carbons. Neomorphic mutations in IDH1 occur
      frequently in certain cancers, leading to the production of the oncometabolite 2
      hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). We found that SREBP induces the expression of oncogenic
      IDH1 and influences 2-HG production from glucose. Treatment of cells with 25
      hydroxycholesterol or statins, which respectively inhibit or activate SREBP,
      further supports SREBP-mediated regulation of IDH1 and, in cells with oncogenic
      IDH1, carbon flux into 2-HG.

PMID- 27354065
TI  - Phosphorylation of a Tyrosine Residue on Zap70 by Lck and Its Subsequent Binding
      via an SH2 Domain May Be a Key Gatekeeper of T Cell Receptor Signaling In Vivo.
AB  - The initiation of signaling in T lymphocytes in response to the binding of the T
      cell receptor (TCR) to cognate ligands is a key step in the emergence of adaptive
      immune responses. Conventional models posit that TCR signaling is initiated by
      the phosphorylation of receptor-associated immune receptor activation motifs
      (ITAMs). The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Zap70 binds to phosphorylated ITAMs, is
      subsequently activated, and then propagates downstream signaling. While evidence
      for such models is provided by experiments with cell lines, in vivo, Zap70 is
      bound to phosphorylated ITAMs in resting T cells. However, Zap70 is activated
      only upon TCR binding to cognate ligand. We report the results of computational
      studies of a new model for the initiation of TCR signaling that incorporates
      these in vivo observations. Importantly, the new model is shown to allow better
      and faster TCR discrimination between self-ligands and foreign ligands. The new
      model is consistent with many past experimental observations, and experiments
      that could further test the model are proposed.

PMID- 27354066
TI  - Heat Shock Factor 1 Is a Substrate for p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases.
AB  - Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) monitors the structural integrity of the proteome.
      Phosphorylation at S326 is a hallmark for HSF1 activation, but the identity of
      the kinase(s) phosphorylating this site has remained elusive. We show here that
      the dietary agent phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) inhibits heat shock protein 90
      (Hsp90), the main negative regulator of HSF1; activates p38 mitogen-activated
      protein kinase (MAPK); and increases S326 phosphorylation, trimerization, and
      nuclear translocation of HSF1, and the transcription of a luciferase reporter, as
      well as the endogenous prototypic HSF1 target Hsp70. In vitro, all members of the
      p38 MAPK family rapidly and stoichiometrically catalyze the S326 phosphorylation.
      The use of stable knockdown cell lines and inhibitors indicated that among the
      p38 MAPKs, p38gamma is the principal isoform responsible for the phosphorylation
      of HSF1 at S326 in cells. A protease-mass spectrometry approach confirmed S326
      phosphorylation and unexpectedly revealed that p38 MAPK also catalyzes the
      phosphorylation of HSF1 at S303/307, previously known repressive
      posttranslational modifications. Thus, we have identified p38 MAPKs as highly
      efficient catalysts for the phosphorylation of HSF1. Furthermore, our findings
      suggest that the magnitude and persistence of activation of p38 MAPK are
      important determinants of the extent and duration of the heat shock response.

PMID- 27354067
TI  - Follicle Depletion Provides a Permissive Environment for Ovarian Carcinogenesis.
AB  - We modeled the etiology of postmenopausal biology on ovarian cancer risk using
      germ cell-deficient white-spotting variant (Wv) mice, incorporating oncogenic
      mutations. Ovarian cancer incidence is highest in peri- and postmenopausal women,
      and epidemiological studies have established the impact of reproductive factors
      on ovarian cancer risk. Menopause as a result of ovarian follicle depletion is
      thought to contribute to higher cancer risk. As a consequence of follicle
      depletion, female Wv mice develop ovarian tubular adenomas, a benign epithelial
      tumor corresponding to surface epithelial invaginations and papillomatosis
      frequently found in postmenopausal human ovaries. Lineage tracing using MISR2-Cre
      indicated that the tubular adenomas that developed in Wv mice were largely
      derived from the MISR2 lineage, which marked only a fraction of ovarian surface
      and oviduct epithelial cells in wild-type tissues. Deletion of p27, either
      heterozygous or homozygous, was able to convert the benign tubular adenomas into
      more proliferative tumors. Restricted deletion of p53 in Wv/Wv mice by either
      intrabursal injection of adenoviral Cre or inclusion of the MISR2-Cre transgene
      also resulted in augmented tumor growth. This finding suggests that follicle
      depletion provides a permissive ovarian environment for oncogenic transformation
      of epithelial cells, presenting a mechanism for the increased ovarian cancer risk
      in postmenopausal women.

PMID- 27354068
TI  - Comparison of contemporary preoperative risk models at predicting acute kidney
      injury after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting: a retrospective cohort
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Acute kidney injury (AKI) after coronary artery bypass grafting
      (CABG) is associated with short-term and long-term adverse outcomes. The European
      System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE), EuroSCORE II, the
      Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score and Age, Creatinine and Ejection
      Fraction (ACEF) score, have been widely used for predicting the operative risk of
      cardiac surgery. The aim of this study is to investigate the discriminant ability
      among current available models in predicting postoperative AKI. METHODS: From
      January 2010 to December 2012, 353 patients who underwent isolated CABG were
      enrolled. The clinical characteristics, outcomes and scores of prognostic models
      were collected. The primary outcome was postoperative AKI, defined based on the
      Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guideline for
      AKI, in 2012. RESULTS: 102 patients (28.9%) developed postoperative AKI. For AKI
      prediction, EuroSCORE II, STS score and ACEF score were all good tools for stage
      3 AKI. The ACEF score was shown to have satisfied discriminant ability to predict
      postoperative AKI with area under a receiver operating characteristic curve:
      0.781+/-0.027, (95% CI 0.729 to 0.834, p value <0.001). Multivariate logistic
      analysis identified that lower ejection fraction and higher serum creatinine were
      independent risk factors for AKI. CONCLUSIONS: The simple and extremely user
      friendly ACEF score can accurately identify the risk of postoperative AKI and has
      shown satisfactory discriminant ability when compared with other systems. The
      ACEF score might be the easiest tool for predicting postoperative AKI.

PMID- 27354069
TI  - What evidence is there for a delay in diagnostic coding of RA in UK general
      practice records? An observational study of free text.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Much research with electronic health records (EHRs) uses coded or
      structured data only; important information captured in the free text remains
      unused. One dimension of EHR data quality assessment is 'currency' or timeliness,
      that is, data are representative of the patient state at the time of measurement.
      We explored the use of free text in UK general practice patient records to
      evaluate delays in recording of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis. We also
      aimed to locate and quantify disease and diagnostic information recorded only in
      text. SETTING: UK general practice patient records from the Clinical Practice
      Research Datalink. PARTICIPANTS: 294 individuals with incident diagnosis of RA
      between 2005 and 2008; 204 women and 85 men, median age 63 years. PRIMARY AND
      SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessment of (1) quantity and timing of text entries
      for disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) as a proxy for the RA disease
      code, and (2) quantity, location and timing of free text information relating to
      RA onset and diagnosis. RESULTS: Inflammatory markers, pain and DMARDs were the
      most common categories of disease information in text prior to RA diagnostic
      code; 10-37% of patients had such information only in text. Read codes associated
      with RA-related text included correspondence, general consultation and arthritis
      codes. 64 patients (22%) had DMARD text entries >14 days prior to RA code; these
      patients had more and earlier referrals to rheumatology, tests, swelling, pain
      and DMARD prescriptions, suggestive of an earlier implicit diagnosis than was
      recorded by the diagnostic code. CONCLUSIONS: RA-related symptoms, tests,
      referrals and prescriptions were recorded in free text with 22% of patients
      showing strong evidence of delay in coding of diagnosis. Researchers using EHRs
      may need to mitigate for delayed codes by incorporating text into their case
      ascertainment strategies. Natural language processing techniques have the
      capability to do this at scale.

PMID- 27354070
TI  - A school-based intervention incorporating smartphone technology to improve health
      related fitness among adolescents: rationale and study protocol for the NEAT and
      ATLAS 2.0 cluster randomised controlled trial and dissemination study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Physical inactivity has been described as a global pandemic.
      Interventions aimed at developing skills in lifelong physical activities may
      provide the foundation for an active lifestyle into adulthood. In general, school
      based physical activity interventions targeting adolescents have produced modest
      results and few have been designed to be 'scaled-up' and disseminated. This study
      aims to: (1) assess the effectiveness of two physical activity promotion
      programmes (ie, NEAT and ATLAS) that have been modified for scalability; and (2)
      evaluate the dissemination of these programmes throughout government funded
      secondary schools. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study will be conducted in two
      phases. In the first phase (cluster randomised controlled trial), 16 schools will
      be randomly allocated to the intervention or a usual care control condition. In
      the second phase, the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and
      Maintenance (Re-AIM) framework will be used to guide the design and evaluation of
      programme dissemination throughout New South Wales (NSW), Australia. In both
      phases, teachers will be trained to deliver the NEAT and ATLAS programmes, which
      will include: (1) interactive student seminars; (2) structured physical activity
      programmes; (3) lunch-time fitness sessions; and (4) web-based smartphone apps.
      In the cluster RCT, study outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6 months
      (primary end point) and 12-months. Muscular fitness will be the primary outcome
      and secondary outcomes will include: objectively measured body composition,
      cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, resistance training skill competency,
      physical activity, self-reported recreational screen-time, sleep, sugar-sweetened
      beverage and junk food snack consumption, self-esteem and well-being. ETHICS AND
      DISSEMINATION: This study has received approval from the University of Newcastle
      (H-2014-0312) and the NSW Department of Education (SERAP: 2012121) human research
      ethics committees. This study is funded by the Australian Research Council
      (FT140100399) and the NSW Department of Education. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
      ACTRN12615000360516; Pre-results.

PMID- 27354071
TI  - Preferences for ARV-based HIV prevention methods among men and women, adolescent
      girls and female sex workers in Gauteng Province, South Africa: a protocol for a
      discrete choice experiment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: For the past few decades, condoms have been the main method of HIV
      prevention. Recent advances in antiretroviral (ARV)-based prevention products
      have substantially changed the prevention landscape, yet little is known about
      how popular these products will be among potential users, or whether new methods
      might be used in conjunction with, or instead of, condoms. This study will use a
      discrete choice experiment (DCE) to (1) explore potential users' preferences
      regarding HIV prevention products, (2) quantify the importance of product
      attributes and (3) predict the uptake of products to inform estimates of their
      potential impact on the HIV epidemic in South Africa. We consider preferences for
      oral pre-exposure prophylaxis; a vaginal microbicide gel; a long-acting vaginal
      ring; a SILCS diaphragm used in concert with gel; and a long-acting ARV-based
      injectable. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will gather data from 4 populations:
      200 women, 200 men, 200 adolescent girls (aged 16-17 years) and 200 female sex
      workers. The DCE attributes and design will be developed through a literature
      review, supplemented by a thematic analysis of qualitative focus group
      discussions. Extensive piloting will be carried out in each population through
      semistructured interviews. The final survey will be conducted using computer
      tablets via a household sample (for women, men and adolescents) and respondent
      driven sampling (for female sex workers), and DCE data analysed using a range of
      multinomial logit models. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved
      by the University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee and the
      Research Ethics Committee at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
      Findings will be presented to international conferences and peer-reviewed
      journals. Meetings will be held with opinion leaders in South Africa, while
      results will be disseminated to participants in Ekurhuleni through a public
      meeting or newsletter.

PMID- 27354073
TI  - Association of physical activity with cognition, metacognition and academic
      performance in children and adolescents: a protocol for systematic review and
      meta-analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Schools provide a relevant context for improving children's and
      adolescents' physical and mental health by increasing physical activity during
      school hours and/or beyond. The interest in the relationship between physical
      activity programmes and cognition during development has recently increased, with
      evidence suggesting a positive association. We present a protocol of systematic
      reviews and meta-analysis of intervention studies that, by determining the
      effects of chronic physical exercise on children's and adolescents' cognitive and
      metacognitive functions, cognitive life skills, academic behaviours and
      achievement, aims to ensure procedural objectivity and transparency, and maximise
      the extraction of relevant information to inform policy development. METHODS:
      This protocol is guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and
      Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and by the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook.
      Databases to be utilised for a thorough selection of the pertinent literature are
      MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane
      Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, PsycINFO and ERIC. Selection is
      proposed to encompass an international and a national publication level, with
      inclusion of experimental studies written in English or in Spanish, respectively.
      Also, relevant references included in the selected studies will be considered
      suitable for review as supplemental sources.We present an integrated approach to
      the methodological quality assessment of the selected studies, including the
      Jadad Scale for the assessment of the quality of randomised controlled trials and
      the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies for pre-post studies and non
      randomised controlled trials. The pre-post interventions mean differences will be
      the primary indicator of the intervention outcome. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A
      subgroup analysis is proposed based on cognitive functions and their neural
      correlates, metacognitive functions and cognitive life skills, academic
      achievement areas and academic behaviours. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO
      CRD42015029913.

PMID- 27354072
TI  - Utility of models to predict 28-day or 30-day unplanned hospital readmissions: an
      updated systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To update previous systematic review of predictive models for 28-day
      or 30-day unplanned hospital readmissions. DESIGN: Systematic review.
      SETTING/DATA SOURCE: CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE from 2011 to 2015. PARTICIPANTS: All
      studies of 28-day and 30-day readmission predictive model. OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Characteristics of the included studies, performance of the identified predictive
      models and key predictive variables included in the models. RESULTS: Of 7310
      records, a total of 60 studies with 73 unique predictive models met the inclusion
      criteria. The utilisation outcome of the models included all-cause readmissions,
      cardiovascular disease including pneumonia, medical conditions, surgical
      conditions and mental health condition-related readmissions. Overall, a wide
      range C-statistic was reported in 56/60 studies (0.21-0.88). 11 of 13 predictive
      models for medical condition-related readmissions were found to have consistent
      moderate discrimination ability (C-statistic >=0.7). Only two models were
      designed for the potentially preventable/avoidable readmissions and had C
      statistic >0.8. The variables 'comorbidities', 'length of stay' and 'previous
      admissions' were frequently cited across 73 models. The variables 'laboratory
      tests' and 'medication' had more weight in the models for cardiovascular disease
      and medical condition-related readmissions. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive models
      which focused on general medical condition-related unplanned hospital
      readmissions reported moderate discriminative ability. Two models for potentially
      preventable/avoidable readmissions showed high discriminative ability. This
      updated systematic review, however, found inconsistent performance across the
      included unique 73 risk predictive models. It is critical to define clearly the
      utilisation outcomes and the type of accessible data source before the selection
      of the predictive model. Rigorous validation of the predictive models with
      moderate-to-high discriminative ability is essential, especially for the two
      models for the potentially preventable/avoidable readmissions. Given the limited
      available evidence, the development of a predictive model specifically for
      paediatric 28-day all-cause, unplanned hospital readmissions is a high priority.

PMID- 27354074
TI  - Evaluating the accessibility and utility of HIV-related point-of-care diagnostics
      for maternal health in rural South Africa: a study protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Poor healthcare access is a major barrier to receiving antenatal
      care and a cause of high maternal mortality in South Africa (SA). 'Point-of-care'
      (POC) diagnostics is a powerful emerging healthcare approach to improve
      healthcare access. This study focuses on evaluating the accessibility and utility
      of POC diagnostics for maternal health in rural SA primary healthcare (PHC)
      clinics in order to generate a model framework of implementation of POC
      diagnostics in rural South African clinics. METHOD AND ANALYSES: We will use
      several research methods, including a systematic review, quasi-experiments,
      survey, key informant interviews and audits. We will conduct a systematic review
      and experimental study to determine the impact of POC diagnostics on maternal
      health. We will perform a cross-sectional case study of 100 randomly selected
      rural primary healthcare clinics in KwaZulu-Natal to measure the context and
      patterns of POC diagnostics access and usage by maternal health providers and
      patients. We will conduct interviews with relevant key stakeholders to determine
      the reasons for POC deficiencies regarding accessibility and utility of HIV
      related POC diagnostics for maternal health. We will also conduct a vertical
      audit to investigate all the quality aspects of POC diagnostic services including
      diagnostic accuracy in a select number of clinics. On the basis of information
      gathered, we will propose a model framework for improved implementation of POC
      diagnostics in rural South African public healthcare clinics. Statistical (Stata
      13) and thematic (NVIVO) data analysis will be used in this study. ETHICS AND
      DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the
      University of KwaZulu-Natal (BE 484/14) and the KwaZulu-Natal Department of
      Health based on the Helsinki Declaration (HRKM 40/15). Findings of this study
      will be disseminated electronically and in print. They will be presented to
      conferences related to HIV/AIDS, diagnostics, maternal health and strengthening
      of health systems.

PMID- 27354075
TI  - Association between markers of glucose metabolism and risk of colorectal cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Independent epidemiological studies have evaluated the association
      between markers of glucose metabolism (including fasting glucose, fasting
      insulin, homeostasis model of risk assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR),
      glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and C peptide) and the risk of colorectal cancer
      (CRC). However, such associations have not been systematically analysed and no
      clear conclusions have been drawn. Therefore, we addressed this issue using a
      meta-analysis approach. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA
      SOURCES: PubMed and EMBASE were searched up to May 2015. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Either a fixed-effects or random-effects model was adopted to
      estimate overall ORs for the association between markers of glucose metabolism
      and the risk of CRC. In addition, dose-response, meta-regression, subgroup and
      publication bias analyses were conducted. RESULTS: 35 studies involving 25 566
      patients and 5 706 361 participants were included. Higher levels of fasting
      glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c and C peptide were all significantly
      associated with increased risk of CRC (fasting glucose, pooled OR=1.12, 95% CI
      1.06 to 1.18; fasting insulin, pooled OR=1.42, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.69; HOMA-IR,
      pooled OR=1.47, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.74; HbA1c, pooled OR=1.22, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.47
      (with borderline significance); C peptide, pooled OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.49).
      Subgroup analysis suggested that a higher HOMA-IR value was significantly
      associated with CRC risk in all subgroups, including gender, study design and
      geographic region. For the relative long-term markers, the association was
      significant for HbA1c in case-control studies, while C peptide was significantly
      associated with CRC risk in both the male group and colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS:
      The real-time composite index HOMA-IR is a better indicator for CRC risk than are
      fasting glucose and fasting insulin. The relative long-term markers, HbA1c and C
      peptide, are also valid predictors for CRC risk. Considering the included case
      control studies in the current analysis, more cohort studies are warranted to
      enhance future analysis.

PMID- 27354076
TI  - Prevalence of clinically significant decisional conflict: an analysis of five
      studies on decision-making in primary care.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Unresolved clinically significant decisional conflict (CSDC) in
      patients following a consultation with health professionals is often the result
      of inadequate patient involvement in decision-making and may result in poor
      outcomes. We sought to identify the prevalence of CSDC in studies on decision
      making in primary care and to explore its risk factors. SETTING: We performed a
      secondary analysis of existing data sets from studies conducted in Primary Care
      Practice-Based Research Networks in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. PARTICIPANTS:
      Eligible studies included a patient-reported measure on the 16-item Decisional
      Conflict Scale (DCS) following a decision made with a healthcare professional
      with no study design restriction. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: CSDC
      was defined as a score >=25/100 on the DCS. The prevalence of CSDC was stratified
      by sex; and patient-level logistic regression analysis was performed to explore
      its potential risk factors. Data sets of studies were analysed individually and
      qualitatively compared. RESULTS: 5 projects conducted between 2003 and 2010 were
      included. They covered a range of decisions: prenatal genetic screening,
      antibiotics for acute respiratory infections and miscellaneous. Altogether, the 5
      projects gathered data from encounters with a total of 1338 primary care patients
      (69% female; range of age 15-83). The prevalence of CSDC in patients varied
      across studies and ranged from 10.3% (95% CI 7.2% to 13.4%) to 31.1% (95% CI
      26.6% to 35.6%). Across the 5 studies, risk factors of CSDC included being male,
      living alone and being 45 or older. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CSDC in patients
      who had enrolled in studies conducted in primary care contexts was substantial
      and appeared to vary according to the type of decision as well as to patient
      characteristics such as sex, living arrangement and age. Patients presenting risk
      factors of CSDC should be offered tools to increase their involvement in decision
      making.

PMID- 27354078
TI  - Correction: Protocol for the Electroencephalography Guidance of Anesthesia to
      Alleviate Geriatric Syndromes (ENGAGES) study: a pragmatic, randomised clinical
      trial.

PMID- 27354077
TI  - Sources of social support associated with health and quality of life: a cross
      sectional study among Canadian and Latin American older adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine whether the association between emotional support and
      indicators of health and quality of life differs between Canadian and Latin
      American older adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the International
      Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS). Social support from friends, family members,
      children and partner was measured with a previously validated social network and
      support scale (IMIAS-SNSS). Low social support was defined as ranking in the
      lowest site-specific quartile. Prevalence ratios (PR) of good health, depression
      and good quality of life were estimated with Poisson regression models, adjusting
      for age, gender, education, income and disability in activities of daily living.
      SETTING: Kingston and Saint-Hyacinthe in Canada, Manizales in Colombia and Natal
      in Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 1600 community-dwelling adults aged 65-74 years, n=400
      at each site. OUTCOME MEASURES: Likert scale question on self-rated health,
      Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and 10-point analogical
      quality-of-life (QoL) scale. RESULTS: Relationships between social support and
      study outcomes differed between Canadian and Latin American older adults. Among
      Canadians, those without a partner had a lower prevalence of good health
      (PR=0.90; 95% CI 0.82 to 0.98), and those with high support from friends had a
      higher prevalence of good health (PR=1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.18). Among Latin
      Americans, depression was lower among those with high levels of support from
      family (PR=0.63; 95% CI 0.48 to 0.83), children (PR=0.60; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.80)
      and partner (PR=0.57; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.77); good QoL was associated with high
      levels of support from children (PR=1.54; 95% CI 1.20 to 1.99) and partner
      (PR=1.31; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.67). CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, different
      sources of support were relevant to health across societies. Support from friends
      and having a partner were related to good health in Canada, whereas in Latin
      America, support from family, children and partner were associated with less
      depression and better QoL.

PMID- 27354079
TI  - Protocol for a cluster randomised trial of a communication skills intervention
      for physicians to facilitate survivorship transition in patients with lymphoma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Survivors of cancer often describe a sense of abandonment post
      treatment, with heightened worry, uncertainty, fear of recurrence and limited
      understanding of what lies ahead. This study examines the efficacy of a
      communication skills training (CST) intervention to help physicians address
      survivorship issues and introduce a new consultation focused on the use of a
      survivorship care plan for patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and diffuse large B
      cell lymphoma. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Specifically, this randomised, 4-site trial
      will test the efficacy of a survivorship planning consultation (physicians
      receive CST and apply these skills in a new survivorship-focused office visit
      using a survivorship plan) with patients who have achieved complete remission
      after completion of first-line therapy versus a control arm in which physicians
      are trained to subsequently provide a time-controlled, manualised wellness
      rehabilitation consultation focused only on discussion of healthy nutrition and
      exercise as rehabilitation postchemotherapy. The primary outcome for physicians
      will be uptake and usage of communication skills and maintenance of these skills
      over time. The primary outcome for patients is changes in knowledge about
      lymphoma and adherence to physicians' recommendations (eg, pneumococcus and
      influenza vaccinations); secondary outcomes will include perceptions of the
      doctor-patient relationship, decreased levels of cancer worry and depression,
      quality of life changes, satisfaction with care and usage of healthcare. This
      study will also examine the moderators and mediators of change within our
      theoretical model derived from Leventhal's Common-Sense Model of health beliefs.
      ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the Institutional Review
      Boards at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centers and all other participating
      sites. This work is funded by the National Cancer Institute (R01 CA 151899
      awarded to DWK and SH as coprincipal investigators). The content is solely the
      responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official
      views of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) or the National Institutes of Health
      (NIH). The study findings will be disseminated to the research and medical
      communities through publication in peer-reviewed journals and through
      presentations at local, national and international conferences. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01483664.

PMID- 27354081
TI  - Study protocol for the randomised controlled trial: combined multimarker
      screening and randomised patient treatment with ASpirin for evidence-based
      PREeclampsia prevention (ASPRE).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pre-eclampsia (PE) affects 2-3% of all pregnancies and is a major
      cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic use of low
      dose aspirin in women at risk for PE may substantially reduce the prevalence of
      the disease. Effective screening for PE requiring delivery before 37 weeks
      (preterm PE) can be provided by a combination of maternal factors, uterine artery
      Doppler, mean arterial pressure, maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma
      protein A and placental growth factor at 11-13 weeks' gestation, with a detection
      rate of 75% at a false-positive rate of 10%. We present a protocol (V.6, date 25
      January 2016) for the ASpirin for evidence-based PREeclampsia prevention (ASPRE)
      trial, which is a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised controlled trial
      (RCT) that uses an effective PE screening programme to determine whether low-dose
      aspirin given to women from 11 to 13 weeks' gestation will reduce the incidence
      of preterm PE. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: All eligible women attending for their first
      trimester scan will be invited to participate in the screening study for preterm
      PE. Those found to be at high risk of developing preterm PE will be invited to
      participate in the RCT. Further scans will be conducted for assessment of fetal
      growth and biomarkers. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes will be collected and
      analysed. The first enrolment for the pilot study was in April 2014. As of April
      2016, 26 670 women have been screened and 1760 recruited to the RCT. The study is
      registered on the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number
      (ISRCTN) registry. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN13633058.

PMID- 27354080
TI  - Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and related factors in Korean
      firefighters.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The job of firefighting can cause lumbar burden and low back pain.
      This study aimed to identify the association between age and lumbar
      intervertebral disc degeneration and whether the association differs between
      field and administrative (non-field) firefighters. METHODS: Subjects were
      selected using a stratified random sampling method. Firefighters were stratified
      by geographic area, gender, age and type of job. First, 25 fire stations were
      randomly sampled considering regional distribution. Then firefighters were
      stratified by gender, age and their job and randomly selected among the strata. A
      questionnaire survey and MRI scans were performed, and then four radiologists
      used Pfirrmann classification methods to determine the grade of lumbar
      intervertebral disc degeneration. RESULTS: Pfirrmann grade increased with lumbar
      intervertebral disc level. Analysis of covariance showed that age was
      significantly associated with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (p<0.05).
      The value of beta (parameter estimate) was positive at all lumbar intervertebral
      disc levels and was higher in the field group than in the administrative group at
      each level. In logistic regression analysis, type of job was statistically
      significant only with regard to the L4-5 intervertebral disc (OR 3.498, 95% CI
      1.241 to 9.860). CONCLUSIONS: Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is
      associated with age, and field work such as firefighting, emergency and rescue
      may accelerate degeneration in the L4-5 intervertebral disc. The effects of field
      work on lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration were not clear in discs other
      than at the level L4-5.

PMID- 27354082
TI  - Epidemiology of cancers in Lahore, Pakistan, 2010-2012: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the population-level cancer estimates for the Lahore
      district, which is part of the Punjab Cancer Registry (PCR), Pakistan. The
      average population per year of Lahore was estimated at 9.8 million in 2010-2012.
      DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: The Registry has 19 collaborating
      centres in Lahore that report their data to the Central Office located within a
      tertiary care cancer treatment facility in Lahore, Pakistan. PARTICIPANTS:
      Patients belonging to Lahore, of any age-group, and diagnosed with cancer in 2010
      2012, were included in the study. They were followed up between July and October
      2015 to determine their vital status. OUTCOME MEASURES: Summaries were generated
      for gender, the basis of diagnosis, diagnoses and deaths. The Age-Standardized
      Incidence Rates (ASIR) were computed per 100 000 population, by gender and cancer
      site. Five-year age categories were created from 0-4 until 70-74, followed by 75+
      years. Death counts were reported by site. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2012, in
      Lahore, a total of 15 840 new cancers were diagnosed in 43% male patients and 57%
      female patients; 93.5% were microscopically confirmed and 6.5% non
      microscopically. In females, the ASIR was 105.1 and in males, it was 66.7. ASIRs
      of leading cancers among women were breast 47.6, ovary 4.9 and corpus uteri 3.6,
      whereas among men they were prostate 6.4, bladder 5.0, and trachea, bronchus and
      lung 4.6. A total of 5134 deaths were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: In Lahore, the ASIR
      was higher in women than in men. Among women and men, breast cancer and prostate
      cancer, respectively, were the leading cancer types. These estimates can be used
      for health promotion and policymaking in the region.

PMID- 27354083
TI  - Minority ethnicity patient satisfaction and experience: results of the National
      Cancer Patient Experience Survey in England.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study sought to explore the differential patient satisfaction
      reported by patients with cancer who are from ethnic minority backgrounds,
      examining patient-reported experience of interacting with medical and nursing
      staff. SETTING: As a secondary analysis, we collated data collected over two
      consecutive annual rounds of the National Cancer Patient Experience Survey
      (NCPES) from September 2012 to November 2013. PARTICIPANTS: There were 138 878
      responses from 155 hospital trusts across the National Health Service in England,
      representing a response rate of 63.9% based on the total identified cohort of
      patients receiving cancer care over those 2 years. OUTCOMES: We used the results
      of the annual survey, which sought to assess overall patient satisfaction along
      with patient experience of interacting with clinical nurse specialists, hospital
      doctors and ward nurses. RESULTS: Ethnic minority patients reported lower
      satisfaction and less positive experiences of care overall. While some of this
      difference appeared related to demographic and socioeconomic variation, ethnic
      minority patients remained less positive than those in the White British group,
      after statistical adjustment. Ethnic minority patients also reported lower
      confidence in, and less understanding of, healthcare professionals, including
      clinical nurse specialists, doctors and ward nurses. CONCLUSIONS: Given the
      diversity of the British population, as well as the clustering of ethnic minority
      patients in certain urban areas, a better understanding of the expectations and
      additional needs of ethnic minority patients is required to improve their
      experience of and satisfaction with cancer care.

PMID- 27354085
TI  - Correction: Protocol for an open-label, single-arm trial of HIV pre-exposure
      prophylaxis (PrEP) among people at high risk of HIV infection: the NSW
      Demonstration Project PRELUDE.

PMID- 27354084
TI  - Protocol for the 'Virtual Traveller' cluster-randomised controlled trial: a
      behaviour change intervention to increase physical activity in primary-school
      Maths and English lessons.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Physical activity (PA) has been shown to be an important factor for
      health and educational outcomes in children. However, a large proportion of
      children's school day is spent in sedentary lesson-time. There is emerging
      evidence about the effectiveness of physically active lessons: integrating
      physical movements and educational content in the classroom. 'Virtual Traveller'
      is a novel 6-week intervention of 10-min sessions performed 3 days per week,
      using classroom interactive whiteboards to integrate movement into primary-school
      Maths and English teaching. The primary aim of this project is to evaluate the
      effect of the Virtual Traveller intervention on children's PA, on-task behaviour
      and student engagement. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will be a cluster
      randomised controlled trial with a waiting-list control group. Ten year 4 (aged 8
      9 years) classes across 10 primary schools will be randomised by class to either
      the 6-week Virtual Traveller intervention or the waiting-list control group. Data
      will be collected 5 times: at baseline, at weeks 2 and 4 of the intervention, and
      1 week and 3 months postintervention. At baseline, anthropometric measures, 4-day
      objective PA monitoring (including 2 weekend days; Actigraph accelerometer), PA
      and on-task behaviour observations and student engagement questionnaires will be
      performed. All but anthropometric measures will be repeated at all other data
      collection points. Changes in overall PA levels and levels during different time
      periods (eg, lesson-time) will be examined. Changes in on-task behaviour and
      student engagement between intervention groups will also be examined. Multilevel
      regression modelling will be used to analyse the data. Process evaluation will be
      carried out during the intervention period. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The results
      of this study will be disseminated through peer-review publications and
      conference presentations. Ethical approval was obtained through the University
      College London Research Ethics Committee (reference number: 3500-004).

PMID- 27354086
TI  - PReventing early unplanned hOspital readmission aFter critical ILlnEss (PROFILE):
      protocol and analysis framework for a mixed methods study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Survivors of critical illness experience multidimensional
      disabilities that reduce quality of life, and 25-30% require unplanned hospital
      readmission within 3 months following index hospitalisation. We aim to understand
      factors associated with unplanned readmission; develop a risk model to identify
      intensive care unit (ICU) survivors at highest readmission risk; understand the
      modifiable and non-modifiable readmission drivers; and develop a risk assessment
      tool for identifying patients and areas for early intervention. METHODS AND
      ANALYSIS: We will use mixed methods with concurrent data collection. Quantitative
      data will comprise linked healthcare records for adult Scottish residents
      requiring ICU admission (1 January 2000-31 December 2013) who survived to
      hospital discharge. The outcome will be unplanned emergency readmission within 90
      days of index hospital discharge. Exposures will include pre-ICU demographic
      data, comorbidities and health status, and critical illness variables
      representing illness severity. Regression analyses will be used to identify
      factors associated with increased readmission risk, and to develop and validate a
      risk prediction model. Qualitative data will comprise recorded/transcribed
      interviews with up to 60 patients and carers recently experiencing unplanned
      readmissions in three health board regions. A deductive and inductive thematic
      analysis will be used to identify factors contributing to readmissions and how
      they may interact. Through iterative triangulation of quantitative and
      qualitative data, we will develop a construct/taxonomy that captures reasons and
      drivers for unplanned readmission. We will validate and further refine this in
      focus groups with patients/carers who experienced readmissions in six Scottish
      health board regions, and in consultation with an independent expert group. A
      tool will be developed to screen for ICU survivors at risk of readmission and
      inform anticipatory interventions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Data linkage has
      approval but does not require ethical approval. The qualitative study has ethical
      approval. Dissemination with key healthcare stakeholders and policymakers is
      planned. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UKCRN18023.

PMID- 27354088
TI  - Vulnerability of the peatland carbon sink to sea-level rise.
AB  - Freshwater peatlands are carbon accumulating ecosystems where primary production
      exceeds organic matter decomposition rates in the soil, and therefore perform an
      important sink function in global carbon cycling. Typical peatland plant and
      microbial communities are adapted to the waterlogged, often acidic and low
      nutrient conditions that characterise them. Peatlands in coastal locations
      receive inputs of oceanic base cations that shift conditions from the
      environmental optimum of these communities altering the carbon balance. Blanket
      bogs are one such type of peatlands occurring in hyperoceanic regions. Using a
      blanket bog to coastal marsh transect in Northwest Scotland we assess the impacts
      of salt intrusion on carbon accumulation rates. A threshold concentration of salt
      input, caused by inundation, exists corresponding to rapid acidophilic to
      halophilic plant community change and a carbon accumulation decline. For the
      first time, we map areas of blanket bog vulnerable to sea-level rise, estimating
      that this equates to ~7.4% of the total extent and a 0.22 Tg yr(-1) carbon sink.
      Globally, tropical peatlands face the proportionally greatest risk with ~61,000
      km(2) (~16.6% of total) lying <=5 m elevation. In total an estimated 20.2 +/- 2.5
      GtC is stored in peatlands <=5 m above sea level, which are potentially
      vulnerable to inundation.

PMID- 27354087
TI  - A qualitative study on becoming cared for in Alzheimer's disease: the effects to
      women's sense of identity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the lived experience of becoming cared for and the impact
      this has on the identity and sense of self of women with Alzheimer's disease.
      METHOD: Eight women with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease were interviewed in
      Northamptonshire, England, on two separate occasions about their experiences
      relating to needing assistance with instrumental activities of daily living
      (IADL) tasks. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was the approach used to
      underpin this research. RESULTS: Changes in the women's identity affected by the
      increased need for assistance with IADL tasks were expressed in terms of: who I
      am; unhappy being me; fighting to remain me; I'm not the same, but it doesn't
      worry me; and acceptance and contentment. CONCLUSION: This study offers an
      alternative perspective to the view that all women with Alzheimer's disease
      experience becoming cared for as a negative event in their lives. Some factors
      universally perceived as being a result of Alzheimer's disease may be a normal
      part of the life course.

PMID- 27354089
TI  - 3D Facial Effects of a Simulated Dental Build-up.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 3D-stereophotogrammetry
      technique to detect differences in facial appearance after a simulated
      rehabilitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven volunteers without tooth wear
      participated. A 3D-stereophotograph was taken in five different situations:
      resting position, teeth in occlusion, and teeth in occlusion with a 1 mm-, 3 mm-
      or 5 mm resin block between the first molars. Cephalometric measurements were
      performed on the 3D-stereophotographs using the software program Maxilim(r)
      (Medicim NV Mechelen, Belgium). Four anatomical parameters were analyzed: (1)
      Subnasale-Gnathion, (2) Subnasale-Stomion, (3) Stomion-Gnathion, and (4) Masseter
      right-Masseter left. A paired Student's T-test was applied to detect significant
      differences (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Statistically significant changes in facial
      appearance of the lower facial height were detected in all measured positions,
      teeth in occlusion, 1 mm-, 3 mm-, and 5 mm block (p < 0.05). For the main
      distance (Subnasale-Gnathion) the mean measured differences were, respectively,
      3.2 mm; 5.2 mm; and 6.7 mm. CONCLUSIONS: With 3D-stereophotograph imaging
      technology, it was possible to detect changes in facial appearance after an
      artificial increase of vertical dimension of occlusion. This finding implies that
      reconstruction of loss of tooth substance may cause a visible change in facial
      appearance of the patient. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals a new 3D
      imaging technique that may be used for a better and more comprehensive treatment
      planning in patients with severe tooth wear. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:397-404,
      2016).

PMID- 27354090
TI  - Two meals with different carbohydrate, fat and protein contents render equivalent
      postprandial plasma levels of calprotectin, cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin.
AB  - The aim was to compare postprandial plasma levels of calprotectin, cortisol,
      triglycerides and zonulin between a control breakfast and a moderately low
      carbohydrate test breakfast, given randomly after 10-h fast. Blood samples were
      collected before and repeatedly after the meal. Plasma calprotectin, cortisol,
      triglycerides and zonulin were analyzed. The total area under the curve (tAUC)
      and change in AUC from baseline (dAUC) were calculated. Ratios between the test
      and control values were calculated to investigate equivalence. Healthy volunteers
      (8 men and 12 women; 46.0 +/- 14.5 years) were included. tAUCs of cortisol and
      triglycerides did not differ between the breakfasts (p = 0.158 versus p = 0.579).
      Cortisol dAUCs were decreased and triglyceride dAUCs were increased after both
      breakfasts, with no differences between the breakfasts (p = 0.933 versus p =
      0.277). Calprotectin and zonulin levels were unaffected. The meals were
      bioequivalent for cortisol, triglycerides and zonulin, but not for calprotectin. 

PMID- 27354091
TI  - NOS knockout or inhibition but not disrupting PSD-95-NOS interaction protect
      against ischemic brain damage.
AB  - Promising results have been reported in preclinical stroke target validation for
      pharmacological principles that disrupt the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-post
      synaptic density protein-95-neuronal nitric oxide synthase complex. However, post
      synaptic density protein-95 is also coupled to potentially neuroprotective
      mechanisms. As post-synaptic density protein-95 inhibitors may interfere with
      potentially neuroprotective mechanisms and sufficient validation has often been
      an issue in translating basic stroke research, we wanted to close that gap by
      comparing post-synaptic density protein-95 inhibitors with NOS1(-/-) mice and a
      NOS inhibitor. We confirm the deleterious role of NOS1 in stroke both in vivo and
      in vitro, but find three pharmacological post-synaptic density protein-95
      inhibitors to be therapeutically ineffective.

PMID- 27354092
TI  - Quantitative T1 mapping under precisely controlled graded hyperoxia at 7T.
AB  - Increasing the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water is known to increase
      the recovery rate (R1 = 1/T1) of longitudinal magnetization (T1 relaxation).
      Direct T1 changes in response to precise hyperoxic gas challenges have not yet
      been quantified and the actual effect of increasing arterial oxygen concentration
      on the T1 of brain parenchyma remains unclear. The aim of this work was to use
      quantitative T1 mapping to measure tissue T1 changes in response to precisely
      targeted hyperoxic respiratory challenges ranging from baseline end-tidal oxygen
      (PetO2) to approximately 500 mmHg. We did not observe measureable T1 changes in
      either gray matter or white matter parenchymal tissue. The T1 of peripheral
      cerebrospinal fluid located within the sulci, however, was reduced as a function
      of PetO2. No significant T1 changes were observed in the ventricular
      cerebrospinal fluid under hyperoxia. Our results indicate that care should be
      taken to distinguish actual T1 changes from those which may be related to partial
      volume effects with cerebrospinal fluid, or regions with increased fluid content
      such as edema when examining hyperoxia-induced changes in T1 using methods based
      on T1-weighted imaging.

PMID- 27354093
TI  - Evaluation of [18F]MC225 as a PET radiotracer for measuring P-glycoprotein
      function at the blood-brain barrier in rats: Kinetics, metabolism, and
      selectivity.
AB  - P-glycoprotein is a protective efflux transporter at the blood-brain barrier
      showing altered function in many neurological disorders. The purpose of this
      study was to validate [18F]MC225 as a radiotracer for measuring P-glycoprotein
      function with positron emission tomography. Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats
      were used to assess tracer uptake at baseline (group 1), after inhibition of P
      glycoprotein (group 2), and after inhibition of both P-glycoprotein and breast
      cancer resistance protein (Bcrp, group 3). A two-tissue compartment model with a
      metabolite-corrected plasma input function provided the best fit to the positron
      emission tomography data, but parameter estimates were more reliable in a one
      tissue compartment model, which was selected as the preferred model. Regional
      distribution volumes ( VT) in the control group ranged from 6 to 11, which is
      higher than for other radiotracers. [18F]MC225 showed transporter selectivity,
      since inhibition of P-glycoprotein caused a two to fourfold increase in the
      cerebral VT values, but additional inhibition of Bcrp did not cause any further
      increase. Metabolic stability of [18F]MC225 was moderate (at 1 h post-injection
      15% of plasma radioactivity and 76% of brain radioactivity represented intact
      parent). Thus, [18F]MC225 may be a useful radiotracer to measure especially
      increases of P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 27354094
TI  - Amylin alters human brain pericyte viability and NG2 expression.
AB  - Amylin, a pancreatic beta-cell-derived peptide hormone, forms inclusions in brain
      microvessels of patients with dementia who have been diagnosed with type 2
      diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. The cellular localization of these inclusions
      and the consequences thereof are not yet known. Using immunohistochemical
      staining of hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex from patients with Alzheimer's
      disease and non-demented controls, we show that amylin cell inclusions are found
      in pericytes. The number of amylin cell inclusions did not differ between
      patients with Alzheimer's disease and controls, but amylin-containing pericytes
      displayed nuclear changes associated with cell death and reduced expression of
      the pericyte marker neuron-glial antigen 2. The impact of amylin on pericyte
      viability was further demonstrated in in vitro studies, which showed that
      pericyte death increased in presence of fibril- and oligomer amylin. Furthermore,
      oligomer amylin increased caspase 3/7 activity, reduced lysate neuron-glial
      antigen 2 levels and impaired autophagy. Our findings contribute to increased
      understanding of how aggregated amylin affects brain vasculature and highlight
      amylin as a potential factor involved in microvascular pathology in dementia
      progression.

PMID- 27354096
TI  - Evidence for a "metabolically inactive" inorganic phosphate pool in adenosine
      triphosphate synthase reaction using localized 31P saturation transfer magnetic
      resonance spectroscopy in the rat brain at 11.7 T.
AB  - With the increased spectral resolution made possible at high fields, a second,
      smaller inorganic phosphate resonance can be resolved on (31)P magnetic resonance
      spectra in the rat brain. Saturation transfer was used to estimate de novo
      adenosine triphosphate synthesis reaction rate. While the main inorganic
      phosphate pool is used by adenosine triphosphate synthase, the second pool is
      inactive for this reaction. Accounting for this new pool may not only help us
      understand (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolic profiles better but
      also better quantify adenosine triphosphate synthesis.

PMID- 27354098
TI  - An event-related potential investigation of pattern separation and pattern
      completion processes.
AB  - Long-term declarative memory depends on pattern separation and pattern completion
      to maintain memory specificity. Previous studies aimed at evaluating the
      underlying neuronal substrates of these computational processes have used a
      mnemonic discrimination paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging
      (fMRI). An alternative method is electroencephalography and event-related
      potentials (ERPs), which have a superior time resolution to fMRI. Here, we use
      ERP analysis to examine neuronal activity during performance of a mnemonic
      discrimination task. We examined both the late positive component and FN400
      components, which have previously been shown to demonstrate an old-new effect. We
      hypothesized that pattern separation processes would be reflected in correct
      rejection of similar lures while pattern completion processes would be reflected
      in falsely categorizing lures as repeated. We did not observe differences between
      the ERPs associated with these two processes.

PMID- 27354097
TI  - Mother-Child Interaction: Links Between Mother and Child Frontal
      Electroencephalograph Asymmetry and Negative Behavior.
AB  - It is well accepted that parent-child interactions are bidirectional by nature,
      yet not much is known about the psychophysiological activity underlying these
      interactions. This study examined, during a parent-child interaction, how a
      child's negativity statistically predicted maternal frontal electroencephalograph
      (EEG) asymmetry and how a mother's negativity statistically predicted child
      frontal EEG asymmetry. Thirty-four mother-child dyads participated in the study.
      Maternal and child behaviors and physiology were measured during a puzzle task.
      Results indicated that mothers whose children exhibited more challenging
      behaviors during the dyadic interaction displayed more right (relative to left)
      asymmetry, as did children whose mothers were high in negativity during the
      interaction. These findings suggest that mothers and children react to each
      other's signals not only behaviorally but also physiologically.

PMID- 27354099
TI  - Addressing the continuum of maternal and newborn care in Ghana: implications for
      policy and practice.
AB  - Although the past decade has brought global reductions in maternal, infant and
      child mortality, many low-resource settings have failed to make significant gains
      relative to their high-income counterparts. In Ghana, nearly 50% of under-five
      mortality in 2014 could be attributed to deaths during the first 28 days after
      birth. This article analyses the data across a mixed-methods study of the factors
      impacting maternal and neonatal care in northern Ghana. The stillbirth and
      neonatal death study (SANDS) was conducted in 2010 and included both quantitative
      (N = 20 497) and qualitative data collection (N = 253) to explore the issues
      associated with the continuum of reproductive health care. Findings were compared
      against an adaptation of the WHO/UNICEF framework for integrated maternal and
      newborn care and used to generate concrete recommendations for clinicians,
      policymakers and programmers across the continuum of care, from pregnancy through
      delivery and postnatal care. SANDS elucidated epidemiological trends: 40% of
      neonatal deaths occurred on the first day after birth, and the leading causes of
      early neonatal mortality were birth asphyxia/injury, infection and complications
      of prematurity. Qualitative data reflect findings along two axes-community to
      facility-based care, and pre-pregnancy through the postnatal period. Resulting
      recommendations include the need to improving clinicians' understanding of and
      sensitization to local traditional practices, the need for policies to better
      address quality of care and coordination of training efforts, and the need for
      comprehensive, integrated programmes that ensure continuity of care from pre
      pregnancy through the post-partum period. SANDS illustrates complex medical
      social-cultural knowledge, attitudes and practices that span the reproductive
      period in rural northern Ghana. Data illustrate that not only are the first few
      days of life critical in infant survival but also there are significant social
      and cultural barriers to ensuring that mothers and their newborns are cared for
      in a timely, evidence-based manner.

PMID- 27354100
TI  - Experiences of discrimination and positive treatment from health professionals: A
      national survey of adults with mental health problems.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To systematically investigate the scope and nature of discrimination
      and positive treatment experienced by adults with mental health problems when
      using health services in an Australian population-based survey. METHODS:
      Australian adults (n = 1381) who reported a mental health problem or scored high
      on a screening questionnaire were interviewed about their experience of
      discrimination and positive treatment from healthcare professionals. Descriptions
      of experiences were content-analysed to identify key characteristics. RESULTS: In
      all, 11.8% of respondents reported discrimination from a health professional in
      the past 12 months. The most common types of discrimination included being
      treated dismissively, being judged and not being listened to, particularly
      regarding personal history and treatment needs. In contrast, 40.4% reported being
      treated more positively by their health professional because of their mental
      health problem. Key types of positive treatment by health professionals were
      being supportive and understanding and being a good listener. Good quality care
      approaches were also appreciated, including making a referral, being engaged in
      the treatment process, regularly checking the status of the person's mental
      health and providing information. CONCLUSION: A minority of respondents with
      mental health problems had experienced discrimination from their healthcare
      professional, potentially interfering with recovery. Anti-stigma education
      interventions for healthcare professionals should address how to increase
      knowledge and understanding of mental health problems, reduce negative attitudes
      and encourage supportive behaviours.

PMID- 27354095
TI  - 'Spreading depression of Leao' and its emerging relevance to acute brain injury
      in humans.
AB  - A new research field in translational neuroscience has opened as a result of the
      recognition since 2002 that "spreading depression of Leao" can be detected in
      many patients with acute brain injury, whether vascular and spontaneous, or
      traumatic in origin, as well as in those many individuals experiencing the visual
      (or sensorimotor) aura of migraine. In this review, we trace from their first
      description in rabbits through to their detection and study in migraine and the
      injured human brain, and from our personal perspectives, the evolution of
      understanding of the importance of spread of mass depolarisations in cerebral
      grey matter. Detection of spontaneous depolarisations occurring and spreading in
      the periphery or penumbra of experimental focal cortical ischemic lesions and of
      their adverse effects on the cerebral cortical microcirculation and on the tissue
      glucose and oxygen pools has led to clearer concepts of how ischaemic and
      traumatic lesions evolve in the injured human brain, and of how to seek to
      improve clinical management and outcome. Recognition of the likely fundamental
      significance of spreading depolarisations for this wide range of serious acute
      encephalopathies in humans provides a powerful case for a fresh examination of
      neuroprotection strategies.

PMID- 27354101
TI  - Gastric pancreatic heterotopia with pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia.

PMID- 27354102
TI  - Gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy for refractory gastroparesis: results from
      the first multicenter study on endoscopic pyloromyotomy (with video).
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) recently has
      been reported as minimally invasive therapy for gastroparesis. The aims of this
      study were to report on the first multicenter experience with G-POEM and to
      assess the efficacy and safety of this novel procedure for patients with
      gastroparesis with symptoms refractory to medical therapy. METHODS: All patients
      with gastroparesis who underwent endoscopic pyloromyotomy (G-POEM) at 5 medical
      centers were included. Procedures were performed following the same principles as
      esophageal POEM. Clinical response was defined as improvement in gastroparetic
      symptoms with absence of recurrent hospitalization. Adverse events were graded
      according to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy lexicon.
      RESULTS: A total of 30 patients with refractory gastroparesis (11 diabetic, 12
      postsurgical, 7 idiopathic) underwent G-POEM. Previous therapies included Botox
      injection in 12, transpyloric stenting in 3, and PEG with jejunal extension
      (PEGJ) in 1. Nausea/vomiting were the predominant symptoms in 25 patients. Weight
      loss was present in 27 patients with an average of 10% loss of body weight. G
      POEM was completed successfully in all 30 (100%) patients with a mean procedure
      time of 72 minutes (range, 35-223 min). The mean myotomy length was 2.6 +/- 2.3
      cm. The mean length of hospital stay was 3.3 days (range, 1-12 days). Two adverse
      events occurred in 2 (6.7%) patients, including 1 capnoperitoneum and 1
      prepyloric ulcer, rated as mild and severe, respectively. Clinical response was
      observed in 26 (86%) patients during a median follow-up of 5.5 months. Four
      patients (2 diabetic, 1 postsurgical, 1 idiopathic cause) did not respond to G
      POEM. Repeat gastric emptying scan was obtained in 17 patients, normalized in 8
      (47%), and improved in 6 (35%) patients. CONCLUSION: G-POEM is a technically
      feasible procedure. This small non-randomized study suggests the effectiveness of
      G-POEM for the treatment of patients with gastroparesis refractory to medical
      therapy. It concomitantly results in normalization of GES in a significant
      proportion of treated patients.

PMID- 27354103
TI  - A case of intragastric wall abscess developing after EUS-FNA in a patient with
      pancreatic body cancer.

PMID- 27354104
TI  - Use of sequential endorectal US to predict the tumor response of preoperative
      chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Accurate prediction of the response to preoperative
      chemoradiotherapy (CRT) potentially assists in the individualized selection of
      treatment. Endorectal US (ERUS) is widely used for the pretreatment staging of
      rectal cancer, but its use for preoperatively predicting the effects of CRT is
      not well evaluated because of the inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis induced by
      CRT. This study assessed the value of sequential ERUS in predicting the efficacy
      of preoperative CRT for locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS: Forty-one
      patients with clinical stage II/III rectal adenocarcinoma were enrolled
      prospectively. Radiotherapy was delivered to the pelvis with concurrent
      chemotherapy of capecitabine and oxaliplatin. Total mesorectal excision was
      performed 6 to 8 weeks later. EUS measurements of primary tumor maximum diameter
      were performed before (ERUS1), during (ERUS2), and 6 to 8 weeks after (ERUS3)
      CRT, and the ratios of these were calculated. Correlations between ERUS values,
      tumor regression grade (TRG), T down-staging rate, and pathologic complete
      response (pCR) rate were assessed, and survival was analyzed. RESULTS: There was
      no significant correlation between ERUS2/ERUS1 and TRG. The value of ERUS3/ERUS1
      correlated with pCR rate and TRG but not T down-staging rate. An ERUS3 value of
      6.3 mm and ERUS3/ERUS1 of 52% were used as the cut-off for predicting pCR, and
      patients were divided into good and poor prognosis groups. Although not
      statistically significant, 3-year recurrence and survival rates of the good
      prognosis group were better than those of the poor prognosis group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Sequential ERUS may predict therapeutic efficacy of preoperative CRT for locally
      advanced rectal cancer. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01582750.).

PMID- 27354105
TI  - Classic Spotlight: Molecular Biology of Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus
      aureus.

PMID- 27354106
TI  - Classic Spotlight: Bacterial Endospore Resistance, Structure, and Genetics.

PMID- 27354109
TI  - Ecological determinants of mean family age of angiosperm trees in forest
      communities in China.
AB  - Species assemblage in a local community is determined by the interplay of
      evolutionary and ecological processes. The Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis
      proposes mechanisms underlying patterns of biodiversity in biological communities
      along environmental gradients. This hypothesis predicts that, among other things,
      clades in areas with warm or wet environments are, on average, older than those
      in areas with cold or dry environments. Focusing on angiosperm trees in forests,
      this study tested the age-related prediction of the Tropical Niche Conservatism
      hypothesis. We related the mean family age of angiosperm trees in 57 local
      forests from across China with 23 current and paleo-environmental variables,
      which included all major temperature- and precipitation-related variables. Our
      study shows that the mean family age of angiosperm trees in local forests was
      positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. This finding is
      consistent with the age-related prediction of the Tropical Niche Conservatism
      hypothesis. Approximately 85% of the variance in the mean family age of
      angiosperm trees was explained by temperature-related variables, and 81% of the
      variance in the mean family age of angiosperm trees was explained by
      precipitation-related variables. Climatic conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum
      did not explain additional variation in mean family age after accounting for
      current environmental conditions.

PMID- 27354110
TI  - Internationally educated nurses' reflections on nursing communication in Canada.
AB  - AIM: The overall goal of this study was to explore internationally educated
      nurses' perceptions of the English language and nursing communication skill
      requirements in a Canadian bridging education program. BACKGROUND: The increased
      global mobility of nurses creates a need to address the educational needs of
      migrating nurses. A large percentage of these nurses require additional language
      and professional education. New research is needed that would represent an in
      depth analysis of their educational experiences associated with learning academic
      English and Canadian nursing communication. INTRODUCTION: Developing proficiency
      with a new language has been documented as posing challenges for new immigrants.
      Since language proficiency is a key requirement of Canadian nursing regulatory
      bodies, previously unrecognized barriers such as attitudes and beliefs about
      required English language and nursing communication competency which may hinder
      their ability to meet local practice standards need to be explored. METHOD: Using
      a grounded theory study design, narratives from 22 participants from the
      Philippines, Nigeria and Europe enrolled in bridging education were collected and
      analysed. RESULTS: The participants identified the incongruence in professional
      norms between Canada and their home country as a major challenge. The major
      themes identified included cultural dissonance, academic literacy challenges and
      skepticism regarding unexpected communication competency requirements.
      DISCUSSION: The participants possessed varying degrees of comprehension and
      acceptance of new educational and professional regulatory requirements. A certain
      degree of culture shock, which may be associated with frustration and
      disillusionment, is a typical and anticipated aspect of the immigration process.
      Their perceptions need to be recognized and accommodated when assisting
      internationally educated nurses to integrate into the Canadian practice culture.
      LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: Any generalizations to other host countries need to be
      made cautiously. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY: Clear
      communication from regulators about English language and nursing communication
      requirements during the pre-arrival period is recommended. If bridging education
      is required, these programs need to be designed to address English language
      competency and nursing communication skills of non-native English speakers.

PMID- 27354111
TI  - Giving the Help That Is Needed: How Regulatory Mode Impacts Social Support.
AB  - Social support is most effective when it meets recipients' needs. Guided by
      regulatory mode theory, this article examines how support providers' chronic
      motivational concerns with assessment and locomotion shape help provision. We
      hypothesized that stronger assessment concerns motivate helpers to "tailor"
      support efforts by offering support that meets helpees' specific motivational
      concerns and not offering support that would fail to address these concerns. In
      contrast, we predicted that stronger locomotion concerns motivate helpers to
      offer both support that fits helpees' needs and support that does not. The
      results of Studies 1 and 2, using hypothetical scenarios, were consistent with
      these hypotheses. Study 3 replicated these findings in support interactions among
      friend pairs, and also found that helper assessment predicted greater support
      tailoring, which in turn predicted helpees' negative mood improvement. Chronic
      assessment and locomotion concerns direct support efforts and influence the
      extent to which support is beneficial.

PMID- 27354112
TI  - Stacking the Jury: Legal Professionals' Peremptory Challenges Reflect Jurors'
      Levels of Implicit Race Bias.
AB  - Most legal systems are based on the premise that defendants are treated as
      innocent until proven guilty and that decisions will be unbiased and solely based
      on the facts of the case. The validity of this assumption has been questioned for
      cases involving racial minority members, in that racial bias among jury members
      may influence jury decisions. The current research shows that legal professionals
      are adept at identifying jurors with levels of implicit race bias that are
      consistent with their legal interests. Using a simulated voir dire, professionals
      assigned to the role of defense lawyer for a Black defendant were more likely to
      exclude jurors with high levels of implicit race bias, whereas prosecutors of a
      Black defendant did the opposite. There was no relation between professionals'
      peremptory challenges and jurors' levels of explicit race bias. Implications for
      the role of racial bias in legal decision making are discussed.

PMID- 27354113
TI  - Unveiling the oxidative metabolism of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)
      experimentally exposed to entomopathogenic fungi.
AB  - Rhipicephalus microplus is an important tick in tropical regions due to the high
      economic losses caused by its parasitism. Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria
      bassiana are well-known entomopathogenic fungi that can afflict R. microplus
      ticks. The development of new targets and strategies to control this parasite can
      be driven by studies of this tick's physiology. Recently, it was reported that
      when exposed to adverse physiological conditions, ticks can activate fermentative
      pathways, indicating transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism.
      Nevertheless, the precise mechanism by which entomopathogenic fungi influence R.
      microplus metabolism has not been clarified, limiting understanding of the tick
      fungus association. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of
      infection of ticks by M. anisopliae and B. bassiana on the amount of selected
      carboxylic acids present in the hemolymph, enabling increased understanding of
      changes previously reported. The results showed preservation in the
      concentrations of oxalic, lactic, and pyruvic acids in the hemolymph 24 and 48 h
      after dropping from cattle; while there were variations in the concentration of
      these carboxylic acids after infection of female ticks to M. anisopliae and B.
      bassiana. Significant increases were observed in the concentration of oxalic and
      lactic acids and significant reduction of pyruvic acid for both observation times
      (24 and 48 h) after infection by entomopathogenic fungi. These results indicate
      that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae infection alters the basal metabolism of R.
      microplus females, resulting in the activation of fermentative pathways. 

PMID- 27354114
TI  - Anemia in pregnant adolescents: impact of treatment on perinatal outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate the anemia prevalence and effect of
      anemia treatment in pregnant adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study. Data
      from perinatal outcomes, serum hemoglobin level and iron supplementation were
      collected. Samples were divided into three groups: pregnant adolescents without
      anemia, with treated anemia and with untreated anemia. Frequencies, means,
      standard deviations and Chi-squared values were calculated. The significance
      level was 5%, and the software used was Epi-info 7. RESULTS: The study included
      458 pregnant adolescents. The mean age was 16 years old, and the prevalence of
      anemia was 41.27% (189). Mild, moderate or severe anemia were presented in
      65.60%, 33.86% and 0.52%, respectively, of study participants. Among pregnant
      adolescents with anemia, 87.24% received treatment with iron supplementation.
      Preterm labor (p = 0.003), gestational age at birth  <37 weeks (p = 0.036) and
      stillbirth (p = 0.004) showed an association with nontreated anemia. Positive HIV
      was more prevalent in adolescents with nontreated anemia (p = 0.018). The
      cesarean rate was 36.90%, with no difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Anemia
      is a public health problem among pregnant adolescents, and iron supplementation
      reduces negative neonatal outcomes. Treatment adherence by a multidisciplinary
      and qualified prenatal care team can be key in reducing adverse neonatal outcomes
      associated with pregnancy during adolescence.

PMID- 27354115
TI  - CD101: a novel long-acting echinocandin.
AB  - CD101 is a novel echinocandin drug being developed to treat severe fungal
      infections including invasive candidiasis. We have performed a series of studies
      to evaluate the antifungal properties of CD101 against both echinocandin
      susceptible and -resistant Candida strains. Antifungal susceptibility testing
      performed on a collection of 95 Candida strains including 30 caspofungin
      resistant isolates containing fks mutations demonstrated comparable antifungal
      potency of CD101 relative to micafungin (MCF) across different Candida species.
      Comparable kinetic inhibition of glucan synthase activity was also observed for
      CD101 and MCF on both wild-type (WT) and resistant fks mutant Candida strains.
      Similarly, both drugs yielded nearly identical values for a mutant prevention
      concentration. In a murine model of invasive candidiasis, CD101 displayed better
      or at least comparable efficacy relative to MCF in treating WT or fks mutant
      Candida albicans. An exceptional long-lived pharmacokinetic profile was observed
      in mice following a single dose of CD101. Collectively, CD101 has great potential
      not only in treating invasive Candida infections but also in preventing emergence
      of resistance to currently approved echinocandin drugs.

PMID- 27354116
TI  - Global regulation of alternative RNA splicing by the SR-rich protein RBM39.
AB  - BACKGROUND: RBM39 is a serine/arginine-rich RNA-binding protein that is highly
      homologous to the splicing factor U2AF65. However, the role of RBM39 in
      alternative splicing is poorly understood. METHODS: In this study, RBM39-mediated
      global alternative splicing was investigated using RNA-Seq and genome-wide RBM39
      RNA interactions were mapped via cross-linking and immunoprecipitation coupled
      with deep sequencing (CLIP-Seq) in wild-type and RBM39-knockdown MCF-7 cells.
      RESULTS: RBM39 was involved in the up- or down-regulation of the transcript
      levels of various genes. Hundreds of alternative splicing events regulated by
      endogenous RBM39 were identified. The majority of these events were cassette
      exons. Genes containing RBM39-regulated alternative exons were found to be linked
      to G2/M transition, cellular response to DNA damage, adherens junctions and
      endocytosis. CLIP-Seq analysis showed that the binding site of RBM39 was mainly
      in proximity to 5' and 3' splicing sites. Considerable RBM39 binding to mRNAs
      encoding proteins involved in translation was observed. Of particular importance,
      ~20% of the alternative splicing events that were significantly regulated by
      RBM39 were similarly regulated by U2AF65. CONCLUSIONS: RBM39 is extensively
      involved in alternative splicing of RNA and helps regulate transcript levels.
      RBM39 may modulate alternative splicing similarly to U2AF65 by either directly
      binding to RNA or recruiting other splicing factors, such as U2AF65. GENERAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: The current study offers a genome-wide view of RBM39's regulatory
      function in alternative splicing. RBM39 may play important roles in multiple
      cellular processes by regulating both alternative splicing of RNA molecules and
      transcript levels.

PMID- 27354117
TI  - Plant Elongator-mediated transcriptional control in a chromatin and epigenetic
      context.
AB  - Elongator (Elp) genes were identified in plants by the leaf growth-altering elo
      mutations in the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) gene homologs. Protein
      purification of the Elongator complex from Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures
      confirmed its conserved structure and composition. The Elongator function in
      plant growth, development, and immune response is well-documented in the elp/elo
      mutants and correlated with the histone acetyl transferase activity of the
      ELP3/ELO3 subunit at the coding part of key regulatory genes of developmental and
      immune response pathways. Here we will focus on additional roles in
      transcription, such as the cytosine demethylation activity of ELP3/ELO3 at gene
      promoter regions and primary microRNA transcription and processing through the
      ELP2 subunit interaction with components of the small interference RNA machinery.
      Furthermore, specific interactions and upstream regulators support a role for
      Elongator in transcription and might reveal mechanistic insights into the
      specificity of the histone acetyl transferase and cytosine demethylation
      activities for target genes.

PMID- 27354118
TI  - The oral CRTh2 antagonist QAW039 (fevipiprant): A phase II study in uncontrolled
      allergic asthma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an unmet medical need for allergic asthma patients who are
      uncontrolled on conventional therapies. The aim of this study was to collect
      efficacy and safety data for QAW039, an oral chemoattractant receptor-homologous
      molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTh2) receptor antagonist, for the treatment of
      asthma. METHODS: This was an exploratory phase II, double-blind, randomized,
      placebo-controlled multi-center study. Patients with mild-to-moderate
      uncontrolled allergic asthma (N = 170) were either without or weaned off inhaled
      corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting beta-agonists (LABA) and randomized (1:1)
      to QAW039 (500 mg once daily) or to placebo for 28 days. RESULTS: Overall, 157
      patients completed the study. There were no significant differences between
      QAW039 and placebo for trough forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) or Asthma
      control questionnaire (ACQ) in the total population. Subgroup analyses
      demonstrated that patients with a FEV1 <70% of predicted at baseline treated with
      QAW039 had significant improvement compared with placebo in trough FEV1 (QAW039-
      Placebo [Delta] = 207 mL; 90% confidence interval [CI]: 96, 319; P = 0.002) and
      ACQ7 (Delta = -0.41; 90%CI: -0.69, -0.13; P = 0.009). QAW039 reached a mean
      maximum concentration (Cmax) of 3440 ng/mL on day 28 at a median Tmax of 1 h
      (range 0.5-4 h). Most adverse events (AEs) were mild/moderate and balanced
      between both groups, with no serious AEs. CONCLUSIONS: In the general study
      population, no improvement in lung function was observed with QAW039. However, a
      subgroup analysis revealed that patients with greater severity of airflow
      limitation (FEV1 < 70%) had improved lung function and asthma control when
      treated with QAW039. QAW039 also demonstrated a favorable safety profile. TRIALS
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.govNCT01253603.

PMID- 27354119
TI  - Synchronous endometrioid adenocarcinomas in the uterine cervix and corpus.
AB  - It is frequently difficult to distinguish multiple primary carcinomas from single
      primary carcinoma with metastasis. Here, we report a case of synchronous
      endometrioid adenocarcinomas that independently occurred in the uterine cervix
      and corpus. A 47-year-old woman complaining of genital bleeding was
      preoperatively diagnosed with cervical adenocarcinoma with an endometrial lesion.
      On surgical treatment, two separate malignant lesions bearing endometrioid
      adenocarcinoma were identified in the uterine cervix and cavity. Although both
      lesions expressed the same type of human papillomavirus (HPV) gene, type 16,
      microscopic continuity was not observed. Furthermore, we detected a critical
      difference in PTEN mutation between the tumors and finally diagnosed this case as
      multiple primary cancers. This is the first report to show multiple primary
      endometrioid adenocarcinomas simultaneously arising in the uterine cervix and
      corpus. Considering the rarity of this case, the coexistence of HPV suggests its
      possible involvement in the carcinogenesis of the endometrioid adenocarcinomas.

PMID- 27354120
TI  - A Critical Appraisal of Growth Hormone Therapy in Growth Hormone Deficiency and
      Turner Syndrome Patients in Turkey.
AB  - Early detection of abnormal growth, identification of the underlying cause, and
      appropriate treatment of the medical condition is an important issue for children
      with short stature. Growth hormone (GH) therapy is widely used in GH-deficient
      children and also in non-GH-deficient short stature cases who have findings
      conforming to certain indications. Efficacy of GH therapy has been shown in a
      multitude of short- and long-term studies. Age at onset of GH therapy is the most
      important factor for a successful treatment outcome. Optimal dosing is also
      essential. The aim of this review was to focus on challenges in the early
      diagnosis and appropriate management of short stature due to GH deficiency (GHD)
      and Turner syndrome. These are the most frequent two indications for GH therapy
      in Turkey approved by the Ministry of Health for coverage by the national
      insurance system.

PMID- 27354121
TI  - Structural modeling of tumor necrosis factor: A protein of immunological
      importance.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine
      responsible for various immunoregulatory activities. Upon binding with its
      receptor, TNF triggers multiple complex signaling pathways such as the
      activations of nuclear factor kappa B and caspase cascade, which are the leading
      determining factors for cell survival or cell death. The present work studies
      certain modeling aspects of the TNF, with comparative structural analyses of the
      wild and mutant types of this protein. Additionally, nanoscale molecular dynamics
      simulations are performed to assess the structure-property relationships of
      proteins as functions of time.

PMID- 27354122
TI  - Incidental emotions influence risk preference and outcome evaluation.
AB  - Incidental emotions, which are irrelevant to the current decision, play a
      significant role in the decision-making process. In this study, to investigate
      the influence of incidental emotions on behavioral, psychological, and
      electrophysiological responses in the process of decision making, participants
      were required to perform a monetary gambling task. During the selection stage, an
      emotional picture, which was chosen from the Chinese Affective Picture System and
      fell into one of three categories: negative, neutral, and positive, was presented
      between two alternatives (small/large amount of bet). The pictures were provided
      to induce incidental emotions. ERPs and self-rating emotional experiences to
      outcome feedback were recorded during the task. Behavioral results showed that
      positive incidental emotions elicited risk preference, but emotional experiences
      to outcome feedback were not influenced by incidental emotions. The feedback
      related negativity amplitudes were larger in the positive emotion condition than
      in the negative and neutral emotion conditions for small outcomes (including wins
      and losses), whereas there was no difference between the three conditions for
      large outcomes. In addition, the amplitudes of P3 were reduced overall in the
      negative emotion condition. We suggest that incidental emotions have modulated
      both the option assessment stage (manifested in behavioral choices) and the
      outcome evaluation stage (manifested in ERP amplitudes) of decision making
      unconsciously (indicated by unchanged subjective emotional experiences). The
      current findings have expanded our understanding of the role of incidental
      emotion in decision making.

PMID- 27354123
TI  - Randomized Phase 3 Trials of Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation: A Trickle
      Before the Deluge.

PMID- 27354124
TI  - Editorial Statement on Gleason Scoring for Prostate Cancer.

PMID- 27354126
TI  - Protons for Oropharyngeal Cancer Have Not Yet Justified Their Promise.

PMID- 27354125
TI  - Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Versus Intensity Modulated Photon Radiation
      Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer: First Comparative Results of Patient-Reported
      Outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: We hypothesized that patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated with
      intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) would have lower symptom burdens, as
      measured by patient-reported outcome (PRO) surveys, than patients treated with
      intensity modulated photon therapy (IMRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients were
      treated for oropharyngeal cancer from 2006 to 2015 through prospective registries
      with concurrent chemotherapy and IMPT or chemotherapy and IMRT and completed the
      MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for Head and Neck Cancer (MDASI-HN) module at
      various times before treatment (baseline), during treatment (acute phase), within
      the first 3 months after treatment (subacute phase), and afterward (chronic
      phase). Individual symptoms and the top 5 and top 11 most severe symptoms were
      summarized and compared between the radiation therapy modalities. RESULTS: PRO
      data were collected and analyzed from 35 patients treated with chemotherapy and
      IMPT and from 46 treated with chemotherapy and IMRT. The baseline symptom burdens
      were similar between both groups. The overall top 5 symptoms were food taste
      problems (mean score 4.91 on a 0-10 scale), dry mouth (4.49), swallowing/chewing
      difficulties (4.26), lack of appetite (4.08), and fatigue (4.00). Among the top
      11 symptoms, changes in taste and appetite during the subacute and chronic phases
      favored IMPT (all P<.048). No differences in symptom burden were detected between
      modalities during the acute and chronic phases by top-11 symptom scoring. During
      the subacute phase, the mean (+/-standard deviation) top 5 MDASI scores were 5.15
      +/- 2.66 for IMPT versus 6.58 +/- 1.98 for IMRT (P=.013). CONCLUSIONS: According
      to the MDASI-HN, symptom burden was lower among the IMPT patients than among the
      IMRT patients during the subacute recovery phase after treatment. A prospective
      randomized clinical trial is underway to define the value of IMPT for the
      management of head and neck tumors.

PMID- 27354127
TI  - Reirradiation of Head and Neck Cancers With Intensity Modulated Radiation
      Therapy: Outcomes and Analyses.
AB  - PURPOSE: To review our 15-year institutional experience using intensity modulated
      radiation therapy (IMRT) to reirradiate patients with head and neck squamous cell
      carcinomas (HNSCC) and identify predictors of outcomes and toxicity. METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 227 patients who received
      head and neck reirradiation using IMRT from 1999 to 2014. Patients treated with
      noncurative intent were excluded. Radiation-related acute and late toxicities
      were recorded. Prognostic variables included performance status, disease site,
      disease-free interval, chemotherapy, and RT dose and volume. Correlative analyses
      were performed separately for surgery and nonsurgery patients. RESULTS: Two
      hundred six patients (91%) were retreated with curative intent, and 173 had HNSCC
      histology; 104 (50%) underwent salvage resection, and 135 (66%) received
      chemotherapy. Median follow-up after reirradiation was 24.7 months. Clinical
      outcomes were worse for HNSCC patients, with 5-year locoregional control,
      progression-free survival, and overall survival rates of 53%, 22%, and 32%,
      respectively, compared with 74%, 59%, and 79%, respectively, for non-HNSCC
      patients. On multivariate analysis, concurrent chemotherapy and retreatment site
      were associated with tumor control, whereas performance status was associated
      with survival. Favorable prognostic factors specific to surgery patients were
      neck retreatment and lack of extracapsular extension, whereas for nonsurgery
      patients, these were a nasopharynx subsite and complete response to induction
      chemotherapy. Actuarial rates of grade >=3 toxicity were 32% at 2 years and 48%
      at 5 years, with dysphagia or odynophagia being most common. Increased grade >=3
      toxicity was associated with retreatment volume >50 cm(3) and concurrent
      chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Reirradiation with IMRT either definitively or after
      salvage surgery can produce promising local control and survival in selected
      patients with head and neck cancers. Treatment-related toxicity remains
      significant. Prognostic factors are emerging to guide multidisciplinary treatment
      approaches and clinical trial design.

PMID- 27354128
TI  - The Short-Term and Intermediate-Term Risk of Second Neoplasms After Diagnosis and
      Treatment of Unilateral Vestibular Schwannoma: Analysis of 9460 Cases.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of second intracranial neoplasms after the
      diagnosis and treatment of sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS). METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)
      database including all patients identified with a diagnosis of VS and a second
      intracranial tumor. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the incidence
      of second tumors while allowing for censoring at loss to follow-up or death.
      Multivariable associations between treatment modality and second tumor formation
      were explored using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Two
      illustrative cases are also presented. RESULTS: In all, 9460 patients with
      unilateral VS were identified between 2004 and 2012. Overall, 66 (0.7%) patients
      experienced a separate intracranial tumor, benign or malignant, after treatment
      of VS. Kaplan-Meier estimates for time to second neoplasm at 1, 3, and 5 years
      were 0.3%, 0.7%, and 0.8%, respectively. Multivariable comparison between VS
      treatment modalities revealed that the risk of second tumor formation was similar
      between radiation and surgery (hazard ratio [HR] 0.74; 95% confidence interval
      [CI] 0.36-1.51; P=.93) but greater for tumors managed with observation alone
      compared with radiation (HR 2.48; 95% CI 1.31-4.71; P<.01). A total of 6 (0.06%)
      intracranial malignancies were diagnosed after VS treatment. Kaplan-Meier
      estimates for time to malignancy at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0%, 0.1%, and 0.1%,
      respectively. After adjustment for age at diagnosis, sex, and treatment modality,
      the probability of malignancy after radiation was not greater than after
      observation alone or microsurgery (HR 4.88; 95% CI 0.85-28.14; P=.08) during the
      study period. CONCLUSIONS: The risk for the development of a second intracranial
      neoplasm, benign or malignant, at 5 years after treatment of unilateral VS is
      approximately 0.8%, whereas the risk of acquiring a separate malignancy is 0.1%,
      or approximately 1 per 1000 cases. The short-term and intermediate-term incidence
      of second neoplasm after radiation of VS is not greater than the incidence after
      microsurgery or observation.

PMID- 27354130
TI  - Requirements and Implementation of a Lung SBRT Program in a Developing Country:
      Benefits of International Cooperation.

PMID- 27354129
TI  - N08C9 (Alliance): A Phase 3 Randomized Study of Sulfasalazine Versus Placebo in
      the Prevention of Acute Diarrhea in Patients Receiving Pelvic Radiation Therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To provide confirmatory evidence on the use of sulfasalazine to reduce
      enteritis during pelvic radiation therapy (RT), following 2 prior single
      institution trials suggestive that benefit existed. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A
      multi-institution, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial was
      designed to assess the efficacy of sulfasalazine versus placebo in the treatment
      of RT-related enteritis during RT including the posterior pelvis (45.0-53.5 Gy)
      and conducted through a multicenter national cooperative research alliance.
      Patients received 1000 mg of sulfasalazine or placebo orally twice daily during
      and for 4 weeks after RT. The primary endpoint was maximum severity of diarrhea
      (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0). Toxicity and bowel
      function were assessed by providers through a self-administered bowel function
      questionnaire taken weekly during RT and for 6 weeks afterward. RESULTS: Eighty
      seven patients were enrolled in the trial between April 29, 2011, and May 13,
      2013, with evenly distributed baseline factors. At the time of a planned interim
      toxicity analysis, more patients with grade >=3 diarrhea received sulfasalazine
      than received placebo (29% vs 11%, P=.04). A futility analysis showed that trial
      continuation would be unlikely to yield a positive result, and a research board
      recommended halting study treatment. Final analysis of the primary endpoint
      showed no significant difference in maximum diarrhea severity between the
      sulfasalazine and placebo arms (P=.41). CONCLUSIONS: Sulfasalazine does not
      reduce enteritis during pelvic RT and may be associated with a higher risk of
      adverse events than placebo. This trial illustrates the importance of
      confirmatory phase 3 trials in the evaluation of symptom-control agents.

PMID- 27354131
TI  - Role of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy After Surgery for Abdominal Desmoplastic Small
      Round Cell Tumors.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify the prognostic role of adjuvant abdominal radiation therapy
      (RT) on oncologic outcomes as a part of multimodal treatment in the management of
      desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) and to determine its impact according
      to the quality of surgical resection. METHODS AND MATERIALS: All patients treated
      for primary abdominal DSRCT in 8 French centers from 1991 to 2014 were included.
      Patients were retrospectively staged into 3 groups: group A treated with adjuvant
      RT after cytoreductive surgery, group B without RT after cytoreductive surgery,
      and group C by exclusive chemotherapy. Peritoneal progression-free survival
      (PPFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were
      evaluated. We also performed a direct comparison between groups A and B to
      evaluate RT after cytoreductive surgery. Radiation therapy was also evaluated
      according to completeness of surgery: complete cytoreductive surgery (CCS) or
      incomplete cytoreductive surgery (ICS). RESULTS: Thirty-seven (35.9%), thirty-six
      (34.9%), and thirty (28.0%) patients were included in groups A, B, and C,
      respectively. Three-year OS was 61.2% (range, 41.0%-76.0%), 37.6% (22.0%-53.1%),
      and 17.3% (6.3%-32.8%) for groups A, B, and C, respectively. Overall survival,
      PPFS, and PFS differed significantly among the 3 groups (P<.001, P<.001, and
      P<.001, respectively). Overall survival and PPFS were higher in group A (RT
      group) compared with group B (no RT group) (P=.045 and P=.006, respectively).
      Three-year PPFS was 23.8% (10.3%-40.4%) for group A and 12.51% (4.0%-26.2%) for
      group B. After CCS, RT improved PPFS (P=.024), but differences in OS and PFS were
      not significant (P=.40 and P=.30, respectively). After ICS, RT improved OS
      (P=.044). A trend of PPFS and PFS increase was observed, but the difference was
      not statistically significant (P=.073 and P=.076). CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant RT as
      part of multimodal treatment seems to confer oncologic benefits for patients
      treated for abdominal DSRCT after cytoreductive surgery and perioperative
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 27354132
TI  - The Promise of the Abscopal Effect and the Future of Trials Combining
      Immunotherapy and Radiation Therapy.

PMID- 27354133
TI  - The Pace of Progress in Radiation and Immunotherapy.

PMID- 27354135
TI  - The American Society for Radiation Oncology's 2015 Core Physics Curriculum for
      Radiation Oncology Residents.
AB  - PURPOSE: The American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) Physics Core
      Curriculum Subcommittee (PCCSC) has updated the recommended physics curriculum
      for radiation oncology resident education to improve consistency in teaching,
      intensity, and subject matter. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The ASTRO PCCSC is composed
      of physicists and physicians involved in radiation oncology residency education.
      The PCCSC updated existing sections within the curriculum, created new sections,
      and attempted to provide additional clinical context to the curricular material
      through creation of practical clinical experiences. Finally, we reviewed the
      American Board of Radiology (ABR) blueprint of examination topics for correlation
      with this curriculum. RESULTS: The new curriculum represents 56 hours of resident
      physics didactic education, including a 4-hour initial orientation. The committee
      recommends completion of this curriculum at least twice to assure both timely
      presentation of material and re-emphasis after clinical experience. In addition,
      practical clinical physics and treatment planning modules were created as a
      supplement to the didactic training. Major changes to the curriculum include
      addition of Fundamental Physics, Stereotactic Radiosurgery/Stereotactic Body
      Radiation Therapy, and Safety and Incidents sections, and elimination of the
      Radiopharmaceutical Physics and Dosimetry and Hyperthermia sections. Simulation
      and Treatment Verification and optional Research and Development in Radiation
      Oncology sections were also added. A feedback loop was established with the ABR
      to help assure that the physics component of the ABR radiation oncology initial
      certification examination remains consistent with this curriculum. CONCLUSIONS:
      The ASTRO physics core curriculum for radiation oncology residents has been
      updated in an effort to identify the most important physics topics for preparing
      residents for careers in radiation oncology, to reflect changes in technology and
      practice since the publication of previous recommended curricula, and to provide
      practical training modules in clinical radiation oncology physics and treatment
      planning. The PCCSC is committed to keeping the curriculum current and consistent
      with the ABR examination blueprint.

PMID- 27354134
TI  - Regional Lung Function Profiles of Stage I and III Lung Cancer Patients: An
      Evaluation for Functional Avoidance Radiation Therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The development of clinical trials is underway to use 4-dimensional
      computed tomography (4DCT) ventilation imaging to preferentially spare functional
      lung in patients undergoing radiation therapy. The purpose of this work was to
      generate data to aide with clinical trial design by retrospectively
      characterizing dosimetric and functional profiles for patients with different
      stages of lung cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 118 lung cancer patients
      (36% stage I and 64% stage III) from 2 institutions were used for the study. A
      4DCT-ventilation map was calculated using the patient's 4DCT imaging, deformable
      image registration, and a density-change-based algorithm. To assess each
      patient's spatial ventilation profile both quantitative and qualitative metrics
      were developed, including an observer-based defect observation and metrics based
      on the ventilation in each lung third. For each patient we used the clinical
      doses to calculate functionally weighted mean lung doses and metrics that
      assessed the interplay between the spatial location of the dose and high
      functioning lung. RESULTS: Both qualitative and quantitative metrics revealed a
      significant difference in functional profiles between the 2 stage groups (P<.01).
      We determined that 65% of stage III and 28% of stage I patients had ventilation
      defects. Average functionally weighted mean lung dose was 19.6 Gy and 5.4 Gy for
      stage III and I patients, respectively, with both groups containing patients with
      large spatial overlap between dose and high-function regions. CONCLUSION: Our 118
      patient retrospective study found that 65% of stage III patients have regionally
      variant ventilation profiles that are suitable for functional avoidance. Our
      results suggest that regardless of disease stage, it is possible to have unique
      spatial interplay between dose and high-functional lung, highlighting the
      importance of evaluating the function of each patient and developing a
      personalized functional avoidance treatment approach.

PMID- 27354136
TI  - Spatial Precision in Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Radiation Therapy: The
      Role of Geometric Distortion.
AB  - Because magnetic resonance imaging-guided radiation therapy (MRIgRT) offers
      exquisite soft tissue contrast and the ability to image tissues in arbitrary
      planes, the interest in this technology has increased dramatically in recent
      years. However, intrinsic geometric distortion stemming from both the system
      hardware and the magnetic properties of the patient affects MR images and
      compromises the spatial integrity of MRI-based radiation treatment planning,
      given that for real-time MRIgRT, precision within 2 mm is desired. In this
      article, we discuss the causes of geometric distortion, describe some well-known
      distortion correction algorithms, and review geometric distortion measurements
      from 12 studies, while taking into account relevant imaging parameters. Eleven of
      the studies reported phantom measurements quantifying system-dependent geometric
      distortion, while 2 studies reported simulation data quantifying magnetic
      susceptibility-induced geometric distortion. Of the 11 studies investigating
      system-dependent geometric distortion, 5 reported maximum measurements less than
      2 mm. The simulation studies demonstrated that magnetic susceptibility-induced
      distortion is typically smaller than system-dependent distortion but still
      nonnegligible, with maximum distortion ranging from 2.1 to 2.6 mm at a field
      strength of 1.5 T. As expected, anatomic landmarks containing interfaces between
      air and soft tissue had the largest distortions. The evidence indicates that
      geometric distortion reduces the spatial integrity of MRI-based radiation
      treatment planning and likely diminishes the efficacy of MRIgRT. Better phantom
      measurement techniques and more effective distortion correction algorithms are
      needed to achieve the desired spatial precision.

PMID- 27354137
TI  - In Regard to Chapman et al.

PMID- 27354138
TI  - In Regard to Kubicek et al.

PMID- 27354139
TI  - In Reply to Rovirosa and Herreros.

PMID- 27354140
TI  - In Reply to Alongi and Fiorentino.

PMID- 27354141
TI  - In Regard to Pan et al.

PMID- 27354142
TI  - In Regard to Nagata et al.

PMID- 27354143
TI  - Substrate-induced structures of bismuth adsorption on graphene: a first
      principles study.
AB  - The geometric and electronic properties of Bi-adsorbed monolayer graphene,
      enriched by the strong effect of a substrate, are investigated by first
      principles calculations. The six-layered substrate, corrugated buffer layer, and
      slightly deformed monolayer graphene are all simulated. Adatom arrangements are
      thoroughly studied by analyzing the ground-state energies, bismuth adsorption
      energies, and Bi-Bi interaction energies of different adatom heights, inter
      adatom distance, adsorption sites, and hexagonal positions. A hexagonal array of
      Bi atoms is dominated by the interactions between the buffer layer and the
      monolayer graphene. An increase in temperature can overcome a ~50 meV energy
      barrier and induce triangular and rectangular nanoclusters. The most stable and
      metastable structures agree with the scanning tunneling microscopy measurements.
      The density of states exhibits a finite value at the Fermi level, a dip at ~-0.2
      eV, and a peak at ~-0.6 eV, as observed in the experimental measurements of the
      tunneling conductance. 

PMID- 27354144
TI  - Comparative morphology of the hemolymph vascular system in Uropygi and Amblypygi
      (Arachnida): Complex correspondences support Arachnopulmonata.
AB  - Although the circulatory system of arthropods has long been considered as rather
      simple, recent studies have demonstrated that in certain arthropod taxa, such as
      Malacostraca, some Chilopoda and also many Chelicerata, the vascular systems in
      particular are rather complex. Furthermore, a recent study has revealed that the
      prosomal ganglion of scorpions and spiders is supplied by an intricate network of
      arteries, the complexity of which bears a close resemblance to that of vertebrate
      capillary systems. In this study, we analyzed the hemolymph vascular systems of
      various species of Pedipalpi (i.e., Amblypygi and Uropygi). By combining modern
      techniques, such as MicroCT and cLSM, with computer-based 3D-reconstruction, we
      were able to produce comprehensive visualizations and descriptions of the
      vascular systems. Despite the lack of well-corroborated phylogenetic hypotheses
      on arachnid relationships and the controversial assertion of relationships
      between the pulmonate arachnids, we aim to elucidate the evolution of complex
      vascular systems in Arachnida. By comparing these highly complex vascular systems
      not only with each other, but also with other pulmonate arachnids, we found
      numerous detailed correspondences in the general branching pattern as well as in
      the supply patterns of the prosomal ganglion. We argue that these numerous and
      detailed correspondences by their absence in other arachnids i.e. aplumonates,
      support Arachnopulmonata. J. Morphol. 277:1084-1103, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27354146
TI  - The alveolar-arterial oxygen difference in acute pulmonary thromboembolism: a
      classical concept revisited.

PMID- 27354147
TI  - The effect of captopril on the expression of MMP-9 and the prognosis of
      neurological function in herpes simplex encephalitis mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Early increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)
      expression is involved in the evolution of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) by
      facilitating the development of cerebrovascular complications. However, the
      molecular mechanism underlying the detrimental effects of MMP-9 in HSE has not
      been elucidated. Recent research finds angiotensin II plays an important role in
      regulation of MMP-9 activity. The aim of this work was to identify the influence
      of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) captopril on MMP-9 activation
      after herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. METHODS: Animal models of HSE
      were established by intracerebral inoculation of HSV-1 into mice. Brain tissue
      ROS levels were measured by staining with dihydroethidium. MMP-9 protein
      expression was detected by immunofluorescence and brain water content was
      measured with dry-wet weight method. Neurological function score was quantified 5
      d after HSV-1 infection. Microglial cells were treated with various
      concentrations of captopril. MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity in the supematant of
      the cell cultures was assessed by zymography. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA
      expressions of p47phox and MMP-9. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence showed that
      expression of MMP-9 in brain tissue was mainly presented in OX-42 positive
      microglia. Quantification of gelatinolytic activity by densitometry showed that
      expression of MMP-9 in microglia was significantly increased after HSV-1
      infection and inhibited by captopril treatment. NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox and
      MMP-9 mRNA expression were significantly increased 6 h after HSV-1 infection, and
      were seen reduced after captopril treatment in dose dependence. Captopril also
      downregulated ROS and MMP-9 protein expression following encephalitis in vivo,
      and attenuated brain edema, and improved neurological function. DISCUSSION: This
      compelling evidence suggests that MMP-9 is a key pathogenic factor within HSE.
      ACEI captopril could reduce the expression of MMP-9 mediated by ROS, then relieve
      cerebral edema and improve neurological function, which may lay a foundation for
      further basic research and clinical application.

PMID- 27354148
TI  - MicroRNA-223 affects IL-6 secretion in mast cells via the IGF1R/PI3K signaling
      pathway.
AB  - In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of microRNA-223 (miR-223) on
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in mast cells and determine the underlying
      molecular mechanisms. Mast cells (P815) were transfected with miR-223 lentiviral
      vector and miR-223 inhibitor. miR-223 expression was then evaluated using reverse
      transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). IL-6 levels in the supernatant were
      analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The signaling pathways in mast
      cells with downregulated miR-223 were initially evaluated by gene chip.
      Downregulation of miR-223 and its target gene was tested using a luciferase
      reporter assay. The expression of phosphate-AKT (p-AKT) and its target protein
      insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) was assessed by western blot
      analysis. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-inhibitor (LY294002) and insulin
      like growth factor-1 (IGF1) were used to determine the effect of miR-223 on IL-6
      secretion in mast cells. The results showed that microRNA-223 reduced IL-6
      concentration in the mast cells. The gene chip results predicted an induction of
      the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in the mast cells. Luciferase reporter assay
      confirmed IGF1R gene to be a target of miR-223. The p-AKT and IGF1R levels
      increased following miR-223 downregulation in mast cells. In addition, the
      specific PI3K-inhibitor LY294002 decreased IL-6 secretion. Incubation with IGF1
      resulted in the induction of IL-6 secretion in miR-223-expressing mast cells. In
      conclusion, it was shown that miR-223 reduces IL-6 secretion in mast cells by
      inhibiting the IGF1R/PI3K signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27354149
TI  - The evolution of comprehensive haemophilia care in the United States:
      perspectives from the frontline.
AB  - The establishment of dedicated comprehensive treatment centres more than a half
      century ago transformed the management of haemophilia in the United States.
      Formerly, a disease associated with crippling disability and premature death,
      today, persons with haemophilia who are treated appropriately from infancy and do
      not develop inhibitors can expect a normal life expectancy and relatively few
      bleeding episodes. The evolution of the comprehensive haemophilia care, while
      chastened by the viral epidemics of the 1980s, has been marked by ongoing
      advances, including prophylaxis, immune tolerance induction, new drugs and gene
      therapy research. Current challenges include sustaining the comprehensive care
      model despite decreased funding and expanding the delivery and affordability of
      comprehensive haemophilia care. 

PMID- 27354150
TI  - In vivo delineation of subdivisions of the human amygdaloid complex in a high
      resolution group template.
AB  - The nuclei of the human amygdala remain difficult to distinguish in individual
      subject structural magnetic resonance images. However, interpretation of the
      amygdala's role in whole brain networks requires accurate localization of
      functional activity to a particular nucleus or subgroup of nuclei. To address
      this, high spatial resolution, three-dimensional templates, using joint high
      accuracy diffeomorphic registration of T1- and T2-weighted structural images from
      168 typical adults between 22 and 35 years old released by the Human Connectome
      Project were constructed. Several internuclear boundaries are clearly visible in
      these templates, which would otherwise be impossible to delineate in individual
      subject data. A probabilistic atlas of major nuclei and nuclear groups was
      constructed in this template space and mapped back to individual spaces by
      inversion of the individual diffeomorphisms. Group level analyses revealed a
      slight (~2%) bias toward larger total amygdala and nuclear volumes in the right
      hemisphere. No substantial sex or age differences were found in amygdala volumes
      normalized to total intracranial volume, or subdivision volumes normalized to
      amygdala volume. The current delineation provides a finer parcellation of the
      amygdala with more accurate external boundary definition than current histology
      based atlases when used in conjunction with high accuracy registration methods,
      such as diffeomorphic warping. These templates and delineation are intended to be
      an open and evolving resource for future functional and structural imaging
      studies of the human amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3979-3998, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27354151
TI  - Imaging Techniques in Percutaneous Cardiac Structural Interventions: Atrial
      Septal Defect Closure and Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion.
AB  - Because of advances in cardiac structural interventional procedures, imaging
      techniques are playing an increasingly important role. Imaging studies show
      sufficient anatomic detail of the heart structure to achieve an excellent outcome
      in interventional procedures. Up to 98% of atrial septal defects at the ostium
      secundum can be closed successfully with a percutaneous procedure. Candidates for
      this type of procedure can be identified through a systematic assessment of
      atrial septum anatomy, locating and measuring the size and shape of all defects,
      their rims, and the degree and direction of shunting. Three dimensional
      echocardiography has significantly improved anatomic assessments and the end
      result itself. In the future, when combined with other imaging techniques such as
      cardiac computed tomography and fluoroscopy, 3-dimensional echocardiography will
      be particularly useful for procedure guidance. Percutaneous closure of the left
      atrial appendage offers an alternative for treating patients with atrial
      fibrillation and contraindication for oral anticoagulants. In the future, the
      clinical focus may well turn to stroke prevention in selected patients.
      Percutaneous closure is effective and safe; device implantation is successful in
      94% to 99% of procedures. However, the procedure requires an experienced cardiac
      structural interventional team. At present, 3-dimensional echocardiography is the
      most appropriate imaging technique to assess anatomy suitability, select device
      type and size, guide the procedure alongside fluoroscopy, and to follow-up the
      patient afterwards. 

PMID- 27354152
TI  - Percutaneous Closure of Fistula Secondary to Infective Endocarditis.

PMID- 27354153
TI  - D-dimer levels and recurrence in patients with unprovoked VTE and a negative
      qualitative D-dimer test after treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The rate of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with a
      first unprovoked VTE who had a negative qualitative D-dimer test one month after
      stopping anticoagulant therapy was higher than expected in the D-dimer Optimal
      Duration Study (DODS). OBJECTIVES: To determine whether quantitative D-dimer
      levels using a low threshold, age- and sex-specific thresholds, or repeated
      measurements, would improve identification of patients at low risk of recurrent
      VTE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: D-dimer levels were quantified in banked samples from
      307 patients in DODS who had a negative qualitative D-dimer test while on, and
      1month after stopping, anticoagulant therapy and the rates of recurrent VTE were
      determined in patients with D-dimer levels below various predefined thresholds.
      RESULTS: The rate (per patient year) of recurrent VTE was: 5.9% with D-dimer
      levels<250MUg/l at one month; 5.2% with D-dimer levels between 250 and 499MUg/l
      at one month; 5.0% with D-dimer levels less than predefined age- and sex-specific
      thresholds at one month; and 6.3% when D-dimer levels were <500MUg/l at both one
      and 7months after stopping anticoagulant therapy. These rates are similar to the
      overall event rate of 6.3% in patients who stopped treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Among
      unprovoked VTE patients who had a negative qualitative D-dimer test during and
      after anticoagulant therapy, low D-dimer thresholds, age and sex-adjusted
      thresholds or repeated measurements, did not identify subgroups with a very low
      rate of recurrence.

PMID- 27354154
TI  - Cost-of-illness model for venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 27354155
TI  - Informational laws of genome structures.
AB  - In recent years, the analysis of genomes by means of strings of length k
      occurring in the genomes, called k-mers, has provided important insights into the
      basic mechanisms and design principles of genome structures. In the present
      study, we focus on the proper choice of the value of k for applying information
      theoretic concepts that express intrinsic aspects of genomes. The value k =
      lg2(n), where n is the genome length, is determined to be the best choice in the
      definition of some genomic informational indexes that are studied and computed
      for seventy genomes. These indexes, which are based on information entropies and
      on suitable comparisons with random genomes, suggest five informational laws, to
      which all of the considered genomes obey. Moreover, an informational genome
      complexity measure is proposed, which is a generalized logistic map that balances
      entropic and anti-entropic components of genomes and is related to their
      evolutionary dynamics. Finally, applications to computational synthetic biology
      are briefly outlined.

PMID- 27354156
TI  - Active tumor-targeting luminescent gold clusters with efficient urinary
      excretion.
AB  - We present novel active targeting luminescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), which
      are prepared through a one-pot procedure by using a pentapeptide (CRGDS) for
      stabilization and tumor recognition. CRGDS-AuNCs exhibit a high tumor-specific
      retention with an exceptionally high tumor-to-liver uptake ratio of 9.3. Their
      small hydrodynamic diameter and zwitterionic surface facilitate urinary
      excretion, which reaches 82% within 24 h after injection. 

PMID- 27354157
TI  - [Latex allergy in a paediatric hospital. Characteristics and risk factors].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of latex sensitisation varies according to the
      population studied. There are various risk factors that increase latex
      sensitisation, such as genetic risk, atopy, and multiple surgeries. OBJECTIVE: To
      characterise patients referred to an Immunology Unit with suspected latex
      allergy, and to analyse their clinical features and risk factors. PATIENTS AND
      METHOD: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted on children suspected of
      latex allergy. Their medical records were reviewed in order to assess symptoms
      with contact or exposure to latex materials. Known risk factors to latex
      sensitisation, such as pathologies requiring repeated surgery (spina bifida,
      myelomeningocele, scoliosis and nephro-urological alterations), atopy (rhinitis,
      asthma, atopic dermatitis) were investigated. A prick test and/or specific IgE to
      latex were also performed. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed
      to find associations between symptoms triggered by exposure to latex with
      underlying diseases and other risk conditions. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients
      were enrolled in the study, of whom 50 were evaluable. At diagnosis 96% of
      patients were older than five years. Most of the risk factors described were
      observable in these patients, such as multiple surgeries, neurological and nephro
      urological malformations, surgery before one year-old, and repeated bladder
      catheterisation. After latex exposure, mucous cutaneous manifestations were the
      most common (52%), followed by respiratory symptoms (36%). All patients were
      sensitised and allergic to latex. CONCLUSION: Latex allergy is a significant
      problem in children with risk factors. The results shown in this study raise
      important challenges for preventive measures and awareness.

PMID- 27354159
TI  - Scaled particle focusing in a microfluidic device with asymmetric electrodes
      utilizing induced-charge electroosmosis.
AB  - We propose a novel continuous-flow microfluidic particle concentrator with a
      specified focusing-particle number ratio (FR) at different channel outlets using
      induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO). The particle-focusing region contains two
      floating electrodes of asymmetric widths L2 and L1 in the gap between a driving
      electrode pair, all of which are fabricated in parallel in the main channel.
      Applying an AC voltage over the driving electrodes, an ICEO flow with two
      vortexes can be induced over each of the two floating electrodes, and the
      actuation range of the ICEO vortex is proportional to the respective electrode
      size. We establish a preliminary physical model for the value of FR: at a
      moderate voltage and frequency range, FR approaches L2/L1 due to the scaled ICEO
      actuation range; by further modifying the voltage or frequency, FR is freely
      adjustable because of the variation in ICEO velocity. Furthermore, by connecting
      multiple focusing regions in series, i.e., high FR = (L2/L1)(n) can be
      conveniently generated in an n-stage flow focusing device. Our results provide a
      promising method for yielding transverse concentration gradients of particles
      useful in pre-processing before analysis.

PMID- 27354158
TI  - Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate experimental rheumatoid arthritis through
      microRNA-regulated IkappaB expression.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)
      transplantation reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice,
      which is a model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. However, the underlying
      molecular mechanisms remain ill-defined. Here, we showed that MSC transplantation
      reduced the activities of NF-kappaB signaling and decreased microRNA-548e (miR
      548e) levels in the joint tissue in CIA-mice, seemingly through activation of
      transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling. Bioinformatics analyses
      revealed that miR-548e inhibited protein translation of the NF-kappaB inhibitor,
      IkappaB, through binding to the 3'-UTR of the IkappaB mRNA. MSCs co-transplanted
      with adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying miR-548e abolished the therapeutic
      effects of MSCs on CIA. On the other hand, transplantation of AAV carrying
      antisense of miR-548e (as-miR-548e) partially mimicked the effects of MSC
      transplantation on CIA. Together, these data suggest that MSC transplantation may
      alleviate experimental RA partially through suppressing miR-548e-mediated IkappaB
      inhibition.

PMID- 27354160
TI  - BioNSi: A Discrete Biological Network Simulator Tool.
AB  - Modeling and simulation of biological networks is an effective and widely used
      research methodology. The Biological Network Simulator (BioNSi) is a tool for
      modeling biological networks and simulating their discrete-time dynamics,
      implemented as a Cytoscape App. BioNSi includes a visual representation of the
      network that enables researchers to construct, set the parameters, and observe
      network behavior under various conditions. To construct a network instance in
      BioNSi, only partial, qualitative biological data suffices. The tool is aimed for
      use by experimental biologists and requires no prior computational or
      mathematical expertise. BioNSi is freely available at
      http://bionsi.wix.com/bionsi , where a complete user guide and a step-by-step
      manual can also be found.

PMID- 27354161
TI  - Predisposition or side effect of the duration: the reactivity of the HPA-axis
      under psychosocial stress in panic disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Panic disorder (PD) has been associated with an altered reactivity of
      the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system under psychosocial stress.
      Until now it remains unclear whether a diminished cortisol release is an early
      risk factor predisposing for PD or a consequence of PD. In order to unravel this
      point, the present study compares the cortisol secretion between patients with a
      recent onset and a chronic course of PD. METHODS: The Trier Social Stress Test
      (TSST) was applied in patients with a duration of PD <= 1.5 years (N = 35),
      patients with a duration of PD > 1.5 years (N = 56) and healthy controls (N =
      95). Salivary cortisol and heart rate (HR) were assessed as primary outcomes.
      RESULTS: According to baseline cortisol/baseline HR and HR response there was no
      significant difference. Both patient groups (<= 1.5/> 1.5 years) showed a blunted
      cortisol response with no significant group difference. In multiple linear
      regression models the attenuation of the HPA-axis was largely accounted for by
      group, smoking status, use of contraceptive pill and the interaction group by
      gender. Female patients with a chronic course showed the lowest cortisol response
      under the TSST. CONCLUSIONS: It might be assumed that a decreased reactivity of
      the HPA-axis could be considered as etiological risk factor in the preliminary
      stages of PD. Above, female gender, smoking status and the use of contraceptive
      pill seem to further moderate the attenuated HPA-axis response pattern in
      patients with PD.

PMID- 27354162
TI  - Superconcentrated electrolytes for a high-voltage lithium-ion battery.
AB  - Finding a viable electrolyte for next-generation 5 V-class lithium-ion batteries
      is of primary importance. A long-standing obstacle has been metal-ion dissolution
      at high voltages. The LiPF6 salt in conventional electrolytes is chemically
      unstable, which accelerates transition metal dissolution of the electrode
      material, yet beneficially suppresses oxidative dissolution of the aluminium
      current collector; replacing LiPF6 with more stable lithium salts may diminish
      transition metal dissolution but unfortunately encounters severe aluminium
      oxidation. Here we report an electrolyte design that can solve this dilemma. By
      mixing a stable lithium salt LiN(SO2F)2 with dimethyl carbonate solvent at
      extremely high concentrations, we obtain an unusual liquid showing a three
      dimensional network of anions and solvent molecules that coordinate strongly to
      Li(+) ions. This simple formulation of superconcentrated LiN(SO2F)2/dimethyl
      carbonate electrolyte inhibits the dissolution of both aluminium and transition
      metal at around 5 V, and realizes a high-voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/graphite battery
      that exhibits excellent cycling durability, high rate capability and enhanced
      safety.

PMID- 27354163
TI  - Dipole and quadrupole polarizabilities of the water molecule as a function of
      geometry.
AB  - Dipolar, dipole-quadrupole and quadrupole-quadrupole static polarizabilities of
      the water molecule have been determined by ab initio calculations at coupled
      cluster level of theory with single, double and perturbative triple excitations
      CCSD(T) with an aug-cc-pVTZ basis set using a finite field and field-gradient
      method. The geometry dependence of polarizability tensor components has been
      explored and modeled by power series expansion in bond length and angle
      variations up to sum of powers equal to 4. The results provide a very detailed
      description of the static polarizability of water up to quadrupolar rank which
      can be used for the test and development of novel accurate polarizable
      interaction potentials for modeling aqueous solutions. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27354164
TI  - Therapeutic Vaccination against A Modified Minimal Survivin Epitope Induces
      Functional CD4 T Cells That Recognize Survivin-Expressing Cells.

PMID- 27354165
TI  - Discovery and identification of candidate genes from the chitinase gene family
      for Verticillium dahliae resistance in cotton.
AB  - Verticillium dahliae, a destructive and soil-borne fungal pathogen, causes
      massive losses in cotton yields. However, the resistance mechanism to V. dahilae
      in cotton is still poorly understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that
      chitinases are crucial hydrolytic enzymes, which attack fungal pathogens by
      catalyzing the fungal cell wall degradation. As a large gene family, to date, the
      chitinase genes (Chis) have not been systematically analyzed and effectively
      utilized in cotton. Here, we identified 47, 49, 92, and 116 Chis from four
      sequenced cotton species, diploid Gossypium raimondii (D5), G. arboreum (A2),
      tetraploid G. hirsutum acc. TM-1 (AD1), and G. barbadense acc. 3-79 (AD2),
      respectively. The orthologous genes were not one-to-one correspondence in the
      diploid and tetraploid cotton species, implying changes in the number of Chis in
      different cotton species during the evolution of Gossypium. Phylogenetic
      classification indicated that these Chis could be classified into six groups,
      with distinguishable structural characteristics. The expression patterns of Chis
      indicated their various expressions in different organs and tissues, and in the
      V. dahliae response. Silencing of Chi23, Chi32, or Chi47 in cotton significantly
      impaired the resistance to V. dahliae, suggesting these genes might act as
      positive regulators in disease resistance to V. dahliae.

PMID- 27354166
TI  - Neurophysiology versus clinical genetics in Rett syndrome: A multicenter study.
AB  - Many studies have attempted to establish the genotype-phenotype correlation in
      Rett syndrome (RTT). Cardiorespiratory measurements provide robust objective
      data, to correlate with each of the different clinical phenotypes. It has
      important implications for the management and treatment of this syndrome. The aim
      of this study was to correlate the genotype with the quantitative
      cardiorespiratory data obtained by neurophysiological measurement combined with a
      clinical severity score. This international multicenter study was conducted in
      four European countries from 1999 to 2012. The study cohort consisted of a group
      of 132 well-defined RTT females aged between 2 and 43 years with extended
      clinical, molecular, and neurophysiological assessments. Diagnosis of RTT was
      based on the consensus criteria for RTT and molecular confirmation. Genotype
      phenotype analyses of clinical features and cardiorespiratory data were performed
      after grouping mutations by the same type and localization or having the same
      putative biological effect on the MeCP2 protein, and subsequently on eight single
      recurrent mutations. A less severe phenotype was seen in females with CTS,
      p.R133C, and p.R294X mutations. Autonomic disturbances were present in all
      females, and not restricted to nor influenced by one specific group or any single
      recurrent mutation. The objective information from non-invasive
      neurophysiological evaluation of the disturbed central autonomic control is of
      great importance in helping to organize the lifelong care for females with RTT.
      Further research is needed to provide insights into the pathogenesis of autonomic
      dysfunction, and to develop evidence-based management in RTT. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27354167
TI  - Working 9-5: Causal Relationships Between Singers' "Day Jobs" and Their
      Performance Work, With Implications for Vocal Health.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: It is acknowledged generally that professional contemporary
      commercial music (CCM) singers engage in supplementary employment ("the day job")
      to achieve and maintain a reliable living wage. In this paper, consideration is
      given to the impact of such nonperformance employment on CCM's sustainable vocal
      health. METHODS: Collected data from a survey of 102 professional contemporary
      gig singers were analysed using descriptive statistical procedures from the
      Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Although these data provided
      descriptions of the personal characteristics of individuals in the sample, the
      inclusion of open format questions encouraged participants to report details of
      their "lived" experience. Additionally, a meta-analysis of a range of associated
      literature was undertaken. RESULTS: Sixty-five participants (N = 102) reported
      that in addition to their heavy performance voice use, they were employed in
      "other" work (the "day job") where their speaking voice loads were high. In
      responding to open-ended questions, many proffered written comments that were
      unprompted. The collected data from this element of the research study are
      reported here. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that at least some causal factors of
      singers' reported voice problems may lie in the misuse or overuse of their
      everyday speaking voice (as demanded by their "day job") rather than a misuse of
      their singing voice. These findings have practical application to all whose
      concern is care for the vocal or emotional health and performance longevity of
      professional singers.

PMID- 27354168
TI  - Food for thought: do you ask about eating?

PMID- 27354169
TI  - Mind the gap - surviving in the modern world.

PMID- 27354170
TI  - Diabetes and collision risk. A meta-analysis and meta-regression.
AB  - AIMS: The main objective of this study was to see whether diabetes is associated
      with an increased collision risk and to test the effect of age and gender on the
      overall collision risk for diabetes drivers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight
      studies were included in meta-analysis, using mean age, gender, continent and the
      prevalence of fatal road incidents as covariates. RESULTS: The collision risk for
      diabetes drivers was small and not statistically significant - RR = 1.11 (1.01
      1.23) with a prediction interval (PI) or 0.77-1.65. Age and gender were not
      associated with an increased overall risk. Insulin-dependent diabetes patients
      had a slightly increased effect size compared with the overall diabetes
      population, but the effect was not statistically significant. European diabetes
      drivers had a lower collision risk compared with their North American
      counterparts, the main cause being the difference of collision risk in the
      countries in which the studies were performed. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, diabetes
      patients do not have a statistically significant increased risk for unfavourable
      traffic events. Old age and insulin-dependent patients tend to have a higher
      risk. Advances in diabetes care, associated with advances in road safety
      regulations, and automotive industry have not decreased significantly the
      collision risk in the last 50 years for drivers with diabetes.

PMID- 27354171
TI  - The spectre of ghostwriting: eroding public trust in physicians, clinical trial
      integrity and biomedical authorship.
AB  - The impact of medical ghostwriting, a violation of authorship ethics, remains
      unclear within the biomedical literature and among the public, potentially
      raising concerns about the integrity of the biomedical evidence base. Core texts
      in authorship and ghostwriting from the clinical literature and the 2010 Senate
      Minority Report on ghostwriting were reviewed as were uses of the term
      'ghostwriting' in contemporary (2009-2011) and more recent (2015-2016)
      journalistic news coverage originally printed in English. Journalistic coverage
      oversimplified key concerns about ghostwriting identified by the medical
      community and the US government. More recent journalistic uses of the term
      'ghostwriting' suggest confusion with topics such as financial disclosures or
      patient monitoring. Pharmaism in the medical literature, an expression of bias
      against pharmaceutical companies that casts doubt on the credibility of
      physicians and scientists, may be a source for confusion. The tendency for
      medical journal editors to discuss ghostwriting in the context of clinical trial
      transparency or data integrity is another possible source for misinterpretation
      via oversimplification. Journalistic descriptions of ghostwriting consistently
      downplay the critical reasoning abilities and competence of practising physicians
      and deflect attention away from patient concerns and back to pharmaceutical
      companies. Some uses of the term ghostwriting in news coverage may implicitly
      undercut belief in the competence of physicians, a troubling trend. Further work
      is needed to characterise the impact of ghostwriting in the medical literature
      and to reassure the public that their trust in medical practitioners is well
      placed. 

PMID- 27354172
TI  - Analysis of transposable elements and organellar DNA in male and female genomes
      of a species with a huge Y chromosome reveals distinct Y centromeres.
AB  - Few angiosperms have distinct Y chromosomes. Among those that do are Silene
      latifolia (Caryophyllaceae), Rumex acetosa (Polygonaceae) and Coccinia grandis
      (Cucurbitaceae), the latter having a male/female difference of 10% of the total
      genome (female individuals have a 0.85 pg genome, male individuals 0.94 pg), due
      to a Y chromosome that arose about 3 million years ago. We compared the sequence
      composition of male and female C. grandis plants and determined the chromosomal
      distribution of repetitive and organellar DNA with probes developed from 21 types
      of repetitive DNA, including 16 mobile elements. The size of the Y chromosome is
      largely due to the accumulation of certain repeats, such as members of the
      Ty1/copia and Ty3/gypsy superfamilies, an unclassified element and a satellite,
      but also plastome- and chondriome-derived sequences. An abundant tandem repeat
      with a unit size of 144 bp stains the centromeres of the X chromosome and the
      autosomes, but is absent from the Y centromere. Immunostaining with
      pericentromere-specific markers for anti-histone H3Ser10ph and H2AThr120ph
      revealed a Y-specific extension of these histone marks. That the Y centromere has
      a different make-up from all the remaining centromeres raises questions about its
      spindle attachment, and suggests that centromeric or pericentromeric chromatin
      might be involved in the suppression of recombination.

PMID- 27354173
TI  - Targeted drug delivery to emphysematous lungs: Inhibition of MMPs by doxycycline
      loaded nanoparticles.

PMID- 27354174
TI  - [Plasma homocysteine, Lp(a), and oxidative stress markers in peripheral
      macroangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus].
AB  - AIM: To study new risk factors for peripheral macroangiopathy (PM) in patients
      with diabetes, as oxidative stress (OS) and its interaction with classical risk
      factors: age, Lp(a), plasma homocysteine values and HbA1c. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      We studied 204 type2 diabetic (T2DM) patients, consecutive selected form a
      reference hospital and a secondary hospital form our Community (2009-2010).
      Design was a case (ABI<0.89) control (ABI0.9-1.2) study. PM was defined using
      ankle brachial index (ABI). Thirty nine T2DM subjects presented ABI>1.2 and were
      excluded. Clinical and biological parameters were determined using standard
      methods. RESULTS: Comparing clinical and biological parameters obtained in both
      studied groups (T2DM+ABI<0.9 vs T2DM+ABI0.9-1.2), we found statistical
      significant differences in age, evolution time of diabetes, Lp(a) and plasma
      homocysteine values. No differences were found in OS parameters: reduced
      glutathione, oxidized glutathione and maloldialdehide between studied groups.
      Plasma homocysteine values were an independent risk factor for the presence of PM
      and were related to evolution time of diabetes and reduced glutathione.
      CONCLUSIONS: We have confirmed that Lp(a) and independently plasma homocysteine
      values were related to PM in T2DM subjects. No association with PM and OS markers
      (GSH, GSSG and MDA) were found in T2DM with more than 10years of evolution time
      of their disease and high prevalence of chronic complications.

PMID- 27354175
TI  - The calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 is an important modulator of
      hepatic injury.
AB  - The calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 controls different cellular
      processes such as proliferation and volume homeostasis. We investigated the role
      of KCa3.1 in experimental and human liver fibrosis. KCa3.1 gene expression was
      investigated in healthy and injured human and rodent liver. Effect of genetic
      depletion and pharmacological inhibition of KCa3.1 was evaluated in mice during
      carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic fibrogenesis. Transcription, protein
      expression and localisation of KCa3.1 was analysed by reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Hemodynamic
      effects of KCa3.1 inhibition were investigated in bile duct-ligated and carbon
      tetrachloride intoxicated rats. In vitro experiments were performed in rat
      hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. KCa3.1 expression was increased in rodent
      and human liver fibrosis and was predominantly observed in the hepatocytes.
      Inhibition of KCa3.1 aggravated liver fibrosis during carbon tetrachloride
      challenge but did not change hemodynamic parameters in portal hypertensive rats.
      In vitro, KCa3.1 inhibition leads to increased hepatocyte apoptosis and DNA
      damage, whereas proliferation of hepatic stellate cells was stimulated by KCa3.1
      inhibition. Our data identifies KCa3.1 channels as important modulators in
      hepatocellular homeostasis. In contrast to previous studies in vitro and other
      tissues this channel appears to be anti-fibrotic and protective during liver
      injury.

PMID- 27354176
TI  - Development and evaluation of an ultrasonic personal aerosol sampler.
AB  - Assessing personal exposure to air pollution has long proven challenging due to
      technological limitations posed by the samplers themselves. Historically,
      wearable aerosol monitors have proven to be expensive, noisy, and burdensome. The
      objective of this work was to develop a new type of wearable monitor, an
      ultrasonic personal aerosol sampler (UPAS), to overcome many of the technological
      limitations in personal exposure assessment. The UPAS is a time-integrated
      monitor that features a novel micropump that is virtually silent during
      operation. A suite of onboard environmental sensors integrated with this pump
      measure and record mass airflow (0.5-3.0 L/min, accurate within 5%), temperature,
      pressure, relative humidity, light intensity, and acceleration. Rapid development
      of the UPAS was made possible through recent advances in low-cost electronics,
      open-source programming platforms, and additive manufacturing for rapid
      prototyping. Interchangeable cyclone inlets provided a close match to the EPA
      PM2.5 mass criterion (within 5%) for device flows at either 1.0 or 2.0 L/min.
      Battery life varied from 23 to 45 hours depending on sample flow rate and
      selected filter media. Laboratory tests of the UPAS prototype demonstrate
      excellent agreement with equivalent federal reference method samplers for
      gravimetric analysis of PM2.5 across a broad range of concentrations.

PMID- 27354177
TI  - Development and validation of the NDDI-E-Y: a screening tool for depressive
      symptoms in pediatric epilepsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To validate the revised 12-item revised Neurological Disorders
      Depression Inventory-Epilepsy for Youth (NDDI-E-Y), a self-report screening tool
      for depressive symptoms tailored to youth ages 12-17 with epilepsy. METHODS:
      Youth at two sites completed the NDDI-E-Y during a routine epilepsy visit. Youth
      at one site also completed the Children's Depression Inventory-2 (CDI-2). Seizure
      and demographic data were abstracted from the electronic medical record.
      Exploratory factor analyses were conducted. Internal consistency, area under the
      curve (AUC), and construct validity were assessed. RESULTS: NDDI-E-Y
      questionnaires were analyzed for 143 youth. The coefficient for internal
      consistency for the NDDI-E-Y was 0.92. Factor analyses suggested a one-factor
      solution with all 12 items loading on the factor. The NDDI-E-Y was positively
      correlated with the CDI-2 (N = 99). Sensitivity and specificity of the NDDI-E-Y
      were high. SIGNIFICANCE: Reliability and construct validity were established for
      the revised 12-item NDDI-E-Y. The NDDI-E-Y is a brief, free measure of depressive
      symptoms that can be administered during a routine epilepsy visit.

PMID- 27354178
TI  - Subsurface Super-resolution Imaging of Unstained Polymer Nanostructures.
AB  - Optical imaging has offered unique advantages in material researches, such as
      spectroscopy and lifetime measurements of deeply embedded materials, which cannot
      be matched using electron or scanning-probe microscopy. Unfortunately,
      conventional optical imaging cannot provide the spatial resolutions necessary for
      many nanoscopic studies. Despite recent rapid progress, super-resolution optical
      imaging has yet to be widely applied to non-biological materials. Herein we
      describe a method for nanoscopic optical imaging of buried polymer nanostructures
      without the need for extrinsic staining. We observed intrinsic stochastic
      fluorescence emission or blinking from unstained polymers and performed spatial
      temporal spectral analysis to investigate its origin. We further applied photon
      localization super-resolution imaging reconstruction to the detected stochastic
      blinking, and achieved a spatial resolution of at least 100 nm, which corresponds
      to a six-fold increase over the optical diffraction limit. This work demonstrates
      the potential for studying the static heterogeneities of intrinsic polymer
      molecular-specific properties at sub-diffraction-limited optical resolutions.

PMID- 27354179
TI  - Albinism, stigma, subjectivity and global-local discourses in Tanzania.
AB  - Societal ideas and explanations of albinism at the local level in Tanzania are
      conceived in terms of family history, social relations, economic status, moral
      religious positions, global-local flows of information and humanitarian actions
      on behalf of people with the congenital condition. This paper aims to show how
      the subjectivities of people with albinism in Tanzania are shaped and re-shaped
      through local moral conceptions as well as globalizing (bio)medical explanations
      of albinism. An exemplary case study of a 28-year-old woman, plus episodes from
      the lives of seven other informants with the condition, are analyzed in order to
      understand, on the one hand, local social relationships between people with
      albinism and other individuals in family and community settings, and on the other
      hand, the interconnections between persons with albinism and global humanitarian
      actors and the broadcast media. When stigma and marginalizing behaviors are
      perceived by individuals with albinism in Tanzania as impeding their social
      lives, they employ different coping strategies and discourses to enhance social
      acceptance.

PMID- 27354180
TI  - A new phylogeny and environmental DNA insight into paramyxids: an increasingly
      important but enigmatic clade of protistan parasites of marine invertebrates.
AB  - Paramyxida is an order of rhizarian protists that parasitise marine molluscs,
      annelids and crustaceans. They include notifiable pathogens (Marteilia spp.) of
      bivalves and other taxa of economic significance for shellfish production. The
      diversity of paramyxids is poorly known, particularly outside of commercially
      important hosts, and their phylogenetic position is unclear due to their
      extremely divergent 18S rDNA sequences. However, novel paramyxean lineages are
      increasingly being detected in a wide range of invertebrate hosts, and interest
      in the group is growing, marked by the first 'Paramyxean Working Group' Meeting
      held in Spain in February 2015. We review the diversity, host affiliations, and
      geographical ranges of all known paramyxids, present a comprehensive phylogeny of
      the order and clarify its taxonomy. Our phylogenetic analyses confirm the
      separate status of four genera: Paramarteilia, Marteilioides, Paramyxa and
      Marteilia. Further, as including M. granula in Marteilia would make the genus
      paraphyletic we suggest transferring this species to a new genus, Eomarteilia. We
      present sequence data for Paramyxa nephtys comb. n., a parasite of polychaete
      worms, providing morphological data for a clade of otherwise environmental
      sequences, sister to Marteilioides. Light and electron microscopy analyses show
      strong similarities with both Paramyxa and Paramyxoides, and we further discuss
      the validity of those two genera. We provide histological and electron
      microscopic data for Paramarteilia orchestiae, the type species of that genus
      originally described from the amphipod Orchestia; in situ hybridisation shows
      that Paramarteilia also infects crab species. We present, to our knowledge, the
      first known results of a paramyxid-specific environmental DNA survey of
      environmental (filtered water, sediment, etc.) and organismally-derived samples,
      revealing new lineages and showing that paramyxids are associated with a wider
      range of hosts and habitat types than previously known. On the basis of our new
      phylogeny we propose phylogenetic hypotheses for evolution of lifecycle and
      infectivity traits observed in different paramyxid genera.

PMID- 27354181
TI  - HIV therapy with unknown HBV status is responsible for higher rate of HBV genome
      variability in Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Ethiopia, HBV and HIV are co-circulating. Since patients are not
      routinely tested for HBV, the use of antiretroviral drugs could contribute to
      unintended HBV drug resistance and surface gene variability during HIV
      coinfection. METHODS: A total of 161 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive
      sera from 58 HIV-coinfected and 103 drug-naive HBV-monoinfected individuals were
      characterized for HBV drug resistance and immune escape HBsAg variants. HBV
      polymerase/surface gene fragment of 716 bp was analysed by direct sequencing.
      RESULTS: In 34 out of 161 study subjects (21.1%) HBV drug resistance mutations
      (DRMs) were detected with a frequency of 3.1% rtL80F/I, 0.6% rtA181V, 1.2%
      rtT184S, 6.2% rtV173L, 10.6% rtL180M, 10.6% rtM204V/I and 8.1% rtI233V. The
      prevalence of the major DRMs in HBV-HIV-coinfected individuals was significantly
      higher than monoinfected individuals (41.4% versus 10.7%). Lamivudine selected
      DRMs, that is, rtL180M (29.3%) and rtM204V/I (29.3%) and rtV173L (15.5%) were
      more prevalent in HBV-HIV-coinfected individuals but absent in HBV-monoinfected
      individuals. Despite the finding that rtL180M and rtM204V/I were higher among ART
      experienced individuals, the overall prevalence of DRMs (48.0% versus 36.4%)
      showed no significance difference among antiretroviral therapy (ART) status. The
      study also revealed higher frequency and heterogeneity of putative and known
      immune escape HBsAg mutations both in the major hydrophilic region (MHR; 68.3%)
      and outside the MHR (82.5%) of the surface gene. In particular, the 'a'
      determinant surface gene mutations (sT125S, sA128V, sQ129H/R, sT131I, sC137S,
      sT143M, sD144D/E, sG145R, sT148P) and the majority of clustered/multiple as well
      as drug selected immune escape HBsAg mutations were more prevalent in HBV-HIV
      coinfected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: HIV therapy without HBV co-management in
      Ethiopia fosters emergence and circulation of HBV variants of public health
      importance. It is highly recommended to include HBV testing and co-management as
      part of routine HIV care programmes for a better ART selection.

PMID- 27354182
TI  - No-Prep Rehabilitation of Fractured Maxillary Incisors with Partial Veneers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Therapeutic options for dental trauma depend on the injuries'
      features. For patients with uncomplicated tooth fractures, adhesive materials and
      composite partial veneers may be a therapeutic solution that completely preserves
      healthy tooth structure. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS: An ultra-conservative approach,
      using indirect composite partial veneers to restore fractured anterior teeth is
      described in these case reports. CONCLUSION: Despite the position of the finish
      line in the middle of the clinical crown, this solution offers functional and
      esthetic outcomes using an indirect composite technique, and appears to be a
      suitable alternative to direct composite restorations or less conservative
      indirect veneers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Indirect composite partial veneers
      present considerable advantages, such as ultra-minimally invasive properties and
      excellent esthetic appearances. The success seems to depend on a combination of
      sound adhesive principles, adequate design of the restoration, laboratory
      experience, and cementation techniques. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:351-358, 2016).

PMID- 27354183
TI  - A preliminary insight of correlation between human fecal microbial diversity and
      blood lipid profile.
AB  - The study aimed to evaluate the effect of human gut-derived lactic acid bacteria
      and yeast on cholesterol levels. Fecal samples from five healthy volunteers were
      examined for the level and diversity of dominant microbiota. Pichia kudriavzevii
      (QAUPK01, QAUPK02, QAUPK03, QAUPK04 and QAUPK05) and Candida tropicalis (QAUCT06)
      were identified by phenotypic methods and DNA sequencing and tested for in vitro
      cholesterol assimilation ability. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) between
      fecal microbial diversity, volunteers' age, body mass index (BMI) and serum lipid
      profile were established. From biochemical tests, eight strains of lactic acid
      bacteria (M1.1, M1.2, M2.1, M3.1, M3.2, M4.1, M5.1 and M5.2) were identified but
      no bsh activity was found in them. However, all yeast strains were able to
      assimilate cholesterol and maximum assimilation ability was shown by QAUPK03
      (83.6%) and QAUPK05 (85.2%) after 72 h of growth at 37  degrees C. 

PMID- 27354184
TI  - Observation of number-density-dependent growth of plasmonic nanobubbles.
AB  - Interaction dynamics of laser pulses and nanoparticles are of great interest in
      recent years. In many cases, laser-nanoparticle interactions result in the
      formation of plasmonic nanobubbles, and the dynamics of nanoparticles and
      nanobubbles are inseparable. So far, very little attention has been paid to the
      number density. Here we report the first observation of number-density-dependent
      growth of plasmonic nanobubbles. Our results show that the nanobubbles growth
      depends (does not depend) on the number density at high (low) laser fluence,
      although the inter-particle distance in the solution is as long as 14-30 MUm.
      This cannot be explained by the existing physical picture, and we propose a new
      model which takes into account the pressure waves arising from nanoparticles. The
      numerical results based on this model agree well with the experimental results.
      Our findings imply that the number density can be a new doorknob to control laser
      nanobubble as well as laser-nanoparticle interactions.

PMID- 27354185
TI  - Evaluating random search strategies in three mammals from distinct feeding
      guilds.
AB  - Searching allows animals to find food, mates, shelter and other resources
      essential for survival and reproduction and is thus among the most important
      activities performed by animals. Theory predicts that animals will use random
      search strategies in highly variable and unpredictable environments. Two
      prominent models have been suggested for animals searching in sparse and
      heterogeneous environments: (i) the Levy walk and (ii) the composite correlated
      random walk (CCRW) and its associated area-restricted search behaviour. Until
      recently, it was difficult to differentiate between the movement patterns of
      these two strategies. Using a new method that assesses whether movement patterns
      are consistent with these two strategies and two other common random search
      strategies, we investigated the movement behaviour of three species inhabiting
      sparse northern environments: woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou),
      barren-ground grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). These
      three species vary widely in their diets and thus allow us to contrast the
      movement patterns of animals from different feeding guilds. Our results showed
      that although more traditional methods would have found evidence for the Levy
      walk for some individuals, a comparison of the Levy walk to CCRWs showed stronger
      support for the latter. While a CCRW was the best model for most individuals,
      there was a range of support for its absolute fit. A CCRW was sufficient to
      explain the movement of nearly half of herbivorous caribou and a quarter of
      omnivorous grizzly bears, but was insufficient to explain the movement of all
      carnivorous polar bears. Strong evidence for CCRW movement patterns suggests that
      many individuals may use a multiphasic movement strategy rather than one
      behaviour strategies such as the Levy walk. The fact that the best model was
      insufficient to describe the movement paths of many individuals suggests that
      some animals living in sparse environments may use strategies that are more
      complicated than those described by the standard random search models. Thus, our
      results indicate a need to develop movement models that incorporate factors such
      as the perceptual and cognitive capacities of animals.

PMID- 27354186
TI  - Update on the Risk of Introduction of African Swine Fever by Wild Boar into
      Disease-Free European Union Countries.
AB  - Despite efforts to prevent the appearance and spread of African swine fever (ASF)
      in the European Union, several Member States are now affected (Lithuania, Poland,
      Latvia and Estonia). Disease appearance in 2014 was associated with multiple
      entrances linked to wild boar movement from endemic areas (EFSA Journal, 8, 2015,
      1556), but the risk of new introductions remains high (Gallardo et al., Porcine
      Health Management, 1, and 21) as ASF continues to be active in endemic countries
      (Russian Federation, Belarus and Ukraine). Since 2014, the number of ASF
      notifications has increased substantially, particularly in wild boar (WB), in
      parallel with slow but constant geographical advance of the disease. This
      situation suggests a real risk of further disease spread into other Member
      States, posing a great threat to pig production in the EU. Following the
      principles of the risk-based veterinary surveillance, this article applies a
      methodology developed by De la Torre et al. (Transboundary and Emerging Diseases,
      62, and 272) to assess the relative risk of new introductions of ASF by natural
      movements of WB according to the current epidemiological situation. This update
      incorporates the most recent available data and an improved version of the most
      important risk estimator: an optimized cartographic tool of WB distribution to
      analyse wild boar suitable habitat. The highest relative risk values were
      estimated for Slovakia (5) and Romania (5), followed by Finland (4), Czech
      Republic (3) and Germany (3). Relative risk for Romania and Finland is associated
      mainly with disease entrance from endemic areas such as the Russian Federation
      and Ukraine, where the disease is currently spreading; relative risk for Germany
      and Czech Republic is associated mainly with the potential progress of the
      disease through the EU, and relative risk for Slovakia is associated with both
      pathways. WB habitat is the most important risk estimator, whereas WB density is
      the least significant, suggesting that WB presence is more relevant than density.
      These results can provide actionable advice for dealing with risk. They can be
      directly used to inform risk-based national strategies and identify countries
      that may need to pay greater attention to surveillance or conduct additional
      evaluations at the subnational level.

PMID- 27354188
TI  - Towards Artificial Speech Therapy: A Neural System for Impaired Speech
      Segmentation.
AB  - This paper presents a neural system-based technique for segmenting short impaired
      speech utterances into silent, unvoiced, and voiced sections. Moreover, the
      proposed technique identifies those points of the (voiced) speech where the
      spectrum becomes steady. The resulting technique thus aims at detecting that
      limited section of the speech which contains the information about the potential
      impairment of the speech. This section is of interest to the speech therapist as
      it corresponds to the possibly incorrect movements of speech organs (lower lip
      and tongue with respect to the vocal tract). Two segmentation models to detect
      and identify the various sections of the disordered (impaired) speech signals
      have been developed and compared. The first makes use of a combination of four
      artificial neural networks. The second is based on a support vector machine
      (SVM). The SVM has been trained by means of an ad hoc nested algorithm whose
      outer layer is a metaheuristic while the inner layer is a convex optimization
      algorithm. Several metaheuristics have been tested and compared leading to the
      conclusion that some variants of the compact differential evolution (CDE)
      algorithm appears to be well-suited to address this problem. Numerical results
      show that the SVM model with a radial basis function is capable of effective
      detection of the portion of speech that is of interest to a therapist. The best
      performance has been achieved when the system is trained by the nested algorithm
      whose outer layer is hybrid-population-based/CDE. A population-based approach
      displays the best performance for the isolation of silence/noise sections, and
      the detection of unvoiced sections. On the other hand, a compact approach appears
      to be clearly well-suited to detect the beginning of the steady state of the
      voiced signal. Both the proposed segmentation models display outperformed two
      modern segmentation techniques based on Gaussian mixture model and deep learning.

PMID- 27354187
TI  - Automatic Tuning of a Retina Model for a Cortical Visual Neuroprosthesis Using a
      Multi-Objective Optimization Genetic Algorithm.
AB  - The retina is a very complex neural structure, which contains many different
      types of neurons interconnected with great precision, enabling sophisticated
      conditioning and coding of the visual information before it is passed via the
      optic nerve to higher visual centers. The encoding of visual information is one
      of the basic questions in visual and computational neuroscience and is also of
      seminal importance in the field of visual prostheses. In this framework, it is
      essential to have artificial retina systems to be able to function in a way as
      similar as possible to the biological retinas. This paper proposes an automatic
      evolutionary multi-objective strategy based on the NSGA-II algorithm for tuning
      retina models. Four metrics were adopted for guiding the algorithm in the search
      of those parameters that best approximate a synthetic retinal model output with
      real electrophysiological recordings. Results show that this procedure exhibits a
      high flexibility when different trade-offs has to be considered during the design
      of customized neuro prostheses. 

PMID- 27354189
TI  - A Structural Parametrization of the Brain Using Hidden Markov Models-Based Paths
      in Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - The usage of biomedical imaging in the diagnosis of dementia is increasingly
      widespread. A number of works explore the possibilities of computational
      techniques and algorithms in what is called computed aided diagnosis. Our work
      presents an automatic parametrization of the brain structure by means of a path
      generation algorithm based on hidden Markov models (HMMs). The path is traced
      using information of intensity and spatial orientation in each node, adapting to
      the structure of the brain. Each path is itself a useful way to characterize the
      distribution of the tissue inside the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image by,
      for example, extracting the intensity levels at each node or generating
      statistical information of the tissue distribution. Additionally, a further
      processing consisting of a modification of the grey level co-occurrence matrix
      (GLCM) can be used to characterize the textural changes that occur throughout the
      path, yielding more meaningful values that could be associated to Alzheimer's
      disease (AD), as well as providing a significant feature reduction. This
      methodology achieves moderate performance, up to 80.3% of accuracy using a single
      path in differential diagnosis involving Alzheimer-affected subjects versus
      controls belonging to the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI). 

PMID- 27354190
TI  - Reconstruction of Neural Activity from EEG Data Using Dynamic Spatiotemporal
      Constraints.
AB  - We present a novel iterative regularized algorithm (IRA) for neural activity
      reconstruction that explicitly includes spatiotemporal constraints, performing a
      trade-off between space and time resolutions. For improving the spatial accuracy
      provided by electroencephalography (EEG) signals, we explore a basis set that
      describes the smooth, localized areas of potentially active brain regions. In
      turn, we enhance the time resolution by adding the Markovian assumption for brain
      activity estimation at each time period. Moreover, to deal with applications that
      have either distributed or localized neural activity, the spatiotemporal
      constraints are expressed through [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]
      norms, respectively. For the purpose of validation, we estimate the neural
      reconstruction performance in time and space separately. Experimental testing is
      carried out on artificial data, simulating stationary and non-stationary EEG
      signals. Also, validation is accomplished on two real-world databases, one
      holding Evoked Potentials and another with EEG data of focal epilepsy. Moreover,
      responses of functional magnetic resonance imaging for the former EEG data have
      been measured in advance, allowing to contrast our findings. Obtained results
      show that the [Formula: see text]-based IRA produces a spatial resolution that is
      comparable to the one achieved by some widely used sparse-based estimators of
      brain activity. At the same time, the [Formula: see text]-based IRA outperforms
      other similar smooth solutions, providing a spatial resolution that is lower than
      the sparse [Formula: see text]-based solution. As a result, the proposed IRA is a
      promising method for improving the accuracy of brain activity reconstruction. 

PMID- 27354191
TI  - EEG-Based Detection of Starting and Stopping During Gait Cycle.
AB  - Walking is for humans an essential task in our daily life. However, there is a
      huge (and growing) number of people who have this ability diminished or are not
      able to walk due to motor disabilities. In this paper, a system to detect the
      start and the stop of the gait through electroencephalographic signals has been
      developed. The system has been designed in order to be applied in the future to
      control a lower limb exoskeleton to help stroke or spinal cord injured patients
      during the gait. The brain-machine interface (BMI) training has been optimized
      through a preliminary analysis using the brain information recorded during the
      experiments performed by three healthy subjects. Afterward, the system has been
      verified by other four healthy subjects and three patients in a real-time test.
      In both preliminary optimization analysis and real-time tests, the results
      obtained are very similar. The true positive rates are [Formula: see text] and
      [Formula: see text] respectively. Regarding the false positive per minute, the
      values are also very similar, decreasing from 2.66 in preliminary tests to 1.90
      in real-time. Finally, the average latencies in the detection of the movement
      intentions are 794 and 798[Formula: see text]ms, preliminary and real-time tests
      respectively. 

PMID- 27354192
TI  - A Computational Framework for Realistic Retina Modeling.
AB  - Computational simulations of the retina have led to valuable insights about the
      biophysics of its neuronal activity and processing principles. A great number of
      retina models have been proposed to reproduce the behavioral diversity of the
      different visual processing pathways. While many of these models share common
      computational stages, previous efforts have been more focused on fitting specific
      retina functions rather than generalizing them beyond a particular model. Here,
      we define a set of computational retinal microcircuits that can be used as basic
      building blocks for the modeling of different retina mechanisms. To validate the
      hypothesis that similar processing structures may be repeatedly found in
      different retina functions, we implemented a series of retina models simply by
      combining these computational retinal microcircuits. Accuracy of the retina
      models for capturing neural behavior was assessed by fitting published
      electrophysiological recordings that characterize some of the best-known
      phenomena observed in the retina: adaptation to the mean light intensity and
      temporal contrast, and differential motion sensitivity. The retinal microcircuits
      are part of a new software platform for efficient computational retina modeling
      from single-cell to large-scale levels. It includes an interface with spiking
      neural networks that allows simulation of the spiking response of ganglion cells
      and integration with models of higher visual areas. 

PMID- 27354193
TI  - A Fly-Inspired Mushroom Bodies Model for Sensory-Motor Control Through Sequence
      and Subsequence Learning.
AB  - Classification and sequence learning are relevant capabilities used by living
      beings to extract complex information from the environment for behavioral
      control. The insect world is full of examples where the presentation time of
      specific stimuli shapes the behavioral response. On the basis of previously
      developed neural models, inspired by Drosophila melanogaster, a new architecture
      for classification and sequence learning is here presented under the perspective
      of the Neural Reuse theory. Classification of relevant input stimuli is performed
      through resonant neurons, activated by the complex dynamics generated in a
      lattice of recurrent spiking neurons modeling the insect Mushroom Bodies
      neuropile. The network devoted to context formation is able to reconstruct the
      learned sequence and also to trace the subsequences present in the provided
      input. A sensitivity analysis to parameter variation and noise is reported.
      Experiments on a roving robot are reported to show the capabilities of the
      architecture used as a neural controller. 

PMID- 27354194
TI  - Generalized Models for the Classification of Abnormal Movements in Daily Life and
      its Applicability to Epilepsy Convulsion Recognition.
AB  - The identification and the modeling of epilepsy convulsions during everyday life
      using wearable devices would enhance patient anamnesis and monitoring. The
      psychology of the epilepsy patient penalizes the use of user-driven modeling,
      which means that the probability of identifying convulsions is driven through
      generalized models. Focusing on clonic convulsions, this pre-clinical study
      proposes a method for generating a type of model that can evaluate the
      generalization capabilities. A realistic experimentation with healthy
      participants is performed, each with a single 3D accelerometer placed on the most
      affected wrist. Unlike similar studies reported in the literature, this proposal
      makes use of [Formula: see text] cross-validation scheme, in order to evaluate
      the generalization capabilities of the models. Event-based error measurements are
      proposed instead of classification-error measurements, to evaluate the
      generalization capabilities of the model, and Fuzzy Systems are proposed as the
      generalization modeling technique. Using this method, the experimentation
      compares the most common solutions in the literature, such as Support Vector
      Machines, [Formula: see text]-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Trees and Fuzzy
      Systems. The event-based error measurement system records the results, penalizing
      those models that raise false alarms. The results showed the good generalization
      capabilities of Fuzzy Systems. 

PMID- 27354195
TI  - Announcement: The 2016 Hojjat Adeli Award for Outstanding Contributions in Neural
      Systems.

PMID- 27354196
TI  - Maternal Concern for Child Undereating.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe features of maternal concern for her child undereating;
      examine maternal and child correlates of maternal concern for undereating; and
      determine whether maternal concern for undereating is associated with feeding
      practices. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of an observational study
      with 286 mother-child dyads (mean child age, 71 months). Maternal concern for
      undereating was assessed using a semistructured interview. Mothers completed
      questionnaires to assess picky eating, food neophobia, and feeding practices.
      Feeding practices were further assessed using videotaped mealtime observations.
      Logistic regression was used to assess the association of maternal and child
      characteristics with maternal concern for undereating. Regression was used to
      assess the association of maternal concern for undereating with feeding
      practices, controlling for covariates. RESULTS: Over a third of mothers (36.5%)
      expressed concern that their child does not eat enough. Correlates of concern for
      undereating included child body mass index z-score (BMIz; odds ratio [OR] = 0.58;
      95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.77) and picky eating (OR = 2.41; 95% CI,
      1.26-4.59). Maternal concern for undereating was associated with greater reported
      pressure to eat (relative risk [RR] = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.55-2.50), greater observed
      bribery (OR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.50-4.60), and higher observed pressure (OR = 1.90;
      95% CI, 1.08-3.36) during mealtimes. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers of children who are
      picky eaters and have a lower BMIz are more likely to be concerned that their
      children do not eat enough, and maternal concern for undereating is associated
      with pressuring and bribing children to eat. Pediatricians might address maternal
      concern for undereating by advising feeding practices that do not involve
      pressure and bribery, particularly among healthy weight children.

PMID- 27354197
TI  - Universal Cholesterol Screening in Childhood: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2011, a US expert panel recommended universal cholesterol
      screening for children ages 9 to 11 years. Controversy exists over this
      recommendation, especially because the most recent systematic review on universal
      childhood screening was inconclusive. OBJECTIVES: To conduct an updated
      systematic review on universal cholesterol screening in childhood and effect on
      health outcomes, clinical management, screening acceptability, and healthcare
      costs. DATA SOURCES: We searched MedLine, EMBASE, Psychinfo, and the Cochrane
      Registry of Controlled Trials from October 2005 to January 2016. We added new
      studies identified to those from the previous systematic review (1966-September
      2005). STUDY ELIGIBILITY, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS: We included controlled
      trials, pre-post, cohort, survey, and qualitative studies of universal
      cholesterol screening in children ages 0 to 18 years. STUDY APPRAISAL AND
      SYNTHESIS METHODS: Two independent reviewers assessed abstracts and full-text
      studies, extracted data, and ranked quality. Cost data were inflation-adjusted to
      2015 dollars. RESULTS: Nine new studies met inclusion criteria, taking the total
      number of relevant studies to 21. Screening was associated with no change in
      cholesterol in 1 of 1 study on health outcomes. A positive screen for
      dyslipidemia was associated with diet and/or exercise changes in 29% to 92% of
      families in 4 of 4 studies. Adherence with new guidelines for universal screening
      was low (16%-18%) in 3 of 3 studies. Costs per case of familial
      hypercholesterolemia detected were $12,500 to $20,300. LIMITATIONS: Included
      studies were heterogeneous in outcomes. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY
      FINDINGS: Universal cholesterol screening might have small, positive effects on
      lifestyle change, but the effect on health remains understudied.

PMID- 27354198
TI  - Expression and localization of the Xenopus laevis small heat shock protein, HSPB6
      (HSP20), in A6 kidney epithelial cells.
AB  - Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are molecular chaperones that bind to unfolded
      protein, inhibit the formation of toxic aggregates and facilitate their refolding
      and/or degradation. Previously, the only sHSPs that have been studied in detail
      in the model frog system, Xenopus laevis, were members of the HSP30 family and
      HSPB1 (HSP27). We now report the analysis of X. laevis HSPB6, an ortholog of
      mammalian HSPB6. X. laevis HSPB6 cDNA encodes a 168 aa protein that contains an
      alpha-crystallin domain, a polar C-terminal extension and some possible
      phosphorylation sites. X. laevis HSPB6 shares 94% identity with a X. tropicalis
      HSPB6, 65% with turtle, 59% with humans, 49% with zebrafish and only 50% and 43%
      with X. laevis HSPB1 and HSP30C, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed
      that X. laevis HSPB6 grouped more closely with mammalian and reptilian HSPB6s
      than with fish HSPB6. X. laevis recombinant HSPB6 displayed molecular chaperone
      properties since it had the ability to inhibit heat-induced aggregation of
      citrate synthase. Immunoblot analysis determined that HSPB6 was present
      constitutively in kidney epithelial cells and that heat shock treatment did not
      upregulate HSPB6 levels. While treatment with the proteasomal inhibitor, MG132,
      resulted in a 2-fold increase in HSPB6 levels, exposure to cadmium chloride
      produced a slight increase in HSPB6. These findings were in contrast to HSP70,
      which was enhanced in response to all three stressors. Finally,
      immunocytochemical analysis revealed that HSPB6 was present in the cytoplasm in
      the perinuclear region with some in the nucleus.

PMID- 27354199
TI  - Rectovaginal fistula: Twenty years of rectovaginal repair.
AB  - AIM: To identify the favorable factors in rectovaginal fistula (RVF) management.
      METHODS: After Institutional Review Board approval (99-0793B), we retrospectively
      studied all patients diagnosed, treated and followed up with RVF at Chang Gung
      Memorial Hospital, Taiwan between January 1990 and December 2009. All female
      patients with International Classification of Diseases RVF were included. We
      reviewed demographic data, socioeconomic status, clinical presentation,
      comorbidities, method of treatment, duration of hospitalization and clinical
      outcome at 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 397 patients were
      included in the study. Fifty-six patients (14.1%) had conservative treatment and
      341 patients (85.9%) underwent surgical intervention. A total of 125 patients
      underwent simple repair while 216 patients underwent reconstruction. Three
      hundred and forty-four patients (86.7%) had improved outcome at 12-month follow
      up. Age (P = 0.003), education level (P = 0.033), ability to pay insurance (P <
      0.001), and choice of treatment (P < 0.0001) were identified as significant
      favorable factors. An etiological factor associated with favorable outcome was
      RVF from obstetric complication, while that resulting from malignancy had a less
      favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Age, education level and ability to pay insurance
      significantly affect 12-month outcome of RVF. Surgery is the preferred option,
      while medical treatment should be used only for small rectovaginal fistulas or
      for patients not suitable for surgery and anesthesia. More support and assistance
      should be offered to those patients with unfavorable factors, such as old age,
      low education level and inability to afford insurance. All RVF secondary to
      obstetrical injury had a 100% favorable outcome compared with those secondary to
      surgery or malignancy. Women with suspected RVF should receive prompt and
      extensive evaluation to ensure immediate effective management and prevention of
      further serious complications.

PMID- 27354200
TI  - The 13C-Glucose Breath Test for Insulin Resistance Assessment in Adolescents:
      Comparison with Fasting and Post-Glucose Stimulus Surrogate Markers of Insulin
      Resistance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of the 13C-glucose breath test (13C-GBT) for
      insulin resistance (IR) detection in adolescents through comparison with fasting
      and post-glucose stimulus surrogates. METHODS: One hundred thirty-three
      adolescents aged between 10 and 16 years received an oral glucose load of 1.75 g
      per kg of body weight dissolved in 150 mL of water followed by an oral dose of
      1.5 mg/kg of U-13C-Glucose, without a specific maximum dose. Blood samples were
      drawn at baseline and 120 minutes, while breath samples were obtained at baseline
      and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes. The 13C-GBT was compared to
      homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) IR (>=p95 adjusted by gender and age),
      fasting plasma insulin (>=p90 adjusted by gender and Tanner stage), results of 2
      h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin levels (>=65 MUU/mL) in order to
      determine the optimal cut-off point for IR diagnosis. RESULTS: 13C-GBT data,
      expressed as adjusted cumulative percentage of oxidized dose (A% OD), correlated
      inversely with fasting and post-load IR surrogates. Sexual development alters A%
      OD results, therefore individuals were stratified into pubescent and post
      pubescent. The optimal cut-off point for the 13C-GBT in pubescent individuals was
      16.3% (sensitivity=82.8% & specificity=60.6%) and 13.0% in post-pubescents
      (sensitivity=87.5% & specificity=63.6%), when compared to fasting plasma insulin.
      Similar results were observed against HOMA and 2-h OGTT insulin. CONCLUSION: The
      13C-GBT is a practical and non-invasive method to screen for IR in adolescents
      with reasonable sensitivity and specificity.

PMID- 27354201
TI  - Function analysis of Mef2c promoter in muscle differentiation.
AB  - Regeneration of adult skeletal muscle following injury occurs through the
      activation of satellite cells that proliferates, differentiates, and fuses with
      injured myofibers. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) proteins are reported to have
      the potential contributions to adult muscle regeneration. To further understand
      Mef2c gene, the promoter of pig Mef2c gene was analyzed in this paper.
      Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed the expression pattern of Mef2c
      gene in muscle of eight tissues. The Mef2c promoter had the higher
      transcriptional activity in differentiated C2C12 cells than that in proliferating
      C2C12 cells, which was accompanied by the upregulation of mRNA expression of
      Mef2c gene. Function deletion and mutation analyses showed that MyoD and MEF2
      binding sites within the Mef2c promoter were responsible for the regulation of
      Mef2c transcription. MEF2C could upregulate the transcriptional activities of
      Mef2c promoter constructs, which contained a 3'-end nucleotide sequence with p300
      binding site. The electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin
      immunoprecipitation assays determined the MyoD binding site in Mef2c promoter.
      These results advanced our knowledge of the promoter of the pig Mef2c gene, and
      the study of Mef2c promoter regulator elements helped to elucidate the regulation
      mechanisms of Mef2c in muscle differentiation or muscle repair and regeneration.

PMID- 27354202
TI  - Conditioning of amitriptyline-induced REM sleep suppression in healthy
      participants: A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - Clinical trials in sleep disorders report substantial improvement in symptoms in
      their placebo groups. Behavioral conditioning is one of the underlying mechanisms
      of the placebo response. However, we do not know whether, and if so, the extent
      to which sleep architecture is influenced by behavioral conditioning, similarly
      to other physiological responses (i.e., those in the immune system). We therefore
      applied a conditioning paradigm to 39 healthy adults pairing a novel-tasting
      drink (conditioned stimulus, CS) with the REM sleep suppressing tricyclic
      antidepressant amitriptyline as unconditioned stimulus during the acquisition
      phase. Subsequent sole presentation of the CS (together with a placebo pill) in
      an evocation night led to significantly more REM sleep in the amitriptyline
      group. Instead of the expected REM sleep suppression in the evocation night, we
      observed more REM sleep, indicating a rebound that interferes with the
      conditioned response. 

PMID- 27354203
TI  - Researchers' Intuitions About Power in Psychological Research.
AB  - Many psychology studies are statistically underpowered. In part, this may be
      because many researchers rely on intuition, rules of thumb, and prior practice
      (along with practical considerations) to determine the number of subjects to
      test. In Study 1, we surveyed 291 published research psychologists and found
      large discrepancies between their reports of their preferred amount of power and
      the actual power of their studies (calculated from their reported typical cell
      size, typical effect size, and acceptable alpha). Furthermore, in Study 2, 89% of
      the 214 respondents overestimated the power of specific research designs with a
      small expected effect size, and 95% underestimated the sample size needed to
      obtain .80 power for detecting a small effect. Neither researchers' experience
      nor their knowledge predicted the bias in their self-reported power intuitions.
      Because many respondents reported that they based their sample sizes on rules of
      thumb or common practice in the field, we recommend that researchers conduct and
      report formal power analyses for their studies.

PMID- 27354204
TI  - H3PAgI: generation by laser-ablation and characterization by rotational
      spectroscopy and ab initio calculations.
AB  - The new compound H3PAgI has been synthesized in the gas phase by means of the
      reaction of laser-ablated silver metal with a pulse of gas consisting of a dilute
      mixture of ICF3 and PH3 in argon. Ground-state rotational spectra were detected
      and assigned for the two isotopologues H3P(107)AgI and H3P(109)AgI in their
      natural abundance by means of a chirped-pulse, Fourier-transform, microwave
      spectrometer. Both isotopologues exhibit rotational spectra of the symmetric-top
      type, analysis of which led to accurate values of the rotational constant B0, the
      quartic centrifugal distortion constants DJ and DJK, and the iodine nuclear
      quadrupole coupling constant chiaa(I) = eQqaa. Ab initio calculations at the
      explicitly-correlated level of theory CCSD(T)(F12*)/aug-cc-pVDZ confirmed that
      the atoms PAg-I lie on the C3 axis in that order. The experimental rotational
      constants were interpreted to give the bond lengths r0(PAg) = 2.3488(20) A and
      r0(Ag-I) = 2.5483(1) A, in good agreement with the equilibrium lengths of 2.3387
      A and 2.5537 A, respectively, obtained in the ab initio calculations. Measures of
      the strength of the interaction of PH3 and AgI (the dissociation energy De for
      the process H3PAgI = H3P + AgI and the intermolecular stretching force constant
      FPAg) are presented and are interpreted to show that the order of binding
      strength is H3PHI < H3PICl < H3PAgI for these metal-bonded molecules and their
      halogen-bonded and hydrogen-bonded analogues. 

PMID- 27354205
TI  - Malnutrition coupled with diarrheal and respiratory infections among children in
      Asia: A systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic literature review was to assess the
      relationship between malnutrition and respiratory and diarrheal infections among
      children aged five and under living in Asian countries. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: The
      design was adapted from the PRISMA method to include case-control, cross
      sectional, ecological, and experimental studies. A review of electronic databases
      identified 144 articles of which 20 met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion
      criteria were studies of malnourished children under the age of five with
      respiratory and/or diarrheal infections, admitted to hospitals or residing in
      villages throughout countries in Asia, and published between 2005 and 2015.
      MEASURES: Infection was defined as the presence of a respiratory or diarrheal
      illness. Malnutrition was predominantly measured by WHO standards. RESULTS:
      Malnutrition is associated with respiratory and diarrheal infections. Children
      have higher rates of mortality when both malnourished and experiencing a
      respiratory infection. CONCLUSION: Further research needs to examine the
      synergetic effect of diarrheal and respiratory infections in malnourished
      children and rates of mortality. Public health nurses (PHNs) play a critical role
      in the prevention and treatment of malnutrition and infections in community and
      national systems. Obtaining better data will allow PHNs to provide critical care
      in the most underserved areas throughout Asia.

PMID- 27354206
TI  - First sporadic case of pathogenic Escherichia coli infection in Black swan in
      China.
AB  - A strain of bacteria was isolated from the diseased black swan (Cygnus atratus)
      died from enteritis diarrhea, and designated tentatively as B-1 strain.
      Morphological and biochemical tests, as well as phylogenetic analysis derived
      from 16S rRNA and fimC gene sequencing both strongly indicated that B-1 strain is
      identical to Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the polymerase chain reaction single
      strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) profile of the isolate was different
      from that of two reference strains. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of B-1 strain
      was carried out by the standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Animal
      experiments demonstrated that B-1 strain is pathogenic to mice and chickens. This
      is first sporadic case of pathogenic E. coli infection in Black swan in China. 

PMID- 27354207
TI  - Effect of Punica granatum on the virulence factors of cariogenic bacteria
      Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - Dental caries is caused by acids produced by biofilm-forming Streptococcus mutans
      from fermentable carbohydrates and bacterial byproducts. Control of these
      bacteria is important in the prevention of dental caries. This study investigated
      the effect of the fruit peel of Punica granatum on biofilm formation, acid and
      extracellular polysaccharides production (EPS) by S. mutans. Pomegranate fruit
      peels crude extracts were prepared. The Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC)
      were determined against S. mutans. At 3 sub-bactericidal concentrations, the
      effect on the acid production, biofilm formation and EPS production was
      determined. The results were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Rank Sum
      Tests. The lowest MBC was 6.25 mg/mL. Punica granatum significantly inhibited
      acid production (p < 0.01). After 6 and 24 h, it significantly reduced biofilm
      formation by 91% and 65% respectively (p < 0.01). The plant extract did not
      inhibit the production of soluble EPS in either the biofilm or the planktonic
      growth. However, it significantly reduced the insoluble EPS in the biofilm and
      the plantktonic (p = < 0.01) form of S. mutans. The crude extract of P. granatum
      killed cariogenic S. mutans at high concentrations. At sub-bactericidal
      concentrations, it reduced biofilm formation, acid and EPS production. This
      suggests that P. granatum extract has the potential to prevent dental caries. 

PMID- 27354208
TI  - The curli biogenesis genes expression level is unassociated with Enterobacter
      cloacae hsp60 clusters and PFGE genotypes.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between Enterobacter
      cloacae complex subspecies and clusters involved in UTI infections and specific
      pulsotypes, and to assess the contribution of major curli biogenesis genes (csgD,
      csgA) expression level to pathogenesis of clusters and genotypes. Based on the
      PFGE analysis, 37 different profiles were observed among which 8 profiles were
      common types. Real time PCR of csgD and csgA genes of 50 E. cloacae complex in
      relation to PFGE and hsp60 genotypes showed that all the genetic clusters are not
      equally involved in pathogenesis of urinary tract infections. It was elucidated
      in this study that isolates with common PFGE genotypes belonged to identical
      hsp60 clusters, and the foremost clusters (VI, III, and V) mainly comprised
      within PFGE common types. In our study, no significant correlation was detected
      between the specific hsp60 clusters or PFGE genotypes and the expression level of
      csgD and csgA genes (P-value > 0.05). This is the first study describing that
      unequivalent contribution of E. cloacae genotypes and clusters in pathogenesis of
      UTI, is not owing to varied curli biogenesis expression potential. The PFGE
      genotyping showed more discriminatory power than hsp60 genotyping for
      epidemiological studies and source tracking purpose. 

PMID- 27354209
TI  - Molecular identification of multi drug resistant bacteria from urinary tract
      infected urine samples.
AB  - Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are of great concern in both developing and
      developed countries all over the world. Even though the infections are more
      common in women and children, they are at a considerable rate in men and of all
      ages. The uropathogens causing the infections are spread through various routes.
      The treatment generally recommended by the physicians is antibiotic usage. But,
      most of the uropathogens have evolved antibiotic resistance mechanisms. This
      makes the present situation hectic in control and prevention of UTIs. The present
      study aims to illustrate the multidrug resistance patterns among isolated
      bacterial strains from infected urine samples in Odisha state, India. Four
      bacterial strains were isolated and identified as Proteus sp. SK3, Pseudomonas
      sp. ADMK77, Proteus sp. BLKB2 and Enterobacter hormaechei strain CW-3 by 16S rRNA
      gene sequencing. Phylogenetc analysis indicated the strains belong to three
      various genera namely, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter. The evolutionary
      timeline of the bacteria was studied by constructing phylogenetic trees by
      Neighborhood Joining method. The presence of ESBL gene and biofilm forming
      capability were studied for the four strains. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns
      of the isolates were studied toward the commonly recommended antibiotics. Both
      the Proteus strains were found commonly susceptible to aminoglycoside and
      sulphonamide groups. Pseudomonas strain was found to be susceptible to cephems,
      aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. Enterobacter sp was found to be resistant
      to almost all antibiotic groups and susceptible to only sulphonamides group. The
      antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacteria help in choosing the empirical
      antibiotic treatment for UTI. 

PMID- 27354210
TI  - gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Is Synthesized and Released by the Endothelium: Potential
      Implications.
AB  - RATIONALE: Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter of the central
      nervous system, is found in the systemic circulation of humans at a concentration
      between 0.5 and 3 MUmol/L. However, the potential source of circulating GABA and
      its significance on the vascular system remains unknown. We hypothesized that
      endothelial cells (ECs) may synthesize and release GABA to modulate some
      functions in the EC and after its release into the circulation. OBJECTIVE: To
      assess whether GABA is synthesized and released by the EC and its potential
      functions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Utilizing the human umbilical vein ECs and aortic
      ECs, we demonstrated for the first time that ECs synthesize and release GABA from
      [1-(14)C]glutamate. Localization of GABA and the presence of the GABA
      synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase in EC were confirmed by
      immunostaining and immunoblot analysis, respectively. The presence of GABA was
      further confirmed by immunohistochemistry in the EC lining the human coronary
      vessel. EC-derived GABA regulated the key mechanisms of ATP synthesis, fatty
      acid, and pyruvate oxidation in EC. GABA protected EC by inhibiting the reactive
      oxygen species generation and prevented monocyte adhesion by attenuating vascular
      cell adhesion molecule -1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expressions.
      GABA had no relaxing effect on rat aortic rings. GABA exhibited a dose-dependent
      fall in blood pressure. However, the fall in BP was abolished after pretreatment
      with pentolinium. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate novel potential functions of
      endothelium-derived GABA.

PMID- 27354211
TI  - Sympathetic Innervation Promotes Arterial Fate by Enhancing Endothelial ERK
      Activity.
AB  - RATIONALE: Arterial endothelial cells are morphologically, functionally, and
      molecularly distinct from those found in veins and lymphatic vessels. How
      arterial fate is acquired during development and maintained in adult vessels is
      incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE: We set out to identify factors that promote
      arterial endothelial cell fate in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a
      functional assay, allowing us to monitor and manipulate arterial fate in vivo,
      using arteries isolated from quails that are grafted into the coelom of chick
      embryos. Endothelial cells migrate out from the grafted artery, and their
      colonization of host arteries and veins is quantified. Here we show that
      sympathetic innervation promotes arterial endothelial cell fate in vivo. Removal
      of sympathetic nerves decreases arterial fate and leads to colonization of veins,
      whereas exposure to sympathetic nerves or norepinephrine imposes arterial fate.
      Mechanistically, sympathetic nerves increase endothelial ERK (extracellular
      signal-regulated kinase) activity via adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that sympathetic innervation promotes arterial
      endothelial fate and may lead to novel approaches to improve arterialization in
      human disease.

PMID- 27354213
TI  - Is viscoelastic coagulation monitoring with ROTEM or TEG validated?
AB  - Recent years have seen increasing worldwide interest in the use of viscoelastic
      coagulation monitoring tests, performed using devices such as ROTEM and TEG. The
      use of such tests to guide haemostatic therapy may help reduce transfusion of
      allogeneic blood products in bleeding patients and is supported in European
      guidelines for managing trauma and severe perioperative bleeding. In addition,
      viscoelastic tests form the basis of numerous published treatment algorithms.
      However, some publications have stated that viscoelastic tests are not validated.
      A specific definition of the term validation is lacking and regulatory
      requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines
      Agency (EMA) have been fulfilled by ROTEM and TEG assays. Viscoelastic tests have
      been used in pivotal clinical trials, and they are approved for use in most of
      the world's countries. Provided that locally approved indications are adhered to,
      the regulatory framework for clinicians to use viscoelastic tests in routine
      clinical practice is in place. 

PMID- 27354212
TI  - ADAM10-Dependent Signaling Through Notch1 and Notch4 Controls Development of
      Organ-Specific Vascular Beds.
AB  - RATIONALE: Endothelial Notch signaling is critical for early vascular development
      and survival. Yet, previously described mice lacking endothelial a disintegrin
      and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), a key regulator of Notch signaling, survived
      into adulthood with organ-specific vascular defects. These findings raised
      questions about whether these vascular defects were related to Notch signaling or
      other functions of ADAM10. OBJECTIVE: The aims of the study are to determine
      whether compensatory or redundant functions of ADAM17 in Notch signaling can
      explain the survival of Adam10DeltaEC mice, explore the contribution of different
      Tie2-Cre transgenes to the differences in survival, and establish whether the
      Adam10DeltaEC vascular phenotypes can be recapitulated by inactivation of Notch
      receptors in endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mice lacking ADAM10 and
      ADAM17 in endothelial cells (Adam10/Adam17DeltaEC), which survived postnatally
      with organ-specific vascular defects, resembled Adam10DeltaEC mice. In contrast,
      Adam10DeltaEC mice generated with the Tie2Cre transgene previously used to
      inactivate endothelial Notch (Adam10DeltaEC(Flv)) died by E10.5. Quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that Cre-mediated recombination
      occurs earlier in Adam10DeltaEC(Flv) mice than in the previously described
      Adam10DeltaEC mice. Finally, mice lacking endothelial Notch1 (Notch1DeltaEC)
      share some organ-specific vascular defects with Adam10DeltaEC mice, whereas
      Notch4(-/-) mice lacking endothelial Notch1 (Notch1DeltaEC/Notch4(-/-)) had
      defects in all vascular beds affected in Adam10DeltaEC mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results argue against a major role for ADAM17 in endothelial Notch signaling and
      clarify the difference in phenotypes of previously described mice lacking ADAM10
      or Notch in endothelial cells. Most notably, these findings uncover new roles for
      Notch signaling in the development of organ-specific vascular beds.

PMID- 27354214
TI  - Partial Superficial Parotidectomy With Retrograde Dissection of the Facial Nerve
      for Clinically "Benign" Parotid Tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To review experience with partial superficial parotidectomy (PSP) and
      retrograde dissection of the facial nerve as a treatment for benign parotid
      tumors. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all patients presenting with a
      suspected benign primary parotid tumor undergoing parotid surgery. RESULTS: There
      were 214 cases retrieved. Postoperative facial nerve weakness occurred in 33% of
      patients; all were temporary. Increased extent of surgical resection (P < .001),
      deeper tumors (P = .05), and close tumor proximity to the facial nerve (P = .007)
      significantly correlated with postoperative facial weakness. The surgical margin
      was clear in 54%; 31% had capsule exposed in at least 1 point, and 13.5% had
      tumor at the margin. Cases with close proximity of tumor to facial nerve were
      more likely to have tumor at the margin (P = .034). CONCLUSION: Partial
      superficial parotidectomy with retrograde dissection is a suitable method for
      benign appearing parotid tumors.

PMID- 27354215
TI  - Quantitative Evaluation of Adult Subglottic Stenosis Using Intraoperative Long
      range Optical Coherence Tomography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the feasibility of long-range optical coherence
      tomography (LR-OCT) as a tool to intraoperatively image and measure the
      subglottis and trachea during suspension microlaryngoscopy before and after
      endoscopic treatment of subglottic stenosis (SGS). METHODS: Long-range optical
      coherence tomography of the adult subglottis and trachea was performed during
      suspension microlaryngoscopy before and after endoscopic treatment for SGS. The
      anteroposterior and transverse diameters, cross-sectional area (CSA), distance
      from the vocal cords, and length of the SGS were measured using a MATLAB
      software. Pre-intervention and postintervention airway dimensions were compared.
      Three-dimensional volumetric airway reconstructions were generated using medical
      image processing software (MIMICS). RESULTS: Intraoperative LR-OCT imaging was
      performed in 3 patients undergoing endoscopic management of SGS. Statistically
      significant differences in mean anteroposterior diameter (P < .01), transverse
      diameter (P < .001), and CSA (P < .001) were noted between pre-intervention and
      postintervention data. Three-dimensional airway models were viewed in cross
      sectional format and via virtual "fly through" bronchoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: This is
      the first report of intraoperative LR-OCT of the subglottic and tracheal airway
      before and after surgical management of SGS in humans. Long-range optical
      coherence tomography offers a practical means to measure the dimensions of SGS
      and acquire objective data on the response to endoscopic treatment of SGS.

PMID- 27354216
TI  - Neutralizing capacity of inhibitors on FVIII is lower for natural FVIII/VWF
      complex than for isolated FVIII: in vitro comparative study in eleven different
      therapeutic FVIII concentrates.

PMID- 27354217
TI  - AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Suppresses Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disease
      by Regulating M1-Type Macrophage-Th17 Axis.
AB  - The AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK, is an energy-sensing, metabolic switch
      implicated in various metabolic disorders; however, its role in inflammation is
      not well defined. We have previously shown that loss of AMPK exacerbates
      experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease severity. In this study,
      we investigated the mechanism through which AMPK modulates inflammatory disease
      like EAE. AMPKalpha1 knockout (alpha1KO) mice with EAE showed severe
      demyelination and inflammation in the brain and spinal cord compared with wild
      type due to higher expression of proinflammatory Th17 cytokines, including IL-17,
      IL-23, and IL-1beta, impaired blood-brain barrier integrity, and increased
      infiltration of inflammatory cells in the CNS. Infiltrated CD4 cells in the
      brains and spinal cords of alpha1KO with EAE were significantly higher compared
      with wild-type EAE and were characterized as IL-17 (IL-17 and GM-CSF double
      positive) CD4 cells. Increased inflammatory response in alpha1KO mice was due to
      polarization of macrophages (Mphi) to proinflammatory M1 type phenotype (IL
      10(low)IL-23/IL-1beta/IL-6(high)), and these M1 Mphi showed stronger capacity to
      induce allogenic as well as Ag-specific (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
      [MOG]35-55) T cell response. Mphi from alpha1KO mice also enhanced the
      encephalitogenic property of MOG35-55-primed CD4 T cells in B6 mice. The
      increased encephalitogenic MOG-restricted CD4(+) T cells were due to an autocrine
      effect of IL-1beta/IL-23-mediated induction of IL-6 production in alpha1KO Mphi,
      which in turn induce IL-17 and GM-CSF production in CD4 cells. Collectively, our
      data indicate that AMPK controls the inflammatory disease by regulating the M1
      phenotype-Th17 axis in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 27354218
TI  - FAT10 Is Critical in Influenza A Virus Replication by Inhibiting Type I IFN.
AB  - The H5N1 avian influenza virus causes severe disease and high mortality, making
      it a major public health concern worldwide. The virus uses the host cellular
      machinery for several steps of its life cycle. In this report, we observed
      overexpression of the ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 following live H5N1 virus
      infection in BALB/c mice and in the human respiratory epithelial cell lines A549
      and BEAS-2B. Further experiments demonstrated that FAT10 increased H5N1 virus
      replication and decreased the viability of infected cells. Total RNA extracted
      from H5N1 virus-infected cells, but not other H5N1 viral components, upregulated
      FAT10, and this process was mediated by the retinoic acid-induced protein I-NF
      kappaB signaling pathway. FAT10 knockdown in A549 cells upregulated type I IFN
      mRNA expression and enhanced STAT1 phosphorylation during live H5N1 virus
      infection. Taken together, our data suggest that FAT10 was upregulated via
      retinoic acid-induced protein I and NF-kappaB during H5N1 avian influenza virus
      infection. And the upregulated FAT10 promoted H5N1 viral replication by
      inhibiting type I IFN.

PMID- 27354220
TI  - Detection of Pathogens in Blood for Diagnosis of Sepsis and Beyond.

PMID- 27354219
TI  - TLR9 Deficiency Leads to Accelerated Renal Disease and Myeloid Lineage
      Abnormalities in Pristane-Induced Murine Lupus.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, life-threatening autoimmune
      disorder, leading to multiple organ pathologies and kidney destruction. Analyses
      of numerous murine models of spontaneous SLE have revealed a critical role for
      endosomal TLRs in the production of autoantibodies and development of other
      clinical disease manifestations. Nevertheless, the corresponding TLR9-deficient
      autoimmune-prone strains consistently develop more severe disease pathology.
      Injection of BALB/c mice with 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (TMPD), commonly
      known as pristane, also results in the development of SLE-like disease. We now
      show that Tlr9(-/-) BALB/c mice injected i.p. with TMPD develop more severe
      autoimmunity than do their TLR-sufficient cohorts. Early indications include an
      increased accumulation of TLR7-expressing Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes at the
      site of injection, upregulation of IFN-regulated gene expression in the
      peritoneal cavity, and an increased production of myeloid lineage precursors
      (common myeloid progenitors and granulocyte myeloid precursors) in the bone
      marrow. TMPD-injected Tlr9(-/-) BALB/c mice develop higher autoantibody titers
      against RNA, neutrophil cytoplasmic Ags, and myeloperoxidase than do TMPD
      injected wild-type BALB/c mice. The TMP-injected Tlr9(-/-) mice, and not the wild
      type mice, also develop a marked increase in glomerular IgG deposition and
      infiltrating granulocytes, much more severe glomerulonephritis, and a reduced
      lifespan. Collectively, the data point to a major role for TLR7 in the response
      to self-antigens in this model of experimental autoimmunity. Therefore, the
      BALB/c pristane model recapitulates other TLR7-driven spontaneous models of SLE
      and is negatively regulated by TLR9.

PMID- 27354221
TI  - Thomas Willis Lecture: Is Translational Stroke Research Broken, and if So, How
      Can We Fix It?
AB  - Based on research, mainly in rodents, tremendous progress has been made in our
      basic understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke. After many failures,
      however, few scientists today deny that bench-to-bedside translation in stroke
      has a disappointing track record. I here summarize many measures to improve the
      predictiveness of preclinical stroke research, some of which are currently in
      various stages of implementation: We must reduce preventable (detrimental)
      attrition. Key measures for this revolve around improving preclinical study
      design. Internal validity must be improved by reducing bias; external validity
      will improve by including aged, comorbid rodents of both sexes in our modeling.
      False-positives and inflated effect sizes can be reduced by increasing
      statistical power, which necessitates increasing group sizes. Compliance to
      reporting guidelines and checklists needs to be enforced by journals and funders.
      Customizing study designs to exploratory and confirmatory studies will leverage
      the complementary strengths of both modes of investigation. All studies should
      publish their full data sets. On the other hand, we should embrace inevitable
      NULL results. This entails planning experiments in such a way that they produce
      high-quality evidence when NULL results are obtained and making these available
      to the community. A collaborative effort is needed to implement some of these
      recommendations. Just as in clinical medicine, multicenter approaches help to
      obtain sufficient group sizes and robust results. Translational stroke research
      is not broken, but its engine needs an overhauling to render more predictive
      results. 

PMID- 27354222
TI  - Stroke in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study in 54
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent
      skeletal muscle myopathy. Nearly all patients develop cardiomyopathy in their
      second decade of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency,
      cause, and outcome of stroke in a German cohort of patients with DMD. METHODS:
      Retrospective analysis of medical records of 54 DMD patients, who lived in a
      regional facility for handicapped people (Wichernhaus Altdorf, Germany) between
      1963 and 2013. RESULTS: Fifty-four DMD patients were followed up for 7.4 years on
      average. Mean age at admission and discharge from the long-term care facility or
      death were 11.4 and 18.8 years, respectively. Covering a total observation period
      of 400 patient-years, we identified 4 DMD patients with juvenile arterial
      ischemic strokes. Off-label systemic thrombolysis in 2 patients resulted in a
      nearly complete regression of stroke-related symptoms, but 1 patient died of
      septic pneumonia and cardiac failure 24 days after thrombolysis therapy. In the
      other 2 patients, who had their ischemic strokes in 1994 and 1998, severe
      infarction-related symptoms persisted, and 1 patient died 13 days later. DMD
      associated cardiomyopathy without evidence of atrial fibrillation was the only
      risk factor for ischemic stroke in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      indicates an increased risk for ischemic strokes in DMD patients. Regular
      cardiological assessment of all DMD patients is mandatory to evaluate the
      individual risk profile for cardioembolic events and to adapt therapeutic
      strategies.

PMID- 27354223
TI  - Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator-A296-299 Prevents Impairment of Cerebral
      Autoregulation After Stroke Through Lipoprotein-Related Receptor-Dependent
      Increase in cAMP and p38.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The sole Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment
      for stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), but its brief therapeutic
      window and complications of treatment constrain its use. One limitation may be
      its potential to exacerbate impairment of cerebral autoregulation after stroke.
      Vasodilation is maintained by elevations in cAMP. However, cAMP levels fall after
      stroke because of overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by toxic
      levels of glutamate, an effect that is exacerbated by tPA. Binding of wild-type
      (wt) tPA to the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP) mediates dilation.
      We propose that binding of wt-tPA to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor reduces cAMP
      and impairs vasodilation. We hypothesize that tPA-A(296-299), a variant that is
      fibrinolytic but cannot bind to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, preferentially
      binds to LRP and increases cAMP and p38, limiting autoregulation impairment after
      stroke. METHODS: Stroke was induced by photothrombosis in pigs equipped with a
      closed cranial window, cerebral blood flow determined by microspheres, and
      cerebrospinal fluid cAMP and p38 determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Stroke decreased
      cerebral blood flow. Cerebral blood flow was reduced further during hypotension,
      indicating impairment of autoregulation. Autoregulation was further impaired by
      wt-tPA, which was prevented by MK801 and tPA-A(296-299). Protection by tPA-A(296
      299) was blocked by anti-LRP Ab, the LRP antagonist receptor-associated protein,
      and the p38 inhibitor SB 203580, but not by control IgG. Stroke reduced
      cerebrospinal fluid cAMP, which was reduced further by wt-tPA, but augmented by
      tPA-A(296-299). Cerebrospinal fluid p38 was unchanged by wt-tPA, increased by tPA
      A(296-299), and decreased by anti-LRP Ab and receptor-associated protein.
      CONCLUSIONS: tPA-A(296-299) prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation after
      stroke through an LRP-dependent increase in cAMP and p38.

PMID- 27354225
TI  - Diagnostic Yield and Safety of Brain Biopsy for Suspected Primary Central Nervous
      System Angiitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The utility and safety of brain biopsy for suspected
      primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) are uncertain. Factors
      predictive of a positive biopsy have not been well described. Our aim was to
      evaluate the diagnostic yield and safety of brain biopsy in suspected PACNS and
      determine whether any prebiopsy variables are associated with a positive biopsy.
      METHODS: This is a retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent
      diagnostic brain biopsy for PACNS at a single institution. The relationship
      between biopsy yield and patient demographics, surgical technique, laboratory
      testing, neuroimaging, biopsy characteristics, and prebiopsy immunosuppressive
      therapy were examined. RESULTS: PACNS was confirmed in 9 of 79 patients (11%).
      Biopsy identified alternative diagnoses in 24 patients (30%), with cerebral
      amyloid angiopathy (8 patients), encephalitis (5 patients), demyelination (3
      patients), and CNS lymphoma (3 patients) most commonly found. There was no
      correlation between a positive biopsy and cerebrospinal fluid results,
      neuroimaging, surgical technique, biopsy characteristics, or preoperative
      immunosuppressive therapy. Smaller biopsies (P=0.02) and closed procedures
      (P=0.013) were less likely to yield a diagnosis. Postoperative complications
      occurred in 13 patients (16%), 3 (4%) of which were serious. CONCLUSIONS: Brain
      biopsy leads to pathological confirmation of vasculitis in a minority of
      suspected PACNS cases but alternative diagnoses are often identified.
      Importantly, rare but meaningful complications may occur.

PMID- 27354224
TI  - Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Risk of Stroke and Cardiac Events in Heart
      Failure: Data From the Warfarin Versus Aspirin in Reduced Ejection Fraction
      Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In heart failure (HF), left ventricular ejection fraction
      (LVEF) is inversely associated with mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. Its
      relationship with stroke is controversial, as is the effect of antithrombotic
      treatment. We studied the relationship of LVEF with stroke and cardiovascular
      events in patients with HF and the effect of different antithrombotic treatments.
      METHODS: In the Warfarin Versus Aspirin in Reduced Ejection Fraction (WARCEF)
      trial, 2305 patients with systolic HF (LVEF<=35%) and sinus rhythm were
      randomized to warfarin or aspirin and followed for 3.5+/-1.8 years. Although no
      differences between treatments were observed on primary outcome (death, stroke,
      or intracerebral hemorrhage), warfarin decreased the stroke risk. The present
      report compares the incidence of stroke and cardiovascular events across
      different LVEF and treatment subgroups. RESULTS: Baseline LVEF was inversely and
      linearly associated with primary outcome, mortality and its components (sudden
      and cardiovascular death), and HF hospitalization, but not myocardial infarction.
      A relationship with stroke was only observed for LVEF of <15% (incidence rates:
      2.04 versus 0.95/100 patient-years; P=0.009), which more than doubled the
      adjusted stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.125; 95% CI, 1.182-3.818;
      P=0.012). In warfarin-treated patients, each 5% LVEF decrement significantly
      increased the stroke risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.346; 95% CI, 1.044-1.737;
      P=0.022; P value for interaction=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with systolic HF
      and sinus rhythm, LVEF is inversely associated with death and its components,
      whereas an association with stroke exists for very low LVEF values. An
      interaction with warfarin treatment on stroke risk may exist. CLINICAL TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00041938.

PMID- 27354226
TI  - Transduction of hematopoietic stem cells to stimulate RNA interference against
      feline infectious peritonitis.
AB  - Objectives The goals of the study were: (1) to develop and evaluate non
      replicating lentivirus vectors coding for feline coronavirus (FCoV)-specific
      micro (mi)RNA as a potential antiviral therapy for feline infectious peritonitis
      (FIP); (2) to assess the feasibility of transducing hematopoietic stem cells
      (HSCs) with ex vivo introduction of the miRNA-expressing lentivirus vector; and
      (3) to assess the ability of the expressed miRNA to inhibit FCoV replication in
      HSCs in vitro. Methods HSCs were obtained from feline bone marrow and replicated
      in vitro. Three lentiviruses were constructed, each expressing a different anti
      FCoV miRNA. HSCs were stably transduced with the miRNA-expressing lentivirus
      vector that produced the most effective viral inhibition in a feline cell line.
      The effectiveness of the transduction and the expression of anti-FCoV miRNA were
      tested by infecting the HSCs with two different strains of FCoV. The inhibition
      of coronavirus replication was determined by relative quantification of the
      inhibition of intracellular viral genomic RNA synthesis using real-time, reverse
      transcription PCR. The assessment of virus replication inhibition was determined
      via titration of extracellular virus using the TCID50 assay. Results Inhibition
      of FCoV was most significant in feline cells expressing miRNA-L2 that targeted
      the viral leader sequence, 48 h postinfection. miRNA-L2 expression in stably
      transduced HSCs resulted in 90% and 92% reductions in FIPV WSU 79-1146 genomic
      RNA synthesis and extracellular virus production, respectively, as well as 74%
      and 80% reduction in FECV WSU 79-1683 genomic RNA synthesis and extracellular
      virus production, respectively, as compared with an infected negative control
      sample producing non-targeting miRNA. Conclusions and relevance These preliminary
      results show that genetic modification of HSCs for constitutive production of
      anti-coronavirus miRNA will reduce FCoV replication.

PMID- 27354227
TI  - Can clinical signs, clinicopathological findings and abdominal ultrasonography
      predict the site of histopathological abnormalities of the alimentary tract in
      cats?

PMID- 27354228
TI  - Combined physeal fractures of the distal radius and ulna: complications
      associated with K-wire fixation and long-term prognosis in six cats.
AB  - Objectives The objective was to describe the complications and long-term outcome
      associated with Kirschner (K)-wire fixation of combined distal radial and ulnar
      physeal fractures in six cats. Methods Medical records (2002-2014) of six
      referral institutions were searched for cats with combined distal radial and
      ulnar physeal fractures. Cases with complete clinical files, radiographs and
      surgical records were retrospectively reviewed. Long-term outcome was assessed
      via telephone interviews using an owner questionnaire. Results Complete files
      were available for 6/9 identified cases (cases 1-6). All fractures were
      classified as Salter-Harris type I or II. Five cases underwent open reduction and
      internal fixation via cross-pinning of the distal radius and intramedullary
      pinning of the ulna (cases 1-3); fixation of the distal radial and ulnar physes
      with one K-wire each (case 4); and K-wire fixation of the radial physis in
      combination with two transulnoradial K-wires (case 5). One case underwent closed
      reduction and percutaneous cross-pinning of the distal radius under fluoroscopic
      guidance (case 6). The complications encountered were: reduced radiocarpal range
      of motion (ROM) (cases 1, 3, 4, 5); implant loosening/migration (cases 1, 2, 5);
      and radioulnar synostosis (case 4). None of the cats developed angular limb
      deformity. Long-term outcome (12 months to 7 years after surgery) was graded as
      'excellent' by the owners in all cases. Conclusions and relevance Prognosis is
      favourable for feline combined distal radial and ulnar physeal fractures
      following K-wire fixation in cats over 7 months of age. Implant removal after
      bony union is recommended to minimise reduction in ROM and to prevent implant
      loosening/migration.

PMID- 27354229
TI  - Load effect on background rhythms during motor execution: A
      magnetoencephalographic study.
AB  - We investigated the effect of load against self-paced movement on cortical
      involvement for motor execution. Ten right-handed healthy volunteers were
      requested to perform brisk extension of the right index finger at self-paced
      intervals exceeding 10s for three load conditions: 0g, 50g and 100g. Movement
      related magnetic fields were recorded using an MEG system. The signals were band
      pass-filtered through 18-23Hz and rectified before averaging with respect to EMG
      onset. We analyzed the time course and %change of peak amplitude with reference
      to the baseline amplitude in event-related desynchronization (ERD) or
      synchronization (ERS) in each hemisphere. Maximum response was observed around
      the left somatomotor area for all conditions. ERD did not show any significant
      difference before the movement onset among the three load conditions. For
      %change, ERS in the post-movement period was significantly larger for the 100g
      load condition than for the 0g load condition, and that was significantly greater
      over the left than over the right hemisphere. These findings indicate that the
      load has little effect on pre-movement desynchronization, whereas it affects the
      post-movement synchronization on background rhythms.

PMID- 27354230
TI  - Abnormal wake/sleep pattern in a novel gain-of-function model of DISC1.
AB  - Sleep disturbances are common in psychiatric disorders, but the causal
      relationship between the two and the underlying genetic factors is unclear. The
      DISC1 gene is strongly linked to mood disorders and schizophrenia in a Scottish
      pedigree. In an earlier study we found a sleep homeostasis disturbance in a
      Drosophila model overexpressing wild-type human DISC1. Here we aimed to explore
      the relationship between sleep and the DISC1 gene in a mammalian model, a novel
      transgenic mouse model expressing full-length human DISC1. We assessed circadian
      rhythms by monitoring wheel running activity under normal 24-h light:dark
      conditions and in constant darkness and found the DISC1 mice to have normal
      circadian photoentrainment and normal intrinsic circadian period. We also
      assessed sleep duration and quality in the DISC1 mice and found that they were
      awake longer than wild-type controls at baseline with a tendency for lower
      rebound of delta activity during recovery from a short sleep deprivation. Thus we
      suggest that DISC1 may be involved in sleep regulation.

PMID- 27354231
TI  - Steady State Ocean Response to Wind Forcing in Extratropical Frontal Regions.
AB  - In regions of strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradients, the surface
      "geostrophic" currents have a vertical shear aligned with the surface density
      front defined by the temperature. This surface geostrophic ("thermal wind") shear
      can balance a portion of the surface wind stress, altering the classic Ekman
      response to wind forcing. Here we show that these frontal effects cannot be
      ignored in the Tropics or in strong frontal regions in the extratropics, such as
      found in coastal regions and in western boundary currents of all basins. Frontal
      effects also dominate the classic Ekman response in the regions of both
      hemispheres where Trade winds change to westerlies. Implications for vertical
      motion and global heat transport are discussed.

PMID- 27354232
TI  - Loss of ARID1A expression predicts poor survival prognosis in gastric cancer: a
      systematic meta-analysis from 14 studies.
AB  - The chromatin remodeling gene, AT-rich interactive domain 1A gene (ARID1A),
      frequently mutates inactively in gastric cancer (GC). However, its prognostic
      value remains controversial. To address this issue, a comprehensive meta-analysis
      was performed. Studies published until March 2016 were systematically searched. A
      total of 15 cohorts from 14 literatures involving 3183 patients were subjected to
      this meta-analysis. The pooled data showed that ARID1A expression loss predicted
      poor overall survival (OS) in GC (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.60; 95% Confidence
      Interval (CI) = 1.40-1.81; P < 0.001), with low heterogeneity among these studies
      (I(2) = 21.5%; P = 0.214). Stratification analyses revealed that ARID1A
      expression loss was associated with poor OS in Asians (HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.44
      1.89), proportion of proximal disease <=30% subgroup (HR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.36
      2.38) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (+) > 5% subgroup (HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.18
      2.15). The robust results were suggested by sensitivity analyses and no evidence
      of significant publication bias was detected. This study demonstrated a
      significant relationship between deletion of ARID1A expression and poor OS in GC.
      Moreover, ethnicity, tumor location and EBV infection status might be potential
      key factors influencing this correlation.

PMID- 27354233
TI  - Biosimilars: Extrapolation for oncology.
AB  - A biosimilar is a biologic that is highly similar to a licensed biologic (the
      reference product) in terms of purity, safety and efficacy. If the reference
      product is licensed to treat multiple therapeutic indications, extrapolation of
      indications, i.e., approval of a biosimilar for use in an indication held by the
      reference product but not directly studied in a comparative clinical trial with
      the biosimilar, may be possible but has to be scientifically justified. Here, we
      describe the data required to establish biosimilarity and emphasize that
      indication extrapolation is based on scientific principles and known mechanism of
      action. 

PMID- 27354234
TI  - Network Support II: Randomized controlled trial of Network Support treatment and
      cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The social network of those treated for alcohol use disorder can play
      a significant role in subsequent drinking behavior, both for better and worse.
      Network Support treatment was devised to teach ways to reconstruct social
      networks so that they are more supportive of abstinence and less supportive of
      drinking. For many patients this may involve engagement with AA, but other
      strategies are also used. PURPOSE: The current trial of Network Support
      treatment, building on our previous work, was intended to further enhance the
      ability of patients to construct abstinence-supportive social networks, and to
      test this approach against a strong control treatment. METHODS: Patients were 193
      men and women with alcohol use disorder recruited from the community and assigned
      to either 12 weeks of Network Support (NS) or Packaged Cognitive-Behavioral
      Treatment (PCBT), and followed for 27 months. RESULTS: Results of multilevel
      analyses indicated that NS yielded better posttreatment results in terms of both
      proportion of days abstinent and drinking consequences, and equivalent
      improvements in 90-day abstinence, heavy drinking days and drinks per drinking
      day. Mediation analyses revealed that NS treatment effects were mediated by pre
      post changes in abstinence self-efficacy and in social network variables,
      especially proportion of non-drinkers in the social network and attendance at
      Alcoholics Anonymous. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that helping patients enhance
      their abstinent social network can be effective, and may provide a useful
      alternative or adjunctive approach to treatment.

PMID- 27354235
TI  - A high-fat diet impairs cooling-evoked brown adipose tissue activation via a
      vagal afferent mechanism.
AB  - In dramatic contrast to rats on a control diet, rats maintained on a high-fat
      diet (HFD) failed to activate brown adipose tissue (BAT) during cooling despite
      robust increases in their BAT activity following direct activation of their BAT
      sympathetic premotor neurons in the raphe pallidus. Cervical vagotomy or blockade
      of glutamate receptors in the nucleus of the tractus solitarii (NTS) reversed the
      HFD-induced inhibition of cold-evoked BAT activity. Thus, a HFD does not prevent
      rats from mounting a robust, centrally driven BAT thermogenesis; however, a HFD
      does alter a vagal afferent input to NTS neurons, thereby preventing the normal
      activation of BAT thermogenesis to cooling. These results, paralleling the
      absence of cooling-evoked glucose uptake in the BAT of obese humans, reveal a
      neural mechanism through which consumption of a HFD contributes to reduced energy
      expenditure and thus to weight gain.

PMID- 27354236
TI  - Novel insights into development of diabetic bladder disorder provided by
      metabolomic analysis of the rat nondiabetic and diabetic detrusor and urothelial
      layer.
AB  - There are at present no published studies providing a global overview of changes
      in bladder metabolism resulting from diabetes. Such studies have the potential to
      provide mechanistic insight into the development of diabetic bladder disorder
      (DBD). In the present study, we compared the metabolome of detrusor and
      urothelial layer in a 1-mo streptozotocin-induced rat model of type 1 diabetes
      with nondiabetic controls. Our studies revealed that diabetes caused both common
      and differential changes in the detrusor and urothelial layer's metabolome.
      Diabetes resulted in similar changes in the levels of previously described
      diabetic markers in both tissues, such as glucose, lactate, 2-hydroxybutyrate,
      branched-chain amino acid degradation products, bile acids, and 1,5
      anhydroglucitol, as well as markers of oxidative stress. In the detrusor (but not
      the urothelial layer), diabetes caused activation of the pentose-phosphate and
      polyol pathways, concomitant with a reduction in the TCA cycle and beta
      oxidation. Changes in detrusor energy-generating pathways resulted in an
      accumulation of sorbitol that, through generation of advanced glycation end
      products, is likely to play a central role in the development of DBD. In the
      diabetic urothelial layer there was decreased flux of glucose via glycolysis and
      changes in lipid metabolism, particularly prostaglandin synthesis, which also
      potentially contributes to detrusor dysfunction.

PMID- 27354237
TI  - Elevated expression of the Sertoli cell androgen receptor disrupts male
      fertility.
AB  - Recently, we created a unique gain-of-function mouse model with Sertoli cell
      specific transgenic androgen receptor expression (TgSCAR) showing that SCAR
      activity controls the synchronized postnatal development of somatic Sertoli and
      Leydig cells and meiotic-postmeiotic germ cells. Moderate TgSCAR (TgSCAR(m))
      expression reduced testis size but had no effect on male fertility. Here, we
      reveal that higher TgSCAR expression (TgSCAR(H)) causes male infertility. Higher
      SCAR activity, shown by upregulated AR-dependent transcripts (Rhox5, Spinw1),
      resulted in smaller adult TgSCAR(H) testes (50% of normal) despite normal or
      elevated circulating and intratesticular testosterone levels. Unlike fertile
      TgSCAR(m) males, testes of adult TgSCAR(H) males exhibited focal regions of
      interstitial hypertrophy featuring immature adult Leydig cells and higher
      intratesticular dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstane 3alpha,17beta-diol
      levels that are normally associated with pubertal development. Mature TgSCAR(H)
      testes also exhibited markedly reduced Sertoli cell numbers (70%), although
      meiotic and postmeiotic germ cell/Sertoli cell ratios were twofold higher than
      normal, suggesting that elevated TgSCAR activity supports excessive spermatogenic
      development. Concurrent with the higher germ cell load of TgSCAR(H) Sertoli cells
      were increased levels of apoptotic germ cells in TgSCAR(H) relative to TgSCAR(m)
      testes. In addition, TgSCAR(H) testes displayed unique morphological degeneration
      that featured accumulated cellular and spermatozoa clusters in dilated channels
      of rete testes, consistent with reduced epididymal sperm numbers. Our findings
      reveal for the first time that excessive Sertoli cell AR activity in mature
      testes can reach a level that disturbs Sertoli/germ cell homeostasis, impacts
      focal Leydig cell function, reduces sperm output, and disrupts male fertility.

PMID- 27354239
TI  - C-type Lectin Receptor Expression on Human Basophils and Effects of Allergen
      Specific Immunotherapy.
AB  - Basophils are emerging as immunoregulatory cells capable of interacting with
      their environment not only via their characteristic IgE-mediated activation, but
      also in an IgE-independent manner. Basophils are known to express and respond to
      stimulation via TLR2, TLR4, DC-SIGN and DCIR, but whether basophils also express
      other C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) is largely unknown. In this study, we
      investigate the CLR expression profile of human basophils using multicolour flow
      cytometry. As FcRs as well as some CLRs are associated with allergen recognition
      and shown to be involved in subsequent immune responses, the expression of CLRs
      and FcRs on peripheral blood basophils, as well as their frequency, was monitored
      for 1 year in subjects undergoing subcutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy
      (AIT). Here, we show that human basophils express CLECSF14, DEC205, Dectin-1,
      Dectin-2 and MRC2. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the frequencies of basophils
      expressing the allergy-associated CLRs Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 were significantly
      reduced after 1 year and 8 weeks of AIT, respectively. In contrast, the frequency
      of basophils positive for FcgammaRII, as well as the fraction of total basophils,
      significantly increased after 1 year of AIT. The herein demonstrated expression
      of various CLRs on basophils, and their altered CLR and FcR expression profile
      upon AIT, suggest yet unexplored ways by which basophils can interact with
      antigens and may point to novel immunoregulatory functions targeted through AIT. 

PMID- 27354240
TI  - Thermal unfolding simulations of NBD1 domain variants reveal structural motifs
      associated with the impaired folding of F508del-CFTR.
AB  - We employed high-temperature classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to
      investigate the unfolding process of the wild-type (WT) and F508del-NBD1 domains
      of CFTR protein, with and without second-site mutations. To rationalize the in
      vitro behavior of F508del-NBD1, namely its lower folding yield and higher
      aggregation propensity, we focused our analysis of the MD data on the existence
      of intermediate states with aggregation potential and/or stabilized by a
      significant number of non-native interactions (i.e. misfolded states). We find
      that the deletion of phenylalanine 508 is able to forcefully reshape the
      conformational space of the NBD1 domain to the extent that it uniquely populates
      intermediate states whose structural traits provide important insights into the
      molecular events that underlie the impaired folding of F508del-NBD1. In
      particular, our simulations predict the formation of a misfolded intermediate
      whose population is highly enhanced by deletion of residue 508. The stabilization
      of this intermediate is a direct consequence of the enhanced non-native coupling
      between various key regions of the alpha-helical subdomain and ATP-binding
      subdomain; it is singularly characterized by a set of non-native interactions
      within the ATP-binding subdomain and between that domain and the alpha-helical
      subdomain region. The formation of this intermediate is not blocked by second
      site suppressor mutations which indicates a limited role of the latter in
      correcting the rather complex folding process of the CFTR protein missing residue
      508.

PMID- 27354241
TI  - Electronic and chiroptical properties of chiral cycloiridiated complexes bearing
      helicenic NHC ligands.
AB  - The first helicene-NHC-iridium complexes have been prepared in enantiopure forms.
      Their stereochemical, electronic, and chiroptical features were characterized
      experimentally and via first-principles calculations, highlighting the helical
      and iridium-centered chirality. 

PMID- 27354242
TI  - Oro-dental features of Pallister-Killian syndrome: Evaluation of 21 European
      probands.
AB  - Pallister-Killian syndrome (PKS) is a rare sporadic multi-systemic developmental
      disorder caused by a mosaic tetrasomy of the short arm of chromosome 12. A wide
      range of clinical characteristics including intellectual disability, seizures,
      and congenital malformations has previously been described. Individuals with PKS
      show a characteristic facial phenotype with frontal bossing, alopecia, sparse
      eyebrows, depressed nasal bridge, long philtrum, telecanthus, and posteriorly
      rotated ears. Oro-dental features, such as "Pallister lip," macroglossia, delayed
      eruption of primary teeth, high arched-palate, prognathism, and cleft palate have
      been occasionally reported in the medical literature. The aim of the study was to
      assess the oro-dental phenotype of PKS and to describe the oral health status in
      a cohort participating in the First European Workshop on PKS. A clinical dental
      examination was performed in 21 Caucasian probands and data regarding medical and
      dental history collected. Twelve probands (57%) showed an atypical dental
      pattern, with multiple missing teeth (primarily the first permanent molars) and 2
      (10%) a double teeth. The severity of gingivitis and dental caries increased with
      age and gingival overgrowth was a common finding. A characteristic occlusive
      phenotype was found: a high-arched palate with mandibular prognathism associated
      with an anterior openbite and crossbite and with posterior crossbite (unilateral
      or bilateral). The prevalence of oral habits (non-nutritive sucking, mouth
      breathing, bruxism) was high, even in older probands. This study suggests that
      individuals affected by PKS should be observed closely for oro-dental diseases
      and a multidisciplinary approach is needed to implement the right preventive
      measures. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27354243
TI  - Magnetic assembly of transparent and conducting graphene-based functional
      composites.
AB  - Innovative methods producing transparent and flexible electrodes are highly
      sought in modern optoelectronic applications to replace metal oxides, but
      available solutions suffer from drawbacks such as brittleness, unaffordability
      and inadequate processability. Here we propose a general, simple strategy to
      produce hierarchical composites of functionalized graphene in polymeric matrices,
      exhibiting transparency and electron conductivity. These are obtained through
      protein-assisted functionalization of graphene with magnetic nanoparticles,
      followed by magnetic-directed assembly of the graphene within polymeric matrices
      undergoing sol-gel transitions. By applying rotating magnetic fields or magnetic
      moulds, both graphene orientation and distribution can be controlled within the
      composite. Importantly, by using magnetic virtual moulds of predefined meshes,
      graphene assembly is directed into double-percolating networks, reducing the
      percolation threshold and enabling combined optical transparency and electrical
      conductivity not accessible in single-network materials. The resulting composites
      open new possibilities on the quest of transparent electrodes for photovoltaics,
      organic light-emitting diodes and stretchable optoelectronic devices.

PMID- 27354244
TI  - Complementary and alternative medicine use for constipation: a critical review
      focusing upon prevalence, type, cost, and users' profile, perception and
      motivations.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly used by
      those suffering from constipation. This paper reports the first critical
      integrative review of CAM use for people with constipation focusing upon the
      prevalence, type and cost of CAM use, as well as CAM users' profile, perception
      and motivations. METHODS: A comprehensive search of international literature was
      conducted in MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO), and Allied and
      Complementary Medicine Database (AMED). The search was limited to original
      research peer-reviewed English language articles concerning CAM use for
      constipation published with an abstract and full text between 2005 and 2015.
      RESULTS: A total of 35 papers met the inclusion criteria and were included in the
      review. The review shows approximately one in every three people suffering from
      constipation use CAM with herbal medicine the most commonly used CAM treatment
      for constipation and a large proportion of CAM use occurring concurrent with or
      in addition to conventional medical treatments. While early investigation
      suggests the cost of herbal medicine use in constipation care may be lower than
      that associated with the use other CAM modalities and conventional medications,
      this issue requires further research. CONCLUSIONS: Although a high percentage of
      people with constipation using CAM consider these treatments effective, there
      remains a need for further in-depth examination of both patient and provider
      perspectives as well as communication and decision-making around CAM use for
      constipation to inform safe, effective and coordinated care for patients with
      constipation.

PMID- 27354238
TI  - Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet,
      and environment on lactation physiology.
AB  - Lactation is a dynamic process that has evolved to produce a complex biological
      fluid that provides nutritive and nonnutritive factors to the nursing offspring.
      It has long been assumed that once lactation is successfully initiated, the
      primary factor regulating milk production is infant demand. Thus, most
      interventions have focused on improving breastfeeding education and early
      lactation support. However, in addition to infant demand, increasing evidence
      from studies conducted in experimental animal models, production animals, and
      breastfeeding women suggests that a diverse array of maternal factors may also
      affect milk production and composition. In this review, we provide an overview of
      our current understanding of the role of maternal genetics and modifiable
      factors, such as diet and environmental exposures, on reproductive endocrinology,
      lactation physiology, and the ability to successfully produce milk. To identify
      factors that may affect lactation in women, we highlight some information gleaned
      from studies in experimental animal models and production animals. Finally, we
      highlight the gaps in current knowledge and provide commentary on future research
      opportunities aimed at improving lactation outcomes in breastfeeding women to
      improve the health of mothers and their infants.

PMID- 27354246
TI  - An evaluative conservative case for biomedical enhancement.
AB  - It is widely believed that a conservative moral outlook is opposed to biomedical
      forms of human enhancement. In this paper, I argue that this widespread belief is
      incorrect. Using Cohen's evaluative conservatism as my starting point, I argue
      that there are strong conservative reasons to prioritise the development of
      biomedical enhancements. In particular, I suggest that biomedical enhancement may
      be essential if we are to maintain our current evaluative equilibrium (ie, the
      set of values that undergird and permeate our current political, economic and
      personal lives) against the threats to that equilibrium posed by external, non
      biomedical forms of enhancement. I defend this view against modest conservatives
      who insist that biomedical enhancements pose a greater risk to our current
      evaluative equilibrium, and against those who see no principled distinction
      between the forms of human enhancement.

PMID- 27354245
TI  - Solidarity, justice and unconditional access to healthcare.
AB  - Luck egalitarianism provides a reason to object to conditionality in health
      incentive programmes in some cases when conditionality undermines political
      values such as solidarity or inclusiveness. This is the case with incentive
      programmes that aim to restrict access to essential healthcare services. Such
      programmes undermine solidarity. Yet, most people's lives are objectively worse,
      in one respect, in non-solidary societies, because solidarity contributes both
      instrumentally and directly to individuals' well-being. Because solidarity is non
      excludable, undermining it will deprive both the prudent and the imprudent
      citizens of its goods. Thereby, undermining solidarity can make prudent citizens
      worse off than they would have otherwise been, out of no fault or choice of their
      own, but rather as a result of somebody else's imprudent choice. This goes
      against the spirit of luck egalitarianism. Therefore (luck egalitarian) justice
      can require us to save the imprudent and avoid conditionality in access to
      essential healthcare services.

PMID- 27354247
TI  - Afterword: returning to philosophical foundations in research ethics.
AB  - This is an afterword to the JME symposium on the benefit/risk ratio challenge in
      clinical research, and the case of HIV cure. It notes implications of the
      symposium for research ethics in general.

PMID- 27354248
TI  - Too poor to say no? Health incentives for disadvantaged populations.
AB  - Incentive schemes, which offer recipients benefits if they meet particular
      requirements, are being used across the world to encourage healthier behaviours.
      From the perspective of equality, an important concern about such schemes is that
      since people often do not have equal opportunity to fulfil the stipulated
      conditions, incentives create opportunity for further unfair advantage. Are
      incentive schemes that are available only to disadvantaged groups less
      susceptible to such egalitarian concerns? While targeted schemes may at first
      glance seem well placed to help improve outcomes among disadvantaged groups and
      thus reduce inequalities, I argue in this paper that they are susceptible to
      significant problems. At the same time, incentive schemes may be less problematic
      when they operate in ways that differ from the 'standard' incentive mechanism; I
      discuss three such mechanisms.

PMID- 27354249
TI  - Lactobacillus crispatus inhibits the infectivity of Chlamydia trachomatis
      elementary bodies, in vitro study.
AB  - Lactobacillus species dominate the vaginal microbiota of healthy reproductive-age
      women and protect the genitourinary tract from the attack of several infectious
      agents. Chlamydia trachomatis, a leading cause of sexually transmitted disease
      worldwide, can induce severe sequelae, i.e. pelvic inflammatory disease,
      infertility and ectopic pregnancy. In the present study we investigated the
      interference of Lactobacillus crispatus, L. gasseri and L. vaginalis, known to be
      dominant species in the vaginal microbiome, with the infection process of C.
      trachomatis. Lactobacilli exerted a strong inhibitory effect on Chlamydia
      infectivity mainly through the action of secreted metabolites in a
      concentration/pH dependent mode. Short contact times were the most effective in
      the inhibition, suggesting a protective role of lactobacilli in the early steps
      of Chlamydia infection. The best anti-Chlamydia profile was shown by L. crispatus
      species. In order to delineate metabolic profiles related to anti-Chlamydia
      activity, Lactobacillus supernatants were analysed by (1)H-NMR. Production of
      lactate and acidification of the vaginal environment seemed to be crucial for the
      activity, in addition to the consumption of the carbonate source represented by
      glucose. The main conclusion of this study is that high concentrations of L.
      crispatus inhibit infectivity of C. trachomatis in vitro.

PMID- 27354250
TI  - Three-Dimensional Field Optimization Method: Gold-Standard Validation of a Novel
      Color Doppler Method for Quantifying Mitral Regurgitation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis of mitral regurgitation (MR) severity is central
      to proper treatment. Although numerous approaches exist, an accurate, gold
      standard clinical technique remains elusive. The authors previously reported on
      the initial development and demonstration of the automated three-dimensional (3D)
      field optimization method (FOM) algorithm, which exploits 3D color Doppler
      ultrasound imaging and builds on existing MR quantification techniques. The aim
      of the present study was to extensively validate 3D FOM in terms of accuracy,
      ease of use, and repeatability. METHODS: Three-dimensional FOM was applied to
      five explanted ovine mitral valves in a left heart simulator, which were
      systematically perturbed to yield a total of 29 unique regurgitant geometries.
      Three-dimensional FOM was compared with a gold-standard flow probe, as well as
      the most clinically prevalent MR volume quantification technique, the two
      dimensional (2D) proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method. RESULTS:
      Overall, 3D FOM overestimated and 2D PISA underestimated MR volume, but 3D FOM
      error had smaller magnitude (5.2 +/- 9.9 mL) than 2D PISA error (-6.9 +/- 7.7
      mL). Two-dimensional PISA remained superior in diagnosis for round orifices and
      especially mild MR, as predicted by ultrasound physics theory. For slit-type
      orifices and severe MR, 3D FOM showed significant improvement over 2D PISA. Three
      dimensional FOM processing was technically simpler and significantly faster than
      2D PISA and required fewer ultrasound acquisitions. Three-dimensional FOM did not
      show significant interuser variability, whereas 2D PISA did. CONCLUSIONS: Three
      dimensional FOM may provide increased clinical value compared with 2D PISA
      because of increased accuracy in the case of complex or severe regurgitant
      orifices as well as its greater repeatability and simpler work flow.

PMID- 27354251
TI  - KymoRod: a method for automated kinematic analysis of rod-shaped plant organs.
AB  - A major challenge in plant systems biology is the development of robust,
      predictive multiscale models for organ growth. In this context it is important to
      bridge the gap between the, rather well-documented molecular scale and the organ
      scale by providing quantitative methods to study within-organ growth patterns.
      Here, we describe a simple method for the analysis of the evolution of growth
      patterns within rod-shaped organs that does not require adding markers at the
      organ surface. The method allows for the simultaneous analysis of root and
      hypocotyl growth, provides spatio-temporal information on curvature, growth
      anisotropy and relative elemental growth rate and can cope with complex organ
      movements. We demonstrate the performance of the method by documenting previously
      unsuspected complex growth patterns within the growing hypocotyl of the model
      species Arabidopsis thaliana during normal growth, after treatment with a growth
      inhibiting drug or in a mechano-sensing mutant. The method is freely available as
      an intuitive and user-friendly Matlab application called KymoRod.

PMID- 27354252
TI  - Effects of dietary phospholipid on lipase activity, antioxidant capacity and
      lipid metabolism-related gene expression in large yellow croaker larvae
      (Larimichthys crocea).
AB  - It was previously shown that lipid content of the whole larvae body fed the
      phospholipid (PL)-devoid diet was significantly lower than that of larvae fed PL
      supplemented diets (P<0.05) (Feng et al., unpublished results). The mechanisms
      involved remain unclear and were explored from the perspective of fatty acids
      delivery, uptake, synthesis and oxidation in the present study. Besides, this
      study was also designed to investigate the effect of dietary PL on antioxidant
      capacity in large yellow croaker larvae (Larimichthys crocea). Triplicate groups
      of larvae (initial body weight: 3.86+/-0.24mg) were fed three isonitrogenous and
      isolipidic diets with increasing levels of PL (2.53%, 6.32% and 12.7%) eight
      times daily for 30days. Results showed that the specific activities of superoxide
      dismutase and catalase were significantly higher in 12.7% PL group compared to
      those in 2.53% PL group (P<0.05), while an opposite trend was observed for MDA
      content (P<0.05). The specific activity of lipase and the mRNA abundance of fatty
      acids delivery and uptake-related genes, including lipoprotein lipase, hepatic
      lipase and fatty acids translocase (cluster of differentiation) were
      significantly higher in 12.7% PL group than those in 2.52% group (P<0.05).
      Compared to 2.53% PL group, the transcript levels of fatty acid synthase and
      stearoyl-CoA desaturase I were significantly lower in 6.32% PL group (P<0.05),
      while peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha, carnitine palmitoyl
      transferase-I and acyl CoA oxidase mRNA expression levels were significantly
      higher in 12.7% PL group (P<0.05). These results indicated that dietary PL could
      enhance antioxidant capacity of larvae. Dietary PL might regulate lipid
      metabolism in large yellow croaker larvae by modulating fatty acids delivery,
      uptake, synthesis and oxidation at transcriptional level and improved fatty acids
      delivery and uptake might be responsible for higher body lipid content in 6.32%
      and 12.7% groups. 

PMID- 27354253
TI  - Cold atmospheric plasma: a new tool for the treatment of superficial driveline
      infections.
AB  - Percutaneous driveline infections (DI) are leading factors for morbidity and
      mortality in ventricular assist device (VAD) patients. In recent years, cold
      atmospheric plasma (CAP) has been safely and effectively used in clinical
      settings to treat topical infections. We describe the first use of CAP to treat a
      superficial DI. CAP was applied with the kinPen(r) MED plasma jet device (neoplas
      tools GmbH, Greifswald, Germany), in the treatment of a DI in a 66-year-old VAD
      patient in Klinikum Karlsburg, Germany. The patient received a daily application
      of CAP of 1 min for 12 days. One CAP application was administered each week for 4
      weeks in our outpatient clinic after patient discharge. Laboratory tests were
      conducted and photographs of the driveline exit site were taken. After CAP
      treatment, the local infection was completely regressed without any signs of
      exudation or recurrence of the infection. There were no adverse side effects
      observed, and the HVAD logfile data did not show any abnormalities during
      treatment. Here, we demonstrate a successful resolution of a VAD DI with the
      kinPen plasma jet device. We believe that CAP has the potential to be a simple
      and effective tool in the treatment of superficial DIs.

PMID- 27354254
TI  - Predictive ability of the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores for stroke after
      transcatheter aortic balloon-expandable valve implantation: an Italian
      Transcatheter Balloon-Expandable Valve Implantation Registry (ITER) sub-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Stroke incidence after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)
      still represents a concern. This multicentre study aimed at investigating the
      hypothesis that CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores may be used to predict
      perioperative stroke after TAVI. METHODS: The Italian Transcatheter Balloon
      Expandable Valve Implantation Registry (ITER) is a multicentre, prospective
      registry of patients undergoing balloon-expandable TAVI using Edwards Sapien and
      Sapien XT prosthesis between 2007 and 2012. The primary end-point of this study
      was the 30-day stroke rate. Secondary safety end-points were all the major
      adverse events based on Valve Academic Research Consortium (VARC-2) criteria.
      RESULTS: One thousand nine hundred and four patients were enrolled in the
      registry. Mean age was 81.6 +/- 6.2 years and 1147 (60.2%) patients were female;
      mean CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were 2.2 +/- 0.8 and 4.4 +/- 1.1,
      respectively. Fifty-four (2.8%) patients had a stroke within 30 days. At
      multivariable logistic regression analysis, CHA2DS2-VASc (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03
      1.78; P = 0.031) and previous cardiac surgery (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.06-3.6; P =
      0.033) but not CHADS2 (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.76-1.44; P = 0.77) were found to be
      independent predictors of in-hospital stroke. A CHA2DS2-VASc score >=5 was
      strongly related to the occurrence of in-hospital stroke (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.38
      4.57; P= 0.001). However, CHA2DS2-VASc score showed only poor accuracy for in
      hospital stroke with a trend for better accuracy when compared with CHADS2 score
      (area under the curve: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.59-0.63 vs 0.51; 95% CI: 0.49-0.54,
      respectively, P = 0.092). CONCLUSIONS: In TAVI patients, CHA2DS2-VASc provided a
      strong correlation for in-hospital stroke but with low accuracy. Dedicated scores
      to properly tailor procedures and preventive strategies are needed.

PMID- 27354255
TI  - Ventricular volume and myocardial viability, evaluated using cardiac magnetic
      resonance imaging, affect long-term results after surgical ventricular
      reconstruction.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the outcomes of surgical ventricular
      reconstruction (SVR) for ischaemic cardiomyopathy and to identify ideal
      candidates for this procedure using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      studies. METHODS: We retrospectively examined 50 patients who underwent SVR and
      were preoperatively evaluated using cardiac MRI from 2004 to 2014. Cine MRI and
      gadolinium-enhanced MRI were performed to evaluate left ventricular (LV) volume
      and scarring. The midterm (median, 2.5 years) risk factors of cardiac death or
      major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were analysed. Patients were divided into
      three groups-those with preoperative indexed LV end-systolic volume (LVESVI) of
      <=100 ml/m2 (Group 1), those with LVESVI of >100 and <=130 ml/m2 (Group 2) and
      those with LVESVI of >130 ml/m2 (Group 3)-and examined. RESULTS: In total, 17
      patients exhibited MACEs at follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the 5
      year rate of freedom from MACEs was 66%. The Cox hazard model indicated that
      preoperative LVESVI was the only significant predictor for MACEs (P = 0.006;
      hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.04). Moreover, a significant
      reduction in LVESVI and an increase in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) were observed
      early after SVR (preoperative versus postoperative: LVESVI, 110 +/- 44 vs 68 +/-
      28 ml/m2, P < 0.001; LVEF, 24.3 +/- 10.3 vs 32.0 +/- 10.4%, P < 0.001) and at
      follow-up (LVESVI, 61 +/- 28 ml/m2, P < 0.001; LVEF, 36.5 +/- 11.5%, P < 0.001).
      Although no difference was observed between the groups at follow-up, LVEF and
      LVESVI primarily improved in Group 2. LVEF improvement was significantly greater
      in Group 2 than in Group 1 (%increase in LVEF: Group 1, 6%; Group 2, 18%; P =
      0.008). In patients with a preoperative LVESVI of >130 ml/m2, the number of non
      viable segments was a significant risk factor for MACEs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients
      with preoperative LVESVI ranging from 100 to 130 ml/m2 had fairly better
      outcomes, and the percentage improvement in LVEF and the percentage reduction in
      LVESVI were more pronounced in these patients. Hence, accurate preoperative
      assessments of LV volume and viability testing using cardiac MRI studies are
      essential for better stratification of the SVR procedure.

PMID- 27354256
TI  - Fungal native pulmonary valve endocarditis: facing both medical and surgical
      challenges.
AB  - Fungal isolated native pulmonary valve endocarditis is extremely uncommon. Data
      are scarce and report high mortality and recurrence rates. Recommended management
      combines both medical and surgical approaches. We report herein a rare case of
      isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis caused by Candida albicans The patient did
      not display prior heart disease. Medical management was unsuccessful. Pulmonary
      valve replacement allowed rapid improvement.

PMID- 27354257
TI  - Racemose haemangioma secondary to coronary artery fistula.

PMID- 27354258
TI  - A phase III clinical study to compare the immunogenicity and safety of the 9
      valent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines in men.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A nine-valent human papilloma virus (9vHPV) vaccine has been
      developed to prevent infections and diseases related to HPV 6/11/16/18 (as per
      the licensed quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) vaccine) as well as to five additional
      oncogenic HPV types (HPV 31/33/45/52/58). The 9vHPV vaccine has the potential to
      prevent 90% of cervical cancers, HPV-related anal, vaginal and vulval cancers and
      anogenital warts. We compared the immunogenicity and safety of the 9vHPV vaccine
      versus the qHPV vaccine in 16-26-year-old men. METHODS: Participants (N=500) were
      randomised to receive 9vHPV or qHPV vaccines on day 1, month 2 and month 6.
      Serology testing was performed on day 1 and month 7. HPV type-specific antibody
      titres (anti-HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58) were determined by competitive
      Luminex immunoassay and expressed as geometric mean titres and seroconversion
      rates. Vaccine safety was also assessed. RESULTS: The HPV 6/11/16/18 immune
      responses elicited by the 9vHPV vaccine were comparable with those elicited by
      the qHPV vaccine. All participants receiving the 9vHPV vaccine seroconverted for
      HPV 31/33/45/52/58. The 9vHPV and qHPV vaccines showed comparable safety
      profiles. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to immune responses to HPV 31/33/45/52/58, a
      three-dose regimen of the 9vHPV vaccine elicited a similar immune response to HPV
      6/11/16/18 when compared with the qHPV vaccine in men aged 16-26years. The safety
      profile was also similar for the two vaccines. The results from this study
      support extending the efficacy findings with qHPV vaccine to 9vHPV vaccine in men
      aged 16-26years. NCT02114385.

PMID- 27354259
TI  - Reaching the unreached with polio vaccine and other child survival interventions
      through partnership with military in Angola.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Growing conflict and insecurity played a major role in precipitating
      polio outbreaks in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. In Angola, the early
      post-conflict situation was characterized by the presence of many inaccessible
      zones and districts due to insecurity and poor infrastructure. Partnership with
      the Angolan Army health service (AAHS) was one of the innovative strategies that
      the Polio Eradication Initiative (PEI) introduced into the country to support the
      polio vaccination campaigns in insecure and hard to reach zones. METHODS: Before
      embarking on creating a partnership with Angolan military it was essential to
      make high-level advocacy with top military decision makers to engage the
      leadership in the process for better and sustainable support to the strategy. The
      principal supports provided by the AAHS were the administration of oral polio
      vaccine, vitamin A, deworming agents, social mobilization, monitoring campaign
      quality, and surveillance. Distribution of logistics using military vehicles and
      helicopters to hard to reach and insecure zones was also part of the support.
      RESULTS: Using this partnership it was possible to reach a significant number of
      children in insecure and hard to reach areas with polio vaccine and other child
      survival interventions. The military partnership also contributed in increasing
      the demand and addressing rejection for the polio vaccine. CONCLUSION: Military
      is a potentially productive force that can be used for any development activities
      in any country. The Angolan experience has demonstrated that it is possible to
      form a partnership with the military for basic health intervention activities
      with little training and investment.

PMID- 27354261
TI  - Morphometric evaluation of the early stages of healing at cortical and marrow
      compartments at titanium implants: an experimental study in the dog.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the early sequential stages of tissue composition in the
      cortical and marrow compartments of the alveolar bone crest at implants with a
      moderately rough surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three month after tooth
      extraction in 12 Labrador dogs, full-thickness flaps were elevated in the
      edentulous region of the right side of the mandible and one implant was
      installed. The flaps were sutured to allow a fully submerged healing. The timing
      of the installations in the left side of the mandible and of sacrifices were
      scheduled in such a way to obtained biopsies representing the healing after 5,
      10, 20, and 30 days. Ground sections (n = 6 per each healing period) were
      prepared, and the percentages of osteoid/new bone, old bone, new soft tissues
      (provisional matrix and primitive marrow), mature bone marrow, vessels, and other
      tissues (bone debris/particles and clot) were evaluated laterally to the implant
      surface up to a distance of about 0.4 mm from it. RESULTS: Osteoid/new bone was
      found after 5 days at percentages of 10.8 +/- 4.3% at the marrow and 0.6 +/- 0.6%
      at the cortical compartments. After 30 days, these percentages increased up to
      56.4 +/- 4.0% and 23.3 +/- 6.1%, respectively. Old parent bone was resorbed
      between 5 and 30 days from 28.7 +/- 10.9% to 14.9 +/- 3.4% at the marrow (~48% of
      resorption) and from 81.2 +/- 9.4% to 67.6 +/- 5.6% at the cortical (~17% of
      resorption) compartments. All differences were statistically significant.
      CONCLUSION: Bone apposition to an implant surface followed a significantly
      different pattern in the compact and the marrow compartments around the implants.
      While in the compact compartments, bone apposition had to develop through the
      BMUs following resorption, it developed in very dense layers through an early
      apposition in the marrow compartments.

PMID- 27354260
TI  - Molecular characterization of woodchuck IFI16 and AIM2 and their expression in
      woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV).
AB  - IFI16 and AIM2 are important DNA sensors in antiviral immunity. To characterize
      these two molecules in a woodchuck model, which is widely used to study hepatitis
      B virus (HBV) infection, we cloned and analyzed the complete coding sequences
      (CDSs) of woodchuck IFI16 and AIM2, and found that AIM2 was highly conserved in
      mammals, whereas the degree of sequence identity between woodchuck IFI16 and its
      mammalian orthologues was low. IFI16 and IFN-beta were upregulated following VACV
      ds 70 mer transfection, while AIM2 and IL-1beta were upregulated following poly
      (dA:dT) transfection, both in vitro and in vivo; IFI16-targeted siRNA decreased
      the transcription of IFI16 and IFN-beta stimulated by VACV ds 70 mer, and AIM2
      siRNA interference downregulated AIM2 and IL-1beta transcripts stimulated by poly
      (dA:dT), in vitro, suggesting that woodchuck IFI16 and AIM2 may play pivotal
      roles in the DNA-mediated induction of IFN-beta and IL-1beta, respectively. IFI16
      and AIM2 transcripts were upregulated in the liver and spleen following acute WHV
      infection, while IFI16 was downregulated in the liver following chronic
      infection, implying that IFI16 and AIM2 may be involved in WHV infection. These
      data provide the basis for the study of IFI16- and AIM2-mediated innate immunity
      using the woodchuck model.

PMID- 27354262
TI  - Deep sequencing and in silico analyses identify MYB-regulated gene networks and
      signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that the transcription factor MYB can modulate
      several cancer-associated phenotypes in pancreatic cancer. In order to understand
      the molecular basis of these MYB-associated changes, we conducted deep-sequencing
      of transcriptome of MYB-overexpressing and -silenced pancreatic cancer cells,
      followed by in silico pathway analysis. We identified significant modulation of
      774 genes upon MYB-silencing (p < 0.05) that were assigned to 25 gene networks by
      in silico analysis. Further analyses placed genes in our RNA sequencing-generated
      dataset to several canonical signalling pathways, such as cell-cycle control, DNA
      damage and -repair responses, p53 and HIF1alpha. Importantly, we observed
      downregulation of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma signaling pathway in MYB-silenced
      pancreatic cancer cells exhibiting suppression of EGFR and NF-kappaB. Decreased
      expression of EGFR and RELA was validated by both qPCR and immunoblotting and
      they were both shown to be under direct transcriptional control of MYB. These
      observations were further confirmed in a converse approach wherein MYB was
      overexpressed ectopically in a MYB-null pancreatic cancer cell line. Our findings
      thus suggest that MYB potentially regulates growth and genomic stability of
      pancreatic cancer cells via targeting complex gene networks and signaling
      pathways. Further in-depth functional studies are warranted to fully understand
      MYB signaling in pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 27354263
TI  - Revised version of quality guidelines for presurgical epilepsy evaluation and
      surgical epilepsy therapy issued by the Austrian, German, and Swiss working group
      on presurgical epilepsy diagnosis and operative epilepsy treatment.
AB  - The definition of minimal standards remains pivotal as a basis for a high
      standard of care and as a basis for staff allocation or reimbursement. Only
      limited publications are available regarding the required staffing or
      methodologic expertise in epilepsy centers. The executive board of the working
      group (WG) on presurgical epilepsy diagnosis and operative epilepsy treatment
      published the first guidelines in 2000 for Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. In
      2014, revised guidelines were published and the WG decided to publish an
      unaltered English translation in this report. Because epilepsy surgery is an
      elective procedure, quality standards are particularly high. As detailed in the
      first edition of these guidelines, quality control relates to seven different
      domains: (1) establishing centers with a sufficient number of sufficiently and
      specifically trained personnel, (2) minimum technical standards and equipment,
      (3) continuous medical education of employees, (4) surveillance by trained
      personnel during video electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring (VEM), (5)
      systematic acquisition of clinical and outcome data, (6) the minimum number of
      preoperative evaluations and epilepsy surgery procedures, and (7) the cooperation
      of epilepsy centers. These standards required the certification of the different
      professions involved and minimum numbers of procedures. In the subsequent decade,
      quite a number of colleagues were certified by the trinational WG; therefore, the
      executive board of the WG decided in 2013 to make these standards obligatory.
      This revised version is particularly relevant given that the German procedure
      classification explicitly refers to the guidelines of the WG with regard to
      noninvasive/invasive preoperative video-EEG monitoring and invasive
      intraoperative diagnostics in epilepsy.

PMID- 27354264
TI  - Internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans, US-born Caribbean
      Blacks, and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The tripartite model of racism includes personally mediated racism,
      institutionalized racism, and the less-oft studied internalized racism.
      Internalized racism - or negative beliefs about one's racial group - results from
      cultural racism that is endemic in American society. In this project, we studied
      whether these negative stereotypes are associated with mental health among
      African-Americans and Caribbean Blacks. DESIGN: Using secondary data from the
      National Survey of American Life, we investigated the association between
      internalized racism and mental health (measured by depressive symptoms and
      serious psychological distress (SPD)) among these two groups. We also explored
      whether ethnicity/nativity and mastery moderate the association between
      internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans and Caribbean
      Blacks. RESULTS: Internalized racism was positively associated with depressive
      symptoms and SPD among all Black subgroups. However, internalized racism was a
      weaker predictor of SPD among foreign-born Caribbean Blacks than US-born
      Caribbean Blacks and US-born African-Americans. Additionally, higher mastery was
      protective against distress associated with internalized racism. CONCLUSION:
      Internalized racism is an important yet understudied determinant of mental health
      among Blacks. Future studies should take into account additional heterogeneity
      within the Black population (e.g. African-born individuals) and other potential
      protective mechanisms in addition to mastery (e.g. self-esteem and racial
      identity).

PMID- 27354265
TI  - Miscoding of Melanoma Thickness in SEER: Research and Clinical Implications.
AB  - Melanoma-related deaths and metastases among patients with thin (<=1 mm) and
      ultrathin (<=0.25 mm) melanomas have been reported. These observations might
      reflect adverse biology and/or errors in administrative data. Cumulative melanoma
      related death rates for thickness groups of patients with thin melanomas were
      compared among five cohorts including the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End
      Results (SEER) registry. Thickness in one SEER region was reexamined in pathology
      reports. The 5-year cumulative melanoma-related death rate of patients with
      ultrathin melanomas was higher in SEER (2.8%) compared with other registries (0.6
      0.9%). The rates across the 16 SEER regions were 0.25% to 8.4%. In SEER, 21% of
      thin melanomas were ultrathin; in other registries, they comprised 5.8-15%. A
      reexamination of thickness in one SEER site revealed that 114 of 447 ultrathin
      melanomas had errors; after correction, only 17 of the 114 remained ultrathin.
      The majority of errors were related to decimal point placement. The 86 thin
      melanomas reclassified to >1.00 mm included 96% of the original ultrathin
      associated deaths and 100% of the original positive lymph nodes. Significant
      miscoding of thickness that is concentrated in ultrathin lesions is present in
      SEER and results in mischaracterization of patient outcomes. When using
      administrative data, validation of results can identify critical data issues.

PMID- 27354266
TI  - Screening disordered eating in a representative sample of the German population:
      Usefulness and psychometric properties of the German SCOFF questionnaire.
AB  - The prevention of eating disorders and the identification of high-risk
      individuals are essential for the public health sector. There is need for
      sensitive and specific screening instruments of disordered eating that can be
      applied in universal samples as an initial step into disease prevention. The
      SCOFF is a screening instrument for disordered eating, frequently used in
      international and cross-cultural contexts to detect individuals at risk. The
      objective of this research is to evaluate whether the SCOFF can be used as a
      screening tool for disordered eating in universal samples. This is the first
      study which examined the psychometric properties of the German version of the
      SCOFF in a general population sample. A representative sample (N=2527) of the
      German population, aged 14-95years, was recruited. Psychometric properties were
      determined including reliability, concurrent and construct validity, and factor
      structure. The prevalence of disordered eating was assessed. The prevalence of
      disordered eating in the general population was 10%. Using the established cutoff
      point of >=2, values for diagnostic accuracy were 26% (sensitivity), 97%
      (specificity), 80% (positive predictive value), and 74% (negative predictive
      value). Factorial analyses revealed an excellent model fit of a unidimensional
      model. Due to its low sensitivity and a high percentage of false negatives, there
      are limitations in using the German version of the SCOFF in general population
      samples with wide age ranges.

PMID- 27354267
TI  - ABCC4, ABCC5 and SLC28A1 polymorphisms: host genome on responses of chronic
      hepatitis B patients with entecavir treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nucleoside drug transporter polymorphisms play a significant role in
      patient responses to drugs. The aim was to investigate the effect of multi-drug
      resistance protein 4, multi-drug resistance protein 5 and human concentrative
      nucleoside transporter 1 gene polymorphisms on the response to entecavir
      treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients. METHODS: A total of 324 chronic HBV
      treatment-naive Chinese Han patients treated with entecavir 0.5 mg daily for 1
      year were enrolled. Patients were divided into a response group and non-response
      group according to the decline of HBV DNA levels. A multiplex SNaPshot single
      base extension method was designed for genotyping. RESULTS: The rs3751333GG
      genotype of multi-drug resistance protein 4 was significantly different between
      the response group and non-response group at 6 and 12 months (P=0.005 and
      P=0.019, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that the rs37751333GG
      genotype was significantly associated with responses at 6 and 12 months (odds
      ratio 2.630, 95% CI 1.391, 4.974, P=0.003; odds ratio 2.968, 95% CI 1.416, 6.221,
      P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The multi-drug resistance protein 4 variant was
      significantly associated with HBV DNA level suppression in chronic hepatitis B
      patients treated with entecavir, and therefore, patients with the rs3751333GG
      genotype might respond better to entecavir in the Chinese Han population.

PMID- 27354268
TI  - Dissection of the Major Hematopoietic Quantitative Trait Locus in Chromosome
      6q23.3 Identifies miR-3662 as a Player in Hematopoiesis and Acute Myeloid
      Leukemia.
AB  - Chromosomal aberrations and multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have
      established a major hematopoietic quantitative trait locus in chromosome 6q23.3.
      The locus comprises an active enhancer region, in which some of the associated
      SNPs alter transcription factor binding. We now identify miR-3662 as a new
      functional driver contributing to the associated phenotypes. The GWAS SNPs are
      strongly associated with higher miR-3662 expression. Genome editing of
      rs66650371, a three-base-pair deletion, suggests a functional link between the
      SNP genotype and the abundance of miR-3662. Increasing miR-3662's abundance
      increases colony formation in hematopoietic progenitor cells, particularly the
      erythroid lineage. In contrast, miR-3662 is not expressed in acute myeloid
      leukemia cells, and its overexpression has potent antileukemic effects in vitro
      and in vivo Mechanistically, miR-3662 directly targets NF-kappaB-mediated
      transcription. Thus, miR-3662 is a new player of the hematopoietic 6q23.3 locus.
      SIGNIFICANCE: The characterization of miR-3662 has identified a new actor in the
      prominent hematopoietic quantitative trait locus in chromosome 6q23.3. The
      mechanistic insights into miR-3662's function may reveal novel or only partially
      known pathways for normal and malignant hematopoietic cell proliferation. Cancer
      Discov; 6(9); 1036-51. (c)2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This
      Issue feature, p. 932.

PMID- 27354270
TI  - Tumor Profiling: Adding Proteomics to Genomics.
AB  - Researchers have used mass spectrometry to conduct proteomic analyses of 77
      genomically characterized breast tumors. Through this approach, they've uncovered
      functional consequences of somatic mutations. For instance, EGFR overexpression
      in basal-like breast cancer is potentially driven by the loss of two genes, SKP1
      and CETN3, from the chromosome 5q deletion characteristic of this disease
      subtype.

PMID- 27354271
TI  - Single-Agent Abemaciclib Active in Breast Cancer.
AB  - According to results from a phase II study, abemaciclib shows single-agent
      activity in women with metastatic HER2-negative, ER-positive breast cancer whose
      disease has progressed on endocrine therapy and chemotherapy. The objective
      response rate to this investigational CDK4/6 inhibitor was 19.7%, with 28.2% of
      responses lasting at least a year.

PMID- 27354269
TI  - Triggering the TCR Developmental Checkpoint Activates a Therapeutically
      Targetable Tumor Suppressive Pathway in T-cell Leukemia.
AB  - Cancer onset and progression involves the accumulation of multiple oncogenic
      hits, which are thought to dominate or bypass the physiologic regulatory
      mechanisms in tissue development and homeostasis. We demonstrate in T-cell acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) that, irrespective of the complex oncogenic
      abnormalities underlying tumor progression, experimentally induced, persistent T
      cell receptor (TCR) signaling has antileukemic properties and enforces a
      molecular program resembling thymic negative selection, a major developmental
      event in normal T-cell development. Using mouse models of T-ALL, we show that
      induction of TCR signaling by high-affinity self-peptide/MHC or treatment with
      monoclonal antibodies to the CD3epsilon chain (anti-CD3) causes massive leukemic
      cell death. Importantly, anti-CD3 treatment hampered leukemogenesis in mice
      transplanted with either mouse- or patient-derived T-ALLs. These data provide a
      strong rationale for targeted therapy based on anti-CD3 treatment of patients
      with TCR-expressing T-ALL and demonstrate that endogenous developmental
      checkpoint pathways are amenable to therapeutic intervention in cancer cells.
      SIGNIFICANCE: T-ALLs are aggressive malignant lymphoid proliferations of T-cell
      precursors characterized by high relapse rates and poor prognosis, calling for
      the search for novel therapeutic options. Here, we report that the lineage
      specific TCR/CD3 developmental checkpoint controlling cell death in normal T-cell
      progenitors remains switchable to induce massive tumor cell apoptosis in T-ALL
      and is amenable to preclinical therapeutic intervention. Cancer Discov; 6(9); 972
      85. (c)2016 AACR.See related commentary by Lemonnier and Mak, p. 946This article
      is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 932.

PMID- 27354272
TI  - Blocking PD-1 in Tumors with Faulty DNA Repair.
AB  - A phase II study shows that DNA mismatch repair deficiency can render tumors
      highly sensitive to the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab. Patients with a range of
      solid tumors, including colorectal and endometrial cancers, with the deficiency
      responded well and durably to immune checkpoint blockade, with minimal toxicity.

PMID- 27354273
TI  - Cardiac MRI evaluation of myocardial disease.
AB  - Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a key imaging technique for cardiac
      phenotyping with a major clinical role. It can assess advanced aspects of cardiac
      structure and function, scar burden and other myocardial tissue characteristics
      but there is new information that can now be derived. This can fill many of the
      gaps in our knowledge with the potential to change thinking, disease
      classifications and definitions as well as patient care. Established techniques
      such as the late gadolinium enhancement technique are now embedded in clinical
      care. New techniques are coming through. Myocardial tissue characterisation
      techniques, particularly myocardial mapping can precisely measure tissue
      magnetisation-T1, T2, T2* and also the extracellular volume. These change in
      disease. Key biological pathways are now open for scrutiny including focal
      fibrosis (scar) and diffuse fibrosis, inflammation, metabolism and infiltration.
      Other new areas to engage in where major insights are growing include detailed
      assessments of myocardial mechanics and performance, spectroscopy and
      hyperpolarised CMR. In spite of the advances, challenges remain, particularly
      surrounding utilisation, technical development to improve accuracy,
      reproducibility and deliverability, and the role of multidisciplinary research to
      understand the detailed pathological basis of the MR signal changes.
      Collectively, these new developments are galvanising CMR uptake and having a
      major translational impact on healthcare globally and it is steadily becoming key
      imaging tool.

PMID- 27354274
TI  - Cross-sectional analysis of deprivation and ideal cardiovascular health in the
      Paris Prospective Study 3.
AB  - AIMS: We hypothesised that deprivation might represent a barrier to attain an
      ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) as defined by the American Heart Association
      (AHA). METHODS AND RESULTS: The baseline data of 8916 participants of the Paris
      Prospective Study 3, an observational cohort on novel markers for future
      cardiovascular disease, were used. The AHA 7-item tool includes four health
      behaviours (smoking, body weight, physical activity and optimal diet) and three
      biological measures (blood cholesterol, blood glucose and blood pressure). A
      validated 11-item score of individual material and psychosocial deprivation, the
      Evaluation de la Precarite et des Inegalites dans les Centres d'Examens de Sante
      Evaluation of Deprivation and Inequalities in Health Examination centres (EPICES)
      score was used. The mean age was 59.5 years (standard deviation 6.2), 61.2% were
      men and 9.98% had an ideal CVH. In sex-specific multivariable polytomous logistic
      regression, the odds ratio (OR) for ideal behavioural CVH progressively decreased
      with quartile of increasing deprivation, from 0.54 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.72) to 0.49
      (0.37 to 0.65) in women and from 0.61 (0.50 to 0.76) to 0.57 (0.46 to 0.71) in
      men. Associations with ideal biological CVH were confined to the most deprived
      women (OR=0.60; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.99), whereas in men, greater deprivation was
      related to higher OR of intermediate biological CVH (OR=1.28; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.57
      for the third quartile vs the first quartile). CONCLUSIONS: Higher material and
      psychosocial deprivation may represent a barrier to reach an ideal CVH. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00741728.

PMID- 27354275
TI  - Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor and the risk of cardiovascular
      events.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relation of circulating concentrations of vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for the risk of developing cardiovascular
      disease (CVD) in a large community-based sample. METHODS: We prospectively
      assessed the relation of circulating VEGF concentrations with the incidence of
      CVD among 3041 Framingham Heart Study participants (mean age 63.4+/-11.1 years,
      59% women). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were estimated
      adjusting for standard risk factors to VEGF quartiles to incident CVD. Restricted
      cubic splines were used to examine the linearity of the association. RESULTS:
      After a mean follow-up of 8.8 (+/-2.8) years, 527 individuals experienced a first
      CVD event. Compared with participants in the first VEGF quartile, individuals in
      the second VEGF quartile had a 34% increased risk for future CVD (HR 1.34, 95% CI
      1.03 to 1.74; p value=0.03) and individuals in third quartile had a 59% higher
      risk (HR 1.59; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.05, p value=0.0003). Individuals in the highest
      VEGF quartile had a similar cardiovascular risk as compared with those in the
      lowest VEGF quartile (HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.53, p value=0.21). Evaluation of
      restricted cubic splines confirmed the nonlinear, inverted U-shaped relation of
      serum VEGF and CVD events (p<0.0001 for model fit, p=0.006 for non-linearity).
      CONCLUSIONS: Circulating VEGF concentrations exhibit a complex non-linear
      (inverted U-shaped) relation with the risk of developing CVD events, with the
      lowest risk experienced at the lower and upper end of the distribution. The
      underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

PMID- 27354276
TI  - Patients with Down syndrome and congenital heart disease: survival is improving,
      but challenges remain.

PMID- 27354277
TI  - Maintaining good clinical practice: publication of outcomes and handling of
      outliers.

PMID- 27354278
TI  - The mediating role of perceived peer support in the relation between quality of
      attachment and internalizing problems in adolescence: a longitudinal perspective.
AB  - The study was aimed to verify, from a longitudinal perspective, whether perceived
      peer support would mediate the relationship between attachment and internalizing
      problems. Longitudinal participants included 482 adolescents (245 boys) aged 14
      15 years in Wave 1 and 17-18 years in Wave 2. Participants in Wave 1 completed
      the Relationship Questionnaire, and those in Wave 2 completed the Social Support
      Questionnaire and the Youth Self-Report. Results showed that secure attachment
      positively predicted high levels of perceived peer support and negatively
      predicted internalizing problems, whereas fearful and preoccupied attachment
      negatively predicted perceived peer support and positively predicted
      internalizing problems. The mediation models showed that perceived peer support
      partially mediated the relationship between secure attachment and internalizing
      problems as well as between preoccupied attachment and internalizing problems and
      between fearful attachment and internalizing problems. Our results confirm the
      role of subjective perception of peer support in contributing to the prediction
      of internalizing problems beyond attachment styles.

PMID- 27354279
TI  - Phosphoryl Group Flow within the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pil-Chp Chemosensory
      System: DIFFERENTIAL FUNCTION OF THE EIGHT PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE AND THREE RECEIVER
      DOMAINS.
AB  - Bacterial chemosensory signal transduction systems that regulate motility by type
      IV pili (T4P) can be markedly more complex than related flagellum-based
      chemotaxis systems. In T4P-based systems, the CheA kinase often contains numerous
      potential sites of phosphorylation, but the signaling mechanisms of these systems
      are unknown. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the Pil-Chp system regulates T4P-mediated
      twitching motility and cAMP levels, both of which play roles in pathogenesis. The
      Pil-Chp histidine kinase (ChpA) has eight "Xpt" domains; six are canonical
      histidine-containing phosphotransfer (Hpt) domains and two have a threonine (Tpt)
      or serine (Spt) in place of the histidine. Additionally, there are two stand
      alone receiver domains (PilG and PilH) and a ChpA C-terminal receiver domain
      (ChpArec). Here, we demonstrate that the ChpA Xpts are functionally divided into
      three categories as follows: (i) those phosphorylated with ATP (Hpt4-6); (ii)
      those reversibly phosphorylated by ChpArec (Hpt2-6), and (iii) those with no
      detectable phosphorylation (Hpt1, Spt, and Tpt). There was rapid phosphotransfer
      from Hpt2-6 to ChpArec and from Hpt3 to PilH, whereas transfer to PilG was
      slower. ChpArec also had a rapid rate of autodephosphorylation. The biochemical
      results together with in vivo cAMP and twitching phenotypes of key ChpA
      phosphorylation site point mutants supported a scheme whereby ChpArec functions
      both as a phosphate sink and a phosphotransfer element linking Hpt4-6 to Hpt2-3.
      Hpt2 and Hpt3 are likely the dominant sources of phosphoryl groups for PilG and
      PilH, respectively. The data are synthesized in a signaling circuit that contains
      fundamental features of two-component phosphorelays.

PMID- 27354280
TI  - Gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis Affect the Stability and Function of
      Serine Protease Inhibitor of Kazal-type 6 (SPINK6), a Tissue Inhibitor of Human
      Kallikreins.
AB  - Periodontitis, a chronic inflammation driven by dysbiotic subgingival bacterial
      flora, is linked on clinical levels to the development of a number of systemic
      diseases and to the development of oral and gastric tract tumors. A key pathogen,
      Porphyromonas gingivalis, secretes gingipains, cysteine proteases implicated as
      the main factors in the development of periodontitis. Here we hypothesize that
      gingipains may be linked to systemic pathologies through the deregulation of
      kallikrein-like proteinase (KLK) family members. KLKs are implicated in cancer
      development and are clinically utilized as tumor progression markers. In tissues,
      KLK activity is strictly controlled by a limited number of tissue-specific
      inhibitors, including SPINK6, an inhibitor of these proteases in skin and oral
      epithelium. Here we identify gingipains as the only P. gingivalis proteases
      responsible for SPINK6 degradation. We further show that gingipains, even at low
      nanomolar concentrations, cleaved SPINK6 in concentration- and time-dependent
      manner. The proteolysis was accompanied by loss of inhibition against KLK13. We
      also mapped the cleavage by Arg-specific gingipains to the reactive site loop of
      the SPINK6 inhibitor. Moreover, we identified a significant fraction of SPINK6
      sensitive proteases in healthy saliva and confirmed the ability of gingipains to
      inactivate SPINK6 under ex vivo conditions. Finally, we demonstrate the double
      edge action of gingipains, which, in addition, can activate KLKs because of
      gingipain K-mediated proteolytic processing of the zymogenic proform of KLK13.
      Altogether, the results indicate the potential of P. gingivalis to disrupt the
      control system of KLKs, providing a possible mechanistic link between periodontal
      disease and tumor development.

PMID- 27354281
TI  - Lysosomal Acid Lipase Hydrolyzes Retinyl Ester and Affects Retinoid Turnover.
AB  - Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is essential for the clearance of endocytosed
      cholesteryl ester and triglyceride-rich chylomicron remnants. Humans and mice
      with defective or absent LAL activity accumulate large amounts of cholesteryl
      esters and triglycerides in multiple tissues. Although chylomicrons also contain
      retinyl esters (REs), a role of LAL in the clearance of endocytosed REs has not
      been reported. In this study, we found that murine LAL exhibits RE hydrolase
      activity. Pharmacological inhibition of LAL in the human hepatocyte cell line
      HepG2, incubated with chylomicrons, led to increased accumulation of REs in
      endosomal/lysosomal fractions. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition or genetic
      ablation of LAL in murine liver largely reduced in vitro acid RE hydrolase
      activity. Interestingly, LAL-deficient mice exhibited increased RE content in the
      duodenum and jejunum but decreased RE content in the liver. Furthermore, LAL
      deficient mice challenged with RE gavage exhibited largely reduced post-prandial
      circulating RE content, indicating that LAL is required for efficient nutritional
      vitamin A availability. In summary, our results indicate that LAL is the major
      acid RE hydrolase and required for functional retinoid homeostasis.

PMID- 27354282
TI  - SLX4-SLX1 Protein-independent Down-regulation of MUS81-EME1 Protein by HIV-1
      Viral Protein R (Vpr).
AB  - Evolutionarily conserved structure-selective endonuclease MUS81 forms a complex
      with EME1 and further associates with another endonuclease SLX4-SLX1 to form a
      four-subunit complex of MUS81-EME1-SLX4-SLX1, coordinating distinctive
      biochemical activities of both endonucleases in DNA repair. Viral protein R
      (Vpr), a highly conserved accessory protein in primate lentiviruses, was
      previously reported to bind SLX4 to mediate down-regulation of MUS81. However,
      the detailed mechanism underlying MUS81 down-regulation is unclear. Here, we
      report that HIV-1 Vpr down-regulates both MUS81 and its cofactor EME1 by
      hijacking the host CRL4-DCAF1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Multiple Vpr variants, from
      HIV-1 and SIV, down-regulate both MUS81 and EME1. Furthermore, a C-terminally
      truncated Vpr mutant and point mutants R80A and Q65R, all of which lack G2 arrest
      activity, are able to down-regulate MUS81-EME1, suggesting that Vpr-induced G2
      arrest is not correlated with MUS81-EME1 down-regulation. We also show that
      neither the interaction of MUS81-EME1 with Vpr nor their down-regulation is
      dependent on SLX4-SLX1. Together, these data provide new insight on a conserved
      function of Vpr in a host endonuclease down-regulation.

PMID- 27354283
TI  - Design and Characterization of Erwinia Chrysanthemi l-Asparaginase Variants with
      Diminished l-Glutaminase Activity.
AB  - Current FDA-approved l-asparaginases also possess significant l-glutaminase
      activity, which correlates with many of the toxic side effects of these drugs.
      Therefore, l-asparaginases with reduced l-glutaminase activity are predicted to
      be safer. We exploited our recently described structures of the Erwinia
      chrysanthemi l-asparaginase (ErA) to inform the design of mutants with diminished
      ability to hydrolyze l-glutamine. Structural analysis of these variants provides
      insight into the molecular basis for the increased l-asparagine specificity. A
      primary role is attributed to the E63Q mutation that acts to hinder the correct
      positioning of l-glutamine but not l-asparagine. The substitution of Ser-254 with
      either an asparagine or a glutamine increases the l-asparagine specificity but
      only when combined with the E63Q mutation. The A31I mutation reduces the
      substrate Km value; this is a key property to allow the required therapeutic l
      asparagine depletion. Significantly, an ultra-low l-glutaminase ErA variant
      maintained its cell killing ability. By diminishing the l-glutaminase activity of
      these highly active l-asparaginases, our engineered ErA variants hold promise as
      l-asparaginases with fewer side effects.

PMID- 27354284
TI  - Non-Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in Childhood.
AB  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is classified as classical CAH and non
      classical CAH (NCCAH). In the classical type, the most severe form comprises both
      salt-wasting and simple virilizing forms. In the non-classical form, diagnosis
      can be more confusing because the patient may remain asymptomatic or the
      condition may be associated with signs of androgen excess in the postnatal period
      or in the later stages of life. This review paper will include information on
      clinical findings, symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modules of
      NCCAH.

PMID- 27354286
TI  - Determinants of Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake Among Women in
      Turkey.
AB  - The aim of the study was to assess the influence of sociodemographic
      characteristics on breast and cervical cancer screening among women 30 years and
      older in Turkey. We used data from the National Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors
      Survey conducted by the Ministry of Health in 2011. Multivariate logistic
      regression analysis was used to assess the association of sociodemographic
      factors, lifestyle variables, and cancer screening. Overall, 22.0% of women ever
      had a Pap smear test for cervical cancer screening and 19.0% ever had a
      mammography for breast cancer screening(n = 6846). Individuals with a university
      degree, social security, doing moderate physical activity, and consuming 5
      portions of fruit or vegetable/day were more likely to receive Pap smear test and
      mammography. Residing in the eastern region and living in rural area was
      associated with lower likelihood of receiving both types of screening.

PMID- 27354285
TI  - Elevated Angiopoietin-2 Level in Patients With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular
      Assist Devices Leads to Altered Angiogenesis and Is Associated With Higher
      Nonsurgical Bleeding.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonsurgical bleeding is the most common adverse event in patients
      with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) and is caused by
      arteriovenous malformations. We hypothesized that deregulation of an angiogenic
      factor, angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), in patients with LVADs leads to increased
      angiogenesis and higher nonsurgical bleeding. METHODS: Ang-2 and thrombin levels
      were measured by ELISA and Western blotting, respectively, in blood samples from
      101 patients with heart failure, LVAD, or orthotopic heart transplantation. Ang-2
      expression in endothelial biopsy was quantified by immunofluorescence.
      Angiogenesis was determined by in vitro tube formation from serum from each
      patient with or without Ang-2-blocking antibody. Ang-2 gene expression was
      measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in endothelial cells
      incubated with plasma from each patient with or without the thrombin receptor
      blocker vorapaxar. RESULTS: Compared with patients with heart failure or those
      with orthotopic heart transplantation, serum levels and endothelial expression of
      Ang-2 were higher in LVAD patients (P=0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). This
      corresponded to an increased angiogenic potential of serum from patients with
      LVADs (P<0.001), which was normalized with Ang-2 blockade. Furthermore, plasma
      from LVAD patients contained higher amounts of thrombin (P=0.003), which was
      associated with activation of the contact coagulation system. Plasma from LVAD
      patients induced more Ang-2 gene expression in endothelial cells (P<0.001), which
      was reduced with thrombin receptor blockade (P=0.013). LVAD patients with Ang-2
      levels above the mean (12.32 ng/mL) had more nonsurgical bleeding events compared
      with patients with Ang-2 levels below the mean (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings indicate that thrombin-induced Ang-2 expression in LVAD patients leads
      to increased angiogenesis in vitro and may be associated with higher nonsurgical
      bleeding events. Ang-2 therefore may contribute to arteriovenous malformation
      formation and subsequent bleeding in LVAD patients.

PMID- 27354287
TI  - Network Modeling Identifies Patient-specific Pathways in Glioblastoma.
AB  - Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of malignant human brain tumor.
      Molecular profiling experiments have revealed that these tumors are extremely
      heterogeneous. This heterogeneity is one of the principal challenges for
      developing targeted therapies. We hypothesize that despite the diverse molecular
      profiles, it might still be possible to identify common signaling changes that
      could be targeted in some or all tumors. Using a network modeling approach, we
      reconstruct the altered signaling pathways from tumor-specific phosphoproteomic
      data and known protein-protein interactions. We then develop a network-based
      strategy for identifying tumor specific proteins and pathways that were predicted
      by the models but not directly observed in the experiments. Among these hidden
      targets, we show that the ERK activator kinase1 (MEK1) displays increased
      phosphorylation in all tumors. By contrast, protein numb homolog (NUMB) is
      present only in the subset of the tumors that are the most invasive.
      Additionally, increased S100A4 is associated with only one of the tumors.
      Overall, our results demonstrate that despite the heterogeneity of the proteomic
      data, network models can identify common or tumor specific pathway-level changes.
      These results represent an important proof of principle that can improve the
      target selection process for tumor specific treatments.

PMID- 27354288
TI  - Hyaluronan Upregulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Reduces Adenoside
      Triphosphate Production for Efficient Mitochondrial Function in Slow
      Proliferating Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
AB  - Hyaluronan-coated surfaces preserve the proliferation and differentiation
      potential of mesenchymal stem cells by prolonging their G1-phase transit, which
      maintains cells in a slow-proliferative mode. Mitochondria are known to play a
      crucial role in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. In this study, for
      the first time, the metabolic mechanism underlying the hyaluronan-regulated slow
      proliferative maintenance of stem cells was investigated by evaluating
      mitochondrial functions. Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDMSCs)
      cultured on hyaluronan-coated surfaces at 0.5, 3.0, 5.0, and 30 ug/cm2 were found
      to have an average 58% higher mitochondrial mass and an increase in mitochondrial
      DNA copy number compared to noncoated tissue culture surfaces (control), as well
      as a threefold increase in the gene expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis
      related gene PGC-1alpha. Increase in mitochondrial biogenesis led to a hyaluronan
      dose-dependent increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content, and
      oxygen consumption rate, with reactive oxygen species levels shown to be at least
      three times lower compared to the control. Although hyaluronan seemed to favor
      mitochondrial function, cell entry into a hyaluronan-regulated slow-proliferative
      mode led to a fivefold reduction in ATP production and coupling efficiency
      levels. Together, these results suggest that hyaluronan-coated surfaces influence
      the metabolic proliferative state of stem cells by upregulating mitochondrial
      biogenesis and function with controlled ATP production. This more efficiently
      meets the energy requirements of slow-proliferating PDMSCs. A clear understanding
      of the metabolic mechanism induced by hyaluronan in stem cells will allow future
      applications that may overcome the current limitations faced in stem cell
      culture. Stem Cells 2016;34:2512-2524.

PMID- 27354289
TI  - False-negative direct immunofluorescence testing in vancomycin-induced linear IgA
      bullous dermatosis: a diagnostic pitfall.

PMID- 27354290
TI  - Words will never hurt me? Preferred terms for describing obesity and binge
      eating.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated individuals' language preferences for discussing
      obesity and binge eating. METHOD: Participants (N = 817; 68.3% female) were an
      online community sample. They rated the desirability of terms related to obesity
      and binge eating, and also completed psychometrically established eating-disorder
      measures. In addition to examining participants' preferences, analyses explored
      whether preferences differed by socio-demographic variables, weight status and
      binge-eating status. RESULTS: Preferred obesity-related terms were weight and
      BMI, although women rated undesirable obesity-related terms even lower than did
      men. Participants with obesity and binge eating rated weight, BMI, unhealthy BMI
      and large size as less desirable than participants with obesity but not binge
      eating. Binge-related terms were generally ranked neutrally; preferred
      descriptions were kept eating even though not physically hungry and loss of
      control. CONCLUSIONS: Preferred terms were generally consistent across sex,
      weight status and binge-eating status. Using terms ranked more preferably and
      avoiding terms ranked more undesirably may enhance clinical interactions,
      particularly when discussing obesity with women and individuals reporting binge
      eating, as these groups had stronger aversion to some non-preferred terms.
      Findings that the selected binge-related descriptions were rated neutrally on
      average provide support for their use by clinicians.

PMID- 27354291
TI  - Wooden Foreign Body in the Skull Base: How Did We Miss It?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Timely detection of intraorbital and skull base wooden foreign bodies
      is crucial. Wooden foreign bodies are difficult to detect on imaging. The
      radiologist may fail to identify wooden foreign bodies on two thirds of initial
      scans and can miss them in almost one third of total cases. CASE DESCRIPTION: A
      66-year-old woman sustained a penetrating injury through the left upper eyelid
      with a small tree branch. The branch was immediately removed in the field, and
      she was provided with prompt medical care at a local hospital. Initial computed
      tomography (CT) scan diagnosis was "posttraumatic sinusitis," and this was
      treated empirically with vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam. On the eighth
      day after injury, she developed progressive swelling and pain of her eyelid with
      left trigeminal/supraorbital numbness and complete left ophthalmoplegia. A new CT
      scan showed an open "track" from the region of the left upper orbit/superior
      rectus to the contralateral sphenoid sinus, which raised suspicion for a retained
      foreign body. Further imaging confirmed the suspicion. Endoscopic sinus surgery
      was performed with extraction of the wooden object and evacuation of the left
      orbital infection. CONCLUSIONS: This case indicates that intraorbital and skull
      base wooden foreign bodies are elusive, demanding a high index of suspicion from
      both clinicians and radiologists to identify retained material in the setting of
      ocular or sinus trauma. For better identification of wooden foreign bodies, bone
      windows on CT should have a width of -1000 Hounsfield units with a soft tissue
      window level of -500 Hounsfield units.

PMID- 27354292
TI  - (18)F-DOPA Positron Emission Tomography in Medulloblastoma: 2 Case Reports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma (MDB) is an aggressive embryonal brain tumor, with
      underlying altered genetics and biological pathways that account for very
      heterogeneous natural histories and clinical behaviors. Positron emission
      tomography (PET) using radiolabeled amino acids provides important metabolic
      information for the diagnosis of cerebral glioma but only a few data are
      available on amino acid PET in MDB. In particular, no cases of MDB imaging with 6
      [(18)F]-fluoro-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (F-DOPA) have previously been
      described. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two patients with different histologic subtypes of
      MDB were referred for F-DOPA PET to define the extent and metabolic degree of
      their diseases. The patients had a newly diagnosed large-cell/anaplastic MDB and
      a fourth relapse of classic MDB, respectively. F-DOPA PET was unremarkable in the
      first case; F-DOPA uptake was low in the second patient with the tumor/background
      ratio as high as 1.29. Comparison was made with magnetic resonance imaging, which
      showed fluid-attenuated inversion recovery positive diseases. Aggressive tumor
      growth was shown in the clinical course of both patients. CONCLUSIONS: The 2
      cases reported here suggest that sensitivity of F-DOPA PET in MDB can be low.
      However, more comprehensive data are needed to conclude on the overall accuracy
      of F-DOPA PET in MDB.

PMID- 27354293
TI  - Rapid Time to Positivity of Cerebrospinal Fluid Culture with Coagulase-Negative
      Staphylococcus Is More Likely to Reflect a True Infection Than Contamination.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture is the gold standard for diagnosing
      postoperative central nervous system infection. The time to positivity (TTP) of
      an automated continuous blood culture system may indicate the original
      concentration of the organism. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), the
      common organism recovered in CSF, poses difficulty in differentiating infection
      from contamination. This study investigated the TTP of CSF culture with CoNS and
      its relationship to clinical parameters and prognosis. METHODS: Adult
      neurosurgical patients with CoNS who recovered via the use of CSF culture in
      BacT/ALERT Pediatric FAN blood culture bottles and were admitted from September
      2013 to July 2015 were enrolled. The demographics, clinical and microbiological
      data, and treatment were reviewed, and the TTP of each culture was retrieved.
      RESULTS: Thirty-nine adult patients with CoNS recovered from CSF culture were
      included. The TTP ranged from 7.68 to 57.36 hours. A univariate logistic
      regression analysis indicated patients with rapid TTP (<21.5 hours) compared with
      those with longer TTP were more likely to be female, show an effective response
      to antibiotic therapy within 7 days, have clean-contaminated surgical incisions,
      and show CSF leak. A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that
      being female, an effective antibiotic therapy within 7 days, and clean
      contaminated surgical incisions were independent predictors of rapid TTP.
      CONCLUSIONS: Targeted antibiotic therapy was more likely to be beneficial to
      patients with a rapid TTP within 7 days, which suggested that CoNS with a rapid
      TTP represents the pathogen of central nervous system infection rather than
      contamination in neurosurgical patients.

PMID- 27354294
TI  - Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling impacts lymphocyte migration, inflammation and
      infection.
AB  - Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingosine containing lipid intermediate
      obtained from ceramide. S1P is known to be an important signaling molecule and
      plays multiple roles in the context of immunity. This lysophospholipid binds and
      activates G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) known as S1P receptors 1-5 (S1P1
      5). Once activated, these GPCRs mediate signaling that can lead to alterations in
      cell proliferation, survival or migration, and can also have other effects such
      as promoting angiogenesis. In this review, we will present evidence demonstrating
      a role for S1P in lymphocyte migration, inflammation and infection, as well as in
      cancer. The therapeutic potential of targeting S1P receptors, kinases and lyase
      will also be discussed.

PMID- 27354295
TI  - Protein-based profiling of the immune response to uropathogenic Escherichia coli
      in adult patients immediately following hospital admission for acute cystitis.
AB  - Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)
      are common infections in humans. Despite the substantial healthcare cost
      represented by these infections, the human immune response associated with the
      infection immediately following the onset of symptoms in patients remains largely
      undefined. We performed a prospective study aimed at defining the milieu of
      urinary cytokines in adult inpatients in the 24-48 h period immediately following
      hospital admission for acute cystitis due to UPEC. Urine samples, analyzed using
      27-target multiplex protein assays, were used to generate immune profiles for
      patients and compared to age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The levels of
      multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in urine as a
      result of infection, an observation consistent with prior findings in murine
      models and clinical literature. We also identified significant responses for
      several novel factors not previously associated with the human response to UTI,
      including Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-17A, eotaxin, Granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and several growth factors. These data
      establish crucial parallels between the human immune response to UPEC and murine
      model UTI studies, and emphasize the complex but poorly defined nature of the
      human immune response to UPEC, particularly in the immediate period following the
      onset of symptoms for acute cystitis.

PMID- 27354297
TI  - Attitude as a Mediator between Acculturation and Behavioral Intention.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Immigrants, specifically African-born black persons, are affected by
      the HIV epidemic in the U.S. The low level of condom use among immigrants is a
      risk factor for contracting HIV and STIs. Immigrants go through acculturation
      process in their new adopted countries-a process reported to influence many
      health risks and protective factors; however, the mechanism through which
      acculturation influences health behaviors is not well understood. Thus, study
      examined the mediating role of attitude in the relationship between acculturation
      and the intention to use male condoms in steady heterosexual relationships among
      Somali and Ethiopian immigrants in Minnesota. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: The study was a
      regression analysis and the method of data collection cross-sectional.
      Participants were (n = 205) Somali and Ethiopian immigrants in Minnesota who
      volunteered for the study. MEASURES: Study participants responded to questions on
      attitudes, behavioral intention, and acculturation levels. RESULTS: The indirect
      effect of acculturation through the mediator, attitude, was not significant,
      product coefficient (a * b) = 0.04, 95% CI: [0.00, 0.11]; hence attitude did not
      mediate the relationship between acculturation and the intention to use condoms
      in the study population. However, there were significant direct and total effects
      of acculturation (c' = .27, p < .05; c = .31, p < .05), respectively, on
      intention to use condoms. CONCLUSION: Results of the study may suggest that
      public health intervention strategies targeting condom use among immigrants
      should incorporate programs that improve English language training tailored to
      the cultural practices and values of the immigrants, and consider the effect of
      acculturation on condom use.

PMID- 27354298
TI  - DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Prevalence of hypercortisolism in type 2 diabetes
      patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Cushing's syndrome (CS) share clinical
      characteristics, and several small studies have recorded a high prevalence of
      hypercortisolism in T2D, which could have therapeutic implications. We aimed to
      assess the prevalence of endogenous hypercortisolism in T2D patients. DESIGN:
      Systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. METHODS: A search was
      performed in SCOPUS, MEDLINE, and EMBASE for original articles assessing the
      prevalence of endogenous hypercortisolism and CS in T2D. Data were pooled in a
      random-effect logistic regression model and reported with 95% confidence
      intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: Fourteen articles were included, with a total of
      2827 T2D patients. The pooled prevalence of hypercortisolism and CS was 3.4% (95%
      CI: 1.5-5.9) and 1.4% (95 CI: 0.4-2.9) respectively. The prevalence did not
      differ between studies of unselected patients and patients selected based on the
      presence of metabolic features such as obesity or poor glycemic control (P = 0.41
      from meta-regression). Imaging in patients with hypercortisolism (n = 102)
      revealed adrenal tumors and pituitary tumors in 52 and 14% respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous hypercortisolism is a relatively frequent finding in T2D,
      which may have therapeutic implications.

PMID- 27354299
TI  - Targeting leiomyomas with all-trans-retinoic acid at phosphoinositide 3-kinase
      pathway suppression: Effective roles of beta-catenin and of signaling
      interactions.
AB  - AIM: Leiomyomas, monoclonal tumors developed by the transformation of myometrium
      somatic stem cells, are a major health concern that can severely impair quality
      of life. Pathological alterations of signaling pathways have been recognized as a
      key feature in a variety of human diseases. Our objective was to analyze
      treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) by suppression of the
      phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway on growth, signaling pattern and
      interactions among PI3K/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)/retinol leiomyoma proteins.
      METHODS: Cultures of paired myometrium and leiomyoma cells from premenopausal
      women undergoing hysterectomy were collected. Western blot and analysis of
      variance were used for analysis. RESULTS: Significant differences were detected
      between treatment with ATRA alone or with LY294002 (a PI3K growth suppressor) in
      response to treatment and among cell samples and cell numbers. Leiomyoma cells
      were less affected. Immunochemical analysis of signaling patterns demonstrated
      that treatments affected most of the examined protein levels differently.
      Significant differences between the cell type responses to treatment in pyruvate
      phosphate dikinase 1 (pPDK1), Bad and pbeta-catenin levels were identified. The
      pbeta-catenin level showed highly significant interaction between response to
      treatment and cell type. CONCLUSIONS: ATRA treatment on PI3K pathway suppression
      significantly affected growth, signaling pattern and interactions among
      PI3K/Bcl2/retinol proteins involved in the growth, survival and apoptosis of
      leiomyomas. Interpretation of our results suggests that increasing knowledge of
      the role of signaling interplay in the pathogenesis of leiomyomas may present an
      opportunity to use specific signal transduction inhibitors for treating and
      preventing this disorder.

PMID- 27354296
TI  - Neutrophil-generated oxidative stress and protein damage in Staphylococcus
      aureus.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous, versatile and dangerous pathogen. It
      colonizes over 30% of the human population, and is one of the leading causes of
      death by an infectious agent. During S. aureus colonization and invasion,
      leukocytes are recruited to the site of infection. To combat S. aureus,
      leukocytes generate an arsenal of reactive species including superoxide, hydrogen
      peroxide, nitric oxide and hypohalous acids that modify and inactivate cellular
      macromolecules, resulting in growth defects or death. When S. aureus colonization
      cannot be cleared by the immune system, antibiotic treatment is necessary and can
      be effective. Yet, this organism quickly gains resistance to each new antibiotic
      it encounters. Therefore, it is in the interest of human health to acquire a
      deeper understanding of how S. aureus evades killing by the immune system.
      Advances in this field will have implications for the design of future S. aureus
      treatments that complement and assist the host immune response. In that regard,
      this review focuses on how S. aureus avoids host-generated oxidative stress, and
      discusses the mechanisms used by S. aureus to survive oxidative damage including
      antioxidants, direct repair of damaged proteins, sensing oxidant stress and
      transcriptional changes. This review will elucidate areas for studies to identify
      and validate future antimicrobial targets.

PMID- 27354300
TI  - Optimization of indirect pressure in order to temporize life-threatening
      haemorrhage: A simulation study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Minimizing haemorrhage using direct pressure is intuitive and widely
      taught. In contrast, this study examines the use of indirect-pressure,
      specifically external aortic compression (EAC). Indirect pressure has great
      potential for temporizing bleeds not amenable to direct tamponade i.e. abdominal
      pelvic, junctional, and multi-site trauma. However, it is currently unclear how
      to optimize this technique. METHODS: We designed a model of central vessel
      compression using the Malbrain intra-abdominal pressure monitor and digital weigh
      scale. Forty participants performed simulated external aortic compression on the
      ground, on a stretcher mattress, and with and without a backboard. RESULTS: The
      greater the rescuer's bodyweight the greater was their mean compression
      (Pearson's correlation 0.93). Using one-hand, a mean of 28% participant
      bodyweight (95% CI, 26-30%) could be transmitted at sustainable effort, waist
      height, and on a stretcher. A second compressing hand increased the percentage of
      rescuer bodyweight transmission 10-22% regardless of other factors (i.e.
      presence/absence or a backboard; rescuer position) (p<0.001). Adding a backboard
      increased transmission of rescuer bodyweight 7-15% (p<0.001). Lowering the
      patient from waist-height backboard to the floor increased transmission of
      rescuer bodyweight 4-9% (p<0.001). Kneeling on the model was the most efficient
      method and transmitted 11% more weight compared to two-handed maximal compression
      (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Efficacy is maximized with larger-weight rescuers who use
      both hands, position themselves atop victims, and compress on hard
      surfaces/backboards. Knee compression is most effective and least fatiguing, thus
      assisting rescuers of lower weight and lesser strength, where no hard surfaces
      exist (i.e. no available backboard or trauma on soft ground), or when lengthy
      compression is required (i.e. remote locations). Our work quantifies methods to
      optimize indirect pressure as a temporizing measure following life-threatening
      haemorrhage not amenable to direct compression, and while expediting compression
      devices or definitive treatment.

PMID- 27354301
TI  - Treating patella fractures with a fixed-angle patella plate-A prospective
      observational study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Anterior tension wiring using Kirschner wires (K-wires) is still
      considered the standard treatment for patella fractures, despite its high
      complication rate. The objective of this prospective clinical study was to
      evaluate intra- and perioperative complications as well as the clinical outcome
      of patients with patella fracture treated with a new developed bilateral,
      polyaxial, fixed-angle 2.7mm patella plate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2011
      and 2014 all patients with a patella fracture were included in this prospective
      study and treated with a fixed-angle patella plate. Avulsion fractures of the
      inferior or superior pole of the patella were excluded. All fractures were
      classified according to the AO/OTA fracture classification. During a twelve-month
      follow up period all intra- and postoperative complications were recorded as well
      as the time until fracture healing. One year postoperatively the Lysholm Score,
      the pre- and postoperative Tegner Score, the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee
      Score (HSS), the Turba Score, the Oxford Knee Score, the Knee injury and
      Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the Bostman Score and the Iowa Knee Score
      were surveyed. Altogether, 20 patella fractures in 19 patients were included in
      this prospective study. The most frequent type of fracture, n=10, was a simple
      transverse patella fracture (C1), followed by 7 comminuted patella fractures (C3)
      and 3 T-shaped patella fractures (C2). RESULTS: During the 12-month follow up
      period two patients treated with the patella plate had a complication. In one
      patient a superficial wound infection occurred, which was treated successfully
      with hardware removal and in one patient a fracture dislocation due to an implant
      failure occurred. X-rays demonstrated complete bony healing in all fractures on
      average 3.2 months postoperatively. All knee scores showed good to excellent
      clinical results one year postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The results of this first
      clinical study indicate that the fixed-angle patella plate is an effective and
      safe treatment option for patella fractures with a short operative learning
      curve. The treatment of communited patella fractures (C3) with a fixed-angle
      patella plate should be well-considered to avoid distending the indication and
      biomechanical properties.

PMID- 27354302
TI  - Colorectal cancer resection in the Australian nonagenarian patient.
AB  - AIM: The nonagenarian population is a rapidly growing segment of the Australian
      population. Surgical resection continues to offer the best chance of long-term
      survival in colorectal cancer. The primary aims of the present study were to
      evaluate the 30-day mortality and survival of Australian patients >= 90 years of
      age undergoing surgical resection for colorectal cancer in our health service.
      The secondary aims were to examine the clinicopathological characteristics of the
      patients and their tumours. METHOD: All patients >= 90 years of age undergoing
      surgical resection for colorectal cancer from 1998 to 2012 were identified in a
      centralized multihospital database. Key clinicopathological data, 30-day
      mortality and long-term overall survival were recorded for each patient. RESULTS:
      There were 121 patients identified of median age 91 years, 74% of whom were
      female. The median tumour size was 40 mm, and 51% of operations were carried out
      as an emergency. The TNM stage was Stage I/II in 57%, Stage III in 40% and Stage
      IV in 3%. The 30-day mortality was 6.6% (eight of 121) and the 1-, 3- and 5-year
      overall survival rates were 82.6%, 50.2% and 32.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Surgical resection in the nonagenarian patient has an acceptable mortality and
      offers good overall survival.

PMID- 27354303
TI  - Pathogenicity and genetic characterization of a duck Tembusu virus associated
      with egg-dropping in Muscovy ducks.
AB  - Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) has spread to the major duck-farming region in China,
      causing acute egg-production drop in Chinese duck population. In this study, we
      characterized a DTMUV strain (named GD2014) isolated from an egg-production drop
      duck farm in Guangdong province, South China. The virus was pathogenic to Muscovy
      duck embryos and caused severe egg production drop for laying Muscovy ducks. The
      genome sequence of GD2014 shared 97-99% homologies with other waterfowl-origin
      Tembusu viruses, and shared 89% identities with MM1775 strain isolated from
      mosquito. Phylogenetic analysis of entire open reading frame (ORF), E gene and
      NS5 gene indicated that GD2014 belonged to Ntaya group. These results have
      implications for understanding the orgin, emergence and pathogenicity of DTMUV as
      well as for the development of vaccines and diagnostics based on epidemiological
      data.

PMID- 27354304
TI  - Identification of a novel Aleutian mink disease virus B-cell epitope using a
      monoclonal antibody against VP2 protein.
AB  - Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is a parvovirus that causes an immune complex
      mediated disease in minks. Capsid protein VP2 is a major structural viral protein
      and can be used to diagnose AMDV. In this study, a specific monoclonal antibody,
      1M13, was produced against the AMDV VP2 protein (amino acids 291-502). A linear
      VP2-protein epitope was identified by subjecting a series of partially
      overlapping synthesized peptides to be enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      analysis. The results indicated that (386)HLQQNFSTRYIYD(398) was the minimal
      linear epitope that could be recognized by mAb 1M13. ELISA assays revealed that
      mink anti-AMDV sera could also recognize the minimal linear epitope. Sequence
      alignments demonstrated that the linear epitope is highly conserved among AMDV
      strains except (386)H and is less conserved among Raccoon dog amdovirus, Gray fox
      amdovirus, Red fox amdovirus, Bat parvovirus and Mink enteritis parvovirus. Taken
      together, the generation of this VP2-specific mAb with a defined linear peptide
      epitope may have potential applications in the development of suitable diagnostic
      techniques for AMDV.

PMID- 27354306
TI  - The expression pattern and functional role of REIC/Dkk-3 in the development of
      cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The exact physiological function of REIC/Dkk-3 in the development of
      squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate
      the expression pattern and functional role of REIC/Dkk-3 in the development of
      SCC. METHODS: We stained normal skin, actinic keratosis (AK) and SCC tissue with
      REIC/Dkk-3. The proliferation and migration of SCC 12 over-expressed with
      REIC/Dkk-3 were observed. For in vivo study, SCC12 cells in PBS, SCC12 cells
      containing LacZ, and REIC/Dkk-3-transduced SCC 12 cells were injected intra
      dermally into the left and right backside flanks of SCID mice respectively, and
      tumor growth was evaluated. RESULTS: REIC/Dkk-3 staining was detected throughout
      the full epidermis in normal skin, focally positive in AK. Negative or very low
      stain of REIC/Dkk-3 was observed in SCC in situ, keratoacanthoma, and SCC.
      REIC/Dkk-3 mRNA level in SCC was very low compared with that in normal skin
      tissue. REIC/Dkk-3 significantly decreased the proliferation and migration of
      SCC12 cells comparing with control (p<0.05). Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 expression was
      slightly lower and p21 was very higher in REIC/Dkk-3-overexpressed group than in
      the LacZ group. Fewer ITGA6 cells were found in the REIC/Dkk-3 overexpressed
      group than in the LacZ control (p<0.01). Mean tumor volume was smallest in the
      REIC/Dkk-3 overexpressed group (p<0.01) 21days after the intradermal injection of
      SCC12 cells. CONCLUSION: REIC/Dkk-3 could be involved early in SCC development
      and have inhibitory effect on the development of SCC.

PMID- 27354305
TI  - Discovery of a novel ROCK2 inhibitor with anti-migration effects via docking and
      high-content drug screening.
AB  - Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) mediated the reorganization of the actin
      cytoskeleton and has been implicated in the spread and metastatic process of
      cancer. In this study, structure-based high-throughput virtual screening was used
      to identify candidate compounds targeting ROCK2 from a chemical library.
      Moreover, high-content screening based on neurite outgrowth of SH-SY5Y cells (a
      human neuroblastoma cell line) was used for accelerating the identification of
      compounds with characteristics of ROCK2 inhibitors. The effects of bioactive
      ROCK2 inhibitor candidates were further validated using other bioassays including
      cell migration and wound healing in SH-SY5Y cells. Through the combined virtual
      and high-content drug screening, the compound 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl[1-(5
      isoquinolinylmethyl)-3-piperidinyl]-methanone (BIPM) was identified as a novel
      and potent ROCK2 inhibitor. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to BIPM led to significant
      changes in neurite length, cell migration and actin stress fibers. Further
      experiments demonstrated that BIPM was able to significantly inhibit
      phosphorylation of cofilin, a regulatory protein of actin cytoskeleton. These
      results suggest that BIPM could be considered as a promising scaffold for the
      further development of ROCK2 inhibitors for anti-cancer metastasis.

PMID- 27354307
TI  - Acute respiratory distress syndrome in adenovirus type 4 pneumonia: A case
      report.
AB  - Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes, depending
      on species and types, from mild respiratory infections to deadly pneumonia: in
      particular, severe infections occur in immunocompromised patients. In this
      report, we describe the case of a 36 years-old woman admitted to our intensive
      care unit (ICU) with severe respiratory distress syndrome caused by adenovirus
      pneumonia, that required invasive respiratory support (mechanical ventilation and
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). Molecular assays detected the virus in
      respiratory and plasma specimen and sequencing procedure identified HAdV type 4.
      Patient improved after cidofovir administration. Leukopenia and subsequent
      bacterial infection occurred, but the patient recovered completely and was
      discharged from the hospital after 54days.

PMID- 27354308
TI  - Great oaks from little acorns grow-21 years of CMI.

PMID- 27354309
TI  - Targeted loss of SHP1 in murine thymocytes dampens TCR signaling late in
      selection.
AB  - SHP1 is a tyrosine phosphatase critical to proximal regulation of TCR signaling.
      Here, analysis of CD4-Cre SHP1(fl/fl) conditional knockout thymocytes using CD53,
      TCRbeta, CD69, CD4, and CD8alpha expression demonstrates the importance of SHP1
      in the survival of post selection (CD53(+) ), single-positive thymocytes. Using
      Ca(2+) flux to assess the intensity of TCR signaling demonstrated that SHP1
      dampens the signal strength of these same mature, postselection thymocytes.
      Consistent with its dampening effect, TCR signal strength was also probed
      functionally using peptides that can mediate selection of the OT-I TCR, to reveal
      increased negative selection mediated by lower-affinity ligand in the absence of
      SHP1. Our data show that SHP1 is required for the survival of mature thymocytes
      and the generation of the functional T-cell repertoire, as its absence leads to a
      reduction in the numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) naive T cells in the peripheral
      lymphoid compartments.

PMID- 27354310
TI  - Corrigendum to "Lactoferricin enhances BMP7-stimulated anabolic pathways in
      intervertebral disc cells" [Gene. 2013 Jul. 25; 524(2):282-91].

PMID- 27354312
TI  - Spin-orbit effects on the (119)Sn magnetic-shielding tensor in solids: a ZORA/DFT
      investigation.
AB  - Periodic-boundary and cluster calculations of the magnetic-shielding tensors of
      (119)Sn sites in various co-ordination and stereochemical environments are
      reported. The results indicate a significant difference between the predicted NMR
      chemical shifts for tin(ii) sites that exhibit stereochemically-active lone pairs
      and tin(iv) sites that do not have stereochemically-active lone pairs. The
      predicted magnetic shieldings determined either with the cluster model treated
      with the ZORA/Scalar Hamiltonian or with the GIPAW formalism are dependent on the
      oxidation state and the co-ordination geometry of the tin atom. The inclusion of
      relativistic effects at the spin-orbit level removes systematic differences in
      computed magnetic-shielding parameters between tin sites of differing
      stereochemistries, and brings computed NMR shielding parameters into significant
      agreement with experimentally-determined chemical-shift principal values. Slight
      improvement in agreement with experiment is noted in calculations using hybrid
      exchange-correlation functionals. 

PMID- 27354311
TI  - Anticipatory UPR Activation: A Protective Pathway and Target in Cancer.
AB  - The endoplasmic reticulum (EnR) stress sensor, the unfolded protein response
      (UPR), plays a key role in regulating intracellular protein homeostasis. The
      extensively studied reactive mode of UPR activation is characterized by unfolded
      protein, or other EnR stress, triggering UPR activation. Here we focus on the
      emerging anticipatory mode of UPR activation in which mitogenic steroid and
      peptide hormones and other effectors preactivate the UPR and anticipate a future
      need for increased protein folding capacity. Mild UPR activation in breast cancer
      can be protective and contributes to antiestrogen resistance. Hyperactivation of
      the anticipatory UPR pathway in cancer cells with a small molecule converts it
      from cytoprotective to cytotoxic, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic
      target in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

PMID- 27354314
TI  - Complexity and robustness in hypernetwork models of metabolism.
AB  - Metabolic reaction data is commonly modelled using a complex network approach,
      whereby nodes represent the chemical species present within the organism of
      interest, and connections are formed between those nodes participating in the
      same chemical reaction. Unfortunately, such an approach provides an inadequate
      description of the metabolic process in general, as a typical chemical reaction
      will involve more than two nodes, thus risking oversimplification of the system
      of interest in a potentially significant way. In this paper, we employ a complex
      hypernetwork formalism to investigate the robustness of bacterial metabolic
      hypernetworks by extending the concept of a percolation process to hypernetworks.
      Importantly, this provides a novel method for determining the robustness of these
      systems and thus for quantifying their resilience to random attacks/errors.
      Moreover, we performed a site percolation analysis on a large cohort of bacterial
      metabolic networks and found that hypernetworks that evolved in more variable
      environments displayed increased levels of robustness and topological complexity.

PMID- 27354313
TI  - Google Flu Trends Spatial Variability Validated Against Emergency Department
      Influenza-Related Visits.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Influenza is a deadly and costly public health problem. Variations in
      its seasonal patterns cause dangerous surges in emergency department (ED) patient
      volume. Google Flu Trends (GFT) can provide faster influenza surveillance
      information than traditional CDC methods, potentially leading to improved public
      health preparedness. GFT has been found to correlate well with reported influenza
      and to improve influenza prediction models. However, previous validation studies
      have focused on isolated clinical locations. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study
      was to measure GFT surveillance effectiveness by correlating GFT with influenza
      related ED visits in 19 US cities across seven influenza seasons, and to explore
      which city characteristics lead to better or worse GFT effectiveness. METHODS:
      Using Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project data, we collected weekly counts of
      ED visits for all patients with diagnosis (International Statistical
      Classification of Diseases 9) codes for influenza-related visits from 2005-2011
      in 19 different US cities. We measured the correlation between weekly volume of
      GFT searches and influenza-related ED visits (ie, GFT ED surveillance
      effectiveness) per city. We evaluated the relationship between 15 publically
      available city indicators (11 sociodemographic, two health care utilization, and
      two climate) and GFT surveillance effectiveness using univariate linear
      regression. RESULTS: Correlation between city-level GFT and influenza-related ED
      visits had a median of .84, ranging from .67 to .93 across 19 cities. Temporal
      variability was observed, with median correlation ranging from .78 in 2009 to .94
      in 2005. City indicators significantly associated (P<.10) with improved GFT
      surveillance include higher proportion of female population, higher proportion
      with Medicare coverage, higher ED visits per capita, and lower socioeconomic
      status. CONCLUSIONS: GFT is strongly correlated with ED influenza-related visits
      at the city level, but unexplained variation over geographic location and time
      limits its utility as standalone surveillance. GFT is likely most useful as an
      early signal used in conjunction with other more comprehensive surveillance
      techniques. City indicators associated with improved GFT surveillance provide
      some insight into the variability of GFT effectiveness. For example, populations
      with lower socioeconomic status may have a greater tendency to initially turn to
      the Internet for health questions, thus leading to increased GFT effectiveness.
      GFT has the potential to provide valuable information to ED providers for patient
      care and to administrators for ED surge preparedness.

PMID- 27354315
TI  - Molecular characterization, expression analysis of the myostatin gene and its
      association with growth traits in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus).
AB  - Myostatin (MSTN), also referred to as growth and differentiation factor-8 (GDF
      8), is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily (TGF-beta) and
      an important negative regulator for skeletal muscle development and growth in
      vertebrates. However, its function is not clear in invertebrates. In this study,
      we cloned and analyzed the MSTN gene (Aj-MSTN) from sea cucumber (Apostichopus
      japonicus). The full-length cDNA sequence of Aj-MSTN gene was composed of 2912bp,
      which contained a 5' UTR of 487bp, an ORF of 1356bp encoding 452 amino acids and
      a 3' UTR of 1069bp. The structure of Aj-MSTN included a putative signal peptide,
      a TGF-beta propeptide domain and a conserved TGF-beta domain. Phylogenetic
      analysis showed that the Aj-MSTN gene was clustered in the same subgroup with the
      MSTN-like gene found in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Quantitative real-time PCR
      detection results indicated that the Aj-MSTN gene expressed widely in adult
      tissues and the highest expression level was observed in the body wall. At
      different developmental stages, the expression levels were increased
      significantly at early auricularia and doliolaria stages, and reached the peak at
      juvenile stage. Six SNPs were identified in 5' flanking region and exons of the
      Aj-MSTN gene. Association analysis showed that SNP-1, SNP-2 and SNP-4 had
      significant effects on dry body weight. The results suggested that Aj-MSTN gene
      could be used as a candidate gene for the selective breeding of A. japonicus. 

PMID- 27354317
TI  - Late stage trifluoromethylthiolation strategies for organic compounds.
AB  - Substitution by the CF3S group allows for an increase in lipophilicity and
      electron-withdrawing properties along with an improvement in the bioavailability
      of medicinal targets; consequently, the late stage introduction of CF3S moieties
      into medicinal scaffolds is a sought-after strategy in synthetic organic
      chemistry. Different newly-developed electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents are
      used to effect the trifluoromethylthiolation of (hetero)aromatic compounds,
      aliphatic compounds (alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl substrates), the
      trifluoromethylthiolation at the alpha- and beta-carbonyl positions, and
      heteroatoms (N- and S-). Such reactions can involve homolytic substitutions, or
      functional-group substitutions (ipso). Addition reactions of electrophilic
      reagents to double and triple bonds followed by ring-cyclizations will be shown
      to yield relevant CF3S-substituted heteroaromatic compounds with relevant
      pharmacological action. 

PMID- 27354316
TI  - UtpA and UtpB chaperone nascent pre-ribosomal RNA and U3 snoRNA to initiate
      eukaryotic ribosome assembly.
AB  - Early eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis involves large multi-protein complexes,
      which co-transcriptionally associate with pre-ribosomal RNA to form the small
      subunit processome. The precise mechanisms by which two of the largest multi
      protein complexes-UtpA and UtpB-interact with nascent pre-ribosomal RNA are
      poorly understood. Here, we combined biochemical and structural biology
      approaches with ensembles of RNA-protein cross-linking data to elucidate the
      essential functions of both complexes. We show that UtpA contains a large
      composite RNA-binding site and captures the 5' end of pre-ribosomal RNA. UtpB
      forms an extended structure that binds early pre-ribosomal intermediates in close
      proximity to architectural sites such as an RNA duplex formed by the 5' ETS and
      U3 snoRNA as well as the 3' boundary of the 18S rRNA. Both complexes therefore
      act as vital RNA chaperones to initiate eukaryotic ribosome assembly.

PMID- 27354318
TI  - Fabrication of magnetic water-soluble hyperbranched polyol functionalized
      graphene oxide for high-efficiency water remediation.
AB  - Magnetic water-soluble hyperbranched polyol functionalized graphene oxide
      nanocomposite (MWHPO-GO) was successfully prepared and applied to water
      remediation in this paper. MWHPO-GO was characterized by Fourier transform
      infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis
      (TGA), magnetization curve, zeta potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM)
      and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses. MWHPO-GO exhibited excellent
      adsorption performance for the removal of synthetic dyes (methylene blue (MB) and
      methyl violet (MV)) and heavy metal (Pb(II)). Moreover, MWHPO-GO could be simply
      recovered from water with magnetic separation. The pseudo-second order equation
      and the Langmuir model exhibited good correlation with the adsorption kinetic and
      isotherm data, respectively, for these three pollutants. The thermodynamic
      results (DeltaG < 0, DeltaH < 0, DeltaS < 0) implied that the adsorption process
      of MB, MV and Pb(II) was feasible, exothermic and spontaneous in nature. A
      possible adsorption mechanism has been proposed where pi-pi stacking
      interactions, H-bonding interaction and electrostatic attraction dominated the
      adsorption of MB/MV and chelation and electrostatic attraction dominated the
      adsorption of Pb(II). In addition, the excellent reproducibility endowed MWHPO-GO
      with the potential for application in water remediation.

PMID- 27354319
TI  - Management Strategy for Ureteral-Iliac Artery Fistula.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ureteral-iliac artery fistula (UIAF) is a rare but a potentially life
      threatening condition. In this study, we reported our results of UIAF treated by
      open surgical and endovascular treatment. METHODS: In this single-center,
      retrospective observational cohort study, we reviewed 6 consecutive patients who
      were diagnosed with a UIAF and received either open surgical or endovascular
      treatment based on the specific risk profile of each patient. RESULTS: All
      patients had an indwelling ureteral stent for a ureteral stricture, with an
      average ureteral stenting duration of 22 months (range, 1-74 months), and 2
      patients had a history of endovascular treatment with stent grafts for UIAF.
      Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic angiography was positive in 4 patients.
      Blood and urine cultures were positive in 2 and 4 patients, respectively. Four
      patients, including 2 with previously failed endovascular treatment, received
      open surgical repair. The remaining 2 patients received either endovascular
      treatment with stent grafts or a hybrid procedure. During the mean follow-up
      period of 20.3 months (range, 6-29 months), there was no symptomatic recurrence
      of the UIAF. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary approach is highly preferable for
      treating potentially life-threatening UIAF. Endovascular treatment with stent
      grafts is currently recommended in selected patients whenever possible, but open
      surgical treatment is required in certain patients with enteric contamination,
      abscess, local sepsis, or previously failed endovascular treatment.

PMID- 27354320
TI  - Aspiration Thrombectomy of Acute Atrial Fibrillation-related Renal Artery
      Thromboembolism in a Patient with Horseshoe Kidney.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute arterial thromboembolism to the renal arteries can be treated
      promptly by local thrombolysis, conventional surgical thrombectomy, or
      anticoagulation. METHODS: We report a patient who presented with acute loin pain
      as a result of atrial fibrillation-related thromboembolism to the right renal
      artery supplying his horseshoe kidney. He was already on warfarin treatment with
      international normalized ratio of 1.7 and had acute bleeding from malignant
      peptic ulcer disease, so thrombolysis was contraindicated. RESULTS: He underwent
      timely endovascular revascularization with aspiration thrombectomy, with good
      clinical and radiological consequence. He subsequently underwent curative partial
      gastrectomy and made a steady recovery. CONCLUSION: Early endovascular target
      directed therapy such as intra-arterial thrombolysis and mechanical aspiration in
      combination with intravenous heparin therapy will result in renal salvage.

PMID- 27354321
TI  - Risk Factors for Complications after Peripheral Vascular Surgery in 3,202 Patient
      Procedures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complications after open vascular surgery are a major health
      challenge for the healthcare system and the patients. Infrainguinal vascular
      surgery is often perceived as less risky than aortic surgery and the aim of this
      study was to identify which risk factors correlated with postoperative
      complications after open vascular surgery for infrainguinal occlusive disease in
      an 8-year cohort using the Danish National Vascular Registry (Karbase), which
      gathers information on all vascular procedures in Denmark. METHODS: This study is
      a retrospective cohort study. The Karbase was searched for the predefined
      procedures from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2012 at our 2 vascular
      departments. Both elective and urgent surgeries were included. Complications were
      defined as wound, surgical, or general complication according to Karbase.
      RESULTS: Three thousand two hundred two procedures were identified. Median age
      was 70 years and 21% were octogenarians. Sixty percent were male. There was an
      overall complication rate of 30%, with 19% being wound complications, 6%
      surgical, and 10% general complications. The greatest risk factors for developing
      a complication were high age, cardiac and renal disease, high American Society of
      Anesthesiologists score, and general anesthetics. The 30-day mortality was 5% (1%
      for claudicants and 8% for acute ischemia) and the 30-day amputation rate was 7%
      (0.5% for claudicants and 21% for gangrene). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high risk of
      complication in peripheral vascular surgery. Risk factors are modifiable or
      nonmodifiable. It is important to identify the risk factors and treat and
      optimize the patient cardiac and renal status before surgery if time allows, and
      also to perform surgery in local or regional anesthesia whenever possible, to
      reduce the risk of postoperative complications.

PMID- 27354322
TI  - Development of a Decision Tree to Streamline Infrainguinal Vein Graft
      Surveillance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Duplex ultrasound (DU) remains the gold standard for identification
      and grading of infrainguinal vein graft stenosis. However, DU-based graft
      surveillance remains controversial. The aim of this study was to develop a
      decision tree to identify high-risk grafts which would benefit from DU-based
      surveillance. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing infrainguinal vein graft
      bypass were enrolled in a DU surveillance program. An early postoperative DU was
      performed at a median of 6 weeks (range 4-9). Based on the findings of this scan
      and 4 established risk factors for graft failure (diabetes, smoking,
      infragenicular distal anastomosis, revision bypass surgery), a classification and
      regression tree (CART) was created to stratify grafts into grafts which are at
      high and low risk of developing severe stenosis or occlusion. The accuracy of the
      CART model was evaluated using area under receiver operator characteristic curve
      (ROC). RESULTS: Of 796 vein graft bypasses performed (760 patients), 64 grafts
      were occluded by the first surveillance visit and 732 vein grafts were entered
      into surveillance program. The CART model stratified 299 grafts (40.8%) as low
      risk and 433 (59.2%) as high-risk grafts. One hundred twenty-six (17.2%)
      developed critical vein graft stenosis. Overall, 30-month primary patency,
      primary-assisted and secondary patency rates were 76.2%, 83.6%, and 85.3%,
      respectively. The area under ROC curve for the CART model was 0.88 (95%
      confidence interval 0.81-0.94). Primary graft patency rates were higher in low
      risk versus high-risk grafts (log rank 186, P < 0.0001). Amputation rates were
      significantly higher in the high-risk grafts compared with low-risk ones (log
      rank 118, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: A clinical decision rule based on readily
      available clinical data and the findings of significant flow abnormalities on an
      early postoperative DU scan successfully identifies grafts at high risk of
      failure and will contribute to safely improving the efficacy of infrainguinal
      vein graft surveillance services.

PMID- 27354323
TI  - Time to Wound Healing and Major Adverse Limb Events in Patients with Critical
      Limb Ischemia Treated with Endovascular Revascularization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are few studies that quantify the impact of time to wound
      healing on outcomes after endovascular revascularization of critical limb
      ischemia (CLI). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 179 patients with CLI and
      tissue loss were assessed for adverse events after endovascular therapy.
      Associations between time to wound healing and outcomes were determined via Cox
      proportional hazards analysis. The long-term probability of events was assessed
      with Kaplan-Meier analysis. The primary end point was major adverse limb events
      (MALE-major amputation, surgical endarterectomy, or bypass). Secondary end points
      were major amputation, need for repeat endovascular therapy, and mortality.
      RESULTS: After multivariable adjustment for time-dependent wound healing, age,
      renal function, diabetes, and Rutherford class, independent predictors of MALE
      included the presence of an unhealed wound (hazard ratio [HR], 5.2; 95%
      confidence interval (CI), 2.3-11.8; P < 0.0001) and creatinine >= 2.0 (HR, 2.4;
      95% CI, 1.4-4.3; P = 0.003). On Kaplan-Meier analysis, the probability of MALE
      was greater in patients with unhealed wounds compared with healed wounds (log
      rank P < 0.0001). Patients whose wounds healed within 4 months had a lower
      probability of MALE than patients who did not heal by 4 months (log-rank, P =
      0.04). Unhealed wounds were also independently associated with major amputation
      (HR, 9.0; 95% CI, 2.6-31.1; P = 0.0004), and patients whose wounds healed by 3
      months had less major amputation (log-rank, P = 0.04). Unhealed wounds were
      independently associated with increased risk of mortality (HR, 42.7; 95% CI, 5.7
      319.0; P = 0.002) but not repeat revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Unhealed wounds
      are an independent risk factor for MALE, major amputation, and mortality after
      endovascular treatment of CLI. Wound healing within 3 months is associated with
      less risk of major amputation, and within 4 months less risk of MALE. A focus
      should be on achieving wound healing as fast as possible in this population.

PMID- 27354324
TI  - Ni-based heterogeneous catalyst from a designed molecular precursor for the
      efficient electrochemical water oxidation.
AB  - Bimetallic Ni-Mo alkoxide was synthesized and exploited as the single-source
      precursor for the solution-processed deposition of the mixed-oxide layers on
      different conducting surfaces. Upon potential cycling in 1 M NaOH, these
      composites convert, in situ, into highly porous NiOx/NiOOH catalysts
      characterized by the high electrocatalytic activity for water oxidation under
      both basic (pH 13.6) and near neutral (pH 9.2) conditions. 

PMID- 27354325
TI  - Near-Infrared-to-Visible Photon Upconversion Sensitized by a Metal Complex with
      Spin-Forbidden yet Strong S0-T1 Absorption.
AB  - Near-infrared (NIR)-to-visible (vis) photon upconversion (UC) is useful for
      various applications; however, it remains challenging in triplet-triplet
      annihilation-based UC, mainly due to the energy loss during the S1-to-T1
      intersystem crossing (ISC) of molecular sensitizers. In this work, we circumvent
      this energy loss by employing a sensitizer with direct S0-to-T1 absorption in the
      NIR region. A mixed solution of an osmium complex having a strong S0-T1
      absorption and rubrene emitter upconverts NIR light (lambda = 938 nm) to visible
      light (lambda = 570 nm). Sensitizer-doped emitter nanoparticles are prepared by
      re-precipitation and dispersed into an oxygen-barrier polymer. The obtained
      composite film shows a stable NIR-to-vis UC emission based on triplet energy
      migration (TEM), even in air. A high UC quantum yield of 3.1% is observed for
      this TEM-UC system, expanding the scope of molecular sensitizers for NIR-to-vis
      UC.

PMID- 27354326
TI  - A fossil Diploglossus (Squamata, Anguidae) lizard from Basse-Terre and Grande
      Terre Islands (Guadeloupe, French West Indies).
AB  - Today, Diploglossine lizards (Anguidae) are common on the Greater Antillean
      Islands (West Indies), where they are represented by many endemic species.
      However these lizards are very rare on the Lesser Antillean Islands, where they
      are only represented by a single species, the Montserrat galliwasp (Diploglossus
      montisserrati). Here, we show that diploglossine lizards were present in the past
      on other Lesser Antillean islands, by reporting the discovery of Anguidae fossil
      remains in two Amerindian archaeological deposits and in a modern deposit. These
      remains are compared to skeletons of extant diploglossine lizards, including D.
      montisserrati, using X-ray microtomography of the type specimen of this
      critically endangered lizard. We also conducted a histological study of the
      osteoderms in order to estimate the putative age of the specimen. Our results
      show that the fossil specimens correspond to a member of the Diploglossus genus
      presenting strong similarities, but also minor morphological differences with D.
      montisserrati, although we postulate that these differences are not sufficient to
      warrant the description of a new species. These specimens, identified as
      Diploglossus sp., provide a new comparison point for the study of fossil
      diploglossine lizards and reflect the historical 17(th) century mentions of
      anguid lizards, which had not been observed since.

PMID- 27354327
TI  - M1761K mutation in the von Willebrand factor A3 domain associated with impaired
      collagen binding and without platelet dysfunction.

PMID- 27354328
TI  - Osteoporosis: The Result of an 'Aged' Bone Microenvironment.
AB  - Osteoporosis is an age-related progressive bone disease. Recent advances in
      epigenetics, cell biology, osteoimmunology, and genetic epidemiology have
      unraveled new mechanisms and players underlying the pathology of osteoporosis,
      supporting a model of age-related dysregulation and crosstalk in the bone
      microenvironment.

PMID- 27354329
TI  - The effect of overhead target on the lower limb biomechanics during a vertical
      drop jump test in elite female athletes.

PMID- 27354330
TI  - Successful out-of-hospital therapy for heatstroke in three marathon runners with
      a novel core body cooling device: CAERvest((r)).

PMID- 27354331
TI  - Exercise as medicine for people with epilepsy.

PMID- 27354332
TI  - Retromolar foramen: an anatomical study with clinical considerations.
AB  - The retromolar canal and foramen, an anatomical variation in the mandibular
      retromolar area, houses and transmits neurovascular elements that may innervate
      the mandibular third molar and associated tissues. These structures have been
      implicated in local anaesthetic failure, loss of sensation in the normal
      distribution of the buccal nerve, and local haemorrhage during surgery.
      Examination of 885 dry mandibles showed that 70 had a retromolar foramen (8%).
      There were no significant differences between groups according to age, sex, or
      ancestry. The mean (SD) distance from molar to retromolar foramen was 16.8 (5.6)
      mm for the mandibular second molar and 10.5 (3.8) mm for the mandibular third
      molar. The link between these structures and failure of local anaesthesia seems
      tenuous at best. Bleeding may not represent a serious complication. Although
      there may be a possibility of perineural spread of infective and invasive
      pathology, we know of no reported cases. The only clear evidence of complications
      associated with a confirmed retromolar foramen seems to be loss of sensation in
      the normal distribution of the buccal nerve. Even though the retromolar foramen
      does not seem to be of great clinical importance, it could be a source of anxiety
      for the inexperienced practitioner. 

PMID- 27354334
TI  - Shape and size controlled synthesis of uniform iron oxide nanocrystals through
      new non-hydrolytic routes.
AB  - New, non-hydrolytic routes to synthesize highly crystalline iron oxide
      nanocrystals (8-40 nm, magnetite) are described in this report whereby particle
      size and morphology were precisely controlled through reactant (precursor, e.g.
      (FeO(OH)) ratios, co-surfactant and organic additive, and/or reaction time.
      Particle size, with high monodispersivity (<10%), is demonstrated to be a
      function of precursor concentrations and through the addition of different
      cosurfactants and/or additives, cubic, octahedral, potato-like, and flower-like
      iron oxide nanocrystals can be reproducibly synthesized through simple one-pot
      thermal decomposition methods. High resolution transmission electron microscope,
      x-ray diffraction, and superconducting quantum interference device were used to
      characterize the size, structure and magnetic properties of the resulting
      nanocrystals. For aqueous applications, materials synthesized/purified in organic
      solvents are broadly water dispersible through a variety of phase (aqueous)
      transfer method(s). 

PMID- 27354333
TI  - Featured Article: Alterations of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase activity
      and apolipoprotein A-I functionality in human sickle blood.
AB  - In sickle cell disease (SCD) cholesterol metabolism appears dysfunctional as
      evidenced by abnormal plasma cholesterol content in a subpopulation of SCD
      patients. Specific activity of the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-bound lecithin
      cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme, which catalyzes esterification of
      cholesterol, and generates lysoPC (LPC) was significantly lower in sickle plasma
      compared to normal. Inhibitory amounts of LPC were present in sickle plasma, and
      the red blood cell (RBC) lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT),
      essential for the removal of LPC, displayed a broad range of activity. The
      functionality of sickle HDL appeared to be altered as evidenced by a decreased
      HDL-Apolipoprotein A-I exchange in sickle plasma as compared to control.
      Increased levels of oxidized proteins including ApoA-I were detected in sickle
      plasma. In vitro incubation of sickle plasma with washed erythrocytes affected
      the ApoA-I-exchange supporting the view that the RBC blood compartment can affect
      cholesterol metabolism in plasma. HDL functionality appeared to decrease during
      acute vaso-occlusive episodes in sickle patients and was associated with an
      increase of secretory PLA2, a marker for increased inflammation. Simvastatin
      treatment to improve the anti-inflammatory function of HDL did not ameliorate HDL
      ApoA-I exchange in sickle patients. Thus, the cumulative effect of an
      inflammatory and highly oxidative environment in sickle blood contributes to a
      decrease in cholesterol esterification and HDL function, related to
      hypocholesterolemia in SCD.

PMID- 27354335
TI  - Mastitis vaccination using a commercial polyvalent vaccine or a herd-specific
      Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Results of a controlled field trial on a dairy
      farm.
AB  - Objective of this study was the improvement of selected parameters of udder
      health by mastitis vaccination in a dairy herd with elevated bulk milk somatic
      cell counts and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus as predominant mastitis causing
      pathogen. MATERIAL AND METHODS: On a dairy farm, pregnant heifers (status group
      [SG] 1; n = 181) as well as cows stratified for their udder health state
      (classification based on results of cytobacteriological investigations of quarter
      milk samples obtained before dry cow therapy [MS0]) (SG 2-4; n = 416) were
      randomly assigned to one of the following vaccination groups (VG): Startvac(r)
      (VG SV), Bestvac(r) Rind Mastitis (containing herd-specific S. aureus-strains; VG
      BV) and the unvaccinated control (VG Co, placebo), respectively. The collected
      data (5 [MS5] and 52 [MS52] days in milk [DIM]: quarter milk somatic cell count
      [QSCC] and bacteriological investigation of quarter milk samples; dairy herd
      improvement test [DHIT] days 1-10: milk yield and individual cow somatic cell
      count; until 305 DIM: clinical mastitis cases) were compared between the VG
      within their SG. RESULTS: S. aureus prevalences were significantly lower in VG SV
      (p < 0.001) and VG BV (p = 0.006) within SG 3 and in VG SV (p = 0.008) within SG
      4, respectively, in comparison to VG Co. Milk yields (DHIT days [p = 0.042] and
      305-day milk yield [p = 0.040]) were significantly less in VG SV within SG 4
      compared to VG Co. Significant different changes over time in comparison to VG Co
      indicating a vaccine effect during lactation were only observed for QSCC within
      SG 4 for VG BV (p = 0.017; increase towards MS52) and for S. aureus prevalence
      within SG 3 for VG BV (p < 0.001; opposing trends from MS0 towards MS52). All
      other interactions of time and VG under investigation were not significant in any
      of the SG. Furthermore, there were no descriptive differences in the incidence of
      clinical mastitis and duration of a necessary mastitis therapy, respectively,
      between the VG within their SG. CONCLUSION: In this field study, the application
      of two different mastitis vaccines was not an appropriate tool to improve the
      considered parameters of udder health sustainably.

PMID- 27354336
TI  - Conceptualizing the key processes of Mindful Parenting and its application to
      youth mental health.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Youth mental health disorders are rising across the world. Mindful
      Parenting could be a potential tool to promote youth mental health. The primary
      distinction between Mindful Parenting programs and other behavioral parenting
      programs is the focus on emotional literacy and compassion. However, this
      emerging field has gaps in its theory and evidence. In order to objectively
      evaluate the impact of Mindful Parenting, it is important to identify how it
      promotes change. This theoretical paper aims to articulate the key change
      processes of Mindful Parenting that promote positive outcomes. METHOD: A
      literature review was conducted to synthesize the change processes outlined by
      different authors in the field. RESULTS: Key processes argued to promote Mindful
      Parenting were aligned with five main categories, namely attention, intention,
      attitude, attachment and emotion. More specifically the change processes were
      listening, emotional awareness, emotional regulation, attentional regulation,
      attunement, attention to variability, intentionality, reperceiving, compassion
      and non-judgmental acceptance. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary analysis attempted
      to understand how Mindful Parenting fosters change and transformation. Whilst
      there are numerous change processes, the essence of Mindful Parenting appears to
      be the ability to be responsive to a child's needs.

PMID- 27354338
TI  - New records of larval stages of the eel cod genus Muraenolepis Gunther 1880
      (Gadiformes: Muraenolepididae) from the western Antarctic Peninsula.
AB  - Three newly discovered larval specimens of the genus Muraenolepis collected from
      the waters of the western Antarctic Peninsula are described. Knowledge of their
      natural history is sparse and information about their early life history is based
      on only a few larval stages. Here, the available literature on larval eel cods is
      reviewed, and the specimens placed in context. 

PMID- 27354337
TI  - Tumor- and Neoantigen-Reactive T-cell Receptors Can Be Identified Based on Their
      Frequency in Fresh Tumor.
AB  - Adoptive transfer of T cells with engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) genes that
      target tumor-specific antigens can mediate cancer regression. Accumulating
      evidence suggests that the clinical success of many immunotherapies is mediated
      by T cells targeting mutated neoantigens unique to the patient. We hypothesized
      that the most frequent TCR clonotypes infiltrating the tumor were reactive
      against tumor antigens. To test this hypothesis, we developed a multistep
      strategy that involved TCRB deep sequencing of the CD8(+)PD-1(+) T-cell subset,
      matching of TCRA-TCRB pairs by pairSEQ and single-cell RT-PCR, followed by
      testing of the TCRs for tumor-antigen specificity. Analysis of 12 fresh
      metastatic melanomas revealed that in 11 samples, up to 5 tumor-reactive TCRs
      were present in the 5 most frequently occurring clonotypes, which included
      reactivity against neoantigens. These data show the feasibility of developing a
      rapid, personalized TCR-gene therapy approach that targets the unique set of
      antigens presented by the autologous tumor without the need to identify their
      immunologic reactivity. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(9); 734-43. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27354339
TI  - A novel homozygous PAM16 mutation in a patient with a milder phenotype and longer
      survival.

PMID- 27354340
TI  - Influence of transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular punctures in the mare on
      heart rate, respiratory rate, facial expression changes, and salivary cortisol as
      pain scoring.
AB  - Transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular punctures are widely used in the mare
      for diagnosis, research, and commercial applications. The objective of our study
      was to determine their influence on pain, stress, and well-being in the mare, by
      evaluating heart rate, breath rate, facial expression changes, and salivary
      cortisol before, during, and after puncture. For this experiment, 21 pony mares
      were used. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspirations were performed on 11 mares.
      After injections for sedation, analgesia, and antispasmodia, the follicles from
      both ovaries were aspirated with a needle introduced through the vagina wall into
      the ovary. In the control group, 10 mares underwent similar treatments and
      injections, but no follicular aspiration. Along the session, heart rate and
      breath rate were evaluated by a trained veterinarian, ears position, eyelid
      closure, and contraction of facial muscles were evaluated, and salivary samples
      were taken for evaluation of cortisol concentration. A significant relaxation was
      observed after sedative injection in the punctured and control mares, according
      to ear position, eyelid closure, and contraction of facial muscles, but no
      difference between punctured and control animals was recorded. No significant
      modification of salivary cortisol concentration during puncture and no difference
      between punctured and control mares at any time were observed. No significant
      modification of the breath rate was observed along the procedure for the
      punctured and the control mares. Heart rate increased significantly but
      transiently when the needle was introduced in the ovary and was significantly
      higher at that time for the punctured mares than that for control mares. None of
      the other investigated parameters were affected at that time, suggesting
      discomfort is minimal and transient. Improving analgesia, e.g., through a
      multimodal approach, during that possibly more sensitive step could be
      recommended. The evaluation of facial expression changes and heart rate is easy
      to-use and accurate tools to evaluate pain and well-being of the mare. 

PMID- 27354341
TI  - Fetal gender prediction based on maternal plasma testosterone and insulin-like
      peptide 3 concentrations at midgestation and late gestation in cattle.
AB  - We compared maternal plasma testosterone and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3)
      concentrations between dams carrying a male versus female fetus from early to
      late gestation and examined the application of maternal hormonal concentrations
      to fetal gender prediction in dairy and beef cattle. Blood samples were collected
      from Holstein cows or heifers (N = 31) and Japanese Black beef cows (N = 33) at 1
      month intervals at 2 to 8 months of gestation. Fetal gender was confirmed by
      visual observation of external genitalia of calves just after birth. Plasma
      testosterone and INSL3 concentrations were determined by enzyme-immunoassay.
      Fetal genders were judged based on cutoff values of maternal testosterone and
      INSL3 concentrations (male, if it was >= cutoff value; female, if < cutoff
      value), which we set for each hormone at each gestational month using receiver
      operating characteristic curves. Plasma testosterone concentrations were higher
      for dams with a male fetus than those with a female at 4, 5, 7, and 8 months for
      the dairy cattle (P < 0.05) and at 4, 5, 6, and 8 months for the beef cows (P <
      0.05). Plasma INSL3 concentrations were higher for dams with a male fetus than
      those with a female at 2 and 6 months for the dairy cattle (P < 0.05) and at 4 to
      8 months for the beef cows (P < 0.05). The predictive values and detection rates
      for fetal gender prediction based on maternal testosterone concentrations were
      75.8% to 79.3% for dairy cattle at 5 and 7 months and for beef cows at 5 and 6
      months, whereas those values by maternal INSL3 concentrations were 71.0% to 72.4%
      for the dairy cattle at 6 months and beef cows at 4 and 8 months. When multiple
      time points of testosterone and INSL3 concentrations at several midgestation and
      late gestation months were considered for fetal gender prediction, predictive
      values were 89.3% (5-7 months) and 85.7% to 88.0% (4-6, 8 months) for the dairy
      and beef breeds, respectively. Maternal testosterone and INSL3 concentrations in
      dams carrying a male fetus were higher than those carrying a female at
      midgestation and/or late gestation in Holstein and Japanese Black beef cattle.
      Nearly, 80% accuracy was obtained for fetal gender prediction by a single time
      point of maternal plasma testosterone concentrations at midgestation. Nearly 90%
      accuracy for the prediction was obtained when multiple time points of
      testosterone and INSL3 concentrations from midgestation to late gestation were
      considered. 

PMID- 27354343
TI  - Cortical gene expression correlates of temporal lobe epileptogenicity.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite being one of the most common neurological diseases, it is
      unknown whether there may be a genetic basis to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).
      Whole genome analyses were performed to test the hypothesis that temporal
      cortical gene expression differs between TLE patients with high vs. low baseline
      seizure frequency. METHODS: Baseline seizure frequency was used as a clinical
      measure of epileptogenicity. Twenty-four patients in high or low seizure
      frequency groups (median seizures/month) underwent anterior temporal lobectomy
      with amygdalohippocampectomy for intractable TLE. RNA was isolated from the
      lateral temporal cortex and submitted for expression analysis. Genes
      significantly associated with baseline seizure frequency on likelihood ratio test
      were identified based on >0.90 area under the ROC curve, P value of <0.05.
      RESULTS: Expression levels of forty genes were significantly associated with
      baseline seizure frequency. Of the seven most significant, four have been linked
      to other neurologic diseases. Expression levels associated with high seizure
      frequency included low expression of Homeobox A10, Forkhead box A2, Lymphoblastic
      leukemia derived sequence 1, HGF activator, Kelch repeat and BTB (POZ) domain
      containing 11, Thanatos-associated protein domain containing 8 and Heparin
      sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O-sulfotransferase 3A1. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes
      novel associations between forty known genes and a clinical marker of
      epileptogenicity, baseline seizure frequency. Four of the seven discussed have
      been previously related to other neurologic diseases. Future investigation of
      these genes could establish new biomarkers for predicting epileptogenicity, and
      could have significant implications for diagnosis and management of temporal lobe
      epilepsy, as well as epilepsy pathogenesis.

PMID- 27354342
TI  - TGFbeta-Responsive HMOX1 Expression Is Associated with Stemness and Invasion in
      Glioblastoma Multiforme.
AB  - Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal adult brain tumor.
      Resistance to standard radiation and chemotherapy is thought to involve survival
      of GBM cancer stem cells (CSCs). To date, no single marker for identifying GBM
      CSCs has been able to capture the diversity of CSC populations, justifying the
      needs for additional CSC markers for better characterization. Employing targeted
      mass spectrometry, here we present five cell-surface markers HMOX1, SLC16A1,
      CADM1, SCAMP3, and CLCC1 which were found to be elevated in CSCs relative to
      healthy neural stem cells (NSCs). Transcriptomic analyses of REMBRANDT and TCGA
      compendiums also indicated elevated expression of these markers in GBM relative
      to controls and non-GBM diseases. Two markers SLC16A1 and HMOX1 were found to be
      expressed among pseudopalisading cells that reside in the hypoxic region of GBM,
      substantiating the histopathological hallmarks of GBM. In a prospective study (N
      = 8) we confirmed the surface expression of HMOX1 on freshly isolated primary GBM
      cells (P0). Employing functional assays that are known to evaluate stemness, we
      demonstrate that elevated HMOX1 expression is associated with stemness in GBM and
      can be modulated through TGFbeta. siRNA-mediated silencing of HMOX1 impaired GBM
      invasion-a phenomenon related to poor prognosis. In addition, surgical resection
      of GBM tumors caused declines (18% +/- 5.1SEM) in the level of plasma HMOX1 as
      measured by ELISA, in 8/10 GBM patients. These findings indicate that HMOX1 is a
      robust predictor of GBM CSC stemness and pathogenesis. Further understanding of
      the role of HMOX1 in GBM may uncover novel therapeutic approaches. Stem Cells
      2016;34:2276-2289.

PMID- 27354344
TI  - A simplified and reproducible method to size the mitral annulus: implications for
      transcatheter mitral valve replacement.
AB  - Aims: Transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) provides definitive valve
      replacement through a minimally invasive procedure. In the setting of TMVR, it
      remains unclear how relevant the differences between different mitral annular
      (MA) diameters are. We sought to define a simplified and reproducible method to
      describe the MA size. Methods and results: Using cardiac computed tomography
      angiography (CTA) studies of 47 patients, 3D MA perimeter (P3D) was annotated.
      The aorto-mitral continuity was excluded from MA contour either by manual
      annotation (yielding a saddle-shape model) or by simple truncation at the medial
      and lateral trigones (yielding a D-shape model). The method of the least squares
      was used to generate the projected MA area (Aproj) and perimeter (Pproj).
      Intercommissural (IC) and septolateral (SL) diameters, Dmean = (IC diameter + SL
      diameter)/2, area-derived diameter (DArea = 2 x ?(A/pi)) and perimeter-derived
      diameter (DPerimeter = P/pi) were measured. MA eccentricity, height, and
      calcification (MAC) were assessed. Thirty studies were re-read by the same and by
      another observer to test intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. Patients
      (age, 75 +/- 12 years, 66% males) had a wide range of mitral regurgitation
      severity (none-trace in 8%, mild in 55%, moderate-severe in 37%), MA size (area:
      5-16 cm2), eccentricity (-8-52%), and height (3-11 mm). MAC was seen in 11 cases,
      in whom MAC arc occupied 26 +/- 20% of the MA circumference. DArea (36.0 +/- 4.0
      mm) and DPerimeter (37.1 +/- 3.8 mm) correlated strongly (R2 = 0.97) and were not
      significantly different (P = 0.15). The IC (39.3 +/- 4.6 mm) and the SL (31.4 +/-
      4.5 mm) diameters were significantly different from DArea (P < 0.001) while Dmean
      (35.4 +/- 4.0 mm) was not (P = 0.5). The correlation of DArea was stronger with
      Dmean (R2 = 0.96) than with IC and SL diameters (R2 = 0.69 and 0.76,
      respectively). The average difference between DArea and Dmean was +0.6 mm and the
      95% limits of agreement were 2.1 and -0.9 mm. Similar results were found when the
      D-shape model was applied. All MA diameters showed good reproducibility with high
      intraclass correlation coefficient (0.93-0.98), small average bias (0.37-1.1 mm),
      and low coefficient of variation (3-7%) for intra- and inter-observer
      comparisons. Reproducibility of DArea was lower in patients with MAC. Conclusion:
      MA sizing by CTA is readily feasible and reproducible. Dmean is a simple index
      that can be used to infer the effective MA size.

PMID- 27354345
TI  - Diagnostic performance of on-site CT-derived fractional flow reserve versus CT
      perfusion.
AB  - Aims: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of on-site computed tomography (CT)
      derived fractional flow reserve (FFR) and stress CT myocardial perfusion (CTP) in
      patients with coronary artery disease. Methods and results: Using a prospective
      CTP registry, 72 patients with invasive FFR were enrolled. CT-derived FFR was
      computed on-site using rest-phase CTP data. The diagnostic accuracies of coronary
      CT angiography (CCTA), CT-derived FFR, and stress CTP were evaluated using an
      area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) with invasive FFR as
      a reference standard. Logistic regression and the net reclassification index
      (NRI) were used to evaluate incremental differences in CT-derived FFR or CTP
      compared with CCTA alone. The per-vessel prevalence of haemodynamically
      significant stenosis (FFR <= 0.80) was 39% (54/138). Per-vessel sensitivity and
      specificity were 94 and 66% for CCTA, 87 and 77% for CT-derived FFR, and 79 and
      91% for CTP, respectively. There was no significant difference in the AUC values
      of CT-derived FFR and CTP (P = 0.845). The diagnostic performance of CCTA (AUC =
      0.856) was improved by combining it with CT-derived FFR (AUC = 0.919, P = 0.004,
      NRI = 1.01) or CTP (AUC = 0.913, P = 0.004, NRI = 0.66). CT-derived FFR values
      had a moderate correlation with invasive FFR (r = 0.671, P < 0.001). Conclusion:
      On-site CT-derived FFR combined with CCTA provides an incremental diagnostic
      improvement over CCTA alone in identifying haemodynamically significant stenosis
      defined by invasive FFR, with a diagnostic accuracy comparable with CTP.

PMID- 27354346
TI  - Venturing into new realms? Microorganisms in space.
AB  - One of the biggest challenges of science is the determination of whether
      extraterrestrial life exists. Although potential habitable areas might be
      available for complex life, it is more likely that microbial life could exist in
      space. Many extremotolerant and extremophilic microbes have been found to be able
      to withstand numerous, combined environmental factors, such as high or low
      temperatures and pressures, high-salt conditions, high doses of radiation,
      desiccation or nutrient limitations. They may even survive the transit from one
      planet to another. Terrestrial Mars-analogue sites are one focus of researchers,
      in order to understand the microbial diversity in preparation for upcoming space
      missions aimed at the detection of life. However, such missions could also pose a
      risk with respect to contamination of the extraterrestrial environment by
      accidentally transferred terrestrial microorganisms. Closer to the Earth, the
      International Space Station is the most enclosed habitat, where humans work and
      live-and with them numerous microorganisms. It is still unknown how microbes
      adapt to this environment, possibly even creating a risk for the crew.
      Information on the microbiology of the ISS will have an impact on the planning
      and implementation of long-term human spaceflights in order to ensure a safe,
      stable and balanced microbiome on board.

PMID- 27354349
TI  - The Yin and Yang of codon usage.
AB  - The genetic code is degenerate. With the exception of two amino acids (Met and
      Trp), all other amino acid residues are each encoded by multiple, so-called
      synonymous codons. Synonymous codons were initially presumed to have entirely
      equivalent functions, however, the finding that synonymous codons are not present
      at equal frequencies in genes/genomes suggested that codon choice might have
      functional implications beyond amino acid coding. The pattern of non-uniform
      codon use (known as codon usage bias) varies between organisms and represents a
      unique feature of an organism. Organism-specific codon choice is related to
      organism-specific differences in populations of cognate tRNAs. This implies that,
      in a given organism, frequently used codons will be translated more rapidly than
      infrequently used ones and vice versa A theory of codon-tRNA co-evolution
      (necessary to balance accurate and efficient protein production) was put forward
      to explain the existence of codon usage bias. This model suggests that selection
      favours preferred (frequent) over un-preferred (rare) codons in order to sustain
      efficient protein production in cells and that a given un-preferred codon will
      have the same effect on an organism's fitness regardless of its position within
      an mRNA's open reading frame. However, many recent studies refute this
      prediction. Un-preferred codons have been found to have important functional
      roles and their effects appeared to be position-dependent. Synonymous codon usage
      affects the efficiency/stringency of mRNA decoding, mRNA biogenesis/stability,
      and protein secretion and folding. This review summarizes recent developments in
      the field that have identified novel functions of synonymous codons and their
      usage.

PMID- 27354350
TI  - Looking beyond the genes: the role of non-coding variants in human disease.
AB  - Over the past decades the search for disease causing variants has been focusing
      exclusively on the coding genome. This highly selective approach has been
      extremely successful resulting in the identification of thousands of disease
      genes, but ignores the functional and therefore disease relevance of the rest of
      the genome. Dropping sequencing costs and new high-throughput technologies such
      as ChIP-seq and chromosome conformation capture have opened new possibilities for
      the systematic investigation of the non-coding genome. These data have revealed
      the importance of non-coding DNA in fundamental processes such as gene regulation
      and 3D chromatin folding. Research into the principles of chromatin folding has
      revealed a domain structure of the genome, called topologically associated
      domains that provide a scaffold for enhancer promoter contacts. Non-coding
      mutations that affect regulatory elements can affect gene regulation by a loss of
      function, resulting in reduced gene expression, or a gain of function resulting
      in gene mis- or overexpression. Structural variations such as deletions,
      inversions or duplications have the potential to disturb normal chromatin
      folding. This may lead to the repositioning or disruption of topological
      associating domains and the relocation of enhancer elements with consecutive gene
      misexpression. Several recent studies highlight this as important disease
      mechanisms in developmental disorders and cancer. Therefore, the regulatory
      landscape of the genome has to be taken into consideration when investigating the
      pathology of human disease. In this review, we will discuss the recent
      discoveries in the field of non-coding variation, gene regulation, 3D genome
      architecture, and their implications for human genetics.

PMID- 27354348
TI  - Specificity and complexity in bacterial quorum-sensing systems.
AB  - Quorum sensing (QS) is a microbial cell-to-cell communication process that relies
      on the production and detection of chemical signals called autoinducers (AIs) to
      monitor cell density and species complexity in the population. QS allows bacteria
      to behave as a cohesive group and coordinate collective behaviors. While most QS
      receptors display high specificity to their AI ligands, others are quite
      promiscuous in signal detection. How do specific QS receptors respond to their
      cognate signals with high fidelity? Why do some receptors maintain low signal
      recognition specificity? In addition, many QS systems are composed of multiple
      intersecting signaling pathways: what are the benefits of preserving such a
      complex signaling network when a simple linear 'one-to-one' regulatory pathway
      seems sufficient to monitor cell density? Here, we will discuss different
      molecular mechanisms employed by various QS systems that ensure productive and
      specific QS responses. Moreover, the network architectures of some well
      characterized QS circuits will be reviewed to understand how the wiring of
      different regulatory components achieves different biological goals.

PMID- 27354347
TI  - Cyclic diguanylate signaling in Gram-positive bacteria.
AB  - The nucleotide second messenger 3'-5' cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP)
      is a central regulator of the transition between motile and non-motile lifestyles
      in bacteria, favoring sessility. Most research investigating the functions of c
      di-GMP has focused on Gram-negative species, especially pathogens. Recent work in
      Gram-positive species has revealed that c-di-GMP plays similar roles in Gram
      positives, though the precise targets and mechanisms of regulation may differ.
      The majority of bacterial life exists in a surface-associated state, with
      motility allowing bacteria to disseminate and colonize new environments. c-di-GMP
      signaling regulates flagellum biosynthesis and production of adherence factors
      and appears to be a primary mechanism by which bacteria sense and respond to
      surfaces. Ultimately, c-di-GMP influences the ability of a bacterium to alter its
      transcriptional program, physiology and behavior upon surface contact. This
      review discusses how bacteria are able to sense a surface via flagella and type
      IV pili, and the role of c-di-GMP in regulating the response to surfaces, with
      emphasis on studies of Gram-positive bacteria.

PMID- 27354351
TI  - Cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency impairs muscle-derived stem cell-mediated bone
      regeneration via cellular autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.
AB  - This study investigated the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by donor
      and host cells in muscle-derived stem cell (MDSC)-mediated bone regeneration
      utilizing a critical size calvarial defect model. We found that BMP4/green
      fluorescent protein (GFP)-transduced MDSCs formed significantly less bone in COX
      2 knock-out (Cox-2KO) than in COX-2 wild-type (WT) mice. BMP4/GFP-transduced Cox
      2KO MDSCs also formed significantly less bone than transduced WT MDSCs when
      transplanted into calvarial defects created in CD-1 nude mice. The impaired bone
      regeneration in the Cox-2KO MDSCBMP4/GFP group is associated with downregulation
      of BMP4-pSMAD1/5 signaling, decreased osteogenic differentiation and lowered
      proliferation capacity after transplantation, compared with WT MDSCBMP4/GFP
      cells. The Cox-2KO MDSCBMP4/GFP group demonstrated a reduction in cell survival
      and direct osteogenic differentiation in vitro These effects were mediated in
      part by the downregulation of Igf1 and Igf2. In addition, the Cox-2KO
      MDSCBMP4/GFP cells recruited fewer macrophages than the WT MDSC/BMP4/GFP cells in
      the early phase after injury. We concluded that the bone regeneration capacity of
      Cox-2KO MDSCs was impaired because of a reduction in cell proliferation and
      survival capacities, reduction in osteogenic differentiation and a decrease in
      the ability of the cells to recruit host cells to the injury site.

PMID- 27354353
TI  - Natural killer cell memory in context.
AB  - Immune memory has traditionally been considered a hallmark of vertebrate T and B
      lymphocytes. However, given the advantage in mounting quicker and more robust
      responses to recurrent infection, it is unsurprising that alternative strategies
      of memory are found in various immune cells throughout the evolutionary tree. In
      this context, a variety of NK cell memory subsets have recently been identified.
      Mouse models of cytomegalovirus infection have been instrumental in revealing the
      kinetics and molecular mechanisms of long-lived NK cell memory. Moreover, murine
      liver-resident memory NK cell subsets have been identified that potentially
      harbour antigen-specificity. Phenotypic counter-parts have recently been
      characterised in the human liver, adding to the mounting evidence suggesting that
      a spectrum of NK cell memory subsets exist in primates. These include
      cytomegalovirus-associated peripheral blood NK cell expansions that in humans
      have been shown to harbour epigenetic alterations that impact cellular phenotype
      and function. Here we discuss some general mechanisms of non-classical immune
      memory. We highlight themes of commonality that may yield clues to the molecular
      mechanisms of NK cell memory, whilst emphasising some outstanding questions.

PMID- 27354352
TI  - Genome-wide association study in East Asians identifies two novel breast cancer
      susceptibility loci.
AB  - Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women worldwide.
      Genetic factors have been shown to play an important role in breast cancer
      aetiology. We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS)
      including 14 224 cases and 14 829 controls of East Asian women to search for
      novel genetic susceptibility loci for breast cancer. Single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) in two loci were found to be associated with breast cancer
      risk at the genome-wide significance level. The first locus, represented by
      rs12118297 at 1p22.3 (near the LMO4 gene), was associated with breast cancer risk
      with odds ratio (OR) and (95% confidence interval (CI)) of 0.91 (0.88-0.94) and a
      P-value of 4.48 * 10-  8 This association was replicated in another study, DRIVE
      GAME-ON Consortium, including 16 003 cases and 41 335 controls of European
      ancestry (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91-0.99, P-value = 0.019). The second locus,
      rs16992204 at 21q22.12 (near the LINC00160 gene), was associated with breast
      cancer risk with OR (95% CI) of 1.13 (1.07-1.18) and a P-value of 4.63 * 10 -  8
      The risk allele frequency for this SNP is zero in European-ancestry populations
      in 1000 Genomes Project and thus its association with breast cancer risk cannot
      be assessed in DRIVE GAME-ON Consortium. Functional annotation using the ENCODE
      data indicates that rs12118297 might be located in a repressed element and locus
      21q22.12 may affect breast cancer risk through regulating LINC00160 expressions
      and interaction with oestrogen receptor signalling. Our findings provide
      additional insights into the genetics of breast cancer.

PMID- 27354354
TI  - Unravelling the nature of non-specific effects of vaccines-A challenge for innate
      immunologists.
AB  - Epidemiological observations have shown that vaccines can influence morbidity and
      mortality more than can be ascribed to target-disease immunity. A growing number
      of immunological studies have helped identify possible biological mechanisms to
      explain these so-called nonspecific effects (NSE) of vaccines, including
      heterologous T-cell reactivity and innate immune memory or 'trained innate
      immunity', which involves epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. Here,
      we review the epidemiological evidence for NSE as well as human, animal and in
      vitro immunological data that could explain these NSE, and discuss priorities for
      future epidemiologic and immunologic studies to further unravel the biology and
      optimize the benefits of current and new vaccines.

PMID- 27354356
TI  - EETs and HO-1 cross-talk.
AB  - Epoxygenase-dependent metabolites of arachidonc acid, EETs and the heme-oxygenase
      (HO)-1/carbon monoxide/bilverdin system share similarities in their activity and
      mediators. They control endothelial function, dilating small arterial vessels,
      decrease blood pressure, protect the heart from ischemic and hypertensive
      cardiopathy, control renal circulation and function, promote angiogenesis and
      organ regeneration, oppose oxidative stress and inflammation, improve diabetes
      and obesity, have protective effects on the liver, and participate in portal
      hypertension. Furthermore, EETs induce HO-1, and inhibition of HO-1 abolishes
      most of the effects of EETs. Thus, a close interaction between the two systems
      exists, and is relevant in view of their therapeutic potential.

PMID- 27354358
TI  - Inner Workings: Will hagfish yield the fibers of the future?

PMID- 27354359
TI  - Core Concept: Basket trial approach capitalizes on the molecular mechanisms of
      tumors.

PMID- 27354361
TI  - Quantitative EEG Neurometric Analysis-Guided Neurofeedback Treatment in
      Postconcussion Syndrome (PCS): Forty Cases. How Is Neurometric Analysis Important
      for the Treatment of PCS and as a Biomarker?
AB  - Postconcussion syndrome (PCS) has been used to describe a range of residual
      symptoms that persist 12 months or more after the injury, often despite a lack of
      evidence of brain abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging and computed
      tomography scans. In this clinical case series, the efficacy of quantitative EEG
      guided neurofeedback in 40 subjects diagnosed with PCS was investigated. Overall
      improvement was seen in all the primary (Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire,
      Clinical Global Impressions Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale) and secondary
      measures (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Test of Variables for
      Attention). The Neuroguide Traumatic Brain Index for the group also showed a
      decrease. Thirty-nine subjects were followed up long term with an average follow
      up length of 3.1 years (CI = 2.7-3.3). All but 2 subjects were stable and were
      off medication. Overall neurofeedback treatment was shown to be effective in this
      group of subjects studied.

PMID- 27354362
TI  - Family Perspectives on Whiteboard Use and Recommendations for Improved Practices.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore pediatric family perspectives and preferences regarding
      whiteboard use, as well as recommendations for using whiteboards as tools for
      patient-centered communication and care. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were
      conducted with 29 families in a pediatric urban academic hospital inpatient
      surgical service, exploring whiteboard experiences and suggestions. Parent
      responses were manually recorded during interviews. Quantitative data were
      analyzed by using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Of all families, 66% reported
      using the whiteboard, and 52% were informed about it by staff. Among users,
      parents who were informed of the whiteboard used it actively (writing to share
      information) 6 times more often than those who used it passively (as a visual
      reference). Pictorial whiteboard analysis found that 42% of whiteboards had
      parent writing. Of these, 80% had contact information alone. Among reasons for
      whiteboard nonuse, 58% were modifiable, including not knowing about it, assuming
      it was intended for staff, believing no one would read it, or physical
      inaccessibility. Parents overwhelmingly identified nurses as whiteboard users
      (81%) compared with physicians (who families did not identify as users). The
      majority (76%) of families offered recommendations to improve whiteboard
      effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Of all families, approximately one-half were not
      informed about whiteboards and one-third did not use them. Reasons for nonuse
      were largely modifiable. Parents made aware of their whiteboard by their care
      teams demonstrated increased likelihood of active whiteboard use, highlighting
      the importance of education and suggesting a gap in harnessing the full potential
      of whiteboards as communication tools. Families' recommendations can help inform
      whiteboard practices to strengthen communication and care.

PMID- 27354363
TI  - Appendiceal orifice inflammation is associated with proximal extension of disease
      in patients with ulcerative colitis.
AB  - AIM: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is considered to be a disease of continuous mucosal
      inflammation extending proximally from the rectum. However, appendiceal orifice
      inflammation (AOI) is a skip lesion with segments of continuous involvement from
      the rectum. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics and
      clinical course, particularly focused on proximal extension, of UC in patients
      with AOI. METHOD: A retrospective evaluation of patients with UC who underwent
      total colonoscopy at the Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of
      Tokyo, from 2004 to 2014. The degree of AOI was graded endoscopically as follows:
      0 (no inflammation); 1 (slight oedema); 2 (moderate inflammation); and 3 (marked
      inflammation). A total of 189 patient records were reviewed retrospectively. The
      presence of AOI was analysed with regard to the clinical information of each
      patient, and its association with proximal extension of proctitis or left-sided
      colitis was evaluated. RESULTS: Of 189 patients with UC who underwent total
      colonoscopy at our institution, 92 were diagnosed with pancolitis, 50 with left
      sided colitis and 47 with proctitis. Endoscopic findings of AOI were observed in
      26 patients, including 11 (12.0%) with pancolitis, six (12.0%) with left-sided
      colitis and nine (19.1%) with proctitis. During follow up, proximal extension of
      the disease occurred in all nine patients with proctitis AOI. CONCLUSION: AOI is
      more frequently observed in patients with proctitis. Our results showed
      correlations between AOI and subsequent proximal extension of mucosal
      inflammation in patients with proctitis.

PMID- 27354364
TI  - A PBX1 transcriptional network controls dopaminergic neuron development and is
      impaired in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox (PBX) transcription factors are known to regulate
      organogenesis, but their molecular targets and function in midbrain dopaminergic
      neurons (mDAn) as well as their role in neurodegenerative diseases are unknown.
      Here, we show that PBX1 controls a novel transcriptional network required for
      mDAn specification and survival, which is sufficient to generate mDAn from human
      stem cells. Mechanistically, PBX1 plays a dual role in transcription by directly
      repressing or activating genes, such as Onecut2 to inhibit lateral fates during
      embryogenesis, Pitx3 to promote mDAn development, and Nfe2l1 to protect from
      oxidative stress. Notably, PBX1 and NFE2L1 levels are severely reduced in
      dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients
      and decreased NFE2L1 levels increases damage by oxidative stress in human
      midbrain cells. Thus, our results reveal novel roles for PBX1 and its
      transcriptional network in mDAn development and PD, opening the door for new
      therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 27354366
TI  - Plasma Soluble CD163 Level Independently Predicts All-Cause Mortality in HIV-1
      Infected Individuals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: CD163, a monocyte- and macrophage-specific scavenger receptor, is
      shed as soluble CD163 (sCD163) during the proinflammatory response. Here, we
      assessed the association between plasma sCD163 levels and progression to AIDS and
      all-cause mortality among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 (HIV). METHODS: Plasma sCD163 levels were measured in 933 HIV-infected
      individuals. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated
      with mortality were computed by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: At
      baseline, 86% were receiving antiretroviral treatment, 73% had plasma a HIV RNA
      level of <50 copies/mL, and the median CD4(+) T-cell count was 503 cells/uL.
      During 10.5 years of follow-up, 167 (17.9%) died. Plasma sCD163 levels were
      higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (4.92 mg/L [interquartile range {IQR},
      3.29-8.65 mg/L] vs 3.16 mg/L [IQR, 2.16-4.64 mg/L]; P = .0001). The cumulative
      incidence of death increased with increasing plasma sCD163 levels, corresponding
      to a 6% or 35% increased risk of death for each milligram per liter or quartile
      increase, respectively, in baseline plasma sCD163 level (adjusted HR, 1.06 [95%
      CI, 1.03-1.09] and 1.35 [95% CI, 1.13-1.63], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma
      sCD163 was an independent marker of all-cause mortality in a cohort of HIV
      infected individuals, suggesting that monocyte/macrophage activation may play a
      role in HIV pathogenesis and be a target of intervention.

PMID- 27354365
TI  - Generation and Protective Ability of Influenza Virus-Specific Antibody-Dependent
      Cellular Cytotoxicity in Humans Elicited by Vaccination, Natural Infection, and
      Experimental Challenge.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonneutralizing antibodies (Abs) involved in antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may provide some protection from influenza virus
      infection. The ability of influenza vaccines to induce ADCC-mediating Abs (ADCC
      Abs) in adults and children is unclear. METHODS: We quantified ADCC-Abs in serum
      samples from adults who received a dose of inactivated subunit vaccine (ISV)
      targeting monovalent 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus or live-attenuated
      influenza vaccine (LAIV) or who had laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1) virus
      infection. We also measured ADCC-Abs in children who either received a dose of
      trivalent seasonal ISV followed by trivalent seasonal LAIV or 2 doses of LAIV.
      Finally, we assessed the ability of low and high ADCC-Ab titers to protect adults
      from experimental challenge with influenza A/Wisconsin/67/131/2005(H3N2) virus.
      RESULTS: Adults and children who received a dose of ISV had a robust increase in
      ADCC-Ab titers to both recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) protein and homologous
      virus-infected cells. There was no detectable increase in titers of ADCC-Abs to
      rHA or virus-infected cells in adults and children who received LAIV. Higher
      titers (>=320) of preexisting ADCC-Abs were associated with lower virus
      replication and a significant reduction in total symptom scores in experimentally
      infected adults. CONCLUSIONS: ADCC-Ab titers increased following experimental
      influenza virus infection in adults and after ISV administration in both children
      and adults.

PMID- 27354367
TI  - Changes in Markers of T-Cell Senescence and Exhaustion With Atazanavir-,
      Raltegravir-, and Darunavir-Based Initial Antiviral Therapy: ACTG 5260s.
AB  - It is unclear whether differential roles of CD4(+) versus CD8(+) T-cell
      senescence/exhaustion and effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on these
      processes may contribute to morbidity in treated human immunodeficiency virus
      type 1 (HIV) infection. In a prospective 96-week trial, 328 HIV-infected ART
      naive participants were randomly assigned to receive tenofovir-emtricitabine plus
      either atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir. Markers of
      CD4(+) T-cell senescence (ie, the percentage of CD28(-)CD57(+) cells among CD4(+)
      T cells ) and CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell exhaustion (ie, the percentage of PD-1(+)
      cells among CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells) decreased after ART. There were no changes in
      markers of CD8(+) T-cell senescence after ART and no differential changes in all
      markers in ART groups. Senescent CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells may have differential
      roles in HIV pathogenesis.

PMID- 27354369
TI  - Soluble CD163 and Clinical Outcomes in Treated HIV Infection: Insights Into
      Mechanisms.

PMID- 27354368
TI  - Rapid Responses to 2 Virus-Like Particle Norovirus Vaccine Candidate Formulations
      in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Noroviruses pose a significant public health risk, particularly in
      very young individuals, older adults, and individuals with underlying conditions.
      We assessed 2 bivalent norovirus virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate
      formulations in healthy adults aged 18-49 years. METHODS: Enrolled subjects (n =
      454) randomly assigned among 3 groups received intramuscular placebo (saline) or
      vaccines containing either 15 ug or 50 ug of GI.1 VLP and 50 ug GII.4 VLP (15/50
      and 50/50 formulations) adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid A and Al(OH)3 We
      present safety and immunogenicity assessments up to 28 days after vaccination.
      RESULTS: No vaccine-related serious adverse events or adverse events of special
      interest were reported. Reactions were mainly mild to moderate, the most frequent
      being transient pain, in 8%, 64%, and 73% of placebo, 15/50, and 50/50 groups,
      respectively; transient myalgia, headache, and fatigue were the commonest
      systemic adverse events. Subjects assessed per protocol (n = 442) displayed rapid
      immune responses to vaccination, peaking by days 7-10 and persisting through day
      28. GI.1 responses were highest with the 50/50 formulation, but GII.4 responses
      were higher with the 15/50 formulation. CONCLUSIONS: Both candidate VLP vaccines
      were well tolerated and elicited robust immune responses by 7-10 days that
      persisted through day 28. The 15/50 formulation displayed the best balance of
      tolerability and immunogenicity. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02142504.

PMID- 27354370
TI  - The Evolution and Transmission of Epidemic GII.17 Noroviruses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In recent decades, the GII.4 norovirus genotype has predominated in
      epidemics worldwide and been associated with an increased rate of evolutionary
      change. In 2014, a novel GII.17 variant emerged and persisted, causing large
      outbreaks of gastroenteritis in China and sporadic infections globally. The
      origin, evolution, and transmission history of this new variant are largely
      unknown. METHODS: We generated 103 full capsid and 8 whole-genome sequences of
      GII.17 strains collected between August 2013 and November 2015 in Guangdong,
      China. Phylogenetic analyses were performed by integrating our data with those
      for all publically available GII.17 sequences. RESULTS: The novel emergent
      lineage GII.17_Kawasaki_2014 most likely originated from Africa around 2001 and
      evolved at a rate of 5.6 * 10(-3) substitutions/site/year. Within this lineage, a
      new variant containing several important amino acid changes emerged around August
      2013 and caused extensive epidemics in 2014-2015. The phylodynamic and epidemic
      history of the GII.17_Kawasaki lineage shows similarities with the pattern
      observed for GII.4 norovirus evolution. Virus movements from Hong Kong to
      neighboring coastal cities were frequently observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      provide new insights into GII.17 norovirus evolution and transmission and
      highlight the potential for a rare norovirus genotype to rapidly replace existing
      strains and cause local epidemics.

PMID- 27354371
TI  - The Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) as a Lethal Infection Model for 3
      Species of Ebolavirus.
AB  - Small-animal models have been developed for several Filoviridae species; however,
      serial adaptation was required to produce lethal infection. These adapted viruses
      have sequence changes in several genes, including those that modulate the host
      immune response. Nonhuman primate models do not require adaptation of
      filoviruses. Here, we describe lethal models of disease for Bundibugyo, Sudan,
      and Zaire species of Ebolavirus in the domestic ferret, using wild-type
      nonadapted viruses. Pathologic features were consistent with disease in primates.
      Of particular importance, this is the only known small-animal model developed for
      Bundibugyo and the only uniformly lethal animal model for Bundibugyo.

PMID- 27354372
TI  - Broad and Temperature Independent Replication Potential of Filoviruses on Cells
      Derived From Old and New World Bat Species.
AB  - Filoviruses are strongly associated with several species of bats as their natural
      reservoirs. In this study, we determined the replication potential of all
      filovirus species: Marburg marburgvirus, Tai Forest ebolavirus, Reston
      ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus.
      Filovirus replication was supported by all cell lines derived from 6 Old and New
      World bat species: the hammer-headed fruit bat, Buettikofer's epauletted fruit
      bat, the Egyptian fruit bat, the Jamaican fruit bat, the Mexican free-tailed bat
      and the big brown bat. In addition, we showed that Marburg virus Angola and Ebola
      virus Makona-WPGC07 efficiently replicated at 37 degrees C, 37 degrees -41
      degrees C, or 41 degrees C, contrary to the hypothesis that temporal elevation in
      temperature due to flight affects filovirus replication in bats.

PMID- 27354373
TI  - How a Fully Automated eHealth Program Simulates Three Therapeutic Processes: A
      Case Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: eHealth programs may be better understood by breaking down the
      components of one particular program and discussing its potential for
      interactivity and tailoring in regard to concepts from face-to-face counseling.
      In the search for the efficacious elements within eHealth programs, it is
      important to understand how a program using lapse management may simultaneously
      support working alliance, internalization of motivation, and behavior
      maintenance. These processes have been applied to fully automated eHealth
      programs individually. However, given their significance in face-to-face
      counseling, it may be important to simulate the processes simultaneously in
      interactive, tailored programs. OBJECTIVE: We propose a theoretical model for how
      fully automated behavior change eHealth programs may be more effective by
      simulating a therapist's support of a working alliance, internalization of
      motivation, and managing lapses. METHODS: We show how the model is derived from
      theory and its application to Endre, a fully automated smoking cessation program
      that engages the user in several "counseling sessions" about quitting. A
      descriptive case study based on tools from the intervention mapping protocol
      shows how each therapeutic process is simulated. RESULTS: The program supports
      the user's working alliance through alliance factors, the nonembodied relational
      agent Endre and computerized motivational interviewing. Computerized motivational
      interviewing also supports internalized motivation to quit, whereas a lapse
      management component responds to lapses. The description operationalizes working
      alliance, internalization of motivation, and managing lapses, in terms of eHealth
      support of smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: A program may simulate working
      alliance, internalization of motivation, and lapse management through
      interactivity and individual tailoring, potentially making fully automated
      eHealth behavior change programs more effective.

PMID- 27354374
TI  - Exosomes mediate cell contact-independent ephrin-Eph signaling during axon
      guidance.
AB  - The cellular release of membranous vesicles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs)
      or exosomes represents a novel mode of intercellular communication. Eph receptor
      tyrosine kinases and their membrane-tethered ephrin ligands have very important
      roles in such biologically diverse processes as neuronal development, plasticity,
      and pathological diseases. Until now, it was thought that ephrin-Eph signaling
      requires direct cell contact. Although the biological functions of ephrin-Eph
      signaling are well understood, our mechanistic understanding remains modest. Here
      we report the release of EVs containing Ephs and ephrins by different cell types,
      a process requiring endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)
      activity and regulated by neuronal activity. Treatment of cells with purified
      EphB2(+) EVs induces ephrinB1 reverse signaling and causes neuronal axon
      repulsion. These results indicate a novel mechanism of ephrin-Eph signaling
      independent of direct cell contact and proteolytic cleavage and suggest the
      participation of EphB2(+) EVs in neural development and synapse physiology.

PMID- 27354376
TI  - Mitochondrial lipid transport and biosynthesis: A complex balance.
AB  - Little is known about how mitochondrial lipids reach inner membrane-localized
      metabolic enzymes for phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis. Aaltonen et al. (2016.
      J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201602007) and Miyata et al. (2016.
      J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201601082) now report roles for two
      mitochondrial complexes, Ups2-Mdm35 and mitochondrial contact site and cristae
      organizing system, in the biosynthesis and transport of mitochondrial lipids.

PMID- 27354375
TI  - A Presenilin-2-ARF4 trafficking axis modulates Notch signaling during epidermal
      differentiation.
AB  - How primary cilia impact epidermal growth and differentiation during
      embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we show that during skin development,
      Notch signaling occurs within the ciliated, differentiating cells of the first
      few suprabasal epidermal layers. Moreover, both Notch signaling and cilia
      disappear in the upper layers, where key ciliary proteins distribute to cell-cell
      borders. Extending this correlation, we find that Presenilin-2 localizes to basal
      bodies/cilia through a conserved VxPx motif. When this motif is mutated, a GFP
      tagged Presenilin-2 still localizes to intercellular borders, but basal body
      localization is lost. Notably, in contrast to wild type, this mutant fails to
      rescue epidermal differentiation defects seen upon Psen1 and 2 knockdown.
      Screening components implicated in ciliary targeting and polarized exocytosis, we
      provide evidence that the small GTPase ARF4 is required for Presenilin basal body
      localization, Notch signaling, and subsequent epidermal differentiation.
      Collectively, our findings raise the possibility that ARF4-dependent polarized
      exocytosis acts through the basal body-ciliary complex to spatially regulate
      Notch signaling during epidermal differentiation.

PMID- 27354377
TI  - Exosomes expand the sphere of influence of Eph receptors and ephrins.
AB  - Membrane-anchored Eph receptors and ephrins represent a ubiquitous intercellular
      communication system that typically engages at sites of cell-cell contact to
      initiate bidirectional signaling. Gong et al. (2016. J. Cell Biol.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201601085) show that cells can deploy the EphB2
      receptor on exosomes to activate ephrinB signaling and collapse the growth cones
      of distant neurons.

PMID- 27354379
TI  - Phosphatidylserine transport by Ups2-Mdm35 in respiration-active mitochondria.
AB  - Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is an essential phospholipid for mitochondrial
      functions and is synthesized mainly by phosphatidylserine (PS) decarboxylase at
      the mitochondrial inner membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PS is synthesized
      in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), such that mitochondrial PE synthesis requires
      PS transport from the ER to the mitochondrial inner membrane. Here, we provide
      evidence that Ups2-Mdm35, a protein complex localized at the mitochondrial
      intermembrane space, mediates PS transport for PE synthesis in respiration-active
      mitochondria. UPS2- and MDM35-null mutations greatly attenuated conversion of PS
      to PE in yeast cells growing logarithmically under nonfermentable conditions, but
      not fermentable conditions. A recombinant Ups2-Mdm35 fusion protein exhibited
      phospholipid-transfer activity between liposomes in vitro. Furthermore, UPS2
      expression was elevated under nonfermentable conditions and at the diauxic shift,
      the metabolic transition from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. These
      results demonstrate that Ups2-Mdm35 functions as a PS transfer protein and
      enhances mitochondrial PE synthesis in response to the cellular metabolic state.

PMID- 27354378
TI  - SEC16A is a RAB10 effector required for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 trafficking in
      adipocytes.
AB  - RAB10 is a regulator of insulin-stimulated translocation of the GLUT4 glucose
      transporter to the plasma membrane (PM) of adipocytes, which is essential for
      whole-body glucose homeostasis. We establish SEC16A as a novel RAB10 effector in
      this process. Colocalization of SEC16A with RAB10 is augmented by insulin
      stimulation, and SEC16A knockdown attenuates insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation,
      phenocopying RAB10 knockdown. We show that SEC16A and RAB10 promote insulin
      stimulated mobilization of GLUT4 from a perinuclear recycling endosome/TGN
      compartment. We propose RAB10-SEC16A functions to accelerate formation of the
      vesicles that ferry GLUT4 to the PM during insulin stimulation. Because GLUT4
      continually cycles between the PM and intracellular compartments, the maintenance
      of elevated cell-surface GLUT4 in the presence of insulin requires accelerated
      biogenesis of the specialized GLUT4 transport vesicles. The function of SEC16A in
      GLUT4 trafficking is independent of its previously characterized activity in ER
      exit site formation and therefore independent of canonical COPII-coated vesicle
      function. However, our data support a role for SEC23A, but not the other COPII
      components SEC13, SEC23B, and SEC31, in the insulin stimulation of GLUT4
      trafficking, suggesting that vesicles derived from subcomplexes of COPII coat
      proteins have a role in the specialized trafficking of GLUT4.

PMID- 27354380
TI  - Genetic variations in the 3'-untranslated region of SLC18A2 are associated with
      serum FSH concentration in polycystic ovary syndrome patients and regulate gene
      expression in vitro.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Are genetic variations at the human solute carrier family 18
      member A2 (SLC18A2) locus associated with the etiology of polycystic ovary
      syndrome (PCOS) and/or with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and insulin
      secretion in PCOS? SUMMARY ANSWER: We found two common genetic variants in the 3'
      untranslated region of SLC18A2 (rs363282 and rs363238) that are associated with
      serum FSH concentration in the PCOS group. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: SLC18A2 is a
      vesicular monoamine transporter that is essential in dopamine regulation.
      Dopamine can negatively regulate FSH and insulin secretion through the D2
      receptor. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study was a cross-sectional
      examination in women with PCOS (n = 319) and controls (n = 220) from China.
      PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The PCOS patients were diagnosed based
      on the criteria of the Androgen Excess Society, including clinical and/or
      biochemical signs of hyperandrogenemia plus oligoamenorrhea or polycystic
      ovaries. Controls had regular menstrual cycles and no hyperandrogenism or other
      endocrine disorders related to PCOS. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
      were selected based on resequencing data in 48 PCOS patients and linkage
      disequilibrium analysis. Allele frequencies for variants (rs363282 and rs363238)
      were examined in PCOS cases and controls along with their relationship to
      quantitative traits. The samples were further divided into two subgroups for
      association analysis: AA + AG group and GG group (rs363282), CC + AC group and AA
      group (rs363238). The functional effects of SLC18A2 variants were measured by
      luciferase assay. The gene expression of SLC18A2 was compared with the NCBI's
      Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Two common
      genetic variants in the 3'-untranslated region (rs363282 and rs363238) are
      associated with serum FSH in the PCOS group (P= 0.005 and P= 0.001,
      respectively), while no associations were found in controls. Functional studies
      showed that minor alleles of the two variants (rs363282-G and rs363238-A) had
      significantly lower luciferase activities than rs363282-A (P= 0.009) and rs363238
      C (P = 0.009). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Results were not validated in
      another independent cohort, though we provided functional evidence of the two
      SNPs. Because of limited condition, more specific parameters, including ovarian
      follicle count and anti-Mullerian hormone were not included and relationship
      between SLC18A2 and these parameters cannot be evaluated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF
      THE FINDINGS: We found a novel association between two genetic variants in
      SLC18A2 and FSH levels in PCOS patients. These findings might indicate a novel
      regulatory mechanism in follicular development and maturation in PCOS. STUDY
      FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This work was supported by the National Natural
      Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 81571501 and 81270747), National Basic
      Research Program of China (grant number 2015CB943300). No competing interests
      declared.

PMID- 27354381
TI  - Immuno-PET Imaging of Engineered Human T Cells in Tumors.
AB  - Sensitive in vivo imaging technologies applicable to the clinical setting are
      still lacking for adoptive T-cell-based immunotherapies, an important gap to fill
      if mechanisms of tumor rejection or escape are to be understood. Here, we propose
      a highly sensitive imaging technology to track human TCR-transgenic T cells in
      vivo by directly targeting the murinized constant TCR beta domain (TCRmu) with a
      zirconium-89 ((89)Zr)-labeled anti-TCRmu-F(ab')2 fragment. Binding of the labeled
      or unlabeled F(ab')2 fragment did not impair functionality of transgenic T cells
      in vitro and in vivo Using a murine xenograft model of human myeloid sarcoma, we
      monitored by Immuno-PET imaging human central memory T cells (TCM), which were
      transgenic for a myeloid peroxidase (MPO)-specific TCR. Diverse T-cell
      distribution patterns were detected by PET/CT imaging, depending on the tumor
      size and rejection phase. Results were confirmed by IHC and semiquantitative
      evaluation of T-cell infiltration within the tumor corresponding to the PET/CT
      images. Overall, these findings offer a preclinical proof of concept for an
      imaging approach that is readily tractable for clinical translation. Cancer Res;
      76(14); 4113-23. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27354382
TI  - Non-invasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in neonates: review of
      physiology, biology and clinical data.
AB  - Non-invasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (NHFOV) consists of the
      application of a bias flow generating a continuous distending positive pressure
      with superimposed oscillations, which have constant frequency and active
      expiratory phase. NHFOV matches together the advantages of high-frequency
      ventilation (no need for synchronisation, high efficacy in removing CO2) and
      nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (non-invasive interface,
      increase in functional residual capacity allowing oxygenation to improve). There
      is enough clinical expertise demonstrating that NHFOV may be tried in some
      selected cases, in whom CPAP or conventional non-invasive ventilation have
      failed. Nonetheless, there are no clear data about its clinical usefulness and
      there is a need for randomised controlled studies. Our purpose is to review the
      physiology and biological effects of NHFOV, to present the current clinical
      evidence on its use, to provide some guiding principles to clinicians and suggest
      directions for further research.

PMID- 27354383
TI  - Changes in fetal autopsy patterns over a 10-year period.

PMID- 27354384
TI  - Undergraduate teaching of forensic medicine in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Medico-legal tasks are not exclusive to forensic medical experts -any physician
      may face medico-legal issues in his career. Hence, the practice of medicine
      requires education in legal issues. In Saudi Arabia, there are 30 universities
      with medical colleges, but we do not know how they teach undergraduate forensic
      medicine and medico-legal issues. The aim of this study was to discover
      undergraduate training courses in forensic medicine in Saudi universities. We
      conducted a cross-sectional study involving all colleges of medicine in Saudi
      Arabia. A structured, self-administered questionnaire containing 13 items
      relating to the undergraduate forensic medicine course was distributed. Out of a
      total of 30 universities, 27 universities responded. Of these 27 universities, 16
      (59.26%) teach forensic medicine to undergraduate medical students, and 11
      (40.74%) do not teach forensic medicine in their undergraduate curriculum. Of the
      27 universities that responded, none has a department of forensic medicine.
      Eleven universities that do not teach forensic medicine have no forensic medicine
      unit/division or faculty at all. Forensic medicine belongs to the pathology
      department in 11 universities, while it belongs to different departments in five
      universities. There is variation in teaching methods, years where the course is
      taught and length of the course. Practical and morgue visits take place in 7/16
      (43.8%) universities, while 9/16 (56.3%) universities only teach the theoretical
      aspects of forensic medicine. All 16 universities teach forensic medicine only to
      medical students and do not teach it to students in other colleges such as
      dentistry and nursing. 

PMID- 27354385
TI  - Response to letter from Steven B Karch re: "Excited delirium: a psychiatric
      review".

PMID- 27354386
TI  - Unpacking the Black Box of Wilderness Therapy: A Realist Synthesis.
AB  - Despite considerable progress within wilderness and adventure therapy research
      over the last decade, researchers are still unable to precisely answer why, how,
      and for whom this treatment modality works. There is also a need for more
      knowledge regarding the circumstances under which the treatment does not appear
      to be effective. In this realist synthesis, we attempt to unpack this "black box"
      of wilderness therapy more specifically, defined as a specialized approach to
      mental health treatment for adolescents. Through a focused review of the primary
      qualitative wilderness therapy studies, empirical findings are used to test and
      refine a key program theory. The synthesis results in a proposed wilderness
      therapy clinical model and offers informed implications for future theory
      development, research, and practice.

PMID- 27354387
TI  - Crafting Stories in Hermeneutic Phenomenology Research: A Methodological Device.
AB  - Hermeneutic phenomenology, as a methodology, is not fixed. Inherent in its
      enactment are contested areas of practice such as how interview data are used and
      reported. Using philosophical notions drawn from hermeneutic phenomenological
      literature, we argue that working with crafted stories is congruent with the
      philosophical underpinnings of this methodology. We consider how the practical
      ontic undertaking of story crafting from verbatim transcripts is integral with
      the interpretive process. We show how verbatim transcripts can be crafted into
      stories through examples taken from interview data. Our aim is to open dialogue
      with other hermeneutic phenomenological researchers and offer alternate
      possibilities to conventional ways of work with qualitative data. We argue that
      crafted stories can provide glimpses of phenomena that other forms of data
      analysis and presentation may leave hidden. We contend that crafted stories are
      an acceptable and trustworthy methodological device.

PMID- 27354388
TI  - Matching Evaluation Approaches to Levels of Complexity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite rapid advances in research on the evaluation of complex
      interventions, debate on evaluation methods and approaches still mainly revolves
      around the conventional and mostly outdated positivist-constructivist dichotomy.
      The lack of a clear conceptual and theoretical framework from which to choose
      appropriate evaluation approaches and methods means that approaches are often
      misused by both researchers and practitioners. RESEARCH DESIGN: Using three case
      studies, this article shows how different approaches should and should not be
      used in practice according to levels of nonlinearity. Both the theoretical
      development and the case studies presented in this article rely heavily on
      interviews conducted by the author with program management and staff, evaluation
      managers, heads of evaluation units, and evaluators in several countries across
      two continents, along with a quantitative survey. RESULTS: This article expands
      the classic discussion on evaluation approaches, adapting it to current
      managerial demands, increased complexity, and newly developed methodologies. It
      suggests an operational tool for categorizing evaluations and then matching
      evaluation approaches to the circumstances and the evaluation objectives.
      CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that approaches which are not congruent with
      levels of nonlinearity may hinder attempts to accurately evaluate results,
      causing dissatisfaction of evaluation commissioners from the evaluation process
      and methods applied. In contrast, analyzing the nonlinear and structural elements
      of complexity separately allows an extended categorization of evaluation
      approaches to be matched to the nonlinearity of programs to be evaluated.

PMID- 27354389
TI  - Academic and Behavioral Design Parameters for Cluster Randomized Trials in
      Kindergarten: An Analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 2011
      Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K 2011).
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an increased focus on randomized trials for proximal
      behavioral outcomes in early childhood research. However, planning sample sizes
      for such designs requires extant information on the size of effect, variance
      decomposition, and effectiveness of covariates. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this
      article is to employ a recent large representative sample of early childhood
      longitudinal study kindergartners to estimate design parameters for use in
      planning cluster randomized trials. A secondary objective is to compare the
      results of math and reading with the previous kindergartner cohort of 1999.
      RESEARCH DESIGN: For each measure, fall-spring gains in effect size units are
      calculated. In addition, multilevel models are fit to estimate variance
      components that are used to calculate intraclass correlations (ICCs) and R 2
      statistics. The implications of the reported parameters are summarized in tables
      of required school sample sizes to detect small effects. MEASURES: The outcomes
      include information about student scores regarding learning behaviors, general
      behaviors, and academic abilities. RESULTS: Aside from math and reading, there
      were small gains in these measures from fall to spring, leading to effect sizes
      between about .1 and .2. In addition, the nonacademic ICCs are smaller than the
      academic ICCs but are still nontrivial. Use of a pretest covariate is generally
      effective in reducing the required sample size in power analyses. The ICCs for
      math and reading are smaller for the current sample compared with the 1999
      sample.

PMID- 27354392
TI  - Ethics of Caring Conversation and Dialectic of Love and Justice.
AB  - Through the framework of Ricoeur's philosophy, Fredriksson and Eriksson develop
      an influential ethics of the caring conversation, which instructs nurses to have
      caritas, self-esteem, and autonomy on one hand and to engage respectfully and
      responsibly in caring conversations on the other. This article brings the ethics
      of the caring conversation into dialogue with Ricoeur's philosophy again. While
      Fredriksson and Eriksson draw upon Ricoeur's little ethics, this article relies
      on Ricoeur's dialectic of love and justice. The dialogue throws light on other
      aspects of caritas, which is vital in Fredriksson and Eriksson's ethics. It shows
      a need for nurses to strike a balance between love and justice and, also, to
      cultivate love.

PMID- 27354390
TI  - Defective glutamate and K+ clearance by cortical astrocytes in familial
      hemiplegic migraine type 2.
AB  - Migraine is a common disabling brain disorder. A subtype of migraine with aura
      (familial hemiplegic migraine type 2: FHM2) is caused by loss-of-function
      mutations in alpha2 Na(+),K(+) ATPase (alpha2 NKA), an isoform almost exclusively
      expressed in astrocytes in adult brain. Cortical spreading depression (CSD), the
      phenomenon that underlies migraine aura and activates migraine headache
      mechanisms, is facilitated in heterozygous FHM2-knockin mice with reduced
      expression of alpha2 NKA The mechanisms underlying an increased susceptibility to
      CSD in FHM2 are unknown. Here, we show reduced rates of glutamate and K(+)
      clearance by cortical astrocytes during neuronal activity and reduced density of
      GLT-1a glutamate transporters in cortical perisynaptic astrocytic processes in
      heterozygous FHM2-knockin mice, demonstrating key physiological roles of alpha2
      NKA and supporting tight coupling with GLT-1a. Using ceftriaxone treatment of
      FHM2 mutants and partial inhibition of glutamate transporters in wild-type mice,
      we obtain evidence that defective glutamate clearance can account for most of the
      facilitation of CSD initiation in FHM2-knockin mice, pointing to excessive
      glutamatergic transmission as a key mechanism underlying the vulnerability to CSD
      ignition in migraine.

PMID- 27354393
TI  - YouTube(r): An ally or an enemy in the promotion of living donor kidney
      transplantation?
AB  - The aim of the study is to evaluate the availability and accuracy of the existing
      Italian-language medical information about living donor kidney transplantation on
      YouTube(r). For each video, several data were collected, and each video was
      classified as "useful," "moderately useful" and "not useful." Globally, the
      search resulted in 306 videos: 260 were excluded and 46 included in the analysis.
      The main message conveyed by the video was positive in 28 cases (60.9%), neutral
      in 16 (34.8%) and negative in 2 (4.4%). The mean amount of visualizations was
      3103.5 (range: 17-90,133) and the mean amount of "likes" 2.7 (range: 0-28). Seven
      videos (15.2%) were classified as "useful," 21 (45.7%) as "moderately useful" and
      18 (39.1%) as "not useful." This study showed that a very few videos in Italian
      about living donor kidney transplantation are available on YouTube, with only 15
      percent of them containing useful information for the general population.

PMID- 27354391
TI  - Plasmodium falciparum var genes expressed in children with severe malaria encode
      CIDRalpha1 domains.
AB  - Most severe Plasmodium falciparum infections are experienced by young children.
      Severe symptoms are precipitated by vascular sequestration of parasites
      expressing a particular subset of the polymorphic P. falciparum erythrocyte
      membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) adhesion molecules. Parasites binding human
      endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) through the CIDRalpha1 domain of certain
      PfEMP1 were recently associated with severe malaria in children. However, it has
      remained unclear to which extend the EPCR-binding CIDRalpha1 domains epitomize
      PfEMP1 expressed in severe malaria. Here, we characterized the near full-length
      transcripts dominating the var transcriptome in children with severe malaria and
      found that the only common feature of the encoded PfEMP1 was CIDRalpha1 domains.
      Such genes were highly and dominantly expressed in both children with severe
      malarial anaemia and cerebral malaria. These observations support the hypothesis
      that the CIDRalpha1-EPCR interaction is key to the pathogenesis of severe malaria
      and strengthen the rationale for pursuing a vaccine or adjunctive treatment
      aiming at inhibiting or reducing the damaging effects of this interaction.

PMID- 27354394
TI  - A randomized controlled pilot study of CBT-I Coach: Feasibility, acceptability,
      and potential impact of a mobile phone application for patients in cognitive
      behavioral therapy for insomnia.
AB  - There has been growing interest in utilizing mobile phone applications (apps) to
      enhance traditional psychotherapy. Previous research has suggested that apps may
      facilitate patients' completion of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT
      I) tasks and potentially increase adherence. This randomized clinical trial pilot
      study ( n = 18) sought to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and potential
      impact on adherence and sleep outcomes related to CBT-I Coach use. All
      participants were engaged in CBT-I, with one group receiving the app as a
      supplement and one non-app group. We found that patients consistently used the
      app as intended, particularly the sleep diary and reminder functions. They
      reported that it was highly acceptable to use. Importantly, the app did not
      compromise or undermine benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and
      patients in both groups had significantly improved sleep outcomes following
      treatment.

PMID- 27354395
TI  - Logic Learning Machine and standard supervised methods for Hodgkin's lymphoma
      prognosis using gene expression data and clinical variables.
AB  - This study evaluates the performance of a set of machine learning techniques in
      predicting the prognosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma using clinical factors and gene
      expression data. Analysed samples from 130 Hodgkin's lymphoma patients included a
      small set of clinical variables and more than 54,000 gene features. Machine
      learning classifiers included three black-box algorithms ( k-nearest neighbour,
      Artificial Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine) and two methods based on
      intelligible rules (Decision Tree and the innovative Logic Learning Machine
      method). Support Vector Machine clearly outperformed any of the other methods.
      Among the two rule-based algorithms, Logic Learning Machine performed better and
      identified a set of simple intelligible rules based on a combination of clinical
      variables and gene expressions. Decision Tree identified a non-coding gene (
      XIST) involved in the early phases of X chromosome inactivation that was
      overexpressed in females and in non-relapsed patients. XIST expression might be
      responsible for the better prognosis of female Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.

PMID- 27354396
TI  - Strategies to improve effectiveness of physical activity coaching systems:
      Development of personas for providing tailored feedback.
AB  - Mobile physical activity interventions can be improved by incorporating
      behavioural change theories. Relations between self-efficacy, stage of change,
      and physical activity are investigated, enabling development of feedback
      strategies that can be used to improve their effectiveness. A total of 325
      healthy control participants and 82 patients wore an activity monitor.
      Participants completed a self-efficacy or stage of change questionnaire. Results
      show that higher self-efficacy is related to higher activity levels. Patients are
      less active than healthy controls and show a larger drop in physical activity
      over the day. Patients in the maintenance stage of change are more active than
      patients in lower stages of change, but show an equally large drop in level of
      physical activity. Findings suggest that coaching should at least be tailored to
      level of self-efficacy, stage of change, and physical activity pattern. Tailored
      coaching strategies are developed, which suggest that increasing self-efficacy of
      users is most important. Guidelines are provided.

PMID- 27354397
TI  - Multisegment Foot Kinematic and Kinetic Compensations in Level and Uphill Walking
      Following Tibiotalar Arthrodesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Foot and ankle movement alterations following ankle arthrodesis are
      still not well understood, particularly those that might contribute to the
      documented increase in adjacent joint arthritis. Generalized tarsal hypermobility
      has long been postulated, but not confirmed in gait or functional movements. The
      purpose of this study was to more thoroughly evaluate compensation mechanisms
      used by arthrodesis patients during level and uphill gait through a variety of
      measurement modalities and a detailed breakdown of gait phases. METHODS: Level
      ground and uphill gait of 14 unilateral tibiotalar arthrodesis patients and 14
      matched controls was analyzed using motion capture, force, and pressure
      measurements in conjunction with a kinetic multisegment foot model. RESULTS: The
      affected limb exhibited several marked differences compared to the controls and
      to the unaffected limb. In loading response, ankle eversion was reduced but
      without a reduction in tibial rotation. During the second rocker, ankle
      dorsiflexion was reduced, yet was still considerable, suggesting compensatory
      talar articulation (subtalar and talonavicular) motion since no differences were
      seen at the midtarsal joint. Also during the second rocker, subjects abnormally
      internally rotated the tibia while moving their center of pressure laterally.
      Third rocker plantarflexion motion, moments, and powers were substantially
      reduced on the affected side and to a lesser extent on the unaffected side.
      CONCLUSION: Sagittal plane hypermobility is probable during the second rocker in
      the talar articulations following tibiotalar fusion, but is unlikely in other
      midfoot joints. The normal coupling between frontal plane hindfoot motion and
      tibial rotation in early and mid stance was also clearly disrupted. These
      alterations reflect a complex compensatory movement pattern that undoubtedly
      affects the function of arthrodesis patients, likely alters the arthrokinematics
      of the talar joints (which may be a mechanism for arthritis development), and
      should be considered in future arthrodesis as well as arthroplasty research.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, comparative study.

PMID- 27354398
TI  - Neuromuscular Impairments Are Associated With Impaired Head and Trunk Stability
      During Gait in Parkinson Fallers.
AB  - Background The trunk plays a critical role in attenuating movement-related forces
      that threaten to challenge the body's postural control system. For people with
      Parkinson's disease (PD), disease progression often leads to dopamine-resistant
      axial symptoms, which impair trunk control and increase falls risk. Objective
      This prospective study aimed to evaluate the relationship between impaired trunk
      muscle function, segmental coordination, and future falls in people with PD.
      Methods Seventy-nine PD patients and 82 age-matched controls completed clinical
      assessments and questionnaires to establish their medical history, symptom
      severity, balance confidence, and falls history. Gait characteristics and trunk
      muscle activity were assessed using 3-dimensional motion analysis and surface
      electromyography. The incidence, cause, and consequence of any falls experienced
      over the next 12 months were recorded and indicated that 48 PD and 29 control
      participants fell at least once during this time. Results PD fallers had greater
      peak and baseline lumbar multifidus (LMF) and thoracic erector spinae (TES)
      activations than control fallers and nonfallers. Analysis of covariance indicated
      that the higher LMF activity was attributable to the stooped posture adopted by
      PD fallers, but TES activity was independent of medication use, symptom severity,
      and trunk orientation. Furthermore, greater LMF and TES baseline activity
      contributed to increasing lateral head, trunk, and pelvis movements in PD fallers
      but not nonfallers or controls. Conclusions The results provide evidence of
      neuromuscular deficits for PD fallers that are independent of medications,
      symptom severity, and posture and contribute to impaired head, trunk, and pelvis
      control associated with falls in this population.

PMID- 27354399
TI  - Determining Measurement Error for Bohler's Angle and the Effect of X-Ray
      Obliquity on Accuracy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bohler's angle (BA) is the most commonly utilized radiographic
      measurement in the study of calcaneus fractures and has been shown to be
      prognostic in nature. Therefore, it is critical that the measurement of BA be
      accurate as both therapeutic and prognostic information relies on it. Oblique
      lateral radiographs can be a cause of error in BA measurements. However,
      measurement error and the effects of X-ray beam obliquity on BA have not been
      established in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine
      measurement error and understand the effects of X-ray beam's obliquity on the
      measurement of BA. METHODS: A cadaver specimen was imaged using a C-arm to obtain
      a perfect lateral radiograph of the ankle and slightly oblique lateral views in
      the anterior, posterior, cephalad, and caudad directions in 5 degrees  increments
      (21 images). Metallic beads were then placed on the anterior calcaneal process,
      posterior facet, and the superior aspect of the posterior tuberosity, and the
      same 21 images were then obtained. The metallic beads placed on the reference
      radiographs allowed the authors to accurately measure BA for each image and
      served as reference for the corresponding test radiographs. Thirty-four
      orthopaedic staff members participated in the study and used DICOM measurement
      tool to measure BA on each of the 21 test radiographs. The measurements were then
      compared to the measurements of BA from the reference radiographs to determine
      error in measurement. RESULTS: A total of 714 different measurements were
      obtained. Average measurement error was 6 degrees  (95% confidence interval = -4
      degrees  to 15 degrees ). The difference between the observed BA measurements
      compared to the true BA measurements increased with increasing X-ray obliquity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Measurement error for BA is +/-6 degrees  and increases most with
      cephalad oblique radiographs. Orthopaedic surgeons' ability to accurately measure
      BA significantly decreases with increasing obliquity of the lateral radiograph.
      LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level V: Cadaver bench study.

PMID- 27354400
TI  - Spatial Mapping of Pyocyanin in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Bacterial Communities
      Using Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering.
AB  - Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging was used in conjunction with
      principal component analysis (PCA) for the in situ spatiotemporal mapping of the
      virulence factor pyocyanin in communities of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa. The combination of SERS imaging and PCA analysis provides a robust
      method for the characterization of heterogeneous biological systems while
      circumventing issues associated with interference from sample autofluorescence
      and low reproducibility of SERS signals. The production of pyocyanin is found to
      depend both on the growth carbon source and on the specific strain of P.
      aeruginosa studied. A cystic fibrosis lung isolate strain of P. aeruginosa
      synthesizes and secretes pyocyanin when grown with glucose and glutamate, while
      the laboratory strain exhibits detectable production of pyocyanin only when grown
      with glutamate as the source of carbon. Pyocyanin production in the laboratory
      strain grown with glucose was below the limit of detection of SERS. In addition,
      the combination of SERS imaging and PCA can elucidate subtle differences in the
      molecular composition of biofilms. PCA loading plots from the clinical isolate
      exhibit features corresponding to vibrational bands of carbohydrates, which
      represent the mucoid biofilm matrix specific to that isolate, features that are
      not seen in the PCA loading plots of the laboratory strain.

PMID- 27354401
TI  - Discriminating the Mineralogical Composition in Drill Cuttings Based on
      Absorption Spectra in the Terahertz Range.
AB  - Understanding the geological units of a reservoir is essential to the development
      and management of the resource. In this paper, drill cuttings from several depths
      from an oilfield were studied using terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS).
      Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to
      classify and analyze the cuttings. The cuttings were clearly classified based on
      CA and PCA methods, and the results were in agreement with the lithology.
      Moreover, calcite and dolomite have stronger absorption of a THz pulse than any
      other minerals, based on an analysis of the PC1 scores. Quantitative analyses of
      minor minerals were also realized by building a series of linear and non-linear
      models between contents and PC2 scores. The results prove THz technology to be a
      promising means for determining reservoir lithology as well as other properties,
      which will be a significant supplementary method in oil fields.

PMID- 27354402
TI  - Valdecoxib Recovers the Lipid Composition, Order and Dynamics in Colon Cancer
      Cell Lines Independent of COX-2 Expression: An ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Study.
AB  - Prostanoids play an important role in a variety of physiological and
      pathophysiological processes including inflammation and cancer. The rate-limiting
      step in the prostanoid biosynthesis pathway is catalyzed by cyclooxygenases
      (COXs). Aberrant expression of the inducible isoform COX-2 plays a significant
      role in colon cancer initiation and progression. In this study, we have
      hypothesized that COX-2 specific inhibitors such as Valdecoxib (VLX), being
      highly hydrophobic, may alter biophysical properties of cellular lipids. In this
      study, COX-2 expressing (HT29) and COX-2 non-expressing (SW620) colon cancer cell
      lines were treated with VLX and examined using attenuated total reflection
      infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that VLX treatment decreased lipid
      fluidity in the cells irrespective of COX-2 expression status and affected order
      parameters of the lipids in both cell lines. Cluster analysis also indicated that
      the spectral differences between the two cell lines are profound and could be
      successfully differentiated. Valdecoxib treatment could enhance the composition,
      order and dynamics of the lipids of colon cancer cells independently of its COX-2
      inhibitory mechanism. Valdecoxib has therapeutic effects upon colon cancer,
      therefore it can be used as an adjuvant and/or chemopreventive agent for colon
      cancer.

PMID- 27354403
TI  - Detection Limits for Blood on Fabrics Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier
      Transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Derivative Processing.
AB  - Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR)
      was used to detect blood stains based on signature protein absorption in the mid
      IR region, where intensity changes in the spectrum can be related to blood
      concentration. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied for
      multivariate calibrations of IR spectra of blood dilutions on four types of
      fabric (acrylic, nylon, polyester, and cotton). Gap derivatives (GDs) were
      applied as a preprocessing technique to optimize the performance of calibration
      models. We report a much improved IR detection limit (DL) for blood on cotton
      (2700* in dilution factor units) and the first IR DL reported for blood on nylon
      (250*). Due to sample heterogeneity caused by fabric hydrophobicity, acrylic
      fabric produced variable ATR FT-IR spectra that caused poor DLs in concentration
      units compared to previous work. Polyester showed a similar problem at low blood
      concentrations that lead to a relatively poor DL as well. However, the increased
      surface sensitivity and decreased penetration depth of ATR FT-IR make it an
      excellent choice for detection of small quantities of blood on the front surface
      of all fabrics tested (0.0010 ug for cotton, 0.0077 ug for nylon, 0.011 ug for
      acrylic, and 0.0066 ug for polyester).

PMID- 27354404
TI  - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Saliva
      Analysis.
AB  - Saliva provides a valuable tool for assessing oral and systemic diseases, but
      concentrations of salivary components are very small, calling the need for
      precise analysis methods. In this work, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)
      spectroscopy using transmission and photoacoustic (PA) modes were compared for
      quantitative analysis of saliva. The performance of these techniques was compared
      with a calibration series. The linearity of spectrum output was verified by using
      albumin-thiocyanate (SCN(-)) solution at different SCN(-) concentrations. Saliva
      samples used as a comparison were obtained from healthy subjects. Saliva droplets
      of 15 uL were applied on the silicon sample substrate, 6 drops for each specimen,
      and dried at 37 C overnight. The measurements were carried out using an FT-IR
      spectrometer in conjunction with an accessory unit for PA measurements. The
      findings with both transmission and PA modes mirror each other. The major bands
      presented were 1500-1750 cm(-1) for proteins and 1050-1200 cm(-1) for
      carbohydrates. In addition, the distinct spectral band at 2050 cm(-1) derives
      from SCN(-) anions, which is converted by salivary peroxidases to hypothiocyanate
      (OSCN(-)). The correlation between the spectroscopic data with SCN(-)
      concentration (r > 0.990 for transmission and r = 0.967 for PA mode) was found to
      be significant (P < 0.01), thus promising to be utilized in future applications. 

PMID- 27354405
TI  - Spectroscopic Investigation Leading to the Documentation of Three Post-Byzantine
      Wall Paintings.
AB  - The main churches of three monasteries in Thessalia, Central Greece, were
      decorated with wall paintings in the post-Byzantine period. The main goal of the
      present study is to characterize the inorganic and organic materials present in
      the paint layers of areas that have been gilded. Optical microscopic examination
      was carried out on samples taken from the gilded decoration of the paintings to
      view their layer build-up. The combined use of micro Fourier transform infrared
      (FT-IR) and micro-Raman spectroscopy led to the detection of the pigments and the
      binding media used. The results from specimens taken from different wall
      paintings were compared with each other to observe their differences and
      similarities. The three investigated churches are believed to have been painted
      by the same iconographer, Tzortzis, who however has only been identified in only
      one of them. The comparison led to the conclusion that there are many
      similarities in the painting materials used and the general methodology adopted
      and, therefore, this study offers support to the belief that the mural paintings
      of the three monasteries could have been painted by the same iconographer. While
      not authenticating the two painting as being by Tzortzis, the results provide
      further critical material that is consistent with this attribution. However, this
      statement must be carefully considered because the pigments identified have been
      commonly and diffusely used in historic mural paintings.

PMID- 27354406
TI  - The Calreticulin gene and myeloproliferative neoplasms.
AB  - The Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms include polycythaemia vera
      (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Patients
      with these conditions were mainly thought to harbour JAK2V617F mutations or an
      Myeloproliferative leukaemia (MPL) substitution. In 2013, two revolutionary
      studies identified recurrent mutations in a gene that encodes the protein
      calreticulin (CALR). This mutation was detected in patients with PMF and ET with
      non-mutated JAK2 or MPL but was absent in patients with PV. The CALR gene encodes
      the calreticulin protein, which is a multifactorial protein, mainly located in
      the endoplasmic reticulum in chromosome 19 and regulates calcium homeostasis,
      chaperones and has also been implicated in multiple cellular processes including
      cell signalling, regulation of gene expression, cell adhesion, autoimmunity and
      apoptosis. Somatic 52 bp deletions and recurrent 52 bp insertion mutations in
      CALR were detected and all resulted in frameshift and clusters in exon 9 of the
      gene. This review will summarise the current knowledge on the CALR gene and
      mutation of the gene in pathological conditions and patient phenotypes. 

PMID- 27354407
TI  - AGEing heart valves: a bittersweet stiffening process?

PMID- 27354408
TI  - Specific phenotype and function of CD56-expressing innate immune cell subsets in
      human thymus.
AB  - Whereas innate immune cells, such as NK and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), have
      been characterized in different human tissues, knowledge on the thymic CD56
      expressing cell subsets is limited. In this study, the rare subpopulations of
      thymic CD56+CD3- cells from samples of >100 patients have been successfully
      analyzed. The results revealed fundamental differences between thymic and
      peripheral blood (PB) CD56+CD3- cells. Thymic tissues lacked immunoregulatory
      CD56highCD16dim NK cells but showed two Eomes+CD56dim subsets on which common NK
      cell markers were significantly altered. CD56dimCD16high cells expressed high
      amounts of NKG2A, NKG2D, and CD27 with low CD57. Conversely, CD56dimCD16dim cells
      displayed high CD127 but low expression of KIR, NKG2D, and natural cytotoxicity
      receptors (NCRs). Thymic CD56+CD3- cells were able to gain cytotoxicity but were
      especially immunoregulatory cells, producing a broad range of cytokines. Finally,
      one population of thymic CD56+ cells resembled conventional NK cells, whereas the
      other represented a novel, noncanonical NK subset.

PMID- 27354410
TI  - Monocyte CD163 is altered in association with diabetic complications: possible
      protective role.
AB  - The scavenger receptor CD163 is exclusively expressed by monocyte/macrophages and
      is shed by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and neutrophil elastase (ELA2) as
      soluble CD163 (sCD163). Monocyte phenotype is altered in diabetes, but the
      relationship among monocyte CD163, sCD163, and diabetic complications is not
      known and was investigated in this study. Blood was obtained from patients with
      diabetes for >10 yr and mice with diabetes for <=20 wk. Blood from people and
      mice without diabetes acted as controls. The percentage of CD163+ monocytes and
      monocyte CD163 mRNA was determined by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR, respectively.
      Plasma sCD163, MMPs, and ELA2 were measured by ELISA. The ability of
      glucocorticoids to stimulate isolated monocyte CD163 expression was also
      investigated. The percentage of CD163+ monocytes was significantly decreased and
      sCD163 significantly increased (both P < 0.05) in patients with diabetes with
      complications compared to those without complications. Plasma ELA2 and MMP-3 were
      also increased (P < 0.05), but CD163 mRNA was unaltered. sCD163 correlated with
      worsening renal function, as determined by eGFR (r = -0.48, P < 0.05). In
      diabetic mice, increased sCD163 at wk 5 and decreased percentage of CD163+
      monocytes at wk 10 preceded alteration in kidney collagen IV mRNA at wk 20 (all P
      < 0.05). In vitro incubation of monocytes in anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid
      increased the percentage of CD163+ monocytes (P < 0.05). In people, higher sCD163
      and decreased percentage of CD163+ monocytes were consistent with increased
      monocyte activation and shedding. The murine data indicated that these changes
      preceded the development of diabetic complications. Taken together, these results
      suggest that higher circulating percentage of CD163+ monocytes may have anti
      inflammatory effects and may protect from development of diabetic complications.

PMID- 27354409
TI  - Protection of CD4+ T cells from hepatitis C virus infection-associated senescence
      via DeltaNp63-miR-181a-Sirt1 pathway.
AB  - T cell dysfunction has a crucial role in establishing and maintaining viral
      persistence. We have previously shown a decline in miR-181a, which regulates CD4+
      T cell responses via DUSP6 overexpression, in individuals with hepatitis C virus
      (HCV) infection. Here, we describe accelerated T cell senescence in HCV-infected
      individuals compared with age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Mechanistic
      studies revealed that up-regulation of transcription factor DeltaNp63 led to the
      decline of miR-181a expression, resulting in an overexpression of the antiaging
      protein Sirt1, in CD4+ T cells from HCV-infected individuals. Either
      reconstituting miR-181a or silencing DeltaNp63 or Sirt1 expression in CD4+ T
      cells led to accelerated T cell senescence, as evidenced by an increased
      senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) expression, shortened
      telomere length, and decreased EdU incorporation; this suggests that HCV-induced
      T cell senescence is counterregulated by the DeltaNp63-miR-181a-Sirt1 pathway. An
      increase of IL-2 production was observed in these senescent CD4+ T cells and was
      driven by a markedly reduced frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and
      increased number of Foxp3- effector T (Teff) cells upon manipulating the
      DeltaNp63-miR-181a-Sirt1 pathway. In conclusion, these findings provide novel
      mechanistic insights into how HCV uses cellular senescent pathways to regulate T
      cell functions, revealing new targets for rejuvenating impaired T cell responses
      during chronic viral infection.

PMID- 27354411
TI  - The role of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling in monophosphoryl lipid A-induced
      expansion and recruitment of innate immunocytes.
AB  - Treatment with the TLR4 agonist MPLA augments innate resistance to common
      bacterial pathogens. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MPLA
      augments innate immunocyte functions are not well characterized. This study
      examined the importance of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling for leukocyte
      mobilization, recruitment, and activation following administration of MPLA. MPLA
      potently induced MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling. A single injection of MPLA
      caused rapid mobilization and recruitment of neutrophils, a response that was
      largely mediated by the chemokines CXCL1 and -2 and the hemopoietic factor G-CSF.
      Rapid neutrophil recruitment and chemokine production were regulated by both
      pathways although the MyD88-dependent pathway showed some predominance. In
      further studies, multiple injections of MPLA potently induced mobilization and
      recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophil recruitment after multiple
      injections of MPLA was reliant on MyD88-dependent signaling, but effective
      monocyte recruitment required activation of both pathways. MPLA treatment induced
      expansion of myeloid progenitors in bone marrow and upregulation of CD11b and
      shedding of L-selectin by neutrophils, all of which were attenuated in MyD88- and
      TRIF-deficient mice. These results show that MPLA-induced neutrophil and monocyte
      recruitment, expansion of bone marrow progenitors and augmentation of neutrophil
      adhesion molecule expression are regulated by both the MyD88- and TRIF-dependent
      pathways.

PMID- 27354412
TI  - At The Bedside: Clinical review of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy
      for B cell malignancies.
AB  - T cells kill microbial-infected and malignant cells by detection of nonself
      antigens with the TCR. Tumor reactivity can be encoded genetically by introducing
      a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) into T cells. CARs are composed of an antigen
      binding domain and an intracellular T cell activation domain. Early human trials
      evaluating CD19-targeted CAR T cells for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
      showed limited responses until CARs included a costimulation domain, and
      conditioning chemotherapy was given before T cell infusion. Clinical trials
      evaluating CD19-targeted CAR T cells for B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B
      ALL) are demonstrating response rates up to 90%. However, these clinical outcomes
      are associated with a cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which is caused by T cell
      activation and manifests as high-grade fever, hypotension, and other
      cardiovascular complications. It is currently managed conservatively but can be
      treated with cytokine-directed therapy or with high-dose steroids. Current
      efforts are dedicated to confirming the clinical efficacy and managing toxicities
      in multicenter Phase II trials. We present a thorough overview of the preclinical
      and clinical development of CAR T cell therapy that will highlight important
      areas for the basic researcher to investigate in the laboratory and contribute to
      this exciting field.

PMID- 27354414
TI  - Tunable capacitive coupling between two semiconductor charge qubits.
AB  - Strong coupling between two qubits is one of the main requirements for high
      fidelity two-qubit logic operations. Here we experimentally investigate the
      capacitive coupling between two double quantum dots. A pair of open slot
      confinement gates is used to enhance the coupling. We find that the coupling
      energy J can be conveniently tuned in a broad range. Through numerical
      simulations, we study the effect of J on two-qubit operations. The analysis shows
      that our experimentally obtained J is adequate to achieve high fidelity two-qubit
      entanglement and logic gates. 

PMID- 27354415
TI  - Substance misuse and sexual function in adolescents with chronic diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate alcohol/tobacco and/or illicit drug misuse in Chronic
      Diseases (CDs). METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 220 CDs adolescents and 110
      healthy controls including: demographic/anthropometric data; puberty markers;
      modified questionnaire evaluating sexual function, alcohol/smoking/illicit drug
      misuse and bullying; and the physician-conducted CRAFFT
      (car/relax/alone/forget/friends/trouble) screen tool for substance
      abuse/dependence high risk. RESULTS: The frequencies of alcohol/tobacco and/or
      illicit drug use were similar in both groups (30% vs. 34%, p=0.529), likewise the
      frequencies of bullying (42% vs. 41%, p=0.905). Further analysis solely in CDs
      patients that used alcohol/tobacco/illicit drug versus those that did not use
      showed that the median current age [15 (11-18) vs. 14 (10-18) years, p<0.0001]
      and education years [9 (5-14) vs. 8 (3-12) years, p<0.0001] were significant
      higher in substance use group. The frequencies of Tanner 5 (p<0.0001), menarche
      (p<0.0001) and spermarche (p=0.001) were also significantly higher in patients
      with CDs that used alcohol/tobacco/illicit, likewise sexual activity (23% vs. 3%,
      p<0.0001). A trend of a low frequency of drug therapy was observed in patients
      that used substances (70% vs. 82%, p=0.051). A positive correlation was observed
      between CRAFFT score and current age in CD patients (p=0.005, r=+0.189) and
      controls (p=0.018, r=+0.226). CONCLUSIONS: A later age was evidenced in CDs
      patients that reported licit/ilicit drug misuse. In CDs adolescent, substance use
      was more likely to have sexual intercourse. Our study reinforces that these
      patients should be systematically screened by pediatricians for drug related
      health behavioral patterns.

PMID- 27354413
TI  - Biological role of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and
      macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on cells of the myeloid lineage.
AB  - M-CSF and GM-CSF are 2 important cytokines that regulate macrophage numbers and
      function. Here, we review their known effects on cells of the macrophage-monocyte
      lineage. Important clues to their function come from their expression patterns. M
      CSF exhibits a mostly homeostatic expression pattern, whereas GM-CSF is a product
      of cells activated during inflammatory or pathologic conditions. Accordingly, M
      CSF regulates the numbers of various tissue macrophage and monocyte populations
      without altering their "activation" status. Conversely, GM-CSF induces activation
      of monocytes/macrophages and also mediates differentiation to other states that
      participate in immune responses [i.e., dendritic cells (DCs)]. Further insights
      into their function have come from analyses of mice deficient in either cytokine.
      M-CSF signals through its receptor (CSF-1R). Interestingly, mice deficient in CSF
      1R expression exhibit a more significant phenotype than mice deficient in M-CSF.
      This observation was explained by the discovery of a novel cytokine (IL-34) that
      represents a second ligand of CSF-1R. Information about the function of these
      ligands/receptor system is still developing, but its complexity is intriguing and
      strongly suggests that more interesting biology remains to be elucidated. Based
      on our current knowledge, several therapeutic molecules targeting either the M
      CSF or the GM-CSF pathways have been developed and are currently being tested in
      clinical trials targeting either autoimmune diseases or cancer. It is intriguing
      to consider how evolution has directed these pathways to develop; their
      complexity likely mirrors the multiple functions in which cells of the
      monocyte/macrophage system are involved.

PMID- 27354416
TI  - Arabidopsis MAKR5 is a positive effector of BAM3-dependent CLE45 signaling.
AB  - Receptor kinases convey diverse environmental and developmental inputs by sensing
      extracellular ligands. In plants, one group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) is
      characterized by extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, which interact
      with various ligands that include the plant hormone brassinosteroid and peptides
      of the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) type. For instance, the CLE45
      peptide requires the LRR-RLK BARELY ANY MERISTEM 3 (BAM3) to prevent protophloem
      formation in Arabidopsis root meristems. Here, we show that other proposed CLE45
      receptors, the two redundantly acting LRR-RLKs STERILITY-REGULATING KINASE MEMBER
      1 (SKM1) and SKM2 (which perceive CLE45 in the context of pollen tube
      elongation), cannot substitute for BAM3 in the root. Moreover, we identify
      MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED KINASE REGULATOR 5 (MAKR5) as a post-transcriptionally
      regulated amplifier of the CLE45 signal that acts downstream of BAM3. MAKR5
      belongs to a small protein family whose prototypical member, BRI1 KINASE
      INHIBITOR 1, is an essentially negative regulator of brassinosteroid signaling.
      By contrast, MAKR5 is a positive effector of CLE45 signaling, revealing an
      unexpected diversity in the conceptual roles of MAKR genes in different signaling
      pathways.

PMID- 27354417
TI  - The journal Impact Factor and alternative metrics: A variety of bibliometric
      measures has been developed to supplant the Impact Factor to better assess the
      impact of individual research papers.

PMID- 27354418
TI  - Siblings with severe pyruvate kinase deficiency and a complex genotype.
AB  - Siblings presented as neonates with severe jaundice and transfusion-dependent
      hemolytic anemia. Next-generation sequencing revealed both to have three
      heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PKLR),
      plus a heterozygous splice mutation in the beta-spectrin gene (SPTB). In
      addition, both have a different 5th mutation in a gene encoding other erythrocyte
      membrane proteins. The asymptomatic parents and all three asymptomatic siblings
      have different sets of these mutations. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27354420
TI  - Elucidation of Photoprotective Mechanisms of PSI Against Fluctuating Light
      photoinhibition.
AB  - It has been claimed that the cyclic electron flow around PSI (CEF-PSI) plays an
      important role in protection of PSI against fluctuating light photoinhibition.
      However, the photoprotective mechanism of PSI is not fully elucidated. Here, we
      examined the mechanism, using two CEF-PSI mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, and
      antimycin A, an inhibitor of the PGR5 (proton gradient regulation 5)-mediated CEF
      PSI. Dark-adapted leaves in these plants were illuminated in fluctuating light
      alternating between high light at 1,200 umol m-2 s-1 and low light at 30 umol m-2
      s-1 every 2 min, and PSI and PSII parameters were simultaneously measured for 160
      min with 830 nm absorption and Chl fluorescence, respectively. When CEF-PSI,
      especially PGR5-mediated CEF-PSI, did not operate, the acceptor-side limitation
      of PSI, Y(NA), increased stepwise, leading to marked PSI photoinhibition. The
      deficiency of CFE-PSI decreased not only the electron transport rate through PSI
      but also the donor-side limitation of PSI, Y(ND), in high light phases. These
      results showed that the large Y(ND), observed only when CEF-PSI operated,
      contributed to suppression of PSI photoinhibition. Taken together with our
      previous report that high Y(NA) was alleviated by the enhancement of CEF-PSI, a
      model for the protective mechanisms of PSI is proposed. In this model, both
      alleviation of Y(NA) and acceleration of Y(ND) are indispensable, and for
      realization of such a situation, regulation of the electron flows, especially the
      PGR5-mediated CEF-PSI, plays a key role. It is important for effective protection
      to regulate the balance of Y(ND) and Y(NA) through CEF-PSI.

PMID- 27354419
TI  - Cholesteryl ester transfer protein alters liver and plasma triglyceride
      metabolism through two liver networks in female mice.
AB  - Elevated plasma TGs increase risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Estrogen
      treatment raises plasma TGs in women, but molecular mechanisms remain poorly
      understood. Here we explore the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)
      in the regulation of TG metabolism in female mice, which naturally lack CETP. In
      transgenic CETP females, acute estrogen treatment raised plasma TGs 50%,
      increased TG production, and increased expression of genes involved in VLDL
      synthesis, but not in nontransgenic littermate females. In CETP females, estrogen
      enhanced expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP), a nuclear receptor
      regulating VLDL production. Deletion of liver SHP prevented increases in TG
      production and expression of genes involved in VLDL synthesis in CETP mice with
      estrogen treatment. We also examined whether CETP expression had effects on TG
      metabolism independent of estrogen treatment. CETP increased liver beta-oxidation
      and reduced liver TG content by 60%. Liver estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) was
      required for CETP expression to enhance beta-oxidation and reduce liver TG
      content. Thus, CETP alters at least two networks governing TG metabolism, one
      involving SHP to increase VLDL-TG production in response to estrogen, and another
      involving ERalpha to enhance beta-oxidation and lower liver TG content. These
      findings demonstrate a novel role for CETP in estrogen-mediated increases in TG
      production and a broader role for CETP in TG metabolism.

PMID- 27354421
TI  - Involvement of OST1 Protein Kinase and PYR/PYL/RCAR Receptors in Methyl Jasmonate
      Induced Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis Guard Cells.
AB  - Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induces stomatal closure. It has been shown that stomata
      of many ABA-insensitive mutants are also insensitive to MeJA, and a low amount of
      ABA is a prerequisite for the MeJA response. However, the molecular mechanisms of
      the interaction between ABA and MeJA signaling remain to be elucidated. Here we
      studied the interplay of signaling of the two hormones in guard cells using the
      quadruple ABA receptor mutant pyr1 pyl1 pyl2 pyl4 and ABA-activated protein
      kinase mutants ost1-2 and srk2e. In the quadruple mutant, MeJA-induced stomatal
      closure, H2O2 production, nitric oxide (NO) production, cytosolic alkalization
      and plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable current (ICa) activation were not impaired.
      At the same time, the inactivation of the inward-rectifying K(+) current was
      impaired. In contrast to the quadruple mutant, MeJA-induced stomatal closure,
      H2O2 production, NO production and cytosolic alkalization were impaired in ost1-2
      and srk2e as well as in aba2-2, the ABA-deficient mutant. The activation of ICa
      was also impaired in srk2e. Collectively, these results indicated that OST1 was
      essential for MeJA-induced stomatal closure, while PYR1, PYL1, PYL2 and PYL4 ABA
      receptors were not sufficient factors. MeJA did not appear to activate OST1
      kinase activity. This implies that OST1 mediates MeJA signaling through an
      undetectable level of activity or a non-enzymatic action. MeJA induced the
      expression of an ABA synthesis gene, NCED3, and increased ABA contents only
      modestly. Taken together with previous reports, this study suggests that MeJA
      signaling in guard cells is primed by ABA and is not brought about through the
      pathway mediated by PYR1, PYL1 PYL2 and PYL4. 

PMID- 27354422
TI  - Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) and Target Systolic Blood
      Pressure in Future Hypertension Guidelines.
AB  - The Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP, mm Hg) Intervention Trial (SPRINT) showed that
      targeting SBP <120 mm Hg (intensive treatment, mean SBP: 121.5 mm Hg) versus <140
      (standard treatment, mean SBP: 134.6 mm Hg) reduced cardiovascular events 25%.
      SPRINT has 2 implicit assumptions that could impact future US hypertension
      guidelines: (1) standard therapy controlled SBP similarly to that in adults with
      treated hypertension and (2) intensive therapy produced a lower mean SBP than in
      adults with treated hypertension and SBP <140 mm Hg. To examine these
      assumptions, US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2012
      data were analyzed on 3 groups of adults with treated hypertension: group 1
      consisted of SPRINT-like participants aged >=50 years; group 2 consisted of
      participants all aged >=18 years; and group 3 consisted of participants aged >=18
      years excluding group 1 but otherwise similar to SPRINT-like participants except
      high cardiovascular risk. Mean SBPs in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 133.0, 130.1, and
      124.6, with 66.2%, 72.2%, and 81.9%, respectively, controlled to SBP <140; 68.3%,
      74.8%, and 83.4% of the controlled subset had SBP <130. Mean SBPs in those
      controlled to <140 were 123.3, 120.9, and 118.9, respectively. Among US adults
      with treated hypertension, (1) the SPRINT-like group had higher mean SBP than
      comparison groups, yet lower than SPRINT standard treatment group and (2) among
      groups 1 to 3 with SBP <140, SBP values were within <3 mm Hg of SPRINT intensive
      treatment. SPRINT results suggest that treatment should be continued and not
      reduced when treated SBP is <130, especially for the SPRINT-like subset.
      Furthermore, increasing the percentage of treated adults with SBP <140 could
      approximate SPRINT intensive treatment SBP without lowering treatment goals.

PMID- 27354423
TI  - Remote Zone Extracellular Volume and Left Ventricular Remodeling in Survivors of
      ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - The natural history and pathophysiological significance of tissue remodeling in
      the myocardial remote zone after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
      is incompletely understood. Extracellular volume (ECV) in myocardial regions of
      interest can now be measured with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Patients
      who sustained an acute STEMI were enrolled in a cohort study (BHF MR-MI [British
      Heart Foundation Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute ST-Segment Elevation
      Myocardial Infarction study]). Cardiac magnetic resonance was performed at 1.5
      Tesla at 2 days and 6 months post STEMI. T1 modified Look-Locker inversion
      recovery mapping was performed before and 15 minutes after contrast (0.15 mmol/kg
      gadoterate meglumine) in 140 patients at 2 days post STEMI (mean age: 59 years,
      76% male) and in 131 patients at 6 months post STEMI. Remote zone ECV was lower
      than infarct zone ECV (25.6+/-2.8% versus 51.4+/-8.9%; P<0.001). In multivariable
      regression, left ventricular ejection fraction was inversely associated with
      remote zone ECV (P<0.001), and diabetes mellitus was positively associated with
      remote zone ECV (P=0.010). No ST-segment resolution (P=0.034) and extent of
      ischemic area at risk (P<0.001) were multivariable associates of the change in
      remote zone ECV at 6 months (DeltaECV). DeltaECV was a multivariable associate of
      the change in left ventricular end-diastolic volume at 6 months (regression
      coefficient [95% confidence interval]: 1.43 (0.10-2.76); P=0.036). DeltaECV is
      implicated in the pathophysiology of left ventricular remodeling post STEMI, but
      because the effect size is small, DeltaECV has limited use as a clinical
      biomarker of remodeling. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL:
      https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02072850.

PMID- 27354425
TI  - Prehypertension During Normotensive Pregnancy and Postpartum Clustering of
      Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - The nonstratification of blood pressure (BP) levels may underestimate future
      cardiovascular risk in pregnant women who present with BP levels in the range of
      prehypertension (120-139/80-89 mm Hg). We prospectively evaluated the
      relationship between multiple antepartum BP measurements (from 11(+0) to 13(+6)
      weeks' gestation to term) and the occurrence of postpartum metabolic syndrome in
      507 normotensive pregnant women after a live birth. By using latent class growth
      modeling, we identified the following 3 distinctive diastolic BP (DBP) trajectory
      groups: the low-J-shaped group (34.2%; DBP from 62.5+/-5.8 to 65.0+/-6.8 mm Hg),
      the moderate-U-shaped group (52.6%; DBP from 71.0+/-5.9 to 69.8+/-6.2 mm Hg), and
      the elevated-J-shaped group (13.2%; DBP from 76.2+/-6.7 to 81.8+/-4.8 mm Hg).
      Notably, the elevated-J-shaped trajectory group had mean DBP and systolic BP
      levels within the range of prehypertension from 37(+0) and 26(+0) weeks of
      pregnancy, respectively. Among the 309 women who completed the ~1.6 years of
      postpartum follow-up, the women in the elevated-J-shaped group had greater odds
      of developing postpartum metabolic syndrome (adjusted odds ratio, 6.55; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.79-23.92; P=0.004) than the low-J-shaped group. Moreover,
      a parsimonious model incorporating DBP (membership in the elevated-J-shaped group
      but not in the DBP prehypertension group as identified by a single measurement)
      and elevated levels of fasting glucose (>4.99 mmol/L) and triglycerides (>3.14
      mmol/L) at term was developed, with good discrimination and calibration for
      postpartum metabolic syndrome (c-statistic, 0.764; 95% confidence interval, 0.674
      0.855; P<0.001). Therefore, prehypertension identified by DBP trajectories
      throughout pregnancy is an independent risk factor for predicting postpartum
      metabolic syndrome in normotensive pregnant women.

PMID- 27354426
TI  - Is It Time to Reappraise Blood Pressure Thresholds and Targets? A Statement From
      the International Society of Hypertension-A Global Perspective.

PMID- 27354424
TI  - Masked Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Events in a Prospective Cohort of
      Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study.
AB  - Masked hypertension, defined as nonelevated clinic blood pressure (BP) with
      elevated out-of-clinic BP, has been associated with increased cardiovascular
      disease (CVD) risk in Europeans and Asians. Few data are available on masked
      hypertension and CVD and mortality risk among blacks. We analyzed data from the
      Jackson Heart Study, a prospective cohort study of blacks. Analyses included
      participants with clinic-measured systolic/diastolic BP <140/90 mm Hg who
      completed ambulatory BP monitoring after the baseline examination in 2000 to 2004
      (n=738). Masked daytime (10:00 am-8:00 pm) hypertension was defined as mean
      ambulatory systolic/diastolic BP >=135/85 mm Hg. Masked nighttime (midnight to
      6:00 am) hypertension was defined as mean ambulatory systolic/diastolic BP
      >=120/70 mm Hg. Masked 24-hour hypertension was defined as mean
      systolic/diastolic BP >=130/80 mm Hg. CVD events (nonfatal/fatal stroke, nonfatal
      myocardial infarction, or fatal coronary heart disease) and deaths identified
      through December 2010 were adjudicated. Any masked hypertension (masked daytime,
      nighttime, or 24-hour hypertension) was present in 52.2% of participants; 28.2%,
      48.2% and 31.7% had masked daytime, nighttime, and 24-hour hypertension,
      respectively. There were 51 CVD events and 44 deaths during a median follow-up of
      8.2 and 8.5 years, respectively. CVD rates per 1000 person-years (95% confidence
      interval) in participants with and without any masked hypertension were 13.5 (9.9
      18.4) and 3.9 (2.2-7.1), respectively. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio
      (95% confidence interval) for CVD was 2.49 (1.26-4.93) for any masked
      hypertension and 2.86 (1.59-5.13), 2.35 (1.23-4.50), and 2.52 (1.39-4.58) for
      masked daytime, nighttime, and 24-hour hypertension, respectively. Masked
      hypertension was not associated with all-cause mortality. Masked hypertension is
      common and associated with increased risk for CVD events in blacks.

PMID- 27354428
TI  - Thickness dependence on the optoelectronic properties of multilayered GaSe based
      photodetector.
AB  - Two-dimensional (2D) layered materials exhibit unique optoelectronic properties
      at atomic thicknesses. In this paper, we fabricated metal-semiconductor-metal
      based photodetectors using layered gallium selenide (GaSe) with different
      thicknesses. The electrical and optoelectronic properties of the photodetectors
      were studied, and these devices showed good electrical characteristics down to
      GaSe flake thicknesses of 30 nm. A photograting effect was observed in the
      absence of a gate voltage, thereby implying a relatively high photoresponsivity.
      Higher values of the photoresponsivity occurred for thicker layers of GaSe with a
      maximum value 0.57 AW(-1) and external quantum efficiency of of 132.8%, and
      decreased with decreasing GaSe flake thickness. The detectivity was 4.05 * 10(10)
      cm Hz(1/2) W(-1) at 532 nm laser wavelength, underscoring that GaSe is a
      promising p-type 2D material for photodetection applications in the visible
      spectrum. 

PMID- 27354429
TI  - The effects of an early motor skill intervention on motor skills, levels of
      physical activity, and socialization in young children with autism spectrum
      disorder: A pilot study.
AB  - Despite evidence suggesting one of the earliest indicators of an eventual autism
      spectrum disorder diagnoses is an early motor delay, there remain very few
      interventions targeting motor behavior as the primary outcome for young children
      with autism spectrum disorder. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the
      efficacy of an intensive motor skill intervention on motor skills (Test of Gross
      Motor Development-2), physical activity (accelerometers), and socialization
      (Playground Observation of Peer Engagement) in young children with autism
      spectrum disorder. A total of 20 children with autism spectrum disorder aged 4-6
      years participated. The experimental group ( n = 11) participated in an 8-week
      intervention consisting of motor skill instruction for 4 h/day, 5 days/week. The
      control group ( n = 9) did not receive the intervention. A repeated-measures
      analysis of covariance revealed statistically significant differences between
      groups in all three motor outcomes, locomotor ( F(1, 14) = 10.07, p < 0.001,
      partial eta2 = 0.42), object control ( F(1, 14) = 12.90, p < 0.001, partial eta2
      = 0.48), and gross quotient ( F(1, 14) = 15.61, p < 0.01, partial eta2 = 0.53).
      Findings shed light on the importance of including motor programming as part of
      the early intervention services delivered to young children with autism spectrum
      disorder.

PMID- 27354427
TI  - Interactions Between the Immune and the Renin-Angiotensin Systems in
      Hypertension.

PMID- 27354430
TI  - Psychological impacts of challenging behaviour and motivational orientation in
      staff supporting individuals with autistic spectrum conditions.
AB  - Despite increased risk of experiencing challenging behaviour, psychological
      impacts on community and residential staff supporting adults with autistic
      spectrum conditions are under-explored. Studies examining related roles indicate
      protective psychological factors may help maintain staff well-being. This study
      investigated relationships between motivational orientation (eudaimonic or
      hedonic), challenging behaviour frequency and type (physical, verbal or self
      injurious) and psychological impacts (anxiety, depression and life satisfaction).
      Participants (N = 99) were recruited from six organisations providing autism
      specific adult services within Scotland. A series of binary logistic regressions
      demonstrated weekly challenging behaviour exposure (compared to monthly or daily)
      significantly increased the likelihood of anxiety caseness. Increased eudaimonic
      motivation significantly reduced the likelihood of anxiety caseness while also
      predicting higher life satisfaction. Furthermore, having high levels of
      eudaimonic motivation appeared to moderate the impact of weekly challenging
      behaviour exposure on anxiety. No motivational orientation or challenging
      behaviour factor significantly predicted depression. This sample also
      demonstrated higher anxiety, lower depression and equivalent life satisfaction
      levels compared with general population norms. The results highlight the need for
      considering staff's motivational orientations, their frequency of exposure to
      challenging behaviour, and both positive and negative psychological outcomes, if
      seeking to accurately quantify or improve well-being in this staff population.

PMID- 27354431
TI  - Conducting research with minimally verbal participants with autism spectrum
      disorder.
AB  - A growing number of research groups are now including older minimally verbal
      individuals with autism spectrum disorder in their studies to encompass the full
      range of heterogeneity in the population. There are numerous barriers that
      prevent researchers from collecting high-quality data from these individuals, in
      part because of the challenging behaviors with which they present alongside their
      very limited means for communication. In this article, we summarize the practices
      that we have developed, based on applied behavioral analysis techniques, and have
      used in our ongoing research on behavioral, eye-tracking, and
      electrophysiological studies of minimally verbal children and adolescents with
      autism spectrum disorder. Our goal is to provide the field with useful guidelines
      that will promote the inclusion of the entire spectrum of individuals with autism
      spectrum disorder in future research investigations.

PMID- 27354432
TI  - The developmental trajectory of parent-report and objective sleep profiles in
      autism spectrum disorder: Associations with anxiety and bedtime routines.
AB  - The present study compared the course of parent-report and actigraphy-derived
      sleep profiles over a 1-year period, in school-age children with autism spectrum
      disorder and typically developing children. The Children's Sleep Habits
      Questionnaire and 14 nights of actigraphy were used to assess sleep profiles.
      Parents also completed the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, the Social Worries
      Questionnaire and the Bedtime Routines Questionnaire. Between-group differences
      in parent-reported sleep problems were less pronounced at follow-up compared to
      baseline. The course of objective sleep was comparable between groups, with a
      significant reduction in sleep duration over time in both groups. Children with
      autism spectrum disorder were further characterised by significantly more night
      to-night variability in sleep quality, across both time points. Reductions over
      time in parent-reported sleep problems were significantly associated with reduced
      anxiety. Reductions in actigraphy-derived sleep efficiency were associated with
      an increased frequency of maladaptive activities in the hour before bedtime, in
      both children with and without autism spectrum disorder.

PMID- 27354433
TI  - Effects of various hydrogenated treatments on formation and photocatalytic
      activity of black TiO2 nanowire arrays.
AB  - The effects of hydrogen thermal and plasma treatment on the formation and
      photocatalytic activities of black TiO2 nanowire arrays were investigated and
      discussed. After either the hydrogen thermal or plasma treatment, the TiO2
      nanowires remained. However, in contrast to the plasma treated nanowires, the
      diameter of the thermal treated TiO2 nanowires reduced more significantly, which
      was attributed to a thicker surface amorphous layer and more oxygen vacancies. A
      higher photoresponse in both UV and visible light regions and more hydroxide
      groups were also observed for the thermal treated nanowires. In addition, the
      black nanowires possessed greater carrier concentration, leading to a more
      efficient separation of electron-hole pairs. As a consequence, much enhanced
      photoelectrochemical water splitting and photocatalytic degradation of methylene
      blue were obtained. 

PMID- 27354434
TI  - Highly flexible binder-free core-shell nanofibrous electrode for lightweight
      electrochemical energy storage using recycled water bottles.
AB  - The creation of a novel flexible nanocomposite fiber with conductive polymer
      polyaniline (PAni) coating on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate
      allowed for increased electrochemical performance while retaining ideal
      mechanical properties such as very high flexibility. Binder-free PAni-wrapped PET
      (PAni@PET) fiber with a core-shell structure was successfully fabricated through
      a novel technique. The PET nanofiber substrate was fabricated through an
      optimized electrospinning method, while the PAni shell was chemically polymerized
      onto the surface of the nanofibers. The PET substrate can be made directly from
      recycled PETE1 grade plastic water bottles. The resulting nanofiber with an
      average diameter of 121 nm +/- 39 nm, with a specific surface area of 83.72 m(2)
      g(-1), led to better ionic interactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface.
      The PAni active layer coating was found to be 69 nm in average thickness. The
      specific capacitance was found to have increased dramatically from pure PAni with
      carbon binders. The specific capacitance was found to be 347 F g(-1) at a
      relatively high scan rate of 10 mV s(-1). The PAni/PET fiber also experienced
      very little degradation (4.4%) in capacitance after 1500 galvanostatic
      charge/discharge cycles at a specific current of 1.2 A g(-1). The mesoporous
      structure of the PAni@PET fibrous mat also allowed for tunable capacitance by
      controlling the pore sizes. This novel fabrication method offers insights for the
      utilization of recycled PETE1 based bottles as a high performance, low cost,
      highly flexible supercapacitor device. 

PMID- 27354435
TI  - Medical involvement in torture today?

PMID- 27354436
TI  - The Importance of Interspecific Interactions on the Present Range of the Invasive
      Mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Persistence of Resident
      Container Species in the United States.
AB  - Aedes albopictus (Skuse) established in the United States over 30 yr ago and
      quickly spread throughout the entire eastern half of the country. It has recently
      spread into western regions and projected climate change scenarios suggest
      continued expansion to the west and north. Aedes albopictus has had major impacts
      on, and been impacted by, a diverse array of resident mosquito species. Laying
      eggs at the edges of small, water-holding containers, hatched larvae develop
      within these containers feeding on detritus-based resources. Under limited
      resource conditions, Ae. albopictus has been shown to be a superior competitor to
      essentially all native and resident species in the United States. Adult males
      also mate interspecifically with at least one resident species with significant
      negative impacts on reproductive output for susceptible females. Despite these
      strong interference effects on sympatric species, competitor outcomes have been
      highly variable, ranging from outright local exclusion by Ae. albopictus, to
      apparent exclusion of Ae. albopictus in the presence of the same species. Context
      dependent mechanisms that alter the relative strengths of inter- and
      intraspecific competition, as well as rapid evolution of satyrization-resistant
      females, may help explain these patterns of variable coexistence. Although there
      is a large body of research on interspecific interactions of Ae. albopictus in
      the United States, there remain substantial gaps in our understanding of the most
      important species interactions. Addressing these gaps is important in predicting
      the future distribution of this species and understanding consequences for
      resident species, including humans, that interact with this highly invasive
      mosquito.

PMID- 27354437
TI  - What Can Larval Ecology Tell Us About the Success of Aedes albopictus (Diptera:
      Culicidae) Within the United States?
AB  - Aedes albopictus (Skuse) was introduced in the United States approximately 30
      years ago, and since has become an important pest and vector of disease. This
      species uses small water-holding containers as sites for oviposition and larval
      development. Larvae can consume a wide range of detritus-based energy sources,
      including microorganisms, and as such the type and quantity of detritus that
      enters these systems have been studied for the effects on adult populations. This
      review examines the documented responses of Ae. albopictus to different larval
      environments within the United States, and some of its unique ecology that may
      lead to a better understanding of its spread and success. Field surveys generally
      find larvae in shaded containers with high amounts of organic detritus. Larvae
      have higher survival and population growth under high amounts of detritus and
      microorganisms, but they also can outcompete other species when nutrients are
      limiting. Allocation of time to feeding by larvae is greater and more focused
      compared with resident species. These latter two points also may explain
      differences in carbon and nitrogen composition (nutrient stoichiometry), which
      point to a lower need for nitrogen. Combined, these facts suggest that the Ae.
      albopictus is a species with a relatively wide niche that had been able to
      exploit container habitats in the United States better than resident species.
      After 30 yr of research, only a narrow range of detritus types and environmental
      conditions have been examined. Data on factors affecting the production of adults
      and its spread and apparent success are still needed.

PMID- 27354439
TI  - Thirty Years of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in America: An Introduction
      to Current Perspectives and Future Challenges.

PMID- 27354438
TI  - Photoperiodic Diapause and the Establishment of Aedes albopictus (Diptera:
      Culicidae) in North America.
AB  - The invasion and range expansion of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in North America
      represents an outstanding opportunity to study processes of invasion, range
      expansion, and climatic adaptation. Furthermore, knowledge obtained from such
      research is relevant to developing novel strategies to control this important
      vector species. Substantial evidence indicates that the photoperiodic diapause
      response is an important adaptation to climatic variation across the range of Ae.
      albopictus in North America. Photoperiodic diapause is a key determinant of
      abundance in both space and time, and the timing of entry into and exit out of
      diapause strongly affects seasonal population dynamics and thus the potential for
      arbovirus transmission. Emerging genomic technologies are making it possible to
      develop high-resolution, genome-wide genetic markers that can be used for genetic
      mapping of traits relevant to disease transmission and phylogeographic studies to
      elucidate invasion history. Recent work using next-generation sequencing
      technologies (e.g., RNA-seq), combined with physiological experiments, has
      provided extensive insight into the transcriptional basis of the diapause
      response in Ae. albopictus Applying this knowledge to identify novel targets for
      vector control represents an important future challenge. Finally, recent studies
      have begun to identify traits other than diapause that are affected by
      photoperiodism. Extending this work to identify additional traits influenced by
      photoperiod should produce important insights into the seasonal biology of Ae.
      albopictus.

PMID- 27354440
TI  - The Eye of the Tiger, the Thrill of the Fight: Effective Larval and Adult Control
      Measures Against the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae),
      in North America.
AB  - The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is a highly invasive
      container-inhabiting species with a global distribution. This mosquito, similar
      to other Stegomyia species such as Aedes aegypti (L.), is highly adapted to urban
      and suburban areas, and commonly oviposits in artificial containers, which are
      ubiquitous in these peridomestic environments. The increase in speed and amount
      of international travel and commerce, coupled with global climate change, have
      aided in the resurgence and expansion of Stegomyia species into new areas of
      North America. In many parts of their range, both species are implicated as
      significant vectors of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses such as dengue,
      chikungunya, and now Zika. Although rapid and major advances have been made in
      the field of biology, ecology, genetics, taxonomy, and virology, relatively
      little has changed in the field of mosquito control in recent decades. This is
      particularly discouraging in regards to container-inhabiting mosquitoes, because
      traditional integrated mosquito management (IMM) approaches have not been
      effective against these species. Many mosquito control programs simply do not
      possess the man-power or necessary financial resources needed to suppress Ae.
      albopictus effectively. Therefore, control of mosquito larvae, which is the
      foundation of IMM approaches, is exceptionally difficult over large areas. This
      review paper addresses larval habitats, use of geographic information systems for
      habitat preference detection, door-to-door control efforts, source reduction,
      direct application of larvicides, biological control agents, area-wide low-volume
      application of larvicides, hot spot treatments, autodissemination stations,
      public education, adult traps, attractive-toxic sugar bait methods, lethal
      ovitraps, barrier-residual adulticides, hand-held ultra-low-volume adulticides,
      area-wide adulticides applied by ground or air, and genetic control methods. The
      review concludes with future recommendations for practitioners, researchers,
      private industry, and policy makers.

PMID- 27354441
TI  - Viral-templated gold/polypyrrole nanopeapods for an ammonia gas sensor.
AB  - One-dimensional gold/polypyrrole (Au/PPy) nanopeapods were fabricated using a
      viral template: M13 bacteriophage. The genetically modified filamentous virus
      displayed gold-binding peptides along its length, allowing selective attachment
      of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) under ambient conditions. A PPy shell was
      electropolymerized on the viral-templated Au NP chains forming nanopeapod
      structures. The PPy shell morphology and thickness were controlled through
      electrodeposition potential and time, resulting in an ultra-thin conductive
      polymer shell of 17.4 +/- 3.3 nm. A post-electrodeposition acid treatment was
      used to modify the electrical properties of these hybrid materials. The
      electrical resistance of the nanopeapods was monitored at each assembly step.
      Chemiresistive ammonia (NH3) gas sensors were developed from networks of the
      hybrid Au/PPy nanostructures. Room temperature sensing performance was evaluated
      from 5 to 50 ppmv and a mixture of reversible and irreversible chemiresistive
      behavior was observed. A sensitivity of 0.30%/ppmv was found for NH3
      concentrations of 10 ppmv or less, and a lowest detection limit (LDL) of 0.007
      ppmv was calculated. Furthermore, acid-treated devices exhibited an enhanced
      sensitivity of 1.26%/ppmv within the same concentration range and a calculated
      LDL of 0.005 ppmv. 

PMID- 27354442
TI  - Porphyromonas gulae Has Virulence and Immunological Characteristics Similar to
      Those of the Human Periodontal Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis.
AB  - Periodontitis is a significant problem in companion animals, and yet little is
      known about the disease-associated microbiota. A major virulence factor for the
      human periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is the lysyl- and arginyl
      specific proteolytic activity of the gingipains. We screened several
      Porphyromonas species isolated from companion animals-P. asaccharolytica, P.
      circumdentaria, P. endodontalis, P. levii, P. gulae, P. macacae, P. catoniae, and
      P. salivosa-for Lys- and Arg-specific proteolytic activity and compared the
      epithelial and macrophage responses and induction of alveolar bone resorption of
      the protease active species to that of Porphyromonas gingivalis Only P. gulae
      exhibited Lys-and Arg-specific proteolytic activity. The genes encoding the
      gingipains (RgpA/B and Kgp) were identified in the P. gulae strain ATCC 51700 and
      all publicly available 12 draft genomes of P. gulae strains. P. gulae ATCC 51700
      induced levels of alveolar bone resorption in an animal model of periodontitis
      similar to those in P. gingivalis W50 and exhibited a higher capacity for
      autoaggregation and binding to oral epithelial cells with induction of apoptosis.
      Macrophages (RAW 264.7) were found to phagocytose P. gulae ATCC 51700 and the
      fimbriated P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 at similar levels. In response to P. gulae
      ATCC 51700, macrophages secreted higher levels of cytokines than those induced by
      P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 but lower than those induced by P. gingivalis W50,
      except for the interleukin-6 response. Our results indicate that P. gulae
      exhibits virulence characteristics similar to those of the human periodontal
      pathogen P. gingivalis and therefore may play a key role in the development of
      periodontitis in companion animals.

PMID- 27354443
TI  - Identification of Signaling Pathways by Which CD40 Stimulates Autophagy and
      Antimicrobial Activity against Toxoplasma gondii in Macrophages.
AB  - CD40 is an important stimulator of autophagy and autophagic killing of Toxoplasma
      gondii in host cells. In contrast to autophagy induced by nutrient deprivation or
      pattern recognition receptors, less is known about the effects of cell-mediated
      immunity on Beclin 1 and ULK1, key regulators of autophagy. Here we studied the
      molecular mechanisms by which CD40 stimulates autophagy in macrophages. CD40
      ligation caused biphasic Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. The
      second phase of JNK phosphorylation was dependent on autocrine production of
      tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). TNF-alpha and JNK signaling were
      required for the CD40-induced increase in autophagy. JNK signaling downstream of
      CD40 caused Ser-87 phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and dissociation between Bcl-2 and
      Beclin 1, an event known to stimulate the autophagic function of Beclin 1.
      However, TNF-alpha alone was unable to stimulate autophagy. CD40 also stimulated
      autophagy via a pathway that included calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase
      beta (CaMKKbeta), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and ULK1. CD40 caused AMPK
      phosphorylation at its activating site, Thr-172. This effect was mediated by
      CaMKKbeta and was not impaired by neutralization of TNF-alpha. CD40 triggered
      AMPK-dependent Ser-555 phosphorylation of ULK1. CaMKKbeta, AMPK, and ULK1 were
      required for CD40-induced increase in autophagy. CD40-mediated autophagic killing
      of Toxoplasma gondii is known to require TNF-alpha. Knockdown of JNK, CaMKKbeta,
      AMPK, or ULK1 prevented T. gondii killing in CD40-activated macrophages. The
      second phase of JNK phosphorylation-Bcl-2 phosphorylation-Bcl-2-Beclin 1
      dissociation and AMPK phosphorylation-ULK1 phosphorylation occurred
      simultaneously at ~4 h post-CD40 stimulation. Thus, CaMKKbeta and TNF-alpha are
      upstream molecules by which CD40 acts on ULK1 and Beclin 1 to stimulate autophagy
      and killing of T. gondii.

PMID- 27354444
TI  - Impact of sarA and Phenol-Soluble Modulins on the Pathogenesis of Osteomyelitis
      in Diverse Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - We used a murine model of acute, posttraumatic osteomyelitis to evaluate the
      virulence of two divergent Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates (the USA300
      strain LAC and the USA200 strain UAMS-1) and their isogenic sarA mutants. The
      results confirmed that both strains caused comparable degrees of osteolysis and
      reactive new bone formation in the acute phase of osteomyelitis. Conditioned
      medium (CM) from stationary-phase cultures of both strains was cytotoxic to cells
      of established cell lines (MC3TC-E1 and RAW 264.7 cells), primary murine
      calvarial osteoblasts, and bone marrow-derived osteoclasts. Both the cytotoxicity
      of CM and the reactive changes in bone were significantly reduced in the isogenic
      sarA mutants. These results confirm that sarA is required for the production
      and/or accumulation of extracellular virulence factors that limit osteoblast and
      osteoclast viability and that thereby promote bone destruction and reactive bone
      formation during the acute phase of S. aureus osteomyelitis. Proteomic analysis
      confirmed the reduced accumulation of multiple extracellular proteins in the LAC
      and UAMS-1 sarA mutants. Included among these were the alpha class of phenol
      soluble modulins (PSMs), which were previously implicated as important
      determinants of osteoblast cytotoxicity and bone destruction and repair processes
      in osteomyelitis. Mutation of the corresponding operon reduced the cytotoxicity
      of CM from both UAMS-1 and LAC cultures for osteoblasts and osteoclasts. It also
      significantly reduced both reactive bone formation and cortical bone destruction
      by CM from LAC cultures. However, this was not true for CM from cultures of a
      UAMS-1 psmalpha mutant, thereby suggesting the involvement of additional
      virulence factors in such strains that remain to be identified.

PMID- 27354445
TI  - Free Sialic Acid Acts as a Signal That Promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae Invasion
      of Nasal Tissue and Nonhematogenous Invasion of the Central Nervous System.
AB  - Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of bacterial
      meningitis and neurological sequelae in children worldwide. Acute bacterial
      meningitis is widely considered to result from bacteremia that leads to blood
      brain barrier breakdown and bacterial dissemination throughout the central
      nervous system (CNS). Previously, we showed that pneumococci can gain access to
      the CNS through a nonhematogenous route without peripheral blood infection. This
      access is thought to occur when the pneumococci in the upper sinus follow the
      olfactory nerves and enter the CNS through the olfactory bulbs. In this study, we
      determined whether the addition of exogenous sialic acid postcolonization
      promotes nonhematogenous invasion of the CNS. Previously, others showed that
      treatment with exogenous sialic acid post-pneumococcal infection increased the
      numbers of CFU recovered from an intranasal mouse model of infection. Using a
      pneumococcal colonization model, an in vivo imaging system, and a multiplex assay
      for cytokine expression, we demonstrated that sialic acid can increase the number
      of pneumococci recovered from the olfactory bulbs and brains of infected animals.
      We also show that pneumococci primarily localize to the olfactory bulb, leading
      to increased expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These
      findings provide evidence that sialic acid can enhance the ability of pneumococci
      to disseminate into the CNS and provide details about the environment needed to
      establish nonhematogenous pneumococcal meningitis.

PMID- 27354446
TI  - Genomic Changes Associated with the Loss of Nocardia brasiliensis Virulence in
      Mice after 200 In Vitro Passages.
AB  - Nocardia species, particularly Nocardia brasiliensis, are etiologic agents of
      mycetoma, a chronic subcutaneous infection. Until now, little has been known
      about the pathogenic mechanisms involved in nocardial infection. Traditionally,
      subculture in rich media has been a simple way to induce attenuation. In this
      work, we report the changes in virulence toward mice and in genomic constitution
      of N. brasiliensis produced after 200 continuous subcultures in brain heart
      infusion (BHI) medium (P-200 strain). The ability of the N. brasiliensis P-200
      strain to produce experimental infection was tested using BALB/c mice. P-200 was
      also used to immunize mice to determine whether it could induce resistance
      against a challenge with a nonsubcultured isolate (P-0). Comparative proteomic
      analysis between N. brasiliensis P-0 and P-200 was performed by two-dimensional
      (2-D) electrophoresis, and the genome sequence was obtained through Roche 454
      sequence analysis. Virulence in BALB/c mice was completely lost, and BALB/c mice
      immunized with P-200 bacterial cells were resistant to mycetoma production by the
      nonsubcultured strain. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that P-200 lost a
      total of 262,913 bp distributed in 19 deleted regions, involving a total of 213
      open reading frames (ORFs). The deleted genes included those encoding bacterial
      virulence factors, e.g., catalase, nitrate reductase enzymes, and a group of
      mammalian cell entry (MCE) family proteins, which may explain the loss of
      virulence of the isolate. Thus, completely attenuated N. brasiliensis was
      obtained after 200 passages in BHI medium, and putative Nocardia virulence genes
      were identified for the first time.

PMID- 27354448
TI  - Specifying the ovarian cancer risk threshold of 'premenopausal risk-reducing
      salpingo-oophorectomy' for ovarian cancer prevention: a cost-effectiveness
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is the most effective
      intervention to prevent ovarian cancer (OC). It is only available to high-risk
      women with >10% lifetime OC risk. This threshold has not been formally tested for
      cost-effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: To specify the OC risk thresholds for RRSO being
      cost-effective for preventing OC in premenopausal women. METHODS: The costs as
      well as effects of surgical prevention ('RRSO') were compared over a lifetime
      with 'no RRSO' using a decision analysis model. RRSO was undertaken in
      premenopausal women >40 years. The model was evaluated at lifetime OC risk
      levels: 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Costs and outcomes are discounted at 3.5%.
      Uncertainty in the model was assessed using both deterministic sensitivity
      analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA). Outcomes included in the
      analyses were OC, breast cancer (BC) and additional deaths from coronary heart
      disease. Total costs and effects were estimated in terms of quality-adjusted life
      years (QALYs); incidence of OC and BC; as well as incremental cost-effectiveness
      ratio (ICER). DATA SOURCES: Published literature, Nurses Health Study, British
      National Formulary, Cancer Research UK, National Institute for Health and Care
      Excellence guidelines and National Health Service reference costs. The time
      horizon is lifetime and perspective: payer. RESULTS: Premenopausal RRSO is cost
      effective at 4% OC risk (life expectancy gained=42.7 days, ICER=L19 536/QALY)
      with benefits largely driven by reduction in BC risk. RRSO remains cost-effective
      at >8.2% OC risk without hormone replacement therapy (ICER=L29 071/QALY, life
      expectancy gained=21.8 days) or 6%if BC risk reduction=0 (ICER=L27 212/QALY, life
      expectancy gained=35.3 days). Sensitivity analysis indicated results are not
      impacted much by costs of surgical prevention or treatment of OC/ BC or
      cardiovascular disease. However, results were sensitive to RRSO utility scores.
      Additionally, 37%, 61%, 74%, 84%, 96% and 99.5% simulations on PSA are cost
      effective for RRSO at the 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8% and 10% levels of OC risk,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Premenopausal RRSO appears to be extremely cost
      effective at >=4% lifetime OC risk, with >=42.7 days gain in life expectancy if
      compliance with hormone replacement therapy is high. Current guidelines should be
      re-evaluated to reduce the RRSO OC risk threshold to benefit a number of at-risk
      women who presently cannot access risk-reducing surgery.

PMID- 27354447
TI  - Long-Term Immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi in the Absence of Immunodominant trans
      Sialidase-Specific CD8+ T Cells.
AB  - Trypanosoma cruzi infection drives the expansion of remarkably focused CD8(+) T
      cell responses targeting epitopes encoded by variant trans-sialidase (TS) genes.
      Infection of C57BL/6 mice with T. cruzi results in up to 40% of all CD8(+) T
      cells committed to recognition of the dominant TSKB20 and subdominant TSKB18 TS
      epitopes. However, despite this enormous response, these mice fail to clear T.
      cruzi infection and subsequently develop chronic disease. One possible reason for
      the failure to cure T. cruzi infection is that immunodomination by these TS
      specific T cells may interfere with alternative CD8(+) T cell responses more
      capable of complete parasite elimination. To address this possibility, we created
      transgenic mice that are centrally tolerant to these immunodominant epitopes.
      Mice expressing TSKB20, TSKB18, or both epitopes controlled T. cruzi infection
      and developed effector CD8(+) T cells that maintained an activated phenotype.
      Memory CD8(+) T cells from drug-cured TSKB-transgenic mice rapidly responded to
      secondary T. cruzi infection. In the absence of the response to TSKB20 and
      TSKB18, immunodominance did not shift to other known subdominant epitopes despite
      the capacity of these mice to expand epitope-specific T cells specific for the
      model antigen ovalbumin expressed by engineered parasites. Thus, CD8(+) T cell
      responses tightly and robustly focused on a few epitopes within variant TS
      antigens appear to neither contribute to, nor detract from, the ability to
      control T. cruzi infection. These data also indicate that the relative position
      of an epitope within a CD8(+) immunodominance hierarchy does not predict its
      importance in pathogen control.

PMID- 27354449
TI  - Jellinek Memorial Award 2016 Winner Announced.

PMID- 27354450
TI  - Music Therapy and Spiritual Care in End-of-Life: A Qualitative Inquiry into
      Ethics and Training Issues Identified by Chaplains and Music Therapists.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Music therapists are increasingly employed by hospices. As such, they
      are often called upon to provide additional spiritual care to patients receiving
      end-of-life care. However, researchers have not yet examined the appropriateness
      of music therapists providing spiritual care as part of the hospice team, or
      ethics and training issues related to music therapist-led spiritual care.
      OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the thoughts and attitudes of
      hospice chaplains and music therapists (MTs) about ethics and training issues
      related to music therapists providing spiritual care as part of the hospice
      interdisciplinary team. METHODS: The study used semi-structured interviews with a
      purposive sample of music therapists and chaplains specializing in hospice care
      as part of a larger exploratory mixed methods study. Each interview was recorded,
      transcribed, and analyzed using a two-step process including both a modified
      phenomenological inductive approach and thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants
      discussed ethics and training issues related to the provision of music therapist
      led spiritual care as part of the hospice team. These issues included scope of
      practice, cultural competence and maintaining personal boundaries, and spiritual
      care training topics such as educational content and educational methods.
      CONCLUSIONS: While it was clear that both chaplains and music therapists felt it
      was appropriate for music therapists to provide spiritual care as part of the
      hospice team, there is a need for formal and informal spiritual care training for
      music therapists doing this type of work. Training should potentially include
      information about comparative religions, cultural competence, scope of practice,
      and maintaining personal boundaries.

PMID- 27354451
TI  - Self-assembled growth of GaN nanowires on amorphous Al x O y : from nucleation to
      the formation of dense nanowire ensembles.
AB  - We present a comprehensive description of the self-assembled nucleation and
      growth of GaN nanowires (NWs) by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on
      amorphous Al x O y buffers (a-Al x O y ) prepared by atomic layer deposition. The
      results are compared with those obtained on nitridated Si(111). Using line-of
      sight quadrupole mass spectrometry, we analyze in situ the incorporation of Ga
      starting from the incubation and nucleation stages till the formation of the
      final nanowire ensemble and observe qualitatively the same time dependence for
      the two types of substrates. However, on a-Al x O y the incubation time is
      shorter and the nucleation faster than on nitridated Si. Moreover, on a-Al x O y
      we observe a novel effect of decrease in incorporated Ga flux for long growth
      durations which we explain by coalescence of NWs leading to reduction of the GaN
      surface area where Ga may reside. Dedicated samples are used to analyze the
      evolution of surface morphology. In particular, no GaN nuclei are detected when
      growth is interrupted during the incubation stage. Moreover, for a-Al x O y , the
      same shape transition from spherical cap-shaped GaN crystallites to the NW-like
      geometry is found as it is known for nitridated Si. However, while the critical
      radius for this transition is only slightly larger for a-Al x O y than for
      nitridated Si, the critical height is more than six times larger for a-Al x O y .
      Finally, we observe that in fully developed NW ensembles, the substrate no longer
      influences growth kinetics and the same N-limited axial growth rate is measured
      on both substrates. We conclude that the same nucleation and growth processes
      take place on a-Al x O y as on nitridated Si and that these processes are of a
      general nature. Quantitatively, nucleation proceeds somewhat differently, which
      indicates the influence of the substrate, but once shadowing limits growth
      processes to the upper part of the NW ensemble, they are not affected anymore by
      the type of substrate. 

PMID- 27354452
TI  - Evaluating Continuity During Transfer to Adult Care: A Systematic Review.
AB  - CONTEXT: Appropriate outcomes are required to evaluate transition programs'
      ability to maintain care continuity during the transfer to adult care of youths
      with a chronic condition. OBJECTIVE: To identify the outcomes used to measure
      care continuity during transfer, and to analyze current evidence regarding the
      efficacy of transition programs. DATA SOURCES: PubMed (1948-2014), Web of Science
      (1945-2014), Embase (1947-2014), and the reference lists of the studies
      identified. STUDY SELECTION: Screening on titles and abstracts; full-text
      assessment by 2 reviewers independently. DATA EXTRACTION: By 2 reviewers
      independently, by using a Cochrane form adapted to observational studies,
      including bias assessment. RESULTS: Among the 23 studies retrieved, all but 5
      were monocentric, 16 were cohorts (15 retrospective), 6 cross-sectional studies,
      and 1 randomized trial. The principal disease studied was diabetes (n = 11). We
      identified 24 indicators relating to 2 main aspects of continuity of care:
      engagement and retention in adult care. As designed, most studies probably
      overestimated engagement. A lack of adjustment for confounding factors was the
      main limitation of the few studies evaluating the efficacy of transition
      programs. LIMITATIONS: The assessment of bias was challenging, due to the
      heterogeneity and observational nature of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: This review
      highlights the paucity of knowledge about the efficacy of transition programs for
      ensuring care continuity during the transfer from pediatric to adult care. The
      outcomes identified are relevant and not specific to a disease. However, the
      prospective follow-up of patients initially recruited in pediatric care should be
      encouraged to limit an overestimation of care continuity.

PMID- 27354453
TI  - Extended- Versus Narrower-Spectrum Antibiotics for Appendicitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Appendicitis guidelines recommend either narrower- or
      extended-spectrum antibiotics for treatment of complicated appendicitis. The goal
      of this study was to compare the effectiveness of extended-spectrum versus
      narrower-spectrum antibiotics for children with appendicitis. METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective cohort study of children aged 3 to 18 years discharged
      between 2011 and 2013 from 23 freestanding children's hospitals with an
      appendicitis diagnosis and appendectomy performed. Subjects were classified as
      having complicated appendicitis if they had a postoperative length of stay >=3
      days, a central venous catheter placed, major or severe illness classification,
      or ICU admission. The exposure of interest was receipt of systemic extended
      spectrum antibiotics (piperacillin +/- tazobactam, ticarcillin +/- clavulanate,
      ceftazidime, cefepime, or a carbapenem) on the day of appendectomy or the day
      after. The primary outcome was 30-day readmission for wound infection or repeat
      abdominal surgery. Multivariable logistic regression, propensity score weighting,
      and subgroup analyses were used to control for confounding by indication.
      RESULTS: Of 24 984 patients, 17 654 (70.7%) had uncomplicated appendicitis and
      7330 (29.3%) had complicated appendicitis. Overall, 664 (2.7%) patients
      experienced the primary outcome, 1.1% among uncomplicated cases and 6.4% among
      complicated cases (P < .001). Extended-spectrum antibiotic exposure was
      significantly associated with the primary outcome in complicated (adjusted odds
      ratio, 1.43 [95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.93]), but not uncomplicated,
      (adjusted odds ratio, 1.32 [95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.98]) appendicitis.
      These odds ratios remained consistent across additional analyses. CONCLUSIONS:
      Extended-spectrum antibiotics seem to offer no advantage over narrower-spectrum
      agents for children with surgically managed acute uncomplicated or complicated
      appendicitis.

PMID- 27354454
TI  - Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During,
      and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures: Update 2016.
AB  - The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that
      includes the following: no administration of sedating medication without the
      safety net of medical/dental supervision, careful presedation evaluation for
      underlying medical or surgical conditions that would place the child at increased
      risk from sedating medications, appropriate fasting for elective procedures and a
      balance between the depth of sedation and risk for those who are unable to fast
      because of the urgent nature of the procedure, a focused airway examination for
      large (kissing) tonsils or anatomic airway abnormalities that might increase the
      potential for airway obstruction, a clear understanding of the medication's
      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects and drug interactions, appropriate
      training and skills in airway management to allow rescue of the patient, age- and
      size-appropriate equipment for airway management and venous access, appropriate
      medications and reversal agents, sufficient numbers of staff to both carry out
      the procedure and monitor the patient, appropriate physiologic monitoring during
      and after the procedure, a properly equipped and staffed recovery area, recovery
      to the presedation level of consciousness before discharge from medical/dental
      supervision, and appropriate discharge instructions. This report was developed
      through a collaborative effort of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the
      American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry to offer pediatric providers updated
      information and guidance in delivering safe sedation to children.

PMID- 27354455
TI  - Do Bacteria in the Gut Set the Stage for Who Gets Viral Bronchiolitis and Its
      Severity?

PMID- 27354456
TI  - The Fecal Microbiota Profile and Bronchiolitis in Infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association of gut microbiota, a
      potentially modifiable factor, with bronchiolitis in infants. We aimed to
      determine the association of fecal microbiota with bronchiolitis in infants.
      METHODS: We conducted a case-control study. As a part of multicenter prospective
      study, we collected stool samples from 40 infants hospitalized with
      bronchiolitis. We concurrently enrolled 115 age-matched healthy controls. By
      applying 16S rRNA gene sequencing and an unbiased clustering approach to these
      155 fecal samples, we identified microbiota profiles and determined the
      association of microbiota profiles with likelihood of bronchiolitis. RESULTS:
      Overall, the median age was 3 months, 55% were male, and 54% were non-Hispanic
      white. Unbiased clustering of fecal microbiota identified 4 distinct profiles:
      Escherichia-dominant profile (30%), Bifidobacterium-dominant profile (21%),
      Enterobacter/Veillonella-dominant profile (22%), and Bacteroides-dominant profile
      (28%). The proportion of bronchiolitis was lowest in infants with the
      Enterobacter/Veillonella-dominant profile (15%) and highest in the Bacteroides
      dominant profile (44%), corresponding to an odds ratio of 4.59 (95% confidence
      interval, 1.58-15.5; P = .008). In the multivariable model, the significant
      association between the Bacteroides-dominant profile and a greater likelihood of
      bronchiolitis persisted (odds ratio for comparison with the
      Enterobacter/Veillonella-dominant profile, 4.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.56
      12.0; P = .005). In contrast, the likelihood of bronchiolitis in infants with the
      Escherichia-dominant or Bifidobacterium-dominant profile was not significantly
      different compared with those with the Enterobacter/Veillonella-dominant profile.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this case-control study, we identified 4 distinct fecal
      microbiota profiles in infants. The Bacteroides-dominant profile was associated
      with a higher likelihood of bronchiolitis.

PMID- 27354457
TI  - Gross Motor Milestones and Subsequent Development.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We examined the longitudinal associations of age at achieving gross
      motor milestones and children's development in a US cohort of singletons and
      twins. METHODS: In the Upstate KIDS study, a population-based study of children
      born between 2008 and 2010, information on age at achievement of motor milestones
      and developmental skills was available in 599 children (314 singletons, 259
      twins, and 26 triplets). Mothers reported their children's major motor milestones
      at ~4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 months. At age 4 years, children's development was
      clinically assessed by using the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition
      (BDI-2). Primary analyses by using multivariate linear regressions were conducted
      in singletons. We also examined the associations in twins. RESULTS: Later
      achievement of standing with assistance predicted lower BDI-2 scores in
      singletons in adjusted models (B per SD of age at achievement, -21.9 [95%
      confidence interval (CI), -41.5 to -2.2]). Post hoc analysis on age of standing
      with assistance showed that associations were driven by differences in adaptive
      skills (B = -5.3 [95% CI, -9.0 to -1.6]) and cognitive skills (B = -5.9 [95% CI, 
      11.5 to -0.4]). Analyses restricted to twins suggested no association between the
      age at achievement of milestones and total BDI-2 score after adjustment for
      gestational age and birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that
      the age of achieving motor milestones may be an important basis for various
      aspects of later child development. In twins, key predictors of later development
      (eg, perinatal factors) overshadow the predictive role of milestones in infancy.

PMID- 27354458
TI  - Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances.
AB  - Performance-enhancing substances (PESs) are used commonly by children and
      adolescents in attempts to improve athletic performance. More recent data reveal
      that these same substances often are used for appearance-related reasons as well.
      PESs include both legal over-the-counter dietary supplements and illicit
      pharmacologic agents. This report reviews the current epidemiology of PES use in
      the pediatric population, as well as information on those PESs in most common
      use. Concerns regarding use of legal PESs include high rates of product
      contamination, correlation with future use of anabolic androgenic steroids, and
      adverse effects on the focus and experience of youth sports participation. The
      physical maturation and endogenous hormone production that occur in adolescence
      are associated with large improvements in strength and athletic performance. For
      most young athletes, PES use does not produce significant gains over those seen
      with the onset of puberty and adherence to an appropriate nutrition and training
      program.

PMID- 27354459
TI  - Suicide and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents.
AB  - Suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents 15 to 19 years old.
      This report updates the previous statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics
      and is intended to assist pediatricians, in collaboration with other child and
      adolescent health care professionals, in the identification and management of the
      adolescent at risk for suicide. Suicide risk can only be reduced, not eliminated,
      and risk factors provide no more than guidance. Nonetheless, care for suicidal
      adolescents may be improved with the pediatrician's knowledge, skill, and comfort
      with the topic, as well as ready access to appropriate community resources and
      mental health professionals.

PMID- 27354461
TI  - Facile synthesis of hierarchical gold nanostructures and their catalytic
      application.
AB  - We demonstrate a one-step, surfactant-free method to prepare gold (Au)
      nanostructures using a synthesized aniline (ANI) derivative N-(3-amidino)-aniline
      (NAAN) as a reducing agent. By simply mixing NAAN with a Au precursor, raspberry
      like Au particles (RSPs) were formed. The presence of Ag(+) resulted in the
      formation of Au nanoflowers (AuNFs). The size and shape of the AuNFs can be tuned
      by the reaction conditions such as the NAAN/HAuCl4 ratio, the temperature and the
      solvent composition. Under the same reaction conditions, bowling-pin-like
      particles (BPLPs) were reported for the first time using commercial ANI as a
      reducing agent. The AuNFs exhibited good ability to oxidize peroxidase substrate
      3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2, allowing them as a peroxidase
      mimetic. 

PMID- 27354460
TI  - INSIGHT Responsive Parenting Intervention and Infant Sleep.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Inadequate sleep during infancy is associated with adverse outcomes
      for infants and families. We sought to improve sleep behaviors and duration
      through a responsive parenting (RP) intervention designed for obesity prevention.
      METHODS: The Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories
      (INSIGHT) study is a randomized trial comparing a RP intervention with a safety
      control. Primiparous mother-newborn dyads were randomized after childbirth, and
      research nurses delivered intervention content at home visits at infant ages 3,
      16, 28, and 40 weeks and at a research center visit at 1 year. The RP sleep
      component included developmentally appropriate messages about bedtime routines,
      sleep location and behaviors, and responses to wakings. Portions of the Brief
      Infant Sleep Questionnaire were administered 2, 8, and 52 weeks after birth with
      expanded sleep-related data collection at 16 and 40 weeks. RESULTS: Two hundred
      and seventy-nine dyads completed the first home visit; 90.7% completed the 1-year
      visit. Compared with controls, RP group infants were less likely to have
      prolonged bedtime routines >45 minutes and more likely to have earlier bedtimes
      at 16 and 40 weeks. They were less likely to be fed immediately before bed and
      more likely to self-soothe to sleep. At 8, 16, and 40 weeks, RP group nocturnal
      sleep duration was longer by 35, 25, and 22 minutes, respectively (P < .05 for
      all). Sleep duration at 1 year was similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The
      INSIGHT RP intervention positively influenced developmentally appropriate bedtime
      routines, sleep-related behaviors, and sleep duration for infants.

PMID- 27354462
TI  - Lead extraction technology and techniques: a surgeon's perspective.
AB  - Transvenous lead extraction procedures have gained substantial clinical
      importance during the past decade. With current tools and techniques, high
      success rates in combination with low complication rates can be achieved by
      experienced centres. Even in experienced hands, life-threatening complications
      can occur, and every physician performing such procedures must be prepared for
      this scenario. This necessitates immediately available access to extracorporeal
      circulation, and if the operator is a cardiologist, cardiac surgical standby is
      mandatory. 

PMID- 27354463
TI  - Spread through air spaces is a predictive factor of recurrence and a prognostic
      factor in stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Spread through air spaces (STAS) is considered a prognosticator
      related to local recurrence. We assessed the prognostic impact of spread through
      air spaces and local recurrence in stage I lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: From
      July 2004 to November 2014, 877 lung cancer patients underwent surgery, of whom
      318 with pathological stage I adenocarcinoma were reviewed. We investigated the
      characteristics of spread through air spaces and analysed the relationship
      between spread through air spaces and prognosis. RESULTS: The median follow-up
      was 30 months. Of the 318 patients, 47 (14.8%) had spread through air spaces. The
      patients with spread through air spaces were associated with male sex (P <
      0.001), smoking (P < 0.001), solid nodules (P < 0.001), stage IB disease (P =
      0.006), epidermal growth factor receptor mutation negativity (P < 0.001), and
      lymphovascular (P < 0.001) and pleural invasion (P = 0.001). Among the
      preoperative findings, spread through air spaces was significantly related to
      solid nodules on computed tomography. Local recurrence occurred in 11 of 47
      (23.4%) cases with spread through air spaces and 10 of 271 (3.7%) cases without
      spread through air spaces (P < 0.01). Univariate analysis showed that the overall
      5-year survival rates were 62.7 and 91.1% in cases with and without spread
      through air spaces, respectively (P < 0.01), and the recurrence-free 5-year
      survival rates were 54.4 and 87.8% in cases with and without spread through air
      spaces, respectively (P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis confirmed spread through
      air spaces as a significant prognosticator for overall survival and a predictive
      factor for recurrence after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Among stage I lung
      adenocarcinoma patients, spread through air spaces was found frequently in the
      invasive cases and was closely related to poor prognosis and recurrence.

PMID- 27354464
TI  - Split-graft technique in neonatal heart transplant for aortic atresia.
AB  - We describe a neonate with aortic atresia and hypoplastic aorta, listed for heart
      transplant after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation resuscitation and ductal
      stenting. The donor aorta was detached from the graft, after an isolated arch
      reconstruction prior to the transplant itself in a routine fashion. To the best
      of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of neonatal arch reconstruction
      before transplantation performed with grafts from the same donor in a split-way
      strategy.

PMID- 27354465
TI  - Totally endoscopic robotic repair of coronary sinus atrial septal defect.
AB  - Coronary sinus atrial septal defect is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly in
      adults. Patients with this anomaly are generally treated using conventional
      sternotomy or thoracotomy incisions. However, robotic surgery can be a feasible
      alternative in this anomaly. We report an adult patient, who presented with
      coronary sinus atrial septal defect. A totally endoscopic robotic repair was
      successfully done through a right atriotomy approach in this patient.

PMID- 27354466
TI  - Selective, segmental decalcification: a safe alternative to extensive debridement
      of a severely calcified annulus during repair of mitral regurgitation.
AB  - Resection of the calcium bar and creation of a more compressible annulus with
      pericardium are necessary in case of extensive calcification of the mitral valve
      annulus in patients with advanced myxomatous degenerative disease. Such annular
      bar calcification is technically challenging and represents a risk factor for
      death following mitral valve operations, because of atrio-ventricular rupture or
      encroachment of the coronary arteries. We describe a safe limited segmental
      annular debridement away from the coronary arteries that allows enough
      flexibility of the remaining calcified annulus to perform reduction annuloplasty
      in a young female patient with severe mitral regurgitation and a highly dilated
      and severely calcified mitral annulus.

PMID- 27354467
TI  - Repair of adult aortic coarctation by resection and interposition grafting.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Aortic coarctation presenting during adult life most frequently
      represents cases of re-coarctation, following previous transcatheter or surgical
      therapy, or missed cases of native coarctation. In the area of evolving
      endovascular therapy, we believe that there is still a place for durable open
      repair by means of resection and interposition grafting. We, therefore, evaluated
      our results in adult patients with primary aortic coarctation or complications of
      a previous coarctation repair. METHODS: A total of 38 patients were operated
      between 1989 and 2014. Median age was 43 years (range 18-69 years), and 20 were
      male (52.6%). Seventeen patients (44.7%) had recurrent coarctation or dilatation
      after previous repair during childhood; the remaining 21 (55.3%) had primary
      coarctation diagnosed at adult age. Data were retrospectively reviewed and
      analysed for indications, type of repair, operative details and outcomes.
      RESULTS: Resection and interposition grafting was performed primarily with the
      use of left-left bypass (mean cross-clamping time 41 +/- 13 min). There were no
      in-hospital deaths, stroke, spinal cord ischaemia, renal or respiratory failure.
      No patient had evidence of symptomatic aortic re-coarctation or pseudoaneurysm
      formation on follow-up. Long-term survival after 20 years was 94.7%. CONCLUSIONS:
      Open surgical repair of primary, recurrent or complicated adult aortic
      coarctation by interposition grafting is a safe and feasible therapeutic option,
      providing durable long-term results and excellent long-term survival.

PMID- 27354468
TI  - BRAF V600E Mutant Colorectal Cancer Subtypes Based on Gene Expression.
AB  - PURPOSE: Mutation of BRAF at the valine 600 residue occurs in approximately 10%
      of colorectal cancers, a group with particularly poor prognosis. The response of
      BRAF mutant colorectal cancer to recent targeted strategies such as anti-BRAF or
      combinations with MEK and EGFR inhibitors remains limited and highly
      heterogeneous within BRAF V600E cohorts. There is clearly an unmet need in
      understanding the biology of BRAF V600E colorectal cancers and potential
      subgroups within this population. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In the biggest yet
      reported cohort of 218 BRAF V600E with gene expression data, we performed
      unsupervised clustering using non-negative matrix factorization to identify gene
      expression-based subgroups and characterized pathway activation. RESULTS: We
      found strong support for a split into two distinct groups, called BM1 and BM2.
      These subtypes are independent of MSI status, PI3K mutation, gender, and
      sidedness. Pathway analyses revealed that BM1 is characterized by KRAS/AKT
      pathway activation, mTOR/4EBP deregulation, and EMT whereas BM2 displays
      important deregulation of the cell cycle. Proteomics data validated these
      observations as BM1 is characterized by high phosphorylation levels of AKT and
      4EBP1, and BM2 patients display high CDK1 and low cyclin D1 levels. We provide a
      global assessment of gene expression motifs that differentiate BRAF V600E
      subtypes from other colorectal cancers. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that BRAF mutant
      patients should not be considered as having a unique biology and provide an in
      depth characterization of heterogeneous motifs that may be exploited for drug
      targeting. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 104-15. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27354469
TI  - CTLA-4 Limits Anti-CD20-Mediated Tumor Regression.
AB  - PURPOSE: The inhibition of tumor growth by anti-CD20 antibody (Ab) treatment is
      mediated by Ab- and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in xenograft tumor models.
      In addition, anti-CD20 therapy for B-cell lymphoma can result in intrinsic and
      extrinsic tumor resistance to further Ab treatment. However, adaptive immune
      response-related resistance has not been well studied in anti-CD20-mediated tumor
      control, and adaptive immunity has long been underestimated. The purpose of this
      study was to explore whether T cells are involved in mediating the effects of
      anti-CD20 therapy and what factors contribute to adaptive immune response-related
      resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Using a syngeneic mouse B-cell lymphoma model,
      we investigated the role of CD8+ T cells in anti-CD20-mediated tumor regression.
      Furthermore, we revealed how the tumor-specific T-cell response was initiated by
      anti-CD20. Finally, we studied adaptive immune response-related resistance in
      advanced B-cell lymphoma. RESULTS: CD8+ T cells played an essential role in anti
      CD20-mediated tumor regression. Mechanistically, anti-CD20 therapy promoted
      dendritic cell (DC)-mediated cross-presentation. Importantly, macrophages were
      also necessary for the increase in the tumor-specific CTL response after anti
      CD20 treatment, via the production of type I IFN to activate DC function.
      Furthermore, adaptive resistance is gradually developed through the CTLA-4
      pathway in Treg cells in larger lymphomas. Further blockade of CTLA-4 can
      synergize with anti-CD20 treatment in antitumor activities. CONCLUSIONS: The
      therapeutic function of anti-CD20 depends on tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses
      initiated by anti-CD20 through macrophages and DCs. CTLA-4 blockade can synergize
      with anti-CD20 to overcome adaptive immune response-related resistance in
      advanced B-cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 193-203. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27354470
TI  - A Strong B-cell Response Is Part of the Immune Landscape in Human High-Grade
      Serous Ovarian Metastases.
AB  - PURPOSE: In high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), higher densities of both B
      cells and the CD8+ T-cell infiltrate were associated with a better prognosis.
      However, the precise role of B cells in the antitumor response remains unknown.
      As peritoneal metastases are often responsible for relapse, our aim was to
      characterize the role of B cells in the antitumor immune response in HGSOC
      metastases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Unmatched pre and post-chemotherapy HGSOC
      metastases were studied. B-cell localization was assessed by immunostaining.
      Their cytokines and chemokines were measured by a multiplex assay, and their
      phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry. Further in vitro and in vivo assays
      highlighted the role of B cells and plasma cell IgGs in the development of
      cytotoxic responses and dendritic cell activation. RESULTS: B cells mainly
      infiltrated lymphoid structures in the stroma of HGSOC metastases. There was a
      strong B-cell memory response directed at a restricted repertoire of antigens and
      production of tumor-specific IgGs by plasma cells. These responses were enhanced
      by chemotherapy. Interestingly, transcript levels of CD20 correlated with markers
      of immune cytolytic responses and immune complexes with tumor-derived IgGs
      stimulated the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 on antigen
      presenting cells. A positive role for B cells in the antitumor response was also
      supported by B-cell depletion in a syngeneic mouse model of peritoneal
      metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that B cells infiltrating HGSOC omental
      metastases support the development of an antitumor response. Clin Cancer Res;
      23(1); 250-62. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27354471
TI  - An Expression Signature as an Aid to the Histologic Classification of Non-Small
      Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Most non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are now diagnosed from small
      specimens, and classification using standard pathology methods can be difficult.
      This is of clinical relevance as many therapy regimens and clinical trials are
      histology dependent. The purpose of this study was to develop an mRNA expression
      signature as an adjunct test for routine histopathologic classification of
      NSCLCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A microarray dataset of resected adenocarcinomas
      (ADC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) was used as the learning set for an ADC
      SCC signature. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) lung RNAseq dataset was used for
      validation. Another microarray dataset of ADCs and matched nonmalignant lung was
      used as the learning set for a tumor versus nonmalignant signature. The
      classifiers were selected as the most differentially expressed genes and sample
      classification was determined by a nearest distance approach. RESULTS: We
      developed a 62-gene expression signature that contained many genes used in
      immunostains for NSCLC typing. It includes 42 genes that distinguish ADC from SCC
      and 20 genes differentiating nonmalignant lung from lung cancer. Testing of the
      TCGA and other public datasets resulted in high prediction accuracies (93%-95%).
      In addition, a prediction score was derived that correlates both with histologic
      grading and prognosis. We developed a practical version of the Classifier using
      the HTG EdgeSeq nuclease protection-based technology in combination with next
      generation sequencing that can be applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded
      (FFPE) tissues and small biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Our RNA classifier provides an
      objective, quantitative method to aid in the pathologic diagnosis of lung cancer.
      Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4880-9. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27354472
TI  - Hsp90 Inhibitor Ganetespib Sensitizes Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer to Radiation but
      Has Variable Effects with Chemoradiation.
AB  - PURPOSE: HSP90 inhibition is well known to sensitize cancer cells to radiation.
      However, it is currently unknown whether additional radiosensitization could
      occur in the more clinically relevant setting of chemoradiation (CRT). We used
      the potent HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib to determine whether it can enhance CRT
      effects in NSCLC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We first performed in vitro experiments in
      various NSCLC cell lines combining radiation with or without ganetespib. Some of
      these experiments included clonogenic survival assay, DNA damage repair, and cell
      cycle analysis, and reverse-phase protein array. We then determined whether
      chemotherapy affected ganetespib radiosensitization by adding carboplatin
      paclitaxel to some of the in vitro and in vivo xenograft experiments. RESULTS:
      Ganetespib significantly reduced radiation clonogenic survival in a number of
      lung cancer cell lines, and attenuated DNA damage repair with irradiation.
      Radiation caused G2-M arrest that was greatly accentuated by ganetespib.
      Ganetespib with radiation also dose-dependently upregulated p21 and downregulated
      pRb levels that were not apparent with either drug or radiation alone. However,
      when carboplatin-paclitaxel was added, ganetespib was only able to radiosensitize
      some cell lines but not others. This variable in vitro CRT effect was confirmed
      in vivo using xenograft models. CONCLUSIONS: Ganetespib was able to potently
      sensitize a number of NSCLC cell lines to radiation but has variable effects when
      added to platinum-based doublet CRT. For optimal clinical translation, our data
      emphasize the importance of preclinical testing of drugs in the context of
      clinically relevant therapy combinations. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5876-86.
      (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27354474
TI  - Shorter Remission Telomere Length Predicts Delayed Neutrophil Recovery After
      Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group.
AB  - Purpose Suboptimal outcomes for children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
      necessitate maximally intensive therapy. Consequently, serious adverse events,
      such as prolonged periods of profound myelosuppression, contribute to AML
      treatment-related mortality. Telomeres, the repetitive DNA-protein structures at
      chromosome ends, influence cellular replicative capacity in that critically short
      telomeres can induce cell senescence or apoptosis. Our objective was to evaluate
      the impact of telomere length on duration of post-therapy neutropenia in a
      pediatric AML cohort. Patients and Methods Patients were diagnosed with de novo
      AML, enrolled in Children's Oncology Group study AAML0531, and included those
      with (n = 53) and without (n = 62) significantly delayed neutrophil recovery
      after chemotherapy. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction to measure
      telomere content (TC), a validated proxy for telomere length, from remission bone
      marrow samples obtained after the second induction chemotherapy course. Results
      Less TC was significantly associated with prolonged neutropenia after the fourth
      ( P < .001) and fifth chemotherapy courses ( P = .002). Cox regression adjusting
      for age at diagnosis confirmed that TC remained independently predictive of time
      to recovery of absolute neutrophil count for both the fourth and fifth courses (
      P = .002 and .009, respectively). DNA from patients was analyzed for germline
      mutations in four telomere maintenance genes associated with telomere biology
      disorders. Sequence analysis revealed no enrichment of rare or novel variants in
      the delayed recovery group. Conclusion Our results suggest that TC at end of AML
      induction is associated with hematopoietic reconstitution capacity independently
      of age and may identify those at highest risk for markedly delayed bone marrow
      recovery after AML therapy.

PMID- 27354473
TI  - Tumor-Derived CCL2 Mediates Resistance to Radiotherapy in Pancreatic Ductal
      Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Local tumor growth is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in nearly
      30% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Radiotherapy is
      commonly used for local disease control in PDAC, but its efficacy is limited. We
      studied the impact of selectively intervening on radiotherapy-induced
      inflammation as an approach to overcome resistance to radiotherapy in PDAC.
      EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: PDAC cell lines derived from primary pancreatic tumors
      arising spontaneously in KrasLSL-G12D/+;Trp53LSL-R172H/+;Pdx-1 Cre mice were
      implanted into syngeneic mice and tumors were focally irradiated using the Small
      Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP). We determined the impact of depleting
      T cells and Ly6C+ monocytes as well as inhibiting the chemokine CCL2 on
      radiotherapy efficacy. Tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry and IHC to detect
      changes in leukocyte infiltration, tumor viability, and vascularity. Assays were
      performed on tumor tissues to detect cytokines and gene expression. RESULTS:
      Ablative radiotherapy alone had minimal impact on PDAC growth but led to a
      significant increase in CCL2 production by tumor cells and recruitment of
      Ly6C+CCR2+ monocytes. A neutralizing anti-CCL2 antibody selectively inhibited
      radiotherapy-dependent recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and delayed tumor
      growth but only in combination with radiotherapy (P < 0.001). This antitumor
      effect was associated with decreased tumor proliferation and vascularity. Genetic
      deletion of CCL2 in PDAC cells also improved radiotherapy efficacy. CONCLUSIONS:
      PDAC responds to radiotherapy by producing CCL2, which recruits Ly6C+CCR2+
      monocytes to support tumor proliferation and neovascularization after
      radiotherapy. Disrupting the CCL2-CCR2 axis in combination with radiotherapy
      holds promise for improving radiotherapy efficacy in PDAC. Clin Cancer Res;
      23(1); 137-48. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27354475
TI  - Reining in the Excessive Use of Medical Tests: What Are the Next Steps?

PMID- 27354476
TI  - Programmed Death-1 Blockade With Pembrolizumab in Patients With Classical Hodgkin
      Lymphoma After Brentuximab Vedotin Failure.
AB  - Purpose Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) frequently exhibits genetic alterations
      leading to overexpression of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligands, suggesting a
      possible vulnerability to PD-1 blockade. The phase Ib study KEYNOTE-013
      (NCT01953692) tested the safety and efficacy of the anti-PD-1 antibody
      pembrolizumab in patients with hematologic malignancies. Based on its genetics,
      HL was included as an independent cohort. Methods We enrolled patients with
      relapsed or refractory HL whose disease progressed on or after treatment with
      brentuximab vedotin. Patients received pembrolizumab, 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks,
      until disease progression occurred. Response to treatment was assessed at week 12
      and every 8 weeks thereafter. Principal end points were safety and complete
      remission (CR) rate. Results Thirty-one patients were enrolled; 55% had more than
      four lines of prior therapy, and 71% had relapsed after autologous stem cell
      transplantation. Five patients (16%) experienced grade 3 drug-related adverse
      events (AEs); there were no grade 4 AEs or deaths related to treatment. The CR
      rate was 16% (90% CI, 7% to 31%). In addition, 48% of patients achieved a partial
      remission, for an overall response rate of 65% (90% CI, 48% to 79%). Most of the
      responses (70%) lasted longer than 24 weeks (range, 0.14+ to 74+ weeks), with a
      median follow-up of 17 months. The progression-free survival rate was 69% at 24
      weeks and 46% at 52 weeks. Biomarker analyses demonstrated a high prevalence of
      PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression, treatment-induced expansion of T cells and natural
      killer cells, and activation of interferon-gamma, T-cell receptor, and expanded
      immune-related signaling pathways. Conclusions Pembrolizumab was associated with
      a favorable safety profile. Pembrolizumab treatment induced favorable responses
      in a heavily pretreated patient cohort, justifying further studies.

PMID- 27354477
TI  - Association Between Plasma Genotyping and Outcomes of Treatment With Osimertinib
      (AZD9291) in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (TKIs) have demonstrated potent activity against TKI resistance
      mediated by EGFR T790M. We studied whether noninvasive genotyping of cell-free
      plasma DNA (cfDNA) is a useful biomarker for prediction of outcome from a third
      generation EGFR-TKI, osimertinib. METHODS: Plasma was collected from all patients
      in the first-in-man study of osimertinib. Patients who were included had acquired
      EGFR-TKI resistance and evidence of a common EGFR-sensitizing mutation.
      Genotyping of cell-free plasma DNA was performed by using BEAMing. Plasma
      genotyping accuracy was assessed by using tumor genotyping from a central
      laboratory as reference. Objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free
      survival (PFS) were analyzed in all T790M-positive or T790M-negative patients.
      RESULTS: Sensitivity of plasma genotyping for detection of T790M was 70%. Of 58
      patients with T790M-negative tumors, T790M was detected in plasma of 18 (31%).
      ORR and median PFS were similar in patients with T790M-positive plasma (ORR, 63%;
      PFS, 9.7 months) or T790M-positive tumor (ORR, 62%; PFS, 9.7 months) results.
      Although patients with T790M-negative plasma had overall favorable outcomes (ORR,
      46%; median PFS, 8.2 months), tumor genotyping distinguished a subset of patients
      positive for T790M who had better outcomes (ORR, 69%; PFS, 16.5 months) as well
      as a subset of patients negative for T790M with poor outcomes (ORR, 25%; PFS, 2.8
      months). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective analysis, patients positive for T790M
      in plasma have outcomes with osimertinib that are equivalent to patients positive
      by a tissue-based assay. This study suggests that, upon availability of validated
      plasma T790M assays, some patients could avoid a tumor biopsy for T790M
      genotyping. As a result of the 30% false-negative rate of plasma genotyping,
      those with T790M-negative plasma results still need a tumor biopsy to determine
      presence or absence of T790M.

PMID- 27354479
TI  - Long Day's Journey Into Night for Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes.

PMID- 27354478
TI  - Comprehensive Audiometric Analysis of Hearing Impairment and Tinnitus After
      Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy in Survivors of Adult-Onset Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cisplatin is widely used but highly ototoxic. Effects of cumulative
      cisplatin dose on hearing loss have not been comprehensively evaluated in
      survivors of adult-onset cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Comprehensive audiological
      measures were conducted on 488 North American male germ cell tumor (GCT)
      survivors in relation to cumulative cisplatin dose, including audiograms (0.25 to
      12 kHz), tests of middle ear function, and tinnitus. American Speech-Language
      Hearing Association criteria defined hearing loss severity. The geometric mean of
      hearing thresholds (0.25 to 12 kHz) summarized overall hearing status consistent
      with audiometric guidelines. Patients were sorted into quartiles of hearing
      thresholds of age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS: Increasing cumulative
      cisplatin dose (median, 400 mg/m(2); range, 200 to 800 mg/m(2)) was significantly
      related to hearing loss at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 kHz (P trends, .021 to < .001):
      every 100 mg/m(2) increase resulted in a 3.2-dB impairment in age-adjusted
      overall hearing threshold (4 to 12 kHz; P < .001). Cumulative cisplatin doses >
      300 mg/m(2) were associated with greater American Speech-Language-Hearing
      Association-defined hearing loss severity (odds ratio, 1.59; P = .0066) and worse
      normative-matched quartiles (odds ratio, 1.33; P = .093) compared with smaller
      doses. Almost one in five (18%) patients had severe to profound hearing loss.
      Tinnitus (40% patients) was significantly correlated with reduced hearing at each
      frequency (P < .001). Noise-induced damage (10% patients) was unaffected by
      cisplatin dose (P = .59). Hypertension was significantly related (P = .0066) to
      overall hearing threshold (4 to 12 kHz) in age- and cisplatin dose-adjusted
      analyses. Middle ear deficits occurred in 22.3% of patients but, as expected,
      were not related to cytotoxic drug dosage. CONCLUSION: Follow-up of adult-onset
      cancer survivors given cisplatin should include routine inquiry for hearing
      status and tinnitus, referral to audiologists as clinically indicated, and
      hypertension control. Patients should be urged to avoid noise exposure, ototoxic
      drugs, and other factors that further damage hearing.

PMID- 27354480
TI  - Randomized Phase III Study of Lenalidomide Versus Placebo in RBC Transfusion
      Dependent Patients With Lower-Risk Non-del(5q) Myelodysplastic Syndromes and
      Ineligible for or Refractory to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents.
AB  - PURPOSE: This international phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double
      blind study assessed the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide in RBC transfusion
      dependent patients with International Prognostic Scoring System lower-risk non
      del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes ineligible for or refractory to erythropoiesis
      stimulating agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 239 patients were randomly
      assigned (2:1) to treatment with lenalidomide (n = 160) or placebo (n = 79) once
      per day (on 28-day cycles). The primary end point was the rate of RBC transfusion
      independence (TI) >= 8 weeks. Secondary end points were RBC-TI >= 24 weeks,
      duration of RBC-TI, erythroid response, health-related quality of life (HRQoL),
      and safety. RESULTS: RBC-TI >= 8 weeks was achieved in 26.9% and 2.5% of patients
      in the lenalidomide and placebo groups, respectively (P < .001). Ninety percent
      of patients achieving RBC-TI responded within 16 weeks of treatment. Median
      duration of RBC-TI with lenalidomide was 30.9 weeks (95% CI, 20.7 to 59.1).
      Transfusion reduction of >= 4 units packed RBCs, on the basis of a 112-day
      assessment, was 21.8% in the lenalidomide group and 0% in the placebo group.
      Higher response rates were observed in patients with lower baseline endogenous
      erythropoietin <= 500 mU/mL (34.0% v 15.5% for > 500 mU/mL). At week 12, mean
      changes in HRQoL scores from baseline did not differ significantly between
      treatment groups, which suggests that lenalidomide did not adversely affect
      HRQoL. Achievement of RBC-TI >= 8 weeks was associated with significant
      improvements in HRQoL (P < .01). The most common treatment-emergent adverse
      events were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSION: Lenalidomide yields
      sustained RBC-TI in 26.9% of RBC transfusion-dependent patients with lower-risk
      non-del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes ineligible for or refractory to
      erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Response to lenalidomide was associated with
      improved HRQoL. Treatment-emergent adverse event data were consistent with the
      known safety profile of lenalidomide.

PMID- 27354481
TI  - Nivolumab in Combination With Platinum-Based Doublet Chemotherapy for First-Line
      Treatment of Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Nivolumab, a fully human immunoglobulin G4 programmed death-1 immune
      checkpoint inhibitor antibody, has demonstrated improved survival in previously
      treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). CheckMate 012,
      a phase I, multicohort study, was conducted to explore the safety and efficacy of
      nivolumab as monotherapy or combined with current standard therapies in first
      line advanced NSCLC. Here, we report results for nivolumab plus platinum-based
      doublet chemotherapy (PT-DC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients (N = 56) received
      nivolumab (intravenously) plus PT-DC concurrently every 3 weeks for four cycles
      followed by nivolumab alone until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Regimens
      were nivolumab 10 mg/kg plus gemcitabine-cisplatin (squamous) or pemetrexed
      cisplatin (nonsquamous) or nivolumab 5 or 10 mg/kg plus paclitaxel-carboplatin
      (all histologies). The primary objective was to assess safety and tolerability.
      Secondary objectives included objective response rate and 24-week progression
      free survival rate (per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version
      1.1); exploratory objectives included overall survival (OS) and response by tumor
      programmed death ligand-1 expression. RESULTS: No dose-limiting toxicities
      occurred during the first 6 weeks of treatment. Forty-five percent of patients
      (25 of 56 patients) reported grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse events (AEs);
      7% of patients (n = 4) had pneumonitis. Twenty-one percent of patients (n = 12)
      discontinued all study therapy as a result of treatment-related AEs. Objective
      response rates for nivolumab 10 mg/kg plus gemcitabine-cisplatin, nivolumab 10
      mg/kg plus pemetrexed-cisplatin, nivolumab 10 mg/kg plus paclitaxel-carboplatin,
      and nivolumab 5 mg/kg plus paclitaxel-carboplatin were 33%, 47%, 47%, and 43%,
      respectively; 24-week progression-free survival rates were 51%, 71%, 38%, and
      51%, respectively; 2-year OS rates were 25%, 33%, 27%, and 62%, respectively.
      Responses were achieved regardless of tumor programmed death ligand-1 expression.
      CONCLUSION: The safety profile of nivolumab plus PT-DC was consistent with that
      expected for individual agents; however, treatment discontinuation related to AEs
      was greater with the combination. Encouraging activity was observed, especially
      for the nivolumab 5 mg/kg plus paclitaxel-carboplatin group, with a 2-year OS
      rate of 62%.

PMID- 27354482
TI  - From Illumination to Innovation: Visualizing the Future-The 2015 Presidential
      Address.

PMID- 27354483
TI  - Differential Crizotinib Response Duration Among ALK Fusion Variants in ALK
      Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement-positive non-small-cell
      lung cancers can be effectively treated with an ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor
      (TKI) such as crizotinib, but the response magnitude and duration are
      heterogeneous. Several ALK variants have been identified, but few studies have
      focused on the effects of different ALK variants on the efficacy of crizotinib.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among 55 patients treated with crizotinib as the initial
      ALK-TKI between January 2007 and December 2014, we identified 35 patients with
      tumor specimens that could be evaluated for ALK variants by reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of
      crizotinib on the basis of the objective response rate and progression-free
      survival (PFS) according to the ALK variants. RESULTS: The most frequent ALK
      variant was variant 1 in 19 patients (54%), followed by variant 2 in five
      patients (14%), variant 3a/3b in four patients (12%), and other variants in seven
      patients (20%). Objective response rate was 69% in all patients, whereas it was
      74% and 63% in the variant 1 and non-variant 1 groups, respectively. The median
      PFS time was significantly longer in patients with variant 1 than in those with
      non-variant 1 (median PFS, 11.0 months [95% CI, 6.5 to 43.0 months] v 4.2 months
      [95% CI, 1.6 to 10.2 months], respectively; P < .05). Multivariable analysis
      identified two significant factors associated with PFS duration, ALK variant 1
      (hazard ratio, 0.350; 95% CI, 0.128 to 0.929; P < .05) and advanced stage (hazard
      ratio, 4.646; 95% CI, 1.381 to 21.750; P < .05). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate
      the better efficacy of crizotinib in patients with ALK variant 1 versus non
      variant 1. The ALK variant status might affect the efficacy of ALK-TKIs.

PMID- 27354484
TI  - Quality of Life in Patients With Advanced Cancer: Differential Association With
      Performance Status and Systemic Inflammatory Response.
AB  - PURPOSE: Quality of life is a key component of cancer care; however, the factors
      that determine quality of life are not well understood. The aim of this study was
      to examine the relationship between quality of life parameters, performance
      status (PS), and the systemic inflammatory response in patients with advanced
      cancer. METHODS: An international biobank of patients with advanced cancer was
      analyzed. Quality of life was assessed at a single time point by using the
      European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life
      Questionnaire C-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30). PS was assessed by using the Eastern
      Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) classification. Systemic inflammation was
      assessed by using the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), which combines C
      reactive protein and albumin. The relationship between quality of life
      parameters, ECOG PS, and the mGPS was examined. RESULTS: Data were available for
      2,520 patients, and the most common cancers were GI (585 patients [22.2%]) and
      pulmonary (443 patients [17.6%]). The median survival was 4.25 months
      (interquartile range, 1.36 to 12.9 months). Increasing mGPS (systemic
      inflammation) and deteriorating PS were associated with deterioration in quality
      of-life parameters (P < .001). Increasing systemic inflammation was associated
      with deterioration in quality-of-life parameters independent of PS. CONCLUSION:
      Systemic inflammation was associated with quality-of-life parameters independent
      of PS in patients with advanced cancer. Further investigation of these
      relationships in longitudinal studies and investigations of possible effects of
      attenuating systemic inflammation are now warranted.

PMID- 27354485
TI  - Nivolumab Monotherapy for First-Line Treatment of Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung
      Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Nivolumab, a programmed death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor
      antibody, has demonstrated improved survival over docetaxel in previously treated
      advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). First-line monotherapy with
      nivolumab for advanced NSCLC was evaluated in the phase I, multicohort, Checkmate
      012 trial. METHODS: Fifty-two patients received nivolumab 3 mg/kg intravenously
      every 2 weeks until progression or unacceptable toxicity; postprogression
      treatment was permitted per protocol. The primary objective was to assess safety;
      secondary objectives included objective response rate (ORR) and 24-week
      progression-free survival (PFS) rate; overall survival (OS) was an exploratory
      end point. RESULTS: Any-grade treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred in
      71% of patients, most commonly: fatigue (29%), rash (19%), nausea (14%), diarrhea
      (12%), pruritus (12%), and arthralgia (10%). Ten patients (19%) reported grade 3
      to 4 treatment-related AEs; grade 3 rash was the only grade 3 to 4 event
      occurring in more than one patient (n = 2; 4%). Six patients (12%) discontinued
      because of a treatment-related AE. The confirmed ORR was 23% (12 of 52),
      including four ongoing complete responses. Nine of 12 responses (75%) occurred by
      first tumor assessment (week 11); eight (67%) were ongoing (range, 5.3+ to 25.8+
      months) at the time of data lock. ORR was 28% (nine of 32) in patients with any
      degree of tumor PD-ligand 1 expression and 14% (two of 14) in patients with no PD
      ligand 1 expression. Median PFS was 3.6 months, and the 24-week PFS rate was 41%
      (95% CI, 27 to 54). Median OS was 19.4 months, and the 1-year and 18-month OS
      rates were 73% (95% CI, 59 to 83) and 57% (95% CI, 42 to 70), respectively.
      CONCLUSION: First-line nivolumab monotherapy demonstrated a tolerable safety
      profile and durable responses in first-line advanced NSCLC.

PMID- 27354486
TI  - Cellular Profiles and Molecular Mediators of Lesion Cascades in the Placode in
      Human Open Spinal Neural Tube Defects.
AB  - Myelomeningoceles (mmc) are clinically challenging CNS malformations. Although
      improvement in their management has been achieved with respect to antenatal
      diagnosis, prevention, and fetal surgery, the cellular mechanisms of damage in
      the neural placode are poorly understood. We aimed to identify cellular and
      molecular factors in lesion amplifying cascades in mmc placodes. Seventeen mmc
      specimens obtained during reconstructive surgery that harbored sufficient
      neuroepithelial tissue were investigated. Normal adult and stillborn spinal cord
      tissue served as controls. Placodes exhibited similar cellular profiles with
      consistent neuronal marker expression, elevated GFAP-/vimentin immunoreactivity
      in all, and CD3/CD11b/CD68-immunolabeling in some cases. Increased expression of
      pro-inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1beta [Il-1beta]/IL-1
      receptor type 1 [IL-R1]) and neuroprotective erythropoietin/erythropoietin
      receptor (Epo/EpoR) cytokines was detected by immunohistochemistry, double
      fluorescence labeling, and real-time RT-PCR. In all cases, there was a multi
      cellular induction of IL-1beta and IL1-R1. EpoR and Epo immunoreactivity was
      elevated in some cases with neuronal expression patterns. Epo was further co
      expressed with HIF-1/-2alpha, which paralleled Epo induction in the corresponding
      placodes. These observations confirm the induction of cellular and molecular
      alterations in human mmc placodes that resemble the secondary lesion cascades
      induced by spinal cord injury. The pro-inflammatory and neuroprotective cytokine
      expression in mmc placodes may represent new targets for the treatment of open
      neural tube defects.

PMID- 27354487
TI  - Polymicrobial biofilm formation by Candida albicans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and
      Streptococcus mutans is Candida albicans strain and medium dependent.
AB  - Oral biofilms comprise of extracellular polysaccharides and polymicrobial
      microorganisms. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of
      polymicrobial interactions of Candida albicans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and
      Streptococcus mutans on biofilm formation with the hypotheses that biofilm
      biomass and metabolic activity are both C. albicans strain and growth medium
      dependent. To study monospecific biofilms, C. albicans, A. naeslundii, and S.
      mutans were inoculated into artificial saliva medium (ASM) and RPMI-1640 in
      separate vials, whereas to study polymicrobial biofilm formation, the inoculum
      containing microorganisms was prepared in the same vial prior inoculation into a
      96-well plate followed by 72 hours incubation. Finally, biofilm biomass and
      metabolic activity were measured using crystal violet and XTT assays,
      respectively. Our results showed variability of monospecies and polymicrobial
      biofilm biomass between C. albicans strains and growth medium. Based on cut-offs,
      out of 32, seven RPMI-grown biofilms had high biofilm biomass (HBB), whereas, in
      ASM-grown biofilms, 14 out of 32 were HBB. Of the 32 biofilms grown in RPMI-1640,
      21 were high metabolic activity (HMA), whereas in ASM, there was no biofilm had
      HMA. Significant differences were observed between ASM and RPMI-grown biofilms
      with respect to metabolic activity (P <01). In conclusion, biofilm biomass and
      metabolic activity were both C. albicans strain and growth medium dependent. 

PMID- 27354488
TI  - Culturable fungi in potting soils and compost.
AB  - In the present study the spectrum and the incidence of fungi in potting soils and
      compost was investigated. Since soil is one of the most important biotopes for
      fungi, relatively high concentrations of fungal propagules are to be expected.
      For detection of fungi, samples of commercial soils, compost and soils from
      potted plants (both surface and sub-surface) were suspended and plated onto
      several mycological media. The resulting colonies were evaluated qualitatively
      and quantitatively. The results from the different sampling series vary, but
      concentrations on the surface of potted plants and in commercial soils are
      increased tenfold compared to compost and sub-surface soils. Median values range
      from 9.5 * 10(4) colony forming units (CFU)/g to 5.5 * 10(5) CFU/g. The spectrum
      of fungi also varies in the soils. However, all sampling series show high
      proportion of Aspergillus and Penicillium species, including potentially
      pathogenic species such as Aspergillus fumigatus. Cladosporium, a genus dominant
      in the ambient air, was found preferably in samples which were in contact with
      the air. The results show that potentially pathogenic fungi are present in soils.
      Immunocompromised individuals should avoid handling soils or potted plants in
      their immediate vicinity. 

PMID- 27354490
TI  - Thoroughly modern hygiene.

PMID- 27354489
TI  - Antidepressant use and violent crimes among young people: a longitudinal
      examination of the Finnish 1987 birth cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake
      inhibitors (SSRIs), has been questioned due to poor efficacy and safety. We
      examined whether young violent offenders were more likely antidepressant users
      prior to their first violent offence than other young persons. METHODS: The study
      is a follow-up of children born in Finland in 1987 (n=59 120), linking national
      registers to each other using personal identity codes. Data on psychotropic drug
      use came from a register of reimbursed drugs and data on crimes from a register
      on court convictions (after the age of 14 years). Participants were followed
      until the age of 18 years, and for some analyses until the end of the follow-up
      (mean 21 years). To adjust for differences in background characteristics,
      regression analyses for antidepressant use were made, using the no-conviction
      group as the reference. RESULTS: Proportions of young people convicted by the age
      of 18 years were: 5% of boys (1.7% for violent crimes) and 1% (0.5%) of girls.
      Antidepressant use (both overall and for SSRIs) prior to violent crime was more
      common among those convicted than among those without convictions. Among boys
      with repeated violent crimes, it was also more common than among boys with non
      violent crimes. Adjustment for differences in background characteristics
      decreased the associations between antidepressant use and violent crime, but did
      not eliminate them. CONCLUSIONS: The results add further evidence for caution in
      prescribing antidepressants among young persons. It also calls for a reanalysis
      of violence measures in the original trial data.

PMID- 27354491
TI  - In future we are going to have to view our microbial world very differently.

PMID- 27354492
TI  - Diary.

PMID- 27354494
TI  - Holistic Approach in Preventing Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Cuban Example.

PMID- 27354495
TI  - Policy.

PMID- 27354496
TI  - e-Bug: educating children and young people on hygiene, the spread of infection
      and antibiotics.

PMID- 27354498
TI  - Lessons learned from drug design and development.

PMID- 27354497
TI  - Are we too clean? Reframing the hygiene hypothesis and its implications for
      allergies, infectious diseases and our lifestyles.

PMID- 27354500
TI  - Older adults' domestic kitchen practices associated with an increased risk of
      listeriosis.

PMID- 27354499
TI  - Food safety and the hygiene misnomer.

PMID- 27354501
TI  - Waking up from antibiotic sleep.

PMID- 27354502
TI  - Early life immune ontogeny - understanding how we build and sustain immunity to
      infection.

PMID- 27354503
TI  - Increasing delivery of healthcare at home and the importance of hygiene.

PMID- 27354504
TI  - The key role of hygiene and cleanliness in the domestic environment.

PMID- 27354508
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27354509
TI  - Diapause and Cold Hardiness of the Almond Wasp, Eurytoma amygdali (Hymenoptera:
      Eurytomidae), Two Independent Phenomena.
AB  - The almond wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), a key
      pest of almond, is a univoltine pest diapausing as last instar larvae inside the
      damaged fruits for almost nine months in a year. In this study, changes in the
      amount of total simple sugars, lipid, protein, glycogen, trehalose, glucose,
      supercooling points (SCPs), and cold hardiness of the diapausing larvae were
      measured from October to March for first year diapause-destined and in August and
      September for second year diapause-destined larvae. Changes in glycogen content
      were reversely proportional to changes in total simple sugars and low molecular
      weight carbohydrates. These changes reflect the interconversion of glycogen to
      sugar alcohol in order to increase the insect cold tolerance. We found that cold
      hardiness and diapause of the last instar larvae of the almond wasp have evolved
      separately. Cold hardiness was highly associated with physiological changes
      (accumulation of cryoprotectants), but no physiological changes occurred in early
      diapause of first year diapause-destined and second year diapause-destined
      larvae. The almond wasp larvae were found to be a freeze-avoidant insect, as no
      larva survived after SCP determination and crystallization of its body fluids.

PMID- 27354505
TI  - Time to abandon the hygiene hypothesis: new perspectives on allergic disease, the
      human microbiome, infectious disease prevention and the role of targeted hygiene.
AB  - AIMS: To review the burden of allergic and infectious diseases and the evidence
      for a link to microbial exposure, the human microbiome and immune system, and to
      assess whether we could develop lifestyles which reconnect us with exposures
      which could reduce the risk of allergic disease while also protecting against
      infectious disease. METHODS: Using methodology based on the Delphi technique, six
      experts in infectious and allergic disease were surveyed to allow for elicitation
      of group judgement and consensus view on issues pertinent to the aim. RESULTS:
      Key themes emerged where evidence shows that interaction with microbes that
      inhabit the natural environment and human microbiome plays an essential role in
      immune regulation. Changes in lifestyle and environmental exposure, rapid
      urbanisation, altered diet and antibiotic use have had profound effects on the
      human microbiome, leading to failure of immunotolerance and increased risk of
      allergic disease. Although evidence supports the concept of immune regulation
      driven by microbe-host interactions, the term 'hygiene hypothesis' is a
      misleading misnomer. There is no good evidence that hygiene, as the public
      understands, is responsible for the clinically relevant changes to microbial
      exposures. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests a combination of strategies, including
      natural childbirth, breast feeding, increased social exposure through sport,
      other outdoor activities, less time spent indoors, diet and appropriate
      antibiotic use, may help restore the microbiome and perhaps reduce risks of
      allergic disease. Preventive efforts must focus on early life. The term 'hygiene
      hypothesis' must be abandoned. Promotion of a risk assessment approach (targeted
      hygiene) provides a framework for maximising protection against pathogen exposure
      while allowing spread of essential microbes between family members. To build on
      these findings, we must change public, public health and professional perceptions
      about the microbiome and about hygiene. We need to restore public understanding
      of hygiene as a means to prevent infectious disease.

PMID- 27354510
TI  - Effects of Self-Superparasitism and Temperature on Biological Traits of Two
      Neotropical Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Species.
AB  - It is common for a female trichogrammatid to lay more than one egg per host, a
      phenomenon known as self-superparasitism, which exposes her offspring to
      intraspecific, intrinsic competition (IIC) with its own siblings. Information
      about how often self-superparasitism occurs and how IIC interacts with abiotic
      factors is rare, especially regarding the Neotropical Trichogramma species. Here
      we determined the frequency of self-superparasitism in Trichogramma atopovirilia
      Oatman & Platner (Ta) and T. pretiosum Riley (Tp), and the effects of IIC and
      temperature on the sex ratio, egg-to-adulthood period, and survivorship of both
      species' offspring. Individual females were offered eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda
      (J.E. Smith) for 30 min. A group of parasitized hosts was then dissected for
      determination of the self-superparasitism frequency, while another group was
      incubated at 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 degrees C. High rates of self
      superparasitism were found in both Ta (0.55 +/- 0.07) and Tp (0.62 +/- 0.06). IIC
      interacted with temperature decreasing Ta and Tp's survivorship, lengthening the
      egg-to-adulthood period in Tp and shortening it in Ta, and balancing Ta's sex
      ratio. Based on survivorship rate, Ta and Tp could not be differentiated if their
      immatures develop in absence of IIC. However, in its presence, Tp was 3 * more
      likely to survive than Ta at 33 degrees C, while at 15 degrees C Ta survived 2*
      better than Tp These results show that self-superparasitism can be very common in
      both Ta and Tp, and that its effects on the species' biological traits and
      competitiveness strongly depend on the IIC-temperature interaction.

PMID- 27354511
TI  - Detecting regional patterns of changing CO2 flux in Alaska.
AB  - With rapid changes in climate and the seasonal amplitude of carbon dioxide (CO2)
      in the Arctic, it is critical that we detect and quantify the underlying
      processes controlling the changing amplitude of CO2 to better predict carbon
      cycle feedbacks in the Arctic climate system. We use satellite and airborne
      observations of atmospheric CO2 with climatically forced CO2 flux simulations to
      assess the detectability of Alaskan carbon cycle signals as future warming
      evolves. We find that current satellite remote sensing technologies can detect
      changing uptake accurately during the growing season but lack sufficient cold
      season coverage and near-surface sensitivity to constrain annual carbon balance
      changes at regional scale. Airborne strategies that target regular vertical
      profile measurements within continental interiors are more sensitive to regional
      flux deeper into the cold season but currently lack sufficient spatial coverage
      throughout the entire cold season. Thus, the current CO2 observing network is
      unlikely to detect potentially large CO2 sources associated with deep permafrost
      thaw and cold season respiration expected over the next 50 y. Although continuity
      of current observations is vital, strategies and technologies focused on cold
      season measurements (active remote sensing, aircraft, and tall towers) and
      systematic sampling of vertical profiles across continental interiors over the
      full annual cycle are required to detect the onset of carbon release from thawing
      permafrost.

PMID- 27354513
TI  - Correction for Guo et al., Dominant hemisphere lateralization of cortical
      parasympathetic control as revealed by frontotemporal dementia.

PMID- 27354512
TI  - Analysis of tandem gene copies in maize chromosomal regions reconstructed from
      long sequence reads.
AB  - Haplotype variation not only involves SNPs but also insertions and deletions, in
      particular gene copy number variations. However, comparisons of individual
      genomes have been difficult because traditional sequencing methods give too short
      reads to unambiguously reconstruct chromosomal regions containing repetitive DNA
      sequences. An example of such a case is the protein gene family in maize that
      acts as a sink for reduced nitrogen in the seed. Previously, 41-48 gene copies of
      the alpha zein gene family that spread over six loci spanning between 30- and 500
      kb chromosomal regions have been described in two Iowa Stiff Stalk (SS) inbreds.
      Analyses of those regions were possible because of overlapping BAC clones,
      generated by an expensive and labor-intensive approach. Here we used single
      molecule real-time (Pacific Biosciences) shotgun sequencing to assemble the six
      chromosomal regions from the Non-Stiff Stalk maize inbred W22 from a single DNA
      sequence dataset. To validate the reconstructed regions, we developed an optical
      map (BioNano genome map; BioNano Genomics) of W22 and found agreement between the
      two datasets. Using the sequences of full-length cDNAs from W22, we found that
      the error rate of PacBio sequencing seemed to be less than 0.1% after
      autocorrection and assembly. Expressed genes, some with premature stop codons,
      are interspersed with nonexpressed genes, giving rise to genotype-specific
      expression differences. Alignment of these regions with those from the previous
      analyzed regions of SS lines exhibits in part dramatic differences between these
      two heterotic groups.

PMID- 27354514
TI  - Computational and experimental investigations of one-step conversion of
      poly(carbonate)s into value-added poly(aryl ether sulfone)s.
AB  - It is estimated that ~2.7 million tons poly(carbonate)s (PCs) are produced
      annually worldwide. In 2008, retailers pulled products from store shelves after
      reports of bisphenol A (BPA) leaching from baby bottles, reusable drink bottles,
      and other retail products. Since PCs are not typically recycled, a need for the
      repurposing of the PC waste has arisen. We report the one-step synthesis of
      poly(aryl ether sulfone)s (PSUs) from the depolymerization of PCs and in situ
      polycondensation with bis(aryl fluorides) in the presence of carbonate salts.
      PSUs are high-performance engineering thermoplastics that are commonly used for
      reverse osmosis and water purification membranes, medical equipment, as well as
      high temperature applications. PSUs generated through this cascade approach were
      isolated in high purity and yield with the expected thermal properties and
      represent a procedure for direct conversion of one class of polymer to another in
      a single step. Computational investigations performed with density functional
      theory predict that the carbonate salt plays two important catalytic roles in
      this reaction: it decomposes the PCs by nucleophilic attack, and in the
      subsequent polyether formation process, it promotes the reaction of phenolate
      dimers formed in situ with the aryl fluorides present. We envision repurposing
      poly(BPA carbonate) for the production of value-added polymers.

PMID- 27354515
TI  - Human antibody responses after dengue virus infection are highly cross-reactive
      to Zika virus.
AB  - Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus of significant public
      health concern. ZIKV shares a high degree of sequence and structural homology
      compared with other flaviviruses, including dengue virus (DENV), resulting in
      immunological cross-reactivity. Improving our current understanding of the extent
      and characteristics of this immunological cross-reactivity is important, as ZIKV
      is presently circulating in areas that are highly endemic for dengue. To assess
      the magnitude and functional quality of cross-reactive immune responses between
      these closely related viruses, we tested acute and convalescent sera from nine
      Thai patients with PCR-confirmed DENV infection against ZIKV. All of the sera
      tested were cross-reactive with ZIKV, both in binding and in neutralization. To
      deconstruct the observed serum cross-reactivity in depth, we also characterized a
      panel of DENV-specific plasmablast-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for
      activity against ZIKV. Nearly half of the 47 DENV-reactive mAbs studied bound to
      both whole ZIKV virion and ZIKV lysate, of which a subset also neutralized ZIKV.
      In addition, both sera and mAbs from the dengue-infected patients enhanced ZIKV
      infection of Fc gamma receptor (FcgammaR)-bearing cells in vitro. Taken together,
      these findings suggest that preexisting immunity to DENV may impact protective
      immune responses against ZIKV. In addition, the extensive cross-reactivity may
      have implications for ZIKV virulence and disease severity in DENV-experienced
      populations.

PMID- 27354516
TI  - Physiological role for amyloid precursor protein in adult experience-dependent
      plasticity.
AB  - Changes in neural circuits after experience-dependent plasticity are brought
      about by the formation of new circuits via axonal growth and pruning. Here, using
      a combination of electrophysiology, adeno-associated virus-delivered fluorescent
      proteins, analysis of mutant mice, and two-photon microscopy, we follow long
      range horizontally projecting axons in primary somatosensory cortex before and
      after selective whisker plucking. Whisker plucking induces axonal growth and
      pruning of horizontal projecting axons from neurons located in the surrounding
      intact whisker representations. We report that amyloid precursor protein is
      crucial for axonal pruning and contributes in a cell autonomous way.

PMID- 27354517
TI  - beta-arrestin-biased signaling through the beta2-adrenergic receptor promotes
      cardiomyocyte contraction.
AB  - beta-adrenergic receptors (betaARs) are critical regulators of acute
      cardiovascular physiology. In response to elevated catecholamine stimulation
      during development of congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic activation of Gs
      dependent beta1AR and Gi-dependent beta2AR pathways leads to enhanced
      cardiomyocyte death, reduced beta1AR expression, and decreased inotropic reserve.
      beta-blockers act to block excessive catecholamine stimulation of betaARs to
      decrease cellular apoptotic signaling and normalize beta1AR expression and
      inotropy. Whereas these actions reduce cardiac remodeling and mortality outcomes,
      the effects are not sustained. Converse to G-protein-dependent signaling, beta
      arrestin-dependent signaling promotes cardiomyocyte survival. Given that beta2AR
      expression is unaltered in CHF, a beta-arrestin-biased agonist that operates
      through the beta2AR represents a potentially useful therapeutic approach.
      Carvedilol, a currently prescribed nonselective beta-blocker, has been classified
      as a beta-arrestin-biased agonist that can inhibit basal signaling from betaARs
      and also stimulate cell survival signaling pathways. To understand the relative
      contribution of beta-arrestin bias to the efficacy of select beta-blockers, a
      specific beta-arrestin-biased pepducin for the beta2AR, intracellular loop (ICL)1
      9, was used to decouple beta-arrestin-biased signaling from occupation of the
      orthosteric ligand-binding pocket. With similar efficacy to carvedilol, ICL1-9
      was able to promote beta2AR phosphorylation, beta-arrestin recruitment, beta2AR
      internalization, and beta-arrestin-biased signaling. Interestingly, ICL1-9 was
      also able to induce beta2AR- and beta-arrestin-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent
      contractility in primary adult murine cardiomyocytes, whereas carvedilol had no
      efficacy. Thus, ICL1-9 is an effective tool to access a pharmacological profile
      stimulating cardioprotective signaling and inotropic effects through the beta2AR
      and serves as a model for the next generation of cardiovascular drug development.

PMID- 27354519
TI  - Correction to Supporting Information for Li et al., Root exudates drive
      interspecific facilitation by enhancing nodulation and N2 fixation.

PMID- 27354518
TI  - Tautomerization-dependent recognition and excision of oxidation damage in base
      excision DNA repair.
AB  - NEIL1 (Nei-like 1) is a DNA repair glycosylase guarding the mammalian genome
      against oxidized DNA bases. As the first enzymes in the base-excision repair
      pathway, glycosylases must recognize the cognate substrates and catalyze their
      excision. Here we present crystal structures of human NEIL1 bound to a range of
      duplex DNA. Together with computational and biochemical analyses, our results
      suggest that NEIL1 promotes tautomerization of thymine glycol (Tg)-a preferred
      substrate-for optimal binding in its active site. Moreover, this tautomerization
      event also facilitates NEIL1-catalyzed Tg excision. To our knowledge, the present
      example represents the first documented case of enzyme-promoted tautomerization
      for efficient substrate recognition and catalysis in an enzyme-catalyzed
      reaction.

PMID- 27354520
TI  - Chromosome-level assembly of Arabidopsis thaliana Ler reveals the extent of
      translocation and inversion polymorphisms.
AB  - Resequencing or reference-based assemblies reveal large parts of the small-scale
      sequence variation. However, they typically fail to separate such local variation
      into colinear and rearranged variation, because they usually do not recover the
      complement of large-scale rearrangements, including transpositions and
      inversions. Besides the availability of hundreds of genomes of diverse
      Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, there is so far only one full-length assembled
      genome: the reference sequence. We have assembled 117 Mb of the A. thaliana
      Landsberg erecta (Ler) genome into five chromosome-equivalent sequences using a
      combination of short Illumina reads, long PacBio reads, and linkage information.
      Whole-genome comparison against the reference sequence revealed 564
      transpositions and 47 inversions comprising ~3.6 Mb, in addition to 4.1 Mb of
      nonreference sequence, mostly originating from duplications. Although rearranged
      regions are not different in local divergence from colinear regions, they are
      drastically depleted for meiotic recombination in heterozygotes. Using a 1.2-Mb
      inversion as an example, we show that such rearrangement-mediated reduction of
      meiotic recombination can lead to genetically isolated haplotypes in the
      worldwide population of A. thaliana Moreover, we found 105 single-copy genes,
      which were only present in the reference sequence or the Ler assembly, and 334
      single-copy orthologs, which showed an additional copy in only one of the
      genomes. To our knowledge, this work gives first insights into the degree and
      type of variation, which will be revealed once complete assemblies will replace
      resequencing or other reference-dependent methods.

PMID- 27354521
TI  - Changes in genetic selection differentials and generation intervals in US
      Holstein dairy cattle as a result of genomic selection.
AB  - Seven years after the introduction of genomic selection in the United States, it
      is now possible to evaluate the impact of this technology on the population.
      Selection differential(s) (SD) and generation interval(s) (GI) were characterized
      in a four-path selection model that included sire(s) of bulls (SB), sire(s) of
      cows (SC), dam(s) of bulls (DB), and dam(s) of cows (DC). Changes in SD over time
      were estimated for milk, fat, and protein yield; somatic cell score (SCS);
      productive life (PL); and daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) for the Holstein breed.
      In the period following implementation of genomic selection, dramatic reductions
      were seen in GI, especially the SB and SC paths. The SB GI reduced from ~7 y to
      less than 2.5 y, and the DB GI fell from about 4 y to nearly 2.5 y. SD were
      relatively stable for yield traits, although modest gains were noted in recent
      years. The most dramatic response to genomic selection was observed for the lowly
      heritable traits DPR, PL, and SCS. Genetic trends changed from close to zero to
      large and favorable, resulting in rapid genetic improvement in fertility,
      lifespan, and health in a breed where these traits eroded over time. These
      results clearly demonstrate the positive impact of genomic selection in US dairy
      cattle, even though this technology has only been in use for a short time. Based
      on the four-path selection model, rates of genetic gain per year increased from
      ~50-100% for yield traits and from threefold to fourfold for lowly heritable
      traits.

PMID- 27354522
TI  - Temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration estimates through the PETM using
      triple oxygen isotope analysis of mammalian bioapatite.
AB  - The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is a remarkable climatic and
      environmental event that occurred 56 Ma ago and has importance for understanding
      possible future climate change. The Paleocene-Eocene transition is marked by a
      rapid temperature rise contemporaneous with a large negative carbon isotope
      excursion (CIE). Both the temperature and the isotopic excursion are well
      documented by terrestrial and marine proxies. The CIE was the result of a massive
      release of carbon into the atmosphere. However, the carbon source and quantities
      of CO2 and CH4 greenhouse gases that contributed to global warming are poorly
      constrained and highly debated. Here we combine an established oxygen isotope
      paleothermometer with a newly developed triple oxygen isotope paleo-CO2
      barometer. We attempt to quantify the source of greenhouse gases released during
      the Paleocene-Eocene transition by analyzing bioapatite of terrestrial mammals.
      Our results are consistent with previous estimates of PETM temperature change and
      suggest that not only CO2 but also massive release of seabed methane was the
      driver for CIE and PETM.

PMID- 27354524
TI  - Air pollutant emissions from Chinese households: A major and underappreciated
      ambient pollution source.
AB  - As part of the 12th Five-Year Plan, the Chinese government has developed air
      pollution prevention and control plans for key regions with a focus on the power,
      transport, and industrial sectors. Here, we investigate the contribution of
      residential emissions to regional air pollution in highly polluted eastern China
      during the heating season, and find that dramatic improvements in air quality
      would also result from reduction in residential emissions. We use the Weather
      Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry to evaluate potential
      residential emission controls in Beijing and in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei
      (BTH) region. In January and February 2010, relative to the base case,
      eliminating residential emissions in Beijing reduced daily average surface PM2.5
      (particulate mater with aerodynamic diameter equal or smaller than 2.5
      micrometer) concentrations by 14 +/- 7 MUg?m(-3) (22 +/- 6% of a baseline
      concentration of 67 +/- 41 MUg?m(-3); mean +/- SD). Eliminating residential
      emissions in the BTH region reduced concentrations by 28 +/- 19 MUg?m(-3) (40 +/-
      9% of 67 +/- 41 MUg?m(-3)), 44 +/- 27 MUg?m(-3) (43 +/- 10% of 99 +/- 54 MUg?m(
      3)), and 25 +/- 14 MUg?m(-3) (35 +/- 8% of 70 +/- 35 MUg?m(-3)) in Beijing,
      Tianjin, and Hebei provinces, respectively. Annually, elimination of residential
      sources in the BTH region reduced emissions of primary PM2.5 by 32%, compared
      with 5%, 6%, and 58% achieved by eliminating emissions from the transportation,
      power, and industry sectors, respectively. We also find air quality in Beijing
      would benefit substantially from reductions in residential emissions from
      regional controls in Tianjin and Hebei, indicating the value of policies at the
      regional level.

PMID- 27354523
TI  - Faster reproductive rates trade off against offspring growth in wild chimpanzees.
AB  - Life history theory predicts a trade-off between offspring quality and quantity.
      Among large-bodied mammals, prolonged lactation and infant dependence suggest
      particularly strong potential for a quality-quantity trade-off to exist. Humans
      are one of the only such species to have been examined, providing mixed evidence
      under a peculiar set of circumstances, including extensive nutritional
      provisioning by nonmothers and extrasomatic wealth transmission. Here, we examine
      trade-offs between reproductive rate and one aspect of offspring quality (body
      size) in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), a species with long
      periods of infant dependence and little direct provisioning. Juvenile lean body
      mass, estimated using urinary creatinine excretion, was positively associated
      with the interval to the next sibling's birth. These effects persisted into
      adolescence and were not moderated by maternal identity. Maternal depletion could
      not explain poor offspring growth, as older mothers had larger offspring, and low
      maternal energy balance during lactation predicted larger, not smaller, juvenile
      size. Instead, our data suggest that offspring growth suffers when mothers wean
      early to invest in new reproductive efforts. These findings indicate that
      chimpanzee mothers with the resources to do so prioritize production of new
      offspring over prolonged investment in current offspring.

PMID- 27354525
TI  - Epigenetics and energetics in ventral hippocampus mediate rapid antidepressant
      action: Implications for treatment resistance.
AB  - Although regulation of energy metabolism has been linked with multiple disorders,
      its role in depression and responsiveness to antidepressants is less known. We
      found that an epigenetic and energetic agent, acetyl-l-carnitine (LAC, oral
      administration), rapidly rescued the depressive- and central and systemic
      metabolic-like phenotype of LAC-deficient Flinders Sensitive Line rats (FSL).
      After acute stress during LAC treatment, a subset of FSL continued to respond to
      LAC (rFSL), whereas the other subset did not (nrFSL). RNA sequencing of the
      ventral dentate gyrus, a mood-regulatory region, identified metabolic factors as
      key markers predisposing to depression (insulin receptors Insr, glucose
      transporters Glut-4 and Glut-12, and the regulator of appetite Cartpt) and to LAC
      responsiveness (leptin receptors Lepr, metabotropic glutamate receptors-2 mGlu2,
      neuropeptide-Y NPY, and mineralocorticoid receptors MR). Furthermore, we found
      that stress-induced treatment resistance in nrFSL shows a new gene profile,
      including the metabolic regulator factors elongation of long chain fatty acids 7
      (Elovl7) and cytochrome B5 reductase 2 (Cyb5r2) and the synaptic regulator NPAS4.
      Finally, while improving central energy regulation and exerting rapid
      antidepressant-like effects, LAC corrected a systemic hyperinsulinemia and
      hyperglicemia in rFSL and failed to do that in nrFSL. These findings establish
      CNS energy regulation as a factor to be considered for the development of better
      therapeutics. Agents such as LAC that regulate metabolic factors and reduce
      glutamate overflow could rapidly ameliorate depression and could also be
      considered for treatment of insulin resistance in depressed subjects. The
      approach here serves as a model for identifying markers and underlying mechanisms
      of predisposition to diseases and treatment responsiveness that may be useful in
      translation to human behavior and psychopathology.

PMID- 27354527
TI  - Salinity of deep groundwater in California: Water quantity, quality, and
      protection.
AB  - Deep groundwater aquifers are poorly characterized but could yield important
      sources of water in California and elsewhere. Deep aquifers have been developed
      for oil and gas extraction, and this activity has created both valuable data and
      risks to groundwater quality. Assessing groundwater quantity and quality requires
      baseline data and a monitoring framework for evaluating impacts. We analyze 938
      chemical, geological, and depth data points from 360 oil/gas fields across eight
      counties in California and depth data from 34,392 oil and gas wells. By expanding
      previous groundwater volume estimates from depths of 305 m to 3,000 m in
      California's Central Valley, an important agricultural region with growing
      groundwater demands, fresh [<3,000 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS)] groundwater
      volume is almost tripled to 2,700 km(3), most of it found shallower than 1,000 m.
      The 3,000-m depth zone also provides 3,900 km(3) of fresh and saline water, not
      previously estimated, that can be categorized as underground sources of drinking
      water (USDWs; <10,000 ppm TDS). Up to 19% and 35% of oil/gas activities have
      occurred directly in freshwater zones and USDWs, respectively, in the eight
      counties. Deeper activities, such as wastewater injection, may also pose a
      potential threat to groundwater, especially USDWs. Our findings indicate that
      California's Central Valley alone has close to three times the volume of fresh
      groundwater and four times the volume of USDWs than previous estimates suggest.
      Therefore, efforts to monitor and protect deeper, saline groundwater resources
      are needed in California and beyond.

PMID- 27354526
TI  - A face-selective ventral occipito-temporal map of the human brain with
      intracerebral potentials.
AB  - Human neuroimaging studies have identified a network of distinct face-selective
      regions in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex (VOTC), with a right hemispheric
      dominance. To date, there is no evidence for this hemispheric and regional
      specialization with direct measures of brain activity. To address this gap in
      knowledge, we recorded local neurophysiological activity from 1,678 contact
      electrodes implanted in the VOTC of a large group of epileptic patients (n = 28).
      They were presented with natural images of objects at a rapid fixed rate (six
      images per second: 6 Hz), with faces interleaved as every fifth stimulus (i.e.,
      1.2 Hz). High signal-to-noise ratio face-selective responses were objectively
      (i.e., exactly at the face stimulation frequency) identified and quantified
      throughout the whole VOTC. Face-selective responses were widely distributed
      across the whole VOTC, but also spatially clustered in specific regions. Among
      these regions, the lateral section of the right middle fusiform gyrus showed the
      largest face-selective response by far, offering, to our knowledge, the first
      supporting evidence of two decades of neuroimaging observations with direct
      neural measures. In addition, three distinct regions with a high proportion of
      face-selective responses were disclosed in the right ventral anterior temporal
      lobe, a region that is undersampled in neuroimaging because of magnetic
      susceptibility artifacts. A high proportion of contacts responding only to faces
      (i.e., "face-exclusive" responses) were found in these regions, suggesting that
      they contain populations of neurons involved in dedicated face-processing
      functions. Overall, these observations provide a comprehensive mapping of visual
      category selectivity in the whole human VOTC with direct neural measures.

PMID- 27354528
TI  - Highly sensitive and unbiased approach for elucidating antibody repertoires.
AB  - Developing B lymphocytes undergo V(D)J recombination to assemble germ-line V, D,
      and J gene segments into exons that encode the antigen-binding variable region of
      Ig heavy (H) and light (L) chains. IgH and IgL chains associate to form the B
      cell receptor (BCR), which, upon antigen binding, activates B cells to secrete
      BCR as an antibody. Each of the huge number of clonally independent B cells
      expresses a unique set of IgH and IgL variable regions. The ability of V(D)J
      recombination to generate vast primary B-cell repertoires results from a
      combinatorial assortment of large numbers of different V, D, and J segments,
      coupled with diversification of the junctions between them to generate the
      complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) for antigen contact. Approaches to
      evaluate in depth the content of primary antibody repertoires and, ultimately, to
      study how they are further molded by secondary mutation and affinity maturation
      processes are of great importance to the B-cell development, vaccine, and
      antibody fields. We now describe an unbiased, sensitive, and readily accessible
      assay, referred to as high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing
      adapted repertoire sequencing (HTGTS-Rep-seq), to quantify antibody repertoires.
      HTGTS-Rep-seq quantitatively identifies the vast majority of IgH and IgL V(D)J
      exons, including their unique CDR3 sequences, from progenitor and mature mouse B
      lineage cells via the use of specific J primers. HTGTS-Rep-seq also accurately
      quantifies DJH intermediates and V(D)J exons in either productive or
      nonproductive configurations. HTGTS-Rep-seq should be useful for studies of human
      samples, including clonal B-cell expansions, and also for following antibody
      affinity maturation processes.

PMID- 27354529
TI  - Nanofluid of graphene-based amphiphilic Janus nanosheets for tertiary or enhanced
      oil recovery: High performance at low concentration.
AB  - The current simple nanofluid flooding method for tertiary or enhanced oil
      recovery is inefficient, especially when used with low nanoparticle
      concentration. We have designed and produced a nanofluid of graphene-based
      amphiphilic nanosheets that is very effective at low concentration. Our
      nanosheets spontaneously approached the oil-water interface and reduced the
      interfacial tension in a saline environment (4 wt % NaCl and 1 wt % CaCl2),
      regardless of the solid surface wettability. A climbing film appeared and grew at
      moderate hydrodynamic condition to encapsulate the oil phase. With strong
      hydrodynamic power input, a solid-like interfacial film formed and was able to
      return to its original form even after being seriously disturbed. The film
      rapidly separated oil and water phases for slug-like oil displacement. The unique
      behavior of our nanosheet nanofluid tripled the best performance of conventional
      nanofluid flooding methods under similar conditions.

PMID- 27354530
TI  - Bacterial lipids activate, synergize, and inhibit a developmental switch in
      choanoflagellates.
AB  - In choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, multicellular
      rosette development is regulated by environmental bacteria. The simplicity of
      this evolutionarily relevant interaction provides an opportunity to identify the
      molecules and regulatory logic underpinning bacterial regulation of development.
      We find that the rosette-inducing bacterium Algoriphagus machipongonensis
      produces three structurally divergent classes of bioactive lipids that, together,
      activate, enhance, and inhibit rosette development in the choanoflagellate
      Salpingoeca rosetta. One class of molecules, the lysophosphatidylethanolamines
      (LPEs), elicits no response on its own but synergizes with activating
      sulfonolipid rosette-inducing factors (RIFs) to recapitulate the full bioactivity
      of live Algoriphagus. LPEs, although ubiquitous in bacteria and eukaryotes, have
      not previously been implicated in the regulation of a host-microbe interaction.
      This study reveals that multiple bacterially produced lipids converge to
      activate, enhance, and inhibit multicellular development in a choanoflagellate.

PMID- 27354531
TI  - Substrate-assisted mechanism of RNP disruption by the spliceosomal Brr2 RNA
      helicase.
AB  - The Brr2 RNA helicase disrupts the U4/U6 di-small nuclear RNA-protein complex (di
      snRNP) during spliceosome activation via ATP-driven translocation on the U4 snRNA
      strand. However, it is unclear how bound proteins influence U4/U6 unwinding,
      which regions of the U4/U6 duplex the helicase actively unwinds, and whether
      U4/U6 components are released as individual molecules or as subcomplexes. Here,
      we set up a recombinant Brr2-mediated U4/U6 di-snRNP disruption system, showing
      that sequential addition of the U4/U6 proteins small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
      associated protein 1 (Snu13), pre-mRNA processing factor 31 (Prp31), and Prp3 to
      U4/U6 di-snRNA leads to a stepwise decrease of Brr2-mediated U4/U6 unwinding, but
      that unwinding is largely restored by a Brr2 cofactor, the C-terminal Jab1/MPN
      domain of the Prp8 protein. Brr2-mediated U4/U6 unwinding was strongly inhibited
      by mutations in U4/U6 di-snRNAs that diminish the ability of U6 snRNA to adopt an
      alternative conformation but leave the number and kind of U4/U6 base pairs
      unchanged. Irrespective of the presence of the cofactor, the helicase segregated
      a Prp3-Prp31-Snu13-U4/U6 RNP into an intact Prp31-Snu13-U4 snRNA particle, free
      Prp3, and free U6 snRNA. Together, these observations suggest that Brr2
      translocates only a limited distance on the U4 snRNA strand and does not actively
      release RNA-bound proteins. Unwinding is then completed by the partially
      displaced U6 snRNA adopting an alternative conformation, which leads to
      dismantling of the Prp3-binding site on U4/U6 di-snRNA but leaves the Prp31- and
      Snu13-binding sites on U4 snRNA unaffected. In this fashion, Brr2 can activate
      the spliceosome by stripping U6 snRNA of all precatalytic binding partners, while
      minimizing logistic requirements for U4/U6 di-snRNP reassembly after splicing.

PMID- 27354532
TI  - Biomechanics of red blood cells in human spleen and consequences for physiology
      and disease.
AB  - Red blood cells (RBCs) can be cleared from circulation when alterations in their
      size, shape, and deformability are detected. This function is modulated by the
      spleen-specific structure of the interendothelial slit (IES). Here, we present a
      unique physiological framework for development of prognostic markers in RBC
      diseases by quantifying biophysical limits for RBCs to pass through the IES,
      using computational simulations based on dissipative particle dynamics. The
      results show that the spleen selects RBCs for continued circulation based on
      their geometry, consistent with prior in vivo observations. A companion analysis
      provides critical bounds relating surface area and volume for healthy RBCs beyond
      which the RBCs fail the "physical fitness test" to pass through the IES,
      supporting independent experiments. Our results suggest that the spleen plays an
      important role in determining distributions of size and shape of healthy RBCs.
      Because mechanical retention of infected RBC impacts malaria pathogenesis, we
      studied key biophysical parameters for RBCs infected with Plasmodium falciparum
      as they cross the IES. In agreement with experimental results, surface area loss
      of an infected RBC is found to be a more important determinant of splenic
      retention than its membrane stiffness. The simulations provide insights into the
      effects of pressure gradient across the IES on RBC retention. By providing
      quantitative biophysical limits for RBCs to pass through the IES, the narrowest
      circulatory bottleneck in the spleen, our results offer a broad approach for
      developing quantitative markers for diseases such as hereditary spherocytosis,
      thalassemia, and malaria.

PMID- 27354533
TI  - Enzyme surface rigidity tunes the temperature dependence of catalytic rates.
AB  - The structural origin of enzyme adaptation to low temperature, allowing efficient
      catalysis of chemical reactions even near the freezing point of water, remains a
      fundamental puzzle in biocatalysis. A remarkable universal fingerprint shared by
      all cold-active enzymes is a reduction of the activation enthalpy accompanied by
      a more negative entropy, which alleviates the exponential decrease in chemical
      reaction rates caused by lowering of the temperature. Herein, we explore the role
      of protein surface mobility in determining this enthalpy-entropy balance. The
      effects of modifying surface rigidity in cold- and warm-active trypsins are
      demonstrated here by calculation of high-precision Arrhenius plots and
      thermodynamic activation parameters for the peptide hydrolysis reaction, using
      extensive computer simulations. The protein surface flexibility is systematically
      varied by applying positional restraints, causing the remarkable effect of
      turning the cold-active trypsin into a variant with mesophilic characteristics
      without changing the amino acid sequence. Furthermore, we show that just
      restraining a key surface loop causes the same effect as a point mutation in that
      loop between the cold- and warm-active trypsin. Importantly, changes in the
      activation enthalpy-entropy balance of up to 10 kcal/mol are almost perfectly
      balanced at room temperature, whereas they yield significantly higher rates at
      low temperatures for the cold-adapted enzyme.

PMID- 27354534
TI  - Large-scale climatic and geophysical controls on the leaf economics spectrum.
AB  - Leaf economics spectrum (LES) theory suggests a universal trade-off between
      resource acquisition and storage strategies in plants, expressed in relationships
      between foliar nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), leaf mass per area (LMA), and
      photosynthesis. However, how environmental conditions mediate LES trait
      interrelationships, particularly at large biospheric scales, remains unknown
      because of a lack of spatially explicit data, which ultimately limits our
      understanding of ecosystem processes, such as primary productivity and
      biogeochemical cycles. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and geospatial
      modeling to generate, to our knowledge, the first biospheric maps of LES traits,
      here centered on 76 million ha of Andean and Amazonian forest, to assess climatic
      and geophysical determinants of LES traits and their interrelationships.
      Elevation and substrate were codominant drivers of leaf trait distributions.
      Multiple additional climatic and geophysical factors were secondary determinants
      of plant traits. Anticorrelations between N and LMA followed general LES theory,
      but topo-edaphic conditions strongly mediated and, at times, eliminated this
      classic relationship. We found no evidence for simple P-LMA or N-P trade-offs in
      forest canopies; rather, we mapped a continuum of N-P-LMA interactions that are
      sensitive to elevation and temperature. Our results reveal nested climatic and
      geophysical filtering of LES traits and their interrelationships, with important
      implications for predictions of forest productivity and acclimation to rapid
      climate change.

PMID- 27354535
TI  - Binocular rivalry from invisible patterns.
AB  - Binocular rivalry arises when incompatible images are presented to the two eyes.
      If the two eyes' conflicting features are invisible, leading to identical
      perceptual interpretations, does rivalry competition still occur? Here we
      investigated whether binocular rivalry can be induced from conflicting but
      invisible spatial patterns. A chromatic grating counterphase flickering at 30 Hz
      appeared uniform, but produced significant tilt aftereffect and orientation
      selective adaptation. The invisible pattern also generated significant BOLD
      activities in the early visual cortex, with minimal response in the parietal and
      frontal cortical areas. Compared with perceptually matched uniform stimuli, a
      monocularly presented invisible chromatic grating enhanced the rivalry
      competition with a low-contrast visible grating presented to the other eye.
      Furthermore, switching from a uniform field to a perceptually matched invisible
      chromatic grating produced interocular suppression at approximately 200 ms after
      onset of the invisible grating. Experiments using briefly presented monocular
      probes revealed evidence for sustained rivalry competition between two invisible
      gratings during continuous dichoptic presentations. These findings indicate that
      even without visible interocular conflict, and with minimal engagement of
      frontoparietal cortex and consciousness related top-down feedback, perceptually
      identical patterns with invisible conflict features produce rivalry competition
      in the early visual cortex.

PMID- 27354536
TI  - Critical review of bariatric surgery, medically supervised diets, and behavioural
      interventions for weight management in adults.
AB  - AIMS: Patient selection of weight management treatment option is often guided by
      a variety of factors. Currently, there is no comprehensive tool to facilitate
      informed decision-making for patients and clinicians. This article aims to
      synthesise evidence on the treatment effectiveness, health benefits, risks, and
      patient experiences of treatment options presently available at the Weight
      Management Clinic at The Ottawa Hospital (TOH), as a first step towards
      developing a decision aid. METHODS: Narrative and systematic reviews published in
      English between 1999 and 2014 were included that focused on one or more of the
      following weight management treatments in adults aged 18 years and over: roux-en
      y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), medically supervised meal
      replacement, and behavioural or lifestyle intervention. RESULTS: Overall,
      bariatric surgeries have received the greatest research attention and have been
      associated not only with greater weight loss and health benefit but also with
      greater risks, complications, and financial cost. Dietary programmes demonstrated
      weight loss and health benefits to a lesser extent than with surgery but were
      associated with lower and shorter-term risks and complications. Behavioural and
      lifestyle interventions have been studied less yet have shown significant, albeit
      small, weight loss outcomes alone and in combination with dietary or surgical
      options; they also appear to be the lowest risk interventions. Patient
      experiences of weight management options are mixed and not well understood.
      CONCLUSION: Further research is needed; however, this review identified some
      general trends related to weight loss outcomes, benefits, risks, and barriers for
      weight management options that have implications for shared treatment decision
      making.

PMID- 27354537
TI  - Intracellular mechanisms modulating gamma band activity in the pedunculopontine
      nucleus (PPN).
AB  - The pedunculopontine nucleus is a part of the reticular activating system, and is
      active during waking and REM sleep. Previous results showed that all PPN cells
      tested fired maximally at gamma frequencies when depolarized. This intrinsic
      membrane property was shown to be mediated by high-threshold N- and P/Q-type
      Ca(2+) channels. Recent studies show that the PPN contains three independent
      populations of neurons which can generate gamma band oscillations through only N
      type channels, only P/Q-type channels, or both N- and P/Q-type channels. This
      study investigated the intracellular mechanisms modulating gamma band activity in
      each population of neurons. We performed in vitro patch-clamp recordings of PPN
      neurons from Sprague-Dawley rat pups, and applied 1-sec ramps to induce intrinsic
      membrane oscillations. Our results show that there are two pathways modulating
      gamma band activity in PPN neurons. We describe populations of neurons mediating
      gamma band activity through only N-type channels and the cAMP/PKA pathway
      (presumed "REM-on" neurons), through only P/Q-type channels and the CaMKII
      pathway (presumed "Wake-on" neurons), and a third population which can mediate
      gamma activity through both N-type channels and cAMP/PK and P/Q-type channels and
      CaMKII (presumed "Wake/REM-on" neurons). These novel results suggest that PPN
      gamma oscillations are modulated by two independent pathways related to different
      Ca(2+) channel types. 

PMID- 27354538
TI  - Sex differences in the response to resistance exercise training in older people.
AB  - Resistance exercise training is known to be effective in increasing muscle mass
      in older people. Acute measurement of protein metabolism data has indicated that
      the magnitude of response may differ between sexes. We compared adaptive
      responses in muscle mass and function to 18 weeks resistance exercise training in
      a cohort of older (>65 years) men and women. Resistance exercise training
      improved knee extensor maximal torque, 4 m walk time, time to complete five chair
      rises, muscle anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) and muscle quality with no
      effect on muscle fat/water ratio or plasma glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, IL
      6, and TNF-alpha Differences between sexes were observed for knee extensor
      maximal torque and muscle quality with greater increases observed in men versus
      women (P < 0.05). Maximal torque increased by 15.8 +/- 10.6% in women and 41.7 +/
      25.5% in men, whereas muscle quality increased by 8.8 +/- 17.5% in women and by
      33.7 +/- 25.6% in men. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated a difference in
      the magnitude of adaptation, of some of the outcome measures employed, in
      response to 18 weeks of resistance exercise training between men and women. The
      mechanisms underlying this observation remain to be established. 

PMID- 27354539
TI  - Measuring the short-term substrate utilization response to high-carbohydrate and
      high-fat meals in the whole-body indirect calorimeter.
AB  - The paper demonstrates that minute-to-minute metabolic response to meals with
      different macronutrient content can be measured and discerned in the whole-body
      indirect calorimeter. The ability to discriminate between high-carbohydrate and
      high-fat meals is achieved by applying a modified regularization technique with
      additional constraints imposed on oxygen consumption rate. These additional
      constraints reduce the differences in accuracy between the oxygen and carbon
      dioxide analyzers. The modified technique was applied to 63 calorimeter sessions
      that were each 24 h long. The data were collected from 16 healthy volunteers
      (eight males, eight females, aged 22-35 years). Each volunteer performed four 24
      h long calorimeter sessions. At each session, they received one of four treatment
      combinations involving exercise (high or low intensity) and diet (a high-fat or
      high-carbohydrate shake for lunch). One volunteer did not complete all four
      assignments, which brought the total number of sessions to 63 instead of 64.
      During the 24-h stay in the calorimeter, subjects wore a continuous glucose
      monitoring system, which was used as a benchmark for subject's postprandial
      glycemic response. The minute-by-minute respiratory exchange ratio (RER) data
      showed excellent agreement with concurrent subcutaneous glucose concentrations in
      postprandial state. The averaged minute-to-minute RER response to the high
      carbohydrate shake was significantly different from the response to high-fat
      shake. Also, postprandial RER slopes were significantly different for two dietary
      treatments. The results show that whole-body respiration calorimeters can be
      utilized as tools to study short-term kinetics of substrate oxidation in humans. 

PMID- 27354540
TI  - Heterozygous Hfe gene deletion leads to impaired glucose homeostasis, but not
      liver injury in mice fed a high-calorie diet.
AB  - Heterozygous mutations of the Hfe gene have been proposed as cofactors in the
      development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
      Homozygous Hfe deletion previously has been shown to lead to dysregulated hepatic
      lipid metabolism and accentuated liver injury in a dietary mouse model of NAFLD
      We sought to establish whether heterozygous deletion of Hfe is sufficient to
      promote liver injury when mice are exposed to a high-calorie diet (HCD). Eight
      week-old wild-type and Hfe(+/-) mice received 8 weeks of a control diet or HCD
      Liver histology and pathways of lipid and iron metabolism were analyzed. Liver
      histology demonstrated that mice fed a HCD had increased NAFLD activity score
      (NAS), steatosis, and hepatocyte ballooning. However, liver injury was unaffected
      by Hfe genotype. Hepatic iron concentration (HIC) was increased in Hfe(+/-) mice
      of both dietary groups. HCD resulted in a hepcidin-independent reduction in HIC
      Hfe(+/-) mice demonstrated raised fasting serum glucose concentrations and HOMA
      IR score, despite unaltered serum adiponectin concentrations. Downstream
      regulators of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (pAKT, SREBP-1, Fas, Scd1) and fatty
      acid oxidation (AdipoR2, Pparalpha, Cpt1) were largely unaffected by genotype. In
      summary, heterozygous Hfe gene deletion is associated with impaired iron and
      glucose metabolism. However, unlike homozygous Hfe deletion, heterozygous gene
      deletion did not affect lipid metabolism pathways or liver injury in this model. 

PMID- 27354541
TI  - Sexually dimorphic adaptation of cardiac function: roles of epoxyeicosatrienoic
      acid and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
AB  - Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are cardioprotective mediators metabolized by
      soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to form corresponding diols (DHETs). As a sex
      susceptible target, sEH is involved in the sexually dimorphic regulation of
      cardiovascular function. Thus, we hypothesized that the female sex favors EET
      mediated potentiation of cardiac function via downregulation of sEH expression,
      followed by upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).
      Hearts were isolated from male (M) and female (F) wild-type (WT) and sEH-KO mice,
      and perfused with constant flow at different preloads. Basal coronary flow
      required to maintain the perfusion pressure at 100 mmHg was significantly greater
      in females than males, and sEH-KO than WT mice. All hearts displayed a dose
      dependent decrease in coronary resistance and increase in cardiac contractility,
      represented as developed tension in response to increases in preload. These
      responses were also significantly greater in females than males, and sEH-KO than
      WT 14,15-EEZE abolished the sex-induced (F vs. M) and transgenic model-dependent
      (KO vs. WT) differences in the cardiac contractility, confirming an EET-driven
      response. Compared with M-WT controls, F-WT hearts expressed downregulation of
      sEH, associated with increased EETs and reduced DHETs, a pattern comparable to
      that observed in sEH-KO hearts. Coincidentally, F-WT and sEH-KO hearts exhibited
      increased PPARalpha expression, but comparable expression of eNOS, PPARbeta, and
      EET synthases. In conclusion, female-specific downregulation of sEH initiates an
      EET-dependent adaptation of cardiac function, characterized by increased coronary
      flow via reduction in vascular resistance, and promotion of cardiac
      contractility, a response that could be further intensified by PPARalpha. 

PMID- 27354542
TI  - Sleep restriction acutely impairs glucose tolerance in rats.
AB  - Chronic sleep curtailment in humans has been related to impairment of glucose
      metabolism. To better understand the underlying mechanisms, the purpose of the
      present study was to investigate the effect of acute sleep deprivation on glucose
      tolerance in rats. A group of rats was challenged by 4-h sleep deprivation in the
      early rest period, leading to prolonged (16 h) wakefulness. Another group of rats
      was allowed to sleep during the first 4 h of the light period and sleep deprived
      in the next 4 h. During treatment, food was withdrawn to avoid a postmeal rise in
      plasma glucose. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed
      immediately after the sleep deprivation period. Sleep deprivation at both times
      of the day similarly impaired glucose tolerance and reduced the early-phase
      insulin responses to a glucose challenge. Basal concentrations of plasma glucose,
      insulin, and corticosterone remained unchanged after sleep deprivation.
      Throughout IVGTTs, plasma corticosterone concentrations were not different
      between the control and sleep-deprived group. Together, these results demonstrate
      that independent of time of day and sleep pressure, short sleep deprivation
      during the resting phase favors glucose intolerance in rats by attenuating the
      first-phase insulin response to a glucose load. In conclusion, this study
      highlights the acute adverse effects of only a short sleep restriction on glucose
      homeostasis. 

PMID- 27354543
TI  - Hypoxia and hyperoxia potentiate PAF receptor-mediated effects in newborn ovine
      pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells: significance in oxygen therapy of PPHN.
AB  - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) acting via its receptor (PAFR) is implicated in
      the pathogenesis of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN).
      Effects of long-term oxygen therapy on newborn lung are not well understood;
      therefore, we studied the effect of oxygen tension on ovine newborn pulmonary
      artery smooth muscle cells (NBPASMC). Our global hypothesis is that PPHN results
      from failure of newborn lamb pulmonary system to downregulate PAFR activity or to
      upregulate vasodilatory cyclic nucleotides (Cnucs) activity. NBPASMC from
      newborns 6-12 days old were studied in vitro at three different oxygen tensions
      (pO2, [Torr]: hypoxia, <40; normoxia, 80-100; and hyperoxia, >100 Torr often
      clinically imposed upon newborns with PPHN) PAFR- and Cnucs mediated effects were
      determined. PAFR and PKA Calpha mRNA expression as well as prostacyclin,
      thromboxane, cAMP production, and DNA synthesis was studied to assess PAFR
      mediated hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia. Hypoxia and hyperoxia increased specific
      PAFR binding. PAF treatment during hyperoxia increased PAFR gene, but decreased
      PKA-Calpha gene expression. Hypoxia and hyperoxia increased NBPASMC proliferation
      via PAFR signaling. Baseline prostacyclin level was ninefold greater than in
      fetal PASMC, whereas baseline thromboxane was sevenfold less suggesting greater
      postnatal cyclooxygenase activity in NBPASMC PAF decreased, while forskolin and 8
      Br-cAMP increased cAMP production. Decrease of PAFR effects by Cnucs indicates
      that normal newborn PA physiology favors vasodilator pathways to minimize PAF
      induced hypertrophy or hyperplasia. We speculate that failure of newborn lung to
      anchor downregulation of vasoconstrictors with upregulation of vasodilators leads
      to PPHN. 

PMID- 27354544
TI  - Pericardial patch venoplasty heals via attraction of venous progenitor cells.
AB  - Pericardial patches are commonly used during cardiovascular surgery to close
      blood vessels. In arteries, patches accumulate arterial progenitor cells; we
      hypothesized that venous patches would accumulate venous progenitor cells, in the
      absence of arterial pressure. We developed a novel rat inferior vena cava (IVC)
      venotomy model and repaired it with a pericardial patch. Cells infiltrated the
      patch to form a thick neointima by day 7; some cells were CD34(+)/VEGFR2(+) and
      CD31(+)/Eph-B4(+) consistent with development of venous identity in the healing
      patch. Compared to arterial patches, the venous patches had increased neointimal
      thickness at day 7 without any pseudoaneurysms. Addition of an arteriovenous
      fistula (AVF) to increase blood flow on the patch resulted in reduced patch
      neointimal thickness and proliferation, but neointimal thickness was not
      reversible with AVF ligation. These results show that rat patch venoplasty is a
      novel model of aggressive venous neointimal hyperplasia. 

PMID- 27354545
TI  - Gallbladder motility and the sex of the guinea pig.
AB  - Progesterone (P), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) affect
      gallbladder motility. When gallbladders were taken from women and men, women had
      more estrogen and P receptors than men. Both P and E2 had an inhibitory effect
      upon gallbladder contractility in men and premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
      Similar findings have been reported in gallbladder strips from male and female
      guinea pigs. In the present study, there was no significant difference in the
      amount of E2-, P-, or DHT-induced relaxation of CCK-induced tension when the
      responses in gallbladder strips from male and female guinea pigs were compared.
      Three metabolites of P were used: 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), 20alpha
      hydroxyprogesterone (20-P), and 21-hydroxyprogesterone (21-P). There was no
      significant difference in the responses from strips from male and female guinea
      pigs. In order to determine if the effects of E2 and P were additive, strips from
      male animals were exposed to either E2 or P and the amount of relaxation
      recorded. After recovery, the strips were exposed to E2 or P in reverse order to
      ensure the order of treatment had no effect. Then, the strips were treated with
      both E2 and P simultaneously and the relaxation recorded. This procedure was
      repeated with strips from female guinea pigs. The effect of E2 and P was found to
      be additive; however, the response of the strips from each sex were not
      significantly different. It is concluded that the sex of the guinea pig has no
      significant effect on the response to the sex hormones used. 

PMID- 27354547
TI  - A pictorial review of imaging in paediatric stroke.
AB  - Stroke is recognised as an important disease in adults. Paediatric stroke is less
      understood, yet still an important cause of morbidity and mortality, with an
      incidence of 5 per 100 000 children and is one of the top 10 leading causes of
      death in children. In adults the vast majority of strokes are ischaemic, whereas
      in children haemorrhage makes up half the cases. The incidence of neonatal stroke
      is much higher, at up to 45 per 100 000 population; however, the underlying
      causes are less understood. This paper acts as a guide to the different causes of
      stroke with the key differences on imaging discussed. 

PMID- 27354546
TI  - Micro-adhesion rings surrounding TCR microclusters are essential for T cell
      activation.
AB  - The immunological synapse (IS) formed at the interface between T cells and
      antigen-presenting cells represents a hallmark of initiation of acquired
      immunity. T cell activation is initiated at T cell receptor (TCR) microclusters
      (MCs), in which TCRs and signaling molecules assemble at the interface before IS
      formation. We found that each TCR-MC was transiently bordered by a ring structure
      made of integrin and focal adhesion molecules in the early phase of activation,
      which is similar in structure to the IS in microscale. The micro-adhesion ring is
      composed of LFA-1, focal adhesion molecules paxillin and Pyk2, and myosin II
      (MyoII) and is supported by F-actin core and MyoII activity through LFA-1 outside
      in signals. The formation of the micro-adhesion ring was transient but especially
      sustained upon weak TCR stimulation to recruit linker for activation of T cells
      (LAT) and SLP76. Perturbation of the micro-adhesion ring induced impairment of
      TCR-MC development and resulted in impaired cellular signaling and cell
      functions. Thus, the synapse-like structure composed of the core TCR-MC and
      surrounding micro-adhesion ring is a critical structure for initial T cell
      activation through integrin outside-in signals.

PMID- 27354548
TI  - Images: perineal pain and malodorous drainage in a patient with rectal cancer.

PMID- 27354549
TI  - Discovery of an expanded set of avian leukosis subroup E proviruses in chickens
      using Vermillion, a novel sequence capture and analysis pipeline.
AB  - Transposable elements (TEs), such as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), are common
      in the genomes of vertebrates. ERVs result from retroviral infections of germ
      line cells, and once integrated into host DNA they become part of the host's
      heritable genetic material. ERVs have been ascribed positive effects on host
      physiology such as the generation of novel, adaptive genetic variation and
      resistance to infection, as well as negative effects as agents of tumorigenesis
      and disease. The avian leukosis virus subgroup E family (ALVE) of endogenous
      viruses of chickens has been used as a model system for studying the effects of
      ERVs on host physiology, and approximately 30 distinct ALVE proviruses have been
      described in the Gallus gallus genome. In this report we describe the development
      of a software tool, which we call Vermillion, and the use of this tool in
      combination with targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) to increase the number
      of known proviruses belonging to the ALVE family of ERVs in the chicken genome by
      4-fold, including expanding the number of known ALVE elements on chromosome 1
      (Gga1) from the current 9 to a total of 40. Although we focused on the discovery
      of ALVE elements in chickens, with appropriate selection of target sequences
      Vermillion can be used to develop profiles of other families of ERVs and TEs in
      chickens as well as in species other than the chicken. 

PMID- 27354550
TI  - Validation of Reverse-Engineered and Additive-Manufactured Microsurgical
      Instrument Prototype.
AB  - With advancements in imaging techniques, neurosurgical procedures are becoming
      highly precise and minimally invasive, thus demanding development of new
      ergonomically aesthetic instruments. Conventionally, neurosurgical instruments
      are manufactured using subtractive manufacturing methods. Such a process is
      complex, time-consuming, and impractical for prototype development and validation
      of new designs. Therefore, an alternative design process has been used utilizing
      blue light scanning, computer-aided designing, and additive manufacturing direct
      metal laser sintering (DMLS) for microsurgical instrument prototype development.
      Deviations of DMLS-fabricated instrument were studied by superimposing scan data
      of fabricated instrument with the computer-aided designing model. Content and
      concurrent validity of the fabricated prototypes was done by a group of 15
      neurosurgeons by performing sciatic nerve anastomosis in small laboratory
      animals. Comparative scoring was obtained for the control and study instrument. T
      test was applied to the individual parameters and P values for force (P < .0001)
      and surface roughness (P < .01) were found to be statistically significant. These
      2 parameters were further analyzed using objective measures. Results depicts that
      additive manufacturing by DMLS provides an effective method for prototype
      development. However, direct application of these additive-manufactured
      instruments in the operating room requires further validation.

PMID- 27354551
TI  - Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Novel Rifampin/Minocycline-Coated,
      Noncrosslinked Porcine Acellular Dermal Matrix Compared With Uncoated Scaffolds
      for Soft Tissue Repair.
AB  - Background Despite meticulous aseptic technique and systemic antibiotics,
      bacterial colonization of mesh remains a critical issue in hernia repair. A novel
      minocycline/rifampin tyrosine-coated, noncrosslinked porcine acellular dermal
      matrix (XenMatrix AB) was developed to protect the device from microbial
      colonization for up to 7 days. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in
      vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy of this device against clinically
      isolated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli.
      Methods XenMatrix AB was compared with 5 existing uncoated soft tissue repair
      devices using in vitro methods of zone of inhibition (ZOI) and scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) at 24 hours following inoculation with MRSA or E coli These
      devices were also evaluated at 7 days following dorsal implantation and
      inoculation with MRSA or E coli (60 male New Zealand white rabbits, n = 10 per
      group) for viable colony-forming units (CFU), abscess formation and
      histopathologic response, respectively. Results In vitro studies demonstrated a
      median ZOI of 36 mm for MRSA and 16 mm for E coli for XenMatrix AB, while all
      uncoated devices showed no inhibition of bacterial growth (0 mm). SEM also
      demonstrated no visual evidence of MRSA or E coli colonization on the surface of
      XenMatrix AB compared with colonization of all other uncoated devices. In vivo
      XenMatrix AB demonstrated complete inhibition of bacterial colonization, no
      abscess formation, and a reduced inflammatory response compared with uncoated
      devices. Conclusion We demonstrated that XenMatrix AB possesses potent in vitro
      and in vivo antimicrobial efficacy against clinically isolated MRSA and E coli
      compared with uncoated devices. 

PMID- 27354552
TI  - Patient-Reported Convalescence and Quality of Life Recovery: A Comparison of Open
      and Robotic-Assisted Radical Cystectomy.
AB  - Background Robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is gaining traction as a
      surgical approach, but there are limited data on patient-reported outcomes for
      this technique compared to open radical cystectomy (ORC). Objective To compare
      health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and short-term convalescence among bladder
      cancer patients who underwent ORC and RARC. Methods Review of a single
      institution bladder cancer database was conducted. Baseline and postoperative
      HRQoL was evaluated using the Bladder Cancer Index (BCI) for 324 patients who had
      ORC (n = 267) or RARC (n = 57) between 2008 and 2012. The BCI assesses function
      and bother in urinary, bowel, and sexual domains. Among 87 distinct patients (ORC
      n = 67, RARC n = 20), we also evaluated short-term postoperative convalescence
      using the Convalescence and Recovery Evaluation (CARE) questionnaire. Our primary
      outcomes were HRQoL within 12 months and short-term convalescence within 6 weeks
      following cystectomy. We fit generalized estimating equation regression models to
      estimate longitudinal changes in BCI scores within domains, and CARE domain score
      differences were tested with Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results Clinical
      characteristics and baseline BCI/CARE scores were similar between the 2 groups
      (all P > .05). Within 1 year after surgery, recovery of HRQoL across all BCI
      domains was comparable, with scores nearly returning to baseline at 1 year for
      all patients. CARE scores at 4 weeks revealed that patients treated with ORC had
      better pain (29.1 vs 20.0, P = .02) domain scores compared to RARC. These
      differences abated by week 6. Conclusions HRQoL recovery and short-term
      convalescence were similar in this cohort following ORC and RARC.

PMID- 27354553
TI  - Global Regulation of Plant Immunity by Histone Lysine Methyl Transferases.
AB  - Posttranslational modification of histones modulates gene expression affecting
      diverse biological functions. We showed that the Arabidopsis thaliana histone
      methyl transferases SET DOMAIN GROUP8 (SDG8) and SDG25 regulate pep1-, flg22-,
      and effector-triggered immunity as well as systemic acquired resistance. Genome
      wide basal and induced transcriptome changes regulated by SDG8 and/or SDG25
      showed that two genes of the SDG-dependent transcriptome, CAROTENOID ISOMERASE2
      (CCR2) and ECERIFERUM3 (CER3), were also required for plant immunity,
      establishing mechanisms in defense functions for SDG8 and SDG25. CCR2 catalyzes
      the biosynthesis of carotenoids, whereas CER3 is involved in the biosynthesis of
      cuticular wax. SDG8 and SDG25 affected distinct and overlapping global and locus
      specific histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36)
      methylations. Loss of immunity in sdg mutants was attributed to altered global
      and CCR2- and CER3-specific histone lysine methylation (HLM). Loss of immunity in
      sdg, ccr2, and cer3 mutants was also associated with diminished accumulation of
      lipids and loss of cuticle integrity. In addition, sdg8 and sdg25 mutants were
      impaired in H2B ubiquitination (H2Bubn) at CCR2, CER3, and H2Bubn regulated R
      gene, SNC1, revealing crosstalk between the two types of histone modifications.
      In summary, SDG8 and SDG25 contribute to plant immunity directly through HLM or
      indirectly through H2Bubn and by regulating expression of plant immunity genes,
      accumulation of lipids, biosynthesis of carotenoids, and maintenance of cuticle
      integrity.

PMID- 27354554
TI  - Evolutionarily Distinct BAHD N-Acyltransferases Are Responsible for Natural
      Variation of Aromatic Amine Conjugates in Rice.
AB  - Phenolamides (PAs) are specialized (secondary) metabolites mainly synthesized by
      BAHD N-acyltransferases. Here, we report metabolic profiling coupled with
      association and linkage mapping of 11 PAs in rice (Oryza sativa). We identified
      22 loci affecting PAs in leaves and 16 loci affecting PAs in seeds. We identified
      eight BAHD N-acyltransferases located on five chromosomes with diverse
      specificities, including four aromatic amine N-acyltransferases. We show that
      genetic variation in PAs is determined, at least in part, by allelic variation in
      the tissue specificity of expression of the BAHD genes responsible for their
      biosynthesis. Tryptamine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase 1/2 (Os-THT1/2) and
      tryptamine benzoyl transferase 1/2 (Os-TBT1/2) were found to be bifunctional
      tryptamine/tyramine N-acyltransferases. The specificity of Os-THT1 and Os-TBT1
      for agmatine involved four tandem arginine residues, which have not been
      identified as specificity determinants for other plant BAHD transferases,
      illustrating the versatility of plant BAHD transferases in acquiring new acyl
      acceptor specificities. With phylogenetic analysis, we identified both divergent
      and convergent evolution of N-acyltransferases in plants, and we suggest that the
      BAHD family of tryptamine/tyramine N-acyltransferases evolved conservatively in
      monocots, especially in Gramineae. Our work demonstrates that omics-assisted gene
      to-metabolite analysis provides a useful tool for bulk gene identification and
      crop genetic improvement.

PMID- 27354556
TI  - A Sorghum Mutant Resource as an Efficient Platform for Gene Discovery in Grasses.
AB  - Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is a versatile C4 crop and a model for research in
      family Poaceae. High-quality genome sequence is available for the elite inbred
      line BTx623, but functional validation of genes remains challenging due to the
      limited genomic and germplasm resources available for comprehensive analysis of
      induced mutations. In this study, we generated 6400 pedigreed M4 mutant pools
      from EMS-mutagenized BTx623 seeds through single-seed descent. Whole-genome
      sequencing of 256 phenotyped mutant lines revealed >1.8 million canonical EMS
      induced mutations, affecting >95% of genes in the sorghum genome. The vast
      majority (97.5%) of the induced mutations were distinct from natural variations.
      To demonstrate the utility of the sequenced sorghum mutant resource, we performed
      reverse genetics to identify eight genes potentially affecting drought tolerance,
      three of which had allelic mutations and two of which exhibited exact
      cosegregation with the phenotype of interest. Our results establish that a large
      scale resource of sequenced pedigreed mutants provides an efficient platform for
      functional validation of genes in sorghum, thereby accelerating sorghum breeding.
      Moreover, findings made in sorghum could be readily translated to other members
      of the Poaceae via integrated genomics approaches.

PMID- 27354555
TI  - Circadian Stress Regimes Affect the Circadian Clock and Cause Jasmonic Acid
      Dependent Cell Death in Cytokinin-Deficient Arabidopsis Plants.
AB  - The circadian clock helps plants measure daylength and adapt to changes in the
      day-night rhythm. We found that changes in the light-dark regime triggered stress
      responses, eventually leading to cell death, in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana
      plants with reduced cytokinin levels or defective cytokinin signaling. Prolonged
      light treatment followed by a dark period induced stress and cell death marker
      genes while reducing photosynthetic efficiency. This response, called circadian
      stress, is also characterized by altered expression of clock and clock output
      genes. In particular, this treatment strongly reduced the expression of CIRCADIAN
      CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY). Intriguingly,
      similar changes in gene expression and cell death were observed in clock mutants
      lacking proper CCA1 and LHY function. Circadian stress caused strong changes in
      reactive oxygen species- and jasmonic acid (JA)-related gene expression. The
      activation of the JA pathway, involving the accumulation of JA metabolites, was
      crucial for the induction of cell death, since the cell death phenotype was
      strongly reduced in the jasmonate resistant1 mutant background. We propose that
      adaptation to circadian stress regimes requires a normal cytokinin status which,
      acting primarily through the AHK3 receptor, supports circadian clock function to
      guard against the detrimental effects of circadian stress.

PMID- 27354557
TI  - The Slicer Activity of ARGONAUTE1 Is Required Specifically for the Phasing, Not
      Production, of Trans-Acting Short Interfering RNAs in Arabidopsis.
AB  - ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) mediates posttranscriptional silencing by microRNAs (miRNAs)
      and short interfering RNAS (siRNAs). AGO1-catalyzed RNA cleavage (slicing)
      represses miRNA targets, but current models also highlight the roles of slicing
      in formation of siRNAs and siRNA-AGO1 complexes. miRNA-guided slicing is required
      for biogenesis of phased, trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs), whose cleaved precursor
      fragments are converted to double-stranded RNA by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6
      (RDR6). In addition, unwinding of duplex siRNA bound to AGO1 requires passenger
      strand cleavage in vitro. In this study, we analyze how mutation of four metal
      ion-coordinating residues of Arabidopsis thaliana AGO1 affects slicer activity in
      vitro and siRNA function in vivo. We show that while all four residues are
      required for slicer activity, they do not contribute equally to catalysis.
      Moreover, passenger strand cleavage is required for assembly of active AGO1-siRNA
      complexes in vivo, and many AGO1-bound siRNAs are trimmed in the absence of
      slicer activity. Remarkably, seedlings defective in AGO1 slicer activity produce
      abundant siRNAs from tasiRNA loci in vivo. These siRNAs depend on RDR6 and
      SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3, but unlike wild-type tasiRNAs, they are unphased.
      These results demonstrate that slicing is solely required for phase definition of
      tasiRNAs, and they strongly support recruitment of RDR6 by AGO1 rather than by
      cleavage fragments.

PMID- 27354559
TI  - Invisible No Longer: Peptidoglycan in Moss Chloroplasts.

PMID- 27354558
TI  - Arabidopsis CSLD5 Functions in Cell Plate Formation in a Cell Cycle-Dependent
      Manner.
AB  - In plants, the presence of a load-bearing cell wall presents unique challenges
      during cell division. Unlike other eukaryotes, which undergo contractile
      cytokinesis upon completion of mitosis, plants instead synthesize and assemble a
      new dividing cell wall to separate newly formed daughter cells. Here, we mine
      transcriptome data from individual cell types in the Arabidopsis thaliana
      stomatal lineage and identify CSLD5, a member of the Cellulose Synthase Like-D
      family, as a cell wall biosynthesis enzyme uniquely enriched in rapidly dividing
      cell populations. We further show that CSLD5 is a direct target of SPEECHLESS,
      the master transcriptional regulator of these divisions during stomatal
      development. Using a combination of genetic analysis and in vivo localization of
      fluorescently tagged fusion proteins, we show that CSLD5 preferentially
      accumulates in dividing plant cells where it participates in the construction of
      newly forming cell plates. We show that CSLD5 is an unstable protein that is
      rapidly degraded upon completion of cell division and that the protein turnover
      characteristics of CSLD5 are altered in ccs52a2 mutants, indicating that CSLD5
      turnover may be regulated by a cell cycle-associated E3-ubiquitin ligase, the
      anaphase-promoting complex.

PMID- 27354561
TI  - Regulatory principles in metabolism-then and now.
AB  - The importance of metabolic pathways for life and the nature of participating
      reactions have challenged physiologists and biochemists for over a hundred years.
      Eric Arthur Newsholme contributed many original hypotheses and concepts to the
      field of metabolic regulation, demonstrating that metabolic pathways have a
      fundamental thermodynamic structure and that near identical regulatory mechanisms
      exist in multiple species across the animal kingdom. His work at Oxford
      University from the 1970s to 1990s was groundbreaking and led to better
      understanding of development and demise across the lifespan as well as the basis
      of metabolic disruption responsible for the development of obesity, diabetes and
      many other conditions. In the present review we describe some of the original
      work of Eric Newsholme, its relevance to metabolic homoeostasis and disease and
      application to present state-of-the-art studies, which generate substantial
      amounts of data that are extremely difficult to interpret without a fundamental
      understanding of regulatory principles. Eric's work is a classical example of how
      one can unravel very complex problems by considering regulation from a cell,
      tissue and whole body perspective, thus bringing together metabolic biochemistry,
      physiology and pathophysiology, opening new avenues that now drive discovery
      decades thereafter.

PMID- 27354560
TI  - Protein partners of the calcium channel beta subunit highlight new cellular
      functions.
AB  - Calcium plays a key role in cell signalling by its intervention in a wide range
      of physiological processes. Its entry into cells occurs mainly via voltage-gated
      calcium channels (VGCC), which are found not only in the plasma membrane of
      excitable cells but also in cells insensitive to electrical signals. VGCC are
      composed of different subunits, alpha1, beta, alpha2delta and gamma, among which
      the cytosolic beta subunit (Cavbeta) controls the trafficking of the channel to
      the plasma membrane, its regulation and its gating properties. For many years,
      these were the main functions associated with Cavbeta. However, a growing number
      of proteins have been found to interact with Cavbeta, emphasizing the
      multifunctional role of this versatile protein. Interestingly, some of the newly
      assigned functions of Cavbeta are independent of its role in the regulation of
      VGCC, and thus further increase its functional roles. Based on the identity of
      Cavbeta protein partners, this review emphasizes the diverse cellular functions
      of Cavbeta and summarizes both past findings as well as recent progress in the
      understanding of VGCC.

PMID- 27354562
TI  - The growing landscape of tubulin acetylation: lysine 40 and many more.
AB  - Tubulin heterodimers are the building block of microtubules, which are major
      elements of the cytoskeleton. Several types of post-translational modifications
      are found on tubulin subunits as well as on the microtubule polymer to regulate
      the multiple roles of microtubules. Acetylation of lysine 40 (K40) of the alpha
      tubulin subunit is one of these post-translational modifications which has been
      extensively studied. We summarize the current knowledge about the structural
      aspects of K40 acetylation, the functional consequences, the enzymes involved and
      their regulation. Most importantly, we discuss the potential importance of the
      recently discovered additional acetylation acceptor lysines in tubulin subunits
      and highlight the urgent need to study tubulin acetylation in a more integrated
      perspective.

PMID- 27354563
TI  - Degradation of dyes using crude extract and a thermostable and pH-stable laccase
      isolated from Pleurotus nebrodensis.
AB  - Three laccase isoenzymes (Lac1, Lac2 and Lac3) have been purified to homogeneity
      from Pleurotus nebrodensis in our previous study. Lac2 was shown to be the
      dominant isoform, capable of oxidizing the majority of laccase substrates and
      manifesting good thermostability and pH stability. Hence, Lac2 was selected to
      decolourize structurally different dyes and the colour removal efficiencies of
      Lac2 and the crude extract of P. nebrodensis were compared. By monitoring the
      lambdamax of the reaction system during the course of biotransformation, clear
      hypsochromic shifts were observed for most of the dyes examined, illustrating
      that at least one peak disappeared as a result of laccase treatment. In general,
      Lac2 was more efficient within a short time (1 h) and the crude extract, in
      general, could achieve similar or even higher efficiency when the duration of
      treatment was extended to 24 h. Malachite green (MG) was chosen to study the
      detoxifying potential of Lac2, because of the relatively simple structure and
      high toxicity of the dye towards microorganisms. The toxicity of MG towards both
      bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas fluorescens and
      Escherichia coli) and fungi (Fusarium graminearum and Trichoderma harzianum) was
      dramatically decreased and the potential mechanism was estimated by GC-MS as to
      remove four methyl groups firstly and the two newly formed amine groups would be
      degraded or polymerized further. The present study facilitates an understanding
      of the application of P. nebrodensis laccases and furnishes evidence for the
      safety of their utilization in the treatment of wastewater emanating from textile
      industries.

PMID- 27354564
TI  - MicroRNA-720 suppresses M2 macrophage polarization by targeting GATA3.
AB  - Macrophages are highly plastic cells with the ability to differentiate into both
      M1- and M2-polarized phenotypes. As a distinct M2-polarized population, tumour
      associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumorigenesis owing to their pro-angiogenic
      and immune-suppressive functions in tumour microenvironment. In the present
      study, we found that the microRNA-720 (miR-720) was down-regulated in TAMs
      isolated from breast carcinomas and M2-polarization macrophages. Overexpression
      of miR-720 attenuated M2 phenotype expression and thus inhibited M2 polarization.
      We further identified GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), a transcriptional factor
      that plays an important role in M2 macrophage polarization, was the downstream
      target of miR-720 Ectopic expression of GATA3 restored the M2 phenotype in miR
      720 overexpressed macrophages. Importantly, overexpression of miR-720 inhibited
      pro-migration behaviour and phagocytic ability of M2-polarized macrophages. Thus,
      our data suggest that miR-720 plays an important role in regulating M2 macrophage
      polarization and function.

PMID- 27354565
TI  - Putting pontine anatomy into clinical practice: the 16 syndrome.
AB  - The anatomical localisation of brainstem syndromes is the domain of the clinical
      neurologist, though MRI has made an encyclopaedic knowledge of neuroanatomy less
      crucial. Isolated pontine syndromes comprise ~20% of the brainstem lacunar
      syndromes. Typical presentations such as pure motor hemiparesis and ataxic
      hemiparesis are easily recognisable but atypical syndromes, particularly when
      bilateral, may present with puzzling signs. We discuss a patient with an unusual
      acute bilateral brainstem syndrome, in whom MRI was contraindicated. We use the
      relevant neuroanatomy to support the likely diagnosis of bilateral caudal pontine
      tegmentum infarction due to occlusion of a single paramedian pontine tegmental
      perforating artery.

PMID- 27354567
TI  - Commentary.

PMID- 27354568
TI  - Commentary.

PMID- 27354566
TI  - Pheochromocytoma Masked by Mutation in the TH Gene.

PMID- 27354570
TI  - The Case of the Purple Urinary Collection Bag.

PMID- 27354569
TI  - Comparison of 3 Methodologies for Genotyping of Small Deletion and Insertion
      Polymorphisms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The quantification of genomic chimerism is increasingly recognized
      for its clinical significance after transplantation. Before the measurement of
      chimerism, accurate genotyping of genetic polymorphisms for informative alleles
      that can distinguish donor DNA from recipient DNA is essential. The ease of
      allelic discrimination of small deletion and insertion polymorphisms (DIPs) makes
      DIPs attractive markers to track chimerism. Current methodologies for the
      genotyping of DIPs are largely based on "open-tube" approaches. "Closed-tube"
      approaches involving no or minimal post-PCR handling are preferred. We compared 3
      distinct methodologies to determine an optimal platform for DIP genotyping.
      METHODS: Genomic DNA from 19 normal individuals was genotyped for 6 small
      biallelic DIPs using high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA), probe-free droplet
      digital PCR (ddPCR), and microfluidic electrophoresis of PCR products. For HRMA,
      3 different platforms were compared. RESULTS: Our newly developed probe-free
      ddPCR approach allowed the genotype of each DIP to be determined by fluorescence
      intensity based on amplicon size. Microfluidic electrophoresis also allowed
      genotypes to be determined by amplicon size. HRMA assays allowed the genotype of
      each DIP to be determined by melting profile. Genotyping results were concordant
      between the 3 methodologies. HRMA was the most readily performed methodology and
      was robust across 3 separate HRMA-capable platforms. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated
      the effectiveness of probe-free ddPCR to accurately genotype small biallelic
      DIPs. Nevertheless, HRMA proved to be the optimal approach for genotyping small
      DIPs because closed-tube approaches are preferred owing to rapid and less
      laborious workflows and least risk of PCR contamination.

PMID- 27354571
TI  - What's Missing?

PMID- 27354572
TI  - How Does Obesity Affect an Individual's Chances of Developing Cancer?

PMID- 27354573
TI  - All Biomedical and Health Science Researchers, Including Laboratory Physicians
      and Scientists, Need Adequate Education and Training in Study Design and
      Statistics.

PMID- 27354575
TI  - Measuring Adherence to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis through Dried Blood Spots.

PMID- 27354576
TI  - English Countryside on a Sunny Day in Spring.

PMID- 27354577
TI  - Cinema: Its Surreptitious Service to Science.

PMID- 27354579
TI  - Current Status of Biological Therapies for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma.
AB  - Compared to early-stage melanoma when surgical excision is possible, metastatic
      disease continues to offer a much grimmer prognosis as traditional chemotherapy
      treatment regimens offer relatively little survival benefit. This has led to
      changes in treatment approaches over the preceding two decades as contemporary
      methods for the treatment of advanced or metastatic melanoma now involve a number
      of biological modalities, which include immunotherapeutic approaches, targeted
      therapies and epigenetic modification therapies. Clinically available
      immunotherapeutic agents include interleukin 2 (IL-2), as well as drugs targeting
      the important immune checkpoint molecules, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
      associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). The
      targeted therapeutic agents modulate specific pro-oncogenic mutations such as v
      Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), receptor tyrosine kinases,
      MEK inhibitors and potential future therapeutic targets, such as the CDK4/CDK6,
      PTEN and GNAQ/GNA11 genes. Additionally, an increasing understanding of the role
      of epigenetic alterations in the development and progression of melanoma now
      offers a new potential drug target. Several of these agents have shown promising
      results; however, in many investigations, combinations of different therapeutic
      approaches, each with different mechanisms of action, have yielded improved
      outcomes as treatment regimens continue to be further optimized by active
      research and patient disease sub-group analyses. This review summarizes the novel
      biological agents and new treatments, directly contributing to the significant
      improvement of biological therapies and markedly advancing knowledge of clinical
      application of newly approved and developed therapies in treatment of patients
      with metastatic melanoma. 

PMID- 27354580
TI  - The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Scandinavia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complementary alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used among
      patients with cancer. This usage may have potentially harmful effects, especially
      when combined with anticancer drugs. However, some complementary methods may
      benefit patients. This review investigated the prevalence of CAM use among
      patients with cancer in Scandinavia and secondly studied the educational levels
      of CAM users compared to non-users. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of
      the PubMed library was carried out to locate articles published between January
      2000 and October 2015 that investigated prevalence of CAM use among Scandinavian
      patients with cancer. RESULTS: Twenty-two articles were found, of which nine were
      included in the review. The prevalence of CAM use was 7.9% to 53%, with an
      average of 36.0% across all studies. CONCLUSION: Use of CAM is widespread among
      patients with cancer. Knowledge about CAM should be disseminated to both patients
      and staff in order to optimise discussions about CAM in clinical practice.

PMID- 27354581
TI  - Non-routine Tracers for PET Imaging of High-grade Glioma.
AB  - Thorough imaging is crucial for diagnosis and treatment of high-grade gliomas
      (HGG), lethal brain tumours with median survival ranging 1-5 years after
      diagnosis. Positron-emission tomography (PET) is acquiring importance in imaging
      of HGG since it has the formidable advantage of providing information on tumour
      metabolism that may be critical for correct diagnosis and treatment planning.
      Recently employed PET tracers designed for the non-routine investigation of
      specific aspects of HGG metabolism, including hypoxia, neoangiogenesis,
      expression of integrins and stem cell markers, are reviewed herein. A thorough
      choice from among these non-routine tracers may provide important metabolic
      information complementing those obtained with more common PET analyses, for the
      sake of diagnostic, prognostic, treatment planning or research purposes. 

PMID- 27354582
TI  - Premalignant Oral Lesion Cells Elicit Increased Cytokine Production and
      Activation of T-cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are known to evade the
      host immune response. How premalignant oral lesions modulate the immune response,
      however, has yet to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mouse model of oral
      carcinogenesis was used to determine how mediators from premalignant oral lesion
      cells vs. HNSCC cells impact on immune cytokine production and activation.
      RESULTS: Media conditioned by premalignant lesion cells elicited an increased
      production of T cell-associated cytokines and proinflammatory mediators from
      cervical lymph node cells compared to media conditioned by HNSCC cells or media
      alone. In the presence of premalignant lesion cell-conditioned media, CD4(+) T
      cell expression of the IL-2 receptor CD25 and CD8(+) T cell expression of the
      activation marker CD69 was greater, compared to what was induced in HNSCC cell
      conditioned media or media alone. CONCLUSION: Premalignant lesion cells promote a
      proinflammatory environment and induce immune changes before HNSCC tumors are
      established.

PMID- 27354583
TI  - Delivery of siRNA Using Cationic Liposomes Incorporating Stearic Acid-modified
      Octa-Arginine.
AB  - Cationic liposomes incorporating stearic acid-modified octa-arginine (StA-R8)
      were evaluated for survivin small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery. StA-R8 was
      synthesized and incorporated into liposomes. The composition of liposomes was
      optimized. Physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and gene
      silencing activity of the liposomes complexed to survivin siRNA were
      investigated. The results showed that StA-R8-containing liposomes had reduced
      cytotoxicity and improved delivery efficiency of siRNA into cancer cells compared
      with StA-R8 by itself. 

PMID- 27354584
TI  - Profiling of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Heterogeneity Identifies
      Protein Expression-defined Subclasses of Human Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway plays a
      prominent role in the growth and progression of human cancer, including non-small
      cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The key mediators of VEGF signaling are a family of
      related receptor tyrosine kinases that include VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3. The
      relative expression levels, activity, and cross-talk among these receptors may
      contribute to response of NSCLC to anti-angiogenic therapies, and a better
      systematic, translatable approach to categorizing tumors is needed. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We comparatively evaluated immunohistochemical expression of the three
      VEGFRs in archival primary NSCLC tissues (n=96). RESULTS: VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 were
      localized both in vessels and tumor cells, while VEGFR3 was only localized in
      tumor vessels. A set of eight VEGFR staining subclasses were identified: Triple
      VEGFR positive (n=11, 11.5%), VEGFR1 predominant (n=22, 22.9%), VEGFR2
      predominant (n=9, 9.4%), VEGFR3 predominant (n=3, 3.1%), VEGFR1/2 predominant
      (13, 13.5%), VEGFR1/3 predominant (2, 2.1%), VEGFR2/3 predominant (n=8, 8.3%),
      and triple VEGFR negative (n=28, 29.2%). An objective categorization based on K
      means clustering revealed four clusters, three of which showed high VEGFR2
      compared to VEGFR3 (30.7% of cases), cases high in both VEGFR2 and VEGFR3
      (18.2%), and cases that were negative/low for both VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 (45.4%). A
      positive association between VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 was found, however no associations
      were observed between VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, nor VEGFR1 and VEGFR3. CONCLUSION: The
      proposed subclasses of NSCLC are an approach for complementing lines of
      investigation of anti-angiogenic therapies beginning with systematic
      characterization of the disease.

PMID- 27354585
TI  - Histone Methylation by Temozolomide; A Classic DNA Methylating Anticancer Drug.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The alkylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ), is considered the
      standard-of-care for high-grade astrocytomas -known as glioblastoma multiforme
      (GBM)- an aggressive type of tumor with poor prognosis. The therapeutic benefit
      of TMZ is attributed to formation of DNA adducts involving the methylation of
      purine bases in DNA. We investigated the effects of TMZ on arginine and lysine
      amino acids, histone H3 peptides and histone H3 proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Chemical modification of amino acids, histone H3 peptide and protein by TMZ was
      performed in phosphate buffer at physiological pH. The reaction products were
      examined by mass spectrometry and western blot analysis. RESULTS: Our results
      showed that TMZ following conversion to a methylating cation, can methylate
      histone H3 peptide and histone H3 protein, suggesting that TMZ exerts its
      anticancer activity not only through its interaction with DNA, but also through
      alterations of protein post-translational modifications. CONCLUSION: The
      possibility that TMZ can methylate histones involved with epigenetic regulation
      of protein indicates a potentially unique mechanism of action. The study will
      contribute to the understanding the anticancer activity of TMZ in order to
      develop novel targeted molecular strategies to advance the cancer treatment.

PMID- 27354586
TI  - Inhibitory Effect of Anti-rheumatic Drug Iguratimod for Hepatocellular
      Carcinogenesis by Inhibition of Serum Interleukin-8 Production.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Angiogenesis is a known factor for the development of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to assess the property
      of iguratimod, that is an anti-inflammatory drug for rheumatoid arthritis, on
      anti-angiogenesis and anti-carcinogensis for HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In
      vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were cultured under interleukin-8
      (IL-8) with or without iguratimod. In vivo, a rat model with HCC received
      iguratimod or distilled water for 6 weeks. Diameter of the largest tumor, number
      of tumors and serum interleukin-8 concentration were compared between iguratimod
      and control groups. RESULTS: By an in vitro angiogenesis assay, it was found
      angiogenesis in iguratimod group was significantly lower than that in control
      group (p=0.013). In vivo, largest tumor diameter (p=0.036), number of the tumor
      (p=0.011) and serum interleukin-8 concentration (p=0.036) in the iguratimod group
      were significantly smaller and lower than those in the control group. CONCLUSION:
      Iguratimod may inhibit hepatocellular carcinogensis by inhibition of interleukin
      8 production in a rat model.

PMID- 27354587
TI  - 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 Analog, MART-10, Inhibits Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Growth
      Through Induction of G0/G1 Cell-cycle Arrest and Apoptosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are the second most common digestive
      malignancy. For advanced NETs, survival is not satisfactory. Vitamin D has
      emerged as a promising anticancer drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell proliferation
      assay, western blot, flow cytometry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
      dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays were applied. RESULTS: We demonstrated that
      RIN-m cells, neuroendocrine tumor cells, expressed vitamin D receptor (VDR) and
      VDR expression increased with increasing exposure to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin
      D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3] or MART-10, a 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 analog. MART-10 had anti
      growth effect on RIN-m cells comparable to those of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 The growth
      inhibition of both drugs was mediated by induction of cell-cycle arrest at G0/G1
      phase and apoptosis. Western blot assay further revealed that this G0/G1 arrest
      was due to the up-regulation of p27 and down-regulation of cyclin dependent
      kinase 4 (CDK4), with MART-10 also reducing CDK6. Apoptosis induction was further
      supported by increased cleaved caspase-3 expression after treatment. CONCLUSION:
      MART-10 appears to be a promising regimen for NET treatment.

PMID- 27354588
TI  - bFGF Up-regulation Reduces Spontaneous Necrosis of VX2 Tumors Without Increasing
      Tumoral Microvascular Density.
AB  - AIM: To determine whether up-regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)
      in VX2 cells reduces tumor necrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: VX2 cells were
      transfected with expression vector containing cDNA of rabbit bFGF. Stable clones
      producing rabbit bFGF (bFGF-VX2) were selected. bFGF-VX2 (n=5) or non-transfected
      VX2 (control) (n=5) cells were implanted into leg muscle of 10 rabbits. The
      tumors were characterized 21 days after grafting. RESULTS: Overexpression of bFGF
      by VX2 tumors significantly reduced necrosis (p<0.0223) and increased cell
      viability (p<0.0223), without effect on the mean vascular density. bFGF
      concentration was significantly higher in bFGF-VX2 tumors (p<0.0062) and
      negatively correlated with tumor volume at day 21 (rho=-0.927, p<0.0034).
      Vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was significantly lower in bFGF
      VX2 tumors (p<0.0105) and negatively correlated with the bFGF concentration of
      tumors (rho=-0.903, p<0.0067). CONCLUSION: The overexpression of bFGF in VX2
      cells increased tumor viability and reduced necrosis, making the evaluation of
      long-term anticancer therapies possible in this model.

PMID- 27354589
TI  - Drug-induced Modulation of Heat Shock Protein HSPB1 in an Ovarian Cancer Cell
      Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heat-shock protein HSPB1 (alternative name HSP27) plays a pivotal
      role in cell survival pathways, apoptosis, metastasis and has been frequently
      linked to treatment resistance in ovarian cancer (OC) and other malignancies.
      Characteristic HSPB1 induction in different solid tumors is often caused by
      cytotoxic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in vitro OC cell model system was
      established to characterize resistance mechanisms during chemotherapy. Human OC
      cell lines OVCAR-3, SK-OV-3 and TOV-21G were treated with paclitaxel or
      carboplatin. Cellular growth was analyzed by cell counting. Intra- and
      extracellular HSPB1 concentrations were assessed by western blot and enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: Incubation with paclitaxel, and with
      carboplatin significantly reduced cell growth without a definitive increase of
      intracellular HSPB1 expression. HSPB1 demonstrated drug-inducible secretion into
      the extracellular compartment. CONCLUSION: Despite its current lack of analysis
      in patient samples, serum soluble HSPB1 may function as a specific biomarker for
      monitoring response to chemotherapy in patients with OC.

PMID- 27354590
TI  - The Tumor Suppressor MicroRNA-1 Exhibits Restricted Inhibition of Proliferation
      of Ovarian Cancer Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs are able to control vital tumor biological processes, such
      as proliferation, tissue transformation and cell migration, as well as apoptosis.
      One of the micro RNAs, namely miR-1, has been classified as a tumor suppressor,
      however, preliminary data did not confirm this finding in ovarian cancer (OC)
      cells. This study examined the impact of miR-1 on OC cell growth. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Recombinant miR-1 was overexpressed in human OC cell lines OVCAR-3, SK
      OV-3, TOV-112D, and TOV-21G. Subsequently, cell growth was analyzed. RESULTS:
      After transfection, 11- to 487-fold overexpression of miR-1 was detectable in the
      OC cells. However, no significant differences in proliferation compared to
      control cells were detected, neither in transiently nor in stably transfected
      cells. CONCLUSION: In numerous cancer entities miR-1 is defined as an
      antiproliferative tumor suppressor. Notably, the present study demonstrated a
      loss of growth-inhibitory functionality of miR-1 by so far unknown mechanisms,
      suggesting dysregulated miR-1 signaling or effector cascades in OC cells.

PMID- 27354591
TI  - Contribution of Matrix Metallopeptidase-1 Genotypes, Smoking, Alcohol Drinking
      and Areca Chewing to Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Susceptibility.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) has been
      demonstrated to be correlated with lymph node metastasis of nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma (NPC); however, the genotypic role of MMP-1 is not well understand. The
      present study aimed to assess the contribution of MMP-1 promoter -1607 genotypes,
      combined with environmental carcinogens, on the predisposition to NPC
      tumorigenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MMP-1 promoter -1607 genotypes were
      examined for 352 age- and gender-matched controls and 176 NPC patients by
      polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
      methodology. RESULTS: We found that the MMP-1 promoter -1607 heterozygous 1G/2G
      and homozygous 1G/1G genotypes, were more and more prone to be associated with
      NPC risk (odds ratio (OR)=0.64 and 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.43-1.03
      and 0.36-0.96, p=0.0659 and 0.0932, respectively). In the dominant models, there
      was a significant association between the genotype of MMP-1 promoter -1607 and
      NPC risk (OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.43-0.91, p=0.0359). In addition, individuals carrying
      the 1G allele at MMP-1 promoter -1607 were less susceptible to NPC (OR=0.73;
      95%CI=0.59 to 0.96, p=0.0418) after adjustment for age, gender, cigarette,
      alcohol and areca consumption. CONCLUSION: The 1G/1G genotype of MMP-1 promoter 
      1607 may independently have a protective effect on NPC risk, without interaction
      with behavioral factors, including cigarette, alcohol and areca consumption.

PMID- 27354592
TI  - Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Genetic Polymorphism in Breast Cancer in Taiwanese.
AB  - AIM: Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes involved in many
      physiological processes, such as skeletal development, wound healing, and scar
      formation, as well as carcinogenesis. However, the contribution of MMP1 genotype
      to breast cancer has not been elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the
      contribution of commonly studied MMP1 promoter 1607 genotype to breast cancer
      risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this hospital-based case-control study,
      contribution of MMP1 genotype to breast cancer risk was evaluated among 1,232
      patients with breast cancer and 1,232 gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS:
      The distribution of 2G/2G, 1G/2G and 1G/1G for MMP1 promoter 1607 genotype was
      36.0%, 41.3% and 22.7% in the breast cancer group and 34.2%, 44.5% and 21.3% in
      the non-cancer group, respectively (p for trend=0.2820). We also analyzed the
      allelic frequency distributions and found that the variant 1G allele of MMP1
      promoter 1607 conferred similar breast cancer susceptibility as the wild-type 2G
      allele (odds ratio=0.99, 95% confidence interval=0.89-1.11, p=0.8858). There was
      no interaction between MMP1 promoter 1607 genotype and cigarette smoking or
      alcohol drinking habits. CONCLUSION: The genotype of MMP1 promoter 1607 may not
      be a major determining factor for breast cancer risk. The contribution of MMP1
      promoter 1607 genotype to prognosis and subtypes of breast cancer needs further
      investigation.

PMID- 27354593
TI  - alpha-Hexylcinnamaldehyde Synergistically Increases Doxorubicin Cytotoxicity
      Towards Human Cancer Cell Lines.
AB  - AIM: alpha-Hexylcinnamaldehyde (HCA), a compound derived from cinnamaldehyde, was
      evaluated for its potential chemosensitizing properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The cytotoxicity of HCA was tested against Caco-2, CCRF/CEM and CEM/ADR5000 human
      cancer cells. Furthermore, its ability to increase doxorubicin cytotoxicity was
      evaluated in combination assays. Rhodamine123 efflux assay was carried out in
      order to highlight the possible interference of HCA with functionality of ATP
      binding cassette (ABC)-transporters. RESULTS: In spite of a low cytotoxicity, HCA
      increased the antiproliferative effect of doxorubicin in all the cell lines
      tested, being particularly effective in CCRF/CEM. The compound also reduced the
      rhodamine123 efflux in Caco-2 and CEM/ADR5000 cells, suggesting a possible
      interference with ABC transporter functionality. CONCLUSION: Considering that the
      greatest synergism between HCA and DOX was found against CCRF/CEM cells (lacking
      ABC pumps), it seems likely that non-specific mechanisms, including the
      alteration of membrane permeability, could be involved in the chemosensitizing
      effect of HCA.

PMID- 27354594
TI  - Impact of Genetic Variation in MicroRNA-binding Site on Susceptibility to
      Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - The present study analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at
      putative microRNA(miRNA)-binding sites of the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) in
      different genes and investigated their impact on the susceptibility to colorectal
      cancer (CRC). Ninety-two SNPs were selected using an in silico analysis of 3'-UTR
      SNPs in an SNP database and their miRNA binding efficiency was calculated using
      several miRNA databases and the HapMap database. Two independent study sets were
      used: 380 healthy controls and 371 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma for
      the discovery set, and 521 healthy controls and 524 patients with colorectal
      adenocarcinoma for the validation set. The SNP genotyping was performed using a
      Sequenom MassARRAY. In addition, a luciferase assay was used to investigate
      whether miR-370 modulated docking protein 3 (DOK3) gene expression when
      rs2279398G>A was included in the DOK3 3'-UTR region. For the discovery set, 16
      out of 92 SNPs were significantly associated with the risk of CRC in at least one
      of the genetic models. The validation set showed that among these 16 SNPs, DOK3
      rs2279398G>A was significantly associated with reduced risk of CRC in a recessive
      model [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.44-0.97,
      p=0.03]. In a combined analysis, DOK3 rs2279398G>A was associated with a
      significantly reduced risk of CRC in a co-dominant and recessive model (aOR=0.84,
      95% CI=0.73-0.96, p=0.012; aOR=0.65, CI=0.49-0.88, p=0.004, respectively).
      Significantly lower Renilla activity was also observed with the rs2279398 AA
      construct when compared to the rs2279398 GG construct (p<0.001). DOK3
      rs2279398G>A may affect the expression of DOK3 by altering the miRNA binding
      efficiency at the miRNA-binding sites of the 3'-UTR in DOK3, thereby impacting
      CRC tumorigenesis. 

PMID- 27354595
TI  - Photodynamic Therapy Potentiates the Effects of Curcumin on Pediatric Epithelial
      Liver Tumor Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Curcumin (CUM) is a promising agent in complementary oncology.
      The present study analyzed the photoactive properties of curcumin on pediatric
      epithelial liver tumor cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hepatoblastoma cell
      lines (HuH6, HepT1) and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2, HC-AFW1) were
      treated with curcumin and exposed to blue light (phototherapy, 480 nm, 300 W).
      Cell viability (MTT tests), cellular oxidative stress (production of reactive
      oxygen species (ROS)) and cellular uptake/degradation of curcumin were analyzed.
      RESULTS: Significant loss of viability resulted from 24-48 h incubation with
      curcumin. With photodynamic therapy (PDT), even short time incubation (1 h) with
      curcumin resulted in significantly lower half maximal inhibitory concentration
      (IC50) (p<0.001, two-way ANOVA). Significant ROS production was observed with PDT
      and curcumin. CONCLUSION: Phototherapy strongly enhances the anticancer
      properties of curcumin in pediatric solid liver tumors in vitro.

PMID- 27354596
TI  - A Cytokine Cocktail Augments the Efficacy of Adoptive NK-92 Cell Therapy Against
      Mouse Xenografts of Human Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activated with
      immobilized monoclonal antibody against cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3)
      secrete cytokines in their culture supernatant (termed ACD3S). We examined the
      antitumor efficacy of ACD3S-activated NK-92 cells in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Interleukin (IL) 2-depleted NK-92 cells were reactivated with ACD3S,
      analyzed for their phenotype and tested for cytotoxicity, and perforin and
      interferon gamma (IFNgamma) production. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)
      mice xenografted with human melanoma and breast cancer cells were treated with
      ACD3S-activated NK-92 cells and tumor growth was monitored. RESULTS: Brief
      activation of IL2-depleted NK-92 cells with ACD3S fully restored their in vitro
      cytotoxicity towards tumor cells. ACD3S-activated NK-92 cells were phenotypically
      similar to standard NK-92 cells, but exhibited prolonged cytotoxicity and
      produced higher levels of IFNgamma. When adoptively transferred to tumor-bearing
      SCID mice, these cells retarded the growth of melanoma and breast tumors.
      CONCLUSION: Stimulation of NK-92 cells with ACD3S may be useful in clinical
      cancer therapy, as an alternative method for ex vivo natural killer cell
      activation.

PMID- 27354597
TI  - Enhanced TLR4 Expression on Colon Cancer Cells After Chemotherapy Promotes Cell
      Survival and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Through Phosphorylation of
      GSK3beta.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) by
      phosphatidyl-inositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) or inhibition of
      GSK3beta with small-molecule inhibitor attenuates cell survival and proliferation
      and increases apoptosis in most cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated
      the role of phosphorylated GSK3beta activated by enhanced toll-like receptor 4
      (TLR4) expression in drug-treated colon cancer cells as a model of post
      chemotherapy cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of TLR4 stimulation
      on metastasis and apoptosis in drug-exposed colon cancer cells was determined by
      real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoblotting. RESULTS: Despite
      the induction of apoptosis after treatment with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil,
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation via increased TLR4 in drug-treated cancer
      cells effectively inhibited apoptosis through up-regulation of expression of anti
      apoptosis-related B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family proteins [X-linked inhibitor of
      apoptosis protein (XIAP), BCL2, and survivin] and drug-resistance proteins
      [multidrug-resistance protein 1 (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein
      (MRP)1/2/3]. LPS-mediated signaling in drug-treated cancer cells elevated the
      expression of phosphorylated GSK3beta, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      (ERK), and the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of
      activated B-cells (NF-kappaB). Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3beta (using
      SB216763) reduced phosphorylation of GSK3beta, re-activated caspase-dependent
      apoptosis, and blocked the expression of cancer stem cell markers and invasive
      characteristics in LPS-stimulated drug-treated cells. In addition, the ERK
      specific inhibitor, PD98059, triggered the apoptosis of TLR4-activated drug
      exposed colon cancer cells, whereas there was no effect on the expression of
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers or GSK3beta phosphorylation.
      CONCLUSION: These results suggest that TLR4-induced GSK3beta and ERK
      phosphorylation independently controls cancer cell survival and regulation of
      GSK3beta and ERK after chemotherapy, making TLR4 a critical target for reducing
      drug resistance and metastasis in patients with colon cancer.

PMID- 27354598
TI  - Clofibrate Demonstrates Efficacy in In Vitro Treatment of Lymphoma and Multiple
      Myeloma.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy of monoclonal B
      lymphocytes, remains largely incurable and novel treatments are urgently
      required. Aberrant activation of wingless-related integration site (WNT)/beta
      catenin signaling has been demonstrated in both lymphoma and MM, rendering its
      signaling molecules attractive for the development of new targeted-therapies.
      Clofibrate has proven anticarcinogenic effects attributed to peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonism, also affecting WNT
      associated signaling molecules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antitumor apoptotic
      effect of clofibrate at doses ranging from 0.1-600 MUM was investigated on four
      human and one murine myeloma cell lines, as well as in two human lymphoma cell
      lines, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide
      assay. RESULTS: Clofibrate significantly reduced cell viability in all tested
      myeloma and lymphoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, while healthy cells
      were hardly affected. CONCLUSION: Given the known safety profile and induction of
      apoptosis at low effective doses, our data warrant further investigation of
      clofibrate as a novel therapy agent in MM.

PMID- 27354599
TI  - Prognostic Significance of NOGO-A/B and NOGO-B Receptor Expression in Malignant
      Melanoma - A Preliminary Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurite outgrowth inhibitor type B (NOGO-B) and its receptor (NGBR)
      were shown to regulate various crucial cellular processes and may be therefore
      potential factors influencing carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expression
      of NOGO-A, NOGO-A/B and NGBR was studied in benign melanocytic lesions and
      primary tumors and metastases of malignant melanoma (MM). RESULTS: Cytoplasmic
      expression of the studied antigens was detected in melanocytes and MM cells. NOGO
      A/B expression was significantly lower in metastatatic MM cases compared to
      primary MM tumors (p<0.01) and bening melanocytic lesions (p<0.001). In primary
      MM tumors, NOGO-A expression intensity positively correlated with NOGO-A/B
      (r=0.32, p<0.05) and NGBR expression (r=0.53, p<0.0001). NOGO-B and NGBR
      immunoreactivity correlated negatively with depth of primary MM infiltration
      (both p<0.01). Moreover, low NOGO-A/B expression was a factor of poor prognosis
      of primary MM. CONCLUSION: NOGO-A/B may be a negative prognostic factor of MM.

PMID- 27354600
TI  - An Immunohistochemical Analysis of PD-L1 Protein Expression in Surgically
      Resected Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Different Antibodies and Criteria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in lung cancer
      appears to be important in immunotherapy, as its expression can predict responses
      to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-blocking antibodies. However, a definitive
      antibody and cut-off value for PD-L1 expression are urgently needed. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: The PD-L1 expression in 40 surgically resected small cell lung
      cancer (SCLC) specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with three
      different antibodies: clones E1L3N, 28-8, and SP142, and using three different
      evaluations: the Allred score, 1% cut-off, and 5% cut-off. RESULTS: The
      percentage of tumors with positive PD-L1 expression was inconsistent in the IHC
      evaluations using the Allred score and 1% cut-off. However, the IHC evaluations
      using the 5% cut-off showed similar rates of expression using the three different
      antibodies. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provided detailed evidence on
      the frequency of PD-L1 expression in surgically resected SCLC, which may be a
      useful reference for identifying patients with PD-L1-expressing SCLC.

PMID- 27354601
TI  - Early Experience with 70-150 MUm Irinotecan Drug-eluting Beads (M1-DEBIRI) for
      the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatic Colorectal Metastases.
AB  - AIM: To report our early experience on the feasibility and safety of 70-150 MUm
      drug-eluting beads loaded with irinotecan (M1-DEBIRI) for treating unresectable
      hepatic colorectal metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An Institutional Review
      Board-approved, prospectively maintained, multi-institutional registry was
      evaluated from 2/2009 to 8/2013. Fifteen consecutive patients presenting with
      liver-dominant metastatic colorectal cancer were treated with M1-DEBIRI. Kaplan
      Meier statistics was used to evaluate hepatic progression-free-survival and
      overall survival. RESULTS: Fifteen patients underwent 32 DEBIRI treatments. The
      mean prescribed dose was 100 mg of irinotecan (range=100-200 mg). In 75% of
      treatments (n=24), 100% of the prescribed dose was delivered before complete
      stasis. In 97% of treatments (n=31), at least 50% (median 100 mg, range 25-150
      mg) of the prescribed dose was delivered. There was grade 2 abdominal pain after
      one treatment (3%). In another patient, increased total bilirubin (1.1 to 3.1
      mg/dl) was seen after one treatment. There was 42% reduction in median
      carcinoembryonic antigen level and 33% (5/15 patients) with Response Evaluation
      Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) objective response (complete and partial).
      Modified RECIST and European Association for the study of the Liver (EASL)
      objective response rates were both 73% (11/15 patients). The disease control rate
      was 93% (14/15 patients). Hepatic progression-free-survival and overall survival
      were 8 and 13 months respectively. Disease in one patient was down-staged to
      resection (6%). CONCLUSION: M1-DEBIRI appears to be safe and feasible in the
      treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Smaller beads also provide efficient
      irinotecan dose delivery. Larger studies are needed to validate these findings.

PMID- 27354602
TI  - Impact of Endoscopic Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging on Superselective
      Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Recurrent Cancer of the Skull Base.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: For advanced paranasal sinus cancer, intra-arterial (I-A)
      chemotherapy has been applied for improving prognosis and organ preservation.
      While computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is useful for identifying the tumor
      feeding artery, CTA cannot always detect the precise artery. The aim of this
      study was to assess the feasibility of endoscopic ICG (indocyanine green)
      fluorescence technique during I-A chemotherapy for recurrent skull-base cancer.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven patients with recurrent skull-base cancer were
      included in this study. Conventional CTA followed by ICG was administered.
      Additional information regarding tumor-feeding arteries attained via ICG was
      evaluated. RESULTS: Out of seven cases, the blood supply to the cancer was
      detected in three by CTA alone. By adding the endoscopic evaluation, the blood
      supply to the tumor was confirmed without difficulty in all cases. The
      information from endoscopic fluorescence imaging was helpful in making decisions
      concerning the administration of drugs for skull-base cancer. CONCLUSION:
      Endoscopic ICG fluorescence imaging combined with I-A chemotherapy compensated
      for deficiencies of CTA and generated more useful information about the feeders
      to tumors than was previously available.

PMID- 27354603
TI  - Cancer Stem Cell Properties as Factors Predictive of Chemoresistance in
      Neoadjuvantly-treated Patients with Ovarian Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The nuclear factor erytheroid 2-related factor 2-kelch-like ECH
      associated protein (NRF2-KEAP1) system and stem cell-like cancer cells are
      associated with platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. Our objective was to
      investigate the possible association between platinum resistance, cellular redox
      state regulation and stem cell properties in ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with epithelial ovarian cancer were included. All
      patients had undergone primary diagnostic laparoscopy, platinum-based neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy, and debulking surgery. Tumor samples were analyzed for NRF2, KEAP1,
      protein deglycase 1 (DJ1/PARK7), cluster of differentiation molecules 44 (CD44)
      and 117 (CD117) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) by immunohistochemistry.
      RESULTS: Positive pre-treatment expression of CD44 (p=0.013) and stable/increased
      post-therapy CD44 expression were associated with platinum resistance (p=0.001).
      Negative pre-treatment expression of cytoplasmic ALDH1 predicted sensitivity to
      platinum (p=0.017). Pre-treatment nuclear KEAP1 expression was greater in stage
      II-III cancer (p=0.0003). After neoadjuvant treatment, all samples were nuclear
      KEAP1-positive (p=0.025) and increased nuclear KEAP1 expression was associated
      with higher tumor stage (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: CD44 and cytoplasmic ALHD1 could
      be potential indicators of platinum resistance during neoadjuvant chemotherapy
      for ovarian cancer.

PMID- 27354604
TI  - Male Malignant Phyllodes Breast Tumor After Prophylactic Breast Radiotherapy and
      Bicalutamide Treatment: A Case Report.
AB  - Phyllodes tumor in male breast is an exceptionally rare neoplasm with only few
      published case reports. Herein, we present a case of malignant phyllodes tumor in
      male breast nine years after prophylactic breast 10 Gy radiotherapy and after
      nine year bicalutamide treatment. The imaging findings of the tumor and
      pathological correlation are also presented. 

PMID- 27354605
TI  - Bi-weekly Capecitabine-Oxaliplatin (XELOX) plus Bevacizumab as First-line
      Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer -The PHOENiX Trial.
AB  - AIM: This phase II study assessed the efficacy and toxicity of an intermittent
      weekly capecitabine regimen in combination with oxaliplatin (XELOX) plus
      bevacizumab as a first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with measurable mCRC who were to receive first
      line chemotherapy were enrolled onto this disease-oriented multicenter phase II
      trial. Patients with mCRC were required to have Eastern Cooperative Oncology
      Group performance status of 0 to 1, to be aged >20 years, and to have adequate
      organ function. Localization of tumor, toxicities, response rate, progression
      free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) were studied. Capecitabine dose
      was 2,500 mg/m(2)/day on days 1-7 (n=47) and was increased to 3,000 mg/m(2)/day
      (n=5) in combination with oxaliplatin (85 mg/m(2)) and bevacizumab (5 mg/kg),
      repeated every 2 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 51 patients were enrolled from 14
      institutions from December 2011 to July 2012. The median age was 66 (range=38-85)
      years, 29 (56.9%) had colonic cancer and 22 (43.1%) had rectal cancer in this
      study. Pertinent grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia (13.7%), peripheral
      neuropathy (13.7%), hypertension (13.7%), gastrointestinal perforation (3.9%),
      and hand-foot syndrome (5.9%). The response rate was 51% (one complete and 25
      partial responses). Median PFS and TTP were 344 days and 196 days, respectively.
      Median overall survival has not been reached yet. CONCLUSION: The first-line
      treatment of mCRC using a biweekly combination of XELOX plus bevacizumab can also
      be administered safely and effectively in Japan. It is suggested that this
      regimen is an appropriate option for the treatment of mCRC.

PMID- 27354606
TI  - Endometriosis-associated Ovarian Cancer: A Distinct Clinical Entity?
AB  - AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of endometriosis
      associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) and compare clinicopathological characteristics
      and overall survival (OS) between patients with EAOC and those with ovarian
      cancer not associated with endometriosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified
      EAOC among 203 patients with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent
      complete surgery at our Institution from January 2004 to March 2014. RESULTS:
      EAOC was present in 45 patients. EAOC was significantly more frequently diagnosed
      at an earlier stage of disease (p=0.038). At a median follow-up time of 32
      months, OS among patients with EAOC was significantly longer (p=0.039). However,
      stratifying by stage, the OS advantage of EAOC was not significant. At
      multivariate analysis, only stage was an independent prognostic factor for OS
      (hazard ratio=5.7; 95% confidence interval=1.8-18.6; p=0.003). CONCLUSION: EAOC
      incidence was 22.2%. EAOC appears to be diagnosed at an earlier stage and confers
      a better OS. However, stratifying by stage, the advantage in survival of EAOC
      disappears.

PMID- 27354607
TI  - Treatment: Outcome and Toxicity of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy in
      Oropharyngeal Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Radiotherapy is a common approach for treating squamous cell
      carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx. We aimed to analyze toxicity and outcome of
      patients affected by oropharyngeal SCC treated with volumetric modulated arc
      therapy (VMAT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-four patients presenting advanced
      orophayngeal carcinoma who were treated with radical radiotherapy were analyzed.
      All patients were treated with VMAT-RapidArc, with simultaneous integrated boost
      in 33 fractions for a dose of 69.96 Gy to the high-risk, and of 54.45 Gy to the
      low-risk volume. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 23 months. In eight cases,
      locoregional relapse was observed (median time to relapse=10.7 months). Four
      among eight local recurrences appeared in the high-dose target volume. The 1- and
      2-year actuarial disease-free survival rates were 88% and 80%, respectively. The
      1- and 2-year actuarial overall survival rates were 94% and 87%, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: VMAT for oropharyngeal SCC treatment is effective and safe, with
      interesting rates of control of disease and survival.

PMID- 27354608
TI  - Impact of Open Laparoscopy in Patients Under Suspicion of Ovarian Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Feasibility and value of diagnostic open laparoscopy (DOL) was
      assessed in patients presenting under suspicion of advanced ovarian cancer (AOC)
      mostly with large-volume ascites. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study
      analyzed 143 consecutive patients who underwent DOL for histopathological
      verification of AOC performed from 2002 to 2012. RESULTS: Out of the 143 patients
      presenting at our Center with an ovarian mass and mostly with ascites under
      suspicion of ovarian cancer, we diagnosed 125 AOCs, three AOCs with three
      concomitant tumors of other origin, and 15 other diseases causing an ovarian mass
      and ascites mimicking AOC (e.g. gastrointestinal malignancies, tuberculosis,
      mesothelioma, endometrial cancer and benign conditions). CONCLUSION: DOL can be
      considered a valid and safe diagnostic tool for histopathologically verifying
      epithetlial ovarian cancer and preventing patients with other diagnoses
      undergoing the wrong course of therapy.

PMID- 27354609
TI  - HIV-related Kaposi's Sarcoma with Musculoskeletal Involvement in the Modern
      Antiretroviral Era.
AB  - AIM: To describe the patterns of disease and clinical outcomes of MSK-KS in
      people living with HIV in the era of (combination anti-retroviral therapy cART).
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed our prospectively collected dataset of patients
      with HIV with biopsy-proven KS; 17 out of 1,489 seropositive patients were
      identified with subsequent evidence of MSK involvement by KS. We collected data
      with regards to clinicopathological parameters and radiological patterns of
      disease. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (82.4%) had AIDS Clinical Trials Group T1
      stage disease at presentation including four (23.5%) with non-nodal visceral
      disease. At the time of MSK-KS diagnosis, more than 80% of 14 patients had
      excellent HIV control. The median interval between initial KS to MSK-KS diagnosis
      was 3.3 years. Five-year overall survival rate from initial KS diagnosis was 76%,
      and 60% from MSK-KS diagnosis. The majority of patients were asymptomatic and MSK
      KS involvement was demonstrated during imaging prompted by progression of their
      mucocutaneous KS. The majority of lesions were lytic with cortical involvement on
      cross-sectional imaging, whereas a soft-tissue component was commonly associated
      with long-bone involvement. CONCLUSION: MSK-KS continues to be a rare entity in
      the modern era of cART, however patients appear to experience significantly
      improved survival.

PMID- 27354610
TI  - Prognostic Factors and Treatment Outcome for Patients with Stage IVB Cervical
      Cancer.
AB  - AIM: We report a retrospective evaluation for patients with stage IVB cervical
      cancer in order to identify survival rates and to improve our current practice.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 85 patients with stage IVB cervical cancer. For
      patients appropriate for radical treatment, a combination of external-beam
      radiotherapy and intracavitary brachytherapy was delivered with/without
      chemotherapy. Patients with distant metastasis were treated using systemic
      chemotherapy or palliative radiotherapy. RESULTS: Forty-two patients were treated
      using radiotherapy alone, 31 using chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy, eight
      using chemotherapy alone, and four using best supportive care. The 5-year overall
      survival rate was 9.9%. Multivariate analysis revealed leukocytosis and a poor
      performance status were independent prognostic factors. Of the 43 patients
      without these prognostic factors, patients with only lymph node metastasis had a
      5-year overall survival rate of 40.5%. CONCLUSION: Radical treatment should be
      considered in patients who have only lymph rode metastasis and are without
      leukocytosis and a poor performance status.

PMID- 27354611
TI  - Prognosis of Patients with Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia and Obstetric
      Outcomes of Those Conceiving After Chemotherapy.
AB  - AIM: To assess prognosis of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) and
      obstetric outcome after chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-six patients
      had diagnosis of hydatiform mole on curettage and 18 developed GTN. Two patients
      were referred with pathological diagnosis of GTN. Chemotherapy was tailored
      according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics risk scoring
      system. RESULTS: All patients with GTN but one, were recovered by chemotherapy
      and had no evidence of disease after a median follow-up of 80 months. Only the
      patient with epithelioid trophoblastic tumor died of disease. Seven out of the
      eight women who tried to conceive after chemotherapy became pregnant. Ten
      conceptions occurred, resulting in no molar pregnancy, three miscarriages and
      seven term-live healthy births (70.0%). All seven babies showed normal
      development and growth after a median follow-up of 38 months. CONCLUSION: The
      prognosis of women with GTN is very good, and obstetric outcomes of those who
      conceive after chemotherapy are similar to those of the general population.

PMID- 27354612
TI  - Outcome of Resection and Chemotherapy versus Chemotherapy Alone for
      Retroperitoneal Recurrence of Testicular Cancer Involving the Inferior Vena Cava:
      A Retrospective Cohort Study of 22 Consecutive Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Optimal treatment strategy for retroperitoneal recurrence of
      testicular cancer involving the inferior vena cava (IVC) is uncertain. The
      purpose of this study was to validate the hypothesis that surgical resection, en
      bloc with the involved segment of IVC and its subsequent reconstruction followed
      by chemotherapy, would yield better oncologic results than chemotherapy alone.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two consecutive series of patients with retroperitoneal
      recurrence of testicular cancer involving the IVC, treated with surgical
      resection plus chemotherapy (group A, n=14) or chemotherapy alone (group B, n=8)
      were retrospectively reviewed. The mean duration of follow-up was was 65 months
      (range=8-184). Operative mortality and morbidity in group A, response to
      chemotherapy in group B, disease-specific survival and quality adjusted life
      years (QALY) for both groups, were primary end-points of the study. RESULTS:
      Postoperative mortality and morbidity (group A) were, respectively, nil and 14%.
      In group B, two patients (25%) fully responded to chemotherapy and remained free
      from disease progression. Disease-specific survival at 3 and 5 years was 81% and
      54% in group A and 36% in group B both at 3 and 5 years, respectively (p=0.02).
      QALY was 3.92 in group A and 0.77 for both 3 and 5 years in group B,
      respectively, (p=0.031). CONCLUSION: En bloc resection of retroperitoneal
      recurrence of testicular tumors invading the IVC, followed by chemotherapy,
      allows a better survival rate compared to chemotherapy alone.

PMID- 27354613
TI  - Laparoscopic Liver Resection Is a Feasible Treatment for Patients with
      Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Hypertension.
AB  - AIM: To compare outcomes of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
      and portal hypertension (PHT) who underwent laparoscopic liver resection (LLR),
      open liver resection (OLR) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 88 patients with primary HCC and PHT who
      underwent LLR (n=20), OLR (n=48) or RFA (n=20) and analyzed their outcomes by
      treatment group. To reduce selection bias, covariate distributions in groups were
      adjusted using inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW). RESULTS: Five-year
      recurrence-free survival (RFS) was significantly better in the LLR and OLR than
      in the RFA group both before and after IPTW adjustment. The OLR group had
      significantly more postoperative complications than the RFA group; however, there
      was no significant difference in the postoperative complication rate between LLR
      and RFA groups. CONCLUSION: LLR may be a feasible treatment for patients with
      Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage 0 or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
      (A HCC) and PHT.

PMID- 27354614
TI  - Prognostic Factors Including the Expression of Thyroid Transcription Factor 1
      (TTF1) in Patients Irradiated for Limited-disease Small Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the impact of tumor-cell expression of thyroid transcription
      factor 1 (TTF1) on outcomes after irradiation of limited-disease small cell lung
      cancer (LD-SCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: TTF1 expression plus eight factors were
      evaluated in 32 patients for locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS),
      metastases-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS). These factors included
      age, gender, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), T- and N-category, respiratory
      insufficiency, smoking during radiotherapy and hemoglobin levels. RESULTS: On
      univariate analysis of LRFS, no factor achieved significance. Improved MFS was
      associated with KPS >70 (p=0.029), N0-2 (p=0.003), no respiratory insufficiency
      (p=0.029) and non-smoking states (p<0.001) on univariate analysis, and N-category
      (p=0.015) and non-smoking (p<0.001) on multivariate analysis. On univariate
      analysis, OS was associated with KPS >70 (p<0.001), N0-2 (p=0.002), no
      respiratory insufficiency (p=0.008) and non-smoking (p=0.022). On multivariate
      analysis, KPS (p=0.008) and N-category (p=0.018) remained significant.
      CONCLUSION: In contrast to other factors, TTF1-expression had no significant
      impact on outcomes after irradiation of LD-SCLC.

PMID- 27354615
TI  - Assessment of Outcome After Pancreaticoduodenectomy by Junior Surgeons.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is one of the most complicated
      procedures. We retrospectively assessed the therapeutic outcome after PD by
      Junior surgeons. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 253 patients. We
      retrospectively analyzed surgical outcomes and long-term survivals of PDs
      performed by Junior surgeons (surgical training year within 10 years) as compared
      to those by Senior surgeons (surgical training year over 10 years). RESULTS:
      Operative time was significantly longer in junior surgeons than that in Senior
      surgeons (p<0.001). Intraoperative blood loss (p=0.079), hospital stay (p=0.803),
      complications (p=0.700), mortality (p=0.442) were comparable between the two
      groups. Disease-free and overall survival rates were not statistically different
      between the two groups in pancreatic cancer (p=0.248 and p=0.526) and in bile
      duct or ampullary cancer (p=0.873 and p=0.954). CONCLUSION: PD performed by
      Junior surgeons require approximately 70 more minutes but surgery can be
      performed safely under appropriate patient selection, intraoperative supervision
      and perioperative management with comparable long-term survival.

PMID- 27354616
TI  - Second Primary Malignancies in Hepatocellular Cancer - A US Population-based
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: A second primary malignancy is a serious long-term complication
      in cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of second
      primary malignancies in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We selected adult patients (>=18 years) diagnosed with HCC from the
      National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) 13
      database. We calculated the risk of second primary malignancies in these patients
      using multiple primary standardized incidence ratio (MP-SIR) session of SEER*
      stat software. Second primary malignancy was defined as a metachronous malignancy
      diagnosed 6 months or more after an index HCC. RESULTS: A total of 15,296
      patients with a diagnosis of primary HCC were reported in the SEER 13 registry
      during January 1992 to December 2011. A total of 446 (2.83%) developed 466 second
      primary malignancies with an observed/expected ratio of 10.07 (95% confidence
      interval=0.97-1.17, p=0.16) and absolute risk of 7.17 per 10,000 population. Risk
      of stomach and of thyroid cancer were significantly increased among older
      patients. Risk of lung cancer and of hepatobiliary cancer were significantly
      higher compared to that of the general population after two years of latency.
      CONCLUSION: Risk of specific second primary malignancies in adult patients with
      HCC depends on age of the patient and latency.

PMID- 27354617
TI  - Hepatic Arterial Infusion of Polyethylene Glycol Drug-eluting Beads for Primary
      and Metastatic Liver Cancer Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Recently, there has been the launch of the new Polyethylene
      glycol (PEG) drug-eluting beads (LifePearl(r)) for transarterial
      chemoembolization. Their innovation is that PEG guarantees more compressibility,
      elasticity and maximizes beads' suspension time. We applied these beads for
      hepatic intra-arterial infusion of irinotecan or doxorubicin for the therapy of
      primary and metastatic liver cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We treated 20
      consecutive patients, affected by unresectable primary liver cancer (PLC) or
      hepatic metastases (refractory to chemotherapy) using chemoembolization with
      doxorubicin or irinotecan pre-loaded Lifepearls. RESULTS: Tumor response rate was
      >80% in most patients with 63% of complete and 37% of partial response. We
      observed no complications during the chemoembolization and no severe general drug
      related side-effects. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that chemoembolization with
      LifePearl(r) is efficacious and safe for the treatment of liver cancer as
      indicated by good tolerability, quality of life and high tumor response.

PMID- 27354618
TI  - Comparison of Outcome of Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy and Sorafenib in
      Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Refractory to Transcatheter Arterial
      Chemoembolization.
AB  - AIM: To compare the outcome of 5-fluorouracil (FU)-based hepatic arterial
      infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) with sorafenib monotherapy in patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) refractory to transcatheter arterial
      chemoembolization (TACE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this retrospective cohort
      study, 123 patients with HCC refractory to TACE, with Child-Pugh A and free of
      extrahepatic metastasis, were divided into two groups: 65 received HAIC and 58
      received sorafenib. Since the size of main tumor and portal vein invasion were
      significantly different between the HAIC and sorafenib groups, we selected 48
      patients from the 65 patients of the HAIC group and 48 from the 58 patients of
      the sorafenib group. The model used one-to-one matching between the two groups
      using the case-control method matching method. The clinical characteristics of
      patients of the case-control HAIC (n=48) and sorafenib groups (n=48) were
      similar. Overall survival, time to progression and time to treatment failure
      (TTTF) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The median survival time
      and TTTF were significantly longer in the sorafenib group than in the HAIC group
      (15 and 12.2 months versus 8 and 4.4 months, respectively; p=0.021 and p=0.002,
      respectively). Multivariate analysis identified male gender (p=0.008), relative
      tumor size <50% (p=0.012), alpha-fetoprotein <400 ng/ml (p=0.005), and treatment
      with sorafenib (p=0.001) as significant and independent determinants of better
      overall survival. CONCLUSION: In patients with HCC refractory to TACE, overall
      survival was favorable in those treated with sorafenib rather than HAIC.

PMID- 27354619
TI  - Comparison of Panitumumab Plus Irinotecan and Cetuximab Plus Irinotecan for KRAS
      Wild-type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Panitumumab and cetuximab are known to be effective treatments
      for KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, it remains
      unclear which of these two biologic agents confers the greatest benefit when
      combined with irinotecan in patients with KRAS wild-type mCRC previously treated
      with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data,
      from 139 patients who received panitumumab or cetuximab, in combination with
      irinotecan, for KRAS wild-type mCRC previously treated with fluoropyrimidine,
      oxaliplatin and irinotecan were analyzed. The efficacy and safety of panitumumab
      plus irinotecan was compared to that of cetuximab plus irinotecan. RESULTS:
      Baseline characteristics of the panitumumab plus irinotecan (n=42) and cetuximab
      plus irinotecan (n=97) groups were similar. Among patients with measurable
      lesions, the response rate was 34% in the panitumumab plus irinotecan group and
      20% in the cetuximab plus irinotecan group. Median progression-free survival
      (PFS) was 4.3 and 5.7 months in the panitumumab and cetuximab groups,
      respectively. Median overall survival was 13.6 months with panitumumab and 11.2
      months with cetuximab. CONCLUSION: Panitumumab plus irinotecan was well-tolerated
      and displayed a similar level of efficacy to that of cetuximab plus irinotecan.

PMID- 27354620
TI  - HER2 Equivocal Status in Early Breast Cancer Is Not Associated with Higher Risk
      of Recurrence.
AB  - AIM: The primary aim of the study was to assess the association between risk of
      recurrence and HER2 equivocal gene status through immunohistochemistry in
      patients with early breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively
      analyzed clinical and pathological data of 455 consecutive patients with early
      breast cancer (BC) who were HER2(+) and had a HER2/CEP17 ratio <2.0, who
      underwent surgery at the European Institute of Oncology after 2007. The role of
      HER2/CEP17 ratio on recurrence-free survival was assessed with univariate and
      multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS: We found no significant association
      between risk of recurrence and HER2 equivocal testing in patients with early
      breast cancer. In subgroup analysis, a significant interaction between HER2/CEP17
      ratio and nodal involvement was observed (p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Patients with HER2
      equivocal status have no significantly higher risk of recurrence.

PMID- 27354621
TI  - Prognostic Value of Severe Lymphopenia During Pelvic Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy
      in Cervical Cancer.
AB  - AIM: To investigate whether common terminology criteria for adverse events
      (CTCAE) grade 4 lymphopenia (<200 cells/MUl) during concurrent chemoradiotherapy
      (CCRT) is relevant to poor survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 124
      patients with newly diagnosed Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO)
      stage I-III cervical cancer who received weekly cisplatin-based CCRT and
      brachytherapy using Kaplan-Meier curves and the Cox proportional hazard models.
      RESULTS: Grade 4 lymphopenia significantly predicted disease-specific survival
      (DSS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence
      interval (CI))=3.6 (1.37-9.44), p=0.009 and 3.28 (1.27-8.48), p=0.014,
      respectively). The 5-year DSS and 3-year PFS were significantly higher among
      patients with grade 2-3 lymphopenia (>=200 cells/MUl) than among those with grade
      4 lymphopenia (84.8% vs. 50.4%, p<0.001, and 80.7% vs. 50%, p=0.002,
      respectively). CONCLUSION: Severe lymphopenia during CCRT could predict poor
      survival.

PMID- 27354622
TI  - Nodal Ratio as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Four or More Positive
      Axillary Nodes Treated with Breast-conserving Therapy and Regional Nodal
      Irradiation.
AB  - AIM: This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the axillary lymph
      node ratio (i.e. positive axillary nodes to nodes removed) in patients with
      breast cancer treated with conservative surgery and regional radiotherapy.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrieved the records of 195 patients with breast cancer
      with pathological stage pT1-2 pN2-3, treated from January 2005 to December 2013
      at our Radiation Oncology Centers; their clinical data were retrospectively
      evaluated. All patients underwent lumpectomy or quadrantectomy with axillary
      lymph node dissection, adjuvant chemo-with/without hormonal therapy and
      irradiation to the whole breast and ipsilateral axillary apex, infraclavicular
      and supraclvicular nodes, excluding internal mammary nodes. The primary end-point
      was to evaluate the nodal ratio as a prognostic factor; moreover, the following
      prognostic factors were evaluated: age, biological status and molecular profile.
      RESULTS: The median follow-up was 58 months (range=32-117.6 months). Two- and 5
      year overall and recurrence-free survival rates were 96% and 88%, and 92% and
      85%, respectively. On univariate analysis, factors influencing overall survival
      were nodal ratio >0.65 (p=0.033) and age (p=0.023); time to recurrence was
      detrimentally impacted only by Ki67 positivity >=50% (p=0.049). At multivariate
      analysis, no significant associations were found. CONCLUSION: Adding irradiation
      to regional nodes after conservative surgery in patients with breast cancer with
      more than three positive axillary nodes does not alter the prognostic value of
      the nodal ratio, and we confirm this to be an important factor for predicting
      overall survival.

PMID- 27354623
TI  - Pilot Study of Intrahepatic Artery Chemotherapy in Combination with Sorafenib in
      Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Sorafenib and chemoembolization of the liver (TACE) have both
      produced increased survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Some patients
      cannot tolerate TACE due to portal vein thrombosis or risk of liver failure. In
      this pilot trial, we aimed to combine intrahepatic infusion (IA) of cisplatin or
      carboplatin with sorafenib for unresectable HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients
      with Child's A or early B received IA cisplatin or carboplatin every 6 weeks with
      oral sorafenib. MRI/CT scans were performed every 6 weeks. RESULTS: Eleven
      patients were accrued. Of 10 evaluable patients, 6 had clinical benefit (4
      partial responses for 2+, 3+, 8+ and 18 months, 2 minor responses). Two patients
      were down-staged enough for ablation therapy or liver transplant and remain free
      of disease for 32+ and 36+ months. Toxicity was generally tolerable. CONCLUSION:
      Preliminary results are encouraging and this combination may down-stage some
      patients with unresectable disease.

PMID- 27354624
TI  - Biomimetic Peptides for the Treatment of Cancer.
AB  - Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, indicating that
      current cancer therapies are ineffective. Therefore, new treatments with high
      specificity and low toxicity are needed. Cancerous cells can be distinguished
      from normal cells based on expression of key proteins, namely surface proteins,
      scaffold proteins and signaling molecules. Moreover, cancer cells communicate
      with the tumor microenvironment consisting of a heterogenous population of cells,
      extracellular matrix components and soluble factors such as cytokines/chemokines
      and growth factors. Most therapeutic interventions have been designed to
      specifically target these proteins of interest. Biomimetic peptides (BPs) are
      artificially designed peptides that imitate the action of parent proteins or
      peptides. BPs can be classified into at least three types based on their target
      molecule: BPs that target (i) cell-surface molecules, (ii) intracellular
      molecules, and (iii) cancer cell-tumor microenvironment interactions. In this
      review, we analyze/discuss the current strategies for targeting tumors using BPs.

PMID- 27354625
TI  - MET Expressed in Glioma Stem Cells Is a Potent Therapeutic Target for
      Glioblastoma Multiforme.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and the most
      malignant tumor among adult brain tumors. Previous reports led us to hypothesize
      that the proto-oncogene mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) expressed in
      glioma stem cell-like cells (GSCs) would be a potent therapeutic target for GBM.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: To address this question, we analyzed 113 original samples
      of tumors from patients based on immunohistochemistry. During this process, we
      were able to establish GSC lines from patients with GBM that were MET-positive
      and MET-negative. Using these cells, we tested the therapeutic impact of a MET
      inhibitor, crizotinib, both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Patients with MET
      positive GBM exhibited poor survival. GSC-based experiments revealed that
      treatment with crizotinib, both in vitro and in vivo, exhibited therapeutic
      efficacy particularly against MET-positive GSCs. CONCLUSION: Based on these
      findings, we conclude that MET expressed in GSCs might be a potent therapeutic
      target for GBM.

PMID- 27354626
TI  - Flow Cytometric Analysis of Ovarian Cancer Ascites: Response of Mesothelial Cells
      and Macrophages to Cancer.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the response of mesothelial cells and macrophages in the
      peritoneal fluid of epithelial ovarian malignant tumors using flow cytometry
      immunophenotyping. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen peritoneal fluid samples
      collected from surgery or scentesis of epithelial ovarian malignant tumor
      patients were assayed using flow cytometry. Cytological and pathological
      diagnosis was performed on the same ascites and resected tumor specimens. Samples
      were treated with antibodies against established markers of mesothelial cells
      (podoplanin), macrophages (CD14) and the hyaluronan receptor (CD44). RESULTS: A
      significant association was observed between the results of cytology and
      expression of podoplanin, CD44 and CD14 (p<0.05) in peritoneal macrophages. No
      significant association was observed between the results of cytology and
      expression of podoplanin, CD44 and CD14 in mesothelial cells in ascites.
      CONCLUSION: Expression of surface molecules, such as podoplanin, CD44 and CD14
      was increased in the peritoneal macrophages of epithelial ovarian cancer
      patients, suggesting that the cell-cell or cell-matrix interaction was enhanced
      during cancer dissemination in the peritoneum. Analysis of the peritoneal fluid
      using flow cytometry immunophenotyping may be useful for evaluating the diagnosis
      and pathophysiology of ovarian cancer dissemination.

PMID- 27354627
TI  - Resveratrol Overcomes Cellular Resistance to Vemurafenib Through
      Dephosphorylation of AKT in BRAF-mutated Melanoma Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF) V600E mutant
      (BRAF(V600E)) inhibitor vemurafenib, has improved clinical outcomes for patients
      with BRAF(V600E) melanoma, but acquired cellular resistance mediated by AKT
      serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT) phosphorylation limits its efficacy. We examined
      the effect of resveratrol on vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A vemurafenib-resistant human metastatic melanoma cell line positive for
      the BRAF V600E mutation was established. The anti-tumorigenic effects of
      vemurafenib and resveratrol, both alone and in combination, were examined through
      analysis of cell proliferation and protein expression. RESULTS: The level of
      phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) was increased in the primary melanoma cells after
      treatment with vemurafenib, and the basal level of p-AKT was increased in
      vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells. Notably, resveratrol both alone and in
      combination with vemurafenib effectively suppressed cell proliferation and AKT
      phosphorylation in both parental and vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells.
      CONCLUSION: Vemurafenib resistance can be reversed by addition of resveratrol in
      patients undergoing treatment with BRAF inhibitors.

PMID- 27354628
TI  - The Organo- and Cytoprotective Effects of Heat-shock Protein in Response to
      Injury Due to Radiofrequency Ablation in Rat Liver.
AB  - AIM: In treating liver tumors, preserving hepatic reserve and reducing surgical
      invasiveness are important for minimizing postoperative complications.
      Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) is reported to selectively induce heat-shock protein
      70 (HSP70), which initiates a powerful cytoprotective effect. We investigated the
      function of HSP70 under conditions of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the liver.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a control
      group, a group administered GGA, and a group administered GGA plus quercetin, an
      HSP70 synthesis inhibitor. Expression of HSP70 and heat-shock factor-1 (HSF1) in
      the liver was measured at the protein level, and severity of liver damage was
      investigated using serum and hepatic tissue. RESULTS: The GGA-treated group had
      higher expression of HSP70 and HSF1 than the other groups. Peak liver damage in
      all groups occurred 6 h after RFA. The GGA-treated group also had significantly
      less liver damage and lower serum level of the inflammatory cytokine tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha, and a lower rate of apoptosis in tissue around post
      ablation necrosis. Expression of HSP70 and HSF1 was suppressed in the group
      treated with GGA and quercetin, and this group had severe liver damage.
      CONCLUSION: Induction of HSP in the liver by GGA may be applicable in future
      treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma or liver metastasis. The present findings
      suggest that if preoperative administration of GGA can offer protective effects
      in the liver, treatment options could be increased and liver failure and other
      complications might be avoided.

PMID- 27354629
TI  - Dewaxed Brown Rice Contains a Significant Amount of Lipopolysaccharide Pointing
      to Macrophage Activation via TLRs.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Oral ingestion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to be
      effective in diseases' prevention. Brown rice contains large amounts of LPS not
      actively consumed because of bad taste. Recently, a new type of brown rice with
      its wax layer removed has been produced. In this report, we measured the LPS
      content of this dewaxed rice and evaluated the function of innate immune
      activation on macrophages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dewaxed brown rice and polished
      rice were prepared using the Saika-style rice polishing process. LPS content
      extracted using hot water from this sample was evaluated by the Limulus reaction
      and the activation of macrophage RAW246.7 cells was evaluated by nitric oxide
      (NO) production. In addition, toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2-, 4- and 9-induced
      human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were used for the confirmation of the
      activated pathway. RESULTS: Mean LPS content in the 15 types of dewaxed brown
      rice was found to be 6.4+/-2.6 MUg/g, while that of brown rice was 10.9+/-4.3
      MUg/g. The extract of dewaxed brown rice induced significant amounts of NO by
      RAW246.7 cells, while production was reduced to 1/6 by adding polymyxin B. The
      macrophage activating effect of dewaxed brown rice was 79- and 51-times higher
      than that of polished rice in TLR4- and 2-induced HEK 293 cells. CONCLUSION: LPS
      content in dewaxed brown rice was found to be able to activate macrophages. This
      rice activated macrophages mainly via the TLR4 and, to a lesser extent, TLR2
      pathways. It is suggested that dewaxed brown rice can be considered effective in
      allergy and cancer prevention.

PMID- 27354630
TI  - 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Enhances Ultrasound-mediated Antitumor Activity via
      Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage in Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a precursor of protoporphyrin IX
      (PpIX), is now used for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of pre-cancers of the skin and
      photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) of brain tumors. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) of
      cancers with ultrasound has been studied using 5-ALA as a sonosensitizer. In this
      article, we evaluated the sonosensitizing activity and mode of action of 5
      ALA/PpIX by using mouse mammary tumor EMT6 cells. RESULTS: 5-ALA-SDT showed
      significant antitumor effects toward EMT6 cells in vitro and in vivo. The
      fluorescence of MitoSOX Red, an indicator specific for mitochondrial superoxide,
      was significantly increased by 5-ALA-SDT. Moreover, the fluorescence derived from
      JC-1, an indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential, was also significantly
      increased by 5-ALA-SDT. These findings suggest that mitochondria are one of the
      target organelles of 5-ALA-SDT. PpIX enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      production from tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP), suggesting that PpIX might
      stabilize or promote ROS generation from tBHP. CONCLUSION: 5-ALA-SDT showed an
      antitumor effect in mouse mammary tumor EMT6 cells through oxidation of the
      mitochondrial membrane via ROS production.

PMID- 27354631
TI  - Development of an Evaluation Device for Phagocytic Activity of New Phagocytes
      Using Simple and pH-sensitive Particles that Do Not Require Pre-treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Phagocytic activity is affected by a number of different stress
      and age-dependent factors. An easy measurement of phagocytic activity is thought
      to allow an indicator of an individual's health. In this study, we investigated
      conditions of measurement to easily evaluate the activity of phagocytosis of
      phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils) using an easy-to-use prototype,
      which was improved from the device by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., to detect
      neutrophil activity using subtle fluorescence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: pH
      sensitive fluorescent particles (pHrodo-Green E. coli Bio particles, GE
      particles) were added to mouse-derived macrophage cell lines (J774.1) and then
      incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. For negative control, the phagocytosis
      inhibitor cytochalasin D (CyD), was added prior to culture. Next, fluorescence
      intensity was measured by the Prototype to evaluate the phagocytic activity of
      macrophages and neutrophils. Phagocytosis was also confirmed by flow cytometry.
      RESULTS: The Prototype detected a steady fluorescence increase in 5 sec in J774.1
      after phagocytosis, using GE particles as a negative control in the presence of
      CyD. Furthermore, detection was possible at 10(4) cells/test, a concentration
      where the flow cytometer had difficulty for detection. CONCLUSION: The Prototype
      enables measurement of the phagocytic activity within a short period of time,
      even with a small sample amount, thus establishing the basic conditions of
      measurements of phagocytosis.

PMID- 27354632
TI  - Macrophages Exhibit a Large Repertoire of Activation States via Multiple
      Mechanisms of Macrophage-activating Factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Macrophages are important components of human defense systems and
      consequently key to antitumor immunity. Human-serum macrophage activation factor
      (serum MAF) can activate macrophages, making it a promising reagent for
      anticancer therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We established four different
      macrophage subtypes through introduction of different culture conditions to THP-1
      and U937-derived macrophages. We assessed phagocytic activity to understand
      subtype responses to typical macrophage activation factors (MAFs) and the
      activation mechanisms of serum MAF. RESULTS: All four macrophage subtypes
      differed in their response to all MAFs. Moreover, serum MAF had two different
      activation mechanisms: N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-dependent and GalNAc
      independent. CONCLUSION: Macrophage activation states and mechanisms are
      heterogeneous.

PMID- 27354633
TI  - DBA Lectin Binds to Highly Proliferative Mouse Erythroleukemia Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Hematopoietic malignancies lead to disease states involving
      abnormal proliferation of blood cells. Ki-67 and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl
      ester (CFSE) are assays used to examine the proliferation status of cells but
      affect cell viability. In this study, we used lectins to bind to surfaces of
      proliferating cells with different phenotypes while preserving cell viability.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mouse lymphocyte Friend leukemia F5-5.F1 cell line was
      stained using biotin-conjugated lectins from Canavalia ensiformis (ConA),
      Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Erythrina cristagalli (ECA), Lens culinaris (LCA),
      Phaseolus vulgaris (PHA-E4), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), Ulex europaeus (UEA) and
      Triticum vulgaris (WGA) and sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting.
      Morphology, gene expression and proliferation assays were performed on sorted
      cells. RESULTS: DBA, LCA and PHA-E4 probing sorted cells based on surface
      phenotype. Gene expression analysis showed that myelocytomatosis oncogene (Myc),
      cyclin D1 (Ccnd1), and cyclinD2 (Ccnd2) were more highly expressed in the
      DBA(High) fraction than DBA(Int) and DBA(Neg) fractions. Ki-67 expression and MTS
      assay correlated with the DBA-binding pattern, with DBA(High) reflecting the
      highest proliferative tendency. CONCLUSION: Labeling with DBA allows selection of
      proliferating cells using flow cytometry.

PMID- 27354634
TI  - Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Antagonist StemRegenin 1 Promotes the Expansion of
      Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line, NB4.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: StemRegenin 1 (SR1), an antagonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptor
      (AHR), reportedly promotes expansion of hematopoietic stem cells but its effect
      on leukemia cells is unclear. This study focused on the role of SR1 in leukemia
      cell proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AHR expression was compared in the
      cell lines Jurkat, Kasumi-1, NB4 and K562, using real-time polymerase chain
      reaction. Highly AHR-expressing NB4 cells were cultured with SR1 for 2 and 4
      days, and evaluated for viability and gene expression. DNA microarray was also
      performed. RESULTS: The viability of NB4 cells treated with 1.5 MUM SR1 increased
      at day 4. Expression of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) was up-regulated, while that
      of BCL2 associated X protein (BAX) was down-regulated at day 2. Increased cyclin
      D1 (CCND1), CCND2 and v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC)
      expressions were observed at day 4. Global gene expression profiles showed up
      regulation of splice variant-related genes and down-regulation of inflammation
      related genes. CONCLUSION: SR1 promotes the expansion of NB4 cells in vitro,
      implying the need for caution regarding in vivo use of R1.

PMID- 27354635
TI  - An Antitumor 2-Hydroxyarylidene-4-cyclopentene-1,3-Dione as a Protein Tyrosine
      Kinase Inhibitor: Interaction Between TX-1123 Derivatives and Src Kinase.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play major roles in signal
      transduction during cell proliferation and apoptosis. Tyrphostin AG17 was
      previously shown to be a potent tumor growth inhibitor, while AG17 induced
      apoptosis and inhibited activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 2. We herein describe
      the binding features of tyrphostin AG17 analogs, such as TX-1123, with Src kinase
      (Src-K). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Structural data for Src-K were obtained from a
      protein data bank (ID=2SRC), and the molecular interactions between Src-K and TX
      1123 derivatives were examined. RESULTS: TX-1123 exihibited potent Src-K
      inhibitory activity (half maximal-inhibitory concentration=2.2 MUM), and fit into
      the pocket of the Src-K molecule as well as c-AMP did. CONCLUSION: The binding
      profiles of TX-1123 derivatives differed from each other, while their Src-K
      inhibitory activities were affected by their fit in the Src-K molecule.

PMID- 27354636
TI  - Anti-tumor Effect of Intravenous Administration of CRM197 for Triple-negative
      Breast Cancer Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB
      EGF), which belongs to the epidermal growth factor family, is a rational
      therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). This study aimed to
      assess the anti-tumor efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) HB-EGF-specific inhibitor
      (CRM197) for TNBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: NOD/SCID mice were subcutaneously
      injected withTNBC cells, MDA-MB-231, and, then, treated with i.v. CRM197 in
      either dose- or frequency-dependent manners, using an advanced cancer model and
      an adjuvant therapy model. Tumor volume and mouse body weight were calculated
      weekly. Statistical significance was assessed by the Mann-Whitney U-test.
      RESULTS: Mice that received i.v. CRM197 showed a significant anti-tumor effect in
      dose- and frequency-dependent manners in both models. However, their body weight
      did not differ significantly among groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that
      i.v. CRM197 is an effective treatment for TNBC.

PMID- 27354637
TI  - Host CD40 Is Essential for DCG Treatment Against Metastatic Lung Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: For the application of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in
      cancer therapy, the CD40-CD40L interaction is indispensable in administering
      alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer). We hypothesized that CD40 plays an
      important role in dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with alphaGalCer (DCGs) in the
      treatment of lung metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wild-type (WT) and CD40(-/-)
      mice were treated with DCGs isolated from WT or CD40(-/-) mice in a B16F10 lung
      metastases model and NK and NKT cell activity in lungs and the spleen were
      examined. RESULTS: DCG treatment improved WT mice survival but CD40(-/-) hosts
      received no survival benefit. Conversely, attenuation of a therapeutic effect in
      mice treated with CD40(-/-) DCGs was not observed. The functional activities of
      NK and NKT cells in DCG-treated CD40(-/-) mice were partially suppressed.
      CONCLUSION: Host CD40 is essential for DCG treatment to have a therapeutic effect
      on B16F10 lung metastases.

PMID- 27354638
TI  - Liver Injury After Invariant NKT Cell Activation by Free Alpha-galactosylceramide
      and Alpha-galactosylceramide-loaded Dendritic Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Both free alpha-galactosylceramide (alphaGalCer) and alphaGalCer
      loaded dendritic cells (DCG) activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells to
      varying degrees, with alphaGalCer inducing liver injury. We sought to evaluate
      liver injury by these two pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were injected
      with alphaGalCer or DCG followed by analysis of serum alanine transaminase (ALT)
      activity levels, mortality and liver function. RESULTS: While ALT levels were
      elevated after DCG in a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-dependent manner, DCG
      did not cause lethal injury. More serious injury of liver CD31-positive
      endothelial cells (CD31(+) EC) was observed in mice treated with alphaGalCer than
      with DCG. Furthermore, liver CD31(+) EC of alphaGalCer-treated mice induced naive
      liver lymphocytes to produce TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION: DCG treatment did not induce
      lethal liver injury. CD31(+) EC may play an antigen-presenting role to iNKT cells
      after alphaGalCer treatment and may be a cause of lethal injury.

PMID- 27354639
TI  - Screening for Identification of Personalized Food to Promote Adiponectin
      Secretion in Patients with Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Adiponectin is secreted specifically from adipose tissue. Low
      serum adiponectin levels may cause metabolic syndrome, which is also a risk
      factor for carcinogenesis. Several studies have suggested a negative correlation
      between adiponectin and risk of cancers. This study examined the adiponectin
      secretion-promoting effect of food ingredients in adipose-derived stem cells
      (ADSCs) obtained from patients with cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ADSCs from 7
      lifestyle disease cancer patients were differentiated into adipocytes.
      Subsequently, the adipocytes were treated with 49 food constituents. The
      adiponectin levels in cell culture supernatants were measured after 48 and 96 h.
      RESULTS: Soy genistein extract, lychee low-molecular-weight polyphenol, olive
      extract and turmeric promoted adiponectin secretion. CONCLUSION: Food
      constituents that promoted adiponectin secretion were identified using ADSCs
      derived from patients. This study suggested the possibility of a new treatment
      approach to prevent cancer recurrence.

PMID- 27354640
TI  - Effect of Xenotransplantation Site on MicroRNA Expression of Human Colon Cancer
      Stem Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have a high tumorigenic ability to form
      patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs). PDXs are an attractive pre-clinical
      model, but gene expression and biological behavior of cancer cells in the tumor
      will change during establishment and passage of PDXs. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Human colon cancer PDX was established and passaged either subcutaneously or
      orthotopically into the murine intestine. Histology and flow cytometric profile
      of the surgical specimen and the PDX were analyzed. CSCs were then isolated from
      the tumors and their microRNA (miRNA) expression was analyzed by semi
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The surgical specimens and PDXs
      were histologically similar. The size of CSC population increased and expression
      of miRNAs in CSCs changed in the passaged PDXs. Expression of oncogenic miRNAs
      was highly up-regulated in the CSCs of the orthotopically passaged PDXs.
      CONCLUSION: The xenotransplantation site and the number of tumor passages affect
      the miRNA expression of human colon CSCs.

PMID- 27354641
TI  - Immunopotentiator from Pantoea agglomerans 1 (IP-PA1) Promotes Murine Hair Growth
      and Human Dermal Papilla Cell Gene Expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-like compound derived from Pantoea
      agglomerans (immunopotentiator from Pantoea agglomerans 1 (IP-PA1)) has been used
      not only as dietary supplement or cosmetic for humans, but also by Japanese
      veterinarians as an anti-tumor, anti-allergy, "keep a fine coat of fur" and hair
      growth-promoting functional food for dogs and cats. In the present study, we
      focused on the hair growth-promoting effects of IP-PA1 on a hair-shaved animal
      model and its mechanism of action. We also investigated its potential on gene
      expression after stimulating human dermal papilla cells with IP-PA1. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: The hair on the back of a C3H/HeN mouse was shaved and IP-PA1 was
      orally administered or applied to the skin. The status of hair growth was
      observed and recorded for 14 days. Skin was collected and histological tissue
      examination was performed with respect to hair growth status using hematoxylin
      and eosin staining. After IP-PA1 administration (2 and 10 MUg/ml) to human dermal
      papilla cell culture system for 24 h, fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7) and
      vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA expression were measured using
      real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. RESULTS: IP-PA1, when given
      orally, showed a tendency to promote hair growth in mice. In addition, skin
      application also significantly promoted hair growth, while histopathological
      examinations further demonstrated hair elongation from dermal papilla cells. In
      the human dermal papilla cell culture system, significant FGF-7 and VEGF mRNA
      expressions were observed (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: An underlying mechanism of gene
      expression by which IP-PA1 promotes hair growth was suggested to be different
      from that of medicine and traditional hair tonics, such as minoxidil and
      adenosine.

PMID- 27354642
TI  - Effect of Lipopolysaccharide Derived from Pantoea agglomerans on the Phagocytic
      Activity of Amyloid beta by Primary Murine Microglial Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Monophosphoryl lipid A, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-derived Toll
      like receptor (TLR) 4 agonist, has been shown to be effective in the prevention
      of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by enhancing phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Abeta) by
      brain microglia. Our recent study demonstrated that oral administration of LPS
      derived from Pantoea agglomerans (LPSp) activates peritoneal macrophages and
      enhances the phagocytic activity via TLR4 signaling pathway; however, the effect
      of LPSp on Abeta phagocytosis in microglia is still unknown. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Primary microglial cells were isolated from adult mouse brain by
      enzymatic digestion, following myelin removal and magnetic separation of cluster
      of differentiation (CD) 11b. Phagocytic analysis of the primary microglia was
      measured by using HiLyteTM Fluor 488-conjugated Abeta1-42 RESULTS: Using our
      protocols, the average yield of isolated CD11b(+) cells was around 2.2*10(5)
      cells per brain. CD11b(+)CD45(+)CD39(+) cells were defined here as microglia. The
      phagocytic activity of Abeta1-42 by the isolated microglia was confirmed. LPSp
      (10 ng/ml) pre-treatment for 18 h significantly increased Abeta phagocytic
      activity. CONCLUSION: The enhancement of Abeta1-42 phagocytosis by LPSp treatment
      in the primary mouse microglia was demonstrated for the first time.

PMID- 27354643
TI  - Gene Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-treated Human Monocytes Following
      Interaction with Hepatic Cancer Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Monocytes migrate into the tissue where they differentiate into
      various types of macrophages with tissue-specific characteristics. When human
      monocytes are co-cultured with colon cancer cells they exhibit increased mRNA
      expression of angiogenesis- and signaling pathway-related genes; however, this
      increase is suppressed by pretreatment with low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
      Thus, LPS-treated human monocytes may be useful in suppressing tumor invasion and
      proliferation in colon cancer. However, it is suggested that the characteristics
      of tumor-associated macrophages may differ depending on the type of cancer. The
      function of human tumor-associated macrophages in hepatic cancer remains unclear.
      In this study, we investigated mRNA expression of various genes in LPS-treated
      human monocytes following interaction with hepatic cancer cells. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The human monocyte cell line THP-1 was treated with LPS and subsequently
      co-cultured with the human hepatic cancer cell line HepG2. mRNA expression of
      various factors were then analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) and DNA microarray. RESULTS: The mRNA expressions of monocyte
      chemotactic protein-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, nuclear factor-kappaB, RelB, signal
      transducer and activator of transcription 3, IL-10 and transforming growth factor
      beta in THP-1 cells following interaction with HepG2 cells, were suppressed by
      pretreatment with LPS. CONCLUSION: LPS-treated human monocytes may be useful in
      suppressing tumor invasion and proliferation of hepatic cancer, as well as colon
      cancer. The co-culture system of monocytes and cancer cells may be beneficial for
      evaluating antitumor effects in LPS-treated monocytes.

PMID- 27354644
TI  - Global Liver Gene Expression Analysis on a Murine Metabolic Syndrome Model
      Treated by Low-molecular-weight Lychee Fruit Polyphenol (Oligonol(r)).
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Oligonol(r) (OLG) is a low-molecular-weight lychee fruit
      polyphenol mainly containing catechin-type monomers and oligomers of
      proanthocyanidins. Dietary OLG supplementation reportedly improves lipid
      metabolism disorder and lowers the visceral fat level in animal and human
      studies. Thus, we investigated the mechanism behind the protective and beneficial
      effects of OLG on a Western diet (WD)-induced metabolic syndrome (MetS) of a
      murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the C57BL/6J mouse for the MetS model,
      mice were divided into three groups: control (normal diet: ND), Western diet (WD)
      and WD + 0.5% OLG (OLG) groups. The WD group was fed a high-calorie (high
      fructose plus high fat) diet for 12 weeks to develop MetS. At week 12, all mice
      were sacrificed and the blood and liver were obtained for histological and
      biological examinations and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). RESULTS: Body weight, liver
      weight, plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-Cho) and alanine
      aminotransferase (ATS) levels of both OLG groups were significantly lower than
      those of the WD group. On histological examination of the liver, the area of
      fatty deposits was shown to be suppressed by OLG administration. Expression gene
      analysis in the liver of WD- versus OLG-fed mice by RNA-Seq showed that
      464/45,706 genes exhibited a significant change of expression (corrected p-value
      <0.05, absolute value of fold change (FC) >=2). Gene network analysis showed that
      genes related to hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation and tumor invasion were
      inactivated in the OLG group. In particular, the lipid metabolism-related genes
      Lpin1, Adig and Cidea were regulated by OLG administration. CONCLUSION: OLG may
      function to suppress MetS and the progression of geriatric diseases in WD-fed
      mice by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism, inflammation and tumor
      related genes in the liver.

PMID- 27354645
TI  - Immunohistochemical Analysis of WT1 Antigen Expression in Various Solid Cancer
      Cells.
AB  - For a peptide-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccine to work effectively in cancer
      treatment, it is significant that the target protein is expressed in cancer
      cells. Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) has been identified as a molecular target for immune
      cell therapy of cancer. We evaluated the protein expression levels of WT1 in
      various solid tumors, as well as mucin 1 (MUC1) or major histocompatibility
      complex (MHC) class l molecules. Seven hundred and thirty-eight patients whose
      tissue samples were examined by immunohistochemical analysis agreed to undergo DC
      vaccine therapy. The positive staining of WT1 in tumor cells was observed in
      25.3% of patients, with only 8.5% of them showing moderate to strong expression;
      moreover, WT1 tended to localize in the nucleus and cytoplasm. A positive
      staining of tumor cells by an anti-MHC class l monoclonal antibody was observed
      in 98.6% and by an anti-MUC1 monoclonal antibody in 76.8% of the patients. In
      relation to the application of cancer-specific immunotherapy, these findings
      provide useful information for determining the efficacy of MUC1- and WT1-targeted
      therapy. 

PMID- 27354646
TI  - Safety and Anti-tumor Effects of Docetaxel Plus Cisplatin in Intermediate- and
      High-risk Endometrial Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer (EC) has a poor prognosis due to drug resistance.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of adjuvant
      combination chemotherapy with docetaxel plus cisplatin ((DP) docetaxel, 70
      mg/m(2); cisplatin, 60 mg/m(2); every 28 days) in EC patients at intermediate
      risk (IR) or high-risk (HR) for recurrence. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients
      diagnosed with EC were enrolled. Stage-I, -II, -III and -IV disease was noted in
      23, 7, 28 and 6 patients, respectively. Histopathological analyses revealed that
      56, 3, 1 and 4 patients had endometrioid, serous, clear-cell or "other" types of
      carcinoma. Grade-3/4 hematologic toxicities were found at 80% and 95% in patients
      in IR and HR groups, respectively. In IR and HR groups, mean progression-free
      (PFS) survival was 69.5 and 29.5, while overall survival (OS) was 59.6 and 47.5
      months, respectively. CONCLUSION: DP may be clinically safe and useful treatment
      for EC.

PMID- 27354647
TI  - Retrospective Analysis of Growth Speed of 54 Lesions of Colitis-associated
      Colorectal Neoplasia.
AB  - AIM: This study used a multicenter questionnaire survey to evaluate the
      morphology and progression of the initial lesion in cases of colitis-associated
      colorectal neoplasia (CRN). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endoscopic images of lesions
      that had been definitively diagnosed as CRN by pathological examination were
      retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: This resulted in the identification of 54
      initial lesions in 49 patients. The 54 initial lesions fell into the following
      categories: 22 endoscopically visible localized lesions consisting of 18 elevated
      lesions and 4 depressed lesions, as well as 32 lesions that were not
      endoscopically visible as localized and consisted of 20 active-phase mucosal
      lesions and 12 remission-phase mucosal lesions. Nineteen of the lesions
      eventually became advanced cancers, while 35 lesions eventually became early
      stage cancers. The final lesions were 40 elevated lesions, 5 flat or depressed
      lesions and 9 stenotic lesions. The form of growth of the advanced cancers was
      progressive stenosis or increased elevation. For approximately 69% of the early
      stage cancers, the growth form was increasing elevation or development of
      elevation. For 73.6% of the advanced cancers, the initial lesion underwent rapid
      growth and became advanced cancer within 3 years; they accounted for 25.9% of the
      total cancers. Approximately 40% of the initial lesions of CRN were
      endoscopically visible as localized lesions, while approximately 60% were judged
      to be inflammatory mucosal lesions. CONCLUSION: It will be necessary to
      proactively take biopsy inflammatory mucosal lesions in order to discover tumors
      early and periodic surveillance should be performed with the knowledge that
      tumors may grow very quickly.

PMID- 27354648
TI  - Adoptive Chemoimmunotherapy Using Activated alphabeta T Cells for Stage IV
      Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Adoptive immunotherapy of cancer is evolving with the development
      of novel technologies that generate proliferation of large numbers of alphabeta
      and gammadelta T cells. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the combination
      of adoptive immunotherapy using alphabeta T cells with chemotherapy for stage IV
      colorectal cancer (CRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with advanced or
      recurrent CRC received XELOX + bevacizumab + ex vivo expanded alphabeta T
      lymphocytes as a first-line chemoimmunotherapy. RESULTS: Median age of the 15
      patients (4 men, 11 women) was 65 years (range=49-80). Median progression-free
      survival was 21.3 months. Response rate was 80% (complete response (CR)=26.7%,
      partial response (PR)=53.3%, stable disease (SD)=20% and progressive disease
      (PD)=0%). Most adverse events were mild to moderate regarding their intensity and
      immunotherapy-associated toxicity was minimal. CONCLUSION: Combination of
      adoptive alphabeta T cell immunotherapy with chemotherapy for stage IV CRC is
      feasible and safe.

PMID- 27354649
TI  - Clinical Effects of Orally Administered Lipopolysaccharide Derived from Pantoea
      agglomerans on Malignant Tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: It has been reported that oral administration of
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recovers an individual's immune condition and induces
      the exclusion of foreign matter, inflammation and tissue repair. We orally
      administered LPS from the wheat symbiotic bacteria Pantoea agglomerans, which has
      been ingested and proven to be safe, to cancer patients. Our observation of
      clinical improvements resulting from this treatment are reported. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Sixteen cancer patients who exhibited declined small intestinal immune
      competence were treated between June and September, 2015. Diagnosis was based on
      our evaluation on small intestinal immune competence and macrophage activity.
      RESULTS: The state of malignant tumors at 3 months after starting this treatment
      was complete recovery for 3 cases, remission for 7 cases, maintenance for 4
      cases, exacerbation for 1 case and death for 1 case (total response rate=62.5%).
      Small intestinal immune competence and macrophage activity recovered in all
      cases, suggesting that oral administration of LPS contributes to disease
      improvement. No clear side-effects that appeared to be related to LPS intake were
      noted. CONCLUSION: Intake of an appropriate level of Pantoea agglomerans LPS
      recovers small intestinal immune competence and macrophage activity, contributing
      to improvement of malignant tumors' therapy.

PMID- 27354650
TI  - Safety of Emulsifying Lipid Formulation Containing Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty
      Acids for Patients with Crohn's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The efficacy of omega-3 supplementation by oral capsule for
      patients with Crohn's disease (CD) remains controversial. We investigated the
      safety and efficacy of an omega-3 emulsified formulation. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      Six patients with CD in remission participated in this open-label clinical trial.
      Patients ingested one bottle (100 ml) of the test formulation (IMARK S(r)) daily
      for 28 days. After a 1-month washout period, patients ingested two bottles of the
      formulation daily for 28 days. Anthropometric and blood tests were performed
      before and after each intervention. RESULTS: The omega-3 emulsifying formulation
      was safe with minimal side-effects. Body weight and body-mass index were not
      altered; however, CD activity index scores tended to decrease after ingested one
      bottle of formulation. Blood tests revealed no severe adverse effects.
      CONCLUSION: Supplementation with an omega-3 emulsifying formulation can be safe
      and useful for maintaining remission in patients with CD and warrants further
      studies.

PMID- 27354651
TI  - Current State of and Problems Related to Cancer of the Intestinal Tract
      Associated with Crohn's Disease in Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Cancer of the intestinal tract (small and large intestine)
      associated with Crohn's disease has a low incidence but can be fatal if it
      develops. Thus, the key question is how to deal with this type of cancer. The
      current study surveyed major medical facilities that treat inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD) surgically in Japan in order to examine the clinical features of
      cancer of the intestinal tract associated with Crohn's disease and explore ways
      to deal with this cancer in the future. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen major
      medical facilities that treat IBD surgically were surveyed regarding cancer of
      the intestinal tract associated with Crohn's disease. The medical facilities had
      treated 3,454 patients with Crohn's disease, 122 of whom had developed intestinal
      cancer. The medical facilities were surveyed regarding those 122 patients.
      RESULTS: The incidence of intestinal cancer associated with Crohn's disease has
      increased yearly. Cancer most often developed in the left side of the colon and,
      particularly, in the rectum and anal canal. Seventy-six percent of cases were
      diagnosed preoperatively, 4% were diagnosed intraoperatively, while the remaining
      20% were diagnosed pathologically after surgery. The most prevalent histological
      type of cancer was mucinous carcinoma (50%). Forty-two percent of cancers were
      differentiated, with 4% being poorly differentiated. The surgical procedure
      performed most often (67%) was abdominoperineal resection. The 5-year survival
      rate by stage was 88% for Stage I, 68% for Stage II, 71% for Stage IIIa, 25% for
      Stage IIIb and 0% for Stage IV. Overall, the 5-year survival rate was 52%.
      CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer associated with Crohn's disease had an
      incidence of 3.5%, but also involved a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate
      of 52%. Early detection through surveillance is crucial to improving the
      prognosis for patients. However, surveillance of the intestinal tract with
      endoscopy or contrast studies is technically and diagnostically hampered by
      Crohn's disease and intestinal strictures. A biopsy of the anal canal, a common
      site of cancer, can readily be performed and constitutes the first step in
      surveillance.

PMID- 27354652
TI  - Case Report: A Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patient Treated with GcMAF, Sonodynamic
      Therapy and Tumor Treating Fields.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Macrophage activating factor (MAF)-based immunotherapy has a wide
      application for use in treating many diseases via macrophage activation.
      Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) using low-intensity ultrasound and tumor treating field
      (TTF) therapy are novel therapeutic modalities. SDT is usually combined with
      ozone therapy to improve local hypoxia within the tumor environment. CASE REPORT:
      We treated a 77-year-old male diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer ((NSCLC)
      stage 3B) using second-generation serum GcMAF and oral colostrum MAF-based
      immunotherapy combined with SDT, TTF and ozone therapies. RESULTS: This case
      report demonstrates that GcMAF, oral colostrum MAF, SDT, TTF and ozone therapy
      can be used for NSCLC without adverse effects. CONCLUSION: This case report
      suggests a new concept of cancer treatment using local destruction of cancer
      tissue, in this case conducted with SDT and TTF therapy, to be used in
      combination with serum GcMAF and colostrum MAF immunotherapy as a systemic
      treatment.

PMID- 27354653
TI  - Case Report: GcMAF Treatment in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Gc protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF) has
      various functions as an immune modulator, such as macrophage activation, anti
      angiogenic activity and anti-tumor activity. Clinical trials of second-generation
      GcMAF demonstrated remarkable clinical effects in several types of cancers. Thus,
      GcMAF-based immunotherapy has a wide application for use in the treatment of many
      diseases via macrophage activation that can be used as a supportive therapy.
      Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be an autoimmune disorder that affects
      the myelinated axons in the central nervous system (CNS). This study was
      undertaken to examine the effects of second-generation GcMAF in a patient with
      MS. RESULTS: This case study demonstrated that treatments of GcMAF in a patient
      with MS have potent therapeutic actions with early beneficial responses,
      especially improvement of motor dysfunction. CONCLUSION: GcMAF shows therapeutic
      potency in the treatment of MS.

PMID- 27354654
TI  - Expression of HSP27 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Heat-shock protein 27 (HSP27), a low molecular weight stress
      protein, is recognized as a molecular chaperone. The expression of HSP27 has been
      detected in some human tumors and while HSP27 is phosphorylated as a reresponse
      to stress, the function of phosphorylated HSP27 (p-HSP27) is not known. The aim
      of this study was to investigate what kind of effect expression of HSP27 and p
      HSP27 in HCC has on clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: An immunohistochemical study for HSP27 and p-HSP27 was performed on
      194 resected HCC cases. We analyzed the correlation of HSP27 expression with
      various parameters statistically. RESULTS: There was no correlation between
      expression of HSP27 and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis
      from the analysis of 194 cases. From the analysis of the hepatitis C virus (HCV)
      positive group of 142 cases, those that were p-HSP27-positive had a larger tumor
      diameter and the portal vein invasion rate was high. CONCLUSION: The expression
      of total HSP27 may serve as a new, clinically useful marker of HCC. In addition,
      the present study suggests that the expression of phosphorylated HSP27 is useful
      in the screening and grading of HCC occurring in the setting of HCV.

PMID- 27354655
TI  - Nuclear Y-Box-binding Protein-1 Expression Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in
      Stage III Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Y-Box-binding protein-1 (YB-1), a DNA/RNA-binding protein, is an
      important oncogenic transcription and translation factor. We aimed to evaluate
      the relationships between nuclear YB-1 expression, epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR) status, and poor clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal
      cancer (CRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nuclear YB-1 expression was
      immunohistochemically analyzed in CRC tissues obtained from 124 patients who
      underwent curative resection between 2005 and 2008. Correlations between nuclear
      YB-1 expression, various clinicopathological characteristics, EGFR status, and
      prognostic factors were evaluated. RESULTS: High-grade nuclear YB-1 expression
      was detected in 62.9% of cases and was found to be an independent predictor of
      poorer overall survival (p<0.001) and relapse-free survival (p<0.001). A trend
      was also observed towards a positive correlation between nuclear YB-1 expression
      and EGFR status (p=0.051). CONCLUSION: Nuclear YB-1 expression is a useful
      prognostic biomarker that correlates with EGFR status in patients with CRC.

PMID- 27354656
TI  - Antihypertensive Medication Use in Older Patients Transitioning from Chronic
      Kidney Disease to End-Stage Renal Disease on Dialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The transition from CKD to ESRD can be particularly
      unstable, with high rates of death and hospitalizations. Few studies have
      examined medication use during this critical period. We examined patterns of
      antihypertensive medication use from the four quarters before and eight quarters
      after incident ESRD treated with maintenance dialysis. DESIGN, SETTING,
      PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: We used the US Renal Data System to identify
      patients aged >=67 years initiating dialysis for ESRD between January 2008 and
      December 2010 with Medicare Part D and a low-income subsidy. We ascertained the
      incidence of AKI and hyperkalemia during each quarter on the basis of having at
      least 1 payment claim for the condition. We used Poisson regression with robust
      SEMs to formally test for changes in the trend and level of antihypertensive
      medication use in a series of intervention analyses. RESULTS: The number of
      antihypertensive drugs used increased as patients neared ESRD, peaking at an
      average of 3.4 in the quarter immediately preceding dialysis initiation, then
      declining to 2.2 medications by 2 years later. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker use was stable at approximately 40%,
      even among patients with coronary disease and systolic heart failure, and did not
      correlate with AKI or hyperkalemia. Dialysis initiation was associated with a 40%
      (95% confidence interval, 38% to 43%) lower adjusted level of diuretic use, which
      continued to decline after ESRD. Three- and four-drug combinations that included
      a diuretic were most common before ESRD, whereas after ESRD, one- and two-drug
      beta-blocker or calcium-channel blocker-based combinations were most common.
      CONCLUSIONS: The use of antihypertensive medications, particularly angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blockers and diuretics, may
      be suboptimal during the transition from CKD to ESRD, especially in patients with
      coronary disease or systolic heart failure. Future studies are needed to identify
      strategies to increase the appropriate use of antihypertensive medications during
      this critical transition period.

PMID- 27354658
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27354657
TI  - Antihypertensive Medication in Patients Pre- and Postdialysis: Still Hazy After
      All These Years.

PMID- 27354660
TI  - Reproductive traits affect the rescue of valuable and endangered multipurpose
      tropical trees.
AB  - Conservation strategies are urgently needed in Tropical areas for widely used
      tree species. Increasing numbers of species are threatened by overexploitation
      and their recovery might be poor due to low reproductive success and poor
      regeneration rates. One of the first steps in developing any conservation policy
      should be an assessment of the reproductive biology of species that are
      threatened by overexploitation. This work aimed to study the flowering biology,
      pollination and breeding system of V. doniana, a multipurpose threatened African
      tree, as one step in assessing the development of successful conservation
      strategies. To this end, we studied (1) traits directly involved in pollinator
      attraction like flowering phenology, flower numbers and morphology, and floral
      rewards; (2) abundance, diversity and efficiency of flower visitors; (3) breeding
      system, through controlled hand-pollination experiments involving exclusion of
      pollinators and pollen from different sources; and (4) optimal conditions for
      seed germination. The flowering phenology was asynchronous among inflorescences,
      trees and sites. The flowers produced a large quantity of pollen and nectar with
      high sugar content. Flowers attracted diverse and abundant visitors, counting
      both insects and birds, and efficient pollinators included several Hymenoptera
      species. We detected no spontaneous self-pollination, indicating a total
      dependence on pollen vectors. Vitex doniana is self-compatible and no inbreeding
      depression occurred in the first developmental stages. After extraction of the
      seed from the fruit, seed germination did not require any particular conditions
      or pre-treatments and the seeds showed high germination rates. These pollination
      and breeding characteristics as well as germination potential offer the required
      conditions to develop successful conservation strategies. Protection, cultivation
      and integration in agroforestry systems are required to improve the regeneration
      of the tree. 

PMID- 27354659
TI  - Silent Cerebral Microbleeds and Longitudinal Risk of Renal and Cardiovascular
      Events in Patients with CKD.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In the general population, the presence of cerebral
      microbleeds on T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging has been reported to be a
      predictor of future stroke. Patients with CKD have a high prevalence of
      microbleeds and are at higher risk of ESRD as well as cardiovascular disease,
      including stroke. Because endothelial dysfunction is the common pathophysiology
      among microbleeds, CKD, and cardiovascular disease, we hypothesized that the
      presence of microbleeds would be an important predictor of composite outcome,
      including both cardiovascular disease and renal events, in those with CKD.
      DESIGN, SETTINGS, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This was a prospective cohort
      study of 404 patients with CKD who underwent T2*-weighted magnetic resonance
      imaging for this study between January of 2008 and January of 2011. The primary
      outcome was composite of cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Cardiovascular
      outcomes included cardiovascular death, the new onset of myocardial infarction,
      coronary revascularization, stroke, and amputation/revascularization because of
      peripheral artery disease. Renal outcomes included doubling of the serum
      creatinine level and development of ESRD requiring dialysis or transplantation.
      RESULTS: At baseline, microbleeds were present in 83 (20.5%) patients. During the
      follow-up median period of 2.3 years, 124 of the 404 patients experienced the
      composite outcome. The presence of microbleeds was associated with higher risk
      for the composite outcome in an unadjusted Cox model, and it remained significant
      after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, and systolic BP (hazard ratio [HR],
      2.58; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.68 to 3.46 for composite outcome;
      hazard ratio, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.55 to 3.77 for renal outcome; hazard ratio, 3.46;
      95% CI, 1.62 to 7.43 for cardiovascular disease outcome). CONCLUSIONS: In
      patients with CKD, the presence of microbleeds is a novel and independent
      predictor of both renal and cardiovascular disease end points.

PMID- 27354661
TI  - The chemical identity of intervessel pit membranes in Acer challenges hydrogel
      control of xylem hydraulic conductivity.
AB  - Ion-mediated enhancement of the hydraulic conductivity of xylem tissue (i.e. the
      ionic effect) has been reported for various angiosperm species. One explanation
      of the ionic effect is that it is caused by the swelling and shrinking of
      intervessel pit membranes due to the presence of pectins and/or other cell-wall
      matrix polymers such as heteroxylans or arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) that may
      contain acidic sugars. Here, we examined the ionic effect for six Acer species
      and their pit membrane chemistry using immunocytochemistry, including antibodies
      against glycoproteins. Moreover, anatomical features related to the bordered pit
      morphology and vessel dimensions were investigated using light and electron
      microscopy. The ionic effect varied from 18 % (+/- 9) to 32 % (+/- 13). Epitopes
      of homogalacturonan (LM18) and xylan (LM11) were not detected in intervessel pit
      membranes. Negative results were also obtained for glycoproteins (extensin: LM1,
      JIM20; AGP glycan: LM2), although AGP (JIM13)-related epitopes were detected in
      parenchyma cells. The mean vessel length was significantly correlated with the
      magnitude of the ionic effect, unlike other pit or vessel-related
      characteristics. Our results suggest that intervessel pit membranes of Acer are
      unlikely to contain pectic or other acidic polysaccharides. Therefore,
      alternative explanations should be tested to clarify the ionic effect. 

PMID- 27354663
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27354664
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27354665
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27354666
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27354667
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27354670
TI  - A woman with a red eye from a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula.

PMID- 27354668
TI  - The Future of Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - : Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for 10%-15% of lung cancer cases,
      is an aggressive disease characterized by rapid growth and early widespread
      metastasis. Although up to 80% of patients respond to first-line chemotherapy,
      most eventually relapse, and there are no approved agents beyond the second line.
      Despite the high incidence of mutations in SCLC, to date no targeted therapy has
      shown a benefit for this patient population, and systemic treatment has not
      changed significantly during the past 3 decades. Given that extensive-stage SCLC
      has a 5-year survival rate of only 1%-2%, novel therapies are desperately needed.
      Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating antitumor
      responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that
      immunotherapy may be a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients
      with SCLC. Of the immunotherapies being investigated for patients with SCLC,
      antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and
      pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune
      checkpoint pathways are perhaps the most promising. Because these immune
      checkpoint pathways, which under normal circumstances function to protect healthy
      tissues from damage during inflammatory responses and maintain self-tolerance,
      can help tumor cells evade elimination by the immune system, they represent
      potential therapeutic targets. This review discusses the rationale for
      immunotherapy and the early clinical results of immunotherapeutic agents being
      investigated in SCLC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is
      an aggressive lung cancer subtype. Despite sensitivity to first-line
      chemotherapy, SCLC has high recurrence rates, and responses to second-line
      treatments are poor. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of
      generating responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting
      that immunotherapy may be a viable approach for patients with SCLC. Of several
      immunotherapies being investigated, antibodies that target the programmed cell
      death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen
      4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are among the most promising for
      patients with SCLC and are the focus of this review.

PMID- 27354671
TI  - Doctors left to define foreseeable death in new law.

PMID- 27354669
TI  - Integration of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy With Tyrosine Kinase
      Inhibitors in Stage IV Oncogene-Driven Lung Cancer.
AB  - : Genotype-based selection of patients for targeted therapies has had a
      substantial impact on the treatment of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs).
      Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) directed at cancers driven by oncogenes, such
      as epidermal growth factor receptor mutations or anaplastic lymphoma kinase
      rearrangements, often achieve dramatic responses and result in prolonged survival
      compared with chemotherapy. However, TKI resistance invariably develops. Disease
      progression can be limited to only one or a few sites and might not be
      symptomatic, raising the important question of whether this type of
      oligoprogression warrants a change in systemic therapy or consideration of local
      treatment. Recent clinical observations suggest a growing role for stereotactic
      body radiation therapy (SBRT) in the treatment of oligoprogressive and perhaps
      even oligopersistent disease (primary and/or metastases) in oncogene-driven
      NSCLC. SBRT might allow patients to continue with existing TKI treatments longer
      and delay the need to switch to other systemic options. We review the current
      data with regard to the use of SBRT for metastatic NSCLC and particularly
      oncogene-driven disease. Although there is great promise in the marriage of
      targeted therapies with SBRT, prospective data are urgently needed. In the
      meantime, such strategies are being used in carefully selected patients, with
      risk-adapted SBRT dose-fractionation regimens used to optimize the therapeutic
      index. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or
      SBRT-like treatments are increasingly being used for oligoprogression in patients
      with oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer. This approach allows patients to
      extend the duration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and has the potential to
      prolong survival times. Careful patient selection and risk-adapted radiation
      dosing is of critical importance to minimize toxicity and preserve patient
      quality of life.

PMID- 27354672
TI  - Thoracic outlet syndrome.

PMID- 27354673
TI  - Cochrane continues to seek stable funding.

PMID- 27354674
TI  - Acting to the very limits of what you can do.

PMID- 27354675
TI  - College complaints to CMPA increase.

PMID- 27354676
TI  - Improving patient-centred care for rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 27354677
TI  - Common state mechanisms regulating tribal tobacco taxation and sales, the USA,
      2015.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Native American tribes, as sovereign nations, are exempt from state
      tobacco excise taxation, and self-govern on-reservation activity in the USA.
      Under Federal law, state excise taxes are owed by non-members purchasing tobacco
      on tribal land, but states are limited in how they enforce or collect these
      taxes. This study highlights the various policy approaches that states have taken
      to regulate tobacco sales on tribal lands given jurisdictional challenges.
      METHODS: State laws (statutes, regulations and case law), Attorney General
      opinions, and revenue notices and rulings effective as of 1 January 2015 for all
      50 states and the District of Columbia were compiled using Boolean searches in
      Lexis-Nexis and Westlaw. Laws were limited to those addressing taxation compacts
      or tobacco sales involving tribal entities. Master Settlement Agreement laws and
      non-codified tribal codes/compacts were excluded. RESULTS: Twenty of the 34
      states with tribal lands address tribal tobacco sales. Fourteen states address
      intergovernmental compacts: 11 are tobacco specific, and suggest or require
      specific provisions. Fifteen states address tribal tax stamps: 2 explicitly
      prohibit stamping tribally sold products, 9 stamp all products, and 4 stamp some.
      Prepayment of excise tax is required in 12 states: 6 on all products, 4 on
      products in excess of quota, and 2 on products sold by non-tribal retailers. 6
      states use quotas to limit tax-free tobacco available to tribes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Many states with a tribal presence have no formal strategies for non-members
      purchasing tobacco on tribal lands. Formalising policies and harmonising tax
      rates may assist states in collecting tax revenue from non-tribal consumers.

PMID- 27354678
TI  - Analysis of British American Tobacco's questionable use of privilege and
      protected document claims at the Guildford Depository.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tobacco companies have a documented history of attempting to hide
      information from public scrutiny, including inappropriate privilege claims. The
      1998 Minnesota Consent Judgement created two depositories to provide public
      access to discovered documents. Users raised concerns about the access conditions
      and ongoing integrity of the Guildford Depository collection operated until 2015
      by British American Tobacco (BAT). METHODS: A metadata search of the Legacy
      Tobacco Documents Library identified inconsistent privilege claims, and
      duplicates of documents withheld by BAT from public visitors. A review of the
      validity of claims, for documents obtained through these searches, was conducted
      against recognised legal definitions of privilege. FINDINGS: BAT has asserted
      inappropriate privilege claims over 49% of the documents reviewed (n=63). The
      quantity of such claims and consistency of the stated rationale for the privilege
      claims suggest a concerted effort rather than human error. CONCLUSIONS: There was
      insufficient attention given to the operation of the Guildford Depository by the
      original plaintiffs, including to the subsequent use of privilege claims.
      Appropriate access to these documents, commensurate with the terms of legal
      settlements creating the collection, was critical given their public interest
      value for enhancing understanding of industry strategies and activities,
      informing of policy interventions, and for holding the industry to account.
      Future legal settlements should prevent defendants from subsequently withholding
      disclosed documents, aside from those legitimately privileged, from public view.
      Control of publicly disclosed documents should not be placed back into the hands
      of defendant tobacco companies. Plaintiffs also need to invest adequate resources
      into policing claims of legal privilege.

PMID- 27354679
TI  - Integrating the impact of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco use among adolescents
      in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a cross-sectional, population-level model of
      toxicant exposure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Waterpipe smoking is more prevalent than cigarette smoking among
      adolescents in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR); however, simple prevalence
      masks complex waterpipe smoking patterns and makes uncertain its contribution to
      risk of tobacco-related harm. This study aimed to integrate the impact of
      cigarette and waterpipe tobacco use on toxicant exposure among EMR adolescents.
      METHODS: A cross-sectional model made equivalent individual-level toxicant
      exposure data for cigarettes and waterpipes, and aggregated it to 23 countries in
      the EMR using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. The waterpipe model adjusted for
      estimated frequency of use, session duration and sharing behaviours. The final
      model included 60 306 12-17-year olds, and modelled as outcomes nicotine, carbon
      monoxide (CO) and 14 carcinogens. Sensitivity analyses substantially reduced
      session duration and proportion of solo use. RESULTS: Our model suggests
      waterpipe use may contribute a median of 36.4% (IQR 26.7-46.8%, n=16) of the
      total toxicant exposure from tobacco, and may reach up to 73.5% and 71.9% of
      total CO and benzene exposure, respectively. Sensitivity analyses reduced all
      values by 4.3-21.0%, but even the most conservative scenarios suggested over 50%
      of benzene and CO exposure was from waterpipe use. Between 69.2% and 73.5% of
      total toxicant exposure derived from dual cigarette and waterpipe users, who
      smoked cigarettes and waterpipe more frequently and intensely than single users.
      CONCLUSIONS: More research is warranted to refine our model's parameters. Tobacco
      control researchers should consider a move towards a single unit of measure for
      cigarette and waterpipe tobacco exposure in order to better inform health policy.

PMID- 27354681
TI  - Daytime Mouthpiece for Continuous Noninvasive Ventilation in Individuals With
      Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is commonly used to provide ventilatory
      support for individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Once 24-h
      ventilation is required, the decision between invasive tracheostomy ventilation
      and palliation is often faced. This study describes the use and outcomes of
      daytime mouthpiece ventilation added to nighttime mask ventilation for continuous
      NIV in subjects with ALS as an effective alternative. METHODS: This was a
      retrospective study of 39 subjects with ALS using daytime mouthpiece ventilation
      over a 17-y period. RESULTS: Thirty-one subjects were successful with mouthpiece
      ventilation, 2 were excluded, 2 stopped because of lack of motivation, and 4 with
      bulbar subscores of the Revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating
      Scale (b-ALSFRS-R) between 0 and 3 physically failed to use it consistently. No
      subject in the successful group had a b-ALSFRS-R score of <6. Thirty of the
      successful subjects were able to generate a maximum insufflation capacity - vital
      capacity difference with lung volume recruitment. The median (range) survival to
      tracheostomy or death from initiation of nocturnal NIV and mouthpiece ventilation
      were 648 (176-2,188) and 286 (41-1,769) d, respectively. Peak cough flow with
      lung-volume recruitment >180 L/min at initiation of mouthpiece ventilation was
      associated with a longer survival (637 +/- 468 vs 240 +/- 158 d (P = .01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Mouthpiece ventilation provides effective ventilation and prolonged
      survival for individuals with ALS requiring full-time ventilatory support and
      maintaining adequate bulbar function.

PMID- 27354682
TI  - Resveratrol lowers synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory markers and oxidative
      damage in an acute antigen-induced arthritis model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the protective effects of dietary
      supplementation with resveratrol (RSV) in an acute antigen-induced arthritis
      (AIA) model. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, AIA
      and RSV-treated AIA group. RSV (12.5 mg/kg/day) was given orally for 8 weeks
      before induction of AIA and until the end of the experiment (48 h after intra
      articular injection). The control and AIA animals were administered 100 MUl of
      water. Results were evaluated by macroscopic observation, histopathology and
      immunohistochemistry for anti-PCNA, macrophages (CD68), T lymphocytes (CD3),
      monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine (a
      marker of DNA damage). Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 in serum and
      peroxidase activity in synovial tissue were measured using commercial kits.
      RESULTS: At the end of the study, RSV significantly reduced knee swelling.
      Likewise, the histological score of synovial tissue also reduced significantly.
      The arthritis-protective effects were associated with a significant decrease in
      PCNA, CD68, CD3 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 staining, as well as a
      reduction in serum concentrations of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant
      1. RSV treatment also decreased the level of the marker of DNA damage, 8-oxo-7,8
      dihydro-2'-deoxyguanine. Accordingly, peroxidase activity in the synovial tissue
      was up-regulated. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation with RSV lowers the main
      pathological hallmarks of RA disease in an acute model of AIA. RSV may represent
      a promising strategy in controlling the severity of RA.

PMID- 27354683
TI  - Interferon alpha kinoid induces neutralizing anti-interferon alpha antibodies
      that decrease the expression of interferon-induced and B cell activation
      associated transcripts: analysis of extended follow-up data from the interferon
      alpha kinoid phase I/II study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: IFN alpha Kinoid (IFN-K) is a therapeutic vaccine composed of
      IFNalpha2b coupled to a carrier protein. In a phase I/II placebo-controlled
      trial, we observed that IFN-K significantly decreases the IFN gene signature in
      whole blood RNA samples from SLE patients. Here, we analysed extended follow-up
      data from IFN-K-treated patients, in order to evaluate persistence of
      neutralizing anti-IFNalpha Abs antibodies (Abs), and gene expression profiling.
      METHODS: Serum and whole blood RNA samples were obtained in IFN-K-treated
      patients included in the follow-up study, in order to determine binding and
      neutralizing anti-IFNalpha Ab titres, and perform high-throughput transcriptomic
      studies. RESULTS: Neutralization studies of 13 IFNalpha subtypes demonstrated the
      polyclonal nature of the Ab response induced by IFN-K. Follow-up analyses in six
      patients confirmed a significant correlation between neutralizing anti-IFNalpha
      Ab titres and decrease in IFN scores compared to baseline. These analyses also
      revealed an inhibitory effect of IFNalpha blockade on the expression of B cell
      associated transcripts. CONCLUSIONS: IFN-K induces a polyclonal anti-IFNalpha
      response that decreases IFN- and B cell-associated transcripts. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01058343.

PMID- 27354684
TI  - The effectiveness of a real life dose reduction strategy for tumour necrosis
      factor inhibitors in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine feasibility of TNF inhibitor (TNFi) dose reduction for
      severe AS and PsA patients. METHODS: A retrospective study in a real-world
      setting. Criteria for dose reduction of TNFi included BASDAI < 4 for ?6 months in
      AS; or DAS28-ESR ? 3.2 for ?6 months in PsA. TNFi dose was reduced by one-third.
      Patients who flared (BASDAI > 4 in AS or DAS28-ESR > 3.2 in PsA) were re
      escalated to standard treatment dose. RESULTS: Twenty-six per cent (33/125) of AS
      and 18% (15/83) of PsA patients fulfilled criteria and underwent TNFi dose
      reduction. Fifty-eight per cent (19/33) of AS and 60% (9/15) of PsA patients
      maintained TNFi dose reduction for mean (s.d) of 1.0 (0.8) years. Reinstating
      standard dose of TNFi recaptured low disease activity in all patients who failed
      dose reduction within 24 weeks, with no statistically significant difference in
      mean BASDAI compared with those maintaining TNFi dose reduction in AS at 24 weeks
      [mean (s.d) BASDAI 2.4 (1.1) vs 1.9 (1.5), respectively (P = 0.229)]; however in
      PsA, those who failed dose reduction had higher disease activity compared with
      patients maintained on TNFi dose reduction at 24 weeks [mean (s.d) DAS28-ESR 2.7
      (0.6) vs 1.3 (0.5), respectively (P ? 0.001)]. In PsA, a lower DAS28-ESR prior to
      dose reduction of TNFi was associated with more successful dose reduction.
      CONCLUSIONS: In a real-world setting, 60% of individuals with severe AS and PsA
      who achieve low disease activity can successfully reduce the dose of TNFi therapy
      by a third for a mean of 1 year.

PMID- 27354685
TI  - Estrogen-induced expression of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of
      apoptosis through ERalpha accelerates the progression of lupus nephritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Oestrogens have been shown to play key roles in the pathogenesis of
      SLE. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles and mechanisms of 17beta
      estradiol (E2) in TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) expression in LN.
      METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from LN patients
      were used for in vitro experiments, while female MRL/lpr and MRL/MpJ mice were
      used for in vivo studies. E2, ICI 182 780 [estrogen receptor (ER)-selective
      antagonist], methyl-piperidino-pyrazole (MPP, ERalpha-selective modulator),
      lentivirus (LV)-TWEAK-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and LV-control-shRNA treatments
      were used in this study. RESULTS: TWEAK mRNA expression in PBMCs was
      significantly increased following E2 treatment and downregulated after incubation
      with ICI 182 780 or MPP. Compared with sham-operated MRL/lpr mice, ovariectomized
      mice, treated with dimethyl sulphoxide vehicle alone, showed lower expression
      levels of renal TWEAK mRNA and protein. The expression of both mRNA and protein
      in ovariectomized mice was upregulated after E2 treatment and downregulated after
      ICI 182 780 or MPP co-treatment. Severe renal damage was observed in E2-treated
      ovariectomized mice, as were higher serum levels of IL-6, compared with dimethyl
      sulphoxide vehicle-treated ovariectomized mice. Co-treatment with LV-TWEAK-shRNA
      reversed these changes, and LV-control-shRNA treatment had no effect on them.
      CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that E2 plays an important role in the
      upregulation of TWEAK expression in LN, most likely through an ERalpha-dependent
      pathway, causing kidney damage. This provides a novel insight into the mechanisms
      of the E2-TWEAK signalling pathway in LN.

PMID- 27354686
TI  - Nonadherence to disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in the first year after
      diagnosis: comparing three adherence measures in early arthritis patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare three measurement methods for
      non-adherence to DMARDs in early arthritis patients: the Compliance Questionnaire
      Rheumatology (CQR), the intracellular uptake of MTX in the form of MTX
      polyglutamates (MTX-PGs) and electronic measurement with Medication Event
      Monitoring Systems (MEMS). METHODS: DMARD naive early arthritis patients were
      included in an ongoing cohort study. MEMS were used to measure adherence
      continuously, while every 3 months MTX-PGs were collected together with the CQR.
      The associations between the measures were estimated with Spearman rank
      correlations. Sensitivity and specificity of the CQR against a MEMS cut-off was
      compared at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The same applied to MTX-PGs against a MEMS cut
      off and MTX-PGs against a CQR cut-off. For the association between MEMS, the CQR
      and MTX-PGs, a multilevel linear regression model was performed with age, gender,
      weeks of treatment and MTX dosage as covariates. RESULTS: We included 206
      patients. Non-adherence measured with MEMS varied over time and between DMARDs.
      The CQR score was not associated with MEMS non-adherence at 3, 9 and 12 months.
      At 9 months, MTX-PGs was associated with MEMS non-adherence, as well as with the
      CQR. All correlations were below 0.30. CONCLUSION: Associations between the three
      measures are weak. Explanations are individual differences in the uptake of MTX,
      and little variance in adherence between patients. Moreover, the measurement
      domains differ: perceptions (CQR), behaviour (MEMS) and pharmacokinetics (MTX).

PMID- 27354687
TI  - Neutrophil extracellular traps as a potential source of autoantigen in cocaine
      associated autoimmunity.
AB  - Objective: Exposure to illicit cocaine and its frequent adulterant, levamisole,
      is associated with ANCAs targeting neutrophil elastase (NE), neutropenia and
      vasculitic/thrombotic skin purpura. The mechanisms of cocaine/levamisole
      associated autoimmunity (CLAA) are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess
      the ability of cocaine and levamisole to induce the release of neutrophil
      extracellular traps (NETs), a potential source of autoantigen and tissue injury.
      Methods: We performed quantitative and qualitative assessment of NET formation in
      neutrophils from healthy donors exposed to either drug in vitro . In addition,
      IgG from sera of individuals with CLAA (CLAA-IgG) was assessed for its ability to
      enhance formation of, and to bind to, drug-induced NETs. Results: Both cocaine
      and levamisole could induce formation of NETs enriched in NE and, potentially,
      inflammatory mitochondrial DNA. Both drugs could also augment simultaneous
      release of B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF). CLAA-IgG,
      but not IgG from healthy individuals, could potentiate drug-induced NETosis.
      Furthermore, CLAA-IgG, but not ANCA + control IgG, bound to drug-induced NETs in
      a pattern consistent with NE targeting. Conclusion: Both cocaine and levamisole
      may contribute to the development of ANCAs by inducing release of potentially
      inflammatory NETs in association with NE autoantigen and BAFF. Enhancement of
      drug-induced NET release by CLAA-IgG provides a potential mechanism linking
      vasculitis/pupuric skin disease to acute drug exposure in patients with CLAA.
      Further study of this under-recognized form of autoimmunity will be likely to
      provide mechanistic insight into ANCA-associated vasculitis and other diseases
      associated with NETosis.

PMID- 27354689
TI  - Cost-effectiveness of biologic compared with conventional synthetic disease
      modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a Register
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the cost-effectiveness of
      biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) compared with conventional synthetic DMARDs
      (csDMARDs) for RA using real-world data from Finnish registers. METHODS: RA
      patients starting their first bDMARD and comparator patients using csDMARDs
      during 2007-11 were obtained from the National register of biologic treatments in
      Finland and the Jyvaskyla Central Hospital patient records. Propensity score
      matching was applied to adjust for differences between bDMARD and csDMARD users.
      Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and based on the
      register of biologic treatments in Finland and Jyvaskyla Central Hospital patient
      records, whereas the direct costs were obtained from relevant Finnish national
      registers. Patients were followed up for 2 years, and both costs and
      effectiveness for the second year were discounted at 3%. The incremental cost
      effectiveness ratio (ICER) with 95% CI was calculated based on bootstrapped mean
      costs and effectiveness. RESULTS: Of 1581 RA patients meeting study inclusion
      criteria, 552 bDMARD and 220 csDMARD users were included in analyses after
      matching. Mean costs for bDMARDs and csDMARDs were ?55 371 and ?24 879, while
      mean effectiveness was 1.23 and 1.20 QALYs, respectively. Consequent ICER was
      ?902 210/QALY. Results were confirmed in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: The
      high incremental cost and the small, non-significant difference in effectiveness
      resulted in high ICER, suggesting that bDMARDs are not cost-effective. Regardless
      of matching, latent confounders may introduce bias to the results.

PMID- 27354690
TI  - Differences in the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in primary and secondary
      care: only one-third of patients are managed in rheumatology.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Knowing not only the prevalence of SpA, but also the proportion
      managed in rheumatology, has implications for health care planning. The aims of
      this study were to determine the prevalence of SpA and the proportion managed in
      rheumatology and to examine differences in group characteristics. METHODS: For
      the primary care population, we used the Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit
      Research (PCCIUR) electronic primary care database, covering one-third of the
      Scottish population. Patients with AS, and various extraspinal manifestations
      were identified using Read Codes. For secondary care, we used the Scotland
      Registry for Ankylosing Spondylitis, which collected data on clinically diagnosed
      AS patients >15 years of age seen in rheumatology clinics between 2010 and 2013.
      Prevalence estimate denominators were computed using the adult PCCIUR and
      Scottish 2011 mid-year population estimates, respectively. Differences in the
      characteristics of both patient groups were examined using simple descriptive
      statistics. RESULTS: The prevalence of AS in primary care was 13.4/10 000 (95% CI
      12.8, 14.0) and 4.7/10 000 in rheumatology (95% CI 4.5, 4.9). Rheumatology
      patients were younger overall and at diagnosis (mean age 51 vs 62 years and 35 vs
      38, respectively; both P < 0.001) and more likely to have a history of uveitis
      (34 vs 22%), IBD (12 vs 6%) and psoriasis (14 vs 6%) (all P < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to estimate the prevalence of clinically
      diagnosed AS in primary and secondary care simultaneously, indicating that only
      one-third of patients are managed in rheumatology. This has important
      ramifications for health care planning and indicates a large 'silent' proportion
      of patients who may have serious pathology and would benefit from additional
      assessment in a specialist clinic.

PMID- 27354688
TI  - Ultrasound-detected tenosynovitis independently associates with patient-reported
      flare in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in clinical remission: results from
      the observational study STARTER of the Italian Society for Rheumatology.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of US-detected
      tenosynovitis in RA patients in clinical remission and to explore its clinical
      correlates. METHODS: A total of 427 RA patients in clinical remission were
      consecutively enrolled from 25 Italian rheumatology centres. Tenosynovitis and
      synovitis were scored by US grey scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) semi
      quantitative scoring systems at wrist and hand joints. Complete clinical
      assessment was performed by rheumatologists blinded to the US results. A flare
      questionnaire was used to assess unstable remission (primary outcome), HAQ for
      functional disability and radiographic erosions for damage (secondary outcomes).
      Cross-sectional relationships between the presence of each US finding and outcome
      variables are presented as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs, both crude and adjusted
      for pre-specified confounders. RESULTS: The prevalence of tenosynovitis in
      clinical remission was 52.5% (95% CI 0.48, 0.57) for GS and 22.7% (95% CI 0.19,
      0.27) for PD, while the prevalence of synovitis was 71.6% (95% CI 0.67, 0.76) for
      GS and 42% (95% CI 0.37, 0.47) for PD. Among clinical correlates, PD
      tenosynovitis associated with lower remission duration and morning stiffness
      while PD synovitis did not. Only PD tenosynovitis showed a significant
      association with the flare questionnaire [OR 1.95 (95% CI 1.17, 3.26)]. No cross
      sectional associations were found with the HAQ. The presence of radiographic
      erosions associated with GS and PD synovitis but not with tenosynovitis.
      CONCLUSIONS: US-detected tenosynovitis is a frequent finding in RA patients in
      clinical remission and associates with unstable remission.

PMID- 27354691
TI  - Inheritance-mode specific pathogenicity prioritization (ISPP) for human protein
      coding genes.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Exome sequencing studies have facilitated the detection of causal
      genetic variants in yet-unsolved Mendelian diseases. However, the identification
      of disease causal genes among a list of candidates in an exome sequencing study
      is still not fully settled, and it is often difficult to prioritize candidate
      genes for follow-up studies. The inheritance mode provides crucial information
      for understanding Mendelian diseases, but none of the existing gene
      prioritization tools fully utilize this information. RESULTS: We examined the
      characteristics of Mendelian disease genes under different inheritance modes. The
      results suggest that Mendelian disease genes with autosomal dominant (AD)
      inheritance mode are more haploinsufficiency and de novo mutation sensitive,
      whereas those autosomal recessive (AR) genes have significantly more non
      synonymous variants and regulatory transcript isoforms. In addition, the X-linked
      (XL) Mendelian disease genes have fewer non-synonymous and synonymous variants.
      As a result, we derived a new scoring system for prioritizing candidate genes for
      Mendelian diseases according to the inheritance mode. Our scoring system assigned
      to each annotated protein-coding gene (N = 18 859) three pathogenic scores
      according to the inheritance mode (AD, AR and XL). This inheritance mode-specific
      framework achieved higher accuracy (area under curve  = 0.84) in XL mode.
      CONCLUSION: The inheritance-mode specific pathogenicity prioritization (ISPP)
      outperformed other well-known methods including Haploinsufficiency, Recessive,
      Network centrality, Genic Intolerance, Gene Damage Index and Gene Constraint
      scores. This systematic study suggests that genes manifesting disease inheritance
      modes tend to have unique characteristics. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: ISPP
      is included in KGGSeq v1.0 (http://grass.cgs.hku.hk/limx/kggseq/), and source
      code is available from (https://github.com/jacobhsu35/ISPP.git). CONTACT:
      mxli@hku.hkSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at
      Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354692
TI  - Accurate in silico prediction of species-specific methylation sites based on
      information gain feature optimization.
AB  - : As one of the most important reversible types of post-translational
      modification, protein methylation catalyzed by methyltransferases carries many
      pivotal biological functions as well as many essential biological processes.
      Identification of methylation sites is prerequisite for decoding methylation
      regulatory networks in living cells and understanding their physiological roles.
      Experimental methods are limitations of labor-intensive and time-consuming. While
      in silicon approaches are cost-effective and high-throughput manner to predict
      potential methylation sites, but those previous predictors only have a mixed
      model and their prediction performances are not fully satisfactory now. Recently,
      with increasing availability of quantitative methylation datasets in diverse
      species (especially in eukaryotes), there is a growing need to develop a species
      specific predictor. Here, we designed a tool named PSSMe based on information
      gain (IG) feature optimization method for species-specific methylation site
      prediction. The IG method was adopted to analyze the importance and contribution
      of each feature, then select the valuable dimension feature vectors to
      reconstitute a new orderly feature, which was applied to build the finally
      prediction model. Finally, our method improves prediction performance of accuracy
      about 15% comparing with single features. Furthermore, our species-specific model
      significantly improves the predictive performance compare with other general
      methylation prediction tools. Hence, our prediction results serve as useful
      resources to elucidate the mechanism of arginine or lysine methylation and
      facilitate hypothesis-driven experimental design and validation. AVAILABILITY AND
      IMPLEMENTATION: The tool online service is implemented by C# language and freely
      available at http://bioinfo.ncu.edu.cn/PSSMe.aspx CONTACT:
      jdqiu@ncu.edu.cnSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at
      Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354693
TI  - A probabilistic approach for collective similarity-based drug-drug interaction
      prediction.
AB  - MOTIVATION: As concurrent use of multiple medications becomes ubiquitous among
      patients, it is crucial to characterize both adverse and synergistic interactions
      between drugs. Statistical methods for prediction of putative drug-drug
      interactions (DDIs) can guide in vitro testing and cut down significant cost and
      effort. With the abundance of experimental data characterizing drugs and their
      associated targets, such methods must effectively fuse multiple sources of
      information and perform inference over the network of drugs. RESULTS: We propose
      a probabilistic approach for jointly inferring unknown DDIs from a network of
      multiple drug-based similarities and known interactions. We use the highly
      scalable and easily extensible probabilistic programming framework Probabilistic
      Soft Logic We compare against two methods including a state-of-the-art DDI
      prediction system across three experiments and show best performing improvements
      of more than 50% in AUPR over both baselines. We find five novel interactions
      validated by external sources among the top-ranked predictions of our model.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Final versions of all datasets and
      implementations will be made publicly available. CONTACT: dsridhar@ucsc.edu.

PMID- 27354694
TI  - Evaluating the molecule-based prediction of clinical drug responses in cancer.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Molecule-based prediction of drug response is one major task of
      precision oncology. Recently, large-scale cancer genomic studies, such as The
      Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), provide the opportunity to evaluate the predictive
      utility of molecular data for clinical drug responses in multiple cancer types.
      RESULTS: Here, we first curated the drug treatment information from TCGA. Four
      chemotherapeutic drugs had more than 180 clinical response records. Then, we
      developed a computational framework to evaluate the molecule based predictions of
      clinical responses of the four drugs and to identify the corresponding molecular
      signatures. Results show that mRNA or miRNA expressions can predict drug
      responses significantly better than random classifiers in specific cancer types.
      A few signature genes are involved in drug response related pathways, such as
      DDB1 in DNA repair pathway and DLL4 in Notch signaling pathway. Finally, we
      applied the framework to predict responses across multiple cancer types and found
      that the prediction performances get improved for cisplatin based on miRNA
      expressions. Integrative analysis of clinical drug response data and molecular
      data offers opportunities for discovering predictive markers in cancer. This
      study provides a starting point to objectively evaluate the molecule-based
      predictions of clinical drug responses. CONTACT: jgu@tsinghua.edu.cn
      SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics
      online.

PMID- 27354695
TI  - ABAEnrichment: an R package to test for gene set expression enrichment in the
      adult and developing human brain.
AB  - : We present ABAEnrichment, an R package that tests for expression enrichment in
      specific brain regions at different developmental stages using expression
      information gathered from multiple regions of the adult and developing human
      brain, together with ontologically organized structural information about the
      brain, both provided by the Allen Brain Atlas. We validate ABAEnrichment by
      successfully recovering the origin of gene sets identified in specific brain cell
      types and developmental stages. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: ABAEnrichment
      was implemented as an R package and is available under GPL (>= 2) from the
      Bioconductor website
      (http://bioconductor.org/packages/3.3/bioc/html/ABAEnrichment.html). CONTACTS:
      steffi_grote@eva.mpg.de, kelso@eva.mpg.de or
      michael_dannemann@eva.mpg.deSupplementary information: Supplementary data are
      available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354696
TI  - pSumo-CD: predicting sumoylation sites in proteins with covariance discriminant
      algorithm by incorporating sequence-coupled effects into general PseAAC.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Sumoylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) process, in
      which small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is attaching by covalent bonds to
      substrate protein. It is critical to many different biological processes such as
      replicating genome, expressing gene, localizing and stabilizing proteins;
      unfortunately, it is also involved with many major disorders including
      Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Therefore, for both basic research and drug
      development, it is important to identify the sumoylation sites in proteins.
      RESULTS: To address such a problem, we developed a predictor called pSumo-CD by
      incorporating the sequence-coupled information into the general pseudo-amino acid
      composition (PseAAC) and introducing the covariance discriminant (CD) algorithm,
      in which a bias-adjustment term, which has the function to automatically adjust
      the errors caused by the bias due to the imbalance of training data, had been
      incorporated. Rigorous cross-validations indicated that the new predictor
      remarkably outperformed the existing state-of-the-art prediction method for the
      same purpose. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: For the convenience of most
      experimental scientists, a user-friendly web-server for pSumo-CD has been
      established at http://www.jci-bioinfo.cn/pSumo-CD, by which users can easily
      obtain their desired results without the need to go through the complicated
      mathematical equations involved. CONTACT: jjia@gordonlifescience.org,
      xxiao@gordonlifescience.org or kcchou@gordonlifescience.orgSupplementary
      information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354697
TI  - Cyclo-lib: a database of computational molecular dynamics simulations of
      cyclodextrins.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Cyclodextrins (CDs) are amongst the most versatile/multi-functional
      molecules used in molecular research and chemical applications. They are natural
      cyclic oligosaccharides typically employed to encapsulate hydrophobic groups in
      their central cavity. This allows solubilizing, protecting or reducing the
      toxicity of a large variety of different molecules including drugs, dyes and
      surfactant agents. In spite of their great potential, atomic level information of
      these molecules, which is key for their function, is really scarce. Computational
      Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have the potential to efficiently fill this
      gap, providing structural-dynamic information at atomic level in time scales
      ranging from ps to MUs. RESULTS: Cyclo-lib is a database with a publicly
      accessible web-interface containing structural and dynamic analysis obtained from
      computational MD simulation trajectories (250 ns long) of native and modified CDs
      in explicit water molecules. Cyclo-lib currently includes 70 CDs typically
      employed for fundamental and industrial research. Tools for comparative analysis
      between different CDs, as well as to restrict the analysis to specific time
      segments within the trajectories are also available. Cyclo-lib provides atomic
      resolution information aimed to complement experimental results performed with
      the same molecules. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The database is freely
      available under http://cyclo-lib.mduse.com/ CONTACT: Angel.Pineiro@usc.es.

PMID- 27354698
TI  - Structural distinctions of fast and slow bacterial luciferases revealed by
      phylogenetic analysis.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Bacterial luciferases are heterodimeric enzymes that catalyze a
      chemical reaction, so called bioluminescence, which causes light emission in
      bacteria. Bioluminescence is vastly used as a reporter system in research tools
      and commercial developments. However, the details of the mechanisms that
      stabilize and transform the reaction intermediates as well as differences in the
      enzymatic kinetics amongst different bacterial luciferases remain to be
      elucidated. RESULTS: Amino acid sequences alignments for 21 bacterial luciferases
      (both alpha- and beta-subunits) were analyzed. For alpha-subunit, containing the
      enzyme active center, 48 polymorphic amino acid positions were identified.
      According to them, the sequences fell into two distinct groups known as slow and
      fast based on the decay rate of the bioluminescence reaction. The differences in
      the enzyme active site induced by structural polymorphism are analyzed.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Three-dimensional models of Photobacterium
      leiognathi luciferase and Vibrio harveyi luciferase (with reconstructed mobile
      loop) are freely available at PMDB database: PM0080525 and PM0080526,
      respectively. CONTACT: adeeva@sfu-kras.ruSupplementary information: Supplementary
      data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354699
TI  - Conpair: concordance and contamination estimator for matched tumor-normal pairs.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Sequencing of matched tumor and normal samples is the standard study
      design for reliable detection of somatic alterations. However, even very low
      levels of cross-sample contamination significantly impact calling of somatic
      mutations, because contaminant germline variants can be incorrectly interpreted
      as somatic. There are currently no sequence-only based methods that reliably
      estimate contamination levels in tumor samples, which frequently display copy
      number changes. As a solution, we developed Conpair, a tool for detection of
      sample swaps and cross-individual contamination in whole-genome and whole-exome
      tumor-normal sequencing experiments. RESULTS: On a ladder of in silico
      contaminated samples, we demonstrated that Conpair reliably measures
      contamination levels as low as 0.1%, even in presence of copy number changes. We
      also estimated contamination levels in glioblastoma WGS and WXS tumor-normal
      datasets from TCGA and showed that they strongly correlate with tumor-normal
      concordance, as well as with the number of germline variants called as somatic by
      several widely-used somatic callers. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The method
      is available at: https://github.com/nygenome/conpair CONTACT:
      egrabowska@gmail.com or mczody@nygenome.orgSupplementary information:
      Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354700
TI  - GeneCodeq: quality score compression and improved genotyping using a Bayesian
      framework.
AB  - MOTIVATION: The exponential reduction in cost of genome sequencing has resulted
      in a rapid growth of genomic data. Most of the entropy of short read data lies
      not in the sequence of read bases themselves but in their Quality Scores-the
      confidence measurement that each base has been sequenced correctly. Lossless
      compression methods are now close to their theoretical limits and hence there is
      a need for lossy methods that further reduce the complexity of these data without
      impacting downstream analyses. RESULTS: We here propose GeneCodeq, a Bayesian
      method inspired by coding theory for adjusting quality scores to improve the
      compressibility of quality scores without adversely impacting genotyping
      accuracy. Our model leverages a corpus of k-mers to reduce the entropy of the
      quality scores and thereby the compressibility of these data (in FASTQ or
      SAM/BAM/CRAM files), resulting in compression ratios that significantly exceeds
      those of other methods. Our approach can also be combined with existing lossy
      compression schemes to further reduce entropy and allows the user to specify a
      reference panel of expected sequence variations to improve the model accuracy. In
      addition to extensive empirical evaluation, we also derive novel theoretical
      insights that explain the empirical performance and pitfalls of corpus-based
      quality score compression schemes in general. Finally, we show that as a positive
      side effect of compression, the model can lead to improved genotyping accuracy.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: GeneCodeq is available at:
      github.com/genecodeq/eval CONTACT: dan@petagene.comSupplementary information:
      Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354701
TI  - CellProfiler Analyst: interactive data exploration, analysis and classification
      of large biological image sets.
AB  - : CellProfiler Analyst allows the exploration and visualization of image-based
      data, together with the classification of complex biological phenotypes, via an
      interactive user interface designed for biologists and data scientists.
      CellProfiler Analyst 2.0, completely rewritten in Python, builds on these
      features and adds enhanced supervised machine learning capabilities (Classifier),
      as well as visualization tools to overview an experiment (Plate Viewer and Image
      Gallery). AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: CellProfiler Analyst 2.0 is free and
      open source, available at http://www.cellprofiler.org and from GitHub
      (https://github.com/CellProfiler/CellProfiler-Analyst) under the BSD license. It
      is available as a packaged application for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows and can
      be compiled for Linux. We implemented an automatic build process that supports
      nightly updates and regular release cycles for the software. CONTACT:
      anne@broadinstitute.orgSupplementary information: Supplementary data are
      available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354702
TI  - AutoSite: an automated approach for pseudo-ligands prediction-from ligand-binding
      sites identification to predicting key ligand atoms.
AB  - MOTIVATION: The identification of ligand-binding sites from a protein structure
      facilitates computational drug design and optimization, and protein function
      assignment. We introduce AutoSite: an efficient software tool for identifying
      ligand-binding sites and predicting pseudo ligand corresponding to each binding
      site identified. Binding sites are reported as clusters of 3D points called fills
      in which every point is labelled as hydrophobic or as hydrogen bond donor or
      acceptor. From these fills AutoSite derives feature points: a set of putative
      positions of hydrophobic-, and hydrogen-bond forming ligand atoms. RESULTS: We
      show that AutoSite identifies ligand-binding sites with higher accuracy than
      other leading methods, and produces fills that better matches the ligand shape
      and properties, than the fills obtained with a software program with similar
      capabilities, AutoLigand In addition, we demonstrate that for the Astex Diverse
      Set, the feature points identify 79% of hydrophobic ligand atoms, and 81% and 62%
      of the hydrogen acceptor and donor hydrogen ligand atoms interacting with the
      receptor, and predict 81.2% of water molecules mediating interactions between
      ligand and receptor. Finally, we illustrate potential uses of the predicted
      feature points in the context of lead optimization in drug discovery projects.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: http://adfr.scripps.edu/AutoDockFR/autosite.html
      CONTACT: sanner@scripps.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are
      available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27354703
TI  - Evolving specificity of tRNA 3-methyl-cytidine-32 (m3C32) modification: a subset
      of tRNAsSer requires N6-isopentenylation of A37.
AB  - Post-transcriptional modifications of anticodon loop (ACL) nucleotides impact
      tRNA structure, affinity for the ribosome, and decoding activity, and these
      activities can be fine-tuned by interactions between nucleobases on either side
      of the anticodon. A recently discovered ACL modification circuit involving
      positions 32, 34, and 37 is disrupted by a human disease-associated mutation to
      the gene encoding a tRNA modification enzyme. We used tRNA-HydroSeq (-HySeq) to
      examine (3)methyl-cytidine-32 (m(3)C32), which is found in yeast only in the ACLs
      of tRNAs(Ser) and tRNAs(Thr) In contrast to that reported for Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae in which all m(3)C32 depends on a single gene, TRM140, the m(3)C32 of
      tRNAs(Ser) and tRNAs(Thr) of the fission yeast S. pombe, are each dependent on
      one of two related genes, trm140(+) and trm141(+), homologs of which are found in
      higher eukaryotes. Interestingly, mammals and other vertebrates contain a third
      homolog and also contain m(3)C at new sites, positions 32 on tRNAs(Arg) and C47:3
      in the variable arm of tRNAs(Ser) More significantly, by examining S. pombe
      mutants deficient for other modifications, we found that m(3)C32 on the three
      tRNAs(Ser) that contain anticodon base A36, requires N(6)-isopentenyl
      modification of A37 (i(6)A37). This new C32-A37 ACL circuitry indicates that
      i(6)A37 is a pre- or corequisite for m(3)C32 on these tRNAs. Examination of the
      tRNA database suggests that such circuitry may be more expansive than observed
      here. The results emphasize two contemporary themes, that tRNA modifications are
      interconnected, and that some specific modifications on tRNAs of the same
      anticodon identity are species-specific.

PMID- 27354704
TI  - Structure-function analysis and genetic interactions of the Luc7 subunit of the
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae U1 snRNP.
AB  - Luc7 is an essential 261-amino acid protein subunit of the Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae U1 snRNP. To establish structure-function relations for yeast Luc7, we
      conducted an in vivo mutational analysis entailing N- and C-terminal truncations
      and alanine scanning of phylogenetically conserved amino acids, including two
      putative zinc finger motifs, ZnF1 and ZnF2, and charged amino acids within the
      ZnF2 module. We identify Luc7-(31-246) as a minimal functional protein and
      demonstrate that whereas mutations of the CCHH ZnF2 motif are lethal, mutations
      of the ZnF1 CCCH motif and the charged residues of the ZnF2 modules are not.
      Though dispensable for vegetative growth in an otherwise wild-type background,
      the N-terminal 18-amino acid segment of Luc7 plays an important role in U1 snRNP
      function, evinced by our findings that its deletion (i) impaired the splicing of
      SUS1 pre-mRNA; (ii) was synthetically lethal absent other U1 snRNP constituents
      (Mud1, Nam8, the TMG cap, the C terminus of Snp1), absent the Mud2 subunit of the
      Msl5*Mud2 branchpoint binding complex, and when the m(7)G cap-binding site of
      Cbc2 was debilitated; and (iii) bypassed the need for the essential DEAD-box
      ATPase Prp28. Similar phenotypes were noted for ZnF1 mutations C45A, C53A, and
      C68A and ZnF2 domain mutations D214A, R215A, R216A, and D219A These findings
      highlight the contributions of the Luc7 N-terminal peptide, the ZnF1 motif, and
      the ZnF2 module in stabilizing the interactions of the U1 snRNP with the pre-mRNA
      5' splice site and promoting the splicing of a yeast pre-mRNA, SUS1, that has a
      nonconsensus 5' splice site.

PMID- 27354705
TI  - The S. pombe mRNA decapping complex recruits cofactors and an Edc1-like activator
      through a single dynamic surface.
AB  - The removal of the 5' 7-methylguanosine mRNA cap structure (decapping) is a
      central step in the 5'-3' mRNA degradation pathway and is performed by the
      Dcp1:Dcp2 decapping complex. The activity of this complex is tightly regulated to
      prevent premature degradation of the transcript. Here, we establish that the
      aromatic groove of the EVH1 domain of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dcp1 can interact
      with proline-rich sequences in the exonuclease Xrn1, the scaffolding protein
      Pat1, the helicase Dhh1, and the C-terminal disordered region of Dcp2. We show
      that this region of Dcp1 can also recruit a previously unidentified enhancer of
      decapping protein (Edc1) and solved the crystal structure of the complex. NMR
      relaxation dispersion experiments reveal that the Dcp1 binding site can adopt
      multiple conformations, thus providing the plasticity that is required to
      accommodate different ligands. We show that the activator Edc1 makes additional
      contacts with the regulatory domain of Dcp2 and that an activation motif in Edc1
      increases the RNA affinity of Dcp1:Dcp2. Our data support a model where Edc1
      stabilizes the RNA in the active site, which results in enhanced decapping rates.
      In summary, we show that multiple decapping factors, including the Dcp2 C
      terminal region, compete with Edc1 for Dcp1 binding. Our data thus reveal a
      network of interactions that can fine-tune the catalytic activity of the
      decapping complex.

PMID- 27354706
TI  - Monilophyte mitochondrial rps1 genes carry a unique group II intron that likely
      originated from an ancient paralog in rpl2.
AB  - Intron patterns in plant mitochondrial genomes differ significantly between the
      major land plant clades. We here report on a new, clade-specific group II intron
      in the rps1 gene of monilophytes (ferns). This intron, rps1i25g2, is strikingly
      similar to rpl2i846g2 previously identified in the mitochondrial rpl2 gene of
      seed plants, ferns, and the lycophyte Phlegmariurus squarrosus Although
      mitochondrial ribosomal protein genes are frequently subject to endosymbiotic
      gene transfer among plants, we could retrieve the mitochondrial rps1 gene in a
      taxonomically wide sampling of 44 monilophyte taxa including basal lineages such
      as the Ophioglossales, Psilotales, and Marattiales with the only exception being
      the Equisetales (horsetails). Introns rps1i25g2 and rpl2i846g2 were likewise
      consistently present with only two exceptions: Intron rps1i25g2 is lost in the
      genus Ophioglossum and intron rpl2i846g2 is lost in Equisetum bogotense Both
      intron sequences are moderately affected by RNA editing. The unprecedented
      primary and secondary structure similarity of rps1i25g2 and rpl2i846g2 suggests
      an ancient retrotransposition event copying rpl2i846g2 into rps1, for which we
      suggest a model. Our phylogenetic analysis adding the new rps1 locus to a
      previous data set is fully congruent with recent insights on monilophyte
      phylogeny and further supports a sister relationship of Gleicheniales and
      Hymenophyllales.

PMID- 27354708
TI  - Safety Evaluation of CNS Administered Biologics-Study Design, Data
      Interpretation, and Translation to the Clinic.
AB  - Many central nervous system (CNS) diseases are inadequately treated by
      systemically administered therapies due to the blood brain barrier (BBB), which
      prevents achieving adequate drug concentrations at sites of action. Due to the
      increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases and the inability of most
      systemically administered therapies to cross the BBB, direct CNS delivery will
      likely play an increasing role in treatment. Administration of large molecules,
      cells, viral vectors, oligonucleotides, and other novel therapies directly to the
      CNS via the subarachnoid space, ventricular system, or parenchyma overcomes this
      obstacle. Clinical experience with direct CNS administration of small molecule
      therapies suggests that this approach may be efficacious for the treatment of
      neurodegenerative disorders using biological therapies. Risks of administration
      into the brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid include local damage from
      implantation of the delivery system and/or administration of the therapeutic and
      reactions affecting the CNS. Preclinical safety studies on CNS administered
      compounds must differentiate between the effects of the test article, the
      delivery device, and/or the vehicle, and assess exacerbations of reactions due to
      combinations of effects. Animal models characterized for safety assessment of CNS
      administered therapeutics have enabled human trials, but interpretation can be
      challenging. This manuscript outlines the challenges of preclinical
      intrathecal/intracerebroventricular/intraparenchymal studies, evaluation of
      results, considerations for special endpoints, and translation of preclinical
      findings to enable first-in-human trials. Recommendations will be made based on
      the authors' collective experience with conducting these studies to enable
      clinical development of CNS-administered biologics.

PMID- 27354709
TI  - Nonparametric binary instrumental variable analysis of competing risks data.
AB  - In both observational studies and randomized trials with noncompliance,
      unmeasured confounding may exist which may bias treatment effect estimates.
      Instrumental variables (IV) are a popular technique for addressing such
      confounding, enabling consistent estimation of causal effects. This paper
      proposes nonparametric IV estimators for censored time to event data that may be
      subject to competing risks. A simple, plug-in estimator is introduced using
      nonparametric estimators of the cumulative incidence function, with confidence
      intervals derived using asymptotic theory. To provide an overall test of the
      treatment effect, an integrated weighted difference statistic is suggested, which
      is applicable to data with and without competing risks. Simulation studies
      demonstrate that the methods perform well with realistic samples sizes. The
      methods are applied to assess the effect of infant or maternal antiretroviral
      therapy on transmission of HIV from mother to child via breastfeeding using data
      from a large, recently completed randomized trial in Malawi where noncompliance
      with assigned treatment may confound treatment effect estimates.

PMID- 27354711
TI  - Muscle shortening velocity depends on tissue inertia and level of activation
      during submaximal contractions.
AB  - In order to perform external work, muscles must do additional internal work to
      deform their tissue, and in particular, to overcome the inertia due to their
      internal mass. However, the contribution of the internal mass within a muscle to
      the mechanical output of that muscle has only rarely been studied. Here, we use a
      dynamic, multi-element Hill-type muscle model to examine the effects of the
      inertial mass within muscle on its contractile performance. We find that the
      maximum strain-rate of muscle is slower for lower activations and larger muscle
      sizes. As muscle size increases, the ability of the muscle to overcome its
      inertial load will decrease, as muscle tension is proportional to cross-sectional
      area and inertial load is proportional to mass. Thus, muscles that are larger in
      size will have a higher inertial cost to contraction. Similarly, when muscle size
      and inertial load are held constant, decreasing muscle activation will increase
      inertial cost to contraction by reducing muscle tension. These results show that
      inertial loads within muscle contribute to a slowing of muscle contractile
      velocities (strain-rates), particularly at the submaximal activations that are
      typical during animal locomotion.

PMID- 27354710
TI  - Semiparametric density ratio modeling of survival data from a prevalent cohort.
AB  - In this article, we consider methods for assessing covariate effects on survival
      outcome in the target population when data are collected under prevalent
      sampling. We investigate a flexible semiparametric density ratio model without
      the constraints of the constant disease incidence rate and discrete covariates as
      required in Shen and others 2012. For inference, we introduce two likelihood
      approaches with distinct computational algorithms. We first develop a full
      likelihood approach to obtain the most efficient estimators by an iterative
      algorithm. Under the density ratio model, we exploit the invariance property of
      uncensored failure times from the prevalent cohort and also propose a
      computationally convenient estimation procedure that uses a conditional pairwise
      likelihood. The empirical performance and efficiency of the two approaches are
      evaluated through simulation studies. The proposed methods are applied to the
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare linked data for women
      diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer.

PMID- 27354712
TI  - Inbreeding removes sex differences in lifespan in a population of Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - Sex differences in ageing rates and lifespan are common in nature, and an
      enduring puzzle for evolutionary biology. One possibility is that sex-specific
      mortality rates may result from recessive deleterious alleles in 'unguarded'
      heterogametic X or Z sex chromosomes (the unguarded X hypothesis). Empirical
      evidence for this is, however, limited. Here, we test a fundamental prediction of
      the unguarded X hypothesis in Drosophila melanogaster, namely that inbreeding
      shortens lifespan more in females (the homogametic sex in Drosophila) than in
      males. To test for additional sex-specific social effects, we studied the
      lifespan of males and females kept in isolation, in related same-sex groups, and
      in unrelated same-sex groups. As expected, outbred females outlived outbred males
      and inbreeding shortened lifespan. However, inbreeding-mediated reductions in
      lifespan were stronger for females, such that lifespan was similar in inbred
      females and males. We also show that the social environment, independent of
      inbreeding, affected male, but not female lifespan. In conjunction with recent
      studies, the present results suggest that asymmetric inheritance mechanisms may
      play an important role in the evolution of sex-specific lifespan and that social
      effects must be considered explicitly when studying these fundamental patterns.

PMID- 27354713
TI  - Stress response, gut microbial diversity and sexual signals correlate with social
      interactions.
AB  - Theory predicts that social interactions are dynamically linked to phenotype. Yet
      because social interactions are difficult to quantify, little is known about the
      precise details on how interactivity is linked to phenotype. Here, we deployed
      proximity loggers on North American barn swallows (Hirundo rustica erythrogaster)
      to examine intercorrelations among social interactions, morphology and features
      of the phenotype that are sensitive to the social context: stress-induced
      corticosterone (CORT) and gut microbial diversity. We analysed relationships at
      two spatial scales of interaction: (i) body contact and (ii) social interactions
      occurring between 0.1 and 5 m. Network analysis revealed that relationships
      between social interactions, morphology, CORT and gut microbial diversity varied
      depending on the sexes of the individuals interacting and the spatial scale of
      interaction proximity. We found evidence that body contact interactions were
      related to diversity of socially transmitted microbes and that looser social
      interactions were related to signalling traits and CORT.

PMID- 27354714
TI  - Spatial distribution of xylem embolisms in the stems of Pinus thunbergii at the
      threshold of fatal drought stress.
AB  - Although previous studies have suggested that branch dieback and whole-plant
      death due to drought stress occur at 50-88% loss of stem hydraulic conductivity
      (P50 and P88, respectively), the dynamics of catastrophic failure in the water
      conducting pathways in whole plants subjected to drought remain poorly
      understood. We examined the dynamics of drought stress tolerance in 3-year-old
      Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.). We nondestructively monitored (i)
      the spatial distribution of drought-induced embolisms in the stem at greater than
      P50 and (ii) recovery from embolisms following rehydration. Stem water
      distributions were visualized by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The
      percentages of both embolized area and loss of hydraulic conductivity showed
      similar patterns of increase, although the water loss in xylem increased markedly
      at -5.0 MPa or less. One seedling that had reached 72% loss of the water
      conducting area survived and the xylem water potential recovered to -0.3 MPa. We
      concluded that Japanese black pines may need to maintain water-filled tracheids
      within earlywood of the current-year xylem under natural conditions to avoid
      disconnection of water movement between the stem and the tops of branches. It is
      necessary to determine the spatial distribution of embolisms around the point of
      the lethal threshold to gain an improved understanding of plant survival under
      conditions of drought.

PMID- 27354715
TI  - Bone micro-architectural analysis of mandible and tibia in ovariectomised rats: A
      quantitative structural comparison between undecalcified histological sections
      and micro-CT.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate if micro-CT can work as a method for the
      3D assessment and analysis of cancellous bone by comparing micro-CT with
      undecalcified histological sections in OVX rats. METHODS: The mandible and tibia
      of sham, ovariectomised (OVX) and zoledronate-injected ovariectomised (OVX-ZOL)
      rats were assessed morphometrically. Specimens were scanned by micro-CT.
      Undecalcified histological sections were manufactured from the specimen scanned
      by micro-CT and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Bivariate linear regressions
      and one-way analysis of variance were undertaken for statistics using SPSS 16.0.1
      software. RESULTS: There were highly significant correlations between
      undecalcified histological sections and micro-CT for all parameters (bone volume
      density (BV/TV), bone surface density (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th),
      trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp))in the mandible and
      tibia. Bone histomorphometric parameters analysed by both methods exhibited
      significant differences among sham, OVX, and OVX-ZOL groups. There were
      significant correlations between mandible and tibia in BV/TV, BS/BV, and Tb.Sp.
      CONCLUSIONS: Micro-CT is a complementary tool to histological sections in basic
      research that could improve our understanding of bone histomorphometry. The
      mandible can be used as an effective site to assess bone morphometry of OVX or
      metabolic bone disease rat models.Cite this article: H. Liu, W. Li, Y. S. Liu, Y.
      S. Zhou. Bone micro-architectural analysis of mandible and tibia in
      ovariectomised rats: A quantitative structural comparison between undecalcified
      histological sections and micro-CT. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:253-262.

PMID- 27354716
TI  - Retractions in orthopaedic research: A systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Despite the fact that research fraud and misconduct are under
      scrutiny in the field of orthopaedic research, little systematic work has been
      done to uncover and characterise the underlying reasons for academic retractions
      in this field. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of retractions
      and identify the reasons for retracted publications in the orthopaedic
      literature. METHODS: Two reviewers independently searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and
      the Cochrane Library (1995 to current) using MeSH keyword headings and the
      'retracted' filter. We also searched an independent website that reports and
      archives retracted scientific publications (www.retractionwatch.com). Two
      reviewers independently extracted data including reason for retraction, study
      type, journal impact factor, and country of origin. RESULTS: One hundred and ten
      retracted studies were included for data extraction. The retracted studies were
      published in journals with impact factors ranging from 0.000 (discontinued
      journals) to 13.262. In the 20-year search window, only 25 papers were retracted
      in the first ten years, with the remaining 85 papers retracted in the most recent
      decade. The most common reasons for retraction were fraudulent data (29),
      plagiarism (25) and duplicate publication (20). Retracted articles have been
      cited up to 165 times (median 6; interquartile range 2 to 19). CONCLUSION: The
      rate of retractions in the orthopaedic literature is increasing, with the
      majority of retractions attributed to academic misconduct and fraud. Orthopaedic
      retractions originate from numerous journals and countries, indicating that
      misconduct issues are widespread. The results of this study highlight the need to
      address academic integrity when training the next generation of orthopaedic
      investigators.Cite this article: J. Yan, A. MacDonald, L-P. Baisi, N. Evaniew, M.
      Bhandari, M. Ghert. Retractions in orthopaedic research: A systematic review.
      Bone Joint Res 2016;5:263-268. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.56.BJR-2016-0047.

PMID- 27354717
TI  - Improving the accuracy of sports medicine surveillance: when is a subsequent
      event a new injury?
AB  - The recent increased use of injury and illness surveillance programmes has the
      potential to greatly advance our knowledge about risk factors and treatment
      effectiveness. Maximising this potential requires that data be entered in a
      format that can be interpreted and analysed. One remaining challenge concerns
      whether and when an increase in symptoms should be documented within an existing
      injury record (eg, exacerbation) versus a new injury record. In this review, we
      address this challenge using the principles of the multistate framework for the
      analysis of subsequent injury in sport (M-FASIS). In brief, we argue that a new
      injury record should be documented whenever there is an increase in symptoms due
      to activity-related exposures that is beyond the normal day-to-day symptom
      fluctuations, regardless of whether the athlete was in a 'healthy state'
      immediately before the event. We illustrate the concepts with concrete examples
      of shoulder osteoarthritis, ankle sprains and ACL tears.

PMID- 27354718
TI  - The Copenhagen Consensus Conference 2016: children, youth, and physical activity
      in schools and during leisure time.
AB  - From 4 to 7 April 2016, 24 researchers from 8 countries and from a variety of
      academic disciplines gathered in Snekkersten, Denmark, to reach evidence-based
      consensus about physical activity in children and youth, that is, individuals
      between 6 and 18 years. Physical activity is an overarching term that consists of
      many structured and unstructured forms within school and out-of-school-time
      contexts, including organised sport, physical education, outdoor recreation,
      motor skill development programmes, recess, and active transportation such as
      biking and walking. This consensus statement presents the accord on the effects
      of physical activity on children's and youth's fitness, health, cognitive
      functioning, engagement, motivation, psychological well-being and social
      inclusion, as well as presenting educational and physical activity implementation
      strategies. The consensus was obtained through an iterative process that began
      with presentation of the state-of-the art in each domain followed by plenary and
      group discussions. Ultimately, Consensus Conference participants reached
      agreement on the 21-item consensus statement. 

PMID- 27354719
TI  - Lenalidomide-bendamustine-rituximab in patients older than 65 years with
      untreated mantle cell lymphoma.
AB  - For elderly patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), there is no defined
      standard therapy. In this multicenter, open-label phase 1/2 trial, we evaluated
      the addition of lenalidomide (LEN) to rituximab-bendamustine (R-B) as first-line
      treatment for elderly patients with MCL. Patients >65 years with untreated MCL,
      stages II-IV were eligible for inclusion. Primary end points were maximally
      tolerable dose (MTD) of LEN and progression-free survival (PFS). Patients
      received 6 cycles every four weeks of L-B-R (L D1-14, B 90 mg/m2 IV, days 1-2 and
      R 375 mg/m2 IV, day 1) followed by single LEN (days 1-21, every four weeks,
      cycles 7-13). Fifty-one patients (median age 71 years) were enrolled from 2009 to
      2013. In phase 1, the MTD of LEN was defined as 10 mg in cycles 2 through 6, and
      omitted in cycle 1. After 6 cycles, the complete remission rate (CRR) was 64%,
      and 36% were MRD negative. At a median follow-up time of 31 months, median PFS
      was 42 months and 3-year overall survival was 73%. Infection was the most common
      nonhematologic grade 3 to 5 event and occurred in 21 (42%) patients.
      Opportunistic infections occurred in 3 patients: 2 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
      and 1 cytomegalovirus retinitis. Second primary malignancies (SPM) were observed
      in 8 patients (16%). LEN could safely be combined with R-B when added from the
      second cycle in patients with MCL, and was associated with a high rate of CR and
      molecular remission. However, we observed a high degree of severe infections and
      an unexpected high number of SPMs, which may limit its use. This trial is
      registered at www.Clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00963534.

PMID- 27354720
TI  - Maintenance therapy in acute myeloid leukemia: an evidence-based review of
      randomized trials.

PMID- 27354721
TI  - The role of leukocytes in thrombosis.
AB  - In recent years, the traditional view of the hemostatic system as being regulated
      by a coagulation factor cascade coupled with platelet activation has been
      increasingly challenged by new evidence that activation of the immune system
      strongly influences blood coagulation and pathological thrombus formation.
      Leukocytes can be induced to express tissue factor and release proinflammatory
      and procoagulant molecules such as granular enzymes, cytokines, and damage
      associated molecular patterns. These mediators can influence all aspects of
      thrombus formation, including platelet activation and adhesion, and activation of
      the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Leukocyte-released procoagulant
      mediators increase systemic thrombogenicity, and leukocytes are actively
      recruited to the site of thrombus formation through interactions with platelets
      and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Additionally, phagocytic leukocytes are
      involved in fibrinolysis and thrombus resolution, and can regulate clearance of
      platelets and coagulation factors. Dysregulated activation of leukocyte innate
      immune functions thus plays a role in pathological thrombus formation. Modulation
      of the interactions between leukocytes or leukocyte-derived procoagulant
      materials and the traditional hemostatic system is an attractive target for the
      development of novel antithrombotic strategies.

PMID- 27354722
TI  - Characteristics, outcome, and response to therapy of multirefractory chronic
      immune thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Refractory immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) was previously defined as lack of a
      minimum response to splenectomy and the requirement for long-term treatment to
      reduce the risk of significant bleeding events. In this multicenter study, we
      included 37 patients with multirefractory ITP, defined as no response to
      splenectomy, rituximab, romiplostim, and eltrombopag. As compared with a
      historical cohort of 183 ITP patients, matched on the calendar year of ITP
      diagnosis with a 5:1 ratio, patients with multirefractory ITP were more likely to
      have secondary ITP (odds ratio [OR], 4.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31
      17.86; P = .018) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (OR,
      5.94; 95% CI, 1.08-32.48; P = .04). The median duration of ITP before being
      recognized as multirefractory was 78 months (range, 6-450). The patients showed
      failure of a median of 10.5 prior treatment lines for ITP (range, 6-15). At the
      end of follow-up (median, 84 months; range, 12-455), only 1/14 patients achieved
      response with immunosuppressant therapy alone. By contrast, 7/10 patients
      achieved response with a combination of immunosuppressant therapy and
      thrombopoietin-receptor agonists that lasted for a median of 15 months (range, 6
      32). Throughout the course of ITP, 5/37 patients died, 3 with ITP (bleeding, n =
      2; sepsis n = 1); 15 (40%) had at least 1 bacterial infection and 9 (24%) at
      least 1 episode of thrombosis. In conclusion, multirefractory ITP was associated
      with high morbidity and mortality. Combining an immunosuppressant therapy with
      thrombopoietin-receptor agonists may be a good strategy for management for these
      patients with severe disease.

PMID- 27354724
TI  - New bone turnover measure is more accurate predictor of postmenopausal bone loss.

PMID- 27354723
TI  - Disseminated intravascular coagulation at diagnosis is a strong predictor for
      thrombosis in acute myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Venous thromboembolism is a common complication in patients with cancer, but only
      limited data are available in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In a prospective
      study in a cohort of 272 adult patients (aged 18-65) and an independent
      validation cohort of 132 elderly adults (aged >60) with newly diagnosed AML, we
      assessed markers of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (fibrinogen, D
      dimer, alpha-2-antiplasmin, antitrombin, prothrombin time, and platelet count)
      and the DIC score according the International Society of Thrombosis and
      Haemostasis and their associations with the occurrence of venous and arterial
      thrombosis during follow-up. The prevalence of thrombosis was 8.7% (4.7% venous,
      4.0% arterial) in the younger adults over a median follow-up of 478 days and
      10.4% (4.4% venous, 5.9% arterial) in elderly patients. Most thrombotic events
      (66%) occurred before the start of the second course of chemotherapy. The
      calculated DIC score significantly predicted venous and arterial thrombosis with
      a hazard ratio (HR) for a high DIC score (>=5) of 4.79 (1.71-13.45). These
      results were confirmed in the validation cohort of elderly patients with AML (HR
      11.08 [3.23-38.06]). Among all DIC parameters, D-dimer levels are most predictive
      for thrombosis with an HR of 12.3 (3.39-42.64) in the first cohort and an HR of
      7.82 (1.95-31.38) in validation cohort for a D-dimer >4 mg/L vs <=4 mg/L. It is
      concluded that venous and arterial thrombosis may develop in ~10% of AML patients
      treated with intensive chemotherapy, which to a large extent can be predicted by
      the presence of DIC at time of AML diagnosis.

PMID- 27354725
TI  - UK stands by nasal flu vaccine for children as US doctors are told to stop using
      it.

PMID- 27354726
TI  - Superhydrophobicity of the gecko toe pad: biological optimization versus
      laboratory maximization.
AB  - While many gecko-inspired hierarchically structured surfaces perform as well as
      or better than the natural adhesive system, these designs often fail to function
      across a variety of contexts. For example, the gecko can adhere to rough, wet and
      dirty surfaces; however, most synthetic mimics cannot maintain function when
      faced with a similar situation. The solution to this problem lies in a more
      thorough investigation of the natural system. Here, we review the adhesive system
      of the gecko toe pad, as well as the far less-well-studied anti-adhesive system
      that results from the chemistry and structure of the toe pad
      (superhydrophobicity). This paradoxical relationship serves as motivation to
      study functional optimization at the system level. As an example, we
      experimentally investigate the role of surface lipids in adhesion and anti
      adhesion, and find a clear performance trade-off related to shear adhesion in air
      on a hydrophilic surface. This represents the first direct investigation of the
      role of surface lipids in gecko adhesion and anti-adhesion, and supports the
      argument that a system-level approach is necessary to elucidate optimization in
      biological systems. Without such an approach, bioinspired designs will be limited
      in functionality and context, especially compared to the natural systems they
      mimic.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically
      structured surfaces for green science'. 

PMID- 27354727
TI  - Bioarchitecture: bioinspired art and architecture--a perspective.
AB  - Art and architecture can be an obvious choice to pair with science though
      historically this has not always been the case. This paper is an attempt to
      interact across disciplines, define a new genre, bioarchitecture, and present
      opportunities for further research, collaboration and professional cooperation.
      Biomimetics, or the copying of living nature, is a field that is highly
      interdisciplinary, involving the understanding of biological functions,
      structures and principles of various objects found in nature by scientists.
      Biomimetics can lead to biologically inspired design, adaptation or derivation
      from living nature. As applied to engineering, bioinspiration is a more
      appropriate term, involving interpretation, rather than direct copying. Art
      involves the creation of discrete visual objects intended by their creators to be
      appreciated by others. Architecture is a design practice that makes a theoretical
      argument and contributes to the discourse of the discipline. Bioarchitecture is a
      blending of art/architecture and biomimetics/bioinspiration, and incorporates a
      bioinspired design from the outset in all parts of the work at all scales.
      Herein, we examine various attempts to date of art and architecture to
      incorporate bioinspired design into their practice, and provide an outlook and
      provocation to encourage collaboration among scientists and designers, with the
      aim of achieving bioarchitecture.This article is part of the themed issue
      'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'. 

PMID- 27354728
TI  - Why re-entrant surface topography is needed for robust oleophobicity.
AB  - Surface patterns affect wetting properties of solid materials allowing
      manipulation of the phase state of an adjacent fluid. The best known example of
      this effect is the superhydrophobic composite (Cassie-Baxter) interface with
      vapour/air pockets between the solid and liquid. Mathematically, the effect of
      surface micropatterns can be studied by an averaging technique similarly to the
      method of separation of motions in dynamics. However, averaged parameters are
      insufficient for robust superhydrophobic and superoleophobic surfaces because
      additional topography features are important: hierarchical organization and re
      entrant roughness. The latter is crucial for the oleophobicity because it
      enhances the stability of a composite interface. The re-entrant topography can be
      achieved by various methods. Understanding the role of re-entrant surface
      topography gives us new insights on the multitude of wetting scenarios beyond the
      standard Wenzel and Cassie-Baxter models.This article is part of the themed issue
      'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'. 

PMID- 27354729
TI  - Nature has gone through evolution over the 3.8 billion years. Introduction.

PMID- 27354730
TI  - Durable superoleophobic polypropylene surfaces.
AB  - Polypropylene (PP) is a popular plastic material used in consumer packaging. It
      would be desirable if such plastic containers were liquid repellent and not so
      easily fouled by their contents. Existing examples of superoleophobic surfaces
      typically rely on poorly adhered coatings or delicate surface structures,
      resulting in poor mechanical durability. Here, we report a facile method for
      creating superoleophobic PP surfaces via incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs)
      into the polymer surface. A solvent-NP-PP mixture was spin coated at high
      temperature to achieve the necessary roughness. Such surfaces were further
      functionalized with fluorosilane to result in a durable, super-repellent surface.
      They were also found to exhibit some repellency towards shampoos. This method of
      incorporating NPs into polymer surfaces could also prove useful in improving the
      anti-bacterial, mechanical and liquid-repellent properties of plastic
      devices.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically
      structured surfaces for green science'. 

PMID- 27354731
TI  - Bioinspired surfaces for turbulent drag reduction.
AB  - In this review, we discuss how superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) can provide
      friction drag reduction in turbulent flow. Whereas biomimetic SHSs are known to
      reduce drag in laminar flow, turbulence adds many new challenges. We first
      provide an overview on designing SHSs, and how these surfaces can cause slip in
      the laminar regime. We then discuss recent studies evaluating drag on SHSs in
      turbulent flow, both computationally and experimentally. The effects of
      streamwise and spanwise slip for canonical, structured surfaces are well
      characterized by direct numerical simulations, and several experimental studies
      have validated these results. However, the complex and hierarchical textures of
      scalable SHSs that can be applied over large areas generate additional
      complications. Many studies on such surfaces have measured no drag reduction, or
      even a drag increase in turbulent flow. We discuss how surface wettability,
      roughness effects and some newly found scaling laws can help explain these varied
      results. Overall, we discuss how, to effectively reduce drag in turbulent flow,
      an SHS should have: preferentially streamwise-aligned features to enhance
      favourable slip, a capillary resistance of the order of megapascals, and a
      roughness no larger than 0.5, when non-dimensionalized by the viscous length
      scale.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically
      structured surfaces for green science'. 

PMID- 27354732
TI  - Bioinspired materials for water supply and management: water collection, water
      purification and separation of water from oil.
AB  - Access to a safe supply of water is a human right. However, with growing
      populations, global warming and contamination due to human activity, it is one
      that is increasingly under threat. It is hoped that nature can inspire the
      creation of materials to aid in the supply and management of water, from water
      collection and purification to water source clean-up and rehabilitation from oil
      contamination. Many species thrive in even the driest places, with some surviving
      on water harvested from fog. By studying these species, new materials can be
      developed to provide a source of fresh water from fog for communities across the
      globe. The vast majority of water on the Earth is in the oceans. However, current
      desalination processes are energy-intensive. Systems in our own bodies have
      evolved to transport water efficiently while blocking other molecules and ions.
      Inspiration can be taken from such to improve the efficiency of desalination and
      help purify water containing other contaminants. Finally, oil contamination of
      water from spills or the fracking technique can be a devastating environmental
      disaster. By studying how natural surfaces interact with liquids, new techniques
      can be developed to clean up oil spills and further protect our most precious
      resource.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically
      structured surfaces for green science'. 

PMID- 27354733
TI  - Vibrations and spatial patterns in biomimetic surfaces: using the shark-skin
      effect to control blood clotting.
AB  - We study the effect of small-amplitude fast vibrations and small-amplitude
      spatial patterns on various systems involving wetting and liquid flow, such as
      superhydrophobic surfaces, membranes and flow pipes. First, we introduce a
      mathematical method of averaging the effect of small spatial and temporal
      patterns and substituting them with an effective force. Such an effective force
      can change the equilibrium state of a system as well as a phase state, leading to
      surface texture-induced and vibration-induced phase control. Vibration and
      patterns can effectively jam holes in vessels with liquid, separate multi-phase
      flow, change membrane properties, result in propulsion and locomotion and lead to
      many other multi-scale, nonlinear effects including the shark-skin effect. We
      discuss the application of such effects to blood flow for novel biomedical
      'haemophobic' applications which can prevent blood clotting and thrombosis by
      controlling the surface pattern at a wall of a vessel (e.g. a catheter or
      stent).This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically
      structured surfaces for green science'. 

PMID- 27354734
TI  - Discovery of riblets in a bird beak (Rynchops) for low fluid drag.
AB  - Riblet structures found on fast-swimming shark scales, such as those found on a
      mako shark, have been shown to reduce fluid drag. In previous experimental and
      modelling studies, riblets have been shown to provide drag reduction by lifting
      vortices formed in turbulent flow, decreasing overall shear stresses. Skimmer
      birds (Rynchops) are the only birds to catch fish in flight by flying just above
      the water surface with a submerged beak to fish for food. Because they need to
      quickly catch prey, reducing drag on their beak is advantageous. For the first
      time, riblet structures found on the beak of the skimmer bird have been studied
      experimentally and computationally for low fluid drag properties. In this study,
      skimmer replicas were studied for drag reduction through pressure drop in closed
      channel, turbulent water flow. Pressure drop measurements are compared for black
      and yellow skimmer beaks in two configurations, and mako shark skin. In addition,
      two configurations of skimmer beak were modelled to compare drag properties and
      vortex structures. Results are discussed, and a conceptual model is presented to
      explain a possible drag reduction mechanism in skimmers.This article is part of
      the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green
      science'. 

PMID- 27354735
TI  - Hierarchical structures of cactus spines that aid in the directional movement of
      dew droplets.
AB  - Three species of cactus whose spines act as dew harvesters were chosen for this
      study: Copiapoa cinerea var. haseltoniana, Mammillaria columbiana subsp.
      yucatanensis and Parodia mammulosa and compared with Ferocactus wislizenii whose
      spines do not perform as dew harvesters. Time-lapse snapshots of C. cinerea
      showed movement of dew droplets from spine tips to their base, even against
      gravity. Spines emanating from one of the areoles of C. cinerea were submerged in
      water laced with fluorescent nanoparticles and this particular areole with its
      spines and a small area of stem was removed and imaged. These images clearly
      showed that fluorescent water had moved into the stem of the plant. Lines of
      vascular bundles radiating inwards from the surface areoles (from where the
      spines emanate) to the core of the stem were detected using magnetic resonance
      imaging, with the exception of F. wislizenii that does not harvest dew on its
      spines. Spine microstructures were examined using SEM images and surface
      roughness measurements (Ra and Rz) taken of the spines of C. cinerea It was found
      that a roughness gradient created by tapered microgrooves existed that could
      potentially direct surface water from a spine tip to its base.This article is
      part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for
      green science'. 

PMID- 27354738
TI  - BMA meeting: Early dementia diagnosis is pointless without support services.

PMID- 27354737
TI  - Influence of surface structure and chemistry on water droplet splashing.
AB  - Water droplet splashing and aerosolization play a role in human hygiene and
      health systems as well as in crop culturing. Prevention or reduction of splashing
      can prevent transmission of diseases between animals and plants and keep
      technical systems such as pipe or bottling systems free of contamination. This
      study demonstrates to what extent the surface chemistry and structures influence
      the water droplet splashing behaviour. Smooth surfaces and structured replicas of
      Calathea zebrina (Sims) Lindl. leaves were produced. Modification of their
      wettability was done by coating with hydrophobizing and hydrophilizing agents.
      Their wetting was characterized by contact angle measurement and splashing
      behaviour was observed with a high-speed video camera. Hydrophobic and
      superhydrophilic surfaces generally showed fewer tendencies to splash than
      hydrophobic ones. Structuring amplified the underlying behaviour of the surface
      chemistries, increasing hydrophobic surfaces' tendency to splash and decreasing
      splash on hydrophilic surfaces by quickly transporting water off the impact point
      by capillary forces. The non-porous surface structures found in C. zebrina could
      easily be applied to technical products such as plastic foils or mats and coated
      with hydrophilizing agents to suppress splash in areas of increased hygiene
      requirements or wherever pooling of liquids is not desirable.This article is part
      of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green
      science'. 

PMID- 27354736
TI  - Superhydrophobic hierarchically structured surfaces in biology: evolution,
      structural principles and biomimetic applications.
AB  - A comprehensive survey of the construction principles and occurrences of
      superhydrophobic surfaces in plants, animals and other organisms is provided and
      is based on our own scanning electron microscopic examinations of almost 20 000
      different species and the existing literature. Properties such as self-cleaning
      (lotus effect), fluid drag reduction (Salvinia effect) and the introduction of
      new functions (air layers as sensory systems) are described and biomimetic
      applications are discussed: self-cleaning is established, drag reduction becomes
      increasingly important, and novel air-retaining grid technology is introduced.
      Surprisingly, no evidence for lasting superhydrophobicity in non-biological
      surfaces exists (except technical materials). Phylogenetic trees indicate that
      superhydrophobicity evolved as a consequence of the conquest of land about 450
      million years ago and may be a key innovation in the evolution of terrestrial
      life. The approximate 10 million extant species exhibit a stunning diversity of
      materials and structures, many of which are formed by self-assembly, and are
      solely based on a limited number of molecules. A short historical survey shows
      that bionics (today often called biomimetics) dates back more than 100 years.
      Statistical data illustrate that the interest in biomimetic surfaces is much
      younger still. Superhydrophobicity caught the attention of scientists only after
      the extreme superhydrophobicity of lotus leaves was published in 1997.
      Regrettably, parabionic products play an increasing role in marketing.This
      article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured
      surfaces for green science'. 

PMID- 27354740
TI  - Perfectionism: A Stumbling Block to Effective Leadership? (Every Pharmacist Must
      Be a Leader).

PMID- 27354741
TI  - Increasing Hospital Pharmacist Clinical Competence in Intensive
      Pharmacotherapeutics Using a Novel Pharmacist Clinical Educational Program.

PMID- 27354742
TI  - Selected Medication Safety Risks to Manage in 2016-Part II; Methylergonovine
      Errors in Obstetrics.
AB  - These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once.
      They will happen again-perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of
      personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider
      publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your
      inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this
      feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe
      Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports
      published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers'
      names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown
      below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to
      ISMP through the ISMP Web site (www.ismp.org), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e
      mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org. ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of
      the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail
      included in publications. 

PMID- 27354739
TI  - Neural differences in self-perception during illness and after weight-recovery in
      anorexia nervosa.
AB  - Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe mental illness characterized by problems with
      self-perception. Whole-brain neural activations in healthy women, women with AN
      and women in long-term weight recovery following AN were compared using two
      functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks probing different aspects of self
      perception. The Social Identity-V2 task involved consideration about oneself and
      others using socially descriptive adjectives. Both the ill and weight-recovered
      women with AN engaged medial prefrontal cortex less than healthy women for self
      relevant cognitions, a potential biological trait difference. Weight-recovered
      women also activated the inferior frontal gyri and dorsal anterior cingulate more
      for direct self-evaluations than for reflected self-evaluations, unlike both
      other groups, suggesting that recovery may include compensatory neural changes
      related to social perspectives. The Faces task compared viewing oneself to a
      stranger. Participants with AN showed elevated activity in the bilateral fusiform
      gyri for self-images, unlike the weight-recovered and healthy women, suggesting
      cognitive distortions about physical appearance are a state rather than trait
      problem in this disease. Because both ill and recovered women showed neural
      differences related to social self-perception, but only recovered women differed
      when considering social perspectives, these neurocognitive targets may be
      particularly important for treatment.

PMID- 27354743
TI  - Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis Due to Labetalol; Drug Fever and
      Leukocytosis Caused by Tigecycline; Toxic Hepatitis Induced by Methylprednisolone
      Intravenous Pulse Dosing; Mitoxantrone-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw;
      Medications with Anticholinergic Effects and Their Implications in the Elderly.
AB  - The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug
      reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to
      the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) Med Watch program (800-FDA-1088).
      If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to Med Watch, please
      consider sharing the account with our readers. Write to Dr. Mancano at ISMP, 200
      Lakeside Drive, Suite 200, Horsham, PA 19044 (phone: 215-707-4936; e-mail:
      mmancano@temple.edu). Your report will be published anonymously unless otherwise
      requested. This feature is provided by the Institute for Safe Medication
      Practices (ISMP) in cooperation with the FDA's Med Watch program and Temple
      University School of Pharmacy. ISMP is an FDA Med Watch partner. 

PMID- 27354744
TI  - Carboplatin and Liposomal Doxorubicin for Ovarian Cancer.
AB  - The complexity of cancer chemotherapy requires pharmacists be familiar with the
      complicated regimens and highly toxic agents used. This column reviews various
      issues related to preparation, dispensing, and administration of antineoplastic
      therapy, and the agents, both commercially available and investigational, used to
      treat malignant diseases. Questions or suggestions for topics should be addressed
      to Dominic A. Solimando, Jr, President, Oncology Pharmacy Services, Inc., 4201
      Wilson Blvd #110-545, Arlington, VA 22203, e-mail: OncRxSvc@comcast.net; or J.
      Aubrey Waddell, Professor, University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy; Oncology
      Pharmacist, Pharmacy Department, Blount Memorial Hospital, 907 E. Lamar Alexander
      Parkway, Maryville, TN 37804, e-mail: waddfour@charter.net. 

PMID- 27354745
TI  - Montelukast: Eosinophilic Esophagitis.
AB  - This Hospital Pharmacy feature is extracted from Off-Label Drug Facts, a
      publication available from Wolters Kluwer Health. Off-Label Drug Facts is a
      practitioner-oriented resource for information about specific drug uses that are
      unapproved by the US Food and Drug Administration. This new guide to the
      literature enables the health care professional or clinician to quickly identify
      published studies on off-label uses and determine if a specific use is rational
      in a patient care scenario. References direct the reader to the full literature
      for more comprehensive information before patient care decisions are made. Direct
      questions or comments regarding Off-Label Drug Uses to jgeneral@ku.edu. 

PMID- 27354747
TI  - Comparison of Clevidipine Versus Sodium Nitroprusside for the Treatment of
      Postoperative Hypertension in Cardiac Surgery Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of clevidipine (CLV) versus sodium
      nitroprusside (SNP) for the treatment of hypertension (HTN) in postoperative
      cardiac surgery patients at a community hospital. METHODS: This single-center,
      retrospective, cohort study included cardiac surgery patients treated with CLV or
      SNP for postoperative systolic blood pressure (SBP) control. The primary efficacy
      outcome was defined as the mean number of times the SBP rose above 140 mm Hg.
      Secondary outcomes included a comparative cost analysis and a safety analysis.
      RESULTS: Forty patients were included in each arm. Patients who received CLV had
      a higher incidence of SBP readings greater than 140 mm Hg (p < .05). There were
      no differences in safety outcomes, number of patients who received as-needed
      (PRN) antihypertensives, or mean number of PRN antihypertensives required. There
      were differences in infusion duration (22.4 hours CLV vs 15.6 hours SNP; p =
      .035), number of infusions dispensed (2.8 CLV vs 1.3 SNP; p = .001), and length
      of hospital stay (12.33 days CLV vs 7.65 days SNP; p = .013). However, CLV was
      less expensive based on the AWP cost at the time of review. CONCLUSIONS: Although
      a difference in blood pressure control was seen between CLV and SNP, the safety
      profiles were similar between the 2 drugs. In addition, CLV remained less
      expensive than SNP for postoperative BP control.

PMID- 27354746
TI  - Enhancing the Budget Impact Model for Institutional Use: A Tool with Practical
      Applications for the Hospital Oncology Pharmacy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cost of cancer care is increasing, and tools are needed to
      understand the economic impact of new drugs on the hospital pharmacy budget.
      OBJECTIVE: To develop an interactive budget impact model (BIM) through a
      collaborative effort of industry, academia, and modeling experts to evaluate the
      use of a new agent in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); this BIM included an
      institutional module specific to the needs of practices that purchase medications
      for use in institutional settings. METHODS: Treatment regimens, doses, duration
      of therapy, toxicity, and cost data are from published sources. All input data
      may be modified to match the local population. Outputs include cost of care,
      reimbursement, and margin overall and by treatment regimen. RESULTS: The base
      case assumes 20 NSCLC patients progressing after initial therapy (3 receiving
      ramucirumab+docetaxel, 2 bevacizumab+erlotinib, 3 docetaxel, 6 erlotinib, and 6
      pemetrexed), wholesale acquisition cost (WAC) purchase price, and reimbursement
      at WAC+4.3%. The model estimated the total cost and reimbursement for the
      institutional oncology pharmacy to be $699,413 and $729,487, respectively,
      resulting in a margin of $30,075 (difference due to rounding) for the year for
      regimens utilized in the treatment of NSCLC in the post-progression setting.
      Results will vary depending on the input data. CONCLUSIONS: There is an
      increasing need for institutional pharmacies to plan ahead and anticipate the
      impact of new drugs on their oncology budgets. This interactive Excel-based
      institutional BIM may provide evidence-based support for pharmacy decision
      making.

PMID- 27354748
TI  - Reducing Readmission at an Academic Medical Center: Results of a Pharmacy
      Facilitated Discharge Counseling and Medication Reconciliation Program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hospital readmission has been identified as a key quality indicator
      and a target for reducing health care spending. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact
      of a pharmacy-facilitated medication reconciliation and patient education model
      with post discharge follow-up on 30-day readmissions. METHODS: This prospective,
      historical control study included all patients admitted during a 6-month period
      to a general medicine unit with the highest 30-day readmission rate at Yale-New
      Haven Hospital. Patients were excluded if they expired prior to discharge,
      transferred, left against medical advice, were discharged to hospice, or were
      previously enrolled in the study. Upon admission, pharmacy technicians compiled
      the medication reconciliation information. Interventions were made by the
      pharmacist communicating with the patient's primary team. Medication and disease
      state counseling and final medication reconciliation were performed by the
      pharmacist before discharge. The primary outcome measure was 30-day readmission
      rates during the intervention period compared to the preceding 6 months and the
      same time period the previous year. Secondary outcomes included the total number
      of pharmacist-identified medication reconciliation interventions, total pharmacy
      resource utilization, and identification of patients at high risk for
      readmission. RESULTS: Study outcomes showed a 27% reduction in readmission during
      the intervention period. The pharmacist made a total of 546 medication
      interventions. The average pharmacist and pharmacy technician time per patient
      were 28.9 and 23.7 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy-facilitated
      medication reconciliation and patient education of medicine patients decreased 30
      day readmission rates.

PMID- 27354749
TI  - Effect of the Implementation of Barcode Technology and an Electronic Medication
      Administration Record on Adverse Drug Events.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hospitals have attempted to reduce adverse drug events (ADEs) by
      investing in new technologies, but data regarding their efficacy are lacking.
      OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the effects of the implementation of barcode
      medication administration (BCMA) and electronic medication administration record
      (eMAR) technology on the profile of ADEs in a hospital setting. METHODS: We
      conducted a before-and-after study examining the effects of the implementation of
      BCMA and eMAR technology on the profile of ADEs at a 400-bed academic medical
      center by using incident reports. We compared reported ADEs in pre- and post
      implementation periods of 5 months to determine whether there was a reduction in
      the rate of ADEs within medication use phases. We further examined the severity
      of errors and described changes in the distribution of types of errors. RESULTS:
      A total of 775 electronic error-reporting system reports were included in this
      study: 397 (51%) in the pre-implementation period and 378 (49%) in the post
      implementation period. The rate of ADEs significantly decreased from 0.26% to
      0.20% after implementation of the technology (relative risk [RR], 0.78; 95% CI,
      0.67-0.89). The rate of transcription errors decreased from 0.089% to 0.036% (RR,
      0.40; 95% CI, 0.30-0.54), which was largely attributed to reduction of "wrong
      time" errors. The rate of administration errors was identical in both groups at
      0.017% (RR, 0.98; 95% CI 0.58-1.66). The mean severity level of administration
      errors significantly decreased from 4.44 to 3.23 (p = .005). CONCLUSION: The
      implementation of eMAR and BCMA technology improved patient safety by decreasing
      the overall rate of ADEs and the rate of transcription errors. These technologies
      also reduced the harmful impact to patients caused by administration errors.

PMID- 27354750
TI  - Uridine Triacetate.
AB  - Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well
      documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3
      trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees.
      Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are
      useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug
      utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each
      month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also
      available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility.
      A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph
      Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes
      selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary
      Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. The
      June 2016 monograph topics are elbasvir/grazoprevir, ixekizumab, brivaracetam,
      reslizumab, and sofosbuvir/velpatasvir. The Safety MUE is on reslizumab. 

PMID- 27354751
TI  - Approvals, Submission, and Important Labeling Changes for US Marketed
      Pharmaceuticals.
AB  - This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drug, new indications,
      dosage forms and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been
      made to assure the accuracy of this information; however, if there are any
      questions, please let us know at jgeneral@ku.edu. 

PMID- 27354752
TI  - Summaries of Safety Labeling Changes Approved by the FDA: Boxed Warnings
      Highlights.
AB  - As part of the US Food and Drug Administration's MedWatch program, safety
      labeling changes are reviewed and compiled monthly for drugs and therapeutic
      biologics where important changes have been made to the safety information. Boxed
      warnings
      (http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guida
      ces/ucm075096.pdf) are ordinarily used to highlight either adverse reactions so
      serious in proportion to the potential benefit from the drug that it is essential
      that it be considered in assessing the risks and benefits of using the drugs or
      serious adverse reactions that can be prevented/reduced in frequency or severity
      by appropriate use of the drug; or FDA approved the drug with restrictions to
      ensure safe use because FDA concluded that the drug can be safely used only if
      distribution or use is restricted. There were 4 revised boxed warning from
      January through March 2016. 

PMID- 27354753
TI  - Review of the 2015 Drug Supply Chain Security Act.
AB  - The integrity of the pharmaceutical supply chain is threatened by medication
      counterfeiting, importation of unapproved and substandard drugs, and grey markets
      - all of which have the potential to distribute drug products with the potential
      for serious harm. On November 27, 2013, President Obama signed into law Title II
      of the Drug Quality and Security Act, now known as the Drug Supply Chain Security
      Act (DSCSA). Over the next 10 years, the DSCSA will require the pharmaceutical
      supply chain to implement medication tracking and tracing; serialization,
      verification, and detection of suspicious products; and strict guidelines for
      wholesaler licensing and reporting. This article reviews the important aspects of
      the DSCSA and outlines the role of health-system pharmacy leaders in ensuring
      compliance to the DSCSA. By verifying that medication supplies are free from
      adulteration and tampering, the DSCSA serves as a foundational law to ensure
      quality in providing patient-centered pharmacy services. 

PMID- 27354754
TI  - Digital Health Solutions: An Important Tool in Patient Engagement.
AB  - Hospitals and health systems are facing increased pressure to improve quality and
      outcomes while reducing expense. Quality-based reimbursement models are providing
      the necessary incentives for health care institutions to focus on issues such as
      avoidable hospital-acquired conditions and 30-day readmission rates. While our
      health care facilities certainly play a vital role in achieving optimal outcomes,
      patient engagement remains at the center of these efforts. 

PMID- 27354755
TI  - Pneumatic Variable Series Elastic Actuator.
AB  - Inspired by human motor control theory, stiffness control is highly effective in
      manipulation and human-interactive tasks. The implementation of stiffness control
      in robotic systems, however, has largely been limited to closed-loop control, and
      suffers from multiple issues such as limited frequency range, potential
      instability, and lack of contribution to energy efficiency. Variable-stiffness
      actuator represents a better solution, but the current designs are complex,
      heavy, and bulky. The approach in this paper seeks to address these issues by
      using pneumatic actuator as a variable series elastic actuator (VSEA), leveraging
      the compressibility of the working fluid. In this work, a pneumatic actuator is
      modeled as an elastic element with controllable stiffness and equilibrium point,
      both of which are functions of air masses in the two chambers. As such, for the
      implementation of stiffness control in a robotic system, the desired
      stiffness/equilibrium point can be converted to the desired chamber air masses,
      and a predictive pressure control approach is developed to control the timing of
      valve switching to obtain the desired air mass while minimizing control action.
      Experimental results showed that the new approach in this paper requires less
      expensive hardware (on-off valve instead of proportional valve), causes less
      control action in implementation, and provides good control performance by
      leveraging the inherent dynamics of the actuator.

PMID- 27354756
TI  - Exposure of Secondary School Adolescents from Argentina and Mexico to Smoking
      Scenes in Movies: a Population-based Estimation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Smoking scenes in movies promote adolescent smoking onset; thus, the
      analysis of the number of images of smoking in movies really reaching adolescents
      has become a subject of increasing interest. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was
      to estimate the level of exposure to images of smoking in movies watched by
      adolescents in Argentina and Mexico. METHODS: First-year secondary school
      students from Argentina and Mexico were surveyed. One hundred highest-grossing
      films from each year of the period 2009-2013 (Argentina) and 2010-2014 (Mexico)
      were analyzed. Each participant was assigned a random sample of 50 of these
      movies and was asked if he/she had watched them. The total number of adolescents
      who had watched each movie in each country was estimated and was multiplied by
      the number of smoking scenes (occurrences) in each movie to obtain the number of
      gross smoking impressions seen by secondary school adolescents from each country.
      RESULTS: Four-hundred and twenty-two movies were analyzed in Argentina and 433 in
      Mexico. Exposure to more than 500 million smoking impressions was estimated for
      adolescents in each country, averaging 128 and 121 minutes of smoking scenes seen
      by each Argentine and Mexican adolescent, respectively. Although 15, 16 and 18
      rated movies had more smoking scenes in average, movies rated for younger
      teenagers were responsible for the highest number of smoking scenes watched by
      the students (67.3% in Argentina and 54.4% in Mexico) due to their larger
      audience. CONCLUSION: At the population level, movies aimed at children are
      responsible for the highest tobacco burden seen by adolescents.

PMID- 27354757
TI  - A stepwise approach for the management of capsular contraction syndrome in hinge
      based accommodative intraocular lenses.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to define the various stages of capsular
      contraction syndrome (CCS) and its effect on refractive error with hinge-based
      accommodating intraocular lenses (IOLs) and to describe a systematic approach for
      the management of the different stages of CCS. METHODS: Hinge-based accommodative
      IOLs function via flexible hinges that vault the optic forward during
      accommodation. However, it is the flexibility of the IOL that makes it prone to
      deformation in the event of CCS. The signs of CCS are identified and described as
      posterior capsular striae, fibrotic bands across the anterior or posterior
      capsule, and capsule opacification. Various degrees of CCS may affect hinge-based
      accommodating IOLs in a spectrum from subtle changes in IOL appearance to
      significant increases in refractive error and loss of uncorrected visual acuity.
      The signs of CCS and its effect on IOL position and the resulting changes in
      refractive error are matched to appropriate treatment plans. RESULTS: A surgeon
      can avoid CCS and manage the condition if familiar with the early signs of CCS.
      If CCS is identified, yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser capsulotomy should be
      considered. If moderate CCS occurs, it may be effectively treated with insertion
      of a capsular tension ring. If CCS is allowed to progress to advanced stages, an
      IOL exchange may be necessary. CONCLUSION: Surgeons should be familiar with the
      stages of CCS and subsequent interventions. The steps outlined in this article
      help to guide surgeons in the prevention and management of CCS with hinge-based
      accommodative IOLs in order to provide improved refractive outcomes for patients.

PMID- 27354758
TI  - Ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a 5-year follow-up.
AB  - PURPOSE: Our aim was to evaluate an optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual
      acuity (VA)-guided, variable-dosing regimen with intravitreal ranibizumab
      injection for treating patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration
      (AMD) from 2007 to 2012. DESIGN: This was a retrospective clinical study of 5
      years follow-up in a tertiary eye center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 66
      patients with neovascular AMD (mean age of 74 years, SD 8.7 years) were included.
      We investigated the development of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the
      number of intravitreal injections, and the central retinal thickness measured
      with OCT (OCT Spectralis) over 5 years of intravitreal treatment. RESULTS: The
      mean number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections over 5 years was 8.8. The mean
      BCVA before therapy was 0.4 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution
      (logMAR). After 5 years of therapy, the mean BCVA was 0.6 logMAR. In all, 16% of
      treated patients had stable VA over 5 years and 10% of study eyes approved their
      VA. The mean OCT-measured central retinal thickness at the beginning of this
      study was 295 um; after 5 years of treatment, the mean central retinal thickness
      was 315 um. There was an increase in central retinal thickness in 47.5% of
      examined eyes. CONCLUSION: Other studies showed VA improvement in OCT-guided
      variable-dosing regimens. Our study revealed a moderate decrease in VA after a
      total mean injection number as low as 8.8 injections over 5 years. In OCT, an
      increase in central retinal thickness over 5 years could be observed. Probably,
      this is due to deficient treatment when comparing the total injection number to
      other treatment regimens. Anti-VEGF therapy helps to keep the VA stable for a
      period of time, but cannot totally stop the progression of the disease
      completely. Patients with late stages of neovascular AMD can maintain VA even if
      they are relatively undertreated.

PMID- 27354759
TI  - Worsening anatomic outcomes following aflibercept for neovascular age-related
      macular degeneration in eyes previously well controlled with ranibizumab.
AB  - PURPOSE: Antivascular endothelial growth factor injection is the mainstay of
      treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Previous studies
      have shown that switching treatment from ranibizumab to aflibercept led to an
      improvement in eyes with recalcitrant activity. Herein, we identify a unique
      subset of patients whose eyes with neovascular AMD were previously well
      controlled with ranibizumab injections were then worsened after being switched to
      aflibercept. METHODS: This is a retrospective interventional case series. Eyes
      with neovascular AMD, previously well controlled with monthly injections of
      ranibizumab, which then developed worsening of subretinal fluid after being
      switched to aflibercept were included. RESULTS: A total of 17 eyes were included.
      All eyes developed increased subretinal fluid when switched from ranibizumab to
      aflibercept. Fourteen patients were switched back to ranibizumab after a single
      injection of aflibercept and had subsequent rapid resolution of subretinal fluid.
      Three patients continued with monthly aflibercept injections for two subsequent
      months and demonstrated the persistence of the increased subretinal fluid until
      they were switched back to treatment with ranibizumab at which time the fluid
      resolved. No eye had persistent decline in visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Switching
      from intravitreal ranibizumab to aflibercept in eyes with well-controlled
      neovascular AMD may result in worsening in a subset of patients and resolves when
      therapy is switched back to ranibizumab.

PMID- 27354760
TI  - Meta-analysis and review: effectiveness, safety, and central port design of the
      intraocular collamer lens.
AB  - The purpose of this review is to summarize relevant data from publications
      appearing in the peer-reviewed scientific literature over the past decade since
      US Food and Drug Administration approval of the implantable collamer lens (ICL),
      and, in particular, to review studies relating to sizing methodology, safety, and
      effectiveness, as well as more recent studies reporting clinical outcomes of the
      V4c Visian ICL with KS Aquaport, VICMO. A literature search was conducted using
      two databases, PubMed.gov and Science.gov, to identify all articles published
      after 2005 related to the Visian ICL (STAAR Surgical, Inc.). Articles were
      examined for their relevance to sizing methodology, clinical safety, and
      effectiveness, and the references cited in each article were also searched for
      additional relevant publications. The literature review revealed that all
      currently reported methods of determining the best-fit size of the ICL achieve
      similarly satisfactory results in terms of vault, the safe distance between the
      crystalline lens and the ICL. Specifically, meta-analysis demonstrated that
      sulcus-to-sulcus and white-to-white measurement-based sizing methods do not
      result in clinically meaningful nor statistically significant differences in
      vault (two-sample two-sided t-test using pooled mean and standard deviations; t
      (2,594)=1.33; P=0.18). The reported rates of complications related to vault are
      very low, except in two case series where additional risk factors such as higher
      levels of myopia and older age impacted the incidence of cataract. On the basis
      of preclinical studies and initial clinical reports, with up to 5 years of follow
      up, the new VICMO central port design holds promise for further reduction of
      complications. Given its safety record and the significant improvement in vision
      and quality of life that the ICL makes possible, the benefits of ICL implantation
      outweigh the risks. 

PMID- 27354761
TI  - The effect of long-term use of intranasal steroids on intraocular pressure.
AB  - Long-term use of topical nasal steroids (especially older generation steroids)
      has been shown to elevate intraocular pressure (IOP), but newer intranasal
      steroids are thought to have a minimal effect on IOP because of their low
      bioavailability. This study aimed to investigate alterations in IOP with two
      commonly used intranasal steroids for a 6-month period of time. One-hundred
      allergic rhinitis patients, divided equally into two groups, used mometasone
      furoate and fluticasone furoate intranasal steroids for 6 months. IOPs were
      measured before treatment and repeated at the 3rd, 6th, 12th, and 24th weeks of
      treatment. The IOPs of the groups were then compared. No statistically
      significant alteration was observed between the groups during the treatment time
      period. It was found that new generation intranasal steroids can be used safely,
      and there may not be an increased risk of IOP elevation in prolonged use in
      normal healthy people. 

PMID- 27354762
TI  - Development of lifitegrast: a novel T-cell inhibitor for the treatment of dry eye
      disease.
AB  - Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface
      characterized by symptoms of discomfort, decreased tear quality, and chronic
      inflammation that affects an estimated 20 million patients in the US alone. DED
      is associated with localized inflammation of the ocular surface and periocular
      tissues leading to homing and activation of T cells, cytokine release, and
      development of hyperosmolar tears. This inflammatory milieu results in symptoms
      of eye dryness and discomfort. Homing of T cells to the ocular surface is
      influenced by the binding of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1;
      CD11a/CD18; alphaLbeta2), a cell surface adhesion protein, to its cognate ligand,
      intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54), which is expressed on inflamed
      ocular/periocular epithelium and vascular endothelium. LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding
      within the immunologic synapse enables both T-cell activation and cytokine
      release. Lifitegrast is a novel T-cell integrin antagonist that is designed to
      mimic the binding epitope of ICAM-1. It serves as a molecular decoy to block the
      binding of LFA-1/ICAM-1 and inhibits the downstream inflammatory process. In
      vitro studies have demonstrated that lifitegrast inhibits T-cell adhesion to ICAM
      1-expressing cells and inhibits secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including
      interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1
      alpha, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6, all of which are
      known to be associated with DED. Lifitegrast has the potential to be the first
      pharmaceutical product approved in the US indicated for the treatment of both
      symptoms and signs of DED. Clinical trials involving over 2,500 adult DED
      patients have demonstrated that topically administered lifitegrast 5.0%
      ophthalmic solution can rapidly reduce the symptoms of eye dryness and decrease
      ocular surface staining with an acceptable long-term safety profile. The purpose
      of this review is to highlight the developmental story - from bench top to
      bedside - behind the scientific rationale, engineering, and clinical experience
      of lifitegrast for the treatment of DED. 

PMID- 27354764
TI  - Role of cytochrome P450 2D6 genetic polymorphism in carvedilol hydroxylation in
      vitro.
AB  - Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a highly polymorphic enzyme that catalyzes the
      metabolism of a great number of therapeutic drugs. Up to now, >100 allelic
      variants of CYP2D6 have been reported. Recently, we identified 22 novel variants
      in the Chinese population in these variants. The purpose of this study was to
      examine the enzymatic activity of the variants toward the CYP2D6 substrate
      carvedilol in vitro. The CYP2D6 proteins, including CYP2D6.1 (wild type),
      CYP2D6.2, CYP2D6.10, and 22 other novel CYP2D6 variants, were expressed from
      insect microsomes and incubated with carvedilol ranging from 1.0 MUM to 50 MUM at
      37 degrees C for 30 minutes. After termination, the carvedilol metabolites were
      extracted and detected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass
      spectrometry. Among the 24 CYP2D6 variants, CYP2D6.92 and CYP2D6.96 were
      catalytically inactive and the remaining 22 variants exhibited significantly
      decreased intrinsic clearance values (ranging from ~25% to 95%) compared with
      CYP2D6.1. The present data in vitro suggest that the newly found variants
      significantly reduced catalytic activities compared with CYP2D6.1. Given that
      CYP2D6 protein activities could affect carvedilol plasma levels, these findings
      are greatly relevant to personalized medicine. 

PMID- 27354763
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer.
AB  - Patients with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer have poor prognosis, and
      their 1-year survival is only 10%-20%. Chemotherapy is considered as the standard
      treatment for patients with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer, and cisplatin
      appears to treat the disease effectively. However, resistance to cisplatin may
      develop, thus substantially compromising the efficacy of cisplatin to treat
      advanced or recurrent cervical cancer. In this article, we systematically review
      the recent literature and summarize the recent advances in our understanding of
      the molecular mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance in cervical cancer. 

PMID- 27354766
TI  - The efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate alone and in combination with
      salbutamol in acute asthma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
      alone and in combination with salbutamol in acute asthma. METHODS: A double-blind
      randomized controlled study was conducted in Chest and Emergency Departments.
      Thirty patients of acute attack of bronchial asthma were randomized into three
      groups: MgSO4 nebulization (group A), salbutamol nebulization (group B), and
      their combination (group C). All patients were monitored before and after
      nebulization (each 20 minutes) for peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), respiratory
      rate (RR), heart rate (HR), blood pressure, pulsus paradoxus, oxygen saturation,
      clinical examination, and Fischl index. RESULTS: A highly significant improvement
      in PEFR, PEFR percentage, and Fischl index and significant decrease in RR and HR
      was observed in all groups. A similar improvement in PEFR was observed in group A
      and group B (P=0.389). The difference in peak expiratory flow (PEF) improvement
      was insignificant between group B and group C (P=0.101), while there was a
      significant difference between group A and group C (P=0.014) in favor of group C.
      CONCLUSION: Nebulized MgSO4 alone or combined with salbutamol has a clinically
      significant bronchodilator effect in acute asthma and leads to clinical
      improvement, increase in PEFR, reduction in HR, and reduction in RR. The response
      to nebulized MgSO4 alone (PEFR improvement 54+/-35.6 L/min, P=0.001) is
      comparable (P=0.389) to that of nebulized salbutamol (PEFR improvement 67.0+/
      41.9 L/min, P=0.001) and is significantly less than (P=0.014) that of nebulized
      combination (PEFR improvement 92.0+/-26.9 L/min, P=0.000).

PMID- 27354765
TI  - In vivo gastric residence and gastroprotective effect of floating gastroretentive
      tablet of DA-9601, an extract of Artemisia asiatica, in beagle dogs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: DA-9601, an extract of Artemisia asiatica containing eupatilin and
      jaceosidin as active compounds, has been prescribed to treat gastritis in Asia.
      In recent times, sustained-release, floating gastroretentive (GR) tablets of DA
      9601 are available on the market. In the present study, the physical properties
      and in vitro drug release profile, in vivo gastric residence time, and
      gastroprotective effect of GR tablet were compared to those of immediate release
      (IR) tablets of DA-9601. METHOD: In vitro buoyancy behavior (floating lag time
      and duration) and release profile of eupatilin were assessed in acidic medium.
      The in vivo intragastric behaviors of the barium sulfate-loaded IR and GR tablets
      were evaluated in beagle dogs by radiographic studies. Local gastroprotective
      effect was compared in an experimentally induced gastric lesion in beagle dogs
      after oral administration of IR (three times per day) or GR (twice daily) tablets
      for 15 days. RESULTS: Upon contact with gastric juice, a low-density floating
      tablet (apparent density of 0.93 g/cm(3)) was buoyant on the medium and was
      upheld for 14 hours, providing sustained drug release profile, whereas the IR
      tablet disintegrated within 10 minutes, showing complete drug release within 2
      hours. In vivo radiographic studies showed that the GR tablet was retained for >4
      hours in the stomach. Both DA-9601 formulations remarkably alleviated gastric
      mucosal injury compared to placebo group, when observed by gastric endoscopy.
      CONCLUSION: Twice-daily GR tablets exhibited a prolonged gastric residence time
      and a remarkable mucosal restoration effect in animal models. Therefore, the GR
      system of DA-9601 could be a substitute dosage form for the treatment of
      gastritis, while reducing the dosing frequency and thus improving patient
      compliance.

PMID- 27354767
TI  - Inhibitory effects of compounds from Phyllanthus amarus on nitric oxide
      production, lymphocyte proliferation, and cytokine release from phagocytes.
AB  - Standardized extract of Phyllanthus amarus has previously been shown to have a
      strong inhibitory effect on phagocytic activity of human neutrophils. The current
      study was carried out to evaluate the effects of constituents of the extract of
      P. amarus on nitric oxide (NO) production as well as lymphocyte proliferation and
      cytokine release from phagocytes. Three compounds, ethyl 8-hydroxy-8-methyl
      tridecanoate, 7beta,19alpha dihydroxy-urs-12-ene, and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-2
      naphtaldehyde, together with seven known compounds were isolated from the whole
      plant of P. amarus. The isolated compounds and reference standards, ie, gallic
      acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, and geraniin, which were quantitatively analyzed
      in the extracts, were evaluated for their effects on immune cells. Among the
      compounds tested, the lignans, especially phyltetralin and phyllanthin, showed
      strong inhibition on lymphocyte proliferation with half maximal inhibitory
      concentration (IC50) values of 1.07 MUM and 1.82 MUM, respectively. Ethyl 8
      hydroxy-8-methyl-tridecanoate and 1,7,8-trihydroxy-2-naphtaldehyde exhibited
      strong inhibition on nitric oxide production with IC50 values of 0.91 MUM and
      1.07 MUM, respectively. Of all the compounds, corilagin was the strongest
      inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-alpha release with an IC50 value of 7.39 MUM,
      whereas geraniin depicted the strongest inhibitory activity on interleukin-1beta
      release with an IC50 value of 16.41 MUM. The compounds constituting the extract
      of P. amarus were able to inhibit the innate immune response of phagocytes at
      different steps. 

PMID- 27354768
TI  - A validated measure of adherence to antibiotic prophylaxis in children with
      sickle cell disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antibiotic prophylaxis is a mainstay in sickle cell disease
      management. However, adherence is estimated at only 66%. This study aimed to
      develop and validate a Sickle Cell Antibiotic Adherence Level Evaluation (SCAALE)
      to promote systematic and detailed adherence evaluation. METHODS: A 28-item
      questionnaire was created, covering seven adherence areas. General Adherence
      Ratings from the parent and one health care provider and medication possession
      ratios were obtained as validation measures. RESULTS: Internal consistency was
      very good to excellent for the total SCAALE (alpha=0.89) and four of the seven
      subscales. Correlations between SCAALE scores and validation measures were strong
      for the total SCAALE and five of the seven subscales. CONCLUSION: The SCAALE
      provides a detailed, quantitative, multidimensional, and global measurement of
      adherence and can promote clinical care and research.

PMID- 27354769
TI  - Development of a new diabetes medication self-efficacy scale and its association
      with both reported problems in using diabetes medications and self-reported
      adherence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although there are several different general diabetes self-efficacy
      scales, there is a need to develop a self-efficacy scale that providers can use
      to assess patient's self-efficacy regarding medication use. The purpose of this
      study was to: 1) develop a new diabetes medication self-efficacy scale and 2)
      examine how diabetes medication self-efficacy is associated with patient-reported
      problems in using diabetes medications and self-reported adherence. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Adult English-speaking patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited from
      a family medicine clinic and a pharmacy in Eastern North Carolina, USA. The
      patients were eligible if they reported being nonadherent to their diabetes
      medicines on a visual analog scale. Multivariable regression was used to examine
      the relationship between self-efficacy and the number of reported diabetes
      medication problems and adherence. RESULTS: The diabetes medication self-efficacy
      scale had strong reliability (Cronbach's alpha =0.86). Among a sample (N=51) of
      mostly African-American female patients, diabetes medication problems were common
      (6.1+/-3.1) and a greater number of diabetes medications were associated with
      lower medication adherence (odds ratio: 0.35; 95% confidence interval: 0.13,
      0.89). Higher medication self-efficacy was significantly related to medication
      adherence (odds ratio: 1.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.30) and inversely
      related to the number of self-reported medication problems (beta=-0.13; P=0.006).
      CONCLUSION: Higher diabetes medication self-efficacy was associated with fewer
      patient-reported medication problems and better medication adherence. Assessing
      medication-specific self-efficacy may help to identify medication-related
      problems that providers can help the patients address, potentially improving
      adherence and patient outcomes.

PMID- 27354770
TI  - Treatment-related decisional conflict in patients with depressive and anxious
      disorders.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the level of treatment-related decisional conflict in
      patients with emotional disorders and to establish its relationship with
      sociodemographic and clinical variables. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional
      survey on a convenience sample of 321 consecutive psychiatric outpatients with
      emotional disorders. All patients completed self-report questionnaires assessing
      sociodemographic and clinical variables, patients' preference of participation in
      decision making, perceived decisional conflict about treatment, adherence to
      prescribed treatment, and satisfaction with the psychiatric care provided.
      Multiple correspondences analysis was used to investigate relationships of
      decisional conflict with the variables of interest. RESULTS: Approximately, two
      thirds of psychiatric outpatients self-reported decisional conflict regarding
      their treatment. Interestingly, the presence of decisional conflict did not
      influence significantly patients' preferences of participation or their adherence
      to prescribed treatment. Patients without decisional conflict registered
      significantly higher satisfaction. Multiple correspondences analysis evidenced
      two clear profiles: patients without decisional conflict received the treatment
      they preferred, mainly psychotherapy or combined treatment, had been under
      psychiatric treatment for longer than 5 years, and self-reported high
      satisfaction with health care received; on the other hand, patients with
      decisional conflict did not receive the treatment they preferred, were treated
      with pharmacotherapy alone for a period of time between 1 and 5 years, and self
      reported medium satisfaction with received health care. CONCLUSION: The high
      level of decisional conflict found in patients with depression and anxiety
      attending a secondary care service could be an important driving force when
      personalizing and tailoring information and teaching skills to patients about
      their illnesses and their treatments.

PMID- 27354771
TI  - Impact of strabismus on the quality of life of Chinese Han teenagers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although much research has been conducted on the impact of strabismus
      on the quality of life (QoL) of adults, the effect of this condition on teenagers
      has not been extensively studied. This study therefore aimed to assess the effect
      of strabismus on the vision-related QoL of Chinese teenagers. METHODS: The
      Chinese version of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function
      Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) was self-administered by 1,040 teenagers with
      strabismus and 1,002 individuals with normal vision. All the participants were
      from the Chinese Han population. The independent samples t-test was used to
      compare QoL between teenagers with and without strabismus. RESULTS: The majority
      of scores on the NEI-VFQ-25 domains were significantly different between the two
      groups. QoL was significantly lower in individuals with strabismus compared with
      teenagers with normal vision on all domains, with the exception of social
      functioning. CONCLUSION: Statistically significantly lower vision-related QoL
      scores were found in Chinese Han teenagers with strabismus compared with those
      without strabismus.

PMID- 27354772
TI  - Cost-effectiveness analysis of universal noninvasive testing for post-treatment
      confirmation of Helicobacter pylori eradication and the impact of patient
      adherence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The treatment failure rate for Helicobacter pylori eradication
      therapy is ~20% due to poor patient compliance and increased antibiotic
      resistance. This analysis assessed the cost-effectiveness of universal post
      treatment testing to confirm eradication of H. pylori infection in adults.
      METHODS: Decision-analytic models evaluated the cost-effectiveness of universal
      post-treatment testing (urea breath test [UBT] or monoclonal fecal antigen test
      [mFAT]) vs no testing (Model 1), and UBT vs mFAT after adjusting for patient
      adherence to testing (Model 2) in adults who previously received first-line
      antimicrobial therapy. Patients testing positive received second-line quadruple
      therapy; no further action was taken for those testing negative or with no
      testing (Model 1) or for those nonadherent to testing (Model 2). In addition to
      testing costs, excess lifetime costs and reduced quality-adjusted life-years
      (QALYs) due to continuing H. pylori infection were considered in the model.
      RESULTS: Expected total costs per patient were higher for post-treatment testing
      (UBT: US$325.76; mFAT: US$242.12) vs no testing (US$182.41) in Model 1 and for
      UBT (US$336.75) vs mFAT (US$326.24) in Model 2. Expected QALYs gained per patient
      were 0.71 and 0.72 for UBT and mFAT, respectively, vs no testing (Model 1), and
      the same was 0.37 for UBT vs mFAT (Model 2). The estimated incremental costs per
      QALY gained for post-treatment testing vs no testing were US$82.90-US$202.45 and,
      after adjusting for adherence, US$28.13 for UBT vs mFAT. CONCLUSION: Universal
      post-treatment testing was found to be cost-effective for confirming eradication
      of H. pylori infection following first-line therapy. Better adherence to UBT
      relative to mFAT was the key to its cost-effectiveness.

PMID- 27354773
TI  - Psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics and desire for orthodontic treatment
      among Chinese undergraduate students.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the psychosocial impact of
      dental aesthetics in undergraduate students in the People's Republic of China and
      to investigate the association between normal orthodontic treatment needs,
      psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics, and desire for orthodontic treatment.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in two
      universities in a city of the People's Republic of China with 374 young adults
      aged between 19 years and 24 years. The students answered a Chinese version of
      the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and addressed
      their desire for orthodontic treatment. Objective malocclusion severity was
      assessed with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Statistical
      analysis was performed by the SPSS software (Version 15.0). RESULTS: There was no
      statistical sex difference in relation to the dental health component of IOTN
      (P=0.893) and PIDAQ scores (P=0.06), but it was found that the desire for
      orthodontic treatment was significantly stronger among females. The total and
      subscale PIDAQ scores and malocclusion severity differed significantly among the
      five grades of desire (P<0.01). Significant positive correlation was found among
      desire for orthodontic treatment, IOTN-dental health component grades, and total
      or subscale PIDAQ scores (P<0.01). High correlation was found between desire and
      PIDAQ score (r=0.93). CONCLUSION: The desire for orthodontic treatment is higher
      among female young adults who have the same orthodontic treatment needs compared
      to males. The desire for orthodontic treatment has high positive correlation with
      PIDAQ scores and increases with the increase in self-perceived psychosocial
      impacts of malocclusion and the needs for orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 27354774
TI  - Magnetic resonance enterography or video capsule endoscopy - what do Crohn's
      disease patients prefer?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite differences in the information obtained by capsule endoscopy
      (CE) and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE), one of these modalities is
      usually needed when evaluating disease activity. There are no data on patients'
      preference that would help guide the choice between these two modalities in these
      instances. AIM: To compare patients' tolerance and preference to MRE versus CE.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with known small bowel Crohn's disease (CD) in
      clinical remission (Crohn's disease activity index [CDAI] <150) or with mild
      symptoms (CDAI <220) were prospectively recruited. All patients underwent MRE
      followed by CE. Patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire addressing
      specific points regarding inconvenience during the preparation for the
      procedures, the procedures, and postprocedures. Side effects and procedure
      preference were addressed. Questionnaires were included for analysis only when
      more than 95% of the items were addressed. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients fulfilled
      inclusion criteria. Pre-exam discomfort, during-exam discomfort, nausea,
      vomiting, bloating, and abdominal pain were all significantly more prominent in
      MRE as compared to CE (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P=0.009, P=0.0002, P<0.0001,
      respectively). MRE was perceived as a more difficult procedure (P<0.0001).
      Furthermore, MRE was associated with a specific adverse event - claustrophobia.
      Seventy-eight percent of patients (44 patients) preferred to repeat CE as
      compared to 22% (P<0.0001) who preferred MRE. CONCLUSION: CE was better tolerated
      by CD patients compared to MRE and was preferred by 78% of patients. The superior
      tolerability of CE should be considered along with the diagnostic features, and
      more data sought when choosing between these two modalities for CD patients for
      long-term follow-up.

PMID- 27354775
TI  - Patients' management of type 2 diabetes in Middle Eastern countries: review of
      studies.
AB  - The increased prevalence of diabetes in Middle Eastern countries is a health
      policy priority. Important risk factors for diabetes have been identified.
      Lifestyle interventions and adherence to medications are central to disease
      prevention and management. This review focuses on the management of type 2
      diabetes mellitus in Middle Eastern countries. The aim is to identify the ways in
      which knowledge, health beliefs, and social and cultural factors influence
      adherence to medication and lifestyle measures. Thirty-four studies were
      identified following a systematic search of the literature. The studies describe
      the influence of knowledge, health beliefs, culture, and lifestyle on the
      management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Middle East. Findings indicate a
      lack of health knowledge about diabetes among populations, which has implications
      for health behaviors, medication adherence, and treatment outcomes. Many
      identified health beliefs and cultural lifestyle factors, such as religious
      beliefs, beliefs about fasting during Ramadan, and sedentary lifestyles played a
      role in patients' decisions. For better management of this disease, a
      collaborative approach between patients, their families, health care
      professionals, and governments should be adopted. Implementing behavioral
      strategies and psychological interventions that incorporate all health care
      professionals in the management process have been shown to be effective methods.
      Such services help patients change their behavior. However, the utilization of
      such services and interventions is still limited in Arabian countries. Physicians
      in the Middle East are the health care professionals most involved in the care
      process. 

PMID- 27354776
TI  - Underestimated factors may also precipitate delirium and can lead to the
      misinterpretation of frailty in these patients.

PMID- 27354777
TI  - Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome in the urban
      Chinese population: prevalence and disease burden using the 2010, 2012, and 2013
      China National Health and Wellness Surveys.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research has suggested a significant burden for patients with asthma
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS). However,
      few studies have studied this population in the People's Republic of China, a
      region in the midst of rapid epidemiological change with respect to respiratory
      disease. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ACOS and its
      association with patient outcomes in urban China. METHODS: Data from the 2010,
      2012, and 2013 China National Health and Wellness Survey, an Internet-based
      survey of adults in urban China, were used (N=59,935). Respondents were
      categorized into one of four groups based on self-reported physician diagnoses:
      ACOS, asthma only, COPD only, or control (ie, no asthma or COPD). A propensity
      score matching procedure was conducted to cull the control group into a subgroup
      (ie, matched controls) who resembled patients with ACOS, asthma only, and COPD
      only. These four groups (ACOS, asthma only, COPD only, matched controls) were
      then compared with respect to health status (Short Form-12 version 2/Short Form
      36 version 2), work productivity, and health care resource use using generalized
      linear models. RESULTS: Patients with ACOS (N=366) comprised 0.61% of the adult
      population, 30.73% of the asthma population, and 18.60% of the COPD population in
      the People's Republic of China. Patients with ACOS reported significantly worse
      health status (eg, health utilities =0.63, 0.66, 0.63, and 0.69 for ACOS, COPD
      only, asthma only, and matched controls, respectively) and significantly greater
      work impairment (eg, overall work impairment =43.65%, 35.19%, 48.55%, and 29.80%,
      respectively) and health care resource use (eg, physician visits in the past 6
      months =5.13, 3.84, 4.65, and 2.39, respectively) compared with matched controls
      and patients with COPD only. Few significant differences were observed between
      patients with ACOS and asthma only. CONCLUSION: Patients with ACOS have a greater
      comorbidity burden and significantly worse health outcomes compared with COPD
      only patients and matched controls. Better management of these patients may help
      to improve their outcomes.

PMID- 27354778
TI  - Development of a Barthel Index based on dyspnea for patients with respiratory
      diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As Barthel Index (BI) quantifies motor impairment but not
      breathlessness, the use of only this index could underestimate disability in
      chronic respiratory disease (CRD). To our knowledge, no study evaluates both
      motor and respiratory disability in CRD during activities of daily living (ADLs)
      simultaneously and with a unique tool. The objective of this study was to propose
      for patients with CRD an additional tool for dyspnea assessment during ADLs based
      on BI items named Barthel Index dyspnea. METHODS: Comprehensibility, reliability,
      internal consistency, validity, responsiveness, and ability to differentiate
      between disease groups were assessed on 219 subjects through an observational
      study performed in an in-hospital rehabilitation setting. RESULTS: Good
      comprehensibility, high reliability (interrater intraclass correlation
      coefficient was 0.93 [95% confidence interval 0.892-0.964] and test-retest
      intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.99 [95% confidence interval 0.983
      0.994]), good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.89), strong concurrent
      validity with 6 minute walking distance (Pearson r=-0.538, P<0.001) and Medical
      Research Council (Spearman r S=0.70, P<0.001), good responsiveness after
      rehabilitation (P<0.001), and good appropriateness of the index were found
      evidencing patients with different dyspnea severity. Divergent validity showed
      weak correlation (Pearson r=-0.38) comparing Barthel Index dyspnea and BI.
      CONCLUSION: The BI based on dyspnea perception proved to be reliable, sensitive,
      and adequate as a tool for measuring the level of dyspnea perceived in performing
      basic daily living activities. A unique instrument simultaneously administered
      may provide a global assessment of disability during ADLs incorporating both
      motor and respiratory aspects.

PMID- 27354779
TI  - Smokers with emphysema and small airway disease on computed tomography have lower
      bone density.
AB  - Osteoporosis is more common in patients with COPD and in smokers. The aim of this
      study was to assess whether measures of emphysema and airway disease on computed
      tomography (CT) were associated with lower bone density or vertebral fractures in
      smokers with and without COPD. For this purpose, we included participants from
      the NELSON lung cancer screening trial. Bone density was measured as Hounsfield
      Units in the first lumbar vertebra, and vertebral fractures were assessed
      semiquantitatively. The 15th percentile method (Perc15) was used to assess
      emphysema, and the airway lumen perimeter (Pi10) was used for airway wall
      thickness. Expiratory/inspiratory-ratiomean lung density (E/I-ratioMLD) was used
      as a measure for air trapping and tracheal index to assess tracheal deformity.
      Linear regression models and logistic regression models were used to assess
      associations between CT biomarkers, bone density, and presence of fractures.
      Exactly 1,093 male participants were eligible for analysis. Lower Perc15 and
      higher E/I-ratioMLD were significantly associated with lower bone density (b=
      1.27, P=0.02 and b=-0.37, P=0.02, respectively). Pi10 and tracheal index were not
      associated with bone density changes. CT-derived biomarkers were not associated
      with fracture prevalence. Bone density is lower with increasing extent of
      emphysema and small airway disease but is not associated with large airway
      disease and tracheal deformity. This may indicate the necessity to measure bone
      density early in smokers with emphysema and air trapping to prevent vertebral
      fractures. 

PMID- 27354780
TI  - Agreement between a simple dyspnea-guided treatment algorithm for stable COPD and
      the GOLD guidelines: a pilot study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Guidelines recommendations for the treatment of COPD are poorly
      followed. This could be related to the complexity of classification and treatment
      algorithms. The purpose of this study was to validate a simpler dyspnea-based
      treatment algorithm for inhaled pharmacotherapy in stable COPD, comparing its
      concordance with the current Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease
      (GOLD) guideline. METHODS: We enrolled patients who had been diagnosed with COPD
      in three primary care facilities and two tertiary hospitals in Spain. We
      determined anthropometric data, forced expiratory volume in the 1st second
      (percent), exacerbations, and dyspnea based on the modified Medical Research
      Council scale. We evaluated the new algorithm based on dyspnea and exacerbations
      and calculated the concordance with the current GOLD recommendations. RESULTS: We
      enrolled 100 patients in primary care and 150 attending specialized care in a
      respiratory clinic. There were differences in the sample distribution between
      cohorts with 41% vs 26% in grade A, 16% vs 12% in grade B, 16% vs 22% in grade C,
      and 27% vs 40% in grade D for primary and respiratory care, respectively
      (P=0.005). The coincidence of the algorithm with the GOLD recommendations in
      primary care was 93% and 91.8% in the respiratory care cohort. CONCLUSION: A
      simple dyspnea-based treatment algorithm for inhaled pharmacotherapy of COPD
      could be useful in the management of COPD patients and concurs very well with the
      recommended schema suggested by the GOLD initiative.

PMID- 27354781
TI  - Prompt initiation of maintenance treatment following a COPD exacerbation:
      outcomes in a large insured population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to extend previous findings and determine
      the value of prompt initiation of maintenance treatment (MT) following COPD
      exacerbations requiring hospitalization or an emergency department (ED) visit.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Administrative claims data (collected between January 1,
      2009 and June 30, 2012) from an employer-sponsored commercially insured
      population were retrospectively used to identify patients with a COPD
      exacerbation resulting in hospitalization or an ED visit. Patients initiating
      approved MT for COPD within 30 days of discharge/diagnosis (prompt) were compared
      with those initiating MT within 31-180 days (delayed). COPD-related total,
      medical, and prescription drug costs during a 1-year follow-up period were
      evaluated using semilog ordinary least square regressions, controlling for
      baseline characteristics plus COPD-related costs from the previous year. The odds
      and number of subsequent COPD-related exacerbations during the follow-up were
      compared between the prompt and delayed cohorts using logistic regression and
      zero-inflated negative binomial models, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 6,521
      patients with a COPD-related hospitalization or an ED visit were included, of
      whom 4,555 received prompt MT and 1,966 received delayed MT. Adjusted COPD
      related total and medical costs were significantly lower for the prompt MT than
      the delayed MT cohorts (US$3,931 vs US$4,857 and US$2,327 vs US$3,087,
      respectively; both P<0.010), as were COPD-related prescription costs (US$1,526 vs
      US$1,683, P<0.010) during the 1-year follow-up period. Patients receiving delayed
      MT were 68% more likely to have a subsequent exacerbation requiring
      hospitalization and 80% more likely to have an exacerbation requiring an ED
      visit. CONCLUSION: Prompt initiation of MT following a COPD-related
      hospitalization or an ED visit was associated with a significant reduction in
      COPD-related costs and odds of exacerbation in the following year compared with
      delayed initiation.

PMID- 27354782
TI  - Efficacy and safety of twice-daily glycopyrrolate in patients with stable,
      symptomatic COPD with moderate-to-severe airflow limitation: the GEM1 study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to confirm the efficacy and safety of
      twice-daily glycopyrrolate 15.6 ug, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist, in
      patients with stable, symptomatic, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      with moderate-to-severe airflow limitation. METHODS: The GEM1 study was a 12
      week, multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study that
      randomized patients with stable, symptomatic COPD with moderate-to-severe airflow
      limitation to twice-daily glycopyrrolate 15.6 ug or placebo (1:1) via the
      Neohaler((r)) device. The primary objective was to demonstrate superiority of
      glycopyrrolate versus placebo in terms of forced expiratory volume in 1 second
      area under the curve between 0 and 12 hours post morning dose at week 12. Other
      outcomes included additional spirometric end points, transition dyspnea index, St
      George's Respiratory Questionnaire, COPD Assessment Test, rescue medication use,
      and symptoms reported by patients via electronic diary. Safety was also assessed
      during the study. RESULTS: Of the 441 patients randomized (glycopyrrolate, n=222;
      placebo, n=219), 96% of patients completed the planned treatment phase.
      Glycopyrrolate demonstrated statistically significant (P<0.001) improvements in
      lung function versus placebo. Glycopyrrolate showed statistically significant
      improvement in the transition dyspnea index focal score, St George's Respiratory
      Questionnaire total score, COPD Assessment Test score, rescue medication use, and
      daily total symptom score versus placebo at week 12. Safety was comparable
      between the treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Significant improvement in lung
      function, dyspnea, COPD symptoms, health status, and rescue medication use
      suggests that glycopyrrolate is a safe and effective treatment option as
      maintenance bronchodilator in patients with stable, symptomatic COPD with
      moderate-to-severe airflow limitation.

PMID- 27354783
TI  - Lung perfusion and emphysema distribution affect the outcome of endobronchial
      valve therapy.
AB  - The exclusion of collateral ventilation (CV) and other factors affect the
      clinical success of endoscopic lung volume reduction (ELVR). However, despite its
      benefits, the outcome of ELVR remains difficult to predict. We investigated
      whether clinical success could be predicted by emphysema distribution assessed by
      computed tomography scan and baseline perfusion assessed by perfusion
      scintigraphy. Data from 57 patients with no CV in the target lobe (TL) were
      retrospectively analyzed after ELVR with valves. Pulmonary function tests (PFT),
      St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and 6-minute walk tests (6MWT) were
      performed on patients at baseline. The sample was grouped into high and low
      levels at the median of TL perfusion, ipsilateral nontarget lobe (INL) perfusion,
      and heterogeneity index (HI). These groups were analyzed for association with
      changes in outcome parameters from baseline to 3 months follow-up. Compared to
      baseline, patients showed significant improvements in PFT, SGRQ, and 6MWT (all
      P<=0.001). TL perfusion was not associated with changes in the outcome. High INL
      perfusion was significantly associated with increases in 6MWT (P=0.014), and high
      HI was associated with increases in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1),
      (P=0.012). Likewise, there were significant correlations for INL perfusion and
      improvement of 6MWT (r=0.35, P=0.03) and for HI and improvement in FEV1 (r=0.45,
      P=0.001). This study reveals new attributes that associate with positive outcomes
      for patient selection prior to ELVR. Patients with high perfusions in INL
      demonstrated greater improvements in 6MWT, while patients with high HI were more
      likely to respond in FEV1. 

PMID- 27354784
TI  - Impact of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema on surgical complications and
      long-term survival in patients undergoing surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The outcome of radical surgery for lung cancer was investigated in
      patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE). METHODS: A
      retrospective chart review involved 250 patients with lung cancer who underwent
      pulmonary resection at Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center
      between 2008 and 2012. Based on the status of nontumor-bearing lung evaluated by
      preoperative computed tomography (CT), the patients were divided into normal,
      emphysema, interstitial pneumonia (IP), and CPFE groups, and their clinical
      characteristics and surgical outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: The normal,
      emphysema, IP, and CPFE groups comprised 124 (49.6%), 108 (43.2%), seven (2.8%),
      and eleven (4.4%) patients, respectively. The 5-year survival rate of the CPFE
      group (18.7%) was significantly lower than that of the normal (77.5%) and
      emphysema groups (67.1%) (P<0.0001 and P=0.0027, respectively) but equivalent to
      that of the IP group (44.4%) (P=0.2928). In a subset analysis of cancer stage,
      the 5-year overall survival rate of the CPFE group in stage I (n=8, 21.4%) was
      also lower than that of the normal group and emphysema group in stage I (n=91,
      84.9% and n=70, 81.1%; P<0.0001 and P<0.0001, respectively). During entire
      observation period, the CPFE group was more likely to die of respiratory failure
      (27.2%) compared with the normal and emphysema groups (P<0.0001). Multivariate
      analysis of prognostic factors using Cox proportional hazard model identified
      CPFE as an independent risk factor (P=0.009). CONCLUSION: CPFE patients have a
      poorer prognosis than those with emphysema alone or with normal lung on CT
      finding. The intensive evaluation of preoperative CT images is important, and
      radical surgery for lung cancer should be decided carefully when patients
      concomitantly harbor CPFE, because of unfavorable prognosis.

PMID- 27354785
TI  - Impact of mild exacerbation on COPD symptoms in a Japanese cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with COPD might not report mild exacerbation. The frequency,
      risk factors, and impact of mild exacerbation on COPD status are unknown.
      OBJECTIVES: The present study was performed to compare features between mild
      exacerbation and moderate or severe exacerbation in Japanese patients with COPD.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational COPD cohort was designed at Keio
      University and affiliated hospitals to prospectively investigate the management
      of COPD comorbidities. This study analyzes data only from patients with COPD who
      had completed annual examinations and questionnaires over a period of 2 years
      (n=311). RESULTS: Among 59 patients with mild exacerbations during the first
      year, 32.2% also experienced only mild exacerbations in the second year. Among 60
      patients with moderate or severe exacerbations during the first year, 40% also
      had the same severity of exacerbation during the second year. Findings of the
      COPD assessment test and the symptom component of the St George's Respiratory
      Questionnaire at steady state were worse in patients with mild exacerbations than
      in those who were exacerbation free during the 2-year study period, although the
      severity of the ratio of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second did not
      differ between them. Severe airflow limitation (the ratio of predicted forced
      expiratory volume in 1 second <50%) and experience of mild exacerbations
      independently advanced the likelihood of an elevated COPD assessment test score
      to >=2 per year. CONCLUSION: The severity of COPD exacerbation seemed to be
      temporally stable over 2 years, and even mild exacerbations adversely impacted
      the health-related quality of life of patients with COPD.

PMID- 27354786
TI  - alpha1-Antitrypsin reduces rhinovirus infection in primary human airway
      epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke.
AB  - Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections target airway epithelium and are the leading
      cause of acute exacerbations of COPD. Cigarette smoke (CS) increases the severity
      of viral infections, but there is no effective therapy for HRV infection. We
      determined whether alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT) reduces HRV-16 infection in CS
      exposed primary human airway epithelial cells. Brushed bronchial epithelial cells
      from normal subjects and patients diagnosed with COPD were cultured at air-liquid
      interface to induce mucociliary differentiation. These cells were treated with
      A1AT or bovine serum albumin for 2 hours and then exposed to air or whole
      cigarette smoke (WCS) with or without HRV-16 (5*10(4) 50% Tissue Culture
      Infective Dose [TCID50]/transwell) infection for 24 hours. WCS exposure
      significantly increased viral load by an average of fivefold and decreased the
      expression of antiviral genes interferon-lambda1, OAS1, and MX1. When A1AT was
      added to WCS-exposed cells, viral load significantly decreased by an average of
      29-fold. HRV-16 infection significantly increased HRV-16 receptor intercellular
      adhesion molecule-1 messenger RNA expression in air-exposed cells, which was
      decreased by A1AT. A1AT-mediated reduction of viral load was not accompanied by
      increased epithelial antiviral gene expression or by inhibiting the activity of
      3C protease involved in viral replication or maturation. Our findings demonstrate
      that A1AT treatment prevents a WCS-induced increase in viral load and for the
      first time suggest a therapeutic effect of A1AT on HRV infection. 

PMID- 27354787
TI  - Depression symptoms reduce physical activity in COPD patients: a prospective
      multicenter study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of anxiety and depression in the physical activity (PA) of
      patients with COPD is controversial. We prospectively assessed the effect of
      symptoms of anxiety and depression on PA in COPD patients. METHODS: We evaluated
      anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), PA
      (Dynaport((r)) accelerometer), and other relevant characteristics in 220 COPD
      patients from five European countries at baseline and at 6 and 12 months of
      follow-up. HADS score was categorized as: no symptoms (score 0-7), suggested (8
      10), and probable (>11) anxiety or depression. We estimated the association
      between anxiety and depression at t (baseline and 6 months) and PA at t+1 (6 and
      12 months) using regression models with a repeated measures approach. RESULTS:
      Patients had a mean (standard deviation) age of 67 (8) years, forced expiratory
      volume in 1 second 57 (20)% predicted. At baseline, the prevalence of probable
      anxiety and depression was 10% and 5%, respectively. In multivariable models
      adjusted by confounders and previous PA, patients performed 81 fewer steps/day
      (95% confidence interval, -149 to -12, P=0.02) per extra point in HADS-depression
      score. HADS-anxiety symptoms were not associated with PA. CONCLUSION: In COPD
      patients, symptoms of depression are prospectively associated with a measurable
      reduction in PA 6 months later.

PMID- 27354788
TI  - Acute hematologic, hepatologic, and nephrologic changes after intraperitoneal
      injections of 18 nm gold nanoparticles in hamsters.
AB  - In vivo responses to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) vary not only according to the
      size, shape, surface charge, and capping agent of GNPs but also according to the
      animal model, the route of administration, and the exposure frequency and
      duration. We illustrate here the changes in some hematologic parameters, in the
      hepatic and renal functions, and in the histopathology of solid organs after
      multiple intraperitoneal injections of 18 nm GNPs in adult male Syrian golden
      hamsters. We scored the histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys to
      grade the deleterious effects. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of 18 nm GNPs
      in hamsters were nonlethal in the short term but resulted in macrocytosis and
      hypochromasia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and monocytosis. The
      hepatic and renal functions showed nonsignificant changes; however,
      histopathological examination showed hepatic and renal alterations ranging from
      mild to marked degeneration, with occasional necrosis of hepatocytes and tubular
      epithelium. 

PMID- 27354789
TI  - Fast and safe fabrication of a free-standing chitosan/alginate nanomembrane to
      promote stem cell delivery and wound healing.
AB  - Polymeric ultrathin membranes that are compatible with cells offer tremendous
      advantages for tissue engineering. In this article, we report a free-standing
      nanomembrane that was developed using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique
      with a safe and sacrificial substrate method. After ionization, two oppositely
      charged polyelectrolytes, alginate and chitosan, were alternately deposited on a
      substrate of a solidified gelatin block to form an ultrathin nanomembrane. The
      space between the two adjacent layers was ~200 nm. The thickness of the
      nanomembrane was proportional to the number of layers. The temperature-sensitive
      gelatin gel served as a sacrificial template at 37 degrees C. The free-standing
      nanomembrane promoted bone marrow stem cell adhesion and proliferation.
      Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to analyze green-fluorescent-protein
      positive mesenchymal stem cells from the wounds, which showed a significantly
      high survival and proliferation from the nanomembrane when cells were
      transplanted to mouse dorsal skin that had a full-thickness burn. The bone-marrow
      stem-cell-loaded nanomembrane also accelerated wound contraction and
      epidermalization. Therefore, this methodology provides a fast and facile approach
      to construct free-standing ultrathin scaffolds for tissue engineering. The
      biocompatibility and free-standing nature of the fabricated nanomembrane may be
      particularly useful for stem cell delivery and wound healing. 

PMID- 27354790
TI  - Delivery of dexamethasone from bioactive nanofiber matrices stimulates
      odontogenesis of human dental pulp cells through integrin/BMP/mTOR signaling
      pathways.
AB  - Therapeutically relevant design of scaffolds is of special importance in the
      repair and regeneration of tissues including dentin and pulp. Here we exploit
      nanofiber matrices that incorporate bioactive glass nanoparticles (BGNs) and
      deliver the odontogenic drug dexamethasone (DEX) to stimulate the odontogenic
      differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). DEX molecules were first
      loaded onto the BGN, and then the DEX-BGN complex was incorporated within the
      biopolymer nanofiber matrix through electrospinning. The release of DEX continued
      over a month, showing a slow releasing profile. HDPCs cultured on the DEX
      releasing BGN matrices were viable, proliferating well up to 14 days. The
      odontogenic differentiation, as assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity, mRNA
      expression of genes, and mineralization, was significantly stimulated on the
      matrices incorporating BGN and further on those releasing DEX. The DEX-releasing
      BGN matrices highly upregulated the expression of the integrin subsets alpha1,
      alpha5, and beta3 as well as integrin downstream signaling molecules, including
      focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Paxillin, and RhoA, and activated bone morphogenetic
      protein mRNA and phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8. Furthermore, the DEX-releasing BGN
      matrices stimulated Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which was
      proven by the inhibition study. Collectively, the designed therapeutic nanofiber
      matrices that incorporate BGN and deliver DEX were demonstrated to promote
      odontogenesis of HDPCs, and the integrins, bone morphogenetic protein, and mTOR
      signaling pathways are proposed to be the possible molecular mechanisms. While
      further in vivo studies are still needed, the DEX-releasing bioactive scaffolds
      are considered as a potential therapeutic nanomatrix for regenerative endodontics
      and tissue engineering. 

PMID- 27354791
TI  - Intratracheal instillation of ethyl pyruvate nanoparticles prevents the
      development of shunt-flow-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in a rat model.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate whether inhalation of ethyl pyruvate (EP) encapsulated
      with poly(ethylene glycol)-block-lactide/glycolide copolymer nanoparticles (EP
      NPs) can prevent the development of shunt-flow-induced hyperkinetic pulmonary
      arterial hypertension (PAH) in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were
      separated into five groups: blank (ie, no treatment after shunt flow), normal
      control (ie, no shunt flow or treatment), EP-NP instillation, EP-only
      instillation, and vehicle. The animals received intratracheal instillation of EP
      NPs or other treatments immediately after a shunt flow, and treatment continued
      weekly until the end of the experiment. Hemodynamic data were recorded, pulmonary
      arterial remodeling was assessed, and levels of inflammatory mediators and ET1
      expression in the lung and serum were analyzed. In addition, retention of EP in
      the lungs of rats in the EP-NP and EP-only groups was measured using high
      performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: After 12 weeks, hemodynamic
      abnormalities and pulmonary arterial remodeling were improved in the EP-NP
      instillation group, compared with the blank, EP-only, and vehicle groups
      (P<0.05). In addition, the EP-NP group showed significantly decreased levels of
      HMGB1, IL-6, TNFalpha, reactive oxygen species, and ET1 in the lung during PAH
      development (P<0.05). Furthermore, EP-NP instillation was associated with reduced
      serum levels of inflammatory factors and ET1. High-performance liquid
      chromatography measurement indicated that EP retention was greater in the lungs
      of the EP-NP group than in the EP-only group. CONCLUSION: EP-NP instillation
      attenuated inflammation and prevented pulmonary arterial remodeling during the
      development of PAH induced by shunt flow. In the future, EP-NP delivery into the
      lung might provide a novel approach for preventing PAH.

PMID- 27354792
TI  - Design and statistical modeling of mannose-decorated dapsone-containing
      nanoparticles as a strategy of targeting intestinal M-cells.
AB  - The aim of the present work was to develop and optimize surface-functionalized
      solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for improvement of the therapeutic index of
      dapsone (DAP), with the application of a design of experiments. The formulation
      was designed to target intestinal microfold (M-cells) as a strategy to increase
      internalization of the drug by the infected macrophages. DAP-loaded SLNs and
      mannosylated SLNs (M-SLNs) were successfully developed by hot ultrasonication
      method employing a three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design, after the
      preformulation study was carried out with different lipids. All the formulations
      were systematically characterized regarding their diameter, polydispersity index
      (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency, and loading capacity. They
      were also subjected to morphological studies using transmission electron
      microscopy, in vitro release study, infrared analysis (Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy), calorimetry studies (differential scanning calorimetry), and
      stability studies. The diameter of SLNs, SLN-DAP, M-SLNs, and M-SLN-DAP was
      approximately 300 nm and the obtained PDI was <0.2, confirming uniform
      populations. Entrapment efficiency and loading capacity were approximately 50%
      and 12%, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical shape
      and nonaggregated nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used
      to confirm the success of mannose coating process though Schiff's base formation.
      The variation of the ZP between uncoated (approximately -30 mV) and mannosylated
      formulations (approximately +60 mV) also confirmed the successful coating
      process. A decrease in the enthalpy and broadening of the lipid melting peaks of
      the differential scanning calorimetry thermograms are consistent with the
      nanostructure of the SLNs. Moreover, the drug release was pH-sensitive, with a
      faster drug release at acidic pH than at neutral pH. Storage stability for the
      formulations for at least 8 weeks is expected, since they maintain the original
      characteristics of diameter, PDI, and ZP. These results pose a strong argument
      that the developed formulations can be explored as a promising carrier for
      treating leprosy with an innovative approach to target DAP directly to M-cells. 

PMID- 27354793
TI  - Magnetic micro/nanoparticle flocculation-based signal amplification for
      biosensing.
AB  - We report a time and cost efficient signal amplification method for biosensors
      employing magnetic particles. In this method, magnetic particles in an applied
      external magnetic field form magnetic dipoles, interact with each other, and
      accumulate along the magnetic field lines. This magnetic interaction does not
      need any biomolecular coating for binding and can be controlled with the strength
      of the applied magnetic field. The accumulation can be used to amplify the
      corresponding pixel area that is obtained from an image of a single magnetic
      particle. An application of the method to the Escherichia coli 0157:H7 bacteria
      samples is demonstrated in order to show the potential of the approach. A minimum
      of threefold to a maximum of 60-fold amplification is reached from a single
      bacteria cell under a magnetic field of 20 mT. 

PMID- 27354794
TI  - Peptide-coated gold nanoparticles for modulation of angiogenesis in vivo.
AB  - In this work, peptides designed to selectively interact with cellular receptors
      involved in the regulation of angiogenesis were anchored to oligo-ethylene glycol
      capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and used to evaluate the modulation of vascular
      development using an ex ovo chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. These
      nanoparticles alter the balance between naturally secreted pro- and
      antiangiogenic factors, under various biological conditions, without causing
      toxicity. Exposure of chorioallantoic membranes to AuNP-peptide activators of
      angiogenesis accelerated the formation of new arterioles when compared to
      scrambled peptide-coated nanoparticles. On the other hand, antiangiogenic AuNP
      peptide conjugates were able to selectively inhibit angiogenesis in vivo. We
      demonstrated that AuNP vectorization is crucial for enhancing the effect of
      active peptides. Our data showed for the first time the effective control of
      activation or inhibition of blood vessel formation in chick embryo via AuNP-based
      formulations suitable for the selective modulation of angiogenesis, which is of
      paramount importance in applications where promotion of vascular growth is
      desirable (eg, wound healing) or ought to be contravened, as in cancer
      development. 

PMID- 27354795
TI  - XanoMatrix surfaces as scaffolds for mesenchymal stem cell culture and growth.
AB  - Stem cells are being widely investigated for a wide variety of applications in
      tissue engineering due to their ability to differentiate into a number of cells
      such as neurons, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts. This ability of stem cells to
      differentiate into different types of cells is greatly based on mechanical and
      chemical cues received from their three-dimensional environments. All organs are
      formed by a number of cells linked together via an extracellular matrix (ECM).
      The ECM is a complex network of proteins and carbohydrates, which occupies
      intercellular spaces and regulates cellular activity by controlling cell
      adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The ECM is composed of
      two main types of macromolecules, namely, polysaccharide glycosaminoglycans,
      which are covalently attached to proteins in the form of proteoglycans and
      fibrous proteins belonging to two functional groups, structural (collagen and
      elastin) and adhesive (fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, etc). Tissue
      engineering is a multidisciplinary field that aims to develop biomimetic
      scaffolds that emulate properties of the ECM to help repair or regenerate
      diseased or damaged tissue. This study introduces one of these matrices,
      XanoMatrix, as an optimal scaffold for tissue engineering applications, in
      particular, for stem cell research, based on its composition, nanofibrous
      structure, and porosity. Results of this study suggest that XanoMatrix scaffolds
      are promising for stem cell tissue engineering applications and as improved cell
      culture inserts for studying stem cell functions (compared to traditional Corning
      and Falcon cell culture plates) and, thus, should be further studied. 

PMID- 27354796
TI  - Fabrication of novel vesicles of triptolide for antirheumatoid activity with
      reduced toxicity in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Triptolide (TP) displays a strong immunosuppression function in immune-mediated
      diseases, especially in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, in
      addition to its medical and health-related functions, TP also exhibits diverse
      pharmacological side effects, for instance, liver and kidney toxicity and
      myelosuppression. In order to reduce the side effects, a nano drug carrier system
      (gamma-PGA-l-PAE-TP [PPT]), in which TP was loaded by a poly-gamma-glutamic acid
      grafted l-phenylalanine ethylester copolymer, was developed. PPT was
      characterized by photon scattering correlation spectroscopy and transmission
      electron microscopy, which demonstrated that the average diameter of the drug
      carrier system is 98+/-15 nm, the polydispersity index is 0.18, the zeta
      potential is -35 mV, and the TP encapsulation efficiency is 48.6% with a
      controlled release manner. The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay
      and flow cytometry revealed that PPT could decrease toxicity and apoptosis
      induced by free TP on RAW264.7 cells, respectively. The detection of reactive
      oxygen species showed that PPT could decrease the cellular reactive oxygen
      species induced by TP. Compared with the free TP-treated group, PPT improved the
      survival rate of the mice (P<0.01) and had no side effects or toxic effects on
      the thymus index (P>0.05) and spleen index (P>0.05). The blood biochemical
      indexes revealed that PPT did not cause much damage to the kidney (blood urea
      nitrogen and creatinine), liver (serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate
      aminotransferase), or blood cells (P>0.05). Meanwhile, hematoxylin and eosin
      staining and terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling
      staining indicated that PPT reduced the damage of free TP on the liver, kidney,
      and spleen. Our results demonstrated that PPT reduced free TP toxicity in vitro
      and in vivo and that it is a promising fundamental drug delivery system for
      rheumatoid arthritis treatment. 

PMID- 27354797
TI  - In vivo targeted gene delivery to peripheral neurons mediated by neurotropic
      poly(ethylene imine)-based nanoparticles.
AB  - A major challenge in neuronal gene therapy is to achieve safe, efficient, and
      minimally invasive transgene delivery to neurons. In this study, we report the
      use of a nonviral neurotropic poly(ethylene imine)-based nanoparticle that is
      capable of mediating neuron-specific transfection upon a subcutaneous injection.
      Nanoparticles were targeted to peripheral neurons by using the nontoxic
      carboxylic fragment of tetanus toxin (HC), which, besides being neurotropic, is
      capable of being retrogradely transported from neuron terminals to the cell
      bodies. Nontargeted particles and naked plasmid DNA were used as control. Five
      days after treatment by subcutaneous injection in the footpad of Wistar rats, it
      was observed that 56% and 64% of L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia neurons,
      respectively, were expressing the reporter protein. The delivery mediated by HC
      functionalized nanoparticles spatially limited the transgene expression, in
      comparison with the controls. Histological examination revealed no significant
      adverse effects in the use of the proposed delivery system. These findings
      demonstrate the feasibility and safety of the developed neurotropic nanoparticles
      for the minimally invasive delivery of genes to the peripheral nervous system,
      opening new avenues for the application of gene therapy strategies in the
      treatment of peripheral neuropathies. 

PMID- 27354798
TI  - Elimination of the biphasic pharmacodynamics of 15d-PGJ2 by controlling its
      release from a nanoemulsion.
AB  - 15-Deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) has a dual action of stimulating
      anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation when exogenously administered at high
      doses. However, at lower doses, it can be toxic inducing opposite actions, ie,
      stimulation of both inflammation and cell proliferation. This biphasic phenomenon
      of 15d-PGJ2 is believed to be due to its multitarget behavior. In this study, we
      provide a strategy for controlling such biphasic pharmacodynamics by separating
      its dual actions while retaining the beneficial one by using a nanoemulsion (NE).
      The 15d-PGJ2 was encapsulated in the NE composed of triolein/distearoyl
      phosphatidylcholine/Tween 80 at a high encapsulation ratio (>83%). Furthermore,
      NE enhanced drug retention by slowing down its release rate, which was,
      unconventionally, inversely dependent on the total surface area of the NE system.
      Next, focusing on the biphasic effect on cell proliferation, we found that the
      15d-PGJ2-loaded slow-release NE showed only a dose-dependent inhibition of the
      viability of a mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, although a fast-release NE
      as well as free 15d-PGJ2 exerted a biphasic effect. The observed slow-release
      kinetics are believed to be responsible for elimination of the biphasic
      pharmacodynamics of 15d-PGJ2 mainly for two reasons: 1) a high proportion of 15d
      PGJ2 that is retained in the NE was delivered to the cytosol, where proapoptotic
      targets are located and 2) 15d-PGJ2 was able to bypass cell membrane-associated
      targets that lead to the induction of cellular proliferation. Collectively, our
      strategy of eliminating the 15d-PGJ2-induced biphasic pharmacodynamics was based
      on the delivery of 15d-PGJ2 to its desired site of action, excluding undesired
      sites, on a subcellular level. 

PMID- 27354800
TI  - Evaluation of oxidative response and tissular damage in rat lungs exposed to
      silica-coated gold nanoparticles under static magnetic fields.
AB  - The purpose of our study was the evaluation of toxicological effects of silica
      coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and static magnetic fields (SMFs; 128 mT)
      exposure in rat lungs. Animals received a single injection of GNPs (1,100 ug/kg,
      100 nm, intraperitoneally) and were exposed to SMFs, over 14 days (1 h/day).
      Results showed that GNPs treatment induced a hyperplasia of bronchus-associated
      lymphoid tissue. Fluorescence microscopy images showed that red fluorescence
      signal was detected in rat lungs after 2 weeks from the single injection of GNPs.
      Oxidative response study showed that GNPs exposure increased malondialdehyde
      level and decreased CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione
      peroxidase activities in rat lungs. Furthermore, the histopathological study
      showed that combined effects of GNPs and SMFs led to more tissular damages in rat
      lungs in comparison with GNPs-treated rats. Interestingly, intensity of red
      fluorescence signal was enhanced after exposure to SMFs indicating a higher
      accumulation of GNPs in rat lungs under magnetic environment. Moreover, rats
      coexposed to GNPs and SMFs showed an increased malondialdehyde level, a fall of
      CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in
      comparison with GNPs-treated group. Hence, SMFs exposure increased the
      accumulation of GNPs in rat lungs and led to more toxic effects of these
      nanocomplexes. 

PMID- 27354799
TI  - From micro- to nanostructured implantable device for local anesthetic delivery.
AB  - Local anesthetics block the transmission of painful stimuli to the brain by
      acting on ion channels of nociceptor fibers, and find application in the
      management of acute and chronic pain. Despite the key role they play in modern
      medicine, their cardio and neurotoxicity (together with their short half-life)
      stress the need for developing implantable devices for tailored local drug
      release, with the aim of counterbalancing their side effects and prolonging their
      pharmacological activity. This review discusses the evolution of the physical
      forms of local anesthetic delivery systems during the past decades. Depending on
      the use of different biocompatible materials (degradable polyesters,
      thermosensitive hydrogels, and liposomes and hydrogels from natural polymers) and
      manufacturing processes, these systems can be classified as films or micro- or
      nanostructured devices. We analyze and summarize the production techniques
      according to this classification, focusing on their relative advantages and
      disadvantages. The most relevant trend reported in this work highlights the
      effort of moving from microstructured to nanostructured systems, with the aim of
      reaching a scale comparable to the biological environment. Improved intracellular
      penetration compared to microstructured systems, indeed, provides specific drug
      absorption into the targeted tissue and can lead to an enhancement of its
      bioavailability and retention time. Nanostructured systems are realized by the
      modification of existing manufacturing processes (interfacial deposition and
      nanoprecipitation for degradable polyester particles and high- or low-temperature
      homogenization for liposomes) or development of novel strategies (electrospun
      matrices and nanogels). The high surface-to-volume ratio that characterizes
      nanostructured devices often leads to a burst drug release. This drawback needs
      to be addressed to fully exploit the advantage of the interaction between the
      target tissues and the drug: possible strategies could involve specific binding
      between the drug and the material chosen for the device, and a multiscale
      approach to reach a tailored, prolonged drug release. 

PMID- 27354802
TI  - Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in Japanese Parkinson's disease
      patients: a pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the feasibility of cognitive behavioral therapy
      (CBT) for Japanese Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with depression. To increase
      cultural acceptability, we developed the CBT program using manga, a type of
      Japanese comic novel. METHODS: Participants included 19 non-demented PD patients
      who had depressive symptoms (GRID-Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score
      >=8). A CBT program comprising six sessions was individually administered. We
      evaluated the feasibility and safety of the CBT program in terms of the dropout
      rate and occurrence of adverse events. The primary outcome was depressive symptom
      reduction in the GRID-Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression upon completion of
      CBT. Secondary outcomes included changes in the self-report measures of
      depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      Depression), anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety, State and
      Trait Anxiety Inventory, Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale),
      functional impairment, and quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short
      Form Health Survey). RESULTS: Of the 19 participants (mean age =63.8 years,
      standard deviation [SD] =9.9 years; mean Hohen-Yahr score =1.7, SD =0.8), one
      patient (5%) withdrew. No severe adverse event was observed. The patients
      reported significant improvements in depression (Hedges' g =-1.02, 95% confidence
      interval =-1.62 to -0.39). The effects were maintained over a 3-month follow-up
      period. Most of the secondary outcome measurements showed a small-to-moderate but
      nonsignificant effect size from baseline to post-intervention. CONCLUSION: This
      study provides preliminary evidence that CBT is feasible among Japanese PD
      patients with depression. Similar approaches may be effective for people with PD
      from other cultural backgrounds. The results warrant replication in a randomized
      controlled trial.

PMID- 27354801
TI  - Biodegradable micelles enhance the antiglioma activity of curcumin in vitro and
      in vivo.
AB  - Curcumin (Cur), a natural polyphenol of Curcuma longa, has been recently reported
      to possess antitumor activities. However, due to its poor aqueous solubility and
      low biological availability, the clinical application of Cur is quite limited.
      The encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs into nanoparticles is an effective way to
      improve their pharmaceutical activities. In this research, nanomicelles loaded
      with Cur were formulated by a self-assembly method with biodegradable monomethoxy
      poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) copolymers (MPEG-PLAs). After encapsulation,
      the cellular uptake was increased and Cur could be released from MPEG-PLA
      micelles in a sustained manner. The Cur-loaded MPEG-PLA micelles (Cur/MPEG-PLA
      micelles) exhibited an enhanced toxicity on C6 and U251 glioma cells and induced
      more apoptosis on C6 glioma cells compared with free Cur. Moreover, the therapy
      efficiency of Cur/MPEG-PLA micelles was evaluated at length on a nude mouse model
      bearing glioma. The Cur/MPEG-PLA micelles were more effective on suppressing
      tumor growth compared with free Cur, which indicated that Cur/MPEG-PLA micelles
      improved the antiglioma activity of Cur in vivo. The results of
      immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analysis indicated that the induction
      of apoptosis, antiangiogenesis, and inhibition of cell proliferation may
      contribute to the improvement in antiglioma effects. Our data suggested that
      Cur/MPEG-PLA may have potential clinic applications in glioma therapy. 

PMID- 27354803
TI  - Investigating analgesic and psychological factors associated with risk of
      postpartum depression development: a case-control study.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of peripartum analgesic
      and psychological factors that may be related to postpartum depression (PPD).
      METHODS: This case-control study was conducted in pregnant females who delivered
      at KK Women's and Children's Hospital from November 2010 to October 2013 and had
      postpartum psychological assessment. Demographic, medical, and postpartum
      psychological status assessments, intrapartum data including method of induction
      of labor, mode of labor analgesia, duration of first and second stages of labor,
      mode of delivery, and pain intensity on hospital admission and after delivery
      were collected. PPD was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
      and clinical assessment by the psychiatrist. RESULTS: There were 62 cases of PPD
      and 417 controls after childbirth within 4-8 weeks. The odds of PPD was
      significantly lower (33 of 329 [10.0%]) in females who received epidural
      analgesia for labor compared with those who chose nonepidural analgesia (29 of
      150 [19.3%]) ([odds ratio] 0.47 (0.27-0.8), P=0.0078). The multivariate analysis
      showed that absence of labor epidural analgesia, increasing age, family history
      of depression, history of depression, and previous history of PPD were
      independent risk factors for development of PPD. CONCLUSION: The absence of labor
      epidural analgesia remained as an independent risk factor for development of PPD
      when adjusted for psychiatric predictors of PPD such as history of depression or
      PPD and family history of depression.

PMID- 27354804
TI  - Randomized controlled trials - a matter of design.
AB  - Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the hallmark of evidence-based medicine
      and form the basis for translating research data into clinical practice. This
      review summarizes commonly applied designs and quality indicators of RCTs to
      provide guidance in interpreting and critically evaluating clinical research
      data. It further reflects on the principle of equipoise and its practical
      applicability to clinical science with an emphasis on critical care and
      neurological research. We performed a review of educational material, review
      articles, methodological studies, and published clinical trials using the
      databases MEDLINE, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The most relevant
      recommendations regarding design, conduction, and reporting of RCTs may include
      the following: 1) clinically relevant end points should be defined a priori, and
      an unbiased analysis and report of the study results should be warranted, 2) both
      significant and nonsignificant results should be objectively reported and
      published, 3) structured study design and performance as indicated in the
      Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement should be employed as well
      as registration in a public trial database, 4) potential conflicts of interest
      and funding sources should be disclaimed in study report or publication, and 5)
      in the comparison of experimental treatment with standard care, preplanned
      interim analyses during an ongoing RCT can aid in maintaining clinical equipoise
      by assessing benefit, harm, or futility, thus allowing decision on continuation
      or termination of the trial. 

PMID- 27354805
TI  - Bilateral internal carotid artery dissection associated with prior syphilis: a
      case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Bilateral internal carotid artery dissection is a rare entity, and its
      presentation may include cerebral ischemia. We describe the case of a 69-year-old
      man with ischemic stroke and radiological evidence of intimal flap of both
      internal carotid arteries suggestive for dissection. During the hospitalization,
      our patient was found positive for a previous syphilis infection. We conducted a
      review of the literature, with evidence of a few cases of ischemic stroke
      presumably related to a prior syphilis. The absence of major cardiovascular risk
      factors in our patient leads us to believe that an etiopathogenetic link may
      exist between these two conditions. 

PMID- 27354806
TI  - Clinical usefulness of mepolizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma.
AB  - Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways with variable clinical
      severity from very mild and occasional symptoms to recurrent critical
      exacerbations, at risk of fatal or near-fatal outcome, in a small percentage of
      patients. Within the different inflammatory cascades involved in asthma,
      eosinophils play a central role in the pathogenesis and largely influence disease
      severity. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is the main cytokine controlling eosinophil
      activity and proliferation at the site of inflammation. Mepolizumab was the first
      biological humanized anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody tested in randomized clinical
      trials on eosinophilic asthma and other eosinophilic diseases. On the basis of
      several positive clinical efficacy data, it has recently been approved by the US
      Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma.
      Unfortunately, high costs are at present a critical issue. Future studies will
      probably help in the correct selection of a potential "responder phenotype",
      allowing the prescription of this promising therapy to appropriate patients and
      best define cost-effectiveness issues. 

PMID- 27354808
TI  - A case of gait disturbance caused by low-dose gabapentin.
AB  - Gabapentin, an anticonvulsant agent, is now often used for the treatment of
      neuropathic pain all over the world. It is unclear whether the combined use of
      gabapentin, sodium valproate, and flunitrazepam results in enhancement of the
      side effect, a gait disturbance. A 60-year-old man was taking oral sodium
      valproate for symptomatic epilepsy after a brain contusion and flunitrazepam to
      relieve insomnia. Oral gabapentin therapy was started for suspected neuropathic
      pain. Although the initial dose of oral gabapentin (200 mg) relieved the pain,
      the lower extremities became weak, resulting in a gait disturbance. The therapy
      was restarted with a halved dose, and this resolved the gait disturbance and
      relieved the pain. 

PMID- 27354807
TI  - Management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting by risk profile: role of
      netupitant/palonosetron.
AB  - As recommended by most recent antiemetic guidelines, the optimal prophylaxis of
      chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) requires the combination of 5-HT3
      receptor antagonist (RA) with an NK1-RA. Moreover, the major predictors of acute
      and delayed CINV include: young age, female sex, platinum- or anthracycline-based
      chemotherapy, nondrinker status, emesis in the earlier cycles of chemotherapy,
      and previous history of motion/morning sickness. Despite improved knowledge of
      the pathophysiology of CINV and advances in the availability of active
      antiemetics, an inconsistent compliance with their use has been reported, thereby
      resulting in suboptimal control of CINV in several cases. In this scenario, a new
      anti-emetic drug is now available, which seems to be able to guarantee better
      prophylaxis of CINV and improvement of adherence to guidelines. In fact,
      netupitant/palonosetron (NEPA) is a ready-to-use single oral capsule, combining
      an NK1-RA (netupitant) and a 5-HT3-RA (palonosetron), which is to be taken 1 hour
      before the administration of chemotherapy, ensuring the coverage from CINV for 5
      days. We reviewed the role of NEPA in patients at high risk of CINV receiving
      highly emetogenic chemotherapy. In these patients, NEPA plus dexamethasone, as
      compared to standard treatments, achieved superior efficacy in all primary and
      secondary end points during the acute, delayed, and overall phases, including
      nausea assessment. Moreover, these results were also achieved in female patients
      receiving anthracycline plus cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy. NEPA represents
      a real step forward in the prophylaxis of CINV. 

PMID- 27354809
TI  - Clinical efficacy of dalbavancin for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and
      skin structure infections (ABSSSI).
AB  - Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) are a common disease
      causing patients to seek treatment through the health care system. With the
      continued increase of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens, these infections are
      becoming more difficult to successfully cure. Lipoglycopeptides have unique
      properties that allow the drug to remain active toward both common and
      challenging pathogens at the infected site for lengthy periods of time.
      Dalbavancin, a new lipoglycopeptide, provides two unique dosing regimens for the
      treatment of ABSSSI. The original regimen of 1,000 mg intravenous infusion
      followed by a 500 mg intravenous infusion after a week has been shown as safe and
      effective in multiple, randomized noninferiority trials. These studies also
      demonstrated that dalbavancin was similar to standard regimens in terms of both
      safety and tolerability. Recently a single 1,500 mg dose was demonstrated to be
      equivalent to the dalbavancin two-dose regimen for treating ABSSSI. With the
      introduction of dalbavancin, clinicians have the option to provide an intravenous
      antimicrobial agent shown to be as effective as traditional therapies, without
      requiring admission into the hospitals or prescribing a medication which may not
      be utilized optimally. Further understanding of dalbavancin and its unusual
      properties can provide unique treatment situations with potential benefits for
      both the patient and the overall health care system, which should be further
      explored. 

PMID- 27354810
TI  - Pazopanib in the management of advanced soft tissue sarcomas.
AB  - Therapy of soft tissue sarcomas represents an area of significant unmet need in
      oncology. Angiogenesis has been explored as a potential target both preclinically
      and clinically, with suggestions of activity. Pazopanib is a multitargeted
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor with prominent antiangiogenic effects. In a Phase II
      study, pazopanib demonstrated activity in strata enrolling patients with
      leiomyosarcomas, synovial sarcomas, or other sarcomas but not those enrolling
      adipocytic sarcomas. PALETTE, the pivotal Phase III trial, demonstrated improved
      progression-free survival versus placebo in pazopanib-treated patients previously
      treated for advanced soft tissue sarcomas. No survival benefit was observed, and
      adipocytic sarcomas were excluded. Health-related quality-of-life assessments
      indicated significant decrements in several areas affected by pazopanib
      toxicities, but no global deterioration. Cost-effectiveness analyses indicate
      that pazopanib therapy may or may not be cost-effective in different geographic
      settings. Pazopanib provides important proof-of-concept for antiangiogenic
      therapy in soft tissue sarcomas. Its use can be improved by further biological
      studies of its activity profile in sarcomas, studies of biological rational
      combinations, and clinicopathologic/biological correlative studies of activity to
      allow better drug targeting. 

PMID- 27354811
TI  - Treatment of patients with chronic thrombo embolic pulmonary hypertension: focus
      on riociguat.
AB  - Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a disease of the
      pulmonary vascular bed that is characterized by elevations in the mean pulmonary
      artery pressure in the setting of perfusion defects on ventilation-perfusion
      scan, and subsequently confirmed by pulmonary angiography. CTEPH, or World Health
      Organization (WHO) group 4 pulmonary hypertension, is a result of unresolved
      thromboembolic obstruction in the pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary endarterectomy
      (PEA) is the treatment of choice for CTEPH as it is a potentially curative
      therapy. However, up to one-third of patients are not candidates for the surgery,
      either due to distal and inaccessible nature of the lesions or comorbid
      conditions. Due to remodeling that occurs in nonobstructed pulmonary vessels, a
      portion of patients who have undergone PEA have residual CTEPH after the
      procedure, attributable to high shear stress prior to PEA. This phenomenon has
      led to the understanding of a so-called "two-compartment model" of CTEPH, opening
      the door to pharmacologic treatment strategies. In 2013, riociguat, a soluble
      guanylate cyclase stimulator, was approved in the US and Europe for the treatment
      of inoperable or persistent/recurrent CTEPH. This article reviews the current
      management of CTEPH with a focus on riociguat. 

PMID- 27354813
TI  - GPR30 decreases with vascular aging and promotes vascular smooth muscle cells
      maintaining differentiated phenotype and suppressing migration via activation of
      ERK1/2.
AB  - Estrogen receptors, including classic nuclear receptors ERalpha, ERbeta, and
      membrane receptor GPR30, are expressed in vascular tissues and exert protective
      actions in vascular diseases. But the expression pattern and functional roles of
      GPR30 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remain unclear. In this study, we
      found that ERalpha, ERbeta, and GPR30 were decreased with VSMCs passaging in
      vitro or growing in vivo and activation of GPR30 promoted ERalpha expression.
      Then, we validated that activation of GPR30 significantly decreased migratory
      capability of VSMCs and suppressed ERalpha, whereas PDGF-BB (20 ng/mL) treatment
      caused increase of migration. And activation of GPR30 led to reduction of
      osteopontin and cellular retinol binding protein 1, enhancement of calponin and
      3F8, and upregulation of total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 expression in VSMCs
      knocked down by GPR30, ERalpha, and ERbeta or treated with PDGF-BB. These data
      suggest that GPR30 promotes VSMCs reducing migration and maintaining
      differentiated phenotype via activation of ERK1/2 pathway. Our findings provide
      novel mechanisms of GPR30 protection of VSMCs as well as a new target for
      prevention of vascular aging. 

PMID- 27354812
TI  - The prognostic roles of ALDH1 isoenzymes in gastric cancer.
AB  - Increased aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity has been determined to be
      present in the stem cells of several kinds of cancers including gastric cancer
      (GC). Nevertheless, which ones of ALDH1's isoenzymes are leading to ALDH1
      activity remains elusive. In this study, we examined the prognostic value and
      hazard ratio (HR) of individual ALDH1 isoenzymes in patients with GC using "The
      Kaplan-Meier plotter" database. mRNA high expression level of ALDH1A1 was not
      found to be significantly correlated with the overall survival (OS) of all
      patients with GC followed for 20 years, HR =0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI]:
      0.7-1.05), P=0.13. mRNA high expression level of ALDH1A2 was also not
      significantly correlated with OS for all patients with GC, HR =1.13 (95% CI: 0.91
      1.41), P=0.25. mRNA high expression level of ALDH1A3 was found to be
      significantly correlated with worsened OS in either intestinal-type patients, HR
      =2.24 (95% CI: 1.44-3.49), P=0.00026, or diffuse-type patients, HR =1.91 (95% CI:
      1.02-3.59), P=0.04. Interestingly, mRNA high expression level of ALDH1B1 was
      found to be significantly correlated with better OS for all patients with GC, HR
      =0.66 (95% CI: 0.53-0.81), P=7.8e-05, and mRNA high expression level of ALDH1L1
      was found to be significantly correlated with worsened OS for all patients with
      GC, HR =1.23 (95% CI: 1-1.51), P=0.048. Furthermore, our results also indicate
      that ALDH1A3 and ALDH1L1 are potential major contributors to the ALDH1 activity
      in GC, since mRNA high expression levels of ALDH1A3 and ALDH1L1 were found to be
      significantly correlated with worsened OS for all patients with GC. Based on our
      study, ALDH1A3 and ALDH1L1 are potential prognostic markers and therapeutic
      targets for patients with GC. 

PMID- 27354814
TI  - Comparative efficacy and safety of axitinib versus sorafenib in metastatic renal
      cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the comparative efficacy and
      safety of axitinib and sorafenib in the therapy of metastatic renal cell
      carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eligible studies were searched from PubMed,
      Embase, and Future Medicine databases. The pooled hazard ratios and relative risk
      ratios (RRs) were calculated by using Stata 12.0 software. RESULTS: A total of
      1,011 patients qualified to participate in this Phase III study that included
      randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis results showed that axitinib was more
      highly and significantly associated with a survival benefit in the independently
      assessed progression-free survival in comparison to sorafenib. The values of RR
      of the objective response rate and disease control rate were also significantly
      different. Results of the analysis of adverse events concerning hypertension and
      hypothyroidism demonstrated that the values of RR were significantly higher in
      the axitinib group and lower risks were established in the patients treated with
      axitinib. CONCLUSION: Therefore, axitinib was a better treatment option for
      metastatic renal cell carcinoma treatment than sorafenib, especially after
      failure of prior systemic therapies. This analysis revealed that axitinib had
      higher risks of hypertension and hypothyroidism and lower risks of rash and
      palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia.

PMID- 27354815
TI  - Administration of polysaccharide from Panax notoginseng prolonged the survival of
      H22 tumor-bearing mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Polysaccharides from various sources are being considered potential
      sources for the treatment of liver cancer. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the impact of polysaccharide isolated from Panax notoginseng (PPN) on
      the proliferation of H22 liver cancer cells and the survival of the tumor-bearing
      mice transplanted with H22 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Polysaccharide from PPN
      was added to the culture medium of mouse hepatoma H22 cells at different doses.
      Cell proliferation was assayed with a standard MTT assay. Survival rates of tumor
      bearing mice were recorded. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were assayed by flow
      cytometry. Serum interleukin-2 levels in peripheral blood were measured by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Polysaccharide from PPN inhibited the growth
      of H22 cells and significantly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. The
      increase in activated CD4(+) T-cells and the elevation of serum interleukin-2 may
      contribute to the antitumor activity of PPN. CONCLUSION: PPN has potential
      antitumor activity for the treatment of liver cancer.

PMID- 27354816
TI  - Comparison of the effectiveness and toxicity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
      regimens, capecitabine/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide vs 5
      fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide, followed by adjuvant,
      capecitabine/docetaxel vs docetaxel, in patients with operable breast cancer.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and toxicity of
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens, xeloda/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (XEC) vs 5
      fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (FEC), followed by adjuvant chemotherapy
      regimens, capecitabine/taxotere (XT) vs taxotere (T), in axillary lymph node (LN)
      positive early-stage breast cancer. In this randomized, Phase III trial, 137
      patients with operable primary breast cancer (T2-0, N0-1) who were tested
      axillary LN positive through aspiration biopsy of axillary LNs were randomized
      (1:1) to four 3-weekly cycles of XEC or FEC. Patients underwent surgery within 4
      6 weeks after the fourth cycle, followed by four adjuvant cycles of 3-weekly XT
      or T. The primary end point was tumor pathological complete response. Toxicity
      profiles were secondary objectives. In total, 131 patients had clinical and
      radiological evaluation of response and underwent surgery. Treatment with XEC led
      to an increased rate of pathological complete response in primary tumor (18% vs
      6%, respectively, P=0.027) and objective remission rate (87% vs 73%, P=0.048)
      compared to FEC. Clinical complete response occurred in 20% and 7% for XEC and
      FEC, respectively. Compared to FEC, XEC was associated with more hand-foot
      syndrome (57% vs 11%, P<0.001) and 3/4 grade nausea/vomiting/diarrhea (30% vs
      14%, P=0.034) but less phlebitis (3% vs 14%, P=0.035). XT and T adjuvant
      chemotherapy regimens were well tolerated: treatment-related 3/4 grade adverse
      events occurred in 28% and 17% of patients receiving XT and T, respectively. 

PMID- 27354817
TI  - Focus on JNJ-Q2, a novel fluoroquinolone, for the management of community
      acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure
      infections.
AB  - JNJ-Q2 is a novel, fifth-generation fluoroquinolone that has excellent in vitro
      and in vivo activity against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative
      organisms. In vitro studies indicate that JNJ-Q2 has potent activity against
      pathogens responsible for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections
      (ABSSSI) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), such as
      Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. JNJ-Q2 also has been shown to
      have a higher barrier to resistance compared to other agents in the class and it
      remains highly active against drug-resistant organisms, including methicillin
      resistant S. aureus, ciprofloxacin-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and
      drug-resistant S. pneumoniae. In two Phase II studies, the efficacy of JNJ-Q2 was
      comparable to linezolid for ABSSSI and moxifloxacin for CABP. Furthermore, JNJ-Q2
      was well tolerated, with adverse event rates similar to or less than other
      fluoroquinolones. With an expanded spectrum of activity and low potential for
      resistance, JNJ-Q2 shows promise as an effective treatment option for ABSSSI and
      CABP. Considering its early stage of development, the definitive role of JNJ-Q2
      against these infections and its safety profile will be determined in future
      Phase III studies. 

PMID- 27354818
TI  - Cost-effectiveness of tiotropium versus glycopyrronium in moderate to very severe
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Canada, Spain, Sweden, and the UK.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Tiotropium (TIO), Spiriva(r) Handihaler(r), is a well-established
      bronchodilator, LAMA (long acting muscarinic antagonist), for the treatment of
      moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clinical
      evidence from the SPARK trial suggests that TIO is superior to glycopyrronium
      (GLY), Seebri(r) Breezhaler(r), in terms of severe exacerbations. This modeling
      study assessed the cost-effectiveness of TIO versus GLY for Canada (CAN), Spain
      (ESP), Sweden (SWE), and the UK, making use of this new clinical evidence.
      METHODS: A Markov cohort model, with moderate to very severe (Global Initiative
      for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease II-IV) COPD patients, was populated with
      efficacy data from the Understanding Potential Long-term Impacts on Function with
      Tiotropium (UPLIFT) and SPARK trials as well as costs, utilities, and
      epidemiological data relevant for each country. Treatment efficacy was modeled as
      improvements in lung function, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and as a
      lowering of the risk of exacerbations (rate of exacerbations). Risks of
      exacerbations differed between cohorts based on data from SPARK. Health and cost
      outcomes were simulated over an approximate lifetime horizon, starting from the
      age of 65 years. Robustness of results was validated in deterministic sensitivity
      analyses. RESULTS: Over the lifetime horizon, patients treated with TIO
      accumulated -623 (CAN), 1,066 (ESP), 1,137 (SWE), and -169 (UK), respectively, in
      incremental costs (?2014). TIO generated better health outcomes compared to GLY
      in all countries, 0.21 (CAN), 0.25 (ESP), 0.23 (SWE), and 0.23 (UK) in
      incremental QALYs. The cost per QALY gained was found to be ?4,281 and ?1,137 for
      ESP and SWE, respectively, while TIO was found to be cost saving in CAN and the
      UK. The results were mainly driven by the relative risk of severe exacerbations
      found in SPARK (GLY/TIO relative risk: 1.43, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-1.97,
      P=0.025). CONCLUSION: The results from this study show that TIO is a cost
      effective treatment compared to GLY in moderate to very severe COPD. The cost per
      QALY is well below the existing implicit and explicit willingness-to-pay
      thresholds.

PMID- 27354819
TI  - Novel biomarker analysis of pleural effusion enhances differentiation of
      tuberculous from malignant pleural effusion.
AB  - Lymphocytic pleurisy is commonly observed in tuberculosis and cancer. Noninvasive
      biomarkers are needed to distinguish tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) from
      malignant pleural effusion (MPE) because current clinical diagnostic procedures
      are often invasive. We identified immune response biomarkers that can
      discriminate between TPE and MPE. Fourteen pleural effusion biomarkers were
      compared in 22 MPE patients and five TPE patients. Of the innate immunity
      biomarkers, the median levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta and interferon-induced
      protein-10 (IP-10) were higher in TPE patients than in MPE patients (P<0.05 and
      P<0.01, respectively). Of the adaptive immunity biomarkers, the median levels of
      IL-13 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were higher in TPE patients than in MPE
      patients (P<0.05). In addition, the levels of basic fibroblast growth factor were
      higher in MPE patients than in TPE patients (P<0.05). Receiver operator
      characteristic analysis of these biomarkers was performed, resulting in the
      highest area under the curve (AUC) for IP-10 (AUC =0.95, 95% confidence interval,
      P<0.01), followed by IL-13 (AUC =0.86, 95% confidence interval, P<0.05). Our
      study shows that five biomarkers (IL-1beta, IP-10, IFN-gamma, IL-13, and basic
      fibroblast growth factor) have a potential diagnostic role in differentiating TPE
      from MPE, particularly in lung cancer-related MPE. 

PMID- 27354820
TI  - Atrial fibrillation among the black population in a Ugandan tertiary hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of sustained cardiac
      arrhythmia in adults, accounting for one-third of hospitalizations due to
      arrhythmia and related complications worldwide. Previously, rheumatic heart
      disease was documented as the commonest cause of AF in sub-Saharan Africa.
      However, due to the prevailing epidemiological transition in sub-Saharan Africa,
      the risk factors and ensuing complications of AF have changed and are on the
      increase. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 102
      patients presenting with AF who were recruited from the cardiology unit of Mulago
      National Referral Hospital, Uganda, over 3 months. Sociodemographic, medical
      history, and clinical data were obtained. RESULTS: The mean age of study
      participants was 52+/-21.3 years with a female predominance (58 [56.9%]). The
      commonest coexisting medical conditions were hypertension in 42% and rheumatic
      heart disease in 32% of the patients. The commonest echocardiographic abnormality
      was chamber dilation, noted in 76.8% of all patients. Heart failure was the most
      frequent complication encountered (50%) followed by left ventricular diastolic
      dysfunction and acute thromboembolic stroke documented in 19.6% and 12.8% of the
      study participants, respectively. Of the enrolled patients, ten (9.8%) died
      within 3 days of admission. CONCLUSION: AF tends to occur at a younger age in
      Ugandan patients. The commonest underlying medical conditions among these
      patients were hypertension and rheumatic heart disease. Hence, all patients with
      hypertension and rheumatic heart disease should be meticulously screened for AF.

PMID- 27354821
TI  - Utilizing a medical questionnaire to predict anxiety and depression in
      outpatients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Anxiety and depressive symptoms are seen in patients with anxiety
      and mood disorders but are also common in those with organic disorders. However,
      since physical symptoms are predominant complaints from patients who visit
      nonpsychiatric outpatient clinics, anxiety and depressive symptoms are often
      unrecognized. It is important for physicians to be aware of these issues
      concurrent with the physical symptoms. We therefore examined whether a self
      administered medical questionnaire could identify anxiety and depressive
      symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 453 patients on their first visit to
      the Department of General Medicine, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan,
      participated in this study. They were asked to complete a medical questionnaire
      and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire before examination.
      Data on age, sex, number of complaints, symptom duration, and number of previous
      physicians were extracted from the medical questionnaire. These data were used as
      independent variables in logistic regression analysis to develop a predictive
      model for the presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Data from 358
      (79.0%) patients were included in the analyses. Logistic regression analysis
      identified the following predictors: "three or more complaints" (odds ratio [OR]
      2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-3.88) and "four or more previous
      physicians" (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.10-2.69). In the predictive model for the presence
      of symptoms of anxiety and depression, the likelihood ratio was 2.40 (95% CI 1.33
      4.34) in patients reporting both conditions and 1.35 (95% CI 1.04-1.77) in those
      reporting either condition. CONCLUSION: The presence of anxiety and depressive
      symptoms can be predicted from the items of a medical questionnaire in
      outpatients visiting a general medicine department of a university hospital. When
      patients report three or more complaints or four or more previous physicians on a
      medical questionnaire, physicians should consider the presence of anxiety or
      depression or both in differential diagnosis.

PMID- 27354822
TI  - Erratum: Amino acid management of Parkinson's disease: a case study
      [Corrigendum].
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 165 in vol. 4, PMID: 21475622.]. 

PMID- 27354823
TI  - Anti-nerve growth factor in pain management: current evidence.
AB  - There continues to be an unmet need for safe and effective pain medications.
      Opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) dominate the clinical
      landscape despite limited effectiveness and considerable side-effect profiles.
      Although significant advancements have identified myriad potential pain targets
      over the past several decades, the majority of new pain pharmacotherapies have
      failed to come to market. The discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its
      interaction with tropomyosin receptor kinase A (trkA) have been well
      characterized as important mediators of pain initiation and maintenance, and
      pharmacotherapies targeting this pathway have the potential to be considered
      promising methods in the treatment of a variety of nociceptive and neuropathic
      pain conditions. Several methodologic approaches, including sequestration of free
      NGF, prevention of NGF binding and trkA activation, and inhibition of trkA
      function, have been investigated in the development of new pharmacotherapies.
      Among these, NGF-sequestering antibodies have exhibited the most promise in
      clinical trials. However, in 2010, reports of rapid joint destruction leading to
      joint replacement prompted the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to place a
      hold on all clinical trials involving anti-NGF antibodies. Although the FDA has
      since lifted this hold and a number of new trials are under way, the long-term
      efficacy and safety profile of anti-NGF antibodies are yet to be established. 

PMID- 27354824
TI  - Changing prevalence and the risk factors for antenatal obstetric hospitalizations
      in Denmark 2003-2012.
AB  - PURPOSE: Population-based studies evaluating the use and extent of antenatal
      obstetric hospitalizations (AOH) are sparse. The objective of the present study
      was to describe the prevalence, time trend, and risk factors for AOH in Denmark.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective national register-based cohort study was
      conducted that included all pregnancies with delivery after 22 gestational weeks
      in Denmark from 2003 to 2012. The outcomes were AOH and the diagnoses leading to
      these hospitalizations. AOH was defined as an antenatal hospitalization for at
      least 1 day with at least one obstetric International Classification of Diseases
      10 diagnosis and admission date more than 3 days before delivery. RESULTS: The
      study included 617,906 pregnancies; 48,366 (7.8%) pregnancies were associated
      with 64,072 AOH before delivery. The percentage of pregnancies with AOH decreased
      from 8.6% to 7.1%. The median length of stay decreased from 3 to 2 days, and
      admission for at least 7 days was almost halved. Threatened preterm delivery was
      the most frequent diagnostic category for AOH. A decline was seen in all
      diagnostic categories except maternal diseases. Significant risk factors for AOH
      were multiple pregnancies, low or high maternal age and body mass index,
      nulliparity, lower educational levels, unemployment or being outside the
      workforce, single partner status, and smoking. The relative risk of very preterm
      delivery before gestational age of 34 weeks was higher in pregnancies with AOH
      compared with pregnancies without AOH (relative risk 15.2; 95% confidence
      interval: 14.6-15.8). CONCLUSION: This study shows a shift toward less use and
      shorter duration of antenatal hospitalization in Denmark. The most common
      indication used in pregnancies with AOH was threatened preterm delivery, and more
      than one-third resulted in very preterm deliveries.

PMID- 27354825
TI  - Doubling of serum creatinine and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in patients
      with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Doubling of serum creatinine is often used as a marker for worsening
      kidney function in nephrology trials. Most people with chronic kidney disease die
      of other causes before reaching end-stage renal disease. We were interested in
      the association between doubling of serum creatinine and the risk of a first-time
      diagnosis of angina pectoris, congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial
      infarction (MI), stroke, or transient ischemic attack in patients with chronic
      kidney disease and with diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: We
      identified all adult patients registered in the "Clinical Practice Research
      Datalink" between 2002 and 2011 with incident chronic kidney disease and type 2
      diabetes mellitus and did a cohort study with a Cox proportional hazard analysis.
      RESULTS: We identified in total 27,811 patients, 693 developed angina pectoris,
      1,069 CHF, 508 MI, 970 stroke, and 578 transient ischemic attacks. Patients whose
      serum creatinine doubled during follow-up had increased risks of CHF (hazard
      ratio [HR] 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.27-3.89), MI (HR 2.53, 95% CI
      1.62-3.96), and stroke (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.38-2.69), as compared with patients
      whose serum creatinine did not double. The relative risks of angina pectoris (HR
      1.18, 95% CI 0.66-2.10) or a transient ischemic attack (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.78
      2.22) were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Diabetic patients with a doubling
      of serum creatinine were at an increased risk of CHF, MI, or stroke, compared
      with diabetic patients whose serum creatinine did not double during follow-up.

PMID- 27354826
TI  - Validation of self-reported and hospital-diagnosed atrial fibrillation: the HUNT
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Self-reported atrial fibrillation (AF) and diagnoses from hospital
      registers are often used to identify persons with AF. The objective of this study
      was to validate self-reported AF and hospital discharge diagnoses of AF among
      participants in a population-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 50,805
      persons who participated in the third survey of the HUNT Study (HUNT3), 16,247
      participants from three municipalities were included. Individuals who reported
      cardiovascular disease, renal disease, or hypertension in the main questionnaire
      received a cardiovascular-specific questionnaire. An affirmative answer to a
      question on physician-diagnosed AF in this second questionnaire defined self
      reported AF diagnoses in the study. In addition, AF diagnoses were retrieved from
      hospital and primary care (PC) registers. All AF diagnoses were verified by
      review of hospital and PC medical records. RESULTS: A total of 502 HUNT3
      participants had a diagnosis of AF verified in hospital or PC records. Of these,
      249 reported their AF diagnosis in the HUNT3 questionnaires and 370 had an AF
      diagnosis in hospital discharge registers before participation in HUNT3. The
      sensitivity of self-reported AF in HUNT3 was 49.6%, specificity 99.2%, positive
      predictive value (PPV) 66.2%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 98.4%. The
      sensitivity of a hospital discharge diagnosis of AF was 73.7%, specificity 99.7%,
      PPV 88.5%, and NPV 99.2%. CONCLUSION: Use of questionnaires alone to identify
      cases of AF has low sensitivity. Extraction of diagnoses from health care
      registers enhances the sensitivity substantially and should be applied when
      estimates of incidence and prevalence of AF are studied.

PMID- 27354827
TI  - Challenges in translating endpoints from trials to observational cohort studies
      in oncology.
AB  - Clinical trials are considered the gold standard for examining drug efficacy and
      for approval of new drugs. Medical databases and population surveillance
      registries are valuable resources for post-approval observational research, which
      are increasingly used in studies of benefits and risk of new cancer drugs. Here,
      we address the challenges in translating endpoints from oncology trials to
      observational studies. Registry-based cohort studies can investigate real-world
      safety issues - including previously unrecognized concerns - by examining rare
      endpoints or multiple endpoints at once. In contrast to clinical trials,
      observational cohort studies typically do not exclude real-world patients from
      clinical practice, such as old and frail patients with comorbidity. The
      observational cohort study complements the clinical trial by examining the
      effectiveness of interventions applied in clinical practice and by providing
      evidence on long-term clinical outcomes, which are often not feasible to study in
      a clinical trial. Various endpoints can be included in clinical trials, such as
      hard endpoints, soft endpoints, surrogate endpoints, and patient-reported
      endpoints. Each endpoint has it strengths and limitations for use in research
      studies. Endpoints used in oncology trials are often not applicable in
      observational cohort studies which are limited by the setting of standard
      clinical practice and by non-standardized endpoint determination. Observational
      studies can be more helpful moving research forward if they restrict focus to
      appropriate and valid endpoints. 

PMID- 27354828
TI  - Implementation of interval walking training in patients with type 2 diabetes in
      Denmark: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics.
AB  - Promoting physical activity is a first-line choice of treatment for patients with
      type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is a need for more effective tools and
      technologies to facilitate structured lifestyle interventions and to ensure a
      better compliance, sustainability, and health benefits of exercise training in
      patients with T2D. The InterWalk initiative and its innovative application (app)
      for smartphones described in this study were developed by the Danish Centre for
      Strategic Research in T2D aiming at implementing, testing, and validating
      interval walking in patients with T2D in Denmark. The interval walking training
      approach consists of repetitive 3-minute cycles of slow and fast walking with
      simultaneous intensity guiding, based on the exercise capacity of the user. The
      individual intensity during slow and fast walking is determined by a short
      initial self-conducted and audio-guided fitness test, which combined with
      automated audio instructions strives to motivate the individual to adjust the
      intensity to the predetermined individualized walking intensities. The InterWalk
      app data are collected prospectively from all users and will be linked to the
      unique Danish nationwide databases and administrative registries, allowing
      extensive epidemiological studies of exercise in patients with T2D, such as the
      level of adherence to InterWalk training and long-term effectiveness surveys of
      important health outcomes, including cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
      Currently, the InterWalk app has been downloaded by >30,000 persons, and the
      achieved epidemiological data quality is encouraging. Of the 9,466 persons
      providing personal information, 80% of the men and 62% women were overweight or
      obese (body mass index >=25). The InterWalk project represents a contemporary
      technology-driven public health approach to monitor real-life exercise adherence
      and to propagate improved health through exercise intervention in T2D and in the
      general population. 

PMID- 27354829
TI  - Topiramate-induced maculopathy in IgG4-related disease.
AB  - This report describes a case of reversible topiramate-induced maculopathy in a 32
      year-old female patient with IgG4-related disease. The patient presented with
      decreased vision associated with anterior uveitis and cystoid macula edema, which
      was unresponsive to oral and topical steroids. Following topiramate cessation,
      both cystoid macula edema and vision improved. The ocular side effects of
      topiramate and putative pharmacological mechanisms for topiramate-induced
      maculopathy in the context of IgG4-related disease are discussed. This report
      highlights that neurologists and ophthalmologists should be aware that patients
      presenting with topiramate-associated maculopathy should be advised to
      discontinue topiramate promptly to prevent irreversible loss of vision. 

PMID- 27354830
TI  - Women's autonomy in health care decision-making in developing countries: a
      synthesis of the literature.
AB  - Autonomy is considered essential for decision-making in a range of health care
      situations, from health care seeking and utilization to choosing among treatment
      options. Evidence suggests that women in developing or low-income countries often
      have limited autonomy and control over their health decisions. A review of the
      published empirical literature to identify definitions and methods used to
      measure women's autonomy in developing countries describe the relationship
      between women's autonomy and their health care decision-making, and identify
      sociodemographic factors that influence women's autonomy and decision-making
      regarding health care was carried out. An integrated literature review using two
      databases (PubMed and Scopus) was performed. Inclusion criteria were 1)
      publication in English; 2) original articles; 3) investigations on women's
      decision-making autonomy for health and health care utilization; and 4)
      developing country context. Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria, including
      eleven from South Asia, five from Africa, and one from Central Asia. Most studies
      used a definition of autonomy that included independence for women to make their
      own choices and decisions. Study methods differed in that many used study
      specific measures, while others used a set of standardized questions from their
      countries' national health surveys. Most studies examined women's autonomy in the
      context of reproductive health, while neglecting other types of health care
      utilized by women. Several studies found that factors, including age, education,
      and income, affect women's health care decision-making autonomy. Gaps in existing
      literature regarding women's autonomy and health care utilization include gaps in
      the areas of health care that have been measured, the influence of sex roles and
      social support, and the use of qualitative studies to provide context and nuance.

PMID- 27354831
TI  - Case of early-disseminated Rhizopus microsporus var. microsporus mucormycosis in
      a renal transplant patient.
AB  - Mucormycosis is a rare infection caused by the ubiquitous filamentous fungi of
      the order Mucorales and class Zygomycetes. These species are vasotropic, causing
      rapid onset of tissue infarctions and necrosis and subsequent thrombosis by
      invading vascular bed. The disease spectrum ranges from involvement of skin,
      sinuses, lung, and brain to disseminated and mostly fatal infections, especially
      in immunocompromised hosts. Here, we present a case of a fatal disseminated
      mucormycosis in a 56-year-old female who had deceased donor renal allograft
      transplantation ~2 weeks prior to presentation. She presented with shortness of
      breath and dry cough. Despite being on broad-spectrum antibiotics/antifungals and
      proper management by transplant, infectious disease, and primary team, she died
      within 3 weeks of admission. Autopsy showed disseminated mucormycosis of lungs
      and thyroid. Disseminated infection within 2 weeks of solid organ transplantation
      in this patient was one of the rare features of mucormycosis. 

PMID- 27354832
TI  - Dilemma in the emergency setting: hypomagnesemia mimicking acute stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stroke mimics may account for up to 30% of all acute stroke
      consultations. However, in the emergency setting, accurate diagnosis is not
      always possible. METHODS: Case report and review of the literature. RESULTS: A 73
      year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with acute aphasia and
      right hemiparesis. The National Institute of Health Stroke Score was 21,
      compatible with severe stroke, so she received thrombolysis. Laboratory testing
      demonstrated severe hypomagnesemia. She had been taking proton pump inhibitors
      for years and neuroimaging did not demonstrate signs of acute ischemic disease.
      After correcting the metabolic alterations with intravenous and oral supplemental
      magnesium, the patient was discharged asymptomatic. No further episodes have been
      registered to date. CONCLUSION: Hypomagnesemia might cause acute neurological
      symptoms that could be confused with stroke. A careful history is essential for
      diagnosis but suspicion of stroke mimic should not prevent tPA administration.

PMID- 27354833
TI  - Thyroid surgery with a harmonic scalpel: an experimental study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The goal of the study was to determinate the safety of the harmonic
      scalpel, widely used in thyroidectomy, near the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN).
      METHODS: The study involved ten pigs of either sex. Twenty RLNs at risk were
      dissected using the new harmonic scalpel FOCUS. The distances between the nerve
      and the activated instrument were checked with a millimeter ruler. After
      dissection, the pigs were euthanized, and both RLNs were fixed in formol and
      examined by histology after staining with hematoxylin-eosin. Due to technical
      reasons, only 18 RLNs from the ten pigs could be examined. RESULTS: In the
      experiment that investigated the extent of heat injury, ultrasonic dissection did
      not cause any immediate damage of the nerve even close to the RLN (1 mm away from
      the RLN). CONCLUSION: The use of harmonic scalpel FOCUS for thyroid surgery is
      safe for the surrounding structures (nerves). Careful tissue applications of the
      device near the RLN (1 mm) did not cause any lesion histologically.

PMID- 27354834
TI  - Impact of disasters on child stunting in Nepal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stunting is a major public health problem that results from
      inadequate nutritional intake over a long period of time. Disasters have major
      implications in poor and vulnerable children. The aim of this study was,
      therefore, to assess the impact of disasters on child stunting in Nepal. METHOD:
      A sample consisting of 2,111 children aged 6-59 months was obtained from the 2011
      Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses
      to examine moderate and severe stunting against disaster, controlling for all
      possible confounders. RESULT: Out of the total study sample, 43% were stunted
      (17.1% severely and 25.9% moderately). The final model, after adjusting for
      confounders, showed that epidemics have no impact on child stunting (adjusted
      odds ratio [OR] =1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66, 1.97 and adjusted OR
      =1.04, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.65 for severe and moderate stunting, respectively). Floods
      have impact on child stunting (adjusted OR =0.57, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.96 and adjusted
      OR =0.66, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.94 for severe and moderate stunting, respectively).
      However, children aged 6-11 months, nonvaccinated children, children of working
      women, children who live in mountainous areas, and children from the poorest
      households were more likely to be moderately stunted. Similarly, children aged 36
      47 months, Dalit and other ethnic groups, children from rural settings, and
      children from the poorest households were more likely to be severely stunted.
      CONCLUSION: This article illustrates the need to rethink about child stunting in
      Nepal. This study suggests need for further research, integration of disaster
      data in the Nepal Demography Health Survey, educational interventions, public
      awareness, promotion of vaccination, and equity in health service delivery.

PMID- 27354835
TI  - Associations of self-reported and objectively measured sleep disturbances with
      depression among primary caregivers of children with disabilities.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the association between
      sleep and depression using both self-reported (subjective) and actigraphic
      (objective) sleep traits. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among
      175 female primary caregivers of children with disabilities receiving care at a
      rehabilitation center in Punta Arenas, Chile. The eight-item Patient Health
      Questionnaire was used to ascertain participants' depression status. The
      Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to define subjective, or perceived, sleep
      quality. Wrist-worn actigraph monitors, worn for seven consecutive nights, were
      used to characterize objective sleep quality and disturbances. Interviewer
      administered questionnaires were used to collect information on sociodemographic
      and lifestyle factors. Linear regression models were fit using continuous sleep
      parameters as the dependent variables and depression status as the independent
      variable. Multivariable models were adjusted for body mass index, marital status,
      smoking status, education level, and children's disabilities. RESULTS: Using an
      eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire score >=10, 26.3% of participants
      presented with depression. Depressed women were more likely to self-report
      overall poorer (subjective) sleep compared to non-depressed women; however,
      differences in sleep were not consistently noted using actigraphic (objective)
      sleep traits. Among the depressed, both sleep duration and total time in bed were
      significantly underestimated. In multivariable models, depression was negatively
      associated with sleep duration using both subjective (beta=-0.71, standard error
      [SE] =0.25; P=0.006) and objective sleep (beta=-0.42, SE =0.19; P=0.026).
      CONCLUSION: The association between sleep and depression differed comparing
      subjective and objective methods of assessment. Research strategies allowing for
      the integration of both perceived and objective measures of sleep traits are
      encouraged.

PMID- 27354836
TI  - Study on personality dimension negative emotionality affecting academic
      achievement among Malaysian medical students studying in Malaysia and overseas.
AB  - Personality dimension negative emotionality is known to be associated with
      academic achievement. The present study focuses on the influence of negative
      emotionality (neuroticism) on the medical students' academic achievements. The
      main objective of this study was to ascertain the negative emotionality scores
      among the first year Malaysian medical students studying in Malaysia and India,
      further to find out the association between negative emotionality and their
      academic achievements. The current study sample includes 60 first year Malaysian
      medical students from Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, and USM-KLE IMP,
      Belgaum, India. They were selected by convenient sampling technique. The Medico
      Psychological questionnaire was used to find out the negative emotionality scores
      among the students and these scores were compared with academic scores. The data
      were analyzed using SPSS- 20. Thus, the study result goes with the prediction
      that there is a significant correlation between academic achievement and negative
      emotionality. We concluded that negative emotionality has a negative impact on
      medical student's academic achievement regardless of the fact whether they study
      in their own country or overseas. 

PMID- 27354837
TI  - "Maternal Health and Family Planning Distance Education" experience among
      physicians: a three-phase study to determine the educational needs, develop
      education program, and evaluate efficacy of the education administered.
AB  - AIM: This study aims to assess the educational needs of family practitioners and
      evaluate the efficacy of the ongoing "Maternal Health and Family Planning
      Distance Education" program conducted by the General Directorate of Health
      Research (SAGEM) of the Turkish Ministry of Health. METHODS: This study consisted
      of three phases. In the first phase, an online survey on maternal health and
      family planning educational needs was sent to 20,611 physicians via e-mail. Of
      the 20,611 physicians, 4,729 completed the survey. In the second phase, of the
      1,061 physicians registered to the education program, 632 physicians with active
      participation were included. In the third phase, the preeducation expectations of
      287 physicians and posteducation satisfaction of 54 physicians were analyzed with
      a questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of the physicians were employed in a
      family health center (97.4%) and practicing for 16-20 years (23.2%) without any
      prior in-service training (60.9%). High-to-very high educational need was
      expressed by 56.4% of physicians for pregnancy, delivery, and puerperality.
      Topics that the physicians, including both those with >=16 years in practice and
      without prior in-service training, expressed need for more detailed content were
      pregnancy, delivery, and puerperality (37.5%); emergency obstetric approach in
      the primary care setting (33.1%); and gynecological infectious diseases and
      treatment approach (32.4%). Following the education program, the participants'
      expectations were fulfilled in terms of refreshing their knowledge, particularly
      in the field of Maternal Health and Family Planning (87.1% and 75.9%) and the
      percentage of participants who expressed that they had sufficient high level
      knowledge increased from 55% to 68.5%. CONCLUSION: The education on Maternal
      Health and Family Planning refreshed the knowledge of participants and highly met
      the preeducation expectations. Determining the educational needs and expectations
      of the target population prior to the education program seems to have an
      important role on determining its overall success.

PMID- 27354838
TI  - Tobacco Smoking and the Resting Maternal Brain: A Preliminary Study of Frontal
      EEG.
AB  - Tobacco smoking has been attributed to a wide range of detrimental health
      consequences for both women and their children. In addition to its known physical
      health effects, smoking may also impact maternal neural responses and subsequent
      caregiving behavior. To begin investigating this issue, we employed
      electroencephalography (EEG) to examine resting neural oscillations of tobacco
      smoking mothers (n = 35) and non-smoking mothers (n = 35). We examined seven EEG
      frequency bands recorded from frontal electrode sites (delta, theta, alpha,
      alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma). While no between-group differences were present
      in high-frequency bands (alpha2, beta, gamma), smokers showed greater spectral
      power in low-frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, alpha1) compared to non
      smokers. This increased power in low-frequency bands of tobacco-smoking mothers
      is consistent with a less aroused state and may be one mechanism through which
      smoking might affect the maternal brain and caregiving behavior.

PMID- 27354839
TI  - Associations of Gender, Smoking, and Stress with Transitions in Major Depression
      Diagnoses.
AB  - Using data from the newly available U.S. National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol
      and Related Conditions (NESARC; Wave 3; n = 36,309), we evaluated relationships
      among gender, cigarette smoking status (current, former, non-smoker), life event
      stress (0-1 vs. 2+ events), and their impact on transitions in major depression
      diagnosis (MDD; new vs. absent cases; ongoing vs. remit cases). Women who were
      both current and former cigarette smokers with more than two stressful events had
      higher rates of new MDD diagnosis compared to men who were current or former
      smokers with two or more stressful events. Current smoking and experiencing two
      or more stressful events increased the odds of having an ongoing MDD diagnosis,
      while being a former smoker decreased these odds. Results suggest that smoking
      and stress are markers for depression risk in women and should help guide
      clinical assessment as well as gender-difference research on the biological
      underpinnings of these conditions.

PMID- 27354840
TI  - Patient Preference for Physician Gender in the Emergency Department.
AB  - Despite historical gender bias against female physicians, few studies have
      investigated patients' physician gender preference in the emergency department
      (ED) setting. We sought to determine if there is an association between ED
      patient demographics and physician gender preference. We surveyed patients
      presenting to an ED to determine association between patient demographics and
      patient physician gender preference for five ED situations: 1) 'routine' visit,
      2) emergency visit, 3) 'sensitive' medical visit, 4) minor surgical/'procedural'
      visit, and 5) 'bad news' delivery. A total of 200 ED patients were surveyed. The
      majority of ED patients reported no physician gender preference for 'routine'
      visits (89.5 percent), 'emergent' visits (89 percent), 'sensitive' medical visits
      (59 percent), 'procedural' visits (89 percent) or when receiving 'bad news' (82
      percent). In the setting of 'routine' visits and 'sensitive' medical visits,
      there was a propensity for same-sex physician preference.

PMID- 27354841
TI  - Gender-related Differences in Inhibitory Control and Sustained Attention among
      Adolescents with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure.
AB  - Adolescence and prenatal cocaine exposure can impact risk-taking. In this study,
      we evaluated risk-taking and gender-related differences in adolescents with
      prenatal cocaine exposure in terms of electrophysiological correlates of
      inhibitory control and sustained attention. No differences related to gender were
      found within measures of risk-taking, or electrophysiological response relating
      to risk-taking. Greater responses during inhibition versus attention trials
      support previous studies, with boys showing the largest responses. Gender-related
      differences were found when comparing the trials before and after frustration was
      induced, with greater initial attention indices for girls in both trial types and
      greater sustained attention for both genders during inhibition trials and for
      boys during attention trials. These data suggest neural correlates of response
      inhibition show important gender-related differences in this population.
      Considering these relationships allows us to further understand underlying
      processes among adolescents who, as a group, tend to be more inclined toward
      greater risk behaviors.

PMID- 27354842
TI  - The Effects of Gender-based Violence on Women's Unwanted Pregnancy and Abortion.
AB  - The aim of this research is to understand how gender-based violence across the
      life-course affects the likelihood of abortion. Women outpatients (n = 309)
      revealed their exposure to four different forms of gender-based abuse: child
      sexual abuse (25.7 percent), teenage physical dating violence (40.8 percent),
      intimate partner violence (43.1 percent), and sexual assault outside an intimate
      relationship (22 percent). Logistic regressions revealed that no single form of
      gender-based abuse predicted abortion. The cumulative effect of multiple forms of
      abuse did increase the odds of having an abortion (OR = 1.39, CI = 1.13-1.69).
      Child sexual abuse predicted intimate partner violence (OR = 6.71, CI = 3.36
      13.41). The cumulative effect of gender-based violence on women's reproductive
      health warrants further research. Priority should be given to screening for
      multiple forms of victimization in reproductive healthcare settings.

PMID- 27354844
TI  - Marijuana, the Endocannabinoid System and the Female Reproductive System.
AB  - Marijuana use among women is highly prevalent, but the societal conversation on
      marijuana rarely focuses on how marijuana affects female reproduction and
      endocrinology. This article reviews the current scientific literature regarding
      marijuana use and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis regulation, ovarian
      hormone production, the menstrual cycle, and fertility. Evidence suggests that
      marijuana can reduce female fertility by disrupting hypothalamic release of
      gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to reduced estrogen and
      progesterone production and anovulatory menstrual cycles. Tolerance to these
      effects has been shown in rhesus monkeys, but the effects of chronic marijuana
      use on human female reproduction are largely unknown. Marijuana-induced
      analgesia, drug reinforcement properties, tolerance, and dependence are
      influenced by ovarian hormones, with estrogen generally increasing and
      progesterone decreasing sensitivity to marijuana. Carefully controlled regulation
      of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) is required for successful reproduction, and
      the exogenous cannabinoids in marijuana may disrupt the delicate balance of the
      ECS in the female reproductive system.

PMID- 27354845
TI  - Beyond the Pap Smear: Gender-responsive HIV Care for Women.
AB  - Women comprise nearly one-quarter of all people living with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the U.S. and 20 percent of incident annual cases.
      Though women overall are more likely than men to be diagnosed with HIV and engage
      in care, they are as unlikely to successfully achieve viral suppression with
      antiretroviral therapy, suggesting gender-based disparities that should be
      addressed by gender-responsive policies and programs. Using the socioecological
      model of health and syndemics theory, we comprehensively reviewed published
      literature to evaluate reasons for and ways to address gender differences in HIV
      risk and treatment. We discuss the biologic, sociocultural, interpersonal, and
      behavioral contexts of HIV risk that affect women, comprehensive healthcare for
      women with HIV that includes pregnancy planning or prevention, and policy
      implications.

PMID- 27354843
TI  - Gender-related Differences in Food Craving and Obesity.
AB  - Food craving is often defined as a strong desire to eat. Much work has shown that
      it consistently and prospectively predicts eating and weight-related outcomes,
      contributing to the growing obesity epidemic. Although there are clear gender
      differences in the prevalence and health consequences of obesity, relatively
      little recent work has investigated gender differences in craving, or any sex
      hormone-based differences as they relate to phases of the menstrual cycle. Here,
      we propose that gender-related differences in food craving contribute to gender
      related differences in obesity. Drawing on findings in the addiction literature,
      we highlight ways to incorporate gender-based differences in food craving into
      treatment approaches, potentially improving the efficacy of obesity and weight
      loss treatment. Overall, this review aims to emphasize the importance of
      investigating gender differences in food craving, with a view towards informing
      the development of more effective treatments for obesity and weight loss.

PMID- 27354846
TI  - Suicide Prevention Interventions for Sexual & Gender Minority Youth: An Unmet
      Need.
AB  - Suicide is currently the second leading cause of death in the U.S. among youth
      ages 10 to 24. Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth face heightened risk for
      suicide and report greater odds of attempting suicide than their heteronormative
      peers. Contributing factors of experience, which are distinctly different from
      the experiences of heteronormative youth, place SGM youth at heightened risk for
      suicide. While interventions aimed at addressing suicide risk factors for all
      youth are being implemented and many have proven effective in the general
      population, no evidence-based intervention currently exists to reduce suicide
      risk within this special population. This perspective article discusses this need
      and proposes the development of an evidence-based suicide risk reduction
      intervention tailored to SGM youth. Creating a supportive school climate for SGM
      youth has been shown to reduce suicide risk and may provide protective effects
      for all youth while simultaneously meeting the unique needs of SGM youth.

PMID- 27354847
TI  - Theoretical Approaches to Lentiviral Mediated Neurotrophin Delivery in Potential
      Treatments of Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease, characterized by
      both motor and non-motor symptoms. Motor symptoms include postural instability,
      rigidity, and tremor, while non-motor symptoms include anxiety, dementia, and
      depression. In this integrative review, we discuss PD disease pathophysiology in
      detail and introduce how neurotrophic growth factor delivery via a retroviral
      based system can be used as efficacious tools for targeted gene therapy.

PMID- 27354849
TI  - A Case for the Demedicalization of Queer Bodies.
AB  - The medicalization of queer bodies in the clinic and the lab is inexorably linked
      to the history of LBGTQ politics. Increasingly, activists and scholars are
      recognizing that while the natural origins of queer sexualities carry a certain
      political weight, invoking the naturalness of being "born this way" fails to
      articulate a more substantive challenge to the effects of unexamined cis- and
      heteronormativity on our social institutions. With this in mind, it is crucial to
      understand the way these biases operate in scientific research and healthcare so
      their impact on what we know and how we care can be addressed. It what follows,
      it will be shown that the medicalization of queer bodies not only fails to
      diminish these deep-seated biases from sexuality research and clinical practice,
      but that it also impedes care providers from addressing the healthcare
      disparities facing queer patients today.

PMID- 27354848
TI  - Women and Chest Pain: Recognizing the Different Faces of Angina in the Emergency
      Department.
AB  - Emergency departments (ED) in the United States see over eight million cases of
      chest pain annually. While a cardinal symptom of acute coronary syndrome (ACS),
      multiple emergent and non-emergent causes can attribute to chest pain. This case
      based perspective describes the different sex-specific causes of angina seen in
      ED patients. Once coronary artery disease (CAD) is ruled out with standard
      protocols, microvascular dysfunction is perhaps the most prevalent but under
      diagnosed cause of non-CAD related angina in ED patients. Additional causes
      include coronary artery spasm, coronary artery dissection, coronary artery
      endothelial dysfunction and myocardial bridging. Non-CAD related angina is
      associated with persistent chest pain causing poor function, quality of life, and
      recidivism. Clinicians should consider additional diagnostics to routinely screen
      for non-CAD related causes of angina in patients with recurrent chest pain.
      Future work is needed to better define the epidemiological, clinical, biological,
      and genetic correlates of microvascular dysfunction in these patients.

PMID- 27354850
TI  - Conflations of Marital Status and Sanity: Implicit Heterosexist Bias in
      Psychiatric Diagnosis in Physician-Dictated Charts at a Midwestern Medical
      Center.
AB  - This paper discusses the role of gender role conformity in psychiatric
      determinants of well-being after of the depathologization of homosexuality from
      the DSM. In order to examine the heterosexualizing of sanity in U.S. psychiatric
      and popular cultures, we analyze archived psychiatrist-dictated patient charts
      from outpatient psychiatric clinics from a Midwestern medical center (n = 45). We
      highlight ways physicians deployed heteronormative gender expectations to
      describe and treat women's and men's depressive illness and implicitly construed
      troubled female-male relationships and sexual encounters as indices of
      psychopathology. We theorize how evolving connections between the heteronormal
      and the psychiatric normal performed some of the same regulatory functions, as
      did the DSM, coding particular gender performances and partner choices as
      mentally healthy while relegating others to the realm of disease. Only here,
      focusing on the mainstream instead of the marginalized kept the ideological work
      of these scripts hidden from view.

PMID- 27354851
TI  - Balance of the Sexes: Addressing Sex Differences in Preclinical Research.
AB  - Preclinical research is fundamental for the advancement of biomedical sciences
      and enhancing healthcare. Considering sex differences in all studies throughout
      the entire biomedical research pipeline is necessary to adequately inform
      clinical research and improve health outcomes. However, there is a paucity of
      information to date on sex differences in preclinical work. As of 2009, most
      (about 80 percent) rodent studies across 10 fields of biology were still
      conducted with only male animals. In 2016, the National Institutes of Health
      implemented a policy aimed to address this concern by requiring the consideration
      of sex as a biological variable in preclinical research grant applications. This
      perspective piece aims to (1) provide a brief history of female inclusion in
      biomedical research, (2) describe the importance of studying sex differences, (3)
      explain possible reasons for opposition of female inclusion, and (4) present
      potential additional solutions to reduce sex bias in preclinical research.

PMID- 27354852
TI  - Perceived Fall Risk and Functional Decline: Gender Differences in Patient's
      Willingness to Discuss Fall Risk, Fall History, or to Have a Home Safety
      Evaluation.
AB  - The CDC reports that among older adults, falls are the leading cause of injury
      related death and rates of fall-related fractures among older women are twice
      those of men. We set out to 1) determine patient perceptions (analyzed by gender)
      about their perceived fall risk compared to their actual risk for functional
      decline and death and 2) to report their comfort level in discussing their fall
      history or a home safety plan with their provider. Elders who presented to the
      Emergency Department (ED?) were surveyed. The survey included demographics, the
      Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) and the Vulnerable Elders Survey (VES); both validated
      surveys measuring fall concern and functional decline. Females had higher FES
      scores (mean 12.3, SD 5.9) than males (mean 9.7, SD 5.9 p = .007) in the 146
      surveys analyzed. Females were more likely to report an increased fear of
      falling, and almost three times more likely to have a VES score of 3 or greater
      than males (OR = 2.86, 95% CI: 1.17-7.00, p = .02). A strong correlation was
      observed between FES and VES scores (r = 0.80, p < .001). No difference in
      correlation was observed between males and females, p = .26. Participants (77
      percent) reported they would be comfortable discussing their fall risk with a
      provider; there was no difference between genders (p = .57). In this study,
      irrespective of gender, there appears to be a high association between subjects'
      perceived fall risk and risk for functional decline and death. The majority of
      patients are likely willing to discuss their fall risk with their provider. These
      findings may suggest a meaningful opportunity for fall risk mitigation in this
      setting.

PMID- 27354853
TI  - Factors relating to the mental health of women who were pregnant at the time of
      the Great East Japan earthquake: analysis from month 10 to month 48 after the
      earthquake.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred at 2:46 p.m. on March 11,
      2011. The epicenter was off the coast of Miyagi prefecture, and the magnitude of
      the earthquake was 9.0 with a maximum seismic intensity of 7.0. Although it has
      already been four years, victims continue to have complex problems. In the
      stricken areas of Miyagi prefecture, almost ten percent of the residents continue
      to live in temporary housing. Life altering events that force relocation and a
      change of living environment are known to adversely affect mental health. The
      purpose of this study was to examine the mental health of mothers of infants who
      experienced this disaster in Miyagi prefecture. METHODS: We conducted a survey
      using The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (10 months) and The General Health
      Questionnaire-28, an efficient screening tool for psychiatric distress. Eight
      hundred eighty-six mothers of children born from February to October, 2011 in
      Miyagi prefecture were surveyed 10, 16, 24, 36 and 48 months after the disaster.
      Data were analyzed with the use of SPSS 21.0 J for Windows. The study was
      approval by the review board of ethics at Tohoku University. RESULTS: The
      questionnaire was answered by the following number of mothers at the specified
      months after the disaster: 677 at 10 months, 384 at 16 months, 351 at 24 months,
      250 at 36 months and 193 at 48 months. Results at all time periods indicated a
      high prevalence of psychiatric distress among the mothers surveyed. The
      percentage of Japanese adults with high-risk GHQ-28 scores is 14 %, thus
      psychological distress among the subjects in the present study is considerably
      more widespread. General Health Questionnaire-28 scores were significantly higher
      for those mothers experiencing dissatisfaction in their marital relationships. We
      found that mothers have experienced severe mental distress since the disaster,
      which we think is a possible cause of depression that is leading to poor mental
      health. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the upheaval caused by the tsunami
      affected the mental health of the mothers. Psychological distress continued to be
      prevalent up to four years after the disaster. Different factors were found to be
      associated with their distress. The most common issues were economic problems,
      dissatisfaction in the marital relationship, and no support with childcare.

PMID- 27354854
TI  - Child mental health in Sierra Leone: a survey and exploratory qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study complements the growing amount of research on the
      psychosocial impact of war on children in Sierra Leone by examining local
      perceptions of child mental health, formal and informal care systems, help
      seeking behaviour and stigma. METHODS: The study combined: (1) a nationwide
      survey of mental health care providers, with (2) exploratory qualitative research
      among service users and providers and other stakeholders concerned with child and
      adolescent mental health, with a particular emphasis on local explanations and
      stigma. RESULTS: Formal mental health care services are extremely limited
      resulting in an estimated treatment gap of over 99.8 %. Local explanations of
      child mental health problems in Sierra Leone are commonly spiritual or
      supernatural in nature, and associated with help-seeking from traditional healers
      or religious institutions. There is a considerable amount of stigma related to
      mental disorders, which affects children, their caregivers and service providers,
      and may lead to discrimination and abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Child and Adolescent
      Mental Health (CAMH) care development in Sierra Leone should cater to the long
      term structural effects of war-violence and an Ebola epidemic. Priorities for
      development include: (1) the strengthening of legal structures and the
      development of relevant policies that strengthen the health system and
      specifically include children and adolescents, (2) a clearer local distinction
      between children with psychiatric, neurological, developmental or psychosocial
      problems and subsequent channelling into appropriate services (3) supplementary
      CAMH training for a range of professionals working with children across various
      sectors, (4) specialist training in CAMH, (5) integration of CAMH care into
      primary health care, education and the social welfare system, (6) further
      research on local explanations of child mental disorders and the effect they have
      on the well-being of the child, and (7) a careful consideration of the role of
      religious healers as care providers.

PMID- 27354855
TI  - Implementation of a text-messaging intervention for adolescents who self-harm
      (TeenTEXT): a feasibility study using normalisation process theory.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are few interventions that directly address self-harming
      behaviour among adolescents. At the request of clinicians in Child and Adolescent
      Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in England and working with them, we redeveloped
      an adult SMS text-messaging intervention to meet the needs of adolescents under
      the care of CAMHS who self-harm. METHODS: We used normalisation process theory
      (NPT) to assess the feasibility of delivering it through CAMHS. We planned to
      recruit 27 young people who self-harm and their clinicians, working as dyads and
      using the intervention (TeenTEXT) for 6 months. RESULTS: Despite strong
      engagement in principle from CAMHS teams, in practice we were able to recruit
      only three clinician/client dyads. Of these, two dropped out because the clients
      were too unwell. We identified a number of barriers to implementation. These
      included: a context of CAMHS in crisis, with heavy workloads and high stress
      levels; organisational gatekeeping practices, which limited the extent to which
      clinicians could engage with the intervention; perceived burdensomeness and
      technophobia on the part of clinicians, and a belief by many clinicians that
      CAMHS may be the wrong delivery setting and that the intervention may have better
      fit with schools and universal youth services. CONCLUSIONS: User-centred design
      principles and the use of participatory methods in intervention development are
      no guarantee of implementability. Barriers to implementation cannot always be
      foreseen, and early clinical champions may overestimate the readiness of
      colleagues to embrace new ideas and technologies. NPT studies have an important
      role to play in identifying whether or not interventions are likely to receive
      widespread clinical support. This study of a text-messaging intervention to
      support adolescents who self-harm (TeenTEXT) showed that further work is needed
      to identify the right delivery setting, before testing the efficacy of the
      intervention.

PMID- 27354856
TI  - Erratum to: Engineering Escherichia coli for high-yield geraniol production with
      biotransformation of geranyl acetate to geraniol under fed-batch culture.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0466-5.]. 

PMID- 27354857
TI  - Genome wide analysis of protein production load in Trichoderma reesei.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea
      jecorina) is a widely used industrial host organism for protein production. In
      industrial cultivations, it can produce over 100 g/l of extracellular protein,
      mostly constituting of cellulases and hemicellulases. In order to improve protein
      production of T. reesei the transcriptional regulation of cellulases and
      secretory pathway factors have been extensively studied. However, the metabolism
      of T. reesei under protein production conditions has not received much attention.
      RESULTS: To understand the physiology and metabolism of T. reesei under protein
      production conditions we carried out a well-controlled bioreactor experiment with
      extensive analysis. We used minimal media to make the data amenable for modelling
      and three strain pairs to cover different protein production levels. With RNA
      sequencing transcriptomics we detected the concentration of the carbon source as
      the most important determinant of the transcriptome. As the major transcriptional
      response concomitant to protein production we detected the induction of selected
      genes that were putatively regulated by xyr1 and were related to protein
      transport, amino acid metabolism and transcriptional regulation. We found novel
      metabolic responses such as production of glycerol and a cellotriose-like
      compound. We then used this cultivation data for flux balance analysis of T.
      reesei metabolism and demonstrate for the first time the use of genome wide
      stoichiometric metabolic modelling for T. reesei. We show that our model can
      predict protein production rate and provides novel insight into the metabolism of
      protein production. We also provide this unprecedented cultivation and
      transcriptomics data set for future modelling efforts. CONCLUSIONS: The use of
      stoichiometric modelling can open a novel path for the improvement of protein
      production in T. reesei. Based on this we propose sulphur assimilation as a major
      limiting factor of protein production. As an organism with exceptional protein
      production capabilities modelling of T. reesei can provide novel insight also to
      other less productive organisms.

PMID- 27354858
TI  - Novel microduplication of CHL1 gene in a patient with autism spectrum disorder: a
      case report and a brief literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cell adhesion molecule L1-like (CHL1 or CALL) gene is located on
      chromosome 3p26.3, and it is highly expressed in the central and peripheral
      nervous systems. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the L1 family of
      neural cell adhesion molecules, and it plays a role in nervous system development
      and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, studies of mice have revealed that CHL1 is a
      prime candidate gene for a dosage-sensitive autosomal form of mental retardation.
      To date, four patients with a microdeletion and two with a microduplication of
      3p26.3 encompassing only the CHL1 gene have been reported in literature. CASE
      PRESENTATION: In the present study, we have described a 16-month-old boy with
      autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay and minor dysmorphic facial
      features. This is the first report of a duplication of 3p26.3 including only the
      CHL1 gene in an ASD patient, and this duplication is the smallest reported to
      date in this gene. We also reviewed CHL1 gene mutation cases and examined whether
      this gene has an important role in cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude
      that both CHL1 deletions and duplications are likely responsible for the
      patient's impaired cognitive function, and CHL1 may be an intriguing ASD
      candidate gene.

PMID- 27354859
TI  - Management of antithrombotic therapy during cardiac implantable device surgery.
AB  - Anticoagulants are commonly used drugs that are frequently encountered during
      device placement. Deciding when to halt or continue the use of anticoagulants is
      a balance between the risks of thromboembolism versus bleeding. Patients taking
      warfarin with a high risk of thromboembolism should continue to take their
      warfarin without interruption during device placement while ensuring their
      international normalized ratio remains below 3. For patients who are taking
      warfarin and have low risk of thromboembolism, either interrupted or continued
      warfarin may be used, with no evidence to clearly support either strategy. There
      is little evidence to support continuing direct acting oral anticoagulants
      (DOACs) for device implantation. The timing of halting these medications depends
      largely on renal function. If bleeding occurs, warfarin's anticoagulation effect
      is reversible with vitamin K and activated prothrombin complex concentrate. There
      are no DOAC reversal agents currently available, but some are under development.
      Regarding antiplatelet agents, aspirin alone can be safely continued while
      clopidogrel alone may also be continued, but with a slightly higher bleeding
      risk. Dual antiplatelet therapy for bare-metal stent/drug-eluting stent implanted
      within 4 weeks/6 months, respectively, should be continued due to high risk of
      stent thrombosis; however, if they are implanted after this period, then
      clopidogrel can be halted 5 days before the procedure and resumed soon after,
      while aspirin is continued. If the patient is taking both aspirin and warfarin,
      aspirin should be halted 5 days prior to the procedure, while warfarin is
      continued. 

PMID- 27354860
TI  - Impact of transesophageal echocardiography during transseptal puncture on atrial
      fibrillation ablation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to demonstrate the added value of routine
      transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for correctly positioning the transseptal
      system in the fossa ovalis (FO), thus potentially preventing complications during
      fluoroscopy-guided transseptal puncture (TP), and for assessing the optimal
      puncture site within the FO according to the expected procedure type. METHODS:
      Ninety-one patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures by
      cryoballoon technique for drug-resistant paroxysmal or persistent atrial
      fibrillation (AF) were prospectively included. In 57 patients, the TP procedure
      was performed under fluoroscopic guidance and septal localization was confirmed
      by contrast injection through the needle and demonstration of septal tenting in
      both the anteroposterior and left lateral fluoroscopic projections. In 34
      patients, TP was performed under TEE guidance and positioning was targeted to
      perform the TP procedure in the more anterior and inferior locations of the FO.
      Two patient groups were compared according to the incidence of complications
      directly attributable to transseptal catheterization, thromboembolic
      complications, recurrence rates after the ablation procedure, total procedural
      time, and fluoroscopy time. RESULTS: Fluoroscopy time (p<0.001), total
      cryoablation time (p=0.002), and total procedural time (p<0.001) were shorter in
      the TEE-guided group. Left inferior pulmonary vein (LIPV) cryoablation time
      (p=0.007) and right inferior pulmonary vein (RIPV) cryoablation time (p=0.004)
      were significantly shorter and the number of applications to the LIPV (p=0.007)
      and RIPV (p=0.005) were significantly fewer in the TEE-guided group. Although
      there was a trend toward higher complication rates (20.6% vs. 31.6%, p=0.37) and
      recurrence rates (11.8% vs. 20.1%, p=0.26) in the fluoroscopy-guided group, the
      differences between the groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS:
      TEE-guided TP for AF ablation is associated with shorter fluoroscopy time,
      shorter total cryoablation time, and shorter total procedural time. Importantly,
      TEE-guided TP facilitates cryoablation of the inferior pulmonary veins.

PMID- 27354861
TI  - Radiofrequency catheter ablation of left-sided accessory pathways via retrograde
      aortic approach in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We aimed to analyze the results of retrograde aortic radiofrequency
      catheter ablation of left-sided accessory pathways in children. METHODS: Between
      January 2010 and September 2014, 25 children who underwent left-sided accessory
      pathway ablation with a retrograde aortic approach were evaluated
      retrospectively. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 11.09+/-3.71 years.
      Seventeen patients were male (68%). The mean procedure and fluoroscopy times were
      71.54+/-21.05 min and 31.42+/-19.57 min, respectively. Radiofrequency energy was
      delivered with 41.38+/-15.32 W at 52.38+/-5.45  degrees C. Sixteen patients (64%)
      presented with manifest preexcitation and, 9 had concealed accessory pathways.
      The location of accessory pathway was left lateral in 16 patients, posteroseptal
      in 5, left anterolateral in 2, and left posterolateral and left posterior in the
      remaining 2. The acute success rate was 96%. The patients were followed for a
      mean of 16.68+/-18.01 months. There were 2 recurrences. No major complications
      were observed in the periprocedural period. One patient had groin hematoma,
      another one had transient severe headache and vomiting. Trivial mitral
      regurgitation was noted in a patient, which remained the same throughout follow
      up. None of the patients developed new aortic regurgitation, pericardial
      effusion, or thrombi at the site of ablation. CONCLUSIONS: The retrograde aortic
      approach can be safely employed with a high success rate for ablation of left
      sided accessory pathways in children.

PMID- 27354862
TI  - Clinical and electrocardiographic predictors of T wave oversensing in patients
      with subcutaneous ICD.
AB  - BACKGROUND: T wave oversensing (TWOS) is a major drawback of the subcutaneous
      implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD). Data on predictors of TWOS in S
      ICD recipients are limited. We sought to investigate predictors of TWOS in a
      cohort of patients receiving an S-ICD at our institution. METHODS: S-ICD
      recipients at our center were identified retrospectively and stratified based on
      the presence or absence of TWOS. Clinical and electrocardiographic parameters
      were collected and compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients
      underwent an S-ICD implantation at our institution between April 2010 and January
      2015. Six (6.5%) patients had TWOS. These patients were younger (38.1+/-13.7 vs.
      52.3+/-16.1 years, p=0.04) and had higher left ventricle ejection fractions
      (48.5+/-14.9% vs. 28.4+/-12.2%, p<0.01) than patients without a history of TWOS.
      Baseline 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters were not different between
      the 2 groups. Leads I, II, and avF (which mimic the sensing vectors of the S-ICD)
      were further inspected to identify ECG characteristics that could predict TWOS.
      The QRS amplitude in ECG lead I was significantly smaller in the TWOS group than
      in the non-TWOS group (3.7 vs. 7.4 mV, p=0.02). CONCLUSION: In this study,
      younger age, higher ejection fraction, and lower QRS amplitude were associated
      with TWOS. These findings could help identify patients referred for S-ICD at high
      risk of TWOS.

PMID- 27354863
TI  - A multicenter observational study of the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents
      in ventricular arrhythmias: A propensity-score adjusted analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs) are life-threatening events that
      result in hemodynamic compromise. Recurrence is common and may worsen a patient's
      clinical course despite appropriate treatment. This study aimed to examine the
      effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs for suppression of VTs. METHODS: In this
      cohort study, eligible patients were those who were admitted to one of the nine
      cardiovascular care centers and treated with continuous infusion of an
      antiarrhythmic drug for at least 1 h to prevent recurrence of VTs after return of
      spontaneous circulation. To adjust for differences in baseline characteristics
      among treatment groups, propensity scores for administered agents were generated
      and used as covariates in regression analyses. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients were
      enrolled and 67 patients were included in the final analysis. Amiodarone (n=21,
      31.3%), nifekalant (n=24, 35.8%), and lidocaine (n=22, 32.8%) were administered
      as first-line therapy for suppression of VTs. In the adjusted analyses, the odds
      ratio (OR) of switching to a different drug was significantly higher in the
      lidocaine group (OR 37.6, 95% CI 5.1-279, p<0.001) than in the amiodarone group,
      but not in the nifekalant group (OR 4.1, 95% CI 0.72-23.2, p=0.11). There was no
      significant difference in mortality rate in the lidocaine group (OR 1.67, 95% CI
      0.40-6.95, p=0.48) or the nifekalant group (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.15-4.85, p=0.89)
      compared with the amiodarone group. CONCLUSION: Amiodarone and nifekalant are
      similarly effective in preventing VT recurrence, but their impact on survival
      rate is minimal. These data indicate that both nifekalant and amiodarone can be
      used for treatment of refractory VT.

PMID- 27354864
TI  - Efficacy of atorvastatin in prevention of atrial fibrillation after heart valve
      surgery in the PROFACE trial (PROphylaxis of postoperative atrial Fibrillation
      After Cardiac surgEry).
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of perioperative atorvastatin administration
      for prophylaxis of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after heart valve
      surgery. METHODS: Our study included 90 patients with heart valve disease who
      were scheduled to undergo elective cardiac surgery. Cases with previous AF or
      preoperative beta-blocker therapy were excluded. Patients were randomized into
      the atorvastatin group, which included 47 patients who received 40 mg/day of
      atorvastatin 7 days before and after the surgery and the control group, which
      included 43 patients. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of POAF. Secondary
      endpoints included modifications in the preoperative and postoperative levels of
      the markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP]), myocardial injury
      (ultrasensitive troponin T and creatinine phosphokinase MB [CPK-MB]), and cardiac
      dysfunction (pro-brain natriuretic peptide [proBNP]) related to POAF and changes
      in the echocardiographic parameters, such as atrial electromechanical interval, A
      wave, E/A ratio, and Doppler imaging systolic velocity wave amplitude, related to
      POAF. RESULTS: No relationship between atorvastatin administration and reduction
      in the incidence of POAF was observed (42.6% in the atorvastatin vs. 30.2% in the
      control group) (p=0.226). No difference in the levels of CPK-MB, ultrasensitive
      troponin T, CRP, or proBNP and in the analyzed echocardiographic parameter was
      detected between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin in the described dose,
      was not adequate for the prophylaxis of POAF after heart valve surgery. It was
      ineffective in controlling the inflammatory phenomena, myocardial injury, and
      echocardiographic predictors of POAF.

PMID- 27354865
TI  - The feasibility of a Box isolation strategy for non-paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation in elderly patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation of non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (non-PAF) is
      a therapeutic challenge especially in elderly patients. This study describes the
      feasibility of a posterior left atrium isolation as a substrate modification in
      addition to pulmonary vein isolation, the so-called Box isolation, for elderly
      patients with non-PAF. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-nine consecutive patients who
      underwent Box isolations for drug-refractory non-PAF were divided into two groups
      according to their age; younger group comprising 175 patients aged <75 years and
      elderly group comprising 54 patients aged >=75 years. RESULTS: During 23.7+/-12.0
      months of follow-up, the arrhythmia-free rates after one procedure were 53.1% in
      younger group versus 48.1% in elderly group (p=0.50). Following the second
      procedure, all patients had electrical conduction recoveries along the initial
      Box lesion. However, a complete Box re-isolation was highly established in both
      age groups (87.1% vs. 92.9%, respectively; p=1.00). Recurrence of macro-reentrant
      atrial tachycardia was mainly associated with the gaps through the initial Box
      lesion in both age groups (25.8% vs. 21.4%, p=1.00), but typical cavo-tricuspid
      isthmus (CTI) dependent atrial flutter was significantly observed in the elderly
      patients' group only (all events were observed within 6 months after the initial
      procedure; 3.2% vs. 28.6%, p=0.009). After two procedures, the arrhythmia-free
      rates increased to 73.1% in younger group versus 66.7% in elderly group (p=0.38).
      The occurrence rate of procedural-related complications did not differ between
      the two age groups, and there were no life-threatening complications even in
      elderly patients. CONCLUSIONS: Box isolation of non-PAF is effective and safe
      even in elderly patients. A prophylactic CTI ablation combined with Box isolation
      might be feasible to improve the long-term outcome.

PMID- 27354866
TI  - Anti-arrhythmic medications increase non-cardiac mortality - A meta-analysis of
      randomized control trials.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Anti-arrhythmic medications (AAMs) are known to increase cardiac
      mortality significantly due to their pro-arrhythmic effects. However, the effect
      of AAMs on non-cardiac mortality has not been evaluated. METHODS: Trials
      published in English language journals from 1990 to 2015 were thoroughly
      retrieved by searching websites such as PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, and
      Google Scholar. Randomized controlled trials reporting non-cardiac deaths as
      primary or secondary outcomes were used to compare AAMs to non-arrhythmic therapy
      (AV nodal blocking agents, implantable cardiovascular defibrillation (ICD), or
      placebo). Information regarding the sample size, treatment type, baseline
      characteristics, and outcomes was obtained by using a standardized protocol. The
      fixed effect model was used to perform meta-analysis, and results were expressed
      in terms of odds ratio (OR) with confidence interval (CI) of 95%, inter study
      heterogeneity was assessed using I (2). Intention to treat principle was applied
      to extract data. RESULTS: Total of 18,728 patients were enrolled in 15 trials;
      9359 patients received AAMs and 9369 received non-arrhythmic therapy. AAMs were
      associated with an increased risk of non-cardiac mortality (OR=1.30, [95% CI:
      1.12, 1.50], p=0.0005, I (2) index=24%) and all-cause mortality (OR=1.09, [95%
      CI: 1.01, 1.18], p=0.04, I (2)=54%) as compared to non-arrhythmic therapy. There
      was no difference in the cardiac mortality (OR=1.01, [95% CI: 0.92, 1.11],
      p=0.82, I (2)=53%) or arrhythmic mortality (OR=1.00, [95% CI: 0.89, 1.13],
      p=0.94, I (2)=64%) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: AAMs are associated with
      an increased risk of non-cardiac and all-cause mortality. The effect of AAMs,
      especially amiodarone, on non-cardiac mortality requires further evaluation.

PMID- 27354867
TI  - Efficacy of atrial substrate modification based on dominant frequency of
      paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The endpoint of ablation procedures is suggested to be non
      inducibility of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). However, the prognosis of
      induced AF/atrial tachycardia (AT) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in PAF
      patients remains unclear. METHODS: A total of 122 PAF patients were divided into
      the following 3 groups: Group 1, 79 without AF/AT induced after PVI; Group 2, 21
      with AF/AT induced or sustained after PVI, and followed by a high-dominant
      frequency (DF) and continuous complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) site
      ablation and, if necessary, linear ablation; and Group 3, 22 with external
      cardioversion of AF/AT induced or sustained after PVI. High-DF (DF>=8 Hz) and
      continuous CFAE (fractionated intervals<=50 ms) sites were targeted. The ablation
      endpoint was non-inducibility of PAF. RESULTS: In Group 2, AF terminated in 2
      patients with a high-DF and continuous CFAE site ablation. In 4 patients, AF
      induced after cardioversion did not terminate with left atrium linear ablation,
      and required additional cardioversion. Common atrial flutter in 2 patients
      terminated with cavotricuspid isthmus ablation. An AT terminated with a roofline
      ablation. Finally, no AF/AT could be induced in any of the patients in Group 2
      after all the procedures. The cumulative freedom from AF/AT recurrence without
      antiarrhythmic drugs in Groups 1 and 2 was significantly greater than that in
      Group 3 after 1 procedure during 12 months of follow-up (90% and 91% vs. 64%, Log
      rank test P=0.001 and P=0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Atrial substrate
      ablation may improve the clinical outcome after ablation in patients after PVI
      with residual arrhythmia inducibility.

PMID- 27354868
TI  - Home monitoring report from a single lead Lumax DX implantable cardioverter
      defibrillator: New observations in a new system.
AB  - A 56-year-old man underwent a single lead Lumax 640 DX implantable cardioverter
      defibrillator implantation for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. A DX
      system consists of a single lead, which provides atrial as well as ventricular
      electrograms, and enhances atrial arrhythmia detection. Three months after the
      implantation, high-frequency episodes were detected on the far field and the
      atrial channels, but not on the bipolar right ventricular channel; these were
      classified as atrial tachycardia. In the present report, we discussed the unusual
      pattern of the artifacts that was related to an electromagnetic interference
      detected by the novel DX system. 

PMID- 27354869
TI  - Alternative approach for management of an electrical storm in Brugada
      syndrome:Importance of primary ablation within a narrow time window.
AB  - Placement of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is the only powerful
      treatment modality for Brugada syndrome in patients presenting with ventricular
      fibrillation (VF). For those whose first presentation is an electrical storm,
      pharmacologic therapy is typically used to control VF followed by ICD
      implantation. We report an alternative approach whereby, before ICD implantation,
      emergency catheter ablation of the VF-triggering premature ventricular
      contraction (PVC) resulted in long-term VF-free survival. The results suggest
      that, because VF triggers appear in a narrow time window, ablation of the culprit
      PVCs that initiate VF before the index PVCs subside is a reasonable alternative
      approach. 

PMID- 27354870
TI  - Intermuscular pocket for subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator:
      Single-center experience.
AB  - The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S-ICD) is a novel device
      now accepted in clinical practice for treating ventricular arrhythmias. In 14
      consecutive patients, S-ICD devices were placed in the virtual space between the
      anterior surface of the serratus anterior muscle and the posterior surface of the
      latissimus dorsi muscle. During a mean follow up of 9 months, no dislocations,
      infections, hematoma formations, or skin erosions were observed. Intermuscular
      implantation of the S-ICD could be a reliable, safe, and appealing alternative to
      the standard subcutaneous placement. 

PMID- 27354871
TI  - Histological examination of the right atrial appendage after failed catheter
      ablation for focal atrial tachycardia complicated by cardiogenic shock in a post
      partum patient.
AB  - A 26-year-old woman in her first pregnancy presented with persistent atrial
      tachycardia (AT). AT was resistant to medications, cardioversions, and the first
      attempt of catheter ablation. Two months after delivery she developed severe
      systolic dysfunction and circulatory collapse. Emergent catheter ablation was
      performed with the support of percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass and intraaortic
      balloon pump. The AT originated in the apex of the right atrial appendage (RAA).
      Repeated attempts at ablation were unsuccessful, prompting surgical RAA
      resection, which terminated the tachycardia and improved the cardiac function.
      Histological examination of resected RAA provided insights into mechanism of
      resistance to catheter ablation. 

PMID- 27354872
TI  - Eccentric scar formation around a pulmonary vein after cryo-balloon ablation in a
      patient with atrial fibrillation: A case report.
AB  - The impact of a cryoballoon ablation is reported to be similar to that of a
      radiofrequency (RF) ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Delayed
      enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DE-MRI) could visualize the scar region
      induced by the cryoballoon ablation as well as RF ablation. Cryoballoon ablation
      could induce extensive scar lesions around the PVs. However, the distribution of
      the scar lesions after the cryoballoon ablation has not been well discussed. We,
      herein, described a case with an eccentric scar distribution after cryoballoon
      ablation. 

PMID- 27354873
TI  - Resolution of a warfarin and dabigatran-resistant left atrial appendage thrombus
      with apixaban.
AB  - The majority of embolisms associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) are from the
      left atrial appendage (LAA). To treat the existing thrombus, warfarin and novel
      anticoagulants have been used. However, there has been no clinical information
      regarding the difference of the effects of congealing the fibrinogenolysis system
      among these oral anticoagulants. Here, we report a case of persistent AF, in whom
      apixaban, factor Xa inhibitor resolved an LAA clot refractory to warfarin and
      direct thrombin inhibition. Factor Xa inhibitor, apixaban, could resolve the left
      appendage thrombosis refractory to warfarin and dabigatran. 

PMID- 27354874
TI  - Double twiddle trouble, a new variant of twiddler syndrome.
AB  - The twiddler syndrome results in retraction and coiling of the lead in the
      pacemaker pocket with subsequent pacemaker malfunction. If the lead's parameters
      are not affected, then the problem can be corrected by lead repositioning. We
      describe the first reported case of a dramatic pacemaker lead coiling with a
      double level of lead compromise, with one of them being intra-cardiac. This
      condition affected our treatment strategy, as the repositioning of the lead was
      unfeasible. 

PMID- 27354875
TI  - Letter to the Editor: Marino et al. Inappropriate mode switching clarified by
      using a chest radiograph.

PMID- 27354876
TI  - ST elevation without cardio-pulmonary symptoms.

PMID- 27354877
TI  - Successful dual chamber ICD implantation via a persistent left superior vena cava
      after ratchet syndrome.

PMID- 27354878
TI  - Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Causing Multicystic Leukoencephalomalacia.
AB  - BACKGRUND: Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a disease characterized by hemolytic
      anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure with multiple organ involvement.
      Central nervous system involvement is detected in 20-50% of the patients and this
      leads to increased morbidity and mortality. CASE REPORT: We report the
      neuroimaging findings in a four-month-old male with hemolytic uremic syndrome.
      The cerebral cortex and white matter showed mild signal intensity on T2-weighted
      images. The diffusion weighted imaging demonstrated restricted diffusion in the
      cerebral cortex and white matter with corresponding low signal intensity on the
      apparent diffusion coefficient maps representing cytotoxic edema. These findings
      ended in multicystic leukoencephalomalacia. CONCLUSIONS: In hemolytic uremic
      syndrome with brain involvement symptoms develop due to the different level of
      actions of factors and thus MRI protocol towards cerebral parenchyma should
      include DWI, especially in pediatric patients.

PMID- 27354879
TI  - An Extremely Rare Coexistence: Acute Appendicitis and Multiple Intussusceptions
      in an Adult.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adult intussusception is a rare phenomenon, acute appendicitis
      accompanying multiple transient intussusceptions are much more uncommon.
      Satisfaction and quiting imaging studies after finding an intussusception on
      ultrasound, may lead diagnostic errors. Radiologists should raise their awareness
      of imaging findings in intussusception and keep in their mind coexistent troubles
      in the belly. This unique case presents unusual imaging findings of a rare dual
      abdominal emergency condition, particularly highlighting the value of abdominal
      computed tomography. CASE REPORT: 32-year-old female was admitted to Emergency
      Department with complaints of epigastric abdominal pain and vomiting. US
      identified 'target' appereance on left paramedian location at umbilical level.
      Contrast enhanced abdominal CT not only confirmed the enteric intussusception
      that was demonstrated on previos US, but also showed additional concomitant
      intussusceptions and inflamed appendix. CONCLUSIONS: Adult intussusception is a
      rare phenomenon, multiple transient intussusceptions are even more uncommon. This
      unique report adds, precious clinical and imaging findings of acute appendicitis
      coexisting with multiple spontaneously resolving intussusceptions, to the
      literature. Physicians should be alerted for accompanying multiple abdominal
      pathologies and use justification essentials to make their decisions about the
      selection of the appropriate imaging modality.

PMID- 27354880
TI  - Jugular Vein Invasion Diagnosis and Prognosis in Thyroid Carcinomas.
AB  - Diagnosis of venous jugular invasion by means of traditional imaging is very
      rarely reported in the literature. Doppler ultrasound definitively helps to
      diagnose the tumor thrombus, the extent, and helps in redefining the TNM stage of
      such an aggressive thyroid tumor. 

PMID- 27354881
TI  - A Comparison of Cobb Angle: Standing Versus Supine Images of Late-Onset
      Idiopathic Scoliosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Scoliosis is traditionally evaluated by measuring the Cobb angle in
      radiograph images taken while the patient is standing. However, low-dose computed
      tomography (CT) images, which are taken while the patient is in a supine
      position, provide new opportunities to evaluate scoliosis. Few studies have
      investigated how the patient's position, standing or supine, affects
      measurements. The purpose of this study was to compare the Cobb angle in images
      from patients while standing versus supine. MATERIAL/METHODS: A total of 128
      consecutive patients (97 females and 21 males; mean age 15.5 [11-26] years) with
      late-onset scoliosis requiring corrective surgery were enrolled. One observer
      evaluated the type of curve (Lenke classification) and measured the Cobb angle in
      whole-spine radiography (standing) and scout images from low-dose CT (supine)
      were taken on the same day. RESULTS: For all primary curves, the mean Cobb angle
      was 59 degrees  (SD 12 degrees ) while standing and 48 degrees  (SD 12 degrees )
      while in the supine position, with a mean difference of 11 degrees  (SD 5 degrees
      ). The correlation between primary standing and supine images had an r value of
      0.899 (95% CI 0.860-0.928) and an intra-class correlation coefficient value of
      0.969. The correlation between the difference in standing and supine images from
      primary and secondary curves had an r value of 0.340 (95% CI 0.177-0.484).
      CONCLUSIONS: We found a strong correlation between the Cobb angle in images
      obtained while the patient was standing versus supine for primary and secondary
      curves. This study is only applicable for patients with severe curves requiring
      surgical treatment. It enables additional studies based on low-dose CT.

PMID- 27354882
TI  - Eagle Syndrome Causing Vascular Compression with Cervical Rotation: Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Eagle syndrome is a condition caused by an elongated styloid process.
      Unilateral face, neck and ear pain, stinging pain, foreign body sensation and
      dysphagia can be observed with this syndrome. Rarely, the elongated styloid
      process may cause pain by compressing the cervical segment of the internal
      carotid and the surrounding sympathetic plexus, and that pain spreading along the
      artery can cause neurological symptoms such as vertigo and syncope. CASE REPORT:
      In this case report we presented a very rare eagle syndrome with neurological
      symptoms that occurred suddenly with cervical rotation. The symptoms disappeared
      as suddenly as they occurred, with the release of pressure in neutral position.
      We also discussed CT angiographic findings of this case. CONCLUSIONS:
      Radiological diagnosis of the Eagle syndrome that is manifested with a wide
      variety of symptoms and causes diagnostic difficulties when it is not considered
      in the differential diagnosis is easy in patients with specific findings. CT
      angiography is a fast and effective examination in terms of showing compression
      in patients with the Eagle syndrome that is considered to be atypical and causes
      vascular compression.

PMID- 27354883
TI  - The Role of Computerized Tomography in the Assessment of Perivesical Invasion in
      Bladder Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to identify the contrast patterns of
      a tumor, and to evaluate the possibility of assessing the invasion of the
      perivesical fatty tissue in bladder cancer. MATERIAL/METHODS: In this study, 26
      patients with bladder cancer were included. Multiphasic CT examination was
      performed to determine the stage of the disease before radical cystectomy.
      RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in tumor and
      perivesical fatty tissue densities between pre- and post-contrast phases
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increases in focal density suspected of being invasion of
      the perivesical fatty tissue can show perivesical invasion with high specificity.

PMID- 27354884
TI  - Tolerability of Ingenol Mebutate Gel, 0.05%, for Treating Patients with Actinic
      Keratosis on the Scalp in a Community Dermatology Practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of treatment of
      actinic keratosis on the scalp with two consecutive, once-daily applications of
      ingenol mebutate gel, 0.05%. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING:
      Community dermatology practice. PARTICIPANTS: Male patients (N=78) with a long
      history of recurrent and relapsed scalp actinic keratosis. MEASUREMENTS: This
      chart review extracted non-identifying information on patients' medical history,
      pertinent history of actinic keratosis and skin cancer, and prior actinic
      keratosis treatments. Also collected was information on patients' treatment of
      scalp actinic keratosis with ingenol mebutate gel, 0.05%, including the
      occurrence of local skin reactions and their treatment, adverse events, and
      efficacy results at short-term and additional follow-up. RESULTS: In these
      patients, a significant proportion of the scalp had numerous actinic keratoses
      that were often recurrent and/or hyperkeratotic. Most patients (83%) received
      cryosurgery to visible scalp actinic keratoses two weeks before ingenol mebutate
      treatment. Local skin reactions developed on the first day of topical treatment,
      were predominantly mild or moderate in intensity, and generally were resolved by
      10 to 14 days. Local skin reactions were treated with a topical moisturizing
      product in 44 percent of the patients. Nearly half (45%) of the patients
      experienced application-site reactions, described as a combination of burning,
      itching, pain, and/or tenderness; the reactions were mild or moderate in
      intensity and lasted only a few days. CONCLUSIONS: Ingenol mebutate gel, 0.05%,
      had a good safety and tolerability profile when used to treat scalp actinic
      keratosis in patients who had a prolonged history of actinic keratosis.

PMID- 27354885
TI  - Efficacy and Tolerability of a Combined 445nm and 630nm Over-the-counter Light
      Therapy Mask with and without Topical Salicylic Acid versus Topical Benzoyl
      Peroxide for the Treatment of Mild-to-moderate Acne Vulgaris.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of a combined 445nm/630nm light
      therapy mask for the treatment of mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris with and without
      topical 1% salicylic acid with retinol versus 2.5% benzoyl peroxide. DESIGN: A 12
      week evaluator-blinded, randomized study. Subjects were randomized to be treated
      with the 445nm/630nm light therapy mask alone, benzoyl peroxide, or 445nm/630nm
      light therapy mask with topical 1% salicylic acid with retinol. PARTICIPANTS:
      Healthy male and female subjects 12 to 35 years old with Fitzpatrick skin types I
      to VI and mild-to-moderate facial acne vulgaris. MEASUREMENTS: The primary
      endpoint was the change in the number of inflammatory acne lesions after 12 weeks
      of treatment. Secondary endpoints included the change in noninflammatory acne
      lesions, change in total acne lesions, change in Investigator Global Acne
      Assessments, and overall responder rate. RESULTS: 445nm/630nm light therapy mask
      treated subjects showed a 24.4-percent improvement in inflammatory acne lesions
      (p<0.01) versus 17.2 percent (p<0.05) and 22.7 percent (p<0.01) in benzoyl
      peroxide and 445nm/630nm light therapy mask with topical 1% salicylic acid with
      retinol, respectively, a 19.5-percent improvement in noninflammatory lesions
      (p<0.001) versus 6.3 and 4.8 percent for benzoyl peroxide and 445nm/630nm light
      therapy mask with topical 1% salicylic acid with retinol, respectively. Subjects
      in the 445nm/630nm light therapy mask group also achieved a 19.0-percent
      improvement in the Investigator Global Acne Assessment (p<0.001) versus 4.7
      percent in benzoyl peroxide and 13.9 percent in 445nm/630nm light therapy mask
      with topical 1% salicylic acid with retinol (p<0.01). Treatments were well
      tolerated overall with trends toward less early irritation in the 445nm/630nm
      light therapy mask group. CONCLUSION: 445nm/630nm light therapy mask appears to
      be a safe and effective therapy for mild-to-moderate acne.

PMID- 27354886
TI  - Correlation Between the Evaluation of Pigmented Lesions by a Multi-spectral
      Digital Skin Lesion Analysis Device and the Clinical and Histological Features of
      Melanoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To correlate Multi-spectral Digital Skin Lesion Analysis classifier
      scores with histopathological severity of pigmented lesions and clinical features
      of melanoma. DESIGN: Classifier scores were computed for 1,632 skin lesions.
      Dermatologists evaluated the same lesions for Asymmetry, Border Irregularity,
      Color variegation, Diameter >6mm, Evolution, Patient's Concern, Regression,
      and/or "Ugly Duckling" sign. Classifier scores were correlated to the number of
      clinical risk features and for six histopathological severity levels of pigmented
      lesions. MEASUREMENTS: Average classifier score, Welch's t-test, and chi-square
      analysis. RESULTS: Melanomas had higher mean classifier scores (3.5) than high
      grade dysplastic nevi (2.7, p=0.002), low-grade dysplastic nevi (1.7, p<0.0001),
      non-dysplastic nevi (1.6, p<0.0001), and benign non-melanocytic lesions (2.0,
      p<0.0001). Classifier score and the number of clinical risk characteristics
      directly correlated (Pearson coefficient 0.32, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Correlation
      of classifier scores to clinical and histological melanoma features supports the
      effectiveness of Multi-spectral Digital Skin Lesion Analysis in assessing the
      risk of pigmented lesions requiring biopsy. Optimizing outcomes of dermatologist
      decisions to biopsy suspicious pigmented lesions may be enhanced utilizing Multi
      spectral Digital Skin Lesion Analysis.

PMID- 27354887
TI  - Experimental Evidence in Hair Restoration Procedures: Plucked Hair Survival and
      Growth Rate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Limitations of hair restoration procedures are the amount of hairs
      available and the invasiveness of follicular harvesting. OBJECTIVE: The aim of
      this study was to compare conventional human micrografts and plucked hair
      follicles in an in vitro model in order to test hair growth rates for
      experimentally assessing the soundness of plucked follicle use in hair
      transplantation procedures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 100 conventional
      one-hair micrografts (group A; control) and a total of 80 plucked hair follicles
      (group B; experimental) were obtained from 14 healthy male patients. The length
      of each graft was measured immediately following isolation and at the end of the
      10-day culture period. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks
      test was used in order to statistically analyze the data obtained. RESULTS: A
      statistically significant difference was found between the growth rate of
      micrografts in control (mean 10-day shaft growth rate = 0.30mm) and experimental
      (mean 10-day shaft growth rate = 0.36mm) groups. CONCLUSION: The obtained data
      shows a higher plucked hair follicle growth rate compared to one-hair
      micrografts, which leads us to believe that plucked micrografts could be a useful
      and less invasive adjunct in the field of hair transplantation surgery.

PMID- 27354888
TI  - Activity of Dapsone versus Community and Hospital Pathogens from the CANWARD
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Topical dapsone gel is a sulfone antibiotic approved for acne
      treatment. No microbiology studies were conducted during dapsone gel clinical
      trials and it is unclear whether 1) dapsone has antimicrobial activity that may
      be of clinical relevance in dermatology and 2) dapsone could affect the normal
      microbiome of facial skin where it is most commonly applied. This study assessed
      the in vitro activity of dapsone versus Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial
      pathogens obtained from patients with infections. METHODS: CANWARD is a national,
      annual, and ongoing surveillance system to assess the patterns of antibiotic
      resistant pathogens in Canada. In 2014, 15 tertiary care medical centers
      collected 3,511 isolates from blood, respiratory tract, urine, and wounds.
      Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using CLSI broth microdilution method.
      RESULTS: Dapsone demonstrated relatively poor activity versus Gram-negative
      bacilli with most MIC50, MIC90 in the range of 512MUg/mL and >512MUg/mL,
      respectively. In contrast, dapsone demonstrated activity versus Gram-positive
      cocci, such as Staphylococcus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA],
      methicillin-sensitive S. aureus [MSSA]), Streptococcus, and Enterococcus-several
      strains of S. epidermidis had MICs of 32 and 64MUg/mL; there were strains of E.
      faecalis with MICs of 8, 16, 32, and 64MUg/mL; and several strains of S.
      agalactiae and S. pyogenes demonstrated dapsone MICs of 4, 8, 16, 32, and
      64MUg/mL. CONCLUSION: Dapsone has demonstrated antimicrobial activity in vitro.
      Whether this activity is part of the mechanism of action of topical dapsone in
      acne remains unknown. There are limited cutaneous pharmacokinetic data with
      topical dapsone including skin concentrations achieved with topical dapsone
      therapy; however, topical dapsone as a 2% nanoemulsion has shown very high (1196
      3837.34MUg/cm(2)) local skin concentrations. At these high concentrations,
      topical dapsone would be expected to affect the skin flora of patients with acne
      (especially Gram-positive cocci, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus). These
      concentrations are multiple times higher (20x-1000x) than the dapsone MICs found
      for many MSSA, MRSA, S. epidermidis, S. agalactiae, and S. pyogenes, any of which
      may be present on the skin of acne patients. Whether this results in resistance
      to dapsone or more importantly results in resistance to chemically unrelated
      antimicrobials is currently unknown.

PMID- 27354889
TI  - Benzocaine/Lidocaine/Tetracaine Cream: Report of Corneal Damage and Review.
AB  - Practitioners are increasingly using topical anesthetics in the field of
      dermatology. Application of topical anesthetics prior to performing dermatologic
      procedures has proven to decrease pain and discomfort associated with these
      procedures. Despite the prevalent use of topical anesthetics, there are few
      standard guidelines for about which products provide optimal and safest use.
      Adverse events are often correlated with improper application of topical
      anesthetics. A few case reports have cited adverse events related to the use of
      compounded products that the United States Food and Drug Administration has not
      approved, such as benzocaine, lidocaine, tetracaine. In this article, the authors
      report the possible ocular side effects due to the use of benzocaine, lidocaine,
      tetracaine. Careful attention must be paid to this compounded product, and better
      formulations are needed in order to prevent adverse events. 

PMID- 27354890
TI  - Ferrofluid-associated Cutaneous Dyschromia: Discoloration of Hand and Fingers
      Following Accidental Exposure to Ferromagnetic Fluid.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ferrofluid is a colloidal suspension that usually consists of
      surfactant-coated nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe3O4) in a carrier liquid.
      Ferromagnetic fluid forms spikes when the liquid is exposed to a magnetic field.
      PURPOSE: The authors describe a man who developed temporary discoloration of his
      right palm and fingers after accidental cutaneous contact with ferrofluid and
      discuss some of the current and potential applications of this unique liquid.
      METHODS: A 28-year-old man was evaluating the effects of magnetic fields using
      ferrofluid. He performed a modification of the "leaping ferrofluid" demonstration
      in which he held a superstrong (14,800 gauss magnetic field strength) N52 rare
      earth neodymium magnet in his palm and slowly lowered that hand over an open bowl
      that was filled with ferrofluid. RESULTS: As the magnet approached the liquid,
      the ferrofluid became magnetized. The liquid leaped from the bowl and contacted
      not only the magnet, but also the palmar surface of his hand and fingers,
      resulting in a black-brown dyschromia of the affected skin. The discoloration
      completely resolved after two weeks without any adverse sequellae. CONCLUSION:
      Ferrofluid has numerous current and potential applications; in addition to being
      of value educationally and aesthetically (after being subjected to magnetic
      fields), it is also utilized for audio loudspeakers, medical innovations (such as
      a component of either a research tool, a diagnostic aid, or a treatment
      modality), and seals. Although the authors' patient did not experience any acute
      or chronic toxicity from his cutaneous exposure to ferrofluid, conservative
      follow-up for individuals who experience skin contact with ferromagnetic fluid
      may be appropriate.

PMID- 27354892
TI  - Cardiomyopathy in becker muscular dystrophy: Overview.
AB  - Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder involving
      mutations of the dystrophin gene. Cardiac involvement in BMD has been described
      and cardiomyopathy represents the number one cause of death in these patients. In
      this paper, the pathophysiology, clinical evaluations and management of
      cardiomyopathy in patients with BMD will be discussed. 

PMID- 27354891
TI  - Aneuploidy in stem cells.
AB  - Stem cells hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine as well as for
      engineering of model systems to study diseases and develop new drugs. The
      discovery of protocols that allow for generating induced pluripotent stem cells
      (IPSCs) from somatic cells has brought this promise steps closer to reality.
      However, as somatic cells might have accumulated various chromosomal
      abnormalities, including aneuploidies throughout their lives, the resulting IPSCs
      might no longer carry the perfect blueprint for the tissue to be generated, or
      worse, become at risk of adopting a malignant fate. In this review, we discuss
      the contribution of aneuploidy to healthy tissues and how aneuploidy can lead to
      disease. Furthermore, we review the differences between how somatic cells and
      stem cells respond to aneuploidy. 

PMID- 27354893
TI  - Thrombosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Insights from thrombi retrieved
      by aspiration thrombectomy.
AB  - In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, recurrent cardiovascular
      events still remain the main cause of morbidity and mortality, despite
      significant improvements in antithrombotic therapy. We sought to review data
      regarding coronary thrombus analysis provided by studies using manual aspiration
      thrombectomy (AT), and to discuss how insights from this line of investigation
      could further improve management of acute coronary disease. Several studies
      investigated the fresh specimens retrieved by AT using techniques such as
      traditional morphological evaluation, optical microscopy, scanning electron
      microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and immunohistochemistry. These
      approaches have provided a better understanding of the composition and dynamics
      of the human coronary thrombosis process, as well as its relationship with some
      clinical outcomes. Recent data signaling to new antithrombotic therapeutic
      targets are still emerging. 

PMID- 27354894
TI  - Incidence and trends of cardiovascular mortality after common cancers in young
      adults: Analysis of surveillance, epidemiology and end-results program.
AB  - AIM: To describe the incidence of cardiovascular mortality (CVM) in survivors of
      major cancers and identify its trends over the past two decades. METHODS: We used
      the surveillance, epidemiology and end-results 19 registry to identify young
      adults (20-49 years), diagnosed with the following major primary cancers: Lung,
      breast, liver/intrahepatic bile duct, pancreas, prostate, colorectal, and ovarian
      from 1990 through 2012 and identified the cumulative incidence of CVM after
      adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS: We identified a total of 301923
      cancers (breast 173748, lung 38938, colorectal 31722, prostate 22848, ovary
      16065, liver 9444, pancreas 9158). A total of 2297 (0.8%) of patients had
      incident CVM. Lung (10-year cumulative CVM 2.4%) and liver (1.73%) cancers had
      the highest incidence of CVM, while breast (0.6%) and prostate (1.2%) had the
      lowest CVM mortality, even after multiple adjustments (P < 0.001). Overall, there
      was a significant improvement in CVM since 1990 [2005-2012 vs 1990-1994, adjusted
      HR 0.63 (0.54-0.72), P < 0.001]. This was driven by improvements in CVM in lung
      cancers (P = 0.02), breast (P < 0.001), and a trend in ovarian cancer (P =
      0.097). There was no statistically significant improvement in CVM among survivors
      of colorectal, pancreatic, liver, or prostate cancers. CONCLUSION: The risk of
      CVM differs among different cancers, and is highest among survivors of lung and
      liver cancers. The incidence of CVM has decreased over the past 2 decades mainly
      among survivors of lung and breast cancers.

PMID- 27354895
TI  - Asymptomatic post-rheumatic giant left atrium.
AB  - A 78-year-old asymptomatic woman was referred to our clinic for a second opinion
      regarding indication for mitral valve surgery. An echocardiogram showed a
      moderate mitral stenosis with a concomitant severe regurgitation. The most
      striking feature, however, was a giant left atrium with a parasternal
      anteroposterior diameter of 79 mm and a left atrial volume index of 364 mL/m2.
      There are various echocardiographic definitions of a giant left atrium, which are
      mainly based on measurements of the anteroposterior diameter of the left atrium
      using M-mode in the parasternal long axis view. Since the commonly accepted
      method for echocardiographic evaluation of left atrial size is left atrial volume
      index, we propose a cut-off value of 140 mL/m(2) for the definition of a "giant
      left atrium". 

PMID- 27354896
TI  - Successful extracorporeal life support in sudden cardiac arrest due to coronary
      anomaly.
AB  - Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has recently been reported to have a survival
      benefit in patients with cardiac arrest. It is now used widely as a lifesaving
      modality. Here, we describe a case of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in a young
      athlete with an anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left
      coronary sinus. Resuscitation was successful using ECLS before curative bypass
      surgery. We highlight the efficacy of ECLS for a patient with SCA caused by a
      rare, unexpected aetiology. In conclusion, ECLS was a lifesaving modality for SCA
      due to an anomalous coronary artery in this young patient. 

PMID- 27354897
TI  - Perception of professional ethics by Iranian occupational therapists working with
      children.
AB  - Ethics are related to the structure and culture of the society. In addition to
      specialized ethics for every profession, individuals also hold their own personal
      beliefs and values. This study aimed to investigate Iranian occupational
      therapists' perception of ethical practice when working with children. For this
      purpose, qualitative content analysis was used and semi-structured interviews
      were conducted with ten occupational therapists in their convenient place and
      time. Each interview was transcribed and double-checked by the research team.
      Units of meaning were extracted from each transcription and then coded and
      categorized accordingly. The main categories of ethical practice when working
      with children included personal attributes, responsibility toward clients, and
      professional responsibility. Personal attributes included four subcategories:
      veracity, altruism, empathy, and competence. Responsibility toward clients
      consisted of six subcategories: equality, autonomy, respect for clients,
      confidentiality, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Professional responsibility
      included three subcategories: fidelity, development of professional knowledge,
      and promotion and growth of the profession. Findings of this study indicated that
      in Iran, occupational therapists' perception of autonomy, beneficence, non
      maleficence, fidelity and competence is different from Western countries, which
      may be due to a lower knowledge of ethics and other factors such as culture. The
      results of this study may be used to develop ethical codes for Iranian
      occupational therapists both during training and on the job. 

PMID- 27354899
TI  - A complementary response to the article "breaching confidentiality: medical
      mandatory reporting laws in Iran".

PMID- 27354898
TI  - Surveying the attitudes of transsexual patients referring to Tehran Institute of
      Psychiatry toward doctors' empathy, Iran, 2011-2012.
AB  - Physicians' knowledge of therapy and counseling stands among the most important
      issues in the viewpoints of clients who refer to psychiatric centers. Transsexual
      patients are very important in this regard. The goal of this research is to study
      their attitude toward doctors' empathy. A group of transsexual patients who
      referred to the Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran, answered the Jefferson
      Scale of Empathy. The relationship of the patients' age, gender, education level,
      and lifestyle with their attitude was measured. This study was conducted on 40
      patients, including 16 women (40%) and 24 men (60%). In terms of education, 8
      patients had a degree below high school diploma (20%), 9 had high school diploma
      (22.5%), and 23 patients were university students or of higher education level
      (57.5%). Among these patients, 6 were unemployed (15%), 10 were students (25%),
      and the rest were employed. Moreover, 8 participants lived alone (20%), 5 lived
      with their friends (12.5%), and 27 lived with their family (67.5%). Gender had no
      influence on the average score of the questionnaires, yet level of education had
      some influence. Lifestyle also had a significant influence on the patients'
      attitude. On the other hand, patients whose problems began before the age of 12
      had lower score than others. Experienced psychologists in referential centers can
      express greater levels of empathy to specific diseases and this trend is very
      effective on the patients' cooperation level. In order to create an effective
      relationship between physicians and patients, the efficiency of the health system
      and increasing satisfaction of specific patients should be considered. 

PMID- 27354900
TI  - Development of a scale for the evaluation of patients' rights prerequisites at
      educational hospitals in Iran: a study using the Delphi technique.
AB  - The patients' rights status is one of the essential elements in defining norms
      related to the concept of clinical governance system. In addition, the patients'
      rights status is an important index for quality of care offered in the health
      care system. However, the lack of a coherent instrument makes it difficult to
      evaluate patients' rights status in hospitals and clinics. The aim of this study
      was to develop an instrument for the evaluation of patients' rights prerequisites
      at educational hospitals in Iran. This study was conducted using the modified
      Delphi technique. In this study, 36 experts in the fields of law, medicine, and
      professional ethics were participated. The panel of experts participated in 3
      rounds. First, experts were asked to judge some pre-identified items, and then,
      excluded items were judged again in the second round. At the end of the third
      round, all of the agreed items were included in the final list to form an
      evaluative scale on practice of patients' rights. Experts were asked to judge a
      total 171 items in 3 rounds. Around 31% (n = 53) of items obtained the panel's
      approval to be included in the final version of the scale. The experts' opinions
      were collected using face-to-face interviews and electronic email during a 6
      month period of data collection from October 2013 to February 2014. This study
      developed a 53-item scale for evaluation of patients' rights prerequisites in
      educational hospitals in Iran. This scale was developed in 7 areas of commitments
      including university education, research, supervision, process management,
      physical structure, organizational policy, and human resources management. This
      study developed an evaluative scale to assess the practice of patients' rights in
      educational hospitals. The items in the final version of this scale were obtained
      from a consensus of experts and the instrument can be used to evaluate the
      context and prerequisites for practice of patients' rights in Iranian educational
      hospitals. 

PMID- 27354901
TI  - Deletion and duplication of 16p11.2 are associated with opposing effects on
      visual evoked potential amplitude.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Duplication and deletion of the chromosomal region 16p11.2 cause a
      broad range of impairments, including intellectual disability, language
      disorders, and sensory symptoms. However, it is unclear how changes in 16p11.2
      dosage affect cortical circuitry during development. The aim of this study was to
      investigate whether the visual evoked potential (VEP) could be used as a
      noninvasive quantitative measure of cortical processing in children with 16p11.2
      copy number variation. METHODS: Pattern-reversal VEPs were successfully recorded
      in 19 deletion carriers, 9 duplication carriers, and 13 typically developing
      children between the ages of 3 and 14 years. The stimulus was a black and white
      checkerboard (60') that reversed contrast at 2 Hz. VEP responses were extracted
      from continuous EEG recorded using a high-density elasticized electrode net.
      RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of the VEP waveform revealed that, relative to
      controls, deletion carriers displayed increased amplitude and duplication
      carriers displayed diminished amplitude. Latencies of the VEP waveform components
      were unaffected by 16p11.2 status. P1 amplitude did not correlate with age, IQ,
      or head circumference. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that
      recording VEP is a useful method to assay cortical processing in children with
      16p11.2 copy number variation. There is a gene dosage-dependent effect on P1
      amplitude that merits further investigation. The VEP is directly translatable to
      animal models, offering a promising way to probe the neurobiological mechanisms
      underlying cortical dysfunction in this developmental disorder.

PMID- 27354903
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27354902
TI  - Sex-specific effects of LiCl treatment on preservation of renal function and
      extended life-span in murine models of SLE: perspective on insights into the
      potential basis for survivorship in NZB/W female mice.
AB  - Considerable research effort has been invested in attempting to understand immune
      dysregulation leading to autoimmunity and target organ damage. In systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE), patients can develop a systemic disease with a number of
      organs involved. One of the major target organs is the kidney, but patients vary
      in the progression of the end-organ targeting of this organ. Some patients
      develop glomerulonephritis only, while others develop rapidly progressive end
      organ failure. In murine models of SLE, renal involvement can also occur. Studies
      performed over the past several years have indicated that treatment with LiCl of
      females, but not males of the NZB/W model, at an early age during the onset of
      disease, can prevent development of end-stage renal disease in a significant
      percentage of the animals. While on Li treatment, up to 80 % of the females can
      exhibit long-term survival with evidence of mild glomerulonephritis which does
      not progress to renal failure in spite of on-going autoimmunity. Stopping the
      treatment led to a reactivation of the disease and renal failure. Li treatment of
      other murine models of SLE was less effective and decreased survivorship in male
      BxSB mice, exhibited little effect on male MRL-lpr mice, and only modestly
      improved survivorship in female MRL-lpr mice. This perspective piece discusses
      the findings of several related studies which support the concept that protecting
      target organs such as the kidney, even in the face of continued immune insults
      and some inflammation, can lead to prolonged survival with retention of organ
      function. Some possible mechanisms for the effectiveness of Li treatment in this
      context are also discussed. However, the detailed mechanistic basis for the sex
      specific effects of LiCl treatment particularly in the NZB/W model remains to be
      elucidated. Elucidating such details may provide important clues for development
      of effective treatment for patients with SLE, ~90 % of which are females. 

PMID- 27354904
TI  - Cross-sectional comparison of first-generation antipsychotic long-acting
      injections vs risperidone long-acting injection: patient-rated attitudes,
      satisfaction and tolerability.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare patients' attitudes and
      satisfaction with medication and patient-rated tolerability between those
      prescribed a first-generation antipsychotic long-acting injection (FGA-LAI) and
      those prescribed risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI). METHOD: A cross
      sectional study of a representative sample of outpatients prescribed an FGA-LAI
      or RLAI for a minimum of 6 months and attending a depot clinic. Attitudes to
      medication were assessed by the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-30), tolerability
      was measured by the Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale
      (LUNSERS) and satisfaction with antipsychotic medication was assessed by the
      Satisfaction with Antipsychotic Medication (SWAM) scale. RESULTS: The RLAI (n =
      28) and FGA-LAI (n = 39) groups did not differ in terms of mean age, sex,
      diagnosis and ethnicity. All individual LAIs were prescribed within British
      National Formulary limits. The most commonly prescribed FGA-LAI was flupentixol
      decanoate (n = 22). There was no significant difference between the RLAI and FGA
      LAI groups in terms of mean total scores on the DAI-30, LUNSERS and SWAM or the
      tolerability subscales of the LUNSERS or the two subscales (treatment
      acceptability and medication insight) of the SWAM. In both LAI groups there was a
      low level of side effects (LUNSERS) and a generally positive attitude (DAI-30)
      and reasonable satisfaction (SWAM) with medication. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated
      with FGA-LAI and RLAI for at least 6 months did not differ in terms of patient
      rated tolerability, attitudes and satisfaction with medication. The current
      design cannot determine whether differences would have been evident earlier on
      during treatment. These results should be regarded as preliminary and are subject
      to prescribing bias. Randomized studies avoid prescribing bias and are a superior
      way to compare specific LAIs. Ideally randomized studies should include patient
      rated outcome measures including medication tolerability; assessment of side
      effects, efficacy and quality of life made by blinded raters; and additional
      objective side-effect data including changes in weight and key blood parameters.

PMID- 27354905
TI  - Does race affect prescribing for acute psychosis? Evaluation by a case vignette.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Black people are over represented in mental health services and
      prescribing of antipsychotics differs by race in some countries. Our previous UK
      research into the prescribing of antipsychotics in large, multicentre studies
      found no important differences for black and white patients. However, we received
      several comments challenging our findings. We wanted to test the validity of
      these anecdotes by devising two case vignettes that differed only by race and
      asking prescribers to choose antipsychotic treatment. METHOD: A case study was
      sent to all medical prescribers in the South London and Maudsley NHS Trust. Half
      of the prescribers for each grade of staff were sent the case study where the
      ethnicity of the patient was white and the other half where the ethnicity was
      black. Participants were asked to describe what they would prescribe for the
      patient. Outcomes were total percentage maximum dose, high dose, type of
      antipsychotic, route of administration and antipsychotic polypharmacy. RESULTS:
      We received 123 completed case studies and demographic data forms from
      prescribers. There were no differences in percentage maximum dose, high dose,
      type, route and number of antipsychotics prescribed by case study ethnicity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Prescribing for UK black and white patients is broadly similar when
      tested in clinical and theoretical studies.

PMID- 27354906
TI  - Clozapine-induced hypersalivation: an estimate of prevalence, severity and impact
      on quality of life.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and
      severity of clozapine-induced hypersalivation, and assess the impact
      hypersalivation has on global functioning. METHODS: Participants attending a
      dedicated clozapine clinic were invited to undertake a structured interview
      regarding their experiences of clozapine-induced hypersalivation. Two
      psychometric instruments to measure hypersalivation, the Nocturnal
      Hypersalivation Rating Scale and the Drooling Severity and Frequency Scale were
      used. RESULTS: Clozapine-induced hypersalivation was experienced by 92% of
      participants, with nocturnal hypersalivation more prevalent compared to daytime
      hypersalivation (85% versus 48%). Daytime drooling was severe in 18% of cases and
      was present on a frequent or constant basis for 20% of individuals.
      Hypersalivation had at least a moderate impact on the quality of life of 15% of
      study participants. CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine-induced hypersalivation is the most
      prevalent adverse effect experienced by patients treated with clozapine and
      negatively impacts on quality of life, particularly if daytime drooling is
      present. The development of further strategies to ameliorate this adverse effect
      is required given the demonstrated lack of success to date in managing this
      condition.

PMID- 27354907
TI  - Ketamine enantiomers in the rapid and sustained antidepressant effects.
AB  - Recent evidence has suggested that the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist
      ketamine shows significant therapeutic effects in major depression and bipolar
      disorder. This effect is especially important in treatment-resistant depression
      and depression with suicidal ideation. In this review we explain the mechanism of
      action, drug efficacy, and the side effects of ketamine; the antidepressive
      effects of ketamine; the individual effects of ketamine isomers, R(-) ketamine
      and S(+) ketamine; the effects of the combination of ketamine with
      electroconvulsive therapy; and the possible use of ketamine in treating
      depression. 

PMID- 27354910
TI  - Cabergoline-induced manic episode: case report.
AB  - Cabergoline is an orally administered synthetic dopamine agonist that is used for
      the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, Parkinson's disease and antipsychotic
      induced prolactin elevation. One of the main characteristics of cabergoline is
      its long duration of effect. It is highly effective in suppressing prolactin
      levels up to 21 days after a single 1 mg oral dose. The prolonged elimination
      half-life offers an advantage of once-daily dosing, but it might be a handicap in
      terms of washout of adverse effects such as psychosis. Cabergoline has been
      associated with adverse reactions consistent with other dopaminergic agonists
      including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric effects. It is
      known that dopaminergic treatment is a remarkable risk factor for psychosis. A
      number of reports implicate dopamine agonists in the development of psychosis,
      but there is no knowledge in the literature of dopamine agonist-induced mania. In
      this case, we report the first manic episode occurring after cabergoline use for
      hyperprolactinemia treatment. In susceptible individuals, cabergoline can cause
      manic episodes and cabergoline should be used more carefully considering the risk
      benefit ratio. 

PMID- 27354908
TI  - Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin
      and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials
      published in the last 25 years.
AB  - To date, pharmacological treatments for mood and anxiety disorders and for drug
      dependence show limited efficacy, leaving a large number of patients suffering
      severe and persistent symptoms. Preliminary studies in animals and humans suggest
      that ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may have
      antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive properties. Thus, we conducted a
      systematic review of clinical trials published from 1990 until 2015, assessing
      these therapeutic properties. Electronic searches were performed using the
      PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. Only clinical trials published in peer
      reviewed journals were included. Of these, 151 studies were identified, of which
      six met the established criteria. Reviewed studies suggest beneficial effects for
      treatment-resistant depression, anxiety and depression associated with life
      threatening diseases, and tobacco and alcohol dependence. All drugs were well
      tolerated. In conclusion, ayahuasca, psilocybin and LSD may be useful
      pharmacological tools for the treatment of drug dependence, and anxiety and mood
      disorders, especially in treatment-resistant patients. These drugs may also be
      useful pharmacological tools to understand psychiatric disorders and to develop
      new therapeutic agents. However, all studies reviewed had small sample sizes, and
      half of them were open-label, proof-of-concept studies. Randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled studies with more patients are needed to replicate these
      preliminary findings. 

PMID- 27354911
TI  - Genetic diversity of ruminant Pestivirus strains collected in Northern Ireland
      between 1999 and 2011 and the role of live ruminant imports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The genus pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae includes bovine
      viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2, border disease virus (BDV) and
      classical swine fever virus. The two recognised genotypes of BVDV are divided
      into subtypes based on phylogenetic analysis, namely a-p for BVDV-1 and a-c for
      BVDV-2. METHODS: Three studies were conducted to investigate the phylogenetic
      diversity of pestiviruses present in Northern Ireland. Firstly, pestiviruses in
      152 serum samples that had previously tested positive for BVDV between 1999 and
      2008 were genotyped with a RT-PCR assay. Secondly, the genetic heterogeneity of
      pestiviruses from 91 serum samples collected between 2008 and 2011 was
      investigated by phylogenetic analysis of a 288 base pair portion of the 5'
      untranslated region (UTR). Finally, blood samples from 839 bovine and 4,437 ovine
      animals imported in 2010 and 2011 were tested for pestiviral RNA. Analysis of
      animal movement data alongside the phylogenetic analysis of the strains was
      carried out to identify any links between isolates and animal movement. RESULTS:
      No BVDV-2 strains were detected. All of the 152 samples in the first study were
      genotyped as BVDV-1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the predominant subtype
      circulating was BVDV-1a (86 samples out of 91). The remaining five samples
      clustered close to reference strains in subtype BVDV-1b. Out of the imported
      animals, 18 bovine samples tested positive and 8 inconclusive (Ct >=36), while
      all ovine samples were negative. Eight sequences were obtained and were defined
      as BVDV-1b. Analysis of movement data between herds failed to find links between
      herds where BVDV-1b was detected. CONCLUSION: Given that only BVDV-1a was
      detected in samples collected between 1968 and 1999, this study suggests that at
      least one new subtype has been introduced to Northern Ireland between 1999 and
      2011 and highlights the potential for importation of cattle to introduce new
      strains.

PMID- 27354909
TI  - Lysergic acid diethylamide: a drug of 'use'?
AB  - Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), described as a classical hallucinogen, began
      its journey from the middle of the last century following an accidental
      discovery. Since then, it was used as a popular and notorious substance of abuse
      in various parts of the world. Its beneficial role as an adjunct to psychotherapy
      was much unknown, until some 'benevolent' experiments were carried out over time
      to explore some of its potential uses. But, many of its effects were unclear and
      seemed to be a psychedelic enigma. In this review article, we have described the
      receptor pharmacology, mechanism of action, effects and adverse effects of LSD on
      the normal body system. We have also highlighted its addictive potentials and the
      chances of developing tolerance. We have assimilated some of the interesting
      therapeutic uses of this drug, such as an antianxiety agent, a creativity
      enhancer, a suggestibility enhancer, and a performance enhancer. We have also
      described LSD to be successfully used in drug and alcohol dependence, and as a
      part of psychedelic peak therapy in terminally ill patients. The relevant
      chronological history and literature in the light of present knowledge and
      scenarios have been discussed. Based on available evidence, LSD could be tried
      therapeutically in certain specific conditions under controlled settings. But as
      we mention, due to all the safety concerns, the use of this nonaddictive
      'entheogen' in actual practice warrants a lot of expertise, caution, cooperation
      and ethical considerations. 

PMID- 27335634
TI  - Immunoblotting validation of research antibodies generated against HS1-associated
      protein X-1 in the human neutrophil model cell line PLB-985.
AB  - HS1-associated protein X-1 (Hax1) is a 35 kDa protein that is ubiquitously
      expressed. Hax1 is an anti-apoptotic protein with additional roles in cell
      motility, and autosomal recessive loss of Hax1 results in Kostmann syndrome, a
      form of severe congenital neutropenia. Because of the important role of Hax1 in
      neutrophils we demonstrate here validation of two commercially available research
      antibodies directed against human Hax1 in the human myeloid leukemia cell line
      PLB-985 cells. We show that both the mouse anti-Hax1 monoclonal IgG directed
      against amino acids 10-148 of Hax1 and a rabbit anti-Hax1 polyclonal IgG antibody
      directed against full-length Hax1 reliably and consistently detect Hax1 during
      immunoblotting of three different PLB-985 cell densities. Using shRNA mediated
      Hax1 knockdown, we demonstrate the specificity of both Hax1 antibodies. In
      addition, our results suggest that the rabbit anti-Hax1 polyclonal antibody
      provides a stronger intensity in detecting Hax1 protein, with detection in as few
      as 0.1 x 10 (6) cells in 6 total replicates we have performed. 

PMID- 27347374
TI  - IL-6 stimulates a concentration-dependent increase in MCP-1 in immortalised human
      brain endothelial cells.
AB  - Systemic inflammation is associated with neurodegeneration, with elevated
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) in particular being correlated with an increased risk of
      dementia. The brain endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier (BBB) serve as
      the interface between the systemic circulation and the brain microenvironment and
      are therefore likely to be a key player in the development of neuropathology
      associated with systemic inflammation. Endothelial cells are known to require
      soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) in order to respond to IL-6, but studies in rat
      models have shown that this is not the case for brain endothelial cells and
      studies conducted in human cells are limited. Here we report for the first time
      that the human cerebral microvascular cell line, hCMVEC, uses the classical mIL
      6R signalling pathway in response to IL-6 in a concentration-dependent manner as
      measured by the production of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1). This novel
      finding highlights a unique characteristic of human brain endothelial cells and
      that further investigation into the phenotype of this cell type is needed to
      elucidate the mechanisms of BBB pathology in inflammatory conditions. 

PMID- 27347377
TI  - Lovastatin lactone may improve irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C)
      by inhibiting enzymes in the archaeal methanogenesis pathway.
AB  - Methane produced by the methanoarchaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii ( M. smithii)
      has been linked to constipation, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS
      C), and obesity. Lovastatin, which demonstrates a cholesterol-lowering effect by
      the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, may also have an anti-methanogenesis effect
      through direct inhibition of enzymes in the archaeal methanogenesis pathway. We
      conducted protein-ligand docking experiments to evaluate this possibility.
      Results are consistent with recent clinical findings. METHODS: F420-dependent
      methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase ( mtd), a key methanogenesis
      enzyme was modeled for two different methanogenic archaea: M. smithii and
      Methanopyrus kandleri. Once protein models were developed, ligand-binding sites
      were identified. Multiple ligands and their respective protonation, isomeric and
      tautomeric representations were docked into each site, including F420-coenzyme
      (natural ligand), lactone and beta-hydroxyacid forms of lovastatin and
      simvastatin, and other co-complexed ligands found in related crystal structures.
      RESULTS: 1) Generally, for each modeled site the lactone form of the statins had
      more favorable site interactions compared to F420; 2) The statin lactone forms
      generally had the most favorable docking scores, even relative to the native
      template PDB ligands; and 3) The statin beta-hydroxyacid forms had less favorable
      docking scores, typically scoring in the middle with some of the F420 tautomeric
      forms. Consistent with these computational results were those from a recent phase
      II clinical trial ( NCT02495623) with a proprietary, modified-release lovastatin
      lactone (SYN-010) in patients with IBS-C, which showed a reduction in symptoms
      and breath methane levels, compared to placebo. CONCLUSION: The lactone form of
      lovastatin exhibits preferential binding over the native-F420 coenzyme ligand in
      silico and thus could inhibit the activity of the key M. smithii methanogenesis
      enzyme mtd in vivo. Statin lactones may thus exert a methane-reducing effect that
      is distinct from cholesterol lowering activity, which requires HMGR inhibition by
      statin beta-hydroxyacid forms.

PMID- 27354915
TI  - Association between heat stress and oxidative stress in poultry; mitochondrial
      dysfunction and dietary interventions with phytochemicals.
AB  - Heat as a stressor of poultry has been studied extensively for many decades; it
      affects poultry production on a worldwide basis and has significant impact on
      well-being and production. More recently, the involvement of heat stress in
      inducing oxidative stress has received much interest. Oxidative stress is defined
      as the presence of reactive species in excess of the available antioxidant
      capacity of animal cells. Reactive species can modify several biologically
      cellular macromolecules and can interfere with cell signaling pathways.
      Furthermore, during the last decade, there has been an ever-increasing interest
      in the use of a wide array of natural feed-delivered phytochemicals that have
      potential antioxidant properties for poultry. In light of this, the current
      review aims to (1) summarize the mechanisms through which heat stress triggers
      excessive superoxide radical production in the mitochondrion and progresses into
      oxidative stress, (2) illustrate that this pathophysiology is dependent on the
      intensity and duration of heat stress, (3) present different nutritional
      strategies for mitigation of mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular focus on
      antioxidant phytochemicals. Oxidative stress that occurs with heat exposure can
      be manifest in all parts of the body; however, mitochondrial dysfunction
      underlies oxidative stress. In the initial phase of acute heat stress,
      mitochondrial substrate oxidation and electron transport chain activity are
      increased resulting in excessive superoxide production. During the later stage of
      acute heat stress, down-regulation of avian uncoupling protein worsens the
      oxidative stress situation causing mitochondrial dysfunction and tissue damage.
      Typically, antioxidant enzyme activities are upregulated. Chronic heat stress,
      however, leads to downsizing of mitochondrial metabolic oxidative capacity, up
      regulation of avian uncoupling protein, a clear alteration in the pattern of
      antioxidant enzyme activities, and depletion of antioxidant reserves. Some
      phytochemicals, such as various types of flavonoids and related compounds, were
      shown to be beneficial in chronic heat-stressed poultry, but were less or not
      effective in non-heat-stressed counterparts. This supports the contention that
      antioxidant phytochemicals have potential under challenging conditions. Though
      substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the association
      between heat stress and oxidative stress, the means by which phytochemicals can
      alleviate oxidative stress have been sparsely explored. 

PMID- 27354916
TI  - Disrupted white matter integrity is associated with cognitive deficits in
      patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: An atlas-based study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated white matter integrity in patients with
      amnestic mild cognitive impairment by diffusion tensor imaging. METHODS: A total
      of 83 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and 85 elderly healthy
      controls underwent neuropsychological testing and a diffusion tensor imaging
      scan. Whole-brain white matter data were parcellated into 50 regions based on the
      anatomical ICBM-DTI-81 atlas, and regional diffusion metrics consisting of
      fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial
      diffusivity were calculated for each region. Diffusion tensor imaging indices
      were compared between groups, and it was determined that between-group
      differences were significantly correlated with neurocognitive performance.
      RESULTS: Relative to the healthy controls group, the amnestic mild cognitive
      impairment group exhibited poorer cognitive performance in all neuropsychological
      tests except the complex figure test (p = 0.083) and showed decreased mean
      fractional anisotropy in the fornix, increased mean diffusivity in the fornix and
      bilateral uncinate fasciculus, elevated axial diffusivity in the fornix and genu
      of corpus callosum, and elevated radial diffusivity in the fornix and bilateral
      uncinate fasciculus (p < 0.05). Behaviorally, integrity of the bilateral uncinate
      fasciculus was correlated positively with episodic memory function, while left
      uncinate fasciculus integrity was positively associated with language function in
      the amnestic mild cognitive impairment group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: White matter
      abnormalities in neural pathways associated with memory were correlated with
      neurocognitive deficiencies in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Given that
      amnestic mild cognitive impairment is putatively a prodromal syndrome for
      Alzheimer's disease, this study furthers our understanding of the white matter
      changes associated with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in the predementia
      stage.

PMID- 27354917
TI  - The effect of pharmacist-led interventions in optimising prescribing in older
      adults in primary care: A systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate studies of pharmacist-led interventions on potentially
      inappropriate prescribing among community-dwelling older adults receiving primary
      care to identify the components of a successful intervention. DATA SOURCES: An
      electronic search of the literature was conducted using the following databases
      from inception to December 2015: PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and
      Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE (through Ovid), Trip, Centre for Reviews and
      Dissemination databases, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ISI Web of
      Science, ScienceDirect, ClinicalTrials.gov, metaRegister of Controlled Trials,
      ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Database (Theses in Great Britain, Ireland and
      North America). REVIEW METHODS: Studies were included if they were randomised
      controlled trials or quasi-randomised studies involving a pharmacist-led
      intervention compared to usual/routine care which aimed to reduce potentially
      inappropriate prescribing in older adults in primary care. Methodological quality
      of the included studies was independently assessed. RESULTS: A comprehensive
      literature search was conducted which identified 2193 studies following removal
      of duplicates. Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies involved a
      pharmacist conducting a medication review and providing feedback to patients or
      their family physician. One randomised controlled trial evaluated the effect of a
      computerised tool that alerted pharmacists when elderly patients were newly
      prescribed potentially inappropriate medications. Four studies were associated
      with an improvement in prescribing appropriateness. CONCLUSION: Overall, this
      review demonstrates that pharmacist-led interventions may improve prescribing
      appropriateness in community-dwelling older adults. However, the quality of
      evidence is low. The role of a pharmacist working as part of a multidisciplinary
      primary care team requires further investigation to optimise prescribing in this
      group of patients.

PMID- 27354918
TI  - Numidum massiliense gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the Bacillaceae family
      isolated from the human gut.
AB  - Numidum massiliense gen. nov., sp. nov., strain mt3(T) is the type strain of
      Numidum gen. nov., a new genus within the family Bacillaceae. This strain was
      isolated from the faecal flora of a Tuareg boy from Algeria. We describe this
      Gram-positive facultative anaerobic rod and provide its complete annotated genome
      sequence according to the taxonogenomics concept. Its genome is 3 755 739 bp long
      and contains 3453 protein-coding genes and 64 RNA genes, including eight rRNA
      genes. 

PMID- 27354919
TI  - Indigenous obesity in the news: a media analysis of news representation of
      obesity in Australia's Indigenous population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High rates of obesity are a significant issue amongst Indigenous
      populations in many countries around the world. Media framing of issues can play
      a critical role in shaping public opinion and government policy. A broad range of
      media analyses have been conducted on various aspects of obesity, however media
      representation of Indigenous obesity remains unexplored. In this study we
      investigate how obesity in Australia's Indigenous population is represented in
      newsprint media coverage. METHOD: Media articles published between 2007 and 2014
      were analysed for the distribution and extent of coverage over time and across
      Indigenous and mainstream media sources using quantitative content analysis.
      Representation of the causes and solutions of Indigenous obesity and framing in
      text and image content was examined using qualitative framing analysis. RESULTS:
      Media coverage of Indigenous obesity was very limited with no clear trends in
      reporting over time or across sources. The single Indigenous media source was the
      second largest contributor to the media discourse of this issue. Structural
      causes/origins were most often cited and individual solutions were comparatively
      overrepresented. A range of frames were employed across the media sources. All
      images reinforced textual framing except for one article where the image depicted
      individual factors whereas the text referred to structural determinants.
      CONCLUSION: This study provides a starting point for an important area of
      research that needs further investigation. The findings highlight the importance
      of alternative news media outlets, such as The Koori Mail, and that these should
      be developed to enhance the quality and diversity of media coverage. Media
      organisations can actively contribute to improving Indigenous health through
      raising awareness, evidence-based balanced reporting, and development of closer
      ties with Indigenous health workers.

PMID- 27354920
TI  - Multiple genetically engineered humanized microenvironments in a single mouse.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunodeficient mouse models that accept human cell and tissue grafts
      can contribute greater knowledge to human stem cell research. In this technical
      report, we used biomaterial implants seeded with genetically engineered stromal
      cells to create several unique microenvironments in a single mouse. The scope of
      study was focused on human CD34 hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC)
      engraftment and differentiation within the engineered microenvironment. RESULTS:
      A mouse model system was created using subdermal implant sites that overexpressed
      a specific human cytokines (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (hVEGFa),
      Stromal Derived Factor 1 Alpha (hSDF1a), or Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (hTNFa))
      by stromal cells in a three-dimensional biomaterial matrix. The systemic exposure
      of locally overexpressed cytokines was minimized by controlling the growth of
      stromal cells, which led to autonomous local, concentrated sites in a single
      mouse for study. This biomaterial implant approach allowed for the local analysis
      of each cytokine on hematopoietic stem cell recruitment, engraftment and
      differentiation in four different tissue microenvironments in the same host. The
      engineered factors were validated to have bioactive effects on human CD34+
      hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: This model system can
      serve as a new platform for the study of multiple human proteins and their local
      effects on hematopoietic cell biology for in vivo validation studies.

PMID- 27354922
TI  - Diagnosing Disorder of Consciousness: The Opening of Pandora's Box!

PMID- 27354923
TI  - The Drug Trend Conundrum.

PMID- 27354921
TI  - Successful Management of Two Cases of Placenta Accreta and a Literature Review:
      Use of the B-Lynch Suture and Bilateral Uterine Artery Ligation Procedures.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Placenta accreta is an increasingly common complication of
      pregnancy that can result in massive hemorrhage. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe
      two cases of placenta accreta, with successful conservative management in a
      referral hospital in Tehran, Iran. In both cases, two procedures were performed:
      compression suture (B-Lynch) and a perfusion-decreasing procedure (bilateral
      uterine artery ligation). We also present the results of a narrative literature
      review. CONCLUSIONS: The double B-Lynch and uterine arterial ligation procedure
      in cases of abnormal placentation might be strongly considered in fertility
      preservation, coagulopathy, coexisting medical disease, blood access shortage,
      low surgical experience, distant local hospitals, and no help.

PMID- 27354925
TI  - Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy?
AB  - Treatment-refractory epilepsy remains an important clinical problem. There is
      considerable recent interest by the public and physicians in using medical
      marijuana or its derivatives to treat seizures. The endocannabinoid system has a
      role in neuronal balance and ictal control. There is clinical evidence of success
      in diminishing seizure frequencies with cannabis derivatives, but also
      documentation about exacerbating epilepsy or of no discernible effect. There are
      lay indications and anecdotal reports of success in attenuating the severity of
      epilepsy, but without solid investigational corroboration. Marijuana remains
      largely illegal, and may induce adverse consequences. Clinical applications are
      not approved, thus are restricted and only recommended in selected treatment
      unresponsive cases, with appropriate monitoring. 

PMID- 27354924
TI  - WHY NOT POT?: A Review of the Brain-based Risks of Cannabis.
AB  - In this review, we provide a historical perspective on marijuana, and survey
      contemporary research investigating its potential negative effects on the brain.
      We discuss the evidence regarding cannabis dependence, driving under the
      influence of cannabis, underachievement, inducing (or worsening) certain
      psychiatric conditions, and the potential for progression to use of more
      dangerous drugs-summarized by the acronym DDUMB, a cognitive tool that may help
      healthcare providers in their risk/benefit discussions with patients who use
      cannabis. We also review and discuss the impact of marijuana use on target
      populations, including adolescents (who are at increased risk of harm); heavy
      users; and people suffering from-or at high risk of- mental illness. While
      cannabis presents certain subjective, healthrelated, and pecuniary benefits to
      users, growers, and other entities, it is also associated with several brainbased
      risks. Understanding these risks aids clinicians and their patients in making
      informed and balanced decisions regarding the initiation or continuance of
      marijuana use. 

PMID- 27354926
TI  - Inter-rater Reliability Assessment of ASPECT-R: (A Study Pragmatic-Explanatory
      Characterization Tool-Rating).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The increasing importance of real-world data for clinical and policy
      decision making is driving a need for close attention to the pragmatic versus
      explanatory features of trial designs. ASPECT-R (A Study Pragmatic-Explanatory
      Characterization Tool-Rating) is an instrument informed by the PRECIS tool, which
      was developed to assist researchers in designing trials that are more pragmatic
      or explanatory. ASPECT-R refined the PRECIS domains and includes a detailed
      anchored rating system. This analysis established the inter-rater reliability of
      ASPECT-R. DESIGN: Nine raters (identified from a convenience sample of persons
      knowledgeable about psychiatry clinical research/study design) received ASPECT-R
      training materials and 12 study publications. Selected studies assessed
      antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia, were published in peer-reviewed
      journals, and represented a range of studies across a pragmatic-explanatory
      continuum as determined by authors (CB/LA). After completing training, raters
      reviewed the 12 studies and rated the study domains using ASPECT-R. Intraclass
      correlation coefficients were estimated for total and domain scores. Qualitative
      ratings then were assigned to describe the inter-rater reliability. RESULTS:
      ASPECT-R scores for the 12 studies were completed by seven raters. The ASPECT-R
      total score intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.87, corresponding to an
      excellent inter-rater reliability. Domain intraclass correlation coefficients
      ranged from 0.85 to 0.31, corresponding to excellent to poor inter-rater
      reliability. CONCLUSION: The inter-rater reliability of the ASPECT-R total score
      was excellent, with excellent to good inter-rater reliability for most domains.
      The fair to poor inter-rater reliability for two domains may reflect a need for
      improved domain definition, anchoring, or training materials. ASPECT-R can be
      used to help understand the pragmaticexplanatory nature of completed or planned
      trials.

PMID- 27354928
TI  - Managing the Suicidal Patient in a Split-treatment Relationship.

PMID- 27354927
TI  - A Case of Transient Global Amnesia: A Review and How It May Shed Further Insight
      into the Neurobiology of Delusions.
AB  - Transient global amnesia is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset
      of anterograde amnesia, accompanied by repetitive questioning, sometimes with a
      retrograde component, lasting up to 24 hours, without compromise of other
      neurologic function. Neuroimaging after an acutetransient global amnesia event
      often shows transient perturbation of specific hippocampal circuits that are
      involved in memory processing. Critical clinical distinctions, such as between
      transient global amnesia and other forms of transient amnesic episodes, as well
      as important clues to the underlying pathophysiologies are herein reviewed.
      Finally, we discuss the role of hippocampal insufficiency in the neurobiology of
      delusions. 

PMID- 27354929
TI  - Runny nose sign: Sequential rhinorrhea and syncope in dementia with Lewy bodies.

PMID- 27354931
TI  - Multiple Unilateral Vestibular Schwannomas: Segmental NF2 or Sporadic Occurrence?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report a case of a patient presenting with two separate unilateral
      vestibular schwannomas (VSs) without other stigmata of neurofibromatosis type 2
      (NF2). STUDY DESIGN: This article discusses a case report and review of the
      literature. SETTING: Tertiary academic referral center. PARTICIPANTS: A 41-year
      old female was referred for evaluation of a left-sided 1.8-cm cerebellopontine
      angle tumor centered on the porus acusticus and a separate ipsilateral 3-mm
      intracanalicular tumor appearing to arise from the superior vestibular nerve. The
      patient denied a family history of NF2. Neurotologic examination was unremarkable
      and close review of magnetic resonance imaging did not find any other stigmata of
      NF2. RESULTS: The patient underwent left-sided retrosigmoid craniotomy with gross
      total resection of both tumors. Final pathology confirmed benign schwannoma. The
      INI1/SMARCB1 staining pattern did not suggest NF2 or schwannomatosis.
      CONCLUSIONS: This is only the third report of a case with multiple unilateral VSs
      occurring in a patient without other features of NF2. Herein, the authors review
      the two other reports and discuss potential mechanisms for this rare phenomenon.

PMID- 27354930
TI  - Efficacy of Intraperitoneal Administration of PEGylated NELL-1 for Bone
      Formation.
AB  - Systemically delivered NEL-like molecule-1 (NELL-1), a potent pro-osteogenic
      protein, promotes bone formation in healthy and osteoporotic mouse models.
      PEGylation of NELL-1 (NELL-PEG) increases the half-life of the protein in a mouse
      model without compromising its osteogenic potential, thereby improving its
      pharmacokinetics upon systemic delivery. This study consists of a twofold
      approach: a biodistribution test and an in vivo osteogenic potential test. The
      biodistribution test compared two commonly used administration methods for drug
      delivery other than intravenous-intraperitoneal (IP) and subcutaneous (SC)-to
      examine NELL-PEG biodistribution in mice. Compared to a single-dose SC injection
      (1.25 mg/kg), a single-dose IP administration yielded a higher protein uptake in
      the targeted bone sites. When the IP injection dose was doubled to 2.5 mg/kg, the
      protein remained in the femurs, tibias, and vertebrae for up to 72 h. Next, based
      on the results of the biodistribution study, IP administration was selected to
      further investigate the in vivo osteogenic effects of weekly NELL-PEG injection
      (q7d). In vivo, the IP administered NELL-PEG group showed significantly greater
      bone mineral density, bone volume fraction, and trabecular bone formation in the
      targeted bone sites compared to the phosphate-buffered saline control. In
      summary, weekly NELL-PEG injection via IP administration successfully enhanced
      the overall bone quality. These findings demonstrate that systemic delivery of
      NELL-PEG via IP administration may serve as an effective osteogenic therapy for
      preventing and treating osteoporosis. 

PMID- 27354932
TI  - Malassezia pachydermatis fungemia in an adult with multibacillary leprosy.
AB  - Malassezia pachydermatis is a relatively rare agent of bloodstream infections. We
      describe an unusual case of Malassezia fungemia in an adult patient hospitalized
      for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia who was also found to have multibacillary
      leprosy. Treatment of the patient required extensive medical management but
      resulted in a good outcome. 

PMID- 27354933
TI  - Unsung heroes: Genomic successes in the developing world.

PMID- 27354934
TI  - Pharmacogenomics for infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: Successes and
      opportunities.

PMID- 27354935
TI  - Limited resources of genome sequencing in developing countries: Challenges and
      solutions.
AB  - The differences between countries in national income, growth, human development
      and many other factors are used to classify countries into developed and
      developing countries. There are several classification systems that use different
      sets of measures and criteria. The most common classifications are the United
      Nations (UN) and the World Bank (WB) systems. The UN classification system uses
      the UN Human Development Index (HDI), an indicator that uses statistic of life
      expectancy, education, and income per capita for countries' classification. While
      the WB system uses gross national income (GNI) per capita that is calculated
      using the World Bank Atlas method. According to the UN and WB classification
      systems, there are 151 and 134 developing countries, respectively, with 89%
      overlap between the two systems. Developing countries have limited human
      development, and limited expenditure in education and research, among several
      other limitations. The biggest challenge facing genomic researchers and
      clinicians is limited resources. As a result, genomic tools, specifically genome
      sequencing technologies, which are rapidly becoming indispensable, are not widely
      available. In this report, we explore the current status of sequencing
      technologies in developing countries, describe the associated challenges and
      emphasize potential solutions. 

PMID- 27354936
TI  - Tau protein as a biomarker for asphyxia: A possible forensic tool?
AB  - Asphyxial death has been a problem for forensic investigations due to the absence
      of a validated biomarker for the diagnosis of this event. Recently, research on
      brain affection by asphyxia raised hopes on the possible use of CNS markers for
      asphyxia. The cytoskeletal proteins seem to be attractive targets as they are
      vulnerable to hypoxia and can be affected in asphyxial deaths. Tau, an important
      cytoskeletal protein, showed affection in many neurodegenerative disorders and
      recently in some acute incidences like trauma and brain ischemia. In this report
      we show the affection of the normal pattern of tau and pathological aggregates of
      tau in the case of brain hypoxia. This may give new clues to asphyxial death
      investigations. 

PMID- 27354938
TI  - SeeHaBITaT: A server on bioinformatics applications for Tospoviruses and other
      species.
AB  - Plant viruses are important limiting factors in agricultural productivity.
      Tospovirus is one of the severe plant pathogens, causing damage to economically
      important food and ornamental crops worldwide through thrips as vectors. Database
      application resources exclusively on this virus would help to design better
      control measures, which aren't available. SeeHaBITaT is a unique and exclusive
      web based server providing work bench to perform computational research on
      tospoviruses and its species. SeeHaBITaT hosts Tospoviruses specific database
      Togribase, MOLBIT, SRMBIT and SS with PDB. These applications would be of immense
      help to the Tospovirus scientific community. The server could be accessed at
      http://bit.srmuniv.ac.in/. 

PMID- 27354937
TI  - Proceedings of a Sickle Cell Disease Ontology workshop - Towards the first
      comprehensive ontology for Sickle Cell Disease.
AB  - Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a debilitating single gene disorder caused by a
      single point mutation that results in physical deformation (i.e. sickling) of
      erythrocytes at reduced oxygen tensions. Up to 75% of SCD in newborns world-wide
      occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, where neonatal and childhood mortality from sickle
      cell related complications is high. While SCD research across the globe is
      tackling the disease on multiple fronts, advances have yet to significantly
      impact on the health and quality of life of SCD patients, due to lack of
      coordination of these disparate efforts. Ensuring data across studies is directly
      comparable through standardization is a necessary step towards realizing this
      goal. Such a standardization requires the development and implementation of a
      disease-specific ontology for SCD that is applicable globally. Ontology
      development is best achieved by bringing together experts in the domain to
      contribute their knowledge. The SCD community and H3ABioNet members joined forces
      at a recent SCD Ontology workshop to develop an ontology covering aspects of SCD
      under the classes: phenotype, diagnostics, therapeutics, quality of life, disease
      modifiers and disease stage. The aim of the workshop was for participants to
      contribute their expertise to development of the structure and contents of the
      SCD ontology. Here we describe the proceedings of the Sickle Cell Disease
      Ontology Workshop held in Cape Town South Africa in February 2016 and its
      outcomes. The objective of the workshop was to bring together experts in SCD from
      around the world to contribute their expertise to the development of various
      aspects of the SCD ontology. 

PMID- 27354939
TI  - Implementation of genomic medicine in Sri Lanka: Initial experience and
      challenges.
AB  - The recent advances in next generation sequencing technologies have made it
      possible to implement genomic medicine in developing countries such as Sri Lanka
      where capacity for utilization is limited. This paper aims to describe our
      initial experience and challenges faced in integrating genomic medicine into
      routine clinical practice. Using the Illumina MiSeq Next generation sequencing
      (NGS) platform and an in-house developed bioinformatics pipeline/workflow, we
      successfully implemented clinical exome sequencing for rare disorders, complex
      disorders with unusual coexisting phenotypes, and multigene cancer panel testing
      for inherited cancer syndromes. The advantages of implementing these tests, the
      challenges for bioinformatics analysis and reporting, the ethical, legal, and
      social implications of moving from genetic to genomic counseling, and special
      policy issues related to implementing these tests are further discussed. The
      implementation of genomic medicine into our routine clinical practice has
      facilitated improved care for our patients, attesting to the ability of resource
      limited countries to improve care using advanced genomic technology. 

PMID- 27354940
TI  - Translating translational medicine into global health equity: What is needed?
AB  - While genomics, and other omics, research is rapidly advancing in the US and
      Europe, progress has been slower in less resourced countries. The imbalance has
      given rise to concern about whether the benefits of these advances, namely new
      and better tests, treatments, risk identification, and prevention strategies,
      will be shared and available to those living in less resourced reaches of the
      globe. In effort to give voice to researchers, an informal survey about barriers
      to advancing translational medicine was administered to attendees of the 11th
      Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics, 2015, Hanoi. The overall goal of the
      survey was to identify unmet needs and rank their importance. Most attendees
      completed the survey. Not surprisingly funding is indicated as a major need.
      Respondents reported that lack of bioinformatics and computational tools, trained
      data scientists and access to datasets is creating a significant lag behind
      better resourced regions. Results are intended to inform efforts to create a
      regional consensus statement of need. Such a regional statement could help
      funding organizations and policy makers seeking to promote global genomics
      benefit sharing. 

PMID- 27354941
TI  - Extensive Arthroscopic Chondroplasty for Cartilage Hyperplasia of the Femoral
      Condyle Causing Recurrent Knee Locking in a Patient With Multiple Epiphyseal
      Dysplasia.
AB  - Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases
      causing altered enchondral ossification. It may affect the knee, among other
      joints, with variable clinical manifestations. In this report, we present a case
      of a young adult patient with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, presenting recurrent
      catching and locking of the knee due to hyperplastic irregular cartilage.
      Although radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging of his knee were inconclusive
      with regard to the source of symptoms, arthroscopic examination revealed a flap
      of irregular and extensive hypertrophic cartilage of the medial femoral condyle
      that was causing catching during knee motions. This was treated by extensive
      arthroscopic resection of the hypertrophic cartilage with the knee held in a deep
      flexion position and symptoms resolved uneventfully. The case emphasizes the
      importance of a thorough arthroscopic examination when radiographs and magnetic
      resonance imaging may overlook the specific source for symptoms, and shows the
      potential for symptom resolution by arthroscopic intervention in these unusual
      circumstances. 

PMID- 27354942
TI  - Technique of Arthroscopic Treatment of Impingement After Total Ankle
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - Rates of medial and/or lateral gutter impingement after total ankle replacement
      are not insignificant. If impingement should occur, it typically arises an
      average of 17 months after total ankle replacement. Our patient underwent
      treatment for right ankle medial gutter bony impingement with arthroscopic
      debridement 5 years after her initial total ankle replacement. Standard
      anteromedial and anterolateral portals and a 30 degrees  2.7-mm-diameter
      arthroscope were used. An aggressive soft-tissue and bony resection was performed
      using a combination of curettes, a 3.5-mm shaver, a 5.5-mm unsheathed burr, a
      drill, and a radiofrequency ablator. This case shows that arthroscopic treatment
      is an effective and potentially advantageous alternative to open treatment of
      impingement after total ankle replacement. In addition, symptoms of impingement
      often improve in a short amount of time after arthroscopic debridement of the
      medial and/or lateral gutter. 

PMID- 27354943
TI  - Combined Anterior and Anterolateral Stabilization of the Knee With the Iliotibial
      Band.
AB  - Interest and knowledge on the anatomy, function, and biomechanical properties of
      the anterolateral ligament has led to the recognition of the importance of this
      structure in rotational control of the knee. This article describes a technique
      that allows for a combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and anterolateral
      reconstruction, using an Iliotibial band (ITB) autograft. The graft is detached
      from the vastus lateralis from proximal to distal, at the center portion from
      ITB, preserving its distal insertion on the Gerdy tubercle. Its width is 1 cm for
      the distal part, used for the anterolateral ligament reconstruction, and 3 cm for
      the proximal part. An outside-in femoral tunnel is drilled respecting both the
      preferred favorable isometric femoral insertion site and the femoral ACL
      footprint. An ACL reconstruction combined with a lateral tenodesis with a
      continuous ITB graft respects the anatomical and isometric rules providing
      superior internal rotational control of the knee in comparison with a stand-alone
      ACL reconstruction. 

PMID- 27354944
TI  - Reconstruction of Focal Femoral Head Cartilage Defects With a Chitin-Based
      Scaffold.
AB  - It is well known that articular cartilage defects have little capability to heal.
      For grade III or IV cartilage defects, surgical intervention may be required for
      symptomatic patients. Microfracture is a commonly used surgical technique to
      address these injuries. However, microfracture has drawbacks, which include the
      risk of ossification of the newly formed tissue, as well as the imperfect and
      fragile nature of the fibrous cartilage. Given the challenges associated with
      microfracture, BST-CarGel (Piramal Healthcare, Laval, Quebec, Canada) has been
      developed to stabilize and support the nascent clot. This chitin-based polymer is
      mixed with the patient's own blood and inserted onto the microfractured defect.
      The polymer allows normal clot formation and provides a matrix to strengthen the
      clot, prevent retraction, and increase its adhesiveness to the natural tissue. We
      present, with a video example, a detailed arthroscopic technique for using BST
      CarGel to fill a focal femoral head cartilage defect. 

PMID- 27354945
TI  - Arthroscopic Stabilization for Chronic Latent Syndesmotic Instability.
AB  - Subtle syndesmotic instability not evident on radiography can result in chronic
      ankle pain. The diagnosis is uncommon, and arthroscopic evaluation remains the
      gold standard for diagnosis. Definitive surgical management can be performed at
      the time of diagnosis. Patients with 2 to 4 mm of diastasis of the syndesmosis or
      translation can be treated with debridement alone, and patients with 4 mm or more
      of diastasis or translation can be treated with arthroscopic debridement and
      reduction followed by percutaneous stabilization. Percutaneous stabilization is
      accomplished by a TightRope technique, which involves passing 1 or 2 suture
      buttons through all 4 cortices of the distal tibia and fibula. This technique is
      used in lieu of the traditional syndesmotic screw, which requires a subsequent
      operation for removal. 

PMID- 27354946
TI  - Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Hamstring Tendon Autograft With
      Preserved Insertions.
AB  - We present a technique for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using
      hamstring tendon autograft with preserved tibial insertions. The tendons,
      harvested with an open-ended tendon stripper while their tibial insertions are
      preserved, are looped around to prepare a quadrupled graft. The femoral tunnel is
      drilled independently through a transportal technique, whereas the tibial tunnel
      is drilled in a standard manner. The length of the quadrupled graft and loop of
      the RetroButton is adjusted so that it matches the calculated length of both
      tunnels and the intra-articular part of the proposed ACL graft. After the
      RetroButton is flipped, the graft is manually tensioned with maximal stretch on
      the free end, which is then sutured to the other end with preserved insertions.
      We propose that preserving the insertions is more biological and may provide
      better proprioception. The technique eliminates the need for a tibial-side
      fixation device, thus reducing the cost of surgery. Furthermore, tibial-side
      fixation of the free graft is the weakest link in the overall stiffness of the
      reconstructed ACL, and this technique circumvents this problem. Postoperative
      mechanical stability and functional outcome with this technique need to be
      explored and compared with those of ACL reconstruction using free hamstring
      autograft. 

PMID- 27354947
TI  - Endoscopy-Assisted Periacetabular Osteotomy.
AB  - Minimizing soft tissue dissection and improving visualization of vital structures
      during periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is of paramount importance to improve
      patient outcome and minimize complications. The endoscopy-assisted PAO was
      introduced to accomplish this objective. It involves an initial hip arthroscopy,
      for treatment of central compartment pathology, followed by a mini-open Bernese
      periacetabular osteotomy under fluoroscopic and endoscopic guidance, and
      completed by final dynamic hip arthroscopy to assess acetabular reorientation and
      fixation and to perform femoroplasty in relation to the new acetabular rim
      position, if needed. Endoscopy-assisted PAO is used to treat dysplasia or
      acetabular retroversion in a minimally invasive fashion. 

PMID- 27354948
TI  - Arthroscopic Reduction and Stabilization of Chronic Perilunate Wrist
      Dislocations.
AB  - An acute perilunate wrist injury that is unreduced for more than 6 weeks results
      in severe disability, and even open reduction with stabilization through wide
      dorsal and volar approaches is technically challenging. This report describes an
      arthroscopic technique for reduction and percutaneous wire stabilization of a
      chronic perilunate wrist dislocations. The technique involves initial radiocarpal
      and midcarpal access through the 6R and 3-4 portals, and these portals are used
      for synovectomy and debridement of capsular flap tears. The midcarpal joint is
      accessed initially through the radiocarpal joint, and additional midcarpal
      portals are used for sequential perilunate adhesiolysis before carpal
      mobilization and reduction. A percutaneous wire drilled into the lunate is used
      as a joystick to manipulate the lunate into its anatomic alignment along the
      carpal bones, and percutaneous transcarpal wire fixation is performed to
      stabilize the carpus. Arthroscopic and fluoroscopic guidance is used to optimize
      anatomic reduction and to confirm stability. The wrist is immobilized for 6
      weeks; the percutaneous wires are removed thereafter, and the wrist is mobilized.
      Overall, the arthroscopic technique provides a safe and reproducible method for
      treatment of this complex chronic injury. 

PMID- 27354949
TI  - Posterior Meniscal Root Repair: The Transtibial Double Tunnel Pullout Technique.
AB  - Meniscal root tears are increasingly recognized as an important pathology.
      Failure to recognize this pathology could lead to early onset osteoarthritis of
      the ipsilateral knee joint compartment similar to a total meniscectomy.
      Therefore, surgical treatment is necessary to restore meniscal function and to
      normalize contact pressures, when there is joint overload and sufficient
      remaining articular cartilage. This article details our anatomic posterior root
      repair procedure using a transtibial double tunnel pullout technique. 

PMID- 27354950
TI  - A Technique of Improved Medial Meniscus Visualization by Anterior Cruciate
      Ligament Graft Placement in Chronic Anterior Cruciate Deficient Knees.
AB  - It is customary to perform medial meniscus repair before anterior cruciate
      ligament (ACL) graft placement when undertaken as a combined procedure. However,
      in chronic ACL-deficient knees, intraoperative anterior tibiofemoral translation
      can cause the medial meniscus repair to be more technically challenging.
      Intraoperative anterior tibiofemoral translation can both reduce the
      visualization of the medial meniscus and make its reduction unstable. An
      operative sequence alteration of ACL graft placement and tensioning before medial
      meniscal repair improves medial meniscus visualization in chronically ACL
      deficient knees by using the ACL graft's ability to prevent anterior tibiofemoral
      translation. The technique sequence is as follows: (a) the medial meniscus is
      reduced, (b) ACL reconstruction is undertaken using a hamstring graft without
      final tibia fixation, 

PMID- 27354951
TI  - Anatomic Fibular Collateral Ligament Reconstruction.
AB  - Fibular collateral ligament (FCL) injuries can lead to varus instability of the
      knee, causing a varus thrust gait and resulting in increased forces on the medial
      compartment of the knee. In the long term, this can result in meniscal injuries
      and medial compartment osteoarthritis. Varus instability is also reported to
      increase forces on the cruciate ligaments, which can lead to overload and failure
      of these reconstructions in cases of nonrecognized combined injuries.
      Historically, both repair and reconstruction have been used for grade III
      injuries to the FCL. However, repair has been reported to lead to a higher
      reoperation rate. The hereby presented reconstruction technique is used for FCL
      injuries that do not involve other structures of the posterolateral corner, but
      can be used in combination with other knee ligament reconstructions including the
      posterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and medial collateral
      ligament. The purpose of this surgical technique article was to describe the
      biomechanically validated anatomic reconstruction of the FCL using a
      semitendinosus graft. 

PMID- 27354952
TI  - Arthroscopic Knotless Repair of the Posterior Labrum Using LabralTape.
AB  - Operative management of symptomatic labral tears of the shoulder has
      traditionally been the preferred treatment. Arthroscopic techniques and equipment
      continue to be refined and subsequent new recommendations for treatment are being
      developed. Contemporary techniques for arthroscopic knotless repair offer
      possible advantages over traditional arthroscopically tied knots. Although
      knotless repair of labral tears is well recognized, advancements continue to
      progress toward stronger fixation with reduced risks of cutting through the
      labrum and chondral abrasion. The suture tape used in the technique presented for
      arthroscopic knotless repair is stronger and flatter than traditional rounded
      suture and offers many potential benefits. 

PMID- 27354953
TI  - Soft-Tissue Loop for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction.
AB  - A patient with patellar instability frequently presents with anterior knee pain,
      patellar subluxation, or dislocation. Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) has a
      key role for normal patella tracking and stability. Reconstruction of the MPFL
      using a hamstring graft is a commonly used procedure for the treatment of chronic
      lateral subluxation of patella. Anchor sutures and bony tunnels are used for the
      patellar attachment of the graft. This can be associated with complications such
      as patella fracture; besides, it does not produce an anatomical reconstruction
      for the native MPFL that can alter the direction of tension applied on the
      patella. To overcome these problems, a soft-tissue loop technique is used for
      MPFL reconstruction. During this procedure, a semitendinosus graft was passed
      through the prepatellar extensor retinaculum and secured with sutures. The free
      ends of the graft were then passed between the second and third layers of the
      medial patellofemoral retinaculum and fixed to a femoral tunnel on the medial
      femoral condyle with an interference screw. The desired amount of tension on the
      graft is achieved under direct vision of patella tracking arthroscopically. We
      found this method to be relatively safe and fast. It is more anatomical and can
      avoid the complications during the conventional bony procedures. 

PMID- 27354954
TI  - Hip Labral Reconstruction: The "Kite Technique" for Improved Efficiency and Graft
      Control.
AB  - Although the merits of labral reconstruction have been well established, the
      technical difficulty of presently used reconstruction techniques-particularly
      with graft passage and fixation-limit its efficacy and potentiates the risk of
      iatrogenic damage within the hip joint. The unwieldy nature of a floating labral
      graft anchored on one end may impede accurate fixation of the other end, which is
      critical for restoration of the fluid hip seal and preservation of graft
      integrity. In this technique narrative, we present a "kite technique" for
      introduction, control, and efficient fixation of a labral reconstruction graft.
      The principles of this method are founded on the belief that a soft-tissue graft
      in an arthroscopic environment is much easier to guide into position with 2
      control sutures using a pulley system similar to flying a kite with 2 fly lines.
      Although we herein detail the technique as it applies to labral reconstruction in
      the hip, the concept of the kite technique may also be employed in arthroscopic
      assisted soft-tissue reconstructions of other joints. 

PMID- 27354955
TI  - Lung histopathological pattern in a survivor with rapidly progressive
      interstitial lung disease and anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5
      antibody-positive clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis.
AB  - Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) antibodies are specific
      indicators of patients with dermatomyositis, particularly clinically amyopathic
      dermatomyositis (CADM). CADM is occasionally accompanied by fatal, treatment
      resistant, rapidly-progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD). All previous
      reports showed that histopathological findings in RP-ILD with anti-MDA5 antibody
      positive CADM indicated diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). This is the first report
      describing a non-DAD pattern in RP-ILD with anti-MDA5 antibody-positive CADM,
      which was improved by immunosuppressive therapy. This case may be a milder
      clinical phenotype than a typical DAD pattern in RP-ILD with anti-MDA5 antibody
      positive CADM. 

PMID- 27354956
TI  - Non-parametric intravoxel incoherent motion analysis in patients with
      intracranial lesions: Test-retest reliability and correlation with arterial spin
      labeling.
AB  - Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) analysis of diffusion imaging data provides
      biomarkers of true passive water diffusion and perfusion properties. A new IVIM
      algorithm with variable adjustment of the b-value threshold separating diffusion
      and perfusion effects was applied for cerebral tissue characterization in healthy
      volunteers, computation of test-retest reliability, correlation with arterial
      spin labeling, and assessment of applicability in a small cohort of patients with
      malignant intracranial masses. The main results of this study are threefold: (i)
      accounting for regional differences in the separation of the perfusion and the
      diffusion components improves the reliability of the model parameters; (ii) if
      differences in the b-value threshold are not accounted for, a significant tissue
      dependent systematic bias of the IVIM parameters occurs; (iii) accounting for
      voxel-wise differences in the b-value threshold improves the correlation with CBF
      measurements in healthy volunteers and patients. The proposed algorithm provides
      a robust characterization of regional micro-vascularization and cellularity
      without a priori assumptions on tissue diffusion properties. The glioblastoma
      multiforme with its inherently high variability of tumor vascularization and
      tumor cell density may benefit from a non-invasive clinical characterization of
      diffusion and perfusion properties.

PMID- 27354957
TI  - Selective functional connectivity abnormality of the transition zone of the
      inferior parietal lobule in schizophrenia.
AB  - Structural and functional alterations in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in
      schizophrenia have been frequently reported; however, the IPL connectivity
      changes in schizophrenia remain largely unknown. Based on heterogeneity of the
      IPL in structure, connection and function, we hypothesize that the resting-state
      functional connectivities (rsFCs) of the IPL subregions are differentially
      affected in schizophrenia. This study included 95 schizophrenia patients and 104
      healthy controls. The IPL subregions were defined according to a previous in vivo
      connection-based parcellation study. We calculated the rsFC of each IPL subregion
      and compared them between the two groups while controlling for the effects of
      age, gender, and grey matter volume. Among the six subregions of the left IPL and
      the five subregions of the right IPL, only the bilateral PFm (a transition zone
      of the IPL) subregions exhibited abnormal rsFC in schizophrenia. Specifically,
      the left PFm showed increased rsFC with the bilateral lingual gyri in
      schizophrenia patients than in healthy controls. The right PFm exhibited
      increased rsFC with the right lingual gyrus and inferior occipital gyrus, and
      bilateral mid-cingulate and sensorimotor cortices in schizophrenia patients.
      These findings suggest a selective rsFC abnormality in the IPL subregions in
      schizophrenia, characterized by the increased rsFC between the PFm subregion of
      the IPL and the visual and sensorimotor areas.

PMID- 27354959
TI  - Reporting and understanding the safety and adverse effect profile of mobile apps
      for psychosocial interventions: An update.
AB  - Recent years have seen a rapidly increasing trend towards the delivery of health
      technology through mobile devices. Smartphones and tablet devices are thus
      becoming increasingly popular for accessing information and a wide range of
      services, including health care services. Modern mobile apps can be used for a
      variety of reasons, ranging from education for the patients and assistance to
      clinicians to delivery of interventions. Mobile phone apps have also been
      established to benefit patients in a scope of interventions across numerous
      medical specialties and treatment modalities. Medical apps have their advantages
      and disadvantages. It is important that clinicians have access to knowledge to
      make decisions regarding the use of medical apps on the basis of risk-benefit
      ratio. Mobile apps that deliver psycho social interventions offer unique
      challenges and opportunities. A number of reviews have highlighted the potential
      use of such apps. There is a need to describe, report and study their side
      effects too. The adverse effects associated with these apps can broadly be
      divided into: (1) those resulting from the security and safety concerns; (2)
      those arising from the use of a particular psycho social intervention; and (3)
      those due to the interaction with digital technology. There is a need to refine
      and reconsider the safety and adverse effects in this area. The safety profile of
      a mobile PSI app should describe its safety profile in: (1) privacy and security;
      (2) adverse effects of psychotherapy; and (3) adverse effects unique to the use
      of apps and the internet. This is, however, a very new area and further research
      and reporting is required to inform clinical decision making. 

PMID- 27354958
TI  - Patterns of regional gray matter loss at different stages of schizophrenia: A
      multisite, cross-sectional VBM study in first-episode and chronic illness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia have been repeatedly
      demonstrated in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, but it remains unclear
      whether these are static or progressive in nature. While longitudinal MRI studies
      have been traditionally used to assess the issue of progression of brain
      abnormalities in schizophrenia, information from cross-sectional neuroimaging
      studies directly comparing first-episode and chronic schizophrenia patients to
      healthy controls may also be useful to further clarify this issue. With the
      recent interest in multisite mega-analyses combining structural MRI data from
      multiple centers aiming at increased statistical power, the present multisite
      voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study was carried out to examine patterns of brain
      structural changes according to the different stages of illness and to ascertain
      which (if any) of such structural abnormalities would be specifically correlated
      to potential clinical moderators, including cumulative exposure to
      antipsychotics, age of onset, illness duration and overall illness severity.
      METHODS: We gathered a large sample of schizophrenia patients (161, being 99
      chronic and 62 first-episode) and controls (151) from four previous morphometric
      MRI studies (1.5 T) carried out in the same geographical region of Brazil. Image
      processing and analyses were conducted using Statistical Parametric Mapping
      (SPM8) software with the diffeomorphic anatomical registration through
      exponentiated Lie algebra (DARTEL) algorithm. Group effects on regional gray
      matter (GM) volumes were investigated through whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons
      using General Linear Model Analysis of Co-variance (ANCOVA), always including
      total GM volume, scan protocol, age and gender as nuisance variables. Finally,
      correlation analyses were performed between the aforementioned clinical
      moderators and regional and global brain volumes. RESULTS: First-episode
      schizophrenia subjects displayed subtle volumetric deficits relative to controls
      in a circumscribed brain regional network identified only in small volume
      corrected (SVC) analyses (p < 0.05, FWE-corrected), including the insula,
      temporolimbic structures and striatum. Chronic schizophrenia patients, on the
      other hand, demonstrated an extensive pattern of regional GM volume decreases
      relative to controls, involving bilateral superior, inferior and orbital frontal
      cortices, right middle frontal cortex, bilateral anterior cingulate cortices,
      bilateral insulae and right superior and middle temporal cortices (p < 0.05, FWE
      corrected over the whole brain). GM volumes in several of those brain regions
      were directly correlated with age of disease onset on SVC analyses for conjoined
      (first-episode and chronic) schizophrenia groups. There were also widespread foci
      of significant negative correlation between duration of illness and relative GM
      volumes, but such findings remained significant only for the right dorsolateral
      prefrontal cortex after accounting for the influence of age of disease onset.
      Finally, significant negative correlations were detected between life-time
      cumulative exposure to antipsychotics and total GM and white matter volumes in
      schizophrenia patients, but no significant relationship was found between indices
      of antipsychotic usage and relative GM volume in any specific brain region.
      CONCLUSION: The above data indicate that brain changes associated with the
      diagnosis of schizophrenia are more widespread in chronic schizophrenia compared
      to first-episode patients. Our findings also suggest that relative GM volume
      deficits may be greater in (presumably more severe) cases with earlier age of
      onset, as well as varying as a function of illness duration in specific frontal
      brain regions. Finally, our results highlight the potentially complex effects of
      the continued use of antipsychotic drugs on structural brain abnormalities in
      schizophrenia, as we found that cumulative doses of antipsychotics affected brain
      volumes globally rather than selectively on frontal-temporal regions.

PMID- 27354960
TI  - Bilingualism and schizophrenia.
AB  - Although a bilingual advantage has been described for neurodegenerative disease
      in general, it is not known whether such an advantage could accrue to individuals
      suffering from schizophrenia, since language networks are known to be disrupted
      in this condition. The aim of this minireview was to scan the existing literature
      to determine: (1) whether individuals with schizophrenia are able to learn a
      second language as adults; (2) whether clinical assessment, both for the purpose
      of accurate diagnosis and for the prediction of treatment response, should be
      carried out in both languages in bilinguals with schizophrenia; (3) whether
      psychotherapy in schizophrenia is affected by bilingualism; and (4) whether
      speaking a second language improves outcome in schizophrenia. The literature to
      date is too sparse to make definitive statements, but: (1) individuals with
      schizophrenia appear to be capable of learning a new languages as adults; and (2)
      it is possible that teaching a foreign language may serve as a form of cognitive
      rehabilitation for this condition. This literature review recommends research
      into the effects of bilingualism on the outcome of schizophrenia. Included in
      this review is a retrospective pilot study conducted in Canada, which suggests
      that employment opportunities for patients with schizophrenia are improved when
      they speak more than one language. This is important to note because employment
      is generally problematic in the context of schizophrenia while, at the same time,
      the ability to obtain work contributes significantly to quality of life. 

PMID- 27354961
TI  - Vascular cognitive impairment, a cardiovascular complication.
AB  - Over the past two decades, the term vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) has been
      used to refer to a spectrum of cognitive decline characterized by executive
      dysfunction, associated with vascular pathology. With 30% of stroke survivors
      showing cognitive impairments, it is regarded as the most common cause of
      cognitive impairment. This is a narrative review of available literature citing
      sources from PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar. VCI has a high prevalence both
      before and after a stroke and is associated with great economic and caregiver
      burden. Despite this, there is no standardized diagnostic criteria for VCI.
      Hypertension has been identified as a risk factor for VCI and causes changes in
      cerebral vessel structure and function predisposing to lacuna infarcts and small
      vessel haemorrhages in the frontostriatal loop leading to executive dysfunction
      and other cognitive impairments. Current trials have shown promising results in
      the use of antihypertensive medications in the management of VCI and prevention
      of disease progression to vascular dementia. Prevention of VCI is necessary in
      light of the looming dementia pandemic. All patients with cardiovascular risk
      factors would therefore benefit from cognitive screening with screening
      instruments sensitive to executive dysfunction as well as prompt and adequate
      control of hypertension. 

PMID- 27354962
TI  - Linking multiple pathogenic pathways in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder presenting as
      progressive cognitive decline with dementia that does not, to this day, benefit
      from any disease-modifying drug. Multiple etiologic pathways have been explored
      and demonstrate promising solutions. For example, iron ion chelators, such as
      deferoxamine, are a potential therapeutic solution around which future studies
      are being directed. Another promising domain is related to thrombin inhibitors.
      In this minireview, a common pathophysiological pathway is suggested for the
      pathogenesis of AD to prove that all these mechanisms converge onto the same
      cascade of neuroinflammatory events. This common pathway is initiated by the
      presence of vascular risk factors that induce brain tissue hypoxia, which leads
      to endothelial cell activation. However, the ensuing hypoxia stimulates the
      production and release of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory proteins.
      Furthermore, the endothelial activation may become excessive and dysfunctional in
      predisposed individuals, leading to thrombin activation and iron ion
      decompartmentalization. The oxidative stress that results from these
      modifications in the neurovascular unit will eventually lead to neuronal and
      glial cell death, ultimately leading to the development of AD. Hence, future
      research in this field should focus on conducting trials with combinations of
      potentially efficient treatments, such as the combination of intranasal
      deferoxamine and direct thrombin inhibitors. 

PMID- 27354963
TI  - Failure of memantine to "reverse" quinpirole-induced hypomotility.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate antidepressant-like effect of memantine in a rat model. METHODS:
      Male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally with either vehicle, memantine
      (10 mg/kg) or imipramine (20 mg/kg), for 3 wk. Twenty-four hour after the last
      treatment animals were challenged with quinpirole (0.3 mg/kg s.c.) and tested for
      motor activity. After 1 h habituation to the motility cages, the motor response
      was recorded for the following 45-min and the data were collected in 5-min time
      bins. RESULTS: As expected, chronic treatment with imipramine potentiated the
      locomotor stimulant effect of quinpirole. On the contrary, chronic memantine
      administration failed to induce the behavioral supersensitivity to the dopamine
      agonist. CONCLUSION: The results show that memantine, at variance with
      antidepressant treatments, fails to induce dopaminergic behavioral
      supersensitivity. This observation is consistent with the results of preclinical
      and clinical studies suggesting that memantine does not have an acute
      antidepressant action but does have an antimanic and mood-stabilizing effect.

PMID- 27354964
TI  - Hippocampus and amygdala volumes in patients with vaginismus.
AB  - AIM: To compare hippocampus and amygdala volumes of patients with vaginismus with
      those of healthy control subjects. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging was
      performed on ten patients with vaginismus and ten control subjects matched for
      age and gender. Volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala were blindly measured.
      RESULTS: We found that the mean right amygdala volume of patients with vaginismus
      were smaller than that of the healthy controls. With regard to hippocampus
      volumes, the mean left and right hippocampus volumes were smaller than those of
      the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Our present findings suggest that there have
      been hippocampus and amygdala structural abnormalities in patients with
      vaginismus. These changes provide the notion that vaginismus may be a fear
      related condition.

PMID- 27354965
TI  - Peritraumatic Behavior Questionnaire - Observer Rated: Validation of the
      objective version of a measure for combat-related peritraumatic stress.
AB  - AIM: To validate the first third-person-rated measure assessing combat-related
      peritraumatic stress symptoms and evaluate its psychometric properties and war
      zone applicability. METHODS: The valid assessment of peritraumatic symptoms in
      the theater of military operations represents a significant challenge in combat
      related, mental health research, which mainly relies on retrospective, subjective
      self-report ratings. This longitudinal observational study used data from
      actively deployed troops to correlate third-person observer ratings of deployment
      peritraumatic behaviors [Peritraumatic Behavior Questionnaire - Observer Rated
      (PBQ-OR)] collected on a bi-monthly basis with post-deployment (1-wk follow-up)
      ratings of the previously validated PBQ self-rate version (PBQ-SR), and (3-mo
      follow-up) clinician assessed and self-report posttraumatic stress disorder
      (PTSD) symptoms (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, PTSD Checklist). Cronbach's
      alpha (alpha) and correlation coefficients were calculated to assess internal
      reliability and concurrent validity respectively. RESULTS: Eight hundred and
      sixty male Marines were included in this study after signing informed consents at
      pre-deployment (mean age 23.2 +/- 2.6 years). Although our findings were limited
      by an overall sparse return rate of PBQ-OR ratings, the main results indicate
      satisfactory psychometric properties with good internal consistency for the PBQ
      OR (alpha = 0.88) and high convergent and concurrent validity with 1-wk post
      deployment PBQ-SR ratings and 3-mo posttraumatic stress symptoms. Overall, later
      PBQ-OR report date was associated with higher correlation between PBQ-OR and post
      deployment measures. Kappa analysis between PBQ-OR and PBQ-SR single items,
      showed best agreement in questions relating of mortal peril, desire for revenge,
      and experience of intense physical reactions. Logistic regression demonstrated
      satisfactory predictive validity of PBQ-OR total score with respect to PTSD
      caseness (OR = 1.0513; 95%CI: 1.011-1.093; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Since no
      comparable tools have been developed, PBQ-OR could be valuable as real-time
      screening tool for earlier detection of Service Members at risk.

PMID- 27354966
TI  - Association between recognizing dementia as a mental illness and dementia
      knowledge among elderly Chinese Americans.
AB  - AIM: To investigate whether older Chinese Americans perceive dementia as a mental
      illness and the relationship between such perception and their general
      understanding of dementia remains unclear. Our study aims to understand this
      relationship and its future implication on improving dementia literacy among
      ethnic minorities. METHODS: Elderly Chinese American participants from the
      Greater Los Angeles were asked to complete an 11-item dementia questionnaire,
      following a community health seminar. Cross-sectional survey data was analyzed
      using standard statistical methods. RESULTS: The questionnaire received an 88.3%
      response rate. Among 316 responders, only 28.8% (n = 91) of elderly Chinese
      Americans identified dementia as a mental illness, and 71.2% (n = 225) did not
      recognize its mental disease origin. Furthermore, in comparison between these two
      groups, the first group demonstrated significantly higher level of baseline
      knowledge of the disease. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that only approximately
      1 out of 4 older Chinese Americans recognized dementia as a mental illness,
      consistent with previous studies on Asian Americans. Our study however showed
      that when dementia was being perceived as a mental illness, such perception was
      associated with a higher level of baseline dementia understanding. The current
      study suggested the potential of improving older Chinese Americans dementia
      literacy by increasing awareness of its mental illness origin.

PMID- 27354967
TI  - Effectiveness of an intervention for reducing social stigma towards mental
      illness in adolescents.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention for reducing social stigma
      towards mental illness in adolescents. The effect of gender and knowledge of
      someone with mental illness was measured. METHODS: Two hundred and eighty
      secondary school students were evaluated using the Community Attitudes towards
      Mental Illness (CAMI) questionnaire. The schools were randomized and some
      received the intervention and others acted as the control group. The programme
      consisted of providing information via a documentary film and of contact with
      healthcare staff in order to reduce the social stigma within the school
      environment. RESULTS: The intervention was effective in reducing the CAMI
      authoritarianism and social restrictiveness subscales. The intervention showed
      significant changes in girls in terms of authoritarianism and social
      restrictiveness, while boys only showed significant changes in authoritarianism.
      Following the intervention, a significant reduction was found in authoritarianism
      and social restrictiveness in those who knew someone with mental illness, and
      only in authoritarianism in those who did not know anyone with mental illness.
      CONCLUSION: The intervention was effective to reduce social stigma towards people
      with mental illness, especially in the area of authoritarianism. Some differences
      were found depending on gender and whether or not the subjects knew someone with
      mental illness.

PMID- 27354968
TI  - Path analysis of relationship among personality, perceived stress, coping, social
      support, and psychological outcomes.
AB  - AIM: To provide a structural model of the relationship between personality
      traits, perceived stress, coping strategies, social support, and psychological
      outcomes in the general population. METHODS: This is a cross sectional study in
      which the study group was selected using multistage cluster and convenience
      sampling among a population of 4 million. For data collection, a total of 4763
      individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, personality
      traits, life events, coping with stress, social support, and psychological
      outcomes such as anxiety and depression. To evaluate the comprehensive
      relationship between the variables, a path model was fitted. RESULTS: The
      standard electronic modules showed that personality traits and perceived stress
      are important determinants of psychological outcomes. Social support and coping
      strategies were demonstrated to reduce the increasing cumulative positive effects
      of neuroticism and perceived stress on the psychological outcomes and enhance the
      protective effect of extraversion through decreasing the positive effect of
      perceived stress on the psychological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Personal resources
      play an important role in reduction and prevention of anxiety and depression. In
      order to improve the psychological health, it is necessary to train and reinforce
      the adaptive coping strategies and social support, and thus, to moderate negative
      personality traits.

PMID- 27354969
TI  - Facial emotion perception in schizophrenia: Does sex matter?
AB  - AIM: To review the literature on sex differences in facial emotion perception
      (FEP) across the schizophrenia spectrum. METHODS: We conducted a systematic
      review of empirical articles that were included in five separate meta-analyses of
      FEP across the schizophrenia spectrum, including meta-analyses that predominantly
      examined adults with chronic schizophrenia, people with early (onset prior to age
      18) or recent-onset (experiencing their first or second psychotic episode or
      illness duration less than 2 years) schizophrenia, and unaffected first-degree
      relatives of people with schizophrenia. We also examined articles written in
      English (from November 2011 through June 2015) that were not included in the
      aforementioned meta-analyses through a literature search in the PubMed database.
      All relevant articles were accessed in full text. We examined all studies to
      determine the sample sizes, diagnostic characteristics, demographic information,
      methodologies, results, and whether each individual study reported on sex
      differences. The results from the meta-analyses themselves as well as the
      individual studies are reported in tables and text. RESULTS: We retrieved 134
      articles included in five separate meta-analyses and the PubMed database that
      examined FEP across the schizophrenia spectrum. Of these articles, 38 examined
      sex differences in FEP. Thirty of these studies did not find sex differences in
      FEP in either chronically ill adults with schizophrenia, early-onset or recently
      diagnosed people with schizophrenia, or first-degree relatives of people with
      schizophrenia. Of the eight studies that found sex differences in FEP, three
      found that chronically ill women outperformed men, one study found that girls
      with early-onset schizophrenia outperformed boys, and two studies found that
      women (including first-degree relatives, adults with schizophrenia, and the
      healthy control group) outperformed men on FEP tasks. In total, six of the eight
      studies that examined sex differences in FEP found that women outperformed men
      across the schizophrenia spectrum. CONCLUSION: Evidence to date suggests few sex
      differences in FEP in schizophrenia; both men and women across the schizophrenia
      spectrum have deficits in FEP.

PMID- 27354971
TI  - Urinary capillariosis in six dogs from Italy.
AB  - Canine urinary capillariosis is caused by the nematode Pearsonema plica. P. plica
      infection is seldomly detected in clinical practice mainly due to diagnostic
      limitations. This report describes six cases of urinary capillariosis in dogs
      from Italy. Recurrent cystitis was observed in one dog, whereas another patient
      was affected by glomerular amyloidosis. In the remaining animals, the infection
      was considered an incidental finding. Immature eggs of the parasite were observed
      with urine sediment examination in 3/6 patients. Increased awareness of the
      potential pathogenic role of P. plica and clinical disease presentation could
      help identify infected animals. 

PMID- 27354970
TI  - Review of key telepsychiatry outcomes.
AB  - AIM: To conduct a review of the telepsychiatry literature. METHODS: We conducted
      a systematic search of the literature on telepsychiatry using the search terms,
      "telepsychiatry", "telemental health", "telecare", "telemedicine", "e-health",
      and "videoconferencing". To meet criteria for inclusion, studies had to: (1) be
      published in a peer-reviewed journal after the year 2000; (2) be written in
      English; (3) use videoconferencing technology for the provision of mental health
      assessment or treatment services; and (4) use an adequately-powered randomized
      controlled trial design in the case of treatment outcome studies. Out of 1976
      studies identified by searches in PubMed (Medline database), Ovid medline,
      PsychInfo, Embase, and EBSCO PSYCH, 452 met inclusion criteria. Studies that met
      all inclusion criteria were organized into one of six categories: (1)
      satisfaction; (2) reliability; (3) treatment outcomes; (4) implementation
      outcomes; (5) cost effectiveness; and (6) and legal issues. All disagreements
      were resolved by reassessing study characteristics and discussion. RESULTS:
      Overall, patients and providers are generally satisfied with telepsychiatry
      services. Providers, however, tend to express more concerns about the potentially
      adverse of effects of telepsychiatry on therapeutic rapport. Patients are less
      likely to endorse such concerns about impaired rapport with their provider.
      Although few studies appropriately employ non-inferiority designs, the evidence
      taken together suggests that telepsychiatry is comparable to face-to-face
      services in terms of reliability of clinical assessments and treatment outcomes.
      When non-inferiority designs were appropriately used, telepsychiatry performed as
      well as, if not better than face-to-face delivery of mental health services.
      Studies using both rudimentary and more sophisticated methods for evaluating cost
      effectiveness indicate that telepsychiatry is not more expensive than face-to
      face delivery of mental health services and that telepsychiatry is actually more
      cost-effective in the majority of studies reviewed. Notwithstanding legal
      concerns about loss of confidentiality and limited capacity to respond to
      psychiatric emergencies, we uncovered no published reports of these adverse
      events in the use of telepsychiatry. CONCLUSION: A large evidence base supports
      telepsychiatry as a delivery method for mental health services. Future studies
      will inform optimal approaches to implementing and sustaining telepsychiatry
      services.

PMID- 27354972
TI  - Association of circulating irisin levels with normal weight obesity, glycemic and
      lipid profile.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Irisin, a recently identified myokine/adipokine, has potential role
      in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Normal weight obesity (NWO) is associated with a
      significantly higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic
      dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate association of irisin level
      with NWO, glycemicand lipid profile in women. METHODS: In this matchedcase
      control study, 38 subjects with NWO (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2 and BF % >
      30) as case and 26 controls (BMI <25 kg/m2 and BF % < 30) were selected randomly
      from sport clubs in the East area of Tehran, Iran. In addition to anthropometric
      variables, including BMI and body composition, fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting
      levels of irisin andinsulin, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high
      density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were
      measured. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: In
      univariate analysis, levels of irisin were significantly higher in subjects with
      NWO compared to controls (0.81 +/- 0.41vs. 0.58 +/- 0.26 ng/ml, P = 0.009). This
      association remained significant after adjusting for confounders (adjusted for
      energy intake, physical activity, waist circumference and BMI) (P = 0.049). In
      NWO, irisin level was not significantly correlated with all glycemic and lipid
      profile. In control group, only correlation ofirisin with insulin was
      statistically significant (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Serum irisin levels were higher
      in NWO subjects than controls. In control group, only the negative association
      between irisin and insulin levels was statistically significant. Further studies
      with larger sample size are clearly needed to evaluate the potential role of
      irisin in NWO subject and other disturbed metabolic conditions.

PMID- 27354973
TI  - The Level of Professionalism of Nurses Working in a Hospital in Turkey.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Professionalism is characterized by the degree of dedication
      displayed by individuals regarding the values and behavioral attributes of a
      specific career identity. Professionalism indicates attitudes that represent high
      levels of identification with and commitment to a specific profession. In the
      process of the professional development of nursing, various factors affect these
      obstacles which may impede the professional development of nurses and their
      professional behaviors. This study was carried out with the aim of determining
      the professional behavior of nurses in a hospital in Turkey. METHODS: In this
      descriptive exploratory study a total of 89 nurses working in a public hospital
      in northwestern of Turkey were participated. Data were collected using a
      demographic questionnaire and Behavioral Inventory Form for Professionalism in
      Nursing (BIPN). RESULTS: The result showed that mean scores on the BIPN were 5.07
      (3.47). The areas with the highest levels of professional behavior were
      competence and continuing education 1.88 (0.34). The professionalism levels for
      nurses were the lowest in the areas of autonomy 0.06 (0.34), publication 0.10
      (0.25), and research 0.25 (0.60). There was a statistically significant
      difference between the total BIPN scores and the education levels of the nurses
      and the working of nurses. CONCLUSION: The professional behavior of nurses is at
      a low level. Since the arrangement of the nurses' working conditions affects
      their professional behaviors; therefore, development in the field of professional
      behaviors in nursing must be assessed and supported to increase the quality of
      patient care.

PMID- 27354974
TI  - Effect of White Noise on Sleep in Patients Admitted to a Coronary Care.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Sleep disorders are a common problem in patients in the critical
      care unit. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of
      white noise on the quality of sleep in patients admitted to the CCU. METHODS: The
      present study was single-blind, quasi-experimental study. A total of 60 patients
      were selected using the purposive sampling method. Quality of sleep was measured
      with PSQI on the first day in admission, then after three nights of admission
      without any intervention for control group and for the experimental group quality
      of sleep measured by white noise with intensity of 50-60 dB then Quality of sleep
      was measured with PSQI. Data were analyzed by SPSS 13 software. RESULTS: The
      average total sleep time in the control group before the study reached from 7.08
      (0.8) to 4.75 (0.66) hours after three nights of hospitalization, while in the
      experimental group, no significant changes were seen in the average sleep hours
      (6.69 +/- 0.84 vs. 6.92 +/- 0.89, P = 0.15).The average minutes of sleep in the
      control group before the study reached from 12.66 (7.51) to 25.83 (11.75) minutes
      after a three- night stay, while in the experimental group, no significant
      changes were observed in the average sleep duration (12.16 +/- 7.50 vs. 11 +/-6.
      07, P = 0.16). CONCLUSION: The use of white noise is recommended as a method for
      masking environmental noises, improving sleep, and maintaining sleep in the
      coronary care unit.

PMID- 27354975
TI  - The impact of Multimedia Software Support on the Knowledge and Self-Care
      Behaviors of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Education is the most effective and economical part of diabetes
      treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a training
      program with multimedia software on the knowledge and self-care behaviors of
      patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled
      clinical trial in which 60 patients referred to diabetes clinic at Arak city were
      divided randomly into experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. The
      instruments for collecting data were "Summary of Diabetes self-care activities
      questionnaire" and "knowledge of self-care in patients with diabetes". Data were
      collected before and 2 months after the intervention in the both groups.
      Educational program with equal content was applied for both experimental group
      (self-care program with multimedia software support) & control group (lecture and
      presentation with PowerPoint). Data analysis was done using SPSS Ver.13. RESULTS:
      Implementation of the self-care program with multimedia software support resulted
      in improvements in patients' self-care behaviors in the experimental group,
      whereas these behaviors had not significant changes in the control group after
      eight weeks. There was a significant difference in the mean score of knowledge in
      both the experiment and control groups before and after the intervention.
      CONCLUSION: Considering beneficial effects of training program with multimedia
      software support on the knowledge and self-care behaviors and the importance of
      this issue, suggested that the patients preferably provide terms of use of
      educational software for themselves.

PMID- 27354976
TI  - Is Nurses' Professional Competence Related to Their Personality and Emotional
      Intelligence? A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Nurses' professional competence is a crucial factor in clinical
      practice. Systematic evaluation of nurses' competence and its related factors are
      essential for enhancing the quality of nursing care. This study aimed to assess
      the nurses' competence level and its possible relationship with their personality
      and emotional intelligence. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional survey design, three
      instruments including Nurse Competence Scale, short form of Schutte Self Report
      Emotional Intelligence Test, and the short 10-item version of Big Five Factor
      Inventory, were administered simultaneously to a randomized stratified sample of
      220 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical
      Sciences. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 11.5. RESULTS: Majority of
      nurses rated themselves as "good" and "very good", with the highest scores in
      "managing situations" and "work role" dimensions of nurse competence. A
      relatively similar pattern of scores was seen in competence dimensions,
      personality and emotional intelligence, among male and female nurses. Emotional
      intelligence and personality scores showed a significant relationship with
      nurses' competence, explaining almost 20% of variations in nurse competence
      scores. CONCLUSION: Iranian nurses evaluated their overall professional
      competence at similar level of the nurses in other countries. Knowledge about the
      nurses' competence level and its related factors, including personality and
      emotional intelligence, may help nurse managers in enhancing nurses' professional
      competence through appropriate task assignments and conducting in-service
      educational programs, thus improving the health status of patients.

PMID- 27354977
TI  - "Where Withstanding is Difficult, and Deserting Even More": Head Nurses'
      Phenomenological Description of Intensive Care Units.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The intensive care unit is one of the specialized units in
      hospitals where head nurses are responsible for both motivating the personnel and
      providing high quality care. Understanding of the lived experiences of head
      nurses could help develop new assumptions of the ICU. The present study was
      therefore conducted to describe the lived experiences of head nurses working in
      ICU. METHODS: In this phenomenological study, data were collected through
      unstructured in-depth interviews with 5 ICU head nurses in Northern Iran and then
      analyzed using 7 steps Colaizzi's method. RESULTS: Despite the "distressing
      atmosphere of the ICU", the "difficulty of managing the ICU" and the "difficulty
      of communication in the ICU", which encourages the "desire to leave the unit"
      among ICU head nurses, the "desire to stay in the unit" is stronger and head
      nurses are highly motivated to stay in the unit because the unit "develops a
      feeling of being extraordinary", "creates an interest in providing complicated
      care to special patients", "facilitates the spiritual bond", "develops a
      professional dynamism" and "creates an awareness about the nature of intensive
      care" among them. CONCLUSION: According to the result, ICU head nurses are still
      inclined to work in the unit and achieve success in spite of the problems that
      persist in working in the ICU. As the individuals' motivation can be the backbone
      of organizations, and given that individuals with a high enthusiasm for success
      are productive, hospital managers can take advantage of this strength in choosing
      their head nurses.

PMID- 27354978
TI  - Development and Preliminary Validation of Diabetes Adjustment Assessment Scale
      (DAAS): a New Measure of Adjustment with Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several adjustment scales are available for Diabetes, but,
      unfortunately most of them focused on the limited dimensions of diabetes and are
      not specific for type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to develop a
      multidimensional scale for Diabetes type 2 Adjustment Assessment and to test
      preliminary validity, reliability and clinical utility of the scale for this
      population. METHODS: In this methodological design study, the Diabetes Adjustment
      Assessment Scale was developed and the psychometric properties of this scale was
      assessed in patients with Type 2 diabetes. This study included internal
      consistency, content validity and exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: 1000
      patients with type 2 diabetes completed the 45-item Diabetes Adjustment Scale.
      After eliminating two item, the 43-item measure demonstrated good internal
      consistency (Cronbach's alpha= 0.75). Factor analysis identified eight factors
      including; reshape (11 questions), seek to acceptance of illness (7 questions),
      normal life with the disease (6 questions), initial self-management (2
      questions), comparing (4 questions), initial imaging of illness (4 questions),
      return to resources(3 questions), and advanced self- management (6 questions).
      CONCLUSION: Considering that validity and reliability indexes of the scale are
      reported in an appropriate level, it can be used as a valid and reliable tool in
      measuring level of adjustment with type2 diabetes.

PMID- 27354979
TI  - Sleep Hygiene Practices and Their Relation to Sleep Quality in Medical Students
      of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Poor quality of sleep is a distressing and worrying condition that
      can disturb academic performance of medical students. Sleep hygiene practices are
      one of the important variables that affect sleep quality. The objective of this
      study was to assess association between sleep hygiene practices and sleep quality
      of medical students in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. METHODS: In this
      descriptive-correlational study, a total of 285 medical students completed a self
      administered questionnaire. Demographic data, sleep-wake schedule in weekday and
      weekend, and sleep duration were collected. Students' sleep quality was assessed
      by Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed by SPSS Ver 13.
      RESULTS: Overall, 164 (57.5) of students had poor sleep quality. Mean global PSQI
      score and average score of four subscales were significantly higher in male than
      female. Regression analysis showed that male students (beta=-0.85, P<0.05),
      students at senior level (beta=-0.81, P<0.05), married students (beta=-0.45,
      P<0.05), and those with improper sleep hygiene practices slept worse. CONCLUSION:
      The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of poor sleep quality in
      medical students is high. Improper sleep hygiene behaviors might be a reason for
      poor quality of sleep in medical students.

PMID- 27354980
TI  - The Effect of a Designed Respiratory Care Program on the Incidence of Ventilator
      Associated Pneumonia: A Clinical Trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common complication of
      mechanical ventilation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of designed
      respiratory care program on incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in
      the mechanically ventilated patient. METHODS: In this clinical trial, 64 patients
      were selected among those who had undergone mechanical ventilation in the ICU of
      Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran, using convenience sampling method. The subjects
      were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. In the intervention
      group an upper respiratory care program and in the control group, routine cares
      were done. Modified Clinical Pulmonary Infection Questionnaire was completed
      before and on the third, fourth and fifth day of study. Data were analyzed by Chi
      square and independent t-test through SPSS Ver.13. RESULTS: The results of this
      study showed that until the third day of study, the incidence of VAP was similar
      in the both groups. However, on the fifth day of study, the incidence of VAP in
      the intervention group was significantly lower than control group. CONCLUSION:
      The results of this study showed that an upper respiratory care program reduced
      the incidence of VAP. Therefore, nurses are recommended to perform this program
      for prevention of VAP.

PMID- 27354981
TI  - Experiences of Iranian Nurses that Intent to Leave the Clinical Nursing: a
      Content Analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite the current shortage of nurses, it is important to know the
      reasons nurses want to leave the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was
      to explore the experiences of nurses who intend to leave clinical nursing.
      METHODS: In a qualitative content analysis study, data obtained from 13 in-depth
      face-to-face semi-structured interviews with nurses working in hospitals
      affiliated to the Tabriz and Urmia University of Medical Sciences in Iran,
      selected through purposive sampling. A conventional content analysis was used for
      data analysis. RESULTS: Four categories and eleven subcategories emerged during
      data analysis. The extracted categories and sub categories consisted of (I) Entry
      routes into nursing (implicitly entry, targeted entry), (II) Defects in dignity
      (lack of professional vision toward the nurses, social status of nurses), (III)
      Work in non-ideal working environment (lack of support, discrimination, conflict,
      lack of opportunities for advancement), and (IV) Dissatisfaction with working
      conditions (heavy workload, lack of power, unusual working hours). CONCLUSION:
      The findings of this qualitative study reflect professional turnover as a
      complex, ongoing, multidimensional process. By identifying the factors
      responsible, it could be possible to retain nurses in the field.

PMID- 27354982
TI  - Lacrimal Gland Intra-Lobular Duct Cysts Associated with Focal Vasculitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Description of the clinical and histopathological features of unusual
      lacrimal gland intra-glandular duct cysts. PROCEDURES: A 38-year-old male
      presented with bilateral upper lid lumpiness, which was worse on the left.
      Computed tomography scan showed bilateral multiple lacrimal gland cysts, which
      were larger on the left compared to the right. After two unsuccessful attempts to
      excise the largest cyst on the left side, it was removed at the third attempt
      using a novel technique that incorporated the use of fibrin glue to fill the
      remaining cavity. RESULTS: The microscopy of the left-sided cyst comprised a
      cavity containing fibrin glue, lined by intra-lobular lacrimal gland duct
      epithelium. The cyst wall contained reactive lymphoid aggregates, plasma cells
      and eosinophils associated with fibrosis. Focally, there were small vessels
      affected by an acute vasculitis associated with eosinophils and a granulomatous
      component. CONCLUSIONS: We ascribe the cyst formation to the effects of
      tractional fibrosis secondary to focal vasculitis and to obstructive fibrosis of
      the lacrimal ductules. This case also described a novel use of Tisseel fibrin
      glue to assist intact removal of a lacrimal gland cyst.

PMID- 27354983
TI  - Progression of Cutaneous Vitiligo in a Patient with Large Posterior Choroidal
      Melanoma: A Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of our study was to report a case of progression of
      cutaneous vitiligo after large posterior choroidal melanoma diagnosis. METHODS:
      The clinical history, fundus findings and histopathological features suggest the
      diagnosis of cutaneous vitiligous progression after a diagnosis of large
      posterior choroidal melanoma. RESULTS: A 30-year-old female, with a personal
      history of cutaneous vitiligo for 12 years, was diagnosed with choroidal melanoma
      18 months previously. The cutaneous vitiligo had progressed over her back, body
      and arms during the preceding 3 years. She refused treatment because she was in
      her 28th week of pregnancy. When she came to our clinic her visual symptoms had
      worsened, and the fundus examination showed a melanocytic choroidal mass. After
      confirming that there was no extraocular extension, she was treated with
      enucleation. A histopathological study confirmed the choroidal melanoma
      diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The association between the progression of vitiligo and
      the diagnosis of uveal melanoma could be considered a good prognostic factor, as
      has been described in cases of cutaneous melanoma. A longer follow-up of these
      patients will allow us to confirm this association.

PMID- 27354984
TI  - Diagnosing Pathological Prognostic Factors in Retinoblastoma: Correlation between
      Traditional Microscopy and Digital Slides.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It was the aim of this study to determine the diagnostic accuracy of
      high-risk prognostic factors and morphological characteristics of retinoblastomas
      using digital whole slide images (WSI) generated by a scanner. METHODS: Forty
      seven H&E sections of glass slides with high-risk morphological features of
      retinoblastoma were analyzed. Slides were scanned as WSI and reviewed. The
      results were compared with those obtained after reviewing the slides using a
      regular microscope as the gold standard. McNemar's test (MT), the percentage of
      agreement (POA), and sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) were evaluated between
      WSI and conventional microscopy. RESULTS: There were no differences with respect
      to multicentricity, growth type, rosette formation, choroidal invasion, anterior
      chamber invasion, extraocular extension, scleral extension, optic nerve invasion,
      necrosis, or Azzopardi effect between WSI analysis and light microscopy (MT, p =
      1.0; POA = 100%; S = 100%, and Sp = 100%). Discordance was found in 1 case where
      calcification could not be found using WSI (MT, p = 1.00; POA = 97.9%; S = 100%,
      and Sp = 97.8%). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
      report using digital pathology (WSI) to evaluate prognostic factors in eyes
      containing retinoblastomas. Using WSI, the pathologist was able to detect high
      risk morphological features in retinoblastoma. To date, WSI is an important tool,
      in particular for ophthalmic pathologists examining enucleation and exenteration
      specimens.

PMID- 27354985
TI  - LGI1 antibody encephalopathy overlapping with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report a rare case of leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1)
      antibody-mediated autoimmune encephalopathy clinically overlapping with
      pathologically confirmed sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). METHODS: The
      patient was investigated with repeated brain MRI, EEG, CSF examination, whole
      body fluorodeoxy-glucose positron emission tomography, genetic analysis of the
      prion protein gene (PRNP), and extensive serologic screening for paraneoplastic
      and autoimmune encephalopathy markers. Written informed consent was obtained from
      the patient's next of kin for access to clinical files for research purposes and
      for publication. RESULTS: The patient was a 77-year-old man who presented with
      faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) secondary to LGI1 antibody-mediated
      autoimmune encephalopathy, with suggestive MRI findings and a complete response
      to treatment with combinatorial immunosuppression. Stereotactic biopsy of a
      nonenhancing T1 hyperintense basal ganglia lesion during the initial FBDS phase,
      albeit following immunosuppression, did not disclose evidence of lymphocytic
      inflammation. Following full remission of the FBDS, the patient manifested a
      rapidly progressive dementia associated with gross motor decline confirmed to be
      CJD at autopsy (molecular subtype VV3), with no evidence of a pathogenic PRNP
      mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Our patient highlights that these rare diseases are not
      invariably mutually exclusive and underscores the benefits of comprehensive
      neuropathologic examination of the brain to achieve an accurate diagnosis,
      especially in complex cases when the clinical trajectory dramatically deviates
      and a concomitant disease may need to be conscientiously considered to best
      explain the new clinical course.

PMID- 27354986
TI  - Monozygotic twins discordant for narcolepsy type 1 and multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 27354987
TI  - Delayed diagnosis of extraovarian teratoma in relapsing anti-NMDA receptor
      encephalitis.

PMID- 27354988
TI  - Aquaporin-4 IgG autoimmune syndrome and immunoreactivity associated with thyroid
      cancer.

PMID- 27354989
TI  - Aspirin and endometrial cancer risk.

PMID- 27354990
TI  - Tumor grade and chemotherapy response in endometrioid endometrial cancer.
AB  - The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between tumor grade
      and response to chemotherapy in patients with endometrioid endometrial
      adenocarcinoma. Patients with advanced or recurrent endometrioid endometrial
      adenocarcinoma of known tumor grade who received at least 3 cycles of
      chemotherapy were retrospectively identified at three institutions. RECIST 1.1
      criteria were used to assess response to neoadjuvant, postoperative or salvage
      chemotherapy. Chi-square testing was used to evaluate the association between
      tumor grade and chemotherapy response. Ninety-one patients met inclusion
      criteria: 13 with grade 1, 29 with grade 2 and 49 with grade 3 tumors. Eighty
      four percent of patients received chemotherapy for recurrence, 12% for
      postoperative residual disease, and 4% in the neoadjuvant setting. The majority
      (85%) received carboplatin and paclitaxel. Forty-six percent (6/13) of grade 1,
      72% (21/29) of grade 2 and 43% (21/49) of grade 3 tumors achieved an objective
      response. Grade 2 tumors were more likely to respond to chemotherapy compared to
      grade 3 tumors (72% vs. 43%, p = 0.02; Table 2), and specifically more likely to
      respond to carboplatin/paclitaxel (72% vs. 41%, p = 0.016). Median progression
      free survival for patients receiving chemotherapy for recurrence or progression
      was 9 months for grade 1, 8 months for grade 2, and 5 months for grade 3 tumors.
      Similar results between grade and treatment response were apparent in the subset
      of 37 patients with a recently re-assigned tumor grade (G2 88% vs. G3 44%, p =
      0.032). In this series of endometrioid endometrial cancers, grade 2 tumors had
      the best measurable response to chemotherapy. 

PMID- 27354991
TI  - Mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the cervix: Case report and literature review.
AB  - A mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a very rare tumor deriving from
      remnants of the mesonephric duct. Differential diagnosis from other cervical
      carcinomas is difficult and little is known regarding its biological behavior,
      prognosis, and the optimal management strategy. We present a case of a
      mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the cervix with a comprehensive review of the
      existing literature. In this case a 66-year-old woman presented with
      postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. She was diagnosed with a FIGO stage IIB
      mesonephric adenocarcinoma of the cervix and treated with neoadjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy and a Wertheim hysterectomy. The recovery from surgery was
      uneventful and the patient remains with no evidence of disease with 2 years of
      follow-up. 

PMID- 27354992
TI  - Actigraphic evaluation in patients with endometrial cancer.

PMID- 27354993
TI  - Correction of coagulopathy associated with non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
      (NBTE) by surgical debulking in a case of ovarian clear cell carcinoma.
AB  - *Ovarian cancer, particularly clear cell carcinoma, creates a hypercoagulable
      state.*This state can predispose to non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
      (NBTE).*NBTE can embolize and cause widespread arterial infarction.*NBTE is
      sometimes associated with a treatment refractory disseminated
      coagulopathy.*Surgical removal of the primary mass can sometimes reverse the
      coagulopathy. 

PMID- 27354994
TI  - Solitary fibrous tumor of the greater omentum mimicking an ovarian tumor in a
      young woman.
AB  - We report a case of solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of greater omentum in a young
      woman. SFT arising from the greater omentum can mimic a gynecologic neoplasm.
      SFTs are generally benign but some of them are malignant and have uncertain
      prognosis. An adequate follow-up is essential in these patients. 

PMID- 27354995
TI  - Primary peritoneal carcinoma presenting as a Sister Mary Joseph's nodule: A case
      report and review of the literature.
AB  - Sister Mary Joseph's nodule is sometimes the first sign of an internal
      malignancy, including gastrointestinal, gynecological, or malignancy of unknown
      primary. It is rarely the sole presentation of a primary peritoneal cancer. In
      this report, we present the case of a 70-year-old female with umbilical drainage
      and a computed tomography scan consistent with solitary umbilical nodule.
      Excision of the nodule revealed adenocarcinoma of likely mullerian origin.
      Surgical staging did not show any evidence of malignancy with the exception of
      pelvic washings. She was considered to have primary peritoneal adenocarcinoma and
      was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. 

PMID- 27354996
TI  - Management of a rapidly enlarging new adnexal mass: a rare case of desmoplastic
      small round cell tumor of the ovary arising in pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an extremely rare
      sarcomatous tumor, which is most commonly seen in men. Clinicians managing a
      patient with a rapidly enlarging mass in pregnancy should be aware of the risk
      for malignancy. CASE: A 31-year-old woman was found to have a newly enlarged
      ovarian mass in the second trimester. She subsequently underwent a laparotomy for
      removal, with chemotherapy for presumed poorly differentiated ovarian malignancy.
      Ultimately she was diagnosed with a desmoplastic small round cell tumor of the
      ovary and had progression at time of delivery. Following cesarean delivery, she
      had a tumor reductive surgery. She has completed 12 cycles of intensive
      chemotherapy and is alive with disease at 14 months. CONCLUSION: Care should be
      taken not to delay evaluation of a rapidly enlarging mass in pregnancy. While
      this tumor type is extremely rare, a malignancy in pregnancy must be ruled out in
      this clinical scenario.

PMID- 27354997
TI  - A case of mesothelioma masquerading pre-operatively as ovarian cancer and brief
      review of the literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM) can masquerade as an ovarian
      epithelial neoplasm, with very similar presenting clinical symptoms and imaging
      findings. The gold standard in differentiating between these two diagnoses lies
      in tissue pathology. CASE REPORT: This is a case of MPM that was initially
      misdiagnosed as ovarian cancer based on family history, imaging, and surgical
      findings. Tissue diagnosis preoperatively would have changed the planned
      procedure. Retrospectively, after the diagnosis of MPM, the patient was found to
      have had an indirect exposure to asbestos through her father. CONCLUSIONS: This
      case highlights the importance of keeping a broad differential when diagnosing
      ovarian malignancies, collecting both family and social histories (including
      screening for exposure to asbestos), and the benefit of obtaining tissue
      diagnosis when MPM is suspected.

PMID- 27354998
TI  - Short-term morbidity in transdiaphragmatic cardiophrenic lymph node resection for
      advanced stage gynecologic cancer.
AB  - Ovarian cancer is commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage, with disease involving
      the upper abdomen. The finding of enlarged cardiophrenic lymph nodes (CPLNs) on
      pre-operative imaging often indicates the presence of malignant spread to the
      mediastinum. Surgical resection of CPLN through a transdiaphragmatic approach can
      help to achieve cytoreduction to no gross residual. A retrospective chart review
      was conducted on all patients who underwent transdiaphragmatic cardiophrenic
      lymph node resection from 8/1/11 through 2/1/15. All relevant pre-, intra-, and
      post-operative characteristics and findings were recorded. A brief description of
      the surgical technique is included for reference. Eleven patients were identified
      who had undergone transdiaphragmatic resection of cardiophrenic lymph nodes.
      Malignancy was identified in 18/21 (86%) of total lymph nodes submitted. The
      median number of post-operative days was 7. The overall post-operative morbidity
      associated with CPLN resection was low, with the most common finding being a
      small pleural effusion present on chest x-ray between POD# 3-5 (55%).
      Transdiaphragmatic CPLN resection is a feasible procedure with relatively minor
      short-term post-operative morbidities that can be used to achieve cytoreduction
      to no gross residual disease. 

PMID- 27354999
TI  - Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with
      ovarian dysgerminoma.
AB  - *Ovarian dysgerminoma associated with paraneoplastic fever, cytopenia and
      splenomegaly*Complete symptom resolution resulted from tumor resection and
      medical management*Non-hematolymphoid neoplasms are part of differential
      diagnosis in secondary HLH. 

PMID- 27355000
TI  - Incidence and contributing factors to termination of the patient-physician
      relationship.
AB  - PURPOSE: Identify the incidence and factors contributing to the termination of
      gynecologic patient-physician relationships. METHODS: All patients terminated
      from the practice between January 2008 and December 2012 were identified. Charts
      were reviewed for demographic information, termination reason, and cancer
      diagnosis. RESULTS: In the five year study period, 8851 new patients presented to
      the division of gynecologic oncology. Within this cohort, 123 patient-physician
      relationships were terminated. Among terminated patients, missed appointments
      (63.4%), noncompliance to treatment (23.6%), disruptive behavior (10.6%), and
      drug abuse behavior (2.4%) were the key reasons for termination. While no
      patients were terminated for financial reason, statistical differences were found
      for those with Medicaid insurance (OR = 5; 95% CI: 3.4-7.1). Terminated patients
      were more likely to be younger, African American/Black, and have a diagnosis of
      GTD or cancer, particularly cervical cancer, when compared against all retained
      patients. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of patient-physician relationship
      termination was low at 1.4% (123/8851). However, the finding that the 52% of
      terminated patients had a diagnosis of cancer is concerning; 73% of which had
      stage III or greater disease, or were unstaged. We hope that the identification
      and quantification of reasons for termination and those at risk for termination,
      as well as the introduction of patient-navigators, will lead to improved methods
      to ensure patient compliance and retention.

PMID- 27355001
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix associated with pregnancy: A case report and
      review of literature.
AB  - *Management of cervical leiomyosarcoma in pregnancy requires a multidisciplinary
      approach.*Ovarian preservation is preferred in young patients with early stage
      cervical leiomyosarcoma.*Routine lymphadenectomy in patients with early stage
      cervical leiomyosarcoma is not useful. 

PMID- 27355002
TI  - A non-pregnant woman with elevated beta-HCG: A case of para-neoplastic syndrome
      in ovarian cancer.
AB  - There is a broad range of possible diagnoses for an elevated beta human chorionic
      gonadotropin (beta-hCG) in the absence of intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy. When
      women of child bearing potential undergo evaluation for clinical trial, it is
      often unclear what course of evaluation to take when a pregnancy test is
      positive. We describe the clinical course of a patient with widely metastatic
      mucinous ovarian carcinoma with metastasis to the peritoneum, lymph nodes and
      liver. The patient was found to have a mildly elevated beta-hCG during initial
      evaluation for clinical trial. Extensive work up for ectopic pregnancy,
      trophoblastic disease, and phantom beta-hCG were negative. The patient's beta-hCG
      levels continued to rise until initiation of therapy. She was treated on a phase
      I protocol with restaging scans revealing a partial response. The beta-hCG was
      retested and declined in conjunction with her response, consistent with
      paraneoplastic beta-hCG. Here, we propose a decision making algorithm to evaluate
      a patient with an elevated beta-hCG undergoing assessment for clinical trial. 

PMID- 27355003
TI  - Robotically assisted delayed total laparoscopic hysterectomy for placenta
      percreta.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of morbidly adherent placenta has dramatically
      increased in the setting of the rising cesarean rate in the United States.
      Delayed surgical management of placenta accreta and its variants is emerging as
      methods that may significantly decrease bleeding and perioperative complications;
      however, optimal surgical approaches have not yet been determined. In this
      report, we present a case of robotic-assisted delayed interval hysterectomy in a
      patient with placenta percreta. METHOD: A minimally invasive approach, via a
      robotic-assisted total laparoscopic hysterectomy, was utilized for a 39-year-old
      gravida 9 para 3 with placenta percreta with placenta left in situ ten weeks
      after a tertiary cesarean section. EXPERIENCE: The robotic approach provided
      excellent visualization to facilitate fine planes of dissection, lower than
      expected estimated blood loss, and faster recover times when compared with
      conventional surgical approaches traditionally utilized for interval
      hysterectomies for placenta percreta. CONCLUSION: Robotic-assisted hysterectomy
      may be considered as an alternative to laparotomy for the delayed interval
      surgical management of morbidly adherent placenta percreta.

PMID- 27355004
TI  - Treatment and follow-up of malignant struma ovarii: Regarding two cases.
AB  - Malignant struma ovarii (SO) is a rare tumor, and as a consequence, treatments
      and follow-up procedures are not clearly established. Presented in this study are
      two cases of suspicious ovarian masses, resected and corresponding to malignant
      SO on histopathology. Similar to thyroid cancer, we proposed complementary
      radioiodine therapy ((131)I) after total thyroidectomy (no malignancy was
      observed at this level in our two patients). Patients underwent treatment with
      3.7 GBq (131)I followed by post-therapy whole-body scintigraphy, which can detect
      residual disease or occult metastases. Thyroid remnant ablation increases the
      sensitivity and specificity of follow-up testing using serum thyroglobulin levels
      as a tumor marker. Our two patients remained disease-free for 3 and 5 years,
      respectively, after treatment.

PMID- 27355005
TI  - Symbiotic Efficiency of Native Rhizobia Nodulating Common Bean (Phaseolus
      vulgaris L.) in Soils of Western Kenya.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine the abundance and symbiotic efficiency of
      native rhizobia nodulating common bean in Kisumu and Kakamega, Kenya. Soil
      sampling was carried out in three farms that had been used for growing common
      bean for at least two seasons and one fallow land with no known history of
      growing common bean or inoculation. Abundance of soil rhizobia and symbiotic
      efficiency (SE) were determined in a greenhouse experiment. Native rhizobia
      populations ranged from 3.2 * 10(1) to 3.5 * 10(4) cells per gram of soil. Pure
      bacterial cultures isolated from fresh and healthy root nodules exhibited typical
      characteristics of Rhizobium sp. on yeast extract mannitol agar media
      supplemented with Congo red. Bean inoculation with the isolates significantly (p
      < 0.05) increased the shoot dry weight and nitrogen (N) concentration and
      content. The SE of all the native rhizobia were higher when compared to a
      reference strain, CIAT 899 (67%), and ranged from 74% to 170%. Four isolates had
      SE above a second reference strain, Strain 446 (110%). Our results demonstrate
      the presence of native rhizobia that are potentially superior to the commercial
      inoculants. These can be exploited to enhance bean inoculation programmes in the
      region. 

PMID- 27355006
TI  - Pumice Characteristics and Their Utilization on the Synthesis of Mesoporous
      Minerals and on the Removal of Heavy Metals.
AB  - Wastewater treatment of some heavy metals was carried out by synthetic zeolite
      P1, which was prepared by alkaline hydrothermal treatment of the pumice. Both of
      the pumice raw materials and synthetic zeolite were investigated for their
      chemical phase composition, physical properties, and microstructure. The
      adsorption behavior of Na-zeolite P1 with respect to Co(+2), Cu(+2), Fe(+2), and
      Cd(+2) has been studied to be applied in the industrial wastewater treatment.
      Metal removal was investigated using synthetic solutions at different ions
      concentrations, time, and Na-P1 zeolite doses as well as constant temperature and
      pH. It is concluded that the optimum conditions for synthesis of highly active Na
      P1 zeolite from natural pumice raw material are one molar NaOH concentration,
      temperature at 80 degrees C, and one week as a crystallization time. In addition
      to the effect of time and zeolite dose as well as the ion concentration of the
      reaction efficiency for metals removals are recorded. 

PMID- 27355007
TI  - Global Stability of an HIV-1 Infection Model with General Incidence Rate and
      Distributed Delays.
AB  - In this work an HIV-1 infection model with nonlinear incidence rate and
      distributed intracellular delays and with humoral immunity is investigated. The
      disease transmission function is assumed to be governed by general incidence rate
      f(T, V)V. The intracellular delays describe the time between viral entry into a
      target cell and the production of new virus particles and the time between
      infection of a cell and the emission of viral particle. Lyapunov functionals are
      constructed and LaSalle invariant principle for delay differential equation is
      used to establish the global asymptotic stability of the infection-free
      equilibrium, infected equilibrium without B cells response, and infected
      equilibrium with B cells response. The results obtained show that the global
      dynamics of the system depend on both the properties of the general incidence
      function and the value of certain threshold parameters R 0 and R 1 which depends
      on the delays. 

PMID- 27355008
TI  - Iterative Robust Capon Beamforming with Adaptively Updated Array Steering Vector
      Mismatch Levels.
AB  - The performance of the conventional adaptive beamformer is sensitive to the array
      steering vector (ASV) mismatch. And the output signal-to interference and noise
      ratio (SINR) suffers deterioration, especially in the presence of large direction
      of arrival (DOA) error. To improve the robustness of traditional approach, we
      propose a new approach to iteratively search the ASV of the desired signal based
      on the robust capon beamformer (RCB) with adaptively updated uncertainty levels,
      which are derived in the form of quadratically constrained quadratic programming
      (QCQP) problem based on the subspace projection theory. The estimated levels in
      this iterative beamformer present the trend of decreasing. Additionally, other
      array imperfections also degrade the performance of beamformer in practice. To
      cover several kinds of mismatches together, the adaptive flat ellipsoid models
      are introduced in our method as tight as possible. In the simulations, our
      beamformer is compared with other methods and its excellent performance is
      demonstrated via the numerical examples. 

PMID- 27355009
TI  - Nontraumatic Lesions of the Clavicle in a Paediatric Population: Incidence and
      Management.
AB  - Background. The incidence of paediatric nontraumatic clavicle lesions is unknown
      and there is limited literature regarding the management of such patients.
      Methods. A review of a prospectively complied radiological database held at the
      study was conducted for a defined 10-year period. The study centre is the only
      paediatric service available for a defined catchment population. The case notes
      of all patients with nontraumatic lesions were reviewed, and the mode of
      presentation, the diagnostic dilemmas, and the management were recorded. Results.
      A total of 2133 clavicle radiographs were performed during the study period, with
      only five having a nontraumatic history. The overall incidence of paediatric
      nontraumatic clavicle lesions was 0.38 per 100,000 per year. Three patients were
      diagnosed with chronic recurrent osteomyelitis, one with chronic bifocal
      osteomyelitis, and one with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. All patients with
      osteomyelitis demonstrated a typical natural history of a chronic relapsing
      remitting infection. Three underwent bone biopsy; however, no organism was
      identified. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that the incidence of
      nontraumatic clavicle lesions is small, and those patients presenting with
      osteomyelitis should not routinely undergo a bone biopsy and close observation
      with the appropriate antibiotic therapy is advised. 

PMID- 27355010
TI  - Biochemical and Ultrastructural Changes in Sida cordifolia L. and Catharanthus
      roseus L. to Auto Pollution.
AB  - Auto pollution is the by-product of our mechanized mobility, which adversely
      affects both plant and human life. However, plants growing in the urban locations
      provide a great respite to us from the brunt of auto pollution by absorbing the
      pollutants at their foliar surface. Foliar surface configuration and biochemical
      changes in plant species, namely, Sida cordifolia L. and Catharanthus roseus L.
      grown at roadside (polluted site 1, Talkatora; polluted site 2, Charbagh) in
      Lucknow city and in the garden of the university campus, which has been taken as
      reference site, were investigated. It was observed that air pollution caused by
      auto exhaust showed marked alterations in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll,
      carotenoid, and phaeophytin), and relative water content was reduced while
      antioxidative enzymes like catalase and peroxidase were found to be enhanced. The
      changes in the foliar configuration reveal marked alteration in epidermal traits,
      with decreased number of stomata, stomatal indices, and epidermal cells per unit
      area, while length and breadth of stomata and epidermal cells were found to be
      increased in leaves samples wich can be used as biomarkers of auto pollution. 

PMID- 27355012
TI  - Superoptimal Rate of Convergence in Nonparametric Estimation for Functional
      Valued Processes.
AB  - We consider the nonparametric estimation of the generalised regression function
      for continuous time processes with irregular paths when the regressor takes
      values in a semimetric space. We establish the mean-square convergence of our
      estimator with the same superoptimal rate as when the regressor is real valued. 

PMID- 27355011
TI  - Outcome in Women with Traumatic Brain Injury Admitted to a Level 1 Trauma Center.
AB  - Background. The aim of this study was to compare acute outcome between men and
      women after sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods. A total of 5,642
      patients admitted to the Traumatic Brain Injury Program of the McGill University
      Health Centre-Montreal General Hospital between 2000 and 2011 and diagnosed with
      a TBI were included in the study. The overall percentage of women with TBI was
      30.6% (n = 1728). Outcome measures included the length of stay (LOS), the
      Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE), the functional independence measure
      instrument (FIM), discharge destination, and mortality rate. Results. LOS, GOSE,
      the FIM ratings, and discharge destination did not show significant differences
      between genders once controlling for several confounding variables and running
      the appropriate diagnostic tests (P < 0.05). However, women had less chance of
      dying during their acute care hospitalization than men of the same age, with the
      same TBI severity and following the same mechanism of injury. Although gender was
      a statistically significant predictor, its contribution in explaining variation
      in mortality was small. Conclusion. More research is needed to better understand
      gender differences in mortality; as to date, the research findings remain
      inconclusive. 

PMID- 27355013
TI  - Proteomic Characterization of Lytic Bacteriophages of Staphylococcus aureus
      Isolated from Sewage Affluent of India.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes a variety of
      diseases, including bovine mastitis, which has severe economic consequences.
      Standard antibiotic treatment results in selection of resistant strains, leading
      to need for an alternative treatment such as bacteriophage therapy. Present study
      describes isolation and characterization of a staphylococcal phage from sewage
      samples. S. aureus isolates obtained from microbial type culture collection
      (MTCC), Chandigarh, India, were used to screen staphylococcal phages. A phage
      designated as PhiMSP was isolated from sewage samples by soft agar overlay
      method. It produced clear plaques on tryptone soya agar overlaid with S. aureus.
      Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the phage had an icosahedral
      symmetry. It had 5 major proteins and possessed a peptidoglycan hydrolase
      corresponding to 70 kDa. PhiMSP infection induced 26 proteins to be uniquely
      expressed in S. aureus. This phage can be proposed as a candidate phage to treat
      staphylococcal infections. 

PMID- 27355014
TI  - Endosymbiotic Bacteria Associated with the Mealy Bug, Rhizoecus amorphophalli
      (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).
AB  - The mealy bug, Rhizoecus amorphophalli, is a menace to the aroid farmers due to
      the intensive infestation on stored tubers. Spraying of pesticides was able to
      control this pest but it always left a chance for fungal growth. Bacterial
      endosymbionts associated with the insects provide several benefits to their host.
      Since such endosymbionts play a vital role even in the physiology of their host,
      revealing the types of bacteria associated with mealy bug will give basic
      information, which may throw light on the management of this noxious pest. The
      present study is the first to identify bacterial endosymbionts associated with R.
      amorphophalli employing phenotypic characterization and 16S rDNA sequencing.
      Three culturable bacteria, namely, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus gallinarum,
      and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, were isolated from R. amorphophalli. Moreover,
      the antibiotic susceptibility tests against the isolated bacteria showed that all
      the isolates were susceptible to the three antibiotics tested, except cephalexin.
      Recently, endosymbionts are used as effective biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the
      present study will stand as a connecting link in identification and effective
      utilization of these endosymbionts as BCAs for management of R. amorphophalli. 

PMID- 27355015
TI  - Oxya hyla hyla (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as an Alternative Protein Source for
      Japanese Quail.
AB  - Nutrient composition of the grasshoppers Oxya hyla hyla showed that they are a
      rich nutrient source containing 687.7 g protein/kg of dry body weight. Their
      antinutrient values fell within nutritionally acceptable values of the poultry
      bird Coturnix japonica japonica (Japanese quail). The most required essential
      amino acids and fatty acids were also present in sufficient amount. For feeding
      trial nine diets were formulated on an equal crude protein (230 g/kg) basis with
      grasshopper meal, fish meal, and soybean meal. Three sets of diets with
      grasshopper meal were prepared with 50 g/kg, 100 g/kg, and 150 g/kg grasshopper
      of total feed. Similarly, other diet sets were prepared with fish meal and also
      with soybean meal. Results were compared with another group of Japanese quails
      fed on a reference diet that was considered as control. Two experiments were
      conducted with a total number of 600, seven-day-old, Japanese quails. In
      experiment 1 for determination of growth performance, quails were randomly
      distributed into ten groups of males and ten groups of females containing 30
      birds each. In experiment 2 for determination of laying performance, identical
      ten groups were prepared in ten repetitions (2 females and 1 male in each group)
      from the six-week-old birds of experiment 1. Birds of diet set GM2 have gained
      the highest body weight (male 4.04 g/bird/day; female 5.01 g/bird/day) followed
      by birds of FM3 diet set (male 3.72 g/bird/day; female 4.40 g/bird/day), whereas
      birds of reference diet have gained 3.05 g/bird/day for male and 3.23 g/bird/day
      for female. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds fed with GM2 was the lowest
      (male 3.33; female 2.97) whereas FCR of R group was higher (male 4.37; female
      4.65) than grasshopper meal and fish meal based diets. Hen day production
      percentage was higher (72.2) in GM2 group, followed by FM3 (63.5) group. R group
      had lower 1st egg weight (9.0 g), weight gain (8.2 g), percentage of hen day
      production (41.8%), higher feed intake (33.6 g/day/bird), and age at 1st laid egg
      than the grasshopper meal and fish meal based diets. So growth and laying
      performance of the birds were significantly better in grasshopper meal and fish
      meal added diet fed sets than the reference diet fed group; among all the dietary
      groups 100 g/kg grasshopper meal added diet mostly gave significantly better
      results followed by 150 g/kg fish meal added diets. It was ascertained that the
      O. hyla hyla meal had pronounced positive response on the birds. So, the quails
      could be easily fed 100 g/kg grasshopper meal added diet as it was the most
      suitable alternative feedstuff compared to the conventional protein source based
      diets. 

PMID- 27355016
TI  - Potential Interaction of Green Tea Extract with Hydrochlorothiazide on Diuretic
      Activity in Rats.
AB  - Treatment of ischemic hypertensive patients with hydrochlorothiazide can
      precipitate cardiac arrhythmias. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the
      diuretic potential of green tea alone and its effects on hydrochlorothiazide in
      interactive groups. Rats were treated with high (500 mg/kg, p.o.) and low (100
      mg/kg, p.o.) dose of green tea extract in alone and interactive groups for 30
      days. Standard, high, and low dose interactive groups received
      hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) on the day of experiment. Effect of
      different treatments was that assessed by evaluating diuretic action, diuretic
      activity, percentage of saline load excreted, and sodium and potassium levels in
      urine. Green tea in both high and low doses showed significant diuretic potential
      and when it is combined with hydrochlorothiazide resulted in significant
      improvement in the activity compared to hydrochlorothiazide alone treated group.
      It can be concluded that green tea extract when combined with hydrochlorothiazide
      showed significant increase in diuretic activity. Most important observation of
      the present study is even though the combination increases the diuretic
      potential, it is responsible for decrease in urinary potassium loss. 

PMID- 27355017
TI  - The Usefulness of Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules and Anti-C1q Antibody in
      Monitoring Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity.
AB  - Objectives. The study was conducted to determine the correlation of ICAM-1, VCAM
      1, and anti-C1q antibody levels with SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) and
      standard SLE disease activity immunological markers (anti-dsDNA and sera C3 and
      C4). Study Design. This was a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods. Blood
      samples were obtained from 95 SLE patients (45 active SLE and 50 nonactive SLE)
      and 50 controls. The subjects were assessed using SLEDAI and score of more than
      five is determined as having active SLE. The sera were tested for serum ICAM-1,
      VCAM-1, and anti-C1q (ELISA), anti-dsDNA (CLIFT), serum C3, and serum C4
      (immunonephelometry). Results. Anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q antibody showed good
      positive correlations with SLEDAI (r = 0.529, P < 0.001 and r = 0.559, P < 0.001,
      resp.). VCAM-1 and sera C3 and C4 showed fair correlation with SLEDAI (r = 0.294,
      P = 0.004; r = -0.312, P = 0.002; and r = -0.382, P < 0.001, resp.). ICAM-1 level
      showed no significant correlation with SLEDAI (P = 0.062). There were significant
      correlations of VCAM-1 and anti-C1q antibody with anti-dsDNA (r = 0.226, P =
      0.006 and r = 0.511, P < 0.001, resp.). VCAM-1 showed poor inverse correlation
      with serum C3 (r = -0.183, P = 0.028) and fair inverse correlation with serum C4
      (r = -0.251, P = 0.002). Anti-C1q antibody demonstrated fair inverse correlation
      with both sera C3 and C4 (r = -0.420, P <= 0.001 and r = -0.398, P < 0.001,
      resp.). However, ICAM-1 showed no significant correlation with anti-dsDNA and
      sera C3 and C4 (P = 0.259, P = 0.626 and P = 0.338, resp.). Conclusions. The
      serum levels of anti-C1q antibody in SLE patients showed the best correlation
      with the SLEDAI and standard immunological tests for SLE disease activity. These
      data support that anti-C1q antibody is a useful marker for monitoring SLE global
      disease activity. The potential of VCAM-1 needs further confirmation. 

PMID- 27355018
TI  - 350 nm Broadband Supercontinuum Generation Using Dispersion Engineered Near Zero
      Ultraflat Square-Lattice PCF around 1.55 MUm and Fabrication Tolerance Analysis.
AB  - In this work, a new design of ultraflat dispersion PCF based on square-lattice
      geometry with all uniform air holes towards broadband smooth SCG around the C
      band of wavelength has been presented. The air hole of the inner ring was
      infiltrated with liquid of certain refractive indices. Numerical investigations
      establish a near zero ultraflattened dispersion of 0 +/- 0.78 ps/nm/km in a
      wavelength range of 1496 nm to 2174 nm (678 nm bandwidth) covering most of the
      communications bands with the first zero dispersion wavelength around 1.54 MUm.
      With the optimized ultraflattened fiber, we have achieved a broadband SC spectrum
      with FWHM of 350 nm with the central wavelength of 1550 nm with less than a meter
      long of the fiber by using a picosecond pulse laser. We have also analyzed the
      sensitivity of the optimized dispersion design by small variations from the
      optimum value of the geometrical structural parameters. Our investigations
      establish that for a negative change of PCF parameters, the profile retains the
      smooth and flat SCG spectra; however, for a positive change, the smooth and a
      flat spectrum is lost. The new design of the fiber will be capable of covering
      huge diverse field of DWDM sources, spectroscopy, meteorology, optical coherence
      tomography, and optical sensing. 

PMID- 27355019
TI  - Determining Information on Cardiology Disease Risk Factors of Disease in Women.
AB  - In an attempt to decrease the rate of mortality from cardiovascular diseases,
      first cardiovascular risk factors should be controlled. This study was carried
      out to reveal the level of knowledge about cardiovascular disease risk factors in
      women who presented to a primary healthcare center in Erzurum, Turkey, and the
      prevalence of such risk factors. Our study is a descriptive one and its data were
      collected between February and April 2013. The study included 168 women who
      presented to Filiz Dolunay Family Healthcare Center and who met the criteria and
      agreed to participate in the study. It was found that 22.6% of the women did not
      exercise at all above normal range, 53.6% of them had weights above normal, 23.8%
      smoked, and 22% had hypertension, type 2 diabetes, cholesterol, or excess fat
      around their waist. It was concluded that, although women were knowledgeable,
      they did not put this into practice in their lives. 

PMID- 27355020
TI  - Development and Validation of Stability Indicating Spectroscopic Method for
      Content Analysis of Ceftriaxone Sodium in Pharmaceuticals.
AB  - A simple, selective, and stability indicating spectroscopic method has been
      selected and validated for the assay of ceftriaxone sodium in the powder for
      injection dosage forms. Proposed method is based on the measurement of absorbance
      of ceftriaxone sodium in aqueous medium at 241 nm. The method obeys Beer's law in
      the range of 5-50 MUg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9983. Apparent molar
      absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 2.046 * 10(3) L mol(-1)
      cm(-1) and 0.02732 MUg/cm(2)/0.001 absorbance units. This study indicated that
      ceftriaxone sodium was degraded in acid medium and also underwent oxidative
      degradation. Percent relative standard deviation associated with all the
      validation parameters was less than 2, showing compliance with acceptance
      criteria of Q2 (R1), International Conference on Harmonization (2005) guidelines.
      Then the proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of
      ceftriaxone sodium in sterile preparation and results were comparable with
      reported methods. 

PMID- 27355021
TI  - Formulation Development and Characterization of Meclizine Hydrochloride
      Sublimated Fast Dissolving Tablets.
AB  - The intention of present research is to formulate and develop the meclizine
      hydrochloride fast dissolving tablets using sublimation method to enhance the
      dissolution rate. In this study an attempt was made to fasten the drug release
      from the oral tablets by incorporating the superdisintegrants and camphor as
      sublimating agent. The prepared fast dissolving tablets were subjected to
      precompression properties and characterized for hardness, weight variation,
      friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, and disintegration time. From
      in vitro release studies, the formulation F9 exhibited fast release profile of
      about 98.61% in 30 min, and disintegration time 47 sec when compared with other
      formulations. The percent drug release in 30 min (Q 30) and initial dissolution
      rate for formulation F9 was 98.61 +/- 0.25%, 3.29%/min. These were very much
      higher compared to marketed tablets (65.43 +/- 0.57%, 2.18%/min). The dissolution
      efficiency was found to be 63.37 and it is increased by 1.4-fold with F9 FDT
      tablets compared to marketed tablets. Differential scanning calorimetry and
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed that there was no
      possibility of interactions. Thus the development of meclizine hydrochloride fast
      dissolving tablets by sublimation method is a suitable approach to improve the
      dissolution rate. 

PMID- 27355022
TI  - Novel Organically Modified Core-Shell Clay for Epoxy Composites-"SOBM Filler 1".
AB  - Preparation of a novel organically modified clay from spent oil base drilling mud
      (SOBM) that could serve as core-shell clay filler for polymers is herein
      reported. Due to the hydrophilic nature of clay, its compatibility with polymer
      matrix was made possible through modification of the surface of the core clay
      sample with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) compound prior to its use.
      Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to characterize clay
      surface modification. Electron dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX) and scanning
      electron microscopy (SEM) were used to expose filler chemical composition and
      morphology, while electrophoresis measurement was used to examine level of filler
      dispersion. Results show an agglomerated core clay powder after high temperature
      treatment, while EDX analysis shows that the organically modified clay is
      composed of chemical inhomogeneities, wherein elemental compositions in weight
      percent vary from one point to the other in a probe of two points. Micrographs of
      the 3-APTES coupled SOBM core-shell clay filler clearly show cloudy appearance,
      while FT-IR indicates 25% and 5% increases in fundamental vibrations band at 1014
      cm(-1) and 1435 cm(-1), respectively. Furthermore, 3-APTES coupled core-shell
      clay was used to prepare epoxy composites and tested for mechanical properties. 

PMID- 27355023
TI  - Next Generation Sequencing Analysis of Biofilms from Three Dogs with
      Postoperative Surgical Site Infection.
AB  - The composition of biofilms in chronic wound infections of dogs is unclear. In
      the present study, histologically identified biofilms attached to sutures in
      chronically infected wounds of three dogs were examined by next generation
      sequencing of total DNA extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded
      tissue samples. The analysis identified an inhomogeneous bacterial composition in
      three tissues containing biofilms. Some of the identified bacterial families such
      as Staphylococci and Streptococci have been found before in biofilms associated
      with human and canine wounds but in this study were quantitatively in the
      minority. The majority of the reads classified as bacterial sequences had the
      highest identity with sequences belonging to the Porphyromonadaceae,
      Deinococcaceae, Methylococcaceae, Nocardiaceae, Alteromonadaceae, and
      Propionibacteriaceae and thus taxons of so far minor relevance in veterinary
      medicine. 

PMID- 27355024
TI  - Clinical Applications of Procalcitonin in Pediatrics: An Advanced Biomarker for
      Inflammation and Infection-Can It Also Be Used in Trauma?
AB  - Background. Procalcitonin is a small molecular peptide that has gained increased
      support as an adjunct diagnostic marker of infection in the adult population; the
      concordant body of evidence for the use of procalcitonin in pediatric populations
      is far less complete. Objectives. Our objective is to review the current evidence
      supporting the utilization of procalcitonin in children in a variety of clinical
      scenarios including SIRS, sepsis, burns, and trauma and to identify existing
      knowledge gaps. Methods. A thorough review of the literature was performed
      utilizing PubMed. We focused on using meta-analysis from adult populations to
      review current practices in interpretation and methodology and find concordant
      pediatric studies to determine if the same applications are validated in
      pediatric populations. Results. Current evidence supports the usage of
      procalcitonin as both a sensitive and a specific marker for the differentiation
      of systemic inflammatory response syndrome from sepsis in pediatrics with
      increased diagnostic accuracy compared to commonly used biomarkers including
      complete blood counts and C-reactive protein. Conclusions. Although the body of
      evidence is limited, initial observations suggest that procalcitonin can be used
      in pediatric trauma and burn patients as both a prognostic and a diagnostic
      marker, aiding in the identification of infection in patients with extensive
      underlying inflammation. 

PMID- 27355025
TI  - Efficacy of Two Irrigants Used with Self-Adjusting File System on Smear Layer: A
      Scanning Electron Microscopy Study.
AB  - Mechanical instrumentation of root canals produces a smear layer that adversely
      affects the root canal seal. The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy of
      MTAD and citric acid solutions used with self-adjusting file (SAF) system on
      smear layer. Twenty-three single-rooted human teeth were used for the study.
      Canals were instrumented manually up to a number 20 K file size. SAF was used to
      prepare the root canals. The following groups were studied: Group 1: MTAD + 5.25%
      NaOCl, Group 2: 20% citric acid + 5.25% NaOCl, and Group 3: Control (5.25%
      NaOCl). All roots were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron
      microscopy. The presence of smear layer in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds
      was evaluated using a five-score evaluation system. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann
      Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. In the coronal third, Group 2
      exhibited the best results and was statistically different froms the other groups
      (P < 0.05). There was not a significant difference among the three thirds of
      groups according to in-group comparisons (P > 0.05). The solutions used in Group
      1 and 2 could effectively remove smear layer in most of the specimens. However,
      citric acid was more effective than MTAD in the three thirds of the canal. 

PMID- 27355026
TI  - Preservation of Involved Teeth Associated with Large Dentigerous Cysts.
AB  - Dentigerous cysts (DCs) are benign odontogenic cysts that are associated with the
      crowns of permanent teeth. The purpose of this study is to describe the
      management of DCs in four children. Four boys aged between 7 and 9 years were
      referred to our clinics with the complaints of intraoral alveolar swelling or
      facial asymmetry on the affected area. The panoramic radiographies showed large,
      well-defined radiolucent lesions associated with the deciduous teeth and
      displaced tooth buds. The treatment consisted of the extraction of the involved
      deciduous tooth and marsupialization of the cyst to allow eruption of the
      permanent tooth. Permanent teeth displaced by the DCs in three cases erupted
      spontaneously within one-year period. The case with horizontally displaced
      permanent tooth was managed by replantation. This is the first time that
      underlying permanent tooth in a DC case was intentionally replanted. 

PMID- 27355028
TI  - Review of a Few Selected Theories of Plates in Bending.
AB  - The author's recent investigations on plate theories form the basis to review
      development of plate theories. In spite of several review articles on plate
      theories reported in the literature, the present work is essentially due to
      Jemielita's inspiring article (1993). It is shown that methods of analysis based
      on vertical displacement as domain variable deal with solution of associated
      torsion problem in bending of plates. It is essential to use vertical
      displacement as face variable instead of domain variable in proper analysis of
      bending problems. 

PMID- 27355027
TI  - Are Attributes of Pregnancy and the Delivery Room Experience Related to
      Development of Autism? A Review of the Perinatal and Labor Risk Factors and
      Autism.
AB  - Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by severe deficits in social
      communication and interactions. It is a complex condition that lacks an
      established preventive method, warranting a need for research to identify
      possible environmental triggers. The identification of external factors
      particularly perinatal risk factors forms the initial critical step in preventing
      and alleviating risks. We conducted a literature review to assess evidence
      suggested in the worldwide literature. Perinatal risk factors that have a
      suggested association include beta2 adrenergic receptor agonists, labor induction
      and augmentation, maternal infection and disease (i.e., antiphospholipid
      syndrome), antiepileptic drugs, cocaine use, and oral supplements. Smoking has
      not been found to have a direct association. Pollutants, selective serotonin
      reuptake inhibitors, artificial insemination, and fertility medications may have
      a link, but results are often conflicted. Factors related to the delivery room
      experience may be associated with meconium aspiration syndrome, birth weight, and
      labor time. Several risk factors during the pregnancy and labor periods have been
      associated with autism; yet further studies with large populations are needed to
      establish definitive associations. The fact that several risk factors during the
      prenatal and labor periods are implicated in autism should prompt the medical
      community to focus on the pregnancy and labor periods as preventive measures to
      curb the incidence of autism. 

PMID- 27355029
TI  - Perception of Dental Professionals towards Biostatistics.
AB  - Biostatistics is becoming an integral part of dental sciences. Awareness
      regarding the subject is not thoroughly assessed in the field of dentistry. So
      the study was conducted to assess dental professionals' knowledge, attitude, and
      perception toward biostatistics at an academic dental institution. An anonymous
      cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among all the faculty and
      postgraduate students of two dental colleges in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. The
      responses were assessed on 5-point likert scale. The survey response rate was
      73.71%. Two-thirds of respondents believed biostatistics to be a difficult
      subject and at the same time half of them did not consider it to be more
      difficult than other subjects in dentistry. Females were less competent than
      males in applying biostatistical skills which was found to be statistically
      significant. Results suggested that dentists with research or academics as an
      adjunct to their clinical practice had better command over the subject. The
      current study shows that there is lack of command over the subject of
      biostatistics among dental professionals although they were aware of its
      importance in dentistry. There is a need of changing the training pattern of
      biostatistics for dental professionals which would make them confident enough to
      apply biostatistics in their clinical practice. 

PMID- 27355030
TI  - Embryonic Development of Heart in Indian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).
AB  - The present study was conducted on 35 buffalo foetuses from 0.9 cm CVRL (32 days)
      to 99.5 cm CVRL (298 days) to observe the morphogenesis and histogenesis of
      heart. The study revealed that, in 0.9 cm CVRL buffalo foetus, heart was
      unseptated and tubular which was clearly divided into common atrial chamber
      dorsally, primitive ventricles ventrally, primitive outflow tract with bulbous
      cordis region proximally, and aortic sac distally at 1.2 cm CVRL. Septum primum
      appeared at 1.9 cm CVRL whereas the truncal swellings and fold of
      interventricular septum appeared at 2.5 cm CVRL foetus. At 3.0 cm CVRL septum
      primum, endocardial cushions, septum secundum, and foramen ovale were observed.
      At 7.6 cm CVRL the endocardial cushions fused to form right and left
      atrioventricular openings and ventricular apex became pointed. Interventricular
      canal was obliterated and four-chambered heart was recognised along with
      atrioventricular valve, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles in 8.7 cm CVRL
      (66 days) buffalo foetus. The endocardium as well as epicardium of the atria was
      thicker as compared to ventricle, whereas the myocardium of atria was thin as
      compared to ventricles in all the age groups. All the internal structures of
      heart were well differentiated from 50 cm CVRL onwards. The detailed structural
      components of buffalo heart during prenatal period have been discussed in the
      present paper. 

PMID- 27355031
TI  - Remarks on Pre-I-Regular Pre-I-Open Sets.
AB  - We deal with the new class of pre-I-regular pre-I-open sets in which the notion
      of pre-I-open set is involved. We characterize these sets and study some of their
      fundamental properties. We also present other notions called extremally pre-I
      disconnectedness, locally pre-I-indiscreetness, and pre-I-regular sets by
      utilizing the notion of pre-I-open and pre-I-closed sets by which we obtain some
      equivalence relation for pre-I-regular pre-I-open sets. 

PMID- 27355032
TI  - Asymptomatic Malaria and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Sanja
      Town, Northwest Ethiopia.
AB  - Introduction. Asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in highly endemic areas of Africa
      and is new challenge for malaria prevention and control strategies. Objective. To
      determine the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria and associated risk factors
      among school children in Sanja Town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A cross
      sectional study was conducted from February to March 2013, on 385 school children
      selected using stratified proportionate systematic sampling technique. Pretested
      questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and associated risk
      factors. Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films were examined for detection,
      identification, and quantification of malaria parasites. Data were entered and
      analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software. Multivariate logistic regression
      was done for assessing associated risk factors and proportions for categorical
      variables were compared using chi-square test. P values less than 0.05 were taken
      as statistically significant. Results. The prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was
      6.8% (n = 26). The majority of parasitemic study participants had low parasite
      density 65.5% (17/26). Level of grade, age, bed net usage, and frequent exposure
      to malaria infection were associated with risk of asymptomatic malaria.
      Conclusion. Asymptomatic malaria was low in this study area and is associated
      with level of grade, age, bed net usage, and frequent exposure to malaria
      infection. 

PMID- 27355033
TI  - Effect of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Disease Burden on the
      Incidence of Recurrent Chest Pain.
AB  - Introduction. The purpose of this study is to investigate chest pain evaluations
      after initial coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) based upon coronary
      artery disease (CAD) burden. Methods. CCTA results of 1,518 patients were grouped
      based on the CCTA results into no CAD, nonobstructive CAD (<50% maximal diameter
      stenosis), or obstructive CAD (>=50% stenosis). Chest pain evaluation after
      initial CCTA and rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) defined as
      the incidence of all-cause mortality, nonfatal MI, ischemic stroke, and late
      revascularization (>90 days following CCTA) were evaluated. Results. MACE rates
      were higher with obstructive CAD compared to nonobstructive CAD and no CAD (8.9%
      versus 0.7%, P < 0.001; 8.9 versus 1.6%, P < 0.001). One hundred seventy-four
      patients (11.5%) underwent evaluation for chest pain after index CCTA with rates
      significantly higher with obstructive CAD compared to both nonobstructive CAD and
      no CAD (7.5% versus 13.9% versus 17.8%, P < 0.001). The incidence of repeat
      testing was more frequent in patients with obstructive CAD (no CAD 36.5% versus
      nonobstructive CAD 54.9% versus obstructive CAD 67.7%, P = 0.015). Conclusion.
      Absence of obstructive disease on CCTA is associated with lower rates of
      subsequent evaluations for chest pain and repeat testing with low MACE event
      rates over a 22-month followup. 

PMID- 27355034
TI  - Congenital Aniridia: Clinic, Genetics, Therapeutics, and Prognosis.
AB  - Congenital aniridia is a rare condition related to a deficiency in the PAX6 gene
      expression, which may occur as a result of a family inheritance or a sporadic
      occurrence. Additionally, this condition may occur as an isolated ocular
      phenotype or in association with a systemic syndrome. The most common abnormality
      is iris hypoplasia; however, a panocular disease which also affects the cornea,
      anterior chamber of the eye, lens, and the posterior segment with presence of
      optic nerve and foveal hypoplasia is also evident. The development of
      keratopathy, glaucoma, and cataract is frequent and its presence has implications
      in the patient's visual acuity. Managing aniridia is challenging since the focus
      is on treating the previously mentioned disorders, and the outcomes are often
      disappointing. In this paper, we shall review the epidemiology, pathophysiology,
      and clinical characteristics of patients with aniridia. We shall also make a
      review of the therapeutic options for the several conditions affecting this
      syndrome and consider the genetics and prognostic factors. 

PMID- 27355035
TI  - Disease Modifying Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system
      characterized by inflammatory demyelination and axonal degeneration. It is the
      commonest cause of permanent disability in young adults. Environmental and
      genetic factors have been suggested in its etiology. Currently available disease
      modifying drugs are only effective in controlling inflammation but not prevention
      of neurodegeneration or accumulation of disability. Search for an effective
      neuroprotective therapy is at the forefront of multiple sclerosis research. 

PMID- 27355036
TI  - Minimally Invasive Management of Iatrogenic Ureteral Injuries with Ureteroscope
      Facilitated by Holmium Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser.
AB  - The ureter is vulnerable during general, gynecologic, and urologic surgeries. The
      traditional open surgical approaches to treating the iatrogenic ureteral injuries
      have shown several disadvantages such as relatively high rate of severe
      complications. Although the applications of endourological techniques for
      management of lower ureteral strictures have been routinely introduced over the
      last 10 years, most of the different modalities were based on the utilization of
      hydrophilic instruments that can facilitate the traversal of strictures
      surrounded by the sutures with gradually increasing force. Interestingly, we have
      revealed the Ho:YAG laser as the outstanding auxiliary approach to incising the
      sutures during the ureteroscopy for its well-controlled penetration depth,
      minimal scarring, and precise cutting. As far as we know, the combined
      utilization of Ho:YAG laser to incise the sutures responsible for the strictures
      and double J ureteral stent for drainage has not been extensively reported.
      Normal ureters of the patients managed by this novel approach were shown by the
      follow-up 3-4 months later, which demonstrated that the available technique was
      promising to effectively treat the iatrogenic ureteral injuries. 

PMID- 27355038
TI  - Effect of Stiffness on Reflection and Transmission of Waves at an Interface
      between Heat Conducting Elastic Solid and Micropolar Fluid Media.
AB  - The present investigation is concerned with the propagation of waves at an
      imperfect boundary of heat conducting elastic solid and micropolar fluid media.
      The amplitude ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves are obtained in a
      closed form due to incidence of longitudinal wave (P-wave), thermal wave (T
      wave), and transverse wave (SV-wave). The variation of various amplitude ratios
      with angle of incidence is obtained for normal force stiffness, transverse force
      stiffness, thermal contact conductance, and perfect bonding. Numerical results
      are shown graphically to depict the effect of stiffness and thermal relaxation
      times on resulting quantities. Some particular cases are also deduced in the
      present investigation. 

PMID- 27355039
TI  - Study of Protoscolicidal Effects of Hypertonic Glucose on Protoscolices of
      Hydatid Cyst at Different Concentrations and Exposure Times.
AB  - Surgical operation is the treatment of choice for hydatid cyst. To date, many
      protoscolicidal substances have been used for inactivation of hydatid cyst
      contents but most of these compounds may produce several side effects. The aim of
      this study was to evaluate the protoscolicidal effects of hypertonic glucose on
      protoscolices of hydatid cyst at different concentrations and exposure times.
      Protoscolices were obtained aseptically from the livers of slaughtered sheep at
      Qazvin abattoir, Iran. Protoscolices were exposed to different concentrations of
      hypertonic glucose (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) at different times (1,
      2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min). Viability of
      protoscolices was evaluated by 0.1% eosin and the movement of protoscolices flame
      cells. The highest protoscolicidal effect (100%) of hypertonic glucose was
      obtained at concentrations 40% and 50% following 40 and 20 min exposure times,
      respectively. Some protoscolicidal agents show a variety of dangerous
      complications such as biliary tract fibrosis and liver necrosis; however,
      hypertonic glucose especially at a concentration of 40% may demonstrate less side
      effects compared with glucose 50%. Further in vivo investigations are suggested. 

PMID- 27355040
TI  - MHD Flow of the Micropolar Fluid between Eccentrically Rotating Disks.
AB  - This analytical investigation examines the magnetohydrodynamic flow problem of an
      incompressible micropolar fluid between the two eccentrically placed disks.
      Employing suitable transformations, the flow governing partial differential
      equations is reduced to ordinary differential equations. An exact solution
      representing the different flow characteristic of micropolar fluid has been
      derived by solving the ordinary differential equations. Analysis of the flow
      characteristics of the micropolar fluid has been done graphically by varying the
      Reynolds number and the Hartmann number. This analysis has been carried out for
      the weak and strong interactions. 

PMID- 27355037
TI  - Transendothelial Transport and Its Role in Therapeutics.
AB  - Present review paper highlights role of BBB in endothelial transport of various
      substances into the brain. More specifically, permeability functions of BBB in
      transendothelial transport of various substances such as metabolic fuels,
      ethanol, amino acids, proteins, peptides, lipids, vitamins, neurotransmitters,
      monocarbxylic acids, gases, water, and minerals in the peripheral circulation and
      into the brain have been widely explained. In addition, roles of various
      receptors, ATP powered pumps, channels, and transporters in transport of vital
      molecules in maintenance of homeostasis and normal body functions have been
      described in detail. Major role of integral membrane proteins, carriers, or
      transporters in drug transport is highlighted. Both diffusion and carrier
      mediated transport mechanisms which facilitate molecular trafficking through
      transcellular route to maintain influx and outflux of important nutrients and
      metabolic substances are elucidated. Present review paper aims to emphasize role
      of important transport systems with their recent advancements in CNS protection
      mainly for providing a rapid clinical aid to patients. This review also suggests
      requirement of new well-designed therapeutic strategies mainly potential
      techniques, appropriate drug formulations, and new transport systems for quick,
      easy, and safe delivery of drugs across blood brain barrier to save the life of
      tumor and virus infected patients. 

PMID- 27355041
TI  - An Examination of Forest Certification Status among Logging Companies in
      Cameroon.
AB  - This paper assesses the level of interest, awareness, and adoption of ISO 14001
      and Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification schemes among logging
      companies in Cameroon. Eleven logging companies located in Douala in the Littoral
      Region of Cameroon were assessed through a structured interview using an
      administered questionnaire which was mostly analyzed qualitatively thereafter.
      The findings indicated that none of the companies was certified for ISO 14001;
      however 63.64% of them were already FSC-certified. Four companies (36.36%) were
      neither FSC- nor ISO 14001 EMS-certified. Among the factors found to influence
      the adoption rate was the level of awareness about ISO 14001 and FSC
      certification schemes. The main drivers for pursuing FSC certification were easy
      penetration into international markets, tax holiday benefits, and enhancement of
      corporate image of the logging companies through corporate social responsibility
      fulfillments. Poor domestic market for certified products was found to be the
      major impediment to get certified. To make logging activities more
      environmentally friendly and socially acceptable, logging companies should be
      encouraged to get certified through the ISO 14001 EMS scheme which is almost
      nonexistent so far. This requires awareness creation about the scheme,
      encouraging domestic markets for certified products and creating policy
      incentives. 

PMID- 27355042
TI  - The Wind Energy Potential of Kurdistan, Iran.
AB  - In the current work by using statistical methods and available software, the wind
      energy assessment of prone regions for installation of wind turbines in, Qorveh,
      has been investigated. Information was obtained from weather stations of Baneh,
      Bijar, Zarina, Saqez, Sanandaj, Qorveh, and Marivan. The monthly average and
      maximum of wind speed were investigated between the years 2000-2010 and the
      related curves were drawn. The Golobad curve (direction and percentage of
      dominant wind and calm wind as monthly rate) between the years 1997-2000 was
      analyzed and drawn with plot software. The ten-minute speed (at 10, 30, and 60 m
      height) and direction (at 37.5 and 10 m height) wind data were collected from
      weather stations of Iranian new energy organization. The wind speed distribution
      during one year was evaluated by using Weibull probability density function (two
      parametrical), and the Weibull curve histograms were drawn by MATLAB software.
      According to the average wind speed of stations and technical specifications of
      the types of turbines, the suitable wind turbine for the station was selected.
      Finally, the Divandareh and Qorveh sites with favorable potential were considered
      for installation of wind turbines and construction of wind farms. 

PMID- 27355043
TI  - Impact of Site Disturbances from Harvesting and Logging on Soil Physical
      Properties and Pinus kesiya Tree Growth.
AB  - A study was conducted to determine the impacts of soil disturbance and compaction
      on soil physical properties and tree growth and the effectiveness of tillage in
      maintaining or enhancing site productivity for intensively managed Pinus kesiya
      Royle ex Gordon sites in Dedza, Malawi. The results indicate that about fifty-two
      percent of the area of compacted plots was affected by the vehicular traffic.
      Seventy percent of the trees were planted on microsites with some degree of soil
      disturbance. Soil bulk density at 0-20 cm depth increased from 0.45 to 0.66 Mg m(
      3) in the most compacted portions of traffic lanes. Soil strength in traffic
      lanes increased at all 60 cm depth but never exceeded 1200 kPa. Volumetric soil
      water content in compacted traffic lanes was greater than that in noncompacted
      soil. Total soil porosity decreased 13.8% to 16.1% with compaction, while
      available water holding capacity increased. The study revealed no detrimental
      effects on tree height and diameter from soil disturbance or compaction
      throughout the three growing season. At the ages of two and three, a tree volume
      index was actually greater for trees planted on traffic lanes than those on
      nondisturbed soil. 

PMID- 27355044
TI  - Fekete-Szego Inequalities for Certain Classes of Biunivalent Functions.
AB  - We obtain the Fekete-Szego inequalities for the classes S S,Sigma (*)(alpha, phi)
      and L S,Sigma(alpha, phi) of biunivalent functions denoted by subordination. The
      results presented in this paper improve the recent work of Crisan (2013). 

PMID- 27355045
TI  - A Study of Clinical, Microbiological, and Echocardiographic Profile of Patients
      of Infective Endocarditis.
AB  - Infective endocarditis, a great masquerader, is a clinical entity which may
      present with a myriad of manifestations. Its changing epidemiological profile has
      been studied in the previous decades in both the developed and the developing
      nations. In this study, we strived to uphold the evolving clinical profile and
      its outcome from a government tertiary care hospital in Northern India. It was a
      descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study conducted over two years'
      period involving 44 patients diagnosed with definite infective endocarditis,
      according to modified Dukes' criteria. Demographic, clinical, microbiological,
      and echocardiographic data were analysed. Mean age of patients was 31 years.
      Rheumatic heart disease with regurgitant lesions was the commonest risk factor.
      Dyspnea and fever were the predominant symptom, and pallor and heart failure the
      commonest sign. Cultures were positive in 52% with Staphylococcus, the major
      isolate. Transesophageal echocardiography fared better than transthoracic one to
      define the vegetations. Mortality is reported in 4.5%. Prolonged duration of
      fever, pallor, hematuria, proteinuria, rheumatoid factor positivity, and large
      vegetations proved to be poor prognostic variables. Culture positive
      endocarditis, with persistent bacteremia, had higher incidence of acute renal
      failure. Right sided endocarditis was frequent in congenital lesions or IV drug
      user, whereas left sided endocarditis mostly presented with atrial fibrillation. 

PMID- 27355046
TI  - On Study of Immune Response to Tumor Cells in Prey-Predator System.
AB  - This paper aims to develop the mathematical model that explores the immune
      response to a tumor system as a prey-predator system. A deterministic model
      defining the dynamics of tumor growth progression and regression has been
      analyzed. Our analysis indicates the tumor recurring and dormancy on the cellular
      level in combination with resting and hunting cells. The model considered in the
      present study is a generalization of El-Gohary (2008) by introducing the
      Michaelis-Menten function. This function describes the stimulation process of the
      resting cells by the tumor cells in the presence of tumor specific antigens.
      Local and global stability analysis have been performed along with the numerical
      simulation to support our findings. 

PMID- 27355047
TI  - Ophthalmic Manifestations of HIV Patients in a Rural Area of Western Maharashtra,
      India.
AB  - Introduction. HIV/AIDS is one of twenty first century's biggest global challenges
      to mankind with protean manifestations affecting all organs of our body, not even
      sparing the eyes. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of
      ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS and their correlation with CD4-count in a rural
      area of India. Methods. A hospital based observational cross-sectional study was
      done on 40 HIV-positive patients presenting to ART center with ocular complaints.
      Data were collected using face-to-face interview, clinical examination, slit lamp
      examination, fundus examination, and laboratory investigations. Results. Out of
      40 patients, 21 were males and 19 were females with mean age of 38.75 +/- 13.9
      years. HIV retinopathy was the most common HIV-associated ophthalmic lesion while
      anterior uveitis was the most common anterior segment finding. Posterior segment
      lesions showed significant association (P < 0.05) with low CD4-count of the
      patient. CMV retinitis, retinal detachment, tubercular chorioretinitis, and acute
      retinal necrosis were all seen in patients with CD4-count less than 100
      cells/mm(3). Conclusions. HIV retinopathy, CMV retinitis, herpes zoster
      ophthalmicus, and anterior uveitis are common ocular manifestations associated
      with HIV infection. Low CD4-count is a risk as well as predictor for ocular
      manifestations. There needs to be awareness of ocular involvement among HIV
      infected individuals and an increased emphasis on regular ophthalmic examination.

PMID- 27355048
TI  - Microplate Agglutination Test for Canine Brucellosis Using Recombinant Antigen
      Coated Beads.
AB  - Brucella canis, a facultative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of
      canine brucellosis. The diagnosis of canine brucellosis is based on
      bacteriological examination and serological methods, including agglutination and
      gel diffusion tests. In this study, four recombinant antigens, heat shock protein
      60, rhizopine-binding protein, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, and hypothetical
      protein (Ag 4), were constructed. These antigens were coated on latex beads and
      their usefulness in the serological diagnosis of canine brucellosis was examined.
      All recombinant antigens showed specific reaction with sera from B. canis
      infected dogs in Western blotting. In a microplate agglutination test, mixing
      sera from B. canis-infected dogs, but not sera from B. canis-free dogs, with
      single or multiple antigens-coated latex beads produced clear agglutination.
      Moreover, the antigen-coated latex beads did not show nonspecific agglutination
      in hemolyzed serum samples. A survey of canine serum samples conducted by the
      microplate agglutination test using single antigen-coated latex beads showed that
      this method would be useful in the serological diagnosis of canine brucellosis.
      Further investigations using more serum samples are required to confirm the
      usefulness of our method. 

PMID- 27355049
TI  - Prevalence of Orthodontic Treatment Need and Occlusal Traits in Schoolchildren.
AB  - Background. Widespread use of the IOTN along with detailed study of occlusal
      traits is suitable for planning community dental health resources. Objectives.
      The aim of current study was to assess the need for orthodontic treatment among
      school children of Tehran by means of the Dental Health Component (DHC) of the
      Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) and also to evaluate the occlusal
      traits of the subjects. Methods. 684 (343 boys and 341 girls) school children, 15
      to 17 years of age, were selected at random from 12 schools to represent the four
      main areas of Tehran. The final sample who met the inclusion criteria comprised
      643 subjects (322 males and 321 females). Malocclusion was determined with the
      Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. The IOTN grades were statistically compared
      in the two genders using chi-square test. Results. Orthodontic treatment need,
      using the DHC, was found in only 9.0 per cent of the children. The prevalence of
      Angle Class I malocclusion in this study was higher than other malocclusions
      (65.2 per cent), followed by crowding in 62.7 per cent of the subjects.
      Conclusion. Orthodontic treatment need for Tehran high school students was
      relatively lower than that reported in most recent studies in Europe. 

PMID- 27355050
TI  - Analysis of Unweighted Amino Acids Network.
AB  - The analysis of amino acids network is very important to studying the various
      physicochemical properties of amino acids. In this paper we consider the amino
      acid network based on mutation of the codons. To analyze the relative importance
      of the amino acids we have discussed different measures of centrality. The
      measure of centrality is a powerful tool of graph theory for ranking the vertices
      and analysis of biological network. We have also investigated the correlation
      coefficients between various measures of centrality. Also we have discussed
      clustering coefficient as well as average clustering coefficient of the network.
      Finally we have discussed the degree of distribution as well as skewness. 

PMID- 27355051
TI  - Efficiency and Flexibility of Fingerprint Scheme Using Partial Encryption and
      Discrete Wavelet Transform to Verify User in Cloud Computing.
AB  - Now, the security of digital images is considered more and more essential and
      fingerprint plays the main role in the world of image. Furthermore, fingerprint
      recognition is a scheme of biometric verification that applies pattern
      recognition techniques depending on image of fingerprint individually. In the
      cloud environment, an adversary has the ability to intercept information and must
      be secured from eavesdroppers. Unluckily, encryption and decryption functions are
      slow and they are often hard. Fingerprint techniques required extra hardware and
      software; it is masqueraded by artificial gummy fingers (spoof attacks).
      Additionally, when a large number of users are being verified at the same time,
      the mechanism will become slow. In this paper, we employed each of the partial
      encryptions of user's fingerprint and discrete wavelet transform to obtain a new
      scheme of fingerprint verification. Moreover, our proposed scheme can overcome
      those problems; it does not require cost, reduces the computational supplies for
      huge volumes of fingerprint images, and resists well-known attacks. In addition,
      experimental results illustrate that our proposed scheme has a good performance
      of user's fingerprint verification. 

PMID- 27355052
TI  - Intestinal Protozoal Parasites in Diarrheal Children and Associated Risk Factors
      at Yirgalem Hospital, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study.
AB  - Aim. A case-control study was conducted to determine the prevalence of G.
      lamblia, Cryptosporidium, spp and E. histolytica/dispar in diarrheal children at
      Yirgalem Hospital from February 2011 to August. Subjects and Methods. A total of
      230 children participated in the study of which 115 (50%) were cases and 115
      (50%) were controls. A single stool sample was collected and examined by direct
      saline wet mount, formol-ether concentration, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen.
      Results. Eighty-four (36.52%) were positive for at least one intestinal parasites
      (57 (49.56%) from diarrheal children and 27 (23.47%) out of nondiarrheal
      children). The prevalence of G. lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp, and E.
      histolytica/dispar was 15.65%, 9.56%, and 4.35% in children with diarrhea and
      1.74%, 5.21%, and 1.74% in those without it, respectively. Cryptosporidium spp
      and E. histolytica/dispar revealed higher infection in males (10.81% and 5.4%,
      resp.) than in females (7.32% and 2.43%, resp.). G. lamblia infection was higher
      in females (29.27%) than in males (8.11%). Cryptosporidium spp infection was
      higher in the age groups of <=4 years old (53.84%). Significant difference was
      seen between 10 and 13 (7.69%) years old. Higher prevalence of E.
      histolytica/dispar was found in 5-9 years (85.71%) than <=4 years old (14.28%).
      Conclusion. Cryptosporidium spp, E. histolytica/dispar, and G. lamblia were
      higher in children with diarrhea than in those without it. 

PMID- 27355053
TI  - Intuitionistic Fuzzy Weighted Linear Regression Model with Fuzzy Entropy under
      Linear Restrictions.
AB  - In fuzzy set theory, it is well known that a triangular fuzzy number can be
      uniquely determined through its position and entropies. In the present
      communication, we extend this concept on triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number
      for its one-to-one correspondence with its position and entropies. Using the
      concept of fuzzy entropy the estimators of the intuitionistic fuzzy regression
      coefficients have been estimated in the unrestricted regression model. An
      intuitionistic fuzzy weighted linear regression (IFWLR) model with some
      restrictions in the form of prior information has been considered. Further, the
      estimators of regression coefficients have been obtained with the help of fuzzy
      entropy for the restricted/unrestricted IFWLR model by assigning some weights in
      the distance function. 

PMID- 27355055
TI  - Beneficial Effects of Maprotiline in a Murine Model of Colitis in Normal and
      Reserpinised Depressed Rats.
AB  - Background. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities have been reported
      for maprotiline, a strong norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. In addition, some
      other antidepressant drugs have shown beneficial effects in experimental colitis.
      Methods. All the animals were divided into normal and depressed groups. In normal
      rats colitis was induced by instillation of 2 mL of 4% acetic acid and after 2
      hours, maprotiline (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered. In reserpinised
      depressed rats, depression was induced by injection of reserpine (6 mg/kg, i.p.),
      1 h prior to colitis induction, and then treated with maprotiline (10, 20, and 40
      mg/kg). Treatment continued daily for four days. Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.p.)
      was given as a reference drug. On day five following colitis induction, animals
      were euthanized and distal colons were assessed macroscopically, histologically,
      and biochemically (assessment of myeloperoxidase activity). Results. Maprotiline
      significantly improved macroscopic and histologic scores and diminished
      myeloperoxidase activity in both normal and depressed rats while reserpine
      exacerbated the colonic damage. Conclusion. Our data suggests that the salutary
      effects of maprotiline on acetic acid colitis are probably mediated first through
      depressive behavioral changes that could be mediated through the brain-gut axis
      and second for the anti-inflammatory effect of the drug. 

PMID- 27355057
TI  - Generic Submanifolds of Nearly Kaehler Manifolds with Certain Parallel Canonical
      Structure.
AB  - The class of generic submanifold includes all real hypersurfaces, complex
      submanifolds, totally real submanifolds, and CR-submanifolds. In this paper we
      initiate the study of generic submanifolds in a nearly Kaehler manifold from
      differential geometric point of view. Some fundamental results in this paper will
      be obtained. 

PMID- 27355054
TI  - Bacteria in Nanoparticle Synthesis: Current Status and Future Prospects.
AB  - Microbial metal reduction can be a strategy for remediation of metal
      contaminations and wastes. Bacteria are capable of mobilization and
      immobilization of metals and in some cases, the bacteria which can reduce metal
      ions show the ability to precipitate metals at nanometer scale. Biosynthesis of
      nanoparticles (NPs) using bacteria has emerged as rapidly developing research
      area in green nanotechnology across the globe with various biological entities
      being employed in synthesis of NPs constantly forming an impute alternative for
      conventional chemical and physical methods. Optimization of the processes can
      result in synthesis of NPs with desired morphologies and controlled sizes, fast
      and clean. The aim of this review is, therefore, to make a reflection on the
      current state and future prospects and especially the possibilities and
      limitations of the above mentioned bio-based technique for industries. 

PMID- 27355056
TI  - Impact of Comorbidity, Race, and Marital Status in Men Referred for Prostate
      Biopsy with PSA >20 ng/mL: A Pilot Study in High-Risk Patients.
AB  - Objective. To assess the impact of comorbidity, race, and marital status on
      overall survival (OS) among men presenting for prostate biopsy with PSA >20
      ng/mL. Methods. Data were reviewed from 2000 to 2012 and 78 patients were
      included in the cohort. We analyzed predictors of OS using a Cox proportional
      hazards model and the association between Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score
      and PCa diagnosis or high-grade cancer using logistic regression and multinomial
      regression models, respectively. Results. The median age of patients was 62.5
      (IQR 57-73) years. Median CCI was 3 (IQR 2-4), 69% of patients were African
      American men, 56% of patients were married, and 85% of patients had a positive
      biopsy. CCI (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.19, 1.94), PSA (HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.09, 2.42), and
      Gleason sum (HR 2.04, 95% CI 1.17, 3.56) were associated with OS. CCI was
      associated with Gleason sum 7 (OR 4.06, 95% CI 1.04, 15.89) and Gleason sum 8-10
      (OR 4.52, 95% CI 1.16, 17.54) PCa. Conclusions. CCI is an independent predictor
      of high-grade disease and worse OS among men with PCa. Race and marital status
      were not significantly associated with survival in this cohort. Patient
      comorbidity is an important component of determining the optimal approach to
      management of prostate cancer. 

PMID- 27355058
TI  - A GPU-Based Gibbs Sampler for a Unidimensional IRT Model.
AB  - Item response theory (IRT) is a popular approach used for addressing large-scale
      statistical problems in psychometrics as well as in other fields. The fully
      Bayesian approach for estimating IRT models is usually memory and computationally
      expensive due to the large number of iterations. This limits the use of the
      procedure in many applications. In an effort to overcome such restraint, previous
      studies focused on utilizing the message passing interface (MPI) in a distributed
      memory-based Linux cluster to achieve certain speedups. However, given the high
      data dependencies in a single Markov chain for IRT models, the communication
      overhead rapidly grows as the number of cluster nodes increases. This makes it
      difficult to further improve the performance under such a parallel framework.
      This study aims to tackle the problem using massive core-based graphic processing
      units (GPU), which is practical, cost-effective, and convenient in actual
      applications. The performance comparisons among serial CPU, MPI, and compute
      unified device architecture (CUDA) programs demonstrate that the CUDA GPU
      approach has many advantages over the CPU-based approach and therefore is
      preferred. 

PMID- 27355059
TI  - Effects and Management of Parthenium hysterophorus: A Weed of Global
      Significance.
AB  - Congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L., of the family Asteraceae (tribe:
      Heliantheae), is an erect and much branched annual or ephermeral herb, known for
      its notorious role as environmental, medical, and agricultural hazards. It is
      believed to have been introduced into India and Australia from North America and
      in the last few years the weed has emerged as the seventh most devastating weed
      in Africa, Asia, and Australia. The aim of this review is to provide general
      information about the physiology, distribution, ill effects, and management of
      parthenium. Control of parthenium has been tried by various methods, but no
      single management option would be adequate to manage parthenium, and there is a
      need to integrate various management options. Successful management of this weed
      can only be achieved by an integrated approach with biological control as the key
      element. 

PMID- 27355060
TI  - Effect of Strontium Chloride on Experimental Bladder Inflammation in Rat.
AB  - Introduction. Strontium salts are anti-irritants for chemically induced sensory
      irritation. Interstitial cystitis is a painful disease without definitive
      therapy. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of strontium in bladder
      with experimental interstitial cystitis model. Material and Methods. Rats'
      bladders in control group were instilled with NaCl. Second group was instilled
      with E. coli LPS. Third group was instilled with strontium. Fourth group was
      initially instilled with strontium and then LPS. Fifth group was instilled with
      LPS initially and then strontium. Urine of rats was collected at the beginning
      and end of the study. Results. Histamine and TNF-alpha changes were statistically
      significant in the second group but were not significant in the third group. When
      we compared the histamine levels of second via fourth and fifth groups the
      changes were statistically not significant. When we compared the TNF-alpha levels
      of second via fourth and fifth groups the changes were statistically significant.
      Conclusions. In our model, strontium did not make any significant changes in
      histopathology or histamine levels; however, it significantly reduced the levels
      of TNF-alpha. Given the role of TNF-alpha in the physiopathology of interstitial
      cystitis, these results suggested that further studies are required to evaluate
      the potential use of strontium in the management of interstitial cystitis. 

PMID- 27355061
TI  - Facile Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anticancer
      Activities of Biscoumarin Copolyester Bearing Pendant 3-(Trifluoromethyl)Styrene.
AB  - Synthesis of random biscoumarin copolyester bearing pendant 3
      (trifluoromethyl)styrene was prepared by the reaction of biscoumarin monomer 3
      and hydroquinone 5 with azeloyl chloride. The influence of pendant 3
      (trifluoromethyl)styrene unit on the properties of copolyester such as inherent
      viscosity, solubility, and thermal stability was investigated and compared in
      detail. The inherent viscosity and polydispersity index of the copolyester were
      found to be 0.15 dL/g and 1.36, respectively. The chemical structure of the
      copolyester was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
      and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy. The physical
      properties of copolyester were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),
      differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and
      X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Agar disc diffusion method was employed to
      study the antimicrobial activity of the random copolyester. In vitro anticancer
      activity against lung cancer (Hep-2) cell line was also investigated. 

PMID- 27355062
TI  - Existence of Multiple Solutions for a Quasilinear Biharmonic Equation.
AB  - Using three critical points theorems, we prove the existence of at least three
      solutions for a quasilinear biharmonic equation. 

PMID- 27355063
TI  - The Incidence of Impacted Maxillary Canines in a Kosovar Population.
AB  - Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of impacted
      maxillary canines in a Kosovar population. Materials and Methods. The study
      consisted of a retrospective analysis of the records of 8101 patients treated in
      the University Dentistry Clinical Center of Kosovo between August 2001 and
      February 2004. The chi-squared test was used to examine potential differences in
      the distribution of impacted maxillary canines stratified by gender, age,
      location (left or right), and position. P < 0.05 was accepted as statistically
      significant. Results. It was found that the incidence of impacted maxillary
      canines was 1.62%. Of the 131 impacted maxillary canines, 101 were in female
      patients and 30 were in male patients, a statistically significant difference.
      Ages were in the range of 9 to >20 years, with a mean age of 24.38 +/- 8.09
      years. Of these subjects, 99 (75.57%) had unilaterally impacted maxillary
      canines, while 32 (24.43%) had bilateral impactions, a statistically significant
      difference (P < 0.00002). Impacted canines in 92 subjects (70.2%) were palatally
      placed, and 18 (13.7%) were labially placed. This difference was also
      statistically significant (P < 0.00001). Conclusion. The incidence of impacted
      maxillary canines in the sample Kosovar population was 1.62%, which is comparable
      to the findings from previous studies. 

PMID- 27355064
TI  - Locking Compression Plate in Distal Femoral Intra-Articular Fractures: Our
      Experience.
AB  - Background. Intra-articular fractures of distal femur present a huge surgical
      challenge. The aim of this study is to evaluate functional outcome, fracture
      healing, and the complications of distal femoral intra-articular fractures using
      locking compression plates. Material and Methods. We reviewed 46 distal femoral
      fractures treated with distal femoral locking compression plates between 2009 to
      2012. There were 36 men and 10 women with mean age of 35 years (range 20-72).
      More than half of the patients were of type C3 (AO classification) and had been
      caused by high energy trauma with associated injuries. Results. 2 patients were
      lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 44 patients, the mean follow-up period was 25
      months (range 18-36). The mean time for radiological union was 12 weeks (range 10
      18) except 2 patients which had gone for nonunion. At the latest follow up ROM
      >120 degrees  is noted in 32 patients, 90-120 in 10 patients, and 70-90 in 2
      patients. 38 patients (86%) had good/excellent outcome. Conclusion. Use of
      standard lateral approach for simple intra-articular distal femoral fractures
      (C1) and transarticular/minimally invasive techniques for complex intra-articular
      fractures (C2/C3) results in improved exposure of the knee joint and better union
      rates with low incidence of bone grafting. 

PMID- 27355065
TI  - Predictors of Salivary Fistulas in Patients Undergoing Salvage Total
      Laryngectomy.
AB  - Background. Salivary fistula is a common complication after salvage total
      laryngectomy. Previous studies have not considered the number of layers of
      pharyngeal closure and have not classified fistulas according to severity. Our
      objective was to analyze our institutional experience with salvage total
      laryngectomy, categorize salivary fistulas based on severity, and study the
      effect of various pharyngeal closure techniques on fistula incidence. Methods.
      Retrospective analysis of 48 patients who underwent salvage total laryngectomy,
      comparing pharyngeal closure technique and use of a pectoralis major flap with
      regard to salivary fistula rate. Fistulas were categorized into major and minor
      fistulas based on whether operative intervention was required. Results. The major
      fistula rate was 18.8% (9/48) and the minor fistula rate was 29.2% (14/48). The
      overall (major plus minor) fistula rate was 47.9%. The overall fistula and major
      fistula rates decreased with increasing the number of closure layers and with use
      of a pectoralis major flap; however, these correlations did not reach statistical
      significance. Other than age, there were no clinicopathologic variables
      associated with salivary fistulas. Conclusion. For salvage total laryngectomies,
      increasing the number of closure layers or use of a pectoralis major flap may
      reduce the risk of salivary fistula. 

PMID- 27355066
TI  - Coefficient Estimates for New Subclasses of Meromorphic Bi-Univalent Functions.
AB  - We introduce and investigate two new subclasses M sigma (alpha, lambda) and M
      sigma (beta, lambda) of meromorphic bi-univalent functions defined on Delta = {z
      : z ? C, 1 < |z | <infinity}. For functions belonging to these classes, estimates
      on the initial coefficients are obtained. 

PMID- 27355067
TI  - Effect of Nanosilver Gel, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, and Camphorated Phenol on
      Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm.
AB  - Aim. To assess the effectiveness of nanosilver gel (NSG) in comparison to
      chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and camphorated phenol (CP) against Enterococcus
      faecalis (E.f) biofilm. Methods and Materials. Two tests were done, methyl
      thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
      analysis, to determine the effectiveness of NSG, CHX, and CP on E.f biofilm.
      Polystyrene microtiter 96- and 6-well plates were used for MTT and CLSM,
      respectively. Nanosilver gel was in three concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%),
      chlorhexidine gluconate used was 2%, and camphorated phenol and normal saline
      were as control. Analysis was done using one-way ANOVA; the post hoc test was run
      for multiple comparisons. The level of statistical significance was set at P <
      0.05. Results. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences among groups (0.05%
      NSG and CP, 0.1% NSG and CP, 0.2% NSG and CP, 0.1% NSG and 2% CHX, 0.2% and NSG
      and 2% CHX) (P < 0.001) and also showed significant difference between groups (P
      < 0.001), f-ratio 87.823. A post hoc Tukey's test revealed no significant
      difference between chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.05% nanosilver gel (P > 0.05).
      Conclusions. 0.1% and 0.2% nanosilver gel is more effective on Enterococcus
      faecalis biofilm as compared to chlorhexidine gluconate and camphorated phenol. 

PMID- 27355069
TI  - Parasitic Contamination of Fruits and Vegetables Collected from Selected Local
      Markets of Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia.
AB  - Background. A study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of
      parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from local markets in
      Jimma Town, Ethiopia, was conducted between April and May 2013. Methods. A total
      of 360 samples of fruits and vegetables were examined by sedimentation
      concentration after washing using normal saline. Results. The overall prevalence
      of parasitic contamination was 57.8%. Strongyloides like parasite (21.9%) was the
      most frequent parasitic contaminant followed by Toxocara Spp (14.7%),
      Cryptosporidium Spp (12.8%), H. nana (8.3%), G. lamblia (7.5%), A. lumbricoides
      (6.7%), E. histolytica/dispar (5.3%), Cyclospora spp (5.0%), and H. diminuta
      (1.4%). Washing of the fruits and vegetables before display for selling was
      significantly associated with decreased parasitic contamination (P < 0.001).
      Conclusion. Since fruits and vegetables are potential sources of transmission for
      intestinal parasites in the study area, consumers should always avoid acquiring
      parasitic infection from contaminated fruits and vegetables supplied in Jimma
      Town through proper cleaning and cooking. 

PMID- 27355068
TI  - Attitudes and Practices of Surgeons towards Spilled Gallstones during
      Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: An Observational Study.
AB  - The sequelae of spilled gallstones after Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and
      the occurring complications may go unnoticed for a long time and can be a
      diagnostic challenge. The aim of this survey was to study the knowledge,
      attitude, and practices of surgeons regarding spilled gallstones during LC. An
      observational, cross-sectional survey, using a questionnaire based on 11 self
      answered close-ended questions, was conducted among general surgeons. Of the 138
      respondents only 29.7% had observed a complication related to gallstone spillage
      during LC. There was varied opinion of surgeons regarding management of spilled
      gallstones, documenting the same in operative notes and consent. It was observed
      that there is lack of knowledge regarding the complications related to gallstone
      spillage during LC. There is need to educate surgeons regarding safe practices
      during LC to avoid gallstone spillage, early diagnosis, and management of
      complications. There is need to standardize practice to retrieve lost gallstones
      to reduce complication and legal consequences. 

PMID- 27355070
TI  - Does a Dedicated Unit for the Treatment of Hip Fractures Improve Acute Outcomes?
AB  - The aim of this study is to establish whether management of patients in a unit
      dedicated to the treatment of hip fractures improves acute outcomes. We
      prospectively studied 300 patients with hip fractures in two separate groups.
      Patients in Group 1 were operated on in a mixed trauma unit and recovered in a
      traditional trauma ward. Patients in Group 2 were operated on in dedicated
      theatres and recovered in a unit which catered exclusively for hip fractures. The
      ages, ASA grades, and type of procedure performed in the two groups were
      comparable. The 30-day mortality rate in Group 2 was 9% as opposed to 12% in
      Group 1 (P = 0.34). The inpatient length of stay was significantly lower in Group
      2 (18 days versus 25 days; P = 0.0002) and so was the time taken to operate (28
      hours versus 34 hours; P = 0.04). A greater percentage of patients in Group 2
      were discharged home as opposed to a nursing home (75% versus 67%). This
      difference approached significance (P = 0.18). We conclude that prioritisation
      and prompt management of patients with hip fractures in a dedicated unit
      significantly improve time to surgery and significantly decrease length of stay. 

PMID- 27355072
TI  - Hepatitis B Infection Awareness among Dental Graduate Students: A Cross Sectional
      Study.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus transmission in a dental setting more commonly occurs due to
      inadequate/improper use of safety measures by the dentist. This particular study
      evaluated the hepatitis B virus infection related awareness among dental graduate
      students in a University Dental College, India. A validated questionnaire
      regarding the awareness about hepatitis infection and various infection control
      measures was distributed among the students of different year of study in
      undergraduate bachelor dental graduate program. The data extracted were tabulated
      and analyzed. Final year students showed an increased awareness when compared to
      third year students. There is need for improving the knowledge among the
      nonclinical students, mainly on transmission of virus through salivary contact.
      The overall awareness among the students is only fairly satisfying, which
      signifies the need for continued infection control education among the students. 

PMID- 27355073
TI  - The Fate of Patients Who Started Hemodialysis during Childhood or Adolescence:
      Results of an Interregional Moroccan Survey.
AB  - Hemodialysis is the most used renal replacement therapy for children in Morocco.
      The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of patients who
      started hemodialysis in childhood and study their characteristics and
      specificities of their care. For this we conducted a multicentric descriptive
      cross-sectional study of all chronic hemodialysis patients who started dialysis
      in pediatric age, in hemodialysis centers in four of the sixteen regions of
      Morocco. We collected 2066 patients undergoing dialysis in 39 hemodialysis
      centers; from these, only 72 patients (3.48%) started hemodialysis in childhood.
      The average age of patients was 20.64 +/- 6.5 years with a sex ratio of 1.9.
      Duration of dialysis was 78.2 +/- 56 months. The cause of end stage renal disease
      was urological abnormalities in 18% of cases and glomerulopathy in 12.5% of
      cases; however, it remains unknown in half of the patients. Over 18 years, 74% of
      patients are without profession, it is active in 13% of cases, and pursuing
      studies are only in 13% of cases. Patients under 5 years and those with a low
      weight are rarely taken care of in chronic hemodialysis with little
      individualization of prescription. Greater attention should be paid to renal
      transplantation that is desired by the majority of these patients (92%). 

PMID- 27355074
TI  - Determinant Factors of Anemia among Nonpregnant Women of Childbearing Age in
      Southwest Ethiopia: A Community Based Study.
AB  - Background. Anemia affects one-quarter of the world's population; nonpregnant
      women were one of the groups for whom it is common, making it a global public
      health problem. Objective. To determine prevalence and risk factors of anemia
      among nonpregnant women of childbearing age in Jimma town southwest Ethiopia.
      Methodology. We conducted a community based cross-sectional study involving 441
      nonpregnant women. Data was collected over two months of period. We collected
      sociodemographic and related data using structured questionnaire. We collected
      four milliliters of venous blood and five grams of stool samples from each study
      participant for hematological and parasitological analysis. We performed
      statistical analysis using SPSS-V 16 software. Result. The prevalence of anemia
      was 16.1% (n = 71) with mean hemoglobin 12.96 g/dL (+/-1.04), among which 97.2%
      (n = 69) were mildly anemic. Age group of 25-36 years old, lower economic level,
      illiteracy, multiparity, having intestinal parasitic infection, using more than
      two sanitary pads per day during menstruation period, and low body mass index
      were found to be risk factors of anemia among the group. Conclusion. Prevalence
      of anemia indicates mild public health importance which shows it was indeed
      public health problem. Identified risk factors should be considered for
      prevention and control of anemia among the group. 

PMID- 27355071
TI  - Ethnopharmacological Significance of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Asteraceae).
AB  - Eclipta alba can be found growing wild in fallow lands of Bangladesh where it is
      considered as a weed by farmers. Traditional medicinal systems of the Indian
      subcontinent countries as well as tribal practitioners consider the plant to have
      diverse medicinal values and use it commonly for treatment of gastrointestinal
      disorders, respiratory tract disorders (including asthma), fever, hair loss and
      graying of hair, liver disorders (including jaundice), skin disorders, spleen
      enlargement, and cuts and wounds. The plant has several phytoconstituents like
      wedelolactone, eclalbasaponins, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, luteolin, and
      apigenin. Pharmacological activities of plant extracts and individual
      phytoconstituents have revealed anticancer, hepatoprotective, snake venom
      neutralizing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Phytoconstituents
      like wedelolactone and ursolic and oleanolic acids as well as luteolin and
      apigenin can form the basis of new drugs against cancer, arthritis,
      gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, and liver disorders. 

PMID- 27355076
TI  - Finite Buffer GI/M(n)/1 Queue with Bernoulli-Schedule Vacation Interruption under
      N-Policy.
AB  - We study a finite buffer N-policy GI/M(n)/1 queue with Bernoulli-schedule
      vacation interruption. The server works with a slower rate during vacation
      period. At a service completion epoch during working vacation, if there are at
      least N customers present in the queue, the server interrupts vacation and
      otherwise continues the vacation. Using the supplementary variable technique and
      recursive method, we obtain the steady state system length distributions at
      prearrival and arbitrary epochs. Some special cases of the model, various
      performance measures, and cost analysis are discussed. Finally, parameter effect
      on the performance measures of the model is presented through numerical
      computations. 

PMID- 27355075
TI  - In Vitro and In Vivo Biochemical Evaluations of the Methanolic Leaf Extract of
      Garcinia kola.
AB  - Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) leaves have received limited scientific
      attention despite their traditionally acclaimed medicinal properties. The
      scavenging ability of the methanolic leaf extract (MLE) of G. kola was assayed
      for hydroxyl radical (OH(*)), superoxide anion (O2 (-)), 1,1-diphenyl-2
      picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
      (ABTS(*+)), and lipid peroxidation (LP) activity in egg yolk, rat liver, and
      brain homogenates. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were also
      evaluated. Group I animals were given oral doses of water, whereas Group II and
      Group III animals received 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) MLE, respectively,
      for 14 days. Plasma glucose, magnesium, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT/gammaGT),
      alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and
      urea were evaluated. Hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase
      (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), LP, and liver histopathological appearance
      were also assessed. The extract scavenged OH(*), O2 (-), DPPH, and ABTS(*+) and
      inhibited LP in egg yolk, rat liver, and brain homogenates. Furthermore, oral
      administration of the extract showed no adverse effects on hepatic and renal
      function tests. Increased hepatic GSH and nonsignificant changes in LP, GPx and
      SOD activities, and liver histology were observed. These results suggest that G.
      kola leaves have antioxidant activities which may have application in traditional
      medicine. 

PMID- 27355077
TI  - Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice regarding Food, and Waterborne Outbreak after
      Massive Diarrhea Outbreak in Yazd Province, Iran, Summer 2013.
AB  - Objective. This Study was conducted after a diarrhea outbreak that occurred in
      Yazd Province, Iran. The aim of the study was to compare knowledge, attitude,
      practice, and other risk factors of the affected communities regarding diarrhea
      outbreak (the cities of Zarch, Meybod, and Ardakan) to nonaffected communities
      (the cities of Yazd and Taft). Methods. A knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP)
      survey study was conducted from August to September 2013 enrolling 505 subjects
      who were referred to health centers anonymously during the epidemic. The
      questionnaire included the following four parts: (a) general characteristics such
      as gender, education level, source of health information obtaining; (b) 12
      questions on knowledge (Min = 0, Max = 36); (c) 10 questions on attitude (Min =
      0, Max = 50); and (d) nine questions on practice (Min = 0, Max = 27). Results.
      The overall mean score of knowledge, attitude, and practice was 28.17 (SD =
      4.58), 37.07 (SD = 4.39), and 21.31 (SD = 3.81), respectively. Practice on food-
      and waterborne outbreaks was significantly higher in females (P = 0.001) and in
      nonaffected communities (P = 0.031). Conclusions. Nonaffected communities had a
      considerably better practice score. With the increase in the score of knowledge
      about food- and waterborne outbreaks, the score of practice increased slightly. 

PMID- 27355079
TI  - Assessing Child Maltreatment in Children Born to Mothers Who Used Methamphetamine
      during Pregnancy at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand: A Pilot Study.
AB  - Studies on maltreatment of children born to methamphetamine abusing mothers are
      lacking. This cross-sectional study examined child maltreatment among children
      born at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, to mothers who used methamphetamines
      during pregnancy. During the study period between July 2011 and January 2012, 34
      caretakers of these children were interviewed using the ISPCAN Child Abuse
      Screening Tool-Parent Version (ICAST-P) to assess their disciplinary actions. The
      associations between child's and caretaker's characteristics and child
      maltreatment behaviors were analyzed. More than 90% of caretakers were female
      with age ranging from 18 to 35 years and about 60% were biological mothers. The
      children's age ranged from 1 to 9 years. Disciplinary acts and child rearing
      practices that were considered to be child maltreatment behaviors were reported
      as follows: psychological discipline 82.4%, physical discipline 79.4%, and
      neglect 29.4%. No associations between the child's or the caretaker's
      characteristics and child maltreatment behaviors were found. In conclusion, child
      maltreatment behaviors were frequent in caretakers of children born to mothers
      who used methamphetamine during pregnancy. Supervision on child rearing and
      careful monitoring are needed for this population. 

PMID- 27355078
TI  - Incidence of Radix Entomolaris in Mandibular First Molars in Palestinian
      Population: A Clinical Investigation.
AB  - Purpose. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate clinically the percentage
      of permanent mandibular first molar teeth with three roots amongst Palestinian
      population. Patients and Methods. Three hundred twenty-two mandibular first
      molars from 185 females and 137 males scheduled for root canal treatment at the
      Dental Center of the Arab American University were examined over a 2-year period.
      The incidence of a third root revealed by periapical radiographs and the
      comparison of the occurrence between males and females and between the right and
      left sides of the mandible were recorded. Statistical Analysis. It was performed
      using the chi-square test with a significant level set at P < 0.05%. Results. Of
      the 322 treated mandibular first molars, twelve teeth were found to have a third
      root with an overall incidence being 3.73%. More teeth with a third root were
      treated on the right side of the mandible compared to the left side. Conclusion.
      The incidence of a third root in Palestinian population was within the range of
      previous reports from the Middle East but considerably lower than the percentage
      from the Far East. 

PMID- 27355080
TI  - Effect of 82% Lactic Acid in Treatment of Melasma.
AB  - Melasma is an acquired, chronic, and symmetrical hypermelanosis, characterized by
      brown patches of variable darkness on sun exposed areas of body. There are
      numerous modalities of treatment currently in use for this disease, of which the
      chemical peeling is very commonly used. Therefore, the present work was done to
      see the effect of 82% lactic acid peel in the treatment of melasma. A total
      number of 20 patients of either sex attending the OPD of dermatology department
      with clinically evident melasma were included in the study. 82% Lactic acid peel
      was applied on the face for 12 weeks in each patient. Patients were evaluated
      clinically and photographically at various intervals and in follow-up till 24
      weeks. Assessment of patient satisfaction and side effects were also noted. All
      the subjects completed the study. Application of this peel for 12 weeks
      significantly decreased the melasma area severity index score and also melasma
      severity scale score. Patient and physician analogue scales also showed the
      improvement by the treatment. Regarding the adverse effects, burning sensation
      was the only side effect noted in our study. In conclusion, 82% lactic acid peel
      is well tolerated and can be used for the treatment of melasma. 

PMID- 27355081
TI  - Stability Analysis of an Improved HBV Model with CTL Immune Response.
AB  - To better understand the dynamics of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, we
      introduce an improved HBV model with standard incidence function, cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes (CTL) immune response, and take into account the effect of the export
      of precursor CTL cells from the thymus and the role of cytolytic and noncytolytic
      mechanisms. The local stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the chronic
      infection equilibrium is obtained via characteristic equations. Furthermore, the
      global stability of both equilibria is established by using two techniques, the
      direct Lyapunov method for the disease-free equilibrium and the geometrical
      approach for the chronic infection equilibrium. 

PMID- 27355082
TI  - Determination of Magnesium Valproate and Its Process Related Impurities by
      Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography.
AB  - A selective ultraperformance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method for the
      determination of magnesium valproate and its process related impurities has been
      developed. The method includes reversed-phase Acquity BEH C18 column with 100 mm
      * 2.1 mm i.d. and 1.7 u particle size. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile
      and 5 mM ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate with pH = 3.0 at 45 : 55 isocratic
      elution. The flow rate was set at 0.3 mL/min and UV detection was performed at
      215 nm. A system suitability test (SST) was developed to govern the quality of
      the separation. The developed method has been validated further with respect to
      linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, LOD, LOQ, and robustness. Different
      batches of samples were examined using this method; the method proved to be
      successful when applied to analyze a marketed magnesium valproate formulation. 

PMID- 27355083
TI  - Canonical PSO Based K-Means Clustering Approach for Real Datasets.
AB  - "Clustering" the significance and application of this technique is spread over
      various fields. Clustering is an unsupervised process in data mining, that is why
      the proper evaluation of the results and measuring the compactness and
      separability of the clusters are important issues. The procedure of evaluating
      the results of a clustering algorithm is known as cluster validity measure.
      Different types of indexes are used to solve different types of problems and
      indices selection depends on the kind of available data. This paper first
      proposes Canonical PSO based K-means clustering algorithm and also analyses some
      important clustering indices (intercluster, intracluster) and then evaluates the
      effects of those indices on real-time air pollution database, wholesale customer,
      wine, and vehicle datasets using typical K-means, Canonical PSO based K-means,
      simple PSO based K-means, DBSCAN, and Hierarchical clustering algorithms. This
      paper also describes the nature of the clusters and finally compares the
      performances of these clustering algorithms according to the validity assessment.
      It also defines which algorithm will be more desirable among all these algorithms
      to make proper compact clusters on this particular real life datasets. It
      actually deals with the behaviour of these clustering algorithms with respect to
      validation indexes and represents their results of evaluation in terms of
      mathematical and graphical forms. 

PMID- 27355084
TI  - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: current concepts on neurological and muscular
      etiologies.
AB  - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a frequent disease but its etiology
      remains unknown. Gender prevalence in females is already known and there are many
      suggested hypotheses to explain its origin and manifestation, like associated
      neurologic, muscular and connective tissue disorders. Literature reports have
      tried to analyze disease prevalence in selected populations, possible ways of
      inheritance, related genes location and their polymorphisms, which may play a
      role in the development of the deformity. The purpose of this paper is to review
      and update concepts on the origin and genetic influence on AIS. 

PMID- 27355085
TI  - "Clinical triad" findings in pediatric Klippel-Feil patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been propagated that patients with Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS)
      exhibit "clinical triad" findings (CTFs), known as a short neck, low posterior
      hairline, and limited cervical range of motion (ROM). However, the literature has
      noted that up to 50 % of KFS cases may not present with such findings and the
      reasoning behind such assertions remains speculative. As such, the following
      study addressed the association between CTFs to that of congenitally-fused
      cervical segments and other risk factors in KFS patients. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective clinical study based on prospectively collected radiographic data.
      Thirty-one KFS patients at a single institution were assessed. Radiographs were
      used to evaluate the location and extent of congenitally-fused segments (spanning
      the occiput (O) to the first thoracic vertebra (T1)), as well as examining
      coronal and sagittal cervical alignments based on the Samartzis et al. KFS
      classification. Clinical records were evaluated to account for the initial
      clinical assessment of CTFs. Patients were further stratified into two groups:
      Group 1 included patients noted to have any CTFs, while Group 2 included patients
      who had no such findings. RESULTS: There were 12 males and 19 females (mean age
      at initial consultation: 9.7 years). No evidence of any of the CTFs was shown in
      35.5 % of patients, whereas 38.7, 16.2 and 9.7 % were determined to have one, two
      or all three criteria, respectively. Limited cervical ROM was the most common
      finding (64.5 % of patients). In Group 1, 25 % had a short neck, 30 % a low
      posterior hairline, and 100 % exhibited limited cervical ROM. Group 1 had a mean
      of 3.9 fused cervical segments, whereas Group 2 had a mean of 2.5 fused cervical
      segments (p = 0.028). Age, sex-type, occipitalization and alignment parameters
      did not significantly differ to Group-type (p > 0.05). In Group 1, based on the
      Samartzis et al. Types I, II, and III, 16.7, 73.3, and 80.0 % of the patients,
      respectively, had at least one CTF. CONCLUSIONS: Complete CTFs were not highly
      associated during the clinical assessment of young KFS patients. However, KFS
      patients with extensive, congenitally-fused segments (i.e. Samartzis et al. Type
      III) were significantly more likely to exhibit one of the components of the CTF,
      which was predominantly a limited cervical ROM. Clinicians managing young
      pediatric patients should not rely on the full spectrum of CTFs and should
      maintain a high-index of suspicion for KFS, in particular in individuals that
      exhibit associated spinal findings, such as congenital scoliosis.

PMID- 27355086
TI  - Short term stroke outcome is worse among indiv1iduals with sickle cell trait.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most (86%) of the global stroke mortality are from low- and middle
      income countries (LMIC) including African countries which have the highest
      prevalence of the sickle cell trait (Hb AS). The effects of this trait on stroke
      occurrence and outcome are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the effects
      of the sickle cell trait on the 30-day stroke mortality in Nigerian-Africans.
      METHOD: This was a prospective study of 35 stroke patients with sickle cell trait
      (Haemoglobin AS) and 35 age and sex-matched controls without haemoglobinopathy
      (Haemoglobin AA). Haemoglobin electrophoresis was performed for all before
      recruitment and they all had neuroimaging done. Patients with haemoglobin AS were
      used as cases and those with haemoglobin AA as controls. The National Institute
      of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess the severity of stroke at
      presentation and the Modified Rankin Scale for 30-day stroke outcome. RESULT:
      There was no significant difference in the baseline stroke severity between the
      two groups (p = 0.21). Univariate analysis of the factors predicting the 30-day
      stroke outcome revealed that NIHSS score > 20 (p < 0.001), haemorrhagic stroke (p
      = 0.01) and the presence of Hb AS (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with
      30-day mortality. Haemorrhagic stroke type was strongly associated with HbAS (OR
      = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.10-7.99, p-value = 0.02). With multiple logistic regression
      model, the presence of Hb AS (p = 0.01) and NIHSS score > 20 (p = 0.05) emerged
      as independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. The cases had worse stroke
      outcome at 30 days. CONCLUSION: Stroke had1 a worse 30-day mortality and outcome
      in patients with sickle cell trait (HbAS) than in patients with normal adult
      haemoglobin (HbAA).

PMID- 27355087
TI  - Can Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein (I-FABP) Be A Marker in the Diagnosis
      of Abdominal Pathology?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Biochemical markers play an important role in the early diagnosis of
      abdominal pain. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of
      intestinal type fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) in patients with abdominal
      pathology. METHODS: This prospective and descriptive study was performed at the
      University Hospital Emergency Department. Serum I-FABP levels of patients
      presenting with acute abdominal pain were measured at time of admission and were
      compared with those of healthy individuals. RESULTS: The mean I-FABP level of the
      171 patients enrolled in this study was 170.1+/-543.4 pg/ml, while that of a
      healthy control group was 61.4+/-47.4 pg/ml. Although I-FABP levels were higher
      in the patient group, this difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
      However, I-FABP levels of patients with mesenteric ischemia and intra-abdominal
      mass were significantly higher than those of healthy individuals (p<=0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: I-FABP levels that are evaluated at time of admission in patients
      presenting with abdominal pain to the emergency department are significantly
      higher in patients with mesenteric ischemia and intra-abdominal mass than are
      those of healthy individuals.

PMID- 27355088
TI  - Rapid Intravenous Rehydration to Correct Dehydration and Resolve Vomiting in
      Children with Acute Gastroenteritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of rapid
      intravenous rehydration to resolve vomiting in children with acute
      gastroenteritis. METHODS: This randomized control trial was conducted in the
      pediatric emergency department in a tertiary care center in Tabriz, North-West of
      Iran. The study participants' were 150 children with acute gastroenteritis and
      vomiting who were moderately dehydrated, had not responded to oral rehydration
      therapy and without any electrolyte abnormalities. 20-30 cc/kg of a crystalloid
      solution was given intravenously over 2 hours and the control group was admitted
      in the emergency department (ED) for a standard 24 hour hydration. Effectiveness
      of rapid intravenous rehydration in the resolution of vomiting in children with
      acute gastroenteritis was evaluated. RESULTS: In 63 children of the intervention
      group (out of 75) vomiting was resolved after rapid IV rehydration and they were
      discharged. Among them, 12 that did not tolerate oral fluids were admitted. In
      the control group, 62 patients' vomiting was resolved in the first 4 hours after
      admission, and there was no significant difference between the two groups
      regarding resolution of vomiting. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid intravenous rehydration in
      children with moderate dehydration and vomiting due to gastroenteritis is
      effective in reducing admission rates in the ED.

PMID- 27355089
TI  - Sudden Suspected Death in Emergency Department: Autopsy Results.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sudden deaths occur within 24 hours after symptoms' onset and are
      caused by cardiac, neurological and pulmonary diseases. Autopsy is the gold
      standard in determining cause of death. In this study, death's etiology was
      evaluated in cases applied to our department that underwent autopsy with sudden
      death indication. METHODS: This study included cases aged 18 or older with
      sudden, suspected, non-traumatic death applying to our department between 2008
      and 2012. Patients' age, sex, death time, co-morbid diseases, initial signs,
      cardiac rhythm, and autopsy findings were recorded after reviewing patient
      charts. RESULTS: The study included 46 patients. Mean age was 45.73+/-19.6. Of
      the cases, 84.78% applied to emergency with cardiopulmonary arrest. Thirty-two
      cases (69.6%) were male. The most frequent cause of death was cardiovascular
      diseases (52.2%), followed by central nervous system disorders (21.7%),
      intoxications (15.2%), and respiratory diseases (10.9%). The most common diseases
      were myocardial infarction (45.7%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (8.7%), and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease. There were three drug ingestions, three carbon
      monoxide intoxications, and one corrosive material ingestion among the
      intoxication cases. CONCLUSIONS: Sudden deaths are rarely encountered. Emergency
      clinicians should consider cause in differential diagnosis and provide
      appropriate approaches at first evaluation.

PMID- 27355090
TI  - The Analysis of Escherichia Coli Resistance in Urine Culture and in Antibiograms
      as Requested by Emergency Service.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance of
      infectious and non-infectious E. coli species in order to increase the success of
      empirical antibiotic treatment in urinary system infections. METHODS: The
      antibiotic susceptibility of 464 E. coli strains that were isolated from urine
      samples of patients who visited Derince Training and Research Hospital Emergency
      Department between January 1 and December 31, 2012 were retrospectively evaluated
      from records. The antibiogram results were classified as susceptible, moderately
      susceptible or resistant. Moderately susceptible strains were assumed to be
      resistant. RESULTS: Bacterial proliferation was seen in 563 (28.1%) of the 1998
      urine cultures tested. One hundred and twelve cultures could not be evaluated due
      to contamination, and there was no proliferation in 1323 cultures. E. coli
      strains were isolated in 464 (82.4%) of the cultures in which proliferation was
      seen. Three hundred and sixty seven (79%) of the patients were female, 97 (21%)
      were male, and the mean age of all of the patients was 41.1+/-24.1 years (min: 1,
      max: 90). The antibiograms of the E. coli strains revealed that meropenem had the
      lowest resistance (0%), while ampicillin-sulbactam had the highest resistance
      (36.8%). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance of
      E. coli strains isolated from urine cultures in our region. Future studies,
      perhaps similar to this one, can be performed in the future to increase the
      success of treatments.

PMID- 27355091
TI  - Spontaneous Bladder Rupture and Pelvic Fracture Due To Bladder Cancer.
AB  - Bladder rupture is a rare complication following bladder cancer, but has a high
      mortality rate. Since bladder rupture is an emergency, the diagnosis and
      treatment of the cancer is usually delayed. Here we report a 56-year-old male
      patient who presented to our emergency department with severe abdominal pain,
      abdominal distension, left leg pain and difficulty in walking without history of
      significant trauma and ended up with diagnoses of spontaneous bladder rupture and
      non-traumatic pelvic fracture caused by bladder carcinoma. 

PMID- 27355092
TI  - A Case of Ramsay Hunt Syndrome with Atypical Presentation.
AB  - Ramsay Hunt syndrome is a rare complication of herpes zoster which results from
      the reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion.
      Although facial nerve is the most common affected nerve in Ramsay Hunt syndrome,
      other cranial and cervical nerves can also be affected. We present an atypical
      case of Ramsay Hunt syndrome in a 42-year-old male, with cervical nerve
      involvement. As spontaneous recovery rate in Ramsay Hunt syndrome is low, early
      diagnosis and treatment plays a key role in full recovery of paralysis. 

PMID- 27355094
TI  - Cancer incidence vs. FM radio transmitter density.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2002, a strong association was highlighted between local melanoma
      incidence and the number of locally covering main Frequency Modulation (FM)
      transmitters in Sweden. This study investigated whether an association also
      exists between melanoma incidence and the average density of main FM transmitters
      in different European countries. METHODS: Twenty-three different European
      countries were asked to disclose the number of main transmitters used for the FM
      broadcasting band (87.5-108 MHz) in the respective country. Incidences of
      melanoma, breast cancer and all cancers together per country were correlated with
      their respective average density of transmitters per 10,000 km(2). FINDINGS: Both
      melanoma and breast cancer, as well as all cancers together, appear to be
      significantly associated with the density of main FM broadcasting transmitters in
      the European countries examined. INTERPRETATION: The findings present strong
      support to the earlier presented hypothesis that body-resonant broadcasting
      radiation emitted by horizontally polarized main FM transmitters has an immune
      disturbing effect. FUNDING: This study was financed by internal funds within
      Hallberg Independent Research only.

PMID- 27355095
TI  - Priming Sexual and Romantic Representations in Two Media Environments: Sex
      Encourages and Romance Discourages Sexual Permissiveness ... Sometimes.
AB  - Two experiments (Ns = 314, 447) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of sexual
      cues in temporarily increasing young adults' self-reported sexual permissiveness,
      as well as the effects of romantic cues in temporarily decreasing permissiveness.
      Participants were exposed to sexual or romantic cues embedded as a theme-defining
      component of an online game (Study 1) or in advertisements peripheral to the
      online game (Study 2). Sexual and romantic conditions were compared against a
      control condition. As hypothesized, participants in the romantic conditions rated
      themselves lower in sexual permissiveness, compared to participants in the sexual
      and control conditions, particularly when participants positively evaluated the
      online game experience. Findings suggest that exposure to entertaining media
      depictions of two people, as a committed couple, expressing love, as well as
      lust, for each other might deter young adults from considering engagement in
      casual sexual encounters indicative of "hookup culture."

PMID- 27355096
TI  - Catalytic Asymmetric [4 + 1] Annulation of Sulfur Ylides with Copper-Allenylidene
      Intermediates.
AB  - The first copper-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative [4 + 1] cycloaddition of
      propargylic carbamates and sulfur ylides was successfully developed. This
      strategy led to a series of chiral indolines with synthetically flexible alkyne
      groups in good yields and with high enantio- and diastereoselectivities (up to
      99% yield, 98% ee, and >95:5 dr). A possible mechanism and stereoinduction mode
      with copper-allenylidenes were proposed as the possible dipolar intermediate.

PMID- 27355097
TI  - Aqueous Peptide-TiO2 Interfaces: Isoenergetic Binding via Either Entropically or
      Enthalpically Driven Mechanisms.
AB  - A major barrier to the systematic improvement of biomimetic peptide-mediated
      strategies for the controlled growth of inorganic nanomaterials in
      environmentally benign conditions lies in the lack of clear conceptual
      connections between the sequence of the peptide and its surface binding affinity,
      with binding being facilitated by noncovalent interactions. Peptide conformation,
      both in the adsorbed and in the nonadsorbed state, is the key relationship that
      connects peptide-materials binding with peptide sequence. Here, we combine
      experimental peptide-titania binding characterization with state-of-the-art
      conformational sampling via molecular simulations to elucidate these
      structure/binding relationships for two very different titania-binding peptide
      sequences. The two sequences (Ti-1, QPYLFATDSLIK; Ti-2, GHTHYHAVRTQT) differ in
      their overall hydropathy, yet via quartz-crystal microbalance measurements and
      predictions from molecular simulations, we show these sequences both support very
      similar, strong titania-binding affinities. Our molecular simulations reveal that
      the two sequences exhibit profoundly different modes of surface binding, with Ti
      1 acting as an entropically driven binder while Ti-2 behaves as an enthalpically
      driven binder. The integrated approach presented here provides a rational basis
      for peptide sequence engineering to achieve the in situ growth and organization
      of titania nanostructures in aqueous media and for the design of sequences
      suitable for a range of technological applications that involve the interface
      between titania and biomolecules. 

PMID- 27355098
TI  - Mesostructured HfxAlyO2 Thin Films as Reliable and Robust Gate Dielectrics with
      Tunable Dielectric Constants for High-Performance Graphene-Based Transistors.
AB  - We introduce a reliable and robust gate dielectric material with tunable
      dielectric constants based on a mesostructured HfxAlyO2 film. The ultrathin
      mesostructured HfxAlyO2 film is deposited on graphene via a physisorbed-precursor
      assisted atomic layer deposition process and consists of an intermediate state
      with small crystallized parts in an amorphous matrix. Crystal phase engineering
      using Al dopant is employed to achieve HfO2 phase transitions, which produce the
      crystallized part of the mesostructured HfxAlyO2 film. The effects of various Al
      doping concentrations are examined, and an enhanced dielectric constant of ~25 is
      obtained. Further, the leakage current is suppressed (~10(-8) A/cm(2)) and the
      dielectric breakdown properties are enhanced (breakdown field: ~7 MV/cm) by the
      partially remaining amorphous matrix. We believe that this contribution is
      theoretically and practically relevant because excellent gate dielectric
      performance is obtained. In addition, an array of top-gated metal-insulator
      graphene field-effect transistors is fabricated on a 6 in. wafer, yielding a
      capacitance equivalent oxide thickness of less than 1 nm (0.78 nm). This low
      capacitance equivalent oxide thickness has important implications for the
      incorporation of graphene into high-performance silicon-based nanoelectronics.

PMID- 27355099
TI  - Bis(carboxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole Based Metal-Organic Frameworks: Impact of Metal
      Ion Substitution on Adsorption Performance.

PMID- 27355100
TI  - Factors Affecting Recruitment of Participants for Studies of Diabetes Technology
      in Newly Diagnosed Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: A Qualitative Focus Group Study
      with Parents and Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about parents' or children's attitudes
      toward recruitment for, and participation in, studies of new diabetes
      technologies immediately after diagnosis. This study investigated factors
      affecting recruitment of participants for studies in newly diagnosed youth with
      type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Qualitative focus group study incorporating four
      recorded focus groups, conducted in four outpatient pediatric diabetes clinics in
      large regional hospitals in England. Participants comprised four groups of
      parents (n = 22) and youth (n = 17) with type 1 diabetes, purposively sampled on
      the basis of past involvement (either participation or nonparticipation) in an
      ongoing two-arm randomized trial comparing multiple daily injection with
      conventional continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion regimens from the onset of
      type 1 diabetes. RESULTS: Stress associated with diagnosis presents significant
      challenges in terms of study recruitment, with parents demonstrating varied
      levels of willingness to be approached soon after diagnosis. Additional
      challenges arise regarding the following: randomization when study arms are
      perceived as sharply differentiated in terms of therapy effectiveness; burdens
      arising from study participation; and the need to surrender new technologies
      following the end of the study. However, these challenges were mostly
      insufficient to rule out study participation. Participants emphasized the
      benefits and reassurance arising from support provided by staff and fellow study
      participants. CONCLUSIONS: Recruitment to studies of new diabetes technologies
      immediately after diagnosis in youth presents significant challenges, but these
      are not insurmountable. The stress and uncertainty arising from potential
      participation may be alleviated by personalized discussion with staff and peer
      support from fellow study participants.

PMID- 27355102
TI  - Chinese Herb Use by Patients at a San Francisco Chinatown Public Health Center.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) use has not been well characterized in
      persons living in the United States who receive care by Western-trained
      healthcare providers. The primary objective of this study was to characterize use
      of CHM taken in the last 12 months by patients seen at a Chinatown public health
      center. DESIGN: Convenience sample survey. SETTING: Data collection occurred over
      3 months at a San Francisco Chinatown public health center. PARTICIPANTS: Adult
      patients visiting their primary care provider. INTERVENTIONS: Completion of a
      voluntary 24-question survey on CHM use. OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence, type, and
      indications for use. RESULTS: Survey response rate was 29% (50/170). Seventy
      percent (35/50) of respondents had used CHM in the last 12 months and 94% (33/35)
      were also taking prescription medicines. The three most commonly used CHM were
      goji berry (37%), Dioscorea (31%), and ginseng (23%). The most common indications
      for herbs used in the last 12 months were general wellness (34%), cold/flu (25%),
      and headache (6%). Sixty-four percent of respondents had used Western medicine in
      combination with CHM within the last 12 months. Sixty-nine percent of respondents
      who used CHM did not tell their Western provider about this use. No patient had
      CHM use documented in the electronic medical record. CONCLUSIONS: Patients seen
      at a Chinatown public health center frequently used CHM products in conjunction
      with Western prescription medicines. Providers should routinely enquire about CHM
      use for health as a soup, tea, food, or pill and document this use in the medical
      record.

PMID- 27355101
TI  - Assembly and Mechanical Properties of the Cargo-Free and Cargo-Loaded Bacterial
      Nanocompartment Encapsulin.
AB  - Prokaryotes mostly lack membranous compartments that are typical of eukaryotic
      cells, but instead, they have various protein-based organelles. These include
      bacterial microcompartments like the carboxysome and the virus-like
      nanocompartment encapsulin. Encapsulins have an adaptable mechanism for enzyme
      packaging, which makes it an attractive platform to carry a foreign protein
      cargo. Here we investigate the assembly pathways and mechanical properties of the
      cargo-free and cargo-loaded nanocompartments, using a combination of native mass
      spectrometry, atomic force microscopy and multiscale computational molecular
      modeling. We show that encapsulin dimers assemble into rigid single-enzyme
      bacterial containers. Moreover, we demonstrate that cargo encapsulation has a
      mechanical impact on the shell. The structural similarity of encapsulins to virus
      capsids is reflected in their mechanical properties. With these robust mechanical
      properties encapsulins provide a suitable platform for the development of
      nanotechnological applications.

PMID- 27355104
TI  - AgSCF3-Mediated Oxidative Trifluoromethythiolation of Alkynes with
      Dearomatization to Synthesize SCF3-Substituted Spiro[4,5]trienones.
AB  - A new method for the AgSCF3-mediated radical cascade difunctionalizing
      trifluoromethythiolation of alkynes with dearomatization is developed. This
      protocol provides a novel route to SCF3-substituted spirocyclic compounds via the
      formation of one C-SCF3 bond, one C-C bond, and one C-O double bond in a single
      step.

PMID- 27355103
TI  - Clinically significant psychiatric symptoms among male carriers of the fragile X
      premutation, with and without FXTAS, and the mediating influence of executive
      functioning.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To clarify the neuropsychiatric phenotype of fragile X-associated
      tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), and assess the extent to which it is mediated by
      the dysexecutive syndrome that is a major feature of the disorder. METHODS: We
      examined the prevalence of clinically meaningful psychiatric symptoms among male
      carriers of the fragile X premutation, with and without FXTAS, in comparison with
      men with a normal allele. Measures included the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI),
      Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), and the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale, a measure
      of executive functioning. Between-group differences were evaluated using logistic
      regression, followed by a mediation analysis with ordinary least squares
      regression to assess the contribution of dysexecutive syndrome to the observed
      psychiatric domains. RESULTS: Men with FXTAS showed higher rates of clinically
      significant symptoms overall and in specific domains: somatization, obsessive
      compulsive, depression, anxiety, psychoticism, agitation/aggression,
      apathy/indifference, irritability, and nighttime behavior problems. Post hoc
      analyses suggested that findings of psychoticism among men with FXTAS may be
      associated with participants' accurate acknowledgment of cognitive and physical
      dysfunction, rather than reflecting psychosis. Asymptomatic carriers showed no
      evidence of clinically significant psychiatric symptoms, but when all carriers
      were compared with men having a normal FMR1 allele, executive function deficits
      were found to mediate scores in several domains on both NPI and SCL-90-R.
      CONCLUSIONS: Building on prior research, the results provide evidence that the
      psychiatric phenotype for men includes clinically meaningful depression,
      hostility, and irritability, in association with behavioral and attentional
      disinhibition. It is likely that these problems reflect the effects of impaired
      executive functioning.

PMID- 27355105
TI  - Outcomes of Patients in Long-Term Opioid Maintenance Treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of duration of opioid maintenance treatment
      (OMT), only few studies have reported outcomes of long-term OMT. OBJECTIVES: To
      describe outcomes of long-term (> 5 years) OMT patients with respect to substance
      use, physical and mental health, and socioeconomic characteristics. METHODS:
      Patients (n = 160) were recruited from 15 OMT offices in different regions of
      Germany. Data were collected using a structured interview at baseline, and
      clinical recordings, including urine drug screenings, during 12 monhts follow-up.
      RESULTS: Patients had a mean age of 44 years. During follow-up, 23% of patients
      showed indications of an alcohol problem. Cannabis was used by 56%, often
      frequently. Heroin was used by 28%, mostly infrequently. Three quarters of
      patients either had a non-substance related mental disorder (48.1%, most
      frequently affective and anxiety disorders) or somatic diagnosis (61.3%,
      frequently hepatitis C, HIV, or cardiovascular diseases), or both. Unemployment
      rate was 43.1% at baseline (27% for patients without comorbidity) and remained
      generally stable during follow-up. No arrests or incarcerations were recorded.
      During follow-up, 2.5% of patients prematurely terminated OMT, 2.5% regularly
      completed OMT. CONCLUSIONS: The sample as a whole was characterized by stable
      living conditions, high unemployment, low illicit opiate use, and a high
      retention rate. Continuation of OMT could enable further treatment of comorbidity
      and prevent resumption of a drug-dominated lifestyle. But it may well be asked
      how within the context of OMT further improvements can be achieved, especially
      with regard to further decrease of alcohol use and the treatment of depression.

PMID- 27355106
TI  - Cyberbullying Victimization in Adolescents as Related to Body Esteem, Social
      Support, and Social Self-Efficacy.
AB  - The authors examined cyberbullying victimization in the context of issues of key
      importance to youth: body esteem, social support, and social self-efficacy.
      Research has found that traditional peer-bullying victimization is significantly
      correlated with low body esteem in Western societies, especially pertaining to
      weight (R. Puhl & J. Luedicke, 2012 ). Studies have also found a relationship
      among bullying victimization, appearance-related bullying, low body esteem, and
      psychosocial difficulties among youth (L. E. Park, R. M. Calogero, A.F. Young, &
      A. Diraddo, 2010 ). However, the emergence of cyberbullying, characterized by its
      own special features (P. K. Smith et al., 2008 ), has raised a salient need to
      explore the relationship between cyber victimization and body esteem, no less
      important with social framework, because both are key components in adolescents'
      lives that may be associated with cyberbullying victimization. The authors
      examined these relationships among 204 Israeli adolescents 14-16 years old. The
      results indicate a noteworthy prevalence (45%) of cyber victims. Cyber
      victimization is significantly correlated with low body esteem and low social
      support and social self-efficacy. Low body esteem and low social support
      predicted the probability of being a cyber victim. The results extend the
      knowledge about potential personal and social risk factors for cyber
      victimization during adolescence. Implications for specific intervention programs
      are discussed.

PMID- 27355107
TI  - Sex differences and hormonal effects on gut microbiota composition in mice.
AB  - We previously reported quantitation of gut microbiota in a panel of 89 different
      inbred strains of mice, and we now examine the question of sex differences in
      microbiota composition. When the total population of 689 mice was examined
      together, several taxa exhibited significant differences in abundance between
      sexes but a larger number of differences were observed at the single strain
      level, suggesting that sex differences can be obscured by host genetics and
      environmental factors. We also examined a subset of mice on chow and high fat
      diets and observed sex-by-diet interactions. We further investigated the sex
      differences using gonadectomized and hormone treated mice from 3 different inbred
      strains. Principal coordinate analysis with unweighted UniFrac distances revealed
      very clear effects of gonadectomy and hormone replacement on microbiota
      composition in all 3 strains. Moreover, bile acid analyses showed gender-specific
      differences as well as effects of gonodectomy, providing one possible mechanism
      mediating sex differences in microbiota composition.

PMID- 27355127
TI  - A new three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) technique for large breast
      and/or high body mass index patients: evaluation of a novel fields assessment
      aimed to reduce extra-target-tissue irradiation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop an alternative three-dimensional treatment plan with
      standardized fields class solution for whole-breast radiotherapy in patients with
      large/pendulous breast and/or high body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Two treatment
      plans [tangential fields and standardized five-fields technique (S5F)] for a
      total dose of 50 Gy/25 fractions were generated for patients with large breasts
      [planning target volume (PTV) >1000 cm(3) and/or BMI >25 kg m(-2)], supine
      positioned. S5F plans consist of two wedged tangential beams, anteroposterior: 20
      degrees  for the right breast and 340 degrees  for the left breast, and
      posteroanterior: 181 degrees  for the right breast and 179 degrees  for the left
      breast. A field in field in medial-lateral beam and additional fields were added
      to reduce hot spot areas and extra-target-tissue irradiation and to improve dose
      distribution. The percentage of PTV receiving 95% of the prescribed dose (PTV
      V95%), percentage of PTV receiving 105% of the prescribed dose (PTV V105%),
      maximal dose to PTV (PTV Dmax), homogeneity index (HI) and conformity index were
      recorded. V10%, V20%, V105% and V107% of a "proper" normal tissue structure (body
      PTV healthy tissue) were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using
      SYSTAT v.12.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). RESULTS: In 38 patients included, S5F improved
      HI (8.4 vs 10.1; p <= 0.001) and significantly reduced PTV Dmax and PTV V105%.
      The extra-target-tissue irradiation was significantly reduced using S5F for V105%
      (cm(3)) and V107% (cm(3)) with a very high difference in tissue irradiation (46.6
      vs 3.0 cm(3), p <= 0.001 for V105% and 12.2 vs 0.0 cm(3), p <= 0.001 for V107%
      for tangential field and S5F plans, respectively). Only a slight increase in low
      dose extra-target-tissue irradiation (V10%) was observed (2.2719 vs 1.8261 cm(3),
      p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The S5F technique in patients with large breast or high
      BMI increases HI and decreases hot spots in extra-target-tissues and can
      therefore be easily implemented in breast cancer radiotherapy. ADVANCES IN
      KNOWLEDGE: The treatment planning strategy proposed in this study has several
      advantages: (a) it is extremely reliable as the standard supine positioning is
      used; (b) the standardized class solution allows for widespread use;

PMID- 27355128
TI  - Methodologic Considerations for Collecting Patient-reported Outcomes from
      Unselected Surgical Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of surgery on health is only appreciated long after
      hospital discharge. Furthermore, patients' perceptions of postoperative health
      are not routinely ascertained. The authors instituted the Systematic Assessment
      and Targeted Improvement of Services Following Yearlong Surgical Outcomes Surveys
      (SATISFY-SOS) registry to evaluate patients' postoperative health based on
      patient-reported outcomes (PROs). METHODS: This article describes the methods of
      establishing the SATISFY-SOS registry from an unselected surgical population,
      combining perioperative PROs with information from electronic medical records.
      Patients enrolled during their preoperative visit were surveyed at enrollment, 30
      days, and 1-yr postoperatively. Information on PROs, including quality of life,
      return to work, pain, functional status, medical complications, and cognition,
      was obtained from online, mail, or telephone surveys. RESULTS: Using structured
      query language, 44,081 patients were identified in the electronic medical records
      as having visited the Center for Preoperative Assessment and Planning for
      preoperative assessment between July 16, 2012, and June 15, 2014, and 20,719
      patients (47%) consented to participate in SATISFY-SOS. Baseline characteristics
      and health status were similar between enrolled and not enrolled patients. The
      response rate for the 30-day survey was 62% (8% e-mail, 73% mail, and 19%
      telephone) and for the 1-yr survey was 71% (13% e-mail, 78% mail, and 8%
      telephone). CONCLUSIONS: SATISFY-SOS demonstrates the feasibility of establishing
      a PRO registry reflective of a busy preoperative assessment center population,
      without disrupting clinical workflow. Our experience suggests that patient
      engagement, including informed consent and multiple survey modalities, enhances
      PROs collection from a large cohort of unselected surgical patients. Initiatives
      like SATISFY-SOS could promote quality improvement, enable efficient
      perioperative research, and facilitate outcomes that matter to surgical patients.

PMID- 27355129
TI  - Nanoscopic Thermodynamics.
AB  - Conventional thermodynamics for bulk substances encounters challenges when one
      considers materials on the nanometer scale. Quantities such as entropy, enthalpy,
      free energy, melting temperature, ordering temperature, Debye temperature, and
      specific heat no longer remain constant but change with the crystal dimension,
      size, and morphology. Often, one phenomenon is associated with a variety of
      theories from different perspectives. Still, a model that can reconcile the size
      and shape dependence of the thermal properties of the nanoscaled substances
      remains one of the goals of nanoscience and nanotechnology. This Account
      highlights the nanoscopic thermodynamics for nanoparticles, nanowires, and
      nanofilms, with particular emphasis on the bond energy model. The central idea is
      that the atomic cohesive energy determines the thermodynamic performance of a
      substance and the cohesive energy varies with the atomic coordination
      environment. It is the cohesive energy difference between the core and the shell
      that dictates the nanoscopic thermodynamics. This bond energy model rationalizes
      the following: (i) how the surface dangling bonds depress the melting
      temperature, entropy, and enthalpy; (ii) how the order-disorder transition of the
      nanoparticles depends on particle size and how their stability may vary when they
      are embedded in an appropriate matrix; (iii) predictions of the existence of face
      centered cubic structures of Ti, Zr, and Hf at small size; (iv) how two elements
      that are immiscible in the bulk can form an alloy on the nanoscale, where the
      critical size can be predicted. The model has enabled us to reproduce the size
      and shape dependence of a number of physical properties, such as melting
      temperature, melting entropy, melting enthalpy, ordering temperature, Gibbs free
      energy, and formation heat, among others, for materials such as Pd, Au, Ag, Cu,
      Ni, Sn, Pb, In, Bi, Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, In-Al, Ag-Ni, Co-Pt, Cu-Ag, Cu-Ni, Au-Ni, Ag
      Pt, and Au-Pt on the nanometer scale. Furthermore, this model predicts the
      phenomena of the thermal stability of metal particles on graphene, the
      superheating of embedded nanoparticles, the order-disorder transition of
      nanoalloys, the size-temperature phase diagram for low-dimensional solids and the
      alloying ability on the nanoscale. Extensions of this model may lead to the
      design of new functional nanomaterials.

PMID- 27355130
TI  - The ABLA-BOX: An In Vitro Module of Hybrid Atrial Fibrillation Ablation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We present the first testing study on the ABLA-BOX, a new in vitro
      module of hybrid atrial fibrillation ablation. METHODS: ABLA-BOX consists of two
      chambers that mimic the epicardial and endocardial sides of the heart. The septum
      between chambers provides catheter access on both sites of the cardiac tissue. A
      circuit, filled with freshly obtained porcine blood, including a pump, an
      oxygenator, and a heating device, circulate the blood inside the system. Left
      atrial fresh tissue is mounted on a tissue holder and magnetically fixed.
      Epicardial and endocardial catheters are fixed on the catheter holders and
      blocked with the locker knob. The system allows control of ablation force, flow
      rate, temperature, and flow pattern. RESULTS: Epicardial contact force of 100 g
      and endocardial force of 30 g resulted in larger lesion volumes (P < 0.001),
      areas (P < 0.001), and lesion diameters (P = 0.03 and P = 0.008), than the
      combination of 100/20 g. In addition, with a flow rate of 5 L/min, lesion volumes
      (P = 0.02), areas (P < 0.001), and diameters (both, P < 0.001) were significantly
      larger in comparison with those of 3 L/min. Furthermore, dimensions (both, P <
      0.001), volume (P < 0.001), and area (P < 0.001) of the lesions at a circulating
      blood temperature of 38.0 degrees C were larger than with a lower blood
      temperature (36.0 degrees C). Finally, ablations made under stable flow pattern
      resulted in greater lesion diameters (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03) as well as larger
      volumes (P = 0.02) and areas (P = 0.03) than under turbulent-like flow reproduced
      with the system rotor set to 400 rpm. CONCLUSIONS: The ABLA-BOX allowed easy
      hybrid ablation with different setups, which can provide cardiologists and
      cardiac surgeons with reliable and more valuable insights.

PMID- 27355131
TI  - Danshen injection ameliorates STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in association
      with suppression of oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory factors and fibrosis.
AB  - Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most frequent complications in diabetes
      mellitus. This study aimed to explore whether Danshen injection is protective to
      renal tissue in diabetes. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ)
      (60mg/kg) was used to induce diabetes in rats. Some STZ-induced diabetic rats
      were also intraperitoneally injected with Danshen solution at two different
      dosages (0.5 or 1ml/kg/day) for 6weeks. Our results showed that serum creatinine
      (sCr) and blood urea nitrogen were significantly increased in STZ-induced
      diabetic rats, which was alleviated upon Danshen injection. Danshen injection was
      also found to ameliorate hypertrophy and dilatation of renal tubule and glomeruli
      possibly by decreasing the expression of collagen and fibronectin in association
      with suppression of TGF-beta1/Smad pathway. Further investigation revealed that
      Danshen injection could increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and
      reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in STZ
      induced diabetic rats, indicating suppression of oxidative stress. In addition,
      we also found that Danshen injection could suppress IkappaB/NF-kappaB signaling
      pathway and reduce the level of a number of pro-inflammatory factors, including
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the diabetic renal tissue, indicating suppression of
      inflammation. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that Danshen injection may
      rescue STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy, possibly via suppressing the oxidative
      stress, inflammatory responses and fibrosis progression. 

PMID- 27355132
TI  - Remote ischemic postconditioning protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion
      injury by activation of T-LAK-cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK)/PTEN/Akt
      signaling pathway mediated anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent clinical and animal studies suggested that remote limb
      ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) can invoke potent cardioprotection or
      neuroprotection. However, the effect and mechanism of RIPostC against renal
      ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) are poorly understood. T-LAK-cell-originated
      protein kinase (TOPK) is crucial for the proliferation and migration of tumor
      cells. However, the function of TOPK and the molecular mechanism underlying renal
      protection remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the role of
      TOPK in renoprotection induced by RIPostC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The renal IRI
      model was induced by left renal pedicle clamping for 45min followed by 24h
      reperfusion and right nephrectomy. All mice were intraperitoneally injected with
      vehicle, TOPK inhibitor HI-TOPK-032 or Akt inhibitor LY294002. After 24h
      reperfusion, renal histology, function, and inflammatory cytokines and oxidative
      stress were assessed. The proteins were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS:
      The results showed that RIPostC significantly protected the kidneys against IRI.
      The protective effects were accompanied by the attenuation of renal dysfunction,
      tubular damage, inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, RIPostC increased
      the phosphorylation of TOPK, PTEN, Akt, GSK3beta and the nuclear translocation of
      Nrf2 and decreased the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. However, all of the
      above renoprotective effects of RIPostC were eliminated either by the inhibition
      of TOPK or Akt with HI-TOPK-032 or LY294002. CONCLUSIONS: The current data reveal
      that RIPostC protects against renal IRI via activation of TOPK/PTEN/Akt signaling
      pathway mediated anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation.

PMID- 27355134
TI  - How do cells sense actin cortex-free membrane?

PMID- 27355133
TI  - Ortho-eugenol exhibits anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.
AB  - Ortho-eugenol is a much used phenylpropanoid whose ability to reduce pain and
      inflammation has never been studied. Researching ortho-eugenol's antinociceptive
      and anti-inflammatory activity, and its possible mechanisms of action is
      therefore of interest. The administration of vehicle, ortho-eugenol (50, 75 and
      100mg/kg i.p.), morphine (6mg/kg, i.p.) or dexamethasone (2mg/kg, s.c.) occurred
      30min before the completion of pharmacological tests. Pretreatment with ortho
      eugenol did not change motor coordination test results, but reduced the number of
      writhes and licking times in the writhing test and glutamate test, respectively.
      The reaction time from thermal stimulus was significantly increased in the hot
      plate test after administration of ortho-eugenol. Treatment with yohimbine
      reversed the antinociceptive effect of ortho-eugenol, suggesting involvement of
      the adrenergic system. In anti-inflammatory tests, ortho-eugenol inhibited acetic
      acid induced vascular permeability and leukocyte migration, reducing TNF-alpha
      and IL-1beta by virtue of its suppression of NF-kappaB and p38 phosphorylated
      forms in the peritonitis test. From these results, ortho-eugenol antinociceptive
      effects mediated by the adrenergic system and anti-inflammatory activity through
      regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and phosphorylation of NF-kB and p38
      become evident for the first time. 

PMID- 27355135
TI  - Measuring the Real Clinical Impact of Randomized Clinical Trials in Oncology:
      Beyond Citation Counts.

PMID- 27355136
TI  - Design of folding-based impedimetric aptasensor for determination of the
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
AB  - In this work, a novel sensing nanocomposite with highly dispersed platinum
      nanoparticles (PtNPs) on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized with
      polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been developed as a platform for immobilization of
      diclofenac (DIF) aptamer. PtNPs/PEI/CNTs nanocomposite provided abundant NH2
      groups for the immobilization of DIF-specific aptamer. Attachment of DIF-aptamer
      at the surface of modified electrode was performed through the formation of
      phosphoramidate bonds between the amino group of PEI and the phosphate group of
      the aptamer at the 5' end. Nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF) as signal probe was
      electrodeposited at the surface of nanocomposite by a simple electrodeposition
      method including two consecutive procedures. Under optimal conditions, DIF was
      detected by impedance spectroscopy (EIS) quantitatively. By adding DIF as the
      target at the surface of modified electrode, the aptamer specifically binds to
      DIF and its end folds into a DIF-binding junction, which leads to retarding the
      interfacial electron transfer of the probe at the surface of modified electrode.
      Sensitive quantitative detection of DIF was carried out by monitoring the
      increase of charge transfer resistance (Rct) by increasing the DIF concentration.
      The proposed aptasensor showed a good detection range from 10 to 200 nM with an
      unprecedented detection limit of 2.7 nM.

PMID- 27355137
TI  - Determinants of virological response to antiretroviral therapy: socio-economic
      status still plays a role in the era of cART. Results from the ANRS-VESPA 2
      study, France.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disparities in combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) outcomes have
      been consistently reported among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). The present
      study aims at investigating the mechanisms underlying those disparities among
      PLWHIV in France. METHODS: We used data from the Vespa2 survey, a large national
      cross-sectional survey, representative of HIV-infected people followed at
      hospitals in 2011. Among participants diagnosed >=1996, HIV treatment-naive at
      the time of cART initiation and on cART for at least 12 months, the frequency of
      sustained virological suppression (SVS; undetectable viral load [<50 copies/ml]
      for at least 6 months) at the time of the survey, was assessed and its social
      determinants were measured through logistic regression, accounting for clinical
      and biological determinants of response to cART. RESULTS: Among 1,246
      participants, 77.7% had achieved SVS. SVS was less frequent among those
      unemployed (0.6 [range 0.3-1.0]) and those with the lowest level of education
      (0.4 [range 0.2-0.9]). The late presenters, diagnosed at a CD4+ T-cell count
      <200/mm3 (0.5 [range 0.3-0.9]) and the late starters, diagnosed at a CD4+ T-cell
      count >200 but initiating cART at CD4+ T-cell count <200 (0.3 [range 0.1-0.8])
      were less likely than the ideal starters (>=350 CD4+ T-cells/mm3 at cART
      initiation) to achieve SVS, as were those who reported suboptimal adherence
      versus those reporting optimal adherence (0.4 [range 0.2-0.7]). In bivariate
      analyses, material deprivation, discrimination and a weak social network were
      also associated with a poorer treatment response. CONCLUSIONS: Structural social
      factors remain strong determinants of treatment response and should be addressed
      in a broad approach of care, but wider political issues should also be
      investigated.

PMID- 27355138
TI  - Systemic delivery of siRNA by T7 peptide modified core-shell nanoparticles for
      targeted therapy of breast cancer.
AB  - Systemic delivery of siRNA is the most challenging step to transfer RNAi to
      clinical application for breast cancer therapy. In this study, the tumor
      targeted, T7 peptide modified core-shell nanoparticles (named as T7-LPC/siRNA
      NPs) were constructed to achieve effective systemic delivery of siRNA. The core
      shell structure of T7-LPC/siRNA NPs enables them to encapsulate siRNA in the core
      and protect it from RNase degradation during circulation. In vitro cellular
      uptake and gene silencing experiments demonstrated that T7-LPC/siEGFR NPs could
      deliver EGFR siRNA into breast cancer cells through receptor mediated endocytosis
      and effectively down-regulate the EGFR expression. In vivo distribution study
      proved the T7-LPC/siRNA NPs could deliver fluorescence labeled siRNA to the tumor
      site more efficiently than the non-targeted PEG-LPC/siRNA NPs after intravenous
      administration. Furthermore, the experiments of in vivo tumor therapy confirmed
      that intravenous administration of T7-LPC/siEGFR NPs led to an effective EGFR
      down-regulation and an obvious inhibition of breast tumor growth, with little
      activation of immune responses and negligible body weight loss. These results
      suggested that T7-LPC/siRNA NPs could be an effective and safe systemic siRNA
      delivery system for RNAi-based breast cancer therapy. 

PMID- 27355139
TI  - Surgical Treatment of Intracardiac-Extending Intravenous Leiomyomatosis: A Single
      Center Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few data were known on surgical management of intracardiac-extending
      in patients with intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL). METHODS: From June 2007 to
      December 2014, six women (mean age, 39.3 +/- 7.5 years; range, 24-55 years) with
      intracardiac-extending IVL were treated surgically at our hospital. Data were
      obtained from medical and pathological records, including characteristics of
      patients, surgical management, and follow-up. RESULTS: Surgery was performed
      successfully in all patients. Of 6 patients, 4 underwent one-stage operation and
      2 underwent two-stage procedures. Circulatory arrest with hypothermia was used
      for a cardiotomy combined with venotomy in 5 patients. Complete resection was
      done in 5 patients. There were no perioperative deaths or complications in any of
      the patients. Hospital stay was 11.2 +/- 2.9 days (range 7-15 days). All patients
      were followed-up for a mean of 41.0 +/- 19.1 months (range, 17-69 months) after
      surgery. A recurrence of pelvic mass was found in 1 patient, but no symptoms or
      intravenous mass were reported. No obstruction occurred in any patient with a
      venotomy. CONCLUSION: Surgery is a better therapy for IVL and complete removal
      has favorable outcomes.

PMID- 27355140
TI  - Recurrent Left Atrial Botyroid Rhabdomyosarcoma.
AB  - Primary heart tumors are extremely rare and their frequency ranges from
      approximately 0.01-0.3% in autopsy series. Nearly one quarter of all primary
      cardiac tumors are malignant tumors such as sarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the
      second most common malignant primary tumor of the heart following
      angiosarcoma.Primary cardiac tumors present with one or more of the symptoms of
      the classic triad: cardiac symptoms and signs resulting from intracardiac
      obstruction; signs of systemic embolization; and systemic or constitutional
      symptoms. The prognosis after surgery is usually excellent in case of benign
      tumors, but is unfortunately still limited in localized malignant diseases
      [Butany 2005].In this case report we present a 45-year-old female patient
      operated three times in 9 years because of left atrial tumor. 

PMID- 27355141
TI  - The Influence of Metabolic Syndrome on Acute Kidney Injury Occurrence after
      Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of systemic
      abnormalities: hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and hypertension.
      Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the devastating complications after cardiac
      surgery. Age, DM, preexisting renal dysfunction, hypertension, impaired left
      ventricular function, and severe arteriosclerosis of the aorta are the major risk
      factors for the development of AKI. The purpose of the current study was to
      analyze the influence of MetS on AKI occurring after coronary artery bypass
      grafting (CABG). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the prospectively collected
      data of 500 adult patients who underwent isolated CABG surgery with normal renal
      function (baseline serum creatinine value <1.4 mg/dL) from January 2011 to
      January 2015. The patients were divided into two groups either having the
      diagnosis of MetS (Group I) or not (Group II). MetS was diagnosed based on
      International Diabetes Federation definition. Kidney injury was interpreted
      according to RIFLE classification. The effect of MetS on AKI after CABG was
      determined using logistic regression analysis and the results were expressed as
      odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A P value <.05 was
      considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed
      in 16.4% of all patients. Postoperative AKI occurred in 26 patients (31.7%) in
      Group I whereas there were 53 patients (12.7%) in Group II. On logistic
      regression analysis, the presence of MetS was shown to be associated with
      increased incidence of postoperative AKI (OR, 3.197; 95% CI, 1.850-5.526; P =
      .000). CONCLUSION: The presence of MetS seems to be associated with increased
      incidence of AKI after cardiac surgery. MetS is a modifiable issue; if its
      components are well controlled its dreadful effects after cardiac surgery might
      be controlled as well.

PMID- 27355142
TI  - Multicenter Analysis of Clinical Follow-Ups in Patients with a Star GK Cardiac
      Valve Replacement for More than One Year.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Star GK valves were widely used in China, and we studied the clinical
      follow-up results of patients with Star GK valve implants for more than one year.
      METHODS: Clinical data were collected from those patients who had Star GK valve
      implants for over one year. Patients were divided into three groups: (1) AVR
      group: received aortic valve replacement surgery. Based on the valve model this
      group was further sub-divided into two groups: 21A group, and 23A group; (2) MVR
      group: received mitral valve replacement surgery. Based on the valve model this
      group was further sub-divided into three groups: 25M group, 27M group, and 29M
      group; (3) DVR group: received combined replacement surgeries including AVR +
      MVR. According to postoperative follow-up time these patients were divided into
      two groups: 1-year group and 3-year group. Follow-up data were collected by
      telephone, outpatient visits, or correspondence. Clinical data were aggregated by
      professional data scientists to conduct independent analyses.  RESULTS: 959
      patients were included in the study following Star GK valve implant. Follow-up
      after 1 year found that thrombosis occurred in 4 cases, hemorrhage in 15 cases,
      left heart failure in 13 cases, paravalvular leakage in 5 cases, and death due to
      cardiac causes in 2 cases.  CONCLUSION: The long-term efficacy of Star GK valve
      implants was satisfactory with low incidence of valve-related complications, and
      following Star GK valve implant, valve and blood were highly compatible and blood
      component damage was minor. Very low incidence rate of thrombosis was observed
      following Star GK valve implant, however, attention should be paid to adjust the
      anticoagulation intensity.

PMID- 27355143
TI  - Stent Embolism after Coronary Angiography: Case Report.
AB  - Endovascular interventions are widely performed of late; complications including
      stent embolism of arteries and veins, dislocation, or malposition of medical
      devices are frequently seen. Peripheral stent embolisms are generally
      asymptomatic, but when they cause acute ischemia or severe symptoms like
      claudication they must be removed. Stents can be removed not only with surgical
      techniques but also with endovascular maneuvers. In this case report, we state
      that in symptomatic peripheral arterial embolization cases, surgical intervention
      is the first choice for treatment due to the complexity and high risk of
      complications when using endovascular maneuvers. 

PMID- 27355144
TI  - Failing to Prepare is Preparing to Fail: The Known, The Known Unknown, and The
      Unknown Unknown.
AB  - Cardiothoracic surgery residents often enter their training with fairly limited
      prior exposure to the field. Obviously, they need to master the essential
      knowledge and skills of the discipline during their training. In addition to
      following a didactic curriculum of one sort or another, much of the necessary
      knowledge and understanding will accrue from their experiences caring for and
      operating on the patients who will be under their auspices, not only during their
      formal training but also after they finish their training.  Some of these cases
      and situations, such as elective cases, allow for careful preparation, while some
      more urgent or emergent cases require generic, advance preparation in order to be
      ready to perform optimally in these cases when they arise. And then there will
      always be cases for which one will not be able to prepare in any meaningful way,
      and these types of cases will require creativity and innovation "on the fly."  I
      will describe three cases, which are examples of each of these situations, with
      suggestions on how to handle each type of situation optimally. I will describe
      the preparation, such as it was for each, in some detail to help the reader
      understand how it felt to deal with each of these cases. The technical details of
      each of these cases resulted in a publication, which will be cited in the
      references, should the reader want to learn more about them. 

PMID- 27355145
TI  - Pannus Formation Leads to Valve Malfunction in the Tricuspid Position 19 Years
      after Triple Valve Replacement.
AB  - The Medtronic ATS Open Pivot mechanical valve has been successfully used in heart
      valve surgery for more than two decades. We present the case of a patient who, 19
      years following a tricuspid valve replacement with an ATS prosthesis as part of a
      triple valve operation following infective endocarditis, developed severe
      tricuspid regurgitation due to pannus formation. 

PMID- 27355146
TI  - Early-Term Outcomes for Treatment of Saphenous Vein Insufficiency with N-Butyl
      Cyanoacrylate: A Novel, Non-Thermal, and Non-Tumescent Percutaneous Embolization
      Technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to present early-term outcomes of
      VariClose(r) Vein Sealing System, which is a novel, non-thermal, and non
      tumescent percutaneous embolization technique for treatment of saphenous vein
      insufficiency. METHODS: Between March 2014 and July 2015, 189 saphenous veins in
      141 patients were treated with Variclose Vein Sealing System containing n-butyl
      cyanoacrylate. Pre-, intra-, post-procedural, and follow-up data of patients were
      collected and retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 42.5 +/
      14.0 years, of which 53% were female. Technical success rate of intervention was
      98.9%. Mean procedure time was 14.3 +/- 7.5 minutes. Eighty-nine percent of
      patients (n = 126/141) were available at mean follow-up time of 6.7 months. Mean
      Venous Clinical Severity Score was significantly improved from 8.3 +/- 2.2 at pre
      procedure period to 3.3 +/- 1.8 at follow-up. No complete recanalization was
      observed, but 2 patients were presented with partial recanalization during follow
      up. The complete occlusion rate was 98.4%. No serious adverse event related to
      procedure was observed. CONCLUSION: Variclose Vein Sealing System appears to be
      safe and effective in treatment of saphenous vein insufficiency. Further
      randomized studies with long-term outcomes are required for determining optimal
      treatment modality in patients with saphenous vein insufficiency.

PMID- 27355147
TI  - Preoperative Low Serum Albumin Levels Increase the Requirement of Renal
      Replacement Therapy after Cardiac Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury is a common complication of cardiac surgery that
      increases morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study is to analyze the
      association of preoperative serum albumin levels with acute kidney injury and the
      requirement of renal replacement therapy after isolated coronary artery bypass
      graft surgery (CABG). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the prospectively
      collected data of 530 adult patients who underwent isolated CABG surgery with
      normal renal function. The perioperative clinical data of the patients included
      demographic data, laboratory data, length of stay, in-hospital complications and
      mortality. The patient population was divided into two groups: group I patients
      with preoperative serum albumin levels <3.5 mg/dL; and group II pateints with
      preoperative serum albumin levels >=3.5 mg/dL. RESULTS: There were 413 patients
      in group I and 117 patients in group II. Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI)
      occured in 33 patients (28.2%) in group I and in 79 patients (19.1%) in group II.
      Renal replacement therapy was required in 17 patients (3.2%) (8 patients from
      group I; 9 patients from group II; P = .018). 30-day mortality occurred in 18
      patients (3.4%) (10 patients from group I; 8 patients from group II; P = .037).
      Fourteen of these patients required renal replacement therapy. Logistic
      regression analysis revealing the presence of lower serum albumin levels
      preoperatively was shown to be associated with increased incidence of
      postoperative AKI (OR: 1.661; 95% CI: 1.037-2.661; P = .035). Logistic regression
      analysis also revealed that DM (OR: 3.325; 95% CI: 2.162-5.114; P = .000) was
      another independent risk factor for AKI after isolated CABG. CONCLUSION: Low
      preoperative serum albumin levels result in severe acute kidney injury and
      increase the rate of renal replacement therapy and mortality after isolated CABG.

PMID- 27355148
TI  - LVAD as a Bridge to Heart Transplantation in a Patient with Left Ventricular
      Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy and Advanced Heart Failure.
AB  - Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a rare hereditary
      cardiomyopathy characterized by the formation of an outer compacted and inner
      noncompacted layer of the myocardium. The latter is characterized by prominent
      trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses and is functionally inferior to
      the compacted myocardium. As there is no specific treatment for patients with
      LVNC who develop heart failure, the management of these patients is limited and
      many patients progress to advanced stages of the disease. For LVNC patients with
      advanced heart failure, the data regarding the use of mechanical circulatory
      support are scarce. We report a case of a 29-year-old patient with LVNC and
      advanced refractory heart failure, who was successfully bridged to heart
      transplantation using a long-term continuous-flow left ventricular assist device.

PMID- 27355149
TI  - Long-Term Outcome of Intra-Myocardial Injection of Autologous Bone Marrow
      Mononuclear Cells Combined with Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for
      Patients with Chronic Ischemic Heart Failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether intra-myocardial injection of
      autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (aBMMNCs) into peri-scarred myocardium
      during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) improved the long-term outcome
      compared with CABG alone. METHODS: From April 2011 to December 2012, 33 patients
      with chronic ischemic heart failure were randomly assigned to undergo CABG
      (control group) or CABG combined with intra-myocardial injection of aBMMNCs
      (treatment group). The primary endpoints of the study were the changes of left
      ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic volume
      (LVEDV), and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) from baseline to six
      month and two-year follow-up, respectively. The secondary endpoints were the
      changes of III and IV NYHA classification, 6-minute walk test, B-type natriuretic
      peptide (BNP) from baseline to follow-up, and major adverse cardiovascular events
      (MACES) during the follow-up. RESULTS: No patient died and no severe surgical
      complication occurred perioperatively in either group. The mean number of
      transplanted aBMMNCs was 98.5 +/- 48.3*106 per patient. The follow-up was
      completed at six months and 24 months postoperatively. No major transplant
      related adverse events were detected during the study. The patients in the
      treatment group had more significant improvement in LVEF than in the control
      group at six-month follow-up (8.17% versus 4.71%, P = .020), but this benefit was
      not found at 24-month follow-up (7.44% versus 5.69%, P = .419). There was no
      significant difference in changes of LVEDV, LVESV, III and IV NYHA
      classification, 6-minute walk distance, BNP, and MACES between the two groups all
      through the study. CONCLUSION: Intra-myocardial injection of aBMMNC
      transplantation on arrested heart during CABG is a safe procedure based on a
      longer period observation. The patients with chronic ischemic heart failure can
      benefit from aBMMNCs transplantation in the short-term (6 months) demonstrated by
      improved global LVEF compared with the control group; however, this additional
      benefit dimed with time as showed by 24-month clinical and echocardiographic
      follow-up results.

PMID- 27355150
TI  - Comparison of Isolated Primary CABG in Two Successive Decades in Patients Under
      40 Years of Age.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is rarely performed in
      very young patients. The purpose of our study is to compare the characteristics,
      treatments, in-hospital, and long-term outcomes of two groups of patients less
      than 40 years of age who had CABG in two successive decades: 1990-2000 and 2001
      2011. METHODS: We identified 145 consecutive patients who underwent primary
      isolated CABG. Group 1 consisted of 78 patients operated between 1990-2000 and
      group 2 consisted of 67 patients operated between 2001-2011. Composite end point
      assessed at follow-up period involved death or recurrence of symptoms, which we
      defined as myocardial infarction, a need for percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PCI), reoperation, or congestive heart failure (CHF).   RESULTS: Smoking and
      hypercholesterolemia before CABG were noted as more frequent in group 1 than in
      group 2: 96.1% versus 83.6%, P = .011; 88.5% versus 61.2%, P = .0001,
      respectively. Patients from group 2 more frequently received one graft (29.8%
      versus 11.5%, P = .0059), were operated with off-pump (41.8% versus 0%, P <
      .0001) or MIDCAB (28.4% versus 0%, P = .0008) techniques, and had complete
      arterial revascularization (58.2% versus 23.1%, P < .0001). Group 1 patients had
      a higher prevalence of composite end point (33.9% versus 17.9%, P = .035), with
      no significant difference in mortality (11.5% versus 10.4%, P = .83). CONCLUSION:
      Patients operated between 1990-2000 had a higher prevalence of smoking and
      hypercholesterolemia and higher frequency of composite-end point during folow-up
      period without significant difference in mortality.

PMID- 27355151
TI  - Acute Changes in Left Ventricular End Diastolic Pressure following the
      Transcatheter Closure of an Atrial Septal Defect in Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute changes in left ventricular diastolic function shortly after
      ASD closure in elderly patients have not been well known. We aimed to investigate
      acute changes in left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in elderly
      patients following transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD). METHODS:
      All 19 adults with ASDs who underwent transcatheter closure between June 2013 and
      December 2014 were enrolled. LVEDP was measured prior to device closure and
      compared with that immediately following device closure and 15 minutes after
      device closure. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 48 years old. The
      baseline E/e' and LVEDP values were 8.3 +/- 2.8 and 13 +/- 3 mmHg. The LVEDP
      value immediately following closure was 19 +/- 4 mmHg, and 15 minutes after
      closure was 16 +/- 4 mmHg. The median increase in the LVEDP value immediately
      following closure was 6 mmHg, which significantly differed from that prior to
      closure. The LVEDP 15 minutes after closure decreased but remained significantly
      higher than the value observed immediately after closure. No significant changes
      were observed with regard to E/e' at either 1 day or 3 months following closure.
      The LVEDP value 15 minutes after device closure was significantly correlated with
      those observed before closure and immediately following closure; however, no
      significant correlations were observed with regard to patient age, Qp/Qs, E/e'
      before closure, or E/e' 3 months after device closure. CONCLUSION: LVEDP in
      adults with ASDs significantly increases following device closure. LVEDP before
      closure predicts LVEDP following device closure.

PMID- 27355152
TI  - A comprehensive study of serum odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in patients
      with excess weight.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: While small amounts of odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) and branched
      chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were known to be present in mammals, it was quite
      recently that they were shown to play an important role in human health. However,
      still little is known on OCFA and BCFA profiles in subjects who have obesity. The
      aim of this study was to verify whether obesity is associated with changes in
      serum OCFA and BCFA profiles. METHODS: Serum content of fatty acids was
      determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy in 23 patients with excess
      weight and 21 nonobese controls. RESULTS: Six OCFAs and six BCFAs (three iso
      BCFAs and three anteiso-BCFAs) were found in sera from the examined subjects.
      Patients with excess weight presented with significantly lower serum iso-BCFA
      levels than the controls. Total serum content of iso-BCFAs correlated inversely
      with serum insulin, triglycerides, and 18:1/18:0 desaturation index. Both OCFA
      and iso-BCFA levels correlated inversely with C-reactive protein concentration.
      CONCLUSIONS: Lower iso-BCFA content in patients with excess weight may be
      involved in elevation of serum concentration of triglycerides and inflammation.
      Decreased contents of iso-BCFAs in subjects with have obesity, and established
      anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties of these fatty acids,
      point to potential beneficial effects of an iso-BCFA-rich diet.

PMID- 27355154
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27355153
TI  - Miniaturized modules for light sheet microscopy with low chromatic aberration.
AB  - Two miniaturized fibre-coupled modules for light sheet-based microscopy are
      described and compared with respect to image quality, chromatic aberration and
      beam alignment. Whereas in one module the light sheet is created by an achromatic
      cylindrical lens, reflection by a spherical mirror and concomitant astigmatic
      distortion are used to create the light sheet in the second module. Test
      experiments with fluorescent dyes in solution and multicellular tumour spheroids
      are reported, and some details on construction are given for both systems. Both
      modules are optimized for imaging individual cell layers of 3D biological samples
      and can be adapted to fit commercial microscopes.

PMID- 27355155
TI  - Probing the rheological properties of supported thin polystyrene films by
      investigating the growth dynamics of wetting ridges.
AB  - Despite its importance in the processing of nanomaterials, the rheological
      behavior of thin polymer films is poorly understood, partly due to the inherent
      measurement challenges. Herein, we have developed a facile method for
      investigating the rheological behavior of supported thin polymeric films by
      monitoring the growth of the "wetting ridge"-a microscopic protrusion on the film
      surface due to the capillary forces exerted by a drop of ionic liquid placed on
      the film surface. It was found that the growth dynamics of the wetting ridge and
      the behavior of polystyrene rheology are directly linked. Important rheological
      properties, such as the flow temperature (Tf), viscosity (eta), and terminal
      relaxation time (tau0) of thin polystyrene films, can be derived by studying the
      development of the height of the wetting ridge with time and the sample
      temperature. Rheological studies using the proposed approach for supported thin
      polystyrene (PS) films with thickness down to 20 nm demonstrate that the PS thin
      film exhibits facilitated flow, with reduced viscosity and lowered viscous
      temperature and a shortened rubbery plateau, when SiOx-Si was used as the
      substrate. However, sluggish flow was observed for the PS film supported by
      hydrogen-passivated silicon substrates (H-Si). The differences in enthalpic
      interactions between PS and the substrates are the reason for this divergence in
      the whole-chain mobility and flow ability of thin PS films deposited on SiOx-Si
      and H-Si surfaces. These results indicate that this approach could be a reliable
      rheological probe for supported thin polymeric films with different thicknesses
      and various substrates. 

PMID- 27355156
TI  - Vascular access in neonates.
AB  - The aim of this review was to provide updated and recent literature on vascular
      access in neonates in order to help neonatologists in their clinical practice,
      using as data sources textbooks, recent published articles from Pubmed, Cochrane
      reviews and web guidelines.

PMID- 27355157
TI  - The role of very low birth weight and prematurity on cardiovascular disease risk
      and on kidney development in children: a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular and renal disease are nowadays among the leading cause
      of morbidity and mortality in Western Countries. Low birth weight has been
      recently considered a key factor in determining cardiovascular disease and long
      term renal disease in adulthood. METHODS: In our study we analyzed, through
      echocardiography, eco color Doppler of carotid arteries, ultrasound of abdominal
      aorta and kidneys, morphological characteristics of cardiovascular and renal
      system, in a in a group of children born preterm with very low birth weight,
      (birth weight<1500 grams) and in a group of children, age and sex matched, born
      at term with weight appropriate for gestational age. 15 children born very low
      birth weight preterm (cases), aged from 3 to 5 years, and 15, age and sex matched
      children, born appropriate for gestational age at term (controls) were enrolled
      in the study. RESULTS: The two groups were homogeneous for interventricular
      septum diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, left atrial diameter,
      and ejection fraction. Left ventricular end diastolic diameter was higher in case
      compared to controls (p=0.04), while aortic diameter root smaller (p=0.005). E
      and A waves peak velocities and E/A ratio resulted lower in cases compared to
      controls (p=0.02, p<0.001and p <0.001, respectively). Tei index, S, e' and a'
      waves velocities were similar in the two groups, while E/e' ratio was higher in
      cases (p=0.046). Intima-media thickness and antero-posterior diameter of
      abdominal aorta values did not differ in cases versus controls. Longitudinal
      diameters of both kidneys were reduced in cases compared to controls (p <0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Although limited by the small sample size, our study highlighted an
      increased size of the left ventricle and altered left ventricular diastolic
      function in children born very low birth weight preterm, but no long term
      consequences on systolic performance and vascular structure have been found. The
      finding of smaller kidneys in ex-preterm very low birth weight children could
      explain their higher susceptibility to develop renal disease in adulthood.

PMID- 27355158
TI  - Growth hormone receptor polymorphisms and growth hormone response to stimulation
      test: a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No gold standard pharmacological stimulation test exists for the
      diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (GHD). In addition, the genetic factors
      that influence growth hormone (GH) responses remain unclear. This study aimed to
      determine whether polymorphisms in exon 6 of the GH receptor gene influence
      responses to the L-arginine GH stimulation test. METHODS: This study included 27
      prepubertal patients with confirmed GHD. GHD was defined as a peak GH level <8
      ng/ml in response to pharmacological stimulation. The mean GH peak after L
      arginine stimulation was 2.9 +/- 2.9 ng/ml. RESULTS: The included patients had
      the following genotypes at the third position of codon 168: AA (n=1), AG (n=15)
      and GG (n=11). Patients carrying the AA and AG genotypes exhibited stronger
      responses to arginine than patients with the GG genotype (3.1 +/- 2.7 vs. 1.5 +/-
      1.3 ng/ml, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The approach employed in this study could
      elucidate GH profiles under physiological and pathological conditions,
      facilitating improved interpretation of pharmacological stimulation tests.

PMID- 27355159
TI  - Recognizing potential barriers to setting and achieving effective rehabilitation
      goals for patients with persistent pain.
AB  - Although the process of goal setting in rehabilitation of individuals with
      persistent pain is considered a fundamental and requisite skill, it is frequently
      reported as a challenging element of clinical practice. Factors which may
      contribute to the complexity of goal setting include the potential for
      unrecognized shifts in cognitive function, psychological comorbidities, and the
      social context of both providers and patients. This review aims to describe
      factors which may confound the process of setting and achieving collaborative
      rehabilitation goals using a biopsychosocial framework and to provide
      recommendations to enhance goal setting effectiveness. 

PMID- 27355160
TI  - Strengthening of polymer ordered porous materials based on a layered
      nanocomposite internal structure.
AB  - Ordered porous polymeric films attract more and more attention because they have
      many advantages and broad application prospects in many fields. But because of
      their large flexibility and poor mechanical properties, some of the scope for
      application is greatly limited. Inspired by the ordered pore structure of the
      honeycomb and the layered structure of natural nacre, we prepared an ordered
      porous polymer film with a layered structure in the pore wall by the solvent
      evaporation-restriction assisted hard template method. Compared with other
      samples, this kind of film with the layered structure showed both excellent
      mechanical properties and good stability. This kind of film with high mechanical
      strength, is considered to have wide applications in the areas of separation,
      biomedicine, precision instruments, aerospace, environmental protection and so
      on. 

PMID- 27355161
TI  - How photon pump fluence changes the charge carrier relaxation mechanism in an
      organic-inorganic hybrid lead triiodide perovskite.
AB  - This study explores the excitation wavelength and fluence dependence of processes
      occurring in formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) film using time-resolved
      transient absorption and terahertz spectroscopies. The results indicate that
      second-order processes are responsible for charge carrier recombination at low
      fluences of the absorbed photons (below 8.4 * 1012 ph per cm2). An increase in
      fluence leads to the appearance and successive reduction of the time component
      assigned to the Auger recombination of free charge carriers (240-120 ps).
      Simultaneously, the bimolecular recombination time decreases from ~1400 to ~700
      ps. Further increasing the pump fluence produces an exciton population that
      recombines in 6 ps. The comparison of two characteristic bleaching bands located
      at 480 and 775 nm provides evidence for the validity of the two valence bands
      model. Excitation with higher fluences results in a marked difference in the
      probed dynamics at these bands, reflecting the action of two excited states at
      the conduction band. Our results demonstrate that a single model cannot be
      applied in characterizing the perovskite absorber transitions at all pump
      fluences. These findings are relevant in understanding their operating mechanism
      under specific experimental conditions, which should differ for perovskite based
      solar cells, lasing media or photon detectors.

PMID- 27355162
TI  - Neutron emission and dose distribution from natural carbon irradiated with a 12
      MeV amu-1 12C5+ ion beam.
AB  - Measured neutron energy distribution emitted from a thick stopping target of
      natural carbon at 0 degrees , 30 degrees , 60 degrees  and 90 degrees  from
      nuclear reactions caused by 12 MeV amu-1 incident 12C5+ ions were converted to
      energy differential and total neutron absorbed dose as well as ambient dose
      equivalent H *(10) using the fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients provided by
      the ICRP. Theoretical estimates were obtained using the Monte Carlo nuclear
      reaction model code PACE and a few existing empirical formulations for
      comparison. Results from the PACE code showed an underestimation of the high
      energy part of energy differential dose distributions at forward angles whereas
      the empirical formulation by Clapier and Zaidins (1983 Nucl. Instrum. Methods 217
      489-94) approximated the energy integrated angular distribution of H *(10)
      satisfactorily. Using the measured data, the neutron doses received by some vital
      human organs were estimated for anterior-posterior exposure. The estimated energy
      averaged quality factors were found to vary for different organs from about 7 to
      about 13. Emitted neutrons having energies above 20 MeV were found to contribute
      about 20% of the total dose at 0 degrees  while at 90 degrees  the contribution
      was reduced to about 2%.

PMID- 27355163
TI  - More flexible approaches are needed to improve cardiac rehabilitation.

PMID- 27355164
TI  - Funding New Zealand's public healthcare system: time for an honest appraisal and
      public debate.
AB  - Successive New Zealand governments have claimed that the cost of funding the
      country's public healthcare services is excessive and unsustainable. We contest
      that these claims are based on a misrepresentation of healthcare spending. Using
      data from the New Zealand Treasury and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
      and Development (OECD), we show how government spending as a whole is low
      compared with most other OECD countries and is falling as a proportion of GDP.
      New Zealand has a modest level of health spending overall, but government health
      spending is also falling as a proportion of GDP. Together, the data indicate the
      New Zealand Government can afford to spend more on healthcare. We identify
      compelling reasons why it should do so, including forecast growing health need,
      signs of increasing unmet need, and the fact that if health needs are not met the
      costs still have to be borne by the economy. The evidence further suggests it is
      economically and socially beneficial to meet health needs through a public health
      system. An honest appraisal and public debate is needed to determine more
      appropriate levels of healthcare spending. 

PMID- 27355165
TI  - Dispensing data captures individual-level use of aspirin for cardiovascular
      disease prevention, despite availability over-the-counter.
AB  - AIM: To assess the level of agreement in aspirin use measured by self-report and
      dispensing data. METHOD: We assessed preventive cardiovascular medication use
      (prescription-only statins and blood pressure-lowering therapy; and aspirin-also
      available over-the-counter) at baseline in participants in the New Zealand IMPACT
      trial for whom these medications were prescribed by their general practitioner. A
      trial nurse not involved in their ongoing health care obtained participants' self
      reported aspirin use data. We obtained dispensing data from the national
      pharmaceutical dispensing database and assessed agreement between the two
      measures using kappa coefficients. RESULTS: Of the 513 trial participants, 36%
      were women, 50% were of Maori ethnicity, and 45% had a history of cardiovascular
      disease. The level of agreement between self-reported aspirin use and dispensing
      data was substantial (kappa 0.75, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.82). The level of agreement in
      aspirin use measured by these two sources of data was similar to that for statin
      and blood pressure-lowering therapy use, for all participants combined, for
      subgroups according to ethnicity (Maori and non-Maori) and history of
      cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its availability over-the-counter,
      aspirin use in patients for whom cardiovascular medications are indicated can be
      assessed accurately from dispensing data.

PMID- 27355166
TI  - Antimicrobial stewardship using pharmacy data for the nurse-led school-based
      clinics in Counties Manukau District Health Board for management of group A
      streptococcal pharyngitis and skin infection.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate antimicrobial usage in the school-based clinics against
      operating guidelines. METHOD: Antimicrobial prescribing data (2014) from 10/18
      participating pharmacies serving 14,153/23,588 primary school children of the
      programme were accessible. Prescriptions from 5/10 pharmacies were available for
      identifying type, amount, and indication of the medicine. One pharmacy serving a
      defined population (n=3,513) with single healthcare provider delivering the
      school programme was selected for detailed evaluation and identifying individuals
      receiving multiple treatments. RESULTS: Data from 10 pharmacies (n=7,889
      prescriptions) showed 91.2% of prescriptions were for group A streptococcal
      positive throat swab, 8.8% for skin infections. More detail from 5/10 pharmacies
      showed only 2% of group A streptococcal pharyngitis treatments (107/4,672) were
      not first-line (56 cephalexin and 51 rifampin prescriptions). Fusidic acid
      (159/452, 35.18%) or cephalexin (169/452, 37.39%) were most commonly used for
      skin infection. Analysis in the defined population showed <4% (151/4,325) of
      assessed skin conditions received antimicrobials, and only 6 individuals received
      more than one course of oral antimicrobial over the year. CONCLUSION:
      Antimicrobial administration demonstrates high compliance with the protocol.
      There was very limited use of second-line antimicrobials for recurrent
      pharyngitis. Most skin infections did not require antimicrobial treatment.
      Repeated antimicrobials for individuals were rare.

PMID- 27355167
TI  - Pharmacological therapy following acute coronary syndromes in patients with
      atrial fibrillation: how do we balance ischaemic risk with bleeding risk?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a P2Y12receptor
      antagonist is standard of care following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), as it
      has been shown to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) and death. In
      atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, the use of oral anticoagulants (OACs) is the
      standard of care as these agents have been shown to reduce the risk of stroke and
      death. Current guidelines suggest that decisions around antithrombotic therapy
      should be made by assessing ischaemic and bleeding risks. The aim of this study
      was to examine current pharmacotherapy of AF inpatients with ACS. METHODS: We
      prospectively enrolled ACS patients being managed invasively with a medical
      history of AF, or those in AF during admission ECG, from the pre-existing
      Wellington ACS registry. Enrolment criteria included pre-treatment on DAPT.
      Demographics, clinical characteristics, management, in-hospital outcomes and
      discharge medications were recorded. RESULTS: At discharge, only 11.8% of AF
      patients were prescribed an OAC and this was not related to risk of stroke
      (CHA2DS2-VASc score), bleeding (CRUSADE score) or any other clinical
      characteristics. However, discharge OAC use was associated with whether the
      patient was treated with an OAC at admission (OR 14, CI 3.4-58, p=0.001). DAPT
      was the default discharge treatment and occurred in 72% of AF patients. A
      moderate correlation between stroke risk and bleeding risk was identified
      (rs=0.68, p=0.01). A group of 44 (47%) patients were identified who were at high
      risk of stroke (CHA2DS2-VASc >=2) and low risk of bleeding (CRUSADE score <=30).
      CONCLUSION: At discharge we observed a very low rate of OAC prescription. Despite
      most AF patients being high risk for stroke, DAPT was the preferred treatment
      option. Our data suggests there is a group of patients with high stroke risk and
      relatively low bleeding risk, in who OAC use may be appropriate. Developing a
      guideline to assist clinicians in targeting this group of patients may help
      improve outcomes in AF patients following MI.

PMID- 27355168
TI  - A national survey of cardiac rehabilitation services in New Zealand: 2015.
AB  - AIMS: Guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes inform best practice.
      In Aotearoa NewZealand, little information exists about the structure and
      services provided by CR programmes and there is a poor understanding of how
      existing CR programmes are delivered with respect to evidence-based national
      guidelines. METHODS: All 46 CR providers in New Zealand were invited to
      participate in a national survey in 2015. The survey sought information on the
      following: unit structure; referral processes; patient assessment; audit
      (including quality assurance activity); Phase 2 CR content; and support for
      special populations. Simple descriptive analysis of the responses was conducted,
      involving forming counts and percentages. RESULTS: Thirty-six distinct units
      completed the survey and 94% provided Phase 2. Assessment tools, Phase 2
      educational components, and the methods of providing the exercise component
      varied. Most units audited their services, 25% audited their programme six
      monthly or more frequently. Just over half of the units (56%) reported key
      performance indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The survey identified variations in delivery
      and content of CR in New Zealand, with poor understanding of the impact on
      patient outcomes. This is likely due to the absence of standardised audit
      practices and routine collection of key performance indicators on a national
      basis.

PMID- 27355169
TI  - Medical students: where have they come from; where are they going?
AB  - AIMS: There remain shortages of doctors in rural areas. This study aimed to
      describe the location and size of New Zealand medical students' hometowns over
      the past decade; to document changes in intended practice location between entry
      and graduation; and to explore the relationship between background and intended
      location of practice. METHODS: All commencing and graduating students from one
      New Zealand medical programme from 2006-2015 were invited to complete a career
      intention survey. Students' reported background and practice location intention
      at entry were compared with intention at exit. RESULTS: Response rates were 92%
      for entry and 84% for exit surveys. On average, 21% of medical students were from
      regional-rural (RR) backgrounds, with no significant change over time (p=
      0.4036). Most were admitted via a designated rural entry pathway. Students from
      RR backgrounds were four times more likely at entry, and nearly three times more
      likely at exit, to have an RR intention than urban students. Those with an RR
      intention at entry were three times more likely to have an RR intention at exit
      than students with an urban intention. CONCLUSION: Medical students from an RR
      background, or with RR intention at entry to medical school, are more likely to
      indicate a RR intention upon graduating. Yet students of an urban background with
      an RR career intention are important to consider. Future research might explore
      factors which help consolidate RR career choices in both groups.

PMID- 27355170
TI  - Cardiac rehabilitation in New Zealand-moving forward.
AB  - Modern guideline-based cardiac rehabilitation provides an evidence-based, cost
      effective and comprehensive approach to reduce re-infarction and mortality. It
      offers a multidisciplinary approach to support self-management, improves
      psychological and social functioning and adherence to recommended life-style
      changes and medications. The challenge is to broaden uptake of cardiac
      rehabilitation, increase participation in supervised exercise programs and ensure
      that healthy behaviours are maintained in the long term. Shared care planning
      between cardiac rehabilitation specialists and primary health providers could
      improve long-term adherence by ensuring continuity of care of patients who have
      completed a Phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation program, either facility or home
      based. 

PMID- 27355171
TI  - The complexities of designing therapy for Maori living with stroke-related
      communication disorders.
AB  - Stroke-related communication disorders can have a substantial impact on Maori
      whanau (extended family). Timely and appropriate speech-language therapy is
      required, but there are many challenges in providing this. In this article we
      discuss the need for a kaupapa Maori approach to speech-language therapy that is
      designed by Maori for Maori, and undertaken in a Maori way. We report the results
      of a literature review that revealed a small but significant body of literature
      describing Maori experiences of stroke, aphasia and speech-language therapy, and
      evidence that a Maori-specific therapy programme can improve outcomes for people
      with stroke. We then consider the social and political context that impacts the
      design and delivery of such an approach. Informed by the literature, we propose a
      hierarchy of skill and resource acquisition for speech-language therapists, in
      which they learn why to be culturally safe, how to be culturally safe, and how to
      interact before creating resources to build relationships, resources for
      education and for therapy. The creation of a kaupapa Maori speech-language
      therapy approach should bring together people with stroke, whanau members and
      service providers to create therapy that crosses sectors and disciplines and
      acknowledges the wider social and political context. 

PMID- 27355172
TI  - A 'Rottie' appendix.

PMID- 27355173
TI  - Losartan and amlodipine overdose-Case Report of a patient with anuric renal
      failure prior to the onset of hypotension.

PMID- 27355174
TI  - Allied health professionals' perspectives of working with dysphagia in a rural
      paediatric team.

PMID- 27355175
TI  - Menevit-the data never seen.

PMID- 27355176
TI  - Radical cystectomies: a case for prolonged thromboprophylaxis.

PMID- 27355177
TI  - Defence of the Living Dead: zombies as vectors for transmitting positive health
      messages.

PMID- 27355178
TI  - Clinical insignificance of alcohol in salbutamol metered-dose inhalers-it's time
      to stop flogging the horse.

PMID- 27355179
TI  - Semantic interference and its control: A functional neuroimaging and connectivity
      study.
AB  - During picture naming, the ease with which humans generate words is dependent
      upon the context in which they are named. For instances, naming previously
      presented items results in facilitation. Instead, naming a picture semantically
      related to previous items displays persistent interference effects (i.e.,
      cumulative semantic interference, CSI). The neural correlates of CSI are still
      unclear and it is a matter of debate whether semantic control, or cognitive
      control more in general, is necessary for the resolution of CSI. We carried out
      an event-related fMRI experiment to assess the neural underpinnings of the CSI
      effect and the involvement and nature of semantic control. Both left inferior
      frontal gyrus (LIFG) and the left caudate nucleus (LCN) showed a linear increase
      of BOLD response positively associated with the consecutive number of
      presentations of semantically related pictures independently of task-load. The
      generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis showed that LIFG
      demonstrated a quantitative neural connectivity difference with the left
      supramarginal and angular gyri for increases of task-load and with the fusiform
      gyri for linear CSI increases. Furthermore, seed-to-voxel functional connectivity
      showed that LIFG activity coupled with different regions involved in cognitive
      control and lexicosemantic processing when semantic interference was elicited to
      a minimum or maximum degree. Our results are consistent with the lexical
      competitive nature of the CSI effect, and we provide novel evidence that semantic
      control lies upon a more general cognitive control network (i.e., LIFG and LCN)
      responsible for resolving interference between competing semantically related
      items through connectivity with different brain areas in order to guarantee the
      correct response. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4179-4196, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 27355180
TI  - WNT5A and Its Receptors in the Bone-Cancer Dialogue.
AB  - Wnt signaling is critical for tumorigenesis and skeletal remodeling. However, its
      contribution to the formation of metastatic bone lesions remains poorly defined.
      One major challenge of unraveling its role in cancer progression is the high
      complexity of Wnt signaling, which includes numerous ligands, receptors, and
      inhibitors, with intricate biological effects and specific signaling pathways
      depending on the cellular context. In this perspective, we summarize the role of
      the noncanonical Wnt ligand WNT5A in the development and metastatic process of
      osteotropic cancer entities. We focus on its tumor-suppressive function in breast
      cancer, tumor promoting effects in melanoma, and ambiguous role in prostate
      cancer, and discuss potential challenges and opportunities that may be associated
      with targeting Wnt signaling for cancer therapy and treatment of bone metastases.
      (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 27355181
TI  - A novel iridium/acid co-catalyzed transfer hydrogenative C(sp(3))-H bond
      alkylation to access functionalized N-heteroaromatics.
AB  - A novel iridium/acid co-catalysed transfer hydrogenative coupling strategy,
      enabling direct alkylation of C(sp(3))-H bonds and atom-economic access to alkyl
      chain-lengthened N-heteroaromatics from six-membered 2-alkyl cyclic amines and
      aldehydes, has been demonstrated. This work has built an important basis to
      convert cyclic amines, a class of bulk chemical raw materials, into
      functionalized products. 

PMID- 27355183
TI  - Health-related quality of life and burden of disease in chronic pain measured
      with the 15D instrument.
AB  - Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measurement aims to capture the complete,
      subjective health state of the patients and to comprehensively evaluate treatment
      outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess, using the 15D HRQoL instrument,
      HRQoL in a sample of 1528 chronic pain patients, referred to the
      multidisciplinary pain clinic of the Helsinki University Hospital during 2004 to
      2012. The 15D results of the chronic pain patients were compared with those of a
      matched general population. To analyse the properties of the 15D, the results
      were compared with the preadmission questionnaire of the pain clinic, containing
      questions about background factors, aspects of the pain, and its impact on life.
      The mean 15D score of the chronic pain patients was one of the lowest reported
      using 15D; 0.710 vs 0.922 in the general population. It equalled the score of
      advanced cancer patients in palliative care. The 15D scores were normally
      distributed, and 15D showed both statistically and clinically significant
      discriminative power in pain-related background factors. Visual analogue scale on
      pain intensity, visual analogue scale on pain-related distress, and the impact of
      pain on daily life correlated well with the 15D score. Pain intensity did not
      have independent predictive value on the score. The results indicate heavy
      perceived burden of illness in chronic pain patients. In light of the questions
      analysed, 15D appears sensitive and discriminative in chronic pain patients in
      tertiary care. Instead of pain intensity, the impaired HRQoL in chronic pain was
      mainly because of the psychosocial aspects of pain.

PMID- 27355184
TI  - Psychological interventions in managing postoperative pain in children: a
      systematic review.
AB  - Pediatric surgeries are common and painful for children. Postoperative pain is
      commonly managed with analgesics; however, pain is often still problematic.
      Despite evidence for psychological interventions for procedural pain, there is
      currently no evidence synthesis for psychological interventions in managing
      postoperative pain in children. The purpose of this review was to assess the
      efficacy of psychological interventions for postoperative pain in youth.
      Psychological interventions included Preparation/education, distraction/imagery,
      and mixed. Four databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, EMBASE, and Certified Index to
      Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched to July 2015 for published
      articles and dissertations. We screened 1401 citations and included 20 studies of
      youth aged 2 to 18 years undergoing surgery. Two reviewers independently screened
      articles, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Standardized mean
      differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using
      RevMan 5.3. Fourteen studies (1096 participants) were included in meta-analyses.
      Primary outcome was pain intensity (0-10 metric). Results indicated that
      psychological interventions as a whole were effective in reducing children's self
      reported pain in the short term (SMD = -0.47, 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.18). Subgroup
      analysis indicated that distraction/imagery interventions were effective in
      reducing self-reported pain in the short term (24 hours, SMD = -0.63, 95% CI = 
      1.04 to -0.23), whereas preparation/education interventions were not effective
      (SMD = -0.27, 95% CI = -0.61 to 0.08). Data on the effects of interventions on
      longer term pain outcomes were limited. Psychological interventions may be
      effective in reducing short-term postoperative pain intensity in children, as
      well as longer term pain and other outcomes (eg, adverse events) require further
      study.

PMID- 27355182
TI  - Prior voluntary wheel running attenuates neuropathic pain.
AB  - Exercise is known to exert a systemic anti-inflammatory influence, but whether
      its effects are sufficient to protect against subsequent neuropathic pain is
      underinvestigated. We report that 6 weeks of voluntary wheel running terminating
      before chronic constriction injury (CCI) prevented the full development of
      allodynia for the ~3-month duration of the injury. Neuroimmune signaling was
      assessed at 3 and 14 days after CCI. Prior exercise normalized ipsilateral dorsal
      spinal cord expression of neuroexcitatory interleukin (IL)-1beta production and
      the attendant glutamate transporter GLT-1 decrease, as well as expression of the
      disinhibitory P2X4R-BDNF axis. The expression of the macrophage marker Iba1 and
      the chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1), and a neuronal injury marker (activating
      transcription factor 3), was attenuated by prior running in the ipsilateral
      lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Prior exercise suppressed macrophage infiltration
      and/or injury site proliferation, given decreased presence of macrophage markers
      Iba1, iNOS (M1), and Arg-1 (M2; expression was time dependent). Chronic
      constriction injury-driven increases in serum proinflammatory chemokines were
      suppressed by prior running, whereas IL-10 was increased. Peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells were also stimulated with lipopolysaccharide ex vivo, wherein
      CCI-induced increases in IL-1beta, nitrite, and IL-10 were suppressed by prior
      exercise. Last, unrestricted voluntary wheel running, beginning either the day
      of, or 2 weeks after, CCI, progressively reversed neuropathic pain. This study is
      the first to investigate the behavioral and neuroimmune consequences of regular
      exercise terminating before nerve injury. This study suggests that chronic pain
      should be considered a component of "the diseasome of physical inactivity," and
      that an active lifestyle may prevent neuropathic pain.

PMID- 27355186
TI  - VISION LOSS IN A PATIENT WITH PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION AND LONG-TERM USE OF
      SILDENAFIL.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe a case of bilateral, asymmetrical outer macular atrophy in a
      patient with pulmonary hypertension treated with long-term sildenafil (Revatio).
      METHODS: Case report with fundus photography, spectral domain optical coherence
      tomography, fundus autofluorescence, and fluorescein angiography imaging.
      RESULTS: A 32-year-old African American woman with a history of primary pulmonary
      hypertension and 5-year history of oral sildenafil (Revatio) use presented with
      decreasing central vision in her left eye. She reported a decline in central
      vision in the left eye that started 1 month after treatment initiation and
      progressed until discontinuation 5 years later. Visual acuity was 20/20 in the
      right eye and 20/100 in the left eye. Fundus photography revealed retinal pigment
      epithelial mottling and atrophy in the right eye and parafoveal retinal pigment
      epithelial mottling and atrophy in a ring-like configuration of the left eye.
      Optical coherence tomography demonstrated outer retinal irregularity in the right
      eye and disrupted outer retina involving the external limiting membrane, inner
      segment/outer segment junction, and the retinal pigment epithelium in the left
      eye; no choroidal thickening was observed. Fundus autofluorescence showed mild
      hypoautofluorescence in the foveal center with an irregular autofluorescence
      pattern in the parafovea of the left eye. Fluorescein angiography revealed
      capillary dropout with pinpoint hyperfluorescence and leakage in the far
      periphery bilaterally. A window defect was also observed in the foveal center of
      the left eye. CONCLUSION: Sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors have been
      associated with several ocular side effects. However, this is the first report in
      the literature of outer macular atrophy in a patient with pulmonary hypertension
      and long-term use of oral sildenafil. All patients with long-term use of
      sildenafil should be educated on the risk of potential visual adverse effects.

PMID- 27355188
TI  - Zoledronic Acid Improves Bone Quality in the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Rat
      through Affecting the Expression of the Osteoblast-Regulating Transcription
      Factors.
AB  - Aims: To evaluate the short term effect of zoledronic acid on bone remodeling in
      the streptozotocin induced diabetes rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was
      induced by an injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The rats were treated with
      zoledronic acid (0.1 mg/kg) at the onset of diabetes (Z-I group) and 2 weeks
      later (Z-II group). Rats were sacrificed at the 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks after the
      onset of diabetes. Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to detect the
      expression of the following osteogenic gene mRNAs and their proteins: bone
      morphogenetic proteins 2 (BMP2), Runx2, Osterix and Noggin. The bone mineral
      density (BMD) and the mechanical resistance test was measured. Results: BMP2,
      Runx2 and Osterix mRNA and protein expression in group D had regulated down,
      while Noggin expression increased. Z-I treatment could reverse the results.
      However group Z-II showed only a transient reversing effect. On the 5th week in
      group D, the BMD decreased, the bone trabecular distance increased, while the
      trabecular thickness and bone trabecular volume were reduced, the biomechanics
      index decreased significantly. Zoledronic acid treatment restored these
      alterations. Conclusions: Zoledronic acid administered in the early stage of the
      diabetes could prevent the osteopenia. The underlying mechanisms might be that
      zoledronic acid treatment reversed the effect of diabetes on the expression of
      osteoblast-regulating transcription factors: BMP2, Runx2 and Osterix.

PMID- 27355187
TI  - Opioids for restless legs syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a distressing and common neurological
      disorder that may have a huge impact in the quality of life of those with
      frequent and intense symptoms. Patients complain of unpleasant sensations in the
      legs, at or before bedtime, and feel an urge to move the legs, which improves
      with movement, such as walking. Symptoms start with the patient at rest (e.g.
      sitting or lying down), and follow a circadian pattern, increasing during the
      evening or at night. Many pharmacological intervention are available for RLS,
      including drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease (L-Dopa and dopaminergic
      agonists), epilepsy (anticonvulsants), anxiety (benzodiazepines), and pain
      (opioids). Dopaminergic drugs are those most frequently used for treatment of
      RLS, but some patients do not respond effectively and require other medication.
      Opioids, a class of medications used to treat severe pain, seem to be effective
      in treating RLS symptoms, and are recommended for patients with severe symptoms,
      because RLS and pain appear to share the same mechanism in the central nervous
      system. All available drugs are associated to some degree with side effects,
      which can impede treatment. Opioids are associated with adverse events such as
      constipation, tolerance, and dependence. This justifies the conduct of a
      systematic review to ascertain whether opioids are safe and effective for
      treatment of RLS. OBJECTIVES: To asses the effects of opioids compared to placebo
      treatment for restless legs syndrome in adults. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, CENTRAL 2016, issue 4 and
      MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS up to April 2016, using a search strategy adapted by
      Cochraneto identify randomised clinical trials. We checked the references of each
      study and established personal communication with other authors to identify any
      additional studies. We considered publications in all languages. SELECTION
      CRITERIA: Randomised controlled clinical trials of opioid treatment in adults
      with idiopathic RLS. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors
      independently screened articles, independently extracted data into a standard
      form, and assessed for risk of bias. If necessary, they discussed discrepancies
      with a third researcher to resolve any doubts. MAIN RESULTS: We included one
      randomised clinical trial (N = 304 randomised; 204 completed; 276 analysed) that
      evaluated opioids (prolonged release oxycodone/naloxone) versus placebo. After 12
      weeks, RSL symptoms had improved more in the drug group than in the placebo group
      (using the IRLSSS: MD -7.0; 95% CI -9.69 to -4.31 and the CGI: MD -1.11; 95% CI 
      1.49 to -0.73). More patients in the drug group than in the placebo group were
      drug responders (using the IRLSSS: RR 1.82; 95% CI 1.37 to 2.42 and the CGI:
      RR1.92; 95% ICI 1.49 to 2.48). The proportion of remitters was greater in the
      drug group than in the placebo group (using the IRLSSS: RR 2.14; 95% CI 1.45 to
      3.16). Quality of life scores also improved more in the drug group than in the
      placebo group (MD -0.73; 95% CI -1.1 to -0.36). Quality of sleep was improved
      more in the drug group measured by sleep adequacy (MD -0.74; 95% CI -1.15 to 
      0.33), and sleep quantity (MD 0.89; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.26).There was no difference
      between groups for daytime somnolence, trouble staying awake during the day, or
      naps during the day. More adverse events were reported in the drug group (RR
      1.22; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.39). The major adverse events were gastrointestinal
      problems, fatigue, and headache. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Opioids seem to be
      effective for treating RLS symptoms, but there are no definitive data regarding
      the important problem of safety. This conclusion is based on only one study with
      a high dropout rate (moderate quality evidence).

PMID- 27355189
TI  - Serum Paraoxonase-1 Levels are Significantly Decreased in the Presence of Insulin
      Resistance.
AB  - Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an extracellular esterase contributing to the anti
      atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of HDL and has a protective role in
      the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to compare
      serum paraoxonase-1 levels between obese subjects with prediabetes and normal
      glucose tolerance. METHODS: In this study were included 76 patients with mean age
      50.7+/-10.7 years, divided into 2 age and BMI-matched groups - group 1 with
      obesity without glycemic disturbances (n=38) and group 2 with prediabetes (n=38).
      Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with measurement of immunoreactive insulin was
      performed in all participants and levels of PON1 were measured using ELISA
      method. RESULTS: There was only a tendency towards higher PON1 levels in patients
      with prediabetes compared to controls. However, individuals with insulin
      resistance had significantly lower levels of PON1 compared to those without. The
      levels of PON1 showed a negative correlation with the blood glucose on 120th
      minute of OGTT, fasting IRI, HOMA index, BMI, WSR, WHR and particularly with
      waist circumference and positive with HDL-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of
      PON1 are similar in patients with and wthout prediabetes, but are significantly
      decreased in patients with insulin resistance and correlate with anthropometric
      markers of visceral adiposity.

PMID- 27355190
TI  - Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus by Extraction of Morphological Features of Red
      Blood Cells Using an Artificial Neural Network.
AB  - Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by
      varying hyperglycemias either due to insufficient secretion of insulin by the
      pancreas or improper utilization of glucose. The study was aimed to investigate
      the association of morphological features of erythrocytes among normal and
      diabetic subjects and its gender-based changes and thereby to develop a computer
      aided tool to diagnose diabetes using features extracted from RBC. Materials and
      Methods: The study involved 138 normal and 144 diabetic subjects. The blood was
      drawn from the subjects and the blood smear prepared was digitized using Zeiss
      fluorescent microscope. The digitized images were pre-processed and texture
      segmentation was performed to extract the various morphological features. The
      Pearson correlation test was performed and subsequently, classification of
      subjects as normal and diabetes was carried out by a neural network classifier
      based on the features that demonstrated significance at the level of P<0.05.
      Result: The proposed system demonstrated an overall accuracy, sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 93.3,
      93.71, 92.8, 93.1 and 93.5% respectively. Conclusion: The morphological features
      exhibited a statistically significant difference (P<0.01) between the normal and
      diabetic cells, suggesting that it could be helpful in the diagnosis of Diabetes
      mellitus using a computer aided system.

PMID- 27355191
TI  - Mutations of Vasopressin Receptor 2 Including Novel L312S Have Differential
      Effects on Trafficking.
AB  - Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) is a genetic disease
      first described in 2 unrelated male infants with severe symptomatic hyponatremia.
      Despite undetectable arginine vasopressin levels, patients have inappropriately
      concentrated urine resulting in hyponatremia, hypoosmolality, and natriuresis.
      Here, we describe and functionally characterize a novel vasopressin type 2
      receptor (V2R) gain-of-function mutation. An L312S substitution in the seventh
      transmembrane domain was identified in a boy presenting with water-induced
      hyponatremic seizures at the age of 5.8 years. We show that, compared with wild
      type V2R, the L312S mutation results in the constitutive production of cAMP,
      indicative of the gain-of-function NSIAD profile. Interestingly, like the
      previously described F229V and I130N NSIAD-causing mutants, this appears to both
      occur in the absence of notable constitutive beta-arrestin2 recruitment and can
      be reduced by the inverse agonist Tolvaptan. In addition, to understand the
      effect of various V2R substitutions on the full receptor "life-cycle," we have
      used and further developed a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
      intracellular localization assay using multiple localization markers validated
      with confocal microscopy. This allowed us to characterize differences in the
      constitutive and ligand-induced localization and trafficking profiles of the
      novel L312S mutation as well as for previously described V2R gain-of-function
      mutants (NSIAD; R137C and R137L), loss-of-function mutants (nephrogenic diabetes
      insipidus; R137H, R181C, and M311V), and a putative silent V266A V2R
      polymorphism. In doing so, we describe differences in trafficking between unique
      V2R substitutions, even at the same amino acid position, therefore highlighting
      the value of full and thorough characterization of receptor function beyond
      simple signaling pathway analysis. 

PMID- 27355192
TI  - Glucocorticoids Have Opposing Effects on Liver Fibrosis in Hepatic Stellate and
      Immune Cells.
AB  - Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound-healing process that is protective in the
      short term, but prolonged fibrotic responses lead to excessive accumulation of
      extracellular matrix components that suppresses hepatocyte regeneration,
      resulting in permanent liver damage. Upon liver damage, nonparenchymal cells
      including immune cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have crucial roles in
      the progression and regression of liver fibrosis. Here, we report differential
      roles of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), acting in immune cells and HSCs, in
      liver fibrosis. In the carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxin-induced fibrosis model,
      both steroidal and nonsteroidal GR ligands suppressed expression of fibrotic
      genes and decreased extracellular matrix deposition but also inhibited immune
      cell infiltration and exacerbated liver injury. These counteracting effects of GR
      ligands were dissociated in mice with conditional GR knockout in immune cells
      (GR(LysM)) or HSC (GR(hGFAP)): the impacts of dexamethasone on immune cell
      infiltration and liver injury were totally blunted in GR(LysM) mice, whereas the
      suppression of fibrotic gene expression was diminished in GR(hGFAP) mice. The
      effect of GR activation in HSC was further confirmed in the LX-2 HSC cell line,
      in which antifibrotic effects were mediated by GR ligand inhibition of Sma and
      mad-related protein 3 (SMAD3) expression. We conclude that GR has differential
      roles in immune cells and HSCs to modulate liver injury and liver fibrosis.
      Specific activation of HSC-GR without alteration of GR activity in immune cells
      provides a potential therapeutic approach to treatment of hepatic fibrosis. 

PMID- 27355193
TI  - Minireview: Epigenomic Plasticity and Vulnerability to EDC Exposures.
AB  - The epigenome undergoes significant remodeling during tissue and organ
      development, which coincides with a period of exquisite sensitivity to
      environmental exposures. In the case of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs),
      exposures can reprogram the epigenome of developing tissues to increase
      susceptibility to diseases later in life, a process termed "developmental
      reprogramming." Both DNA methylation and histone modifications have been shown to
      be vulnerable to disruption by EDC exposures, and several mechanisms have been
      identified by which EDCs can reprogram the epigenome. These include altered
      methyl donor availability, loss of imprinting control, changes in dioxygenase
      activity, altered expression of noncoding RNAs, and activation of cell signaling
      pathways that can phosphorylate, and alter the activity of, histone
      methyltransferases. This altered epigenomic programming can persist across the
      life course, and in some instances generations, to alter gene expression in ways
      that correlate with increased disease susceptibility. Together, these studies on
      developmental reprogramming of the epigenome by EDCs are providing new insights
      into epigenomic plasticity that is vulnerable to disruption by environmental
      exposures. 

PMID- 27355196
TI  - Rational Molecular Design and Synthesis of Highly Thermo- and Photostable Near
      Infrared-Absorbing Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes with the Use of Fluorine Atoms.
AB  - Highly thermo- and photostable, near-infrared-absorbing heptamethine cyanine dyes
      were achieved with the use of fluorine-containing components. In particular, one
      prepared heptamethine cyanine dye, bearing a tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate as
      a counter anion and an N-ethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido group at the meso
      position, showed not only a high decomposition temperature (Tdt ), but also very
      high photostability toward white LED irradiation. 

PMID- 27355194
TI  - Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N(2) -Substituted 2,4-Diamino-6
      cyclohexylmethoxy-5-nitrosopyrimidines and Related 5-Cyano-NNO-azoxy Derivatives
      as Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) Inhibitors.
AB  - The potent and selective cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitor NU6027 (6
      cyclohexylmethoxy-5-nitroso-2,4-diaminopyrimidine) was used as the lead for the
      synthesis of a series of analogues in order to provide further insight into the
      structure-activity relationships for 2,4-diaminopyrimidine CDK2 inhibitors.
      Aliphatic amino substituents were introduced at position 2. The use of linear or
      less sterically hindered amines gave rise to compounds endowed with slightly
      better activity than the lead; on the other hand, the compounds were less active
      if a bulkier amino substituent was used. Substitution of the 5-nitroso group with
      a 5-cyano-NNO-azoxy moiety afforded a new class of inhibitors, the activity of
      which against CDK2 was found to be similar to that of the nitroso series. The
      most active nitroso compound was 8 b ((2S)-2-[(4-amino-6-cyclohexylmethoxy-5
      nitrosopyrimidin-2-yl)amino]propan-1-ol; IC50 =0.16 MUm), while in the 5-cyano
      NNO-azoxy series the most active compound was 9 b (4-amino-5-[(Z)-cyano-NNO
      azoxy]-2-{[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]amino}-6-cyclohexylmethoxypyrimidine; IC50
      =0.30 MUm). Taken together, these new analogues of NU6027 enhance our
      understanding of the structure-activity relationships for 2,4-diaminopyrimidine
      CDK2 inhibitors.

PMID- 27355197
TI  - Analysis of a long-term measurement of air pollutants (2007-2011) in North China
      Plain (NCP); Impact of emission reduction during the Beijing Olympic Games.
AB  - Five years measurements were used to evaluate the effect of emission controls on
      the changes of air pollutants in Beijing and its surroundings in the NCP during
      2008 Olympic Games (2008OG). The major challenge of this study was to filter out
      the effect of variability of meteorological conditions, when compared the air
      pollutants during the game to non-game period. We used four-year (2007, 2009
      2011) average as the Non-2008OG to smooth the temporal variability caused by
      meteorological parameters. To study the spatial variability and regional
      transport, 6 sites (urban, rural, a mega city, a heavy industrial city, and a
      remote site) were selected. The result showed that the annually meteorological
      variability was significantly reduced. Such as, in BJ the differences between
      2008OG and 5-years averaged values were 2.7% for relative humidity and 0.6% for
      wind speed. As a result, the anomaly of air pollutants between 2008OG and Non
      2008OG can largely attribute to the emission control. The comparison showed that
      the major pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO, NOx) at the 6 sites in 2008OG were
      consistently lowered. For example, PM2.5 in BJ decreased from 75 to 45 MUg/m(3)
      (40% reduction). However, the emission controls had minor effect on O3
      concentrations (1% reduction). In contrast, the O3 precursor (NOx) reduced from
      19.7 to 13.2 ppb (33% reduction). The in-sensitivity between NOx and O3 suggested
      that the O3 formation was under VOCs control condition in NCP, showing that
      strong VOC emission control is needed in order to significantly reduce O3
      concentration in the region. 

PMID- 27355198
TI  - The Effect of Round Window vs Cochleostomy Surgical Approaches on Cochlear
      Implant Electrode Position: A Flat-Panel Computed Tomography Study.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The round window insertion (RWI) and cochleostomy approaches are the
      2 most common surgical techniques used in cochlear implantation (CI). However,
      there is no consensus on which approach is ideal for electrode array insertion,
      in part because visualization of intracochlear electrode position is challenging,
      so postoperative assessment of intracochlear electrode contact is lacking.
      OBJECTIVE: To measure and compare electrode array position between RWI and
      cochleostomy approaches for CI insertion. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
      Retrospective case-comparison study of 17 CI users with Med-El standard-length
      electrode arrays who underwent flat-panel computed tomography scans after CI
      surgery at a tertiary referral center. The data was analyzed in October 2015.
      EXPOSURES: Flat-panel computed tomography scans were collected between January 1
      and August 31, 2013, for 22 electrode arrays. The surgical technique was
      identified by a combination of operative notes and imaging. Eight cochleae
      underwent RWI and 14 cochleae underwent cochleostomy approaches anterior and
      inferior to the round window. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Interscalar electrode
      position and electrode centroid distance to the osseous spiral lamina, lateral
      bony wall, and central axis of the modiolus. RESULTS: Nine participants were men,
      and 8, women; the mean age was 54.4 (range, 21-64) years. Electrode position was
      significantly closer to cochlear neural elements with RWI than cochleostomy
      approaches. Between the 2 surgical approaches, the RWI technique produced shorter
      distances between the electrode and the modiolus (mean difference, -0.33 [95% CI,
      -0.29 to -0.39] mm in the apical electrode; -1.42 [95% CI, -1.24 to -1.57] mm in
      the basal electrode). This difference, which was most prominent in the first
      third and latter third of the basal turn, decreased after the basal turn.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The RWI approach was associated with an increased
      likelihood of perimodiolar placement. Opting to use RWI over cochleostomy
      approaches in CI candidates may position electrodes closer to cochlear neural
      substrates and minimize current spread. These findings need to be interpreted in
      light of the increased potential for osseous spiral lamina trauma with reduced
      distances between the electrode array and modiolus.

PMID- 27355199
TI  - Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Embedded MoS2 Microspheres as Advanced Anodes for Lithium-
      and Sodium-Ion Batteries.
AB  - Rational design and synthesis of advanced anode materials are extremely important
      for high-performance lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Herein, a simple one
      step hydrothermal method is developed for fabrication of N-C@MoS2 microspheres
      with the help of polyurethane as carbon and nitrogen sources. The MoS2
      microspheres are composed of MoS2 nanoflakes, which are wrapped by an N-doped
      carbon layer. Owing to its unique structural features, the N-C@MoS2 microspheres
      exhibit greatly enhanced lithium- and sodium-storage performances including a
      high specific capacity, high rate capability, and excellent capacity retention.
      Additionally, the developed polyurethane-assisted hydrothermal method could be
      useful for the construction of many other high-capacity metal oxide/sulfide
      composite electrode materials for energy storage. 

PMID- 27355200
TI  - Clean Donor Oxidation Enhances the H2 Evolution Activity of a Carbon Quantum Dot
      Molecular Catalyst Photosystem.
AB  - Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are new-generation light absorbers for photocatalytic
      H2 evolution in aqueous solution, but the performance of CQD-molecular catalyst
      systems is currently limited by the decomposition of the molecular component.
      Clean oxidation of the electron donor by donor recycling prevents the formation
      of destructive radical species and non-innocent oxidation products. This approach
      allowed a CQD-molecular nickel bis(diphosphine) photocatalyst system to reach a
      benchmark lifetime of more than 5 days and a record turnover number of 1094+/-61
      molH2  (molNi )(-1) for a defined synthetic molecular nickel catalyst in purely
      aqueous solution under AM1.5G solar irradiation.

PMID- 27355201
TI  - Sensing Enzymatic Activity by Exposure and Selection of DNA-Encoded Probes.
AB  - A sensing approach is applied to encode quantitative enzymatic activity
      information into DNA sequence populations. The method utilizes DNA-linked peptide
      substrates as activity probes. Signal detection involves chemical manipulation of
      a probe population downstream of sample exposure and application of purifying,
      selective pressure for enzyme products. Selection-induced changes in DNA
      abundance indicate sample activity. The detection of protein kinase, protease,
      and farnesyltransferase activities is demonstrated. The assays were employed to
      measure enzyme inhibition by small molecules and activity in cell lysates using
      parallel DNA sequencing or quantitative PCR. This strategy will allow the
      extensive infrastructure for genetic analysis to be applied to proteomic assays,
      which has a number of advantages in throughput, sensitivity, and sample
      multiplexing.

PMID- 27355202
TI  - Choosing Wavelet Methods, Filters, and Lengths for Functional Brain Network
      Construction.
AB  - Wavelet methods are widely used to decompose fMRI, EEG, or MEG signals into time
      series representing neurophysiological activity in fixed frequency bands. Using
      these time series, one can estimate frequency-band specific functional
      connectivity between sensors or regions of interest, and thereby construct
      functional brain networks that can be examined from a graph theoretic
      perspective. Despite their common use, however, practical guidelines for the
      choice of wavelet method, filter, and length have remained largely undelineated.
      Here, we explicitly explore the effects of wavelet method (MODWT vs. DWT),
      wavelet filter (Daubechies Extremal Phase, Daubechies Least Asymmetric, and
      Coiflet families), and wavelet length (2 to 24)-each essential parameters in
      wavelet-based methods-on the estimated values of graph metrics and in their
      sensitivity to alterations in psychiatric disease. We observe that the MODWT
      method produces less variable estimates than the DWT method. We also observe that
      the length of the wavelet filter chosen has a greater impact on the estimated
      values of graph metrics than the type of wavelet chosen. Furthermore, wavelet
      length impacts the sensitivity of the method to detect differences between health
      and disease and tunes classification accuracy. Collectively, our results suggest
      that the choice of wavelet method and length significantly alters the reliability
      and sensitivity of these methods in estimating values of metrics drawn from graph
      theory. They furthermore demonstrate the importance of reporting the choices
      utilized in neuroimaging studies and support the utility of exploring wavelet
      parameters to maximize classification accuracy in the development of biomarkers
      of psychiatric disease and neurological disorders. 

PMID- 27355204
TI  - Lobular Breast Cancer and Abdominal Metastases: A Retrospective Review and Impact
      on Survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The predominant breast cancer subtypes, invasive lobular carcinoma
      (ILC) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), have similar recurrence and survival
      rates but differing patterns of metastatic recurrence. METHODS: A retrospective
      review of breast cancers treated at an academic medical center from 1999 to 2012
      was performed. Demographic, pathologic, treatment, and follow-up data were
      collected for 179 ILC and 358 IDC patients (1:2 stage-matched). The median follow
      up was 4.7 years. RESULTS: The baseline characteristics were similar in the two
      groups. ILC was more likely to be hormone-receptor-positive/HER2-negative and
      mammographically occult. The number of surgical resections, breast conservation
      rate, systemic treatment, and taxane use was similar between the groups. The
      overall recurrence rate was the same. ILC recurred more often in the abdominal
      cavity (24.3% in ILC vs. 4.1% in IDC, p = 0.001). The disease-free survival and
      overall survival were equal. On multivariate analysis, age, stage of disease,
      hormone receptor status, and systemic therapy were associated with survival, but
      histology was not. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to ductal breast cancers, lobular breast
      cancers recur more often in the abdominal cavity. Both ILC and IDC have
      comparable surgical and medical treatment outcomes and survival. Our data suggest
      that enhanced surveillance and imaging might be useful in ILC.

PMID- 27355203
TI  - Identification of a Disulfide Bridge in Sodium-Coupled Neutral Amino Acid
      Transporter 2(SNAT2) by Chemical Modification.
AB  - Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) belongs to solute carrier
      38 (SLC38) family of transporters, which is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian
      tissues and mediates transport of small, neutral amino acids, exemplified by
      alanine(Ala, A). Yet structural data on SNAT2, including the relevance of
      intrinsic cysteine residues on structure and function, is scarce, in spite of its
      essential roles in many tissues. To better define the potential of intrinsic
      cysteines to form disulfide bonds in SNAT2, mutagenesis experiments and thiol
      specific chemical modifications by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and methoxy
      polyethylene glycol maleimide (mPEG-Mal, MW 5000) were performed, with or without
      the reducing regent dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment. Seven single mutant
      transporters with various cysteine (Cys, C) to alanine (Ala, A) substitutions,
      and a C245,279A double mutant were introduced to SNAT2 with a hemagglutinin (HA)
      tag at the C-terminus. The results showed that the cells expressing C245A or
      C279A were labeled by one equivalent of mPEG-Mal in the presence of DTT, while
      wild-type or all the other single Cys to Ala mutants were modified by two
      equivalents of mPEG-Mal. Furthermore, the molecular weight of C245,279A was not
      changed in the presence or absence of DTT treatment. The results suggest a
      disulfide bond between Cys245 and Cys279 in SNAT2 which has no effect on cell
      surface trafficking, as well as transporter function. The proposed disulfide bond
      may be important to delineate proximity in the extracellular domain of SNAT2 and
      related proteins. 

PMID- 27355205
TI  - Exogenous Magnesium Chloride Reduces the Activated Partial Thromboplastin Times
      of Lupus Anticoagulant-Positive Patients.
AB  - The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) assay is a basic hemostatic
      assay based on the time it takes for clots to form in plasma samples after the
      addition of calcium chloride. It is used to screen for various coagulation
      disorders. Several previous reports have suggested that magnesium (Mg) might
      contribute to coagulation reactions by binding to specific coagulation proteins.
      We investigated the effects of Mg on the APTT. In healthy controls, the APTT was
      significantly prolonged in proportion to the increase in the concentration of
      magnesium chloride in the range from 2.1 to 16.7 mmol/L. Among eight samples from
      patients with various disorders that exhibited prolonged APTT, two samples
      demonstrated shorter APTT when Mg was added, both of which were from patients
      that were positive for lupus anticoagulant. When we examined 206 clinical APTT
      samples, we found that Mg shortened the APTT of two samples. These two samples
      were also from lupus anticoagulant-positive patients (p-value: <0.003). Our
      findings regarding the unique effects of exogenous Mg on the APTT of lupus
      anticoagulant-positive patients might shed light on the role of Mg in APTT assays
      and lead to the development of a novel screening method for lupus anticoagulant. 

PMID- 27355206
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27355207
TI  - Targeted Mutagenesis of the Hypophysiotropic Gnrh3 in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
      Reveals No Effects on Reproductive Performance.
AB  - Gnrh is the major neuropeptide regulator of vertebrate reproduction, triggering a
      cascade of events in the pituitary-gonadal axis that result in reproductive
      competence. Previous research in mice and humans has demonstrated that Gnrh/GNRH
      null mutations result in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and infertility. The goal
      of this study was to eliminate gnrh3 (the hypophysiotropic Gnrh form) function in
      zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine how ontogeny and reproductive performance
      are affected, as well as factors downstream of Gnrh3 along the reproductive axis.
      Using the TALEN technology, we developed a gnrh3-/- zebrafish line that harbors a
      62 bp deletion in the gnrh3 gene. Our gnrh3-/- zebrafish line represents the
      first targeted and heritable mutation of a Gnrh isoform in any organism. Using
      immunohistochemistry, we verified that gnrh3-/- fish do not possess Gnrh3 peptide
      in any regions of the brain. However, other than changes in mRNA levels of
      pituitary gonadotropin genes (fshb, lhb, and cga) during early development, which
      are corrected by adulthood, there were no changes in ontogeny and reproduction in
      gnrh3-/- fish. The gnrh3-/- zebrafish are fertile, displaying normal
      gametogenesis and reproductive performance in males and females. Together with
      our previous results that Gnrh3 cell ablation causes infertility, these results
      indicate that a compensatory mechanism is being activated, which is probably
      primed early on upon Gnrh3 neuron differentiation and possibly confined to Gnrh3
      neurons. Potential compensation factors and sensitive windows of time for
      compensation during development and puberty should be explored. 

PMID- 27355208
TI  - Appropriateness of Repeating Helicobacter pylori Culture and Susceptibility
      Testing Following Failure of Individualized Antibiotic Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend direct Helicobacter pylori culture and
      antibiotic susceptibility testing following 2 failed eradication attempts. If
      this process is followed and yet subsequent treatment is unsuccessful, it is
      unclear whether susceptibility testing should be repeated. This is the first
      study to examine the appropriateness of repeated H. pylori culture and
      susceptibility testing following failure of individualized treatment. METHODS:
      Between 2007 and 2014, consecutive patients who underwent at least 2 upper
      gastrointestinal endoscopies with H. pylori culture and susceptibility testing at
      our institution following several treatment failures were retrospectively
      identified. Antibiotic susceptibility was recorded and linked to demographic
      data. RESULTS: A total of 68 cultures from 34 patients were included (12 (35.3%)
      men, 41.4 +/- 16.6 years), and 20 (58.8%) cultures had a different antibiotic
      susceptibility profile on repeat testing (8 (23.5%) with new susceptibility and
      13 (38.2%) with new resistance). Acquired resistance to clarithromycin,
      levofloxacin and metronidazole was observed in 9 (26.5%), 2 (5.9%) and 10 (29.4%)
      cultures, respectively. Subjects with resistance to <=1 antibiotic at baseline
      were more likely to develop resistance to at least 1 antibiotic on subsequent
      culture, compared to subjects with resistance to >=2 antibiotics at baseline (13
      (100%) vs. 5 (23.8%), p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Repeating H. pylori culture and
      susceptibility testing usually yields new antimicrobial susceptibility data.
      However, the clinical usefulness of this approach remains unclear.

PMID- 27355209
TI  - Yalongjiang River Has Had an Important Role in the Dispersal and Divergence of
      Rosa soulieana in the Hengduan Mountains of China.
AB  - The Hengduan Mountains are the core of the Sino-Himalayan Floristic Region. Rosa
      soulieana Crep. is an important wild rose species that is widely distributed in
      the Hengduan Mountains. To provide better future utilization of this wild rose,
      and also to add some possible proof of the effect of geomorphological and
      ecological characteristics of the Hengduan Mountains on the current spatial
      distribution and genetic diversity of local species, the genetic diversity and
      genetic structure of 556 individuals from 37 populations of R. soulieana were
      studied using fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). R.
      soulieana showed a moderately high level of genetic diversity and a high level of
      genetic differentiation at the species level. The total percentage of polymorphic
      loci, total heterozygosity (Ht), Shannon index (I), and heterozygosity value
      within populations (Hs) were 97.8%, 0.253, 0.339, and 0.139, respectively. More
      than half of the total genetic variation (54.0%) occurred within populations, and
      the overall gene differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.451. The genetic
      differentiation among populations was positively and significantly correlated
      with geographic distance. The neighbor-joining cluster and the Bayesian analysis
      divided all the populations and individuals into 3 groups, and did not support
      the morphology based intraspecific varieties. The results confirmed that the
      ancient R. soulieana of the third group survived in northwestern Yunnan and
      Yalongjiang valley and then moved upnorth along the valley. The spatial
      distribution of the other two groups was the result of allopatric divergence due
      to long period of adaptation to the different climatic conditions of its
      distribution at either side of the Yalongjiang River. 

PMID- 27355211
TI  - Structural Insights into a Novel Class of Aspartate Aminotransferase from
      Corynebacterium glutamicum.
AB  - Aspartate aminotransferase from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgAspAT) is a PLP
      dependent enzyme that catalyzes the production of L-aspartate and alpha
      ketoglutarate from L-glutamate and oxaloacetate in L-lysine biosynthesis. In
      order to understand the molecular mechanism of CgAspAT and compare it with those
      of other aspartate aminotransferases (AspATs) from the aminotransferase class I,
      we determined the crystal structure of CgAspAT. CgAspAT functions as a dimer, and
      the CgAspAT monomer consists of two domains, the core domain and the auxiliary
      domain. The PLP cofactor is found to be bound to CgAspAT and stabilized through
      unique residues. In our current structure, a citrate molecule is bound at the
      active site of one molecule and mimics binding of the glutamate substrate. The
      residues involved in binding of the PLP cofactor and the glutamate substrate were
      confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Interestingly, compared with other AspATs
      from aminotransferase subgroup Ia and Ib, CgAspAT exhibited unique binding sites
      for both cofactor and substrate; moreover, it was found to have unusual
      structural features in the auxiliary domain. Based on these structural
      differences, we propose that CgAspAT does not belong to either subgroup Ia or Ib,
      and can be categorized into a subgroup Ic. The phylogenetic tree and RMSD
      analysis also indicates that CgAspAT is located in an independent AspAT subgroup.

PMID- 27355210
TI  - Optimization of a Membrane Feeding Assay for Plasmodium vivax Infection in
      Anopheles albimanus.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Individuals exposed to malaria infections for a long time develop
      immune responses capable of blocking Plasmodium transmission to mosquito vectors,
      potentially limiting parasite spreading in nature. Development of a malaria TB
      vaccine requires a better understanding of the mechanisms and main effectors
      responsible for transmission blocking (TB) responses. The lack of an in vitro
      culture system for Plasmodium vivax has been an important drawback for
      development of a standardized method to assess TB responses to this parasite.
      This study evaluated host, vector, and parasite factors that may influence
      Anopheles mosquito infection in order to develop an efficient and reliable assay
      to assess the TB immunity. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 94 P. vivax
      infected patients were enrolled as parasite donors or subjects of direct mosquito
      feeding in two malaria endemic regions of Colombia (Tierralta, and Buenaventura).
      Parasite infectiousness was assessed by membrane feeding assay or direct feeding
      assay using laboratory reared Anopheles mosquitoes. Infection was measured by
      qPCR and by microscopically examining mosquito midguts at day 7 for the presence
      of oocysts. Best infectivity was attained in four day old mosquitoes fed at a
      density of 100 mosquitos/cage. Membrane feeding assays produced statistically
      significant better infections than direct feeding assays in parasite donors;
      cytokine profiles showed increased IFN-gamma, TNF and IL-1 levels in non
      infectious individuals. Mosquito infections and parasite maturation were more
      reliably assessed by PCR compared to microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: We evaluated
      mosquito, parasite and host factors that may affect the outcome of parasite
      transmission as measured by artificial membrane feeding assays. Results have led
      us to conclude that: 1) optimal mosquito infectivity occurs with mosquitoes four
      days after emergence at a cage density of 100; 2) mosquito infectivity is best
      quantified by PCR as it may be underestimated by microscopy; 3) host cellular
      immune response did not appear to significantly affect mosquito infectivity; and
      4) no statistically significant difference was observed in transmission between
      mosquitoes directly feeding on humans and artificial membrane feeding assays.

PMID- 27355212
TI  - Multiplex APLP System for High-Resolution Haplogrouping of Extremely Degraded
      East-Asian Mitochondrial DNAs.
AB  - Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) serves as a powerful tool for exploring matrilineal
      phylogeographic ancestry, as well as for analyzing highly degraded samples,
      because of its polymorphic nature and high copy numbers per cell. The recent
      advent of complete mitochondrial genome sequencing has led to improved techniques
      for phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA, and many multiplex genotyping methods
      have been developed for the hierarchical analysis of phylogenetically important
      mutations. However, few high-resolution multiplex genotyping systems for
      analyzing East-Asian mtDNA can be applied to extremely degraded samples. Here, we
      present a multiplex system for analyzing mitochondrial single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (mtSNPs), which relies on a novel amplified product-length
      polymorphisms (APLP) method that uses inosine-flapped primers and is specifically
      designed for the detailed haplogrouping of extremely degraded East-Asian mtDNAs.
      We used fourteen 6-plex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and subsequent
      electrophoresis to examine 81 haplogroup-defining SNPs and 3 insertion/deletion
      sites, and we were able to securely assign the studied mtDNAs to relevant
      haplogroups. Our system requires only 1*10-13 g (100 fg) of crude DNA to obtain a
      full profile. Owing to its small amplicon size (<110 bp), this new APLP system
      was successfully applied to extremely degraded samples for which direct
      sequencing of hypervariable segments using mini-primer sets was unsuccessful, and
      proved to be more robust than conventional APLP analysis. Thus, our new APLP
      system is effective for retrieving reliable data from extremely degraded East
      Asian mtDNAs. 

PMID- 27355214
TI  - Spatial modeling of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Andean region of Colombia.
AB  - The objective of this research was to identify environmental risk factors for
      cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Colombia and map high-risk municipalities. The
      study area was the Colombian Andean region, comprising 715 rural and urban
      municipalities. We used 10 years of CL surveillance: 2000-2009. We used spatial
      temporal analysis - conditional autoregressive Poisson random effects modelling -
      in a Bayesian framework to model the dependence of municipality-level incidence
      on land use, climate, elevation and population density. Bivariable spatial
      analysis identified rainforests, forests and secondary vegetation, temperature,
      and annual precipitation as positively associated with CL incidence. By contrast,
      livestock agroecosystems and temperature seasonality were negatively associated.
      Multivariable analysis identified land use - rainforests and agro-livestock - and
      climate - temperature, rainfall and temperature seasonality - as best predictors
      of CL. We conclude that climate and land use can be used to identify areas at
      high risk of CL and that this approach is potentially applicable elsewhere in
      Latin America. 

PMID- 27355213
TI  - Predicting Response Trajectories during Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Panic
      Disorder: No Association with the BDNF Gene or Childhood Maltreatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and result in low quality of
      life and a high social and economic cost. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioural
      therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders is well established, but a substantial
      proportion of patients do not respond to this treatment. Understanding which
      genetic and environmental factors are responsible for this differential response
      to treatment is a key step towards "personalized medicine". Based on previous
      research, our objective was to test whether the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and/or
      childhood maltreatment are associated with response trajectories during exposure
      based CBT for panic disorder (PD). METHOD: We used Growth Mixture Modeling to
      identify latent classes of change (response trajectories) in patients with PD (N
      = 97) who underwent group manualized exposure-based CBT. We conducted logistic
      regression to investigate the effect on these trajectories of the BDNF Val66Met
      polymorphism and two different types of childhood maltreatment, abuse and
      neglect. RESULTS: We identified two response trajectories ("high response" and
      "low response"), and found that they were not significantly associated with
      either the genetic (BDNF Val66Met polymorphism) or childhood trauma-related
      variables of interest, nor with an interaction between these variables.
      CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence to support an effect of the BDNF gene or
      childhood trauma-related variables on CBT outcome in PD. Future studies in this
      field may benefit from looking at other genotypes or using different (e.g. whole
      genome) approaches.

PMID- 27355216
TI  - Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan challenges in childhood urinary tract infection,
      vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring investigation and management.
AB  - Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a precipitating factor in acute pyelonephritis
      (APN), and a risk factor for renal scar formation, even if VUR and APN occur
      independently. There is no scientific evidence on a specific diagnostic
      evaluation of children after a febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Based on
      recent literature and our clinical experience, we reviewed the role of 99mTc
      dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) renal scan in UTI/VUR imaging. We also reviewed
      the DMSA challenges and controversies in UTI/VUR management. A DMSA renal scan is
      the most reliable tool for the establishment of the diagnosis of APN during
      febrile UTIs acute phase. The "top-down" approach focuses on kidney involvement
      during UTI rather than on VUR existence, with a goal of diagnosing APN and/or
      renal dysplasia. Therefore, DMSA is performed before void cysteourethrography
      (VCUG). Late DMSA scanning should be performed to evaluate the presence of
      permanent renal scars. DMSA may be considered valuable in the follow-up of
      children with VUR, in order to detect new renal scarring after breakthrough or
      recurrent UTIs. An abnormal DMSA scan comprises a risk factor for VUR
      identification after UTI, for recurrent UTIs, renal damage/scarring, renal
      function deterioration, and a negative predictive risk factor for VUR improvement
      and/or spontaneous resolution. An individualized DMSA risk-based dynamic approach
      may assist physicians on VUR management decisions. DMSA could play an important
      role in selecting children with UTI/VUR who would benefit from close monitoring
      and/or early intervention. However, more data are needed for evidence-based
      guidelines.

PMID- 27355215
TI  - Conidial germination in Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum
      and Lomentospora prolificans: influence of growth conditions and antifungal
      susceptibility profiles.
AB  - In the present study, we have investigated some growth conditions capable of
      inducing the conidial germination in Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S.
      minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans. Germination in Sabouraud medium (pH
      7.0, 37oC, 5% CO2) showed to be a typically time-dependent event, reaching ~75%
      in S. minutisporum and > 90% in S. apiospermum, S. aurantiacum and L. prolificans
      after 4 h. Similar germination rate was observed when conidia were incubated
      under different media and pHs. Contrarily, temperature and CO2 tension modulated
      the germination. The isotropic conidial growth (swelling) and germ tube-like
      projection were evidenced by microscopy and cytometry. Morphometric parameters
      augmented in a time-dependent fashion, evidencing changes in size and granularity
      of fungal cells compared with dormant 0 h conidia. In parallel, a clear increase
      in the mitochondrial activity was measured during the transformation of conidia
      into-germinated conidia. Susceptibility profiles to itraconazole, fluconazole,
      voriconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin varied regarding each morphotype and
      each fungal species. Overall, the minimal inhibitory concentrations for hyphae
      were higher than conidia and germinated conidia, except for caspofungin.
      Collectively, our study add new data about the conidia-into-hyphae transformation
      in Scedosporium and Lomentospora species, which is a relevant biological process
      of these molds directly connected to their antifungal resistance and
      pathogenicity mechanisms. 

PMID- 27355218
TI  - Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 1059
      participants.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies have evaluated the association between the matrix
      metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and prostate cancer (PCa) risk. However, these
      studies have yielded conflicting results. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A comprehensive
      search was conducted through researching MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and
      EMBASE, and a total of 10 studies including 1059 cases were included on the basis
      of inclusion criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A meta-analysis was performed to
      obtain a summary of estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals
      (CIs) of MMP-9 for PCa, with attention to study quality and publication bias. MMP
      9 by immunohistochemistry was significantly associated with increased diagnosis
      of PCa (OR=7.91; 95% CI: 5.27-11.89; P<0.00001). Subgroup-analysis showed that
      findings did not substantially change when only Caucasians or Asians (OR=5.87;
      95% CI: 3.38-10.20; P<0.00001) or (OR=11.80; 95% CI: 6.60-21.08; P<0.00001) were
      considered. There was also no significant publication bias observed. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our findings provide further evidence that the expression of MMP-9 contribute to
      PCa risk. MMP-9 protein overexpression was found in prostate cancers, low
      expression in any of the normal tissues or in benign prostatic tissue. MMP-9 is
      potentially an important prostate tumor marker.

PMID- 27355219
TI  - Toll-like receptors are essential for the control of endogenous retrovirus
      expression in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children is a continuum of
      clinical disorders characterized by severe proteinuria, dyslipidemia,
      hypoalbuminemia, and hypercoagulability. It has been hypothesized that toll-like
      receptors (TLRs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell might be involved in INS
      disease. Infections appear to be involved in the onset of INS. The aim of this
      study was to investigate the expression and function of TLRs in PBMC of INS
      patients and the relation with two human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), K and W
      expression. METHODS: The study enrolled 37 children at the exordium and without
      treatments of minimal-change disease (MCD), the most common single form of
      nephrotic syndrome (INS) and 20 healthy controls (HC). Relative quantification of
      target genes expression in patients compared with normal samples was performed
      with the DeltaDeltaCt method. RESULTS: HERV K and W were expressed in all samples
      analyzed but the level of expression was much lower in the INS that in HC
      P<0.0001 and P=0.0002 for HERV-K and -W, respectively. TLR2 was hyperexpressed in
      10 vs. 17 (58.8%) of the INS, TLR3 in 3 vs. 17 (17.6%), TLR4 in 12 vs. 17 (70.6%)
      and TLR9 in 9 vs. 17 (52.9%) (Figure 2). The different expression were
      statistically significance in the case of TLR2, 3 and 4 (P=0.0183, 0.0218 and
      0.0034, respectively) no for TLR9 (P=0.2010). Statistical analysis demonstrated a
      significance correlation between the low expression of HERV-K and HERV-W and high
      expression of TLRs. We obtain a statistically significance P<0.0001 considering
      all TLRs expression in comparison with HERV expression. CONCLUSIONS: We described
      a down regulation of pol gene of HERV-W and HERV-K mediated by TLRs.

PMID- 27355220
TI  - [The Offer of Medical-Diagnostic Self-Tests on German Language Websites: Results
      of a Systematic Internet Search].
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the current study was to provide an overview of
      medical-diagnostic self-tests which can be purchased without a medical
      prescription on German language websites. METHOD: From September 2014 to March
      2015, a systematic internet research was conducted with the following search
      terms: self-test, self-diagnosis, home test, home diagnosis, quick test, rapid
      test. RESULTS: 513 different self-tests for the diagnostics of 52 diverse
      diseases or health risks were identified, including chronic diseases (e. g.
      diabetes, chronic disease of the kidneys, liver, and lungs), sexually transmitted
      diseases (e. g. HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea), infectious diseases (e. g.
      tuberculosis, malaria, Helicobacter pylori), allergies (e. g. house dust, cats,
      histamine) and cancer as well as tests for the diagnostics of 12 different
      psychotropic substances. These were sold by 90 companies in Germany and by other
      foreign companies. CONCLUSION: The number of medical-diagnostic self-tests which
      can be bought without a medical prescription on the Internet has increased
      enormously in the last 10 years. Further studies are needed for the
      identification of the determinants of the use of self-tests as well as the impact
      of the application on the experience and behavior of the user.

PMID- 27355221
TI  - [Participation as Target of Social Medicine and Nursing Care: - Legal Definition
      of Long-Term Care Dependency - Strategies to Prevent Long-Term Care Dependency].
AB  - Objective: By the "Second Bill to Strengthen Long-Term Care", a new concept of
      long-term care dependency will be introduced, valid from 2017. Long-term care
      dependency according to Social Code XI will be defined covering more aspects than
      today. Therefore, the working group "Nursing Care" of the division "Social
      Medicine in Practice and Rehabilitation" in the German Society for Social
      Medicine and Prevention presents their results after working on the social
      medicine perspective of the definition and prevention of long-term care
      dependency. Methods: Both the definition and strategies to prevent long-term care
      dependency are systematically taken into consideration from the point of view of
      social medicine on the basis of the International Classification of Functioning,
      Disability and Health (ICF), as long-term care dependency means a defined
      condition of disability. Results: Both the current and the new concept of long
      term care dependency focus activity limitations. The perspective of social
      medicine considers the interactions of health condition, its effects on daily
      activities and personal as well as environmental factors. From this point of view
      approaches for social benefits concerning prevention and rehabilitation can be
      identified systematically so as to work against the development and progression
      of long-term care dependency. The reference to the ICF can facilitate the
      communication between different professions. The new "graduation" of long-term
      care dependency would allow an international "translation" referring to the ICF.
      Conclusion: Experts from the field of social medicine as well as those of nursing
      care, care-givers and nursing researchers have in common the objective that
      persons in need of nursing care can participate in as many aspects of life of
      importance to them in an autonomous and self-determined way. The point of view of
      social medicine on long-term care dependency is fundamental for all occupational
      groups that are involved and for their successful cooperation.

PMID- 27355223
TI  - A novel approach to neutron scattering instrumentation for probing multiscale
      dynamics in soft and biological matter.
AB  - We present a concept and ray-tracing simulation of a mechanical device that will
      enable inelastic neutron scattering measurements where the data at energy
      transfers from a few MUeV to several hundred meV can be collected in a single,
      gapless spectrum. Besides covering 5 orders of magnitude on the energy (time)
      scale, the device provides data over 2 orders of magnitude on the scattering
      momentum (length) scale in a single measurement. Such capabilities are geared
      primarily toward soft and biological matter, where the broad dynamical features
      of relaxation origin largely overlap with vibration features, thus necessitating
      gapless spectral coverage over several orders of magnitude in time and space.
      Furthermore, neutron scattering experiments with such a device are performed with
      a fixed neutron final energy, which enables measurements, with neutron energy
      loss in the sample, at arbitrarily low temperatures over the same broad spectral
      range. This capability is also invaluable in biological and soft matter research,
      as the variable temperature dependence of different relaxation components allows
      their separation in the scattering spectra as a function of temperature.

PMID- 27355222
TI  - Sepsis: the LightCycler SeptiFast Test MGRADE(r), SepsiTestTM and IRIDICA BAC BSI
      assay for rapidly identifying bloodstream bacteria and fungi - a systematic
      review and economic evaluation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sepsis can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Timely and
      appropriate treatment can reduce in-hospital mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVES:
      To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three tests
      [LightCycler SeptiFast Test MGRADE((r)) (Roche Diagnostics, Risch-Rotkreuz,
      Switzerland); SepsiTest(TM) (Molzym Molecular Diagnostics, Bremen, Germany); and
      the IRIDICA BAC BSI assay (Abbott Diagnostics, Lake Forest, IL, USA)] for the
      rapid identification of bloodstream bacteria and fungi in patients with suspected
      sepsis compared with standard practice (blood culture with or without matrix
      absorbed laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry). DATA
      SOURCES: Thirteen electronic databases (including MEDLINE, EMBASE and The
      Cochrane Library) were searched from January 2006 to May 2015 and supplemented by
      hand-searching relevant articles. REVIEW METHODS: A systematic review and meta
      analysis of effectiveness studies were conducted. A review of published economic
      analyses was undertaken and a de novo health economic model was constructed. A
      decision tree was used to estimate the costs and quality-adjusted life-years
      (QALYs) associated with each test; all other parameters were estimated from
      published sources. The model was populated with evidence from the systematic
      review or individual studies, if this was considered more appropriate (base case
      1). In a secondary analysis, estimates (based on experience and opinion) from
      seven clinicians regarding the benefits of earlier test results were sought (base
      case 2). A NHS and Personal Social Services perspective was taken, and costs and
      benefits were discounted at 3.5% per annum. Scenario analyses were used to assess
      uncertainty. RESULTS: For the review of diagnostic test accuracy, 62 studies of
      varying methodological quality were included. A meta-analysis of 54 studies
      comparing SeptiFast with blood culture found that SeptiFast had an estimated
      summary specificity of 0.86 [95% credible interval (CrI) 0.84 to 0.89] and
      sensitivity of 0.65 (95% CrI 0.60 to 0.71). Four studies comparing SepsiTest with
      blood culture found that SepsiTest had an estimated summary specificity of 0.86
      (95% CrI 0.78 to 0.92) and sensitivity of 0.48 (95% CrI 0.21 to 0.74), and four
      studies comparing IRIDICA with blood culture found that IRIDICA had an estimated
      summary specificity of 0.84 (95% CrI 0.71 to 0.92) and sensitivity of 0.81 (95%
      CrI 0.69 to 0.90). Owing to the deficiencies in study quality for all
      interventions, diagnostic accuracy data should be treated with caution. No
      randomised clinical trial evidence was identified that indicated that any of the
      tests significantly improved key patient outcomes, such as mortality or duration
      in an intensive care unit or hospital. Base case 1 estimated that none of the
      three tests provided a benefit to patients compared with standard practice and
      thus all tests were dominated. In contrast, in base case 2 it was estimated that
      all cost per QALY-gained values were below L20,000; the IRIDICA BAC BSI assay had
      the highest estimated incremental net benefit, but results from base case 2
      should be treated with caution as these are not evidence based. LIMITATIONS:
      Robust data to accurately assess the clinical effectiveness and cost
      effectiveness of the interventions are currently unavailable. CONCLUSIONS: The
      clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the interventions cannot be
      reliably determined with the current evidence base. Appropriate studies, which
      allow information from the tests to be implemented in clinical practice, are
      required. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study is registered as PROSPERO
      CRD42015016724. FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research Health
      Technology Assessment programme.

PMID- 27355224
TI  - Access to diabetes drugs in New Zealand is inadequate.

PMID- 27355225
TI  - The management of Graves' disease in New Zealand 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment options for Graves' disease (GD), namely anti-thyroid drugs
      (ATD), surgery or radioiodine (RAI), have not changed over the past two decades.
      There is no 'gold-standard' treatment for GD. AIMS: To assess whether the
      management of GD in New Zealand has changed since the previous 1991 New Zealand
      survey and compare current management with that of contemporary international
      studies. METHODS: We conducted an online survey of New Zealand physicians
      currently practising internal medicine, diabetes and/or endocrinology, using the
      cases and questions from the original European and 1991 New Zealand studies.
      RESULTS: The first-line use of RAI was 5.5%, compared to 41% in the 1991 New
      Zealand survey. This corresponded to an increase in ATD use, while the rates of
      surgery as a first-line treatment have remained static over time. New Zealand
      physicians use technetium scanning for diagnosis, whereas ultrasound and
      radioiodine uptake were the most commonly selected investigations by European and
      North American physicians, respectively. The pattern of ATD use in pregnancy was
      similar to international practice. CONCLUSION: Treatment of GD in New Zealand has
      shifted away from the use of RAI as first line treatment. There are significant
      differences in the investigation and treatment of Grave's disease between New
      Zealand, Europe and North America.

PMID- 27355226
TI  - Geography matters: the prevalence of diabetes in the Auckland Region by age,
      gender and ethnicity.
AB  - AIM: To determine whether the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in the greater
      Auckland Region varies by General Electoral District (GED). METHODS: Using
      encrypted National Health Identifiers and record linkage of routine health
      datasets, we identified a regional cohort of people with diagnosed diabetes in
      2011 from inpatient records and medication dispensing. The geographical unit of a
      person's residence (meshblock) was used to determine the GED of residence. We
      calculated prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals and used binary
      logistic regression to map geographical variations in diabetes. RESULTS: An
      estimated 63,014 people had diagnosed diabetes in Auckland in 2011, a prevalence
      of 8.5% of the adult population >=30 years of age. We found significant variation
      in diabetes prevalence by age, gender, ethnicity and GED. There was a more than
      five-fold difference in the unadjusted prevalence of diabetes by GED, ranging
      from 3.2% (3.1 to 3.4%) in the North Shore to 17.3% (16.8 to 17.7%) in Mangere.
      Such variations remained after binary logistic regression adjusting for socio
      demographic variables. Compared to New Zealand Europeans, Indian people had the
      highest odds of having diabetes at 3.85 (3.73 to 3.97), while the odds of people
      living in the most deprived areas having diabetes was nearly twice that of those
      living in least deprived areas (OR 1.93, [1.87 to 1.99]). Geographic variations
      in diabetes remained after adjusting for socio-demographic circumstances: people
      living in GEDs in south-west Auckland were at least 60% more likely than people
      living in the North Shore GED to have diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant
      variation in the prevalence of diabetes by GED in Auckland that persists across
      strata of age group, gender and ethnicity, and persists after controlling for
      these same variables. These inequities should prompt action by politicians,
      policymakers, funders, health providers and communities for interventions aimed
      at reducing such inequities. Geography and its implications on access to and
      availability of health resources appears to be a key driver of inequity in
      diabetes rates, supporting an argument for interventions based on geography,
      especially a public health rather than an individual risk approach.

PMID- 27355227
TI  - Trampoline-associated injuries are more common in children in spring.
AB  - AIMS: Trampoline use is a popular pastime amongst children in New Zealand, and
      has many advantages for child development. However, recent reports claim that
      trampoline-associated injuries are still highly prevalent. In order to help
      prevent these injuries in the future, this study aims to provide more up-to-date
      epidemiological information in children, with emphasis on the time of year that
      injuries most commonly occur. METHODS: A retrospective review was carried out
      utilising a prospective maintained trauma database. The database was searched
      electronically for injuries involving trampolines in children aged 0-15 years.
      Patient demographics and information regarding month of injury, injury type and
      management were extracted. RESULTS: There were 344 admissions to hospital for
      trampoline-related injuries between June 2000 and January 2015. Injuries were
      uncommon in winter, but rose in spring and summer. Fracture of the radius and/or
      ulna was the most common injury (34.0%), followed by humeral fracture (32.0%).
      CONCLUSION: The peak incidence of trampoline-related injuries occurred around the
      beginning of spring daylight savings time each year. This could therefore prove
      an opportune time to remind children and parents about trampoline safety at the
      same time as daylight savings reminders.

PMID- 27355228
TI  - Use of full strength fluoride toothpaste among preschoolers in New Zealand, and
      factors determining toothpaste choice.
AB  - AIM: International researchers have highlighted an inconsistent knowledge-base
      for parents and caregivers regarding the use of toothpaste among preschoolers.
      The New Zealand Government has published recommendations on the use of toothpaste
      in this age group. This study aimed to explore parents and caregivers' knowledge
      about toothpaste, with the aim of improving health literacy and overall oral
      health of New Zealand preschoolers. METHOD: The study was conducted via an online
      sample of parents and caregivers of preschoolers (n=1,056). RESULTS: Only 19% of
      the preschoolers in the sample used full-strength fluoride toothpaste.
      Preschoolers were significantly more likely to use full-strength toothpaste if
      they were not the first child in the family (OR=1.77, 1.28-2.47) or have
      previously visited a dental professional (OR=1.84, 1.18-2.85). In addition,
      parents and caregivers made decisions around purchasing of toothpaste based on
      the level of trust they had in the brand (59%) and also matching age-specific
      toothpaste to their child (49%). CONCLUSION: The findings of this research
      highlight the need for timely advice for parents and caregivers on toothpaste
      choices for preschool children. The New Zealand Government has published
      recommendations on the use of full-strength fluoride toothpaste for all ages,
      including pre-schoolers.

PMID- 27355230
TI  - Screening, prevalence and ethnic variation of diabetes mellitus in people with
      acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack: a cross-sectional study in
      Northland, New Zealand.
AB  - AIM: To assess our prevalence and screening rate for diabetes and pre-diabetes in
      people presenting with acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA) in
      Northland, New Zealand, as well as identifying discrepancies between M&#257;ori
      and non-M&#257;ori, rates of atrial fibrillation (AF) and effect of metformin on
      stroke. METHOD: Data was collected retrospectively on people diagnosed with
      stroke or TIA in Northland, between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2014. RESULTS:
      345 people presented with acute stroke/TIA. 49.5% had dysglycaemia: 24.3%
      diabetes, 25.2% pre-diabetes. An HbA1c was performed on 70.4%. M&#257;ori had
      more diabetes (41.6%) than non-M&#257;ori (19.4%), with an HbA1c 12 mmol/mol
      (3.2%) higher, and were 12 years younger on average. There was no difference in
      AF prevalence between people with and without diabetes, and in the proportion of
      severe stroke (total anterior circulation infarction) between people with
      diabetes on metformin and those not. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dysglycaemia
      in acute stroke/TIA in Northland is high. The goal of universal HbA1c screening
      in stroke is not being met. M&#257;ori have stroke younger, and a higher
      prevalence of diabetes may partially explain this. No association between
      diabetes and AF was found, nor evidence that metformin may be protective against
      larger strokes.

PMID- 27355229
TI  - Sleep of M&#257;ori and non-M&#257;ori of Advanced Age.
AB  - AIM: To estimate prevalence and identify predictors and outcomes of reporting
      sleep problems in M&#257;ori and non-M&#257;ori of advanced age. METHOD:
      Participants were 251 M&#257;ori, and 398 non-M&#257;ori adults (79-90 years)
      from Te Pu&#257;waitanga o Ng&#257; Tapuwae Kia Ora Tonu. Life and Living in
      Advanced Age: A Cohort Study in New Zealand. Multiple logistic regression
      identified predictors of reporting a current sleep problem and investigated
      relationships between current sleep problems and physical and mental health.
      RESULTS: 26.3% of M&#257;ori and 31.7% of non-M&#257;ori reported a current sleep
      problem. Reporting a current sleep problem was associated with ethnicity (non
      M&#257;ori, adjusted OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.30-0.90), and reporting a past sleep
      problem (adjusted OR=2.67, 95% CI=1.25-5.72). Sleep problems were related to
      poorer physical and mental health, and falling. CONCLUSION: Sleep problems are
      commonly reported and associated with poorer health. Early recognition and
      management of sleep problems could improve physical and mental health.

PMID- 27355231
TI  - Sublingual vitamin B12 compared to intramuscular injection in patients with type
      2 diabetes treated with metformin: a randomised trial.
AB  - MAIM: To compare a single 1mg intramuscular hydroxocobalamin injection with a 3
      month course of 1mg/day sublingual methylcobalamin supplements on serum vitamin
      B12 concentrations in participants withtype 2 diabetes treated with metformin.
      METHOD: Participants on metformin treatment with vitamin B12 concentrations below
      220pmol/L were recruited through hospital diabetes clinics and primary care
      practices. They were randomised to receive either the injection or sublingual
      treatment. The primary outcome was serum vitamin B12 level after 3 months
      adjusted for baseline assessed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The trial was
      registered on the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial registry
      (ACTRN12612001108808). RESULTS: A total of 34 participants were randomised; 19 to
      the tablet, and 15 to the injection. The mean (SD) age, duration of diabetes, and
      duration of metformin use were, 64.2 (7.3) years, 13.7 (6.4) years, and 11.6
      (5.0) years, respectively. After 3 months, the mean (SD) vitamin B12 was 372.1
      (103.3) pmol/L in the tablet group (n=19) compared to 251.7 (106.8) pmol/L in the
      injection group (n=15), ANCOVA estimated difference -119.4 (95% CI -191.2 to 
      47.6), p=0.002. After 6 months, the mean (SD) serum B12 was 258.8 (58.7) pmol/L
      in the tablet group (n=17) and 241.9 (40.1) pmol/L in the injection group (n=15);
      ANCOVA estimated difference -15.2 (95% CI -50.3 to 19.8), p=0.38. Higher
      metformin dose was associated with lower serum B12 at 3 months, but not at
      baseline or 6 months. CONCLUSION: Decreased serum vitamin B12 level in patients
      with type 2 diabetes who are treated with metformin can be corrected through
      treatment with either hydroxocobalamin injections or methylcobalamin sublingual
      supplements.

PMID- 27355232
TI  - The case for a national service for primary immune deficiency disorders in New
      Zealand.
AB  - Primary immune deficiency disorders (PIDs) are rare conditions for which
      effective treatment is available. It is critical these patients are identified at
      an early stage to prevent unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Treatment of these
      disorders is expensive and expert evaluation and ongoing management by a clinical
      immunologist is essential. Until recently there has been a major shortage of
      clinical immunologists in New Zealand. While the numbers of trained immunologists
      have increased in recent years, most are located in Auckland. The majority of
      symptomatic PID patients require life-long immunoglobulin replacement. Currently
      there is a shortage of subcutaneous and intravenous immunoglobulin (SCIG/IVIG) in
      New Zealand. A recent audit by the New Zealand Blood Service (NZBS) showed that
      compliance with indications for SCIG/IVIG treatment was poor in District Health
      Boards (DHBs) without an immunology service. The NZBS audit has shown that
      approximately 20% of annual prescriptions for SCIG/IVIG, costing $6M, do not
      comply with UK or Australian guidelines. Inappropriate use may have contributed
      to the present shortage of SCIG/IVIG necessitating importation of the product.
      This is likely to have resulted in a major unnecessary financial burden to each
      DHB. Here we present the case for a national service responsible for the tertiary
      care of PID patients and oversight for immunoglobulin use for primary and non
      haematological secondary immunodeficiencies. We propose that other PIDs,
      including hereditary angioedema, are integrated into a national PID service.
      Ancillary services, including the customised genetic testing service, and
      research are also an essential component of an integrated national PID service
      and are described in this review. As we show here, a hub-and-spoke model for a
      national service for PIDs would result in major cost savings, as well as improved
      patient care. It would also allow seamless transition from paediatric to adult
      services. 

PMID- 27355233
TI  - Unprovoked DVT, the clot thickens.

PMID- 27355234
TI  - Leukoencephalopathy in an HIV Patient.

PMID- 27355235
TI  - Convenient Preparation and Detailed Analysis of a Series of NHC-Stabilized
      Phosphorus(I) Dyes and Their Derivatives.
AB  - A safe, convenient, and P-atom-efficient synthesis of N-heterocyclic-carbene-
      (NHC-) stabilized phosphorus(I) bromide salts is reported that involves P(+)
      transfer from an easily prepared triphosphenium precursor. The resulting family
      of phosphamethine cyanine dyes featuring N,N'-dialkyl-substituted 4,5
      dimethylimidazole-2-ylidenes ((R)NHC(Me)) and benzimidazole-2-ylidenes
      ((R)NHC(B)) (R = Me, Et, iPr) have been fully characterized. We found that
      increasing N-alkyl group size causes increased twisting of the carbene fragments
      from the C-P-C plane, which decreases the magnitude of hyperconjugation between
      the pi-type lone pair on phosphorus and the carbene fragments. This decrease is
      manifested as changes in the (31)P NMR chemical shifts, magnitudes of the P-C
      coupling constants, and electronic spectra of the cations. The reactivities of
      these ions toward various oxidants are reported: Oxidation by sulfur generates
      dithiophosphinium salts, protonation or methylation gives dicationic phosphines,
      and coordination to 1 or 2 equiv of gold(I) chloride results in mono or
      bimetallic complexes, respectively. 

PMID- 27355236
TI  - Individual Human Brain Areas Can Be Identified from Their Characteristic Spectral
      Activation Fingerprints.
AB  - The human brain can be parcellated into diverse anatomical areas. We investigated
      whether rhythmic brain activity in these areas is characteristic and can be used
      for automatic classification. To this end, resting-state MEG data of 22 healthy
      adults was analysed. Power spectra of 1-s long data segments for atlas-defined
      brain areas were clustered into spectral profiles ("fingerprints"), using k-means
      and Gaussian mixture (GM) modelling. We demonstrate that individual areas can be
      identified from these spectral profiles with high accuracy. Our results suggest
      that each brain area engages in different spectral modes that are characteristic
      for individual areas. Clustering of brain areas according to similarity of
      spectral profiles reveals well-known brain networks. Furthermore, we demonstrate
      task-specific modulations of auditory spectral profiles during auditory
      processing. These findings have important implications for the classification of
      regional spectral activity and allow for novel approaches in neuroimaging and
      neurostimulation in health and disease.

PMID- 27355237
TI  - Prescription Opioid Craving: Relationship With Pain and Substance Use-Related
      Characteristics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Craving is associated with prescription opioid use in opioid-addicted
      pain patients. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the relationship between craving
      for prescription opioids and selected pain and substance use characteristics.
      METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, patients (N = 106) being treated for
      opioid dependence were recruited from one of three sites from December 2012 to
      April 2013. Participants completed the multi-dimensional Desire for Drugs
      Questionnaire to assess craving, and other questionnaires to assess pain,
      substance use, and demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed using Pearson
      product-by-moment correlations, ANOVAs, and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS:
      At the bivariate level, desire-and-intention to use prescription opioids and
      craving for relief from negative states were positively associated with both pain
      severity and interference. Linear regression analyses revealed significant
      positive associations between Desire-and-Intention subscale scores and obsessive
      thoughts and compulsive behaviors associated with prescription opioids and pain
      severity. Negative Reinforcement subscales scores were positively associated with
      obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors associated with prescription opioids
      and the outcome expectancies of pain reduction, but not pain severity.
      CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: This study extended previous research assessing the link
      between pain and craving by demonstrating that desire-and-intention, but not
      craving for the negative reinforcing effects are associated with pain severity
      after considering various substance use characteristics. Additional research is
      needed to clarify the relationship between pain and aspects of craving while also
      considering pain-specific covariates. This study highlights that the multi
      dimensionality of craving is an important aspect to consider when clinicians and
      researchers evaluate the relationship between pain and craving.

PMID- 27355238
TI  - Plasmonic Heating in Au Nanowires at Low Temperatures: The Role of Thermal
      Boundary Resistance.
AB  - Inelastic electron tunneling and surface-enhanced optical spectroscopies at the
      molecular scale require cryogenic local temperatures even under illumination
      conditions that are challenging to achieve with plasmonically resonant metallic
      nanostructures. We report a detailed study of the laser heating of plasmonically
      active nanowires at substrate temperatures from 5 to 60 K. The increase of the
      local temperature of the nanowire is quantified by a bolometric approach and
      could be as large as 100 K for a substrate temperature of 5 K and typical values
      of laser intensity. We also demonstrate that a ~3-fold reduction of the local
      temperature increase is possible by switching to a sapphire or quartz substrate.
      Finite element modeling of the heat dissipation reveals that the local
      temperature increase of the nanowire at temperatures below ~50 K is determined
      largely by the thermal boundary resistance of the metal-substrate interface. The
      model reproduces the striking experimental trend that in this regime the
      temperature of the nanowire varies nonlinearly with the incident optical power.
      The thermal boundary resistance is demonstrated to be a major constraint on
      reaching low temperatures necessary to perform simultaneous inelastic electron
      tunneling and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopies.

PMID- 27355240
TI  - Synthesis of 1,3-Dienes via a Sequential Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling/Palladium
      Mediated Allene Isomerization Sequence.
AB  - We report a facile method for the synthesis of 1,3-dienes by a sequential process
      consisting of a palladium-catalyzed, base-free, Suzuki-Miyaura
      coupling/isomerization sequence. This sequence couples boronic acids with
      propargyl alcohols, generating the requisite allene in situ, followed by
      conversion of the unactivated allene to its 1,3-diene via a hydro
      palladation/dehydro-palladation process. This process is general for a range of
      boronic acids, including boronic acids with electron-donating and -withdrawing
      groups, as well as heteroarylboronic acids. Key to this process is the boric acid
      byproduct of the base-free Suzuki-Miyauru coupling, which generates the required
      palladium-hydrido complex [H-Pd(II)-OB(OH)2] required for the isomerization.

PMID- 27355239
TI  - Suppressing transthyretin production in mice, monkeys and humans using 2nd
      Generation antisense oligonucleotides.
AB  - Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis) is a rare disease that results from
      the deposition of misfolded transthyretin (TTR) protein from the plasma into
      tissues as amyloid fibrils, leading to polyneuropathy and cardiomyopathy. IONIS
      TTRRx (ISIS 420915) is a 2nd-Generation 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) modified "2'-MOE"
      antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that targets the TTR RNA transcript and reduces
      the levels of the TTR transcript through an RNaseH1 mechanism of action, leading
      to reductions in both mutant and wild-type TTR protein. The activity of IONIS
      TTRRx to decrease TTR protein levels was studied in transgenic mice bearing the
      Ile84Ser human TTR mutant, in cynomolgus monkeys and in healthy human volunteers.
      Robust (>80%) reductions of plasma TTR protein were obtained in all three species
      treated with IONIS-TTRRx, which in mice and monkeys was associated with
      substantial reductions in hepatic TTR RNA levels. These effects were dose
      dependent and lasted for weeks post-dosing. In a Phase 1 healthy volunteer study,
      treatment with IONIS-TTRRx for four weeks was well tolerated without any
      remarkable safety issues. TTR protein reductions up to 96% in plasma were
      observed. These nonclinical and clinical results support the ongoing Phase 3
      development of IONIS-TTRRx in patients with ATTR amyloidosis.

PMID- 27355241
TI  - Effects of strain on the electronic structure and magnetic properties in
      SrMn0.5Fe0.5O3.
AB  - The electronic structure and magnetic properties of SrMn0.5Fe0.5O3 powder and
      films grown on (1 0 0)-SrTiO3 (STO) and (1 0 0)-LaAlO3 (LAO) substrates by pulsed
      laser deposition (PLD) were investigated by temperature dependent magnetization
      and soft x-ray absorption. The results exhibit characteristics of 3d (5) Fe(3+),
      [Formula: see text], and 3d (3)  +  3d (4) [Formula: see text] Mn(4+) at room
      temperature in all samples. However, the features of 3d (5) Fe(3+) and 3d (3)
      Mn(4+) increased significantly for SMFO/LAO at 35 K, which also displayed
      substantial competition between antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic order well
      above the Neel temperature of SrFeO3 (T N ~ 134 K). We attributed this to being
      caused by charge disproportionation resulting from ligand-hole localization,
      which is more favorable to take place when the sample is under compressive
      strain.

PMID- 27355242
TI  - Insulin-Like Peptide 5 Interacts with Sex Hormones and Metabolic Parameters in a
      Gender and Adiposity Dependent Manner in Humans.
AB  - Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) is a gut hormone produced by L-cells in the
      colorectal epithelium and may play a role in the regulation of metabolic
      processes. The biological role of INSL5 is poorly investigated and nothing is
      known about the role of this hormone in obese and lean humans. Two cohorts were
      analyzed in the study. In the first cohort (n=76) the relationship between serum
      levels of INSL5 and different metabolic and hormonal parameters in obese and lean
      men and women were investigated. In the second cohort 14 male subjects underwent
      bariatric surgery. Circulating levels of INSL5 were then measured before and
      after interventions.We report for the first time that circulating INSL5 interacts
      with multiple metabolic and hormonal variables in lean and obese men and women
      and is affected by bariatric surgery. Serum levels of INSL5 negatively correlated
      with testosterone and blood lipids but positively with cortisol in obese men. In
      contrast to males, obese women had a strong negative correlation of plasma levels
      of INSL5 with C-reactive protein (CRP). We observed that adipose tissue loss
      after bariatric surgery significantly reduced serum levels of INSL5 in obese men
      with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) that was associated with the
      restoration of circulating levels of testosterone. All together, our data
      demonstrated that INSL5 may interact with some metabolic parameters in obese
      humans and this process is dependent of gender and obesity state. 

PMID- 27355243
TI  - The effects of the CLIMB(r) program on psychobehavioral functioning and emotion
      regulation in children with a parent or caregiver with cancer: A pilot study.
AB  - This study evaluated the psychobehavioral benefits of the Children's Lives
      Include Moments of Bravery (CLIMB(r)) intervention in 45 children (aged 6-11)
      with a parent/caregiver with cancer. Parent/caregiver reports of psychobehavioral
      functioning indicated signi-ficant decreases in children's emotional symptoms and
      marginally significant reductions in conduct problems. Child reports of emotion
      regulation indicated significant increases in emotion awareness, significant
      decreases in emotion suppression, and nonsignificant increases in emotion-focused
      coping and dysregulated expression. Parents/caregivers and children reported high
      satisfaction with CLIMB(r). Results suggest CLIMB(r) is a promising intervention
      for improving psychobehavioral functioning and emotion regulation in children
      with a parent/caregiver with cancer.

PMID- 27355244
TI  - LOW SERUM BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR BUT NOT BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC
      FACTOR GENE VAL66MET POLYMORPHISM IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN
      CHINESE TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS.
AB  - BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The aim of our research was to investigate the potential role
      of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in diabetic retinopathy (DR).
      Measurement of serum circulating levels of BDNF and analysis of polymorphism of
      BDNF gene (Val66Met) were applied and compared with diabetic patients without DR.
      METHODS: From February 2014 and March 2015, all eligible patients with Type 2
      diabetic mellitus at our hospital were consecutively recruited (N = 404). Their
      serum BDNF levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BDNF
      val66met polymorphism genotyping was conducted according to the laboratory's
      standard protocol. At baseline, demographic and clinical data were taken. The
      relationship of BDNF with DR was investigated with the use of logistic regression
      models. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to test the overall
      accuracy of BDNF and other markers. RESULTS: Diabetic patients with DR and vision
      threatening DR had significantly lower BDNF levels on admission (P < 0.0001
      both). The BDNF genotyping results showed that there was no difference between
      the diabetic patients with DR and those without DR. Multivariate logistic
      regression analysis adjusted for common risk factors showed that serum BDNF
      levels were independent risk factors for DR (odds ratio = 0.86; 95% confidence
      interval [CI]: 0.80-0.92; P < 0.0001) and vision-threatening DR (odds ratio =
      0.79; 95% CI: 0.75-0.85; P < 0.0001). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor improved
      the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the diabetes
      duration for DR from 0.69 (95% CI: 0.60-0.76) to 0.85 (95% CI: 0.79-0.90; P <
      0.01) and for vision-threatening DR from 0.77 (95% CI: 0.67-0.87) to 0.86 (95%
      CI: 0.80-0.92; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that, rather
      than Val66Met polymorphism, decreased serum levels of BDNF were associated with
      DR and vision-threatening DR in Chinese Type 2 diabetic patients, suggesting a
      possible role of BDNF in the pathogenesis of DR complications.

PMID- 27355258
TI  - Survival of ovarian cancer patients in Denmark: Results from the Danish
      gynaecological cancer group (DGCG) database, 1995-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer has a high mortality rate, especially in Denmark where
      mortality rates have been reported higher than in adjacent countries with similar
      demographics. This study therefore examined recent survival and mortality among
      Danish ovarian cancer patients over an 18-year study period. METHODS: This
      nationwide registry-based observational study used data from the Danish
      Gynecology Cancer Database, Danish Pathology Registry, and Danish National
      Patient Registry. All patients with ovarian cancer diagnosed between 1995 and
      2012 were included in the study. The data sources were linked via the patients'
      personal identification number and the analyses included data on cancer stage,
      age, survival, surgery status and comorbidity. The computed outcome measures were
      age-adjusted mortality rates and age-adjusted overall and relative survival rates
      for one and five years. RESULTS: We identified 9972 patients diagnosed with
      ovarian cancer in the period 1995-2012. The absolute one-year mortality rate
      decreased from 42.8 (CI 40.3-45.6) in 1995-1999 to 28.3 (CI 25.9-30.9) in 2010
      2012, and the five-year mortality rate decreased from 28.2 (CI 27.0-29.5) in 1995
      1999 to 23.9 (CI 22.9-25.0) in 2005-2009. After stratification by age,
      comorbidity and cancer stage, the decrease in one-year mortality was most
      substantial in the 65-74 year old age group 41.1 (CI 38.8-43.5) to 26.5 (CI 24.4
      28.7) and for stage III 39.1 (CI 35.1-43.6) to 22.9 (CI 19.9-26.5) and stage IV
      91.3 (CI 80.8-103.2) to 41.9 (CI 35.5-49.5). For overall survival, we showed an
      increase in one-year survival from 68% (CI 66-69%) in 1995-1999 to 76% (CI 74
      78%) in 2010-2012 and an increase in five-year survival from 33% (CI 32-35%) in
      1995-1999 to 36% (CI 34-38%) in 2005-2009. Relative survival showed similar
      increases through the period. CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian cancer survival in Denmark has
      improved substantially from 1995 to 2012, bringing Denmark closer to the
      standards set by adjacent countries.

PMID- 27355245
TI  - Mortality among military participants at the 1957 PLUMBBOB nuclear weapons test
      series and from leukemia among participants at the SMOKY test.
AB  - Health effects following low doses of ionizing radiation are uncertain. Military
      veterans at the Nevada test site (NTS) during the SMOKY atmospheric nuclear
      weapons test in 1957 were reported to be at increased risk for leukemia in 1979,
      but this increase was not evaluated with respect to radiation dose. The SMOKY
      test was one of 30 tests in 1957 within the PLUMBBOB test series. These early
      studies led to public laws where atomic veterans could qualify for compensation
      for presumptive radiogenic diseases. A retrospective cohort study was conducted
      of 12219 veterans at the PLUMBBOB test series, including 3020 at the SMOKY
      nuclear test. Mortality follow-up was through 2010 and observed causes of death
      were compared with expected causes based on general population rates. Radiation
      dose to red bone marrow was based on individual dose reconstructions, and Cox
      proportional hazards models were used to evaluate dose response for all leukemias
      other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia (non-CLL leukemia). Vital status was
      determined for 95.3% of the 12 219 veterans. The dose to red bone marrow was low
      (mean 3.2 mGy, maximum 500 mGy). Military participants at the PLUMBBOB nuclear
      test series remained relatively healthy after 53 years and died at a lower rate
      than the general population. In contrast, and in comparison with national rates,
      the SMOKY participants showed significant increases in all causes of death,
      respiratory cancer, leukemia, nephritis and nephrosis, and accidents, possibly
      related in part to lifestyle factors common to enlisted men who made up 81% of
      the SMOKY cohort. Compared with national rates, a statistically significant
      excess of non-CLL leukemia was observed among SMOKY participants (Standardized
      Mortality Ratio  =  1.89, 95% 1.24-2.75, n  =  27) but not among PLUMBBOB
      participants after excluding SMOKY (SMR  =  0.87, 95% 0.64-1.51, n  =  47).
      Leukemia risk, initially reported to be significantly increased among SMOKY
      participants, remained elevated, but this risk diminished over time. Despite an
      intense dose reconstruction, the risk for leukemia was not found to increase with
      increasing levels of radiation dose to the red bone marrow. Based on a linear
      model, the estimated excess relative risk per mGy is  -0.05 (95% CI -0.14, 0.04).
      An explanation for the observed excess of leukemia remains unresolved but
      conceivably could be related to chance due to small numbers, subtle biases in the
      study design and/or high tobacco use among enlisted men. Larger studies should
      elucidate further the possible relationship between fallout radiation, leukemia
      and cancer among atomic veterans.

PMID- 27355259
TI  - Cognitive and emotional empathy in typical and impaired readers and its
      relationship to reading competence.
AB  - Studies indicate a strong relationship between empathy and language skills, but
      the relationship between reading and empathy remains elusive, although a shared
      neural substrate (the temporoparietal junction; TPJ) has been implicated in both
      reading and empathy. Motivated by these observations, the purpose of the current
      study was to examine empathic skills in a large spectrum of reading abilities,
      including typical readers and individuals with dyslexia, and their relationship
      to reading competence. We administered the Intrapersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)
      test, which differentiates between two subscales of empathy (cognitive and
      emotional empathy), to a group of participants with dyslexia and typical readers.
      Results indicate that the general reading score (average z scores of all reading
      tests) was significantly positively correlated with empathic scores. In addition,
      tests of specific reading abilities-decoding, reading fluency, and reading
      related measures of phonological awareness-were significantly positively
      correlated with empathic scores. Finally, participants with dyslexia who showed
      low reading abilities had significantly lower scores in total empathy and
      cognitive empathy, as measured by the IRI test, than did typical participants
      with high reading abilities. Taken together, these results indicate a strong
      association between reading-related skills and empathic abilities and may point
      to involvement of the TPJ in both empathy and reading.

PMID- 27355260
TI  - Taming the Electronic Structure of Diradicals through the Window of
      Computationally Cost Effective Multireference Perturbation Theory.
AB  - Recently a state-specific multireference perturbation theory (SSMRPT) with an
      improved virtual orbitals complete active space configuration interaction (IVO
      CASCI) reference function has been proposed for treating electronic structures of
      radicals such as methylene, m-benzyne, pyridyne, and pyridynium cation. This new
      development in MRPT, termed as IVO-SSMRPT, ensures that it is able to describe
      the structure of radicaloids with reasonable accuracy even with small reference
      spaces. IVO-SSMRPT is also capable of predicting the correct ordering of the
      lowest singlet-triplet gaps. Investigation of the first three electronic states
      of the oxygen molecule has also been used for rating our method. The agreement of
      our estimates with the available far more expensive benchmark state-of-the-art ab
      initio calculations is creditable. The IVO-SSMRPT method provides an effective
      avenue with manageable cost/accuracy ratio for accurately dealing with radicaloid
      systems possessing varying degrees of quasidegeneracy. 

PMID- 27355261
TI  - Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Liberal Vs Restricted Perioperative
      Fluid Management in Patients Undergoing Pancreatectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine, by a prospective randomized
      controlled trial, the influence of liberal (LIB) vs restricted (RES)
      perioperative fluid administration on morbidity following pancreatectomy. SUMMARY
      OF BACKGROUND DATA: Randomized controlled trials in patients undergoing major
      intra-abdominal surgery have challenged the historical use of LIB fluid
      administration, suggesting that a more restricted regimen may be associated with
      fewer postoperative complications. METHODS: Patients scheduled to undergo
      pancreatic resection were consented for randomization to a LIB (n = 164) or RES
      (n = 166) perioperative fluid regimen. Sample size was designed with 80% power to
      decrease Grade 3 complications from 35% to 21%. RESULTS: Between July 2009 and
      July 2015, we randomized 330 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD, n =
      218), central (n = 16), or distal pancreatectomy (DP, n = 96). Patients were
      equally distributed for all demographic and intraoperative characteristics.
      Intraoperatively, LIB patients received crystalloid 12 mL/kg/h and RES patients 6
      mL/kg/h. Cumulative crystalloid given (median, range, mL) days 0 to 3 was LIB:
      12,252 (6600 to 21,365), RES 7808 (2700 to 16,274) P < 0.0001. Sixty-day
      mortality was 2 of 330 (0.6%). Median operative time for PD was 227 minutes (105
      to 462) and DP 150 (44 to 323). Grade 3 complications occurred in 20% of LIB and
      27% of RES patients (P = 0.6). Median length of stay was 7 and 5 days for PD and
      DP, respectively, in both arms. CONCLUSIONS: In a high volume institution, major
      perioperative complications from pancreatic resection were not significantly
      influenced by fluid regimens that differed approximately 1.6-fold.

PMID- 27355262
TI  - Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: Neoadjuvant Therapy With Folfirinox Results
      in Resectability in 60% of the Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: For patients with locally advanced and unresectable pancreatic cancer
      (PDAC), neodadjuvant treatment and consecutive surgical exploration have been
      studied during the last decade with various neoadjuvant therapies including
      chemotherapy and combinations with radiation. Aim of the study was the evaluation
      of neoadjuvant therapy with a focus on Folfirinox. METHODS: All consecutive
      patients undergoing surgery for PDAC after neoadjuvant treatment were analyzed
      (clinico-pathological characteristics, secondary resection rates, outcome).
      Patients receiving Folfirinox were compared with other treatment regimens.
      RESULTS: Between December 2001 and June 2015, 575 patients received neoadjuvant
      treatment and were scheduled for resection after re-staging. A successful
      resection was achieved in 292 patients (50.8%). Resection rates following
      Folfirinox were 61% (76/125 patients) compared with 46% (150/322 patients) after
      gemcitabine and radiation, and 52% (66/128 patients) after other treatments (P =
      0.026). Median overall survival was 15.3 months after resection vs 8.5 months
      after exploration alone (P < 0.0001). Subgroup median survival was 16.0 months
      (Folfirinox) vs 16.5 months (gemcitabine) and 14.5 months (others) with 3-year
      survival of 28.1%, 23.2%, and 19.7%, respectively (P = 0.8582). By multivariable
      analysis, Folfirinox was confirmed to be independently associated with a
      favorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Folfirinox is a valuable treatment option in
      the neoadjuvant therapy of PDAC. From the present data, which represent the
      largest available study population to date, Folfirinox seems to be the most
      effective protocol resulting in a significantly better secondary resection rate
      and overall survival than other treatments. It should be considered in all
      patients fit for this regimen and consecutive surgical exploration.

PMID- 27355263
TI  - Postoperative 30-day Readmission: Time to Focus on What Happens Outside the
      Hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to understand the relative contribution of
      preoperative patient factors, operative characteristics, and postoperative
      hospital course on 30-day postoperative readmissions. BACKGROUND: Determining the
      risk of readmission after surgery is difficult. Understanding the most important
      contributing factors is important to improving prediction of and reducing
      postoperative readmission risk. METHODS: National Veterans Affairs Surgical
      Quality Improvement Program data on inpatient general, vascular, and orthopedic
      surgery from 2008 to 2014 were merged with laboratory, vital signs, prior
      healthcare utilization, and postoperative complications data. Variables were
      categorized as preoperative, operative, postoperative/predischarge, and
      postdischarge. Logistic models predicting 30-day readmission were compared using
      adjusted R and c-statistics with cross-validation to estimate predictive
      discrimination. RESULTS: Our study sample included 237,441 surgeries: 43%
      orthopedic, 39% general, and 18% vascular. Overall 30-day unplanned readmission
      rate was 11.1%, differing by surgical specialty (vascular 15.4%, general 12.9%,
      and orthopedic 7.6%, P < 0.001). Most common readmission reasons were wound
      complications (30.7%), gastrointestinal (16.1%), bleeding (4.9%), and
      fluid/electrolyte (7.5%) complications. Models using information available at the
      time of discharge explained 10.4% of the variability in readmissions. Of these,
      preoperative patient-level factors contributed the most to predictive models (R
      7.0% [c-statistic 0.67]); prediction was improved by inclusion of intraoperative
      (R 9.0%, c-statistic 0.69) and postoperative variables (R 10.4%, c-statistic
      0.71). Including postdischarge complications improved predictive ability,
      explaining 19.6% of the variation (R 19.6%, c-statistic 0.76). CONCLUSIONS:
      Postoperative readmissions are difficult to predict at the time of discharge, and
      of information available at that time, preoperative factors are the most
      important.

PMID- 27355264
TI  - Practice Patterns and Outcomes After Hospital Admission With Acute Para
      esophageal Hernia in England.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: (i) To establish at a national level clinical outcomes from patients
      presenting with acute para-esophageal hernia (PEH); and (ii) to determine if a
      hospital volume-outcome relationship exists for the management of acute PEH.
      BACKGROUND: Currently, no clear guidelines exist regarding the management of
      acute PEH, and practice patterns are based upon relatively small case series.
      METHODS: Patients admitted as an emergency for the treatment of acute PEH between
      1997 and 2012 were included from the Hospital Episode Statistics database. The
      influence of hospital volume upon clinical outcomes was analyzed in unmatched and
      matched comparisons to control for patient age, medical comorbidities, and
      incidence of PEH hernia gangrene. RESULTS: Over the 16-year study period, 12,441
      patients were admitted as an emergency with a PEH causing obstruction or
      gangrene. Of these, 90.8% patients were admitted with PEH with obstruction in the
      absence of gangrene and 9.2% with PEH with gangrene. The incidences of 30 and 90
      day mortality were 7% and 11.5%, respectively, which did not decrease during the
      study period. Unmatched and matched comparisons showed, in high-volume centers,
      there were significant reductions in utilization of emergency surgery (8.8% vs
      14.9%; P < 0.0001), 30-day (5.3% vs 7.8%; P < 0.0001), and 90-day mortality (9.3%
      vs 12.7%; P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis also confirmed high hospital volume
      was independently associated with reduced 30 and 90-day mortality from acute PEH.
      CONCLUSIONS: Acute PEH represents a highly morbid condition, and treatment in
      high-volume centers provides the appropriate multidisciplinary infrastructure to
      manage these complex patients reducing associated mortality.

PMID- 27355265
TI  - Usefulness of Mac-2 Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer for Prediction of
      Posthepatectomy Liver Failure in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Mac-2
      binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) for the prediction of
      posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.
      SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: M2BPGi is a novel serum marker of liver fibrosis. The
      usefulness of M2BPGi for the prediction of PHLF has not been evaluated. METHODS:
      Clinicopathological data were analyzed in 138 HCC patients who underwent liver
      resection between August 2011 and November 2014. PHLF was evaluated according to
      the definition of the International Study Group of Liver Surgery. Performance of
      preoperative parameters in predicting PHLF was determined using receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: Serum M2BPGi level correlated
      with the METAVIR fibrosis score. M2BPGi levels of hepatitis C virus (HCV)
      positive patients were significantly higher than those of HCV-negative patients,
      even in the same fibrosis stage. PHLF >= Grade B developed in 19 patients
      (13.8%). The area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of M2BPGi for the prediction of
      PHLF >= Grade B was 0.71. In multivariate analysis, M2BPGi [odds ratio (OR):
      2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28-3.55], platelet count (OR: 0.39, 95% CI
      0.18-0.80), and resection rate (OR: 2.71, 95% CI 1.46-5.40) were the significant
      factors associated with PHLF >= Grade B. The AUROC of the PHLF index defined by
      these factors was 0.81. Notably, in patients with HCV infection, the predictive
      ability of M2BPGi for PHLF (AUROC 0.85) was the best among the preoperative
      parameters. CONCLUSIONS: M2BPGi is a useful predictor of PHLF, especially in
      patients with HCV infection.

PMID- 27355266
TI  - Tradeoffs Associated With Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy in Women Choosing
      Breast Reconstruction: Results of a Prospective Multicenter Cohort.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Assess postoperative morbidity and patient-reported outcomes after
      unilateral and bilateral breast reconstruction in patients with unilateral breast
      cancer. BACKGROUND: Relatively little is known about the morbidity associated
      with and changes in quality of life experienced by patients who undergo
      contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) and breast reconstruction. This
      information would be valuable for decision making in patients with unilateral
      breast cancer. METHODS: Women undergoing mastectomy and breast reconstruction for
      unilateral breast cancer were recruited for this prospective observational study.
      Postoperative complications after implant and autologous breast reconstruction in
      patients undergoing unilateral or bilateral mastectomy were recorded.
      Preoperative and 1 year patient-reported outcomes were measured. Univariate tests
      and logistic regression analyses were performed, studying the effects of
      reconstructive method, laterality, and risk factors on surgical complication
      rates, patient satisfaction, and anxiety. RESULTS: We identified 1144 women who
      underwent either unilateral (47.2%) or bilateral (52.8%) mastectomies with
      reconstruction. Bilateral autologous (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval
      1.07-2.81) and implant reconstructions (odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval
      1.22-2.47) were associated with a higher risk of complications compared with
      unilateral reconstructions. Baseline anxiety was greater in women who chose
      bilateral compared with unilateral implant reconstructions (P = 0.001). There was
      no difference in anxiety levels between groups postoperatively. Postoperatively,
      women who chose CPM with implant reconstructions were more satisfied with their
      breasts than women with unilateral reconstructions (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS:
      Although higher postoperative complications were observed after CPM and
      reconstruction, these procedures were associated with decreased anxiety levels
      and improved satisfaction with breasts for women who underwent implant
      reconstructions.

PMID- 27355267
TI  - Glucose Control in Severely Burned Patients Using Metformin: An Interim Safety
      and Efficacy Analysis of a Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether metformin can achieve glucose control no worse
      than insulin (noninferiority) without the danger of hypoglycemia (superiority).
      In addition, to assess whether metformin has any additional effects on lipolysis
      and inflammation that will enhance burn recovery (superiority). SUMMARY
      BACKGROUND DATA: Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance after burn injury are
      associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Insulin administration
      improves postburn infections, severity of sepsis, and morbidity, but also causes
      a 4-5-fold increase in hypoglycemia, which is associated with a 9-fold increase
      in mortality. METHODS: Severely burned adult patients with burns over 20% total
      body surface area (TBSA) burn were prospectively randomized in this Phase II
      clinical trial to either metformin or insulin (standard of care) treatment.
      Primary outcomes were glucose levels and incidence of hypoglycemia. Secondary
      outcomes included glucose and fat metabolism, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS:
      Forty-four patients were enrolled in this Phase II clinical trial, 18 metformin
      and 26 insulin patients. Demographics, burn size, concomitant injuries, and
      mortality were comparable between both groups. Metformin controlled blood glucose
      as equally as insulin with no difference between the 2 treatment groups, P >
      0.05. While there was a 15% incidence of hypoglycemia in the insulin group, there
      was only 1 mild hypoglycemic episode (6%) in the metformin group, P < 0.05. Oral
      glucose tolerance tests at discharge revealed that metformin significantly
      improved insulin sensitivity, P < 0.05. Furthermore, metformin had a strong
      antilipolytic effect after burn injury when compared with insulin and was
      associated with significantly reduced inflammation, P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS:
      Metformin decreases glucose equally as effective as insulin without causing
      hypoglycemia, with additional benefits including improved insulin resistance and
      decreased endogenous insulin synthesis when compared with insulin controls. These
      results indicate that metformin is safe in burn patients and further supports the
      use of metformin in severely burned patients for postburn control of
      hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.

PMID- 27355268
TI  - Effect of Hospital Case Mix on the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare
      Providers and Systems Star Scores: Are All Stars the Same?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate variations in patient experience measures across
      different surgical specialties and to assess the impact of further case-mix
      adjustment. BACKGROUND: Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and
      Systems (HCAHPS) is a publicly reported survey of patients' hospital experiences
      that directly influence Medicare reimbursement. METHODS: All adult surgical
      inpatients meeting criteria for HCAHPS sampling from 2013 to 2014 at a single
      academic center were identified. HCAHPS measures were analyzed according to
      published top-box and Star-rating methodologies, and were dichotomized ("high" vs
      "low"). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent
      associations of high patient scores on various HCAHPS measures with specialty,
      diagnosis-related group complexity, cancer diagnosis, sex, and emergency
      admission after adjusting for HCAHPS case-mix adjusters (education, overall
      health status, language, and age). RESULTS: We identified 36,551 eligible
      patients, of which 30.8% (n = 11,273) completed HCAHPS. Women [odds ratio (OR)
      0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.85, P < 0.001], complex cases (OR 0.90,
      95% CI 0.82-0.99, P = 0.02), and emergency admissions (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55-0.82,
      P < 0.001) had lesser Star scores on adjusted analysis, whereas patients with a
      cancer diagnosis had greater Star scores (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.29, P = 0.01).
      Using general surgery as the reference, the Star scores varied significantly
      across 12 specialties (range OR 0.65 for plastics to 1.29 for transplant
      surgery). Patient responses to individual composite scores (pain, care
      transition, physician, and nurse) varied by specialty. CONCLUSIONS: HCAHPS case
      mix adjustment does not include adjustment for specialty or diagnosis, which may
      result in artificially lower scores for centers that provide a high level of
      complex care. Further research is needed to ensure that the HCAHPS is an unbiased
      comparison tool.

PMID- 27355269
TI  - Is Nonoperative Management Warranted in Ventral Hernia Patients With
      Comorbidities?: A Case-matched, Prospective, Patient-centered Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine patient-centered outcomes of
      nonoperative treatment of a ventral hernia. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:
      Nonoperative management of ventral hernias (VHs) is often recommended for
      patients at increased risk of complications; however, the impact of this
      management strategy on outcome and quality of life (QoL) is unknown. We
      hypothesize that QoL and function are better among patients with VHs managed
      operatively. METHODS: Patients with a VH from a single-center hernia clinic were
      prospectively enrolled between June 2014 and June 2015. Nonoperative management
      was recommended if smoking, obesity, or poorly controlled diabetes was present.
      Primary outcomes were patient-centered outcomes, including QoL and function,
      which were measured using a validated, hernia-specific survey (modified
      Activities Assessment Scale) before surgeon' consultation and at 6 months. Other
      outcomes included surgical site infection (SSI) and recurrence. Risk-adjusted
      outcomes between nonoperative and operative groups were compared using: paired t
      test on a propensity score-matched subset and multivariable analysis on the
      overall cohort. RESULTS: A total of 152 patients (nonoperative = 97, operative =
      55) were enrolled. In the propensity-matched cohort (n = 90), both groups had
      similar baseline QoL and function scores, but only repaired patients had improved
      scores on 6-month follow-up. In the overall cohort, nonoperative management was
      strongly associated with lower function scores (log odds ratio = -26.5; 95%
      confidence interval = -35.0 to -18.0). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective
      study comparing management strategies in VH patients with comorbidities. Elective
      repair improves hernia-related QoL and function in low- to moderate-risk patients
      and should be considered in appropriately selected patients.

PMID- 27355270
TI  - Equilibrium Dynamics in the Thallium(III)-Cyanide System in Aqueous Solution.

PMID- 27355271
TI  - Stereocontrolled Synthesis of beta-Lactams within [2]Rotaxanes: Showcasing the
      Chemical Consequences of the Mechanical Bond.
AB  - The intramolecular cyclization of N-benzylfumaramide [2]rotaxanes is described.
      The mechanical bond of these substrates activates this transformation to proceed
      in high yields and in a regio- and diastereoselective manner, giving interlocked
      3,4-disubstituted trans-azetidin-2-ones. This activation effect markedly differs
      from the more common shielding protection of threaded functions by the
      macrocycle, in this case promoting an unusual and disfavored 4-exo-trig ring
      closure. Kinetic and synthetic studies allowed us to delineate an advantageous
      approach toward beta-lactams based on a two-step, one-pot protocol: an
      intramolecular ring closure followed by a thermally induced dethreading step. The
      advantages of carrying out this cyclization in the confined space of a benzylic
      amide macrocycle are attributed to its anchimeric assistance.

PMID- 27355272
TI  - PGRMC1 and the faithful progression through mitosis and meiosis.

PMID- 27355273
TI  - Manipulating Migration Behavior of Magnetic Graphene Oxide via Magnetic Field
      Induced Casting and Phase Separation toward High-Performance Hybrid
      Ultrafiltration Membranes.
AB  - Hybrid membranes blended with nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO) have
      great opportunities in water applications due to their multiple functionalities,
      but they suffer from low modification efficiency of nanomaterials due to the fact
      that plenty of the nanomaterials are embedded within the polymer matrix during
      the blending process. Herein, a novel Fe3O4/GO-poly(vinylidene fluoride)
      (Fe3O4/GO-PVDF) hybrid ultrafiltration membrane was developed via the combination
      of magnetic field induced casting and a phase inversion technique, during which
      the Fe3O4/GO nanocomposites could migrate toward the membrane top surface due to
      magnetic attraction and thereby render the surface highly hydrophilic with robust
      resistance to fouling. The blended Fe3O4/GO nanocomposites migrated to the
      membrane surface with the magnetic field induced casting, as verified by X-ray
      photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray
      spectroscopy. As a result, the novel membranes exhibited significantly improved
      hydrophilicity (with a contact angle of 55.0 degrees ) and water flux (up to
      595.39 L m(-2) h(-1)), which were improved by 26% and 206%, 12% and 49%, 25% and
      154%, and 11% and 33% compared with those of pristine PVDF membranes and PVDF
      hybrid membranes blended with GO, Fe3O4, and Fe3O4/GO without the assistance of
      magnetic field during membrane casting, respectively. Besides, the novel
      membranes showed high rejection of bovine serum albumin (>92%) and high flux
      recovery ratio (up to 86.4%). Therefore, this study presents a novel strategy for
      developing high-performance hybrid membranes via manipulating the migration of
      nanomaterials to the membrane surface rather than embedding them in the membrane
      matrix. 

PMID- 27355276
TI  - The Electronic States of U(4+) in U(PO4)Cl: An Example for Angular Overlap
      Modeling of 5f(n) Systems.
AB  - Detailed experimental data on UPO4Cl comprising single-crystal UV/vis/NIR spectra
      and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibilities form the basis for the
      investigation of the electronic structure of the U(4+) cation in UPO4Cl. For
      modeling of the observed physical properties the angular overlap model (AOM) was
      successfully employed. The computations were performed using the newly developed
      computer program BonnMag. The calculations show that all electronic transitions
      and the magnetic susceptibility as well as its temperature dependence are well
      reproduced within the AOM framework. Using Judd-Ofelt theory BonnMag allows
      estimation of the relative absorption coefficients of the electronic transitions
      with reasonable accuracy. Ligand field splitting for states originating from f
      electron configurations are determined. Slater-Condon-Shortley parameters and the
      spin-orbit coupling constant for U(4+) were taken from literature. The good
      transferability of AOM parameters for U(4+) is confirmed by calculations of the
      absorption spectra of UP2O7 and (U2O)(PO4)2. The effect of variation of the fit
      parameters is investigated. AOM parameters for U(4+) (5f) are compared to those
      of the rare-earth elements (4f) and transition metals (3d). 

PMID- 27355274
TI  - Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: another phenotype of the fragile X
      gene.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychologists have an important role in evaluating patients with
      fragile X-associated disorders, but most practitioners are unaware of the
      recently identified neurodegenerative movement disorder known as fragile X
      associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). The objective of this editorial is to
      orient the reader to FXTAS and highlight the importance of clinical
      neuropsychology in describing the fragile X premutation phenotype and the role
      practitioners may have in assessing and monitoring patients with or at risk for
      neurodegeneration. METHOD: We issued a call for papers for the special issue,
      highlighting the primary objective of familiarizing clinical neuropsychologists
      with FXTAS, and with the neuropsychological phenotype of both male and female
      asymptomatic carriers. RESULTS: Eight papers are included, including an overview
      of the fragile X-associated disorders (Grigsby), a review of the
      neuroradiological and neurological aspects of FXTAS and how the disorder compares
      to other movement disorders (O'Keefe et al.), a perspective on the prominence of
      white matter disease and dementia in FXTAS (Filley), and a review of mouse models
      of FXTAS (Foote). There are four research papers, including one on self-reported
      memory problems in FXTAS (Birch et al.), and three papers focused on the
      neuropsychiatric aspects of the fragile X premutation, a review (Bourgeois), an
      examination of autism-related traits (Schneider), and a research paper on
      executive functioning and psychopathology (Grigsby). CONCLUSIONS: The issue
      highlights the importance of awareness of fragile X-associated disorders for
      neuropsychologists, an awareness that must reach beyond neurodevelopmental
      aspects related to fragile X syndrome into the realm of neurodegenerative disease
      and aging.

PMID- 27355277
TI  - Departmental Workload and Physician Errors in Radiation Oncology.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to evaluate measures of increased
      departmental workload in relation to the occurrence of physician-related errors
      and incidents reaching the patient in radiation oncology. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      All data were collected for the year 2013. Errors were defined as forms received
      by our departmental process improvement team; of these forms, only those relating
      to physicians were included in the study. Incidents were defined as serious
      errors reaching the patient requiring appropriate action; these were reported
      through a separate system. Workload measures included patient volumes and
      physician schedules and were obtained through departmental records for daily and
      monthly data. Errors and incidents were analyzed for relation with measures of
      workload using logistic regression modeling. RESULTS: Ten incidents occurred in
      the year. The number of patients treated per day was a significant factor
      relating to incidents (P < 0.003). However, the fraction of department physicians
      off-duty and the ratio of patients to physicians were not found to be significant
      factors relating to incidents. Ninety-one physician-related errors were
      identified, and the ratio of patients to physicians (rolling average) was a
      significant factor relating to errors (P < 0.03). The number of patients and the
      fraction of physicians off-duty were not significant factors relating to errors.A
      rapid increase in patient treatment visits may be another factor leading to
      errors and incidents. All incidents and 58% of errors occurred in months where
      there was an increase in the average number of fields treated per day from the
      previous month; 6 of the 10 incidents occurred in August, which had the highest
      average increase at 26%. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in departmental workload,
      especially rapid changes, may lead to higher occurrence of errors and incidents
      in radiation oncology. When the department is busy, physician errors may be
      perpetuated owing to an overwhelmed departmental checks system, leading to
      incidents reaching the patient. Insights into workload and workflow will allow
      for the development of targeted approaches to preventing errors and incidents.

PMID- 27355278
TI  - Cognitive Impairment of School Children at High Altitude: The Case for Oxygen
      Conditioning in Schools.
AB  - West, John B. Cognitive impairment of school children at high altitude: the case
      for oxygen conditioning in schools. High Alt Med Biol. 17:203-207, 2016.-The
      hypoxia of high altitude frequently affects cognitive function. Recent work has
      shown that high altitude impairs the neuropsychological function of children of
      school age when compared with a similar control group of children at low
      altitude. This implies that the learning process is compromised at high altitude.
      One option is to bus children down to a lower altitude for schooling, but this is
      generally impracticable. Recently the new technique of oxygen conditioning has
      been introduced. The procedure is similar to air conditioning except that instead
      of altering the temperature of the air, the oxygen concentration is increased,
      thus raising the PO2 in the inspired air of classrooms. The result is that the
      children are physiologically at a lower altitude. Just as in very hot or cold
      climates, it is now unacceptable to have schools that are not air conditioned; in
      the future the same may apply to schools at high altitude that are not oxygen
      conditioned.

PMID- 27355279
TI  - Aroma Effects on Physiologic and Cognitive Function Following Acute Stress: A
      Mechanism Investigation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Aromas may improve physiologic and cognitive function after stress,
      but associated mechanisms remain unknown. This study evaluated the effects of
      lavender aroma, which is commonly used for stress reduction, on physiologic and
      cognitive functions. The contribution of pharmacologic, hedonic, and expectancy
      related mechanisms of the aromatherapy effects was evaluated. METHODS: Ninety-two
      healthy adults (mean age, 58.0 years; 79.3% women) were randomly assigned to
      three aroma groups (lavender, perceptible placebo [coconut], and nonperceptible
      placebo [water] and to two prime subgroups (primed, with a suggestion of inhaling
      a powerful stress-reducing aroma, or no prime). Participants' performance on a
      battery of cognitive tests, physiologic responses, and subjective stress were
      evaluated at baseline and after exposure to a stress battery during which
      aromatherapy was present. Participants also rated the intensity and pleasantness
      of their assigned aroma. RESULTS: Pharmacologic effects of lavender but not
      placebo aromas significantly benefited post-stress performance on the working
      memory task (F(2, 86) = 5.41; p = 0.006). Increased expectancy due to positive
      prime, regardless of aroma type, facilitated post-stress performance on the
      processing speed task (F(1, 87) = 8.31; p = 0.005). Aroma hedonics (pleasantness
      and intensity) played a role in the beneficial lavender effect on working memory
      and physiologic function. CONCLUSIONS: The observable aroma effects were produced
      by a combination of mechanisms involving aroma-specific pharmacologic properties,
      aroma hedonic properties, and participant expectations. In the future, each of
      these mechanisms could be manipulated to produce optimal functioning.

PMID- 27355280
TI  - Ultrasonography for Hand and Wrist Conditions.
AB  - Ultrasonography facilitates dynamic, real-time evaluation of bones, joints,
      tendons, nerves, and vessels, making it an ideal imaging modality for hand and
      wrist conditions. Ultrasonography can depict masses and fluid collections, help
      locate radiolucent foreign bodies, characterize traumatic or overuse tendon or
      ligament pathology, and help evaluate compressive peripheral neuropathy and
      microvascular blood flow. Additionally, this modality improves the accuracy of
      therapeutic intra-articular or peritendinous injections and facilitates
      aspiration of fluid collections, such as ganglia. 

PMID- 27355281
TI  - Swimmer's Shoulder: Painful Shoulder in the Competitive Swimmer.
AB  - Swimmer's shoulder is a broad term often used to diagnose shoulder injury in
      swimmers. However, research has elucidated several specific shoulder injuries
      that often are incurred by the competitive swimmer. Hyperlaxity, scapular
      dyskinesis, subacromial impingement, labral damage, os acromiale, suprascapular
      nerve entrapment, and glenohumeral rotational imbalances all may be included
      within a differential diagnosis for shoulder pain in the competitive swimmer. An
      understanding of the mechanics of the swim stroke, in combination with the
      complex static and dynamic properties of the shoulder, is essential to the
      comprehension and identification of the painful swimmer's shoulder. It is
      important for the athlete, coach, and clinician to be aware of the discerning
      characteristics among these different injuries to ensure a proper diagnosis and
      treatment plan to aid the swimmer in his or her return to competition. 

PMID- 27355282
TI  - Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Stabilization of Flail Chest Injury.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Recent reported success in surgical stabilization of flail chest
      has been described in small series, but scant evidence exists for this procedure
      in the orthopaedic literature. METHODS: We reviewed 88 consecutive patients who
      underwent surgical stabilization of flail chest, along with 88 consecutive
      patients with flail chest who underwent traditional closed management before
      initiation of our algorithm change to surgical management. RESULTS: Surgical
      stabilization of flail chest injuries led to statistically significant decreases
      in hospital length of stay, ventilator-dependency time, pneumonia, tracheostomy,
      and mortality rate. In addition, the presence of pulmonary contusion did not
      eliminate the significant improvements in the aforementioned variables.
      DISCUSSION: Surgical stabilization of flail chest with modern techniques and
      implants provides significant improvements in both mortality and short-term
      outcomes. Although pulmonary contusion decreased overall outcomes across both
      cohorts, this factor did not alter the ability of rib fixation to improve
      outcomes.

PMID- 27355283
TI  - Complications of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty Among Patients With Rheumatoid
      Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, and Osteoarthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although several studies have reported outcomes of primary total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, very little has been
      reported on the outcomes of this procedure in patients with other inflammatory
      arthritides. METHODS: This study used a national database to evaluate 90-day
      postoperative complication rates, readmission rates, and revision rates after TKA
      in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n =
      153,531), psoriatic arthritis (n = 7,918), and ankylosing spondylitis (n = 4,575)
      were compared with patients with osteoarthritis (n = 1,751,938) who underwent TKA
      from 2005 to 2012. RESULTS: The rates of systemic complications, infection,
      revision, and 90-day readmission after TKA in patients with different types of
      inflammatory arthritis were significantly higher than those in control patients
      with osteoarthritis (P < 0.0001). No differences were found in the rates of
      systemic or local complications, revision, or readmission among the types of
      inflammatory arthritis. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory arthritis is associated with
      increased rates of perioperative complications, revision, and 90-day readmission
      after primary TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

PMID- 27355284
TI  - Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Results of a Single-stage
      Approach Using Allograft Dowel Bone Grafting for Femoral Defects.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to present results of single-stage
      revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using an allograft bone
      dowel for isolated femoral bony deficiency. METHODS: Sixteen patients underwent
      single-stage revision ACL reconstruction using an allograft bone dowel for
      isolated femoral bony deficiency between 2007 and 2012. Twelve patients (75%)
      completed study visits, which included CT scans as well as completion of
      validated outcomes measures. RESULTS: The average KT-1000 side-to-side difference
      was 1.0 mm +/- 2.9 mm. The average International Knee Documentation Committee
      score was 70.2 +/- 17.8, the Tegner score was 4.8 +/- 2.8, and the visual analog
      scale pain score was 2.8 +/- 2.4. An analysis of CT scans showed that all 12
      dowels had excellent (>75%) incorporation. CONCLUSIONS: A single-stage approach
      for revision ACL reconstruction using allograft dowels for isolated femoral bony
      deficiency yields objective and subjective outcomes comparable to those reported
      in the literature for two-stage and other single-stage techniques, with good
      incorporation of the dowels. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective case series, level
      IV.

PMID- 27355285
TI  - Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries.
AB  - The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons has developed the Appropriate Use
      Criteria (AUC) document Treatment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries.
      Evidence-based information, in conjunction with the clinical expertise of
      physicians, was used to develop the criteria to improve patient care and obtain
      the best outcomes while considering the subtleties and distinctions necessary in
      making clinical decisions. The AUC clinical patient scenarios were derived from
      patient indications that generally accompany an anterior cruciate ligament
      injury, as well as from current evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and
      supporting literature. The 56 patient scenarios and 8 treatments were developed
      by the Writing Panel, a group of clinicians who are specialists in this AUC
      topic. Lastly, a separate, multidisciplinary Voting Panel (made up of specialists
      and nonspecialists) rated the appropriateness of treatment of each patient
      scenario using a 9-point scale to designate a treatment as Appropriate (median
      rating, 7 to 9), May Be Appropriate (median rating, 4 to 6), or Rarely
      Appropriate (median rating, 1 to 3). 

PMID- 27355286
TI  - Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Evidence-based Guideline.
AB  - Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee: Evidence-based Guideline is
      based on a systematic review of the current scientific and clinical research. The
      guideline contains 38 recommendations pertaining to the preoperative,
      perioperative, and postoperative care of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the
      knee who are considering surgical treatment. The purpose of this clinical
      practice guideline is to help improve surgical management of patients with OA of
      the knee based on current best evidence. In addition to guideline
      recommendations, the work group highlighted the need for better research on the
      surgical management of OA of the knee. 

PMID- 27355287
TI  - AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline: Surgical Management of Osteoarthritis of the
      Knee: Evidence-based Guideline.

PMID- 27355288
TI  - The challenges of USA nursing education to meet local, regional and global need.

PMID- 27355289
TI  - Nurses' knowledge and practice on social participation in health.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to identify nurses' knowledge and practice in the framework of the
      Family Health Strategy program with regard to social participation in health.
      METHOD: qualitative study which had the Family Health Units in a municipality of
      Minas Gerais as setting. Nine nurses participated in the study, and they were
      interviewed individually in July and August 2014. Data were collected and
      analyzed according to the content analysis technique and interpreted in the light
      of Paulo Freire's ontology and critical pedagogy. RESULTS: the analyzed
      statements showed that nurses bring along conceptual and behavioral
      inconsistencies which need to be equalized, so their knowledge and practice can
      mediate the challenging construction of participatory management in health.
      CONCLUSION: an improvement in nurses' training is suggested, both academically
      and professionally, aiming at strengthening their political role in the process
      of consolidation of social participation in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

PMID- 27355290
TI  - "To be a nurse": a professional choice and the construction of identity processes
      in the 1970s.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze the factors that influenced the choice for nursing made by
      graduates from the first class of the Undergraduate Nursing and Obstetrics Course
      of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte in the 1970s and to understand
      the senses and meanings of being a nurse when choosing this profession. METHOD: a
      qualitative socio-historical study was performed, using oral history to collect
      data. RESULTS: the analysis generated the following categories: "To be a nurse: a
      professional choice" and "The ideal of being a nurse: senses and meanings". The
      senses of "being a nurse" are associated with graduates' perspective of this
      profession and the meanings included the traditional conceptions that have
      historically affected it. CONCLUSION: professional choice was influenced by
      family and work expectations and the nursing course had an effect on the
      construction of nurses' professional identity.

PMID- 27355291
TI  - Prevalence and factors associated with frailty in non-institutionalized older
      adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with frailty in
      non-institutionalized older adults living in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil.
      METHOD: data were collected in their homes, in 2013, based on a census cluster
      sampling. Demographic and socioeconomic variables, morbidities, utilization of
      health care services, and scores on the Edmonton Fragility Scale were analyzed.
      The adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained using the Poisson regression
      multiple analysis with robust variance. RESULTS: the prevalence of frailty was
      41.3%. The variables associated with frailty were: female gender, very old age,
      education of less than four years, not having been hospitalized in the last 12
      months, having a caregiver, falling in the prior year, diabetes mellitus, cardiac
      disease, and osteoarticular disease. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of frailty was
      high. Some factors consist of modifiable conditions, which should encourage
      health actions aimed at this group.

PMID- 27355292
TI  - Health status and the return to work after traffic accidents.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to compare the health status of traffic accident victims, at hospital
      discharge and after six months, and to analyze the predictive variables of their
      health status and return to work. METHOD: observational, longitudinal study. Data
      were collected through interviews and medical records of 102 patients with a mean
      age of 33 years; with the majority being men and victims of motorcycle accidents.
      The variables were analyzed by means of validated tools, student's t-test,
      multiple linear regression, and logistic regression. RESULTS: there was an
      improvement of perception in the patients' health status six months after
      hospital discharge and functional capacity. The individuals who returned to work
      showed better health-related quality of life evaluation. CONCLUSION: improvement
      of the perceived health status six months after hospital discharge was found.
      Factors that influenced the patients' return to work were not identified.

PMID- 27355293
TI  - Accreditation in a public hospital: perceptions of a multidisciplinary team.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze the perceptions of the multidisciplinary team on
      Accreditation in a public hospital. METHOD: descriptive, exploratory, qualitative
      research, performed in May 2014, using recorded individual interviews. In total,
      28 employees of a public hospital, Accredited with Excellence, answered the
      guiding question: "Tell me about the Accreditation system used in this hospital".
      The interviews were transcribed and subjected to content analysis. RESULTS: of
      the speeches, three categories emerged: Advantages offered by the Accreditation;
      Accredited public hospital resembling a private hospital; Pride/satisfaction for
      acting in an accredited public hospital. CONCLUSION: participants perceived
      Accreditation as a favorable system for a quality management in the public
      service because it promotes the development of professional skills and improves
      cost management, organizational structure, management of assistance and
      perception of job pride/satisfaction.

PMID- 27355294
TI  - Pressure ulcers in critically ill patients: incidence and associated factors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to identify the incidence and describe the associated factors for
      pressure ulcers in critically ill patients. METHOD: this was a prospective cohort
      study with 77 patients, using a clinical, metabolic assessment and the associated
      factors for pressure ulcer, applying the risk scales (Braden and Waterlow) and
      assigning ulcers to categories. RESULTS: an incidence of 22% (95% CI 12.6 -
      31.5), with 17 patients with 32 pressure ulcers in the sacral region (47%), and
      of Class I (72%). The length of stay was greater than ten days (71%), most
      admissions were surgical (53%) or for congestive heart failure (24%), and were
      high risk on the Braden Scale (59%). CONCLUSION: the study highlights the high
      incidence of pressure ulcers, clinical and metabolic characteristics and
      associated factors, as well as the outcome of death, requiring, therefore,
      preventive measures.

PMID- 27355295
TI  - Impact of home visits on the functional capacity of patients with venous ulcers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to assess the impact of protocol home visits on the functional
      capacity of adult and elderly patients with venous ulcers, before and after
      guidance received at home. METHOD: clinical experimental, randomized, nonblinded
      and controlled study, developed with 32 patients (case and control groups).
      Fields of research were the Wound Outpatient Care Unit of the Antonio Pedro
      University Hospital and households of patients treated in the outpatient unit.
      Data collection occurred from February to June 2014, by means of an assessment
      tool of the health care unit, the TINETTI index and a script for directions to be
      provided to study participants who received home visits. RESULTS: participants in
      the case group showed significant and differentiated improvement post
      intervention when compared to the control group, which remained stable.
      CONCLUSION: directions provided in the home context were beneficial to the
      members of the case group.

PMID- 27355296
TI  - Frailty and quality of life in elderly primary health care users.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to investigate the association between physical frailty and quality of
      life in elderly users of primary health care in the capital of the state of
      Parana. METHOD: a cross-sectional, quantitative study with 203 elders. Data
      collected included: physical activity questionnaires, weight loss,
      fatigue/exhaustion, quality of life, performance of gait speed tests, and
      handgrip strength. RESULTS: of the 203 older adults, 115 were pre-frail, 49 were
      non-frail, and 39 were frail, with a significant association with functional
      capacity and quality of life in all groups. The dimensions resulting from
      physical aspects, pain, and vitality were associated with those that were non
      frail. CONCLUSION: in this study, frailty syndrome was inversely proportional to
      the quality of life, and significantly associated with functional capacity of
      older adults. Physical frailty is a manageable condition which can be targeted
      through geriatric nursing interventions.

PMID- 27355297
TI  - Social impairment of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impairment of social and emotional domains of
      hospitalized patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cells transplantation.
      METHOD: an observational, longitudinal study with 25 participants evaluated in
      the period of pre-transplant, pancytopenia and pre-hospital discharge between
      September 2013 and September 2014, in a reference hospital for this treatment
      modality in Brazil. Two international instruments were used, both of which
      translated and adapted to Portuguese (Brazil): Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core
      30 and Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy - Bone Marrow Transplantation.
      RESULTS: patients have shown a statistically significant decrease in the social
      domain, and stability of the emotional function along the course of treatment.
      CONCLUSION: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation changes the social function
      of patients with hematologic cancer during hospitalization stage. Thus, patients
      should receive guidance addressing the social domain in order that it can be less
      affected.

PMID- 27355298
TI  - Knowledge management in Portuguese healthcare institutions.
AB  - Knowledge management imposes itself as a pressing need for the organizations of
      several sectors of the economy, including healthcare. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the
      perception of healthcare institution collaborators in relation to knowledge
      management in the institution where they operate and analyze the existence of
      differences in this perception, based on the institution's management model.
      METHOD: a study conducted in a sample consisting of 671 collaborators from 10
      Portuguese healthcare institutions with different models of management. In order
      to assess the knowledge management perception, we used a score designed from and
      based on items from the scores available in the literature. RESULTS: the
      perception of moderate knowledge management on the healthcare institutions and
      the statistically significant differences in knowledge management perception were
      evidenced in each management model. CONCLUSION: management knowledge takes place
      in healthcare institutions, and the current management model determines the way
      staff at these institutions manage their knowledge.

PMID- 27355299
TI  - Association between self-care and hospital readmissions of patients with heart
      failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to assess the association between self-care and the number of hospital
      readmissions of patients with heart failure (ADHF) and test the applicability of
      two self-care assessment tools. longitudinal study, performed in a cardiology
      reference hospital in southern Brazil. METHOD: it included 82 patients with a
      mean age of 61.85+/-12.33 years, 57.3% male. The mean score of self-care
      assessment found the scales European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior Scale and
      Self-care Scale for Patients with Heart Failure was unsatisfactory. RESULTS: it
      was observed an average of 2.57+/-1.66 rehospitalization last year for
      decompensated heart failure. There was a correlation between self-care scores
      with the number of hospital readmissions for decompensated HF. Education and age
      were associated to self-care of HF patients. CONCLUSION: both scales assess self
      care in a relevant way, and correlated their indexes.

PMID- 27355300
TI  - Notification of health problems among nursing workers in university hospitals.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to identify the health problems of nursing workers and describe their
      consequences. METHOD: an epidemiological, descriptive study with a quantitative
      approach. The survey was conducted through the Health Monitoring System for
      Nursing Workers (SIMOSTE) in three university hospitals in Sao Paulo within a 12
      month period. RESULTS: a total of 970 records related to health problems were
      identified; most of these were related to sick leave, occupational accidents with
      leave, absences, and occupational accidents without leave, with a predominance of
      musculoskeletal and respiratory system diseases, infectious and parasitic
      diseases, and nervous system diseases, among others. A total of 4,161 days of
      work were lost because of the mentioned health problems. CONCLUSION: the results
      evidence the need to propose preventive strategies to mitigate and reduce health
      problems in nursing workers.

PMID- 27355301
TI  - Nursing care in Specialized HIV/Aids Outpatient Services.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze the discourses about the care provided by nurses operating
      in Specialized HIV/Aids Outpatient Services in four public institutions of the
      city of Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil. METHOD: descriptive and exploratory study with
      a qualitative approach, which used as a method the discourse analysis. RESULTS:
      when titling the "care as negative", such title came from the analogy proposed by
      Freud (1912) with the photographic negative, represented by what that care can
      configure from the unconscious movement, since nurses did not perceive themselves
      in the care actions developed by supporting the work of other occupational
      categories, contributing to maintain the ideology of biomedicine. CONCLUSION: it
      is necessary to justify and theorize a nursing clinical practice from
      epistemological issues of the profession, in such a way that nurses can
      understand their relevance within the care provided.

PMID- 27355302
TI  - Health care for children and adolescents with HIV: a comparison of services.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: compare the quality of different types of health care for children and
      adolescents with HIV, in the experience of family members and caregivers. METHOD:
      a cross-sectional study was conducted with 71 family members and caregivers,
      using the children's version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool
      Brazil). The Mann-Whitney or Student's t-test and Pearson's chi-square or
      Fisher's exact test were used for the analysis. RESULTS: primary care services
      and, predominantly, specialized HIV services, were identified as the regular
      health care sources. There were no significant differences in quality, since
      their scores were close to the ideal level. CONCLUSION: the attributes of these
      services need to be improved, which would entail reformulating their structural
      and performance aspects. In addition, it is imperative to recognize primary
      health care as an integral place for promoting the health of children and
      adolescents with HIV.

PMID- 27355303
TI  - Social representations of nurses on tuberculosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to describe the social representation of nurses on tuberculosis and
      identify the implications on nursing care. METHOD: qualitative research with the
      participation of 52 nurses from 23 Basic Health Units of Belem, Para. A semi
      structured interview was conducted with subsequent analysis of the thematic
      content according to the Theory of Social Representations. RESULTS: the social
      representations of tuberculosis were organized into two categories: infection,
      evidencing the clinical-epidemiological aspects of the disease, and stigma and
      prejudice, representing the social aspect. Care is affected by fear - a fact that
      explains the distance adopted by some nurses when handling ill people.
      CONCLUSION: the social representations of nurses on tuberculosis remain grounded
      in fear, leading professionals to keep a certain distance from patients and
      generating stigma and prejudice, which may affect adherence to treatment.

PMID- 27355304
TI  - The experience of family care in transitional support houses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to present the theoretical model that represents the experience of
      care in transitional homes of support to families of children in a period of post
      transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. METHOD: grounded theory, performed
      with 18 participants from three different samples. For analysis, we used the QSR
      Nvivo10 software. RESULTS: we elaborated four categories: living in the
      transitional support home; experiencing care of children in post-transplantation
      of hematopoietic stem cells; taking care of the family caregiver; and returning
      to a new life at home, which interrelate according to the theoretical code of the
      interactive family. CONCLUSION: this research contributes to understanding the
      experience of care in transitional support homes of families with children in
      post-transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells and subsidizes nursing and
      health actions provided to this population; it also contributes to the
      development of a hospital discharge guidance and care directed to this clientele.

PMID- 27355305
TI  - Moments for hand hygiene in Material and Sterilization Center.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to characterize the moments when there is a need for hand hygiene (HH)
      by employees who work in Material and Sterilization Center (MSC). METHOD: we
      conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in the MSC of a large hospital,
      from July to November 2012, in Goiania, state of Goias, Brazil. Data obtained
      through observation of workers, following a previously evaluated and tested
      checklist. RESULTS: to the dirty area, standardized moments of HH were enough. In
      the clean area, "Extra moments with indication" for HH, resulting from the work
      process, such as: after disinfecting benches, after verification and inventory of
      consigned products, before assembling boxes/trays, before loading and unloading
      the autoclave, before handling and distributing health care products, among
      others, were necessary. CONCLUSION: the moments of HH in the dirty area coincide
      with indications of the clinical practice; and, in the clean area, characteristic
      moments of the work process were captured.

PMID- 27355306
TI  - Knowledge of healthcare professionals on the evaluation and treatment of neonatal
      pain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to identify knowledge of healthcare professionals on the management,
      evaluation and treatment of pain in a neonatal unit in a municipality of Rio de
      Janeiro. METHOD: descriptive, exploratory study with quantitative analysis. Data
      were analyzed using the software R. Core Team Results: of the 96 healthcare
      professionals who participated in the study, 42 nursing aides/technicians
      responded, along with 22 nurses, 20 physicians and 2 physical therapists. The
      results showed that 40.5% of the nursing aides/technicians, 50% of the physicians
      and 50% of the physical therapists confirmed that they coordinate/perform/assist
      in the care of babies' pain while performing procedures (lumbar puncture, chest
      tube insertion and central line). There was a significant difference of agreement
      in relation to the nursing aides/technicians and physicians. Most (69.8%) of the
      healthcare professionals knew of some non-pharmacological measure effective for
      relief of acute pain. CONCLUSION: there is a need for an educational intervention
      program, with participation of those involved, in the process to change
      professional practice.

PMID- 27355307
TI  - The experience of grandmothers of children with cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to understand, from grandmothers' perspectives, the experience of
      having a grandchild with cancer. METHOD: qualitative study, guided by
      philosophical hermeneutics. Eight grandmothers of children who had finished an
      oncology treatment participated in this study. Data were collected through
      interviews, which were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to the
      principles of hermeneutics. RESULTS: the grandmothers underwent an experience of
      multiplied, silent, transformative, and permanent suffering. They believe it is
      their role to be present, but they recognize their adult children's independence
      and self-determination. Grandmothers highlighted that their experience has been
      very little accessed and considered by health care professionals. CONCLUSION: we
      recommend including grandparents in the context of care and in additional
      research.

PMID- 27355308
TI  - Lack of anticipated support for care for community-dwelling older adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to identify the factors associated with lack of anticipated support
      for care for community-dwelling older adults. METHOD: this study presents
      comparison and logistic regression analyses of data from 671 individuals who took
      part of the multicentric study entitled "Frailty in older Brazilians" - a
      quantitative, epidemiologic and transversal investigation carried out between
      2008 and 2009. RESULTS: the subjective evaluation of anticipated support for care
      for community-dwelling older adults was a good indicator of risk for lack of
      anticipated support for care in women, older adults who live alone and those with
      poor self-rated health. CONCLUSION: it is necessary to reflect upon the formal
      support system currently available for older people in Brazil, considering that
      those who most frequently presented lack of anticipated support for care are an
      increasing population. The study also highlights the importance of using
      subjective methods for the evaluation of the adequacy of older adults' support
      network.

PMID- 27355309
TI  - Patients with HIV/Aids and ulcer risk: nursing care demands.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze the demand for nursing care and the risk of pressure ulcers
      (PU) of patients with HIV/Aids. METHOD: quantitative survey, carried out from
      December 2012 to March 2013 in a public hospital of Teresina, state of Piaui,
      Brazil. RESULTS: the sample of 31 patients was predominantly male, mean age 36.6
      years, average care demand 49.4%, most showing some risk of developing PU. The
      variables correlated with PU risk were care demand and clinical outcome (death).
      Those associated with care demand were age and clinical outcome (death).
      CONCLUSION: the results showed that patients require moderate nursing care needs
      and most of them present risk of developing PU.

PMID- 27355310
TI  - Educational technologies to encourage (self) care in postpartum women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to evaluate national and international literature regarding the use of
      educational technologies to encourage self care in postpartum women. METHOD: an
      integrative review of the literature. The articles were collected from the
      CINAHL, SCOPUS, PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and Cochrane databases; the time period
      for the articles referred to January/2004 to July/2014; the languages used in the
      articles were Portuguese, English, Spanish and French; the articles were selected
      from the following descriptors: postpartum care period, educational technology,
      nursing and self care. Twenty-seven articles were selected for analysis Results:
      based on the information found, the scales, counseling and home visits were among
      the most recommended educational technologies. CONCLUSION: the technologies
      promote communication, but are sometimes dependent on computer and internet
      access, which hinder their use by low-income women.

PMID- 27355311
TI  - Palliative care and spirituality: an integrative literature review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze scientifi c articles published in international online
      journals about palliative care and spirituality. METHODS: an integrative
      literature review with data collected in September 2014 from the LILACS, SCIELO,
      MEDLINE/PubMed, and IBECS databases. RESULTS: thirty-nine publications were
      identifi ed and their textual analysis facilitated through four thematic
      approaches: the meaning of spirituality in the context of palliative care;
      palliative care and spiritual support; spirituality and relief of pain and other
      symptoms in patients under palliative care; and instruments to evaluate the
      spiritual dimension of the scope of palliative care. CONCLUSION: this study
      examined the relevance of the spiritual dimension in the care of patients with
      palliative care and the need for developing new studies to disseminate knowledge
      about this topic. DESCRIPTORS: Palliative Care; Palliative Care at End of Live;
      Spirituality; Religion; Health.

PMID- 27355312
TI  - Effects from acupuncture in treating anxiety: integrative review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the scientific evidence that is available in the
      literature on the effects of acupuncture for treating anxiety and on the quality
      of such studies. METHOD: the study is an integrative review of CINAHL, LILACS,
      PUBMED-PICO, SciELO, and The Cochrane Library between 2001 and 2014. Keywords
      anxiety, acupuncture therapy, acupuncture, and anxiety disorders were combined
      among themselves to ensure a wide search of primary studies. RESULTS: among 514
      articles, 67 were selected to be fully read and 19 were included. Among these, 11
      were found to have strong evidence levels. Among the six articles about
      randomized clinical studies, five were found to be of reasonable quality. Two
      studies used acupuncturist nurses to perform their interventions. Its results
      showed positive and statistically significant effects from using acupuncture for
      treating subjects with anxiety. CONCLUSION: acupuncture seems to be a promising
      treatment for anxiety; however, there is a need for improving the methodological
      quality of the research on this field.

PMID- 27355313
TI  - The importance of civilian nursing organizations: integrative literature review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to identify and analyze evidence from studies about the importance of
      civilian nursing organizations. METHOD: an integrative literature review, for
      which searches were conducted in the databases LILACS, PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO,
      BDENF, and Scopus. RESULTS: sixteen articles published between the years 2004
      2013 were selected, 68.75% of which were sourced from Brazilian journals and
      31.25% from American journals. CONCLUSION: civilian nursing organizations are
      important and necessary, because they have collaborated decisively in nursing
      struggles in favor of the working class and society in general, and these
      contributions influence different axes of professional performance.

PMID- 27355315
TI  - A human source for ELF magnetic perturbations.
AB  - Current models that frame consciousness in terms of electromagnetic field theory
      carry implications that have yet to be fully explored. Endogenous weak extremely
      low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields are generated by ionic charge flow in axons,
      dendrites and synaptic transmitters. Because neural tissues are transparent to
      such fields, these provide the basis for the globally unifying qualities required
      to properly describe consciousness as a field. At the same time, however, an
      electromagnetic approach predicts partial transmission of this 1-100 nT field,
      suggesting external interactions similar to the various ELF magnetic
      perturbations that are linked to homeostatic and endocrine-related physiological
      effects. It follows that humans may represent an additional, previously
      unrecognized source of weak (1-10 nT) ambient ELF magnetic fields. 

PMID- 27355316
TI  - SMARCAL1 and telomeres: Replicating the troublesome ends.
AB  - DNA replication is constantly challenged by both endogenous and exogenous sources
      of replication stress. SMARCAL1, an SNF2 family DNA translocase, functions in the
      DNA damage response to address these obstacles and promote the completion of
      replication. Most studies examining the function of SMARCAL1 and related enzymes
      have relied on the addition of exogenous genotoxic agents, but SMARCAL1 is needed
      even in the absence of these drugs to maintain genome stability during DNA
      replication. We recently determined that SMARCAL1 functions to limit DNA damage
      during replication of difficult-to-replicate telomere sequences. SMARCAL1
      deficient cells display several markers of telomere instability including
      extrachromosomal telomere circles and co-localization with DNA damage markers.
      Furthermore, cells lacking the highly related proteins ZRANB3 and HLTF do not
      exhibit similar problems suggesting a unique function for SMARCAL1. These studies
      identified the first source of endogenous replication stress that SMARCAL1
      resolves and provide insight into the mechanism of SMARCAL1 function in
      maintaining genome stability. 

PMID- 27355318
TI  - The MRI features of placental adhesion disorder-a pictorial review.
AB  - Placental adhesion disorder (PAD) comprises placenta accreta, increta and
      percreta lesions; these are classified according to the depth of uterine
      invasion. Although PAD is considered a rare condition, its incidence has
      increased 10-fold in the last 50 years. Ultrasound is the primary imaging
      modality for the assessment of the placenta and in the majority of cases, it is
      sufficient for diagnosis; however, when ultrasound findings are suspicious or
      inconclusive, MRI is recommended as an adjunct imaging technique. Numerous MRI
      features of PAD have been described, including dark intraplacental bands,
      disorganized intraplacental vascularity and abnormal uterine bulging. This
      pictorial review describes and illustrates these characteristics and discusses
      their implications in planning delivery. In addition, we present a series of
      "pitfall" cases to aid the interpreting radiologist and discuss management of
      PAD. PAD is a clinical and diagnostic challenge that is encountered with
      increasing frequency, requiring a cohesive multidisciplinary approach to its
      management. 

PMID- 27355319
TI  - Biomechanical Analysis of a Novel Prosthesis Based on the Physiological Curvature
      of Endplate for Cervical Disc Replacement.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Biomechanical analysis of a novel prosthesis based on the
      physiological curvature of endplate was performed. OBJECTIVE: To compare the
      biomechanical differences between a novel prosthesis based on the physiological
      curvature of the endplate and the Prestige LP prosthesis after cervical disc
      replacement (CDR). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Artificial disc prostheses have
      been widely used to preserve the physiological function of treated and adjacent
      motion segments in CDR, while most of those present a flat surface instead of an
      arcuate surface which approximately similar to anatomic structures in vivo. We
      first reported a well-designed artificial disc prosthesis based on the
      physiological curvature of the endplate. METHODS: Three motion segments of 24
      ovine cervical spines (C2-5) were evaluated in a robotic spine system with axial
      compressive loads of 50N. Testing conditions were as follows: 1) intact, 2) C3-4
      CDR with artificial disc prosthesis based on the physiological curvature of the
      endplate, and 3) C3-4 CDR with the Prestige LP prosthesis. The range of motion
      (ROM) and the pressures on the inferior surface of the two prostheses were
      recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: As compared to the intact state, the ROM of all
      three segments had no significant difference in the replacement group.
      Additionally, there was no significant difference in ROM between the two
      prostheses. The mean pressure on the novel prosthesis was significantly less than
      the Prestige LP prosthesis. CONCLUSION: ROM in 3 groups (intact group, CDR group
      with novel prosthesis and CDR group with Prestige LP) showed no significant
      difference. The mean pressure on the inferior surface of the novel prosthesis was
      significantly lower than the Prestige LP prosthesis. Therefore, the novel
      artificial disc prosthesis is feasible and effective, and can reduce the implant
      bone interface pressure on the endplate, which may be one possible reason of
      prosthesis subsidence.

PMID- 27355320
TI  - Impact of Patients' Communication with the Medical Practitioners, on Their
      Adherence Declared to Preventive Behaviours, Five Years after a Coronary
      Angiography, in Luxembourg.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients of the National Institute of Cardiac Surgery and
      Interventional Cardiology in Luxembourg who underwent coronary angiography were
      surveyed for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and overweight/obesity
      between 2008/9 and 2013/4. For each cardiovascular risk factor (CVRFs), we
      analysed the associations between the quality of the patients' communication with
      the medical practitioner and their adherence declared to preventive behaviours.
      METHODS: 1,289 completed a self-administered questionnaire on communication with
      the medical practitioner (P'Com-5 items scale; Cronbach 0.87). 61.8% stopped
      smoking, 57.9% reduced or stopped their consumption of salt, 71.9% of fat, and
      62.8% of sugar, and whereas 65% increased their consumption of fruit and
      vegetables and 19.8% increased their physical activity. Around 37% reported
      having made changes following their doctor's advice. 90% were followed by a
      cardiologist and 95.9% by an attending physician. RESULTS: No link was observed
      between declaration of physical activity, smoking, fats, and quality of
      communication. Significant associations: for increased consumption of fruit and
      vegetables was linked with the quality of doctor-patient communication when
      patients were overweight (OR = 1.081), obese (OR = 1.130), hypercholesterolemic
      (OR = 1.102), hypertensive (OR = 1.084) or diabetic (OR = 1.103). Reduction in
      salt intake was linked only to patients with hypertension (OR = 1.102), whereas
      reduction or cessation of sugar consumption was linked to overweight (OR =
      1.093), and more so obese, (OR = 1.106), hypercholesterolemics (OR = 1.103) and
      diabetics (OR = 1.173). CONCLUSIONS: Good doctor-patient communication was
      related to nutrition, particularly increased consumption of fresh fruits and
      vegetables. Accurate perception of CVRFs by both patients and medical
      practitioners is essential for CV protection. The aim of instructing patients is
      to encourage them to make informed decisions about how to change their lifestyle.
      In routinely, P'Com-5 scale can collect data to assess the improvement of the
      professional skills. It can be used in medical training to enhance the quality of
      the therapeutic communication, especially for nutritional coaching, and to
      evaluate its efficacy in reducing CVRFs.

PMID- 27355321
TI  - Correction: Association between Psoriasis Vulgaris and Coronary Heart Disease in
      a Hospital-Based Population in Japan.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149316.].

PMID- 27355322
TI  - Robust Bayesian Fluorescence Lifetime Estimation, Decay Model Selection and
      Instrument Response Determination for Low-Intensity FLIM Imaging.
AB  - We present novel Bayesian methods for the analysis of exponential decay data that
      exploit the evidence carried by every detected decay event and enables robust
      extension to advanced processing. Our algorithms are presented in the context of
      fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and particular attention has been
      paid to model the time-domain system (based on time-correlated single photon
      counting) with unprecedented accuracy. We present estimates of decay parameters
      for mono- and bi-exponential systems, offering up to a factor of two improvement
      in accuracy compared to previous popular techniques. Results of the analysis of
      synthetic and experimental data are presented, and areas where the superior
      precision of our techniques can be exploited in Forster Resonance Energy Transfer
      (FRET) experiments are described. Furthermore, we demonstrate two advanced
      processing methods: decay model selection to choose between differing models such
      as mono- and bi-exponential, and the simultaneous estimation of instrument and
      decay parameters. 

PMID- 27355317
TI  - A Track Record on SHOX: From Basic Research to Complex Models and Therapy.
AB  - SHOX deficiency is the most frequent genetic growth disorder associated with
      isolated and syndromic forms of short stature. Caused by mutations in the
      homeobox gene SHOX, its varied clinical manifestations include isolated short
      stature, Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, and Langer mesomelic dysplasia. In
      addition, SHOX deficiency contributes to the skeletal features in Turner
      syndrome. Causative SHOX mutations have allowed downstream pathology to be linked
      to defined molecular lesions. Expression levels of SHOX are tightly regulated,
      and almost half of the pathogenic mutations have affected enhancers. Clinical
      severity of SHOX deficiency varies between genders and ranges from normal stature
      to profound mesomelic skeletal dysplasia. Treatment options for children with
      SHOX deficiency are available. Two decades of research support the concept of
      SHOX as a transcription factor that integrates diverse aspects of bone
      development, growth plate biology, and apoptosis. Due to its absence in mouse,
      the animal models of choice have become chicken and zebrafish. These models,
      therefore, together with micromass cultures and primary cell lines, have been
      used to address SHOX function. Pathway and network analyses have identified
      interactors, target genes, and regulators. Here, we summarize recent data and
      give insight into the critical molecular and cellular functions of SHOX in the
      etiopathogenesis of short stature and limb development.

PMID- 27355323
TI  - Quality of Life and Social Functioning during Treatment of Recent Hepatitis C
      Infection: A Multi-Centre Prospective Cohort.
AB  - AIM: Despite effective treatment for recent hepatitis C (HCV) infection, side
      effects and adherence concerns limit its use among people who inject drugs
      (PWID). This study evaluated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and social
      functioning following infection and during recent HCV treatment. METHODS: The
      Australian Trial of Acute Hepatitis C studied the natural history and treatment
      of recent HCV infection. HRQoL (SF-12v2) and social functioning (Opiate Treatment
      Index score) were measured over 48 weeks and their impact on treatment uptake,
      adherence and virological response were assessed. RESULTS: Of 163 participants,
      111 received treatment (HCV n = 74, SVR 55%; HCV/HIV n = 37, SVR 74%). 116 (71%)
      were male, 124 (76%) ever injected drugs, with 55 (36%) injecting recently and
      28/55 (51%) reported needle/syringe sharing. At baseline, median physical and
      mental HRQoL was 54 units (IQR 46-58) and 46 (35-54) (reference median: 50),
      respectively, and median social functioning score was 11 units (7-17). Higher
      social function (<10 vs >=15) predicted increased treatment uptake (AOR 3.43,
      95%CI 1.01-11.6, p = 0.048) and higher SVR (AOR 5.11, 95%CI 1.30-20.15, p =
      0.020). After adjustment, treated participants had lower physical (-4.90 units,
      95%CI -6.33 to -3.48, p<0.001) and mental HRQoL (-3.7 units, 95%CI -5.55 to 
      1.86, p<0.001) at on-treatment visits, but HRQoL returned to baseline levels
      during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Social functioning can predict recent HCV
      treatment uptake and SVR. Efforts to maximise social stability may improve
      treatment response. Pegylated-interferon treatment is associated with reduced
      HRQoL on-treatment in an already vulnerable population of PWID that would be
      better served by interferon-free regimens particularly in treated target at PWID
      to prevent transmission. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00192569.

PMID- 27355324
TI  - N-Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor (NSF) Inhibition Prevents Vascular Instability
      following Gram-Positive Pulmonary Challenge.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), remains a significant
      source of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Pneumonia and
      sepsis are leading causes of ARDS, the pathophysiology of which includes
      increased pulmonary microvascular permeability and hemodynamic instability
      resulting in organ dysfunction. We hypothesized that N-ethylmaleimide sensitive
      factor (NSF) regulates exocytosis of inflammatory mediators, such as Angiopoietin
      2 (Ang-2), and cytoskeletal stability by modulating myosin light chain (MLC)
      phosphorylation. Therefore, we challenged pulmonary cells, in vivo and in vitro,
      with Gram Positive bacterial cell wall components, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and
      peptidoglycan (PGN) and examined the effects of NSF inhibition. METHODS: Mice
      were pre-treated with an inhibitor of NSF, TAT-NSF700 (to prevent Ang-2 release).
      After 30min, LTA and PGN (or saline alone) were instilled intratracheally. Pulse
      oximetry was assessed in awake mice prior to, and 6 hour post instillation. Post
      mortem, tissues were collected for studies of inflammation and Ang-2. In vitro,
      pulmonary endothelial cells were assessed for their responses to LTA and PGN.
      RESULTS: Pulmonary challenge induced signs of airspace and systemic inflammation
      such as changes in neutrophil counts and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar
      lavage fluid and tissue Ang-2 concentration, and decreased physiological
      parameters including oxygen saturation and pulse distention. TAT-NSF700 pre
      treatment reduced LTA-PGN induced changes in lung tissue Ang-2, oxygen saturation
      and pulse distention. In vitro, LTA-PGN induced a rapid (<2 min) release of Ang
      2, which was significantly attenuated by TAT-NSF700 or anti TLR2 antibody.
      Furthermore, TAT-NSF700 reduced LTA-PGN-induced MLC phosphorylation at low
      concentrations of 1-10 nM. CONCLUSIONS: TAT-NSF700 decreased Ang-2 release,
      improved oxygen saturation and pulse distention following pulmonary challenge by
      inhibiting MLC phosphorylation, an important component of endothelial cell
      retraction. The data suggest that inhibition of NSF in pneumonia and sepsis may
      be beneficial to prevent the pulmonary microvascular and hemodynamic instability
      associated with ARDS.

PMID- 27355325
TI  - Constrained Allocation Flux Balance Analysis.
AB  - New experimental results on bacterial growth inspire a novel top-down approach to
      study cell metabolism, combining mass balance and proteomic constraints to extend
      and complement Flux Balance Analysis. We introduce here Constrained Allocation
      Flux Balance Analysis, CAFBA, in which the biosynthetic costs associated to
      growth are accounted for in an effective way through a single additional genome
      wide constraint. Its roots lie in the experimentally observed pattern of proteome
      allocation for metabolic functions, allowing to bridge regulation and metabolism
      in a transparent way under the principle of growth-rate maximization. We provide
      a simple method to solve CAFBA efficiently and propose an "ensemble averaging"
      procedure to account for unknown protein costs. Applying this approach to
      modeling E. coli metabolism, we find that, as the growth rate increases, CAFBA
      solutions cross over from respiratory, growth-yield maximizing states (preferred
      at slow growth) to fermentative states with carbon overflow (preferred at fast
      growth). In addition, CAFBA allows for quantitatively accurate predictions on the
      rate of acetate excretion and growth yield based on only 3 parameters determined
      by empirical growth laws.

PMID- 27355326
TI  - Identification of Potentially Pathogenic Variants in the Posterior Polymorphous
      Corneal Dystrophy 1 Locus.
AB  - Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 1 (PPCD1) is a genetic disorder that
      affects corneal endothelial cell function and leads to loss of visual acuity.
      PPCD1 has been linked to a locus on chromosome 20 in multiple families; however,
      Sanger sequencing of protein-coding genes in the consensus region failed to
      identify any causative missense mutations. In this study, custom capture probes
      were utilized for targeted next-generation sequencing of the linked region in a
      previously reported family with PPCD1. Variants were detected through two
      bioinformatics pipelines and filtered according to multiple criteria.
      Additionally, a high-resolution microarray was used to detect copy number
      variations. No non-synonymous variants in the protein-coding region of annotated
      genes were identified. However, 12 single nucleotide variants in 10 genes, and 9
      indels in 7 genes met the filtering criteria and were considered candidate
      variants for PPCD1. Eleven single nucleotide variants were confirmed by Sanger
      sequencing, including 2 synonymous variants and 9 non-coding variants, in 9
      genes. One microdeletion was detected in an intron of OVOL2 by microarray but was
      subsequently not identified by PCR. Using a comprehensive next-generation
      sequencing approach, a total of 16 genes containing single nucleotide variants or
      indels that segregated with the affected phenotype in an affected family
      previously mapped to the PPCD1 locus were identified. Screening of these
      candidate genes in other families previously mapped to the PPCD1 locus will
      likely result in the identification of the genetic basis of PPCD1. 

PMID- 27355327
TI  - Mining and Analysis of SNP in Response to Salinity Stress in Upland Cotton
      (Gossypium hirsutum L.).
AB  - Salinity stress is a major abiotic factor that affects crop output, and as a
      pioneer crop in saline and alkaline land, salt tolerance study of cotton is
      particularly important. In our experiment, four salt-tolerance varieties with
      different salt tolerance indexes including CRI35 (65.04%), Kanghuanwei164
      (56.19%), Zhong9807 (55.20%) and CRI44 (50.50%), as well as four salt-sensitive
      cotton varieties including Hengmian3 (48.21%), GK50 (40.20%), Xinyan96-48
      (34.90%), ZhongS9612 (24.80%) were used as the materials. These materials were
      divided into salt-tolerant group (ST) and salt-sensitive group (SS). Illumina
      Cotton SNP 70K Chip was used to detect SNP in different cotton varieties. SNPv
      (SNP variation of the same seedling pre- and after- salt stress) in different
      varieties were screened; polymorphic SNP and SNPr (SNP related to salt tolerance)
      were obtained. Annotation and analysis of these SNPs showed that (1) the
      induction efficiency of salinity stress on SNPv of cotton materials with
      different salt tolerance index was different, in which the induction efficiency
      on salt-sensitive materials was significantly higher than that on salt-tolerant
      materials. The induction of salt stress on SNPv was obviously biased. (2) SNPv
      induced by salt stress may be related to the methylation changes under salt
      stress. (3) SNPr may influence salt tolerance of plants by affecting the
      expression of salt-tolerance related genes. 

PMID- 27355328
TI  - FABP1 and FABP3 Have High Predictive Values for Renal Replacement Therapy in
      Patients with Acute Kidney Injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Early initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) is
      recommended in order to improve the clinical outcome of patients who develop an
      acute kidney injury (AKI). However, markers that guide an early RRT initiation do
      not really exist currently. METHODS: Urine and serum samples were prospectively
      collected from 120 AKI patients. Depending on the necessity of initiating RRT,
      patients were divided into 2 different groups: dialysis (n = 52) and non-dialysis
      (n = 68). RESULTS: Comparative urinary proteomic analyses identified 4 different
      proteins (fatty acid binding proteins 1 and 3 (FABP1 and FABP3), beta-2
      microglobulin (B2M), cystatin-M (CST6)) that discriminate AKI patients with high
      risk for RRT. Western blot analysis confirmed the proteomics data for FABP1 and
      FABP3 but not for B2M and CST6. Validation analysis confirmed that the FABP1 and
      FABP3 fulfilled the requirement of functioning as markers for AKI patients with
      risk to dialysis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The release of high amounts of FABP1
      and FABP3 in urine of AKI patients could serve as a diagnostic/prognosis marker
      for RRT initiation in these patients.

PMID- 27355329
TI  - Galectin-1-induced skeletal muscle cell differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
      seeded on an acellular dermal matrix improves injured anal sphincter.
AB  - According to recent studies, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) transplanted via
      local or tail vein injection can improve healing after anal sphincter injury
      (ASI) in animal models. However, the transplanted MSCs do not generate skeletal
      muscle that completely resembles the natural anal sphincter structure. In the
      present study, we investigated whether bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs could be
      induced by Galectin-1 (Gal-1) to differentiate into skeletal muscle and whether
      the recellularization of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) with skeletal muscle
      differentiated MSCs represents a promising approach to restore ASI in a rat
      model. BM-MSCs subjected to adenovirus-mediated transfection with Gal-1-GFP (Ad
      GFP-Gal-1) displayed increased Gal-1 and desmin expression and differentiated
      into skeletal muscle cells. MSCs transfected with Ad-GFP-Gal-1 (MSC-Gal-1) were
      seeded onto an ADM (ADM-MSC-Gal-1) via co-culture, and fusion was observed using
      a confocal laser scanning microscope. ADM-MSC-Gal-1, ADM-MSC, ADM-MSC-Ad, ADM, or
      a saline control was applied to a rat ASI model, and injury healing was evaluated
      via histological examination 6 weeks following treatment. ADM-MSC-Gal-1 treatment
      promoted significant healing after ASI and improved external anal sphincter
      contraction curves compared with the other treatments and also led to substantial
      skeletal muscle regeneration and neovascularization. Our results indicate that
      repair using ADMs and differentiated MSCs may improve muscle regeneration and
      restore ASI.

PMID- 27355330
TI  - Pathological complete response with anti-PD-1 therapy in a patient with
      microsatellite instable high, BRAF mutant metastatic colon cancer: a case report
      and review of literature.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Mismatch repair (MMR) and BRAF mutation status are established
      independent prognostic factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). MMR deficient tumors
      are considered to have better prognosis whereas BRAF mutation is associated with
      poor prognosis. Studies evaluating the combined effect of BRAF and MMR status
      suggest MSI-high and BRAF mutant patients have a poorer prognosis as compared to
      MSI-high and BRAF wild type patients. Emerging evidence suggests MMR status
      predicts the immune response to anti-PD-1 therapy in CRC patients; however little
      is known about combined MMR and BRAF mutation status in this context. Therefore,
      it is important to identify whether there is a differential response to anti-PD-1
      therapy based on BRAF status in the subset of MSI-high CRC patients.
      OBSERVATIONS: We report the first case of MSI-high, BRAF mutant metastatic CRC
      that had an excellent response (pathologic complete response) to anti-PD-1
      therapy. We take this opportunity to review the similar cases in literature and
      discuss combined MMR and BRAF status as a potential biomarker for anti-PD-1
      therapy. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: The case presented illustrates that anti-PD-1
      therapy can be effectively used to treat CRC patients with MSI-high and BRAF
      mutant status which is usually considered a poor prognostic category as opposed
      to MSI-high and BRAF wild type tumors. Future studies with anti-PD-1 therapy
      distinguishing these molecular subgroups will improve our knowledge of whether
      BRAF status can add to MMR status as a predictive biomarker for anti-PD-1 therapy
      in patients with metastatic CRC.

PMID- 27355331
TI  - Therapeutic effects of a novel PIGF-1 derived peptide, ZY-1, on corneal
      neovascularization in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Corneal neovascularization (NV) is one of the major sight-threatening
      pathological changes caused by corneal diseases. Current therapeutics generate
      various adverse effects. Small peptides derived from endogenous protein display
      certain advantages. This study aims to evaluate the anti-angiogenic effect and
      molecular mechanism of a novel peptide ZY-1, derived from placental growth factor
      1 (PlGF-1), on corneal NV by topical administration, and to investigate its
      safety profile after long-term treatment. CCK-8 assay and tube formation assay
      were used to evaluate the effect of ZY-1 on human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells (HUVECs). The anti-angiogenic effect of topical ZY-1 was estimated in a rat
      model of alkali burn induced corneal NV. The safety profile of topical ZY-1 was
      analyzed by CCK-8 assay, tear film break-up time (BUT), and histological
      examination. Firstly, we found that ZY-1 co-localized with membrane vascular
      epithelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) and effectively inhibited VEGF/PlGF
      1 induced proliferation and tube formation of HUVECs. The topical ZY-1
      administration efficiently inhibited alkali-burn induced corneal NV, while it did
      not show any significant effect on human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC)
      proliferation, as well as the functionality and morphology of cornea and
      conjunctiva. Our findings suggested that topical administration of ZY-1 could
      effectively and safely inhibit corneal NV partially through competing for VEGFR-1
      binding, and it would be a promising alternative for ocular topical anti
      angiogenic therapy.

PMID- 27355332
TI  - Melatonin based therapies for delirium and dementia.
AB  - Melatonin levels have been shown to decline with aging. Melatonin and its analogs
      in addition to their effect on sleep promotion, has been shown to have multiple
      pleiotropic effects. It can also help with neuroprotection through different
      mechanisms. Evidence in animal and human studies suggests that low levels of
      melatonin have been linked to delirium, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and
      with certain behavioral problems. Recent clinical trials have showed that both
      melatonin and its analogs may be useful in the prevention, treatment of delirium,
      and the management of dementia. These medications seem to have the advantage of
      less side effects and better safety profile when compared to antipsychotics and
      sedatives like benzodiazepines. These medications are available over the counter
      in North America, Europe, and Asia, and some of these medications are approved by
      FDA. This manuscript will discuss the promising role of these melatonergic
      medications alone or in combination with other medications for the management of
      Geriatric Psychiatric diseases like delirium and dementia.

PMID- 27355333
TI  - Targeting isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) in cancer.
AB  - Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is an essential enzyme for cellular respiration in
      the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Recurrent mutations in IDH1 or IDH2 are
      prevalent in several cancers including glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML),
      cholangiocarcinoma and chondrosarcoma. The mutated IDH1 and IDH2 proteins have a
      gain-of-function, neomorphic activity, catalyzing the reduction of alpha
      ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) by NADPH. Cancer-associated
      IDH mutations block normal cellular differentiation and promote tumorigenesis via
      the abnormal production of the oncometabolite 2-HG. High levels of 2-HG have been
      shown to inhibit alpha-KG dependent dioxygenases, including histone and
      deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) demethylases, which play a key role in regulating the
      epigenetic state of cells. Current targeted inhibitors of IDH1 (AG120, IDH305),
      IDH2 (AG221), and pan-IDH1/2 (AG881) selectively inhibit mutant IDH protein and
      induce cell differentiation in in vitro and in vivo models. Preliminary results
      from phase I clinical trials with IDH inhibitors in patients with advanced
      hematologic malignancies have demonstrated an objective response rate ranging
      from 31% to 40% with durable responses (>1 year) observed. Furthermore, the IDH
      inhibitors have demonstrated early signals of activity in solid tumors with IDH
      mutations, including cholangiocarcinomas and low grade gliomas.

PMID- 27355334
TI  - New concepts in the treatment strategy of neuroendocrine tumors: the role of
      biotherapy.
AB  - Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) comprise a wide range of neoplasms with diverse
      biological behaviors, often secreting excessive amounts of endocrine-active
      substances causing hormone syndromes. They are classified according to the
      location of the primary site and the level of histological differentiation, which
      has prognostic as well as therapeutic implications. Biotherapy had traditionally
      a significant role in the treatment of these tumors, when not amenable to surgery
      or local treatments. Control of carcinoid syndrome with somatostatin analogs
      (SSAs) significantly contributed to the improvement of the quality of life. Also,
      interferon has long been administered, but data were based on small studies. In
      contrast, PROMID and CLARINET randomized phase III trials provided the first
      strong evidence of significant improvement in progression-free survival in
      patients with gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-NETs with octreotide and lanreotide,
      respectively, validating somatostatin receptors as important targets. Clinical
      trials testing the role of these SSAs in other primaries, e.g., lung carcinoids,
      as well as the efficacy of newer analogs are underway.

PMID- 27355335
TI  - Novel therapeutic approaches and mechanisms in neuroendocrine tumors: the role of
      targeted agents.
AB  - Low-intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are usually slow-growing
      cancers with a clinical course spanning few to several years managed with active
      surveillance, locoregional treatments, or somatostain analogs. At some point in
      their natural history, they develop resistance to these treatments and become
      more aggressive. Chemotherapy offers only limited therapeutic benefit and any
      evidence is based on small trials or retrospective studies. The significant
      progress in molecular biology shed light on the significant role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR
      pathway and angiogenesis in NETs, while the success of everolimus and sunitinib
      in landmark clinical trials opened new avenues in the discovery of effective
      treatments. Ongoing and planned pivotal studies testing newer agents targeting
      other pathways are underway. In addition to providing better treatment options,
      these drugs also broadened our understanding of the biology of these tumors.
      Biomarkers are eagerly needed with the scope of personalizing future treatment.

PMID- 27355336
TI  - Engineering tolerance using biomaterials to target and control antigen presenting
      cells.
AB  - Autoimmune diseases occur when cells of the adaptive immune system incorrectly
      recognize and attack "self" tissues. Importantly, the proliferation and
      differentiation of these cells is triggered and controlled by interactions with
      antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells. Thus, modulating the
      signals transduced by APCs (e.g., cytokines, costimulatory surface proteins) has
      emerged as a promising strategy to promote tolerance for diseases such as
      multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus. However, many approaches have
      been hindered by non-specific activity of immunosuppressive or immunoregulatory
      cues, following systemic administration of soluble factors via traditional
      injections routes (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous). Biomaterials offer a unique
      opportunity to control the delivery of tolerogenic signals in vivo via properties
      such as controlled particle size, tunable release kinetics, and co-delivery of
      multiple classes of cargo. In this review, we highlight recent reports that
      exploit these properties of biomaterials to target APCs and promote tolerance via
      three strategies, i) passive or active targeting of particulate carriers to APCs,
      ii) biomaterial-mediated control over antigen localization and processing, and
      iii) targeted delivery of encapsulated or adsorbed immunomodulatory signals.
      These reports represent exciting advances toward the goal of more effective
      therapies for autoimmune diseases, without the broad suppressive effects
      associated with current clinically-approved therapies.

PMID- 27355337
TI  - Sex steroid induced apoptosis as a rational strategy to treat anti-hormone
      resistant breast and prostate cancer.
AB  - The combined incidence and the extended disease course of breast and prostate
      cancer is a major challenge for health care systems. The solution for society
      requires an economically viable treatment strategy to maintain individuals
      disease free and productive, so as to avoid the fracture of the family unit.
      Forty years ago, translational research using the antiestrogen tamoxifen was
      targeted to estrogen receptor (ER) positive micrometastatic tumor cells and
      established the long-term antihormone adjuvant treatment strategy used
      universally today. The antihormone strategy was the accepted structure of cancer
      biology. Sex steroid deprivation therapy remains the orthodox strategy for the
      treatment of both breast and prostate cancer. Despite major initial therapeutic
      success, the strategies of long term anti-hormone therapies with either tamoxifen
      or aromatase inhibitors (AI) or antiandrogens or abiraterone for breast and
      prostate cancer, respectively, eventually lead to a significant proportion of
      anti-hormone resistant or stimulated tumor growth. Remarkably, a general
      principle of anti-hormone resistance has emerged for both breast and prostate
      cancer based primarily on clinical and supportive laboratory data. Paradoxically,
      anti-hormone resistant cell populations emerge and grow but are vulnerable to the
      cytotoxicity of estrogen or androgen-induced apoptosis for both breast and
      prostate cancer, respectively. These consistent anticancer actions of sex
      steroids appear to recapitulate the more complex mechanism of bone remodeling in
      elderly men and women during sex steroid deprivation. Estrogen is the key hormone
      in both sexes because in men androgen is first converted to estrogen. Estrogen
      regulates and triggers apoptosis in osteoclasts that develop during estrogen
      deprivation and destroy bone to cause osteoporosis. Sex steroid deprived breast
      and prostate cancer has recruited a streamlined natural apoptotic program from
      the human genome, but this is suppressed in the majority of sex steroid deprived
      tumors. Targeted strategies to neutralize cell survival pathways are now required
      to amplify and enhance sex steroid induced apoptosis. Successful blockade of the
      critical pathways for cell survival will introduce an inexpensive targeted
      therapy to maintain breast and prostate cancer patients indefinitely. Rotating
      anti-hormonal and sex steroid targeted cocktails could maintain patients at a
      microscopic tumor burden to enhance the quality of life, enhance survival, and
      maintain the family as a self-supporting and economically productive unit within
      society.

PMID- 27355338
TI  - Prevention and Periodontal Treatment in Down Syndrome Patients: A Systematic
      Review.
AB  - The aim of this systematic literature review was to evaluate which type of
      periodontal preventive and therapeutic approaches presents superior outcomes in
      patients with Down syndrome (DS). Studies reporting different methods of
      periodontal care from DS patients were considered eligible. Included clinical
      studies should indicate at least two periodontal parameters in different periods
      of assessment. Screening of the articles, data extraction and quality assessment
      were conducted independently and in duplicate. Electronic search according to the
      PICO search, with both Key-words and MESH terms were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE
      and CENTRAL databases until March 2016. Manual search was conducted in four
      journals, namely Journal of Periodontology, Journal of Clinical Periodontology,
      Journal of Periodontal Research and Special Care in Dentistry and their
      electronic databases were searched. Electronic and manual search resulted in 763
      papers, and of them 744 were excluded after title/abstract assessment. The full
      text of 19 potentially eligible publications was screened and 9 studies met
      inclusion criteria. The results demonstrated the importance to introduce youngest
      DS patients in preventive programs, as well as participation of parents,
      caregivers or institutional attendants in supervising/performing oral hygiene. In
      studies with higher frequency of attendance, all age groups presented superior
      preventive and therapeutic results, irrespective of the therapeutic approach used
      (surgical/nonsurgical/periodontal care program). The important factors for
      reducing periodontal parameters were the frequency of the appointments and
      association with chlorhexidine/plaque disclosing agents as adjuvant treatment.
      This systematic review demonstrated that early introduction in periodontal care,
      participation of parents/caregivers/institutional attendants, frequency of
      attendance and association with chemical adjuvants (independently of the
      periodontal treatment adopted) seems to improve periodontal outcomes in
      preventive and periodontal treatment of DS patients. Registration number
      (Prospero): CRD42016038433. 

PMID- 27355339
TI  - Characteristics of Hyperautofluorescent Choroidal Vessels within the Macular
      Atrophic Area Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.

PMID- 27355340
TI  - Proximal Soil Sensing - A Contribution for Species Habitat Distribution Modelling
      of Earthworms in Agricultural Soils?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Earthworms are important for maintaining soil ecosystem functioning
      and serve as indicators of soil fertility. However, detection of earthworms is
      time-consuming, which hinders the assessment of earthworm abundances with high
      sampling density over entire fields. Recent developments of mobile terrestrial
      sensor platforms for proximal soil sensing (PSS) provided new tools for
      collecting dense spatial information of soils using various sensing principles.
      Yet, the potential of PSS for assessing earthworm habitats is largely unexplored.
      This study investigates whether PSS data contribute to the spatial prediction of
      earthworm abundances in species distribution models of agricultural soils.
      METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Proximal soil sensing data, e.g., soil electrical
      conductivity (EC), pH, and near infrared absorbance (NIR), were collected in real
      time in a field with two management strategies (reduced tillage / conventional
      tillage) and sandy to loam soils. PSS was related to observations from a long
      term (11 years) earthworm observation study conducted at 42 plots. Earthworms
      were sampled from 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.2 m3 soil blocks and identified to species level.
      Sensor data were highly correlated with earthworm abundances observed in reduced
      tillage but less correlated with earthworm abundances observed in conventional
      tillage. This may indicate that management influences the sensor-earthworm
      relationship. Generalized additive models and state-space models showed that
      modelling based on data fusion from EC, pH, and NIR sensors produced better
      results than modelling without sensor data or data from just a single sensor.
      Regarding the individual earthworm species, particular sensor combinations were
      more appropriate than others due to the different habitat requirements of the
      earthworms. Earthworm species with soil-specific habitat preferences were
      spatially predicted with higher accuracy by PSS than more ubiquitous species.
      CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest that PSS contributes to the
      spatial modelling of earthworm abundances at field scale and that it will support
      species distribution modelling in the attempt to understand the soil-earthworm
      relationships in agroecosystems.

PMID- 27355341
TI  - Formation of nanowires via single particle-triggered linear polymerization of
      solid-state aromatic molecules.
AB  - Nanowires occupy a prestigious place in nanoelectronics, nanomechanics, and
      biomimetics. Although there are notable methods to grow nanowires via self
      assembly, there is a key drawback in the need to find out the specific conditions
      appropriate for each system. In this sense, universal techniques to fabricate
      such nanowires from various organic materials have been sought for the continued
      progress of the related research field. Here we report one of the promising and
      facile methodologies to quantitatively produce nanowires with controlled
      geometrical parameters. In this method, referred to as "Single Particle-Triggered
      Linear Polymerization (STLiP)", organic thin films on a supporting substrate were
      irradiated with high-energy charged particles, accelerated by particle
      accelerators. Each particle penetrates from the top of the films to the substrate
      while gradually releasing kinetic energy along its trajectory (ion track),
      generating reactive intermediates such as radical species that eventually induce
      propagation reactions. The resulting polymerized products were integrated into
      nanowires with uniform diameter and length that can be isolated via development
      with appropriate organic solvents. Considering the widely applicable nature of
      STLiP to organic materials, the present technique opens a new door for access to
      a number of functional nanowires and their assembly. 

PMID- 27355342
TI  - Synthesis of Fasicularin.
AB  - The synthesis of a tricyclic marine alkaloid, fasicularin, was accomplished.
      Stereoselective synthesis of the aza-spirocyclic BC-ring precursor and ensuing
      construction of the A-ring with stereocontrolled installation of the C2 hexyl
      group feature prominently in the synthesis.

PMID- 27355343
TI  - Watching Subtitled Films Can Help Learning Foreign Languages.
AB  - Watching English-spoken films with subtitles is becoming increasingly popular
      throughout the world. One reason for this trend is the assumption that perceptual
      learning of the sounds of a foreign language, English, will improve perception
      skills in non-English speakers. Yet, solid proof for this is scarce. In order to
      test the potential learning effects derived from watching subtitled media, a
      group of intermediate Spanish students of English as a foreign language watched a
      1h-long episode of a TV drama in its original English version, with English,
      Spanish or no subtitles overlaid. Before and after the viewing, participants took
      a listening and vocabulary test to evaluate their speech perception and
      vocabulary acquisition in English, plus a final plot comprehension test. The
      results of the listening skills tests revealed that after watching the English
      subtitled version, participants improved these skills significantly more than
      after watching the Spanish subtitled or no-subtitles versions. The vocabulary
      test showed no reliable differences between subtitled conditions. Finally, as one
      could expect, plot comprehension was best under native, Spanish subtitles. These
      learning effects with just 1 hour exposure might have major implications with
      longer exposure times. 

PMID- 27355344
TI  - Correction: BMP4 Signaling Is Able to Induce an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
      Like Phenotype in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma through
      Induction of SNAIL2.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155754.].

PMID- 27355345
TI  - Methylation Landscape of Human Breast Cancer Cells in Response to Dietary
      Compound Resveratrol.
AB  - Aberrant DNA methylation is a frequent epigenetic alteration in cancer cells that
      has emerged as a pivotal mechanism for tumorigenesis. Accordingly, novel
      therapies targeting the epigenome are being explored with the aim to restore
      normal DNA methylation patterns on oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. A
      limited number of studies indicate that dietary compound resveratrol modulates
      DNA methylation of several cancer-related genes; however a complete view of
      changes in methylome by resveratrol has not been reported yet. In this study we
      performed a genome-wide survey of DNA methylation signatures in triple negative
      breast cancer cells exposed to resveratrol. Our data showed that resveratrol
      treatment for 24 h and 48 h decreased gene promoter hypermethylation and
      increased DNA hypomethylation. Of 2476 hypermethylated genes in control cells,
      1,459 and 1,547 were differentially hypomethylated after 24 h and 48 h,
      respectively. Remarkably, resveratrol did not induce widespread non-specific DNA
      hyper- or hypomethylation as changes in methylation were found in only 12.5% of
      27,728 CpG loci. Moreover, resveratrol restores the hypomethylated and
      hypermethylated status of key tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, respectively.
      Importantly, the integrative analysis of methylome and transcriptome profiles in
      response to resveratrol showed that methylation alterations were concordant with
      changes in mRNA expression. Our findings reveal for the first time the impact of
      resveratrol on the methylome of breast cancer cells and identify novel potential
      targets for epigenetic therapy. We propose that resveratrol may be considered as
      a dietary epidrug as it may exert its anti-tumor activities by modifying the
      methylation status of cancer -related genes which deserves further in vivo
      characterization. 

PMID- 27355346
TI  - Predicting ADHD by Assessment of Rutter's Indicators of Adversity in Infancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent
      neurodevelopmental disorder with early onset. ADHD is associated with significant
      morbidity and mortality, partly due to delayed diagnosis. Identification of
      children at high risk for developing ADHD could lead to earlier diagnosis and
      potentially change the negative trajectory of the illness for the better. Since
      early psychosocial adversity is considered to be a likely etiological risk factor
      for ADHD, markers of this construct may be useful for early identification of
      children at high risk. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether Rutter's
      indicators of adversity (low social class, severe marital discord, large family
      size, paternal criminality, maternal mental disorder, and placement in out-of
      home care) assessed in infancy could serve as early predictors for the
      development of ADHD. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using data from the Danish nationwide
      population-based registers, we established a cohort consisting of all 994,407
      children born in Denmark between January 1st 1993 and December 31st 2011 and
      extracted dichotomous values for the six Rutter's indicators of adversity at age
      0-12 months (infancy) for each cohort member. The cohort members were followed
      from their second birthday and the association between the sum of Rutter's
      indicators of adversity (RIA-score) in infancy and subsequent development of ADHD
      was estimated by means of Cox regression. Also, the number needed to screen (NNS)
      to detect one case of ADHD based on the RIA-scores in infancy was calculated.
      During follow-up (9.6 million person-years), 15,857 males and 5,663 females from
      the cohort developed ADHD. For both males and females, there was a marked dose
      response relationship between RIA-scores assessed in infancy and the risk for
      developing ADHD. The hazard ratios for ADHD were 11.0 (95%CI: 8.2-14.7) and 11.4
      (95%CI: 7.1-18.3) respectively, for males and females with RIA-scores of 5-6,
      compared to males and females with RIA-scores of 0. Among males with RIA-scores
      of 5-6, 37.6% (95%CI: 27.0-50.7) had been diagnosed with ADHD prior to the age of
      20, corresponding to a NNS of 3.0 (95%CI: 2.2-4.0). CONCLUSIONS: Rutter's
      indicators of adversity assessed in infancy strongly predicted ADHD. This
      knowledge may be important for early identification of ADHD.

PMID- 27355348
TI  - Variation in the radon concentrations and outdoor gamma radiation levels in
      relation to different geological formations in the thermal regions of Bursa,
      Turkey.
AB  - Spring waters used as spas and their region may contain significant amounts of
      natural radionuclides. The main sources of exposure are the inhalation of radon
      and its decay products released from the water and soil and terrestrial gamma
      radiation. In order to evaluate the potential risk of thermal regions in Bursa,
      located in the impact area of the NAF (North Anatolian Fault), radon and thoron
      concentrations in soil gas, radon concentrations in thermal waters and outdoor
      gamma radiation levels were measured in thermal regions that have different
      geological formations. The radon and thoron concentrations in soil-gas were found
      to vary from 2272  +/-  121 to 245196  +/-  3455 Bq m-3 and from 999  +/-  218 to
      178 848  +/-  17 742 Bq m-3, respectively. The radon concentrations in thermal
      waters ranged from 0.99  +/-  0.21 to 226.74  +/-  2.51 Bq l-1 in the rainy
      season and from 0.26  +/-  0.10 to 178.03  +/-  12.86 Bq l-1 in the dry season.
      The measured outdoor gamma radiation levels varied from 38 to 180 nGy h-1. The
      gamma dose rates were found to be strong positively correlating with the radon
      and thoron concentrations in soil-gas. The radon and outdoor gamma radiation
      levels were observed to be a function of the geological formations of the area.

PMID- 27355347
TI  - Rare Variants Association Analysis in Large-Scale Sequencing Studies at the
      Single Locus Level.
AB  - Genetic association analyses of rare variants in next-generation sequencing (NGS)
      studies are fundamentally challenging due to the presence of a very large number
      of candidate variants at extremely low minor allele frequencies. Recent
      developments often focus on pooling multiple variants to provide association
      analysis at the gene instead of the locus level. Nonetheless, pinpointing
      individual variants is a critical goal for genomic researches as such information
      can facilitate the precise delineation of molecular mechanisms and functions of
      genetic factors on diseases. Due to the extreme rarity of mutations and high
      dimensionality, significances of causal variants cannot easily stand out from
      those of noncausal ones. Consequently, standard false-positive control
      procedures, such as the Bonferroni and false discovery rate (FDR), are often
      impractical to apply, as a majority of the causal variants can only be identified
      along with a few but unknown number of noncausal variants. To provide informative
      analysis of individual variants in large-scale sequencing studies, we propose the
      Adaptive False-Negative Control (AFNC) procedure that can include a large
      proportion of causal variants with high confidence by introducing a novel
      statistical inquiry to determine those variants that can be confidently
      dispatched as noncausal. The AFNC provides a general framework that can
      accommodate for a variety of models and significance tests. The procedure is
      computationally efficient and can adapt to the underlying proportion of causal
      variants and quality of significance rankings. Extensive simulation studies
      across a plethora of scenarios demonstrate that the AFNC is advantageous for
      identifying individual rare variants, whereas the Bonferroni and FDR are
      exceedingly over-conservative for rare variants association studies. In the
      analyses of the CoLaus dataset, AFNC has identified individual variants most
      responsible for gene-level significances. Moreover, single-variant results using
      the AFNC have been successfully applied to infer related genes with annotation
      information.

PMID- 27355349
TI  - HMGB1-RAGE Axis Makes No Contribution to Cardiac Remodeling Induced by Pressure
      Overload.
AB  - High-mobility group box1 (HMGB1) exerts effects on inflammation by binding to
      receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) or Toll-like receptor 4.
      Considering that inflammation is involved in pressure overload-induced cardiac
      hypertrophy, we herein attempted to investigate whether HMGB1 plays a role in
      myocardial hypertrophy in RAGE knockout mice as well as in the growth and
      apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. The myocardial expression of RAGE was not
      significantly changed while TLR4 mRNA was upregulated in response to transverse
      aortic constriction (TAC) for 1 week. The myocardial expression of HMGB1 protein
      was markedly increased in TAC group when compared to the sham group. Heart weight
      to body weight ratio (HW/BW) and lung weight to body weight ratio (LW/BW) were
      evaluated in RAGE knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice 1 week after TAC.
      Significant larger HW/BW and LW/BW ratios were found in TAC groups than the
      corresponding sham groups, but no significant difference was found between KO and
      WT TAC mice. Similar results were also found when TAC duration was extended to 4
      weeks. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with different
      concentrations of recombinant HMGB1, then cell viability was determined using MTT
      and CCK8 assays and cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst staining and TUNEL
      assay. The results came out that HMGB1 exerted no influence on viability or
      apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Besides, the protein expression levels of Bax and
      Bcl2 in response to different concentrations of HMGB1 were similar. These
      findings indicate that HMGB1 neither exerts influence on cardiac remodeling by
      binding to RAGE nor induces apoptosis of cardiomyocytes under physiological
      condition. 

PMID- 27355350
TI  - Regional Volume Decreases in the Brain of Pax6 Heterozygous Mutant Rats: MRI
      Deformation-Based Morphometry.
AB  - Pax6 is a transcription factor that pleiotropically regulates various
      developmental processes in the central nervous system. In a previous study, we
      revealed that Pax6 heterozygous mutant (rSey2/+) adult rats exhibit abnormalities
      in social interaction. However, the brain malformations underlying the behavioral
      abnormality are unknown. To elucidate the brain malformations in rSey2/+ rats, we
      morphometrically analyzed brains of rSey2/+ and wild type rats using small-animal
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Sixty 10-week-old rats underwent brain MRI (29
      rSey2/+ rats and 31 wild type rats). SPM8 software was used for image
      preprocessing and statistical image analysis. Normalized maps of the Jacobian
      determinant, a parameter for the expansion and/or contraction of brain regions,
      were obtained for each rat. rSey2/+ rats showed significant volume decreases in
      various brain regions including the neocortex, corpus callosum, olfactory
      structures, hippocampal formation, diencephalon, and midbrain compared to wild
      type rats. Among brain regions, the anterior commissure showed significant
      interaction between genotype and sex, indicating the effect of genotype
      difference on the anterior commissure volume was more robust in females than in
      males. The rSey2/+ rats exhibited decreased volume in various gray and white
      matter regions of the brain, which may contribute to manifestation of abnormal
      social behaviors. 

PMID- 27355351
TI  - CT Scan of Thirteen Natural Mummies Dating Back to the XVI-XVIII Centuries: An
      Emerging Tool to Investigate Living Conditions and Diseases in History.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To correlate the radiologic findings detected with computed
      tomography scan with anthropological data in 13 naturally mummified bodies
      discovered during works of recovery of an ancient church in a crypt in
      Roccapelago, in the Italian Apennines. METHODS: From a group of about sixty not
      intentionally mummified bodies, thirteen were selected to be investigated with
      volumetric computed tomography (CT). Once CT scan was performed, axial images
      were processed to gather MPR and Volume Rendering reconstructions. Elaborations
      of these images provided anthropometric measurements and a non-invasive analysis
      of the residual anatomical structures. For each body the grade of preservation
      and the eventual pathological changes were recorded. Furthermore, in order to
      identify nutritional and occupational markers, radiologic signs of bone tropism
      and degenerative changes were analysed and graded. RESULTS: Mummies included
      seven females and six males, with an estimated age ranging from 20 to 60 years.
      The first relevant finding identified was a general low grade of preservation,
      due to the lack of anatomic tissues different from bones, tendons and dehydrated
      skin. The low grade of preservation was related to the natural process of
      mummification. Analysing bone degenerative changes on CT scan, the majority of
      the bodies had significant occupational markers consisting of arthritis in the
      spine, lower limbs and shoulders even in young age. Few were the pathological
      findings identified. Among these, the most relevant included a severe bilateral
      congenital hip dysplasia and a wide osteolytic lesion involving left orbit and
      petrous bone that was likely the cause of death. CONCLUSIONS: Although the low
      grade of preservation of these mummies, the multidisciplinary approach of
      anthropologists and radiologists allowed several important advances in knowledge
      for the epidemiology of Roccapelago. First of all, a profile of living conditions
      was delineated. It included occupational and nutritional conditions. Moreover,
      identification of some causes of death and, most importantly the definition of
      general living conditions.

PMID- 27355352
TI  - Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Antitumor Mechanism of Polysaccharide from
      Marine Algae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis.
AB  - Seaweed is one of the important biomass producers and possesses active
      metabolites with potential therapeutic effects against tumors. The red alga
      Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Gp. lemaneiformis) possesses antitumor activity,
      and the polysaccharide of Gp. lemaneiformis (PGL) has been demonstrated to be an
      ingredient with marked anticancer activity. However, the anticancer mechanism of
      PGL remains to be elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the inhibitory effect of
      PGL on the cell growth of 3 human cancer cell lines and found that PGL inhibited
      cell proliferation, reduced cell viability, and altered cell morphology in a time
      and concentration-dependent manner. Our transcriptome analysis indicates that
      PGL can regulate the expression of 758 genes, which are involved in apoptosis,
      the cell cycle, nuclear division, and cell death. Furthermore, we demonstrated
      that PGL induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and modulated the expression of
      related genes in the A549 cell line. Our work provides a framework to understand
      the effects of PGL on cancer cells, and can serve as a resource for delineating
      the antitumor mechanisms of Gp. lemaneiformis. 

PMID- 27355353
TI  - Calcium Prerinse before Fluoride Rinse Reduces Enamel Demineralization: An in
      situ Caries Study.
AB  - A calcium (Ca) prerinse before a fluoride (F) rinse has been shown to increase
      oral F levels. We tested the anticaries effect of this combination in a dose
      response in situ caries model. In a double-blind, crossover experiment, 10
      volunteers carried enamel slabs in palatal appliances for 14 days, during which
      they rinsed twice/day with one of four rinse combinations: (1) a placebo prerinse
      (150 mM sodium lactate) followed by a distilled water rinse (negative control);
      (2) a placebo prerinse followed by a 250 ppm F rinse; (3) a placebo prerinse
      followed by a 1,000 ppm F rinse, or (4) a Ca prerinse (150 mM Ca, as calcium
      lactate) followed by a 250 ppm F rinse. Sucrose solution was dripped onto the
      slabs 8*/day to simulate a high cariogenic challenge. The percent surface
      hardness loss (%SHL) was significantly lower in the Ca prerinse used with the 250
      ppm F rinse group (%SHL = 38.0 +/- 21.0) when compared with the F rinse alone
      (%SHL = 59.5 +/- 24.1) and similar to the 1,000 ppm F rinse group (%SHL = 42.0 +/
      18.3). Compared with the 250 ppm F rinse, the Ca prerinse increased biofilm
      fluid F only twice (nonsignificant). However, it greatly increased F in biofilm
      solids (~22*). The Ca prerinse had little effect on loosely or firmly bound
      enamel F. The results showed an increased level of protection against
      demineralization by the use of a Ca prerinse, which seems to be caused by the
      enhancement of F concentration in the biofilm.

PMID- 27355354
TI  - Do Wild Great Tits Avoid Exposure to Light at Night?
AB  - Studies of wild populations have provided important insights into the effects of
      artificial light at night on organisms, populations and ecosystems. However, in
      most studies the exact amount of light at night individuals are exposed to
      remains unknown. Individuals can potentially control their nighttime light
      exposure by seeking dark spots within illuminated areas. This uncertainty makes
      it difficult to attribute effects to a direct effect of light at night, or to
      indirect effects, e.g., via an effect of light at night on food availability. In
      this study, we aim to quantify the nocturnal light exposure of wild birds in a
      previously dark forest-edge habitat, experimentally illuminated with three
      different colors of street lighting, in comparison to a dark control. During two
      consecutive breeding seasons, we deployed male great tits (Parus major) with a
      light logger measuring light intensity every five minutes over a 24h period. We
      found that three males from pairs breeding in brightly illuminated nest boxes
      close to green and red lamp posts, were not exposed to more artificial light at
      night than males from pairs breeding further away. This suggests, based on our
      limited sample size, that these males could have been avoiding light at night by
      choosing a roosting place with a reduced light intensity. Therefore, effects of
      light at night previously reported for this species in our experimental set-up
      might be indirect. In contrast to urban areas where light is omnipresent, bird
      species in non-urban areas may evade exposure to nocturnal artificial light,
      thereby avoiding direct consequences of light at night. 

PMID- 27355355
TI  - The Path towards Endangered Species: Prehistoric Fisheries in Southeastern
      Brazil.
AB  - Brazilian shellmounds are archaeological sites with a high concentration of
      marine faunal remains. There are more than 2000 sites along the coast of Brazil
      that range in age from 8,720 to 985 cal BP. Here, we studied the
      ichthyoarchaeological remains (i.e., cranial/postcranial bones, otoliths, and
      teeth, among others) at 13 shellmounds on the southern coast of the state of Rio
      de Janeiro, which are located in coastal landscapes, including a sandy plain with
      coastal lagoons, rocky islands, islets and rocky bays. We identified patterns of
      similarity between shellmounds based on fish diversity, the ages of the
      assemblages, littoral geomorphology and prehistoric fisheries. Our new
      radiocarbon dating, based on otolith samples, was used for fishery
      characterization over time. A taxonomical study of the ichthyoarchaeological
      remains includes a diversity of 97 marine species, representing 37% of all modern
      species (i.e., 265 spp.) that have been documented along the coast of Rio de
      Janeiro state. This high fish diversity recovered from the shellmounds is clear
      evidence of well-developed prehistoric fishery activity that targeted sharks,
      rays and finfishes in a productive area influenced by coastal marine upwelling.
      The presence of adult and neonate shark, especially oceanic species, is here
      interpreted as evidence of prehistoric fisheries capacity for exploitation and
      possibly overexploitation in nursery areas. Various tools and strategies were
      used to capture finfish in seasonal fisheries, over rocky reef bottoms and in
      sandy littoral environments. Massive catches of whitemouth croaker, main target
      dermersal species of South Atlantic coast, show evidence of a reduction in body
      size of approximately 28% compared with modern fisheries. Fishery activity
      involving vulnerable species, especially in nursery areas, could mark the
      beginning of fish depletion along the southeastern Brazilian coast and the
      collapse of natural fish populations. 

PMID- 27355356
TI  - Chemosensitivity, Cardiovascular Risk, and the Ventilatory Response to Exercise
      in COPD.
AB  - COPD is associated with elevated cardiovascular risk and a potentiated
      ventilatory response to exercise. Enhanced carotid chemoreceptor (CC)
      activity/sensitivity is present in other clinical conditions, has been shown to
      contribute to sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow, and is predictive of
      mortality. CC activity/sensitivity, and the resulting functional significance,
      has not been well examined in COPD. We hypothesized that CC activity/sensitivity
      would be elevated in COPD, and related to increased pulse wave velocity (a marker
      of CV risk) and the ventilatory response to exercise. METHODS: 30 COPD patients
      and 10 healthy age-matched controls were examined. Participants performed
      baseline cardiopulmonary exercise and pulmonary function testing. CC activity was
      later evaluated by the drop in ventilation with breathing 100% O2, and CC
      sensitivity was then assessed by the ventilatory response to hypoxia
      (DeltaVE/DeltaSpO2). Peripheral arterial stiffness was subsequently evaluated by
      measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV) using applanation tonometry while the
      subjects were breathing room air, and then following chemoreceptor inhibition by
      breathing 100% O2 for 2 minutes. RESULTS: CC activity, CC sensitivity, PWV and
      the ventilatory response to exercise were all increased in COPD relative to
      controls. CC sensitivity was related to PWV; however, neither CC activity nor CC
      sensitivity was related to the ventilatory response to exercise in COPD. CC
      inhibition by breathing 100% O2 normalized PWV in COPD, while no effect was
      observed in controls. CONCLUSION: CC activity and sensitivity are elevated in
      COPD, and appear related to cardiovascular risk; however, CC activity/sensitivity
      does not contribute to the potentiated ventilatory response to exercise.

PMID- 27355358
TI  - Evaluation of Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy Size and Freezing Time: A Prognostic
      Animal Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transbronchial lung biopsy using a cryoprobe is a novel way of
      sampling lung parenchyma. Correlation of freezing time with biopsy size and
      complications has not been evaluated in vivo. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of the
      study is to evaluate the correlation between transbronchial cryobiopsy freezing
      time and size. The secondary aims are to evaluate histological quality of the
      biopsy and evaluate procedure-associated complications. METHODS: Transbronchial
      lung cryobiopsies were obtained from two anaesthetised sheep using a 1.9-mm
      cryoprobe inserted into a flexible bronchoscope under fluoroscopic guidance.
      Freezing times ranged from 1 to 6 s (n = 49). The cryobiopsies were evaluated
      histologically with respect to their size and quality. Complications of bleeding
      and pneumothorax were recorded. RESULTS: The mean cross-sectional area of the
      cryobiopsy ranged from 4.7 +/- 2.1 to 15.7 +/- 15.3 mm2. There was a significant
      positive correlation between increasing freezing time and cryobiopsy cross
      sectional area (p = 0.028). All biopsies contained lung tissue with preserved
      parenchyma. Crush and freeze artefacts were not observed and tissue architecture
      was intact in all specimens. Small blood vessels and terminal bronchioles were
      observed in 88% of specimens. All cryobiopsies caused nil or mild haemorrhage
      with the exception of only 1 episode of severe haemorrhage at 6 s freezing time.
      Pneumothoraces occurred at 2, 5 and 6 s freezing time and required chest tube
      insertion. The most significant haemorrhage and pneumothoraces occurred at 5 and
      6 s. Our results suggest an initial freezing time of 3 s can provide the maximal
      biopsy size while minimising major complications. CONCLUSION: The optimal
      transbronchial cryobiopsy freezing time is initially 3 s. This time is associated
      with minimal complications and large artefact-free biopsies.

PMID- 27355359
TI  - Wearable Biosensors Studied for Clinical Monitoring and Treatment.

PMID- 27355357
TI  - Cancers Screening in an Asymptomatic Population by Using Multiple Tumour Markers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Analytic measurement of serum tumour markers is one of commonly used
      methods for cancer risk management in certain areas of the world (e.g. Taiwan).
      Recently, cancer screening based on multiple serum tumour markers has been
      frequently discussed. However, the risk-benefit outcomes appear to be
      unfavourable for patients because of the low sensitivity and specificity. In this
      study, cancer screening models based on multiple serum tumour markers were
      designed using machine learning methods, namely support vector machine (SVM), k
      nearest neighbour (KNN), and logistic regression, to improve the screening
      performance for multiple cancers in a large asymptomatic population. METHODS:
      AFP, CEA, CA19-9, CYFRA21-1, and SCC were determined for 20 696 eligible
      individuals. PSA was measured in men and CA15-3 and CA125 in women. A variable
      selection process was applied to select robust variables from these serum tumour
      markers to design cancer detection models. The sensitivity, specificity, positive
      predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, area under the curve, and
      Youden index of the models based on single tumour markers, combined test, and
      machine learning methods were compared. Moreover, relative risk reduction,
      absolute risk reduction (ARR), and absolute risk increase (ARI) were evaluated.
      RESULTS: To design cancer detection models using machine learning methods,
      CYFRA21-1 and SCC were selected for women, and all tumour markers were selected
      for men. SVM and KNN models significantly outperformed the single tumour markers
      and the combined test for men. All 3 studied machine learning methods
      outperformed single tumour markers and the combined test for women. For either
      men or women, the ARRs were between 0.003-0.008; the ARIs were between 0.119
      0.306. CONCLUSION: Machine learning methods outperformed the combined test in
      analysing multiple tumour markers for cancer detection. However, cancer screening
      based solely on the application of multiple tumour markers remains unfavourable
      because of the inadequate PPV, ARR, and ARI, even when machine learning methods
      were incorporated into the analysis.

PMID- 27355360
TI  - Generation of Anti-Boa Immunoglobulin Antibodies for Serodiagnostic Applications,
      and Their Use to Detect Anti-Reptarenavirus Antibodies in Boa Constrictor.
AB  - Immunoglobulins (Igs), the key effectors of the adaptive immune system, mediate
      the specific recognition of foreign structures, i.e. antigens. In mammals, IgM
      production commonly precedes the production of IgG in the response to an
      infection. The reptilian counterpart of IgG is IgY, but the exact kinetics of the
      reptilian immune response are less well known. Boid inclusion body disease
      (BIBD), an often fatal disease of captive boas and pythons has been linked to
      reptarenavirus infection, and BIBD is believed to be immunosuppressive. However,
      so far, the study of the serological response towards reptarenaviruses in BIBD
      has been hampered by the lack of reagents. Thus we set up a purification protocol
      for boa constrictor IgY and IgM, which should also be applicable for other snake
      species. We used centrifugal filter units, poly ethylene glycol precipitation and
      gel permeation chromatography to purify and separate the IgM and IgY fractions
      from boa constrictor serum, which we further used to immunise rabbits. We
      affinity purified IgM and IgY specific reagents from the produced antiserum, and
      labelled the reagents with horseradish peroxidase. Finally, using the sera of
      snakes with known exposure to reptarenaviruses we demonstrated that the newly
      generated reagents can be utilised for serodiagnostic purposes, such as
      immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining. To our knowledge, this is the
      first report to show reptarenavirus-specific antibodies in boa constrictors. 

PMID- 27355361
TI  - Sequence Analysis of In Vivo-Expressed HIV-1 Spliced RNAs Reveals the Usage of
      New and Unusual Splice Sites by Viruses of Different Subtypes.
AB  - HIV-1 RNAs are generated through a complex splicing mechanism, resulting in a
      great diversity of transcripts, which are classified in three major categories:
      unspliced, singly spliced (SS), and doubly spliced (DS). Knowledge on HIV-1 RNA
      splicing in vivo and by non-subtype B viruses is scarce. Here we analyze HIV-1
      RNA splice site usage in CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected individuals
      through pyrosequencing. HIV-1 DS and SS RNAs were amplified by RT-PCR in 19 and
      12 samples, respectively. 13,108 sequences from HIV-1 spliced RNAs, derived from
      viruses of five subtypes (A, B, C, F, G), were identified. In four samples, three
      of non-B subtypes, five 3' splice sites (3'ss) mapping to unreported positions in
      the HIV-1 genome were identified. Two, designated A4i and A4j, were used in 22%
      and 25% of rev RNAs in two viruses of subtypes B and A, respectively. Given their
      close proximity (one or two nucleotides) to A4c and A4d, respectively, they could
      be viewed as variants of these sites. Three 3'ss, designated A7g, A7h, and A7i,
      located 20, 32, and 18 nucleotides downstream of A7, respectively, were
      identified in a subtype C (A7g, A7h) and a subtype G (A7i) viruses, each in
      around 2% of nef RNAs. The new splice sites or variants of splice sites were
      associated with the usual sequence features of 3'ss. Usage of unusual 3'ss A4d,
      A4e, A5a, A7a, and A7b was also detected. A4f, previously identified in two
      subtype C viruses, was preferentially used by rev RNAs of a subtype C virus.
      These results highlight the great diversity of in vivo splice site usage by HIV-1
      RNAs. The fact that four of five newly identified splice sites or variants of
      splice sites were detected in non-subtype B viruses allows anticipating an even
      greater diversity of HIV-1 splice site usage than currently known. 

PMID- 27355362
TI  - Pneumococcal Competence Coordination Relies on a Cell-Contact Sensing Mechanism.
AB  - Bacteria have evolved various inducible genetic programs to face many types of
      stress that challenge their growth and survival. Competence is one such program.
      It enables genetic transformation, a major horizontal gene transfer process.
      Competence development in liquid cultures of Streptococcus pneumoniae is
      synchronized within the whole cell population. This collective behavior is known
      to depend on an exported signaling Competence Stimulating Peptide (CSP), whose
      action generates a positive feedback loop. However, it is unclear how this CSP
      dependent population switch is coordinated. By monitoring spontaneous competence
      development in real time during growth of four distinct pneumococcal lineages, we
      have found that competence shift in the population relies on a self-activated
      cell fraction that arises via a growth time-dependent mechanism. We demonstrate
      that CSP remains bound to cells during this event, and conclude that the rate of
      competence development corresponds to the propagation of competence by contact
      between activated and quiescent cells. We validated this two-step cell-contact
      sensing mechanism by measuring competence development during co-cultivation of
      strains with altered capacity to produce or respond to CSP. Finally, we found
      that the membrane protein ComD retains the CSP, limiting its free diffusion in
      the medium. We propose that competence initiator cells originate stochastically
      in response to stress, to form a distinct subpopulation that then transmits the
      CSP by cell-cell contact.

PMID- 27355363
TI  - Deciphering the Draft Genome of Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain.
AB  - Toxoplasmosis is a widespread parasitic infection by Toxoplasma gondii, a
      parasite with at least three distinct clonal lineages. This article reports the
      whole genome sequencing and de novo assembly of T. gondii RH (type I
      representative strain), as well as genome-wide comparison across major T. gondii
      lineages. Genomic DNA was extracted from tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain and
      its identity was verified by PCR and LAMP. Subsequently, whole genome sequencing
      was performed, followed by sequence filtering, genome assembly, gene annotation
      assignments, clustering of gene orthologs and phylogenetic tree construction.
      Genome comparison was done with the already archived genomes of T. gondii. From
      this study, the genome size of T. gondii RH strain was found to be 69.35Mb, with
      a mean GC content of 52%. The genome shares high similarity to the archived
      genomes of T. gondii GT1, ME49 and VEG strains. Nevertheless, 111 genes were
      found to be unique to T. gondii RH strain. Importantly, unique genes annotated to
      functions that are potentially critical for T. gondii virulence were found, which
      may explain the unique phenotypes of this particular strain. This report
      complements the genomic archive of T. gondii. Data obtained from this study
      contribute to better understanding of T. gondii and serve as a reference for
      future studies on this parasite. 

PMID- 27355364
TI  - Costs and Benefits of Orthographic Inconsistency in Reading: Evidence from a
      Cross-Linguistic Comparison.
AB  - We compared reading acquisition in English and Italian children up to late
      primary school analyzing RTs and errors as a function of various psycholinguistic
      variables and changes due to experience. Our results show that reading becomes
      progressively more reliant on larger processing units with age, but that this is
      modulated by consistency of the language. In English, an inconsistent
      orthography, reliance on larger units occurs earlier on and it is demonstrated by
      faster RTs, a stronger effect of lexical variables and lack of length effect (by
      fifth grade). However, not all English children are able to master this mode of
      processing yielding larger inter-individual variability. In Italian, a consistent
      orthography, reliance on larger units occurs later and it is less pronounced.
      This is demonstrated by larger length effects which remain significant even in
      older children and by larger effects of a global factor (related to speed of
      orthographic decoding) explaining changes of performance across ages. Our results
      show the importance of considering not only overall performance, but inter
      individual variability and variability between conditions when interpreting cross
      linguistic differences. 

PMID- 27355365
TI  - Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor (PLA2R) Antibody and Glomerular PLA2R Expression
      in Japanese Patients with Membranous Nephropathy.
AB  - The phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) is the major target antigen (Ag) in
      idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Recently, several types of immunoassay
      systems for anti-PLA2R antibody (Ab) have been developed. However, the
      correlation of serum anti-PLA2R Abs and glomerular expression of PLA2R Ag, and
      their association with clinicopathological characteristics have yet to be proven
      in Japanese patients. We examined serum anti-PLA2R Abs by both ELISA and cell
      based indirect immunofluorescence assay (CIIFA), and glomerular PLA2R expression
      by immunofluorescence (IF) in 59 biopsy-proven MN patients including IMN (n = 38)
      and secondary MN (SMN) (n = 21). In this study, anti-PLA2R Abs were present in
      50% of IMN patients, but was absent in SMN patients. The concordance rate between
      ELISA and CIIFA was 100%. Serum IgG levels were significantly lower in anti-PLA2R
      Ab-positive patients. Serum albumin levels correlated inversely with serum anti
      PLA2R Ab titers. The prevalence and intensity of glomerular staining for IgG4 by
      IF were significantly higher in anti-PLA2R Ab-positive patients than in -negative
      patients. Glomerular PLA2 Ag expression evaluated by IF was positive in 52.6% of
      IMN patients, but was absent in SMN patients. The concordance rate between the
      prevalence of glomerular PLA2R Ag expression and anti-PLA2R Ab was 84.2%. The
      prevalence of anti-PLA2R Abs measured by ELISA/CIIFA was equivalent to previous
      Japanese studies evaluated using Western blotting. These analyses showed an
      excellent specificity for the diagnosis of IMN, and anti-PLA2R positivity was
      associated with some clinicopathological features, especially glomerular IgG4
      dominant deposition. 

PMID- 27355366
TI  - Melanoma cell adhesion molecule as an emerging biomarker with prognostic
      significance in systolic heart failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) is a marker of endothelial
      damage. MCAM diagnostic and prognostic value was assessed in chronic heart
      failure (CHF). MATERIALS & METHODS: 130 CHF patients and 32 controls were
      included in the study. Telephone follow-up lasted one year. End points were:
      death from all causes, and hospitalization with CHF exacerbation. RESULTS: MCAM
      was higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.01). Receiver operator curve
      analysis revealed that MCAM may serve as a predictor of death (area under the
      curve: 0.8404; p < 0.002). Patients with MCAM above 500 ng/ml had worse prognosis
      (p = 0.03). NT-proBNP and age were independent predictors of death in
      multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: The increased MCAM indicates endothelial
      damage in CHF and may serve as a marker of worse prognosis in these patients.

PMID- 27355367
TI  - Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Effects of Climatic Variables on Dugong
      Calf Production.
AB  - Knowledge of the relationships between environmental forcing and demographic
      parameters is important for predicting responses from climatic changes and to
      manage populations effectively. We explore the relationships between the
      proportion of sea cows (Dugong dugon) classified as calves and four climatic
      drivers (rainfall anomaly, Southern Oscillation El Nino Index [SOI], NINO 3.4 sea
      surface temperature index, and number of tropical cyclones) at a range of
      spatially distinct locations in Queensland, Australia, a region with relatively
      high dugong density. Dugong and calf data were obtained from standardized aerial
      surveys conducted along the study region. A range of lagged versions of each of
      the focal climatic drivers (1 to 4 years) were included in a global model
      containing the proportion of calves in each population crossed with each of the
      lagged versions of the climatic drivers to explore relationships. The relative
      influence of each predictor was estimated via Gibbs variable selection. The
      relationships between the proportion of dependent calves and the climatic drivers
      varied spatially and temporally, with climatic drivers influencing calf counts at
      sub-regional scales. Thus we recommend that the assessment of and management
      response to indirect climatic threats on dugongs should also occur at sub
      regional scales. 

PMID- 27355368
TI  - HIF-1alpha Deficiency Attenuates the Cardiomyogenesis of Mouse Embryonic Stem
      Cells.
AB  - Cardiac cell formation, cardiomyogenesis, is critically dependent on oxygen
      availability. It is known that hypoxia, a reduced oxygen level, modulates the in
      vitro differentiation of pluripotent cells into cardiomyocytes via hypoxia
      inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha)-dependent mechanisms. However, the direct
      impact of HIF-1alpha deficiency on the formation and maturation of cardiac-like
      cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) in vitro remains to be
      elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrated that HIF-1alpha deficiency
      significantly altered the quality and quantity of mESC-derived cardiomyocytes. It
      was accompanied with lower mRNA and protein levels of cardiac cell specific
      markers (myosin heavy chains 6 and 7) and with a decreasing percentage of myosin
      heavy chain alpha and beta, and cardiac troponin T-positive cells. As to
      structural aspects of the differentiated cardiomyocytes, the localization of
      contractile proteins (cardiac troponin T, myosin heavy chain alpha and beta) and
      the organization of myofibrils were also different. Simultaneously, HIF-1alpha
      deficiency was associated with a lower percentage of beating embryoid bodies.
      Interestingly, an observed alteration in the in vitro differentiation scheme of
      HIF-1alpha deficient cells was accompanied with significantly lower expression of
      the endodermal marker (hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha). These findings thus
      suggest that HIF-1alpha deficiency attenuates spontaneous cardiomyogenesis
      through the negative regulation of endoderm development in mESC differentiating
      in vitro. 

PMID- 27355369
TI  - Modeling Nitrogen Losses in Conventional and Advanced Soil-Based Onsite
      Wastewater Treatment Systems under Current and Changing Climate Conditions.
AB  - Most of the non-point source nitrogen (N) load in rural areas is attributed to
      onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS). Nitrogen compounds cause
      eutrophication, depleting the oxygen in marine ecosystems. OWTS rely on physical,
      chemical and biological soil processes to treat wastewater and these processes
      may be affected by climate change. We simulated the fate and transport of N in
      different types of OWTS drainfields, or soil treatment areas (STA) under current
      and changing climate scenarios, using 2D/3D HYDRUS software. Experimental data
      from a mesocosm-scale study, including soil moisture content, and total N,
      ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations, were used to calibrate the
      model. A water content-dependent function was used to compute the nitrification
      and denitrification rates. Three types of drainfields were simulated: (1) a pipe
      and-stone (P&S), (2) advanced soil drainfields, pressurized shallow narrow
      drainfield (PSND) and (3) Geomat (GEO), a variation of SND. The model was
      calibrated with acceptable goodness-of-fit between the observed and measured
      values. Average root mean square error (RSME) ranged from 0.18 and 2.88 mg L-1
      for NH4+ and 4.45 mg L-1 to 9.65 mg L-1 for NO3- in all drainfield types. The
      calibrated model was used to estimate N fluxes for both conventional and advanced
      STAs under current and changing climate conditions, i.e. increased soil
      temperature and higher water table. The model computed N losses from
      nitrification and denitrification differed little from measured losses in all
      STAs. The modeled N losses occurred mostly as NO3- in water outputs, accounting
      for more than 82% of N inputs in all drainfields. Losses as N2 were estimated to
      be 10.4% and 9.7% of total N input concentration for SND and Geo, respectively.
      The highest N2 losses, 17.6%, were estimated for P&S. Losses as N2 increased to
      22%, 37% and 21% under changing climate conditions for Geo, PSND and P&S,
      respectively. These findings can provide practitioners with guidelines to
      estimate N removal efficiencies for traditional and advanced OWTS, and predict N
      loads and spatial distribution for identifying non-point sources. Our results
      show that N losses on OWTS can be modeled successfully using HYDRUS. Furthermore,
      the results suggest that climate change may increase the removal of N as N2 in
      the drainfield, with the magnitude of the effect depending on a drainfield type. 

PMID- 27355370
TI  - A first-principles study of pressure-induced phase transformation in a rare-earth
      formate framework.
AB  - Among the panoply of exciting properties that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)
      exhibit, fully reversible pressure-induced phase transformations (PIPTs) are
      particularly interesting as they intrinsically relate to the flexibility of MOFs.
      Recently, a number of MOFs have been reported to exhibit this feature, which is
      attributed to bond rearrangement with applied pressure. However, the experimental
      assessment of whether a given MOF exhibits PIPT or not requires sophisticated
      instruments as well as detailed structural investigations. Can we capture such
      low pressure transformations through simulations is the question we seek to
      answer in this paper. For this, we have performed first-principles calculations
      based on the density functional theory, on a MOF, [tmenH2][Y(HCOO)4]2 (tmenH2(2+)
      = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediammonium). The estimated lattice constants for
      both the parent and product phases of the PIPT agree well with the earlier
      experimental results available for the same MOF with erbium. Importantly, the
      results confirm the observed PIPT, and thus provide theoretical corroborative
      evidence for the experimental findings. Our calculations offer insights into the
      energetics involved and reveal that the less dense phase is energetically more
      stable than the denser phase. From detailed analyses of the two phases, we
      correlate the changes in bonding and electronic structure across the PIPT with
      elastic and electronic conduction behavior that can be verified experimentally,
      to develop a deeper understanding of the PIPT in MOFs. 

PMID- 27355371
TI  - The Feasibility of Tracheal Oxygen Supplementation during Flexible Bronchoscopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypoxemia is a frequent adverse event occurring during flexible
      bronchoscopy and is usually prevented by close monitoring and, if needed, oxygen
      supplementation by nasal cannula. OBJECTIVE: We aim to demonstrate that tracheal
      oxygen supplementation during flexible bronchoscopy is a feasible, safe and
      effective method to restore oxygen saturation levels after oxygen desaturation.
      METHODS: In a first phase, we compare oxygen supplementation by the tracheal or
      nasal route in a single blinded cross-over design in healthy volunteers. In a
      second phase, we study patients referred for diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy,
      who desaturate despite oxygen supplementation by nasal cannula, in order to
      assess the ability to correct hypoxemia through tracheal oxygen supplementation.
      RESULTS: In the first phase, the mean capillary partial pressure of oxygen was
      181 mm Hg when oxygen at a flow rate of 4 liters/min was administered by the
      tracheal route, compared to 125 mm Hg by the nasal route (p < 0.001). The
      capillary partial pressure of carbon dioxide was not significantly different.
      During 950 bronchoscopic procedures in the second phase of the trial, 30 patients
      desaturated below 90% despite oxygen supplementation by nasal cannula. In 22 out
      of these 30 patients, switching to the tracheal route resulted in a correction of
      the saturation within 120 s. In the remaining 8 patients, saturation levels were
      corrected after increasing the oxygen flow rate to 4 liters/min. After restoring
      saturation levels, the bronchoscopy could be completed in 25 of 30 patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: Tracheal oxygen supplementation is safe, feasible and an effective
      way to restore oxygen saturation levels during flexible bronchoscopy.

PMID- 27355372
TI  - A socio-ecological approach for examining factors related to contraceptive use
      among recent Latina immigrants in an emerging Latino state.
AB  - Using the Social Ecological Model, the individual, partner, social, and
      structural factors related to recent Latina immigrants' contraceptive use in an
      emerging immigrant community were explored. During September 2013-January 2014,
      door-to-door sampling was used in Birmingham, Alabama to recruit Latina
      immigrants who had lived in the United States (U.S.) for less than 5 years. Ten
      women with foreign-born children and 10 with only U.S.-born children completed in
      depth interviews about their contraceptive use following migration. Women's
      narratives revealed interrelated barriers to using highly effective contraception
      after migrating to the U.S. Women had nuanced concerns about using hormonal
      contraception, which, when combined with other factors, led them to rely on
      condoms and withdrawal. Limited partner communication was a barrier to effective
      method use for some women, but partner attitudes that women should be responsible
      for contraception were less important. Weak female networks made it difficult for
      immigrants to learn about the U.S. health-care system, especially those with only
      U.S.-born children. Even once women accessed services, a full range of highly
      effective methods was not available or affordable. In emerging communities,
      integrated strategies that address immigrants' need for information and ensure
      access to affordable contraception would help women achieve their reproductive
      life goals.

PMID- 27355374
TI  - Controlled self-organization of cyanostilbene: emission tuning and photo
      responsiveness.
AB  - Cyanostilbene modified with dimethylaniline (CMD) could self-assemble into
      vesicles and fibrous morphologies depending on the solvophobic properties.
      Furthermore, morphology of well-defined nanostructures could be changed with
      enhanced emission triggered by the photo-isomerization of cyanostilbene. The
      present system has potential for building luminescent color conversion materials.

PMID- 27355373
TI  - Generation and Feasibility Assessment of a New Vehicle for Cell-Based Therapy for
      Treating Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction.
AB  - The corneal endothelium maintains corneal transparency by its pump and barrier
      functions; consequently, its decompensation due to any pathological reason causes
      severe vision loss due to corneal haziness. Corneal transplantation is the only
      therapeutic choice for treating corneal endothelial dysfunction, but associated
      problems, such as a shortages of donor corneas, the difficulty of the surgical
      procedure, and graft failure, still need to be resolved. Regenerative medicine is
      attractive to researchers as a means of providing innovative therapies for
      corneal endothelial dysfunction, as it now does for other diseases. We previously
      demonstrated the successful regeneration of corneal endothelium in animal models
      by injecting cultured corneal endothelial cells (CECs) in combination with a Rho
      kinase (ROCK) inhibitor. The purpose of the present study was to optimize the
      vehicle for clinical use in cell-based therapy. Our screening of cell culture
      media revealed that RELAR medium promoted CEC adhesion. We then modified RELAR
      medium by removing hormones, growth factors, and potentially toxic materials to
      generate a cell therapy vehicle (CTV) composed of amino acid, salts, glucose, and
      vitamins. Injection of CECs in CTV enabled efficient engraftment and regeneration
      of the corneal endothelium in the rabbit corneal endothelial dysfunction model,
      with restoration of a transparent cornea. The CECs retained >85% viability after
      a 24 hour preservation as a cell suspension in CTV at 4 degrees C and maintained
      their potency to regenerate the corneal endothelium in vivo. The vehicle
      developed here is clinically applicable for cell-based therapy aimed at treating
      the corneal endothelium. Our strategy involves the generation of vehicle from a
      culture medium appropriate for a given cell type by removing materials that are
      not favorable for clinical use. 

PMID- 27355375
TI  - Comprehensive Characterization of the Electronic Structure of U(4+) in
      Uranium(IV) Phosphate Chloride.
AB  - Emerald-green single crystals of U(PO4)Cl were grown by chemical vapor transport
      in a temperature gradient (1000 -> 900  degrees C). The crystal structure of
      U(PO4)Cl (Cmcm, Z = 4, a = 5.2289(7) A, b = 11.709(2) A, c = 6.9991(8) A)
      consists of a three-dimensional network of [PO4] tetrahedra and bicapped
      octahedral [U(IV)O6Cl2] groups. Polarized absorption spectra measured for two
      perpendicular polarization directions show a large number of well-resolved
      electronic transitions. These transitions can be fully assigned on the basis of a
      detailed ligand-field treatment within the framework of the angular overlap
      model. The magnetic behavior predicted on the basis of the spectroscopic data is
      in agreement with an f (2) system and perfectly matched by the results of
      temperature-dependent susceptibility measurements. 

PMID- 27355376
TI  - A Chemical-Genomic Screen of Neglected Antibiotics Reveals Illicit Transport of
      Kasugamycin and Blasticidin S.
AB  - Fighting antibiotic resistance requires a deeper understanding of the genetic
      factors that determine the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria. Here we
      describe a chemical-genomic screen in Escherichia coli K-12 that was designed to
      discover new aspects of antibiotic resistance by focusing on a set of 26
      antibiotics and other stresses with poorly characterized mode-of-action and
      determinants of resistance. We show that the screen identifies new resistance
      determinants for these antibiotics including a common signature from two
      antimicrobials, kasugamycin and blasticidin S, used to treat crop diseases like
      rice blast and fire blight. Following this signature, we further investigated the
      mechanistic basis for susceptibility to kasugamycin and blasticidin S in E. coli
      using both genetic and biochemical approaches. We provide evidence that these
      compounds hijack an overlapping set of peptide ABC-importers to enter the
      bacterial cell. Loss of uptake may be an underappreciated mechanism for the
      development of kasugamycin resistance in bacterial plant pathogens.

PMID- 27355377
TI  - Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and
      Postoperative Infections in Cardiac Surgical Patients: The CALCITOP-Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin D has immunomodulatory properties and seems to reduce the
      risk of infections. Whether low vitamin D concentrations are independent risk
      factors for nosocomial postoperative infections in surgical patients remains to
      be studied in detail. METHODS: In 3,340 consecutive cardiac surgical patients, we
      investigated the association of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD; indicator
      of nutritional vitamin D status) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D; active
      vitamin D hormone) with nosocomicial infections. The primary endpoint was a
      composite of thoracic wound infection, sepsis, and broncho-pulmonary infection.
      Vitamin D status was measured on the last preoperative day. Infections were
      assessed until discharge. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the
      association between vitamin D metabolite concentrations and the composite
      endpoint. RESULTS: The primary endpoint was reached by 5.6% (n = 186). In
      patients who reached and did not reach the endpoint, in-hospital mortality was
      13.4% and 1.5%, respectively (P<0.001). Median (IQR) 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D
      concentrations were 43. 2 (29.7-61.9) nmol/l and 58.0 (38.5-77.5) pmol/l,
      respectively. Compared with the highest 1,25(OH)2D quintile (>81.0 pmol/l), the
      multivariable-adjusted odds ratio of infection was 2.57 (95%CI:1.47-4.49) for the
      lowest 1,25(OH)2D quintile (<31.5 pmol/l) and 1.85 (95%CI:1.05-3.25) for the
      second lowest quintile (31.5-49.0 pmol/l). There was no significant association
      between 25OHD concentrations and the primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      indicate an independent association of low 1,25(OH)2D levels with the risk of
      postoperative infections in cardiac surgical patients. Future studies should pay
      more attention on the clinical relevance of circulating 1,25(OH)2D and its
      regulation.

PMID- 27355378
TI  - Structural and Theoretical Investigation of Anhydrous 3,4,5-Triacetoxybenzoic
      Acid.
AB  - A comprehensive investigation of anhydrous form of 3,4,5-Triacetoxybenzoic acid
      (TABA) is reported. Single crystal X-ray diffraction, Thermal analysis, Fourier
      Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and DFT calculations were applied for TABA
      characterization. This anhydrous phase crystallizes in the triclinic [Formula:
      see text] space group (Z' = 1) and its packing shows a supramolecular motif in a
      classical [Formula: see text] ring formed by acid-acid groups association. The
      phase stability is accounted in terms of supramolecular architecture and its
      thermal behaviour. Conformation search at B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) level of theory
      shows the existence of three stable conformers and the most stable conformation
      was found experimentally. The reactivity of TABA was investigated using the
      molecular orbital theory and molecular electrostatic potential. The calculation
      results were used to simulate the infrared spectrum. There is a good agreement
      between calculated and experimental IR spectrum, which allowed the assignment of
      the normal vibrational modes. 

PMID- 27355391
TI  - Danish multidisciplinary cancer groups - DMCG.dk benchmarking consortium: Article
      series on cancer survival and mortality in Denmark 1995-2012.

PMID- 27355390
TI  - The Preoperative Peripheral Blood Monocyte Count Is Associated with Liver
      Metastasis and Overall Survival in Colorectal Cancer Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy in males
      and the second most common in females worldwide. Distant metastases have a strong
      negative impact on the prognosis of CRC patients. The most common site of CRC
      metastases is the liver. Both disease progression and metastasis have been
      related to the patient's peripheral blood monocyte count. We therefore performed
      a case-control study to assess the relationship between the preoperative
      peripheral blood monocyte count and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). METHODS:
      Clinical data from 117 patients with colon cancer and 93 with rectal cancer who
      were admitted to the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital (Beijing,
      China) between December 2003 and May 2015 were analysed retrospectively, with the
      permission of both the patients and the hospital. RESULTS: Preoperative
      peripheral blood monocyte counts, the T and N classifications of the primary
      tumour and its primary site differed significantly between the two groups (P <
      0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P < 0.001), whereas there were no differences in the
      sex, age, degree of tumour differentiation or largest tumour diameter. Lymph node
      metastasis and a high preoperative peripheral blood monocyte count were
      independent risk factors for liver metastasis (OR: 2.178, 95%CI: 1.148~4.134, P =
      0.017; OR: 12.422, 95%CI: 5.076~30.398, P < 0.001), although the risk was lower
      in patients with rectal versus colon cancer (OR: 0.078, 95%CI: 0.020~0.309, P <
      0.001). Primary tumour site (P<0.001), degree of tumour differentiation (P =
      0.009), T, N and M classifications, TNM staging and preoperative monocyte counts
      (P<0.001) were associated with the 5-year overall survival (OS) of CRC patients.
      A preoperative peripheral blood monocyte count > 0.505 * 109 cells/L, high T
      classification and liver metastasis were independent risk factors for 5-year OS
      (RR: 2.737, 95% CI: 1.573~ 4.764, P <0.001; RR: 2.687, 95%CI: 1.498~4.820, P =
      0.001; RR: 4.928, 95%CI: 2.871~8.457, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The demonstrated
      association between preoperative peripheral blood monocyte count and liver
      metastasis in patients with CRC recommends the former as a useful predictor of
      postoperative prognosis in CRC patients.

PMID- 27355392
TI  - Clinical relevance for lowering C-reactive protein with statins.
AB  - The role of statins in the protection of atherosclerosis and reducting
      cardiovascular (CV) events is well established. On the other hand, the role of
      inflammation in the propagation and propensity to CV events has also been
      demonstrated. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) which is involved in the
      immunologic process of inflammation has received the interest for its use in
      screening and risk reclassification. However, evidence for its causal
      relationship with atherothrombosis is lacking, and even more, knowing that
      statins influence on the reduction of CRP levels, a relevant evidence of their
      clinical benefits in this regard is also lacking. This article reviews four
      different key points regarding the issue, to better understand the current state
      and application of the treatment with statins in order to achieve benefits from
      lowering CRP's levels regarding CV diseases: (1) the mechanisms of reduction of
      CRP levels by statins; (2) the role of statin-mediated CRP reduction in the
      atherosclerotic plaque regression; (3) the role in the prevention of CV diseases;
      and (4) the role in case of secondary prevention. With this basis, the reduction
      of CRP levels should be interpreted as a reduction of inflammatory burden thus
      its clinical benefits could be more interesting in secondary prevention. KEY
      MESSAGES It could be admitted a role of statin-mediated CRP diminution to reduce
      the rate of progression in atherosclerotic plaque. In general, and in the absence
      of specific clinical trials, the role of statins by lowering CRP and
      consequently, preventing cardiovascular events may be superior in case of
      secondary prevention because a more pronounced state of inflammation and
      regardless of its levels at baseline.

PMID- 27355393
TI  - [Ni(OH)3W6O18(OCH2)3CCH2OH](4-): the first tris-functionalized Anderson-type
      heteropolytungstate.
AB  - Na2[TMA]2[Ni(OH)3W6O18(OCH2)3CCH2OH].9H2O represents the first covalent tris
      functionalized Anderson-type heteropolytungstate and was characterized by single
      crystal X-ray diffraction, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, TGA and IR
      spectroscopy. Zeta potential measurements in solutions containing human serum
      albumin were performed to investigate electrostatic interactions with
      [Ni(OH)3W6O18(OCH2)3CCH2OH](4-). 

PMID- 27355395
TI  - Concentration Dependent Specific Rotations of Chiral Surfactants: Experimental
      and Computational Studies.
AB  - Recent experimental studies have shown unexpected chiroptical response from some
      chiral surfactant molecules, where the specific rotations changed significantly
      as a function of concentration. To establish a theoretical understanding of this
      experimentally observed phenomena, a novel methodology for studying chiral
      surfactants via combined molecular dynamics (MD) and quantum mechanical (QM)
      calculations is presented. MD simulations on the +10 000 atom surfactant systems
      have been performed using MD and QM/molecular mechanics (MM) approaches. QM
      calculations performed on MD snapshots coupled with extensive analysis on lauryl
      ester of phenylalanine (LEP) surfactant system indicate that the experimentally
      observed variation of specific rotation with concentration may be due to the
      conformational differences of the surfactant monomers in the aggregates. Though
      traditional MM simulations did not show significant differences in the conformer
      populations, QM/MM simulations using the forces derived from the PM6 method did
      predict conformational differences between aggregated and nonaggregated LEP
      molecules, which is consistent with experimental data. Additionally the
      electrostatic environment of charged surfactants may also be important, since
      dramatic changes in the Boltzmann populations of surfactant monomers can be noted
      in the presence of an electric field generated by the chiral ionic aggregates. 

PMID- 27355394
TI  - Quality of Care Provided by a Comprehensive Dementia Care Comanagement Program.
AB  - Multiple studies have shown that quality of care for dementia in primary care is
      poor, with physician adherence to dementia quality indicators (QIs) ranging from
      18% to 42%. In response, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)
      Health System created the UCLA Alzheimer's and Dementia Care (ADC) Program, a
      quality improvement program that uses a comanagement model with nurse
      practitioner dementia care managers (DCM) working with primary care physicians
      and community-based organizations to provide comprehensive dementia care. The
      objective was to measure the quality of dementia care that nurse practitioner
      DCMs provide using the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE-3) and
      Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement QIs. Participants included 797
      community-dwelling adults with dementia referred to the UCLA ADC program over a 2
      year period. UCLA is an urban academic medical center with primarily fee-for
      service reimbursement. The percentage of recommended care received for 17
      dementia QIs was measured. The primary outcome was aggregate quality of care for
      the UCLA ADC cohort, calculated as the total number of recommended care processes
      received divided by the total number of eligible quality indicators. Secondary
      outcomes included aggregate quality of care in three domains of dementia care:
      assessment and screening (7 QIs), treatment (6 QIs), and counseling (4 QIs). QIs
      were abstracted from DCM notes over a 3-month period from date of initial
      assessment. Individuals were eligible for 9,895 QIs, of which 92% were passed.
      Overall pass rates of DCMs were similar (90-96%). All counseling and assessment
      QIs had pass rates greater than 80%, with most exceeding 90%. Wider variation in
      adherence was found among QIs addressing treatments for dementia, which patient
      specific criteria triggered, ranging from 27% for discontinuation of medications
      associated with mental status changes to 86% for discussion about
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Comprehensive dementia care comanagement with a
      nurse practitioner can result in high quality of care for dementia, especially
      for assessment, screening, and counseling. The effect on treatment QIs is more
      variable but higher than previous reports of physician-provided dementia care.

PMID- 27355396
TI  - Neurocognitive and behavioral profiles of children with Landau-Kleffner syndrome.
AB  - This is a retrospective study of 14 cases of children with Landau-Kleffner
      syndrome (LKS), the most prominent feature of which is acquired aphasia. These
      children were followed at a tertiary care pediatric epilepsy center. From the
      research data base, all LKS cases with neuropsychological evaluation were
      extracted. Children ranged in age from 6 to 13 years (M = 9.12; SD = 2.19) at the
      time of assessment (1 to 10 years post-onset). The majority of the children were
      white males, and all but one continued to experience seizure activity. Global
      intellectual functioning ranged from 59 to 101 (M = 82.07; SD = 12.14). Across
      the 14 cases reviewed, the neuropsychological profiles are considered in the
      context of neurological and syndrome-related factors. For these cases, 86%
      demonstrated continued expressive, and 50% had receptive language problems with
      57% exhibiting poor auditory processing. Furthermore, 50 to 57% had deficits in
      auditory working memory and verbal memory. Academically, the majority had poor
      reading fluency and comprehension; 50% exhibited difficulty with mathematics.
      Finally, 57% evidenced attentional or other behavioral problems. Better
      understanding of LKS can assist in targeted assessment and intervention planning.

PMID- 27355397
TI  - Plerixafor injection: a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer in non-Hodgkin lymphoma
      and multiple myeloma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A combination of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and
      chemotherapy or G-CSF alone are the most common mobilization regimens for
      autotransplantations. Plerixafor is used for mobilization of CD34(+) cells with G
      CSF in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and myeloma (MM) patients. AREAS COVERED: The
      available phase II and III data on plerixafor has been reviewed. The efficacy of
      plerixafor in the mobilization of CD34(+) cells in predicted poor mobilizers as
      well as in patients who had failed a mobilization has been evaluated. The pre
      emptive use of plerixafor as well as studies on cost-effectiveness are covered.
      Also effects in the composition of the collected grafts along with the data on
      long-term outcome of plerixafor-mobilized patients is discussed. Expert
      commentary: Plerixafor combined with G-CSF mobilizes CD34(+) cells more
      efficiently than G-CSF alone in patients with NHL or MM. In phase III studies,
      engraftment after high-dose therapy has been comparable to G-CSF mobilized
      patients. The pre-emptive use of plerixafor added to mobilization with
      chemotherapy plus G-CSF or with G-CSF alone has gained more popularity. This
      approach may be more cost-effective than the routine use of this drug. The
      changes observed in the composition of grafts after plerixafor injection may have
      implications for post-transplant events.

PMID- 27355398
TI  - Measuring the Real Clinical Impact of Randomized Clinical Trials in Oncology
      Reply: Beyond Citation Counts.

PMID- 27355399
TI  - The Association Between Sleep Duration, Insulin Sensitivity, and beta-Cell
      Function: The EGIR-RISC Study.
AB  - CONTEXT: In the past decade, over 3 dozen studies reported a relationship between
      self-reported short sleep and disturbed glucose metabolism. A study with insulin
      sensitivity assessed according to the gold standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic
      clamp is, however, still missing. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cross-sectional
      association of sleep duration with insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in
      the European group for the study of insulin resistance (EGIR-RISC) study cohort.
      DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASURES: We used data from the baseline
      measurements of the European, multicentre EGIR-RISC study that included 1319
      clinically healthy participants. Sleep and physical activity were measured using
      a single-axis accelerometer. Insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function were
      estimated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and from the oral glucose insulin
      sensitivity index model, using an oral glucose tolerance test. Associations of
      sleep duration with insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function were analyzed by
      multiple linear regression, stratified by sex. RESULTS: In our current analysis,
      we included 788 participants (57% women, age 44 +/- 8 y), who had an average
      sleep duration of 7.3 +/- 1.5 hours. In men, we observed an inverted U-shaped
      association between sleep duration categorized per hour and M/I (in MUmol/min per
      kgFFM/nM per hour) (beta-estimate [95% confidence intervals] 41 [2, 80]; P = .04
      and beta(2)-estimate -3 [-6, -0.2], P = .04) as well as a trend for the oral
      glucose insulin sensitivity index (in mL/min per kgFFM) (beta-estimate [95%
      confidence intervals] 0.8 [-0.4, 2]; P = .17). In women, we observed a U-shaped
      association between sleep duration and beta-cell function (in pmol/min per
      m(2)/mM per hour) (beta-estimate -45 [-86, -3]; P = .04 and beta(2)-estimate 3
      [0.2, 6]; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep duration is associated with insulin
      sensitivity and beta-cell function in a sex-specific manner in clinically healthy
      people.

PMID- 27355401
TI  - Beneficial Effect of Intermedin 1-53 in Septic Shock Rats: Contributions of Rho
      Kinase and BKCA Pathway-Mediated Improvement in Cardiac Function.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Intermedin (IMD) is a calcitonin gene-related peptide shown to have a
      protective effect on myocardial function in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Whether
      IMD has beneficial effect in severe sepsis and septic shock (and its underlying
      mechanisms) is not known. METHODS: We induced septic shock using cecal ligation
      and puncture (CLP). We focused on the potential beneficial effect of IMD1-53 on
      cardiac papillary muscle and cardiomyocytes against septic shock and its
      relationship with the protection of cardiac function. RESULTS: Early (immediately
      after CLP) and late (12 h after CLP) administration of IMD1-53 (0.5 MUg/kg)
      improved animal survival significantly, increased cardiac contractility and
      function, and improved tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. The effect of early
      administration of IMD1-53 was better than that of late administration. The Rho
      kinase/TnI and BKCa pathways participated in the protective effect of IMD1-53 on
      cardiac function in septic rats. An inhibitor of Rho kinase (Y-27632) or a BKCa
      opener (NS1619) abolished the protective effect of IMD1-53 on cardiac function.
      IMD1-53 increased expression of Rho kinase in cardiac muscle and inhibited TnI
      phosphorylation. IMD1-53 inhibited currents in BKCa channels and intracellular
      calcium concentration in cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS: IMD1-53 is beneficial
      against severe sepsis/septic shock. IMD1-53 can improve cardiac contractility and
      cardiac function significantly, and then improve tissue perfusion and oxygen
      delivery. Rho kinase and the BKCa pathways have important roles in these effects.
      These findings provide a new treatment strategy for severe sepsis with cardiac
      dysfunction.

PMID- 27355400
TI  - Testosterone Treatment and Sexual Function in Older Men With Low Testosterone
      Levels.
AB  - CONTEXT: The Testosterone Trials are a coordinated set of seven trials to
      determine the efficacy of T in symptomatic men >=65 years old with unequivocally
      low T levels. Initial results of the Sexual Function Trial showed that T improved
      sexual activity, sexual desire, and erectile function. OBJECTIVE: To assess the
      responsiveness of specific sexual activities to T treatment; to relate hormone
      changes to changes in sexual function; and to determine predictive baseline
      characteristics and T threshold for sexual outcomes. DESIGN: A placebo-controlled
      trial. SETTING: Twelve academic medical centers in the United States.
      PARTICIPANTS: A total of 470 men >=65 years of age with low libido, average T
      <275 ng/dL, and a partner willing to have sexual intercourse at least twice a
      month. METHODS: Men were assigned to take T gel or placebo for 1 year. Sexual
      function was assessed by three questionnaires every 3 months: the Psychosexual
      Daily Questionnaire, the Derogatis Interview for Sexual Function, and the
      International Index of Erectile Function. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, T
      administration significantly improved 10 of 12 measures of sexual activity.
      Incremental increases in total and free T and estradiol levels were associated
      with improvements in sexual activity and desire, but not erectile function. No
      threshold T level was observed for any outcome, and none of the 27 baseline
      characteristics predicted responsiveness to T. CONCLUSIONS: In older men with low
      libido and low T levels, improvements in sexual desire and activity in response
      to T treatment were related to the magnitude of increases in T and estradiol
      levels, but there was no clear evidence of a threshold effect.

PMID- 27355402
TI  - Complement Activation in Trauma Patients Alters Platelet Function.
AB  - Trauma remains the main cause of death for both civilians and those in uniform.
      Trauma-associated coagulopathy is a complex process involving inflammation,
      coagulation, and platelet dysfunction. It is unknown whether activation of
      complement, which occurs invariably in trauma patients, is involved in the
      expression of trauma-associated coagulopathy. We designed a prospective study in
      which we enrolled 40 trauma patients and 30 healthy donors upon arrival to the
      emergency department of BIDMC. Platelets from healthy individuals were incubated
      with sera from trauma patients and their responsiveness to a thrombin receptor
      activating peptide was measured using aggregometry. Complement deposition on
      platelets from trauma patients was measured by flow cytometry. Normal platelets
      displayed hypoactivity after incubation with trauma sera even though exposure to
      trauma sera resulted in increased agonist-induced calcium flux. Depletion of
      complement from sera further blocked activation of hypoactive platelets.
      Conversely, complement activation increased aggregation of platelets. Platelets
      from trauma patients were found to have significantly higher amounts of C3a and
      C4d on their surface compared with platelets from controls. Depletion of
      complement (C4d, C3a) reversed the ability of trauma sera to augment agonist
      induced calcium flux in donor platelets. Our data indicate that complement
      enhances platelet aggregation. Despite its complement content, trauma sera render
      platelets hypoactive and complement depletion further blocks activation of
      hypoactive platelets. The defect in platelet activation induced by trauma sera is
      distal to receptor activation since agonist-induced Ca2+ flux is elevated in the
      presence of trauma sera owing to complement deposition.

PMID- 27355403
TI  - The Beneficial Effects of ETS-GS, a Novel Vitamin E Derivative, on a Rat Model of
      Crush Injury.
AB  - Crush syndrome is a devastating condition leading to multiple organ failure. The
      mechanisms by which local traumatic injuries affect distant organs remain
      unknown. ETS-GS is a novel water-soluble, stable anti-oxidative agent composed of
      vitamin E derivative. Given that one of the main pathophysiological effects in
      crush syndrome is massive ischemia-reperfusion, reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      generated from the injured extremities would be systemically involved in distant
      organ damage. We investigated whether ETS-GS could suppress inflammatory response
      and improve mortality in a rat model of crush injury. Crush injury was induced by
      compression of bilateral hindlimbs for 6 h followed by release of compression.
      Seven-day survival was significantly improved by ETS-GS treatment. To estimate
      anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ETS-GS, serum was collected 6 and
      20 h after the injury. ETS-GS treatment significantly dampened the up-regulation
      of malondialdehyde and reduction of superoxide dismutase in the serum, which were
      induced by crush injury. Serum levels of interleukin 6 and high mobility group
      box 1 were significantly decreased in the ETS-GS group compared with those in the
      control group. Lung damage shown by hematoxylin-eosin staining at 20 h after the
      injury was ameliorated by the treatment. Ex vivo imaging confirmed that ETS-GS
      treatment reduced ROS generation in both the lung and the muscle following crush
      injury. The administration of ETS-GS could suppress ROS generation, systemic
      inflammation, and the subsequent organ damage, thus improving survival in a rat
      model of crush injury. These findings suggest that ETS-GS can become a novel
      therapeutic agent against crush injury.

PMID- 27355405
TI  - Synthesis of beta-Branched Tryptophan Analogues Using an Engineered Subunit of
      Tryptophan Synthase.
AB  - We report that l-threonine may substitute for l-serine in the beta-substitution
      reaction of an engineered subunit of tryptophan synthase from Pyrococcus
      furiosus, yielding (2S,3S)-beta-methyltryptophan (beta-MeTrp) in a single step.
      The trace activity of the wild-type beta-subunit on this substrate was enhanced
      more than 1000-fold by directed evolution. Structural and spectroscopic data
      indicate that this increase is correlated with stabilization of the electrophilic
      aminoacrylate intermediate. The engineered biocatalyst also reacts with a variety
      of indole analogues and thiophenol for diastereoselective C-C, C-N, and C-S bond
      forming reactions. This new activity circumvents the 3-enzyme pathway that
      produces beta-MeTrp in nature and offers a simple and expandable route to
      preparing derivatives of this valuable building block.

PMID- 27355408
TI  - Improved Photovoltaic Characteristics and Grain Boundary Potentials of
      CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2 Thin Films Spin-Coated by Na-Dissolved Nontoxic Precursor
      Solution.
AB  - This work introduces the incorporation of Na into the nontoxic precursor solution
      of CIGS to improve photovoltaic cell performance with the optimized benefits of
      Na. The extensive incorporation range of 0.05 to 0.5 mol % Na is used for the
      simple spin-coating process of high quality absorber thin films. A cell
      efficiency of ~8.21%, which corresponds to an improvement of ~10.2% compared to
      the reference sample, is achieved for the 0.25 mol % Na sample with enhanced open
      circuit voltage and fill factor. The improvement was further analyzed as related
      to InCu defects and grain boundary potentials. 

PMID- 27355406
TI  - Differences in Obesity Rates Among Minority and White Women: The Latent Role of
      Maternal Stress.
AB  - White and minority women experience different rates of obesity in the United
      States. Yet our understanding of the dynamics that give rise to this gap remains
      limited. This article presents a conceptual framework that considers pathways
      leading to these different rates. It draws upon the life-course perspective,
      allostatic load, and the weathering hypothesis to identify pathways linking
      childbearing, stress, and obesity. This conceptual framework extends prior work
      by identifying age at first birth as an important parameter that influences these
      pathways. Empirical evidence to test these pathways is needed. 

PMID- 27355404
TI  - Integration of Breast Cancer Secretomes with Clinical Data Elucidates Potential
      Serum Markers for Disease Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis.
AB  - Cancer cells secrete factors that influence adjacent cell behavior and can lead
      to enhanced proliferation and metastasis. To better understand the role of these
      factors in oncogenesis and disease progression, estrogen and progesterone
      receptor positive MCF-7 cells, triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, DT22,
      and DT28 cells, and MCF-10A non-transformed mammary epithelial cells were grown
      in 3D cultures. A special emphasis was placed on triple negative breast cancer
      since these tumors are highly aggressive and no targeted treatments are currently
      available. The breast cancer cells secreted factors of variable potency that
      stimulated proliferation of the relatively quiescent MCF-10A cells. The
      conditioned medium from each cell line was subjected to mass spectrometry
      analysis and a variety of secreted proteins were identified including glycolytic
      enzymes, proteases, protease inhibitors, extracellular matrix proteins, and
      insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. An investigation of the secretome
      from each cell line yielded clues about strategies used for breast cancer
      proliferation and metastasis. Some of the proteins we identified may be useful in
      the development of a serum-based test for breast cancer detection, diagnosis,
      prognosis, and monitoring. 

PMID- 27355409
TI  - Zika Virus.

PMID- 27355410
TI  - Zika Virus.
AB  - To the Editor: Petersen et al. (April 21 issue)1 provide a detailed review of
      Zika virus. We have some concern regarding diagnostic criteria for microcephaly
      in fetuses and newborns exposed to the virus. According to the Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendation that microcephaly should be
      defined as an occipitofrontal circumference below the third percentile, nearly 3%
      of newborns would be categorized as having microcephaly. In Brazil, where there
      are 3 million live births per year, the application of this definition would
      result in nearly 90,000 infants being labeled as having microcephaly - a far
      greater number than . . .

PMID- 27355411
TI  - Zika Virus.

PMID- 27355412
TI  - An Ethylene-Bridged Phosphane/Borane Frustrated Lewis Pair Featuring the 
      B(Fxyl)2 Lewis Acid Component.
AB  - Hydroboration of dimesitylvinylphosphane with bis[3,5
      bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borane [HB(Fxyl)2 ] gave the intramolecular ethylene
      bridged P/B frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2 PCH2 CH2 B(Fxyl)2 . The new compound
      underwent a variety of typical FLP reactions such as P/B-addition to the carbonyl
      group of p-chloro-benzaldehyde. Cooperative N,N-addition to nitric oxide gave the
      respective persistent P/B FLPNO(.) radical, which readily reacted with 1,4
      cyclohexadiene by H-atom abstraction to yield the corresponding P/B FLPNOH
      product. The B(Fxyl)2 -containing FLP reacted as a template for the HB(C6 F5 )2
      reduction of carbon monoxide to the formyl stage to give the respective
      FLP(eta(2) -formylborane) product. Most products were characterized by single
      crystal X-ray crystal structure analysis. 

PMID- 27355413
TI  - Organic Phase Syntheses of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Applications.
AB  - In the past two decades, the synthetic development of magnetic nanoparticles
      (NPs) has been intensively explored for both fundamental scientific research and
      technological applications. Different from the bulk magnet, magnetic NPs exhibit
      unique magnetism, which enables the tuning of their magnetism by systematic
      nanoscale engineering. In this review, we first briefly discuss the fundamental
      features of magnetic NPs. We then summarize the synthesis of various magnetic
      NPs, including magnetic metal, metallic alloy, metal oxide, and multifunctional
      NPs. We focus on the organic phase syntheses of magnetic NPs with precise control
      over their sizes, shapes, compositions, and structures. Finally we discuss the
      applications of various magnetic NPs in sensitive diagnostics and therapeutics,
      high-density magnetic data recording and energy storage, as well as in highly
      efficient catalysis. 

PMID- 27355414
TI  - A Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Dose That Models Human Use and Its Effect on
      Vaginal SHIV Acquisition Risk.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hormonal contraception with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
      (DMPA) may increase HIV acquisition risk, but observational human studies are
      inconclusive, and animal models can help investigate this risk. In this study, we
      test the impact of a low DMPA dose, designed to resemble human contraceptive use,
      on Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) acquisition risk in pigtail
      macaques (Macaca nemestrina). METHODS: Macaques metabolize DMPA faster than
      humans. We previously identified a per-weight DMPA dose and administration
      frequency that achieves long-lasting suppression of ovulation in macaques. Eight
      macaques were given 1.5-mg/kg DMPA monthly, whereas 11 were untreated controls.
      For comparison, women receive 150 mg (approximately 2 mg/kg) every 3 months. We
      exposed monkeys to 20 suboptimal SHIV challenges, designed to slowly infect half
      of controls and allow increased infection in the DMPA group. RESULTS: It took a
      median 5.5 viral challenges to infect DMPA-treated macaques and 9 challenges for
      controls (P = 0.27; exact conditional logistic regression). The exact odds ratio
      was 2.2 (CI: 0.6 to 8.3). Ovulation was suppressed, and the vaginal epithelium
      was thinned after DMPA treatment in all animals (mean, 30 and 219 mm in DMPA
      treated and control macaques, respectively, P = 0.03, t test using the
      Satterthwaite degrees-of-freedom approximation). CONCLUSIONS: SHIV infections in
      DMPA-treated macaques were 2.2 times those of controls, but this was not
      statistically significant. The result is remarkably similar to studies of human
      DMPA use, which have shown HIV risk increases of a similar magnitude and of
      variable significance. Taken together with previous studies of higher DMPA doses
      in macaques, the results suggest a dose-dependent effect of DMPA on Simian
      Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) or SHIV acquisition.

PMID- 27355416
TI  - Paramagnetic properties of Fe-Mn and Fe-V alloys: a DMFT study.
AB  - We calculate magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic bcc Fe-Mn and Fe-V alloys by
      two different approaches. The first approach employs the coherent potential
      approximation (CPA) combined with the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT). The
      material-specific Hamiltonians in the Wannier function basis are obtained by
      density functional theory. In the second approach, we construct supercells
      modeling the binary alloys and study them using DMFT. Both approaches lead to a
      qualitative agreement with experimental data. In particular, the decrease of
      Curie temperature with Mn content and a maximum at about 10 at.% V are well
      described in units of the Curie temperature of pure iron. In contrast to the Mn
      impurities, the V ones are found to be antiferromagnetically coupled to Fe atoms.
      Our calculations for the two-band Anderson-Hubbard model indicate that the
      antiferromagnetic coupling is responsible for a maximum in the concentration
      dependence of Curie temperature in Fe-V alloys.

PMID- 27355415
TI  - Treatment Outcomes and Resistance Patterns of Children and Adolescents on Second
      Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Asia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Data on pediatric treatment outcomes and drug resistance while on
      second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) are needed to guide HIV care in resource
      limited countries. METHODS: HIV-infected children <18 years who were switched or
      switching to second-line ART after first-line failure were enrolled from 8 sites
      in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Genotyping was performed at virologic
      failure (VF; HIV-RNA >1000 copies/mL). Cox proportional hazards regression was
      used to evaluate factors predicting VF. RESULTS: Of 277 children, 41% were
      female. At second-line switch, age was 7.5 (5.3-10.3) years, CD4 count was 300
      (146-562) cells per cubic millimeter, and percentage was 13 (7-20%); HIV-RNA was
      5.0 (4.4-5.5) log10 copies per milliliter. Second-line regimens contained
      lamivudine (90%), tenofovir (43%), zidovudine or abacavir (30%), lopinavir
      (LPV/r; 91%), and atazanavir (ATV; 7%). After 3.3 (1.8-5.3) years on second-line
      ART, CD4 was 763 (556-1060) cells per cubic millimeter and 26% (20-31%). VF
      occurred in 73 (27%), with an incidence of 7.25 per 100 person-years (95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 5.77 to 9.12). Resistance mutations in 50 of 73
      children with available genotyping at first VF included M184V (56%), >=1
      thymidine analogue mutation (TAM; 40%), >=4 TAMs (10%), Q151M (4%), any major LPV
      mutation (8%), >=6 LPV mutations (2%), and any major ATV mutation (4%).
      Associations with VF included age >11 years (hazard ratio [HR] 4.06; 95% CI: 2.15
      to 7.66) and HIV-RNA >5.0 log10 copies per milliliter (HR 2.42; 95% CI: 1.27 to
      4.59) at switch and were seen more commonly in children from Vietnam (HR 2.79;
      95% CI: 1.55 to 5.02). CONCLUSIONS: One-fourth of children developed VF while on
      second-line ART. However, few developed major mutations to protease inhibitors.

PMID- 27355417
TI  - Emerging adsorptive removal of azo dye by metal-organic frameworks.
AB  - Adsorptive removal of toxic compounds using advanced porous materials is one of
      the most attractive approaches. In recent years, the metal-organic frameworks
      (MOFs), a subset of advanced porous nano-structured materials, due to their
      unique characteristics are showing great promise for better adsorption/separation
      of various water contaminants. Given the importance of azo dye removal, as an
      important class of pollutants, this paper aims to review and summarize the
      recently published research on the effectiveness of various MOFs adsorbents under
      different physico-chemical process parameters in dyes adsorption. The effect of
      pH, the adsorption mechanism and the applicability of various adsorption kinetic
      and thermodynamic models are briefly discussed. Most of the results observed
      showed that the adsorption kinetic and isotherm of azo dyes onto the MOFs mostly
      followed the pseudo-second order and Langmuir models respectively. Also, the
      optimum pH value for the removal of majority of azo dyes by MOFs was observed to
      be in the range of ~5-7. 

PMID- 27355418
TI  - Aqueous solubilities of five N-(diethylaminothiocarbonyl)benzimido derivatives at
      T = 298.15 K.
AB  - N-(diethylaminothiocarbonyl)benzimido derivatives are polar multifunctional
      substances. A set of these compounds was synthesised by successive substitution
      on the enamine side, resulting in similar substances with different polarities,
      providing a set of model compounds with respect to the study of substituent
      effects on physico-chemical properties. Experimental aqueous solubility data, at
      T = 298.15 K, of N-(diethylaminothiocarbonyl)benzamidine, PhCNH2NCSNEt2 (1),N
      (diethylaminothiocarbonyl)-N'-phenylbenzamidine, PhCNHPhNCSNEt2 (2), N
      (diethylaminothiocarbonyl)-N'-monoethylbenzamidine, PhCNHEtNCSNEt2 (3), N
      (diethylaminothiocarbonyl)-N',N'-diethylbenzamidine, PhCNEt2NCSNEt2 (4), and N
      (diethylaminothiocarbonyl)benzimido ethylester, PhCOEtNCSNEt2 (5) were measured
      at T = 298.15 K. The obtained data are supplemented by COSMO-RS aqueous
      solubility predictions as well as other environmentally important partition
      coefficients. This information is shown in a two-dimensional chemical space
      diagram, providing indications about the compartment into which the bulk of the
      compounds is likely to concentrate. The expected quality of COSMO-RS predictions
      for this type of screening exercise is illustrated on a set of pesticides with
      established thermophysical property data. 

PMID- 27355419
TI  - Is the heart still in danger after stopping CPAP?

PMID- 27355420
TI  - Low-Energy Electron-Induced Transformations in Organolead Halide Perovskite.
AB  - Methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPbI3 ), a prototype material for
      potentially high-efficient and low-cost organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar
      cells, has been investigated intensively in recent years. A study of low-energy
      electron-induced transformations in MAPbI3 is presented, performed by combining
      controlled electron-impact irradiation with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and
      scanning electron microscopy. Changes were observed in both the elemental
      composition and the morphology of irradiated MAPbI3 thin films as a function of
      the electron fluence for incident energies from 4.5 to 60 eV. The results show
      that low-energy electrons can affect structural and chemical properties of MAPbI3
      . It is proposed that the transformations are triggered by the interactions with
      the organic part of the material (methylammonium), resulting in the MAPbI3
      decomposition and aggregation of the hydrocarbon layer.

PMID- 27355421
TI  - Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by static magnetic fields.
AB  - Static magnetic field (SMF) modulates bone metabolism, but little research is
      concerned with the effects of SMF on osteoclast. Our previous studies show that
      osteogenic differentiation is strongly correlated with magnetic strength from
      hypo (500 nT), weak (geomagnetic field, GMF), moderate (0.2 T) to high (16 T)
      SMFs. We speculated that the intensity that had positive (16 T) or negative (500
      nT and 0.2 T) effects on osteoblast differentiation would inversely influence
      osteoclast differentiation. To answer this question, we examined the profound
      effects of SMFs on osteoclast differentiation from pre-osteoclast Raw264.7 cells.
      Here, we demonstrated that 500 nT and 0.2 T SMFs promoted osteoclast
      differentiation, formation and resorption, while 16 T had an inhibitory effect.
      Almost all the osteoclastogenic genes were highly expressed under 500 nT and 0.2
      T, including RANK, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), V-ATPase, carbonic
      anhydrase II (Car2) and cathepsin K (CTSK), whereas they were decreased under 16
      T. In addition, 16 T disrupted actin formation with remarkably decreased integrin
      beta3 expression. Collectively, these results indicate that osteoclast
      differentiation could be regulated by altering the intensity of SMF, which is
      just contrary to that on osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, studies of SMF
      effects could reveal some parameters that could be used as a physical therapy for
      various bone disorders.

PMID- 27355422
TI  - Circulation Enrichment of Functional Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Infantile
      Phototherapy.
AB  - Phototherapy is the most common therapy used for severe jaundice. There is
      increasing evidence that phototherapy can directly affect the expression and
      function of cell surface receptors including adhesion molecules, cytokines, and
      growth factor receptors. In this study, the effect of two infantile phototherapy
      regimens, including single and intensive phototherapy was investigated on
      biological features of circulation endothelial progenitor cells (cEPCs), as well
      as on serum secretion of two important chemotactic cytokines, SDF-1 and VEGF.
      Sixty infants diagnosed with severe hyperbilirubinemia and exposed to
      phototherapy were enrolled in this study. cEPCs were isolated before and after
      phototherapy and then migratory, proliferative, tubulogenic, and functional
      properties of these cells were analyzed. Our results revealed that intensive
      phototherapy markedly increased the release of EPCs into the circulation, and
      augmented the serum concentrations of both SDF-1 and VEGF cytokines. Cell
      proliferation, tubulogenic, and migratory properties of cEPCs isolated and
      expanded from infants with intensive phototherapy were significantly improved.
      cEPCs from infants with intensive phototherapy also showed greater levels of
      acetylated low-density lipoprotein and lectin binding. Overall, our results
      showed that the intensive phototherapy regimen can mobilize functional EPCs into
      the circulation through up-regulation of serum levels of VEGF and SDF-1,
      indicating phototherapy as an effective modality for improvement of stem cell
      mobilization in the therapeutic regenerative medicine. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 330
      340, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27355423
TI  - Authors' Reply.

PMID- 27355424
TI  - S100A12 Is Part of the Antimicrobial Network against Mycobacterium leprae in
      Human Macrophages.
AB  - Triggering antimicrobial mechanisms in macrophages infected with intracellular
      pathogens, such as mycobacteria, is critical to host defense against the
      infection. To uncover the unique and shared antimicrobial networks induced by the
      innate and adaptive immune systems, gene expression profiles generated by RNA
      sequencing (RNAseq) from human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) activated with
      TLR2/1 ligand (TLR2/1L) or IFN-gamma were analyzed. Weighed gene correlation
      network analysis identified modules of genes strongly correlated with TLR2/1L or
      IFN-gamma that were linked by the "defense response" gene ontology term. The
      common TLR2/1L and IFN-gamma inducible human macrophage host defense network
      contained 16 antimicrobial response genes, including S100A12, which was one of
      the most highly induced genes by TLR2/1L. There is limited information on the
      role of S100A12 in infectious disease, leading us to test the hypothesis that
      S100A12 contributes to host defense against mycobacterial infection in humans. We
      show that S100A12 is sufficient to directly kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
      Mycobacterium leprae. We also demonstrate that S100A12 is required for TLR2/1L
      and IFN-gamma induced antimicrobial activity against M. leprae in infected
      macrophages. At the site of disease in leprosy, we found that S100A12 was more
      strongly expressed in skin lesions from tuberculoid leprosy (T-lep), the self
      limiting form of the disease, compared to lepromatous leprosy (L-lep), the
      progressive form of the disease. These data suggest that S100A12 is part of an
      innate and adaptive inducible antimicrobial network that contributes to host
      defense against mycobacteria in infected macrophages.

PMID- 27355426
TI  - Insomnia symptoms and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent
      Supplement.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this paper, we examined the relationship between insomnia symptoms
      and suicidality in a national sample of US adolescents, while controlling for
      several psychiatric disorders that are known to be associated with suicidality.
      Additionally, we examined whether insomnia symptoms interact to affect any
      suicidality variables. METHODS: Study participants were 10,123 adolescents
      between the ages of 13-18 from the National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent
      Supplement (NCS-A). RESULTS: In bivariate analyses, all insomnia symptoms (i.e.,
      difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and early morning
      awakening) were associated with suicide ideation, plan and attempts. In
      multivariate analyses, controlling for substance use, mood and anxiety disorders,
      as well as important covariates, difficulties falling and staying asleep had a
      significant relationship with 12-month and lifetime suicide variables while early
      morning awakening did not. CONCLUSIONS: Two of the three insomnia symptoms had a
      significant association with suicide thoughts and plan even after controlling for
      psychiatric disorders that were known to affect suicidality. Having trouble
      falling sleeping or staying asleep had both direct and indirect relationships
      (via substance use, mood and anxiety disorders) on suicidal behavior. Assessment
      and treatment of sleep disturbances may reduce the risk for suicidality in
      adolescents.

PMID- 27355425
TI  - Propionibacterium avidum as an Etiological Agent of Prosthetic Hip Joint
      Infection.
AB  - Propionibacterium acnes is well-established as a possible etiologic agent of
      prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). Other Propionibacterium spp. have
      occasionally been described as a cause of PJIs, but this has not previously been
      the case for P. avidum despite its capacity to form biofilm. We describe two
      patients with prosthetic hip joint infections caused by P. avidum. Both patients
      were primarily operated with an anteriorly curved skin incision close to the skin
      crease of the groin, and both were obese. Initial treatment was performed
      according to the DAIR procedure (debridement, antibiotics, and implant
      retention). In case 1, the outcome was successful, but in case 2, a loosening of
      the cup was present 18 months post debridement. The P. avidum isolate from case 1
      and two isolates from case 2 (obtained 18 months apart) were selected for whole
      genome sequencing. The genome of P. avidum obtained from case 1 was approximately
      60 kb larger than the genomes of the two isolates of case 2. These latter
      isolates were clonal with the exception of SNPs in the genome. All three strains
      possessed the gene cluster encoding exopolysaccharide synthesis. P. avidum has a
      pathogenic potential and the ability to cause clinically relevant infections,
      including abscess formation, in the presence of foreign bodies such as prosthetic
      joint components. Skin incision in close proximity to the groin or deep skin
      crease, such as the anteriorly curved skin incision approach, might pose a risk
      of PJIs by P. avidum, especially in obese patients. 

PMID- 27355427
TI  - Cognitive flexibility correlates with gambling severity in young adults.
AB  - Although gambling disorder (GD) is often characterized as a problem of
      impulsivity, compulsivity has recently been proposed as a potentially important
      feature of addictive disorders. The present analysis assessed the neurocognitive
      and clinical relationship between compulsivity on gambling behavior. A sample of
      552 non-treatment seeking gamblers age 18-29 was recruited from the community for
      a study on gambling in young adults. Gambling severity levels included both
      casual and disordered gamblers. All participants completed the Intra/Extra
      Dimensional Set Shift (IED) task, from which the total adjusted errors were
      correlated with gambling severity measures, and linear regression modeling was
      used to assess three error measures from the task. The present analysis found
      significant positive correlations between problems with cognitive flexibility and
      gambling severity (reflected by the number of DSM-5 criteria, gambling frequency,
      amount of money lost in the past year, and gambling urge/behavior severity). IED
      errors also showed a positive correlation with self-reported compulsive behavior
      scores. A significant correlation was also found between IED errors and non
      planning impulsivity from the BIS. Linear regression models based on total IED
      errors, extra-dimensional (ED) shift errors, or pre-ED shift errors indicated
      that these factors accounted for a significant portion of the variance noted in
      several variables. These findings suggest that cognitive flexibility may be an
      important consideration in the assessment of gamblers. Results from correlational
      and linear regression analyses support this possibility, but the exact
      contributions of both impulsivity and cognitive flexibility remain entangled.
      Future studies will ideally be able to assess the longitudinal relationships
      between gambling, compulsivity, and impulsivity, helping to clarify the relative
      contributions of both impulsive and compulsive features.

PMID- 27355428
TI  - Age-related changes in retinoic, docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid modulation
      in nuclear lipid metabolism.
AB  - The aim of this work was to study how age-related changes could modify several
      enzymatic activities that regulate lipid mediator levels in nuclei from rat
      cerebellum and how these changes are modulated by all-trans retinoic acid (RA),
      docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA). The higher phosphatidate
      phosphohydrolase activity and lower diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) activity
      observed in aged animals compared with adults could augment diacylglycerol (DAG)
      availability in the former. Additionally, monoacylglycerol (MAG) availability
      could be high due to an increase in lysophosphatidate phosphohydrolase (LPAPase)
      activity and a decrease in monocylglycerol lipase activity. Interestingly, RA,
      DHA and AA were observed to modulate these enzymatic activities and this
      modulation was found to change in aged rats. In adult nuclei, whereas RA led to
      high DAG and MAG production through inhibition of their hydrolytic enzymes, DHA
      and AA promoted high MAG production by LPAPase and DAGL stimulation. In contrast,
      in aged nuclei RA caused high MAG generation whereas DHA and AA diminished it
      through LPAPase activity modulation. These results demonstrate that aging
      promotes a different nuclear lipid metabolism as well as a different type of non
      genomic regulation by RA, DHA and AA, which could be involved in nuclear
      signaling events.

PMID- 27355429
TI  - Structural Analysis using SHALiPE to Reveal RNA G-Quadruplex Formation in Human
      Precursor MicroRNA.
AB  - RNA G-quadruplex (rG4) structures are of fundamental importance to biology. A
      novel approach is introduced to detect and structurally map rG4s at single
      nucleotide resolution in RNAs. The approach, denoted SHALiPE, couples selective
      2'-hydroxyl acylation with lithium ion-based primer extension, and identifies
      characteristic structural fingerprints for rG4 mapping. We apply SHALiPE to
      interrogate the human precursor microRNA 149, and reveal the formation of an rG4
      structure in this non-coding RNA. Additional analyses support the SHALiPE results
      and uncover that this rG4 has a parallel topology, is thermally stable, and is
      conserved in mammals. An in vitro Dicer assay shows that this rG4 inhibits Dicer
      processing, supporting the potential role of rG4 structures in microRNA
      maturation and post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs.

PMID- 27355430
TI  - Low-Spin Iron(III) Chiroporphyrins: (1)H NMR Studies of Cyanide and Substituted
      Imidazole Coordination.

PMID- 27355432
TI  - Cobalt-Doped FeSe2-RGO as Highly Active and Stable Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen
      Evolution Reactions.
AB  - Herein, we describe the preparation and testing of Co-doped FeSe2 hybridized with
      graphene (Fe1-xCoxSe2/RGO), a high-active yet stable electrocatalyst for hydrogen
      evolution reactions (HERs) in acidic solutions. First, we systematically analyze
      the composition and morphology of Fe1-xCoxSe2/RGO and attribute its excellent
      electrochemical performance to its unique architecture-a base of highly
      conductive graphene with fully exposed active edges that enhances conductivity
      and facilitates ion/electron transfer. Our experimental measurements indicate
      elevated HER activity with a moderate overpotential of ~166 mV at a hydrogen
      production current density of 10 mA cm(-2), a small Tafel slope of ~36 mV dec(
      1), and long cycling lifespan more than 20 h. The promising results, in addition
      to the fact that Fe1-xCoxSe2/RGO is a high-performance, precious-metal-free
      electrocatalyst, pave the way for exciting opportunities in renewable hydrogen
      production applications. 

PMID- 27355431
TI  - Clear Speech Variants: An Acoustic Study in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: The authors investigated how different variants of clear speech affect
      segmental and suprasegmental acoustic measures of speech in speakers with
      Parkinson's disease and a healthy control group. METHOD: A total of 14
      participants with Parkinson's disease and 14 control participants served as
      speakers. Each speaker produced 18 different sentences selected from the Sentence
      Intelligibility Test (Yorkston & Beukelman, 1996). All speakers produced stimuli
      in 4 speaking conditions (habitual, clear, overenunciate, and hearing impaired).
      Segmental acoustic measures included vowel space area and first moment (M1)
      coefficient difference measures for consonant pairs. Second formant slope of
      diphthongs and measures of vowel and fricative durations were also obtained.
      Suprasegmental measures included fundamental frequency, sound pressure level, and
      articulation rate. RESULTS: For the majority of adjustments, all variants of
      clear speech instruction differed from the habitual condition. The overenunciate
      condition elicited the greatest magnitude of change for segmental measures (vowel
      space area, vowel durations) and the slowest articulation rates. The hearing
      impaired condition elicited the greatest fricative durations and suprasegmental
      adjustments (fundamental frequency, sound pressure level). CONCLUSIONS: Findings
      have implications for a model of speech production for healthy speakers as well
      as for speakers with dysarthria. Findings also suggest that particular clear
      speech instructions may target distinct speech subsystems.

PMID- 27355434
TI  - Size matters to function: Brain volume correlates with intrinsic brain activity
      across healthy individuals.
AB  - A fundamental issue in neuroscience is to understand the structural substrates of
      neural activities. Intrinsic brain activity has been increasingly recognized as
      an important functional activity mode and is tightly linked with various
      cognitive functions. Structurally, cognitive functions have also shown a relation
      with brain volume/size. Therefore, an association between intrinsic brain
      activities and brain volume/size can be hypothesized, and brain volume/size may
      impact intrinsic brain activity in human brains. The present study aimed to
      explicitly investigate this brain structure-function relationship using two large
      independent cohorts of 176 and 236 young adults. Structural-MRI was performed to
      estimate the brain volume, and resting-state functional-MRI was applied to
      extract the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), an imaging measure of
      intrinsic brain activity. Intriguingly, our results revealed a robust linear
      correlation between whole-brain size and ALFF. Moreover, specific brain
      lobes/regions, including the frontal lobe, the left middle frontal gyrus,
      anterior cingulate gyrus, Rolandic operculum, and insula, also showed a reliable,
      positive volume-ALFF correlation in the two cohorts. These findings offer direct,
      empirical evidence of a strong association between brain size/volume and
      intrinsic brain activity, as well as provide novel insight into the structural
      substrates of the intrinsic brain activity of the human brain.

PMID- 27355435
TI  - Striatal activation reflects urgency in perceptual decision making.
AB  - Deciding between multiple courses of action often entails an increasing need to
      do something as time passes - a sense of urgency. This notion of urgency is not
      incorporated in standard theories of speeded decision making that assume
      information is accumulated until a critical fixed threshold is reached. Yet, it
      is hypothesized in novel theoretical models of decision making. In two
      experiments, we investigated the behavioral and neural evidence for an "urgency
      signal" in human perceptual decision making. Experiment 1 found that as the
      duration of the decision making process increased, participants made a choice
      based on less evidence for the selected option. Experiment 2 replicated this
      finding, and additionally found that variability in this effect across
      participants covaried with activation in the striatum. We conclude that
      individual differences in susceptibility to urgency are reflected by striatal
      activation. By dynamically updating a response threshold, the striatum is
      involved in signaling urgency in humans.

PMID- 27355436
TI  - Neural and behavioral correlates of selective stopping: Evidence for a different
      strategy adoption.
AB  - The present study examined the neural and behavioral correlates of selective
      stopping, a form of inhibition that has scarcely been investigated. The
      selectivity of the inhibitory process is needed when individuals have to deal
      with an environment filled with multiple stimuli, some of which require
      inhibition and some of which do not. The stimulus-selective stop-signal task has
      been used to explore this issue assuming that all participants interrupt their
      ongoing responses selectively to stop but not to ignore signals. However, recent
      behavioral evidence suggests that some individuals do not carry out the task as
      experimenters expect, since they seemed to interrupt their response non
      selectively to both signals. In the present study, we detected and controlled the
      cognitive strategy adopted by participants (n=57) when they performed a stimulus
      selective stop-signal task before comparing brain activation between conditions.
      In order to determine both the onset and the end of the response cancellation
      process underlying each strategy and to fully take advantage of the precise
      temporal resolution of event-related potentials, we used a mass univariate
      approach. Source localization techniques were also employed to estimate the
      neural underpinnings of the effects observed at the scalp level. Our results from
      scalp and source level analysis support the behavioral-based strategy
      classification. Specific effects were observed depending on the strategy adopted
      by participants. Thus, when contrasting successful stop versus ignore conditions,
      increased activation was only evident for subjects who were classified as using a
      strategy whereby the response interruption process was selective to stop trials.
      This increased activity was observed during the P3 time window in several left
      lateralized brain regions, including middle and inferior frontal gyri, as well as
      parietal and insular cortices. By contrast, in those participants who used a
      strategy characterized by stopping non-selectively, no activation differences
      between successful stop and ignore conditions were observed at the estimated time
      at which response interruption process occurs. Overall, results from the current
      study highlight the importance of controlling for the different strategies
      adopted by participants to perform selective stopping tasks before analyzing
      brain activation patterns.

PMID- 27355437
TI  - Bayesian electromagnetic spatio-temporal imaging of extended sources with Markov
      Random Field and temporal basis expansion.
AB  - Estimating the locations and spatial extents of brain sources poses a long
      standing challenge for electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography (E/MEG)
      source imaging. In the present work, a novel source imaging method, Bayesian
      Electromagnetic Spatio-Temporal Imaging of Extended Sources (BESTIES), which is
      built upon a Bayesian framework that determines the spatio-temporal smoothness of
      source activities in a fully data-driven fashion, is proposed to address this
      challenge. In particular, a Markov Random Field (MRF), which can precisely
      capture local cortical interactions, is employed to characterize the spatial
      smoothness of source activities, the temporal dynamics of which are modeled by a
      set of temporal basis functions (TBFs). Crucially, all of the unknowns in the MRF
      and TBF models are learned from the data. To accomplish model inference
      efficiently on high-resolution source spaces, a scalable algorithm is developed
      to approximate the posterior distribution of the source activities, which is
      based on the variational Bayesian inference and convex analysis. The performance
      of BESTIES is assessed using both simulated and actual human E/MEG data. Compared
      with L2-norm constrained methods, BESTIES is superior in reconstructing extended
      sources with less spatial diffusion and less localization error. By virtue of the
      MRF, BESTIES also overcomes the drawback of over-focal estimates in sparse
      constrained methods.

PMID- 27355438
TI  - SHBG, Sex Steroids, and Kyphosis in Older Men: The MrOS Study.
AB  - Accentuated kyphosis is associated with adverse health outcomes, including falls
      and fractures. Low bone density is a risk factor for hyperkyphosis, and each
      vertebral fracture adds roughly 4 degrees  to forward spine curvature. Sex
      steroids, in particular low bioavailable estradiol and high sex hormone-binding
      globulin (SHBG), are associated with bone loss and high SHBG is associated with
      vertebral fractures in older men. We, therefore, hypothesized that low
      bioavailable estradiol and high SHBG would be associated with worse kyphosis. To
      test this hypothesis, we examined the cross-sectional associations between
      individual bioavailable sex hormones and SHBG with radiographically assessed
      kyphosis. Participants included 1500 men aged 65 and older from the Osteoporotic
      Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study, in whom baseline measures of kyphosis and sex
      hormones were available. Modified Cobb angle of kyphosis, calculated from T4
      through T12, was assessed from supine lateral spine radiographs. Serum total
      estradiol and total testosterone were measured by mass spectrometry, and
      bioavailable sex steroids were calculated from mass action equations. After
      adjustment for age and other confounding variables, no association was found
      between bioavailable estradiol or testosterone and Cobb angle, either when
      kyphosis was analyzed as a continuous variable or dichotomized into highest
      versus lower three quartiles. In linear regression models adjusted for age and
      clinic site, there was a significant association between SHBG and kyphosis
      (parameter estimate = 0.76 per SD increase, p = 0.01). In the fully adjusted
      model, this association was weakened and of only borderline statistical
      significance (parameter estimate = 0.61 per SD, p = 0.05). Logistic models
      demonstrated similar findings. Although associated with bone loss, we did not
      demonstrate that low bioavailable estradiol translates into worse kyphosis in
      older men. High SHBG is associated with bone loss and vertebral fractures. Our
      results suggest that high SHBG may also be a risk factor for hyperkyphosis. (c)
      2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 27355439
TI  - Doses for post-Chernobyl epidemiological studies: are they reliable?
AB  - On 26 April 2016, thirty years will have elapsed since the occurrence of the
      Chernobyl accident, which has so far been the most severe in the history of the
      nuclear reactor industry. Numerous epidemiological studies were conducted to
      evaluate the possible health consequences of the accident. Since the credibility
      of the association between the radiation exposure and health outcome is highly
      dependent on the adequacy of the dosimetric quantities used in these studies,
      this paper makes an effort to overview the methods used to estimate individual
      doses and the associated uncertainties in the main analytical epidemiological
      studies (i.e. cohort or case-control) related to the Chernobyl accident. Based on
      the thorough analysis and comparison with other radiation studies, the authors
      conclude that individual doses for the Chernobyl analytical epidemiological
      studies have been calculated with a relatively high degree of reliability and
      well-characterized uncertainties, and that they compare favorably with many other
      non-Chernobyl studies. The major strengths of the Chernobyl studies are: (1) they
      are grounded on a large number of measurements, either performed on humans or
      made in the environment; and (2) extensive effort has been invested to evaluate
      the uncertainties associated with the dose estimates. Nevertheless, gaps in the
      methodology are identified and suggestions for the possible improvement of the
      current dose estimates are made.

PMID- 27355440
TI  - Trajectories of body mass indices and development of frailty: Evidence from the
      health and retirement study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and determine their
      association with incident frailty in later life. METHODS: Data come from the 2004
      to 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal survey of older
      adults. Analysis was restricted to respondents who were not frail at baseline (n
      = 10,827). BMI (kg/m(2) ) was calculated from self-reported weight and height.
      Incident frailty was assessed using the Frailty Index. Longitudinal growth
      mixture modeling was used to estimate the relationship between BMI trajectories
      and incident frailty over a 10-year period. RESULTS: Four trajectory classes were
      identified: weight gain (n = 162 [1.4%], mean final BMI = 42 kg/m(2) ), weight
      loss (n = 171 [1.7%], mean final BMI = 25.0 kg/m(2) ), consistent obesity (n =
      640 [6.8%], mean final BMI = 34.7 kg/m(2) ), and consistent overweight (n = 9,864
      [90.1%] mean final BMI = 26.0 kg/m(2) ). Cumulative incidence of frailty was
      19.9%. Relative to the consistent overweight class, the weight gain class had the
      highest likelihood of incident frailty (odds ratio, OR: 3.61, 95% confidence
      interval, CI: 2.39-5.46). The consistent obesity (OR: 2.72, 95% CI: 2.06-3.58)
      and weight loss (OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.84-4.30) classes had similarly elevated risk
      of frailty. CONCLUSIONS: Weight change and obesity are associated with risk of
      frailty.

PMID- 27355443
TI  - Cooperative Catalysis for Selective Alcohol Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen.
AB  - The activation of dioxygen for selective oxidation of organic molecules is a
      major catalytic challenge. Inspired by the activity of nitrogen-doped carbons in
      electrocatalytic oxygen reduction, we combined such a carbon with metal-oxide
      catalysts to yield cooperative catalysts. These simple materials boost the
      catalytic oxidation of several alcohols, using molecular oxygen at atmospheric
      pressure and low temperature (80  degrees C). Cobalt and copper oxide demonstrate
      the highest activities. The high activity and selectivity of these catalysts
      arises from the cooperative action of their components, as proven by various
      control experiments and spectroscopic techniques. We propose that the reaction
      should not be viewed as occurring at an 'active site', but rather at an 'active
      doughnut'-the volume surrounding the base of a carbon-supported metal-oxide
      particle. 

PMID- 27355441
TI  - A new function for p53 tetramerization domain in cell fate control.

PMID- 27355444
TI  - Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds of Clematis gouriana Roxb.
      ex DC against snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) computational and in vitro
      insights.
AB  - Bioactive compounds were isolated from Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. The
      compounds were separated, characterized, the structures elucidated and submitted
      to the PubChem Database. The PubChem Ids SID 249494134 and SID 249494135 were
      tested against phospholipases A2 (PLA2) of Naja naja (Indian cobra) venom for
      PLA2 activity. Both the compounds showed promising inhibitory activity;
      computational data also substantiated the results. The two compounds underwent
      density functional theory calculation to observe the chemical stability and
      electrostatic potential profile. Molecular interactions between the compounds and
      PLA2 were observed at the binding pocket of the PLA2 protein. Further, this
      protein-ligand complexes were simulated for a timescale of 100 ns of molecular
      dynamics simulation. Experimental and computational results showed significant
      PLA2 inhibition activity.

PMID- 27355446
TI  - Palladium-Catalyzed Internal Nucleophile-Assisted Hydration-Olefin Insertion
      Cascade: Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ones.
AB  - A novel palladium-catalyzed hydration-olefin insertion cascade assisted by
      internal nucleophiles was developed for the synthesis of biologically significant
      2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ones under mild conditions. A detailed mechanistic study
      revealed that the assistance of the internal nucleophiles is crucial to trigger
      the cascade reaction via nucleopalladation of the alkyne moiety. The overall
      reaction is equivalent to regioselective hydration of alkynes followed by
      intramolecular Michael addition. This highly efficient and 100% atom-economical
      domino sequence afforded cis-2,3-disubstituted 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ones in
      excellent yields (up to 99%) with complete diastereoselectivity.

PMID- 27355445
TI  - Broad autism spectrum and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adults with the
      fragile X premutation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Clinical observations and a limited number of research studies provide
      evidence that the fragile X premutation may confer risk for autism, executive
      dysfunction, and psychopathology. The link to autism spectrum symptoms and social
      cognition deficits with the premutation remains uncertain, and thus was the focus
      of the present investigation. METHOD: Our sample included 131 individuals, 42
      men/22 women with the FMR1 premutation (mean age = 31.83 +/- 8.59 years) with a
      normal neurological exam, and 48 men/19 women healthy age-matched controls (mean
      age = 29.48 +/- 7.29 years). Individuals completed a comprehensive
      neuropsychological battery with additional assessments for social cognition,
      broad autism spectrum, and obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. RESULTS:
      Premutation carriers self-reported higher rates of autism-related symptoms
      (Autism Quotient; p = .001). Among males only, premutation carriers showed more
      atypical social interaction (p < .001) and stereotyped behavior (p = .014) during
      standardized clinical examination on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
      (ADOS) relative to controls. Female premutation carriers reported significantly
      higher rates of OC symptoms compared to control females (p = .012). Molecular
      measures defining the expanded premutation (FMR1 CGG repeat length and/or mRNA)
      were significantly associated with a measure of theory of mind (Reading the Mind
      in the Eyes Task). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate a higher rate
      of broad autism spectrum symptoms in some males with the premutation and provide
      evidence for an obsessive-compulsive subtype in female premutation carriers.

PMID- 27355448
TI  - Diversity-Oriented Polymerization: One-Shot Synthesis of Library of Graft and
      Dendronized Polymers by Cu-Catalyzed Multicomponent Polymerization.
AB  - Graft and dendronized polymers have attracted much attention in the polymer
      community, and there have been significant efforts to develop better synthetic
      methods. Herein, we report the highly efficient synthesis of graft and
      dendronized polymers by using Cu-catalyzed multicomponent polymerization (MCP).
      Based on diversity-oriented synthesis, we prepared a library of various graft and
      dendronized polymers from combinations of three types of monomers (mono
      functionalized alkynes, bis-sulfonyl azides, and diamines/diols) that are bench
      stable and readily accessible. After reaction optimization, 54 samples of high
      molecular-weight graft and dendronized polymers were prepared, the MCP method
      allowing simultaneous manipulation of the structures of both the main chains and
      the side chains. Moreover, because of the severe steric hindrance of the side
      chains, these polymers adopted extended conformations, as shown by the large
      shape parameter in solution. Also, the extended morphology of the single polymer
      chains was directly visualized by atomic force microscopy and transmission
      electron microscopy in the solid state. Most importantly, this diversity-oriented
      polymerization became possible because of highly step-economical and efficient
      one-step MCP, paving the way toward the easily tunable synthesis of graft and
      dendronized polymers.

PMID- 27355447
TI  - The Cooking and Pneumonia Study (CAPS) in Malawi: Implementation of Remote Source
      Data Verification.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Source data verification (SDV) is a data monitoring procedure which
      compares the original records with the Case Report Form (CRF). Traditionally, on
      site SDV relies on monitors making multiples visits to study sites requiring
      extensive resources. The Cooking And Pneumonia Study (CAPS) is a 24- month
      village-level cluster randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of
      an advanced cook-stove intervention in preventing pneumonia in children under
      five in rural Malawi (www.capstudy.org). CAPS used smartphones to capture digital
      images of the original records on an electronic CRF (eCRF). In the present study,
      descriptive statistics are used to report the experience of electronic data
      capture with remote SDV in a challenging research setting in rural Malawi.
      METHODS: At three monthly intervals, fieldworkers, who were employed by CAPS,
      captured pneumonia data from the original records onto the eCRF. Fieldworkers
      also captured digital images of the original records. Once Internet connectivity
      was available, the data captured on the eCRF and the digital images of the
      original records were uploaded to a web-based SDV application. This enabled SDV
      to be conducted remotely from the UK. We conducted SDV of the pneumonia data
      (occurrence, severity, and clinical indicators) recorded in the eCRF with the
      data in the digital images of the original records. RESULT: 664 episodes of
      pneumonia were recorded after 6 months of follow-up. Of these 664 episodes, 611
      (92%) had a finding of pneumonia in the original records. All digital images of
      the original records were clear and legible. CONCLUSION: Electronic data capture
      using eCRFs on mobile technology is feasible in rural Malawi. Capturing digital
      images of the original records in the field allows remote SDV to be conducted
      efficiently and securely without requiring additional field visits. We recommend
      these approaches in similar settings, especially those with health endpoints.

PMID- 27355449
TI  - A symptom diary to assess severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric
      disorder.
AB  - The differentiation between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual
      dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has been widely discussed. PMDD is listed as a mental
      disorder in the DSM-5, whereas PMS is not considered as a mental disorder in any
      diagnostic manual. Consequently, PMS is operationalized in different ways.
      Keeping a symptom diary is required to diagnose PMDD but is also recommended for
      PMS. The aim of our study was, therefore, to operationalize PMS and PMDD within a
      DSM-5-based symptom diary. We developed a symptom-intensity-score (SI-score) and
      an interference-score (INT-score) to evaluate the symptom diary. Ninety-eight
      women (aged 20-45 years) completed a symptom diary over two menstrual cycles, a
      retrospective screening for premenstrual symptoms, and answered additional
      impairment questionnaires from August 2013 to August 2015. The scores revealed
      moderate to good reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83-0.96). Convergent validity
      was shown by significant correlations with a retrospective screening, the Pain
      Disability Index, and the German PMS-Impact Questionnaire. Discriminant validity
      was indicated by low correlations with the Big Five Inventory-10. These scores
      may facilitate the evaluation of prospective symptom ratings in research and
      clinical practice. Future research should focus on continuing to validate the
      scores (e.g., in an ambulatory setting).

PMID- 27355450
TI  - Origin of B-Cell Neoplasms in Autoimmune Disease.
AB  - Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are associated with a number of B-cell neoplasms but
      the associations are selective in regard to the type of neoplasm and the
      conferred risks are variable. So far no mechanistic bases for these differential
      associations have been demonstrated. We speculate that developmental origin of B
      cells might propose a mechanistic rationale for their carcinogenic response to
      autoimmune stimuli and tested the hypothesis on our previous studies on the risks
      of B-cell neoplasms after any of 33 ADs. We found that predominantly germinal
      center (GC)-derived B-cells showed multiple associations with ADs: diffuse large
      B cell lymphoma associated with 15 ADs, follicular lymphoma with 7 ADs and
      Hodgkin lymphoma with 11 ADs. Notably, these neoplasms shared significant
      associations with 5 ADs (immune thrombocytopenic purpura,
      polymyositis/dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome and systemic
      lupus erythematosis). By contrast, primarily non-GC neoplasms, acute lymphocytic
      leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and myeloma associated with 2 ADs only and
      mantle cell lymphoma with 1 AD. None of the neoplasms shared associated ADs.
      These data may suggest that autoimmune stimulation critically interferes with the
      rapid cell division, somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination and
      immunological selection of maturing B-cell in the GC and delivers damage
      contributing to transformation. 

PMID- 27355451
TI  - N-Heterocyclic molecule-capped gold nanoparticles as effective antibiotics
      against multi-drug resistant bacteria.
AB  - We demonstrate that N-heterocyclic molecule-capped gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)
      have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Optimized antibacterial activity can
      be achieved by using different initial molar ratios (1 : 1 and 10 : 1) of N
      heterocyclic prodrugs and the precursor of Au NPs (HAuCl4). This work opens up
      new avenues for antibiotics based on Au NPs. 

PMID- 27355452
TI  - Efficient Ni(II)2Ln(III)2 Electrocyclization Catalysts for the Synthesis of trans
      4,5-Diaminocyclopent-2-enones from 2-Furaldehyde and Primary or Secondary Amines.
AB  - A series of heterometallic coordination clusters (CCs)
      [Ni(II)2Ln(III)2(L1)4Cl2(CH3CN)2] 2CH3CN [Ln = Y (1Y), Sm (1Sm), Eu (1Eu), Gd
      (1Gd), or Tb (1Tb)] were synthesized by the reaction of (E)-2-(2-hydroxy-3
      methoxybenzylidene-amino)phenol) (H2L1) with NiCl2.6(H2O) and LnCl3.x(H2O) in the
      presence of Et3N at room temperature. These air-stable CCs can be obtained in
      very high yields from commercially available materials and are efficient
      catalysts for the room-temperature domino ring-opening electrocyclization
      synthesis of trans-4,5-diaminocyclopent-2-enones from 2-furaldehyde and primary
      or secondary amines under a non-inert atmosphere. Structural modification of the
      catalyst to achieve immobilization or photosensitivity is possible without
      deterioration in catalytic activity. 

PMID- 27355463
TI  - The impact of migration on women's mental health in the postpartum period.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of I mmigration on the psychological health of
      women after childbirth. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, immigrant and
      Portuguese-native women delivering in the four public hospitals of the
      metropolitan area of Porto, Portugal, were contacted by telephone between
      February and December 2012 during the first postpartum month to schedule a home
      visit and fill in a questionnaire. Most immigrant (76.1%) and Portuguese mothers
      (80.0%) agreed to participate and with the visits, thus a total of 89 immigrants
      and 188 Portuguese women were included in the study. The questionnaire included
      the application of four validated scales: Mental Health Inventory-5, Edinburgh
      Postpartum Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Scale of Satisfaction
      with Social Support. Statistical analysis included t-test and Chi-square or
      Fisher's test, and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Immigrants had an
      increased risk of postpartum depression (OR = 6.444, 95%CI 1.858-22.344), and of
      low satisfaction with social support (OR = 6.118, 95%CI 1.991-18.798). We did not
      perceive any associations between migrant state, perceived stress, and
      impoverished mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Immigrant mothers have increased
      vulnerabilities in the postpartum period, resulting in an increased risk of
      postpartum depression and lesser satisfaction with the received social support.

PMID- 27355464
TI  - Cross-Cultural adaptation of the General Functioning Scale of the Family.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation of the General
      Functioning Scale of the Family, a subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment
      Device, for the Brazilian population. METHODS: The General Functioning Scale of
      the Family was translated into Portuguese and administered to 500 guardians of
      children in the second grade of elementary school in public schools of Sao
      Goncalo, Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. The types of equivalences
      investigated were: conceptual and of items, semantic, operational, and
      measurement. The study involved discussions with experts, translations and back
      translations of the instrument, and psychometric assessment. Reliability and
      validity studies were carried out by internal consistency testing (Cronbach's
      alpha), Guttman split-half correlation model, Pearson correlation coefficient,
      and confirmatory factor analysis. Associations between General Functioning of the
      Family and variables theoretically associated with the theme (father's or
      mother's drunkenness and violence between parents) were estimated by odds ratio.
      RESULTS: Semantic equivalence was between 90.0% and 100%. Cronbach's alpha ranged
      from 0.79 to 0.81, indicating good internal consistency of the instrument.
      Pearson correlation coefficient ranged between 0.303 and 0.549. Statistical
      association was found between the general functioning of the family score and the
      theoretically related variables, as well as good fit quality of the confirmatory
      analysis model. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the feasibility of
      administering the instrument to the Brazilian population, as it is easy to
      understand and a good measurement of the construct of interest. OBJETIVO:
      Descrever o processo de adaptacao transcultural da escala de Funcionamento Geral
      da Familia, subescala da McMaster Family Assessment Device, para a populacao
      brasileira. METODOS: A escala de Funcionamento Geral da Familia, original no
      idioma ingles, foi traduzida para o portugues e aplicada a 500 responsaveis de
      criancas do segundo ano do ensino fundamental de escolas publicas do municipio de
      Sao Goncalo, Rio de Janeiro. Os tipos de equivalencias investigados foram:
      conceitual e de itens, semantica, operacional, e mensuracao. O estudo envolveu
      discussao com especialistas, traducoes e retraducoes do instrumento e avaliacao
      psicometrica. Foi realizado estudo de confiabilidade e validade, por testagem da
      consistencia interna (alpha de Cronbach), da correlacao pelo metodo de split-half
      de Guttman e do coeficiente de correlacao de Pearson, e por analise fatorial
      confirmatoria. Associacoes entre Funcionamento Geral da Familia e variaveis
      teoricamente associadas ao tema (embriaguez do pai ou da mae e violencia entre os
      pais) foram analisadas por estimacao de razao de chance. RESULTADOS: A
      equivalencia semantica encontrada foi entre 90,0% e 100%. O alfa de Cronbach
      variou de 0,79 a 0,81, indicando boa consistencia interna do instrumento. O
      coeficiente de correlacao de Pearson oscilou entre 0,303 e 0,549. Encontrou-se
      associacao estatistica entre o escore de funcionamento geral da familia e as
      variaveis teoricamente relacionadas e constatou-se boa qualidade dos ajustes do
      modelo de analise confirmatoria. CONCLUSOES: Os resultados obtidos indicam a
      aplicabilidade do instrumento na populacao brasileira, que se mostra de facil
      compreensao e boa afericao do constructo de interesse.

PMID- 27355465
TI  - Socioeconomic and regional differences in active transportation in Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present national estimates regarding walking or cycling for
      commuting in Brazil and in 10 metropolitan regions. METHODS: By using data from
      the Health section of 2008's Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilio (Brazil's
      National Household Sample Survey), we estimated how often employed people walk or
      cycle to work, disaggregating our results by sex, age range, education level,
      household monthly income per capita, urban or rural address, metropolitan
      regions, and macro-regions in Brazil. Furthermore, we estimated the distribution
      of this same frequency according to quintiles of household monthly income per
      capita in each metropolitan region of the country. RESULTS: A third of the
      employed men and women walk or cycle from home to work in Brazil. For both sexes,
      this share decreases as income and education levels rise, and it is higher among
      younger individuals, especially among those living in rural areas and in the
      Northeast region of the country. Depending on the metropolitan region, the
      practice of active transportation is two to five times more frequent among low
      income individuals than among high-income individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Walking or
      cycling to work in Brazil is most frequent among low-income individuals and the
      ones living in less economically developed areas. Active transportation
      evaluation in Brazil provides important information for public health and urban
      mobility policy-making. OBJETIVO: Apresentar estimativas nacionais sobre o
      deslocamento a pe ou de bicicleta no trajeto casa-trabalho no Brasil e em 10 de
      suas regioes metropolitanas. METODOS: Utilizando dados do Suplemento sobre Saude
      da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios de 2008, estimamos a frequencia de
      pessoas empregadas que se deslocam a pe ou de bicicleta no trajeto casa-trabalho
      estratificada por sexo, e segundo faixa etaria, escolaridade, renda domiciliar
      per capita, residencia em area urbana ou rural, regioes metropolitanas e
      macrorregioes do pais. Adicionalmente, estimamos a distribuicao da mesma
      frequencia segundo quintos da distribuicao da renda domiciliar per capita em cada
      regiao metropolitana. RESULTADOS: Um terco dos homens e mulheres empregados
      desloca-se a pe ou de bicicleta de casa para o trabalho no Brasil. Em ambos os
      sexos, esta proporcao diminui com o aumento da renda e da escolaridade e e maior
      entre os mais jovens, entre os que residem em area rural e naqueles residentes na
      regiao Nordeste. A depender da regiao metropolitana, a pratica de deslocamento
      ativo entre os mais pobres e de duas a cinco vezes maior do que entre os mais
      ricos. CONCLUSOES: O deslocamento a pe ou de bicicleta para o trabalho no Brasil
      e mais frequente entre os mais pobres e entre pessoas que vivem em areas e
      regioes economicamente menos desenvolvidas. A avaliacao do deslocamento ativo no
      Pais traz informacoes importantes para a discussao de politicas publicas de
      mobilidade.

PMID- 27355466
TI  - Transcultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and reliability of the effort
      reward imbalance in household and family work.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the steps in the transcultural adaptation of the scale in
      the Effort-reward imbalance model to household and family work to the Brazilian
      context. METHODS: We performed the translation, back-translation, and initial
      psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire that comprised three dimensions: (i)
      effort (eight items, emphasizing quantitative workload), (ii) reward (11 items
      that seek to capture the intrinsic value of family and household work, societal
      esteem, recognition from the spouse/partner, and affection from the children),
      and (iii) overcommitment (four items related to intrinsic effort). The scale was
      included in a sectional study conducted with 1,045 nursing workers. A subsample
      of 222 subjects answered the questionnaire for a second time, seven to 15 days
      thereafter. The data were collected between October 2012 and May 2013. The
      internal consistency of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and test
      retest reliability analysis, square weighted kappa, prevalence and bias adjusted
      Kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Prevalence and bias
      adjusted Kappa (ka) of the scale dimensions ranged from 0.80-0.83 for
      overcommitment, 0.78-0.90 for effort, and 0.76-0.93 for reward. In most
      dimensions, the values of minimum and maximum scores, average, standard
      deviation, and Cronbach's alpha were similar in test and retest scores. Only on
      societal esteem subdimension (reward) was there little variation in standard
      deviation (test score of 2.24 and retest score of 3.36) and in Cronbach's alpha
      coefficient (test score of 0.38 and retest score of 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: The
      Brazilian version of the scale was found to have proper reliability indices
      regarding time stability, which suggests adapting it to be used in population
      with characteristics that are similar to the one in this study. OBJETIVO:
      Descrever as etapas da adaptacao transcultural da escala do Effort-reward
      imbalance model to household and family work para o contexto brasileiro. METODOS:
      Efetuou-se a traducao, retrotraducao e avaliacao psicometrica inicial do
      instrumento composto por tres dimensoes: (i) esforco (oito itens, enfatizando a
      carga quantitativa de trabalho), (ii) recompensa (11 itens que buscam captar o
      valor intrinseco da familia e do trabalho domestico, a estima social, o
      reconhecimento do conjuge ou companheiro e a afeicao dos filhos) e (iii) o
      excesso de comprometimento (quatro itens relacionados ao esforco intrinseco). A
      escala foi incluida em um estudo seccional aplicado em 1.045 trabalhadoras de
      enfermagem. Uma subamostra de 222 participantes respondeu ao questionario pela
      segunda vez, com intervalo de sete a 15 dias. Os dados foram coletados entre
      outubro de 2012 e maio de 2013. A consistencia interna da escala foi avaliada
      pelo coeficiente de alpha de Cronbach e a confiabilidade teste-reteste, pelo
      indice kappa ponderado quadratico, pelo kappa ajustado pela prevalencia e pelo
      coeficiente de correlacao intraclasse. RESULTADOS: A confiabilidade ajustada pela
      prevalencia (ka) das dimensoes da escala variou de 0,80-0,83 para o excesso de
      comprometimento, 0,78-0,90 para o esforco e 0,76-0,93 para a recompensa. Na
      maioria das dimensoes, os valores do escore minimo e maximo, media, desvio-padrao
      e alpha de Cronbach no teste e no reteste foram semelhantes. Somente na
      subdimensao estima social (recompensa) houve pequena variacao no desvio padrao
      (2,24 no teste e 3,36 no reteste) e no coeficiente de alpha de Cronbach (0,38 no
      teste e 0,59 no reteste). CONCLUSOES: A versao brasileira da escala apresentou
      indices adequados de fidedignidade quanto a estabilidade temporal, o que sugere a
      adequacao da escala para uso em populacoes com caracteristicas semelhantes a do
      estudo.

PMID- 27355467
TI  - Trends in corrected lung cancer mortality rates in Brazil and regions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the trend in cancer mortality rates in Brazil and regions
      before and after correction for underreporting of deaths and redistribution of
      ill-defined and nonspecific causes. METHODS: The study used data of deaths from
      lung cancer among the population aged from 30 to 69 years, notified to the
      Mortality Information System between 1996 and 2011, corrected for underreporting
      of deaths, non-registered sex and age , and causes with ill-defined or garbage
      codes according to sex, age, and region. Standardized rates were calculated by
      age for raw and corrected data. An analysis of time trend in lung cancer
      mortality was carried out using the regression model with autoregressive errors.
      RESULTS: Lung cancer in Brazil presented higher rates among men compared to
      women, and the South region showed the highest death risk in 1996 and 2011.
      Mortality showed a trend of reduction for males and increase for women.
      CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer in Brazil presented different distribution patterns
      according to sex, with higher rates among men and a reduction in the mortality
      trend for men and increase for women. OBJETIVO: Descrever a tendencia da
      mortalidade por cancer de pulmao no Brasil e regioes, antes e apos as correcoes
      por sub-registro de obitos, redistribuicao de causas mal definidas e causas
      inespecificas. METODOS: Foram utilizados dados de obitos por cancer de pulmao da
      populacao de 30 a 69 anos, notificados ao Sistema de Informacao sobre
      Mortalidade, entre 1996 e 2011, corrigidos para sub-registro de obitos,
      declaracao de sexo e idade ignorados e causas com codigos mal definidos e
      inespecificos segundo sexo, idade e regiao. Foram calculadas taxas padronizadas
      por idade para dados brutos e corrigidos. Realizou-se analise da tendencia
      temporal da mortalidade por cancer de pulmao por meio do modelo de regressao com
      erros autorregressivos. RESULTADOS: O cancer de pulmao no Brasil apresentou taxas
      mais elevadas em homens que em mulheres e a regiao Sul foi a que apresentou maior
      risco de morte em 1996 e 2011. A mortalidade tendeu a reduzir para o sexo
      masculino e a aumentar para o sexo feminino. CONCLUSOES: O cancer de pulmao no
      Brasil apresenta padrao de distribuicao diferente segundo sexo, com taxas mais
      elevadas em homens e com reducao da tendencia de mortalidade para o sexo
      masculino e aumento das taxas para o sexo feminino.

PMID- 27355468
TI  - Emerging arboviruses and public health challenges in Brazil.
AB  - Environmental modification by anthropogenic actions, disordered urban growth,
      globalization of international exchange and climate change are some factors that
      help the emergence and dissemination of human infectious diseases transmitted by
      vectors. This review discusses the recent entry of three arboviruses in Brazil:
      Chikungunya, West Nile, and Zika virus, focusing on the challenges for the
      Country's public health. The Brazilian population is exposed to infections caused
      by these three arboviruses widely distributed on the national territory and
      associated with humans. Without effective vaccine and specific treatment, the
      maintainance and integration of a continuos entomological and epidemiological
      surveillance are important so we can set methods to control and prevent these
      arboviruses in the Country. RESUMO A modificacao do ambiente por acoes
      antropicas, o crescimento urbano desordenado, o processo de globalizacao do
      intercambio internacional e as mudancas climaticas sao alguns fatores que vem
      facilitando a emergencia e disseminacao de doencas infecciosas humanas
      transmitidas por vetores. Este comentario aborda a recente entrada de tres
      arbovirus no Brasil, Chikungunya (CHIKV), West Nile (WNV) e Zika (ZIKV), com
      enfoque nos desafios para a Saude Publica do Pais. Transmitidos por mosquitos
      vetores amplamente distribuidos no territorio nacional e associados ao homem, a
      populacao brasileira encontra-se exposta a infeccao por esses tres arbovirus. Na
      ausencia de vacina eficaz e tratamento especifico, sao importantes a manutencao e
      integracao de uma vigilancia entomologica e epidemiologica continua, a fim de
      direcionarmos metodos de controle e prevencao contra essas arboviroses no Pais. 

PMID- 27355469
TI  - Recovery of Acid Production in Streptococcus mutans Biofilms after Short-Term
      Fluoride Treatment.
AB  - Fluoride is commonly used as an ingredient of topical oral hygiene measures.
      Despite the anti-acidogenic activities of fluoride against cariogenic biofilms,
      the recovery of the biofilms from fluoride damage is unclear. Herein, we
      investigated the recovery of acid production in Streptococcus mutans biofilms
      after short-term or during periodic 1-min fluoride treatments. For this study, 46
      hour-old S. mutans biofilms were treated with fluoride (0-2,000 ppm F-) for 1-8
      min and then incubated in saliva for 0-100 min. The 74-hour-old biofilms were
      also periodically treated with the fluoride concentration during biofilm
      formation (1 min/treatment). Changes in acidogenicity and viability were
      determined via pH drop and colony-forming unit assays, respectively. In this
      study, acid production after a 1-min fluoride treatment was recovered as saliva
      incubation time increased, which followed a linear pattern of concentration
      dependence (R = 0.99, R2 = 0.98). The recovery pattern was in a biphasic pattern,
      with an initial rapid rate followed by a second slow recovery. Furthermore,
      recovery from fluoride damage was retarded in a concentration-dependent manner as
      treatment time increased. In periodic 1-min fluoride treatments, acid production
      in the biofilms was not diminished during the non-fluoride treatment period;
      however, it was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner during the fluoride
      treatment period. The viability of the biofilm cells did not change, even at high
      fluoride concentrations. Collectively, our results suggest that brief fluoride
      treatment does not sustain anti-acidogenic activity against S. mutans in biofilms
      since the damage is recoverable with time.

PMID- 27355470
TI  - Physical Activity and Lipid Profile in the ELSA- Brasil Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity (PA) induces desirable changes in plasma
      levels of high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively) and
      triglycerides (TG), important risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. However,
      doubts whether intensity and duration have equivalent benefits remain. OBJECTIVE:
      To assess the association of PA intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG
      levels. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 12,688 participants from the
      Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline, who were not
      on lipid-lowering medication. After adjustment for important covariates, multiple
      linear regression was used to assess the association of PA intensity and duration
      with HDL, LDL and TG (natural logarithm) levels. RESULTS: Both moderate and
      vigorous PA and PA practice >= 150 min/week were significantly associated with
      higher HDL and lower TG levels. Vigorous PA was associated with lower LDL only on
      univariate analysis. After adjustments, moderate and vigorous PA increased mean
      HDL level by 0.89 mg/dL and 1.71 mg/dL, respectively, and reduced TG geometric
      mean by 0.98 mg/dL and 0.93 mg/dL, respectively. PA practice >= 150 min/week
      increased mean HDL level by 1.05 mg/dL, and decreased TG geometric mean by 0.98
      mg/dL. CONCLUSION: Our findings reinforce the benefits of both PA parameters
      studied on HDL and TG levels, with a slight advantage for vigorous PA as compared
      to the recommendation based only on PA duration.

PMID- 27355471
TI  - Epidemiological Profile and Quality Indicators in Patients with Acute Coronary
      Syndrome in Northern Minas Gerais - Minas Telecardio 2 Project.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coronary artery disease is the main cause of death in Brazil. In the
      Brazilian public health system, the in-hospital mortality associated with acute
      myocardial infarction is high. The Minas Telecardio 2 Project (Projeto Minas
      Telecardio 2) aims at implementing a myocardial infarction system of care in the
      Northern Region of Minas Gerais (MG) to decrease hospital morbidity and
      mortality. The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the patients with
      acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cared for in the period that preceded the
      implementation of the system of care. METHODS: Observational, prospective study
      of patients with ACS admitted between June 2013 and March 2014 to six emergency
      departments in Montes Claros, MG, and followed up until hospital discharge.
      RESULTS: During the study period, 593 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of
      ACS (mean age 63 +/- 12 years, 67.6% men), including 306 (51.6%) cases of
      unstable angina, 214 (36.0%) of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and
      73 (12.3%) of non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). The total STEMI
      mortality was 21%, and the in-hospital mortality was 17.2%. In the STEMI
      patients, 46,0% underwent reperfusion therapy, including primary angioplasty in
      88 and thrombolysis in six. Overall, aspirin was administered to 95.1% of the
      patients within 24 hours and to 93.5% at discharge, a P2Y12 inhibitor was
      administered to 88.7% participants within 24 hours and to 75.1% at discharge. A
      total of 73.1% patients received heparin within 24 hours. CONCLUSION: We observed
      a low reperfusion rate in patients with STEMI and limited adherence to the
      recommended ACS treatment in the Northern Region of MG. These observations enable
      opportunities to improve health care.

PMID- 27355472
TI  - Linking Genomo- and Pathotype: Exploiting the Zebrafish Embryo Model to
      Investigate the Divergent Virulence Potential among Cronobacter spp.
AB  - Bacteria belonging to the genus Cronobacter have been recognized as causative
      agents of life-threatening systemic infections primarily in premature, low-birth
      weight and immune-compromised neonates. Apparently not all Cronobacter species
      are linked to infantile infections and it has been proposed that virulence varies
      among strains. Whole genome comparisons and in silico analysis have proven to be
      powerful tools in elucidating potential virulence determinants, the
      presence/absence of which may explain the differential virulence behaviour of
      strains. However, validation of these factors has in the past been hampered by
      the availability of a suitable neonatal animal model. In the present study we
      have used zebrafish embryos to model Cronobacter infections in vivo using wild
      type and genetically engineered strains. Our experiments confirmed the role of
      the RepF1B-like plasmids as "virulence plasmids" in Cronobacter and underpinned
      the importantce of two putative virulence factors-cpa and zpx-in in vivo
      pathogenesis. We propose that by using this model in vivo infection studies are
      now possible on a large scale level which will boost the understanding on the
      virulence strategies employed by these pathogens. 

PMID- 27355473
TI  - High tumor mast cell density is associated with longer survival of colon cancer
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators play an important role
      in colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous studies have shown that CRC patients with
      increased expression of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) have a poorer
      prognosis, and Cysltr1-/- mice display fewer intestinal polyps. However, the role
      of mast cells (MCs) in colon cancer progression remains unclear. The aim of the
      present study was to explore the relevance of MCs in CRC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A
      tissue microarray from 72 CRC patients was stained with MC anti-tryptase and 
      chymase antibodies. Mouse colon tissue was stained with MC anti-tryptase
      antibody. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify MCs in patients and mice.
      RESULTS: Patient colon cancer tissue had in comparison with normal colon tissue a
      reduced number of MCs, predominantly of chymase-positive cells. Further analysis
      revealed that patients with a relative high MCD in their cancer tissues showed
      significantly longer overall survival compared to those with a low MCD [hazard
      ratio (HR) 0.539; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.302-0.961]. Similar results
      were observed in subgroups of patients with either no distant metastasis (p =
      0.004), or <75 years (p = 0.015) at time of diagnosis. Multivariate Cox analysis
      showed that MCD independently correlated with reduced risk of death in colon
      cancer patients (HR 0.380; 95% CI 0.202-0.713). Additionally, a negative
      correlation was found between cytoplasmic CysLTR1 expression and number of MCs.
      In agreement, in the CAC mouse model, Cysltr1-/- mice showed significantly higher
      MCs in their polyp/tumor areas compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSION: A high
      MCD in cancer tissue correlated with longer patient survival independently from
      other risk factors for CRC. The concept that MCs have an anti-tumor effect in CRC
      is further supported by the findings of a negative correlation with CysLTR1
      expression in patients and a high MCD in colon polyps/tumors from CysLTR1-/-
      mice.

PMID- 27355474
TI  - CDI Systems Are Stably Maintained by a Cell-Contact Mediated Surveillance
      Mechanism.
AB  - Contact-dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems are widespread amongst Gram
      negative bacteria where they play important roles in inter-cellular competition
      and biofilm formation. CDI+ bacteria use cell-surface CdiA proteins to bind
      neighboring bacteria and deliver C-terminal toxin domains. CDI+ cells also
      express CdiI immunity proteins that specifically neutralize toxins delivered from
      adjacent siblings. Genomic analyses indicate that cdi loci are commonly found on
      plasmids and genomic islands, suggesting that these Type 5 secretion systems are
      spread through horizontal gene transfer. Here, we examine whether CDI toxin and
      immunity activities serve to stabilize mobile genetic elements using a minimal F
      plasmid that fails to partition properly during cell division. This F plasmid is
      lost from Escherichia coli populations within 50 cell generations, but is
      maintained in ~60% of the cells after 100 generations when the plasmid carries
      the cdi gene cluster from E. coli strain EC93. By contrast, the ccdAB "plasmid
      addiction" module normally found on F exerts only a modest stabilizing effect.
      cdi-dependent plasmid stabilization requires the BamA receptor for CdiA,
      suggesting that plasmid-free daughter cells are inhibited by siblings that retain
      the CDI+ plasmid. In support of this model, the CDI+ F plasmid is lost rapidly
      from cells that carry an additional cdiI immunity gene on a separate plasmid.
      These results indicate that plasmid stabilization occurs through elimination of
      non-immune cells arising in the population via plasmid loss. Thus, genetic
      stabilization reflects a strong selection for immunity to CDI. After long-term
      passage for more than 300 generations, CDI+ plasmids acquire mutations that
      increase copy number and result in 100% carriage in the population. Together,
      these results show that CDI stabilizes genetic elements through a toxin-mediated
      surveillance mechanism in which cells that lose the CDI system are detected and
      eliminated by their siblings.

PMID- 27355475
TI  - Stroke and Risks of Development and Progression of Kidney Diseases and End-Stage
      Renal Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is little information about the association between stroke and
      kidney diseases. We aimed to investigate the impact of stroke on long-term renal
      outcomes. METHODS: In this large population-based retrospective cohort study, we
      identified 100,353 subjects registered in the National Health Insurance Research
      Database of Taiwan from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2012, including
      33,451 stroke patients and 66,902 age-, sex- and Charlson's comorbidity index
      score-matched controls. RESULTS: The incidence rate of chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) was higher in the stroke than in the control cohort (17.5 vs. 9.06 per 1000
      person-years). After multivariate adjustment, the risk of developing CKD was
      significantly higher in patients with stroke (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.43,
      95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-1.50, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that
      stroke patients <50 years (aHR 1.61, P<0.001) and those with concomitant diabetes
      mellitus (aHR 2.12, P<0.001), hyperlipidemia (aHR 1.53, P<0.001) or gout (aHR
      1.84, P<0.001) were at higher risk of incident CKD. Additionally, the risks of
      progression to advanced CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were significantly
      higher for stroke patients (aHRs, 1.22 and 1.30; P = 0.04 and P = 0.008,
      respectively), independent of age, sex, comorbidities and long-term medications.
      CONCLUSIONS: Stroke is associated with higher risks for incident CKD, decline in
      renal function and ESRD. Younger stroke patients, as well as those with
      concomitant diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia or gout are at greater risk for
      kidney diseases.

PMID- 27355476
TI  - Development of Patient Derived Xenograft Models of Overt Spontaneous Breast
      Cancer Metastasis: A Cautionary Note.
AB  - Several approaches are being evaluated to improve the historically limited value
      of studying transplanted primary tumors derived by injection of cells from
      established cell lines for predicting subsequent cancer therapy outcomes in
      patients and clinical trials. These approaches include use of genetically
      engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of spontaneous tumors, or patient tumor tissue
      derived xenografts (PDXs). Almost all such therapy studies utilizing such models
      involve treatment of established primary tumors. An alternative approach we have
      developed involves transplanted human tumor xenografts derived from established
      cell lines to treat mice with overt visceral metastases after primary tumor
      resection. The rationale is to mimic the more challenging circumstance of
      treating patients with late stage metastatic disease. These metastatic models
      entail prior in vivo selection of heritable, phenotypically stable variants with
      increased aggressiveness for spontaneous metastasis; they were derived by
      orthotopic injection of tumor cells followed by primary tumor resection and
      serial selection of distant spontaneous metastases, from which variant cell lines
      having a more aggressive heritable metastatic phenotype were established. We
      attempted to adopt this strategy for breast cancer PDXs. We studied five breast
      cancer PDXs, with the emphasis on two, called HCI-001 and HCI-002, both derived
      from triple negative breast cancer patients. However significant technical
      obstacles were encountered. These include the inherent slow growth rates of PDXs,
      the rarity of overt spontaneous metastases (detected in only 3 of 144 mice), very
      high rates of tumor regrowths at the primary tumor resection site, the failure of
      the few human PDX metastases isolated to manifest a more aggressive metastatic
      phenotype upon re-transplantation into new hosts, and the formation of metastases
      which were derived from de novo mouse thymomas arising in aged SCID mice that we
      used for the experiments. We discuss several possible strategies that may be
      employed to overcome these limitations. Uncovering the basis of the failure to
      detect a high rate of overt spontaneous distant metastases having a heritable
      phenotype in PDX models may reveal new insights into the biology and treatment of
      advanced metastatic disease. 

PMID- 27355477
TI  - [Objective Diagnostics and Therapie of Hearing Loss Several Years after Cochlear
      Implant].

PMID- 27355478
TI  - [Management of Complex Tympanojugular Paragangliomas].
AB  - Background: Tympanojugular paraganglioma (TJP) are benign, high vascularized,
      local destructive tumors. Despite many studies in the literature, the management
      of particularly complex TJP (e. g., posterior fossa and/or carotid artery
      invasion) remains controversial. In the current study we present our treatment
      strategies for complex TJP and long-term results. Patients and methods: Between
      2003 and 2013, 17 patients with TJP Fisch types C and D were treated in our
      institution. Primary symptoms were hearing loss, followed by facial nerve palsy
      and lower cranial nerve impairments. 2 patients presented with recurrent tumors.
      Surgical treatment after endovascular tumor embolization was performed in 14
      patients. 2 patients were treated by radiation therapy. Results: Gross tumor
      resection was achieved in 10 patients. A temporary postoperative facial nerve
      palsy occurred in 2 patients and permanent postoperative vocal cord palsy in 3
      patients. During long term follow-up, one patient experienced regrowth of the
      residual tumor. No tumor progress was observed in both patients treated with
      radiation therapy. Outcome assessed by Karnofsky scale showed 100% functionality
      in 12 patients and 90% in 5 patients. Discussion: Surgical treatment of TJP after
      endovascular embolization is the treatment of choice in young and healthy
      patients. In older patients with premorbid conditions, radiation therapy is the
      main treatment option and is associated with high tumor control rates. Precise
      preoperative staging together with individualize risk-benefit assessment and
      interdisciplinary treatment strategy are essential for a favorable outcome.

PMID- 27355479
TI  - [Percutaneous PhilTM-Embolization for Preoperative Therapy of Carotid Body
      Paragangliomas].
AB  - Introduction: Paragangliomas are rare tumors representing a therapeutic
      challenge. In particular, the surgical removal may lead to life-threatening
      bleeding. The preoperative percutaneous embolization is an alternative that
      allows a high closure rate of tumor-feeding vessels in a short intervention time
      and thus significantly reduces intraoperative bleeding probability. Complete
      tumor resection is facilitated thereby. The use of a new non-adhesive liquid
      embolic agent is presented here. Methods: A 50-year old patient presented with 4
      cm large paraganglioma of the carotid body (Shamblin II). A percutaneous
      embolization with 7 ml PHILTM (injectable precipitating hydrophobic liquid) was
      performed preoperatively. 24 h later the complete surgical resection of the tumor
      was performed. Results: A good distribution of the liquid embolic agent could be
      achieved over the entire tumor. Intraoperative resection of the tumor was much
      easier and faster due to low bleeding tendency over the entire surface of the
      tumor. Total blood loss was less than 50 ml. All adjacent nerve and arterial
      structures could be spared. Postoperative nerve function was normal and the
      patient was discharged on the 4th postoperative day. Conclusion: The combination
      of percutaneous embolization and surgical resection provides a safe combination
      in the treatment of advanced carotid body paragangliomas. The use of a novel
      liquid embolic agent may possibly further optimize the therapy.

PMID- 27355480
TI  - First Description of the Extended Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase Gene blaCTX-M-109 in
      Salmonella Grumpensis Strains Isolated from Neonatal Nosocomial Infections in
      Dakar, Senegal.
AB  - Nosocomial infections are very common in African hospitals, particularly in
      neonatal units. These infections are most often caused by bacteria such as
      Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Staphylococcus spp. Salmonella strains are
      rarely involved in nosocomial infections. Here, we report the first description
      of S. Grumpensis in neonatal infections in Senegal. Seventeen Salmonella strains
      were isolated from hospitalized infants' stool samples. The following resistance
      phenotype was described in strains: AMXRTICRCFR
      FOXRCFXRCTXRCAZRIMPSATMRNARNORRCIPRTMRGMRTERSXTR. All isolates were susceptible
      to imipenem, 15 out of 17 produced an extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL).
      blaOXA-1, blaSHV-1, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M1 genes were detected in strains 8, 13, 5
      and 8, respectively. blaCTX-M1 sequencing revealed the presence of blaCTX-M-109.
      Thirteen of the 17 Salmonella Grumpensis strains were analyzed by PFGE. These 13
      isolates belonged to a single pulsotype and were genotypically identical. This is
      the first report of neonatal S. Grumpensis infections in Senegal, and the first
      report of blaCTX-M-109 in the genus Salmonella. 

PMID- 27355481
TI  - Toward an objective and reproducible model choice via variable selection
      deviation.
AB  - Various model selection methods can be applied to seek sparse subsets of the
      covariates to explain the response of interest in bioinformatics. While such
      methods often offer very helpful predictive performances, their selections of the
      covariates may be much less trustworthy. Indeed, when the number of covariates is
      large, the selections can be highly unstable, even under a slight change of the
      data. This casts a serious doubt on reproducibility of the identified variables.
      For a sound scientific understanding of the regression relationship, methods need
      to be developed to find the most important covariates that have higher chance to
      be confirmed in future studies. Such a method based on variable selection
      deviation is proposed and evaluated in this work.

PMID- 27355482
TI  - DNA-catalyzed glycosylation using aryl glycoside donors.
AB  - We report the identification by in vitro selection of Zn(2+)/Mn(2+)-dependent
      deoxyribozymes that glycosylate the 3'-OH of a DNA oligonucleotide. Both beta and
      alpha anomers of aryl glycosides can be used as the glycosyl donors. Individual
      deoxyribozymes are each specific for a particular donor anomer. 

PMID- 27355483
TI  - The Lectin Complement Pathway in Patients with Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins are pattern recognition
      molecules (PRMs) that play an important role during infection through activation
      of the lectin complement pathway. We assessed whether plasma PRM levels were
      associated with mortality in patients with necrotizing soft tissue infection
      (NSTI). METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational study over 25 months
      involving 135 NSTI patients with a maximum follow-up of 2.7 years. Blood samples
      were taken upon admission. Non-infected patients served as controls. RESULTS: PRM
      levels were significantly lower compared with controls. A baseline Ficolin-2
      level below the median was associated with mortality at the end of follow-up (p =
      0.007). No significant association was found for MBL, Ficolin-1 and Ficolin-3. A
      Ficolin-2 level below the median had a negative predictive value of 0.94 for 28
      day mortality, and a level below the optimal cut-off was independently associated
      with 28-day mortality when adjusted for age, sex and chronicity [hazard ratio
      6.27 (95% confidence interval 2.28-17.21), p < 0.0001], also when Simplified
      Acute Physiology Score II was included in the analysis [hazard ratio 3.16 (95%
      confidence interval 1.03-9.73), p = 0.045]. CONCLUSIONS: All PRMs were
      significantly lower in patients with NSTI than in controls. Only baseline Ficolin
      2 was associated with short- and long-term mortality. A high baseline Ficolin-2
      level indicated a 94% chance of surviving the first 28 days after admission.

PMID- 27355486
TI  - A more in-depth interpretation of MMPI-2 in MS patients by using Harris and
      Lingoes subscales.
AB  - Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is frequently associated with neuropsychiatric
      abnormalities. The aim of our study was to discriminate between psychosomatic
      disturbances and MS physically-related symptoms using the Harris-Lingoes
      subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Forty
      six MS out-patients (35 females; mean age = 44.5); and 82 healthy volunteers (62
      females; mean age = 46.5) were evaluated with MMPI-2 questionnaire. The frequency
      distribution of MMPI-2 clinical scales with high scores (> = 65) and the related
      Harris-Lingoes subscales were analyzed for both MS patients and healthy control
      subjects. Data analysis showed elevated scores in 47.8% of the patients mainly on
      MMPI-2 clinical scales 1, 2, and 3. The Harris-Lingoes subscales analysis allowed
      us to isolate and identify physical symptoms contributing to elevation of MMPI-2
      clinical scales, reduce the occurrence of false positives (MMPI-2 clinical scales
      elevations mainly due to MS physical disability) and provide a more detailed
      description of psycho-emotional symptoms of MS patients. In conclusion, our study
      shows the utility of Harris-Lingoes subscales analysis when MMPI-2 is used for
      psychological assessment of MS patients.

PMID- 27355485
TI  - Sensation seeking and executive deficits in relation to alcohol, tobacco, and
      marijuana use frequency among university students: Value of ecologically based
      measures.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The development of substance use and addiction has been linked to
      impaired executive function which relies on systems that converge in the
      prefrontal cortex. This study examined several measures of executive function as
      predictors of college student alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use frequency and
      abuse. METHODS: College students (N=321) were administered the Delis-Kaplan
      Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test battery, the Sensation Seeking Scale V
      (SSSV), the Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale (FrSBe), the Perceived Stress Scale
      (PSS), the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), the Fagerstrom Test of
      Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS: Alcohol use frequency was predicted by
      sensation seeking and FrSBe Disinhibition scores, but the latter only emerged as
      a unique predictor for binge drinking frequency. Sex and Disinhibition, Apathy
      and Executive Function FrSBe subscales predicted the frequency of tobacco use.
      FrSBe scores uniquely predicted tobacco use among daily users. Marijuana use
      frequency was predicted by sensation seeking, sex, perceived stress, and FrSBe
      Disinhibition scores, but only sensation seeking predicted daily use after
      controlling for other variables. FrSBe Disinhibition scores reached levels
      considered to be clinically significant for frequent binge drinkers and daily
      marijuana users. Sensation seeking emerged as the predominate predictor of the
      early stages of alcohol and tobacco related problems. CONCLUSIONS: These results
      suggest ecologically based self-report measures of frontal lobe function and
      sensation seeking are significant predictors of use frequency among college
      students and the extent of frontal dysfunction may be clinically significant
      among some heavy users.

PMID- 27355487
TI  - Investigation of the Abstraction and Dissociation Mechanism in the Nitrogen
      Trifluoride Channels: Combined Post-Hartree-Fock and Transition State Theory
      Approaches.
AB  - The present paper concludes our series of kinetics studies on the reactions
      involved in the complex mechanism of nitrogen trifluoride decomposition. Two
      other related reactions that, along with this mechanism, take part in an
      efficient boron nitride growth process are also investigated. We report results
      concerning two abstraction reactions, namely NF2 + N ? 2NF and NF3 + NF ? 2NF2,
      and two dissociations, N2F4 ? 2NF2 and N2F3 ? NF2 + NF. State-of-the-art
      electronic structure calculations at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level of theory were
      considered to determine geometries and frequencies of reactants, products, and
      transition states. Extrapolation of the energies to the complete basis set limit
      was used to obtain energies of all the species. We applied transition state
      theory to compute thermal rate constants including Wigner, Eckart, Bell, and
      deformed theory corrections in order to take tunneling effects into account. The
      obtained results are in good agreement with the experimental data available in
      the literature and are expected to provide a better phenomenological
      understanding of the NF3 decomposition role in the boron nitride growth for a
      wide range of temperature values. 

PMID- 27355484
TI  - Dynamic Regulation of Cell Volume and Extracellular ATP of Human Erythrocytes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The peptide mastoparan 7 (MST7) triggered in human erythrocytes
      (rbcs) the release of ATP and swelling. Since swelling is a well-known inducer of
      ATP release, and extracellular (ATPe), interacting with P (purinergic) receptors,
      can affect cell volume (Vr), we explored the dynamic regulation between Vr and
      ATPe. METHODS AND TREATMENTS: We made a quantitative assessment of MST7-dependent
      kinetics of Vr and of [ATPe], both in the absence and presence of blockers of ATP
      efflux, swelling and P receptors. RESULTS: In rbcs 10 MUM MST7 promoted acute,
      strongly correlated changes in [ATPe] and Vr. Whereas MST7 induced increases of
      10% in Vr and 190 nM in [ATPe], blocking swelling in a hyperosmotic medium + MST7
      reduced [ATPe] by 40%. Pre-incubation of rbcs with 10 MUM of either carbenoxolone
      or probenecid, two inhibitors of the ATP conduit pannexin 1, reduced [ATPe] by 40
      50% and swelling by 40-60%, while in the presence of 80 U/mL apyrase, an ATPe
      scavenger, cell swelling was prevented. While exposure to 10 MUM NF110, a blocker
      of ATP-P2X receptors mediating sodium influx, reduced [ATPe] by 48%, and swelling
      by 80%, incubation of cells in sodium free medium reduced swelling by 92%.
      ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION: Results were analyzed by means of a mathematical model
      where ATPe kinetics and Vr kinetics were mutually regulated. Model dependent fit
      to experimental data showed that, upon MST7 exposure, ATP efflux required a fast
      1960-fold increase of ATP permeability, mediated by two kinetically different
      conduits, both of which were activated by swelling and inactivated by time. Both
      experimental and theoretical results suggest that, following MST7 exposure, ATP
      is released via two conduits, one of which is mediated by pannexin 1. The
      accumulated ATPe activates P2X receptors, followed by sodium influx, resulting in
      cell swelling, which in turn further activates ATP release. Thus swelling and P2X
      receptors constitute essential components of a positive feedback loop underlying
      ATP-induced ATP release of rbcs.

PMID- 27355489
TI  - Variation in the Incidence and Magnitude of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in
      Breast Cancer Subtypes: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Importance: The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is a favorable
      prognostic factor in breast cancer, and TILs may synergize with chemotherapy and
      immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for improved clinical response. A more
      detailed understanding of the variation in lymphocytic infiltration in breast
      cancer may aid in identifying subtypes more amenable to immunomodulation.
      Objective: To determine the median percentage of patients with breast cancer with
      no, intermediate, or high levels of TIL and assess variations in lymphocytic cell
      subsets across breast cancer subtypes. Evidence Review: Eligible studies (PubMed,
      1990-2015) analyzed tumor lymphocytic, CD8+, and FOXP3+ cellular infiltrates, and
      used multivariable analyses and quantitative methods for enumerating cell
      populations. Selection of of studies was performed in accordance with PRISMA
      guidelines and evaluated by 2 independent appraisers. Findings: Fifteen studies
      (n = 13 914) met prespecified criteria and were reviewed in December 2015. A
      median of 11% (range, 5%-26%) of breast cancers demonstrate lymphocyte
      predominant breast cancer (LPBC), with approximately 16% of cancers showing no
      evidence of TILs. Triple-negative (TN) breast cancers demonstrated the highest
      incidence of LPBC (20%; range, 4%-37%). This incidence is similar to that of
      breast cancers that are human epidermal growth factor 2 positive and either
      hormone receptor positive or negative (HER2+) at 16% (range 11%-24%). Hormone
      receptor positive/HER2- (HR+) breast cancer showed the lowest incidence of LPBC
      at 6% (range, 3%-12%). CD8+ T-cell infiltrates, indicative of type I immunity,
      were found in 48% of all breast cancers (range, 32%-80%) with similar levels
      observed in TN (60%; range, 40%-91%) and HER2+ disease (61%; range, 40%-83%).
      Fewer HR+ tumors demonstrated CD8+ TIL (43%; range, 30%-73%). The highest levels
      of FOXP3+ cells were observed in TN (70%; range, 65%-76%) and HER2+ disease (67%;
      range, 61%-74%). A minority of HR+ breast cancers demonstrated high levels of
      tumor-infiltrating FOXP3+ cells (38%; range, 35%-41%). Conclusions and Relevance:
      The magnitude of TIL is variable within and between breast cancer subtypes.
      Levels of lymphocytic subpopulations may identify breast cancers more amenable to
      immunomodulation and indicate additional strategies to enhance immunity in
      patients with low to moderate levels of TILs.

PMID- 27355488
TI  - Caring for the Unseen: Using Linking Social Capital to Improve Healthcare Access
      to Irregular Migrants in Spain.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe a novel strategy using linking social capital to provide
      healthcare access to irregular migrants with low literacy, low numeracy, and
      limited cultural assimilation in a European metropolitan area. ORGANIZING
      CONSTRUCT: Public data show numerous shortcomings in meeting the healthcare needs
      of refugees and irregular migrants surging into Europe. Many irregular migrants
      living in European communities are unable to access information, care, or
      services due to lack of social capital. An overview of the problem and
      traditional charity strategies, including their barriers, are briefly described.
      A novel strategy using linking social capital to improve healthcare access of
      irregular migrants is explored and described. Information regarding the impact of
      this approach on the target population is provided. The discussion of nursing's
      role in employing linking social capital to care for the vulnerable is presented.
      CONCLUSIONS: Immigration and refugee data show that issues related to migration
      will continue. The novel strategy presented can be implemented by nurses with
      limited financial and physical resources in small community settings frequented
      by irregular migrants to improve health care. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The health and
      well-being of irregular migrants has an impact on community health. Nurses must
      be aware of and consider implementing novel strategies to ensure that all
      community members' healthcare needs, which are a basic human right, are
      addressed.

PMID- 27355490
TI  - The Thyroid Hormone Inactivating Enzyme Type 3 Deiodinase is Present in
      Bactericidal Granules and the Cytoplasm of Human Neutrophils.
AB  - Neutrophils are important effector cells of the innate immune system. Thyroid
      hormone (TH) is thought to play an important role in their function.
      Intracellular TH levels are regulated by the deiodinating enzymes. The TH
      inactivating type 3 deiodinase (D3) is expressed in infiltrating murine
      neutrophils, and D3 knockout mice show impaired bacterial killing upon infection.
      This suggests that D3 plays an important role in the bacterial killing capacity
      of neutrophils. The mechanism behind this effect is unknown. We aimed to assess
      the presence of D3 in human neutrophils, and determine its subcellular
      localization using confocal and electron microscopy, because this could give
      important clues about its function in these cells. D3 appeared to be present in
      the cytoplasm and in myeloperoxidase containing azurophilic granules and as well
      as lactoferrin containing specific granules within human neutrophils. This
      subcellular localization did not change upon activation of the cells. D3 is
      observed intracellularly during neutrophil extracellular trap formation, followed
      by a reduction of D3 staining after release of the neutrophil extracellular traps
      into the extracellular space. At the transcriptional level, human neutrophils
      expressed additional essential elements of TH metabolism, including TH
      transporters and TH receptors. Here, we demonstrate the presence and subcellular
      location of D3 in human neutrophils for the first time and propose a model, in
      which D3 plays a role in the bacterial killing capacity of neutrophils either
      through generation of iodide for the myeloperoxidase system or through modulation
      of intracellular TH bioavailability.

PMID- 27355491
TI  - Maternally Administered Cyclic Glycine-Proline Increases Insulin-Like Growth
      Factor-1 Bioavailability and Novelty Recognition in Developing Offspring.
AB  - Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP), a metabolite of IGF-1, is an endogenous
      neuropeptide that improves memory in adult rats. The presence and concentrations
      of endogenous cGP, and its association with IGF-1 and IGF binding protein-3
      (IGFBP-3) in rat milk and plasma, were evaluated during postnatal development.
      Maternal-infantile transfer of cGP during lactation and its efficacy on the
      memory of developing offspring were also investigated. Dams were gavaged with
      either cGP (3 mg/kg) or saline daily from postnatal days 8-22. Concentrations of
      cGP were measured in dams' milk, and concentrations of cGP, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3
      were measured in the plasma of dams, pups, and young adults. The recognition
      memory, locomotor function, and anxiety-like behavior of offspring were evaluated
      using behavioral tests. Endogenous cGP was detected in rat milk, and its
      concentration was higher during peak lactation compared with late lactation.
      Comparisons within control groups showed low endogenous IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and
      high endogenous cGP concentrations in the plasma of male pups. The reduced IGFBP
      3 and increased cGP may be a response to increase the bioavailability of IGF-1
      during infancy. Exogenous cGP showed oral bioavailability and effective maternal
      infantile transfer through milk. Maternally transferred cGP also led to improved
      recognition memory in the developing offspring, possibly through increased IGF-1
      bioavailability, with no effect on locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior.
      These results show that cGP is an essential endogenous peptide during early
      postnatal development as it improves the bioavailability of IGF-1 during infancy.
      Furthermore, maternal cGP supplementation offers an effective and natural route
      of administration for improving memory in the developing offspring.

PMID- 27355492
TI  - Seminal Plasma Induces Ovulation in Llamas in the Absence of a Copulatory
      Stimulus: Role of Nerve Growth Factor as an Ovulation-Inducing Factor.
AB  - Llamas are considered to be reflex ovulators. However, semen from these animals
      is reported to be rich in ovulation-inducing factor(s), one of which has been
      identified as nerve growth factor (NGF). These findings suggest that ovulation in
      llamas may be elicited by chemical signals contained in semen instead of being
      mediated by neural signals. The present study examines this notion. Llamas
      displaying a preovulatory follicle were assigned to four groups: group 1 received
      an intrauterine infusion (IUI) of PBS; group 2 received an IUI of seminal plasma;
      group 3 was mated to a male whose urethra had been surgically diverted
      (urethrostomized male); and group 4 was mated to an intact male. Ovulation
      (detected by ultrasonography) occurred only in llamas mated to an intact male or
      given an IUI of seminal plasma and was preceded by a surge in plasma LH levels
      initiated within an hour after coitus or IUI. In both ovulatory groups,
      circulating beta-NGF levels increased within 15 minutes after treatment, reaching
      values that were greater and more sustained in llamas mated with an intact male.
      These results demonstrate that llamas can be induced to ovulate by seminal plasma
      in the absence of copulation and that copulation alone cannot elicit ovulation in
      the absence of seminal plasma. In addition, our results implicate beta-NGF as an
      important mediator of seminal plasma-induced ovulation in llamas because
      ovulation does not occur if beta-NGF levels do not increase in the bloodstream, a
      change that occurs promptly after copulation with an intact male or IUI of
      seminal plasma. 

PMID- 27355493
TI  - Measuring Plasma Concentrations of Ribavirin: First Report From a Quality Control
      Program.

PMID- 27355495
TI  - Advancing PMTCT Implementation Through Scientific Research: A Vital Agenda for
      Combating the Global AIDS Epidemic in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

PMID- 27355494
TI  - Dietary Supplementation with a Low Dose of Polyphenol-Rich Grape Pomace Extract
      Prevents Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats.
AB  - Evidence from several epidemiological and experimental studies points to a
      beneficial role of dietary polyphenols in inflammatory bowel disease. In this
      study, we investigate the protective effect of dietary supplementation with
      various amounts of a polyphenol-rich grape pomace extract (GPE) on the
      development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. Rats were
      fed 21 days on a semisynthetic diet enriched with GPE (0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%), and
      acute colitis was induced by DSS (40 g/L in the drinking water) administration
      during the last 7 days. The low GPE content in the diet (0.1%) attenuated
      clinical signs and colon shortening and limited DSS-induced histological lesions.
      GPE 0.1% also attenuated the DSS-induced increase in myeloperoxidase activity and
      improved superoxide dismutase activity. Higher amounts of GPE in the diet induced
      only weak and nonsignificant protective effects. These results suggest that
      consumption of a low amount of polyphenol-rich GPE helps protect against colitis
      development. 

PMID- 27355496
TI  - Creating Sustainable Collaborations for Implementation Science: The Case of the
      NIH-PEPFAR PMTCT Implementation Science Alliance.

PMID- 27355497
TI  - Evaluation of a Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach to Optimize Prevention
      of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV Using the Consolidated Framework for
      Implementation Research.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite large investments to prevent mother-to-child-transmission
      (PMTCT), pediatric HIV elimination goals are not on track in many countries. The
      Systems Analysis and Improvement Approach (SAIA) study was a cluster randomized
      trial to test whether a package of systems engineering tools could strengthen
      PMTCT programs. We sought to (1) define core and adaptable components of the SAIA
      intervention, and (2) explain the heterogeneity in SAIA's success between
      facilities. METHODS: The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
      (CFIR) guided all data collection efforts. CFIR constructs were assessed in focus
      group discussions and interviews with study and facility staff in 6 health
      facilities (1 high-performing and 1 low-performing site per country, identified
      by study staff) in December 2014 at the end of the intervention period. SAIA
      staff identified the intervention's core and adaptable components at an end-of
      study meeting in August 2015. Two independent analysts used CFIR constructs to
      code transcripts before reaching consensus. RESULTS: Flow mapping and continuous
      quality improvement were the core to the SAIA in all settings, whereas the PMTCT
      cascade analysis tool was the core in high HIV prevalence settings. Five CFIR
      constructs distinguished strongly between high and low performers: 2 in inner
      setting (networks and communication, available resources) and 3 in process
      (external change agents, executing, reflecting and evaluating). DISCUSSION: The
      CFIR is a valuable tool to categorize elements of an intervention as core versus
      adaptable, and to understand heterogeneity in study implementation. Future
      intervention studies should apply evidence-based implementation science
      frameworks, like the CFIR, to provide salient data to expand implementation to
      other settings.

PMID- 27355498
TI  - Patient and Provider Satisfaction With a Comprehensive Strategy to Improve
      Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Services in Rural Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High mother-to-child HIV transmission rates in Nigeria are coupled
      with a critical shortage of trained health personnel, dearth of infrastructure,
      and low levels of male involvement in HIV care. This study evaluated maternal and
      provider satisfaction with services for prevention of mother-to-child
      transmission within the context of an implementation science cluster-randomized
      trial that included task shifting to lower-cadre workers, male engagement, point
      of-care CD4 cell counts, and integrated mother-infant care. METHODS: Patient and
      clinician satisfaction were measured at 6 control and 6 intervention sites using
      a 5-point Likert scale. Patient satisfaction was assessed at 6 weeks postpartum
      through a 22-item scale about the provider's ability to explain the health
      problem, time spent with the clinician, and motivation to follow prescribed
      treatment. Provider satisfaction was assessed through a 12-item scale about
      motivation, compensation, and training, with 4 additional questions about the
      impact of task shifting on job satisfaction to intervention arm providers.
      RESULTS: We measured satisfaction among 340 mothers (intervention n = 160;
      control n = 180) and 60 providers (intervention n = 36; control n = 24). Total
      patient satisfaction (maximum 5) was higher in the intervention than control arm
      [median (interquartile range) = 4.61 (4.22-4.79) vs. 3.84 (3.22-4.22),
      respectively; P < 0.001]. Provider satisfaction was generally high, and was
      similar between the intervention and the control arms [median (interquartile
      range) = 3.60 (3.37-3.91) vs. 3.50 (3.08-4.25), respectively; P = 0.69]. Provider
      satisfaction dropped when questions on newly acquired provider roles were
      included [3.47 (3.25-3.72)]. Patient and provider satisfaction were not
      associated with uptake of antiretroviral therapy or mother-infant retention at 6
      and 12 weeks postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction was higher among patients at
      intervention sites, and provider satisfaction decreased when newly assigned roles
      were factored in. Task shifting should include training and supportive oversight
      to ensure comfort with assigned tasks.

PMID- 27355499
TI  - Conditional Cash Transfers to Increase Retention in PMTCT Care, Antiretroviral
      Adherence, and Postpartum Virological Suppression: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Novel strategies are needed to increase retention in prevention of
      mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services. We have recently shown that
      small, incremental cash transfers conditional on attending clinic resulted in
      increased retention along the PMTCT cascade. However, whether women who receive
      incentives to attend clinic visits are as adherent to antiretrovirals (ARV) as
      those who do not was unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether HIV-infected women
      who received incentives to remain in care were as adherent to antiretroviral
      treatment and achieved the same level of viral suppression at 6 weeks postpartum
      as those who did not receive incentives but also remained in care. METHODS: Newly
      diagnosed HIV-infected women at <=32 weeks gestational age were recruited at
      antenatal care clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Women were
      randomized in a 1:1 ratio to an intervention or control group. The intervention
      group received compensation ($5, plus $1 increment at each subsequent visit)
      conditional on attending scheduled clinic visits and accepting offered PMTCT
      services, whereas the control group received usual care. The proportion of
      participants who remained in care, were fully adherent (took all their pills at
      each visit) or with undetectable viral load at 6 weeks postpartum were compared
      across group. RESULTS: Among 433 women randomized (216 in intervention group and
      217 in control group), 332 (76.7%) remained in care at 6 weeks postpartum,
      including 174 (80.6%) in the intervention group and 158 (72.8%) in the control
      group, (P = 0.04). Data on pill count were available for 297 participants
      (89.5%), including 156 (89.7%) and 141 (89.2%) in the intervention and control
      groups, respectively; 69.9% (109/156) and 68.1% (96/141) in the intervention and
      control groups had perfect adherence [risk difference, 0.02; 95% CI: -0.06 to
      0.09]. Viral load results were available for 171 (98.3%) and 155 (98.7%) women in
      the intervention and control groups, respectively; 66.1% (113/171) in the
      intervention group and 69.7% (108/155) in the control group had an undetectable
      viral load (risk difference, -0.04; 95% CI: -0.14 to 0.07). Results were similar
      after adjusting for marital status, age, education, baseline CD4 count, viral
      load, gestational age, and initial ARV regimen. CONCLUSIONS: Although the
      provision of cash incentives to HIV-infected pregnant women led to higher
      retention in care at 6 weeks postpartum, among those retained in care, adherence
      to ARVs and virologic suppression did not differ by study group.

PMID- 27355500
TI  - A Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Trial on the Effect of a "feeding buddy"
      Program on adherence to the Prevention of Mother-To-Child-Transmission Guidelines
      in a Rural Area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The uptake of prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT)
      services has improved in South Africa but challenges remain, including adherence
      to the World Health Organization's (WHO) PMTCT recommendations of exclusive
      breastfeeding (EBF), taking antiretroviral medication (ARV); testing for early
      infant diagnosis; and reducing stigma. Women who practice EBF for the first 6
      months are less likely to transmit HIV to their infants, yet only 7% of women EBF
      for 6 months in South Africa. Adherence to these recommendations remains
      challenging because of difficulties relating to disclosure and stigma. To address
      this challenge, the feeding buddy concept was developed based on studies where
      ARV buddies have proved effective in providing support for women living with HIV.
      Buddies have demonstrated a positive effect on providing emotional and social
      support to adhere to PMTCT guidelines. METHODS: A cluster randomized controlled
      trial was conducted in 16 selected randomly assigned clinics in uMhlathuze and
      uMlalazi districts of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. HIV-positive pregnant women (n
      = 625) who intended to breastfeed were enrolled at 8 control clinics and 8
      intervention clinics. The clinics were stratified on the basis of
      urban/rural/periurban locale and then randomly allocated to either intervention
      or control. In the intervention clinics, the mother chose a feeding buddy to be
      enrolled alongside her. Quantitative interviews with mothers and their chosen
      buddies took place at enrollment during pregnancy and at routine postdelivery
      visits at day 3 and weeks 6, 14 and 22. Women in the control clinics were
      followed using the same evaluation schedule. The trial evaluated the effect of a
      voluntary PMTCT feeding buddy program on HIV-infected women's adherence to PMTCT
      recommendations and stigma reduction. The proportion of women exclusively feeding
      at 5.5 months postpartum was the primary end-point of the trial. In-depth
      interviews were conducted among a convenience sample of PMTCT counselors,
      community caregivers, mothers, and buddies from intervention clinics and control
      clinics to document their overall experiences. DISCUSSION: The information
      collected in this study could be used to guide recommendations on how to build
      upon the current South Africa. PMTCT "buddy" strategy and to improve safe infant
      feeding. The information would be applicable to many other similar resource poor
      settings with poor social support structures.

PMID- 27355501
TI  - Mother Infant Retention for Health (MIR4Health): Study Design, Adaptations, and
      Challenges With PMTCT Implementation Science Research.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective retention of HIV-infected mothers and their infants is
      fraught with multiple challenges, resulting in loss across the continuum of
      prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) care and missed
      opportunities to offer life-saving HIV prevention and treatment. METHODS: The
      Mother Infant Retention for Health study is an individual-randomized study
      evaluating the effectiveness of active patient follow-up compared with standard
      of care on the combined outcome of attrition of HIV-infected women and their
      infants at 6 months postpartum. Lay counselors administered the active patient
      follow-up package of interventions, including individualized health education,
      use of flip charts during clinic visits, and at home, phone and short message
      service appointment reminders, active phone and physical tracking of patients
      immediately after missed clinic visits, and individualized retention and
      adherence support. RESULTS: Use of study visits to indicate participant
      progression along the PMTCT cascade highlights the nature of loss among women and
      infants in PMTCT care because of issues such as pregnancy complications, infant
      deaths, and transfer out. Delay in implementation of Option B+, unanticipated
      slow enrollment, a health-care worker strike, rapid HIV test kit shortages, and
      changes in national PMTCT guidelines necessitated several modifications to the
      protocol design and implementation to ensure successful completion of the study.
      CONCLUSIONS: Flexibility when operationalizing an implementation science study is
      critical in the context of the shifting landscape in a noncontrolled "real-world"
      setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01962220.

PMID- 27355503
TI  - Linkage to Care, Early Infant Diagnosis, and Perinatal Transmission Among Infants
      Born to HIV-Infected Nigerian Mothers: Evidence From the Healthy Beginning
      Initiative.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2014, Nigeria accounted for 33% of all new childhood HIV
      infections that occurred among the 22 Global Plan priority countries where 80% of
      HIV-infected women reside. Even with a vertical HIV transmission rate of 27%,
      only 6% of infants born to HIV-infected women in Nigeria receive early infant
      diagnosis (EID). This article reports rates of antiretroviral prophylaxis, EID,
      and mother-to-child transmission in a congregation-based Healthy Beginning
      Initiative (HBI) designed to increase HIV testing among pregnant women in
      southeast Nigeria. METHODS: This is a nested cohort study of HIV-exposed infants
      (HEI) within the HBI trial originally designed as a 2-arm cluster randomized
      trial. HIV-infected mothers and infants were followed between January 2013 and
      August 2014. RESULTS: Across both arms of the study, 72 HIV-infected women
      delivered 69 live infants (1 set of twins) and 4 had miscarriages. Of the 69 live
      born HEI, HIV status was known for 71% (49/69), 16% (11/69) died before sample
      collection, and 13% (9/69) were lost to follow-up. Complete information was
      available for 84% of HEI (58/69), of which 64% (37/58) received antiretroviral
      prophylaxis. Among the 49 infants tested for HIV, 88% (43/49) received EID within
      2 months and 12% (6/49) received antibody testing after 18 months. The mother-to
      child transmission rate was 8.2% (4/49). CONCLUSIONS: EID was higher and HIV
      transmission rate was lower among the HBI participants compared to reported rates
      in 2014. However, further progress is needed to achieve goals of elimination of
      infant HIV infection.

PMID- 27355502
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness of Pre-exposure HIV Prophylaxis During Pregnancy and
      Breastfeeding in Sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention
      of HIV acquisition is cost-effective when delivered to those at substantial risk.
      Despite a high incidence of HIV infection among pregnant and breastfeeding women
      in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a theoretical increased risk of preterm birth on
      PrEP could outweigh the HIV prevention benefit. METHODS: We developed a decision
      analytic model to evaluate a strategy of daily oral PrEP during pregnancy and
      breastfeeding in SSA. We approached the analysis from a health care system
      perspective across a lifetime time horizon. Model inputs were derived from
      existing literature and local sources. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
      (ICER) of PrEP versus no PrEP was calculated in 2015 U.S. dollars per disability
      adjusted life year (DALY) averted. We evaluated the effect of uncertainty in
      baseline estimates through one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.
      RESULTS: PrEP administered to pregnant and breastfeeding women in SSA was cost
      effective. In a base case of 10,000 women, the administration of PrEP averted 381
      HIV infections but resulted in 779 more preterm births. PrEP was more costly per
      person ($450 versus $117), but resulted in fewer disability-adjusted life years
      (DALYs) (3.15 versus 3.49). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $965/DALY
      averted was below the recommended regional threshold for cost-effectiveness of
      $6462/DALY. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated robustness of the
      model. CONCLUSIONS: Providing PrEP to pregnant and breastfeeding women in SSA is
      likely cost-effective, although more data are needed about adherence and safety.
      For populations at high risk of HIV acquisition, PrEP may be considered as part
      of a broader combination HIV prevention strategy.

PMID- 27355505
TI  - Home-Based HIV Testing Among Pregnant Couples Increases Partner Testing and
      Identification of Serodiscordant Partnerships.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Male partner HIV testing has been recognized as an important
      component of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. Scheduled home-based
      couple HIV testing may be an effective strategy to reach men. METHODS: Women
      attending their first antenatal visit at Kisumu County Hospital in Kenya were
      randomized to home-based education and HIV testing within 2 weeks of enrollment
      (HOPE) or to written invitations for male partners to attend clinic (INVITE).
      Male partner HIV testing and maternal child health outcomes were compared at 6
      months postpartum. RESULTS: Of 1101 women screened, 620 were eligible and 601
      were randomized to HOPE (n = 306) or INVITE (n = 295). At 6 months postpartum,
      male partners were more than twice as likely [relative risk (RR) = 2.10; 95% CI
      (CI): 1.81 to 2.42] to have been HIV tested in the HOPE arm [233 (87%)] compared
      with the INVITE arm [108 (39%)]. Couples in the HOPE arm [192 (77%)] were 3 times
      as likely (RR = 3.17; 95% CI: 2.53 to 3.98) to have been tested as a couple as
      the INVITE arm [62 (24%)] and women in the HOPE arm [217 (88%)] were also twice
      as likely (RR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.93 to 2.67) to know their partner's HIV status as
      the INVITE arm [98 (39%)]. More serodiscordant couples were identified in the
      HOPE arm [33 (13%)] than in the INVITE arm [10 (4%)] (RR = 3.38; 95% CI: 1.70 to
      6.71). Maternal child health outcomes of facility delivery, postpartum family
      planning, and exclusive breastfeeding did not vary by arm. CONCLUSIONS: Home
      based HIV testing for pregnant couples resulted in higher uptake of male partner
      and couple testing, as well as higher rates of HIV status disclosure and
      identification of serodiscordant couples. However, the intervention did not
      result in higher uptake of maternal child health outcomes, because facility
      delivery and postpartum family planning were high in both arms, whereas exclusive
      breastfeeding was low. The HOPE intervention was successful at its primary aim to
      increase HIV testing and disclosure among pregnant couples and was able to find
      more serodiscordant couples compared with the invitation-only strategy. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov registry: NCT01784783.

PMID- 27355504
TI  - Identifying and Prioritizing Implementation Barriers, Gaps, and Strategies
      Through the Nigeria Implementation Science Alliance: Getting to Zero in the
      Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2013, Nigeria accounted for 15% of the 1.3 million pregnant women
      living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and 26% of new infections among children
      worldwide. Despite this, less than 20% of pregnant women in Nigeria received an
      HIV test during pregnancy, and only 23% of HIV-infected pregnant women received
      appropriate intervention following HIV diagnosis. This article reports findings
      from 2 structured group exercises conducted at the first Nigeria Implementation
      Science Alliance Conference to identify (1) barriers and research gaps related to
      prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and (2) potential strategies
      and interventions that could address PMTCT challenges. METHODS: Two 1-hour
      structured group exercises were conducted with 10 groups of 14-15 individuals (n
      = 145), who were asked to brainstorm barriers and strategies and to rank their
      top 3 in each category. Data analysis eliminated duplicate responses and
      categorized each of the priorities along the HIV care continuum: HIV diagnosis,
      linkage to care, or retention in care. RESULTS: Participating stakeholders
      identified 20 unique barriers and research gaps related to PMTCT across the HIV
      continuum. Twenty-five unique interventions and implementation strategies were
      identified. Similar to the barriers and research gaps, these interventions and
      strategies were distributed across the HIV care continuum. CONCLUSIONS: The
      barriers and strategies identified in this study represent important pathways to
      progress addressing MTCT. The deliberate involvement of state and federal policy
      makers, program implementers, and researchers helps ensure that they are relevant
      and actionable.

PMID- 27355506
TI  - Modeling the Cost-Effectiveness of Home-Based HIV Testing and Education (HOPE)
      for Pregnant Women and Their Male Partners in Nyanza Province, Kenya.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Women in sub-Saharan Africa face a 2-fold higher risk of HIV
      acquisition during pregnancy and postpartum and the majority do not know the HIV
      status of their male partner. Home-based couple HIV testing for pregnant women
      can reduce HIV transmission to women and infants while increasing antiretroviral
      therapy (ART) coverage in men. However, the cost-effectiveness of this program
      has not been evaluated. METHODS: We modeled the health and economic impact of
      implementing a home-based partner education and HIV testing (HOPE) intervention
      for pregnant women and their male partners in a region of Western Kenya (formally
      Nyanza Province). We used data from the HOPE randomized clinical trial conducted
      in Kisumu, Kenya, to parameterize a mathematical model of HIV transmission. We
      conducted an in-country microcosting of the HOPE intervention (payer perspective)
      to estimate program costs as well as a lower cost scenario of task-shifting to
      community health workers. RESULTS: The incremental cost of adding the HOPE
      intervention to standard antenatal care was $31-37 and $14-16 USD per couple
      tested with program and task-shifting costs, respectively. At 60% coverage of
      male partners, HOPE was projected to avert 6987 HIV infections and 2603 deaths in
      Nyanza province over 10 years with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)
      of $886 and $615 per disability-adjusted life year averted for the program and
      task-shifting scenario, respectively. ICERs were robust to changes in
      intervention coverage, effectiveness, and ART initiation and dropout rates.
      CONCLUSIONS: The HOPE intervention can moderately decrease HIV-associated
      morbidity and mortality by increasing ART coverage in male partners of pregnant
      women. ICERs fall below Kenya's per capita gross domestic product ($1358) and are
      therefore considered cost-effective. Task-shifting to community health workers
      can increase intervention affordability and feasibility.

PMID- 27355508
TI  - Optimizing Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) for Maternal and Child Health (MCH):
      Rationale and Design of the MCH-ART Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV implementation
      faces significant challenges globally, particularly in the context of universal
      lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-infected pregnant women.
      METHODS: We describe the rationale and methods of the Maternal and Child Health
      Antiretroviral Therapy (MCH-ART) study, an implementation science project
      examining strategies for providing HIV care and treatment to HIV-infected women
      who initiate ART during pregnancy and their HIV-exposed infants. RESULTS: MCH-ART
      is composed of 3 interrelated study designs across the antenatal and postnatal
      periods. Phase 1 is a cross-sectional evaluation of consecutive HIV-infected
      pregnant women seeking antenatal care; phase 2 is an observational cohort of all
      women from phase 1 who are eligible for initiation of ART following local
      guidelines; and phase 3 is a randomized trial of strategies for delivering ART to
      breastfeeding women from phase 2 during the postpartum period. During each phase,
      a set of study measurement visits is carried out separately from antenatal care
      and ART services; a maximum of 9 visits takes place from the beginning of
      antenatal care through 12 months postpartum. In parallel, in-depth interviews are
      used to examine issues of ART adherence and retention qualitatively, and costs
      and cost-effectiveness of models of care are examined. Separate substudies
      examine health outcomes in HIV-uninfected women and their HIV-unexposed infants,
      and the role of the adherence club model for long-term adherence and retention.
      DISCUSSION: Combining observational and experimental components, the MCH-ART
      study presents a novel approach to understand and optimize ART delivery for MCH.

PMID- 27355507
TI  - Option B+ in Mozambique: Formative Research Findings for the Design of a Facility
      Level Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial to Improve ART Retention in Antenatal
      Care.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: With the rollout of "Option B+" in Mozambique in 2013, initial data
      indicated major challenges to early retention in antiretroviral therapy (ART)
      among HIV-positive pregnant women. We sought to develop and test a pilot
      intervention in 6 large public clinics in central Mozambique to improve retention
      of mothers starting ART in antenatal care. The results from the formative
      research from this study described here were used to design the intervention.
      METHODS: The research was initiated in early 2013 and completed in early 2014 in
      each of the 6 study clinics and consisted of (1) patient flow mapping and
      measurement of retention through collection of health systems data from antenatal
      care registries, pharmacy registries, ART clinic databases, (2) workforce
      assessment and measurement of patient waiting times, and (3) patient and worker
      individual interviews and focus groups. RESULTS: Coverage of HIV testing and ART
      initiation were over 90% at all sites, but retention at 30-, 60-, and 90-day
      pharmacy refill visits was very low ranging from only 5% at 1 site to 30%
      returning at 90 days. These data revealed major systemic bottlenecks that
      contributed to poor adherence and retention in the first month after ART
      initiation. Long wait times, short consultations, and poor counseling were
      identified as barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, we designed an
      intervention with these components: (1) workflow modification to redefine nurse
      tasks, shift tasks to community health workers, and enhance patient tracking and
      (2) an adherence and retention package to systematize active patient follow-up,
      ensure home visits by community health workers, use text messaging, and intensify
      counseling by health staff. This intervention is currently under evaluation using
      a stepped wedge design.

PMID- 27355509
TI  - Point-of-Care Virologic Testing to Improve Outcomes of HIV-Infected Children in
      Zambia: A Clinical Trial Protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In the absence of early infant diagnosis (EID) and immediate
      antiretroviral therapy (ART), some 50% of untreated HIV-infected infants die
      before age 2. Conventional EID requires sophisticated instruments that are
      typically placed in centralized or reference laboratories. In low-resource
      settings, centralized systems often lead to result turnaround times of several
      months, long delays in diagnosis, and adverse outcomes for HIV-infected children.
      Our clinical trial tests the effectiveness of a new point-of-care (POC)
      diagnostic technology to identify HIV-infected infants and start providing them
      life-saving ART as soon as possible. METHODS AND DESIGN: The study uses a
      randomized, controlled design to test whether the Alere q platform for HIV DNA
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing improves outcomes of HIV-infected
      children in Zambia. We aim to enroll 2867 HIV-exposed infants aged 4-12 weeks and
      to follow those who are HIV infected for 12 months as they receive HIV care at 6
      public health facilities in Lusaka. The trial's primary endpoint is the
      proportion of HIV-infected infants in each study arm who start ART and remain
      alive, in care, and virally suppressed 12 months after their diagnostic blood
      draw. DISCUSSION: Our trial will provide evidence for the incremental benefit of
      implementing a POC EID strategy in low-resource settings where only off-site PCR
      services are currently available. The results will be useful in guiding future
      decisions regarding investments in POC virologic testing as part of overall
      pediatric AIDS mitigation strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      clinicaltrials.gov NCT02682810.

PMID- 27355510
TI  - Concept Mapping of PMTCT Implementation Challenges and Solutions Across 6 sub
      Saharan African Countries in the NIH-PEPFAR PMTCT Implementation Science
      Alliance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although tremendous gains have been made to reduce mother-to-child HIV
      transmission (MTCT) globally, evidence-based practice implementation remains
      inconsistent in sub-Saharan Africa. We sought to identify the key domains for
      effective prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) implementation, using a participatory mixed
      methods approach. METHODS: Participants were members of the NIH-PEPFAR PMTCT
      Implementation Science Alliance (ISA), a platform of researchers, public-health
      practitioners, policymakers, and donors supported through NIH/PEPFAR. We used
      concept mapping to identify priority areas for PMTCT implementation science.
      Participants responded to the focus question: "In your experience, what factors
      have facilitated or hindered implementation of PMTCT interventions?" Responses
      were consolidated into discrete statements, grouped together based on similarity,
      and rated for importance, changeability, and extent to which ISA participation
      enhanced the capacity to influence/change the factor. RESULTS: Using
      multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis, we identified 12 key domains of
      PMTCT implementation. Two domains (Governmental Commitment and Data Measurement &
      Collection) were consistently ranked at or near the top for overall importance,
      perceived changeability, and enhanced ability to address through ISA
      participation. DISCUSSION: Through a stakeholder-based, participatory approach,
      we identified key domains for that should be considered for future PMTCT
      implementation research in sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID- 27355511
TI  - Frequent Use of the IgA Isotype in Human B Cells Encoding Potent Norovirus
      Specific Monoclonal Antibodies That Block HBGA Binding.
AB  - Noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of non-bacterial acute
      gastroenteritis and cause local outbreaks of illness, especially in confined
      situations. Despite being identified four decades ago, the correlates of
      protection against norovirus gastroenteritis are still being elucidated. Recent
      studies have shown an association of protection with NoV-specific serum histo
      blood group antigen-blocking antibody and with serum IgA in patients vaccinated
      with NoV VLPs. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of human
      monoclonal IgG and IgA antibodies against a GI.I NoV, Norwalk virus (NV). A
      higher proportion of the IgA antibodies blocked NV VLP binding to glycans than
      did IgG antibodies. We generated isotype-switched variants of IgG and IgA
      antibodies to study the effects of the constant domain on blocking and binding
      activities. The IgA form of antibodies appears to be more potent than the IgG
      form in blocking norovirus binding to histo-blood group antigens. These studies
      suggest a unique role for IgA antibodies in protection from NoV infections by
      blocking attachment to cell receptors.

PMID- 27355512
TI  - Pharmacodynamic studies of voriconazole: informing the clinical management of
      invasive fungal infections.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Voriconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent commonly used to
      treat invasive fungal infections (IFI), including aspergillosis, candidiasis,
      Scedosporium infection, and Fusarium infection. IFI often occur in
      immunocompromised patients, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. AREAS
      COVERED: The objective of this review is to summarize the pharmacodynamic
      properties of voriconazole and to provide considerations for potential optimal
      dosing strategies. Studies have demonstrated superior clinical response when an
      AUC/MIC >25 or Cmin/MIC >1 is attained in adult patients, correlating to a trough
      concentration range as narrow as 2-4.5 mg/L; however, these targets are poorly
      established in the pediatric population. Topics in this discussion include
      voriconazole use in multiple age groups, predisposing patient factors for IFI,
      and considerations for clinicians managing IFI. Expert commentary: The
      relationship between voriconazole dosing and exposure is not well defined due to
      the large inter- and intra-subject variability. Development of comprehensive
      decision support tools for individualizing dosing, particularly in children who
      require higher dosing, will help to increase the probability of achieving
      therapeutic efficacy and decrease sub-therapeutic dosing and adverse events.

PMID- 27355514
TI  - Antimuscarinic Bronchodilator Response Retained after Bronchoscopic Vagal
      Denervation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients.

PMID- 27355513
TI  - Plasma CXCL10, sCD163 and sCD14 Levels Have Distinct Associations with
      Antiretroviral Treatment and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors.
AB  - We investigate the associations of three established plasma biomarkers in the
      context of HIV and treatment-related variables including a comprehensive
      cardiovascular disease risk assessment, within a large ambulatory HIV cohort.
      Patients were recruited in 2010 to form the Royal Perth Hospital HIV/CVD risk
      cohort. Plasma sCD14, sCD163 and CXCL10 levels were measured in 475 consecutive
      patients with documented CVD risk (age, ethnicity, gender, smoking, blood
      pressure, BMI, fasting metabolic profile) and HIV treatment history including
      immunological/virological outcomes. The biomarkers assessed showed distinct
      associations with virological response: CXCL10 strongly correlated with HIV-1 RNA
      (p<0.001), sCD163 was significantly reduced among 'aviraemic' patients only (p =
      0.02), while sCD14 was unaffected by virological status under 10,000 copies/mL
      (p>0.2). Associations between higher sCD163 and protease inhibitor therapy (p =
      0.05) and lower sCD14 with integrase inhibitor therapy (p = 0.02) were observed.
      Levels of sCD163 were also associated with CVD risk factors (age, ethnicity, HDL,
      BMI), with a favourable influence of Framingham score <10% (p = 0.04). Soluble
      CD14 levels were higher among smokers (p = 0.002), with no effect of other CVD
      risk factors, except age (p = 0.045). Our findings confirm CXCL10, sCD163 and
      sCD14 have distinct associations with different aspects of HIV infection and
      treatment. Levels of CXCL10 correlated with routinely monitored variables, sCD163
      levels reflect a deeper level of virological suppression and influence of CVD
      risk factors, while sCD14 levels were not associated with routinely monitored
      variables, with evidence of specific effects of smoking and integrase inhibitor
      therapy warranting further investigation. 

PMID- 27355515
TI  - Natural Tripeptide-Based Inhibitor of Multifaceted Amyloid beta Toxicity.
AB  - Accumulation of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide and its aggregates in the human
      brain is considered as one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The
      polymorphic oligomers and fully grown fibrillar aggregates of Abeta exhibit
      different levels of neuronal toxicity. Moreover, aggregation of Abeta in the
      presence of redox-active metal ions like Cu(2+) is responsible for the additional
      trait of cellular toxicity induced by the generation of reactive oxygen species
      (ROS). Herein, a multifunctional peptidomimetic inhibitor (P6) has been
      presented, based on a naturally occurring metal chelating tripeptide (GHK) and
      the inhibitor of Abeta aggregation. It was shown by employing various biophysical
      studies that P6 interact with Abeta and prevent the formation of toxic Abeta
      forms like oligomeric species and fibrillar aggregates. Further, P6 successfully
      sequestered Cu(2+) from the Abeta-Cu(2+) complex and maintained it in a redox
      dormant state to prevent the generation of ROS. P6 inhibited membrane disruption
      by Abeta oligomers and efficiently prevented DNA damage caused by the Abeta
      Cu(2+) complex. PC12 cells were rescued from multifaceted Abeta toxicity when
      treated with P6, and the amount of ROS generated in cells was reduced. These
      attributes make P6 a potential therapeutic candidate to ameliorate the
      multifaceted Abeta toxicity in AD.

PMID- 27355517
TI  - Rapid Access to Orthogonally Functionalized Naphthalenes: Application to the
      Total Synthesis of the Anticancer Agent Chartarin.
AB  - We report the synthesis of orthogonally functionalized naphthalenes from simple,
      commercially available indanones in four steps. The developed method proceeds
      through a two-step process that features a thermally induced fragmentation of a
      cyclopropane indanone with simultaneous 1,2-chloride shift. Migration of the
      chloride substituent occurs in a regioselective manner to preferentially afford
      the para-chloronaphthol substitution pattern. The obtained naphthols are
      versatile building blocks that can be selectively modified and used for the
      efficient construction of biologically active molecules. This has enabled the
      total synthesis of the potent anticancer natural product chartarin through a
      highly convergent retrosynthetic bond disconnection.

PMID- 27355516
TI  - Inhibition of Cdc42 and Rac1 activities in pheochromocytoma, the adrenal medulla
      tumor.
AB  - Altered Rho GTPase signaling has been linked to many types of cancer. As many
      small G proteins, Rho GTPases cycle between an active and inactive state thanks
      to specific regulators that catalyze exchange of GDP into GTP (Rho-GEF) or
      hydrolysis of GTP into GDP (Rho-GAP). Recent studies have shown that alteration
      takes place either at the level of Rho proteins themselves (expression levels,
      point mutations) or at the level of their regulators, mostly RhoGEFs and RhoGAPs.
      Most reports describe Rho GTPases gain of function that may participate to the
      tumorigenesis processes. In contrast, we have recently reported that decreased
      activities of Cdc42 and Rac1 as well as decreased expression of 2 Rho-GEFs, FARP1
      and ARHGEF1, correlate with pheochromocytomas, a tumor developing in the medulla
      of the adrenal gland (Croise et al., Endocrine Related Cancer, 2016). Here we
      highlight the major evidence and further study the correlation between Rho
      GTPases activities and expression levels of ARHGEF1 and FARP1. Finally we also
      discuss how the decrease of Cdc42 and Rac1 activities may help human
      pheochromocytomas to develop and comment the possible relationship between FARP1,
      ARHGEF1 and the 2 Rho GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1 in tumorigenesis.

PMID- 27355518
TI  - Denitrification and dilution along fracture flowpaths influence the recovery of a
      bedrock aquifer from nitrate contamination.
AB  - In 2000, elevated nitrate concentrations ranging from 12 to 34mg/L NO3N were
      discovered in groundwater from numerous domestic bedrock wells adjacent to a
      large dairy farm in central Vermont. Long-term plots and contours of nitrate vs.
      time for bedrock wells showed "little/no", "moderate", and "large" change
      patterns that were spatially separable. The metasedimentary bedrock aquifer is
      strongly anisotropic and groundwater flow is controlled by fractures,
      bedding/foliation, and basins and ridges in the bedrock surface. Integration of
      the nitrate concentration vs. time data and the physical and chemical aquifer
      characterization suggest two nitrate sources: a point source emanating from a
      waste ravine and a non-point source that encompasses the surrounding fields. Once
      removed, the point source of NO3 (manure deposited in a ravine) was exhausted and
      NO3 dropped from 34mg/L to <10mg/L after ~10years; however, persistence of NO3 in
      the 3 to 8mg/L range (background) reflects the long term flux of nitrates from
      nutrients applied to the farm fields surrounding the ravine over the years
      predating and including this study. Inferred groundwater flow rates from the
      waste ravine to either moderate change wells in basin 2 or to the shallow bedrock
      zone beneath the large change wells are 0.05m/day, well within published bedrock
      aquifer flow rates. Enrichment of (15)N and (18)O in nitrate is consistent with
      lithotrophic denitrification of NO3 in the presence of dissolved Mn and Fe. Once
      the ravine point-source was removed, denitrification and dilution collectively
      were responsible for the down-gradient decrease of nitrate in this bedrock
      aquifer. Denitrification was most influential when NO3N was >10mg/L. Our
      multidisciplinary methods of aquifer characterization are applicable to
      groundwater contamination in any complexly-deformed and metamorphosed bedrock
      aquifer. 

PMID- 27355519
TI  - Presence and select determinants of organophosphate flame retardants in public
      swimming pools.
AB  - The occurrence of five organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) consisting of
      tributyl phosphate (TNBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2
      propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1.3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and
      triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) in swimming pools were investigated. Fifteen
      chlorinated public swimming pools were sampled, including indoor pools, outdoor
      pools and spa pools. The analyses were carried out using isotope dilution gas
      chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All five PFRs were detected in swimming
      pool waters with concentrations ranging from 5-27ng/L (TNBP), 7-293ng/L (TCEP),
      62-1180ng/L (TCIPP), 10-670ng/L (TDCIPP) and 8-132ng/L (TPHP). The concentrations
      of PFRs were generally higher in indoor swimming pools compared to outdoor
      swimming pools. In municipal water supplies, used to fill the swimming pools in
      three of the sampling locations, the five PFRs were all below the limit of
      quantifications, eliminating this as the source. Potential leaching of PFRs from
      commonly used swimming equipment, including newly purchased kickboards and
      swimsuits was investigated. These experiments revealed that PFRs leached from
      swimsuits, and may be a source of PFRs in swimming pools. A quantitative risk
      assessment revealed that the health risk to PFRs via swimming pools was generally
      low and below commonly applied health risk benchmarks. 

PMID- 27355520
TI  - Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in
      developing countries.
AB  - Heavy metals in drinking water pose a threat to human health. Populations are
      exposed to heavy metals primarily through water consumption, but few heavy metals
      can bioaccumulate in the human body (e.g., in lipids and the gastrointestinal
      system) and may induce cancer and other risks. To date, few thousand publications
      have reported various aspects of heavy metals in drinking water, including the
      types and quantities of metals in drinking water, their sources, factors
      affecting their concentrations at exposure points, human exposure, potential
      risks, and their removal from drinking water. Many developing countries are faced
      with the challenge of reducing human exposure to heavy metals, mainly due to
      their limited economic capacities to use advanced technologies for heavy metal
      removal. This paper aims to review the state of research on heavy metals in
      drinking water in developing countries; understand their types and variability,
      sources, exposure, possible health effects, and removal; and analyze the factors
      contributing to heavy metals in drinking water. This study identifies the current
      challenges in developing countries, and future research needs to reduce the
      levels of heavy metals in drinking water. 

PMID- 27355521
TI  - Absence of low energy magnetic spin-fluctuations in isovalently and aliovalently
      doped LaCo2B2 superconducting compounds.
AB  - Magnetization, resistivity and (11)B, (59)Co NMR measurements have been performed
      on the Pauli paramagnet [Formula: see text], and the superconductors [Formula:
      see text] ([Formula: see text] K) and [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]
      K). The site selective NMR experiment reveals the multiband nature of the Fermi
      surface in these systems. The temperature independent Knight shift and 1/T 1 T
      clearly indicate the absence of correlated low energy magnetic spin-fluctuations
      in the normal state, which is in contrast to other Fe-based pnictides. The
      density of states (DOS) of Co 3d electrons has been enhanced in superconducting
      [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] with respect to the non
      superconducting reference compound [Formula: see text]. The occurrence of
      superconductivity is related to the DOS enhancement.

PMID- 27355522
TI  - Integrating Display and Delivery Functionality with a Cell Penetrating Peptide
      Mimic as a Scaffold for Intracellular Multivalent Multitargeting.
AB  - The construction of a multivalent ligand is an effective way to increase affinity
      and selectivity toward biomolecular targets with multiple-ligand binding sites.
      Adopting this strategy, we used a known cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) mimic as a
      scaffold to develop a series of multivalent ligand constructs that bind to the
      expanded dCTG (CTG(exp)) and rCUG nucleotide repeats (CUG(exp)) known to cause
      myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1), an incurable neuromuscular disease. By
      assembling this polyvalent construct, the hydrophobic ligands are solubilized and
      delivered into cell nuclei, and their enhanced binding affinity leads to the
      inhibition of ribonuclear foci formation and a reversal of splicing defects, all
      at low concentrations. Some of the multivalent ligands are shown to inhibit
      selectively the in vitro transcription of (CTG.CAG)74, to reduce the
      concentration of the toxic CUG RNA in DM1 model cells, and to show phenotypic
      improvement in vivo in a Drosophila model of DM1. This strategy may be useful in
      drug design for other trinucleotide repeat disorders and more broadly for
      intracellular multivalent targeting.

PMID- 27355523
TI  - High-Throughput Screening and Optimization of Binary Quantum Dots Cosensitized
      Solar Cell.
AB  - Quantum dots (QDs) are considered as the alternative of dye sensitizers for solar
      cells. However, interfacial construction and evaluation of photocatalytic
      nanomaterials still remains challenge through the conventional methodology
      involving demo devices. We propose here a high-throughput screening and
      optimizing method based on combinatorial chemistry and scanning electrochemical
      microscopy (SECM). A homogeneous TiO2 catalyst layer is coated on a FTO
      substrate, which is then covered by a dark mask to expose the photocatalyst
      array. On each photocatalyst spot, different successive ionic layer adsorption
      and reaction (SILAR) processes are performed by a programmed solution dispenser
      to load the binary PbxCd1-xS QDs sensitizers. An optical fiber is employed as the
      scanning tip of SECM, and the photocatalytic current is recorded during the
      imaging experiment, through which the optimized technical parameters are figured
      out. To verify the validity of the combinatorial SECM imaging results, the
      controlled trials are performed with the corresponding photovoltaic demo devices.
      The harmonious accordance proved that the methodology based on combinatorial
      chemistry and SECM is valuable for the interfacial construction, high-throughput
      screening, and optimization of QDSSCs. Furthermore, the PbxCd1-xS/CdS QDs
      cosensitized solar cell optimized by SECM achieves a short circuit current
      density of 24.47 mA/cm(2), an open circuit potential of 421 mV, a fill factor of
      0.52, and a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 5.33%. 

PMID- 27355524
TI  - Bone Failure in Critical Illness.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The origin of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple
      organ dysfunction syndrome is poorly understood but remains a fundamental concern
      in the ICU. This paper provides a critical appraisal on whether bone failure may
      represent an unrecognized component of systemic inflammatory response
      syndrome/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. DATA SOURCES, DATA SELECTION, AND
      DATA EXTRACTION: Search of the PubMed database and manual review of selected
      articles investigating bone pathophysiology in critical illness. DATA SYNTHESIS:
      Bone hyperresorption is highly prevalent among critically ill patients. Bone
      breakdown releases numerous systemically active cytokines and bone-sequestered
      toxins, with the capacity to fuel inflammatory hypercytokinaemia and metabolic
      toxaemia. Anti-resorptive medication inhibits bone break down and preadmission
      anti-resorptive use is associated with superior survival among critically ill
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that hyperresorptive bone failure is an
      unrecognised component of systemic inflammatory response syndrome/multiple organ
      dysfunction syndrome that is causal to critical illness progression. If this
      hypothesis is valid, bone preservative strategies could reduce the risk of
      osteoporosis/fractures among ICU survivors, as well as decreasing critical
      illness mortality.

PMID- 27355525
TI  - Impact of Weight Extremes on Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Acute Respiratory
      Distress Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether weight extremes impact clinical outcomes in
      pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of a
      cohort created by combining five multicenter pediatric acute respiratory distress
      syndrome studies. SETTING: Forty-three academic PICUs worldwide. PATIENTS: A
      total of 711 subjects prospectively diagnosed with pediatric acute respiratory
      distress syndrome. INTERVENTION: Subjects more than 2 years were included and
      categorized by Center for Disease Control and Prevention body mass index z score
      criteria: underweight (< -1.89), normal weight (-1.89 to +1.04), overweight
      (+1.05 to +1.64), and obese (>= +1.65). Subjects were stratified by direct versus
      indirect lung injury leading to pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.
      The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. In survivors, secondary analyses
      included duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 331 patients met inclusion criteria; 12% were
      underweight, 50% normal weight, 11% overweight, and 27% obese. Overall mortality
      was 20%. By multivariate analysis, body mass index category was independently
      associated with mortality (p = 0.004). When stratified by lung injury type, there
      was no mortality difference between body mass index groups with direct lung
      injury; however, in the indirect lung injury group, the odds of mortality in the
      obese were significantly lower than normal weight subjects (odds ratio, 0.11; 95%
      CI, 0.02-0.84). Survivors with direct lung injury had no difference in the
      duration of mechanical ventilation or ICU length of stay; however, those with
      indirect lung injury, the overweight required longer duration of mechanical
      ventilation than other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data support the
      obesity paradox in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. Obese children
      with indirect lung injury pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome have a
      lower risk of mortality. Importantly, among survivors, the overweight with
      indirect lung injury requires longer duration of mechanical ventilation. Our data
      require prospective validation to further elucidate the pathobiology of this
      phenomenon.

PMID- 27355526
TI  - Randomized Trial of Video Laryngoscopy for Endotracheal Intubation of Critically
      Ill Adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of video laryngoscopy on the rate of
      endotracheal intubation on first laryngoscopy attempt among critically ill
      adults. DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group, pragmatic trial of video compared
      with direct laryngoscopy for 150 adults undergoing endotracheal intubation by
      Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine fellows. SETTING: Medical ICU in a tertiary,
      academic medical center. PATIENTS: Critically ill patients 18 years old or older.
      INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized 1:1 to video or direct laryngoscopy for
      the first attempt at endotracheal intubation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      Patients assigned to video (n = 74) and direct (n = 76) laryngoscopy were similar
      at baseline. Despite better glottic visualization with video laryngoscopy, there
      was no difference in the primary outcome of intubation on the first laryngoscopy
      attempt (video 68.9% vs direct 65.8%; p = 0.68) in unadjusted analyses or after
      adjustment for the operator's previous experience with the assigned device (odds
      ratio for video laryngoscopy on intubation on first attempt 2.02; 95% CI, 0.82
      5.02, p = 0.12). Secondary outcomes of time to intubation, lowest arterial oxygen
      saturation, complications, and in-hospital mortality were not different between
      video and direct laryngoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill adults undergoing
      endotracheal intubation, video laryngoscopy improves glottic visualization but
      does not appear to increase procedural success or decrease complications.

PMID- 27355527
TI  - Urinary Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 and Insulin-Like Growth Factor
      Binding Protein 7 for Risk Stratification of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With
      Sepsis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the performance of the urinary biomarker panel tissue
      inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7
      in patients with sepsis at ICU admission. To investigate the effect of nonrenal
      organ dysfunction on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like
      growth factor-binding protein 7 in this population. METHOD: In this ancillary
      analysis, we included patients with sepsis who were enrolled in either of two
      trials including 39 ICUs across Europe and North America. The primary endpoint
      was moderate-severe acute kidney injury (equivalent to Kidney Disease Improving
      Global Outcome stage 2-3) within 12 hours of enrollment. We assessed biomarker
      performance by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic
      curve, sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values at
      three cutoffs: 0.3, 1.0, and 2.0 (ng/mL)/1,000. We also calculated nonrenal
      Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores for each patient on enrollment and
      compared tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor
      binding protein 7 results in patients with and without acute kidney injury and
      across nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. Finally, we
      constructed a clinical model for acute kidney injury in this population and
      compared the performance of the model with and without tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7. RESULTS: We
      included 232 patients in the analysis and 40 (17%) developed acute kidney injury.
      We observed significantly higher urine tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2
      and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 in patients with acute kidney
      injury than without acute kidney injury in both patients with low and high
      nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (p < 0.001). The area under
      the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI) of tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 was 0.84
      (0.73-0.92) and 0.85 (0.76-0.94), in low and high nonrenal Sequential Organ
      Failure Assessment score subgroups. Performance of the tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 test was not
      modified by nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (p = 0.70). In
      multivariate analysis, the addition of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2
      and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 significantly improved the
      performance of a clinical model for predicting acute kidney injury (p = 0.015).
      CONCLUSION: Urinary tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and insulin-like
      growth factor-binding protein 7 accurately predicts acute kidney injury in septic
      patients with or without other organ failures.

PMID- 27355528
TI  - Dual tumor-suppressors miR-139-5p and miR-139-3p targeting matrix metalloprotease
      11 in bladder cancer.
AB  - Our recent study of the microRNA (miRNA) expression signature of bladder cancer
      (BC) by deep-sequencing revealed that two miRNA, microRNA-139-5p/microRNA-139-3p
      were significantly downregulated in BC tissues. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the functional roles of these miRNA and their modulation of cancer
      networks in BC cells. Functional assays of BC cells were performed using
      transfection of mature miRNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Genome-wide gene
      expression analysis, in silico analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assays were
      applied to identify miRNA targets. The associations between the expression of
      miRNA and its targets and overall survival were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier
      method. Gain-of-function studies showed that miR-139-5p and miR-139-3p
      significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion by BC cells. The matrix
      metalloprotease 11 gene (MMP11) was identified as a direct target of miR-139-5p
      and miR-139-3p. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that higher expression of
      MMP11 predicted shorter survival of BC patients (P = 0.029). Downregulated miR
      139-5p or miR-139-3p enhanced BC cell migration and invasion in BC cells. MMP11
      was directly regulated by these miRNA and might be a good prognostic marker for
      survival of BC patients. 

PMID- 27355529
TI  - Saving the World's Women from Cervical Cancer.

PMID- 27355530
TI  - Time for a Model List of Essential Diagnostics.

PMID- 27355531
TI  - Passing the Baton--Harnessing the Full Value of Older Scientists.

PMID- 27355532
TI  - Seven-Year Efficacy of RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine among Young African Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01 is being evaluated in order
      to inform a decision regarding its inclusion in routine vaccination schedules.
      METHODS: We conducted 7 years of follow-up in children who had been randomly
      assigned, at 5 to 17 months of age, to receive three doses of either the
      RTS,S/AS01 vaccine or a rabies (control) vaccine. The end point was clinical
      malaria (temperature of >=37.5 degrees C and infection with Plasmodium falciparum
      of >2500 parasites per cubic millimeter). In an analysis that was not
      prespecified, the malaria exposure of each child was estimated with the use of
      information on the prevalence of malaria among residents within a 1-km radius of
      the child's home. Vaccine efficacy was defined as 1 minus the hazard ratio or the
      incidence-rate ratio, multiplied by 100, in the RTS,S/AS01 group versus the
      control group. RESULTS: Over 7 years of follow-up, we identified 1002 episodes of
      clinical malaria among 223 children randomly assigned to the RTS,S/AS01 group and
      992 episodes among 224 children randomly assigned to the control group. The
      vaccine efficacy, as assessed by negative binomial regression, was 4.4% (95%
      confidence interval [CI], -17.0 to 21.9; P=0.66) in the intention-to-treat
      analysis and 7.0% (95% CI, -14.5 to 24.6; P=0.52) in the per-protocol analysis.
      Vaccine efficacy waned over time (P=0.006 for the interaction between vaccination
      and time), including negative efficacy during the fifth year among children with
      higher-than-average exposure to malaria parasites (intention-to-treat analysis: 
      43.5%; 95% CI, -100.3 to -2.8 [P=0.03]; per-protocol analysis: -56.8%; 95% CI, 
      118.7 to -12.3 [P=0.008]). CONCLUSIONS: A three-dose vaccination with RTS,S/AS01
      was initially protective against clinical malaria, but this result was offset by
      rebound in later years in areas with higher-than-average exposure to malaria
      parasites. (Funded by the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative and others;
      ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00872963.).

PMID- 27355533
TI  - Efficacy and Safety of Midostaurin in Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advanced systemic mastocytosis comprises rare hematologic neoplasms
      that are associated with a poor prognosis and lack effective treatment options.
      The multikinase inhibitor midostaurin inhibits KIT D816V, a primary driver of
      disease pathogenesis. METHODS: We conducted an open-label study of oral
      midostaurin at a dose of 100 mg twice daily in 116 patients, of whom 89 with
      mastocytosis-related organ damage were eligible for inclusion in the primary
      efficacy population; 16 had aggressive systemic mastocytosis, 57 had systemic
      mastocytosis with an associated hematologic neoplasm, and 16 had mast-cell
      leukemia. The primary outcome was the best overall response. RESULTS: The overall
      response rate was 60% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49 to 70); 45% of the
      patients had a major response, which was defined as complete resolution of at
      least one type of mastocytosis-related organ damage. Response rates were similar
      regardless of the subtype of advanced systemic mastocytosis, KIT mutation status,
      or exposure to previous therapy. The median best percentage changes in bone
      marrow mast-cell burden and serum tryptase level were -59% and -58%,
      respectively. The median overall survival was 28.7 months, and the median
      progression-free survival was 14.1 months. Among the 16 patients with mast-cell
      leukemia, the median overall survival was 9.4 months (95% CI, 7.5 to not
      estimated). Dose reduction owing to toxic effects occurred in 56% of the
      patients; re-escalation to the starting dose was feasible in 32% of those
      patients. The most frequent adverse events were low-grade nausea, vomiting, and
      diarrhea. New or worsening grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia
      occurred in 24%, 41%, and 29% of the patients, respectively, mostly in those with
      preexisting cytopenias. CONCLUSIONS: In this open-label study, midostaurin showed
      efficacy in patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis, including the highly
      fatal variant mast-cell leukemia. (Funded by Novartis Pharmaceuticals and others;
      ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00782067.).

PMID- 27355535
TI  - Ankylosing Spondylitis and Axial Spondyloarthritis.

PMID- 27355534
TI  - Cortical-Bone Fragility--Insights from sFRP4 Deficiency in Pyle's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cortical-bone fragility is a common feature in osteoporosis that is
      linked to nonvertebral fractures. Regulation of cortical-bone homeostasis has
      proved elusive. The study of genetic disorders of the skeleton can yield insights
      that fuel experimental therapeutic approaches to the treatment of rare disorders
      and common skeletal ailments. METHODS: We evaluated four patients with Pyle's
      disease, a genetic disorder that is characterized by cortical-bone thinning, limb
      deformity, and fractures; two patients were examined by means of exome
      sequencing, and two were examined by means of Sanger sequencing. After a
      candidate gene was identified, we generated a knockout mouse model that
      manifested the phenotype and studied the mechanisms responsible for altered bone
      architecture. RESULTS: In all affected patients, we found biallelic truncating
      mutations in SFRP4, the gene encoding secreted frizzled-related protein 4, a
      soluble Wnt inhibitor. Mice deficient in Sfrp4, like persons with Pyle's disease,
      have increased amounts of trabecular bone and unusually thin cortical bone, as a
      result of differential regulation of Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
      signaling in these two bone compartments. Treatment of Sfrp4-deficient mice with
      a soluble Bmp2 receptor (RAP-661) or with antibodies to sclerostin corrected the
      cortical-bone defect. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that Pyle's disease was
      caused by a deficiency of sFRP4, that cortical-bone and trabecular-bone
      homeostasis were governed by different mechanisms, and that sFRP4-mediated cross
      regulation between Wnt and BMP signaling was critical for achieving proper
      cortical-bone thickness and stability. (Funded by the Swiss National Foundation
      and the National Institutes of Health.).

PMID- 27355537
TI  - IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Oral HPV-Associated Papillomatosis in AIDS.

PMID- 27355536
TI  - Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease.

PMID- 27355538
TI  - CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 20-2016. A 50-Year-Old
      Man with Cloudy Vision, Hearing Loss, and Unsteadiness.

PMID- 27355539
TI  - NEJM Resident 360.

PMID- 27355540
TI  - Implementation of RTS,S/AS01 Malaria Vaccine--The Need for Further Evidence.

PMID- 27355541
TI  - Belatacept and Long-Term Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation.

PMID- 27355542
TI  - Belatacept and Long-Term Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation.

PMID- 27355543
TI  - Belatacept and Long-Term Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation.

PMID- 27355544
TI  - Belatacept and Long-Term Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation.

PMID- 27355545
TI  - Belatacept and Long-Term Outcomes in Kidney Transplantation.

PMID- 27355546
TI  - Shared Genetic Predisposition in Peripartum and Dilated Cardiomyopathies.

PMID- 27355547
TI  - Shared Genetic Predisposition in Peripartum and Dilated Cardiomyopathies.

PMID- 27355548
TI  - Shared Genetic Predisposition in Peripartum and Dilated Cardiomyopathies.

PMID- 27355549
TI  - Weekly vs. Every-3-Week Paclitaxel for Ovarian Cancer.

PMID- 27355550
TI  - Weekly vs. Every-3-Week Paclitaxel for Ovarian Cancer.

PMID- 27355551
TI  - Weekly vs. Every-3-Week Paclitaxel for Ovarian Cancer.

PMID- 27355552
TI  - A Leadless Intracardiac Transcatheter Pacing System.

PMID- 27355553
TI  - A Leadless Intracardiac Transcatheter Pacing System.

PMID- 27355554
TI  - Tragedy, Trade-offs, and the Demise of Morcellation.

PMID- 27355556
TI  - IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Hypopyon and Klebsiella Sepsis.

PMID- 27355555
TI  - Midostaurin in Advanced Systemic Mastocytosis.

PMID- 27355557
TI  - Metabolism of 4-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoic Acid (HOHA) Lactone by Retinal
      Pigmented Epithelial Cells.
AB  - 4-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenic acid (HOHA)-lactone is a biologically active oxidative
      truncation product released (t1/2 = 30 min at 37  degrees C) by nonenzymatic
      transesterification/deacylation from docosahexaenoate lipids. We now report that
      HOHA-lactone readily diffuses into retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells where
      it is metabolized. A reduced glutathione (GSH) Michael adduct of HOHA-lactone is
      the most prominent metabolite detected by LC-MS in both the extracellular medium
      and cell lysates. This molecule appeared inside of ARPE-19 cells within seconds
      after exposure to HOHA-lactone. The intracellular level reached a maximum
      concentration at 30 min and then decreased with concomitant increases in its
      level in the extracellular medium, thus revealing a unidirectional export of the
      reduced GSH-HOHA-lactone adduct from the cytosol to extracellular medium. This
      metabolism is likely to modulate the involvement of HOHA-lactone in the
      pathogenesis of human diseases. HOHA-lactone is biologically active, e.g., low
      concentrations (0.1-1 MUM) induce secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF) from ARPE-19 cells. HOHA-lactone is also a precursor of 2-(omega
      carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP) derivatives of primary amino groups in proteins and
      ethanolamine phospholipids that have significant pathological and physiological
      relevance to age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cancer, and wound healing.
      Both HOHA-lactone and the derived CEP can contribute to the angiogenesis that
      defines the neovascular "wet" form of AMD and that promotes the growth of tumors.
      While GSH depletion can increase the lethality of radiotherapy, because it will
      impair the metabolism of HOHA-lactone, the present study suggests that GSH
      depletion will also increase levels of HOHA-lactone and CEP that may promote
      recurrence of tumor growth.

PMID- 27355558
TI  - Effects of electromagnetic pulse exposure on gelatinase of blood-brain barrier in
      vitro.
AB  - The biological effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) on the brain have been
      focused on for years. It was reported that gelatinase played an important role in
      maintaining brain function through regulating permeability in the blood-brain
      barrier (BBB). To investigate the effects of EMP on gelatinase of BBB, an in
      vitro BBB model was established using primary cultured rat brain microvascular
      endothelial cells (BMVEC), astrocytes and half-contact culture of these cells in
      a transwell chamber. Cultured supernatant and cells were collected at different
      time points after exposure to EMP (peak intensity 400 kV/m, rise time 10 ns,
      pulse width 350 ns, 0.5 pps and 200 pulses). Protein levels of cellular
      gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9, and endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were
      detected by Western blot. The activity of gelatinase in culture supernatant was
      detected by gelatin zymography. It was found that compared with the sham-exposed
      group, the protein level of MMP-2 was significantly increased at 6 h (p < 0.05),
      and the protein level of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-2 did not change after EMP
      exposure. In addition, the protein levels of MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor
      TIMP-1 did not change after EMP exposure. Gelatin zymography results showed that
      the activity of MMP-2 in the inner pool and the outer pool of the transwell
      chamber was significantly increased at 6 h after EMP exposure compared with that
      of the sham group. These results suggested that EMP exposure could affect the
      expression and activity of MMP-2 in the BBB model.

PMID- 27355559
TI  - Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines and Related Heterocycles by
      Sequential Condensation and Iodine-Mediated Oxidative Cyclization.
AB  - A facile and efficient approach to access 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines and
      related heterocycles has been accomplished through condensation of readily
      available aryl hydrazines with corresponding aldehydes followed by iodine
      mediated oxidative cyclization. This transition-metal-free synthetic process is
      broadly applicable to a variety of aromatic, aliphatic, and alpha,beta
      unsaturated aldehydes, and can be conveniently conducted on the gram scale. 

PMID- 27355560
TI  - Increase of Serum CXCL16 Level Correlates Well to Microembolic Signals in Acute
      Stroke Patients with Carotid Artery Stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The majority of strokes are combined with the instability of
      atherosclerotic plaques. Microembolic signals (MES) have been considered as
      evidence of plaque destabilization. We found that increased CXCL16 correlated to
      atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. Thus, we explored whether CXCL16 correlates to
      MES. METHODS: The study recruited 104 controls and 118 patients with acute
      ischemic stroke that has an ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis of >50%. The
      ipsilateral middle cerebral artery of patients was insonated for 60min using
      Doppler device within 72h of their clinical presentation. RESULTS: We found that
      CXCL16 was significantly increased in the stroke patients. Furthermore, there was
      a significant difference in CXCL16 between the MES-positive and MES-negative
      patients. Using CXCL16 to distinguish the controls and stroke patients, the area
      under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.722; the cut-off value was 2.015ng/ml. The
      sensitivity and specificity were 70.5% and 67.9%, respectively. Furthermore, if
      we used CXCL16 to distinguish the MES-positive and MES-negative patients, the AUC
      was 0.736; the cut-off value was 2.115ng/ml. The sensitivity and specificity were
      88.5% and 56.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels CXCL16 may be a
      biomarker for predicting stroke incidence and might contribute to plaque
      destabilization.

PMID- 27355561
TI  - Realizing Highly Efficient Inverted Photovoltaic Cells by Combination of
      Nonconjugated Small-Molecule Zwitterions with Polyethylene Glycol.
AB  - Organic ionic materials have been reported to be efficient cathode interlayer
      (CIL) materials in polymer solar cells (PSCs); however, most of them are employed
      in conventional PSCs. For an inverted structural device which has better
      stability, the efficiency is still far from expectation and the report is also
      limited. In this study, by using nonconjugated zwitterions as the CIL and
      inverted structure, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is ~6%, though the PCE
      can reach 9.14% in the conventional device. By introducing polyethylene glycol
      (PEG) into the zwitterions, the PCE of the inverted PSCs was improved ~33% and
      reached ~8% mainly because of the enhancement of the open-circuit voltage (Voc)
      and fill factor (FF). Further research on the device parameters, work functions,
      morphology of indium tin oxide (ITO) with various CILs, and recombination
      resistance of the devices indicated that PEG + zwitterion induced not only a
      lower work function of ITO but also a more uniform morphology of CILs with less
      contact of the photoactive layer with ITO, which induced suppressed charge
      recombination and a higher Voc and FF. Enhanced ability in interface modification
      of PEG + zwitterion CILs displayed a simple and feasible approach to elevate the
      performance of inverted PSCs with ionic CILs. 

PMID- 27355562
TI  - Improved Discrimination for Brassica Vegetables Treated with Agricultural
      Fertilizers Using a Combined Chemometric Approach.
AB  - Multielement and stable isotope (delta(13)C, delta(15)N, delta(2)H, delta(18)O,
      (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and (208)Pb/(206)Pb) analyses were combined to provide a new
      chemometric approach to improve the discrimination between organic and
      conventional Brassica vegetable production. Different combinations of organic and
      conventional fertilizer treatments were used to demonstrate this authentication
      approach using Brassica chinensis planted in experimental test pots. Stable
      isotope analyses (delta(15)N and delta(13)C) of B. chinensis using elemental
      analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry easily distinguished organic and
      chemical fertilizer treatments. However, for low-level application fertilizer
      treatments, this dual isotope approach became indistinguishable over time. Using
      a chemometric approach (combined isotope and elemental approach), organic and
      chemical fertilizer mixes and low-level applications of synthetic and organic
      fertilizers were detectable in B. chinensis and their associated soils, improving
      the detection limit beyond the capacity of individual isotopes or elemental
      characterization. LDA shows strong promise as an improved method to discriminate
      genuine organic Brassica vegetables from produce treated with chemical
      fertilizers and could be used as a robust test for organic produce
      authentication. 

PMID- 27355563
TI  - The Mammalian Hairless Protein as a DNA Binding Phosphoprotein.
AB  - The mammalian hairless (Hr) protein plays critical roles in skin and brain
      tissues, but how it interacts with DNA and partner protein is only now being
      defined. Our initial tests of four consensus response elements, revealed that rat
      Hr can specifically bind to a consensus p53 response element (p53RE), 5'
      AGACATGCCTAGACATGCCT-3', but not to response elements for NF-kappaB, TCF4 or Sp1.
      We then employed ChIP assays which verified that human HR binds to a p53RE of the
      GADD45A gene in both HEK293 (embryonic kidney) and U87 (glioblastoma) cells.
      Further, HR was shown to interact directly with the p53 protein in a co
      immunoprecipitation assay. Cotransfections with p53RE reporter gene constructs
      revealed that rat Hr can boost p53-mediated transactivation of a reporter gene
      linked to the GADD45A p53RE, but blunts p53-mediated transactivation when the
      reporter gene is linked to a p21 promoter fragment containing a p53RE, with
      implications for the regulation of these two cell cycle control genes. Finally,
      our investigations of HR phosphorylation revealed that rat Hr is a substrate for
      PKC, but not PKA, and that human HR is phosphorylated in intact U87 cells at Ser
      416, located in a highly conserved region which partially fulfills the criteria
      of a PKC site. We propose that mammalian Hr is a phosphoprotein which can exert
      cross-talk with the p53 pathway with important implications for the regulation of
      cell proliferation and differentiation in tissues such as skin and brain where Hr
      is highly expressed. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 341-350, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27355565
TI  - Hormone-sensitive lipase deficiency disturbs lipid composition of plasma membrane
      microdomains from mouse testis.

PMID- 27355564
TI  - Low Plasma Level of Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing 17 (LRRc17) Is an Independent
      and Additive Risk Factor for Osteoporotic Fractures in Postmenopausal Women.
AB  - A novel role of leucine-rich repeat-containing 17 (LRRc17), an LRR protein
      secreted by osteoblasts, as a negative regulator of receptor activator of NF
      kappaB ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation was found. However, the clinical
      association between LRRc17 and osteoporotic fracture (OF) has not yet been
      investigated. We hypothesized that low circulating plasma level of LRRc17 might
      serve as an independent and additive risk factor for OF, including vertebral
      fractures (VF) and non-vertebral fractures (non-VF). In this case-control study,
      102 OF cases and 102 age- and body mass index-matched controls (mean age, 63.2
      years) were analyzed among 532 postmenopausal women. VF (n = 49) and non-VF (n =
      60) participants were identified using lateral thoracolumbar radiographs and an
      interviewer-assisted questionnaire, respectively. Median LRRc17 levels were
      significantly lower in participants with any OF (117.5 versus 197.3 pg/mL, p <
      0.001), VF (93.2 versus 172.4 pg/mL, p = 0.002), and non-VF (124.5 versus 206.9
      pg/mL, p = 0.008) compared with the respective controls without fractures. The
      prevalence of OF increased from the highest LRRc17 tertile (>=228.5 pg/mL, 33.8%)
      to the lowest (<95.6 pg/mL, 63.2%). Each log unit decrease of LRRc17 was
      associated with greater risk of OF (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46; 95% confidence
      interval [CI] 1.10-1.96; p = 0.009) and VF (OR = 2.42; 95% CI 1.39-4.23; p =
      0.002). Plasma LRRc17 significantly improved discrimination of OF, particularly
      VF, when added to models including clinical risk factors and bone mineral density
      according to the area under receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC 0.71
      to 0.81, p = 0.036), category-free net reclassification improvement (0.79; 95% CI
      0.37-1.21; p < 0.001), and integrated discrimination improvement (0.13; 95% CI
      0.06-0.20; p < 0.001). Low plasma LRRc17 was an independent risk factor for OF,
      which improved risk stratification, particularly in the spines of postmenopausal
      women. (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 27355566
TI  - Malondialdehyde epitopes as mediators of sterile inflammation.
AB  - Enhanced lipid peroxidation occurs during oxidative stress and results in the
      generation of lipid peroxidation end products such as malondialdehyde (MDA),
      which can attach to autologous biomolecules, thereby generating neo-self epitopes
      capable of inducing potentially undesired biological responses. Therefore, the
      immune system has developed mechanisms to protect from MDA epitopes by binding
      and neutralizing them through both cellular and soluble effectors. Here, we
      briefly discuss innate immune responses targeting MDA epitopes and their pro
      inflammatory properties, followed by a review of physiological carriers of MDA
      epitopes that are relevant in homeostasis and disease. Then we discuss in detail
      the evidence for cellular responses towards MDA epitopes mainly in lung, liver
      and the circulation as well as signal transduction mechanisms and receptors
      implicated in the response to MDA epitopes. Last, we hypothesize on the role of
      MDA epitopes as mediators of inflammation in diseases and speculate on their
      contribution to disease pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue
      entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity
      and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder.

PMID- 27355567
TI  - Pure Cubic-Phase Hybrid Iodobismuthates AgBi2 I7 for Thin-Film Photovoltaics.
AB  - Bismuth-based hybrid perovskites are candidates for lead-free and air-stable
      photovoltaics, but poor surface morphologies and a high band-gap energy have
      previously limited these hybrid perovskites. A new materials processing strategy
      to produce enhanced bismuth-based thin-film photovoltaic absorbers by
      incorporation of monovalent silver cations into iodobismuthates is presented.
      Solution-processed AgBi2 I7 thin films are prepared by spin-coating silver and
      bismuth precursors dissolved in n-butylamine and annealing under an N2
      atmosphere. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals the pure cubic structure (Fd3m)
      with lattice parameters of a=b=c=12.223 A. The resultant AgBi2 I7 thin films
      exhibit dense and pinhole-free surface morphologies with grains ranging in size
      from 200-800 nm and a low band gap of 1.87 eV suitable for photovoltaic
      applications. Initial studies produce solar power conversion efficiencies of 1.22
      % and excellent stability over at least 10 days under ambient conditions.

PMID- 27355568
TI  - A Frustrated Phosphane-Borane Lewis Pair and Hydrogen: A Kinetics Study.
AB  - The energy profile of a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) dihydrogen splitting system
      was determined by a combined experimental kinetic and DFT study. A trimethylene
      bridged phosphane-borane FLP was converted into its endothermic H2 -cleavage
      product by sequential H(+) /H(-) addition. The system could be handled at low
      temperature, and the kinetics of the H2 elimination were determined to give a
      rate constant of kHH,exp (299 K)=(2.87+/-0.1)*10(-4)  s(-1) in solution. The
      primary kinetic isotope effects were determined; for example, (kHH /kDD )exp
      =3.19. The system was accurately analyzed by DFT calculations. 

PMID- 27355571
TI  - p21 governs p53's repressive side.

PMID- 27355570
TI  - Vaccine protection against Zika virus from Brazil.
AB  - Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that is responsible for the current epidemic in
      Brazil and the Americas. ZIKV has been causally associated with fetal
      microcephaly, intrauterine growth restriction, and other birth defects in both
      humans and mice. The rapid development of a safe and effective ZIKV vaccine is a
      global health priority, but very little is currently known about ZIKV immunology
      and mechanisms of immune protection. Here we show that a single immunization with
      a plasmid DNA vaccine or a purified inactivated virus vaccine provides complete
      protection in susceptible mice against challenge with a strain of ZIKV involved
      in the outbreak in northeast Brazil. This ZIKV strain has recently been shown to
      cross the placenta and to induce fetal microcephaly and other congenital
      malformations in mice. We produced DNA vaccines expressing ZIKV pre-membrane and
      envelope (prM-Env), as well as a series of deletion mutants. The prM-Env DNA
      vaccine, but not the deletion mutants, afforded complete protection against ZIKV,
      as measured by absence of detectable viraemia following challenge, and protective
      efficacy correlated with Env-specific antibody titers. Adoptive transfer of
      purified IgG from vaccinated mice conferred passive protection, and depletion of
      CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in vaccinated mice did not abrogate this protection.
      These data demonstrate that protection against ZIKV challenge can be achieved by
      single-shot subunit and inactivated virus vaccines in mice and that Env-specific
      antibody titers represent key immunologic correlates of protection. Our findings
      suggest that the development of a ZIKV vaccine for humans is likely to be
      achievable.

PMID- 27355572
TI  - Use of an Abdominal Binder to Minimize Postprocedural Complications After
      Cutaneous Surgery on the Trunk.

PMID- 27355573
TI  - Repair of an Inferior Helical Rim Defect.

PMID- 27355574
TI  - Emerging Points of the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerves in the Supraorbital
      Margin With Reference to the Lacrimal Caruncle: Implications for Regional Nerve
      Block in Upper Eyelid and Dermatologic Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blocking the supraorbital nerve (SON) and supratrochlear nerve (STN)
      by injecting anesthetic distal to the surgical site has the advantage in upper
      eyelid surgery that avoids obscuring the surgical landmarks and compromising the
      levator function. OBJECTIVE: To identify the emerging points of the SON and STN
      in the supraorbital margin with reference to the lacrimal caruncle. METHODS:
      Forty-nine orbits from 27 embalmed Korean cadavers were dissected. The lacrimal
      caruncle and facial midline were used as landmarks. The emerging points of the
      SON and STN in the supraorbital margin were determined. RESULTS: The emerging
      points of the SON and STN were, respectively, located at 3.0 mm lateral and 3.3
      mm medial to the vertical line through the apex of the lacrimal caruncle along
      the supraorbital margin. The horizontal distances from the facial midline to the
      emerging points of the SON and STN were 22.8 and 15.2 mm, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The optimum sites for achieving SON and STN block are, respectively,
      located approximately 3 mm lateral and 3 mm medial to the vertical line through
      the apex of lacrimal caruncle along the supraorbital margin. This knowledge will
      help the surgeon achieve an easy and accurate approach for regional nerve block.

PMID- 27355575
TI  - Neuropsychiatry of fragile X-premutation carriers with and without fragile X
      associated tremor-ataxia syndrome: implications for neuropsychology.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Clinical neuropsychologists benefit from clinical currency in
      recently ascertained neuropsychiatric illness, such as fragile X premutation
      (FXPM) disorders. The author reviewed the clinical literature through 2016 for
      neuropsychiatric phenotypes in FXPM disorders, including patients with fragile X
      associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). METHODS: A PubMed search using the
      search terms 'Fragile X,' 'Premutation,' 'Carriers,' 'Psychiatric,' 'Dementia,'
      'Mood,' and 'Anxiety' for citations in the clinical literature through 2016 was
      reviewed for studies specifically examining the neuropsychiatric phenotype in
      FXPM patients. The relevant articles were classified according to specific
      neuropsychiatric syndromes, including child onset, adult onset with and without
      FXTAS, as well as common systemic comorbidities in FXPM patients. RESULTS: Eighty
      six articles were reviewed for the neuropsychiatric and other phenotypes in FXPM
      patients. The neuropsychiatric phenotype in FXPM patients is distinct from that
      of full mutation (Fragile X Syndrome) patients. FXTAS is associated with a
      specific cortical-subcortical major or mild neurocognitive disorder (NCD).
      CONCLUSIONS: FXPM patients are at risk for neuropsychiatric illness. In addition,
      FXPM patients are at risk for other systemic conditions that should raise
      suspicion for FXPM-associated illnesses. Clinicians should consider a diagnosis
      of FXPM-associated neuropsychiatric illness when patients with specific clinical
      scenarios are encountered; especially in patient pedigrees consistent with a
      typical (often multigenerational) presentation of fragile X-associated
      conditions, confirmatory genetic testing should be considered. Clinical
      management should take into account the psychological challenges of a
      multigenerational genetic neuropsychiatric illness with a variable CNS and
      systemic clinical phenotype.

PMID- 27355576
TI  - Barriers to Effective Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Treatment: A Qualitative Study
      of Patients' and Practitioners' Views.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Only a minority of patients at high risk for osteoporotic fracture
      receive treatment. OBJECTIVE: Study patients' and physicians' views regarding
      postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) to identify impediments to good care. METHODS:
      A qualitative study involving 18 physicians and 37 women (age 57-87) with PMO.
      RESULTS: All women interviewed considered PMO to be somewhat normal wear-and-tear
      associated with old age. The women identified a large number of "causes" for
      osteoporosis but finally viewed it as chance. They all described its progression
      as slow. Three representations of PMO severity were identified: some women tended
      to interpreted it as benign (21), others tended to dramatize it (11), and the
      rest were uncertain (5). These representations did not appear linked to age or
      fracture. Even the women who associated fracture and PMO were uncertain of the
      link between them. Fractures were considered to be random events, independent of
      osteoporosis. Women received general life-style recommendations from their
      physicians positively, but did not connect them specifically to osteoporosis.
      Indeed, these recommendations, along with the fear of side effects, the absence
      of tangible results of treatments, the view of PMO as a natural process, and the
      representations of PMO severity are factors that may deter treatments and impact
      compliance. As for the physicians, they identified eight risk factors,
      recognizing menopause as central to PMO and recognized the link between risk of
      fracture and PMO. However, some considered the impact of fractures to be limited
      in time, and viewed PMO as a "benign" disease. Seeing the progression of PMO as
      slow and inevitable reduced their urgency to diagnose and treat it as compared to
      other diseases. Some physicians acknowledged limited mastery of the existing
      therapeutic arsenal and unsuccessful handling of patient compliance. CONCLUSION:
      Women's and physicians' perspectives on PMO converged to trivialize
      postmenopausal osteoporosis and thus disqualify it as a legitimate disease. A
      better understanding of women's and physicians' views, practices, and concerns
      related to PMO can improve osteoporosis management.

PMID- 27355578
TI  - An Improved Wavelet Packet-Chaos Model for Life Prediction of Space Relays Based
      on Volterra Series.
AB  - In this paper, an improved algorithm of wavelet packet-chaos model for life
      prediction of space relays based on volterra series is proposed. In the proposed
      method, the high and low frequency time sequence components of performance
      parameters are obtained by employing the improved wavelet packet transform to
      decompose the performance parameters of the relay into multiple scales. Then the
      optimization algorithm of parameters in volterra series is improved, and is used
      to construct a chaotic forecasting model for the high and low frequency time
      sequence components gained by the wavelet packet transform. At last, the chaotic
      forecasting results of the high and low frequency components are combined by
      taking the wavelet packet reconstruction approach, so as to predict the lifetime
      of the studied space relay. The algorithm can predict the life curve of the relay
      accurately and reflect the characteristics of the relay performance with
      sufficient accuracy. The proposed method is validated via a case study of a space
      relay. 

PMID- 27355577
TI  - Alternating Current Stimulation for Vision Restoration after Optic Nerve Damage:
      A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vision loss after optic neuropathy is considered irreversible. Here,
      repetitive transorbital alternating current stimulation (rtACS) was applied in
      partially blind patients with the goal of activating their residual vision.
      METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, sham
      controlled trial in an ambulatory setting with daily application of rtACS (n =
      45) or sham-stimulation (n = 37) for 50 min for a duration of 10 week days. A
      volunteer sample of patients with optic nerve damage (mean age 59.1 yrs) was
      recruited. The primary outcome measure for efficacy was super-threshold visual
      fields with 48 hrs after the last treatment day and at 2-months follow-up.
      Secondary outcome measures were near-threshold visual fields, reaction time,
      visual acuity, and resting-state EEGs to assess changes in brain physiology.
      RESULTS: The rtACS-treated group had a mean improvement in visual field of 24.0%
      which was significantly greater than after sham-stimulation (2.5%). This
      improvement persisted for at least 2 months in terms of both within- and between
      group comparisons. Secondary analyses revealed improvements of near-threshold
      visual fields in the central 5 degrees  and increased thresholds in static
      perimetry after rtACS and improved reaction times, but visual acuity did not
      change compared to shams. Visual field improvement induced by rtACS was
      associated with EEG power-spectra and coherence alterations in visual cortical
      networks which are interpreted as signs of neuromodulation. Current flow
      simulation indicates current in the frontal cortex, eye, and optic nerve and in
      the subcortical but not in the cortical regions. CONCLUSION: rtACS treatment is a
      safe and effective means to partially restore vision after optic nerve damage
      probably by modulating brain plasticity. This class 1 evidence suggests that
      visual fields can be improved in a clinically meaningful way. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01280877.

PMID- 27355580
TI  - Pituitary Antibodies in an Adolescent with Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency and
      Turner Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Autoimmune hypophysitis (AH) is a rare inflammatory disease of
      the pituitary gland causing varying degrees of hypopituitarism and/or sellar
      compression. Cranial MRI remains the best noninvasive tool to diagnose AH,
      although a diagnosis of certainty requires pituitary biopsy. The objective of
      this study was to assess the utility of detecting pituitary antibodies for the
      diagnosis of AH. METHODS: A 15-year-old female with Turner syndrome (TS),
      hypothyroidism, and ovarian failure presented acutely with hypocortisolism.
      Laboratory studies revealed secondary adrenal insufficiency. MRI showed a
      hypotrophic pituitary gland and loss of the posterior pituitary bright spot. To
      establish an autoimmune basis for the adrenal insufficiency, serum was analyzed
      by double indirect immunofluorescence for the presence of pituitary
      autoantibodies. RESULTS: The patient's serum contained autoantibodies that
      recognized 36% of the adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting cells, suggesting
      that these adenohypophyseal cells were targeted by autoimmunity. The serum
      contained antibodies that identified the majority of the gonadotropin-secreting
      cells (FSH 77%, LH 65%). No recognition of GH-, prolactin-, and TSH-secreting
      cells was found. Preabsorption experiments showed that antigenic targets of
      autoantibodies were not anterior pituitary hormones themselves. CONCLUSION:
      Demonstration of circulating pituitary antibodies expands the diagnostic options
      for AH. In this adolescent with TS, positive and cell-specific pituitary
      antibodies suggested that AH was the cause of her secondary adrenal
      insufficiency.

PMID- 27355581
TI  - Protective Effect of Irisin on Atherosclerosis via Suppressing Oxidized Low
      Density Lipoprotein Induced Vascular Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction.
AB  - Irisin, a newly discovered myokine, is considered as a promising candidate for
      the treatment of metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular diseases. In the
      present study, we used two animal models, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed on
      a high-cholesterol diet and a mouse carotid partial ligation model to test the
      anti-atherosclerotic effect of irisin. Irisin treatment (0.5 MUg/g body
      weight/day) significantly reduced the severity of aortic atherosclerosis in
      apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed on a high-cholesterol diet and suppressed
      carotid neointima formation in a carotid partial ligation model. It was
      associated with decreased inflammation and cell apoptosis in aortic tissues. In
      addition, in a cell culture model, irisin restored ox-LDL-induced human umbilical
      vein endothelial cell dysfunction by reducing the levels of inflammatory genes
      via inhibiting the reactive oxygen species (ROS)/ p38 MAPK/ NF-kappaB signaling
      pathway activation and inhibiting cell apoptosis via up-regulating Bcl-2 and down
      regulating Bax and caspase-3 expression. Our study demonstrated that irisin
      significantly reduced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via
      suppressing ox-LDL-induced cell inflammation and apoptosis, which might have a
      direct therapeutic effect on atherosclerotic diseases. 

PMID- 27355582
TI  - Evaluation of X Chromosome Inactivation with Respect to HLA Genetic
      Susceptibility in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic
      sclerosis (SSc) are characterized by a strong genetic susceptibility from the
      Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) locus. Additionally, disorders of epigenetic
      processes, in particular non-random X chromosome inactivation (XCI), have been
      reported in many female-predominant autoimmune diseases. Here we test the
      hypothesis that women with RA or SSc who are strongly genetically predisposed are
      less susceptible to XCI bias. METHODS: Using methylation sensitive genotyping of
      the androgen receptor (AR) gene, XCI profiles were performed in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells from 161 women with RA, 96 women with SSc and 100 healthy
      women. HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 were genotyped. Presence of specific autoantibodies was
      documented for patients. XCI skewing was defined as having a ratio >= 80:20 of
      cells inactivating the same X chromosome. RESULTS: 110 women with RA, 68 women
      with SSc, and 69 controls were informative for the AR polymorphism. Among them
      40.9% of RA patients and 36.8% of SSc patients had skewed XCI compared to 17.4%
      of healthy women (P = 0.002 and 0.018, respectively). Presence of RA
      susceptibility alleles coding for the "shared epitope" correlated with higher
      skewing among RA patients (P = 0.002) and such correlation was not observed in
      other women, healthy or with SSc. Presence of SSc-susceptibility alleles did not
      correlate with XCI patterns among SSc patients. CONCLUSION: Data demonstrate XCI
      skewing in both RA and SSc compared to healthy women. Unexpectedly, skewed XCI
      occurs more often in women with RA carrying the shared epitope, which usually
      reflects severe disease. This reinforces the view that loss of mosaicism in
      peripheral blood may be a consequence of chronic autoimmunity.

PMID- 27355583
TI  - RIDME distance measurements using Gd(iii) tags with a narrow central transition.
AB  - Methods based on pulse electron paramagnetic resonance allow measurement of the
      electron-electron dipolar coupling between two spin labels. Here we compare the
      most popular technique, Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER or PELDOR), with
      the dead-time free 5-pulse Relaxation-Induced Dipolar Modulation Enhancement
      (RIDME) method for Gd(iii)-Gd(iii) distance measurements at W-band (94.9 GHz,
      ~3.5 T) using Gd(iii) tags with a small zero field splitting (ZFS). Such tags are
      important because of their high EPR sensitivity arising from their narrow central
      transition. Two systems were investigated: (i) a rigid model compound with an
      inter-spin distance of 2.35 nm, and (ii) two mutants of a homodimeric protein,
      both labeled with a DOTA-based Gd(iii) chelate and characterized by an inter-spin
      distance of around 6 nm, one having a narrow distance distribution and the other
      a broad distribution. Measurements on the model compound show that RIDME is less
      sensitive to the complications arising from the failure of the weak coupling
      approximation which affect DEER measurements on systems characterized by short
      inter-spin distances between Gd(iii) tags having a narrow central transition.
      Measurements on the protein samples, which are characterized by a long inter-spin
      distance, emphasize the complications due to the appearance of harmonics of the
      dipolar interaction frequency in the RIDME traces for S > 1/2 spin systems, as
      well as enhanced uncertainties in the background subtraction. In both cases the
      sensitivity of RIDME was found to be significantly better than DEER. The effects
      of the experimental parameters on the RIDME trace are discussed. 

PMID- 27355584
TI  - Role of Fimbriae, Flagella and Cellulose on the Attachment of Salmonella
      Typhimurium ATCC 14028 to Plant Cell Wall Models.
AB  - Cases of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella are frequently associated with
      the consumption of minimally processed produce. Bacterial cell surface components
      are known to be important for the attachment of bacterial pathogens to fresh
      produce. The role of these extracellular structures in Salmonella attachment to
      plant cell walls has not been investigated in detail. We investigated the role of
      flagella, fimbriae and cellulose on the attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC
      14028 and a range of isogenic deletion mutants (DeltafliC fljB, DeltabcsA,
      DeltacsgA, DeltacsgA bcsA and DeltacsgD) to bacterial cellulose (BC)-based plant
      cell wall models [BC-Pectin (BCP), BC-Xyloglucan (BCX) and BC-Pectin-Xyloglucan
      (BCPX)] after growth at different temperatures (28 degrees C and 37 degrees C).
      We found that all three cell surface components were produced at 28 degrees C but
      only the flagella was produced at 37 degrees C. Flagella appeared to be most
      important for attachment (reduction of up to 1.5 log CFU/cm2) although both
      cellulose and fimbriae also aided in attachment. The csgD deletion mutant, which
      lacks both cellulose and fimbriae, showed significantly higher attachment as
      compared to wild type cells at 37 degrees C. This may be due to the increased
      expression of flagella-related genes which are also indirectly regulated by the
      csgD gene. Our study suggests that bacterial attachment to plant cell walls is a
      complex process involving many factors. Although flagella, cellulose and fimbriae
      all aid in attachment, these structures are not the only mechanism as no strain
      was completely defective in its attachment. 

PMID- 27355585
TI  - Ancient Haplotypes at the 15q24.2 Microdeletion Region Are Linked to Brain
      Expression of MAN2C1 and Children's Intelligence.
AB  - The chromosome bands 15q24.1-15q24.3 contain a complex region with numerous
      segmental duplications that predispose to regional microduplications and
      microdeletions, both of which have been linked to intellectual disability, speech
      delay and autistic features. The region may also harbour common inversion
      polymorphisms whose functional and phenotypic manifestations are unknown. Using
      single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, we detected four large contiguous
      haplotype-genotypes at 15q24 with Mendelian inheritance in 2,562 trios, African
      origin, high population stratification and reduced recombination rates. Although
      the haplotype-genotypes have been most likely generated by decreased or absent
      recombination among them, we could not confirm that they were the product of
      inversion polymorphisms in the region. One of the blocks was composed of three
      haplotype-genotypes (N1a, N1b and N2), which significantly correlated with
      intelligence quotient (IQ) in 2,735 children of European ancestry from three
      independent population cohorts. Homozygosity for N2 was associated with lower
      verbal IQ (2.4-point loss, p-value = 0.01), while homozygosity for N1b was
      associated with 3.2-point loss in non-verbal IQ (p-value = 0.0006). The three
      alleles strongly correlated with expression levels of MAN2C1 and SNUPN in blood
      and brain. Homozygosity for N2 correlated with over-expression of MAN2C1 over
      many brain areas but the occipital cortex where N1b homozygous highly under
      expressed. Our population-based analyses suggest that MAN2C1 may contribute to
      the verbal difficulties observed in microduplications and to the intellectual
      disability of microdeletion syndromes, whose characteristic dosage increment and
      removal may affect different brain areas. 

PMID- 27355586
TI  - Trends in Mortality from Cerebrovascular and Hypertensive Diseases in Brazil
      Between 1980 and 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular and hypertensive diseases are among the main causes
      of death worldwide. However, there are limited data about the trends of these
      diseases over the years. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal trends in mortality
      rates and proportional mortality from cerebrovascular and hypertensive diseases
      according to sex and age in Brazil between 1980 and 2012. METHODS: We evaluated
      the underlying causes of death between 1980 and 2012 in both sexes and by age
      groups for circulatory diseases (CD), cerebrovascular diseases (CBVD), and
      hypertensive diseases (HD). We also evaluated death due to all causes (AC),
      external causes (EC), and ill-defined causes of death (IDCD). Data on deaths and
      population were obtained from the Department of Information Technology of the
      Unified Health System (Departamento de Informatica do Sistema Unico de Saude,
      DATASUS/MS). We estimated crude and standardized annual mortality rates per
      100,000 inhabitants and percentages of proportional mortality rates. RESULTS:
      With the exception of EC, the mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants of all
      other diseases increased with age. The proportional mortality of CD, CBVD, and HD
      increased up to the age range of 60-69 years in men and 70-79 years in women, and
      reached a plateau in both sexes after that. The standardized rates of CD and CBVD
      declined in both sexes. However, the HD rates showed the opposite trend and
      increased mildly during the study period. CONCLUSION: Despite the decline in
      standardized mortality rates due to CD and CBVD, there was an increase in deaths
      due to HD, which could be related to factors associated with the completion of
      the death certificates, decline in IDCD rates, and increase in the prevalence of
      hypertension.

PMID- 27355587
TI  - Low Prevalance of Major Events Adverse to Exercise Stress Echocardiography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stress echocardiography is well validated for diagnosis and risk
      stratification of coronary artery disease. Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE)
      has been shown to be the most physiological among the modalities of stress, but
      its safety is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To study the complications related
      to ESE and clinical and echocardiographic variables most commonly associated with
      their occurrence. METHODS: Cross-sectional study consisting of 10250 patients
      submitted to ESE for convenience, from January 2000 to June 2014. Cardiac
      Arrhythmias (CA) were the most frequent complications observed during the
      examination. The volunteers were divided into two groups according to the
      occurrence of CA during ESE: G1 group, composed of patients who have CA, and G2
      formed by individuals who did not show such complication. RESULTS: Group G1,
      consisting of 2843 patients (27.7%), and Group G2 consisting of 7407 patients
      (72.3%). There was no death, acute myocardial infarction, ventricular
      fibrillation or asystole. Predominant CAs were: supraventricular extrasystoles
      (13.7%), and ventricular extrasystoles (11.5%). G1 group had a higher mean age,
      higher frequency of hypertension and smoking, larger aortic roots and left atrium
      (LA) and lower ejection fraction than G2. G1 group also had more ischemic changes
      (p < 0.001). The predictor variables were age (RR 1.04; [CI] 95% from 1.038 to
      1.049) and LA (RR 1.64; [CI] 95% from 1.448 to 1.872). CONCLUSION: ESE proved to
      be a safe modality of stress, with non-fatal complications only. Advanced age and
      enlargement of the left atrium are predictive of cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 27355588
TI  - Cardiac Regeneration using Growth Factors: Advances and Challenges.
AB  - Myocardial infarction is the most significant manifestation of ischemic heart
      disease and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Novel strategies
      targeting at regenerating the injured myocardium have been investigated,
      including gene therapy, cell therapy, and the use of growth factors. Growth
      factor therapy has aroused interest in cardiovascular medicine because of the
      regeneration mechanisms induced by these biomolecules, including angiogenesis,
      extracellular matrix remodeling, cardiomyocyte proliferation, stem-cell
      recruitment, and others. Together, these mechanisms promote myocardial repair and
      improvement of the cardiac function. This review aims to address the strategic
      role of growth factor therapy in cardiac regeneration, considering its innovative
      and multifactorial character in myocardial repair after ischemic injury.
      Different issues will be discussed, with emphasis on the regeneration mechanisms
      as a potential therapeutic resource mediated by growth factors, and the
      challenges to make these proteins therapeutically viable in the field of
      cardiology and regenerative medicine. Resumo O infarto do miocardio representa a
      manifestacao mais significativa da cardiopatia isquemica e esta associado a
      elevada morbimortalidade. Novas estrategias vem sendo investigadas com o intuito
      de regenerar o miocardio lesionado, incluindo a terapia genica, a terapia celular
      e a utilizacao de fatores de crescimento. A terapia com fatores de crescimento
      despertou interesse em medicina cardiovascular, devido aos mecanismos de
      regeneracao induzidos por essas biomoleculas, incluindo angiogenese,
      remodelamento da matriz extracelular, proliferacao de cardiomiocitos e
      recrutamento de celulas-tronco, dentre outros. Em conjunto, tais mecanismos
      promovem a reparacao do miocardio e a melhora da funcao cardiaca. Esta revisao
      pretende abordar o papel estrategico da terapia, com fatores de crescimento, para
      a regeneracao cardiaca, considerando seu carater inovador e multifatorial sobre o
      reparo do miocardio apos dano isquemico. Diferentes questoes serao discutidas,
      destacando-se os mecanismos de regeneracao como recurso terapeutico potencial
      mediado por fatores de crescimento e os desafios para tornar essas proteinas
      terapeuticamente viaveis no ambito da cardiologia e da medicina regenerativa.

PMID- 27355579
TI  - Correction: The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body
      Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005378.].

PMID- 27355590
TI  - Validity and Reliability Concerns Associated with Cardiopulmonary Exercise
      Testing Young People with Cystic Fibrosis.

PMID- 27355589
TI  - Effect of Age on Blood Rheology in Sickle Cell Anaemia and Sickle Cell
      Haemoglobin C Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Blood rheology plays a key role in the pathophysiology of sickle cell
      anaemia (SS) and sickle cell haemoglobin C disease (SC), but its evolution over
      the lifespan is unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood viscosity, red blood cell
      (RBC) deformability and aggregation, foetal haemoglobin (HbF) and haematocrit
      were measured in 114 healthy individuals (AA), 267 SS (161 children + 106 adults)
      and 138 SC (74 children + 64 adults) patients. RESULTS: Our results showed that
      1) RBC deformability is at its maximal value during the early years of life in SS
      and SC populations, mainly because HbF level is also at its peak, 2) during
      childhood and adulthood, hydroxycarbamide treatment, HbF level and gender
      modulated RBC deformability in SS patients, independently of age, 3) blood
      viscosity is higher in older SS and SC patients compared to younger ones and 4)
      haematocrit decreases as SS patients age. CONCLUSION: The hemorheological changes
      detected in older patients could play a role in the progressive development of
      several chronic disorders in sickle cell disease, whose prevalence increases with
      age. Retarding these age-related haemorheological impairments, by using suitable
      drugs, may minimize the risks of vaso-occlusive events and chronic disorders.

PMID- 27355591
TI  - Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Kopsiyunnanine K, a Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid
      with a Rearranged Skeleton.
AB  - A new monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, kopsiyunnanine K, was isolated from Kopsia
      arborea. Its intriguing rearranged structure and absolute configuration, which
      were inferred from spectral data and a possible biosynthetic pathway, were
      determined on the basis of a 13-step asymmetric total synthesis.

PMID- 27355606
TI  - Cognitive neuropsychology and its vicissitudes: The fate of Caramazza's axioms.
AB  - Cognitive neuropsychology is characterized as the discipline in which one draws
      conclusions about the organization of the normal cognitive systems from the
      behaviour of brain-damaged individuals. In a series of papers, Caramazza, later
      in collaboration with McCloskey, put forward four assumptions as the bridge
      principles for making such inferences. Four potential pitfalls, one for each
      axiom, are discussed with respect to the use of single-case methods. Two of the
      pitfalls also apply to case series and group study procedures, and the other two
      are held to be indirectly testable or avoidable. Moreover, four other pitfalls
      are held to apply to case series or group study methods. It is held that
      inferences from single-case procedures may profitably be supported or rejected
      using case series/group study methods, but also that analogous support needs to
      be given in the other direction for functionally based case series or group
      studies. It is argued that at least six types of neuropsychological method are
      valuable for extrapolation to theories of the normal cognitive system but that
      the single- or multiple-case study remains a critical part of cognitive
      neuropsychology's methods.

PMID- 27355607
TI  - Declining object recognition performance in semantic dementia: A case for stored
      visual object representations.
AB  - The role of the semantic system in recognizing objects is a matter of debate.
      Connectionist theories argue that it is impossible for a participant to determine
      that an object is familiar to them without recourse to a semantic hub; localist
      theories state that accessing a stored representation of the visual features of
      the object is sufficient for recognition. We examine this issue through the
      longitudinal study of two cases of semantic dementia, a neurodegenerative
      disorder characterized by a progressive degradation of the semantic system. The
      cases in this paper do not conform to the "common" pattern of object recognition
      performance in semantic dementia described by Rogers, T. T., Lambon Ralph, M. A.,
      Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (2004). Natural selection: The impact of semantic
      impairment on lexical and object decision. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 21, 331
      352., and show no systematic relationship between severity of semantic impairment
      and success in object decision. We argue that these data are inconsistent with
      the connectionist position but can be easily reconciled with localist theories
      that propose stored structural descriptions of objects outside of the semantic
      system.

PMID- 27355608
TI  - Simulation of impairment: Commentary on Nickels, Rapp, and Kohnen (2015).
AB  - Nickels, L., Rapp, B., and Kohnen, S. (2015. Challenges in the use of treatment
      to investigate cognition. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 32, 91-103) argue that
      impairment and treatment may be used to test computational models of cognition.
      They state that, contrary to their view, the authors of the WEAVER++ model of
      spoken word production have explicitly rejected simulation of impairment [i.e.,
      Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999b). Multiple perspectives on
      word production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 61-69]. Here, I argue that
      this incorrectly characterizes the position of Levelt et al. Moreover, I further
      clarify this position, which holds that simulation of impairment requires both a
      theory of the intact system and assumptions about the underlying deficit, which
      is a widely accepted view. To demonstrate this position, I outline the approach
      taken in WEAVER++ simulations of aphasic performance reported in Roelofs, A.
      (2014. A dorsal-pathway account of aphasic language production: The WEAVER++/ARC
      model. Cortex, 59, 33-48). These simulations not only prove that the developers
      of WEAVER++ endorse simulation of impairment, but also highlight the importance
      of integrating psycholinguistic, functional neuroimaging, and tractographic
      evidence in testing models of impaired performance.

PMID- 27355609
TI  - Nonlinear spelling in graphemic buffer deficit.
AB  - In this paper, we describe a case of nonlinear spelling and its implications for
      theories of the graphemic buffer. C.T.J., an individual with an acquired deficit
      of the graphemic buffer, often wrote the letters of his responses in a nonlinear
      temporal order when writing to dictation. The spatial ordering of the letters was
      maintained: Letters in the later positions of the words were written towards the
      right side of the response, even when written before letters in earlier
      positions. This unusual phenomenon has been briefly reported in three prior cases
      but this study provides the most detailed analysis of the phenomenon to date. We
      specifically contend that the decoupling of the temporal and spatial aspects of
      spelling is difficult to reconcile with competitive queuing accounts of the
      graphemic buffer.

PMID- 27355612
TI  - Validation of Three Platelet Function Tests for Bleeding Risk Stratification
      During Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Following Coronary Interventions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although low platelet reactivity (LPR) is commonly detected during
      bleeding, a validated threshold for reliable DAPT bleeding risk stratification is
      lacking. We tested the diagnostic utility of 3 conventional platelet-activity
      assays to define the predictive value (if any) of LPR for bleeding. HYPOTHESIS:
      We hypothesized whether one of these tests be better than any others for
      predicting bleeding events. METHODS: Patients (n = 800) following drug-eluting
      stent implantation received DAPT. Bleeding was assessed by Bleeding Academic
      Research Consortium (BARC) classification and events were collected for 1 year
      after stenting. Platelet reactivity was measured by light transmittance
      aggregometry (LTA), VerifyNow, and multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA). The LPR
      values for bleeding event stratification were defined as <=15% for LTA, <=139 PRU
      for VerifyNow, and <=25 U for MEA. RESULTS: Bleeding events occurred in 18
      patients (2.3%). All tests distinguished LPR as an independent predictor for
      bleeding by univariate analysis ([HR]: 5.00, 95% [CI]: 1.8-14.0, P = 0.002 for
      LTA; HR: 21.3, 95% CI: 6.2-73.0, P < 0.0001 for VerifyNow; and HR: 7.4, 95% CI:
      2.2-25.5, P = 0.002 for MEA). Multivariate analysis revealed that only VerifyNow
      (HR: 11.5, 95% CI: 2.9-45.7, P < 0.0004) remained an independent predictor for
      bleeding. However, the specificity (81.5%, 60.2%, and 81.7%, respectively) and
      sensitivity (61.1%, 83.3%, and 83.2%, respectively) of all 3 tests were quite
      low. CONCLUSIONS: Among 3 conventional platelet-activity assays, VerifyNow was
      better than LTA or MEA for triaging future bleeding risks. However, all 3 tests
      failed to reliably predict future bleeding.

PMID- 27355613
TI  - Size-dependent, stochastic nature of lipid exchange between nano-vesicles and
      model membranes.
AB  - The interaction of nanoscale lipid vesicles with cell membranes is of fundamental
      importance for the design and development of vesicular drug delivery systems.
      Here, we introduce a novel approach to study vesicle-membrane interactions
      whereby we are able to probe the influence of nanoscale membrane properties on
      the dynamic adsorption, exchange, and detachment of vesicles. Using total
      internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we monitor these processes in
      real-time upon the electrostatically tuned attachment of individual, sub-100 nm
      vesicles to a supported lipid bilayer. The observed exponential vesicle
      detachment rate depends strongly on the vesicle size, but not on the vesicle
      charge, which suggests that lipid exchange occurs during a single stochastic
      event, which is consistent with membrane stalk formation. The fluorescence
      microscopy assay developed in this work may enable measuring of the probability
      of stalk formation in a controlled manner, which is of fundamental importance in
      membrane biology, offering a new tool to understand nanoscale phenomena in the
      context of biological sciences. 

PMID- 27355615
TI  - Time-Resolved X-ray Scattering and Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Formation of a
      Uranium-Vanadium-Phosphorus-Peroxide Cage Cluster.
AB  - Combining reactants in water under ambient conditions results in the assembly and
      crystallization of 2.6 nm diameter cage clusters designated U48V6P48 within 3
      weeks. These consist of 24 uranyl hexagonal bipyramids, 24 uranyl pentagonal
      bipyramids, six vanadyl square pyramids, and 48 phosphate tetrahedra. Peroxide
      bridged dimers of uranyl hexagonal bipyramids are linked directly to vanadyl
      stabilized tetramers of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids to form the cage, with
      phosphate tetrahedra providing additional linkages between these two units. Time
      resolved small-angle X-ray scattering and Raman spectroscopy indicate that the
      combination of the reactants initially resulted in simultaneous formation of
      smaller uranyl peroxide cages and vanadyl peroxide complexes. The disappearance
      of the smaller uranyl peroxide cages from solution coincides with the diminution
      of uncoordinated peroxide, both of which occurred before the assembly of the
      relatively peroxide-poor U48V6P48, which clearly occurred in solution prior to
      its crystallization. 

PMID- 27355614
TI  - In vivo super-resolution RESOLFT microscopy of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Despite remarkable developments in diffraction unlimited super-resolution
      microscopy, in vivo nanoscopy of tissues and model organisms is still not
      satisfactorily established and rarely realized. RESOLFT nanoscopy is particularly
      suited for live cell imaging because it requires relatively low light levels to
      overcome the diffraction barrier. Previously, we introduced the reversibly
      switchable fluorescent protein rsEGFP2, which facilitated fast RESOLFT nanoscopy
      (Grotjohann et al., 2012). In that study, as in most other nanoscopy studies,
      only cultivated single cells were analyzed. Here, we report on the use of rsEGFP2
      for live-cell RESOLFT nanoscopy of sub-cellular structures of intact Drosophila
      melanogaster larvae and of resected tissues. We generated flies expressing fusion
      proteins of alpha-tubulin and rsEGFP2 highlighting the microtubule cytoskeleton
      in all cells. By focusing through the intact larval cuticle, we achieved lateral
      resolution of.

PMID- 27355619
TI  - Progressive Resistance Training in End-Stage Renal Disease: Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This systematic review provides an overview of the extant literature
      on progressive resistance training (PRT) in patients with end-stage renal disease
      (ESRD) and outlines recommendations for future trials. METHODS: A systematic
      review of all published literature evaluating the chronic (>6 weeks) application
      of PRT in patients with ESRD using electronic databases. RESULTS: The search
      yielded 16 clinical trials, including 11 randomized controlled trials (RCT), 4
      uncontrolled trials and one trial involving a within-subjects control period plus
      RCT. RCT quality, assessed via the CONSORT statement, ranged from low (4/10) to
      high (10/10) with a mean score of 7.3/10; 7/11 RCT had a quality score >=7.5. All
      trials evaluated chronic adaptation to PRT across a range of important outcomes.
      PRT can induce muscle hypertrophy and improve aspects of physical functioning and
      health-related quality of life in ESRD. There is preliminary evidence that PRT
      may reduce protein-energy malnutrition and cardiovascular disease risk factors,
      including C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and measures of
      insulin resistance in patients with or at-risk of comorbid type 2 diabetes. The
      evidence base for PRT adapting some of the endpoints investigated to date remains
      inconsistent (e.g. physical performance tests, obesity outcomes), and many other
      pertinent clinical outcomes remain to be investigated. CONCLUSION: RCT are
      required to investigate a range of novel research questions related to the
      benefits and application of PRT in this cohort and its patient subgroups (e.g.
      diabetes, depression, dyslipidemia, etc.). Future studies must be of high
      methodological quality to inform clinical practice guidelines.

PMID- 27355616
TI  - The relation of female circumcision to sexual behavior in Kenya and Nigeria.
AB  - One of the reasons for the perpetuation of female circumcision is that it
      controls female sexuality. In this study, the authors examined the relationship
      between female circumcision and the sexual behavior of women in Kenya and
      Nigeria. Data on women who were aware of circumcision and were circumcised were
      extracted from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey of 2008-09 as well as the
      Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey of 2008. The sample size was 7,344 for
      Kenya and 16,294 for Nigeria. The outcome variables were age at first intercourse
      and total lifetime number of sexual partners. The study hypothesis was that women
      who were circumcised were less likely to have initiated sex early and to have
      only one sex partner. Cox proportional hazards regression and Poisson regression
      were used to examine the relations of female circumcision and other selected
      variables to sexual behavior. No association was observed between female
      circumcision and the outcomes for sexual behavior of women in Kenya and Nigeria.
      The argument of sexual chastity is insufficient to sustain the perpetuation of
      female circumcision.

PMID- 27355621
TI  - The "Next Big Thing" in Treatment for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma May
      Be Held Back by Design-Between the Lines.

PMID- 27355620
TI  - Performance Testing of PCR Assay in Blood Samples for the Diagnosis of
      Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in AIDS Patients from the French Departments of America
      and Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii: A Prospective and Multicentric Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS is a life-threatening
      disease mostly due to reactivation of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the brain. The
      main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of real-time PCR
      assay in peripheral blood samples for the diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis
      in AIDS patients in the French West Indies and Guiana. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
      FINDINGS: Adult patients with HIV and suspicion of toxoplasmic encephalitis with
      start of specific antitoxoplasmic therapy were included in this study during 40
      months. The real-time PCR assay targeting the 529 bp repeat region of T. gondii
      was performed in two different centers for all blood samples. A Neighbor-Joining
      tree was reconstructed from microsatellite data to examine the relationships
      between strains from human cases of toxoplasmosis in South America and the
      Caribbean. A total of 44 cases were validated by a committee of experts,
      including 36 cases with toxoplasmic encephalitis. The specificity of the PCR
      assay in blood samples was 100% but the sensitivity was only 25% with moderate
      agreement between the two centers. Altered level of consciousness and being born
      in the French West Indies and Guiana were the only two variables that were
      associated with significantly decreased risk of false negative results with the
      PCR assay. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results showed that PCR sensitivity in
      blood samples increased with severity of toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS
      patients. Geographic origin of patients was likely to influence PCR sensitivity
      but there was little evidence that it was caused by differences in T. gondii
      strains. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00803621.

PMID- 27355623
TI  - Low field magnetoresistance in a 2D topological insulator based on wide HgTe
      quantum well.
AB  - Low field magnetoresistance is experimentally studied in a two-dimensional
      topological insulator (TI) in both diffusive and quasiballistic samples
      fabricated on top of a wide (14 nm) HgTe quantum well. In all cases a pronounced
      quasi-linear positive magnetoresistance is observed similar to that found
      previously in diffusive samples based on a narrow (8 nm) HgTe well. The
      experimental results are compared with the main existing theoretical models based
      on different types of disorder: sample edge roughness, nonmagnetic disorder in an
      otherwise coherent TI and metallic puddles due to locally trapped charges that
      act like local gate on the sample. The quasiballistic samples with resistance
      close to the expected quantized values also show a positive low-field
      magnetoresistance but with a pronounced admixture of mesoscopic effects.

PMID- 27355622
TI  - Strain Differences in Light-Induced Retinopathy.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to better understand the role of ocular
      pigmentation and genetics in light-induced retinal damage. Adult pigmented [Long
      Evans (LE) and Brown Norway (BN)] and albino [Sprague Dawley (SD) and Lewis (LW)]
      rats were exposed to a bright cyclic light for 6 consecutive days and where
      compared with juvenile animals exposed to the same bright light environment from
      postnatal age 14 to 28. Flash ERGs and retinal histology were performed at
      predetermined days (D) post-light exposure. At D1, ERGs were similar in all adult
      groups with no recordable a-waves and residual b-waves. A transient recovery was
      noticed at D30 in the LW and LE only [b-wave: 18% and 25% of their original
      amplitude respectively]. Histology revealed that BN retina was the most damaged,
      while LE retina was best preserved. SD and LW rats were almost as damaged as BN
      rats. In contrast, the retina of juvenile BN was almost as resistant to the
      bright light exposure as that of juvenile LE rats. Our results strongly suggest
      that, although ocular pigmentation and genetic background are important factors
      in regulating the severity of light-induced retinal damage, the age of the animal
      at the onset of light exposure appears to be the most important determining
      factor. 

PMID- 27355624
TI  - Height Outcome of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment in Achondroplasia
      Children: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is not approved
      to treat short stature of achondroplasia (ACH), some studies suggested growth
      improvement during short-term rhGH treatment. METHODS: A meta-analysis of rhGH
      therapy efficacy in ACH children was performed. RESULTS: From 12 English-language
      studies, 558 (54.0% males) rhGH-treated ACH children were enrolled.
      Administration of rhGH (median dosage 0.21 mg/kg/ week; range 0.16-0.42
      mg/kg/week) improved height (Ht) from baseline [-5.069 standard deviation score
      (SDS; 95% CI -5.109 to -5.029); p < 0.0001] to 12 [-4.325 SDS (95% CI -4.363 to 
      4.287); p < 0.0001] and 24 months [-4.073 SDS (95% CI -4.128 to -4.019); p <
      0.0001]. Then, Ht remained approximately constant up to 5 years [-3.941 SDS (95%
      CI -4.671 to -3.212); p < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: In ACH children, rhGH treatment
      increased Ht from -5.0 to -4.0 SDS during 5 years, but insufficient data are
      available on both the adult Ht and the changes of body proportions.

PMID- 27355625
TI  - Pyrosequencing Unveils Cystic Fibrosis Lung Microbiome Differences Associated
      with a Severe Lung Function Decline.
AB  - Chronic airway infection is a hallmark feature of cystic fibrosis (CF) disease.
      In the present study, sputum samples from CF patients were collected and
      characterized by 16S rRNA gene-targeted approach, to assess how lung microbiota
      composition changes following a severe decline in lung function. In particular,
      we compared the airway microbiota of two groups of patients with CF, i.e.
      patients with a substantial decline in their lung function (SD) and patients with
      a stable lung function (S). The two groups showed a different bacterial
      composition, with SD patients reporting a more heterogeneous community than the S
      ones. Pseudomonas was the dominant genus in both S and SD patients followed by
      Staphylococcus and Prevotella. Other than the classical CF pathogens and the most
      commonly identified non-classical genera in CF, we found the presence of the
      unusual anaerobic genus Sneathia. Moreover, the oligotyping analysis revealed the
      presence of other minor genera described in CF, highlighting the polymicrobial
      nature of CF infection. Finally, the analysis of correlation and anti-correlation
      networks showed the presence of antagonism and ecological independence between
      members of Pseudomonas genus and the rest of CF airways microbiota, with S
      patients showing a more interconnected community in S patients than in SD ones.
      This population structure suggests a higher resilience of S microbiota with
      respect to SD, which in turn may hinder the potential adverse impact of
      aggressive pathogens (e.g. Pseudomonas). In conclusion, our findings shed a new
      light on CF airway microbiota ecology, improving current knowledge about its
      composition and polymicrobial interactions in patients with CF. 

PMID- 27355627
TI  - Plasma Mitochondrial DNA Level is a Prognostic Marker in Peritoneal Dialysis
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Circulating bacterial DNA fragment is related to systemic
      inflammatory state in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We hypothesize that
      circulating mitochondrial DNA, which has a similar structure with bacterial DNA,
      correlates with systemic inflammatory state and predicts cardiovascular event in
      new PD patients. METHODS: We measured plasma mitochondrial DNA level by
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 197 new PD patients and 150
      patients with chronic kidney disease. PD patients were followed for 24 months for
      the development of cardiovascular event, hospitalization, and patient survival.
      RESULTS: There was a stepwise increase in plasma mitochondrial DNA level with
      worsening renal function. The average plasma mitochondrial DNA level was 18.0 +/-
      1.2 PCR cycles. Plasma mitochondrial DNA level correlated with serum CRP level (r
      = -0.538, p < 0.0001). At 24 months, the event-free survival was 67.4%, 66.4%,
      63.4% and 44.2% for plasma mitochondrial DNA level quartiles I, II, III and IV,
      respectively (p = 0.049). After adjusting for confounders, plasma mitochondrial
      DNA level, malnutrition-inflammation score, and baseline arterial pulse wave
      velocity were independent predictors of composite cardiovascular end-point; each
      doubling in plasma mitochondrial DNA level confers 16.0% (95% confidence
      interval, 2.5 - 31.3%, p = 0.001) excess in risk. Plasma mitochondrial DNA also
      correlated with the number of hospital admission (r = -0.218, p = 0.002) and
      duration of hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons (r = -0.232, p = 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Plasma mitochondrial DNA level significantly correlates with systemic
      inflammatory state, and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular event as well as
      the need of hospitalization in new PD patients.

PMID- 27355626
TI  - Surveillance of HIV Transmitted Drug Resistance in Latin America and the
      Caribbean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HIV transmitted drug resistance (TDR) remains at moderate level in
      Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). However, different epidemiologic scenarios
      could influence national and sub-regional TDR levels and trends. METHODS AND
      FINDINGS: We performed a systematic review of currently available publications on
      TDR in antiretroviral treatment-naive adults in LAC. Ninety-eight studies
      published between January 2000 and June 2015 were included according to critical
      appraisal criteria and classified by sub-region: Brazil (50), Mesoamerica (17),
      Southern Cone (16), Andean (8) and Caribbean (7). From these, 81 studies
      encompassing 11,441 individuals with data on DR mutation frequency were included
      in a meta-analysis. Overall TDR prevalence in LAC was 7.7% (95% CI: 7.2%-8.2%).
      An increasing trend was observed for overall TDR when comparing 2000-2005 (6.0%)
      and 2006-2015 (8.2%) (p<0.0001), which was associated with significant NNRTI TDR
      increase (p<0.0001). NRTI TDR decreased (4.5% vs. 2.3%, p<0.0001). NNRTI TDR
      increase was associated mainly with K101E, K103N and G190A. NRTI TDR decrease was
      associated mainly with M184V, K70R and T215Y. All sub-regions reached moderate
      overall TDR levels. The rapid increase in TDR to all antiretroviral classes in
      the Caribbean is notable, as well as the significant increase in NNRTI TDR
      reaching moderate levels in the Southern Cone. NRTI TDR was dominant in 2000
      2005, mainly in the Caribbean, Mesoamerica and Brazil. This dominance was lost in
      2006-2015 in all sub-regions, with the Southern Cone and the Caribbean switching
      to NNRTI dominance. PI TDR remained mostly constant with a significant increase
      only observed in the Caribbean. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high conceptual and
      methodological heterogeneity of HIV TDR studies, implementation of surveys with
      standardized methodology and national representativeness is warranted to generate
      reliable to inform public health policies. The observed increasing trend in NNRTI
      TDR supports the need to strengthen TDR surveillance and programme monitoring and
      evaluation in LAC.

PMID- 27355628
TI  - Temporal Changes in BEXSERO(r) Antigen Sequence Type Associated with Genetic
      Lineages of Neisseria meningitidis over a 15-Year Period in Western Australia.
AB  - Neisseria meningitidis is the causative agent of invasive meningococcal disease
      (IMD). The BEXSERO(r) vaccine which is used to prevent serogroup B disease is
      composed of four sub-capsular protein antigens supplemented with an outer
      membrane vesicle. Since the sub-capsular protein antigens are variably expressed
      and antigenically variable amongst meningococcal isolates, vaccine coverage can
      be estimated by the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) which measures the
      propensity of the strain to be killed by vaccinated sera. Whole genome sequencing
      (WGS) which identifies the alleles of the antigens that may be recognised by the
      antibody response could represent, in future, an alternative estimate of
      coverage. In this study, WGS of 278 meningococcal isolates responsible for 62% of
      IMD in Western Australia from 2000-2014 were analysed for association of genetic
      lineage (sequence type [ST], clonal complex [cc]) with BEXSERO(r) antigen
      sequence type (BAST) and MATS to predict the annual vaccine coverage. A hyper
      endemic period of IMD between 2000-05 was caused by cc41/44 with the major
      sequence type of ST-146 which was not predicted by MATS or BAST to be covered by
      the vaccine. An increase in serogroup diversity was observed between 2010-14 with
      the emergence of cc11 serogroup W in the adolescent population and cc23 serogroup
      Y in the elderly. BASTs were statistically associated with clonal complex
      although individual antigens underwent antigenic drift from the major type. BAST
      and MATS predicted an annual range of 44-91% vaccine coverage. Periods of low
      vaccine coverage in years post-2005 were not a result of the resurgence of
      cc41/44:ST-146 but were characterised by increased diversity of clonal complexes
      expressing BASTs which were not predicted by MATS to be covered by the vaccine.
      The driving force behind the diversity of the clonal complex and BAST during
      these periods of low vaccine coverage is unknown, but could be due to immune
      selection and inter-strain competition with carriage of non-disease causing
      meningococci. 

PMID- 27355629
TI  - Characterisation of Transcriptional Changes in the Spinal Cord of the Progressive
      Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Biozzi ABH Mouse Model by RNA
      Sequencing.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating immune-mediated neurological disorder
      affecting young adults. MS is primarily relapsing-remitting, but
      neurodegeneration and disability accumulate from disease onset. The most commonly
      used mouse MS models exhibit a monophasic immune response with fast accumulation
      of neurological damage that does not allow the study of progressive
      neurodegeneration. The chronic relapsing and secondary progressive EAE (pEAE)
      Biozzi ABH mouse model of MS exhibits a reproducible relapsing-remitting disease
      course that slowly accumulates permanent neurological deficit and develops a post
      relapsing progressive disease that permits the study of demyelination and
      neurodegeneration. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) was used to explore global gene
      expression in the pEAE Biozzi ABH mouse. Spinal cord tissue RNA from pEAE Biozzi
      ABH mice and healthy age-matched controls was sequenced. 2,072 genes were
      differentially expressed (q<0.05) from which 1,397 were significantly upregulated
      and 675 were significantly downregulated. This hypothesis-free investigation
      characterised the genomic changes that describe the pEAE mouse model. The
      differentially expressed genes revealed a persistent immunoreactant phenotype,
      combined with downregulation of the cholesterol biosynthesis superpathway and the
      LXR/RXR activation pathway. Genes differentially expressed include the
      myelination genes Slc17a7, Ugt8A and Opalin, the neuroprotective genes Sprr1A,
      Osm and Wisp2, as well as genes identified as MS risk factors, including RGs14
      and Scap2. Novel genes with unestablished roles in EAE or MS were also
      identified. The identification of differentially expressed novel genes and genes
      involved in MS pathology, opens the door to their functional study in the pEAE
      mouse model which recapitulates some of the important clinical features of
      progressive MS. 

PMID- 27355631
TI  - [Gastrointestinal complications in hematological patients].

PMID- 27355632
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355630
TI  - Gene-Expression Profiling Suggests Impaired Signaling via the Interferon Pathway
      in Cstb-/- Microglia.
AB  - Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type (EPM1, OMIM254800) is
      an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by stimulus
      sensitive and action-activated myoclonus, tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, and
      ataxia. Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the cysteine protease
      inhibitor cystatin B (CSTB) underlie EPM1. The deficiency of CSTB in mice (Cstb-/
      mice) generates a phenotype resembling the symptoms of EPM1 patients and is
      accompanied by microglial activation at two weeks of age and an upregulation of
      immune system-associated genes in the cerebellum at one month of age. To shed
      light on molecular pathways and processes linked to CSTB deficiency in microglia
      we characterized the transcriptome of cultured Cstb-/- mouse microglia using
      microarray hybridization and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The gene expression
      profiles obtained with these two techniques were in good accordance and not
      polarized to either pro- or anti-inflammatory status. In Cstb-/- microglia,
      altogether 184 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 33 genes were
      identified by both methods. Several interferon-regulated genes were weaker
      expressed in Cstb-/- microglia compared to control. This was confirmed by
      quantitative real-time PCR of the transcripts Irf7 and Stat1. Subsequently, we
      explored the biological context of CSTB deficiency in microglia more deeply by
      functional enrichment and canonical pathway analysis. This uncovered a potential
      role for CSTB in chemotaxis, antigen-presentation, and in immune- and defense
      response-associated processes by altering JAK-STAT pathway signaling. These data
      support and expand the previously suggested involvement of inflammatory processes
      to the disease pathogenesis of EPM1 and connect CSTB deficiency in microglia to
      altered expression of interferon-regulated genes. 

PMID- 27355633
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355634
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355635
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355636
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355637
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355638
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355639
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355640
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355641
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355642
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355643
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355644
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27355645
TI  - Effects of Episodic Future Thinking and Self-Projection on Children's Prospective
      Memory Performance.
AB  - The present study is the first to investigate the benefits of episodic future
      thinking (EFT) at encoding on prospective memory (PM) in preschool (age: M =
      66.34 months, SD = 3.28) and primary school children (age: M = 88.36 months, SD =
      3.12). A second aim was to examine if self-projection influences the possible
      effects of EFT instructions. PM was assessed using a standard PM paradigm in
      children with a picture-naming task as the ongoing activity in which the PM task
      was embedded. Further, two first- and two second-order ToM tasks were
      administered as indicator of children's self-projection abilities. Forty-one
      preschoolers and 39 school-aged children were recruited. Half of the participants
      in each age group were instructed to use EFT as a strategy to encode the PM task,
      while the others received standard PM instructions. Results revealed a
      significant age effect, with school-aged children significantly outperforming
      preschoolers and a significant effect of encoding condition with overall better
      performance when receiving EFT instructions compared to the standard encoding
      condition. Even though the interaction between age group and encoding condition
      was not significant, planned comparisons revealed first evidence that compared to
      the younger age group, older children's PM benefitted more from EFT instructions
      during intention encoding. Moreover, results showed that although self-projection
      had a significant impact on PM performance, it did not influence the effects of
      EFT instructions. Overall, results indicate that children can use EFT encoding
      strategies to improve their PM performance once EFT abilities are sufficiently
      developed. Further, they provide first evidence that in addition to executive
      functions, which have already been shown to influence the development of PM
      across childhood, self-projection seems to be another key mechanism underlying
      this development. 

PMID- 27355646
TI  - Anterior Lamina Cribrosa Surface Depth in Open-Angle Glaucoma: Relationship with
      the Position of the Central Retinal Vessel Trunk.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the factors influencing the anterior lamina cribrosa (LC)
      surface depth (LCD) in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG), focusing on the
      association between LCD and the position of the central retinal vessel trunk
      (CRVT) at the anterior LC surface. METHODS: Optic nerve heads of 205 OAG eyes
      were scanned using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). After
      processing the images using adaptive compensation, the LCD was determined from 11
      horizontal B-scan images that divided the optic disc vertically into 12 equal
      parts. Eyes were divided into two groups (central or peripheral) according to
      where the CRVT exits from the anterior LC surface. The influence of CRVT position
      on LCD was evaluated, taking into account age, gender, untreated intraocular
      pressure (IOP), IOP at optic-disc scanning, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)
      thickness, visual-field mean deviation, central corneal thickness, and axial
      length. RESULTS: Patients in the peripheral CRVT group were younger and more
      myopic, and had a larger mean LCD and thinner global RNFL than those in the
      central CRVT group (all P<=0.023). On multivariate analysis, the peripheral CRVT
      location was significantly associated with a larger LCD (P = 0.002), together
      with the significant association of younger age (P<0.001), higher untreated IOP
      (P = 0.010), and thinner RNFL (P = 0.003) on the larger LCD. CONCLUSION: In OAG,
      CRVT location was an independent factor influencing the LCD, together with age,
      untreated IOP, and global RNFL thickness. The data indicate that the CRVT may
      contribute to the resistance of the LC against deformation. A longitudinal
      prospective observation is required to clarify this relationship.

PMID- 27355648
TI  - Identification and Mechanistic Studies of a Cell Cycle Regulator JP18 from a
      Library of Synthetic Indole Terpenoid Mimics.
AB  - We constructed a small library of indole terpenoid mimics using a hybridizing
      strategy to link various indole and alpha,beta-unsaturated enone building blocks
      together. Prepared compounds were evaluated for the cytotoxicity against a panel
      of cancer cell lines. An indolyl ketone called JP18 was identified as a cell
      cycle regulator, and the underlying mechanism was investigated.

PMID- 27355647
TI  - Dietary Carbohydrates and Childhood Functional Abdominal Pain.
AB  - Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) affect a large number of
      children throughout the world. Carbohydrates (which provide the majority of
      calories consumed in the Western diet) have been implicated both as culprits for
      the etiology of symptoms and as potential therapeutic agents (e.g., fiber) in
      childhood FGIDs. In this review, we detail how carbohydrate malabsorption may
      cause gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., bloating) via the physiologic effects of
      both increased osmotic activity and increased gas production from bacterial
      fermentation. Several factors may play a role, including: (1) the amount of
      carbohydrate ingested; (2) whether ingestion is accompanied by a meal or other
      food; (3) the rate of gastric emptying (how quickly the meal enters the small
      intestine); (4) small intestinal transit time (the time it takes for a meal to
      enter the large intestine after first entering the small intestine); (5) whether
      the meal contains bacteria with enzymes capable of breaking down the
      carbohydrate; (6) colonic bacterial adaptation to one's diet, and (7) host
      factors such as the presence or absence of visceral hypersensitivity. By
      detailing controlled and uncontrolled trials, we describe how there is a general
      lack of strong evidence supporting restriction of individual carbohydrates (e.g.,
      lactose, fructose) for childhood FGIDs. We review emerging evidence suggesting
      that a more comprehensive restriction of fermentable oligosaccharides,
      disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) may be effective. Finally, we
      review how soluble fiber (a complex carbohydrate) supplementation via randomized
      controlled intervention trials in childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders
      has demonstrated efficacy.

PMID- 27355650
TI  - Real-Time Prediction for Burn Length of Stay Via Median Residual Hospital Length
      of Stay Methodology.
AB  - Hospital length of stay (LOS) after burn injury is commonly estimated as 1 day
      per percent burn, but LOS often exceeds that estimate. The purpose of this study
      is to develop a novel method for estimating burn hospital LOS at any time during
      hospitalization. The authors used the American Burn Association National Burn
      Repository from 2000 to 2009 to directly estimate the median residual LOS (MRLOS)
      of patients hospitalized for burn injuries and who survived to discharge. The
      MRLOS is the median of how many more days a burn patient will be hospitalized
      given that the person has been in hospital for a specified time period. The
      authors also estimated the 25th and 75th percentiles of residual life and
      quantified the relationship between MRLOS and LOS with ordinary least squares for
      all burn patients, by burn size and by presence of inhalation injury. MRLOS
      increased with increasing LOS, confirming that discharge estimates change over
      time. Patients with inhalation injury had longer MRLOS than patients without
      inhalation injury in the first 100 hospital days. Patients with large burns
      (>25%) had large MRLOS consistent with prolonged hospitalization, but patients
      with small burns (<25%) also had steadily increasing MRLOS during hospitalization
      (ie, the longer the patient was in the hospital, the longer the predicted LOS
      regardless of initial LOS estimate). Estimating remaining hospital LOS at any
      time during admission has been problematic; MRLOS can be used to provide an
      estimate of remaining hospital LOS and resource utilization to families,
      administrators, and other medical professionals.

PMID- 27355651
TI  - Modified Meek Micrografting Technique for Wound Coverage in Extensive Burn
      Injuries.
AB  - The modified Meek micrografting technique constitutes a rapid and efficient
      surgical approach for the skin coverage of extensive full-thickness burn
      injuries. A total of 10 burn patients (mean 68 +/- 9.2% TBSA) admitted to our
      burn unit required one or more Meek micrografting procedures (mean 2.2 +/- 0.5)
      to cover in average 43.4 +/- 11.6% TBSA (range between 10 and 75% TBSA). This
      goal was achieved using a donor site area ranging between 2.5 and 18% TBSA. All
      patients developed local infection to Pseudomona aeruginosa (75%),
      Stenotrophomona maltophilia (25%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      (12.5%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (12.5%). Thus, the average of Meek
      regrafting after graft-take failure was 13.1 +/- 6.4% TBSA (median: 9%; range
      from 0 to 36%). The period to obtain stable definitive wound closure was in
      average of 67.2 +/- 21 days post injury. The modified Meek micrografting provides
      a reliable and versatile method for the coverage of large burn wounds with
      limited autograft donor sites and is now routinely used in our institution. Its
      systematic use improves operating times and overall outcomes reducing the number
      of surgeries, increasing the percentage of graft take, and decreasing the length
      of stay.

PMID- 27355652
TI  - Invasive Aspergillus Infection Leading to Vascular Thrombosis and Amputation in a
      Severely Burned Child.

PMID- 27355649
TI  - Is Butter Back? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Butter Consumption and
      Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Total Mortality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dietary guidelines recommend avoiding foods high in saturated fat.
      Yet, emerging evidence suggests cardiometabolic benefits of dairy products and
      dairy fat. Evidence on the role of butter, with high saturated dairy fat content,
      for total mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes remains unclear.
      We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the association of butter
      consumption with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes in
      general populations. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We searched 9 databases from inception
      to May 2015 without restriction on setting, or language, using keywords related
      to butter consumption and cardiometabolic outcomes. Prospective cohorts or
      randomized clinical trials providing estimates of effects of butter intake on
      mortality, cardiovascular disease including coronary heart disease and stroke, or
      diabetes in adult populations were included. One investigator screened titles and
      abstracts; and two reviewed full-text articles independently in duplicate, and
      extracted study and participant characteristics, exposure and outcome definitions
      and assessment methods, analysis methods, and adjusted effects and associated
      uncertainty, all independently in duplicate. Study quality was evaluated by a
      modified Newcastle-Ottawa score. Random and fixed effects meta-analysis pooled
      findings, with heterogeneity assessed using the I2 statistic and publication bias
      by Egger's test and visual inspection of funnel plots. We identified 9
      publications including 15 country-specific cohorts, together reporting on 636,151
      unique participants with 6.5 million person-years of follow-up and including
      28,271 total deaths, 9,783 cases of incident cardiovascular disease, and 23,954
      cases of incident diabetes. No RCTs were identified. Butter consumption was
      weakly associated with all-cause mortality (N = 9 country-specific cohorts; per
      14g(1 tablespoon)/day: RR = 1.01, 95%CI = 1.00, 1.03, P = 0.045); was not
      significantly associated with any cardiovascular disease (N = 4; RR = 1.00, 95%CI
      = 0.98, 1.02; P = 0.704), coronary heart disease (N = 3; RR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.96,
      1.03; P = 0.537), or stroke (N = 3; RR = 1.01, 95%CI = 0.98, 1.03; P = 0.737),
      and was inversely associated with incidence of diabetes (N = 11; RR = 0.96, 95%CI
      = 0.93, 0.99; P = 0.021). We did not identify evidence for heterogeneity nor
      publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests
      relatively small or neutral overall associations of butter with mortality, CVD,
      and diabetes. These findings do not support a need for major emphasis in dietary
      guidelines on either increasing or decreasing butter consumption, in comparison
      to other better established dietary priorities; while also highlighting the need
      for additional investigation of health and metabolic effects of butter and dairy
      fat.

PMID- 27355653
TI  - Noninvasive Techniques for the Determination of Burn Severity in Real Time.
AB  - Visual diagnosis of second-degree burns has proven inadequate for determining the
      appropriate treatment regimen. Although multiple noninvasive imaging techniques
      have shown promise for providing information about burn wound severity, the ideal
      technology to aid burn wound excision would provide real-time readouts. Herein,
      the authors examine a high-resolution infrared (IR) camera (thermography) and a
      multiprobe adapter system (MPAS-6; transepidermal evaporative water loss,
      colorimetry) to assess their usefulness in predicting burn severity. Contact burn
      wounds of increasing severity were created in a porcine model. Wounds were
      assessed for 4 days with an IR camera and MPAS-6. In addition, each day, the burn
      wounds were biopsied for histological analysis to determine burn depth for
      correlation with noninvasive measures. Surface temperatures decreased with
      increasing burn severity, which was associated with increasing transepidermal
      evaporative water loss. Melanin content correlated with the depth of collagen
      coagulation and was bimodal, with superficial and full-thickness burns having
      higher values than deep partial thickness wounds. Erythema content was highest in
      superficial burns and negatively correlated with necrosis (high-mobility group
      box protein 1 expression). Importantly, surface temperature taken on every single
      day after injury was predictive of all histologically determined measurements of
      burn depth (ie, collagen coagulation, apoptosis, necrosis, vascular occlusion).
      The results indicate that IR imaging and skin quality probes can be used to
      support the diagnosis of burn severity. Most importantly, IR measurements gave
      insight into both the zone of coagulation and the zone of stasis on every
      postburn day studied.

PMID- 27355654
TI  - Which Burn Outcomes Do Patients Anticipate as Most Likely to Be Important.
AB  - Burn therapies should focus on achieving outcomes that are most important to
      patients. The authors wanted to discover which outcomes newly burned patients
      would anticipate as most important to them and explored the association between
      demographic/burn characteristics and patient preferences. The authors surveyed
      753 of 776 patients seen by our burn service from 2008 to 2013 during the initial
      encounter. Patients were asked to rate the anticipated importance of several burn
      outcomes including cosmetic appearance, resumption of normal function, and the
      lack of pain/itching on a four-item Likert scale (not important, somewhat
      important, important, and extremely important). The association between
      demographic and burn characteristics with patient's views on the importance of
      various outcomes was explored with chi and nonparametric tests. Patient mean (SD)
      age was 30 (22) years, 58% were males, 69% were white. Overall, function was
      extremely important to 96% of patients, lack of pain/itching was extremely
      important to 85% of patients, and cosmesis was extremely important to 59% of
      patients. Cosmesis was extremely important to more females than males (69 vs 52%;
      P < .001) and the mean age of patients in whom cosmesis was extremely important
      was lower than those in whom it was not (25 vs 40; P < .001). Cosmesis was more
      commonly extremely important in patients with head/neck than extremity burns (67
      vs 57%; P < .001). Levels of importance for function and lack of pain/itching did
      not differ by gender, age, TBSA, or burn location. Thus, return to normal
      function and lack of pain and itching appear to be more commonly very important
      to burn patient than the cosmetic appearance of their burns. Cosmesis was of
      greater importance to younger patients, female patients, and those with head/neck
      burns.

PMID- 27355655
TI  - Risk Factors for Ocular Burn Injuries Requiring Surgery.
AB  - The surgical management of severe ocular burns is challenging and often
      associated with variable long-term outcome. The aims of this study were to
      analyze the clinical course of these injuries and determine the factors
      associated with the need for surgery. A retrospective medical records review was
      conducted for patients admitted to the Victorian Adult Burns Services, with
      ocular burns, from January 2000 to January 2010. One hundred and twenty-nine
      patients were admitted with ocular burns, of which 17 (13.2%) required surgery.
      The most common indication for surgery was ectropion (n = 9) and the most
      frequent procedure was full-thickness skin grafts to the eyelids (n = 10). Almost
      all patients managed surgically developed late ocular complications, the most
      frequent being visual loss and recurrent ectropion (n = 7 each). Patients
      undergoing surgery had a longer length of hospital stay (median [interquartile
      range] 40 [12-90] vs 12 [4-29.5] days; P = .004) and larger TBSA burned (median
      [interquartile range] 20 [10-60] vs 8 [4-20]; P = .011). Factors associated with
      the need for surgery included flame burns, periorbital edema, visual loss on
      presentation, increasing severity of eyelid and facial burns, severe corneal
      injury, as well as lagophthalmos, ectropion, and microbial keratitis (P < .05).
      Although only a minority required surgery, these patients often require multiple
      procedures and develop long-term ocular morbidity.

PMID- 27355656
TI  - Pediatric Contractures in Burn Injury: A Burn Model System National Database
      Study.
AB  - Joint contractures are a major cause of morbidity and functional deficit. The
      incidence of postburn contractures and their associated risk factors in the
      pediatric population has not yet been reported. This study examines the incidence
      and severity of contractures in a large, multicenter, pediatric burn population.
      Associated risk factors for the development of contractures are determined. Data
      from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Burn Model
      System database, for pediatric (younger than 18 years) burn survivors from 1994
      to 2003, were analyzed. Demographic and medical data were collected on each
      subject. The primary outcome measures included the presence of contractures,
      number of contractures per patient, and severity of contractures at each of nine
      locations (shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, ankle, wrist, neck, lumbar, and thoracic)
      at time of hospital discharge. Regression analysis was performed to determine
      predictors of the presence, severity, and numbers of contractures, with P < .05
      used for statistical significance. Of the 1031 study patients, 237 (23%)
      developed at least 1 contracture at hospital discharge. Among those with at least
      one contracture, the mean was three (3.3) contractures per person. The shoulder
      was the most frequently contracted joint (27.9%), followed by the elbow (17.6%),
      wrist (14.2%), knee (13.3%), and ankle (11.9%). Most contractures were mild
      (38.5%) or moderate (36.3%) in severity. The statistically significant predictors
      of contracture development were age and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay.
      The statistically significant predictors of severity of contracture were age, ICU
      length of stay, presence of amputation, and black race. Predictors of the number
      of contractures included total age, length of stay, length of ICU stay, presence
      of amputation, TBSA burned, and TBSA grafted. This is the first study to report
      the epidemiology of postburn contractures in the pediatric population.
      Approximately one quarter of children with a major burn injury developed a
      contracture at hospital discharge, and this could potentially increase as the
      child grows. Contractures develop despite early therapeutic interventions such as
      positioning and splinting; therefore, it is essential that we identify novel and
      more effective prevention strategies.

PMID- 27355657
TI  - Guideline for Burn Care Under Austere Conditions: Special Care Topics.

PMID- 27355658
TI  - Guidelines for Burn Care Under Austere Conditions: Special Etiologies: Blast,
      Radiation, and Chemical Injuries.

PMID- 27355660
TI  - Guidelines for Burn Care Under Austere Conditions: Surgical and Nonsurgical Wound
      Management.

PMID- 27355659
TI  - Admission Hyperglycemia Predicts Infectious Complications After Burns.
AB  - Inflammation and hypermetabolism post burn predisposes to hyperglycemia and
      insulin resistance. The authors hypothesize that admission hyperglycemia predicts
      infectious outcomes. A retrospective review of all patients greater than 20 years
      of age admitted for initial burn management from January 2008 to December 2013
      was conducted. Nonthermal injuries, transfers, and those without admission
      glucose or histories were excluded. Hyperglycemia was defined as admission
      glucose >=150 mg/dl. Patients were grouped as follows: euglycemic without
      diabetes (control), euglycemic with diabetes (-H+D), hyperglycemic without
      diabetes (+H-D), and hyperglycemic with diabetes (+H+D). Outcomes included
      infection, mortality, length of stay, and disposition. Comparisons were made
      using Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression. A total of 411
      patients were analyzed. No significant differences between any of the groups and
      controls were noted in race, inhalation injury, or obesity. All three groups had
      higher mortality compared with controls. Longer hospital stays were noted only in
      +H-D. +H-D and +H+D were less likely to be discharged home than controls. +H-D
      had higher rates of bacteremia, +H-D and +H+D had higher rates of pneumonia, and 
      H+D and +H-D had higher rates of urinary tract infection. Regression for
      infection and mortality outcomes with TBSA, age, diabetes, hyperglycemia,
      obesity, race, gender, and inhalation injury as covariates was performed.
      Hyperglycemia was the only independent predictor of bacteremia (area under curve
      [AUC] = 0.736). Hyperglycemia was also a predictor of pneumonia and urinary tract
      infection (AUC = 0.766 and 0.802, respectively). The only independent predictors
      of mortality were age, TBSA, and inhalation injury (AUC = 0.892). Acute glucose
      dysregulation may be more important than diabetes in predicting infectious
      outcomes after burns. Therefore, admission glucose may have prognostic value.

PMID- 27355661
TI  - Efficient Synthesis of a Series of Novel Octahydroquinazoline-5-ones via a Simple
      on-Water Urea-Catalyzed Chemoselective Five-Component Reaction.
AB  - Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have become a powerful tool for drug discovery
      and development owing to their advantages of fast and efficient construction of a
      large library of products with complexity and diversity. However, conventional
      MCRs usually proceed in environmentally unfriendly organic solvents rather than
      in water, a green solvent used by nature for biological chemistry. Herein, a
      simple and efficient on-water urea-catalyzed chemoselective five-component
      reaction (5CR) has been developed for the synthesis of a series of novel
      octahydroquinazoline-5-ones (6), the derivatives of quinazolinones possessing
      diverse biological activities. The molecular structure of 6{1,1,12} has been
      confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The 5CR can proceed at room
      temperature under normal atmospheric pressure in good yields and afford a large
      library of octahydroquinazoline-5-ones with various aromatic and aliphatic
      substituents at N-1, C-2, and N-3. In addition, a green method has been developed
      for the synthesis of enaminones, important intermediates in the 5CR and in
      synthetic chemistry.

PMID- 27355662
TI  - The bacterial SRP receptor, FtsY, is activated on binding to the translocon.
AB  - Proteins are inserted into the bacterial plasma membrane cotranslationally after
      translating ribosomes are targeted to the translocon in the membrane via the
      signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. The targeting pathway involves an
      interaction between SRP and the SRP receptor, FtsY. Here we focus on the role of
      FtsY and its interaction with the translocon in controlling targeting. We show
      that in unbound FtsY the NG and A domains interact with one another. The
      interaction involves the membrane-targeting region at the junction between A and
      N domain. The closed form of FtsY is impaired in binding to SRP. Upon binding to
      the phospholipid-embedded translocon the domains of FtsY move apart. This
      enhances the docking of the FtsY NG domain to the homologous NG domain of the SRP
      protein Ffh. Thus, FtsY binding to the translocon has a central role in
      orchestrating the formation of a quaternary transfer complex in which the nascent
      peptide is transferred to the translocon. We propose that FtsY activation at the
      translocon ensures that ribosome-SRP complexes are directed to available
      translocons. This way sequestering SRP in futile complexes with unbound FtsY can
      be avoided and efficient targeting to the translocon achieved.

PMID- 27355663
TI  - Development and Validation of a Simple Diagnostic Method to Detect Gain and Loss
      of Function Defects in Fibroblast Growth Factor-23.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that
      regulates the homeostasis of phosphate and vitamin D. Three substitutions in the
      hormone are reported to cause autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets and
      seven substitutions to cause autosomal recessive hyperphosphatemic familial
      tumoral calcinosis (HFTC). Both disorders are rare in the general population and
      occur most often in the Eastern Mediterranean region and Africa. None of the
      mutations could be identified using standard restriction fragment length
      polymorphism. The only technique currently available to confirm the clinical
      diagnosis is DNA sequencing. METHODS: Using a tri-primer ARMS-PCR, in vitro site
      directed mutagenesis and DNA sequencing, we developed, verified and validated a
      rapid and reliable diagnostic test for the ten mutations in FGF23. RESULTS: We
      generated a test for all ten mutations and confirmed each test by DNA sequencing.
      We increased the specificity of the test by introducing a mismatch at position -2
      in the 3'-terminus of the reverse primer of the normal and the mutant sequences.
      Finally, using DNA sequencing, we validated the technique for FGF23/S129F
      substitution by testing samples from 80 individuals from two unrelated Arab
      families harboring HFTC. CONCLUSIONS: This inexpensive and specific method could
      be adopted where DNA sequencing is not available or affordable.

PMID- 27355678
TI  - Looking without Perceiving: Impaired Preattentive Perceptual Grouping in Autism
      Spectrum Disorder.
AB  - Before becoming aware of a visual scene, our perceptual system has organized and
      selected elements in our environment to which attention should be allocated. Part
      of this process involves grouping perceptual features into a global whole.
      Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) rely on a more local processing
      strategy, which may be driven by difficulties perceptually grouping stimuli. We
      tested this notion using a line discrimination task in which two horizontal lines
      were superimposed on a background of black and white dots organized so that, on
      occasion, the dots induced the Ponzo illusion if perceptually grouped together.
      Results showed that even though neither group was aware of the illusion, the ASD
      group was significantly less likely than typically developing group to make
      perceptual judgments influenced by the illusion, revealing difficulties in
      preattentive grouping of visual stimuli. This may explain why individuals with
      ASD rely on local processing strategies, and offers new insight into the
      mechanism driving perceptual grouping in the typically developing human brain. 

PMID- 27355679
TI  - Entomophytophagy ('Sequential Predatory, then Phytophagous Behaviour') in an
      Indian Braconid 'Parasitoid' Wasp (Hymenoptera): Specialized Larval Morphology,
      Biology and Description of a New Species.
AB  - The vast majority of braconid wasps are parasitoids of other insects. Although a
      few cases of pure phytophagy (primary gall production and seed predation) are
      known, no previous entomophytophagous species (i.e. ones that display entomophagy
      and phytophagy sequentially), has been discovered among braconids. We describe
      the detailed biology and specialized larval morphology for the first confirmed
      entomophytophagous braconid species. Leaf galls on Garuga pinnata Roxb.
      (Burseraceae) in India, induced by the psyllid, Phacopteron lentiginosum Buckton
      (Hemiptera: Psylloidea, Phacopteronidae) were sampled throughout a period of
      several months and found to suffer a high level of attack by a new species Bracon
      garugaphagae Ranjith & Quicke which is here described and illustrated. The wasps
      oviposit singly into the galls without paralysing the psyllids. The larvae first
      attack psyllid nymphs which they seek out within the gall, kill them with a
      single bite and consume them. Unique dorsal abdominal tubercles, with eversible
      tips present on the abdominal segments of the larvae that are used to help
      maintain larval position while feeding, are illustrated. After consuming all
      available prey, the larvae continue feeding on gall tissue until mature enough to
      spin cocoons and pupate. The new species illustrates, for the first time, a
      possible intermediate stage in the evolution of pure phytophagy within the
      Braconidae. Interestingly, the two unrelated seed predator Bracon species are
      also associated with Burseraceae, perhaps indicating that this plant family is
      particularly suited as a food for braconine wasps. 

PMID- 27355680
TI  - Combined Association of Serum Uric Acid and Metabolic Syndrome with Chronic
      Kidney Disease in Hypertensive Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major complications
      of hypertension. It is not only associated with the future burden of end-stage
      renal disease but also affects mortality and cardiovascular outcomes caused by
      hypertension. To help understand the pathogenesis and early prevention of
      progressive CKD, this large-scale study is designed to determine the complex
      association between serum uric acid (SUA), metabolic syndrome and the prevalence
      of CKD in hypertensive patients. METHODS: A total of 19,848 hypertensive subjects
      were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients with proteinuria and/or an
      estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were considered
      CKD cases. RESULTS: Hypertensive subjects with CKD had a higher prevalence of
      hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome, as well as higher levels of SUA, BMI, waist
      circumference (WC), SBP, DBP, TG, fasting blood glucose and lower levels of HDL
      C. Compared to patients without CKD, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios [ORs,
      95% confidence interval (CI)] for CKD patients were 2.30 (2.02-2.63) for
      hyperuricemia, 1.21 (1.04-1.41) for abdominal obesity, 1.21 (1.06-1.38) for
      elevated TG, 1.29 (1.06-1.56) for low HDL-C, 1.54 (1.36-1.75) for elevated
      fasting glucose, and 1.49 (1.30-1.71) for metabolic syndrome. Increasing SUA
      levels and number of individual metabolic syndrome components were associated
      with an increased prevalence of CKD. Compared with patients classified in the
      lowest SUA categories and with <=1 metabolic syndrome components, subjects with
      HUA and 4 metabolic syndrome components had a 5.77-fold increased OR for CKD
      based on the multivariate-adjusted analysis. CONCLUSION: Both elevated SUA and
      metabolic syndrome are associated with an increased prevalence of CKD in
      hypertensive subjects. Subjects with higher SUA and sum of individual metabolic
      syndrome components simultaneously have a higher prevalence of CKD.

PMID- 27355681
TI  - Impact of Visceral Obesity on Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine whether visceral obesity is associated
      with increased microvascular invasion (MVI) in patients surgically treated for
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively in a
      series of 79 patients treated by surgical resection for HCC, using CT-scan for
      evaluation of visceral obesity. RESULTS: There was no significant association
      between visceral obesity and MVI (OR = 1.20 (0.38-3.75), p = 0.75). Independent
      predictive factors of MVI were moderate/poor differentiation, tumor size above 50
      mm and underlying cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: This study did not support the
      hypothesis that visceral obesity might promote MVI in patients with HCC.

PMID- 27355682
TI  - Association of Low-Birth Weight with Malnutrition in Children under Five Years in
      Bangladesh: Do Mother's Education, Socio-Economic Status, and Birth Interval
      Matter?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malnutrition in children under five years remains a significant
      problem in Bangladesh, despite substantial socio-economic progress and a decade
      of interventions aimed at improving it. Although several studies have been
      conducted to identify the important risk factors of malnutrition, none of them
      assess the role of low birth weight (LBW) despite its high prevalence (36%). This
      study examines the association between LBW and malnutrition using data from the
      Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011 and provides practical
      guidelines for improving nutritional status of children. METHODS: Malnutrition in
      children is measured in terms of their height-for-age, weight-for-height, and
      weight-for-age. Children whose Z-scores for either of these indices are below two
      standard deviations (-2SD) from median of WHO's reference population are
      considered as stunted, wasted or underweight, respectively. The association
      between malnutrition and LBW was investigated by calculating adjusted risk-ratio
      (RR), which controls for potential confounders such as child's age and sex,
      mother's education and height, length of preceding-birth-interval, access to
      food, area of residence, household socio-economic status. Adjusted RR was
      calculated using both Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel approach and multivariable logistic
      regression models controlling for confounder. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      malnutrition was markedly higher in children with LBW than those with normal
      birth-weights (stunting: 51% vs 39%; wasting: 25% vs 14% and underweight: 52% vs
      33%). While controlling for the known risk factors, children with LBW had
      significantly increased risk of becoming malnourished compared to their counter
      part with RR 1.23 (95% CI:1.16-1.30), 1.71 (95% CI:1.53-1.92) and 1.47 (95% CI:
      1.38-1.56) for stunting, wasting and underweight, respectively. The observed
      associations were not modified by factors known to reduce the prevalence of
      malnutrition, such as higher education of mother, better household socio-economic
      conditions and longer birth-interval. CONCLUSIONS: Higher education of mother,
      better household socio-economic conditions and prolonged birth intervals alone
      are not sufficient in bringing about substantial reductions in prevalence of
      child malnutrition in Bangladesh. Targeted interventions should be designed to
      reduce prevalence of LBW in addition to improving mother's education and other
      socio-demographic conditions.

PMID- 27355683
TI  - The Development of White-Asian Categorization: Contributions from Skin Color and
      Other Physiognomic Cues.
AB  - We examined the development of racial categorizations of faces spanning the
      European-East Asian ("White-Asian") categorical continuum in children between the
      ages of four and nine as well as adults. We employed a stimulus set that
      independently varied skin color and other aspects of facial physiognomy, allowing
      the contribution of each to be assessed independently and in interaction with
      each other. Results demonstrated substantial development across this age range in
      children's ability to draw on both sorts of cue, with over twice as much variance
      explained by stimulus variation in adults than children. Nonetheless, children
      were clearly sensitive to both skin color and other aspects of facial
      physiognomy, suggesting that understanding of the White-Asian category boundary
      develops in a somewhat different way than understanding of the White-Black
      category boundary, in which attention to features other than skin color appear
      only somewhat later. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for
      theories of social categorization. 

PMID- 27355684
TI  - The impact of patient protection and Affordable Care Act on trauma care: A step
      in the right direction.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was
      implemented to guarantee financial coverage for health care for all Americans.
      The implementation of ACA is likely to influence the insurance status of
      Americans and reimbursement rates of trauma centers. The aim of this study was to
      assess the impact of ACA on the patient insurance status, hospital
      reimbursements, and clinical outcomes at a Level I trauma center. We hypothesized
      that there would be a significant decrease in the proportion of uninsured trauma
      patients visiting our Level I trauma center following the ACA, and this is
      associated with improved reimbursement. METHODS: We performed a retrospective
      analysis of the trauma registry and financial database at our Level I trauma
      center for a 27-month (July 2012 to September 2014) period by quarters. Our
      outcome measures were change in insurance status, hospital reimbursement rates
      (total payments/expected payments), and clinical outcomes before and after ACA
      (March 31, 2014). Trend analysis was performed to assess trends in outcomes over
      each quarter (3 months). RESULTS: A total of 9,892 patients were included in the
      study. The overall uninsured rate during the study period was 20.3%. Post-ACA
      period was associated with significantly lower uninsured rate (p < 0.001). During
      the same time, there was as a significant increase in the Medicaid patients (p =
      0.009). This was associated with significantly improved hospital reimbursements
      (p < 0.001).On assessing clinical outcomes, there was no change in
      hospitalization (p = 0.07), operating room procedures (p = 0.99), mortality (p =
      0.88), or complications (p = 0.20). Post-ACA period was also not associated with
      any change in the hospital (p = 0.28) or length of stay at intensive care unit (p
      = 0.66). CONCLUSION: The implementation of ACA has led to a decrease in the
      number of uninsured trauma patients. There was a significant increase in Medicaid
      trauma patients. This was associated with an increase in hospital reimbursements
      that substantially improved the financial revenues. Despite the controversies,
      implementation of ACA has the potential to substantially improve the financial
      outcomes of trauma centers through Medicaid expansion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Economic and value-based evaluation, level III.

PMID- 27355686
TI  - If you're not at the table, you're on the menu.

PMID- 27355685
TI  - Apical Secretion of FSTL1 in the Respiratory Epithelium for Normal Lung
      Development.
AB  - Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a secreted bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
      antagonist, and it plays a crucial role in normal lung development. Deletion of
      Fstl1 leads to postnatal death in mice due to respiratory failure. To further
      explore the role of FSTL1 in mouse lung development, we created a transgene SFTPC
      Fstl1 allele mouse displaying significant epithelial overexpression of Fstl1 in
      all stages of lung development. However, epithelial overexpression of Fstl1 did
      not alter lung morphogenesis, epithelial differentiation and lung function.
      Moreover, we found that FSTL1 function was blocked by the epithelial
      polarization, which was reflected by the remarkable apical secretion of FSTL1 and
      the basolateral BMP signaling. Taken together, this study demonstrates that
      tightly spatial interaction of FSTL1 and BMP signaling plays an essential role in
      lung development. 

PMID- 27355687
TI  - Understanding acute pancreatitis.

PMID- 27355689
TI  - Reductive Coupling of Diynes at Rhodium Gives Fluorescent Rhodacyclopentadienes
      or Phosphorescent Rhodium 2,2'-Biphenyl Complexes.
AB  - Reactions of [Rh(kappa(2) -O,O-acac)(PMe3 )2 ] (acac=acetylacetonato) and
      alpha,omega-bis(arylbutadiynyl)alkanes afford two isomeric types of MC4
      metallacycles with very different photophysical properties. As a result of a
      [2+2] reductive coupling at Rh, 2,5-bis(arylethynyl)rhodacyclopentadienes (A) are
      formed, which display intense fluorescence (Phi=0.07-0.54, tau=0.2-2.5 ns)
      despite the presence of the heavy metal atom. Rhodium biphenyl complexes (B),
      which show exceptionally long-lived (hundreds of MUs) phosphorescence (Phi=0.01
      0.33) at room temperature in solution, have been isolated as a second isomer
      originating from an unusual [4+2] cycloaddition reaction and a subsequent beta-H
      shift. We attribute the different photophysical properties of isomers A and B to
      a higher excited state density and a less stabilized T1 state in the biphenyl
      complexes B, allowing for more efficient intersystem crossing S1 ->Tn and T1 ->S0
      . Control of the isomer distribution is achieved by modification of the bis-
      (diyne) linker length, providing a fundamentally new route to access photoactive
      metal biphenyl compounds. 

PMID- 27355690
TI  - Roses Are Red, Socks Are Blue: Switching Dimensions Disrupts Young Children's
      Language Comprehension.
AB  - Language is used to identify objects in many different ways. An apple can be
      identified using its name, color, and other attributes. Skilled language
      comprehension requires listeners to flexibly shift between different dimensions.
      We asked whether this shifting would be difficult for 3-year-olds, who have
      relatively immature executive function skills and struggle to switch between
      dimensions in card sorting tasks. In the current experiment, children first heard
      a series of sentences identifying objects using a single dimension (either names
      or colors). In the second half of the experiment, the labeling dimension was
      switched. Children were significantly less accurate in fixating the correct
      object following the dimensional switch. This disruption, however, was temporary;
      recognition accuracy recovered with increased exposure to the new labeling
      dimension. These findings provide the first evidence that children's difficulty
      in shifting between dimensions impacts their ability to comprehend speech. This
      limitation may affect children's ability to form rich, multi-dimensional
      representations when learning new words. 

PMID- 27355692
TI  - A Standardized Composition from Extracts of Myristica Fragrans, Astragalus
      Membranaceus, and Poria Cocos Protects Liver from Acute Ethanol Insult.
AB  - Despite the promising advances in therapeutic discovery, there still is a major
      challenge in the development of a safe, effective, and economical intervention
      for managing alcohol-related liver disorders. In this study, we describe the
      potential use of "MAP," a standardized composition comprising three extracts from
      Myristica fragrans, Astragalus membranaceus, and Poria cocos, in ameliorating
      alcohol-induced acute liver toxicity. Ethanol-induced acute hepatotoxicity as an
      animal model of binge drinking was utilized. Mice received oral doses of MAP at
      300 mg/kg for four consecutive days. Mice were orally gavaged with 50% ethanol in
      12 mL/kg dosing volume following the third dose of MAP every 12 h thereafter for
      a total of three doses. Hepatic functional tests from serum collected at T12, and
      hepatic glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutases (SODs), and triglyceride from
      liver homogenates were evaluated. Histopathology analysis and alcoholic
      steatohepatitis (ASH) scoring were also determined. Excessive increases of serum
      alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were significantly
      inhibited at 46.3% and 43.6%, respectively, when mice were treated with MAP. MAP
      replenished the depleted SOD by more than 60%, while causing significant
      stimulation of GSH productions. MAP showed statistically significant reduction in
      ballooning degeneration, vascular steatosis, cytoplasmic or nuclear condensation,
      and shrinkage, as well as inflammations when compared to vehicle-treated alcohol
      induced liver toxicity model. Mice treated with MAP showed statistically
      significant reduction in ASH scoring when compared to vehicle control. Therefore,
      the composition MAP could be potentially utilized as an effective hepatic
      detoxifying agent for the protection of liver damage caused by alcohol
      consumptions. 

PMID- 27355693
TI  - Ten Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of Diabetic Retinopathy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Diabetes is a major public health problem affecting 415 million people
      worldwide. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy (DR)
      is emerging as the leading cause of avoidable blindness worldwide. METHODS: We
      reviewed previous and recent literature to provide an overview of emerging trends
      on the burden, epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of DR. RESULTS: First,
      there is clear evidence of a global increase in the prevalence of diabetes.
      Second, there is a decline in the incidence of blindness due to DR, particularly
      in developed countries. Third, diabetic macular edema (DME) rather than
      proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is the increasingly common cause of
      visual impairment. Fourth, DR awareness remains patchy and low in most
      populations. Fifth, hyperglycemia remains the most consistent risk factor for DR
      in type 1 diabetes across different studies and populations. Sixth, in contrast,
      blood pressure is an important risk factor for DR in type 2 diabetes. Seventh,
      the relationship between dyslipidemia and DR remains unclear, with inconsistent
      results from different studies and trials. Eighth, the utility of predictive
      models incorporating multiple risk factors for assessing DR risk requires
      evaluation. Ninth, photographic screening of DR using tele-ophthalmology
      platforms is increasingly recognized as being feasible and cost-effective.
      Finally, DR prevention in low-resource settings cannot follow models developed in
      high-resource countries and requires different strategies. CONCLUSIONS: The ten
      trends we observed in the current review may guide planning of public healthcare
      strategies for the management of DR and prevention of blindness.

PMID- 27355694
TI  - Testing the Habituation-Based Model of Exposures for Child and Adolescent
      Anxiety.
AB  - Exposure has been identified as key to effective treatment of youth anxiety.
      However, the precise theoretical mechanisms of exposure are a matter of debate.
      Emotional processing theory emphasizes the need for fear activation during
      exposure and its habituation both within and across exposures. Despite the
      popularity of the theory to explain exposure, it has not been tested with anxious
      youth. To determine whether emotional processing theory parameters predict
      anxiety severity, coping abilities, and global functioning after cognitive
      behavioral treatment. The present study examined 72 youth (Mage = 10.50 years;
      45% female; 87.5% non-Hispanic Caucasian) diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and
      who received family or individual CBT. Three exposure habituation variables
      initial fear activation (peak anxiety), within-session habituation, and between
      session habituation-were assessed using Subjective Units of Distress and examined
      as predictors of outcome at posttreatment and at 1-year follow-up. Outcomes were
      measured using the Coping Questionnaire, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for
      Children, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Children's Global Assessment
      Scale, and clinician severity ratings on the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule.
      Emotional processing theory variables did not predict any anxiety outcomes at
      posttreatment or follow-up with one exception: Initial fear activation predicted
      less anxiety at follow-up among youth without GAD. In addition, within- and
      between-session habituation were not associated with one another. Between-session
      habituation was not associated with initial fear activation. These findings
      suggest a limited role of habituation within cognitive-behavioral therapy for
      anxiety in youth. An alternative to emotional processing theory, inhibitory
      learning theory, is discussed.

PMID- 27355695
TI  - High-Pressure Synthesis of Manganese Oxyhydride with Partial Anion Order.
AB  - The high-pressure synthesis of a manganese oxyhydride LaSrMnO3.3 H0.7 is
      reported. Neutron and X-ray Rietveld analyses showed that this compound adopts
      the K2 NiF4 structure with hydride ions positioned exclusively at the equatorial
      site. This result makes a striking contrast to topochemical reductions of
      LaSrMnO4 that result in only oxygen-deficient phases down to LaSrMnO3.5 . This
      suggests that high H2 pressure plays a key role in stabilizing the oxyhydride
      phase, offering an opportunity to synthesize other transition-metal oxyhydrides.
      Magnetic susceptibility revealed a spin-glass transition at 24 K that is due to
      competing ferromagnetic (Mn(2+) -Mn(3+) ) and antiferromagnetic (Mn(2+) -Mn(2) ,
      Mn(3+) -Mn(3+) ) interactions.

PMID- 27355696
TI  - Autochthonous self-assembly of nature's nanomaterials: green, parsimonious and
      antibacterial carbon nanofilms on glass.
AB  - The development of thin film coatings has been a very important development in
      materials science for the modification of native material surface properties.
      Thin film coatings are enabled through the use of sophisticated instruments and
      technologies that demand expertise and huge initial and running costs. Nano-thin
      films are yet a furtherance of thin films which require more expertise and much
      more sophistication. In this work for the first time we present a one-pot
      straightforward carbon thin film coating methodology for glass substrates. There
      is novelty in every single aspect of the method, with the carbon used in the
      nanofilm being obtained from turmeric soot, the coating technique consisting of a
      basic immersion technique, a dip-dry method, in combination with the phytosoot
      derived carbon's inherent ability to self-assemble to form a uniform and
      continuous stable coating. The carbon nanofilm has been characterized using field
      emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX)
      analysis, a goniometer and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This study for the first time
      opens a new school of thought of using such naturally available free
      nanomaterials as eco-friendly green coatings. The amorphous porous carbon film
      can be coated on any hydrophilic substrate and is not substrate specific. Its
      added advantages of being transparent and antibacterial in spite of being green
      and parsimonious are meant to realize its utility as ideal choices for solar
      panels, medical implants and other construction applications. 

PMID- 27355697
TI  - Fused Dibenzo[a,m]rubicene: A New Bowl-Shaped Subunit of C70 Containing Two
      Pentagons.
AB  - Total synthetic approaches of fullerenes are the holy grail for organic
      chemistry. So far, the main attempts have focused on the synthesis of the
      buckminsterfullerene C60. In contrast, access to subunits of the homologue C70
      remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate an efficient bottom-up strategy toward
      a novel bowl-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) C34 with two
      pentagons. This PAH represents a subunit for C70 and of other higher fullerenes.
      The bowl-shaped structure was unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallography.
      A bowl-to-bowl inversion for a C70 fragment in solution was investigated by
      dynamic NMR analysis, showing a bowl-to-bowl inversion energy (DeltaG(?)) of 16.7
      kcal mol(-1), which is further corroborated by DFT calculations.

PMID- 27355698
TI  - The Lived Experiences of People With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A
      Phenomenological Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study explored the lived experiences of people with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) following hospitalization for acute
      exacerbation or pneumonia. DESIGN AND METHOD: A phenomenological approach was
      adopted to collect data through semistructured interviews. Fourteen participants
      were recruited from a medical center in northern Taiwan. Data were collected from
      January 2013 to January 2014. Giorgi's phenomenological methodology was adopted
      to analyze the interview content. FINDINGS: Three phenomenological themes
      emerged: trapped in an invisible cage, torments in the winter, and striving for
      wellness. CONCLUSIONS: This study sought to elucidate the lived experiences of
      people with COPD, who perceived themselves as feeling an overwhelming sense of
      confinement. The interviewees displayed positive attitudes, indicating that
      people with COPD are willing to cope with their disease. Health practitioners
      should focus on educating people with COPD about their needs, encouraging them to
      be more positive, and assisting them in engaging in self-management. CLINICAL
      RELEVANCE: People with COPD can cope with the disease and seek alternative
      methods to improve their health. These positive attitudes could be used to
      encourage self-management in the future.

PMID- 27355741
TI  - Unveil the Chemistry of Olivine FePO4 as Magnesium Battery Cathode.
AB  - Despite growing interest in magnesium batteries, it is still a challenge to find
      a cathode that fulfills requirements such as high capacity and good cyclability.
      Because of their positions in the periodic table and the similar ionic sizes of
      lithium and magnesium, it was naturally postulated that a classical intercalation
      type Li-ion battery cathode may also accommodate the intercalation of Mg. On the
      contrary, many Li-ion battery cathodes performed very poorly in Mg cells,
      although the mechanism behind such phenomena is still unclear. Here we provide
      first-hand evidence about the chemistry of olivine FePO4 as Mg battery cathode
      using a combined theoretical and experimental approach. Although LiFePO4 is a
      commercial cathode with extraordinary good performance in Li-ion batteries, the
      measured capacity of FePO4 in nonaqueous Mg cell was only ~13 mAh/g. Density
      functional theory calculations predicted sufficient mobility of Mg(2+) in FePO4
      lattice to support the insertion of Mg at a reasonable rate, suggesting the poor
      performance cannot be simply attributed to the limitation of Mg(2+) diffusion.
      Instead, the recorded low capacity was the result of surface amorphorization that
      prohibited the electrochemical reaction from penetrating deeply into the bulk
      phase. The amorphorization had a thermodynamic origin from the instability of
      intercalated product, which was predicted from DFT calculations and supported by
      the failure to synthesize magnesiated FePO4 in the solid state reaction route.
      These results highlighted the importance of a thermodynamically preferred
      intercalation in order to achieve successful Mg battery cathode. 

PMID- 27355699
TI  - Atomic Resolution Structure of Monomorphic Abeta42 Amyloid Fibrils.
AB  - Amyloid-beta (Abeta) is a 39-42 residue protein produced by the cleavage of the
      amyloid precursor protein (APP), which subsequently aggregates to form cross-beta
      amyloid fibrils that are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The most
      prominent forms of Abeta are Abeta1-40 and Abeta1-42, which differ by two amino
      acids (I and A) at the C-terminus. However, Abeta42 is more neurotoxic and
      essential to the etiology of AD. Here, we present an atomic resolution structure
      of a monomorphic form of AbetaM01-42 amyloid fibrils derived from over 500 (13)C
      (13)C, (13)C-(15)N distance and backbone angle structural constraints obtained
      from high field magic angle spinning NMR spectra. The structure (PDB ID: 5KK3 )
      shows that the fibril core consists of a dimer of Abeta42 molecules, each
      containing four beta-strands in a S-shaped amyloid fold, and arranged in a manner
      that generates two hydrophobic cores that are capped at the end of the chain by a
      salt bridge. The outer surface of the monomers presents hydrophilic side chains
      to the solvent. The interface between the monomers of the dimer shows clear
      contacts between M35 of one molecule and L17 and Q15 of the second.
      Intermolecular (13)C-(15)N constraints demonstrate that the amyloid fibrils are
      parallel in register. The RMSD of the backbone structure (Q15-A42) is 0.71 +/-
      0.12 A and of all heavy atoms is 1.07 +/- 0.08 A. The structure provides a point
      of departure for the design of drugs that bind to the fibril surface and
      therefore interfere with secondary nucleation and for other therapeutic
      approaches to mitigate Abeta42 aggregation.

PMID- 27355742
TI  - Bone healing after biodegradable mini-plate fixation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare bone healing in mandibular vertical body osteotomies (MVBO)
      after fixation with a resorbable 2.0mm-profile fixation system in the first and
      third postoperative months in rabbits. METHODS: Twenty hemimandibles of ten
      rabbits were divided into two groups according to duration of resorbable fixation
      one or three months. The MVBOs were performed and one four-hole, resorbable,
      2.0mm mini-plate fixation system was used on each side. The computed tomography
      (CT) scans, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and histomorphometric outcomes of
      groups I and II were compared. RESULTS: Significant differences were found
      between the one- and three- month assessments in terms of newly formed bone ratio
      values (p<0.05). There was more new bone formation at the third month on both the
      CT and histomorphometric examinations. A better adaptation of the bone tissues to
      the resorbable mini-plate and screws was observed on SEM at three months.
      CONCLUSION: The resorbable mini-plates provided a fixation stable enough to allow
      immediate oral alimentation and callus formation in both groups.

PMID- 27355743
TI  - Treatment of abdominal wall hernia with suture, or polypropylene, or collagen
      prosthesis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop an experimental model for incisional hernias and to compare
      morphological and functional aspects of hernia repairs by suture, polypropylene
      mesh and collagen mesh. METHODS: A defect measuring 7cm x 2cm was created in the
      anterior abdominal of 28 New Zealand male rabbits, divided into four groups (n =
      7): (1) control, (2) suture of the anterior sheath of the rectus abdominal
      muscle, (3) setting of polypropylene mesh, and (4) setting of collagen mesh. On
      the 90th postoperative day, the animals were examined to verify the presence of
      incisional hernia. Samples of abdominal wall and scar were collected for
      histological study. RESULTS: Incisional hernia was identified in 85.7% of the
      control group, 57.1% of the suture group, 42.9% of the collagen mesh group, and
      none in the polypropylene mesh group (p = 0.015). Mesh exposure could be
      identified in 71.4% of the animals in group 3 and in no animal in group 4 (p =
      0.021). The polypropylene mesh is effective in the treatment of abdominal wall
      defects, causing an intense inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSION: The collagen mesh
      is biocompatible, producing a minimal inflammatory reaction, but fails in the
      treatment of abdominal wall defects.

PMID- 27355744
TI  - Treatment of fistula-in-ano with cyanoacrylate glue with and without prior seton
      placement in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of ethyl-cyanoacrylate in the treatment of
      fistula-in-ano in rats with and without prior seton placement. METHODS: Thirty
      rats Wistar with fistula-in-ano produced surgically, distributed in three groups:
      group A (ethyl-cyanoacrylate) - treated by application of ethyl-cyanoacrylate
      into fistula tract; group B (seton + ethyl-cyanoacrylate) - seton placement
      followed by application of ethyl-cyanoacrylate into fistula tract, 30 days later;
      group C (control) - no treatment. After 60 days the animals were submited to
      euthanasia and the specimens were analyzed by pathologist. The results were
      analyzed by Chi-square test with significant value of p<0.05. RESULTS: One animal
      of group B died. Were found tracts fully healed: 7, 5 and 2, in groups A, B and
      C, respectivelly. There was a statistically significant difference between groups
      A and C (p=0.02). When joined all animals treated with glue (A + B) compared to
      group C there was also statistically significant difference (p=0.02).
      CONCLUSIONS: The use of ethyl-cyanoacrylate glue was effective in closing anal
      fistulae in rats. There was no advantage in the prior application of seton.

PMID- 27355745
TI  - Neutrophil elastase ameliorates matrix metalloproteinase-9 to promote
      lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice 1.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the regulatory roles of neutrophil elastase (NE) and
      matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung
      injury (ALI) in mice. METHODS: To construct LPS-induced ALI mouse models, wild
      type C57BL/6 mice were administered 5.0 mg/kg of LPS through endotracheal, and/or
      1.0 mg/kg of ONO-5046, and/or 20.0 mg/kg of chemically modified tetracycline-3
      (CMT-3) by gavage. The levels of MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1,
      interleukin (IL)-6 were detected by real time RT-PCR at 6 h, 24 h and 48 h, and
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lung wet-dry weight ratio, white blood cell (WBC)
      count and polymorphonuclear (PMN) count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)
      were tested at 48 h after administration. The 5-day survival analysis of the ALI
      mice was also performed. RESULTS: Both ONO-5046 and CMT-3, regardless of being
      used individually or combined, significantly reduced the levels of MMP-9, IL-6,
      and TNF in lung tissue as well as in BALF, and the WBC and PMN count in BALF.
      Combined treatment with ONO-5046 and CMT-3 remarkably improved the survival rate
      of ALI mice. CONCLUSION: Neutrophil elastase synergizes with matrix
      metalloproteinase-9 to promote and regulate the release of inflammatory mediators
      and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, consequently affecting the survival
      of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury mice.

PMID- 27355746
TI  - The potential efficacy of Survanta (r) and Seprafilm (r) on preventing intra
      abdominal adhesions in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the potential efficacy of beractant (Survanta(r)) and
      Seprafilm(r) on the prevention of postoperative adhesions. METHODS: Forty Wistar
      albino female rats were used. The rats were randomly allocated into four groups
      of 10 rats each as control group (CG), beractant group (BG), Seprafilm(r) group
      (SG), and combined group (COG). All rats underwent cecal abrasion via midline
      laparotomy. Before abdominal closure, isotonic saline, beractant, Seprafilm, and
      combined agents were intraperitoneally administered. Adhesions were classified
      macroscopically with Canbaz Scoring System on postoperative day 10. Ceacum was
      resected for histopathological assessment. RESULTS: Macroscopic adhesion scores
      were significantly lower in BG, SG, and COG than CG (p<0.05); (45%, 15%, 25%, and
      15%; respectively). Histopathological assessment revealed a reduced inflammation
      and fibrosis score in the study groups than CG (p<0.05). In BG, adhesion
      development, inflammation and fibrosis scores were lower than SG; however, it was
      not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-abdominal application of
      beractant is significantly effective for the prevention of adhesion formation
      with no adverse effect by covering the whole peritoneal mesothelium with
      excellent gliding properties in a rat model. The combination of both agents is
      also effective in reducing adhesion formation, however, not superior to single
      beractant application.

PMID- 27355747
TI  - Therapeutic effects of ellagic acid on L-arginin induced acute pancreatitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic effects of ellagic acid on L-arginin
      induced acute pancreatitis in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two were split into four
      groups. Group 1 (control) rats were performed only laparotomy, no drugs were
      administered. Group 2 (control+EA) rats were administered 85mg/kg EA orally. Rats
      were sacrificed by cardiac puncture 24 hours after the administration. Group3
      (AP) 24 hours after intraperitoneal L-arginine administration, rats were
      sacrificed by cardiac puncture. Group 4 (EA)-(AP): 85mg/kg EA was administered
      orally after the L-arginine administration. 24 hours later, rats were sacrificed
      by cardiac puncture. Serum TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, total oxidative status
      (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), amylase levels were determined in all
      groups. RESULTS: Group 3 (AP) rats showed significantly raised TOS level as
      compared to Group1 (control) rats (p<0.001). Following the EA therapy, a decrease
      in TOS was observed in Group 4 (AP+EA). TAC levels were significantly raised in
      the Group 4 (AP+EA) compared to the Group 3 (AP) (p=0.003). Group 3 (AP) showed
      significantly increased TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 serum levels as compared to
      Group 4 (AP+EA). Histopathological changes were supported our result. CONCLUSION:
      The healing effects of ellagic acid on inflammatory and oxidative stress were
      confirmed by histopathological and biochemical evaluations of the pancreatic
      tissue.

PMID- 27355748
TI  - Schinus terebinthifolius raddi (Aroeira) and Orbignya phalerata mart. (Babassu)
      effect in cecorrahphy healing in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira) and
      Orbignya phalerata Mart. (babassu) in the healing process of cecorrhaphy in rats.
      METHODS: : Fifty four rats were used, distributed into three groups randomly:
      aroeira, babassu and control, which were divided into three subgroups (six
      animals) according to the time of the deaths (7, 14, 21 days). All underwent the
      same surgical procedure, cecotomy and cecorrhaphy. The animals in group aroeira
      and babassu received daily dose of 100 mg/kg of hydroalcoholic extract and 50
      mg/kg of aquous extract respectively, by gavage. The control group received only
      saline solution. The parameters evaluated were: macroscopic changes, ,resistance
      test to air insufflations and histological changes. RESULTS: : All animals showed
      good healing without infection. All groups presented adhesions between cecum and
      neighboring organs. The resistance test insufflating of atmospheric air showed
      progressive increase of pressure according to the days in the aroeira group, and
      decrease in babassu group, without significant difference. Microscopy showed
      significant difference in the polymorphonuclear, hyperemia, angiogenesis,
      fibroblast proliferation and collagen histological variables in the 14th day.
      CONCLUSION: : Hydroalcoholic extract of aroeira and the aqueous extract of
      babassu favored the healing process in cecorrhaphy in rats.

PMID- 27355749
TI  - Protective effect of metformin on testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of metformin on testicular
      ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. METHODS: Eighteen adult male Wistar
      rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=6), as follows:
      Sham, I/R, and Metformin. 1-hour ischemia was induced by the left testicular
      artery and vein clipping followed by 7 days of reperfusion. Metformin (100 mg/kg)
      was administrated orally for 7 days via oral gavage after ischemic period. At the
      end of trial, the left testis was removed for histological analysis and oxidative
      stress measurement. RESULTS: I/R reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities
      and testicular Johnsen's scores accompanied by an elevation in malondialdehyde
      (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in comparison with the sham group (P <
      0.05). Compared to I/R group, metformin restored testicular Johnsen's scores, SOD
      activity, MDA and MPO levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Metformin has a protective
      effect against I/R injury on the testis.

PMID- 27355750
TI  - Effect of Otostegia persica extract on ischemia/reperfusion induced renal damage
      in diabetic rats. A biochemical study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Otostegia persica (O. persica) extract on
      renal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats. METHODS:
      Forty-eight rats were subjected to right nephrectomy; then, they were allocated
      into six groups: Sham; Diabetic sham; I/R; Diabetic I/R; I/R+O. persica; Diabetic
      I/R+O. persica. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (200 mg/kg, i.p.). O.
      persica (300 mg/kg/day, p.o) was administered for 2 weeks. On the 15th day,
      ischemia was induced in left kidney for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 24h.
      Renal functional and biochemical markers were estimated. RESULTS: I/R in both
      normal and diabetic rats, induced a significant elevation in serum levels of urea
      and creatinine (p<0.05). Renal I/R induced a significant increase of
      malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide concentrations associated with
      significant reduction in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in
      comparison with the sham group (p<0.05). Diabetic rats that underwent renal I/R
      exhibited a significant increase in all the studied parameters with a reduction
      in the antioxidant enzymes as compared to nondiabetic rats (p<0.05). These
      deleterious effects associated with renal I/R were improved by the treatment with
      O. persica (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Otostegia persica pretreatment protected the
      renal injury from ischemia-reperfusion in diabetic rats.

PMID- 27355751
TI  - The use of a biocompatible cement in endodontic surgery. A randomized clinical
      trial 1.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical applicability of Pozzolana Biologic Silva
      cement (PBS(r)) in endodontic surgery. METHODS: Persistent apical periodontitis
      was diagnosed in 30 teeth of 12 patients by cone-beam computed tomography (CT).
      All patients had 2 or 4 affected teeth and underwent endodontic surgery with root
      end filling. Patients with 2 affected teeth had one tooth (control) treated with
      mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA-Angelus(r)) as a root-end filling material, and
      the other tooth treated with PBS (experiment). When the patient had four affected
      teeth, two of them were treated with MTA and two with PBS. Six months after
      surgery, all patients were assessed by CT scan. Between-group comparisons of
      measurements were performed using the Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Periradicular
      tissue regeneration was observed in all cases. Significant within-group
      differences in long axes of the lesion were found in the bucco-palatal direction
      (PBS group, p=0.0012; MTA group, p=0.024) and coronal-apical direction (PBS
      group, p=0.0007; MTA group, p=0.0015) between pre- and postoperative
      measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Pozzolana Biologic Silva cement can be used in the
      treatment of persistent periradicular lesions. The clinical use of PBS as a root
      end filling material may be an alternative to MTA. PBS has additives, which
      provide enhanced strength.

PMID- 27355752
TI  - Three-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide Coupled with Mn3O4 for Highly Efficient
      Removal of Sb(III) and Sb(V) from Water.
AB  - Highly porous, three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured composite adsorbents of
      reduced graphene oxides/Mn3O4 (RGO/Mn3O4) were fabricated by a facile method of a
      combination of reflux condensation and solvothermal reactions and systemically
      characterized. The as-prepared RGO/Mn3O4 possesses a mesoporous 3D structure, in
      which Mn3O4 nanoparticles are uniformly deposited on the surface of the reduced
      graphene oxide. The adsorption properties of RGO/Mn3O4 to antimonite (Sb(III))
      and antimonate (Sb(V)) were investigated using batch experiments of adsorption
      isotherms and kinetics. Experimental results show that the RGO/Mn3O4 composite
      has fast liquid transport and superior adsorption capacity toward antimony (Sb)
      species in comparison to six recent adsorbents reported in the literature and
      summarized in a table in this paper. Theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of
      RGO/Mn3O4 toward Sb(III) and Sb(V) are 151.84 and 105.50 mg/g, respectively,
      modeled by Langmuir isotherms. The application of RGO/Mn3O4 was demonstrated by
      using drinking water spiked with Sb (320 MUg/L). Fixed-bed column adsorption
      experiments indicate that the effective breakthrough volumes were 859 and 633 mL
      bed volumes (BVs) for the Sb(III) and Sb(V), respectively, until the maximum
      contaminant level of 5 ppb was reached, which is below the maximum limits allowed
      in drinking water according to the most stringent regulations. The advantages of
      being nontoxic, highly stable, and resistant to acid and alkali and having high
      adsorption capacity toward Sb(III) and Sb(V) confirm the great potential
      application of RGO/Mn3O4 in Sb-spiked water treatment. 

PMID- 27355753
TI  - Case report of diet-related improvements of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
      evaluated by four consecutive liver biopsies.
AB  - We report the case of a 46-year-old man who achieved remarkable improvement of
      characteristic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by dieting. Initially, his body mass
      index was 40.7 kg/m2 . He proactively commenced a low calorie diet and his body
      mass index decreased to 28 kg/m2 after 4 years. During the same period, we
      carried out liver biopsy four times. Liver fibrosis as well as inflammation,
      steatosis and ballooning improved, and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
      activity score decreased from 4 to 0. The fat deposits of liver tissue changed
      from macrovesicular droplets to microvesicular, and finally disappeared. Along
      with improved histology, alanine aminotransferase, homeostasis model assessment
      insulin resistance, ferritin, leptin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and
      cytokeratin 18 decreased, and adiponectin increased linearly. However, no clear
      changes were observed in markers for Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac
      2 binding protein (WFA+ M2BP), type IV collagen 7S, procollage III peptide and
      fibrosis-4 index along with dieting. This is the first study to report gradual
      improvement of liver histology during four liver biopsies and fibrosis markers in
      a patient with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis who achieved complete recovery
      solely by dieting.

PMID- 27355754
TI  - Photocatalytic Anion Oxidation and Applications in Organic Synthesis.
AB  - Ions and radicals of the same kind differ by one electron only. The oxidation of
      many stable inorganic anions yields their corresponding highly reactive radicals,
      and visible light excitable photocatalysts can provide the required oxidation
      potential for this transformation. Air oxygen serves as the terminal oxidant, or
      cheap sacrificial oxidants are used, providing a very practical approach for
      generating reactive inorganic radicals for organic synthesis. We discuss in this
      perspective several recently reported examples: Nitrate radicals are obtained by
      one-electron photooxidation of nitrate anions and are very reactive toward
      organic molecules. The photooxidation of sulfinate salts yields the much more
      stable sulfone radicals, which smoothly add to double bonds. A two-electron
      oxidation of chloride anions to electrophilic chlorine species reacting with
      arenes in aromatic substitutions extends the method beyond radical reactions. The
      chloride anion oxidation proceeds via photocatalytically generated peracidic acid
      as the oxidation reagent. Although the number of reported examples of
      photocatalytically generated inorganic radical intermediates for organic
      synthesis is still small, future extension of the concept to other inorganic ions
      as radical precursors is a clear perspective.

PMID- 27355755
TI  - Deletion of P2Y2 receptor reveals a role for lymphotoxin-alpha in fatty streak
      formation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) is expressed in human atherosclerotic
      lesions and genetic variations in the LTalpha pathway have been linked to
      myocardial infarction. Activation of the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R)
      regulates the production of LTalpha. in vitro. We aimed to uncover a potential
      pathway linking purinergic receptor to LTalpha-mediated inflammatory processes
      pivotal to the early stages of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (ApoE(-)(/)(
      )) deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: En face immunostaining revealed that
      P2Y2R and VCAM-1 are preferentially expressed in the atherosclerosis prone site
      of the mouse aortic sinus. Deletion of the P2Y2R gene suppresses VCAM-1
      expression. Compared with ApoE(-)(/)(-) mice, ApoE(-)(/)(-) mice lacking the
      P2Y2R gene (ApoE(-)(/)(-)/P2Y2R(-)(/)(-)) did not develop fatty streak lesions
      when fed a standard chow diet for 15weeks. Systemic and CD4(+) T cell production
      of the pro-inflammatory cytokine lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) were specifically
      inhibited in ApoE(-)(/)(-)/P2Y2R(-)(/)(-)mice. Anti-LTalpha preventive treatment
      was initiated in ApoE(-)(/)(-)mice with intraperitoneal administration of
      recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 fusion protein (TNFR1-Fc) on 5
      consecutive days before the disease onset. Remarkably, none of the TNFR1:Fc
      treated ApoE(-)(/)(-)mice exhibited atherosclerotic lesions at any developmental
      stage. SIGNIFICANCE: ApoE(-)(/)(-) mice deficient in P2Y2R exhibit low
      endothelial cell VCAM-1 levels, decreased production of LTalpha and delayed onset
      of atherosclerosis. These data suggest that targeting this nucleotide receptor
      could be an effective therapeutic approach in atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27355756
TI  - In vitro screening for inhibitor of cloned Drosophila melanogaster tyramine-beta
      hydroxylase and docking studies.
AB  - Biogenic amines are common biologically active substances extended within the
      whole animal kingdom where they play vital roles as signal transducer as well as
      regulator of cell functions. One of these biogenic amines called octopamine (OA)
      is synthesized from tyramine (TA) by the catalysis of tyramine-beta-hydroxylase
      (TbetaH) originated in the insect nervous system. Both TA and OA act as
      neurotransmitters, neurohormones and neuromodulators in the arthropod nervous
      system. Herein, the inhibitory activity of 1-arylimidazole-2(3H)-thiones (AITs)
      was tested on cloned Drosophila tyramine-beta-hydroxylase (DmTbetaH) expressed in
      Bombyx mori strain. Radiolabelled 3H-TA was used to analyze the activity of AITs
      exhibited inhibitory effects on DmTbetaH, whose ID50 values range from 0.02 to
      2511nM where DmTbetaH was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner at pH 7.6 and 25
      degrees C during a 30min of incubation. To understand the catalytic role of the
      TbetaH, a three dimensional structure of the TbetaH from Drosophila melanogaster
      was constructed by homology modeling using the Phyre2 web server with 100%
      confidence. The modeled three-dimensional structure of TbetaH was used to perform
      the docking study with AITs. This may give more insights to precise design of
      inhibitors for TbetaH to control insect's population.

PMID- 27355757
TI  - Purification and structural characterization of Mce4A from Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis.
AB  - The mce4A gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes a 400 amino acid residues
      protein of 43kDa, which is a mammalian cell entry protein (Mce4A) and plays
      important role in host cell invasion. Mce4A helps in long-term survival of M.
      tuberculosis by cholesterol utilization. Host cholesterol utilization mechanism
      by Mce4A is not clearly understood. In order to investigate the role of Mce4A in
      M. tuberculosis pathogenesis, we purified the recombinant protein by affinity
      chromatography, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and confirmed by western blot. We performed
      structural studies of Mce4A as function of pH and salt concentration by using
      different spectroscopic techniques. This protein was found to be stable over the
      wide range of pH 5.5<=pH<=11.5. An addition of sodium chloride up to the
      concentration of 150mM, shows no significant change in the secondary structure
      content of the protein. To confirm its activity, we performed isothermal
      titration calorimetry measurements of Mce4A in the presence of cholesterol. This
      is the first report of binding of cholesterol to Mce4A in vitro. Binding of
      cholesterol to Mce4A is sequential four-step and entropy driven process. The
      structural studies of this protein will help to understand the mechanism of
      pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis.

PMID- 27355758
TI  - Exploring REACH as a potential data source for characterizing ecotoxicity in life
      cycle assessment.
AB  - Toxicity models in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) currently only
      characterize a small fraction of marketed substances, mostly because of
      limitations in the underlying ecotoxicity data. One approach to improve the
      current data situation in LCIA is to identify new data sources, such as the
      European Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals
      (REACH) database. The present study explored REACH as a potential data source for
      LCIA based on matching reported ecotoxicity data for substances that are
      currently also included in the United Nations Environment Programme/Society for
      Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (UNEP/SETAC) scientific consensus model
      USEtox for characterizing toxicity impacts. Data are evaluated with respect to
      number of data points, reported reliability, and test duration, and are compared
      with data listed in USEtox at the level of hazardous concentration for 50% of the
      covered species per substance. The results emphasize differences between data
      available via REACH and in USEtox. The comparison of ecotoxicity data from REACH
      and USEtox shows potential for using REACH ecotoxicity data in LCIA toxicity
      characterization, but also highlights issues related to compliance of submitted
      data with REACH requirements as well as different assumptions underlying
      regulatory risk assessment under REACH versus data needed for LCIA. Thus, further
      research is required to address data quality, pre-processing, and applicability,
      before considering data submitted under REACH as a data source for use in LCIA,
      and also to explore additionally available data sources, published studies, and
      reports. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:492-500. (c) 2016 SETAC.

PMID- 27355760
TI  - The Moderating Effect of Success Importance on the Relationship Between Listening
      Demand and Listening Effort.
AB  - A common element of the psychophysiological research on listening effort is the
      focus on listening demand as determinant of effort. The article discusses
      preceding studies and theorizing on effort to show that the link between
      listening demand and listening effort is moderated by various variables.
      Moreover, I will present a recent study that examined the joint effect of
      listening demand and success importance on effort-related cardiovascular
      reactivity in an auditory discrimination task. Results for pre-ejection period
      reactivity-an indicator of sympathetic activity-supported the hypothesis that the
      relationship between listening demand and listening effort is moderated by other
      variables: Pre-ejection period reactivity was higher in the high-demand-high
      success-importance condition than in the other three conditions. This new finding
      as well as the findings of previous research on effort suggest that a broader
      perspective on the determinants of listening effort is warranted.

PMID- 27355761
TI  - Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Speech Repetition Tasks: Heart Rate
      Variability and Skin Conductance.
AB  - Cognitive and emotional challenges may elicit a physiological stress response
      that can include arousal of the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight
      response) and withdrawal of the parasympathetic nervous system (responsible for
      recovery and rest). This article reviews studies that have used measures of
      electrodermal activity (skin conductance) and heart rate variability (HRV) to
      index sympathetic and parasympathetic activity during auditory tasks. In
      addition, the authors present results from a new study with normal-hearing
      listeners examining the effects of speaking rate on changes in skin conductance
      and high-frequency HRV (HF-HRV). Sentence repetition accuracy for normal and fast
      speaking rates was measured in noise using signal to noise ratios that were
      adjusted to approximate 80% accuracy (+3 dB fast rate; 0 dB normal rate) while
      monitoring skin conductance and HF-HRV activity. A significant increase in skin
      conductance level (reflecting sympathetic nervous system arousal) and a decrease
      in HF-HRV (reflecting parasympathetic nervous system withdrawal) were observed
      with an increase in speaking rate indicating sensitivity of both measures to
      increased task demand. Changes in psychophysiological reactivity with increased
      auditory task demand may reflect differences in listening effort, but other
      person-related factors such as motivation and stress may also play a role.
      Further research is needed to understand how psychophysiological activity during
      listening tasks is influenced by the acoustic characteristics of stimuli, task
      demands, and by the characteristics and emotional responses of the individual.

PMID- 27355762
TI  - Cortisol, Chromogranin A, and Pupillary Responses Evoked by Speech Recognition
      Tasks in Normally Hearing and Hard-of-Hearing Listeners: A Pilot Study.
AB  - Pupillometry is one method that has been used to measure processing load expended
      during speech understanding. Notably, speech perception (in noise) tasks can
      evoke a pupil response. It is not known if there is concurrent activation of the
      sympathetic nervous system as indexed by salivary cortisol and chromogranin A
      (CgA) and whether such activation differs between normally hearing (NH) and hard
      of-hearing (HH) adults. Ten NH and 10 adults with mild-to-moderate hearing loss
      (mean age 52 years) participated. Two speech perception tests were administered
      in random order: one in quiet targeting 100% correct performance and one in noise
      targeting 50% correct performance. Pupil responses and salivary samples for
      cortisol and CgA analyses were collected four times: before testing, after the
      two speech perception tests, and at the end of the session. Participants rated
      their perceived accuracy, effort, and motivation. Effects were examined using
      repeated-measures analyses of variance. Correlations between outcomes were
      calculated. HH listeners had smaller peak pupil dilations (PPDs) than NH
      listeners in the speech in noise condition only. No group or condition effects
      were observed for the cortisol data, but HH listeners tended to have higher
      cortisol levels across conditions. CgA levels were larger at the pretesting time
      than at the three other test times. Hearing impairment did not affect CgA. Self
      rated motivation correlated most often with cortisol or PPD values. The three
      physiological indicators of cognitive load and stress (PPD, cortisol, and CgA)
      are not equally affected by speech testing or hearing impairment. Each of them
      seem to capture a different dimension of sympathetic nervous system activity.

PMID- 27355759
TI  - Is Listening in Noise Worth It? The Neurobiology of Speech Recognition in
      Challenging Listening Conditions.
AB  - This review examines findings from functional neuroimaging studies of speech
      recognition in noise to provide a neural systems level explanation for the effort
      and fatigue that can be experienced during speech recognition in challenging
      listening conditions. Neuroimaging studies of speech recognition consistently
      demonstrate that challenging listening conditions engage neural systems that are
      used to monitor and optimize performance across a wide range of tasks. These
      systems appear to improve speech recognition in younger and older adults, but
      sustained engagement of these systems also appears to produce an experience of
      effort and fatigue that may affect the value of communication. When considered in
      the broader context of the neuroimaging and decision making literature, the
      speech recognition findings from functional imaging studies indicate that the
      expected value, or expected level of speech recognition given the difficulty of
      listening conditions, should be considered when measuring effort and fatigue. The
      authors propose that the behavioral economics or neuroeconomics of listening can
      provide a conceptual and experimental framework for understanding effort and
      fatigue that may have clinical significance.

PMID- 27355764
TI  - Using Speech Recall in Hearing Aid Fitting and Outcome Evaluation Under
      Ecological Test Conditions.
AB  - In adaptive Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) tests used in the audiological
      clinic, speech is presented at signal to noise ratios (SNRs) that are lower than
      those generally encountered in real-life communication situations. At higher,
      ecologically valid SNRs, however, SRTs are insensitive to changes in hearing aid
      signal processing that may be of benefit to listeners who are hard of hearing.
      Previous studies conducted in Swedish using the Sentence-final Word
      Identification and Recall test (SWIR) have indicated that at such SNRs, the
      ability to recall spoken words may be a more informative measure. In the present
      study, a Danish version of SWIR, known as the Sentence-final Word Identification
      and Recall Test in a New Language (SWIRL) was introduced and evaluated in two
      experiments. The objective of experiment 1 was to determine if the Swedish
      results demonstrating benefit from noise reduction signal processing for hearing
      aid wearers could be replicated in 25 Danish participants with mild to moderate
      symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss. The objective of experiment 2 was to
      compare direct-drive and skin-drive transmission in 16 Danish users of bone
      anchored hearing aids with conductive hearing loss or mixed sensorineural and
      conductive hearing loss. In experiment 1, performance on SWIRL improved when
      hearing aid noise reduction was used, replicating the Swedish results and
      generalizing them across languages. In experiment 2, performance on SWIRL was
      better for direct-drive compared with skin-drive transmission conditions. These
      findings indicate that spoken word recall can be used to identify benefits from
      hearing aid signal processing at ecologically valid, positive SNRs where SRTs are
      insensitive.

PMID- 27355763
TI  - A Taxonomy of Fatigue Concepts and Their Relation to Hearing Loss.
AB  - Fatigue is common in individuals with a variety of chronic health conditions and
      can have significant negative effects on quality of life. Although limited in
      scope, recent work suggests persons with hearing loss may be at increased risk
      for fatigue, in part due to effortful listening that is exacerbated by their
      hearing impairment. However, the mechanisms responsible for hearing loss-related
      fatigue, and the efficacy of audiologic interventions for reducing fatigue,
      remain unclear. To improve our understanding of hearing loss-related fatigue, as
      a field it is important to develop a common conceptual understanding of this
      construct. In this article, the broader fatigue literature is reviewed to
      identify and describe core constructs, consequences, and methods for assessing
      fatigue and related constructs. Finally, the current knowledge linking hearing
      loss and fatigue is described and may be summarized as follows: Hearing
      impairment may increase the risk of subjective fatigue and vigor deficits; adults
      with hearing loss require more time to recover from fatigue after work and have
      more work absences; sustained, effortful, listening can be fatiguing; optimal
      methods for eliciting and measuring fatigue in persons with hearing loss remain
      unclear and may vary with listening condition; and amplification may minimize
      decrements in cognitive processing speed during sustained effortful listening.
      Future research is needed to develop reliable measurement methods to quantify
      hearing loss-related fatigue, explore factors responsible for modulating fatigue
      in people with hearing loss, and identify and evaluate potential interventions
      for reducing hearing loss-related fatigue.

PMID- 27355766
TI  - Eriksholm Workshop on Hearing Impairment and Cognitive Energy.

PMID- 27355767
TI  - Effort and Displeasure in People Who Are Hard of Hearing.
AB  - Listening effort helps explain why people who are hard of hearing are prone to
      fatigue and social withdrawal. However, a one-factor model that cites only effort
      due to hardness of hearing is insufficient as there are many who lead happy lives
      despite their disability. This article explores other contributory factors, in
      particular motivational arousal and pleasure. The theory of rational motivational
      arousal predicts that some people forego listening comprehension because they
      believe it to be impossible and hence worth no effort at all. This is
      problematic. Why should the listening task be rated this way, given the
      availability of aids that reduce its difficulty? Two additional factors narrow
      the explanatory gap. First, we separate the listening task from the benefit
      derived as a consequence. The latter is temporally more distant, and is
      discounted as a result. The second factor is displeasure attributed to the
      listening task, which increases listening cost. Many who are hard of hearing
      enjoy social interaction. In such cases, the actual activity of listening is a
      benefit, not a cost. These people also reap the benefits of listening, but do not
      have to balance these against the displeasure of the task. It is suggested that
      if motivational harmony can be induced by training in somebody who is hard of
      hearing, then the obstacle to motivational arousal would be removed. This
      suggests a modified goal for health care professionals. Do not just teach those
      who are hard of hearing how to use hearing assistance devices. Teach them how to
      do so with pleasure and enjoyment.

PMID- 27355768
TI  - Evolution of Models of Working Memory and Cognitive Resources.
AB  - The goal of this article is to trace the evolution of models of working memory
      and cognitive resources from the early 20th century to today. Linear flow models
      of information processing common in the 1960s and 1970s centered on the transfer
      of verbal information from a limited-capacity short-term memory store to long
      term memory through rehearsal. Current conceptions see working memory as a
      dynamic system that includes both maintaining and manipulating information
      through a series of interactive components that include executive control and
      attentional resources. These models also reflect the evolution from an almost
      exclusive concentration on working memory for verbal materials to inclusion of a
      visual working memory component. Although differing in postulated mechanisms and
      emphasis, these evolving viewpoints all share the recognition that human
      information processing is a limited-capacity system with limits on the amount of
      information that can be attended to, remain activated in memory, and utilized at
      one time. These limitations take on special importance in spoken language
      comprehension, especially when the stimuli have complex linguistic structures or
      listening effort is increased by poor acoustic quality or reduced hearing acuity.

PMID- 27355765
TI  - Listening and Learning: Cognitive Contributions to the Rehabilitation of Older
      Adults With and Without Audiometrically Defined Hearing Loss.
AB  - Here, we describe some of the ways in which aging negatively affects the way
      sensory input is transduced and processed within the aging brain and how
      cognitive work is involved when listening to a less-than-perfect signal. We also
      describe how audiologic rehabilitation, including hearing aid amplification and
      listening training, is used to reduce the amount of cognitive resources required
      for effective auditory communication and conclude with an example of how
      listening effort is being studied in research laboratories for the purpose(s) of
      informing clinical practice.

PMID- 27355769
TI  - The Implications of Cognitive Aging for Listening and the Framework for
      Understanding Effortful Listening (FUEL).
AB  - This review article considers some of the age-related changes in cognition that
      are likely to interact with hearing, listening effort, and cognitive energy. The
      focus of the review is on normative age-related changes in cognition; however,
      consideration is also given to older adults who experience clinically significant
      deficits in cognition, such as persons with Alzheimer's disease or who may be in
      a preclinical stage of dementia (mild cognitive impairment). The article
      distinguishes between the assessment of cognitive function for clinical versus
      research purposes. It reviews the goal of cognitive testing in older adults and
      discusses the challenges of validly assessing cognition in persons with sensory
      impairments. The article then discusses the goals of assessing specific cognitive
      functions (processing speed and attentional processes) for the purpose of
      understanding their relationships with listening effort. Finally, the article
      highlights certain concepts that are likely to be relevant to listening effort
      and cognitive energy, including some issues that have not yet received much
      attention in this context (e.g., conation, cognitive reserve, and second language
      speech processing).

PMID- 27355771
TI  - Hearing Impairment and Cognitive Energy: The Framework for Understanding
      Effortful Listening (FUEL).
AB  - The Fifth Eriksholm Workshop on "Hearing Impairment and Cognitive Energy" was
      convened to develop a consensus among interdisciplinary experts about what is
      known on the topic, gaps in knowledge, the use of terminology, priorities for
      future research, and implications for practice. The general term cognitive energy
      was chosen to facilitate the broadest possible discussion of the topic. It goes
      back to who described the effects of attention on perception; he used the term
      psychic energy for the notion that limited mental resources can be flexibly
      allocated among perceptual and mental activities. The workshop focused on three
      main areas: (1) theories, models, concepts, definitions, and frameworks; (2)
      methods and measures; and (3) knowledge translation. We defined effort as the
      deliberate allocation of mental resources to overcome obstacles in goal pursuit
      when carrying out a task, with listening effort applying more specifically when
      tasks involve listening. We adapted Kahneman's seminal (1973) Capacity Model of
      Attention to listening and proposed a heuristically useful Framework for
      Understanding Effortful Listening (FUEL). Our FUEL incorporates the well-known
      relationship between cognitive demand and the supply of cognitive capacity that
      is the foundation of cognitive theories of attention. Our FUEL also incorporates
      a motivation dimension based on complementary theories of motivational intensity,
      adaptive gain control, and optimal performance, fatigue, and pleasure. Using a
      three-dimensional illustration, we highlight how listening effort depends not
      only on hearing difficulties and task demands but also on the listener's
      motivation to expend mental effort in the challenging situations of everyday
      life.

PMID- 27355770
TI  - Sensory-Cognitive Interactions in Older Adults.
AB  - The objective of this study was regarding sensory and cognitive interactions in
      older adults published since 2009, the approximate date of the most recent
      reviews on this topic. After an electronic database search of articles published
      in English since 2009 on measures of hearing and cognition or vision and
      cognition in older adults, a total of 437 articles were identified. Screening by
      title and abstract for appropriateness of topic and for articles presenting
      original research in peer-reviewed journals reduced the final number of articles
      reviewed to 34. These articles were qualitatively evaluated and synthesized with
      the existing knowledge base. Additional evidence has been obtained since 2009
      associating declines in vision, hearing, or both with declines in cognition among
      older adults. The observed sensory-cognitive associations are generally stronger
      when more than one sensory domain is measured and when the sensory measures
      involve more than simple threshold sensitivity. Evidence continues to accumulate
      supporting a link between decline in sensory function and cognitive decline in
      older adults.

PMID- 27355773
TI  - Cognitive Spare Capacity as an Index of Listening Effort.
AB  - Everyday listening may be experienced as effortful, especially by individuals
      with hearing loss. This may be due to internal factors, such as cognitive load,
      and external factors, such as noise. Even when speech is audible, internal and
      external factors may combine to reduce cognitive spare capacity, or the ability
      to engage in cognitive processing of spoken information. A better understanding
      of cognitive spare capacity and how it can be optimally allocated may guide new
      approaches to rehabilitation and ultimately improve outcomes. This article
      presents results of three tests of cognitive spare capacity:1. Sentence-final
      Word Identification and Recall (SWIR) test2. Cognitive Spare Capacity Test
      (CSCT)3. Auditory Inference Span Test (AIST)Results show that noise reduces
      cognitive spare capacity even when speech intelligibility is retained. In
      addition, SWIR results show that hearing aid signal processing can increase
      cognitive spare capacity, and CSCT and AIST results show that increasing load
      reduces cognitive spare capacity. Correlational evidence suggests that while the
      effect of noise on cognitive spare capacity is related to working memory
      capacity, the effect of load is related to executive function. Future studies
      should continue to investigate how hearing aid signal processing can mitigate the
      effect of load on cognitive spare capacity, and whether such effects can be
      enhanced by developing executive skills through training. The mechanisms
      modulating cognitive spare capacity should be investigated by studying their
      neural correlates, and tests of cognitive spare capacity should be developed for
      clinical use in conjunction with developing new approaches to rehabilitation.

PMID- 27355772
TI  - Listening Effort in Younger and Older Adults: A Comparison of Auditory-Only and
      Auditory-Visual Presentations.
AB  - One goal of the present study was to establish whether providing younger and
      older adults with visual speech information (both seeing and hearing a talker
      compared with listening alone) would reduce listening effort for understanding
      speech in noise. In addition, we used an individual differences approach to
      assess whether changes in listening effort were related to changes in visual
      enhancement-the improvement in speech understanding in going from an auditory
      only (A-only) to an auditory-visual condition (AV) condition. To compare word
      recognition in A-only and AV modalities, younger and older adults identified
      words in both A-only and AV conditions in the presence of six-talker babble.
      Listening effort was assessed using a modified version of a serial recall task.
      Participants heard (A-only) or saw and heard (AV) a talker producing individual
      words without background noise. List presentation was stopped randomly and
      participants were then asked to repeat the last three words that were presented.
      Listening effort was assessed using recall performance in the two- and three-back
      positions. Younger, but not older, adults exhibited reduced listening effort as
      indexed by greater recall in the two- and three-back positions for the AV
      compared with the A-only presentations. For younger, but not older adults,
      changes in performance from the A-only to the AV condition were moderately
      correlated with visual enhancement. Results are discussed within a limited
      resource model of both A-only and AV speech perception.

PMID- 27355774
TI  - Cognitive Load and Listening Effort: Concepts and Age-Related Considerations.
AB  - Listening effort has been recognized as an important dimension of everyday
      listening, especially with regard to the comprehension of spoken language. At
      constant levels of comprehension performance, the level of effort exerted and
      perceived during listening can differ considerably across listeners and
      situations. In this article, listening effort is used as an umbrella term for two
      different types of effort that can arise during listening. One of these types is
      processing effort, which is used to denote the utilization of "extra" mental
      processing resources in listening conditions that are adverse for an individual.
      A conceptual description is introduced how processing effort could be defined in
      terms of situational influences, the listener's auditory and cognitive resources,
      and the listener's personal state. Also, the proposed relationship between
      processing effort and subjectively perceived listening effort is discussed.
      Notably, previous research has shown that the availability of mental resources,
      as well as the ability to use them efficiently, changes over the course of adult
      aging. These common age-related changes in cognitive abilities and their
      neurocognitive organization are discussed in the context of the presented
      concept, especially regarding situations in which listening effort may be
      increased for older people.

PMID- 27355775
TI  - A Model of Auditory-Cognitive Processing and Relevance to Clinical Applicability.
AB  - Hearing loss and cognitive function interact in both a bottom-up and top-down
      relationship. Listening effort is tied to these interactions, and models have
      been developed to explain their relationship. The Ease of Language Understanding
      model in particular has gained considerable attention in its explanation of the
      effect of signal distortion on speech understanding. Signal distortion can also
      affect auditory scene analysis ability, however, resulting in a distorted
      auditory scene that can affect cognitive function, listening effort, and the
      allocation of cognitive resources. These effects are explained through an
      addition to the Ease of Language Understanding model. This model can be
      generalized to apply to all sounds, not only speech, representing the increased
      effort required for auditory environmental awareness and other nonspeech auditory
      tasks. While the authors have measures of speech understanding and cognitive load
      to quantify these interactions, they are lacking measures of the effect of
      hearing aid technology on auditory scene analysis ability and how effort and
      attention varies with the quality of an auditory scene. Additionally, the
      clinical relevance of hearing aid technology on cognitive function and the
      application of cognitive measures in hearing aid fittings will be limited until
      effectiveness is demonstrated in real-world situations.

PMID- 27355776
TI  - How Social Psychological Factors May Modulate Auditory and Cognitive Functioning
      During Listening.
AB  - The framework for understanding effortful listening (FUEL) draws on psychological
      theories of cognition and motivation. In the present article, theories of social
      cognitive psychology are related to the FUEL. Listening effort is defined in our
      consensus as the deliberate allocation of mental resources to overcome obstacles
      in goal pursuit when carrying out a task that involves listening. Listening
      effort depends not only on hearing difficulties and task demands but also on the
      listener's motivation to expend mental effort in challenging situations.
      Listeners' cost/benefit evaluations involve appraisals of listening demands,
      their own capacity, and the importance of listening goals. Social psychological
      factors can affect a listener's actual and self-perceived auditory and cognitive
      abilities, especially when those abilities may be insufficient to readily meet
      listening demands. Whether or not listeners experience stress depends not only on
      how demanding a situation is relative to their actual abilities but also on how
      they appraise their capacity to meet those demands. The self-perception or
      appraisal of one's abilities can be lowered by poor self-efficacy or negative
      stereotypes. Stress may affect performance in a given situation and chronic
      stress can have deleterious effects on many aspects of health, including auditory
      and cognitive functioning. Social support can offset demands and mitigate stress;
      however, the burden of providing support may stress the significant other. Some
      listeners cope by avoiding challenging situations and withdrawing from social
      participation. Extending the FUEL using social-cognitive psychological theories
      may provide valuable insights into how effortful listening could be reduced by
      adopting health-promoting approaches to rehabilitation.

PMID- 27355777
TI  - Folliculin - A tumor suppressor at the intersection of metabolic signaling and
      membrane traffic.
AB  - The Birt-Hoge-Dube syndrome tumor suppressor Folliculin is a regulator of
      metabolism and has as a wide range of cellular and organismal phenotypes
      associated with its disruption. However, the molecular mechanisms which underlie
      its functions are poorly understood. Folliculin has been described to associate
      with lysosomes in response to nutrient depletion and form a key part of the
      signaling network that controls the activity of mTORC1. We recently reported that
      Folliculin can control the nutrient dependent cytoplasmic distribution of
      lysosomes by promoting the formation of a complex with the Golgi-associated small
      GTPase Rab34 and its effector RILP. We thus define a mechanistic connection
      between the lysosomal nutrient signaling network and the transport machinery that
      controls the distribution and dynamics of this organelle. Here we summarise the
      main conclusions from that study, attempt to integrate our findings with other
      recent studies on lysosome distribution/dynamics, and discuss the potential
      consequences of the dysregulation of this processes caused by Folliculin loss for
      Birt-Hoge-Dube syndrome and normal cell function.

PMID- 27355778
TI  - The ABMS MOC Part III Examination: Value, Concerns, and Alternative Formats.
AB  - This article describes the presentations and discussions at a conference co
      convened by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association
      (AMA) and by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). The conference
      focused on the ABMS Maintenance of Certification (MOC) Part III Examination. This
      article, reflecting the conference agenda, covers the value of and evidence
      supporting the examination, as well as concerns about the cost of the
      examination, and-given the current format-its relevance. In addition, the article
      outlines alternative formats for the examination that four ABMS member boards are
      currently developing or implementing. Lastly, the article presents contrasting
      views on the approach to professional self-regulation. One view operationalizes
      MOC as a high-stakes, pass-fail process while the other perspective holds MOC as
      an organized approach to support continuing professional development and
      improvement. The authors hope to begin a conversation among the AMA, the ABMS,
      and other professional stakeholders about how knowledge assessment in MOC might
      align with the MOC program's educational and quality improvement elements and
      best meet the future needs of both the public and the physician community.

PMID- 27355779
TI  - Common Evaluation Designs in Medical Education II.

PMID- 27355780
TI  - Entrusting Observable Practice Activities and Milestones Over the 36 Months of an
      Internal Medicine Residency.
AB  - PURPOSE: Competency-based medical education and milestone reporting have led to
      increased interest in work-based assessments using entrustment over time as an
      assessment framework. Little is known about data collected from these assessments
      during residency. This study describes the results of entrustment of discrete
      work-based skills over 36 months in the University of Cincinnati internal
      medicine (IM) residency program. METHOD: Attending physician and peer/allied
      health assessors provided entrustment ratings of resident performance on work
      based observable practice activities (OPAs) mapped to Accreditation Council for
      Graduate Medicine Education/American Board of Internal Medicine reporting
      milestones for IM. These data were translated into milestones data and tracked
      longitudinally. The authors analyzed data from this new entrustment system's
      first 36 months (July 2012-June 2015). RESULTS: During the 36-month period,
      assessors made 364,728 milestone assessments (mapped from OPAs) of 189 residents.
      Residents received an annualized average of 83 assessment encounters, producing
      means of 3,987 milestone assessments and 4,325 words of narrative assessment.
      Mean entrustment ratings (range 1-5) from all assessors for all milestones rose
      from 2.46 for first-month residents to 3.92 for 36th-month residents (r = 0.9252,
      P < .001). Attending physicians' entrustment ratings were lower than peer/allied
      health assessors' ratings. Medical knowledge and patient care milestones were
      rated lower than professionalism and interpersonal and communication skills
      milestones. CONCLUSIONS: Entrustment of milestones appears to rise progressively
      over time, with differences by assessor type, competency, milestone, and
      resident. Further research is needed to elucidate the validity of these data in
      promotion, remediation, and reporting decisions.

PMID- 27355781
TI  - A Framework for Understanding Lapses in Professionalism Among Medical Students:
      Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Fitness to Practice Cases.
AB  - Fitness to practice decisions are often based on a student's digression from the
      regulations, with limited exploration of the reasoning behind the student's
      behavior. However, behavior is underpinned by complex, "hidden" variables,
      including an individual's attitudes and social norms. Examining hidden
      determinants of professionalism, such as context, interpersonal relationships,
      social norms, and local cultures, then allows medical educators to develop a
      richer understanding of unprofessional behavior.In this article, the authors
      propose the use of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a framework to help
      evaluate unprofessional behavior in students. The TPB is a deliberative
      processing model that explains how an individual's behavior is underpinned by his
      or her cognitions, with behavior being primarily dependent on the intention to
      perform the behavior (behavioral intention). Intention, in turn, is determined by
      three variables: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.To
      understand the practical use of the TPB, the authors present four complex,
      anonymized case studies in which they employed the TPB to help deal with serious
      professionalism lapses among medical students. The outcomes of these cases as
      well as the student and program director perspectives, all explained via the TPB
      variables, are presented. The strengths and limitations of the TPB are discussed.

PMID- 27355782
TI  - Addressing Authorship Issues Prospectively: A Heuristic Approach.
AB  - Collaborative writing in academic medicine gives rise to more richly informed
      scholarship, and yet challenging ethical issues surrounding authorship are
      commonly encountered. International guidelines on authorship help clarify whether
      individuals who have contributed to a completed scholarly work have been
      correctly included as authors, but these guidelines do not facilitate intentional
      and proactive authorship planning or decisions regarding authorship order.In this
      Commentary, the author presents a heuristic approach to help collaborators
      clarify, anticipate, and resolve practical and ethically important authorship
      issues as they engage in the process of developing manuscripts. As this approach
      illustrates, assignment of authorship should balance work effort and professional
      responsibility, reflecting the effort and intellectual contribution and the
      public accountability of the individuals who participate in the work. Using a
      heuristic approach for managing authorship issues prospectively can foster an
      ethical, collaborative writing process in which individuals are properly
      recognized for their contributions.

PMID- 27355783
TI  - Modifying the Primary Care Exception Rule to Require Competency-Based Assessment.
AB  - Teaching residents to practice independently is a core objective of graduate
      medical education (GME). However, billing rules established by the Centers for
      Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) require that teaching physicians physically
      be present in the examination room for the care they bill, unless the training
      program qualifies for the Primary Care Exception Rule (PCER). Teaching physicians
      in programs that use this exception can bill for indirectly supervised ambulatory
      care once the resident who provides that care has completed six months of
      training. However, CMS does not mandate that programs assess or attest to
      residents' clinical competence before using this rule. By requiring this six
      month probationary period, the implication is that residents are adequately
      prepared for indirectly supervised practice by this time. As residents' skill
      development varies, this may or may not be true. The PCER makes no attempt to
      delineate how residents' competence should be assessed, nor does the GME
      community have a standard for how and when to make this assessment specifically
      for the purpose of determining residents' readiness for indirectly supervised
      primary care practice.In this Perspective, the authors review the history and
      current requirements of the PCER, explore its limitations, and offer suggestions
      for how to modify the teaching physician billing requirements to mandate the
      evaluation of residents' competence using the existing milestones framework. They
      also recommend strategies to standardize this process of evaluation and to
      develop benchmarks across training programs.

PMID- 27355784
TI  - Peer Support for Clinicians: A Programmatic Approach.
AB  - Burnout is plaguing the culture of medicine and is linked to several primary
      causes including long work hours, increasingly burdensome documentation, and
      resource constraints. Beyond these, additional emotional stressors for physicians
      are involvement in an adverse event, especially one that involves a medical
      error, and malpractice litigation. The authors argue that it is imperative that
      health care institutions devote resources to programs that support physician well
      being and resilience. Doing so after adverse and other emotionally stressful
      events, such as the death of a colleague or caring for victims of a mass trauma,
      is crucial as clinicians are often at their most vulnerable during such times. To
      this end, the Center for Professionalism and Peer Support at Brigham and Women's
      Hospital redesigned the peer support program in 2009 to provide one-on-one peer
      support. The peer support program was one of the first of its kind; over 25
      national and international programs have been modeled off of it. This Perspective
      describes the origin, structure, and basic workings of the peer support program,
      including important components for the peer support conversation (outreach call,
      invitation/opening, listening, reflecting, reframing, sense-making, coping,
      closing, and resources/referrals). The authors argue that creating a peer support
      program is one way forward, away from a culture of invulnerability, isolation,
      and shame and toward a culture that truly values a sense of shared organizational
      responsibility for clinician well-being and patient safety.

PMID- 27355785
TI  - Recognizing Privilege and Bias: An Interactive Exercise to Expand Health Care
      Providers' Personal Awareness.
AB  - PROBLEM: Despite increasing awareness of the social determinants of health,
      health care disparities among sociocultural groups persist. Health care
      providers' unconscious bias resulting from unrecognized social privilege is one
      contributor to these disparities. APPROACH: In 2009, Henry Ford Health System
      initiated the Healthcare Equity Campaign both to raise employees' awareness of
      inequalities related to the social determinants of health and to increase their
      motivation to reduce them. After conducting awareness-raising activities to
      increase employees' understanding of the social determinants of health, a
      curriculum team developed the interactive Privilege and Responsibility Curricular
      Exercise (PRCE) and incorporated it into a series of trainings. The team designed
      the exercise to enhance participants' awareness of privilege in their lives and
      work, to improve their understanding of the impact of privilege on their own and
      others' lived experiences as a step beyond cultural competence toward cultural
      humility, and to encourage them to leverage their advantages to reduce health
      care inequities. OUTCOMES: About 300 participants of diverse professional and
      personal backgrounds from across the health system completed the training between
      the spring of 2009 and the spring of 2012, and many provided qualitative feedback
      about the exercise. Evaluations showed the exercise's potential as a powerful
      learning experience that might enhance a variety of equity- or diversity-related
      trainings, and also showed that participants considered the PRCE a highlight of
      the training. NEXT STEPS: The PRCE is worthy of additional study and could prove
      valuable to other organizations.

PMID- 27355787
TI  - CEP-1 is pro-choice for reproductive health in C. elegans.

PMID- 27355786
TI  - Effects of Methyl Substitution in Ruthenium Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine
      Photocaging Groups for Nitriles.
AB  - Four complexes of the general formula [Ru(L)(CH3CN)2](PF6)2, [L = TPA (5), MeTPA
      (6), Me2TPA (7), and Me3TPA (8)] [TPA = tris[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]amine, where
      methyl groups were introduced consecutively onto the 6-position of py donors of
      TPA, were prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and mass
      spectrometry. While 5 and 8 were isolated as single stereoisomers, 6 and 7 were
      isolated as mixtures of stereoisomers in 2:1 and 1.5:1 ratios, respectively.
      Steric effects on ground state stability and thermal and photochemical
      reactivities were studied for all four complexes using (1)H NMR and electronic
      absorption spectroscopies and computational studies. These studies confirmed that
      the addition of steric bulk accelerates photochemical and thermal nitrile
      release. 

PMID- 27355788
TI  - Ptosis, Miosis, and Intermittent Esotropia Following Pituitary Adenoma Resection.

PMID- 27355789
TI  - Five-State Molecular Shuttling of a Pair of [2]Rotaxanes: Distinct Outputs in
      Response to Acid and Base Stimuli.
AB  - In this study we synthesized two acid-/base-controllable [2]rotaxanes featuring
      aminodiazobenzene and aminocoumarin units, respectively, as chromophores and
      dibenzo[24]crown-8 and dibenzo[25]crown-8 units, respectively, as their
      macrocyclic components. Each [2]rotaxane contained N-alkylarylamine (ammonium)
      and N,N-dialkylamine (ammonium) centers as binding sites for their crown ether
      components. The absorption patterns of the chromophores were dependent on the
      position of the encircling macrocyclic component and the degree of protonation,
      with three distinct states (under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions) evident
      for each [2]rotaxane. The mixed [2]rotaxane system displayed stepwise and
      independent molecular shuttling behavior based on the degree of protonation of
      the amino groups in response to both the amount and strength of added acids or
      bases; as such, the system provided five different absorption signals as outputs
      that could be read using UV/Vis spectroscopy. 

PMID- 27355791
TI  - Plants: a tool box of cell-based assays.

PMID- 27355790
TI  - Total Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Activity of Adenosylrhodibalamin, the
      Non-Natural Rhodium Homologue of Coenzyme B12.
AB  - B12 is unique among the vitamins as it is biosynthesized only by certain
      prokaryotes. The complexity of its synthesis relates to its distinctive cobalt
      corrin structure, which is essential for B12 biochemistry and renders coenzyme
      B12 (AdoCbl) so intriguingly suitable for enzymatic radical reactions. However,
      why is cobalt so fit for its role in B12 -dependent enzymes? To address this
      question, we considered the substitution of cobalt in AdoCbl with rhodium to
      generate the rhodium analogue 5'-deoxy-5'-adenosylrhodibalamin (AdoRbl). AdoRbl
      was prepared by de novo total synthesis involving both biological and chemical
      steps. AdoRbl was found to be inactive in vivo in microbial bioassays for
      methionine synthase and acted as an in vitro inhibitor of an AdoCbl-dependent
      diol dehydratase. Solution NMR studies of AdoRbl revealed a structure similar to
      that of AdoCbl. However, the crystal structure of AdoRbl revealed a conspicuously
      better fit of the corrin ligand for Rh(III) than for Co(III) , challenging the
      current views concerning the evolution of corrins.

PMID- 27355792
TI  - Genotyping tumor clones from single-cell data.

PMID- 27355793
TI  - Biophenols from Table Olive cv Bella di Cerignola: Chemical Characterization,
      Bioaccessibility, and Intestinal Absorption.
AB  - In this study, the naturally debittered table olives cv Bella di Cerignola were
      studied in order to (i) characterize their phenolic composition; (ii) evaluate
      the polyphenols bioaccessibility; (iii) assess their absorption and transport,
      across Caco2/TC7. LC-MS/MS analysis has confirmed the presence of hydroxytyrosol
      acetate, caffeoyl-6'-secologanoside, and comselogoside. In vitro bioaccessibility
      ranged from 7% of luteolin to 100% of tyrosol, highlighting the flavonoids
      sensitivity to the digestive conditions. The Caco2/TC7 polyphenols accumulation
      was rapid (60 min) with an efficiency of 0.89%; the overall bioavailability was
      1.86% (120 min), with hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol the highest bioavailables,
      followed by verbascoside and luteolin. In the cells and basolateral side, caffeic
      and coumaric acids metabolites, probably derived from esterase activities, were
      detected. In conclusion, the naturally debittered table olives cv Bella di
      Cerignola can be considered as a source of bioaccessible, absorbable, and
      bioavailable polyphenols that, for their potential health promoting effect,
      permit inclusion of table olives as a functional food suitable for a balanced
      diet. 

PMID- 27355794
TI  - Refaunation and the reinstatement of the seed-dispersal function in Gorongosa
      National Park.
AB  - Large animals are important seed dispersers; however, they tend to be under a
      high extinction risk worldwide. There is compelling evidence that the global
      biodiversity crisis is leading to the deterioration of several ecosystem
      functions, but there is virtually no information on how large-scale refaunation
      efforts can reinstate seed dispersal. We evaluated the effectiveness of a 62-km2
      wildlife sanctuary, which was established to recover populations of large mammals
      in Gorongosa National Park (Mozambique), in restoring seed dispersal. We
      collected animal scats during the dry season of 2014 (June-August) along 5
      transects inside and 5 transects outside the sanctuary fence (50 km total) with
      the same type of plant community, identified animal and plant species in the
      transects, and quantified the number of seeds in each scat. Based on these data,
      we built bipartite networks and calculated network and species-level descriptor
      values, and we compared data collected inside and outside the sanctuary. There
      were more scats (268 vs. 207) and more scats containing seeds (132 vs. 94) inside
      than outside the sanctuary. The number of mammal dispersers was also higher
      inside (17) than outside the sanctuary (11). Similarly, more seeds (2413 vs.
      2124) and plant species (33 vs. 26) were dispersed inside than outside the
      sanctuary. Overall, the seed-dispersal network was less specialized (0.38 vs.
      0.44) and there was a greater overlap (0.16 vs. 0.07) inside than outside the
      sanctuary. Both networks were significantly modular and antinested. The high
      number and richness of seeds dispersed inside the sanctuary was explained mostly
      by a higher abundance of dispersers rather than by disperser identity. Our
      results suggest conservation efforts aimed at recovering populations of large
      mammals are helping to reestablish not only target mammal species but also their
      functional roles as seed dispersers in the ecosystem.

PMID- 27355795
TI  - A Prospective Open-Label Trial of Memantine Hydrochloride for the Treatment of
      Social Deficits in Intellectually Capable Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder:
      Erratum.

PMID- 27355796
TI  - Relation of the Allelic Variants of Multidrug Resistance Gene to Agranulocytosis
      Associated With Clozapine: Erratum.

PMID- 27355797
TI  - Salute to Our Reviewers.

PMID- 27355798
TI  - New findings about atherosclerosis in Brazil from the Brazilian Longitudinal
      Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

PMID- 27355799
TI  - Frequency of cholecystectomy and associated sociodemographic and clinical risk
      factors in the ELSA-Brasil study.
AB  - CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: There are few data in the literature on the frequency of
      cholecystectomy in Brazil. The frequency of cholecystectomy and associated risk
      factors were evaluated in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA
      Brasil). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study using baseline data on 5061
      participants in Sao Paulo. METHODS: The frequency of cholecystectomy and
      associated risk factors were evaluated over the first two years of follow-up of
      the study and over the course of life. A multivariate regression analysis was
      presented: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: A total
      of 4716 individuals (93.2%) with information about cholecystectomy were included.
      After two years of follow-up, 56 had undergone surgery (1.2%: 1.7% of the women;
      0.6% of the men). A total of 188 participants underwent cholecystectomy during
      their lifetime. The risk factors associated with surgery after the two-year
      follow-up period were female sex (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.53-5.32), indigenous
      ethnicity (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 2.28-15.85) and body mass index (BMI) (OR, 1.10; 95%
      CI, 1.01-1.19 per 1 kg/m2 increase). The risk factors associated over the
      lifetime were age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.05 per one year increase), diabetes
      (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.34-2.76) and previous bariatric surgery (OR, 5.37; 95% CI,
      1.53-18.82). No association was found with parity or fertile age. CONCLUSION:
      Female sex and high BMI remained as associated risk factors while parity and
      fertile age lost significance. New factors such as bariatric surgery and
      indigenous ethnicity have gained importance in this country.

PMID- 27355800
TI  - Prevalence of stunting and overweight/obesity among Brazilian children according
      to different epidemiological scenarios: systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Within the Brazilian nutritional panorama, coexistence of
      antagonistic nutritional disorders can be seen, especially the increasing
      prevalence of overweight and the persistence of significant rates of chronic
      malnutrition in vulnerable groups of the population. Because these are major
      public health problems, this study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of stunting
      and overweight/obesity among Brazilian children according to different
      epidemiological scenarios. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a systematic review of
      prevalence studies, developed at the State University of Paraiba. METHODS: The
      SciELO, Lilacs and PubMed databases were searched for articles, using specific
      keywords. Articles published between 2006 and 2014 were selected. The review was
      conducted by two reviewers who worked independently. A systematic review with
      meta-analysis was conducted, for which the studies were grouped within different
      epidemiological settings. RESULTS: Among the 33 articles recovered, 9 involved
      samples from daycare centers, 4 had samples from public healthcare services or
      social registers, 5 related to populations in situations of social inequity and
      15 were population-based. Higher chances of stunting were found in populations in
      situations of social inequity and in those at public healthcare services or on
      social registers, in relation to reference populations. For overweight/obesity,
      none of the scenarios had a higher chance than the reference. CONCLUSION: Among
      Brazilian children, stunting continues to be a socially determined public health
      problem that mainly affects marginalized populations. This problem coexists with
      significant rates of overweight/obesity affecting all social groups.

PMID- 27355801
TI  - Paracoccidioidomycosis in the spine: case report and review of the literature.
AB  - CONTEXT:: Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic form of mycosis that spreads
      hematogenously, secondarily to reactivation of lung infection or infection at
      another site or to new exposure to the causative agent. Few cases of bone
      involvement have been reported in the literature and involvement of the spine is
      extremely rare. CASE REPORT:: We describe a case of a 68-year-old male patient
      with spondylodiscitis at the levels L4-L5 caused by presence of the fungus
      Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which was diagnosed through percutaneous biopsy.
      The patient was treated with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim for 36 months,
      with complete resolution of the symptoms. CONCLUSION:: Spondylodiscitis caused by
      the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is uncommon. However, in patients with
      chronic low-back pain who live or used to live in endemic regions, this infection
      should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis.

PMID- 27355802
TI  - Antibiotics for mastitis in breastfeeding women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mastitis can be caused by ineffective positioning of the baby at the
      breast or restricted feeding. Infective mastitis is commonly caused by
      Staphylococcus aureus . The prevalence of mastitis in breastfeeding women may
      reach 33%. Effective milk removal, pain medication and antibiotic therapy have
      been the mainstays of treatment. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to examine the
      effectiveness of antibiotic therapies in relieving symptoms for breastfeeding
      women with mastitis with or without laboratory investigation. MAIN RESULTS: Two
      trials met the inclusion criteria. One small trial (n = 25) compared amoxicillin
      with cephradine and found no significant difference between the two antibiotics
      in terms of symptom relief and abscess formation. Another, older study compared
      breast emptying alone as 'supportive therapy' versus antibiotic therapy plus
      supportive therapy, and no therapy. The findings of the latter study suggested
      faster clearance of symptoms for women using antibiotics, although the study
      design was problematic. AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to
      confirm or refute the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of
      lactational mastitis. There is an urgent need to conduct high-quality, double
      blinded RCTs to determine whether antibiotics should be used in this common
      postpartum condition.

PMID- 27355803
TI  - Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is thought to be common among
      pregnant women. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy has been suggested as
      an intervention to protect against adverse pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To
      examine whether oral supplements with vitamin D alone or in combination with
      calcium or other vitamins and minerals given to women during pregnancy can safely
      improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: In this updated review we
      included 15 trials assessing a total of 2833 women, excluded 27 trials, and 23
      trials are still ongoing or unpublished. Nine trials compared the effects of
      vitamin D alone versus no supplementation or a placebo and six trials compared
      the effects of vitamin D and calcium with no supplementation. Risk of bias in the
      majority of trials was unclear and many studies were at high risk of bias for
      blinding and attrition rates.Vitamin D alone versus no supplementation or a
      placeboData from seven trials involving 868 women consistently show that women
      who received vitamin D supplements alone, particularly on a daily basis, had
      higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D than those receiving no intervention or placebo, but
      this response was highly heterogeneous. Also, data from two trials involving 219
      women suggest that women who received vitamin D supplements may have a lower risk
      of pre-eclampsia than those receiving no intervention or placebo (8.9% versus
      15.5%; risk ratio (RR) 0.52; 95% CI 0.25 to 1.05, low quality). Data from two
      trials involving 219 women suggest a similar risk of gestational diabetes among
      those taking vitamin D supplements or no intervention/placebo (RR 0.43; 95% CI
      0.05, 3.45, very low quality). There were no clear differences in adverse
      effects, with only one reported case of nephritic syndrome in the control group
      in one study (RR 0.17; 95% CI 0.01 to 4.06; one trial, 135 women, low quality).
      Given the scarcity of data for this outcome, no firm conclusions can be drawn. No
      other adverse effects were reported in any of the other studies.With respect to
      infant outcomes, data from three trials involving 477 women suggest that vitamin
      D supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk preterm birth compared to no
      intervention or placebo (8.9% versus 15.5%; RR 0.36; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.93,
      moderate quality). Data from three trials involving 493 women also suggest that
      women who receive vitamin D supplements during pregnancy less frequently had a
      baby with a birthweight below 2500 g than those receiving no intervention or
      placebo (RR 0.40; 95% CI 0.24 to 0.67, moderate quality).In terms of other
      outcomes, there were no clear differences in caesarean section (RR 0.95; 95% CI
      0.69 to 1.31; two trials; 312 women); stillbirths (RR 0.35 95% CI 0.06, 1.99;
      three trials, 540 women); or neonatal deaths (RR 0.27; 95% CI 0.04, 1.67; two
      trials, 282 women). There was some indication that vitamin D supplementation
      increases infant length (mean difference (MD) 0.70, 95% CI -0.02 to 1.43; four
      trials, 638 infants) and head circumference at birth (MD 0.43, 95% CI 0.03 to
      0.83; four trials, 638 women).Vitamin D and calcium versus no supplementation or
      a placeboWomen who received vitamin D with calcium had a lower risk of pre
      eclampsia than those not receiving any intervention (RR 0.51; 95% CI 0.32 to
      0.80; three trials; 1114 women, moderate quality), but also an increased risk of
      preterm birth (RR 1.57; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.43, three studies, 798 women, moderate
      quality). Maternal vitamin D concentration at term, gestational diabetes, adverse
      effects and low birthweight were not reported in any trial or reported only by
      one study. AUTHORS CONCLUSIONS: New studies have provided more evidence on the
      effects of supplementing pregnant women with vitamin D alone or with calcium on
      pregnancy outcomes. Supplementing pregnant women with vitamin D in a single or
      continued dose increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at term and may reduce the
      risk of pre-eclampsia, low birthweight and preterm birth. However, when vitamin D
      and calcium are combined, the risk of preterm birth is increased. The clinical
      significance of the increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations is still
      unclear. In light of this, these results need to be interpreted with caution.
      Data on adverse effects were lacking in all studies.The evidence on whether
      vitamin D supplementation should be given as a part of routine antenatal care to
      all women to improve maternal and infant outcomes remains unclear. While there is
      some indication that vitamin D supplementation could reduce the risk of pre
      eclampsia and increase length and head circumference at birth, further rigorous
      randomized trials are required to confirm these effects.

PMID- 27355805
TI  - Exacerbation of demyelinating syndrome after exposure to wireless modem with
      public hotspot.
AB  - In August 2003, 48-year-old JS of Colorado, USA, a fitness therapist and sports
      nutritionist, contracted neuroinvasive West Nile virus which left her with
      disabilities due to spinal axonal damage.In August 2014, she suddenly developed
      symptoms very much like her acute West Nile infection 11 years ago, including
      focal seizures, ataxia, vertigo and headaches. Her blood count looked normal so
      there was no obvious infection. What struck her as odd was that when she left her
      apartment for any length of time, the symptoms stopped. She found out that a new
      type of wireless modem, enabled for both personal use and functioning as a public
      hotspot designed to reach up to 100 m, had been installed in the flat under
      hers.Her neighbor replaced the modem with a router without the hotspot feature.
      After that, the seizures stopped immediately, and the other symptoms faded
      gradually, after which she was fine and again could sleep well. Later, when
      another activated hotspot was installed in an adjacent flat, JS once again
      noticed symptoms.A possible association between electrohypersensitivity, myelin
      integrity and exposure to low-intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF
      EMF) typical in the modern world has recently been proposed. Since the West Nile
      virus attacks both the nerve cells and the glial ones, one explanation to the
      above observed case effects is that the initial virus attack and the wireless
      modem's RF-EMF affect the nervous system through the very same, or similar,
      avenues, and maybe both via the oligodendrocytes. 

PMID- 27355804
TI  - SNPs in NRXN1 and CHRNA5 are associated to smoking and regulation of GABAergic
      and glutamatergic pathways.
AB  - AIM: To identify genetic variants associated with greater tobacco consumption in
      a Mexican population. PATIENTS & METHODS: Daily smokers were classified as light
      smokers (LS; n = 742), heavy smokers (HS; n = 601) and nonsmokers (NS; n = 606).
      In the first stage, a genotyping microarray that included 347 SNPs in CHRNA2
      CHRNA7/CHRNA10, CHRNB2-CHRNB4 and NRXN1 genes and 37 ancestry-informative markers
      was used to analyze 707 samples (187 HS, 328 LS and 192 NS). In the second stage,
      14 SNPs from stage 1 were validated in the remaining samples (HS, LS and NS; n =
      414 in each group) using real-time PCR. To predict the role of the associated
      SNPs, an in silico analysis was performed. RESULTS: Two SNPs in NRXN1 and two in
      CHRNA5 were associated with cigarette consumption, while rs10865246/C (NRXN1) was
      associated with high nicotine addiction. The in silico analysis revealed that
      rs1882296/T had a high level of homology with Hsa-miR-6740-5p, which encodes a
      putative miRNA that targets glutamate receptor subunits (GRIA2, GRID2) and GABA
      receptor subunits (GABRG1, GABRA4, GABRB2), while rs1882296/C had a high level of
      homology with Hsa-miR-6866-5p, which encodes a different miRNA that targets GRID2
      and GABRB2. CONCLUSION: In a Mexican Mestizo population, greater consumption of
      cigarettes was influenced by polymorphisms in the NRXN1 and CHRNA5 genes. We
      proposed new hypotheses regarding the putative roles of miRNAs that influence the
      GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways in smoking addiction.

PMID- 27355806
TI  - Magnetic interactions in cubic-, hexagonal- and trigonal-barium iron oxide
      fluoride, BaFeO2F.
AB  - (57)Fe Mossbauer spectra have been recorded from the hexagonal (6H)- and trigonal
      (15R)- modifications of BaFeO2F and are compared with those previously recorded
      from the cubic form of BaFeO2F. The spectra, recorded over a temperature range
      from 15 to 650 K show that all of the iron in all the compounds is in the Fe(3+)
      state. Spectra from the 6H- and 15R-modifications were successfully fitted with
      components that were related to the Fe(1) and Fe(2) structural sites in the 6H
      variant and to the Fe(1), Fe(2) and Fe(3) structural sites in the 15R form. The
      magnetic ordering temperatures were determined as 597  +/-  3 K for 6H-BaFeO2F
      and 636  +/-  3 K for 15R-BaFeO2F. These values are surprisingly close to the
      value of 645  +/-  5 K determined for the cubic form. The magnetic interactions
      in the three forms are compared with a view to explaining this similarity of
      magnetic ordering temperature.

PMID- 27355807
TI  - Modulation of the vascular endothelium functioning by dietary components, the
      role of epigenetics.
AB  - Rather than being a passive barrier between circulating blood and smooth muscle
      cells and the underlying tissues, the endothelium is a fundamental functional
      component of the vasculature, and could be viewed as the largest human endocrine
      gland/organ, secreting multiple pro-/antiangiogenic factors, cytokines and low
      molecular-weight mediators controlling the vascular tone. The location of
      endothelium, at the interface between the circulation and the tissues, makes this
      epithelial layer particularly exposed to physical and chemical cues coming from
      the bloodstream. In response to such stimuli, the endothelium modulates its
      morphology and functions to maintain vascular homeostasis. Dietary components
      significantly affect the proper functioning of the endothelium. High-calories and
      high-fat western diets, in the long term, cause endothelial dysfunction, which is
      a major contributor to the development of the metabolic syndrome and its
      pathological consequences, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension.
      On the contrary, plant-derived antioxidant molecules and polyphenols have been
      shown to exert beneficial effects on endothelial function. Extensive research in
      the last decade has clearly shown the close relationship between food intake,
      dietary habits, and gene expression, which is driven by the action of macro- and
      micronutrients on chromatin regulation. Nutrient-induced chromatin epigenetic
      modifications via DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications,
      especially in the context of the western diet, significantly contribute to the
      dysregulation of endothelial functioning. Here, we review the current
      understanding on how dietary components (macronutrients, antioxidants), acting on
      epigenetic mechanisms, regulate endothelial physiology, and physiopathology. (c)
      2016 BioFactors, 43(1):5-16, 2017.

PMID- 27355808
TI  - Development of a tethered personal health record framework for early end-of-life
      discussions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: End-of-life planning, known as advance care planning (ACP), is
      associated with numerous positive outcomes, such as improved patient satisfaction
      with care and improved patient quality of life in terminal illness. However,
      patient-provider ACP conversations are rarely performed or documented due to a
      number of barriers, including time required, perceived lack of skill, and a
      limited number of resources. Use of tethered personal health records (PHRs) may
      help streamline ACP conversations and documentations for outpatient workflows.
      Our objective was to develop an ACP-PHR framework that would be for use in a
      primary care, outpatient setting. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative content analysis of
      focus groups and cognitive interviews (participatory design). METHODS: A novel
      PHR-ACP tool was developed and tested using data and feedback collected from 4
      patient focus groups (n = 13), 1 provider focus group (n = 4), and cognitive
      interviews (n = 22). RESULTS: Patient focus groups helped develop a focused, 4
      question PHR communication tool. Cognitive interviews revealed that, while
      patients felt framework content and workflow were generally intuitive, minor
      changes to content and workflow would optimize the framework. CONCLUSIONS: A
      focused framework for electronic ACP communication using a patient portal
      tethered to the PHR was developed. This framework may provide an efficient way to
      have ACP conversations in busy outpatient settings.

PMID- 27355809
TI  - Variations in patient response to tiered physician networks.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Prior studies found that tiered provider networks channel patients to
      preferred providers in certain contexts. This paper evaluates whether the effects
      of tiered physician networks vary for different types of patients. STUDY DESIGN:
      Cross-sectional analysis of fiscal year 2009 to 2010 administrative enrollment
      and claims data on nonelderly beneficiaries in Massachusetts Group Insurance
      Commission health plans. METHODS: Main outcome measures are physician market
      share among new patients and the percent of physician's patients who switch away.
      We utilized estimated fixed effects linear regression models that were stratified
      by patient characteristics. RESULTS: Physicians with the worst tier rankings had
      lower market share among new patients who are older and sicker, or male,
      representing losses in market share of 10% and 15%, respectively, than other
      tiered physicians. A poor tier ranking did not affect physician market share of
      new patients who are female or younger. There was no effect of a physician's tier
      ranking on the proportion of patients who switch to other doctors among any
      groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Loyalty to their own physicians is pervasive
      across groups of patients. Physicians with poor tier rankings lost market share
      among new patients who are older and sicker, and among new male patients.
      Together, these findings suggest that tiered network designs have the potential
      for the greatest impact on value in healthcare over time, as more patients seek
      new relationships with physicians.

PMID- 27355810
TI  - Primary care appointment availability and nonphysician providers one year after
      Medicaid expansion.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: With insurance enrollment greater than expected under the Affordable
      Care Act, uncertainty about the availability and timeliness of healthcare
      services for newly insured individuals has increased. We examined primary care
      appointment availability and wait times for new Medicaid and privately insured
      patients before and after Medicaid expansion in Michigan. STUDY DESIGN: Simulated
      patient ("secret shopper") study. METHODS: Extended follow-up of a previously
      reported simulated patient ("secret shopper") study assessing accessibility of
      routine new patient appointments in a stratified proportionate random sample of
      Michigan primary care practices before versus 4, 8, and 12 months after Medicaid
      expansion. RESULTS: During the study period, approximately 600,000 adults
      enrolled in Michigan's Medicaid expansion program, representing 57% of the
      previously uninsured nonelderly adult population. One year after expansion, we
      found that appointment availability remained increased by 6 percentage points for
      new Medicaid patients (95% CI, 1.6-11.1) and decreased by 2 percentage points for
      new privately insured patients (95% CI, -0.5 to -3.8). Over the same period, the
      proportion of appointments scheduled with nonphysician providers (nurse
      practitioners or physician assistants) increased from 8% to 21% of Medicaid
      appointments (95% CI, 5.6-20.2) and from 11% to 19% of private-insurance
      appointments (95% CI, 1.3-14.1). Median wait times remained stable for new
      Medicaid patients and increased slightly for new privately insured patients, both
      remaining within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: During the first year following Medicaid
      expansion in Michigan, appointment availability for new Medicaid patients
      increased, a greater proportion of appointments could be obtained with
      nonphysician providers, and wait times remained within 2 weeks.

PMID- 27355811
TI  - Impact of type 2 diabetes medication cost sharing on patient outcomes and health
      plan costs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To study the association between cost sharing for diabetes
      medications, adherence, hospitalization rates, and healthcare costs, with
      relationship to patient risk. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective claims analysis of
      data from 35 large, private, self-insured employers (2004 to 2012). METHODS: We
      examined outcomes for 92,410 patients aged 18 to 64 years with a type 2 diabetes
      (T2D) diagnosis who filled at least 1 T2D prescription. First, we examined the
      relationship between adherence, measured as the proportion of days covered, and
      cost sharing, measured as the out-of-pocket cost to purchase a pre-specified
      bundle of T2D prescriptions. We then examined the association between adherence
      and hospital days. Simulations showed the effect of increased cost sharing on
      adherence and inpatient utilization. RESULTS: A $10 increase in out-of-pocket
      cost was associated with a 1.9% reduction in adherence (P < .01). In turn, a 10%
      reduction in adherence was associated with a 15% increase in per-patient hospital
      days (0.17 days; P < .01). For the average plan, switching from low to high cost
      sharing reduced per-patient medication costs by $242 and increased per-patient
      hospitalization costs by $342, for a net increase of $100 in plan costs.
      Increases in per-patient costs were greater for high-risk patients, such as those
      with heart failure ($1328). CONCLUSIONS: Increased cost sharing for T2D
      medication was associated with reductions in pharmacy costs, but higher total
      costs for patients with T2D. This problem is particularly acute for patients with
      1 or more cardiovascular comorbidities. The results suggest that increased
      diabetes cost sharing may hamper efforts to lower the total cost of diabetes
      care.

PMID- 27355812
TI  - Risk contracting and operational capabilities in large medical groups during
      national healthcare reform.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the scope of alternative payment models outside
      of Medicare. This study measures the full complement of public and private
      payment arrangements in large, multi-specialty group practices as a barometer of
      payment reform among advanced organizations. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We
      collected information from 33 large, multi-specialty group practices about the
      proportion of their total revenue in 7 payment models, physician compensation
      strategies, and the implementation of selected performance management
      initiatives. We grouped respondents into 3 categories based on the proportion of
      their revenue in risk arrangements: risk-based (45%-100%), mixed (10%-35%), and
      fee-for-service (FFS) (0%-10%). We analyzed changes in contracting and operating
      characteristics between 2011 and 2013. RESULTS: In 2013, 68% of groups' total
      patient revenue was from FFS payments and 32% was from risk arrangements
      (unweighted average). Risk-based groups had 26% FFS revenue, whereas mixed
      payment and FFS groups had 75% and 98%, respectively. Between 2011 and 2013, 9
      groups increased risk contract revenue by about 15 percentage points and 22
      reported few changes. Risk-based groups reported more advanced implementation of
      performance management strategies and were more likely to have physician
      financial incentives for quality and patient experience. CONCLUSIONS: The groups
      in this study are well positioned to manage risk-based contracts successfully,
      but less than one-third receive a majority of their revenue from risk
      arrangements. The experience of these relatively advanced groups suggests that
      expanding risk-based arrangements across the US health system will likely be
      slower and more challenging than many people assume.

PMID- 27355813
TI  - The value of decreasing health cost volatility.

PMID- 27355814
TI  - Digital Planning Software Fails to Reflect Stem Torsion on Plain Radiographs
      after Total Hip Arthroplasty.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of commercially
      available planning software on plain radiographs after THA compared to CT scans
      as the gold standard. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective clinical study,
      anteroposterior (AP) radiographs and three-dimensional CT scans (3D-CT) were
      obtained for 121 patients, who underwent minimally invasive, cementless THA with
      a straight tapered stem, in a lateral decubitus position. For measuring SV, we
      used digital planning software (TraumaCad 2.0, BrainLAB Feldkirchen, Germany).
      Two independent raters repeated the analysis after a six-week interval.
      Radiological measurements were compared with 3D-CT measurements by an
      independent, blinded external institute. This investigation was approved by the
      local ethics commission (no. 10 -121- 0263) and is a secondary analysis of a
      larger project (DRKS00 000 739, German Clinical Trials Register May-02 - 2011).
      RESULTS: The radiograph measurements showed very high intra- and interrater
      agreement. The intra-class correlation (ICC) of the intrarater agreement was 0.97
      for rater 1 and 0.98 for rater 2. The intrarater reliability was 0.99 using the
      mean values of both rater measurements. The mean difference between the average
      radiograph measurement and the 3D-CT-based measurement was 0.41 degrees  (SD
      11.24 degrees ) (range: -33.85 degrees -22.50 degrees ; 95 % limits of agreement:
      -21.63 - 22.45), but there was no correlation found between both methods.
      CONCLUSION: Measuring stem version with the help of commercially available
      digital planning software on plain radiographs after THA has high intra- and
      interrater reliability but clinically inacceptable validity and reliability when
      compared to 3D-CT scans. KEY POINTS: * Measuring stem torsion after THA on plain
      radiographs with digital planning software is not valid. Citation Format: *
      Worlicek M, Weber M, Zeman F et al. Digital Planning Software Fails to Reflect
      Stem Torsion on Plain Radiographs after Total Hip Arthroplasty. Fortschr
      Rontgenstr 2016; 188: 763 - 767.

PMID- 27355815
TI  - Prevalence and predictors of subjective memory complaints in adult male carriers
      of the FMR1 premutation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and predictors of subjective memory
      complaints among a cohort of male FMR1 premutation (PM) carriers with and without
      fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). METHOD: Twenty-two PM males
      (ages 26-80, 7 with FXTAS) and 24 matched controls with normal FMR1 alleles (ages
      26-77) completed cross-sectional assessments of subjective memory complaints
      (memory complaints questionnaire, MAC-Q), objective memory function (Logical
      Memory subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale, third edition), and psychiatric
      symptoms (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales; the Structured Clinical
      Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders). RESULTS: Although a greater proportion
      of PM males (36%) endorsed subjective memory complaints compared to controls
      (21%), formal statistical comparisons failed to reach significance. Multiple
      linear regression analyses revealed that subjective memory complaints were not
      associated with objective memory performance, but rather were predicted by
      elevated psychiatric symptoms. The relationship between psychiatric symptoms and
      subjective complaints found in the PM group was not statistically different to
      that found in the control group. There were no significant relationships between
      FMR1 molecular measures (CGG repeat length, FMR1 mRNA level) and measures of
      subjective memory complaints, objective memory performance, or psychiatric
      symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: In keeping with findings from the general population, this
      study suggests that subjective ratings of memory performance in PM males are
      associated with underlying psychological factors rather than cross-sectional
      objective memory function. However, future longitudinal studies are required to
      determine whether subjective memory complaints may predict changes in objective
      memory function over time.

PMID- 27355816
TI  - Oral Immunotherapy for Food Allergies.
AB  - Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a promising investigational therapy for food allergy.
      Clinical trials in peanut, milk, egg, and wheat allergy provide evidence that OIT
      can effectively desensitize a majority of individuals to a food allergen. While a
      portion of subjects demonstrate sustained unresponsiveness, the majority regain
      sensitivity with allergen avoidance. The safety and tolerability of OIT continue
      to limit its use in some patients. Virtually all studies report adverse reactions
      that are more frequent during dose escalation but may also occur during
      maintenance therapy. Recent studies have identified adjunctive therapies (such as
      omalizumab) which may mitigate adverse effects. There is a paucity of data on the
      long-term safety and efficacy of OIT. Further study is required before OIT is
      ready for routine clinical practice. This review is intended to provide the
      reader with an up-to-date understanding of OIT, including its mechanisms,
      efficacy, safety profile, and potential utility in clinical practice.

PMID- 27355817
TI  - How Big of a Problem is Analytic Error in Secondary Analyses of Survey Data?
AB  - Secondary analyses of survey data collected from large probability samples of
      persons or establishments further scientific progress in many fields. The complex
      design features of these samples improve data collection efficiency, but also
      require analysts to account for these features when conducting analysis.
      Unfortunately, many secondary analysts from fields outside of statistics,
      biostatistics, and survey methodology do not have adequate training in this area,
      and as a result may apply incorrect statistical methods when analyzing these
      survey data sets. This in turn could lead to the publication of incorrect
      inferences based on the survey data that effectively negate the resources
      dedicated to these surveys. In this article, we build on the results of a
      preliminary meta-analysis of 100 peer-reviewed journal articles presenting
      analyses of data from a variety of national health surveys, which suggested that
      analytic errors may be extremely prevalent in these types of investigations. We
      first perform a meta-analysis of a stratified random sample of 145 additional
      research products analyzing survey data from the Scientists and Engineers
      Statistical Data System (SESTAT), which describes features of the U.S. Science
      and Engineering workforce, and examine trends in the prevalence of analytic error
      across the decades used to stratify the sample. We once again find that analytic
      errors appear to be quite prevalent in these studies. Next, we present several
      example analyses of real SESTAT data, and demonstrate that a failure to perform
      these analyses correctly can result in substantially biased estimates with
      standard errors that do not adequately reflect complex sample design features.
      Collectively, the results of this investigation suggest that reviewers of this
      type of research need to pay much closer attention to the analytic methods
      employed by researchers attempting to publish or present secondary analyses of
      survey data. 

PMID- 27355818
TI  - Gender differences in posttraumatic stress symptoms and social support in a
      sample of HIV-positive individuals.
AB  - The aim of the authors of the present study was to investigate gender differences
      in the levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and social support in a
      Polish sample of HIV+ men (n = 613) and women (n = 230). This was an anonymous
      cross-sectional study, and participation was voluntary. The research
      questionnaires were distributed in paper form among patients of Warsaw's Hospital
      for Infectious Diseases from January to October 2015. The level of PTSS was
      assessed using the PTSD Factorial Version Inventory. Social support was assessed
      using the Berlin Social Support Scales. HIV+ women scored higher on all PTSS
      dimensions compared to HIV+ men. HIV+ women were characterized by a higher need
      for support and more support actually received compared to HIV+ men. We observed
      a positive association between HIV infection duration and AIDS phase and the
      global trauma score only among HIV+ men. The moderation analysis also revealed a
      positive relationship between actual received support and the global trauma score
      among HIV+ women only. Increased clinician awareness is needed about the role of
      PTSS and social support among people living with HIV, especially taking gender
      differences into account.

PMID- 27355819
TI  - 1,2,4,5-Tetramethoxybenzene Suppresses House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic
      Inflammation in BALB/c Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common allergic inflammatory skin
      disease. The activation of innate immunity by house dust mite (Dermatophagoides
      farinae extract, DFE) allergen plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD.
      We previously showed the inhibitory effect of an extract of Amomum xanthioides on
      allergic diseases, and isolated 1,2,4,5-tetramethoxybenzene (TMB) as a major
      active component. In this study, we investigated whether TMB relieves DFE-induced
      allergic inflammation symptoms. METHODS: We established a DFE-induced allergic
      inflammation model in BALB/c mice by repeated skin exposure to DFE. To define the
      underlying mechanisms of action, we used a tumor necrosis factor-alpha and
      interferon-x03B3;-activated human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) and mouse
      keratinocytes (3PC cell line) cell line model. RESULTS: Oral administration of
      TMB suppressed allergic inflammation symptoms, such as histopathological analysis
      and ear thickness, in addition to serum IgE, DFE-specific IgE and IgG2a levels.
      TMB decreased the serum histamine levels and tissue infiltration of inflammatory
      cells, including mast cells and eosinophils. TMB also inhibited CD4+IFN-x03B3;+,
      CD4+IL-4+, and CD4+IL-17A+ lymphocyte expansion in the draining lymph nodes and
      expression of the Th2 cytokines in the ear tissue. TMB significantly inhibited
      the expression of cytokines and chemokines by the downregulation of the mitogen
      activated protein kinases and nuclear factor of activated cytoplasmic T cells in
      HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS: TMB improved DFE-induced allergic inflammation by
      suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our
      results suggest that TMB might be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.

PMID- 27355820
TI  - Statement of the Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group Regarding Payments to
      Families of Deceased Organ Donors.
AB  - Governmental and private programs that pay next of kin who give permission for
      the removal of their deceased relative's organs for transplantation exist in a
      number of countries. Such payments, which may be given to the relatives or paid
      directly for funeral expenses or hospital bills unrelated to being a donor, aim
      to increase the rate of donation. The Declaration of Istanbul Custodian Group-in
      alignment with the World Health Organization Guiding Principles and the Council
      of Europe Convention Against Trafficking in Human Organs-has adopted a new policy
      statement opposing such practices. Payment programs are unwise because they
      produce a lower rate of donations than in countries with voluntary, unpaid
      programs; associate deceased donation with being poor and marginal in society;
      undermine public trust in the determination of death; and raise doubts about fair
      allocation of organs. Most important, allowing families to receive money for
      donation from a deceased person, who is at no risk of harm, will make it
      impossible to sustain prohibitions on paying living donors, who are at risk.
      Payment programs are also unethical. Tying coverage for funeral expenses or
      healthcare costs to a family allowing organs to be procured is exploitative, not
      "charitable." Using payment to overcome reluctance to donate based on cultural or
      religious beliefs especially offends principles of liberty and dignity. Finally,
      while it is appropriate to make donation "financially neutral"-by reimbursing the
      added medical costs of evaluating and maintaining a patient as a potential donor
      such reimbursement may never be conditioned on a family agreeing to donate. 

PMID- 27355822
TI  - Admission Plasma Troponin I Is Associated With Mortality in Pediatric Intensive
      Care.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Assessment of whether admission plasma troponin I level is associated
      with mortality or requirement for vasoactive drugs in pediatric intensive care.
      DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Single centre, tertiary referral
      general PICU, without a cardiac surgical program. PATIENTS: Three hundred and
      nineteen patients 0-18 years old in two cohorts. Cohort 1 was admitted between
      January 2009 and September 2012 and the cohort 2 between April 2014 and April
      2015. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Plasma troponin I was
      measured in patients in cohort 1 only if the attending physician ordered the test
      due to clinical concern regarding myocardial injury. The second cohort had plasma
      troponin I routinely measured at admission. The primary outcome was death during
      PICU admission, and the secondary outcome was maximum inotrope requirement during
      PICU stay, measured by Vasoactive Inotrope Score. Plasma troponin I was a
      discriminator for mortality in both cohorts (area under the receiver-operating
      characteristic curve of 0.73 and 0.86 in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively). In an
      adjusted analysis using Cox regression, accounting for Pediatric Index of
      Mortality 2 risk of mortality and age, elevated plasma troponin I was
      significantly associated with death in both cohorts (hazard ratio, 4.99; p =
      0.033; hazard ratio, 10.5; p = 0.026 in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively). Elevated
      plasma troponin I was only associated with increased Vasoactive Inotrope Score
      following multivariate analysis in the cohort 2. CONCLUSIONS: Detectable plasma
      troponin I at admission to PICU is independently associated with death. The
      utility of troponin I as a stratification biomarker requires further evaluation.

PMID- 27355821
TI  - Characterizing Blood Metabolomics Profiles Associated with Self-Reported Food
      Intakes in Female Twins.
AB  - Using dietary biomarkers in nutritional epidemiological studies may better
      capture exposure and improve the level at which diet-disease associations can be
      established and explored. Here, we aimed to identify and evaluate reproducibility
      of novel biomarkers of reported habitual food intake using targeted and non
      targeted metabolomic blood profiling in a large twin cohort. Reported intakes of
      71 food groups, determined by FFQ, were assessed against 601 fasting blood
      metabolites in over 3500 adult female twins from the TwinsUK cohort. For each
      metabolite, linear regression analysis was undertaken in the discovery group
      (excluding MZ twin pairs discordant [>=1 SD apart] for food group intake) with
      each food group as a predictor adjusting for age, batch effects, BMI, family
      relatedness and multiple testing (1.17x10-6 = 0.05/[71 food groups x 601 detected
      metabolites]). Significant results were then replicated (non-targeted: P<0.05;
      targeted: same direction) in the MZ discordant twin group and results from both
      analyses meta-analyzed. We identified and replicated 180 significant associations
      with 39 food groups (P<1.17x10-6), overall consisting of 106 different
      metabolites (74 known and 32 unknown), including 73 novel associations. In
      particular we identified trans-4-hydroxyproline as a potential marker of red meat
      intake (0.075[0.009]; P = 1.08x10-17), ergothioneine as a marker of mushroom
      consumption (0.181[0.019]; P = 5.93x10-22), and three potential markers of fruit
      consumption (top association: apple and pears): including metabolites derived
      from gut bacterial transformation of phenolic compounds, 3-phenylpropionate
      (0.024[0.004]; P = 1.24x10-8) and indolepropionate (0.026[0.004]; P = 2.39x10-9),
      and threitol (0.033[0.003]; P = 1.69x10-21). With the largest nutritional
      metabolomics dataset to date, we have identified 73 novel candidate biomarkers of
      food intake for potential use in nutritional epidemiological studies. We compiled
      our findings into the DietMetab database (http://www.twinsuk.ac.uk/dietmetab
      data/), an online tool to investigate our top associations. 

PMID- 27355824
TI  - Factors Associated With Mortality in Neonates Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane
      Oxygenation for Cardiac Indications: Analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support
      Organization Registry Data.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Survival among neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation for cardiac indications is 39%. Previous single-center studies have
      identified factors associated with mortality, but a comprehensive multivariate
      analysis is not available for this population. Understanding factors associated
      with mortality may help design treatment strategies, determine optimal timing for
      cannulation, and inform patient selection. This study identifies factors
      associated with mortality in neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation for cardiac indications. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING:
      Two hundred and thirty U.S. and international centers reporting extracorporeal
      membrane oxygenation data to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization.
      SUBJECTS: Four thousand and four seventy one neonates with congenital and
      acquired cardiac disease supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for
      cardiac indications during 2001-2011. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND
      RESULTS: The primary outcome measure was mortality prior to hospital discharge.
      Overall hospital mortality was 59%. Demographic and preextracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation factors associated with mortality were evaluated in a multivariable
      model. Factors associated with death prior to hospital discharge included lower
      body weight, earlier era, single ventricle physiology, lower preextracorporeal
      membrane oxygenation arterial pH, and longer time from intubation to
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation. Lower pH was associated with
      increased mortality regardless of cardiac diagnosis and surgical complexity. The
      majority of survivors separated from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation less
      than 8 days after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation deployment. CONCLUSIONS:
      Mortality for neonates supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for
      cardiac indications is high. Severity of preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      acidosis was independently associated with increased risk of mortality. Earlier
      initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may reduce the degree and
      duration of acidosis and may improve survival. Further studies are needed to
      determine optimal timing of cannulation in this population.

PMID- 27355823
TI  - Comparison of Intraoperative Aminophylline Versus Furosemide in Treatment of
      Oliguria During Pediatric Cardiac Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine if intraoperative aminophylline was superior to
      furosemide to prevent or attenuate postoperative cardiac surgery-associated acute
      kidney injury. DESIGN: Single-center, historical control, retrospective cohort
      study. SETTING: PICU, university-affiliated children's hospital. PATIENTS:
      Children with congenital heart disease in PICU who received furosemide or
      aminophylline to treat intraoperative oliguria. INTERVENTIONS: Intraoperative
      oliguria was treated either with furosemide (September 2007 to February 2012) or
      with aminophylline (February 2012 to June 2013). The postoperative 48 hours renal
      outcomes of the aminophylline group were compared with the furosemide group. The
      primary outcomes were acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy use at 48
      hours postoperatively. Surgical complexity was accounted for by the use of Risk
      Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 score. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
      The study involves 69 months of observation. There were 200 cases younger than 21
      years old reviewed for this study. Eighty-five cases (42.5%) developed acute
      kidney injury. The aminophylline group patients produced significantly more urine
      (mL/kg/hr) during the first 8 hours postoperatively than furosemide patients (5.1
      vs 3.4 mL/kg/hr; p = 0.01). The urine output at 48 hours postoperatively was
      similar between the two groups. There was no difference in acute kidney injury
      incidence at 48 hours between the aminophylline and furosemide groups (38% vs
      47%, respectively; p = 0.29). Fewer aminophylline group subjects required renal
      replacement therapy compared to the furosemide group subjects (n = 1 vs 7,
      respectively; p = 0.03). In the multi-variant predictive model, intraoperative
      aminophylline infusion was noted as a negative predictive factor for renal
      replacement therapy, but not for cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury.
      CONCLUSION: The intraoperative use of aminophylline was more effective than
      furosemide in reversal of oliguria in the early postoperative period. There were
      less renal replacement therapy-requiring acute kidney injury in children in the
      aminophylline group. Future prospective studies of intraoperative aminophylline
      to prevent cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury may be warranted.

PMID- 27355825
TI  - A Pediatric Sedation Protocol for Mechanically Ventilated Patients Requires
      Sustenance Beyond Implementation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To reevaluate the effect of a nursing-driven sedation protocol for
      mechanically ventilated patients on analgesic and sedative medication dosing
      durations. We hypothesized that lack of continued quality improvement efforts
      results in increased sedation exposure, as well as mechanical ventilation days,
      and ICU length of stay. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, uncontrolled before-after
      study. SETTING: Forty-five-bed tertiary care, medical-surgical-cardiac PICU in a
      metropolitan university-affiliated children's hospital. PATIENTS: Children
      requiring mechanical ventilation longer than 48 hours not meeting exclusion
      criteria. INTERVENTIONS: During both the intervention and postintervention
      periods, analgesia and sedation were managed by nurses following an algorithm
      based sedation protocol with a targeted comfort score. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN
      RESULTS: The intervention cohort includes patients admitted during a 12-month
      period following initial protocol implementation in 2008-2009 (n = 166). The
      postintervention cohort includes patients meeting identical inclusion and
      exclusion criteria admitted during a 12-month period in 2012-2013 (n = 93).
      Median duration of total sedation days (IV plus enteral) was 5 days for the
      intervention period and 10 days for the postintervention period (p < 0.0001). The
      postintervention cohort received longer duration of mechanical ventilation (6 vs
      5 d; p = 0.0026) and ICU length of stay (10 vs 8.5 d; p = 0.0543). After
      adjusting for illness severity and cardiac and surgical status, Cox proportional
      hazards regression analysis demonstrated that at any point in time, patients in
      the postintervention group were 58% more likely to be receiving sedation (hazard
      ratio, 1.58; p < 0.001) and 34% more likely to remain in the ICU (hazard ratio,
      1.34; p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Sedation quality improvement measures related to
      the use of opiate infusions, total days of sedation exposure, PICU length of
      stay, and mechanical ventilation days all deteriorated following initial
      successful implementation of a PICU sedation protocol. Implementation of a
      protocol alone may not lead to sustained quality improvement without routine
      monitoring and ongoing education to ensure effectiveness.

PMID- 27355826
TI  - Storage and Drainage Characteristics of a Highly Heterogeneous Karst Aquifer in
      Houzhai Basin.
AB  - The characteristics of karst aquifers are difficult to be determined due to their
      heterogeneous physical properties and lack of hydrogeological information. In
      this case study, we applied two methods for a comparative analysis of storage and
      drainage characteristics in upstream, midstream, and downstream of Houzhai cave
      stream basin. In the first method, Minimum Smoothed Method (MSM) is used to
      determine the proportion of baseflow to the total flow (Baseflow Index, BFI). In
      the second method, a bicarbonate-base two-end member mixing model is used to
      quantify the slow flow component and fast flow component. For both methods, slow
      flow and quick flow are quantified at three sampling sites, which provide useful
      information for the analysis of storage and drainage characteristics. The results
      from flow separation method and hydrogeochemical analysis show a consistently
      increasing trend of the proportion of slow flow to total flow from the upstream
      to downstream which indicates that the voids of highly conductive conduits and
      well-connected fissures decrease along the flow paths in the Houzhai cave stream
      basin in southwest China. The upstream areas have a low proportion of baseflow
      which indicates a high drainage capacity due to high permeable conduits and well
      connected fissures. The downstream areas, on the contrary, have a high proportion
      of baseflow which indicates a high storage capacity and slow infiltration due to
      the predominant presence of matrix and poorly-connected fissures. These numerical
      methods provide alternative ways to investigate the storage and drainage
      characteristics of karst aquifers where direct measurement are not available.

PMID- 27355828
TI  - Chorioamnionitis and Five-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Preterm Infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chorioamnionitis, a risk factor for preterm delivery, has been
      suggested to be associated with suboptimal neurological development in premature
      infants. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between chorioamnionitis and
      neurodevelopment in preterm infants at 5 years of age. Methods Very low birth
      weight and very low gestational age infants (n = 197) were recruited. Placental
      samples (n = 117) were evaluated for histological chorioamnionitis. Fetal
      histological chorioamnionitis was analyzed as a subgroup. The diagnosis of
      clinical chorioamnionitis was derived from medical records. Neurodevelopmental
      impairments were evaluated at 2 years of age, and cognitive development (n = 188)
      and neuropsychological performance (n = 193) were evaluated at 5 years of age.
      RESULTS: There were no associations between histological or clinical
      chorioamnionitis and neurodevelopmental impairments at 2 years of age. Clinical
      chorioamnionitis and fetal histological chorioamnionitis were not associated with
      cognitive development or neuropsychological performance, but histological
      chorioamnionitis was associated with poorer cognitive outcome (regression
      coefficient = -7.22, 95% CI: -14.31 to -0.13) and weaker memory and learning
      functions (regression coefficient = -1.29, 95% CI: -2.40 to -0.18) at 5 years of
      age. CONCLUSION: Our study findings do not support clinical chorioamnionitis
      having a major independent role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental
      problems in very preterm infants. Histological chorioamnionitis was associated
      with slightly less optimal performance at 5 years of age, but further studies are
      needed to verify the clinical significance of these findings.

PMID- 27355827
TI  - A Conserved MicroRNA Regulatory Circuit Is Differentially Controlled during
      Limb/Appendage Regeneration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although regenerative capacity is evident throughout the animal
      kingdom, it is not equally distributed throughout evolution. For instance,
      complex limb/appendage regeneration is muted in mammals but enhanced in
      amphibians and teleosts. The defining characteristic of limb/appendage
      regenerative systems is the formation of a dedifferentiated tissue, termed
      blastema, which serves as the progenitor reservoir for regenerating tissues. In
      order to identify a genetic signature that accompanies blastema formation, we
      employ next-generation sequencing to identify shared, differentially regulated
      mRNAs and noncoding RNAs in three different, highly regenerative animal systems:
      zebrafish caudal fins, bichir pectoral fins and axolotl forelimbs. RESULTS: These
      studies identified a core group of 5 microRNAs (miRNAs) that were commonly
      upregulated and 5 miRNAs that were commonly downregulated, as well as 4 novel
      tRNAs fragments with sequences conserved with humans. To understand the potential
      function of these miRNAs, we built a network of 1,550 commonly differentially
      expressed mRNAs that had functional relationships to 11 orthologous blastema
      associated genes. As miR-21 was the most highly upregulated and most highly
      expressed miRNA in all three models, we validated the expression of known target
      genes, including the tumor suppressor, pdcd4, and TGFbeta receptor subunit,
      tgfbr2 and novel putative target genes such as the anti-apoptotic factor,
      bcl2l13, Choline kinase alpha, chka and the regulator of G-protein signaling,
      rgs5. CONCLUSIONS: Our extensive analysis of RNA-seq transcriptome profiling
      studies in three regenerative animal models, that diverged in evolution ~420
      million years ago, reveals a common miRNA-regulated genetic network of blastema
      genes. These comparative studies extend our current understanding of
      limb/appendage regeneration by identifying previously unassociated blastema genes
      and the extensive regulation by miRNAs, which could serve as a foundation for
      future functional studies to examine the process of natural cellular
      reprogramming in an injury context.

PMID- 27355829
TI  - Renewability is not Enough: Recent Advances in the Sustainable Synthesis of
      Biomass-Derived Monomers and Polymers.
AB  - Taking advantage of the structural diversity of different biomass resources,
      recent efforts were directed towards the synthesis of renewable monomers and
      polymers, either for the substitution of petroleum-based resources or for the
      design of novel polymers. Not only the use of biomass, but also the development
      of sustainable chemical approaches is a crucial aspect for the production of
      sustainable materials. This review discusses the recent examples of chemical
      modifications and polymerizations of abundant biomass resources with a clear
      focus on the sustainability of the described processes. Topics such as synthetic
      methodology, catalysis, and development of new solvent systems or greener
      alternative reagents are addressed. The chemistry of vegetable oil derivatives,
      terpenes, lignin, carbohydrates, and sugar-based platform chemicals was selected
      to highlight the trends in the active field of a sustainable use of renewable
      resources. 

PMID- 27355831
TI  - Rare-earth-free white emitting Ba2TiP2O9 phosphor: revealing its crystal
      structure and photoluminescence properties.
AB  - A high intensity bluish-white emitting Ba2TiP2O9 phosphor was synthesized by a
      conventional solid-state reaction method and the precise crystal structure was
      investigated for the first time by Rietveld refinement analysis. Ba2TiP2O9 has a
      monoclinic crystal structure with a space group C2/c (no. 15), which is built out
      of PO4 tetrahedra and TiO5 pyramidal polyhedra connected to form a chain
      structure along the c-axis. The emission of Ba2TiP2O9 is due to a charge transfer
      transition between Ti(4+)-O(2-) in the pyramidal TiO5. The obtained Ba2TiP2O9 was
      excited efficiently by UV and VUV and displayed a bright bluish-white
      luminescence. 

PMID- 27355830
TI  - Postural Stability of Patients with Schizophrenia during Challenging Sensory
      Conditions: Implication of Sensory Integration for Postural Control.
AB  - Postural dysfunctions are prevalent in patients with schizophrenia and affect
      their daily life and ability to work. In addition, sensory functions and sensory
      integration that are crucial for postural control are also compromised. This
      study intended to examine how patients with schizophrenia coordinate multiple
      sensory systems to maintain postural stability in dynamic sensory conditions.
      Twenty-nine patients with schizophrenia and 32 control subjects were recruited.
      Postural stability of the participants was examined in six sensory conditions of
      different level of congruency of multiple sensory information, which was based on
      combinations of correct, removed, or conflicting sensory inputs from visual,
      somatosensory, and vestibular systems. The excursion of the center of pressure
      was measured by posturography. Equilibrium scores were derived to indicate the
      range of anterior-posterior (AP) postural sway, and sensory ratios were
      calculated to explore ability to use sensory information to maintain balance. The
      overall AP postural sway was significantly larger for patients with schizophrenia
      compared to the controls [patients (69.62+/-8.99); controls (76.53+/-7.47); t1,59
      = -3.28, p<0.001]. The results of mixed-model ANOVAs showed a significant
      interaction between the group and sensory conditions [F5,295 = 5.55, p<0.001].
      Further analysis indicated that AP postural sway was significantly larger for
      patients compared to the controls in conditions containing unreliable
      somatosensory information either with visual deprivation or with conflicting
      visual information. Sensory ratios were not significantly different between
      groups, although small and non-significant difference in inefficiency to utilize
      vestibular information was also noted. No significant correlations were found
      between postural stability and clinical characteristics. To sum up, patients with
      schizophrenia showed increased postural sway and a higher rate of falls during
      challenging sensory conditions, which was independent of clinical
      characteristics. Patients further demonstrated similar pattern and level of
      utilizing sensory information to maintain balance compared to the controls. 

PMID- 27355832
TI  - Drug List as a Cognitive Support to Provide Detailed Information on a Patient's
      Drug Use: A Comparison of Two Methods Within the Assessment of Drug Misuse and
      Dependence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is important to identify the type of drugs a patient has used,
      especially when polydrug misuse has increased and new drugs and patterns of
      misuse are quickly spread. OBJECTIVES: In order to acquire sufficient information
      about drug use, an effective and simple form of mapping is needed. METHODS:
      Persons actualized for Opioid Substitution Treatment (n = 135) were interviewed
      about their drug-history in a two-stage model. First, they were asked to write
      down the drugs misused, and dot those injected with a felt pen. Second, they were
      asked to do the same on a drug list provided as a cognitive support. For a
      subsample of 50 persons, the drug list included four fictive drugs to evaluate
      possible over-reporting. RESULTS: The use of a drug list did not take longer than
      the traditional way of using open questions, i.e. about 5-8 minutes. Using a drug
      list gave a cognitive support resulting in a much higher proportion/number of
      reported drugs. The majority, 97%, used more than one drug. None of the patients
      who were given the drug list that included fictive drug names reported having
      used any of them. The respondents reported 43 additional substances to the 125
      given on the list which improve our knowledge of the drug scene.
      CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: Using a drug-list was superior to open questions; it does
      not take more time and provides additional, clinically relevant information than
      open questions. Using a drug-list also gives improved knowledge of new drugs
      entering the local drug scene.

PMID- 27355833
TI  - Antibacterial and Solubility Optimization of Thiomuracin A.
AB  - Synthetic studies of the antimicrobial secondary metabolite thiomuracin A (1)
      provided access to analogues in the Northern region (C2-C10). Selective
      hydrolysis of the C10 amide of lead compound 2 and subsequent derivatization led
      to novel carbon- and nitrogen-linked analogues (e.g., 3) which improved
      antibacterial potency across a panel of Gram-positive organisms. In addition,
      congeners with improved physicochemical properties were identified which proved
      efficacious in murine sepsis and hamster C. difficile models of disease. Optimal
      efficacy in the hamster model of C. difficile was achieved with compounds that
      possessed both potent antibacterial activity and high aqueous solubility.

PMID- 27355835
TI  - The influence of image content on oculomotor plasticity.
AB  - When we observe a scene, we shift our gaze to different points of interest via
      saccadic eye movements. Saccades provide high resolution views of objects and are
      essential for vision. The successful view of an interesting target might
      constitute a rewarding experience to the oculomotor system. We measured the
      influence of image content on learning efficiency in saccade control. We compared
      meaningful pictures to luminance and spatial frequency-matched random noise
      images in a saccadic adaptation paradigm. In this paradigm a shift of the target
      during the saccades results in a gradual increase of saccade amplitude. Stimuli
      were masked at different times after saccade onset. For immediate masking of the
      stimuli, as well as for their permanent visibility, saccadic adaptation was
      similar for both types of targets. However, when stimuli were masked 200 ms after
      saccade onset, adaptation of saccades directed toward the meaningful target
      stimuli was significantly greater than that of saccades directed toward noise
      targets. Thus, the percept of a meaningful image at the saccade landing position
      facilitates learning of the appropriate parameters for saccadic motor control
      when time constraints exist. We conclude that oculomotor learning, which is
      traditionally considered a low-level and highly automatized process, is modulated
      by the visual content of the image.

PMID- 27355834
TI  - Specific Deficit in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning following Spinal Cord
      Injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physical and psychosocial rehabilitation following spinal cord injury
      (SCI) leans heavily on learning and practicing new skills. However, despite
      research relating motor sequence learning to spinal cord activity and clinical
      observations of impeded skill-learning after SCI, implicit procedural learning
      following spinal cord damage has not been examined. OBJECTIVE: To test the
      hypothesis that spinal cord injury (SCI) in the absence of concomitant brain
      injury is associated with a specific implicit motor sequence learning deficit
      that cannot be explained by depression or impairments in other cognitive
      measures. METHODS: Ten participants with SCI in T1-T11, unharmed upper limb motor
      and sensory functioning, and no concomitant brain injury were compared to ten
      matched control participants on measures derived from the serial reaction time
      (SRT) task, which was used to assess implicit motor sequence learning. Explicit
      generation of the SRT sequence, depression, and additional measures of learning,
      memory, and intelligence were included to explore the source and specificity of
      potential learning deficits. RESULTS: There was no between-group difference in
      baseline reaction time, indicating that potential differences between the
      learning curves of the two groups could not be attributed to an overall reduction
      in response speed in the SCI group. Unlike controls, the SCI group showed no
      decline in reaction time over the first six blocks of the SRT task and no
      advantage for the initially presented sequence over the novel interference
      sequence. Meanwhile, no group differences were found in explicit learning,
      depression, or any additional cognitive measures. CONCLUSIONS: The dissociation
      between impaired implicit learning and intact declarative memory represents novel
      empirical evidence of a specific implicit procedural learning deficit following
      SCI, with broad implications for rehabilitation and adjustment.

PMID- 27355836
TI  - Should Professionals Attend the Funeral?

PMID- 27355838
TI  - "Smoking Is Sooo ... Sandals and White Socks": Co-Creation of a Dutch Anti
      Smoking Campaign to Change Social Norms.
AB  - This article considers co-creation as a new persuasive strategy in health
      campaigns. Co-creation enables target audience members to become active campaign
      producers. A recent Dutch anti-smoking campaign applied co-creation, inviting the
      target audience to complete the slogan "smoking is sooo . . . " with something
      outdated on social networking sites (SNSs) like Facebook and Twitter to stress
      non-smoking as the new social norm. From a corpus-linguistic perspective, we
      investigated how the slogans from the target audience resonated with or deviated
      from the campaign's original message. In general, the target audience slogans
      followed the campaign's approach, but on the SNSs, differences were found
      regarding the valence, type of utterance, and domain to which smoking was
      compared. The target audience frequently compared smoking with other
      (inter)personal social norms. Co-creation thus provides the target audience with
      an opportunity to disseminate campaign messages from their own perspective, but
      at the same time a co-creation strategy risks diluting the intended campaign
      message.

PMID- 27355837
TI  - Clinical and genetic characterization of a large primary open angle glaucoma
      pedigree.
AB  - PURPOSE: To both characterize the clinical features of large primary open angle
      glaucoma (POAG) pedigree from a village in southern India and to investigate the
      genetic basis of their disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four members of a
      large pedigree received complete eye examinations including slit lamp
      examination, tonometry, gonioscopy, and ophthalmoscopy. Some were further studied
      with perimetry. Those diagnosed with POAG were tested for disease-causing
      mutations in the myocilin and optineurin genes with Sanger sequencing. RESULTS:
      Fourteen of 84 family members were diagnosed with POAG, while eight were
      clinically judged to be POAG-suspects. The family structure and the pattern of
      glaucoma in the pedigree are complex. Features of glaucoma in this pedigree
      include relatively early age at diagnosis (mean 50 +/- 14 years) and maximum
      intraocular pressures ranging from 14 to 36 mm Hg with a mean of 23 mm Hg +/- 6.5
      mm Hg. Patients had an average central corneal thickness (mean 529 +/- 37.8
      microns) and moderate cup-to-disc ratios (0.74 +/- 0.14). No mutations were
      detected in myocilin, optineurin, or TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1). CONCLUSIONS:
      We report a five-generation pedigree with a complex pattern of POAG inheritance
      that includes 22 POAG patients and glaucoma suspects. Although the familial
      clustering of POAG in this pedigree is consistent with dominant inheritance of a
      glaucoma-causing gene, mutations were not detected in genes previously associated
      with autosomal dominant glaucoma, suggesting the involvement of a novel disease
      causing gene in this pedigree.

PMID- 27355839
TI  - Electrochemical Red Blood Cell Counting: One at a Time.
AB  - We demonstrate that the concentration of a red blood cell solution under
      physiological conditions can be determined by electrochemical voltammetry. The
      magnitude of the oxygen reduction currents produced at an edge-plane pyrolytic
      graphite electrode was diagnosed analytically at concentrations suitable for a
      point-of-care test device. The currents could be further enhanced when the
      solution of red blood cells was exposed to hydrogen peroxide. We show that the
      enhanced signal can be used to detect red blood cells at a single entity level.
      The method presented relies on the catalytic activity of red blood cells towards
      hydrogen peroxide and on surface-induced haemolysis. Each single cell activity is
      expressed as current spikes decaying within a few seconds back to the background
      current. The frequency of such current spikes is proportional to the
      concentration of cells in solution.

PMID- 27355840
TI  - Dynamic PET Measures of Tau Accumulation in Cognitively Normal Older Adults and
      Alzheimer's Disease Patients Measured Using [18F] THK-5351.
AB  - BACKGROUND: [18F]THK5351, a recently-developed positron emission tomography (PET)
      tracer for measuring tau neurofibrillary tangle accumulation, may help
      researchers examine aging, disease, and tau pathology in living human brains. We
      examined THK5351 tracer pharmacokinetics to define an optimal acquisition time
      for static late images. METHODS: Primary measurements were calculation of
      regional values of distribution volume ratios (DVR) and standardized uptake value
      ratios (SUVR) in 6 healthy older control and 10 Alzheimer's disease (AD)
      participants. We examined associations between DVR and SUVR, searching for a 20
      min SUVR time window that was stable and comparable to DVR. We additionally
      examined diagnostic group differences in this 20 min SUVR. RESULTS: In healthy
      controls, [18F]THK5351 uptake was low, with increased temporal relative to
      frontal binding. In AD, regional uptake was substantially higher than in healthy
      controls, with temporal exceeding frontal binding. Retention in cerebellar gray
      matter, which was used as the reference region, was low compared to other
      regions. Both DVR and SUVR values showed minimal change over time after 40 min.
      SUVR 20-40, 30-50, and 40-60 min were most consistently correlated with DVR; SUVR
      40-60 min, the most stable time window, was used in further analyses. Significant
      (AD > healthy control) group differences existed in temporoparietal regions, with
      marginal medial temporal differences. We found high basal ganglia SUVR 40-60 min
      signal, with no group differences. CONCLUSIONS: We examined THK5351, a new PET
      tracer for measuring tau accumulation, and compared multiple analysis methods for
      quantifying regional tracer uptake. SUVR 40-60 min performed optimally when
      examining 20 min SUVR windows, and appears to be a practical method for
      quantifying relative regional tracer retention. The results of this study offer
      clinical potential, given the usefulness of THK5351-PET as a biomarker of tau
      pathology in aging and disease.

PMID- 27355842
TI  - The Solar System of Forking Paths: Bifurcations in Planetary Evolution and the
      Search for Life-Bearing Planets in Our Galaxy.

PMID- 27355843
TI  - Atomic Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayer of Thiolates on a Tetragonal Au92
      Nanocrystal.
AB  - Unveiling the ligand binding mode on the crystalline surfaces is important for
      deciphering the long-standing structural enigma in self-assembled monolayers
      (SAMs). Here, the binding and patterning structures of thiolates (SR) on the
      Au(100) crystalline facet are revealed on the basis of the atomic structure of a
      highly regular, single crystalline Au92(SR)44 nanocrystal. The six exposed facets
      of this tetragonal nanocrystal give rise to six pieces of "nanoSAMs". We found
      that thiolates bind to the planar (100) facets of the nanocrystal via a simple
      bridge-like mode and are assembled into an overlayer with c(2 * 2) symmetry. The
      Au-S binding mode and translational symmetry in the kernel and on the surface of
      the Au92 nanocrystal can be generalized infinitely to construct the bulk two
      dimensional SAMs and various tetragonal nanocrystals.

PMID- 27355841
TI  - Convergent Mechanistic Features between the Structurally Diverse N- and O
      Methyltransferases: Glycine N-Methyltransferase and Catechol O-Methyltransferase.
AB  - Although an enormous and still growing number of biologically diverse
      methyltransferases have been reported and identified, a comprehensive
      understanding of the enzymatic methyl transfer mechanism is still lacking.
      Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), a member of the family that acts on small
      metabolites as the substrate, catalyzes methyl transfer from S-adenosyl-l
      methionine (AdoMet) to glycine to form S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine and sarcosine.
      We report primary carbon ((12)C/(14)C) and secondary ((1)H3/(3)H3) kinetic
      isotope effects at the transferred methyl group, together with (1)H3/(3)H3
      binding isotope effects for wild-type GNMT and a series of Tyr21 mutants. The
      data implicate a compaction effect in the methyl transfer step that is conferred
      by the protein structure. Furthermore, a remarkable similarity of properties is
      observed between GNMT and catechol O-methyltransferase, despite significant
      differences between these enzymes with regard to their active site structures and
      catalyzed reactions. We attribute these results to a catalytically relevant
      reduction in the methyl donor-acceptor distance that is dependent on a tyrosine
      side chain positioned behind the methyl-bearing sulfur of AdoMet.

PMID- 27355844
TI  - The influence of specimen thickness and alignment on the material and failure
      properties of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofiber mats.
AB  - Electrospinning is a versatile fabrication technique that has been recently
      expanded to create nanofibrous structures that mimic ECM topography. Like many
      materials, electrospun constructs are typically characterized on a smaller scale,
      and scaled up for various applications. This established practice is based on the
      assumption that material properties, such as toughness, failure stress and
      strain, are intrinsic to the material, and thus will not be influenced by
      specimen geometry. However, we hypothesized that the material and failure
      properties of electrospun nanofiber mats vary with specimen thickness. To test
      this, we mechanically characterized polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber mats of
      three different thicknesses in response to constant rate elongation to failure.
      To identify if any observed thickness-dependence could be attributed to fiber
      alignment, such as the effects of fiber reorientation during elongation, these
      tests were performed in mats with either random or aligned nanofiber orientation.
      Contrary to our hypothesis, the failure strain was conserved across the different
      thicknesses, indicating similar maximal elongation for specimens of different
      thickness. However, in both the aligned and randomly oriented groups, the
      ultimate tensile stress, short-range modulus, yield modulus, and toughness all
      decreased with increasing mat thickness, thereby indicating that these are not
      intrinsic material properties. These findings have important implications in
      engineered scaffolds for fibrous and soft tissue applications (e.g., tendon,
      ligament, muscle, and skin), where such oversights could result in unwanted
      laxity or reduced resistance to failure. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J
      Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2794-2800, 2016.

PMID- 27355845
TI  - Silicon in broiler drinking water promotes bone development in broiler chickens.
AB  - Skeletal abnormalities, bone deformities and fractures cause significant losses
      in broiler production during both rearing and processing. Silicon is an essential
      mineral for bone and connective tissue synthesis and for calcium absorption
      during the early stages of bone formation. Performance was not affected by the
      addition of silicon. However, broilers receiving silicon showed a significant
      increase of phosphorus, zinc, copper, manganese and ash in the tibia. In
      conclusion, broiler performance was not impaired by adding the tested silicon
      product to the drinking water. In addition, bone development improved, as
      demonstrated by higher mineral and ash content. Further studies are required to
      determine the optimal concentration of silicon, including heat stress
      simulations, to better understand the effects of silicon on bone development.

PMID- 27355846
TI  - 18F-FDG PET/CT and Melanoma: Value of Fourth and Subsequent Posttherapy Follow-up
      Scans for Patient Management.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the added value of performing fourth and subsequent
      follow-up F-FDG-PET/CT scans to clinical assessment and impact on the patient's
      management in patients with melanoma. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of
      232 biopsy-proven melanoma patients who underwent F-FDG-PET/CT scans. Of these,
      71 patients had 4 or more follow-up F-FDG-PET/CT scans after completion of
      primary treatment, with a total of 246 fourth or subsequent follow-up PET/CT
      scans. The added value of each follow-up PET/CT scan to the patient's clinical
      assessment and treatment management was established. Kaplan-Meier plots with a
      Mantel-Cox log-rank test were used to establish the patient's overall survival.
      RESULTS: Of the 246 fourth and subsequent follow-up PET/CT scans, 61% (150/246)
      were negative for malignancy, and 39.0% (96/246) were positive for
      recurrence/metastases. FDG-PET/CT was helpful in identifying malignancy in 6.5%
      of the scans performed without prior clinical suspicion, which ruled out
      malignancy in 28.5% of the scans obtained with prior clinical signs suggestive of
      recurrence or for secondary therapy assessment. The PET/CT scan resulted in
      change of the patient's management in approximately 16.7% (41/246) of the scans.
      Change in management was significantly greater in patients whose scans were done
      with prior clinical signs suggestive of malignancy, or for therapy assessment
      than without prior clinical suspicion (29.3% vs 4.1%; P < 0.0001). Statistically
      significant difference was seen in the overall survival between patients with at
      least 1 positive and all negative fourth and subsequent follow-up PET/CT scans at
      patient level (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The fourth and subsequent F-FDG-PET/CT
      scans obtained after completion of primary treatment added value to clinical
      assessment in patients with melanoma. Patients with clinical signs suggestive of
      recurrence or metastases or being monitored for treatment response are more
      likely to benefit from the fourth or subsequent FDG PET/CT than those without
      prior clinical suspicion.

PMID- 27355847
TI  - Adrenal Metastasis of a Poorly Differentiated Adenocarcinoma Mimicking a
      Pheochromocytoma on 18F-FDOPA PET/CT.
AB  - We report the surprising intense uptake of F-FDOPA in a right adrenal metastasis
      of a poorly differentiated metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary mimicking
      a pheochromocytoma in a hemodialyzed patient with the typical Menard's triad and
      increased serum catecholamines. Our observation emphasizes that F-FDOPA is not a
      specific radiotracer for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma investigation,
      although it is currently and successfully used in this clinical setting.
      Moreover, we underline that kidney failure may be responsible for abnormally high
      serum catecholamines values even in subjects without pheochromocytoma, leading to
      erroneous diagnostic conclusions particularly in patients with adrenal masses. 

PMID- 27355848
TI  - A Patient With Metastatic Sarcoma was Successfully Treated With Radiolabeled
      Somatostatin Analogs.
AB  - We present a sarcoma patient with a tumor reduction of more than 50% in lung
      metastasis after 2 single courses of the investigational medical product
      Lutathera (Lu-DOTA0-Tyr3-octreotate). She was resistant to more than 6 lines of
      therapy including all the available active drugs in soft tissue sarcomas. The
      high expression of somatostatin receptors was shown by microarrays and
      Octreoscan. The overall duration of response exceeded 1 year. 

PMID- 27355849
TI  - Epididymal Metastasis of Prostate Cancer Detected With 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT.
AB  - Here, we report on a 73-year-old man with a biochemical relapse (PSA level, 1.1
      ng/mL) 8 years after radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. Four years after
      primary diagnosis, a bilateral subcapsular orchiectomy was performed for endogen
      androgen deprivation. Physical examination and transrectal ultrasound did not
      show any suspicious finding. Subsequently, a Ga-PSMA-PET/CT was performed and
      revealed a very rare epididymal metastasis. After surgery, the PSA level
      decreased to less than 0.07 ng/mL, and 4 months later, the patient is still tumor
      free. 

PMID- 27355850
TI  - 18F-FDG PET Detection of a Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Patient With SMZL.
AB  - Incidental thyroid FDG uptake is not rarely encountered on PET studies. In this
      case, we present an incidental thyroid focus of F-FDG uptake identified in a
      patient with splenic marginal zone lymphoma during the baseline and the response
      assessment PET/CT study that proved to be medullary thyroid carcinoma on
      subsequent histological examination. 

PMID- 27355851
TI  - Elevated 99mTc-MDP and 18F-NaF Uptake in a Bladder Stone.
AB  - An 82-year-old man with known Eddison disease, osteoporosis, and a right buttock
      soft tissue mass underwent Tc-MDP bone scintigraphy with SPECT/CT and F-NaF
      PET/CT, both of which showed elevated uptake in a bladder stone. 

PMID- 27355852
TI  - Subacute Stroke Mimicking Cerebral Metastasis in 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC PET/CT.
AB  - A 65-year-old man with disseminated bone metastases of prostate cancer was
      referred for Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC-PET/CT (short PSMA-PET/CT) to exclude visceral
      metastases before treatment of bone metastases with Ra-dichloride. Apart from
      disseminated bone metastases, PSMA-PET/CT revealed a focal cerebral tracer uptake
      in the right frontal lobe highly suspicious for cerebral spread. According to
      patient history, a cerebral infarction occurred 14 days before PSMA imaging in
      corresponding localization confirmed by MRI scanning. This case demonstrates the
      possibility of false-positive finding of cerebral metastases in PSMA-PET early
      after stroke. 

PMID- 27355853
TI  - Enhanced MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT Findings of Primary Central Nervous System
      Lymphoma Mimicking Encephalitis.
AB  - We present a case of 64-year-old man with primary central nervous system lymphoma
      that mimicked encephalitis on enhanced MRI and F-FDG PET/CT imaging. The initial
      and follow-up MRI showed gradually spread high-intensity patches with
      nonenhancement in cortices and subcortices, while the F-FDG imaging observed mild
      and inhomogeneous uptake in the corresponding cerebral area particularly in the
      splenium of corpus callosum. This case indicates that atypical primary central
      nervous system lymphoma should be noted in differential diagnosis of cerebral
      disseminated lesions with nonenhancement in MRI or with obscure uptake of F-FDG
      in PET imaging (especially involving the midline of the brain). 

PMID- 27355854
TI  - The quest for a metabolic theory of everything.

PMID- 27355855
TI  - Calcium intake: good for the bones but bad for the heart? An analysis of clinical
      studies.
AB  - The proper dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation, when indicated,
      are important factors in the acquisition of peak bone mass during youth and in
      the prevention of fractures in old age. In addition to its deposition in bone,
      calcium confers an increase in its resistance and exhibits important activities
      in different enzymatic pathways in the body (e.g., neural, hormonal, muscle
      related and blood clotting pathways). Thus, calcium supplementation can directly
      or indirectly affect important functions in the body, such as the control of
      blood pressure, plasma glucose, body weight, lipid profile and endothelial
      function. Since one publication reported increased cardiovascular risk due to
      calcium supplementation, many researchers have studied whether this risk actually
      exists; the results are conflicting, and the involved mechanisms are uncertain.
      However, studies that have evaluated the influence of the consumption of foods
      rich in calcium have reported no increase in the cardiovascular risk, which
      suggests that nutritional intake should be prioritized as a method for
      supplementation and that the use of calcium supplements should be reserved for
      patients who truly need supplementation and are unable to achieve the recommended
      daily nutritional intake of calcium. 

PMID- 27355856
TI  - Recommendations of the Neuroendocrinology Department of the Brazilian Society of
      Endocrinology and Metabolism for the diagnosis of Cushing's disease in Brazil.
AB  - Although it is a rare condition, the accurate diagnosis and treatment of
      Cushing's disease is important due to its higher morbidity and mortality compared
      to the general population, which is attributed to cardiovascular diseases,
      diabetes mellitus and infections. Screening for hypercortisolism is recommended
      for patients who present multiple and progressive clinical signs and symptoms,
      especially those who are considered to be more specific to Cushing's syndrome,
      abnormal findings relative to age (e.g., spinal osteoporosis and high blood
      pressure in young patients), weight gain associated with reduced growth rate in
      the pediatric population and for those with adrenal incidentalomas. Routine
      screening is not recommended for other groups of patients, such as those with
      obesity or diabetes mellitus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary,
      the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test and the high-dose dexamethasone
      suppression test are the main tests for the differential diagnosis of ACTH
      dependent Cushing's syndrome. Bilateral and simultaneous petrosal sinus sampling
      is the gold standard method and is performed when the triad of initial tests is
      inconclusive, doubtful or conflicting. The aim of this article is to provide
      information on the early detection and establishment of a proper diagnosis of
      Cushing's disease, recommending follow-up of these patients at experienced
      referral centers. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016;60(3):267-86. 

PMID- 27355857
TI  - Modulation and Salt-Induced Reverse Modulation of the Excited-State Proton
      Transfer Process of Lysozymized Pyranine: The Contrasting Scenario of the Ground
      State Acid-Base Equilibrium of the Photoacid.
AB  - Here we report on the excited-state behavior in terms of the excited-state proton
      transfer (ESPT) reaction as well as the ground-state acid-base property of
      pyranine [8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (HPTS)] in the presence of an
      enzymatic protein, human lysozyme (LYZ). HPTS forms a 1:1 ground-state complex
      with LYZ having the binding constant KBH = (1.4 +/- 0.05) * 10(4) M(-1), and its
      acid-base equilibrium gets shifted toward the deprotonated conjugate base (RO(
      )), resulting in a downward shift in pKa. This suggests that the conjugate base
      (RO(-)) is thermodynamically more favored over the protonated (ROH) species
      inside the lysozyme matrix, resulting in an increased population of the
      deprotonated form. However, for the release of the proton from the excited
      photoacid, interestingly, the rate of proton transfer gets slowed down due to the
      "slow" acceptor biological water molecules present in the immediate vicinity of
      the fluorophore binding region inside the protein. The observed ESPT time
      constants, ~140 and ~750 ps, of protein-bound pyranine are slower than in bulk
      aqueous media (~100 ps, single exponential). The molecular docking study predicts
      that the most probable binding location of the fluorophore is in a region near to
      the active site of the protein. Here we also report on the effect of external
      electrolyte (NaCl) on the reverse modulation of ground-state prototropy as well
      as the ESPT process of the protein-bound pyranine. It is found that there is a
      dominant role of electrostatic forces in the HPTS-LYZ interaction process,
      because an increase in ionic strength by the addition of NaCl dislodges the
      fluorophore from the protein pocket to the bulk again. The study shows a
      considerably different perspective of the perturbation offered by the model
      macromolecular host used, unlike the available literature reports on the
      concerned photoacid.

PMID- 27355858
TI  - Effects of p-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzyl and p-(Trifluoromethoxy)phenyl Molecular
      Architecture on the Performance of Naphthalene Tetracarboxylic Diimide-Based Air
      Stable n-Type Semiconductors.
AB  - N,N'-Bis(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl) naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid
      diimide (NDI-POCF3) and N,N'-bis(4-trifluoromethoxybenzyl) naphthalene-1,4,5,8
      tetracarboxylic acid diimide (NDI-BOCF3) have similar optical and electrochemical
      properties with a deep LUMO level of approximately 4.2 eV, but exhibit
      significant differences in electron mobility and molecular packing. NDI-POCF3
      exhibits nondetectable charge mobility. Interestingly, NDI-BOCF3 shows air-stable
      electron transfer performance with enhanced mobility by increasing the deposition
      temperature onto the octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)-modified SiO2/Si substrates
      and achieves electron mobility as high as 0.7 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) in air. The
      different mobilities of those two materials can be explained by several factors
      including thin-film morphology and crystallinity. In contrast to the poor thin
      film morphology and crystallinity of NDI-POCF3, NDI-BOCF3 exhibits larger grain
      sizes and improved crystallinities due to the higher deposition temperature. In
      addition, the theoretical calculated transfer integrals of the intermolecular
      lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the two materials further show that
      a large intermolecular orbital overlap of NDI-BOCF3 can transfer electron more
      efficiently than NDI-POCF3 in thin-film transistors. On the basis of fact that
      the theoretical calculations are consistent with the experimental results, it can
      be concluded that the p-(trifluoromethoxy) benzyl (BOCF3) molecular architecture
      on the former position of the naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDI) core
      provides a more effective way to enhance the intermolecular electron transfer
      property than the p-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl (POCF3) group for the future design
      of NDI-related air-stable n-channel semiconductor. 

PMID- 27355859
TI  - Synthesis of Monocrystalline Nanoframes of Prussian Blue Analogues by Controlled
      Preferential Etching.
AB  - Metal cyanide coordination compounds are recognized as promising candidates for
      broad applications because of their tailorable and adjustable frameworks.
      Developing the nanostructure of a coordination compound may be an effective way
      to enhance the performance of that material in application-based roles. A
      controllable preferential etching method is described for synthesis of
      monocrystalline Prussian blue analogue (PBA) nanoframes, without the use of
      organic additives. The PBA nanoframes show remarkable rate performance and
      cycling stability for sodium/lithium ion insertion/extraction.

PMID- 27355860
TI  - Synthesis of 2-Keto-d- and l-gluconic Acid via Stereoselective Direct Aldol
      Reactions.
AB  - Stereoselective direct aldol reaction between optically pure d- or l
      glyceraldehyde and hydroxyacetylfuran is demonstrated as an efficient and
      straightforward methodology for the synthesis of six-carbon atom d- and l-arabino
      hex-2-ulosonic acids. syn-Selective aldol reactions realized by using either
      tertiary amines or a dizinc aldol catalyst constitute two parallel routes to the
      de novo synthesis of orthogonally protected biologically relevant 2-keto-d- and l
      gluconic acids.

PMID- 27355862
TI  - Determination of current reference viruses for serological study of swine
      influenza viruses after the introduction of pandemic 2009 H1N1 (pdmH1N1) in
      Thailand.
AB  - Since the introduction of pandemic H1N1 2009 virus (pdmH1N1) in pigs, the status
      of Thai swine influenza virus (SIV) has changed. The pdmH1N1 and its reassortant
      viruses have become the predominant strain circulating in the Thai swine
      population based on the surveillance data from 2012 to 2014. For this reason, the
      reference viruses for serological assays using the hemagglutination inhibition
      (HI) test needed to be updated. Six anti-sera against reference viruses from 2006
      to 2009 (enH1N1-06, enH1N1-09, enH1N2-09, pdmH1N1-09, enH3N2-07 and enH3N2-09)
      were used for the HI test with four contemporary viruses (enH1N1-10, pdmH1N1-10,
      rH1N2 and rH3N2) and the selected reference viruses were tested with sera
      collected from the field to determine the current SIV status. The results showed
      that anti-sera of swH1N1-06 had the highest titers against enH1N1-10. Anti-sera
      of pdmH1N1-09 had the highest titers against pdmH1N1-10 and rH1N2, whereas, anti
      sera of enH3N2-09 had the highest titers against rH3N2. The results demonstrated
      that enH1N1-06, pdmH1N1-09 and enH3N2-09 should be selected as reference viruses
      for contemporary serological studies and HI tests. The seroprevalence results
      from 410 samples revealed enH1N1 (37.79%), pdmH1N1 (37.32%) and H3N2 (35.86%),
      respectively. The present study indicated that pdmH1N1 was widespread and
      commonly found in the Thai pig population increasing the risk of novel
      reassortant viruses and should be added as a reference virus for HI test. SIV
      surveillance program and serological studies should be conducted for the benefits
      of SIV control and prevention as well as monitoring for zoonotic potential.

PMID- 27355861
TI  - Clarithromycin resistance and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori virulent
      genotypes in patients from Southern Mexico with chronic gastritis.
AB  - In developing countries, clarithromycin resistance and frequency of re-infection
      are factors that contribute to high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection.
      The aim of this research was determine the prevalence of clarithromycin
      resistance and its relation with A2142G, A2142C and A2143G mutations in the
      domain V of the 23S rRNA gene of H. pylori isolates in patients from Southern
      Mexico with chronic gastritis. Another purpose of this work was to study the
      prevalence of virulent genotypes and distribution of resistant strains according
      to the vacA/cagA/babA2 H. pylori genotypes. One hundred forty-four patients with
      chronic gastritis were studied. Forty-five H. pylori strains were isolated and
      clarithromycin susceptibility was determined by the disk-diffusion method. The
      82.2% of the strains had the combination of alleles vacA s1 m1 and the cagA gene
      was detected in 77.8% and 40% of the strains were babA2 positive. The vacA s1 m1
      genotype was detected more frequently in cagA(+) strains, vacA
      s1m1/cagA(+)/babA2(-) genotype was more frequent than vacA s1m1/cagA(+)/babA2(+),
      37.8% and 33.3%, respectively. Eight strains were clarithromycin resistant, in
      three of these, point mutations were identified, but only in one strain the
      A2143G mutation associated with clarithromycin resistance was found. Other point
      mutations (A1821G, G1826A, T1830C, A2089G, T1600C, C1601T, C1602T, T1610C, A1611C
      and T1633G) that have not been associated with clarithromycin resistance were
      identified. The highest proportion of resistant strains was vacA s1m1/cagA(+)
      (62.5%). In patients from southern Mexico with chronic gastritis, the prevalence
      of clarithromycin resistance is within internationally accepted range (17.8%) and
      allows continued use of triple therapy for H. pylori eradication. However, it is
      necessary to monitor the evolution of clarithromycin resistance in this area. The
      largest proportion of resistant H. pylori strains is not harboring the A2142G,
      A2142C and A2143G mutations in the 23S rRNA gene (87.5%). The vacA s1m1/cagA(+)
      genotype was the most prevalent and among clarithromycin-resistant strains, this
      was the predominant.

PMID- 27355864
TI  - 40th Annual Congress of the Italian Urodynamic Society, Universita degli Studi di
      Perugia, Perugia, Italy, June 23-25, 2016.

PMID- 27355863
TI  - A Molecular-Level Account of the Antigenic Hantaviral Surface.

PMID- 27355865
TI  - Early matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration in the first 48 h after aneurysmal
      subarachnoid haemorrhage predicts delayed cerebral ischaemia: An observational
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delayed cerebral ischaemia from vasospasm is an important cause of
      complications and death after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. There is
      currently no established biomarker for identifying patients at high risk of
      delayed cerebral ischaemia. OBJECTIVE: Considering the important role of
      inflammation in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischaemia, we investigated
      whether matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may be an efficient biomarker for
      predicting elayed cerebral ischaemia after subarachnoid haemorrhage. DESIGN:
      Single-centre prospective observational study. SETTING: Neuroscience Critical
      Care Unit of a teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty consecutive patients with
      severe subarachnoid haemorrhage requiring external ventricular drainage were
      enrolled during 2013 and 2014. INTERVENTIONS: Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      were sampled within the first 24 h and between 48 and 72 h after admission. We
      evaluated the activity and concentrations of MMP-9 and endothelin-1 with
      zymography and ELISA. Patients were allocated to groups with delayed cerebral
      ischaemia (n = 16) or without delayed cerebral ischaemia (n = 14). RESULTS:
      Within 24 h, median [interquartile range] MMP-9 concentrations in CSF were
      significantly higher in patients with delayed cerebral ischaemia (47 [21 to 102]
      ng ml) than in those without delayed cerebral ischaemia (4 [2 to 13] ng ml, P =
      0.001). CSF MMP-9 activity and endothelin-1 concentrations were correlated (r =
      0.6, P = 0.02). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were
      0.73 (95% confidence interval [0.53 to 0.87]) and 0.91 (95% confidence interval
      [0.75 to 0.98]) for MMP-9 concentrations in plasma and CSF, respectively, at 24 h
      to predict delayed cerebral ischaemia CSF MMP-9 concentrations more than 14.3 ng
      ml at 24 h predicted the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia with a
      sensitivity and specificity of 88 and 86%, respectively. After multivariate
      logistic analysis, only CSF MMP-9 concentrations at 24 h predicted the occurrence
      of delayed cerebral ischaemia (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: MMP-9 concentrations in
      both plasma and CSF, measured within 48 h after subarachnoid haemorrhage, were
      highly predictive of the occurrence of delayed cerebral ischaemia within the
      first 2 weeks. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02397759.

PMID- 27355866
TI  - Awake, sedated or anaesthetised for regional anaesthesia block placements?: A
      retrospective registry analysis of acute complications and patient satisfaction
      in adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Whether adults should be awake, sedated or anaesthetised during
      establishment of regional anaesthesia is still debated and there is little
      information on the relative safety of each. In paediatric practice, there is
      often little choice but to use sedation or anaesthesia as otherwise the
      procedures would be too distressing and patient movement would be hazardous.
      OBJECTIVE(S): The objective of this study was to evaluate complications related
      to central and peripheral regional block and patient satisfaction in awake,
      sedated and anaesthetised adult patients. DESIGN: A retrospective registry
      analysis. SETTING: The German Network of Regional Anaesthesia database was
      analysed between 2007 and 2012. PATIENTS: We included data of 42 654 patients and
      defined three groups: group I awake (n = 25 004), group II sedated (n = 15 121)
      and group III anaesthetised (n = 2529) for block placement. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Odds ratios [OR; 95% confidence interval (CI)] were calculated with
      logistic regression analysis and adjusted for relevant confounders to determine
      the risk of block-related complications in sedated or anaesthetised patients
      compared with awake patients. RESULTS: Rates of local anaesthetic systemic
      toxicity were comparable between the groups [awake 0.02% (95% CI: 0.002 to
      0.0375), sedated 0.02% (0.003 to 0.042) and anaesthetised 0% (0 to 0.12%)], as
      were the rates of pneumothorax [awake 0.035% (0 to 0.074), sedated 0% (0 to
      0.002) and anaesthetised 0.2% (0 to 0.56)]. Considering peripheral nerve blocks,
      sedated patients had a decreased risk for multiple skin puncture [adjusted OR:
      0.78 (95% CI: 0.71 to 0.85), premature termination [0.45 (0.22 to 0.91)], primary
      failure [0.58 (0.40 to 0.83)] and postoperative paraesthesia [0.35 (0.28 to
      0.45)], but an increased risk for a bloody tap [1.82 (1.50 to 2.21)]. General
      anaesthesia increased the risk of a bloody tap [adjusted OR: 1.33 (95% CI: 1.01
      to 1.78)] and multiple skin puncture [1.28 (1.12 to 1.46)], but decreased the
      risk for postoperative paraesthesia [0.16 (0.06 to 0.38)]. In neuraxial sites,
      sedation increased the risk for multiple skin puncture [adjusted OR: 1.18 (95%
      CI: 1.09 to 1.29)], whereas block placement under general anaesthesia decreased
      the risk for multiple skin puncture [0.53 (0.39 to 0.72)] and bloody tap but
      significantly increased the risk for postoperative paraesthesia related to a
      catheter [2.45 (1.19 to 5.02)]. Sedation was associated with a significant
      improvement in patient satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Sedation may improve safety and
      success of peripheral nerve block placement. Block placement under general
      anaesthesia in adults should be reserved for experienced anaesthesiologists and
      special situations.

PMID- 27355867
TI  - Arg188 drives RhoC membrane binding.
AB  - RhoA and RhoC GTPases are 92% identical but demonstrate unique regulation and
      function. Phosphorylation of Ser188 has widely been reported to inhibit RhoA
      activity. RhoC possesses Arg188 in place of Ser188 but retains a canonical
      upstream PKA recognition sequence. We report here that RhoC-R188S was a PKA
      substrate in vitro and exhibited less GTP loading compared to wild-type RhoC when
      expressed in cells. Transiently expressed RhoC was found to be significantly more
      membrane associated than RhoA. Membrane association of RhoC-R188S and RhoC-R188A
      were similar to each other and wild-type RhoA, suggesting that Arg188 directly
      promotes RhoC membrane binding. The positive influence of Arg188 on RhoC membrane
      association was evident in a constitutively active (Q63L) background. In
      accordance, RhoA-S188R was significantly more membrane associated than either
      RhoA or RhoA-S188A. Altogether, these data suggest that swapping residue 188
      identity effectively flips the membrane binding profile of wild-type RhoA and
      RhoC through positive arginine contribution rather than negative phosphoserine
      regulation.

PMID- 27355868
TI  - Assessing efficacy of a retention in care intervention among HIV patients with
      depression, anxiety, heavy alcohol consumption and illicit drug use: Erratum.

PMID- 27355869
TI  - HIV infection is independently associated with frailty in middle-aged HIV type 1
      infected individuals compared with similar but uninfected controls: Erratum.

PMID- 27355870
TI  - Impact and economic evaluations of a combination prevention programme for men who
      have sex with men in Mexico: Erratum.

PMID- 27355871
TI  - Gallium and Functionalized-Porphyrins Combine to Form Potential Lysosome-Specific
      Multimodal Bioprobes.
AB  - A water-soluble bimetallic normal ("cold") and radiochemical ("hot") gallium
      porphyrin-ruthenium-bipyridine complex (GaporRu-1) has been synthesized by
      microwave methodology in short reaction times with good (>85%) yields.
      (68)GaporRu-1 is demonstrated to be a potential multimodal and functional
      bioprobe for positron emission tomography (PET), lysosome specific optical
      imaging, and photodynamic therapy. 

PMID- 27355872
TI  - TCGA: Increased oncoprotein coding region mutations correlate with a greater
      expression of apoptosis-effector genes and a positive outcome for stomach
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Oncogene mutations are primarily thought to facilitate uncontrolled cell growth.
      However, overexpression of oncoproteins likely leads to apoptosis in a feed
      forward mechanism, whereby a certain level of oncoprotein leads to the activation
      of pro-proliferation effector genes and higher levels lead to activation of pro
      apoptotic effector genes. TCGA STAD barcodes having no oncoprotein coding region
      mutations represented reduced expression of the apoptosis-effector genes compared
      with barcodes with multiple oncoprotein coding region mutations. Furthermore,
      STAD barcodes in a "no-subsequent tumor" group, representing 224 samples, and in
      a "positive outcome" group, had more oncoprotein coding regions mutated, on
      average, than barcodes of the new tumor and negative outcome groups,
      respectively. BRAF, CTNNB1, KRAS and MTOR coding region mutations (as a group)
      had the strongest association with the no-subsequent tumor group. Tumor
      suppressor coding region mutations were also correlated with no-subsequent tumor.
      These results are consistent with an oncoprotein-mediated, feed-forward mechanism
      of apoptosis in patients. Importantly, the no-subsequent tumor group also had
      more overall mutations. This result leads to considerations of unhealthy cells or
      cells with more neo-antigens for immune rejection. However, a probabilistic
      aspect of mutagenesis is also consistent with more oncoprotein and tumor
      suppressor protein mutations, in cases of more overall mutations, and thus a
      higher likelihood of activation of feed forward apoptosis pathways.

PMID- 27355873
TI  - Physician-Industry Interactions and Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Use
      Among US Ophthalmologists.

PMID- 27355875
TI  - Computational Study Exploring the Interaction Mechanism of Benzimidazole
      Derivatives as Potent Cattle Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Inhibitors.
AB  - Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections are prevailing in cattle
      populations on a worldwide scale. The BVDV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp),
      as a promising target for new anti-BVDV drug development, has attracted
      increasing attention. To explore the interaction mechanism of 65 benzimidazole
      scaffold-based derivatives as BVDV inhibitors, presently, a computational study
      was performed based on a combination of 3D-QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular
      dynamics (MD) simulations. The resultant optimum CoMFA and CoMSIA models present
      proper reliabilities and strong predictive abilities (with Q(2) = 0. 64, R(2)ncv
      = 0.93, R(2)pred = 0.80 and Q(2) = 0. 65, R(2)ncv = 0.98, R(2)pred = 0.86,
      respectively). In addition, there was good concordance between these models,
      molecular docking, and MD results. Moreover, the MM-PBSA energy analysis reveals
      that the major driving force for ligand binding is the polar solvation
      contribution term. Hopefully, these models and the obtained findings could offer
      better understanding of the interaction mechanism of BVDV inhibitors as well as
      benefit the new discovery of more potent BVDV inhibitors. 

PMID- 27355876
TI  - Polyglycolic acid sheet application for intractable acute hemorrhagic rectal
      ulcer.

PMID- 27355877
TI  - Acceptor and Excitation Density Dependence of the Ultrafast Polaron Absorption
      Signal in Donor-Acceptor Organic Solar Cell Blends.
AB  - Transient absorption spectroscopy on organic semiconductor blends for solar cells
      typically shows efficient charge generation within ~100 fs, accounting for the
      majority of the charge carriers. In this Letter, we show using transient
      absorption spectroscopy on blends containing a broad range of acceptor content
      (0.01-50% by weight) that the rise of the polaron signal is dependent on the
      acceptor concentration. For low acceptor content (<10% by weight), the polaron
      signal rises gradually over ~1 ps with most polarons generated after 200 fs,
      while for higher acceptor concentrations (>10%) most polarons are generated
      within 200 fs. The rise time in blends with low acceptor content was also found
      to be sensitive to the pump fluence, decreasing with increasing excitation
      density. These results indicate that the sub-100 fs rise of the polaron signal is
      a natural consequence of both the high acceptor concentrations in many donor
      acceptor blends and the high excitation densities needed for transient absorption
      spectroscopy, which results in a short average distance between the exciton and
      the donor-acceptor interface. 

PMID- 27355874
TI  - Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitor (PF
      04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET
      Neuroimaging.
AB  - Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates multiple cellular processes in
      diabetes, oncology, and neurology. N-(3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(3
      chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)oxazole-4-carboxamide (PF-04802367 or PF-367) has been
      identified as a highly potent inhibitor, which is among the most selective
      antagonists of GSK-3 to date. Its efficacy was demonstrated in modulation of tau
      phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Whereas the kinetics of PF-367 binding in
      brain tissues are too fast for an effective therapeutic agent, the
      pharmacokinetic profile of PF-367 is ideal for discovery of radiopharmaceuticals
      for GSK-3 in the central nervous system. A (11) C-isotopologue of PF-367 was
      synthesized and preliminary PET imaging studies in non-human primates confirmed
      that we have overcome the two major obstacles for imaging GSK-3, namely,
      reasonable brain permeability and displaceable binding.

PMID- 27355878
TI  - Parenting and Preschooler TV Viewing in Low-Income Mexican Americans: Development
      of the Parenting Practices Regarding TV Viewing (PPRTV) Scale.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a comprehensive, culturally based measure of
      parenting practices regarding television (TV) viewing in low-income Mexican
      American mothers of preschoolers. METHOD: Low-income Mexican-American female
      primary caregivers of preschoolers were recruited in urban safety-net pediatric
      clinics during the 2013 to 2014 academic year. Items on parenting practices
      regarding TV viewing were developed from a prior scale, review of the literature,
      and results from semistructured interviews. Items were administered by phone, and
      analyses included evaluation of the factor structure and psychometric properties
      of a 40-item measure of parenting practices regarding TV viewing (PPRTV).
      RESULTS: Using exploratory factor analysis, a 7-factor model emerged as the best
      fit for the data representing the following domains of parenting practices: time
      restriction, behavioral control, instructive practices, coviewing, planful
      restriction, reactive content restriction, and commercial endorsement. Internal
      reliabilities were acceptable (Cronbach's alpha >.75). Correlations among the
      resulting subscales were small to moderate (rs = 0.01-0.43). Subscales were
      correlated with child TV viewing amounts: time restriction (-0.14, p < .05);
      behavioral control (0.27, p < .001); coviewing (0.16, p < .01); planful
      restriction (-0.20, p < .001); and commercial endorsement (0.11, p < .05), which
      provides support for construct validity. CONCLUSION: The PPRTV scale measures 7
      domains of parenting practices and has good initial reliability and validity. It
      allows investigators to conduct more in-depth evaluations of the role parents
      play in socializing young children on TV use. Results of such work will be
      important to informing the design of interventions aiming to ensure healthy
      screen media habits in young children.

PMID- 27355879
TI  - Visuomotor Function in School-Age Children with Single-Suture Craniosynostosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that infants and young children with
      single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC) perform more poorly on tests of visuomotor
      function than children without SSC. However, previous studies are limited by
      small sample sizes and little is known about the persistence of visuomotor
      problems into the school-age years. The aim of this study was to compare
      visuomotor function in children with and without SSC at the beginning of
      elementary school. METHODS: The study included 179 children with SSC (cases) and
      183 children without SSC (controls). Visuomotor function was measured by the
      NEPSY-II Arrows, the Purdue Pegboard Test, and the Beery-Buktenica Developmental
      Test of visual-motor integration. Case-control differences were estimated using
      linear regression, adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, and maternal IQ.
      RESULTS: Cases scored more poorly on all measures of visuomotor function,
      although the magnitude of case-control differences varied across measures. The
      greatest differences were observed for the Purdue Pegboard Test, with an average
      adjusted difference of -0.2 to -0.4 SD points (p-values ranged from .008 to .05).
      Case-control differences were small in magnitude for other measures of visuomotor
      function, ranging from -0.01 to -0.1 SD points (p-values ranged from .22 to .88).
      CONCLUSION: Children with SSC experienced deficits in manual dexterity into the
      school-age years but were similar to children without SSC on measures of visual
      processing. These findings advocate for the assessment of fine-motor function as
      part of school readiness evaluations in children with SSC.

PMID- 27355880
TI  - Snapshots of Growing Up: Youth with Autism Explore Adulthood Through Photovoice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience significant
      challenges transitioning to adulthood. We utilized Photovoice to better
      understand youth's desires for and perspectives on becoming adults. METHOD: Youth
      with ASD (N = 11) photographed their life experiences, attended group and
      individual photo-sharing and discussion sessions, and exhibited their work
      publicly. Thematic analysis was used to identify salient recurring patterns in
      the data. RESULTS: Thematic analysis identified important topics in session
      transcripts and 184 photographs. Youth with ASD expressed many perspectives about
      their adult lives, which centered around 3 themes: the meaning of adulthood;
      desire for independent living; and employment goals. CONCLUSION: Findings
      identified what youth with ASD want and need to achieve adulthood. This study
      demonstrated the utility of a new methodology to provide opportunities for youth
      to share their experiences and define their priorities.

PMID- 27355884
TI  - Acute Agitation and Self-Injury in a 5-Year Old with Autism.
AB  - CASE: A 5-year-old nonverbal child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was
      admitted to inpatient pediatrics with new onset agitation and self-injurious
      behavior. His parents described him as a pleasant child without previous episodes
      of self-injury. Four days before admission, the parents noted new irritability
      followed by 2 days of self-injury to the face without clear precipitant. His
      hitting intensified with closed fist to face, and he required parental physical
      restraint to prevent further injury. Car rides and ibuprofen provided only
      temporary relief. He consumed minimal liquid and ate no solid food for 2 days.
      The parents denied any changes to the environment or routine and denied recent
      travel, sick contacts, fevers, cough, otalgia, vomiting, diarrhea, and
      constipation. The patient had been diagnosed with ASD at age 18 months old but
      had no other significant medical history.On examination, the child was alert but
      distressed and restless, wearing padded mitts as his parents attempted to calm
      him by pushing him in a stroller. He had multiple areas of severe bruising and
      facial swelling in the right periorbital area, cheek, and jaw. The rest of the
      physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory results included a leukocytosis
      with left shift, a normal metabolic panel, and an elevated creatine kinase. Other
      investigations included a normal lumber puncture, chest radiograph, head and face
      computerized tomography without contrast, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. A
      dentist consultant examined him and noted an erupting molar but no decay or
      abscesses. A psychiatric evaluation was requested as there was no clear medical
      source for the patient's distress.

PMID- 27355882
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27355881
TI  - Social Competence in Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors: Feasibility and Preliminary
      Outcomes of a Peer-Mediated Intervention.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary outcomes of a
      peer-mediated intervention to improve social competence of brain tumor survivors
      and classmates. METHOD: Twelve childhood brain tumor survivors and 217 classroom
      peers in intervention (n = 8) or comparison (n = 4) classrooms completed measures
      of social acceptance and reputation at 2 time points in the year. The
      intervention (5-8 sessions over 4-6 weeks) taught peer leaders skills for
      engaging classmates. Individual and classroom outcomes were analyzed with
      analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Recruitment rates of families of brain tumor
      survivors (81%) and schools (100%) were adequate. Peer leaders reported
      satisfaction with the intervention. Preliminary outcome data trended toward some
      benefit in increasing the number of friend nominations for survivors of brain
      tumors but no changes in other peer-reported metrics. Preliminary results also
      suggested some positive effects on classroom levels of victimization and
      rejection. CONCLUSION: A peer-mediated intervention was acceptable to families of
      brain tumor survivors and feasible to implement in schools. Findings warrant a
      larger trial to evaluate improvements for children with brain tumors and their
      peers.

PMID- 27355885
TI  - Bedtime Electronic Media Use and Sleep in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to better understand the use of screen
      based media at bedtime among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The
      study specifically examined whether the presence of media devices in the child's
      bedroom, the use of media as part of the bedtime routine, and exposure to media
      with violent content just before bedtime were associated with sleep difficulties.
      METHODS: Parents of 101 children with ASD completed questionnaires assessing
      their children's sleep habits, bedroom media access (including television, video
      game devices, and computers), and patterns of nighttime media use (including
      timing of media exposure and violent media content). RESULTS: Children with ASD
      who used media as part of the bedtime routine showed significantly greater sleep
      onset latency than those who did not (39.8 vs 16.0 minutes). Similarly, children
      who were exposed to media with violent content within the 30-minute period before
      bedtime experienced significantly greater sleep onset delays and shorter overall
      sleep duration. In contrast, the mere presence of bedroom media was not
      associated with either sleep onset latency or sleep duration. CONCLUSION:
      Overall, these findings indicate that incorporating television and video games
      into the bedtime routine is associated with sleep onset difficulties among
      children with ASD. Exposure to violent media before bed is also associated with
      poor sleep. Families of children with ASD should be encouraged to regulate and
      monitor the timing and content of television and video game use, whether or not
      such devices are physically present in the child's bedroom.

PMID- 27355887
TI  - Response to "Behavioral Management of Sleep Problems in Infants Under 6 Months -
      What Works?".

PMID- 27355886
TI  - The Effect of Bilingual Exposure on Executive Function Skills in Preterm and Full
      Term Preschoolers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of bilingual exposure on executive function
      (EF) skills, measured by parent-rating and performance-based instruments, in
      preterm and full-term preschoolers. METHOD: Children age 3 to 5 years (mean 4.4)
      born preterm (PT; n = 82) and full term (FT; n = 79) had monolingual (PT-M, n =
      51; FT-M, n = 53) or bilingual (PT-B, n = 31; FT-B, n = 26) language exposure.
      Groups were similar in age, gender and race, but PT children had lower
      socioeconomic status (SES) than FT children. Parents completed a language
      questionnaire and diary and a standardized parent rating of EF skills. Children
      completed EF tasks that tap response inhibition, working memory, and cognitive
      flexibility. ANCOVA and logistic regression examined effects on EF of birth group
      (PT/FT), language status (M/B), and birth group by language status interaction,
      controlling for age and SES. RESULTS: Compared to children born FT, children born
      PT had significantly higher parent-rated EF scores and poorer performance on all
      but one EF task, both indicating more EF problems. No main effects of language
      status and no birth group by language status interactions were significant.
      CONCLUSION: PT status was clearly associated with poorer EF skills, similar to
      many other studies. In this sample, bilingual exposure conferred neither an
      advantage nor disadvantage in the FT and PT group. This information may prove
      useful in counseling families of both PT and FT children about the impact of
      bilingual exposure on their children's cognitive skills.

PMID- 27355888
TI  - Inside Children's Emotions: Thoughts on Pixar's Inside Out.

PMID- 27355889
TI  - Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Impulsivity and Cyberbullying in
      Social Media.
AB  - CASE: Sarah is a 13-year-old eighth grader who was recently diagnosed for the
      first time with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-inattentive type,
      and the family elected to treat her with behavioral interventions to help her
      organization and attention. She had struggled with distractibility and
      disorganization since the fourth grade. At home, Sarah's mother described her as
      "spacey" and unable to complete the morning routine without constant supervision.
      Over time, her mother observed that it seemed as if Sarah had given up on
      school.As Sarah became an adolescent, her self-esteem suffered because of her
      academic struggles, and she placed increasing emphasis on her appearance,
      including focus on remaining thin and refusing to leave the house without makeup.
      It was in this context that Sarah recently posted photographs of herself in
      various stages of undress and/or drinking alcohol on Snapchat, a photograph
      sharing application in which users can send "snaps"-photographs that disappear
      soon after opening. However, snap recipients can take a screenshot or photograph
      of the snap, thereby saving the image. For unknown reasons, Sarah's close female
      friend took screenshots of these provocative photographs and sent them to their
      classmates and Sarah's older brother.Sarah's family contacted the police and has
      been working with her school to address this incident. This experience resulted
      in significant family stress and distrust of Sarah. For example, her mother took
      away her cell phone and laptop and has "grounded her" for a month from all out of
      school activities.Sarah's family seeks guidance regarding teaching Sarah about
      using social media responsibly and preventing this from happening again. Sarah's
      mom comes to your urgent care session asking for help because she does not feel
      that Sarah has "learned her lesson." What would you do next?

PMID- 27355890
TI  - Guiding Trainee Pediatricians About How to Cope with Grief.

PMID- 27355891
TI  - The role of memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for clinical
      practice.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent disorder
      with important social consequences. Several models have been developed with the
      aim of understanding the mechanisms underlying its symptoms. Intrusions are
      idiosyncratic symptoms that commonly take the form of involuntary recollection of
      images or flashbacks about the traumatic event. OBJECTIVE: To review how memory
      is conceptualized in each of these models and the implications for clinical
      practice. METHODS: A narrative review of the literature was conducted through
      analysis of the perspectives of memory in theoretical models of PTSD. RESULTS:
      Two main perspectives were identified: 1) models in which specific mechanisms of
      memory for processing traumatic events are proposed, especially those based on
      clinical studies, and 2) models in which common mnemonic mechanisms are utilized
      to explain the phenomenon, primarily based on basic experimental research studies
      investigating memory. The different theories based on these approaches have led
      to distinct psychotherapy interventions. CONCLUSION: In order to clarify these
      discrepancies, future research should aim for the methodological rigor of
      experimental studies, while maintaining the ecological applicability of findings.
      Cognitive experimental psychopathology is therefore an area on which research
      funding should be focused. Such studies could elucidate the role of mnemonic
      aspects in PTSD and how they impact psychological treatments.

PMID- 27355892
TI  - Development of Brazilian prototypes for short-term psychotherapies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Psychotherapy Process Q-Set (PQS) prototype method is used to
      measure the extent to which ideal processes of different psychotherapies are
      present in real cases, allowing researchers to examine how adherence to these
      models relates to or predicts change. Results from studies of short-term
      psychotherapies suggest that the original psychodynamic prototype is more
      suitable for studying psychoanalysis and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy
      than its time-limited counterparts. Furthermore, culture probably influences how
      therapies are typically conducted in a given country. Therefore, it seems
      appropriate to develop Brazilian prototypes on which to base studies of short
      term psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral processes in this country. OBJECTIVE:
      To develop prototypes for studying processes of short-term psychotherapies and to
      examine the degree of adherence of two real psychotherapy cases to these models.
      METHODS: Expert clinicians used the PQS to rate a hypothetical ideal session of
      either short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) or cognitive-behavioral
      therapy (CBT). Ratings were submitted to Q-type factor analysis to confirm the
      two groups. Regressive factor scores were rank ordered to describe the
      prototypes. These ideal models were correlated with ratings of actual therapy
      processes in two complete psychotherapy cases, one STPP and the other CBT.
      RESULTS: Agreement levels between expert ratings were high and the two ideal
      models were confirmed. As expected, the PQS ratings for actual STPP and CBT cases
      had significant correlations with their respective ideal models, but the STPP
      case also adhered to the CBT prototype. CONCLUSION: Overall, the findings reveal
      the adequacy of the prototypes for time-limited therapies, providing initial
      support of their validity.

PMID- 27355893
TI  - Revision of the grandiosity dimension of the Dimensional Clinical Personality
      Inventory and verification of its psychometric properties.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Personality disorders are among the most common disorders seen in
      clinical psychology. However, in Brazil there are few instruments for assessing
      the pathological characteristics of personality. OBJECTIVE: To revise the
      grandiosity dimension of the Brazilian Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory
      (Inventario Dimensional Clinico da Personalidade [IDCP]) and investigate its
      psychometric properties. METHODS: A total of 225 people participated in this
      study. Their ages ranged from 18 to 66 years (mean [M] = 26.2, standard deviation
      [SD] = 8.1) and the majority were female (n = 162, 70.1%). The IDCP and the
      Brazilian versions of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and the
      Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) were administered to all participants.
      RESULTS: A total of 285 new items were developed and content analysis was used to
      select 33 of these to comprise the final version destined for administration. The
      results of parallel analysis and factor analysis identified four interpretable
      factors. Internal consistency coefficients were deemed acceptable and varied from
      0.73 to 0.84 for the factors. Additionally, the expected correlations between the
      IDCP Inventory and the other tests were observed. CONCLUSION: This study
      demonstrates the revised dimension's suitability for assessment of the
      pathological traits of narcissistic personality disorder.

PMID- 27355894
TI  - Assessment of dependence and anxiety among benzodiazepine users in a provincial
      municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Benzodiazepines are among the most prescribed drugs for anxiety and
      one of the most used drug classes in the world and have a high potential for
      addiction. The objective of this study was to assess levels of dependence and
      anxiety among users of these drugs in the public health system. METHODS: This was
      a cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study. Benzodiazepine users
      treated on the public health system were selected. Anxiety levels were assessed
      with the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and dependency with the Benzodiazepine Dependence
      Self-Report Questionnaire. RESULTS: Benzodiazepine use was higher among women and
      in older age groups. Duration of benzodiazepine use was greater than 1 year for
      all respondents. The dependence assessment indicated that more than half of users
      were dependent on taking benzodiazepines and most had a severe degree of anxiety.
      CONCLUSION: This study found evidence of prolonged and inappropriate use of
      benzodiazepines. It is necessary to educate users about the risks of these drugs
      and to develop strategies to rationalize use of these drugs by working with
      prescribers and dispensers.

PMID- 27355895
TI  - Spontaneous seizures after ECT in a patient medicated with bupropion, sertraline
      and risperidone.
AB  - Objective:: To report a case of post-electroconvulsive therapy spontaneous
      seizures in a patient medicated with sertraline, bupropion and risperidone. Case
      description:: A 53-year-old woman with recurrent major depression was admitted to
      our psychiatry department for a major depressive episode of 6 weeks' duration,
      with psychotic symptoms. She was already on 200 mg/day of sertraline and 2 mg/day
      of risperidone. After 8 weeks on 200 mg/day of sertraline, 4 mg/day of
      risperidone and slow release bupropion (titrated to 300 mg/day), with no
      objective improvements, the decision was taken to initiate a course of 8-10
      electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) sessions. Two days after the first treatment,
      three generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurred within 6 hours. Phenytoin and
      sodium valproate were added to the patient's daily medication and no further
      spontaneous seizures were observed. After neurologic assessment and discussion of
      the case, phenytoin and bupropion were withdrawn at once (two days after the
      spontaneous seizures) and the decision was taken to resume the ECT treatment. No
      further spontaneous seizures occurred and, at discharge, the patient exhibited
      significant improvements and was free from major depressive symptoms. Comments::
      This report illustrates a case of post-ECT spontaneous seizures that might have
      been due to a specific pharmacological etiological pathway, namely, bupropion's
      proconvulsive properties, although both sertraline and risperidone also lower the
      convulsive threshold.

PMID- 27355896
TI  - Choice of osteoblast model critical for studying the effects of electromagnetic
      stimulation on osteogenesis in vitro.
AB  - The clinical benefits of electromagnetic field (EMF) therapy in enhancing
      osteogenesis have been acknowledged for decades, but agreement regarding the
      underlying mechanisms continues to be sought. Studies have shown EMFs to promote
      osteoblast-like cell proliferation, or contrarily, to induce differentiation and
      enhance mineralization. Typically these disparities have been attributed to
      methodological differences. The present paper argues the possibility that the
      chosen osteoblast model impacts stimulation outcome. Phenotypically immature
      cells, particularly at low seeding densities, appear to be prone to EMF-amplified
      proliferation. Conversely, mature cells at higher densities seem to be
      predisposed to earlier onset differentiation and mineralization. This suggests
      that EMFs augment ongoing processes in cell populations. To test this hypothesis,
      mature SaOS-2 cells and immature MC3T3-E1 cells at various densities, with or
      without osteo-induction, were exposed to sinusoidal 50 Hz EMF. The exposure
      stimulated the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 and inhibited the proliferation of SaOS
      2 cells. Baseline alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression of SaOS-2 cells was high
      and rapidly further increased with EMF exposure, whereas ALP effects in MC3T3-E1
      cells were not seen until the second week. Thus both cell types responded
      differently to EMF stimulation, corroborating the hypothesis that the phenotypic
      maturity and culture stage of cells influence stimulation outcome. 

PMID- 27355897
TI  - Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia: Detection of Abnormal Microanatomic Fiber
      Structures with Whole-Brain Diffusion MR Imaging Tractography.
AB  - Purpose To investigate whether it is possible in patients with periventricular
      nodular heterotopia (PVNH) to detect abnormal fiber projections that have only
      previously been reported in the histopathology literature. Materials and Methods
      Whole-brain diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging data from 14 patients with bilateral
      PVNH and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were prospectively
      acquired by using 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging between August 1, 2008,
      and December 5, 2012. All participants provided written informed consent. The DW
      imaging data were processed to generate whole-brain constrained spherical
      deconvolution (CSD)-based tractography data and super-resolution track-density
      imaging (TDI) maps. The tractography data were overlaid on coregistered three
      dimensional T1-weighted images to visually assess regions of heterotopia. A panel
      of MR imaging researchers independently assessed each case and indicated
      numerically (no = 1, yes = 2) as to the presence of abnormal fiber tracks in
      nodular tissue. The Fleiss kappa statistical measure was applied to assess the
      reader agreement. Results Abnormal fiber tracks emanating from one or more
      regions of heterotopia were reported by all four readers in all 14 patients with
      PVNH (Fleiss kappa = 1). These abnormal structures were not visible on the
      tractography data from any of the control subjects and were not discernable on
      the conventional T1-weighted images of the patients with PVNH. Conclusion Whole
      brain CSD-based fiber tractography and super-resolution TDI mapping reveals
      abnormal fiber projections in nodular tissue suggestive of abnormal organization
      of white matter (with abnormal fibers both within nodules and projecting to the
      surrounding white matter) in patients with bilateral PVNH. (c) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 27355898
TI  - Underestimation Rate at MR Imaging-guided Vacuum-assisted Breast Biopsy: A Multi
      Institutional Retrospective Study of 1509 Breast Biopsies.
AB  - Purpose To assess the rate of underestimation of atypical ductal hyperplasia
      (ADH) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging
      guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy and to explore the imaging, demographic, and
      histologic characteristics associated with lesion upgrade after surgery.
      Materials and Methods This retrospective study had institutional review board
      approval, and the need to obtain informed patient consent was waived. A total of
      1509 MR imaging-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy procedures were performed in nine
      centers. A diagnosis of ADH was obtained after biopsy in 72 cases, and a
      diagnosis of DCIS was obtained in 118 cases. Pearson chi2 and Fisher tests were
      used to assess the association between demographic, MR imaging, and biopsy
      features and lesion upgrade. Univariate statistical analyses were performed, and
      each significant parameter was entered into a multivariate logistic regression
      analysis. Results Surgical excision was performed in 66 of the 72 ADH cases and
      in 117 of 118 DCIS cases. The ADH and DCIS underestimation rates were 25.8% (17
      of 66) and 23.1% (27 of 117), respectively. Underestimation was 5.6-fold (odds
      ratio [OR] = 5.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7, 18.3) and 3.6-fold (OR =
      3.6; 95% CI: 1.2, 10) more likely in mass (n = 20 for ADH and n = 20 for DCIS)
      than in non-mass (n = 46 for ADH and n = 97 for DCIS), compared with
      nonunderestimation, in ADH and DCIS respectively. At multivariate analysis, the
      use of a 9- or 10-gauge needle versus a 7- or 8-gauge needle was also an
      independently associated with underestimation when a diagnosis of ADH was made at
      MR imaging-guided biopsy. No other parameters were associated with of ADH or DCIS
      upgrade at surgery. Conclusion The rates of underestimation in ADH and DCIS
      diagnosed at MR imaging-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy were high, at around 25%,
      and were significantly associated with the presence of a mass at MR imaging. (c)
      RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 27355899
TI  - Effect of Time-of-Flight Information on PET/MR Reconstruction Artifacts:
      Comparison of Free-breathing versus Breath-hold MR-based Attenuation Correction.
AB  - Purpose To evaluate the magnitude and anatomic extent of the artifacts introduced
      on positron emission tomographic (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) images by
      respiratory state mismatch in the attenuation map. Materials and Methods The
      method was tested on 14 patients referred for an oncologic examination who
      underwent PET/MR imaging. The acquisition included standard PET and MR series for
      each patient, and an additional attenuation correction series was acquired by
      using breath hold. PET data were reconstructed with and without time-of-flight
      (TOF) information, first by using the standard free-breathing attenuation map and
      then again by using the additional breath-hold map. Two-tailed paired t testing
      and linear regression with 0 intercept was performed on TOF versus non-TOF and
      free-breathing versus breath-hold data for all detected lesions. Results
      Fluorodeoxyglucose-avid lesions were found in eight of the 14 patients included
      in the study. The uptake differences (maximum standardized uptake values) between
      PET reconstructions with free-breathing versus breath-hold attenuation ranged,
      for non-TOF reconstructions, from -18% to 26%. The corresponding TOF
      reconstructions yielded differences from -15% to 18%. Conclusion TOF information
      was shown to reduce the artifacts caused at PET/MR by respiratory mismatch
      between emission and attenuation data. (c) RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental
      material is available for this article.

PMID- 27355900
TI  - Part II: new frontiers in antibacterial drug discovery.

PMID- 27355901
TI  - Site-dependent cobalt electronic state in La-Co co-substituted magnetoplumbite
      type ferrite: (59)Co nuclear magnetic resonance study.
AB  - The nuclear magnetic resonance of (59)Co was measured over a wide frequency range
      in a powder sample crushed from a well-characterized single crystal of La-Co co
      substituted magnetoplumbite-type strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19), a familiar base
      material for the ferrite permanent magnet. The simultaneous observation of both
      high- and low-frequency resonances suggests the coexistence of both high- and low
      spin states of the substituted Co or the presence of Co orbital moment at a
      particular site. The possible presence of trivalent Co was also investigated. The
      results suggest that the Co atoms are distributed across different
      crystallographic sites with different local environments, and that the electronic
      state of Co is much more subtle than the conventional understanding.

PMID- 27355902
TI  - Local Fine Structural Insight into Mechanism of Electrochemical Passivation of
      Titanium.
AB  - Electrochemically formed passive film on titanium in 1.0 M H2SO4 solution and its
      thickness, composition, chemical state, and local fine structure are examined by
      Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X
      ray absorption fine structure. AES analysis reveals that the thickness and
      composition of oxide film are proportional to the reciprocal of current density
      in potentiodynamic polarization. XPS depth profiles of the chemical states of
      titanium exhibit the coexistence of various valences cations in the surface.
      Quantitative X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis of the local
      electronic structure of the topmost surface (~5.0 nm) shows that the ratio of
      [TiO2]/[Ti2O3] is consistent with that of passivation/dissolution of
      electrochemical activity. Theoretical calculation and analysis of extended X-ray
      absorption fine structure spectra at Ti K-edge indicate that both the structures
      of passivation and dissolution are distorted caused by the appearance of two
      different sites of Ti-O and Ti-Ti. And the bound water in the topmost surface
      plays a vital role in structural disorder confirmed by XPS. Overall, the increase
      of average Ti-O coordination causes the electrochemical passivation, and the
      dissolution is due to the decrease of average Ti-Ti coordination. The structural
      variations of passivation in coordination number and interatomic distance are in
      good agreement with the prediction of point defect model. 

PMID- 27355903
TI  - Modulation of cAMP levels by high-fat diet and curcumin and regulatory effects on
      CD36/FAT scavenger receptor/fatty acids transporter gene expression.
AB  - Curcumin, a polyphenol from turmeric (Curcuma longa), reduces inflammation,
      atherosclerosis, and obesity in several animal studies. In Ldlr-/- mice fed a
      high-fat diet (HFD), curcumin reduces plasma lipid levels, therefore contributing
      to a lower accumulation of lipids and to reduced expression of fatty acid
      transport proteins (CD36/FAT, FABP4/aP2) in peritoneal macrophages. In this
      study, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms by which curcumin (500, 1000, 1500
      mg/kg diet, for 4 months) may influence plasma and tissue lipid levels in Ldlr-/-
      mice fed an HFD. In liver, HFD significantly suppressed cAMP levels, and curcumin
      restored almost normal levels. Similar trends were observed in adipose tissues,
      but not in brain, skeletal muscle, spleen, and kidney. Treatment with curcumin
      increased phosphorylation of CREB in liver, what may play a role in regulatory
      effects of curcumin in lipid homeostasis. In cell lines, curcumin increased the
      level of cAMP, activated the transcription factor CREB and the human CD36
      promoter via a sequence containing a consensus CREB response element. Regulatory
      effects of HFD and Cur on gene expression were observed in liver, less in
      skeletal muscle and not in brain. Since the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/CREB
      pathway plays an important role in lipid homeostasis, energy expenditure, and
      thermogenesis by increasing lipolysis and fatty acid beta-oxidation, an increase
      in cAMP levels induced by curcumin may contribute to its hypolipidemic and anti
      atherosclerotic effects. (c) 2016 BioFactors, 43(1):42-53, 2017.

PMID- 27355905
TI  - The evolving role of subspecialties in population health management and new
      healthcare delivery models.
AB  - New healthcare delivery models, including accountable care organizations (ACOs)
      and patient-centered medical homes, emphasize a more robust role for primary
      care. However, it is less clear how the roles and responsibilities of
      subspecialists should change as we enter a new paradigm of alternative payment
      models. Health systems seeking to better manage population health and control
      costs will need a clearer understanding of how best to incorporate subspecialty
      practitioners: What is a subspecialist's role? How does it vary by subspecialty?
      How should they be compensated? We argue that subspecialist compensation in ACOs
      and other new care delivery models should recognize the range of ways in which
      specialists can provide value to patients across a population-which varies
      depending on the provider's role in a patient's care. Only by more thoughtfully
      engaging, equipping, and compensating subspecialty practitioners can we achieve
      reform's central goal of better population health at a lower cost.

PMID- 27355904
TI  - Role of Heme Pocket Water in Allosteric Regulation of Ligand Reactivity in Human
      Hemoglobin.
AB  - Water molecules can enter the heme pockets of unliganded myoglobins and
      hemoglobins, hydrogen bond with the distal histidine, and introduce steric
      barriers to ligand binding. The spectrokinetics of photodissociated CO complexes
      of human hemoglobin and its isolated alpha and beta chains were analyzed for the
      effect of heme hydration on ligand rebinding. A strong coupling was observed
      between heme hydration and quaternary state. This coupling may contribute
      significantly to the 20-60-fold difference between the R- and T-state bimolecular
      CO binding rate constants and thus to the modulation of ligand reactivity that is
      the hallmark of hemoglobin allostery. Heme hydration proceeded over the course of
      several kinetic phases in the tetramer, including the R to T quaternary
      transition. An initial 150 ns hydration phase increased the R-state distal pocket
      water occupancy, nw(R), to a level similar to that of the isolated alpha (~60%)
      and beta (~10%) chains, resulting in a modest barrier to ligand binding. A
      subsequent phase, concurrent with the first step of the R -> T transition,
      further increased the level of heme hydration, increasing the barrier. The final
      phase, concurrent with the final step of the allosteric transition, brought the
      water occupancy of the T-state tetramer, nw(T), even higher and close to full
      occupancy in both the alpha and beta subunits (~90%). This hydration level could
      present an even larger barrier to ligand binding and contribute significantly to
      the lower iron reactivity of the T state toward CO.

PMID- 27355906
TI  - When doctors go to business school: career shoices of physician-MBAs.
AB  - There has been substantial growth in the number of physicians pursing Master of
      Business Administration (MBA) degrees over the past decade, but there is
      continuing debate over the utility of these programs and the career outcomes of
      their graduates. The authors analyzed the clinical and professional activities of
      a large cohort of physician-MBAs by gathering information on 206 physician
      graduates from the Harvard Business School MBA program who obtained their degrees
      between 1941 and 2014. Key outcome measures that were examined include medical
      specialty, current professional activity, and clinical practice. Chi square tests
      were used to assess the correlations in the data. Among the careers that were
      tracked (n = 195), there was significant heterogeneity in current primary
      employment. The most common sectors were clinical (27.7%), investment
      banking/finance (27.0%), hospital/provider administration (11.7%),
      biotech/device/pharmaceutical (10.9%), and entrepreneurship (9.5%). Overall, 84%
      of physician-MBAs entered residency; approximately half (49.3%) remained
      clinically active in some capacity and only one-fourth (27.7%) reported clinical
      medicine as their primary professional role. Among those who pursued residency
      training, the most common specialties were internal medicine (39.3%), emergency
      medicine (10.4%), orthopedic surgery (9.2%), and general surgery (8.6%).
      Physician-MBAs trained in internal medicine were significantly more likely to
      remain clinically active (63.8% vs 42.4%; P = .01). Clinical activity and primary
      employment in a clinical role decreased after degree conferment. After completing
      their education, a majority of physician-MBAs divert their primary professional
      focus away from clinical activity. These findings reveal new insights into the
      career outcomes of physician-MBAs.

PMID- 27355907
TI  - Value of improved lipid control in patients at high risk for adverse cardiac
      events.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) is suboptimally used in patients with
      hyperlipidemia in the 2 highest statin benefit groups (SBGs), as categorized by
      the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. This study
      estimated the social value of reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL
      C) levels by 50% for patients in SBGs 1 and 2 who have been treated with standard
      LLT but have not reached LDL-C goal, as well as the potential value of PCSK9
      inhibitors for patients in these groups. STUDY DESIGN: Simulation model. METHODS:
      We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) and US Census
      data to project the population of SBGs 1 and 2 in the time period 2015 to 2035.
      We used insurance claims data to estimate incidence rates of major adverse
      cardiac events (MACEs), and NHANES with National Vital Statistics data to
      estimate cardiovascular disease mortality rates. Using established associations
      between LDL-C and MACE risk, we estimated the value of reducing LDL-C levels by
      50%. We incorporated results from a meta-analysis to estimate the value of PSCK9
      inhibitors. RESULTS: Among those treated with LLT with LDL-C > 70 mg/dL in SBGs 1
      and 2, the cumulative value of reducing LDL-C levels by 50% would be $2.9
      trillion from 2015 to 2035, resulting primarily from 1.6 million deaths averted.
      The cumulative value of PCSK9 inhibitors would range from $3.4 trillion to $5.1
      trillion (1.9-2.8 million deaths averted), or $12,000 to $17,000 per patient-year
      of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Lowering LDL-C in high-risk patients with
      hyperlipidemia has enormous potential social value. For patients in these high
      risk groups, PCSK9 inhibitors may have considerable net value depending on the
      final prices payers ultimately select.

PMID- 27355908
TI  - Review of outcomes associated with restricted access to atypical antipsychotics.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cost containment policies, such as prior authorization (PA), have
      increasingly been used by formulary decision makers to manage drug spending of
      the atypical antipsychotic (AAP) drug class. However, these drug cost containment
      policies may result in cost shifting rather than cost savings. Given the interest
      in coordination of care, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact
      of restricted access to AAPs on healthcare costs and health outcomes in
      individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. STUDY DESIGN: Narrative
      literature review. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (via
      PubMed) for studies published between January 1993 and December 2013. RESULTS: A
      total of 15 published studies were identified that evaluated restricted access to
      AAPs in regard to healthcare costs or health outcomes: 11 studies assessed PAs, 2
      studies assessed carve-outs, 1 study assessed a payment limit (cap), and 1 study
      assessed Medicare Part D cost sharing. Among 8 studies evaluating changes in
      pharmacy costs and clinical outcomes, 5 studies reported that formulary
      restrictions were associated with pharmacy cost savings and increases in
      healthcare utilization or treatment discontinuation. Of the 4 studies that
      measured overall cost changes, 3 studies reported increases in overall cost
      burden and 1 study showed modest cost savings associated with formulary
      restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings revealed there exists a gap in the
      literature as to whether restricted access to AAPs results in overall cost
      savings or, rather, shifts the cost burden from pharmacy spending to other parts
      of the healthcare system, such as service utilization.

PMID- 27355909
TI  - Effects of physician payment reform on provision of home dialysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patients with end-stage renal disease can receive dialysis at home or
      in-center. In 2004, CMS reformed physician payment for in-center hemodialysis
      care from a capitated to a tiered fee-for-service model, augmenting physician
      payment for frequent in-center visits. We evaluated whether payment reform
      influenced dialysis modality assignment. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study of patients
      starting dialysis in the United States in the 3 years before and the 3 years
      after payment reform. METHODS: We conducted difference-in-difference analyses
      comparing patients with traditional Medicare coverage (who were affected by the
      policy) to others with Medicare Advantage (who were unaffected by the policy). We
      also examined whether the policy had a more pronounced influence on dialysis
      modality assignment in areas with lower costs of traveling to dialysis
      facilities. RESULTS: Patients with traditional Medicare coverage experienced a
      0.7% (95% CI, 0.2%-1.1%; P = .003) reduction in the absolute probability of home
      dialysis use following payment reform compared with patients with Medicare
      Advantage. Patients living in areas with larger dialysis facilities (where
      payment reform made in-center hemodialysis comparatively more lucrative for
      physicians) experienced a 0.9% (95% CI, 0.5%-1.4%; P < .001) reduction in home
      dialysis use following payment reform compared with patients living in areas with
      smaller facilities (where payment reform made in-center hemodialysis
      comparatively less lucrative for physicians). CONCLUSIONS: The transition from a
      capitated to a tiered fee-for-service payment model for in-center hemodialysis
      care resulted in fewer patients receiving home dialysis. This area of policy
      failure highlights the importance of considering unintended consequences of
      future physician payment reform efforts.

PMID- 27355910
TI  - Adoption of new agents and changes in treatment patterns for hepatitis C: 2010
      2014.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: A number of new hepatitis C virus (HCV) medications have become
      available in the United States, but little is known about how these treatments
      have been adopted into practice and their financial burden on patients. The aim
      of this study was to examine whether the introduction of new HCV medications was
      associated with changes in treatment rates and out-of-pocket (OOP) costs. STUDY
      DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of administrative claims data from Optum Labs Data
      Warehouse. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis using a large, US
      commercial insurance database to identify 56,116 adults with chronic HCV between
      January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014. Logistic regression was performed to
      calculate patients' predicted probability of being treated before and after the
      new medications became available. RESULTS: A total of 5436 (9.7%) of patients
      with HCV received treatment during an average of 1.8 years of follow-up. In the
      last quarter of 2014, 0.1% of patients with HCV received interferon/ribavirin as
      the primary treatment; no one received boceprevir or telaprevir, 1.1% received
      sofosbuvir combined with simeprevir, 1.4% received sofosbuvir or simeprevir
      alone, and 2.0% received ledipasvir/sofosbuvir. The introduction of new
      medications was significantly associated with an increased treatment rate, from
      5.4% to 6.8% (P < .001). The increase was high among elderly patients and
      patients with liver transplant, liver cancer, and liver disease or cirrhosis. The
      median OOP costs of patients receiving new regimens were relatively low ($112
      $340), but great variations existed. CONCLUSIONS: At the end of 2014, patients
      were almost exclusively using new therapies, which was associated with increased
      treatment rate, especially among patients who may need urgent treatment but are
      intolerant or ineligible for interferon-based regimens.

PMID- 27355913
TI  - Role of Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
AB  - The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is steadily in the rise in
      Western as well as in developing countries paralleling the increase of
      westernized diets, characterized by high protein and fat as well as excessive
      sugar intake, with less vegetables and fiber. An interesting hypothesis is that
      environmental (food-) triggered changes of the intestinal microbiome might cause
      a proinflammatory state preceding the development of IBD. Indeed, an intact
      intestinal epithelial barrier assuring a normal bacterial clearance of the
      intestinal surface is crucial to guarantee intestinal homeostasis. Any factors
      affecting the epithelial barrier function directly or indirectly may impact on
      this homeostasis, as well as any changes of the intestinal microbial composition.
      It is intriguing to learn that some frequently used food components impact on the
      quality of the intestinal barrier, as well as on the composition of the
      intestinal microbiome. This highlights the close interaction between living
      conditions, hygiene, food habits and food quality with the bacterial composition
      of the intestinal microbiome and the activation status of the intestinal immune
      system. There is clear evidence that nutritional therapy is highly successful in
      the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD). Exclusive enteral nutrition is well
      established as induction therapy of CD. New diets, such as a CD exclusion diet or
      defined diets (specific carbohydrate diets, FODMAP diet, Paleolithic diet) are
      being discussed as treatment options for IBD. Well-designed clinical trials in
      IBD are urgently required to define the precise role of each of these diets in
      the prevention or management of IBD. Up to now, the role of diet in IBD is highly
      undermined by lay and anecdotal reports without sufficient scientific proof.

PMID- 27355912
TI  - What has been learned from mouse models of the Fragile X Premutation and Fragile
      X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe in this review how research using mouse models developed
      to study the Fragile X premutation (PM) and Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia
      syndrome (FXTAS) have contributed to understanding these disorders. PM carriers
      bear an expanded CGG trinucleotide repeat on the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1
      (FMR1) gene, and are at risk for developing the late onset neurodegenerative
      disorder FXTAS. CONCLUSIONS: Much has been learned about these genetic disorders
      from the development and study of mouse models. This includes new insights into
      the early cellular and molecular events that occur in PM carriers and in FXTAS,
      the presence of multiorgan pathology beyond the CNS, immunological dysregulation,
      unexpected synthesis of a potentially toxic peptide in FXTAS (i.e., FMRpolyG),
      and evidence that the disease process may be halted or reversed by appropriate
      molecular therapies given early in the course of disease.

PMID- 27355911
TI  - Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis and malnutrition are linked in a complex relationship.
      Tuberculosis may cause undernutrition through increased metabolic demands and
      decreased intake, and nutritional deficiencies may worsen the disease, or delay
      recovery by depressing important immune functions. At present, there is no
      evidence-based nutritional guidance for adults and children being treated for
      tuberculosis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of oral nutritional supplements
      in people being treated with antituberculous drug therapy for active
      tuberculosis. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Infectious Disease Group
      Specialized Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL;
      Issue 1, 2016), MEDLINE (from 1946 to 4 February 2016), EMBASE (from 1980 to 4
      February 2016), LILACS (from 1982 to 4 February 2016), the metaRegister of
      Controlled Trials (mRCT), the World Health Organization (WHO) International
      Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and the Indian Journal of Tuberculosis
      up to 4 February 2016, and checked the reference lists of all included studies.
      SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials that compared any oral
      nutritional supplement given for at least four weeks with no nutritional
      intervention, placebo, or dietary advice only for people being treated for active
      tuberculosis. The primary outcomes of interest were all-cause death, and cure at
      six and 12 months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently
      selected trials for inclusion, and extracted data and assessed the risk of bias
      in the included trials. We presented the results as risk ratios (RR) for
      dichotomous variables, and mean differences (MD) for continuous variables, with
      95% confidence intervals (CIs). Where appropriate, we pooled data from trials
      with similar interventions and outcomes. We assessed the quality of the evidence
      using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation
      (GRADE) approach. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-five trials, including 8283 participants,
      met the inclusion criteria of this review. Macronutrient supplementationSix
      trials assessed the provision of free food, or high-energy supplements. Only two
      trials measured total dietary intake, and in both trials the intervention
      increased calorie consumption compared to controls.The available trials were too
      small to reliably prove or exclude clinically important benefits on mortality (RR
      0.34, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.20; four trials, 567 participants, very low quality
      evidence), cure (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.41; one trial, 102 participants, very
      low quality evidence), or treatment completion (data not pooled; two trials, 365
      participants, very low quality evidence).Supplementation probably produces a
      modest increase in weight gain during treatment for active tuberculosis, although
      this was not seen consistently across all trials (data not pooled; five trials,
      883 participants, moderate quality evidence). Two small studies provide some
      evidence that quality of life may also be improved but the trials were too small
      to have much confidence in the result (data not pooled; two trials, 134
      participants, low quality evidence). Micronutrient supplementationSix trials
      assessed multi-micronutrient supplementation in doses up to 10 times the dietary
      reference intake, and 18 trials assessed single or dual micronutrient
      supplementation.Routine multi-micronutrient supplementation may have little or no
      effect on mortality in HIV-negative people with tuberculosis (RR 0.86, 95% CI
      0.46 to 1.6; four trials, 1219 participants, low quality evidence), or HIV
      positive people who are not taking antiretroviral therapy (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.69
      to 1.23; three trials, 1429 participants, moderate quality evidence). There is
      insufficient evidence to know if supplementation improves cure (no trials),
      treatment completion (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.04; one trial, 302 participants,
      very low quality evidence), or the proportion of people who remain sputum
      positive during the first eight weeks (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.35; two trials,
      1020 participants, very low quality evidence). However, supplementation may have
      little or no effect on weight gain during treatment (data not pooled; five
      trials, 2940 participants, low quality evidence), and no studies have assessed
      the effect on quality of life.Plasma levels of vitamin A appear to increase
      following initiation of tuberculosis treatment regardless of supplementation. In
      contrast, supplementation probably does improve plasma levels of zinc, vitamin D,
      vitamin E, and selenium, but this has not been shown to have clinically important
      benefits. Of note, despite multiple studies of vitamin D supplementation in
      different doses, statistically significant benefits on sputum conversion have not
      been demonstrated. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is currently insufficient research
      to know whether routinely providing free food, or energy supplements improves
      tuberculosis treatment outcomes, but it probably improves weight gain in some
      settings.Although blood levels of some vitamins may be low in people starting
      treatment for active tuberculosis, there is currently no reliable evidence that
      routinely supplementing above recommended daily amounts has clinical benefits.

PMID- 27355915
TI  - BF3.OEt2-mediated syn-selective Meyer-Schuster rearrangement of phenoxy propargyl
      alcohols for Z-beta-aryl-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters.
AB  - Synthesis of Z-beta-aryl-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters from readily available 1
      aryl-3-phenoxy propargyl alcohols is achieved via a BF3-mediated syn-selective
      Meyer-Schuster rearrangement under ambient conditions. The reaction mechanism is
      postulated to involve an electrophilic borylation of an allene intermediate as
      the key step to kinetically control the stereoselectivity. 

PMID- 27355914
TI  - Aggressive extensive cardiac mass in an HIV-1-infected patient: should we go for
      comfort therapy?
AB  - Cardiac masses are rare, the differential diagnosis includes infections with
      vegetations or abscesses, neoplasms, thrombi, and structural abnormalities. A
      pathology specimen is essential in therapeutic strategy planning for a cardiac
      mass, also if the primary imaging findings look dramatic at the start. Even in an
      inoperable setting, a life-saving therapy might be available. We report a case of
      a 49-year-old man, known with HIV-1, who was several times admitted with
      pericarditis. Now he was hospitalized with progressive lower limb edema, atrial
      fibrillation and detection of a giant cardiac mass in left and right atrium with
      infiltration of surrounding tissues. Given the extent and invasiveness of the
      mass, he was inoperable. Biopsy specimen was obtained and staging was performed
      by PET-CT scan. The diagnosis of stage IV Burkitt lymphoma with predominant
      extranodal cardiac involvement was withheld wherefore promptly aggressive therapy
      was started according to the GMALL B-NHL86 protocol. The therapy was downgraded
      to R-CHOP due to tolerance problems. He achieved a complete remission and during
      follow-up no relapse was detected.

PMID- 27355916
TI  - Identification and Characterization of IgE-Binding Tropomyosins in Aedes aegypti.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a potential source of important
      clinically relevant allergens. However, the allergenicity and cross-reactivity of
      most of these has not been fully described. METHODS: Natural wild-type mosquito
      tropomyosin was purified by size exclusion and anionic-exchange chromatography
      from an A. aegypti extract. Further characterization was accomplished by MALDI
      TOF/TOF. Two recombinant variants of tropomyosin were obtained by expression in
      Escherichia coli. Specific IgE measurement by ELISA and skin tests for mosquito
      extract were performed in 12 patients with asthma or allergy rhinitis residing on
      the Caribbean island of Martinique. Cross-reactivity between natural A. aegypti
      tropomyosin and recombinant tropomyosins from A. aegypti, house dust mite, shrimp
      and Ascaris lumbricoides was analyzed by ELISA competition. RESULTS: Four
      variants of natural tropomyosin were purified. A band of 32 kDa in SDS-PAGE
      representing 2 tropomyosin variants (Aed a 10.0101 and Aed a 10.0201) reacted
      with specific IgE of 4 of the 12 (33%) allergic patients and with rabbit
      polyclonal anti-shrimp tropomyosin. A high degree of cross-reactivity (60-70%)
      was detected between natural mosquito tropomyosin and Blo t 10, Der p 10 and Lit
      v 1, and a lower degree with Asc l 3 from A. lumbricoides (<30%). rAed a 10.0101
      inhibited IgE binding to natural A. aegypti tropomyosin; however, rAed a 10.0201
      showed a low inhibitory capacity. CONCLUSION: Tropomyosin is a new IgE-binding
      protein from A. aegypti. Two of the 4 variants identified showed different degree
      of cross-reactivity with tropomyosins from other arthropods. The potential
      allergenic role of each variant should be further investigated.

PMID- 27355931
TI  - Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Varicella Zoster Infection in Iranian
      Adolescents: A Multilevel Analysis; The CASPIAN-III Study.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the varicella zoster virus (VZV)
      immunity in Iranian adolescents. It was conducted as a primary study for vaccine
      implementation, and to investigate the association of climatic and socioeconomic
      factors with the epidemiology of this infection. In this cross- sectional study,
      anti VZV antibodies were measured in serum samples obtained in a national school
      based health survey (CASPIAN- III). Association of demographic, socio-economic,
      and climate of the living region with the frequency of VZV was investigated by
      multivariate multilevel analysis. Overall, sera of 2753 individuals aged 10-18
      were tested for VZV antibodies, from those 87.4% were positive. The prevalence
      was statistically different in four socio-geographic regions (P<0.001), varying
      between 85.24% in West region (mostly mountainous areas with cold climate) to
      94.59% in Southeast region (subtropical climate). Among variables studied, only
      age and mean daily temperature of the living area were positively associated with
      the VZV seroprevalence. Our findings show that most Iranians develop immunity to
      VZV before the age of 10, but a substantial proportion of them are yet
      susceptible to the infection. Therefore, it seems that the best strategy to
      reduce the burden of the disease is to vaccinate high- risk adults, i.e. those
      without a history of varicella infection. The regional temperature might be the
      only determinant of VZV epidemiology in Iran. 

PMID- 27355932
TI  - Anti-cancer effect of R3V6 peptide-mediated delivery of an anti-microRNA-21
      antisense-oligodeoxynucleotide in a glioblastoma animal model.
AB  - MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) expression in glioblastoma inhibits the expression of pro
      apoptotic genes, thereby promoting tumor growth. A previous study showed that the
      amphiphilic R3V6 peptide is an efficient carrier of the anti-miR-21 antisense
      oligodeoxynucleotide (antisense-ODN) into cells in vitro. In the current study,
      in vivo delivery of antisense-ODN using the R3V6 peptide was evaluated in a
      glioblastoma animal model. In vitro transfection showed that the R3V6 peptide
      delivered antisense-ODN more efficiently than polyethylenimine (25 kDa, PEI25k)
      in C6 glioblastoma cells. For in vivo evaluation, antisense-ODN/R3V6 complex was
      injected intratumorally into a C6 glioblastoma xenograft animal model. Tumor
      growth was suppressed by the injection of the antisense-ODN/R3V6 complex,
      compared with the antisense-ODN/PEI25k and scrambled-antisense-ODN (scr-antisense
      ODN)/R3V6 complexes. Real-time RT-PCR showed that miR-21 levels were reduced most
      efficiently by the antisense-ODNR3V6 complex in tumors. Due to inhibition of miR
      21, expression of the programed cell death 4 (PDCD4) gene was promoted in tumors,
      resulting in the induction of apoptosis of tumor cells. These results suggest
      that delivery of antisense-ODN using R3V6 peptides may be useful for the
      development of antisense-ODN therapy for glioblastoma.

PMID- 27355933
TI  - Streptococcus Gallolyticus Subsp. Pasteurianus Infection In A Neonatal Intensive
      Care Unit.
AB  - We report nosocomial transmission of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp.
      pasteurianus among 3 neonates, 1 of whom died. Genome analysis of the strains
      showed a specific pattern of metabolic and regulatory functions as well as of
      expressed antigens and antibiotic resistance genes that might have contributed to
      their specific virulence.

PMID- 27355934
TI  - Differential Improvement of Executive Functions During Abstinence in Cocaine
      Dependent Patients: A Longitudinal Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In substance abusers, deficits in executive functioning (EF) are
      relevant to understanding the behavioral regulation of substance consumption and
      the failure to remain abstinent. OBJECTIVE: To determine the course of EF
      impairment, measured with traditional and ecological instruments, after 1 and 3
      months of abstinence in patients with cocaine dependence. METHODS: 26 cocaine
      only-dependent in-patients (cocaine-dependent group, CDG) and 24 nondependent
      controls (control group, CG) recruited from a typical population were assessed
      using several EF tests and questionnaires [Stroop, verbal and graphic fluency,
      Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of London (TOL), and Behavior Rating
      Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A)] after three periods of
      abstinence: 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. RESULTS: At 1 week (baseline), CDG
      underperformed CG on most EF measures (WCST categories completed; TOL-total
      number of moves, execution time, and rule violations; and various BRIEF-A
      subscales). At 1 month, CDG moderately improved its performance on several
      measures, meanwhile the improvement in the 12 patients who would eventually
      complete the 3-month abstinence proved particularly significant when compared to
      their baseline values. In the a posteriori comparison of the baseline values of
      noncompleters versus completers, scores for the former were lower on the EF
      tasks, but higher on the BRIEF-A. Both groups, showed significantly worse scores
      than CG on both instruments. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: Cocaine-dependent patients
      showed marked difficulties in the EF associated mainly with adaptive behavior to
      their environment. Cocaine-dependent patients with better EF at baseline improved
      significantly during abstinence and had better treatment adherence. Results
      suggest that executive improvement and treatment adherence in cocaine abusers in
      abstinence is related to intrinsic cognitive characteristics of patients.

PMID- 27355935
TI  - A One-Pot Tandem Strategy in Catalytic Asymmetric Vinylogous Aldol Reaction of
      Homoallylic Alcohols.
AB  - Reported is a rationally-designed one-pot sequential strategy that allows
      homoallylic alcohols to be employed in a catalytic, asymmetric, direct vinylogous
      aldol reaction with a series of activated acyclic ketones, including
      trifluoromethyl ketones, gamma-ketoesters, and alpha-keto phosphonates, in high
      yields (up to 95%) with excellent regio- and enantio-selectivity (up to 99% ee).
      This modular combination, including Jones oxidation and asymmetric
      organocatalysis, has satisfactory compatibility and reliability even at a 20 mmol
      scale, albeit without intermediary purification. 

PMID- 27355936
TI  - Synthesis and Evaluation of Ciprofloxacin-Nitroxide Conjugates as Anti-Biofilm
      Agents.
AB  - As bacterial biofilms are often refractory to conventional antimicrobials, the
      need for alternative and/or novel strategies for the treatment of biofilm related
      infections has become of paramount importance. Herein, we report the synthesis of
      novel hybrid molecules comprised of two different hindered nitroxides linked to
      the piperazinyl secondary amine of ciprofloxacin via a tertiary amine linker
      achieved utilising reductive amination. The corresponding methoxyamine
      derivatives were prepared alongside their radical-containing counterparts as
      controls. Subsequent biological evaluation of the hybrid compounds on preformed
      P. aeruginosa flow cell biofilms divulged significant dispersal and eradication
      abilities for ciprofloxacin-nitroxide hybrid compound 10 (up to 95% eradication
      of mature biofilms at 40 MUM). Importantly, these hybrids represent the first
      dual-action antimicrobial-nitroxide agents, which harness the dispersal
      properties of the nitroxide moiety to circumvent the well-known resistance of
      biofilms to treatment with antimicrobial agents. 

PMID- 27355937
TI  - Integrated Analysis of the Wood Oil from Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon &
      Hiep. by Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques.
AB  - In order to get better knowledge about the volatiles produced by Xanthocyparis
      vietnamensis, a species recently discovered in Vietnam, its wood oil has been
      analyzed by a combination of chromatographic (GC, CC) and spectroscopic (GC-MS,
      (13)C-NMR) techniques. Forty components that accounted for 87.9% of the oil
      composition have been identified. The composition is dominated by nootkatene
      (20.7%), 11,12,13-tri-nor-eremophil-1(10)-en-7-one (17.2%), gamma-eudesmol
      (5.1%), nootkatone (4.7%), valencene (3.5%) and 13-nor-eremophil-1(10)-en-11-one
      (2.6%). The structure of two new compounds-10-epi-nor-gamma-eudesmen-11-one and
      12-hydroxy-isodihydroagarofuran-has been elucidated, while 11,12,13-tri-nor
      eremophil-1(10)-en-7-ol is reported as a natural product for the first time. The
      composition of X. vietnamensis wood oil varied drastically from those of leaf
      oils, dominated by hedycaryol (34.4%), phyllocladene (37.8%) or by pimara-6(14)
      15-diene (19.4%). 

PMID- 27355938
TI  - Chemical Synthesis of Deoxynivalenol-3-beta-d-[(13)C6]-glucoside and Application
      in Stable Isotope Dilution Assays.
AB  - Modified mycotoxins have been gaining importance in recent years and present a
      certain challenge in LC-MS/MS analysis. Due to the previous lack of a labeled
      isotopologue of the modified mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, in our study
      we synthesized the first (13)C-labeled internal standard. Therefore, we used the
      Konigs-Knorr method to synthesize deoxynivalenol-3-beta-d-[(13)C6]-glucoside
      originated from unlabeled deoxynivalenol and [(13)C6]-labeled glucose. Using the
      synthesized isotopically-labeled standard deoxynivalenol-3-beta-d-[(13)C6]
      glucoside and the purchased labeled standard [(13)C15]-deoxynivalenol, a stable
      isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method was firstly developed for deoxynivalenol-3
      glucoside and deoxynivalenol in beer. The preparation and purification of beer
      samples was based on a solid phase extraction. The validation data of the newly
      developed method gave satisfying results. Intra- and interday precision studies
      revealed relative standard deviations below 0.5% and 7%, respectively. The
      recoveries ranged for both analytes between 97% and 112%. The stable isotope
      dilution assay was applied to various beer samples from four different countries.
      In summary, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and deoxynivalenol mostly appeared
      together in varying molar ratios but were quantified in rather low contents in
      the investigated beers. 

PMID- 27355939
TI  - Nanoparticles: Alternatives Against Drug-Resistant Pathogenic Microbes.
AB  - Antimicrobial substances may be synthetic, semisynthetic, or of natural origin
      (i.e., from plants and animals). Antimicrobials are considered "miracle drugs"
      and can determine if an infected patient/animal recovers or dies. However, the
      misuse of antimicrobials has led to the development of multi-drug-resistant
      bacteria, which is one of the greatest challenges for healthcare practitioners
      and is a significant global threat. The major concern with the development of
      antimicrobial resistance is the spread of resistant organisms. The replacement of
      conventional antimicrobials by new technology to counteract antimicrobial
      resistance is ongoing. Nanotechnology-driven innovations provide hope for
      patients and practitioners in overcoming the problem of drug resistance.
      Nanomaterials have tremendous potential in both the medical and veterinary
      fields. Several nanostructures comprising metallic particles have been developed
      to counteract microbial pathogens. The effectiveness of nanoparticles (NPs)
      depends on the interaction between the microorganism and the NPs. The development
      of effective nanomaterials requires in-depth knowledge of the physicochemical
      properties of NPs and the biological aspects of microorganisms. However, the
      risks associated with using NPs in healthcare need to be addressed. The present
      review highlights the antimicrobial effects of various nanomaterials and their
      potential advantages, drawbacks, or side effects. In addition, this comprehensive
      information may be useful in the discovery of broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs
      for use against multi-drug-resistant microbial pathogens in the near future. 

PMID- 27355940
TI  - Spectroscopic and Kinetic Characterization of Peroxidase-Like pi-Cation Radical
      Pinch-Porphyrin-Iron(III) Reaction Intermediate Models of Peroxidase Enzymes.
AB  - The spectroscopic and kinetic characterization of two intermediates from the H2O2
      oxidation of three dimethyl ester [(proto), (meso), (deuteroporphyrinato)
      (picdien)]Fe(III) complexes ([FePPPic], [FeMPPic] and [FeDPPic], respectively)
      pinch-porphyrin peroxidase enzyme models, with s = 5/2 and 3/2 Fe(III) quantum
      mixed spin (qms) ground states is described herein. The kinetic study by UV/Vis
      at lambdamax = 465 nm showed two different types of kinetics during the oxidation
      process in the guaiacol test for peroxidases (1-3 + guaiacol + H2O2 -> oxidation
      guaiacol products). The first intermediate was observed during the first 24 s of
      the reaction. When the reaction conditions were changed to higher concentration
      of pinch-porphyrins and hydrogen peroxide only one type of kinetics was observed.
      Next, the reaction was performed only between pinch-porphyrins-Fe(III) and H2O2,
      resulting in only two types of kinetics that were developed during the first 0-4
      s. After this time a self-oxidation process was observed. Our hypotheses state
      that the formation of the pi-cation radicals, reaction intermediates of the pinch
      porphyrin-Fe(III) family with the ligand picdien [N,N'-bis-pyridin-2-ylmethyl
      propane-1,3-diamine], occurred with unique kinetics that are different from the
      overall process and was involved in the oxidation pathway. UV-Vis, 1H-NMR and ESR
      spectra confirmed the formation of such intermediates. The results in this paper
      highlight the link between different spectroscopic techniques that positively
      depict the kinetic traits of artificial compounds with enzyme-like activity. 

PMID- 27355941
TI  - Resistance to DNA Damaging Agents Produced Invasive Phenotype of Rat Glioma Cells
      Characterization of a New in Vivo Model.
AB  - Chemoresistance and invasion properties are severe limitations to efficient
      glioma therapy. Therefore, development of glioma in vivo models that more
      accurately resemble the situation observed in patients emerges. Previously, we
      established RC6 rat glioma cell line resistant to DNA damaging agents including
      antiglioma approved therapies such as 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)
      and temozolomide (TMZ). Herein, we evaluated the invasiveness of RC6 cells in
      vitro and in a new orthotopic animal model. For comparison, we used C6 cells from
      which RC6 cells originated. Differences in cell growth properties were assessed
      by real-time cell analyzer. Cells' invasive potential in vitro was studied in
      fluorescently labeled gelatin and by formation of multicellular spheroids in
      hydrogel. For animal studies, fluorescently labeled cells were inoculated into
      adult male Wistar rat brains. Consecutive coronal and sagittal brain sections
      were analyzed 10 and 25 days post-inoculation, while rats' behavior was recorded
      during three days in the open field test starting from 25th day post-inoculation.
      We demonstrated that development of chemoresistance induced invasive phenotype of
      RC6 cells with significant behavioral impediments implying usefulness of
      orthotopic RC6 glioma allograft in preclinical studies for the examination of new
      approaches to counteract both chemoresistance and invasion of glioma cells. 

PMID- 27355942
TI  - The X-ray Structures of Six Octameric RNA Duplexes in the Presence of Different
      Di- and Trivalent Cations.
AB  - Due to the polyanionic nature of RNA, the principles of charge neutralization and
      electrostatic condensation require that cations help to overcome the repulsive
      forces in order for RNA to adopt a three-dimensional structure. A precise
      structural knowledge of RNA-metal ion interactions is crucial to understand the
      mechanism of metal ions in the catalytic or regulatory activity of RNA. We solved
      the crystal structure of an octameric RNA duplex in the presence of the di- and
      trivalent metal ions Ca(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), Cu(2+), Sr(2+), and Tb(3+). The
      detailed investigation reveals a unique innersphere interaction to uracil and
      extends the knowledge of the influence of metal ions for conformational changes
      in RNA structure. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that an accurate localization
      of the metal ions in the X-ray structures require the consideration of several
      crystallographic and geometrical parameters as well as the anomalous difference
      map. 

PMID- 27355943
TI  - Oenocarpus bacaba and Oenocarpus bataua Leaflets and Roots: A New Source of
      Antioxidant Compounds.
AB  - Native palm trees fruit from the Amazonian rainforest, Oenocarpus bacaba and
      Oenocarpus bataua, are very often used in the diet of local communities, but the
      biological activities of their roots and leaflets remain poorly known. Total
      phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of root and leaflet extracts from
      Oenocarpus bacaba and Oenocarpus bataua were assessed by using different chemical
      assays, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), the 2,2-diphenyl-l
      picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging capacity and the ferric-reducing
      ability of plasma (FRAP). Cellular antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity were
      also measured in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts. The polyphenolic composition of
      Oenocarpus extracts was investigated by LC-MS(n). Oenocarpus leaflet extracts
      were more antioxidant than root extracts, being at least as potent as Euterpe
      oleracea berries known as superfruit. Oenocarpus root extracts were characterized
      by hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeoylquinic and caffeoylshikimic acids), while
      leaflet extracts contained mainly caffeoylquinic acids and C-glycosyl flavones.
      These results suggest that leaflets of both Oenocarpus species could be valorized
      as a new non-cytotoxic source of antioxidants from Amazonia, containing
      hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic or agri
      food industry. 

PMID- 27355946
TI  - Resolution-Enhanced Harmonic and Interharmonic Measurement for Power Quality
      Analysis in Cyber-Physical Energy System.
AB  - Power quality analysis issues, especially the measurement of harmonic and
      interharmonic in cyber-physical energy systems, are addressed in this paper. As
      new situations are introduced to the power system, the impact of electric
      vehicles, distributed generation and renewable energy has introduced extra
      demands to distributed sensors, waveform-level information and power quality data
      analytics. Harmonics and interharmonics, as the most significant disturbances,
      require carefully designed detection methods for an accurate measurement of
      electric loads whose information is crucial to subsequent analyzing and control.
      This paper gives a detailed description of the power quality analysis framework
      in networked environment and presents a fast and resolution-enhanced method for
      harmonic and interharmonic measurement. The proposed method first extracts
      harmonic and interharmonic components efficiently using the single-channel
      version of Robust Independent Component Analysis (RobustICA), then estimates the
      high-resolution frequency from three discrete Fourier transform (DFT) samples
      with little additional computation, and finally computes the amplitudes and
      phases with the adaptive linear neuron network. The experiments show that the
      proposed method is time-efficient and leads to a better accuracy of the simulated
      and experimental signals in the presence of noise and fundamental frequency
      deviation, thus providing a deeper insight into the (inter)harmonic sources or
      even the whole system. 

PMID- 27355945
TI  - Screening of alpha-Tocopherol Transfer Protein Sensitive Genes in Human Hepatoma
      Cells (HepG2).
AB  - alpha-Tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) is a ~32 kDa protein expressed
      mainly in hepatocytes. The major function of the protein is to bind specifically
      to alpha-tocopherol and, together, the complex transfers from late lysosomes to
      the cell membrane. A previous study indicated that some factors might be required
      in the transferring process. However, there is little information available about
      the potential transferring factors. In addition, there remains much to learn
      about other physiological processes which alpha-TTP might participate in. Thus,
      in this study a human alpha-TTP eukaryotic expression vector was successfully
      constructed and expressed in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). The sensitive genes
      related to alpha-TTP were then screened by microarray technology. Results showed
      that expression of the vector in HepG2 cells led to the identification of 323
      genes showing differential expression. The differentially expressed transcripts
      were divided into four main categories, including (1) cell inflammation; (2) cell
      cycle and cell apoptosis; (3) cell signaling and gene regulation; and (4)
      cellular movement. A few cellular movement related transcripts were selected and
      verified by quantitative real-time PCR. Expressions of some were significantly
      increased in alpha-TTP-expressed group, which indicated that these factors were
      likely to play a role in the transferring process. 

PMID- 27355947
TI  - A Tightly-Coupled GPS/INS/UWB Cooperative Positioning Sensors System Supported by
      V2I Communication.
AB  - This paper investigates a tightly-coupled Global Position System (GPS)/Ultra
      Wideband (UWB)/Inertial Navigation System (INS) cooperative positioning scheme
      using a Robust Kalman Filter (RKF) supported by V2I communication. The scheme
      proposes a method that uses range measurements of UWB units transmitted among the
      terminals as augmentation inputs of the observations. The UWB range inputs are
      used to reform the GPS observation equations that consist of pseudo-range and
      Doppler measurements and the updated observation equation is processed in a
      tightly-coupled GPS/UWB/INS integrated positioning equation using an adaptive
      Robust Kalman Filter. The result of the trial conducted on the roof of the
      Nottingham Geospatial Institute (NGI) at the University of Nottingham shows that
      the integrated solution provides better accuracy and improves the availability of
      the system in GPS denied environments. RKF can eliminate the effects of gross
      errors. Additionally, the internal and external reliabilities of the system are
      enhanced when the UWB observables received from the moving terminals are involved
      in the positioning algorithm. 

PMID- 27355948
TI  - Source Anonymity in WSNs against Global Adversary Utilizing Low Transmission
      Rates with Delay Constraints.
AB  - Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are deployed for many applications such as
      tracking and monitoring of endangered species, military applications, etc. which
      require anonymity of the origin, known as Source Location Privacy (SLP). The aim
      in SLP is to prevent unauthorized observers from tracing the source of a real
      event by analyzing the traffic in the network. Previous approaches to SLP such as
      Fortified Anonymous Communication Protocol (FACP) employ transmission of real or
      fake packets in every time slot, which is inefficient. To overcome this
      shortcoming, we developed three different techniques presented in this paper.
      Dummy Uniform Distribution (DUD), Dummy Adaptive Distribution (DAD) and
      Controlled Dummy Adaptive Distribution (CAD) were developed to overcome the
      anonymity problem against a global adversary (which has the capability of
      analyzing and monitoring the entire network). Most of the current techniques try
      to prevent the adversary from perceiving the location and time of the real event
      whereas our proposed techniques confuse the adversary about the existence of the
      real event by introducing low rate fake messages, which subsequently lead to
      location and time privacy. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed
      techniques provide reasonable delivery ratio, delay, and overhead of a real
      event's packets while keeping a high level of anonymity. Three different analysis
      models are conducted to verify the performance of our techniques. A visualization
      of the simulation data is performed to confirm anonymity. Further, neural network
      models are developed to ensure that the introduced techniques preserve SLP.
      Finally, a steganography model based on probability is implemented to prove the
      anonymity of the techniques. 

PMID- 27355950
TI  - A MAC Protocol to Support Monitoring of Underwater Spaces.
AB  - Underwater sensor networks are becoming an important field of research, because
      of their everyday increasing application scope. Examples of their application
      areas are environmental and pollution monitoring (mainly oil spills),
      oceanographic data collection, support for submarine geolocalization, ocean
      sampling and early tsunamis alert. The challenge of performing underwater
      communications is well known, provided that radio signals are useless in this
      medium, and a wired solution is too expensive. Therefore, the sensors in these
      networks transmit their information using acoustic signals that propagate well
      under water. This data transmission type not only brings an opportunity, but also
      several challenges to the implementation of these networks, e.g., in terms of
      energy consumption, data transmission and signal interference. In order to help
      advance the knowledge in the design and implementation of these networks for
      monitoring underwater spaces, this paper proposes a MAC protocol for acoustic
      communications between the nodes, based on a self-organized time division
      multiple access mechanism. The proposal was evaluated using simulations of a real
      monitoring scenario, and the obtained results are highly encouraging. 

PMID- 27355949
TI  - Verification of Geometric Model-Based Plant Phenotyping Methods for Studies of
      Xerophytic Plants.
AB  - This paper presents the results of verification of certain non-contact
      measurement methods of plant scanning to estimate morphological parameters such
      as length, width, area, volume of leaves and/or stems on the basis of computer
      models. The best results in reproducing the shape of scanned objects up to 50 cm
      in height were obtained with the structured-light DAVID Laserscanner. The optimal
      triangle mesh resolution for scanned surfaces was determined with the measurement
      error taken into account. The research suggests that measuring morphological
      parameters from computer models can supplement or even replace phenotyping with
      classic methods. Calculating precise values of area and volume makes
      determination of the S/V (surface/volume) ratio for cacti and other succulents
      possible, whereas for classic methods the result is an approximation only. In
      addition, the possibility of scanning and measuring plant species which differ in
      morphology was investigated. 

PMID- 27355951
TI  - Sensor Network-Based and User-Friendly User Location Discovery for Future Smart
      Homes.
AB  - User location is crucial context information for future smart homes where many
      location based services will be proposed. This location necessarily means that
      User Location Discovery (ULD) will play an important role in future smart homes.
      Concerns about privacy and the need to carry a mobile or a tag device within a
      smart home currently make conventional ULD systems uncomfortable for users.
      Future smart homes will need a ULD system to consider these challenges. This
      paper addresses the design of such a ULD system for context-aware services in
      future smart homes stressing the following challenges: (i) users' privacy; (ii)
      device-/tag-free; and (iii) fault tolerance and accuracy. On the other hand,
      emerging new technologies, such as the Internet of Things, embedded systems,
      intelligent devices and machine-to-machine communication, are penetrating into
      our daily life with more and more sensors available for use in our homes.
      Considering this opportunity, we propose a ULD system that is capitalizing on the
      prevalence of sensors for the home while satisfying the aforementioned
      challenges. The proposed sensor network-based and user-friendly ULD system relies
      on different types of inexpensive sensors, as well as a context broker with a
      fuzzy-based decision-maker. The context broker receives context information from
      different types of sensors and evaluates that data using the fuzzy set theory. We
      demonstrate the performance of the proposed system by illustrating a use case,
      utilizing both an analytical model and simulation. 

PMID- 27355952
TI  - Time and Energy Efficient Relay Transmission for Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor
      Networks.
AB  - The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is widely recognized as one of the most successful
      enabling technologies for short range low rate wireless communications and it is
      used in IoT applications. It covers all the details related to the MAC and PHY
      layers of the IoT protocol stack. Due to the nature of IoT, the wireless sensor
      networks are autonomously self-organized networks without infrastructure support.
      One of the issues in IoT is the network scalability. To address this issue, it is
      necessary to support the multi-hop topology. The IEEE 802.15.4 network can
      support a star, peer-to-peer, or cluster-tree topology. One of the IEEE 802.15.4
      topologies suited for the high predictability of performance guarantees and
      energy efficient behavior is a cluster-tree topology where sensor nodes can
      switch off their transceivers and go into a sleep state to save energy. However,
      the IEEE 802.15.4 cluster-tree topology may not be able to provide sufficient
      bandwidth for the increased traffic load and the additional information may not
      be delivered successfully. The common drawback of the existing approaches is that
      they do not address the poor bandwidth utilization problem in IEEE 802.15.4
      cluster-tree networks, so it is difficult to increase the network performance.
      Therefore, to solve this problem in this paper we study a relay transmission
      protocol based on the standard protocol in the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC. In the proposed
      scheme, the coordinators can relay data frames to their parent devices or their
      children devices without contention and can provide bandwidth for the increased
      traffic load or the number of devices. We also evaluate the performance of the
      proposed scheme through simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the
      proposed scheme can improve the reliability, the end-to-end delay, and the energy
      consumption. 

PMID- 27355953
TI  - A Flexible Optical pH Sensor Based on Polysulfone Membranes Coated with pH
      Responsive Polyaniline Nanofibers.
AB  - A new optical pH sensor based on polysulfone (PSU) and polyaniline (PANI) was
      developed. A transparent and flexible PSU membrane was employed as a support. The
      electrically conductive and pH-responsive PANI was deposited onto the membrane
      surface by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization (COP). The absorption
      spectra of the PANI-coated PSU membranes exhibited sensitivity to pH changes in
      the range of 4-12, which allowed for designing a dual wavelength pH optical
      sensor. The performance of the membranes was assessed by measuring their response
      starting from high pH and going down to low pH, and vice versa. It was found that
      it is necessary to precondition the sensor layers before each measurement due to
      the slight hysteresis observed during forward and backward pH titrations. PSU
      membranes with polyaniline coating thicknesses in the range of ~100-200 nm
      exhibited fast response times of <4 s, which are attributed to the porous, rough
      and nanofibrillar morphology of the polyaniline coating. The fabricated pH sensor
      was characterized by a sigmoidal response (R2 = 0.997) which allows for pH
      determination over a wide dynamic range. All membranes were stable for a period
      of more than six months when stored in 1 M HCl solution. The reproducibility of
      the fabricated optical pH sensors was found to be <0.02 absorption units after
      one month storage in 1 M HCl solution. The performance of the optical pH sensor
      was tested and the obtained pH values were compared with the results obtained
      using a pH meter device. 

PMID- 27355954
TI  - Design of Miniaturized Dual-Band Microstrip Antenna for WLAN Application.
AB  - Wireless local area network (WLAN) is a technology that combines computer network
      with wireless communication technology. The 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands in
      the Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band can be used in the WLAN environment.
      Because of the development of wireless communication technology and the use of
      the frequency bands without the need for authorization, the application of WLAN
      is becoming more and more extensive. As the key part of the WLAN system, the
      antenna must also be adapted to the development of WLAN communication technology.
      This paper designs two new dual-frequency microstrip antennas with the use of
      electromagnetic simulation software-High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).
      The two antennas adopt ordinary FR4 material as a dielectric substrate, with the
      advantages of low cost and small size. The first antenna adopts microstrip line
      feeding, and the antenna radiation patch is composed of a folded T-shaped
      radiating dipole which reduces the antenna size, and two symmetrical rectangular
      patches located on both sides of the T-shaped radiating patch. The second antenna
      is a microstrip patch antenna fed by coaxial line, and the size of the antenna is
      diminished by opening a stepped groove on the two edges of the patch and a folded
      slot inside the patch. Simulation experiments prove that the two designed
      antennas have a higher gain and a favourable transmission characteristic in the
      working frequency range, which is in accordance with the requirements of WLAN
      communication. 

PMID- 27355955
TI  - On Curating Multimodal Sensory Data for Health and Wellness Platforms.
AB  - In recent years, the focus of healthcare and wellness technologies has shown a
      significant shift towards personal vital signs devices. The technology has
      evolved from smartphone-based wellness applications to fitness bands and
      smartwatches. The novelty of these devices is the accumulation of activity data
      as their users go about their daily life routine. However, these implementations
      are device specific and lack the ability to incorporate multimodal data sources.
      Data accumulated in their usage does not offer rich contextual information that
      is adequate for providing a holistic view of a user's lifelog. As a result,
      making decisions and generating recommendations based on this data are single
      dimensional. In this paper, we present our Data Curation Framework (DCF) which is
      device independent and accumulates a user's sensory data from multimodal data
      sources in real time. DCF curates the context of this accumulated data over the
      user's lifelog. DCF provides rule-based anomaly detection over this context-rich
      lifelog in real time. To provide computation and persistence over the large
      volume of sensory data, DCF utilizes the distributed and ubiquitous environment
      of the cloud platform. DCF has been evaluated for its performance, correctness,
      ability to detect complex anomalies, and management support for a large volume of
      sensory data. 

PMID- 27355956
TI  - A Bandwidth-Efficient Dissemination Scheme of Non-Safety Information in Urban
      VANETs.
AB  - The recent release of standards for vehicular communications will hasten the
      development of smart cities in the following years. Many applications for
      vehicular networks, such as blocked road warnings or advertising, will require
      multi-hop dissemination of information to all vehicles in a region of interest.
      However, these networks present special features and difficulties that may
      require special measures. The dissemination of information may cause broadcast
      storms. Urban scenarios are especially sensitive to broadcast storms because of
      the high density of vehicles in downtown areas. They also present numerous
      crossroads and signal blocking due to buildings, which make dissemination more
      difficult than in open, almost straight interurban roadways. In this article, we
      discuss several options to avoid the broadcast storm problem while trying to
      achieve the maximum coverage of the region of interest. Specifically, we evaluate
      through simulations different ways to detect and take advantage of intersections
      and a strategy based on store-carry-forward to overcome short disconnections
      between groups of vehicles. Our conclusions are varied, and we propose two
      different solutions, depending on the requirements of the application. 

PMID- 27355957
TI  - Link Investigation of IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks in Forests.
AB  - Wireless sensor networks are expected to automatically monitor the ecological
      evolution and wildlife habits in forests. Low-power links (transceivers) are
      often adopted in wireless sensor network applications, in order to save the
      precious sensor energy and then achieve long-term, unattended monitoring. Recent
      research has presented some performance characteristics of such low-power
      wireless links under laboratory or outdoor scenarios with less obstacles, and
      they have found that low-power wireless links are unreliable and prone to be
      affected by the target environment. However, there is still less understanding
      about how well the low-power wireless link performs in real-world forests and to
      what extent the complex in-forest surrounding environments affect the link
      performances. In this paper, we empirically evaluate the low-power links of
      wireless sensors in three typical different forest environments. Our experiment
      investigates the performance of the link layer compatible with the IEEE 802.15.4
      standard and analyzes the variation patterns of the packet reception ratio (PRR),
      the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and the link quality indicator
      (LQI) under diverse experimental settings. Some observations of this study are
      inconsistent with or even contradict prior results that are achieved in open
      fields or relatively clean environments and thus, provide new insights both into
      effectively evaluating the low-power wireless links and into efficiently
      deploying wireless sensor network systems in forest environments. 

PMID- 27355958
TI  - Announcing the 2016 Pharmaceuticals Travel Award for Young Investigators.
AB  - For the first time in its short history, our journal is able, this year, to
      support a young researcher in the field of medicinal chemistry by offering a
      travel grant of 800 CHF.[...]. 

PMID- 27355944
TI  - Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cells in Normal and Dysplastic Hematopoiesis
      Masters of Survival and Clonality?
AB  - Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are malignant hematopoietic stem cell disorders
      that have the capacity to progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Accumulating
      evidence suggests that the altered bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in general,
      and in particular the components of the stem cell niche, including mesenchymal
      stem cells (MSCs) and their progeny, play a pivotal role in the evolution and
      propagation of MDS. We here present an overview of the role of MSCs in the
      pathogenesis of MDS, with emphasis on cellular interactions in the BM
      microenvironment and related stem cell niche concepts. MSCs have potent
      immunomodulatory capacities and communicate with diverse immune cells, but also
      interact with various other cellular components of the microenvironment as well
      as with normal and leukemic stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, compared to
      normal MSCs, MSCs in MDS and AML often exhibit altered gene expression profiles,
      an aberrant phenotype, and abnormal functional properties. These alterations
      supposedly contribute to the "reprogramming" of the stem cell niche into a
      disease-permissive microenvironment where an altered immune system, abnormal stem
      cell niche interactions, and an impaired growth control lead to disease
      progression. The current article also reviews molecular targets that play a role
      in such cellular interactions and possibilities to interfere with abnormal stem
      cell niche interactions by using specific targeted drugs. 

PMID- 27355959
TI  - Site-Specific Labeling of Protein Kinase CK2: Combining Surface Display and Click
      Chemistry for Drug Discovery Applications.
AB  - Human CK2 is a heterotetrameric constitutively active serine/threonine protein
      kinase and is an emerging target in current anti-cancer drug discovery. The
      kinase is composed of two catalytic CK2alpha subunits and two regulatory CK2beta
      subunits. In order to establish an assay to identify protein-protein-interaction
      inhibitors (PPI) of the CK2alpha/CK2beta interface, a bioorthogonal click
      reaction was used to modify the protein kinase alpha-subunit with a fluorophore.
      By expanding the genetic code, the unnatural amino acid para azidophenylalanine
      (pAzF) could be incorporated into CK2alpha. Performing the SPAAC click reaction
      (Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition) by the use of a dibenzylcyclooctyne
      fluorophore (DBCO-fluorophore) led to a specifically labeled human protein kinase
      CK2alpha. This site-specific labeling does not impair the phosphorylation
      activity of CK2, which was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis. Furthermore a
      dissociation constant (KD) of 631 +/- 86.2 nM was determined for the substrate
      alphaS1-casein towards CK2alpha. This labeling strategy was also applied to
      CK2beta subunit on Escherichia coli, indicating the site-specific modifications
      of proteins on the bacterial cell surface when displayed by Autodisplay. 

PMID- 27355960
TI  - Pretrichodermamides D-F from a Marine Algicolous Fungus Penicillium sp. KMM 4672.
AB  - Three new epidithiodiketopiperazines pretrichodermamides D-F (1-3), together with
      the known N-methylpretrichodermamide B (4) and pretrichodermamide S (5), were
      isolated from the lipophilic extract of the marine algae-derived fungus
      Penicillium sp. KMM 4672. The structures of compounds 1-5 were determined based
      on spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration of pretrichodermamide D (1)
      was established by a combination of modified Mosher's method, NOESY data, and
      biogenetic considerations. N-Methylpretrichodermamide B (5) showed strong
      cytotoxicity against 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells resistant to androgen
      receptor targeted therapies. 

PMID- 27355962
TI  - The Life-Cycle Costs of School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Access in Kenyan
      Primary Schools.
AB  - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programs in schools can increase the health,
      dignity and comfort of students and teachers. Understanding the costs of WASH
      facilities and services in schools is one essential piece for policy makers to
      utilize when budgeting for schools and helping to make WASH programs more
      sustainable. In this study we collected data from NGO and government offices,
      local hardware shops and 89 rural primary schools across three Kenyan counties.
      Current expenditures on WASH, from school and external (NGO, government, parent)
      sources, averaged 1.83 USD per student per year. After reviewing current
      expenditures, estimated costs of operations and maintenance for bringing schools
      up to basic WASH standards, were calculated to be 3.03 USD per student per year.
      This includes recurrent costs, but not the cost of installing or setting up WASH
      infrastructure, which was 18,916 USD per school, for a school of 400 students
      (4.92 USD per student, per year). These findings demonstrate the need for
      increases in allocations to schools in Kenya, and stricter guidance on how money
      should be spent on WASH inputs to enable all schools to provide basic WASH for
      all students.

PMID- 27355961
TI  - The Relationship between C-Reactive Protein Level and Discharge Outcome in
      Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - Previous studies showed that C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker,
      was associated with stroke severity and long-term outcome. However, the
      relationship between the acute-phase CRP level and discharge outcome has received
      little attention. We prospectively studied 301 patients with acute ischemic
      stroke (over a period of two weeks) from two hospital stroke wards and one
      rehabilitation department in Henan, China. Patients' demographic and clinical
      data were collected and evaluated at admission. Poor discharge outcome was
      assessed in patients at discharge using the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS > 2).
      Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk
      factors of poor discharge outcome after adjusting for potential confounders. Poor
      discharge outcome was observed in 78 patients (25.9%). Univariate analyses showed
      that factors significantly influencing poor discharge outcome were age,
      residence, recurrent acute ischemic stroke, coronary heart disease, the National
      Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission, non-lacunar stroke,
      time from onset of stroke to admission, CRP, TBIL (total bilirubin), direct
      bilirubin (DBIL), ALB (albumin), FIB (fibrinogen) and D-dimer (p < 0.05). After
      adjusting for age, residence, recurrent ischemic stroke, coronary heart disease,
      NIHSS score at admission, lacunar stroke, time from onset of stroke to admission,
      CRP, TBIL, DBIL, ALB, FIB and D-dimer, multivariate logistic regression analyses
      revealed that poor outcome at discharge was associated with recurrent acute
      ischemic stroke (OR, 2.115; 95% CI, 1.094-4.087), non-lacunar stroke (OR, 2.943;
      95% CI, 1.436-6.032), DBIL (OR, 1.795; 95% CI, 1.311-2.458), and CRP (OR, 4.890;
      95% CI, 3.063-7.808). In conclusion, the CRP level measured at admission was
      found to be an independent predictor of poor outcome at discharge. Recurrent
      acute ischemic stroke, non-lacunar stroke and DBIL were also significantly
      associated with discharge outcome in acute ischemic stroke.

PMID- 27355963
TI  - Novel Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SNEDDS) for Oral
      Delivery of Olmesartan Medoxomil: Design, Formulation, Pharmacokinetic and
      Bioavailability Evaluation.
AB  - The main purpose of this study was to develop a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug
      delivery system (S-SNEDDS) of Olmesartan (OLM) for enhancement of its solubility
      and dissolution rate. In this study, liquid SNEDDS containing Olmesartan was
      formulated and further developed into a solid form by the spray drying technique
      using Aerosil 200 as a solid carrier. Based on the preliminary screening of
      different unloaded SNEDDS formulae, eight formulae of OLM loaded SNEEDS were
      prepared using Capryol 90, Cremophor RH40 and Transcutol HP as oil, surfactant
      and cosurfactant, respectively. Results showed that the mean droplet size of all
      reconstituted SNEDDS was found to be in the nanometric range (14.91-22.97 nm)
      with optimum PDI values (0.036-0.241). All formulae also showed rapid
      emulsification time (15.46 +/- 1.34-24.17 +/- 1.47 s), good optical clarity
      (98.33% +/- 0.16%-99.87% +/- 0.31%) and high drug loading efficiency (96.41% +/-
      1.20%-99.65% +/- 1.11%). TEM analysis revealed the formation of spherical and
      homogeneous droplets with a size smaller than 50 nm. In vitro release of OLM from
      SNEDDS formulae showed that more than 90% of OLM released in approximately 90
      min. Optimized SNEDDS formulae were selected to be developed into S-SNEDDS using
      the spray drying technique. The prepared S-SNEDDS formulae were evaluated for
      flow properties, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM), reconstitution properties, drug content and in vitro
      dissolution study. It was found that S-SNEDDS formulae showed good flow
      properties and high drug content. Reconstitution properties of S-SNEDDS showed
      spontaneous self-nanoemulsification and no sign of phase separation. DSC
      thermograms revealed that OLM was in solubilized form and FTIR supported these
      findings. SEM photographs showed smooth uniform surface of S-SNEDDS with less
      aggregation. Results of the in vitro drug release showed that there was great
      enhancement in the dissolution rate of OLM. To clarify the possible improvement
      in pharmacokinetic behavior of OLM S-SNEDDS, plasma concentration-time curve
      profiles of OLM after the oral administration of optimized S-SNEDDS formula (F3)
      were compared to marketed product and pure drug in suspension. At all time
      points, it was observed that OLM plasma concentrations in rats treated with S
      SNEDDS were significantly higher than those treated with the drug in suspension
      and marketed product. 

PMID- 27355964
TI  - Wnt Signaling in Cancer Stem Cell Biology.
AB  - Aberrant regulation of Wnt signaling is a common theme seen across many tumor
      types. Decades of research have unraveled the epigenetic and genetic alterations
      that result in elevated Wnt pathway activity. More recently, it has become
      apparent that Wnt signaling levels identify stem-like tumor cells that are
      responsible for fueling tumor growth. As therapeutic targeting of these tumor
      stem cells is an intense area of investigation, a concise understanding on how
      Wnt activity relates to cancer stem cell traits is needed. This review attempts
      at summarizing the intricacies between Wnt signaling and cancer stem cell biology
      with a special emphasis on colorectal cancer. 

PMID- 27355967
TI  - Improved Manufacturing Performance of Screen Printed Carbon Electrodes through
      Material Formulation.
AB  - Printed carbon graphite materials are the primary common component in the
      majority of screen printed sensors. Screen printing allows a scalable
      manufacturing solution, accelerating the means by which novel sensing materials
      can make the transition from laboratory material to commercial product. A common
      bottleneck in any thick film printing process is the controlled drying of the
      carbon paste material. A study has been undertaken which examines the interaction
      between material solvent, printed film conductivity and process consistency. The
      study illustrates that it is possible to reduce the solvent boiling point to
      significantly increase process productivity while maintaining process
      consistency. The lower boiling point solvent also has a beneficial effect on the
      conductivity of the film, reducing the sheet resistance. It is proposed that this
      is a result of greater film stressing increasing charge percolation through
      greater inter particle contact. Simulations of material performance and drying
      illustrate that a multi layered printing provides a more time efficient
      manufacturing method. The findings have implications for the volume manufacturing
      of the carbon sensor electrodes but also have implications for other applications
      where conductive carbon is used, such as electrical circuits and photovoltaic
      devices. 

PMID- 27355966
TI  - The Sound of Vision Project: On the Feasibility of an Audio-Haptic Representation
      of the Environment, for the Visually Impaired.
AB  - The Sound of Vision project involves developing a sensory substitution device
      that is aimed at creating and conveying a rich auditory representation of the
      surrounding environment to the visually impaired. However, the feasibility of
      such an approach is strongly constrained by neural flexibility, possibilities of
      sensory substitution and adaptation to changed sensory input. We review evidence
      for such flexibility from various perspectives. We discuss neuroplasticity of the
      adult brain with an emphasis on functional changes in the visually impaired
      compared to sighted people. We discuss effects of adaptation on brain activity,
      in particular short-term and long-term effects of repeated exposure to particular
      stimuli. We then discuss evidence for sensory substitution such as Sound of
      Vision involves, while finally discussing evidence for adaptation to changes in
      the auditory environment. We conclude that sensory substitution enterprises such
      as Sound of Vision are quite feasible in light of the available evidence, which
      is encouraging regarding such projects. 

PMID- 27355969
TI  - Friedrich Loffler Prize: D. Segets / Toray Science and Technology Prize: S.
      Kobayashi / Inhoffen Medal: T. Carell / Leipzig Science Prize: A. G. Beck
      Sickinger / Nenitzescu-Criegee Lectureship: E. Hey-Hawkins / Humboldt, Siemens,
      and Bessel Research Awards / New Members of German Academies of Sciences and
      Humanities.

PMID- 27355968
TI  - Physician Assimilation in Medical Schools: Dualisms of Biomedical and
      Biopsychosocial Ideologies in the Discourse of Physician Educators.
AB  - Although health communication research and popular literature on physicians have
      heightened awareness of the dualisms physicians face, research is yet to focus on
      the discourse of physician educators who assimilate students into medicine for
      dualisms of the biomedical (BMD) and biopsychosocial (BPS) ideologies. The study
      drew on a dualism-centered model to analyze the discourse of 19 behavioral
      science course directors at 10 medical schools for the emergence of dualisms in
      instantiations of BPS ideologies and for the management of dualism in discourse
      that instantiated both BMD and BPS ideologies as part of the curriculum. Dualism
      emerged in the BPS ideologies of "patient-centeredness" and "cultural
      competence." While a dualism between "patients' data" and "patients' stories"
      emerged in the patient-centeredness ideology, a dualism between enhancing
      "interaction skill" and "understanding" emerged in the cultural competence
      ideology. Moreover, the study found educator discourse managing dualism between
      BMD and BPS ideologies through the strategies of "connection" and "separation."
      The study concludes with a discussion and the implications for theory and
      research.

PMID- 27355965
TI  - Epithelial Intermediate Filaments: Guardians against Microbial Infection?
AB  - Intermediate filaments are abundant cytoskeletal components of epithelial
      tissues. They have been implicated in overall stress protection. A hitherto
      poorly investigated area of research is the function of intermediate filaments as
      a barrier to microbial infection. This review summarizes the accumulating
      knowledge about this interaction. It first emphasizes the unique spatial
      organization of the keratin intermediate filament cytoskeleton in different
      epithelial tissues to protect the organism against microbial insults. We then
      present examples of direct interaction between viral, bacterial, and parasitic
      proteins and the intermediate filament system and describe how this affects the
      microbe-host interaction by modulating the epithelial cytoskeleton, the
      progression of infection, and host response. These observations not only provide
      novel insights into the dynamics and function of intermediate filaments but also
      indicate future avenues to combat microbial infection. 

PMID- 27355970
TI  - Surprisingly Different Reaction Behavior of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal
      Bis(trimethylsilyl)amides toward Bulky N-(2-Pyridylethyl)-N'-(2,6
      diisopropylphenyl)pivalamidine.
AB  - N-(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)-N'-(2-pyridylethyl)pivalamidine (Dipp-N=C(tBu)-N(H)-C2
      H4 -Py) (1), reacts with metalation reagents of lithium, magnesium, calcium, and
      strontium to give the corresponding pivalamidinates [(tmeda)Li{Dipp-N=C(tBu)-N-C2
      H4 -Py}] (6), [Mg{Dipp-N=C(tBu)-N-C2 H4 -Py}2 ] (3), and heteroleptic [{(Me3 Si)2
      N}Ae{Dipp-N=C(tBu)-N-C2 H4 -Py}], with Ae being Ca (2 a) and Sr (2 b). In
      contrast to this straightforward deprotonation of the amidine units, the reaction
      of 1 with the bis(trimethylsilyl)amides of sodium or potassium unexpectedly leads
      to a beta-metalation and an immediate deamidation reaction yielding [(thf)2
      Na{Dipp-N=C(tBu)-N(H)}] (4 a) or [(thf)2 K{Dipp-N=C(tBu)-N(H)}] (4 b),
      respectively, as well as 2-vinylpyridine in both cases. The lithium derivative
      shows a similar reaction behavior to the alkaline earth metal congeners,
      underlining the diagonal relationship in the periodic table. Protonation of 4 a
      or the metathesis reaction of 4 b with CaI2 in tetrahydrofuran yields N-(2,6
      diisopropylphenyl)pivalamidine (Dipp-N=C(tBu)-NH2 ) (5), or [(thf)4 Ca{Dipp
      N=C(tBu)-N(H)}2 ] (7), respectively. The reaction of AN(SiMe3 )2 (A=Na, K) with
      less bulky formamidine Dipp-N=C(H)-N(H)-C2 H4 -Py (8) leads to deprotonation of
      the amidine functionality, and [(thf)Na{Dipp-N=C(H)-N-C2 H4 -Py}]2 (9 a) or
      [(thf)K{Dipp-N=C(H)-N-C2 H4 -Py}]2 (9 b), respectively, are isolated as dinuclear
      complexes. From these experiments it is obvious, that beta-metalation/deamidation
      of N-(2-pyridylethyl)amidines requires bases with soft metal ions and also steric
      pressure. The isomeric forms of all compounds are verified by single-crystal X
      ray structure analysis and are maintained in solution. 

PMID- 27355971
TI  - Metal-Semiconductor Nanoparticle Hybrids Formed by Self-Organization: A Platform
      to Address Exciton-Plasmon Coupling.
AB  - Hybrid nanosystems composed of excitonic and plasmonic constituents can have
      different properties than the sum of of the two constituents, due to the exciton
      plasmon interaction. Here, we report on a flexible model system based on
      colloidal nanoparticles that can form hybrid combinations by self-organization.
      The system allows us to tune the interparticle distance and to combine
      nanoparticles of different sizes and thus enables a systematic investigation of
      the exciton-plasmon coupling by a combination of optical spectroscopy and quantum
      optical theory. We experimentally observe a strong influence of the energy
      difference between exciton and plasmon, as well as an interplay of nanoparticle
      size and distance on the coupling. We develop a full quantum theory for the
      luminescence dynamics and discuss the experimental results in terms of the
      Purcell effect. As the theory describes excitation as well as coherent and
      incoherent emission, we also consider possible quantum optical effects. We find a
      good agreement of the observed and the calculated luminescence dynamics induced
      by the Purcell effect. This also suggests that the self-organized hybrid system
      can be used as platform to address quantum optical effects.

PMID- 27355972
TI  - Your Loved One Has Migraines.

PMID- 27355973
TI  - Protodeboronation of Heteroaromatic, Vinyl, and Cyclopropyl Boronic Acids: pH
      Rate Profiles, Autocatalysis, and Disproportionation.
AB  - pH-rate profiles for aqueous-organic protodeboronation of 18 boronic acids, many
      widely viewed as unstable, have been studied by NMR and DFT. Rates were pH
      dependent, and varied substantially between the boronic acids, with rate maxima
      that varied over 6 orders of magnitude. A mechanistic model containing five
      general pathways (k1-k5) has been developed, and together with input of [B]tot,
      KW, Ka, and KaH, the protodeboronation kinetics can be correlated as a function
      of pH (1-13) for all 18 species. Cyclopropyl and vinyl boronic acids undergo very
      slow protodeboronation, as do 3- and 4-pyridyl boronic acids (t0.5 > 1 week, pH
      12, 70  degrees C). In contrast, 2-pyridyl and 5-thiazolyl boronic acids undergo
      rapid protodeboronation (t0.5 ~ 25-50 s, pH 7, 70  degrees C), via fragmentation
      of zwitterionic intermediates. Lewis acid additives (e.g., Cu, Zn salts) can
      attenuate (2-pyridyl) or accelerate (5-thiazolyl and 5-pyrazolyl) fragmentation.
      Two additional processes compete when the boronic acid and the boronate are
      present in sufficient proportions (pH = pKa +/- 1.6): (i) self-/autocatalysis and
      (ii) sequential disproportionations of boronic acid to borinic acid and borane.

PMID- 27355974
TI  - Discovery and Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological Properties of the Potent and
      Selective MET Kinase Inhibitor 1-{6-[6-(4-Fluorophenyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3
      b]pyridazin-3-ylsulfanyl]benzothiazol-2-yl}-3-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)urea
      (SAR125844).
AB  - The HGF/MET pathway is frequently activated in a variety of cancer types. Several
      selective small molecule inhibitors of the MET kinase are currently in clinical
      evaluation, in particular for NSCLC, liver, and gastric cancer patients. We
      report herein the discovery of a series of triazolopyridazines that are selective
      inhibitors of wild-type (WT) MET kinase and several clinically relevant mutants.
      We provide insight into their mode of binding and report unprecedented crystal
      structures of the Y1230H variant. A multiparametric chemical optimization
      approach allowed the identification of compound 12 (SAR125844) as a development
      candidate. In this chemical series, absence of CYP3A4 inhibition was obtained at
      the expense of satisfactory oral absorption. Compound 12, a promising parenteral
      agent for the treatment of MET-dependent cancers, promoted sustained target
      engagement at tolerated doses in a human xenograft tumor model. Preclinical
      pharmacokinetics conducted in several species were predictive for the observed
      pharmacokinetic behavior of 12 in cancer patients.

PMID- 27355975
TI  - Macrocephaly and palmoplantar pitting.

PMID- 27355976
TI  - Red blood cell distribution width predicts prognosis in idiopathic sudden
      sensorineural hearing loss.
AB  - CONCLUSION: Red cell distribution width (RDW) can predict outcome in patients
      with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL). Further studies are
      required to clarify the potential pathophysiological explanations for these
      findings. OBJECTIVES: RDW is one of the parameters reported in a complete blood
      count, and is elevated in direct proportion to variation in red cell size
      (anisocytosis). High RDW values are strongly associated with poor clinical
      outcomes in various diseases, including inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. To
      identify a prognostic biomarker that better predicts outcomes after ISSNHL, the
      association between RDW values at hospitalization and prognosis in patients with
      ISSNHL was assessed. METHOD: This study measured RDW and performed hearing
      assessments in 89 consecutive patients with ISSNHL. Patients were then divided
      into two groups ('recovered' and 'unrecovered'), according to their response to
      the treatment, and further analysis undertaken. RESULTS: Mean RDW was
      significantly higher in the unrecovered group (13.2% +/- 1.0% compared with 12.7%
      +/- 0.7% in the recovered group, p = 0.031). After adjusting for potentially
      confounding factors in a binary logistic regression model, only RDW was
      associated with recovery from ISSNHL (odds ratio = 2.33, 95% confidence interval
      = 1.20-4.51, p = 0.012).

PMID- 27355977
TI  - Dynamic Percolation and Swollen Behavior of Nanodroplets in 1-Ethyl-3
      methylimidazolium Trifluoromethanesulfonate/Triton X-100/Cyclohexane
      Microemulsions.
AB  - Microemulsions comprising an ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
      trifluoromethanesulfonate ([emim][OTf]), as the polar component, Triton X-100 as
      a surfactant, and cyclohexane as the nonpolar medium were prepared and
      characterized. Conductivity and dynamic viscosity data were critically analyzed
      to confirm dynamic percolation among the droplets that are in continuous motion,
      aggregation, and fission. The transition from oil-continuous phase to
      bicontinuous phase was observed at the conductance and viscosity percolation
      thresholds and sharp changes in the values of conductivity and dynamic viscosity
      could be identified. Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed swelling of
      the droplets, which varied within the hydrodynamic diameter range of 10-100 nm.
      Diffusivity of the droplets suggested less Brownian movement with increased
      amount of the IL. Moreover, changes in the droplet sizes and diffusivity with
      increase in IL content supported dynamic percolation within the systems.

PMID- 27355980
TI  - Gestational Weight Gain: Association with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.
AB  - Background It is unclear how adherence to the Institute of Medicine's (IOM)
      guidelines for weight gain affects pregnancy outcomes. Objective We investigated
      how weight gain outside the IOM's recommendations affects the risks of adverse
      pregnancy outcomes. Study Design We performed a secondary analysis of a
      prospective cohort study including singleton, nonanomalous fetuses. The risks of
      small for gestational age (SGA), macrosomia, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery,
      gestational diabetes, or preterm birth were calculated for patients who gained
      weight below or above the IOM's recommendations based on body mass index
      category. A time-to-event analysis was performed to account for gestational age
      at delivery. A Cox proportional model was fit to estimate hazard ratios
      accounting for possible confounders. Results Women who gained weight below
      recommendations were 2.5 times more likely to deliver SGA and twice as likely to
      deliver preterm. Normal-weight patients who gained below recommendations were 2.5
      times more likely to deliver SGA and twice as likely to deliver preterm. Obese
      patients who gained inadequate weight were 2.5 times more likely to deliver SGA.
      Conclusion Among normal-weight patients, adhering to IOM recommendations may
      prevent growth abnormalities and preterm delivery. Among obese patients, a
      minimum weight gain requirement may prevent SGA infants.

PMID- 27355981
TI  - A rare case of an androgen-producing stromal luteoma of the ovary in a
      postmenopausal woman, diagnosed by means of selective venous blood sampling.

PMID- 27355979
TI  - Retrospective Analysis of an Interdisciplinary Ventilator Care Program
      Intervention on Survival of Infants with Ventilator-Dependent Bronchopulmonary
      Dysplasia.
AB  - Background The clinical needs of infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia
      (BPD) that remain ventilator-dependent are complex, and management strategies
      that optimize survival and long-term outcomes controversial. We hypothesized that
      an interdisciplinary ventilator care program (VCP), committed to the care of this
      population will improve survival through standardized approaches to
      cardiopulmonary care and related comorbidities, enhanced communication, and
      continuity of care. Methods Retrospective chart reviews were performed on
      patients at Children's Hospital Colorado's neonatal intensive care unit, who
      underwent tracheostomy placement between 2000 and 2013. Data were collected for
      two time periods: 2000 to 2005 and 2006 to 2013, before and after initiation of
      the VCP. Collected data on infants with ventilator-dependent BPD included:
      gestational age (GA), age at tracheostomy, respiratory severity score (RSS; mean
      airway pressure [MAP] * fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]), comorbidities,
      medication use, and the age of death. Tracheostomy patients without severe BPD
      were excluded. Results Despite no difference in GA, birth weight, or
      cardiorespiratory comorbidities, survival to discharge increased from 50 to 85%
      after implementation of the VCP (p < 0.05). Between period 1 and 2, there were
      differences in systemic and inhaled steroid use and mucolytic use. Conclusion
      These findings suggest an interdisciplinary approach to the care of infants with
      ventilator-dependent BPD can improve survival.

PMID- 27355982
TI  - Benthic macroinvertebrate community in the Sinos river drainage basin, Rio Grande
      do Sul, Brazil.
AB  - Aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna is a relevant component of limnic continental
      aquatic ecosystems, playing an important role in several processes with relevant
      biocomplexity. The present study characterized the benthic macroinvertebrate
      fauna found in three hydric bodies in the Sinos river drainage basin regarding
      community structure. Sample was collected from January to December 2013 in three
      locations in the basin: the city of Caraa (29  degrees 45'45.5"S/50 degrees
      19'37.3"W), the city of Rolante (29 degrees 38'34.4"S/50 degrees 32'33.2"W) and
      the city of Igrejinha (29 degrees 36'10.84"S/50 degrees 48'49.3"W). Abiotic
      components (pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature) were registered and collected
      samples were identified up to family type. Average annual pH, dissolved oxygen
      and temperature were similar in all locations. A total of 26,170 samples were
      collected. Class Insecta (Arthropods) represented 85.5% of total sample.
      Platyhelmintes, Mollusca and Annelida samples were also registered. A total of 57
      families were identified for the drainage basin and estimators (Chao-1, Chao-2
      and jackknife 2) estimated richness varying from 60 to 72 families.

PMID- 27355983
TI  - Distribution and conservation of three important bird groups of the Atlantic
      Forest in north-east Brazil.
AB  - The Pernambuco Endemism Center in north-east Brazil has the most fragmented
      forest cover and the largest number of threatened birds of the whole Atlantic
      Forest. We analyzed the distribution of three groups of bird species: forest
      dependent, endemic and/or threatened using the interpolation method of Inverse
      Distance Weighting. We also checked the concentration of these birds in protected
      and unprotected areas, suggesting new sites that need to be protected. The
      richness concentration of forest-dependent, endemic and/or threatened birds in
      123 sites were analysed. There was a greater concentration of the three groups in
      north Alagoas, south and north Pernambuco, and north and west Paraiba. The
      distribution of the three groups was almost regular in different vegetation
      types, although a lower concentration was found in the pioneer formation. There
      was a greater concentration of birds from all three groups between Pernambuco and
      Alagoas, and this must be due to the presence of more forest fragments with
      better structure and vegetation heterogeneity. The protected and unprotected
      areas hosted important records of endemic and/or threatened birds. We suggested
      some important places for implementation of new protected areas due to the larger
      concentrations of the target birds and because they are located within the
      boundaries of the Important Bird Areas.

PMID- 27355984
TI  - Can We Detect Transfusion Benefits in Palliative Care Patients?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are commonly prescribed for
      palliative care patients for symptoms. However, RBCs are a limited resource,
      transfusion is not without risk, and may be of variable benefit in people
      approaching the end of life. The aim of this study was to review RBC transfusions
      in our palliative care unit (PCU), examining evidence of benefit or harms, and
      preparing for a prospective multisite study. METHODS: This consecutive cohort
      study retrospectively reviewed transfusions administered during a PCU admission.
      Hemoglobin levels, physical function, and symptom rating for breathing and
      fatigue (Symptom Assessment Scale) were assessed before transfusion, and at days
      2 and 7. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients received 44 transfusions over the two-year
      period. Of these patients, the average age was 64 years and 45% were male. Eighty
      nine percent of transfusions were thought to be of subjective benefit by
      clinicians, and 94% of patients reported symptomatic improvement. However,
      overall, there was little change in scale-based measures of physical function or
      symptoms, with response rates <25% in all scales. No predictors of response were
      found considering pretransfusion hemoglobin, hemoglobin increment, Australia
      modified Karnofsky Performance Status, or discharge status. Deterioration after
      transfusion was prevalent. CONCLUSION: For RBC transfusion in palliative care
      patients, the majority had subjective benefit. However, subjective improvement
      correlated poorly with objective scale-based measures. The sensitivity of
      assessment scales, high rates of placebo response, and the multifactorial nature
      of symptoms at the end of life make evaluation of RBC transfusions challenging.

PMID- 27355985
TI  - What Determines the Ice Polymorph in Clouds?
AB  - Ice crystals in the atmosphere nucleate from supercooled liquid water and grow by
      vapor uptake. The structure of the ice polymorph grown has strong impact on the
      morphology and light scattering of the ice crystals, modulates the amount of
      water vapor in ice clouds, and can impact the molecular uptake and reactivity of
      atmospheric aerosols. Experiments and molecular simulations indicate that ice
      nucleated and grown from deeply supercooled liquid water is metastable stacking
      disordered ice. The ice polymorph grown from vapor has not yet been determined.
      Here we use large-scale molecular simulations to determine the structure of ice
      that grows as a result of uptake of water vapor in the temperature range relevant
      to cirrus and mixed-phase clouds, elucidate the molecular mechanism of the
      formation of ice at the vapor interface, and compute the free energy difference
      between cubic and hexagonal ice interfaces with vapor. We find that vapor
      deposition results in growth of stacking disordered ice only under conditions of
      extreme supersaturation, for which a nonequilibrium liquid layer completely wets
      the surface of ice. Such extreme conditions have been used to produce stacking
      disordered frost ice in experiments and may be plausible in the summer polar
      mesosphere. Growth of ice from vapor at moderate supersaturations in the
      temperature range relevant to cirrus and mixed-phase clouds, from 200 to 260 K,
      produces exclusively the stable hexagonal ice polymorph. Cubic ice is disfavored
      with respect to hexagonal ice not only by a small penalty in the bulk free energy
      (3.6 +/- 1.5 J mol(-1) at 260 K) but also by a large free energy penalty at the
      ice-vapor interface (89.7 +/- 12.8 J mol(-1) at 260 K). The latter originates in
      higher vibrational entropy of the hexagonal-terminated ice-vapor interface. We
      predict that the free energy penalty against the cubic ice interface should
      decrease strongly with temperature, resulting in some degree of stacking disorder
      in ice grown from vapor in the tropical tropopause layer, and in polar
      stratospheric and noctilucent clouds. Our findings support and explain the
      evolution of the morphology of ice crystals from hexagonal to trigonal symmetry
      with decreasing temperature, as reported by experiments and in situ measurements
      in clouds. We conclude that selective growth of the elusive cubic ice polymorph
      by manipulation of the interfacial properties can likely be achieved at the ice
      liquid interface but not at the ice-vapor interface.

PMID- 27355986
TI  - Greatly Accelerated Condensation of d-Mannose Diacetonide with Aqueous
      Formaldehyde (Formalin).
AB  - Condensation of d-mannose diacetate with aqueous formaldehyde, a long known
      quaternary center-generating transformation, was reinvestigated to solve the
      hidden problem of incomplete conversion, a lasting challenge since 1979 despite
      many previous efforts. The mysterious cause for the retarded transformation was
      found to be generation of formic acid by a Cannizzaro reaction. By using
      additional amounts of base, the reaction time was shortened from 48 h to 100 min
      and the product was readily isolated in 81% yield.

PMID- 27355987
TI  - Di- versus Trinuclear Copper(II) Cryptate for the Uptake of Dicarboxylate Anions.
AB  - Searching for receptors selective for the binding of dicarboxylate anions, the
      copper(II) complexes of the known ditopic octaazacryptand (t2pN8), derived from
      bistren [tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine] linked by p-xylyl spacers, were re
      examined, with the expectation of observing a selective binding of oxalate or
      malonate by bridging the two copper centers of the [Cu2(t2pN8)(H2O)2](4+)
      receptor. Solution studies involving the supramolecular species formed by the
      receptor and oxalate (oxa(2-)), malonate (mal(2-)), and succinate (suc(2-))
      anions are reported. The determined association constants revealed the unexpected
      formation of a 3:1:1 Cu/t2pN8/anion stoichiometry for the cascade species with
      oxa(2-) and mal(2-), and the single crystal X-ray structural characterization
      confirmed the presence of tricopper(II) complexes, with an unusual binding mode
      for the dicarboxylate anions. Each of the two copper atoms binds four nitrogen
      donor atoms of the t2pN8 cryptand and one additional hydroxide group, which
      bridges to the third copper. The square planar environment of this one is
      complete with two oxygen atoms from the oxalate (or the malonate). The two copper
      centers bound to the tren heads are ~6.5 A apart, each one at about 3.5 A from
      the third Cu center. These studies were complemented by SQUID magnetization
      measurements and DFT calculations. The magnetic susceptibility measurements of
      the oxalate cascade complex showed a strong magnetic coupling (J = - 210 cm(-1))
      between the Cu centers at a short distance (3.5 A), while the coupling between
      the two equivalent Cu atoms (~6.5 A) was only -70 cm(-1). This result was well
      reproduced by DFT calculations. 

PMID- 27355988
TI  - Unexpected effect of tetraglyme plasticizer on lithium ion dynamics in PAMPS
      based ionomers.
AB  - Li(+) cation conducting ionomers based on poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane
      sulphonic acid) (PAMPS) incorporating a low molecular weight plasticizer have
      been characterized. Previously we have observed an apparent decoupling of ionic
      conductivity and lithium ion dynamics from the Tg of this ionomer along with an
      increase in ionic conductivity obtained by incorporating a quaternary ammonium co
      cation. The incorporation of tetraglyme as a coordinating plasticizer was
      investigated in order to further improve the ion dissociation and dynamics. Solid
      state NMR, thermal analysis, impedance spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy
      were used to characterize these systems. As expected, the glass transition
      temperature Tg decreased upon the addition of the plasticizer. However, in
      contrast to the previously reported Na-conducting systems, the ionic conductivity
      was also decreased by several orders of magnitude, indicating that the tetraglyme
      recouples the conductivity back to the polymer dynamics. Temperature dependent
      (7)Li NMR line width and T1 measurements were used to probe the Li(+) dynamics,
      which were found to be dependent on the Li(+) concentration, the nature of the co
      cation and the presence or absence of tetraglyme. 

PMID- 27355989
TI  - HfMnSb2 : A Metal-Ordered NiAs-type Pnictide with a Conical Spin Order.
AB  - The NiAs-type structure is one of the most common structures in solids, but metal
      order has been almost exclusively limited to chalcogenides. The synthesis of
      HfMnSb2 is reported with a novel metal-ordered NiAs-type structure. HfMnSb2
      undergoes a conical spin order below 270 K, in marked contrast to conventional
      magnetic order observed in NiAs-type pnictides. We argue that the layered
      arrangement of Hf and Mn makes it a quasi 2D magnet, where the Mn layers with
      localized magnetic moments (Mn(2+) ; S=5/2) can interact only through RKKY
      interactions, instead of metal-metal bonding that is otherwise dominant for
      typical NiAs-type pnictides. This result suggests that controlling order-disorder
      in NiAs-type pnictides enables a study of 2D-to-3D crossover behavior in
      itinerant magnetic system.

PMID- 27355994
TI  - Challenges of antihypertensive treatment.

PMID- 27355995
TI  - Treatment of hypertension and the price to pay; adverse events and
      discontinuation from randomized treatment in clinical trials.

PMID- 27355996
TI  - Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension: achievements and open questions.

PMID- 27355997
TI  - Home blood pressure and treatment decisions: caveat emptor.

PMID- 27355990
TI  - Nutritional strategies to optimise cognitive function in the aging brain.
AB  - Old age is the greatest risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases. During
      recent decades there have been major advances in understanding the biology of
      aging, and the development of nutritional interventions that delay aging
      including calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF), and chemicals
      that influence pathways linking nutrition and aging processes. CR influences
      brain aging in many animal models and recent findings suggest that dietary
      interventions can influence brain health and dementia in older humans. The role
      of individual macronutrients in brain aging also has been studied, with
      conflicting results about the effects of dietary protein and carbohydrates. A new
      approach known as the Geometric Framework (GF) has been used to unravel the
      complex interactions between macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) and
      total energy on outcomes such as aging. These studies have shown that low
      protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diets are optimal for lifespan in ad libitum
      fed animals, while total calories have minimal effect once macronutrients are
      taken into account. One of the primary purposes of this review is to explore the
      notion that macronutrients may have a more translational potential than CR and IF
      in humans, and therefore there is a pressing need to use GF to study the impact
      of diet on brain aging. Furthermore, given the growing recognition of the role of
      aging biology in dementia, such studies might provide a new approach for dietary
      interventions for optimizing brain health and preventing dementia in older
      people.

PMID- 27355998
TI  - Central versus peripheral blood pressure: finding a solution.

PMID- 27355999
TI  - Amiloride and the diabetic kidney.

PMID- 27356000
TI  - Device-based treatments in hypertension: think physiology.

PMID- 27356001
TI  - Renal denervation for resistant hypertension: closing in on potential
      confounders.

PMID- 27356002
TI  - AT1-pathway inhibition in aneurysm growth and cardiac failure.

PMID- 27356003
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27356005
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27356004
TI  - Is white-coat hypertension associated with increased cardiovascular and mortality
      risk?

PMID- 27356006
TI  - Influence of Various Living Donor Kidney Measurements in Relation to Recipient
      Body Measurements on Posttransplant Allograft Functional Outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Donor kidney measurements may affect outcomes of transplanted
      allografts. We tested allograft and recipient measurements on kidney allograft
      outcomes. In this study, we compared the effects of kidney allograft volumes,
      which were measured using computed tomographic angiography before transplant, and
      allograft weight, which was measured during surgery, in relation to the
      recipient's body weight and body mass index on kidney function at 6 and 12 months
      after transplant. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 74 patients (40 female and 34
      male patients, mean age of 50.42 +/- 9.75 y) in this study. RESULTS:
      Intraoperative allograft weight was 182.68 +/- 40.33 g (range, 104-266 g). The
      allograft volume measured using computed tomographic angiography scanning was
      123.34 +/- 24.26 mL (range, 78-181 mL). The estimated glomerular filtration rates
      of the recipients at 6 and 12 months after transplant correlated negatively with
      age and recipient body mass index but correlated positively with allograft
      volume/recipient body weight, allograft volume/recipient body mass index,
      allograft weight, allograft weight/recipient body weight, and allograft
      weight/recipient body mass index values, as concluded by univariate analyses.
      From multivariate analyses, we found variables of interest presumed to
      significantly affect the 12-month estimated glomerular filtration rates,
      including recipient age, allograft volume/recipient body weight, allograft
      volume/recipient body mass index, allograft weight, allograft weight/recipient
      body weight, and allograft weight/recipient body mass index. CONCLUSIONS:
      Transplanted allograft and recipient body values may be used as predictors of
      estimated glomerular filtration rates 6 and 12 months after transplant.

PMID- 27356007
TI  - Truths, Myths and Needs of Special Diets: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
      Disorder, Autism, Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity, and Vegetarianism.
AB  - Different dietary approaches have been attempted for the treatment of attention
      deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism, but only three of them have been
      subjected to clinical trials: education in healthy nutritional habits,
      supplementation and elimination diets. On the other hand, for multiple reasons,
      the number of people who adopt vegetarian and gluten-free diets (GFD) increases
      daily. More recently, a new entity, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), with a
      still evolving definition and clinical spectrum, has been described. Although,
      the benefits of GFD are clearly supported in this condition as well as in celiac
      disease, in the last two decades, GFD has expanded to a wider population. In this
      review, we will attempt to clarify, according to the existing evidence, which are
      the myths and facts of these diets.

PMID- 27356008
TI  - Association of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Width With Anterior Knee Laxity.
AB  - CONTEXT: Greater anterior knee laxity (AKL) has been identified as an anterior
      cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk factor. The structural factors that
      contribute to greater AKL are not fully understood but may include the ACL and
      bone geometry. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship of ACL width and femoral
      notch angle to AKL. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Controlled
      laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Twenty recreationally active females
      (age = 21.2 +/- 3.1 years, height = 1.66.1 +/- 7.3 cm, mass = 66.5 +/- 12.0 kg).
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Anterior cruciate ligament width and femoral notch angle
      were obtained with magnetic resonance imaging of the knee and AKL was assessed.
      Anterior cruciate ligament width was measured as the width of a line that
      transected the ACL and was drawn perpendicular to the Blumensaat line. Femoral
      notch angle was formed by the intersection of the line parallel to the posterior
      cortex of the femur and the Blumensaat line. Anterior knee laxity was the
      anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur (mm) at 130 N of an
      applied force. Ten participants' magnetic resonance imaging data were assessed on
      2 occasions to establish intratester reliability and precision. Using stepwise
      backward linear regression, we examined the extent to which ACL width, femoral
      notch angle, and weight were associated with AKL. RESULTS: Strong measurement
      consistency and precision (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1] +/- SEM) were
      established for ACL width (0.98 +/- 0.3 mm) and femoral notch angle (0.97 degrees
      +/- 1.1 degrees ). The regression demonstrated that ACL width (5.9 +/- 1.4 mm)
      was negatively associated with AKL (7.2 +/- 2.0 mm; R(2) = 0.22, P = .04).
      Femoral notch angle and weight were not retained in the final model. CONCLUSIONS:
      A narrower ACL was associated with greater AKL. This finding may inform the
      development of ACL injury-prevention programs that include components designed to
      increase ACL size or strength (or both). Future authors should establish which
      other factors contribute to greater AKL in order to best inform injury-prevention
      efforts.

PMID- 27356009
TI  - Biomechanical study of distal radioulnar joint ballottement test.
AB  - We investigated the reliability and accuracy of the distal radioulnar joint
      (DRUJ) ballottement test using five fresh-frozen cadaver specimens in triangular
      fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)-intact, and TFCC-sectioned wrists. The humerus and
      proximal ulna were fixed. The ulna was allowed to translate in dorsopalmar
      directions without rotation, and the radius was allowed to move freely. Four
      sensors of a magnetic tracking system were attached to the radius and ulna, and
      the nails of each examiner's thumbs. Five examiners conducted the DRUJ
      ballottement test before and after TFCC sectioning. We used two techniques: With
      holding and without holding the carpal bones to the radius (holding and non
      holding tests, respectively). We compared the magnitudes of bone-to-bone
      (absolute DRUJ) movement with that of the examiner's nail-to-nail (relative DRUJ)
      movement. The intrarater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were 0.92
      (holding) and 0.94 (non-holding). The interrater ICCs were 0.84 (holding) and
      0.75 (non-holding). Magnitudes of absolute and relative movements averaged 11.5
      and 11.8 mm, respectively (p < 0.05). Before TFCC sectioning, the DRUJ movement
      during the holding and non-holding techniques averaged 9.8 and 10.8 mm,
      respectively (p < 0.05). The increase in DRUJ movement after TFCC sectioning was
      greater with the holding technique (average 2.3 mm) than with the non-holding
      technique (average 1.6 mm). The DRUJ ballottement test with magnetic markers is
      relatively accurate and reliable for detecting unstable joints. We recommend the
      holding technique for assessing DRUJ instability in clinical practice. (c) 2016
      Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
      35:1123-1127, 2017.

PMID- 27356010
TI  - Estimation and Preparation of the Hypervariable Regions I/II Templates for
      Mitochondrial DNA Typing From Human Bones and Teeth Remains Using Singleplex
      Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction.
AB  - A method was designed for estimating and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
      that effectively and more quickly provides a complete mtDNA profile. In this
      context, we have developed this novel strategy for typing mtDNA from 10 bones and
      teeth remains (3 months to 44 years). The quantification of mtDNA was achieved by
      singleplex real-time polymerase chain reaction of the hypervariable region I
      fragment (445 bp) and hypervariable region II fragment (617 bp). Combined with
      the melting curve analysis, we have determined as little as 10 pg of mtDNA
      template that is suitable for sequence analysis. Furthermore, quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction products were directly used for following step of mtDNA
      typing by Sanger sequencing. This method allows the profile to be completely
      provided for faster human identification. 

PMID- 27356011
TI  - Gastric Mucosal Petechial Hemorrhages (Wischnewsky Lesions), Hypothermia, and
      Diabetic Ketoacidosis.
AB  - For more than 100 years since their initial description, gastric mucosal
      petechial hemorrhages have been discovered at autopsy in cases where
      environmental hypothermia was determined to be the cause of death. Although these
      lesions are frequently seen in deaths caused by environmental hypothermia, they
      can also be seen in cases where hypothermia is not implicated; however, this has
      been seldom described. We present a series of autopsy cases where hypothermia has
      been conclusively ruled out as a cause of death, in which Wischnewsky lesions are
      found. In all of these cases, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was determined to be
      the proximate cause of death, as confirmed through clinical history, laboratory
      analysis, and absence of other anatomic or toxicological findings. We provide a
      mechanism of Wischnewsky lesion formation and how that mechanism relates to both
      hypothermia and ketoacidosis. Our data show that gastric mucosal petechial
      hemorrhages are not specific for hypothermia-related deaths, and are likely
      indicative of a state in which hypothermia and DKA have a common underlying
      pathophysiology, most likely a coagulopathy. Our data also illustrate that in
      autopsy cases where Wischnewsky lesions are found, DKA should be seriously
      considered as the underlying cause of death, particularly in the absence of
      indications of environmental hypothermia. 

PMID- 27356012
TI  - Adipocere-The Fat of Graveyards.
AB  - Adipocere is an unusual product of fatty tissue decomposition that may
      occasionally be found in bodies. Two cases of diving fatalities in a limestone
      cave filled with fresh water are reported to demonstrate the features of
      adipocere, with a literature review. The bodies of a 20-year-old male and 22-year
      old female diver were retrieved 11 and 10 months after their deaths,
      respectively. Both bodies were putrefied with extensive adipocere formation
      characterized by the absence of epidermis with loss of cellular detail, with
      residual collagen fibers, and occasional hair follicles in the dermis. The most
      likely cause of death was accidental drowning possibly contributed to by
      equipment malfunction at depth. Adipocere formation is an unusual finding in
      bodies, particularly in Australia, that is facilitated by cold, wet, and
      anaerobic environments. If found at autopsy, it may give some indication of the
      environmental conditions that a body has been exposed to. 

PMID- 27356013
TI  - Lethal Dengue Virus Infection.

PMID- 27356014
TI  - Sudden Death Due to Bilateral Pulmonary Thromboembolism Following Laparoscopic
      Cholecystectomy.
AB  - Cases of sudden death due to pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) following
      laparoscopic surgery are very rare. The risk factors for PTE include sex,
      operation duration, age, obesity, and underlying diseases. The development of
      thromboprophylaxis according to specific risk factors has contributed to the
      decrease in postoperative mortality. Here, we describe the case of a 50-year-old
      patient with sudden death due to PTE at 24 hours after laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy. The origin of the thrombi were bilateral deep vein thromboses in
      both the lower extremities. No severe risk factors for PTE were detected in the
      patient, and pneumatic compression devices were used during the surgery for
      thromboprophylaxis. We believe that the accumulation of minor risk factors may
      have contributed to the onset of PTE. Hence, a more cautious assessment of the
      risk factors for PTE prior to surgery is required in such cases. 

PMID- 27356015
TI  - An Autopsy Checklist: A Monitor of Safety and Risk Management.
AB  - Any autopsy has safety and risk management issues, which can arise in the
      preautopsy, autopsy, and postautopsy phases. The London Health Sciences
      Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Autopsy Checklist was developed
      to address these issues. The current study assessed 1 measure of autopsy safety:
      the effectiveness of the checklist in documenting pathologists' communication of
      the actual or potential risk of blood-borne infections to support staff. Autopsy
      checklists for cases done in 2012 and 2013 were reviewed. The frequency of
      communication, as recorded in checklists, by pathologists to staff of previously
      diagnosed blood-borne infections (hepatitis B/C and human immunodeficiency virus)
      or the risk of infection based on lifestyle (eg, intravenous drug abuse) was
      tabulated. These data were compared with medical histories of the deceased and
      circumstances of their deaths described in the final autopsy reports. Information
      about blood-borne infections was recorded less frequently in the checklists
      compared with the final reports. Of 4 known human immunodeficiency virus cases,
      there was no checklist documentation in 3. All 11 hand injuries were documented.
      None of these cases had known infectious risks. The Autopsy Checklist is a
      standardized means of documenting safety and risk issues arising during the
      autopsy process, but its effectiveness relies on accurate completion. 

PMID- 27356016
TI  - N-Doped TiO2 Nanobelts with Coexposed (001) and (101) Facets and Their Highly
      Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production.
AB  - To narrow the band gap (3.2 eV) of TiO2 and extend its practical applicability
      under sunlight, the doping with nonmetal elements has been used to tune TiO2
      electronic structure. However, the doping also brings new recombination centers
      among the photoinduced charge carriers, which results in a quantum efficiency
      loss accordingly. It has been proved that the {101} facets of anatase TiO2 are
      beneficial to generating and transmitting more reductive electrons to promote the
      H2-evolution in the photoreduction reaction, and the {001} facets exhibit a
      higher photoreactivity to accelerate the reaction involved of photogenerated
      hole. Thus, it was considered by us that using the surface heterojunction
      composed of both {001} and {101} facets may depress the disadvantage of N doping.
      Fortunately, we successfully synthesized anatase N-doped TiO2 nanobelts with a
      surface heterojunction of coexposed (101) and (001) facets. As expected, it
      realized the charge pairs' spatial separation and showed higher photocatalytic
      activity under a visible-light ray: a hydrogen generation rate of 670 MUmol h(-1)
      g(-1) (much higher than others reported previously in literature of N-doped TiO2
      nanobelts). 

PMID- 27356017
TI  - Novel Technology for Locating Hidden Egyptian Tombs and Detailing Schlemm Canal
      Physiology.

PMID- 27356018
TI  - A site-selective hyaluronan-interferonalpha2a conjugate for the treatment of
      ovarian cancer.
AB  - While interferon alpha (IFNalpha) is used in several viral and cancer contexts,
      its efficacy against ovarian cancer (OC) is far from being incontrovertibly
      demonstrated and, more importantly, is hindered by heavy systemic side effects.
      To overcome these issues, here we propose a strategy that allows a targeted
      delivery of the cytokine, by conjugating IFNalpha2a with an aldehyde-modified
      form of hyaluronic acid (HA). The resulting HA-IFNalpha2a bioconjugate was
      biochemically and biologically characterized. The conjugation with HA did not
      substantially modified both the antiviral function and the anti-proliferative
      activity of the cytokine. Moreover, the induction of STAT1 phosphorylation and of
      a specific gene expression signature in different targets was retained. In vivo
      optical imaging biodistribution showed that the i.p.-injected HA-IFNalpha2a
      persisted into the peritoneal cavity longer than IFNalpha2a without being toxic
      for intraperitoneal organs, thus potentially enhancing the loco-regional
      therapeutic effect. Indeed, in OC xenograft mouse models bioconjugate
      significantly improved survival as compared to the free cytokine. Overall, HA
      IFNalpha2a bioconjugate disclosed an improved anticancer efficacy, and can be
      envisaged as a promising loco-regional treatment for OC.

PMID- 27356019
TI  - Systemic delivery of siRNA by aminated poly(alpha)glutamate for the treatment of
      solid tumors.
AB  - Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can silence the expression of a targeted gene in a
      process known as RNA interference (RNAi). As a consequence, RNAi has immense
      potential as a novel therapeutic approach in cancer targeted therapy. However,
      successful application of siRNA for therapeutic purposes is challenging due to
      its rapid renal clearance, degradation by RNases in the bloodstream, poor
      cellular penetration, immunogenicity and aggregation in the blood. In addition,
      the few oligonucleotide-based nanomedicines that reached clinical trials either
      go to the liver following systemic administration or are applied topically.
      Treatment of solid tumors requires selective distribution of siRNA to the target
      tissue, hence there is an unmet medical need for an efficacious and safe nano
      sized delivery system for their clinical use. To overcome these hurdles, we have
      designed, synthesized and physico-chemically characterized a novel nanocarrier
      based on aminated poly(alpha)glutamate (PGAamine). This cathepsin B-biodegradable
      polymer interacts electrostatically with the siRNA to form a nano-sized polyplex
      stable in plasma. Treatment with PGAamine-Rac1 siRNA polyplex (siRac1-polyplex)
      caused specific gene silencing by 80% in HeLa and SKOV-3 human ovarian
      adenocarcinoma cells as opposed to PGAamine-control non-targeting siRNA polyplex
      (siCtrl-polyplex) leading to inhibition of cell migration and wound healing
      abilities. A stepwise dose escalation was performed in order to determine the in
      vivo maximum tolerated dose (MTD). This was followed by intraperitoneal
      administration of siRac1-polyplex to mCherry-labeled ovarian adenocarcinoma
      bearing mice leading to preferred tumor accumulation of siRac1 (8-fold) which
      resulted in 38% Rac1 knockdown. Furthermore, the polyplex was administered
      intravenously to lung carcinoma-bearing mice in which it caused 33% Rac1
      knockdown. These promising results led to efficacy studies administering systemic
      treatment with an anticancer siRNA, siPlk1-polyplex, which inhibited tumor growth
      by 73% and 87% compared with siCtrl-polyplex or saline-treated mice,
      respectively, leading to prolonged overall survival. These findings represent the
      first time that a polyaminated poly(alpha)glutamate polymer is used for an
      efficacious and safe tumor delivery of RNAi following systemic administration.

PMID- 27356021
TI  - Controlling uranyl oxo group interactions to group 14 elements using polypyrrolic
      Schiff-base macrocyclic ligands.
AB  - Heterodinuclear uranyl/group 14 complexes of the aryl- and anthracenyl-linked
      Schiff-base macrocyclic ligands LMe and LA were synthesised by reaction of
      UO2(H2L) with M{N(SiMe3)2}2 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb). For complexes of the anthracenyl
      linked ligand (LA) the group 14 metal sits out of the N4-donor plane by up to 0.7
      A resulting in relatively short MOUO distances which decrease down the group;
      however, the solid state structures and IR spectroscopic analyses suggest little
      interaction occurs between the oxo and group 14 metal. In contrast, the smaller
      aryl-linked ligand (LMe) enforces greater interaction between the metals; only
      the PbII complex was cleanly accessible although this complex was relatively
      unstable in the presence of HN(SiMe3)2 and some organic oxidants. In this case,
      the equatorial coordination of pyridine-N-oxide causes a 0.08 A elongation of the
      endo UO bond and a clear interaction of the uranyl ion with the Pb(ii) cation in
      the second donor compartment.

PMID- 27356020
TI  - Relationships between measures of adiposity with subclinical atherosclerosis in
      patients with type 2 diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Assess cross-sectional relationships between body mass index (BMI),
      waist circumference (WC), pericardial (PAT), visceral (VAT), and subcutaneous
      adipose tissue (SAT) volumes with calcified plaque (CP) in African Americans
      (AAs) and European Americans (EAs) with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Computed
      tomography measured PAT, VAT, SAT, and CP in coronary arteries (CAC), carotid
      arteries, and aorta. Generalized estimating equations models were fitted to test
      for associations between adiposity and CP, stratified by ethnicity while
      accounting for familial correlations. RESULTS: AAs (N = 753) vs. EAs (N = 562)
      had significantly lower PAT and VAT, despite equal or higher BMI. In
      multivariable models adjusting for age, gender, education, HbA1c, statins,
      smoking, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, and C-reactive
      protein, PAT positively associated with presence of CAC in AAs (P < 0.001), not
      EAs (P = 0.68; ethnicity interaction P < 0.01). Inverse associations were
      detected between SAT and severity of aorta CP (P < 0.01) in AAs and between BMI,
      WC, and SAT with severity of aorta CP in all participants. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic-
      and gender-specific differences in BMI, WC, PAT, SAT, and VAT were present in AAs
      and EAs with diabetes. Only PAT was positively associated with CAC in AAs;
      paradoxical inverse associations were seen between several other adiposity
      measures and subclinical cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 27356022
TI  - Isozyme Specific Allosteric Regulation of Human Sulfotransferase 1A1.
AB  - The human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) comprise a 13-member enzyme family
      that regulates the activities of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of signaling small
      molecules via regiospecific transfer of the sulfuryl moiety (-SO3) from PAPS (3'
      phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) to the hydroxyls and amines of acceptors.
      Signaling molecules regulated by sulfonation include numerous steroid and thyroid
      hormones, epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. SULT1A1, a major phase II
      metabolism SULT isoform, is found at a high concentration in liver and has
      recently been show to harbor two allosteric binding sites, each of which binds a
      separate and complex class of compounds: the catechins (naturally occurring
      polyphenols) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Among catechins,
      epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) displays high affinity and specificity for
      SULT1A1. The allosteric network associated with either site has yet to be
      defined. Here, using equilibrium binding and pre-steady state studies, the
      network is shown to involve 14 distinct complexes. ECGG binds both the allosteric
      site and, relatively weakly, the active site of SULT1A1. It is not a SULT1A1
      substrate but is sulfonated by SULT2A1. EGCG binds 17-fold more tightly when the
      active-site cap of the enzyme is closed by the binding of the nucleotide. When
      nucleotide is saturating, EGCG binds in two phases. In the first, it binds to the
      cap-open conformer; in the second, it traps the cap in the closed configuration.
      Cap closure encapsulates the nucleotide, preventing its release; hence, the EGCG
      induced cap stabilization slows nucleotide release, inhibiting turnover. Finally,
      a comprehensive quantitative model of the network is presented.

PMID- 27356023
TI  - Overview and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology,
      involves an immunemediated attack of the central nervous system (CNS) that
      produces demyelination and axonal/neuronal damage, resulting in characteristic
      multifocal lesions apparent on magnetic resonance imaging and a variety of
      neurologic manifestations. The disease pathology is characterized by multifocal
      lesions within the CNS, in both the white matter and gray matter, with
      perivenular inflammatory cell infiltrates, demyelination, axonal transection,
      neuronal degeneration, and gliosis. MS pathogenesis is complex, as it involves
      both T- and B-cell mechanisms and is heterogeneous in presentation. Relatively
      recently, the historical 4 core clinical categories of MS were revised in an
      effort to improve characterization of the clinical course, better identify where
      a given patient is positioned in the disease spectrum, and to guide clinical
      studies. In young and middle-aged adults, MS is one of the most common
      contributors to neurologic disability, and it exerts detrimental effects on a
      patient's productivity and health-related quality of life. Typically, patients
      with MS have a long life span, although healthcare utilization increases over
      time. As a consequence, the disease places a substantial burden on patients and
      their caregivers/families, as well as employers, the healthcare system, and
      society. 

PMID- 27356024
TI  - Economic burden of multiple sclerosis and the role of managed sare organizations
      in multiple sclerosis management.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is disease that has an early age of onset and may
      intensify and subside with disease relapses or exacerbations interrupted by
      periods of stability. Because of this, patients, their families and caregivers,
      employers, and the entire healthcare system carry substantial clinical and
      economic burdens associated with the disease over of a period of many years.
      Although most patients with MS are covered by health insurance, the management
      landscape has become increasingly complex over the past decade with the
      introduction and approval of several new disease-modifying therapies that, while
      remarkably effective and well tolerated, usually come with a very high cost.
      Whereas the main goal of treating patients with MS is to prevent disease
      progression and disability, healthcare and benefit providers are faced with an
      ever-tipping balance point between effectively managing the disease and
      maximizing the value of high-cost disease-modifying therapies in an already
      overburdened healthcare system. Treatment of MS should be individualized, and
      shared decision making between patients and healthcare providers must be
      preserved. Healthcare providers and payers need to collaborate to ensure that
      resources are used optimally and not wasted, reducing both the clinical and
      economic burdens related to this complex chronic disorder. 

PMID- 27356025
TI  - Current and emerging treatment of multiple sclerosis.
AB  - The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) falls into 3 categories: treatment of
      exacerbations, slowing disease progression with disease-modifying therapies
      (DMTs), and symptomatic therapies. The management of MS is becoming increasingly
      complex with the development of additional DMTs that, like the older DMTs, reduce
      the frequency and severity of relapses, and the accumulation of lesions detected
      by magnetic resonance imaging. Initiating treatment to slow or reverse
      inflammatory lesion formation early in the course of the disease is advocated as
      a way to prevent accumulation of disability. Nevertheless, there is a lack of
      comparative efficacy data and few clinical guidelines to aid healthcare providers
      in the optimal selection of DMTs. Given that some of the newer agents are
      associated with potentially serious, but rare, adverse events, careful
      consideration of the risk-benefit profile is necessary to minimize the risk to
      patients. This article provides an overview of the existing treatments for MS
      with an emphasis on DMTs and emerging therapies. 

PMID- 27356027
TI  - Extracellular Release of Annexin A2 is Enhanced upon Oxidative Stress Response
      via the p38 MAPK Pathway after Low-Dose X-Ray Irradiation.
AB  - The extracellular microenvironment affects cellular responses to various
      stressors including radiation. Annexin A2, which was initially identified as an
      intracellular molecule, is also released into the extracellular environment and
      is known to regulate diverse cell surface events, however, the molecular
      mechanisms underlying its release are not well known. In this study, we found
      that in cultured human cancer and non-cancerous cells an extracellular release of
      annexin A2 was greatly enhanced 1-4 h after a single 20 cGy X-ray dose, but not
      after exposure to ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation. Extracellular release of annexin
      A2 was also enhanced after H2O2 and nicotine treatments, which was suppressed by
      pretreatment with the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine. Among the oxidative stress
      pathway molecules examined in HeLa cells, AMP-activated protein kinase alpha
      (AMPKalpha) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were mostly activated
      by low-dose X-ray radiation, and the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, but not
      compound C (an AMPKalpha inhibitor), suppressed the enhancement of the annexin A2
      extracellular release after low-dose X irradiation. In addition, the enhancement
      was suppressed in the cells in which p38alpha MAPK was downregulated by siRNA.
      HeLa cells and human cultured cells preirradiated with 20 cGy or precultured in
      media from low-dose X-irradiated cells showed an increase in resistance to
      radiation-induced cell death, and the increase was suppressed by treatment of the
      irradiated cell-derived media with anti-annexin A2 antibodies. In addition,
      extracellularly added recombinant annexin A2 conferred cellular radiation
      resistance. These results indicate that an oxidative stress-activated pathway via
      p38 MAPK was involved in the extracellular release of annexin A2, and this
      pathway was stimulated by low-dose X-ray irradiation. Furthermore, released
      annexin A2 may function in low-dose ionizing radiation-induced responses, such as
      radioresistance.

PMID- 27356026
TI  - Differences of psychological features in patients with heart failure with regard
      to gender and aetiology - Results of a CAPS-LOCK-HF (Complex Assessment of
      Psychological Status Located in Heart Failure) study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Objective of the study was to assess the psychological state of HF
      patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) with regard to gender and
      aetiology. METHODS: 758 patients with HFrEF (mean age - 64+/-11years, men - 79%,
      NYHA class III-IV - 40%, ischemic aetiology - 61%) in a prospective Polish
      multicenter Caps-Lock-HF study. Scores on five different self-report inventories:
      CISS, MHLC, GSES, BDI and modified Mini-MAC were compared between the sexes
      taking into account the aetiology of HFrEF. RESULTS: There were differences in
      the CISS and BDI score between the genders - women had higher CISS (emotion- and
      avoidance-oriented) and BDI (general score - 14.2+/-8.7 vs 12.3+/-8.6, P<0.05;
      subscale - somatic score - 7.3+/-3.7 vs 6.1+/-3.7, P<0.05). In the ischemic
      subpopulation, women had higher BDI (general and subscales) than men. In the non
      ischemic subpopulation the differences between genders were limited to CISS
      scale. In a multivariable analysis with demographic and clinical data female sex,
      NYHA class, atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus determined BDI score.
      Similarly, in the ischemic subpopulation, the female sex, NYHA class and atrial
      fibrillation determined the BDI, while in the non-ischemic population NYHA class
      was the only factor that influenced the BDI score. Adding the psychological data
      made a significant additional contribution to the prediction of depression
      status. CONCLUSIONS: There are distinct differences in psychological features
      with regard to gender in patients with HFrEF. Women demonstrate less favourable
      psychological characteristics. Gender-related differences in BDI score are
      especially explicit in patients with ischemic aetiology of HF. The BDI score is
      related to psychological predisposition.

PMID- 27356028
TI  - Biofilm Formation by Environmental Isolates of Salmonella and Their Sensitivity
      to Natural Antimicrobials.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine reduction of Salmonella in biofilms
      by essential oils. Biofilm formation of 15 Salmonella isolates from conventional
      swine farm environment was evaluated by 96-well microtiter plate crystal violet
      and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assays. Only one of the 15
      isolates was a strong biofilm producer as classified by crystal violet assay. All
      Salmonella isolates formed biofilm on MBEC assay. The curli expression was robust
      among strains S322 and S435 (Salmonella Infantis), S644, S777, S931, S953, and
      S977 (Salmonella Typhimurium) as observed by Congo red dye binding assay. The
      cell hydrophobicity varied with strains and growth phase of the strain; however,
      there was no significant difference in hydrophobicity of these strains. Natural
      antimicrobials were evaluated with MBEC assay for their bactericidal efficacy in
      reducing Salmonella in biofilms. Cinnamaldehyde and sporran at 1000 ppm
      significantly reduced Salmonella in biofilms. The bactericidal effect of these
      antimicrobials increased with their concentrations. Salmonella were reduced by 6
      log CFU from their initial populations of 7-7.5 log CFU/cm(2) when 2000 ppm
      concentration of these antimicrobials were used. Salmonella were undetectable
      when 3000 ppm of cinnamaldehyde or sporran was used. Natural antimicrobials such
      as cinnamaldehyde and sporran can be used to reduce Salmonella in biofilms.

PMID- 27356029
TI  - Targeting of non-cycling cells of hypoxic tumors.

PMID- 27356030
TI  - Constructing Slow-Release Formulations of Metribuzin Based on Degradable Poly(3
      hydroxybutyrate).
AB  - Experimental formulations of herbicide metribuzin embedded in matrices of
      degradable natural polymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) and its composites with
      poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL), and wood powder
      have been prepared in the form of pressed pellets containing 75% polymeric basis
      (pure P3HB or its composite with a second component at a ratio of 7:3) and 25%
      metribuzin. Incubation of formulations in soil laboratory systems led to the
      degradation of the matrix and herbicide release. The most active release of
      metribuzin (about 60% of the embedded herbicide over 35 days) was detected for
      the P3HB/PEG carrier compared to the P3HB, P3HB/wood, and P3HB/PCL forms (30
      40%). Thus, the study shows that herbicide release can be controlled by the
      matrix formulation. Metribuzin formulations exerted a significant herbicidal
      effect on the plant Agrostis stolonifera, used as a weed plant model. Application
      of these long-term formulations will make it possible to reduce environmental
      release of chemicals, which will restrict the rate of their accumulation in
      trophic chains of ecosystems and abate their adverse effects on the biosphere. 

PMID- 27356031
TI  - Participation in a Tele-Stroke Program Improves Timeliness of Intravenous
      Thrombolysis Delivery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We sought to assess the effects of participation in a tele-stroke
      program on timeliness of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IVtPA)
      administration. METHODS: Among 259 consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients
      treated with IVtPA through the Rush tele-stroke program, we compared two cohorts:
      Period 1 (July 2011 to June 2013) and Period 2 (July 2013 to July 2014). We
      collected data on demographics, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
      (NIHSS), and times of last known normal (LKN), initiation of tele-stroke consult,
      and IVtPA administration. RESULTS: The mean age was 69.6 years, 56% were female,
      the mean NIHSS was 11.8, and 41.7% patients were transferred to the hub site. The
      mean time from initiation of tele-stroke consult to IVtPA administration was 42.2
      min. Time from initiation of tele-stroke consult to IVtPA administration improved
      from Period 1 to Period 2 (49.9 min vs. 35 min, p < 0.0001). This improvement was
      due to faster mean time from initiation of tele-stroke consult to IVtPA advised
      (17.4 min vs. 12.5 min, p < 0.0001) and faster mean time from IVtPA advised to
      administration (33.1 min vs. 22.5 min, p < 0.0001). The mean time from LKN to
      IVtPA given was also significantly improved (148.6 min vs. 160.9 min, p 0.045).
      CONCLUSIONS: Participation in a tele-stroke program associated with improvement
      in the timeliness of IVtPA delivery.

PMID- 27356032
TI  - Development of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of
      phenothiazine drugs in meat and animal feeds.
AB  - In this study, 2-chlorophenothiazine was used to synthesize a hapten for
      production of monoclonal antibody. The obtained monoclonal antibody showed high
      crossreactivities to chlorpromazine, promethazine and perphenazine, and showed
      low crossreactivities to acepromazine and fluphenazine. After evaluation of three
      coating antigens, a heterologous competitive indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent
      assay was developed to determine the five phenothiazines in animal feeds and the
      residues of chlorpromazine, promethazine and perphenazine in meat. The
      crossreactivities to the five analytes were in a range of 2.4%-98%. The limits of
      detection for the five drugs in feeds were in a range of 0.1-3.0 MUg g-1, and
      that for chlorpromazine, promethazine and perphenazine in meat were in a range of
      0.5-0.8 ng g-1. Their recoveries from standards fortified blank samples (chicken,
      pork and feeds) were in a range of 74.1%-96.5% with coefficients of variation of
      6.4%-15.1%. Therefore, this method could be used as a rapid screen tool to
      determine phenothiazine drugs in animal feeds and animal derived foods.

PMID- 27356034
TI  - Self-Healing of Molecular Catalyst and Photosensitizer on Metal-Organic
      Framework: Robust Molecular System for Photocatalytic H2 Evolution from Water.
AB  - Inspired by self-repair mechanism of PSII in plants, we report a self-healing
      system which spontaneously repairs molecular catalyst and photosensitizer during
      photocatalytic H2 evolution. A bipyridine-embedded UiO-type metal-organic
      framework (MOF), namely Ptn_Ir_BUiO, which incorporated H2-evolving catalyst and
      photosensitizer, was synthesized and subject to photocatalytic H2 evolution
      reaction (HER). Impressively, HER with Pt0.1_Ir_BUiO showed very stable molecular
      photocatalysis without significant decrease in its activity and colloidal
      formation for 6.5 days at least; in the homogeneous counterpart, the molecular
      catalyst became a colloid just after 7.5 h. It was revealed that the arrangement
      of diimine sites which closely and densely surrounded the H2-evolving catalyst
      and photosensitizer in the MOF enabled such a highly efficient self-healing.

PMID- 27356035
TI  - Therapeutic approaches in clear cell and non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2.4% of all malignancies worldwide
      diagnosed with 338,000 estimated new cases globally in 2012. In the last decade,
      the therapeutic landscape for RCC patients has changed tremendously. In this
      review, we will summarize the treatment options currently available for clear
      cell localized, advanced and metastatic RCC (mRCC); as stated in the ESMO
      clinical practice guidelines, the EAU guidelines and the NCCN guidelines.
      Furthermore, we will discuss the recommended therapies in patients diagnosed with
      non-clear cell tumours.

PMID- 27356036
TI  - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 2016: existing therapies and the ongoing search
      for neuroprotection.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), one in a family of age-related
      neurodegenerative disorders, is marked by predominantly cryptogenic causes,
      partially elucidated pathophysiology, and elusive treatments. The challenges of
      ALS are illustrated by two decades of negative drug trials. AREAS COVERED: In
      this article, we lay out the current understanding of disease genesis and
      physiology in relation to drug development in ALS, stressing important
      accomplishments and gaps in knowledge. We briefly consider clinical ALS, the
      ongoing search for biomarkers, and the latest in trial design, highlighting major
      recent and ongoing clinical trials; and we discuss, in a concluding section on
      future directions, the prion-protein hypothesis of neurodegeneration and what
      steps can be taken to end the drought that has characterized drug discovery in
      ALS. EXPERT OPINION: Age-related neurodegenerative disorders are fast becoming
      major public health problems for the world's aging populations. Several agents
      offer promise in the near-term, but drug development is hampered by an
      interrelated cycle of obstacles surrounding etiological, physiological, and
      biomarkers discovery. It is time for the type of government-funded, public
      supported offensive on neurodegenerative disease that has been effective in other
      fields.

PMID- 27356037
TI  - Self-Assembly of Single-Layer CoAl-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets on 3D
      Graphene Network Used as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution
      Reaction.
AB  - A non-noble metal based 3D porous electrocatalyst is prepared by self-assembly of
      the liquid-exfoliated single-layer CoAl-layered double hydroxide nanosheets (CoAl
      NSs) onto 3D graphene network, which exhibits higher catalytic activity and
      better stability for electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction compared to the
      commercial IrO2 nanoparticle-based 3D porous electrocatalyst. 

PMID- 27356038
TI  - Photo-induced Substitutive Introduction of the Aldoxime Functional Group to
      Carbon Chains: A Formal Formylation of Non-Acidic C(sp(3) )-H Bonds.
AB  - A photo-induced substitutive introduction of an aldoxime functional group to
      carbon chains was achieved using photo-excited 4-benzoylpyridine as a C(sp(3) )-H
      bond cleaving agent and arylsulfonyl oxime as an aldoxime precursor. The non
      acidic C-H bonds in various substances, including cycloalkanes, ethers,
      azacycles, and cyclic sulfides, were chemoselectively converted at ambient
      temperature under neutral conditions. The present transformation is a formal
      formylation of non-acidic C(sp(3) )-H bonds in a single step.

PMID- 27356039
TI  - Binding Analysis of Methyl-CpG Binding Domain of MeCP2 and Rett Syndrome
      Mutations.
AB  - Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) binds to methylated cytosine in CpG island
      through its methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD). Here, the effects of the Rett
      syndrome-causing missense mutations on binding affinity of MBD to cytosine (C),
      methylcytosine (mC), hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC), formylcytosine (fC), and
      carboxylcytosine (caC) in CpG dinucleotide are investigated. MeCP2-MBD binds to
      mC-containing variants of double stranded CpG stronger than any other cytosine
      modified CpG with the strongest affinity to mC/mC. Thirteen MBD missense
      mutations show reduced binding affinity for mC/mC ranging with a 2-fold decrease
      for T158M to 88-fold for R111G. The binding affinities of these mutants to C/C
      are also reduced to various degrees except for T158M. Consistent with free energy
      perturbation analysis, correlation of binding affinity with protein unfolding
      allows for grouping mutations into three clusters. Correlation of the first
      cluster includes mutations that have a higher tendency to unfold and have lesser
      affinity to mC/mC and C/C. Mutations in the second cluster have similar
      structural stability but various affinities to mC/mC and C/C. R111G and A140V
      belong to the third cluster in which the loss of protein flexibility may underlie
      their reduction in binding affinity to mC/mC and C/C. Most notably, R111 emerges
      as the key structural element that modulates the specific contacts with mCpG.
      Implications of the results for the mCpG binding mechanism of MeCP2-MBD are
      discussed. These analyses provide new insights on the structure and function
      relationships in MeCP2-MBD and offer new clues to their roles in the pathology of
      Rett syndrome.

PMID- 27356040
TI  - Effect of further-neighbor interactions on the magnetization behaviors of the
      Ising model on a triangular lattice.
AB  - In this work, we study the magnetization behaviors of the classical Ising model
      on the triangular lattice using Monte Carlo simulations, and pay particular
      attention to the effect of further-neighbor interactions. Several fascinating
      spin states are identified to be stabilized in certain magnetic field regions,
      respectively, resulting in the magnetization plateaus at 2/3, 5/7, 7/9 and 5/6 of
      the saturation magnetization M S, in addition to the well-known plateaus at 0,
      1/3 and 1/2 of M S. The stabilization of these interesting orders can be
      understood as the consequence of the competition between Zeeman energy and
      exchange energy.

PMID- 27356042
TI  - Norwegian male military veterans show low levels of mental health problems four
      years after deployment in Afghanistan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deployment of soldiers is associated with considerable rates of
      mental disorders after redeployment. AIMS: The aim of this study was to identity
      prevalence of probable mental disorders and associated factors among male
      Norwegian soldiers at a mean of 4 years following deployment to Afghanistan in
      2001-2011. METHODS: The retrospective questionnaire-based study invited all
      Norwegian veterans deployed to Afghanistan from 2001-2011 to participate. The
      response rate was 59%, but only the 3403 men (47.5%) who completed all items of
      the four different screening instruments were used to define cases with mental
      health problems were included. Independent variables covered deployment and post
      deployment issues. RESULTS: The prevalence of subjects with mental health
      problems was 5.1% (95% CI = 4.4-5.9%) of the sample. Among deployment-related
      factors, physical and mental problems during deployment were most strongly
      associated with mental health problems after deployment. Among post-deployment
      factors high neuroticism and limitations in work, social, and family functions
      showed the strongest associations. In multivariable analysis, younger age at
      first deployment (OR = 0.95), neuroticism (OR = 6.40), increased current alcohol
      intake (OR = 3.08), impaired family function (OR = 1.91), more sleep problems (OR
      =1.13), and increased negative civilian life events (OR = 1.39) remained
      significantly associated with probable mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Among male
      Norwegian veterans from Afghanistan, the prevalence of mental health problems was
      low, and mainly associated with post-deployment factors. Veterans complaining of
      mental symptoms should be diagnosed, treated, and examined for other problems of
      life.

PMID- 27356041
TI  - Prevalence and characteristics of users of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among
      men who have sex with men, San Francisco, 2014 in a cross-sectional survey:
      implications for disparities.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has gained a central role in
      prevention of HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly
      in San Francisco, California, USA. Programmes to enrol men in PrEP are being
      undertaken by a range of public and private organisations. PrEP will have the
      largest population impact if it reaches men who are most at risk for HIV
      infection, and is used in a manner that enables maximal efficacy. Access to PrEP
      also needs to be equitable. We report on the characteristics of men eligible for
      and using PrEP. METHODS: Data were from the 2014 implementation of National HIV
      Behavioural Surveillance (NHBS) among MSM in San Francisco. NHBS uses venue-based
      sampling as the national standard for sampling MSM. We compare proportions of
      demographic characteristics of MSM using versus not using PrEP who are HIV
      negative and meet Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines to
      recommend PrEP. RESULTS: Overall, 64.1% of HIV-negative MSM in San Francisco
      would meet guidelines for PrEP use, while 9.2% of MSM overall and 14.5% of MSM
      eligible were using PrEP as of 2014. Men using PrEP are more likely to be white
      and of older age. There were no differences between men using and not using PrEP
      in terms of education, income and health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: PrEP roll-out
      efforts should attempt to increase reach for young, black and Hispanic MSM.
      Failure to equitably provide access to PrEP could exacerbate the US disparity in
      new HIV infections for men of colour.

PMID- 27356043
TI  - Dynamic Self-Assembly Adhesion of a Paraquat Droplet on a Pillar[5]arene Surface.
AB  - The adhesion of herbicide droplets on leaf surfaces plays an important role in
      the herbicide's adsorption by crops. How to control the adhesive binding which
      occurs through dynamic self-assembly between the macroscopic droplet and the
      surface is a challenging task. We introduce a host onto surfaces that controls
      the binding of guests in the paraquat droplets. The pillar[5]arene-functional
      surface showed the selective binding of paraquat droplets via the host-guest
      interaction. The work is promising for improving the efficiency of herbicides.

PMID- 27356044
TI  - Reactive oxygen species: sources, consequences and targeted therapy in type 2
      diabetes.
AB  - Oxidative stress has been considered as a central mediator in the progression of
      diabetic complication. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to
      oxidative stress and it is raised from the mitochondria as well as by activation
      of five major pathways: increased polyol pathway flux, activation of protein
      kinase C (PKC) pathway, increased formation of advanced glycation end products
      (AGEs), over activity of hexosamine pathway and increased production of
      angiotensin II. The increased ROS through these pathways leads to beta-cell
      dysfunction and insulin resistance, responsible for cell damage and death. This
      review not only highlights the sources of ROS production and their involvement in
      the progression of diabetes, but also emphasizes on pharmacological interventions
      and targeting of ROS in type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes the ROS as
      potential therapeutic targets, based on a putative mechanism in the progression
      of the diabetes. It also summarizes current knowledge of ROS activation in type 2
      diabetes as well as ROS as a possible target for its treatment. Eventually, it
      would be a promising target for various strategies and drugs to modulate ROS
      levels in diabetes.

PMID- 27356046
TI  - In situ growth of ZIF-8 nanocrystals on layered double hydroxide nanosheets for
      enhanced CO2 capture.
AB  - A hexagonal nanosheet LDH@ZIF-8 composite was fabricated by in situ growth of ZIF
      8 on Zn-Al LDH without adding any zinc precursor, and exhibited a CO2 adsorption
      capacity of 1.0 mmol g(-1) at room temperature and 1 bar, which was significantly
      higher than that of pure Zn-Al LDH or ZIF-8, indicating a synergy between ZIF-8
      and Zn-Al LDH. 

PMID- 27356045
TI  - Semisynthetic and in Vitro Phosphorylation of Alpha-Synuclein at Y39 Promotes
      Functional Partly Helical Membrane-Bound States Resembling Those Induced by PD
      Mutations.
AB  - Alpha-synuclein is a presynaptic protein of poorly understood function that is
      linked to both genetic and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. We have
      proposed that alpha-synuclein may function specifically at synaptic vesicles
      docked at the plasma membrane, and that the broken-helix state of the protein,
      comprising two antiparallel membrane-bound helices connected by a nonhelical
      linker, may target the protein to such docked vesicles by spanning between the
      vesicle and the plasma membrane. Here, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of
      alpha-synuclein at tyrosine 39, carried out by c-Abl in vivo, may facilitate
      interconversion of synuclein from the vesicle-bound extended-helix state to the
      broken-helix state. Specifically, in the presence of lipid vesicles, Y39
      phosphorylation leads to decreased binding of a region corresponding to helix-2
      of the broken-helix state, potentially freeing this region of the protein to
      interact with other membrane surfaces. This effect is largely recapitulated by
      the phosphomimetic mutation Y39E, and expression of this mutant in yeast results
      in decreased membrane localization. Intriguingly, the effects of Y39
      phosphorylation on membrane binding closely resemble those of the recently
      reported disease linked mutation G51D. These findings suggest that Y39
      phosphorylation could modulate functional aspects of alpha-synuclein and perhaps
      influence pathological aggregation of the protein as well.

PMID- 27356047
TI  - Living in your own home and being socially connected at 95 years and beyond: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Being socially connected is linked to positively influencing older
      people's ability to remain living in their own homes and has shown to support
      independence and enhance well-being. AIM: To explore how individuals aged 95
      years and older living in their own home remain socially connected. METHODS:
      Informed by a critical gerontological approach, semi-structured interviews with
      eight women and two men aged between 96 and 100 years were undertaken. Following
      transcription, data were thematically analysed. RESULTS: Three main themes
      illuminating social connectedness were identified: "Keeping company: staying
      connected with family and friends", "Doing things together: engaging with paid
      and unpaid helpers" and "Having pride and enjoyment: continuing with hobbies and
      interests". CONCLUSION: It is important that health professionals and social
      service providers recognise the importance of social connectedness, and provide a
      range of options to support continuing social connectedness and community
      engagement for older people.

PMID- 27356048
TI  - ConRad-Global Conference on Radiation Topics-Preparedness, Response, Protection
      and Research, Munich, 4-7 May 2015.

PMID- 27356049
TI  - Transcriptome Alterations In X-Irradiated Human Gingiva Fibroblasts.
AB  - Ionizing radiation is known to induce genomic lesions, such as DNA double strand
      breaks, whose repair can lead to mutations that can modulate cellular and
      organismal fate. Soon after radiation exposure, cells induce transcriptional
      changes and alterations of cell cycle programs to respond to the received DNA
      damage. Radiation-induced mutations occur through misrepair in a stochastic
      manner and increase the risk of developing cancers years after the incident,
      especially after high dose radiation exposures. Here, the authors analyzed the
      transcriptomic response of primary human gingival fibroblasts exposed to
      increasing doses of acute high dose-rate x rays. In the dataset obtained after
      0.5 and 5 Gy x-ray exposures and two different repair intervals (0.5 h and 16 h),
      the authors discovered several radiation-induced fusion transcripts in
      conjunction with dose-dependent gene expression changes involving a total of
      3,383 genes. Principal component analysis of repeated experiments revealed that
      the duration of the post-exposure repair intervals had a stronger impact than
      irradiation dose. Subsequent overrepresentation analyses showed a number of KEGG
      gene sets and WikiPathways, including pathways known to relate to radioresistance
      in fibroblasts (Wnt, integrin signaling). Moreover, a significant radiation
      induced modulation of microRNA targets was detected. The data sets on IR-induced
      transcriptomic alterations in primary gingival fibroblasts will facilitate
      genomic comparisons in various genotoxic exposure scenarios.

PMID- 27356050
TI  - Progenitor Cell Mobilization by Gamma-tocotrienol: A Promising Radiation
      Countermeasure.
AB  - This article reviews studies of progenitor mobilization with gamma-tocotrienol
      (GT3), a tocol under advanced development as a radiation countermeasure for acute
      radiation syndrome (ARS). GT3 protects mice against high doses of ionizing
      radiation and induces high levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G
      CSF). GT3-induced G-CSF in conjunction with AMD3100 (a chemokine receptor
      antagonist clinically used to improve the yield of mobilized progenitors)
      mobilizes progenitors; these mobilized progenitors mitigate injury when infused
      to mice exposed to acute, high-dose ionizing radiation. The administration of a G
      CSF antibody to GT3-injected donor mice abrogated the radiomitigative efficacy of
      blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in irradiated recipient mice.
      The efficacy of GT3-injected donor mice blood or PBMC was comparable to a
      recently published article involving blood or mononuclear cells obtained from
      mice injected with G-CSF. The injected progenitors were found to localize in
      various tissues of irradiated hosts. The authors demonstrate the efficacy of a
      bridging therapy in a preclinical animal model that allows the
      lymphohematopoietic system of severely immunocompromised mice to recover. This
      suggests that GT3 is a highly effective agent for radioprotection and mobilizing
      progenitors with significant therapeutic potential. Therefore, GT3 may be
      considered for further translational development and ultimately for use in
      humans.

PMID- 27356051
TI  - Forecasting the In Vivo Behavior of Radiocontaminants of Unknown Physicochemical
      Properties Using a Simple In Vitro Test.
AB  - An understanding of the "bioavailability" of disseminated radiocontaminants is a
      necessary adjunct in order to tailor treatment and to calculate dose. A simple
      test has been designed to predict the bioavailability of different actinide forms
      likely to be found after dissemination of radioactive elements by dispersal
      devices or nuclear reactor incidents. Plutonium (Pu) or Americium (Am) nitrate or
      MOX (U,PuO2) are immobilized in culture wells using a static gel phase simulating
      biological compartments (lung, wound, etc.). Gels are incubated in a fluid phase
      representing physiological media (plasma, sweat, etc.). Transfer of radionuclide
      from static to fluid phase reflects contaminant bioavailability. After 48 h of
      incubation in physiological saline, Am transfer from static to fluid phase was
      greater than for Pu (70% vs. 15% of initial activity). Transfer of Pu or Am was
      markedly less from the oxide form of the two elements (1% Am and 0.05% Pu
      transferred). Medium representing intracellular lysosomal fluid (pH 4) increased
      transfer of Pu and Am, whereas culture medium including serum reduced actinide
      transfer. Actinide transfer was also reduced by elements of the extracellular
      matrix present in the static gel phase. Increasing DTPA concentrations (5 to 500
      MUM) to the fluid phase significantly enhanced transfer of Pu and Am. Although
      this agarose gel cannot fully represent in vivo complexity, this simple test can
      be used to investigate and predict the behavior in vivo of radiocontaminants to
      support medical treatments and medical forensic investigations.

PMID- 27356052
TI  - Metrology for Radiological Early Warning Networks in Europe ("METROERM")-A Joint
      European Metrology Research Project.
AB  - As a consequence of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986, all
      European countries have installed automatic dosimetry network stations as well as
      air sampling systems for the monitoring of airborne radioactivity. In Europe, at
      present, almost 5,000 stations measure dose rate values in nearly real time. In
      addition, a few hundred air samplers are operated. Most of them need extended
      accumulation times with no real-time capability. National dose rate data are
      provided to the European Commission (EC) via the EUropean Radiological Data
      Exchange Platform (EURDEP). In case of a nuclear emergency with transboundary
      implications, the EC may issue momentous recommendations to EU member states
      based on the radiological data collected by EURDEP. These recommendations may
      affect millions of people and could have severe economic and sociological
      consequences. Therefore, the reliability of the EURDEP data is of key importance.
      Unfortunately, the dose rate and activity concentration data are not harmonized
      between the different networks. Therefore, within the framework of the European
      Metrology Research Programme (EMRP), 16 European institutions formed the
      consortium MetroERM with the aim to improve the metrological foundation of
      measurements and to introduce a pan-European harmonization for the collation and
      evaluation of radiological data in early warning network systems. In addition, a
      new generation of detector systems based on spectrometers capable of providing
      both reliable dose rate values as well as nuclide specific information in real
      time are in development. The MetroERM project and its first results will be
      presented and discussed in this article.

PMID- 27356053
TI  - Occupational Doses from the use of Thoriated Optical Components.
AB  - As a compound of high refractive optical glasses, thorium still is present in
      some professionally used systems-especially in optical equipment with military
      use. The possible exposure concerns the head and especially the eye lens, whose
      radiation sensitivity has been reevaluated. The dose rate measurements of the
      contribution of beta- and gamma-emission by the nuclei of the decay chain of Th
      are presented for isolated lenses and for the entire optical system, and the dose
      quantities H'(0.07) and H*(10) are identified. Exposure scenarios for optical
      technicians and users are evaluated separately. The levels of dose rates for the
      inspected optical systems are below those requiring radiation protection measures
      even for extended working time or unintentional use.

PMID- 27356054
TI  - Case Report: Industrial X-Ray Injury Treated With Non-Cultured Autologous Adipose
      Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction (SVF).
AB  - Local cutaneous injuries induced by ionizing radiation (IR) are difficult to
      treat. Many have reported local injection of adipose-derived stromal vascular
      fraction (SVF), often with additional therapies, as an effective treatment of IR
      induced injury even after other local therapies have failed. The authors report a
      case of a locally recurrent, IR-induced wound that was treated with autologous,
      non-cultured SVF without other concurrent therapy. A nondestructive testing
      technician was exposed to 130 kVp x rays to his non-dominant right thumb on 5
      October 2011. The wound healed 4 mo after initial conservative therapy with
      oral/topical alpha-tocopherol, oral pentoxifylline, naproxen sodium, low-dose
      oral steroids, topical steroids, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), oral
      antihistamines, and topical aloe vera. Remission lasted approximately 17 mo with
      one minor relapse in July 2012 after minimal trauma and subsequent healing.
      Aggressive wound breakdown during June 2013 required additional therapy with
      HBOT. An erythematous, annular papule developed over the following 12 mo (during
      which time the patient was not undergoing prescribed treatment). Electron
      paramagnetic resonance (EPR) done more than 2 mo after exposure to IR revealed
      dose estimates of 14 +/- 3 Gy and 19 +/- 6 Gy from two centers using different
      EPR techniques. The patient underwent debridement of the 0.5 cm papular area,
      followed by SVF injection into and around the wound bed and throughout the thumb
      without complication. Eleven months post SVF injection, the patient has been
      essentially asymptomatic with an intact integument. These results raise the
      possibility of prolonged benefit from SVF therapy without the use of cytokines.
      Since there is currently no consensus on the use of isolated SVF therapy in
      chronic, local IR-induced injury, assessment of this approach in an appropriately
      powered, controlled trial in experimental animals with local radiation injury
      appears to be indicated.

PMID- 27356055
TI  - Contribution of INTRAMUSCULAR Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cell
      Injections to Treat Cutaneous Radiation Syndrome: Preliminary Results.
AB  - Cutaneous radiation syndrome caused by high dose located irradiation is
      characterized by delayed symptoms, incomplete wound healing, and poor
      revascularization. Subcutaneous adipose tissue derived stromal/stem cells have
      been shown to improve skin repair in a minipig model of cutaneous radiation
      syndrome despite a subcutaneous defect being a consequence of radio-induced
      muscular fibrosis. Based on the pro-myogenic potential of stromal/stem cells, a
      new protocol combining subcutaneous and intramuscular injections was evaluated in
      a preliminary study. Six female minipigs were locally irradiated at the dose of
      50 Gy using a Co source (0.6 Gy min) and randomly divided into two groups. Three
      animals received the vehicle (phosphate-buffer-saline solution) and three animals
      received three injections of 75 * 10 adipose tissue derived stromal/stem cells
      each time (day 25, 46, and 66 post-irradiation). Pigs were euthanized on day 76
      post-irradiation before development of clinical skin symptoms. All minipigs
      exhibited a homogeneous skin evolution. Macroscopic observation of irradiated
      muscles showed prominent fibrosis and necrosis areas in controls as opposed to
      adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells injected animals. Moreover, muscle
      biopsy analysis highlighted a recruitment of myofibroblasts (Immune Reactive
      Score: p < 0.01), an interleukin 10 secretion and a muscle regeneration pathway
      activation after intramuscular injections of adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem
      cells (western-blot: respectively, 200-fold change difference and twofold higher
      in treated animals). Globally, these preliminary data suggest that intramuscular
      injections of adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells improve muscle
      regeneration in the cutaneous-radiation syndrome. Further work is ongoing to
      evaluate this therapeutic strategy on a larger animal number with a longer
      clinical follow-up.

PMID- 27356056
TI  - Kevlar(r) as a Potential Accident Radiation Dosimeter for First Responders, Law
      Enforcement and Military Personnel.
AB  - Today the armed forces and law enforcement personnel wear body armor, helmets,
      and flak jackets composed substantially of Kevlar(r) fiber to prevent bodily
      injury or death resulting from physical, ballistic, stab, and slash attacks.
      Therefore, there is a high probability that during a radiation accident or its
      aftermath, the Kevlar(r)-composed body armor will be irradiated. Preliminary
      study with samples of Kevlar(r) foundation fabric obtained from body armor used
      by the U.S. Marine Corps has shown that all samples evaluated demonstrated an EPR
      signal, and this signal increased with radiation dose. Based on these results,
      the authors predict that, with individual calibration, exposure at dose above 1
      Gy can be reliably detected in Kevlar(r) samples obtained from body armor. As a
      result of these measurements, a post-event reconstruction of exposure dose can be
      obtained by taking various samples throughout the armor body and helmet worn by
      the same irradiated individual. The doses can be used to create a whole-body dose
      map that would be of vital importance in a case of a partial body or
      heterogeneous exposure.

PMID- 27356057
TI  - Acute Radiation Syndrome Severity Score System in Mouse Total-Body Irradiation
      Model.
AB  - Radiation accidents or terrorist attacks can result in serious consequences for
      the civilian population and for military personnel responding to such
      emergencies. The early medical management situation requires quantitative
      indications for early initiation of cytokine therapy in individuals exposed to
      life-threatening radiation doses and effective triage tools for first responders
      in mass-casualty radiological incidents. Previously established animal (Mus
      musculus, Macaca mulatta) total-body irradiation (gamma-exposure) models have
      evaluated a panel of radiation-responsive proteins that, together with peripheral
      blood cell counts, create a multiparametic dose-predictive algorithm with a
      threshold for detection of ~1 Gy from 1 to 7 d after exposure as well as
      demonstrate the acute radiation syndrome severity score systems created similar
      to the Medical Treatment Protocols for Radiation Accident Victims developed by
      Fliedner and colleagues. The authors present a further demonstration of the acute
      radiation sickness severity score system in a mouse (CD2F1, males) TBI model (1
      14 Gy, Co gamma-rays at 0.6 Gy min) based on multiple biodosimetric endpoints.
      This includes the acute radiation sickness severity Observational Grading System,
      survival rate, weight changes, temperature, peripheral blood cell counts and
      radiation-responsive protein expression profile: Flt-3 ligand, interleukin 6,
      granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, thrombopoietin, erythropoietin, and serum
      amyloid A. Results show that use of the multiple-parameter severity score system
      facilitates identification of animals requiring enhanced monitoring after
      irradiation and that proteomics are a complementary approach to conventional
      biodosimetry for early assessment of radiation exposure, enhancing accuracy and
      discrimination index for acute radiation sickness response categories and early
      prediction of outcome.

PMID- 27356058
TI  - Radiation Injury Treatment Network(r): Preparedness Through a Coalition of Cancer
      Centers.
AB  - This article provides an overview of Radiation Injury Treatment Network(r)
      (RITN), its preparedness activities and capabilities, including training and
      educating over 11,500 hospital staff, coordinating over 500 exercises, developing
      treatment guidelines, developing standard operating procedures, and being
      recognized by the U.S. federal government as a national response asset. The RITN
      provides comprehensive evaluation and treatment for victims with marrow toxic
      injuries. Many of the casualties from the detonation of an improvised nuclear
      device (IND) (a.k.a. terrorist nuclear bomb) with only radiation injuries will be
      salvageable; however, they would require outpatient and/or inpatient care.
      Recognizing this, the U.S. National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP), U.S. Navy, and
      American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (ASBMT) collaboratively
      developed RITN, which comprises medical centers with expertise in the management
      of bone marrow failure. The medical community will undoubtedly be taxed by the
      resulting medical surge from an IND despite the well-defined United States
      emergency medical system, the National Disaster Medical System; however, one area
      that is unique for radiological disasters is the care for casualties with acute
      radiation syndrome. Hematologists and oncologists purposefully expose their
      cancer patients to high doses of radiation and toxic chemicals for chemotherapy
      as they treat their patients, resulting in symptoms not unlike casualties with
      exposure to ionizing radiation from a radiological disaster. This makes the staff
      from cancer centers ideal for the specialized care that will be required for
      thousands of casualties following a mass casualty radiological incident. The RITN
      is a model for how a collaborative effort can fill a readiness gap-through its
      network of 76 hospitals, blood donor centers, and cord blood banks, the RITN is
      preparing to provide outpatient care and specialized supportive care to up to
      63,000 radiological casualties.

PMID- 27356059
TI  - Investigation of Abscopal and Bystander Effects in Immunocompromised Mice After
      Exposure to Pencilbeam and Microbeam Synchrotron Radiation.
AB  - Out-of-field effects are of considerable interest in radiotherapy. The mechanisms
      are poorly understood but are thought to involve signaling processes, which
      induce responses in non-targeted cells and tissues. The immune response is
      thought to play a role. The goal of this research was to study the induction of
      abscopal effects in the bladders of NU-Foxn1 mice after irradiating their brains
      using Pencil Beam (PB) or microbeam (MRT) irradiation at the European Synchrotron
      Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. Athymic nude mice injected with
      F98 glioma cells into their right cerebral hemisphere 7 d earlier were treated
      with either MRT or PB. After recovery times of 2, 12, and 48 h, the urinary
      bladders were extracted and cultured as tissue explants for 24 h. The growth
      medium containing the potential signaling factors was harvested, filtered, and
      transferred to HaCaT reporter cells to assess their clonogenic survival and
      calcium signaling potential. The results show that in the tumor-free mice, both
      treatment modalities produce strong bystander/abscopal signals using the
      clonogenic reporter assay; however, the calcium data do not support a calcium
      channel mediated mechanism. The presence of a tumor reduces or reverses the
      effect. PB produced significantly stronger effects in the bladders of tumor
      bearing animals. The authors conclude that immunocompromised mice produce
      signals, which can alter the response of unirradiated reporter cells; however, a
      novel mechanism appears to be involved.

PMID- 27356060
TI  - Significance of Bioindicators for Early Predictions on Diagnosis and Therapy of
      Irradiated Minipigs.
AB  - Decisions on whether to start a therapeutic intervention for management of the
      Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) should be made early after exposure, and it should
      be based on readily available clinical signs and laboratory parameters. Here, the
      authors use the minipig to assess if early prediction of the later developing
      clinical outcome and necessity of therapeutic interventions can be determined
      within the first 3 d after exposure and whether it is comparable to human data.
      Retrospective analysis of data accumulated in the period 2009-2012 was used. Male
      Gottingen minipigs (age 4-5 mo, weight 9-10 kg) were irradiated (or sham
      irradiated) bilaterally with gamma-photons (Co, 0.5-0.6 Gy min) in the dose range
      of 1.6-12 Gy. Complete blood counts, serum chemistry, and clinical symptoms were
      collected up to 60 d after irradiation in untreated minipigs. Changes in these
      early parameters (up to 3 d after exposure) were correlated with later occurrence
      (10-60 d after irradiation) of (1) hematological severity scores, (2) severe
      thrombocytopenia, (3) severe neutropenia, as well as need for (4) therapeutic
      intervention, (5) administration of cytokines/antibiotics, or (6) thrombocyte
      transfusions. Binary endpoints were analyzed using logistic regression analysis
      and calculating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Most predictive
      were decreased lymphocyte counts and increases in body temperature at 3 h after
      irradiation. These data corroborate earlier findings performed on human radiation
      victims suffering from severe hematological syndrome and provide further evidence
      for the suitability of the minipig model as a potential alternative non-rodent
      animal model.

PMID- 27356062
TI  - Combining Radiation Epidemiology With Molecular Biology-Changing From Health Risk
      Estimates to Therapeutic Intervention.
AB  - The authors herein summarize six presentations dedicated to the key session
      "molecular radiation epidemiology" of the ConRad meeting 2015. These
      presentations were chosen in order to highlight the promise when combining
      conventional radiation epidemiology with molecular biology. Conventional
      radiation epidemiology uses dose estimates for risk predictions on health.
      However, combined with molecular biology, dose-dependent bioindicators of effect
      hold the promise to improve clinical diagnostics and to provide target molecules
      for potential therapeutic intervention. One out of the six presentations
      exemplified the use of radiation-induced molecular changes as biomarkers of
      exposure by measuring stabile chromosomal translocations. The remaining five
      presentations focused on molecular changes used as bioindicators of the effect.
      These bioindicators of the effect could be used for diagnostic purposes on colon
      cancers (genomic instability), thyroid cancer (CLIP2), or head and neck squamous
      cell cancers. Therapeutic implications of gene expression changes were examined
      in Chernobyl thyroid cancer victims and Mayak workers.

PMID- 27356061
TI  - Evaluating the Special Needs of The Military for Radiation Biodosimetry for
      Tactical Warfare Against Deployed Troops: Comparing Military to Civilian Needs
      for Biodosimetry Methods.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to delineate characteristics of biodosimetry most
      suitable for assessing individuals who have potentially been exposed to
      significant radiation from a nuclear device explosion when the primary population
      targeted by the explosion and needing rapid assessment for triage is civilians
      vs. deployed military personnel. The authors first carry out a systematic
      analysis of the requirements for biodosimetry to meet the military's needs to
      assess deployed troops in a warfare situation, which include accomplishing the
      military mission. Then the military's special capabilities to respond and carry
      out biodosimetry for deployed troops in warfare are compared and contrasted
      systematically, in contrast to those available to respond and conduct
      biodosimetry for civilians who have been targeted by terrorists, for example.
      Then the effectiveness of different biodosimetry methods to address military vs.
      civilian needs and capabilities in these scenarios was compared and, using five
      representative types of biodosimetry with sufficient published data to be useful
      for the simulations, the number of individuals are estimated who could be
      assessed by military vs. civilian responders within the timeframe needed for
      triage decisions. Analyses based on these scenarios indicate that, in comparison
      to responses for a civilian population, a wartime military response for deployed
      troops has both more complex requirements for and greater capabilities to use
      different types of biodosimetry to evaluate radiation exposure in a very short
      timeframe after the exposure occurs. Greater complexity for the deployed military
      is based on factors such as a greater likelihood of partial or whole body
      exposure, conditions that include exposure to neutrons, and a greater likelihood
      of combined injury. These simulations showed, for both the military and civilian
      response, that a very fast rate of initiating the processing (24,000 d) is needed
      to have at least some methods capable of completing the assessment of 50,000
      people within a 2- or 6-d timeframe following exposure. This in turn suggests a
      very high capacity (i.e., laboratories, devices, supplies and expertise) would be
      necessary to achieve these rates. These simulations also demonstrated the
      practical importance of the military's superior capacity to minimize time to
      transport samples to offsite facilities and use the results to carry out triage
      quickly. Assuming sufficient resources and the fastest daily rate to initiate
      processing victims, the military scenario revealed that two biodosimetry methods
      could achieve the necessary throughput to triage 50,000 victims in 2 d (i.e., the
      timeframe needed for injured victims), and all five achieved the targeted
      throughput within 6 d. In contrast, simulations based on the civilian scenario
      revealed that no method could process 50,000 people in 2 d and only two could
      succeed within 6 d.

PMID- 27356063
TI  - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Chornobyl Cleanup Workers.
AB  - This paper describes the chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) incidence in a cohort
      of 110,645 (enlarged later to 152,520) male Ukrainian cleanup workers of the
      Chornobyl (Chernobyl) accident who were exposed to a range of radiation doses
      over the 1986-1990 time period. The standardized incidence rates are presented
      for a 27-y period after the exposure. For 2007-2012 period, the authors have
      identified the incident CLL cases in an enlarged cohort of 152,520 persons by
      linkage of the cohort file with the Ukrainian National Cancer Registry (NCRU).
      CLL data for the previous period (1987-2006) were identified in a frame of the
      Ukrainian-American leukemia study in the original cohort of 110,645 male clean-up
      workers. A significant CLL incidence excess was shown for the entire study period
      1987-2012, with more prominent levels for the earliest years (1987-1996) when the
      standardized incidence rate (SIR) value was estimated to be 3.61 with 95%
      confidence interval from 2.32 to 4.91. In 2007-2012, the CLL incidence decreased
      substantially but still exceeded the national level although not significantly.
      In parallel, the several studies were performed at the National Research Center
      for Radiation Medicine (NRCRM) to explore if any clinical and cytogenetic
      features of CLL existed in the clean-up workers. The clinical study included 80
      exposed and 70 unexposed CLL cases. Among the major clinical differences of the
      CLL course in the clean-up workers were a shorter period of white blood cells
      (WBC) doubling (10.7 vs. 18.0; p<0.001), frequent infectious episodes,
      lymphoadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly (37 vs. 16), higher expression for CD38,
      and lower expression for ZAP-70 antigen.

PMID- 27356064
TI  - Radiation-epidemiological Study of Cerebrovascular Diseases in the Cohort of
      Russian Recovery Operation Workers of the Chernobyl Accident.
AB  - The paper presents an analysis of the incidence of cerebrovascular diseases
      (CeVD) in the cohort of Russian workers involved in recovery tasks after the
      Chernobyl accident. The studied cohort consists of 53,772 recovery operation
      workers (liquidators) who arrived in the zone of the Chernobyl accident within
      the first year after this accident (26 April 1986-26 April 1987). The mean
      external whole body dose in the cohort was 0.161 Gy, while individual doses
      varied from 0.0001 Gy to 1.42 Gy. During the follow-up period 1986-2012, a total
      of 23,264 cases of CeVD were diagnosed as a result of annual health examinations.
      A Poisson regression model was applied for estimation of radiation risks and for
      an assessment of other risk factors of CeVD. The following factors were
      considered as risk factors for CeVD: the dose, duration of the liquidators' work
      in the Chernobyl zone, and the concomitant diseases (hypertension, ischemic heart
      disease, atherosclerosis, and diabetes). The baseline incidence of CeVD is
      statistically significantly (p < 0.001) associated with all studied concomitant
      diseases. The incidence of CeVD has revealed a statistically significant dose
      response with the lack of a latent period and with the average ERR/Gy = 0.45, 95%
      CI: (0.28, 0.62), p < 0.001. Radiation risks of CeVD statistically significantly
      (p = 0.03) varied with the duration of liquidators' stay in the Chernobyl zone;
      for those who stayed in the Chernobyl zone less than 6 wk, ERR/Gy = 0.64, 95% CI
      = (0.38; 0.93), p < 0.001. Among studied concomitant diseases, diabetes mellitus
      statistically significantly (p = 0.002) increases the radiation risk of CeVD: for
      liquidators with diagnosed diabetes, ERR/Gy = 1.29.

PMID- 27356065
TI  - Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Radiation Injury.
AB  - Recent understanding of the cellular and molecular signaling activations in adult
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has provided new insights into their potential
      clinical applications, particularly for tissue repair and regeneration. This
      review focuses on these advances, specifically in the context of self-renewal for
      tissue repair and recovery after radiation injury. Thus far, MSCs have been
      characterized extensively and shown to be useful in mitigation and therapy for
      acute radiation syndrome and cognitive dysfunction. Use of MSCs for treating
      radiation injury alone or in combination with additional trauma is foreseeable.

PMID- 27356066
TI  - Reconsidering Current Decorporation Strategies after Incorporation of
      Radionuclides.
AB  - In the case of a nuclear accident or a terrorist attack by a "dirty bomb," there
      is a risk of external and internal contamination with radionuclides in addition
      to external irradiation. Internal irradiation as a consequence of radionuclide
      incorporation is associated with a higher risk of stochastic radiation effects
      (e.g., tumors). Decorporation treatment will enhance the elimination of
      radionuclides and reduce the committed effective dose as a metric of stochastic
      health effects. Although treatment efficacy is better when started early,
      beginning the therapy without knowing the committed effective dose may
      unnecessarily expose the patient to the side effects of the medication. The
      question is: Delay the therapy to wait for the results of internal dosimetry or
      start the therapy promptly on spec? To prove insight into this question, a
      selective review of the literature was conducted. The importance of the
      initiation time of treatment in the efficacy of decorporation treatment can be
      explained with pharmacokinetic laws and first order processes determining the
      disposition of xenobiotics in the organism. Nevertheless, there is no
      internationally accepted standard on when to start a decorporation therapy
      (exception: iodide). The "precautionary approach," emphasizing the importance of
      the committed effective dose for the indication of treatment, is competing with
      the "urgent approach" advocating the administration of medication "a priori"
      within several hours. A review of the literature actually indicates that the most
      important drugs used for decorporation are well tolerated with few adverse
      effects. In consideration of the higher efficacy and the low side-effects of a
      short-term treatment, initiating decorporation therapy as soon as possible after
      internal contamination, even before the committed effective dose has been
      assessed, appears to be a reasonable approach. The decision of continuation or
      discontinuation of the therapy should be taken after internal dosimetry is
      completed on the basis of the committed effective dose.

PMID- 27356068
TI  - Evaluation of the Response to the Fukushima Accident.
AB  - The cause for the severity of the Fukushima nuclear accident is explained, and
      the radiological consequences are assessed. Moreover, the non-radiological
      effects are critically evaluated and failures in onsite and offsite emergency
      response highlighted. In conclusion, disregarding the principle of justification,
      the evacuation of residents and hospital patients was implemented too rigorously,
      resulting in unnecessary fatalities due to the protective action.

PMID- 27356067
TI  - The Role of Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-18 in Radiation Injury.
AB  - Massive radiation-induced inflammatory factors released from injured cells may
      cause innate and acquired immune reactions that can further result in stress
      response signal activity-induced local and systemic damage. IL-1 family members
      IL-1beta, IL-18, and IL-33 play key roles in inflammatory and immune responses
      and have been recognized to have significant influences on the pathogenesis of
      diseases. IL-1beta, IL-18, and IL-33 share similarities of cytokine biology, but
      differences exist in signaling pathways. A key component of the inflammatory
      reaction is the inflammasome, which is a caspase-1-containing multiprotein
      oligomer. Pathological stimuli such as radiation can induce inflammasome and
      caspase-1 activation, and subsequently cause maturation (activation) of pro-forms
      of IL-1 and IL-18 upon caspase-1 cleavage. This caspase-1 dependent and IL-1 and
      IL-18 associated cell damage is defined as pyroptosis. Activated IL-1 and IL-18
      as proinflammatory cytokines drive pathology at different immune and inflammatory
      disorders through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. While the mechanisms of IL
      1beta-induced pathophysiology of diseases have been well studied, IL-18 has
      received less attention. The author recently reported that gamma radiation highly
      increased IL-1beta, IL-18 and IL-33 expression in mouse thymus, spleen and/or
      bone marrow cells; also circulating IL-18 can be used as a radiation biomarker to
      track radiation injury in mice, minipigs, and nonhuman primates. This mini-review
      focuses on the role of IL-18 in response to gamma radiation-induced injury.

PMID- 27356069
TI  - Missions of the French Defense Radiation Protection Service Concerning The
      Medical Management of Radio-contaminated Patients.
AB  - The French Defense Radiation Protection Service (SPRA) is an institution of the
      French Armed Forces (SSA) that provides technical support in radiation protection
      matters for French military units. It provides services for the armed forces and
      when necessary for the national public health system. The aim of this note is to
      describe the variety of services provided by the SPRA in France and abroad, not
      only in a military context but also in the broader field of radiation protection.

PMID- 27356070
TI  - The New "Normal": Stakeholders and Radiation Protection Limits in a Post-9/11
      World.
AB  - With the recent upsurge in worldwide terrorism, the prospects for a radiation
      terrorism event have greatly increased. Current recommendations regarding
      recovery from such an event specify that decisions about the extent of
      radiological cleanup will be dependent upon stakeholder acceptance of the risk
      levels. The case is made here that stakeholders are currently not prepared to
      make decisions collectively about the acceptability of risk levels and will be
      even less capable during the aftermath of an attack when a consensus among
      stakeholders is unlikely to be achieved. In order to better prepare stakeholders
      to make risk decisions after an attack, there needs to be at least some limited
      radiation training for people in locations that are likely terrorist targets, and
      this training is best delivered before a radiological incident has occurred.
      Additionally, the training should focus on individualized risk assessment based
      on personal radiation doses and should emphasize that individuals have the
      ability to control their personal dose by limiting the time that they spend in
      "zones" that have relatively high contamination levels and restricting their
      intake of specific contaminated foods. By raising stakeholder consciousness
      before an incident occurs and reducing decisions about the acceptability of risk
      to the level of the individual rather than the entire group, individual
      stakeholders will be empowered to become more fully engaged in the recovery
      process, more in control of their own lives, and less dependent upon radiation
      protection professionals to make global decisions about the acceptability of
      radiation risks on their behalf.

PMID- 27356074
TI  - Fertility and Early Pregnancy Outcomes Following Conservative Treatment for
      Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Early Cervical Cancer.
AB  - Clinical Question: Does local conservative treatment for cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia and early invasive cervical cancer adversely affect successful
      conception and early pregnancy outcomes in the first and second trimester (<24
      weeks of gestation)? Clinical Application: Local cervical treatment does not
      adversely affect fertility or first trimester miscarriage, although it is
      associated with a significant increase in the risk of second trimester
      miscarriages.

PMID- 27356075
TI  - Associations Between TGFA/TGFB3/MSX1 Gene Polymorphisms and Congenital Non
      Syndromic Hearing Impairment in a Chinese Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether the TGFA/TGFB3/MSX1
      gene polymorphisms and haplotypes lead to individual differences between
      congenital non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) patients and normal people in
      a Chinese population and to analyze the risk factors for NSHI. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS Between December 2010 and September 2014, 343 congenital NSHI patients
      were recruited as cases, and 272 healthy subjects were recruited as controls.
      Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) was used to identify
      genotypes, SHEsis software was used to conduct gene linkage disequilibrium and
      haplotype analyses, and regression analysis was performed to identify risk
      factors for congenital NSHI. RESULTS The distribution of genotype frequencies and
      allele frequencies of TGFA rs3771494, TGFB3 rs3917201 and rs2268626, and MSX1
      rs3821949 and rs62636562 were significantly different between the case and the
      control groups (all P<0.05). TGFA/TGFB3/MSX1 gene rs3771494, rs1058213,
      rs3917201, rs2268626, rs3821949, and rs62636562 haplotype analysis showed that
      haplotype CCGTAC and TTACGT might be protective factors (both P<0.001), while
      TTGCGC might be a risk factor for the normal population (P<0.001). The other risk
      factors include paternal smoking, advanced maternal age, maternal sickness
      history, maternal contact with pesticides or similar drugs, maternal abortion
      history, maternal medication history, maternal passive smoking history during
      pregnancy, rs3771494 CT, rs2268626 CC and TC, and rs3821949 GG and AG genotypes
      were risk factors (all P<0.05), while maternal vitamin supplements during
      pregnancy, rs3917201 GA, rs62636562 TT and CT genotypes were protective factors
      for congenital NSHI (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS rs3771494, rs3917201, rs2268626,
      rs3821949 and rs62636562 might be associated with congenital NSHI. 

PMID- 27356076
TI  - Endoscopic clip closure of a duodenocolic fistula secondary to a migrated biliary
      stent.

PMID- 27356077
TI  - Small Cation-Based High-Performance Energetic Nitraminofurazanates.
AB  - Large nitramino-substituted furazan anions were combined with small cations
      (hydroxylammonium, hydrazinium, and ammonium) to form a series of energetic salts
      that was fully characterized. The structures of several of the compounds (1 a, 2
      a, 3 a, and 4 a) were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
      Based on their physiochemical properties, such as density, thermal stability, and
      sensitivity, together with the calculated detonation properties, it was found
      that they exhibit good detonation performance and have potential application as
      high-energy-density materials. 

PMID- 27356078
TI  - An Alkaline-Stable, Metal Hydroxide Mimicking Metal-Organic Framework for
      Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution.
AB  - Postsynthetic ion exchange of [Co2(MU-Cl)2(btta)] (MAF-X27-Cl, H2bbta =1H,5H
      benzo(1,2-d:4,5-d')bistriazole) possessing open metal sites on its pore surface
      yields a material [Co2(MU-OH)2(bbta)] (MAF-X27-OH) functionalized by both open
      metal sites and hydroxide ligands, giving drastically improved electrocatalytic
      activities for the oxygen evolution reaction (an overpotential of 292 mV at 10.0
      mA cm(-2) in 1.0 M KOH solution). Isotope tracing experiments further confirm
      that the hydroxide ligands are involved in the OER process to provide a low
      energy intraframework coupling pathway.

PMID- 27356079
TI  - Reconciling movement and exercise with pain neuroscience education: A case for
      consistent education.
AB  - This article will introduce a conceptual framework of kinesthetic education that
      is consistent with and reinforces pain neuroscience education. This article will
      also provide some specific guidance for integrating pain neuroscience education
      with exercise and movement in a more congruent manner. Our belief is that this
      will enhance the effectiveness of specific movement approaches such as graded
      exposure techniques. Over the past decade, a new paradigm of pain education has
      been explored in an effort to improve patient outcomes. Using advances in pain
      neuroscience, patients are educated in the biological and physiological processes
      involved in their pain experience. Growing evidence supports the ability of pain
      neuroscience education (PNE) to positively impact a person's pain ratings,
      disability, pain catastrophization, and movement limitations. What is often
      overlooked, however, is the consistency between the messages of PNE and those of
      other therapeutic interventions, including movement therapies. This article
      proposes the following: education provided in isolation will be limited in its
      impact, the addition of guided purposeful movement performed in a manner
      consistent with PNE may be vital to the desired behavioral changes, and when
      inconsistent messages are delivered between education and movement interventions,
      outcomes may be adversely impacted. 

PMID- 27356080
TI  - Synthesis of a Potent Vinblastine: Rationally Designed Added Benign Complexity.
AB  - Many natural products, including vinblastine, have not been easily subjected to
      simplifications in their structures by synthetic means or modifications by late
      stage semisynthetic derivatization in ways that enhance their biological potency.
      Herein, we detail a synthetic vinblastine that incorporates added benign
      complexity (ABC), which improves activity 10-fold, and is now accessible as a
      result of advances in the total synthesis of the natural product. The compound
      incorporates designed added molecular complexity but no new functional groups and
      maintains all existing structural and conformational features of the natural
      product. It constitutes a member of an analogue class presently inaccessible by
      semisynthetic derivatization of the natural product, by its late-stage
      functionalization, or by biosynthetic means. Rather, it was accessed by synthetic
      means, using an appropriately modified powerful penultimate single-step vindoline
      catharanthine coupling strategy that proceeds with a higher diastereoselectivity
      than found for the natural product itself.

PMID- 27356082
TI  - Human milk intake in preterm infants and neurodevelopment at 18 months corrected
      age.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effect of human milk intake on neurodevelopment in preterm
      infants is uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed data from 611 participants in the DHA
      for Improvement of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes study, enrolled at <=33 wk
      gestation from five Australian perinatal centers. The main exposures were (i)
      average daily human milk intake during the neonatal hospitalization and (ii)
      total duration of human milk intake before and after discharge. Outcomes were
      Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd Edition Mental (MDI), and Psychomotor
      (PDI) Development Indexes. RESULTS: Adjusting for confounders in linear
      regression, human milk intake was not associated with higher MDI (0.2 points per
      25 ml/kg/d; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.6, 1.0) or PDI (-0.3 points; 95% CI:
      -1.1, 0.4). Longer duration of human milk intake was also not associated with MDI
      (0.1 points per month; 95% CI: -0.2, 0.3) or PDI (-0.2 points per month; 95% CI: 
      0.5, 0.01) scores, except in infants born 29-33 wk gestation (n = 364, MDI 0.3
      points higher per additional month, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: We found no
      associations of human milk intake during the neonatal hospitalization with
      neurodevelopment at 18 mo corrected age.

PMID- 27356081
TI  - Altered cardiovascular function at birth in growth-restricted preterm lambs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular dysfunction at birth may underlie poor outcomes after
      fetal growth restriction (FGR) in neonates. We compared the cardiovascular
      transition between FGR and appropriately grown (AG) preterm lambs and examined
      possible mechanisms underlying any cardiovascular dysfunction in FGR lambs.
      METHODS: FGR was induced in ewes bearing twins at 0.7 gestation; the twin was
      used as an internal control (AG). At 0.8 gestation, lambs were delivered and
      either euthanized with their arteries isolated for in vitro wire myography, or
      ventilated for 2 h. At 60 min, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) was administered in a
      subgroup for 30 min. Molecular assessment of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway within
      lung tissue was conducted. RESULTS: FGR lambs had lower left ventricular output
      and cerebral blood flow (CBF) and higher systemic vascular resistance compared
      with AG lambs. INO administration to FGR lambs rapidly improved cardiovascular
      and systemic hemodynamics but resulted in decreased CBF in AG lambs. Isolated
      arteries from FGR lambs showed impaired sensitivity to NO donors, but enhanced
      vasodilation to Sildenafil and Sodium nitroprusside, and altered expression of
      components of the NO pathway. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular dysfunction at birth may
      underlie the increased morbidity and mortality observed in preterm FGR newborns.
      Impaired NO signaling likely underlies the abnormal vascular reactivity.

PMID- 27356083
TI  - Early docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid supplementation in extremely-low-birth
      weight infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants accrue large deficits in
      docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) and require improved
      supplementation strategies. We hypothesized that once daily DHA+ARA drops applied
      to buccal mucosa will increase blood levels. METHODS: Thirty ELBW infants were
      randomized to receive DHA 20 mg/kg/d + ARA 40 or 60 mg/kg/d + ARA 120 mg/kg/d or
      placebo within 72 h of age for 8 wk duration. Red blood cell phospholipid levels
      of DHA (primary) and ARA (secondary) were measured at 2 and 8 wk of age. RESULTS:
      Twenty-eight survivors with a median birth weight of 806 g completed dosing and
      sampling. Red blood cell levels were similar between the three groups at 2 wk
      (DHA: 4.62 wt% (interquartile range (IQR) 4.1-5.5) for all, P = 0.29 between
      groups; ARA: 21.1 wt% (IQR 18.78-22.6) for all, P = 0.41 between groups) and 8 wk
      (DHA: 6.0 wt% (IQR 5.1-7.1) for all, P = 0.57 between groups; ARA: 20.1 wt% (IQR
      18.3-23.1) for all, P = 0.63 between groups). DHA in all infants showed a median
      increase of 31% from 2 to 8 wk (P < 0.04). ARA levels did not significantly
      change over time (P > 0.6). CONCLUSION: Daily buccal DHA and ARA supplements did
      not affect fatty acid levels in ELBW infants.

PMID- 27356084
TI  - Hippocampal volume reduction is associated with intellectual functions in
      adolescents with congenital heart disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adolescents undergoing early cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for
      congenital heart disease (CHD) may demonstrate a variety of neurocognitive
      impairments. These impairments can affect overall intellectual functions, but
      also specific memory deficits, language, and executive functions. As the
      hippocampus is a critical structure involved in these functions, we sought to
      determine whether hippocampal volume was reduced in adolescents with CHD and
      whether altered volumes were related to functional outcome. METHODS: At a mean
      age of 13.8 y, 48 adolescent survivors of childhood cardiopulmonary bypass
      surgery for CHD and 32 healthy controls underwent neurocognitive testing and
      cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Images were quantitatively analyzed using an
      automated regional segmentation tool (FSL-FIRST). RESULTS: Adolescents with CHD
      had 10% lower total hippocampal volumes compared with controls. After controlling
      for total brain volume, total hippocampal volume correlated with total IQ, with
      working memory, and verbal comprehension in CHD patients, but not in controls.
      CONCLUSIONS: In adolescent survivors of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for CHD,
      specific brain regions such as the hippocampus may show long-term persistent
      alteration and correlate with intellectual deficits, particularly with verbal and
      memory functions.

PMID- 27356086
TI  - Associations between allergic diseases and attention deficit
      hyperactivity/oppositional defiant disorders in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We aim to investigate the detailed associations between allergic
      diseases with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional
      defiant disorder (ODD) among children. METHODS: Clinical information from 2,896
      children enrolled in the Taiwan Children Health Study was obtained for analyses.
      Allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis,
      have been evaluated based on the questions adjusted from International Study of
      Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham questionnaire
      was used to assess symptoms of ADHD and ODD. Symptoms of depression, stress, and
      poor sleep quality were evaluated as the interactive risk factors. RESULTS:
      Children having symptoms of allergic diseases within the past 1 y were associated
      with having all dimensions of symptoms of ADHD and ODD. Children with ever having
      a physician-diagnosed atopic dermatitis were associated with inattentive and
      hyperactive-impulsive symptoms of ADHD. Ever diagnosed asthma was associated with
      ADHD and ODD. Ever diagnosed allergic rhinitis was associated with inattentive
      and combined symptoms of ADHD and ODD. CONCLUSION: Children with allergic
      diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, were
      associated with exhibiting ADHD and ODD.

PMID- 27356085
TI  - Microarray gene expression analysis in ovine ductus arteriosus during fetal
      development and birth transition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the newborn is the most common
      congenital heart anomaly and is significantly more common in preterm infants.
      Contemporary pharmacological treatment is effective in only 70-80% of the cases.
      Moreover, indomethacin or ibuprofen, which are used to close a PDA may be
      accompanied by serious side effects in premature infants. To explore the novel
      molecular pathways, which may be involved in the maturation and closure of the
      ductus arteriosus (DA), we used fetal and neonatal sheep to test the hypothesis
      that maturational development of DA is associated with significant alterations in
      specific mRNA expression. METHODS: We conducted oligonucleotide microarray
      experiments on the isolated mRNA from DA and ascending aorta from three study
      groups (premature fetus-97 +/- 0 d, near-term fetus-136 +/- 0.8 d, and newborn
      lamb-12 +/- 0 h). We compared the alterations in mRNA expression in DA and aorta
      to identify genes specifically involved in DA maturation. RESULTS: Results
      demonstrate significant changes in wingless-integrin1, thrombospondin 1, receptor
      activator of nuclear factor-kappa B, nitric oxide synthase, and retinoic acid
      receptor activation signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: We conclude that these
      pathways may play an important role during both development and postnatal DA
      closure and warrant further investigation.

PMID- 27356087
TI  - Familial Recurrence of 3MC Syndrome in Consanguineous Families: A Clinical and
      Molecular Diagnostic Approach With Review of the Literature.
AB  - We report four individuals from two unrelated consanguineous families with 3MC
      syndrome. In the first family, chromosome microarray data revealed that the two
      affected sisters, born to first-cousin parents, shared a unique homozygous C
      terminal deletion in the COLEC11 gene. Two affected brothers from a second
      family, also born to first-cousin parents, shared a region of homozygosity that
      included the second gene known to cause the 3MC syndrome, MASP1. We discuss the
      diagnostic approach of craniofacial disorders born to consanguineous parents and
      highlight a literature search and reference a helpful dysmorphology solution
      powered by FDNA (Facial Dysmorphology Novel Analysis) technology.

PMID- 27356088
TI  - Fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome and white matter dementia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited
      neurodegenerative disease in which dementia is common and disabling. The
      pathogenesis of dementia in FXTAS is poorly understood, but the salience of
      executive dysfunction and slowed processing speed, the frequent presence of the
      middle cerebellar peduncle sign on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and striking
      neuropathological alterations of white matter all suggest that myelinated tracts
      are significantly involved. This paper considers the role of white matter disease
      in FXTAS dementia, particularly with regard to the concept of white matter
      dementia (WMD). METHOD: A focused review of FXTAS in relation to known white
      matter disorders is provided to propose that the concept of WMD may illuminate
      the basis of dementia in FXTAS. The putative pathogenetic contribution of white
      matter involvement in other neurodegenerative diseases is also considered.
      RESULTS: Considerable evidence supports the importance of white matter disease in
      the pathogenesis of dementia in FXTAS. Whereas, gray matter regions are also
      involved, white matter degeneration is prominent, even early in the disease, and
      correlates with executive dysfunction and slowed processing speed. Evidence for
      white matter involvement in other neurodegenerative diseases lends additional
      support to the relevance of white matter in FXTAS. CONCLUSION: The dementia of
      FXTAS is closely related to the profile of WMD, and white matter involvement is
      also supported by MRI and neuropathological observations. White matter pathology
      is also relevant to the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative diseases. Further
      study of white matter promises to clarify the origin of dementia in FXTAS.

PMID- 27356089
TI  - Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient With Chronic Catatonia: Clinical Outcomes
      and Cerebral 18[F]Fludeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Findings.
AB  - Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that can be associated with both psychiatric
      diseases (mainly mood disorders, but also psychotic disorders) and medical
      conditions. Lorazepam (6-21 mg/day, occasionally up to 30 md/day) is the first
      choice treatment and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the second line,
      regardless of the underlying clinical condition. There are some evidences also
      for effectiveness of other medications. Patients treated acutely usually show
      rapid and full therapeutic response but even longstanding catatonia can improve.
      However, some authors suggested that chronic catatonia in the context of
      schizophrenia is phenomenologically different and less responsive to lorazepam
      and ECT, especially if associated with echophenomena. We present here the case of
      a patient with longstanding catatonic schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics
      who significantly improved after ECT. Improvement regarded mainly catatonia, but
      also negative symptoms, cognition and psychosocial functioning. A slight
      amelioration in prefrontal metabolism (Brain[F]FDG PET) one month following the
      ECT course was also noted.

PMID- 27356090
TI  - Luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists for the treatment of
      relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is seventh most common cancer in women worldwide.
      Approximately 1.3% of women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer at some point
      during their life time. The majority of tumours arise from surface of the ovary
      (epithelial). Two thirds of these women will present with advanced disease,
      requiring aggressive treatment, which includes debulking surgery (removal of as
      much disease as possible) and chemotherapy. However, most women (75%) with
      advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) will relapse following surgery and
      chemotherapy. Patients who relapse are treated with either platinum or non
      platinum drugs and this is dependent on the platinum-sensitivity and platinum
      free interval. These drug regimens are generally well-tolerated although there
      are potential severe side effects. New treatments that can be used to treat
      recurrence or prevent disease progression after first-line or subsequent
      chemotherapy are important, especially those with a low toxicity profile.
      Hormones such as luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists have been
      used in the treatment of relapsed EOC. Some studies have shown objective
      remissions, while other studies have shown little or no benefit. Most small
      studies report a better side-effect profile for LHRH agonists when compared to
      standard chemotherapeutic agents used in EOC. OBJECTIVES: To compare the
      effectiveness and safety of luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists
      with chemotherapeutic agents or placebo in relapsed epithelial ovarian cancer
      (EOC). SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Gynaecological Cancer Group
      trials register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL),
      MEDLINE and Embase up to January 2016. We also searched registers of clinical
      trials and abstracts of scientific meetings. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised
      controlled trials (RCTs) that compared LHRH agonists with chemotherapeutic agents
      or placebo in relapsed EOC. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors
      independently assessed whether relevant studies met the inclusion criteria,
      retrieved data and assessed risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS: Two studies, including 97
      women, met our inclusion criteria: one assessed LHRH agonist (leuprorelin) use in
      relapsed (platinum-resistant and platinum-refractory) EOC in comparison with a
      chemotherapeutic agent (treosulfan) (Du Bois 2002); the other examined LHRH
      agonist (decapeptyl) versus a placebo (Currie 1994). Since both studies had
      different control groups, a meta-analysis was not possible.There may be little or
      no difference between treatment with leuprorelin or treosulfan in overall
      survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR) 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58 to 1.67;
      very low-quality evidence) or progression-free survival (PFS) at six and 12
      months (risk ratio (RR) 0.61, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.68, and RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.12 to
      3.66; very low-quality evidence), respectively (Du Bois 2002). The duration of
      follow-up was 2.5 years and quality of life (QoL) was not reported in this
      study.Alopecia and fatigue were probably more common with treosulfan than
      leuprorelin (alopecia RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.91 (very low-quality evidence)).
      There may be little or no difference in other Grade 3/4 side effects: nausea and
      vomiting (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.12 to 3.66 (very low-quality evidence));
      neurotoxicity (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.01 to 7.71 (very low-quality evidence)) and
      neutropenia (RR 0.97, 95% 0.06 to 14.97 (very low-quality evidence)),The Currie
      1994 study, which compared decapeptyl treatment with placebo, reported mean PFS
      of 16 weeks verus 11.2 weeks, respectively. No relative effects measures or P
      value at a particular time point were reported. Overall survival (OS) and QoL
      outcomes were not reported. In addition, adverse events were only mentioned for
      the decapeptyl group.Adverse events were incompletely reported (no adverse events
      in decapeptyl group, but not reported for the placebo group). AUTHORS'
      CONCLUSIONS: Based on this review of two small RCTs, there is not enough evidence
      to comment on the safety and effectiveness of LHRH agonists in the treatment of
      platinum-refractory and platinum-resistant (relapsed) EOC. Overall, the quality
      of evidence for all outcomes (including OS, PFS, QoL and adverse events) is very
      low.

PMID- 27356091
TI  - Supramolecular Control over Split-Luciferase Complementation.
AB  - Supramolecular split-enzyme complementation restores enzymatic activity and
      allows for on-off switching. Split-luciferase fragment pairs were provided with
      an N-terminal FGG sequence and screened for complementation through host-guest
      binding to cucurbit[8]uril (Q8). Split-luciferase heterocomplex formation was
      induced in a Q8 concentration dependent manner, resulting in a 20-fold
      upregulation of luciferase activity. Supramolecular split-luciferase
      complementation was fully reversible, as revealed by using two types of Q8
      inhibitors. Competition studies with the weak-binding FGG peptide revealed a 300
      fold enhanced stability for the formation of the ternary heterocomplex compared
      to binding of two of the same fragments to Q8. Stochiometric binding by the
      potent inhibitor memantine could be used for repeated cycling of luciferase
      activation and deactivation in conjunction with Q8, providing a versatile module
      for in vitro supramolecular signaling networks.

PMID- 27356092
TI  - Acredinone C and the Effect of Acredinones on Osteoclastogenic and
      Osteoblastogenic Activity.
AB  - A new inhibitor, acredinone C (1), of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB
      ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation was isolated from the culture
      broth of the fungus Acremonium sp. (F9A015) along with acredinones A (2) and B
      (3). The structure of acredinone C (1), which incorporates benzophenone and
      xanthone moieties, was established by the analyses of combined spectroscopic data
      including 1D and 2D NMR and MS. All of the acredinones studied efficiently
      inhibited the RANKL-induced formation of TRAP(+)-MNCs in a dose-dependent manner
      without any cytotoxicity up to 10 MUM. Acredinone A showed dual activity in both
      osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation in vitro and good efficacy in an animal
      disease model of bone formation.

PMID- 27356093
TI  - Synthesis of Diversely Functionalized Oxindoles Enabled by Migratory Insertion of
      Isocyanide to a Transient sigma-Alkylpalladium(II) Complex.
AB  - Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular carbopalladation of N-aryl acrylamides
      followed by migratory insertion of an isocyanide-coordinated C(sp(3) )-Pd
      intermediate afforded an alkylimidoyl-Pd(II) complex, which can be intercepted by
      a nucleophile, including heteroarenes. In addition to amides, the alkylimidoyl
      Pd(II) complex was successfully converted into esters, ketones, and bis
      heterocyclic compounds. An unprecedented palladium-catalyzed enantioselective
      domino process involving isocyanide was also documented.

PMID- 27356094
TI  - Amphiphilic dendritic nanomicelle-mediated co-delivery of 5-fluorouracil and
      doxorubicin for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
AB  - Combination cancer therapy has attracted considerable attention due to its
      enhanced antitumor efficacy and reduced toxicity granted by synergistic effects
      over monotherapy. The application of nanotechnology is expected to achieve
      coencapsulation of multiple anticancer agents with enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
      Herein, a unique nanomicelle based on amphiphilic dendrimer (AmD) consisting of a
      hydrophilic polyamidoamine dendritic shell and a hydrophobic polylactide core is
      developed for effectively loading and shuttling 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) and
      doxorubicin (Dox). The yielded drug-encapsulated dendritic nanomicelle (5-Fu/Dox
      DNM) has a modest average size of 68.6 +/- 3.3 nm and shows pH-sensitive drug
      release manner. The parallel activity of 5-Fu and Dox show synergistic anticancer
      efficacy. The IC50 value of 5-Fu/Dox-DNM toward human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231)
      cells was 0.25 MUg/mL, presenting an 11.2-fold and 6.1-fold increase in
      cytotoxicity compared to Dox-DNM and 5-Fu-DNM, respectively. Furthermore, 5
      Fu/Dox-DNM significantly inhibits the progression of tumor growth in the MDA-MB
      231 xenograft tumor mice model. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that our AmD
      based combination therapeutic system has promising potential to open an avenue
      for coencapsulation of multiple chemotherapeutic agents to promote superior
      anticancer effect.

PMID- 27356096
TI  - Asymmetric Syntheses of (-)-ADMJ and (+)-ADANJ: 2-Deoxy-2-amino Analogues of (-)
      1-Deoxymannojirimycin and (+)-1-Deoxyallonojirimycin.
AB  - The asymmetric syntheses of (-)-ADMJ and (+)-ADANJ, the 2-deoxy-2-amino analogues
      of (-)-1-deoxymannojirimycin and (+)-1-deoxyallonojirimycin, are described
      herein. Methodology for the ring-closing iodoamination of bishomoallylic amines
      followed by in situ ring-expansion (via intramolecular ring-opening of the
      corresponding aziridinium intermediates with a tethered carbamate moiety) to give
      oxazolidin-2-ones was initially optimized on a model system. Subsequent
      application of this methodology to two enantiopure bishomoallylic amines (which
      were produced via aminohydroxylation of an alpha,beta-unsaturated ester, partial
      reduction, and reaction of the corresponding aldehyde with vinylmagnesium
      bromide) also proceeded with concomitant N-debenzylation to afford the
      corresponding diastereoisomerically pure (>99:1 dr) oxazolidin-2-ones. Subsequent
      deprotection of these enantiopure templates gave (-)-ADMJ and (+)-ADANJ as single
      diastereoisomers in 16% and 24% overall yield, respectively.

PMID- 27356095
TI  - EPI-001, A Compound Active against Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Targets
      Transactivation Unit 5 of the Androgen Receptor.
AB  - Castration-resistant prostate cancer is the lethal condition suffered by prostate
      cancer patients that become refractory to androgen deprivation therapy. EPI-001
      is a recently identified compound active against this condition that modulates
      the activity of the androgen receptor, a nuclear receptor that is essential for
      disease progression. The mechanism by which this compound exerts its inhibitory
      activity is however not yet fully understood. Here we show, by using high
      resolution solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, that EPI-001
      selectively interacts with a partially folded region of the transactivation
      domain of the androgen receptor, known as transactivation unit 5, that is key for
      the ability of prostate cells to proliferate in the absence of androgens, a
      distinctive feature of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Our results can
      contribute to the development of more potent and less toxic novel androgen
      receptor antagonists for treating this disease.

PMID- 27356098
TI  - Mismatch discrimination of lipidated DNA and LNA-probes (LiNAs) in hybridization
      controlled liposome assembly.
AB  - Assays for mismatch discrimination and detection of single nucleotide variations
      by hybridization-controlled assembly of liposomes, which do not require tedious
      surface chemistry, are versatile for both DNA and RNA targets. We report herein a
      comprehensive study on different DNA and LNA (locked nucleic acids) probe
      designs, including membrane-anchoring requirements, studies on different probes
      and target lengths (including overhangs), DNA and RNA targets (including
      sequences associated with pathogens) for lipidated nucleic acids (LiNAs).
      Advantages and limitations of the liposome assembly based assay in the context of
      mismatch discrimination and SNP detection are presented. The advantages of
      membrane-anchored LiNA-probes compared to chemically attached probes on solid
      nanoparticles (e.g. gold nanoparticles) are described. Key functionalities such
      as non-covalent attachment of LiNA probes without the need for long spacers and
      the inherent mobility of membrane-anchored probes in lipid-bilayer membranes will
      be described for several different probe designs. 

PMID- 27356097
TI  - Missense splice variant (g.20746A>G, p.Ile183Val) of interferon gamma receptor 1
      (IFNGR1) coincidental with mycobacterial osteomyelitis - a screen of
      osteoarticular lesions.
AB  - Previously, dominant partial interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFN-g-R1)
      susceptibility to environmental mycobacteria was found with IFNGR1 deletions or
      premature stop. Our aim was to search for IFNGR1 variants in patients with
      mycobacterial osteoarticular lesions. Biopsies from the patients were examined
      for acid-fast bacilli, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mycobacterial niacin.
      Mycobacterial rRNA was analyzed using a target-amplified rRNA probe test.
      Peripheral-blood-leukocyte genomic DNA was isolated from 19 patients using the
      QIAamp DNA Mini Kit, and all IFNGR1 exons were sequenced using an ABIPRISM 3130
      device. After the discovery of an exon 5 variant, a Polish newborn population
      sample (n = 100) was assayed for the discovered variant. Splice sites and
      putative amino acid interactions were analyzed. All patients tested were positive
      for mycobacteria; one was heterozygous for the IFNGR1 exon 5 single-nucleotide
      missense substitution (g.20746A>G, p.Ile183Val). No other variant was found. The
      splice analysis indicated the creation of an exonic splicing silencer, and
      alternatively, molecular graphics indicated that the p.Ile183Val might alter beta
      strand packing (loss of van der Waals contacts; Val183/Pro205), possibly altering
      the IFN-g-R1/IFN-g-R2 interaction. The probability of non-deleterious variant was
      estimated as <10%. Heterozygous IFNGR1:p.Ile183Val (frequency 0.003%) was found
      to be coincidental with mycobacterial osteomyelitis. The small amount of
      variation detected in the patients with osteoarticular lesions indicates that
      screens should not yet be restricted: Intronic variants should be analyzed as
      well as the other genes affecting Type 1 T-helper-cell-mediated immunity. 

PMID- 27356099
TI  - Decay behavior of screened electrostatic surface forces in ionic liquids: the
      vital role of non-local electrostatics.
AB  - Screened electrostatic surface forces, also called double layer forces, between
      surfaces in ionic liquids can, depending on the circumstances, decay in an
      exponentially damped, oscillatory manner or in a plain exponential way (the
      latter as in dilute electrolyte solutions where ion-ion correlations are very
      weak). The occurrence of both of these behaviors in dense ionic liquids, where
      ion-ion correlations are very strong, is analyzed in the current work using exact
      statistical mechanics formulated in a manner that is physically transparent. A
      vital ingredient in understanding the decay behaviors is the fact that
      electrostatics in dense electrolytes have a non-local nature caused by the strong
      correlations. It is shown that the effects of non-locality can be elucidated by a
      remarkably simple, general expression for the decay parameter kappa that replaces
      the classical expression for the inverse Debye length kappaDH of the Debye-Huckel
      (DH) and non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann approximations. This exact expression is
      valid for both the plain exponential and the oscillatory cases. It shows how
      strong correlations can give rise to plain exponential decay with a long decay
      length. Such a decay can arise from anion-cation associations of various kinds,
      for instance transient ion pairing or association caused by many-body
      correlations; ion pairing is a possibility but not a necessity for this to occur.
      Theoretical analysis is done for systems consisting of ions with an arbitrary
      shape and internal charge density and immersed planar walls with arbitrary
      internal charge distribution and any short-range ion-surface interaction. The
      screened electrostatic surface force between two walls is at large separations
      proportional to the product of effective surface charge densities of each wall.
      For the oscillatory case, each wall contributes with a phase shift to the
      oscillations of the interaction. 

PMID- 27356101
TI  - WO3-x Nanoplates Grown on Carbon Nanofibers for an Efficient Electrocatalytic
      Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.
AB  - The search for non-noble metal catalysts with high activity for the hydrogen
      evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for efficient hydrogen production at low cost
      and on a large scale. Herein, we report a novel WO3-x catalyst synthesized on
      carbon nanofiber mats (CFMs) by electrospinning and followed by a carbonization
      process in a tubal furnace. The morphology and composition of the catalysts were
      tailored via a simple method, and the hybrid catalyst mats were used directly as
      cathodes to investigate their HER performance. Notably, the as-prepared catalysts
      exhibit substantially enhanced activity for the HER, demonstrating a small
      overpotential, a high exchange current density, and a large cathodic current
      density. The remarkable electrocatalytic performances result from the poor
      crystallinity of WO3-x, the high electrical conductivity of WO3-x, and the use of
      electrospun CNFs. The present work outlines a straightforward approach for the
      synthesis of transition metal oxide (TMO)-based carbon nanofiber mats with
      promising applications for the HER. 

PMID- 27356100
TI  - Kinetics of the Interactions between Copper and Amyloid-beta with FAD Mutations
      and Phosphorylation at the N terminus.
AB  - Mutations and post-translational modifications of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide in
      its N terminus have been shown to increase fibril formation, yet the molecular
      mechanism is not clear. Here we investigated the kinetics of the interactions of
      copper with two Abeta peptides containing Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)
      mutations (English (H6R) and Tottori (D7N)), as well as with Abeta peptide
      phosphorylated at serine 8 (pS8). All three peptides bind to copper with a
      similar rate as the wild-type (wt). The dissociation rates follow the order
      pS8>H6R>wt>D7N; the interconversion between the two coordinating species occurs
      50 % faster for H6R and pS8, whereas D7N had only a negligible effect.
      Interestingly, the rate of ternary complex (copper-bridged heterodimer) formation
      for the modified peptides was significantly faster than that for wt, thus leading
      us to propose that FAD and sporadic AD might share a kinetic origin for the
      enhanced oligomerisation of Abeta.

PMID- 27356102
TI  - No evidence for metabolic adaptation in thermic effect of food by dietary
      protein.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Determine whether prolonged consumption of high- or low-protein diets
      modifies the thermogenic response to a standard meal. METHODS: Twenty-four
      healthy individuals were randomized to overfeeding diets containing low (5%, n =
      8), normal (15%, n = 9), or high (25%, n = 7) protein for 56 days while
      inpatients. The thermic effect of food (TEF) was measured over 4 h by indirect
      calorimetry following a standard meal (20% of energy, 20% protein) or a meal that
      matched the study diet ("study meal"). RESULTS: As expected, the TEF following
      the study meal (i.e., either low, normal, or high protein content) was
      significantly associated with dietary protein (P = 0.007), and the TEF was
      significantly increased in the high-protein diet (15.4%) versus the normal
      protein (5.6%) and low-protein diets (6.4%) (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03,
      respectively). However, returning to a standard meal (20% protein) after 42 days
      of overfeeding the study diets, the TEF response did not differ from baseline
      between groups or within subjects regardless of the prolonged intake of the
      habitual study diet (high protein: P = 0.32, low protein: P = 0.11, normal
      protein: P = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: TEF is related to acute dietary protein intake
      but not altered by prolonged intake of high-energy diets with high or low protein
      content.

PMID- 27356103
TI  - What Motivates Users to Continue Using Diet and Fitness Apps? Application of the
      Uses and Gratifications Approach.
AB  - This study explored how the gratifications obtained from the use of diet and
      fitness apps may motivate users to continue their use of these apps. The effects
      of seven gratifications obtained were analyzed through hierarchical regression
      analyses. Results showed that the five gratifications of recordability,
      networkability, credibility, comprehensibility, and trendiness significantly
      predicted user intention to continue using diet/fitness apps; the hypothesized
      gratifications of accuracy and entertainment were not significant predictors.
      These findings contribute to broadening our theoretical and practical knowledge
      of new digital, mobile media phenomena by identifying use motivations specific to
      diet/fitness apps. Based on the findings, recommendations for researchers,
      practitioners, and developers are provided.

PMID- 27356105
TI  - Resistance is not futile: Surviving Eg5 inhibition.

PMID- 27356106
TI  - Brain caspase-3 and intestinal FABP responses in preterm and term rats submitted
      to birth asphyxia.
AB  - Neonatal asphyxia can cause irreversible injury of multiple organs resulting in
      hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). This injury
      is dependent on time, severity, and gestational age, once the preterm babies need
      ventilator support. Our aim was to assess the different brain and intestinal
      effects of ischemia and reperfusion in neonate rats after birth anoxia and
      mechanical ventilation. Preterm and term neonates were divided into 8 subgroups
      (n=12/group): 1) preterm control (PTC), 2) preterm ventilated (PTV), 3) preterm
      asphyxiated (PTA), 4) preterm asphyxiated and ventilated (PTAV), 5) term control
      (TC), 6) term ventilated (TV), 7) term asphyxiated (TA), and 8) term asphyxiated
      and ventilated (TAV). We measured body, brain, and intestine weights and
      respective ratios [(BW), (BrW), (IW), (BrW/BW) and (IW/BW)]. Histology analysis
      and damage grading were performed in the brain (cortex/hippocampus) and intestine
      (jejunum/ileum) tissues, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis for caspase-3
      and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP). IW was lower in the TA than
      in the other terms (P<0.05), and the IW/BW ratio was lower in the TA than in the
      TAV (P<0.005). PTA, PTAV and TA presented high levels of brain damage. In
      histological intestinal analysis, PTAV and TAV had higher scores than the other
      groups. Caspase-3 was higher in PTAV (cortex) and TA (cortex/hippocampus)
      (P<0.005). I-FABP was higher in PTAV (P<0.005) and TA (ileum) (P<0.05). I-FABP
      expression was increased in PTAV subgroup (P<0.0001). Brain and intestinal
      responses in neonatal rats caused by neonatal asphyxia, with or without
      mechanical ventilation, varied with gestational age, with increased expression of
      caspase-3 and I-FABP biomarkers. 

PMID- 27356108
TI  - Epidemiological study of power lines and childhood cancer in the UK: further
      analyses.
AB  - We report further analyses from an epidemiological study of childhood cancer and
      residence at birth near high-voltage power lines in the UK. These results suggest
      that the elevated risks for childhood leukaemia that we previously found for
      overhead power lines may be higher for older age at diagnosis and for myeloid
      rather than lymphoid leukaemia. There are differences across regions of birth but
      not forming any obvious pattern. Our results suggest the decline in risk we
      previously reported from the 1960s to the 2000s is linked to calendar year of
      birth or of cancer occurrence rather than the age of the power lines concerned.
      Finally, we update our previous analysis of magnetic fields to include later
      subjects.

PMID- 27356109
TI  - Inhibitory effect of gamma irradiation and its application for control of
      postharvest green mold decay of Satsuma mandarins.
AB  - Gamma irradiation has been shown to be effective for the control of postharvest
      fungi in vitro, but little is known regarding antifungal action, responses to
      gamma irradiation, and its application to fresh produce. Gamma irradiation was
      evaluated for its in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity against Penicillium
      digitatum on Satsuma mandarin fruits. Green mold was inhibited in a dose
      dependent manner. Gamma irradiation showed a complete inhibition of spore
      germination, germ tube elongation, and mycelial growth of P. digitatum,
      particularly at 1.0kGy. To further investigate the mechanisms by which gamma
      irradiation inhibits fungal growth, the membrane integrity and cellular leakage
      of conidia were tested, indicating that gamma irradiation results in the loss of
      plasma membrane integrity, causing the release of intracellular contents such as
      soluble proteins. In vivo assays demonstrated that established doses can
      completely inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens, but such high doses cause
      severe fruit damage. Thus, to eliminate the negative impact on fruit quality,
      gamma irradiation at lower doses was evaluated for inhibition of P. digitatum, in
      combination with a chlorine donor, sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione (NaDCC).
      Interestingly, only a combined treatment with 0.4kGy of gamma irradiation and
      10ppm of NaDCC exhibited significant synergistic antifungal activity against
      green mold decay. The mechanisms by which the combined treatment decreased the
      green mold decay of mandarin fruits can be directly associated with the
      disruption of cell membrane of the fungal pathogen, which resulted in a loss of
      cytoplasmic material from the hyphae. These findings suggest that a synergistic
      effect of combining treatment with gamma irradiation with NaDCC has potential as
      an antifungal approach to reduce the severity of green mold in mandarin fruits. 

PMID- 27356107
TI  - Predictors of early treatment discontinuation and severe anemia in a Brazilian
      cohort of hepatitis C patients treated with first-generation protease inhibitors.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine risk factors for adverse events (AE)
      related treatment discontinuation and severe anemia among patients with chronic
      hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection, treated with first-generation
      protease inhibitor (PI)-based therapy. We included all patients who initiated
      treatment with PI-based therapy at a Brazilian university hospital between
      November 2013 and December 2014. We prospectively collected data from medical
      records using standardized questionnaires and used Epi Info 6.0 for analysis.
      Severe anemia was defined as hemoglobin <=8.5 mg/dL. We included 203 patients:
      132 treated with telaprevir (TVR) and 71 treated with boceprevir (BOC). AE
      related treatment discontinuation rate was 19.2% and anemia was the main reason
      (38.5%). Risk factors for treatment discontinuation were higher comorbidity index
      (OR=1.85, CI=1.05-3.25) for BOC, and higher bilirubin count (OR=1.02, CI=1.01
      1.04) and lower BMI (OR=0.98, CI=0.96-0.99) for TVR. Severe anemia occurred in 35
      (17.2%) patients. Risk factors for this outcome were lower estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR; OR=0.95, CI=0.91-0.98) for patients treated with TVR, and
      higher comorbidity index (OR=2.21, CI=1.04-4.67) and ribavirin dosage (OR=0.84,
      CI=0.72-0.99) for those treated with BOC. Fifty-five (57.3%) patients treated
      with TVR and 15 (27.3%) patients treated with BOC achieved sustained virological
      response (SVR). Among patients who received TVR and interrupted treatment due to
      AE (n=19), only 26.3% (n=5) achieved SVR (P=0.003). Higher number of
      comorbidities, lower eGFR and advanced liver disease are associated with severe
      anemia and early treatment cessation, which may compromise SVR achievement. 

PMID- 27356110
TI  - Physician-Industry Interactions and Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Use
      Among US Ophthalmologists.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The publication of the US Physician Payments Sunshine Act provides
      insight into the financial relationship between physicians and the pharmaceutical
      industry. This added transparency creates new opportunities of using objective
      data to better understand prior research that implicates pharmaceutical
      promotions as an important factor in a physician's decision-making process.
      OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between reported industry payments and
      physician-prescribing habits by comparing the use of anti-vascular endothelial
      growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal injections by US ophthalmologists to the
      industry payments these same physicians received. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS:
      This study reviews data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
      2013 Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data: Physician and Other Supplier
      Public Use File and the CMS-sponsored August through December 2013 Open Payments
      program (Physician Payments Sunshine Act). Ophthalmologists who prescribe anti
      VEGF injections for all indications were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      Association between industry payments reportedly received and the number and type
      of anti-VEGF injections administered. RESULTS: A total of 3011 US
      ophthalmologists were reimbursed by CMS for 2.2 million anti-VEGF injections in
      2013. Of these physicians, 38.0% reportedly received $1.3 million in industry
      payments for ranibizumab and aflibercept. Analysis revealed positive associations
      between increasing numbers of reported industry payments and total injection use
      (r = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.22-0.26; P < .001), aflibercept and ranibizumab injection
      use (r = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.29-0.34; P < .001), and percentage of injections per
      physician that were aflibercept or ranibizumab (r = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.25-0.29; P <
      .001). A smaller association was noted between greater number of industry
      payments and bevacizumab injection use (r = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.04-0.09; P < .001).
      Similar associations were found between the total dollars of reported industry
      payments received to injection use. Subgroup analysis further revealed that
      physicians receiving $1 to $25 in reported industry benefits were more likely
      than those not receiving industry payments to perform a greater percentage of
      their injections with aflibercept and ranibizumab. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      Among ophthalmologists who prescribe anti-VEGF medications, there is a positive
      association between reported pharmaceutical payments and increased use of
      aflibercept and ranibizumab injections. As is inherent to the design of
      correlation studies, this analysis cannot determine whether the payments reported
      caused the increased use, are a result of the increased use, or are merely
      associated with some other factor that causes the increased use.

PMID- 27356111
TI  - Local influence diagnostics for hierarchical count data models with
      overdispersion and excess zeros.
AB  - We consider models for hierarchical count data, subject to overdispersion and/or
      excess zeros. Molenberghs et al. () and Molenberghs et al. () extend the Poisson
      normal generalized linear-mixed model by including gamma random effects to
      accommodate overdispersion. Excess zeros are handled using either a zero
      inflation or a hurdle component. These models were studied by Kassahun et al. ().
      While flexible, they are quite elaborate in parametric specification and
      therefore model assessment is imperative. We derive local influence measures to
      detect and examine influential subjects, that is subjects who have undue
      influence on either the fit of the model as a whole, or on specific important sub
      vectors of the parameter vector. The latter include the fixed effects for the
      Poisson and for the excess-zeros components, the variance components for the
      normal random effects, and the parameters describing gamma random effects,
      included to accommodate overdispersion. Interpretable influence components are
      derived. The method is applied to data from a longitudinal clinical trial
      involving patients with epileptic seizures. Even though the data were extensively
      analyzed in earlier work, the insight gained from the proposed diagnostics,
      statistically and clinically, is considerable. Possibly, a small but important
      subgroup of patients has been identified.

PMID- 27356113
TI  - Synthesis and Quantum Mechanical Studies of a Highly Stable Ferrocene
      Incorporated Expanded Porphyrin.
AB  - We present the first evidence for an unusual stable metallocene-containing
      expanded porphyrinoid macrocycle that was synthesized by condensing one
      equivalent of 1,1'-bis[phenyl(2-pyrroyl)methyl]ferrocene with one equivalent of
      5,10-di(p-tolyl)-16-oxa-15,17-dihydrotripyrrane under acid-catalyzed conditions.
      The formation of ferrocene-incorporated expanded porphyrin macrocycle was
      confirmed by HR-MS and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. The macrocycle was nonaromatic and
      displayed absorption bands in the region of 420-550 nm. The molecular and
      electronic structure of the ferrocene-incorporated expanded porphyrin was
      investigated by DFT methods. The DFT calculations indicated a partially twisted
      structure of the molecule, and the extent of torsional distortion was larger than
      previously observed for ruthenocenoporphyrinoids and ferrocenothiaporphyrin. The
      HOMO and LUMO states that were obtained from the DFT calculations indicated
      partial charge density on all four pyrrole nitrogen atoms and the furanyl oxygen
      atom in the HOMO state and partial charge density on the alpha and beta carbon
      atoms in the LUMO state. In addition, the ferrocene moiety displayed the presence
      of partial charge density on the Fe atom and the cp rings in both the HOMO and
      LUMO states. Moreover, DFT studies of the diprotonated form of macrocycle
      indicated that the diprotonated form also retained a synclinal conformation and
      that its torsional strain was slightly higher than its free base form. 

PMID- 27356114
TI  - Bioinspired Graphene-Based Nanocomposites and Their Application in Flexible
      Energy Devices.
AB  - Graphene is the strongest and stiffest material ever identified and the best
      electrical conductor known to date, making it an ideal candidate for constructing
      nanocomposites used in flexible energy devices. However, it remains a great
      challenge to assemble graphene nanosheets into macro-sized high-performance
      nanocomposites in practical applications of flexible energy devices using
      traditional approaches. Nacre, the gold standard for biomimicry, provides an
      excellent example and guideline for assembling two-dimensional nanosheets into
      high-performance nanocomposites. This review summarizes recent research on the
      bioinspired graphene-based nanocomposites (BGBNs), and discusses different
      bioinspired assembly strategies for constructing integrated high-strength and 
      toughness graphene-based nanocomposites through various synergistic effects.
      Fundamental properties of graphene-based nanocomposites, such as strength,
      toughness, and electrical conductivities, are highlighted. Applications of the
      BGBNs in flexible energy devices, as well as potential challenges, are addressed.
      Inspired from the past work done by the community a roadmap for the future of the
      BGBNs in flexible energy device applications is depicted.

PMID- 27356115
TI  - Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden.
AB  - Body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or higher is used to identify individuals with
      obesity. In the last 3 decades, the worldwide prevalence of obesity has increased
      27.5% for adults and 47.1% for children. Obesity is the result of complex
      relationships between genetic, socioeconomic, and cultural influences.
      Consumption patterns, urban development, and lifestyle habits influence the
      prevalence of obesity. The condition may be the result of disease or
      pharmacologic treatment. It may also be a risk factor for the development of
      comorbid conditions. Persons who are obese have less school attendance, reduced
      earning potential, and higher healthcare costs that may result in an economic
      burden on society. A review of the prevalence and economic consequences of
      obesity is provided. Potential causes and comorbidities associated with obesity
      are also discussed. 

PMID- 27356116
TI  - Overweight and obesity management strategies.
AB  - Comprehensive lifestyle interventions, including nutrition, physical activity,
      and behavioral therapy, are the foundation for clinical obesity management. New
      tools and treatment approaches help clinicians provide these interventions and
      support weight management in the primary care setting. Escalating treatment, such
      as using pharmacotherapy, medical devices, or bariatric surgery, are important
      considerations for appropriate patients who do not respond to lifestyle
      counseling. This article provides a review of obesity treatment in primary care
      and managed care settings. Principles of lifestyle changes for weight management,
      behavioral counseling, and options for pharmacotherapy, medical devices, and
      bariatric surgery are discussed. 

PMID- 27356117
TI  - The role of managed care organizations in obesity management.
AB  - In the United States, obesity is characterized as this century's greatest
      healthcare threat. The American Medical Association and several other large
      organizations now classify obesity as a disease. Several federal initiatives are
      in the planning stages, have been approved, or are being implemented to address
      the disease. Obesity poses challenges for all healthcare stakeholders. Diet and
      exercise often are insufficient to create the magnitude of change patients and
      their attending healthcare providers need. Managed care organizations (MCOs) have
      3 tools that can help their members: health and wellness programs focusing on
      lifestyle changes, prescription weight-loss drugs, and bariatric surgical
      interventions. MCOs are addressing changes with national requirements and are
      responding to the availability of new weight-loss drugs to help their members
      achieve better health. A number of factors either deter or stimulate the progress
      of weight loss therapy. Understanding how MCOs are key to managing obesity at the
      local level is important for healthcare providers. It can help MCOs and
      individual healthcare providers develop and coordinate strategies to educate
      stakeholders and better manage overall care. 

PMID- 27356118
TI  - Re: Inclusion of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Stage 3 Meaningful Use
      Guidelines: A Huge Step Forward for LGBT Health, by Cahill et al. (LGBT Health
      2016;3:100-102).

PMID- 27356119
TI  - Parental Divorce or Death During Childhood and Adolescence and Its Association
      With Mental Health.
AB  - Despite the severity of the loss of a parent and the frequency of parental
      divorce, few studies compared their impact on mental health in the general adult
      population. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence,
      sociodemographic correlates, and psychiatric comorbidity of parental loss and
      parental divorce during childhood and adolescence. Data were drawn from the
      National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally
      representative sample of US adults (n = 43,093). Of the 43,093 participants,
      parental divorce during childhood or adolescence was reported by 5776
      participants, whereas 3377 experienced parental death during childhood or
      adolescence. Participants reporting a history of parental divorce present a
      significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders, particularly alcohol
      and drug use disorders compared with control subjects. While participants
      experiencing the death of a parent reported a poorer overall health, the
      prevalence of psychiatric disorder after 17 years of age was not significantly
      higher than that of the control subjects.

PMID- 27356120
TI  - Cluster B Personality Disorder Traits as a Predictor of Therapeutic Alliance Over
      Time in Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorders.
AB  - While poor therapeutic alliance is a robust predictor of poor outcome in
      substance abuse treatment, less is known about the barriers to therapeutic
      alliances in this group. To explore this issue, this study examined whether the
      severity of cluster B personality disorders predicted therapeutic alliances
      concurrently and prospectively in a residential substance treatment program for
      homeless veterans. Participants were 48 adults with a substance abuse disorder.
      Personality disorder traits were assessed using the Structured Interview for
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition,
      Personality Disorders, whereas therapeutic alliance was assessed at baseline
      using the Working Alliance Inventory. Partial correlations controlling for
      overall symptom severity measured with the Symptom Checklist 90 and education,
      revealed cluster B traits at baseline predicted all 4 assessments of therapeutic
      alliance even after controlling for initial levels of therapeutic alliance.
      Results suggest that higher levels of cluster B traits are a barrier to the
      formation of working alliances in residential substance treatment.

PMID- 27356121
TI  - The Dark Side of Addiction: The Horsley Gantt to Joseph Brady Connection.
AB  - W. Horsley Gantt and Joseph V. Brady laid a rich foundation for understanding the
      concept of emotion, derived from 2 prominent traditions of physiology and
      psychology: classic conditioning and operant conditioning, respectively. This
      framework guided my fierce interest in motivation in general and the interaction
      between reward and stress, which began at John Hopkins with my thesis work under
      the guidance of Drs. Zoltan Annau, Solomon Synder, and Joseph Brady, among many
      others. Using the study of the neurobiology of addiction as a framework, I argue
      that drug addiction not only involves positive reinforcement associated with the
      rewarding effects of drugs of abuse but also involves another major source of
      reinforcement, specifically negative reinforcement driven by negative emotional
      states (termed the "dark side" of addiction). Excessive activation of the brain
      reward systems leads to antireward or a decrease in the function of normal reward
      related neurocircuitry and persistent recruitment of the brain stress systems,
      both of which may be neurobiologically linked. Understanding the neuroplasticity
      of the neurocircuitry that comprises the negative reinforcement associated with
      addiction is a key to understanding negative emotional states in general and
      their pathophysiology.

PMID- 27356123
TI  - Neuroticism and Negative Urgency in Problematic Alcohol Use: A Pilot Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Problematic alcohol use is common among university students and
      personality might account for individual differences in developing this
      maladaptive behavior. Two personality dispositions implicated in problematic
      alcohol use are negative urgency and neuroticism. However, the relationship of
      these traits to problematic alcohol use is unclear. In college students high
      neuroticism is not directly linked to problematic alcohol use. On the other hand,
      the experience of emotional distress in people high in neuroticism could impair
      the capacity for impulse control. Loss of impulse control under conditions of
      negative affect could trigger impulsive drinking and problematic alcohol use in
      the long run. OBJECTIVES: We investigated this idea by testing whether negative
      urgency mediates the relationship of neuroticism to problematic alcohol use.
      METHODS: Participants were 60 undergraduate university students who completed the
      Urgency subscale of the Urgency, (lack of) Premeditation, (lack of) Perseverance,
      Sensation Seeking, and Positive Urgency Impulsive Behaviour scale (UPPS-P), the
      Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and the Neuroticism subscale
      of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised short form (EPQ-RSS). RESULTS:
      The results confirmed our hypothesis as we found an indirect effect of negative
      urgency on the relationship between neuroticism and problematic alcohol use.
      CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: It appears that it is not distress but the tendency to
      act rashly when distressed that is important in developing problematic alcohol
      drinking in university students.

PMID- 27356122
TI  - Risk factors for metachronous colorectal cancer or polyp: A systematic review and
      meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to
      identify personal, lifestyle, and tumor-related risk factors for metachronous
      colorectal cancer (CRC) and polyp. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified by
      searching MEDLINE, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register through 15 May
      2016. Estimates for associations were summarized using random effects models.
      RESULTS: Fifty-five studies were included in the review. For individuals who had
      a CRC resection, having a synchronous polyp was a risk factor for metachronous
      CRC or polyp (relative risk [RR], 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-2.82)
      and having a synchronous CRC (RR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.25-2.91) and proximally located
      CRC (RR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.24-3.64) were risk factors for metachronous CRC. For
      individuals who had a polypectomy, larger size (RR, 4.26; 95% CI, 2.11-8.57) or
      severe dysplasia of the initial polyp (RR, 5.15; 95% CI, 2.02-13.14), and having
      a synchronous polyp (RR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.35-4.73) were risk factors for
      metachronous CRC; and a family history of CRC (RR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.26-2.87),
      having a synchronous polyp (RR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.74-3.50) and a larger size (RR,
      1.49; 95% CI, 1.03-2.15) and proximal location of the initial polyp (RR, 1.20;
      95% CI, 1.02-1.40) were risk factors for metachronous polyp. Meta-regression
      showed duration of follow-up was not a source of heterogeneity for most
      associations. There was no evidence that lifestyle factors were associated with
      metachronous CRC or polyp risk. CONCLUSION: A comprehensive list of risk factors
      identified for metachronous CRC or polyp may have important clinical
      implications.

PMID- 27356124
TI  - Myostatin and carbohydrate disturbances.
AB  - : Purpose/aim of the study: Myostatin is a myokine that has been shown to inhibit
      muscle growth and to have potentially deleterious effects on metabolism. The aim
      of the current study was to compare its circulating serum levels in subjects from
      the whole spectrum of carbohydrate disturbances leading to diabetes. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A total of 159 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched subjects participated in
      the study - 50 had normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 60 had prediabetes (PreDM),
      and 49 had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Oral glucose tolerance testing was
      used to determine glucose tolerance. Serum myostatin was quantified by means of
      ELISA. RESULTS: Circulating serum myostatin levels were highest in patients with
      T2D, lower in subjects with prediabetes, and lowest in subjects with
      normoglycemia (all p < 0.05). Myostatin was shown to be positively associated
      with fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-IR, hepatic enzymes, uric acid, and FINDRISC
      questionnaire scores in both sexes. ROC analyses determined circulating myostatin
      levels to be of value for differentiating subjects with T2D (AUC = 0.72, p =
      0.002 in men; AUC = 0.70, p = 0.004 in women) in the study population. After
      adjustment for potential confounders, in a multiple binary logistic regression
      model, serum myostatin added further information to traditional risk estimates in
      distinguishing subjects with T2D. CONCLUSIONS: Serum myostatin levels are higher
      with deterioration of carbohydrate tolerance. Furthermore, circulating myostatin
      is positively associated with traditional biochemical estimates of poor metabolic
      health. These data add to evidence of the involvement of this myokine in the
      pathogenesis of T2D.

PMID- 27356125
TI  - Endoscopic suturing for the prevention of stent migration in benign upper
      gastrointestinal conditions: a comparative multicenter study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMSs)
      have increasingly been used in benign upper gastrointestinal (UGI) conditions;
      however, stent migration remains a major limitation. Endoscopic suture fixation
      (ESF) may prevent stent migration. The aims of this study were to compare the
      frequency of stent migration in patients who received endoscopic suturing for
      stent fixation (ESF group) compared with those who did not (NSF group) and to
      assess the impact of ESF on clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a
      retrospective study of patients who underwent FCSEMS placement for benign UGI
      diseases. Patients were divided into either the NSF or ESF group. Outcome
      variables, including stent migration, clinical success (resolution of underlying
      pathology), and adverse events, were compared. RESULTS: A total of 125 patients
      (44 in ESF group, 81 in NSF group; 56 benign strictures, 69
      leaks/fistulas/perforations) underwent 224 stenting procedures. Stent migration
      was significantly more common in the NSF group (33 % vs. 16 %; P = 0.03). Time to
      stent migration was longer in the ESF group (P = 0.02). ESF appeared to protect
      against stent migration in patients with a history of stent migration (adjusted
      odds ratio [OR] 0.09; P = 0.002). ESF was also significantly associated with a
      higher rate of clinical success (60 % vs. 38 %; P = 0.03). Rates of adverse
      events were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic suturing for
      stent fixation is safe and associated with a decreased migration rate,
      particularly in patients with a prior history of stent migration. It may also
      improve clinical response, likely because of the reduction in stent migration.

PMID- 27356126
TI  - Colonic mucosal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated visceral hypersensitivity
      in a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether colonic mucosal N
      methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) participates in visceral hypersensitivity in
      irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were administered
      intrarectally with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) for the establishment of
      an IBS-like visceral hypersensitivity model. Those received an equivalent volume
      of 50% ethanol were regarded as the controls. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR)
      scores in response to colorectal distention (CRD) were used to assess visceral
      sensitivity. NMDAR levels in the colonic mucosa were detected by both
      immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The concentrations of glutamate and
      ammonia in the feces of the mice were measured. Changes in visceral sensitivity
      after the intracolonic administration of ammonia or NMDAR antagonist were
      recorded. RESULTS: The established IBS-like mouse model of visceral
      hypersensitivity showed no evident inflammation in the colon. NMDAR levels in the
      colonic mucosa of the IBS-like mice were significantly higher compared with the
      controls, and were positively associated with AWR scores. The glutamate level in
      the feces of the TNBS-treated mice was similar to that of the controls, although
      the ammonia level was significantly higher. Intracolonic administration of
      ammonia induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice, which was repressed by
      pretreatment with NMDAR antagonist MK801. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpressed NMDAR in the
      colonic mucosa may participate in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity
      in IBS. Our study identifies the effect of ammonia in the colonic lumen on NMDAR
      in the colonic mucosa as a potential novel targeted mechanism for IBS treatment.

PMID- 27356143
TI  - A Randomized, Controlled Trial to Assess the Effect of Topical Insulin Versus
      Normal Saline in Pressure Ulcer Healing.
AB  - Insulin has been used in wound healing to increase wound collagen, granulation
      tissue, wound tensile strength, and local production of insulin-like growth
      factors by fibroblasts. Saline is a widely used irrigating and wound dressing
      solution. Patients admitted to an acute care facility who had a Grade 2 or Grade
      3 pressure ulcer were recruited to participate in a randomized, controlled trial
      to compare the effect of normal saline-impregnated gauze and insulin dressing in
      pressure ulcer healing. Persons with immunodeficiency, diabetes mellitus,
      pregnancy, osteomyelitis, and peripheral vascular illness were not eligible for
      the study. Study participants were randomized to receive either normal saline
      dressing gauze or insulin dressing twice daily for 7 days. At baseline, patient
      demographic data and ulcer history were recorded. Baseline and follow-up ulcer
      assessments (days 4 and day 7) included ulcer measurement (length and width) and
      completion of the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH version 3.0) tool.
      Patients in the control group received dressings of sterile gauze soaked with
      normal saline; patients in the intervention group received topical insulin (1
      U/cm2 wound area). The insulin was sprayed over the wound surface with an insulin
      syringe, allowed to dry for 15 minutes, and then covered with sterile gauze. To
      ascertain the safety of study participants, blood glucose levels were measured
      with a glucometer 10 minutes before and 1 hour after the topical insulin
      application in the intervention group. Treatment efficacy was deter- mined by
      assessing the reduction in wound area and PUSH scores at follow-up. Statistical
      analysis was performed; data are expressed as mean +/- SD and percentage for
      continuous and categorical variables respectively. The differences in PUSH score
      and ulcer sizes between the 2 groups were analyzed using independent t-test, and
      within-group differences were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures;
      Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied for the 3 consecutive measurements (day
      1, day 4 and day 7). Fifty (50) patients (40 men, 10 women), ages 42.46 +/- 15.47
      years, with 50 ulcers, 25 in each treatment group, were enrolled. At baseline,
      demographic variables and wound characteristics were comparable between the 2
      groups. By day 7, mean wound area had decreased from 11.79 +/- 8.97 cm2 (day 1)
      to 11.43 +/- 9.06 cm2 in the saline group (P = 0.566) and from 9.61 +/- 6.39 cm2
      (day 1) to 6.24 +/- 4.33 cm2 (P less than 0.01) in the insulin group. Mean PUSH
      scores decreased from 10.52 +/- 2.37 at baseline to 10.36 +/- 2.40 on day 7 in
      the saline group (P = 0.475), and from 10.28 +/- 1.10 to 8.52 +/- 1.58 on day 7
      (P less than 0.01) in the insulin group. No significant decrease in blood glucose
      level before and after insulin application (P greater than 0.05) was observed.
      Treatment with topical insulin was found be safe and effective in reducing
      pressure ulcer size as compared to normal saline-soaked gauze. Future studies
      utilizing larger sample sizes, longer follow-up times, and different types of
      chronic wounds and control treatments are warranted. 

PMID- 27356144
TI  - Estimating the Clinical Outcomes and Cost Differences Between Standard Care With
      and Without Cadexomer Iodine in the Management of Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers Using
      a Markov Model.
AB  - Chronic venous leg ulcers (VLUs) affect up to 1% of the adult population in the
      developed world and present a significant financial and resource burden to health
      care systems. Cadexomer iodine (CI) is an antimicrobial dressing indicated for
      use in chronic exuding wounds. The aim of this study was to estimate the cost
      utility of using CI + standard care (SC) - ie, high compression multicomponent
      bandaging including debridement - compared with SC alone in the management of
      chronic (>6 months' duration) VLUs from a payer's perspective. A Markov model was
      constructed to evaluate the cost and clinical benefits (healing and decreased
      infection rates) of the 2 treatment modalities over a 1-year period using data
      from 4 randomized, controlled clinical studies (RCTs) included in a recent
      Cochrane review and cost data from a recently published economic evaluation of
      VLUs. Costs were calculated using 2014 United States dollars; wound outcomes in-
      cluded complete healing in 212 patients reported in the Cochrane meta-analysis
      and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), with utility values obtained from 200
      patients with VLUs calculated using standard gamble. Treatment with CI over 1
      year was $7,259 compared to $7,901 for SC. This resulted in a cost savings of
      $643/patient in favor of CI compared with SC. More patients treated with CI (61%)
      had their wounds healed compared to 54% treated with SC. Furthermore, patients
      treated with CI+SC experienced 6 additional ulcer-free weeks compared to persons
      treated with SC alone (ie, 25 ulcer- free weeks compared to 19 ulcer-free weeks,
      respectively). Overall, CI resulted in 0.03 more QALYs (ie, 0.86 QALYs compared
      to 0.83 for SC). The use of CI in addition to SC compared to SC alone over 52
      weeks resulted in more wounds healed and more QALYs along with a decrease of
      overall costs The results of this study suggest CI is cost effective com- pared
      to SC alone in the management of patients with chronic VLUs. Prospective,
      controlled clinical studies are needed to elucidate the effect and cost
      effectiveness of CI on VLUs with and without signs of infection as compared to
      SC, other antiseptics, and more advanced topical treatment modalities. 

PMID- 27356145
TI  - Polymeric Membrane Dressings for Topical Wound Management of Patients With
      Infected Wounds in a Challenging Environment: A Protocol With 3 Case Examples.
AB  - Patients with acute wounds often delay seeking medical assistance until an
      incapacitating infection has developed. When such patients come for help at a
      remote Christian clinic in northern Ghana, West Africa, the goals of care are to
      resolve and prevent a return of infection, decrease pain, enable an immediate
      return to normal activities, and facilitate healing. Because the local protocol
      of care, Edinburgh University Solution of Lime (EUSOL)-soaked gauze, did not meet
      these goals, the author tried using a variety of donated wound dressing regimens.
      Ultimately, polymeric membrane dressings (PMDs) were observed to meet patient
      care needs while also reducing clinic staff time and resources, and a PMD
      protocol of care was developed. Three (3) representative patients who presented
      with acute wounds and infection are described: a 20-year-old man with a hand
      abscess, a 16-year-old boy with a malleolus wound, and an approximately 20-year
      old woman with an injection abscess, all otherwise relatively healthy, albeit
      undernourished. All 3 patients re- ceived oral antibiotics, their wounds were
      initially cleansed and debrided, and an appropriate configuration of either
      regular or silver-containing PMDs was applied to all exposed wound surfaces.
      Dressing changes were scheduled based upon the personalized plan of care. In all
      3 patients, the pain-relieving properties of PMDs allowed resumption of activi-
      ties within 1 day of initiating treatment, the dressings' continuous wound
      cleansing system kept the wounds clean and free of infection despite the
      challenging environment, and the wounds healed steadily. Managing infected acute
      wounds with PMDs through complete wound closure was time efficient for clinic
      staff and met all 4 major patient goals of care. Randomized, controlled studies
      to compare wound and quality of life outcomes in patients whose infected wounds
      are managed with PMDs compared with those whose wounds are managed with other
      advanced dressings are warranted. 

PMID- 27356146
TI  - Description of a Simple Method of Stoma Protection During Prone Positioning.
AB  - Surgeries conducted with the patient in the prone position are frequent and can
      be lengthy. Abdominal stomas and su- prapubic catheters require protection for
      the complete duration of the procedure to avoid complications such as stomal
      ischemia, bleeding, or mucocutaneous separation. Standard protection strategies
      such as pillows and wedges can eas- ily fail. In the course of managing several
      patients who had sustained ostomy complications following surgery in a prone
      position, a simple method of stoma protection was devised. Instead of discarding
      the foam headrest typically used dur- ing induction by anesthesia staff, this
      device is placed with its central recess over the stoma and secured to the
      patient's abdominal wall with gentle tape just before turning the patient into a
      prone position. This method, used in more than 80 patients, has been found to
      effectively relieve pressure, and no complications have been observed. The foam
      shape also enables unobstructed drainage of fluids, facilitating collection and
      preventing leakage and contamination of the surgical field. Because the device is
      widely used by anesthesia, it is readily available and does not add any extra
      cost. 

PMID- 27356147
TI  - Predictors for the occurrence of major complications after primary Roux-en-Y
      gastric bypass surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The risk of developing postoperative complications after primary Roux
      en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is relatively low. Nevertheless, postoperative
      complications can have serious consequences in terms of severe morbidity and
      health care costs. Identification of potential predictors is useful for further
      reduction of the postoperative complication rate. METHODS: This retrospective
      study included all patients undergoing primary RYGB between January 2010 and
      December 2013, using data from a prospectively collected database. Patients'
      characteristics, operative details and perioperative outcome were analyzed.
      RESULTS: A total of 773 patients (14.5% male) were included for analysis, with a
      mean age of 42.1+/-10.4 years and a mean Body Mass Index of 42.8+/-4.3 kg/m2. A
      total of 66 (8.5%) direct postoperative complications occurred. Clavien-Dindo
      grade 3a and higher occurred in 55 patients. Univariate analysis identified age
      (P=0.013), gender (P=0.017), BMI over 50 kg/m2 (P=0.096), hypertension (P=0.099),
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P=0.002) and previous upper
      gastrointestinal surgery (P=0.095) as potential predictors. Multivariate logistic
      regression analysis showed that male gender (OR 2.412; 95%CI [1.212-4.797]) and
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 3.716; 95%CI [1.543-8.949]) were
      found to be independent predictors for the occurrence of major complications
      after primary RYGB. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a number of potential
      predictors, of which male gender and COPD after multivariate regression analysis
      were found to be independent predictive factors for the occurrence of major
      complications after primary RYGB.

PMID- 27356148
TI  - Pancreas preserving surgery for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor removal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We reported our experience with high-risk, non-metastatic second
      portion duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)s in patients who underwent
      1-month neoadjuvant cycles with imatinib therapy followed by pancreas-preserving
      surgery and 12-month of adjuvant chemotherapic regimen including imatinib. This
      study was conducted to evaluate the short and long-term results. METHODS: The
      study was conducted between January 2010 and May 2015. Medical charts and
      operative logbooks of patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Nine
      patients form the basis of the current analysis. All patients underwent curative
      resection with pancreas preservation, and all specimens had histologically
      negative margins. The median follow-up was 35 months. Eight patients were alive,
      1 patient died for myocardial infarction at a mean follow-up of 10 months, 1
      patient had a recurrence at a mean follow-up of 32 months and no patients
      developed distant metastases. CONCLUSIONS: We are confident to suggest the use of
      neoadjuvant and adjuvant Imatinib therapy to those patients affected with D2,
      high-risk, duodenal GISTs to allow a limited resection.

PMID- 27356150
TI  - Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread
      applications - A comprehensive review.
AB  - Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), so far, is the most extensively researched and utilized
      biodegradable aliphatic polyester in human history. Due to its merits, PLA is a
      leading biomaterial for numerous applications in medicine as well as in industry
      replacing conventional petrochemical-based polymers. The main purpose of this
      review is to elaborate the mechanical and physical properties that affect its
      stability, processability, degradation, PLA-other polymers immiscibility, aging
      and recyclability, and therefore its potential suitability to fulfill specific
      application requirements. This review also summarizes variations in these
      properties during PLA processing (i.e. thermal degradation and recyclability),
      biodegradation, packaging and sterilization, and aging (i.e. weathering and
      hygrothermal). In addition, we discuss up-to-date strategies for PLA properties
      improvements including components and plasticizer blending, nucleation agent
      addition, and PLA modifications and nanoformulations. Incorporating better
      understanding of the role of these properties with available improvement
      strategies is the key for successful utilization of PLA and its
      copolymers/composites/blends to maximize their fit with worldwide application
      needs.

PMID- 27356149
TI  - Recent advances in self-assembled peptides: Implications for targeted drug
      delivery and vaccine engineering.
AB  - Self-assembled peptides have shown outstanding characteristics for vaccine
      delivery and drug targeting. Peptide molecules can be rationally designed to self
      assemble into specific nanoarchitectures in response to changes in their assembly
      environment including: pH, temperature, ionic strength, and interactions between
      host (drug) and guest molecules. The resulting supramolecular nanostructures
      include nanovesicles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanoribbons, and hydrogels and have
      a diverse range of mechanical and physicochemical properties. These molecules can
      be designed for cell-specific targeting by including adhesion ligands, receptor
      recognition ligands, or peptide-based antigens in their design, often in a
      multivalent display. Depending on their design, self-assembled peptide
      nanostructures have advantages in biocompatibility, stability against enzymatic
      degradation, encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs, sustained drug release, shear
      thinning viscoelastic properties, and/or adjuvanting properties. These molecules
      can also act as intracellular transporters and respond to changes in the
      physiological environment. Furthermore, this class of materials has shown
      sequence- and structure-dependent impacts on the immune system that can be
      tailored to non-immunogenic for drug targeting, and immunogenic for vaccine
      delivery. This review explores self-assembled peptide nanostructures (beta
      sheets, alpha helices, peptide amphiphiles, amino acid pairing, elastin like
      polypeptides, cyclic peptides, short peptides, Fmoc peptides, and peptide
      hydrogels) and their application in vaccine delivery and drug targeting.

PMID- 27356151
TI  - Cavity partition and functionalization of a [2+3] organic molecular cage by
      inserting polar P[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds.
AB  - The cavity of a [2+3] organic molecular cage was partitioned and functionalized
      by inserting inner-directed P[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds, which shows
      CO2 capture and CH4 exclusion due to the size-matching and polarity effects.
      Computational results demonstrate that the successful segmentation via polar
      P[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds facilitates the CO2 molecules to reside
      selectively inside the cavity. 

PMID- 27356152
TI  - Managing multiple chronic conditions in Singapore - Exploring the perspectives
      and experiences of family caregivers of patients with diabetes and end stage
      renal disease on haemodialysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the commonest cause of end stage renal
      disease (ESRD). Despite increasing DM-ESRD prevalence and high dependency on
      care, there is a lack of literature on DM-ESRD caregivers. We sought to explore
      the perspectives and experiences of caregivers of patients with DM undergoing
      haemodialysis in Singapore. DESIGN: This study employed an exploratory,
      qualitative design comprising in-depth interviews with caregivers of DM-ESRD
      patients. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 20
      family caregivers (54.2 +/- 12.6 years; 75% female) of DM-ESRD patients. Data
      were analysed using Thematic Analysis. RESULTS: Key caregiving challenges
      identified were managing diet, care recipients' emotions and mobility dependence.
      Patients' emotional reactions caused interpersonal conflicts and hindered
      treatment management. Difficulties in dietary management were linked to patients'
      erratic appetite, caregivers' lack/poor understanding of the dietary guidelines
      and caregivers' low perceived competence. Limited resources in terms of social
      support and finances were also noted. Physical and psychological well-being and
      employment were adversely affected by caregiving role. CONCLUSION: This study
      highlights distinctive aspects of the DM-ESRD caregiving experience, which impact
      on caregivers' health and challenge care. Disease management programmes should be
      expanded to support caregivers in dealing with multimorbidity.

PMID- 27356154
TI  - Chromodomain Ligand Optimization via Target-Class Directed Combinatorial
      Repurposing.
AB  - Efforts to develop strategies for small-molecule chemical probe discovery against
      the readers of the methyl-lysine (Kme) post-translational modification have been
      met with limited success. Targeted disruption of these protein-protein
      interactions via peptidomimetic inhibitor optimization is a promising alternative
      to small-molecule hit discovery; however, recognition of identical peptide motifs
      by multiple Kme reader proteins presents a unique challenge in the development of
      selective Kme reader chemical probes. These selectivity challenges are
      exemplified by the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) chemical probe, UNC3866,
      which demonstrates submicromolar off-target affinity toward the non-PRC1
      chromodomains CDYL2 and CDYL. Moreover, since peptidomimetics are challenging
      subjects for structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies, traditional
      optimization of UNC3866 would prove costly and time-consuming. Herein, we report
      a broadly applicable strategy for the affinity-based, target-class screening of
      chromodomains via the repurposing of UNC3866 in an efficient, combinatorial
      peptide library. A first-generation library yielded UNC4991, a UNC3866 analogue
      that exhibits a distinct selectivity profile while maintaining submicromolar
      affinity toward the CDYL chromodomains. Additionally, in vitro pull-down
      experiments from HeLa nuclear lysates further demonstrate the selectivity and
      utility of this compound for future elucidation of CDYL protein function.

PMID- 27356157
TI  - Biomimetic Transmembrane Channels with High Stability and Transporting Efficiency
      from Helically Folded Macromolecules.
AB  - Membrane channels span the cellular lipid bilayers to transport ions and
      molecules into cells with sophisticated properties including high efficiency and
      selectivity. It is of particular biological importance in developing biomimetic
      transmembrane channels with unique functions by means of chemically synthetic
      strategies. An artificial unimolecular transmembrane channel using pore
      containing helical macromolecules is reported. The self-folding, shape
      persistent, pore-containing helical macromolecules are able to span the lipid
      bilayer, and thus result in extraordinary channel stability and high transporting
      efficiency for protons and cations. The lifetime of this artificial unimolecular
      channel in the lipid bilayer membrane is impressively long, rivaling those of
      natural protein channels. Natural channel mimics designed by helically folded
      polymeric scaffolds will display robust and versatile transport-related
      properties at single-molecule level.

PMID- 27356156
TI  - Current Status of Cardiovascular Disease-Related Smartphone Apps Downloadable in
      China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Smartphone apps present a great opportunity for the management of
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) as the adoption of apps becomes increasingly popular
      in China. Yet, little is known about the status of CVD-related Smartphone apps in
      the country. The aim of this study was to examine the current status of CVD
      related smartphone apps available for download in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Using CVD-related keywords written either in Chinese or English, the top 6 most
      popular smartphone app online stores in China were searched in September 2015.
      The information accountability of the selected apps was assessed with the Silberg
      scale. The key topic areas identified from the European Guidelines on
      cardiovascular disease prevention served to determine information coverage of the
      top 5 downloaded apps. RESULTS: The average Silberg score of 151 apps was 2.87
      (out of 9) with most apps not revealing authors' qualifications and information
      references. There was also a lack of sponsorship disclosure and information
      update. Moreover, none of the top 5 downloaded apps covered all key areas of CVD
      management as recommended by the European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease
      prevention. There was little evidence of health professionals' involvement in the
      formation of the CVD-related apps. CONCLUSION: This study identified areas for
      improvement concerning information accountability and the scope of coverage of
      CVD-related apps downloadable in China. The findings may guide the future
      advancement of CVD-related apps and benefit CVD management in China.

PMID- 27356155
TI  - Outcomes of a Clinic-Based Educational Intervention for Cardiovascular Disease
      Prevention by Race, Ethnicity, and Urban/Rural Status.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Heart disease is the leading killer of women and remains
      poorly recognized in high-risk groups. We assessed baseline knowledge gaps and
      efficacy of a survey-based educational intervention. METHODS: Four hundred
      seventy-two women in clinical settings completed pre-/post-surveys for knowledge
      of: heart disease as the leading killer, risk factors (general and personal
      levels), heart attack/stroke symptoms, and taking appropriate emergency action.
      They received a clinic-based educational intervention delivered by healthcare
      professionals in the course of their clinical care. Change score analyses tested
      pre-/post-differences in knowledge after the educational intervention, comparing
      proportions by race, ethnicity, and urban/nonurban status. RESULTS: Knowledge and
      awareness was low in all groups, especially for American Indian women (p < 0.05).
      Awareness was overall highest for heart disease as the leading killer, but it was
      the lowest for taking appropriate action (13% of Hispanic, 13% of American
      Indian, 29% of African American, and 18% of nonurban women; p < 0.05). For all
      women, knowledge of the major risk factors was low (58%) as was knowledge of
      their personal levels for risk factors (73% awareness for hypertension, 54% for
      cholesterol, and 50% for diabetes). The intervention was effective (% knowledge
      gain) in all groups of women, particularly for raising awareness of: (1) heart
      disease as the leading killer in American Indian (25%), Hispanic (18%), and
      nonurban (15%) women; (2) taking appropriate action for American Indian (80%),
      African American (64%), non-Hispanic (55%), and urban (56%) women; (3) heart
      disease risk factors for Hispanic (56%) and American Indian (47%) women; and (4)
      heart disease and stroke symptoms in American Indian women (54% and 25%,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Significant knowledge gaps persist for heart disease
      in high-risk women, suggesting that these gaps and groups should be targeted by
      educational programs. We specify areas of need, and we demonstrate efficacy of a
      clinic-based educational intervention that can be of utility to busy healthcare
      professionals.

PMID- 27356158
TI  - The ligand influence in stereoselective carbene transfer reactions promoted by
      chiral metal porphyrin catalysts.
AB  - The use of diazo reagents of the general formula N2C(R)(R1) as carbene sources to
      create new C-C bonds is of broad scientific interest due to the intrinsic
      sustainability of this class of reagents. In the presence of a suitable catalyst,
      diazo reagents react with several organic substrates with excellent stereo
      control and form N2 as the only by-product. In the present report the catalytic
      efficiency of metal porphyrins in promoting carbene transfer reactions is
      reviewed with emphasis on the active role of the porphyrin skeleton in
      stereoselectively driving the carbene moiety to the target substrate. The
      catalytic performances of different metal porphyrins are discussed and have been
      related to the structural features of the ligand with the final aim of
      rationalizing the strict correlation between the three-dimensional structure of
      the porphyrin ligand and the stereoselectivity of carbene transfer reactions.

PMID- 27356160
TI  - ORS: Call for Submissions.

PMID- 27356159
TI  - Distinctive Metabolism of Flavonoid between Cultivated and Semiwild Soybean
      Unveiled through Metabolomics Approach.
AB  - Soybeans are an important crop for agriculture and food, resulting in an increase
      in the range of its application. Recently, soybean leaves have been used not only
      for food products but also in the beauty industry. To provide useful and global
      metabolite information on the development of soy-based products, we investigated
      the metabolic evolution and cultivar-dependent metabolite variation in the leaves
      of cultivated (Glycine max) and semiwild (G. gracilis) soybean, through a (1)H
      NMR-based metabolomics approach, as they grew from V (vegetative) 1 to R
      (reproductive) 7 growth stages. The levels of primary metabolites, such as
      sucrose, amino acids, organic acids, and fatty acids, were decreased both in the
      G. gracilis and G. max leaves. However, the secondary metabolites, such as
      pinitol, rutin, and polyphenols, were increased while synthesis of glucose was
      elevated as the leaves grew. When metabolite variations between G. gracilis and
      G. max are compared, it was noteworthy that rutin and its precursor, quercetin-3
      O-glucoside, were found only in G. gracilis but not in G. max. Furthermore,
      levels of pinitol, proline, beta-alanine, and acetic acid, a metabolite related
      to adaptation toward environmental stress, were different between the two soybean
      cultivars. These results highlight their distinct metabolism for adaptation to
      environmental conditions and their intrinsic metabolic phenotype. This study
      therefore provides important information on the cultivar-dependent metabolites of
      soybean leaves for better understanding of plant physiology toward the
      development of soy-based products. 

PMID- 27356161
TI  - ORS Interview with Eric Soltycki.

PMID- 27356162
TI  - Scan MDCs for GPS-Based Gamma Radiation Surveys.
AB  - A method for estimating the minimum detectable concentration of a contaminant
      radionuclide in soil when scanning with gamma radiation detectors (known as the
      "scan MDC") is described in the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site
      Investigation Manual (MARSSIM). This paper presents an alternate method for
      estimating scan MDCs for GPS-based gamma surveys based on detector efficiencies
      modeled with the probabilistic Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended (MCNPX) Transport
      simulation code. Results are compared to those provided in MARSSIM. An extensive
      database of MCNPX-based detection efficiencies has been developed to represent a
      variety of gamma survey applications and potential scanning configurations
      (detector size, scan height, size of contaminated soil volume, etc.), and an
      associated web-based user interface has been developed to provide survey
      designers and regulators with access to a reasonably wide range of calculated
      scan MDC values for survey planning purposes.

PMID- 27356163
TI  - Comparison of Various Spectra Methods Used in Vehicle-Based Nai(Tl) Spectrometry
      Survey.
AB  - Vehicle-based NaI(Tl) spectrometry is widely used in searching for lost sources.
      There are several spectra methods can be used to detect abnormal radiation caused
      by manmade nuclides among a sequence of spectra. In order to test which method
      has the highest sensitivity, an experiment was done, and three commonly used
      spectra methods were used to process the acquired spectra. The result indicated
      that: the noise adjusted singular value decomposition method is more sensitive
      than other methods. Finally, its drawback was also discussed. 

PMID- 27356164
TI  - Programmatic Assessment of Potential Induced Radioactivity in Electron Beam
      Sterilization of Healthcare Products.
AB  - ISO 11137-1:2006 Sterilization of Healthcare Products-Radiation requires that the
      potential for induced radioactivity be evaluated for medical devices irradiated
      with electrons with energy more than 10 MeV. For a manufacturing operation where
      new devices are being developed, a practical program for making such an
      evaluation should be engrained in the process, including the device design phase,
      where selection of materials can make a difference in the potential for
      activation to occur as a result of the irradiation process. The program, which is
      based on general assumptions as to the likely activation processes and
      generalized process assessments is being implemented in three phases: (1)
      incorporating materials consideration in the design phase, (2) evaluating
      potential activation empirically, including measurement at the point of
      irradiation, and (3) implementing routine procedures for the program, including
      developing a data base of results for consideration in future design efforts. 

PMID- 27356165
TI  - Key Performance Indicators in the Evaluation of the Quality of Radiation Safety
      Programs.
AB  - Beaumont is a multiple hospital health care system with a centralized radiation
      safety department. The health system operates under a broad scope Nuclear
      Regulatory Commission license but also maintains several other limited use NRC
      licenses in off-site facilities and clinics. The hospital-based program is
      expansive including diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine (molecular
      imaging), interventional radiology, a comprehensive cardiovascular program,
      multiple forms of radiation therapy (low dose rate brachytherapy, high dose rate
      brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy, and gamma knife), and the Research
      Institute (including basic bench top, human and animal). Each year, in the annual
      report, data is analyzed and then tracked and trended. While any summary report
      will, by nature, include items such as the number of pieces of equipment,
      inspections performed, staff monitored and educated and other similar parameters,
      not all include an objective review of the quality and effectiveness of the
      program. Through objective numerical data Beaumont adopted seven key performance
      indicators. The assertion made is that key performance indicators can be used to
      establish benchmarks for evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness and
      quality of radiation safety programs. Based on over a decade of data collection,
      and adoption of key performance indicators, this paper demonstrates one way to
      establish objective benchmarking for radiation safety programs in the health care
      environment.

PMID- 27356166
TI  - Changes in Occupational Radiation Exposures after Incorporation of a Real-time
      Dosimetry System in the Interventional Radiology Suite.
AB  - A statistical pilot study was retrospectively performed to analyze potential
      changes in occupational radiation exposures to Interventional Radiology (IR)
      staff at Lawrence General Hospital after implementation of the i2 Active
      Radiation Dosimetry System (Unfors RaySafe Inc, 6045 Cochran Road Cleveland, OH
      44139-3302). In this study, the monthly OSL dosimetry records obtained during the
      eight-month period prior to i2 implementation were normalized to the number of
      procedures performed during each month and statistically compared to the
      normalized dosimetry records obtained for the 8-mo period after i2
      implementation. The resulting statistics included calculation of the mean and
      standard deviation of the dose equivalences per procedure and included
      appropriate hypothesis tests to assess for statistically valid differences
      between the pre and post i2 study periods. Hypothesis testing was performed on
      three groups of staff present during an IR procedure: The first group included
      all members of the IR staff, the second group consisted of the IR radiologists,
      and the third group consisted of the IR technician staff. After implementing the
      i2 active dosimetry system, participating members of the Lawrence General IR
      staff had a reduction in the average dose equivalence per procedure of 43.1% +/-
      16.7% (p = 0.04). Similarly, Lawrence General IR radiologists had a 65.8% +/-
      33.6% (p=0.01) reduction while the technologists had a 45.0% +/- 14.4% (p=0.03)
      reduction.

PMID- 27356168
TI  - Core electron excitations in U(4+): modelling of the nd(10)5f(2)->nd(9)5f(3)
      transitions with n = 3, 4 and 5 by ligand field tools and density functional
      theory.
AB  - Ligand field density functional theory (LFDFT) calculations have been used to
      model the uranium M4,5, N4,5 and O4,5-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure
      (XANES) in UO2, characterized by the promotion of one electron from the core and
      the semi-core 3d, 4d and 5d orbitals of U(4+) to the valence 5f. The model
      describes the procedure to resolve non-empirically the multiplet energy levels
      originating from the two-open-shell system with d and f electrons and to
      calculate the oscillator strengths corresponding to the dipole allowed d(10)f(2)
      > d(9)f(3) transitions appropriate to represent the d electron excitation
      process. In the first step, the energy and UO2 unit-cell volume corresponding to
      the minimum structures are determined using the Hubbard model (DFT+U) approach.
      The model of the optical properties due to the uranium nd(10)5f(2)->nd(9)5f(3)
      transitions, with n = 3, 4 and 5, has been tackled by means of electronic
      structure calculations based on the ligand field concept emulating the Slater
      Condon integrals, the spin-orbit coupling constants and the parameters of the
      ligand field potential needed by the ligand field Hamiltonian from Density
      Functional Theory. A deep-rooted theoretical procedure using the LFDFT approach
      has been established for actinide-bearing systems that can be valuable to compute
      targeted results, such as spectroscopic details at the electronic scale. As a
      case study, uranium dioxide has been considered because it is a nuclear fuel
      material, and both atomic and electronic structure calculations are indispensable
      for a deeper understanding of irradiation driven microstructural changes
      occurring in this material. 

PMID- 27356167
TI  - The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1): historical perspective,
      phenotypes, mechanism, pathology, and epidemiology.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To provide an historical perspective and overview of the phenotypes,
      mechanism, pathology, and epidemiology of the fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia
      syndrome (FXTAS) for neuropsychologists. METHODS: Selective review of the
      literature on FXTAS. RESULTS: FXTAS is an X-linked neurodegenerative disorder of
      late onset. One of several phenotypes associated with different mutations of the
      fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1), FXTAS involves progressive action
      tremor, gait ataxia, and impaired executive functioning, among other features. It
      affects carriers of the FMR1 premutation, which may expand when passed from a
      mother to her children, in which case it is likely to cause fragile X syndrome
      (FXS), the most common inherited developmental disability. CONCLUSION: This
      review briefly summarizes current knowledge of the mechanisms, epidemiology, and
      mode of transmission of FXTAS and FXS, as well as the neuropsychological,
      neurologic, neuropsychiatric, neuropathologic, and neuroradiologic phenotypes of
      FXTAS. Because it was only recently identified, FXTAS is not well known to most
      practitioners, and it remains largely misdiagnosed, despite the fact that its
      prevalence may be relatively high.

PMID- 27356170
TI  - Cardiac Protection in HER2-Targeted Treatment: How Should We Measure New
      Strategies?

PMID- 27356169
TI  - Alloying Behavior of Self-Assembled Noble Metal Nanoparticles.
AB  - The atomic redistribution processes occurring in multiparticle nanostructures are
      hardly understood. To obtain a more detailed insight, we applied high-resolution
      microscopic, diffraction and spectroscopic characterization techniques to
      investigate the fine structure and elemental distribution of various bimetallic
      aerogels with 1:1 compositions, prepared by self-assembly of single monometallic
      nanoparticles. The system Au-Ag exhibited a complete alloy formation, whereas Pt
      Pd aerogels formed a Pd-based network with embedded Pt particles. The assembly of
      Au and Pd nanoparticles resulted in a Pd-shell formation around the Au particles.
      This work confirms that bimetallic aerogels are subject to reorganization
      processes during their gel formation. 

PMID- 27356171
TI  - High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for
      inhalational induction of anaesthesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane induction for general anaesthesia has been reported to be
      safe, reliable and well accepted by patients. Sevoflurane induction uses either
      low or high initial concentrations. The low initial concentration technique
      involves initially administering a low concentration of sevoflurane and gradually
      increasing the concentration of the dose until the patient is anaesthetized. The
      high initial concentration technique involves administering high concentrations
      from the beginning, then continuing with those high doses until the patient is
      anaesthetized. This review was originally published in 2013 and has been updated
      in 2016. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare induction times and complication rates
      between high and low initial concentration sevoflurane anaesthetic induction
      techniques in adults and children who received inhalational induction for general
      anaesthesia. We defined 'high' as greater than or equal to and 'low' as less than
      a 4% initial concentration. SEARCH METHODS: For the updated review, we searched
      the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL;
      2016, Issue 2), MEDLINE (1950 to February 2016), EMBASE (1980 to February 2016),
      Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) (1982 to February
      2016) and the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science (1946 to
      February 2016). We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles and
      conference proceedings and contacted the authors of included trials. The original
      search was run in September 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA: We sought all published and
      unpublished, randomized controlled trials comparing high versus low initial
      sevoflurane concentration inhalational induction. Our primary outcomes included
      two measures of anaesthesia (time to loss of the eyelash reflex (LOER) and time
      until a weighted object held in the patient's hand was dropped), time to
      successful insertion of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and time to endotracheal
      intubation. Other outcomes were complications of the technique. DATA COLLECTION
      AND ANALYSIS: We used standardized methods for conducting a systematic review as
      described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Two
      review authors independently extracted details of trial methods and outcome data
      from reports of all trials considered eligible for inclusion. We conducted all
      analyses on an intention-to-treat basis, when possible. We estimated overall
      treatment effects by using a fixed-effect model when we found no substantial
      heterogeneity, whereas we applied the random-effects model in the presence of
      considerable heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS: We reran the searches and included one
      new study (100 participants) in this updated review. In total, we included 11
      studies with 829 participants, although most analyses were based on data from
      fewer participants and evidence of low quality. We noted substantial
      heterogeneity in the included trials. Thus, our results should be read with
      caution. It was not possible to combine trials for the primary outcome (LOER),
      but individual trials reported faster induction times (typically 24 to 82 seconds
      faster, 41 seconds (31.37 to 50.62)) with high initial concentration sevoflurane
      (six studies, 443 participants, low-quality evidence). Apnoea appeared to be more
      common in the high initial concentration sevoflurane group (risk ratio (RR) 3.14,
      95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72 to 5.7, two studies, 160 participants, low
      quality evidence). We found no evidence of differences between the two groups in
      the incidence of cough (odds ratio (OR) 1.23, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.81, eight studies,
      589 participants, low-quality evidence), laryngospasm (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.16 to
      15.9, seven studies, 588 participants, low-quality evidence), breath holding (OR
      1.16, 95% CI 0.47 to 2.83, five studies, 389 participants, low-quality evidence),
      patient movement (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.89, five studies, 445 participants,
      low-quality evidence) or bradycardia (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.22 to 2.88, three studies,
      199 participants, low-quality evidence), and the overall incidence of
      complications was low. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: A high initial concentration
      sevoflurane technique probably offers more rapid induction of anaesthesia and a
      similar rate of complications, except for apnoea, which may be more common with a
      high initial concentration. However, this conclusion is not definitive because
      the included studies provided evidence of low quality.

PMID- 27356172
TI  - Comparison of Two Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems, Dexcom G4 Platinum and
      Medtronic Paradigm Veo Enlite System, at Rest and During Exercise.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite technological advances, the accuracy of continuous glucose
      monitoring (CGM) systems may not always be satisfactory with rapidly changing
      glucose levels, as is notable during exercise. We compare the performance of two
      current and widely used CGM systems, Dexcom G4 Platinum (Dexcom) and Medtronic
      Paradigm Veo Enlite system (Enlite), during both rest and exercise in adults with
      type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Paired sensor and plasma
      glucose (PG) values (total of 431 data pairs for Dexcom and 425 for Enlite) were
      collected from 17 adults (37.3 +/- 13.6 years) with T1D. To evaluate and compare
      the accuracy of sensor readings, criteria involving sensor bias (sensor minus PG
      levels), absolute relative difference (ARD), and percentage of readings meeting
      International Organization for Standardization (ISO) criteria were considered.
      RESULTS: Both Dexcom and Enlite performed equally well during the rest period,
      with respective mean/median biases of -0.12/-0.02 mmol/L versus -0.18/-0.40 (P =
      0.78, P = 0.66) mmol/L and ARDs of 13.77/13.34% versus 12.38/11.95% (P = 0.53, P
      = 0.70). During exercise, sensor bias means/medians were -0.40/-0.21 mmol versus 
      0.26/-0.24 mmol/L (P = 0.67, P = 0.62) and ARDs were 22.53/15.13% versus
      20.44/14.11% (P = 0.58, P = 0.68) for Dexcom and Enlite, respectively. Both
      sensors demonstrated significantly lower performance during exercise; median ARD
      comparison at rest versus exercise for both Dexcom and Enlite showed a P = 0.02.
      More data pairs met the ISO criteria for Dexcom and Enlite at rest, 73.6% and
      76.9% compared with exercise 48.2% and 53.9%. CONCLUSION: Dexcom and Enlite
      demonstrated comparable overall performances during rest and physical activity.
      However, a lower accuracy was observed during exercise for both sensors,
      necessitating a fine-tuning of their performance with physical activity.

PMID- 27356173
TI  - Metal-Free C-H Alkyliminylation and Acylation of Alkenes with Secondary Amides.
AB  - Carbon-carbon bond formation by metal-free cross-coupling of two reactants with
      low reactivity represents a challenge in organic synthesis. Secondary amides and
      alkenes are two classes of bench-stable compounds. The low electrophilicity of
      the former and low nucleophilicity of the latter make the direct coupling of
      these two partners challenging yet highly desirable. We report herein an
      unprecedented intermolecular reaction of secondary amides with alkenes to afford
      alpha,beta-unsaturated ketimines or enones, which are versatile intermediates for
      organic synthesis and are prevalent in bioactive compounds and functional
      materials. Our strategy relies on the chemoselective activation of the secondary
      amide with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (Tf2O)/2-fluoropyridine to generate
      a highly reactive nitrilium intermediate, which reacts efficiently with alkenes.
      This metal-free synthesis is characterized by its mild reaction conditions,
      excellent functional group tolerance and chemoselectivity, allowing the
      preparation of multi-functionalized compounds without using protecting groups.

PMID- 27356174
TI  - Effects of electromagnetic fields on osteoporosis: A systematic literature
      review.
AB  - Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) as a safe, effective and noninvasive treatment have
      been researched and used for many years in orthopedics, and the common use
      clinically is to promote fracture healing. The effects of EMFs on osteoporosis
      have not been well concerned. The balance between osteoblast and osteoclast
      activity as well as the balance between osteogenic differentiation and adipogenic
      differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells plays an important role in
      the process of osteoporosis. A number of recent reports suggest that EMFs have a
      positive impact on the balances. In this review, we discuss the recent advances
      of EMFs in the treatment of osteoporosis from basic research to clinical study
      and introduce the possible mechanism. In addition, we presented future
      perspectives of application of EMFs for osteoporosis. 

PMID- 27356175
TI  - Iodine-mediated construction of polyfunctionalized arylazopyrazoles from beta
      ketoesters or 2-arylpyrazol-3-ones and arylhydrazines.
AB  - This paper describes step-economic iodine-mediated construction of functionalized
      arylazopyrazoles in the presence of catalytic AgNO3 starting from simple beta
      ketoesters and two equivalents of arylhydrazines. This cascade reaction includes
      in situalpha-iodination of beta-ketoesters, pyrazol-3-one formation, substitution
      with a nitrogen nucleophile, and oxidation/aromatization. 

PMID- 27356176
TI  - Tick front-of-pack label has a positive nutritional impact on foods sold in New
      Zealand.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Nutritional impact of the Tick front-of-pack labelling programme was
      evaluated by investigating nutrient changes to the purchased food supply and the
      nutritional quality of Tick v. non-Tick products. Factors influencing
      manufacturers' decisions to develop and license Tick products were also explored.
      DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional and change over time data. SETTING: New
      Zealand food supply, 2011-2013. SUBJECTS: Forty-five newly licensed Tick products
      from five food categories were analysed: Edible Oil Spreads, Yoghurt & Dairy
      Desserts, Frozen Desserts, Ready Meals and Processed Poultry. Four manufacturers
      of these products were interviewed. RESULTS: Eligible products (31 % of all Tick
      products in these categories) removed 4.1 million megajoules of energy, 156.0
      tonnes of saturated fat, 15.4 tonnes of trans-fat and 4.0 tonnes of sodium from
      food products sold in New Zealand over three years. In each food category, these
      Tick products were, on average, 14-76 % lower in energy, saturated fat, trans-fat
      and sodium than non-Tick products, indicating healthier options. Participating
      manufacturers reported that international market trends and consumer demand for
      tasty, healthy foods primarily influenced Tick product development and sales.
      Tick was used as part of their marketing strategy as it was perceived as a
      credible, well-recognised logo for New Zealand consumers. Tick was cited as the
      primary initiative encouraging saturated fat reduction. CONCLUSIONS: The Tick
      Programme is continuing to encourage manufacturers to make meaningful
      improvements to the nutritional quality of the New Zealand food supply. Over
      time, these changes are likely to influence population nutrient intakes and
      reduce CVD risk factors.

PMID- 27356177
TI  - Thermally-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations from a 2D two
      fold interpenetrating square lattice layer to a 3D four-fold interpenetrating
      diamond framework and its application in dye-sensitized solar cells.
AB  - In this work, a rare 2D -> 3D single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation
      (SCSC) is observed in metal-organic coordination complexes, which is triggered by
      thermal treatment. The 2D two-fold interpenetrating square lattice layer
      [Cd(IBA)2]n (1) is irreversibly converted into a 3D four-fold interpenetrating
      diamond framework {[Cd(IBA)2(H2O)].2.5H2O}n (2) (HIBA = 4-(1H-imidazol-1
      yl)benzoic acid). Consideration is given to these two complexes with different
      interpenetrating structures and dimensionality, and their influence on
      photovoltaic properties are studied. Encouraged by the UV-visible absorption and
      HOMO-LUMO energy states matched for sensitizing TiO2, the two complexes are
      employed in combination with N719 in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) to
      compensate absorption in the ultraviolet and blue-violet region, offset
      competitive visible light absorption of I3(-) and reducing charge the
      recombination of injected electrons. After co-sensitization with 1 and 2, the
      device co-sensitized by 1/N719 and 2/N719 to yield overall efficiencies of 7.82%
      and 8.39%, which are 19.94% and 28.68% higher than that of the device sensitized
      only by N719 (6.52%). Consequently, high dimensional interpenetrating complexes
      could serve as excellent co-sensitizers and have application in DSSCs. 

PMID- 27356178
TI  - Fabrication of Chiral-Selective Nanotubular Heterojunctions through Living
      Supramolecular Polymerization.
AB  - Novel, chiral-selective linear nanotubular heterojunctions were achieved by
      living supramolecular polymerization of perylenediimide (PDI) derivatives. We
      demonstrate that the chiral seed can effectively bias achiral PDI molecules to
      polymerize on its ends in the identical helical sense. More interestingly, the
      chiral seed can bias the opposite enantiomers to grow expitaxially from its ends
      even in excess amounts relative to the seed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the
      biasing effect of the chiral seed on the opposite enantiomer is not dependent on
      the length of the chiral seed but is related to the intrinsic length of the
      elongated nanotube from the opposite enantiomer. The fabrication of chiral
      selective nanotubes was achieved by application of the unique biasing effect of
      the chiral seed in living supramolecular self-assembly.

PMID- 27356179
TI  - Characteristic Work Function Variations of Graphene Line Defects.
AB  - Line defects, including grain boundaries and wrinkles, are commonly seen in
      graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. These one-dimensional defects are
      believed to alter the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene.
      Unfortunately, it is very tedious to directly distinguish grain boundaries from
      wrinkles due to their similar morphologies. In this report, high-resolution
      Kelvin potential force microscopy (KPFM) is employed to measure the work function
      distribution of graphene line defects. The characteristic work function
      variations of grain boundaries, standing-collapsed wrinkles, and folded wrinkles
      could be clearly identified. Classical and quantum molecular dynamics simulations
      reveal that the unique work function distribution of each type of line defects is
      originated from the doping effect induced by the SiO2 substrate. Our results
      suggest that KPFM can be an easy-to-use and accurate method to detect graphene
      line defects, and also propose the possibility to tune the graphene work function
      by defect engineering. 

PMID- 27356180
TI  - Intercalation-Based Single-Molecule Fluorescence Assay To Study DNA Supercoil
      Dynamics.
AB  - DNA supercoiling crucially affects cellular processes such as DNA replication,
      gene expression, and chromatin organization. However, mechanistic understanding
      of DNA supercoiling and the related DNA-processing enzymes has remained limited,
      mainly due to the lack of convenient experimental tools to probe these phenomena.
      Here, we report a novel high-throughput single-molecule assay for real-time
      visualization of supercoiled DNA molecules, named ISD (Intercalation-induced
      Supercoiling of DNA). We use an intercalating dye to induce supercoiling of
      surface-attached DNA molecules as well as to visualize coiled-loop structures
      (i.e., plectonemes) formed on DNA. The technique is solely based on
      epifluorescence microscopy and requires no mechanical manipulation of the DNA
      molecules. This new assay allows to track positions and sizes of individual
      plectonemes and characterize their position-dependent dynamics such as
      nucleation, termination, and diffusion. We describe the ISD technique and
      demonstrate its potential by establishing that plectonemes are pinned to a local
      10-nucleotide long mispaired sequence along a double-stranded DNA molecule.

PMID- 27356181
TI  - Maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations during
      pregnancy and subcutaneous fat mass in infancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The associations of maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty
      acid (PUFA) concentrations during pregnancy with infant subcutaneous fat were
      examined. METHODS: In a population-based prospective cohort study among 904
      mothers and their infants, maternal plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFA concentrations were
      measured at midpregnancy. Body mass index, total subcutaneous fat, and central-to
      total subcutaneous fat ratio were calculated at 1.5, 6, and 24 months. RESULTS:
      Maternal n-3 PUFA levels were not consistently associated with infant body mass
      index or total subcutaneous fat. Higher maternal total n-3 PUFA levels, and
      specifically eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic
      acid, were associated with higher central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio at 1.5
      months, whereas higher maternal total n-3 PUFA levels were associated with lower
      central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio at 6 months (all P values < 0.05). These
      associations were not present at 24 months. Maternal n-6 PUFA levels were not
      consistently associated with infant subcutaneous fat. A higher n-6/n-3 ratio was
      associated with lower central-to-total subcutaneous fat ratio at 1.5 months only
      (P value < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal n-3 PUFA levels during pregnancy may have
      transient effects on infant subcutaneous fat. Further studies are needed to
      assess the effects of maternal PUFA concentrations on fat mass development during
      early infancy.

PMID- 27356182
TI  - Small cell undifferentiated (SCUD) hepatoblastomas: All malignant rhabdoid
      tumors?
AB  - Small cell undifferentiated (SCUD) hepatoblastoma is a rare variant of
      hepatoblastoma with poor outcome and loss of INI1 expression, sharing this with
      malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT). We studied all tumors from the files of the Kiel
      Pediatric Tumor Registry (KTR) with the initial diagnosis of SCUD and MRT. After
      re-review, we performed immunistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization,
      and multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification for loss of expression and
      deletion of INI1/SMARCB1 in 23 tumors. Morphologically, 12 of the tumors had a
      small cell morphology, 9 showed the typical picture of MRT, and 2 were composed
      of both small cells and rhabdoid cells. All but 1 of the 23 tumors showed loss of
      INI1 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Nineteen of the INI1 negative
      tumors were analyzed by FISH technique and all showed a deletion of the
      INI1/SMARCB1 gene (17 homozygous deletions, 2 heterozygous deletions). We
      investigated 14 of these cases by multiplex ligation dependent probe
      amplification and verified the deletions in all cases. In conclusion, we
      postulate that SCUD hepatoblastoma is not a hepatoblastoma but represents a
      malignant rhabdoid tumor of the liver. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27356183
TI  - Implementation of an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Quantification of
      Allergenic Egg Residues in Red Wines Using Commercially Available Antibodies.
AB  - Since the early 2000s, labeling of potentially allergenic food components to
      protect people who suffer from food allergies is compulsory in numerous
      industrialized countries. In Europe, milk and egg components used during the
      winemaking process must be indicated on the label since July 1, 2012. Several
      ELISA procedures have been developed to detect allergenic residues in wines.
      However, the complexity of the wine matrix can inhibit the immunoenzymatic
      reaction. The aim of this study was to implement an ELISA assay for the detection
      of ovalbumin in red wines using commercially available antibodies. The
      specificity of the acquired antibodies and the absence of cross reactivity were
      assessed by immunoblotting and ELISA. An ELISA assay with a LOD of 14.2 MUg/L and
      a LOQ of 56.4 MUg/L of ovalbumin in aqueous solution was obtained. Differences in
      ELISA signals were observed when analyzing various fining agents, although
      reproducible conformation of the antigen could be reached for the comparison of
      ovalbumin and Ovicolle. The differences between samples in terms of pH could be
      leveled but the inhibition of the ELISA signal, positively correlated to the
      tannin content of the wines, could not be suppressed. Thus, standard curves of
      ovalbumin in several wines were obtained by relative quantification. The control
      steps and the difficulties encountered presented in this study should be
      considered by anybody working toward the development of ELISA assays for the
      detection of allergenic residues in complex food matrices. 

PMID- 27356185
TI  - Corrole and Porphyrin Amino Acid Conjugates: Synthesis and Physicochemical
      Properties.
AB  - A series of conjugates of amino acids with porphyrins and corroles was
      synthesized. Their self-assembling ability under defined conditions was
      investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The morphology and photophysical
      properties of these molecules were studied by absorption and fluorescence
      spectroscopy in solid, liquid, and self-assembled forms. We observed that both
      corrole and porphyrin conjugated with the l-phenylalanine-l-phenylalanine peptide
      to form spherical nanostructures with bathochromic shifts in the emission
      spectra, indicating the formation of aggregates. These aggregates are
      characterized by the impressive absorption of light over nearly the whole visible
      range. The broadening of all bands was particularly strong in the case of
      corroles. The fluorescence lifetimes of self-assembled species were longer as
      compared to the solid-state form. 

PMID- 27356186
TI  - Galectin-3-Binding Glycomimetics that Strongly Reduce Bleomycin-Induced Lung
      Fibrosis and Modulate Intracellular Glycan Recognition.
AB  - Discovery of glycan-competitive galectin-3-binding compounds that attenuate lung
      fibrosis in a murine model and that block intracellular galectin-3 accumulation
      at damaged vesicles, hence revealing galectin-3-glycan interactions involved in
      fibrosis progression and in intracellular galectin-3 activities, is reported.
      3,3'-Bis-(4-aryltriazol-1-yl)thiodigalactosides were synthesized and evaluated as
      antagonists of galectin-1, -2, -3, and -4 N-terminal, -4 C-terminal, -7 and -8 N
      terminal, -9 N-terminal, and -9 C-terminal domains. Compounds displaying low
      nanomolar affinities for galectins-1 and -3 were identified in a competitive
      fluorescence anisotropy assay. X-ray structural analysis of selected compounds in
      complex with galectin-3, together with galectin-3 mutant binding experiments,
      revealed that both the aryltriazolyl moieties and fluoro substituents on the
      compounds are involved in key interactions responsible for exceptional affinities
      towards galectin-3. The most potent galectin-3 antagonist was demonstrated to act
      in an assay monitoring galectin-3 accumulation upon amitriptyline-induced vesicle
      damage, visualizing a biochemically/medically relevant intracellular lectin
      carbohydrate binding event and that it can be blocked by a small molecule. The
      same antagonist administered intratracheally attenuated bleomycin-induced
      pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model with a dose/response profile comparing
      favorably with that of oral administration of the marketed antifibrotic compound
      pirfenidone.

PMID- 27356188
TI  - The cost-effectiveness of exenatide twice daily (BID) vs insulin lispro three
      times daily (TID) as add-on therapy to titrated insulin glargine in patients with
      type 2 diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of exenatide twice daily (BID) vs
      bolus insulin lispro three times daily (TID) as add-on therapy when glycemic
      control is sub-optimal with titrated basal insulin glargine and metformin.
      METHODS: The analysis was based on the recent 4B Study, which compared exenatide
      BID and lispro TID as add-on therapies in subjects with type 2 diabetes
      insufficiently controlled, despite titrated insulin glargine. The Cardiff
      Diabetes Model was used to simulate patient costs and health benefits beyond the
      4B Study. The Swedish healthcare perspective was adopted for this analysis; costs
      are reported in ?EUR to aid interpretation. The main outcome measure was the cost
      per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with exenatide BID compared to
      lispro TID. RESULTS: Exenatide BID was associated with an incremental cost of
      ?1,270 and a QALY increase of +0.64 compared with lispro TID over 40 years. The
      cost per QALY gained with exenatide BID compared with lispro TID was ?1,971,
      which is within conventional limits of cost-effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness
      results were generally robust to alternative assumptions and values for key model
      parameters. LIMITATIONS: Extrapolation of trial data over the longer term can be
      influenced by modeling and parameter uncertainty. Cost-effectiveness results were
      generally insensitive to alternative values of key model input parameters and
      across scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of exenatide BID rather than insulin
      lispro to basal insulin is associated with similar or better clinical outcomes.
      Illustrated from the Swedish healthcare perspective, analysis with the Cardiff
      Diabetes Model demonstrated that exenatide BID represents a cost-effective
      treatment alternative to lispro TID as add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes patients
      insufficiently controlled on basal insulin.

PMID- 27356187
TI  - Activation of gene transcription via CIM0216, a synthetic ligand of transient
      receptor potential melastatin-3 (TRPM3) channels.
AB  - Several compounds have been proposed to stimulate TRPM3 Ca2+ channels. We
      recently showed that stimulation of TRPM3 channels with pregnenolone sulfate
      activated the transcription factor AP-1, while other proposed TRPM3 ligands
      (nifedipine, D-erythro-sphingosine) exhibited either no or TRPM3-independent
      effects on gene transcription. Here, we have analyzed the transcriptional
      activity of CIM0216, a synthetic TRPM3 ligand proposed to have a higher potency
      and affinity for TRPM3 than pregnenolone sulfate. The results show that CIM0216
      treatment of HEK293 cells expressing TRPM3 channels activated AP-1 and stimulated
      the transcriptional activation potential of c-Jun and c-Fos, 2 basic region
      leucine zipper transcription factors that constitute AP-1. CIM0216-induced gene
      transcription was attenuated by knock-down of TRPM3 or treatment with mefenamic
      acid, a TRPM3 inhibitor. CIM0216 was similarly or less capable in activating
      TRPM3-mediated gene transcription, suggesting that pregnenolone sulfate is still
      the ligand of choice for changing the gene expression pattern via TRPM3.

PMID- 27356189
TI  - Swallowing endoscopy findings in Huntington's disease: a case report.
AB  - Huntington's disease (HD) is a degenerative genetic disorder with autosomal
      dominant transmission. The triad of symptoms of this disease consists of
      psychiatric disorders, jerky movements, and dementia. Oropharyngeal dysphagia,
      which is more evident with disease progression, is also present. Few studies have
      addressed the swallowing characteristics using objective analysis in this
      population. The purpose of this research was to describe the swallowing
      endoscopic findings of the pharyngeal phase in HD. This is a cross-sectional
      study addressing a clinical case which included two individuals of the same
      family, male, 32 and 63 years old, designated as individual A and individual B,
      with progression of the disease for five and 13 years, respectively. Consistent
      liquid, nectar, and puree were offered during the evaluation. There was presence
      of posterior oral spillage in liquid and nectar, small amount of pharyngeal
      residues, and no laryngeal penetration or aspiration in the individuals with HD
      in this study.

PMID- 27356190
TI  - Relationship between vocal symptoms, severity of voice disorders, and laryngeal
      diagnosis in patients with voice disorders.

PMID- 27356191
TI  - Theory of Mind (ToM) and language: stimulating metalinguistic skills in people
      with dementia.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper was to assess the use of the Metalinguistic
      Skills Stimulation Program in Theory of Mind (ToM) in people with dementia.
      METHODS: An experimental research design was developed. Forty-two subjects, 28
      women and 14 men, aged 61 to 87 participated in the study. The three following
      groups were created: Experimental Group and Control Group - both composed of
      people with dementia, and Normal Group - consisting of people without dementia or
      any medical and psychological disorders that keep them from living a normal life.
      All subjects in the sample were evaluated using the MMSE30 Test and the MetAphAs
      Test. The stimulation program was used with the Experimental Group in 40-minute
      sessions held twice a week for five months. After the program, a second
      evaluation or retest was performed. The data obtained were compared statistically
      and qualitatively, individually and between the different groups. RESULTS: A
      clear effect of the treatment was observed: most of the patients improved their
      average scores in the performance of various tasks and on the MetAphAs Test.
      Significant differences were observed when comparing the Experimental Group with
      the Control Group. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of each patient presents a
      multifactorial etiology, and it was influenced by different variables related to
      the patients and their psychosocial environment. The data encourage the
      development of further research with larger samples in order to achieve more
      conclusive results.

PMID- 27356192
TI  - Adsorption and transformation of ammonium ion in a loose-pore geothermal
      reservoir: Batch and column experiments.
AB  - Adsorption kinetics and transformation process of ammonium ion (NH4(+)) were
      investigated to advance the understanding of N cycle in a low-temperature loose
      pore geothermal reservoir. Firstly, batch experiments were performed in order to
      determine the sorption capacity and the kinetic mechanism of NH4(+) onto a loose
      pore geothermal reservoir matrix. Then column experiments were carried out at
      temperatures from 20 degrees C to 60 degrees C in order to determine the
      transport parameters and transformation mechanism of NH4(+) in the studied
      matrix. The results showed that the adsorption process of NH4(+) onto the porous
      media well followed the pseudo-second-order model. No obvious variation of
      hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient (D) and retardation factor (R) was observed
      at different transport distances at a Darcy's flux of 2.27cm/h, at which
      nitrification could be neglected. The simulated D obtained by the CDE model in
      CXTFIT2.1 increased with temperature while R decreased with temperature,
      indicating that the adsorption capacity of NH4(+) onto the matrix decreased with
      the increasing of temperature. When the Darcy's flux was decreased to 0.014cm/h,
      only a little part of NH4(+) could be transformed to nitrate, suggesting that low
      density of nitrifiers existed in the simulated loose-pore geothermal reservoir.
      Although nitrification rate increased with temperature in the range of 20 degrees
      C to 60 degrees C, it was extremely low and no accumulation of nitrite was
      observed under the simulated low-temperature geothermal conditions without
      addition of biomass and oxygen.

PMID- 27356193
TI  - Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis overview.
AB  - Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic immune-mediated diseases that
      primarily affect the skin and joints, respectively; these diseases are also
      associated with high rates of cardiovascular and other comorbidities. Despite
      over 40 genes proven to be related to the disease, the exact causes of psoriasis
      and PsA are still to be determined. Recent insights into the underlying
      pathophysiology of these diseases have revealed novel therapeutic targets.
      Effective management requires timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment. Yet,
      both psoriasis and PsA remain underrecognized and undertreated in current
      clinical practice. Recognizing the true physical, social, and emotional burden of
      psoriasis and PsA, as well as their associated comorbidities, is the first step
      to improving the prognosis for affected patients. 

PMID- 27356194
TI  - Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis treatment.
AB  - Over the past several years, an increased understanding of the pathophysiology of
      psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has led to the development of several new
      biologic therapies. Appropriate treatment selection and timing may slow, and even
      halt, the progression of psoriasis and PsA; as a result, it can decrease the
      economic burden. As treatment options vary based on individual disease
      characteristics and patient preferences, reviewing the patient's complete
      clinical picture is imperative. An updated treatment algorithm, based on
      patients' most severe disease domain, is now available to guide the selection of
      optimal therapy. Special care should be given to patients with both psoriasis and
      PsA who experience multiple disease domains, a heavy symptom burden, and an
      increased risk of comorbidities. 

PMID- 27356195
TI  - Managed care aspects of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
AB  - The chronic and systemic nature of psoriasis has a significant impact on direct
      costs, indirect costs, and patient quality of life. Psoriasis is associated with
      comorbid conditions that add to the burden of the disease, especially in moderate
      to severe disease. The total estimated annual healthcare burden of psoriasis may
      be as high as $35.2 billion, with $12.2 billion in direct costs and $23 billion
      in indirect costs (attributed to reduced health-related quality of life and lost
      productivity). These costs vary based on the severity of the disease; pharmacy
      costs account for the majority of the burden, especially in severe disease.
      Biologic therapies are largely responsible for the pharmacy costs. Approval of
      biosimilar products in the near future may ease some of this burden for payers
      and patients, although new agents have also been recently approved, with more in
      the pipeline. The healthcare costs of psoriasis management substantially increase
      with comorbid conditions, such as heart disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension,
      diabetes, and lung disease. These comorbidities also include psychiatric
      conditions, such as social stigmatization, depression, and suicide. The overall
      costs associated with comorbidities are estimated to be an additional $22,713 per
      patient per year. Appropriate treatment selection and timing may curtail the
      progression of psoriasis, and, as a result, can decrease the economic burden. As
      treatment options vary based on comorbidities, long-term remission goals, and
      medication costs, conducting a comprehensive patient assessment is imperative.
      Drug utilization reviews steered by specialty pharmacists may help reduce costs
      and improve outcomes by providing treatment monitoring and patient education. 

PMID- 27356196
TI  - Identification of subpopulations with distinct treatment benefit rate using the
      Bayesian tree.
AB  - Characterization of a subpopulation by the difference in marginal means of the
      outcome under the intervention and control may not be sufficient to provide
      informative guidance for individual decision and public policy making.
      Specifically, often we are interested in the treatment benefit rate (TBR), that
      is, the probability of benefitting an intervention in a meaningful way. For
      binary outcomes, TBR is the proportion that has "unfavorable" outcome under the
      control and "favorable" outcome under the intervention. Identification of
      subpopulations with distinct TBR by baseline characteristics will have
      significant implications in clinical setting where a medical intervention with
      potential negative health impact is under consideration for a given patient. In
      addition, these subpopulations with unique TBR set the basis for guidance in
      implementing the intervention toward a more personalized scheme of treatment. In
      this article, we propose a Bayesian tree based latent variable model to seek
      subpopulations with distinct TBR. Our method offers a nonparametric Bayesian
      framework that accounts for the uncertainty in estimating potential outcomes and
      allows more exhaustive search of the partitions of the baseline covariates space.
      The method is evaluated through a simulation study and applied to a randomized
      clinical trial of implantable cardioverter defibrillators to reduce mortality.

PMID- 27356197
TI  - Osteomyelitis-Induced Sequester of Bovine-Derived Bone Mineral/Host Bone
      Composite 8 Years Post-Sinus Graft: A Case Report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Sinus grafts are a safe and predictable treatment for increasing
      bone volume in the posterior maxilla. Common complications include membrane
      perforations and postoperative infection. Little is published with regard to late
      onset infection except as it relates to periimplantitis. This report presents a
      case of late sequestration of bovine bone mineral graft fully consolidated within
      host lamellar bone, 8 years postsinus lift. Histology revealed mature lamellar
      bone encapsulating well-integrated particles of bovine bone material with
      evidence of devitalization and marrow spaces filled with a dense neutrophil
      infiltrate and a filamentous mixed microbial flora. RESULT: A histological
      diagnosis of osteomyelitis was given on analysis of the integrated bovine bone
      mineral sequester, 8 years after successful integration and functional loading.
      CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded from this case report that there is a potential
      for breakdown and sequestration of bovine bone mineral/host bone composite grafts
      long after successful integration and consolidation.

PMID- 27356198
TI  - Fracture Resistance of Monolithic High Translucency Zirconia Implant-Supported
      Crowns.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the resistance to axial forces of screw-retained monolithic high
      translucency zirconia (mHTZr) crowns compared with high translucency zirconia +
      feldspathic ceramic (HTZrC) crowns, low translucency zirconia + feldspathic
      ceramic (LTZrC) crowns, and metal-ceramic (MC) crowns, and also to observe the
      different fracture patterns between all groups. METHODS: Twenty-four crowns were
      fabricated (6 of each group) and loaded until failure, using a testing machine
      with a 5.0-kN load cell. RESULTS: Mean fracture results varied between 1092.7 N
      (LTZrC group) and 3439.7 N (mHTZr group). No statistically significant
      differences were found between the HTZrC, LTZrC, and MC groups. However,
      statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between mHTZr and the
      other 3 groups. In the MC group, only chipping of the ceramic veneering occurred.
      In the mHTZr group, when fracturing occurred, it was of the whole structure.
      Finally, the LTZrC and HTZrC groups suffered both chipping and core fractures.
      CONCLUSION: High translucency monolithic zirconia implant-supported crowns proved
      to be the toughest group studied when an axial force was applied. Fracture
      patterns varied between different materials, chipping being the most common
      occurrence.

PMID- 27356199
TI  - A Flap Design for Alveolar Bone Augmentation: Inverted Double Flap.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although uneventful healing of soft tissue after primary closure of an
      augmented site represents the crucial point for bone regeneration in oral
      surgery, the reported incidence of wound dehiscence continues to remain at
      between 2.5% and 10%. The aim of this new flap design was to decrease
      complication incidence through double flap closure and stabile keratinized tissue
      volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two patients who have partial edentulous alveolus
      with insufficient bone volume have been reached alveolus reconstruction with
      autogenous block graft. Before augmentation, flaps have been elevated with 2
      layers as inverted double flap. RESULTS: Two patients healed without any
      complications. The keratinized tissue and vestibule depth were stable when
      compared with the preoperative positions. CONCLUSIONS: This article presents a
      new flap design that allows twice the coverage of the augmentation site when
      compared with other techniques and may thus help eliminate problems related to
      wound healing after augmentation.

PMID- 27356200
TI  - Effects of Food Texture on Three-Dimensional Loads on Implants During Mastication
      Based on In Vivo Measurements.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The mechanisms by which the loads exerted on implants that support
      prostheses are modulated during mastication remain unclear. The purpose of this
      study was to evaluate the effects of food texture on 3-dimensional loads measured
      at a single implant using a piezoelectric transducer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two
      subjects participated in this study. The transducer and the experimental
      superstructure, which had been adjusted to the subject's occlusal scheme, were
      attached to the implant with a titanium screw. The foods tested were chewing gum
      and peanuts. RESULTS: The mean maximum load on the implant in each chewing cycle
      was significantly higher during peanut chewing than during gum chewing. The
      direction of maximum load was significantly more widely dispersed during peanut
      chewing than during gum chewing. The range of changes in load direction during
      the force-increasing phase of each chewing cycle was significantly wider during
      peanut chewing than during gum chewing. CONCLUSIONS: The load on the implant was
      affected by food texture in both subjects. This measurement method can be useful
      to investigate the mechanisms of load modulation on implants during mastication.

PMID- 27356201
TI  - Volumetric Evaluation of Safe Zone for Bone Harvesting From Symphysis Region by
      Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to retrospectively make a volumetric
      evaluation of symphysis sites of patients by the use of cone beam computed
      tomography (CBCT). METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated dentate symphysis
      region of the mandibles in CBCT scans taken for different reasons in 90 patients
      (45 women and 45 men). Three-dimensional (3D) data were obtained using a CBCT
      device Kodak 9000 3D CMOS sensor with optical fiber. CBCT images were then
      transferred as digital imaging and communications in medicine files and imported
      into a volumetric-rendering software 3D DOCTOR (Able Software Corp., Lexington,
      MA) capable of measurements of vector based-segmentation technology for
      volumetric measurements. RESULTS: The total average bone volume is 2616.45 mm.
      Significant differences in average bone volume were found between group I and
      group IV (P < 0.001). Higher bone volume was obtained in the male groups (2903.01
      mm) than in the female groups (2329.88 mm). CONCLUSIONS: CBCT is a good candidate
      for 3D assessment of high-contrast structures in the oral region. We suggest that
      the use of 3D computed tomography in combination with a software program is a
      dependable means of measuring the volume of the symphysis bone graft.

PMID- 27356202
TI  - Removing energy from a beverage influences later food intake more than the same
      energy addition.
AB  - Designing reduced-calorie foods and beverages without compromising their
      satiating effect could benefit weight management, assuming that consumers do not
      compensate for the missing calories at other meals. Though research has
      demonstrated that compensation for overfeeding is relatively limited, the extent
      to which energy reductions trigger adjustments in later food intake is less
      clear. The current study tested satiety responses (characterised by changes in
      appetite and later food intake) to both a covert 200 kcal reduction and an
      addition of maltodextrin to a soymilk test beverage. Twenty-nine healthy male
      participants were recruited to consume three sensory-matched soymilk beverages
      across four non-consecutive study days: a medium energy control (ME: 300 kcal)
      and a lower energy (LE: 100 kcal) and higher energy (HE: 500 kcal) version. The
      ME control was consumed twice to assess individual consistency in responses to
      this beverage. Participants were unaware of the energy differences across the
      soymilks. Lunch intake 60 min later increased in response to the LE soymilk, but
      was unchanged after consuming the HE version. These adjustments accounted for 40%
      of the energy removed from the soymilk and 13% of the energy added in. Rated
      appetite was relatively unaffected by the soymilk energy content. No further
      adjustments were noted for the rest of the day. These data suggest that adult men
      tested were more sensitive to calorie dilution than calorie addition to a
      familiar beverage.

PMID- 27356204
TI  - Current Status of Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Management in the United States.

PMID- 27356203
TI  - Glycemic increase induced by intravenous glucose infusion fails to affect hunger,
      appetite, or satiety following breakfast in healthy men.
AB  - Meal-dependent fluctuations of blood glucose and corresponding endocrine signals
      such as insulin are thought to provide important regulatory input for central
      nervous processing of hunger and satiety. Since food intake also triggers the
      release of numerous gastrointestinal signals, the specific contribution of
      changes in blood glucose to appetite regulation in humans has remained unclear.
      Here we tested the hypothesis that inducing glycemic fluctuations by intravenous
      glucose infusion is associated with concurrent changes in hunger, appetite, and
      satiety. In a single blind, counter-balanced crossover study 15 healthy young men
      participated in two experimental conditions on two separate days. 500 ml of a
      solution containing 50 g glucose or 0.9% saline, respectively, was intravenously
      infused over a 1-h period followed by a 1-h observation period. One hour before
      start of the respective infusion subjects had a light breakfast (284 kcal). Blood
      glucose and serum insulin concentrations as well as self-rated feelings of
      hunger, appetite, satiety, and fullness were assessed during the entire
      experiment. Glucose as compared to saline infusion markedly increased glucose and
      insulin concentrations (peak glucose level: 9.7 +/- 0.8 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.3 mmol/l;
      t(14) = -5.159, p < 0.001; peak insulin level: 370.4 +/- 66.5 vs. 109.6 +/- 21.5
      pmol/l; t(14) = 4.563, p < 0.001) followed by a sharp decline in glycaemia to a
      nadir of 3.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l (vs. 3.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/l at the corresponding time in
      the control condition; t(14) = -3.972, p = 0.001) after stopping the infusion.
      Despite this wide glycemic fluctuation in the glucose infusion condition
      subjective feelings of hunger, appetite satiety, and fullness did not differ from
      the control condition throughout the experiment. These findings clearly speak
      against the notion that fluctuations in glycemia and also insulinemia represent
      major signals in the short-term regulation of hunger and satiety.

PMID- 27356206
TI  - Are serum nitric oxide metabolites associated with fasting insulin among Iranian
      adults? (Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study).
AB  - AIM: It has been suggested that insulin resistance is associated with altered
      nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis. There is however no population-based study
      documenting an association between fasting serum insulin and serum NO metabolites
      (NOx) with multivariable adjustment. This study was therefore designed to
      determine the association between serum NOx and fasting insulin levels and
      insulin resistance/sensitivity indices in a sample of a population-based study in
      Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study, performed within the framework of the
      Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), analyzed the data of 1518 non-diabetic
      subjects (955 women), aged 20-87 years, who had participated in phase III of the
      TLGS (2006-2008). Serum NOx concentrations were measured using the Griess method.
      Fasting serum insulin was measured by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay
      method. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the association
      between serum NOx concentration and quartiles of insulin and insulin
      resistance/sensitivity indices (HOMA1-IR, HOMA2-IR, and QUICKI). RESULTS: NOx
      concentration in women only was weakly correlated with HOMA1-IR (r = 0.07, P =
      0.03) and QUICKI (r = -0.07, P = 0.03), whereas no significant association was
      observed in men (P > 0.05). Marginally significant correlations were also found
      between serum NOx and fasting insulin concentration (r = 0.062, p = 0.057) and
      HOMA2-IR (r = 0.063, p = 0.053) in women. NOx concentration differed
      significantly between quartiles of insulin and insulin resistance/sensitivity
      indices among women and the total population (P < 0.05), associations which
      remained significant after age adjustment (P < 0.05), but not after adjustment
      for other confounding variables (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fasting serum insulin
      level and insulin resistance/sensitivity indices are not associated with serum
      NOx level after multivariable adjustment.

PMID- 27356207
TI  - Bronsted Acid Catalyzed Addition of Enamides to ortho-Quinone Methide Imines-An
      Efficient and Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydroacridines.
AB  - The direct and highly enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydroacridines was
      achieved through the phosphoric acid catalyzed addition of enamides to in situ
      generated ortho-quinone methide imines and subsequent elimination. This novel one
      step process constitutes a very efficient, elegant, and selective synthetic
      approach to valuable N-heterocycles with a 1,4-dihydroquinoline motif. By
      subsequent highly diastereoselective hydrogenation and N-deprotection the
      reaction products were easily converted into free hexahydroacridines with a total
      of three new stereogenic centers.

PMID- 27356208
TI  - In silico designing of hyper-glycosylated analogs for the human coagulation
      factor IX.
AB  - N-glycosylation is a process during which a glycan moiety attaches to the
      asparagine residue in the N-glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Xxx-Ser/Thr),
      where Xxx can be any amino acid except proline. Introduction of a new N
      glycosylation site into a protein backbone leads to its hyper-glycosylation, and
      may improve the protein properties such as solubility, folding, stability, and
      secretion. Glyco-engineering is an approach to facilitate the hyper-glycosylation
      of recombinant proteins by application of the site-directed mutagenesis methods.
      In this regard, selection of a suitable location on the surface of a protein for
      introduction of a new N-glycosylation site is a main concern. In this work, a
      computational approach was conducted to select suitable location(s) for
      introducing new N-glycosylation sites into the human coagulation factor IX
      (hFIX). With this aim, the first 45 residues of mature hFIX were explored to find
      out suitable positions for introducing either Asn or Ser/Thr residues, to create
      new N-glycosylation site(s). Our exploration lead to detection of five potential
      positions, for hyper-glycosylation. For each suggested position, an analog was
      defined and subjected for N-glycosylation efficiency prediction. After generation
      of three-dimensional structures, by homology-based modeling, the five designed
      analogs were examined by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, to predict their
      stability levels and probable structural distortions caused by amino acid
      substitutions, relative to the native counterpart. Three out of five suggested
      analogs, namely; E15T, K22N, and R37N, reached equilibration state with
      relatively constant Root Mean Square Deviation values. Additional analysis on the
      data obtained during MD simulations, lead us to conclude that, R37N is the only
      qualified analog with the most similar structure and dynamic behavior to that of
      the native counterpart, to be considered for further experimental investigations.

PMID- 27356210
TI  - A Tracheal Mass.

PMID- 27356209
TI  - Cirrhosis-related musculoskeletal disease: radiological review.
AB  - Musculoskeletal problems in patients with liver disease are common; however, they
      are not so well described in the literature. Therefore, there is a need to
      collate information on these disorders, as their incidence is on a constant rise
      and some of these pathologies can severely debilitate the patient's quality of
      life. These disorders are parietal wall varices with or without bleeding,
      spontaneous intramuscular haematoma (e.g. rectus sheath), abdominal wall hernia,
      anasarca, hepatic osteodystrophy, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, necrotizing
      fasciitis, osseous metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma etc. While portal
      hypertension plays a key role in disorders, in others, dysregulation of the
      coagulation system or a compromised immune system are responsible. Imaging plays
      an essential role in the assessment of these complications and awareness of these
      musculoskeletal manifestations is vital for establishing a timely diagnosis and
      planning of appropriate therapy, as these disorders can significantly impact the
      morbidity and mortality and also influence candidacy for liver transplantation.
      We herein comprehensively appraise various musculoskeletal complications
      associated with chronic liver disease/liver cirrhosis especially from an imaging
      perspective which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been collectively
      described in English literature. 

PMID- 27356212
TI  - Echoendoscopic ethanol ablation of tumor combined with celiac plexus neurolysis
      in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic ultrasonography guided-celiac plexus neurolysis
      relieves pain in patients with pancreatic cancer but with often suboptimal and
      transient results. The study aims to compare the efficacy and safety of
      endoscopic ultrasound-guided tumor ethanol ablation combined with celiac plexus
      neurolysis with respect to celiac plexus neurolysis alone for pain management in
      patients with pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Among 123 patients with unresectable
      pancreatic cancer referred to our Institution between 2006 and 2014, 58 treated
      with endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis (Group 1) and 65 with
      the combined approach (Group 2) were compared. Logistic regression models were
      applied to identify predictors of pain relief. RESULTS: The two groups presented
      similar baseline clinical and tumoral parameters. Pre-procedural visual analog
      scale score was 7 in both groups (P = 0.8), and tumor max diameter was 38 mm
      (range 25-59) in Group 1 and 43 mm (22-59) in Group 2 (P = 0.4). The combined
      treatment increased pain relief and complete pain response rate (P = 0.005 and
      0.003, respectively). Median duration of pain relief was 10 (7-14) and 18 (13-20)
      weeks in the two groups, respectively (P = 0.004). At multivariate regression,
      initial visual analog scale score and endoscopic technique adopted resulted
      significantly associated with pain relief. No severe treatment-related adverse
      events were reported. Median overall survival was 6.5 months (5.1-8.6) in Group 1
      and 8.3 months (6-11.4) in Group 2 (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasound
      guided tumor ablation combined with celiac plexus neurolysis appears to be
      superior to celiac plexus neurolysis alone in terms of pain control and overall
      survival.

PMID- 27356211
TI  - Un Jalon, Un Volteon, y Otra Vez: High-Risk Crack Smoking Paraphernalia in Mexico
      City.
AB  - During the past decade, crack smoking has increased in Mexico among poor urban
      populations. Despite this increasing prevalence, little is known about the types
      of paraphernalia used and related sharing practices and physical harms. Data come
      from in-depth semi-structured interviews and observations with 156 current crack
      smokers in Mexico City. Findings reveal a complex, crack-smoking process in
      Mexico City that represents an interconnected structure of paraphernalia items
      and pipes that could contribute to detrimental health consequences. Specifically,
      we identify essential paraphernalia items that make the smoking of crack
      possible; describe the homemade construction of two categories of pipes; and
      detail the sharing practices and physical harms associated with these
      paraphernalia. Results point towards a smoking process that is embedded in
      impoverished urban neighborhoods sustained by an accessible street-level crack
      market. Discussed are the policy and intervention implications associated with
      reducing crack-related health consequences in Mexico and other Latin American
      countries.

PMID- 27356213
TI  - Fructokinase A acts as a protein kinase to promote nucleotide synthesis.

PMID- 27356214
TI  - Evolution of Na-S(-O) Compounds on the Cu2ZnSnS4 Absorber Surface and Their
      Effects on CdS Thin Film Growth.
AB  - Formation of Na-containing surface compounds is an important phenomenon in the
      Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) quaternary material synthesis for solar cell applications.
      Still, identification of these compounds and the understanding of their potential
      influence on buffer layer growth and device performance are scarce. In this work,
      we discovered that the evolution of Na-S(-O) compounds on the CZTS surface
      substantially affect the solution/CZTS interface during the chemical bath
      deposition of CdS buffer film. We showed that Na2S negatively affects the growth
      of CdS, and that this compound is likely to form on the CZTS surface after
      annealing. It was also demonstrated that the Na2S compound can be oxidized to
      Na2SO4 by air exposure of the annealed CZTS surface or be removed using water
      dipping instead of the commonly used KCN etching process, resulting in
      significantly better quality of the CdS layer. Lastly, 6.5% CZTS solar cells were
      fabricated with air exposure treatment without incorporation of the KCN etching
      process. This work provides new insight into the growth of the CdS/CZTS interface
      for solar cell applications and opens new possibilities for improving likewise Cd
      free buffer materials that are grown with a similar chemical bath deposition
      process. 

PMID- 27356215
TI  - Effect of elongational flow on immiscible polymer blend/nanoparticle composites:
      a molecular dynamics study.
AB  - Using coarse-grained nonequilibrium molecular dynamics, the dynamics of a blend
      of the equal ratio of immiscible polymers mixed with nanoparticles (NP) are
      simulated. The simulations are conducted under planar elongational flow, which
      affects the dispersion of the NPs and the self-assembly morphology. The goal of
      this study is to investigate the effect of planar elongational flow on the
      nanocomposite blend system as well as to thoroughly compare the blend to an
      analogous symmetric block copolymer (BCP) system to understand the role of the
      polymer structure on the morphology and NP dispersion. Two types of spherical NPs
      are considered: (1) selective NPs that are attracted to one of the polymer
      components and (2) nonselective NPs that are neutral to both components. A
      comparison of the blend and BCP systems reveals that for selective NP, the blend
      system shows a much broader NP distribution in the selective phase than the BCP
      phase. This is due to a more uniform distribution of polymer chain ends
      throughout the selective phase in the blend system than the BCP system. For
      nonselective NP, the blend and BCP systems show similar results for low
      elongation rates, but the NP peak in the BCP system broadens as elongation rates
      approach the order-disorder transition. In addition, the presence of NP is found
      to affect the morphology transitions of both the blend and BCP systems, depending
      on the NP type. 

PMID- 27356216
TI  - The Sexual Possible Selves and Strategies of First-Semester College Students:
      What Do They Hope for and Fear and How Do They Plan to Get There?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to expand research on emerging adult sexuality by
      examining first-semester college students' (N = 282) possible selves and
      strategies related to sex, and by considering whether these varied by demographic
      characteristics. Students were first asked to describe what they expected and
      feared regarding sex and sexuality in the coming year and were then asked to
      articulate strategies for achieving goals and avoiding fears. Content analysis of
      participants' responses to open-ended questions revealed that expected possible
      selves commonly discussed included abstinence, interpersonal relationships,
      physical/sexual health, and exploration. Fears commonly discussed included
      reputation, risk-taking behaviors, and rape/assault. Categorical comparisons
      indicated abstinence and interpersonal relationships were the most prominent foci
      of expected sexual possible selves (SPS) and strategies, and physical/sexual
      health was the most prominent focus of feared SPS and strategies. Chi-square
      analyses indicated significant variations in SPS, feared selves, and strategies
      based on sex, intercourse experience, and relationship type. Binomial logistic
      regression analyses indicated religiosity differences in the SPS and strategies
      of abstinence, explore/experiment, physical/sexual health, interpersonal
      relationship, and risk-taking behaviors. Implications for research and sexual
      health education for college-based populations are discussed.

PMID- 27356217
TI  - On the Activation of Methane and Carbon Dioxide by [HTaO](+) and [TaOH](+) in the
      Gas Phase: A Mechanistic Study.
AB  - The thermal reactions of [Ta,O,H](+) with methane and carbon dioxide have been
      investigated experimentally and theoretically by using electrospray ionization
      mass spectrometry (ESI MS) and density functional theory calculations. Although
      the activation of methane proceeds by liberation of H2 , the activation of CO2
      gives rise to the formation of [OTa(OH)](+) under the elimination of CO.
      Computational studies of the reactions of methane and carbon dioxide with the two
      isomers of [Ta,O,H](+) , namely, [HTaO](+) and [Ta(OH)](+) , have been performed
      to elucidate mechanistic aspects and to explain characteristic reaction patterns.

PMID- 27356231
TI  - A low-cost, ultraflexible cloth-based microfluidic device for wireless
      electrochemiluminescence application.
AB  - The rising need for low-cost diagnostic devices has led to the search for
      inexpensive matrices that allow performing alternative analytical assays. Cloth
      is a viable material for the development of analytical devices due to its low
      material and manufacture costs, ability to wick assay fluids by capillary forces,
      and potential for patterning multiplexed channel geometries. In this paper, we
      describe the construction of low-cost, ultraflexible microfluidic cloth-based
      analytical devices (MUCADs) for wireless electrochemiluminescence based on closed
      bipolar electrodes (C-WL-ECL), employing extremely cheap materials and a
      manufacturing process. The C-WL-ECL MUCADs are built with wax-screen-printed
      cloth channels and carbon ink screen-printed electrodes, and the estimated cost
      per device is only $0.015. To demonstrate the performance of C-WL-ECL MUCADs, the
      two most commonly used ECL systems - tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii)/tri-n
      propylamine (Ru(bpy)3(2+)/TPA) and 3-aminophthalhydrazide/hydrogen peroxide
      (luminol/H2O2) - are applied. Under optimized conditions, the C-WL-ECL method has
      successfully fulfilled the quantitative determination of TPA with a detection
      limit of 0.085 mM. In addition, on the bent MUCADs (bending angle (theta) = 180
      degrees ), the luminol/H2O2-based ECL system can detect H2O2 as low as 0.024 mM.
      Based on such an ECL system, the bent MUCADs are further used for determination
      of glucose in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS), with the detection limit of
      0.195 mM. Finally, the applicability and validity, anti-interference ability, and
      storage stability of the C-WL-ECL MUCADs are investigated. The results indicate
      that the proposed device has shown potential to extend the use of microfluidic
      analytical devices, due to its simplicity, low cost, ultraflexibility, and
      acceptable analytical performance.

PMID- 27356232
TI  - Conformational Changes and Flexibility of DNA Devices Observed by Small-Angle X
      ray Scattering.
AB  - Self-assembled DNA origami nanostructures enable the creation of precisely
      defined shapes at the molecular scale. Dynamic DNA devices that are capable of
      switching between defined conformations could afford completely novel
      functionalities for diagnostic, therapeutic, or engineering applications.
      Developing such objects benefits strongly from experimental feedback about
      conformational changes and 3D structures, ideally in solution, free of potential
      biases from surface attachment or labeling. Here, we demonstrate that small-angle
      X-ray scattering (SAXS) can quantitatively resolve the conformational changes of
      a DNA origami two-state switch device as a function of the ionic strength of the
      solution. In addition, we show how SAXS data allow for refinement of the
      predicted idealized three-dimensional structure of the DNA object using a normal
      mode approach based on an elastic network model. The results reveal deviations
      from the idealized design geometries that are otherwise difficult to resolve. Our
      results establish SAXS as a powerful tool to investigate conformational changes
      and solution structures of DNA origami and we anticipate our methodology to be
      broadly applicable to increasingly complex DNA and RNA devices.

PMID- 27356233
TI  - Alcoholic liver disease: focus on prodromal gut health.
AB  - Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is implicated in gut disturbances, both
      functionally and structurally. It has been noticed that the gut-liver interaction
      is an important feature in the prevention of systemic inflammation as well as
      liver health. The optimal functioning of the gut-liver axis depends on gut
      health. Therefore, gut problems may be important for estimating liver
      inflammation, while our knowledge of ALD could also provide an insight into gut
      health. Gut problems accompanied by ALD include gut motility and absorption
      problems, mucosal damage and the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and gastrointestinal
      carcinogenesis. Moreover, there is emerging evidence that besides direct
      inflammatory injury caused by alcohol, gut problems related to ALD play a crucial
      role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and immunological disorders. In this
      regard, we should consider ALD in relation to both gut health and chronic
      systemic low-grade inflammation. Accordingly, integrative therapeutic strategies
      are warranted for treating and preventing ALD and systemic inflammation as well
      as alcohol-related gut problems.

PMID- 27356234
TI  - The first asymmetric synthesis of marliolide from readily accessible carbohydrate
      as chiral template.
AB  - A simple and efficient strategy for the first asymmetric total synthesis of
      marliolide was accomplished by using stereoselective alkylation of the dianion of
      the beta-hydroxy lactone enolate with myristyl aldehyde as a key step. The key
      intermediate, beta-hydroxyl gamma-methyl butyrolactone was prepared by
      transformation of L-lyxonolactone starting from D-ribose, a naturally abundant
      chiral carbohydrate. 

PMID- 27356235
TI  - Extremely high boron tolerance in Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. related to
      root boron exclusion and a well-regulated antioxidant system.
AB  - Recent studies indicate an extremely high level of tolerance to boron (B)
      toxicity in Puccinellia distans (Jacq.) Parl. but the mechanistic basis is not
      known. Puccinellia distans was exposed to B concentrations of up to 1000 mg B L-1
      and root B uptake, growth parameters, B and N contents, H2O2 accumulation and .OH
      scavenging activity were measured. Antioxidant enzyme activities including
      superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, peroxidase and
      glutathione reductase, and lipid peroxidation products were determined. B appears
      to be actively excluded from roots. Excess B supply caused structural
      deformations in roots and leaves, H2O2 accumulation and simultaneous up
      regulation of the antioxidative system, which prevented lipid peroxidation even
      at the highest B concentrations. Thus, P. distans has an efficient root B
      exclusion capability and, in addition, B tolerance in shoots is achieved by a
      well-regulated antioxidant defense system. 

PMID- 27356237
TI  - Can irisin be a linker between physical activity and brain function?
AB  - Irisin was initially discovered as a novel hormone-like myokine released from
      skeletal muscle during exercise to improve obesity and glucose dysfunction by
      stimulating the browning of white adipose tissue. Emerging evidence have
      indicated that irisin also affects brain function. FNDC5 mRNA and FNDC5/irisin
      immunoreactivity are present in various regions of the brain. Central irisin is
      involved in the regulation of neural differentiation and proliferation,
      neurobehavior, energy expenditure and cardiac function. Elevation of peripheral
      irisin level stimulates hippocampal genes related to neuroprotection, learning
      and memory. In this brief review, we summarize the current understanding on
      neuronal functions of irisin. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons for this
      molecule as a potential messenger mediating the crosstalk between skeletal muscle
      and central nervous system during exercise. 

PMID- 27356236
TI  - High-throughput sequencing offers new insights into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine.
AB  - Chemical modifications of DNA comprise epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to
      the maintenance of cellular activities and memory. Although the function of 5
      methylcytosine (5-mC) has been extensively studied, little is known about the
      function(s) of relatively rarer and underappreciated cytosine modifications
      including 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC). The discovery that ten-eleven
      translocation (Tet) proteins mediate conversion of 5-mC to 5-hmC, and other
      oxidation derivatives, sparked renewed interest to understand the biological role
      of 5-hmC. Studies examining total 5-hmC levels revealed the highly dynamic yet
      tissue-specific nature of this modification, implicating a role in epigenetic
      regulation and development. Intriguingly, 5-hmC levels are highest during early
      development and in the brain where abnormal patterns of 5-hmC have been observed
      in disease conditions. Thus, 5-hmC adds to the growing list of epigenetic
      modifications with potential utility in clinical applications and warrants
      further investigation. This review discusses the emerging functional roles of 5
      hmC in normal and disease states, focusing primarily on insights provided by
      recent studies exploring the genome-wide distribution of this modification in
      mammals. 

PMID- 27356238
TI  - Modified Best-Practice Algorithm to Reduce the Number of Postoperative
      Videofluoroscopic Swallow Studies in Patients With Type 1 Laryngeal Cleft Repair.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: There is no consensus as to the timing of videofluoroscopic swallow
      studies (VFSSs) in determining resolving aspiration after laryngeal cleft repair.
      There is a growing literature on the effect of radiation exposure in children.
      OBJECTIVE: To modify a previously published best-practice algorithm based on a
      literature review and our clinical experience to maintain the quality of care
      provided after successful type 1 laryngeal cleft repair, while reducing the total
      number of postoperative VFSSs by 10% or greater. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: The previously published algorithm was modified by a
      multidisciplinary group at a tertiary care academic medical center (Massachusetts
      Eye and Ear) and was prospectively applied to 31 children who underwent type 1
      laryngeal cleft repair from January 1, 2013, to February 28, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES
      AND MEASURES: The number of VFSSs obtained in the first 7 months after surgery
      was compared with the peer-reviewed literature and with a retrospective cohort of
      27 patients who underwent type 1 laryngeal cleft repair from January 1, 2008, to
      December 31, 2012. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 31 patients. Their ages
      ranged from 10 to 48 months, with a mean (SD) age of 23.94 (9.93) months, and 19%
      (6 of 31) were female. The mean (SD) number of postoperative VFSSs per patient
      before and after implementation of the algorithm was 1.22 (0.42) and 1.03 (0.55),
      respectively. The use of the algorithm reduced the number of VFSSs by 0.19 (95%
      CI, -0.07 to 0.45). This reduction in radiation exposure is equivalent to 1.47
      chest radiographs per child per course of care. Surgical success was 87% (27 of
      31) compared with our group's previously published success rate of 78% (21 of 27)
      (absolute difference, 0.09; 95% CI, -0.17 to 0.34). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      This modified algorithm to help guide decisions on when and how often to obtain
      VFSSs after type 1 laryngeal cleft repair can limit patients' radiation exposure,
      while maintaining high surgical success rates.

PMID- 27356239
TI  - Antimelanogenesis Activity of Hydrolyzed Ginseng Extract (GINST) via Inhibition
      of JNK Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase in B16F10 Cells.
AB  - GINST is a hydrolyzed ginseng extract produced by an in vitro process that
      imitates the metabolic function of bacteria in the human digestive track and has
      approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of Korea for the management of
      postprandial hyperglycemia. Additionally, GINST has been reported to have other
      physiological functions including anti-aging and antioxidant effects. The
      objectives of this study are to compare the antimelanogenic effects of fresh
      ginseng extract (FGE) and GINST extract and to elucidate the functional
      mechanism. The concentration of total ginsenosides in FGE and GINST was measured
      using ultraperformance liquid chromatography with a C18 column. B16F10 cells were
      treated with FGE and GINST for 72 h to assess melanin content, tyrosinase
      activity, and protein levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
      (MITF) and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). The activity of kinases involved
      in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, such as extracellular
      signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38 mitogen
      activated protein kinases (p38), were measured using western blots. While neither
      FGE nor GINST inhibited the activity of mushroom tyrosinase directly, GINST
      decreased melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity markedly. Furthermore, our
      results indicate that GINST downregulated the levels of MITF and TRP-1 possibly
      by suppressing JNK signaling. We concluded that, when compared to FGE, GINST has
      a superior antimelanogenic effect mediated by the downregulation of MITF, TRP-1,
      and intracellular tyrosinase activity via the JNK signaling pathway. Thus, we
      suggest that GINST has the potential to be used as a novel skin whitening agent. 

PMID- 27356241
TI  - The burden of filial piety: A qualitative study on caregiving motivations amongst
      family caregivers of patients with cancer in Singapore.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study explores (1) the motivations and challenges facing family
      caregiving for cancer in Singapore and (2) suggests a possible framework to guide
      culturally sensitive future work on caregivers. DESIGN: Twenty caregivers of
      patients being treated for cancer at a public hospital in Singapore were
      interviewed. A semi-structured interview format and inductive thematic analysis
      were used to analyse the data. Caregivers were asked about their motivations for
      caregiving and the challenges they faced. RESULTS: Caregivers' motivations
      grouped into three categories: personal value and fulfilment, giving care because
      of societal expectations such as filial piety, and practical need. Challenges
      were grouped into interpersonal challenges, disclosure and finding balance.
      Caregivers with different primary motivations varied in their responses to these
      challenges. More autonomous caregivers cited learning points and reprioritised
      more effectively than less autonomous caregivers, who reported more internal
      conflict and less control over their situation. CONCLUSIONS: In Singapore and
      Asia, sociocultural values of family caregiving are not uniformly experienced as
      positive, and may be burdensome for caregivers who give care primarily for
      extrinsic motivations. As family caregiving needs increase, targeted psychosocial
      support for caregivers with less autonomous behavioural orientations may pre-empt
      caregiver burnout and burden.

PMID- 27356240
TI  - Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids and oleate enhances exercise
      training effects in patients with metabolic syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We studied the effects of exercise training alone or combined with
      dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3PUFA) and
      oleate on metabolic syndrome (MSyn) components and other markers of
      cardiometabolic health. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with MSyn underwent 24 weeks
      of high-intensity interval training. In a double-blind randomized design, half of
      the group ingested 500 mL/day of semi-skim milk (8 g of fat; placebo milk)
      whereas the other half ingested 500 mL/day of skim milk enriched with 275 mg of
      Omega-3PUFA and 7.5 g of oleate (Omega-3 + OLE). RESULTS: Omega-3 + OLE treatment
      elevated 30% plasma Omega-3PUFA but not significantly (P = 0.286). Improvements
      in VO2peak (12.8%), mean blood pressure (-7.1%), waist circumference (-1.8%),
      body fat mass (-2.9%), and trunk fat mass (-3.3%) were similar between groups.
      However, insulin sensitivity (measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test),
      serum concentration of C-reactive protein, and high-density lipoprotein improved
      only in the Omega-3 + OLE group by 31.5%, 32.1%, and 10.3%, respectively (all P <
      0.05). Fasting serum triacylglycerol, glucose, and plasma fibrinogen
      concentrations did not improve in either group after 24 weeks of intervention.
      CONCLUSIONS: Diet supplementation with Omega-3PUFA and oleate enhanced
      cardiometabolic benefits of intense aerobic exercise training in patients with
      MSyn.

PMID- 27356242
TI  - Aggression Is Associated With Increased Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use
      Contemplation Among Adolescents.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between aggression and anabolic-androgenic
      steroid (AAS) use intent among adolescents. A nationally representative sample of
      Norwegian 18-year-olds (N = 1,334, females = 58.7%) took part in a survey in 2013
      (response rate = 64.9%). Participants completed the physical and verbal subscales
      of the Short-Form Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Intent to use AAS
      Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, and the
      Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. They also provided demographic information
      and answered questions about AAS use, gambling participation, as well as
      cigarette and snus use. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic
      regression were used to analyze the data. Lifetime and past year prevalence of
      AAS use was 0.1%. Between 0.4% and 1.7% of participants disclosed intent to use
      while between 1.1% and 2.5% expressed neutral intent to initiate AAS use.
      Compared to persons low on aggression, individuals high on aggression were more
      likely to report intent and curiosity towards initiating AAS use. Our findings
      indicate that aggression is a risk factor for AAS use contemplation among
      adolescents.

PMID- 27356243
TI  - Dermoscopic criteria and basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is nowadays the most frequent skin cancer in the fair
      skinned population. Clinical suspicion for BCC diagnosis can be easy in advance
      cases, but it sometimes sets a real challenge wherein dermoscopy has proven to be
      a useful tool. Dermoscopy is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that improves
      the clinical diagnosis of pigmented and non-pigmented BCC representing a link
      between macroscopic clinical dermatology and microscopic dermatopathology. The
      dermoscopy of basal cell carcinoma is currently very well-known, as well as the
      clinical and histopathological features of BCC subtypes. Recently some flowcharts
      and algorithms for the most common subtypes of BCC have been proposed. We review
      the latest literature on the topic to describe the most frequent dermoscopy
      patterns for each subtype.

PMID- 27356244
TI  - Extended Bis(benzothia)quinodimethanes and Their Dications: From Singlet
      Diradicaloids to Isoelectronic Structures of Long Acenes.
AB  - Extended bis(benzothia)quinodimethanes and their dications were synthesized as
      stable species. The neutral compounds mainly have a quinoidal structure in the
      ground state but show increased diradical character with extension of the central
      quinodimethane unit. The dications exhibit similar electronic absorption spectra,
      NMR spectra, NICS values, and diatropic ring currents to their aromatic all
      carbon acene analogues and thus can be regarded as genuine isoelectronic
      structures of pentacene, hexacene, and heptacene, respectively. Our research gave
      some insights into the design and synthesis of stable longer acene analogues.

PMID- 27356245
TI  - ERRATA
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1590/S0104-59702016005000010.].

PMID- 27356246
TI  - The challenge of the increasing demand for joint replacement.

PMID- 27356247
TI  - Zika virus threat.

PMID- 27356248
TI  - Burden of disease from second-hand smoke exposure in New Zealand.
AB  - AIM: To estimate the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
      attributable to secondhand smoke in New Zealand. METHOD: Comparative risk
      assessment methods were used to estimate the attributable burden from second-hand
      smoke in children and non-smoking adults in New Zealand. Disease outcomes
      included were: ischaemic heart disease; stroke and lung cancer in adults; asthma;
      lower respiratory infections; otitis media; sudden unexpected death in infancy
      (SUDI); and low birthweight at term in children. Mortality data from 2009-2011
      and DALY data from 2006 were used. RESULTS: In New Zealand, second-hand smoke was
      estimated to have caused 104 deaths (plausible range: 66-137) in 2010, and led to
      the loss of 2,286 healthy years of life (DALYs) (1,465-3,177) in 2006. The main
      conditions accounting for this health burden were ischaemic heart disease and
      stroke in older adults. Children accounted for 34% of the attributable health
      loss in 2006, particularly due to SUDI. Maori experienced five times the health
      loss of non-Maori, after standardising for age differences. CONCLUSION: Second
      hand smoke continues to cause substantial health loss in New Zealand, and
      disproportionately affects children and Maori. Substantial health gains can be
      made by reducing exposure to second-hand smoke in New Zealand.

PMID- 27356249
TI  - The Impact on Life questionnaire: validation for elective surgery prioritisation
      in New Zealand prioritisation criteria in orthopaedic surgery.
AB  - AIM: This cohort study tested the reliability and validity of the Impact on Life
      (IoL) patient-rated questionnaire for use in prioritising orthopaedic procedures.
      METHODS: Three hundred and twenty-four patients completed the questionnaire
      during specialist orthopaedic assessments over a 5-month period in 2013. The
      reliability and validity of the IoL were tested against the SF-12 and Oxford
      scores. Correlation analysis was used to assess patient- and surgeon-rated
      scores. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha.
      Patient- and surgeon-rated scores were further analysed between patients added to
      the waiting list and those that were not. RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 58
      years (range 18-88). Reliability analysis showed the IoL had excellent internal
      consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.926, reaching the threshold for clinical
      application. Construct validity of the IoL was confirmed with significant
      correlation with other validated quality of life measures (p<0.01). T-tests
      indicated that patients placed on the waiting list had significantly higher
      surgeon and IoL scores (p<0.001), compared with those not placed on the waiting
      list. CONCLUSION: Our results support the IoL as a valid and reliable method of
      assessing patient-rated quality of life and recommend its use in the Orthopaedic
      Clinical Priority Assessment Criteria score.

PMID- 27356250
TI  - Perioperative mortality in New Zealand related to hip and knee replacement
      surgery: comparing administrative and registry data.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Perioperative mortality is of considerable importance, but few
      national assessments are available. New Zealand has a clinical registry and an
      administrative dataset that both capture national information about hip and knee
      arthroplasties. National perioperative mortality rates were compared between the
      two data sources. METHOD: Data related to all patients undergoing an elective hip
      or knee replacement procedure (primary or revision) between 1 January 2007 and 31
      December 2011 were separately extracted from the New Zealand Joint Registry and
      the National Minimum Dataset. The procedure date was used to define the
      occurrence of an event and dates were compared between datasets plus or minus 3
      days. Date of death information was obtained from the National Mortality
      Collection and used to estimate 30 day mortality rates. RESULTS: No statistically
      significant differences in perioperative mortality were evident between
      comparisons from the two data sources although more deaths were recorded among
      Registry-only procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of 30 day perioperative
      mortality related to hip and knee arthroplasty procedures in New Zealand 2007
      2011 are very similar regardless of data source. These data, coupled with
      perioperative mortality review using structured reports obtained from clinicians,
      could be used to develop a surveillance system to promote surgical safety.

PMID- 27356251
TI  - Cascade of care for people living with HIV infection in the Wellington region.
AB  - AIM: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly effective in providing better
      outcomes for people living with HIV infection (PLHIV) and reducing the risk of
      transmission to others. The 'cascade of care' describes steps in delivering care:
      diagnosis, linkage and retention in care, and the provision and success of ART.
      METHODS: The cascade of care for PLHIV in the Wellington region was reviewed
      during 2015. An estimate of 20% undiagnosed HIV infection was used from past New
      Zealand research. 'Suppression of HIV infection' by ART was defined as a viral
      load less than 200 RNA copies/mL as commonly used in other cascade of care
      studies. RESULTS: There were 307 people identified with HIV infection. The median
      age was 48 years, and 54 (18%) were women. At the time of the audit, each of the
      307 PLHIV were accounted for and not lost to follow-up. ART was being taken by
      272 (89%). Those with a CD4 count >500 x 10^6/L accounted for 26/35 not on ART.
      Of those on ART 254/272 (93.3%) had a suppressed viral load, including 252/259
      (97.3%) of those established on treatment >6 months. Overall, 254/384 (66.1%)
      were estimated to have a suppressed viral load. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated
      a high level of retention in care, and of effective HIV suppression, with ART.
      The main gaps in the cascade of care were the people with undiagnosed HIV
      infection and those in whom treatment had not yet been initiated because their
      CD4 count was above 500 cells/10^6/L.

PMID- 27356252
TI  - Excess cost associated with primary hip and knee joint arthroplasty surgical site
      infections: a driver to support investment in quality improvement strategies to
      reduce infection rates.
AB  - AIM: To determine the excess costs attributable to surgical site infections (SSI)
      following primary hip and knee joint arthroplasty at Auckland City Hospital.
      METHODS: A retrospective case-control study. Cases were patients who developed a
      SSI following primary hip (THA) and knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery within 90
      days of the procedure. Cases were matched 1:2 with controls; patients whose
      primary hip and knee arthroplasty procedures were not complicated by infection.
      Controls were matched for age, gender, date of surgery, type of surgery, and ASA
      category. The length of stay (LOS) and hospital costs for the initial admission
      and subsequent readmission for infection were calculated from the clinical
      costing system at Auckland District Health Board. RESULTS: Eleven cases were
      identified; 3 following TKA, 7 following THA, and 1 following hemiarthroplasty of
      the hip. Infections were classified as superficial, 1, joint space, 1, and deep
      incisional, 9. Five SSI were identified during the initial admission for joint
      arthroplasty and 6 patients were readmitted with an SSI. Compared to the control
      patients, SSIs were associated with an excess mean cost of $40,121 and an excess
      mean LOS of 42 days. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant increase in LOS and cost
      associated with SSI following primary THA and TKA at Auckland City Hospital. In
      addition to the excess cost associated with SSI, there are also opportunity costs
      resulting from their impact on elective surgical waiting lists. This reinforces
      the significant positive economic impact a successful strategy to reduce SSIs
      associated with primary joint arthroplasty procedures will have.

PMID- 27356253
TI  - Rationing of hip and knee replacement: effect on the severity of patient-reported
      symptoms and the demand for surgery in Otago.
AB  - AIM: A key Government health target has been to increase access to elective
      surgery. Despite this, there is a growing concern about unmet demand and
      increasing numbers of patients are being declined elective surgery. This study
      aims to determine whether there has been an increase in the severity of
      osteoarthritis of the hip and knee in patients undergoing publicly-funded
      elective total joint replacement (TJR) and any increase in demand for TJR in
      Otago. METHOD: Demographic details and preoperative patient reported outcome
      scores (Oxford hip or knee score (OHS,OKS) and a reduced Western Ontario and
      McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score (RWS) were collected prospectively in
      an historical cohort of patients undergoing total hip and knee replacement (THR,
      TKR) between 2006-2010. These were compared with all patients undergoing THR and
      TKR in the 12-month period commencing 1 November 2013, and all patients
      waitlisted during this period but returned to GP due to capacity issues. An
      estimate of current demand was made by adding all waitlisted public patients from
      the 12-month period to surgical numbers from private and those funded by ACC.
      RESULTS: In the 2006-2010 group of 613 patients, the mean OHS was 13.6 (SD 6.7)
      and OKS 15.4 (SD 6.5) and RWS 30.5 (SD 8.0). Three hundred and sixty-seven
      patients who underwent surgery in 2013/4 had significantly poorer scores (OHS 9.9
      (SD 4.9), OKS 10.6 (SD 3.8), RWS 34.8 (SD 6.7)). The scores of 194 patients
      returned to GP in 2013/4 were the same as the historical surgical group (OHS13.0
      (SD 6.2, OKS 15.2 (SD 5.9), RWS 30.8 (SD 8.4)). Six hundred and eight patients
      were wait-listed for public surgery and 356 joints were performed in private or
      under ACC in the 12-month period. The current intervention rate in Otago is
      371/100,000 per year, while the demand has risen from 417/100000 in 2010-12 to
      494/100,000 per year. In 2014, the shortfall was 241 joints per year. CONCLUSION:
      Patients undergoing primary elective total hip and knee replacement in Otago in
      2014 are more severely disabled than between 2006-2010. Patients currently being
      returned to GP would have qualified for publicly funded surgery during that
      period. The demand for elective TJR in Otago has increased by 19% since 2012.

PMID- 27356254
TI  - Very low-carbohydrate diets in the management of diabetes revisited.
AB  - Humans can derive energy from carbohydrate, fat, or protein. The metabolism of
      carbohydrate requires by far the highest secretion of insulin. The central
      pathology of diabetes is the inability to maintain euglycaemia because of a
      deficiency in either the action or secretion of insulin. That is, because of
      either insulin resistance often accompanied by hyperinsulinaemia, or insulin
      deficiency caused by pancreatic beta cell failure. In individuals dependent on
      insulin and other hypoglycaemic medication, the difficulty of matching higher
      intakes of carbohydrates with the higher doses of medication required to maintain
      euglycaemia increases the risk of adverse events, including potentially fatal
      hypoglycaemic episodes. Thus, mechanistically it has always made sense to
      restrict carbohydrate (defined as sugar and starch, but not soluble and insoluble
      fibre) in the diets of people with diabetes. Randomised clinical trials have
      confirmed that this action based on first principles is effective. The continued
      recommendation of higher-carbohydrate, fat-restricted diets has been criticised
      by some scientists, practitioners and patients. Such protocols when compared with
      very low-carbohydrate diets provide inferior glycaemic control, and their
      introduction and subsequent increase in carbohydrate allowances has never been
      based on strong evidence. The trend towards highercarbohydrate diets for people
      with diabetes may have played a part in the modern characterisation of type 2
      diabetes as a chronic condition with a progressive requirement for multiple
      medications. Here we will introduce some of the evidence for very low
      carbohydrate diets in diabetes management and discuss some of the common
      objections to their use. 

PMID- 27356256
TI  - Case of takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a patient with COPD.

PMID- 27356255
TI  - Regulating tobacco retail in New Zealand: what can we learn from overseas?
AB  - Despite New Zealand's reputation as a leader in tobacco control, the retail
      environment for tobacco is relatively unregulated, particularly when compared to
      the licensing regimes for alcohol products and psychoactive substances (eg,
      synthetic cannabis and other 'legal highs'). There are currently no restrictions
      on who can sell tobacco, nor where it can be sold. The lack of an accurate
      tobacco retail register presents a challenge for those enforcing retail
      legislation. This paper summarises tobacco retail licensing schemes implemented
      in overseas jurisdictions, as these represent precedents on which New Zealand
      policies could be based. We also review how effective these schemes might be as
      part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy. We conclude that a positive
      licensing scheme could increase compliance with existing smokefree legislation,
      and enable the introduction of further measures to control the supply of tobacco.
      Reducing tobacco availability is an important part of the range of interventions
      needed to achieve a smokefree New Zealand, and we urge the Government to redress
      the lack of progress in this area. 

PMID- 27356257
TI  - Recent submissions to the New Zealand Government Health Select Committee on end
      of-life choices.

PMID- 27356258
TI  - Possible toxicity of olive leaf extract in a dietary supplement.

PMID- 27356259
TI  - Assessing the response to follow-up recommendations in radiology reports.

PMID- 27356260
TI  - Chronic misleading online advertising by chiropractors.

PMID- 27356261
TI  - Could New Zealand's law on "New Psychoactive Substances" provide lessons for
      achieving the Smokefree 2025 Goal?

PMID- 27356262
TI  - Zombie pandemic preparedness: a cautionary observation.

PMID- 27356263
TI  - Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Histidine-Capped-Dialkoxy-Anthracene: A Visible
      Light-Triggered Platform for Facile siRNA Delivery.
AB  - Supramolecular self-assembly of histidine-capped-dialkoxy-anthracene (HDA)
      results in the formation of light-responsive nanostructures. Single-crystal X-ray
      diffraction analysis of HDA shows two types of hydrogen bonding. The first
      hydrogen bond is established between the imidazole moieties while the second
      involves the oxygen atom of one amide group and the hydrogen atom of a second
      amide group. When protonated in acidic aqueous media, HDA successfully complexes
      siRNA yielding spherical nanostructures. This biocompatible platform controllably
      delivers siRNA with high efficacy upon visible-light irradiation leading up to 90
      % of gene silencing in live cells.

PMID- 27356264
TI  - Clinical outcome after enteroscopy for small bowel angioectasia bleeding: A
      Korean Associateion for the Study of Intestinal Disease (KASID) multiceter study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Angioectasias are the most common sources of bleeding in the
      small bowel. They can be treated using balloon-assisted enteroscopy (BAE). This
      study aimed to identify the rebleeding rate and associated factors after BAE in
      patients with small bowel angioectasia bleeding. METHODS: We retrospectively
      analyzed the records of patients with bleeding due to small bowel vascular lesion
      in a multicenter enteroscopy database including 1108 BAEs. Finally, in rebleeding
      analysis, we analyzed 66 patients with angioectasia on the basis of the Yano
      Yamamoto classification. Patients who had undergone endotherapy (ET) were divided
      into ET (n = 45) and non-ET (n = 21) groups. Rebleeding was defined as evidence
      of bleeding at least 30 days after BAE. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (80.4%)
      underwent only one-side enteroscopy. The most common ET was argon plasma
      coagulation (87.2%). During a mean follow-up duration of 24.5 months, ET and non
      ET groups had rebleeding rates of 15.6% and 38.1% (P = 0.059), respectively.
      Median rebleeding time of ET and non-ET groups was 32.5 and 62 months,
      respectively. Liver cirrhosis (LC), low platelet count (< 105 /MUL), and
      transfusions were the rebleeding-associated factors in the univariate analysis.
      In the multivariate analysis, the presence of LC (HR 4.064, 95% CI 1.098-15.045;
      P = 0.036) was the only independent rebleeding-associated risk factor.
      CONCLUSIONS: ET using BAE did not significantly affect the rebleeding rate in
      patients with small bowel angioectasia bleeding. An independent rebleeding risk
      factor was the presence of LC. Regardless of ET, careful long-term follow-up may
      be needed, especially in LC patients with small bowel angioectasia bleeding.

PMID- 27356265
TI  - Novel IGH and MYC Translocation Partners in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas.
AB  - Chromosomal translocations involving an immunoglobulin (IG) locus and a proto
      oncogene play a major role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) pathogenesis.
      Recurrent IG translocation partners in DLBCL are the BCL6, BCL2, and MYC genes,
      but other rare translocation partners are also known. We studied 20 DLBCL with
      fluorescence in situ hybridization-based evidence for IG heavy chain (IGH) locus
      associated translocations not involving BCL6, BCL2, MALT1, or MYC by long
      distance inverse PCR to identify the translocation partners. Moreover, we studied
      eight DLBCL with MYC translocations not involving IG or known non-IG loci as
      translocation partner to search for novel MYC translocations. We identified three
      novel IGH-associated translocations. Chromosomal breakpoints involved the IMMP2L
      gene in 7q31, the BCAS2 gene in 1p13, and the PVRL2 gene in 19q13. The latter
      gene, which is recurrently translocated in T-cell lymphomas, is significantly
      higher expressed in the biopsy with the translocation compared to cases without
      this genetic aberration, indicating a pathogenetic role of PVRL2 also in DLBCL.
      In one case with a MYC break we obtained a novel MYC-SOCS1 translocation
      representing an unusual translocation of a proto-oncogene with a tumor suppressor
      gene. Indeed, we demonstrate that the oncogene was deregulated and the tumor
      suppressor gene inactivated. As both genes undergo aberrant somatic hypermutation
      in the region of the chromosomal breakpoints, this translocation likely happened
      as a byproduct of the hypermutation process. Overall, our study suggests that
      chromosomal translocations in DLBCL are more heterogeneous than previously known.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27356266
TI  - Sensing Glucose in Urine and Serum and Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells by Use
      of a Novel Boronate Nanoprobe Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is known as a key molecule in a variety of biological
      processes, as well as a crucial byproduct in many enzymatic reactions. Therefore,
      being able to selectively and sensitively detect H2O2 is not only important in
      monitoring, estimating, and decoding H2O2 relevant physiological pathways but
      also very helpful in developing enzymatic-based biosensors for other analytes of
      interest. Herein, we report a plasmonic probe for H2O2 based on 3
      mercaptophenylboronic acid (3-MPBA) modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which is
      coupled with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) to yield a limit of
      detection (LOD) of 70 nM. Our probe quantifies both exogenous and endogenous H2O2
      levels in living cells and can further be coupled with glucose oxidase (GOx) to
      achieve quantitative and selective detection of glucose in artificial urine and
      human serum.

PMID- 27356267
TI  - Ca(2+)-activated chloride channel activity during Ca(2+) alternans in ventricular
      myocytes.
AB  - Cardiac alternans, defined beat-to-beat alternations in contraction, action
      potential (AP) morphology or cytosolic Ca transient (CaT) amplitude, is a high
      risk indicator for cardiac arrhythmias. We investigated mechanisms of cardiac
      alternans in single rabbit ventricular myocytes. CaTs were monitored
      simultaneously with membrane currents or APs recorded with the patch clamp
      technique. A strong correlation between beat-to-beat alternations of AP
      morphology and CaT alternans was observed. During CaT alternans application of
      voltage clamp protocols in form of pre-recorded APs revealed a prominent Ca(2+)
      dependent membrane current consisting of a large outward component coinciding
      with AP phases 1 and 2, followed by an inward current during AP repolarization.
      Approximately 85% of the initial outward current was blocked by Cl(-) channel
      blocker DIDS or lowering external Cl(-) concentration identifying it as a Ca(2+)
      activated Cl(-) current (ICaCC). The data suggest that ICaCC plays a critical
      role in shaping beat-to-beat alternations in AP morphology during alternans. 

PMID- 27356269
TI  - Conformational Transformations in Aromatic Nitroso Oxides.
AB  - A systematic theoretical study on conformational transformations of
      monosubstituted (ortho- and para-) aromatic nitroso oxides R-C6H4NOO was
      performed. The existence of two rotation axes enables two types of conformational
      transitions in substituted arylnitroso oxides: trans/cis (rotation around the N-O
      bond) and syn/anti (rotation around the C-N bond, which is important in ortho
      isomers). The complete set of conformers was localized for R-C6H4NOO using four
      selected density functional (M06-L, mPWPW91, OLYP, and HCTH) and augmented
      polarization basis set of triple splitting. It was found that the activation
      enthalpy of the trans-cis conformational transition is nearly insensitive to the
      nature of R and ranges within 58-60 kJ/mol for para isomers. The ortho
      substituent has an insignificant effect on DeltaH(?)trans->cis: it increases this
      value by ~5 kJ/mol in syn isomers and decreases it by ~3 kJ/mol in anti isomers.
      On the contrary, the syn-anti conformational barrier is considerably affected by
      the substituent R; an increase in the electron-withdrawing properties of R
      decreases DeltaH(?)syn->anti. The activation enthalpies grow with increasing
      polarity of the solvent, as it was found using IEFPCM calculation. The values of
      relaxation time for all conformational equilibria were calculated and compared
      with known lifetimes of aromatic nitroso oxides. Our results suggest that
      syn/anti transitions occur fast enough in the scale of the experimental lifetime.
      However, trans/cis transformations proceed more slowly. And under certain
      conditions discussed in the paper, the rate of this conformational transition
      limits that of irreversible decay of nitroso oxide. 

PMID- 27356268
TI  - Environmental Photochemistry of Altrenogest: Photoisomerization to a Bioactive
      Product with Increased Environmental Persistence via Reversible Photohydration.
AB  - Despite its wide use as a veterinary pharmaceutical, environmental fate data is
      lacking for altrenogest, a potent synthetic progestin. Here, it is reported that
      direct photolysis of altrenogest under environmentally relevant conditions was
      extremely efficient and rapid (half-life ~25 s). Photolysis rates (observed rate
      constant kobs = 2.7 +/- 0.2 * 10(-2) s(-1)) were unaffected by changes in pH or
      temperature but were sensitive to oxygen concentrations (N2-saturated kobs = 9.10
      +/- 0.32 * 10(-2) s(-1); O2-saturated kobs = 1.38 +/- 0.11 * 10(-2) s(-1)). The
      primary photoproduct was identified as an isomer formed via an internal 2 + 2
      cycloaddition reaction; the triplet lifetime (8.4 +/- 0.2 MUs) and rate constant
      (8 * 10(4) s(-1)) of this reaction were measured using transient absorption
      spectroscopy. Subsequent characterization determined that this primary
      cycloaddition photoproduct undergoes photohydration. The resultant photostable
      secondary photoproducts are subject to thermal dehydration in dark conditions,
      leading to reversion to the primary cycloaddition photoproduct on a time scale of
      hours to days, with the photohydration and dehydration repeatable over several
      light/dark cycles. This dehydration reaction occurs more rapidly at higher
      temperatures and is also accelerated at both high and low pH values. In vitro
      androgen receptor (AR)-dependent gene transcriptional activation cell assays and
      in silico nuclear hormone receptor screening revealed that certain photoproducts
      retain significant androgenic activity, which has implications for exposure risks
      associated with the presence and cycling of altrenogest and its photoproducts in
      the environment.

PMID- 27356270
TI  - Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Methylcyanodiacetylene (CH3 C5 N).
AB  - A spectroscopic study combining IR absorption and Raman scattering is presented
      for methylcyanodiacetylene (CH3 C5 N). Gas-phase, cryogenic matrix-isolated, and
      pure solid-phase substance was analyzed. Out of 16 normal vibrational modes, 14
      were directly observed. The analysis of the spectra was assisted by quantum
      chemical calculations of vibrational frequencies, IR absorption intensities, and
      Raman scattering activities at density functional theory and ab initio levels.
      Previous assignments of gas-phase IR absorption bands were revisited and
      extended.

PMID- 27356271
TI  - Comparative persistence and adherence with newer anti-hyperglycemic agents to
      treat patients with type 2 diabetes in the United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Non-adherence and non-persistence to anti-hyperglycemic agents are
      associated with worse clinical and economic outcomes in patients with type 2
      diabetes. This study evaluated treatment persistence and adherence across newer
      anti-hyperglycemic agents (canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, sitagliptin,
      saxagliptin, linagliptin, liraglutide, or exenatide). METHODS: This retrospective
      cohort study of Truven Health Analytics Marketscan databases included adult
      patients with type 2 diabetes whose first pharmacy claim for a newer anti
      hyperglycemic agent was between February 1, 2014 and July 31, 2014. Treatment
      persistence and adherence were assessed for 12 months after the first claim (post
      index). Persistence was defined as no gap >=90 days between the end of one
      pharmacy claim and the start of the next pharmacy claim post-index. Adherence
      used two definitions: proportion of days covered (PDC) and medication possession
      ratio (MPR). Multivariable analyses of non-persistence (hazard ratios) and
      adherence (odds ratios) were adjusted for baseline demographics, drug cost,
      clinical characteristics, and other anti-hyperglycemic agents. RESULTS: A total
      of 11,961 patients met all study selection criteria. Persistence rates at 12
      months were significantly greater (p < 0.05 for each comparison) for
      canagliflozin 100 mg (61%) compared with dapagliflozin 5 mg (40%), dapagliflozin
      10 mg (41%), sitagliptin (48%), saxagliptin (42%), linagliptin (52%), liraglutide
      (47%), exenatide (23%), and long-acting exenatide (39%). The persistence rate was
      greater (p < 0.05) for canagliflozin 300 mg (64%) vs canagliflozin 100 mg. Median
      adherence rates for canagliflozin 100 mg (MPR = 0.83; PDC = 0.79) and
      canagliflozin 300 mg (MPR = 0.92; PDC = 0.81) were greater than for the other
      index anti-hyperglycemic agents (MPR = 0.33-0.75; PDC = 0.33-0.72). Consistent
      results for treatment persistence and adherence were observed in multivariable
      analyses that were adjusted baseline characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Canagliflozin
      was associated with better treatment persistence and treatment adherence compared
      with other anti-hyperglycemic agents in real-world settings.

PMID- 27356273
TI  - Implementing psychological therapies for functional GI disorders in children and
      adults.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Functional GI disorders (FGIDs) are common in adults and children.
      Psychological factors play an important role in the onset and maintenance of
      FGIDs and in explaining the associated disability. Psychological treatments such
      as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Hypnotherapy have been found efficacious in
      FGIDs but Integrating psychological treatments into traditionally medically
      oriented care can be challenging. AREAS COVERED: This review outlines the case
      for integrating psychological therapies into medical care for FGIDs and examine
      various models of integrated care that can be adapted to fit specific practice
      scenarios. Expert commentary: We advise integrating a psychologist in the care
      and treatment planning of every patient. Clinic-specific needs dictate how
      integrated care for patients with FGIDs can be delivered.

PMID- 27356272
TI  - The Interactive Influence of Cannabis-Related Negative Expectancies and Coping
      Motives on Cannabis Use Behavior and Problems.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The present study tested whether coping motives for cannabis use
      moderate the effect of negative expectancies on cannabis use. METHODS:
      Participants were 149 (36.2% female, 61.59% non-Hispanic Caucasian) current
      cannabis users aged 18-36 (M = 21.01, SD = 3.09) who completed measures of
      cannabis-related expectancies and motives for use. Hierarchical multiple
      regressions were employed to investigate the predictive value of the interaction
      between negative expectancies and coping motives on cannabis use outcomes.
      RESULTS: Results revealed interactions between negative expectancies and coping
      motives with respect to past 90 day cannabis use frequency and cannabis problems.
      Global negative effects expectancies were associated with less frequent cannabis
      use, particularly among those with fewer coping motives. However, negative
      expectancies were related to more cannabis problems, particularly among those
      with higher coping motives. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest it may be
      advisable to take coping motives into account when addressing expectancies among
      cannabis users.

PMID- 27356274
TI  - The 4(th) Great Wall Symposium, 2015.

PMID- 27356275
TI  - Constipation, fiber intake and non-compliance contribute to inadequate
      colonoscopy bowel preparation: a prospective cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Adequate bowel preparation is important for colonoscopy. Currently
      available evidence on the determinants of poor bowel preparation is largely
      derived from studies in Western countries. We aimed to identify the risk factors
      for inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy in the Chinese population.
      METHODS: In this single-center study, patients admitted to the Outpatient
      Department between March 2013 and December 2015 and had indications for
      colonoscopy were prospectively enrolled. Questionnaires were administered to the
      patients. Their characteristics and procedure-related parameters such as
      procedure time were recorded. Bowel preparation was assessed using Boston bowel
      preparation scale score. RESULTS: A total of 409 patients with a mean age of 48.8
      +/- 12.9 years were enrolled in the study, 60.9% of whom were men. On univariate
      analysis, poor educational level (P = 0.020), chronic constipation (P = 0.001),
      taking no physical exercise after medication (P < 0.001), a high-fiber diet
      during the 24-h period immediately preceding the colonoscopy (P < 0.001),
      incomplete intake of medication (P < 0.001), the passage of yellow or dark stools
      before colonoscopy (P < 0.001), waiting time (P = 0.001) and stool frequency
      after medication (P = 0.048) were significantly associated with inadequate bowel
      preparation. On multivariate analysis, chronic constipation [odds ratio (OR)
      2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31-3.23, P = 0.002], incomplete intake of
      the medication (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.47-5.21, P = 0.002) and a high-fiber diet
      within 24 h before colonoscopy (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.40-3.28, P < 0.001) were
      independent risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic
      constipation, poor compliance with treatment and high-fiber diet were predictors
      of poor bowel preparation. Patients with these risk factors require more
      effective strategies for bowel preparation.

PMID- 27356276
TI  - DNA methylation in the NCAPH2/LMF2 promoter region is associated with hippocampal
      atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and amnesic mild cognitive impairment patients.
AB  - Several studies have noted an effect of DNA methylation on the pathogenesis of
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have already reported that DNA methylation levels in
      the NCAPH2/LMF2 promoter region can be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of AD
      and amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). However, there is still uncertainty
      about the mechanism by which NCAPH2/LMF2 methylation affects the pathogenesis of
      AD and aMCI. In this study, we investigated relationships between NCAPH2/LMF2
      methylation and other factors. AD (n=30) and aMCI (n=28) subjects were included
      in this study. NCAPH2/LMF2 methylation levels were measured by pyrosequencing.
      Correlations between methylation levels and other factors including age at onset,
      sex, duration of disease, education, mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and
      frontal assessment battery (FAB) scores, APOE genotype, degree of hippocampal
      atrophy, and total brain atrophy were measured. Degrees of hippocampal atrophy
      and total brain atrophy were measured by VSRAD (Voxel-Based Specific Regional
      Analysis System for Alzheimer's Disease). Regression analysis revealed that only
      hippocampal atrophy according to VSRAD is a significant dependent variable
      correlated with NCAPH2/LMF2 methylation levels. Our results suggest that DNA
      methylation in the NCAPH2/LMF2 promoter region is associated with hippocampal
      atrophy through apoptosis.

PMID- 27356277
TI  - Quantification of bone marrow fat content using iterative decomposition of water
      and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL):
      reproducibility, site variation and correlation with age and menopause.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the reproducibility of the quantitative chemical shift
      based water-fat separation method with a multiecho gradient echo sequence
      [iteraterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least
      squares estimation quantitation sequence (IDEAL-IQ)] for assessing bone marrow
      fat fraction (FF); to evaluate variation of FF at different bone sites; and to
      investigate its association with age and menopause. METHODS: 31 consecutive
      females who underwent pelvic iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo
      asymmetry and least-squares estimation at 3-T MRI were included in this study.
      Quantitative FF using IDEAL-IQ of four bone sites were analyzed. The coefficients
      of variance (CV) on each site were evaluated repeatedly 10 times to assess the
      reproducibility. Correlations between FF and age were evaluated on each site, and
      the FFs between pre- and post-menopausal groups were compared. RESULTS: The CV in
      the quantification of marrow FF ranged from 0.69% to 1.70%. A statistically
      significant correlation was established between the FF and the age in lumbar
      vertebral body, ilium and intertrochanteric region of the femur (p < 0.001). The
      average FF of post-menopausal females was significantly higher than that of pre
      menopausal females in these sites (p < 0.05). In the greater trochanter of the
      femur, there was no significant correlation between FF and age. CONCLUSION: In
      vivo IDEAL-IQ would provide reliable quantification of bone marrow fat. ADVANCES
      IN KNOWLEDGE: IDEAL-IQ is simple to perform in a short time and may be practical
      for providing information on bone quality in clinical settings.

PMID- 27356278
TI  - Diamondoid Structure in a Metal-Organic Framework of Fe4 Single-Molecule Magnets.
AB  - A 3D metal-organic framework (MOF) having single-molecule magnet (SMM) linkers
      was prepared in crystalline form by using a tetrairon(III) complex functionalised
      with two divergent pyridyl groups, namely [Fe4 (pPy)2 (dpm)6 ] (1; H3 pPy=2
      (hydroxymethyl)-2-(pyridin-4-yl)propane-1,3-diol, Hdpm=dipivaloylmethane).
      Reaction of 1 with silver(I) perchlorate afforded {[Fe4 (pPy)2 (dpm)6 ]2 Ag}ClO4
      (2), which crystallises in a cubic face-centred lattice and exhibits two
      interlocked diamondoid networks. In 2, the SMMs act as linear ditopic synthons,
      and silver(I) ions as tetrahedral nodes coordinated by four pyridyl nitrogen
      atoms. The magnetic properties of 1 (S=5 and D~-0.4 cm(-1) in the ground spin
      state) are largely preserved in 2, which shows slow magnetic relaxation with an
      anisotropy barrier of Ueff /kB =11.46(10) K in zero field and 14.25(8) K in an
      applied field of 1 kOe. However, crystal symmetry triggers highly noncollinear
      magnetic anisotropy contributions oriented at 109.47 degrees  from each other
      along the threefold axes of AgN4 tetrahedra, a unique scenario fully confirmed by
      a single-crystal cantilever torque magnetometry investigation. Magnetisation
      curves down to 0.03 K demonstrated the occurrence of a wide hysteresis loop when
      the magnetic field was swept along one of the four Ag-N bonds. By symmetry, the
      crystalline compound can then be persistently magnetised parallel or antiparallel
      to the four main diagonals of the unit cell, although the crystals have no
      overall second-order anisotropy. 

PMID- 27356279
TI  - The Potential of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) and Gas Chromatography
      IRMS Analysis of Triacetone Triperoxide in Forensic Explosives Investigations.
AB  - Studying links between triacetone triperoxide (TATP) samples from crime scenes
      and suspects can assist in criminal investigations. Isotope ratio mass
      spectrometry (IRMS) and gas chromatography (GC)-IRMS were used to measure the
      isotopic compositions of TATP and its precursors acetone and hydrogen peroxide.
      In total, 31 TATP samples were synthesized with different raw material
      combinations and reaction conditions. For carbon, a good differentiation and a
      linear relationship were observed for acetone-TATP combinations. The extent of
      negative (delta(13) C) fractionation depended on the reaction yield. Limited
      enrichment was observed for the hydrogen isotope (delta(2) H) values of the TATP
      samples probably due to a constant exchange of hydrogen atoms in aqueous
      solution. For oxygen (delta(18) O), the small isotopic range and excess of water
      in hydrogen peroxide resulted in poor differentiation. GC-IRMS and IRMS data were
      comparable except for one TATP sample prepared with high acid concentration
      demonstrating the potential of compound-specific isotope analysis. Carbon IRMS
      has practical use in forensic TATP investigations.

PMID- 27356280
TI  - Surface engineering of bismuth nanocrystals to counter dissolution.
AB  - Rapid dissolution of Bi Nanocrystals (NCs) in lysosomal conditions results in
      poor biocompatibility. We report that an in situ surface coating of Bi
      nanocrystals with Ganex(r) V216, a cosmetic dispersant, limits its dissolution
      under physiological conditions. These Bi Ganex (BiG) NCs are readily encapsulated
      in FDA approved polymer poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by an oil-in
      water emulsion technique and also undergo facile SiO2 coating. BiG NCs in
      BiG@PLGA and BiG@SiO2 nanoparticles dissolve slowly under physiological
      conditions and exhibit excellent biocompatibility, as opposed to uncoated Bi NCs.
      Finally, these Bi nanoconstructs are shown to be strong CT CAs, even at
      relatively low Bi concentrations. 

PMID- 27356281
TI  - Effects of fast walking on tibiofemoral bone water content in middle-aged adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although it is believed that genu varum increases loading on the
      medial knee during locomotion, the acute effect of increased loading on bone
      stress has not been determined. This study aimed to examine the effects of
      locomotion and lower extremity alignment on bone water content in middle-aged
      adults without knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Five males and 5 females
      participated. Lower extremity alignment was defined as the angle between the
      midpoint of the anterior mid-thigh and the midpoint of the patellar tendon using
      the center of the patella as the fulcrum. A chemical-shift-encoded water-fat
      magnetic resonance imaging protocol was used to assess bone water content before
      and after a 30-minute fast walking session. Bone stress response was determined
      by quantifying water content within the weight-bearing regions of the medial and
      lateral compartments of the tibiofemoral joint. Paired t-tests were used to
      compare bone water content before and after fast walking. Pearson correlation
      coefficients were used to determine the associations between lower extremity
      alignment and changes in water content post-walking. FINDINGS: The paired t-tests
      revealed no changes in water content after fast walking within medial and lateral
      femur/tibia (P>0.05). Pearson correlation analyses revealed a significant
      moderate correlation between increased bone water content of the medial femur and
      increased varus alignment (R=0.688, P=0.028). INTERPRETATION: Although there was
      no significant change in bone water content following locomotion, knee varus was
      associated with signs of bone stress in the medial femur.

PMID- 27356282
TI  - Co(II) PCP Pincer Complexes as Catalysts for the Alkylation of Aromatic Amines
      with Primary Alcohols.
AB  - Efficient alkylations of amines by alcohols catalyzed by well-defined Co(II)
      complexes are described that are stabilized by a PCP ligand (N,N'
      bis(diisopropylphosphino)-N,N'-dimethyl-1,3-diaminobenzene) based on the 1,3
      diaminobenzene scaffold. This reaction is an environmentally benign process
      implementing inexpensive, earth-abundant nonprecious metal catalysts and is based
      on the acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation concept. A range of primary alcohols
      and aromatic amines were efficiently converted into mono-N-alkylated amines in
      good to excellent isolated yields.

PMID- 27356283
TI  - A Mixed-Valent Uranium Phosphonate Framework Containing U(IV) , U(V) , and U(VI).
AB  - It is shown that U(V) O2 (+) ions can reside at U(VI) O2 (2+) lattice sites
      during mild reduction and crystallization process under solvothermal conditions,
      yielding a complicated and rare mixed-valent uranium phosphonate compound that
      simultaneously contains U(IV) , U(V) , and U(VI) . The presence of uranium with
      three oxidation states was confirmed by various characterization techniques,
      including X-ray crystallography, X-ray photoelectron, electron paramagnetic
      resonance, FTIR, UV/Vis-NIR absorption, and synchrotron radiation X-ray
      absorption spectroscopy, and magnetism measurements. 

PMID- 27356284
TI  - Long-term outcome of surgical resection for intraductal papillary neoplasm of the
      bile duct.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a
      specific type of bile duct tumor. Studies about the surgical outcomes for IPNB
      are few; therefore, we investigated the survival of patients who underwent
      curative surgical resection of IPNB. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the
      medical and pathological records of 148 IPNB patients who underwent curative
      intent hepatic resection between January 2005 and December 2011, to examine the
      prognosis of IPNB. All demographic and operative parameters were analyzed the
      effect on survival of patients. RESULTS: The median survival of IPNB patients was
      1326 days with a respective 1, 3, and 5 year overall survival of 83.6% (95%CI:
      76.5-88.7), 64.4% (95%CI: 56.0-71.6), and 47% (95%CI: 38.4-55.7). The level of
      invasiveness of IPNB predicted survival very well. For malignant IPNB, univariate
      analysis showed that serum CA19-9 level, lymph node metastasis, and completeness
      of resection were significant prognostic factors. Lymph node metastasis and
      completeness of resection were found in multivariate analysis to be significantly
      related to survival of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The level of invasiveness and
      lymph node status were found to be associated with patient survival, as was
      adequacy of surgery. We recommend R0 resection be attempted for patients with
      IPNB.

PMID- 27356285
TI  - Genetic variants determining survival and fertility in an adverse African
      environment: a population-based large-scale candidate gene association study.
AB  - Human survival probability and fertility decline strongly with age. These life
      history traits have been shaped by evolution. However, research has failed to
      uncover a consistent genetic determination of variation in survival and
      fertility. As an explanation, such genetic determinants have been selected in
      adverse environments, in which humans have lived during most of their history,
      but are almost exclusively studied in populations in modern affluent
      environments. Here, we present a large-scale candidate gene association study in
      a rural African population living in an adverse environment. In 4387 individuals,
      we studied 4052 SNPs in 148 genes that have previously been identified as
      possible determinants of survival or fertility in animals or humans. We studied
      their associations with survival comparing newborns, middle-age adults, and old
      individuals. In women, we assessed their associations with reported and observed
      numbers of children. We found no statistically significant associations of these
      SNPs with survival between the three age groups nor with women's reported and
      observed fertility. Population stratification was unlikely to explain these
      results. Apart from a lack of power, we hypothesise that genetic heterogeneity of
      complex phenotypes and gene-environment interactions prevent the identification
      of genetic variants explaining variation in survival and fertility in humans.

PMID- 27356299
TI  - Cholesterol crystals activate Syk and PI3 kinase in human macrophages and
      dendritic cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cholesterol crystals are a key component of atherosclerotic
      lesions where they promote pro-inflammatory cytokine production and plaque
      destabilization. Antagonists of inflammatory mediators and agents that dissolve
      or prevent the formation of cholesterol crystals are being explored as potential
      therapeutics for atherothrombosis. We sought to identify signalling molecules
      activated following exposure of immune cells to cholesterol crystals with the
      view to identifying novel therapeutic targets. METHODS: Human macrophages and
      dendritic cells (DC) were exposed to cholesterol crystals and activation of
      signalling molecules was assessed by immunoblotting. The role of Syk and PI3K in
      crystal-induced interleukin (IL)-1 production was determined by ELISA using
      specific kinase inhibitors. Real-time PCR was employed to examine the role of
      Syk/PI3K in cholesterol crystal-induced expression of S100 proteins and MMPs.
      RESULTS: Exposure of human macrophages and DC to cholesterol crystals induced
      robust activation of Syk and PI3K within 2-5 min. Pharmacological inhibition of
      Syk/PI3K reduced crystal-induced IL-1alpha/beta production by approximately 80%.
      Activation of the downstream MAP kinases, MEK and ERK, was suppressed following
      inhibition of Syk and PI3K. Finally, inhibition of both Syk and PI3K
      significantly reduced cholesterol crystal-induced S100A8 and MMP1 gene expression
      by >70% while inhibition of PI3K also reduced S100A12 expression. CONCLUSION:
      Cholesterol crystals activate specific cell signalling pathways which drive the
      production of inflammatory cytokines and degradative enzymes known to contribute
      to disease initiation and progression. These molecular events are dependent on
      activation of Syk and PI3K, hence, they represent potential therapeutic targets
      for the treatment of cholesterol crystal-related pathologies.

PMID- 27356300
TI  - OFF-SITE SMARTPHONE VS. STANDARD WORKSTATION IN THE RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF
      SMALL INTESTINAL MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION IN DOGS AND CATS.
AB  - Off-site consultations by board-certified veterinary radiologists benefit
      residents and emergency clinicians by providing immediate feedback and
      potentially improving patient outcome. Smartphone devices and compressed images
      transmitted by email or text greatly facilitate availability of these off-site
      consultations. Criticism of a smartphone interface for off-site consultation is
      mostly directed at image degradation relative to the standard radiographic
      viewing room and monitors. The purpose of this retrospective, cross-sectional,
      methods comparison study was to compare the accuracy of abdominal radiographs in
      two imaging interfaces (Joint Photographic Experts Group, off-site, smartphone
      vs. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, on-site, standard
      workstation) for the diagnosis of small intestinal mechanical obstruction in
      vomiting dogs and cats. Two board-certified radiologists graded randomized
      abdominal radiographs using a five-point Likert scale for the presence of
      mechanical obstruction in 100 dogs or cats presenting for vomiting. The area
      under the receiver operator characteristic curves for both imaging interfaces was
      high. The accuracy of the smartphone and traditional workstation was not
      statistically significantly different for either reviewer (P = 0.384 and P =
      0.536). Correlation coefficients were 0.821 and 0.705 for each reviewer when the
      same radiographic study was viewed in different formats. Accuracy differences
      between radiologists were potentially related to years of experience. We conclude
      that off-site expert consultation with a smartphone provides an acceptable
      interface for accurate diagnosis of small intestinal mechanical obstruction in
      dogs and cat. 

PMID- 27356301
TI  - Controlling Ethylene Hydrogenation Reactivity on Pt13 Clusters by Varying the
      Stoichiometry of the Amorphous Silica Support.
AB  - Ethylene hydrogenation was investigated on size-selected Pt13 clusters supported
      on three amorphous silica (a-SiO2 ) thin films with different stoichiometries.
      Activity measurements of the reaction at 300 K revealed that on a silicon-rich
      and a stoichiometric film, Pt13 exhibits a similar activity to that of Pt(111),
      in line with the known structure insensitivity of the reaction. On an oxygen-rich
      film, a threefold increased rate was measured. Pulsing ethylene at 400 K, then
      measuring the activity at 300 K, resulted in complete loss of activity on the
      silicon-rich surface compared to only marginal losses on the other surfaces. The
      measured reactivity trends correlate with charging characteristics of a Pt13
      cluster on the SiO2 films, predicted through first-principle calculations. The
      results reveal that the stoichiometry-dependent charging by the support can be
      used to tune the selectivity of reaction pathways during a catalytic
      hydrogenation reaction.

PMID- 27356302
TI  - Oral azithromycin and blepharitis: symptoms and signs improve, so where are the
      publications?

PMID- 27356303
TI  - Intraarticular slow-release triamcinolone acetate reduces allodynia in an
      experimental mouse knee osteoarthritis model.
AB  - Intraarticular steroid injection has been the mainstay of short-term treatment of
      knee osteoarthritis (OA) pain. However, the duration of therapeutic effect from a
      single injection is not as long as desired. In this study we use a viscous
      formulation of triamcinolone acetate (TCA) in hyaluronic acid to prolong the anti
      allodynia effect of that steroid. OA was induced in mice by a partial medial
      meniscectomy. Over time the animals' developed a mechanical allodynia in the
      injected leg. Mice were then given a single intraarticular injection of TCA in a
      short-acting DMSO formulation, or a standard commercial suspension, or the drug
      formulated in 5% hyaluronic acid for slow-release. Control injections in OA mice
      were PBS or 5% hyaluronic acid vehicle. Mechanical allodynia was then monitored
      over the therapeutic period. Organotypic spinal cord slices and DRG culture were
      performed to assess whether TCA attenuates expressions of pain mediators induced
      by interleukin 1beta. TCA 40MUg in a fast-releasing DMSO formulation produced
      relief from mechanical allodynia for a few days compared to PBS control
      injections (P=0.007). Similarly, the commercial suspension of TCA 40MUg also
      produced relief from mechanical allodynia for a few days compared to PBS control
      injections (P=0.001). However, TCA 100MUg in 5% hyaluronic acid produced relief
      from mechanical allodynia for at least 28days compared to PBS control or 5%
      hyaluronic acid vehicle injections (P=0.0005). Furthermore, TCA significantly
      suppressed expression of pain mediators induced by interleukin 1beta in spinal
      cord and DRG organotypic culture. Intraarticular TCA in a sustained release
      formulation of viscous 5% hyaluronic acid will produce a long-term attenuation of
      mechanical allodynia in the OA knees of mice. 

PMID- 27356304
TI  - Impact of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on warfarin maintenance doses in patients
      with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pharmacogenetics has provided compelling evidence towards the
      influence of gene polymorphisms on warfarin therapies. This study aimed to
      determine the impact of CYP2C19 gene polymorphism on warfarin maintenance doses
      in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation for the progress in overcoming
      obstacles facing warfarin pharmacogenetics. METHODS: In this study, we utilized
      polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to
      investigate the distribution of CYP2C19*2 and *3 gene polymorphism in patients
      with NVAF. In order to exclude the interference of basic indexes, we compared the
      association between different genotypes and warfarin maintenance doses. And the
      comparisons among extensive metabolizer, intermediate metabolizer and poor
      metabolizer were performed. RESULTS: CYP2C19 mutation accounted for 88.07% of in
      total NVAF patients, which was 7.38 times of CYP2C19*1/*1 (11.93%). No
      significant association was observed between different genotypes and basic
      indexes. The warfarin maintenance dose of patients with CYP2C19*1/*1 was
      significantly higher than those with other five genotypes (all P<0.05). Besides,
      the warfarin maintenance doses of patients with CYP2C19*1/*2 and *1/*3 were
      remarkably higher than those with *2/*2 and *2/*3 (P<0.05). The warfarin
      maintenance doses of patients with extensive metabolizer were dramatically higher
      than those with intermediate metabolizer and poor metabolizer (both P<0.05), and
      also the patients with intermediate metabolizer had higher warfarin maintenance
      doses than those with poor metabolizer (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: CYP2C19 gene
      polymorphism can affect maintenance dose of warfarin, with the amount of warfarin
      dose ranked among different genotypes as follow: CYP2C19*2/*2, CYP2C19*2/*3 and
      CYP2C19*3/*3<CYP2C19*1/*2 and CYP2C19*1*<CYP2C19*1/*1.

PMID- 27356305
TI  - Specific Characteristics of Injuries Inflicted by Claw Hammer.
AB  - Claw hammers have the specific characteristic of having two distinct ends: one a
      flat head of variable form, the other bifurcated. So the use of this tool as a
      blunt instrument will cause varying injuries. The authors present two clinical
      cases of assault with a claw hammer. Examinations revealed two types of wound. A
      first injury composed of integumentary lacerations and underlying bone injuries
      in terms of "shape" suggested the use of a blunt instrument. A second injury made
      up of damage showing two parallel wounds or two wounds located one in the
      extension of the other suggested the use of an object with a bifurcated end. The
      combination of both types of injury should alert examiners to the possibility of
      the use of a claw hammer in causing the injuries in order to help direct
      investigators in their investigations and in the search for the weapon used.

PMID- 27356307
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 27356306
TI  - Patient Pre-Treatment Expectations Do Not Predict Cocaine Use Outcomes: Data From
      Four Clinical Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are very few data regarding the extent to which patients'
      initial expectations regarding treatment are associated with substance use
      treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine how patients'
      treatment expectations were associated with treatment outcomes. METHODS: This
      study explored patient pre-treatment expectations and substance use treatment
      outcomes for 387 individuals participating in treatment for cocaine use within
      the United States (68.2% male, mean age 36 years old, 54.8% Caucasian). RESULTS:
      Participants' expectations regarding abstinence were not strongly associated with
      post-treatment or follow-up cocaine use outcome measures. There was a significant
      association between the expected timeframe of receiving a positive treatment
      effect (i.e., outcome efficiency expectations) and days of cocaine use at the 1
      month follow-up point (F = 3.45, p =.009). Post-hoc comparisons revealed that
      participants that expected positive effects of treatment within 0-1 week reported
      fewer days of cocaine use than those that expected results in 1-2 months. Also,
      those that expected positive effects of treatment in 1-2 months reported more
      cocaine use than those who expected positive results within two weeks to one
      month. Further, there was a significant effect of outcome efficiency expectations
      on a proxy measure of achieving a good treatment outcome at the three-month
      follow-up point (F = 11.13, p =.025). CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE: Results suggest
      that treatment outcomes are not associated with patients' treatment outcome
      expectations, but that some outcomes are associated with treatment outcome
      efficiency expectations.

PMID- 27356308
TI  - Dengue in Peace Corps Volunteers, 2000-14.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dengue is an arboviral disease estimated to cause 50-100 million
      infections each year in >100 tropical and subtropical countries. Urbanization,
      human population growth and expanded global travel have resulted in an increase
      in the incidence of dengue worldwide. International travellers to areas with
      endemic dengue are at risk of contracting dengue and US Peace Corps Volunteers
      are one specific group of long-term travellers who are exposed to environments
      where dengue can be contracted. METHODS: Cases of dengue among Peace Corps
      Volunteers, defined as clinically apparent infections with laboratory
      confirmation by a positive NS1 antigen test, demonstration of IgM antibodies or
      by a 4-fold increase in IgG antibodies, between 1 January 2000 and 31 December
      2014, reported to the Peace Corps' Epidemiologic Surveillance System were
      analyzed. RESULTS: Overall there were 1448 cases of dengue reported among
      Volunteers, with an incidence rate of 1.12 cases per 1000 Volunteer-months (95%
      CI 1.06-1.17). The highest rate of dengue among Volunteers was reported in the
      Caribbean region, with a rate of 5.51 cases per 1000 Volunteer-months (95% CI
      4.97-6.10), followed by the East Asia/South Asia region (3.34, 95% CI 2.96-3.75)
      and Central America (2.55, 95% CI 2.32-2.79). The rate of dengue peaked in 2007,
      2010 and 2013. Each peak year was followed by a trough year. CONCLUSIONS:
      Globally, there appears to be a 3-year cyclical pattern of dengue incidence among
      Volunteers, with differences by region. Dengue continues to be a priority health
      issue for travellers to endemic areas, and enhanced surveillance of dengue among
      international travellers may result in improved patient education and prevention
      efforts.

PMID- 27356309
TI  - Louse-borne relapsing fever in a refugee from Somalia arriving in Belgium.
AB  - We report a case of louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) in a refugee from Somalia
      who had arrived in Belgium a few days earlier. He complained of myalgia and
      secondarily presented fever. Blood smears revealed spirochetes later identified
      as Borrelia recurrentis. LBRF should be considered in countries hosting refugees,
      particularly those who transit through endemic regions.

PMID- 27356310
TI  - AHRQ Analysis: Hospital-Acquired Conditions   Reduced by 17% From 2010 to 2013.

PMID- 27356311
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356312
TI  - New Curriculum Gives DMD Students Earlier Clinical Experience.

PMID- 27356313
TI  - Combating the Opioid Crisis Through Education. NIH funds educational modules in
      pain management.

PMID- 27356314
TI  - Dr. Donald B. Giddon. Champion of the Oral Physician.

PMID- 27356315
TI  - Checking Your Teeth and Your Vitals. Collaboration with Northeastern University
      School of Nursing brings primary care services into a dental care practice.

PMID- 27356316
TI  - HSDM Student Entrepreneur Is a Finalist for the President's Challenge.

PMID- 27356317
TI  - Gordon and Ruth Macdonald Establish a $2 Million Planned Gift to HSDM.

PMID- 27356318
TI  - Think global, act local.

PMID- 27356319
TI  - Clean, green, and financially lean.

PMID- 27356320
TI  - Nursing and Midwifery Consultative Forums--GETTING BACK TO BASICS.

PMID- 27356322
TI  - Easy does it--transitioning to digital.

PMID- 27356321
TI  - Connecting ruraL and remote services.

PMID- 27356323
TI  - Domestic violence leave introduced for public sector.

PMID- 27356324
TI  - Addressing workplace bullying.

PMID- 27356325
TI  - Setting the standard for consultation.

PMID- 27356326
TI  - Making 2016 the year to get serious on aged care staffing.

PMID- 27356327
TI  - The Clinical Services Capability Framework.

PMID- 27356328
TI  - Paid parental leave--they still don't get it.

PMID- 27356329
TI  - Welcoming the future of nursing and midwifery.

PMID- 27356331
TI  - Natural justice in the public sector.

PMID- 27356330
TI  - Making universal health care an election priority.

PMID- 27356332
TI  - Reflective exercise: Natural justice in the public sector.

PMID- 27356333
TI  - Making nurses and midwives part of the decision-making process.

PMID- 27356334
TI  - Midwives empowered through domestic violence training.

PMID- 27356336
TI  - QNU joins taskkforce on violence against nurses and midwives.

PMID- 27356335
TI  - A lot can happen in three years....

PMID- 27356337
TI  - Beautiful Surfaces. Style and Substance in Florentius Schuyl's Illustrations for
      Descartes' Treatise on Man.
AB  - The assumption that the Cartesian bete-machine is the invention of Rene Descartes
      (1596-1650) is rarely contested. Close examination of Descartes' texts proves
      that this is a concept founded not on the basis of his own writings, but a
      subsequent critical interpretation, which developed and began to dominate his
      work after his death. Descartes' Treatise on Man, published posthumously in two
      rival editions, Florentius Schuyl's Latin translation De Homine (1662), and
      Claude Clerselier's Traite de l'homme, has proved particularly problematic. The
      surviving manuscript copies of the Treatise on Man left no illustrations, leaving
      both editors the daunting task of producing a set of images to accompany and
      clarify the fragmented text. In this intriguing case, the images can be seen to
      have spoken louder than the text which they illustrated. This paper assesses
      Schuyl's choice to represent Descartes' Man in a highly stylized manner, without
      superimposing Clerselier's intentions onto De Homine.

PMID- 27356338
TI  - The Encounter of the Emblematic Tradition with Optics. The Anamorphic Elephant of
      Simon Vouet.
AB  - In his excellent work Anamorphoses ou perspectives curieuses (1955), Baltrusaitis
      concluded the chapter on catoptric anamorphosis with an allusion to the small
      engraving by Hans Troschel (1585-1628) after Simon Vouet's drawing Eight satyrs
      observing an elephant reflected on a cylinder, the first known representation of
      a cylindrical anamorphosis made in Europe. This paper explores the Baroque
      intellectual and artistic context in which Vouet made his drawing, attempting to
      answer two central sets of questions. Firstly, why did Vouet make this image? For
      what purpose did he ideate such a curious image? Was it commissioned or did Vouet
      intend to offer it to someone? And if so, to whom? A reconstruction of this story
      leads me to conclude that the cylindrical anamorphosis was conceived as an emblem
      for Prince Maurice of Savoy. Secondly, how did what was originally the project
      for a sophisticated emblem give rise in Paris, after the return of Vouet from
      Italy in 1627, to the geometrical study of catoptrical anamorphosis? Through the
      study of this case, I hope to show that in early modern science the emblematic
      tradition was not only linked to natural history, but that insofar as it was a
      central feature of Baroque culture, it seeped into other branches of scientific
      inquiry, in this case the development of catoptrical anamorphosis. Vouet's image
      is also a good example of how the visual and artistic poetics of the baroque were
      closely linked--to the point of being inseparable--with the scientific
      developments of the period.

PMID- 27356339
TI  - The "Abyssal Society". Francois-Alphonse Forel and the Case of Deep Fauna in Late
      19th Century.
AB  - Ichthyological investigations and technological advancements, such as the laying
      of submarine telegraph cables, promoted new dredging methods in the second half
      of the 19th century. In contrast to the idea of a lifeless deep ocean (Edward
      Forbes' azoic hypothesis), the discovery of deep water fauna and the challenge of
      defining its systematics opened up new theoretical perspectives. In this frame,
      which was already marked by the impact of Darwin's theory, naturalistic surveys
      in freshwater environments in western Switzerland intertwined with those of
      oceanographic expeditions. The study of the fauna in the depths of subalpine
      lakes by the Swiss savant Francois-Alphonse Forel was one of the most striking
      examples of this turning point, because the relatively recently evolution of its
      freshwater fauna allowed him to investigate: (a) the role of isolation, (b) the
      progressive differentiation of species from a common ancestor, and (c) the
      constitution of a species-specific category in form transition, from a
      genealogical viewpoint to an ecological one.

PMID- 27356340
TI  - Marble Busts and Fish Fossils. The Catalog of the Museum of naturalia and
      artificialia at the University of Padua (1797).
AB  - The historical catalogs of the museum collections contain a wealth of information
      for historians seeking to reconstruct their contents, how they were displayed and
      the ways in which they were used. This paper will present the complete
      transcription of a draft catalog that was prepared in 1797 for the Museum of
      Natural History and Antiquities of the University of Padua. Conserved in the
      university's Museum of Geology and Paleontology, the catalog was the first to be
      compiled of the museum, which was established in 1733 thanks to the donation by
      Antonio Vallisneri Jr. of his father Antonio Vallisneri Sr.'s collection of
      antiquities and natural history. The catalog was compiled by the custodian of the
      museum, the herbalist and amateur naturalist Bartolomeo Fabris. It is of great
      interest because it provides a record of the number and nature of the pieces
      conserved in the museum at a time when natural history and archeology collections
      were still undivided. It also provides indications as to how such collections
      were arranged for display in the public halls of a university at the end of the
      eighteenth century. Based on this catalog, with additional information drawn from
      other manuscript and published sources and museum catalogs from the 1830s
      conserved in various institutes at the University of Padua, it is possible to
      reconstruct the contents and layout of a significant late 18th-century natural
      history collection.

PMID- 27356341
TI  - [Foreword].

PMID- 27356342
TI  - [BIOETHICS: THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND MAN, THE POWER TO STANDARDIZE THE FACTS].
AB  - Bioethics is both theoria and praxis. It procceds by tactics which accompany
      dynamics of science and mobility of ethics, concerning values specific to spaces,
      periods and cultures. In this perspective, bioethics, with its normative
      requirements, is situated beyond gouvernmental policy. The rules related to
      bioethics contains meta-values. Value imposed to a fact by legal rules is an
      existential meta-value, because there are already values that surround the nature
      of this fact the the morality this nature contains.

PMID- 27356344
TI  - [SUMING UP].
AB  - The conference showed that bioethics currently represents such a vast field that
      it no longer has any temporal, spatial or material boundaries. It gives rise to
      different approaches, either global or sectoral, none of which is sufficient to
      resolve the problems raised as these remain highly sensitive both from a
      political and a legal standpoint. The issue is now a matter for the national
      legislator.

PMID- 27356343
TI  - [THE FRENCH BIOETHICS LAWS HAVE 20 YEARS!].
AB  - Technological and scientific progress in the field of biology and genetics raise
      both legal and ethical questions treated by the laws of 1994, modified in 2004
      and in 2011. But each day, new discoveries lead national and European judges, to
      make praetorian work, in waiting for updated texts. More than ever the
      discoveries require a framing, as well it is true that "science without
      conscience is only ruin of the heart".

PMID- 27356345
TI  - [THE WISHED ACCESS TO THE ORIGINS: WHICH ACCESS?].
AB  - The anonymity of the donor of gametes is a principle required by the bioethics
      laws and confirmed by the judges, within the framework of medical help to
      procreation. It is disputed by the children born after a donation. The rule of
      the secrecy knows however already particular installations, it is consequently
      relevant to see to which extent a parallel could be considered for the newborns
      from such a donation. This principle of anonymity is not absolute and can be
      opposite to the person in identity search, several legal bases can be exploited
      for this purpose.

PMID- 27356346
TI  - [CIRCUMCISION AND EXCISION: TOWARDS A NON-LAW OF BIOETHICS?].
AB  - This article defines the practices of circumcision and excision, and studies
      their foundations. Then, it considers some of the conflicts (of rights, laws and
      cultures) inherent to these practices. Finally, it suggests that the solution to
      these conflicts may not lie in the law, but in a non-law of bioethics.

PMID- 27356347
TI  - [TRANSSEXUALISM].
AB  - Transsexualism is characterised by a person's strong wish to belong to the
      opposite sex and the obsessional desire to align their assigned sex to that with
      which they truly identify; it is a firm belief. For a long time, the chromosome
      analysis criterion led to all requests for legal identity change to be refused in
      civil registers. Nevertheless, following a judgement pronounced by the ECHR in
      1992 and vehement trans-identity demands, the French state was forced to relax
      the conditions allowing social change to be undertaken. Under the influence of
      European law and other international provisions, legislative action was opened to
      debate. The bioethical laws of 29 July 1994, 6 August 2004 and 7 July 2011 did
      not, however, provide a legal framework for transsexualism. The question remains
      a matter for jurisprudence through the court of cassation. This case-law approach
      -a vector of legal insecurity and inequality--places transgender people in a
      highly-precarious social situation.

PMID- 27356348
TI  - [MEDICALLY ASSISTED PROCREATION AND HOMOSEXUAL COUPLES].
AB  - With the legalization of the same-sex marriage in France, the medically assisted
      procreation has returned to the heart of discussions relating to the family. So
      far, the French legislator has strictly limited access to such medical techniques
      to sterile heterosexual couples only. Thus, the possibility of giving birth is
      denied to people who are in a "social" sterility position, such as singles or
      gays. Is such decision still ethically and socially acceptable? Should the French
      Legislator on the contrary widen access to the MPA? The debate is revived and
      raises important ans interesting questions that this article intends to address.

PMID- 27356349
TI  - [PRESERVING FERTILITY AND FUTURE DEATH].
AB  - The fertility preservation when it is threatened is a right enshrined in the
      french law on bioethics. It is most often performed before gonadotoxic treatments
      for cancers with a long survival. When the patient has a limited life expectancy,
      is the preservation of fertility lawful? The authors present the arguments for
      and against the preservation of fertility in this particular situation and give
      driving they adopt in their team.

PMID- 27356350
TI  - [POST MORTEM PATERNITY].
AB  - Post mortem paternity, namely the procreation after the death of the man whom is
      part of the couple, is one of the questions which raised the most hesitations
      since the first bioethics laws of 1994. The National Assembly, encouraged by
      several opinions of the CCNE (National advisory committee of ethics) had let
      itself convince that the transfer had, at least, to be authorized in utero
      embryos preserved at the regard of which no one could not claim to have rights
      equal or higher than those of the woman concerned. However, the Senate always
      ended up obtaining the maintenance of an absolute prohibition of posthumous
      procreation (starting) from the spermatozoids or frozen embryos. This
      indifference with the cruelty of the application of the law to the women plunged
      into mourning--based on a paradoxical appreciation of the interest of the child
      not to be born orphan, and on a not very glorious taking into account of the
      interest of the Body of notaries not to change its practices--is particularly
      debatable. One can, nevertheless, try to understand it according to the obsession
      of the legalization of surrogate motherhood by application of the principle of
      nondiscrimination which could justify the requests of the men who, thanks to a
      surrogate mother, would wish to become fathers starting from gametes or embryos
      taken or created before the death of their wife or partner.

PMID- 27356351
TI  - [COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SECRET OF THE DONOR'S IDENTITY OF DONATED GAMETES].
AB  - French law lies down a principle of anonymity of donated gametes. This principle
      is ignored by English law. Moreover, English law has established, few years ago,
      the contrary principle: the one of transparency of the donor's identity. This
      study of English law reports this evolution and its consequences.

PMID- 27356352
TI  - [SURROGACY: TOWARDS LEGALISATION?].
AB  - Surrogacy today is under an absolute legal ban by means of article 16-7 of the
      Civil Code, resulting from the law of 29 July 1994 and which the revisions of
      2006 and 2011 have in no way modified. The Court of Appeal until 2014 ensured the
      impact of this text by refusing to transcribe on the national registers the birth
      certificates drawn up abroad of children born thanks to a protocol of surrogacy.
      While a circular of 2013, recently validated by the Council of State, allows
      certificates of French nationality to be delivered to these children, France has
      been condemned by the European Court of Human Rights for infringement of their
      privacy. These latest developments, which will undoubtedly have consequences for
      the Appeal Court's position, provide France with an opportunity to re-open a
      debate which up to now, has had no results.

PMID- 27356353
TI  - [THE RIGHT TO A CHROMOSOMICALLY PERFECT CHILD].
AB  - After defining the terms "perfect," "chromosomically" and "right" we discuss on
      the scope and terms of the right to a chromosomically perfect child. This right
      is it addressed to a target population or to the general population? What are the
      exams available and the means of diagnosis or screening to be implemented? The
      practice of genetic testing being highly controlled, some rules are then
      discussed. All over the paper, a reflection is proposed on what is allowed versus
      what is possible with reference to ethics.

PMID- 27356354
TI  - [RESEARCHES ON EMBRYO: THE RISKS OF EUGENIC DRIFTS AND LIVING MATTER UNDER
      PATENT].
AB  - As a result of scientific progress, embryo, once classified as part of the
      maternal body, gained recognition in particular with medically assisted
      reproduction. It became a genuine topic of study, from being analyzed in its
      development to its characteristics of being a reserchers's object of desire due
      to its multiple possibilities of reserch and study. Despite belonging to the
      human species, and even though they are not completely classified as objects,
      supernumerary embryos, out of parental projects, were gradually reified in order
      to become the object of all genetic engineering fantasies, especially the quest
      of the perfect child, free of diseases and anomalies. Notwithstanding all the
      precautions taken by the legislator and the European institutions, future drifts
      concerning the enlargement of prenatal diagnostics and of living matter under
      patent possibilities are to be feared.

PMID- 27356355
TI  - [THE LEGAL STATUS OF ELEMENTS AND PRODUCTS OF THE HUMAN BODY: OBJECT OR SUBJECT
      OF LAW?].
AB  - The 2004 Act on bioethics has amended the 1994 Act regarding the donation and the
      use of elements and products of the human body, medically assisted procreation
      and prenatal diagnosis. The very purpose of these laws led the legislature not to
      attempt the summa divisio order distinguishing the object to the person. The
      analysis of bioethical laws reveals the consecration of the non-commercialization
      of the human body at the expense of its unavailability. Bioethical laws appear to
      be catalysts of biological scientific advances releasing the status of the
      components and the products of the human body while framing it. By limiting
      scientific opportunities, they prevent human beings from trying to play the
      sorcerer's apprentice.

PMID- 27356356
TI  - [THE USE AND STORAGE OF STEM CELLS AND CORD BLOOD: FRENCH AND ENGLISH LAW
      COMPARATIVE APPROACH].
AB  - Becoming parents is one of the greatest wishes of a lot of couples. When their
      dreams come true, prior to the birth of the child, parents have to face several
      points: the choice of the name, place of delivery, breast or bottle feeding, etc.
      Recently, they have to face the issues of cord blood stem cells. Researchers and
      cord blood banks are also interested in those cells. In many countries a lot of
      advertising is made around umbilical cord blood stem cells. In France as in
      England, the use and preservation of cord blood are regulated by the legislators
      without necessarily having the same approach. The objective of this paper is to
      present English and French law approaches' on cord blood stem cells.

PMID- 27356357
TI  - [SELECTED ETHICAL ISSUES IN ONCOGENETICS].
AB  - Oncogenetics is the medical care of families with hereditary cancer risk.
      Bioethics laws strictly control this activity. Taking into account the medical
      benefit and lives saved through oncogenetics when a constitutional mutation in
      hereditary cancer risk gene is found, the law requires that information is
      disseminated to the relatives. If the consultant cannot or will not provide this
      information, this is the geneticist who will contact the family. This is an
      unprecedented situation where the doctor encourages medical advices not requested
      by patients. The Clermont experience is shown on the application of the law and
      its practical difficulties. Currently the technology of molecular genetic
      diagnosis is changing rapidly and allows new diagnostics whether at the level of
      cancerous tumors or in the genome with the perspective that everyone can soon
      have the sequence of the entire genome with the interpretation of personal risk
      of cancer diseases or other kinds. It is necessary to better anticipate emerging
      ethical issues already raised by the first medical practices of these
      technologies.

PMID- 27356358
TI  - [EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE].
AB  - Euthanasia and assisted suicide are not part of French laws of bioethics and
      lack, for the time being, definition and normative framework other than their
      criminal prosecution. To transform them into a right, these concepts certainly
      call for an ethical and legal debate. This paper aims to question the ideas to be
      considered, the conceptual bases and normative tools that may be useful to the
      discussion.

PMID- 27356359
TI  - THE USE OF THE NOTION OF HUMANITY IN FRENCH LAW.
AB  - The lawyers little informed about the specificities of the French law often
      wonder about the use of the concept of dignity and about that of humanity who
      accompanies hit. This article makes a point on the sense give to this "humanity"
      which "is at one" with the subject of right.

PMID- 27356360
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356361
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356362
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356363
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356365
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356364
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356366
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - Non alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological entity that
      encompasses simple steatosis, necroinflammation known as non alcoholic
      steatohepatitis (NASH) with or without fibrosis. It is strongly associated with
      the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is by far the most common cause of liver disease.
      Key issues in the diagnosis of patients with NAFLD are the differentiation of
      NASH from simple steatosis and the degree of liver fibrosis. Patients with NASH
      are at greatest risk of developing complications of chronic liver disease, such
      as hepatocellular carcinoma even in the absence of cirrhosis. Liver biopsy, which
      is the gold standard diagnostic method, cannot be proposedfor all patients, given
      the risk of this procedure and the prevalence of NAFLD. There are some
      noninvasive scoring systems to find out whether patients have advanced hepatic
      fibrosis. Knowledge about the interaction between the intestinal microbiota in
      obesity has rapidly increased in the past few years. Several lines of evidence
      suggest a role for the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Dysbiosis,
      i.e. imbalance of the intestinal microbiome, may have a role in the progression
      of NAFLD. At the present time, there are limited treatment options wich include
      lifestyle modification to lose weight, treatment of the disorders included in the
      metabolic syndrome and different therapeutic agents. However results are
      disappointing concerning liver inflammation and fibrosis. Manipulating the gut
      microbiota may represent a new strategy for patients with NAFLD.

PMID- 27356367
TI  - [Metabolic syndrome, non alcoholic hepatic steatopathy and hepatocellular
      carcinoma: so dangerous liaisons].
AB  - Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are fast-growing epidemics associated with an
      increased risk for many types of cancer. In the liver, inflammatory and
      angiogenic changes due to insulin resistance and fatty liver disease are
      associated with an increased incidence of liver cancer. Regardless of underlying
      liver disease, cirrhosis remains the most important risk factor for
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) although cases of HCC arising without cirrhosis do
      not exclude the possibility of a direct carcinogenesis secondary to non-alcoholic
      fatty liver disease. Moreover, metabolic syndrome and its different features may
      also increase the risk of HCC in the setting of chronic liver diseases of other
      causes, such as viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse. Taking into account all these
      data, it is necessary to better determine the risk of developing HCC in patients
      with metabolic syndrome to improve the screening guidelines and develop
      prophylactic treatments in this setting.

PMID- 27356368
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356369
TI  - [Intestinal microbiota].
AB  - The human body normally lives in symbiosis with a considerable microscopic
      environment present on all interfaces with the external environment; it hosts ten
      times more microbes (microbiota) that it has somatic or germ cells, representing
      a gene diversity (microbiome) 100-150 times higher than the human genome. These
      germs are located mainly in the gut, where they represent a mass of about one
      kilogram. The primary colonization of the gastrointestinal tract depends on the
      delivery route, the bacterial flora rewarding then depending on the environment,
      food hygiene, medical treatments. The intestinal microbiota plays an important
      role in the maturation of the immune system and in different physiological
      functions: digestion of polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins,
      vitamins biosynthesis, bile salt metabolism of some amino acids and xenobiotics.
      Quantitative and qualitative changes in the microbiota are observed in a wide
      range of diseases: obesity, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, inflammatory bowel
      disease, autoimmune diseases, allergies... pharmacobiotics aim to modify the
      intestinal microbiota in a therapeutic goal and this by various means:
      prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics or fecal transplants. Intestinal flora also
      plays a direct role in the metabolism of certain drugs and the microbiota should
      be considered as a predictive parameter of response to some chemotherapies.

PMID- 27356370
TI  - [Health and housing].
AB  - The report recalled the determinants of air quality in buildings and the
      dysfunctions which are most commonly found in buildings. They have their roots in
      economic, sociologic, demographic and technologic changes which occurred in last
      decades. Then, the authors stated what should be the health issues at each step
      of the life of a building, namely planning by the architect, construction,
      maintenance, rehabilitation and, in some instances, control by health
      authorities. These shortcomings back up the advices to introduce health issues in
      the management of buildings, to include basic knowledge on housing in school
      programs and health in the training of professionals, lastly to improve and speed
      up legal procedures to better control unhealthy housing.

PMID- 27356371
TI  - [Study on Rapid Micropropagation in Vitro Technique of Guangfeng Medicinal Yam
      (Dioscorea opposita) Plantlets].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In order to provide methodology reference for virus-free and germplasm
      conservation of Guangfeng medicinal yam (Dioscorea opposita) plantlets, rapid
      micropropagation in vitro technique of Guangfeng medicinal yam plantlets was
      studied. METHODS: Using the method of plant tissue culture, single factor test
      and flow-cytometry, the basic procedure of Guangfeng medicinal yam tissue culture
      was established and the DNA content of Guangfeng medicinal yam plantlets and its
      potted seedlings was detected. RESULTS: The best disinfection procedure of stems
      with a bud of Guangfeng medicinal yam was washed with sterile water for three
      times after sterilized with 70% alcohol for 20 - 30 s and then washed with
      sterile water for three times again after sterilized with 0.1% mercuric chloride
      for 10 - 12 min; The best explants of stems with a bud of Guangfeng medicinal yam
      was slightly woody and more mature stems witha bud; The best proliferation
      culture medium of stems with a bud of Guangfeng medicinal yam was MS + 6-BA 2.0
      mg/L + NAA 0.1 mg/L; The best rooting culture medium of stems with a bud of
      Guangfeng medicinal yam was MS + NAA 0.5 mg/L; The best culture method of
      Guangfeng medicinal yam plantlets was liquid culture; The best transplanting
      matrix of Guangfeng medicinal yam plantlets was the mixture of paddy clay and
      fine sand (1: 2) or the mixture of perlite and vermiculite (1: 2); The DNA
      content between Guangfeng medicinal yam plantlets and its potted seedlings had no
      significant difference. CONCLUSION: A fast and efficient micropropagation in
      vitro technological system of stems with a bud of Guangfeng medicinal yam is
      established, and the flow cytometry detect results also show the genetic
      stability of Guangfeng medicinal yam plantlets, whose results provide the
      technical and theoretical basis for the large-scale production of Guangfeng
      medicinal yam plantlets.

PMID- 27356372
TI  - [Effects of Browning Inhibitors on Suspension Cells Growth and Secondary
      Metabolites Production in Changium smyrnioides].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of browning inhibitors on Changium smyrnioides
      suspension cells growth and secondary metabolites production. METHODS: Different
      concentrations of V(C), AC, AHC, Na2S2O3 and PVP were added to the light brown
      suspension cells, and the contents of phenols, total coumarins, bergaptol and
      bergapten were determined by UV-Vis and HPLC. RESULTS: PVP with low concentration
      and V(C) improved the growth of the suspension cells in different degrees. It was
      showed that the content of phenols in the suspension cells was related to the
      kinds of browning inhibitors. The addition of V(C) in the medium increased the
      content of total coumarins significantly. After using 2 mg/mL of V(C), the gross
      increase rate of total coumarins was 51.53%, which was 4.8 times than that of the
      control group. The browning phenomenon caused by salicylic acid were inhibited by
      adding 2 mg/mL of V(C) into suspension culture system (with salicylic acid as the
      inducer). At the same time, the content of bergaptol and bergapten was increased
      25.96% and 33.33%, respectively. CONCLUSION: V(C) is the best anti-browning agent
      in this study. It can inhibit browning, and promote cell growth and accumulation
      of secondary metabolites in Changium smyrnioides suspension cells.

PMID- 27356373
TI  - [A New Pest of Amomum villosum in Xishuangbanna].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report a new pest of Amomum villosum and its distribution,
      occurrence regularity and damage situation, in order to provide reference for its
      control. METHODS: Reared the pest larvae, observed the morphological characters,
      and made a preliminary investigation on its distribution, occurrence regularity
      and damage situation. RESULTS: Through macroscopic examination, the pest was
      identified as Anisodera rugulosa, which distributed in the main producing areas
      of Amomum villosum in Xishuangbanna, the pest larvae ate the inside of Amomum
      villosum fruit, which made the fruit formed holes, more seriously, it made the
      whole fruit rot black. CONCLUSION: The pest causes the fruit yield reduction of
      Amomum villosum. Pest control work needs to be carry out as soon as possible.

PMID- 27356374
TI  - [Determination of Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Natural, Cultured and Tissue
      Culture Anoectochilus roxburghii Using LC-MS].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for simultaneous determination of nucleosides
      and nucleobases in natural, cultured and tissue culture Anoectochilus roxburghii
      by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/ion trap mass
      spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS). METHODS: The separation was performed on a Welch
      Ultimate XB-C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm,5 MUm). 20 mmol/L ammonium acetate
      solution and methanol were adopted as the mobile phase with gradient elution. The
      flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The injection volume was 20 MUL. The column temperature
      and UV wavelength were set at 30 degrees C and 260 nm, respectively. RESULTS:
      Cytosine, uracil, cytidine, uridine, hypoxanthine, adenine, inosine, guanosine,fl
      thymidine and adenosine were identified in natural, cultured and tissue culture
      Anoectochilus roxburghii. The total content of nucleosides and nucleotides in
      Anoectochilus roxburghii were 1.6639, 1.8568 and 2.2013 mg/g,respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The contents of nucleosides and nucleobases in herb are affected by
      its growth pattern. The total content of nucleosides and nucleotides was tissue
      culture herb > cultured herb > natural herb. This investigation would provide the
      theoretic basis for quality standards and applications of Anoectochilus
      roxburghii in clinical research.

PMID- 27356375
TI  - [Comparative Study on Volatile Constituents of Plumeriae Flos from Different
      Origins].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the volatile constituents of Plumeriae Flos from different
      origins. METHODS: Water distillation method according to the Chinese Pharmacopeia
      was used to extract the volatile constituents of fresh Plumeriae Flos samples
      (red flower and white flower) and dried samples. GC-MS method combined with NIST
      MS Search 2.0 data base was carried out to identify the volatile constituents and
      to calculate the relative percentage content. RESULTS: 55 peaks were detected in
      the GC-MS spectrum. Among of them, 26 volatile constituents were confirmed and
      calculated, which were mainly fatty alcohols and esters. The relative percentage
      content of geranyl benzoate in fresh Plumeriae Flos samples was significantly
      higher than the dried samples. CONCLUSION: The compositions of volatile
      constituents in Plumeriae Flos have no obvious correlation with the color of
      flowers, but are related to the flower fresh or dried.

PMID- 27356376
TI  - [Identification of Ardisiae Japonicae Herba by ITS2 Sequence].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The ITS2 sequence was used to identify Ardisiae Japonicae Herba
      collected from the market, in order to ensure the medicine quality of the market
      and to provide a reliable technical method. METHODS: The certified samples,
      including Ardisia japonica and its adulterants, were 56 samples of 17 species.
      All the sequences of the samples including six related sequences downloaded from
      NCBI were analyzed by computing the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) genetic distance and
      the neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree, then the method of DNA barcoding
      identification technology of Ardisiae Japonicae Herba based on ITS2 sequence was
      established. Combined with online comparison of sequences, the method was used to
      detect 15 samples of Ardisiae Japonicae Herba from the market to distinguish
      authenticity. RESULTS: The maximum and the average intra-specific K2P genetic
      distance of Ardisia japonica were all less than the minimum and the average inter
      specific K2P genetic distance, and Ardisia japonica and its adulterants could be
      separated by computing the NJ phylogenetic tree. The identification results of
      online comparison and DNA barcoding identification were the same. In all of the
      15 samples, 13 of them were genuine, and the other two samples were fake.
      CONCLUSION: The DNA barcoding identification technique method of Ardisiae
      Japonicae Herba is established based on ITS2 sequence, and it provides a
      reference method to distinguish the authenticity of Ardisiae Japonicae Herba
      quickly by gene recognition.

PMID- 27356377
TI  - [Correlation Between Functional Groups and Radical Scavenging Activities of
      Acidic Polysaccharides from Dendrobium].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the radical scavenging activity of five different acidic
      polysaccharides, and to find the correlation with the functional groups. METHODS:
      Alkali extraction method and Stepwise ethanol precipitation method were used to
      extract and concentrate the five Dendrobium polysaccharides, and to determine the
      contents of sulfuric acid and uronic acid of each kind of acidic polysaccharides,
      and the scavenging activity to ABTS+ radical and hydroxyl radical. Functional
      group structures were examined by FTIR Spectrometer. RESULTS: Five kinds of
      Dendrobium polysaccharides had different ability of scavenging ABTS+ free radical
      and hydroxyl free radical. Moreover, the study had shown that five kinds of
      antioxidant activity of acidic polysaccharides had obvious correlation withuronic
      acid and sulfuric acid. The antioxidant activity of each sample was positively
      correlated with the content of uronic acid, and negatively correlated with the
      content of sulfuric acid. CONCLUSION: Sulfuric acid can inhibit the antioxidant
      activity of acidic polysaccharide but uronic acid can enhance the free radical
      scavenging activity. By analyzing the structure characteristics of five acidic
      polysaccharides, all samples have similar structures, however, Dendrobium
      denneanum, Dendrobium devonianum and Dendrobium officinale which had beta
      configuration have higher antioxidant activity than Dendrobium nobile and
      Dendrobium fimbriatum which had a configuration.

PMID- 27356378
TI  - [Identification and Comparison of Constituents of Different Processed Products of
      Ligubtrum lucidum Fruit by HPLC Fingerprint].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify and compare the constituents in different processed
      products of Ligubtrum lucidum fruit by HPLC fingerprint, in order to study the
      changes of chemical constituents before and after processing. METHODS: HPLC
      analysis was carried outwith the mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic
      acid in a gradient elution mode. The number of HPLC fingerprint chromatographic
      peaks and peak area changes in two processed products and the crude product under
      240 nm and 280 nm were compared. Then the obtained fingerprint chromatographic
      peaks were confirmed according to the the standard references. RESULTS: 40
      chromatographic peaks were detected from Ligustrum lucidum fruit, of which 18
      chromatographic peaks were confirmed, including eleven iridoids, five phenethyl
      alcohols, one flavonoid and one aldehyde. 38 chromatographic peaks were detected
      from both steaming with wine product and the steamed product, of which 15
      chromatographic peaks were confirmed, including seven iridoids, five phenethyl
      alcohols, one flavonoid, one aldehyde and one organic acid. There was a
      significant difference of fingerprint among crude Ligustrum lucidum fruit and its
      two processed products, but little difference between steaming with wine product
      and the steamed product. CONCLUSION: HPLC fingerprint of the steaming with wine
      product and the steamed product of Ligustrum lucidum fruit are similar while the
      changes on chemical composition and the content in steaming with wine product and
      steamed product of Ligustrum lucidum fruit are remarkable.

PMID- 27356379
TI  - [Macroscopic and Microscopic Identification of Ganoderma and The Confusable
      Medicinal Mushrooms of "Zhi"].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of
      Ganoderma and the confusable medicinal mushrooms of "Zhi". METHODS: The methods
      of macroscopic and microscopic examination were employed to authenticate
      Ganoderma and the other medicinal mushrooms of "Zhi" in the fungal group.
      RESULTS: The medicinal mushroom named "Zhi" could be distinguished from each
      other by the shape of pileus, stipe and the characteristics of mycelium and
      spore. CONCLUSION: There are abundant resources of fungal group from
      Ganodermataceae in China. The medicinal mushrooms of "Zhi", which are quite
      complicated in the market, are needed to be differentiated.

PMID- 27356380
TI  - [Chemical Constituents from Callicarpa nudiflora].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Callicarpa nudiflora. METHODS:
      The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by column chromatography on
      silica gel, ODS, Sephadex LH-20 and MPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the
      basis of physicochemical properties and special analysis. RESULTS: Eleven
      compounds were isolated from the leaves of Callicarpa nudiflora, whose structures
      were elucidated as 2alpha,3alpha-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (1), isorhamnetin
      (2), 2alpha,3beta,19alpha-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid(3),
      2alpha,3alpha,19alpha,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid(4),
      2alpha,3alpha,19alpha-trihyhydroxy-olean-12-en-28-O-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (5),
      benzyl-4'-hydroxy-benzoyl-3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside(6) (3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)
      megastigman-7-ene-3,5,6,9-tetrol(7), philonotisflavone(8), 1, 6-di-O-caffeoyl
      beta-D-glucopyranoside (9), luteolin-4'-O-(6"-E-caffeoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside
      (10), and (6S, 9R)-roseoside(11). CONCLUSION: All compounds are isolated from
      this plant for the first time.

PMID- 27356381
TI  - [Study on Phenylpropanoids of Gardenia jasminoides].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the phenylpropanoids constituents of Gardenia
      jasminoides. METHODS: Various column chromatography were used in the isolation
      and purification, physiochemical constant determination and spectral analysis
      were adopted to determine the chemical structures. RESULTS: Eight compounds were
      isolated from Gardenia jasminoides, including 4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid methylester
      (1), 3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid methylester (2), pisoninol II (3), 7
      hydroxy-orebiusin A (4), (E) -3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl) -acrylic acid n-butyl ester
      (5), (E) -3-(4'-methoxyphenyl) -acrylic acid n-butyl ester (6), 4-methoxyl
      phenylpropanol n-butyl ether (7) and cycloolivil (8). CONCLUSION: All compounds
      are firstly isolated from this plant.

PMID- 27356382
TI  - [Ethyl Acetate-Soluble Chemical Constituents from Callicarpa kwangtungensis
      (II)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the ethyl acetate-soluble chemical constituents of Callicarpa
      kwangtungensis. METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated by column
      chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and MPLC. Their chemical structures
      were elucidated on the basis of special analysis. RESULTS: Eleven compounds were
      isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble part of Callicarpa kwangtungensis, whose
      structures were elucidated as 4-methoxybenzoic acid (1), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic
      acid (2), 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid(3), phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), 3,4,5
      trimethoxyphenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), 2alpha,3beta,22beta,23
      tetrahydroxyursolic-12-en-28-oic acid (6), 2alpha,3beta,6beta,19alpha
      tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), 2beta,3beta,6beta,16alpha
      tetrahydroxy-olean-12-en-28-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), (3S, 6E, 10R)-10-beta-D
      glucopyranosyloxy-3,11-dihydroxy-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,6-diene (9), icariside
      C5(10), and (2E, 6E)-10-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 11-dihydroxy-3, 7, 11
      trimethyldodeca-2,6-diene (11). CONCLUSION: Compounds 4 - 11are isolated from
      Callicarpa genus for the first time, compounds 1 - 3 are isolated from this plant
      for the first time.

PMID- 27356383
TI  - [Chemical Constituents of Cynanchum auriculatum].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Cynanchum auriculatum. METHODS:
      Nine compounds were isolated by silica gel, RP-18 column chromatography and
      Sephadex LH20. RESULTS: Nine compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of
      Cynanchum auriculatum. Their structures were determined as sarcosin-3-O-beta
      cymaropyranoside (1), cynotophylloside B (2), clemaphenol A (3),
      deacetylmetaplexigenin (4), methyl-2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino
      hexopyranosyl- (1 --> 4) -6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside (5),
      trans-p-hydroxy cinnamic methyl ester (6), cyclo(D-Pro-D-Leu) (7), 3alpha-hydroxy
      5alpha ,6alpha-epoxy-7-megastigmen9-one (8) and ferulic acid methyl ester (9) on
      the basis of spectral analysis. CONCLUSION: Compounds 3, 5 and 6 - 9 are isolated
      from Cynanchum auriculatum for the first time.

PMID- 27356384
TI  - [Chemical Constituents in Petroleum Ether Extract of Mongolian Medicine Halenia
      corniculata].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of Mongolian medicine Halenia
      corniculata. METHODS: Positive phase and reversed phase silica gel, as well as
      Sephadex LH-20 methods were used to separate and purify. The structure of the
      isolated constituents was identified according to the NMR spectroscopy data and
      the literature data. RESULTS: Nine compounds were isolated from 95% ethanol
      extracts of petroleum ether part of Halenia corniculata and identified as: 1
      hydroxy-2,3,4,6-tetramethoxyxanthone (1), 1-hydroxy-2,3, 5-trimethoxyxanthone (2)
      1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone (3), 1-hydroxy-3,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyxanthone
      (4), 1-hydroxy-2,3,4, 7-tetramethoxyxanthone (5), 1-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone
      (6),1-hydroxy-2,3,4,5,7-pentamethoxyxanthone (7), palmitic acid (8) and beta
      sitosterol (9). CONCLUSION: Compounds 3, 4 and 8 are isolated from this genus for
      the first time, Compound 1 is isolated from this plant for the first time.

PMID- 27356385
TI  - [Study on Chemical Constituents of Lonicera similis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of flower buds of Lonicera similis.
      METHODS: The compounds were isolated and repeatedly purified by macroperous
      resin, silica gel column, gel column, preparation of TLC, and RP C18,
      chromatography. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties,
      MS and NMR. RESULTS: Seven compounds were isolated and identified as 4-hydroxy
      gamma,3,5-trimethoxybenzenepropanol (1), ursolic acid(2), E-ferulic acid(3),
      caffeic acid ethyl ester(4), dihydrosyringenin (5), rutin(6) and 6-Daucosterin
      (7). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1 and 5 are isolated from this genus for the first
      time, and compounds 2 - 4 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

PMID- 27356386
TI  - [Comparison of Chemical Components of Essential Oil from Ocimum basilicum var.
      pilosum Extracted by Supercritical CO2 Fluid and Steam Distillation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the chemical components of essential oil prepared by steam
      distillation extraction (SD) and supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SFE-CO2)
      from Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum whole plant. METHODS: The essential oil of
      Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum were extracted by SD and SFE-CO2. The chemical
      components of essential oil were separated and analyzed by gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry( GC-MS). Their relative contents were determined by
      normalization of peak area. RESULTS: 40 and 42 compounds were detected in the
      essential oil prepared by SD and SFE-CO2 respectively. 25 compounds were common.
      CONCLUSION: Thereare significant differences of the chemical components between
      the Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum essential oil prepared by SD and thatby SFE
      CO2. Different methods showed different extraction efficiency with a special
      compound. It might be a good idea to unite several methods in the modern
      traditional Chinese medicine industry.

PMID- 27356387
TI  - [Effects of Germanium Concentrations on Germanium Accumulation and
      Biotransformation of Polysaccarified Germanium in Cordyceps militaris].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Germanium (Ge) concentration on Ge
      accumulation and biotransformation of polysaccarified Ge (PG) in Cordyceps
      militaris. METHODS: Solid and liquid culture were used in this study. RESULTS: In
      the solid culture conditions, when the Ge concentration of medium was 200 mg/L,
      the sporophore biomass of Cordyceps militaris was the maximum; and when Ge
      concentration was 300 mg/L,the amount of biotransformation of PG in sporophore
      was the highest; and when the Ge concentration is 250 mg/L, conversion rate of
      organic germanium (OG) in sporophore reached the highest value. In the liquid
      culture conditions, when the Ge concentration was 250 mg/L, the mycelium biomass
      of Cordyceps militaris was the maximum; and when Ge concentration was 150 mg/L,
      the amount of organic conversion of PG in mycelium was the most; and conversion
      rate of OG in mycelium was the highest in media with the Ge concentration of 200
      mg/L. This study showed the germanium concentrations in 150 - 300 mg/L was more
      suitable for Ge accumulation and biotransformation of PG in Cordyceps militaris.
      In general, the biotransformation capacity to germanium of sporophore was
      stronger than that of mycelium of Cordyceps militaris. CONCLUSION: Germanium can
      significantly affect Ge accumulation and biotransformation of PG in Cordyceps
      militaris (P < 0.05) at different concentration. This result has practical value
      for Ge enriched cultivation of fruiting body in Cordyceps militaris.

PMID- 27356388
TI  - [Analysis of Monosaccharide Compositions in Paeoniae Radix Alba Polysaccharide].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the monosaccharide composition and the molar ratio of
      Paeoniae Radix Alba polysaccharide(PYPS). METHODS: Pre-column derivation HPLC
      method was developed to determine the monosaccharide composition and the molar
      ratio of PYPS from Paeonia lactiflora root of different growth years and obtained
      by graded alcohol precipitation. RESULTS: The results of HPLC analysis showed
      that PYPS consisted of Man, Rha, Glc, Ara, Gal and Xyl with the molar ratio of
      156.26 : 0.73 : 0.85 : 1.03 : 1.17 : 0.79. Glc molar ratio increased gradually
      with the increasing of growth years, while the other five monosaccharides
      decreased. CONCLUSION: Precolumn derivation HPLC method can be used to determine
      the monosaccharides in PYPS, molar ratio are differently in the different growth
      years and molecular weight of the PYPS, Glc is the main monosaccharide of PYPS.

PMID- 27356389
TI  - [Protective Effects of Different Extracts of Imperatae Rhizoma in Rats with
      Adriamycin Nephrosis and Influence on Expression of TGF-beta1, and NF-kappaB
      p65].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of Imperatae Rhizoma extract on renal
      tissues in rats with Adriamycin nephrosis, and to explore the possible mechanism.
      METHODS: The nephrosis model was induced by adriamycin 6.5 mg/kg intravenously in
      rats. The rats were randomly divided into seven groups, including normal group,
      model group, predisone group, petroleum ether groups, ethyl acetate group
      ,alcohol group, and water parts group, and treated for eight weeks. The protein
      content of 24 hours urine excretion was tested respectively by automatic
      biochemistry analyzer each week. After eight weeks, BUN, CRE, TCHO, TG, TP and
      ALB in serum were examined by automatic biochemistry analyzer. The TNF-alpha in
      serum was measured by ELISA. The expression of TGF-beta1, and NF-kappaB p65 in
      renal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry respectively. The
      pathological changes in the renal were observed by light microscope. RESULTS:
      Compared with the model group ,the proteinuria of the rats in ethyl acetate group
      obviously reduced at the 6th, 7th, 8th week, the content of TNF-alpha in serum
      and the expression of TGF-beta1, and NF-kappaB p65 in renal tissues significantly
      reduced, but the content of TP and ALB in serum were increased obviously. In the
      alcohol and water parts groups ,the level of TG in serum and the protein content
      of 24 hours urine excretion of the 6th and 7th week were significantly decreased.
      The ethyl acetate, alcohol and water parts groups ameliorated the changes of
      pathology in renal. CONCLUSION: The different extracts of Imperatae Rhizoma had
      different protective effect in rats with adriamycin nephrosis, and the effect of
      ethyl acetate group was more stronger than that of other groups. The mechanism
      may be related to reducing the expression of NF-kappaB p65 and TGF-beta1, and the
      content of TNF-alpha inrenal tissues of rats.

PMID- 27356390
TI  - [Mechanism Study on Danggui Shaoyao San and Guizhi Fuling Wan For Treating
      Primary Dysmenorrheal Based on Biological Network].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of Danggui Shaoyao San and
      Guizhi Fuling Wan for treating primary dysmenorrhea of liver depression and blood
      stasis syndrome by biological network method. METHODS: Targets of the formula
      were collected from. PubMed database, and targets of primary dysmenorrhea were
      searched from Gene Card database. Then, the "formula-syndromes-disease" network
      was constructed and analyzed with Cytoscape software. Molecular docking approach
      was used to verify estrogen-like effect of ingredients. RESULTS: The "formula
      syndromes-disease" shared multiple targets, which involves a variety of important
      nodes, such as IL and PGF2alpha, and played the effects of anti-inflammatory and
      analgesic. Danggui Shaoyao San could influence the function of hormones, such as
      corticotropin releasing hormone, and inhibit hyperactivity of adrenal axis.
      Guizhi Fuling Wan mainly affected a series of inflammation caused by
      cyclooxygenase and had the effects of blood coagulation. Estrogen-like effect of
      Danggui Shaoyao Sanwas stronger than that of Guizhi Fuling Wan. CONCLUSION: The
      novel approach will present an effective strategy for theory study of Danggui
      Shaoyao San and Guizhi Fuling Wan for treating primary dysmenorrhea.

PMID- 27356391
TI  - [Effects of Total Alkaloids of Harmaline on Learning and Memory in Vascular
      Dementia Rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of total alkaloids of harmaline on learning
      and memory in vascular dementia rats, and its mechanism. METHODS: The model rats
      of vascular dementia were established with bilateral carotid artery ligation.
      After 30 days, the model rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham group,
      model group, nicergoline tablets 7 mg/kg group, and 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/kg dose
      groups of total alkaloids of harmaline, the rats were given medicine for 30 days.
      Learning and memory abilities were tested by Morris water maze, histomorphology
      in hippocampal CA1 area were observed by HE staining, BAX and BCL-2 protein
      expression in hippocampal CA1 area were detected by immunohistochemistry.
      RESULTS: Compared with model group, 25 mg/kg group of total alkaloids of
      harmaline shortened the incubation period in the third and fourth day
      significantly, 12.5 mg/kg group of total alkaloids of harmaline shortened the
      incubation period in the fourth day. 25 and 12.5 mg/kg groups of total alkaloids
      of harmaline significantly increased the times crossing the target. Total
      alkaloids of harmaline improved the neurons pathological changes of rat in the
      hippocampus CA1 area, 25 and 12.5 mg/kg of total alkaloids of harmaline
      downregulated the expression of apoptosis proteins BAX, upregulated the protein
      expression of BCL-2. CONCLUSION: Total alkaloids of harmaline can improve the
      learning and memory abilities in vascular dementia rats, which probably is
      related to inhibiting apoptosis of hippocampus cell.

PMID- 27356392
TI  - [Comparative Study on Effects of Anti-contusion Injury, Analgesia and Anti
      inflammation of Root and Stem of Zanthoxylum nitidum].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide the scientific evidence for expansion of medicinal parts of
      Zanthoxylum nitidum by comparing the effects of anti-contusion injury, analgesia
      and anti-inflammation of its root and stem. METHODS: The pharmacological effects
      between root and stem of Zanthoxylum nitidum were compared by observing the anti
      injury effect in rats with injury struck by hammer. The analgesic effect in mice
      was evaluated by writhing test and hot plate test, and the anti-inflammatory
      effect on paw edema induced by carrageenan and granuloma induced by cotton pellet
      were investigated in rats. RESULTS: Both root and stem of Zanthoxylum nitidum
      relieved the exterior and histological symptoms of rats' injury legs struck by
      hammer, decreased the numbers of mice's writhing, enhanced pain threshold of mice
      on heat plate, inhibited the edema of rats induced by carrageenan, and suppressed
      the granuloma of rats induced by cotton pellet. CONCLUSION: Stem of Zanthoxylum
      nitidum has similar effects of anti-contusion injury, analgesia and anti
      inflammation with root of Zanthoxylum nitidum.

PMID- 27356393
TI  - [Characteristic Chromatograms Analysis and Simultaneous Determination of Six
      Marker Components in Xinnaojian Capsules].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC method for characteristic chromatograms analysis
      and simultaneous determination of six marker components in Xinnaojian Capsules
      from different manufactories. METHODS: Using HPLC, an Agilent C18 column (100 mm
      x 4.6 mm, 2.7 MUm) was adopted with acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid as the
      mobile phase in a gradient elution mode, the flow ratewas 0.4 mL/min, the
      detection wavelength was 280 nm, and the column temperature was 40 degrees C.
      RESULTS: Totally eleven common peaks were recognized with epigallocatechin-3
      gallate as the reference peak. There were good similarities between the standard
      characteristic chromatogram and each characteristic chromatogram of the 26
      samples with their similarities over 0.99. The six marker components (gallic
      acid, gallocatechin, caffeine, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and
      epicatechin gallate) were separated well. Good correlation coefficients were
      found (r > 0.9990) and the average recovery rates ranged from 95.29% to 102.3%.
      CONCLUSION: The established method has high sensitivity and specificity, and can
      be used for the quality control of Xinnaojian Capsules.

PMID- 27356394
TI  - [Preparation Technology of Huayu Xiaozhong Spray Films].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The extraction process and film-forming preparation technology of
      Huayu Xiaozhong spray film was optimized respectively by orthogonal design and
      central composite design/response surface method (CCD-RSM). METHODS: With the
      extraction rate of amygdalin as the index, the orthogonal experiment was adopted
      for the optimization of extraction process. With the film-forming time, spraying
      effect, thickness and maintain time of spray film as the indexes, the dosages of
      PVA 1788, PVP k30 and glycerin as factors, the prescription was optimized by CCD
      RSM. RESULTS: The optimal extract processing was: immersing rude powder with 12
      times of 60% ethanol for 24 hours. The optimal formula of Huayu Xiaozhong spray
      film was 5% of PVA 1788, 4.5% of glycerin and 5% of PVP-k30. CONCLUSION: Under
      the optimum condition, the extraction efficiency of amygdalin is 96.7%. Under the
      optimum technological condition of preparation, the spray film meets the demand
      of quality.

PMID- 27356395
TI  - [Preparation of Baicalein Liposome-Lyophilized Powder and Its Pharmacokinetics
      Study].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To prepare baicalein liposome-lyophilized powder, and to investigate
      the particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, stability, in vitro
      release and in vivo pharmacokirietics in rats. METHODs: Baicalein liposome was
      prepared by the ethanol injection, the encapsulation efficiency was measured by
      column chromatography, glucose, lactose and mannitol were selected as
      lyoprotectants. Pharmacokinetics study in rats was carried out by oral
      administration and analysis of rats pharmacokinetic parameters. RESULTS: The
      baicalein liposomes were spherical, the mean diameter was (93.1 +/- 11.2) nm, PDI
      was 0.258, the encapsulation efficiency was (83.9 +/- 0.4)%. In vitro release
      test results showed that it had a significant slow-release effect, freeze-dried
      mannitol for the best protective agent. The pharmacokinetic parameters of
      baicalein liposomes and solution were as follows: AUC(0 --> 24 (129.04 +/- 12.73)
      MUg/mL x h and (73.31 +/- 9.34) MUg/mL x h; C(max) (15.07 +/- 3.13) MUg/mL and
      (9.38 +/- 2.42) MUg/mL; T(max) 1 and 1.5 h. CONCLUSION: Baicalein liposome has
      the higher entrapment efficiency and the smaller particle size. In vitro studies
      show that baicalein liposome has a slow-release effect and can significantly
      improve the bioavailability in rats.

PMID- 27356396
TI  - [Implementation of precision control to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis
      elimination in China].
AB  - The integrated strategy for schistosomiasis control with focus on infectious
      source control, which has been implemented since 2004, accelerated the progress
      towards schistosomiasis control in China, and achieved transmission control of
      the disease across the country by the end of 2015, which achieved the overall
      objective of the Mid- and Long-term National Plan for Prevention and Control of
      Schistosomiasis (2004-2015) on schedule. Then, the goal of schistosomiasis
      elimination by 2025 was proposed in China in 2014. To achieve this new goal on
      schedule, we have to address the key issues, and implement precision control
      measures with more precise identification of control targets, so that we are able
      to completely eradicate the potential factors leading to resurgence of
      schistosomiasis transmission and enable the achievement of schistosomiasis
      elimination on schedule. Precision schistosomiasis control, a theoretical
      innovation of precision medicine in schistosomiasis control, will provide new
      insights into schistosomiasis control based on the conception of precision
      medicine. This paper describes the definition, interventions and the role of
      precision schistosomiasis control in the elimination of schistosomiasis in China,
      and demonstrates that sustainable improvement of professionals and integrated
      control capability at grass-root level is a prerequisite to the implementation of
      schistosomiasis control, precision schistosomiasis control is a key to the
      further implementation of the integrated strategy for schistosomiasis control
      with focus on infectious source control, and precision schistosomiasis control is
      a guarantee of curing schistosomiasis patients and implementing schistosomiasis
      control program and interventions.

PMID- 27356397
TI  - [Integration and demonstration of key techniques in surveillance and forecast of
      schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province III Development of a machine simultaneously
      integrating mechanized environmental cleaning and automatic mollusciciding].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a machine simultaneously integrating mechanized
      environmental cleaning and automatic mollusciciding and to evaluate its
      effectiveness of field application, so as to provide a novel Oncomelania hupensis
      snail control technique in the large-scale marshlands. METHODS: The machine
      simultaneously integrating mechanized environmental cleaning and automatic
      mollusciciding, which was suitable for use in complex marshland areas, was
      developed according to the mechanization and automation principles, and was used
      for O. hupensis snail control in the marshland. The effect of the machine on
      environmental cleaning and plough was evaluated, and the distribution of living
      snails was observed at various soil layers following plough. The snail control
      effects of plough alone and plough followed by mollusciciding were compared.
      RESULTS: The machine could simultaneously complete the procedures of getting
      vegetation down and cut vegetation into pieces, plough and snail control by
      spraying niclosamide. After plough, the constituent ratios of living snails were
      36.31%, 25.60%, 22.62% and 15.48% in the soil layers at depths of 0-5, 6-10, 11
      15 cm and 16-20 cm respectively, and 61.91% living snails were found in the 0-10
      cm soil layers. Seven and fifteen days after the experiment, the mortality rates
      of snails were 9.38% and 8.29% in the plough alone group, and 63.04% and 80.70%
      in the plough + mollusciciding group respectively (chi27 d = 42.74, chi215 d =
      155.56, both P values < 0.01). Thirty days after the experiment, the densities of
      snails were 3.02 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.53 snails/ 0.1 m2 in the soil surface of the
      plough alone group and the plough + mollusciciding group, which decreased by
      64.92% and 93.60%, respectively, and the decrease rate of snail density was
      approximately 30% higher in the plough + mollusciciding group than that in the
      plough alone group. CONCLUSIONS: The machine simultaneously integrating
      mechanized environmental cleaning and automatic mollusciciding achieves the
      integration of mechanical environmental cleaning and automatic niclosamide
      spraying in the complex marshland areas, which provides a novel technique of
      field snail control in the large-scale setting in China.

PMID- 27356398
TI  - [Study on immune status of patients with schistosomiasis japonica in Poyang Lake
      region III Humoral and cellular immune characteristics between Schistosoma
      japonicum high and low antibody responders].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the immune mechanism of negative results of immune tests of
      schistosomiasis japonica patients. METHODS: Totally 142 schistosomiasis patients
      (positive stool examinations) of Poyang Lake region were tested by ELISA method,
      and the ROC curve was applied to determine the high and low response of the
      patients. The levels of cellular immunity and cytokines of high and low
      responders were compared. RESULTS: Totally eight schistosomiasis patients were
      found as low responders. Besides SWAP-IgA (t = -1.588, P > 0.1), the levels of
      isotype antibodies were significantly lower in the low responders compared with
      those in the high responders (t = -14.517 to -2.866, all P < 0.05). In the low
      responders, the propor- tion of CD3+T was increased; and the proportions of
      CD4+T, CD8+T, CD4+CD25+Treg, and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ were all de- creased, but
      all of them were not significant (t = -1.72 to 0.974, all P > 0.05) compared with
      those in the high responders. The differences of IFN-gamma and IL-10 between the
      high and low responders were both not significant (t = -2.426 to 0.216, all P >
      0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant difference between the high and low
      responders only in the levels of isotype antibodies. One of the reasons of low
      response in the immune tests is the much lower antibody level after the antigen
      antibody compound is completely formulated.

PMID- 27356399
TI  - [Serological diagnosis methods of schistosomiasis japonica at different
      prevalence: a meta-analysis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively evaluate the effects of indirect hemagglutination
      test (IHA) , enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and dipstick dye method
      (DDIA) in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica at different prevalence by
      using Meta-analysis. METHODS: Through the literature review according to the
      inclusion and exclusion criteria, a database was established, and by using Meta
      disc and R software, the Meta-analysis was performed including the threshold
      test, heterogeneity test, weighted by the quantitative effect of merger, SROC
      curve fitting, etc. RESULTS: A total of 60 papers were included in the final
      analysis. The sensitivities of IHA were 0.84, 0.76 and 0.94 in heavy, medium and
      low endemic areas, and specificities were 0.73, 0.64 and 0.73 respectively; the
      sensitivities of ELISA were 0.88, 0.80 and 0.93 in heavy, medium and low endemic
      areas, and the specificities were 0.59, 0.59 and 0.62 respectively; the
      sensitivities of DDIA were 0.93, 0.81 and 0.93 in the heavy, medium and low
      endemic areas, and specificities were 0.66, 0.69 and 0.59 respectively. The
      weighted sensitivities of IHA, ELISA and DDIA were 0.83, 0.87 and 0.90
      respectively; the weighted specificities were 0.69, 0.60 and 0.62 respectively.
      The areas under the curve of SROC were 0.89, 0.96 and 0.92 in IHA, ELISA and DDIA
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In different prevalence, the effectiveness of
      different methods for serological diagnosis of schistosomiasis is different. The
      sensitivity and specificity of all diagnostic methods of schistosomiasis need to
      further improve.

PMID- 27356400
TI  - [Analysis of epidemic situation of malaria in Yunnan Province from 2011 to 2013].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemic situation and characteristics of malaria in
      Yunnan Province, so as to provide the reference for malaria elimination. METHODS:
      The data of malaria reported in the information system were collected and
      analyzed in Yunnan Province from 2011 to 2013. RESULTS: From 2011 to 2013,
      totally 2 256 malaria cases were found in Yunnan Province, with a morbidity of
      0.162 8 per million and three of them were death cases. The local cases mainly
      distributed along the boundary and accounted for 29.48%, while the imported cases
      mainly came from Myanmar and accounted for 70.52%. The number of endemic counties
      with local malaria cases decreased from 37 to 10 during the three years. The
      number of imported cases reached the peak in May and the local cases in June. The
      patients were mainly aged from 20 to 49 years old (accounted for 70.58%), and
      85.24% of the cases were peasants and laborers. Totally 86.66% of cases were
      laboratory confirmed cases, and 13.14% were clinically diagnosed. The proportions
      of cases reported by hospitals, health service centers and CDCs were 33.02%,
      37.06% and 29.92%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malaria in Yunnan
      Province decreased from 2011 to 2013. The work of malaria cases double-checked by
      province-level CDCs is effective. However, the awareness and accurately
      diagnostic capability of clinical doctors still should be strengthened.

PMID- 27356401
TI  - [Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Shandong Province in 2014].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in
      Shandong Province in 2014, so as to provide evidences for taking targeted
      strategies and measures for malaria elimination. METHODS: The data of malaria
      epidemic and malaria cases of Shandong Province in 2014 were collected from
      Information Management System for Infectious Diseases Report and Information
      Management System for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention. The
      epidemiological characteristics of malaria situation and the diagnosis and
      treatment of malaria cases were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2007. RESULTS: A
      total of 150 malaria cases were reported in Shandong Province in 2014, which
      increased by 14.50% compared with that in 2013 (131 cases). All the cases were
      imported from other countries except one imported from Yunnan Province in China,
      and most of the imported cases were from Africa (142 cases, 95.30%). All the
      cases were confirmed in Shandong Provincial Reference Laboratory and there were
      121 cases (80.67%) infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 16 cases (10.67%)
      infected with P. vivax, 9 cases (6.00%) infected with P. ovale and 4 cases
      (2.67%) infected with P. malariae. The cases were mainly distributed in Tai'an
      (40 cases, 26.67%), Yantai (17 cases, 11.33%), Weihai (13 cases, 8.67%), Jining
      (11 cases, 7.33%) and Heze (11 cases, 7.33%) cities. CONCLUSIONS: There have been
      no local malaria cases reported in Shandong Province in the continuous 3 years.
      However, the reported number of imported malaria cases shows an increasing trend
      in the province in recent years, and the species of infected Plasmodium are
      diverse. Imported malaria from other countries is the key of malaria control in
      Shandong Province at present.

PMID- 27356402
TI  - [Cloning, expression and identification of gametocyte specific protein Pfgdv1 of
      Plasmodium falciparum].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To clone a gametocyte specific protein Pfgdv1 of Plasmodium
      falciparum, express and identify recombinant Pfgdvl protein in vitro. METHODS:
      PCR was performed to amplify Pfgdv1 from P. falciparum DNA which was got from the
      patient who was infected with P. falciparum, and the PCR product was inserted
      into pET28a (+) vector. pET28a-Pfgdv1 recombinant plasmid was constructed and
      transformed into E. coli host BL21 (DE3+). IPTG was used to induce the
      recombinant Pfgdv1 protein fused with His tag, and the protein was purified by
      His-NTA affinity chromatography. The recombinant protein was identified by SDS
      PAGE and Western blotting. RESULTS: The PCR product of Pfgdv1 gene was about 1.65
      kb, meeting the expectation of predicted fragment size. The recombinant protein
      was about 67 kDa, which could be recognized by His-Tag monoclonal antibody.
      CONCLUSION: The Pfgdv1 gene of P. falciparum is successfully cloned, and the
      recombinant Pfgdv1 protein is expressed, thereby providing an opportunity for
      further study on transmission blocking vaccine.

PMID- 27356403
TI  - [Establishment and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification based on
      Plasmodium falciparum unique genes coding PHIST proteins].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish a novel convenient loop-mediated isothermal amplification
      (LAMP) method with the unique genes coding Plasmodium helical interspersed sub
      telomeric superfamily (PHIST) for the rapid molecular diagnosis of P. falciparum.
      METHODS: The unique genes coding PHIST with high expression mRNA profile during
      the ring form or schizont period of P. falciparum were screened and selected from
      the PlasmoDB database. The LAMP primers of targeted genes were designed by the
      online software (PrimerExplorer V4). The LAMP assay was executed by the color
      displaying method with SYBR Green. The dried blood spots of P. falciparum from
      clinical isolates were collected and the genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted. For
      evaluation of sensitivity, the gDNA was diluted to four gradients (10-1, 10-2, 10
      3, and 10-4). For assessment of specificity, the gDNA (s) of P. vivax, P. yoelii,
      Taenia saginata, and Schistosoma japonicum were also extracted. RESULTS: Totally,
      61 P. falciparum unique genes coding PHIST were found. The PF3D7_1372300 with
      high expression value during the ring form and PF3D7_1401600 with high expression
      value during the schizont period were selected for LAMP assay. The lowest
      detectable limits of PF3D7_1372300 and PF3D7_1401600 were 130.5 parasite/ul and
      1305.3 parasite/uL, respectively. Specific tests showed the amplified products of
      P. falciparum was positive and all the others including P. vivax, P. yoelii, T.
      saginata, and S. japonicum were negative. CONCLUSIONS: The established LAMP
      method with PF3D7_1372300 gene is sensitive, specific, simple and useful. It can
      be applied to the field investigation and clinical diagnosis for falciparum
      malaria.

PMID- 27356404
TI  - [Studies on immunogenicity and immunoprotection induced by heat shock protein 60
      kDa of Schistosoma japonicum in mice].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunogenicity and immunoprotective effect of heat
      shock protein 60 kDa (SjHSP60) of Schistosoma japonicum in mice after
      immunization and challenge infection, and explore the mechanism. METHODS: B
      cell/antibody-related databases and analysis tools were used to predict B-cell
      epitopes of SjHSP60. The mice were immunized with the recombinant SjHSP60 and
      challenged with S. japonicum cercariae. SjHSP60-specific antibodies in serum were
      detected by ELISA. The level of splenocyte proliferation was determined by 3H-TdR
      incorporation. Ex vivo suppression assay was performed to investigate the effects
      of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) induced by SjHSP60. RESULTS: SjHSP60
      possessed multiple predominant regions of B-cell epitopes. SjHSP60 induced a
      significant increase in both SjHSP60-specific IgG levels (P < 0.01) and
      splenocyte proliferation (P < 0.01) with a higher IFN-gamma production (P <
      0.01). However, the immunization with SjHSP60 resulted no significant reduction
      in adult worms (P > 0.05) and liver-accumulated eggs (P > 0.05) in S. japonicum
      infected mice. Ex vivo assay showed that CD4+CD25+ Tregs from SjHSP60-immunized
      mice enhanced immunosuppressive activity. CONCLUSION: SjHSP60 has a dual role in
      host immune system, being involved in the induction of dominant humoral and
      cellular immune responses as well as in the enhancement of immunosuppression.

PMID- 27356405
TI  - [Observation on growth status of Blastocystis hominis in three media].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the growth situation of Blastocystis hominis in vitro and
      select the optimal method for cultivation of B. hominis in different media.
      METHODS: Ten positive stools with B. hominis were inoculated in three different
      media for cultivating, namely 1640, Jone's medium and vitro medium. And the
      stools with good growth status and high quantities of B. hominis were chosen to
      inoculate in the three media with equal amount after subcultivation, and the
      number of B. hominis was counted every 24 h for ten days, and the morphological
      changes and growth status were also observed. RESULTS: The densities of B.
      hominis in the 1640 and Jone's medium were higher than that in the vitro medium
      48 h after the inoculation. The same stool sample was inoculated to the three
      different media and observed for ten days, and the results indicated that the
      growth of B. hominis presented regular changes in the three media, the growth
      peaks were on the third, sixth and ninth day post inoculation; and the density of
      B. hominis was the highest in the Jone's medium. The morphology of B. hominis was
      the clearest and most dynamic in the vitro medium, while various reproductive
      forms were observed in the Jone's medium. CONCLUSION: Jone's medium is suitable
      for the growth of B. hominis and can be the first choice for the cultivation of
      B. hominis in vitro, and vitro medium is the best medium for observing the growth
      situation of B. hominis.

PMID- 27356406
TI  - [Analysis of Oncomelania hupensis status in schistosomiasis surveillance sites of
      Yunnan Province in 2015].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the Oncomelania hupensis distribution and infection
      status in the schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Yunnan Province, so as to
      provide the evidence for making the control and prevention measures. METHODS:
      Eighteen administrative villages were selected as the surveillance sites where
      the schistosomiasis endemic was serious in 18 epidemic counties, one village for
      one county. The snail status was investigated with the systematic sampling and
      environmental sampling methods, and the infection status of the snails was
      detected by a microscope and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The
      surveillance database was established and descriptively analyzed. RESULTS: In
      2015, the total surveillance area was 1826.55 hm2, and the area with snails was
      55.03 hm2, that was reduced by 57.70% as compared to that in 2013, and by 40.63%
      as compared to that in 2014. No new snail area was discovered, and also no
      schistosome infected snails were discovered. Totally 718,532 frames were
      surveyed, and the occurrence rate of frames with snails was 0.45% and the density
      of living snails was 0.013 9 snail/0.1 m2. In the endemic controlled areas, the
      snail area and density of living snails were both the highest. The snails
      concentrated on the environments of paddy field, ditch, bottomland, small
      reservoir, and dry land, and the vegetations of rice, dry crop, weed and wood.
      The snail area, occurrence rate of frames with snails, total number of snails and
      number of living snails all showed a downward trend. No infected snails were
      found for three years. CONCLUSIONS: The Oncomelania hupensis snails have been
      effectively controlled in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of
      Yunnan Province. However, the comprehensive snail control measures still should
      be continually strengthened in order to consolidate the achivements.

PMID- 27356407
TI  - [Development and application of communication materials for participatory health
      education of schistosomiasis in fishermen and boatmen of Poyang Lake region].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To design and develop new types of health education materials which
      are suitable for fishermen and boatmen in endemic areas of marshland and lake
      regions, and to observe their application effects. METHODS: A total of 292 adult
      fishmen and boatmen who lived in Houshan Village, Yugan County, the
      schistosomiasis endemic area of Poyang Lake Region, were selected randomly and
      investigated by questionnaires to understand the status of their knowledge,
      attitudes, practices on schistosomiasis control as well as the channels for
      getting information on schistosomiasis control and the materials that they were
      willing to accept. Then the information and materials suitable for the target
      population were developed together by the researchers and the volunteers of the
      villagers through focus group discussions, personal interviews and the Delphi
      method. RESULTS: A series of participatory health education materials of
      schistosomiasis control targeted to the fishmen and boatmen were developed,
      including 2 live posters, 2 picture puzzles, 2 short opusculums and one song
      about schistosomiasis control. The field application showed that 98.97%, 84.38%,
      78.35% and 80.93% of the participants considered those materials had
      scientificity, intelligibility, interestingness and practicability, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The participatory health education materials of schistosomiasis
      control is suitable for fishmen and boatmen, which can be used for reference by
      other endemic areas in marshland and lake regions.

PMID- 27356408
TI  - [Impact of ecological protection construction on schistosomiasis transmission of
      Qionghai Lake wetland in Xichang City].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the impact of Qionghai Lake wetland ecological
      protection construction on the prevalence of schistosomiasis, so as to provide
      the evidence for formulating the strategies for schistosomiasis control and
      prevention. METHODS: A retrospective survey of the construction of Qionghai Lake
      wetland was performed, and eleven villages around the wetland were surveyed for
      schistosomiasis endemic situation. The influence of the wetland project on the
      schistosomiasis prevalence and Oncomelania hupensis snail status were
      investigated. RESULTS: Before the construction of Qionghai Lake wetland, the
      snail elimination and extended chemotherapy for residents was performed. After
      the project was finished, the roads and ditches were hardened. From 2009 to 2014,
      the schistosome infection rate of residents declined from 0.37% to 0. No
      schistosome infected snails were found and in recent 2 years, no snails were
      found. No mice were infected in the sentinel tests. CONCLUSIONS: The construction
      of Qionghai Lake wetland effectively eliminates snails, and interrupts the
      transmission of schistosomiasis. However, the environment of the wetland is more
      suitable for snail breeding, and therefore, the surveillance still should be
      strengthened.

PMID- 27356409
TI  - [Analysis of imported malaria situation in Liyang City, Jiangsu Province].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemic characteristics of imported malaria in Liyang
      City, so as to provide the evidence for formulating appropriate control
      strategies and measures. METHODS: The malaria epidemic situation reports, case
      epidemiological investigations and the follow-up materials of counterparts
      returned together with the cases were collected and analyzed in Liyang City from
      2007 to 2014. RESULTS: Totally 53 imported malaria cases were reported and they
      were all laboratory confirmed in Liyang City from 2007 to 2014. Forty-nine cases
      (92.5%) were imported from African countries, 37 cases (69.8%) were Plasmodium
      falciparum infection, and 37 cases (69.8%) had overseas incidence history. Forty
      cases (75.5%) were aged between 30 and 49 years, and 52 cases (98.1%) were male,
      42 cases (79.2%) were farmers. These cases were distributed in all the 10 towns
      and there were no obvious seasonal variation for onset time. The median time from
      onset to seeing a doctor was 3 d, and the median time from seeing a doctor to
      being diagnosed was 0 d. The first visit health facilities by the patients were
      various, and the diagnostic health facilities were all the medical institutions
      at the county level or above, and the standardized treatment rate was 100%.
      CONCLUSION: During the last 5 consecutive years, there have been no local
      infected malaria cases in Liyang City, and the remarkable results have been
      achieved in malaria elimination. However, there are still many imported malaria
      cases, and the infected species are diverse. Therefore, the imported malaria is
      still the key of malaria prevention and control.

PMID- 27356410
TI  - [Effect of malaria control in Shayang County from 1995 to 2014].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of malaria control in Shayang County from 1995
      to 2014, so as to provide the evidence for the strategy revision of the
      elimination of malaria prevention and control. METHODS: The data of malaria
      surveillance were collected and analyzed in Shayang County from 1995 to 2014.
      RESULTS: During the 20 years, 582 malaria patients (9 imported patients) were
      reported. The average annual incidence rate was 0.53/ten thousand. Through the
      comprehensive prevention and control measures, the incidence of malaria decreased
      from 2.30/ten thousand in 1997 to 0.02/ten thousand in 2010, and the decreasing
      rate was 99.13%. The proportion of malaria cases in the total infectious diseases
      cases also decreased from 21.23% in 1997 to 0.07% in 2010, and the decreasing
      rate was 99.67%. There were no local malaria patients from 2010 to 2014. However,
      the imported malaria patients were increased year by year during the recent
      years. CONCLUSIONS: This county has reached the national malaria control and
      elimination standards, and the malaria control work has been transferred from the
      control period to the elimination phase. We should implement the prevention and
      control measures and strictly control imported malaria, so as to consolidate the
      malaria control results.

PMID- 27356411
TI  - [Analysis of malaria endemic situation in Jingmen City from 2005 to 2014].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the malaria endemic situation in Jingmen City from 2005 to
      2014, so as to provide the evidence for revising the measures of malaria
      elimination. METHODS: The malaria endemic data of Jingmen City from 2005 to 2014
      were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 516 malaria cases were reported
      during the 10 years in Jingmen City, and the average annual malaria incidence was
      0.17/10 000, which was declining year by year. The local infection of malaria
      cases were 484 (accounted for 93.80%) with obvious aggregation in June, July and
      August, which were also relatively aggregated in farmers (accounted for 60.08%).
      The ratio of male to female was 1.93:1. No local cases of malaria infection were
      reported from 2012 to 2014. The imported malaria cases were 32 (accounting for
      6.20%), showing a rising trend in recent years. CONCLUSION: The incidence of
      malaria is low and has a downward trend year by year from 2004 to 2015 in Jingmen
      City. However, the imported malaria cases are increasing in recent years, and the
      surveillance and management of them should be paid more attention to.

PMID- 27356412
TI  - [Development and application of Jingcen DY-1 spraying tanker for Oncomelania
      hupensis snail control].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a Jingcen DY-1 type spraying tanker for Oncomelania
      hupensis snail control and evaluate its effect of field application as well as
      the cost. METHODS: The currently available tractor was used as a vector, and the
      mechanical and electrical equipments and containers were integrated with shafts,
      pipelines and electric lines to produce a spraying tanker for snail control, with
      the functions of carrying people and molluscicides, generating electric power and
      getting water, mixing stocking solutions, adjusting molluscicide solutions
      evenly, and spraying drugs. The volume of the molluscicide solution, flow rate of
      water injection, and the flow rate, range and advance speed of the spray gun were
      tested, and the solution concentrations of molluscicide in the tanker and at the
      muzzle of the spray gun at different time were detected. Meanwhile, the
      molluscicidal effect and cost of the spraying tanker were analyzed by the field
      test. RESULTS: The volume of the liquid storage pot of the Jingcen DY-1 type
      spraying tanker was 1 800 L, the flow rate of water injection was 400 L/min, the
      flow rate and the spray range of the standard spray gun were 110-200 L/min and
      19.70-23.50 m, respectively, the efficiency of drug spraying of the spraying
      tanker was 6 000 m/h, and the ratio of spray width (m) to march speed (m/min) was
      1:200. When 5 min post mother liquid recirculating, the average concentration of
      the molluscicide at the upper-, middle- and lower-layers of the liquid storage
      pot was (1030.39 +/- 43.00) mg/L, with a variation coefficient of 4.17%. The
      average concentration of the molluscicide in the spraying process (spraying for
      2, 4, 6, 8, 9 min) was (953.00 +/- 68.87)mg/L, with a variation coefficient of
      7.22%. The concentration of the residual drug in the liquid storage pot post
      spraying was 1 000.43 mg/L, which reached the effect concentration for snail
      control. After spraying for 7 days in the field, the average density of living
      snails reduced by 88.20% as compared to that before spraying, and the adjusted
      mortality of snails was 87.65%. The unit cost of Jingcen DY-1 spraying tanker was
      0.086 7 Yuan/m2. which reduced by 58.20% as compared to that of the conventional
      spraying tanker. CONCLUSIONS: Jingcen DY-1 type spraying tanker for snail control
      which integrates various equipments together can effectively control the
      concentration and dose of the molluscicide, and the machine is labor-saving,
      efficient, economic and well adapted, and is worthy to be widely applied.

PMID- 27356413
TI  - [Study on acute inhalation toxicity of Luowei, a plant molluscacide].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the acute inhalation toxicity of 50% Luowei, a plant
      molluscacide, in rats. METHODS: Twenty adult Wistar rats, half male and half
      female, were given of 5000 mg/m3 of 50% Luowei through a dynamic inhalation
      device and the death and recovery of the rats were observed within 14 days, and
      LC50 was drawn. RESULTS: After exposure, the activities of the rats decreased and
      a few individual animals had scratching symptom, but the symptom disappeared
      after the exposure. No animals died during the whole observation period.
      Therefore, the acute inhalation LC50 was greater than 5000 mg/m3 for rats, and
      Luowei belonged to low toxicity level. CONCLUSIONS: 50% Luowei will not cause
      animal death if it is inhaled into animal body. However, people still need to
      wear protective equipment in production and use.

PMID- 27356414
TI  - [Morphological observation on hypopus of Caloglyphus berlesei by optical
      microscope].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the structure characteristics of hypopus of Caloglyphus
      berlesei. METHODS: The hypopus of C. berlesei was collected from the feed of
      Chinese Polyphaga, and was made into the conventional glass specimens. The
      structure characteristics of hypopus of C. berlesei were observed by an optical
      microscope. RESULTS: The hypopus of C. berlesei had 4 pairs of legs, and the foot
      claws and tarsus were well-developed. The structural features were shown, such as
      the setae of tibia and setae of genu. Genital plates were obviously ossified.
      CONCLUSION: The research on hypopus of Caloglyphus berlesei provides the
      reference for its further scientific classification and research on the life
      cycle.

PMID- 27356415
TI  - [GIS platform for real-time monitoring and early warning of forestry
      schistosomiasis-control project: a case study in Renshou County, Sichuan
      Province].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To real-timely monitor the environment in the forestry schistosomiasis
      control project (CFSCP) area and to early warn the status of Oncomelania hupensis
      snails in the schistosomiasis endemic area. METHODS: Based on ArcGIS Engine 10.1
      software, the Geographic Information System (GIS) platform of the forestry
      schistosomiasis project of real-time monitoring, early warning and emergency
      management in Renshou County, Sichuan Province, was designed and established.
      RESULTS: The functions of the platform mainly included real-time monitoring of
      the environment in CFSCP area, and early warning of the crisis status of 0.
      hupensis snails, as well as editing the map of snail distribution, query, spatial
      analysis and other GIS functions. CONCLUSION: This platform could provide the
      scientific support to the forestry administrative department of the CFSCP area.

PMID- 27356416
TI  - [Investigation on source and dissemination way of knowledge on schistosomiasis
      prevention and control in population in Jingjiang City after transmission
      interrupted].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the source of knowledge on schistosomiasis prevention
      and control and the acceptable degree on different propagation patterns of
      population in Jingjiang City after schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted, so
      as to provide the evidence for the production of suitable materials for health
      education. METHODS: The permanent residents, floating population as well as the
      primary school students in Grade 5 and 6 in riverside regions in Jingjiang City
      were selected as the investigation objects, the information propagation condition
      and the knowledge source, and the expected propagation patterns were investigated
      by questionnaires. RESULTS: The popularizing rates on the television, computer
      and mobile phone of the villagers were 99.81%, 84.16% and 87.78%, respectively.
      Both the two investigated schools had the independent TV network, broadcast and
      multimedia, and all the computer classroom could connected to Internet. The main
      sources on schistosomiasis control of permanent residents and floating population
      were folders and the exhibition board (62.0% and 40.5% respectively), the
      substantial material (42.0% and 33.5% respectively) and TV (40.5% and 36.0%
      respectively), while those of the students were video CD (100%), substantial
      material (99.5%) and folders and the exhibition boards (84.2%). The propagation
      ways with high acceptable degrees among the residents and floating population
      were substantial material, folders and the exhibition boards and short messages
      by mobile phone, while those among the students were video CD, substantial
      material, folders and the exhibition boards. CONCLUSION: The material on health
      education should be targeted to the demands of the different populations and
      their condition of information propagation, in addition, the Internet material
      should be developed and the communicational channels should be broaden.

PMID- 27356417
TI  - [IHA detection results of outpatients in schistosomiasis clinic, 2005-2014].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the changes of positive rates of IHA detections of
      outpatients in schistosomiasis clinic. RESULTS: The data of IHA detections of
      outpatients in schistosomiasis clinic in Hubei Provincial Center for Disease
      Control and Prevention were collected and analyzed statistically from 2005 to
      2014. RESULTS: A total of 7 113 outpatients were detected by IHA test, and 547 of
      them were positives with a positive rate of 7.69%. The positive rate of IHA test
      was on an upward slope before 2008, and the rate reached 14.85% in 2008, which
      was significantly higher than that in 2005 (5.81%) (chi2 = 47.40, P < 0.01), then
      it was on a declined stage after 2008, and the positive rate decreased to 3.76 in
      2014, which was significantly lower than that in 2008 (chi2 = 12.29, P < 0.01).
      The positive rate of outpatients in the 10 ~ < 30 years age group was higher than
      those in other age groups (all P < 0.012 5), and the male positives were more
      than the female ones. CONCLUSIONS: The schistosomiasis endemic situation has been
      significantly decreased in Hubei Province. The male and people in 10 ~ < 30 age
      group are the high risk groups, so the targeted health education should be
      strengthened.

PMID- 27356418
TI  - [Analysis of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Yizhou City from 2011 to 2014].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Yizhou City,
      Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, from 2011 to 2014, so as to provide the
      evidence for formulating the further prevention and control strategy. METHODS:
      The schistosomiasis surveillance data were collected and analyzed in Yizhou City
      from 2011 to 2014. RESULTS: From 2011 to 2014, 770.38 hm2 was surveyed for the
      Oncomelania hupensis snails, and two snail infested sites were found, while no
      infected snails were found. Totally 3,524 residents were tested by ELISA for
      Schistosoma japonicum infection, and 38 cases were positive. The positive rate of
      2013 was significantly higher than those of other three years (chi2 = 15.08, P <
      0.05). Totally 432 rats and 28 dogs were dissected and 1,697 cattle were examined
      by the stool test, but no positive cases were found. CONCLUSIONS: The indicators
      of schistosomiasis surveillance are basically stable in Yizhou City.

PMID- 27356419
TI  - [Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases in Neijiang City,
      2013].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria
      cases in Neijiang City in 2013, so as to provide the references for malaria
      elimination in the city. METHODS: The epidemiological data of malaria cases were
      collected from the Parasitic Diseases Information Management System of Chinese
      Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the data were analyzed with the
      descriptive epidemiological method. RESULTS: Totally 19 cases of imported malaria
      cases were reported in Neijiang City in 2013, which was increased by 375%
      comparing to that in 2012 (4 cases) , and all the cases were confirmed by the
      laboratory. Among these cases, 14 were (73.68%) falciparum malaria cases, 5
      (26.32%) were vivax malaria cases; 13 cases (68.42%) were from African countries,
      and the other 6 (31.58%) were from Southeast Asia. These cases were distributed
      throughout each quater, which had no significant seasonality. All the cases were
      male aged from 20-49 years, and the majority of them (16 cases, 84.21%) were
      farmers and workers. CONCLUSIONS: The prevention and control situation of
      imported malaria is severe in Neijiang City. The capacity construction of malaria
      diagnosis and treatment of basic medical institutions as well as the health
      education and monitoring and management to floating population should be
      strengthened.

PMID- 27356420
TI  - [Advances in researches on beta-carbonic anhydrases as anti-parasitic drug
      targets].
AB  - beta-carbonic anhydrases (beta-CAs) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes which active
      site contains a zinc ion (Zn2+), and they could catalyze the hydration of carbon
      dioxide to bicarbonate and protons efficiently and are involved in many
      biological processes, such as respiration, pH and CO2 homeostasis, biosynthetic
      reactions, virulence regulation and so on, and may play a critical role in the
      life activity of many organisms which contain these enzymes. beta-CAs are widely
      distributed in fungi, bacteria, algae, plants and a small number of protozoan and
      metazoan except vertebrates. Therefore, as potential drug targets for designing
      and developing antibacterial and anti-parasitic drugs, beta-CAs promise a broad
      application prospect. This paper focuses on the distribution, physiological
      function and the progress of researches on beta-CAs in parasites and their
      vectors.

PMID- 27356421
TI  - [Advances in researches of molluscicidal microorganisms against Oncomelania
      hupensis].
AB  - The elimination of Oncomelania hupensis snails is important to schistosomiasis
      control. Recently, the application of molluscicidal organisms is considered as a
      safe and efficient method for snail elimination. In order to provide scientific
      evidences for effective control of O. hupensis and schistosomiasis, this paper
      summarizes the researches of molluscicidal microorganisms against O. hupensis.

PMID- 27356423
TI  - New Chapters.

PMID- 27356422
TI  - [Progress of researches on lysozyme and its expression in Oncomelania hupensis].
AB  - Lysozyme generally exists in animals, plants and microorganisms, and it is used
      as a natural anti-infection material and one of the important non-specific immune
      factors in organisms. This paper reviews the progress of researches on its
      classification, gene structure and function, and expression regulation in
      Oncomelania hupensis, and on the factors affecting its activities in recent
      years, in order to further discuss its distribution in O. hupensis.

PMID- 27356424
TI  - Issues to watch in September.

PMID- 27356425
TI  - Hope is not a strategy ... but decision-driven group planning is.

PMID- 27356426
TI  - Physician compensation, the Stark law and the courts.

PMID- 27356427
TI  - Optimize patient collections. Employ new strategies, technology to collect
      payments quickly, efficiently.

PMID- 27356428
TI  - Complying with the Hazard Communication Standard. Transition to a new 16-section
      SDS format will occur in stages and be fully operational by Dec. 1, 2016.

PMID- 27356429
TI  - 6 SOURCES OF FINANCIAL LEAKS IN YOUR PRACTICE AND HOW TO PLUG THEM.
AB  - While the big embezzlement cases get our attention, it's usually smaller sums
      taken over time by sophisticated employees who know how to exploit the gaps in
      your internal financial controls and avoid detection. Learn how to identify
      vulnerabilities early on and protect your group.

PMID- 27356430
TI  - Challenging the status quo.

PMID- 27356431
TI  - In the weeds: Increasing operational demands hamper strategic planning.

PMID- 27356432
TI  - Sharing means caring: Clinical integration requires tracking, sharing clinical
      quality data.

PMID- 27356433
TI  - Preparing for future patient care delivery models.

PMID- 27356434
TI  - Changing with the times: MGMA revises 'Medical Practice Today' survey.

PMID- 27356435
TI  - BOK revision reflects industry changes. Updated resource applicable to practice
      managers in every setting.

PMID- 27356436
TI  - Capitalize on technology: Create digital forms.

PMID- 27356437
TI  - Going viral: Creating sick-policy guidelines.

PMID- 27356438
TI  - Sign on the dotted line: How to drive no-show rates to 1.7%.

PMID- 27356439
TI  - Practice management: A true calling An MGMA member ministers to prisoners.

PMID- 27356440
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27356441
TI  - Interview With Linda J. Knodel, FACHE, Senior Vice President and Chief Nursing
      Officer at Mercy.

PMID- 27356442
TI  - Five Ideas for the Development of Successful Physician Leaders.

PMID- 27356443
TI  - Evolving Physician Reimbursement Structures: Moving the Medical Group to Value
      Based Success.

PMID- 27356445
TI  - Practitioner Application.

PMID- 27356444
TI  - Medical Assistants as Flow Managers in Primary Care: Challenges and
      Recommendations.
AB  - As healthcare organizations look for ways to reduce costs and improve quality,
      many rely increasingly on allied healthcare professionals and, in particular,
      medical assistants (MAs) to supplement the work of physicians and other health
      professionals. MAs usually work in primary care, where they often play important
      roles on healthcare teams. Drawing on an empirical study of a large,
      multispecialty delivery system engaged in reconfiguration of primary care, we
      found that using MAs as flow managers required overcoming several challenges.
      These included entrenched social and occupational hierarchies between physicians
      and MAs, a lack of adequate training and mentorship, and difficulty attracting
      and retaining talented MAs. We offer several recommendations for healthcare
      organizations interested in using MAs as flow managers in their practices.

PMID- 27356446
TI  - Transformational Leadership and Change: How Leaders Influence Their Followers'
      Motivation Through Organizational Justice.
AB  - In the past decade, the reform of Quebec's healthcare establishments has resulted
      in a reduction in the number of institutions through mergers and closures. In
      this report, we investigate the consequences of reform by looking at managers'
      motivations and related mitigating factors. We examine the influence that
      transformational leaders have on their employees' motivation through
      organizational justice. Using a survey of 253 healthcare managers, we describe
      how the positive impact of transformational leadership on motivation is fully
      mediated via different aspects of organizational justice. The results indicate
      that while transformational leaders influence each type of organizational
      justice, followers' motivation is affected primarily by procedural and
      interpersonal justice and little by distributive justice.

PMID- 27356447
TI  - Practitioner Application.

PMID- 27356448
TI  - Succession Planning and Financial Performance: Does Competition Matter?
AB  - Succession planning has been defined as the process by which one or more
      successors are identified for key positions, development activities are planned
      for identified successors, or both. Limited research exists pertaining to the
      relationship between hospital succession planning and financial performance,
      particularly in the context of market competition. We used the resource-based
      view framework to analyze the differential effect of succession planning on
      hospitals' financial performance based on market competition. According to RBV,
      organizations can achieve higher performance by using their superior resources
      and capabilities. We used a panel design consisting of a national sample of
      hospitals in the United States for 2006-2010. We analyzed data using multivariate
      linear regression with facility random effects and year and state fixed effects.
      The sample included 22,717 hospital-year observations; more than one half of the
      hospitals (55.4%) had a succession planning program. The study found a positive
      relationship between the presence of succession planning and financial
      performance (beta = 1.41, p < .01), which was stronger in competitive markets
      (beta = 2.31, p = .03) than in monopolistic markets (beta = 1.06, p = .01).
      Hospitals can use these results to make informed decisions about investing in
      succession planning programs on the basis of competition in their market.

PMID- 27356449
TI  - Practitioner Application.

PMID- 27356450
TI  - Transitions of Care in an Era of Healthcare Transformation.
AB  - In the practice of modern emergency medicine (EM), transitions of care (TOC) have
      taken a prominent role, and during this time of healthcare reform, TOC has become
      a focal point of improvement initiatives across the continuum of care. This
      review includes a comprehensive examination of various regulatory, accreditation,
      and policy-based elements with which EM physicians interact in their daily
      practice. The content is organized into five domains: Accreditation Council for
      Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), The Joint Commission, Affordable Care Act,
      National Quality Forum (NQF), and accountable care organizations. This review is
      meant to be a synthesis of TOC material, tailored for EM physicians and the teams
      that make these departments run. We include (1) relevant current regulations and
      standards from various entities that are most likely to affect the day-to-day
      practice of EM; (2) examination of the consequences of these regulations and
      standards and how they can be used to shape EM practice and clinical decision
      making; and (3) comparison of interventions aimed at improving TOC, including
      evidence from current literature, practical examples, and proposals. Emergency
      departments must develop, implement, and monitor TOC programs and processes that
      can facilitate seamless and efficient care as patients transfer between settings.
      This report provides a framework for that effort and is designed to help EM
      physicians continue to take the lead in improving TOC to help shape the future of
      modern practice.

PMID- 27356451
TI  - Practitioner Application.

PMID- 27356452
TI  - The History and Future of the Midwest Multi-State Division.

PMID- 27356453
TI  - Impacting a Culture of Safety: One Nurse.

PMID- 27356454
TI  - Continuing Education Requirement for Licensure Renewal.

PMID- 27356455
TI  - Nurse Practitioners Ease Shortages.

PMID- 27356456
TI  - Nursing Licensure Improvements.

PMID- 27356457
TI  - Questions to Ask in Making the Decision to Accept a Staffing Assignment for
      Nurses.

PMID- 27356458
TI  - Optimal staffing. New resource aims to help RNs implement evidence-based staffing
      plans.

PMID- 27356459
TI  - Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure Patients.

PMID- 27356460
TI  - A Relational Approach to Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Generator
      Replacement: An Integrative Review of the Role of Nursing in Shared Decision
      Making.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation rates are
      increasing as advances in heart failure and arrhythmia management progress.
      Consequently, the number of ICD generator replacements is rising and ICD
      replacement is an opportune time for shared decision-making (SDM). Nurses should
      have distinct roles and responsibilities in SDM processes. OBJECTIVES: To use a
      relational lens to localize the role of the nurse in SDM, and recommend ways in
      which nurses can be involved in SDM. METHODS: An integrative review of 17
      articles was conducted to determine the role of nurses in SDM. RESULTS: Our
      analysis revealedfour themes that helped us articulate nurse involvement in SDM;
      knowledge as a basis for SDM, sharing power in the nurse-patient relationship,
      utilization of decisional support strategies, and communication. CONCLUSION: Our
      findings support the participation of nurses in SDM. Nursing implications are
      offered, specifically for the management of patients facing ICD replacement.

PMID- 27356461
TI  - Sampling Methods in Cardiovascular Nursing Research: An Overview.
AB  - Cardiovascular nursing research covers a wide array of topics from health
      services to psychosocial patient experiences. The selection of specific
      participant samples is an important part of the research design and process. The
      sampling strategy employed is of utmost importance to ensure that a
      representative sample of participants is chosen. There are two main categories of
      sampling methods: probability and non-probability. Probability sampling is the
      random selection of elements from the population, where each element of the
      population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample.
      There are five main types of probability sampling including simple random
      sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi
      stage sampling. Non-probability sampling methods are those in which elements are
      chosen through non-random methods for inclusion into the research study and
      include convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and snowball sampling. Each
      approach offers distinct advantages and disadvantages and must be considered
      critically. In this research column, we provide an introduction to these key
      sampling techniques and draw on examples from the cardiovascular research.
      Understanding the differences in sampling techniques may aid nurses in effective
      appraisal of research literature and provide a reference pointfor nurses who
      engage in cardiovascular research.

PMID- 27356462
TI  - Impedance Cardiography-Guided Treatment of Hypertension: A Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypertension occurs when regulatory mechanisms fail, resulting in
      increased cardiac output (CO) and/or increased systemic vascular resistance
      (SVR). Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a non-invasive technology that measures CO
      and SVR. OBJECTIVE: To assess the literature related to the use of ICG in guiding
      the selection of anti-hypertensive medications in individuals with hypertension.
      DESIGN: PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
      databases were searched for pertinent literature. Only English language, primary
      research reports published between 1990 and 2014 were included. FINDINGS: The
      literature demonstrated significant reduction of blood pressure among
      participants who were treated with ICG-guided selection of anti-hypertensive
      medications when compared to standard treatment. CONCLUSION: Although the
      research reviewed is not without limitations (e.g., small sample sizes and small
      effect sizes), individualized pharmacologic treatment of uncontrolled
      hypertension based on ICG-obtained hemodynamics seems successful in reducing
      blood pressure. Further research within the Canadian context that addresses the
      limitations is warranted.

PMID- 27356463
TI  - A General Method for Constructing Two-Dimensional Layered Mesoporous Mono- and
      Binary-Transition-Metal Nitride/Graphene as an Ultra-Efficient Support to Enhance
      Its Catalytic Activity and Durability for Electrocatalytic Application.
AB  - We constructed a series of two-dimensional (2D) layered mesoporous mono- and
      binary-transition-metal nitride/graphene nanocomposites (TMN/G, TM = Ti, Cr, W,
      Mo, TiCr, TiW, and TiMo) via an efficient and versatile nanocasting strategy for
      the first time. The 2D layered mesoporous TMN/G is constituted of small TMN
      nanoparticles composited with graphene nanosheets and has a large surface area
      with high porosity. Through decoration with well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles, 2D
      layered mesoporous Pt/TMN/G catalysts can be obtained that display excellent
      catalytic activity and stability for methanol electro-oxidation reactions (MOR)
      and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in both acidic and alkaline media. The 2D
      layered mesoporous binary-Pt/TMN/G catalysts possess catalytic activity superior
      to that of mono-Pt/TMN/G, graphene free Pt/TMN, Pt/G, and Pt/C catalysts.
      Encouragingly, the 2D layered mesoporous Pt/Ti0.5Cr0.5N/G catalyst exhibits the
      best electrocatalytic performance for both MOR and ORR. The outstanding
      electrocatalytic performance of the Pt/Ti0.5Cr0.5N/G catalyst is rooted in its
      large surface area, high porosity, strong interaction among Pt, Ti0.5Cr0.5N, and
      graphene, an excellent electron transfer property facilitated by N-doped
      graphene, and the small size of Pt and Ti0.5Cr0.5N nanocrystals. The outstanding
      catalytic performance provides the 2D layered mesoporous Pt/Ti0.5Cr0.5N/G
      catalyst with a wide range of application prospects in direct methanol fuel cells
      in both acidic and alkaline media. The synthetic method may be available for
      constructing other 2D layered mesoporous metal nitrides, carbides, and
      phosphides. 

PMID- 27356465
TI  - Engineering the Mechanical Properties of Monolayer Graphene Oxide at the Atomic
      Level.
AB  - The mechanical properties of graphene oxide (GO) are of great importance for
      applications in materials engineering. Previous mechanochemical studies of GO
      typically focused on the influence of the degree of oxidation on the mechanical
      behavior. In this study, using density functional-based tight binding
      simulations, validated using density functional theory simulations, we reveal
      that the deformation and failure of GO are strongly dependent on the relative
      concentrations of epoxide (-O-) and hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups. Hydroxyl
      groups cause GO to behave as a brittle material; by contrast, epoxide groups
      enhance material ductility through a mechanically driven epoxide-to-ether
      functional group transformation. Moreover, with increasing epoxide group
      concentration, the strain to failure and toughness of GO significantly increases
      without sacrificing material strength and stiffness. These findings demonstrate
      that GO should be treated as a versatile, tunable material that may be engineered
      by controlling chemical composition, rather than as a single, archetypical
      material. 

PMID- 27356464
TI  - Age at introduction of solid foods and feeding difficulties in childhood:
      findings from the Southampton Women's Survey.
AB  - This study aimed to determine whether age at introduction of solid foods was
      associated with feeding difficulties at 3 years of age. The present study was
      carried out using data from the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS). Women enrolled
      in the SWS who subsequently became pregnant were followed-up during pregnancy and
      postpartum, and the offspring have been studied through childhood. Maternal socio
      demographic and anthropometric data and child anthropometric and feeding data
      were collected through interviews and self-administered questionnaires. When the
      children were 3 years of age, mothers/carers rated six potential child feeding
      difficulty questions on a four-point Likert scale, including one general question
      and five specific feeding difficulty questions. Age at introduction of solids as
      a predictor of feeding difficulties was examined in 2389 mother-child pairs,
      adjusting for child (age last breast fed, sex, gestation) and maternal
      characteristics (parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, age, education, employment, parenting
      difficulties, diet quality). The majority of mothers/carers (61 %) reported some
      feeding difficulties (general feeding difficulty question) at 3 years of age,
      specifically with their child eating enough food (61 %), eating the right food
      (66 %) and being choosy with food (74 %). Children who were introduced to solids
      >=6 months had a lower risk of feeding difficulties (RR 0.73; 95 % CI 0.59, 0.91,
      P=0.004) than children who were introduced to solids between 4 and 6 months. No
      other significant associations were found. There were few associations between
      feeding difficulties in relation to age at introduction of solid foods. However,
      general feeding difficulties were less common among infants introduced to solid
      foods >=6 months of age.

PMID- 27356466
TI  - Identifying the brain regions associated with acute spasticity in patients
      diagnosed with an ischemic stroke.
AB  - Spasticity is a common impairment found in patients that have been diagnosed with
      a stroke. Little is known about the pathophysiology of spasticity at the level of
      the brain. This retrospective study was performed to identify an association
      between the area of the brain affected by an ischemic stroke and the presence of
      acute spasticity. Physical and occupational therapy assessments from all patients
      (n = 441) that had suffered a stroke and were admitted into a local hospital over
      a 4-year period were screened for inclusion in this study. Subjects that fit the
      inclusion criteria were grouped according to the presence (n = 42) or absence (n
      = 129) of acute spasticity by the Modified Ashworth Scale score given during the
      hospital admission assessment. Magnetic resonance images from 20 subjects in the
      spasticity group and 52 from the control group were then compared using lesion
      density plots and voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. An association of acute
      spasticity with the gray matter regions of the insula, basal ganglia, and
      thalamus was found in this study. White matter tracts including the pontine
      crossing tract, corticospinal tract, internal capsule, corona radiata, external
      capsule, and the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus were also found to be
      significantly associated with acute spasticity. This is the first study to
      describe an association between a region of the brain affected by an infarct and
      the presence of acute spasticity. Understanding the regions associated with acute
      spasticity will aid in understanding the pathophysiology of this musculoskeletal
      impairment at the level of the brain.

PMID- 27356467
TI  - Effects of reduced in utero and post-weaning nutrition on milk yield and
      composition in primiparous beef cows.
AB  - Development and long-term retention of replacement beef females in a semi-arid
      environment are of a major concern for extensive livestock producers.
      Furthermore, the demand of not only producing a thriving, healthy calf, but
      having sufficient milk to support that first calf is essential. To address this
      issue, we conducted a 3-year study measuring milk production and milk constituent
      yields in primiparous beef heifers (n=48; 16/year reared under two different
      feeding regimens) raising steer calves. Cows received 1.8 or 1.2 kg/day winter
      supplementation for ~80 day before parturition and their heifer calves were then
      randomly assigned to heifer development treatments that provided ad libitum (AL)
      or 80% (less than ad libitum (LAL)) of ad libitum feed post weaning. Heifers
      developed on the AL treatment also received 1.8 kg/day winter supplementation for
      life, whereas heifers developed on the LAL treatment received 1.2 kg/day winter
      supplementation for life. Milk production of primiparous cows was measured with a
      portable milking machine every other week from days 27 to 125 postpartum. Milk
      yield for the 125-day lactation period was calculated from area under the
      lactation curve approximated by trapezoidal summation. The ANOVA model included
      in utero winter nutrition, post-weaning heifer development treatment, year and
      their interaction. Heifers subjected to the AL treatment reached peak milk yield
      ~12.3 day later (P=0.02) than heifers receiving LAL treatment. In addition, an in
      utero nutrition*post-weaning heifer treatment*year interaction existed (P?0.04)
      for milk peak yield, average daily milk yield (kg/day) and nutrient composition
      (protein, lactose, fat, solids non-fat, g/day). These interactions manifest as
      changes in magnitude and rank across the 3 years of the study. Livestock
      production in extensive environments is subject to variations in seasonal
      precipitation patterns and quality and quantity of grazeable forage and these
      fluctuations have a large impact on milk yield. In summary, the gestational
      nutritional environment of a heifer's mother may interact with the heifer's
      nutrient consumption during post-weaning growth and the current year to trigger
      variation in year-to-year milk production.

PMID- 27356468
TI  - Donor-Derived Regulatory T Cells Attenuate the Severity of Acute Graft-Versus
      Host Disease after Cord Blood Transplantation.
AB  - Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (allo-PBSCT) is a curative
      therapy for some types of hematological disorders. However, allo-PBSCT is
      commonly complicated with acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), characterized
      by host tissues being attacked by the grafted donor lymphocytes due to
      disparities of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) between the donor and host. By
      contrast, cord blood transplantation (CBT) is typically associated with low-grade
      severity of aGVHD, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Donor-derived
      CD4(+) alloreactive T cells (ATs) are of a specific lymphocyte subset, which can
      be activated by the recipient's HLA, and play a crucial role in the onset of
      aGVHD. In the present study, we aimed to explore the difference in the property
      of CD4(+) ATs between cord blood (CB) and adult peripheral blood (APB). We thus
      found that CB and APB CD4(+) ATs contained not only effector T cells (Teffs) that
      execute aGVHD, but also a distinct subset of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs)
      that may alleviate aGVHD. Importantly, CB CD4(+) ATs contained higher percentage
      of FoxP3(+) Tregs, compared to APB CD4(+) ATs (P < 0.001), while lower percentage
      of Teffs (Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells) was detected in CB CD4(+) ATs (P < 0.05, P <
      0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Our findings suggest that FoxP3(+) Tregs in CB
      CD4(+) ATs may contribute to attenuating the severity of aGVHD observed after
      CBT. 

PMID- 27356470
TI  - Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic
      livestock.
AB  - Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by
      Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic
      and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive,
      efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy,
      culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for
      quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these
      tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic
      livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies.
      However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals.
      Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and
      specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory
      proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and
      vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher
      seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-a-vis cellular proteins, the secretory
      proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB
      infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop
      future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in
      animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.

PMID- 27356469
TI  - Systemic desensitization through TRPA1 channels by capsazepine and mustard oil -
      a novel strategy against inflammation and pain.
AB  - We demonstrate a novel dual strategy against inflammation and pain through body
      wide desensitization of nociceptors via TRPA1. Attenuation of experimental
      colitis by capsazepine (CPZ) has long been attributed to its antagonistic action
      on TRPV1 and associated inhibition of neurogenic inflammation. In contrast, we
      found that CPZ exerts its anti-inflammatory effects via profound desensitization
      of TRPA1. Micromolar CPZ induced calcium influx in isolated dorsal root ganglion
      (DRG) neurons from wild-type (WT) but not TRPA1-deficient mice. CPZ-induced
      calcium transients in human TRPA1-expressing HEK293t cells were blocked by the
      selective TRPA1 antagonists HC 030031 and A967079 and involved three cysteine
      residues in the N-terminal domain. Intriguingly, both colonic enemas and drinking
      water with CPZ led to profound systemic hypoalgesia in WT and TRPV1(-/-) but not
      TRPA1(-/-) mice. These findings may guide the development of a novel class of
      disease-modifying drugs with anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects.

PMID- 27356473
TI  - [Expert consensus document of the diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy with heart
      disease].

PMID- 27356471
TI  - Increased circulating concentrations of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived
      neurotrophic factor in children with type 1 diabetes.
AB  - Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) was recently shown to
      be essential for the survival and proliferation of pancreatic beta-cells in mice,
      where deletion of MANF resulted in diabetes. The current study aimed at
      determining whether the concentration of circulating MANF is associated with the
      clinical manifestation of human type 1 diabetes (T1D). MANF expression in T1D or
      MANF levels in serum have not been previously studied. We developed an enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for MANF and measured serum MANF
      concentrations from 186 newly diagnosed children and adolescents and 20 adults
      with longer-term T1D alongside with age-matched controls. In healthy controls the
      mean serum MANF concentration was 7.0 ng/ml. High MANF concentrations were found
      in children 1-9 years of age close to the diagnosis of T1D. The increased MANF
      concentrations were not associated with diabetes-predictive autoantibodies and
      autoantibodies against MANF were extremely rare. Patients with conspicuously high
      MANF serum concentrations had lower C-peptide levels compared to patients with
      moderate MANF concentrations. Our data indicate that increased MANF
      concentrations in serum are associated with the clinical manifestation of T1D in
      children, but the exact mechanism behind the increase remains elusive.

PMID- 27356472
TI  - Transcriptome comparison reveals a genetic network regulating the lower
      temperature limit in fish.
AB  - Transcriptional plasticity is a major driver of phenotypic differences between
      species. The lower temperature limit (LTL), namely the lower end of survival
      temperature, is an important trait delimiting the geographical distribution of a
      species, however, the genetic mechanisms are poorly understood. We investigated
      the inter-species transcriptional diversification in cold responses between
      zebrafish Danio rerio and tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, which were reared at a
      common temperature (28  degrees C) but have distinct LTLs. We identified
      significant expressional divergence between the two species in the orthologous
      genes from gills when the temperature cooled to the LTL of tilapia (8  degrees
      C). Five KEGG pathways were found sequentially over-represented in the
      zebrafish/tilapia divergently expressed genes in the duration (12 hour) of 8 
      degrees C exposure, forming a signaling cascade from metabolic regulation to
      apoptosis via FoxO signaling. Consistently, we found differential progression of
      apoptosis in the gills of the two species in which zebrafish manifested a delayed
      and milder apoptotic phenotype than tilapia, corresponding with a lower LTL of
      zebrafish. We identified diverged expression in 25 apoptosis-related
      transcription factors between the two species which forms an interacting network
      with diverged factors involving the FoxO signaling and metabolic regulation. We
      propose a genetic network which regulates LTL in fishes.

PMID- 27356474
TI  - [Incidence of singleton macrosomia in Beijing and its risk factors].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of macrosomia in Beijing in 2013 and
      identify its risk factors. METHODS: Retrospective six months analysis of 14 188
      full-term singleton pregnant women from 15 hospitals with different levels in
      Beijing in 2013. Each participant's demographic data and medical information were
      collected individually by questionnaires. Multiple logistic regression analysis
      was used to examine the associations between variables and the risk of
      macrosomia. RESULTS: (1)The total prevalence of macrosomia was 7.069% (1 003/14
      188) in Beijing in 2013. (2)The prevalence varied between the 15 hospitals, the
      lowest was 5.36% (89/1 659), while the highest reached 8.80%(46/523).
      Furthermore, the incidence of macrosomia was 1.284 times (95% CI: 1.114- 1.480,
      P=0.001) higher in the second graded hospitals than that in the tertiary
      hospitals. (3) Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that risk factors for
      macrosomia were maternal height>=160 cm (adjusted OR=1.875, 95% CI: 1.559-
      2.256), pre-pregnant body mass index (p-BMI) >=24.0 kg/m(2) (24.0- 27.9 kg/m(2):
      adjusted OR=1.696, 95% CI: 1.426- 2.018; p-BMI>=28.0 kg/m(2): adjusted OR=2.393,
      95% CI: 1.831- 3.127), gestational weight gain (GWG) >=15.9 kg (adjusted
      OR=2.462, 95% CI: 2.125- 2.853), gravidity>1 (adjusted OR=1.408, 95% CI: 1.224-
      1.620), gestational weeks>=40 (adjusted OR=2.007, 95%CI: 1.745-2.308) and
      gestational diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR=1.522, 95%CI: 1.298-1.784). GWG>=15.9
      kg, p-BMI>=28.0 kg/m(2) and gestational weeks>=40 were three risk factors that
      had the strongest associations with macrosomia (all P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The
      prevalence of macrosomia in hospitals with different levels is obvious different.
      Gestational weeks, p-BMI and GWG are three main controllable risk factors for
      macrosomia, thus should receive more attentions.

PMID- 27356475
TI  - [Clinical application value of echocardiography combined with genetic testing in
      fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical value of echocardiography combined with
      genetic testing in the fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma. METHODS: Thirty-three fetal
      cardiac rhabdomyoma cases diagnosed by fetal echocardiogram in Beijing Anzhen
      Hospital from Jan. 2011 to Oct. 2015 were enrolled in a retrospective analysis.
      The results of other examination and pregnancy outcomes of them were followed up,
      the genetic characteristics of cardiac rhabdomyoma were summarized on the basis
      of pathology and genetics examination results. RESULTS: The pregnancy outcomes:
      24 cases were terminated pregnancy, 4 cases were born and 5 cases were lost. The
      results of ultrasound, pathology and genetic examination were detailed in 8
      cases. Pathological examination: the typical characteristics of cardiac
      rhabdomyoma were found in the 8 cases with cardiac rhabdomyoma. The tumor tissue
      was composed of irregular and swelling shape of cardiomyocytes, and the cytoplasm
      was vacuole like, which was characteristic of " spider like cells" through
      microscopic observation. The geneticdetection results: 7 cases had tuberous
      sclerosis complex (TSC) gene mutation, TSC gene abnormalities were not detected
      in 1 case. Among the 7 cases with TSC gene mutations, 6 cases were with TSC2 gene
      mutation and the other 1 case was with TSC1 gene mutation. The family gene was
      investigated in the 5 cases, which including 3 cases of TSC gene mutation in
      mother passed on to the fetus (1 case with family of three generations of
      genetic) and 2 cases of spontaneous TSC gene mutation in the fetus. CONCLUSIONS:
      Prenatal echocardiography combined with genetic detection have important clinical
      significance, which not only can clear if cardiac rhabdomyomas were associated
      with TSC, but also can clear the TSC gene mutation source. So as to further guide
      the perinatal management.

PMID- 27356476
TI  - [Expression of mRNA and protein of Klotho gene in placental tissue of macrosomia
      and its relationship with birth weight of neonates].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the the expression of Klotho mRNA and protein in placenta
      of macrosomia and its relationship with the birth weight of neonates. METHODS:
      The cases were from November 2014 to March 2015 in Shengjing Hospital of China
      Medical University, divided into 4 groups: the gestational diabetes with
      macrosomia group (GM), the gestational diabetes with normal birth weight group
      (GN), the normal pregnancy with macrosomia group (NM) and the normal pregnancy
      with normal birth weight group (NN). Klotho mRNA and protein expression in the
      placenta were detected by immunohistochemistry SP method, real-time fluorescent
      quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively, and were compared among the 4
      groups. RESULTS: (1) Immunohistochemical detection showed the positive rate of
      Klotho protein was significantly higher in the placenta of GM (93%,28/30) than in
      the GN (73%,22/30; P<0.05). The positive rate was significantly higher in the
      placenta of NM (97%,29/30) than in the NN (80%,24/30; P<0.05). (2) Real-time
      fluorescent quantitative PCR showed the Klotho mRNA expression was significantly
      higher in the placenta of GM (4.3 +/- 3.1) than in the GN (2.1 +/- 2.4; P<0.05).
      The Klotho mRNA expression was also significantly higher in the placenta of NM
      (4.8+/- 3.4) than in the NN (2.6+/- 3.3; P<0.05). (3) Western blot showed the
      Klotho protein expression was significantly higher in the placenta of GM (1.27+/
      0.90) than in the GN (0.64+/-0.24; P<0.05). It was also significantly higher in
      the placenta of NM (2.51+/-3.52) than in the NN (0.77+/-0.37; P<0.05). (4) There
      were no significant differences in the expression of Klotho mRNA and protein
      between GM and NM, GN and NN (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The up-regulation of Klotho
      gene may be associated with macrosomia. The relationship is not affected by the
      complication of gestational diabetes.

PMID- 27356477
TI  - [A prospective study on the effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine
      system for adenomyosis with menorrhagia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate treatment effects of levonorgestrel-releasing
      intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for adenomyosis with menorrhea in a prospective
      study. METHODS: From December 2006 to December 2014, patients of symptomatic
      adenomyosis diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound in outpatient or inpatient
      clinics of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were given the treatment of LNG
      IUS. Before and after placement of LNG-IUS, all the patients' parameters were
      recorded prospectively, including scores of menstruation blood loss, carrying
      status of IUS, symptoms and scores of dysmenorrhea, biochemical indicators,
      physical parameters, menstruation patterns and adverse effects. Changes of
      pictorial chart scores of menstruation and distribution of anemia during follow
      up were analyzed. RESULTS: Totally 1 100 women meets inclusion criteria, among
      which 618 cases (56.18%, 618/1 100) had severe menorrhea, with median follow-up
      period of 28 months (range 1- 60 months), and accumulative carrying rate of 66%
      at 60 months follow-up. After placement of LNG-IUS, compared with baselines,
      pictorial chart scores and ratio of menorrhea had decreased significantly (all
      P<0.01), the scroes of menstruation were 157+/-34, 94+/-35, 70+/-33, 67+/-18,
      67+/-20, 65+/-19, 66+/-19, 65+/-21 at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months
      respectively. During 24 months after placement of LNG-IUS, pictorial chart scores
      and distribution of anemia had improved significantly compared with preceding
      period (all P<0.01). We found no dependent factors predicting improvement of
      pictorial chart scores of menorrhea, which was neither relevant with simultaneous
      changes of menstruation patterns nor adverse effects (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      LNG-IUS is effective for adenomyosis of menorrhea. Improvement of menstruation
      blood loss is independent on patients characters, menstruation patterns or
      adverse effects.

PMID- 27356478
TI  - [Value of pudendal nerve stimulation for predicting the stress urinary
      incontinence following pelvic prolapse surgery].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To seek the predictive value of pudendal nerve function that need
      preventive anti-incontinence surgery at the same time following pelvic prolapse
      surgery in severe pelvic organ prolapse (POP) patients. METHODS: Seventy women
      completed this study from January 2014 to June 2015 in Fuzhou General Hospital of
      Nanjing Military Command, dividing into four groups: POP with or without
      coexisting occult stress urinary incontinence (OSUI) in preoperation, women with
      persistent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in postoperation, women without SUI
      in postoperation. The pudendal nerve function in preoperation was measured by
      using Solar Urodynamic Neuro Module, including pudendal nerve terminal motor
      latency (PNTML), and amplitude. RESULTS: There were statistical significance on
      bilateral PNTML between POP coexisting OSUI group and only severe POP group
      [(2.62+/-0.23) versus (2.40+/-0.26) ms in right of PNTML, (2.55+/- 0.21) versus
      (2.37 +/-0.30) ms in left of PNTML; all P<0.05], but no statistical significance
      on bilateral amplitude (P>0.05). Compared de novo SUI group with POP group in
      postoperation, de novo SUI group's right of PNTML was significantly increased
      [(2.74+/-0.16) versus (2.47+/-0.26) ms; P< 0.05]; and the right of PNTML was
      extending 2.5 standard deviation at least compared with the health's [(2.10+/
      0.20) ms]. CONCLUSIONS: The PNTML of pudendal nerve of POP coexisting OSUI is
      severe than only severe POP, the velocity of nerve conduction is slowing, and
      PNTML extension has a predictive value for postoperative urinary incontinence.
      When the right of PNTML of preoperative POP increased by at least 2.5 standard
      deviations than health's, the risk of SUI postoperative strongly increased, and a
      anti-incontinence surgery at the same time following pelvic prolapse surgery
      should be adviced.

PMID- 27356479
TI  - [Differential expression of microRNA in eutopic endometrium tissue during
      implantation window for patients with endometriosis related infertility].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To predict the genes that affect endometrial receptivity through the
      differential expression of microRNA (miRNA) in eutopic endometrial tissues during
      implantation window in patients with endometriosis infertility. METHODS: Among
      infertile patients that received treatments at the Center for Reproductive
      Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital between May and December 2013,
      patients with endometriosis infertility were selected as endometriosis group
      (among the selected 17 cases, there were 6 cases with follicular phase
      endometrium and 11 cases with implantation window phase endometrium), and
      patients with tubal factor infertility were selected as control group (among the
      selected 19 cases, there were 7 cases with follicular phase endometrium and 12
      cases with implantation window phase endometrium). (1)Implantation window phase
      endometrium was selected from 3 cases in each group. Using miRNA and mRNA joint
      gene sequencing and database for forecast results, as well as using the negative
      regulatory relationship between miRNA and mRNA, the intersection of target gene
      that negatively correlates with miRNA expression were obtained. The co-expression
      network of miRNA-mRNA wae constructed. Combined with the genes associated with
      endometrial receptivity found through bioinformatics method, the miRNA with core
      regulatory functionwas found. (2) Expand sample size to 14 cases for
      endometriosis group and 16 cases for control group.Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR
      technique was utilized to detect the expression of miR- 142- 5p, miR- 146a- 5p
      and miR- 543 in endometrial tissues, and verify miRNA microarray results.
      RESULTS: (1) miRNA and mRNA microarray screening results showed that, among the
      endometrial tissues of patients with endometriosis infertility and with
      implantation window phase, 6 differentially expressed miRNA were indentified,
      among which miR-142-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-1281, miR-940, miR-4634 showed
      significantly enhanced expression and miR- 543 showed significantly inhibited
      expression. Sixty- three differentially expressed mRNA were indentified, among
      which 58 mRNA such as CADM1, IL-10RA, ITGAL and LPAR5 had significantly enhanced
      expression. Five mRNA such as HLA- DRB1,3,4,5 and SOHLH2 showed significantly
      inhibited expression. Thirty- six taget genes were found in consideration of
      negatively correlated miRNA expression with the genes, miRNA-mRNA co-expression
      network were constructed. The miR-543 was found at the core of the network.
      Targetscan and other database predicted that miR-142-5p, miR- 146a- 5p and miR-
      543 could act on various types of endometrial receptivity molecular corresponding
      marker genes such as HOX10, ITGAV, ITGB3, OPN, LIF, ESR, PGR, CDH1 and MMP. (2)
      RT- PCR test showed that the average levels of expression of miR-142-5p and miR
      146a-5p in implantation window phase endometrium in endometriosis group were
      8.3+/-10.6 and 1.9+/-0.8 respectively; the average levels of that in control
      group were 1.1+/-0.6 and 0.9+/-0.4, respectively. The difference was
      statistically significant (P=0.027, P=0.015), and was consistent with results
      from miRNA microarray test. The expression of miR-543 in tissues of follicular
      phase endometrium in endometriosis group (2.3+/-1.0) was significantly higher
      than that in control group (1.0 +/- 0.4), and the difference was statistically
      significant (P=0.008). However, when comparing the expression of miR-543
      implantation window phase endometrium in endometriosis group (1.2+/-0.6) with
      that in control group (1.5+/-1.0), the difference was not statistical significant
      (P=0.890). CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple differential expressions of miRNA in
      the implantation window phase endometrium tissues of endometriosis infertility
      patients, among which miR-142-5p and miR-146a-5p show significantly enhanced
      expression and may affect embryo implantation by acting on a variety of
      endometrial receptivity marker molecules. The expression of miR- 543 in
      implantation window phase endometrium of endometriosis infertility patients is
      lower than that in the follicular phase, forewarned changes in the pattern of
      cyclic variation of miR-543, and may be the reason for affecting endometrial
      receptivity.

PMID- 27356480
TI  - [A retrospective study on the outcomes of the oncology, fertility and pregnancy
      in patients with early-stage cervical cancer after undergoing the fertility
      sparing treatments].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the outcomes of the oncology, the fertility and pregnancy
      on patients with early-stage cervical cancer after undergoing fertility-sparing
      treatments, and to investigate its value on clinical treatment. METHODS: A total
      of 29 patients with cervical cancer (stage Ia2-Ib1) who had undergone the
      fertility- sparing treatments in Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai
      Jiaotong University from February 2010 to September 2015 were analyzed
      retrospectively. Surgical procedures included transvaginal cervical cold knife
      conization (CKC) + laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLD) or total
      laparoscopic uterine cervix extensive resection (RT; contains PLD); 48 patients
      with early cervical cancer under going laparoscopic uterine extensive resection
      (RH; contains PLD) by the same group of physicians in the same period were chosen
      as the control group. The perioperative related indicators, postoperative
      specimen examination, pregnancies after surgery and postoperative tumor follow-
      up results were retrospectively analyzed and compared between the two groups.
      RESULTS: (1) Among these 29 patients in the study group, 26 cases were underwent
      the fertility-sparing surgery quick frozen pathological examinations were
      positive in 3 cases, which underwent total laparoscopic RT eventually. (2) The
      perioperative related indicators: compared with the study group and the control
      group, the operation time [(182+/-21), (147+/-24) minutes, respectively] has
      significant difference (t=6.563, P<0.01). There were no significant difference
      (P> 0.05) in intra-operative blood loss [(102+/-26), (99+/-34) ml], postoperative
      aerofluxus time [(1.3+/-0.4), (1.1+/-0.9) days], the average length of hospital
      stay [(11.2+/-2.1), (10.6+/-3.5) days], rate of urine retention [10%(3/29),
      10%(5/48)] and rate of postoperative infection [3% (1/29), 2%(1/48)].
      (3)Postoperative specimen examination: compared with the study group and the
      control group, there were no significant difference (P>0.05) innumber of removed
      lymphatic nodes (23.4+/-4.1, 22.8+/-3.9), length of cardinal ligament [(2.9+/
      0.5), (3.0+/-0.6) cm], lengthof uterosacral ligament [(2.6+/-0.7), (2.8+/-0.4)
      cm], length of removed vaginal [(3.4+/-0.3), (3.5+/-0.3) cm]. (4) Pregnancies
      after surgery and postoperative tumor follow-up results: in the study group, only
      14 patients had fertility requirement after treatments. Pregnancies occurred in 5
      women (5/14), which included1 case of full-term labor, 1 case of preterm labor,
      and 3 cases of spontaneous abortion. The Average follow-up time in postoperative
      patients of the study group and control group was 29.4, and 30.2 months
      respectively. In follow- up period, compare with study group and the control
      group, there was no significant difference (chi(2)=0.004, P> 0.05) in the
      recurrence rate [4% (1/26), 4% (2/48)]. CONCLUSION: Fertility-sparing surgery of
      early-stage cervical cancer is safe but the outcome of the fertility and
      pregnancy is still need toimprove.

PMID- 27356481
TI  - [Expression of Jagged1 mRNA in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissues and
      effect of RNA interference of Jagged1 on growth of xenograft in nude mice].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Jagged1 in human epithelial ovarian
      carcinoma tissues and the effect of Jagged1 on growth of xenograft in nude mice.
      METHODS: (1) Forty-eight cases of ovarian cancer and 30 cases of patients with
      benign epithelial ovarian tumor in the Henan Province Xinxiang Central Hospital
      during Feb. 2011 to Mar. 2014 were enrolled in this study. The mRNA expression of
      Jagged1, Notch1 and the downstream target genes Hes1, Hey1 were analyzed by using
      realtime PCR method. (2) The ovarian cancer xenograft models in nude mice were
      constructed by injecting SKOV3 cells in axillary subcutaneouswere. The nude mice
      were randomly divided into Jagged1 interference group, blank plasmid group and
      control group. Each group had 10 mice. They were transfected with pcDNA3.1(+)
      siRNA-Jagged1, blank plasmid pDC3.1 and phosphate buffer, respectively. The tumor
      volumes and tumor masses were measured 14 days after transfection and the
      inhibition rate was calculated. The relative mRNA expression of Jagged1, Notch1,
      Hes1 and Hey1 in xenograft tissues after transfection in each group was detected
      by using realtime PCR technique and the relative protein expression of Jagged1,
      Notch1, Hes1 and Hey1 in xenograft tissues was detected by utilizing western blot
      method. RESULTS: (1) The relative mRNA expression of Jagged1, Notch1, Hes1 and
      Hey1 in ovarian cancer tissues were higher than benign ovarian tumor tissues, the
      differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). (2) The tumor volume was
      (491+/- 68) mm(3) and tumor mass was (2.6+/-0.4) g in Jagged1 interference group,
      which were significantly lower than that in the blank plasmid group [(842+/-88)
      mm(3) and (4.4+/-0.8) g, respectively] and that in the control group [(851+/-90)
      mm(3) and (4.5+/-0.9) g, respectively; P<0.05], the tumor inhibition rate was
      42.2% in Jagged1 interference group, which was significantly higher than that in
      the blank plasmid group and that in the control group (2.2% and 0, respectively),
      the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The relative mRNA and
      protein expression of Jagged1, Hes1 and Hey1 in xenograft tissues of nude micein
      Jagged1 interference group were lower than that in the other two groups, the
      differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no differences of
      relative mRNA and protein expression of Notch1 in xenograft tissues of nude mice
      among the three groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Jagged1 is highly expressed in
      epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Jagged1 gene interference in xenograft tumor can
      inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth and improve tumor suppressor rate, which
      probably play roles by inhibiting Notch1 signaling pathway.

PMID- 27356482
TI  - Chronic l-citrulline supplementation improves cardiac sympathovagal balance in
      obese postmenopausal women: A preliminary report.
AB  - The present study evaluated the impact of chronic l-citrulline (L-cit)
      supplementation on resting heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure (BP)
      in obese postmenopausal women. Participants were randomly assign to either an L
      cit group (n=12) or a control group (n=11). HRV and BP were measured before and
      after 8weeks. There were significant decreases (P<0.05) in nLF (sympathetic
      activity), LnLF/LnHF (sympathovagal balance), and BP as well as a significant
      increase (P<0.05) in nHF (vagal tone) following L-cit compared with no changes
      after control. Our findings indicate that L-cit supplementation improves
      sympathovagal balance in obese postmenopausal women.

PMID- 27356483
TI  - Responsive Guest Encapsulation of Dynamic Conjugated Microporous Polymers.
AB  - The host-guest complexes of conjugated microporous polymers encapsulating C60 and
      dye molecules have been investigated systematically. The orientation of guest
      molecules inside the cavities, have different terms: inside the open cavities of
      the polymer, or inside the cavities formed by packing different polymers. The
      host backbone shows responsive dynamic behavior in order to accommodate the size
      and shape of incoming guest molecule or guest aggregates. Simulations show that
      the host-guest binding of conjugated polymers is stronger than that of non
      conjugated polymers. This detailed study could provide a clear picture for the
      host-guest interaction for dynamic conjugated microporous polymers. The mechanism
      obtained could guide designing new conjugated microporous polymers.

PMID- 27356484
TI  - Synthesis and structural characterization of anion complexes with
      azacalix[2]dipyrrolylmethane: effect of anion charge on the conformation of the
      macrocycle.
AB  - Tetrahomodiazacalix[2]dipyrrolylmethane 1, [-CH2(C4H3N)CR2(C4H3N)CH2N(Me)-]2 an
      expanded version of the calix[4]pyrrole system, has the tendency to change its
      ring conformation (1,3-alternate) upon anion binding analogous to
      calix[4]pyrrole. However, owing to its tertiary amine nitrogen atoms in the ring,
      it can be protonated and becomes a powerful cationic receptor for anions, besides
      its inherent hydrogen bonding features. Macrocycle 1 binds with a series of
      monoanions BF4(-), Cl(-), PhCOO(-) and ClO4(-), and their X-ray structures showed
      that the ring conformation constitutes the 1,2-alternate form. Upon binding with
      dianions SO4(2-), CrO4(2-), SiF6(2-) and S2O3(2-), the ring conformation changes
      to the cone conformation. The intermediate partial cone conformation results for
      complexes with NO3(-) and Cr2O7(2-) ions. The change in the orientation of the
      pyrrole NH groups depending on the charge of the anion demonstrates the
      flexibility of the macrocycle and the dicationic macrocycle stabilizes the anions
      via both hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. 

PMID- 27356485
TI  - Highly selective plasma-activated copper catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction
      to ethylene.
AB  - There is an urgent need to develop technologies that use renewable energy to
      convert waste products such as carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuels. Carbon
      dioxide can be electrochemically reduced to hydrocarbons over copper catalysts,
      although higher efficiency is required. We have developed oxidized copper
      catalysts displaying lower overpotentials for carbon dioxide electroreduction and
      record selectivity towards ethylene (60%) through facile and tunable plasma
      treatments. Herein we provide insight into the improved performance of these
      catalysts by combining electrochemical measurements with microscopic and
      spectroscopic characterization techniques. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy
      and cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy show that copper
      oxides are surprisingly resistant to reduction and copper(+) species remain on
      the surface during the reaction. Our results demonstrate that the roughness of
      oxide-derived copper catalysts plays only a partial role in determining the
      catalytic performance, while the presence of copper(+) is key for lowering the
      onset potential and enhancing ethylene selectivity.

PMID- 27356487
TI  - MnO nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix as high performance lithium-ion
      battery anodes: preparation, microstructure and electrochemistry.
AB  - Nano-sized MnO intimately embedded in a porous carbon matrix has been synthesized
      by a facile method in which the manganese-salts/glycerol sol was used as the
      precursor. The glycerol plays roles of the chelating agent, the carbon source and
      the solvent. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman results indicate that the
      carbon layer may have an obvious effect on the microstructure of MnO. The first
      principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal a
      considerable charge transfer from MnO to the carbon, leading to a decrease of
      lattice parameters of MnO and the bond length of Mn-O in the MnO/C composite. The
      modified microstructure could improve electrochemical performance and meanwhile
      may explain the phenomenon of exceeding the theoretical capacity. The prepared
      MnO/C nanocomposite as an anode material displays superior Li-battery performance
      with a large reversible capacity, excellent cyclic performance and good rate
      capability. 

PMID- 27356486
TI  - Combined therapy for resistant vitiligo lesions: NB-UVB, microneedling, and
      topical latanoprost, showed no enhanced efficacy compared to topical latanoprost
      and NB-UVB.
AB  - Vitiligo is depigmenting disorder of the skin and mucous membranes but despite
      various therapeutic options, complete and satisfactory treatment of vitiligo
      still remains a challenge. Therapeutic success also varies depending on the
      localization of lesions; hands and bony prominents are considered to be resistant
      to treatment. We investigated feasibility of treating resistant bilateral
      symmetrical vitiligo vulgaris and acrofacialis lesions with combination of
      narrowband UVB and topical prostaglandins (0.005% latanoprost solution) with or
      without Dermaroller 0.5 mm needle length-assisted microneedling. Frequency of
      repigmentation onset was generally low (37.8%) and pronounced repigmentation was
      infrequently seen (26-50% repigmentation in 20.8%, and >50% repigmentation in
      only 8.8% of repigmenting lesions). Our study, however, showed that latanoprost
      can be used in combination with NB-UVB phototherapy to induce repigmentation in
      some vitiligo lesions in resistant-to-treatment location, while addition of skin
      microneedling seems not to improve the treatment outcome and possibly needs
      modification.

PMID- 27356488
TI  - Comparison of TR BandTM and VasoStatTM Hemostasis Devices following Transpedal
      Catheterization for Lower Extremity Revascularization for Peripheral Arterial
      Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transpedal access is increasingly utilized for peripheral vascular
      catheterization. There is a paucity of data on the use of radial hemostasis
      devices as an alternative to manual compression for achievement of hemostasis
      after this approach. OBJECTIVE: To compare safety and efficacy of two hemostasis
      devices following transpedal catheterization for lower extremity
      revascularization for peripheral arterial disease. METHODS: A consecutive cohort
      of patients with bilateral Rutherford 2-5 disease who underwent transpedal
      catheterization for peripheral vascular interventions were retrospectively
      analyzed. In each patient, retrograde tibial artery access was obtained, a 4
      French sheath was placed, and all revascularization was performed via tibial
      access. In all patients, a TR BandTM (Terumo Medical, n = 215) and/or VasoStatTM
      (Forge Medical, n = 99) were used to apply puncture site compression, following
      removal of the tibial sheath until hemostasis was achieved. Safety and efficacy
      of each device was compared. RESULTS: Puncture site hemostasis was achieved in
      all patients within 2 hours of sheath removal facilitating early discharge. Two
      access site pseudoaneurysms occurred within 30 days of revascularization, one of
      which followed TR BandTM placement and the other following VasoStatTM placement
      (P = 0.53). Each patient was successfully treated with ultrasound-guided thrombin
      injection. Loss of access site patency by duplex ultrasound occurred in 2
      patients following the TR BandTM and a single patient following the VasoStatTM (P
      = 1.0). CONCLUSION: Both the TR BandTM and the VasoStatTM were effective in
      achieving hemostasis following transpedal catheterization with low rates of
      complications.

PMID- 27356490
TI  - Validation of new renal staging system in AL amyloidosis treated with high dose
      melphalan and stem cell transplantation.

PMID- 27356489
TI  - Divergent Evolutionary Pattern of Sugar Transporter Genes is Associated with the
      Difference in Sugar Accumulation between Grasses and Eudicots.
AB  - Sugars play a variety of roles in plants, and their accumulation in seeds and/or
      surrounding pericarp tissues is distinctly different between grasses and
      eudicots. However, little is known about the evolutionary pattern of genes
      involved in sugar accumulation in these two major groups of flowering plants.
      Here, we compared evolutionary rates, gene duplication, and selective patterns of
      genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport between grasses and eudicots
      using six grass species and seven eudicot species as materials. Overall, sugar
      transporter genes exhibit divergent evolutionary patterns, whereas, sugar
      metabolism genes showing similar evolutionary pattern between monocots and
      eudicots. Sugar transporter genes have higher frequencies of recent duplication
      in eudicots than in grasses and their patterns of evolutionary rate are
      different. Evidence for divergent selection of these two groups of flowering
      plants is also observed in sugar transporter genes, wherein, these genes have
      undergone positive selection in eudicots, but not in grasses. Taken together,
      these findings suggest that sugar transporter genes rather than sugar metabolism
      genes play important roles in sugar accumulation in plants, and that divergent
      evolutionary patterns of sugar transporter genes are associated with the
      difference of sugar accumulation in storage tissues of grasses and eudicots.

PMID- 27356491
TI  - Targeting Transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 (TGF-beta1) Inhibits Tumorigenesis of
      Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Cells Through ERK1/2-NFkappakB-PUMA Signaling.
AB  - BACKGROUND The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway plays
      a critical role in promoting tumor growth. TGF-beta1was found to be overexpressed
      in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). We therefore tested our hypothesis that
      targeting TGF-beta1 inhibits tumorigenesis of ATC cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS
      Effects of TGF-beta1 stimulation or TGF-beta1 inhibition by small interfering RNA
      (TGF-beta1siRNA) on proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis in 8505C cells
      in vitro was detected using siRNAs and inhibitors to examine the TGF-beta1
      signaling pathway. A subcutaneously implanted tumor model of 8505C cells in nude
      mice was used to assess the effects of TGF-beta1 inhibition on tumorigenesis
      development. RESULTS TGF-beta1siRNAs decreased proliferation and colony
      formation, and increased apoptosis in 8505C cells in vitro and inhibited tumor
      growth in vivo. TGF-beta1siRNA inhibited phosphorylation ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and
      increased p65-dependant PUMA mRNA and protein expression. Knockdown of p65 or
      PUMA by siRNA reduced TGF-beta1siRNA-induced apoptosis, as well as caspase-3 and
      PARP activation. Upregulation of p65 or PUMA expression by TGF-beta1siRNA
      requires pERK1/2 inhibition. TGF-beta1 shRNA inhibited tumor growth in vivo.
      CONCLUSIONS Therapies targeting the TGF-beta1 pathway may be more effective to
      prevent primary tumor formation. The ability of this therapy to decrease
      tumorigenesis may be related to ERK1/2/NF-kappaB/PUMA signaling. 

PMID- 27356492
TI  - Blockade of hypoxia-induced CXCR4 with AMD3100 inhibits production of OA
      associated catabolic mediators IL-1beta and MMP-13.
AB  - Binding of the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) to its receptor C
      X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) results in receptor activation and the
      subsequent release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that contribute to
      osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage degradation. As hypoxia is a defining feature of
      the chondrocyte microenvironment, the present study investigated the possible
      mechanism through which SDF-1 induces cartilage degradation under hypoxic
      conditions. To do this, OA chondrocyte cultures and patient tissue explants
      pretreated with the CXCR4 inhibitor, AMD3100 were incubated with SDF-1. It was
      identified that hypoxic conditions significantly elevated the expression of CXCR4
      in osteoarthritic chondrocytes relative to normoxic conditions. Furthermore, SDF
      1 elevated MMP-13 mRNA levels and proteinase activity. It also elevated the mRNA
      and protein levels of runt-related transcription factor 2, and induced the
      release of glycosaminoglycans and the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta.
      By contrast, such changes did not occur to an appreciable degree in cells that
      were pretreated with AMD3100. The results of the present study demonstrate that
      even under hypoxic conditions, where CXCR4 expression is significantly elevated
      in chondrocytes, AMD3100 effectively blocks this receptor and protects
      chondrocytes from OA-induced catabolism, suggesting that the successful
      inhibition of CXCR4 may be an effective approach for OA treatment. 

PMID- 27356493
TI  - Projections of cancer incidence and cancer-related deaths in Germany by 2020 and
      2030.
AB  - Past patterns of cancer disease and future changes in the demographic structure
      have a major influence on the projected incidences of human malignancies. In
      Germany, nearly a quarter of men and 20% of women die of cancer, and it is
      estimated that in Germany around 51% men and 43% women will develop cancer during
      lifetime. Here, we project the cancer incidence case number as well as the number
      of deaths for the most common cancers in the German population for the years 2020
      and 2030. By 2030, prostate cancer will be the most common malignancy, surpassing
      breast cancer. Lung cancer will rank third most frequent cancer and will remain
      the most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Additionally, our projections
      show a marked increase in liver cancer cases with a continuous rise in liver
      cancer-related deaths. Finally, we project a constant increase in the incidence
      of pancreatic cancer. Based on our projections, pancreatic cancer will surpass
      colorectal and breast cancer to rank as the second most common cause of cancer
      related deaths in Germany by 2030.

PMID- 27356494
TI  - Availability and dose response of phytophenols from a wheat bran rich cereal
      product in healthy human volunteers.
AB  - SCOPE: Phytophenols present in cereals are metabolised to compounds that could be
      partly responsible for the reduced risk of chronic diseases and all-cause
      mortality associated with fibre-rich diets. The bioavailability, form and in vivo
      concentrations of these metabolites require to be established. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers consumed a test meal containing a recommended
      dose (40 g) and high dose (120 g) of ready-to-eat wheat bran cereal and the
      systemic and colonic metabolites determined quantitatively by LC-MS. CONCLUSION:
      Analysis of the systemic metabolomes demonstrated that a wide range of
      phytophenols were absorbed/excreted (43 metabolites) within 5 h of consumption.
      These included 16 of the 21 major parent compounds identified in the intervention
      product and several of these were also found to be significantly increased in the
      colon. Not all of the metabolites were increased with the higher dose, suggesting
      some limitation in absorption due to intrinsic factors and/or the food matrix.
      Many compounds identified (e.g. ferulic acid and major metabolites) exhibit anti
      inflammatory activity and impact on redox pathways. The combination of
      postprandial absorption and delivery to the colon, as well as hepatic recycling
      of the metabolites at these concentrations, is likely to be beneficial to both
      systemic and gut health.

PMID- 27356496
TI  - Laser and light therapy for facial warts: a systematic review.
AB  - Facial verruca plana, or flat warts, are benign skin papillomas caused by human
      papillomavirus infections. A large portion of cases are refractory to treatment
      and can cause psychosocial distress in patients. Laser and light modalities offer
      an alternative therapeutic approach that has not been extensively explored. We
      systematically reviewed PubMed for studies describing treatment of facial verruca
      plana using lasers, photodynamic therapy and infrared coagulation. Final
      inclusion and review of eighteen studies suggests laser and light therapies to
      have considerable potential in the treatment of this recalcitrant condition. In
      particular, yttrium aluminium garnet lasers, infrared coagulation and
      photodynamic therapies have been reported to demonstrate efficacy. Further
      studies with larger power are required to determine which method should be
      established as the alternative treatment of choice for recalcitrant facial
      verrucae.

PMID- 27356497
TI  - A fast and easy strategy for protein purification using "teabags".
AB  - Protein purification often involves affinity capture of proteins on stationary
      resin, alternatively proteins are captured on free flowing resin for subsequent
      separation from bulk fluid. Both methods require labour and time intensive
      separation of particulate matter from fluid. We present a method where affinity
      resin is contained within porous-walled containers, supporting clarification,
      product recovery, and concentration in a single step with minimal hands-on
      processing time, without significant investments in equipment.

PMID- 27356498
TI  - Long-Term Follow-Up of Children with Heart Block Born from Mothers with Systemic
      Lupus Erythematosus: A Retrospective Study from the Database Pediatric and
      Congenital Heart Disease in University Hospitals Leuven.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children from mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus are
      frequently born with congenital heart block. This study aimed at evaluating long
      term outcome because long-term data are scarce. METHODS: In the database of
      pediatric and congenital heart disease (University Hospitals Leuven), 19 children
      from systemic lupus erythematosus mothers and who were born with or developed
      atrioventricular block were identified. All records were reviewed for disease
      course and outcome. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 7 years (interquartile
      ranges [IQR] 4.5-13 years). One child had no heart block at birth and developed
      only a first-degree block during follow-up. One had a second-degree heart block
      and developed a complete heart block. Seventeen patients (89%) were born with a
      complete heart block. Seventeen patients (89%) needed a definitive pacemaker. In
      all, epicardial leads were used at first implantation. Eighty-two percent
      received their pacemaker in the first year of life. The first battery had a
      median lifetime of 5 years (IQR 3.5-5 years), the second 6 years (IQR 4.5-6.3
      years), and the third 5 years (IQR 5-6 years). Note that 47% of patients needed a
      lead replacement due to lead problems. Only one pericardial tamponade after
      pacemaker implantation. No device or lead infections occurred. The left
      ventricular systolic function at latest follow-up was normal for all. No patients
      died. CONCLUSION: In children with heart block born from systemic lupus
      erythematosus mothers, an early need for pacemaker implantation was documented.
      The overall battery life was acceptable, but there was a high need for lead
      replacement. Complication rate was low. Late outcome was good.

PMID- 27356500
TI  - Cu3 V2 O8 Nanoparticles as Intercalation-Type Anode Material for Lithium-Ion
      Batteries.
AB  - Cu3 V2 O8 nanoparticles with particle sizes of 40-50 nm have been prepared by the
      co-precipitation method. The Cu3 V2 O8 electrode delivers a discharge capacity of
      462 mA h g(-1) for the first 10 cycles and then the specific capacity,
      surprisingly, increases to 773 mA h g(-1) after 50 cycles, possibly as a result
      of extra lithium interfacial storage through the reversible
      formation/decomposition of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film. In addition,
      the electrode shows good rate capability with discharge capacities of 218 mA h g(
      1) under current densities of 1000 mA g(-1) . Moreover, the lithium storage
      mechanism for Cu3 V2 O8 nanoparticles is explained on the basis of ex situ X-ray
      diffraction data and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses at
      different charge/discharge depths. It was evidenced that Cu3 V2 O8 decomposes
      into copper metal and Li3 VO4 on being initially discharged to 0.01 V, and the
      Li3 VO4 is then likely to act as the host for lithium ions in subsequent cycles
      by means of the intercalation mechanism. Such an "in situ" compositing phenomenon
      during the electrochemical processes is novel and provides a very useful insight
      into the design of new anode materials for application in lithium-ion batteries. 

PMID- 27356499
TI  - Oncogenic role of microRNA-20a in human uveal melanoma.
AB  - As a member of the microRNA (miR)-17-92 cluster, miR-20a has been indicated to be
      involved in the regulation of the proliferation and invasion of various cancer
      cells. Previous studies have observed elevated plasma levels of miR-20a in
      patients with uveal melanoma (UM), compared with normal controls. In the present
      study, the potential function of miR-20a in UM was investigated. Reverse
      transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to
      detect the expression levels of miR-20a in UM cells and tissues. The functions of
      miR-20a on cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined in vitro
      using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and Transwell
      assays, respectively. The expression levels of miR-20a were significantly
      increased in the UM cells and tissues (P<0.05). Subsequently, miR-20a mimics were
      transfected into UM cells, which led to increases in cell growth, migration and
      invasion activities. By contrast, miR-20a inhibition markedly suppressed the
      viability and motility of UM cells in vitro. These data provided convincing
      evidence that miR-20a may function as an oncogenic miRNA, and may be involved in
      promoting cell growth and motility in the molecular etiology of UM, suggesting
      its potential as a candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of patients
      with UM. 

PMID- 27356501
TI  - Rapid malignant transformation of low-grade astrocytoma in a pregnant woman.
AB  - We report rapid malignant transformation of diffuse astrocytoma to glioblastoma
      during pregnancy in a young woman. A 21-year-old woman was found to have a non
      enhancing right frontal lesion, supposed to be a low-grade astrocytoma according
      to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studied for chronic headache. Due to the
      absence of clinical symptoms, the patient refused further investigations and
      delivered a baby and then became pregnant with a second baby. At first, she
      refused the biopsy because she was afraid, although the size of the lesion on MRI
      was increasing; however, due to repeated persuasion, she underwent a biopsy
      during the 4th month of her second gestation, with a result of diffuse
      astrocytoma (WHO grade II). At 1 month after the second delivery and 6 months
      after the biopsy, MRI revealed further enlargement of the tumor and a
      heterogeneous kenhancement effect. A gross tumor removal was carried out, and the
      tumor was histologically diagnosed as glioblastoma (WHO grade IV). This is the
      quickest ever malignant transformation of diffuse astrocytoma during pregnancy in
      the published reports.

PMID- 27356502
TI  - Utilization of maternal health care services and their determinants in Karnataka
      State, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Karnataka State continues to have the highest rates of maternal
      mortality in south India at 144/100,000 live births, but lower than the national
      estimates of 190-220/100,000 live births. Various barriers exist to timely and
      appropriate utilization of services during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.
      This study aimed to describe the patterns and determinants of routine and
      emergency maternal health care utilization in rural Karnataka State, India.
      METHODS: This study was conducted in Karnataka in 2012-2013. Purposive sampling
      was used to convene twenty three focus groups and twelve individual interviews
      with community and health system representatives: Auxiliary Nurse Midwives and
      Staff Nurses, Accredited Social Health Activists, community leaders, male
      decision-makers, female decision-makers, women of reproductive age, medical
      officers, private health care providers, senior health administrators, District
      health officers, and obstetricians. Local researchers familiar with the setting
      and language conducted all focus groups and interviews, these researchers were
      not known to community participants. All discussions were audio recorded,
      transcribed, and translated to English for analysis. A thematic analysis approach
      was taken utilizing an a priori thematic framework as well as inductive
      identification of themes. RESULTS: Most women in the focus groups reported
      regular antenatal care attendance, for an average of four visits, and more often
      for high-risk pregnancies. Antenatal care was typically delivered at the
      periphery by non-specialised providers. Participants reported that sought was
      care women experienced danger signs of complications. Postpartum care was
      reportedly rare, and mainly sought for the purpose of neonatal care. Factors that
      influenced women's care-seeking included their limited autonomy, poor access to
      and funding for transport for non-emergent conditions, perceived poor quality of
      health care facilities, and the costs of care. CONCLUSIONS: Rural south Indian
      communities reported regular use of health care services during pregnancy and for
      delivery. Uptake of maternity care services was attributed to new government
      programmes and increased availability of maternity services; nevertheless, some
      women delayed disclosure of pregnancy and first antenatal visit. Community-based
      initiatives should be enhanced to encourage early disclosure of pregnancies and
      to provide the community information regarding the importance of facility-based
      care. Health facility infrastructure in rural Karnataka should also be enhanced
      to ensure a consistent power supply and improved cleanliness on the wards. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: NCT01911494.

PMID- 27356504
TI  - Proceedings of The 8th Romanian National HIV/AIDS Congress and The 3rd Central
      European HIV Forum : Sibiu, Romania. 5-7 May 2016.

PMID- 27356503
TI  - Mpath maps multi-branching single-cell trajectories revealing progenitor cell
      progression during development.
AB  - Single-cell RNA-sequencing offers unprecedented resolution of the continuum of
      state transition during cell differentiation and development. However, tools for
      constructing multi-branching cell lineages from single-cell data are limited.
      Here we present Mpath, an algorithm that derives multi-branching developmental
      trajectories using neighborhood-based cell state transitions. Applied to mouse
      conventional dendritic cell (cDC) progenitors, Mpath constructs multi-branching
      trajectories spanning from macrophage/DC progenitors through common DC progenitor
      to pre-dendritic cells (preDC). The Mpath-generated trajectories detect a
      branching event at the preDC stage revealing preDC subsets that are exclusively
      committed to cDC1 or cDC2 lineages. Reordering cells along cDC development
      reveals sequential waves of gene regulation and temporal coupling between cell
      cycle and cDC differentiation. Applied to human myoblasts, Mpath recapitulates
      the time course of myoblast differentiation and isolates a branch of non-muscle
      cells involved in the differentiation. Our study shows that Mpath is a useful
      tool for constructing cell lineages from single-cell data.

PMID- 27356505
TI  - Influence of culture, residential segregation and socioeconomic development on
      rural elderly health-related quality of life in Guangxi, China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess ethnic differences in health-related
      quality of life (HRQoL) among the rural elderly, and to examine the influence of
      ethnic culture, residential segregation and socioeconomic development on HRQoL.
      METHODS: A total of 6,511 rural elderly aged 60 years and older from 5,541
      households in 116 villages across eight ethnic groups in Guangxi Zhuang
      Autonomous region were selected and assessed for HRQoL. The EQ-5D index values
      were calculated based on the Chinese Time Trade-Off values set. The EQ-5D
      descriptive system scores, visual analogue scale scores, and index values were
      described by ethnic group. The EQ-5D index was modeled against ethnic culture,
      residential segregation and socioeconomic development using villages as random
      effects. RESULTS: The median (IQR) of HRQoL among all the ethnic groups was 0.88
      (0.80, 0.96). Pain/discomfort was the most prevalent problem, followed by
      anxiety/depression. After controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, a
      significant difference in HRQoL among ethnic groups persisted, but this was not
      true for residential segregation. CONCLUSION: Social welfare and health policies
      designed to improve the health of the rural elderly should focus more on older,
      female, less-educated, Yao minority individuals as well as lower-income
      households.

PMID- 27356507
TI  - Where is the ball? Behavioral and neural responses elicited by a magic trick.
AB  - We present results from two experiments, in which subjects watched continuous
      videos of a professional magician repeatedly performing a maneuver in which a
      ball could "magically" appear under a cup. In all cases, subjects were asked to
      predict whether the ball would appear under the cup or not, while scalp EEG
      recordings were performed. Both experiments elicited strong and consistent
      behavioral and neural responses. In the first experiment, we used two blocks of
      videos with different probabilities of the ball appearing in the cup and found
      that, first, based on the behavioral responses, the subjects could track this
      probability change; and second, the different probabilities modulated the neural
      responses. In the second experiment, we introduced a control condition in which
      the magician performed the maneuver under the table, out of subjects' view.
      Comparing the two conditions (i.e., performing the maneuver within or out of the
      subjects' view), we found that, first, the magic trick dramatically biased the
      subjects' behavioral responses; and second, the two conditions led to
      differential neural responses, in spite of the fact that the stimulus triggering
      the evoked responses (seeing the ball in the cup) was exactly the same.
      Altogether, our results show how new insights into sensory and cognitive
      processing can be obtained using adapted magic tricks. Moreover, the approach of
      analyzing responses to continuous video presentations offers a more ecological
      setting compared to classic evoked potential paradigms, which are typically based
      on presenting static images flashed at the center of the screen.

PMID- 27356506
TI  - Mixed messages: wild female bonobos show high variability in the timing of
      ovulation in relation to sexual swelling patterns.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The evolution of primate sexual swellings and their influence on
      mating strategies have captivated the interest of biologists for over a century.
      Across the primate order, variability in the timing of ovulation with respect to
      females' sexual swelling patterns differs greatly. Since sexual swellings
      typically function as signals of female fecundity, the temporal relation between
      ovulation and sexual swellings can impact the ability of males to pinpoint
      ovulation and thereby affect male mating strategies. Here, we used endocrine
      parameters to detect ovulation and examined the temporal relation between the
      maximum swelling phase (MSP) and ovulation in wild female bonobos (Pan paniscus).
      Data were collected at the Luikotale field site, Democratic Republic of Congo,
      spanning 36 months. Observational data from 13 females were used to characterise
      female swelling cycles (N = 70). Furthermore, we measured urinary oestrone and
      pregnanediol using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and used
      pregnanediol to determine the timing of ovulation in 34 cycles (N = 9 females).
      RESULTS: We found that the duration of females' MSP was highly variable, ranging
      from 1 to 31 days. Timing of ovulation varied considerably in relation to the
      onset of the MSP, resulting in a very low day-specific probability of ovulation
      and fecundity across female cycles. Ovulation occurred during the MSP in only
      52.9 % of the analysed swelling cycles, and females showed regular sexual
      swelling patterns in N = 8 swelling cycles where ovulation did not occur. These
      findings reveal that sexual swellings of bonobos are less reliable indicators of
      ovulation compared to other species of primates. CONCLUSIONS: Female bonobos show
      unusual variability in the duration of the MSP and in the timing of ovulation
      relative to the sexual swelling signal. These data are important for
      understanding the evolution of sexual signals, how they influence male and female
      mating strategies, and how decoupling visual signals of fecundity from the
      periovulatory period may affect intersexual conflict. By prolonging the period
      during which males would need to mate guard females to ascertain paternity, the
      temporal variability of this signal may constrain mate-guarding efforts by male
      bonobos.

PMID- 27356508
TI  - Occurrence, enantiomeric signature and ecotoxicological risk assessment of HCH
      isomers and DDT metabolites in the sediments of Kabul River, Pakistan.
AB  - Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
      metabolites were analyzed in sediments of three different depths (0-10, 10-20 and
      20-30 cm) collected from Kabul River, Pakistan, in February 2014. The occurrence
      levels, enantiomer fractions and potential ecological risk of these
      organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were evaluated. The total concentrations of
      ?HCHs and ?DDTs in surface sediments ranged from 4.9-23.9 ng g-1 and from 6.4
      18.8 ng g-1 (dry weight basis), respectively. The vertical contamination profile
      of DDTs was found in order of 20-30 cm >10-20 cm >0-10 cm, indicated that the
      residue levels of DDTs gradually decreased after it was banned. The ratios of
      beta-HCH/HCHs ranged from 0.04 to 0.73 (69 % of samples below 0.5) suggesting the
      fresh input of HCHs, while isomeric ratios of alpha-HCH/gamma-HCH (ranged from
      0.02 to 7.94), with 76 % of samples less than 3, indicating the cocktail use of
      technical grade HCH and lindane in the study area. The ratio of (DDE + DDD)/DDTs
      (ranged from 0.42 to 0.90) indicated long-term biodegradation of parent DDT. The
      enantiomer of alpha-HCH was generally racemic or close to racemic for most of the
      samples, with enantiomeric fraction (EF) value <0.5 for some of the samples
      indicated the preferential biodegradation of (+)-alpha-HCH enantiomer, while for
      o,p'-DDT the EF values >0.5 indicated the depletion of (-)-o,p'-DDT enantiomer in
      most of the samples. According to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), HCH
      contamination is the main concern for ecotoxicological risk in Kabul River.

PMID- 27356510
TI  - A rare case of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome with normal platelet size: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by
      microthrombocytopenia, eczema, and recurrent infections. It is caused by
      mutations of the WAS gene. Microthrombocytopenia has been regarded as the key
      criteria in diagnosing this rare condition. However, in this case report, we
      describe a case of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with normal platelet size. CASE
      PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 9-month-old Malay boy who presented with
      persistent thrombocytopenia from birth. Serial blood investigations at birth
      showed he had normal platelet size. His family history revealed two early
      neonatal deaths in maternal uncles. Spontaneous bleeding was only seen at the age
      of 3 months. He was initially treated for immune thrombocytopenic purpura and was
      started on intravenously administered immunoglobulin. His clinical deterioration
      and poor response to the immunoglobulin raised suspicion for a different
      underlying pathology. Molecular analysis of the WAS gene revealed a missense
      mutation in exon 10. His parents refused further interventions and defaulted on
      subsequent follow-up appointments. CONCLUSIONS: A diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich
      syndrome should be considered in any male infant who presents with early onset
      thrombocytopenia despite an absence of small platelet size, a characteristic
      feature of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

PMID- 27356509
TI  - In vivo genome-wide profiling reveals a tissue-specific role for 5
      formylcytosine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Genome-wide methylation of cytosine can be modulated in the presence
      of TET and thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) enzymes. TET is able to oxidise 5
      methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC)
      and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). TDG can excise the oxidative products 5fC and
      5caC, initiating base excision repair. These modified bases are stable and
      detectable in the genome, suggesting that they could have epigenetic functions in
      their own right. However, functional investigation of the genome-wide
      distribution of 5fC has been restricted to cell culture-based systems, while its
      in vivo profile remains unknown. RESULTS: Here, we describe the first analysis of
      the in vivo genome-wide profile of 5fC across a range of tissues from both wild
      type and Tdg-deficient E11.5 mouse embryos. Changes in the formylation profile of
      cytosine upon depletion of TDG suggest TET/TDG-mediated active demethylation
      occurs preferentially at intron-exon boundaries and reveals a major role for TDG
      in shaping 5fC distribution at CpG islands. Moreover, we find that active
      enhancer regions specifically exhibit high levels of 5fC, resulting in
      characteristic tissue-diagnostic patterns, which suggest a role in embryonic
      development. CONCLUSIONS: The tissue-specific distribution of 5fC can be
      regulated by the collective contribution of TET-mediated oxidation and excision
      by TDG. The in vivo profile of 5fC during embryonic development resembles that of
      embryonic stem cells, sharing key features including enrichment of 5fC in
      enhancer and intragenic regions. Additionally, by investigating mouse embryo 5fC
      profiles in a tissue-specific manner, we identify targeted enrichment at active
      enhancers involved in tissue development.

PMID- 27356511
TI  - Large scale analysis of protein stability in OMIM disease related human protein
      variants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Modern genomic techniques allow to associate several Mendelian human
      diseases to single residue variations in different proteins. Molecular mechanisms
      explaining the relationship among genotype and phenotype are still under debate.
      Change of protein stability upon variation appears to assume a particular
      relevance in annotating whether a single residue substitution can or cannot be
      associated to a given disease. Thermodynamic properties of human proteins and of
      their disease related variants are lacking. In the present work, we take
      advantage of the available three dimensional structure of human proteins for
      predicting the role of disease related variations on the perturbation of protein
      stability. RESULTS: We develop INPS3D, a new predictor based on protein structure
      for computing the effect of single residue variations on protein stability
      (DeltaDeltaG), scoring at the state-of-the-art (Pearson's correlation value of
      the regression is equal to 0.72 with mean standard error of 1.15 kcal/mol on a
      blind test set comprising 351 variations in 60 proteins). We then filter 368 OMIM
      disease related proteins known with atomic resolution (where the three
      dimensional structure covers at least 70 % of the sequence) with 4717 disease
      related single residue variations and 685 polymorphisms without clinical
      consequence. We find that the effect on protein stability of disease related
      variations is larger than the effect of polymorphisms: in particular, by setting
      to |1 kcal/mol| the threshold between perturbing and not perturbing variations of
      the protein stability, about 44 % of disease related variations and 20 % of
      polymorphisms are predicted with |DeltaDeltaG| > 1 kcal/mol, respectively. A
      consistent fraction of OMIM disease related variations is however predicted to
      promote |DeltaDeltaG| <= 1 kcal/mol and we focus here on detecting features that
      can be associated to the thermodynamic property of the protein variant. Our
      analysis reveals that some 47 % of disease related variations promoting
      |DeltaDeltaG| <= 1 are located in solvent exposed sites of the protein structure.
      We also find that the increase of the fraction of variations that in proteins are
      predicted with |DeltaDeltaG| <= 1 kcal/mol, partially relates with the increasing
      number of the protein interacting partners, corroborating the notion that disease
      related, non-perturbing variations are likely to impair protein-protein
      interaction (70 % of the disease causing variations, with high accessible surface
      are indeed predicted in interacting sites). The set of OMIM surface accessible
      variations with |DeltaDeltaG| <= 1 kcal/mol and located in interaction sites are
      23 % of the total in 161 proteins. Among these, 43 proteins with some 327 disease
      causing variations are involved in signalling, structural biological processes,
      development and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: We compute the effect of disease
      causing variations on protein stability with INPS3D, a new state-of-the-art tool
      for predicting the change in DeltaDeltaG value associated to single residue
      substitution in protein structures.  The analysis indicates that OMIM disease
      related variations in proteins promote a much larger effect on protein stability
      than polymorphisms non-associated to diseases. Disease related variations with a
      slight effect on protein stability (|DeltaDeltaG| < 1 kcal/mol) frequently occur
      at the protein accessible surface suggesting that they are located in protein
      protein interactions patches in putative human biological functional networks.
      The hypothesis is corroborated by proving that proteins with many disease related
      variations that slightly perturb protein stability are on average more connected
      in the human physical interactome (IntAct) than proteins with variations
      predicted with |DeltaDeltaG| > 1 kcal/mol.

PMID- 27356512
TI  - Neurocognitive outcome in tyrosinemia type 1 patients compared to healthy
      controls.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hereditary Tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a rare metabolic disorder
      caused by a defect in the enzyme Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase. Due to this
      defect, toxic products accumulate which, in turn, cause liver and kidney
      dysfunction. Treatment with 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenoyl)-1,3
      cyclohexanedione (NTBC) and diet has diminished these problems, but recent data
      indicate that HT1 patients have neurocognitive problems. However, the
      neuropsychological profile of these patients is unknown. Therefore, this study
      aimed to investigate this neuropsychological profile by comparing HT1 patients
      with healthy controls. METHODS: Neurocognitive testing was performed in a
      heterogeneous group of 19 NTBC and dietary treated HT1 patients (five female,
      fourteen male; mean age 12.9 +/- 4.8 years; range 7.9-23.6 years) and 19 age and
      gender matched controls (five female, fourteen male; mean age 13.2 +/- 4.6 years;
      range 8.1-24.8 years). IQ scores were estimated and all participants performed
      the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks, measuring executive functions
      (inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory) and social cognition (face
      recognition and identification of facial emotions). RESULTS: HT1 patients showed
      poorer estimated IQ, executive functioning (working memory and cognitive
      flexibility), and social cognition compared to healthy controls. Lower IQ scores
      in HT1 patients were mostly unrelated to scores on executive function- and social
      cognition tasks and therefore did not account for group differences in these
      domains. Further analyses within the HT1 patient group (comparing different
      groups of patients based on the age at diagnosis and the clinical symptoms at
      diagnosis) did not reveal any significant results. The duration of NTBC treatment
      was negatively correlated with IQ. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the heterogeneity of the
      patient group, these data clearly show that IQ, executive functioning and social
      cognition are affected in HT1 patients, and that IQ screening is not sufficient
      for cognitive monitoring of these patients. Further research should focus on the
      underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of these impairments to consequently try
      to improve treatment strategies.

PMID- 27356513
TI  - Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formic Acid with a Highly Active Ruthenium Acriphos
      Complex in DMSO and DMSO/Water.
AB  - The novel [Ru(Acriphos)(PPh3 )(Cl)(PhCO2 )] [1; Acriphos=4,5
      bis(diphenylphosphino)acridine] is an excellent precatalyst for the hydrogenation
      of CO2 to give formic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and DMSO/H2 O without the
      need for amine bases as co-reagents. Turnover numbers (TONs) of up to 4200 and
      turnover frequencies (TOFs) of up to 260 h(-1) were achieved, thus rendering 1
      one of the most active catalysts for CO2 hydrogenations under additive-free
      conditions reported to date. The thermodynamic stabilization of the reaction
      product by the reaction medium, through hydrogen bonds between formic acid and
      clusters of solvent or water, were rationalized by DFT calculations. The
      relatively low final concentration of formic acid obtained experimentally under
      catalytic conditions (0.33 mol L(-1) ) was shown to be limited by product
      dependent catalyst inhibition rather than thermodynamic limits, and could be
      overcome by addition of small amounts of acetate buffer, thus leading to a
      maximum concentration of free formic acid of 1.27 mol L(-1) , which corresponds
      to optimized values of TON=16*10(3) and TOFavg ~10(3)  h(-1) .

PMID- 27356514
TI  - Mesophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria Diversity Encountered in Brazilian Farms
      Producing Milk with Particular Interest in Lactococcus lactis Strains.
AB  - The milk produced in regions with different traditions in Brazil is used for
      artisanal product production, which is characterized by different sensorial
      characteristics. This study aimed to identify the bacterial ecosystem of farms
      located in a traditional dairy region in the state of Minas Gerais and to
      characterize Lactococcus lactis strains, the species of interest in this study,
      using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) protocol and pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis (PFGE) technique. Samples were collected from raw milk and dairy
      environment from six farms. A total of 50 isolates were analyzed using 16S rRNA
      sequencing and species-specific PCR. Five genera were identified: Lactobacillus,
      Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus, from ten different
      species. MLST (with six housekeeping genes) and PFGE (with SmaI endonuclease)
      were used for the characterization of 20 isolates of Lactococcus lactis from a
      dairy collection in this study. Both methods revealed a high clonal diversity of
      strains with a higher discriminatory level for PFGE (15 pulsotypes), compared to
      MLST (12 ST). This study contributes to the preservation of the Brazilian dairy
      heritage and provides insights into a part of the LAB population found in raw
      milk and dairy environment. 

PMID- 27356516
TI  - Responsiveness of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia in Italian subjects with
      chronic low back pain undergoing motor and cognitive rehabilitation.
AB  - PURPOSE: The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a commonly used measure for
      the assessment of kinesiophobia related to spinal diseases. The Italian version
      showed satisfactory psychometric properties, but its responsiveness has not yet
      been evaluated. This observational study is aimed at evaluating the
      responsiveness and minimal important changes (MICs) for the TSK in subjects with
      chronic low back pain. METHODS: At the beginning and end of an 8-week
      multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme, 205 patients completed the TSK. After
      the programme, patients also completed the global perceived effect (GPE) scale,
      which was divided to produce a dichotomous outcome. Responsiveness was calculated
      by distribution [effect size (ES); standardised response mean (SRM)] and anchor
      based methods [receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves; correlations
      between change scores of the TSK and GPE]. ROC curves were also used to compute
      the best cut-off levels between subjects with a "good" or "poor" outcome (MICs).
      RESULTS: The ES and the SRM were 1.49 and 1.36, respectively. The ROC analyses
      revealed a MIC value (AUC; sensitivity; specificity) of 5.5 (0.996; 95; 97). To
      avoid any dependence on the baseline scores, the MIC value [area under the curve
      (AUC); sensitivity; and specificity] was computed also based on the percentage of
      change from the baseline and a value of 18 % (0.998; 97; 98 %) was obtained. The
      correlation between change scores of the TSK and GPE was high (0.871).
      CONCLUSIONS: The TSK was sensitive in detecting clinical changes in subjects with
      chronic low back pain. We recommend taking the MICs provided into account when
      assessing patients' improvement or planning studies in this clinical context.

PMID- 27356515
TI  - The Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin A Deficiency in Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - Vitamin A, considered to be an essential nutrient, has important actions in
      immunological responses and the central nervous system (CNS). Neuroimmunological
      functions of vitamin A are mediated through its active metabolite, retinoic acid
      (RA). In the CNS, RA contributes to regeneration and plasticity, while also
      playing a key role in enhancing tolerance and reducing inflammatory responses by
      regulating T cell, B cell and dendritic cell populations. However, evidence has
      indicated lower plasma levels of vitamin A in patients with multiple sclerosis
      (MS). Vitamin A deficiency leads to dysregulation of immune tolerance and
      pathogenic immune cell production in this disease. Vitamin A may ameliorate MS
      pathogenesis through numerous mechanisms including a reduction in inflammatory
      processes by re-establishing the balance between pathogenic (Th1, Th17, Th9) and
      immunoprotective cells (Th2, Tregs), modulating B cell and dendritic cell
      function as well as increasing tolerance of autoimmunity and regeneration in the
      CNS. Thus, the results from the current review suggest that vitamin A can be
      considered as a potential treatment in MS disease management. 

PMID- 27356517
TI  - Sagittal spino-pelvic adjustment in severe Lenke 1 hypokyphotic adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The human standing position requires permanent reciprocal spino-pelvic
      adjustments to obtain a dynamic and economic posture. This study focuses on a
      hypokyphotic Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients cohort and
      points out their particular lumbo-pelvic adaptive mechanisms to maintain a
      neutral sagittal balance. METHODS: Preoperative retrospective analysis of
      prospectively collected data on a monocentric cohort of 455 AIS patients planned
      for corrective surgery. Radiological low-dose system coupled with a validated
      clinical routine software allowed to obtain data from eighty-four hypokyphotic
      [thoracic kyphosis (TK) <20 degrees ] Lenke 1 patients and were separately
      analyzed. Bilateral Student and one-way ANOVAs were conducted for statistical
      analysis. RESULTS: Mean Cobb angle was 46.3 degrees  (+/-7.2), TK was 11 degrees 
      (+/-7.1), sagittal vertical axis (SVA) was -10.1 mm (+/-30.9), pelvic incidence
      (PI) was 55.7 degrees  (+/-12.9). Fifty percents of patients were posteriorly
      imbalanced. Among them, patients with a low PI used an anteversion of their
      pelvis [indicated by a high pelvic tilt (PT) angle] but were not able to increase
      their lumbar lordosis (LL) to minimize the posterior spinal shift. CONCLUSIONS:
      Hypokyphotic Lenke 1 AIS patients use lumbo-pelvic compensatory mechanisms to
      maintain their global balance with a poor effectiveness. Subjects with a low PI
      have a restricted range of LL adaptation. Attention should be paid during
      surgical planning not to overcorrect lordosis in the instrumented levels in case
      of non-selective fusion, that may induce posterior shift of the fusion mass and
      expose to junctional syndromes and poor functional outcomes in this particular
      patients.

PMID- 27356518
TI  - A prospective, longitudinal study of platelet serotonin and plasma brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor concentrations in major depression: effects of vortioxetine
      treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Various antidepressants occupy brain serotonin transporter (SERT),
      decrease platelet serotonin (5-HT) concentration, and normalize reduced plasma
      brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in depressed patients.
      Vortioxetine is a recently introduced antidepressant with a multimodal mechanism
      of action. In addition to SERT inhibition, vortioxetine acts via different 5-HT
      receptors. To further elucidate its mechanism of action, we have investigated the
      effects of vortioxetine on platelet 5-HT and plasma BDNF concentrations in
      patients with major depression. METHODS: Platelet 5-HT and plasma BDNF
      concentrations were determined in 44 healthy subjects at baseline and in 44
      depressed patients before and after 4 weeks of treatment with vortioxetine (5-15
      mg daily). Platelet 5-HT concentration was determined using the ortho
      phthalaldehyde-enhanced fluorometric method, and plasma BDNF concentration using
      a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine ELISA, R&D Systems).
      RESULTS: At baseline, platelet 5-HT concentrations did not differ between
      depressed and control subjects, but plasma BDNF values were lower (p = 0.011;
      omega = 0.80) in depressed patients than in healthy subjects. Vortioxetine
      treatment significantly (p < 0.0001; omega = 0.80) decreased platelet 5-HT
      concentration and significantly (p = 0.004; omega = 0.80) increased plasma BDNF
      concentration in depressed patients compared to their baseline values. Age,
      gender, and smoking were not significantly associated with platelet 5-HT and
      plasma BDNF concentrations. CONCLUSION: Despite a novel mechanism of action,
      vortioxetine shares some common effects with other antidepressants. This study is
      the first to show that, in addition to clinical improvement, 4 weeks of treatment
      with vortioxetine (5-15 mg daily), decreased platelet 5-HT and increased plasma
      BDNF concentrations in depressed patients.

PMID- 27356520
TI  - Human Cooperation and Its Underlying Mechanisms.
AB  - Cooperation is a uniquely human behavior and can be observed across cultures. In
      order to maintain cooperative behavior in society, people are willing to punish
      deviant behavior on their own expenses and even without any personal benefits.
      Cooperation has been object of research in several disciplines. Psychologists,
      economists, sociologists, biologists, and anthropologists have suggested several
      motives possibly underlying cooperative behavior. In recent years, there has been
      substantial progress in understanding neural mechanisms enforcing cooperation.
      Psychological as well as economic theories were tested for their plausibility
      using neuroscientific methods. For example, paradigms from behavioral economics
      were adapted to be tested in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Also,
      related brain functions were modulated by using transmagnetic brain stimulation
      (TMS). While cooperative behavior has often been associated with positive
      emotions, noncooperative behavior was found to be linked to negative emotions. On
      a neural level, the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), the striatum, and other
      reward-related brain areas have been shown to be activated by cooperation,
      whereas noncooperation has mainly been associated with activity in the insula.

PMID- 27356519
TI  - Benzodiazepine and neuroactive steroid combinations in rats: anxiolytic-like and
      discriminative stimulus effects.
AB  - RATIONALE: Benzodiazepines are effective anxiolytics, hypnotics, and
      anticonvulsants but unwanted side effects, including abuse potential, limit their
      use. A possible strategy to increase the therapeutic index of this drug class is
      to combine benzodiazepines with neuroactive steroids. OBJECTIVES: The present
      study evaluated the extent to which combinations of benzodiazepines (triazolam,
      clonazepam) and neuroactive steroids (pregnanolone, ganaxolone) induced additive,
      supra-additive, or infra-additive effects in an elevated zero maze and a drug
      discrimination procedure in rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 7/group)
      were placed into an elevated zero maze apparatus following injections of multiple
      doses of triazolam and pregnanolone, alone and combined, or clonazepam and
      ganaxolone, alone and combined. These drugs/drug combinations also were evaluated
      in rats (N = 8) trained to discriminate triazolam (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) from vehicle.
      Drug interactions were evaluated using isobolographic and dose-addition analysis.
      RESULTS: In the elevated zero maze, all drugs engendered dose-dependent increases
      in time spent in the open quadrant when administered alone. Triazolam and
      pregnanolone, as well as clonazepam and ganaxolone combinations produced additive
      or supra-additive effects depending on the fixed-proportion that was tested. In
      triazolam discrimination, all drugs engendered dose-dependent increases in
      triazolam-lever responding. In combination, triazolam and pregnanolone and
      clonazepam and ganaxolone produced predominantly additive discriminative stimulus
      effects, except for one fixed proportion of clonazepam and ganaxolone which had
      supra-additive effects. CONCLUSIONS: Although drug interactions depended on the
      constituent drugs, the combination tested, and the behavioral endpoint; a
      combination was identified that would be predicted to result in supra-additive
      anxiolytic-like effects with predominantly additive discriminative stimulus
      effects.

PMID- 27356521
TI  - On the Control of Social Approach-Avoidance Behavior: Neural and Endocrine
      Mechanisms.
AB  - The ability to control our automatic action tendencies is crucial for adequate
      social interactions. Emotional events trigger automatic approach and avoidance
      tendencies. Although these actions may be generally adaptive, the capacity to
      override these emotional reactions may be key to flexible behavior during social
      interaction. The present chapter provides a review of the neuroendocrine
      mechanisms underlying this ability and their relation to social
      psychopathologies. Aberrant social behavior, such as observed in social anxiety
      or psychopathy, is marked by abnormalities in approach-avoidance tendencies and
      the ability to control them. Key neural regions involved in the regulation of
      approach-avoidance behavior are the amygdala, widely implicated in automatic
      emotional processing, and the anterior prefrontal cortex, which exerts control
      over the amygdala. Hormones, especially testosterone and cortisol, have been
      shown to affect approach-avoidance behavior and the associated neural mechanisms.
      The present chapter also discusses ways to directly influence social approach and
      avoidance behavior and will end with a research agenda to further advance this
      important research field. Control over approach-avoidance tendencies may serve as
      an exemplar of emotional action regulation and might have a great value in
      understanding the underlying mechanisms of the development of affective
      disorders.

PMID- 27356522
TI  - The Abuse Potential of Prescription Opioids in Humans-Closing in on the First
      Century of Research.
AB  - While opioids are very effective analgesics for treating acute pain, humans have
      struggled with opiate addiction for millenia. An opium abuse epidemic in the
      early 1900's led the US government to develop a systematic research
      infrastructure and scientific plan to produce new compounds with analgesic
      properties but without abuse liability. This review describes the techniques that
      were developed for testing in the human laboratory, including empirically derived
      outcome measures and required elements for human abuse potential assessment. The
      evaluation and characterization of semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids,
      including full mu opioid agonists, partial agonists and mixed agonist
      antagonists, are described across several decades of research. Finally, the
      prescription opioid epidemic beginning in the 1990's in the US led to a
      resurgence in abuse potential evaluations, and the application of these methods
      to the study of novel abuse-deterrent formulations is discussed.

PMID- 27356523
TI  - Preclinical Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs.
AB  - Antipsychotic drugs have been the drugs of choice for the treatment of
      schizophrenia ever since the introduction of chlorpromazine in the early 1950s of
      the last century. Since then, about 60 different antipsychotics have been
      introduced. Although pharmacologically these drugs show large differences, in
      terms of potency, duration of action and selectivity, all antipsychotics appear
      to reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, while having little or no
      effect on the negative symptoms or the cognitive deficits. The only apparent
      exception is clozapine, which is also effective in therapy-resistant patients. On
      the other hand, antipsychotics induce significant side effects as well, including
      neurological, behavioural and metabolic side effects. In the present paper, we
      will discuss the preclinical pharmacology of the current antipsychotic drugs
      focussing both on the therapeutic and on side effects of these drugs.

PMID- 27356524
TI  - A Computational/Experimental Assessment of Antitumor Activity of Polymer
      Nanoassemblies for pH-Controlled Drug Delivery to Primary and Metastatic Tumors.
AB  - PURPOSE: Polymer nanoassemblies (PNAs) with drug release fine-tuned to occur in
      acidic tumor regions (pH < 7) while sparing normal tissues (pH = 7.4) were
      previously shown to hold promise as nanoparticle drug carriers to effectively
      suppress tumor growth with reduced systemic toxicity. However, therapeutic
      benefits of pH-controlled drug delivery remain elusive due to complex
      interactions between the drug carriers, tumor cells with varying drug
      sensitivity, and the tumor microenvironment. METHODS: We implement a combined
      computational and experimental approach to evaluate the in vivo antitumor
      activity of acid-sensitive PNAs controlling drug release in pH 5 ~ 7.4 at
      different rates [PNA1 (fastest) > PNA2 > PNA3 (slowest)]. RESULTS: Computational
      simulations projecting the transport, drug release, and antitumor activity of
      PNAs in primary and metastatic tumor models of colorectal cancer correspond well
      with experimental observations in vivo. The simulations also reveal that all PNAs
      could reach peak drug concentrations in tumors at 11 h post injection, while PNAs
      with slower drug release (PNA2 and PNA3) reduced tumor size more effectively than
      fast drug releasing PNA1 (24.5 and 20.3 vs 7.5%, respectively, as fraction of
      untreated control). CONCLUSION: A combined computational/experimental approach
      may help to evaluate pH-controlled drug delivery targeting aggressive tumors that
      have substantial acidity.

PMID- 27356526
TI  - Routine pelvic examinations have no confirmed benefits, US panel concludes.

PMID- 27356525
TI  - Quantification of Four Efflux Drug Transporters in Liver and Kidney Across
      Species Using Targeted Quantitative Proteomics by Isotope Dilution NanoLC-MS/MS.
AB  - PURPOSE: The expression levels of several efflux drug transporters in the liver
      and kidney were evaluated across species to address potential roles of the
      transporters in species dependent excretion of drugs and their metabolites.
      METHODS: Four efflux transporters, namely MDR1/P-gp, BCRP/Bcrp, MRP2/Mrp2 and
      MRP3/Mrp3 in liver and kidney in three preclinical species and humans were
      quantified using targeted quantitative proteomics by isotope dilution nanoLC
      MS/MS. RESULTS: In liver, the level of P-gp was highest in monkey and lowest in
      rat. The concentration of BCRP/Bcrp was highest in dog followed by monkey.
      MRP2/Mrp2 level was highest in monkey and rat, whereas MRP3/Mrp3 levels were
      similar in human, monkey and dog. In the kidney, the concentrations of MDR1/P-gp
      in human and monkey were roughly 2 to 3-fold higher than in rat and dog. In rat,
      BCRP/Bcrp concentrations were substantially higher than in any of the other
      species. MRP2/Mrp2 concentrations were similar across species, whereas expression
      of MRP3/Mrp3 was highest in rat. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results indicated that
      the pattern of hepatic and renal expression of the transporters was quite species
      dependent. This information should be helpful in the estimation of transport
      mediated drug and metabolites excretion in liver and kidney across species.

PMID- 27356527
TI  - Missing Iron-Oxidizing Acidophiles Highly Sensitive to Organic Compounds.
AB  - The genus Acidithiobacillus includes iron-oxidizing lithoautotrophs that thrive
      in acidic mine environments. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a representative
      species and has been extensively studied for its application to the bioleaching
      of precious metals. In our attempts to cultivate the type strain of A.
      ferrooxidans (ATCC 23270(T)), repeated transfers to fresh inorganic media
      resulted in the emergence of cultures with improved growth traits. Strains were
      isolated from the resultant culture by forming colonies on inorganic silica-gel
      plates. A representative isolate (strain NU-1) was unable to form colonies on
      agarose plates and was more sensitive to organics, such as glucose, than the type
      strain of A. ferrooxidans. Strain NU-1 exhibited superior growth traits in
      inorganic iron media to those of other iron-oxidizing acidithiobacilli,
      suggesting its potential for industrial applications. A draft genome of NU-1
      uncovered unique features in catabolic enzymes, indicating that this strain is
      not a mutant of the A. ferrooxidans type strain. Our results indicate that the
      use of inorganic silica-gel plates facilitates the isolation of as-yet-unexamined
      iron-oxidizing acidithiobacilli from environmental samples and enrichment
      cultures. 

PMID- 27356528
TI  - Aldosterone changes after consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water in
      humans. A four-way randomized controlled trial.
AB  - Abnormally high aldosterone levels are associated to hypertension and
      cardiovascular disease. A sodium-rich mineral water was previously shown to
      reduce several markers of cardiovascular risk and did not increase blood pressure
      in healthy adults. We aimed to study the effects of consuming the same mineral
      water compared to a control water on aldosterone levels, and if the effects vary
      due to the presence of meal in healthy adults. The design was a four-way
      randomized controlled crossover 120-min-postprandial trial. Twenty-one healthy
      men and women participated in the study. Exclusion criteria are diabetes,
      hypertension, and being a usual consumer of carbonic mineral water. Two different
      mineral waters, high-sodium and bicarbonate mineral water (BW, sodium, 1 g/L;
      bicarbonate, 2 g/L) and low-mineral content control water (CW), were consumed
      with or without a standard meal (500 mL per meal). Statistical analysis was
      performed by repeated measures ANOVA. The results are as follows: serum sodium
      did not vary, and serum potassium decreased throughout the assay (p = 0.01)
      without water influence. Consumption of BW significantly decreased aldosterone
      levels at 30 (p = 0.046), 60 (p = 0.009), and 120 (p = 0.025) min when consumed
      alone, and at 120 min (p = 0.019) when consumed with meal, compared to CW.
      Moreover, the effect of BW on aldosterone levels was significant in women but not
      in men. In conclusion, consumption of a sodium-bicarbonated mineral water, in
      presence or absence of meal, induces aldosterone inhibition in healthy women,
      which is suggested to be a physiological response that protects them against
      hypertension. This trial is registered at clinicaltrial.gov as NCT01334840.

PMID- 27356529
TI  - Fine particulate matter potentiates type 2 diabetes development in high-fat diet
      treated mice: stress response and extracellular to intracellular HSP70 ratio
      analysis.
AB  - Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution is a risk factor for
      type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We argue whether the potentiating effect of PM2.5 over
      the development of T2DM in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice would be related to
      modification in cell stress response, particularly in antioxidant defenses and 70
      kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) status. Male mice were fed standard chow or HFD
      for 12 weeks and then randomly exposed to daily nasotropic instillation of PM2.5
      for additional 12 weeks under the same diet schedule, divided into four groups (n
      = 14-15 each): Control, PM2.5, HFD, and HFD + PM2.5 were evaluated biometric and
      metabolic profiles of mice, and cellular stress response (antioxidant defense and
      HSP70 status) of metabolic tissues. Extracellular to intracellular HSP70 ratio
      ([eHSP72]/[iHSP70]), viz. H-index, was then calculated. HFD + PM2.5 mice
      presented a positive correlation between adiposity, increased body weight and
      glucose intolerance, and increased glucose and triacylglycerol plasma levels.
      Pancreas exhibited lower iHSP70 expression, accompanied by 3.7-fold increase in
      the plasma to pancreas [eHSP72]/[iHSP70] ratio. Exposure to PM2.5 markedly
      potentiated metabolic dysfunction in HFD-treated mice and promoted relevant
      alteration in cell stress response assessed by [eHSP72]/[iHSP70], a relevant
      biomarker of chronic low-grade inflammatory state and T2DM risk.

PMID- 27356530
TI  - Impact of Formulation on the Pharmacokinetics of Dutasteride: Results from Two
      Phase I Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dutasteride is currently marketed by GlaxoSmithKline
      (GSK), either as monotherapy or as a fixed-dose combination with tamsulosin. As
      part of the project to develop the fixed-dose combination product, alternative
      formulations of dutasteride were prepared by GSK, and their pharmacokinetic
      properties were investigated. METHODS: Two single-centre, open-label, active
      comparator, randomised, three-period crossover studies were performed. The first
      study evaluated the relative bioavailability of dutasteride 0.5 mg soft gelatin
      capsule (marketed formulation, reference) versus a dutasteride 0.5 mg hard
      gelatin capsule and a dutasteride 0.5 mg tablet. The second assessed the relative
      bioavailability of dutasteride 0.5 mg from soft gelatin capsules containing 300
      or 100 mg of mono- and diglycerides of caprylic acid/capric acid (MDC8, an
      emulsifying agent) versus the marketed formulation. RESULTS: In the first study
      (n = 36), compared with the marketed soft gelatin capsule formulation, the
      bioavailability (least squares [LS] means ratio) of the tablet formulation was 76
      % (90 % CI 0.68-0.84), and that of the hard gelatin capsule was 73 % (90 % CI
      0.66-0.82). Peak exposures were also lower for the tablet (73 %; 90 % CI 0.66
      0.81) and hard capsule (71 %; 90 % CI 0.64-0.79) relative to the marketed soft
      gelatin capsule. In the second study (n = 37), compared with the marketed soft
      gelatin formulation, the bioavailability (LS means ratio) of the 300 mg MDC8
      capsule formulation was 95 % (90 % CI 0.88-1.03), and that of the 100 mg MDC8
      capsule formulation was 93 % (90 % CI 0.86-1.00). Peak exposures were also lower
      for the 300 mg MDC8 (90 %; 90 % CI 0.81-0.99) and 100 mg MDC8 (87 %; 90 % CI 0.79
      0.96) formulations. CONCLUSIONS: The bioavailability of, and peak exposure to,
      dutasteride are influenced by the formulation of the administered medication.
      These studies demonstrate the importance of formulation for obtaining the optimal
      pharmacokinetic properties of dutasteride.

PMID- 27356531
TI  - Chiral Ligand-Exchange Chromatography of Pharmaceutical Compounds on Dynamically
      Coated (Home-Made) Stationary Phases.
AB  - It is well known for several decades that the two enantiomeric forms of a chiral
      compound can have very different effects on the human body. For this reason the
      synthesis or extraction from a natural source of a potential new drug, as well as
      its marketing, require a careful control of its optical purity. Chromatographic
      techniques can respond extremely well to this need, both in the analytical and in
      the preparative field. Among the several methods developed for this purpose, one
      of the first and of the most effective is the Chiral Ligand-Exchange
      Chromatography, which is based on the stability difference between the metallic
      diastereomeric complexes containing one or the other of the two enantiomers to be
      separated and a suitable chiral selector. This method has been effectively used
      for resolving racemic mixtures of products of biomedical and/or pharmacological
      interest, such as alpha - and beta-amino acids either proteinogenic or non
      proteinogenic, oligopeptides, amino alcohols or beta-blockers. All these
      substances are linked together by their ability to bind metal ions, the most
      widely used of which is Cu(II). The chiral selector can be a component of either
      the mobile or the stationary phase, to which it can be either chemically bonded
      or dynamically adsorbed. The latter method has several advantages of convenience
      and, above all, cheapness. The preparation of dynamically-coated chiral
      stationary phases for Ligand-Exchange Chromatography has produced a large number
      of applications, the main of which, both in TLC and in HPLC, are reviewed below.

PMID- 27356532
TI  - Nitric Oxide: A Universal Modulator of Brain Function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pioneering work of Robert F. Furchgott, Luis J. Ignaro and Ferid
      Murad has led us to investigate whether nitric oxide (NO) is present in the
      brain, its origin and whether it possesses a functional role in brain structures.
      This review is mainly an outline of own findings obtained by using the push-pull
      superfusion technique. METHOD: We have used the push-pull superfusion technique
      that makes it possible to determine quantitatively endogenous transmitters
      released from their neurons in the synaptic cleft. In some experiments, a NO
      sensor was inserted into the pushpull cannula for online determination of NO
      released in the synaptic cleft together with neurotransmitters. RESULTS: The
      release rates of endogenous NO are not constant but oscillate according to an
      ultradian rhythm with an apparent frequency of about 24 min per cycle. Similar
      rhythmic changes have been found in the release of neurotransmitters in several
      brain regions, as well as in the EEG delta band. Endogenous NO modulates the
      release of acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate, GABA, serotonin, histamine in
      distinct brain areas. The release of adenosine is also increased by NO suggesting
      the synchronous release of ATP. Endogenous NO influences various brain functions
      such as blood pressure regulation and responses to stress. Recordings of evoked
      potentials revealed that NO plays a crucial role in the integration of afferent
      signals. Furthermore, NO in involved in amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.
      CONCLUSION: The multifarious influences of endogenous NO on central neuronal
      activity, brain functions and integration of afferent signals underpin its
      universal modulatory role in the brain.

PMID- 27356533
TI  - Recent Advances on Nitric Oxide in the Upper Airways.
AB  - Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) originates from the upper airways, and takes action, to
      varying extents, in regulation, protection and defense, as well as in noxious
      processes. Nitric oxide retains important functions in a wide range of
      physiological and pathophysiological processes of the human body, including vaso
      regulation, antimicrobial activity, neurotransmission and respiration. This
      review article reports the ongoing investigations regarding the source, biology
      and relevance of NO within upper respiratory tract. In addition, we discuss the
      role of NO, originating from nasal and paranasal sinuses, in inflammatory
      disorders such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, and
      cystic fibrosis.

PMID- 27356535
TI  - Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Based Toxicity Testing Models:
      Future Applications in New Drug Discovery.
AB  - New drug discovery (NDD) is a fascinating discipline encompassing different
      facets of medicine, pharmacology, biotechnology and chemistry. NDD is very often
      restricted by efficacy or safety problems of the new clinical candidate in human
      patients. Drug regulatory authorities have provided various guidelines for
      advancement of safe new chemical entities (NCEs) in clinical trials which must be
      strictly followed. In spite of this, various drugs have failed in clinical trials
      or withdrawn from market because of human safety issues related to
      cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and teratogenicity. The failure of
      safety prediction was pointed to species specificity issues, lack of mechanistic
      toxicity data and inadequate clinical trials. These drugs not only affect human
      health but also cause loss of resources and time. The species specificity issues
      are partially addressed by use of primary human cells but their availability is
      very limited. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem
      cells (hiPSCs) offer sources for generation of an unlimited number of human
      somatic cells. The emergence of mechanistic models for toxicity testing with
      transcriptomics, proteomics along with toxicokinetics readouts based on hESCs and
      hiPSCs is paving the way to design new human relevant testing strategies.
      Introduction of these models at the timeframe of lead selection and optimization
      in parallel with in vitro pharmacokinetic studies will significantly reduce
      compound attrition rate by selection of safer lead molecules. We focused on
      upcoming hESCs and hiPSCs based toxicity testing models and their future role to
      address safety gaps of present drug discovery and development.

PMID- 27356534
TI  - Emerging Roles of Protein S-Nitrosylation in Macrophages and Cancer Cells.
AB  - Despite long and intensive investigation, the mechanisms by which nitric oxide
      (NO) regulates immune function and carcinogenesis remain incompletely understood.
      Protein S-nitrosylation, the covalent attachment of a nitroso group to a cysteine
      thiol, has emerged as a central mechanism of NO-dependent cellular regulation. In
      particular, recent research has revealed important roles for S
      nitrosylation/denitrosylation in modulating the activity of macrophage and tumor
      cell proteins, implicating Snitrosylation in the regulation of macrophage
      function as well as in tumor development and response to therapy. This review
      summarizes recent progress in the identification and characterization of S
      nitrosylated proteins in macrophages and cancer cells. The review highlights key
      findings and insights obtained from functional and proteomic studies about the
      roles of S-nitrosylation in signaling, transcription, apoptosis and other
      cellular processes relevant to macrophage function and cancer progression. Some
      of the implications of recent discoveries for the development of novel anticancer
      approaches are also discussed.

PMID- 27356536
TI  - The Immunoregulatory Activity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: 'State of Art' and
      'Future Avenues'.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells are spindle-like plastic adherent multipotent cells that
      can differentiate into multiple specialized cell types including osteoblasts,
      chondrocytes and adipocytes. They were isolated from many tissues and organs and
      they contribute to the maintenance and regeneration of several tissues. Besides
      their ability of self-renewal, they have recently been shown to have a
      clinical/therapeutic potential particularly for their immunomodulatory
      properties. Indeed recent studies suggested a potential application of MSCs for
      the treatment of experimental autoimmune disorders. It was demonstrated that
      their effects are in part mediated by the release of soluble factors or
      extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, stimulating or
      inhibiting target cells. This review will describe the secretome of MSCs,
      pointing the attention on the components relevant for their immunodulatory
      activities.

PMID- 27356537
TI  - Mechanism of Action of Flavonoids in Prevention of Inflammation- Associated Skin
      Cancer.
AB  - Skin cancer in humans represents about 30% of all new cancers and is by far the
      most common malignancy in the Caucasian population. Exposure to radiations
      especially ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is the major cause for development of
      skin cancers along with other chemical or biological factors. The growing
      incidence rates of skin cancer around the world, demand the need for new
      treatment options. Understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of skin cancer is
      therefore crucial for developing an effective drug against this prevailing
      disease. Medicinal plants are rich with numerous secondary metabolites such as
      flavonoids, which are now known to treat various chronic diseases, including
      inflammations and cancers. Flavonoids are sub-classified in to flavones,
      flavonols, iosflavones, flavanones, flavanols and anthocyanidins. They act on
      different targets including scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulation
      of the cell cycle, and initiation of DNA repair mechanisms, apoptotic induction
      and inhibition of metastasis. Innumerable evidence suggested that an increased
      consumption of flavonoid-rich fruits and vegetables rendered DNA protection to
      normal skin exposed to carcinogens such as UV-B radiation. Flavonoids also showed
      the potential to induce cell death mechanisms in melanoma, the most dreadful form
      of skin cancer. This comprehensive review presents flavonoids and their mechanism
      of action in relation to inflammation and skin cancer management.

PMID- 27356538
TI  - Heat Shock Protein 70s as Potential Molecular Targets for Colon Cancer
      Therapeutics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Targeted drugs modulate selective pathways activated or repressed
      only in cancer cells, resulting in a higher response to chemotherapy with less
      severe side effects. The use of a selected member of the heat shock protein 70
      family (HSP70) as an effective therapeutic target in the treatment of colorectal
      cancer (CRC) will be the focus of this review. METHODS: We generated two main
      questions for this study: 1) What are the current and potential future molecular
      therapies in CRC? 2) Can selective members of the HSP70 family advance drug
      design and drug discovery for treatment of CRC patients? We discuss related
      articles based on their significance and translational contributions to the
      existing literature. RESULTS: The first part of this review discusses molecularly
      targeted agents that are currently used successfully in the clinic for the
      treatment of patients with CRC and highlights several novel targeted agents that
      are being investigated in ongoing trials. The second part of this review focuses
      on the unique tumorigenic functions of heat shock proteins, particularly mortalin
      2, an essential heat shock protein for mitochondrial biogenesis in normal cells
      and a dominant oncoprotein in colon cancer cells. Basic and clinical studies have
      justified mortalin-2 as a potential molecular target, and its inhibition could
      dramatically improve patients' responses to standard chemotherapies. CONCLUSION:
      Further understanding of the contributions of HSP70 family members to CRC at the
      molecular level, combined with translation of new concepts into effective
      targeted therapies, are anticipated to improve clinical outcomes and increase the
      therapeutic synergy with combination treatment with cytotoxic agents.

PMID- 27356539
TI  - Synthesis and Bioactivity of (R)-Ricinoleic Acid Derivatives: A Review.
AB  - (R)-Ricinoleic acid (RA) [(12R,9Z)-hydroxyoctadecenoic acid], the main compound
      of castor seed oil, because of its unusual structure readily undergoes multi
      directional chemical and biochemical transformations to produce derivatives with
      the retained carbon skeleton or with its degradation. Many of these are of high
      biological activity, as documented by an in vitro study, and possess therapeutic
      potential. This review article provides an overview of the recent developments in
      the area of synthesis of RA based compounds with anticancer and antimicrobial
      activities. Moreover, the antiinflammatory and analgesic properties of some
      ricinoleic acid derivatives are also highlighted.

PMID- 27356540
TI  - Neurotrophins' Modulation by Olive Polyphenols.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Polyphenols are probably the most known and investigated molecules of
      nutritional interest as micronutrients present in abundance in our diet. Some of
      the most important food sources of polyphenols in the Mediterranean diet are
      olives and olive oil. A growing body of evidence from animal models to clinical
      studies indicates that polyphenol compounds may have neuroprotective effects in
      several pathologies of the nervous system through the control of oxidative
      stress, inflammation, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: Based
      on the most recent scientific literature, dietary intake of polyphenols
      attenuates oxidative stress and reduces risk for related neurodegenerative
      diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, multiple
      sclerosis and Huntington's disease. Also at the peripheral level, they act as
      antioxidant, defending tissues against oxidative damage and scavenging free
      radicals. RESULTS: Recent findings in animal models and humans show that
      polyphenols may have a role in regulating neurotrophins levels, in particular
      nerve growth factor (NGF) and brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), suggesting
      that polyphenols may also induce their protective effects through the
      potentiation of neurotrophins action. NGF and BDNF, primarily known as biological
      mediators stimulating neuron growth, proliferation, survival and differentiation
      are recently studied also as metabotrophic factors, acting on glucose and energy
      metabolism, pancreatic beta cells and cardiovascular homeostasis. CONCLUSION: In
      this context, a better understanding of the effects of polyphenols on
      neurotrophins and their receptors (TrkA, TrkB, p75NTR) could certainly generate
      interest for drug discovery and also for the potential dietary prevention of
      several neurological and cardiometabolic diseases.

PMID- 27356541
TI  - A Review of Stapled Peptides and Small Molecules to Inhibit Protein-Protein
      Interactions in Cancer.
AB  - Disruption of binding of two or more molecules to a protein surface is a common
      basis of inhibition of many biological activities. Smallmolecule inhibitors,
      antibodies, proteins, and peptidomimetics have been examined as ways to
      antagonize receptor activity. The peptide alpha-helix plays a crucial role in the
      function of many proteins. Hence, much effort has been invested in mimicking
      alpha-helices at the binding interface of two proteins to competitively inhibit
      their interactions. Peptide stapling involves choosing two amino acids on the
      same face of a native peptide sequence for substitution with non-native amino
      acids whose side chains can be "stapled" together. The focus of this review is to
      survey the prevalence in literature of stapled peptides and small-molecule
      antagonists of interactions of selected mammalian cancer targets, such as beta
      catenin, BH3-only members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, eIF4E/G, estrogen
      receptor complexes, EZH2, Mdm2, Notch, p110alpha, and survivin. The increasing
      interest in protein targets currently considered to be "undruggable" with greater
      selectivity for existing targets, with the goal of overcoming the omnipresent
      problem of resistance, could be served well by utilizing information about
      protein-protein interactions to develop both small-molecule and stapled peptide
      inhibitors.

PMID- 27356542
TI  - Promising Diabetes Therapy Based on the Molecular Mechanism for Glucose Toxicity:
      Usefulness of SGLT2 Inhibitors as well as Incretin-Related Drugs.
AB  - Pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the main
      characteristics of type 2 diabetes. Chronic exposure of beta-cells to
      hyperglycemia leads to the deterioration of beta-cell function. Such phenomena
      are well known as pancreatic beta-cell glucose toxicity. MafA, a strong
      transactivator of insulin gene, is particularly important for the maintenance of
      mature beta-cell function, but its expression level is significantly reduced
      under diabetic conditions which is likely associated with beta-cell failure.
      Reduction of incretin receptor expression level in beta-cells in diabetes is also
      likely associated with beta-cell failure. On the other hand, incretin-related
      drugs and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are promising
      diabetes therapy based on the mechanism for pancreatic beta-cell glucose
      toxicity. Indeed, it was shown that incretin-related drugs exerted protective
      effects on beta-cells through the augmentation of IRS-2 expression especially in
      the presence of pioglitazone. It was also shown that incretin-related drug and/or
      pioglitazone exerted more protective effects on beta-cells at the early stage of
      diabetes compared to the advanced stage. SGLT2 inhibitors, new hypoglycemic
      agents, also exert beneficial effects for the protection of pancreatic beta-cells
      as well as for the reduction of insulin resistance in various insulin target
      tissues. Taken together, it is important to select appropriate therapy based on
      the molecular mechanism for glucose toxicity.

PMID- 27356543
TI  - Development of C-Methyl Branched Purine Ribonucleoside Analogs: Chemistry,
      Biological Activity and Therapeutic Potential.
AB  - In this review, we first highlighted on C-methyl-branched nucleosides and
      nucleotides approved as anti-hepatitis C infection (HCV) drugs, their mechanism
      of action and recent progress in the development of new clinical candidates.
      Then, we report on our attempt to develop several C-methyl nucleosides/tides
      potentially useful for treatment of various diseases such cancer, pain, epilepsy
      and glaucoma. Design, synthesis and pharmacological screening of 1'-C-, 2'-C-, 3'
      C-methyladenosine or other purine/pyrimidine nucleosides allowed us to discover
      some promising new molecules. 3'-C-Methyladenosine showed antitumor activity
      against several human tumor cell lines. We have investigated the mechanism of
      action of 3;-C-methyladenosine that proved to be an effective inhibitor of
      ribonucleotide reductase. Moreover, we will also summarize the chemical and
      biological properties of some of the recent N6-substituted and 5', N6
      disubstituted 2'-C-methyladenosine derivatives that were synthetized in our
      laboratory and evaluated as A1 adenosine receptor agonists. 2-Chloro-2'- C-methyl
      N6-cyclopentyladenosine (2'-Me-CCPA), 5'-chloro-5'-deoxy-N6-(+/-)-(endo-norborn-
      2-yl)adenosine (5'Cl5'd-(+/-)-ENBA) and 2'-C-methyl-5'-chloro-5'-deoxy-N6-(+/-)
      (endonorborn- 2-yl)adenosine (2'-Me-5'Cl5'd-(+/-)-ENBA) displayed high hA1AR
      affinity and selectivity. 2'-Me-CCPA and 5'Cl5'd-(+/-)-ENBA showed significant
      analgesic properties.

PMID- 27356544
TI  - Challenges in Chagas Disease Drug Discovery: A Review.
AB  - Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused
      by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Although the number of infected individuals
      has decreased, about 6-7 million people are infected worldwide. The chemotherapy
      drugs currently used are limited to benznidazole and nifurtimox. They are
      effective in acute phase, congenital transmission and children with chronic
      infection; however, recent clinical trials have shown limitations in adults with
      chronic infection, presenting drawbacks during the treatment. Thus, there is an
      urgent need for new effective, safe and affordable drugs to fight against this
      complex disease. There were high expectations for azole derivatives as they
      appeared to be the most promising drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease
      during the last decade; however, the disappointing results obtained so far in
      clinical trials evidenced the lack of correlation between preclinical and
      clinical development. Therefore, the feedback obtained from these studies should
      define the starting point for addressing a roadmap for the drug discovery process
      in the fight against this disease. To tackle this challenge, it is important to
      keep in mind the drug target profile, already defined by panels of experts, and
      the coordinated work involving multi-disciplinary networks focusing not only on
      the discovery of new drugs but also on the standardization of the protocols that
      would allow acceleration in the Chagas disease drug discovery process.

PMID- 27356545
TI  - Melanogenesis Inhibitors: Strategies for Searching for and Evaluation of Active
      Compounds.
AB  - Hyperpigmentation disorders constitute important medical and aesthetical
      conditions. Dark areas or dark spots on the skin result from inappropriate amount
      and/or deposition of skin pigments - melanins. Several depigmenting agents, such
      as kojic acid, arbutin, aloesin, ellagic acid, resveratrol, azelaic acid,
      niacinamide, tretinoin, glycolic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid, have already
      been identified and are used in topical drugs or cosmetic formulations for the
      treatment of hyperpigmentations. However, these compounds are characterized by
      insufficient effectiveness and multiple adverse effects. As a result, there is
      still a need for searching for new active substances. The current paper
      summarizes strategies for searching for novel melanogenesis inhibitors. In the
      review, they are divided according to approach, into in silico, in vitro and in
      vivo experiments. In silico research includes computational studies with models
      of tyrosinase and di-copper complexes. The in vitro approach is based on tests
      using tyrosinase (a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis), cell cultures, cell co
      cultures, pigmented human skin equivalents or Streptomyces bikiniensis model. In
      vivo studies involve zebrafish, rodents or humans. Examples of protocols and
      laboratory procedures are presented, with a focus on utilization of various
      models for evaluation of mechanisms of action of tested compounds. The potential
      limitations of the methods are also discussed, together with future perspectives
      in the field of searching for melanogenesis inhibitors.

PMID- 27356546
TI  - Tea flavonoids for bone health: from animals to humans.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease characterized by a deterioration of bone mass
      and bone quality that predisposes an individual to a higher risk of fragility
      fractures. Emerging evidence has shown that the risk for low bone mass and
      osteoporosis-related fractures can be reduced by nutritional approaches aiming to
      improve bone microstructure, bone mineral density, and strength. Tea and its
      flavonoids, especially those of black tea and green tea, have been suggested to
      protect against bone loss and to reduce risk of fracture, due to tea's
      antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Based on the results of animal
      studies, moderate intake of tea has shown to benefit bone health as shown by
      mitigation of bone loss and microstructural deterioration as well as improvement
      of bone strength and quality. Epidemiological studies have reported positive,
      insignificant, and negative impacts on bone mineral density at multiple skeletal
      sites and risk of fracture in humans with habitual tea consumption. There are
      limited human clinical trials that objectively and quantitatively assessed tea
      consumption and bone efficacy using validated outcome measures in a population at
      high risk for osteoporosis, along with safety monitoring approach. This review
      summarizes the current state of knowledge of laboratory animal research,
      epidemiological observational studies, and clinical trials assessing the skeletal
      effects of tea and its active flavonoids, along with discussion of relevant
      future directions in translational research.

PMID- 27356548
TI  - Social and Emotional Competencies Evaluation Questionnaire-Teacher's Version:
      Validation of a Short Form.
AB  - The Social and Emotional Competencies Evaluation Questionnaire-Teacher's version,
      Short Form (QACSE-P-SF) allows teachers to assess their students' social and
      emotional competencies, having been designed for program evaluation. Thirty-nine
      teachers completed the QACSE-P-SF, regarding 657 students (fourth to ninth
      grades). Factor analyses supported a six-factor structure with acceptable
      internal consistency. Sex differences were found with teachers reporting girls as
      having higher scores on Self-Control, Social Awareness, Relationship Skills, and
      Responsible Decision Making. Developmental differences were also found with
      fourth-grade students presenting higher levels of Social Awareness and
      Relationship Skills than older students. The final version of the QACSE-P-SF is
      composed by 30 items, organized into six scales and less time consuming than the
      previous version for teachers who need to assess full classes. 

PMID- 27356547
TI  - Effects of maternal vitamin B12 supplementation on early infant neurocognitive
      outcomes: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
AB  - Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy impacts fetal brain development.
      Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in neuronal development. However, findings from
      studies on the association between maternal B12 status and child cognitive
      functions have been inconsistent. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled
      clinical trial of oral B12 supplementation (50 ug) beginning at <14 weeks of
      gestation through a 6-week post-partum. In the present study, we report the
      effects of maternal B12 supplementation on cognitive development in infants at 9
      months of age on Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (BSID-III). One hundred
      eighty-three pregnant women received vitamin B12, and 183 received placebo. Nine
      month BSID-III development score was available in 178 infants. There were no
      significant differences in maternal sociodemographic characteristics and baseline
      biochemical measures between infants who underwent BSID-III evaluation and
      infants who were not evaluated. There were no significant differences in any of
      the subscales of BSID-III between infants born to mothers who received B12
      supplementation (n = 78) vs. placebo (n = 100). On multiple regression analysis,
      elevated maternal total homocysteine (tHcy) levels adjusted for treatment group,
      birthweight, parity, income and home environment at second trimester of pregnancy
      were significantly negatively associated with expressive language (beta = 3.13
      points, P < 0.001), and in third trimester of pregnancy with expressive language
      (beta = -2.29 points, P < 0.001) and fine motor (beta = -1.41 points, P = 0.005)
      domains of BSID-III. While no significant effects of maternal B12 supplementation
      were seen on cognitive development in infants at 9 months of age, elevated
      maternal tHcy levels were associated with poorer cognitive performance in some of
      the subdomains of BSID-III. In pregnant women with elevated tHcy levels and or
      B12 deficiencies, it may be worthwhile to study the impact of longer term
      maternal supplementation on infant cognitive outcomes.

PMID- 27356549
TI  - Robust pro-inflammatory immune response is associated with serological cure in
      patients with syphilis: an observational study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Approximately 15% of adequately treated patients with early syphilis
      remain serofast. Pathogenesis and clinical significance of this phenomenon is
      unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is any
      association between host immune response and treatment outcome (serofast state or
      proper serological response). METHODS: Forty-four patients with secondary
      syphilis were enrolled to this study. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such
      as interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were measured
      before treatment and 8 hours after injection of antibiotic. RESULTS: After 1
      year, based on the serological response patients were stratified into two groups:
      (1) proper serological response (n=31) and (2) serofast state (n=9). The
      serological cure rate was 77.5% at 12 months after treatment. Patients with
      proper serological response had significantly higher levels of analysed cytokines
      (at baseline and 8 hours after treatment) compared with the serofast state group
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We showed that robust host pro-inflammatory immune
      response to infection may be the predictive factor of serological cure. The
      treatment outcome may be also associated with the magnitude of immune reaction
      occurring during the treatment.

PMID- 27356550
TI  - [A time of change for men's health: a process of increasing medicalisation?].
AB  - These days, men suffer from a bad reputation when the media talk about health
      matters. Nonetheless, talking about men's health is problematic, as it considers
      the health behaviour of the male gender in an essentialistic manner. Such
      discourse is socially under-differentiated, frequently dramatises the gender
      difference rather than explaining it, makes inappropriate individualisations,
      draws on questionable benchmarks, makes women the positive model without first
      reflecting, and is ahistorical. Gender patterns have a major significance for
      health behaviour and have indeed considerably changed the health behaviour of men
      and women over the last 250 years. Women have been more seriously medicalised and
      have, on account of their life expectancy, profited more from modernisation,
      developments in hygiene, the expansion of medical services and state healthcare
      policies. However, over the last 30 years, besides a continuing parallel
      medicalisation of men, signs of it increasing can also be seen. Their behaviour
      has become more compatible with health. A more adequate description of the
      situation could be achieved through a more concentrated observation of health
      lifestyles. 

PMID- 27356552
TI  - Ipr1 modified BCG as a novel vaccine induces stronger immunity than BCG against
      tuberculosis infection in mice.
AB  - Tuberculosis is a major challenge to global public health. However, the Bacille
      Calmette-Guerin (BCG), the only vaccine available against tuberculosis, has been
      questioned for the low protective effect. The present study used the mouse gene
      intracellular pathogen resistance I (Ipr1) gene to alter the current BCG vaccine
      and evaluated its immunity effect against tuberculosis. This study also
      investigated the intrinsic relationships of Ipr1 and innate immunity. The
      reformed BCG (BCGi) carrying the Ipr1 gene was constructed. The mice were
      intranasally challenged with the M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain after vaccination
      with BCGi. Protection efficacy of the vaccine was assessed by the organ
      coefficient, bacterial load and pathological changes in the lung. The
      differential expression of 113 immune-related genes between BCGi and BCG groups
      were detected by an oligo microarray. According to the results of organ
      coefficient, bacterial load and pathological changes in the organization, BCGi
      had been shown to have stronger protective effects against M. tuberculosis than
      BCG. The oligo microarray and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain
      reaction further revealed that the Ipr1 gene could upregulate the expression of
      13 genes, including a >3-fold increase in Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and 10-fold
      increase in surfactant protein D (sftpd). The two genes not only participate in
      innate immunity against pathogens, but also are closely interrelated. Ipr1 could
      activate the TLR4 and sftpd signaling pathway and improve the innate immunity
      against tuberculosis, therefore Ipr1 modified BCG may be a candidate vaccine
      against M. tuberculosis. 

PMID- 27356553
TI  - Effect of hyaluronic acid with or without scaffold material on the regeneration
      of tympanic membrane perforations.

PMID- 27356551
TI  - Altered hypermetabolic response to cortical spreading depolarizations after
      traumatic brain injury in rats.
AB  - Spreading depolarizations are waves of near-complete breakdown of neuronal
      transmembrane ion gradients, free energy starving, and mass depolarization.
      Spreading depolarizations in electrically inactive tissue are associated with
      poor outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Here, we studied changes in
      regional cerebral blood flow and brain oxygen (PbtO2), glucose ([Glc]b), and
      lactate ([Lac]b) concentrations in rats, using minimally invasive real-time
      sensors. Rats underwent either spreading depolarizations chemically triggered by
      KCl in naive cortex in absence of traumatic brain injury or spontaneous spreading
      depolarizations in the traumatic penumbra after traumatic brain injury, or a
      cluster of spreading depolarizations triggered chemically by KCl in a remote
      window from which spreading depolarizations invaded penumbral tissue. Spreading
      depolarizations in noninjured cortex induced a hypermetabolic response
      characterized by a decline in [Glc]b and monophasic increases in regional
      cerebral blood flow, PbtO2, and [Lac]b, indicating transient hyperglycolysis.
      Following traumatic brain injury, spontaneous spreading depolarizations occurred,
      causing further decline in [Glc]b and reducing the increase in regional cerebral
      blood flow and biphasic responses of PbtO2 and [Lac]b, followed by prolonged
      decline. Recovery of PbtO2 and [Lac]b was significantly delayed in traumatized
      animals. Prespreading depolarization [Glc]b levels determined the metabolic
      response to clusters. The results suggest a compromised hypermetabolic response
      to spreading depolarizations and slower return to physiological conditions
      following traumatic brain injury-induced spreading depolarizations.

PMID- 27356554
TI  - Management of laryngoceles by transoral robotic surgery.
AB  - We herein report our experience with the management of laryngoceles using
      transoral robotic surgery (TORS). A bicentric retrospective study was conducted
      from November 2009 to September 2015. The inclusion criteria were treatment of a
      laryngocele by TORS and no malignancy on definitive histopathology. Surgery was
      performed using the Da Vinci (Intuitive(r)) surgical robot. Surgical methods and
      post-operative outcomes were evaluated. Eight patients (four men and four women)
      presenting with a laryngocele (one bilateral case) were included (mean age 61.8
      years). There was one covering tracheotomy. The average post-operative stay was
      3.75 days. Three patients treated for a combined laryngocele had a nasogastric
      feeding tube inserted for 5 days. One patient experienced late laryngeal bleeding
      that required surgical treatment. TORS may offer an efficient treatment option
      for laryngoceles. The use of precise and flexible instruments and a three
      dimensional camera allow fine dissection of these tumours, preserving the glottic
      space and vocal function, even for combined laryngoceles extending deep within
      the neck.Evidence level: 4.

PMID- 27356555
TI  - Long term results of the titanium clip prosthesis.
AB  - The objective of the study is to evaluate the long term results of ossiculoplasty
      using the clip titanium partial ossicular replacement prosthesis. This study
      retrospectively reviews the partial ossiculoplasty conducted using clip titanium
      partial ossicular replacement prosthesis at a tertiary referral center.
      Audiometric outcomes and intraoperative findings were postoperatively measured
      from revision surgery of 47 ears (20 women, 27 men, mean age 43 years) averaging
      6.5 years. The overall air-bone gap decreased from 25.7 dB preoperatively to 16.8
      dB 6.5 years postoperatively (p <= 0.001, eta p2  = 0.210). An air-bone gap of
      <20 dB was present in 28 % of ears preoperatively and increased to 72 %
      postoperatively. In revision (n = 30) and primary tympanoplasties (n = 17), the
      preoperative air-bone gaps were reduced from 28.9 and 20.1 to 18.7 dB (p <=
      0.001, eta p2  = 0.240) and 13.2 dB (p = 0.033, eta p2  = 0.192), respectively.
      In canal wall down (n = 15) procedures and tympanoplasties with intact canal wall
      (n = 32), the mean air-bone gaps diminished from 28.9 to 18.1 dB (p = 0.02, eta
      p2  = 0.245) and 24.2 to 16.1 dB (p <= 0.001, eta p2  = 0.221), respectively. In
      our own revision tympanoplasties (n = 8) and second look operations (n = 6), we
      found that the prostheses were safe to remove without any deleterious effects.
      Two prostheses were dislocated from the stapes' head due to recurrent
      cholesteatoma. Therefore, it can be concluded that ossiculoplasty using the clip
      partial ossicular replacement prosthesis allows for good and reliable long term
      hearing results. Also, the flexible strips reveal no adverse effects on the
      encompassed stapes' head and do not complicate revision surgery.

PMID- 27356556
TI  - The admission patterns of octogenerians nonagenerians and centenarians to the
      Department of Otoloaryngology.
AB  - Life expectancy in Israel has risen by almost 6 years during the last 25 years,
      and the proportion of people 65 years of age or older is expected to reach 12 %
      of the total population by 2020. A substantial increase in the workload for
      Otolaryngologists and Head and Neck surgeons is anticipated. Our goal was to
      characterize the admissions of patients 80 years of age and older to the
      Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery in a tertiary medical center.
      The study group included all patients 80 years of age and older who were admitted
      to the Department of OTOHNS in our institute between 2009 and 2013. There were
      two control groups for comparison divided by age; one group 40-59 years old and
      the other group 60-79 years old. There were 385 admissions of 317 patients aged
      80-103 years (4.2 % of overall admissions). Over the study period, admissions of
      patients over 80 years increased on average by 3 % per annum (p = 0.4), and those
      patients over 90 years old by 52 % per annum (p < 0.001). The most common
      indication was HN malignancy (28.8 %) followed by otologic disorders (22.0 %). Of
      the overall 158 operations conducted, 131 patients (82.9 %) underwent elective
      procedures (mainly oncology) and 27 patients (17.1 %) underwent emergent
      procedures. The distribution of the reasons for admission of the patients older
      than 80 years is surprisingly different from that of the "younger" patients. With
      life expectancy rising, our study predicts a workload increase mainly in the HN
      oncologic and otologic services.

PMID- 27356558
TI  - Thin Film Silicon Nanowire/PEDOT:PSS Hybrid Solar Cells with Surface Treatment.
AB  - SiNW/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cells are fabricated on 10.6-MUm-thick crystalline Si
      thin films. Cells with Si nanowires (SiNWs) of different lengths fabricated using
      the metal-catalyzed electroless etching (MCEE) technique have been investigated.
      A surface treatment process using oxygen plasma has been applied to improve the
      surface quality of the SiNWs, and the optimized cell with 0.7-MUm-long SiNWs
      achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.83 %. The surface treatment
      process is found to remove surface defects and passivate the SiNWs and
      substantially improve the average open circuit voltage from 0.461 to 0.562 V for
      the optimized cell. The light harvesting capability of the SiNWs has also been
      investigated theoretically using optical simulation. It is found that the
      inherent randomness of the MCEE SiNWs, in terms of their diameter and spacing,
      accounts for the excellent light harvesting capability. In comparison, periodic
      SiNWs of comparable dimensions have been shown to exhibit much poorer trapping
      and absorption of light. 

PMID- 27356557
TI  - Lifetime Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death in the Community.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a leading cause of death in the United
      States and often occurs without previous cardiac symptoms. Lifetime risk for SCD
      and the influence of established risk factors on lifetime risks for SCD have not
      been estimated previously. METHODS AND RESULTS: We followed Framingham Heart
      Study participants who were free of cardiovascular disease before their earliest
      examination. SCD was defined as death attributed to coronary heart disease within
      1 hour of symptom onset without another probable cause of death, as adjudicated
      by a panel of 3 physicians. Lifetime risk for SCD was estimated to 85 years of
      age for men and women, with death attributed to other causes as the competing
      risk, and stratified by risk factor levels. We followed 2294 men and 2785 women
      for 160 396 person-years; 375 experienced SCD. At 45 years of age, lifetime risks
      were 10.9% (95% CI, 9.4-12.5) for men and 2.8% (95% CI, 2.1-3.5) for women.
      Greater aggregate burden of established risk factors was associated with a higher
      lifetime risk for SCD. Categorizing men and women solely by blood pressure levels
      resulted in a clear stratification of lifetime risk curves. CONCLUSIONS: We
      present the first lifetime risk estimates for SCD. Greater aggregate risk factor
      burden, or blood pressure level alone, is associated with higher lifetime risks
      for SCD. This high risk of premature death attributed to SCD (approximately 1 in
      9 men and 1 in 30 women) should serve as a motivator of public health efforts in
      preventing and responding to SCD.

PMID- 27356559
TI  - Inexpensive transparent nanoelectrode for crystalline silicon solar cells.
AB  - We report an easily manufacturable and inexpensive transparent conductive
      electrode for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. It is based on a silver
      nanoparticle network self-forming in the valleys between the pyramids of a
      textured solar cell surface, transformed into a nanowire network by sintering,
      and subsequently "buried" under the silicon surface by a metal-assisted chemical
      etching. We have successfully incorporated these steps into the conventional c-Si
      solar cell manufacturing process, from which we have eliminated the expensive
      screen printing and firing steps, typically used to make the macro-electrode of
      conducting silver fingers. The resulting, preliminary solar cell achieved power
      conversion efficiency only 14 % less than the conventionally processed c-Si
      control cell. We expect that a cell with an optimized processing will achieve at
      least efficiency of the conventional commercial cell, but at significantly
      reduced manufacturing cost. 

PMID- 27356560
TI  - Elucidating Protein Involvement in the Stabilization of the Biogenic Silver
      Nanoparticles.
AB  - Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been broadly used as antibacterial and
      antiviral agents. Further, interests for green AgNP synthesis have increased in
      recent years and several results for AgNP biological synthesis have been reported
      using bacteria, fungi and plant extracts. The understanding of the role and
      nature of fungal proteins, their interaction with AgNPs and the subsequent
      stabilization of nanosilver is yet to be deeply investigated. Therefore, in an
      attempt to better understand biogenic AgNP stabilization with the extracellular
      fungal proteins and to describe these supramolecular interactions between
      proteins and silver nanoparticles, AgNPs, produced extracellularly by Aspergillus
      tubingensis-isolated as an endophytic fungus from Rizophora mangle-were
      characterized in order to study their physical characteristics, identify the
      involved proteins, and shed light into the interactions among protein-NPs by
      several techniques. AgNPs of around 35 nm in diameter as measured by TEM and a
      positive zeta potential of +8.48 mV were obtained. These AgNPs exhibited a
      surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 440 nm, indicating the nanoparticles
      formation, and another band at 280 nm, attributed to the electronic excitations
      in tryptophan, tyrosine, and/or phenylalanine residues in fungal proteins. Fungal
      proteins were covalently bounded to the AgNPs, mainly through S-Ag bonds due to
      cysteine residues (HS-) and with few N-Ag bonds from H2N- groups, as verified by
      Raman spectroscopy. Observed supramolecular interactions also occur by
      electrostatic and other protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, proteins that
      remain free on AgNP surface may perform hydrogen bonds with other proteins or
      water increasing thus the capping layer around the AgNPs and consequently
      expanding the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles (~264 nm, measured by DLS).
      FTIR results enabled us to state that proteins adsorbed to the AgNPs did not
      suffer relevant secondary structure alteration upon their physical interaction
      with the AgNPs or when covalently bonded to them. Eight proteins in the AgNP
      dispersion were identified by mass spectrometry analyses. All these proteins are
      involved in metabolic pathways of the fungus and are important for carbon,
      phosphorous and nitrogen uptake, and for the fungal growth. Thereby, important
      proteins for fungi are also involved in the formation and stabilization of the
      biogenic AgNPs. 

PMID- 27356561
TI  - Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterial Surface by Doxorubicin and Antibodies to
      Tumor Markers.
AB  - The actual task of oncology is effective treatment of cancer while causing a
      minimum harm to the patient. The appearance of polymer nanomaterials and
      technologies launched new applications and approaches of delivery and release of
      anticancer drugs. The goal of work was to test ultra dispersed diamonds (UDDs)
      and onion-like carbon (OLCs) as new vehicles for delivery of antitumor drug
      (doxorubicin (DOX)) and specific antibodies to tumor receptors. Stable compounds
      of UDDs and OLCs with DOX were obtained. As results of work, an effectiveness of
      functionalization was 2.94 % w/w for OLC-DOX and 2.98 % w/w for UDD-DOX. Also,
      there was demonstrated that UDD-DOX and OLC-DOX constructs had dose-dependent
      cytotoxic effect on tumor cells in the presence of trypsin. The survival of
      adenocarcinoma cells reduced from 52 to 28 % in case of incubation with the UDD
      DOX in concentrations from 8.4-2.5 to 670-20 MUg/ml and from 72 to 30 % after
      incubation with OLC-DOX. Simultaneously, antibodies to epidermal growth factor
      maintained 75 % of the functional activity and specificity after matrix-assisted
      pulsed laser evaporation deposition. Thus, the conclusion has been made about the
      prospects of selected new methods and approaches for creating an antitumor agent
      with capabilities targeted delivery of drugs. 

PMID- 27356562
TI  - Electroless Gold-Modified Diatoms as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Supports.
AB  - Porous biosilica from diatom frustules is well known for its peculiar optical and
      mechanical properties. In this work, gold-coated diatom frustules are used as low
      cost, ready available, functional support for surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
      Due to the morphology of the nanostructured surface and the smoothness of gold
      deposition via an electroless process, an enhancement factor for the p
      mercaptoaniline Raman signal of the order of 10(5) is obtained. 

PMID- 27356563
TI  - Enhanced performance of CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x perovskite solar cells by CH3NH3I
      modification of TiO2-perovskite layer interface.
AB  - In this work, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x as active
      layer and spiro-OMeTAD as hole-transport media have been fabricated by one-step
      method. The methylammonium iodide (CH3NH3I) solution with different
      concentrations is used to modify the interface between mesoporous TiO2 (meso
      TiO2) film and CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x perovskite layer. Several techniques including X
      ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical absorption,
      electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence are used to
      investigate the effect of the interfacial modification. It is found that the
      interfacial modification by CH3NH3I enhance the crystallinity and increase the
      grain size of CH3NH3PbI3-x Cl x layer, and improve the surface wetting properties
      of perovskite precursor on meso-TiO2 film. The sunlight absorption and external
      quantum efficiency of PSCs in the visible region with wavelength less than 600 nm
      have been improved. The Nyquist plots obtained from the EIS suggest that the
      CH3NH3I modification can reduce the charge recombination rates. The
      photoluminescence measurement shows that the exciton dissociation in the modified
      devices is more effective than that in the control samples. The photovoltaic
      performance of the modified devices can be significantly improved with respect to
      the reference (control) devices. The CH3NH3I modified devices at the optimized
      concentration demonstrate the average power conversion efficiency of 12.27 % in
      comparison with the average efficiency of 9.68 % for the reference devices. 

PMID- 27356564
TI  - Simulation and Experimental Study on Anti-reflection Characteristics of Nano
      patterned Si Structures for Si Quantum Dot-Based Light-Emitting Devices.
AB  - Surface-textured structure is currently an interesting topic since it can
      efficiently reduce the optical losses in advanced optoelectronic devices via
      light management. In this work, we built a model in finite-difference time-domain
      (FDTD) solutions by setting the simulation parameters based on the morphology of
      the Si nanostructures and compared with the experimental results in order to
      study the anti-reflection behaviors of the present nano-patterned structures. It
      is found that the reflectance is gradually reduced by increasing the depth of Si
      nanostructures which is in well agreement with the experimental observations. The
      reflectance can be lower than 10 % in the light range from 400 to 850 nm for Si
      nano-patterned structures with a depth of 150 nm despite the quite low aspect
      ratio, which can be understood as the formation of gradually changed index layer
      and the scattering effect of Si nano-patterned structures. By depositing the Si
      quantum dots/SiO2 multilayers on nano-patterned Si substrate, the reflectance can
      be further suppressed and the luminescence intensity centered at 820 nm from Si
      quantum dots is enhanced by 6.6-fold compared with that of flat one, which can be
      attributed to the improved light extraction efficiency. However, the further etch
      time causes the reduction of luminescence intensity from Si quantum dots which
      may ascribe to the serious surface recombination of carriers. 

PMID- 27356565
TI  - Local Magnetoelectric Effect in La-Doped BiFeO3 Multiferroic Thin Films Revealed
      by Magnetic-Field-Assisted Scanning Probe Microscopy.
AB  - Multiferroic La-doped BiFeO3 thin films have been prepared by a sol-gel plus spin
      coating process, and the local magnetoelectric coupling effect has been
      investigated by the magnetic-field-assisted scanning probe microscopy connected
      with a ferroelectric analyzer. The local ferroelectric polarization response to
      external magnetic fields is observed and a so-called optimized magnetic field of
      ~40 Oe is obtained, at which the ferroelectric polarization reaches the maximum.
      Moreover, we carry out the magnetic-field-dependent surface conductivity
      measurements and illustrate the origin of local magnetoresistance in the La-doped
      BiFeO3 thin films, which is closely related to the local ferroelectric
      polarization response to external magnetic fields. This work not only provides a
      useful technique to characterize the local magnetoelectric coupling for a wide
      range of multiferroic materials but also is significant for deeply understanding
      the local multiferroic behaviors in the BiFeO3-based systems. 

PMID- 27356566
TI  - [Risk assessment on cervical cancer in women with cytology atypical squamous
      cells of undetermined significance but negative human papillomavirus].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of cervical cancer and high grade cervical
      intraepithelial in women with negative human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology
      atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and to provide
      evidence for clinical management. METHODS: We pooled 17 population-based cross
      sectional studies which were conducted across China from 1999 to 2008. Totally,
      30 371 women aged 17-59 were included in these studies. All women received liquid
      based cytology test (LBC), HPV testing (hybrid capture 2 test, HC2) and visual
      inspection with acetic acid test (VIA). Women with any positive result from above
      tests were referred to colposcopic examination. Totally, 28 810 women with
      complete results from HPV, cytology and pathology were included in the final
      analysis. Women with negative HPV (LBC-/HPV-) or negative cytology (LBC-) results
      served as the control, respectively. Risk on high grade cervical intraepithelial
      neoplasia (CIN2+) was calculated for women with HPV negative and ASC-US results
      (ASC-US/HPV-). RESULTS: There were 22 003 women with LBC-/HPV-, 24 139 women with
      LBC-, and 1 834 with ASC-US/HPV- indentified in our study. CIN2+prevalence rates
      to the above women appeared as 0.05%, 0.36% and 0.16%, respectively. Compared
      with women with LBC-/HPV- and women with LBC-, the odds ratios (ORs) for CIN2+in
      women with ASC-US/HPV-were 3.00 (95%CI: 0.85-10.65) and 0.46 (95%CI:0.15-1.45),
      with adjusted ORs as 4.00 (95%CI: 1.08-14.87) and 0.47(95%CI: 0.15-1.49),
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of CIN2+ in women with ASC-US/HPV- was in
      between the risks of women with LBC-/HPV- or with LBC-. Based on the "equal risk,
      equal management" principle, women with ASC-US/HPV- were suggested to be followed
      under the '3-year interval' program, which was the same as for those cytology
      negative women. However, in areas with limited health resources, the follow-up
      interval can be extended to 5 years, similar to the management on women with LBC
      /HPV-.

PMID- 27356567
TI  - Anti-apolipoprotein A-1 auto-antibodies as active modulators of atherothrombosis.
AB  - Humoral autoimmune-mediated inflammation plays a role in atherogenesis, and
      potentially in arterial thrombosis. Anti-apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) IgG have
      been reported to represent emergent mediators of atherogenesis through Toll-like
      receptors (TLR) 2, 4 and CD14 signalling. We investigated the role of anti-apoA-1
      IgG on tissue factor (TF) expression and activation, a key coagulation regulator
      underlying atherothrombosis. Atherothrombosis features were determined by
      immunohistochemical TF staining of human carotid biopsies derived from patients
      with severe carotid stenosis undergoing elective surgery (n=176), and on aortic
      roots of different genetic backgrounds mice (ApoE-/-; TLR2-/-ApoE-/- and TLR4-/
      ApoE-/-) exposed to passive immunisation with anti-apoA-1 IgG. Human serum levels
      of anti-apoA-1 IgG were measured by ELISA. In vitro, on human-monocyte-derived
      macrophages (HMDM) the anti-apoA-1 IgG increased TF expression and activity were
      analysed by FACS and chromogenic assays in presence of different pharmacological
      inhibitors. Human serum anti-apoA-1 IgG levels significantly correlated to
      intraplaque TF expression in carotid biopsies (r=0.31, p<0.001), which was
      predictive of clinically symptomatic lesions. On HMDM, anti-apoA-1 IgG induced a
      TLR2, 4 and CD14-dependent increase in TF expression and activity, involving NF
      kappaB and a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent AP-1 transcription factors. In
      ApoE-/- mice, anti-apoA-1 IgG passive immunisation significantly enhanced
      intraplaque TF expression when compared to control IgG. This effect was lost in
      both TLR2-/-ApoE-/- and TLR4-/-ApoE-/- mice. These results demonstrate that anti
      apoA-1 IgG are associated with TF expression in human atherosclerotic plaques,
      induce TF expression in vitro and in vivo through TLR2 and 4 signalling,
      supporting a possible causal relationship between anti-apoA-1 IgG and
      atherothrombosis.

PMID- 27356568
TI  - Load management in elite German distance runners during 3-weeks of high-altitude
      training.
AB  - There is a debate on the optimal way of monitoring training loads in elite
      endurance athletes especially during altitude training camps. In this case
      report, including nine members of the German national middle distance running
      team, we describe a practical approach to monitor the psychobiological stress
      markers during 21 days of altitude training (~2100 m above sea-level) to estimate
      the training load and to control muscle damage, fatigue, and/or chronic
      overreaching. Daily examination included: oxygen saturation of hemoglobin,
      resting heart rate, body mass, body and sleep perception, capillary blood
      concentration of creatine kinase. Every other day, venous serum concentration of
      blood urea nitrogen, venous blood concentration of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red
      and white blood cell were measured. If two or more of the above-mentioned stress
      markers were beyond or beneath the athlete's normal individual range, the
      training load of the subsequent training session was reduced. Running speed at 3
      mmol L(-1) blood lactate (V3) improved and no athlete showed any signs of
      underperformance, chronic muscle damage, decrease body and sleep perception as
      well as activated inflammatory process during the 21 days. The dense screening of
      biomarkers in the present case study may stimulate further research to identify
      candidate markers for load monitoring in elite middle- and long-distance runners
      during a training camp at altitude. 

PMID- 27356571
TI  - "Experimental Oncology" is the Best Scientific Journal in Ukraine according to
      SCOPUS!
AB  - International scientific journal "Experimental Oncology" (Publishing House
      "MORION LLC", Kyiv, Ukraine - R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology,
      Oncology and Radiobiology of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine) earned high
      global recognition, receiving the prestigious international award "SCOPUS Awards
      Ukraine" as a winner in the category "The Best Journal". 

PMID- 27356570
TI  - Identification of differentially expressed genes between lung adenocarcinoma and
      lung squamous cell carcinoma by gene expression profiling.
AB  - The present study aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs)
      between lung adenocarcinoma and normal lung tissues, and between lung squamous
      cell carcinoma and normal lung tissues, with the purpose of identifying potential
      biomarkers for the treatment of lung cancer. The gene expression profile
      (GSE6044) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which
      included data from 10 lung adenocarcinoma samples, 10 lung squamous cell
      carcinoma samples, and five matched normal lung tissue samples. After data
      processing, DEGs were identified using the Student's t-test adjusted via the
      Benjamini-Hochberg method. Subsequently, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
      pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs was performed using the Database for
      Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, and a global network was
      constructed. A total of 95 upregulated and 241 downregulated DEGs were detected
      in lung adenocarcinoma samples, and 204 upregulated and 285 downregulated DEGs
      were detected in lung squamous cell carcinoma samples, as compared with the
      normal lung tissue samples. The DEGs in the lung squamous cell carcinoma group
      were enriched in the following three pathways: Hsa04110, Cell cycle; hsa03030,
      DNA replication; and hsa03430, mismatch repair. However, the DEGs in the lung
      adenocarcinoma group were not significantly enriched in any specific pathway.
      Subsequently, a global network of lung cancer was constructed, which consisted of
      341 genes and 1,569 edges, of which the top five genes were HSP90AA1, BCL2, CDK2,
      KIT and HDAC2. The expression trends of the above genes were different in lung
      adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma when compared with normal
      tissues. Therefore, these genes were suggested to be crucial genes for
      differentiating lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. 

PMID- 27356569
TI  - Differences in the timing and magnitude of Pkd1 gene deletion determine the
      severity of polycystic kidney disease in an orthologous mouse model of ADPKD.
AB  - Development of a disease-modifying therapy to treat autosomal dominant polycystic
      kidney disease (ADPKD) requires well-characterized preclinical models that
      accurately reflect the pathology and biochemical changes associated with the
      disease. Using a Pkd1 conditional knockout mouse, we demonstrate that subtly
      altering the timing and extent of Pkd1 deletion can have a significant impact on
      the origin and severity of kidney cyst formation. Pkd1 deletion on postnatal day
      1 or 2 results in cysts arising from both the cortical and medullary regions,
      whereas deletion on postnatal days 3-8 results in primarily medullary cyst
      formation. Altering the extent of Pkd1 deletion by modulating the tamoxifen dose
      produces dose-dependent changes in the severity, but not origin, of cystogenesis.
      Limited Pkd1 deletion produces progressive kidney cystogenesis, accompanied by
      interstitial fibrosis and loss of kidney function. Cyst growth occurs in two
      phases: an early, rapid growth phase, followed by a later, slow growth period.
      Analysis of biochemical pathway changes in cystic kidneys reveals dysregulation
      of the cell cycle, increased proliferation and apoptosis, activation of Mek-Erk,
      Akt-mTOR, and Wnt-beta-catenin signaling pathways, and altered glycosphingolipid
      metabolism that resemble the biochemical changes occurring in human ADPKD
      kidneys. These pathways are normally active in neonatal mouse kidneys until
      repressed around 3 weeks of age; however, they remain active following Pkd1
      deletion. Together, this work describes the key parameters to accurately model
      the pathological and biochemical changes associated with ADPKD in a conditional
      mouse model. 

PMID- 27356572
TI  - Comprehensive meta-analytical summary on human papillomavirus association with
      head and neck cancer.
AB  - An etiological role of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of
      cervical cancer has been well established. Hence, attention of researchers has
      been focused on the role of HPV in pathogenesis of other malignancies, such as
      head and neck cancers. An analysis of epidemiological data on the prevalence of
      HPV infection among healthy people and patients with precancerous lesions and/or
      cancer is an important step in understanding the role of HPV in head and neck
      carcinogenesis. More and more data de-monstrate the impact of HPV infection on
      disease outcome. HPV-positive patients have been shown to have better responses
      to radiotherapy and better overall and disease-free survival than HPV-negative
      patients. This review presents data of the meta-analysis based on a large number
      of original studies on HPV prevalence in patients with precancerous lesions and
      in patients with oral, oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancers as well as findings on
      the impact of HPV infection on survival of these patients. 

PMID- 27356573
TI  - Effect of copulation on potentially precancerous prostate lesions, serum
      testosterone and prolactin levels in rats.
AB  - The prostate is an exocrine reproductive gland that participates in ejaculation
      and it is prone to diseases, including cancer. AIM: In the pre-sent study, we
      assessed the long-term effects of copulation on the development of precancerous
      lesions in rats, and compared them with testosterone-induced prostatic lesions.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: One group of Wistar males was given 10 copulatory sessions
      to one ejaculation with ovariectomized, hormone-primed females. Sessions occurred
      twice per week for a total of ten trials. A second group was exposed to females
      during the same trials, but physical contact was prevented. In addition, each
      group received a subcutaneous implant in the back either filled with testosterone
      propionate (T, 100 mg/kg) or empty. This resulted in four subgroups: 1) Control +
      No sex, 2) Control + Sex, 3) T + No sex and 4) T + Sex. Two days after the 10(th)
      trial all the males were sacrificed for prostate histo-logy (H&E) and hormone
      analysis (testosterone and prolactin). RESULTS: Males from the group Control + No
      sex expressed normal histo-logy. However, those in the groups Control + Sex and T
      + No sex expressed metaplasia and dysplasia in both the dorsolateral and ventral
      portions of the prostate, respectively. Interestingly, males from the group T +
      Sex expressed dysplasia in the dorsolateral prostate only, but not in the ventral
      prostate. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that constant copulation may
      facilitate the development of prostatic lesions in males with normal levels of
      testosterone. However, copulation induces less lesions in the ventral prostate of
      males treated with testosterone.

PMID- 27356574
TI  - Effectiveness of sodium dichloroacetate against glioma C6 depends on
      administration schedule and dosage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anticancer action of sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) could be related to
      its ability to activate oxidative phosphorylation leading to enhanced generation
      of reactive oxygen species and induction of apoptosis. On the other hand,
      activation of oxidative phosphorylation could promote tumor cell survival, in
      particular, via increased ATP synthesis. Such ambiguous effects of DCA could
      influence its anticancer effectiveness, depending on biological properties of a
      tumor, schedule of DCA administration and its dosage. The aim of the study was to
      analyze anticancer effect of DCA against glioma S6 in rats under conditions of
      different schedules of its administration and various dosages. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The study was carried out in Wistar rats with intracerebrally
      transplanted glioma S6 cells. Therapy with DCA was performed as follows: daily
      for 6 days starting from the second day after tumor cell transplantation
      (schedule I) or 7(th) day (schedule II) at a dose of 1.0 g/kg, or daily for 13
      days starting from the second day at doses of 1.0; 1.5 or 4.5 g/kg (schedule
      III). An influence of hypoxia on anticancer effect of DCA was studied using
      hypoxic chambers where oxygen content was maintained at a level of 12.5-13% for 3
      h after DCA administration to glioma S6 bearing rats. The state of mitochondrial
      electron transport chain components in tumor cells was studied using electron
      paramagnetic resonance. RESULTS: It has been shown that therapy with DCA using
      schedule I resulted in 15% decrease of animals life span (LS; < 0.05), while the
      use of schedule II had no effect on this index. Prolonged administration of DCA
      (schedule III) resulted in significant antitumor effect and increased LS of rats
      by 25.5% (p < 0.05). Under hypoxic conditions, treatment with DCA resulted in a
      significant increase of animal LS by 15-22%. Dosage of DCA had a moderate effect
      of its anticancer action. Maximal effect, an increase of LS by 34.5% (p < 0.05)
      was detected at a dose of 1.5 g/kg. It has been shown that anticancer activity of
      DCA under all studied conditions is not related to its influence on a functional
      state of tumor cell mitochondria. CONCLUSION: Anticancer effect of DCA
      significantly depends on a schedule of its administration; being administered at
      equal total dose, but dependent on the schedule DCA could cause ambiguous effects
      varying from tumor growth stimulation to significant anticancer activity. Under
      hypoxic conditions, anticancer efficacy of DCA against glioma S6 is significantly
      enhanced.

PMID- 27356575
TI  - Hepcidin as a possible marker in determination of malignancy degree and
      sensitivity of breast cancer cells to cytostatic drugs.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the role of hepcidin (Hepc) in the formation of cells
      malignant phenotype in vitro and its expression in the dyna-mics of growth of
      Walker-256 carcinosarcoma with different sensitivity to doxorubicin (Dox).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cell lines used in the analysis included T47D, MCF-7,
      MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MCF/CP, and MCF/Dox. Hepc expression was studied by
      immunocytochemical method. "Free" iron content was determined by EPR
      spectroscopy. Determination of Hepc expression in homogenates of tumor tissue and
      in blood serum of rats with Dox-sensitive and -resistant Walker-256
      carcinosarcoma was performed. RESULTS: It was found that Hepc levels in breast
      cancer (BC) cells with high degree of malignancy (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468) and
      drug-resistant phenotype (MCF/CP, MCF/Dox) were by 1.5-2 times higher (p < 0.05)
      in comparison with sensitive and less malignant BC cells. The development of drug
      resistant phenotype in Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells was accompanied by
      increasing of Hepc and "free" iron content (by 2.4 and 1.2 times, respectively).
      CONCLUSION: The data of in vitro and in vivo research evidenced on involvement of
      Hepc in formation of BC cells malignant phenotype and their resistance to Dox.

PMID- 27356576
TI  - Photocytotoxic effect of C60 fullerene against L1210 leukemic cells is
      accompanied by enhanced nitric oxide production and p38 MAPK activation.
AB  - AIM: To estimate the combined action of C60 fullerene and light irradiation on
      viability of L1210 leukemic cells, nitric oxide (NO) generation, p38 mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and cell cycle distribution. METHODS:
      Cell viability was assessed by MTT test. Light-emitting diode lamp (lambda = 410
      700 nm, 2.45 J/cm(2) ) was used for C60 fullerene photoexcitation. Nitrite level
      and NO-synthase activity were measured by Griess reaction and by conversion of L
      arginine to L-citrulline, respectively. p38 MAPK activity was assessed by Western
      blot analysis. Cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS:
      It was shown that light irradiation of C60 fullerene-treated L1210 cells was
      accompanied by 55% decrease of their viability at 48 h of culture. Nitrite level
      measured as an index of reactive NO generation was increased at the early period
      after C60 fullerene photoexcitation due to activation of both constitutive and
      inducible NO-synthase isoforms. The simultaneous activation of p38 MAPK was
      detected. Accumulation of L1210 cells in sub-G1 phase of cell cycle was observed
      after C60 fullerene photoexcitation. CONCLUSION: Photoexcited C60 fullerene
      exerts cytotoxic effect, at least in part, through triggering production of
      reactive NO species and activation of p38 kinase apoptotic pathways in L1210
      leukemic cells.

PMID- 27356577
TI  - Establishment and characterization of new breast and ovarian cancer cell lines as
      a model for studying cellular plasticity in vitro.
AB  - AIM: To compare biological properties of primary tumor cells isolated from
      malignant effusion of cancer patients with the same cells of permanent lines
      established during their long-term cultivation in vitro and to assess the impact
      of phenotypic conversion that was caused by changes in their microenvironment on
      their behavioral characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed
      on primary cell cultures from pleural effusion or ascites of breast and ovarian
      cancer and permanent cell lines derived from them, namely permanent ovarian
      cancer cell line I, permanent ovarian cancer cell line II and permanent breast
      cancer cell line I. Biological characteristics were studied using standard cell
      culture methods and immunocytochemical assays. RESULTS: Three new cell lines were
      established from breast and ovarian cancer and cell morphology, migration
      activity, the kinetics of growth, colony forming activity in semisolid agar and
      sensitivity to anticancer drug were examined. These characteristics were compared
      with those of the primary tumor cells. It has been shown that among the primary
      tumor cells from malignant effusion, cells with mese-nchymal characteristics were
      the most prevalent. Cultivation of primary cancer cells in vitro leads to a
      phenotypic change of their population: it becomes more homogeneous in morphology
      with predominantly epithelial-like cells. Also, later after a number of cell
      doublings in vitro, the cell population changes to include cells primarily with
      immunophenotypic properties characteristic of epithelial cells. These changes
      include increase in number of E-cadherin-positive cells and a decrease in number
      of vimentin and alpha- smooth muscle actin-positive cells. It was found that
      significant changes in expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition associated
      proteins in cells during their cultivation in vitro in new microenvironment are
      accompanied by a rapid change in their sensiti-vity to anticancer drugs.
      CONCLUSIONS: The new breast and ovarian cancer cell lines were established and
      characterized. The induction of phenotypic transdifferentiation in malignant
      cells from pleural effusion and ascites can be an important approach for
      suppressing the progression of neoplastic process.

PMID- 27356578
TI  - Differential expression of CD150/SLAMF1 in normal and malignant B cells on the
      different stages of maturation.
AB  - Within B-cell lineage cell surface receptor CD150/SLAMF1 is broadly expressed
      starting from pre-B cells with upregulation toward plasma cells. However,
      expression of CD150 is rather limited on the surface of malignant B cells with
      the block of differentiation at the different stages of maturation. The aim of
      our work was to explore CD150 expression both on protein and mRNA levels with the
      emphasis on CD150 isoforms in malignant B-cell lines at the different stages of
      maturation in comparison with their normal B cell counterparts. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Studies were performed on normal tonsillar B-cell subpopulations, B
      lymphoblastoid cell lines, malignant B-cell lines of different origin, including
      pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and
      multiple myeloma. Protein CD150 expression was assessed by western blot analysis
      and the expression level of CD150 isoforms was evaluated using qRT-PCR. RESULTS:
      Despite the similar CD150 expression both on mRNA and protein levels in normal B
      cell subsets and B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, malignant B-cell lines demonstrated
      substantial heterogeneity in CD150 expression. Only Hodgkin's lymphoma cell
      lines, Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines BJAB and Raji, and also pre-B cell line BLIN
      1 expressed CD150 protein. At the same time total CD150 and mCD150 mRNA was
      detected in all studied cell lines excluding pre-B cell line REH. The minor
      sCD150 isoform was found only in Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines and Burkitt's
      lymphoma cell line Raji. The nCD150 isoform was broadly expressed in tested B
      cell lines with exception of REH and Daudi. CONCLUSION: Malignant B-cell lines at
      the different stages of maturation only partially resemble their normal
      counterparts by CD150 expression. In malignant B-cell lines, CD150 expression on
      mRNA level is much broader than on protein level. CD150 isoforms are
      differentially expressed in normal and malignant B cells with predominant
      expression of mCD150 isoform.

PMID- 27356579
TI  - Radioprotective properties of sodium humate in radiation-induced mutagenesis in
      cultured lymphocytes of thyroid cancer patients.
AB  - To investigate the effect of sodium humate on the level of cytogenetic damage in
      culture of lymphocytes of patients with thyroid cancer after gamma-irradiation.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metaphase analysis of chromosome aberrations in cultured
      peripheral blood lymphocytes of 10 individuals with thyroid cancer was performed
      after irradiation of lymphocytes in vitro at a dose of 1 Gy from (137)Cs source
      at the early G0 phase of cell cycle. Sodium humate was added to cell culture for
      30 +/- 15 min after phytohemagglutinin stimulation at concentrations of 10 and
      100 MUg/ml. RESULTS: Sodium humate exhibited antimutagenic properties. The
      preparation at a concentration of 10 MUg/ml was more effective than at a
      concentration of 100 MUg/ml, reducing the average incidence of radiation-induced
      chromosome aberrations by 51.88 and 38.77%, respectively. The most pronounced
      antimutagenic effect of sodium humate was the reduction of the frequency of
      chromosomal type aberrations, however, such efficiency varied between individual
      patients with thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium humate could be considered as a
      potential therapeutic modifier of radiation damage.

PMID- 27356580
TI  - Detection of NOTCH1 c.7541_7542delCT mutation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      using conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction.
AB  - To evaluate real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay system for detection
      of NOTCH1 c.7541_754delCT mutation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
      patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 325 CLL patients were included in the
      study. Screening for NOTCH1 c.7544_7545delCT was performed using conventional PCR
      based amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) method. All 33 samples
      harboring c.7544_7545delCT allele and 5 negative cases as control were submitted
      to real-time PCR. RESULTS: Specificity and sensitivity of two PCR techniques were
      comparable. NOTCH1 c.7544_7545delCT mutation was found by ARMS in 10.1% of CLL
      patients, which is consistent with the data of other studies. However, the
      results of ARMS PCR in a minority of cases (2.15%) were doubtful and required
      reinvestigation. Real-time PCR, being less time-consuming, showed advantage in
      the assessment of the amplification's specificity (using the melting curve
      analysis). It also allows the quantitative assessment of NOTCH1-mutated clone.
      CONCLUSION: NOTCH1 c.7544_7545delCT mutation resulting in removal of the C
      terminal PEST domain, deregulation of NOTCH1-dependent signaling pathways, has
      negative influence on prognosis of CLL and efficiency of therapy with anti-CD20
      monoclonal antibodies. Real-time PCR allows the fast and reliable detection of
      c.7544_7545delCT mutation and can be used for the screening of this molecular
      lesion in CLL patients.

PMID- 27356581
TI  - The level of IgG antibodies reactive to TF, Tn and alpha-Gal polyacrylamide
      glycoconjugates in breast cancer patients: relation to survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The serum levels of IgG antibodies reactive to glycoconjugates (TF,
      Tn and alphaGal) were found to be associated with prognosis of gastrointestinal
      cancer patients. AIM: To study the relation between the levels of serum
      antibodies to TF-pAA, Tn-PAA and alphaGal-PAA polyacrylamide-based
      glycoconjugates and survival in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      preoperative level of IgG antibodies was analysed in the serum of patients (n =
      59) using ELISA with polyacrylamide-glycoconjugates namely, TF-pAA (amide-type),
      and ethanolamide-conjugates Tn-PAA and alphaGal-PAA. Survival rate and hazard
      ratio (HR) were assessed by the Kaplan - Meier method and Cox univariate analysis
      in different pathomorphological groups. RESULTS: Significantly better survival
      was observed in patients with an increased level of anti-TF-pAA antibodies both
      for all patients in total and groups in stages II-III; N1-2 and G3 (p = 0.008
      0.021, HR = 0.18-0.23, mean survival time in months 164-186 vs 69-121). A trend
      to worse survival was observed in increased level of anti-Tn IgG (stages II-III)
      and anti-alphaGal IgG (G3): p = 0.075, HR = 2.49 and p = 0.066, HR = 3.27,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: The method for the determination of circulating anti-TF
      pAA IgG may be a useful supplement in long-term prognostic assessment of patients
      with breast cancer.

PMID- 27356582
TI  - Clinicopathological features of nonspecific invasive breast cancer according to
      its molecular subtypes.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical and morphological
      features of nonspecific invasive breast cancer according to its molecular
      subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 163 women with nonspecific invasive breast
      cancer (T1-4N0-3M0) were included in the present study. Luminal A type of breast
      cancer was detected in 101 women, luminal B type - in 23 women, overexpression of
      HER2/neu was identified in 14 women and triple-negative cancer - in 25 women.
      RESULTS: The study revealed that various molecular subtypes of breast cancer
      differ in the morphological structure, the expression characteristics of the
      primary tumor and the rate of lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis.
      Lymphogenous metastases were more frequently (in 71%) detected in HER2/neu
      overexpressing breast cancer than in luminal A (41%), luminal B (39%) and triple
      negative tumors (40%). Hematogenous metastasis did not depend on the
      morphological structure of carcinoma infiltrative component, the state of tumor
      stroma as well as the proliferative activity in all the investigated groups.
      CONCLUSION: The revealed clinicopathological characteristics of different
      molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer allow to predict the possible
      outcome of the disease and select personalized treatment strategy for patients
      more reasonably.

PMID- 27356583
TI  - Materials of International scientific conference "Integrated clinical and
      pathogenetic approaches in diagnosis and therapy of cancer", June 13-15, 2016,
      Kyiv, Ukraine.

PMID- 27356584
TI  - Daniil F. Gluzman (on the 80(th) birth anniversary).
AB  - In June 2016, Professor Daniil Fishelevich Gluzman, well-known Ukrainian
      oncohematologist, celebrates his 80(th) anniversary. 

PMID- 27356585
TI  - Nikolai Fedorovich Gamaliya (1932-2016).
AB  - Professor Nikolai Fedorovich Gamaliya, well-known scientist in the field of laser
      biomedical research, biophysicist, authority in experimental oncology, Laureate
      of the State Prize in Science and Techno-logy of Ukraine, Head of the Department
      of Biological Effects of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation of R.E. Kavetsky
      Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology of the National
      Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Ukraine died on June 14, 2016 at the age of 83. 

PMID- 27356586
TI  - Synergistic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Breast Cancer by Mesenchymal Stem Cell
      Encapsulated Yolk-Shell GNR@HPMO-PTX Nanospheres.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention as vehicles for
      cancer treatment. Herein, MSC-based synergistic oncotherapy strategy is presented
      for the first time. To achieve this goal, yolk-shell structured gold nanorod
      embedded hollow periodic mesoporous organosilica nanospheres (GNR@HPMOs) with
      high paclitaxel (PTX) loading capability and excellent photothermal transfer
      ability upon near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation are first prepared.
      Cytotoxicity and migration assays show that the viability and tumor-homing
      capability of MSCs are well-retained after internalization of high content of PTX
      loaded GNR@HPMOs (denoted as GNR@HPMOs-PTX). In vitro experiments show the
      GNR@HPMOs-PTX loaded MSCs (GNR@HPMOs-PTX@MSCs) possess synergistic chemo
      photothermal killing effects for breast cancer cells. Also, photoacoustic imaging
      shows that the MSCs can improve dispersion and distribution in tumor tissue for
      GNR@HPMOs-PTX after intratumoral injection. In vivo experiments in breast cancer
      model of nude mice further demonstrate that the GNR@HPMOs-PTX@MSCs significantly
      inhibit tumor growth, suggesting their great potential for synergistic therapy of
      cancer. 

PMID- 27356587
TI  - Data-Driven Approach To Determine Popular Proteins for Targeted Proteomics
      Translation of Six Organ Systems.
AB  - Amidst the proteomes of human tissues lie subsets of proteins that are closely
      involved in conserved pathophysiological processes. Much of biomedical research
      concerns interrogating disease signature proteins and defining their roles in
      disease mechanisms. With advances in proteomics technologies, it is now feasible
      to develop targeted proteomics assays that can accurately quantify protein
      abundance as well as their post-translational modifications; however, with
      rapidly accumulating number of studies implicating proteins in diseases, current
      resources are insufficient to target every protein without judiciously
      prioritizing the proteins with high significance and impact for assay
      development. We describe here a data science method to prioritize and expedite
      assay development on high-impact proteins across research fields by leveraging
      the biomedical literature record to rank and normalize proteins that are
      popularly and preferentially published by biomedical researchers. We demonstrate
      this method by finding priority proteins across six major physiological systems
      (cardiovascular, cerebral, hepatic, renal, pulmonary, and intestinal). The
      described method is data-driven and builds upon the collective knowledge of
      previous publications referenced on PubMed to lend objectivity to target
      selection. The method and resulting popular protein lists may also be useful for
      exploring biological processes associated with various physiological systems and
      research topics, in addition to benefiting ongoing efforts to facilitate the
      broad translation of proteomics technologies.

PMID- 27356588
TI  - Screening targeted testis-specific genes for molecular assessment of aberrant
      sperm quality.
AB  - Teratospermia is a heterogeneous and complex disorder, which is closely
      associated with male fertility. Genes and gene products associated with
      teratospermia may serve as targeted biomarkers that help understand the
      underlying mechanisms of male infertility; however, systematic information on the
      subject remains to be elucidated. The present study performed a comparative
      bioinformatics analysis to identify biomarkers associated with sperm quality,
      particular focusing on testis-specific biomarkers. A stepwise screening approach
      identified 1,085 testis/epididymis-specific genes and 3,406 teratospermia
      associated genes, resulting in 348 testis-specific genes associated with aberrant
      sperm quality. These genes were functionally associated with the reproduction
      process. Gene products corresponding to heat shock protein family A (Hsp70)
      member 4 like (HSPA4L) and phosphoglycerate kinase 2 were characterized at the
      cellular level in human testes and ejaculated spermatozoa. HSPA4L expression in
      sperm was revealed to be associated with sperm quality. The present study
      provided a novel insight into the understanding of sperm quality, and a potential
      method for the diagnosis and assessment of sperm quality in the event of male
      infertility. 

PMID- 27356589
TI  - Influenza viral vector based Brucella abortus vaccine: a novel vaccine candidate
      for veterinary practice.

PMID- 27356590
TI  - Diabetes treatment and hypoglycaemic episodes in elderly patients at nursing
      homes in Uppsala County.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the situation for elderly patients with
      diabetes living in nursing homes with regard to diabetes treatment, clinical
      variables, and vascular complications associated with diabetes. A second aim was
      to evaluate if the patients were at risk of hypoglycaemia. METHODS: This was a
      cross-sectional study including diabetes patients from all 30 nursing homes in
      Uppsala County, Sweden. Current antidiabetic medications, HbA1c, hypoglycaemic
      events, and diabetes complications were registered from the medical records. The
      patients were stratified into a general group and divided into three groups
      according to HbA1c (<52, 52-73, and >73 mmol/mol). RESULTS: Of 1,350 individuals,
      218 patients were identified with diabetes mellitus. The diabetes duration was
      11.2 +/- 9.4 years and their serum HbA1c concentration 56.0 +/- 1.2 mmol/mol.
      Hypoglycaemic events were reported in 24% of the diabetic individuals, and 43.1%
      of them had HbA1c <52 mmol/mol (mean value 44.0 +/- 1.1 mmol/mol). Of these, 36%
      were taking antidiabetic drugs. Another 35.8% of the patients had HbA1c values
      between 52-73 mmol/mol (mean value 60.0 +/- 1.1 mmol/mol), and 82% of these
      patients were taking antidiabetic drugs. Almost 80% of the diabetic patients had
      either micro- or macrovascular complications, with diabetes duration as an
      association for both micro- or macrovascular complications and hypoglycaemic
      events. CONCLUSIONS: A reduction of the use of antidiabetic drugs with follow-up
      of HbA1c level should be considered, especially for multimorbid elderly patients
      with low HbA1c and hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 27356591
TI  - Bacteria of leg atheromatous arteries responsible for inflammation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ischaemia of the lower limbs is frequently followed by inflammation
      and, in advanced cases, necrosis of peripheral tissues. Whether this is caused by
      arterial hypoperfusion only or by the presence of bacteria in the arterial walI
      as well remains unclear. The aim of the study was to prove the presence and
      source of bacteria in arterial specimens and evaluate their chemotactic
      properties resulting in the formation of periarterial cellular infiltrates.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bacterial culture and testing for 16sRNA were performed in
      fragments of popliteal artery harvested from amputated limbs. Carotid artery
      plaques served as controls. Fragments of arteries were transplanted into scid
      mice to evaluate their chemotactic activity for macrophages. RESULTS: a) higher
      prevalence of isolates and 16sRNA in atherosclerotic popliteal than carotid
      arteries, b) high density of plaque and periarterial infiltrates and mRNA level
      for pro-inflammatory cytokines in popliteal arteries, c) prevalent microbes were
      Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and Enterococci, d) foot skin and arterial
      bacterial phenotypes and DNA revealed evident similarities, and e) more intensive
      mouse macrophage accumulation in popliteal than carotid implants into scid mice.
      CONCLUSIONS: The presence of bacteria in the lower limb arterial wall was
      documented. They may predispose to inflammation secondary to ischaemic changes.

PMID- 27356592
TI  - Falls, fractures and bone density in Parkinson's disease - a cross-sectional
      study.
AB  - AIM: Evidence suggests that falls and associated bone fractures are more frequent
      in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) than in the general
      population. In this cross-sectional study we evaluated the clinical and
      biochemical characteristics that are associated to falls, fractures and bone
      health in a population of PD subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two
      consecutive subjects suffering from idiopathic PD (mild-to-moderate severity)
      with/without falls in the previous year were included. They were characterized as
      regards functional independence, balance, fear of falling, bone density
      (ultrasound densitometry) and plasma levels of vitamin D. Twenty-one age- and sex
      matched healthy subjects were evaluated as controls. RESULTS: We detected a
      greater degree of osteoporosis in PD subjects as compared to controls, more
      pronounced in males than in females (Z-score: M -3.8 +/- 1.6, F -2.28 +/- 0.92, p
      = 0.0006). A positive correlation was found between independence levels and bone
      density or vitamin D levels. Twenty seven patients (64%) reported falls in the
      previous year. These were associated to post-traumatic fractures in 16 subjects
      (59% of fallers). Women fell more than men (fallers: 20 F/7 M; non fallers: 4
      F/11 M, chi2 test p = 0.02), although the occurrence of post-traumatic fractures
      among fallers did not differ between sexes (F 11/9, M 5/2, chi2 test p > 0.05).
      Fallers with post-traumatic fractures showed higher degrees of motor impairment.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm that falls and osteoporosis represent major
      health issues in PD, already in the middle stages of disease.

PMID- 27356593
TI  - [Potential immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory mechanisms of probiotics].
AB  - The number of preclinical and clinical studies showing efficacy of probiotics in
      the treatment and prophylaxis of certain diseases, e.g. diarrhoea of various
      origin, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, allergies,
      hypercholesterolemia, bacterial vaginosis, and colorectal cancer, is increasing.
      These health benefits are often species and strain specific. This article
      provides an overview of available knowledge about the supposed mechanisms of
      probiotic microorganisms action focusing in particular on the interaction between
      probiotic and host cells. One of the results of this interaction is induction of
      pro- or anti-inflammatory immune response in the macroorganism. Detailed
      knowledge of the signalling pathways involved in the communication between
      bacterial and human cells can find application in the selection of optimal
      probiotics for the targeted treatment of selected diseases. Additional
      possibilities for their use in clinical practice are provided by genetic
      manipulation of probiotic microorganisms. KEY WORDS: probiotics inflammation
      signalling pathways immunomodulation genetic manipulation.

PMID- 27356594
TI  - [Mice lacking individual molecular forms of cholinesterases].
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) represent a small
      family of enzymes called cholinesterases. These enzymes are in the organisms
      either soluble or anchored through anchoring proteins collagen Q (ColQ) and
      proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA). Knowledge of molecular biology and genetics
      of cholinesterase and their anchoring proteins resulted in the preparation of
      mutant mice with the absence of different molecular forms of cholinesterases. So
      far a number of mutant mice were prepared with a genetic modification on the
      genes encoding cholinesterases or anchoring proteins. The mice with mutation in
      the genes encoding the cholinesterases are: the mice with the absence of AChE,
      mice with the absence of BChE, mice with a deletion of exon 5 and 6 in the AChE
      gene and mice with the absence of AChE in muscles. The mice with a mutation in
      the genes encoding anchoring proteins include the mice with the absence of AChE
      and BChE anchored by ColQ and mice with the absence of AChE and BChE anchored by
      PRiMA. The study of adaptation changes results from the absence of
      cholinesterases led to the enrichment of existing knowledge about cholinesterases
      and the cholinergic nervous system. KEY WORDS: absence of cholinesterases mutant
      mice acetylcholinesterase butyrylcholinesterase.

PMID- 27356595
TI  - [Oral adverse drug reactions in various medications].
AB  - The goal of the article is to emphasize the fact that adverse drug effects which
      are manifested in the oral cavity are exhibited in two ways. This may occur
      either after a direct application of the preparation used in dental practice, or
      due to the application of the drug for nondental purpose. That is why the adverse
      effects of medicines prescribed by various clinical specialists should be
      considered by stomatologists in their own clinical practice. Examples are
      reported of some serious drug adverse effects manifested on the oral mucous
      membrane and gum. Attention is paid to the classes which reveal adverse reactions
      after applications as local anaesthetics, corticosteroids and others. KEY WORDS:
      oral adverse drug reactions local anaesthetics corticosteroids.

PMID- 27356596
TI  - Phenolic compounds of the genus Iris plants (Iridaceae).
AB  - This article presents the results of testing of phenolic compounds (flavonoids,
      isoflavonoids, xanthones, phenolcarboxylic acids, tannins, coumarins, etc.) in
      the rhizomes of four Iris species (Iris sibirica L., Iris pseudacorus L., Iris
      imbricata Lindl., Iris hungarica Waldst. et Kit.). With the use of paper and thin
      layer chromatography, fifteen phenolic compounds were identified: gallic,
      coumaric, cinnamic, chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic acids;
      kaempferol, quercetin, hispidulin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin, mangiferin
      and isomangiferin. Quantitative contents of flavonoids (1.2-3.7%),
      hydroxycinnamic acids (0.6-6.5%), gamma-pyrones (0.01-0.8%), tannins (6-14%),
      isoflavonoids (1-2%), polyphenolic compounds (up to 3%) in the rhizomes of the
      Iris species were determined. Chosen plants belong to natural flora and have been
      often cultivated. However, this phytochemical analysis for the main groups of the
      biologically active substances shows a perspective use of the Iris species in
      medicine. KEY WORDS: Iris species Iridaceae phenolic compounds chromatography
      qualitative analysis quantitative contents.

PMID- 27356597
TI  - [The evaluation of the prevalence of constipation at the Centre of clinical
      gerontology].
AB  - Constipation is a disease which increases in the senior population and is a
      common complication for hospitalised patients. Among the risk factors are age,
      female gender, immobility, diet, fluid intake and polypharmacotherapy. The aim of
      the study was to analyse the prevalence of constipation according to the used
      drugs and known risk factors in a population with a high prevalence of
      constipation. In the department of clinical gerontology, observational prevalence
      point study was performed using a questionnaire involving 100 patients based on
      the patients subjective perception of constipation. Prevalence of constipation
      was determined according to the drug categories and individual drugs, gender,
      age, mobility, diagnosis, diet and fluid intake. There were 59 patients who
      suffered from constipation. A high prevalence of constipation was associated with
      the diet, the principal diagnosis, and mainly the use of drugs. Among the drugs
      associated with constipation were the calcium channel blockers of 21 patients out
      of 28, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors of 22 patients out of 30, drugs for the
      treatment of increased urinary frequency and incontinence of 6 patients out of 6
      and bisoprolol of 10 patients out of 11. Hospitalisation of seniors is connected
      with the high prevalence of constipation that is increased by the use of drugs
      that influence constipation. A change in the therapeutic value of drugs should be
      taken into consideration during the pharmacotherapy of this group of patients.
      KEY WORDS: constipation risks factors for constipation drug-induced constipation.

PMID- 27356598
TI  - Treatment of renal ANCA-associated vasculitides.
AB  - Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are a
      group of small vessel vasculitides which commonly affect the kidneys, manifesting
      as rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. In this review, we present different
      treatment methods (e.g. cyclophosphamide, rituximab, plasma exchange) used for
      remission induction and maintenance in renal AAV. We also discuss treatment
      options in relapsing and refractory disease and for patients with end-stage renal
      disease due to AAV. In addition, we enumerate the various risk factors associated
      with relapsing and refractory disease, quality of life impairment and decreased
      renal and patient survival in AAV. Finally we present information on new,
      potentially applicable agents which can further help modify the disease course,
      thereby leading to increased patient survival. 

PMID- 27356599
TI  - Involvement of regulatory T cells and selected cytokines in the pathogenesis of
      bronchial asthma.
AB  - Asthma pathogenesis is complex and involves the interplay of many factors and
      actions. Airway inflammation in allergic asthma is characterized by an
      exaggerated activation of T helper type 2 cells, IgE production and infiltration
      and activation of eosinophils. The results of studies conducted in recent years
      indicate that the deficit of naturally occurring Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ and
      Foxp3+CD25+CD8+ regulatory T cells and type 1 regulatory T cells plays a pivotal
      role in the development of this disease. Moreover, numerous studies have provided
      convincing evidence that a decrease in IL-10 production and an increase in IL-17
      production have an important place in the pathophysiology of asthma. TGF-beta is
      another important cytokine involved in this disease. TGF-beta has a paradoxical
      status in relation to asthma pathogenesis because it seems to play a role in both
      suppressing and promoting asthma development. This review discusses briefly
      clinical and experimental data concerning the involvement of T regulatory cells
      and IL-10, IL-17 and TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of asthma. 

PMID- 27356600
TI  - The role of serine proteases in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections.
AB  - An increasing resistance of pathogenic bacterial species has been considered as
      one of the major health problems worldwide. The discovery of novel protein
      targets and development of effective anti-bacterial therapeutics is of high need
      since for some extremely resistant pathogens we are simply left unarmed. One of
      new promising therapeutic strategy is the application of specific inhibitors
      targeting bacterial serine proteases. Pathogenic microorganisms secrete abroad
      range of hydrolases, including serine proteases which lead to activation of
      various virulence factors. Herein, we review the specific bacteria serine
      proteases which have an influence on pathogenicity of bacterial infection as well
      as we introduce the reader with a brief history of the subject. 

PMID- 27356602
TI  - Misregulation of iron homeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - Iron is essential for all mammalian cells, but it is toxic in excess. Our
      understanding of molecular mechanisms ensuring iron homeostasis at both cellular
      and systemic levels has dramatically increased over the past 15 years. However,
      despite major advances in this field, homeostatic regulation of iron in the
      central nervous system (CNS) requires elucidation. It is unclear how iron moves
      in the CNS and how its transfer to the CNS across the blood-brain and the blood
      cerebrospinal fluid barriers, which separate the CNS from the systemic
      circulation, is regulated. Increasing evidence indicates the role of iron
      dysregulation in neuronal cell death observed in neurodegenerative diseases
      including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS is a progressive
      neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective cortical czynand spinal
      motor neuron dysfunction that results from a complex interplay among various
      pathogenic factors including oxidative stress. The latter is known to strongly
      affect cellular iron balance, creating a vicious circle to exacerbate oxidative
      injury. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of ALS is confirmed by therapeutic
      effects of iron chelation in ALS mouse models. These models are of great
      importance for deciphering molecular mechanisms of iron accumulation in neurons.
      Most of them consist of transgenic rodents overexpressing the mutated human
      superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Mutations in the SOD1 gene constitute one of
      the most common genetic causes of the inherited form of ALS. However, it should
      be considered that overexpression of the SOD1 gene usually leads to increased
      SOD1 enzymatic activity, a condition which does not occur in human pathology and
      which may itself change the expression of iron metabolism genes. 

PMID- 27356601
TI  - From tyrosine to melanin: Signaling pathways and factors regulating
      melanogenesis.
AB  - Melanins are natural pigments of skin, hair and eyes and can be classified into
      two main types: brown to black eumelanin and yellow to reddish-brown pheomelanin.
      Biosynthesis of melanins takes place in melanosomes, which are specialized
      cytoplasmic organelles of melanocytes - dendritic cells located in the basal
      layer of the epidermis, uveal tract of the eye, hair follicles, as well as in the
      inner ear, central nervous system and heart. Melanogenesis is a multistep process
      and begins with the conversion of amino acid L-tyrosine to DOPAquinone. The
      addition of cysteine or glutathione to DOPAquinone leads to the intermediates
      formation, followed by subsequent transformations and polymerization to the final
      product, pheomelanin. In the absence of thiol compounds DOPAquinone undergoes an
      intramolecular cyclization and oxidation to form DOPAchrome, which is then
      converted to 5,6-dihydroksyindole (DHI) or 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid
      (DHICA). Eumelanin is formed by polymerization of DHI and DHICA and their
      quinones. Regulation of melanogenesis is achieved by physical and biochemical
      factors. The article presents the intracellular signaling pathways:
      cAMP/PKA/CREB/MITF cascade, MAP kinases cascade, PLC/DAG/PKCbeta cascade and
      NO/cGMP/PKG cascade, which are involved in the regulation of expression and
      activity of the melanogenesis-related proteins by ultraviolet radiation and
      endogenous agents (cytokines, hormones). Activity of the key melanogenic enzyme,
      tyrosinase, is also affected by pH and temperature. Many pharmacologically active
      substances are able to inhibit or stimulate melanin biosynthesis, as evidenced by
      in vitro studies on cultured pigment cells. 

PMID- 27356603
TI  - Radioprotectors in radiotherapy - advances in the potential application of
      phytochemicals.
AB  - Radiotherapy, in addition to chemotherapy, is currently the primary method of
      cancer treatment based on destruction of malignant cells by ionizing radiation.
      Unfortunately, it also affects normal cells, which is associated with negative
      consequences for a patient. Radioprotectors are compounds used to prevent/protect
      the non-tumor cells from the harmful effects of radiation. To play their role
      these compounds should meet several criteria; among others, they should
      significantly protect normal cells from radiation without changing the tumor cell
      radiosensitivity. In general, agents used to alter normal tissue toxicity from
      radiation can be broadly divided into three categories based on timing of
      delivery in relation to radiation: chemical radioprotectors, mitigators, and
      treatment. These groups include a diverse range of synthetic compounds in terms
      of their structure and protective mechanisms. The aminoradiothiol amifostine is
      the only radioprotectant approved in clinical application. However, its use is
      limited due to toxicity concerns (it may cause hypotension). Natural compounds,
      derived from plants, meet all criteria of the ideal radioprotector. They exert
      their protective actions against adverse effects of ionizing radiation by several
      mechanisms. Plant compounds that show radioprotective activity include flavonoids
      and phenolic acids, stilbenes, lycopene, alkaloids, peptides, polysaccharides,
      and phytohormones. Garlic, green tea, apples, citrus, and ginger are examples of
      constituents of the human diet that contain radioprotective substances. 

PMID- 27356604
TI  - PPARalpha induced NOS1 phosphorylation via PI3K/Akt in guinea pig antral mucous
      cells: NO-enhancement in Ca(2+)-regulated exocytosis.
AB  - A PPARalpha (peroxisome proliferation activation receptor alpha) agonist (GW7647)
      activates nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) to produce NO leading to cGMP
      accumulation in antral mucous cells. In this study, we examined how PPARalpha
      activates NOS1. The NO production stimulated by GW7647 was suppressed by
      inhibitors of PI3K (wortmannin) and Akt (AKT 1/2 Kinase Inhibitor, AKT-inh),
      although it was also suppressed by the inhibitors of PPARalpha (GW6471) and NOS1
      (N-PLA). GW7647 enhanced the ACh (acetylcholine)-stimulated exocytosis (Ca(2+)
      regulated exocytosis) mediated via NO, which was abolished by GW6471, N-PLA,
      wortmannin, and AKT-inh. The Western blotting revealed that GW7647 phosphorylates
      NOS1 via phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt in antral mucous cells. The
      immunofluorescence examinations demonstrated that PPARalpha existing with NOS1 co
      localizes with PI3K and Akt in the cytoplasm of antral mucous cells. ACh alone
      and AACOCF3, an analogue of arachidonic acid (AA), induced the NOS1
      phosphorylation via PI3K/Akt to produce NO, which was inhibited by GW6471. Since
      AA is a natural ligand for PPARalpha, ACh stimulates PPARalpha probably via AA.
      In conclusion, PPARalpha activates NOS1 via PI3K/Akt phosphorylation to produce
      NO in antral mucous cells during ACh stimulation. 

PMID- 27356605
TI  - Megalo-type alpha-1,6-glucosaccharides induce production of tumor necrosis factor
      alpha in primary macrophages via toll-like receptor 4 signaling.
AB  - The term "megalo-saccharide" is used for saccharides with ten or more saccharide
      units, whereas the term "oligo-saccharide" is used for saccharides containing
      fewer than ten monosaccharide units. Megalo-type alpha-1,6-glucosaccharide (M-IM)
      is a non-digestible saccharide and not utilized by intestinal bacteria,
      suggesting that ingested M-IM may encounter ileum Peyer's patches that contains
      immune cells such as macrophages. Macrophages are responsible for antigen
      incorporation and presentation during the initial step of immune responses. We
      investigated whether M-IMs modulate macrophage functions such as cytokine
      production, nitric oxide production, cell viability, and phagocytosis. Primary
      macrophages collected from the rats were cultured with the existence of M-IM or
      lipopolysaccharides (LPS). M-IM and LPS induced the production of tumor necrosis
      factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin 6 (IL6), and nitric oxide in the primary
      macrophages. The gene expression profile of inflammatory factors including
      TNFalpha, IL6, and ILlbeta in M-IM-stimulated cells was similar to that of LPS
      stimulated cells. The M-IM did not affect phagocytosis in the primary
      macrophages. The M-IM-induced TNFalpha production was suppressed in the cells
      treated with a tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor called TAK-242. In
      conclusion, the M-IM modulates cytokine expression via TLR4 signaling and may
      play a role in the modulation of immune responses. 

PMID- 27356606
TI  - The selective distribution of LYVE-1-expressing endothelial cells and reticular
      cells in the reticulo-endothelial system (RES).
AB  - LYVE-1, a receptor molecule for hyaluronan, is expressed in the lymphatic
      endothelium, blood sinus endothelium, and certain macrophage lineages. The
      present immunohistochemical study revealed a broader distribution of LYVE-1 in
      vascular endothelial cells of the murine lung, adrenal gland, and heart as well
      as the liver and spleen. In addition, sinus reticular cells-including sinuslining
      cells-in the medulla of the lymph node also intensely expressed LYVE-1.
      Ultrastructurally, immuno-gold particles for LYVE-1 were localized on the entire
      length of plasma membrane in all cell types. Most of these LYVE-1-expressing
      cells had previously been classified as the reticuloendothelial system (RES)
      specialized for eliminating foreign particles. An LPS stimulation decreased the
      LYVE-1 expression in macrophages but elevated the expression at mRNA and protein
      levels in the liver and lung, major organs for the elimination of blood-born
      waste substances. LYVE-1-expressing endothelial cells in these organs
      participated in the endocytosis of exogenous particles, and the uptake ability
      was conspicuously enhanced by the LPS challenge. Although the expression of the
      degrading enzyme, hyaluronidase, was generally low in the LYVE-1-expressing
      cells, they were topographically associated with a dense distribution of
      macrophages possessing hyaluronidase activities in each tissue. These findings
      suggest that the LYVE-1-expressing cells might be involved in the uptake of
      hyaluronan and other waste products as well as foreign particles circulating in
      the blood and lymph while participating in the subsequent degradation in relay
      with adjacent macrophage populations. 

PMID- 27356607
TI  - Vitamin D3 analog maxacalcitol (OCT) induces hCAP-18/LL-37 production in human
      oral epithelial cells.
AB  - Maxacalcitol (22-oxacalcitriol: OCT) is a synthetic vitamin D3 analog with a
      limited calcemic effect. In this study, we investigated whether OCT increases the
      production of LL-37/CAP-18, a human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, in human
      gingival/oral epithelial cells. A human gingival epithelial cell line (Ca9-22)
      and human oral epithelial cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-3, and HSC-4) exhibited the
      enhanced expression of LL-37 mRNA upon stimulation with OCT as well as active
      metabolites of vitamins D3 and D2. Among the human epithelial cell lines, Ca9-22
      exhibited the strongest response to these vitamin D-related compounds. OCT
      induced the higher production of CAP-18 (ng/mL order) until 6 days time
      dependently in Ca9-22 cells in culture. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas
      gingivalis was killed by treatment with the LL-37 peptide. These findings suggest
      that OCT induces the production of hCAP-18/LL-37 in a manner similar to that
      induced by the active metabolite of vitamin D3. 

PMID- 27356608
TI  - Developmental changes in primary cilia in the mouse tooth germ and oral cavity.
AB  - The primary cilium, a sensory apparatus, functions as both a chemical and
      mechanical sensor to receive environmental stimuli. The present study focused on
      the primary cilia in the epithelialmesenchymal interaction during tooth
      development. We examined the localization and direction of projection of primary
      cilia in the tooth germ and oral cavity of mice by immunohistochemical
      observation. Adenylyl cyclase 3 (ACIII)-immunolabeled cilia were visible in the
      inner/outer enamel epithelium of molars at the fetal stage and then conspicuously
      developed in the odontoblast layer postnatally. The primary cilia in ameloblasts
      and odontoblasts-shown by the double staining of acetylated tubulin and gamma
      tubulin-were regularly arranged from postnatal Day12, projecting apart from each
      other. The periodontal ligament possessed ACIII-positive cilia, which gathered on
      both sides of the dentin/cement and alveolar bone in postnatal days. In the oral
      cavity, numerous long primary cilia immunoreactive for ACIII were condensed at
      subepithelial stromal cells in the oral processes in fetuses, while postnatally a
      small number of short cilia were dispersed throughout the stroma of the oral
      cavity. These findings suggest that the primary cilia showing stage- and
      regionspecific morphology are involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction
      during tooth development via mechano- and/or chemoreception for growth factors. 

PMID- 27356609
TI  - Steroid changes adipokine concentration in the blood and bone marrow fluid.
AB  - Our previous study has shown that plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) gene
      expression and secretion from bone marrow adipocytes increased markedly with
      dexamethasone administration. The purpose of the present study was to measure the
      secretion of various adipokines from human bone marrow and blood, and investigate
      how adipokine secretion changes in a steroid environment. Human blood and bone
      marrow fluid were collected from a steroid treatment group and a control group
      during hip replacement surgery, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      was used to measure the adiponectin, leptin, and PAI-1 levels. Adiponectin and
      leptin showed no significant differences between bone marrow and blood levels,
      but PAI-1 was significantly higher in bone marrow. The steroid treatment group
      had higher levels of leptin and PAI-1 in both the blood and bone marrow than the
      control group. PAI-1 was present at high concentrations in the bone marrow and
      increased by steroid treatment. High levels of PAI-1 in bone marrow may influence
      intraosseous hemodynamics and may induce necrotic bone disorders. 

PMID- 27356610
TI  - Novel Innate Immune Genes Regulating the Macrophage Response to Gram Positive
      Bacteria.
AB  - Host variation in Toll-like receptors and other innate immune signaling molecules
      alters infection susceptibility. However, only a portion of the variability
      observed in the innate immune response is accounted for by known genes in these
      pathways. Thus, the identification of additional genes that regulate the response
      to Gram positive bacteria is warranted. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs)
      from 43 inbred mouse strains were stimulated with lipotechoic acid (LTA), a major
      component of the Gram positive bacterial cell wall. Concentrations of the
      proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha were measured. In silico
      whole genome association (WGA) mapping was performed using cytokine responses
      followed by network analysis to prioritize candidate genes. To determine which
      candidate genes could be responsible for regulating the LTA response, candidate
      genes were inhibited using RNA interference (RNAi) and were overexpressed in
      RAW264.7 macrophages. BMMs from Bdkrb1-deficient mice were used to assess the
      effect of Bdkrb1 gene deletion on the response to LTA, heat-killed Streptococcus
      pneumoniae, and heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus WGA mapping identified 117
      loci: IL-6 analysis yielded 20 loci (average locus size = 0.133 Mb; 18 genes), IL
      12 analysis produced 5 loci (0.201 Mb average; 7 genes), and TNF-alpha analysis
      yielded 92 loci (0.464 Mb average; 186 genes of which 46 were prioritized by
      network analysis). The follow-up small interfering RNA screen of 71 target genes
      identified four genes (Bdkrb1, Blnk, Fbxo17, and Nkx6-1) whose inhibition
      resulted in significantly reduced cytokine production following LTA stimulation.
      Overexpression of these four genes resulted in significantly increased cytokine
      production in response to LTA. Bdkrb1-deficient macrophages were less responsive
      to LTA and heat-killed S. aureus, validating the genetic and RNAi approach to
      identify novel regulators of the response to LTA. We have identified four innate
      immune response genes that may contribute to Gram positive bacterial
      susceptibility.

PMID- 27356611
TI  - Untangling the Contributions of Sex-Specific Gene Regulation and X-Chromosome
      Dosage to Sex-Biased Gene Expression in Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Dosage compensation mechanisms equalize the level of X chromosome expression
      between sexes. Yet the X chromosome is often enriched for genes exhibiting sex
      biased, i.e., imbalanced expression. The relationship between X chromosome dosage
      compensation and sex-biased gene expression remains largely unexplored. Most
      studies determine sex-biased gene expression without distinguishing between
      contributions from X chromosome copy number (dose) and the animal's sex. Here, we
      uncoupled X chromosome dose from sex-specific gene regulation in Caenorhabditis
      elegans to determine the effect of each on X expression. In early embryogenesis,
      when dosage compensation is not yet fully active, X chromosome dose drives the
      hermaphrodite-biased expression of many X-linked genes, including several genes
      that were shown to be responsible for hermaphrodite fate. A similar effect is
      seen in the C. elegans germline, where X chromosome dose contributes to higher
      hermaphrodite X expression, suggesting that lack of dosage compensation in the
      germline may have a role in supporting higher expression of X chromosomal genes
      with female-biased functions in the gonad. In the soma, dosage compensation
      effectively balances X expression between the sexes. As a result, somatic sex
      biased expression is almost entirely due to sex-specific gene regulation. These
      results suggest that lack of dosage compensation in different tissues and
      developmental stages allow X chromosome copy number to contribute to sex-biased
      gene expression and function. 

PMID- 27356612
TI  - A Genealogical Look at Shared Ancestry on the X Chromosome.
AB  - Close relatives can share large segments of their genome identical by descent
      (IBD) that can be identified in genome-wide polymorphism data sets. There are a
      range of methods to use these IBD segments to identify relatives and estimate
      their relationship. These methods have focused on sharing on the autosomes, as
      they provide a rich source of information about genealogical relationships. We
      hope to learn additional information about recent ancestry through shared IBD
      segments on the X chromosome, but currently lack the theoretical framework to use
      this information fully. Here, we fill this gap by developing probability
      distributions for the number and length of X chromosome segments shared IBD
      between an individual and an ancestor k generations back, as well as between half
      and full-cousin relationships. Due to the inheritance pattern of the X and the
      fact that X homologous recombination occurs only in females (outside of the
      pseudoautosomal regions), the number of females along a genealogical lineage is a
      key quantity for understanding the number and length of the IBD segments shared
      among relatives. When inferring relationships among individuals, the number of
      female ancestors along a genealogical lineage will often be unknown. Therefore,
      our IBD segment length and number distributions marginalize over this unknown
      number of recombinational meioses through a distribution of recombinational
      meioses we derive. By using Bayes' theorem to invert these distributions, we can
      estimate the number of female ancestors between two relatives, giving us details
      about the genealogical relations between individuals not possible with autosomal
      data alone.

PMID- 27356613
TI  - A Genomic Resource for the Development, Improvement, and Exploitation of Sorghum
      for Bioenergy.
AB  - With high productivity and stress tolerance, numerous grass genera of the
      Andropogoneae have emerged as candidates for bioenergy production. To optimize
      these candidates, research examining the genetic architecture of yield, carbon
      partitioning, and composition is required to advance breeding objectives.
      Significant progress has been made developing genetic and genomic resources for
      Andropogoneae, and advances in comparative and computational genomics have
      enabled research examining the genetic basis of photosynthesis, carbon
      partitioning, composition, and sink strength. To provide a pivotal resource aimed
      at developing a comparative understanding of key bioenergy traits in the
      Andropogoneae, we have established and characterized an association panel of 390
      racially, geographically, and phenotypically diverse Sorghum bicolor accessions
      with 232,303 genetic markers. Sorghum bicolor was selected because of its genomic
      simplicity, phenotypic diversity, significant genomic tools, and its agricultural
      productivity and resilience. We have demonstrated the value of sorghum as a
      functional model for candidate gene discovery for bioenergy Andropogoneae by
      performing genome-wide association analysis for two contrasting phenotypes
      representing key components of structural and non-structural carbohydrates. We
      identified potential genes, including a cellulase enzyme and a vacuolar
      transporter, associated with increased non-structural carbohydrates that could
      lead to bioenergy sorghum improvement. Although our analysis identified genes
      with potentially clear functions, other candidates did not have assigned
      functions, suggesting novel molecular mechanisms for carbon partitioning traits.
      These results, combined with our characterization of phenotypic and genetic
      diversity and the public accessibility of each accession and genomic data,
      demonstrate the value of this resource and provide a foundation for future
      improvement of sorghum and related grasses for bioenergy production. 

PMID- 27356614
TI  - Apparent Epigenetic Meiotic Double-Strand-Break Disparity in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Previously published, and some unpublished, tetrad data from budding yeast
      (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are analyzed for disparity in gene conversion, in
      which one allele is more often favored than the other (conversion disparity). One
      such disparity, characteristic of a bias in the frequencies of meiotic double
      strand DNA breaks at the hotspot near the His4 locus, is found in diploids that
      undergo meiosis soon after their formation, but not in diploids that have been
      cloned and frozen. Altered meiotic DNA breakability associated with altered
      metabolism-related chromatin states has been previously reported. However, the
      above observations imply that such differing parental chromatin states can
      persist through at least one chromosome replication, and probably more, in a
      common environment. This conclusion may have implications for interpreting
      changes in allele frequencies in populations.

PMID- 27356616
TI  - Synthesis and photophysical properties of Ir(iii)/Re(i) dyads: control of Ir->Re
      photoinduced energy transfer.
AB  - A series of dinuclear Ir(iii)/Re(i) complexes has been prepared based on a family
      of symmetrical bridging ligands containing two bidentate N,N'-chelating pyrazolyl
      pyridine termini, connected by a central aromatic or aliphatic spacer. The
      Ir(iii) termini are based on {Ir(F2ppy)2}(+) units (where F2ppy is the
      cyclometallating anion of a fluorinated phenylpyridine) and the Re(i) termini are
      based on {Re(CO)3Cl} units. Both types of terminus are luminescent, with the Ir
      based unit showing characteristic strong, structured phosphorescence in the blue
      region (maximum 452 nm) with a triplet excited state energy of 22 200 cm(-1) and
      the Re-based unit showing much weaker and lower-energy phosphorescence (maximum
      530 nm) with a triplet excited state energy of 21 300 cm(-1). The energy gradient
      between the two excited states allows for partial Ir->Re photoinduced energy
      transfer, with substantial (but incomplete) quenching of the higher-energy Ir
      based emission component and sensitised emission - evidenced by an obvious grow
      in component - on the lower-energy Re-based emission. The Ir->Re energy-transfer
      rate constants vary over the range 1-8 * 10(7) s(-1) depending on the bridging
      ligand: there is no simple correlation between bridging ligand structure and
      energy-transfer rate, possibly because this will depend substantially on the
      conformation of these flexible molecules in solution. To test the role of ligand
      conformation further, we investigated a complex in which the bridging chain is a
      (CH2CH2O)6 unit whose conformation is known to be solvent-polarity dependent,
      with such chains adopting an open, elongated conformation in water and more
      compact, folded conformations in organic solvents. There was a clear link between
      the rate and extent of Ir->Re energy-transfer which reduced in polar solvents as
      the chain became elongated and the Ir/Re separation was larger; and increased in
      less polar solvents as the chain adopted a more compact conformation and the
      Ir/Re separation was reduced. 

PMID- 27356617
TI  - Mechanism of Co-C photodissociation in adenosylcobalamin.
AB  - A mechanism of Co-C bond photodissociation in the base-on form of
      adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) was investigated by time-dependent density functional
      theory (TD-DFT). The key mechanistic step involves singlet radical pair (RP)
      generation from the first electronically excited state (S1). To connect TD-DFT
      calculations with ultra-fast excited state dynamics, the potential energy surface
      (PES) of the S1 state was constructed using Co-C and Co-NIm axial coordinates.
      The S1 PES can be characterized by two minima separated by a seam resulting from
      the crossing of two surfaces, of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character
      near the minimum, and a shallow ligand field (LF) surface at elongated axial bond
      distances. Only one possible pathway for photolysis (path A) was identified based
      on energetic grounds. This pathway is characterized by the first elongation of
      the Co-C bond, followed by photolysis from an LF state where the axial base is
      partially detached. A new perspective on the photolysis of AdoCbl is then gained
      by connecting TD-DFT results with available experimental observations. 

PMID- 27356618
TI  - A dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex as turn-on luminescent probe for hypochlorous
      acid and its application for in vivo imaging.
AB  - A dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex Ruazo was designed and synthesized, in which
      oxidative cyclization of the azo and o-amino group was employed for the detection
      of hypochlorous acid (HClO) in aqueous solution. The non-emissive Ruazo formed
      highly luminescent triazole-ruthenium(II) complex in presence of HClO and
      successfully imaged HClO in living cell and living mouse.

PMID- 27356619
TI  - Four-junction superconducting circuit.
AB  - We develop a theory for the quantum circuit consisting of a superconducting loop
      interrupted by four Josephson junctions and pierced by a magnetic flux (either
      static or time-dependent). In addition to the similarity with the typical three
      junction flux qubit in the double-well regime, we demonstrate the difference of
      the four-junction circuit from its three-junction analogue, including its
      advantages over the latter. Moreover, the four-junction circuit in the single
      well regime is also investigated. Our theory provides a tool to explore the
      physical properties of this four-junction superconducting circuit.

PMID- 27356621
TI  - FRESH AIR: an implementation research project funded through Horizon 2020
      exploring the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic respiratory diseases
      in low-resource settings.
AB  - This protocol describes FRESH AIR, an implementation science project exploring
      how to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic lung diseases
      in contexts with limited healthcare resources. It consists of inter-related
      studies that take place in four countries that are part of the International
      Primary Care Respiratory Group's (IPCRG) global network: Uganda, the Kyrgyz
      Republic, Vietnam and Greece. The project has been funded by the European
      Commission Horizon 2020 research programme and runs from October 2015 until
      September 2018.

PMID- 27356620
TI  - Prosaposin is a regulator of progranulin levels and oligomerization.
AB  - Progranulin (GRN) loss-of-function mutations leading to progranulin protein
      (PGRN) haploinsufficiency are prevalent genetic causes of frontotemporal
      dementia. Reports also indicated PGRN-mediated neuroprotection in models of
      Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease; thus, increasing PGRN levels is a promising
      therapeutic for multiple disorders. To uncover novel PGRN regulators, we linked
      whole-genome sequence data from 920 individuals with plasma PGRN levels and
      identified the prosaposin (PSAP) locus as a new locus significantly associated
      with plasma PGRN levels. Here we show that both PSAP reduction and overexpression
      lead to significantly elevated extracellular PGRN levels. Intriguingly, PSAP
      knockdown increases PGRN monomers, whereas PSAP overexpression increases PGRN
      oligomers, partly through a protein-protein interaction. PSAP-induced changes in
      PGRN levels and oligomerization replicate in human-derived fibroblasts obtained
      from a GRN mutation carrier, further supporting PSAP as a potential PGRN-related
      therapeutic target. Future studies should focus on addressing the relevance and
      cellular mechanism by which PGRN oligomeric species provide neuroprotection.

PMID- 27356622
TI  - Humoral response against host-mimetic homologous epitopes of Mycobacterium avium
      subsp. paratuberculosis in Japanese multiple sclerosis patients.
AB  - Several works have demonstrated the existence of a link between Mycobacterium
      avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and MS in Italy. In this study, we analyzed
      the serology of MAP in a Japanese population while looking at several markers of
      MAP. Fifty MS patients, 12 clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients, 30 other
      neurological disorders (OND) patients, and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were tested
      using ELISA for the presence of IgG antibodies toward immunodominant epitopes
      MAP_0106c121-132, homologues MBP85-98, homologues IRF5424-432, MAP_402718-32, and
      MAP_2694295-303. MAP-positive patients were also analyzed in relation to their
      clinical/demographic characteristics. Amongst all peptides, only antibodies
      against MAP_2694295-303 were more prevalent in MS patients (30%), as compared to
      OND patients (3%) (p = 0.009; area under roc curve (AUC) = 0.61) and HCs (2%) (p
      = 0.0004; AUC = 0.65) and in CIS patients (25%) compared to HCs (p = 0.023; AUC =
      0.55). Logistic regression analysis showed a higher frequency of anti-MAP_2694295
      303 antibodies in the sera of oligoclonal bands positive MS patients (p = 0.2; OR
      = 2, 95%CI: 0.55-7.7). These findings support the view that MAP could act as a
      risk factor or a triggering agent of MS in some Japanese patients with a genetic
      susceptibility to the mycobacterium.

PMID- 27356623
TI  - Growing Ultra-flat Organic Films on Graphene with a Face-on Stacking via Moderate
      Molecule-Substrate Interaction.
AB  - The electronic properties of small molecule organic crystals depend heavily on
      the molecular orientation. For multi-layer organic photovoltaics, it is desirable
      for the molecules to have a face-on orientation in order to enhance the out-of
      plane transport properties. However, it is challenging to grow well-ordered and
      smooth films with a face-on stacking on conventional substrates such as metals
      and oxides. In this work, metal-phthalocyanine molecules is used as a model
      system to demonstrate that two-dimensional crystals such as graphene can serve as
      a template for growing high quality, ultra-flat organic films with a face-on
      orientation. Furthermore, the molecule-substrate interaction is varied
      systematically from strong to weak interaction regime with the interaction
      strength characterized by ultrafast electron transfer measurements. We find that
      in order to achieve the optimum orientation and morphology, the molecule
      substrate interaction needs to be strong enough to ensure a face-on stacking
      while it needs to be weak enough to avoid film roughening.

PMID- 27356624
TI  - Ablation of MCL1 expression by virally induced microRNA-29 reverses
      chemoresistance in human osteosarcomas.
AB  - Osteosarcoma is a rare disease diagnosed as malignant bone tumor. It is generally
      refractory to chemotherapy, which contributes to its poor prognosis. The reversal
      of chemoresistance is a major clinical challenge to improve the prognostic
      outcome of osteosarcoma patients. We developed a tumor-specific replication
      competent oncolytic adenovirus, OBP-301 (telomelysin) and assessed its
      synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin and doxorubicin)
      using human osteosarcoma cell lines and a xenograft tumor model. The molecular
      mechanism underlying the chemosensitizing effect of OBP-301 was evaluated in
      aspects of apoptosis induction. OBP-301 inhibits anti-apoptotic myeloid cell
      leukemia 1 (MCL1) expression, which in turn leads to chemosensitization in human
      osteosarcoma cells. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of MCL1 expression sensitized
      human osteosarcoma cells to common chemotherapeutic agents. We also found that
      upregulation of microRNA-29 targeting MCL1 via virally induced transcriptional
      factor E2F-1 activation was critical for the enhancement of chemotherapy-induced
      apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. Telomerase-specific oncolytic adenovirus
      synergistically suppressed the viability of human osteosarcoma cells in
      combination with chemotherapeutic agents. The combination treatment also
      significantly inhibited tumor growth, as compared to monotherapy, in an
      osteosarcoma xenograft tumor model. Our data suggest that replicative virus
      mediated tumor-specific MCL1 ablation may be a promising strategy to attenuate
      chemoresistance in osteosarcoma patients.

PMID- 27356626
TI  - Modelling gastrointestinal parasitism infection in a sheep flock over two
      reproductive seasons: in silico exploration and sensitivity analysis.
AB  - In reproducing ewes, a periparturient breakdown of immunity is often observed to
      result in increased fecal egg excretion, making them the main source of infection
      for their immunologically naive lambs. In this study, we expanded a simulation
      model previously developed for growing lambs to explore the impact of the
      genotype (performance and resistance traits) and host nutrition on the
      performance and parasitism of both growing lambs and reproducing ewes naturally
      infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Our model accounted for nutrient
      demanding phases, such as gestation and lactation, and included a supplementary
      module to manage the age structure of the ewe flock. The model was validated by
      comparison with published data. Because model parameters were unknown or poorly
      estimated, detailed sensitivity analysis of the model was performed for the sheep
      mortality and the level of infection, following a preliminary screening step. The
      parameters with the greatest effect on parasite-related outputs were those
      driving animal growth and milk yield. Our model enables different parasite
      control strategies (host nutrition, breeding for resistance and anthelmintic
      treatments) to be assessed on the long term in a sheep flock. To optimize in
      silico exploration, the parameters highlighted by the sensitivity analysis should
      be refined with real data.

PMID- 27356625
TI  - Wide-field imaging of birefringent synovial fluid crystals using lens-free
      polarized microscopy for gout diagnosis.
AB  - Gout is a form of crystal arthropathy where monosodium urate (MSU) crystals
      deposit and elicit inflammation in a joint. Diagnosis of gout relies on
      identification of MSU crystals under a compensated polarized light microscope
      (CPLM) in synovial fluid aspirated from the patient's joint. The detection of MSU
      crystals by optical microscopy is enhanced by their birefringent properties.
      However, CPLM partially suffers from the high-cost and bulkiness of conventional
      lens-based microscopy, and its relatively small field-of-view (FOV) limits the
      efficiency and accuracy of gout diagnosis. Here we present a lens-free polarized
      microscope which adopts a novel differential and angle-mismatched polarizing
      optical design achieving wide-field and high-resolution holographic imaging of
      birefringent objects with a color contrast similar to that of a standard CPLM.
      The performance of this computational polarization microscope is validated by
      imaging MSU crystals made from a gout patient's tophus and steroid crystals used
      as negative control. This lens-free polarized microscope, with its wide FOV (>20
      mm(2)), cost-effectiveness and field-portability, can significantly improve the
      efficiency and accuracy of gout diagnosis, reduce costs, and can be deployed even
      at the point-of-care and in resource-limited clinical settings.

PMID- 27356627
TI  - Synthesis and Antioxidant Properties of Novel Memantine Derivatives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medicinal chemistry methodologies are presently used to develop
      multifunctional molecules which simultaneously reduce oxidative stress,
      excitotoxicity, metal dyshomeostasis, and neuroinflammation that characterize
      neuropathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's Disease. RESULTS: Memantine
      (MEM) derivatives 1-6 were designed and synthesized as novel multifunctional
      entities with antioxidant and neuroprotective capabilities to manage
      neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's Disease. In vitro neuroprotective
      studies were performed by using astroglial GL15 cell line to assess antioxidant
      capability of MEM derivatives 1-6. CONCLUSION: Our outcomes showed that compounds
      1 and 5 (at the concentration of 10 MUM), containing as antioxidant portion
      residues of N-acetyl-Cys-OH and N-acetyl-Cys(Allyl)-OH, respectively, revealed a
      significant neuroprotective activity against oxidative stress, as assessed by NBT
      assays.

PMID- 27356629
TI  - A Teenager With Sulfasalazine-Associated DRESS Syndrome After the Introduction of
      Amoxicillin.

PMID- 27356628
TI  - MicroRNA-335 inhibits bladder cancer cell growth and migration by targeting
      mitogen-activated protein kinase 1.
AB  - The abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRs) as oncogenes or tumor-suppressor
      genes has been widely investigated in various tumor types. However, the roles of
      miR-335 in bladder cancer cells have remained elusive. The aim of the present
      study was to assess the expression of miR-335 in bladder cancer as well as the
      effects of miR-335 on bladder cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and
      apoptosis. PCR and western blot analyses revealed that miR-335 was significantly
      downregulated in bladder cancer tissues, and low levels of miR-335 were
      associated with more aggressive phenotypes of bladder cancer. Overexpression of
      miR-335 in T24 cells inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis as
      indicated by an MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively.
      Furthermore, overexpression of miR-335 significantly suppressed cell migration,
      as indicated by a Transwell assay. The expression of mitogen-activated protein
      kinase (MAPK)1 was decreased after overexpression of miR-335, indicating that
      MAPK1 may be a target gene of miR-335. In addition, silencing of MAPK1 inhibited
      the proliferation and migration of bladder cancer cells. In conclusion, the
      results of the present study demonstrated that miR-335 was significantly
      downregulated in bladder cancer, and may act as a tumor suppressor through
      repression of MAPK1. 

PMID- 27356630
TI  - Managing a "New" Murmur in Healthy Children and Teens.
AB  - An asymptomatic child with a murmur can be challenging practice management
      conundrum. Some providers refer all patients with a "new" murmur to a
      cardiologist, likely resulting in excessive resource utilization and parental
      anxiety. This study examines whether the prevalence of significant cardiac
      pathology differs in asymptomatic patients aged 2 to 18 years who were referred
      for a murmur that was "new" versus those referred for a murmur that was known to
      exist and followed conservatively during the previous 2 years. Of 473 patients
      meeting inclusion criteria, 33/473 (7.0%) were diagnosed with cardiac pathology,
      with 21/357 (5.9%) occurring among "new" murmur referrals and 12/116 (10.3%)
      occurring among "known" murmur referrals. Notably, 34/357 (9.5%) patients
      referred for a "new" murmur had no murmur present when assessed by the
      cardiologist. This study suggests that asymptomatic children with a "new" murmur
      may be conservatively managed. This may lessen health care resource utilization
      rates and overall parental anxiety.

PMID- 27356631
TI  - The Determination of Procalcitonin Concentration in Early-Onset Neonatal
      Infection.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of blood
      procalcitonin (PCT) levels for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of early
      onset neonatal sepsis (EONS). PCT as well as C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and
      white blood cell (WBC) count were measured in venous blood from 57 infected and
      72 uninfected neonates. Differences between groups for PCT, CRP, and WBC levels
      were significant. The threshold value on the receiver operating characteristic
      curve in the prediction of EONS was 5.33 ng/mL for PCT, 9.3 mg/L for CRP, and
      14.9 * 109/L for WBC. There was no effect of antibiotic administered to the
      mother on PCT, CRP, and WBC levels in neonatal blood sampled before treatment of
      EONS. Evidently reduced PCT levels are observed after 2 days of treatment. The
      authors conclude that prenatal antibiotic therapy does not reduce the value of
      PCT levels in blood for the diagnosis of EONS.

PMID- 27356633
TI  - Acute Myocarditis With Very High Troponin but No Ventricular Dysfunction.

PMID- 27356632
TI  - Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children With Prenatal Drug Exposure.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of
      children with prenatal drug exposure in a clinical context. A hospital-based
      cohort of 10- to 14-year-old children, prenatally exposed to alcohol, opioids,
      and polysubstances, and a group of sex- and age-matched controls were examined
      with cerebral MRI. Scans obtained from 34 exposed children and 40 controls were
      scored based on the presence and degree of pathology by an experienced pediatric
      neuroradiologist blinded to the participants' background. Overall visual
      detectable MRI pathology was found in 35% of the exposed children and 33% of the
      controls (odds ratio = 1.08; 95% confidence interval = 0.36-3.25). No specific
      imaging pattern following prenatal drug exposure was seen by the means of simple
      visual analysis of cerebral MRI scans. Although cerebral MRI is feasible, it is
      probably of limited value in the clinical assessment of children with prenatal
      drug exposure.

PMID- 27356634
TI  - One-Month-Old Infant With Hypotonia and Cardiorespiratory Arrest.

PMID- 27356636
TI  - [Holistic Integral medicine towards a new era of medical advances].

PMID- 27356635
TI  - miR-200b inhibits migration and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer cells via
      targeting FSCN1.
AB  - Distant metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) leads to high
      postoperative recurrence and low long-term survival rates. Deregulation of
      microRNA (miR)-200b has been demonstrated to be associated with NSCLC metastasis.
      However, the underlying molecular mechanism of miR-200b in mediating NSCLC cell
      migration and invasion remains to be fully elucidated. In the current study,
      reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction data indicated that
      miR-200b was significantly downregulated in several NSCLC cell lines, including
      A549, L78, H1229, H358 and H1650, compared with a normal human lung epithelial
      cell line, BEAS-2B. Overexpression of miR-200b significantly inhibited NSCLC cell
      migration and invasion. Bioinformatics analysis and a luciferase reporter assay
      were additionally conducted, which identified fascin actin-bundling protein 1
      (FSCN1) as a novel target of miR-200b. In addition, miR-200b negatively mediated
      the protein expression of FSCN1 in NSCLC H1229 cells. siRNA-mediated FSCN1
      inhibition also significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of H1229
      cells. In addition, overexpression of FSCN1 effectively reversed the suppressive
      effect of miR-200b overexpression on NSCLC cell migration and invasion.
      Accordingly, it is suggested that miR-200b is able to inhibit the migration and
      invasion of NSCLC cells, partly at least, via targeting FSCN1. The current study
      provides novel insight into miR-200 regulation in NSCLC metastasis. 

PMID- 27356637
TI  - [Target cells of cytotoxic T cells in severe aplastic anemia in vitro].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To clarify the specific target of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) immune
      attack via identifying the target cells of cytotoxic T cell attacks and the
      expression of apoptosis ligand on each department and each stage of bone marrow
      hematopoietic cells. METHODS: A total of 15 SAA patients and 15 normal controls
      were recruited in the Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University
      General Hospital between March 2011 and March 2012. Factor associated
      suicide(Fas) protein expression of CD34(+) , CD14(+) , CD33(+) , and GlycoA(+)
      cells in bone marrow was detected by flow cytometry. The CD8(+) T cells of SAA
      patients and CD3(-) bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) of controls were sorted
      by immunomagnetic separation and co-cultured for 72 hours. The apoptosis rate of
      CD34(+) , CD14(+) , CD33(+) , and GlycoA(+) cells were measured with flow
      cytometry. RESULTS: The expression of Fas protein in CD34(+) cells in SAA
      patients (46.59%+/- 27.60%) was significantly higher than that in control group
      (8.89%+/-7.28%, P<0.01). The expressions of Fas protein in CD14(+) , CD33(+) and
      GlycoA(+) cells in SAA group(29.29%+/-9.23%, 46.88%+/-14.30%, 15.15%+/-9.26%)
      were lower than those in control group(51.25%+/-38.36%, 72.06%+/-39.88%, 50.38%+/
      39.88%, all P<0.05). The apoptosis rates of CD34(+) , CD33(+) and CD14(+) cells
      in the experimental group (CD8(+) T cells of SAA patients co-cultured with CD3(-)
      BMMNC of controls: 55.43%+/-20.50%, 38.13%+/-20.10%, 61.87%+/-21.65%)were
      significantly higher than those of the control group (CD8(+) T cells of controls
      co-cultured with CD3(-) BMMNC of controls: 35.02%+/-13.95%, 23.44%+/-10.33%,
      37.04%+/-22.41%, all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cytotoxic T cells in SAA patients may
      have a killing effect on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, and granulocytic
      and macrophagocytic cells from normal bone marrow. Moreover, Fas/Fas ligand
      mediated apoptosis may play an important role in the immune pathogenesis of SAA.
      CD34(+) cells show markedly increased Fas protein expression, which may be the
      main target cells in the process of immune injury in SAA patients.

PMID- 27356638
TI  - [Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of different molecular types
      of breast cancer].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of 4 subtypes
      of breast cancer, Luminal A, Luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor
      2(HER2), triple-negative and their associated prognostic factors. METHODS: The
      clinical characteristics and prognosis of 102 patients with breast cancer who
      treated in Wuhan University Renmin Hospital from January 2011 to November 2012
      were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The proportion of each subtype was
      Luminal A 27.5%, Luminal B 35.3%, HER2 14.7%, and triple-negative 22.5%. The age
      range was from 22 to 75 years old, with median age of 48.0 years old. All
      patients underwent surgery and 98 cases were also treated with
      chemotherapy/endocrine+ Herceptin therapy (96.1%)after surgery. The tumor size,
      histological grade, and lymph node metastasis had significant difference in
      different subtypes of breast cancer (P<0.05). Further analysis showed the
      proportion of HER2 tumor<=2 cm (4, 26.7%)had a tendency of smaller than that in
      luminal A(20, 71.4%) or triple negative(16, 69.6%) (P=0.009>0.008,
      P=0.019>0.008). Histological III grade proportion in patients with HER2 subtype
      (8, 53.3%) was in greater tendency than that with Luminal A subtype(23, 82.1%)
      (P=0.039>0.008). The proportion of patients with no metastatic lymph nodes in
      triple negative subtype(7, 30.4%) had a tendency of smaller than that in HER2
      subtype(7, 46.7%) or Luminal B subtype(17, 47.2%)(P=0.019>0.008, P=0.016>0.008).
      There were no significant differences in age of onset, menstruation status,
      operation, family cancer history, and the risk of recurrence and metastasis in
      different subtypes (P>0.05). In Luminal A subtype, three-years overall survival
      rate was 100%, and one-, two-, three-year event-free survival rate were all
      92.9%. In Luminal B subtype, three-year overall survival rate was 100%, event
      free survival rate at one-, two- and three-year were all 97.2%. In HER2 subtype,
      three-year overall survival rate was 100%, one-, two- and three-year event-free
      survival rate were 100%, 100%, and 93.3%, respectively. The 1, 2, 3 years overall
      survival rate of triple-negative subtype were 100%, 95.7%, and 95.7%,
      respectively. One-, two- and three-year event-free survival rate of triple
      negative subtype were 95.7%, 91.3%, and 90.0% respectively. Whether triple
      negative subtype, recurrence risk, age of onset, menstrual status, tumor size,
      histological grade, lymph node metastasis, surgery, breast cancer or other family
      history of cancer were not significantly related with three-year event-free
      survival rate (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Luminal subtype had the largest proportion
      and better prognosis. The proportion of tumor >2 cm and histological grade III in
      patients with HER2 subtype was larger, and three-year event-free survival rate of
      this patients was lower. Triple-negative subtype had a greater tendency of lymph
      node metastasis and the lowest three-year event-free survival. Tumor size,
      histological grade and lymph node metastasis may be the important factors for the
      prognosis of breast cancer.

PMID- 27356639
TI  - [Diagnostic value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle
      aspiration in stage I and stage II of sarcoidosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of endobronchial ultrasound-guided
      transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in stage I and stage II of
      sarcoidosis. METHODS: There were 55 patients of sarcoidosis selected from January
      2012 to October 2014 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. The
      diagnostic positive rate and the positive rate in stage I and II patients with
      sarcoidosis through EBUS-TBNA, conventional transbronchial needle aspiration
      (cTBNA), endobronchial biopsy (EBB) combined with transbronchial lung biopsy
      (TBLB) were calculated. The positive rate of single lymph node puncture and the
      positive rate of different size of lymph node were compared. The difference of
      the positive rate of lymph nodes in different stations was checked. By
      calculating the diagnostic yield of EBUS-TBNA in sarcoidosis patients, the
      practicality and safety of EBUS-TBNA in diagnosing stage I or stage II
      sarcoidosis was assessed. RESULTS: Among 55 patients, 46 patients obtained
      positive results through EBUS-TBNA or cTBNA. There were 18 patients who had only
      received EBUS-TBNA among a total of 55 patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis,
      positive results appeared in 17 cases, while cTBNA was 9/15. There were 20 cases
      diagnosed in which both had EBUS-TBNA and cTBNA. The diagnostic rate of cTBNA
      combined with EBB and TBLB was 25/26, while combined with EBUS-TBNA was 21/21.
      Totally 90 lymph nodes were punctured by EBUS-TBNA, in which 65 lymph nodes got
      the positive results (65/90) while 49 lymph nodes got the positive results by
      TBNA in 93 punctured lymph nodes (49/93). The diagnostic positive rate in the
      lymph nodes with a short diameter >=2 cm was 33/37 by EBUS-TBNA, while it was
      12/19 in those whose short diameter 1-<2 cm. By cTBNA, the diagnostic positive
      rate was 15/26 and 11/28. No serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The
      diagnosis of sarcoidosis in stage I and stage II by EBUS-TBNA is safe and
      effective, while choosing the most noticeable swelling lymph node to puncture is
      recommended. Combining the EBUS-TBNA with traditional bronchoscope technology can
      obtain a further higher diagnostic efficiency.

PMID- 27356640
TI  - [The application of Hoffmann method in the establishment of children's reference
      intervals of erythrocyte count].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To verify the reliability and feasibility of Hoffmann method in
      establishing pediatric reference intervals (RI) of erythrocyte count. METHODS:
      Three hundreds and ninty-two thousands of hospital-based data for erythrocyte
      count of children aged in 1 to 17, measured by the Sysmex Xs-800i, was collected
      from Beijing Children's Hospital during January to December 2014. Outliers were
      removed using the Dixon method, then Hoffmann method was conducted to establish
      the gender and age stratified pediatric RIs of erythrocyte count. The erythrocyte
      count of 2 217 healthy children, recruited from Beijing Children's Hospital and
      Liaocheng Children's Hospital in Shandong province, was conducted as normal
      reference to verify the reliability of Hoffmann method in establishing RIs and to
      compare with existing RIs. RESULTS: In 4 subgroups as following, male aging 1 to
      12 years, male aging 13 to 17 years, female aging 1 to 12 years, female aging 13
      to 17 years, the RIs of erythrocyte count established using Hoffmann method were
      (4.1-5.4)*10(12)/L, (4.4-5.7)*10(12)/L, (4.0-5.3)*10(12)/L, (4.0-5.3)*10(12)/L,
      respectively. The verification results in 2 217 healthy children showed that the
      proportions of out of range in four subgroups were 6.17%, 8.81%, 6.22%, 7.78%,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Hoffmann method produce reliable RIs according with the
      actual situation in healthy children, which is also convenient and is worth
      popularizing in clinical practice.

PMID- 27356641
TI  - [The application of the three-step approach based on the regional distribution of
      hepatic vessel in laparoscopic hemihepatectomy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical significance of the three-step approach in
      laparoscopic hemihepatectomy. METHODS: A total of 32 patients received
      laparoscopic hemihepatectomy with the three-step approach in Yijishan Hospital
      affiliated to Wannan Medical College between Aug 2013 and Oct 2015. All patients
      underwent thin slice CT scan and hemihepatectomy was imitated with the imagic
      explorer, preoperatively. The vessel distribution was observed at the section and
      the three-step approach was used in the hemihepatectomy. Pre- and post-operative
      data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The length of middle
      hepatic vein (MHV) was (59.1+/-12.9) mm and the number of branchs to the left and
      right lobe were 3.07+/-0.78 and 3.11+/-0.64 respectively. The distance between
      the first branch of MHV and the diaphragmatic surface was (28.07+/-3.74) mm and
      the distance between MHV and the visceral surface was (14.4+/-4.3) mm. The
      laparoscopic surgeries (left hemihepatectomy in 28 and right hemihepatectomy in
      4) were performed successfully in all cases with the three-step approach, without
      any conversion to the open surgeries. The operation time was (165+/-42) min in
      left hemihepatectomy and (305+/-50) min in right hemihepatectomy. The
      intraoperative blood loss was (242+/-65) ml in left hemihepatectomy and (695+/
      122)ml in right hemihepatectomy. All the patients recovered well without severe
      complications except for bile leakage in 3 patients who were cured with drainage.
      The postoperative hospital stay was (7.96+/-1.8) d. CONCLUSIONS: the distribution
      of vessel is regional at the section of hemihepatectomy and the three-step
      approach based on this feature is safe and effective in laparoscopic
      hemihepatectomy, which can shorten the operation time and reduce the difficulty
      of operation.

PMID- 27356642
TI  - [A clinical study of the efficacy of automated intermittent boluses for
      continuous fascia iliaca block].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare two different regimens of continuous ultrasound-guided
      fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) for postoperative analgesia after total
      hip arthroplasty (THA). METHODS: Approved by the Peking University Third Hospital
      ethics committee, sixty patients undergoing selective single total hip
      replacement in Peking University Third Hospital from May.2015 to Mar.2016 were
      included. Before neuraxial block, continuous ultrasound-guided FICB were
      administered. Patients were randomly divided into the continuous infusion
      group(n=30) and the automated intermittent boluses group(n=30). 10 ml/h of 0.2%
      ropivacaine was continuously infused for 48 hours in the continuous infusion
      group. 10 ml of 0.2% ropivacaine was automated injected every 60 mins in the
      automated intermittent boluses group. Numerical Rating Pain Scale(NRPS)was used
      to assess pain intensity at 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 h after block at rest and during
      functional exercise. The usage of pethidine postoperatively, the incidence of
      opioid related adverse effect and patient satisfaction scores at 48 h were also
      recorded. RESULTS: The pain score at rest 8, 12, 24, 36 h of the automated
      intermittent boluses group were 2 (1-3), 2 (1-3), 2 (1-3), 2 (1-3) score, which
      were lower than the continuous infusion group: 4 (2-6), 3 (2-5), 4 (3-5), 2 (1-4)
      score, the differences were statistically significant (Z=-6.493, -6.267, -6.235, 
      3.244, all P<0.05). The pain score during active and passive functional exercise
      at 8, 12, 24, 36 h of the automated intermittent boluses group were 4 (3-5), 4 (3
      5), 2 (1-3), 1(0-3) score, which were lower than the continuous infusion group: 6
      (4-7), 5 (4-7), 4 (2-6), 4 (2-5) score, the differences were statistically
      significant (Z=-6.499, -6.499, -5.081, -6.667, all P<0.05). The usage of
      pethidine postoperatively and the incidence of opioid related adverse effect of
      the automated intermittent boluses group were 10.0% and 3.3%, which were lower
      than the continuous infusion group: 33.3% and 26.7% , the differences were
      statistically significant (chi(2)=5.057, 4.500, all P<0.05). Patient satisfaction
      score at 48 h of the automated intermittent boluses group was (8.3+/-0.7)score,
      which was higher than the continuous infusion group: (7.4+/-0.7)score, the
      difference was statistically significant (t=-5.632, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both
      regimens can provide effective analgesia after total hip arthroplasty. Compared
      with the continuous infusion group, the automated intermittent boluses group for
      continuous fascia iliaca block can provide better analgesic effect , with less
      remedial analgesia.

PMID- 27356643
TI  - [Clinical analysis of Sweet syndrome with myelodysplasia syndrome].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical, histopathological and therapeutic features of
      Sweet syndrome with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). METHODS: The clinical data of
      3 patients with Sweet syndrome and MDS diagnosed at Peking Union Medical College
      Hospital between October 1988 and November 2015 were reviewed. The laboratory
      test results, histopathological findings, and therapeutic regimens of these
      patients were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The three cases were 29, 49 and
      49 years old, respectively, including 2 females and 1 male. Two patients
      presented with Sweet syndrome before the onset of MDS, the other one patient
      developed Sweet syndrome and MDS simultaneously. The rash of all of these
      patients manifested as red painful papules in face, trunk and limbs, as well as
      edematous plaques and nodules. Histopathological examination of skin confirmed
      the diagnosis of Sweet syndrome. Complete blood count showed cytopenia of at
      least one lineage. Bone marrow cytology showed dysplasia of hematopoietic cells
      with abnormal high proportion of myeloblasts. Bone marrow pathology results were
      normal in 2 patients, while hypoplasia of hematopoietic tissue with excess
      adipose tissue was found in 1 patient. All the patients were treated with
      corticosteroid or immunosuppressants and skin lesions alleviated. But relapse was
      common in process of corticosteroid reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Sweet syndrome may be
      a precursor of MDS. The clinical manifestations, histopathological and
      hematological findings of these rare cases are characteristic. Corticosteroid
      indicates short-term response. The patients who had recurrent skin lesions should
      be further examined to exclude MDS.

PMID- 27356644
TI  - [Clinical application of different sedation regimen in patients with septic
      shock].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluated the 3 sedation regimen for patients with septic shock.
      METHODS: The randomized controlled trial wan conducted. Forty-five patients with
      septic shock were assigned to 3 groups (midazolam group, propofol group, and
      dexmedetomidine group) randomly. The basic characteristics of patients, the
      duration of mechanical ventilation, the length of stay in the ICU, the death rate
      for 28 days and the regulatory cell (Treg) in peripheral blood were observed. The
      control group for Treg test was consisted of 20 healthy volunteers. RESULTS:
      There were no significant differences between the groups in the death rate for 28
      days and the duration of mechanical ventilation. The length of stay in the ICU in
      dexmedetomidine group was shorter than that in midazolam group(15.21+/-5.55
      vs.19.67+/-5.7 days, P<0.05). The Treg of 3 groups was higher than that of
      control group (11.82+/-4.93 vs.3.69+/-1.71, 11.30+/-3.42 vs. 3.69+/-1.71, 12.83+/
      6.17 vs. 3.69+/-1.71) at the first day of ICU. The Treg after 3 ICU days in
      dexmedetomidine group and the Treg after 5 ICU days in propofol group and in
      midazolam group have no difference with control group. CONCLUSION: For the
      patients with septic shock, dexmedetomidine could decrease the length of stay in
      the ICU and the duration of immune suppression.

PMID- 27356645
TI  - [Galpha11 expression and effect of sildenafil in muscularization of non-muscular
      pulmonary arterioles in rat with pulmonary arterial hypertension].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate expression changes and role of Galpha11 protein in the
      processes of muscularization of non-muscular pulmonary arterioles and effect of
      sildenafil intervention in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
      METHODS: Thirty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, including normal
      control group, monocrotaline (MCT) group and sildenafil group; PAH model was
      prepared with 50 mg/kg MCT treatment for 4 weeks in the MCT group, and these rats
      were treated by 25 mg/kg sildenafil for 2 weeks after PAH formation in the
      sildenafil group, and the normal control group were treated with the equal
      amounts of physiological saline instead of monocrotaline; pulmonary artery
      pressure was measured with jugular vein catheterization; hematoxylin and eosin
      (HE) staining method was used to detect the pulmonary arteriolar morphology and
      vascular tissue parameters; expression of the target Galpha11 protein, vascular
      smooth muscle marker osteopontin (OPN) and proliferation marker proliferating
      cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Pulmonary
      artery mean pressure (mPAP), non-muscular pulmonary arterioles wall thickness
      index (TI) and area index (AI) of the MCT group were higher than those of the
      normal control group[(27.43+/-3.97) vs (11.93+/-1.52) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),
      0.49+/-0.07 vs 0.31+/-0.09 and 0.74+/-0.05 vs 0.45+/-0.10](all P<0.05), and
      meanwhile the expression levels of Galpha11 and the related proteins including
      OPN and PCNA were significantly enhanced. mPAP, TI and AI[(18.59+/-1.44) mmHg,
      0.39+/-0.09 and 0.56+/-0.04]of the sildenafil group were all lower than those of
      the MCT group (all P<0.05), and furthermore, expressions of Galpha11, OPN and
      PCNA also reduced in line with these changes. CONCLUSION: Galpha11 protein plays
      a role in the development of PAH and pulmonary non-muscular arteriole
      muscularization, and sildenafil effectively suppresses PAH and pulmonary vascular
      remodeling by inhibiting Galpha11 expression.

PMID- 27356646
TI  - [Analysis of clinical characteristics of necrotizing enterocolitis in term
      infants].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of necrotizing
      enterocolitis (NEC) in Chinese term infants population. METHODS: A national
      neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis network was established. Neonates as having
      necrotizing enterocolitis with gestation age >=37 weeks were identified if they
      met the accepted diagnostic criterion during the study period from Jan 1(st) 2011
      to Dec 31(st) 2011. The data of maternal and neonates' characteristics, the
      comorbidities, the clinical interventions prior to NEC, the clinical courses and
      radiology results, the medical and surgical treatment and the outcomes were
      collected. SPSS 19.0 software was used to do statistic analysis. Logistic
      regression models were used to analyze the risk factors for death in infants with
      NEC, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. RESULTS:
      There were 231 067 newborn infants, 164 307 of them were term infants, admitted
      to 95 hospitals in main land China. There were 718 term infants were diagnosed as
      necrotizing enterocolitis with the incidence of 0.44%. There were 294 term
      infants cases identified as >=stage 2 necrotizing enterocolitis for the analysis,
      including 193 cases of stage 2 and 101 cases of stage 3.The mean gestation age
      was (39.0+/-1.3) weeks, and the mean birth weight was(3 087.4+/-548.3)g. The
      percentage of small for gestation age was 20.4%. The onset age of NEC was 5 (2
      11)d. The percentage of cases received breast milk feeding was 23.7%. The most
      common comorbidities were sepsis (9.5%, 28/294), asphyxia (9.5%, 28/294),
      pneumonia (7.8%, 23/294) and congenital megacolon (7.5%, 22/294). The bowel
      perforation rate was 13.9%. The rate of cases who received surgical treatment was
      25.2%(76.6% small intestinal necrosis and 65.8% small intestinal perforation).
      The mortality rate was 28.9%(the mortality rate were 20.7% and 44.6% in stage 2
      and stage 3 NEC, respectively). Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure
      treatment for NEC (OR=5.278, 95% CI: 2.058-13.533, P<0.01) and NEC staging 3
      (OR=3.156, 95% CI: 1.766-5.642, P<0.01) were statistically significantly
      associated with mortality of NEC. CONCLUSIONS: The term infants with necrotizing
      enterocolitis usually have the underlying comorbidities. The breastmilk feeding
      rate is low. Necrotizing enterocolitis remains high mortality in term neonates in
      Chinese neonatal units. Noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure treatment
      for NEC is statistically significantly associated with mortality of NEC.

PMID- 27356647
TI  - [Safety and efficacy of preoperative induction therapy using a single high dose
      ATG-F in renal transplantation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of preoperative
      induction therapy using a single high dose (9 mg/kg) of antithymocyte globulin
      Fresenius S (ATG-F) for patients undergoing renal transplantation. METHODS:
      Randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) on the safety and efficacy of
      preoperative induction therapy using a single high dose of ATG-F for patients
      undergoing renal transplantation were searched in Cochrane Library, PubMed,
      EMBASE covering a period from the beginning of databases to July 2015. The meta
      analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.2. RESULTS: Five RCTs with 346 patients
      were included in this study. The meta-analysis showed that the incidences of
      acute rejection for the patients with renal transplantation were 20.6% (37/180)
      in the induction therapy group using a single high dose of ATG and 42.8% (71/166)
      in the control group, with a combined relative risk (RR) of 0.49 and 95%
      confidence interval (CI) of[0.36, 0.69](P<0.000 1). The patient survival rate (1
      year: RR=1.02, 95% CI[0.98, 1.06], P=0.43; 5 years: RR=1.01, 95% CI[0.94, 1.08],
      P=0.83) and the graft survival rate (RR=1.04, 95% CI[0.97, 1.12], P=0.24) of the
      two groups were similar. The incidences of CMV infection, urinary tract
      infection, and malignant tumor were also similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION:
      The induction therapy using a single high dose of ATG-F significantly reduced the
      incidence of acute rejection after transplantation and showed no increased
      incidence of urinary tract infection, CMV infection, or malignant tumor. The
      results of our meta-analysis suggest that the application of a high dose of ATG-F
      may be a safe and effective induction therapy.

PMID- 27356648
TI  - Altered fibrin clot structure in patients with atrial fibrillation and worsening
      renal function.

PMID- 27356649
TI  - Evidence-based neurosurgery. Basic concepts for the appraisal and application of
      scientific information to patient care (Part II).
AB  - Medical evidence is obtainable from approaches, which might be descriptive,
      analytic and integrative and ranked into levels of evidence, graded according to
      quality and summarized into strengths of recommendation. Sources of evidence
      range from expert opinions through well-randomized control trials to meta
      analyses. The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence
      in making decisions related to the care of individual patients defines the
      concept of evidence-based neurosurgery (EBN). We reviewed reference books of
      clinical epidemiology, evidence-based practice and other previously related
      articles addressing principles of evidence-based practice in neurosurgery. Based
      on existing theories and models and our cumulative years of experience and
      expertise conducting research and promoting EBN, we have synthesized and
      presented a holistic overview of the concept of EBN. We have also underscored the
      importance of clinical research and its relationship to EBN. Useful electronic
      resources are provided. The concept of critical appraisal is introduced. 

PMID- 27356650
TI  - New advances in prevention of migraine. Review of current practice and recent
      advances.
AB  - Despite being one of the most common disabling primary headaches, migraine
      continues to be underdiagnosed and under-treated. A migraine challenges not only
      the patient suffering from the migraine, but also physicians; especially in
      recognizing candidates for prophylaxis and selecting the appropriate preventive
      medication. Recently, there have been major advances in the diagnosis and
      treatment of migraine, with different guidelines of migraine management across
      the world. Here, we review migraines abortive and prophylactic medications, based
      on their pharmacologic category, citing their recommended doses, efficacy, and
      side effects. Additionally, we highlight the prophylactic treatment of specific
      patient populations and present suggested treatment approaches in view of recent
      international treatment guidelines that consider factors other than drug efficacy
      when choosing the optimal preventive therapy. Finally, we introduce drugs in
      different stages of development, which have novel mechanisms of action or have
      new therapeutic targets. 

PMID- 27356652
TI  - The availability of services for children with autism spectrum disorder in a
      Saudi population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the perceived availability of various services provided by
      Autism centers in our region. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted from
      March to May 2015 involving health care workers at various governmental and
      private autism centers in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A structured 30-item
      questionnaire was designed to assess their demographics, training, experience,
      and the availability of various services at their centers. RESULTS: Twelve autism
      centers were included and 136 employees participated in the study. Seventy-eight
      (57%) participants indicated that their center lacked important and essential
      services. These included programs for home care and outreach (59%), family
      recognition incentives and rewards (51%), integrative educational programs (39%),
      and occupational therapy (16%). Access for outside referral for these services
      was available in only 24% of cases. They cited several major obstacles in
      providing adequate service including; family involvement (24%), child's
      behavioral problems (13%), increased number of students (9%), and work
      environment and space (5%). CONCLUSION: Significant deficiencies exist in the
      availability of autism services in our region. Access for referrals for important
      services is also limited. We identified several areas that can be targeted to
      help develop, promote, and improve the provided services for children with autism
      spectrum disorder.

PMID- 27356651
TI  - Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive neurological syndromes.
AB  - A rare kind of antibody, known as anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
      autoantibody, is found in some patients. The antibody works against the GAD
      enzyme, which is essential in the formation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), an
      inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain. Patients found with this antibody
      present with motor and cognitive problems due to low levels or lack of GABA,
      because in the absence or low levels of GABA patients exhibit motor and cognitive
      symptoms. The anti-GAD antibody is found in some neurological syndromes,
      including stiff-person syndrome, paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome, Miller
      Fisher syndrome (MFS), limbic encephalopathy, cerebellar ataxia, eye movement
      disorders, and epilepsy. Previously, excluding MFS, these conditions were
      calledhyperexcitability disorders. However, collectively, these syndromes should
      be known as "anti-GAD positive neurological syndromes." An important limitation
      of this study is that the literature is lacking on the subject, and why patients
      with the above mentioned neurological problems present with different symptoms
      has not been studied in detail. Therefore, it is recommended that more research
      is conducted on this subject to obtain a better and deeper understanding of these
      anti-GAD antibody induced neurological syndromes. 

PMID- 27356653
TI  - Saudi addiction therapeutic communities:Are they implementing the essential
      elements of addiction therapeutic communities.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether Saudi therapeutic communities (TCs) implement
      essential elements of TCs. METHODS: This is a cross sectional study where the
      author visited all of the Saudi addiction TCs between September and December
      2014. At least one week was spent in each TC, attending many therapeutic
      activities, reviewing patient files and program documents, and interviewing
      directors, treating teams and residents. At the end of each visit, a short
      version of the Survey of Essential Elements Questionnaire (SEEQ) was conducted,
      which is a reliable tool to evaluate the essential elements of TCs. RESULTS: In
      2014, there were only 5 TCs in Saudi Arabia. All of them were traditional TCs for
      adult male residents. The average total score was 3.72 out of 5 on the SEEQ.
      Regarding the 6 dimensions of the SEEQ, the TCs scored 4.15 on the TC
      perspective, 3.72 on the agency treatment approach and structure, 4.40 on
      community as therapeutic agent, 2.60 on educational and work activities, 3.50 on
      formal therapeutic elements, and 4.3 on process. There were no significant
      differences in dimensions scores among the 5 Saudi TCs. CONCLUSION: In general,
      all of the Saudi TCs scored fairly high on the SEEQ, which may reflect a
      sufficient implementation of the TC as a therapeutic model. Educational and work
      activities lagged behind the other dimensions and should be improved and
      reevaluated.

PMID- 27356654
TI  - Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in the management of seizures in neonates.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam (LEV) in the
      management of seizures in neonates. METHODS: A prospective non-blind, single arm
      clinical trial conducted in the Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive
      Care, Mohamad Kermanshahi, and Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of
      Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran from May 2014 to December 2014. Fifty out of
      60 newborns with gestational age >/=30 weeks with clinically diagnosed seizures
      were included. Levetiracetam was administered orally with an initial dose of 10
      mg/kg twice a day. The patients were observed continuously by Neuro Intensive
      Care nurses, and visited daily by a neuropediatrician in the first 7 days and
      then at days 14, 30, and 90 after the start of LEV administration. Clinical
      examination was performed for every patient, and seizure number, antiepileptic
      medication, and adverse events were detailed at every visit. RESULTS: 47 infants
      were seizure free under LEV at the end of the first week, 47 remained seizure
      free at 4 weeks, and 46 remained seizure free at 11 weeks. No immediate and long
      term side effects were noted in our patients. CONCLUSION: This study investigated
      the efficacy and safety of LEV in neonatal seizure control but confirmation with
      further randomized controlled trials is required.

PMID- 27356655
TI  - Endovascular treatment of distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and results of endovascular treatment for
      ruptured distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms. METHODS:
      We retrospectively reviewed our experience and results with endovascular
      treatments for a series of 13 consecutive patients with ruptured distal PICA
      aneurysms at the Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China, treated between June 2011
      and January 2015. Therapeutic considerations, intraoperative complications, and
      results were evaluated. RESULTS: Endovascular embolization was performed in all
      13 patients including selective coiling (4), stentassisted coiling (2),
      microcatheter-assisted coiling (1), coiling without adjunctive techniques (1),
      and parent artery occlusion (5). Planed stent deployment failure occurred in one
      patients resulting from marked stenosis at the origin of the PICA; the patient's
      existing partial Wallenberg's syndrome became worse after treatment. Another 2
      patients treated with parent artery occlusion recovered well without developing
      obvious neurological deficits, although a small cerebellar infarction of the
      distal PICA was observed. No patient experienced post procedural hemorrhage
      during the follow-up period (8-46 months; mean, 26.8 months). CONCLUSION: Distal
      PICA aneurysms can be managed effectively with various endovascular methods.
      Protective strategies using a stent or microcatheter for preserving the patency
      of the proximal PICA segment are a viable treatment option in reducing the
      potential risk of brain stem ischemia in selected patients.

PMID- 27356656
TI  - Neurological complications of bariatric surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review and analyze the neurological complications from bariatric
      surgery in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This cross sectional study was
      carried out in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from
      January 2009 to December 2015. Important personal and clinical data were
      collected from the charts of the patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Data
      on follow up visit and remote complication if present, was also collected. All
      patients with neurological complications were reviewed in detail. The significant
      difference was calculated by using T-test and p-value<0.05 was considered
      significant. RESULTS: A total of 451 patients underwent bariatric surgery, 15
      cases had neurological complications (3%). Axonal polyneuropathy was the most
      frequent neurological complication, but cases of Wernicke syndrome, vitamin B12
      deficiency, Guillain-Barre syndrome and copper deficiency were also identified.
      Fourteen patients (93.3%) had full recovery from the neurological signs and
      symptoms; one patient died. CONCLUSION: Bariatric surgery is not free of
      potential neurological complications. Complications may affect both central and
      peripheral nervous system and death is a possibility. Multidisciplinary care
      including consultation of different teams is highly recommended.

PMID- 27356657
TI  - Risk factors and subtypes of acute ischemic stroke. A study at King Fahd Hospital
      of the University.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke, and
      estimate the frequency of various risk factors among these patients. METHODS: In
      this retrospective, cross-sectional study, we reviewed the medical records of
      patients admitted with the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke at King Fahd
      Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia from March 2008 till December
      2015. The demographic characteristics, subtypes of stroke, risk factors
      (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, atrial
      fibrillation, valvular heart disease) and other relevant data were documented on
      pre-defined data sheets. RESULTS: The records of 343 patients were included in
      the study; 64.4% were male and 35.6% were female. The mean age was 59.3+/-13.6
      (mean+/-SD) years for males, and 66.8+/-14.9 years for females. Small vessel
      occlusion was the most common etiologic subtype of ischemic stroke (32.1%),
      followed by cardio embolic (21.9%), and large artery atherosclerosis (14.6%). The
      middle cerebral artery was the most commonly affected territory. Hypertension was
      found in 78.1%, diabetes mellitus in 62.7%, hyperlipidemia in 54.8%, and ischemic
      heart disease in 24.2% of patients. CONCLUSION: Small vessel occlusion was the
      most common etiology in our cohort. The onset of stroke at a relatively younger
      age group in the male population is of great concern and needs to be verified by
      further epidemiological studies. Adequate control of modifiable risk factors may
      help in reducing the disease burden caused by stroke.

PMID- 27356659
TI  - Ipsilateral hemiparesis and contralateral lower limb paresis caused by anterior
      cerebral artery territory infarct.
AB  - Ipsilateral hemiparesis is rare after a supratentorial stroke, and the role of
      reorganization in the motor areas of unaffected hemisphere is important for the
      rehabilitation of the stroke patients. In this study, we present a patient who
      had a subclinical remote infarct in the right pons developed ipsilateral
      hemiparesis and contralateral lower limb paresis caused by a new infarct in the
      left anterior cerebral artery territory. Our case suggests that the motor areas
      of the unaffected hemisphere might be reorganized after stroke, which is
      important for the rehabilitation of stroke patients. 

PMID- 27356658
TI  - Acute psychosis in children: do not miss immune-mediated causes.
AB  - New-onset psychosis in children represents a complex presenting symptom.
      Psychosis can be attributable to a combination of factors and etiologies, and all
      possible causes must be systematically examined. There is growing evidence that a
      proportion of psychosis/ psychiatric manifestations in children may be
      immunemediated, and physicians should consider this etiology in each presentation
      of first-episode psychosis. Immunemediated encephalopathies/encephalitis are
      increasingly being recognized in children with antibodies to N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptor, Leucine-rich gliomainactivated 1 or other central nervous system
      antigens such as Contactin-associated protein-like 2, glutamic acid
      decarboxylase, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4isoxazolepropionic acid or Gamma
      aminobutyric acid B. In this study, we describe 3 cases of immune-mediated
      encephalopathy/encephalitis with prominent psychiatric symptoms at presentation,
      and suggest a practical diagnostic and treatment approach for children with acute
      psychosis of an immune-mediated cause. 

PMID- 27356660
TI  - Conus medullaris stroke. Does F wave predict return of ambulation?
AB  - Absent F wave in the stage of spinal shock has been described in cases of
      traumatic spinal cord injury. The role of F wave in predicting prognosis after
      conus medullaris infarct has not been described. We describe herein a middle aged
      man with a conus medullaris infarct. Both tibial and peroneal F waves were absent
      on day 4. The left tibial F wave reappeared in the following study on day 18. All
      F waves reappeared on day 56 at which time the patient was still wheelchair
      bound. He regained walking on day 105. We hypothesize that reappearance of
      initially absent F waves post conus medullaris infarct is a good prognostic sign
      for the return of ambulation. The applicability of this observation requires
      further research. We also discuss clinical and diagnostic caveats in this case. 

PMID- 27356662
TI  - State of clinical neuroscience research in Saudi Arabia: where do we rank in the
      world?

PMID- 27356661
TI  - Patterns of antiepileptic drugs use in epileptic pediatric patients in Jordan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine prescribing patterns of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in
      pediatric patients with confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy, and to provide knowledge
      of general practice of physicians. METHODS: The study was a multi-center
      crosssectional observational study, in specialized clinics for management of
      epilepsy in north, central and south Jordan. This study was conducted from
      January 2014 to July 2014. These were 3 from university tertiary care hospitals
      and 4 from governmental tertiary care hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 694
      pediatric patients were included. Monotherapy AED use had the highest frequency
      465 (67.0%), followed by dual therapy 162 (23.3%). The frequency of monotherapy
      in university hospitals was lower than governmental hospitals (p<0.05); however,
      Polytherapy was more frequent in younger children. Two old AEDs were most
      frequently prescribed as a monotherapy; Valproic acid 235 (50.5%) and
      carbamazepine 155 (33.3%). The most common combination in dual therapy was
      valproic acid with carbamazepine 28 (17.3%). The second most common combinations
      were carbamazepine with levetiracetam 21 (13.0%) or valproic acid with
      levetiracetam 20 (12.3%). CONCLUSION: Older AED remain first line drugs for use
      in both monotherapy and combination therapy for epileptic disorders. Polytherapy
      is associated with younger kids and being treated in a university hospital.

PMID- 27356663
TI  - Cerebral fat embolism syndrome following total knee replacement causing a
      devastating neurocognitive sequelae.

PMID- 27356664
TI  - Methanol intoxication with cerebral hemorrhage.

PMID- 27356665
TI  - A diagnostic riddle in an immunocompetent adult: Meningioma or intracranial
      fungal granuloma?

PMID- 27356666
TI  - Incidence of autism in high risk neonatal follow up.

PMID- 27356667
TI  - Infections with the Sexually Transmitted Pathogen Nosema apis Trigger an Immune
      Response in the Seminal Fluid of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera).
AB  - Honey bee (Apis mellifera) males are highly susceptible to infections with the
      sexually transmitted fungal pathogen Nosema apis. However, they are able to
      suppress this parasite in the ejaculate using immune molecules in the seminal
      fluid. We predicted that males respond to infections by altering the seminal
      fluid proteome to minimize the risk to sexually transmit the parasite to the
      queen and her colony. We used iTRAQ isotopic labeling to compare seminal fluid
      proteins from infected and noninfected males and found that N. apis infections
      resulted in significant abundance changes in 111 of the 260 seminal fluid
      proteins quantitated. The largest group of proteins with significantly changed
      abundances consisted of 15 proteins with well-known immune-related functions,
      which included two significantly more abundant chitinases in the seminal fluid of
      infected males. Chitinases were previously hypothesized to be involved in honey
      bee antifungal activity against N. apis. Here we show that infection with N. apis
      triggers a highly specific immune response in the seminal fluid of honey bee
      males.

PMID- 27356669
TI  - Observation of Evidence for the pi*-sigma* Hyperconjugation in the S1 State of o
      , m-, and p-Fluorotoluenes by Double-Resonance Infrared Spectroscopy.
AB  - Drastic changes of the methyl internal rotation potential energy functions upon
      the electronic excitation have been reported for o- and m-fluorotolunes [ Okuyama
      , K. , Mikami , N. , and Ito , M. J. Phys. Chem. 1985 , 89 , 5617 - 5625 ], and
      their physical origin has been attributed to the pi*-sigma* hyperconjugation. To
      observe direct evidence of the pi*-sigma* hyperconjugation, double-resonance
      infrared spectroscopy was carried out in the CH stretching vibrational region in
      both the S0 and S1 states of jet-cooled o-, m-, and p-fluorotoluenes. In the
      spectra of both o- and m-fluorotoluenes, some of the methyl CH bands were red
      shifted upon the electronic excitation while the residual CH bands stayed in the
      same frequency region. The normal-mode analysis demonstrated that the shift
      behavior correlates to the relative conformation between the methyl CH bond and
      the phenyl ring plane. This conformation-dependent methyl CH bond weakening
      clearly supports the presence of the pi*-sigma* hyperconjugation in o- and m
      fluorotoluenes. The similar red-shift of the methyl CH bands upon the electronic
      excitation was seen also in p-fluorotoluene though the magnitude of the shift was
      much smaller. The mechanism of its internal rotation potential energy behavior,
      however, can be different from those of the o- and m-isomers. 

PMID- 27356668
TI  - Decreasing the ratio of matriptase/HAI-1 by downregulation of matriptase as a
      potential adjuvant therapy in ovarian cancer.
AB  - Tumor invasion and metastasis are complex biological processes. Matriptase and
      its endogenous inhibitor, hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1)
      are involved in invasion and metastasis. To evaluate the ratio of matriptase/HAI
      1 and their potential therapeutic value in ovarian cancer, HO-8910 human ovarian
      cancer cells and the homologous high-metastatic HO-8910PM cells were used as in
      vitro cellular models ovarian cancer. The invasive and metastatic abilities, and
      the expression of matriptase and HAI-1 in these cells were detected using scratch
      assays, Transwell chamber assays, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction, western blotting and fluorescent immunocytochemistry. Following
      infection with lentivirus-mediated matriptase-targeting small interfering RNA
      (siRNA), cell cycle progression and apoptosis were also analyzed. The migration
      distance and number of invading HO-8910PM cells were significantly increased
      compared with HO-8910 cells. HO-8910PM cells exhibited a significantly higher
      ratio of matriptase/HAI-1 mRNA levels compared with HO-8910 cells (0.51 vs. 0.24,
      ~2.2 fold increase). Compared with HO-8910 cells, the matriptase mRNA level was
      increased by ~3.6 fold in HO-8910PM cells, whereas the HAI-1 mRNA level was
      increased by ~1.7 fold. Similar increases in protein expression levels were also
      observed in HO-8910PM cells compared with HO-8910 cells. Migration and
      invasiveness were positively correlated with matriptase expression level
      (r=0.994, P<0.01) and the ratio of matriptase/HAI-1 (r=0.929, P<0.01).
      Downregulation of matriptase using siRNA resulted in inhibition of the invasive
      and metastatic abilities of HO-8910PM cells, cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase
      and increased apoptosis. The present study demonstrated that ovarian cancer cell
      metastasis and invasion were more dependent on upregulation of matriptase levels
      than downregulation of HAI-1. Matriptase may be a potential adjuvant therapeutic
      target for inhibiting ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis. 

PMID- 27356670
TI  - Glasgow Blatchford, pre-endoscopic Rockall and AIMS65 scores show no difference
      in predicting rebleeding rate and mortality in variceal bleeding.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of the Glasgow Blatchford score (GBS), pre
      endoscopic Rockall score (PRS) and AIMS65 score in predicting specific clinical
      endpoints following variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIH). MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Between January 2008 and December 2013, we retrospectively analyzed
      225 consecutive hospitalized patients managed for endoscopically confirmed UGIH.
      RESULTS: A total of 225 patients (mean age 61.3 years), mostly diagnosed with
      alcoholic cirrhosis (195/86.7%), presented with variceal UGIH during the study
      period. Rebleeding occurred in 22 (9.8%) patients and 30-day mortality was 39
      (17.3%). Initial hemostasis was achieved with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (151/79.1%)
      and endoscopic variceal ligation (40/20.9%), while secondary rebleeding
      prophylaxis in 110 (48.9%) patients was accomplished using endoscopic variceal
      ligation (92%). The majority of patients died from the underlying disease, while
      12 (30.8%) died from bleeding. Median hospital stay was 6 (1-35) days. There was
      no statistically significant difference among AIMS65, GBS and PRS in predicting
      mortality (AUROC 0.70 vs. 0.64 vs. 0.66) or rebleeding rates (AUROC 0.74 vs. 0.60
      vs. 0.67). The GBS was superior in predicting the need for blood transfusion
      compared to AIMS65 score (AUROC 0.75 vs. 0.61, p = 0.01) and PRS (AUROC 0.75 vs.
      0.58, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: The AIMS65, GBS and PRS scores are comparable but
      not useful for predicting outcome in patients with variceal UGIH because of poor
      discriminative ability. The GBS is superior in predicting the need for
      transfusion compared to AIMS65 score and PRS.

PMID- 27356671
TI  - Airway Centric(r) TMJ philosophy/Airway Centric(r) orthodontics ushers in the
      post-retraction world of orthodontics.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Airway Centric(r) Dentistry/Orthodontics was defined in a previous
      article (Gelb M. Airway centric TMJ philosophy. CDA Journal. 2014) that also
      suggested airway considerations were more important than condylar position issues
      in determining patient health and welfare. Indeed, that article called for a new
      paradigm in the profession, but specific treatment techniques to achieve optimal
      airways and avoid reducing the airway were not discussed. The present article
      amplifies on that article and identifies specific orthodontic treatment methods,
      which are or are not, congruent with this new paradigm. METHOD: The basis of
      traditional orthodontic diagnosis is outlined with references from the literature
      that show the scientific foundation for treatment is weak. A new approach to
      diagnosis and treatment with the goal of airway optimization is discussed.
      DISCUSSION: Six keys for optimal orthodontic outcomes are presented as new goals,
      and none involve the teeth. Ten specific treatment goals are outlined, and some
      are the diametric opposite of the current standard of care in the profession.
      CONCLUSION: We recommend that optimizing the airway for every patient and never
      doing any treatment which will diminish the airway, even minutely, needs to
      become the standard of care in Airway Centric(r) Dentistry.

PMID- 27356672
TI  - [A qualitative analysis of spelling mistakes and a systematic supportive learning
      instruction of spelling disorder].
AB  - This paper explains how a qualitative analysis of spelling mistakes (Oldenburger
      Fehleranalyse, Thome & Thome, 2014) may be used to select learning materials
      according to individual needs. The pre-post design with control group serves to
      evaluate the effects of an intervention that is systematic and learning
      supportive for pupils with a diagnosed spelling disorder (ages 12 to 14; 6th-8th
      grade). Therapists of the experimental group were instructed to apply a series of
      linguistic and psycholinguistic criteria when creating the material for
      instruction and when carrying out the therapy. Therapists of the control group
      carried out the intervention without attending to these criteria, although they
      did have knowledge about the pupil's profile in spelling mistakes. The
      intervention included 20 sessions. The ANOVA shows improvement for both groups
      (HSP, May 2012): (F(1, 14) = 15,05, p = .002, eta2 = .518). For the experimental
      group it is stronger, and the difference in achievement gain is significant (F(1,
      14) = 4,70, p = .048; eta2 = .25). These results support a combination of
      qualitative analysis and a high qualification for therapists that relates
      specifically to orthography and its instruction. For some pupils the changes in
      the qualitative profiles reveal persistent support requirements in phonology or
      grammar instruction.

PMID- 27356673
TI  - [Does the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) identify a clinically
      relevant subgroup among young offenders?].
AB  - Objective: Does the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory identify one or more high
      risk subgroups among young offenders? Which recommendations for possible courses
      of action can be derived for individual clinical or forensic cases? Method: Model
      based cluster analysis (Raftery, 1995) was conducted on a sample of young
      offenders (N = 445, age 14-22 years, M = 18.5, SD = 1.65). The resulting model
      was then tested for differences between clusters with relevant context variables
      of psychopathy. The variables included measures of intelligence, social
      competence, drug use, and antisocial behavior. Results: Three clusters were found
      (Low Trait, Impulsive/Irresponsible, Psychopathy) that differ highly
      significantly concerning YPI scores and the variables mentioned above. The YPI
      Scores Delta Low = 4.28 (Low Trait - Impulsive/Irresponsible) and Delta High =
      6.86 (Impulsive/Irresponsible - Psychopathy) were determined to be thresholds
      between the clusters. Conclusions: The allocation of a person to be assessed
      within the calculated clusters allows for an orientation of consequent tests
      beyond the diagnosis of psychopathy. We conclude that the YPI is a valuable
      instrument for the assessment of young offenders, as it yields clinically and
      forensically relevant information concerning the cause and expected development
      of psychopathological behavior.

PMID- 27356674
TI  - [Prevention of dyslexia - short-term and intermediate effects of promoting
      phonological awareness and letter-sound correspondence with at-risk preschool
      children].
AB  - Objective: This study assesses the short-term and intermediate effects of
      preschool training stimulating phonological awareness and letter-sound
      correspondence for children at risk of developing dyslexia. Moreover, we examined
      whether training reduced the frequency of subsequent dyslexic problems. Method:
      25 children at risk of developing dyslexia were trained with Horen, Lauschen,
      Lernen 1 und 2 (Kuspert & Schneider, 2008; Plume & Schneider, 2004) by their
      kindergarten teachers and were compared with 60 untrained at-risk children.
      Results: The training revealed a significant short-term effect: The phonological
      awareness of trained at-risk children increased significantly over that of
      untrained at-risk children. However, there were no differences in phonological
      awareness, spelling, and reading ability between the first-graders in the
      training and control group. Furthermore, reading problems were reduced in the
      training group. Conclusions: In the future, phonological awareness as well as
      additional predictors should be included when identifying children vulnerable to
      developing dyslexia. Moreover, in order to prevent dyslexia, additional
      prerequisite deficits need to be identified, alleviated, and their effects
      evaluated.

PMID- 27356675
TI  - [Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT)].
AB  - Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), a manualized evidence-based
      intervention, was originally developed to treat disruptive behavior problems in
      children aged 2-6 years. It is also considered to be an evidence-based
      intervention for physical abuse among children. Moreover, PCIT has proved to be
      effective for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder,
      separation anxiety disorder, and depression. Thus, it could become the first
      evidence-based, transdiagnostic intervention method for 2-6-year-old children.
      PCIT is based on attachment theory as well as learning theory, combining aspects
      of play therapy and behavior therapy. It consists of two treatment phases: child
      directed interaction (CDI) and parent-directed interaction (PDI). In both phases
      parents are taught special skills. When interacting with their child parents
      practice these skills and are live coached by the therapist. CDI aims at
      improving the parent-child relationship and is the basis for PDI. In CDI, parents
      learn to follow their child's lead as long as the child shows appropriate
      behavior. In PDI, parents practice effectively taking the lead wherever
      necessary. On average, it takes about 15-20 sessions to complete PCIT, which can
      be terminated as soon as the parents demonstrate a mastery of the skills, when
      child disruptive behavior has been reduced to clearly normal levels, and when the
      parents have become confident in managing child behavior on their own.

PMID- 27356676
TI  - [Attention and reading performance in children with ADHD, reading disorder and
      the combined condition].
AB  - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Dyslexia co-occur more often
      than expected by chance. Both disorders can have severe negative impact on
      children's development. The aim of the present study was to compare attention and
      reading performance in children with ADHD, dyslexia and the comorbid condition.
      Ninety-nine German children in 3rd and 4th grade with ADHD (n = 26), dyslexia (n
      = 22) and the comorbid condition (n = 24) compared to a healthy control group (n
      = 27) were assessed with a model oriented assessment battery for reading and
      attention. Additionally, comorbid problems were examined. Children with ADHD were
      characterized by difficulties in decoding and reading comprehension, while
      children with dyslexia showed impairments in their attentional performance.
      Psychometric data revealed that children with dyslexia showed both externalizing
      and internalizing symptoms, while children with the comorbid condition scored the
      highest on all psychopathological dimensions. The results suggest, that reading
      problems in children with ADHD might be an epiphenomenon of the task used
      dependent on time constraints inherent to the task. Impairments of attentional
      functions in children with dyslexia emphasize the importance of a sufficient
      diagnostic procedure for subclinical ADHD symptoms as possible comorbid disorder.
      Future studies should focus the impact of early treatment of attentional deficits
      on reading acquisition.

PMID- 27356677
TI  - [Modular psychotherapy with children and adolescents].
AB  - The implementation of evidence-based psychotherapy with children and adolescents
      has been limited so far. This is mainly due to the fact that patients in service
      settings tend to have higher rates of comorbidities and more frequently changing
      therapy needs than those in research settings. Thus, modular psychotherapies are
      promising, as they allow the treatment protocol to be adapted to patients'
      individual needs. Because no review on modular psychotherapy for children and
      adolescents exists, we conducted a systematic literature research. The results of
      the 15 randomized controlled trials identified demonstrate that modular
      psychotherapy is associated with significant reductions in symptom levels as well
      as with higher rates of diagnostic remission compared to control conditions.
      Because of the lack of evidence, future studies should investigate the
      incremental efficacy of modular approaches and test the validity of underlying
      theoretical models as well as of decision flowcharts. Modular psychotherapy
      approaches have the potential to personalize evidence-based interventions for
      children and adolescents across various therapeutical traditions, and to
      facilitate their implementation into clinical practice.

PMID- 27356678
TI  - Basic numerical processing, calculation, and working memory in children with
      dyscalculia and/or ADHD symptoms.
AB  - Objective: Deficits in basic numerical skills, calculation, and working memory
      have been found in children with developmental dyscalculia (DD) as well as
      children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This paper
      investigates cognitive profiles of children with DD and/or ADHD symptoms (AS) in
      a double dissociation design to obtain a better understanding of the comorbidity
      of DD and ADHD. Method: Children with DD-only (N = 33), AS-only (N = 16),
      comorbid DD+AS (N = 20), and typically developing controls (TD, N = 40) were
      assessed on measures of basic numerical processing, calculation, working memory,
      processing speed, and neurocognitive measures of attention. Results: Children
      with DD (DD, DD+AS) showed deficits in all basic numerical skills, calculation,
      working memory, and sustained attention. Children with AS (AS, DD+AS) displayed
      more selective difficulties in dot enumeration, subtraction, verbal working
      memory, and processing speed. Also, they generally performed more poorly in
      neurocognitive measures of attention, especially alertness. Children with DD+AS
      mostly showed an additive combination of the deficits associated with DD-only and
      A_Sonly, except for subtraction tasks, in which they were less impaired than
      expected. Conclusions: DD and AS appear to be related to largely distinct
      patterns of cognitive deficits, which are present in combination in children with
      DD+AS.

PMID- 27356679
TI  - Paraneoplastic autoantibody panels: sensitivity and specificity, a retrospective
      cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Experts in the autoimmune paraneoplastic field recommend autoantibody
      testing as "panels" to improve the poor sensitivity of individual autoantibodies
      in detecting paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS). The sensitivity of
      those panels was not reported to date in a fashion devoid of incorporation bias.
      We aimed to assess the collective sensitivity and specificity of one of the
      commonly used panels in detecting PNS. METHODS: A single-centered retrospective
      cohort of all patients tested for paraneoplastic evaluation panel (PAVAL; test
      ID: 83380) over one year for the suspicion of PNS. Case adjudication was based on
      newly proposed diagnostic criteria in line with previously published literature,
      but modified to exclude serological status to avoid incorporation bias. Measures
      of diagnostic accuracy were subsequently calculated. Cases that failed to show
      association with malignancy within the follow-up time studied, reflecting a
      possibly pure autoimmune process was considered paraneoplastic-like syndromes.
      RESULTS: Out of 321 patients tested, 51 patients tested positive. Thirty-two
      patients met diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic/paraneoplastic-like
      syndromes. The calculated collective sensitivity was 34% (95% CI: 17-53),
      specificity was 86% (95% CI: 81-90), Youden's index 0.2 and a positive clinical
      utility index 0.07 suggesting poor utility for case-detection. CONCLUSION: This
      is the first reported diagnostic accuracy measures of paraneoplastic panels
      without incorporation bias. Despite recommended panel testing to improve
      detection of PNS, sensitivity remains low with poor utility for case-detection.
      The high-calculated specificity suggests a possible role in confirming the
      condition in difficult cases suspicious for PNS, when enough supportive evidence
      is lacking on ancillary testing.

PMID- 27356681
TI  - Provisional Cessation of Acceptance of Submissions to the APJCP on June 30th and
      Transfer of Chief Editor Responsibilities.

PMID- 27356680
TI  - Turkish Cypriot paternal lineages bear an autochthonous character and closest
      resemblance to those from neighbouring Near Eastern populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cyprus is an island in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea with a
      documented history of human settlements dating back over 10,000 years. AIM: To
      investigate the paternal lineages of a representative population from Cyprus in
      the context of the larger Near Eastern/Southeastern European genetic landscape.
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and eighty samples from the second most
      populous ethnic group in Cyprus (Turkish Cypriots) were analysed at 17 Y
      chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci. RESULTS: A haplotype diversity of
      0.9991 was observed, along with a number of allelic variants, multi-allelic
      patterns and a most frequent haplotype that have not previously been reported
      elsewhere. Pairwise genetic distance comparisons of the Turkish Cypriot Y-STR
      dataset and Y-chromosomal haplogroup distribution with those from Near
      East/Southeastern Europe both suggested a closer genetic connection with the Near
      Eastern populations. Median-joining network analyses of the most frequent
      haplogroups also revealed some evidence towards in situ radiation. CONCLUSION:
      Turkish Cypriot paternal lineages seem to bear an autochthonous character and
      closest genetic connection with the neighbouring Near Eastern populations. These
      observations are further underscored by the fact that the haplogroups associated
      with the spread of Neolithic Agricultural Revolution from the Fertile Crescent
      (E1b1b/J1/J2/G2a) dominate (>70%) the Turkish Cypriot haplogroup distribution.

PMID- 27356682
TI  - Curcumin: a Polyphenol with Molecular Targets for Cancer Control.
AB  - Curcumin, is a polyphenol from Curcuma longa (turmeric plant), is a polyphenol
      that belongs to the ginger family which has long been used in Ayurveda medicines
      to treat various diseases such as asthma, anorexia, coughing, hepatic diseases,
      diabetes, heart diseases, wound healing and Alzheimer's. Various studies have
      shown that curcumin has anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant,
      hepatoprotective, thrombosuppressive, cardio protective, anti-arthritic, chemo
      preventive and anti-carcinogenic activities. It may suppress both initiation and
      progression stages of cancer. Anticancer activity of curcumin is due to negative
      regulation of inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors, protein kinases,
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oncogenes. This review focuses on the different
      targets of curcumin to treat cancer. 

PMID- 27356683
TI  - Cancer Research Advance in CKLF-like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain Containing
      Member Family (Review).
AB  - CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family (CMTM) is a novel family
      of genes first reported at international level by Peking University Human Disease
      Gene Research Center. The gene products are between chemokines and the
      transmembrane-4 superfamily. Loaceted in several human chromosomes, CMTMs, which
      are unregulated in kinds of tumors, are potential tumor suppressor genes
      consisting of CKLF and CMTM1 to CMTM8. CMTMs play important roles in immune, male
      reproductive and hematopoietic systems. Also, it has been approved that CMTM
      family has strong connection with diseases of autoimmunity, haematopoietic system
      and haematopoietic system. The in-depth study in recent years found the close
      relation between CMTMs and umorigenesis, tumor development and metastasis. CMTM
      family has a significant clinical value in diagnosis and treatment to the
      diseases linking to tumor and immune system. 

PMID- 27356684
TI  - Etiopathogenesis of Gastric Cancer.
AB  - Gastric cancer is a multifactorial and complex malignant disease seen commonly
      worldwide. It is one of the few malignant conditions in which the etiology
      involves infectious agents (Helicobacter pylori), but there are many other risk
      factors incuding high salt intake. Its pathogenesis generally involves
      interactions between environmental factors and genetic disposition. It is
      currently onsidered that stem cells may play a central role in gastric cancer
      development. 

PMID- 27356685
TI  - Melanoma in Iran: a Retrospective 10-Year Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Melanoma, the most life-threatening type of skin cancer, is a
      malignant tumor initiating in melanocytes that rapidly metastasizes and causes
      death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, samples were selected
      from patients' information files in our Cancer Institute in Tehran with a
      designed checklist. A total of 322 files were found from 2003 until 2012. Then
      the raw data were transferred to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)
      software version 16 and additional analysis was performed by Students t-test. The
      important variables were considered according to the available information from
      history of pathology including age, gender, occupation, stage and location of
      tumor. RESULTS: Our data showed that incidence of melanoma has been different in
      the studied 10-year period according to age. Also, incidence of melanoma was
      higher in men than women. It was more common in lower limbs. More commonly
      housewives among women and farmers among men were affected by melanoma.
      CONCLUSIONS: Taken together the descriptive data clarified general aspects of
      this disease for further screening and interventions.

PMID- 27356686
TI  - Hypermethylation Status of E-Cadherin Gene in Gastric Cancer Patients in a High
      Incidence Area.
AB  - Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most prevalant cancer and the second leading
      cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. As in other cancers gastric
      carcinogenesis is multifactorial involving environmental, genetic and epigenetic
      components. Epigenetic silencing due to hypermethylation of tumour suppressor
      genes is one of the key events in gastric carcinogenesis. This study was aimed to
      analyse the hypermethylation status of the E-Cadherin (CDH1) gene promoter in GCs
      in the ethnic Kashmiri population. In this study a total of 80 GC patients were
      recruited. Hypermethylation in tumour tissue was detected by methylation specific
      PCR (MS-PCR). Hypermethylation of CDH1 promoter was observed in 52 (65%) of
      gastric carcinoma cases which was significantly much higher than adjacent normal
      tissue [p<=0.0001]. Further the frequency of CDH1 promoter methylation was
      significantly different with intestinal and diffuse types of gastric cancer
      [55.7% vs 82.1%; <0.05]. Moreover females and cases with lymph node invasion had
      higher frequencies of CDH1 hypermethylation [P<=0.05]. Thus the current data
      indicate a vital role of epigenetic alteration of CDH1 in the causation and
      development of gastric cancer, particularly of diffuse type, in our population. 

PMID- 27356687
TI  - Raw Fish Consuming Behavior Related to Liver Fluke Infection among Populations at
      Risk of Cholangiocarcinoma in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand.
AB  - Opisthorchiasis is a health problem in rural communities of Thailand,
      particularly in the northeast and north regions. Therefore, this study aimed to
      investigate raw fish consuming behavior related to liver fluke infection among
      the population at risk for opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). A cross
      sectional descriptive study was conducted in Meuang Yang district, Nakhon
      Ratchasima province, northeast Thailand, between June and October 2015.
      Participants were screened for CCA, and samples who had a high score of CCA risk
      were purposively selected. A predesigned questionnaire was utilized to collect
      the data from all participants. X2-test was used for analysis of associations
      between demographic data and raw fish consumption. The results revealed that
      participants had past histories of stool examination (33.0%), liver fluke
      infection (21.0%), praziquantel use (24.0%), raw fish consumption (78.0%),
      relatives family consuming raw fish (73.0%), and relatives family with CCA
      (3.0%). Participants consumed several dished related to liver fluke infection,
      mainly raw fermented fish (13.0%), under smoked catfish (5.00%), raw pickled fish
      (4.00%), and raw spicy minced fish salad (3.00%). The most common types of
      cyprinoid fish were Barbodes gonionotus (39%), Hampala dispar (38%), Puntius
      brevis (37%), Cyclocheilichthys armatus (33%), Puntioplites proctozysron (32%),
      and Luciosoma bleekeri (30%), respectively. Participants had a low level of
      knowledge (mean=3.79, SD=0.74), moderate attitude (mean=7.31, SD=7.31) and
      practice (mean=38.64, SD=6.95) regarding liver fluke prevention and control.
      Demographic variables like age (>36 years old; X2-test=17.794, p-value=0.001),
      education (primary school; X2-test=18.952, p-value=0.001), marital status
      (married; X2-test=12.399, p-value=0.002), and income (<5,000 baht; X2
      test=27.757, p-value=0.015) were significantly associated with raw fish
      consumption. This result indicates that the population had risk consumption for
      liver fluke infection particularly of various cyprinoid fishes that are 2nd
      intermediate hosts. Therefore, health education is required to improve their
      behavior. 

PMID- 27356688
TI  - Microglial Contribution to Glioma Progression: an Immunohistochemical Study in
      Eastern India.
AB  - Human glioma, arising from glial cells of the central nervous system, accounts
      for almost 30%of all brain tumours , neoplasms with a poor prognosis and high
      mortality rates worldwide. In the present study we assessed tissue architectural
      modifications associated with macrophage lineage cells, controversial major
      immune effector cells within the brain, in human glioma tissue samples from
      eastern India. Ethically cleared post-operative human glioma samples from our
      collaborative neurosurgery unit with respective CT/MRI and patient history were
      collected from the Nodal Centre of Neurosciences in Kolkata, over 9 months. Along
      with conventional histopathology, samples were subjected to silver-gold staining
      and fluorescence tagged immunophenotyping for the detection of electron dense
      brain macrophage/microglia cells in glioma tissue, followed by immune-phenotyping
      of cells. With higher grades, CD11b+/Iba-1+ macrophage/microglia architecture
      with de-structured boundaries of glioma lesions indicated malfunction and
      invasive effector state. Present study documented a contribution of microglia to
      glioma progression in Eastern India. 

PMID- 27356689
TI  - Diagnostic Performance of Whole-Body Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Compared to PET
      CT Plus Brain MRI in Staging Clinically Resectable Lung Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Precise staging of lung cancer is usually evaluated by PET-CT and
      brain MRI. Recently, however, whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance
      imaging (WB-DWI) has be applied. The aim of this study is to determine whether
      the diagnostic performance of lung cancer staging by WB-DWI is superior to that
      of PET-CT+brain MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PET-CT + brain MRI and WB-DWI were
      used for lung cancer staging before surgery with 59 adenocarcinomas, 16 squamous
      cell carcinomas and 6 other carcinomas. RESULTS: PET-CT + brain MRI correctly
      identified the pathologic N staging in 67 patients (82.7%), with overstaging in 5
      (6.2%) and understaging in 9 (11.1%), giving a staging accuracy of 0.827. WB-DWI
      correctly identified the pathologic N staging in 72 patients (88.9%), with
      overstaging in 1 (1.2%) and understaging in 8 patients (9.9%), giving a staging
      accuracy of 0.889. There were no significant differences in accuracies. PET-CT +
      brain MRI correctly identified the pathologic stages in 56 patients (69.1%), with
      overstaging in 7 (8.6%) and understaging in 18 (22.2%), giving a staging accuracy
      of 0.691. WB-DWI correctly identified the pathologic stages in 61 patients
      (75.3%), with overstaging in 4 (4.9%) and understagings in16(19.7%), giving a
      staging accuracy of 0.753. There were no significant difference in accuracies.
      CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic efficacy of WB-DWI for lung cancer staging is equivalent
      to that of PET-CT + brain MRI.

PMID- 27356690
TI  - Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 - A Potential Biomarker for Detection and Prognostic
      Assessment of Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Matric metalloproteinase (MMP) 13 gene expression is increased in
      esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) and associated with increasing tumor
      invasion, lymph node involvement and decreased survival rates. Levels of the
      circulating enzyme may be elevated and used as a marker of tumor progression. In
      this study, clinical application of MMP-13 serum levels was evaluated for early
      detection, prediction of prognosis and survival time of ESCC patients. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Serum levels of MMP13 were determined by ELISA in 66 ESCC patients
      prior of any treatment and 54 healthy controls for comparison with
      clinicopathological data through statistical analysis with Man Whitney U and Log
      Rank tests. In addition, clinical value of MMP13 levels for diagnosis was
      evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test. RESULTS: The serum
      level of MMP-13 in patients (>250 pg/ml) was significantly higher than in the
      control group (<100 pg/ml) (p value=0.004). Also the results showed a significant
      correlation between MMP-13 serum levels with tumor stage (p value = 0.003), depth
      of tumor invasion (p value=0.008), involvement of lymph nodes (p value = 0.011),
      tumor size (p value = 0.018) and survival time. While there were no significant
      correlation with grade and location of tumors. ROC analysis showed that MMP-13
      level is an accurate diagnostic marker especially to differentiate pre-invasive/
      invasive lesions from normal controls (sensitivity and specificity: 100%).
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate a potential clinical significance of serum
      MMP13 measurement for early detection and prognostic assessment in ESCC patients.

PMID- 27356691
TI  - Oncogenic Activation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-3 and RAS Genes as Non
      Overlapping Mutual Exclusive Events in Urinary Bladder Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Urinary bladder cancer is a common malignancy in the West and ranks
      as the 7th most common cancer in our region of Kashmir, India. FGFR3 mutations
      are frequent in superficial urothelial carcinoma (UC) differing from the RAS gene
      mutational pattern. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and
      association of FGFR3 and RAS gene mutations in UC cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue specimens of 65 consecutive UC patients
      were examined. DNA preparations were evaluated for the occurrence of FGFR3 and
      RAS gene mutations by PCR-SCCP and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Somatic point
      mutations of FGFR3 were identified in 32.3% (21 of 65). The pattern and
      distribution were significantly associated with low grade/stage (<0.05). The
      overall mutations in exon 1 and 2 in all the forms of RAS genes aggregated to
      21.5% and showed no association with any clinic-pathological parameters. In
      total, 53.8% (35 of 65) of the tumors studied had mutations in either a RAS or
      FGFR3 gene, but these were totally mutually exclusive in and none of the samples
      showed both the mutational events in mutually exclusive RAS and FGFR3.
      CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that RAS and FGFR3 mutations in UC are mutually
      exclusive and non-overlapping events which reflect activation of oncogenic
      pathways through different elements.

PMID- 27356692
TI  - Histomorphology and Immunohistochemistry of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in a
      Malaysian Population.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study histomorphological and immunohistochemical patterns of gastro
      intestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) in Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of
      29 GIST cases from Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar, Seremban ,were studied
      retrospectively over a period of 10 years from January 2002 to December 2011.
      Patient demographic data like age, sex and etnicity were collected. Tumour
      characteristics like site, maximum dimension and specimen type were analysed.
      Evaluation was according to established criteria into very low, low, intermediate
      and high-risk categories. Immunohistochemical characteristics were also analysed.
      RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 59.7 years. Males (59%) were found to be
      more commonly affected than females (41%). The Chinese (45%) were commonly
      affected than Malays (41%), and Indians (10%). The most common symptom was pain
      in the abdomen (13.8%). More than half of the cases were seen in stomach (53%).
      The tumour size ranged from 1.5 cm to 17 cm with a mean of 6.94cm. Microscopic
      findings revealed that the spindle cell type was the most common (76%). It was
      observed that the majority of the cases (48%) were categorised in the
      intermediate risk group. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity for CD117
      (78.6%), CD34 (71.4%), vimentin (86.2%), S-100 (27.6%), SMA (35.7%), PKC THETA
      (46.4%) and PDGRFA (67.9%).

PMID- 27356693
TI  - High Occurrence of Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma in Oman.
AB  - It is conventionally accepted that renal cell carcinoma (RCC) occurs in older
      patients and the clear cell type is the most common histology. However, ethnic
      variations exist and this study was carried out to determine the epidemiological
      pattern of RCC in Oman. Ninety RCC patients who presented to a tertiary care
      center in the Sultanate of Oman from 2010 to 2014 were studied. The main findings
      were that the median age of presentation was low, more patients presented with
      localized stage, and there was a higher incidence of non-clear (especially
      papillary) histology. Data from other Gulf countries and possible reasons for the
      different profile are discussed. 

PMID- 27356694
TI  - Clinical Prognostic Score for Predicting Disease Remission with Differentiated
      Thyroid Cancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy
      with a generally good prognosis. Knowing long-term outcomes of each patient helps
      management planning. The study was conducted to develop and validate a clinical
      prognostic score for predicting disease remission in patients with differentiated
      thyroid cancer based on patient, tumor and treatment factors. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 1,217 differentiated thyroid cancer
      patients from two tertiary-care hospitals in the Northeast of Thailand was
      performed. Associations between potential clinical prognostic factors and
      remission were tested by Cox proportional-hazards analysis in 852 patients
      (development cohort). The prediction score was created by summation of score
      points weighted from regression coefficients of independent prognostic factors.
      Risks of disease remission were estimated and the derived score was then
      validated in the remaining 365 patients (validation cohort). RESULTS: During the
      median follow-up time of 58 months, 648 (76.1%) patients in the development
      cohort had disease remission. Five independent prognostic factors were identified
      with corresponding score points: duration from thyroid surgery to 131I treatment
      (0.721), distant metastasis at initial diagnosis (0.801), postoperative serum
      thyroglobulin level (0.535), anti-thyroglobulin antibodies positivity (0.546),
      and adequacy of serum TSH suppression (0.293). The total risk score for each
      patient was calculated and three categories of remission probability were
      proposed: <=1.628 points (low risk, 83% remission), 1.629-1.816 points
      (intermediate risk, 87% remission), and >=1.817 points (high risk, 93%
      remission). The concordance (C-index) was 0.761 (95% CI 0.754-0.767).
      CONCLUSIONS: The clinical prognostic scoring model developed to quantify the
      probability of disease remission can serve as a useful tool in personalized
      decision making regarding treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer patients.

PMID- 27356695
TI  - Polymorphisms of XRCC1 and XRCC2 DNA Repair genes and Interaction with
      Environmental Factors Influence the Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Northeast
      India.
AB  - Multiple genetic and environmental factors have been reported to play key role in
      the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we investigated
      interactions of XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XRCC2 Arg188His polymorphisms and
      environmental factors in modulating susceptibility to NPC in Northeast India. One
      hundred NPC patients, 90 first-degree relatives of patients and 120 controls were
      enrolled in the study. XRCC1 Arg399Gln and XRCC2 Arg188His polymorphisms were
      determined using PCR-RFLP, and the results were confirmed by DNA sequencing.
      Logistic regression (LR) and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR)
      approaches were applied for statistical analysis. The XRCC1 Gln/Gln genotype
      showed increased risk (OR=2.76; <0.024) of NPC. However, individuals with both
      XRCC1 and XRCC2 polymorphic variants had 3.2 fold elevated risk (<0.041). An
      enhanced risk of NPC was also observed in smoked meat (OR=4.07; P=0.004) and
      fermented fish consumers (OR=4.34, P=0.001), and tobacco-betel quid chewers
      (OR=7.00; P=0.0001) carrying XRCC1 polymorphic variants. However, smokers
      carrying defective XRCC1 gene showed the highest risk (OR = 7.47; <0.0001). On
      MDR analysis, the best model for NPC risk was the five-factor model combination
      of XRCC1 variant genotype, fermented fish, smoked meat, smoking and chewing
      (CVC=10/10; TBA=0.636; <0.0001); whereas in interaction entropy graphs, smoked
      meat and tobacco chewing showed synergistic interactions with XRCC1. These
      findings suggest that interaction of genetic and environmental factors might
      increase susceptibility to NPC in Northeast Indian populations. 

PMID- 27356696
TI  - Adoption and Implementation of Tobacco Control Policies in Schools in India:
      Results of the Bihar School Teachers Study.
AB  - Implementation of no tobacco policies in schools is associated with lower tobacco
      use among teachers and students. In this study we assessed the extent that a
      school-based intervention for teachers resulted in adoption and implementation of
      tobacco control policies. From a random sample of government schools (8th-10th),
      72 were randomized into intervention and control conditions. Intervention
      included health education programs for teachers and support for tobacco control
      policy implementation. Adoption and implementation of policies were assessed at
      baseline and immediately after intervention. All 36 intervention and one control
      school adopted a tobacco-control policy. Higher enforcement of tobacco-control
      policy was at post intervention (OR=3.26; CI: 2.35, 4.54) compared to baseline in
      intervention schools. Some 64% of intervention and 28% control schools showed
      "improvement" in policy implementation. Adoption and implementation of no tobacco
      policies was positively impacted by intervention. This study provides support for
      scaling up of school-based tobacco control interventions to promote school
      tobacco control policies. 

PMID- 27356697
TI  - Mortality Attributable to Second Hand Smoking in Morocco: 2012 Results of a
      National Prevalence Based Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To estimate the number of deaths attributable to second hand smoking
      (SHS) in Morocco in 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: prevalence based study focusing
      on mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and lung cancer among non-smokers
      aged 35 and over. Prevalence of SHS among never smokers was gathered from a
      national cross sectional survey on tobacco and population attributable risk (PAR)
      was calculated by applying PARs to mortality. The analyses were stratified by
      sex, age and area of exposure. RESULTS: Rates for exposure to SHS among men aged
      35-64 years ranged from 20.0% at home to 57.4% at work. Among non-smoking
      Moroccans aged 35 and over, 233 (IC: 147 - 246) deaths were attributable to
      exposure to SHS; 156 (IC: 100 - 221) in women and 77 (IC: 44 -125) in men. A
      total of 173 (122 - 222) deaths were estimated to have been caused by exposure
      only at home, 34 (9 - 76) by exposure only at the work place and 26 (15 - 58) by
      exposure both at home and work places. Exposure to SHS could be responsible for
      182 (128 - 237) deaths from IHD and 51 (19 - 109) from lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS:
      These data confirm that SHS needs urgent attention in Morocco.

PMID- 27356698
TI  - Risk Perception and Correlates of Tobacco Use among Young People Outside of
      Formal School Settings in Lagos State, Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tobacco use among youth is a major public health problem. Youth
      outside of formal school settings are often understudied but may be at increased
      risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive cross- sectional study was carried out
      among 326 young people aged 15-24 years in four randomly selected motor parks in
      Lagos state. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data.
      RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 21.0+/-2.3yrs. Many 252 (77.3%)
      dropped out before the end of the third year of secondary schooling. The majority
      were aware that active (78.2%), and passive smoking (77.3%) are harmful to
      health. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents disagreed with an outright ban of
      cigarettes (63.2%) and restriction of cigarette sales to persons below 18 years
      (67.9%) while 254 (66.8%) supported a ban on tobacco smoking in enclosed public
      places. One hundred and fifty (46.0%) respondents had experimented with smoking
      of which 106 (32.5%) had progressed to become current smokers. Half of the
      current smokers, 54 (50.9%), felt the need for a cigarette first thing in the
      morning. A multivariate analysis for smoking initiation, showed that for every
      increasing year of age, respondents were 1.08 times more likely to have initiated
      cigarette smoking; males and respondents who lived alone or with peers were 2.34
      times and 1.77 times more likely to have initiated smoking respectively; those
      who consume alcohol and marijuana were 7.27 and 1.89 times respectively more
      likely to have initiated smoking while those who consumed alcohol were 6.17 times
      more likely to be current smokers.

PMID- 27356699
TI  - Evaluation of Delhi Population Based Cancer Registry and Trends of Tobacco
      Related Cancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is the single most important preventable risk factor for
      cancer. Surveillance of tobacco-related cancers (TRC) is critical for monitoring
      trends and evaluating tobacco control programmes. We analysed the trends of TRC
      and evaluated the population-based cancer registry (PBCR) in Delhi for
      simplicity, comparability, validity, timeliness and representativeness. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We interviewed key informants, observed registry processes and
      analysed the PBCR dataset for the period 1988-2009 using the 2009 TRC definition
      of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We calculated the percentages
      of morphologically verified cancers, death certificate-only (DCO) cases, missing
      values of key variables and the time between cancer diagnosis and registration or
      publication for the year 2009. RESULTS: The number of new cancer cases increased
      from 5,854 to 15,244 (160%) during 1988-2009. TRC constituted 58% of all cancers
      among men and 47% among women in 2009. The age-adjusted incidence rates of TRC
      per 100,000 population increased from 64.2 to 97.3 among men, and from 66.2 to
      69.2 among women during 1988-2009. Data on all cancer cases presenting at all
      major government and private health facilities are actively collected by the PBCR
      staff using standard paper-based forms. Data abstraction and coding is conducted
      manually following ICD-10 classifications. Eighty per cent of cases were
      morphologically verified and 1% were identified by death certificate only. Less
      than 1% of key variables had missing values. The median time to registration and
      publishing was 13 and 32 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of TRC in
      Delhi is high and increasing. The Delhi PBCR is well organized and generates high
      quality, representative data. However, data could be published earlier if paper
      based data are replaced by electronic data abstraction.

PMID- 27356700
TI  - Past Trends and Future Estimation of Annual Breast Cancer Incidence in Osaka,
      Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the breast cancer incidence rate in Japan is lower than in
      western countries, the age-specific rates have markedly increased in recent
      years, along with the problems of declining birth rate and an aging population.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined past trends of age-specific breast cancer
      incidence using data from the Osaka Cancer Registry from 1976 to 2010, and
      estimated future trends until 2025 based on the changes observed and population
      dynamics using a log linear regression model. RESULTS: The age-specific breast
      cancer incidence rate has increased consistently from the 1970s, and the rates
      have caught up with those of Japanese-Americans in the US. Assuming the
      increasing tendency of age-specific breast cancer incidence to be constant, the
      average annual incidence of breast cancer will increase 1.7-fold from 2006-2010
      to 2021-2025. Furthermore, the number of patients aged 80 years should increase
      3.4-fold. CONCLUSIONS: The medical demand for breast cancer care in Japan may
      increase explosively in the future, particularly among the elderly. We need to
      prepare for such a future increase in demand for care, although careful
      monitoring is needed to confirm these results.

PMID- 27356701
TI  - Limited Impact of Music Therapy on Patient Anxiety with the Large Loop Excision
      of Transformation Zone Procedure - a Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many studies have pointed to strategies to cope with patient anxiety
      in colposcopy. Evidence shows that patients experienced considerable distress
      with the large loop excision of transformation zone (LLETZ) procedure and
      suitable interventions should be introduced to reduce anxiety. This study aimed
      to investigate the effects of music therapy in patients undergoing LLETZ.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with patients
      undergoing LLETZ performed under local anesthesia in an out patient setting at
      Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, from February 2015 to January 2016.
      After informed consent and demographic data were obtained, we assessed the
      anxiety level using State Anxiety Inventory pre and post procedures. Music group
      patients listened to classical songs through headphones, while the control group
      received the standard care. Pain score was evaluated with a visual analog scale
      (VAS). Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson Chi-square, Fisher's
      Exact test and T-Test and p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically
      significant. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients were enrolled and randomized,
      resulting in 36 women in the music group and 37 women in the non-music control
      group. The preoperative mean anxiety score was higher in the music group (46.8 VS
      45.8 points). The postoperative mean anxiety scores in the music and the non
      music groups were 38.7 and 41.3 points, respectively. VAS was lower in music
      group (2.55 VS 3.33). The percent change of anxiety was greater in the music
      group, although there was no significant difference between two groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: Music therapy did not significantly reduce anxiety in patients
      undergoing the LLETZ procedure. However, different interventions should be
      developed to ease the patients' apprehension during this procedure.

PMID- 27356702
TI  - High Prevalence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B
      Infection in Thailand.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is one of the important causes of
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Thailand, involved in the pathogenesis and
      leading to a development of HCC with or without cirrhotic changes of the liver.
      This study was aimed to investigate the predictive factors for HCC among CHB
      patients in a tertiary care center in Thailand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      conducted a retrospective study of CHB patients with or without HCC during the
      period of January 2009 and December 2014 at Thammasat University Hospital,
      Pathumthani, Thailand. Data on clinical characteristics, biochemical tests and
      radiologic findings were collected from review of medical records. RESULTS: A
      total of 266 patients were diagnosed with CHB in Thammasat university hospital
      during the study period. However, clinical information of only 164/266 CHB
      patients (98 males, 66 females with mean age of 49.4 years) could be completely
      retrieved in this study. The prevalence of HCC in CHB infection in this study was
      38/164 (23.2%). CHB patients with HCC had a mean age older than those without HCC
      (59.5 vs 47 years, P-value = 0.01). Furthermore, history of upper GI bleeding,
      tattooing, blood transfusion, and chronic alcoholism were significantly more
      common in CHB patients with HCC than patients without HCC (13.2% vs 3.2% P-value
      0.03, OR = 4.6, 95%CI = 1.2-18.1, 20% vs 3.9%, P-value = 0.01, OR= 6.1, 95% CI=
      1.6-23.6, 20% vs 6.3%, P-value = 0.03, OR = 3.8, 95%CI =1.1-12.7, 62.2% vs 30.3%,
      P-value <0.0001, OR = 3.7, 95%CI= 1.7-8.1 respectively). Interestingly, more CHB
      patients with HCC had evidence of cirrhosis than those without HCC (78.9% vs
      20.4%, P-value <0.0001, OR = 14.6, 95%CI = 5.8-36.7). In CHB patients with HCC,
      surgical therapy provided longer survival than radiofrequency ablation (RFA) (72
      vs 46.5 months, P-value= 0.04). The mean survival time after HCC diagnosis was
      17.2 months. CONCLUSIONS: HCC remains a major problem among patients with CHB
      infection in Thailand. Possible risk factors are male gender, history of upper GI
      bleeding, chronic alcoholism, tattooing, blood transfusion and evidence of
      cirrhosis. For early stage HCC patients, surgical treatment provided longer
      survival time than RFA. Most HCC patients presented with advanced disease and had
      a grave prognosis. Appropriate screening of CHB patients at risk for HCC might be
      an appropriate approach for early detection and improvement of long-term
      outcomes.

PMID- 27356703
TI  - ssociation of Cytochrome P450-1B1 Gene Polymorphisms with Risk of Breast Cancer:
      an Egyptian Study.
AB  - It is thought that population characteristics of breast cancer may be due to a
      variation in the frequency of different alleles of genes such as CYP1B1. We aimed
      to determine the association of CYP1B1 polymorphisms in 200 breast cancer cases
      and 40 controls by PCR-RFLP. Frequencies were assessed with clinical and risk
      factors in Egyptian patients. The genotype LV and the Leu allele frequencies for
      patients and controls were 42.9% and 50%, and 52.9% and 53.3%, respectively),
      with no significant differences observed (P values = 0.8 and 0.6, respectively).
      There was also no significant association between genotypes and any risk factors
      for cases (>0.05) except laterality and metastasis of the tumor (P values=0.006
      and 0.06, respectively). The CYP1B1 polymorphism Val432Leu was not associated
      with breast cancer in Egypt, but may provide clues for future studies into early
      detection of the disease. 

PMID- 27356704
TI  - Endometrial Cancer in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy among
      females worldwide, approximately 320,000 women being diagnosed with the disease
      each year and 76,000 dying. To date, there is limited knowledge of endometrial
      cancer in Malaysia. OBJECTIVES: To identify the epidemiological profile and
      prognostic factors of survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A list of endometrial
      cancer patients in 2000-2011 was obtained from the hospital Record Department.
      Only cases confirmed by histopathology examination were included. We excluded
      those with incomplete medical records or referral cases. Simple and multiple Cox
      regression approaches were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Only 108 cases were
      included with a mean (SD) age of 62.7 (12.3) years, with 87.0% Malay ethnicity.
      Grade of cancer was: 29.1% grade 1, 43.7% grade 2 and 27.2% grade 3. The majority
      of patients had non-endometrioid type (60.2%), with myometrial invasion (82.2%)
      and lymphovascular invasion (57.3%). The significant prognostic factors were age
      (HR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.08, p=0.002) and having lymphovascular invasion (HR
      2.15; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.29; p=0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Endometrial cancer patients
      should be diagnosed earlier to reduce the risk of mortality. The public should be
      given education on the signs and symptoms of the disease.

PMID- 27356705
TI  - Effects of Group Training Based on the Health Belief Model on Knowledge and
      Behavior Regarding the Pap Smear Test in Iranian Women: a Quasi-Experimental
      Study.
AB  - The Pap smear test is recommended for early diagnosis of cervical cancer. The aim
      of this study was to assess knowledge and behavior regarding the Pap smear test
      based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in women referred to premarital counseling
      classes, Hamadan, Iran. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 330 women,
      who were allocated randomly to two case and control groups (n=165). Two
      educational session classes were performed in the case group. Two stages in
      before and after intervention groups were evaluated. Analysis of data was
      performed by SPSS/16.0, using t-test, x2, and McNemar's test. P-values <0.05 were
      regarded as significant. There was no significant difference between the mean
      scores of the various structures of this model in two groups before the
      intervention. However, after the intervention there were significant increase in
      mean score of knowledge and all variables of HBM in the intervention
      group(<0.001). The findings of this study highlight the important role of
      education about cervical cancer on changing women's beliefs about cervical
      screening. 

PMID- 27356706
TI  - Risk Factors for Lung Cancer Mortality in a Referral Center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of death that is rising
      in many countries including Iran. This study aimed to determine the impact of
      factors on survival of lung cancer patients at a referral center of lung diseases
      in Tehran, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on
      adult lung cancer cases admitted to a referral center for lung diseases from 2011
      to 2015. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the risk factors for
      all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Of a total 933 patients with lung cancer, 53.4%
      died, 49.3% of them at the hospital. Overall median follow-up time was 7 months.
      The most common histological type of cancer was adenocarcinoma with a 13 month
      median survival time. Age >=55 and smoking remained significant for all-cause
      mortality on Cox analysis, whereas gender was not. CONCLUSIONS: The survival of
      lung cancer patients is poor and the patients with history of smoking and age
      >=55 are at increased risk of death. Having a large hospital-based registry
      provides a good measurement of prognostic statistics for lung cancer. Further
      investigations are necessary to establish reasons for mortality.

PMID- 27356707
TI  - Garlic Phytocompounds Possess Anticancer Activity by Specifically Targeting
      Breast Cancer Biomarkers - an in Silico Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is a serious lifestyle disease. There are several
      prognostic biomarkers like nuclear receptors whose over-expression is associated
      with BC characteristics. These biomarkers can be blocked by compounds with anti
      cancer potential but selection must be made on the basis of no adverse side
      effects. This study is focused on finding of compounds from a plant source
      garlic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty compounds from garlic and five targets
      considered involved in BC were retrieved from Pubchem database and Protein Data
      Bank respectively. They were docked using Accelrys Discovery Studio (DS) 4.0. The
      compounds which showed interaction were checked for drug likeliness. RESULTS:
      Docking studies and ADMET evaluation revealed twelve compounds to be active
      against the targets. All the compounds displayed highly negative dock scores
      which indicated good interactions. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study should
      help researchers and scientists in the pharmaceutical field to identify drugs
      based on garlic.

PMID- 27356708
TI  - Behavioral Modification Regarding Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma with a
      Health Belief Model Using Integrated Learning.
AB  - This study aimed to modify behavior regarding liver fluke and cholangiocarcinoma
      prevention in Chumphuang district, Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand through
      integrated learning. A total of 180 participants were included through purposive
      selection of high-risk scores on verbal screening. Participants attended the
      health education program which applied the health belief model included family
      based, knowledge station based, academic merit based and community based
      learning. Data were collected using a questionnaire composed of 4 parts: 1)
      personal information, 2) knowledge, 3) perceived susceptibility, severity,
      benefits, and barriers, 4) practice regarding liver fluke and cholangiocarcinoma
      prevention. The result revealed that the majority were female (79.9%), age >=60
      years old (33.2%), primary school educational level (76.1%), and agricultural
      occupation (70.1%). The mean scores of knowledge, perception, and practice to
      liver fluke and cholangiocarcinoma prevention, before participated the
      integrative learning were low, moderate, and low, respectively. Meanwhile, the
      mean score of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and
      barriers, and practice regarding liver fluke and cholangiocarcinoma prevention,
      were higher with statistical significance after participation in the integrated
      learning. This finding indicates that health education programs may successfully
      modify health behavior in the rural communities. Therefore they may useful for
      further work behavior modification in other epidemic areas. 

PMID- 27356709
TI  - Temporal Trends and Future Prediction of Breast Cancer Incidence Across Age
      Groups in Trivandrum, South India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing breast cancer (BC) incidence rates have been reported from
      India; causal factors for this increased incidence are not understood and
      diagnosis is mostly in advanced stages. Trivandrum exhibits the highest BC
      incidence rates in India. This study aimed to estimate trends in incidence by age
      from 2005- 2014, to predict rates through 2020 and to assess the stage at
      diagnosis of BC in Trivandrum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BC cases were obtained from
      the Population Based Cancer Registry, Trivandrum. Distribution of stage at
      diagnosis and incidence rates of BC [Age-specific (ASpR), crude (CR) and age
      standardized (ASR)] are described and employed with a joinpoint regression model
      to estimate average annual percent changes (AAPC) and a Bayesian model to
      estimate predictive rates. RESULTS: BC accounts for 31% (2681/8737) of all female
      cancers in Trivandrum. Thirty-five percent (944/2681) are <50 years of age and
      only 9% present with stage I disease. Average age increased from 53 to 56.4 years
      (p=0.0001), CR (per 105 women) increased from 39 (ASR: 35.2) to 55.4 (ASR: 43.4),
      AAPC for CR was 5.0 (p=0.001) and ASR was 3.1 (p=0.001). Rates increased from 50
      years. Predicted ASpR is 174 in 50-59 years, 231 in > 60 years and overall CR is
      80 (ASR: 57) for 2019- 20. CONCLUSIONS: BC, mostly diagnosed in advanced stages,
      is rising rapidly in South India with large increases likely in the future;
      particularly among post-menopausal women. This increase might be due to aging
      and/or changes in lifestyle factors. Reasons for the increased incidence and late
      stage diagnosis need to be studied.

PMID- 27356710
TI  - What Do Korean Women Know and Want to Know about Thyroid Cancer? A Qualitative
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite increasing debate about overdiagnosis and overtreatment of
      thyroid cancer in Korea, information to guide decisions on whether or not to
      undergo screening for and treatment of abnormal lesions of the thyroid is
      lacking. Moreover, studies have yet to outline what lay people know and want to
      know about thyroid cancer. The primary aim of this study was to explore general
      awareness of thyroid cancer among Korean women, their sources of information, and
      their satisfaction with the information they are provided. The secondary aim was
      to investigate information needs about thyroid cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      qualitative study using focus group interviews was conducted. Twenty-nine women
      were divided into four groups: (1) participants who had never undergone thyroid
      ultrasound screening; (2) those who had undergone screening, (3) those who
      continued to undergo regular check-ups with ultrasonography for benign nodules of
      the thyroid; and (4) participants who had undergone surgery for thyroid cancer.
      RESULTS: A widespread lack of awareness of information on thyroid cancer was
      noted among participants in groups 1 and 2 who were not well aware of thyroid
      cancer and generally recognized it as a'good cancer'. Surprisingly, instead of
      doctors and medical personnel, most participants reported obtaining information
      from acquaintances and media outlets. Moreover, most participants described
      dissatisfaction with their experience with screening and a lack of explanation on
      treatment and test results from medical personnel. CONCLUSIONS: Women in Korea
      seek reliable information on thyroid cancer that could help them to better
      understand the disease and make informed decisions regarding screening and
      treatment. More effort is needed from medical personnel to communicate the
      implications of thyroid cancer, screening results, and treatments thereof to lay
      people.

PMID- 27356711
TI  - Application of Immunophenotyping and Heteroduplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
      (hPARR) for Diagnosis of Canine Lymphomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Canine malignant lymphoma is classified into B- or T-cell origin, as
      in the human case. Due to differences in prognosis, a suitable method needs to be
      developed for lineage identification. AIMS: To determine the accuracy of
      immunophenotypic and molecular information between three methods:
      immunocytochemistry (ICC), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and heteroduplex polymerase
      chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangements (hPARR) in spontaneous canine
      lymphomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood, fine needle aspiration and
      tissue biopsies from enlarged peripheral lymph nodes prior to treatment of 28
      multicentric lymphoma patients were collected. Cytopathology and histopathology
      were examined and classified using the updated Kiel and WHO classifications,
      respectively. Anti-Pax5 and anti-CD3 antibodies as B- and T-cell markers were
      applied for immunophenotyping by ICC and IHC. Neoplastic lymphocytes from lymph
      node and white blood cell pellets from peripheral blood were evaluated by hPARR.
      RESULTS: In this study, low grade B-cell lymphoma accounted for 25% (7/28), high
      grade B-cell lymphoma for 64.3% (18/28) and high grade T-cell lymphoma for 10.7%
      (3/28). According to the WHO classification, 50% of all cases were classified as
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In addition, ICC showed concordant results with
      IHC; all B-cell lymphomas showed Pax5+/CD3, and all T-cell lymphomas exhibited
      Pax5-/CD3+. In contrast to hPARR, 12 B-cell lymphomas featured the IgH gene;
      seven presented the TCRgamma gene; five cases showed both IgH and TCRgamma genes,
      and one case were indeterminate. Three T-cell lymphomas showed the TCRgamma gene.
      The percentage agreement between hPARR and ICC/IHC was 60%. CONCLUSIONS:
      Immunophenotyping should not rely on a single method. ICC or IHC with hPARR
      should be used concurrently for immunophenotypic diagnosis in canine lymphomas.

PMID- 27356712
TI  - Breast Conserving Therapy and Quality of Life in Thai Females: a Mixed Methods
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To explore factors that influence quality of life (QOL) in patients
      receiving breast conserving therapy (BCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      sequential mixed methods study, 118 women from Songklanagarind Hospital were
      included. We used participants' characteristics, Body Image Scale (BIS), and
      Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy with the Breast Cancer Subscale (FACT-B)
      for analysis. The BIS transformed into presence of body image disturbance (BID).
      Factors that influenced QOL were determined by stepwise multiple linear
      regression. Forty-one participants were selected for qualitative analysis. Our
      female researcher performed the semi-structured interviews with questions based
      on the symbolic interaction theory. Final codes were analysed using thematic
      analysis along with investigator triangulation methods. RESULTS: Ninety percent
      had early stage breast cancer with post-completed BCT, for an average of 2.7
      years. The median BIS score and FACT-B score were 2 (IQR=10) and 130 (IQR=39). In
      the regression analysis, an age of more than 50 years and BID were significant
      factors. As for the value of conserved breasts, two themes emerged: a conserved
      breast is an essential part of a participant's life and also the representation
      of her womanhood; the importance of a breast is related to age. CONCLUSIONS: Body
      image influenced QOL in post BCT participants. The conserved breasts also lead to
      positive and better impact on their body image as an essential part of their
      life.

PMID- 27356713
TI  - Mate and Tea Intake, Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Breast Cancer: a Case
      Control Study.
AB  - Recently, we reported an inverse association between high 'mate' intake (infusion
      of Ilex paraguariensis herb, a staple beverage in temperate South America) and
      breast cancer (BC) risk. Stronger inverse associations were found in high strata
      of tea, vegetable, fruit and energy intakes, and in overweight/obese women,
      suggesting possible roles for 'mate' mainly from its antioxidant contribution.
      The present study attempted to thoroughly explore possible associations among
      'mate' and tea intake, dietary antioxidants and BC risk. Combining two databases
      of previous studies, 572 BC incident cases and 889 controls were interviewed with
      a specific questionnaire featuring socio-demographic, reproductive and lifestyle
      variables, and a food frequency questionnaire (64 items), focusing on 'mate'
      intake (consumer status, daily intake, age at start, age at quit, duration of
      habit). Food-derived nutrients were calculated from available databases. Odds
      ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated through
      unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for relevant potential confounders.
      The highest 'mate' intake was significantly inversely associated with BC risk for
      both low and high carotenoids (OR=0.40 vs. 0.41), vitamin C (OR=0.33 vs. 0.50),
      vitamin E (OR=0.37 vs. 0.45), flavonols (OR=0.38 vs. 0.48) and reduced
      glutathione (OR=0.48 vs. 0.46) strata. High tea intake showed significant inverse
      risk associations only with high carotenoids (OR=0.41), vitamin E (OR=0.48) and
      reduced glutathione (OR=0.43) strata. In conclusion, a strong and inverse
      association for 'mate' intake and BC was found, independent of dietary
      antioxidant levels. Also strong inverse associations with tea intake were more
      evident only at high levels of certain dietary antioxidants. 

PMID- 27356714
TI  - Association of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Interleukin 6 Polymorphisms with
      Lymphovascular Invasion, Extranodal Extension, and Lower Disease-Free Survival in
      Thai Breast Cancer Patients.
AB  - Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer diagnosed among women worldwide
      and also in Thailand. Estrogen and estrogen receptors exert important roles in
      its genesis and progression. Several cytokines have been reported to be involved
      in the microenvironment that promotes distant metastasis via modulation of immune
      and inflammatory responses to tumor cells. Estrogen receptor genetic
      polymorphisms and several cytokines have been reported to be associated with
      breast cancer susceptibility and aggressiveness. To investigate roles of genetic
      polymorphisms in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and interleukin 6 (IL6), breast
      cancer patients and control subjects were recruited from the Division of Head,
      Neck and Breast Surgery (Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand). Polymorphisms in
      ESR1 (rs3798577) and IL6 (rs1800795 and rs1800797) were evaluated by real-time
      PCR in 391 breast cancer patients and 79 healthy controls. Associations between
      genetic polymorphisms and clinicopathological data were determined. There was no
      association between genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility.
      However the ESR1 rs3798577 CT genotype was associated with presence of
      lymphovascular invasion (OR=2.07, 95%CI 1.20-3.56, p=0.009) when compared to the
      TT genotype. IL6 rs1800795 CC genotype was associated with presence of extranodal
      extension (OR= 2.30, 95%CI 1.23-4.31, p=0.009) when compared to the GG genotype.
      Survival analysis showed that IL6 rs1800797 AG or AA genotypes were associated
      with lower disease-free survival. These findings indicate that polymorphisms in
      ESR1 and IL6 contribute to aggressiveness of breast cancer and may be used to
      identify high risk patients. 

PMID- 27356715
TI  - Head to Head Comparison of the Chun Nomogram, Percentage Free PSA and Primary
      Circulating Prostate Cells to Predict the Presence of Prostate Cancer at Repeat
      Biopsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The limitations of total serum PSA values remain problematic,
      especially after an initial negative prostate biopsy. In this prospective study
      of Chilean men with a continued suspicion of prostate cancer due to a
      persistently elevated total serum PSA, abnormal digital rectal examination and
      initial negative prostate biopsy were compared with the use of the on-line Chun
      nomagram, detection of primary malignant circulating prostate cells (CPCs) and
      free percent PSA to predict a positive second prostate biopsy. We hypothesized
      that men negative for circulating prostate cells have a small risk of clinically
      significant prostate cancer and thus may be conservatively observed. Men positive
      for circulating prostate cells should undergo biopsy to confirm prostate cancer.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive men with a continued suspicion of prostate
      cancer underwent 12 core TRUS prostate biopsy; age, total serum PSA and
      percentage free PSA and Chun nomagram scores were registered. Immediately before
      biopsy an 8ml blood simple was taken to detect primary mCPCs. Mononuclear cells
      were obtained by differential gel centrifugation and identified using double
      immunostaining with anti-PSA and anti-P504S. Biopsies were classifed as cancer/no
      cancer, mCPC detecton test as negative/positive and the total number of cells/8ml
      registered. Areas under the curve (AUC) for percentage free PSA, Chun score and
      CPCs were calculated and compared. Diagnostic yields were calculated with
      reference to the number of possible biopsies that could be avoided and the number
      of clinically significant cancers that would be missed. RESULTS: A total of 164
      men underwent a second biopsy; 41 (25%) had cancer; the AUCs were 0.65 for free
      PSA, 0.76 for the Chun score and 0.87 for CPC detection, the last having a
      significantly superior prediction value (p=0.01). Using cut off values of free
      PSA <10%, Chun score >50% and >=1 CPC detected, CPC detection had a higher
      diagnostic yield. Some 4/41 cancers complied with the criteria for active
      surveillance, free PSA and the Chun score missed a higher number of significant
      cancers when compared with CPC detection. CONCLUSIONS: Primary CPC detection
      outperformed the use of free PSA and the Chun nomagram in predicting clinically
      significant prostate cancer at repeat prostate biopsy.

PMID- 27356716
TI  - Development of a Health Education Modification Program Regarding Liver Flukes and
      Cholangiocarcinoma in High Risk Areas of Nakhon Ratchasima Province Using Self
      Efficacy and Motivation Theory.
AB  - A quasi-experimental study was conducted to develop a health education
      modification program based on self-efficacy and motivation regarding liver flukes
      and cholangiocarcinoma development in Keang Sanam Nang district, Nakhon
      Ratchasima province, Thailand. A total of 36 individuals were invited to
      participate in the program and were screened for population at risk of liver
      fluke infection and cholangiocarcinoma using SUT-OV-001 and SUT-CCA-001.
      Development of health education modification program regarding liver fluke and
      cholangiocarcinoma prevention included 3 steps: (1) preparation, (2) health
      education program, and (3) follow-up and evaluation. The study was implemented
      for 10 weeks. Pre-and-post-test knowledge was measured with questionnaires, Kuder
      Richardson-20: KR-20 = 0.718,and Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient = 0.724 and 0.716
      for perception and outcome expectation questionnaires. Paired and independent t
      tests were applied for data analysis. The majority of the participants were
      female (55.6%), aged between <=50 and 60 years old (36.1%), married (86.1%),
      education level of primary school (63.9%), agricultural occupation (80.6%), and
      income <4,000 Baht (44.4%). The results revealed that after the health education
      program, the experimental group had a mean score of knowledge, perception, and
      outcome expectation regarding liver fluke and cholangiocarcinoma prevention
      significantly higher than before participation and in the control group. In
      conclusion, this successful health education modification program for liver fluke
      and cholangiocarcinoma, therefore may useful for further work behavior
      modification in other epidemic areas. 

PMID- 27356717
TI  - Metastasis Risk Reduction Related with Beta-Blocker Treatment in Mexican Women
      with Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast Cancer (BCa) is the most common malignant tumour in Mexican
      women. In BCa, several studies have linked beta2-adrenergic receptor activation
      with increased tumour growth and progression as related with Epinephrine
      NorEpinephrine (E-NE) stimulation. The aim of this study was to describe Beta
      Blocker (BB) treatment related with reduction of the risk of metastasis in
      Mexican patients with BCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected data of 120
      patients seen at the High-Specialty Naval General Hospital in Mexico City
      (HOSGENAES), all of these with a histopathological diagnosis of BCa. Four groups
      of patients were divided as follows: without Systemic Arterial Hypertension
      (SAH); with SAH treatment with non-selective BB; with SAH treatment with
      selective BB, and with SAH treatment with other antihypertensive drugs. Chi
      square, Mantel- Haenszel, Student t, and ANOVA tests were performed for data
      analysis. RESULTS: On average, patients were 54.8+/-11.8 years of age. Risk
      factors such as smoking and consuming alcohol exhibited a frequency of 33 and
      36.5% respectively. Clinical stages III- IV were found in 50% of patients, while,
      30% of patients had arterial hypertension (n=29 and N=96, respectively) and 17.5%
      used BB. One hundred percent of patients with arterial hypertension treated with
      BB for beta1 - and beta2 -adrenergic-receptors did not present metastasis
      globally, but patients treated with beta1 BB presented 30% of metastasis while
      patients treated with no BB or without SAH had around 70% of metastasis.
      CONCLUSIONS: In Mexican patients with BCa and SAH treated with non-selective
      (beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptors) BB, a decrease in the risk for metastasis
      was observed at the time of diagnosis.

PMID- 27356718
TI  - Possible Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Association with HPV18 or HPV33 Infection.
AB  - The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of HPV infection in
      epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in Hunan province. DNA samples were collected
      from paraffin embedded ovarian tissue from 322 patients with EOC, 99 with ovarian
      benign tumors and 199 normal persons. The polymerase chain reaction and direct
      sequencing were used to identify the HPV types in the samples. The relationship
      between the infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the epithelial ovarian
      carcinoma (EOC) was investigated combined with clinical data. The prevalence of
      HPV18 and HPV33 in EOC group and benign group was higher than in the normal
      group. HPV18 and HPV33 may play a role in the development of both EOC and ovarian
      benign tumor and may participate in the development of EOC with traditional risk
      factors, family history and abortion, possibly exerting synergistic effects.. 

PMID- 27356719
TI  - Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening among Health Care Workers Providing
      Services Across Different Socio-economic Regions of China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: China carries a heavy burden of cervical cancer (CC) and substantial
      disparities exist across regions within the country. In order to reduce regional
      disparities in CC, the government of China launched the National Cervical Cancer
      Screening Program in Rural Areas (NCCSPRA) in 2009. Critical to the success of
      the program are the health care workers who play a pivotal role in preventing and
      managing CC by encouraging and motivating women to use screening services and by
      providing identification and treatment services. This study aimed to assess
      cervical cancer knowledge among these health care workers at the county level in
      maternal and child health (MCH) hospitals across different socio-economic regions
      of China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted and self
      administered questionnaires were sent to all health care workers (a total of 66)
      providing cervical cancer screening services in 6 county level MCH hospitals in
      Liaoning, Hubei and Shaanxi provinces, representing eastern, central and western
      regions of China; 64 (97.0%, 64/66) of the workers responded. ANOVA and Chi
      square test were used to compare the knowledge rate and scores in subgroups.
      RESULTS: The knowledge level of the respondents was generally low. The overall
      combined knowledge rate was 46.9%. The knowledge rates for risk factors,
      prevention, clinical symptoms, screening and diagnostic tests and understanding
      of positive results were 31.3%, 37.5%, 18.1%, 56.3% and 84.4%, respectively.
      Statistically significant differences in scores or rates of CC knowledge were
      seen across the different regions. The total and sectional scores in the less
      developed regions were statistically significantly lower than in the other
      regions. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the health care workers who provide CC
      screening service in NCCSPRA at county level MCH hospitals do not have adequately
      equipped with knowledge about CC. Given the importance of knowledge to the
      program's success in reducing CC burden in rural women in China, efforts are
      needed to improve the knowledge of health care workers, especially in less
      developed regions.

PMID- 27356720
TI  - Opisthorchis viverrini Infection Among People in the Border Areas of Three
      Provinces, Northeast of Thailand.
AB  - Opisthorchis viverrini is still a serious problem in Northeastern and Northern
      Thailand. Active surveillance is required to determine updated data for further
      prevention and control planning. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the
      prevalence and risk factors for O. viverrini in three provinces, Northeastern
      Thailand. A cross- sectional survey was conducted during October 2015 to March
      2016 at Kaeng Sanam Nang district of Nakhon Ratchasima province, Waeng Noi
      district of Khon Kaen province, and Khon Sawan district of Chaiyaphum province,
      Thailand. Stool samples were examined by using a modified Kato-Katz Thick smear
      technique. From a total of 978 participants screened, O. viverrini infection was
      found in 1.74%, the majority opf positive cases being male (6.62%), age group 51
      60 years old (4.21%), educated at primary school (8.43%), occupied with
      agriculture (9.62%),having an income <4,000 baht per month (4.82%), and living in
      Khon Sawan district (8.43%). Participants had a high knowledge level (42.43%),
      good attitude level (34.76%), and fair level (38.04%). The present study
      indicates the O. viverrini infection rate is low, but elderly males with primary
      school education involved in agriculture are still frequently effected
      particularly in Khon Sawan district. Therefore, this risk group requires behavior
      modification and continued monitoring. 

PMID- 27356721
TI  - Reduced Ovarian Cancer Incidence in Women Exposed to Low Dose Ionizing Background
      Radiation or Radiation to the Ovaries after Treatment for Breast Cancer or
      Rectosigmoid Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High dose ionizing radiation can induce ovarian cancer, but the
      effect of low dose radiation on the development of ovarian cancer has not been
      extensively studied. We evaluated the effect of low dose radiation and total
      background radiation, and the radiation delivered to the ovaries during the
      treatment of rectosigmoid cancer and breast cancer on ovarian cancer incidence.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Background radiation measurements are from Assessment of
      Variations in Radiation Exposure in the United States, 2011. Ovarian cancer
      incidence data are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
      Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of ovarian cancer following breast cancer and
      rectosigmoid cancer are from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)
      data. Obesity data by US state are from the Centers for Disease Control and
      Prevention. Mean ages of US state populations are from the United States Census
      Bureau. RESULTS: We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) from
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, which reveal that in
      194,042 cases of breast cancer treated with beam radiation, there were 796 cases
      of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.41%); in 283, 875 cases of
      breast cancer not treated with radiation, there were 1,531 cases of ovarian
      cancer by 120+ months (0.54%). The difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the
      two groups was significant (<0.001, two tailed Fisher exact test). The small dose
      of scattered ovarian radiation (about 3.09 cGy) from beam radiation to the breast
      appears to have reduced the risk of ovarian cancer by 24%. In 13,099 cases of
      rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer treated with beam radiation in the SEER
      data, there were 20 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months of treatment (0.15%).
      In 33,305 cases of rectal or rectosigmoid junction cancer not treated with
      radiation, there were 91 cases of ovarian cancer by 120+ months (0.27%). The
      difference in ovarian cancer incidence in the two groups was significant (p =
      0.017, two tailed Fisher exact test). In other words, the beam radiation to
      rectum and rectosigmoid that also reached the ovaries reduced the risk of ovarian
      cancer by 44%. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between
      ovarian cancer in white women and radon background radiation (r = - 0.465. p =
      0.002) and total background radiation (r = -0.456, p = 0.002). Because increasing
      age and obesity are risk factors for ovarian cancer, multivariate linear
      regression was performed. The inverse relationship between ovarian cancer
      incidence and radon background was significant (beta = - 0.463, p = 0.002) but
      unrelated to age (beta = - 0.080, p = 0.570) or obesity (beta = - 0.180, p =
      0.208). CONCLUSIONS: The reduction of ovarian cancer risk following low dose
      radiation may be the result of radiation hormesis. Hormesis is a favorable
      biological response to low toxin exposure. A pollutant or toxin demonstrating
      hormesis has the opposite effect in small doses as in large doses. In the case of
      radiation, large doses are carcinogenic. However, lower overall cancer rates are
      found in U.S. states with high impact radiation. Moreover, there is reduced lung
      cancer incidence in high radiation background US states where nuclear weapons
      testing was done. Women at increased risk of ovarian cancer have two choices.
      They may be closely followed (surveillance) or undergo immediate prophylactic
      bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. However, the efficacy of surveillance is
      questionable. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is considered preferable, although
      it carries the risk of surgical complications. The data analysis above suggests
      that low-dose pelvic irradiation might be a good third choice to reduce ovarian
      cancer risk. Further studies would be worthwhile to establish the lowest optimum
      radiation dose.

PMID- 27356722
TI  - Prioritizing the Preferences of Iranian Cancer Patients Regarding Acquisition of
      Health Information: Strategy for Patient Education.
AB  - Recognizing cancer patients' preferences to obtain health information can help
      improve and reform the methods of communicating and providing proper services and
      consequently lead to effective patient education. The present cross-sectional
      study to prioritize the preferences of cancer patients regarding the acquisition
      of health informationwas conducted on cancer patients referred to hospitals
      affiliated to Semnan University of Medical Sciences in 2015. An anonymous self
      administered questionnaire was developed. In the field of side effects of
      medications, 50 (46.7%) reported knowing about weight change, in the area of
      achieving relative health, 62(57.9%) announced awareness about diet, and 45
      (42.1%) reported physical complications as a first regarding information needs.
      In the area of obtaining information, 50 (46.7%) tended to take their information
      through means outside of the hospital setting. These results can help with design
      of clinical information systems, as they inform the most relevant and useful
      coverage designed for cancer patients. Providing useful information through
      healthcare providers, the media and clinical information systems can act as a
      major source of social support for cancer patients. 

PMID- 27356723
TI  - Circulating DNA in Egyptian Women with Breast Cancer.
AB  - The commonest cancer in Egyptian females occurs in the breast cfDNA is a non
      invasive marker for tumor detetion and prognostic assessment in many types of
      cancer including breast cancer. This study aimed to assess the role of cfDNA and
      its fragmentation pattern in breast cancer prognosis and treatment response.
      Forty female patients with malignant breast tumors and a comparable group of
      healthy blood donors were enrolled prospectively. cfDNA levels and fragmentation
      patterns were investigated after cfDNA extraction, gel electrophoresis and gel
      analysis. The percentage of breast cancer patients positive for cfDNA (92.5%) was
      significantly higher than that of controls (55%). Also, mean concentration of
      cfDNA was significantly higher than in the control group (<0.05). Most Her-2
      positive patients had long cfDNA fragments, this being significant as compared to
      Her-2 negative patients (<0.05). Metastasis was also positively linked to
      significantly higher cfDNA (<0.05) and the mean cfDNA integrity index was
      significantly higher in non-responders compared to treatment responders (<0.05).
      In conclusion, both qualitative and quantitative aspects of cfDNA and its
      different fragments in breast cancer patients could be related to prognosis,
      metastasis and treatment response. Long cfDNA fragments could be particularly
      useful for prediction purposes. 

PMID- 27356724
TI  - Eight Year Survival Analysis of Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer in
      India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often presents as an interval
      cancer with short survival upon metastasis and thus represents an important
      clinical challenge. The present study investigated the clinicopathologic
      characteristics and long term survival outcome of early and locally advanced
      TNBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for
      148 consecutive confirmed cases of TNBC treated in a single unit at our centre.
      Demographic profile, tumor type, histopathology details, treatment and follow-up
      information was recorded and immunohistochemistry was performed. RESULTS: Age
      group >50 years was associated with tumors of clinical stage 3 (53.8%),
      pathological stage 3 (46.2%), pathological grade 3 (45.7%), presence of
      extracapsular extension (ECE, 48.5%) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI, 64.9%).
      Locally advanced breast cancers (LABCs) were characterized by pathological stage
      3 (96.2%), presence of ECE (100%) and absence of LVI (46.7%) as compared to early
      breast cancers (EBCs) which had higher incidence of lower stage tumors (100%),
      absence of ECE (82%) and presence of LVI (91.9%; p-value <0.001. Better relapse
      free survival was observed in patients with no axillary involvement (69%; p-value
      <0.001) and absence of ECE (64%; p-value <0.001). Improved overall survival was
      seen in patients with EBC (90%; p-value 0.008), clear axilla (86%; p-value
      <0.001), absence of ECE (87%; p-value <0.001) and negative lymph nodes (90%; p
      value 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: TNBCs are aggressive tumors which show poor long term
      survival. Patients with TNBC benefit from chemotherapy, thus better and less
      toxic treatment options are needed. Identification of newer targets and
      development of targeted therapies are the need of the hour.

PMID- 27356725
TI  - Genetic Abnormalities in Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Cancer Progression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cancer progression of oral leukoplakia is an important watchpoint
      in the follow-up observation of the patients. However, potential malignancies of
      oral leukoplakia cannot be estimated by histopathologic assessment alone. We
      evaluated genetic abnormalities at the level of copy number variation (CNV) to
      investigate the risk for developing cancer in oral leukoplakias. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The current study used 27 oral leukoplakias with histological evidence
      of dysplasia. The first group (progressing dysplasia) consisted of 7 oral lesions
      from patients with later progression to cancer at the same site. The other group
      (non- progressing dysplasia) consisted of 20 lesions from patients with no
      occurrence of oral cancer and longitudinal follow up (>7 years). We extracted DNA
      from Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) samples and examined chromosomal
      loci and frequencies of CNVs using Taqman copy number assays. RESULTS: CNV
      frequently occurred at 3p, 9p, and 13q loci in progressing dysplasia. Our results
      also indicate that CNV at multiple loci-in contrast to single locus occurrences
      is characteristic of progressing dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that
      genetic abnormalities of the true precancer demonstrate the progression risk
      which cannot be delineated by current histopathologic diagnosis.

PMID- 27356726
TI  - Evaluating Direct Costs of Gastric Cancer Treatment in Iran - Case Study in
      Kerman City in 2015.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal cancers are common malignancies associated with high
      mortality rates. Health- care systems are always faced with high costs of
      treatment of gastrointestinal cancers including stomach cancer. Identification
      and prioritization of these costs can help determine economic burden and then
      improve of health planning by policy-makers. This study was performed in 2015 in
      Kerman City aimed at estimating the direct hospital costs for patients with
      gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the medical
      records of 160 patients with stomach cancer admitted from 2011 to 2014 to Shafa
      Hospital were examined, the current stage of the disease and the patients' health
      status were identified, and the direct costs related to the type of treatment in
      the public and private sectors were calculated. SPSS-19 was used for statistical
      analysis of the data. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, 103 (65%) were men and 57
      (35%) were women. The mean age of patients was 65 years. Distribution into four
      stages of the disease was 5%, 20%, 30%, and 45%, respectively. Direct costs in
      four stages of the disease were calculated as 2191.07, 2642.93, 2877, and 2674.07
      USD (63,045,879, 76,047,934, 82,783,019, and 76,943,800 IRR), respectively. The
      highest percentage of costs was related to surgery in Stage I and to medication
      in Stages II, III, and IV. According to the results of direct costs of treatment
      for stomach cancer in Kerman, the mean total cost of treating a patient in the
      public sector was estimated at 74,705,158 IRR, of which averages of 60,141,384
      IRR and 14,563,774 IRR were the shares of insurance and patients, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence and diagnosis of disease in old age and at
      advanced stages of disease impose great costs on the patients and the health
      system. Early diagnosis through screening and selecting an appropriate treatment
      method might largely ameliorate the economic burden of the disease.

PMID- 27356727
TI  - DNMT3B -149 C>T and -579 G>T Polymorphisms and Risk of Gastric and Colorectal
      Cancer: a Meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have investigated associations of DNA
      methyltransferase (DNMT) -149 C>T and -579 G>T polymorphisms with gastric cancer
      (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility; however, the findings are
      inconsistent prompting the present meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Related
      studies were identified from PubMed, Google scholar, and SID until 10 October
      2015. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to
      assess the strength of the associations. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included
      based on the search criteria for CRC and GC related to the DNMT3B 149 C>T (3,353
      cases and 4,936 controls) and DNMT3B 579 G>T (1,387 cases and 2,064 controls)
      polymorphisms. There was no significant association overall between DNMT3B -149
      and 579 polymorphisms and the risk of cancer. In the stratified analysis by
      cancer type, DNMT3B 579G>T polymorphism was associated with the risk of CRC and
      GC. While the DNMT3B -149C/T polymorphism was related with a significantly
      increased risk of CRC in two tested models, dominant (GG+GT vs. TT: OR 0.51, 95 %
      CI 0.38-0.69; P = 0.00, Pheterogeneity=0.69, I2= 0 %) and heterozygote (GT vs.
      TT: OR 0.50, 95 % CI 0.37-0.69; P=0.00, Pheterogeneity=0.41, I2= 0 %), no
      evidence of any association with GC risk was observed as in the pooled analyses.
      CONCLUSIONS: More studies are needed to assess associations of DNMT3B -149C/T and
      DNMT3B 579G>T polymorphisms with cancer in different ethnicities with large
      population sizes to generate comprehensive conclusions.

PMID- 27356728
TI  - Auto-Coding of Cancer Registry Data in China.
AB  - The significance, difficulty and strategy of coding cancer data according to
      international coding standards are discussed, and the concept, methods and
      realization of cancer data automatic coding in cancer registries in China are
      introduced in the paper. Coding cancer data automatically with software could not
      only reduce the time, manpower and workload, while improving the accuracy and
      efficiency of cancer data coding, but also enhance the validity of cancer
      registration and the value of cancer registry data, which is of great
      significance. 

PMID- 27356729
TI  - A case of complex partial seizure with reversible MRI abnormalities in the
      elderly.
AB  - A 79-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of prolonged impaired
      consciousness and right hemiparesis. She was treated for acute cerebral
      infarction because her brain magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive cortical
      lesions similar to acute infarction in diffusion weighted image, fluid attenuated
      inversion recovery, and T2 weighted images. On the fifth day, she had a focal
      seizure on the right side. A new lesion during imaging and electroencephalogram
      abnormality were observed at that time. After the antiepileptic drug treatment
      was started, her right hemiparesis considered as ictal paresis, confusion, and
      the magnetic resonance imaging findings gradually improved. There was also an
      old, irreversible lesion in the left hippocampus, which was considered as the
      focus of her complex partial seizure. In the elderly, the post-ictal period of
      confusion, which occurs with complex partial seizure, may be prolonged. In our
      case, improvement of hemiparesis and confusion occurred after about 2 weeks.

PMID- 27356730
TI  - Analysis of resting salivation rate in patients with amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis using tracheostomy invasive ventilation.
AB  - Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) often suffer from salivation
      problems such as drooling and dry mouth. We examined resting salivation rate
      cross-sectionally in 66 advanced ALS patients with tracheostomy invasive
      ventilation using a cotton roll method, and investigated clinical factors
      associated with salivation rate. Resting salivation rate in the patients was well
      preserved (median value 0.6 g/min), and was significantly more increased in
      patients with impairment of jaw movement (P = 0.007) or mouth opening (P = 0.003)
      than in patients with less impairment, and in patients with the mouth being
      constantly open >= 10 mm in rostrocaudal length than in patients with < 10 mm.
      These data indicate that salivation rate was increased with progression of
      dysfunction of voluntary jaw movement. Appropriate oral care is required in
      advanced ALS patients to maintain their oral hygiene and to avoid penetration of
      saliva into the airway.

PMID- 27356731
TI  - A case of slowly progressive anti-Yo-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar
      degeneration successfully treated with antitumor and immunotherapy.
AB  - We report a case of slowly progressive anti-Yo-associated paraneoplastic
      cerebellar degeneration (PCD) with breast cancer in a 54-year-old woman. The
      symptoms of limb and truncal ataxia, and dysarthria gradually progressed during
      the course of 1 year, and the modified Rankin scale (mRS) score was 2. A
      mastectomy with sentinel lymph node resection was performed for the breast
      cancer. No malignant cells were found on histopathological examination of the
      lymph node. Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (AC)
      prevented neurologic deterioration. However, subsequent treatment with
      trastuzumab and paclitaxel did not prevent progression of the symptoms (mRS score
      3). Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed atrophy of the cerebellar hemispheres
      without brain stem atrophy. Anti-Yo antibody was detected in the serum, which led
      to a diagnosis of anti-Yo-associated PCD. We resected an enlarged axillary lymph
      node, which was found on computed tomography. The histopathological analysis of
      the lymph node revealed foreign body granuloma, which suggested an association
      with necrotic malignant tissue. Following additional tegafur-uracil therapy and
      two courses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), the cerebellar signs and
      symptoms gradually improved (mRS score 2). The clinical course shows that PCD can
      present as a slowly progressive cerebellar symptom. We propose an active
      treatment for anti-Yo-associated PCD consisting of tumor resection, combined
      chemotherapy, and IVIg.

PMID- 27356732
TI  - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with bilateral middle cerebellar
      peduncle lesions confirmed by repeated CSF-JC virus tests and coexistence of JC
      virus granule cell neuronopathy. Report of a case.
AB  - A 65 year-old woman with small lymphocytic leukemia presented with subacute
      cerebellar ataxia. Six months after rituximab chemotherapy, a cranial MRI
      revealed lesions in the bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles. Both cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) JC virus (JCV)-DNA PCR test on three occasions and brain biopsy were
      negative. CSF tests were repeated. The fourth test performed 6 months after the
      onset showed positive JCV-DNA, and a definite diagnosis of progressive multifocal
      leukoencephalopathy (PML) was made. Neuroimaging of cerebellar atrophy was
      considered to be coexistence of granule cell neuronopathy. Medication with
      mirtazapine and mefloquine was temporarily effective for several months. Little
      are known solitary bilateral MRI lesions of the middle cerebellar peduncle in
      PML. JCV-PCR test of CSF may be negative at an earlier stage of PML. Repeated CSF
      tests should be essential to confirming the diagnosis in such cases.

PMID- 27356733
TI  - An autopsy case of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system
      accompanied by anterior sacral polycystic meningocele in neurofibromatosis type
      1.
AB  - A 74-year-old female patient, who was diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1
      (NF1) at the age of 40, was admitted with complaints of flickering vision and
      gait disturbance for the last 2 years. On admission, neurological examination
      revealed mild bilateral hearing loss and ataxia in the limb and trunk. Laboratory
      tests revealed anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody positivity and elevated HCV
      RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The cerebrospinal fluid examination
      revealed a slightly yellowish appearance with elevated total protein levels.
      Gradient echo T2*-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a
      rim of hypointense lesions surrounding the surface of the cerebellum, brainstem,
      frontal and temporal lobes, and thalamus, which was considered as hemosiderin
      depositions. From these MRI findings, she was diagnosed as having superficial
      siderosis of the central nervous system. Cerebral angiography revealed an
      aneurysm-like dilatation at the bifurcation of the right internal carotid
      posterior communicating artery. (99m)Tc-ethyl cysteinate dimer single-photon
      emission computed tomography revealed hypoperfusion in the bilateral frontal and
      temporal lobes. Pelvic plain X-ray, pelvic computed tomography, and lumbosacral
      MRI revealed a sacral defect and an anterior sacral polycystic meningocele
      communicating with the spinal subarachnoid space. The patient's symptoms
      gradually worsened, and she died of septic shock because of pyelonephritis at the
      age of 77. An autopsy was performed; on pathological examination, we did not
      observe any findings associated with rupture of the aneurysm-like dilatation in
      the bifurcation of the right internal carotid-posterior communicating artery and
      cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Because duropathies-a new neurological disease
      concept-have been implicated as a cause of bleeding in the superficial siderosis,
      the anterior sacral polycystic meningocele, a type of duropathies, was presumed
      to be the most probable bleeding source of the superficial siderosis in this
      patient. Bleeding from the meningocele might result from the vulnerability of
      vessel walls in NF1.

PMID- 27356734
TI  - A case of hemifacial paresis in a patient with Lyme neuroborreliosis treated with
      antibiotics in whom Borrelia meningitis developed.
AB  - A 38-year-old man visited our hospital because of hemifacial paresis that
      developed 2 months after being bit by a tick. We diagnosed idiopathic peripheral
      facial palsy and gave the patient oral prednisolone and valacyclovir. Although
      the symptoms completely resolved in about 2 weeks, there was a risk of Lyme
      neuroborreliosis. The patient therefore received doxycycline (100 mg twice daily)
      and amoxicillin (1,000 mg 3 times daily) for 14 days. Two months later, he had
      symptoms of meningitis such as headache and fever accompanied by lymphocytic
      cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Viral meningitis was diagnosed and treated with
      parenteral acyclovir. The symptoms of meningitis improved. Tests for serum IgG
      antibodies against borrelia were positive. We gave the patient a diagnosis of
      Lyme neuroborreliosis. The patient received intravenous ceftriaxone and had no
      relapse. It is a rare for meningitis to develop in a patient with cranial
      neuropathy who received doxycycline. Lyme neuroborreliosis is a rare disease in
      Japan. Care should therefore be exercised in the diagnosis of Lyme
      neuroborreliosis and evaluation of the response to treatment.

PMID- 27356735
TI  - A case of vitamin B12 deficiency with involuntary movements and bilateral basal
      ganglia lesions.
AB  - An 86-year-old woman with a one-year history of dementia was admitted to our
      hospital complaining of loss of appetite, hallucinations, and disturbance of
      consciousness. She gradually presented with chorea-like involuntary movements of
      the extremities. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed
      bilateral symmetrical hyperintense signals in the basal ganglia. The serum
      vitamin B12 level was below the lower detection limit of 50 pg/ml. The
      homocysteine level was markedly elevated at 115.8 nmol/ml. Anti-intrinsic factor
      and anti-parietal cell antibody tests were positive. Gastrointestinal endoscopy
      revealed atrophic gastritis. The patient was diagnosed with encephalopathy due to
      vitamin B12 deficiency caused by pernicious anemia. Involuntary movements and MRI
      abnormalities improved with parenteral vitamin B12 supplementation. Bilateral
      basal ganglia lesions are rare manifestations of adult vitamin B12 deficiency.
      The present case is considered valuable in identifying the pathophysiology of
      involuntary movement due to vitamin B12 deficiency.

PMID- 27356736
TI  - Periodic synchronous discharge occurred in an elderly with acute valacyclovir
      associated encephalopathy.
AB  - An 81-year-old woman suffering from sarcoidosis, chronic renal failure caused by
      hypertention was treated by valacyclovir 500 mg/day, for the diagnosis of herpes
      zoster of her right back. Her consciousness gradually became worse, and 3 days
      after taking the drug, she was sent to the emergency department of the hospital.
      Her conscious level was E2V2M5 (Glasgow Coma Scale) and myoclonus especially in
      her lower extremities occurred. Head CT and MRI show no obvious, acute abnormal
      findings other than chronic ischemic lesions, while an electroencephalogram (EEG)
      shows periodic synchronous discharges (PSDs) and disorganized background
      activity. Based on these findings, she was diagnosed as valacyclovir-associated
      acute encephalopathy. After conservative therapy of maintenance hemodialysis, her
      consciousness gradually improved, and PSDs disappeared accordingly and background
      activity of EEG became improved. In this case report, we presented valacyclovir
      associated neurotoxicity with PSDs in EEG as potentially a surrogate marker. We
      should be cautious to use valaciclovir which may cause drug-induced
      encephalopathy especially in elderly or patients with renal failure even though
      the dose was adjusted in advance.

PMID- 27356737
TI  - Expanding concept of clinical conditions and symptoms in multiple system atrophy.
AB  - Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an adult-onset, progressive neurodegenerative
      disorder. MSA patients show various phenotypes during the course of their illness
      including parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic failure, and pyramidal
      signs. MSA is classified into the parkinsonian (MSA-P) or cerebellar (MSA-C)
      variant depending on the clinical motor phenotype at presentation. MSA-P and MSA
      C are predominant in Western countries and Japan, respectively. The mean age at
      onset is 55 to 60 years. Prognosis ranges from 6 to 10 years, but some cases
      survive for more than 15 years. Early and severe autonomic failure is a poor
      prognostic factor. MSA patients sometimes present with isolated autonomic failure
      or motor symptoms/signs, and the median duration from onset to the concomitant
      appearance of motor and autonomic symptoms was approximately 2 years in our
      previous study. As the presence of the combination of motor and autonomic
      symptoms is essential for the current diagnostic criteria, early diagnosis is
      difficult when patients present with isolated autonomic failure or motor
      symptoms/signs. We experienced MSA patients who died before presentation of the
      motor symptoms/signs diagnostic for MSA (i.e., premotor MSA). Detection of the
      nature of autonomic failure consistent with MSA and identification of the
      dysfunctional anatomical sites may increase the probability of a diagnosis of
      premotor MSA. Dementia is another problem in MSA. Although dementia had been
      thought to be rare in MSA, frontal lobe dysfunction is observed frequently during
      the early course of the illness. Magnetic resonance imaging can show progressive
      cerebral atrophy in longstanding cases. More recently, MSA patients presenting
      with frontotemporal dementia preceding the presence of motor and autonomic
      manifestations diagnostic of MSA have been reported. Novel diagnostic criteria
      based on an expanding concept of the clinical conditions and symptoms of MSA will
      be needed for the development of disease-modifying therapies and better
      management.

PMID- 27356738
TI  - A metal-catalyzed enyne-cyclization step for the synthesis of bi- and tricyclic
      scaffolds amenable to molecular library production.
AB  - A facile metal-catalyzed diversification step for the synthesis of novel bi- and
      tricyclic scaffolds from enyne substrates is reported in this study. From a
      single starting material, topologically diverse scaffolds for library synthesis
      can be generated and decorated in a few steps. The methodology was used to
      produce a library of 490 compounds within the European Lead Factory (ELF)
      Consortium. 

PMID- 27356739
TI  - Aurora kinase A revives dormant laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells via
      FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway activation.
AB  - Revival of dormant tumor cells may be an important tumor metastasis mechanism. We
      hypothesized that aurora kinase A (AURKA), a cell cycle control kinase, promotes
      the transition of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) cells from G0 phase to
      active division. We therefore investigated whether AURKA could revive dormant
      tumor cells to promote metastasis. Western blotting revealed that AURKA
      expression was persistently low in dormant laryngeal cancer Hep2 (D-Hep2) cells
      and high in non-dormant (T-Hep2) cells. Decreasing AURKA expression in T-Hep2
      cells induced dormancy and reduced FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway activity. Increasing
      AURKA expression in D-Hep2 cells increased FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway activity and
      enhanced cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In addition,
      FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition caused dormancy-like behavior and reduced
      cellular mobility, migration and invasion. We conclude that AURKA may revive
      dormant tumor cells via FAK/PI3K/Akt pathway activation, thereby promoting
      migration and invasion in laryngeal cancer. AURKA/FAK/PI3K/Akt inhibitors may
      thus represent potential targets for clinical LSCC treatment.

PMID- 27356740
TI  - CRISPR-dCas9 mediated TET1 targeting for selective DNA demethylation at BRCA1
      promoter.
AB  - DNA hypermethylation at the promoter of tumour-suppressor genes is tightly
      correlated with their transcriptional repression and recognized as the hallmark
      of majority of cancers. Epigenetic silencing of tumour suppressor genes impairs
      their cellular functions and activates a cascade of events driving cell
      transformation and cancer progression. Here, we examine site-specific and
      spatiotemporal alteration in DNA methylation at a target region in BRCA1 gene
      promoter, a model tumour suppressor gene. We have developed a programmable CRISPR
      Cas9 based demethylase tool containing the deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) fused to the
      catalytic domain (CD) of Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) dioxygenase1 (TET1CD).
      The fusion protein selectively demethylates targeted regions within BRCA1
      promoter as directed by the designed single-guide RNAs (sgRNA), leading to the
      transcriptional up-regulation of the gene. We also noticed the increment in 5
      hydroxymethylation content (5-hmC) at the target DNA site undergoing the most
      profound demethylation. It confirms the catalytic activity of TET1 in TET1-dCas9
      fusion proteins-mediated demethylation at these target sequences. The modular
      design of the fusion constructs presented here allows for the selective
      substitution of other chromatin or DNA modifying enzymes and for loci-specific
      targeting to uncover epigenetic regulatory pathways at gene promoters and other
      selected genomic regions.

PMID- 27356741
TI  - PD1 blockade enhances cytotoxicity of in vitro expanded natural killer cells
      towards myeloma cells.
AB  - Aiming for an adoptive natural killer (NK) cell therapy, we have developed a
      novel protocol to expand NK cells from peripheral blood. With this protocol using
      anti-human CD16 antibody and interleukin (IL)-2, NK (CD3-CD56+) cells could be
      expanded about 4000-fold with over 70% purity during a 21-day culture. The
      expanded NK (exNK) cells were shown to be highly cytotoxic to multiple myeloma
      (MM) cells (RPMI8226) at low NK-target cell ratios. Furthermore, NK cells
      expanded in the presence of a blocking antibody (exNK+PD1-blockage) against
      programmed cell death protein-1 (PD1), a key counteracting molecule for NK and T
      cell activity, demonstrated more potent cytolytic activity against the RPMI8226
      than the exNK cells without PD1 blocking. In parallel, the exNK cells showed
      significantly higher expression of NK activation receptors NKG2D, NKp44 and
      NKp30. In a murine model of MM, transfusion of exNK cells, exNK+PD1-blockage, and
      exNK plus intratumor injection of anti-PD-L2 antibody (exNK+PD-L2 blockage) all
      significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival of the myeloma mice.
      Importantly, exNK+PD1-blockage presented more efficient therapeutic effects. Our
      results suggest that the NK cell expansion protocol with PD1 blockade presented
      in this study has considerable potential for the clinical application of allo-
      and auto-NK cell-based therapies against malignancies.

PMID- 27356742
TI  - Thyroid functional parameters and correlative autoantibodies as prognostic
      factors for differentiated thyroid cancers.
AB  - To evaluate the effect of preoperative thyroid functional parameters and thyroid
      autoantibodies on aggressive clinicopathologic features and lymph node metastasis
      (LNM) of differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Four hundred twenty consecutive
      patients with initial surgery were enrolled from July 2010 to July 2015. The
      associations between aggressive clinicopathologic and LNM factors and thyroid
      functional & autoantibodies parameters were analyzed. Higher levels of TSH, TGAb
      or TMAb were found in patients with tumor size>=1 cm (all P<0.05), especially
      when TSH>=2.5 ulU/ml (P=0.03) and TGAb>=1 (P=0.01). Higher levels of TSH and TGAb
      and lower levels of T3 and T4 were found in patients with capsular invasion (all
      P<0.05), particularly when TSH>=2.5ulU/ml (P=0.03) and TGAb>=1 (P=0.005). The
      patients with multifocality had higher TAbs level (TAbs>1). Higher level of TSH
      was also found in patients with central LNM (P=0.001) and lateral LNM (P=0.002),
      especially with TSH>=2.5ulU/ml (P=0.003 and P=0.03). TGAb level was also found
      higher in patients with central LNM (P=0.02) and lateral LNM (P=0.01), especially
      with TGAb>=1 (P<0.05 and P=0.01). Higher level of TMAb was found in patients with
      lateral LNM (P<0.05). Moreover, multivariable analysis revealed that only TGAb
      was an independently predictive factor for primary tumor size>=1cm (P=0.01); and
      TSH level (P=0.01) and TGAb>=1 (P<0.05) were associated independently with
      central LNM. Thus, TSH level and TGAb>=1 were significantly independent
      predictors for central LNM, and might help make the decision of central neck
      dissection.

PMID- 27356743
TI  - Significant benefits of adding neoadjuvant chemotherapy before concurrent
      chemoradiotherapy for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta
      analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - PURPOSE: We did a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy (NACT) followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) versus CCRT
      with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for patients with locoregionally
      advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on randomized controlled trials. METHODS:
      We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, Chinese National
      Knowledge Infrastructure, and meeting proceedings of major relevant conferences
      to identify published and unpublished randomized controlled trials. Progression
      free survival (PFS) was the primary endpoint. RESULTS: This meta-analysis
      included 9 randomized clinical trials with 2215 patients. NACT followed by CCRT
      significantly improved PFS (HR=0.68, 95% CI 0.56 - 0.81, P < 0.001) compared
      versus CCRT with or without AC, and no heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 0.0%, P =
      0.975). NACT was associated with a significant improvement in overall survival
      (HR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.49 - 0.84, P = 0.001; I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.467) and distant
      failure-free survival (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.53 - 0.97, P = 0.031; I2 = 0.0%, P =
      0.744). No significant benefit was shown by NACT for locoregional control. NACT
      with CCRT increased risks of grade 3 - 4 anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia,
      and fatigue, compared versus CCRT with or without AC. CONCLUSIONS: Our meta
      analysis confirmed that the addition of NACT to CCRT significantly improved PFS
      and OS versus CCRT with or without AC for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma. These results may alter the standard of care - CCRT with or without
      AC, for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PMID- 27356744
TI  - MMP7 interacts with ARF in nucleus to potentiate tumor microenvironments for
      prostate cancer progression in vivo.
AB  - ARF couples with TP53 in a canonical signaling pathway to activate cellular
      senescence for tumor suppressive function under oncogenic insults. However, the
      mechanisms on aberrant elevation of ARF in cancers are still poorly understood.
      We previously showed that ARF (p14ARF in human and p19Arf in mouse) elevation
      correlates with PTEN loss and stabilizes SLUG to reduce cell adhesion in prostate
      cancer (PCa). Here we report that ARF is essential for MMP7 expression, E
      Cadherin decrease and the anchorage loss to the extracellular matrix (ECM) in PCa
      in vitro and in vivo. We found that Mmp7 is aberrantly elevated in cytosol and
      nucleus of malignant prostate tumors of Pten/Trp53 mutant mice. Interestingly,
      p19Arf deficiency strikingly decreases Mmp7 levels but increases E-Cadherin in
      Pten/Trp53/p19Arf mice. ARF knockdown markedly reduces MMP7 in human PCa cells.
      Conversely, tetracycline-inducible expression of ARF increases MMP7 with a
      decrease of E-Cadherin in PCa cells. Importantly, MMP7 physically binds ARF to
      show the co-localization in nucleus. Co-expression of MMP7 and ARF promotes cell
      migration, and MMP7 knockdown decreases wound healing in PCa cells. Furthermore,
      MMP7 elevation correlates with ARF expression in advanced human PCa. Our findings
      reveal for the first time that the crosstalk between ARF and MMP7 in nucleus
      contributes to ECM network in tumor microenvironments in vivo, implicating a
      novel therapeutic target for advanced PCa treatment.

PMID- 27356745
TI  - CCR4 promotes metastasis via ERK/NF-kappaB/MMP13 pathway and acts downstream of
      TNF-alpha in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Chemokines and chemokine receptors are causally involved in the metastasis of
      human malignancies. As a crucial chemokine receptor for mediating immune
      homeostasis, however, the role of CCR4 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains
      unknown. In this study, we found that high expression of CCR4 in CRC tissues was
      correlated with shorter overall survival and disease free survival. In vitro and
      in vivo experiments revealed that silencing CCR4 attenuated the invasion and
      metastasis of CRC cells, whereas ectopic overexpression of CCR4 contributed to
      the forced metastasis of these cells. We further demonstrated that matrix
      metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) played an important role in CCR4-mediated cancer
      cell invasion, which is up-regulated by ERK/NF-kappaB signaling. Positive
      correlation between CCR4 and MMP13 expression was also observed in CRC tissues.
      Moreover, our investigations showed that the level of CCR4 could be induced by
      TNF-alpha dependent of NF-kappaB activation in CRC cells. CCR4 might be
      implicated in TNF-alpha-regulated cancer cells metastasis. Combination of CCR4
      and TNF-alpha is a more powerful prognostic marker for CRC patients. These
      findings suggest that CCR4 facilitates metastasis through ERK/NF-kappaB/MMP13
      signaling and acts as a downstream target of TNF-alpha. CCR4 inhibition may be a
      promising therapeutic option for suppressing CRC metastasis.

PMID- 27356746
TI  - Persistent donor derived Vdelta4 T cell clones may improve survival for recurrent
      T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia after HSCT and DLI.
AB  - The outcome for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in relapse after
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is quite poor, while, both donor
      lymphocytes infusion (DLI) and adoptively infusion of gammadelta T cells in
      leukemia patients after HSCT have demonstrated good results in prolonging
      survival time of patients. Here, we reported a T-ALL case who experienced three
      relapses and received HSCT and DLI with an overall survival (OS) time lasting for
      more than seven years. Based on our previous identification of a leukemic and
      reactive clone in this patient, continual gammadelta T cell repertoire monitoring
      affirmed that the same Vdelta5 leukemic clone existed in most samples from the
      patient, particularly including a sample taken at the time of the third T-ALL
      relapse, while it could not be detected in the donor sample. In addition, an
      identical Vdelta4 monoclonal T cell that proliferated in the recipient for
      several years was confirmed to come from the donor graft, and its expression
      level significantly increased in third leukemia recurrence. These results
      indicate that clonally expanded Vdelta4 T cells may represent a reconstituted
      gammadelta T cell repertoire after HSCT, which also hints to a relatively better
      outcome for this case. Based on this case study, we recommend DLI should be as a
      treatment strategy for patients who achieve CR or relapse from HSCT. Moreover,
      dynamically monitoring the TCR repertoire in patients who receive HSCT will
      benefit in supervising of malignant clone evolution and residue, identifying T
      cell clones mediate anti-infection, GvHD or GvL.

PMID- 27356747
TI  - IL-17 down-regulates the immunosuppressive capacity of olfactory ecto-mesenchymal
      stem cells in murine collagen-induced arthritis.
AB  - Olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs) are a population of cells which
      has been recognized as a new resident stem cell type in the olfactory lamina
      propria. OE-MSCs have been shown to exert their immunosuppressive capacity by
      modulating T cell responses, including up-regulation of regulatory T cells
      (Tregs) and down-regulation of Th1/Th17 cells. As an inflammatory cytokine, IL-17
      plays a critical role in orchestrating the inflammatory response during the
      development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). However, it is unclear whether
      the increased level of IL-17 may affect the immunosuppressive function of OE-MSCs
      under inflammatory condition. In this study, we found that IL-17 could
      significantly reduce the suppressive capacity of OE-MSCs on CD4+ T cells and down
      regulate the suppressive factors produced by OE-MSCs. Notably, IL-17 treatment
      abolished the capacity of OE-MSCs in inducing Treg expansion. In addition,
      knockdown of IL-17R in OE-MSCs significantly enhanced their therapeutic effect in
      ameliorating CIA upon adoptive transfer. Moreover, IL-17R knockdown-OE-MSCs could
      efficiently induce Tregs expansion and reduce Th1 and Th17 responses. Taken
      together, all these data suggest that IL-17R knockdown in OE-MSCs may provide a
      novel strategy in maintaining their immunosuppressive properties for the
      treatment of autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 27356748
TI  - Metformin and cancer: Quo vadis et cui bono?
AB  - How many lives have already been saved by the anti-cancer drug metformin?
      Inadvertently perhaps, among the millions of type 2 diabetics with occult or
      known cancers and who have been prescribed metformin since the 1950s, thousands
      may have benefited from the anticancer properties of this first-line
      pharmacotherapy. Quo vadis? Now, researchers aim to move metformin from a non
      targeted stage of cancer therapy that has been mostly developed retrospectively
      and empirically into a targeted therapy by following a biological rationale and a
      predefined mechanism of action. But, who might benefit from metformin? Cui bono?
      Because metformin is on the leading edge of a new generation of cancer metabolism
      targeted therapies, perhaps it is the right time to provide solutions to the
      challenges that metformin and other onco-biguanides will face in the coming years
      before becoming incorporated into the therapeutic armamentarium against cancer.

PMID- 27356749
TI  - Baicalein is an available anti-atherosclerotic compound through modulation of
      nitric oxide-related mechanism under oxLDL exposure.
AB  - OxLDL facilitate reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and up-regulation of the
      executioner caspase-3 via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway involves several
      critical steps in human endothelial cells. Previous studies reported that oxLDL
      facilitated endothelial oxidative stress is associated with impairment of eNOS
      and up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Baicalein is the
      most abundant component that has anti-HIV, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant and free
      radical scavenging functions. In this present study, we shown that baicalein
      hinibits oxLDL-caused endothelial dysfunction through suppression of endothelial
      inflammation and oxidative stress that causes to cellular apoptosis.
      Specifically, baicalein reduces the elevation of ROS concentration, which
      subsequently inhibits the oxLDL-decreased expression of anti-oxidant enzymes,
      enriches the bioavailability of NO, stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane,
      thereby inhibiting the discharge of cytochrome c from mitochondria, a molecule
      required for the activation of the pro-apoptotic protein caspase 3. However,
      inhibition of eNOS impairs the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of
      baicalein. These results provide new insight into the possible molecular
      mechanisms by which baicalein protects against atherogenesis by NO-related
      pathways.

PMID- 27356750
TI  - Identification of IFN-gamma-producing T cells as the main mediators of the side
      effects associated to mouse interleukin-15 sustained exposure.
AB  - : Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cell growth-factor that regulates lymphocyte
      function and homeostasis. Its strong immunostimulatory activity coupled with an
      apparent lack of toxicity makes IL-15 an exciting candidate for cancer therapy,
      somehow limited by its short half-life in circulation. To increase IL-15
      bioavailability we constructed a recombinant adeno-associated vector expressing
      murine IL-15 (AAV-mIL15) in the liver. Mice injected with AAV-mIL15 showed
      sustained and vector dose-dependent levels of IL-15/IL-15Ralpha complexes in
      serum, production of IFN-gamma and activation of CD8+ T-cells and macrophages.
      The antitumoral efficacy of AAV-mIL15 was tested in a mouse model of metastatic
      colorectal cancer established by injection of MC38 cells. AAV-mIL15 treatment
      slightly inhibits MC38 tumor-growth and significantly increases the survival of
      mice. However, mIL-15 sustained expression was associated with development of
      side effects like hepatosplenomegaly, liver damage and the development of
      haematological stress, which results in the expansion of hematopoietic precursors
      in the bone marrow. To elucidate the mechanism, we treated IFN-gamma receptor-,
      RAG1-, CD1d- and uMT-deficient mice and performed adoptive transfer of bone
      marrow cells from WT mice to RAG1-defcient mice. We demonstrated that the side
      effects of murine IL-15 administration were mainly mediated by IFN-gamma
      producing T-cells. CONCLUSIONS: IL-15 induces the activation and survival of
      effector immune cells that are necessary for its antitumoral activity; but, long
      term exposure to IL-15 is associated with the development of important side
      effects mainly mediated by IFN-gamma-producing T-cells. Strategies to modulate T
      cell activation should be combined with IL-15 administration to reduce secondary
      adverse events while maintaining its antitumoral effect.

PMID- 27356751
TI  - In vitro studies implicate an imbalanced activation of dendritic cells in the
      pathogenesis of murine autoimmune pancreatitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: MRL/MpJ mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP)
      and are widely used as a model to study the genetic, molecular and immunological
      basis of the disease. Here, we have addressed the question whether distinctive
      features of their dendritic cells (DCs) may predispose MRL/MpJ mice to the
      chronic inflammation. METHODS: Pancreatic lesions were analyzed employing
      histological methods. Cohorts of young (healthy) MRL/MpJ mice, adult (sick)
      individuals, and AIP-resistant CAST/EiJ mice were used to establish cultures of
      bone marrow (BM)-derived conventional DCs (cDCs). The cells were subsequently
      characterized regarding the expression profile of CD markers and selected genes,
      proliferative activity as well as cytokine secretion. RESULTS: In pancreatic
      lesions, large numbers of cells expressing the murine DC marker CD11c were
      detected in close spatial proximity to CD3+ cells. A high percentage of BM
      derived cDCs from adult MRL/MpJ mice expressed typical markers of DC maturation
      (such as CD83) already prior to a treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After
      LPS-stimulation, cDC cultures of both MRL/MpJ mouse cohorts contained more mature
      cells, proliferated at a higher rate and secreted less interleukin-10 (but also
      less pro-inflammatory cytokines) than cultures of CAST/EiJ mice. Compared with
      corresponding cultures of the control strain, LPS-free cultured cDCs from MRL/MpJ
      mice expressed less mRNA of the inhibitory receptor triggering receptor expressed
      on myeloid cells 2 (trem2). CONCLUSIONS: BM-derived cDCs from AIP-prone MRL/MpJ
      mice display functional features that are compatible with the hypothesis of an
      imbalanced DC activation in the context of murine AIP.

PMID- 27356752
TI  - The modulation of Dicer regulates tumor immunogenicity in melanoma.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate most cellular protein
      networks by targeting mRNAs for translational inhibition or degradation. Dicer, a
      type III endoribonuclease, is a critical component in microRNA biogenesis and is
      required for mature microRNA production. Abnormal Dicer expression occurs in
      numerous cancer types and correlates with poor patient prognosis. For example,
      increased Dicer expression in melanoma is associated with more aggressive tumors
      (higher tumor mitotic index and depth of invasion) and poor patient prognosis.
      However, the role that Dicer plays in melanoma development and immune evasion
      remains unclear. Here, we report on a newly discovered relationship between Dicer
      expression and tumor immunogenicity. To investigate Dicer's role in regulating
      melanoma immunogenicity, Dicer knockdown studies were performed. We found that
      B16F0-Dicer deficient cells exhibited decreased tumor growth compared to control
      cells and were capable of inducing anti-tumor immunity. The decrease in tumor
      growth was abrogated in immunodeficient NSG mice and was shown to be dependent
      upon CD8+ T cells. Dicer knockdown also induced a more responsive immune gene
      profile in melanoma cells. Further studies demonstrated that CD8+ T cells
      preferentially killed Dicer knockdown tumor cells compared to control cells.
      Taken together, we present evidence which links Dicer expression to tumor
      immunogenicity in melanoma.

PMID- 27356753
TI  - Prostate-specific antigen density values among patients with symptomatic
      prostatic enlargement in Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aims to estimate the prostate-specific antigen density
      (PSAD) cutoff level for detecting prostate cancer (CAP) in Nigerian men with
      "grey zone PSA" (4-10 ng/ml) and normal digital rectal examination findings. We
      addressed this research question: Is the international PSAD cutoff of 0.15 ideal
      for detecting CAP in our symptomatic patients with "grey zone PSA?" METHODS: 
      AIM: To estimate the prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) cutoff level for
      detecting CAP in Nigerian men with "grey zone PSA" (4-10 ng/ml) and normal
      digital rectal examination findings. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: A tertiary
      medical center in Enugu, Nigeria. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and fifty-four men
      with either benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or CAP were recruited.
      INTERVENTION: Patients with PSA above 4 ng/ml or abnormal digital rectal
      examination or hypoechoic lesion in the prostate were biopsied. OUTCOME MEASURES:
      PSAD and histology report of BPH or CAP. RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients had CAP
      while 157 had benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Seventy-two patients had their
      serum PSA value within the range of 4.0 and 10 ng/ml. PSAD cutoff level to detect
      CAP was 0.04 (sensitivity 95.88 %; specificity 28.7 %). CONCLUSIONS: The PSAD
      cutoff level generated for Nigerian men in this study is 0.04 which is relatively
      different from international consensus. This PSAD cutoff level has a positive
      correlation with histology and could detect patients with CAP who have "grey zone
      PSA."

PMID- 27356754
TI  - Determinants of health care seeking behaviour during pregnancy in Ogun State,
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Nigeria, women too often suffer the consequences of serious
      obstetric complications that may lead to death. Delay in seeking care (phase I
      delay) is a recognized contributor to adverse pregnancy outcomes. This
      qualitative study aimed to describe the health care seeking practices in
      pregnancy, as well as the socio-cultural factors that influence these actions.
      METHODS: The study was conducted in Ogun State, in south-western Nigeria. Data
      were collected through focus group discussions with pregnant women, recently
      pregnant mothers, male decision-makers, opinion leaders, traditional birth
      attendants, health workers, and health administrators. A thematic analysis
      approach was used with QSR NVivo version 10. RESULTS: Findings show that women
      utilized multiple care givers during pregnancy, with a preference for traditional
      providers. There was a strong sense of trust in traditional medicine,
      particularly that provided by traditional birth attendants who are long-term
      residents in the community. The patriarchal c influenced health-seeking behaviour
      in pregnancy. Economic factors contributed to the delay in access to appropriate
      services. There was a consistent concern regarding the cost barrier in accessing
      health services. The challenges of accessing services were well recognised and
      these were greater when referral was to a higher level of care which in most
      cases attracted unaffordable costs. CONCLUSION: While the high cost of care is a
      deterrent to health seeking behaviour, the cost of death of a woman or a child to
      the family and community is immeasurable. The use of innovative mechanisms for
      health care financing may be beneficial for women in these communities to reduce
      the barrier of high cost services. To reduce maternal deaths all stakeholders
      must be engaged in the process including policy makers, opinion leaders, health
      care consumers and providers. Underlying socio-cultural factors, such as
      structure of patriarchy, must also be addressed to sustainably improve maternal
      health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01911494.

PMID- 27356755
TI  - Hotspot mutations delineating diverse mutational signatures and biological
      utilities across cancer types.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An important step towards personalizing cancer treatment is to
      integrate heterogeneous evidences to catalog mutational hotspots that are
      biologically and therapeutically relevant and thus represent where targeted
      therapy would likely be beneficial. However, existing methods do not sufficiently
      delineate varying functionality of individual mutations within the same genes.
      RESULTS: We observed a large discordancy of mutation rates across different
      mutation subtypes and tumor types, and nominated 702 hotspot mutations in 549
      genes in the Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) by considering
      context specific mutation characteristics such as genes, cancer types, mutation
      rates, mutation subtypes and sequence contexts. We observed that hotspot
      mutations were highly prevalent in Non CpG-island C/G transition and transversion
      sequence contexts in 10 tumor types, and specific insertion hotspot mutations
      were enriched in breast cancer and deletion hotspot mutations in colorectal
      cancer. We found that the hotspot mutations nominated by our approach were
      significantly more conserved than non-hotspot mutations in the corresponding
      cancer genes. We also examined the biological significance and pharmacogenomics
      properties of these hotspot mutations using data in the Cancer Genome Atlas
      (TCGA) and the Cancer Cell-Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), and found that 53 hotspot
      mutations are independently associated with diverse functional evidences in 1)
      mRNA and protein expression, 2) pathway activity, or 3) drug sensitivity and 82
      were highly enriched in specific tumor types. We highlighted the distinct
      functional indications of hotspot mutations under different contexts and
      nominated novel hotspot mutations such as MAP3K4 A1199 deletion, NR1H2 Q175
      insertion, and GATA3 P409 insertion as potential biomarkers or drug targets.
      CONCLUSION: We identified a set of hotspot mutations across 17 tumor types by
      considering the background mutation rate variations among genes, tumor subtypes,
      mutation subtypes, and sequence contexts. We illustrated the common and distinct
      mutational signatures of hotspot mutations among different tumor types and
      investigated their variable functional relevance under different contexts, which
      could potentially serve as a resource for explicitly selecting targets for
      diagnosis, drug development, and patient management.

PMID- 27356756
TI  - Evolution in an extreme environment: developmental biases and phenotypic
      integration in the adaptive radiation of antarctic notothenioids.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the past 40 million years water temperatures have dramatically
      dropped in the Southern Ocean, which has led to the local extinction of most
      nearshore fish lineages. The evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins in
      notothenioids, however, enabled these ancestrally benthic fishes to survive and
      adapt as temperatures reached the freezing point of seawater (-1.86  degrees C).
      Antarctic notothenioids now represent the primary teleost lineage in the Southern
      Ocean and are of fundamental importance to the local ecosystem. The radiation of
      notothenioids has been fostered by the evolution of "secondary pelagicism", the
      invasion of pelagic habitats, as the group diversified to fill newly available
      foraging niches in the water column. While elaborate craniofacial modifications
      have accompanied this adaptive radiation, little is known about how these
      morphological changes have contributed to the evolutionary success of
      notothenioids. RESULTS: We used a 3D-morphometrics approach to investigate
      patterns of morphological variation in the craniofacial skeleton among
      notothenioids, and show that variation in head shape is best explained by
      divergent selection with respect to foraging niche. We document further an
      accelerated rate of morphological evolution in the icefish family
      Channichthyidae, and show that their rapid diversification was accompanied by the
      evolution of relatively high levels of morphological integration. Whereas most
      studies suggest that extensive integration should constrain phenotypic evolution,
      icefish stand out as a rare example of increased integration possibly
      facilitating evolutionary potential. Finally, we show that the unique feeding
      apparatus in notothenioids in general, and icefish in particular, can be traced
      to shifts in early developmental patterning mechanisms and ongoing growth of the
      pharyngeal skeleton. CONCLUSION: Our work suggests that ecological opportunity is
      a major factor driving craniofacial variation in this group. Further, the
      observation that closely related lineages can differ dramatically in integration
      suggests that this trait can evolve quickly. We propose that the evolution of
      high levels of phenotypic integration in icefishes may be considered a key
      innovation that facilitated their morphological evolution and subsequent
      ecological expansion.

PMID- 27356757
TI  - Tissue metabolic profiling of human gastric cancer assessed by (1)H NMR.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second most
      deadly cancer worldwide. Study on molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis will
      play a significant role in diagnosing and treating gastric cancer. Metabolic
      profiling may offer the opportunity to understand the molecular mechanism of
      carcinogenesis and help to identify the potential biomarkers for the early
      diagnosis of gastric cancer. METHODS: In this study, we reported the metabolic
      profiling of tissue samples on a large cohort of human gastric cancer subjects (n
      = 125) and normal controls (n = 54) based on (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance
      ((1)H NMR) together with multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA
      and ROC curve). RESULTS: The OPLS-DA model showed adequate discrimination between
      cancer tissues and normal controls, and meanwhile, the model excellently
      discriminated the stage-related of tissue samples (stage I, 30; stage II, 46;
      stage III, 37; stage IV, 12) and normal controls. A total of 48 endogenous
      distinguishing metabolites (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05) were identified, 13 of which
      were changed with the progression of gastric cancer. These modified metabolites
      revealed disturbance of glycolysis, glutaminolysis, TCA, amino acids and choline
      metabolism, which were correlated with the occurrence and development of human
      gastric cancer. The receiver operating characteristic diagnostic AUC of OPLS-DA
      model between cancer tissues and normal controls was 0.945. And the ROC curves
      among different stages cancer subjects and normal controls were gradually
      improved, the corresponding AUC values were 0.952, 0.994, 0.998 and 0.999,
      demonstrating the robust diagnostic power of this metabolic profiling approach.
      CONCLUSION: As far as we know, the present study firstly identified the
      differential metabolites in various stages of gastric cancer tissues. And the AUC
      values were relatively high. So these results suggest that the metabolic
      profiling of gastric cancer tissues has great potential in detecting this disease
      and helping to understand its underlying metabolic mechanisms.

PMID- 27356759
TI  - Mechanical aortic valve without anticoagulation for 33 years in a Yemeni man: a
      case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mechanical prosthetic heart valves have been used for many decades to
      replace damaged native valves. Guidelines mandate the use of anticoagulant
      therapy in patients with mechanical prosthetic valves of any type, irrespective
      of the position in the heart. The rationale for this is to prevent valve
      thrombosis and thromboembolic complications without increasing the risk of excess
      bleeding. We report a case involving a patient with a functioning aortic
      mechanical valve without any anticoagulation therapy for 33 years. CASE
      PRESENTATION: A 46-year-old Yemeni man had an aortic valve replacement, using a
      St Jude Medical mechanical valve, 33 years ago due to aortic regurgitation grade
      III-IV of his native valve as a result of rheumatic heart disease. His
      anticoagulant therapy of Syncumar (acenocoumarol which is a derivative of
      coumarin) was discontinued 4 months after surgery, and he was sustained on
      aspirin and digoxin. He presented to our cardiac clinic 33 years later with
      palpitations, which had started 2 weeks previously. On clinical examination, his
      condition was fair with a New York Heart Association functional classification of
      I. He was in sinus rhythm and had normal heart size, as shown on chest X-ray.
      Echocardiography revealed normal heart chamber dimensions and normal left
      ventricular systolic and diastolic function. His mean transaortic gradient was
      12.58 mmHg and the calculated aortic valve area was 1.44 cm(2). He was started on
      anticoagulant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Only a few cases of well-functioning
      mechanical valves without the use of anticoagulant therapy for many years have
      been reported. Our patient is one such case who used only aspirin for 33 years.
      Further research is needed to understand the interpersonal variations and other
      unexplored factors in anticoagulant therapy for patients with mechanical
      prosthetic heart valves.

PMID- 27356758
TI  - Multicenter Female Fabry Study (MFFS) - clinical survey on current treatment of
      females with Fabry disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to assess manifestations of and
      applied treatment concepts for females with Fabry disease (FD) according to the
      current European Fabry Guidelines. METHODS: Between 10/2008 and 12/2014, data
      from the most recent visit of 261 adult female FD patients from six German Fabry
      centers were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical presentation and laboratory data,
      including plasma lyso-Gb3 levels were assessed. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent of
      females were on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), according to recent European FD
      guidelines. Thirty-three percent of females were untreated although criteria for
      ERT initiation were fulfilled. In general, the presence of left ventricular
      hypertrophy (LVH) seemed to impact more on ERT initiation than impaired renal
      function. In ERT-naive females RAAS blockers were more often prescribed if LVH
      was present rather than albuminuria. Affected females with missense mutations
      showed a similar disease burden compared to females with nonsense mutations.
      Elevated plasma lyso-Gb3 levels in ERT-naive females seem to be a marker of
      disease burden, since patients showed comparable incidences of organ
      manifestations even if they were ~8 years younger than females with normal lyso
      Gb3 levels. CONCLUSION: The treatment of the majority of females with FD in
      Germany is in line with the current European FD guidelines. However, a relevant
      number of females remain untreated despite organ involvement, necessitating a
      careful reevaluation of these females.

PMID- 27356760
TI  - AirLab: a cloud-based platform to manage and share antibody-based single-cell
      research.
AB  - Single-cell analysis technologies are essential tools in research and clinical
      diagnostics. These methods include flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and other
      microfluidics-based technologies. Most laboratories that employ these methods
      maintain large repositories of antibodies. These ever-growing collections of
      antibodies, their multiple conjugates, and the large amounts of data generated in
      assays using specific antibodies and conditions makes a dedicated software
      solution necessary. We have developed AirLab, a cloud-based tool with web and
      mobile interfaces, for the organization of these data. AirLab streamlines the
      processes of antibody purchase, organization, and storage, antibody panel
      creation, results logging, and antibody validation data sharing and distribution.
      Furthermore, AirLab enables inventory of other laboratory stocks, such as primers
      or clinical samples, through user-controlled customization. Thus, AirLab is a
      mobile-powered and flexible tool that harnesses the capabilities of mobile tools
      and cloud-based technology to facilitate inventory and sharing of antibody and
      sample collections and associated validation data.

PMID- 27356761
TI  - Synthetic analogues of Fe(ii)-Fe(iii) minerals containing a pentagonal 'Cairo'
      magnetic lattice.
AB  - Versiliaite and apuanite are two minerals containing Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) in a low
      dimensional structure exhibiting chains of edge-linked FeO6 octahedra. The
      chemistry of these minerals has not been fully examined because of their rarity.
      We demonstrate that chemical synthesis of these minerals is possible to allow
      measurement of their magnetic properties and a more complete description of their
      structural features using neutron powder diffraction. We also show that chemical
      manipulation is possible to provide isostructural phases with different chemical
      compositions. 

PMID- 27356762
TI  - Can nitro groups really anchor onto TiO2? Case study of dye-to-TiO2 adsorption
      using azo dyes with NO2 substituents.
AB  - The nitro group has recently been suggested as a new type of anchor for dye
      sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and has shown promising optoelectronic properties.
      Considering the excellent electron withdrawing ability of the nitro group and
      wider materials selection brought about by this substituent, it is helpful to
      evaluate the interfacial structures and photophysics of more organic dyes where
      NO2 poses as the dye-to-TiO2 anchor. A computational study on a family of azo
      dyes bearing a nitro group is presented, where the effect of certain side groups
      on their optical properties is examined. Both isolated dye molecules and dye/TiO2
      nanocomposites are studied via density functional theory and time-dependent
      density functional theory, with complementary experimental UV/vis absorption
      spectroscopy and photovoltaic device testing. Results demonstrate that these
      nitro-containing dyes prefer a monodentate anchoring mode on a TiO2 cluster.
      These nitro dyes reveal weak, but non-negligible, adsorption onto TiO2; yet, very
      low photovoltaic performance once incorporated into a DSSC device. This poor
      delivery of nitro groups as DSSC anchors is ostensibly inconsistent with previous
      findings; but is rationalized via the "auxiliary anchor" concept. 

PMID- 27356763
TI  - Transcriptome sequencing and marker development in winged bean (Psophocarpus
      tetragonolobus; Leguminosae).
AB  - Winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC., is similar to soybean in yield
      and nutritional value but more viable in tropical conditions. Here, we strengthen
      genetic resources for this orphan crop by producing a de novo transcriptome
      assembly and annotation of two Sri Lankan accessions (denoted herein as CPP34 [PI
      491423] and CPP37 [PI 639033]), developing simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers,
      and identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between geographically
      separated genotypes. A combined assembly based on 804,757 reads from two
      accessions produced 16,115 contigs with an N50 of 889 bp, over 90% of which has
      significant sequence similarity to other legumes. Combining contigs with
      singletons produced 97,241 transcripts. We identified 12,956 SSRs, including
      2,594 repeats for which primers were designed and 5,190 high-confidence SNPs
      between Sri Lankan and Nigerian genotypes. The transcriptomic data sets generated
      here provide new resources for gene discovery and marker development in this
      orphan crop, and will be vital for future plant breeding efforts. We also
      analyzed the soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) gene family, important plant defense
      genes, in the context of related legumes and found evidence for radiation of the
      Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) gene family within winged bean.

PMID- 27356764
TI  - Resting State Brain Network Disturbances Related to Hypomania and Depression in
      Medication-Free Bipolar Disorder.
AB  - Research on resting functional brain networks in bipolar disorder (BP) has been
      unable to differentiate between disturbances related to mania or depression,
      which is necessary to understand the mechanisms leading to each state. Past
      research has also been unable to elucidate the impact of BP-related network
      disturbances on the organizational properties of the brain (eg, communication
      efficiency). Thus, the present work sought to isolate network disturbances
      related to BP, fractionate these into components associated with manic and
      depressive symptoms, and characterize the impact of disturbances on network
      function. Graph theory was used to analyze resting functional magnetic resonance
      imaging data from 60 medication-free patients meeting the criteria for BP and
      either a current hypomanic (n=30) or depressed (n=30) episode and 30 closely
      age/sex-matched healthy controls. Correction for multiple comparisons was carried
      out. Compared with controls, BP patients evidenced hyperconnectivity in a network
      involving right amygdala. Fractionation revealed that (hypo)manic symptoms were
      associated with hyperconnectivity in an overlapping network and disruptions in
      the brain's 'small-world' network organization. Depressive symptoms predicted
      hyperconnectivity in a network involving orbitofrontal cortex along with a less
      resilient global network organization. Findings provide deeper insight into the
      differential pathophysiological processes associated with hypomania and
      depression, along with the particular impact these differential processes have on
      network function.

PMID- 27356766
TI  - Decadal drought deaccelerated the increasing trend of annual net primary
      production in tropical or subtropical forests in southern China.
AB  - Previous investigations have identified that the effects of climate change on net
      primary production (NPP) of global forests have varied both spatially and
      temporally, and that warming has increased the NPP for many forests. However,
      other factors, such as available soil water for plant growth, could limit these
      incremental responses to warming. In our investigation we have quantified the
      responses of NPP of tropical or subtropical forests in southern China to warming
      and drought stress over the past three decades (1981 to 2012) using data from
      five forest research stations and satellite measurements. NPP, mean annual
      temperature (MAT) and annual days without rainfall showed an increase of 0.076 g
      C m(-2) a(-2) (standardized), 0.057  degrees C a(-1) (standardized) and 0.067 d
      a(-1) (standardized) during the study period, respectively. However, incremental
      NPP was deaccelerated at a rate of approximately 20.8% per decade. This
      deacceleration was primarily caused by a decrease in available soil water which
      resulted from warming (mainly occurring in winter and autumn) and the changes in
      rainfall pattern. The result indicates that intensifying drought stress would
      limit future increases of forest NPP in southern China.

PMID- 27356765
TI  - Integrative analysis of cancer genes in a functional interactome.
AB  - The post-genomic era has resulted in the accumulation of high-throughput cancer
      data from a vast array of genomic technologies including next-generation
      sequencing and microarray. As such, the large amounts of germline variant and
      somatic mutation data that have been generated from GWAS and sequencing projects,
      respectively, show great promise in providing a systems-level view of these
      genetic aberrations. In this study, we analyze publicly available GWAS, somatic
      mutation, and drug target data derived from large databanks using a network-based
      approach that incorporates directed edge information under a randomized network
      hypothesis testing procedure. We show that these three classes of disease
      associated nodes exhibit non-random topological characteristics in the context of
      a functional interactome. Specifically, we show that drug targets tend to lie
      upstream of somatic mutations and disease susceptibility germline variants. In
      addition, we introduce a new approach to measuring hierarchy between drug
      targets, somatic mutants, and disease susceptibility genes by utilizing
      directionality and path length information. Overall, our results provide new
      insight into the intrinsic relationships between these node classes that broaden
      our understanding of cancer. In addition, our results align with current
      knowledge on the therapeutic actionability of GWAS and somatic mutant nodes,
      while demonstrating relationships between node classes from a global network
      perspective.

PMID- 27356767
TI  - Coronary vasculature patterning requires a novel endothelial ErbB2 holoreceptor.
AB  - Organogenesis and regeneration require coordination of cellular proliferation,
      regulated in part by secreted growth factors and cognate receptors, with tissue
      nutrient supply provided by expansion and patterning of blood vessels. Here we
      reveal unexpected combinatorial integration of a growth factor co-receptor with a
      heterodimeric partner and ligand known to regulate angiogenesis and vascular
      patterning. We show that ErbB2, which can mediate epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      and neuregulin signalling in multiple tissues, is unexpectedly expressed by
      endothelial cells where it partners with neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) to form a functional
      receptor for the vascular guidance molecule semaphorin 3d (Sema3d). Loss of
      Sema3d leads to improper patterning of the coronary veins, a phenotype
      recapitulated by endothelial loss of ErbB2. These findings have implications for
      possible cardiovascular side-effects of anti-ErbB2 therapies commonly used for
      cancer, and provide an example of integration at the molecular level of pathways
      involved in tissue growth and vascular patterning.

PMID- 27356768
TI  - Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Alters Auditory-motor Integration For Voice Control.
AB  - Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common drug-refractory focal epilepsy in
      adults. Previous research has shown that patients with TLE exhibit decreased
      performance in listening to speech sounds and deficits in the cortical processing
      of auditory information. Whether TLE compromises auditory-motor integration for
      voice control, however, remains largely unknown. To address this question, event
      related potentials (ERPs) and vocal responses to vocal pitch errors (1/2 or 2
      semitones upward) heard in auditory feedback were compared across 28 patients
      with TLE and 28 healthy controls. Patients with TLE produced significantly larger
      vocal responses but smaller P2 responses than healthy controls. Moreover,
      patients with TLE exhibited a positive correlation between vocal response
      magnitude and baseline voice variability and a negative correlation between P2
      amplitude and disease duration. Graphical network analyses revealed a disrupted
      neuronal network for patients with TLE with a significant increase of clustering
      coefficients and path lengths as compared to healthy controls. These findings
      provide strong evidence that TLE is associated with an atypical integration of
      the auditory and motor systems for vocal pitch regulation, and that the
      functional networks that support the auditory-motor processing of pitch feedback
      errors differ between patients with TLE and healthy controls.

PMID- 27356769
TI  - Quantitative and compositional responses of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and
      bacteria to long-term field fertilization.
AB  - Archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) ammonia-oxidizer responses to long-term field
      fertilization in a Mollisol soil were assessed through pyrosequencing of amoA
      genes. Long-term fertilization treatments including chemical fertilizer (NPK),
      NPK plus manure (NPKM), and no fertilization over 23 years altered soil
      properties resulting in significant shifts in AOA and AOB community composition
      and abundance. NPK exhibited a strong influence on AOA and AOB composition while
      the addition of manure neutralized the community change induced by NPK. NPK also
      led to significant soil acidification and enrichment of Nitrosotalea.
      Nitrosospira cluster 9 and 3c were the most abundant AOB populations with
      opposing responses to fertilization treatments. NPKM had the largest abundance of
      ammonia-oxidizers and highest potential nitrification activity (PNA), suggesting
      high N loss potential due to a doubling of nutrient input compared to NPK. PNA
      was strongly correlated to AOA and AOB community composition indicating that both
      were important in ammonium oxidization in this Mollisol soil. Total N and organic
      C were the most important factors driving shifts in AOA and AOB community
      composition. The AOA community was strongly correlated to the activities of all
      sugar hydrolysis associated soil enzymes and was more responsive to C and N input
      than AOB.

PMID- 27356771
TI  - Protein structural changes during processing of vegetable feed ingredients used
      in swine diets: implications for nutritional value.
AB  - Protein structure influences the accessibility of enzymes for digestion. The
      proportion of intramolecular beta-sheets in the secondary structure of native
      proteins has been related to a decrease in protein digestibility. Changes to
      proteins that can be considered positive (for example, denaturation and random
      coil formation) or negative (for example, aggregation and Maillard reactions) for
      protein digestibility can occur simultaneously during processing. The final
      result of these changes on digestibility seems to be a counterbalance of the
      occurrence of each phenomenon. Occurrence of each phenomenon depends on the
      conditions applied, but also on the source and type of the protein that is
      processed. The correlation between denaturation enthalpy after processing and
      protein digestibility seems to be dependent on the protein source. Heat seems to
      be the processing parameter with the largest influence on changes in the
      structure of proteins. The effect of moisture is usually limited to the
      simultaneous application of heat, but increasing level of moisture during
      processing usually increases structural changes in proteins. The effect of shear
      on protein structure is commonly studied using extrusion, although the
      multifactorial essence of this technology does not allow disentanglement of the
      separate effects of each processing parameter (for example, heat, shear,
      moisture). Although most of the available literature on the processing of feed
      ingredients reports effects on protein digestibility, the mechanisms that explain
      these effects are usually lacking. Clarifying these mechanisms could aid in the
      prediction of the nutritional consequences of processing conditions. 

PMID- 27356770
TI  - Impact of dietary resistant starch type 4 on human gut microbiota and
      immunometabolic functions.
AB  - Dietary modulation of the gut microbiota impacts human health. Here we
      investigated the hitherto unknown effects of resistant starch type 4 (RS4)
      enriched diet on gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)
      concentrations in parallel with host immunometabolic functions in twenty
      individuals with signs of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Cholesterols, fasting
      glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, and proinflammatory markers in the blood as
      well as waist circumference and % body fat were lower post intervention in the
      RS4 group compared with the control group. 16S-rRNA gene sequencing revealed a
      differential abundance of 71 bacterial operational taxonomic units, including the
      enrichment of three Bacteroides species and one each of Parabacteroides,
      Oscillospira, Blautia, Ruminococcus, Eubacterium, and Christensenella species in
      the RS4 group. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed higher faecal SCFAs,
      including butyrate, propionate, valerate, isovalerate, and hexanoate after RS4
      intake. Bivariate analyses showed RS4-specific associations of the gut microbiota
      with the host metabolic functions and SCFA levels. Here we show that dietary RS4
      induced changes in the gut microbiota are linked to its biological activity in
      individuals with signs of MetS. These findings have potential implications for
      dietary guidelines in metabolic health management.

PMID- 27356772
TI  - Central European parasitic flatworms of the family Renicolidae Dollfus, 1939
      (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida): molecular and comparative morphological analysis
      rejects the synonymization of Renicola pinguis complex suggested by Odening.
AB  - The Renicolidae are digenean parasites of piscivorous and molluscivorous birds.
      Although they exhibit few morphological autapomorphies and are highly variable,
      the numerous suggested re-classifications within the family have never been
      supported by any molecular analyses. We address the possible synonymization of
      species within the Renicola pinguis complex suggested previously by Odening. We
      provide and analyse sequences of two nuclear (ITS2, 28S rDNA) and two
      mitochondrial (CO1, ND1) DNA loci of central European species of the Renicolidae,
      namely Renicola lari, Renicola pinguis and Renicola sternae sp. n., and we also
      provide first sequences of Renicola sloanei. The combined molecular and
      comparative morphological analysis confirms the previously questioned validity of
      the three Renicola spp. of highly similar morphology, which display strict niche
      separation in terms of host specificity and selectivity. We identify two
      previously unreported clades within the genus Renicola; however, only one of them
      is supported by the analysis of adult worms. We also provide comparative
      measurements of the three examined closely related central European renicolids,
      and describe the newly proposed tern-specialized species Renicola sternae sp. n.,
      which was previously repeatedly misidentified as Renicola paraquinta. Based on
      the extensive dataset collected in 1962-2015, we update the host spectrum of
      Renicolidae parasitizing central European birds (Renicola bretensis, R. lari,
      Renicola mediovitellata, R. pinguis, Renicola secunda and R. sternae sp. n.) and
      discuss their host-specific prevalence and intensity of infections.

PMID- 27356773
TI  - Aspirin inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in HCT 116 cells
      through acetylation: Identification of aspirin-acetylated sites.
AB  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyzes the first reaction in the
      pentose phosphate pathway, and generates ribose sugars, which are required for
      nucleic acid synthesis, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH),
      which is important for neutralization of oxidative stress. The expression of G6PD
      is elevated in several types of tumor, including colon, breast and lung cancer,
      and has been implicated in cancer cell growth. Our previous study demonstrated
      that exposure of HCT 116 human colorectal cancer cells to aspirin caused
      acetylation of G6PD, and this was associated with a decrease in its enzyme
      activity. In the present study, this observation was expanded to HT-29 colorectal
      cancer cells, in order to compare aspirin-mediated acetylation of G6PD and its
      activity between HCT 116 and HT-29 cells. In addition, the present study aimed to
      determine the acetylation targets of aspirin on recombinant G6PD to provide an
      insight into the mechanisms of inhibition. The results demonstrated that the
      extent of G6PD acetylation was significantly higher in HCT 116 cells compared
      with in HT-29 cells; accordingly, a greater reduction in G6PD enzyme activity was
      observed in the HCT 116 cells. Mass spectrometry analysis of aspirin-acetylated
      G6PD (isoform a) revealed that aspirin acetylated a total of 14 lysine residues,
      which were dispersed throughout the length of the G6PD protein. One of the
      important amino acid targets of aspirin included lysine 235 (K235, in isoform a)
      and this corresponds to K205 in isoform b, which has previously been identified
      as being important for catalysis. Acetylation of G6PD at several sites, including
      K235 (K205 in isoform b), may mediate inhibition of G6PD activity, which may
      contribute to the ability of aspirin to exert anticancer effects through
      decreased synthesis of ribose sugars and NADPH. 

PMID- 27356774
TI  - Application of Mitochondria-Targeted Pharmaceuticals for the Treatment of Heart
      Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mitochondria fulfill the massive energy demands of the human heart
      through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) which couples nutrient oxidation and
      the reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) to the phosphorylation of ADP. Reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) are also generated during OXPHOS which can be damaging at
      high levels but serve as secondary messengers when produced in a controlled
      manner. METHODS: Here, I review how disruption of control over mitochondrial ROS
      production can lead to the pathogenesis of a range of cardiovascular diseases
      (CVD) including decompensated left ventricular hypertrophy, alcoholic and
      diabetic hypertrophy, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic-reperfusion injury
      (IR), and heart failure. In particular I focus on the function of protein S
      glutathionylation (PGlu) reactions, a rapid and reversible redox signaling
      mechanism that involves the conjugation and removal of glutathione from cysteine
      switches, in the modulation of ROS production in myocardial mitochondria and how
      these reactions become deregulated in heart disease. I also discuss the use of
      mitochondria penetrating antioxidants in the treatment of heart disease. RESULTS:
      I propose that heart disease related to deregulated PGlu reactions can be treated
      with a novel and hypothetical class of mitochondria penetrating reduced
      glutathione (GSH) molecules called MitoGSH. This synthetic form of GSH can be
      tagged with either SS peptides or triphenylphosphonium ions to ensure
      accumulation in mitochondria which could restore glutathione levels and preserve
      redox buffering networks. CONCLUSION: Mitochondria penetrating antioxidants have
      been shown to be efficient at restoring mitochondrial antioxidant defense in CVD.
      However, CVD and various other disorders are associated with a depletion of GSH
      pools. Use of mitochondria-targeted GSH analogs could serve as a more efficient
      means of treating heart disease since it would allow for the direct restoration
      of GSH levels and preserve mitochondrial redox buffering and signaling capacity.

PMID- 27356775
TI  - The 9p21 Locus and its Potential Role in Atherosclerosis Susceptibility;
      Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality. Although
      extensive efforts have been made to identify valid biomarkers for CVD risk,
      relatively few are of proven clinical utility. It is recognized that genetic
      factors play a major role in determining the susceptibility to CVD. Recent genome
      wide-association-studies have demonstrated common genetic variants in a region on
      chromosome 9p21 associated with an increased risk of CVD. Several genetic
      polymorphisms have been identified in this region that are highly associated with
      CVD, and these are clustered around the gene loci for CDKN2B (coding for
      p15ink4b), CDKN2A (coding for p16ink4a and p14ARF) and the 3' end of CDKN2BAS,
      which has been termed antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL). Targeted
      deletion of the 9p21 locus reduces the cardiac expression of CDKN2A/B and is the
      most frequent mechanism for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase inactivation,
      leading to a less stable plaque phenotype in the artery. Further investigations
      will be essential to explore the clinical utility of emerging-markers in larger
      and multicenter setting in order to establish their values for risk
      stratification or prediction a chance of future CVD events. The aim of the
      current review was to provide an overview of the possible molecular mechanisms by
      which the chromosome 9p21 locus may confer CVD risk, and the consequential
      clinical implications with particular emphasis on preclinical/clinical trials on
      genetic changes of this locus and CVD risk.

PMID- 27356776
TI  - Shear Stress-sensitive Carriers for Localized Drug Delivery.
AB  - Stenosis of the critical blood vessels, which occurs in a variety of
      cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, is one of leading causes of death in
      the world. Vascular stenosis will significantly alter the hemodynamic features in
      the vessel. Hemodynamic shear stress, one of the most important physical
      parameters of blood flow, will be dramatically elevated at the stenotic site.
      When platelets flow through the constricted site, they will sense these
      abnormally high shear stresses, and then respond by activating, sticking to the
      vascular wall, and aggregating at these sites. The shear-dependent platelet
      activation inspired a novel targeting platform-shear stress activated drug
      targeting delivery. The shear-activated drug delivery systems preferentially
      release their content under elevated shear stress, providing a novel approach to
      cure various diseases, in particular, cardiovascular diseases. In this review,
      we, on one hand, introduced the features of hemodynamic shear stress under both
      physiological and pathological conditions. On the other hand, we summarized the
      carriers displaying sensitivity to shear stress, such as liposomes, aggregations,
      gels, emulsions, in addition to the factors affecting the mechanical properties
      of them. Lastly, the clinical applications and prospects of this novel drug
      targeting strategy were discussed. It is hoped that, with a better understanding
      of shear stress-sensitive carriers and their targeted principle, a novel targeted
      drug delivery strategy will be one day applied in the clinics of the future.

PMID- 27356777
TI  - Development of a Mouse Model of Shiga Toxin 2 (Stx2) Intoxication for Testing
      Therapeutic Agents Against Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) caused by infections with Shiga toxin
      (Stx)-producing E. coli is a life-threatening complication characterized by acute
      renal failure, thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. Stx is the main pathogenic
      factor. Therefore, the mouse model by intravenous administration of a single
      lethal dose of Stx is often used to explore its pathogenic mechanisms. OBJECTIVE:
      The aim of this work was to develop an alternative mouse model of Stx type 2
      (Stx2) intoxication to evaluate new therapeutic strategies. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      One lethal dose of Stx2 was divided in four daily doses. We observed a dose
      dependent toxicity characterized by neutrophilia, leukocytopenia and renal
      damage. Most importantly, we demonstrated that the polyclonal anti-Stx2 serum was
      able to protect mice from fatal evolution even when administered together the
      third dose of Stx2. CONCLUSION: This model would provide an advantage for
      evaluation of therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, the results presented herein
      suggest that appropriate treatment with anti-Stx2 agents following the appearance
      of initial clinical signs may block the ongoing outcome or may alleviate disease
      in patients who have just been diagnosed with HUS. However, the delay in the
      onset of therapy would be unsafe.

PMID- 27356778
TI  - Alkaloids: An Emerging Antibacterial Modality Against Methicillin Resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a Gram-positive bacterium
      which causes community and hospital-acquired infections. Synthetic
      drug/antibiotic treatment for MRSA-related infections is becoming less effective
      and natural products may be an emerging new alternative for future antibacterial
      drug development. Alkaloids are a class of natural compounds which are known for
      their phytochemistry and pharmacology. This review focuses on 32 alkaloids
      isolated from various plants that showed marked antibacterial activity against
      MRSA by acting through different mechanisms such as inhibition of pyruvate
      kinase, Quorum quenching effect, alteration in efflux pump in MRSA and
      intercalating of bacterial DNA, to name just a few. In addition, the use of
      recent plant alkaloids against clinical isolates of MRSA has also been discussed.

PMID- 27356779
TI  - Photodynamic therapy in lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei's scars.
AB  - Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei is an uncommon granulomatous inflammatory
      disease, characterized by multiple, monomorphic, reddish translucent papules and
      nodules, mainly located on the face. Several therapeutic options have been
      employed with variable results, leaving residual disfiguring scars. On this
      topic, we report a case of significant improvement of red-atrophic scars in a 54
      year-old male after three sessions of photodynamic therapy with 10%
      aminolevulinic acid. Owing to the high safety profile and the excellent cosmetic
      result, photodynamic therapy may be considered a useful tool to both prevent and
      treat undesirable scarring.

PMID- 27356780
TI  - Biological effects of eukaryotic recombinant plasmid pReceiver-M61-BAI-1
      transfection on T24 cells and HUVECs.
AB  - The aim of the current study was to investigate the biological effect on T24
      cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) of transfection with
      brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor-1 (BAI-1). The recombinant plasmid
      pReceiver-M61-BAI-1 was transfected into human superficial bladder tumor cells
      (T24) and HUVECs, in parallel with the vector control. mRNA and protein
      expression levels of BAI-1 were then detected by quantitative polymerase chain
      reaction (qPCR) and western blotting, respectively. Cell apoptosis of T24 cells
      and HUVECs prior and subsequent to transfection with BAI-1 was analyzed by flow
      cytometric analysis. Proliferation of T24 cells and HUVECs prior and subsequent
      to transfection of BAI-1 was assessed by the MTT method. T24 cells and HUVECs
      transfected with pReceiver-M61-BA1-1 were classed as the experimental group; T24
      cells and HUVECs transfected with p-Receiver-M61 were the control group. qPCR and
      western blotting methods confirmed that there was positive expression of BAI-1 in
      T24 cells and HUVECs transfected with pReceiver-M61-BAI-1, however BAI-1 was not
      expressed in T24 cells and HUVECs transfected with pReceiver-M61. The results of
      the MTT assay demonstrated that absorbance was markedly reduced in HUVECs at 12,
      48 and 72 h subsequent to transfection with pReceiver-M61-BAI-1 when compared
      with that of the control group and in T24 cells transfected with p-Receiver-M61
      BAI-1. Furthermore, flow cytometry results also indicated that the apoptotic rate
      of HUVECs transfected with p-Receiver-M61-BAI-1 was significantly increased
      compared with that of the control group and T24 cells transfected with p-Receiver
      M61-BAI-1. BAI-1 was observed to markedly inhibit the proliferation of vascular
      endothelial cells in vitro, however, no direct inhibition by BAI-1 was observed
      in T24 cells. In conclusion, BAI-1 is suggested to be a potential novel
      therapautic target for the inhibition of tumor neovascularization. 

PMID- 27356781
TI  - Oncologists' perceived barriers to an expanded role for primary care in breast
      cancer survivorship care.
AB  - Concern exists about the sustainability of traditional, oncologist-led models of
      breast cancer survivorship care. However, many oncologists are hesitant about
      deferring survivorship care to primary care providers (PCPs). Our objective was
      to examine oncologists' perceptions of the role PCPs play in breast cancer
      survivorship and the rationale underlying these perceptions. One-on-one
      interviews with medical, radiation, and surgical oncologists in Wisconsin were
      conducted (n = 35) and transcribed. Data analysis was performed using an
      inductive approach to content analysis. Oncologist-perceived barriers included:
      PCP's level of experience with cancer care; Lack of PCP comfort in providing
      survivorship care; Existing demands on PCPs' time; Patient preference for
      oncology-led survivorship care. Oncologists described familiarity and trust in
      individual PCPs as factors that could mitigate barriers and lead to increased PCP
      involvement in survivorship care. Although a number of perceived barriers to PCP
      participation in survivorship were identified by Wisconsin oncologists, our
      findings support the direction of ongoing initiatives to facilitate PCP
      involvement. Our findings also suggest that early PCP involvement in survivorship
      may increase PCP comfort and patients' trust in PCPs in this role. The identified
      barrier most challenging to address may be the limited capacity of the current
      primary care system to manage follow-up for breast cancer survivors.

PMID- 27356782
TI  - Organic Dots Based on AIEgens for Two-Photon Fluorescence Bioimaging.
AB  - Two-photon fluorescence imaging technique is a powerful bioanalytical approach in
      terms of high photostability, low photodamage, high spatiotemporal resolution.
      Recently, fluorescent organic dots comprised of organic emissive cores and a
      polymeric matrix are emerging as promising contrast reagents for two-photon
      fluorescence imaging, owing to their numerous merits of high and tunable
      fluorescence, good biocompatibility, strong photobleaching resistance, and
      multiple surface functionality. The emissive core is crucial for organic dots to
      get high brightness but many conventional chromophores often encounter a severe
      problem of fluorescence quenching when they form aggregates. To solve this
      problem, fluorogens featuring aggregation-induced emission (AIE) can fluoresce
      strongly in aggregates, and thus become ideal candidates for fluorescent organic
      dots. In addition, two-photon absorption property of the dots can be readily
      improved by just increase loading contents of AIE fluorogen (AIEgen). Hence,
      organic dots based on AIEgens have exhibited excellent performances in two-photon
      fluorescence in vitro cellular imaging, and in vivo vascular architecture
      visualization of mouse skin, muscle, brain and skull bone. In view of the rapid
      advances in this important research field, here, we highlight representative
      fluorescent organic dots with an emissive core of AIEgen aggregate, and discuss
      their great potential in bioimaging applications.

PMID- 27356784
TI  - [Prediction and management of peri-operative complications of spinal deformity
      surgery].

PMID- 27356785
TI  - [Mitral regurgitation: a new predictor of the effect of cardiac resynchronization
      therapy].

PMID- 27356783
TI  - Impact of sarcopenia on treatment tolerance in United States veterans with
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with CHOP-based chemotherapy.
AB  - While sarcopenia has been associated with decreased overall survival in diffuse
      large B-cell (DLBCL) patients, the impact of sarcopenia on treatment tolerance
      has not been well-studied. We evaluated the association of sarcopenia with
      febrile neutropenia hospitalization, treatment-related mortality, and ability to
      complete standard number of cycles in a retrospective cohort of United States
      veterans diagnosed with DLBCL between 1998 and 2008 and treated with
      cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, with or without
      rituximab. Baseline body composition parameters were evaluated using computed
      tomography analysis. In total, 522 patients were included in the study, of whom
      245 (47%) had baseline sarcopenia. After controlling for other variables,
      baseline sarcopenia was independently associated with increased risk of febrile
      neutropenia hospitalization (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) 1.64, 95% confidence
      interval (CI) 1.01-2.65) and inability to complete standard number of treatment
      cycles (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.02-2.16) compared with no baseline sarcopenia. There
      was a non-statistically significant trend toward higher treatment-related
      mortality in sarcopenic patients than non-sarcopenic patients (aOR 1.77, 95% CI
      0.92-3.41). Sarcopenia is associated with increased risk of treatment intolerance
      and may be useful in guiding treatment planning and supportive care measures. Am.
      J. Hematol. 91:1002-1007, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27356786
TI  - [Rules of anatomic morphology changes between the vertebral artery tortuosity and
      transverse foramen].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the rules of the anatomic morphology between vertebral
      artery tortuosity and transverse foramen. METHODS: From January 2012 to December
      2015, 60 patients with vertebral artery tortuosity by means of analyzing the
      image data and basic clinic information as the observation group, and 50 patients
      randomly selected exclusive of vertebral artery tortuosity, absence of vertebral
      artery, vertebral artery aneurysm, cervical decomposition incomplete deformity
      and oral cavity prosthesis artifacts as the control group, the basic clinical
      information was collected; the transverse foramen area (TF) and vertebral artery
      cross-sectional area (VA) of the vertebral artery were measured in the
      observation group and the control group; internal diameter of vertebral artery
      tortuosity, length of vertebral artery were measured and; twisting coefficient
      (s)of the vertebral artery was calculated.Then the difference of the above
      mentioned statistics was acquired. RESULTS: The C4 TF (25.91+/-10.13) mm and C6
      TF(31.93+/-17.91) mm of the affected segment of the observation group were
      significantly higher than those in the control group[(22.11+/-8.67) mm, (27.19+/
      7.89) mm] (P<0.05); VA and TF were positively correlated.The average age[(68.25+/
      12.03) years], blood pressure (45 cases)of the observation group and the
      proportion of the menopausal women (39 cases)were higher than those in the
      control group[(61.32+/-11.32) years, 23/22](P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The area of
      transverse foramen of C4 and C6 could be affected by vertebral artery tortuosity.
      It might be related to the occurrence of bone degeneration around C6 and C4.The
      risk factors of the expansion of the transverse foramen might be advanced age,
      hypertension and menopausal women.

PMID- 27356787
TI  - [Effects of pelvic balance after posterior reduction of balanced L5-S1 III-grade
      isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in pelvic balance after posterior reduction of
      balanced L5-S1 III-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. METHODS: A total of
      18 adult patients with balanced L5-S1 III-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis were
      retrospectively studied after successful treatment by posterior decompression,
      reduction and L5-S1 interbody fusion in Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the
      First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from October 2009 to October
      2014.L5-S1 of eight patients were fixed with pedical strews, while others were
      fixed upgrade to L4.Spino-pelvic parameters: slipping percentage (SP), spondy
      slip angle (SSA), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT) and
      lumbar lordosis (LL) were measured on standing lateral view radiograms.The
      changes in pelvic balance were analyzed after posterior reduction. RESULTS: All
      the patients experienced significant changes in SP and SSA with (42.4%+/-8.3)%
      and (9.8+/-4.9) degrees improved significantly while no significant differences
      were recorded in PI, PT, SS and LL. PI, PT, SS and LL passed from an
      average(61.1+/-6.2) degrees , (16.2+/-4.5) degrees , (44.8+/-2.9) degrees ,
      (51.3+/-9.3) degrees preoperatively to (61.4+/-6.1) degrees , (14.9+/-4.0)
      degrees , (46.5+/-3.0) degrees , (48.6+/-7.0) degrees respectively.According to K
      means cluster analysis, pelvic balance improved postoperatively.No significant
      correlation was found for DeltaPT, DeltaSS with DeltaSP, while DeltaPT and
      DeltaSS had a significant correlation with DeltaSSA (correlation coefficient 
      0.77 and 0.82 respectively). CONCLUSION: Posterior SSA reduction in adults with
      balanced L5-S1 III-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis can improve the former pelvic
      balance.

PMID- 27356788
TI  - [Risk factors of postoperative major complication after spine deformity surgery].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze risk factors of major complications after spinal deformity
      surgery. METHODS: From January 2011 to December 2014, 254 consecutive patients
      undergone spinal deformity surgery , 68 male and 186 female, average age 22.1(3
      73) years, were divided into two groups based on if they had major complications
      after surgery.Univariate and multivariate analysis (Logistic regression) were
      used to identify the risk factors. RESULTS: Among them, 29 patients had major
      complications after surgery.Univariate risk factors showed that medical history,
      scoliosis operation history, preoperative nerve injury, vertebral number of major
      curve, cobb of major curve, Kyphosis(>90 degrees ), time of operation, operative
      bleeding and osteotomy of group I were higher or longer than those of group
      II.Maximal voluntary ventilation (MVC) and orthopaedic rate of group I were worse
      than those of group II[(63.5%+/-23.9%)vs(76.7%+/-21.9%), (53%+/-23%) vs(68%+/
      21%), P<0.05]. Logistic regression identified that preoperative nerve
      injury(OR=5.976), medical history>10 years (OR=4.095), MVC
      observed/predicted<50(OR=7.405), time of operation>5 h (OR=3.510),
      osteotomy(OR=3.472)were final risk factors for major complications. CONCLUSIONS:
      Major complications after surgery to treat spinal deformity can be predicted
      through preoperative nerve injury, medical history, maximal voluntary ventilation
      observed/predicted, time of operation and osteotomy during the surgery.The
      patients with these risk factors need more preoperative care and postoperative
      care to reduce the occurrence of major complications.

PMID- 27356789
TI  - [Research of the effect of bone mineral density and fracture site of the
      vertebrae on low back pain in elderly patients with osteoporotic vertebral
      compression fractures].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of bone mineral density(BMD) and fracture
      site of the vertebrae on low back pain in elderly patients with osteoporotic
      vertebral compression fractures. METHODS: From August 2011 to August 2013, a
      total of 107 senile patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures
      underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty were followed up for more than 2 ( average
      2.5) years in Department of orthopedics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical
      University. The incidence of low back pain after vertebroplasty were analyzed on
      visual analog scale (VAS), and the relationship between BMD, vertebral fracture
      site were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 18 cases(16.8%)after vertebroplasty
      have significant low back pain. Along with BMD decreased [(-2.90+/-0.91) vs (
      4.87+/-0.52)], the VAS of low back pain increasing, which showed statistical
      significance difference[(-3.12+/-0.91) vs (4.03+/-1.08), P<0.05]. The site of
      vertebral fracture was lower, the VAS was higher. CONCLUSIONS: About 16.8%
      patients show obvious low back pain after vertebroplasty. BMD and Vertebral
      fracture site were important factors of low back pain in elderly patients with
      osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures after vertebroplasty.

PMID- 27356790
TI  - [A novel self-growing rod technique for early onset scoliosis: an experimental
      study based on a porcine scoliosis model].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a growth-guidance growing rod in an
      established porcine scoliosis model via the Cobb angle correction and the
      continued spinal growth. METHODS: Immature pigs (age: 6 weeks old, weight: 6-8
      kg) were instrumented and tethered using a three separate incisions fashion.After
      considerable scoliosis was induced, the pigs were randomly assigned to an
      experiment group (EG) and a sham group (SG). In EG, the growing rod was implanted
      and the pigs were euthanized 8 weeks postoperatively; while in SG, the whole
      instrumentations were only removed and the pigs were followed up over a 8-week
      period.Dorsoventral (DV) X-ray radiographs were taken prior to and immediately
      after the growing rod implanting surgery, and at 4-week intervals to assess the
      Cobb angle orrection and instrumentation positioning.The continued spinal growth
      and the rod sliding were also assessed from the radiographs. RESULTS: Of the 16
      pigs, one pig encountered infection during the inducement of the experimental
      scoliosis and thus was excluded from analysis.Of the remaining 15 pigs, all
      animals developed progressive, structural scoliosis.The 15 pigs were randomized
      into EG(n=10) and SG(n=5). Two pigs in EG encountered infection and were also
      excluded from analysis.Of the remaining 8 pigs in EG, no neurologic
      complications, implant failure or infection were observed.In EG, the Cobb angle
      of the scoliosis before the growing rod implanted was (52.1 +/-14.1) degrees  and
      it decreased to (25.4+/-15.2) degrees  postoperatively.After 8 weeks, the Cobb
      angle was (20.2+/-11.4) degrees .In SG, the Cobb angle of the scoliosis after 8
      week tethering period was (55.2+/-15.7) degrees  and it decreased to (53.6+/
      15.8) degrees  after removal of the tethering.The curvature remained stable (51.2
      degrees ) during the subsequent 8 weeks.During the 8-16th week, the spinal height
      increased 14.2 cm and radiographic analysis of the growing rod sliding revealed
      an average distraction of 39.8 mm in EG; while in SG, the increased spinal height
      was 14.9 cm.The difference of the increased spinal height between EG and SG was
      not significant (P=0.821). CONCLUSION: The novel growing rod system can provide
      substantial correction of deformity, and additionally, allow for continually
      spinal growth without significant growing disturbance.

PMID- 27356791
TI  - [Effect of standardized treatment on reactivity of toe microcirculation in
      patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of standardized treatment on reactivity of the
      lower limb terminal microcirculation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      (T2DM) by high frequency ultrasound combined with warm bath. METHODS: A total of
      66 patients with T2DM were collected from June 2014 to May 2015 in the Second
      Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.According to the vascular
      complications , the patients were divided into group A without complications (36
      cases)and group B with complications (30 cases). Hemodynamic parameters such as
      peak systolic velocity(PSV), end-diastolic velocity(EDV) and resistance index(RI)
      of the right plantar digital artery on fibular side of the 1st toe were acquired
      through Doppler in all subjects.Then the above operation were performed
      repetitively on all subjects after the right foot was immersed in 40 C warm water
      for 5 minutes.The change rates of PSV, EDV and RI were calculated after warm
      bath.All subjects were examined again after three months treatment .The growth
      rates of the change rate of PSV, EDV and RI were calculated after treatment.All
      parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: The change rates of the parameters in group B
      before and after treatment were lower than those of group A, before treatment
      (0.108+/-0.077 vs 0.184+/-0.091, P=0.037, 0.184+/-0.101 vs 0.380+/-0.167,
      P=0.002, 0.007+/-0.004 vs 0.015+/-0.008, P=0.028 7), after treatment (0.155+/
      0.111 vs 0.421+/-0.138, 0.287+/-0.108 vs 0.794+/-0.286, 0.012+/-0.008 vs 0.039+/
      0.014, P=0.000); the post treatment growth rates of the change rates of the
      parameters in group B were all less than those of group A (0.414+/-0.303 vs
      2.192+/-2.673, P=0.048, 0.660+/-0.406 vs 1.422+/-1.075, P=0.042, 0.633+/-0.830 vs
      2.191+/-2.269, P=0.048). The change rates of the parameters in two groups after
      treatment were higher than those before treatment (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Warm
      bath test can be used to detect change degree of hemodynamic parameters in
      patients with T2DM so as to evaluate reactivity of blood microcirculation, which
      has a certain clinical application value in treatment.

PMID- 27356792
TI  - [Study of the effects of three luteal phase supporting strategies on clinical
      outcomes of intrauterine insemination].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of three luteal phase supporting strategies on
      clinical outcomes of intrauterine insemination (IUI). METHODS: 1 779 subjects who
      underwent IUI at the Center of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third
      Hospital from November 2014 to June 2015 were enrolled in this retrospectively
      study.According to the luteal phase supporting strategies, all the subjects were
      divided into three groups: subjects receiving Dydrogesterone were group A;
      subjects receiving oral micronized progesterone were group B; subjects receiving
      vaginal micronized progesterone were group C. The pregnancy outcomes, including
      clinical pregnancy rate, early miscarriage rate, biochemical pregnancy rate and
      ectopic pregnancy rate were compared in the three groups. RESULTS: There was no
      significant difference in the three groups in constituent ratio, average IUI
      times, rate of the natural cycle, rate ofovulation cycle and dropout
      rate(P>0.05). Similarly, there was also no significant difference in pregnancy
      outcomes in all groups.Subsequent stratified analysis demonstrated that pregnancy
      outcomes in subjects of natural cycle and ovulation cycle still showed no
      significant difference(P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that the effects
      of three luteal phase supporting strategies on clinical outcomes of IUI were
      similar.The medication in clinic should be individualized.

PMID- 27356793
TI  - [Value of cerebrovascular hemodynamics analysis on diagnosis of cerebral
      microcirculation disorder].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical value of cerebrovascular hemodynamics
      analysis (CVA) on cerebral microcirculation. METHODS: One hundred consecutive
      patients from neurological department of Peking University People's Hospital from
      April to October, 2015, with symptoms of dizziness, lightheadedness, headache
      etc., who were diagnosed with ischemic cerebrovascular disease with normal
      transcranial doppler (TCD) and abnormal CVA, were recruited in this study.Other
      medical conditions were excluded through clinic and imaging examinations among
      these patients.Patients were categorized into mild, moderate and severe subgroups
      based on the degrees of decreased blood flow velocity and/or volume, and received
      treatment accordingly.CVA parameters including the minimum flow velocity (Vmin),
      the minimum flow volume (Qmin), peripheral resistance (R), critical pressure
      (CCP) and dynamic resistance (CVR) etc.before and after treatment were compared
      statistically (t test). RESULTS: Out of the 100 patients with abnormal CVA, 52
      patients had bilateral changes and 48 patients had unilateral changes.The minimum
      flow velocity and the minimum flow volume anomalies were found in 100 and 92
      cases, respectively.A total of 47, 32 and 21 patients had mild, moderate and
      severe abnormal changes, respectively.Out of the 63 patients who had follow-up
      CVA after treatment (drop-out 37 cases), there were 63 abnormal Vmin cases, 60
      abnormal Qmin cases, 17 abnormal R cases, 18 abnormal CCP cases, 41 abnormal
      characteristic impedance (Zc) cases, 41 abnormal elastic wave velocity (Wv)
      cases, 23 abnormal vascular compliance (C) cases, all before treatment.After
      treatment, symptoms and Vmin synchronization improved in 61 cases (96.8%), Qmin
      improved in 58 cases (96.6%), R improved in 13 cases (76.5%), CCP improved in 10
      cases (55.6%), Zc improved in 27 cases (65.8%), Wv improved in 25 cases (61.0%),
      C improved in 6 cases (26.1%). All improvements were statistically significant
      (P<0.05), with Vmin, Qmin, R and CCP showing most significant changes (P<0.000
      1). The CVR treatment showed no significant before and after treatment (P>0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: CVA is an important method in assessing cerebral microcirculation
      perfusion, providing information on intracranial microvascular bed that cannot be
      detected by TCD.It is not only helpful for diagnosis, but also evaluable for
      monitoring clinical treatment of cerebral microcirculation disorder.CVA is also
      helpful in determining the location of cerebral circulation impairment by
      correlation with carotid ultrasound and TCD.

PMID- 27356794
TI  - [Endovascular implantation of iodine-125 seeds strand and portal vein stenting
      followed by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined therapy with
      sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma with main portal vein tumor thrombus].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the therapeutic effect of portal vein stenting and
      endovascular implantation of iodine-125 seeds strand followed by transcatheter
      arterial chemoembolization combined with or without sorafenib in patients for
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with main portal vein tumor thrombus (MPVTT).
      METHODS: A total of 53 patients with HCC complicated by MPVTT who received portal
      vein stenting and endovascular implantation of iodine-125 seeds strand followed
      by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined without (group A, n=38) or
      with (group B, n=15) sorafenib in Affiliated Yancheng Hospital of Southeast
      University Medical College during January 2010 and August 2015 were analyzed
      retropectively.Overal survival, progress free survival and procedure-related
      adverse event were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The technical
      success rate was 100% for placement of (125)I seeds strand and stent in the
      obstructed main portal vein.No serious procedure-related adverse events occurred.
      Median survival time of group A and B were 12.1 and 14.8 months, respectively
      (P=0.037). Additionally, Median progress free survival time of group A and B were
      2.8 and 4.0 months, respectively (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular
      implantation of iodine-125 seeds strand and portal vein stenting followed by
      transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with sorafenib could improve
      the survival time, the progress free survival time of patients with HCC
      complicated by MPVTT.

PMID- 27356795
TI  - [Clinical analysis of 23 gynecologic carcinoma patients with brain metastasis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinicopathological characteristics and treatments of
      brain metastasis (BM) in patients with gynecologic carcinoma. METHODS: Twenty
      three pathologically confirmed patients with gynecologic carcinoma who had brain
      metastasis between February 2008 and October 2012 were analyzed retrospectively.
      RESULTS: The primary carcinoma was cervical cancer in 5 patients, endometrial
      carcinoma in 8 patients and ovarian cancer in 10 patients, which accounted for
      1.81% (5/276), 2.10% (8/380) and 2.67% (10/374) of patient with the same
      diagnosis of the same period, respectively.Among them, 91.3% (21/23) patients had
      heterochronous BM.Single BM was documented in 52.2% (12/23) patients.Besides,
      78.2% (18/23) BM located in cerebrum.At the time of BM, 91.3% (21/23) patients
      had symptoms of central nervous system, in which headache ranked the top (90.4%).
      Altogether, thirteen patients had extracranial metastasis, in which 9 of them had
      metastasis of the lung.The median post-brain-metastasis survival (mPBMS) for the
      recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classes I-III was 54 months, 9 months and 1
      month, respectively (P<0.01). None of surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy
      treatment was proven to have prognosis-improving ability either in single variant
      or multivariate analysis.However, in patients with extracranial metastasis,
      chemotherapy could significantly improve their mPBMS (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The
      incidence of brain metastasis in patients with cervical cancer, endometrial
      carcinoma, and ovarian cancer increased gradually.RPA was valuable for a
      prognostic assessment in gynecologic carcinoma patients with BM.Chemotherapy
      could significantly improve prognosis of gynecologic carcinoma patients with BM
      if extracranial metastasis was presented.

PMID- 27356796
TI  - [The relationship between group B streptococcus genital infection and premature
      rupture of membrane].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the group B streptococcal
      (GBS) genital infection of the pregnant women and premature rupture of membrane
      (PROM). METHODS: Five hundred and eighty seven cases in our hospital maternity
      clinic or hospital delivery of pregnant women were enrolled from October 2014 to
      December 2014, including 189 cases of pregnant women with PROM as the observation
      group and 398 cases of pregnant women without PROM as a control group.GBS in
      their rectum and vagina secretion was separated and tested by using Group B
      Streptococcus Chromogenic Agar. RESULTS: Fifty eight cases were detected GBS
      positive in all 587 pregnant women.The positive rate was 9.9%.In 189 cases of
      PROM, 37 cases were GBS positive and the positive rate was 19.6%.While in 398
      cases of normal pregnant women, 21 cases were positive and the positive rate was
      5.3%.The difference has statistically significant (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: GBS
      infection may be a risk factor for the occurrence of PROM.Psychological
      counseling, health education and antibiotics should be applied to the GBS
      positive pregnant women as a preventive strategy.

PMID- 27356797
TI  - [Brain plastic alterations in subjects with chronic right-sided sensorineural
      hearing loss: a resting-state MRI study].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the nodal properties and reorganization of whole-brain
      functional network in subjects with severe right-sided SNHL. METHODS: From June
      2012 to June 2013, a total of 19 patients with severe right-sided SNHL were
      collected from Zhongda Hospital or the recruitment advertising along with 31
      healthy controls.Based on the graph-theoretical analysis, the whole-brain
      functional networks were constructed using the BOLD-fMRI data of all subjects.Two
      sample two-tailed t-tests were used to investigate the differences between two
      groups in nodal metrics, such as node degree, node betweenness, node global
      efficiency and node local efficiency.All metrics were corrected by multiple
      comparisons.Partial correlation analysis was used to estimate the relationship
      between the significant metrics and the duration or severity of hearing loss.
      RESULTS: The right-sided SNHL showed significantly increased betweenness
      centrality in left supramarginal gyrus and right fusiform.However, other nodal
      parameters showed no statistical difference.Besides, patients exhibited no
      significant association between the altered metrics and clinical variables.
      CONCLUSION: Alterations of local topological properties may underlie cerebral
      cross-modal plastic reorganization in visual or speech-related regions in severe
      right-sided SNHL patients.

PMID- 27356798
TI  - [Utility of texture analysis of magnetic resonance imaging in differential
      diagnosis of common pediatric cerebellar tumors in children].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze magnetic resonance images of the posterior cranial fossa
      tumors, and evaluate the texture characteristics of three kinds of children's
      posterior cranial fossa tumors by support vector machine (SVM). METHODS: From May
      2008 to August 2015, a total of 76 patients with children's posterior cranial
      fossa tumors in First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were
      retrospectively analyzed, texture analysis was performed on the three types of
      tumors. RESULTS: The 5 texture parameters extracted from the gray level co
      occurrence matrix had at least 3 parameters which had statistically significant
      difference between the two different classes of data sets (P<0.05). For all kinds
      of data sets, the variance parameters of gray value of ROI region had
      statistically significant differences.The accuracy rate of SVM test in the
      remarkable difference of the ependymomas and medulloblastomas, the ependymomas
      and astrocytomas and the medulloblastomas and astrocytomas was 86.15%+/-4.16%,
      73.63%+/-5.82% and 74.32%+/-5.85%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The analysis of
      texture features can provide more quantitative information which could provide a
      new thought and method for the differential diagnosis of tumors in the posterior
      cranial fossa.

PMID- 27356799
TI  - [Surgical treatment of ventriculoperitoneal shunt guided by ultrasound to the
      patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy of ventriculoperitoneal shunt
      treatment to patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. METHODS: The
      clinical data of 32 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension who were
      admitted to Henan Provincial People's Hospital from August 2011 to February 2014
      were collected.The underlying diseases included occlusion of the superior
      sagittal sinus (2 cases) and occlusion of transverse sinus (2 cases), and all 4
      cases had a history of chronic otitis media.Twenty eight cases, with a history of
      oral contraceptive drugs (2 cases) and unclear etiology (26 cases), had normal
      venous sinus confirmed by imaging examination.All of 32 patients underwent
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt. RESULTS: The symptoms of 32 patients such as
      headache, nausea, and vomiting were relieved obviously after surgery.The symptom
      of visual impairment of 31 cases got better in varying degrees except that 1 case
      went blind before operation.Besides 2 cases of loss of follow-up, the remaining
      30 cases were followed up for 2 years.Thirty cases had no perioperative
      infection.One case had infection 1 year after operation.No one had the shunt tube
      blockage. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension should
      be taken active surgical treatment when drug therapy fails and could obtain
      satisfactory clinical curative effect by accepting treatment of
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt.By intraoperative ultrasound guiding lateral ventricle
      puncture can be achieved accurately.

PMID- 27356800
TI  - [Effect of SIRT1 deficiency on function of brown adipose tissue in obese mice].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of silent mating type information regulation
      2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) deficiency on function of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in high
      fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. METHODS: Male SIRT1 deficient heterozygous
      (SIRT1(+ /-)) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were challenged with a
      HFD diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity model.Energy metabolic cages were used to
      measure oxygen consumption and heat production, and cold tolerance test was to
      evaluate the adaptive thermogenic function.With brown fat collected after the
      diet intervention, determination techniques were adopted included HE staining for
      morphologic changes, immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting for
      uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression, quantitative real-time PCR for relative
      content of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA). RESULTS: Compared to WT controls, SIRT1(+ /
      ) mice displayed significant decreases in both oxygen consumption and heat
      production[(2 681+/-297) vs (3 017+/-313) ml.kg(-1).h(-1,) (19.05+/-2.40) vs
      (21.15+/-2.49) kcal.kg(-1).h(-1,) both P<0.05)], as well as an impairment in
      maintaining their body temperature during the cold challenge.HE staining revealed
      the accumulation of larger lipid droplets in BAT of SIRT1(+ /-) mice, and both
      immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting indicated an obvious reduction
      in expression of UCP1 (P<0.05). Quantitative real-time PCR showed a significant
      decrease in the relative mtDNA content in BAT of SIRT1(+ /-) mice (0.38+/-0.10 vs
      1.00+/-0.40, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: SIRT1 deficiency promotes BAT dysfunction,
      meaning that whitening in obese mice.

PMID- 27356801
TI  - [Percutaneous coronary intervention in eastern urban China: 2001-2011].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess trends in clinical characteristics, treatment, and
      outcomes for hospitalized patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PCI) in eastern urban China from 2001 to 2011. METHOD: We analyzed a Chinese
      eastern representative sample of hospital admissions for PCI identified in China
      PEACE-retrospective CathPCI study using a two-stage random sampling design and
      calculated the weighted data of clinical information in each year. RESULTS: We
      included 3 308 admissions for PCI in 29 urban hospitals.Between 2001 and 2011,
      rates of hospitalizations for PCI increased by 15 fold.Compared with 2001, the
      patients undergoing PCI were more likely to be female, older than 70 years, and
      to have history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and PCI in 2011.The
      proportion of trans radial PCIs was increased from 3.5% in 2001 to 72.6% in 2011
      (Statistic=-28.95, Ptrend<0.000 1); the proportion of drug eluting stents (DES)
      among all the implanted stents was increased from 18.2%in 2001 to 98.4% in
      2011(Statistic=-40.82, Ptrend<0.000 1), largely due to increased use of domestic
      DES.Less than 10% of medical records of patients undergoing primary PCI
      documented door time and balloon time.The median length of stay decreased from 13
      days in 2001 to 10 days in 2011 (Statistic=-0.11, Ptrend<0.001). In-hospital
      mortality did not change significantly, but both any bleeding (Statistic= 2.66,
      Ptrend< 0.01) and access bleeding were decreased significantly (Statistic= 5.55,
      Ptrend< 0.000 1). CONCLUSIONS: During 2001 and 2011 in eastern urban China, there
      has been a rapid increase in the number and significant change in treatment
      patterns of PCI.Quality gaps are identified that represent opportunities to
      improve care.

PMID- 27356802
TI  - [Cross-sectional study of differential effects with age on non-invasive central
      hemodynamics and peripheral arterial stiffness of healthy people in Beijing
      communities].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the variation of central hemodynamics and peripheral
      arterial stiffness in different ages and to investigate the parameters of
      differential effects in younger individuals (<=60y) and older individuals (>60y).
      METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in eight regions
      by random cluster sampling, from April to July 2014 in Beijing, China.Central
      hemodynamics and peripheral arterial stiffness parameters were determined in 861
      healthy (372 male), normotensive individuals, aged 20 to 91(56+/-14) years.The
      main observed indexes were central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), arterial
      augmentation index (AI), augmentation pressure (AP), heart-ankle pulse wave
      velocity (haPWV) and brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV). Subjects were divided into six
      groups by 10 aged segment.Differences between groups and age tendency were
      observed. RESULTS: The mean values of cSBP, AI, AP, haPWV and baPWV were (113+/
      12) mmHg, (90+/-18)%, (-5+/-9) mmHg, (987+/-144) cm/s and (1 382+/-254) cm/s,
      respectively.cSBP, AI, AP, haPWV and baPWV increased with age (P<0.001). In
      average, cSBP, baPWV and haPWV increased 3 mmHg, 97 cm/s and 62 cm/s by
      additional 10 years, respectively.cSBP, AI and AP increased slowly after 60 years
      old, while haPWV and baPWV increased significantly with age (P<0.001). Stepwise
      regression analysis showed: cSBP was mainly relevant with mean arterial
      pressure(b=0.990, P<0.001), while baPWV and haPWV were relevant with age(b=8.858,
      5.971; P<0.001). AI and AP were associated with height and rest heart rate (b=
      0.676, -0.660 and b=-0.361, -0.341, P<0.001). Individuals were divided into two
      groups by age 60.The age-related changes in AI were significant in under 60-year
      old; while the changes in baPWV were more prominent in over 60-year-old.However
      there was no significant difference in cSBP between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: In
      healthy people, there are obvious differences of age tendency in central
      hemodynamics and peripheral arterial stiffness parameters.AI might be a good
      predictor of cardiovascular disease for early stage, especially for early
      coronary artery disease.

PMID- 27356803
TI  - BH3-only protein Bim predicts advanced stage of cutaneous melanoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bim having strong pro-apoptotic effects belongs to the BH3-only
      proteins of the Bcl-2 protein family and contributes to survival pathways in
      cancer cells. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate Bim protein expression in
      cutaneous melanoma (CM). METHODS: Bim protein expression was assessed by
      immunohistochemistry in primary and metastatic melanomas and correlated with
      clinical and histopathological features. RESULTS: The Bim immunoreactivity score
      of the primary melanomas investigated (4.6 +/- 1.5) was significantly (P <
      0.0001) higher than that observed in metastases (2.8 +/- 1.1). Low Bim expression
      was significantly associated with primary nodular melanoma type (P = 0.005).
      Moreover, Bim expression was significantly inversely correlated with tumour
      thickness (r = -0.36; P = 0.0035), advanced stage of disease (stage III and IV; r
      = -0.60; P < 0.0001), disease relapse (r = -0.18; P = 0.034) and disease-related
      death (r = -0.19; P = 0.026). Advanced stage of disease was independently
      predicted by low Bim expression (P = 0.0010, odds ratio: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10-0.56)
      on multivariate analysis; however, Bim was not shown to be an independent
      predictor for disease relapse (P = 0.40) and disease-related death (P = 0.77).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that Bim protein expression is significantly
      inversely correlated with melanoma features that are associated with worse
      prognosis. We have shown that Bim protein expression in CM is an independent
      predictor for advanced disease confirming that this pro-apoptotic BH3-only
      protein might be a potent biomarker and promising therapeutic target.

PMID- 27356804
TI  - Using acupressure to minimize discomforts during pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe responses issued by pregnant women, and the improvement of
      the gravidic discomforts after the use of the acupressure technique. METHOD:
      Qualitative and descriptive study conducted with 15 pregnant women between
      November 2013 and February 2014 in a Basic Health Unit in Natal, RN, Brazil. The
      data were collected through unstructured interviews and depositions that were
      then transcribed and treated according to Minayo's operative proposal, carefully
      read, compared and organized into two groups. RESULTS: The categories that
      resulted were: Positive effects of acupressure, and the recommended use of
      acupressure. According to pregnant women, the discomforts of pregnancy cramps,
      fatigue in the legs, lower back pain and headaches decreased with the use of
      acupressure. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, acupressure should be introduced
      by the nurse in pre-natal care as a therapeutic resource for the pregnant woman's
      well-being.

PMID- 27356805
TI  - Women's experience with contraception from the perspective of gender.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyse the experience of women with contraception from the
      perspective of gender. METHODS: Qualitative and exploratory-descriptive study
      conducted at three basic healthcare units in the city of Lagoa Seca - PB, Brazil,
      with 15 women interviewed between January and May 2013. The content analysis
      technique was used to process the data. RESULTS: Data analysis led to the core
      category 'women's contraceptive choices and their relationship with gender
      dynamics', that subsequently led to the subcategories 'unequal construction of
      gender identities in childhood and adolescence', 'outcome of gender dynamics in
      (contra)ception during adolescence', and ' medicalisation of the female body'.
      CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that the experience with contraception is related to
      the dynamics of gender, with the outcome of teenage pregnancy and the
      medicalization of the body.

PMID- 27356806
TI  - Building a digital application for teaching vital signs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the steps in creating a digital application directed to
      teaching vital signs for nursing students. METHOD: This is a methodological
      study, conducted from March to October 2014, in which have followed the stages of
      analysis, design and development of technological tool, based on the theoretical
      framework of Galvis-Panqueva. We conducted a narrative review of the literature
      on the subject, and then picked up the best platform for application hosting.
      RESULTS: Once the steps proposed in the theoretical framework were followed, the
      analysis outlined the content and technological infrastructure. As for the
      design, it provided the assessment of the environment and its interface and
      operation, and finally the development materialized the projection of the design
      and interactive features proposed in previous steps. CONCLUSION: The application
      is an interactive support in the training of nursing students, and it is
      suggested that validation of content be performed for further practical
      application.

PMID- 27356807
TI  - Nursing languages as an international communication vehicle for nurses.

PMID- 27356808
TI  - Repetitive Periodic Atrial Oversensing in a Cardiac Implantable Electrical
      Defibrillator at 35 Minutes and 50 Minutes Past the Hour: What Is the Diagnosis?

PMID- 27356809
TI  - Multicentre cohort study 'Rehabilitation of Occupational Skin Diseases -
      Optimization and Quality Assurance of Inpatient Management (ROQ)': results from a
      3-year follow-up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A tertiary individual prevention programme (TIP) is offered to
      patients with severe occupational skin disease (OSD) in Germany. Previously, it
      was shown that the burden of OSDs is considerably reduced in patients up to 1
      year after the TIP. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term effects of the TIP.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective multicentre cohort study, the clinical and
      patient-reported outcome data 3 years after the TIP were evaluated. RESULTS: Of
      the 1788 patients initially included in the study, 1410 were available for the 3
      year follow-up analysis. The severity of OSD, the use of topical corticosteroids
      and days of absence from work were significantly reduced 3 years after the TIP,
      and the quality of life and skin protective behaviour were significantly
      improved. Of the patients, 96.9% were able to resume work. One thousand one
      hundred and sixty-six patients (82.7%) were still working 3 years after the TIP,
      874 of them (75.0%) in the same occupational field. Hairdressers had the lowest
      rate of remaining in their original profession (41.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The follow
      up during 3 years of this unique cohort of patients with OSDs shows that the TIP
      is associated with sustained improvements in terms of disease severity, ability
      to work, quality of life, and prognosis.

PMID- 27356810
TI  - Similarity of symptoms between transient epileptic amnesia and Lewy body disease.
AB  - Epilepsy with the main symptom of amnesia is known as transient epileptic amnesia
      (TEA). Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common form of
      neurodegenerative dementia. The concept that Lewy body disease includes
      Parkinson's disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies was proposed in
      the 2005 revision of the Clinical Diagnostic Criteria. Here, we describe a woman
      with cognitive impairment, olfactory dysfunction, and reduced 123 I-meta
      iodobenzylguanidine uptake on myocardial scintigraphy. The patient and her family
      and friends were unaware of parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, or epilepsy for
      a long period. After syncope occurred twice within a short interval,
      electroencephalography revealed sharp waves from the bilateral frontal to
      parietal lobes, indicating a diagnosis of TEA. The present case prompted us to
      compare the symptoms of TEA with the clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia
      with Lewy bodies, revealing their similarities. We also discuss whether Lewy body
      disease may cause TEA rather than having an incidental association with it.

PMID- 27356811
TI  - An Unusual Complication of Nasojejunal Tube Placement: Jejunal Perforation.

PMID- 27356812
TI  - An Unusual Case of Colonic Intussusception Masquerading as a Transverse Colon
      Mass.

PMID- 27356813
TI  - Mantle Cell Lymphoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract in a Patient with Renal Cell
      Carcinoma.

PMID- 27356814
TI  - False Aneurysm of the Common Hepatic Artery Ruptured Into the Duodenum.

PMID- 27356815
TI  - Ulcerative Colitis Presenting With Palmoplantar Neutrophilic Dermatosis.

PMID- 27356816
TI  - Abdominal Cocoon: Primary Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis.

PMID- 27356817
TI  - Acute Presentation of a Mucinous Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix.

PMID- 27356818
TI  - An Unusual Rectal Lesion in a Homosexual Man.

PMID- 27356819
TI  - Successful Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Coil Embolization For Severe Duodenal
      Bleeding.

PMID- 27356820
TI  - Editorial: Reflux While Running: Something to Belch About.
AB  - Running is the most popular form of exercise in the United States.
      Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is common during exercise and may affect
      performance. Previous studies have focused on increased intra-abdominal pressure
      as a major determinant of acid reflux during physical exertion. In this issue,
      Herregods et al. examined the mechanisms of GER in healthy volunteers using
      simultaneous high-resolution manometry and pH impedance testing performed while
      running. Novel observations afforded by the utilization of state-of-the-art
      technology include the importance of transient lower esophageal sphincter
      relaxation ("belch reflex") and transient formation of hiatal hernia during
      exercise. The findings are provocative and lend credence to commonsense
      strategies to minimize the consequences of belching in runners.

PMID- 27356823
TI  - Editorial: Magnetic Resonance Elastography and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:
      Time for an Upgrade?
AB  - Elastography techniques, such as two-dimensional magnetic resonance elastography
      (2D-MRE) are increasingly used for the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis
      in patients with nonalchoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Loomba et al.
      demonstrate that 3D-MRE (shear wave frequency 40 Hz) had even greater diagnostic
      accuracy than the commercially available 2D-MRE (shear wave frequency 60 Hz) in
      diagnosing advanced fibrosis (area under the receiver operator curve, AUROC 0.981
      vs. 0.921, P<0. 05) using liver biopsy as reference standard. Despite
      limitations, MRE serves as an important tool in risk stratification for patients
      with NAFLD.

PMID- 27356826
TI  - Response to Kaakoush et al.

PMID- 27356827
TI  - Reduction in Gut Microbial Diversity as a Mechanism of Action of Exclusive
      Enteral Nutrition.

PMID- 27356828
TI  - Position Change in Colonoscopy-A Turn for the Better?

PMID- 27356829
TI  - Reply to Kaif et al.

PMID- 27356830
TI  - Tricyclic Antidepressants: What to Choose and Which Dose?

PMID- 27356831
TI  - Response to Keszthelyi et al.

PMID- 27356832
TI  - Tryciclic Antidepressants in Refractory GERD: Poorly Effective Drugs or Wrong
      Patients?

PMID- 27356834
TI  - Response to Savarino et al.

PMID- 27356833
TI  - Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Peliosis-Like Change-Mimicking Hemangioma: A LI
      RADS Exception.

PMID- 27356835
TI  - Familial Adenomatous Polyposis; Succesful Use of Sirolimus.

PMID- 27356836
TI  - Outpatient Terlipressin Infusion for the Treatment of Refractory Ascites.

PMID- 27356837
TI  - Liver Disease in Pregnancy: Beyond the Guidelines.

PMID- 27356838
TI  - Severity of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Affects Outcomes in
      Decompensated Cirrhotics with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.

PMID- 27356839
TI  - Watch Your Speed-A Traumatic Case of Budd-Chiari Syndrome.

PMID- 27356842
TI  - Corrigendum: ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Barrett's
      Esophagus.

PMID- 27356843
TI  - Corrigendum: Safety and Efficacy of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir Plus
      Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin in HCV-Infected Patients Taking Concomitant
      Acid-Reducing Agents.

PMID- 27356844
TI  - Corrigendum: Isolated Duodenal Varices Without Cirrhosis.

PMID- 27356845
TI  - Corrigendum: Anaphylaxis to Milk After Elimination Diet for Eosinophilic
      Gastrointestinal Disease.

PMID- 27356846
TI  - Low colectomy rate five years after diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. Results from
      a prospective population-based cohort in Sweden (ICURE) diagnosed during 2005
      2009.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The medical treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) has seen a change
      towards a more active attitude during recent years, including both the use of
      more traditional drugs as well as new biological substances. In this
      epidemiological study we have evaluated the results of modern treatment of UC in
      a population-based cohort of patients including all age groups, with regard to
      relapse rate, colectomy and IBD-associated mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Patients diagnosed with UC in the Uppsala health care region in the middle of
      Sweden during 2005-2009 were included in the study. Out of 524 patients, 491
      (93%) could be followed for five full years or until death. RESULTS: Nineteen
      patients (3.9%) had died and two of these deaths could be attributed to UC (one
      postoperative death and one colonic carcinoma). The following drugs were used by
      the patients during the study period: 5-ASA (91%), systemic steroids (66%),
      immunomodulators (IMM), mainly thiopurines (26%) and anti-TNF (11%). During the
      observation period, 74% experienced at least one relapse and 5.3% were subjected
      to colectomy. Among patients <17 years at diagnosis, colectomy was performed in
      two (4.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Five years after diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, 5.3%
      had been subjected to colectomy and two patients (0.38%) had died because of the
      disease.

PMID- 27356847
TI  - Height gain after two-years-of-age is associated with better cognitive capacity,
      measured with Raven's coloured matrices at 15-years-of-age in Malawi.
AB  - Stunting is a measure of chronic undernutrition, and it affects approximately 160
      million children worldwide. Cognitive development of stunted children is
      compromised, but evidence about the association between height gain in late
      childhood and adolescent cognitive capacity is scarce. We aimed to determine the
      association between height gains at different ages, including late childhood, and
      cognitive capacity at 15-years-of-age. We conducted a prospective cohort study in
      a rural African setting in Southern Malawi. The study cohort was enrolled between
      June 1995 and August 1996. It originally comprised mothers of 813 fetuses, and
      the number of children born live was 767. These children were followed up until
      the age of 15 years. The anthropometrics were measured at one and 24-months-of
      age and 15-years-of-age, and cognitive capacity of participants was assessed at
      15-years-of-age with Raven's Coloured Matrices score, mathematic test score,
      median reaction time (RT) (milliseconds) and RT lapses. The associations between
      growth and the outcome measures were assessed with linear regression. Raven's
      Coloured Matrices score was predicted by height gain between 24 months and 15
      years-of-age (coefficient 0.85, P = 0.03) and (coefficient 0.69, P = 0.06), but
      not by earlier growth, when possible confounders were included in the model. The
      association weakened when school education was further added in the model
      (coefficient = 0.69, P = 0,060). In conclusion, in rural Malawi, better growth in
      late childhood is likely to lead to better cognitive capacity in adolescence,
      partly through more school education. In light of these results, growth promotion
      should not only be limited to early childhood.

PMID- 27356849
TI  - A Synthesis of (+/-)-Aplydactone.
AB  - Aplydactone is an unusual brominated sesquiterpenoid isolated from the sea hare
      Aplysia dactylomela. Its highly strained skeleton contains two four- and three
      six-membered rings and features three adjacent quaternary carbon atoms. Although
      it is most likely of photochemical origin, attempts to generate it from a
      chamigrane precursor have failed thus far. In this work, we present a total
      synthesis of aplydactone that relies on two photochemical key steps that are not
      biomimetic but highly effective in establishing the two cyclobutane rings. Our
      synthesis also features an unusual Barbier-type cyclization and culminates in new
      radical conditions to install the sterically hindered secondary bromide of the
      natural product.

PMID- 27356848
TI  - Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from patients with cystic
      fibrosis in Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aspergillus fumigatus is frequently recovered from respiratory
      secretions of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Azole resistance has been
      increasingly reported. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of azole resistance
      in A. fumigatus isolates from patients followed by two CF centers of northern
      Italy. METHODS: 423 isolates (220 patients) were screened for azole resistance.
      Resistance was confirmed with the EUCAST method and cyp51A gene sequencing.
      Microsatellite genotyping was performed and results were compared with those of
      environmental resistant isolates. RESULTS: No resistance was detected in one
      center, while 8.2% of the patients of the other center harbored resistant
      isolates. The TR34/L98H alteration in the cyp51A gene, present in seven cases,
      resulted associated with poor in-vitro activity of all tested azoles.
      CONCLUSIONS: The environmental origin of the resistance seems to be probable
      since azole resistance was found also in naive patients and an identical
      microsatellite genotype in clinical and environmental isolates was observed.

PMID- 27356850
TI  - Lessons learnt on biases and uncertainties in personal exposure measurement
      surveys of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields with exposimeters.
AB  - Personal exposure measurements of radio frequency electromagnetic fields are
      important for epidemiological studies and developing prediction models.
      Minimizing biases and uncertainties and handling spatial and temporal variability
      are important aspects of these measurements. This paper reviews the lessons
      learnt from testing the different types of exposimeters and from personal
      exposure measurement surveys performed between 2005 and 2015. Applying them will
      improve the comparability and ranking of exposure levels for different
      microenvironments, activities or (groups of) people, such that epidemiological
      studies are better capable of finding potential weak correlations with health
      effects. Over 20 papers have been published on how to prevent biases and minimize
      uncertainties due to: mechanical errors; design of hardware and software filters;
      anisotropy; and influence of the body. A number of biases can be corrected for by
      determining multiplicative correction factors. In addition a good protocol on how
      to wear the exposimeter, a sufficiently small sampling interval and sufficiently
      long measurement duration will minimize biases. Corrections to biases are
      possible for: non-detects through detection limit, erroneous manufacturer
      calibration and temporal drift. Corrections not deemed necessary, because no
      significant biases have been observed, are: linearity in response and resolution.
      Corrections difficult to perform after measurements are for: modulation/duty
      cycle sensitivity; out of band response aka cross talk; temperature and humidity
      sensitivity. Corrections not possible to perform after measurements are for:
      multiple signals detection in one band; flatness of response within a frequency
      band; anisotropy to waves of different elevation angle. An analysis of 20
      microenvironmental surveys showed that early studies using exposimeters with
      logarithmic detectors, overestimated exposure to signals with bursts, such as in
      uplink signals from mobile phones and WiFi appliances. Further, the possible
      corrections for biases have not been fully applied. The main findings are that if
      the biases are not corrected for, the actual exposure will on average be
      underestimated.

PMID- 27356851
TI  - Mechanism of uncoupling protein 2-mediated myocardial injury in hypothermic
      preserved rat hearts.
AB  - In the present study, the alterations in uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression
      following hypothermic preservation in rat hearts were investigated. Isolated rat
      hearts were preserved in Celsior solution for 3-12 h followed by 60 min of
      reperfusion. The cardiac function was evaluated using the Langendorff perfusion
      system. UCP2 and silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1)
      proteins were detected by western blot analysis. The ATP production and
      mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed. Subsequent to
      preservation in ice-cold Celsior solution for 3-12 h, the UCP2 protein expression
      in rat hearts was observed to increase in a time-dependent manner. The UCP2
      inhibitor genipin inhibited the hypothermic preservation-induced cardiac
      dysfunction, prevented a decline in ATP production induced by 9 h of
      preservation, however had no effect on the hypothermic preservation-induced
      increase in mitochondrial ROS levels. Compared with the control group, the SIRT1
      protein expression in rat hearts reduced following hypothermic preservation.
      Compared with the 9-h preservation group, Celsior solution supplemented with the
      SIRT1 activator resveratrol (20 or 40 umol/l) inhibited UCP2 protein
      overexpression, prevented the decline in ATP production and resulted in an
      improvement cardiac function. The SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 abolished the
      resveratrol-induced inhibition of UCP2 overexpression and cardiac protection in
      the hypothermic preserved rat heart. These observations suggest that
      downregulation of UCP2 expression in the hypothermic preserved rat heart in part
      initiated the protective mechanism via the SIRT1 pathway. 

PMID- 27356852
TI  - In Depth Proteome Analysis of Ripening Muscadine Grape Berry cv. Carlos Reveals
      Proteins Associated with Flavor and Aroma Compounds.
AB  - Ripening in nonclimacteric fruits such as grape involves complex chemical changes
      that have a profound influence on the accumulation of flavor and aroma compounds
      distinct to a particular grape genotype. In this study, proteome characterization
      of wine type bronze muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia cv. Carlos), primarily
      grown in the Southeastern United States was performed during berry ripening.
      Stage-specific protein expression was obtained among different stages of berries.
      Differential analysis showed the expression of 522 proteins that regulate diverse
      biological processes and metabolic pathways. Of these, 30 proteins are associated
      with the production of key phenolic compounds, whereas 25 are associated with the
      production of muscadine aroma compounds. These proteins are involved in the
      phenylpropanoid pathway, terpene synthesis, fatty acid derived volatiles and
      esters that affect muscadine berry flavor and aroma characteristics. Further,
      gene expression analysis during ripening validated the expression pattern of 12
      proteins. Catechin, epicatechin, and four stilbenes were quantified to correlate
      observed proteome changes. This study not only revealed biochemical changes
      during muscadine berry ripening but also offers indicators for marker-assisted
      breeding to enhance organoleptic properties of muscadine grape to improve its
      flavor and aroma properties.

PMID- 27356853
TI  - Interventions to tackle malnutrition and its risk factors in children living in
      slums: a scoping review.
AB  - CONTEXT: Children living in slums are at high risk of being malnourished. There
      are no published reviews on existing interventions promoting better nutrition for
      children living in slums and the risk factors for children's malnutrition.
      Improved understanding of the risk factors for malnutrition in slums communities
      and the impact of interventions on children's health can provide guidance to
      practitioners and decision-makers. The present review is designed to provide this
      information. METHODS: The search included 30 electronic bibliographic databases
      and relevant eligible studies published up to December 2013. RESULTS: The search
      located 1512 citations. Full text relevance screening was conducted on 226
      studies and on abstracts for 16 studies. The final 58 unique studies included 22
      on interventions and 38 on risk. All of the interventions were nutrition
      specific, with nutritional intervention being the most dominant type. Seventy
      three per cent of the interventions were assessed effective. CONCLUSION: The
      findings stressed the gaps in knowledge in terms of quality assessment and
      programmatic recommendations to identify children who are the most at risk of
      malnutrition to appropriately target interventions. Finally, the review helped to
      inform a systematic review (Cochrane Systematic review protocol 2015) that will
      examine the impact of interventions on outcome measures.

PMID- 27356854
TI  - Rapid In Vitro Evaluation of Antiretroviral Barrier to Resistance at Therapeutic
      Drug Levels.
AB  - Failure of combination antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in HIV-infected patients is
      often associated with the emergence of drug resistance-associated mutations
      (RAMs). To facilitate analysis of the barrier to resistance at therapeutically
      relevant ARV concentrations, we performed fixed-dose in vitro HIV-1 drug
      resistance selection assays using the immortalized MT-2 T-cell line and primary
      human CD4+ T cells with a panel of FDA-approved ARVs, each at their respective
      cell culture equivalent clinical trough concentration (CCE Cmin). At high
      multiples of its CCE Cmin, emtricitabine (FTC) selected for the rapid emergence
      of M184I/V, a result consistent with resistance emergence in vivo. While the rate
      of viral breakthrough in the presence of rilpivirine or efavirenz was delayed
      relative to FTC, both inhibitors selected for virus with known clinically
      relevant RAMs. No viral breakthrough was observed for the protease inhibitor
      atazanavir even at subtherapeutic drug concentrations, which is consistent with
      its previously characterized high in vivo barrier to resistance. Depending on
      assay conditions, treatment with integrase inhibitors elvitegravir and
      raltegravir resulted in breakthrough of both resistant and wild-type virus. The
      RAMs observed in drug selections were not detected above a 2% threshold by deep
      sequencing in the in vitro virus inoculum, and only rarely in isolates from
      treatment-naive HIV+ patients. These new viral breakthrough assays facilitate the
      analysis of multiple experimental replicates and conditions in parallel and
      provide a rapid quantitative means to evaluate drug resistance emergence at
      therapeutically relevant drug concentrations, which should facilitate the
      identification of new ARVs with a high barrier to resistance.

PMID- 27356855
TI  - A new in vivo analysis model to detect sexually dimorphic rat liver cytochrome
      P450 gene expression dependent on growth hormone secretory patterns.
AB  - Several drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes exhibit sexual dimorphism
      depending on the pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretory patterns. However, the
      mechanism underlying CYP sexual dimorphism remains unclear. We previously
      established a transgenic (Alb-DsRed2 Tg) rat that expressed red fluorescent
      DsRed2 protein, particularly in hepatocytes, to visualize cell differentiation
      and multiplication and found that hepatic DsRed2 expression exhibited sexual
      dimorphism that was limited to adult males. In this study, we compared the
      expression patterns between sexual dimorphic Cyps and DsRed2 in Tg rats after
      experimentally reversing the GH secretory patterns in males and females.
      Postnatal day 1 male and female Tg rats were gonadectomized and then testosterone
      propionate (0.25 mg/rat) was subcutaneously administered to ovariectomized
      females immediately after surgery. Cyp mRNA and DsRed2 expression levels were
      quantified using RT-PCR and an in vivo imaging system, respectively. GH-dependent
      Cyps and hepatic DsRed2 expression patterns were reversed in males and females at
      9 weeks after birth and were significantly correlated (P<0.05). This suggested
      that DsRed2 expression in these Tg rats depended on GH secretory patterns. Based
      on DsRed2 fluorescence, this Tg rat model could become a tool to readily and
      effectively evaluate changes in GH-dependent Cyp expression.

PMID- 27356856
TI  - In situ hybridization study of CYP2D mRNA in the common marmoset brain.
AB  - The common marmoset is a non-human primate that has increasingly employed in the
      biomedical research including the fields of neuroscience and behavioral studies.
      Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D has been speculated to be involved in psycho-neurologic
      actions in the human brain. In the present study, to clarify the role of CYP2D in
      the marmoset brain, we investigated the expression patterns of CYP2D mRNA in the
      brain using in situ hybridization (ISH). In addition, to identify the gene
      location of CYP2D19, a well-studied CYP2D isoform in the common marmoset, a
      fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) study was performed. Consistent with
      findings for the human brain, CYP2D mRNA was localized in the neuronal cells of
      different brain regions; e.g., the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, substantia
      nigra, and cerebellum. FISH analysis showed that the CYP2D19 gene was located on
      chromosome 1q, which is homologous to human chromosome 22 on which the CYP2D6
      gene exists. These results suggest that CYP2D in the marmoset brain may play the
      same role as human CYP2D6 in terms of brain actions, and that the CYP2D19 gene is
      conserved in a syntenic manner. Taken together, these findings suggest that the
      common marmoset is a useful model for studying psychiatric disorders related to
      CYP2D dysfunction in the brain.

PMID- 27356858
TI  - Synthesis of sulfonamides via copper-catalyzed oxidative C-N bond cleavage of
      tertiary amines.
AB  - A copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of sulfonyl chlorides with tertiary amines
      via the oxidative C-N bond cleavage of tertiary amines was developed.
      Sulfonamides were synthesized using this strategy in moderate to good yields. The
      reaction was applicable to various tertiary amines, as well as sulfonyl
      chlorides. 

PMID- 27356857
TI  - Extended Anatomical Grading in Diffuse Axonal Injury Using MRI: Hemorrhagic
      Lesions in the Substantia Nigra and Mesencephalic Tegmentum Indicate Poor Long
      Term Outcome.
AB  - Clinical outcome after traumatic diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is difficult to
      predict. In this study, three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences were
      used to quantify the anatomical distribution of lesions, to grade DAI according
      to the Adams grading system, and to evaluate the value of lesion localization in
      combination with clinical prognostic factors to improve outcome prediction.
      Thirty patients (mean 31.2 years +/-14.3 standard deviation) with severe DAI
      (Glasgow Motor Score [GMS] <6) examined with MRI within 1 week post-injury were
      included. Diffusion-weighted (DW), T2*-weighted gradient echo and susceptibility
      weighted (SWI) sequences were used. Extended Glasgow outcome score was assessed
      after 6 months. Number of DW lesions in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and internal
      capsule and number of SWI lesions in the mesencephalon correlated significantly
      with outcome in univariate analysis. Age, GMS at admission, GMS at discharge, and
      low proportion of good monitoring time with cerebral perfusion pressure <60 mm Hg
      correlated significantly with outcome in univariate analysis. Multivariate
      analysis revealed an independent relation with poor outcome for age (p = 0.005)
      and lesions in the mesencephalic region corresponding to substantia nigra and
      tegmentum on SWI (p = 0.008). We conclude that higher age and lesions in
      substantia nigra and mesencephalic tegmentum indicate poor long-term outcome in
      DAI. We propose an extended MRI classification system based on four stages (stage
      I-hemispheric lesions, stage II-corpus callosum lesions, stage III-brainstem
      lesions, and stage IV-substantia nigra or mesencephalic tegmentum lesions); all
      are subdivided by age (>=/<30 years).

PMID- 27356859
TI  - Risk factors related to aggressive condylar resorption after orthognathic surgery
      for females: retrospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors for
      aggressive condylar resorption (ACR) after orthognathic surgery. METHODS: A total
      of 25 female patients with osteoarthritis (OA) scheduled for orthognathic surgery
      were divided into two groups: those who exhibited ACR (ACR (+), n = 8) and those
      who did not exhibit ACR (ACR (-), n = 17) after surgery. Clinical indices were
      used to determine the extent of mandibular advancement, the presence of
      temporomandibular disorder (TMD), and relevant medical treatment histories
      (including the use of oral contraceptive (OC) medication. TMJ dysfunction was
      clinically evaluated in terms of pain, the presence of sounds (clicks or
      crepitus), and disc displacement, joint effusion (JE), and synovial hyperplasia
      (SH); these were further investigated with the aid of magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). The cephalographic findings were compared with the normal profiles of
      Japanese subjects. RESULTS: The mean (with SD) extent of mandibular advancement
      was 11.4 mm (2.4) in ACR (+) and 4.1 mm (1.8) in ACR (-). The TMD medical history
      of ACR (+) was much more extensive than that of ACR (-); all patients in ACR (+)
      had a history of OC use. More patients in ACR (+) than in ACR (-) had TMJ
      dysfunction and disc displacement, JE, and SH on MRI. Preoperative cephalograms
      showed that ACR (+) patients exhibited counterclockwise rotation of the mandible
      and retrognathism that was attributable to a small sella-nasion-B (SNB) angle, a
      wide mandibular plane angle, and a negative inclination of the ramus.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that the development of ACR after
      orthognathic surgery to treat mandibular retrognathism may be associated with
      coexisting TMJ pathologic abnormality.

PMID- 27356860
TI  - Selenium nanoparticles as a nutritional supplement.
AB  - Selenium is an essential trace element in the diet, required for maintenance of
      health and growth; however, its toxicity could cause serious damage depending on
      dose and chemical form. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) represent what we believe
      to be a novel prospect for nutritional supplementation because of their lower
      toxicity and ability to gradually release selenium after ingestion. In this
      review, we discuss various forms and types of SeNPs, as well as the way they are
      synthesized. We also discuss absorption and bioavailability of nanoparticles
      within the organism. SeNPs demonstrate anticancer and antimicrobial properties
      that may contribute to human health, not only as dietary supplements, but also as
      therapeutic agents.

PMID- 27356861
TI  - A population-based study for 30-d hospital readmissions after acute ischemic
      stroke.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine post-stroke 30-d readmission rate, its predictors, its
      impact on mortality and to identify potentially preventable causes of post-stroke
      30-d readmission in a population-based study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified
      all acute ischemic strokes (AIS) using the International Classification of
      Diseases 9th revision codes (433.x1, 434.xx and 436) via the Rochester
      Epidemiology Project (REP) between January 2007 and December 2011. Acute stroke
      care in Olmsted County is provided by two medical centers, Saint Marys Hospital
      and Olmsted Medical Center Hospital. All readmissions to these two hospitals were
      accounted for this study. Thirty-day readmission data was abstracted through
      manual chart review. The REP linkage database was used to identify the status
      (living/dead) of all patients at last follow up. RESULTS: Forty-one (7.6%, 95% CI
      5.7%-10.2%) of total 537 AIS patients were readmitted 30-d post-stroke. In a
      multivariable logistic regression model, discharge to nursing home following
      index stroke (OR: 0.29, 95% CI 0.08-0.84) was an independent negative predictor
      of unplanned 30-d readmission. In a subgroup of patients with dementia, being
      married at time of index stroke was found to be a negative predictor of
      readmission (OR: 0.10, 95% CI 0.005-0.58). Only 2.8% of the patients had
      potentially preventable readmissions. Hospital readmission had no significant
      impact on patient's short-term (three months) or long-term (one or two years)
      mortality (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Post-stroke 30-d readmission rate is low in AIS
      patients from Olmsted County. Further research is needed in regarding discharge
      checklists, protocols and stroke transitional programs to reduce potentially
      preventable readmissions.

PMID- 27356862
TI  - Analysis of the effect of adjuvant radiotherapy on outcomes and complications
      after radical hysterectomy in FIGO stage IB1 cervical cancer patients with
      intermediate risk factors (GOTIC Study).
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are no definitive criteria for identifying which patients with
      The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IB
      cervical cancer will benefit from adjuvant therapy after radical hysterectomy.
      The aims of this study were to clarify the efficacy of adjuvant therapy and
      assess complications after radical hysterectomy in patients with FIGO stage IB1
      cervical cancer with intermediate risk factors. METHODS: Between January 2005 and
      December 2009, the medical records of 75 stage IB1 patients' intermediate risk
      factors (i.e., tumor size 2-4 cm, lymphovascular involvement, and/or deep stromal
      invasion >1/2) who underwent radical hysterectomy at six institutions were
      collected, and these patients were enrolled in this nonrandomized retrospective
      study. We simplified the criteria of intermediate risk factors as much as
      possible, as the criteria adopted in some clinical studies are complicated in
      practice. RESULTS: The patients were grouped according to the receipt of adjuvant
      therapy as follows: 46 patients, no further treatment; 19 patients, external beam
      radiation treatment, including 9 patients who received brachytherapy; 5 patients,
      concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT); and 5 patients, chemotherapy (CT). The
      clinical outcomes and complications in each group were analyzed. After an average
      follow-up of 82.6 months (range, 24-135 months), only one patient with all three
      risk factors who received radiotherapy (RT) experienced recurrence. Excluding
      this patient, the remaining patients who received RT, CCRT, or CT had two or
      three risk factors. Lymphedema was significantly more common among patients who
      received RT or CCRT, whereas the incidence of ileus and ureteral obstruction was
      not different among the treatment groups. However, an unsutured peritoneum
      increased the risk of ileus. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that
      RT and CCRT after radical hysterectomy are not beneficial in patients with
      intermediate risk factors. In particular, RT and CCRT appeared to increase the
      incidence of lymphedema. A prospective randomized study is needed to verify the
      findings of this study.

PMID- 27356863
TI  - Health care seeking behaviours in pregnancy in rural Sindh, Pakistan: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pakistan has alarmingly high numbers of maternal mortality along with
      suboptimal care-seeking behaviour. It is essential to identify the barriers and
      facilitators that women and families encounter, when deciding to seek maternal
      care services. This study aimed to understand health-seeking patterns of pregnant
      women in rural Sindh, Pakistan. METHODS: A qualitative study was undertaken in
      rural Sindh, Pakistan as part of a large multi-country study in 2012. Thirty
      three focus group discussions and 26 in-depth interviews were conducted with
      mothers [n = 173], male decision-makers [n = 64], Lady Health Workers [n = 64],
      Lady Health Supervisors [n = 10], Women Medical Officers [n = 9] and Traditional
      Birth Attendants [n = 7] in the study communities. A set of a priori themes
      regarding care-seeking during pregnancy and its complications as well as
      additional themes as they emerged from the data were used for analysis.
      Qualitative analysis was done using NVivo version 10. RESULTS: Women stated they
      usually visited health facilities if they experienced pregnancy complications or
      danger signs, such as heavy bleeding or headache. Findings revealed the
      importance of husbands and mothers-in-law as decision makers regarding health
      care utilization. Participants expressed that poor availability of transport,
      financial constraints and the unavailability of chaperones were important
      barriers to seeking care. In addition, private facilities were often preferred
      due to the perceived superior quality of services. CONCLUSION: Maternal care
      utilization was influenced by social, economic and cultural factors in rural
      Pakistani communities. The perceived poor quality care at public hospitals was a
      significant barrier for many women in accessing health services. If maternal
      lives are to be saved, policy makers need to develop processes to overcome these
      barriers and ensure easily accessible high-quality care for women in rural
      communities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01911494.

PMID- 27356865
TI  - Spatial aromatic fences of metal-organic frameworks for manipulating the electron
      spin of a fulleropyrrolidine nitroxide radical.
AB  - The electron spin properties of a fulleropyrrolidine nitroxide radical
      incarcerated in the pores of MOF-177 and MIL-53 respectively were investigated
      for the first time. It was found that the spatial confinement effect and
      intramolecular interactions in these two solid-state spin systems lead to
      dramatically distinctive spin dynamics. 

PMID- 27356864
TI  - Negative selection maintains transcription factor binding motifs in human cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Somatic mutations in cancer cells affect various genomic elements
      disrupting important cell functions. In particular, mutations in DNA binding
      sites recognized by transcription factors can alter regulator binding affinities
      and, consequently, expression of target genes. A number of promoter mutations
      have been linked with an increased risk of cancer. Cancer somatic mutations in
      binding sites of selected transcription factors have been found under positive
      selection. However, action and significance of negative selection in non-coding
      regions remain controversial. RESULTS: Here we present analysis of transcription
      factor binding motifs co-localized with non-coding variants. To avoid statistical
      bias we account for mutation signatures of different cancer types. For many
      transcription factors, including multiple members of FOX, HOX, and NR families,
      we show that human cancers accumulate fewer mutations than expected by chance
      that increase or decrease affinity of predicted binding sites. Such stability of
      binding motifs is even more exhibited in DNase accessible regions. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our data demonstrate negative selection against binding sites alterations and
      suggest that such selection pressure protects cancer cells from rewiring of
      regulatory circuits. Further analysis of transcription factors with conserved
      binding motifs can reveal cell regulatory pathways crucial for the survivability
      of various human cancers.

PMID- 27356866
TI  - Self-discharge of electrochemical capacitors based on soluble or grafted quinone.
AB  - The self-discharge of hybrid electrochemical capacitors based on the redox
      activity of electrolyte additives or grafted species to the electrode material is
      investigated simultaneously for the cell and each individual electrode.
      Electrochemical capacitors using a redox-active electrolyte consisting in
      hydroquinone added to the electrolyte solution and a redox-active electrode based
      on anthraquinone-grafted carbon as a negative electrode are investigated. The
      results are analyzed by using Conway kinetic models and compared to those of a
      common electrochemical double layer capacitor. The self-discharge investigation
      is complemented by charge/discharge cycling and it is shown that processes
      affecting galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and the self-discharge rate
      occurring at each electrode of an electrochemical capacitor are different but
      related to each other. The electrochemical capacitor containing hydroquinone in
      the electrolyte exhibits a much quicker self-discharge rate than that using a
      negative electrode based on grafted anthraquinone with a 50% decay of the cell
      voltage of the fully charged device in 0.6 and 6 h, respectively. The fast self
      discharge of the former is due to the diffusion of benzoquinone molecules (formed
      at the positive electrode during charging) to the negative electrode, where they
      are reduced, causing a quick depolarization. The grafting of anthraquinone
      molecules on the carbon material of the negative electrode led to a much slower
      self-discharge, which nonetheless occurred, by the reaction of the reduced form
      of the grafted species with electrolyte species. 

PMID- 27356867
TI  - Why stay in a bad relationship? The effect of local host phenology on a
      generalist butterfly feeding on a low-ranked host.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In plant-feeding insects, the evolutionary retention of polyphagy
      remains puzzling. A better understanding of the relationship between these
      organisms and changes in the metabolome of their host plants is likely to suggest
      functional links between them, and may provide insights into how polyphagy is
      maintained. RESULTS: We investigated the phenological change of Cynoglossum
      officinale, and how a generalist butterfly species, Vanessa cardui, responded to
      this change. We used untargeted metabolite profiling to map plant seasonal
      changes in both primary and secondary metabolites. We compared these data to
      differences in larval performance on vegetative plants early and late in the
      season. We also performed two oviposition preference experiments to test females'
      ability to choose between plant developmental stages (vegetative and
      reproductive) early and late in the season. We found clear seasonal changes in
      plant primary and secondary metabolites that correlated with larval performance.
      The seasonal change in plant metabolome reflected changes in both nutrition and
      toxicity and resulted in zero survival in the late period. However, large
      differences among families in larval ability to feed on C. officinale suggest
      that there is genetic variation for performance on this host. Moreover, females
      accepted all plants for oviposition, and were not able to discriminate between
      plant developmental stages, in spite of the observed overall differences in
      metabolite profile potentially associated with differences in suitability as
      larval food. CONCLUSIONS: In V. cardui, migratory behavior, and thus larval
      feeding times, are not synchronized with plant phenology at the reproductive
      site. This lack of synchronization, coupled with the observed lack of
      discriminatory oviposition, obviously has potential fitness costs. However, this
      "opportunistic" behavior may as well function as a source of potential host plant
      evolution, promoting for example the acceptance of new plants.

PMID- 27356869
TI  - Enhanced selective adsorption of CO2 on nitrogen-doped porous carbon monoliths
      derived from IRMOF-3.
AB  - The N-doped porous carbon monoliths prepared by direct carbonization of IRMOF-3,
      through an in situ activation and self-templating process, were found to exhibit
      significantly enhanced performance for the selective adsorption of CO2 compared
      to pristine IRMOF-3. The transformation from the microporous structure to the
      meso-macroporous structure opens the pathway for CO2 to more easily access the
      nitrogen anchors. 

PMID- 27356868
TI  - Angiogenin ameliorates corneal opacity and neovascularization via regulating
      immune response in corneal fibroblasts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Angiogenin (ANG), a component of tears, is involved in the innate
      immune system and is related with inflammatory disease. We investigated whether
      ANG has an immune modulatory function in human corneal fibroblasts (HCFs).
      METHODS: HCFs were cultured from excised corneal tissues. The gene or protein
      expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta (beta), IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10,
      complements, toll-like receptor (TLR)4, myeloid differentiation primary response
      gene (MYD)88, TANK-binding kinase (TBK)1, IkappaB kinase-epsilon (IKK-epsilon)
      and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) were analyzed with or without ANG treatment
      in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced
      inflammatory HCFs by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting
      and immunocytochemistry. Inflammatory cytokine profiles with or without ANG were
      evaluated through immunodot blot analysis in inflammatory HCFs. Corneal
      neovascularization and opacity in a rat model of corneal alkali burn were
      evaluated after application of ANG eye drops. RESULTS: ANG decreased the mRNA
      levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha receptor (TNFR)1, 2, TLR4, MYD88, and
      complement components except for C1r and C1s and elevated the mRNA expression of
      IL-4 and IL-10. Increased signal intensity of IL-6, IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic
      protein (MCP)-1 and MCP-2 induced by TNF-alpha or LPS was weakened by ANG
      treatment. ANG reduced the protein levels of IKK-epsilon by either TNF-alpha and
      LPS, and decreased TBK1 production induced by TNF-alpha, but not induced by LPS.
      The expression of NF-kappaB in the nuclei was decreased after ANG treatment. ANG
      application lowered corneal neovascularization and opacity in rats compared to
      controls. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that ANG reduces the inflammatory
      response induced by TNF-alpha or LPS in HCFs through common suppression of IKK
      epsilon-mediated activation of NF-kappaB. This may support the targeting of
      immune-mediated corneal inflammation by using ANG.

PMID- 27356870
TI  - Individuality in nutritional preferences: a multi-level approach in field
      crickets.
AB  - Selection may favour individuals of the same population to differ consistently in
      nutritional preference, for example, because optimal diets covary with morphology
      or personality. We provided Southern field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) with
      two synthetic food sources (carbohydrates and proteins) and quantified repeatedly
      how much of each macronutrient was consumed by each individual. We then
      quantified (i) whether individuals were repeatable in carbohydrate and protein
      intake rate, (ii) whether an individual's average daily intake of carbohydrates
      was correlated with its average daily intake of protein, and (iii) whether short
      term changes in intake of carbohydrates coincided with changes in intake of
      protein within individuals. Intake rates were individually repeatable for both
      macronutrients. However, individuals differed in their relative daily intake of
      carbohydrates versus proteins (i.e., 'nutritional preference'). By contrast,
      total consumption varied plastically as a function of body weight within
      individuals. Body weight-but not personality (i.e., aggression, exploration
      behaviour)-positively predicted nutritional preference at the individual level as
      large crickets repeatedly consumed a higher carbohydrate to protein ratio
      compared to small ones. Our finding of level-specific associations between the
      consumption of distinct nutritional components demonstrates the merit of applying
      multivariate and multi-level viewpoints to the study of nutritional preference.

PMID- 27356873
TI  - Retracted: Nontraumatic Lesions of the Clavicle in a Paediatric Population:
      Incidence and Management.
AB  - [This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2014/261952.]. 

PMID- 27356872
TI  - Human-animal chimeras: ethical issues about farming chimeric animals bearing
      human organs.
AB  - Recent advances in stem cells and gene engineering have paved the way for the
      generation of interspecies chimeras, such as animals bearing an organ from
      another species. The production of a rat pancreas by a mouse has demonstrated the
      feasibility of this approach. The next step will be the generation of larger
      chimeric animals, such as pigs bearing human organs. Because of the dramatic
      organ shortage for transplantation, the medical needs for such a transgressive
      practice are indisputable. However, there are serious technical barriers and
      complex ethical issues that must be discussed and solved before producing human
      organs in animals. The main ethical issues are the risks of consciousness and of
      human features in the chimeric animal due to a too high contribution of human
      cells to the brain, in the first case, or for instance to limbs, in the second.
      Another critical point concerns the production of human gametes by such chimeric
      animals. These worst-case scenarios are obviously unacceptable and must be
      strictly monitored by careful risk assessment, and, if necessary, technically
      prevented. The public must be associated with this ethical debate. Scientists and
      physicians have a critical role in explaining the medical needs, the advantages
      and limits of this potential medical procedure, and the ethical boundaries that
      must not be trespassed. If these prerequisites are met, acceptance of such a new,
      borderline medical procedure may prevail, as happened before for in-vitro
      fertilization or preimplantation genetic diagnosis. 

PMID- 27356871
TI  - Acetylated tau destabilizes the cytoskeleton in the axon initial segment and is
      mislocalized to the somatodendritic compartment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurons are highly polarized cells in which asymmetric axonal
      dendritic distribution of proteins is crucial for neuronal function. Loss of
      polarized distribution of the axonal protein tau is an early sign of Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The cytoskeletal network in
      the axon initial segment (AIS) forms a barrier between the axon and the
      somatodentritic compartment, contributing to axonal retention of tau. Although
      perturbation of the AIS cytoskeleton has been implicated in neurological
      disorders, the molecular triggers and functional consequence of AIS perturbation
      are incompletely understood. RESULTS: Here we report that tau acetylation and
      consequent destabilization of the AIS cytoskeleton promote the somatodendritic
      mislocalization of tau. AIS cytoskeletal proteins, including ankyrin G and betaIV
      spectrin, were downregulated in AD brains and negatively correlated with an
      increase in tau acetylated at K274 and K281. AIS proteins were also diminished in
      transgenic mice expressing tauK274/281Q, a tau mutant that mimics K274 and K281
      acetylation. In primary neuronal cultures, the tauK274/281Q mutant caused
      hyperdynamic microtubules (MTs) in the AIS, shown by live-imaging of MT mobility
      and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Using photoconvertible tau
      constructs, we found that axonal tauK274/281Q was missorted into the
      somatodendritic compartment. Stabilizing MTs with epothilone D to restore the
      cytoskeletal barrier in the AIS prevented tau mislocalization in primary neuronal
      cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these findings demonstrate that tau acetylation
      contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease by compromising the
      cytoskeletal sorting machinery in the AIS.

PMID- 27356875
TI  - Precision medicine in cardiology.
AB  - The cardiovascular research and clinical communities are ideally positioned to
      address the epidemic of noncommunicable causes of death, as well as advance our
      understanding of human health and disease, through the development and
      implementation of precision medicine. New tools will be needed for describing the
      cardiovascular health status of individuals and populations, including 'omic'
      data, exposome and social determinants of health, the microbiome, behaviours and
      motivations, patient-generated data, and the array of data in electronic medical
      records. Cardiovascular specialists can build on their experience and use
      precision medicine to facilitate discovery science and improve the efficiency of
      clinical research, with the goal of providing more precise information to improve
      the health of individuals and populations. Overcoming the barriers to
      implementing precision medicine will require addressing a range of technical and
      sociopolitical issues. Health care under precision medicine will become a more
      integrated, dynamic system, in which patients are no longer a passive entity on
      whom measurements are made, but instead are central stakeholders who contribute
      data and participate actively in shared decision-making. Many traditionally
      defined diseases have common mechanisms; therefore, elimination of a siloed
      approach to medicine will ultimately pave the path to the creation of a universal
      precision medicine environment.

PMID- 27356874
TI  - Intrinsic protein disorder in histone lysine methylation.
AB  - Histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs), catalyze mono-, di- and trimethylation
      of lysine residues, resulting in a regulatory pattern that controls gene
      expression. Their involvement in many different cellular processes and diseases
      makes HKMTs an intensively studied protein group, but scientific interest so far
      has been concentrated mostly on their catalytic domains. In this work we set out
      to analyze the structural heterogeneity of human HKMTs and found that many
      contain long intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that are conserved through
      vertebrate species. Our predictions show that these IDRs contain several linear
      motifs and conserved putative binding sites that harbor cancer-related SNPs.
      Although there are only limited data available in the literature, some of the
      predicted binding regions overlap with interacting segments identified
      experimentally. The importance of a disordered binding site is illustrated
      through the example of the ternary complex between MLL1, menin and LEDGF/p75. Our
      suggestion is that intrinsic protein disorder plays an as yet unrecognized role
      in epigenetic regulation, which needs to be further elucidated through structural
      and functional studies aimed specifically at the disordered regions of HKMTs.
      REVIEWERS: This article was reviewed by Arne Elofsson and Piotr Zielenkiewicz.

PMID- 27356876
TI  - Biomarkers: Sensitivity of troponins for diagnosis and risk prediction.

PMID- 27356878
TI  - Climate change and the loss of organic archaeological deposits in the Arctic.
AB  - The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the global average with overlooked
      consequences for the preservation of the rich cultural and environmental records
      that have been stored for millennia in archaeological deposits. In this article,
      we investigate the oxic degradation of different types of organic archaeological
      deposits located in different climatic zones in West and South Greenland. The
      rate of degradation is investigated based on measurements of O2 consumption, CO2
      production and heat production at different temperatures and water contents.
      Overall, there is good consistency between the three methods. However, at one
      site the, O2 consumption is markedly higher than the CO2 production, highlighting
      the importance of combining several measures when assessing the vulnerability of
      organic deposits. The archaeological deposits are highly vulnerable to
      degradation regardless of age, depositional and environmental conditions.
      Degradation rates of the deposits are more sensitive to increasing temperatures
      than natural soils and the process is accompanied by a high microbial heat
      production that correlates significantly with their total carbon content. We
      conclude that organic archaeology in the Arctic is facing a critical challenge
      that requires international action.

PMID- 27356877
TI  - Management of refractory cardiogenic shock.
AB  - Cardiogenic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs in response to
      reduced cardiac output in the presence of adequate intravascular volume and
      results in tissue hypoxia. Cardiogenic shock has several underlying aetiologies,
      with the most common being acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Refractory
      cardiogenic shock presents as persistent tissue hypoperfusion despite
      administration of adequate doses of two vasoactive medications and treatment of
      the underlying aetiology. Investigators of the SHOCK trial reported a long-term
      mortality benefit of emergency revascularization for shock complicating AMI.
      Since the publication of the SHOCK trial and subsequent guideline
      recommendations, the increase in community-based use of percutaneous coronary
      intervention for this condition has resulted in a significant decline in
      mortality. Despite these successes in the past 15 years, mortality still remains
      exceptionally high, particularly in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock.
      In this Review, we discuss the aetiology and pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock
      and summarize the data on the available therapeutics and their limitations.
      Although new mechanical circulatory support devices have been shown to improve
      haemodynamic variables in patients with shock complicating AMI, they did not
      improve clinical outcomes and are associated with high costs and complications.

PMID- 27356879
TI  - Deficient methylation and formylation of mt-tRNA(Met) wobble cytosine in a
      patient carrying mutations in NSUN3.
AB  - Epitranscriptome modifications are required for structure and function of RNA and
      defects in these pathways have been associated with human disease. Here we
      identify the RNA target for the previously uncharacterized 5-methylcytosine
      (m(5)C) methyltransferase NSun3 and link m(5)C RNA modifications with energy
      metabolism. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified loss-of-function
      mutations in NSUN3 in a patient presenting with combined mitochondrial
      respiratory chain complex deficiency. Patient-derived fibroblasts exhibit severe
      defects in mitochondrial translation that can be rescued by exogenous expression
      of NSun3. We show that NSun3 is required for deposition of m(5)C at the anticodon
      loop in the mitochondrially encoded transfer RNA methionine (mt-tRNA(Met)).
      Further, we demonstrate that m(5)C deficiency in mt-tRNA(Met) results in the lack
      of 5-formylcytosine (f(5)C) at the same tRNA position. Our findings demonstrate
      that NSUN3 is necessary for efficient mitochondrial translation and reveal that
      f(5)C in human mitochondrial RNA is generated by oxidative processing of m(5)C.

PMID- 27356880
TI  - Multiple cone pathways are involved in photic regulation of retinal dopamine.
AB  - Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the retina and plays a central role in the
      light adaptive processes of the visual system. The sole source of retinal
      dopamine is dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs). We and others have previously
      demonstrated that DACs are activated by rods, cones, and intrinsically
      photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) upon illumination. However, it is
      still not clear how each class of photosensitive cells generates light responses
      in DACs. We genetically isolated cone function in mice to specifically examine
      the cone-mediated responses of DACs and their neural pathways. In addition to the
      reported excitatory input to DACs from light-increment (ON) bipolar cells, we
      found that cones alternatively signal to DACs via a retrograde signalling pathway
      from ipRGCs. Cones also produce ON and light-decrement (OFF) inhibitory responses
      in DACs, which are mediated by other amacrine cells, likely driven by type 1 and
      type 2/3a OFF bipolar cells, respectively. Dye injections indicated that DACs had
      similar morphological profiles with or without ON/OFF inhibition. Our data
      demonstrate that cones utilize specific parallel excitatory and inhibitory
      circuits to modulate DAC activity and efficiently regulate dopamine release and
      the light-adaptive state of the retina.

PMID- 27356881
TI  - Proteome analysis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing B0/W148 cluster.
AB  - Beijing B0/W148, a "successful" clone of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is
      widespread in the Russian Federation and some countries of the former Soviet
      Union. Here, we used label-free gel-LC-MS/MS shotgun proteomics to discover
      features of Beijing B0/W148 strains that could explain their success. Qualitative
      and quantitative proteome analyses of Beijing B0/W148 strains allowed us to
      identify 1,868 proteins, including 266 that were differentially abundant compared
      with the control strain H37Rv. To predict the biological effects of the observed
      differences in protein abundances, we performed Gene Ontology analysis together
      with analysis of protein-DNA interactions using a gene regulatory network. Our
      results demonstrate that Beijing B0/W148 strains have increased levels of enzymes
      responsible for long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, along with a coincident
      decrease in the abundance of proteins responsible for their degradation. Together
      with high levels of HsaA (Rv3570c) protein, involved in steroid degradation,
      these findings provide a possible explanation for the increased transmissibility
      of Beijing B0/W148 strains and their survival in host macrophages. Among other,
      we confirmed a very low level of the SseA (Rv3283) protein in Beijing B0/W148
      characteristic for all "modern" Beijing strains, which could lead to increased
      DNA oxidative damage, accumulation of mutations, and potentially facilitate the
      development of drug resistance.

PMID- 27356883
TI  - High and novel genetic diversity of Francisella tularensis in Germany and
      indication of environmental persistence.
AB  - In Germany tularemia is a re-emerging zoonotic disease. Therefore, we
      investigated wild animals and environmental water samples for the presence and
      phylogenetic diversity of Francisella tularensis in the poorly studied
      Berlin/Brandenburg region. The phylogenomic analysis of three isolates from wild
      animals revealed three new subclades within the phylogenetic tree of F.
      tularensis [B.71 from a raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides); B.74 from a red
      fox (Vulpes vulpes), and B.75 from a Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber albicus)]. The
      results from histological, PCR, and genomic investigations on the dead beaver
      showed that the animal suffered from a systemic infection. Indications were found
      that the bacteria were released from the beaver carcass into the surrounding
      environment. We demonstrated unexpectedly high and novel phylogenetic diversity
      of F. tularensis in Germany and the fact that the bacteria persist in the
      environment for at least one climatic season. These findings support a broader
      host species diversity than previously known regarding Germany. Our data further
      support the assumption derived from previous serological studies of an
      underestimated frequency of occurrence of the pathogen in the environment and in
      wild animals. F. tularensis was isolated from animal species not previously
      reported as natural hosts in Germany.

PMID- 27356882
TI  - Human Organotypic Cultured Cardiac Slices: New Platform For High Throughput
      Preclinical Human Trials.
AB  - Translation of novel therapies from bench to bedside is hampered by profound
      disparities between animal and human genetics and physiology. The ability to test
      for efficacy and cardiotoxicity in a clinically relevant human model system would
      enable more rapid therapy development. We have developed a preclinical platform
      for validation of new therapies in human heart tissue using organotypic slices
      isolated from donor and end-stage failing hearts. A major advantage of the slices
      when compared with human iPS-derived cardiomyocytes is that native tissue
      architecture and extracellular matrix are preserved, thereby allowing
      investigation of multi-cellular physiology in normal or diseased myocardium. To
      validate this model, we used optical mapping of transmembrane potential and
      calcium transients. We found that normal human electrophysiology is preserved in
      slice preparations when compared with intact hearts, including slices obtained
      from the region of the sinus node. Physiology is maintained in slices during
      culture, enabling testing the acute and chronic effects of pharmacological, gene,
      cell, optogenetic, device, and other therapies. This methodology offers a
      powerful high-throughput platform for assessing the physiological response of the
      human heart to disease and novel putative therapies.

PMID- 27356884
TI  - Glaucocalyxin B induces apoptosis and autophagy in human cervical cancer cells.
AB  - Glaucocalyxin (Gln), an ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolated from the Chinese
      traditional medicine, Rabdosia japonica, represents a novel class of anticancer
      drugs. GlnA is one of the three major forms of Gln and has demonstrated potent
      anticancer effects in a variety of cancer types. GlnB has only one structural
      difference from GlnA, an acetylated hydroxyl group at C14. This acetyl group
      results in high liposolubility and may enhance the antitumor activity of ent
      kaurane diterpenoid GlnB. However, few studies have reported the role of GlnB in
      cancer. The present study investigated the effect of GlnB in cervical cancer
      proliferation and cell death. Treatment with GlnB inhibits the proliferation of
      HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed
      by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assays. In
      addition, GlnB increases the apoptotic cell population of HeLa and SiHa cells, as
      determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and enhanced poly (ADP
      ribose) polymerase 1 cleavage by western blotting. GlnB also induces increased
      light chain 3 II/I protein cleavage in both cells, indicating the induction of
      autophagy. Furthermore, GlnB treatment increased the expression of phosphatase
      and tensin homolog and decreased the expression of phosphorylated-protein kinase
      B (Akt) in HeLa and SiHa cells, as assessed by western blotting. Taken together,
      the present results demonstrated that GlnB inhibited the proliferation of human
      cervical cancer cells in vitro through the induction of apoptosis and autophagy,
      which may be mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/Akt
      signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27356885
TI  - Role of nucleation mechanism on the size dependent morphology of organic aerosol.
AB  - The origins of the size dependent morphology of organic aerosol are explored by
      probing the morphology of poly(ethylene glycol)-400/ammonium sulfate mixtures
      using cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy. Surprisingly, we observe a size
      dependence at some compositions, but not at others. Our results suggest that size
      dependence occurs due to an activated process. 

PMID- 27356887
TI  - Minoxidil topical treatment may be more efficient if applied on damp scalp in
      comparison with dry scalp.
AB  - There is yet no consensus among prescribers whether minoxidil (MXD) formulations
      should be applied on wet/damp or dry scalp and no clear FDA guidelines on the
      matter. We hypothesized that the use of MXD on damp scalp may lead to higher drug
      penetration. First, because the drug diffusion and consequent deposition into the
      hair follicle may be favored when follicle cast is humid. Second, because
      humidity may also prevent drug crystallization and, therefore, maintain a higher
      thermodynamic activity for longer periods, which leads to increased penetration.
      Following in vitro experiments on rat and porcine skin we confirmed the
      hypothesis, which could markedly improve treatment effectiveness.

PMID- 27356886
TI  - Pretargeted PET Imaging Using a Site-Specifically Labeled Immunoconjugate.
AB  - In recent years, both site-specific bioconjugation techniques and bioorthogonal
      pretargeting strategies have emerged as exciting technologies with the potential
      to improve the safety and efficacy of antibody-based nuclear imaging. In the work
      at hand, we have combined these two approaches to create a pretargeted PET
      imaging strategy based on the rapid and bioorthogonal inverse electron demand
      Diels-Alder reaction between a (64)Cu-labeled tetrazine radioligand ((64)Cu-Tz
      SarAr) and a site-specifically modified huA33-trans-cyclooctene immunoconjugate
      ((ss)huA33-PEG12-TCO). A bioconjugation strategy that harnesses enzymatic
      transformations and strain-promoted azide-alkyne click chemistry was used to site
      specifically append PEGylated TCO moieties to the heavy chain glycans of the
      colorectal cancer-targeting huA33 antibody. Preclinical in vivo validation
      studies were performed in athymic nude mice bearing A33 antigen-expressing SW1222
      human colorectal carcinoma xenografts. To this end, mice were administered
      (ss)huA33-PEG12-TCO via tail vein injection and-following accumulation intervals
      of 24 or 48 h-(64)Cu-Tz-SarAr. PET imaging and biodistribution studies reveal
      that this strategy clearly delineates tumor tissue as early as 1 h post-injection
      (6.7 +/- 1.7%ID/g at 1 h p.i.), producing images with excellent contrast and high
      tumor-to-background activity concentration ratios (tumor:muscle = 21.5 +/- 5.6 at
      24 h p.i.). Furthermore, dosimetric calculations illustrate that this
      pretargeting approach produces only a fraction of the overall effective dose
      (0.0214 mSv/MBq; 0.079 rem/mCi) of directly labeled radioimmunoconjugates.
      Ultimately, this method effectively facilitates the high contrast pretargeted PET
      imaging of colorectal carcinoma using a site-specifically modified
      immunoconjugate.

PMID- 27356889
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum during pregnancy - treatment options revisited.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, ulcerating neutrophilic
      dermatosis of unknown aetiology; PG during pregnancy is particularly rare. The
      disease is frequently associated with immune-mediated, inflammatory diseases.
      OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis of PG can be challenging and relies upon exclusion of other
      causes such as traumas, infections, vascular diseases or neoplasms. Treatment
      options during pregnancy are limited. METHODS: To evaluate current treatment
      options for PG during pregnancy, we present a case of multilocular PG during the
      patient's first trimester. In conjunction with a comprehensive review of
      previously published cases of PG during gravidity, we discuss available treatment
      modalities including immunosuppressants and TNFalpha inhibitors. RESULTS: Our
      patient highlights the importance of including PG as a potential differential
      diagnosis of cutaneous ulcers during gravidity. Treatment with systemic
      glucocorticoids is effective and safe for the health of the mother and the
      unborn. CONCLUSION: In pregnant females, it is particularly important to diagnose
      PG and control disease activity due to the risk of pathergy and wound healing
      deficiencies during delivery and post-partum. A limited number of treatment
      options are available to date, which require a precise risk-benefit evaluation.

PMID- 27356888
TI  - Screening of gene signatures for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis based on
      bioinformatics analysis.
AB  - The current study aimed to identify gene signatures during rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), and used these to elucidate the underlying modular
      mechanisms. Using the Gene Expression Omnibus database, the present study
      obtained the GSE7669 mRNA expression microarray data from RA and OA synovial
      fibroblasts (n=6 each). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in RA synovial
      samples compared with OA samples were identified using the Linear Models for
      Microarray Analysis package. The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes
      and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the Database for
      Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery. A protein-protein interaction
      network was constructed and the modules were further analyzed using the Molecular
      Complex Detection plugin of Cytoscape. A total of 181 DEGs were identified by
      comparing RA and OA synovial samples (96 up- and 85 downregulated genes). The
      significant DEGs in module 1, including collagen, type I, alpha 1 (COL1A1),
      COL3A1, COL4A1 and COL11A1, were predominantly enriched in the extracellular
      matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways. Additionally,
      significant DEGs in module 2, including radical S-adenosyl methionine domain
      containing 2 (RSAD2), 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 (OAS2), myxovirus
      (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1) and ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier (ISG15),
      were predominantly associated with immune function pathways. In conclusion, the
      present study indicated that RSAD2, OAS2, MX1 and ISG15 may be notable gene
      signatures in RA development via regulation of the immune response. COL3A1,
      COL4A1, COL1A1 and COL11A1 may be important gene signatures in OA development via
      involvement in the pathways of ECM-receptor interactions and focal adhesions. 

PMID- 27356890
TI  - Global stability of a class of futile cycles.
AB  - In this paper, we prove the global asymptotic stability of a class of mass action
      futile cycle networks which includes a model of processive multisite
      phosphorylation networks. The proof consists of two parts. In the first part, we
      prove that there is a unique equilibrium in every positive compatibility class.
      In the second part, we make use of a piecewise linear in rates Lyapunov function
      in order to prove the global asymptotic stability of the unique equilibrium
      corresponding to a given initial concentration vector. The main novelty of the
      paper is the use of a simple algebraic approach based on the intermediate value
      property of continuous functions in order to prove the uniqueness of equilibrium
      in every positive compatibility class.

PMID- 27356891
TI  - Undefined familial colorectal cancer and the role of pleiotropism in cancer
      susceptibility genes.
AB  - Although family history is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) a
      genetic diagnosis cannot be obtained in over 50 % of familial cases when screened
      for known CRC cancer susceptibility genes. The genetics of undefined-familial CRC
      is complex and recent studies have implied additional clinically actionable
      mutations for CRC in susceptibility genes for other cancers. To clarify the
      contribution of non-CRC susceptibility genes to undefined-familial CRC we
      conducted a mutational screen of 114 cancer susceptibility genes in 847 patients
      with early-onset undefined-familial CRC and 1609 controls by analysing high
      coverage exome sequencing data. We implemented American College of Medical
      Genetics and Genomics standards and guidelines for assigning pathogenicity to
      variants. Globally across all 114 cancer susceptibility genes no statistically
      significant enrichment of likely pathogenic variants was shown (6.7 % cases
      57/847, 5.3 % controls 85/1609; P = 0.15). Moreover there was no significant
      enrichment of mutations in genes such as TP53 or BRCA2 which have been proposed
      for clinical testing in CRC. In conclusion, while we identified genes that may be
      considered interesting candidates as determinants of CRC risk warranting further
      research, there is currently scant evidence to support a role for genes other
      than those responsible for established CRC syndromes in the clinical management
      of familial CRC.

PMID- 27356892
TI  - Enhanced In Vivo Tumor Detection by Active Tumor Cell Targeting Using Multiple
      Tumor Receptor-Binding Peptides Presented on Genetically Engineered Human
      Ferritin Nanoparticles.
AB  - Human ferritin heavy-chain nanoparticle (hFTH) is genetically engineered to
      present tumor receptor-binding peptides (affibody and/or RGD-derived cyclic
      peptides, named 4CRGD here) on its surface. The affibody and 4CRGD specifically
      and strongly binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor I (EGFR) and human
      integrin alphavbeta3, respectively, which are overexpressed on various tumor
      cells. Through in vitro culture of EGFR-overexpressing adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB
      468) and integrin-overexpressing glioblastoma cells (U87MG), it is clarified that
      specific interactions between receptors on tumor cells and receptor-binding
      peptides on engineered hFTH is critical in active tumor cell targeting. After
      labeling with the near-infrared fluorescence dye (Cy5.5) and intravenouse
      injection into MDA-MB-468 or U87MG tumor-bearing mice, the recombinant hFTHs
      presenting either peptide or both of affibody and 4CRGD are successfully
      delivered to and retained in the tumor for a prolonged period of time. In
      particular, the recombinant hFTH presenting both affibody and 4CRGD notably
      enhances in vivo detection of U87MG tumors that express heterogeneous receptors,
      integrin and EGFR, compared to the other recombinant hFTHs presenting either
      affibody or 4CRGD only. Like affibody and 4CRGD used in this study, other
      multiple tumor receptor-binding peptides can be also genetically introduced to
      the hFTH surface for actively targeting of in vivo tumors with heterogenous
      receptors. 

PMID- 27356893
TI  - Proteomic Analysis of Exosomes and Exosome-Free Conditioned Media From Human
      Osteosarcoma Cell Lines Reveals Secretion of Proteins Related to Tumor
      Progression.
AB  - Osteosarcomas are the most prevalent bone tumors in pediatric patients, but can
      also occur later in life. Bone tumors have the potential to metastasize to lung
      and occasionally other vital organs. To understand how osteosarcoma cells
      interact with their micro-environment to support bone tumor progression and
      metastasis, we analyzed secreted proteins and exosomes from three human
      osteosarcoma cell lines. Exosome isolation was validated by transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM) and immuno-blotting for characteristic biomarkers (CD63, CD9,
      and CD81). Exosomal and soluble proteins (less than 100 kDa) were identified by
      mass spectrometry analysis using nanoLC-MS/MS and classified by functional gene
      ontology clustering. We identified a secretome set of >3,000 proteins for both
      fractions, and detected proteins that are either common or unique among the three
      osteosarcoma cell lines. Protein ontology comparison of proteomes from exosomes
      and exosome-free fractions revealed differences in the enrichment of functional
      categories associated with different biological processes, including those
      related to tumor progression (i.e., angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and cell
      migration). The secretome characteristics of osteosarcoma cells are consistent
      with the pathological properties of tumor cells with metastatic potential. J.
      Cell. Biochem. 118: 351-360, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27356894
TI  - Kynurenine Reduces Memory CD4 T-Cell Survival by Interfering with Interleukin-2
      Signaling Early during HIV-1 Infection.
AB  - Early HIV-1 infection is characterized by enhanced tryptophan catabolism, which
      contributes to immune suppression and disease progression. However, the mechanism
      by which kynurenine, a tryptophan-related metabolite, induces immune suppression
      remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that the increased production of
      kynurenine correlates with defective interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling in memory CD4
      T cells from HIV-infected subjects. Defective IL-2 signaling in these subjects,
      which drives reduced protection from Fas-mediated apoptosis, was also associated
      with memory CD4 T-cell loss. Treatment of memory CD4 T cells with the
      concentration of kynurenine found in plasma inhibited IL-2 signaling through the
      production of reactive oxygen species. We further show that IL-2 signaling in
      memory CD4 T cells is improved by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Early
      initiation of antiretroviral therapy restored the IL-2 response in memory CD4 T
      cells by reducing reactive oxygen species and kynurenine production. The study
      findings provide a kynurenine-dependent mechanism through IL-2 signaling for
      reduced CD4 T-cell survival, which can be reversed by early treatment initiation
      in HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE: The persistence of functional memory CD4 T cells
      represents the basis for long-lasting immune protection in individuals after
      exposure to HIV-1. Unfortunately, primary HIV-1 infection results in the massive
      loss of these cells within weeks of infection, which is mainly driven by
      inflammation and massive infection by the virus. These new findings show that the
      enhanced production of kynurenine, a metabolite related to tryptophan catabolism,
      also impairs memory CD4 T-cell survival and interferes with IL-2 signaling early
      during HIV-1 infection.

PMID- 27356895
TI  - In Vivo Examination of Mouse APOBEC3- and Human APOBEC3A- and APOBEC3G-Mediated
      Restriction of Parvovirus and Herpesvirus Infection in Mouse Models.
AB  - APOBEC3 knockout and human APOBEC3A and -3G transgenic mice were tested for their
      ability to be infected by the herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 and murine
      herpesvirus 68 and the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM). Knockout, APOBEC3A
      and APOBEC3G transgenic, and wild-type mice were equally infected by the
      herpesviruses, while APOBEC3A but not mouse APOBEC3 conferred resistance to MVM.
      No viruses showed evidence of cytidine deamination by mouse or human APOBEC3s.
      These data suggest that in vitro studies implicating APOBEC3 proteins in virus
      resistance may not reflect their role in vivo IMPORTANCE: It is well established
      that APOBEC3 proteins in different species are a critical component of the host
      antiretroviral defense. Whether these proteins also function to inhibit other
      viruses is not clear. There have been a number of in vitro studies suggesting
      that different APOBEC3 proteins restrict herpesviruses and parvoviruses, among
      others, but whether they also work in vivo has not been demonstrated. Our studies
      looking at the role of mouse and human APOBEC3 proteins in transgenic and
      knockout mouse models of viral infection suggest that these restriction factors
      are not broadly antiviral and demonstrate the importance of testing their
      activity in vivo.

PMID- 27356896
TI  - Development of Potent Antiviral Drugs Inspired by Viral Hexameric DNA-Packaging
      Motors with Revolving Mechanism.
AB  - The intracellular parasitic nature of viruses and the emergence of antiviral drug
      resistance necessitate the development of new potent antiviral drugs. Recently, a
      method for developing potent inhibitory drugs by targeting biological machines
      with high stoichiometry and a sequential-action mechanism was described. Inspired
      by this finding, we reviewed the development of antiviral drugs targeting viral
      DNA-packaging motors. Inhibiting multisubunit targets with sequential actions
      resembles breaking one bulb in a series of Christmas lights, which turns off the
      entire string. Indeed, studies on viral DNA packaging might lead to the
      development of new antiviral drugs. Recent elucidation of the mechanism of the
      viral double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)-packaging motor with sequential one-way
      revolving motion will promote the development of potent antiviral drugs with high
      specificity and efficiency. Traditionally, biomotors have been classified into
      two categories: linear and rotation motors. Recently discovered was a third type
      of biomotor, including the viral DNA-packaging motor, beside the bacterial DNA
      translocases, that uses a revolving mechanism without rotation. By analogy,
      rotation resembles the Earth's rotation on its own axis, while revolving
      resembles the Earth's revolving around the Sun (see animations at
      http://rnanano.osu.edu/movie.html). Herein, we review the structures of viral
      dsDNA-packaging motors, the stoichiometries of motor components, and the motion
      mechanisms of the motors. All viral dsDNA-packaging motors, including those of
      dsDNA/dsRNA bacteriophages, adenoviruses, poxviruses, herpesviruses, mimiviruses,
      megaviruses, pandoraviruses, and pithoviruses, contain a high-stoichiometry
      machine composed of multiple components that work cooperatively and sequentially.
      Thus, it is an ideal target for potent drug development based on the power
      function of the stoichiometries of target complexes that work sequentially.

PMID- 27356898
TI  - Viral FGARAT Homolog ORF75 of Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus Effects Proteasomal
      Degradation of the ND10 Components SP100 and PML.
AB  - Nuclear domain 10 (ND10) components restrict herpesviral infection, and
      herpesviruses antagonize this restriction by a variety of strategies, including
      degradation or relocalization of ND10 proteins. The rhesus monkey rhadinovirus
      (RRV) shares many key biological features with the closely related Kaposi's
      sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8) and readily infects
      cells of both human and rhesus monkey origin. We used the clustered regularly
      interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) technique to generate
      knockout (ko) cells for each of the four ND10 components, PML, SP100, DAXX, and
      ATRX. These ko cells were analyzed with regard to permissiveness for RRV
      infection. In addition, we analyzed the fate of the individual ND10 components in
      infected cells by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Knockout of the ND10
      component DAXX markedly increased RRV infection, while knockout of PML or SP100
      had a less pronounced effect. In line with these observations, RRV infection
      resulted in rapid degradation of SP100, followed by degradation of PML and the
      loss of ND10 structures, whereas the protein levels of ATRX and DAXX remained
      constant. Notably, inhibition of the proteasome but not inhibition of de novo
      gene expression prevented the loss of SP100 and PML in cells that did not support
      lytic replication, compatible with proteasomal degradation of these ND10
      components through the action of a viral tegument protein. Expression of the RRV
      FGARAT homolog ORF75 was sufficient to effect the loss of SP100 and PML in
      transfected or transduced cells, implicating ORF75 as the viral effector protein.
      IMPORTANCE: Our findings highlight the antiviral role of ND10 and its individual
      components and further establish the viral FGARAT homologs of the
      gammaherpesviruses to be important viral effectors that counteract ND10
      instituted intrinsic immunity. Surprisingly, even closely related viruses like
      KSHV and RRV evolved to use different strategies to evade ND10-mediated
      restriction. RRV first targets SP100 for degradation and then targets PML with a
      delayed kinetic, a strategy which clearly differs from that of other
      gammaherpesviruses. Despite efficient degradation of these two major ND10
      components, RRV is still restricted by DAXX, another abundant ND10 component, as
      evidenced by a marked increase in RRV infection and replication upon knockout of
      DAXX. Taken together, our findings substantiate PML, SP100, and DAXX as key
      antiviral proteins, in that the first two are targeted for degradation by RRV and
      the last one still potently restricts replication of RRV.

PMID- 27356897
TI  - Flow Cytometric and Cytokine ELISpot Approaches To Characterize the Cell-Mediated
      Immune Response in Ferrets following Influenza Virus Infection.
AB  - Influenza virus infections represent a significant socioeconomic and public
      health burden worldwide. Although ferrets are considered by many to be ideal for
      modeling human responses to influenza infection and vaccination, efforts to
      understand the cellular immune response have been severely hampered by a paucity
      of standardized procedures and reagents. In this study, we developed flow
      cytometric and T cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) approaches to
      characterize the leukocyte composition and antigen-specific T cell response
      within key lymphoid tissues following influenza virus infection in ferrets.
      Through a newly designed and implemented set of serological reagents, we used
      multiparameter flow cytometry to directly quantify the frequency of CD4(+) and
      CD8(+) T cells, Ig(+) B cells, CD11b(+) myeloid-derived cells, and major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive antigen-presenting cells
      (APCs) both prior to and after intranasal infection with A/California/04/09
      (H1N1). We found that the leukocyte composition was altered at 10 days
      postinfection, with notable gains in the frequency of T cells and myeloid cells
      within the draining lymph node. Furthermore, these studies revealed that the
      antigen specificity of influenza virus-reactive CD4 and CD8 T cells was very
      broad, with recognition of the viral HA, NA, M1, NS1, and NP proteins, and that
      total reactivity to influenza virus postinfection represented approximately 0.1%
      of the circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Finally, we
      observed distinct patterns of reactivity between individual animals, suggesting
      heterogeneity at the MHC locus in ferrets within commercial populations, a
      finding of considerable interest in efforts to move the ferret model forward for
      influenza vaccine and challenge studies. IMPORTANCE: Ferrets are an ideal animal
      model to study transmission, diseases, and vaccine efficacies of respiratory
      viruses because of their close anatomical and physiological resemblances to
      humans. However, a lack of reagents has limited our understanding of the cell
      mediated immune response following infection and vaccination. In this study, we
      used cross-reactive and ferret-specific antibodies to study the leukocyte
      composition and antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses following influenza
      A/California/04/09 (H1N1) virus infection. These studies revealed strikingly
      distinct patterns of reactivity between CD4 and CD8 T cells, which were overlaid
      with differences in protein-specific responses between individual animals. Our
      results provide a first, in-depth look at the T cell repertoire in response to
      influenza infection and suggest that there is considerable heterogeneity at the
      MHC locus, which is akin to that in humans and an area of intense research
      interest.

PMID- 27356899
TI  - Structure-Function Analysis of the phiX174 DNA-Piloting Protein Using Length
      Altering Mutations.
AB  - Although the phiX174 H protein is monomeric during procapsid morphogenesis, 10
      proteins oligomerize to form a DNA translocating conduit (H-tube) for
      penetration. However, the timing and location of H-tube formation are unknown.
      The H-tube's highly repetitive primary and quaternary structures made it amenable
      to a genetic analysis using in-frame insertions and deletions. Length-altered
      proteins were characterized for the ability to perform the protein's three known
      functions: participation in particle assembly, genome translocation, and
      stimulation of viral protein synthesis. Insertion mutants were viable.
      Theoretically, these proteins would produce an assembled tube exceeding the
      capsid's internal diameter, suggesting that virions do not contain a fully
      assembled tube. Lengthened proteins were also used to test the biological
      significance of the crystal structure. Particles containing H proteins of two
      different lengths were significantly less infectious than both parents,
      indicating an inability to pilot DNA. Shortened H proteins were not fully
      functional. Although they could still stimulate viral protein synthesis, they
      either were not incorporated into virions or, if incorporated, failed to pilot
      the genome. Mutant proteins that failed to incorporate contained deletions within
      an 85-amino-acid segment, suggesting the existence of an incorporation domain.
      The revertants of shortened H protein mutants fell into two classes. The first
      class duplicated sequences neighboring the deletion, restoring wild-type length
      but not wild-type sequence. The second class suppressed an incorporation defect,
      allowing the use of the shortened protein. IMPORTANCE: The H-tube crystal
      structure represents the first high-resolution structure of a virally encoded DNA
      translocating conduit. It has similarities with other viral proteins through
      which DNA must travel, such as the alpha-helical barrel domains of P22 portal
      proteins and T7 proteins that form tail tube extensions during infection. Thus,
      the H protein serves as a paradigm for the assembly and function of long alpha
      helical supramolecular structures and nanotubes. Highly repetitive in primary and
      quaternary structure, they are amenable to structure-function analyses using in
      frame insertions and deletions as presented herein.

PMID- 27356900
TI  - The Influenza A Virus Genotype Determines the Antiviral Function of NF-kappaB.
AB  - The role of NF-kappaB in influenza A virus (IAV) infection does not reveal a
      coherent picture, as pro- and also antiviral functions of this transcription
      factor have been described. To address this issue, we used clustered regularly
      interspaced short palindromic repeat with Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9)-mediated genome
      engineering to generate murine MLE-15 cells lacking two essential components of
      the NF-kappaB pathway. Cells devoid of either the central NF-kappaB essential
      modulator (NEMO) scaffold protein and thus defective in IkappaB kinase (IKK)
      activation or cells not expressing the NF-kappaB DNA-binding and transactivation
      subunit p65 were tested for propagation of the SC35 virus, which has an avian
      host range, and its mouse-adapted variant, SC35M. While NF-kappaB was not
      relevant for replication of SC35M, the absence of NF-kappaB activity increased
      replication of the nonadapted SC35 virus. This antiviral effect of NF-kappaB was
      most prominent upon infection of cells with low virus titers as they usually
      occur during the initiation phase of IAV infection. The defect in NF-kappaB
      signaling resulted in diminished IAV-triggered phosphorylation of interferon
      regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and expression of the antiviral beta interferon (IFN
      beta) gene. To identify the viral proteins responsible for NF-kappaB dependency,
      reassortant viruses were generated by reverse genetics. SC35 viruses containing
      the SC35M segment encoding neuraminidase (NA) were completely inert to the
      inhibitory effect of NF-kappaB, emphasizing the importance of the viral genotype
      for susceptibility to the antiviral functions of NF-kappaB. IMPORTANCE: This
      study addresses two different issues. First, we investigated the role of the host
      cell transcription factor NF-kappaB in IAV replication by genetic manipulation of
      IAVs by reverse genetics combined with targeted genome engineering of host cells
      using CRISPR-Cas9. The analysis of these two highly defined genetic systems
      indicated that the IAV genotype can influence whether NF-kappaB displays an
      antiviral function and thus might in part explain incoherent results from the
      literature. Second, we found that perturbation of NF-kappaB function greatly
      improved the growth of a nonadapted IAV, suggesting that NF-kappaB may contribute
      to the maintenance of the host species barrier.

PMID- 27356902
TI  - The Evolutionary Histories of Antiretroviral Proteins SERINC3 and SERINC5 Do Not
      Support an Evolutionary Arms Race in Primates.
AB  - Molecular evolutionary arms races between viruses and their hosts are important
      drivers of adaptation. These Red Queen dynamics have been frequently observed in
      primate retroviruses and their antagonists, host restriction factor genes, such
      as APOBEC3F/G, TRIM5-alpha, SAMHD1, and BST-2. Host restriction factors have
      experienced some of the most intense and pervasive adaptive evolution documented
      in primates. Recently, two novel host factors, SERINC3 and SERINC5, were
      identified as the targets of HIV-1 Nef, a protein crucial for the optimal
      infectivity of virus particles. Here, we compared the evolutionary fingerprints
      of SERINC3 and SERINC5 to those of other primate restriction factors and to a set
      of other genes with diverse functions. SERINC genes evolved in a manner distinct
      from the canonical arms race dynamics seen in the other restriction factors.
      Despite their antiviral activity against HIV-1 and other retroviruses, SERINC3
      and SERINC5 have a relatively uneventful evolutionary history in primates.
      IMPORTANCE: Restriction factors are host proteins that block viral infection and
      replication. Many viruses, like HIV-1 and related retroviruses, evolved accessory
      proteins to counteract these restriction factors. The importance of these
      interactions is evidenced by the intense adaptive selection pressures that
      dominate the evolutionary histories of both the host and viral genes involved in
      this so-called arms race. The dynamics of these arms races can point to
      mechanisms by which these viral infections can be prevented. Two human genes,
      SERINC3 and SERINC5, were recently identified as targets of an HIV-1 accessory
      protein important for viral infectivity. Unexpectedly, we found that these SERINC
      genes, unlike other host restriction factor genes, show no evidence of a recent
      evolutionary arms race with viral pathogens.

PMID- 27356901
TI  - Establishment and Reversal of HIV-1 Latency in Naive and Central Memory CD4+ T
      Cells In Vitro.
AB  - The latent HIV-1 reservoir primarily resides in resting CD4(+) T cells which are
      a heterogeneous population composed of both naive (TN) and memory cells. In HIV-1
      infected individuals, viral DNA has been detected in both naive and memory CD4(+)
      T cell subsets although the frequency of HIV-1 DNA is typically higher in memory
      cells, particularly in the central memory (TCM) cell subset. TN and TCM cells are
      distinct cell populations distinguished by many phenotypic and physiological
      differences. In this study, we used a primary cell model of HIV-1 latency that
      utilizes direct infection of highly purified TN and TCM cells to address
      differences in the establishment and reversal of HIV-1 latency. Consistent with
      what is seen in vivo, we found that HIV-1 infected TN cells less efficiently than
      TCM cells. However, when the infected TN cells were treated with latency
      reversing agents, including anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies, phorbol myristate
      acetate/phytohemagglutinin, and prostratin, as much (if not more) extracellular
      virion-associated HIV-1 RNA was produced per infected TN cell as per infected TCM
      cell. There were no major differences in the genomic distribution of HIV-1
      integration sites between TN and TCM cells that accounted for these observed
      differences. We observed decay of the latent HIV-1 cells in both T cell subsets
      after exposure to each of the latency-reversing agents. Collectively, these data
      highlight significant differences in the establishment and reversal of HIV-1
      latency in TN and TCM CD4(+) T cells and suggest that each subset should be
      independently studied in preclinical and clinical studies. IMPORTANCE: The latent
      HIV-1 reservoir is frequently described as residing within resting memory CD4(+)
      T cells. This is largely due to the consistent finding that memory CD4(+) T
      cells, specifically the central (TCM) and transitional memory compartments,
      harbor the highest levels of HIV-1 DNA in individuals on suppressive therapy.
      This has yielded little research into the contribution of CD4(+) naive T (TN)
      cells to the latent reservoir. In this study, we show that although TN cells
      harbor significantly lower levels of HIV-1 DNA, following latency reversal, they
      produced as many virions as did the TCM cells (if not more virions). This
      suggests that latently infected TN cells may be a major source of virus following
      treatment interruption or failure. These findings highlight the need for a better
      understanding of the establishment and reversal of HIV-1 latency in TN cells in
      evaluating therapeutic approaches to eliminate the latent reservoir.

PMID- 27356903
TI  - Distinct Particle Morphologies Revealed through Comparative Parallel Analyses of
      Retrovirus-Like Particles.
AB  - The Gag protein is the main retroviral structural protein, and its expression
      alone is usually sufficient for production of virus-like particles (VLPs). In
      this study, we sought to investigate-in parallel comparative analyses-Gag
      cellular distribution, VLP size, and basic morphological features using Gag
      expression constructs (Gag or Gag-YFP, where YFP is yellow fluorescent protein)
      created from all representative retroviral genera: Alpharetrovirus,
      Betaretrovirus, Deltaretrovirus, Epsilonretrovirus, Gammaretrovirus, Lentivirus,
      and Spumavirus. We analyzed Gag cellular distribution by confocal microscopy, VLP
      budding by thin-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and general
      morphological features of the VLPs by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy
      (cryo-TEM). Punctate Gag was observed near the plasma membrane for all Gag
      constructs tested except for the representative Beta- and Epsilonretrovirus Gag
      proteins. This is the first report of Epsilonretrovirus Gag localizing to the
      nucleus of HeLa cells. While VLPs were not produced by the representative Beta-
      and Epsilonretrovirus Gag proteins, the other Gag proteins produced VLPs as
      confirmed by TEM, and morphological differences were observed by cryo-TEM. In
      particular, we observed Deltaretrovirus-like particles with flat regions of
      electron density that did not follow viral membrane curvature, Lentivirus-like
      particles with a narrow range and consistent electron density, suggesting a
      tightly packed Gag lattice, and Spumavirus-like particles with large envelope
      protein spikes and no visible electron density associated with a Gag lattice.
      Taken together, these parallel comparative analyses demonstrate for the first
      time the distinct morphological features that exist among retrovirus-like
      particles. Investigation of these differences will provide greater insights into
      the retroviral assembly pathway. IMPORTANCE: Comparative analysis among
      retroviruses has been critically important in enhancing our understanding of
      retroviral replication and pathogenesis, including that of important human
      pathogens such as human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HIV-1. In this
      study, parallel comparative analyses have been used to study Gag expression and
      virus-like particle morphology among representative retroviruses in the known
      retroviral genera. Distinct differences were observed, which enhances current
      knowledge of the retroviral assembly pathway.

PMID- 27356904
TI  - Immunization with Attenuated Equine Herpesvirus 1 Strain KyA Induces Innate
      Immune Responses That Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge.
AB  - Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a major pathogen affecting equines worldwide. The
      virus causes respiratory disease, abortion, and, in some cases, neurological
      disease. EHV-1 strain KyA is attenuated in the mouse and equine, whereas wild
      type strain RacL11 induces severe inflammation of the lung, causing infected mice
      to succumb at 4 to 6 days postinfection. Our previous results showed that KyA
      immunization protected CBA mice from pathogenic RacL11 challenge at 2 and 4 weeks
      postimmunization and that KyA infection elicited protective humoral and cell
      mediated immune responses. To investigate the protective mechanisms of innate
      immune responses to KyA, KyA-immunized mice were challenged with RacL11 at
      various times postvaccination. KyA immunization protected mice from RacL11
      challenge at 1 to 7 days postimmunization. Immunized mice lost less than 10% of
      their body weight and rapidly regained weight. Virus titers in the lungs of KyA
      immunized mice were 1,000-fold lower at 2 days post-RacL11 challenge than virus
      titers in the lungs of nonimmunized mice, indicating accelerated virus clearance.
      Affymetrix microarray analysis revealed that gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and 16
      antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were upregulated 3.1- to 48.2-fold
      at 8 h postchallenge in the lungs of RacL11-challenged mice that had been
      immunized with KyA. Murine IFN-gamma inhibited EHV-1 infection of murine alveolar
      macrophages and protected mice against lethal EHV-1 challenge, suggesting that
      IFN-gamma expression is important in mediating the protection elicited by KyA
      immunization. These results suggest that EHV-1 KyA may be used as a live
      attenuated EHV-1 vaccine as well as a prophylactic agent in horses. IMPORTANCE:
      Viral infection of cells initiates a signal cascade of events that ultimately
      attempts to limit viral replication and prevent infection through the expression
      of host antiviral proteins. In this study, we show that EHV-1 KyA immunization
      effectively protected CBA mice from pathogenic RacL11 challenge at 1 to 7 days
      postvaccination and increased the expression of IFN-gamma and 16 antiviral
      interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The administration of IFN-gamma blocked EHV-1
      replication in murine alveolar macrophages and mouse lungs and protected mice
      from lethal challenge. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an
      attenuated EHV-1 vaccine that protects the animal at 1 to 7 days postimmunization
      by innate immune responses. Our findings suggested that IFN-gamma serves as a
      novel prophylactic agent and may offer new strategies for the development of anti
      EHV-1 agents in the equine.

PMID- 27356906
TI  - Comparison of outcomes after umbilical cord blood and unmanipulated
      haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with high-risk
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an effective therapy
      for children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Human leukocyte
      antigen (HLA)-haploidentical HSCT (haplo-HSCT) or umbilical cord blood
      transplantation (UCBT) are both important alternative sources of stem cells for
      those without an HLA-identical sibling donor or unrelated matched donor. We aimed
      to compare the therapeutic effects of single UCBT and unmanipulated haplo-HSCT in
      high-risk ALL children (n = 129). Hematopoietic recovery was significantly faster
      in haplo-HSCT recipients than in UCBT recipients. The 2-year cumulative
      incidences of relapse in the haplo-HSCT and UCBT groups were 16.1% and 24.1%,
      respectively (p = 0.169). The 2-year cumulative incidences of non-relapse
      mortality in the haplo-HSCT and UCBT groups were 12.8% and 18.8%, respectively (p
      = 0.277). The 2-year probabilities of overall survival in the haplo-HSCT and UCBT
      groups were 82.0% and 69.6%, respectively (p = 0.071), and the 2-year probability
      of disease-free survival in the haplo-HSCT group was higher than in the UCBT
      group (71.0% vs. 57.2%, p = 0.040). However, several variables (such as leukocyte
      count and cytogenetics at diagnosis) were different between the groups, and a
      possible center effect should also be considered. In addition, only mild and
      moderate chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was associated with
      significantly improved survival compared to those without chronic GVHD in
      multivariate analysis. Thus, our results show that both unmanipulated haplo-HSCT
      and UCBT are valid for high-risk ALL children lacking a HLA matched donor, and
      both strategies expand the donor pool for children in need. 

PMID- 27356905
TI  - Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II HLA-DRalpha Is Downregulated by
      Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Lytic Transactivator RTA and
      MARCH8.
AB  - Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) maintains two modes of life cycle,
      the latent and lytic phases. To evade the attack of the cell host's immune
      system, KSHV switches from the lytic to the latent phase, a phase in which only a
      few of viral proteins are expressed. The mechanism by which KSHV evades the
      attack of the immune system and establishes latency has not been fully
      understood. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules are key
      components of the immune system defense mechanism against viral infections. Here
      we report that HLA-DRalpha, a member of the MHC-II molecules, was downregulated
      by the replication and transcription activator (RTA) protein encoded by KSHV
      ORF50, an important regulator of the viral life cycle. RTA not only downregulated
      HLA-DRalpha at the protein level through direct binding and degradation through
      the proteasome pathway but also indirectly downregulated the protein level of HLA
      DRalpha by enhancing the expression of MARCH8, a member of the membrane
      associated RING-CH (MARCH) proteins. Our findings indicate that KSHV RTA
      facilitates evasion of the virus from the immune system through manipulation of
      HLA-DRalpha. IMPORTANCE: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has a
      causal role in a number of human cancers, and its persistence in infected cells
      is controlled by the host's immune system. The mechanism by which KSHV evades an
      attack by the immune system has not been well understood. This work represents
      studies which identify a novel mechanism by which the virus can facilitate
      evasion of an immune system. We now show that RTA, the replication and
      transcription activator encoded by KSHV (ORF50), can function as an E3 ligase to
      degrade HLA-DRalpha. It can directly bind and induce degradation of HLA-DRalpha
      through the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. In addition to the direct
      regulation of HLA-DRalpha, RTA can also indirectly downregulate the level of HLA
      DRalpha protein by upregulating transcription of MARCH8. Increased MARCH8 results
      in the downregulation of HLA-DRalpha. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that
      expression of HLA-DRalpha was impaired in KSHV de novo infection.

PMID- 27356907
TI  - Understanding the complement-mediated glomerular diseases: focus on
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and C3 glomerulopathies.
AB  - An enhanced understanding of the role of complement in the pathogenesis of
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis has led to reclassification of the
      latter into immunoglobulin-mediated and non-immunoglobulin-mediated disease. The
      new classification schema resulted in improved diagnostic clinical algorithms,
      while it brought into light again the diseases, which are characterized by the
      presence of glomerular deposits, composed predominantly by C3, in the absence of
      significant amounts of immunoglobulins in renal biopsy, namely, C3
      glomerulopathies (dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis). Despite the
      lack of randomized controlled trials following the advances in the understanding
      of the pathogenetic pathways involved in membranoproliferative
      glomerulonephritis, it is important that the new mechanistic approach has opened
      new roads for the exploration and discovery of targeted therapies. 

PMID- 27356908
TI  - Sugar-Based Arylsulfonamide Carboxylates as Selective and Water-Soluble Matrix
      Metalloproteinase-12 Inhibitors.
AB  - Matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) can be considered an attractive target to
      study selective inhibitors useful in the development of new therapies for lung
      and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, a new series of arylsulfonamide
      carboxylates, with increased hydrophilicity resulting from conjugation with a
      beta-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine moiety, were designed and synthesized as MMP-12
      selective inhibitors. Their inhibitory activity was evaluated on human MMPs by
      using the fluorimetric assay, and a crystallographic analysis was performed to
      characterize their binding mode. Among these glycoconjugates, a nanomolar MMP-12
      inhibitor with improved water solubility, compound 3 [(R)-2-(N-(2-(3-(2-acetamido
      2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl)thioureido)ethyl)biphenyl-4-ylsulfonamido)-3
      methylbutanoic acid], was identified.

PMID- 27356909
TI  - Reduction of sodium content in spicy soups using monosodium glutamate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Excessive dietary sodium intake causes several diseases, such as
      hypertension, cardiovascular and renal disease, etc. Hence, reducing sodium
      intake has been highly recommended. In this study the effect of monosodium
      glutamate (MSG), as an umami substance, on saltiness and sodium reduction was
      investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The trained panellists were presented with
      basic spicy soups (curry chicken and chili chicken) containing different amounts
      of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0-1.2%) and MSG (0-1.2%). They tasted the optimum
      concentrations of NaCl and MSG for the two spicy soups and the overall
      acceptability were 0.8% and 0.7%, respectively. There was no significant effect
      of spiciness level on the saltiness and umami taste of both soups. The optimum
      levels of combined NaCl and MSG for overall acceptance in the chili and curry
      soups were 0.3% and 0.7%, respectively. The results showed that with the addition
      of MSG, it is possible to reduce sodium intake without changing the overall
      acceptability of the spicy soup. A 32.5% reduction in sodium level is made
      feasible by adding 0.7% MSG to the spicy soups. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests
      that low-sodium soups can be developed by the addition of appropriate amounts of
      MSG, while maintaining the acceptability of the spicy soups. It was also proven
      that it is feasible to reduce sodium intake by replacing NaCl with MSG.

PMID- 27356910
TI  - Dietary apigenin potentiates the inhibitory effect of interferon-alpha on cancer
      cell viability through inhibition of 26S proteasome-mediated interferon receptor
      degradation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) have broad and potent
      immunoregulatory and antiproliferative activities. However, it is still known
      whether the dietary flavonoids exhibit their antiviral and anticancer properties
      by modulating the function of type I IFNs. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at
      determining the role of apigenin, a dietary plant flavonoid abundant in common
      fruits and vegetables, on the type I IFN-mediated inhibition of cancer cell
      viability. DESIGN: Inhibitory effect of apigenin on human 26S proteasome, a known
      negative regulator of type I IFN signaling, was evaluated in vitro. Molecular
      docking was conducted to know the interaction between apigenin and subunits of
      26S proteasome. Effects of apigenin on JAK/STAT pathway, 26S proteasome-mediated
      interferon receptor stability, and cancer cells viability were also investigated.
      RESULTS: Apigenin was identified to be a potent inhibitor of human 26S proteasome
      in a cell-based assay. Apigenin inhibited the chymotrypsin-like, caspase-like,
      and trypsin-like activities of the human 26S proteasome and increased the
      ubiquitination of endogenous proteins in cells. Results from computational
      modeling of the potential interactions of apigenin with the chymotrypsin site
      (beta5 subunit), caspase site (beta1 subunit), and trypsin site (beta2 subunit)
      of the proteasome were consistent with the observed proteasome inhibitory
      activity. Apigenin enhanced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and
      activator of transcription proteins (STAT1 and STAT2) and promoted the endogenous
      IFN-alpha-regulated gene expression. Apigenin inhibited the IFN-alpha-stimulated
      ubiquitination and degradation of type I interferon receptor 1 (IFNAR1). Apigenin
      also sensitized the inhibitory effect of IFN-alpha on viability of cervical
      carcinoma HeLa cells. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that apigenin potentiates
      the inhibitory effect of IFN-alpha on cancer cell viability by activating
      JAK/STAT signaling pathway through inhibition of 26S proteasome-mediated IFNAR1
      degradation. This may provide a novel mechanism for increasing the efficacy of
      IFN-alpha/beta.

PMID- 27356911
TI  - Plant hormones in interactions with the environment.

PMID- 27356913
TI  - Plasma Coenzyme Q10 Levels in Patients With Multiple System Atrophy.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an intractable neurodegenerative
      disease characterized by autonomic failure in addition to various combinations of
      parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, and pyramidal dysfunction. It has recently been
      reported that functionally impaired variants of COQ2, which encodes an essential
      enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), are associated with
      MSA. However, little is known about the role of CoQ10 in the pathogenesis of MSA.
      OBJECTIVE: To compare the levels of plasma CoQ10 in patients with MSA with those
      in age-, sex-, and COQ2 genotype-matched controls. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: We enrolled 44 Japanese patients with MSA and 39 Japanese controls
      from September 1, 2012, to December 31, 2015. Patients with MSA were diagnosed on
      the basis of the second consensus criteria by at least 2 neurologists. Plasma
      CoQ10 levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      electrochemical detection. Sanger sequencing of COQ2 was performed to determine
      the COQ2 genotypes. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to
      determine the association between MSA and the plasma CoQ10 level. MAIN OUTCOMES
      AND MEASURES: Plasma CoQ10 levels in patients with MSA were compared with those
      in controls after adjusting for age, sex, and COQ2 genotype. RESULTS: Among 44
      patients with MSA (mean [SD] age, 63.7 [8.3] years) and 39 controls (mean [SD]
      age, 60.3 [13.0] years), the mean (SD) plasma level of CoQ10 in patients with MSA
      was lower than that in controls (0.51 [0.22] vs 0.72 [0.42] ug/mL; P = .01)
      (difference between medians: -0.14; 95% CI, -0.25 to -0.03). The mean (SD) plasma
      levels of CoQ10 in patients with the cerebellar variant of MSA and those with the
      parkinsonian variant of MSA were 0.58 (0.19) and 0.49 (0.26) ug/mL, respectively.
      After adjusting for age, sex, and COQ2 genotype, the levels of plasma CoQ10 were
      significantly associated with MSA (95% CI, 0.10; range, 0.02 to 0.66) (P = .02).
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our data showed decreased levels of plasma CoQ10 in
      patients with MSA regardless of the COQ2 genotype, supporting a hypothesis that
      supplementation with CoQ10 is beneficial for patients with MSA.

PMID- 27356912
TI  - Genome-wide identification and analysis of rice genes preferentially expressed in
      pollen at an early developmental stage.
AB  - Microspore production using endogenous developmental programs has not been well
      studied. The main limitation is the difficulty in identifying genes
      preferentially expressed in pollen grains at early stages. To overcome this
      limitation, we collected transcriptome data from anthers and microspore/pollen
      and performed meta-expression analysis. Subsequently, we identified 410 genes
      showing preferential expression patterns in early developing pollen samples of
      both japonica and indica cultivars. The expression patterns of these genes are
      distinguishable from genes showing pollen mother cell or tapetum-preferred
      expression patterns. Gene Ontology enrichment and MapMan analyses indicated that
      microspores in rice are closely linked with protein degradation, nucleotide
      metabolism, and DNA biosynthesis and regulation, while the pollen mother cell or
      tapetum are strongly associated with cell wall metabolism, lipid metabolism,
      secondary metabolism, and RNA biosynthesis and regulation. We also generated
      transgenic lines under the control of the promoters of eight microspore-preferred
      genes and confirmed the preferred expression patterns in plants using the GUS
      reporting system. Furthermore, cis-regulatory element analysis revealed that
      pollen specific elements such as POLLEN1LELAT52, and 5659BOXLELAT5659 were
      commonly identified in the promoter regions of eight rice genes with more
      frequency than estimation. Our study will provide new sights on early pollen
      development in rice, a model crop plant. 

PMID- 27356916
TI  - Role of the IL-1 Pathway in Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration and Decreased
      Voluntary Movement.
AB  - Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a proinflammatory cytokine synthesized and released by
      activated microglia, can cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration leading to
      Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is uncertain whether IL-1 can act directly,
      or by exacerbating the harmful actions of other brain insults. To ascertain the
      role of the IL-1 pathway on dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor skills
      during aging, we compared mice with impaired [caspase-1 knockout (casp1-/-)] or
      overactivated IL-1 activity [IL-1 receptor antagonist knockout (IL-1ra-/-)] to
      wild-type (wt) mice at young and middle age. Their motor skills were evaluated by
      the open-field and rotarod tests, and quantification of their dopamine neurons
      and activated microglia within the substantia nigra were performed by
      immunohistochemistry. IL-1ra-/- mice showed an age-related decline in motor
      skills, a reduced number of dopamine neurons, and an increase in activated
      microglia when compared to wt or casp1-/- mice. Casp1-/- mice had similar changes
      in motor skills and dopamine neurons, but fewer activated microglia cells than wt
      mice. Our results suggest that the overactivated IL-1 pathway occurring in IL-1ra
      /- mice in the absence of inflammatory interventions (e.g., intracerebral
      injections performed in animal models of PD) increased activated microglia,
      decreased the number of dopaminergic neurons, and reduced their motor skills.
      Decreased IL-1 activity in casp1-/- mice did not yield clear protective effects
      when compared with wt mice. In summary, in the absence of overt brain insults,
      chronic activation of the IL-1 pathway may promote pathological aspects of PD per
      se, but its impairment does not appear to yield advantages over wt mice.

PMID- 27356917
TI  - Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Parameters and Energy Metabolism in Cerebral
      Cortex of Rats Subjected to Sarcosine Administration.
AB  - Sarcosine is an N-methyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, and its elevation
      in tissues and physiological fluids of patients with sarcosinemia could reflect a
      deficient pool size of activated 1-carbon units. Sarcosinemia is a rare inherited
      metabolic condition associated with mental retardation. In the present study, we
      investigated the acute effect of sarcosine and/or creatine plus pyruvate on some
      parameters of oxidative stress and energy metabolism in cerebral cortex
      homogenates of 21-day-old Wistar rats. Acute administration of sarcosine induced
      oxidative stress and diminished the activities of adenylate kinase, GAPDH,
      complex IV, and mitochondrial and cytosolic creatine kinase. On the other hand,
      succinate dehydrogenase activity was enhanced in cerebral cortex of rats.
      Moreover, total sulfhydryl content was significantly diminished, while DCFH
      oxidation, TBARS content, and activities of SOD and GPx were significantly
      enhanced by acute administration of sarcosine. Co-administration of creatine plus
      pyruvate was effective in the prevention of alterations provoked by sarcosine
      administration on the oxidative stress and the enzymes of phosphoryltransfer
      network. These results indicate that acute administration of sarcosine may
      stimulate oxidative stress and alter the energy metabolism in cerebral cortex of
      rats. In case these effects also occur in humans, they may contribute, along with
      other mechanisms, to the neurological dysfunction of sarcosinemia, and creatine
      and pyruvate supplementation could be beneficial to the patients.

PMID- 27356919
TI  - Investigation of two- and three-bond carbon-hydrogen coupling constants in
      cinnamic acid based compounds.
AB  - Two- and three-bond coupling constants (2 JHC and 3 JHC ) were determined for a
      series of 12 substituted cinnamic acids using a selective 2D inphase/antiphase
      (IPAP)-single quantum multiple bond correlation (HSQMBC) and 1D proton coupled 13
      C NMR experiments. The coupling constants from two methods were compared and
      found to give very similar values. The results showed coupling constant values
      ranging from 1.7 to 9.7 Hz and 1.0 to 9.6 Hz for the IPAP-HSQMBC and the direct
      13 C NMR experiments, respectively. The experimental values of the coupling
      constants were compared with discrete density functional theory (DFT) calculated
      values and were found to be in good agreement for the 3 JHC . However, the DFT
      method under estimated the 2 JHC coupling constants. Knowing the limitations of
      the measurement and calculation of these multibond coupling constants will add
      confidence to the assignment of conformation or stereochemical aspects of complex
      molecules like natural products. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27356918
TI  - Idiopathic Autism: Cellular and Molecular Phenotypes in Pluripotent Stem Cell
      Derived Neurons.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder whose
      pathophysiology remains elusive as a consequence of the unavailability for study
      of patient brain neurons; this deficit may potentially be circumvented by neural
      differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Rare syndromes with single
      gene mutations and autistic symptoms have significantly advanced the molecular
      and cellular understanding of autism spectrum disorders; however, in aggregate,
      they only represent a fraction of all cases of autism. In an effort to define the
      cellular and molecular phenotypes in human neurons of non-syndromic autism, we
      generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from three male autism spectrum
      disorder patients who had no identifiable clinical syndromes, and their
      unaffected male siblings and subsequently differentiated these patient-specific
      stem cells into electrophysiologically active neurons. iPSC-derived neurons from
      these autistic patients displayed decreases in the frequency and kinetics of
      spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents relative to controls, as well as
      significant decreases in Na+ and inactivating K+ voltage-gated currents.
      Moreover, whole-genome microarray analysis of gene expression identified 161
      unique genes that were significantly differentially expressed in autistic patient
      iPSC-derived neurons (>twofold, FDR < 0.05). These genes were significantly
      enriched for processes related to synaptic transmission, such as neuroactive
      ligand-receptor signaling and extracellular matrix interactions, and were
      enriched for genes previously associated with autism spectrum disorder. Our data
      demonstrate aberrant voltage-gated currents and underlying molecular changes
      related to synaptic function in iPSC-derived neurons from individuals with
      idiopathic autism as compared to unaffected siblings controls.

PMID- 27356920
TI  - Correlates of Clozapine Use after a First Episode of Schizophrenia: Results From
      a Long-term Prospective Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Earlier commencement of clozapine has been related to a better
      response in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES: To identify variables
      that predict clozapine use after a first episode of schizophrenia (FES). METHODS:
      Patients with FES and <=15 days of lifetime antipsychotic treatment were followed
      up during naturalistic treatment, and the patients who were initiated on
      clozapine were compared with those receiving non-clozapine antipsychotics for
      >=24 months regarding demographic and clinical baseline characteristics,
      adherence, and relapse patterns during follow-up. Treatment-resistant
      schizophrenia was defined as two or more antipsychotic trials of adequate dose
      for >=6 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients who used clozapine and 77 non
      clozapine antipsychotic users were included. Clozapine was initiated after a mean
      of 2.5 +/- 1.1 adequate antipsychotic trials. Eight of the 28 clozapine-treated
      patients (28.6 %) began their clozapine treatment during the first 12 months of
      follow-up (mean 7.1 +/- 3.3 months) and their premorbid childhood adjustment was
      significantly worse than those who started clozapine later (mean 78.5 +/- 43.0
      months). Compared with non-clozapine users, patients who started clozapine had
      significantly more relapses in the first 6 months of follow-up prior to clozapine
      use (35.7 vs. 11.7 %, p = 0.005), and were significantly more likely to have a
      first relapse despite treatment adherence (38.1 vs. 73.3 %, p = 0.01). In the
      multivariate analyses, antipsychotic polypharmacy and first relapse despite
      adherence to antipsychotic treatment independently predicted subsequent clozapine
      use. CONCLUSIONS: Clozapine use after a FES was predicted by a first relapse
      while being adherent to non-clozapine antipsychotics, especially if the first
      relapse occurred within the first 6 months. Developmental childhood difficulties
      predicted significantly earlier clozapine use.

PMID- 27356921
TI  - Asenapine: A Review in Schizophrenia.
AB  - Asenapine (Saphris((r)), Sycrest((r))) is an atypical antipsychotic that is
      administered sublingually twice daily and is approved for schizophrenia in the
      USA, Japan and other countries, but not in the EU. This article reviews the
      pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability profile of asenapine in the
      treatment of adults with schizophrenia. Clinical trials with asenapine have
      demonstrated efficacy in terms of both positive and negative symptoms of
      schizophrenia, although findings have not always been consistent. Across three
      short-term (6-week) studies in acute schizophrenia (including one in Asian
      patients), asenapine was generally superior to placebo and had broadly similar
      efficacy to active controls in improving total scores on the Positive and
      Negative Syndrome Scale. A meta-analysis of four short-term trials with asenapine
      (that also included a negative study and a failed trial) also showed significant
      benefit with asenapine over placebo. In longer-term trials and extensions (up to
      ~3 years' duration), asenapine was effective relative to placebo in preventing
      relapse in schizophrenia, but was less effective than olanzapine in patients with
      schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (according to intent-to-treat LOCF
      analysis). However, in two trials in patients with persistent negative symptoms
      of schizophrenia, asenapine and olanzapine were similarly effective in reducing
      negative symptoms at week 26, with asenapine providing better results than
      olanzapine at week 52 in one of the extensions. The most frequently reported
      adverse events with asenapine are somnolence, akathisia and oral hypoesthesia.
      Although potentially associated with more extrapyramidal symptoms, asenapine
      appears to have less weight gain and metabolic effects than some other
      antipsychotic agents, such as olanzapine. 

PMID- 27356922
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27356923
TI  - [Hiatal hernia with gastric necrosis].

PMID- 27356924
TI  - [The medical dissertation in Germany : A quantitative analysis of promotion
      regulations in medical faculties].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The medical dissertation represents an independently processed
      scientific project. In the field of medicine this has for many years displayed
      the basis for controversial discussions. The aim of the study presented here was
      to evaluate the prerequisites of all current promotion regulations in German
      medical faculties in order to develop a comparability on the basis of a scoring
      system. METHOD: An independent analysis of all promotion regulations from German
      medical faculties for the year 2014 was carried out according to 12 primary
      outcome measures and a scoring system. RESULTS: The average total score of
      promotion regulations at 37 German medical faculties was 57.2 points (SD +/-9.5)
      out of a possible 100 scoring points. The highest scores with 72-85 points were
      achieved by 3 faculties and 5 achieved scores of only 42-45 points. The range of
      the different criteria tested was broad. While the written thesis, the review
      process, the examination requirements as well as the grading of the thesis were
      defined in all regulations, the introduction into good clinical practice,
      knowledge of methodology as well as a check for plagiarism only seem to play
      minor roles. CONCLUSION: The promotion regulations at German medical faculties
      show a great variation using the scoring system presented here for the first
      time. Standardized federal promotion regulations might help to establish a
      structured transparency as well as a national equality of opportunity.

PMID- 27356925
TI  - [Individualized or standard approach to the abdomen : Currently available data].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Every abdominal incision can lead to early (e. g. abdominal
      infection) and late complications (e. g. hernia). The correct incision is often
      important to have optimal access to the surgical area and to keep complications
      low. OBJECTIVE: An analysis of the recent literature was carried out to clarify
      which access routes have advantages over other types of incision. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: A literature search was carried out in the following databases: Cochrane
      database of systematic reviews (CDSR), Cochrane library, Medline and PubMed.
      Systematic reviews and studies with large numbers of cases were used for the
      evaluation, whereas studies with small numbers of cases and case reports were not
      taken into account. RESULTS: Midline incisions are the first choice for acute and
      elective abdominal surgery because of a good view into and rapid access to the
      abdominal cavity. For large upper abdominal operations transverse incisions can
      be considered of equal value due to excellent exploration possibilities, e.g. of
      the liver and pancreas. 25 years after the introduction of laparoscopy, this
      technique has become established for cholecystectomy, fundoplication and
      bariatric surgery. For appendix and colon surgery laparoscopy has the advantage
      of being less traumatic, whereby postoperative pain and hospitalization are
      reduced but under circumstances longer operating times must be expected. The
      single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) technique is beneficial in cosmetic
      outcome; however, incisional hernias, prolonged operating times and higher
      complication rates are limiting factors for this technique. Natural orifice
      transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and atypical incisions are rarely used.

PMID- 27356926
TI  - One clinic's experience with carbon fiber orthoses in neuromuscular disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to summarize our experience with off
      the-shelf anterior shell carbon fiber ankle-foot orthoses (CFAFOs) prescribed to
      adult neuromuscular patients in an outpatient clinic. METHODS: We studied
      ambulatory patients who were seen in Muscular Dystrophy Association or
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinics between 2011 and 2014 and prescribed
      anterior shell CFAFOs. Charts were reviewed with attention to diagnosis,
      satisfaction with use, and reasons for acceptance or rejection. We included
      individuals who were currently using AFOs and those being prescribed AFOs for the
      first time. We were especially interested in reasons for acceptance or rejection
      of the orthosis. RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-three charts were reviewed. Of
      these, 109 of 123 (89%) patients were satisfied or extremely satisfied with the
      anterior shell CFAFOs, including 38 who had previously used other styles.
      CONCLUSION: Anterior shell CFAFOs should be considered for most neuromuscular
      patients with distal leg weakness. Muscle Nerve 55: 202-205, 2017.

PMID- 27356927
TI  - Electrochemiluminescence of graphitic carbon nitride and its application in
      ultrasensitive detection of lead(II) ions.
AB  - Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) materials with a layered structure have unusual
      physicochemical properties. Herein it was shown that g-C3N4 quantum dots (QDs)
      obtained through a thermal-chemical etching route exhibited attractive
      upconversion and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) properties. After modification on
      nanoporous gold (NPG) with a sponge-like porous structure, g-C3N4 QDs were
      employed to fabricate an ECL sensor for the determination of Pb(2+) using target 
      dependent DNAzyme as the recognition unit. Moreover, magnetic reduced graphene
      oxide nanosheets (rGO) attached with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (rGO-Fe3O4) were
      obtained via a one-pot in situ reduction approach, and used as carriers of
      DNAzyme. To make full use of the unique magnetic property the prepared rGO-Fe3O4,
      a flow injection ECL detecting cell was designed using indium tin oxide (ITO)
      glass as working electrode. Due to the unique separation and enrichment
      properties of magnetic Fe3O4-rGO materials as well as wire-like conductivity of
      NPG, high sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of Pb(2+) in real
      water samples were achieved. This indicates that g-C3N4 has excellent anodic ECL
      performance in the presence of triethanolamine, and could be applied in real
      environmental samples analyses. Graphical Abstract Graphitic carbon nitride based
      electrochemiluminescence sensor for the sensitive monitor of lead(II) ions in
      real samples was constructed. 

PMID- 27356928
TI  - Factors influencing the extraction of pharmaceuticals from sewage sludge and
      soil: an experimental design approach.
AB  - Pharmaceuticals can enter the environment when organic waste products are
      recycled on agricultural soils. The extraction of pharmaceuticals is a
      challenging step in their analysis. The very different extraction conditions
      proposed in the literature make the choice of the right method for multi-residue
      analysis difficult. This study aimed at evaluating, with experimental design
      methodology, the influence of the nature, pH and composition of the extraction
      medium on the extraction recovery of 14 pharmaceuticals, including 8 antibiotics,
      from soil and sewage sludge. Preliminary experimental designs showed that
      acetonitrile and citrate-phosphate buffer were the best extractants. Then, a
      response surface design demonstrated that many cross-product and squared terms
      had significant effects, explaining the shapes of the response surfaces. It also
      allowed optimising the pharmaceutical recoveries in soil and sludge. The optimal
      conditions were interpreted considering the ionisation states of the compounds,
      their solubility in the extraction medium and their interactions with the solid
      matrix. To perform the analysis, a compromise was made for each matrix. After a
      QuEChERS purification, the samples were analysed by online SPE-UHPLC-MS-MS. Both
      methods were simple and economical. They were validated with the accuracy profile
      methodology for soil and sludge and characterised for another type of soil,
      digested sludge and composted sludge. Trueness globally ranged between 80 and 120
      % recovery, and inter- and intra-day precisions were globally below 20 % relative
      standard deviation. Various pharmaceuticals were present in environmental
      samples, with concentration levels ranging from a few micrograms per kilogramme
      up to thousands of micrograms per kilogramme. Graphical abstract Influence of the
      extraction medium on the extraction recovery of 14 pharmaceuticals. Influence of
      the ionisation state, the solubility and the interactions of pharmaceuticals with
      solid matrix. Analysis of different soils and organic waste products. 

PMID- 27356929
TI  - Erratum to: Minimally invasive anterior chest wall lifting technique for
      thoracoscopic mediastinal approach.

PMID- 27356930
TI  - Accelerated visualization of selected intracranial arteries by cycled super
      selective arterial spin labeling.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To accelerate super-selective arterial spin labeling (ASL) angiography
      by using a single control condition denoted as cycled super-selective arterial
      spin labeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single non-selective control image is
      acquired that is shared by selective label images. Artery-selective imaging is
      possible by geometrically changing the position of the labeling focus to more
      than one artery of interest during measurement. The presented approach is
      compared to conventional super-selective imaging in terms of its labeling
      efficiency inside and outside the labeling focus using numerical simulations and
      in vivo measurements. Additionally, the signal-to-noise ratios of the images are
      compared to non-selective ASL angiography and analyzed using a two-way ANOVA test
      and calculating the Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The results
      indicate that the labeling efficiency is not reduced within the labeled artery,
      but can increase as a function of distance to the artery of interest when
      compared to conventional super-selective ASL. In the final images, no
      statistically significant difference of image quality can be observed while the
      acquisition duration could be reduced when the major brain feeding arteries are
      being tagged. CONCLUSION: Using super-selective arterial spin labeling, a single
      non-selective control acquisition suffices for reconstructing selective
      angiograms of the cerebral vasculature, thereby accelerating image acquisition of
      the major intracranial arteries without notable loss of information.

PMID- 27356931
TI  - The Multiple Roles of XBP1 in Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism.
AB  - X-box binding protein1 (XBP1) especially exerts its fundamental effects in the
      cellular organelle endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via affecting three trans-membrane
      stress sensor proteins: PKRlike ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme
      1(IRE1) and activating transcription factor 6(ATF6). At the center of XBP1's
      broad effects is its remarkable metabolic housekeeper function. XBP1 decreased
      glucose dysfunction via funneling its effects on improving insulin sensitivity
      and stimulating insulin secretion. However, XBP1 also yields its double-edged
      effects, driving the transformation from excess glucose to lipid, which is a key
      contribution to obesity and T2DM. In this review, we highlight the vital
      mechanism of XBP1 in manipulating glucose and lipid metabolism involved by
      multiple signaling pathways.

PMID- 27356932
TI  - Discovery of Novel Genes Mediating Glucose and Lipid Metabolisms.
AB  - Glucose and lipid are the major energy sources, and pivotal components of organic
      metabolism in mammals. Inappropriate diet directly influences the metabolic rate,
      and can alter the body's homeostasis. The underlying changes in energy storage
      and utilization would manifest as metabolic syndrome including obesity and high
      blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which are predisposing factors that
      significantly increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 Diabetes
      (T2D). Thus, it is essential to identify the genes that are involved in the
      process of glucose and lipid metabolism. Utilizing current advanced scientific
      methodology and technology, as well as computational resources has led to
      discovery of many novel genes with major roles in energy metabolism. In addition,
      many studies have focused on the functional analysis of the novel genes.
      Nowadays, uncovering the genes that are involved in glucose and lipid storage and
      utilization, as well as underlying pathways that regulate expression of those
      genes is an area of ongoing research. Here, we summarize the current research
      related to the novel genes regulating glucose and lipid metabolisms, which enable
      us to develop more efficient means of prevention and management of metabolic
      diseases such as T2D, obesity, high blood glucose, and hypertension.

PMID- 27356933
TI  - Maintenance of Gastrointestinal Glucose Homeostasis by the Gut-Brain Axis.
AB  - Gastrointestinal homeostasis is a dynamic balance under the interaction between
      the host, GI tract, nutrition and energy metabolism. Glucose is the main energy
      source in living cells. Thus, glucose metabolic disorders can impair normal
      cellular function and endanger organisms' health. Diseases that are associated
      with glucose metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and
      other metabolic syndromes are in fact life threatening. Digestive system is
      responsible for food digestion and nutrient absorption. It is also involved in
      neuronal, immune, and endocrine pathways. In addition, the gut microbiota plays
      an essential role in initiating signal transduction, and communication between
      the enteric and central nervous system. Gut-brain axis is composed of enteric
      neural system, central neural system, and all the efferent and afferent neurons
      that are involved in signal transduction between the brain and gut-brain. Gut
      brain axis is influenced by the gut-microbiota as well as numerous
      neurotransmitters. Properly regulated gut-brain axis ensures normal digestion,
      absorption, energy production, and subsequently maintenance of glucose
      homeostasis. Understanding the underlying regulatory mechanisms of gut-brain axis
      involved in gluose homeostasis would enable us develop more efficient means of
      prevention and management of metabolic disease such as diabetic, obesity, and
      hypertension.

PMID- 27356934
TI  - From Histones to RNA: Role of Methylation in Signal Proteins Involved in
      Adipogenesis.
AB  - New fat cells originate from a preexisting population of undifferentiated
      progenitor cells named preadipocytes. The process in which preadipocytes
      proliferate and differentiate into mature adipocytes under certain circumstances
      is called adipogenesis. In the past decade, many epigenetic factors have been
      shown to be pivotal for the appropriate timing of adipogenesis. A large number of
      coregulators at critical gene promoters set up specific patterns of DNA
      methylation, histone methylation and RNA methylation, which act as an epigenetic
      code to modulate the correct progress of adipocyte differentiation and
      adipogenesis. In this review, we focus on the functions and roles of epigenetic
      processes in preadipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis.

PMID- 27356935
TI  - Nuclear Receptors in Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism During Neonatal and
      Adult Life.
AB  - Research efforts focusing on metabolic diseases have established a close
      conjunction between glucolipid abnormalities and nuclear receptors, a large
      superfamily of receptors including classic peroxisome proliferation-activated
      receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptors (FXRs) and
      glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) together with burgeoning retinoic acid receptor
      related orphan receptors (RORs) and REV-ERBs. Nuclear receptors are identified to
      control a series of physiological and pathological processes of glucose and lipid
      metabolism and also implicated to mediate the long-term effects of early
      environmental and nutritional experiences on the formation of adult chronic
      metabolic disorders in human and animals. Thus, nuclear receptors play profound
      roles in fetal programming and adult regulation of glucolipid metabolism. In this
      review, we provide an overview on the recent advances in the field of nuclear
      receptors focusing on their roles in lipid and glucose metabolism during early
      and late life courses. We hope that this knowledge may shed new lights on
      identifying the novel target molecules or pathways for the prevention and
      treatment of metabolic disorders involving disrupted glucose and lipid
      homeostasis in human and animals.

PMID- 27356937
TI  - Modulation of Protein Metabolism to Mitigate Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emission from
      Excreta of Livestock.
AB  - Dietary protein is the main source of the body needed protein for animals. A
      great number of domestic animals including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chicken
      and other species are raised in the world to supply meat, milk and eggs that
      contain high quality of protein for human consumption. Domestic animals consume a
      great amount of feeds and water and excrete a large amount of faeces and urine.
      The conversion rate of dietary nitrogen (N, mainly dietary protein) to product N
      in livestock is low and the amount of N excretion is high and the nitrogenous
      compounds in excreta can be used as materials for nitrous oxide (N2O) formation
      in the processes of nitrification and denitrification in storage of excreta.
      Hence livestock farms and grazing pastures are important sources of N2O. N2O is a
      potent greenhouse gas and the key factor that damages the ozonosphere of the
      earth. Therefore, it is urgent to reveal the dietary protein metabolism processes
      and the regulation mechanism, which will help to reduce N2O emission. The
      nutritional options to reduce N excretion from livestock and consequently N2O
      emission include feeding low N rations and supplementing essential amino acid
      (AA) such as lysine and methionine to balance the AA profile of rations for pigs
      and ruminants. Other options include regulating partition of N excretion from
      urine to faeces and urinary nitrogenous constituents by decreasing urea N and
      increasing hippuric acid in ruminants. Supplementing tannic acid in the ration of
      ruminants has the potential to decrease the ratio of urinary N/faecal N and
      regulate the urinary nitrogenous components of ruminants and possibly reduce N2O
      emission in storage of excreta.

PMID- 27356936
TI  - "Bridge Proteins" Link Inflammation and Metabolic Diseases: Potential Targets for
      Therapeutics.
AB  - Clinical observations support the postulate that chronic low-grade inflammation
      underlies metabolic diseases and inflammatory mediators can trigger some
      metabolic diseases. In disorder condition, what is the first one: metabolic
      diseases cause inflammation or conversely? This "chicken or egg" type question
      was hard to answer. However, instead of focusing on this difficult issue, we
      should ask another challenging question: what are the links between inflammation
      and metabolic diseases? Seizing the key from this chaos may be the best way to
      solve the problem and break the cycle. To answer this question, we review the
      regulators (such as NF-kappaB, PPARs, mTOR, and STAT3) that have important roles
      in both metabolism and inflammation. These "bridge proteins" that link metabolic
      diseases and inflammation not only increase our understanding of these two
      diseases, but also provide potential targets for therapeutics and practical
      clinical applications.

PMID- 27356938
TI  - Protein Metabolism and Signal Pathway Regulation in Rumen and Mammary Gland.
AB  - Protein is an important yet the most expensive dietary component for farm
      ruminant animals. Understanding the mechanism behind protein utilization in
      animals for maintenance and milk production is critical for raising animals
      efficiently. Once the protein has been ingested, it undergoes various
      transformations in the gut before it is absorbed into blood and its precursors
      are harnessed by the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis in lactating
      animals. Several signaling pathways are involved both in absorption and in milk
      protein biosynthesis. Protein metabolism and signal pathway regulation in various
      tissues of ruminant are thus reviewed with emphasis on two particular tissues,
      the rumen and the mammary gland.

PMID- 27356939
TI  - L-Arginine Modulates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Obesity and Diabetes.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes has become a global public health problem affecting approximately
      380 million people throughout the world. It can cause many complications and lead
      to greater mortality. At present, there is no available medicine for effectively
      preventing diabetes. L-arginine, a functional amino acid, the precursor of nitric
      oxide, plays a crucial role in maintenance, reproduction, growth, anti-aging and
      immunity for animals. Growing clinical evidence indicates that dietary L-arginine
      supplementation can reduce obesity, decrease arterial blood pressure, resist
      oxidation and normalize endothelial dysfunction to bring about remission of type
      2 diabetes. The potential molecular mechanism may play a role in modulating
      glucose homeostasis, promoting lipolysis, maintaining hormone levels,
      ameliorating insulin resistance, and fetal programing in early stages. The
      possible signaling pathway of the beneficial effects of L-arginine likely
      involves L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway through which cell signal protein can be
      activated. Accumulating studies have indicated that L-arginine may have potential
      to prevent and/or relieve type 2 diabetes via restoring insulin sensitivity in
      vivo.

PMID- 27356940
TI  - Roles of Biogenic Amines in Intestinal Signaling.
AB  - Biogenic amines in the gastrointestinal tract are important metabolites of
      dietary protein and amino acids with the help of gut digestive enzymes and
      microbes, which play a crucial role in the regulation of intestinal functions,
      including digestion, absorption, and local immunity. However, high concentrations
      of biogenic amines can induce adverse reactions and are harmful to animal's
      health. Therefore, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of how different
      biogenic amines interact with a body's intestinal function signaling pathways and
      to monitor the content of biogenic amines in the gastrointestinal tract. And in
      turn, the proper concentration of dietary protein and balanced amino acids for
      humans and livestock could be given. Though numerous methods have been developed
      and improved for the detection of biogenic amines in foods or wines much less
      attention has been paid directly to the determination of amine levels in the
      gastrointestinal tract. In this article, we mainly focus on the interaction of
      amines with the intestinal function signaling pathway and the broad impacts on
      animal physiology, and our modified method to accurately and quickly detect the
      biogenic amines in the digesta of an animal intestine.

PMID- 27356941
TI  - AMPK Regulation of Glucose, Lipid and Protein Metabolism: Mechanisms and
      Nutritional Significance.
AB  - AMP-activated protein kianse (AMPK) is a master sensor of cellular energy levels
      and a crucial regulator of nutrient metabolism such as the synthesis of fatty
      acids, glucose and protein as well as their oxidation to CO2 and water . Thus,
      AMPK signaling has important implications for fat deposition and glucose
      homeostasis in animals and humans. Much experimental and clinical evidence show
      that AMPK is a key therapeutic target for the prevention of diseases such as
      obesity, diabetes, cancer, inflammation and cardiac dysfunction. In this review
      we highlight recent advances on the upstream and downstream targets of AMPK, as
      well as the specific mechanisms whereby AMPK regulates digestive functions and
      chronic energy balance in animals and humans.

PMID- 27356942
TI  - Heterologous Expression Systems for Plant Defensin Expression: Examples of
      Success and Pitfalls.
AB  - Defensins are a superfamily of antimicrobial peptides, present in vertebrates,
      invertebrates, fungi and plants, suggesting that they appeared prior to the
      divergence in eukaryotes. The destitution of toxicity to mammalian cells of plant
      defensins has led to a new research ground, i.e., their potential medical use
      against human infectious diseases. Isolating defensins from natural sources, like
      plant tissues, can be time-consuming, labor intensive and usually present low
      yields. Strategies for large-scale production of purified active defensins have
      been employed using heterologous expression systems (HES) for defensin
      production, usually based in E. coli system. Like any other technology, HES
      present limitations and drawbacks demanding a careful experimental design prior
      the system selection. This review is proposed to discuss some of the major
      concerns when choosing to heterologously express plant defensins, with special
      attention on bacterial expression systems.

PMID- 27356943
TI  - I'm a healthy patient; get me out of here.

PMID- 27356944
TI  - Effectiveness of backward walking training on walking ability in children with
      hemiparetic cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of backward walking training and forward
      walking training on spatiotemporal gait parameters, and gross motor function
      measures in children with cerebral palsy. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical
      trial. SETTING: Physical therapy clinics. SUBJECTS: A total of 30 children with
      hemiparetic cerebral palsy of both sexes (10 to 14 years of age, classified as I
      or II by gross motor function classification system) participated in this study.
      They were randomly assigned into two equal groups. INTERVENTIONS: Both groups
      received a conventional physical therapy program for 12 successive weeks (three
      sessions per week). The experimental group additionally received (25 min)
      backward walking training. The control group additionally received (25 min)
      forward walking training. OUTCOME MEASURES: Baseline, posttreatment, and follow
      up assessment for spatiotemporal gait parameters and gross motor functions were
      evaluated by using three dimensional gait analysis system and gross motor
      function measures. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in step length,
      walking velocity, cadence, stance phase, and swing phase percentage and gross
      motor function measures (Dimensions D and E) of the experimental group (0.55 +/
      0.16, 0.53 +/-0.19, 121.73 +/-2.89, 54.73 +/-1.67, 44.40 +/-1.40, 90.20 +/-6.44,
      82.47 +/-12.82), respectively, than the control group (0.39 +/-0.13, 0.46 +/
      0.20, 125.80 +/-2.96, 50.27 +/-1.62, 49.47 +/-1.55, 82.47 +/-7.05, 80.47 +/
      12.61), respectively, ( p < 0.05). The significant improvement of all measured
      outcomes of the experimental group was maintained at 1 month follow-up assessment
      ( p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In addition to a conventional physical therapy program,
      backward walking training is more effective than forward walking training on
      spatiotemporal gait parameters, and gross motor function measures in children
      with hemiparetic cerebral palsy.

PMID- 27356945
TI  - Bivalirudin for Alternative Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Membrane
      Oxygenation: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) offers therapeutic options
      in refractory respiratory and/or cardiac failure. Systemic anticoagulation with
      heparin is routinely administered. However, in patients with heparin-induced
      thrombocytopenia or heparin resistance, the direct thrombin inhibitor bivalirudin
      is a valid option and has been increasingly used for ECMO anticoagulation. We
      aimed at evaluating its safety and its optimal dosing for ECMO. METHODS:
      Systematic web-based literature search of PubMed and EMBASE performed via
      National Health Service Library Evidence and manually, updated until January 30,
      2016. RESULTS: The search revealed 8 publications relevant to the topic (5 case
      reports). In total, 58 patients (24 pediatrics) were reported (18 received
      heparin as control groups). Bivalirudin was used with or without loading dose,
      followed by infusion at different ranges (lowest 0.1-0.2 mg/kg/h without loading
      dose; highest 0.5 mg/kg/h after loading dose). The strategies for monitoring
      anticoagulation and optimal targets were dissimilar (activated partial
      thromboplastin time 45-60 seconds to 42-88 seconds; activated clotting time 180
      200 seconds to 200-220 seconds; thromboelastography in 1 study). CONCLUSION:
      Bivalirudin loading dose was not always used; infusion range and anticoagulation
      targets were different. In this systematic review, we discuss the reasons for
      this variability. Larger studies are needed to establish the optimal approach
      with the use of bivalirudin for ECMO.

PMID- 27356946
TI  - Subplatysmal Necklift: A Retrospective Analysis of 504 Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Improvement of neck contour is a primary goal of patients who seek
      rejuvenation of the face and neck. Subplatysmal structures, including fat, the
      digastric muscle, and the submandibular salivary glands (SMSGs), may contribute
      to the appearance of a disproportionately large neck. OBJECTIVES: The authors
      sought to evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and predictability of necklift
      combined with reshaping and repositioning of the subplatysmal structures.
      METHODS: The records of 504 patients were reviewed retrospectively. Surgical
      maneuvers for subplatysmal necklift were described comprehensively and
      supplemented with videos. The subplatysmal anatomy was detailed by means of 2
      cadaver dissections. RESULTS: A total of 430 patients (85.3%) underwent
      subplatysmal necklift. The most commonly treated structures were fat (423
      patients [83.9%]), the SMSGs (307 patients [60.9%]), and the digastric muscle (91
      patients [18.1%]). The most common complications were weakness of the lower lip
      depressor (29 patients [5.7%]), followed by sialoma of the parotid gland (10
      patients [2%]). No patients experienced subplatysmal hematoma. CONCLUSIONS:
      Subplatysmal necklift is a safe, effective, and reliable option for patients who
      desire improved cervical contour. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Therapeutic.

PMID- 27356947
TI  - A variant of the CXCL11 gene may influence susceptibility to contact allergy,
      particularly in polysensitized patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hereditary factors may influence individual susceptibility to contact
      allergy. OBJECTIVES: To investigate genetic variants with impacts on early
      inflammatory reactions and T cell functions that possibly increase the risk of
      contact allergy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred and seventy two patients
      undergoing patch testing were recruited from the Information Network of
      Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). Of these, 133 were monosensitized and 239 were
      polysensitized, defined as reacting to three or more unrelated sensitizers.
      Within the polysensitized individuals, a subgroup with at least one particularly
      strong patch test reaction (strong reactors; n = 194) was considered. Three
      hundred and forty-seven blood bank donors served as controls. Fifteen genetic
      variants in 13 genes were analysed. RESULTS: The homozygous variant CXCL11 AA
      genotype (rs6817952) was significantly more frequent among polysensitized
      patients (10 of 239 = 4.2%; p = 0.0048; odds ratio 7.49; 95%CI: 1.7-36.1) than
      among monosensitized patients (2.2%) and in the control group (0.6%). None of the
      remaining genetic variants investigated were characterized by similarly strong
      associations. However, the significance was lost after correction for multiple
      comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: The homozygous variant CXCL11 genotype is associated
      with an increased risk of contact allergy. To confirm this exploratory finding,
      further independent studies are needed.

PMID- 27356948
TI  - Estimated probability of becoming a case of drug dependence in relation to
      duration of drug-taking experience: a functional analysis approach.
AB  - Measured as elapsed time from first use to dependence syndrome onset, the
      estimated "induction interval" for cocaine is thought to be short relative to the
      cannabis interval, but little is known about risk of becoming dependent during
      first months after onset of use. Virtually all published estimates for this facet
      of drug dependence epidemiology are from life histories elicited years after
      first use. To improve estimation, we turn to new month-wise data from nationally
      representative samples of newly incident drug users identified via probability
      sampling and confidential computer-assisted self-interviews for the United States
      National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, 2004-2013. Standardized modules assessed
      first and most recent use, and dependence syndromes, for each drug subtype. A
      four-parameter Hill function depicts the drug dependence transition for subgroups
      defined by units of elapsed time from first to most recent use, with an
      expectation of greater cocaine dependence transitions for cocaine versus
      cannabis. This study's novel estimates for cocaine users one month after first
      use show 2-4% with cocaine dependence; 12-17% are dependent when use has
      persisted. Corresponding cannabis estimates are 0-1% after one month, but 10-23%
      when use persists. Duration or persistence of cannabis smoking beyond an initial
      interval of a few months of use seems to be a signal of noteworthy risk for, or
      co-occurrence of, rapid-onset cannabis dependence, not too distant from cocaine
      estimates, when we sort newly incident users into subgroups defined by elapsed
      time from first to most recent use. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27356949
TI  - Employment status among the Singapore elderly and its correlates.
AB  - AIM: It has been hypothesized that working beyond retirement age may have a
      protective effect on various aspects of well-being in the elderly. This paper
      aims to examine the relationship between employment status of elderly
      Singaporeans and indicators of well-being. METHODS: As part of the Well-being of
      the Singapore Elderly study, data relating to sociodemographics, social networks,
      medical history, physical activity, cognitive function, and disability were
      collected from 2534 participants aged 60 years and older. Participants included
      full-time workers (n = 483), part-time workers (n = 205), the unemployed (n =
      32), homemakers (n = 808), and retirees (n = 1006). The data were analyzed by
      multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Likelihood of being employed decreased
      with age, and employment was higher among men. Paid workers had significantly
      higher levels of physical activity, more extensive social networks, better
      cognitive function, less disability, and lower risk of dementia than retirees and
      homemakers. Paid workers had significantly lower chronic disease burden than
      retirees and rated their health to be better than retirees and the unemployed.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that meaningful employment is associated with
      better psychological and physiological well-being among the elderly, highlighting
      the importance of studying likely protective effects of employment and creating
      employment opportunities for elderly Singaporeans.

PMID- 27356950
TI  - A dual chain chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) in the native antibody format for
      targeting immune cells towards cancer cells without the need of an scFv.
AB  - Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells
      showed remarkable therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leukaemia/lymphoma.
      However, the application to a variety of cancer entities is often constricted by
      the non-availability of a single chain antibody (scFv), which is usually the
      targeting domain in a CAR, while antibodies in the natural format are often
      available. To overcome the limitation, we designed a CAR that uses an antibody in
      its natural configuration for binding. Such CAR consists of two chains, the
      immunoglobulin light and heavy chain with their constant regions, whereby the
      heavy chain is anchored to the membrane and linked to an intracellular signalling
      domain for T-cell activation. The two chains form a stable heterodimer, a so
      called dual chain CAR (dcCAR), and bind with high affinity and in a specific
      manner to their cognate antigen. By specific binding, the dcCAR activates
      engineered T cells for the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and for target
      cell lysis. We provide evidence by three examples that the dcCAR format is
      universally applicable and thereby broadens the CAR cell therapy towards a larger
      variety of targets for which an scFv antibody is not available.

PMID- 27356952
TI  - Association between intake of antioxidants and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta
      analysis.
AB  - We conducted a meta-analysis to systematically evaluate the association between
      antioxidants intake and pancreatic cancer risk. Relevant articles were retrieved
      from PUBMED and EMBASE databases and standard meta-analysis methods were applied.
      Finally a total of 18 studies were included. Comparing the highest with lowest
      categories, higher dietary intakes of selenium, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta
      carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin were significantly associated with reduced
      pancreatic cancer risk (for selenium, pooled OR = 0.47, 95%CI 0.26-0.85; for
      vitamin C, pooled OR = 0.68, 95%CI 0.57-0.80; for vitamin E, pooled OR = 0.70,
      95%CI 0.62-0.81; for beta-carotene, pooled OR = 0.74, 95%CI 0.56-0.98; for beta
      cryptoxanthin, pooled OR = 0.70, 95%CI 0.56-0.88). Lycopene intake was marginally
      associated with pancreatic cancer risk (pooled OR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.73-1.00), while
      no significant association was observed for alpha-carotene, lutein and
      zeaxanthin. In summary, higher dietary intake of selenium, vitamin C, vitamin E,
      beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin was inversely associated with pancreatic
      cancer risk. 

PMID- 27356951
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy in a hemophilia B model using a biosynthetic mRNA liver
      depot system.
AB  - DNA-based gene therapy has considerable therapeutic potential, but the challenges
      associated with delivery continue to limit progress. Messenger RNA (mRNA) has the
      potential to provide for transient production of therapeutic proteins, without
      the need for nuclear delivery and without the risk of insertional mutagenesis.
      Here we describe the sustained delivery of therapeutic proteins in vivo in both
      rodents and non-human primates via nanoparticle-formulated mRNA. Nanoparticles
      formulated with lipids and lipid-like materials were developed for delivery of
      two separate mRNA transcripts encoding either human erythropoietin (hEPO) or
      factor IX (hFIX) protein. Dose-dependent protein production was observed for each
      mRNA construct. Upon delivery of hEPO mRNA in mice, serum EPO protein levels
      reached several orders of magnitude (>125 000-fold) over normal physiological
      values. Further, an increase in hematocrit (Hct) was established, demonstrating
      that the exogenous mRNA-derived protein maintained normal activity. The capacity
      of producing EPO in non-human primates via delivery of formulated mRNA was also
      demonstrated as elevated EPO protein levels were observed over a 72-h time
      course. Exemplifying the possible broad utility of mRNA drugs, therapeutically
      relevant amounts of human FIX (hFIX) protein were achieved upon a single
      intravenous dose of hFIX mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles in mice. In addition,
      therapeutic value was established within a hemophilia B (FIX knockout (KO)) mouse
      model by demonstrating a marked reduction in Hct loss following injury (incision)
      to FIX KO mice.

PMID- 27356953
TI  - Fluorine-Doped Antiperovskite Electrolyte for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion
      Batteries.
AB  - A fluorine-doped antiperovskite Li-ion conductor Li2 (OH)X (X=Cl, Br) is shown to
      be a promising candidate for a solid electrolyte in an all-solid-state Li-ion
      rechargeable battery. Substitution of F(-) for OH(-) transforms orthorhombic Li2
      OHCl to a room-temperature cubic phase, which shows electrochemical stability to
      9 V versus Li(+) /Li and two orders of magnitude higher Li-ion conductivity than
      that of orthorhombic Li2 OHCl. An all-solid-state Li/LiFePO4 with F-doped Li2
      OHCl as the solid electrolyte showed good cyclability and a high coulombic
      efficiency over 40 charge/discharge cycles.

PMID- 27356954
TI  - Evaluation of ferritin and transferrin binding to tau protein.
AB  - Tau protein is a neurodegeneration biomarker. Due to the high concentration of
      metal ions in the brain, the metallation of tau proteins and their catalytic role
      in reactive oxygen formation have been identified as a major biochemical pathway
      of neurodegeneration. High levels of iron ions have been detected in Alzheimer's
      disease brains. One of biological sources of iron ions are iron-rich proteins,
      such as transferrin or ferritin. However, the interactions between tau and these
      metallo-proteins have not been fully characterized. Here, the interactions
      between the longest form of full-length tau protein (tau441) with iron-rich
      proteins were detected using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Tau441 was
      immobilized on Au surface, via N-terminal (N-tau-Au film) or Cys-residues (Cys
      tau-Au film), and the charge-transfer resistance, Rct, was monitored prior and
      post ferritin or transferrin binding. Significant increase in Rct was observed
      post transferrin binding above 50MUgmL-1, but not ferritin regardless of
      concentration with N-tau-Au film. Additionally, the electrochemical trend was
      linear with respect to transferrin concentration. Electrochemical data indicated
      low binding by ferritin to N-tau-Au or Cys-tau-Au films. The interaction of
      apotransferrin or apoferritin with tau films was also evaluated. Electrochemical
      data may be pointing to the differences in protein binding modes by transferrin
      compared to ferritin as well as to importance of metal ions in protein-protein
      interactions.

PMID- 27356955
TI  - Decreased expression of Beclin-1 is significantly associated with a poor
      prognosis in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - The autophagy-related gene Beclin-1 is critical in the regulation of
      tumourigenesis and progression, but its role in oral tongue squamous cell
      carcinoma (OTSCC) has not yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate
      Beclin-1 expression and its significance in OTSCC. Beclin-1 expression was
      assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction or
      western blot analysis in 14 OTSCC tissues and matched adjacent noncancerous
      tissues as well as in 5 OTSCC cell lines and a normal tongue epithelial cell
      line. Beclin-1 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 133
      OTSCC specimens, and the correlation between Beclin-1 expression and
      clinicopathological features was investigated. Furthermore, MTT and colony
      formation assays were performed to investigate the effect of Beclin-1 on the
      proliferation and clonogenicity of OTSCC cells. It was demonstrated that Beclin-1
      expression was significantly decreased in the majority of the 14 OTSCC tissues
      and the 5 OTSCC cell lines relative to the matched non-cancerous tissues and the
      normal tongue epithelial cell line, respectively. Immunohistochemistry analysis
      revealed that decreased Beclin-1 expression was significantly correlated with
      poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, advanced clinical tumour-node
      metastasis stage, and a poor prognosis in patients with OTSCC. The in vitro
      assays indicated that the overexpression of Beclin-1 significantly inhibits the
      proliferation and clonogenicity of OTSCC cells. These results demonstrate that
      Beclin-1 acts as a tumour suppressor in the development or progression of OTSCC
      and that Beclin-1 may represent a novel prognostic marker for patients with
      OTSCC. 

PMID- 27356956
TI  - Assessment of polycaprolacton (PCL) nanocomposite scaffold compared with
      hydroxyapatite (HA) on healing of segmental femur bone defect in rabbits.
AB  - Segmental bone loss due to trauma, infection, and tumor resection and even non
      union results in the vast demand for replacement and restoration of the function
      of the lost bone. The objective of this study is to utilize novel inorganic
      organic nanocomposites for biomedical applications. Biodegradable implants have
      shown great promise for the repair of bone defects and have been commonly used as
      bone substitutes, which traditionally would be treated using metallic implants.
      In this study, 45 mature male New Zealand white rabbits 6-8 months and weighting
      3-3.5 kg were examined. Rabbits were divided into three groups. Surgical
      procedures were done after an intramuscular injection of Ketamine 10% (ketamine
      hydrochloride, 50 mg/kg), Rompun 5% (xylazine, 5 mg/kg). Then an approximately 6
      mm diameter - 5 mm cylinder bone defect was created in the femur of one of the
      hind limbs. After inducing the surgical wound, all rabbits were colored and
      randomly divided into three experimental groups of nine animals each: Group 1
      received medical pure nanocomposite polycaprolactone (PCL) granules, Group 2
      received hydroxyapatite and Group 3 was a control group with no treatment.
      Histopathological evaluation was performed on days 15, 30 and 45 after surgery.
      On day 45 after surgery, the quantity of newly formed lamellar bone in the
      healing site in PCL group was better than onward compared with HA and control
      groups. Finally, nanocomposite PCL granules exhibited a reproducible bone-healing
      potential.

PMID- 27356958
TI  - The importance of measurement invariance in neurocognitive ability testing.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Neurocognitive test batteries such as recent editions of the
      Wechsler's Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III/WAIS-IV) typically use nation-level
      population-based norms. The question is whether these batteries function in the
      same manner across different subgroups based on gender, age, educational
      background, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, mother tongue, or race. Here, the
      author argues that measurement invariance is a core issue in determining whether
      population-based norms are valid for different subgroups. METHOD: The author
      introduces measurement invariance, argues why it is an important topic of study,
      discusses why invariance might fail in cognitive ability testing, and reviews a
      dozen studies of invariance of commonly used neurocognitive test batteries.
      RESULTS: In over half of the reviewed studies, IQ batteries were not found to be
      measurement invariant across groups based on ethnicity, gender, educational
      background, cohort, or age. Apart from age and cohort, test manuals do not take
      such lack of invariance into account in computing full-scale IQ scores or normed
      domain scores. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement invariance is crucial for valid use of
      neurocognitive tests in clinical, educational, and professional practice. The
      appropriateness of population-based norms to particular subgroups should depend
      also on whether measurement invariance holds with respect to important subgroups.

PMID- 27356957
TI  - Early Cerebral Circulation Disturbance in Patients Suffering from Severe
      Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): A Xenon CT and Perfusion CT Study.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is widely known to cause dynamic changes in cerebral
      blood flow (CBF). Ischemia is a common and deleterious secondary injury following
      TBI. Detecting early ischemia in TBI patients is important to prevent further
      advancement and deterioration of the brain tissue. The purpose of this study was
      to clarify the cerebral circulatory disturbance during the early phase and
      whether it can be used to predict patient outcome. A total of 90 patients with
      TBI underwent a xenon-computed tomography (Xe-CT) and subsequently perfusion CT
      to evaluate the cerebral circulation on days 1-3. We measured CBF using Xe-CT and
      mean transit time (MTT: the width between two inflection points [maximum upward
      slope and maximum downward slope from inflow to outflow of the contrast agent])
      using perfusion CT and calculated the cerebral blood volume (CBV) using the AZ
      7000W98 computer system. The relationships of the hemodynamic parameters CBF,
      MTT, and CBV to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and the Glasgow Outcome Scale
      (GOS) score were examined. There were no significant differences in CBF, MTT, and
      CBV among GCS3-4, GCS5-6, and GCS7-8 groups. The patients with a favorable
      outcome (GR and MD) had significantly higher CBF and lower MTT than those with an
      unfavorable one (SD, VS, or D). The discriminant analysis of these parameters
      could predict patient outcome with a probability of 70.6%. During the early
      phase, CBF reduction and MTT prolongation might influence the clinical outcome of
      TBI. These parameters are helpful for evaluating the severity of cerebral
      circulatory disturbance and predicting the outcome of TBI patients. 

PMID- 27356960
TI  - A versatile post-synthetic method on a solid support for the synthesis of RNA
      containing reduction-responsive modifications.
AB  - An original post-synthetic method on a solid support was developed to introduce
      various disulfide bond containing groups at the 2'-OH of oligoribonucleotides
      (RNAs). It is based on a thiol disulfide exchange reaction between several
      readily accessible alkyldisulfanyl-pyridine derivatives and 2'-O-acetylthiomethyl
      RNA in the presence of butylamine. By this strategy, diverse 2'-O
      alkyldithiomethyl RNAs were obtained. These modifications provided high nuclease
      resistance to RNA and were easily removed with glutathione treatment, thus
      featuring a potential use for siRNA prodrugs. 

PMID- 27356961
TI  - Prevalence and cumulative 5-year incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the
      adult population in the Russian Federation and Ukraine: Data from the LEUKOSPECT
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: LEUKOSPECT was a retrospective, multicenter, epidemiologic study
      carried out in Russia and Ukraine, aiming to assess the prevalence and cumulative
      5-year incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in the adult population.
      METHODS: All data were collected manually from patient medical records at each of
      the study sites and from official censuses. CLL prevalence and incidence were
      determined from a count of CLL cases (previously diagnosed and new cases) in the
      population who made at least one clinic visit for CLL during the period from 1
      January 2009 to 31 December 2013. RESULTS: The recorded cumulative 5-year
      incidence of CLL during the study ranged from 1.46 per 100 000 persons (95% CI:
      0.85-2.34) in Yekaterinburg, Russia, to 4.34 per 100 000 persons (95% CI: 2.48
      7.04) in Luhansk, Ukraine. In 2013, the lowest prevalence of CLL was also
      recorded in Yekaterinburg: 7.11 per 100 000 persons (95% CI: 5.67-8.81). This was
      approximately 3.1 times lower than in Luhansk (21.92 per 100 000 population; 95%
      CI: 17.38-27.28). CONCLUSION: The results of this study show diverse CLL
      incidence and prevalence patterns in the adult population of the Russian
      Federation and Ukraine. Authors propose a more comprehensive study with large
      region involvement to provide a more precise description of the incidence and
      prevalence of CLL in Eastern European countries and to better understand
      disparities reported versus the USA and other Western countries.

PMID- 27356959
TI  - Targeting choline phospholipid metabolism: GDPD5 and GDPD6 silencing decrease
      breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
AB  - Abnormal choline phospholipid metabolism is associated with oncogenesis and tumor
      progression. We have investigated the effects of targeting choline phospholipid
      metabolism by silencing two glycerophosphodiesterase genes, GDPD5 and GDPD6,
      using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and
      MDA-MB-231. Treatment with GDPD5 and GDPD6 siRNA resulted in significant
      increases in glycerophosphocholine (GPC) levels, and no change in the levels of
      phosphocholine or free choline, which further supports their role as GPC-specific
      regulators in breast cancer. The GPC levels were increased more than twofold
      during GDPD6 silencing, and marginally increased during GDPD5 silencing. DNA
      laddering was negative in both cell lines treated with GDPD5 and GDPD6 siRNA,
      indicating absence of apoptosis. Treatment with GDPD5 siRNA caused a decrease in
      cell viability in MCF-7 cells, while GDPD6 siRNA treatment had no effect on cell
      viability in either cell line. Decreased cell migration and invasion were
      observed in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with GDPD5 or GDPD6 siRNA, where a more
      pronounced reduction in cell migration and invasion was observed under GDPD5
      siRNA treatment as compared with GDPD6 siRNA treatment. In conclusion, GDPD6
      silencing increased the GPC levels in breast cancer cells more profoundly than
      GDPD5 silencing, while the effects of GDPD5 silencing on cell
      viability/proliferation, migration, and invasion were more severe than those of
      GDPD6 silencing. Our results suggest that silencing GDPD5 and GDPD6 alone or in
      combination may have potential as a new molecular targeting strategy for breast
      cancer treatment. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27356962
TI  - Strategically Stunning: The Professional Motivations Behind the Lipstick Effect.
AB  - The phenomenon of increased desire for, and use of, appearance-enhancing items
      during times of economic recession has been termed the lipstick effect The
      motivation underlying this effect has been attributed to women's desires to
      enhance their attractiveness to financially stable partners (Hill, Rodeheffer,
      Griskevicius, Durante, & White, 2012). In the present research, we found evidence
      for our proposal that during times of economic recession, the heightened economic
      concern experienced by women translates into increased desire to use appearance
      enhancing items to both attract romantic partners and create a favorable
      impression of themselves in the workplace, as both strategies can help women
      become secure financially. We also found that women with high economic concern
      elect to improve their professional appearance more frequently than their
      romantic attractiveness, which suggests that their motivation to obtain resources
      through a job dominates their motivation to obtain resources through a partner.

PMID- 27356963
TI  - The Effect of Relative Encoding on Memory-Based Judgments.
AB  - Several models of judgment propose that people struggle with absolute judgments
      and instead represent options on the basis of their relative standing. This leads
      to a conundrum when people make judgments from memory: They may encode an
      option's ordinal rank relative to the surrounding options but later observe a
      different distribution of options. Do people update their representations when
      making judgments from memory, or do they maintain their representations based on
      the initial encoding? In three studies, we found that people making memory-based
      judgments rely on a stimulus's relative standing in the distribution at the time
      of encoding rather than attending to absolute quality or updating the stimulus's
      ordinal ranking in light of the distribution at the time of the later judgment.

PMID- 27356964
TI  - Use of 18F-FDG PET/CT for diagnosis of vascular graft infection with spread to
      sternum caused by Coxiella burnetii.

PMID- 27356966
TI  - An insight into the optical properties of a sub nanosize glutathione stabilized
      gold cluster.
AB  - In this study, gold quantum clusters with distinct fluorescence properties were
      developed and their structural and physical behaviour was evaluated. The clusters
      were prepared by etching gold nanoparticles with glutathione. Three different
      Au33 clusters with emission profiles in the NIR region and one blue emitting
      cluster, Au8 were developed by varying the geometrical arrangement of atoms
      within the cluster. These clusters having sizes in the range of 0.7 to 2 nm were
      synthesized by choosing different reaction temperatures from 0  degrees C to 70 
      degrees C and pH between 1.5 and 10. In the three cases, formation of self
      assembled atoms within the cluster and the corresponding changes in optical
      properties were observed. A detailed evaluation of the number of atoms and the
      core-ligand ratio using MALDI-MS and a change in the binding energy as seen in
      the XPS study confirmed this finding. The study demonstrates that the self
      assembly of atoms and their arrangement is an important factor in determining the
      characteristics of the cluster. In this communication, we put forward a new
      concept where the number of atoms and their arrangement within the clusters play
      a crucial role in tuning their optical properties. 

PMID- 27356965
TI  - Leukotrienes in exhaled breath condensate and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in
      workers exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles.
AB  - Human health data regarding exposure to nanoparticles are extremely scarce and
      biomonitoring of exposure is lacking in spite of rodent pathological experimental
      data. Potential markers of the health-effects of engineered nanoparticles were
      examined in 30 workers exposed to TiO2 aerosol, 22 office employees of the same
      plant, and 45 unexposed controls. Leukotrienes (LT) B4, C4, E4, and D4 were
      analysed in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and urine via liquid
      chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS).
      Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and spirometry was also measured. The
      median particle number concentration of the aerosol in the production ranged from
      1.98  *  10(4) to 2.32  *  10(4) particles cm(-3); about 80% of the particles
      were  <100 nm in diameter. Median total mass concentration varied between 0.4 and
      0.65 mg m(-3). All LT levels in workers' EBC were elevated relative to the
      controls (p  <  0.01). LTs in the EBC sample were correlated with titanium
      levels. Urinary LTs were not elevated in the workers and office employees. Office
      workers had higher LTB4 in EBC (p  <  0.05), and higher levels of FeNO (p  < 
      0.01). FeNO was higher in office employees with allergic diseases and was
      negatively correlated with smoking (p  <  0.01). In spirometry significant
      impairment in the workers was seen only for %VCIN and %PEF (both p  <  0.01).
      Multiple regression analysis confirmed a significant association between
      production of TiO2 and all cysteinyl LTs in EBC (p  <  0.01) and impaired %VCIN
      and %PEF (both p  <  0.01). LTB4 was also associated with smoking (p  <  0.01).
      LT levels complemented our earlier findings of DNA, protein, and lipid damage in
      the EBC of workers with nanoTiO2 exposures. Cysteinyl LTs in EBC analysis suggest
      inflammation and potential fibrotic changes in the lungs; they may be helpful for
      monitoring the biological effect of (nano)TiO2 on workers. Spirometry was not
      sensitive enough.

PMID- 27356967
TI  - Structural changes of layered alkylsiloxanes during the reversible melting
      solidification process.
AB  - Through various in situ analyses, we have revealed the structural changes that
      occur during the reversible melting-solidification process of layered
      alkylsiloxanes (CnLSiloxanes) with carbon numbers (n) of 18 and 16. In situ high
      resolution solid-state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis at
      controlled temperatures indicates drastic conformational changes of the long
      alkyl chains during the melting-solidification process. A (13)C NMR signal at 33
      ppm, which shows the highest intensity at room temperature (RT), is assigned to
      an inner methylene group with an all-trans conformation. As the temperature
      increases, the 33-ppm signal intensity decreases while the signal intensity at
      30.5 ppm simultaneously increases. The 30.5 ppm signal is assigned to an inner
      methylene group with a trans-gauche conformation. Subsequently, upon cooling, the
      signal at 33 ppm recovers, even after CnLSiloxanes have melted. In situ X-ray
      diffraction measurements at controlled temperatures reveal that the ordered
      arrangement of the long alkyl chains becomes disordered with elevating
      temperatures and reordered upon cooling to RT. In situ high-resolution solid
      state (29)Si NMR analysis shows that the melting-solidification process
      progresses without any structural change in siloxane sheets of the CnLSiloxanes.
      Thus, the in situ analyses show that disordering of the long alkyl chains causes
      the CnLSiloxanes to melt. Because the majority of long alkyl chains are packed
      again in the ordered arrangement with the all-trans conformation upon cooling,
      the CnLSiloxanes are reversibly solidified and the CnLSiloxane structure is
      recovered. 

PMID- 27356968
TI  - Barriers and facilitators to health care seeking behaviours in pregnancy in rural
      communities of southern Mozambique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In countries, such as Mozambique, where maternal mortality remains
      high, the greatest contribution of mortality comes from the poor and vulnerable
      communities, who frequently reside in remote and rural areas with limited access
      to health care services. This study aimed to understand women's health care
      seeking practices during pregnancy, taking into account the underlying social,
      cultural and structural barriers to accessing timely appropriate care in Maputo
      and Gaza Provinces, southern Mozambique. METHODS: This ethnographic study
      collected data through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with women
      of reproductive age, including pregnant women, as well as household-level
      decision makers (partners, mothers and mothers-in-law), traditional healers,
      matrons, and primary health care providers. Data was analysed thematically using
      NVivo 10. RESULTS: Antenatal care was sought at the heath facility for the
      purpose of opening the antenatal record. Women without antenatal cards feared
      mistreatment during labour. Antenatal care was also sought to resolve
      discomforts, such as headaches, flu-like symptoms, body pain and backache.
      However, partners and husbands considered lower abdominal pain as the only
      symptom requiring care and discouraged women from revealing their pregnancy early
      in gestation. Health care providers for pregnant women often included those at
      the health facility, matrons, elders, traditional birth attendants, and community
      health workers. Although seeking care from traditional healers was discouraged
      during the antenatal period, they did provide services during pregnancy and after
      delivery. Besides household-level decision-makers, matrons, community health
      workers, and neighbours were key actors in the referral of pregnant women. The
      decision-making process may be delayed and particularly complex if an emergency
      occurs in their absence. Limited access to transport and money makes the decision
      making process to seek care at the health facility even more complex.
      CONCLUSIONS: Women do seek antenatal care at health facilities, despite the
      presence of other health care providers in the community. There are important
      factors that prevent timely care-seeking for obstetric emergencies and delivery.
      Unfamiliarity with warning signs, especially among partners, discouragement from
      revealing pregnancy early in gestation, complex and untimely decision-making
      processes, fear of mistreatment by health-care providers, lack of transport and
      financial constraints were the most commonly cited barriers. Women of
      reproductive age would benefit from community saving schemes for transport and
      medication, which in turn would improve their birth preparedness and emergency
      readiness; in addition, pregnancy follow-up should include key family members,
      and community-based health care providers should encourage prompt referrals to
      health facilities, when appropriate. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01911494.

PMID- 27356969
TI  - Divergent activity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene promoter
      among genetic lines of pigs is partially conferred by nuclear factor (NF)-B,
      specificity protein (SP)1-like and GATA-4 binding sites.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Binding of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to its receptor
      (GnRHR) on gonadotropes within the anterior pituitary gland is essential to
      reproduction. In pigs, the GnRHR gene is also located near a genetic marker for
      ovulation rate, a primary determinant of prolificacy. We hypothesized that
      pituitary expression of the GnRHR gene is alternatively regulated in genetic
      strains with elevated ovulation rates (Chinese Meishan and Nebraska Index) vs.
      standard white crossbred swine (Control). METHODS: Luciferase reporter vectors
      containing 5118 bp of GnRHR gene promoter from either the Control, Index or
      Meishan swine lines were generated. Transient transfection of line-specific, full
      length, deletion and mutation constructs into gonadotrope-derived alphaT3-1 cells
      were performed to compare promoter activity and identify regions necessary for
      divergent regulation of the porcine GnRHR gene. Additionally, transcription
      factors that bind the GnRHR promoter from each line were identified with
      electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). RESULTS: Dramatic differences in
      luciferase activity among Control, Index and Meishan promoters (19-, 27- and 49
      fold over promoterless control, respectively; P < 0.05) were established. A
      single bp substitution (-1690) within a previously identified upstream enhancer (
      1779/-1667) bound GATA-4 in the Meishan promoter and the p52/p65 subunits of
      nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in the homologous Control/Index promoters. Transient
      transfection of vectors containing block replacement mutations of either the GATA
      4 or NF-kappaB binding sites within the context of their native promoters
      resulted in a 50 and 60 % reduction of luciferase activity, respectively (P <
      0.05). Furthermore, two single-bp substitutions in the Meishan compared to
      Control/Index promoters resulted in binding of the p52 and p65 subunits of NF
      kappaB and a specificity protein 1 (SP1)-like factor (-1235) as well as GATA-4 (
      845). Vectors containing the full-length Meishan promoter harboring individual
      mutations spanning these regions reduced luciferase activity by 25 and 20 %,
      respectively, compared to native sequence (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated
      activity of the Meishan GnRHR gene promoter over Control/Index promoters in
      alphaT3-1 cells is partially due to three single nucleotide polymorphisms
      resulting in the unique binding of GATA-4 (-1690), the p52/p65 subunits of NF-kB
      in combination with a SP1-like factor (-1235), and GATA-4 (-845).

PMID- 27356970
TI  - Expansion of amphibian intronless interferons revises the paradigm for interferon
      evolution and functional diversity.
AB  - Interferons (IFNs) are key cytokines identified in vertebrates and evolutionary
      dominance of intronless IFN genes in amniotes is a signature event in IFN
      evolution. For the first time, we show that the emergence and expansion of
      intronless IFN genes is evident in amphibians, shown by 24-37 intronless IFN
      genes in each frog species. Amphibian IFNs represent a molecular complex more
      complicated than those in other vertebrate species, which revises the established
      model of IFN evolution to facilitate re-inspection of IFN molecular and
      functional diversity. We identified these intronless amphibian IFNs and their
      intron-containing progenitors, and functionally characterized constitutive and
      inductive expression and antimicrobial roles in infections caused by zoonotic
      pathogens, such as influenza viruses and Listeria monocytogenes. Amphibians,
      therefore, may serve as overlooked vectors/hosts for zoonotic pathogens, and the
      amphibian IFN system provides a model to study IFN evolution in molecular and
      functional diversity in coping with dramatic environmental changes during
      terrestrial adaption.

PMID- 27356971
TI  - Psychoactive pharmaceuticals at environmental concentrations induce in vitro gene
      expression associated with neurological disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A number of researchers have speculated that neurological disorders
      are mostly due to the interaction of common susceptibility genes with
      environmental, epigenetic and stochastic factors. Genetic factors such as
      mutations, insertions, deletions and copy number variations (CNVs) are
      responsible for only a small subset of cases, suggesting unknown environmental
      contaminants play a role in triggering neurological disorders like idiopathic
      autism. Psychoactive pharmaceuticals have been considered as potential
      environmental contaminants as they are detected in the drinking water at very low
      concentrations. Preliminary studies in our laboratory identified gene sets
      associated with neuronal systems and human neurological disorders that were
      significantly enriched after treating fish brains with psychoactive
      pharmaceuticals at environmental concentrations. These gene expression inductions
      were associated with changes in fish behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis
      that similar treatments would alter in vitro gene expression associated with
      neurological disorders (including autism) in human neuronal cells. We
      differentiated and treated human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells with a mixture
      (fluoxetine, carbamazepine and venlafaxine) and valproate (used as a positive
      control to induce autism-associated profiles), followed by transcriptome analysis
      with RNA-Seq approach. RESULTS: We found that psychoactive pharmaceuticals and
      valproate significantly altered neuronal gene sets associated with human
      neurological disorders (including autism-associated sets). Moreover, we observed
      that altered expression profiles in human cells were similar to gene expression
      profiles previously identified in fish brains. CONCLUSIONS: Psychoactive
      pharmaceuticals at environmental concentrations altered in vitro gene expression
      profiles of neuronal growth, development and regulation. These expression
      patterns were associated with potential neurological disorders including autism,
      suggested psychoactive pharmaceuticals at environmental concentrations might
      mimic, aggravate, or induce neurological disorders.

PMID- 27356972
TI  - Isolation of Cells Specialized in Anticancer Alkaloid Metabolism by Fluorescence
      Activated Cell Sorting.
AB  - Plant specialized metabolism often presents a complex cell-specific
      compartmentation essential to accomplish the biosynthesis of valuable plant
      natural products. Hence, the disclosure and potential manipulation of such
      pathways may depend on the capacity to isolate and characterize specific cell
      types. Catharanthus roseus is the source of several medicinal terpenoid indole
      alkaloids, including the low-level anticancer vinblastine and vincristine, for
      which the late biosynthetic steps occur in specialized mesophyll cells called
      idioblasts. Here, the optical, fluorescence, and alkaloid-accumulating properties
      of C. roseus leaf idioblasts are characterized, and a methodology for the
      isolation of idioblast protoplasts by fluorescence-activated cell sorting is
      established, taking advantage of the distinctive autofluorescence of these cells.
      This achievement represents a crucial step for the development of differential
      omic strategies leading to the identification of candidate genes putatively
      involved in the biosynthesis, pathway regulation, and transmembrane transport
      leading to the anticancer alkaloids from C. roseus.

PMID- 27356974
TI  - A Stilbenoid-Specific Prenyltransferase Utilizes Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate from
      the Plastidic Terpenoid Pathway.
AB  - Prenylated stilbenoids synthesized in some legumes exhibit plant pathogen defense
      properties and pharmacological activities with potential benefits to human
      health. Despite their importance, the biosynthetic pathways of these compounds
      remain to be elucidated. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) hairy root cultures produce a
      diverse array of prenylated stilbenoids upon treatment with elicitors. Using
      metabolic inhibitors of the plastidic and cytosolic isoprenoid biosynthetic
      pathways, we demonstrated that the prenyl moiety on the prenylated stilbenoids
      derives from a plastidic pathway. We further characterized, to our knowledge for
      the first time, a membrane-bound stilbenoid-specific prenyltransferase activity
      from the microsomal fraction of peanut hairy roots. This microsomal fraction
      derived resveratrol 4-dimethylallyl transferase utilizes 3,3-dimethylallyl
      pyrophosphate as a prenyl donor and prenylates resveratrol to form arachidin-2.
      It also prenylates pinosylvin to chiricanine A and piceatannol to arachidin-5, a
      prenylated stilbenoid identified, to our knowledge, for the first time in this
      study. This prenyltransferase exhibits strict substrate specificity for
      stilbenoids and does not prenylate flavanone, flavone, or isoflavone backbones,
      even though it shares several common features with flavonoid-specific
      prenyltransferases.

PMID- 27356973
TI  - The Potyviral P3 Protein Targets Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1A to Promote the
      Unfolded Protein Response and Viral Pathogenesis.
AB  - The biochemical function of the potyviral P3 protein is not known, although it is
      known to regulate virus replication, movement, and pathogenesis. We show that P3,
      the putative virulence determinant of soybean mosaic virus (SMV), targets a
      component of the translation elongation complex in soybean. Eukaryotic elongation
      factor 1A (eEF1A), a well-known host factor in viral pathogenesis, is essential
      for SMV virulence and the associated unfolded protein response (UPR). Silencing
      GmEF1A inhibits accumulation of SMV and another ER-associated virus in soybean.
      Conversely, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducing chemicals promote SMV
      accumulation in wild-type, but not GmEF1A-knockdown, plants. Knockdown of genes
      encoding the eEF1B isoform, which is important for eEF1A function in translation
      elongation, has similar effects on UPR and SMV resistance, suggesting a link to
      translation elongation. P3 and GmEF1A promote each other's nuclear localization,
      similar to the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of eEF1A by the Human
      immunodeficiency virus 1 Nef protein. Our results suggest that P3 targets host
      elongation factors resulting in UPR, which in turn facilitates SMV replication
      and place eEF1A upstream of BiP in the ER stress response during pathogen
      infection.

PMID- 27356976
TI  - Dysnatremia in Relation to Frailty and Age in Community-dwelling Adults in the
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
AB  - Background: Frailty represents an age-related state of increased risk of adverse
      health outcomes, reflecting some combination of increased damage and compromised
      repair processes. Our objectives were to establish whether frailty is associated
      with dysnatremia (a deviation of serum sodium from normal values), to determine
      whether frailty explains the previously established association between age and
      dysnatremia and to assay the impact of each on mortality. Methods: The
      relationship between age, frailty, and dysnatremia was investigated across the
      adult life course in 8,911 respondents from the 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 cross
      sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, on whom both
      laboratory and mortality data were available. A frailty index (FI) was calculated
      for each respondent and related to dysnatremia (serum sodium values outside a 136
      144 mmol/L reference range). Results: Dysnatremia was significantly related to
      both age and frailty; as the degree of frailty increased, so did the proportion
      with dysnatremia, for example, from 4.1% in those with FI less than 0.10, to
      12.4% in those with FI 0.40 or more; p less than .001. Adjusted for frailty, the
      relationship between age and dysnatremia was no longer significant. In the age-
      and sex-adjusted Cox models, both frailty (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05; 95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.05 for every 0.01 increase in FI) and
      dysnatremia (HR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.51-2.26) were significant predictors of
      mortality; when hyponatremia was separated from hypernatremia in the Cox models,
      hypernatremia wasn't significant, but only 41 participants were identified as
      hypernatremic. Conclusion: Increasing frailty is associated with dysnatremia and
      confounds the association between age and dysnatremia.

PMID- 27356975
TI  - Evolution of RLSB, a nuclear-encoded S1 domain RNA binding protein associated
      with post-transcriptional regulation of plastid-encoded rbcL mRNA in vascular
      plants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: RLSB, an S-1 domain RNA binding protein of Arabidopsis, selectively
      binds rbcL mRNA and co-localizes with Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
      carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) within chloroplasts of C3 and C4 plants. Previous
      studies using both Arabidopsis (C3) and maize (C4) suggest RLSB homologs are post
      transcriptional regulators of plastid-encoded rbcL mRNA. While RLSB accumulates
      in all Arabidopsis leaf chlorenchyma cells, in C4 leaves RLSB-like proteins
      accumulate only within Rubisco-containing bundle sheath chloroplasts of Kranz
      type species, and only within central compartment chloroplasts in the single cell
      C4 plant Bienertia. Our recent evidence implicates this mRNA binding protein as a
      primary determinant of rbcL expression, cellular
      localization/compartmentalization, and photosynthetic function in all
      multicellular green plants. This study addresses the hypothesis that RLSB is a
      highly conserved Rubisco regulatory factor that occurs in the chloroplasts all
      higher plants. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis has identified RLSB orthologs and
      paralogs in all major plant groups, from ancient liverworts to recent
      angiosperms. RLSB homologs were also identified in algae of the division
      Charophyta, a lineage closely related to land plants. RLSB-like sequences were
      not identified in any other algae, suggesting that it may be specific to the
      evolutionary line leading to land plants. The RLSB family occurs in single copy
      across most angiosperms, although a few species with two copies were identified,
      seemingly randomly distributed throughout the various taxa, although perhaps
      correlating in some cases with known ancient whole genome duplications. Monocots
      of the order Poales (Poaceae and Cyperaceae) were found to contain two copies,
      designated here as RLSB-a and RLSB-b, with only RLSB-a implicated in the
      regulation of rbcL across the maize developmental gradient. Analysis of
      microsynteny in angiosperms revealed high levels of conservation across eudicot
      species and for both paralogs in grasses, highlighting the possible importance of
      maintaining this gene and its surrounding genomic regions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings
      presented here indicate that the RLSB family originated as a unique gene in land
      plant evolution, perhaps in the common ancestor of charophytes and higher plants.
      Purifying selection has maintained this as a highly conserved single- or two-copy
      gene across most extant species, with several conserved gene duplications.
      Together with previous findings, this study suggests that RLSB has been sustained
      as an important regulatory protein throughout the course of land plant evolution.
      While only RLSB-a has been directly implicated in rbcL regulation in maize, RLSB
      b could have an overlapping function in the co-regulation of rbcL, or may have
      diverged as a regulator of one or more other plastid-encoded mRNAs. This analysis
      confirms that RLSB is an important and unique photosynthetic regulatory protein
      that has been continuously expressed in land plants as they emerged and
      diversified from their ancient common ancestor.

PMID- 27356978
TI  - Dietary Patterns and Incident Dementia in Elderly Japanese: The Ohsaki Cohort
      2006 Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although it has been speculated that the Japanese dietary pattern has
      a preventive effect against incident dementia, no reported study has yet
      investigated this issue. The present prospective cohort study investigated the
      association between dietary patterns and incident dementia in elderly Japanese
      subjects. METHODS: We analyzed follow-up data covering a 5.7-year period for
      14,402 older adults (>=65 years) participating in a community-based, prospective
      cohort study. Three dietary patterns (Japanese pattern, animal food pattern, and
      high-dairy pattern) were derived using principal component analysis of the
      consumption of 39 food and beverage items assessed using a food frequency
      questionnaire. Data on incident dementia were retrieved from the public Long-term
      Care Insurance database. RESULTS: With 71,043 person-years of follow-up,
      incidence of dementia was 9.0%. The score for the Japanese dietary pattern was
      associated with a lower risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio of the highest
      quartile vs the lowest, 0.80; 95% confidence interval: 0.66-0.97; p-trend =
      .016). The animal food pattern and the high-dairy pattern showed no significant
      association with incident dementia. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of elderly
      Japanese individuals, the Japanese dietary pattern was associated with a
      decreased risk of incident dementia.

PMID- 27356977
TI  - Physical Performance Across the Adult Life Span: Correlates With Age and Physical
      Activity.
AB  - Background: A number of large-scale population studies have provided valuable
      information about physical performance in aged individuals; however, there is
      little information about trajectories of function and associations with age
      across the adult life span. We developed a mobility-focused physical performance
      screener designed to be appropriate for the adult life span. Methods: The
      physical performance battery includes measures of mobility, strength, endurance,
      and balance. Physical activity (PA) was assessed with accelerometry. We examined
      age-related trends in physical performance and PA, and the relationship between
      physical performance and PA across the age range (30-90+), by decade, in 775
      participants enrolled in the study 2012-2014. Results: Physical performance was
      worse with increasing age decade. Although men performed better than women across
      all ages, the decrement by age group was similar between genders. Worsening
      physical performance was observed as early as the fifth decade for chair stands
      and balance and in the sixth decade for gait speed and aerobic endurance. The
      number and strength of significant associations between physical performance and
      PA increased with greater age: the greatest number of significant associations
      was seen in the 60-79 age groups, with fewer reported in the 30-59 and 80-90+ age
      groups. More PA was associated with better physical function. Conclusion: These
      results emphasize the importance of a life span approach to studies of function
      and aging. This work points to the need for a physical performance screener that
      spans across adulthood as a clinical tool for identifying functional decline.

PMID- 27356979
TI  - Optimized methods for extracting circulating small RNAs from long-term stored
      equine samples.
AB  - Circulating miRNAs in body fluids, particularly serum, are promising candidates
      for future routine biomarker profiling in various pathologic conditions in human
      and veterinary medicine. However, reliable standardized methods for miRNA
      extraction from equine serum and fresh or archived whole blood are sorely
      lacking. We systematically compared various miRNA extraction methods from serum
      and whole blood after short and long-term storage without addition of RNA
      stabilizing additives prior to freezing. Time of storage at room temperature
      prior to freezing did not affect miRNA quality in serum. Furthermore, we showed
      that miRNA of NGS-sufficient quality can be recovered from blood samples after
      >10 years of storage at -80  degrees C. This allows retrospective analyses of
      miRNAs from archived samples. 

PMID- 27356980
TI  - The outcome of experimentally induced inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) by fowl
      aviadenoviruses (FAdVs) is crucially influenced by the genetic background of the
      host.
AB  - In the present study, inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) was experimentally induced
      by oral inoculation of two groups of specific pathogen-free (SPF) broilers and
      two groups of SPF layers at day-old with either a fowl aviadenovirus (FAdV)-D or
      a FAdV-E strain. A substantial variation in the degree of susceptibility was
      observed with mortalities of 100 and 96% in the FAdV-E and D infected SPF broiler
      groups, respectively, whereas in the groups of infected SPF layers mortalities of
      only 20 and 8% were noticed. Significant changes in clinical chemistry analytes
      of all infected birds together with histopathological lesions indicated
      impairment of liver and pancreas integrity and functions. Furthermore,
      significantly lower blood glucose concentrations were recorded at peak of
      infection in both inoculated SPF broiler groups, in comparison to the control
      group, corresponding to a hypoglycaemic status. High viral loads were determined
      in liver and pancreas of SPF broilers already at 4 days post-infection (dpi), in
      comparison to SPF layers, indicating a somewhat faster viral replication in the
      target organs. Overall, highest values were noticed in the pancreas of SPF
      broilers independent of the virus used for infection. The actual study provides
      new insights into the pathogenesis of IBH, a disease evolving to a metabolic
      disorder, to which SPF broilers were highly susceptible. Hence, this is the first
      study to report a significant higher susceptibility of SPF broiler chickens to
      experimentally induced IBH in direct comparison to SPF layers.

PMID- 27356982
TI  - Movement towards transdiagnostic psychotherapeutic practices for the affective
      disorders.
AB  - Evidence-based cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) practices were first developed
      in the 1960s. Over the decades, refinements and alternative symptom foci resulted
      in the development of several CBT protocols/manuals for each of the many
      disorders, especially in the affective disorders. Although shown to be effective
      in highly trained providers, the proliferation of CBT protocols also has shown to
      demonstrate challenges in dissemination and implementation efforts due to the
      sheer number of CBT protocols and their related training requirements (eg, 6
      months per protocol) and their related cost (eg, over US$2000 each; lost
      days/hours at work). To address these concerns, newer transdiagnostic CBT
      protocols have been developed to reduce the number of disorder-specific CBT
      protocols needed to treat patients with affective disorders. Transdiagnostic
      treatments are based on the notion that various disorder-specific CBT protocols
      contain important but overlapping treatment components that can be distilled into
      a single treatment and therefore address the symptoms and comorbidities across
      all of the disorders at once. 3 examples of transdiagnostic treatments include
      group CBT of anxiety, unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment for
      emotional disorders and transdiagnostic behaviour therapy. Each transdiagnostic
      protocol is designed for a different set of disorders, contains a varied amount
      of CBT treatment components and is tested in different types of samples. However,
      together, these 3 transdiagnostic psychotherapies represent the future of CBT
      practice.

PMID- 27356981
TI  - High occurrence of Blastocystis sp. subtypes 1-3 and Giardia intestinalis
      assemblage B among patients in Zanzibar, Tanzania.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blastocystis is a common intestinal parasite with worldwide
      distribution but the distribution of Blastocystis and its subtypes in East Africa
      is largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the distribution of
      Blastocystis subtypes in Zanzibar, Tanzania and report the prevalence of
      intestinal parasites using both molecular methods and microscopy. METHODS: Stool
      samples were collected from both diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic outpatients in
      Zanzibar. In addition to microscopy, real-time PCR for Blastocystis, Entamoeba
      histolytica and E. dispar, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and
      Dientamoeba fragilis was used. Blastocystis subtypes were determined by a
      conventional PCR followed by partial sequencing of the SSU-rRNA gene. Genetic
      assemblages of Giardia were determined by PCR with assemblage specific primers.
      RESULTS: Intestinal parasites were detected in 85 % of the 174 participants, with
      two or more parasites present in 56 %. Blastocystis sp. and Giardia intestinalis
      were the most common parasites, identified by PCR in 61 and 53 % of the stool
      samples respectively, but no correlation between carriage of Blastocystis and
      Giardia was found. The Blastocystis subtype distribution was ST1 34.0 %, ST2 26.4
      %, ST3 25.5 %, ST7 0.9 %, and 13.2 % were positive only by qPCR (non-typable).
      The Giardia genetic assemblages identified were A 6.5 %, B 85 %, A + B 4.3 %, and
      non-typable 4.3 %. The detection rate with microscopy was substantially lower
      than with PCR, 20 % for Blastocystis and 13.8 % for Giardia. The prevalence of
      Blastocystis increased significantly with age while Giardia was most prevalent in
      children two to five years old. No correlation between diarrhoea and the
      identification of Giardia, Blastocystis, or their respective genetic subtypes
      could be shown and, as a possible indication of parasite load, the mean cycle
      threshold values in the qPCR for Giardia were equal in diarrhoeic and non
      diarrhoeic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Carriage of intestinal parasites was very
      common in the studied population in Zanzibar. The most commonly detected
      parasites, Blastocystis and Giardia, had different age distributions, possibly
      indicating differences in transmission routes, immunity, and/or other host
      factors for these two species. In the Blastocystis subtype analysis ST1-3 were
      common, but ST4, a subtype quite common in Europe, was completely absent,
      corroborating the geographical differences in subtype distributions previously
      reported.

PMID- 27356983
TI  - Reading Comprehension in Boys with ADHD: The Mediating Roles of Working Memory
      and Orthographic Conversion.
AB  - Reading comprehension difficulties in children with ADHD are well established;
      however, limited information exists concerning the cognitive mechanisms that
      contribute to these difficulties and the extent to which they interact with one
      another. The current study examines two broad cognitive processes known to be
      involved in children's reading comprehension abilities-(a) working memory (i.e.,
      central executive processes [CE], phonological short-term memory [PH STM], and
      visuospatial short-term memory [VS STM]) and (b) orthographic conversion (i.e.,
      conversion of visually presented text to a phonological code)-to elucidate their
      unique and interactive contribution to ADHD-related reading comprehension
      differences. Thirty-one boys with ADHD-combined type and 30 typically developing
      (TD) boys aged 8 to 12 years (M = 9.64, SD = 1.22) were administered multiple
      counterbalanced tasks assessing WM and orthographic conversion processes.
      Relative to TD boys, boys with ADHD exhibited significant deficits in PH STM (d =
      -0.70), VS STM (d = -0.92), CE (d = -1.58), and orthographic conversion (d = 
      0.93). Bias-corrected, bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed that CE and
      orthographic conversion processes modeled separately mediated ADHD-related
      reading comprehension differences partially, whereas PH STM and VS STM did not.
      CE and orthographic conversion modeled jointly mediated ADHD-related reading
      comprehension differences fully wherein orthographic conversion's large magnitude
      influence on reading comprehension occurred indirectly through CE's impact on the
      orthographic system. The findings suggest that adaptive cognitive interventions
      designed to improve reading-related outcomes in children with ADHD may benefit by
      including modules that train CE and orthographic conversion processes
      independently and interactively.

PMID- 27356985
TI  - [Grading of lung cancer].
AB  - In comparison with other tumor entities there is no common generally accepted
      grading system for lung cancer with clearly defined criteria and clinical
      relevance. In the recent fourth edition of the World Health Organization (WHO)
      classification from 2015 of tumors of the lungs, pleura, thymus and heart, there
      is no generally applicable grading for pulmonary adenocarcinomas, squamous cell
      carcinomas or rarer forms of carcinoma. Since the new IASLC/ATS/ERS
      classification of adenocarcinomas published in 2011, 5 different subtypes with
      significantly different prognosis are proposed. This results in an architectural
      (histologic) grading, which is usually applied to resection specimens. For
      squamous cell carcinoma the number of different histological subtypes in the new
      WHO classification was reduced compared to earlier versions but without a common
      grading system. In recent publications nesting and budding were proposed as the
      main (histologic) criteria for a grading of squamous cell carcinomas. The grading
      of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the lungs in comparison with NET in other
      organs is presented in a separate article in this issue. Certain rare tumor types
      are high grade per definition: small cell, large cell and pleomorphic carcinomas,
      carcinosarcomas and pulmonary blastomas. In the future it is to be expected that
      these developments will be further refined, e. g. by adding further subtypes for
      adenocarcinomas and cytologic and/or nuclear criteria for adenocarcinoma and/or
      squamous cell carcinomas. 

PMID- 27356986
TI  - Does Sexy Media Promote Teen Sex? A Meta-Analytic and Methodological Review.
AB  - Parents and policy makers are often concerned that sexy media (media depicting or
      discussing sexual encounters) may promote sexual behavior in young viewers. There
      has been some debate among scholars regarding whether such media promote sexual
      behaviors. It remains unclear to what extent sexy media is a risk factor for
      increased sexual behavior among youth. The current study employed a meta-analysis
      of 22 correlational and longitudinal studies of sexy media effects on teen sexual
      behavior (n = 22,172). Moderator analyses examined methodological and science
      culture issues such as citation bias. Results indicated the presence only of very
      weak effects. General media use did not correlate with sexual behaviors (r =
      0.005), and sexy media use correlated only weakly with sexual behaviors (r =
      0.082) once other factors had been controlled. Higher effects were seen for
      studies with citation bias, and lower effects when family environment is
      controlled. The impact of media on teen sexuality was minimal with effect sizes
      near to zero.

PMID- 27356984
TI  - Long-read sequencing and de novo assembly of a Chinese genome.
AB  - Short-read sequencing has enabled the de novo assembly of several individual
      human genomes, but with inherent limitations in characterizing repeat elements.
      Here we sequence a Chinese individual HX1 by single-molecule real-time (SMRT)
      long-read sequencing, construct a physical map by NanoChannel arrays and generate
      a de novo assembly of 2.93 Gb (contig N50: 8.3 Mb, scaffold N50: 22.0 Mb,
      including 39.3 Mb N-bases), together with 206 Mb of alternative haplotypes. The
      assembly fully or partially fills 274 (28.4%) N-gaps in the reference genome
      GRCh38. Comparison to GRCh38 reveals 12.8 Mb of HX1-specific sequences, including
      4.1 Mb that are not present in previously reported Asian genomes. Furthermore,
      long-read sequencing of the transcriptome reveals novel spliced genes that are
      not annotated in GENCODE and are missed by short-read RNA-Seq. Our results imply
      that improved characterization of genome functional variation may require the use
      of a range of genomic technologies on diverse human populations.

PMID- 27356987
TI  - NMR backbone resonance assignment and solution secondary structure determination
      of human NSD1 and NSD2.
AB  - Proteins of the NSD family are histone-methyl transferases with critical
      functions in the regulation of chromatin structure and function. NSD1 and NSD2
      are homologous proteins that function as epigenetic regulators of transcription
      through their abilities to catalyse histone methylation. Misregulation of NSD1
      and NSD2 expression or mutations in their genes are linked to a number of human
      diseases such as Sotos syndrome, and cancers including acute myeloid leukemia,
      multiple myeloma, and lung cancer. The catalytic domain of both proteins contains
      a conserved SET domain which is involved in histone methylation. Here we report
      the backbone resonance assignments and secondary structure information of the
      catalytic domains of human NSD1 and NSD2.

PMID- 27356988
TI  - Chemical shift assignments and secondary structure prediction for Q4DY78, a
      conserved kinetoplastid-specific protein from Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosma brucei and Leishmania spp. are kinetoplastid
      protozoa causative agents of Chagas disease, sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis,
      respectively, neglected tropical diseases estimated to infect millions of people
      worldwide. Their genome sequencing has revealed approximately 50 % of genes
      encoding hypothetical proteins of unknown function, opening possibilities for
      novel target identification and drug discovery. Q4DY78 is a putative essential
      protein from T. cruzi conserved in the related kinetoplastids and divergent from
      mammalian host proteins. Here we report the (1)H, (15)N, and (13)C chemical shift
      assignments and secondary structure analysis of the Q4DY78 protein as basis for
      NMR structure determination, functional analysis and drug screening.

PMID- 27356989
TI  - The PILI@Work Program: a translation of the diabetes prevention program to Native
      Hawaiian-serving worksites in Hawai'i.
AB  - A previously translated Diabetes Prevention Program Lifestyle Intervention (DPP
      LI) was adapted for delivery as a worksite-based intervention, called PILI@Work,
      to address obesity disparities in Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders. This study
      examined the effectiveness of PILI@Work and factors associated with weight loss
      at post-intervention. Overweight/obese employees of 15 Native Hawaiian-serving
      organizations received the 3-month component of PILI@Work. Assessments included
      weight, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, physical activity and functioning, fat
      intake, locus of weight control, social support, and self-efficacy. Weight,
      systolic/diastolic blood pressure, physical functioning, physical activity
      frequency, fat intake, family support, and eating self-efficacy improved from pre
      to post-intervention. Regression analysis indicated that worksite type,
      decreased diastolic blood pressure, increased physical activity, and more
      internalized locus of weight control were significantly associated with 3-month
      weight loss. PILI@Work initiated weight loss in Native Hawaiians/Pacific
      Islanders. DPP-LI translated to worksite settings and tailored for specific
      populations can be effective for addressing obesity.

PMID- 27356990
TI  - Implementation of collaborative goal setting for diabetes in community primary
      care.
AB  - Collaborative goal setting (CGS) is a cornerstone of diabetes self-management
      support, but little is known about its feasibility and effectiveness during
      routine care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the implementation of an
      existing CGS intervention when integrated by primary care staff. Using a mixed
      methods approach guided by the RE-AIM framework, intervention adoption,
      implementation, reach, and effectiveness were evaluated over 12 months. Three of
      four sites adopted the CGS intervention, in which 521 patients with type 2
      diabetes (9-29 % of those targeted) received CGS. For those with suboptimal
      glycemic control (A1C >= 7.5 %), %A1C decreased by 1.1 for those receiving CGS (n
      = 204, p < 0.001) compared to 0.4 for a group who did not (n = 41, p = 0.23).
      Practice characteristics influenced adoption and implementation, while isolation
      of CGS from the remainder of clinical care likely influenced reach and
      effectiveness. CGS may benefit patients with diabetes, but a lack of integration
      by practice staff is a key barrier to overcome during implementation.

PMID- 27356991
TI  - The impact of behavioral and mental health risk assessments on goal setting in
      primary care.
AB  - Patient-centered health risk assessments (HRAs) that screen for unhealthy
      behaviors, prioritize concerns, and provide feedback may improve counseling, goal
      setting, and health. To evaluate the effectiveness of routinely administering a
      patient-centered HRA, My Own Health Report, for diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol,
      drug use, stress, depression, anxiety, and sleep, 18 primary care practices were
      randomized to ask patients to complete My Own Health Report (MOHR) before an
      office visit (intervention) or continue usual care (control). Intervention
      practice patients were more likely than control practice patients to be asked
      about each of eight risks (range of differences 5.3-15.8 %, p < 0.001), set goals
      for six risks (range of differences 3.8-16.6 %, p < 0.01), and improve five risks
      (range of differences 5.4-13.6 %, p < 0.01). Compared to controls, intervention
      patients felt clinicians cared more for them and showed more interest in their
      concerns. Patient-centered health risk assessments improve screening and goal
      setting.Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01825746.

PMID- 27356992
TI  - Prioritizing multiple health behavior change research topics: expert opinions in
      behavior change science.
AB  - Multiple health behavior change (MHBC) approaches are understudied. The purpose
      of this study is to provide strategic MHBC research direction. This cross
      sectional study contacted participants through the Society of Behavioral Medicine
      email listservs and rated the importance of 24 MHBC research topics (1 = not at
      all important, 5 = extremely important) separately for general and underserved
      populations. Participants (n = 76) were 79 % female; 76 % White, 10 % Asian, 8 %
      African American, 5 % Hispanic, and 1 % Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Top
      MHBC research priorities were predictors of behavior change and the
      sustainability, long-term effects, and dissemination/translation of interventions
      for both populations. Recruitment and retention of participants (t(68) = 2.17, p
      = 0.000), multi-behavioral indices (t(68) = 3.54, p = 0.001), and measurement
      burden (t(67) = 5.04, p = 0.001) were important for the underserved. Results
      identified the same top research priorities across populations. For the
      underserved, research should emphasize recruitment, retention, and measurement
      burden.

PMID- 27356993
TI  - Statistical methodologies to pool across multiple intervention studies.
AB  - Combining and analyzing data from heterogeneous randomized controlled trials of
      complex multiple-component intervention studies, or discussing them in a
      systematic review, is not straightforward. The present article describes certain
      issues to be considered when combining data across studies, based on discussions
      in an NIH-sponsored workshop on pooling issues across studies in consortia (see
      Belle et al. in Psychol Aging, 18(3):396-405, 2003). Several statistical
      methodologies are described and their advantages and limitations are explored.
      Whether weighting the different studies data differently, or via employing random
      effects, one must recognize that different pooling methodologies may yield
      different results. Pooling can be used for comprehensive exploratory analyses of
      data from RCTs and should not be viewed as replacing the standard analysis plan
      for each study. Pooling may help to identify intervention components that may be
      more effective especially for subsets of participants with certain behavioral
      characteristics. Pooling, when supported by statistical tests, can allow
      exploratory investigation of potential hypotheses and for the design of future
      interventions.

PMID- 27356994
TI  - Deconstructing interventions: approaches to studying behavior change techniques
      across obesity interventions.
AB  - Deconstructing interventions into the specific techniques that are used to change
      behavior represents a new frontier in behavioral intervention research. This
      paper considers opportunities and challenges in employing the Behavior Change
      Techniques Taxonomy (BCTTv1) developed by Michie and colleagues, to code the
      behavior change techniques (BCTs) across multiple interventions addressing
      obesity and capture dose received at the technique level. Numerous advantages
      were recognized for using a shared framework for intervention description. Coding
      interventions at levels of the social ecological framework beyond the individual
      level, separate coding for behavior change initiation vs. maintenance, fidelity
      of BCT delivery, accounting for BCTs mode of delivery, and tailoring BCTs,
      present both challenges and opportunities. Deconstructing interventions and
      identifying the dose required to positively impact health-related outcomes could
      enable important gains in intervention science.

PMID- 27356995
TI  - Overview of the obesity intervention taxonomy and pooled analysis working group.
AB  - The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institutes of
      Health Office of Disease Prevention convened a meeting on August 29-30, 2013
      entitled "Obesity Intervention Taxonomy and Pooled Analysis." The overarching
      goals of the meeting were to understand how to decompose interventions targeting
      behavior change, and in particular, those that focus on obesity and to combine
      data from groups of related intervention studies to supplement what can be
      learned from the individual studies. This paper summarizes the workshop
      recommendations and provides an overview of the two other papers that originated
      from the workshop and that address decomposition of behavioral change
      interventions and pooling of data across diverse studies within a consortium.

PMID- 27356996
TI  - Indoor tanning promotions on social media in six US cities #UVTanning #tanning.
AB  - There is no research investigating indoor tanning advertising on social media. We
      assessed the use of social media to promote indoor tanning. We subscribed to
      social media platforms in six US cities and content-analyzed promotional messages
      received. We captured 662 messages on Twitter and Facebook, through salon emails,
      and in daily deal coupons. Salon postings were most frequent on Twitter and
      Facebook, with an average of 2-3 postings per week. National chains posted more
      frequently than local businesses. Forty percent of messages were devoid of
      tanning content and included photos, jokes, or popular references. Thirty percent
      mentioned price reductions, and 28 % referenced an upcoming holiday. Sunless
      tanning (17 %) was promoted more often than ultraviolet tanning (9 %). Tanning
      salons actively use social media as a strategy for maintaining relationships with
      customers and offer pricing deals that promote loyalty and high-frequency
      tanning.

PMID- 27356997
TI  - Tanning bed burns reported on Twitter: over 15,000 in 2013.
AB  - Few surveillance tools exist for monitoring tanning bed injuries. Twitter data
      were examined to identify and describe reports of tanning bed-caused burns.
      Tweets sent in 2013 containing keywords for tanning bed use and burning were
      content analyzed to determine whether a burn caused by a tanning bed was
      described, and additional data on tanning behavior and burn characteristics were
      extracted. After content assessment, 15,178 (64 %) tweets were found to describe
      a tanning bed-caused burn. Sites most reportedly burnt were buttocks (n = 3117),
      face/head (n = 1020), and chest/breast (n = 546). Alarmingly, 200 burns to the
      eyes/eyelids were mentioned. A total of 456 tweets described burning >1 time from
      a tanning bed. A total of 211 tweets mentioned falling asleep inside the tanning
      bed. In 2013, over 15,000 tweets reported tanning bed-caused burns. Twitter data
      provides unique insight into tanning behaviors and injuries not captured through
      traditional public health surveillance.

PMID- 27356998
TI  - Interest in a Twitter-delivered weight loss program among women of childbearing
      age.
AB  - Weight management through the childbearing years is important, yet few women have
      access to efficacious weight loss programs. Online social network-delivered
      programs may increase reach and thus impact. The aim of this study was to gauge
      interest in a Twitter-based weight loss intervention among women of childbearing
      age and the feasibility of recruitment via Twitter. We recruited English-speaking
      women aged 18-45 years (N = 63) from Twitter to complete an anonymous online
      survey including open-ended questions about program advantages and concerns.
      Forty percent of participants were obese and 83 % were trying to lose weight.
      Eighty-one percent were interested in a Twitter-delivered weight loss program.
      Interest was high in all subgroups (62-100 %). Participants (59 %) cited program
      advantages, including convenience, support/accountability, and privacy. Concerns
      (59 %) included questions about privacy, support/accountability, engagement,
      efficacy, and technology barriers. Research is needed to develop and evaluate
      social media-delivered interventions, and to develop methods for recruiting
      participants directly from Twitter.

PMID- 27356999
TI  - Development and design of an intervention to improve physical activity in
      pregnant women using Text4baby.
AB  - Text4baby is a free, mobile health information service for pregnant and post
      partum women. This study aims to understand preferences of physical activity text
      messages (SMS), sequentially develop prototype SMS, and determine preferred dose
      of SMS to inform a future study utilizing Text4baby. This study had a user
      centered design with three phases: (1) literature review and interviews with
      pregnant women for development of prototype SMS, (2) interviews with health care
      professionals and pregnant women for prototype SMS feedback, and (3) survey to
      determine preferred dose of SMS. Data from interviews identified knowledge and
      support as major themes. Prototypes were developed (N = 14) and informed 168 SMS.
      Pregnant women (N = 326) thought three SMS/week were about right (50.2 %) and
      preferred three SMS/week throughout pregnancy (71.9 %). There is a need for
      opportunities for behavioral scientists to incorporate evidence-based practices
      within scalable interventions. As such, this research will inform utilization of
      Text4baby to potentially improve physical activity participation.

PMID- 27357000
TI  - Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) position statement: SBM supports the
      National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable's (NCCRT) call to action to reach 80 %
      colorectal cancer screening rates by 2018.
AB  - The Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) urges stakeholders to support the
      National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable's (NCCRT) initiative 80 % by 2018.
      Colorectal cancer (CRC) is largely preventable with early detection of pre
      cancerous polyps but CRC screening is underutilized, especially among the
      underserved. In response to low screening rates, this initiative sets an
      important goal of a population screening rate of 80 % in adults ages 50 and older
      by the year 2018. It is estimated that this screening rate could prevent more
      than 20,000 CRC deaths per year within 15 years. The initiative takes a
      multilevel approach to improving screening rates and includes recommendations for
      clinicians, health care organizations, insurers, policymakers, and researchers.

PMID- 27357001
TI  - Agile science: creating useful products for behavior change in the real world.
AB  - Evidence-based practice is important for behavioral interventions but there is
      debate on how best to support real-world behavior change. The purpose of this
      paper is to define products and a preliminary process for efficiently and
      adaptively creating and curating a knowledge base for behavior change for real
      world implementation. We look to evidence-based practice suggestions and draw
      parallels to software development. We argue to target three products: (1) the
      smallest, meaningful, self-contained, and repurposable behavior change modules of
      an intervention; (2) "computational models" that define the interaction between
      modules, individuals, and context; and (3) "personalization" algorithms, which
      are decision rules for intervention adaptation. The "agile science" process
      includes a generation phase whereby contender operational definitions and
      constructs of the three products are created and assessed for feasibility and an
      evaluation phase, whereby effect size estimates/casual inferences are created.
      The process emphasizes early-and-often sharing. If correct, agile science could
      enable a more robust knowledge base for behavior change.

PMID- 27357002
TI  - The Impact of Concomitant Left Ventricular Non-compaction with Congenital Heart
      Disease on Perioperative Outcomes.
AB  - Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is a heterogeneous myocardial disorder
      characterized by prominent trabeculations and inter-trabecular recesses which may
      occur in association with congenital heart disease (CHD). To date, few studies
      have been performed to assess whether the concomitant diagnosis of LVNC affects
      the outcomes of CHD surgery. A retrospective review of patients with LVNC with
      CHD (LVNC-CHD), 0-5 years of age, was conducted. Patients with CHD without LVNC
      (CHD-only) and 0-5 years of age with similar diagnosis distribution were selected
      for comparison. Perioperative data, including CHD diagnosis, operative course,
      and postoperative complications were collected and compared between groups. LVNC
      CHD was diagnosed in 26 children. Of the 26 with LVNC-CHD, 20 underwent surgery
      and these patients were compared with 276 CHD-only controls. Median total length
      of stay in the hospital was 12.5 days (IQR 5.5-63 days) in LVNC-CHD compared to 5
      days (IQR 3-10 days) in CHD-only (p < 0.005). Postoperative death, cardiac
      arrest, or need for ECMO or transplantation occurred in 6/20 (30 %) of the LVNC
      CHD patients compared to 3/276 (1 %) of the CHD-only group (p < 0.0001). LVNC-CHD
      patients had significantly longer hospital length of stay and higher
      perioperative complications compared to CHD-only patients without myocardial
      abnormalities. Pediatric cardiac care teams should be cognizant of the
      possibility of the increased perioperative risk associated with concomitant LVNC.
      Future prospective studies are warranted. 

PMID- 27357004
TI  - Growth of Co2FeAl Heusler alloy thin films on Si(100) having very small Gilbert
      damping by Ion beam sputtering.
AB  - The influence of growth temperature Ts (300-773 K) on the structural phase
      ordering, static and dynamic magnetization behaviour has been investigated in ion
      beam sputtered full Heusler alloy Co2FeAl (CFA) thin films on industrially
      important Si(100) substrate. The B2 type magnetic ordering is established in
      these films based on the clear observation of the (200) diffraction peak. These
      ion beam sputtered CFA films possess very small surface roughness of the order of
      subatomic dimensions (<3 A) as determined from the fitting of XRR spectra and
      also by AFM imaging. This is supported by the occurrence of distinct Kiessig
      fringes spanning over the whole scanning range (~4 degrees ) in the x-ray
      reflectivity (XRR) spectra. The Gilbert damping constant alpha and effective
      magnetization 4piMeff are found to vary from 0.0053 +/- 0.0002 to 0.0015 +/-
      0.0001 and 13.45 +/- 00.03 kG to 14.03 +/- 0.04 kG, respectively. These Co2FeAl
      films possess saturation magnetization ranging from 4.82 +/- 0.09 to 5.22 +/-
      0.10 MUB/f.u. consistent with the bulk L21-type ordering. A record low alpha
      value of 0.0015 is obtained for Co2FeAl films deposited on Si substrate at Ts ~
      573 K.

PMID- 27357003
TI  - CSF Tau proteins reduce misdiagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
      suspected cases with inconclusive 14-3-3 result.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 14-3-3 protein supports sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob
      (sCJD) diagnosis, but often leads to weak-positive results and lacks
      standardization. In this study, we explored the added diagnostic value of Total
      Tau (t-Tau) and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) in sCJD diagnosis, particularly in the
      cases with inconclusive 14-3-3 result. 95 definite sCJD and 287 patients without
      prion disease (non-CJD) were included in this study. CSF samples were collected
      in routine clinical diagnosis and analysed for 14-3-3 detection by Western blot
      (WB). CSF t-Tau and p-Tau were quantified by commercial ELISA kits and PRNP and
      APOE genotyping assessed by PCR-RFLP. In a regression analysis of the whole
      cohort, 14-3-3 protein revealed an overall accuracy of 82 % (sensitivity = 96.7
      %; specificity = 75.6 %) for sCJD. Regarding 14-3-3 clear positive results, we
      observed no added value either of t-Tau alone or p-Tau/t-Tau ratio in the model.
      On the other hand, considering 14-3-3 weak-positive cases, t-Tau protein
      increased the overall accuracy of 14-3-3 alone from 91 to 94 % and specificity
      from 74 to 93 % (p < 0.05), with no sensitivity improvement. However, inclusion
      of p-Tau/t-Tau ratio did not significantly improve the first model (p = 0.0595).
      Globally, t-Tau protein allowed a further discrimination of 65 % within 14-3-3
      inconclusive results. Furthermore, PRNP MV genotype showed a trend to decrease 14
      3-3 sensitivity (p = 0.051), but such effect was not seen on t-Tau protein. In
      light of these results, we suggest that t-Tau protein assay is of significant
      importance as a second marker in identifying 14-3-3 false-positive results among
      sCJD probable cases. 

PMID- 27357005
TI  - Soil bacterial endemism and potential functional redundancy in natural broadleaf
      forest along a latitudinal gradient.
AB  - Microorganisms play key roles in ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycling,
      however, the relationship between soil microbial taxa diversity and their
      function in natural ecosystems is largely unknown. To determine how soil bacteria
      community and function are linked from the local to regional scale, we studied
      soil bacteria community composition, potential function and environmental
      conditions in natural and mature broadleaf forests along a latitudinal gradient
      in China, using the Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and GeoChip technologies. The
      results showed strong biogeographic endemism pattern in soil bacteria were
      existed, and the spatial distance and climatic variables were the key controlling
      factors for this pattern. Therefore, dispersal limitation and environmental
      selection may represent two key processes in generating and maintaining the soil
      bacterial biogeographic pattern. By contrast, the soil bacterial potential
      function is highly convergent along the latitudinal gradient and there were
      highly differing bacterial community compositions, and the soil chemistry may
      include the main factors active in shaping the soil bacterial potential function.
      Therefore, the soil bacterial potential function may be affected by local
      gradients in resource availability, and predicting soil bacterial potential
      function requires knowledge of abiotic and biotic environmental factors.

PMID- 27357006
TI  - Flexible Lamination-Fabricated Ultra-High Frequency Diodes Based on Self
      Supporting Semiconducting Composite Film of Silicon Micro-Particles and Nano
      Fibrillated Cellulose.
AB  - Low cost and flexible devices such as wearable electronics, e-labels and
      distributed sensors will make the future "internet of things" viable. To power
      and communicate with such systems, high frequency rectifiers are crucial
      components. We present a simple method to manufacture flexible diodes, operating
      at GHz frequencies, based on self-adhesive composite films of silicon micro
      particles (Si-MUPs) and glycerol dispersed in nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC).
      NFC, Si-MUPs and glycerol are mixed in a water suspension, forming a self
      supporting nanocellulose-silicon composite film after drying. This film is cut
      and laminated between a flexible pre-patterned Al bottom electrode and a
      conductive Ni-coated carbon tape top contact. A Schottky junction is established
      between the Al electrode and the Si-MUPs. The resulting flexible diodes show
      current levels on the order of mA for an area of 2 mm(2), a current rectification
      ratio up to 4 * 10(3) between 1 and 2 V bias and a cut-off frequency of 1.8 GHz.
      Energy harvesting experiments have been demonstrated using resistors as the load
      at 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz. The diode stack can be delaminated away from the Al
      electrode and then later on be transferred and reconfigured to another substrate.
      This provides us with reconfigurable GHz-operating diode circuits.

PMID- 27357007
TI  - Megakaryocytes regulate the quiescence of hematopoietic stem cells through PF4:
      2013 ASH meeting highlights.
AB  - Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can take one of the three different pathways:
      quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation. Mechanisms that control the tight
      balance to maintain lifelong hematopoietic homeostasis have been a major interest
      of research. Platelet factor-4 (PF4), a weak chemokine, is synthesized
      exclusively by megakaryocytes and sequestered in platelets. This meeting report
      highlights a novel study presented at 2013 ASH annual meeting. This study found
      that megakaryocyte, a progeny of HSC, was involved in maintaining quiescence of
      HSCs via PF4 in a feedback loop. 

PMID- 27357009
TI  - Biomarker search illuminates cancer immune biology.

PMID- 27357008
TI  - Manganese Phosphate Self-assembled Nanoparticle Surface and Its application for
      Superoxide Anion Detection.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of superoxide anion (O2(.-)) has increasing importance
      considering its potential damages to organism. Herein, a novel Mn-superoxide
      dismutase (MnSOD) mimics, silica-manganous phosphate (SiO2-Mn3(PO4)2)
      nanoparticles, were designed and synthesized by surface self-assembly processes
      that occur on the surface of silica-phytic acid (SiO2-PA) nanoparticles. The
      composite nanoparticles were characterized by fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electronic
      microscopy (SEM), electron diffraction pattern, energy dispersive spectroscopy
      (EDS) and elemental mapping. Then the electrochemical measurements of O2(.-)
      based on the incorporation of SiO2-Mn3(PO4)2 onto the surface of electrodes were
      performed, and some satisfactory results were obtained. This is the first report
      that manganous phosphate (Mn3(PO4)2) nanoparticles with shape-controlled, but not
      multilayer sheets, were utilized for O2(.-) detection. The surface self-assembly
      technology we proposed will offer the ideal material to construct more types
      biosensor and catalytic system for its nanosized effect.

PMID- 27357010
TI  - Two pioneering osteoporosis drugs finally approach approval.

PMID- 27357011
TI  - EMA provides first glimpse of PRIME candidates.

PMID- 27357012
TI  - Parsing clinical success rates.

PMID- 27357013
TI  - Biotech R&D spend jumps by more than 15.

PMID- 27357014
TI  - Patent Watch: Nanomedicine patents highlight importance of production methods.

PMID- 27357015
TI  - Cancer: Bivalent mTOR inhibitors - the next generation.

PMID- 27357016
TI  - Blood diseases: Immunotoxins till the soil for stem cell transplantation.

PMID- 27357017
TI  - Anticancer drugs: Brain metastasis bridges the gap.

PMID- 27357018
TI  - Alzheimer disease: Antimicrobial role of amyloid-beta.

PMID- 27357019
TI  - Autoimmune disease: Reversing systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 27357020
TI  - Depression: Understanding ketamine action.

PMID- 27357021
TI  - Successful treatment of hypertrophic lichen planus with betamethasone under
      occlusion and TCA-peelings.
AB  - Hypertrophic lichen planus (HLP) is a variant of lichen planus characterized by
      marked epidermal hyperplasia and severe pruritus. We present a case of a female
      patient with HLP and concomitant primary biliary cirrhosis, which responded to
      topical therapy with betamethasone under occlusion and TCA-peelings.

PMID- 27357022
TI  - Global Meningococcal Initiative: guidelines for diagnosis and confirmation of
      invasive meningococcal disease.
AB  - The Global Meningococcal Initiative (GMI) is an international group of scientists
      and clinicians with recognized expertise in meningococcal disease including
      microbiology, immunology, epidemiology, public health and vaccinology. The GMI
      was established to promote the global prevention of meningococcal disease through
      education, research and international cooperation. The GMI held its second summit
      meeting in 2013 to discuss the different aspects of existing meningococcal
      immunization programmes and surveillance systems. Laboratory confirmation and
      characterization were identified as essential for informing evidence-based
      vaccine implementation decisions. The relative merits of different confirmatory
      methodologies and their applications in different resource settings were a key
      component of the discussions. This paper summarizes the salient issues discussed,
      with special emphasis on the recommendations made and any deficiencies that were
      identified.

PMID- 27357023
TI  - Efficient [(18)F]AlF Radiolabeling of ZHER3:8698 Affibody Molecule for Imaging of
      HER3 Positive Tumors.
AB  - The human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is overexpressed in several
      cancers, being linked to a more resistant phenotype and hence leading to poor
      patient prognosis. Imaging HER3 is challenging owing to the modest receptor
      number (<50000 receptors/cell) in overexpressing cancer cells. Therefore, to
      image HER3 in vivo, high target affinity PET probes need to be developed. This
      work describes two different [(18)F]AlF radiolabeling strategies of the
      ZHER3:8698 affibody molecule specifically targeting HER3. The one-pot
      radiolabeling of ZHER3:8698 performed at 100  degrees C and using 1,4,7
      triazanonane-1,4,7-triacetate (NOTA) as chelator resulted in radiolabeled
      products with variable purity attributed to radioconjugate thermolysis. An
      alternative approach based on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA)
      reaction between a novel tetrazine functionalized 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4
      diacetate (NODA) chelator and the trans-cyclooctene (TCO) functionalized affibody
      molecule was also investigated. This method enabled the radiolabeling of the
      protein at room temperature. The [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-ZHER3:8698 and [(18)F]AlF-NODA
      ZHER3:8698 conjugates showed a specific uptake at 1 h after injection in high
      HER3-expressing MCF-7 tumors of 4.36 +/- 0.92% ID/g and 4.96 +/- 0.65% ID/g,
      respectively. The current results are encouraging for further investigation of
      [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-ZHER3:8698 as a HER3 imaging agent.

PMID- 27357025
TI  - Protein kinase C alpha is involved in the regulation of AXL receptor tyrosine
      kinase expression in triple-negative breast cancer cells.
AB  - AXL receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer
      (TNBC), and has a function in cancer progression and metastases. However, the
      mechanism underlying AXL gene regulation in TNBC remains unknown. In this study,
      the involvement of protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) in the expression of AXL was
      investigated in human TNBC cells. The microarray data from other studies showed
      that PKCalpha is significantly correlated with AXL expression in TNBC cell lines.
      Tissue array analysis also confirmed their correlation in TNBC. The PKCalpha
      inhibitor Go6976 was used to treat MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T TNBC cells, which
      resulted in decreased expression of AXL and epithelia-mesenchymal transition
      related gene vimentin, and decreased cell proliferation. An MZF-1 acidic domain
      fragment (MZF-1 peptide), which was designed to downregulate PKCalpha expression,
      was transfected into the cells and resulted in inhibition of AXL expression. This
      effect was reversed by co-treatment with the constitutive form of PKCalpha.
      Moreover, the downregulation of PKCalpha was also confirmed by treatment with TAT
      fused MZF-1 peptide. Thus, the current study proposes that AXL may be correlated
      with PKCalpha-dependent TNBC cells, and could be modulated by MZF-1 peptides. 

PMID- 27357026
TI  - Listeria monocytogenes in Retail Delicatessens: An Interagency Risk Assessment
      Risk Mitigations.
AB  - Cross-contamination, improper holding temperatures, and insufficient sanitary
      practices are known retail practices that may lead to product contamination and
      growth of Listeria monocytogenes. However, the relative importance of control
      options to mitigate the risk of invasive listeriosis from ready-to-eat (RTE)
      products sliced or prepared at retail is not well understood. This study
      illustrates the utility of a quantitative risk assessment model described in a
      first article of this series (Pouillot, R., D. Gallagher, J. Tang, K. Hoelzer, J.
      Kause, and S. B. Dennis, J. Food Prot. 78:134-145, 2015) to evaluate the public
      health impact associated with changes in retail deli practices and interventions.
      Twenty-two mitigation scenarios were modeled and evaluated under six different
      baseline conditions. These scenarios were related to sanitation, worker behavior,
      use of growth inhibitors, cross-contamination, storage temperature control, and
      reduction of the level of L. monocytogenes on incoming RTE food products. The
      mean risk per serving of RTE products obtained under these scenarios was then
      compared with the risk estimated in the baseline condition. Some risk mitigations
      had a consistent impact on the predicted listeriosis risk in all baseline
      conditions (e.g. presence or absence of growth inhibitor), whereas others were
      greatly dependent on the initial baseline conditions or practices in the deli
      (e.g. preslicing of products). Overall, the control of the bacterial growth and
      the control of contamination at its source were major factors of listeriosis risk
      in these settings. Although control of cross-contamination and continued
      sanitation were also important, the decrease in the predicted risk was not
      amenable to a simple solution. Findings from these predictive scenario analyses
      are intended to encourage improvements to retail food safety practices and
      mitigation strategies to control L. monocytogenes in RTE foods more effectively
      and to demonstrate the utility of quantitative risk assessment models to inform
      risk management decisions.

PMID- 27357024
TI  - Use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements in relation to risk of colorectal
      cancer: Results from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals follow-up
      study.
AB  - Recent epidemiologic evidence has emerged to suggest that use of glucosamine and
      chondroitin supplements may be associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer
      (CRC). We therefore evaluated the association between use of these non-vitamin,
      non-mineral supplements and risk of CRC in two prospective cohorts, the Nurses'
      Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Regular use of glucosamine
      and chondroitin was first assessed in 2002 and participants were followed until
      2010, over which time 672 CRC cases occurred. Cox proportional hazards regression
      was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) within each cohort, and results were
      pooled using a random effects meta-analysis. Associations were comparable across
      cohorts, with a RR of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-1.00) observed for any use of
      glucosamine and a RR of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.59-1.01) observed for any use of
      chondroitin. Use of glucosamine in the absence of chondroitin was not associated
      with risk of CRC, whereas use of glucosamine + chondroitin was significantly
      associated with risk (RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.58-0.999). The association between use
      of glucosamine + chondroitin and risk of CRC did not change markedly when
      accounting for change in exposure status over follow-up (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.58
      0.96), nor did the association significantly vary by sex, aspirin use, body mass
      index, or physical activity. The association was comparable for cancers of the
      colon and rectum. Results support a protective association between use of
      glucosamine and chondroitin and risk of CRC. Further study is needed to better
      understand the chemopreventive potential of these supplements.

PMID- 27357027
TI  - Application of a Nonlinear Model to Transcript Levels of Upregulated Stress
      Response Gene ibpA in Stationary-Phase Salmonella enterica Subjected to Sublethal
      Heat Stress.
AB  - Sublethal heating, which can occur during slow cooking of meat products, is known
      to induce increased thermal resistance in Salmonella. However, very few studies
      have addressed the kinetics of this response. Although several recent studies
      have reported improved thermal inactivation models that include the effect of
      prior sublethal history on subsequent thermal resistance, none of these models
      were based on cellular-level responses to sublethal thermal stress. The goal of
      this study was to determine whether a nonlinear model could accurately portray
      the response of Salmonella to heat stress induced by prolonged exposure to
      sublethal temperatures. To accomplish this, stationary-phase Salmonella
      Montevideo cultures were subjected to various heating profiles (held at either 40
      or 45 degrees C for 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 180, or 240 min) using a PCR
      thermal cycler. Differential plating on selective and nonselective media was used
      to confirm the presence of cellular injury. Reverse transcription quantitative
      PCR was used to screen the transcript levels of six heat stress-related genes to
      find candidate genes for nonlinear modeling. Injury was detected in populations
      of Salmonella held at 45 degrees C for 30, 60, and 90 min and at 40 degrees C for
      0, 5, and 90 min (P < 0.05), whereas no significant injury was found at 180 and
      240 min (P > 0.05). The transcript levels of ibpA, which codes for a small heat
      shock protein associated with the ClpB and DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE chaperone systems,
      showed the greatest increase relative to the transcript levels at 0 min, which
      was significant at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 180 min at 45 degrees C and at 5,
      10, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min at 40 degrees C (P < 0.05). Using ibpA transcript
      levels as an indicator of adaptation to thermal stress, a nonlinear model for
      sublethal injury is proposed. The use of variables indicating the physiological
      state of the pathogen during stress has the potential to increase the accuracy of
      thermal inactivation models that must account for prolonged exposure to sublethal
      temperatures.

PMID- 27357028
TI  - Cross-Laboratory Comparative Study of the Impact of Experimental and Regression
      Methodologies on Salmonella Thermal Inactivation Parameters in Ground Beef.
AB  - Isothermal inactivation studies are commonly used to quantify thermal
      inactivation kinetics of bacteria. Meta-analyses and comparisons utilizing
      results from multiple sources have revealed large variations in reported thermal
      resistance parameters for Salmonella, even when in similar food materials.
      Different laboratory or regression methodologies likely are the source of
      methodology-specific artifacts influencing the estimated parameters; however,
      such effects have not been quantified. The objective of this study was to
      evaluate the effects of laboratory and regression methodologies on thermal
      inactivation data generation, interpretation, modeling, and inherent error, based
      on data generated in two independent laboratories. The overall experimental
      design consisted of a cross-laboratory comparison using two independent
      laboratories (Michigan State University and U.S. Department of Agriculture,
      Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center [ERRC]
      laboratories), both conducting isothermal Salmonella inactivation studies (55,
      60, 62 degrees C) in ground beef, and each using two methodologies reported in
      prior studies. Two primary models (log-linear and Weibull) with one secondary
      model (Bigelow) were fitted to the resultant data using three regression
      methodologies (two two-step regressions and a one-step regression). Results
      indicated that laboratory methodology impacted the estimated D60 degrees C- and z
      values (alpha = 0.05), with the ERRC methodology yielding parameter estimates
      ~25% larger than the Michigan State University methodology, regardless of the
      laboratory. Regression methodology also impacted the model and parameter error
      estimates. Two-step regressions yielded root mean square error values on average
      40% larger than the one-step regressions. The Akaike Information Criterion
      indicated the Weibull as the more correct model in most cases; however, caution
      should be used to confirm model robustness in application to real-world data.
      Overall, the results suggested that laboratory and regression methodologies have
      a large influence on resultant data and the subsequent estimation of thermal
      resistance parameters.

PMID- 27357029
TI  - Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Inactivation, Color, and Bioactive
      Compounds Enhancement on Raspberries during Frozen Storage after Decontamination
      Using New Formula Sanitizer Washing or Pulsed Light.
AB  - Berries are normally washed before they are frozen. Washing with sanitizer and
      treatment with pulsed light (PL) were studied for their effectiveness to
      inactivate foodborne pathogens on raspberries during frozen storage, while
      maintaining or enhancing major quality parameters. Raspberries were inoculated
      with Salmonella or Escherichia coli O157:H7 and then underwent a washing
      treatment with citric acid plus sodium dodecyl sulfate (CA+SDS) or citric acid
      plus thymol (CA+THY) or treatment with PL (dry PL, water-assisted [wet] PL, and
      PL-SDS). Pathogen survival was determined immediately after treatments and during
      frozen storage at -20 degrees C for 3 months. Washing with CA+SDS or CA+THY
      significantly reduced Salmonella (by 3.6 and 3.2 log CFU/g, respectively) and E.
      coli O157:H7 (by 4.1 and 3.7 log CFU/g, respectively). At the end of storage,
      washing with CA+SDS reduced Salmonella to 0.6 log CFU/g and E. coli O157:H7 to
      0.5 log CFU/g; washing with CA+THY reduced Salmonella to 0.9 log CFU/g and E.
      coli O157:H7 to 0.5 log CFU/g. PL-SDS showed decontamination efficacy on
      raspberries, with 0.7 log CFU/g Salmonella and 0.9 log CFU/g E. coli O157:H7
      surviving at the end of storage; in comparison, in the control, 1.6 log CFU/g
      Salmonella and 1.5 log CFU/g E. coli O157:H7 survived. Pathogen survival in
      raspberries that had been washed or treated with PL-SDS was significantly lower
      than in untreated raspberries. Major quality parameters, including color, total
      phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, total bacterial count, and total
      yeast and mold counts, were evaluated on raspberries immediately after treatments
      and during frozen storage. Redness increased in PL-treated raspberries. At the
      end of storage, PL-treated raspberries had significantly higher total phenolic
      content and total anthocyanin content compared with control samples. Washing with
      sanitizers and treatment with PL decreased the total bacterial count and total
      yeast and mold counts on raspberries and maintained the low counts. Our findings
      suggest that washing with a sanitizer or treatment with PL could be used to
      process frozen raspberries for enhanced food safety and quality.

PMID- 27357031
TI  - Biofilm Formation and Morphotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp.arizonae Differs
      from Those of Other Salmonella enterica Subspecies in Isolates from Poultry
      Houses.
AB  - Salmonella serovars are responsible for foodborne diseases around the world. The
      ability to form biofilms allows microorganisms to survive in the environment. In
      this study, 73 Salmonella strains, belonging to four different subspecies, were
      isolated from poultry houses and foodstuffs and tested. Biofilm formation was
      measured at four different temperatures and two nutrient concentrations.
      Morphotypes and cellulose production were evaluated at three different
      temperatures. The presence of several genes related to biofilm production was
      also examined. All strains and subspecies of Salmonella had the ability to form
      biofilms, and 46.57% of strains produced biofilms under all conditions tested.
      Biofilm formation was strain dependent and varied according to the conditions.
      This is the first study to analyze biofilm formation in a wide number of
      Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae strains, and no direct relationship between
      the high prevalence of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae strains and their
      ability to form biofilm was established. Morphotypes and cellulose production
      varied as the temperature changed, with 20 degrees C being the optimum
      temperature for expression of the red, dry, and rough morphotype and cellulose.
      Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae, whose morphotype is poorly studied, only
      showed a smooth and white morphotype and lacked the csgD and gcpA genes that are
      implicated in biofilm production. Thus, Salmonella biofilm formation under
      different environmental conditions is a public health problem because it can
      survive and advance through the food chain to reach the consumer.

PMID- 27357030
TI  - Inactivation of Salmonella on Sprouting Seeds Using a Spontaneous Carvacrol
      Nanoemulsion Acidified with Organic Acids.
AB  - Over the past decade, demand has increased for natural, minimally processed
      produce, including sprout-based products. Sanitization with 20,000 ppm of calcium
      hypochlorite is currently recommended for all sprouting seeds before germination
      to limit sprout-related foodborne outbreaks. A potentially promising disinfectant
      as an alternative to calcium hypochlorite is acidified spontaneous essential oil
      nanoemulsions. In this study, the efficacy of an acidified carvacrol nanoemulsion
      was tested against mung beans and broccoli seeds artificially contaminated with a
      Salmonella enterica Enteritidis cocktail (ATCC BAA-709, ATCC BAA-711, and ATCC
      BAA-1045). Treatments were performed by soaking inoculated seeds in acidified (50
      mM acetic or levulinic acid) carvacrol nanoemulsions (4,000 or 8,000 ppm) for 30
      or 60 min. After treatment, the number of surviving cells was determined via
      plate counts and/or the most probable number (MPN) approach. Treatment for 30 min
      successfully reduced Salmonella Enteritidis by 4 log CFU/g on mung beans (from an
      initial contamination level of 4.2 to 4.6 log CFU/g) and by 2 log CFU/g on
      broccoli seeds (from an initial contamination level of 2.4 to 2.6 log CFU/g) to
      below our detection limit (<=3 MPN/g). Treated seeds were sprouted and tested for
      the presence of pathogens and sprout yield. The final sprout product had no
      detectable pathogens, and total sprout yield was not influenced by any treatment.

PMID- 27357032
TI  - Assessing Transmission of Salmonella to Bovine Peripheral Lymph Nodes upon Horn
      Fly Feeding.
AB  - Biting arthropods are implicated in the transdermal transmission of Salmonella to
      bovine peripheral lymph nodes, and such contamination can contribute to increased
      Salmonella prevalence in processed beef. Since horn flies can acquire Salmonella
      and then excrete the bacteria in their feces, on-animal fly infestations were
      conducted in this study to assess whether horn flies have a role in this
      bacterial transmission. Three Salmonella serotypes were used to assess fly
      acquisition from and excretion onto cattle. The results indicated that flies can
      acquire Salmonella from the hide, as assessed by recovery from homogenates of
      surfacesterilized flies, and that Salmonella persists for at least 5 days in the
      fly. Fly fecal excreta serves as a bacterial contaminant on the hide, and the
      overall mean probable estimate of the quantity shed was ~10(5) most probable
      number per fly cage area. In 5 days, no transmission of the bacteria to bovine
      peripheral lymph nodes was evident, prompting an assessment of the effects of
      prolonged horn fly feeding on transmission. Three groups of animals were infested
      with flies that had consumed a blood meal containing Salmonella Senftenberg.
      After 5 days, the study was either terminated or the flies were removed and the
      cages replenished with unfed flies either once or twice over the course of an 11-
      or 19-day fly exposure period, respectively. A microlancet-inoculated positive
      control animal was included in each group for comparison. The impact of prolonged
      horn fly feeding was evident, as 8% of lymph nodes cultured were positive from
      the 5-day exposure, whereas 50 and 42% were positive from 11- and 19-day
      exposures, respectively. Higher concentrations of Salmonella were recovered from
      fly-infested animals than from the microlancet-inoculated control, likely a
      result of repeated inoculations over time by flies versus a single introduction.
      The data described provide new insights into the transmission dynamics of
      Salmonella in cattle populations, highlighting a role for biting flies as an
      important reservoir.

PMID- 27357033
TI  - Changes in Aerobic Plate and Escherichia coli-Coliform Counts and in Populations
      of Inoculated Foodborne Pathogens on Inshell Walnuts during Storage.
AB  - After harvest, inshell walnuts are dried using low-temperature forced air and are
      then stored in bins or silos for up to 1 year. To better understand the survival
      of bacteria on inshell walnuts, aerobic plate counts (APCs) and Escherichia
      coli?coliform counts (ECCs) were evaluated during commercial storage (10 to 12
      degrees C and 63 to 65% relative humidity) over 9 months. APCs decreased by 1.4
      to 2.0 log CFU per nut during the first 5 months of storage, and ECCs decreased
      by 1.3 to 2.2 log CFU per nut in the first month of storage. Through the
      remaining 4 to 8 months of storage, APCs and ECCs remained unchanged (P > 0.05)
      or decreased by <0.15 log CFU per nut per month. Similar trends were observed on
      kernels extracted from the inshell walnuts. APCs and ECCs were consistently and
      often significantly higher on kernels extracted from visibly broken inshell
      walnuts than on kernels extracted from visibly intact inshell walnuts. Parameters
      measured in this study were used to determine the survival of five-strain
      cocktails of E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella inoculated
      onto freshly hulled inshell walnuts (~8 log CFU/g) after simulated commercial
      drying (10 to 12 h; 40 degrees C) and simulated commercial storage (12 months at
      10 degrees C and 65% relative humidity). Populations declined by 2.86, 5.01, and
      4.40 log CFU per nut for Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes,
      respectively, after drying and during the first 8 days of storage.  Salmonella
      populations changed at a rate of -0.33 log CFU per nut per month between days 8
      and 360, to final levels of 2.83 +/- 0.79 log CFU per nut. E. coli and L.
      monocytogenes populations changed by -0.17 log CFU per nut per month and -0.26
      log CFU per nut per month between days 8 and 360, respectively. For some samples,
      E. coli or L. monocytogenes populations were below the limit of detection by
      plating (0.60 log CFU per nut) by day 183 or 148, respectively; at least one of
      the six samples was positive at each subsequent sampling time by either plating
      or by enrichment.

PMID- 27357034
TI  - Vegetables and Restaurant Salads as a Reservoir for Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia
      coli: Distribution of Virulence Factors, O-Serogroups, and Antibiotic Resistance
      Properties.
AB  - Close contact of vegetables with soil, polluted water, and animal manure and
      unsanitary conditions during processing of restaurant salads led us to study the
      distribution of virulence factors, O-serogroups, and antibiotic resistance
      properties in Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from vegetables
      and salads. Samples of vegetables and salad (n = 420) were collected and
      evaluated for the presence of E. coli using culture and a PCR assay. Total
      prevalence of E. coli in studied samples was 49.5%. E. coli was found in 49.6% of
      vegetable samples and 49% of salad samples. Leek and traditional salad had the
      highest incidence of E. coli. Significant differences in the incidence of E. coli
      were found between the hot and cold seasons. Of the 149 E. coli isolates from
      vegetable samples, 130 (87%) were STEC, and of the 59 E. coli isolates from salad
      samples, 50 (84%) were STEC. The most commonly detected virulence factors were
      stx1 and eaeA. A significant difference was found between the frequency of the
      attaching and effacing and the enterohemorrhagic E. coli subtypes. Serogroups O26
      (46% of isolates), O157 (14%), O121 (10%), and O128 (9%) were the most commonly
      detected serogroups among the STEC strains. The tetA, sul1, aac(3)-IV, dfrA1,
      blaSHV, and CITM antibiotic resistance genes were found in 96, 47.7, 90, 51, 27,
      and 93% of isolates, respectively. The highest levels of resistance were found
      against ampicillin (96.6% of isolates), tetracycline (87%), and gentamicin (90%).
      This study shows the importance of vegetables and salads as potential sources of
      E. coli infection.

PMID- 27357035
TI  - Epidemiological and Microbiological Investigation of an Outbreak of Severe
      Disease from Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 Infection Associated
      with Consumption of a Slaw Garnish.
AB  - Investigating outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in
      England is a priority due to the potential severity of disease. However, there
      are often challenges in investigating outbreaks due to the small numbers of
      cases, poor patient recall, and low levels of bacteria that are challenging to
      detect in food samples using traditional laboratory culture techniques, and
      frequently a source is not identified. In September 2014, we investigated an STEC
      O157 outbreak associated with consuming a slaw garnish, and we report our
      findings here. Twenty confirmed cases were identified. Outbreak cases were
      interviewed, and menus reviewed to identify dishes consumed outside the home.
      Cases shared a history of eating meals at different chain restaurants. Analysis
      of menu items indicated shared consumption of slaw garnishes by 85.6% cases,
      although just 35.7% reported consuming them during interviews. Whole-genome
      sequencing linked cases where interpretation of the multilocus variable number
      tandem repeat analysis profile was obscured and indicated that the strain
      originated from a domestic (i.e., United Kingdom) source. Traceback identified
      that carrots and cabbages grown in the United Kingdom were the likely source of
      infection. Samples of products were examined, but STEC was not recovered.
      Epidemiological investigations linked the outbreak to consumption of a slaw
      garnish, which was poorly recalled by cases, and likely comprised of domestically
      produced raw vegetables. The causative organism was not isolated from food
      samples, and we conclude that future investigations should include sampling of
      animals and wildlife in the vicinity of farms where implicated produce is grown.

PMID- 27357036
TI  - Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase
      Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Healthy Broilers in Shandong Province,
      China.
AB  - Food-producing animals carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing
      Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) have posed a potential threat to human and animal
      health. However, information regarding ESBL-EC in the intensive broiler breeding
      areas of Shandong Province, People's Republic of China, is very limited. The goal
      of our study was to investigate the prevalence and drug resistance
      characteristics of ESBL-EC in healthy broilers from Shandong Province. A total of
      142 ESBL-EC isolates were collected from four prefectures in Shandong Province
      from October 2014 to February 2015. ESBL-EC isolates were frequently detected
      (142 of 160 samples, 88.8%) in healthy broilers. Antibiotic susceptibility
      testing showed that all 142 ESBL-EC isolates were resistant to ampicillin,
      piperacillin, and cefazolin but were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem. All
      ESBL-EC isolates carried one or more of the bla genes, in which blaCTX-M, blaTEM
      1, and blaSHV-5 genes were identified in 142, 106, and 5 isolates, respectively.
      The blaCTX-M gene includes blaCTX-M-15 (56), blaCTX-M-65 (42), blaCTX-M-55 (36),
      blaCTX-M-14 (21), blaCTX-M-79 (1), blaCTX-M-3 (1), blaCTX-M-123 (1), and blaCTX-M
      132 (1). In addition, 17 ESBL-EC isolates cocarried the genes of the CTX-M-1 and
      CTX-M-9 groups. Our findings indicate that healthy broiler flocks in Shandong
      Province in China are an important reservoir for ESBL-EC, with blaCTX-M and
      blaTEM-1 being the prevalent resistance genes identified.

PMID- 27357037
TI  - Effect of Grapefruit Seed Extract on Thermal Inactivation of Listeria
      monocytogenes during Sous-Vide Processing of Two Marinated Mexican Meat Entrees.
AB  - D- and z-values for Listeria monocytogenes were obtained for two Mexican meat
      entrees: pork meat marinated in tomatillo (green tomato) sauce (PTS) and beef
      marinated in a red chili sauce (BRCS), with addition of 0, 200, and 800 ppm of
      grapefruit seed extract (GSE). Meat samples inoculated with L. monocytogenes were
      packaged in sterile bags, immersed in a water bath, and held at 55, 57.5, 60, and
      62.5 degrees C for different periods of time. Depending upon the temperature, D
      values at 0 ppm of GSE ranged from 26.19 to 2.03 min in BRCS and 26.41 to 0.8 min
      in PTS. Adding 800 ppm of GSE to BRCS thermally treated at 55 and 62.5 degrees C
      significantly decreased inactivation time by 35%. A reduction in time of 25.9,
      10.6, and 40.1% at 55, 57.5, and 60 degrees C, respectively, was observed in PTS
      with 800 ppm of GSE. The z-values of L. monocytogenes were not significantly
      affected by GSE addition; average z-values were 7.25 and 5.09 degrees C for BRCS
      and PTS, respectively. Estimated thermal lethality for a 7-D log reduction of L.
      monocytogenes under commercial-size sous-vide conditions at a reference
      temperature of 55 degrees C was reached at 78 and 71 min for BRCS without and
      with 800 ppm of GSE, respectively. For PTS, 7-D reduction was attained at 69 and
      61 min without and with addition of 800 ppm of GSE, respectively. Supplementing
      both Mexican meat entrees (BRCS and PTS) with 800 ppm of GSE rendered L.
      monocytogenes cells more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat. The results of
      this study will assist the retail food industry in designing acceptance limits on
      critical control points pertaining to cooking regimes to effectively eliminate L.
      monocytogenes in BRCS and PTS sous-vide processed Mexican meat entrees.

PMID- 27357038
TI  - Quantifying the Risk of Human Toxoplasma gondii Infection Due to Consumption of
      Domestically Produced Lamb in the United States.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii is a prevalent protozoan parasite worldwide. Human
      toxoplasmosis is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality in the
      United States, and meat products have been identified as an important source of
      T. gondii infections in humans. The goal of this study was to develop a farm-to
      table quantitative microbial risk assessment model to predict the public health
      burden in the United States associated with consumption of U.S. domestically
      produced lamb. T. gondii prevalence in market lambs was pooled from the 2011
      National Animal Health Monitoring System survey, and the concentration of the
      infectious life stage (bradyzoites) was calculated in the developed model. A log
      linear regression and an exponential doseresponse model were used to model the
      reduction of T. gondii during home cooking and to predict the probability of
      infection, respectively. The mean probability of infection per serving of lamb
      was estimated to be 1.5 cases per 100,000 servings, corresponding to ~6,300 new
      infections per year in the U.S. POPULATION: Based on the sensitivity analysis, we
      identified cooking as the most effective method to influence human health risk.
      This study provided a quantitative microbial risk assessment framework for T.
      gondii infection through consumption of lamb and quantified the infection risk
      and public health burden associated with lamb consumption.

PMID- 27357039
TI  - Assessment of Primary Production of Horticultural Safety Management Systems of
      Mushroom Farms in South Africa.
AB  - Growing global consumer concern over food safety in the fresh produce industry
      requires producers to implement necessary quality assurance systems. Varying
      effectiveness has been noted in how countries and food companies interpret and
      implement food safety standards. A diagnostic instrument (DI) for global fresh
      produce industries was developed to measure the compliancy of companies with
      implemented food safety standards. The DI is made up of indicators and
      descriptive grids for context factors and control and assurance activities to
      measure food safety output. The instrument can be used in primary production to
      assess food safety performance. This study applied the DI to measure food safety
      standard compliancy of mushroom farming in South Africa. Ten farms representing
      almost half of the industry farms and more than 80% of production were
      independently assessed for their horticultural safety management system (HSMS)
      compliance via in-depth interviews with each farm's quality assurance personnel.
      The data were processed using Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and are represented in
      frequency tables. The diagnosis revealed that the mushroom farming industry had
      an average food safety output. The farms were implementing an average-toadvanced
      HSMS and operating in a medium-risk context. Insufficient performance areas in
      HSMSs included inadequate hazard analysis and analysis of control points, low
      specificity of pesticide assessment, and inadequate control of suppliers and
      incoming materials. Recommendations to the industry and current shortcomings are
      suggested for realization of an improved industry-wide food safety assurance
      system.

PMID- 27357040
TI  - Microbial Indicator Profiling of Fresh Produce and Environmental Samples from
      Farms and Packing Facilities in Northern Mexico.
AB  - To compare microbiological indicator and pathogen contamination among different
      types of fresh produce and environmental samples along the production chain, 636
      samples of produce (rinsates from cantaloupe melons, jalapeno peppers, and
      tomatoes) and environmental samples (rinsates from hands of workers, soil, and
      water) were collected at four successive steps in the production process (from
      the field before harvest through the packing facility) on 11 farms in northern
      Mexico during 2011 and 2012. Samples were assayed for enteric pathogens
      (Escherichia coli O157:H7, other Shiga toxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, and
      Listeria monocytogenes) and microbial indicators (coliforms, other E. coli
      strains, and Enterococcus spp.). Salmonella was the only pathogen detected; it
      was found in one preharvest jalapeno sample (detection limits: 0.0033 CFU/ml in
      produce and hand samples, 0.0013 CFU/ml in water, and 0.04 CFU/g in soil).
      Microbial indicator profiles for produce, worker hands, and soil from jalapeno
      and tomato farms were similar, but cantaloupe farm samples had higher indicator
      levels (P < 0.05 for all comparisons) on fruit (6.5, 2.8, and 7.2 log CFU per
      fruit) and hands (6.6, 3.1, and 7.1 log CFU per hand) for coliforms, E. coli, and
      Enterococcus, respectively, and lower E. coli levels in soil (<1 CFU/g). In water
      from tomato farms, E. coli indicators were significantly more prevalent (70 to
      89% of samples were positive; P = 0.01 to 0.02), and geometric mean levels were
      higher (0.3 to 0.6 log CFU/100 ml) than those in cantaloupe farm water (32 to 38%
      of samples were positive, geometric mean <1 CFU/100 ml). Microbial indicators
      were present during all production steps, but prevalence and levels were
      generally highest at the final on-farm production step (the packing facility) (P
      < 0.03 for significant comparisons). The finding that microbial contamination on
      produce farms is influenced by produce type and production step can inform the
      design of effective approaches to mitigate microbial contamination.

PMID- 27357041
TI  - Food Safety Practices in the Egg Products Industry.
AB  - We conducted a national census survey of egg product plants (n = 57) to obtain
      information on the technological and food safety practices of the egg products
      industry and to assess changes in these practices from 2004 to 2014. The
      questionnaire asked about operational and sanitation practices, microbiological
      testing practices, food safety training for employees, other food safety issues,
      and plant characteristics. The findings suggest that improvements were made in
      the industry's use of food safety technologies and practices between 2004 and
      2014. The percentage of plants using advanced pasteurization technology and an
      integrated, computerized processing system increased by almost 30 percentage
      points. Over 90% of plants voluntarily use a written hazard analysis and critical
      control point (HACCP) plan to address food safety for at least one production
      step. Further, 90% of plants have management employees who are trained in a
      written HACCP plan. Most plants (93%) conduct voluntary microbiological testing.
      The percentage of plants conducting this testing on egg products before
      pasteurization has increased by almost 30 percentage points since 2004. The
      survey findings identify strengths and weaknesses in egg product plants' food
      safety practices and can be used to guide regulatory policymaking and to conduct
      required regulatory impact analysis of potential regulations.

PMID- 27357042
TI  - Alternative Antimicrobial Commercial Egg Washing Procedures.
AB  - Commercial table eggs are washed prior to packaging. Standard wash procedures use
      an alkaline pH and warm water. If a cool water method could be developed that
      would still provide a microbiologically safe egg, the industry may save energy
      costs associated with water heating. Four wash procedures were evaluated for
      Salmonella reduction: pH 11 at 48.9 degrees C (industry standard), pH 11 at
      ambient temperature (~20 degrees C), pH 6 at 48.9 degrees C, and pH 6 at ambient
      temperature. Alkaline washes contained potassium hydroxide-based detergent, while
      pH 6 washes contained approximately 200 ppm of chlorine and a proprietary
      chlorine stabilizer (T-128). When eggs were inoculated by immersion in a cell
      suspension of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium, all treatments
      resulted in a slight and similar reduction of Salmonella numbers (approximately
      0.77 log CFU/ml of shell emulsion reduction). When eggs were inoculated by
      droplet on the shell surface, Salmonella counts were reduced by approximately 5
      log CFU when washed with chlorine plus the chlorine stabilizer at both
      temperatures and with the alkaline wash at the high temperature. The reductions
      in Salmonella by these treatments were not significantly (P > 0.05) different
      from each other but were significantly (P < 0.05) more than the reduction
      observed for the 20 degrees C alkaline treatment and 20 degrees C control water
      treatments. Ambient temperature acidic washes reduced Salmonella contamination to
      the same degree as the standard pH 11 warm water wash and may be a viable option
      to reduce cost, increase shelf life, and slow pathogen growth in and on shell
      eggs.

PMID- 27357043
TI  - Food Consumption and Handling Survey for Quantitative Microbiological Consumer
      Phase Risk Assessments.
AB  - In the consumer phase of a typical quantitative microbiological risk assessment
      (QMRA), mathematical equations identify data gaps. To acquire useful data we
      designed a food consumption and food handling survey (2,226 respondents) for QMRA
      applications that is especially aimed at obtaining quantitative data. For a broad
      spectrum of food products, the survey covered the following topics: processing
      status at retail, consumer storage, preparation, and consumption. Questions were
      designed to facilitate distribution fitting. In the statistical analysis, special
      attention was given to the selection of the most adequate distribution to
      describe the data. Bootstrap procedures were used to describe uncertainty. The
      final result was a coherent quantitative consumer phase food survey and parameter
      estimates for food handling and consumption practices in The Netherlands,
      including variation over individuals and uncertainty estimates.

PMID- 27357044
TI  - Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Swine in the Eastern Cape Province,
      South Africa.
AB  - The exposure of farm animals to antimicrobials for treatment, prophylaxis, or
      growth promotion can select for resistant bacteria that can be transmitted to
      humans, and Salmonella as an important zoonotic pathogen can act as a potential
      reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants. We assessed the antibiogram
      profiles of Salmonella species isolated from pig herds in two commercial farms in
      South Africa. Two hundred fifty-eight presumptive Salmonella isolates were
      recovered from the fecal samples of 500 adult pigs. Specific primers targeting
      Salmonella serogroups A, B, C1, C2, and D were used to determine the prevalence
      of different serogroups. Only serogroup A (n = 48) was detected, while others
      were not. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the confirmed Salmonella serogroup A
      isolates was performed by using the disk diffusion method against a panel of 18
      antibiotics. All the 48 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and
      oxytetracycline, while 75% were resistant to ampicillin, sulphamethoxazole
      trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and streptomycin. All the isolates exhibited
      multidrug resistance, with the predominant phenotype being against 11
      antibiotics, and multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged between 0.3 and 0.6.
      The incidence of genes encoding resistance against ampicillin (ampC),
      tetracycline (tetA), and streptomycin (strA) were 54, 61, and 44%, respectively.
      We conclude that healthy pigs are potential reservoirs of multidrug-resistant
      Salmonella that could be transmitted to humans through the food chain and, hence,
      a significant public health threat.

PMID- 27357045
TI  - Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus from Raw Fish and Seafood Imported into
      Switzerland.
AB  - A total of 44 samples of salmon, pangasius (shark catfish), shrimps, and oysters
      were tested for the presence of Escherichia coli, enterococci, Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are indicator organisms commonly
      used in programs to monitor antibiotic resistance. The isolated bacterial
      strains, confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight
      mass spectroscopy, were tested against a panel of 29 antimicrobial agents to
      obtain MICs. Across the four sample types, Enterococcus faecalis (59%) was most
      common, followed by E. coli (55%), P. aeruginosa (27%), and S. aureus (9%). All
      bacterial species were resistant to some antibiotics. The highest rates of
      resistance were in E. faecalis to tetracycline (16%), in E. coli to ciprofloxacin
      (22%), and in S. aureus to penicillin (56%). Antibiotic resistance was found
      among all sample types, but salmon and oysters were less burdened than were
      shrimps and pangasius. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were exclusively found
      in shrimps and pangasius: 17% of pangasius samples (MDR E. coli and S. aureus)
      and 64% of shrimps (MDR E. coli, E. faecalis, and S. aureus). Two of these MDR E.
      coli isolates from shrimps (one from an organic sample) were resistant to seven
      antimicrobial agents. Based on these findings, E. coli in pangasius, shrimps, and
      oysters, E. faecalis in pangasius, shrimps, and salmon, and P. aeruginosa in
      pangasius and shrimps are potential candidates for programs monitoring
      antimicrobial resistance. Enrichment methods for the detection of MDR bacteria of
      special public health concern, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus and E.
      coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and carbapenemases, should be
      implemented.

PMID- 27357046
TI  - Higher Storage Temperature Causes Greater Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
      Internal Penetration of Artificially Contaminated, Commercially Available, Washed
      Free Range Eggs.
AB  - Foodborne salmonellosis is a major public health concern, with contaminated eggs
      identified as a significant source of infection. In Australia, the most prevalent
      cause of salmonellosis from eggs is Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar
      Typhimurium. This study explored the effect of temperature after 1, 7, 14, 21,
      and 28 days of storage on commercially available washed free range eggs,
      artificially contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium on the external surface. At
      each time point, the external surface of the egg, the crushed eggshell, and the
      internal egg yolk and albumen were analyzed for Salmonella. After 28 days of
      storage, 25% of eggs stored at 4 degrees C, 50% of eggs stored at 14 degrees C,
      and 100% of eggs stored at 23 and 35 degrees C were internally contaminated with
      Salmonella. After 1 day of storage, more than 50% of all eggs had Salmonella
      present in the crushed shell after the external surface had been disinfected with
      ethanol. This is the first study to demonstrate that refrigeration reduced the
      potential for Salmonella Typhimurium to penetrate the eggshell membrane and
      internally contaminate table eggs commercially available in Australia. It also
      suggests that the processes of cracking eggs may be a source of cross
      contamination within the kitchen.

PMID- 27357047
TI  - Transfer of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Beef to Tomato through
      Kitchen Equipment and the Efficacy of Intermediate Decontamination Procedures.
AB  - It is well established that a high percentage of foodborne illness is caused by
      failure of consumers to prepare food in a hygienic manner. Indeed, a common
      practice in households is to use the same kitchen equipment for both raw meat and
      fresh produce. Such a practice may lead to cross-contamination of fruits and
      vegetables, which are mainly consumed without further processing, with pathogenic
      microorganisms originating from raw meat. The present study was performed to
      examine the transfer of the pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar
      Typhimurium from inoculated beef fillets to tomatoes via contact with high
      density polyethylene (PE), stainless steel (SS), and wooden (WD) surfaces and
      through cutting with SS knives. Furthermore, the following decontamination
      procedures were applied: (i) rinsing with tap water, (ii) scrubbing with tap
      water and liquid dish detergent, and (iii) using a commercial antibacterial
      spray. When surfaces and knives that came into contact with contaminated beef
      fillets were not cleaned prior to handling tomatoes, the lowest level of pathogen
      transfer to tomatoes was observed through PE surfaces. All of the decontamination
      procedures applied were more effective on knives than on surfaces, while among
      the surface materials tested, WD surfaces were the most difficult to
      decontaminate, followed by PE and SS surfaces. Mechanical cleaning with tap water
      and detergent was more efficient in decontaminating WD surfaces than using
      commercial disinfectant spray, followed by rinsing only with water. Specifically,
      reductions of 2.07 and 1.09 log CFU/cm(2) were achieved by washing the WD
      surfaces with water and detergent and spraying the surfaces with an antibacterial
      product, respectively. Although the pathogen's populations on SS and PE surfaces,
      as well as on tomatoes, after both aforementioned treatments were under the
      detection limit, the surfaces were all positive after enrichment, and thus, the
      potential risk of cross-contamination cannot be overlooked. As demonstrated by
      the results of this study, washing or disinfection of kitchen equipment may not
      be sufficient to avoid cross-contamination of ready-to-eat foods with foodborne
      pathogens, depending on the decontamination treatment applied and the material of
      the surfaces treated. Therefore, separate cutting boards and knives should be
      used for processing raw meat and preparing ready-to-eat foods in order to enhance
      food safety.

PMID- 27357048
TI  - Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells Exposed to Lettuce Leaf Lysate in Refrigerated
      Conditions Exhibit Differential Expression of Selected Virulence and Adhesion
      Related Genes with Altered Mammalian Cell Adherence.
AB  - Contamination by and persistence of pathogenic bacteria in ready-to-eat produce
      have emerged as significant food safety and public health concerns. Viable
      produceborne pathogens cope with several stresses (e.g., temperature fluctuations
      and lowtemperature storage) during production and storage of the commodities. In
      this study, we investigated the impact of transient cold shock on Escherichia
      coli O157:H7 (EcO157) cells in a produce matrix (romaine lettuce leaf lysate).
      EcO157 cells were exposed to 25 degrees C for 1 h, 4 degrees C for 1 h, and 4
      degrees C for 10 min in lettuce lysate. The expression of selected genes coding
      for virulence, stress response, and heat and cold shock proteins was quantified
      by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay. Treated EcO157 cells
      adhered to MAC-T mammalian cells were enumerated by in vitro bioassay. Expression
      of the Shiga toxin 1 gene (stx1a) was upregulated significantly (P < 0.05) upon
      cold shock treatments, but virulence genes related to EcO157 attachment (eaeA,
      lpfA, and hcpA) were down-regulated. Two key members of the cold shock regulon,
      cold shock protein (cspA) and gyrA, were significantly induced (P < 0.05) at the
      refrigeration temperature (4 degrees C). Significant upregulation of an SOS
      response gene, recA, was also observed. E. coli heat shock regulon member grpE
      was induced, but a universal stress protein (uspA) was downregulated at the
      refrigeration temperatures in lettuce lysate. The adhesion assay revealed a
      temperature-dependent reduction in the attachment of cold-shocked EcO157 cells.
      The results of the current study indicate a reduction in the attachment of cold
      shocked EcO157 to epithelial cells and higher levels of Shiga toxin gene
      expression at the molecular level.

PMID- 27357049
TI  - Enumeration of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Outbreak-Associated Beef Patties.
AB  - An outbreak of five cases of Escherichia coli O157 infection that occurred in
      Canada in 2012 was linked to frozen beef patties seasoned with garlic and
      peppercorn. Unopened retail packs of beef patties from the implicated production
      lot were recovered and analyzed to enumerate E. coli O157, other E. coli strains,
      and total coliforms. E. coli O157 was not recovered by direct enumeration on
      selective agar media. E. coli O157 in the samples was estimated at 3.1 most
      probable number per 140 g of beef patty, other E. coli was 11 CFU/g, and
      coliforms were 120 CFU/g. These results indicate that the presence of E. coli
      O157 in ground beef at levels below 0.1 CFU/g may cause outbreaks. However, the
      roles of temperature abuse, undercooking, and crosscontamination in amplifying
      the risk are unknown.

PMID- 27357050
TI  - Survey of Deoxynivalenol and Aflatoxin B1 in Instant Noodles and Bread Consumed
      in Thailand by Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - One hundred wheat product samples (50 instant noodle samples and 50 bread
      samples) were collected from supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand. Deoxynivalenol
      (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in these products was analyzed using
      a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The limit of
      quantification values of DON and AFB1 in the instant noodles and bread were 2 and
      1 ng g(-1), respectively. The survey found that DON was quantifiable in 40% of
      collected samples, in 2% of noodles (0.089 MUg g(-1)), and in 78% of breads
      (0.004 to 0.331 MUg g(-1)). AFB1 was below the limit of quantification of the
      method in all of the tested samples. The results suggest that the risk of DON
      exposure via noodles and breads is very low in urban areas of Thailand. No risk
      can be attributable to AFB1 exposure in the same food matrices, but further
      studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these data.

PMID- 27357051
TI  - Persistence and Elimination of Human Norovirus in Food and on Food Contact
      Surfaces: A Critical Review.
AB  - This critical review addresses the persistence of human norovirus (NoV) in water,
      shellfish, and processed meats; on berries, herbs, vegetables, fruits, and
      salads; and on food contact surfaces. The review focuses on studies using NoV;
      information from studies involving only surrogates is not included. It also
      addresses NoV elimination or inactivation by various chemical, physical, or
      processing treatments. In most studies, persistence or elimination was determined
      by detection and quantification of the viral genome, although improved methods
      for determining infectivity have been proposed. NoV persisted for 60 to 728 days
      in water, depending on water source. It also persisted on berries, vegetables,
      and fruit, often showing <1-log reduction within 1 to 2 weeks. NoV was resilient
      on carpets, Formica, stainless steel, polyvinyl chloride, and ceramic surfaces;
      during shellfish depuration; and to repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Copper alloy
      surfaces may inactivate NoV by damaging viral capsids. Disinfection was achieved
      for some foods or food contact surfaces using chlorine, calcium or sodium
      hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, high hydrostatic pressure, high temperatures, pH
      values >8.0, freeze-drying, and UV radiation. Ineffective disinfectants included
      hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, most ethanol-based
      disinfectants, and antiseptics at normally used concentrations. Thorough washing
      of herbs and produce was effective in reducing, but not eliminating, NoV in most
      products. Washing hands with soap generally reduced NoV by <2 log.
      Recommendations for future research needs are provided. 

PMID- 27357052
TI  - Childbirth after surgery for familial adenomatous polyposis in Japan.
AB  - PURPOSE: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic disorder. Some female
      patients with FAP can become pregnant. However, the current state of childbirth
      after surgery for FAP is unclear in Japan. METHODS: The study investigated 303
      patients (147 female) who had undergone surgery for FAP at the 23 institutions
      between 2000 and 2012. RESULTS: Eighty female patients had information available
      on childbirth after surgery for FAP. Eight patients (10 %) gave birth after
      surgery. The mean age at surgery for FAP was 27 (range 20-41) years and 37 years
      in patients with and without childbirth after surgery, respectively (P = 0.044).
      The rate of childbirth after surgery was 17 % in women <=30 years of age and 13 %
      in those <=40 years of age. Although only one patient with invasive cancer (2.9
      %) gave childbirth after surgery, seven patients without cancer (15.6 %) gave
      birth (P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: This study clarified the current state of
      childbirth after surgery for FAP in Japan. It is important to use these data to
      determine the best therapeutic approach for female FAP patients.

PMID- 27357053
TI  - The feasibility and safety of single-incision totally extraperitoneal inguinal
      hernia repair after previous lower abdominal surgery: 350 procedures at a single
      center.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of single-incision laparoscopic
      surgery for totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (SILS-TEP) with
      previous lower abdominal surgery (PLAS). METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 350
      patients undergoing SILS-TEP for a primary inguinal hernia from January 2012 to
      December 2015 at Osaka Police Hospital was performed, and the outcomes of the
      patients with and without PLAS were compared. RESULTS: SILS-TEP was performed in
      84 patients with PLAS and 266 patients without PLAS. Appendectomy was the most
      common previous operative procedure. There were more patients with an ASA score
      of >=3 in the PLAS group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The mean operative
      time, and the rates of conversion and postoperative complications were comparable
      between the two groups. There were no cases of recurrence in either group.
      CONCLUSIONS: SILS-TEP could be safely performed in patients with PLAS and
      achieved better cosmetic outcomes than conventional laparoscopic surgery.

PMID- 27357054
TI  - Dogfish glucagon analogues counter hyperglycaemia and enhance both insulin
      secretion and action in diet-induced obese diabetic mice.
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the antidiabetic actions of three dogfish glucagon peptide
      analogues [known glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor co-agonists] after
      chronic administration in diet-induced high-fat-diet-fed diabetic mice. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: National Institutes of Health Swiss mice were pre-conditioned to a
      high-fat diet (45% fat) for 100 days, and control mice were fed a normal diet
      (10% fat). Normal diet control and high-fat-fed control mice received twice-daily
      intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline injections, while the high-fat-fed treatment groups
      (n = 8) received twice-daily injections of exendin-4(1-39), [S2a]dogfish
      glucagon, [S2a]dogfish glucagon exendin-4(31-39) or [S2a]dogfish glucagon-Lys(30)
      -gamma-glutamyl-PAL (25 nmol/kg body weight) for 51 days. RESULTS: After dogfish
      glucagon analogue treatment, there was a rapid and sustained decrease in non
      fasting blood glucose and an associated insulinotropic effect (analysis of
      variance, p < .05 to <.001) compared with saline-treated high-fat-fed controls.
      All peptide treatments significantly improved i.p. and oral glucose tolerance
      with concomitant increased insulin secretion compared with saline-treated high
      fat-fed controls (p <.05 to <.001). After chronic treatment, no receptor
      desensitization was observed but insulin sensitivity was enhanced for all peptide
      treated groups (p < .01 to <.001) except [S2a]dogfish glucagon. Both exendin-4
      and [S2a]dogfish glucagon exendin-4(31-39) significantly reduced plasma
      triglyceride concentrations compared with those found in lean controls (p = .0105
      and p = .0048, respectively). Pancreatic insulin content was not affected by
      peptide treatments but [S2a]dogfish glucagon and [S2a]dogfish glucagon exendin
      4(31-39) decreased pancreatic glucagon by 28%-34% (p = .0221 and p = .0075,
      respectively). The percentage of beta-cell area within islets was increased by
      exendin-4 and peptide analogue treatment groups compared with high-fat-fed
      controls and the beta-cell area decreased (p < .05 to <.01). CONCLUSIONS:
      Overall, dogfish glucagon co-agonist analogues had several beneficial metabolic
      effects, showing therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 27357055
TI  - Functional Photoacoustic Imaging of Gastric Acid Secretion Using pH-Responsive
      Polyaniline Nanoprobes.
AB  - A stomach functional imaging technique based on photoacoustics achieves
      noninvasive gastric acid secretory assessment utilizing pH-responsive polyaniline
      nanoprobes. A testing protocol mimicking clinical practice is established using a
      mouse model. After imaging, the nanoprobes are excreted outside the body without
      inducing systematic toxicity. Further optimization and translation of this
      technology can help alleviate patients' suffering and side effects. 

PMID- 27357056
TI  - Detailed analysis of the supermarket task included on the Japanese version of the
      Rapid Dementia Screening Test.
AB  - AIM: The supermarket task, which is included in the Japanese version of the Rapid
      Dementia Screening Test, requires the quick (1 min) generation of words for
      things that can be bought in a supermarket. Cluster size and switches are
      investigated during this task. We investigated how the severity of dementia
      related to cluster size and switches on the supermarket task in patients with
      Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: We administered the Japanese version of the Rapid
      Dementia Screening Test to 250 patients with very mild to severe Alzheimer's
      disease and to 49 healthy volunteers. Patients had Mini-Mental State Examination
      scores from 12 to 26 and Clinical Dementia Rating scale scores from 0.5 to 3.
      Patients were divided into four groups based on their Clinical Dementia Rating
      score (0.5, 1, 2, 3). We performed statistical analyses between the four groups
      and control subjects based on cluster size and switch scores on the supermarket
      task. RESULTS: The score for cluster size and switches deteriorated according to
      the severity of dementia. Moreover, for subjects with a Clinical Dementia Rating
      score of 0.5, cluster size was impaired, but switches were intact. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our findings indicate that the scores for cluster size and switches on the
      supermarket task may be useful for detecting the severity of symptoms of dementia
      in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 27357057
TI  - Salt intake and eating habits of school-aged children.
AB  - Salt restriction is important for the prevention and treatment of hypertension;
      however, salt consumption is still high in Japan. Improvements in dietary habits,
      including salt reduction in childhood, may contribute to the prevention of
      hypertension. The aim of the present study was to investigate the salt intake of
      school-aged children and the relationship between their diet diary and actual
      salt intake. The subjects comprised 580 schoolchildren (471 elementary school
      pupils and 109 junior high school pupils) who wanted to evaluate their salt
      intake in Kuji, a northeast coastal area in Japan. We estimated salt intake using
      spot urine samples and a formula. Lifestyle was assessed using a questionnaire.
      We also evaluated the salt intake and the lifestyles of 440 parents. The
      estimated salt intakes of elementary school pupils, junior high school pupils and
      their parents were 7.1+/-1.5, 7.6+/-1.5 and 8.0+/-1.7 g per day, respectively.
      The proportion of lower-grade children who achieved the recommended salt intake
      was low. In the multivariate analysis, the estimated salt intake of school-aged
      children correlated with their age, estimated salt intake of their parents and
      the menu priorities of the household. The estimated salt intake of the parents
      was associated with female gender, obesity, age and the habitual consumption of
      bread and noodles. In conclusion, the estimated salt intake of school-aged
      children positively correlated with the estimated salt intake of their parents,
      and the proportion of lower-grade children who achieved the recommended salt
      intake was low. Guidance on salt restriction for children and their parents may
      reduce the salt intake of school-aged children.

PMID- 27357058
TI  - Relations of body weight status in early adulthood and weight changes until
      middle age with hypertension in the Chinese population.
AB  - We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult participants from the China
      Multicenter Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Epidemiology to explore the
      relationship between early adulthood weight status, body weight change from age
      25 to middle age and hypertension in the Chinese population. Self-reported weight
      was used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) at age 25. The association
      between BMI at age 25, subsequent weight change and hypertension was examined
      using a logistic regression model. Of the 14 635 study participants sampled in
      1998, 3525 were diagnosed with hypertension. After adjusting for age, sex and
      other potential confounding factors, both the BMI at age 25 and weight gain were
      positively associated with the risk of hypertension (P for trend <0.001). Weight
      loss could more effectively reduce the risk of hypertension for participants with
      a higher BMI (BMI?24 kg m-2) at age 25 than for those who experienced a weight
      change of -2.5-2.5 kg. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for a
      weight change of -7.5 to -2.6 kg were 0.63 (0.46-0.86); for a weight change of <
      7.5 kg, these statistics were 0.45 (0.32-0.63). For participants who had a lower
      BMI (18.5-20.9 kg m-2) at age 25, the OR and 95% CI were 0.86 (0.58-1.26) for a
      weight change of -7.5 to -2.6 kg and 0.95 (0.44-2.05) for a weight change of <
      7.5 kg. Being overweight and obesity in early adulthood and adult weight gain
      were both independently associated with marked increase in the risk of
      hypertension in middle-aged men and women. Weight loss may be a protective factor
      against hypertension for people who were overweight or obese in early adulthood.

PMID- 27357060
TI  - Labeling the Stroma of a Patient-Derived Orthotopic Xenograft (PDOX) Mouse Model
      of Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Soft-Tissue Sarcoma With Red Fluorescent Protein
      for Rapid Non-Invasive Imaging for Drug Screening.
AB  - Our laboratory pioneered patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) mouse models
      using surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI). PDOX models are patient-like, in
      contrast to the ectopic subcutaneous-transplant cancer models. In the present
      study, we demonstrate that an undifferentiated pleomorphic soft-tissue sarcoma
      (UPS-STS) PDOX model acquired bright RFP-expressing stroma through one passage in
      red fluorescent protein (RFP) transgenic mice, which upon passage to non-colored
      nude mice was non-invasively imageable. A PDOX nude mouse model of UPS-STS was
      established in the biceps femoris of nude mice. After the tumors grew to a
      diameter of 10 mm, the tumors were subsequently passaged to RFP transgenic mice,
      and after tumor growth were then passaged to non-transgenic nude mice. Tumors
      were divided into small fragments and transplanted in the biceps femoris at each
      passage. The OV100 Small Animal Fluorescence Imaging System and FV1000 laser
      scanning confocal microscope were used to image RFP fluorescence in the UPS-STS
      PDOX models. UPS-STS PDOX tumors, previously grown in RFP transgenic nude mice
      for only one passage, had very bright fluorescence and after passage to non
      transgenic nude mice maintained the bright fluorescence and were non-invasively
      imageable. FV1000 confocal imaging revealed diffusely distributed bright RFP
      stromal cells in the PDOX tumor, both in RFP transgenic mice and after passage to
      non-transgenic mice. These results demonstrate a powerful method to make the PDOX
      UPS-STS model brightly fluorescent for non-invasive imaging, as well as for
      confocal microscopy of individual stromal cells associated with the tumor. The
      RFP-labeled UPS PDOX has the potential to rapidly screen for novel effective
      agents for individual patients, including stroma-targeting drugs, whereby the
      stromal cells are a visual target. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 361-365, 2017. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357061
TI  - The clinical and histopathological characteristics of early-onset basal cell
      carcinoma in Asians.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is by far the most common cancer in white
      populations. In addition, recent reports have demonstrated an increasing
      incidence of BCC in Korea. We have observed a significant number of early-onset
      BCC cases in which the disease occurred in patients younger than 50 years.
      OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of early-onset
      BCC in an Asian population, specifically in Koreans. METHODS: One hundred and
      five patients with early-onset BCC were enrolled from a total of 1047 BCC
      patients who underwent surgery between January 1997 and December 2014 (942
      patients over the age of 50 years were designated as the control group). RESULTS:
      Early-onset BCC accounted for 10.03% of all 1047 cases and the incidence over
      time displayed an incremental trend. The early-onset group displayed similar
      results as the control group, with a predominance of female BCC patients and the
      majority of tumours displaying the following characteristics: small in size,
      occurring in sun-exposed areas and belonging to the noduloulcerative clinical
      subtype and nodular histopathological subtype. In comparison with a previous
      study in a Western population, the incidence of the disease in non-exposed areas
      of the body, as well as the proportion of tumours of the superficial histological
      subtype, were lower in Asian patients. CONCLUSION: Although the
      clinicopathological characteristics of BCC are well-known, these characteristics
      have not been determined for early-onset BCC in an Asian population. Therefore,
      this study is the first report on early-onset BCC in Asians, specifically in a
      Korean patient group.

PMID- 27357059
TI  - Parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries: is this a potential
      clinical target?
AB  - This review aims to summarise the contemporary evidence for the presence and
      function of the parasympathetic innervation of the cerebral circulation with
      emphasis on the vertebral and basilar arteries (the posterior cerebral
      circulation). We consider whether the parasympathetic innervation of blood
      vessels could be used as a means to increase cerebral blood flow. This may have
      clinical implications for pathologies associated with cerebral hypoperfusion such
      as stroke, dementia and hypertension. Relative to the anterior cerebral
      circulation little is known of the origins and neurochemical phenotypes of the
      parasympathetic innervation of the vertebrobasilar arteries. These vessels
      normally provide blood flow to the brainstem and cerebellum but can, via the
      Circle of Willis upon stenosis of the internal carotid arteries, supply blood to
      the anterior cerebral circulation too. We review the multiple types of
      parasympathetic fibres and their distinct transmitter mechanisms and how these
      vary with age, disease and species. We highlight the importance of
      parasympathetic fibres for mediating the vasodilatory response to sympathetic
      activation. Current trials are investigating the possibility of electrically
      stimulating the postganglionic parasympathetic ganglia to improve cerebal blood
      flow to reduce the penumbra following stroke. We conclude that although there are
      substantial gaps in our understanding of the origins of parasympathetic
      innervation of the vertebrobasilar arteries, activation of this system under some
      conditions might bring therapeutic benefits.

PMID- 27357064
TI  - Evaluation of RNA and DNA extraction from liquid-based cytology specimens.
AB  - Molecular diagnosis using DNA and RNA derived from malignant tumors and molecular
      biological tools such as the quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) is a
      commonly used technique in clinical pathology. In this report, we compared the
      qualitative extraction of RNA and DNA from cancer cells fixed using several
      liquid-based cytology (LBC) kits. Ten to 1,000 cells from the T24 urinary bladder
      cancer cell line and SKG-II cervical cancer cell line were fixed with 55%
      methanol and three different methanol-based LBC solutions. The mRNA levels of
      CD44 in T24 cells and E7 in SKG-II cells and DNA levels of p53 in T24 cells and
      E7 in SKG-II cells were analyzed by qPCR. mRNA and DNA extracted from T24 and/or
      SKG-II cells fixed with methanol-based LBC solutions were efficiently detected,
      but to differing degrees, by qPCR. mRNA, and DNA from cells fixed with a
      formaldehyde-containing fixative liquid were detected at significantly low copy
      numbers by qPCR. Our results demonstrate that LBC systems are powerful tools for
      cytopathology and immunocytochemistry applications. However, the appropriate
      fixative must be selected for cell preservation when a small number of LBC
      samples is used for molecular testing, particularly in RNA-based molecular
      analyses. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:833-840. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 27357063
TI  - Sphingosine 1-phosphate induced by hypoxia increases the expression of PAI-1 in
      HepG2 cells via HIF-1alpha.
AB  - Our group has recently reported that in the immortal human HepG2 liver cell line,
      sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) increases transcription of plasminogen activator
      inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), the major physiological inhibitor of fibrinolysis,
      within 4 h. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms
      underlying this effect. PAI-1 expression was measured by reverse transcription
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. It was demonstrated
      that S1P increased PAI-1 promoter activity but did not increase the activity of
      promoters lacking the hypoxia responsive element (HRE) 2. In addition, S1P
      transiently increased the concentration of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha,
      a transcription factor capable of binding to HRE. When HIF-1alpha was knocked
      down, the induction of transcription of PAI-1 by S1P was no longer observed.
      Sphingosine kinase (SPHK) activity is increased by hypoxia. It was demonstrated
      that increases in the concentration of the HIF-1alpha protein induced by hypoxia
      were prevented by treatment with SPHK inhibitor or S1P receptor antagonists.
      Thus, modification of the induction of HIF-1alpha by S1P, leading to increased
      transcription of PAI-1, may be an attractive therapeutic target for thrombosis
      and consequent inhibition of fibrinolysis associated with hypoxia. 

PMID- 27357062
TI  - Activation of Wnt Signaling by Mechanical Loading Is Impaired in the Bone of Old
      Mice.
AB  - Aging diminishes bone formation engendered by mechanical loads, but the mechanism
      for this impairment remains unclear. Because Wnt signaling is required for
      optimal loading-induced bone formation, we hypothesized that aging impairs the
      load-induced activation of Wnt signaling. We analyzed dynamic histomorphometry of
      5-month-old, 12-month-old, and 22-month-old C57Bl/6JN mice subjected to multiple
      days of tibial compression and corroborated an age-related decline in the
      periosteal loading response on day 5. Similarly, 1 day of loading increased
      periosteal and endocortical bone formation in young-adult (5-month-old) mice, but
      old (22-month-old) mice were unresponsive. These findings corroborated mRNA
      expression of genes related to bone formation and the Wnt pathway in tibias after
      loading. Multiple bouts (3 to 5 days) of loading upregulated bone formation
      related genes, e.g., Osx and Col1a1, but older mice were significantly less
      responsive. Expression of Wnt negative regulators, Sost and Dkk1, was suppressed
      with a single day of loading in all mice, but suppression was sustained only in
      young-adult mice. Moreover, multiple days of loading repeatedly suppressed Sost
      and Dkk1 in young-adult, but not in old tibias. The age-dependent response to
      loading was further assessed by osteocyte staining for Sclerostin and LacZ in
      tibia of TOPGAL mice. After 1 day of loading, fewer osteocytes were Sclerostin
      positive and, corroboratively, more osteocytes were LacZ-positive (Wnt active) in
      both 5-month-old and 12-month-old mice. However, although these changes were
      sustained after multiple days of loading in 5-month-old mice, they were not
      sustained in 12-month-old mice. Last, Wnt1 and Wnt7b were the most load
      responsive of the 19 Wnt ligands. However, 4 hours after a single bout of
      loading, although their expression was upregulated threefold to 10-fold in young
      adult mice, it was not altered in old mice. In conclusion, the reduced bone
      formation response of aged mice to loading may be due to failure to sustain Wnt
      activity with repeated loading. (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral
      Research.

PMID- 27357065
TI  - High rate of A2142G point mutation associated with clarithromycin resistance
      among Iranian Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the clarithromycin resistance and its associated
      molecular mechanisms among Helicobacter pylori isolates from dyspeptic patients
      in Shiraz, Iran. From January to May 2014, 100 H. pylori strains were isolated
      from patients with gastroduodenal disorders. The resistance to clarithromycin was
      quantitatively evaluated, using Epsilometer (E-test) method. Polymerase chain
      reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed on all
      the isolates to detect A2143G and A2142G mutations in 23S rRNA gene. The H.
      pylori isolation rate was found to be 31.4%. E-test showed that 20% of isolates
      were resistant to clarithromycin (MIC >= 1 mg/L). MIC of clarithromycin ranged
      between 0.016 and 24 mg/L. Findings of PCR-RFLP showed that the A2142G was the
      most (90%) frequently point mutation, followed by the A2143G (10%). No
      statistically significant difference was found between H. pylori clarithromycin
      resistance point mutations and patients' gender or age. To the best of our
      knowledge, this is the first report of high frequency of A2142G point mutation in
      Iran and probably in other regions of the world. Considering the increasing trend
      of H. pylori resistance to clarithromycin due to these mutations, it is crucial
      to investigate the new therapeutic approaches against H. pylori infection. 

PMID- 27357066
TI  - Diffusion Tensor Imaging to Map Brain Microstructural Changes in CADASIL.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is sensitive to brain
      microstructural changes. The aims of this DTI study were to map voxelwise the
      spatial distribution of brain microstructural changes in patients with cerebral
      autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
      (CADASIL) and to investigate any correlation between DTI-derived indices and
      extension of T2 hyperintensity. METHODS: Eighteen patients with CADASIL and 18
      age-, sex-, and education-level-matched healthy controls underwent magnetic
      resonance imaging at 3 T. Differences in DTI-derived indices (mean diffusivity
      [MD], fractional anisotropy [FA], axial [AD] and radial [RD] diffusivities, and
      mode of anisotropy [MO]) of brain white matter (WM) between CADASIL patients and
      healthy subjects were assessed through tract-based spatial statistics. Then, DTI
      derived indices were correlated with the patient's score on the extended Fazekas
      visual scale of the T2 hyperintensity. RESULTS: When compared to healthy
      controls, CADASIL patients showed extensive symmetric areas of increased MD/RD
      and decreased AD/FA/MO that involved almost the entire hemispheric cerebral WM
      (internal and external capsule, WM of the temporal poles, superior and inferior
      longitudinal fasciculus, inferior frontal-occipital fasciculus, uncinate
      fasciculus, cingulum, forceps major and minor, corticospinal tracts, and thalamic
      radiations), thalami, and corpus callosum. Additional areas of increased RD were
      observed in pons, midbrain, cerebellar peduncles, and cerebellar WM. Only FA was
      negatively correlated with extended Fazekas visual score. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results indicate that brain damage in CADASIL is associated with extensive
      microstructural changes implying impairment of intra- and inter-hemispheric
      cerebral, thalamocortical, and cerebrocerebellar connections. Severity of
      microstructural changes correlates with extension of T2 hyperintensity.

PMID- 27357067
TI  - A resurrection experiment finds evidence of both reduced genetic diversity and
      potential adaptive evolution in the agricultural weed Ipomoea purpurea.
AB  - Despite the negative economic and ecological impact of weeds, relatively little
      is known about the evolutionary mechanisms that influence their persistence in
      agricultural fields. Here, we use a resurrection approach to examine the
      potential for genotypic and phenotypic evolution in Ipomoea purpurea, an
      agricultural weed that is resistant to glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide
      in current-day agriculture. We found striking reductions in allelic diversity
      between cohorts sampled nine years apart (2003 vs. 2012), suggesting that
      populations of this species sampled from agricultural fields have experienced
      genetic bottleneck events that have led to lower neutral genetic diversity.
      Heterozygosity excess tests indicate that these bottlenecks may have occurred
      prior to 2003. A greenhouse assay of individuals sampled from the field as seed
      found that populations of this species, on average, exhibited modest increases in
      herbicide resistance over time. However, populations differed significantly
      between sampling years for resistance: some populations maintained high
      resistance between the sampling years whereas others exhibited increased or
      decreased resistance. Our results show that populations of this noxious weed,
      capable of adapting to strong selection imparted by herbicide application, may
      lose genetic variation as a result of this or other environmental factors. We
      probably uncovered only modest increases in resistance on average between
      sampling cohorts due to a strong and previously identified fitness cost of
      resistance in this species, along with the potential that nonresistant migrants
      germinate from the seed bank.

PMID- 27357068
TI  - Simulated Bench Testing to Evaluate the Mechanical Performance of New Carotid
      Stents.
AB  - Our group recently developed a novel covered carotid stent that can prevent
      emboli while preserving the external carotid artery (ECA) branch blood flow.
      However, our recent in vitro side-branch ECA flow preservation tests on the
      covered stents revealed the need for further stent frame design improvements,
      including the consideration to crimp the stent to a low profile for the delivery
      of the stent system and having bigger cells. Hence, the current work aims to
      design new bare metal stents with bigger cell size to improve the crimpability
      and to accommodate more slits so that the side-branch flow could be further
      increased. Three new stent designs were analyzed using finite element analysis
      and benchmarked against two commercially available carotid stents in terms of
      their mechanical performances such as crimpability, radial strength, and
      flexibility. Results indicated that the new bare metal stent designs matched well
      against the commercial stents. Hence our new generation covered stents based on
      these designs can be expected to perform better in side-branch flow preservation
      without compromising on their mechanical performances.

PMID- 27357069
TI  - Olmutinib: First Global Approval.
AB  - Olmutinib (Olita(TM)) is an oral, third-generation epidermal growth factor
      receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) that is being developed by
      Boehringer Ingelheim and Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd for the treatment of non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Third-generation EGFR TKIs with covalent binding
      to the receptors demonstrate irreversible enzymatic inhibition of activating EGFR
      mutations and T790M mutation (a common reason for acquired EGFR TKI resistance),
      while sparing wild-type EGFR. In December 2015, olmutinib was granted
      breakthrough therapy designation in NSCLC by the US FDA. In May 2016, olmutinib
      received its first global approval in South Korea for the treatment of patients
      with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR T790M mutation-positive NSCLC. This
      article summarizes the milestones in the development of olmutinib leading to this
      first approval. 

PMID- 27357070
TI  - Homolytic Cleavage of Both Heme-Bound Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrogen Sulfide
      Leads to the Formation of Sulfheme.
AB  - Many heme-containing proteins with a histidine in the distal E7 (HisE7) position
      can form sulfheme in the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and a reactive oxygen
      species such as hydrogen peroxide. For reasons unknown, sulfheme derivatives are
      formed specifically on solvent-excluded heme pyrrole B. Sulfhemes severely
      decrease the oxygen-binding affinity in hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb). Here,
      use of hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical methods has permitted
      characterization of the entire process of sulfheme formation in the HisE7 mutant
      of hemoglobin I (HbI) from Lucina pectinata. This process includes a mechanism
      for H2S to enter the solvent-excluded active site through a hydrophobic channel
      to ultimately form a hydrogen bond with H2O2 bound to Fe(III). Proton transfer
      from H2O2 to His64 to form compound (Cpd) 0, followed by hydrogen transfer from
      H2S to the Fe(III)-H2O2 complex, results in homolytic cleavage of the O-O and S-H
      bonds to form a reactive thiyl radical (HS(*)), ferryl heme Cpd II, and a water
      molecule. Subsequently, the addition of HS(*) to Cpd II, followed by three proton
      transfer reactions, results in the formation of a three-membered ring ferric
      sulfheme that avoids migration of the radical to the protein matrix, in contrast
      to that in other peroxidative reactions. The transformation of this three
      membered episulfide ring structure to the five-membered thiochlorin ring
      structure occurs through a significant potential energy barrier, although both
      structures are nearly isoenergetic. Both three- and five-membered ring structures
      reveal longer NB-Fe(III) bonds compared with other pyrrole nitrogen-Fe(III)
      bonds, which would lead to decreased oxygen binding. Overall, these results are
      in agreement with a wide range of experimental data and provide fertile ground
      for further investigations of sulfheme formation in other heme proteins and
      additional effects of H2S on cell signaling and reactivity.

PMID- 27357071
TI  - [Update on the cutaneous neurobiology of pruritus].
AB  - The pathogenesis of chronic and acute pruritus is not yet completely understood.
      Interactions of neurons with resident and nonresident skin cells seem to play an
      important role in the regulation of pruritus. Neuronal cells which express
      specific receptors and are capable of releasing neuromediators play an active
      role in this interaction. Furthermore, released neuromediators can activate
      immune cells including mast cells and eosinophils, which are increased in the
      inflammatory infiltrate of many pruritic skin diseases. Mast cells and
      eosinophils express receptors for neuromediators themselves. In addition, they
      can release neurotrophins including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines including interleukin (IL)-31 which
      correlate with disease activity in patients with inflammatory skin diseases
      including atopic dermatitis and induce neuronal outgrowth. In part, a correlation
      of these mediators has also been described with pruritus. Although the interplay
      between transient and resident cells in the skin with peripheral nerves, mast
      cells, and eosinophils plays an important role in the mutual activation, the
      neurobiological mechanisms that lead to pruritus are not completely clear yet. 

PMID- 27357072
TI  - Opportunities and challenges for implementing cost accounting systems in the
      Kenyan health system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low- and middle-income countries need to sustain efficiency and
      equity in health financing on their way to universal health care coverage.
      However, systems meant to generate quality economic information are often
      deficient in such settings. We assessed the feasibility of streamlining cost
      accounting systems within the Kenyan health sector to illustrate the pragmatic
      challenges and opportunities. DESIGN: We reviewed policy documents, and conducted
      field observations and semi-structured interviews with key informants in the
      health sector. We used an adapted Human, Organization and Technology fit (HOT
      fit) framework to analyze the components and standards of a cost accounting
      system. RESULTS: Among the opportunities for a viable cost accounting system, we
      identified a supportive broad policy environment, political will, presence of a
      national data reporting architecture, good implementation experience with
      electronic medical records systems, and the availability of patient clinical and
      resource use data. However, several practical issues need to be considered in the
      design of the system, including the lack of a framework to guide the costing
      process, the lack of long-term investment, the lack of appropriate incentives for
      ground-level staff, and a risk of overburdening the current health management
      information system. CONCLUSION: To facilitate the implementation of cost
      accounting into the health sector, the design of any proposed system needs to
      remain simple and attuned to the local context.

PMID- 27357073
TI  - Effect modification in the temperature extremes by mortality subgroups among the
      tropical cities of the Philippines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Temperature-mortality relationships have been extensively probed with
      varying temperature range but with relatively similar patterns and in some
      instances are being modified by specific mortality groups such as causes of
      mortality, sex, and age. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the risk
      attributions in the extreme temperatures and also identified the risks associated
      with the various mortality subgroups. DESIGN: We used the 2006-2010 daily average
      meteorological and daily mortality variables from the Philippine Atmospheric
      Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration and Philippine Statistics
      Authority-National Statistics Office, respectively. Mortality data were divided
      according to cause (cardiovascular and respiratory), sex, and age (0-14 years, 15
      64 years, and >64 years). We performed a two-stage analysis to estimate the
      extreme temperature effects stratified by the different mortality subgroups to
      observe the effect modification. RESULTS: In the pooled analysis, greater risks
      were observed in the extreme high temperature (99th temperature percentile; RR
      (relative risk)=2.48 CI: 1.55-3.98) compared to the extreme low temperature (1st
      temperature percentile; RR=1.23 CI: 0.88-1.72). Furthermore, effect modification
      by mortality subgroups was evident, especially higher risks for extreme
      temperatures with respiratory-related diseases, women, and elderly. CONCLUSIONS:
      Both sex and age were found to effect modify the risks in extreme temperatures of
      tropical cities; hence, health-related policies should take these risk variations
      into consideration to create strategies with respect to the risk population.

PMID- 27357074
TI  - The START Study to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination intervention
      package to enhance antiretroviral therapy uptake and retention during TB
      treatment among TB/HIV patients in Lesotho: rationale and design of a mixed
      methods, cluster-randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) early during tuberculosis
      (TB) treatment increases survival; however, implementation is suboptimal.
      Implementation science studies are needed to identify interventions to address
      this evidence-to-program gap. OBJECTIVE: The Start TB Patients on ART and Retain
      on Treatment (START) Study is a mixed-methods, cluster-randomized trial aimed at
      evaluating the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability of a
      combination intervention package (CIP) to improve early ART initiation,
      retention, and TB treatment success among TB/HIV patients in Berea District,
      Lesotho. DESIGN: Twelve health facilities were randomized to receive the CIP or
      standard of care after stratification by facility type (hospital or health
      center). The CIP includes nurse training and mentorship, using a clinical
      algorithm; transport reimbursement and health education by village health workers
      (VHW) for patients and treatment supporters; and adherence support using text
      messaging and VHW. Routine data were abstracted for all newly registered TB/HIV
      patients; anticipated sample size was 1,200 individuals. A measurement cohort of
      TB/HIV patients initiating ART was recruited; the target enrollment was 384
      individuals, each to be followed for the duration of TB treatment (6-9 months).
      Inclusion criteria were HIV-infected; on TB treatment; initiated ART within 2
      months of TB treatment initiation; age >=18; English- or Sesotho-speaking; and
      capable of informed consent. The exclusion criterion was multidrug-resistant TB.
      Three groups of key informants were recruited from intervention clinics: early
      ART initiators; non/late ART initiators; and health care workers. Primary
      outcomes include ART initiation, retention, and TB treatment success. Secondary
      outcomes include time to ART initiation, adherence, change in CD4+ count, sputum
      smear conversion, cost-effectiveness, and acceptability. Follow-up and data
      abstraction are complete. DISCUSSION: The START Study evaluates a CIP targeting
      barriers to early ART implementation among TB/HIV patients. If the CIP is found
      effective and acceptable, this study has the potential to inform care for TB/HIV
      patients in high-burden, resource-limited countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID- 27357075
TI  - Modeling solutions to Tanzania's physician workforce challenge.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a great need for physicians in Tanzania. In 2012, there were
      approximately 0.31 physicians per 10,000 individuals nationwide, with a lower
      ratio in the rural areas, where the majority of the population resides. In
      response, universities across Tanzania have greatly increased the enrollment of
      medical students. Yet evidence suggests high attrition of medical graduates to
      other professions and emigration from rural areas where they are most needed.
      OBJECTIVE: To estimate the future number of physicians practicing in Tanzania and
      the potential impact of interventions to improve retention, we built a model that
      tracks medical students from enrollment through clinical practice, from 1990 to
      2025. DESIGN: We designed a Markov process with 92 potential states capturing the
      movement of 25,000 medical students and physicians from medical training through
      employment. Work possibilities included clinical practice (divided into rural or
      urban, public or private), non-clinical work, and emigration. We populated and
      calibrated the model using a national 2005/2006 physician mapping survey, as well
      as graduation records, graduate tracking surveys, and other available data.
      RESULTS: The model projects massive losses to clinical practice between 2016 and
      2025, especially in rural areas. Approximately 56% of all medical school students
      enrolled between 2011 and 2020 will not be practicing medicine in Tanzania in
      2025. Even with these losses, the model forecasts an increase in the physician-to
      population ratio to 1.4 per 10,000 by 2025. Increasing the absorption of recent
      graduates into the public sector and/or developing a rural training track would
      ameliorate physician attrition in the most underserved areas. CONCLUSIONS:
      Tanzania is making significant investments in the training of physicians. Without
      linking these doctors to employment and ensuring their retention, the majority of
      this investment in medical education will be jeopardized.

PMID- 27357076
TI  - Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Amidation of Unactivated Alkyl Bromides.
AB  - A user-friendly, nickel-catalyzed reductive amidation of unactivated primary,
      secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides with isocyanates is described. This
      catalytic strategy offers an efficient synthesis of a wide range of aliphatic
      amides under mild conditions and with an excellent chemoselectivity profile while
      avoiding the use of stoichiometric and sensitive organometallic reagents.

PMID- 27357077
TI  - Always on my mind: Headache in children.

PMID- 27357078
TI  - An improved spreadsheet for calculating limb length discrepancy and
      epiphysiodesis timing using the multiplier method.
AB  - PURPOSE: The multiplier method is a technique to predict limb length discrepancy
      (LLD) at maturity in pediatric patients. Various tools have been developed for
      performing the multiplier calculations to predict LLD and timing of
      epiphysiodesis. These include multiplier/growth applications (apps) and a
      spreadsheet which have helped to facilitate LLC calculations in an efficient and
      easy manner. We have updated the spreadsheet to improve features for making LLD
      calculations and facilitate pasting data into electronic medical records (EMRs).
      METHODS: Tools currently in use were critically examined for features that
      limited their function, created possible sources of error or could be more user
      friendly. These features were modified and recreated in an improved Excel
      spreadsheet that uses patient age, sex, limb lengths, and previous lengthening
      surgeries as inputs to predict LLD at maturity and offer options for timing of
      epiphysiodesis for both congenital and developmental LLD. Our multiplier
      spreadsheet function was then compared to manual calculations and other
      multiplier tools for accuracy and ease of use. RESULTS: Our spreadsheet
      accurately calculates LLD at maturity and timing of epiphysiodesis when compared
      to other methods. It contains a function to calculate predicted leg lengths after
      previous lengthenings, and concise single-page worksheets for developmental LLD,
      congenital LLD, and height prediction. CONCLUSIONS: This spreadsheet was
      developed to provide a more efficient and user-friendly method of calculating LLD
      at maturity and timing of epiphysiodesis. It can easily be pasted into the EMR
      for ease of documentation. We recommend this method for both clinical practice
      and educational use.

PMID- 27357079
TI  - Novel insights from quantitative imaging of the developing cerebellum.
AB  - There is increasing evidence that points to the central role of the cerebellum in
      many areas of human behaviour - in health and in illness. The findings reviewed
      here shed further light on the developmental vulnerability of cerebellar cell
      types, and highlight the new imaging techniques being used in this research. This
      article reviews some new advances in our understanding of the normal cerebellar
      growth trajectory, and how this may become disturbed by pathological processes.
      Cerebellar development is now being implicated in many conditions, from autism
      and other neuropsychiatric disorders to diabetes.

PMID- 27357080
TI  - Functional Diversity as a New Framework for Understanding the Ecology of an
      Emerging Generalist Pathogen.
AB  - Emerging infectious disease outbreaks are increasingly suspected to be a
      consequence of human pressures exerted on natural ecosystems. Previously, host
      taxonomic communities have been used as indicators of infectious disease
      emergence, and the loss of their diversity has been implicated as a driver of
      increased presence. The mechanistic details in how such pathogen-host systems
      function, however, may not always be explained by taxonomic variation or loss.
      Here we used machine learning and methods based on Gower's dissimilarity to
      quantify metrics of invertebrate functional diversity, in addition to functional
      groups and their taxonomic diversity at sites endemic and non-endemic for the
      model generalist pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli
      ulcer. Changes in these metrics allowed the rapid categorisation of the
      ecological niche of the mycobacterium's hosts and the ability to relate specific
      host traits to its presence in aquatic ecosystems. We found that taxonomic
      diversity of hosts and overall functional diversity loss and evenness had no
      bearing on the mycobacterium's presence, or whether the site was in an endemic
      area. These findings, however, provide strong evidence that generalist
      environmentally persistent bacteria such as M. ulcerans can be associated with
      specific functional traits rather than taxonomic groups of organisms, increasing
      our understanding of emerging disease ecology and origin.

PMID- 27357081
TI  - Ecosystem Services Connect Environmental Change to Human Health Outcomes.

PMID- 27357082
TI  - Methylmercury and Total Mercury in Eels, Anguilla anguilla, from Lakes in
      Northeastern Poland: Health Risk Assessment.
AB  - In the aquatic environment, mercury is readily methylated into its most toxic
      form of methylmercury. In this form, it enters the aquatic food chain and its
      concentrations increase in subsequent links, which decreases the quality of fish
      meat and poses risks to consumer health. Concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg)
      and total mercury (THg) were determined in the muscle tissues of 64 eel specimens
      measuring from 59 to 95 cm in length as functions of specimen size and weight.
      Risks posed to consumers by eel from different length classes were also assessed.
      The mean concentration of THg in all of the eel examined was 0.179 mg kg-1, but
      the range was from 0.028 to 0.487 mg kg-1. The mean concentration of MeHg was
      0.147 mg kg-1, and the range was also wide from 0.023 to 0.454 mg kg-1.
      Accumulated MeHg and THg increased with eel body length. The percentage share of
      MeHg in THg also changed with specimen length, and there was a positive
      correlation between the concentrations of MeHg and THg. Risk assessment was
      performed based on the doses of THg and MeHg ingested with fish for several
      specimen length classes. Consuming the meat of eel measuring 80 cm in length
      increased the estimated weekly intake (EWI) of THg and MeHg twofold in comparison
      to that from specimens 60 cm in length and fourfold in specimens exceeding 90 cm
      in length. The percentage shares of the EWI in the tolerable weekly intake and
      the target hazard quotient coefficient also increased proportionally. Generally,
      concentrations of MeHg and THg in eel are below current limits and pose no risk
      to consumer health as long as the consumption of larger specimens is avoided.

PMID- 27357085
TI  - Enhancing antitumor activity of silver nanoparticles by modification with cell
      penetrating peptides.
AB  - Recently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been used for cancer treatment. To
      achieve a successful anticancer activity, AgNP needs to be delivered sufficiently
      to the cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are small cationic peptides that
      have ability to transport various cargos across cell membranes. In this study, a
      strategy was developed for cancer treatment, where AgNP modified with CPPs
      displayed dramatically antitumor activity in MCF-7 cell lines. Peptides-modified
      AgNPs showed significant enhancement in killing tumor cells by increasing the
      uptake of AgNP into cell lines and could be a new class of nano-drug for cancer
      treatment.

PMID- 27357084
TI  - Long Term Complications in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients: What Every
      Pediatrician Should Know.
AB  - The outcomes of liver transplantation in the pediatric population have improved
      significantly over the past two decades. As long-term survival improves,
      potential complications related to immunosuppression, delayed growth and
      development, and metabolic issues have started to be seen more commonly in long
      term survivors. Hence, general pediatricians should to be aware of these
      potential complications in order to optimize the medical care and the quality of
      life for children with liver transplantation.

PMID- 27357086
TI  - Histopathological Findings in Brains of Patients Who Died in the Acute Stage of
      Poor-grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
AB  - Patients with poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are likely to
      die due to irreversible acute-stage primary brain damage. However, the
      mechanism(s) and pathology responsible for their high mortality rate remain
      unclear. We report our findings on the brains of individuals who died in the
      acute stage of SAH. An autopsy was performed on the brains of 11 SAH patients
      (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade 5) who died within 3 days of
      admission and who did not receive respiratory assistance. All brains were free of
      intracranial hematoma and hydrocephalus; all harbored ruptured aneurysms. In all
      brains, multiple infarcts with perifocal edema were scattered throughout the
      cortex and subcortical white matter of the whole brain. Infarcts with a patchy -
      were more often seen than infarcts with a wedge-shaped pattern. Microscopic
      examination revealed multiple areas with cytotoxic edema and neuronal death
      indicative of acute ischemic changes. Edema and congestion were more obvious in
      areas where the subarachnoid clot tightly adhered to the pia mater.
      Pathologically, the brains of deceased patients with acute poor-grade SAH were
      characterized by edema and multifocal infarcts spread throughout the whole brain;
      they were thought to be attributable to venous ischemia. Diffuse disturbance in
      venous drainage attributable to an abrupt increase in the intracranial pressure
      and focal disturbances due to tight adhesion of the subarachnoid clot to the pia
      mater, may contribute strongly to irreversible brain damage in the acute stage of
      SAH.

PMID- 27357083
TI  - CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase interacts with fragile X related protein
      1.
AB  - Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), fragile X related 1 protein (FXR1P)
      and FXR2P are the members of the FMR protein family. These proteins contain two
      KH domains and a RGG box, which are characteristic of RNA binding proteins. The
      absence of FMRP, causes fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading cause of hereditary
      mental retardation. FXR1P is expressed throughout the body and important for
      normal muscle development, and its absence causes cardiac abnormality. To
      investigate the functions of FXR1P, a screen was performed to identify FXR1P
      interacting proteins and determine the biological effect of the interaction. The
      current study identified CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (CMAS) as an
      interacting protein using the yeast two-hybrid system, and the interaction
      between FXR1P and CMAS was validated in yeast using a beta-galactosidase assay
      and growth studies with selective media. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation was
      used to analyze the FXR1P/CMAS association and immunofluorescence microscopy was
      performed to detect expression and intracellular localization of the proteins.
      The results of the current study indicated that FXR1P and CMAS interact, and
      colocalize in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of HEK293T and HeLa cells.
      Accordingly, a fragile X related 1 (FXR1) gene overexpression vector was
      constructed to investigate the effect of FXR1 overexpression on the level of
      monosialotetrahexosylganglioside 1 (GM1). The results of the current study
      suggested that FXR1P is a tissue-specific regulator of GM1 levels in SH-SY5Y
      cells, but not in HEK293T cells. Taken together, the results initially indicate
      that FXR1P interacts with CMAS, and that FXR1P may enhance the activation of
      sialic acid via interaction with CMAS, and increase GM1 levels to affect the
      development of the nervous system, thus providing evidence for further research
      into the pathogenesis of FXS. 

PMID- 27357087
TI  - Results From 10 Years of Interprofessional Training on Motivational Interviewing.
AB  - Motivational interviewing (MI) is a popular evidence-based method to support
      health behavior change. We examined evaluations from 10 years of
      interprofessional workshops on MI to identify trends in trainees' MI-related
      knowledge, attitude, and behavior. From 2006 to 2015, 394 trainees participated
      in continuing education MI workshops with our team and completed a validated
      posttraining questionnaire. Participants were 90% female and 66% White, with M =
      12 years in practice. They worked in pediatric and adult care; urban and rural
      locations; and inpatient, outpatient, and nonhealth settings. The largest groups
      were nurses (20%), allied health professionals (20%), and health educators or
      case managers (15%). Trainees' professional diversity increased over time, their
      average age and years in practice decreased, and the percentage with prior MI
      training increased. Practitioners in telehealth and nonhealth settings had lower
      scores overall. Outcomes varied significantly by professional discipline: Mental
      health professionals, case managers, health educators, and nurses had higher
      scores on some outcome variables than nonhealth professionals. Years of clinical
      experience predicted MI-consistent attitude, but prior training, other
      demographic variables, and training process variations had no consistent effects.
      Although many trainees had already received MI training, outcome measures showed
      room for improvement. MI presents continued opportunities for interprofessional
      education.

PMID- 27357088
TI  - Mirror Mirror on the Wall, Which Is the Most Convincing of Them All? Exploring
      Anti-Domestic Violence Posters.
AB  - Although domestic abuse of women by men has received significant media, police,
      and research attention, domestic violence directed toward men has been
      marginalized across the board and is still rarely treated seriously. The purpose
      of this research, then, is to examine and compare different anti-domestic
      violence messages in which the abuser's gender is not always clear. In Study 1,
      200 U.K. participants (100 females and 100 males, aged 18-67, M = 28.98, SD =
      9.613) evaluated posters that varied across three levels; in that the subject
      (male or female) was depicted as being silenced, bruised, or experiencing live
      abuse. The results showed that the posters featuring female victims were all
      rated as more effective than posters showing male victims. In Study 2, 140
      different U.K. participants (95 females; 45 males) aged 18 to 59 (M = 27.27, SD =
      10.662) evaluated the cartoon facial images of Disney characters who had been
      altered to look like victims of violence and real-life corresponding photos of
      human models. The results showed that the realistic posters were found to be more
      believable, emotional, and effective than the cartoons. The implications of such
      perceptions are discussed.

PMID- 27357090
TI  - Spot urine sodium measurements do not accurately estimate dietary sodium intake
      in chronic kidney disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sodium intake influences blood pressure and proteinuria, yet the
      impact on long-term outcomes is uncertain in chronic kidney disease (CKD).
      Accurate assessment is essential for clinical and public policy recommendations,
      but few large-scale studies use 24-h urine collections. Recent studies that used
      spot urine sodium and associated estimating equations suggest that they may
      provide a suitable alternative, but their accuracy in patients with CKD is
      unknown. OBJECTIVE: We compared the accuracy of 4 equations [the Nerbass,
      INTERSALT (International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood
      Pressure), Tanaka, and Kawasaki equations] that use spot urine sodium to estimate
      24-h sodium excretion in patients with moderate to advanced CKD. DESIGN: We
      evaluated the accuracy of spot urine sodium to predict mean 24-h urine sodium
      excretion over 9 mo in 129 participants with stage 3-4 CKD. Spot morning urine
      sodium was used in 4 estimating equations. Bias, precision, and accuracy were
      assessed and compared across each equation. RESULTS: The mean age of the
      participants was 67 y, 52% were female, and the mean estimated glomerular
      filtration rate was 31 +/- 9 mL . min(-1) . 1.73 m(-2) The mean +/- SD number of
      24-h urine collections was 3.5 +/- 0.8/participant, and the mean 24-h sodium
      excretion was 168.2 +/- 67.5 mmol/d. Although the Tanaka equation demonstrated
      the least bias (mean: -8.2 mmol/d), all 4 equations had poor precision and
      accuracy. The INTERSALT equation demonstrated the highest accuracy but derived an
      estimate only within 30% of mean measured sodium excretion in only 57% of
      observations. Bland-Altman plots revealed systematic bias with the Nerbass,
      INTERSALT, and Tanaka equations, underestimating sodium excretion when intake was
      high. CONCLUSION: These findings do not support the use of spot urine specimens
      to estimate dietary sodium intake in patients with CKD and research studies
      enriched with patients with CKD. The parent data for this study come from a
      clinical trial that was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00785629.

PMID- 27357091
TI  - Schooling and wage income losses due to early-childhood growth faltering in
      developing countries: national, regional, and global estimates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The growth of >300 million children <5 y old was mildly, moderately,
      or severely stunted worldwide in 2010. However, national estimates of the human
      capital and financial losses due to growth faltering in early childhood are not
      available. OBJECTIVE: We quantified the economic cost of growth faltering in
      developing countries. DESIGN: We combined the most recent country-level estimates
      of linear growth delays from the Nutrition Impact Model Study with estimates of
      returns to education in developing countries to estimate the impact of early-life
      growth faltering on educational attainment and future incomes. Primary outcomes
      were total years of educational attainment lost as well as the net present value
      of future wage earnings lost per child and birth cohort due to growth faltering
      in 137 developing countries. Bootstrapped standard errors were computed to
      account for uncertainty in modeling inputs. RESULTS: Our estimates suggest that
      early-life growth faltering in developing countries caused a total loss of 69.4
      million y of educational attainment (95% CI: 41.7 million, 92.6 million y) per
      birth cohort. Educational attainment losses were largest in South Asia (27.6
      million y; 95% CI: 20.0 million, 35.8 million y) as well as in Eastern (10.3
      million y; 95% CI: 7.2 million, 12.9 million y) and Western sub-Saharan Africa
      (8.8 million y; 95% CI: 6.4 million, 11.5 million y). Globally, growth faltering
      in developing countries caused a total economic cost of $176.8 billion (95% CI:
      $100.9 billion, $262.6 billion)/birth cohort at nominal exchange rates, and
      $616.5 billion (95% CI: $365.3 billion, $898.9 billion) at purchasing power
      parity-adjusted exchange rates. At the regional level, economic costs were
      largest in South Asia ($46.6 billion; 95% CI: $33.3 billion, $61.1 billion),
      followed by Latin America ($44.7 billion; 95% CI: $19.2 billion, $74.6 billion)
      and sub-Saharan Africa ($34.2 billion; 95% CI: $24.4 billion, $45.3 billion).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the annual cost of early-childhood growth
      faltering is substantial. Further investment in scaling up effective
      interventions in this area is urgently needed and likely to yield long run
      benefits of $3 for every $1 invested.

PMID- 27357089
TI  - Prediagnostic selenium status and hepatobiliary cancer risk in the European
      Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selenium status is suboptimal in many Europeans and may be a risk
      factor for the development of various cancers, including those of the liver and
      biliary tract. OBJECTIVE: We wished to examine whether selenium status in advance
      of cancer onset is associated with hepatobiliary cancers in the EPIC (European
      Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) study. DESIGN: We assessed
      prediagnostic selenium status by measuring serum concentrations of selenium and
      selenoprotein P (SePP; the major circulating selenium transfer protein) and
      examined the association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; n = 121),
      gallbladder and biliary tract cancers (GBTCs; n = 100), and intrahepatic bile
      duct cancer (IHBC; n = 40) risk in a nested case-control design within the EPIC
      study. Selenium was measured by total reflection X-ray fluorescence, and SePP was
      determined by a colorimetric sandwich ELISA. Multivariable ORs and 95% CIs were
      calculated by using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: HCC and GBTC cases,
      but not IHBC cases, showed significantly lower circulating selenium and SePP
      concentrations than their matched controls. Higher circulating selenium was
      associated with a significantly lower HCC risk (OR per 20-MUg/L increase: 0.41;
      95% CI: 0.23, 0.72) but not with the risk of GBTC or IHBC. Similarly, higher SePP
      concentrations were associated with lowered HCC risk only in both the categorical
      and continuous analyses (HCC: P-trend <= 0.0001; OR per 1.5-mg/L increase: 0.37;
      95% CI: 0.21, 0.63). CONCLUSION: These findings from a large prospective cohort
      provide evidence that suboptimal selenium status in Europeans may be associated
      with an appreciably increased risk of HCC development.

PMID- 27357092
TI  - Vitamin D status is associated with uteroplacental dysfunction indicated by pre
      eclampsia and small-for-gestational-age birth in a large prospective pregnancy
      cohort in Ireland with low vitamin D status.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Associations between vitamin D and pregnancy outcomes have been
      inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We described the distribution of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3
      [25(OH)D3], 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and 25(OH)D2 in early pregnancy and investigated
      associations with pre-eclampsia and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth, which
      are indicative of uteroplacental dysfunction. DESIGN: The SCOPE (Screening for
      Pregnancy Endpoints) Ireland prospective pregnancy cohort study included 1768
      well-characterized low-risk, nulliparous women resident at 52 degrees N. Serum
      25(OH)D3, 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and 25(OH)D2 were quantified at 15 wk of gestation with
      the use of a CDC-accredited liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
      method. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD total 25(OH)D concentration was 56.7 +/- 25.9
      nmol/L, and 17% and 44% of women had 25(OH)D concentrations <30 and <50 nmol/L,
      respectively. The prevalence of pre-eclampsia was 3.8%, and 10.7% of infants were
      SGA. There was a lower risk of pre-eclampsia plus SGA combined (13.6%) at 25(OH)D
      concentrations >75 nmol/L (adjusted OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.96). The main
      predictors of 25(OH)D were the use of vitamin D-containing supplements (adjusted
      mean difference: 20.1 nmol/L; 95% CI: 18.5, 22.7 nmol/L) and summer sampling
      (adjusted mean difference: 15.5 nmol/L; 95% CI: 13.4, 17.6 nmol/L). Non-Caucasian
      ethnicity (adjusted mean difference: -19.3 nmol/L; 95% CI: -25.4, -13.2 nmol/L)
      and smoking (adjusted mean difference: -7.0 nmol/L; 95% CI: -10.5, -3.6 nmol/L)
      were negative predictors of 25(OH)D. The mean +/- SD concentration of 3-epi
      25(OH)D3, which was detectable in 99.9% of samples, was 2.6 +/- 1.6 nmol/L.
      Determinants of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 were 25(OH)D3 (adjusted mean difference: 0.052
      nmol/L; 95% CI: 0.050, 0.053 nmol/L) and maternal age (adjusted mean difference: 
      0.018 nmol/L; 95% CI: -0.026, -0.009 nmol/L). The mean +/- SD concentration of
      25(OH)D2 was 3.1 +/- 2.7 nmol/L, which was present in all samples. No adverse
      effects of 25(OH)D concentrations >125 nmol/L were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In the
      first report to our knowledge of CDC-accredited 25(OH)D data and pregnancy
      outcomes from a large, clinically validated, prospective cohort study, we
      observed a protective association of a 25(OH)D concentration >75 nmol/L and a
      reduced risk of uteroplacental dysfunction as indicated by a composite outcome of
      SGA and pre-eclampsia. Well-designed, adequately powered randomized controlled
      trials are required to verify this observation. The SCOPE pregnancy cohort was
      registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12607000551493.

PMID- 27357093
TI  - No differential effect of beverages sweetened with fructose, high-fructose corn
      syrup, or glucose on systemic or adipose tissue inflammation in normal-weight to
      obese adults: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and low-grade chronic
      inflammation are both independently associated with type 2 diabetes and
      cardiovascular disease. Fructose, a major component of SSBs, may acutely trigger
      inflammation, which may be one link between SSB consumption and cardiometabolic
      disease. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether beverages sweetened with
      fructose, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and glucose differentially influence
      systemic inflammation [fasting plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 (IL-6)
      as primary endpoints] acutely and before major changes in body weight. Secondary
      endpoints included adipose tissue inflammation, intestinal permeability, and
      plasma fetuin-A as potential mechanistic links between fructose intake and low
      grade inflammation. DESIGN: We conducted a randomized, controlled, double-blind,
      crossover design dietary intervention (the Diet and Systemic Inflammation Study)
      in 24 normal-weight to obese adults without fructose malabsorption. Participants
      drank 4 servings/d of fructose-, glucose-, or HFCS-sweetened beverages accounting
      for 25% of estimated calorie requirements while consuming a standardized diet ad
      libitum for three 8-d periods. RESULTS: Subjects consumed 116% of their estimated
      calorie requirement while drinking the beverages with no difference in total
      energy intake or body weight between groups as reported previously. Fasting
      plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein and IL-6 did not differ significantly
      at the end of the 3 diet periods. We did not detect a consistent differential
      effect of the diets on measures of adipose tissue inflammation except for
      adiponectin gene expression in adipose tissue (P = 0.005), which was lowest after
      the glucose phase. We also did not detect consistent evidence of a differential
      impact of these sugars on measures of intestinal permeability (lactulose:mannitol
      test, plasma zonulin, and plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein). CONCLUSION:
      Excessive amounts of fructose, HFCS, and glucose from SSBs consumed over 8 d did
      not differentially affect low-grade chronic systemic inflammation in normal
      weight to obese adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as
      NCT01424306.

PMID- 27357095
TI  - Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise-induced
      increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heavy exercise causes gut symptoms and, in extreme cases, heat stroke
      that is due to the increased intestinal permeability of luminal toxins.
      OBJECTIVE: We examined whether zinc carnosine (ZnC), a health-food product taken
      alone or in combination with bovine colostrum (a natural source of growth
      factors), would moderate such effects. DESIGN: Eight volunteers completed a 4
      arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover protocol (14 d of placebo, ZnC,
      colostrum, or ZnC plus colostrum) before undertaking standardized exercise 2 and
      14 d after the start of treatment. Changes in epithelial resistance, apoptosis
      signaling molecules, and tight junction (TJ) protein phosphorylation in response
      to a 2 degrees C rise in body temperature were determined with the use of Caco-2
      and HT29 intestinal cells. RESULTS: Body temperature increased 2 degrees C, and
      gut permeability (5-h urinary lactulose:rhamnose ratios) increased 3-fold after
      exercise (from 0.32 +/- 0.016 baseline to 1.0 +/- 0.017 at 14 d; P < 0.01). ZnC
      or colostrum truncated the rise by 70% after 14 d of treatment. The combination
      treatment gave an additional benefit, and truncated exercise induced increase at
      2 d (30% reduction; P < 0.01). A 2 degrees C temperature rise in in vitro studies
      caused the doubling of apoptosis and reduced epithelial resistance 3-4-fold. ZnC
      or colostrum truncated these effects (35-50%) with the greatest response seen
      with the combination treatment (all P < 0.01). Mechanisms of action included
      increasing heat shock protein 70 and truncating temperature-induced changes in B
      cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 associated X protein alpha and B cell lymphoma 2. ZnC
      also increased total occludin and reduced phosphorylated tyrosine claudin,
      phosphorylated tyrosine occludin, and phosphorylated serine occludin, thereby
      enhancing the TJ formation and stabilization. CONCLUSION: ZnC, taken alone or
      with colostrum, increased epithelial resistance and the TJ structure and may have
      value for athletes and in the prevention of heat stroke in military personnel.
      This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN51159138.

PMID- 27357094
TI  - Effect of an Internet-based, personalized nutrition randomized trial on dietary
      changes associated with the Mediterranean diet: the Food4Me Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the efficacy of personalized nutrition (PN)
      interventions for improving consumption of a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet).
      OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the effect of a PN intervention on
      dietary changes associated with the MedDiet. DESIGN: Participants (n = 1607) were
      recruited into a 6-mo, Internet-based, PN randomized controlled trial (Food4Me)
      designed to evaluate the effect of PN on dietary change. Participants were
      randomly assigned to receive conventional dietary advice [control; level 0 (L0)]
      or PN advice on the basis of current diet [level 1 (L1)], diet and phenotype
      [level 2 (L2)], or diet, phenotype, and genotype [level 3 (L3)]. Dietary intakes
      from food-frequency questionnaires at baseline and at 6 mo were converted to a
      MedDiet score. Linear regression compared participant characteristics between
      high (>5) and low (<=5) MedDiet scores. Differences in MedDiet scores between
      treatment arms at month 6 were evaluated by using contrast analyses. RESULTS: At
      baseline, high MedDiet scorers had a 0.5 lower body mass index (in kg/m(2); P =
      0.007) and a 0.03 higher physical activity level (P = 0.003) than did low
      scorers. MedDiet scores at month 6 were greater in individuals randomly assigned
      to receive PN (L1, L2, and L3) than in controls (PN compared with controls: 5.20
      +/- 0.05 and 5.48 +/- 0.07, respectively; P = 0.002). There was no significant
      difference in MedDiet scores at month 6 between PN advice on the basis of L1
      compared with L2 and L3. However, differences in MedDiet scores at month 6 were
      greater in L3 than in L2 (L3 compared with L2: 5.63 +/- 0.10 and 5.38 +/- 0.10,
      respectively; P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Higher MedDiet scores at baseline were
      associated with healthier lifestyles and lower adiposity. After the intervention,
      MedDiet scores were greater in individuals randomly assigned to receive PN than
      in controls, with the addition of DNA-based dietary advice resulting in the
      largest differences in MedDiet scores. Although differences were significant,
      their clinical relevance is modest. This trial was registered at
      clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01530139.

PMID- 27357096
TI  - Inhibition of Carbonyl Reductase 1 Safely Improves the Efficacy of Doxorubicin in
      Breast Cancer Treatment.
AB  - AIMS: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic drug that is used to treat many
      cancers, but its use is limited by cardiotoxic side effect. Carbonyl reductase 1
      (CBR1) is an NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase that reduces DOX to doxorubicinol
      (DOXOL), a less potent derivative that is responsible for DOX cardiotoxicity.
      Thus, we aimed to demonstrate that inhibition of CBR1 enhances the
      chemotherapeutic efficacy of DOX and attenuates cardiotoxicity. RESULTS:
      Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CBR1 improved the anticancer effects of
      DOX in preclinical models of breast cancer. RNA interference or chemical
      inhibition of CBR1 improved the anticancer effect of DOX in breast cancer.
      Moreover, CBR1 overexpression enabled breast cancer cells to obtain
      chemotherapeutic resistance to DOX treatment. Intriguingly, inhibition of CBR1
      decreased DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in animal model. Innovation and Conclusions:
      Inhibition of CBR1 increases chemotherapeutic efficacy of DOX and reduces
      cardiotoxicity by blocking DOX reduction to DOXOL. Therefore, we offer
      preclinical proof-of-concept for a combination strategy to safely leverage the
      efficacy of doxorubicin by blunting its cardiotoxic effects that limit use of
      this cytotoxic agent used widely in the oncology clinic. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
      26, 70-83.

PMID- 27357097
TI  - Rhodium(i)-catalysed skeletal reorganisation of benzofused spiro[3.3]heptanes via
      consecutive carbon-carbon bond cleavage.
AB  - Skeletal reorganisation of benzofused spiro[3.3]heptanes has been achieved using
      rhodium(i) catalysts. The reaction of benzofused 2-(2
      pyridylmethylene)spiro[3.3]heptanes proceeds via sequential C-C bond oxidative
      addition and beta-carbon elimination. On the other hand, benzofused
      spiro[3.3]heptan-2-ols undergo two consecutive beta-carbon elimination processes.
      In both cases, substituted naphthalenes are obtained. 

PMID- 27357098
TI  - Outcomes of a community-based weight management programme for morbidly obese
      populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Morbid obesity is an ongoing concern worldwide. There is a paucity of
      research reporting primary care outcomes focussed on complex and morbidly obese
      populations. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
      recommends a specialist, multidisciplinary weight management team for the
      successful management of such populations. This is the first service evaluation
      reporting both primary (weight change) and secondary [body mass index (BMI),
      waist circumference, physical activity levels, fruit and vegetable intake,
      Rosenberg self-esteem score] outcomes in these patients. METHODS: The present
      study comprised a prospective observational study of a cohort data set for
      patients (n = 288) attending their 3-month and 6-month (n = 115) assessment
      appointments at a specialist community weight management programme. RESULTS:
      Patients had a mean (SD) initial BMI of 45.5 (6.6) kg m- 2; 66% were females.
      Over 80% of patients attending the service lost some weight by 3 months. Average
      absolute weight loss was 4.11 (4.95) kg at 3 months and 6.30 (8.41) kg at 6
      months, equating to 3.28% (3.82%) and 4.90% (6.26%), respectively, demonstrating
      a statistically significant weight change at both time points (P < 0.001). This
      meets NICE best practice guidelines for the commissioning of services leading to
      a minimum of 3% average weight loss, with at least 30% of patients losing at >=5%
      of their initial weight. Waist measurement and BMI were reduced significantly at
      3 months. Improvements were also seen in physical activity levels, fruit and
      vegetable consumption, and self-esteem levels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This
      service was successful in aiding weight loss in morbidly obese populations. The
      findings of the present study support the view that weight-loss targets of 3% are
      realistic.

PMID- 27357099
TI  - Waiting Time Intervals for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment in
      Alberta: Quantification of Intervals and Identification of Risk Factors
      Associated with Delays.
AB  - AIMS: Very little is known regarding the time required to diagnose and treat
      patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Canada. We sought to quantify
      diagnostic and treatment intervals for NSCLC care in Alberta and identify risk
      factors for delays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Alberta Cancer Registry identified
      all cases of stage I-III NSCLC diagnosed and treated in Alberta, Canada from 2004
      to 2011. Diagnostic data were obtained from physician billing,
      inpatient/outpatient hospital data and electronic medical records to quantify the
      duration of diagnostic and treatment intervals and their sum (system interval).
      Multivariable logistic regression was carried out to identify factors associated
      with delays. RESULTS: Of the 3009 eligible patients included, the median and 90th
      percentile system interval was 78 (95% confidence interval 76-80) and 185 days
      (95% confidence interval 178-195), respectively. The treatment interval was
      longer than the diagnostic interval, with medians of 51 (95% confidence interval
      49-53) and 38 (95% confidence interval 36-40) days, respectively. After
      adjustment, age > 60 years and treatment by modalities other than supportive care
      (especially surgery) were associated with delays. Factors associated with prompt
      care included high acuity presentations and stage III disease. CONCLUSION: The
      majority of Albertans with potentially curable NSCLC exceeded guidelines for the
      timeliness of their care.

PMID- 27357100
TI  - Deregulated microRNA expression and its pathogenetic implications for
      myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) include a heterogeneous group of
      clonal hematological stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective
      hematopoiesis, cytopenias. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules
      that repress gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In this review,
      we summarize advanced investigations that underscore deregulated miRNA expression
      in MDS, and discuss the implications of miRNAs in the molecular pathogenesis of
      MDS. METHODS: Relevant English-language literatures were searched and retrieved
      from PubMed using the terms MDS and miRNAs. RESULTS: The majority of studies have
      focused on profiling miRNA expression in MDS, only a small number of studies have
      investigated the exact pathogenic role of miRNAs in MDS. DISCUSSION: In the
      hematopoietic system, miRNAs are critical regulators of the differentiation of
      hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Thus, it is not surprising that
      dysregulation of miRNAs can lead to hematopoietic stem cell anomalies and further
      cause MDS. Deregulated miRNA expression has been identified in MDS, and it
      contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of MDS. Chromosomal aberrations,
      hypermethylation of miRNA promoters, and mutations of miRNA genes may lead to
      dysregulation of miRNA in MDS. However, the complex regulatory networks between
      miRNAs and their potential target genes in MDS still need to be explored in
      further studies. CONCLUSIONS: Although the function of miRNAs is not fully
      understood, these small non-coding RNAs represent novel pathogenetic and clinical
      implications in MDS. The studies of miRNAs may guide us towards a better
      understanding of this disease and shed light on the development of new
      therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 27357101
TI  - Identification of a positive-Seebeck-coefficient exohedral fullerene.
AB  - If fullerene-based thermoelectricity is to become a viable technology, then
      fullerenes exhibiting both positive and negative Seebeck coefficients are needed.
      C60 is known to have a negative Seebeck coefficient and therefore in this paper
      we address the challenge of identifying a positive-Seebeck-coefficient fullerene.
      We investigated the thermoelectric properties of single-molecule junctions of the
      exohedral fullerene C50Cl10 connected to gold electrodes and found that it indeed
      possesses a positive Seebeck coefficient. Furthermore, in common with C60, the
      Seebeck coefficient can be increased by placing more than one C50Cl10 in series.
      For a single C50Cl10, we find S = +8 MUV K(-1) and for two C50Cl10's in series we
      find S = +30 MUV K(-1). We also find that the C50Cl10 monomer and dimer have
      power factors of 0.5 * 10(-5) W m(-1) K(-2) and 6.0 * 10(-5) W m(-1) K(-2)
      respectively. These results demonstrate that exohedral fullerenes provide a new
      class of thermoelectric materials with desirable properties, which complement
      those of all-carbon fullerenes, thereby enabling the boosting of the
      thermovoltage in all-fullerene tandem structures. 

PMID- 27357103
TI  - Prevention of urinary tract infections with vitamin D supplementation 20,000 IU
      per week for five years. Results from an RCT including 511 subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In observational studies vitamin D deficiency is associated with
      increased risk of infections, whereas the effect of vitamin D supplementation in
      randomized controlled trials is non-conclusive. METHODS: Five hundred and eleven
      subjects with prediabetes were randomized to vitamin D3 (20,000 IU per week)
      versus placebo for five years. Every sixth month, a questionnaire on respiratory
      tract infections (RTI) (common cold, bronchitis, influenza) and urinary tract
      infection (UTI) was filled in. RESULTS: Mean baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
      (25(OH)D) level was 60 nmol/L. Two hundred and fifty-six subjects received
      vitamin D and 255 placebo. One hundred and sixteen subjects in the vitamin D and
      111 in the placebo group completed the five-year study. Eighteen subjects in the
      vitamin D group and 34 subjects in the placebo group reported UTI during the
      study (p < 0.02), whereas no significant differences were seen for RTI. The
      effect on UTI was most pronounced in males. The effect of vitamin D on UTI was
      unrelated to baseline serum 25(OH)D level. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with
      vitamin D might prevent UTI, but confirmatory studies are needed.

PMID- 27357104
TI  - Enhanced piezoelectricity in (1 -x)Bi1.05Fe1-yAyO3-xBaTiO3 lead-free ceramics:
      site engineering and wide phase boundary region.
AB  - Site engineering has been employed to modulate the piezoelectric activity of high
      temperature (1 -x)Bi1.05Fe1-yScyO3-xBaTiO3 lead-free ceramics fabricated by a
      conventional solid-state method together with a quenching technique. The effects
      of x and y content on the phase structure, microstructure, and electrical
      properties have been investigated in detail. A wide rhombohedral (R) to pseudo
      cubic (C) phase boundary was formed in the ceramics with x = 0.30 and 0 <=y<=
      0.07, thus leading to enhanced piezoelectricity (d33 = 120-180 pC N(-1)),
      ferroelectricity (Pr = 19-22 MUC cm(-2)) and a high Curie temperature (TC = 478
      520  degrees C). In addition, the influence of different element substitutions
      for Fe(3+) on phase structure and electrical behavior was also investigated.
      Improved piezoelectricity (d33 = 160-180 pC N(-1)) and saturated P-E loops can be
      simultaneously achieved in the ceramics with A = Sc, Ga, and Al due to the R-C
      phase boundary. As a result, site engineering may be an efficient way to modulate
      the piezoelectricity of BiFeO3-BaTiO3 lead-free ceramics. 

PMID- 27357105
TI  - Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing Redo Operations Using Ferromagnetic
      Dissection and Conventional Monopolar Dissection.
AB  - Purpose To evaluate effectiveness of a novel hemostatic dissection tool in
      patients with congenital heart disease undergoing redo pericardiac dissections.
      Description This dissection tool employs ferromagnetic energy to cut and
      coagulate. The unit passes no electric current through the patient, thus
      eliminating cautery-induced dysrhythmias and electrical interference.
      Ferromagnetic dissection is precise and reduces thermal injury spread by as much
      as 90%. Evaluation We case matched 22 patients undergoing reoperation for
      congenital heart surgery by weight/operation. Group 1 used the ferromagnetic
      tool, and Group 2 used conventional monopolar cautery for pericardiac dissection.
      For groups 1 and 2, the mean weight was 27.7 and 28.4, respectively (P = .87).
      Time (minutes) from skin incision to cardiopulmonary bypass was 71 versus 72 (P =
      .44), cardiopulmonary bypass (minutes) was 75.6 versus 73.6 (P = .42), total
      operative time (minutes) was 193 versus 201 (P = .34). Chest tube output/kilogram
      in first 6 and first 24 hours was 0.4 versus 1.3 (P = .02) and 0.8 versus 2.4 (P
      = .01) for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Re-exploration for bleeding was 0%
      versus 9% (P = .07). There was no mortality. Conclusion The ferromagnetic
      dissection system appears safe and efficacious. Bleeding was significantly
      decreased and the need for re-exploration reduced. 

PMID- 27357106
TI  - Dynamics of internally functionalized dendrimers.
AB  - The internally functionalized dendrimers are novel polymers that differ from
      conventional dendrimers by having additional functional units which do not branch
      out further. We investigate the dynamics of these structures with the inclusion
      of local semiflexibility and analyze their eigenmodes. The functionalized units
      clearly manifest themselves leading to a group of eigenvalues which are not
      present for homogeneous dendrimers. This part of the spectrum reveals itself in
      the local relaxation, leading to a corresponding process in the imaginary part of
      the complex dielectric susceptibility. 

PMID- 27357102
TI  - omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Disease: Pooling
      Project of 19 Cohort Studies.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for primary
      prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) remains controversial. Most prior
      longitudinal studies evaluated self-reported consumption rather than biomarkers.
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate biomarkers of seafood-derived eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA;
      20:5omega-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5omega-3), and docosahexaenoic acid
      (DHA; 22:6omega-3) and plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3omega-3) for
      incident CHD. DATA SOURCES: A global consortium of 19 studies identified by
      November 2014. STUDY SELECTION: Available prospective (cohort, nested case
      control) or retrospective studies with circulating or tissue omega-3 biomarkers
      and ascertained CHD. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Each study conducted
      standardized, individual-level analysis using harmonized models, exposures,
      outcomes, and covariates. Findings were centrally pooled using random-effects
      meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was examined by age, sex, race, diabetes, statins,
      aspirin, omega-6 levels, and FADS desaturase genes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      Incident total CHD, fatal CHD, and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS:
      The 19 studies comprised 16 countries, 45 637 unique individuals, and 7973 total
      CHD, 2781 fatal CHD, and 7157 nonfatal MI events, with omega-3 measures in total
      plasma, phospholipids, cholesterol esters, and adipose tissue. Median age at
      baseline was 59 years (range, 18-97 years), and 28 660 (62.8%) were male. In
      continuous (per 1-SD increase) multivariable-adjusted analyses, the omega-3
      biomarkers ALA, DPA, and DHA were associated with a lower risk of fatal CHD, with
      relative risks (RRs) of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.98) for ALA, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85
      0.96) for DPA, and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.96) for DHA. Although DPA was associated
      with a lower risk of total CHD (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.99), ALA (RR, 1.00; 95%
      CI, 0.95-1.05), EPA (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.87-1.02), and DHA (RR, 0.95; 95% CI,
      0.91-1.00) were not. Significant associations with nonfatal MI were not evident.
      Associations appeared generally stronger in phospholipids and total plasma.
      Restricted cubic splines did not identify evidence of nonlinearity in dose
      responses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: On the basis of available studies of free
      living populations globally, biomarker concentrations of seafood and plant
      derived omega-3 fatty acids are associated with a modestly lower incidence of
      fatal CHD.

PMID- 27357107
TI  - A structured overview of trends and technologies used in dynamic hand orthoses.
AB  - The development of dynamic hand orthoses is a fast-growing field of research and
      has resulted in many different devices. A large and diverse solution space is
      formed by the various mechatronic components which are used in these devices.
      They are the result of making complex design choices within the constraints
      imposed by the application, the environment and the patient's individual needs.
      Several review studies exist that cover the details of specific disciplines which
      play a part in the developmental cycle. However, a general collection of all
      endeavors around the world and a structured overview of the solution space which
      integrates these disciplines is missing. In this study, a total of 165 individual
      dynamic hand orthoses were collected and their mechatronic components were
      categorized into a framework with a signal, energy and mechanical domain. Its
      hierarchical structure allows it to reach out towards the different disciplines
      while connecting them with common properties. Additionally, available arguments
      behind design choices were collected and related to the trends in the solution
      space. As a result, a comprehensive overview of the used mechatronic components
      in dynamic hand orthoses is presented.

PMID- 27357108
TI  - Assessment of clinically related outcomes and biomarker analysis for
      translational integration in colorectal cancer (ACROBATICC): study protocol for a
      population-based, consecutive cohort of surgically treated colorectal cancers and
      resected colorectal liver metastasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: More accurate predictive and prognostic biomarkers for patients with
      colorectal cancer (CRC) primaries or colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) are
      needed. Outside clinical trials, the translational integration of emerging
      pathways and novel techniques should facilitate exploration of biomarkers for
      improved staging and prognosis. METHODS: An observational study exploring
      predictive and prognostic biomarkers in a population-based, consecutive cohort of
      surgically treated colorectal cancers and resected colorectal liver metastases.
      Long-term outcomes will be cancer-specific survival, recurrence-free survival and
      overall survival at 5 years from diagnosis. Beyond routine clinicopathological
      and anthropometric characteristics and laboratory and biochemistry results, the
      project allows for additional blood samples and fresh-frozen tumour and normal
      tissue for investigation of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and novel biomarkers
      (e.g. immune cells, microRNAs etc.). Tumour specimens will be investigated by
      immunohistochemistry in full slides. Extracted DNA/RNA will be analysed for
      genomic markers using specific PCR techniques and next-generation sequencing
      (NGS) panels. Flow cytometry will be used to characterise biomarkers in blood.
      Collaboration is open and welcomed, with particular interest in mutual
      opportunities for validation studies. STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES: The project is
      ongoing and recruiting at an expected rate of 120-150 patients per year, since
      January 2013. A project on circulating tumour cells (CTCs) has commenced, with
      analysis being prepared. Investigating molecular classes beyond the TNM staging
      is under way, including characteristics of microsatellite instability (MSI) and
      elevated microsatellite alterations in selected tetranucleotides (EMAST). Hot
      spot panels for known mutations in CRC are being investigated using NGS. Immune
      cell characteristics are being performed by IHC and flow cytometry in tumour and
      peripheral blood samples. The project has ethical approval (REK Helse Vest,
      #2012/742), is financially supported with a Ph.D.-Grant (EMAST project; Folke
      Hermansen Cancer Fund) and a CTC-project (Norwegian Research Council; O.
      Nordgard). The ACROBATICC clinical and molecular biobank repository will serve as
      a long-term source for novel exploratory analysis and invite collaborators for
      mutual validation of promising biomarker results. The project aims to generate
      results that can help better discern prognostic groups in stage II/III cancers;
      explore prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and help detail the biology of
      colorectal liver metastasis for better patient selection and tailored treatment.
      The project is registered at http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01762813.

PMID- 27357109
TI  - Loss of Lipid Virulence Factors Reduces the Efficacy of the BCG Vaccine.
AB  - Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is
      the only vaccine available for tuberculosis (TB) control. BCG comprises a number
      of substrains that exhibit genetic and biochemical differences. Whether and how
      these differences affect BCG efficacy remain unknown. Compared to other BCG
      strains, BCG-Japan, -Moreau, and -Glaxo are defective in the production of
      phthiocerol dimycocerosates (PDIMs) and phenolic glycolipids (PGLs), two lipid
      virulence factors. To determine if the loss of PDIMs/PGLs affects BCG efficacy,
      we constructed a PDIM/PGL-deficient strain of BCG-Pasteur by deleting fadD28, and
      compared virulence, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in animal models.
      SCID mouse infection experiments showed that ?fadD28 was more attenuated than
      wild type (WT). The ?fadD28 and WT strains induced equivalent levels of antigen
      specific IFN-gamma by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells; however, ?fadD28 was less
      effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge in both BALB/c mice and
      guinea pigs. These results indicate that the loss of PIDMs/PGLs reduces the
      virulence and protective efficacy of BCG. Since the loss of PDIMs/PGLs occurs
      naturally in a subset of BCG strains, it also suggests that these strains may
      have been over-attenuated, which compromises their effectiveness. Our finding has
      important implications for current BCG programs and future vaccine development.

PMID- 27357111
TI  - Dumb-bell in the heart: rare case of biatrial myxoma with mitral regurgitation.
AB  - Cardiac myxomas are rare intracardiac tumors, and the majority are benign myxomas
      involving the left atrium. We report a case of the very rare occurrence of
      biatrial myxoma associated with mitral regurgitation, which was successfully
      treated.

PMID- 27357110
TI  - Genome-wide association study of prolactin levels in blood plasma and
      cerebrospinal fluid.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary
      gland that plays an essential role in lactation, tissue growth, and suppressing
      apoptosis to increase cell survival. Prolactin serves as a key player in many
      life-critical processes, including immune system and reproduction. Prolactin is
      also found in multiple fluids throughout the body, including plasma and
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS: In this study, we measured prolactin levels
      in both plasma and CSF, and performed a genome-wide association study. We then
      performed meta-analyses using METAL with a significance threshold of p < 5 * 10(
      8) and removed SNPs where the direction of the effect was different between the
      two datasets. RESULTS: We identified 12 SNPs associated with increased prolactin
      levels in both biological fluids. CONCLUSIONS: Our efforts will help researchers
      understand how prolactin is regulated in both CSF and plasma, which could be
      beneficial in research for the immune system and reproduction.

PMID- 27357112
TI  - Preservation of the lung after 4-year compression by fibrous tumors of pleura.
AB  - Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura is a neoplasm arising from mesenchymal
      tissue, which may cause dyspnea and cough. Computed tomography in a 72-year-old
      woman, who had been diagnosed with a 3-cm mass in the left upper lung 24 years
      previously, identified 15- and 10-cm tumors, with complete collapse of the
      lingula and lower lobe. The tumors were successfully excised with partial lung
      resection, and the collapsed lung was preserved. There was no recurrence or
      atelectasis at 4 years postoperatively. 

PMID- 27357113
TI  - Good's syndrome: Is thymectomy the solution? Case report and literature review.
AB  - Good's syndrome is thymoma accompanied by immunodeficiency. A 69-year-old woman
      presented with recurrent chest infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and
      radiological features of a thymoma. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy was not
      tolerated prior to surgery. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, and a Masaoka
      stage II type AB thymoma was confirmed on histology. One-year follow-up revealed
      no recurrence of the thymoma but the patient remained hypogammaglobulinemic and
      developed collagenous colitis. She declined immunoglobulin replacement therapy
      but remains under follow-up. Awareness of Good's syndrome to avoid overwhelming
      infection is emphasized. The finding of thymoma should prompt the thoracic
      surgeon to test for immunodeficiency. 

PMID- 27357114
TI  - Thoracoscopic sympathicotomy in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary hyperhidrosis interferes with social activities and requires
      an effective and safe treatment. We aimed to compare the therapeutic outcomes of
      unilateral single-port sympathicotomy and open surgery. METHODS: Forty patients
      with primary palmar hyperhidrosis underwent sympathicotomy; 20 had open surgery,
      and 20 had video-assisted thoracic surgery. Complete resection of the T1 to T4
      ganglia was performed by open surgery, and cutting and cauterization of the
      sympathetic chain between the T2 and T3 ganglia in the dominant hand was
      undertaken using video-assisted thoracic surgery. The patients were followed up
      at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: The mean operative times were
      39.6 +/- 1.46 and 79.8 +/- 1.53 min in the video-assisted thoracic surgery and
      open surgery group, respectively. The mean hospitalization was 2.2 +/- 0.41 days
      after video-assisted thoracic surgery and 3.3 +/- 0.47 days after open surgery.
      Complications included delayed hemothorax, compensatory hyperhidrosis, and wound
      infection. The mean blood loss during surgery and time to return to work were
      significantly less in the video-assisted thoracic surgery group. Excessive
      sweating was completely alleviated in the dominant hand in all patients, and in
      the opposite hand in 60% and 65% of the video-assisted thoracic surgery and open
      surgery group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Single-port sympathicotomy between the
      T2 and T3 ganglia ipsilateral to the dominant hand is a safe, minimally invasive,
      and effective treatment for primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Alleviation of
      excessive sweating in the opposite hand can also be achieved in a large
      proportion of these patients.

PMID- 27357115
TI  - The use of sternal wedge osteotomy in pectus surgery: when is it necessary?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Ravitch procedure is a well-established surgical procedure for
      correction of chest wall deformities. Sternal wedge osteotomy is an important
      part of this procedure. We studied the incidence of wedge osteotomy with respect
      to the type of chest wall deformity in patients undergoing surgical correction
      with the use of a recently developed chest wall stabilization system. METHODS: A
      total of 47 patients, 39 (83%) male and 8 (17%) female with a mean age of 14.9 +/
      2.1 years, underwent the Ravitch procedure. Twenty-four (51.1%) had pectus
      carinatum, 19 (40.4%) had pectus excavatum, and 4 (8.5%) had pectus arcuatum. A
      conventional or oblique sternal wedge osteotomy was performed as indicated,
      followed by chest wall stabilization using the MedXpert system. RESULTS: Of the
      47 patients, 27 (57.4%) had a sternal wedge osteotomy. All cases of pectus
      arcuatum and redo cases underwent sternal wedge osteotomy. Pectus excavatum cases
      tended to have a greater incidence of wedge osteotomy compared to pectus
      carinatum cases (68.4% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.052). Patients with more resected ribs
      had a greater rate of wedge osteotomy (63.4%) compared to those with fewer
      resected ribs (16.7%, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: A sternal wedge osteotomy is more
      commonly performed in patients with pectus excavatum compared to those with
      pectus carinatum. All redo and pectus arcuatum cases need a wedge osteotomy for
      proper correction. Wedge osteotomy is very likely in more aggressive corrections
      with more rib resections.

PMID- 27357116
TI  - Intracardiac lipoma in a child, causing right ventricular outflow obstruction.

PMID- 27357117
TI  - Contemporary endovascular treatment of type B aortic dissection in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Endovascular stent-grafts have been used in China to treat type B
      aortic dissection since 1999, and there is a plethora of cohort studies in the
      contemporary literature. The aim of this review was to analyse the published
      results of endovascular treatment for type B aortic dissection in China. METHOD:
      A systematic literature review of all published literature from January 1999 to
      October 2014 on endovascular treatment of type B aortic dissection in China was
      undertaken using PubMed, Medline, and the Chinese National Knowledge
      Infrastructure databases. RESULTS: Seventy papers were retrieved (4 English, 66
      Chinese) with a total of 4208 patients; 3396 (80.7%) were male, and the mean age
      ranged from 43 to 65 years. Procedural success was reported in 99.4% +/- 1.7%.
      Complications were reported in 14.6% +/- 11.1%, with major complications in 1.7%
      +/- 2.9%, and the most devastating neurologic complications in 1.1% +/- 2.2%
      (stroke 0.9% +/- 2.4%, paraplegia 1.5% +/- 0.7%). Postoperative endoleak occurred
      in 8.1% +/- 7.6%. The 30-day postoperative mortality was 2.4% +/- 3.3%. During
      follow-up, false-lumen thrombosis occurred in 92.1% +/- 11.7%. Reintervention was
      performed in 1.3% +/- 3.3%. The incidence of proximal and distal stent-graft
      induced new entry was 0.5% +/- 1.3% and 0.9% +/- 2.7%, respectively, with
      endoleak in 2.7% +/- 4.4% and mortality of 2.2% +/- 3.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Current
      evidence suggests that use of endovascular stent-grafts for type B aortic
      dissection in China is feasible and safe with low rates of perioperative
      complications and short-term mortality. However, a standardised reporting system
      and long-term follow-up data are lacking.

PMID- 27357118
TI  - Management of idiopathic chylopericardium in Pregnant Patient.
AB  - Idiopathic chylopericardium in pregnancy is extremely rare and poses difficulties
      in both decision-making and timing of surgery. A young lady who was 24-weeks
      pregnant presented with chylopericardium and increasing shortness of breath.
      Repeated nonsurgical interventions failed to resolve her pathology. She underwent
      thoracoscopic pericardial window formation and thoracic duct ligation, and made a
      satisfactory recovery.

PMID- 27357119
TI  - A proline-derived transannular N-cap for nucleation of short alpha-helical
      peptides.
AB  - We report herein a proline-derived transannular N-cap as a helix nucleating
      template in diverse bio-related peptide sequences via macrolactamization on
      resin. This approach takes advantage of synergistic stabilization effects of both
      N-capping properties of proline and substitution of a main chain hydrogen bond
      with a covalent bond. 

PMID- 27357120
TI  - Anchored enrichment dataset for true flies (order Diptera) reveals insights into
      the phylogeny of flower flies (family Syrphidae).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anchored hybrid enrichment is a form of next-generation sequencing
      that uses oligonucleotide probes to target conserved regions of the genome
      flanked by less conserved regions in order to acquire data useful for
      phylogenetic inference from a broad range of taxa. Once a probe kit is developed,
      anchored hybrid enrichment is superior to traditional PCR-based Sanger sequencing
      in terms of both the amount of genomic data that can be recovered and effective
      cost. Due to their incredibly diverse nature, importance as pollinators, and
      historical instability with regard to subfamilial and tribal classification,
      Syrphidae (flower flies or hoverflies) are an ideal candidate for anchored hybrid
      enrichment-based phylogenetics, especially since recent molecular phylogenies of
      the syrphids using only a few markers have resulted in highly unresolved
      topologies. Over 6200 syrphids are currently known and uncovering their phylogeny
      will help us to understand how these species have diversified, providing insight
      into an array of ecological processes, from the development of adult mimicry, the
      origin of adult migration, to pollination patterns and the evolution of larval
      resource utilization. RESULTS: We present the first use of anchored hybrid
      enrichment in insect phylogenetics on a dataset containing 30 flower fly species
      from across all four subfamilies and 11 tribes out of 15. To produce a
      phylogenetic hypothesis, 559 loci were sampled to produce a final dataset
      containing 217,702 sites. We recovered a well resolved topology with bootstrap
      support values that were almost universally >95 %. The subfamily Eristalinae is
      recovered as paraphyletic, with the strongest support for this hypothesis to
      date. The ant predators in the Microdontinae are sister to all other syrphids.
      Syrphinae and Pipizinae are monophyletic and sister to each other. Larval
      predation on soft-bodied hemipterans evolved only once in this family.
      CONCLUSIONS: Anchored hybrid enrichment was successful in producing a robustly
      supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the syrphids. Subfamilial reconstruction is
      concordant with recent phylogenetic hypotheses, but with much higher support
      values. With the newly designed probe kit this analysis could be rapidly expanded
      with further sampling, opening the door to more comprehensive analyses targeting
      problem areas in syrphid phylogenetics and ecology.

PMID- 27357121
TI  - Impeding (99)Tc(IV) mobility in novel waste forms.
AB  - Technetium ((99)Tc) is an abundant, long-lived radioactive fission product whose
      mobility in the subsurface is largely governed by its oxidation state. Tc
      immobilization is crucial for radioactive waste management and environmental
      remediation. Tc(IV) incorporation in spinels has been proposed as a novel method
      to increase Tc retention in glass waste forms during vitrification. However,
      experiments under high-temperature and oxic conditions show reoxidation of Tc(IV)
      to volatile pertechnetate, Tc(VII). Here we examine this problem with ab initio
      molecular dynamics simulations and propose that, at elevated temperatures, doping
      with first row transition metal can significantly enhance Tc retention in
      magnetite in the order Co>Zn>Ni. Experiments with doped spinels at 700  degrees C
      provide quantitative confirmation of the theoretical predictions in the same
      order. This work highlights the power of modern, state-of-the-art simulations to
      provide essential insights and generate theory-inspired design criteria of
      complex materials at elevated temperatures.

PMID- 27357122
TI  - Structural changes in femoral bone microstructure of female rabbits after
      intramuscular administration of quercetin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Quercetin is one of the best known flavonoids being present in a
      variety of fruits and vegetables. It has cardioprotective, anticarcinogenic,
      antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. Some studies suggest
      that quercetin has protective effects on bone. However, its influence on
      qualitative and quantitative histological characteristics of compact bone is
      still unknown. In our study, 12 clinically healthy five-month-old female rabbits
      were divided into four groups of three animals each. Quercetin was applied
      intramuscularly in various concentrations; 10 ug/kg body weight (bw) in the E1
      group, 100 ug/kg bw in the E2 group, and 1000 ug/kg bw in the E3 group for 90
      days, 3 times per week. Three rabbits without exposure to quercetin served as a
      control (C) group. Differences in femoral bone microstructure among groups were
      evaluated. RESULTS: Qualitative histological characteristics of compact bone
      differed between rabbits from the E1 and E2 groups. Primary vascular longitudinal
      bone tissue was not found in some areas near the endosteal surface due to
      increased endocortical bone resorption. In addition, periosteal border of rabbits
      from the E1 group was composed of a thicker layer of primary vascular
      longitudinal bone tissue than in the other groups. In all groups of rabbits
      administered quercetin, a lower density of secondary osteons was observed.
      Histomorphometrical evaluations showed significantly decreased sizes of the
      primary osteons' vascular canals in individuals from the E1 and E2 groups.
      Secondary osteons were significantly smaller in rabbits from the E1, E2, E3
      groups when compared to the C group. Cortical bone thickness was significantly
      increased in females from the E1 and E2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate
      that quercetin has not only a positive dose-response on qualitative and
      quantitative histological characteristics of the compact bone of female rabbits
      as it would be expected.

PMID- 27357123
TI  - Factors influencing the uptake of neonatal bereavement support services -
      Findings from two tertiary neonatal centres in the UK.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research on perinatal bereavement services is limited. The aim of the
      study was to compare the uptake of bereavement support services between two
      tertiary neonatal units (NNU), and to investigate influencing factors. METHOD:
      The medical and bereavement records of all neonatal deaths were studied from
      January 2006 to December 2011. Data collected included parent and baby
      characteristics, mode of death, consent for autopsy and bereavement follow-up.
      The categorical data were compared by chi-square or Fisher's exact test and
      continuous data by Wilcoxon signed-rank test; a multivariable regression analysis
      was performed using STATA 12.0. RESULTS: The neonatal deaths of 297 babies (182
      in NNU1 and 115 in NNU2) with full datasets were analysed. Baby characteristics
      were similar between units except for lower median gestational age in NNU1 (p =
      0.03). Significantly more NNU1 parents were non-Caucasian (p < 0.01), from lower
      socio-economic status (p = 0.01) and had previous stillbirth/miscarriage (p =
      0.03). More babies had care withdrawn in NNU2 (p < 0.01). A significantly higher
      proportion of parents from NNU1 (61 %) attended bereavement follow-up compared to
      NNU2 (34 %; p < 0.01). On multivariable analysis, significantly more parents who
      were married or co-habiting (p = 0.02) and consented for an autopsy (p = 0.01)
      attended bereavement services. CONCLUSION: Uptake of bereavement services varied
      between the two NNUs, which could be due to differences in the ethnic and socio
      economic mix of the population. Significantly more parents who were married or co
      habiting, or consented for autopsy, attended bereavement follow up services.

PMID- 27357125
TI  - Beyond Poisson-Boltzmann: fluctuations and fluid structure in a self-consistent
      theory.
AB  - Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory is the classic approach to soft matter
      electrostatics and has been applied to numerous physical chemistry and biophysics
      problems. Its essential limitations are in its neglect of correlation effects and
      fluid structure. Recently, several theoretical insights have allowed the
      formulation of approaches that go beyond PB theory in a systematic way. In this
      topical review, we provide an update on the developments achieved in the self
      consistent formulations of correlation-corrected Poisson-Boltzmann theory. We
      introduce a corresponding system of coupled non-linear equations for both
      continuum electrostatics with a uniform dielectric constant, and a structured
      solvent-a dipolar Coulomb fluid-including non-local effects. While the approach
      is only approximate and also limited to corrections in the so-called weak
      fluctuation regime, it allows us to include physically relevant effects, as we
      show for a range of applications of these equations.

PMID- 27357124
TI  - Psychological stress and short-term hospitalisations or death in patients with
      heart failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Standard predictors do not fully explain variations in the frequency
      and timing of heart failure (HF) adverse events (AEs). Psychological stress can
      trigger acute cardiovascular (CV) events, but it is not known whether stress can
      precipitate AEs in patients with HF. We investigated prospective associations of
      psychological stress with AEs in patients with HF. METHODS: 144 patients with HF
      (77% male; 57.5+/-11.5, range 23-87 years, left ventricular ejection fraction
      <=40%) were longitudinally evaluated for psychological stress (Perceived Stress
      Scale) and AEs (CV hospitalisations/death) at 2-week intervals for 3 months and
      at 9-month follow-up. RESULTS: 42 patients (29.2%) had at least one CV
      hospitalisation and nine (6.3%) died. Patients reporting high average perceived
      stress across study measurements had a higher likelihood of AEs during the study
      period compared with those with lower stress (odds ratio=1.10, 95% confidence
      interval=1.04 to 1.17). In contrast to average levels, increases in stress did
      not predict AEs (p=0.96). Perceived stress was elevated after a CV
      hospitalisation (B=2.70, standard error (SE)=0.93, p=0.004) suggesting that CV
      hospitalisations increase stress. Subsequent analysis indicated that 24 of 38
      (63%) patients showed a stress increase following hospitalisation. However, a
      prospective association between stress and AEs was present when accounting for
      prior hospitalisations (B=2.43, SE=1.23, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sustained levels
      of perceived stress are associated with increased risk of AEs, and increased
      distress following hospitalisation occurs in many, but not all, patients with HF.
      Patients with chronically high stress may be an important target group for HF
      interventions aimed at reducing hospitalisations.

PMID- 27357126
TI  - Cleavage stage versus blastocyst stage embryo transfer in assisted reproductive
      technology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advances in cell culture media have led to a shift in in vitro
      fertilisation (IVF) practice from cleavage stage embryo transfer to blastocyst
      stage transfer. The rationale for blastocyst transfer is to improve both uterine
      and embryonic synchronicity and enable self selection of viable embryos, thus
      resulting in better live birth rates. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether blastocyst
      stage (day 5 to 6) embryo transfers improve the live birth rate, and other
      associated outcomes, compared with cleavage stage (day 2 to 3) embryo transfers.
      SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group
      Specialised Register of controlled trials, Cochrane Central Register of
      Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; the Cochrane Library; 2016, Issue 4), MEDLINE,
      EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Bio extracts from inception to 4th April 2016. We
      also searched registers of ongoing trials and the reference lists of studies
      retrieved. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
      which compared the effectiveness of blastocyst versus cleavage stage transfers.
      DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures
      recommended by Cochrane. Our primary outcomes were live birth and cumulative
      clinical pregnancy rates. Secondary outcomes were clinical pregnancy, multiple
      pregnancy, high order pregnancy, miscarriage, failure to transfer embryos, and
      embryo freezing. We assessed the overall quality of the evidence for the main
      comparisons using GRADE methods. MAIN RESULTS: We included 27 RCTs (4031 couples
      or women).The live birth rate following fresh transfer was higher in the
      blastocyst transfer group (odds ratio (OR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI)
      1.20 to 1.82; 13 RCTs, 1630 women, I(2) = 45%, low quality evidence) following
      fresh transfer. This suggests that if 29% of women achieve live birth after fresh
      cleavage stage transfer, between 32% and 42% would do so after fresh blastocyst
      stage transfer.There was no evidence of a difference between the groups in rates
      per couple of cumulative pregnancy following fresh and frozen-thawed transfer
      after one oocyte retrieval (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.22; 5 RCTs, 632 women, I(2)
      = 71%, very low quality evidence).The clinical pregnancy rate was also higher in
      the blastocyst transfer group, following fresh transfer (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.14 to
      1.47; 27 RCTs, 4031 women, I(2) = 56%, moderate quality evidence). This suggests
      that if 36% of women achieve clinical pregnancy after fresh cleavage stage
      transfer, between 39% and 46% would do so after fresh blastocyst stage
      transfer.There was no evidence of a difference between the groups in rates of
      multiple pregnancy (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.33; 19 RCTs, 3019 women, I(2) =
      30%, low quality evidence), or miscarriage (OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.50; 18
      RCTs, 2917 women, I(2) = 0%, low quality evidence). These data are incomplete as
      under 70% of studies reported these outcomes.Embryo freezing rates were lower in
      the blastocyst transfer group (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.57; 14 RCTs, 2292 women,
      I(2) = 84%, low quality evidence). This suggests that if 60% of women have
      embryos frozen after cleavage stage transfer, between 37% and 46% would do so
      after blastocyst stage transfer. Failure to transfer any embryos was higher in
      the blastocyst transfer group (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.76 to 3.55; 17 RCTs, 2577 women,
      I(2) = 36%, moderate quality evidence). This suggests that if 1% of women have no
      embryos transferred in (planned) fresh cleavage stage transfer, between 2% and 4%
      will have no embryos transferred in (planned) fresh blastocyst stage transfer.The
      evidence was of low quality for most outcomes. The main limitation was serious
      risk of bias, associated with failure to describe acceptable methods of
      randomisation, and unclear or high risk of attrition bias. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:
      There is low quality evidence for live birth and moderate quality evidence for
      clinical pregnancy that fresh blastocyst stage transfer is associated with higher
      rates than fresh cleavage stage transfer. There was no evidence of a difference
      between the groups in cumulative pregnancy rates derived from fresh and frozen
      thawed cycles following a single oocyte retrieval, but the evidence for this
      outcome was very low quality. Thus, although there is a benefit favouring
      blastocyst transfer in fresh cycles, it remains unclear whether the day of
      transfer impacts on cumulative live birth and pregnancy rates. Future RCTs should
      report rates of live birth, cumulative live birth, and miscarriage to enable
      couples or women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) and service
      providers to make well informed decisions on the best treatment option available.

PMID- 27357127
TI  - Variable responses of human microbiomes to dietary supplementation with resistant
      starch.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The fermentation of dietary fiber to various organic acids is a
      beneficial function provided by the microbiota in the human large intestine. In
      particular, butyric acid contributes to host health by facilitating maintenance
      of epithelial integrity, regulating inflammation, and influencing gene expression
      in colonocytes. We sought to increase the concentration of butyrate in 20 healthy
      young adults through dietary supplementation with resistant starch (unmodified
      potato starch-resistant starch (RS) type 2). METHODS: Fecal samples were
      collected from individuals to characterize butyrate concentration via liquid
      chromatography and composition of the microbiota via surveys of 16S rRNA-encoding
      gene sequences from the Illumina MiSeq platform. Random Forest and LEfSe analyses
      were used to associate responses in butyrate production to features of the
      microbiota. RESULTS: RS supplementation increased fecal butyrate concentrations
      in this cohort from 8 to 12 mmol/kg wet feces, but responses varied widely
      between individuals. Individuals could be categorized into three groups based
      upon butyrate concentrations before and during RS: enhanced, high, and low (n =
      11, 3, and 6, respectively). Fecal butyrate increased by 67 % in the enhanced
      group (from 9 to 15 mmol/kg), while it remained >=11 mmol/kg in the high group
      and <=8 mmol/kg in the low group. Microbiota analyses revealed that the relative
      abundance of RS-degrading organisms-Bifidobacterium adolescentis or Ruminococcus
      bromii-increased from ~2 to 9 % in the enhanced and high groups, but remained at
      ~1.5 % in the low group. The lack of increase in RS-degrading bacteria in the low
      group may explain why there was no increase in fecal butyrate in response to RS.
      The microbiota of individuals in the high group were characterized by an elevated
      abundance of the butyrogenic microbe Eubacterium rectale (~6 % in high vs. 3 % in
      enhanced and low groups) throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: We document the
      heterogeneous responses in butyrate concentrations upon RS supplementation and
      identify characteristic of the microbiota that appear to underlie this variation.
      This study complements and extends other studies that call for personalized
      approaches to manage beneficial functions provided by gut microbiomes.

PMID- 27357129
TI  - A high-resolution palaeoenvironmental record from carbonate deposits in the Roman
      aqueduct of Patara, SW Turkey, from the time of Nero.
AB  - An inscription on the supporting wall of the inverted siphon of the aqueduct of
      the ancient Roman city of Patara, SW Turkey, explains how the wall collapsed
      during an earthquake and was subsequently restored. Carbonate deposits formed
      inside the aqueduct channel show cyclic stable isotope changes representing 17
      years of deposition. This sequence, together with the text of the inscription,
      allows dating the earthquake to 68 AD and the original inauguration of the
      aqueduct to the winter of 51/52 AD. Thus, the carbonate deposits represent a high
      resolution record of palaeotemperature and precipitation for SW Turkey covering
      the complete reign of the Emperor Nero. The period shows a cooling and drying
      trend after an initial warm and more humid period, interrupted by a few anomalous
      years. These 2 cm of calcite highlight the significance of carbonate deposits in
      ancient water supply systems as a high-resolution archive for palaeoclimate,
      palaeoseismology and archaeology.

PMID- 27357128
TI  - Exposure to vector-borne pathogens in candidate blood donor and free-roaming dogs
      of northeast Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many vector-borne pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa and
      nematodes occur in northeast Italy, representing a potential threat to animal and
      human populations. Little information is available on the circulation of the
      above vector-borne pathogens in dogs. This work aims to (i) assess exposure to
      and circulation of pathogens transmitted to dogs in northeast Italy by ticks,
      sandflies, and mosquitoes, and (ii) drive blood donor screening at the newly
      established canine blood bank of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle
      Venezie. METHODS: Blood samples from 150 privately-owned canine candidate blood
      donors and 338 free-roaming dogs were screened by serology (IFA for Leishmania
      infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocythophilum, Babesia canis, Rickettsia
      conorii, R. rickettsii), microscopic blood smear examination, and blood
      filtration for Dirofilaria spp. All candidate donors and seropositive free
      roaming dogs were tested by PCR for L. infantum, E. canis, A. phagocythophilum,
      Babesia/Theileria and Rickettsia spp. The dogs had no clinical signs at the time
      of sampling. RESULTS: Overall, 40 candidate donors (26.7 %) and 108 free-roaming
      dogs (32 %) were seroreactive to at least one vector-borne pathogen.
      Seroprevalence in candidate donors vs free-roaming dogs was: Leishmania infantum
      6.7 vs 7.1 %; Anaplasma phagocytophilum 4.7 vs 3.3 %; Babesia canis 1.3 vs 2.7 %;
      Ehrlichia canis none vs 0.9 %; Rickettsia conorii 16 vs 21.3 % and R. rickettsii
      11 vs 14.3 %. Seroreactivity to R. rickettsii, which is not reported in Italy, is
      likely a cross-reaction with other rickettsiae. Filariae, as Dirofilaria immitis
      (n = 19) and D. repens (n = 2), were identified in free-roaming dogs only. No
      significant differences were observed between candidate donors and free-roaming
      dogs either in the overall seroprevalence of vector-borne pathogens or for each
      individual pathogen. All PCRs and smears performed on blood were negative.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that dogs are considerably exposed to vector
      borne pathogens in northeast Italy. Although the dog owners reported regularly
      using ectoparasiticides against fleas and ticks, their dogs had similar exposure
      to vector-borne pathogens as free-roaming dogs. This prompts the need to improve
      owner education on the use of insecticidal and repellent compounds in order to
      reduce the risk of arthropod bites and exposure to vector-borne pathogens. Based
      on the absence of pathogens circulating in the blood of healthy dogs, the risk of
      transmission of these pathogens by blood transfusion seems to be low, depending
      also on the sensitivity of the tests used for screening.

PMID- 27357130
TI  - Quantifying cadherin mechanotransduction machinery assembly/disassembly dynamics
      using fluorescence covariance analysis.
AB  - Quantifying multi-molecular complex assembly in specific cytoplasmic compartments
      is crucial to understand how cells use assembly/disassembly of these complexes to
      control function. Currently, biophysical methods like Fluorescence Resonance
      Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy provide quantitative
      measurements of direct protein-protein interactions, while traditional
      biochemical approaches such as sub-cellular fractionation and immunoprecipitation
      remain the main approaches used to study multi-protein complex
      assembly/disassembly dynamics. In this article, we validate and quantify multi
      protein adherens junction complex assembly in situ using light microscopy and
      Fluorescence Covariance Analysis. Utilizing specific fluorescently-labeled
      protein pairs, we quantified various stages of adherens junction complex
      assembly, the multiprotein complex regulating epithelial tissue structure and
      function following de novo cell-cell contact. We demonstrate: minimal cadherin
      catenin complex assembly in the perinuclear cytoplasm and subsequent localization
      to the cell-cell contact zone, assembly of adherens junction complexes, acto
      myosin tension-mediated anchoring, and adherens junction maturation following de
      novo cell-cell contact. Finally applying Fluorescence Covariance Analysis in live
      cells expressing fluorescently tagged adherens junction complex proteins, we also
      quantified adherens junction complex assembly dynamics during epithelial
      monolayer formation.

PMID- 27357131
TI  - Prognosis prediction of non-enhancing T2 high signal intensity lesions in
      glioblastoma patients after standard treatment: application of dynamic contrast
      enhanced MR imaging.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify candidate imaging biomarkers for early disease
      progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients by analysis of dynamic
      contrast-enhanced (DCE) MR parameters of non-enhancing T2 high signal intensity
      (SI) lesions. METHODS: Forty-nine GBM patients who had undergone preoperative DCE
      MR imaging and received standard treatment were retrospectively included.
      According to the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria, patients were
      classified into progression (n = 21) or non-progression (n = 28) groups. We
      analysed the pharmacokinetic parameters of Ktrans, Ve and Vp within non-enhancing
      T2 high SI lesions of each tumour. The best percentiles of each parameter from
      cumulative histograms were identified by the area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve (AUC) and were compared using multivariate stepwise logistic
      regression. RESULTS: For the differentiation of early disease progression, the
      highest AUC values were found in the 99th percentile of Ktrans (AUC 0.954), the
      97th percentile of Ve (AUC 0.815) and the 94th percentile of Vp (AUC 0.786) (all
      p < 0.05). The 99th percentile of Ktrans was the only significant independent
      variable from the multivariate stepwise logistic regression (p = 0.002).
      CONCLUSIONS: We found that the Ktrans of non-enhancing T2 high SI lesions in GBM
      patients holds potential as a candidate prognostic marker in future prospective
      studies. KEY POINTS: * DCE MR imaging provides candidate prognostic marker of GBM
      after standard treatment. * Cumulative histogram was applied to include entire
      non-enhancing T2 high SI lesions. * The 99th percentile value of Ktrans was the
      most likely potential biomarker.

PMID- 27357133
TI  - Indefinite Plasmonic Beam Engineering by In-plane Holography.
AB  - Recent advances in controlling the optical phase at the sub-wavelength scale by
      meta-structures offer unprecedented possibilities in the beam engineering,
      holograms, and even invisible cloaks. In despite of developments of plasmonic
      beam engineering for definite beams, here, we proposed a new holographic strategy
      by in-plane diffraction process to access indefinite plasmonic beams, where a
      counterintuitive oscillating beam was achieved at a free metal surface that is
      against the common recognition of light traveling. Beyond the conventional
      hologram, our approach emphasizes on the phase correlation on the target, and
      casts an in-depth insight into the beam formation as a kind of long depth-of
      field object. Moreover, in contrast to previous plasmonic holography with space
      light as references, our approach is totally fulfilled in a planar dimension that
      offers a thoroughly compact manipulation of the plasmonic near-field and suggests
      new possibilities in nanophotonic designs.

PMID- 27357132
TI  - Forensic use of the Greulich and Pyle atlas: prediction intervals and relevance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Greulich and Pyle (GP) atlas is one of the most frequently used
      methods of bone age (BA) estimation. Our aim is to assess its accuracy and to
      calculate the prediction intervals at 95% for forensic use. METHODS: The study
      was conducted on a multi-ethnic sample of 2614 individuals (1423 boys and 1191
      girls) referred to the university hospital of Marseille (France) for simple
      injuries. Hand radiographs were analysed using the GP atlas. Reliability of GP
      atlas and agreement between BA and chronological age (CA) were assessed and
      prediction intervals at 95% were calculated. RESULTS: The repeatability was
      excellent and the reproducibility was good. Pearson's linear correlation
      coefficient between CA and BA was 0.983. The mean difference between BA and CA
      was -0.18 years (boys) and 0.06 years (girls). The prediction interval at 95% for
      CA was given for each GP category and ranged between 1.2 and more than 4.5 years.
      CONCLUSION: The GP atlas is a reproducible and repeatable method that is still
      accurate for the present population, with a high correlation between BA and CA.
      The prediction intervals at 95% are wide, reflecting individual variability, and
      should be known when the method is used in forensic cases. KEY POINTS: * The GP
      atlas is still accurate at the present time. * There is a high correlation
      between bone age and chronological age. * Individual variability must be known
      when GP is used in forensic cases. * Prediction intervals (95%) are large; around
      4 years after 10 year olds.

PMID- 27357134
TI  - Primary Lingual Colonic-Type Adenocarcinoma: A Rare and Emerging Distinct Entity!
AB  - Primary colonic-type adenocarcinoma involving the tongue (CTAT) is exquisitely
      rare, with only four cases having been reported in the literature. We report the
      case of a 53-year-old woman with an anterior (oral) tongue mass. A review of
      literature was performed. Histomorphologic features were evaluated with standard
      hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Ancillary testing was performed. The mass
      consisted of invasive adenocarcinoma associated with "dirty necrosis", akin to
      the phenotype seen in colorectal adenocarcinoma. By immunohistochemistry, the
      tumor cells were positive for AE1/3, CDX2, CK20, SATB2 and beta-catenin. This was
      initially felt to represent a metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma but subsequent
      PET/CT and colonoscopy examination were negative for colorectal mass, excluding
      the possibility of a metastasis and confirming a diagnosis of CTAT. We raise
      awareness of the existence of this entity and recommend that metastatic disease
      be excluded before rendering a diagnosis of CTAT.

PMID- 27357135
TI  - Prognostic value of D-dimer in elderly patients with Pulmonary Embolism.
AB  - In a general population with acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) elevated D-dimer
      concentrations associate with increased mortality. The aim of the study was to
      assess the ability of D-dimer to predict 30 and 90-days mortality in elderly
      patients with acute PE. Hemodynamically stable patients aged >=65 years old with
      confirmed PE were included in this retrospective cohort study. A pulmonary
      computerized tomography angiography scan, D-dimer concentrations, simplified
      Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) variables and vital status were
      available for all patients. The study included 154 confirmed cases of PE (23.5 %
      of suspected), median age 79.1 years. D-dimer was higher in patients dead than in
      those alive at 30 (median 14,547 vs. 8340 ng/mL, p = 0.05) and 90 days (13,604
      vs. 7973 ng/mL, p = 0.013). When adding D-dimer to sPESI, the discriminant
      capacity to predict mortality within 30 and 90 days was increased by 0.080 and
      0.089, respectively. The contribution of D-dimer to the discriminating ability
      was NRI = 0.286 (95 % CI -0.198 to 0.770, p value: 0.247) at 30 days and NRI =
      0.605 (95 % CI 0.223-0.988, p-value: 0.002) at 90 days.D-dimer concentration was
      associated with 30 and 90-days mortality and showed a higher discriminant
      capacity than sPESI alone to predict 90-days mortality. Adding D-dimer
      concentrations to sPESI score seems to improve its prognostic ability, supporting
      multivariable risk models as the best approach to estimate prognosis in elderly
      patients with PE. 

PMID- 27357137
TI  - Sepsis and septic shock.

PMID- 27357138
TI  - Meetings of the mind!

PMID- 27357136
TI  - Psgl-1 Deficiency is Protective against Stroke in a Murine Model of Lupus.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an elevated risk of
      vascular complications, including premature stroke. Therapies targeting leukocyte
      recruitment may be beneficial in reducing vascular complications associated with
      SLE. Lupus was induced in female wild-type (WT) and P-selectin glycoprotein
      ligand-1 deficient (Psgl-1(-/-)) mice with pristane. Stroke was induced following
      photochemical injury to the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Stroke size was
      increased in pristane-treated WT mice compared to non-pristane-treated WT
      controls. However, stroke size was not increased in pristane-treated Psgl-1(-/-)
      mice compared to controls, despite evidence of increased nephritis in Psgl-1(-/-)
      mice. Pristane-treated WT mice showed elevated anti-dsDNA, anti-snRNP, CXCL1, and
      MCP-1 levels compared to untreated mice; however levels of anti-snRNP, MCP-1, and
      CXCL1 were reduced in pristane-treated Psgl-1(-/-) mice compared to pristane
      treated WT mice. Infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages at the cerebral
      infarction site were reduced in pristane-treated Psgl-1(-/-) mice compared to
      pristane-treated WT mice. In conclusion, the increase in stroke size associated
      with lupus is prevented by Psgl-1 deficiency while nephritis is exacerbated.
      Therapies targeting Psgl-1 may be useful in the management of SLE patients at
      high risk of acute vascular complications although elucidation of downstream
      pathways will be necessary to identify targets that do not promote nephritis.

PMID- 27357139
TI  - Reflections: Spirituality and Cancer Researchers.
AB  - Spirituality is increasingly acknowledged as an essential element to consider
      within care for cancer and other chronic health conditions. As our colleagues in
      frontline healthcare roles integrate these concepts into their professional
      practice, it seems timely for the cancer research community to reflect on the
      place of spirituality within our work. This reflections article discusses
      challenges and opportunities for researchers considering spirituality in their
      own work roles and within broader discussions about health needs, care and
      research agendas.

PMID- 27357140
TI  - Training Primary Health Professionals in Breast Cancer Prevention: Evidence and
      Experience from Mexico.
AB  - To analyze the key successful factors of a national educational strategy for
      early breast cancer detection developed in Mexico for primary health care
      personnel from 2008 to 2014, an educational strategy to train physicians, nurses,
      health promoters, and medical students from local ministries of health with a
      competency-based approach was developed and implemented using diverse educational
      modalities, face-to-face, blended, and a massive open online course (MOOC).
      Formative and summative evaluations were used during the implementation of the
      course. A total of 19,563 health professionals were trained from 2008 to 2014.
      The graduation rate, an average of all educational modalities, was 91 %, much
      higher than those previously reported in the literature. The factors that might
      have influenced this success were (1) the training strategy, which was designed
      according to the characteristics and specific needs of the target groups; (2) the
      political will and commitment of the country's health authorities; (3) the
      technological and educational models used; and (4) the punctual follow-up of
      participants. This study shows that carefully designed educational interventions
      can improve service professionals' competencies and that regardless of the
      modality, face-to-face, blended learning, or MOOC, high graduation rates can be
      achieved. Further evaluation is required to demonstrate that the competencies
      remained in all target groups after 6 months of the intervention and that the
      women served by the trained personnel were provided accurate information and
      timely diagnoses of breast cancer.

PMID- 27357142
TI  - Stem cells for all ages, yet hostage to aging.

PMID- 27357141
TI  - Antimicrobial Potential of Thiodiketopiperazine Derivatives Produced by Phoma
      sp., an Endophyte of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
AB  - During the screening of endophytes obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn., the
      extract from a fungal culture designated as GG1F1 showed significant
      antimicrobial activity. The fungus was identified as a species of the genus Phoma
      and was most closely related to Phoma cucurbitacearum. The chemical investigation
      of the GG1F1 extract led to the isolation and characterization of two
      thiodiketopiperazine derivatives. Both the compounds inhibited the growth of
      several bacterial pathogens especially that of Staphylococcus aureus and
      Streptococcus pyogenes, with IC50 values of less than 10 MUM. The compounds
      strongly inhibited biofilm formation in both the pathogens. In vitro time kill
      kinetics showed efficient bactericidal activity of these compounds. The compounds
      were found to act synergistically with streptomycin while producing varying
      effects in combination with ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. The compounds inhibited
      bacterial transcription/translation in vitro, and also inhibited staphyloxanthin
      production in S. aureus. Although similar in structure, they differed
      significantly in some of their properties, particularly the effect on the
      expression of pathogenecity related genes in S. aureus at sub-lethal
      concentrations. Keeping in view the antimicrobial potential of these compounds,
      it would be needful to scale up the production of these compounds through
      fermentation technology and further explore their potential as antibiotics using
      in vivo models.

PMID- 27357143
TI  - Cutaneous sarcoidosis in a melanoma patient under Ipilimumab therapy.

PMID- 27357144
TI  - Twenty years of Hendra virus: laboratory submission trends and risk factors for
      infection in horses.
AB  - Hendra virus (HeV) was first described in 1994 in an outbreak of acute and highly
      lethal disease in horses and humans in Australia. Equine cases continue to be
      diagnosed periodically, yet the predisposing factors for infection remain
      unclear. We undertook an analysis of equine submissions tested for HeV by the
      Queensland government veterinary reference laboratory over a 20-year period to
      identify and investigate any patterns. We found a marked increase in testing from
      July 2008, primarily reflecting a broadening of the HeV clinical case definition.
      Peaks in submissions for testing, and visitations to the Government HeV website,
      were associated with reported equine incidents. Significantly differing between
      year HeV detection rates in north and south Queensland suggest a fundamental
      difference in risk exposure between the two regions. The statistical association
      between HeV detection and stockhorse type may suggest that husbandry is a more
      important risk determinant than breed per se. The detection of HeV in horses with
      neither neurological nor respiratory signs poses a risk management challenge for
      attending veterinarians and laboratory staff, reinforcing animal health authority
      recommendations that appropriate risk management strategies be employed for all
      sick horses, and by anyone handling sick horses or associated biological samples.

PMID- 27357145
TI  - Site-Specific and High-Loading Immobilization of Proteins by Using Cohesin
      Dockerin and CBM-Cellulose Interactions.
AB  - Immobilization of enzymes enhances their properties for application in industrial
      processes as reusable and robust biocatalysts. Here, we developed a new
      immobilization method by mimicking the natural cellulosome system. A group of
      cohesin and carbohydrate-binding module (CBM)-containing scaffoldins were
      genetically engineered, and their length was controlled by cohesin number. To use
      green fluorescent protein (GFP) as an immobilization model, its C-terminus was
      fused with a dockerin domain. GFP was able to specifically bind to scaffoldin via
      cohesin-dockerin interaction, while the scaffoldin could attach to cellulose by
      CBM-cellulose interaction. Our results showed that this mild and convenient
      approach was able to achieve site-specific immobilization, and the maximum GFP
      loading capacity reached ~0.508 MUmol/g cellulose.

PMID- 27357146
TI  - Assessing generative braille responding following training in a matching-to
      sample format.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of teaching sighted college students to select printed
      text letters given a braille sample stimulus in a matching-to-sample (MTS) format
      on the emergence of untrained (a) construction of print characters given braille
      samples, (b) construction of braille characters given print samples, (c)
      transcription of print characters given braille sample sentences, and (d) vocal
      reading given braille sample passages. The results demonstrated the generative
      development of these repertoires given MTS instruction.

PMID- 27357147
TI  - Contamination of DNase Preparations Confounds Analysis of the Role of DNA in Alum
      Adjuvanted Vaccines.
AB  - Aluminum salt (alum) adjuvants have been used for many years as adjuvants for
      human vaccines because they are safe and effective. Despite its widespread use,
      the means by which alum acts as an adjuvant remains poorly understood. Recently,
      it was shown that injected alum is rapidly coated with host chromatin within
      mice. Experiments suggested that the host DNA in the coating chromatin
      contributed to alum's adjuvant activity. Some of the experiments used
      commercially purchased DNase and showed that coinjection of these DNase
      preparations with alum and Ag reduced the host's immune response to the vaccine.
      In this study, we report that some commercial DNase preparations are contaminated
      with proteases. These proteases are responsible for most of the ability of DNase
      preparations to inhibit alum's adjuvant activity. Nevertheless, DNase somewhat
      reduces responses to some Ags with alum. The effect of DNase is independent of
      its ability to cleave DNA, suggesting that alum improves CD4 responses to Ag via
      a pathway other than host DNA sensing.

PMID- 27357148
TI  - Inhibition of Phagocytic Killing of Escherichia coli in Drosophila Hemocytes by
      RNA Chaperone Hfq.
AB  - An RNA chaperone of Escherichia coli, called host factor required for phage Qbeta
      RNA replication (Hfq), forms a complex with small noncoding RNAs to facilitate
      their binding to target mRNA for the alteration of translation efficiency and
      stability. Although the role of Hfq in the virulence and drug resistance of
      bacteria has been suggested, how this RNA chaperone controls the infectious state
      remains unknown. In the present study, we addressed this issue using Drosophila
      melanogaster as a host for bacterial infection. In an assay for abdominal
      infection using adult flies, an E. coli strain with mutation in hfq was
      eliminated earlier, whereas flies survived longer compared with infection with a
      parental strain. The same was true with flies deficient in humoral responses, but
      the mutant phenotypes were not observed when a fly line with impaired hemocyte
      phagocytosis was infected. The results from an assay for phagocytosis in vitro
      revealed that Hfq inhibits the killing of E. coli by Drosophila phagocytes after
      engulfment. Furthermore, Hfq seemed to exert this action partly through enhancing
      the expression of sigma(38), a stress-responsive sigma factor that was previously
      shown to be involved in the inhibition of phagocytic killing of E. coli, by a
      posttranscriptional mechanism. Our study indicates that the RNA chaperone Hfq
      contributes to the persistent infection of E. coli by maintaining the expression
      of bacterial genes, including one coding for sigma(38), that help bacteria evade
      host immunity.

PMID- 27357149
TI  - Resident T Cells Are Unable To Control Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Activity in the
      Brain Ependymal Region during Latency.
AB  - HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the leading etiologies of sporadic viral
      encephalitis. Early antiviral intervention is crucial to the survival of herpes
      simplex encephalitis patients; however, many survivors suffer from long-term
      neurologic deficits. It is currently understood that HSV-1 establishes a latent
      infection within sensory peripheral neurons throughout the life of the host.
      However, the tissue residence of latent virus, other than in sensory neurons, and
      the potential pathogenic consequences of latency remain enigmatic. In the current
      study, we characterized the lytic and latent infection of HSV-1 in the CNS in
      comparison with the peripheral nervous system following ocular infection in mice.
      We used RT-PCR to detect latency-associated transcripts and HSV-1 lytic cycle
      genes within the brain stem, the ependyma (EP), containing the limbic and
      cortical areas, which also harbor neural progenitor cells, in comparison with the
      trigeminal ganglia. Unexpectedly, HSV-1 lytic genes, usually identified during
      acute infection, are uniquely expressed in the EP 60 d postinfection when animals
      are no longer suffering from encephalitis. An inflammatory response was also
      mounted in the EP by the maintenance of resident memory T cells. However, EP T
      cells were incapable of controlling HSV-1 infection ex vivo and secreted less IFN
      gamma, which correlated with expression of a variety of exhaustion-related
      inhibitory markers. Collectively, our data suggest that the persistent viral
      lytic gene expression during latency is the cause of the chronic inflammatory
      response leading to the exhaustion of the resident T cells in the EP.

PMID- 27357151
TI  - CD8+ Effector T Cell Migration to Pancreatic Islet Grafts Is Dependent on Cognate
      Antigen Presentation by Donor Graft Cells.
AB  - Pancreatic islet transplantation is a promising therapy for diabetes, but acute
      rejection of the islets by host effector T cells has hindered clinical
      application. In this study, we addressed the mechanisms of CD8(+) effector T cell
      migration to islet grafts because interrupting this step is key to preventing
      rejection. We found that effector T cell migration to revascularized islet
      transplants in mice is dependent on non-self Ag recognition rather than signaling
      via Galphai-coupled chemokine receptors. Presentation of non-self Ag by donor
      cells was necessary for migration, whereas Ag presentation by recipient cells was
      dispensable. We also observed that deficiency of SKAP1, an immune cell adaptor
      downstream of the TCR and important for integrin activation, prolongs allograft
      survival but does not reduce effector T cell migration to the graft. Therefore,
      effector T cell migration to transplanted islets is Ag driven, not chemokine
      driven, but SKAP1 does not play a critical role in this process.

PMID- 27357150
TI  - Network Analysis Identifies Proinflammatory Plasma Cell Polarization for
      Secretion of ISG15 in Human Autoimmunity.
AB  - Plasma cells (PCs) as effectors of humoral immunity produce Igs to match
      pathogenic insult. Emerging data suggest more diverse roles exist for PCs as
      regulators of immune and inflammatory responses via secretion of factors other
      than Igs. The extent to which such responses are preprogrammed in B-lineage cells
      or can be induced in PCs by the microenvironment is unknown. In this study, we
      dissect the impact of IFNs on the regulatory networks of human PCs. We show that
      core PC programs are unaffected, whereas PCs respond to IFNs with distinctive
      transcriptional responses. The IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) system emerges as a
      major transcriptional output induced in a sustained fashion by IFN-alpha in PCs
      and linked both to intracellular conjugation and ISG15 secretion. This leads to
      the identification of ISG15-secreting plasmablasts/PCs in patients with active
      systemic lupus erythematosus. Thus, ISG15-secreting PCs represent a distinct
      proinflammatory PC subset providing an Ig-independent mechanism of PC action in
      human autoimmunity.

PMID- 27357153
TI  - NK Cell Activation in the Antitumor Response Induced by IFN-alpha Dendritic Cells
      Loaded with Apoptotic Cells from Follicular Lymphoma Patients.
AB  - Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common form of indolent non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma. This malignancy is considered virtually incurable, with high response
      rates to therapy but frequent relapses. We investigated the ability of monocyte
      derived dendritic cells generated in the presence of IFN-alpha and GM-CSF (IFN
      DC) and loaded with apoptotic lymphoma cells to activate immune responses against
      FL cells, with the ultimate goal of designing novel patient-specific vaccination
      strategies for the treatment of FL. In this article, we show that apoptotic tumor
      cell-loaded IFN-DC from FL patients, which were cultured for 2 wk with autologous
      lymphocytes, led to Th1 response skewing, based on significantly higher levels of
      IFN-gamma production and a remarkable increase in CD8(+) and NK cell frequency,
      consistent with the detection of enhanced cytotoxic effector function toward
      autologous FL cells. IFN-DC were found to promote efficient NK cell activation,
      increased expression of cytotoxicity receptors, and extensive IFN-gamma
      production in the virtual absence of IL-10. Moreover, direct recognition and
      killing of primary autologous lymphoma cells by activated NK cells from FL
      patients was also demonstrated. A critical role was demonstrated for MHC class I
      related chain A and B and membrane-bound IL-15 in IFN-DC-mediated NK cell
      activation and early IFN-gamma production. The overall results indicate that IFN
      DC loaded with autologous apoptotic FL cells represent a valuable tool for
      improving the potency of therapeutic cancer vaccines through the efficient
      induction of NK cell activation and promotion of CD8(+) T cell antitumor
      immunity.

PMID- 27357152
TI  - Distinct CD55 Isoform Synthesis and Inhibition of Complement-Dependent Cytolysis
      by Hepatitis C Virus.
AB  - CD55/DAF, one of the regulators of complement activation, is known to limit
      excess complement activation on the host cell surface by accelerating the decay
      of C3 convertase. We reported previously that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
      or virus core protein expression upregulates CD55 expression. CD55 associates
      with HCV particles, potentially protecting HCV from lysis in circulation. An
      increase in CD55 on the surface of HCV-infected cells may inhibit complement
      mediated cell killing. In this study, we show that Abs against cancer cell
      surface proteins induce complement-dependent cytolysis or Ab-dependent cell
      mediated cytotoxicity of immortalized human hepatocytes in the presence of CD55
      blocking Ab. CD55 has a secreted isoform (sCD55) that is generated by alternative
      splicing. We observed that sCD55 is induced in HCV-infected or HCV replicon
      harboring cells, as well as in liver biopsy samples from chronically HCV-infected
      patients. Conditioned medium from HCV-infected hepatoma cells (Huh7.5 cells) or
      immortalized human hepatocytes inhibited C3 convertase activity and complement
      dependent cytolysis of sheep blood erythrocytes. Chronically HCV-infected patient
      sera inhibited C3 convertase activity, further implicating HCV-specific
      impairment of complement function in infected humans. CD55-blocking Ab inhibited
      erythrocyte lysis by conditioned medium, suggesting that CD55/sCD55 impairs
      convertase activity. Together, our data show that HCV infection induces sCD55
      expression in HCV-infected cell culture-conditioned medium and inhibits C3
      convertase activity. This may have implications for modulating complement
      mediated immune function in the microenvironment and on HCV-harboring cells.

PMID- 27357154
TI  - ZBTB32 Restricts the Duration of Memory B Cell Recall Responses.
AB  - Memory B cell responses are more rapid and of greater magnitude than are primary
      Ab responses. The mechanisms by which these secondary responses are eventually
      attenuated remain unknown. We demonstrate that the transcription factor ZBTB32
      limits the rapidity and duration of Ab recall responses. ZBTB32 is highly
      expressed by mouse and human memory B cells but not by their naive counterparts.
      Zbtb32(-/-) mice mount normal primary Ab responses to T-dependent Ags. However,
      Zbtb32(-/-) memory B cell-mediated recall responses occur more rapidly and
      persist longer than do control responses. Microarray analyses demonstrate that
      Zbtb32(-/-) secondary bone marrow plasma cells display elevated expression of
      genes that promote cell cycle progression and mitochondrial function relative to
      wild-type controls. BrdU labeling and adoptive transfer experiments confirm more
      rapid production and a cell-intrinsic survival advantage of Zbtb32(-/-) secondary
      plasma cells relative to wild-type counterparts. ZBTB32 is therefore a novel
      negative regulator of Ab recall responses.

PMID- 27357156
TI  - No Evidence of Dengue Virus Infections in Several Species of Bats Captured in
      Central and Southern Mexico.
AB  - Bats are reservoirs for viruses with zoonotic potential in the Americas, and
      scattered evidence exists suggesting that bats may act as reservoirs for dengue
      virus (DENV). To explore further the role of bats as part of DENV sylvatic
      cycles, 240 bats of 18 species were captured in 2 states of Mexico with
      contrasting ecological characteristics but concurrent DENV activity in humans. RT
      PCR analysis of RNA extracted from liver or spleen tissue from de bats failed to
      show evidence for the presence of DENV nucleic acids in these organs. In
      addition, plasma assayed by plaque reduction neutralization test showed no
      evidence of neutralizing anti-DENV antibodies. These results suggest that
      American bats may not be reservoirs or amplification host for DENV infection.

PMID- 27357157
TI  - Safety and efficacy of flow re-direction endoluminal device (FRED) in the
      treatment of cerebral aneurysms: a single center experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Experience with the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms by
      the Flow Re-Direction Endoluminal Device (FRED) is still limited. The aim of this
      study is to discuss the results and complications of this new flow diverter
      device (FDD). METHODS: Between November 2013 and April 2015, 20 patients (15
      female and five male) harboring 24 cerebral aneurysms were treated with FRED FDD
      in a single center. RESULTS: Complete occlusion was obtained in 20/24 aneurysms
      (83 %) and partial occlusion in four (17 %). Intraprocedural technical
      complication occurred in one case (4 %) and post-procedural complications in
      three (12 %). None reported neurological deficits (mRS = 0). All FRED were patent
      at follow-up. No early or delayed aneurysm rupture, no subarachnoid (SAH) or
      intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) no ischemic complications and no deaths
      occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular treatment with FRED FDD is a safe treatment
      for unruptured cerebral aneurysms, resulting in a high rate of occlusion. The
      FRED is substantially equivalent to the other known FDDs, which show similar
      functions and technical profiles.

PMID- 27357155
TI  - Neonatal Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination alleviates lipopolysaccharide
      induced neurobehavioral impairments and neuroinflammation in adult mice.
AB  - The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is routinely administered to human
      neonates worldwide. BCG has recently been identified as a neuroprotective immune
      mediator in several neuropathological conditions, exerting neuroprotection in a
      mouse model of Parkinson's disease and slowing the progression of clinically
      isolated syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis. The immune system is
      significantly involved in brain development, and several types of neonatal immune
      activations exert influences on the brain and behavior following a secondary
      immune challenge in adulthood. However, whether the neonatal BCG vaccination
      affects the brain in adulthood remains to be elucidated. In the present study,
      newborn C57BL/6 mice were injected subcutaneously with BCG (105 colony forming
      units) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). A total of 12 weeks later, the mice
      were injected intraperitoneally with 330 ug/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or PBS.
      The present study reported that the neonatal BCG vaccination alleviated sickness,
      anxiety and depression-like behavior, lessened the impairments in hippocampal
      cell proliferation and downregulated the proinflammatory responses in the serum
      and brain that were induced by the adult LPS challenge. However, BCG vaccination
      alone had no evident influence on the brain and behavior in adulthood. In
      conclusion, the neonatal BCG vaccination alleviated the neurobehavioral
      impairments and neuroinflammation induced by LPS exposure in adult mice,
      suggesting a potential neuroprotective role of the neonatal BCG vaccination in
      adulthood. 

PMID- 27357158
TI  - Hydrothermal synthesis for high-quality glutathione-capped Cdx Zn1 - x Se and Cdx
      Zn1 - x Se/ZnS alloyed quantum dots and its application in Hg(II) sensing.
AB  - High-quality Cdx Zn1 - x Se and Cdx Zn1 - x Se/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs)
      emitting in the violet-green spectral range have been successfully prepared using
      hydrothermal methods. The obtained aqueous Cdx Zn1 - x Se and Cdx Zn1 - x Se/ZnS
      QDs exhibit a tunable photoluminescence (PL) emission (from 433.5 nm to 501.2 nm)
      and a favorable narrow photoluminescence bandwidth [full width at half maximum
      (FWHM): 30-42 nm]. After coating with a ZnS shell, the quantum yield increases
      from 40.2% to 48.1%. These Cdx Zn1 - x Se and Cdx Zn1 - x Se/ZnS QDs were
      characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray
      photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. To
      further understand the alloying mechanism, the growth kinetics of Cdx Zn1 - x Se
      were investigated through measuring the fluorescence spectra and X-ray
      diffraction spectra at different growth intervals. The results demonstrate that
      the inverted ZnSe/CdSe core/shell structure is formed initially after the
      injection of Cd2+ . With further heating, the core/shell structured ZnSe/CdSe is
      transformed into alloyed Cdx Zn1 - x Se QDs with the diffusion of Cd2+ into ZnSe
      matrices. With increasing the reaction temperature from 100  degrees C to 180 
      degrees C, the duration time of the alloying process decreases from 210 min to 20
      min. In addition, the cytotoxicity of Cdx Zn1 - x Se and Cdx Zn1 - x Se/ZnS QDs
      were investigated. The results indicate that the as-prepared Cdx Zn1 - x Se/ZnS
      QDs have low cytotoxicity, which makes them a promising probe for cell imaging.
      Finally, the as-prepared Cdx Zn1 - x Se/ZnS QDs were utilized to ultrasensitively
      and selectively detect Hg2+ ions with a low detection limit (1.8 nM).

PMID- 27357159
TI  - Vasoconstrictor eicosanoids and impaired microvascular function in inactive and
      insulin-resistant primates.
AB  - The inability to augment capillary blood volume (CBV) in response to insulin or
      glucose is thought to contribute to insulin resistance (IR) by limiting glucose
      uptake in key storage sites. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to
      impaired CBV augmentation early in the onset of IR may lead to new future
      therapies. We hypothesized that inactivity alters the balance of vasoactive
      eicosanoids and contributes to microvascular IR. In ten activity-restricted (AR)
      and six normal activity adult male rhesus macaques, contrast-enhanced ultrasound
      of skeletal muscle blood flow and CBV was performed at baseline and during
      intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Plasma was analyzed for
      vasoconstrictor hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and the ratio of
      vasodilatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to their less biologically active
      dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs) as an indirect measure of soluble epoxide
      hydrolase activity. AR primates were IR during IVGTT and had a 45% lower glucose
      stimulated CBV response. Vasoconstrictor 18-HETE and 19-HETE and the DHET/EET
      ratio were markedly elevated in the AR group and correlated inversely with the
      CBV response. In addition, levels of 18-HETE and 19-HETE correlated directly with
      microvascular IR. We conclude that a shift toward increased eicosanoid
      vasoconstrictor tone correlates with abnormal skeletal muscle vascular
      recruitment and may contribute to IR.

PMID- 27357160
TI  - Fungal Associates of the Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae,
      Scolytinae) Are Spatially Segregated on the Insect Body.
AB  - Studies of symbioses have traditionally focused on explaining one-to-one
      interactions between organisms. In reality, symbioses are often much more
      dynamic. They can involve many interacting members, and change depending on
      context. In studies of the ambrosia symbiosis-the mutualism between wood borer
      beetles and fungi-two variables have introduced uncertainty when explaining
      interactions: imprecise symbiont identification, and disregard for anatomical
      complexity of the insects. The black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff,
      is a globally invasive ambrosia beetle that infests >200 plant species. Despite
      many studies on this beetle, reports of its primary symbionts are conflicting. We
      sampled adult X. compactus and infested plant material in central Florida to
      characterize the fungal symbiont community using dilution series, beetle
      partitioning, and DNA-based identification. X. compactus was consistently
      associated with two fungal taxa, Fusarium spp. and Ambrosiella xylebori
      Multivariate analyses revealed that A. xylebori was strongly associated with the
      beetle mycangium while Fusarium spp. were associated with the abdomen and
      external surfaces. The Fusarium spp. carried by X. compactus are not members of
      the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade, and are probably not mutualists. Fungal community
      composition of the mycangium was less variable than external body surfaces, thus
      providing a more consistent fungal inoculum. This is the first report of spatial
      partitioning as a mechanism for maintenance of a multimember ambrosia fungus
      community. Our results provide an explanation for discrepancies among previous
      reports, and suggest that conflicting results are not due to differences in
      symbiont communities, but due to inconsistent and incomplete sampling.

PMID- 27357161
TI  - Selective Foraging by Pogonomyrmex salinus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Semiarid
      Grassland: Implications for a Rare Plant.
AB  - Selective foraging by granivores can have important consequences for the
      structure and composition of plant communities, and potentially severe
      consequences for rare plant species. To understand how granivore foraging
      behavior affects common and rare plant species, diet selection should be viewed
      relative to the availability of alternative seed options, and with consideration
      of the individual attributes of those seeds (e.g., morphology, nutrient content).
      We examined the foraging decisions of Owyhee harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex salinus
      (Olsen), in semiarid grassland dominated by two species of grass, Poa secunda and
      Bromus tectorum, and two species of mustard, Sisymbrium altissimum and Lepidium
      papilliferum The latter is a rare plant endemic to southwestern Idaho, and its
      seeds are readily consumed by P. salinus We examined the diets of P. salinus
      colonies in June and July over three years and compared these values to the
      weekly availability of seeds on the ground in a 3-12 -m radius around individual
      ant colonies. Small-seeded species (P. secunda, S. altissimum, and L.
      papilliferum) were usually overrepresented in the diet of ants relative to their
      availability, whereas the large seeds of B. tectorum were largely avoided despite
      being abundant and nutritious. The reduced travel time associated with carrying
      small seeds may overshadow differences in nutritional content among seed types,
      except in times when small seeds are in short supply. Lepidium papilliferum
      appears particularly vulnerable to seed predation, likely in part because it
      grows in dense patches that are easily exploited by foragers.

PMID- 27357162
TI  - Arthropod Pests and Predators Associated With Bittersweet Nightshade, a Noncrop
      Host of the Potato Psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae).
AB  - Bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.) is a key noncrop host of the potato
      psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc), proposed to be a source of the psyllids
      that colonize potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields in the northwestern United
      States. Here, we describe the broader community of arthropod potato pests, and
      also predatory arthropods, found in bittersweet nightshade patches. Over 2 yr, we
      sampled arthropods in patches of this weed spanning the potato-growing region of
      eastern Washington State. The potato psyllid was the most abundant potato pest
      that we found, with reproduction of these herbivores recorded throughout much of
      the growing season where this was measured. Aphid, beetle, and thrips pests of
      potato also were collected on bittersweet nightshade. In addition to these
      herbivores, we found a diverse community of >40 predatory arthropod taxa.
      Spiders, primarily in the Families Dictynidae and Philodromidae, made up 70% of
      all generalist predator individuals collected. Other generalist predators
      included multiple species of predatory mites, bugs, and beetles. The coccinellid
      beetle Stethorus punctillum (Weise) was observed eating psyllid eggs, while the
      parasitoid wasp Tamarixia triozae (Burks) was observed parasitizing potato
      psyllid nymphs. Overall, our survey verified the role of bittersweet nightshade
      as a potato psyllid host, while suggesting that other potato pests also use these
      plants. At the same time, we found that bittersweet nightshade patches were
      associated with species-rich communities of natural enemies. Additional work is
      needed to directly demonstrate movement of pests, and perhaps also predators,
      from bittersweet nightshade to potato fields.

PMID- 27357163
TI  - Too many covariates and too few cases? - a comparative study.
AB  - Prior research indicates that 10-15 cases or controls, whichever fewer, are
      required per parameter to reliably estimate regression coefficients in
      multivariable logistic regression models. This condition may be difficult to meet
      even in a well-designed study when the number of potential confounders is large,
      the outcome is rare, and/or interactions are of interest. Various propensity
      score approaches have been implemented when the exposure is binary. Recent work
      on shrinkage approaches like lasso were motivated by the critical need to develop
      methods for the p >> n situation, where p is the number of parameters and n is
      the sample size. Those methods, however, have been less frequently used when p~n,
      and in this situation, there is no guidance on choosing among regular logistic
      regression models, propensity score methods, and shrinkage approaches. To fill
      this gap, we conducted extensive simulations mimicking our motivating clinical
      data, estimating vaccine effectiveness for preventing influenza hospitalizations
      in the 2011-2012 influenza season. Ridge regression and penalized logistic
      regression models that penalize all but the coefficient of the exposure may be
      considered in these types of studies. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27357164
TI  - Assessment of the internal structure of Computer-based Assessment of Memory and
      Cognitive Impairment.

PMID- 27357165
TI  - A New Strategy for Humidity Independent Oxide Chemiresistors: Dynamic Self
      Refreshing of In2 O3 Sensing Surface Assisted by Layer-by-Layer Coated CeO2
      Nanoclusters.
AB  - The humidity dependence of the gas sensing characteristics of metal oxide
      semiconductors has been one of the greatest obstacles for gas sensor applications
      during the last five decades because ambient humidity dynamically changes with
      the environmental conditions. Herein, a new and novel strategy is reported to
      eliminate the humidity dependence of the gas sensing characteristics of oxide
      chemiresistors via dynamic self-refreshing of the sensing surface affected by
      water vapor chemisorption. The sensor resistance and gas response of pure In2 O3
      hollow spheres significantly change and deteriorate in humid atmospheres. In
      contrast, the humidity dependence becomes negligible when an optimal
      concentration of CeO2 nanoclusters is uniformly loaded onto In2 O3 hollow spheres
      via layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. Moreover, In2 O3 sensors LBL-coated with CeO2
      nanoclusters show fast response/recovery, low detection limit (500 ppb), and high
      selectivity to acetone even in highly humid conditions (relative humidity 80%).
      The mechanism underlying the dynamic refreshing of the In2 O3 sensing surfaces
      regardless of humidity variation is investigated in relation to the role of CeO2
      and the chemical interaction among CeO2 , In2 O3 , and water vapor. This strategy
      can be widely used to design high performance gas sensors including disease
      diagnosis via breath analysis and pollutant monitoring. 

PMID- 27357167
TI  - Long-term safety of replication-defective smallpox vaccine (MVA-BN) in atopic
      eczema and allergic rhinitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Availability of a safe smallpox vaccine may be necessary under
      certain circumstances. Use of the old life virus vaccine was associated with
      serious adverse events, particularly in the setting of atopic eczema (AE) and
      immunodeficiency. Modified virus Ankara (MVA)-BN, a highly attenuated strain of
      vaccinia virus, was developed for vaccination with improved safety profile.
      METHODS: A phase 1 study was conducted in 60 subjects without history of smallpox
      vaccination to gain experience with smallpox vaccination using this strain in
      healthy and atopic subjects. Healthy subjects, subjects with a history of AE,
      subjects with mild active AE and subjects with mild allergic rhinitis without AE
      were equally allocated into four groups. MVA-BN was injected s.c. in a dose of
      108 TCID50 twice in a 4-week interval. RESULTS: No serious or unexpected adverse
      reactions were reported. All subjects experienced mild to moderate pain and
      redness at the injection site. Dermatologic examinations did not reveal any
      unfavourable reactions to the study medication, particularly no sign or
      exacerbation of eczema for as long as 196 days. All subjects seroconverted after
      two vaccinations and no significant difference in antibody titres between the
      four different groups was observed. CONCLUSIONS: A good safety profile of the MVA
      BN vaccine was shown. The absence of adverse events in subjects with atopic
      disorders appears promising for the development of a safe smallpox vaccine for
      patients with AE or other atopic diseases.

PMID- 27357166
TI  - Xanthine oxidoreductase mediates membrane docking of milk-fat droplets but is not
      essential for apocrine lipid secretion.
AB  - KEY POINTS: Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) modulates milk lipid secretion and
      lactation initiation. XOR is required for butyrophilin1a1 clustering in the
      membrane during milk lipid secretion. XOR mediates apical membrane reorganization
      during milk lipid secretion. Loss of XOR delays milk fat globule secretion. XOR
      loss alters the proteome of milk fat globules. ABSTRACT: Apocrine secretion is
      utilized by epithelial cells of exocrine glands. These cells bud off membrane
      bound particles into the lumen of the gland, losing a portion of the cytoplasm in
      the secretion product. The lactating mammary gland secretes milk lipid by this
      mechanism, and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has long been thought to be
      functionally important. We generated mammary-specific XOR knockout (MGKO) mice,
      expecting lactation to fail. Histology of the knockout glands showed very large
      lipid droplets enclosed in the mammary alveolar cells, but milk analysis showed
      that these large globules were secreted. Butyrophilin, a membrane protein known
      to bind to XOR, was clustered at the point of contact of the cytoplasmic lipid
      droplet with the apical plasma membrane, in the wild-type gland but not in the
      knockout, suggesting that XOR mediates 'docking' to this membrane. Secreted milk
      fat globules were isolated from mouse milk of wild-type and XOR MGKO dams, and
      subjected to LC-MS/MS for analysis of protein component. Proteomic results showed
      that loss of XOR leads to an increase in cytoplasmic, cytoskeletal, Golgi
      apparatus and lipid metabolism proteins associated with the secreted milk fat
      globule. Association of XOR with the lipid droplet results in membrane docking
      and more efficient retention of cytoplasmic components by the secretory cell.
      Loss of XOR then results in a reversion to a more rudimentary, less efficient,
      apocrine secretion mechanism, but does not prevent milk fat globule secretion.

PMID- 27357168
TI  - Targeted Transcriptional Profiling of Microdissected Biopsy Specimens
      Representing Early Colonic Neoplasia.
AB  - Our incomplete understanding of the critical changes that accompany the earliest
      stages of tumor initiation provides a substantial hurdle for the development of
      novel intervention strategies for cancer prevention. Premalignant lesions are
      inherently difficult to characterize given their diminutive size, creating
      technical obstacles for accurate genetic profiling. Here, we describe an approach
      combining laser-capture microdissection (LCM) with targeted RNA-sequencing to
      study the transcriptional state of epithelial and stromal cells during the
      earliest detectable stage of human colorectal neoplasia, the aberrant crypt foci
      (ACF). We provide a robust and reproducible workflow for RNA isolation, library
      preparation, and expression profiling of laser-captured cells from frozen OCT
      embedded tissue specimens. It is anticipated that the methodological approach
      outlined in this report will provide a framework for a broad range of
      microgenomics analyses that can be routinely applied to many other premalignant
      tissues. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2677-2681, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357169
TI  - Local versus global biological network alignment.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Network alignment (NA) aims to find regions of similarities between
      species' molecular networks. There exist two NA categories: local (LNA) and
      global (GNA). LNA finds small highly conserved network regions and produces a
      many-to-many node mapping. GNA finds large conserved regions and produces a one
      to-one node mapping. Given the different outputs of LNA and GNA, when a new NA
      method is proposed, it is compared against existing methods from the same
      category. However, both NA categories have the same goal: to allow for
      transferring functional knowledge from well- to poorly-studied species between
      conserved network regions. So, which one to choose, LNA or GNA? To answer this,
      we introduce the first systematic evaluation of the two NA categories. RESULTS:
      We introduce new measures of alignment quality that allow for fair comparison of
      the different LNA and GNA outputs, as such measures do not exist. We provide user
      friendly software for efficient alignment evaluation that implements the new and
      existing measures. We evaluate prominent LNA and GNA methods on synthetic and
      real-world biological networks. We study the effect on alignment quality of using
      different interaction types and confidence levels. We find that the superiority
      of one NA category over the other is context-dependent. Further, when we contrast
      LNA and GNA in the application of learning novel protein functional knowledge,
      the two produce very different predictions, indicating their complementarity. Our
      results and software provide guidelines for future NA method development and
      evaluation. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Software:
      http://www.nd.edu/~cone/LNA_GNA CONTACT: : tmilenko@nd.eduSupplementary
      information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27357170
TI  - Network-based pathway enrichment analysis with incomplete network information.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Pathway enrichment analysis has become a key tool for biomedical
      researchers to gain insight into the underlying biology of differentially
      expressed genes, proteins and metabolites. It reduces complexity and provides a
      system-level view of changes in cellular activity in response to treatments
      and/or in disease states. Methods that use existing pathway network information
      have been shown to outperform simpler methods that only take into account pathway
      membership. However, despite significant progress in understanding the
      association amongst members of biological pathways, and expansion of data bases
      containing information about interactions of biomolecules, the existing network
      information may be incomplete or inaccurate and is not cell-type or disease
      condition-specific. RESULTS: We propose a constrained network estimation
      framework that combines network estimation based on cell- and condition-specific
      high-dimensional Omics data with interaction information from existing data
      bases. The resulting pathway topology information is subsequently used to provide
      a framework for simultaneous testing of differences in expression levels of
      pathway members, as well as their interactions. We study the asymptotic
      properties of the proposed network estimator and the test for pathway enrichment,
      and investigate its small sample performance in simulated and real data settings.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The proposed method has been implemented in the
      R-package netgsa available on CRAN. CONTACT: jinma@upenn.eduSupplementary
      information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27357171
TI  - Estimating and testing high-dimensional mediation effects in epigenetic studies.
AB  - MOTIVATION: High-dimensional DNA methylation markers may mediate pathways linking
      environmental exposures with health outcomes. However, there is a lack of
      analytical methods to identify significant mediators for high-dimensional
      mediation analysis. RESULTS: Based on sure independent screening and minimax
      concave penalty techniques, we use a joint significance test for mediation
      effect. We demonstrate its practical performance using Monte Carlo simulation
      studies and apply this method to investigate the extent to which DNA methylation
      markers mediate the causal pathway from smoking to reduced lung function in the
      Normative Aging Study. We identify 2 CpGs with significant mediation effects.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: R package, source code, and simulation study are
      available at https://github.com/YinanZheng/HIMA CONTACT:
      lei.liu@northwestern.edu.

PMID- 27357172
TI  - Accounting for pairwise distance restraints in FFT-based protein-protein docking.
AB  - : ClusPro is a heavily used protein-protein docking server based on the fast
      Fourier transform (FFT) correlation approach. While FFT enables global docking,
      accounting for pairwise distance restraints using penalty terms in the scoring
      function is computationally expensive. We use a different approach and directly
      select low energy solutions that also satisfy the given restraints. As expected,
      accounting for restraints generally improves the rank of near native predictions,
      while retaining or even improving the numerical efficiency of FFT based docking.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The software is freely available as part of the
      ClusPro web-based server at http://cluspro.org/nousername.php CONTACT:
      midas@laufercenter.org or vajda@bu.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary
      data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27357173
TI  - Long-Term Safety of Dapagliflozin in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
      Mellitus: A Pooled Analysis of Phase IIb/III Studies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 104-week safety of dapagliflozin in older patients
      with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Pooled analysis assessing general safety
      (nine phase III studies <=104 weeks) and cardiovascular safety (21 phase IIb/III
      studies <=208 weeks) by age (<65; >=65; >=75 years). Patients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus (+/-background glucose-lowering therapy) received:
      dapagliflozin 10 mg (n = 2026) vs. placebo (n = 1956) (nine-study pool); or
      dapagliflozin (2.5-50 mg; n = 5936) vs. control (placebo/comparator) (n = 3403)
      (21-study pool). RESULTS: Adverse events (AEs) and discontinuations owing to AEs
      were more common in older vs. younger patients, and were more frequent with
      dapagliflozin than placebo (AEs: <65 years: 73.1 vs. 70.7 %; >=65 years: 77.4 vs.
      73.1 %; >=75 years: 80.4 vs. 75.3 %, respectively; discontinuations: <65 years:
      5.9 vs. 5.0 %; >=65 years: 14.4 vs. 12.2 %; >=75 years: 26.8 vs. 22.1 %,
      respectively); serious AE (SAE) frequency was similar (<65 years: 11.0 vs. 11.8
      %; >=65 years: 20.0 vs. 20.2 %; >=75 years: 19.6 vs. 18.2 %, respectively).
      Hypoglycaemia frequency was similar across age groups and was higher with
      dapagliflozin than placebo (<65 years: 18.0 vs. 13.4 %; >=65 years: 20.2 vs. 17.7
      %; >=75 years: 17.5 vs. 16.9 %, respectively); major episodes were rare. Urinary
      tract infection frequency was similar between treatment groups in older patients,
      with no increase vs. younger patients (<65 years: 8.8 vs. 5.5 %; >=65 years: 8.1
      vs. 7.6 %; >=75 years: 8.2 vs. 9.1 %, respectively); urinary tract infection SAEs
      were rare. Genital infection AEs were more common with dapagliflozin, with no
      increase in older patients (<65 years: 8.2 vs. 1.0 %; >=65 years: 6.6 vs. 0.9 %;
      >=75 years: 7.2 vs. 0.0 %, respectively) and no SAEs. Volume reduction AEs were
      uncommon, with a higher frequency with dapagliflozin vs. placebo and in patients
      >=75 years (<65 years: 1.7 vs. 1.2 %; >=65 years: 2.3 vs. 1.7 %; >=75 years: 3.1
      vs. 2.6 %, respectively). Dapagliflozin did not increase the risk of fractures
      (<65 years: 1.1 vs. 1.1 %; >=65 years: 1.1 vs. 2.7 %; >=75 years: 1.0 vs. 2.6 %,
      respectively) or falls (<65 years: 0.7 vs. 0.7 %; >=65 years: 0.6 vs. 2.1 %; >=75
      years: 0.0 vs. 1.3 %, respectively), regardless of age. AEs of renal function
      were more common with dapagliflozin than placebo and increased with age (<65
      years: 3.5 vs. 2.3 %; >=65 years: 14.0 vs. 7.9 %; >=75 years: 29.9 vs. 20.8 %,
      respectively). Most were non-serious small transient increases in serum
      creatinine. Dapagliflozin did not increase cardiovascular risk regardless of age
      [hazard ratio (95 % confidence interval) vs. CONTROL: <65 years: 0.726 (0.473,
      1.114); >=65 years: 0.879 (0.565, 1.366); >=75 years: 0.950 (0.345, 2.617),
      respectively]. CONCLUSION: Dapagliflozin treatment up to 104 weeks was well
      tolerated in older patients. Older dapagliflozin-treated patients had more renal
      AEs than placebo-treated patients; the majority of which were non-serious small
      transient changes in serum creatinine.

PMID- 27357174
TI  - Curative treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma : Organ preservation
      strategies in clinical routine in German-speaking countries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: For the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC),
      there are currently no official standard of care guidelines in German-speaking
      countries, with the exception of oral cavity cancer. In order to learn about the
      applied treatment modalities in the clinical routine, we conducted a web-based
      survey to evaluate the local standards of palliative and curative treatment of
      HNSCC. This article focuses on the curative treatment options and organ
      preservation strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey consisted of a web
      based questionnaire that was performed between November 2013 and July 2014. The
      questionnaire included ten multiple-choice questions and four open questions in
      the section about curative treatment. RESULTS: Altogether, 62 of the 204
      addressed centers participated in the survey. For primary chemoradiation (CRT),
      most centers used a platinum-based chemotherapy (52/54, 96.3 %). Induction
      chemotherapy (ICT) was offered in 37 of the 62 centers (60 %). In oral cavity
      cancer, CRT and ICT were used in 37.5 and 4.3 % of the cases, respectively. In
      oropharyngeal cancer, CRT and ICT were applied in 44.5 and 10.3 % of cases,
      respectively. For hypopharyngeal cancer, 44.8 % of the patients received CRT and
      11.8 % received ICT, while for laryngeal cancer 35.9 % received CRT and 9.4 %
      underwent ICT. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that a variety of treatments are used
      for HNSCC within German-speaking countries. Many centers offer ICT. The majority
      of the hospitals uses platinum-based therapy as a conservative first-line option
      in their organ preservation protocols.

PMID- 27357175
TI  - Bone Mineral Density Is Positively Related to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness:
      Findings From a Population-Based Study in Adolescents and Premenopausal Women.
AB  - Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are both common causes of morbidity
      and mortality. Previous studies, mainly of people older than 60 years, suggest a
      relationship between these conditions. Our aim was to determine the association
      between bone characteristics and CVD markers in younger and middle-aged
      individuals. Women (n = 3366) and their adolescent offspring (n = 4368) from the
      UK population-based cohort study, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
      (ALSPAC), were investigated. We measured total body (TB) and hip bone mineral
      density (BMD), TB bone area (BA) and bone mineral content (BMC) by dual-energy X
      ray absorptiometry (DXA), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) by high
      resolution ultrasound. Arterial distensibility was calculated as the difference
      between systolic and diastolic arterial diameters. Linear regression determined
      associations between bone exposures and cIMT (in adolescents) and both cIMT and
      arterial distensibility (in women), generating partial correlation coefficients.
      Mean (SD) age of women was 48 (4.2) years, body mass index (BMI) was 26.2 (5.0)
      kg/m2 , and 71% were premenopausal. In confounder-adjusted analyses (age, height,
      lean mass, fat mass, menopause, smoking, estrogen replacement, calcium/vitamin D
      supplementation, and education) TB and hip BMD were both positively associated
      with cIMT (0.071 [0.030, 0.112], p = 0.001; 0.063 [0.025, 0.101], p = 0.001,
      respectively). Femoral neck BMD and TB BMD, BMC, and BA were positively
      associated with arterial distensibility. Mean (SD) age of adolescents was 17
      (0.4) years, BMI was 23 (4.1) kg/m2 , and 44.5% were male. Total hip and TB
      measurements were positively associated with cIMT, with similar magnitudes of
      association to those found in their mothers. In contrast to most published
      findings, we identified weak positive associations between BMD and cIMT in
      predominantly premenopausal women and their adolescent offspring. We found
      greater femoral neck BMD and TB DXA measurements to be associated with reduced
      arterial stiffness. Rather than a relationship with preclinical atherosclerosis,
      in these relatively young populations, we speculate our associations between BMD,
      cIMT, and arterial distensibility may reflect a shared relationship between bone
      and vascular growth and development. (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and
      Mineral Research.

PMID- 27357176
TI  - Life in leaf litter: novel insights into community dynamics of bacteria and fungi
      during litter decomposition.
AB  - Microorganisms play a crucial role in the biological decomposition of plant
      litter in terrestrial ecosystems. Due to the permanently changing litter quality
      during decomposition, studies of both fungi and bacteria at a fine taxonomic
      resolution are required during the whole process. Here we investigated microbial
      community succession in decomposing leaf litter of temperate beech forest using
      pyrotag sequencing of the bacterial 16S and the fungal internal transcribed
      spacer (ITS) rRNA genes. Our results reveal that both communities underwent rapid
      changes. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes dominated over the
      entire study period, but their taxonomic composition and abundances changed
      markedly among sampling dates. The fungal community also changed dynamically as
      decomposition progressed, with ascomycete fungi being increasingly replaced by
      basidiomycetes. We found a consistent and highly significant correlation between
      bacterial richness and fungal richness (R = 0.76, P < 0.001) and community
      structure (RM antel  = 0.85, P < 0.001), providing evidence of coupled dynamics
      in the fungal and bacterial communities. A network analysis highlighted nonrandom
      co-occurrences among bacterial and fungal taxa as well as a shift in the cross
      kingdom co-occurrence pattern of their communities from the early to the later
      stages of decomposition. During this process, macronutrients, micronutrients, C:N
      ratio and pH were significantly correlated with the fungal and bacterial
      communities, while bacterial richness positively correlated with three hydrolytic
      enzymes important for C, N and P acquisition. Overall, we provide evidence that
      the complex litter decay is the result of a dynamic cross-kingdom functional
      succession.

PMID- 27357177
TI  - Outcomes After Oncoplastic Breast-Conserving Surgery in Breast Cancer Patients: A
      Systematic Literature Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgeons have increasingly performed breast-conserving surgery (BCS)
      utilizing oncoplastic techniques in place of standard lumpectomy for early-stage
      breast cancer. We assess oncologic outcomes after oncoplastic BCS for T1-T2
      breast cancer. METHODS: A systematic literature review identified peer-reviewed
      articles in PubMed evaluating BCS with oncoplastic reconstruction. Selected
      studies reported on positive margin rate (PMR), re-excision rate (RR), conversion
      to mastectomy rate (CMR), overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS),
      local recurrence (LR), distant recurrence (DR), complication rate, and/or
      cosmetic outcomes. RESULTS: The search yielded 474 articles; 55 met the inclusion
      criteria and collectively evaluated 6011 patients with a mean age 54.6 years over
      a mean follow-up 50.5 months. T1 (43.8 %) and T2 (39.3 %) invasive ductal
      carcinoma were the most common tumor histopathologies. PMR, RR, and CMR were
      10.8, 6.0, and 6.2 %, respectively, while OS, DFS, LR and DR were 95.0, 90.0,
      3.2, and 8.7 %, respectively. Margin widths were heterogeneously defined in
      studies that included margin assessment. The PMR was not significantly different
      when positive margins were defined as tumor <10, <5, < 2, and <1 mm from ink
      margin, or tumor on ink (p = 0.162). Eleven studies reported specific margins for
      1455 patients, of whom 143 (9.8 %) had positive margins, including 113 (7.8 %)
      with tumor on ink. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the largest comprehensive
      literature review to date on oncoplastic BCS. Our systematic review reveals high
      rates of OS and DFS with low LR, DR, PMR, RR, CMR and complication rates, thereby
      confirming the oncologic safety of this procedure in patients with T1-T2 invasive
      breast cancer.

PMID- 27357178
TI  - Different Prognostic Implications of Residual Disease After Neoadjuvant
      Treatment: Impact of Ki 67 and Site of Response.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
      (NAC) can be used as an independent prognostic factor in neoadjuvant trials. The
      objective of this study was to determine the impact of Ki 67 expression and site
      of response on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) across
      different molecular subtypes of breast cancer following NAC. METHODS: Records
      from 357 patients who received NAC from 2004 to 2011 were reviewed. Univariate
      and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze clinical and pathological
      factors that influence pCR and DFS. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 45 months
      (range 12-112). pCR was achieved in 82 patients (23 %). According to molecular
      subtypes, rates of pCR were significantly higher for patients with HER2-positive
      and triple-negative tumors (69.4 and 32.7 %, respectively; p < 0.001) compared
      with other molecular subtypes. pCR was a predictive factor of longer OS and DFS.
      The hazard ratio for DFS in patients with positive lymph nodes (ypN1) after NAC
      was 2.48 (95 % confidence interval 1.47-4.19). Multivariate analysis showed that
      molecular subtype, changes in Ki 67 expression, and axillary lymph node response
      were significantly predictors of OS and DFS. CONCLUSIONS: pCR in the axilla and
      posttreatment changes in Ki 67 after NAC are associated with improved survival.
      Depending on axillary staging before NAC, detection of minimal residual disease
      defined as the presence of isolated tumor cells in the SLN after NAC-may confer
      different prognosis. Further studies are needed to tailor treatments for patients
      with residual disease after NAC.

PMID- 27357179
TI  - Feasibility of Routine Application of Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced MRI in Combination
      with Diffusion-Weighted MRI for the Preoperative Evaluation of Colorectal Liver
      Metastases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in
      combination with diffusion-weighted MRI (Gd-EOB-MRI/DWI) has become popular for
      evaluating colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). This retrospective observational
      study aimed to determine whether this procedure should be indicated prior to
      hepatectomy in all patients with CRLM. METHODS: A retrospective survey of
      relevant data of patients who had undergone hepatectomy for CRLM from 2008 to
      2014 was performed. The rates of detection by contrast-enhanced computed
      tomography (CE-CT) and Gd-EOB-MRI/DWI were evaluated. In addition, relapse-free
      and overall survivals after primary hepatectomy were compared between patients
      who had undergone only CE-CT versus those who had undergone both CE-CT and Gd-EOB
      MRI/DWI. RESULTS: In all, 419 pathologically confirmed CRLM were resected in 202
      hepatectomies in 177 patients. The sensitivity of detection of CRLM was 77 % for
      CE-CT and 93 % for Gd-EOB-MRI/DWI (P < 0.01). The sensitivity of detection of 1
      5, 6-10, and 11-15 mm CRLM by CE-CT was 9.6 % (5/52), 47 % (26/55), and 76 %
      (57/75), respectively, whereas that by Gd-EOB-MRI/DWI was 54 % (28/52), 91 %
      (50/55), and 99 % (74/75), respectively; these differences are significant (P <
      0.01 for all three groups). Relapse-free (P = 0.99) and overall survival (P =
      0.79) did not differ significantly between 37 patients evaluated preoperatively
      by only CE-CT and 168 patients evaluated by both CE-CT and Gd-EOB-MRI/DWI.
      CONCLUSION: Gd-EOB-MRI/DWI detects small CRLM (<=15 mm) with higher sensitivity
      than CE-CT. However, whether Gd-EOB-MRI/DWI should be a routine component of
      preoperative evaluation remains unclear in terms of survival benefit.

PMID- 27357180
TI  - Current Strategy for the Treatment of Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors: Role of Extensive
      Surgery.
AB  - OPINION STATEMENT: The necessity and extent of comprehensive surgical staging
      (CSS) and lymphadenectomy in the treatment of malignant ovarian germ cell tumors
      (MOGCTs) is still controversial. However, it is uniformly agreed that CSS with
      lymphadenectomy is crucial to follow up patients without adjuvant chemotherapy in
      stage I MOGCTs. Considering the chemotherapy-sensitive nature of MOGCTs,
      fertility-sparing cytoreductive surgery (FSCS) seems a reasonable approach in
      initial treatment for patients with advanced stage. When encountered with
      bilateral MOGCTs, debulking is surely granted if there is no desire for
      fertility. Both ovaries completely replaced by neoplastic tissue composed the
      most challenging situation especially when patients require childbearing
      potential. In dysgerminoma histology, which usually has good prognosis, residual
      disease could be left to spare fertility. USO of the largest and more
      heterogeneous ovarian mass and a biopsy of the contralateral lesion may be
      considered if the patients are compliant to regular follow-up. NACT followed by
      interval FSCS may be a reasonable option in patients with extensive disease, when
      initial debulking is not an option or where the poor general condition or
      clinical findings suggest an increased risk of surgical morbidity or preclude
      fertility-sparing surgery. This is currently not the standard of care but
      deserves future study. In some rare situation, when any remaining ovarian tissue
      means high risk, BSO may be performed with the uterus preserved for possible
      assisted reproduction with donor egg. Treatment failure occurs in a small group
      of MOGCTs after primary treatment. A good number of recurrences can be salvaged
      with selected salvage surgery, especially when optimal secondary cytoreduction
      can be achieved. Immature teratoma is a subtype of MOGCTs where secondary
      cytoreduction may have a strong role to play.

PMID- 27357182
TI  - Anagliptin, A Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Ameliorates Arterial Stiffness in
      Association with Reduction of Remnant-Like Particle Cholesterol and Alanine
      Transaminase Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) has been proposed as a
      therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Arterial stiffness, a predictor of
      future cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, is augmented in these
      patients. However, effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on arterial stiffness remain
      unknown. In this study, we compared effects of anagliptin, an inhibitor of DPP-4
      on arterial stiffness evaluated by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) with those
      of an equipotent glucose-lowering agent, glimepiride in patients with T2DM.
      METHODS: The study involved 50 consecutive outpatients (33 males and 17 females;
      mean age of 72.5+/-9.5 years) who visited our hospitals for a risk-screening test
      or treatment for T2DM. They underwent complete history and physical examination,
      and determination of blood chemistry and anthropometric variables, and then were
      randomized to receive either anagliptin (n=26) or glimepiride (n=24) for 6
      months. RESULTS: After 6-months treatment, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c
      values were comparably reduced in both groups. Anagliptin, but not glimepiride
      treatment significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      malondialdehyde-modified LDL, remnant-like particle (RLP) cholesterol, CAVI,
      alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase and visceral fat volume.
      In multiple regression analysis, absolute changes from baseline of RLP
      cholesterol and ALT after anagliptin treatment for 6 months (DeltaRLP cholesterol
      and DeltaALT) were independently correlated with DeltaCAVI (R2=0.445).
      CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that anagliptin may exert a beneficial
      effect on arterial stiffness in patients with T2DM, which is independent of its
      blood glucose-lowering property. Anagliptin may ameliorate arterial stiffness
      partly via reduction of RLP cholesterol and improvement of liver function.

PMID- 27357183
TI  - Lack of Evidence for Deterioration in Endothelial Function Following Ticagrelor
      Treatment Cessation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ticagrelor may exert pleiotropic actions, beyond platelet inhibition,
      which are possibly adenosine-mediated. It has been suggested that in patients
      with coronary artery disease (CAD) ticagrelor may influence endothelial function.
      OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the possibility of endothelial function
      deterioration following ticagrelor treatment cessation. METHODS: This was a
      prospective, observational study, in stable CAD patients with prior percutaneous
      coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome manifested 1 year
      earlier, under ticagrelor maintenance dose (90 mg bid) and due to discontinue
      ticagrelor. Endothelial function was assessed by Peripheral Arterial Tonometry
      (EndoPat 2000 system, Itamar Medical, Caesarea, Israel) immediately after
      receiving the last tablet of ticagrelor (Day 0) and at Day 2 and Day 5 post
      ticagrelor cessation. Reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) was calculated by automated
      software and endothelial dysfunction (ED) was defined as a RHI <1.67. RESULTS: We
      identified 30 eligible patients with endothelial function assessment pre- and
      post-ticagrelor cessation (86.7% men, 13.3% with diabetes and 33.3% current
      smokers; mean age: 63.6+/-11.5 years). The study's primary endpoint of RHI at Day
      5 did not differ significantly compared with RHI at Day 0, 1.69 (1.45-2.23) vs
      1.81 (1.59-2.13). ED rate did not differ significantly between Day 5 and Day 0,
      40 vs 33.3%, p=0.8, respectively. No differences in RHI or ED rate were observed
      between Day 2 and Day 0, 1.64 (1.54-2.04) vs 1.8 1(1.59-2.13), p=0.3 and 53.3 vs
      33.3%, p=0.2, respectively. In stable CAD patients there is no evidence of
      deterioration in endothelial function after discontinuing ticagrelor.

PMID- 27357185
TI  - The Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Detection and Therapy of
      Atherosclerotic Disease.
AB  - The estimation of risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) events based only
      on the presence of classical risk factors is often insufficient. Therefore,
      efforts have been made to find markers that indicate the presence of preclinical
      or clinical disease. Inflammation mediates all stages of the disease, from
      initiation to the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. Raised levels of
      several circulating markers, particularly inflammatory mediators, have been
      reported in subjects with atherosclerosis. Increased risk for CV events is
      associated with increased levels of cytokines, celladhesion molecules, P-selectin
      and E-selectin, and acute phase reactants, such a highsensitivity C-reactive
      protein and serum amyloid-A. Elevation of some of these markers predicts the
      outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, because of their non
      specificity, these biomarkers represent only a moderate added predicting value
      after considering conventional CV risk factors. Consequently, recent research has
      focused on the detection of vulnerable plaque, using vascular bed-specific
      biomarkers that can help identify individuals at highest risk and help guide how
      to intervene to prevent CV events. Considerable progress in the understanding of
      the role of the inflammation in atherogenesis has opened new possibilities for
      the management of atherosclerosis. Recently new drugs mediating the direct
      inhibition of circulating markers of inflammation were developed. These drugs
      could provide a novel therapeutic approach and further enhance the understanding
      of the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27357184
TI  - Virulence Potential of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Diabetic Foot
      Ulcers Among Patients from Southern Poland.
AB  - The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was
      investigated among infected diabetic foot ulcers in hospitalized and
      nonhospitalized patients in southern Poland to assess the virulence patterns and
      antimicrobial resistance among these strains. MRSA was detected in 10.3% of all
      studied isolates, from the hospitalized patients only. The rest of the isolates
      was methicillin susceptible. The minimal inhibitory concentration that inhibits
      50% of bacterial isolates (MIC50) for vancomycin was 1.0 mg/mL. The mupA gene was
      detected in six (8.8%) isolates, in one MRSA strain and five methicillin
      sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains. Among the mupA-positive strains, two were
      resistant to mupirocin (1 MRSA and 1 MSSA). Such results raise serious concern
      about the usage of mupirocin in MRSA decolonization. The pvl gene was not
      detected among the study isolates. The majority of isolates (70.6%) possessed the
      lukE gene, with no significant difference in prevalence between MRSA and MSSA
      isolates. An interesting finding was the presence of enterotoxin genes among the
      study isolates. Diabetic foot may therefore be a reservoir of bacteria,
      containing genes localized on mobile genetic elements that could be easily
      transferred to other non-pathogenic strains. The prevalence of MRSA was
      alarmingly high (as also suggested by others), as evaluated by the presence of
      the mup gene among strains, highlighting the importance of appropriate clinical
      management of MRSA infections in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. In this
      group of patients, screening of ulcer samples before antimicrobial therapy would
      enable informed choices regarding the selection of antimicrobial agents (e.g.
      octenidine, authorized for the treatment of chronic wounds) maximizing the
      chances of positive therapy.

PMID- 27357186
TI  - Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits EGF-induced JAK/STAT signaling in
      gastric cancer cells.
AB  - Previous research has demonstrated that type II cyclic guanosine monophosphate
      (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)
      initiated signal transduction of MAPK-mediated, PI3K/Akt-mediated and PLCgamma1
      mediated pathways through blocking EGF-induced phosphorylation/activation of EGF
      receptor (EGFR). As EGF/EGFR signaling also initiated signal transduction of the
      Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)
      mediated pathway, the present study was performed to investigate whether PKG II
      exerts an inhibitory effect this pathway. AGS human gastric cancer cell line was
      infected with adenoviral constructs encoding the cDNA of PKG II (Ad-PKG II), to
      increase the expression of PKG II, and treated with 8-pCPT-cGMP to activate the
      kinase. Western blotting was performed to detect the phosphorylation/activation
      of EGFR, JAK1, JAK2, STAT1 and STAT3 and the expression of cell cycle-associated
      proteins, including cyclin D1 and cyclin E. EGF-induced cell cycle changes were
      detected by flow cytometry. Transcriptional activity was determined by a reporter
      gene assay. The results demonstrated that EGF treatment increased the
      phosphorylation of EGFR, JAK1, JAK2, STAT1 and STAT3, increased the expression
      levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin E, promoted the cells to enter S phase, and
      stimulated transcriptional activity in the cells. Increased PKG II activity
      through infecting the cells with Ad-PKG II and activating the kinase with 8-pCPT
      cGMP efficiently reversed the changes caused by EGF. The results suggest that PKG
      II inhibits EGF-induced signal transduction of the JAK/STAT-mediated pathway and
      further confirms that PKG II may be a cancer inhibitor. 

PMID- 27357187
TI  - New and safe experimental model of radiation-induced neurovascular histological
      changes for microsurgical research.
AB  - The aim is to create a new and safe experimental model of radiation-induced
      neurovascular histological changes with reduced morbidity and mortality for use
      with experimental microsurgical techniques. Seventy-two Sprague-Dawley rats (250
      300 g) were divided as follows: Group I: control group, 24 rats clinically
      evaluated during six weeks; Group II: evaluation of acute side-effects (two-week
      follow-up period), 24 irradiated (20 Gy) rats; and Group III: evaluation of
      subacute side-effects (six-week follow-up period), 24 irradiated (20 Gy) rats.
      Variables included clinical assessments, weight, vascular permeability (arterial
      and venous), mortality and histological studies. No significant differences were
      observed between groups with respect to the variables studied. Significant
      differences were observed between groups I vs II-III regarding survival rates and
      histological changes to arteries, veins and nerves. Rat body weights showed
      progressive increases in all groups, and the mortality rate of the present model
      is 10.4% compared with 30-40% in the previous models. In conclusion, the designed
      model induces selective changes by radiotherapy in the neurovascular bundle
      without histological changes affecting the surrounding tissues. This model allows
      therapeutic experimental studies to be conducted, including the viability of
      microvascular and microneural sutures post radiotherapy in the cervical
      neurovascular bundle.

PMID- 27357188
TI  - The damage-associated molecular pattern HMGB1 is elevated in human alcoholic
      hepatitis, but does not seem to be a primary driver of inflammation.
AB  - The role of sterile inflammation caused by release of damage-associated molecular
      patterns (DAMP) remains unclear in human alcoholic hepatitis (AH). The DAMP, high
      mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) is released by tissue damage and
      inflammation. We aimed to investigate whether HMGB1 is a primary inflammatory
      driver in AH by determining HMGB1 serum levels and effects on inflammatory cells
      from AH patients. We measured serum HMGB1 in 34 AH patients and 10 healthy
      controls using ELISA. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and CD14 expressions were
      assessed by flow cytometry on HMGB1-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (PBMC) and ELISA was used to measure TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the supernatants.
      We observed 5-fold higher serum levels of HMGB1 in AH patients at the day of
      diagnosis and day 30, but no associations to clinical outcome. HMGB1 stimulation
      increased the expression of TLR4 on CD14+-monocytes compared with unstimulated
      cells in the AH patients. The TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production in response to
      HMGB1 was diminished in AH patients. In conclusion, AH patients have increased
      levels of HMGB1 in their blood. This combined with an increased TLR4 expression,
      but an unaffected cytokine response to HMGB1 suggest that HMGB1 is not the
      primary driver of inflammation in AH. 

PMID- 27357189
TI  - In Vitro Evaluation of the Dual-Diffuser Design for a Reversible Rotary Intra
      Aortic Ventricular Assist Device.
AB  - The intra-aortic ventricular assist device (IntraVAD) is a miniature intra-aortic
      axial-flow ventricular assist device (VAD) that works in series with the left
      ventricle (LV) to assist the compromised heart. Previous in vitro results have
      shown that the IntraVAD can successfully increase coronary perfusion and offload
      ventricular volume by operating in reverse-rotation control (RRc) mode. The RRc
      mode includes forward rotation in systole and reverse rotation (RR) in diastole.
      It is necessary to derive a new diffuser design that can be used for the bi
      directional rotation of the IntraVAD. In this work, a dual-diffuser set (DDS) was
      proposed to replace the conventional inducer and diffuser upstream and downstream
      of the pump. The DDS comprised two diffusers, located on both sides of the
      impeller, omitting the conventional inducer and diffuser. Different
      configurations of the DDS were designed and manufactured with various
      combinations of curved and straight blades. All configurations were initially
      tested in continuous flow, then in a pulsatile mock circulatory loop. A weighted
      normalized scalar (WNS) was proposed to comprehensively evaluate the hemodynamic
      effect of the DDS with different configurations. The results show that the
      maximum of WNS occurred when the upstream diffuser had equal numbers of curved
      and straight blades and the downstream diffuser had only curved blades. This
      indicates such a dual-diffuser design for the IntraVAD can give an optimal
      cardiac assistance potentially improving ventricular contractility, thereby
      restoring heart function. 

PMID- 27357190
TI  - Vector competence of Aedes aegypti in transmitting Chikungunya virus: effects and
      implications of extrinsic incubation temperature on dissemination and infection
      rates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti is a competent arthropod vector of chikungunya virus
      (CHIKV). The rate at which the virus disseminate in the vector is limited by
      temperature of their environment which can be an important determinant of
      geographical and seasonal limits to transmission by the arthropods in the
      tropics. This study investigated the vector competence of Ae. aegypti for CHIKV
      at ambient temperature of 32 and 26  degrees C (Coastal and Western Kenya
      respectively) reared at Extrinsic Incubation Temperature (EIT) of 32 and 26 
      degrees C that resembles those in the two regions. METHODS: Ae. aegypti eggs were
      collected from coastal and Western Kenya, hatched in the insectary and reared to
      F1 generation. Four-day old mosquitoes were exposed to CHIKV through a membrane
      feeding. They were then incubated in temperatures mimicking the mean annual
      temperatures for Trans-Nzoia (26  degrees C) and Lamu (32  degrees C). After
      every 7, 10 and 13 days post infection (DPI); one third of exposed mosquitoes
      were sampled and assayed for virus infection and dissemination. RESULTS: The
      midgut infection rates (MIR) of Ae. aegypti sampled from Coastal Region was
      significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those sampled from Western Kenya, with no
      statistical differences observed for the coastal Ae. aegypti at EIT 26 and at 32 
      degrees C. The MIR of Ae. aegypti from the Western Region was significantly (p <
      0.05) affected by the EIT, with mosquito reared at EIT 32  degrees C exhibiting
      higher MIR than those reared at EIT 26  degrees C. There was a significant (p <
      0.05) interactive effects of the region, EIT and DPI on MIR. The disseminated
      infection rates for the CHIKV in Ae. aegypti in the legs (DIR-L) was higher in
      mosquitoes sampled from Coast regardless of the EIT while those from Western
      Kenya, dissemination rates were significantly higher at higher EIT of 32  degrees
      C. CONCLUSIONS: Vector competence was higher in mosquito populations reared under
      high temperatures which weakens the midgut infection barrier. Hence, suggesting
      Lamu population is more susceptible to CHIKV therefore having a weaker mid gut
      infection barrier than the Trans Nzoia population. These underscores importance
      of examining the course of infection at various ambient temperatures and EIT
      between regions mosquito populations.

PMID- 27357192
TI  - Regulatory Forum Opinion Piece: Review of FDA Draft Guidance Testicular Toxicity
      Evaluation during Drug Development Guidance for Industry.
AB  - In July 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) posted a new draft
      guidance entitled "Testicular Toxicity: Evaluation during Drug Development
      Guidance for Industry," with a 90-day public comment period. As the nonclinical
      assessment of testicular toxicity often relies on the expert interpretation of
      pathology affecting the male reproductive tract, this draft guidance is
      considered directly relevant to the toxicologic pathology community. Therefore, a
      working group was formed through the Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee
      of the Society of Toxicologic Pathologists (STPs) to provide a detailed review of
      the draft guidance. Specific comments on the guidance were submitted to the FDA
      by the STP. The draft guidance and all comments received are currently under
      review with the FDA. This commentary provides a summary of the components of the
      draft guidance and the comments submitted by the STP with acknowledgment of
      different perspectives reflected in comments from other respondents.

PMID- 27357191
TI  - VPAC1 receptor (Vipr1)-deficient mice exhibit ameliorated experimental autoimmune
      encephalomyelitis, with specific deficits in the effector stage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase
      activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two highly homologous neuropeptides. In vitro
      and ex vivo experiments repeatedly demonstrate that these peptides exert
      pronounced immunomodulatory (primarily anti-inflammatory) actions which are
      mediated by common VPAC1 and VPAC2 G protein-coupled receptors. In agreement, we
      have shown that mice deficient in PACAP ligand or VPAC2 receptors exhibit
      exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, we observed
      that VIP-deficient mice are unexpectedly resistant to EAE, suggesting a
      requirement for this peptide at some stage of disease development. Here, we
      investigated the involvement of VPAC1 in the development of EAE using a VPAC1
      deficient mouse model. METHODS: EAE was induced in wild-type (WT) and VPAC1
      knockout (KO) mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55),
      and clinical scores were assessed continuously over 30 days. Immune responses in
      the spinal cords were determined by histology, real-time PCR and
      immunofluorescence, and in the draining lymph nodes by antigen-recall assays. The
      contribution of VPAC1 expression in the immune system to the development of EAE
      was evaluated by means of adoptive transfer and bone marrow chimera experiments.
      In other experiments, VPAC1 receptor analogs were given to WT mice. RESULTS:
      MOG35-55-induced EAE was ameliorated in VPAC1 KO mice compared to WT mice. The
      EAE-resistant phenotype of VPAC1 KO mice correlated with reduced central nervous
      system (CNS) histopathology and cytokine expression in the spinal cord. The
      immunization phase of EAE appeared to be unimpaired because lymph node cells from
      EAE-induced VPAC1 KO mice stimulated in vitro with MOG exhibited robust
      proliferative and Th1/Th17 responses. Moreover, lymph node and spleen cells from
      KO mice were fully capable of inducing EAE upon transfer to WT recipients. In
      contrast, WT cells from MOG-immunized mice did not transfer the disease when
      administered to VPAC1 KO recipients, implicating a defect in the effector phase
      of the disease. Bone marrow chimera studies suggested that the resistance of
      VPAC1-deficient mice was only minimally dependent on the expression of this
      receptor in the immunogenic/hematopoietic compartment. Consistent with this,
      impaired spinal cord inductions of several chemokine mRNAs were observed in VPAC1
      KO mice. Finally, treatment of WT mice with the VPAC1 receptor antagonist PG97
      269 before, but not after, EAE induction mimicked the clinical phenotype of VPAC1
      KO mice. CONCLUSIONS: VPAC1 gene loss impairs the development of EAE in part by
      preventing an upregulation of CNS chemokines and invasion of inflammatory cells
      into the CNS. Use of VPAC1 antagonists in WT mice prior to EAE induction also
      support a critical role for VPAC1 signaling for the development of EAE.

PMID- 27357194
TI  - Regional variation of patient behaviour and reasons for consultation in the
      general practice of Northern Germany: protocol for an observational study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Inappropriate supply and an increasing demand on the healthcare
      system have been of concern for health policy in Germany for at least 15 years.
      In the primary care setting, this especially relates to an undersupply of general
      practitioners (GPs) in the countryside. In addition, there seem to be other
      regional differences, for example, a difference in accessing primary and
      secondary care between rural and urban areas. Despite these findings, regional
      differences in health services have not been studied extensively in Germany.
      Therefore, this study aims to explore regional variations of patient populations
      and reasons for accessing primary medical care. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will
      conduct a cross-sectional observational study based on standardised interviews
      with 240 GPs and ~1200 patients. Data collection started on 10 June 2015 and will
      probably be completed by 31 October 2016. We will include all districts and
      cities within 100 km from Hamburg and assign them according to the type of
      regions: rural, urban and environs. All eligible GPs will be invited to
      participate. Each practice will recruit up to 15 patients, aged 18 years or
      older. Questionnaires are based on a preliminary qualitative study and were
      pretested. Data will be analysed with descriptive statistics and regression
      modelling strategies adjusted for confounders and the GP-induced cluster
      structure. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Our study was approved by the Ethics
      Committee of the Medical Association of Hamburg and is conducted in accordance
      with the Declaration of Helsinki. Study participants give written informed
      consent before data collection and data is pseudonymised. Survey data and person
      identifiers are stored separately in locked cabinets and have restricted
      availability. The results of our study will be presented at conferences and
      published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02558322; Pre
      results.

PMID- 27357193
TI  - Perceptions of risk and predictive testing held by the first-degree relatives of
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis in England, Austria and Germany: a qualitative
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The family members of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at
      increased risk of developing RA and are potential candidates for predictive
      testing. This study explored the perceptions of first-degree relatives of people
      with RA about being at risk of RA and engaging in predictive testing. METHODS: 34
      first-degree relatives (siblings and offspring) of patients with RA from the UK,
      Germany and Austria participated in semistructured interviews about their
      perceptions of RA risk and the prospect of predictive testing. Interviews were
      audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.
      RESULTS: First-degree relatives were aware of their susceptibility to RA, but
      were unsure of the extent of their risk. When considering their future risk, some
      relatives were concerned about the potential impact that RA would have on their
      lives. Relatives were concerned that knowing their actual risk would increase
      their anxiety and would affect decisions about their future. Also, relatives were
      concerned about the levels of uncertainty associated with predictive testing.
      Those in favour of knowing their future risk felt that they would need additional
      support to understand the risk information and cope with the emotional impact of
      this information. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying individuals at risk of RA may allow
      targeted interventions to reduce the risk and consequence of future disease;
      however, relatives have concerns about predictive testing and risk information.
      The development of strategies to quantify and communicate risk needs to take
      these views into account and incorporate approaches to mitigate concerns and
      minimise the psychological impact of risk information.

PMID- 27357195
TI  - Retrospective analysis of changing characteristics of treatment-seeking smokers:
      implications for further reducing smoking prevalence.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of the current study was to empirically compare successive
      cohorts of treatment-seeking smokers who enrolled in randomised clinical trials
      in a region of the USA characterised by strong tobacco control policies and low
      smoking prevalence, over the past three decades. DESIGN: Retrospective treatment
      cohort comparison. SETTING: Data were collected from 9 randomised clinical trials
      conducted at Stanford University and the University of California, San Francisco,
      between 1990 and 2013. PARTICIPANTS: Data from a total of 2083 participants were
      included (Stanford, n=1356; University of California San Francisco, n=727).
      PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES: One-way analysis of variance and covariance,
      chi(2) and logistic regression analyses were used to examine relations between
      nicotine dependence, cigarettes per day, depressive symptoms and demographic
      characteristics among study cohorts. RESULTS: Similar trends were observed at
      both settings. When compared to earlier trials, participants in more recent
      trials smoked fewer cigarettes, were less nicotine-dependent, reported more
      depressive symptoms, were more likely to be male and more likely to be from a
      minority ethnic/racial group, than those enrolled in initial trials (all
      p's<0.05). Analysis of covariances revealed that cigarettes per day, nicotine
      dependence and current depressive symptom scores were each significantly related
      to trial (all p's<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that more recent
      smoking cessation treatment-seeking cohorts in a low prevalence region were
      characterised by less smoking severity, more severe symptoms of depression and
      were more likely to be male and from a minority racial/ethnic group.

PMID- 27357196
TI  - Estimated association between dwelling soil contamination and internal radiation
      contamination levels after the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in Japan.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Measurement of soil contamination levels has been considered a
      feasible method for dose estimation of internal radiation exposure following the
      Chernobyl disaster by means of aggregate transfer factors; however, it is still
      unclear whether the estimation of internal contamination based on soil
      contamination levels is universally valid or incident specific. METHODS: To
      address this issue, we evaluated relationships between in vivo and soil cesium
      137 (Cs-137) contamination using data on internal contamination levels among
      Minamisoma (10-40 km north from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant),
      Fukushima residents 2-3 years following the disaster, and constructed three
      models for statistical analysis based on continuous and categorical (equal
      intervals and quantiles) soil contamination levels. RESULTS: A total of 7987
      people with a mean age of 55.4 years underwent screening of in vivo Cs-137 whole
      body counting. A statistically significant association was noted between internal
      and continuous Cs-137 soil contamination levels (model 1, p value <0.001),
      although the association was slight (relative risk (RR): 1.03 per 10 kBq/m(2)
      increase in soil contamination). Analysis of categorical soil contamination
      levels showed statistical (but not clinical) significance only in relatively
      higher soil contamination levels (model 2: Cs-137 levels above 100 kBq/m(2)
      compared to those <25 kBq/m(2), RR=1.75, p value <0.01; model 3: levels above 63
      kBq/m(2) compared to those <11 kBq/m(2), RR=1.45, p value <0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      Low levels of internal and soil contamination were not associated, and only
      loose/small associations were observed in areas with slightly higher levels of
      soil contamination in Fukushima, representing a clear difference from the strong
      associations found in post-disaster Chernobyl. These results indicate that soil
      contamination levels generally do not contribute to the internal contamination of
      residents in Fukushima; thus, individual measurements are essential for the
      precise evaluation of chronic internal radiation contamination.

PMID- 27357197
TI  - Risk factors associated with RSV hospitalisation in the first 2 years of life,
      among different subgroups of children in NSW: a whole-of-population-based cohort
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Data on risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated
      hospitalisation in Australian children may be informative for preventive
      measures. METHODS: A whole-of-population-based study was conducted to identify
      comparable risk factors for RSV hospitalisation in different subgroups of
      children aged <2 years in New South Wales. The cohort was divided into Indigenous
      children and high-risk and standard risk non-Indigenous children. Data on risk
      factors were obtained from the Perinatal Data Collection. RSV hospitalisations
      were ascertained from the Admitted Patient Data Collection. Adjusted HRs were
      calculated for each subgroup. Population-attributable risk associated with risk
      factors was estimated. RESULTS: Four factors were associated with increased risk
      of RSV hospitalisation: maternal smoking during pregnancy, male sex, multiparity
      and birth during the first half of the RSV season. Increase in relative
      socioeconomic advantage was associated with decreased risk of hospitalisation.
      Among high and standard risk non-Indigenous children, the hazard was
      approximately double for children born to multiparous women compared to those
      born to primiparous women and among Indigenous children the hazard was
      approximately double among those born during the first half of the RSV season.
      Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a 26-45% increased risk
      across subgroups and accounted for 17% (95% CI 9.3% to 24%) of RSV
      hospitalisations in Indigenous children, 5% (95% CI 2.5% to 8%) in high-risk and
      6% (95% 5% to 7%) in standard risk non-Indigenous children. DISCUSSION: Promoting
      avoidance of smoking during pregnancy may help in lowering the disease burden,
      with Indigenous children likely to benefit most.

PMID- 27357198
TI  - Group-based exercise in daily clinical practice to improve physical fitness in
      men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: study protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Level 1 evidence supports the use of supervised exercise to
      mitigate the adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with
      prostate cancer. The data, however, have been generated in controlled research
      settings and might not be transferable to daily clinical practice. This article
      describes the design of an ongoing prospective observational study to evaluate
      the potential benefits of exercise in daily clinical practice. METHODS AND
      ANALYSIS: Men diagnosed with prostate cancer starting or already receiving ADT at
      our facility are invited to participate in a 12-week exercise programme
      implemented as the standard of care. Exclusion criteria are opioid-demanding
      treatment for skeletal pain, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)
      performance status above 2 or the inability to perform floor and machine
      exercises independently. The intervention consists of an initial educational
      session of 11/2 hours followed by 12 weeks of group-based supervised training two
      times a week. The focus of the exercise is progressive resistance training in
      combination with aerobic training. Participants are measured at baseline, after
      12 weeks and after 24 weeks as part of the programme. Primary endpoints of this
      study are changes in physical fitness evaluated by the 30 s Chair-Stand Test and
      Graded Cycling Test with Talk Test. Secondary endpoints include changes in
      quality of life, body composition and safety of exercise. Inclusion started in
      August 2014, with 169 participants being included by December 2015. ETHICS AND
      DISSEMINATION: The study has been reviewed by the Scientific Ethical Committee of
      the Capital Region of Denmark (reference number H-3-2013-FSP39). The results of
      the study will be published in peer-reviewed international journals and will be
      presented at national and international conferences and symposiums. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02631681; Pre-results.

PMID- 27357199
TI  - High birth weight in a suburban hospital in Cameroon: an analysis of the clinical
      cut-off, prevalence, predictors and adverse outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: High birth weight (HBW) increases the risk of maternal and
      fetal morbidity and mortality. Its prevalence and adverse outcomes may be reduced
      if risk factors are identified and managed during pregnancy. The cut-off value
      for HBW remains debatable. The objectives of this study were to identify the
      optimal cut-off value and determine the prevalence, predictors and adverse
      outcomes of HBW in a suburban area of Cameroon. DESIGN: A 6-year retrospective
      register analysis and a 3-month prospective phase. SETTING: A secondary care
      level (regional) hospital in the city of Buea (southwest region of Cameroon).
      PARTICIPANTS: Women who delivered in this hospital over a 6-year period
      (retrospective phase) and consenting pregnant mothers and their infants
      (singletons, born at >28 weeks gestation) (prospective phase). OUTCOME MEASURES:
      90th centile of birth weights; prevalence of HBW defined as birth weight above
      the 90th centile; sociodemographic, maternal and obstetrical factors associated
      with HBW; maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes of HBW. RESULTS: Of the 4941
      newborns reviewed in registers, the 90th centile of birth weights was 3850 g.
      Using this new cut-off, we obtained a prevalence of 14.0% for HBW in the 200
      newborns included in the prospective phase. This was significantly higher than
      the prevalence (9.5%) yielded when the traditional cut-off of 4000 g was used
      (p=0.003). None of the factors assessed was independently associated with HBW.
      Newborns with HBW were more likely to have shoulder dystocia (p<0.01), and their
      mothers more likely to suffer from prolonged labour (p=0.01) and postpartum
      haemorrhage (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that the cut
      off for HBW in this population should be 3850 g. Thus, 3 of every 10 babies born
      with HBW in this hospital are likely not receiving optimal postnatal care because
      4000 g is currently used to qualify for additional support.

PMID- 27357200
TI  - Young adolescent girls are at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in sub
      Saharan Africa: an observational multicountry study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: One of Africa's most important challenges is to improve maternal and
      neonatal health. The identification of groups at highest risk for adverse
      pregnancy outcomes is important for developing and implementing targeted
      prevention programmes. This study assessed whether young adolescent girls
      constitute a group at increased risk for adverse birth outcomes among pregnant
      women in sub-Saharan Africa. SETTING: Data were collected prospectively as part
      of a large randomised controlled clinical trial evaluating intermittent
      preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (NCT00811421-Clinical Trials.gov),
      conducted between September 2009 and December 2013 in Benin, Gabon, Mozambique
      and Tanzania. PARTICIPANTS: Of 4749 participants, pregnancy outcomes were
      collected for 4388 deliveries with 4183 live births including 83 multiple
      gestations. Of 4100 mothers with a singleton live birth delivery, 24% (975/4100)
      were adolescents (<=19 years of age) and 6% (248/4100) were aged <=16 years.
      PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes of this predefined
      analysis were preterm delivery and low birth weight. RESULTS: The overall
      prevalence of low birthweight infants and preterm delivery was 10% (371/3851) and
      4% (159/3862), respectively. Mothers aged <=16 years showed higher risk for the
      delivery of a low birthweight infant (OR: 1.96; 95% CI 1.35 to 2.83). Similarly,
      preterm delivery was associated with young maternal age (<=16 years; OR: 2.62;
      95% CI 1.59 to 4.30). In a subanalysis restricted to primiparous women: preterm
      delivery, OR 4.28; 95% CI 2.05 to 8.93; low birth weight, OR: 1.29; 95% CI 0.82
      to 2.01. CONCLUSIONS: Young maternal age increases the risk for adverse pregnancy
      outcomes and it is a stronger predictor for low birth weight and preterm delivery
      than other established risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa. This finding
      highlights the need to improve adolescent reproductive health in sub-Saharan
      Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00811421; Post-results.

PMID- 27357202
TI  - Improved Physical Activity Screening Enhances Intervention Effectiveness in
      Ethnic Minority Women: A Longitudinal Study.
AB  - This study identified inconsistencies in physical activity (PA) reported at
      screening and baseline of a 6-month health promotion intervention and explored
      how these inconsistencies influenced intervention effectiveness in African
      American and Hispanic women. Participants completed a telephone screener to
      determine eligibility for a PA intervention. Inactive participants (<=90 minutes
      of PA/week) were invited to a baseline assessment, where they completed the
      International Physical Activity Questionnaire, measuring work, transportation,
      gardening/housework, and leisure-time PA. Women returned after 6 months to
      complete an identical post-intervention assessment. Despite being screened as
      inactive, baseline Questionnaire data indicated that 85.0% of participants (N =
      274, M age = 44.6 years, M body mass index = 34.8 kg/m2) were active (>90 minutes
      of PA/week). Women who reported any work-related PA were 20.9 times more likely
      to be active at baseline than those who did not (p < .001). Participants who were
      inactive at both screening and baseline reported greater increases in domestic
      and gardening PA and total PA from baseline to postintervention (ps < .05).
      Overweight/obese ethnic minority women may misreport being physically inactive
      during screening if specific questions about type of PA are not included. Post
      hoc analyses controlling for screening inaccuracies may improve effectiveness of
      PA interventions and help intervention programs reach women who may benefit the
      most.

PMID- 27357201
TI  - Advanced Age Alters Monocyte and Macrophage Responses.
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: With the growing population of baby boomers, there is a great need
      to determine the effects of advanced age on the function of the immune system.
      Recent Advances: It is universally accepted that advanced age is associated with
      a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that is referred to as inflamm-aging,
      which alters the function of both immune and nonimmune cells. Mononuclear
      phagocytes play a central role in both the initiation and resolution of
      inflammation in multiple organ systems and exhibit marked changes in phenotype
      and function in response to environmental cues, including the low levels of pro
      inflammatory mediators seen in the aged. CRITICAL ISSUES: Although we know a
      great deal about the function of immune cells in young adults and there is a
      growing body of literature focusing on aging of the adaptive immune system, much
      less is known about the impact of age on innate immunity and the critical role of
      the mononuclear phagocytes in this process. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: In this article,
      there is a focus on the tissue-specific monocyte and macrophage subsets and how
      they are altered in the aged milieu, with the hope that this compilation of
      observations will spark an expansion of research in the field. Antioxid. Redox
      Signal. 25, 805-815.

PMID- 27357203
TI  - Do Neighborhood Demographics Modify Walking Group Intervention Effectiveness in
      Urban Neighborhoods?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We assessed the effects of neighborhood composition on effectiveness
      of the Walk Your Heart to Health (WYHH) intervention in promoting physical
      activity and reducing cardiovascular risk (CVR) in low-to-moderate-income,
      predominantly non-Latino Black (NLB) and Latino communities. METHOD: Multilevel
      models assessed modifying effects of neighborhood composition on (1) WYHH
      adherence/participation at 8 weeks and 32 weeks, (2) associations between
      participation and steps, and (3) associations between steps and CVR. RESULTS:
      Approximately 90% of participants were women. Neither neighborhood poverty nor
      racial composition modified intervention participation at 8 weeks. At 32 weeks,
      residents of high percentage-NLB neighborhoods that also had high poverty rates
      had reduced participation. Neighborhood composition did not modify associations
      between participation and steps or between steps and CVR. Neighborhood percentage
      poverty and NLB were positively associated with CVR. CONCLUSION: Positive
      associations between participation in the WYHH program and physical activity, and
      CVR did not differ by neighborhood composition. Efforts to address challenges to
      long-term participation are warranted for residents of racially segregated, high
      poverty neighborhoods. Residents of racially segregated neighborhoods with high
      concentrations of poverty experience disproportionately high risk for
      cardiovascular disease and can benefit from interventions such as WYHH that
      increase physical activity and reduce CVR.

PMID- 27357204
TI  - Presenilin E318G variant and Alzheimer's disease risk: the Cache County study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly
      and the third most common cause of death in the United States. A vast number of
      genes regulate Alzheimer's disease, including Presenilin 1 (PSEN1). Multiple
      studies have attempted to locate novel variants in the PSEN1 gene that affect
      Alzheimer's disease status. A recent study suggested that one of these variants,
      PSEN1 E318G (rs17125721), significantly affects Alzheimer's disease status in a
      large case-control dataset, particularly in connection with the APOEepsilon4
      allele. METHODS: Our study looks at the same variant in the Cache County Study on
      Memory and Aging, a large population-based dataset. We tested for association
      between E318G genotype and Alzheimer's disease status by running a series of
      Fisher's exact tests. We also performed logistic regression to test for an
      additive effect of E318G genotype on Alzheimer's disease status and for the
      existence of an interaction between E318G and APOEepsilon4. RESULTS: In our
      Fisher's exact test, it appeared that APOEepsilon4 carriers with an E318G allele
      have slightly higher risk for AD than those without the allele (3.3 vs. 3.8);
      however, the 95 % confidence intervals of those estimates overlapped completely,
      indicating non-significance. Our logistic regression model found a positive but
      non-significant main effect for E318G (p = 0.895). The interaction term between
      E318G and APOEepsilon4 was also non-significant (p = 0.689). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings do not provide significant support for E318G as a risk factor for AD in
      APOEepsilon4 carriers. Our calculations indicated that the overall sample used in
      the logistic regression models was adequately powered to detect the sort of
      effect sizes observed previously. However, the power analyses of our Fisher's
      exact tests indicate that our partitioned data was underpowered, particularly in
      regards to the low number of E318G carriers, both AD cases and controls, in the
      Cache county dataset. Thus, the differences in types of datasets used may help to
      explain the difference in effect magnitudes seen. Analyses in additional case
      control datasets will be required to understand fully the effect of E318G on
      Alzheimer's disease status.

PMID- 27357206
TI  - Report of the European Society of Cardiology Cardiovascular Round Table
      regulatory workshop update of the evaluation of new agents for the treatment of
      acute coronary syndrome: Executive summary.
AB  - Regulatory authorities interpret the results of randomized controlled trials
      according to published principles. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is
      planning a revision of the 2000 and 2003 guidance documents on clinical
      investigation of new medicinal products for the treatment of acute coronary
      syndrome (ACS) to achieve consistency with current knowledge in the field. This
      manuscript summarizes the key output from a collaborative workshop, organized by
      the Cardiovascular Round Table and the European Affairs Committee of the European
      Society of Cardiology, involving clinicians, academic researchers, trialists,
      European and US regulators, and pharmaceutical industry researchers. Specific
      questions in four key areas were selected as priorities for changes in regulatory
      guidance: patient selection, endpoints, methodologic issues and issues related to
      the research for novel agents. Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial
      infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) should be studied separately for
      therapies aimed at the specific pathophysiology of either condition, particularly
      for treatment of the acute phase, but can be studied together for other
      treatments, especially long-term therapy. Unstable angina patients should be
      excluded from acute phase ACS trials. In general, cardiovascular death and
      reinfarction are recommended for primary efficacy endpoints; other endpoints may
      be considered if specifically relevant for the therapy under study. New agents or
      interventions should be tested against a background of evidence-based therapy
      with expanded follow-up for safety assessment. In conclusion, new guidance
      documents for randomized controlled trials in ACS should consider changes
      regarding patient and endpoint selection and definitions, and trial designs.
      Specific requirements for the evaluation of novel pharmacological therapies need
      further clarification.

PMID- 27357205
TI  - Small GTP-binding protein PdRanBP regulates vascular tissue development in
      poplar.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous research has demonstrated that ectopic expression of Ran
      binding protein (RanBP) in Arabidopsis results in more axillary buds and reduced
      apical dominance compared to WT plants. However, the function of RanBP in poplar,
      which has very typical secondary growth, remains unclear. Here, the Populus
      deltoides (Marsh.) RanBP gene (PdRanBP) was isolated and functionally
      characterized by ectopic expression in a hybrid poplar (P. davidiana Dode * P.
      bolleana Lauche). RESULTS: PdRanBP was predominantly expressed in leaf buds and
      tissues undergoing secondary wall expansion, including immature xylem and
      immature phloem in the stem. Overexpression of PdRanBP in poplar increased the
      number of sylleptic branches and the proportion of cells in the G2 phase of the
      cell cycle, retarded plant growth, consistently decreased the size of the
      secondary xylem and secondary phloem zones, and reduced the expression levels of
      cell wall biosynthesis genes. The downregulation of PdRanBP facilitated secondary
      wall expansion and increased stem height, the sizes of the xylem and phloem
      zones, and the expression levels of cell wall biosynthesis genes. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results suggest that PdRanBP influences the apical and radial growth of
      poplar trees and that PdRanBP may regulate cell division during cell cycle
      progression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PdRanBP is a nuclear,
      vascular tissue development-associated protein in P. deltoides.

PMID- 27357207
TI  - Development of a subgenomic clone system for Kyasanur Forest disease virus.
AB  - Emerging tropical viruses pose an increasing threat to public health because
      social, economic and environmental factors such as global trade and deforestation
      allow for their migration into previously unexposed populations and ecological
      niches. Among such viruses, Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) deserves
      particular recognition because it causes hemorrhagic fever. This work describes
      the completion of an antiviral testing platform (subgenomic system) for KFDV that
      could be used to quickly and safely screen compounds capable of inhibiting KFDV
      replication without the requirement for high containment, as the structural genes
      have been replaced with a luciferase reporter gene precluding the generation of
      infectious particles. The coordination of KFDV kinetics with the replication
      characteristics of the subgenomic system has provided additional insight into the
      timing of flavivirus replication events, as the genetically engineered KFDV
      genome began replication as early as 2h post cellular entry. Possession of such
      antiviral testing platforms by public health agencies should accelerate the
      testing of antiviral drugs against emerging or recently emerged viruses
      mitigating the effects of their disease and transmission.

PMID- 27357208
TI  - A recombinant plasmid containing CpG motifs as a novel vaccine adjuvant for
      immune protection against herpes simplex virus 2.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a herpes simplex
      virus type 2 (HSV-2) DNA vaccine co-immunized with a plasmid adjuvant containing
      CpG motifs. A novel eukaryotic expression plasmid vector containing kanamycin
      resistance gene (pcDNA3Kan) was acquired from pET-28a(+) and pcDNA3 plasmids. A
      gene encoding full length HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD) was amplified from the pcDNA3
      gD plasmid, which was cloned into pcDNA3Kan resulting in the construction of the
      recombinant plasmid pcDNA3Kan-gD (pgD). A DNA segment containing 8 CpG motifs was
      synthesized, and cloned into pcDNA3Kan, resulting in the recombinant plasmid
      pcDNA3Kan-CpG (pCpG). Mice were co-inoculated with pgD (used as a DNA vaccine)
      and pCpG (used as an adjuvant) by bilateral intramuscular injection. Mice
      inoculated with pgD+pCpG showed higher titers of antibodies than those inoculated
      with the DNA vaccine alone (P<0.05). In addition, mice inoculated with pgD+pCpG
      showed the highest percentage of CD4+ T cells in the blood of all the groups
      (P<0.05). Thus, the present study demonstrated that pCpG could stimulate the HSV
      2 DNA vaccine to induce a stronger cell-mediated immune response than the DNA
      vaccine alone. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a HSV
      2 DNA vaccine (pgD) co-immunized with a plasmid adjuvant containing CpG motifs
      (pCpG). Whether the pCpG would be able to stimulate the pgD to induce a stronger
      immune response compared with pgD alone. 

PMID- 27357209
TI  - Delivery of plasmid encoding interleukin-12 gene into hepatocytes by conjugated
      polyethylenimine-based nanoparticles.
AB  - In the present investigation, polyethylenimine (PEI) was conjugated with succinic
      anhydride at four substitution degrees and the efficiency of the modified PEI
      derivatives in transferring the plasmid encoding interleukin-12 gene was
      evaluated. The results revealed that the conjugated PEI derivatives enhanced the
      transfection efficiency by up to 3-fold relative to unmodified PEI, with the
      highest increase occurring at conjugation degrees around 30%. The results
      demonstrated the ability of the modified PEI derivatives in condensation of the
      plasmid into the nanoparticles in the size range of approximately 100 nm. Also,
      the PEI derivatives exhibited substantial decrease in cell-induced toxicity.

PMID- 27357210
TI  - First-line therapy in HER2 positive metastatic breast cancer: is the mosaic fully
      completed or are we missing additional pieces?
AB  - The discovery of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and its role in
      the biology of breast cancer and the subsequent development of HER2-targeted
      therapies, have dramatically improved clinical outcomes for women with early
      stage and advanced HER2-positive breast cancer (BC).HER-2 targeted therapies
      represent a major step forward in achieving the goal of delivering individualized
      targeted therapy for BC, and trastuzumab was the first anti-HER-2 strategy to be
      approved for treatment of HER-2 positive BC. This review discusses the treatment
      of metastatic HER2-positive BC and describes efficacy and safety of novel anti
      HER2 target therapies in first-line metastatic settings and the future challenges
      include refining such treatments, reducing toxicity and simultaneously developing
      innovative therapies. Furthermore, combinations of trastuzumab and drugs
      targeting the downstream pathway are described.In the next future will be
      possible to use an ample armamentarium of combination therapies directed against
      HER2 and key signaling components integrated in the HER network. This approach
      will allow clinicians to tailor the management of the individual patient on the
      basis of tumor- specific biomarker profiles.There is an urgent need for
      prospective biomarker-driven trials to identify patients for whom targeting is
      cost-effective.

PMID- 27357211
TI  - Self-perception and knowledge of evidence based medicine by physicians.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The influence, legitimacy and application of Evidence Based Medicine
      (EBM) in the world is growing as a tool that integrates, the best available
      evidence to decision making in patient care. Our goal was to identify the
      relationship between self-perception about the relevance of Evidence Based
      Medicine (EBM) and the degree of basic knowledge of this discipline in a group of
      physicians. METHODS: A survey was carried out in a third level public hospital in
      Mexico City. Self-perception was measured by means of a structured scale, and the
      degree of knowledge through parameter or "rubrics" methodology. RESULTS: A total
      of 320 questionnaires were given to 55 medical students (17 %); 45 pre-graduate
      medical interns (14 %); 118 medical residents (37 %) and 102 appointed physicians
      of different specialties (32 %). Self-perception of EBM: The majority of those
      surveyed (n = 274, 86 %) declared that they were very or moderately familiar with
      EBM. The great majority (n = 270, 84 %) believe that EBM is very important in
      clinical practice and 197 physicians (61 %) said that they implement it always or
      usually. The global index of self-perception was 75 %. Knowledge of EBM:
      Definition of EBM; Seven of those surveyed (2 %) included 3 of the 4
      characteristics of the definition, 82 (26 %) mentioned only two characteristics
      of the definition, 152 (48 %) mentioned only one characteristic and 79 (25 %) did
      not include any characteristic of EBM. Phases of the EBM process: The majority of
      those surveyed (n = 218, 68 %) did not include the steps that characterize the
      practice of EBM, of which 79 participants (25 %) mentioned elements not related
      to it. The global index of knowledge was 19 %. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the
      surveyed physicians have a high self-perception of the relevance of EBM. In spite
      of this, the majority of them did not know the characteristics that define the
      EBM and phases of the process for its practice. A major discrepancy was found
      between self-perception and the level of basic knowledge of EBM among the
      surveyed physicians.

PMID- 27357213
TI  - Review article: Updated resuscitation guidelines for 2016: A summary of the
      Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation recommendations.
AB  - This review paper summarises the key changes made to the resuscitation guidelines
      used in Australia and New Zealand. They were released by the Australian and New
      Zealand Committee on Resuscitation in January 2016. These are local adaptations
      of the evidence previously published in October 2015 by the International Liaison
      Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). They are presented across the main working
      groups in ILCOR: ALS, BLS, paediatrics, neonates, acute coronary syndromes, first
      aid and 'Education, Implementation and Teams'. 

PMID- 27357214
TI  - Regulation of NPY and alpha-MSH expression by estradiol in the arcuate nucleus of
      Wistar female rats: a stereological study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Feeding behavior in both animals and humans is modulated by
      estrogens, as shown by the increased adiposity observed in women and rats upon
      the drop of estradiol levels at menopause. Estradiol action on food intake is
      mediated through its cognate receptors within several hypothalamic nuclei, namely
      the arcuate nucleus (ARN). The ARN contains two neuronal populations expressing
      peptides that exert opposing effects on the central control of feeding: the
      orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the anorexigenic alpha-melanocyte-stimulating
      hormone (alpha-MSH). METHODS: To understand the role played by estradiol in the
      modulation of food intake, we have used an animal model of cyclic 17beta
      estradiol benzoate (EB) administration and stereological methods to estimate the
      total number of neurons immunoreactive for NPY and alpha-MSH in the ARN of
      ovariectomized rats. RESULTS: Present results show that the experimentally
      induced EB cyclicity prompted a decrease in food consumption and in body weight.
      Data also show that ovariectomy induced an increase in NPY expression and a
      decrease in alpha-MSH expression in the ARN that were reverted by EB
      administration. Conversely, EB blocked the expression of NPY and increased the
      synthesis of alpha-MSH in ARN neurons, without affecting the overall sum of NPY
      and alpha-MSH neurons. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that estradiol affects
      food intake and, consequently, body weight gain, through an overriding mechanism
      superimposed in the physiological balance between both peptides in the ARN of
      female rats.

PMID- 27357212
TI  - Analysis of primary visual cortex in dementia with Lewy bodies indicates
      GABAergic involvement associated with recurrent complex visual hallucinations.
AB  - Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients frequently experience well formed
      recurrent complex visual hallucinations (RCVH). This is associated with reduced
      blood flow or hypometabolism on imaging of the primary visual cortex. To
      understand these associations in DLB we used pathological and biochemical
      analysis of the primary visual cortex to identify changes that could underpin
      RCVH. Alpha-synuclein or neurofibrillary tangle pathology in primary visual
      cortex was essentially absent. Neurone density or volume within the primary
      visual cortex in DLB was also unchanged using unbiased stereology. Microarray
      analysis, however, demonstrated changes in neuropeptide gene expression and other
      markers, indicating altered GABAergic neuronal function. Calcium binding protein
      and GAD65/67 immunohistochemistry showed preserved interneurone populations
      indicating possible interneurone dysfunction. This was demonstrated by loss of
      post synaptic GABA receptor markers including gephyrin, GABARAP, and Kif5A,
      indicating reduced GABAergic synaptic activity. Glutamatergic neuronal signalling
      was also altered with vesicular glutamate transporter protein and PSD-95
      expression being reduced. Changes to the primary visual cortex in DLB indicate
      that reduced GABAergic transmission may contribute to RCVH in DLB and treatment
      using targeted GABAergic modulation or similar approaches using glutamatergic
      modification may be beneficial.

PMID- 27357215
TI  - Twenty-six circulating antigens and two novel diagnostic candidate molecules
      identified in the serum of canines with experimental acute toxoplasmosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogen that causes severe
      opportunistic disease in a wide range of hosts. Efficient methods to diagnose
      acute T. gondii infection are essential for the administration of appropriate
      treatments and to reduce economic losses. In animals with acute infections,
      circulating antigens (CAgs) were detected as early as two days post-infection;
      these CAgs were reliable diagnostic indicators of acute infection. However, only
      a limited number of CAgs have been identified to date. The objective of this
      study was to identify a broader spectrum of CAgs and to explore novel diagnostic
      candidates in serum. METHODS: A canine model of acute toxoplasmiosis was
      established. For this purpose, six dogs were infected by intraperitoneal
      inoculation of tachyzoites. The CAgs spectrum in the serum was identified with
      the immunoprecipitation-shotgun approach. Two CAgs with low homology to other
      species, coronin protein (TgCOR) and ELMO protein (TgELMO), were heterologously
      expressed in Escherichia coli. Polyclonal antibodies against these two proteins
      were prepared, and the presence of these proteins in the serum was verified by
      Western blotting. The two CAgs were detected and evaluated by indirect ELISA
      methods. RESULTS: The CAgs levels peaked between two and five days after
      inoculation, and twenty-six CAgs were identified. Western blotting showed the
      presence of the two proteins in the serum during acute infection. Based on ELISA
      tests, the two CAgs were detected during acute infection. CONCLUSIONS: We
      identified twenty-six CAgs in the serum of canines with experimental acute
      toxoplasmosis and discovered two novel diagnostic candidates. We also provide new
      insights into the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 27357217
TI  - Interaction of the Antimicrobial Peptides Rhesus theta-Defensin and Porcine
      Protegrin-1 with Anionic Phospholipid Monolayers.
AB  - A combination of Langmuir isotherm, Brewster angle microscopy (BAM), and neutron
      reflectivity studies have been performed to gain insight into the effects on
      model bacterial cell membranes of the antimicrobial peptides, Rhesus theta
      defensin 1 (RTD-1), and porcine protegrin 1 (PG-1). The peptides were interacted
      with monolayers spread at the air-water interface and prepared from a 3:1 molar
      mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol used to approximate
      the cell membranes of Gram positive bacteria. The Langmuir film balance
      measurements show that both peptides perturb the lipid monolayers causing an
      increase in surface pressure, and the BAM studies show that each results in the
      formation of small domains within the lipid films, around 5 MUm diameter. The
      overall change in monolayer surface pressure caused by PG-1, however, is a little
      more pronounced than that due to RTD-1 (+8.5 mN.m(-1) vs +5.5 mN.m(-1)), and the
      rate of its initial interaction with the monolayer is a little more rapid than
      that for RTD-1. The neutron reflectivity studies also show differences for PG-1
      and RTD-1, with the model fits to these data showing that the more amphiphilic PG
      1 becomes fully embedded within the lipid film-causing an extension of the lipid
      acyl chains but leaving the thickness of the lipid headgroup layer unaffected
      while RTD-1 is seen to insert less deeply-causing the same extension of the lipid
      acyl chains as PG-1 but also causing a significant increase in thickness of the
      lipid headgroup layer. The various differing effects of the two peptides on
      anionic lipid monolayers are discussed in the context of their differing
      hemolytic activities, and their proposed differing propensities to form
      transmembrane pores.

PMID- 27357216
TI  - Antiarrhythmic therapy as an adjuvant to promote post pulmonary vein isolation
      success-a meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Three months of empirical antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy after
      atrial fibrillation ablation (AFA) is a common practice to prevent early
      arrhythmia recurrence; the data of influence of this practice on longer term
      ablation outcomes is limited. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to perform a
      meta-analysis of published controlled trials comparing temporary AAD therapy
      after AFA with no AAD therapy in patients after AFA. The primary outcome was
      recurrence of arrhythmia. RESULTS: 1Eight prospective trials were included. Among
      2952 patients, 1991 (67 %) had paroxysmal AF, and 967 (32.7 %) had persistent AF.
      In total, 1502 patients were treated with AADs and 1450 patients served as a
      control group (no AAD therapy). Various class IC-III antiarrhythmics were used.
      Length of AAD administration varied between 6 and 12 weeks after start of AFA.
      The follow-up duration ranged from 1.5 to 17 months after stopping medication.
      Among AAD treated patients, the recurrence of arrhythmia rate was 30.69 vs. 33.79
      % in control patients (odd ratio 0.86, 95 % CI 0.71-1.06, P = 0.15). In patients
      who received largely amiodarone, there was a trend for difference in recurrence
      of atrial arrhythmia (odds ratio 0.60, 95 % CI 0.34-1.09, P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS:
      Short-term post pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) AAD therapy does not substantially
      reduce overall recurrence of AF after ablation.

PMID- 27357218
TI  - Comparison of Chronic Angioscopic Findings of Bare Metal Stents, 1st-Generation
      Drug-Eluting Stents and 2nd-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents - Multicenter Study of
      Intra-Coronary Angioscopy After Stent (MICASA).
AB  - BACKGROUND: No previous study has reported a comprehensive comparison of the
      chronic angioscopic findings after bare metal stent (BMS), and 1st- and 2nd
      generation drug-eluting stents (DES). METHODS AND RESULTS: The Multicenter Study
      on Intra-Coronary Angioscopy after Stent (MICASA) is a multicenter registry of
      coronary angioscopy. A total of 264 stents were observed by coronary angioscopy 1
      year after PCI. There were 15 BMS, 90 1st-generation DES, and 159 2nd-generation
      DES. Neointimal coverage (NC) of the stent was classified into 4 grades from 0
      (no coverage) to 3 (complete coverage). Yellow color (YC) of plaque at the
      stented segment was graded from 0 (white) to 3 (bright yellow). Minimum (Min-)
      and Maximum (Max-) NC grade were significantly lower with 1st- and 2nd-generation
      DES than with BMS. Although the Max-NC grade was similar, the Min-NC grade was
      significantly higher for 2nd-generation DES than for 1st-generation DES. Both the
      YC grade and the incidence of thrombus with 2nd-generation DES were lower than
      with the 1st-generation DES and were comparable to BMS. Multivariate analysis
      showed that low-density lipoprotein, 1st-generation DES, and acute coronary
      syndrome were independent factors for yellow plaque (YG2 or 3), and that
      hypertension and 1st-generation DES were independent factors for the incidence of
      thrombus. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary angioscopy revealed more homogeneous coverage
      with white neointima and less thrombus after 2nd-generation DES as compared with
      1st-generation DES. These findings may explain the favorable clinical outcomes
      observed for patients treated with 2nd-generation DES. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1916
      1921).

PMID- 27357220
TI  - Correction: Mutagenicity of N-acyloxy-N-alkoxyamides as an indicator of DNA
      intercalation part 1: evidence for naphthalene as a DNA intercalator.
AB  - Correction for 'Mutagenicity of N-acyloxy-N-alkoxyamides as an indicator of DNA
      intercalation part 1: evidence for naphthalene as a DNA intercalator' by Tony M.
      Banks, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2016, 14, 3699-3714.

PMID- 27357219
TI  - Hemodynamic Analysis of Endoleaks After Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
      Repair by Using 4-Dimensional Flow-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An endoleak is a common complication of endovascular abdominal aortic
      aneurysm repair (EVAR), and it can be associated with aneurysmal growth. This
      pilot study used 4-dimensional flow-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (4D
      flow) to assess the hemodynamics of different types of endoleaks (I-IV). METHODS
      AND RESULTS: Magnetic resonance angiography, 4D-flow, and computed tomography
      angiography (CTA) were performed in 31 patients after nitinol-based stent-graft
      deployment. With 4D-flow, the 3D streamlines of endoleaks appear as integrated
      traces along the instantaneous velocity vector field that are color-coded
      according to the local velocity magnitude of the leak. The 4D-flow analysis
      identified endoleaks in 18 patients (58.1%), whereas CTA identified endoleaks in
      13 patients (41.9%). The 4D-flow analysis created a characteristic image of each
      type of endoleak. Among patients with endoleaks, 4D-flow identified concomitant
      multiple endoleaks in 7 (39%) patients, and it further differentiated type II
      endoleaks from type IIa endoleaks (to-and-fro biphasic flow pattern from a branch
      vessel) and from type IIb endoleaks (monophasic flow pattern with a connection
      between the inflow and outflow branches). CONCLUSIONS: The 4D-flow analysis was
      more sensitive than CTA for detecting an endoleak, and it could subclassify type
      II endoleaks. In addition, 4D-flow differentiated between concomitant endoleak
      types in a single patient. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1715-1725).

PMID- 27357221
TI  - The unexpected case of reactions of halogens and interhalogens with halide
      substituted Pd(ii) sigma-butadienyl complexes.
AB  - We have experimentally studied and theoretically interpreted the addition under
      stoichiometric conditions of halogens or interhalogens to sigma-butadienyl
      palladium complexes bearing the heteroditopic thioquinolines as spectator
      ligands. The observed reactions do not involve the expected extrusion of the
      butadienyl fragment but rather the unpredictable substitution of the halide
      coordinated to palladium and in some cases also of that bound to the terminal
      butadienyl carbon. We have explained this peculiar reactivity with a mechanistic
      hypothesis based on a sequence of selective processes of oxidative addition and
      reductive elimination involving Pd(iv) intermediates. 

PMID- 27357222
TI  - Trabecular metal tibial knee component still stable at 10 years.
AB  - Background and purpose - Total knee replacement (TKR) in younger patients using
      cemented components has shown inferior results, mainly due to aseptic loosening.
      Excellent clinical results have been reported with components made of trabecular
      metal (TM). In a previous report, we have shown stabilization of the TM tibial
      implants for up to 5 years. In this study, we compared the clinical and RSA
      results of these uncemented implants with those of cemented implants. Patients
      and methods - 41 patients (47 knees) aged <= 60 years underwent TKR. 22 patients
      (26 knees) received an uncemented monoblock cruciate-retaining (CR) tibial
      component (TM) and 19 patients (21 knees) received a cemented NexGen Option CR
      tibial component. Follow-up examination was done at 10 years, and 16 patients (19
      knees) with TM tibial components and 17 patients (18 knees) with cemented tibial
      components remained for analysis. Results - 1 of 19 TM implants was revised for
      infection, 2 of 18 cemented components were revised for knee instability, and no
      revisions were done for loosening. Both types of tibial components migrated in
      the first 3 months, the TM group to a greater extent than the cemented group.
      After 3 months, both groups were stable during the next 10 years. Interpretation 
      The patterns of migration for uncemented TM implants and cemented tibial
      implants over the first 10 years indicate that they have a good long-term
      prognosis regarding fixation. 

PMID- 27357224
TI  - The joint flanker effect and the joint Simon effect: On the comparability of
      processes underlying joint compatibility effects.
AB  - Previous studies observed compatibility effects in different interference
      paradigms such as the Simon and flanker task even when the task was distributed
      across two co-actors. In both Simon and flanker tasks, performance is improved in
      compatible trials relative to incompatible trials if one actor works on the task
      alone as well as if two co-actors share the task. These findings have been taken
      to indicate that actors automatically co-represent their co-actor's task.
      However, recent research on the joint Simon and joint flanker effect suggests
      alternative non-social interpretations. To which degree both joint effects are
      driven by the same underlying processes is the question of the present study, and
      it was scrutinized by manipulating the visibility of the co-actor. While the
      joint Simon effect was not affected by the visibility of the co-actor, the joint
      flanker effect was reduced when participants did not see their co-actors but knew
      where the co-actors were seated. These findings provide further evidence for a
      spatial interpretation of the joint Simon effect. In contrast to recent claims,
      however, we propose a new explanation of the joint flanker effect that attributes
      the effect to an impairment in the focusing of spatial attention contingent on
      the visibility of the co-actor.

PMID- 27357223
TI  - Molecular mechanisms in lithium-associated renal disease: a systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Lithium is an essential treatment in bipolar disorder and treatment
      resistant depression; however, its use has been limited by concerns regarding its
      renal adverse effects. An improved understanding of potential molecular
      mechanisms can help develop prevention and treatment strategies for lithium
      associated renal disease. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search
      using MEDLINE, Embase, and PsychINFO including English-language original research
      articles published prior to November 2015 that specifically investigated
      lithium's effects on nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and chronic kidney
      disease (CKD), using molecular markers. RESULTS: From a total of 3510 records, 71
      pre-clinical studies and two relevant clinical studies were identified. Molecular
      alterations were reported in calcium signaling, inositol monophosphate,
      extracellular-regulated, prostaglandin, sodium/solute transport, G-protein
      coupled receptors, nitric oxide, vasopressin/aquaporin, and inflammation-related
      pathways in lithium-associated renal disease. The majority of studies found that
      these mechanisms were implicated in NDI, while few studies had examined CKD.
      DISCUSSION: Future studies will have to focus on (1) validating the present
      findings in human subjects and (2) examining CKD, which is the most clinically
      relevant lithium-associated renal effect. This will improve our understanding of
      lithium's biological effects, as well as inform a personalized medicine approach,
      which could lead to safer lithium prescribing and less renal adverse events.

PMID- 27357225
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Enterobacteriaceae species infesting post
      harvest strawberries and their biological control using bacteriophages.
AB  - Strawberry is a significantly consumed fruit worldwide, mostly without being
      subjected to disinfection processes. During the harvest and transfer from farm to
      consumers as well as where organic farming practises have been employed, the
      surface of the fruit may become contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. Post-harvest
      strawberry fruits in punnets available for public consumption were thus screened
      for the presence of enteric bacteria in the Sunshine Coast region of Queensland,
      Australia. Some of the tested samples (13 %) were found to carry such bacteria
      and even in greater numbers if organic amendments were used (69 %). The bacteria
      were found to belong in the genera of Escherichia, Enterobacter, Raoultella,
      Klebsiella, Pantoea, Shigella, Citrobacter and Cronobacter within the family
      Enterobacteriaceae. Some of the isolates were found to adhere to Caco-2 cells
      representing human gut epithelium as well as carrying virulence and toxin genes.
      Resistance mostly against sulphafurazole, cefoxitin, ampicillin and
      nitrofurantoin was found among 14 different antimicrobial agents tested including
      100 % resistance to cefoxitin and ampicillin in the genus Pantoea. In the second
      phase of the study, bacteriophages were isolated against the isolates and were
      subsequently applied to post-harvest fruits. A significant (P <= 0.001) reduction
      in the number of enteric bacteria was observed when a high-titre polyvalent
      bacteriophage suspension (*10(12) PFU/mL) was applied to the fruit surface.
      Bacteriophages also decreased the adhesion of the Escherichia coli isolates to
      Caco-2 cells. Findings might indicate that biological control using
      bacteriophages might be of significant value for the industry targeting to reduce
      pathogenic loads of bacteria on the fruit. 

PMID- 27357226
TI  - Candida utilis and Cyberlindnera (Pichia) jadinii: yeast relatives with expanding
      applications.
AB  - The yeast Candida utilis is used as a food additive and as a host for
      heterologous gene expression to produce various metabolites and proteins.
      Reliable protocols for intracellular production of recombinant proteins are
      available for C. utilis and have now been expanded to secrete proteins into the
      growth medium or to achieve surface display by linkage to a cell wall protein. A
      recombinant C. utilis strain was recently shown to induce oral tolerance in a
      mouse model of multiple sclerosis suggesting future applications in autoimmune
      therapy. Whole genome sequencing of C. utilis and its presumed parent
      Cyberlindnera (Pichia) jadinii demonstrated different ploidy but high sequence
      identity, consistent with identical recombinant technologies for both yeasts. C.
      jadinii was recently described as an antagonist to the important human fungal
      pathogen Candida albicans suggesting its use as a probiotic agent. The review
      summarizes the status of recombinant protein production in C. utilis, as well as
      current and future biotechnological and medical applications of C. utilis and C.
      jadinii. 

PMID- 27357227
TI  - Target genes of the Streptomyces tsukubaensis FkbN regulator include most of the
      tacrolimus biosynthesis genes, a phosphopantetheinyl transferase and other PKS
      genes.
AB  - Tacrolimus (FK506) is a 23-membered macrolide immunosuppressant used in current
      clinics. Understanding how the tacrolimus biosynthetic gene cluster is regulated
      is important to increase its industrial production. Here, we analysed the effect
      of the disruption of fkbN (encoding a LAL-type positive transcriptional
      regulator) on the whole transcriptome of the tacrolimus producer Streptomyces
      tsukubaensis using microarray technology. Transcription of fkbN in the wild type
      strain increases from 70 h of cultivation reaching a maximum at 89 h, prior to
      the onset of tacrolimus biosynthesis. Disruption of fkbN in S. tsukubaensis does
      not affect growth but prevents tacrolimus biosynthesis. Inactivation of fkbN
      reduces the transcription of most of the fkb cluster genes, including some all
      (for allylmalonyl-CoA biosynthesis) genes but does not affect expression of
      allMNPOS or fkbR (encoding a LysR-type regulator). Disruption of fkbN does not
      suppress transcription of the cistron tcs6-fkbQ-fkbN; thus, FkbN self-regulates
      only weakly its own expression. Interestingly, inactivation of FkbN downregulates
      the transcription of a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase coding gene, which
      product is involved in tacrolimus biosynthesis, and upregulates the transcription
      of a gene cluster containing a cpkA orthologous gene, which encodes a PKS
      involved in coelimycin P1 biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. We propose an
      information theory-based model for FkbN binding sequences. The consensus FkbN
      binding sequence consists of 14 nucleotides with dyad symmetry containing two
      conserved inverted repeats of 7 nt each. This FkbN target sequence is present in
      the promoters of FkbN-regulated genes. 

PMID- 27357228
TI  - C1 fractures: a review of diagnoses, management options, and outcomes.
AB  - The atlas is subject to fracture under axial load, often due to traumatic
      injuries such as shallow dives and automobile accidents. These fractures account
      for 2-13 % of injuries to the cervical spine [Marcon RM et al. Clinics (Sao
      Paulo) 68(11):1455-61, 2013]. Fractures of the C1 vertebra are often difficult to
      diagnose, as there is often no neurological deficit or easily identifiable
      findings on radiographs. However, injuries to the atlas can be associated with
      vertebral artery injury and atlantoaxial or atlanto-occipital instability, making
      prompt and accurate diagnosis imperative. A detailed understanding of the
      anatomy, inherent stability, and common injury patterns is essential for any
      surgeon treating spinal trauma. This chapter explores the diagnosis and
      management of C1 fractures, as well as outcomes after treatment. 

PMID- 27357229
TI  - Whole blood for the acutely haemorrhaging civilian trauma patient: a novel idea
      or rediscovery?
AB  - The concept of whole blood (WB) as a treatment modality for trauma patients
      requiring transfusion therapy is not new. Successfully employed in the early 20
      century, WB was the product of choice for military trauma resuscitation until the
      advent of component therapy changed the landscape of transfusion medicine.
      However, the recognition of the success of WB in the military operational setting
      has provided some enthusiasm to explore its revival as a cold-stored option in
      the civilian trauma resuscitation sector. Concerns continue to exist over
      potential limitations for its application in regards to the efficacy of platelets
      after cold storage, the risk of haemolytic transfusion reactions following the
      transfusion of un-cross-matched WB and the logistical issues for civilian blood
      banks in providing WB. This review aims to reconcile these concerns with data
      available in the literature, with a view to establishing that there is in vitro
      evidence supporting the haemostatic effects of cold-stored WB as a potential
      therapeutic option in both the pre-hospital and in-hospital civilian trauma
      resuscitation settings.

PMID- 27357230
TI  - Temporal tuning in the bat auditory cortex is sharper when studied with natural
      echolocation sequences.
AB  - Precise temporal coding is necessary for proper acoustic analysis. However, at
      cortical level, forward suppression appears to limit the ability of neurons to
      extract temporal information from natural sound sequences. Here we studied how
      temporal processing can be maintained in the bats' cortex in the presence of
      suppression evoked by natural echolocation streams that are relevant to the bats'
      behavior. We show that cortical neurons tuned to target-distance actually profit
      from forward suppression induced by natural echolocation sequences. These neurons
      can more precisely extract target distance information when they are stimulated
      with natural echolocation sequences than during stimulation with isolated call
      echo pairs. We conclude that forward suppression does for time domain tuning what
      lateral inhibition does for selectivity forms such as auditory frequency tuning
      and visual orientation tuning. When talking about cortical processing,
      suppression should be seen as a mechanistic tool rather than a limiting element.

PMID- 27357231
TI  - The LXR ligand GW3965 inhibits Newcastle disease virus infection by affecting
      cholesterol homeostasis.
AB  - Newcastle disease (ND) is a contagious disease that affects most species of
      birds. Its causative pathogen, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), also exhibits
      considerable oncolytic activity against mammalian cancers. A better understanding
      of the pathogenesis of NDV will help us design efficient vaccines and novel
      anticancer strategies. GW3965, a widely used synthetic ligand of liver X receptor
      (LXR), induces the expression of LXRs and its downstream genes, including ATP
      binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). ABCA1 regulates cellular cholesterol
      homeostasis. Here, we found that GW3965 inhibited NDV infection in DF-1 cells. It
      also inhibited NF-kappaB activation and reduced the upregulation of
      proinflammatory cytokines induced by the infection. Further studies showed that
      GW3965 exerted its inhibitory effects on virus entry and replication. NDV
      infection increased the mRNA levels of several lipogenic genes but decreased the
      ABCA1 mRNA level. Overexpression of ABCA1 inhibited NDV infection and reduced the
      cholesterol content in DF-1 cells, but when the cholesterol was replenished, NDV
      infection was restored. GW3965 treatment prevented cholesterol accumulation in
      the perinuclear area of the infected cells. In summary, our studies suggest that
      GW3965 inhibits NDV infection, probably by affecting cholesterol homeostasis. 

PMID- 27357233
TI  - The entire mean weighted first-passage time on a family of weighted treelike
      networks.
AB  - In this paper, we consider the entire mean weighted first-passage time (EMWFPT)
      with random walks on a family of weighted treelike networks. The EMWFPT on
      weighted networks is proposed for the first time in the literatures. The
      dominating terms of the EMWFPT obtained by the following two methods are
      coincident. On the one hand, using the construction algorithm, we calculate the
      receiving and sending times for the central node to obtain the asymptotic
      behavior of the EMWFPT. On the other hand, applying the relationship equation
      between the EMWFPT and the average weighted shortest path, we also obtain the
      asymptotic behavior of the EMWFPT. The obtained results show that the effective
      resistance is equal to the weighted shortest path between two nodes. And the
      dominating term of the EMWFPT scales linearly with network size in large network.

PMID- 27357232
TI  - Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of female-sterile rice ovule shed light on its
      abortive mechanism.
AB  - MAIN CONCLUSION: The comprehensive transcriptome analysis of rice female-sterile
      line and wild-type line ovule provides an important clue for exploring the
      regulatory network of the formation of rice fertile female gametophyte. Ovules
      are the female reproductive tissues of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and play a major
      role in sexual reproduction. To investigate the potential mechanism of rice
      female gametophyte fertility, we used RNA sequencing, combined with genetic
      subtraction, to compare the transcriptome of the ovules of a high-frequency
      female-sterile line (fsv1) and a rice wild-type line (Gui 99) during ovule
      development. Ovules were harvested at three developmental stages: ovule
      containing megaspore mother cell in meiosis process (stage 1), ovule containing
      functional megaspore in mitosis process (stage 2), and ovule containing mature
      female gametophyte (stage 3). Six cDNA libraries generated a total of 42.2
      million high-quality clean reads that aligned with 30,204 genes. The comparison
      between the fsv1 and Gui 99 ovules identified a large number of differentially
      expressed genes (DEGs), i.e., 45, 495, and 932 DEGs at the three ovule
      developmental stages, respectively. From the comparison of the two rice lines,
      Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and MapMan analyses
      indicated that a large number of DEGs associated with starch and sucrose
      metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, protein modification and
      degradation, oxidative phosphorylation, and receptor kinase. These DEGs might
      play roles in ovule development and fertile female gametophyte formation. Many
      transcription factor genes and epigenetic-related genes also exhibit different
      expression patterns and significantly different expression levels in two rice
      lines during ovule development, which might provide important information
      regarding the abortive mechanism of the female gametophyte in rice.

PMID- 27357234
TI  - Experimental and theoretical studies on the linear and nonlinear optical
      properties of lead phosphate crystals LiPbPO4.
AB  - Phosphates with noncentrosymmetric (NCS) structures usually display short
      ultraviolet (UV) cut-off edges, but often exhibit weak powder second harmonic
      generation (SHG) intensities. Here we synthesized a NCS-phosphate, LiPbPO4, that
      achieves a desired balance between UV transparency, a cut-off edge of about 232
      nm, and large SHG activity (about 3 * KDP). The three dimensional (3D) framework
      of LiPbPO4 consists of PO4 and LiO4 tetrahedra that are corner-shared, forming
      wide channels where lead cations reside. Local dipole moments for the PO4 and
      LiO4 tetrahedra as well as lead polyhedra in a unit cell were calculated. First
      principles calculations have been performed for better understanding the
      structure-property relationships in LiPbPO4. In addition, to further explore
      spatial distribution of the electronic states dominating the NLO activity, the
      SHG density method was employed. 

PMID- 27357236
TI  - The impact of environmental conditions on Campylobacter jejuni survival in
      broiler faeces and litter.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial food-borne pathogen
      within the European Union, and poultry meat is an important vehicle for its
      transmission to humans. However, there is limited knowledge about how this
      organism persists in broiler litter and faeces. The aim of this study was to
      assess the impact of a number of environmental parameters, such as temperature,
      humidity, and oxygen, on Campylobacter survival in both broiler litter and
      faeces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Used litter was collected from a Campylobacter
      negative broiler house after final depopulation and fresh faeces were collected
      from transport crates. Samples were confirmed as Campylobacter negative according
      to modified ISO methods for veterinary samples. Both sample matrices were
      inoculated with 9 log10 CFU/ml C. jejuni and incubated under high (>=85%) and low
      (<=70%) relative humidity conditions at three different temperatures (20 degrees
      C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C) under both aerobic and microaerophilic
      atmospheres. Inoculated litter samples were then tested for Campylobacter
      concentrations at time zero and every 2 hours for 12 hours, while faecal samples
      were examined at time zero and every 24 hours for 120 hours. A two-tailed t-test
      assuming unequal variance was used to compare mean Campylobacter concentrations
      in samples under the various temperature, humidity, and atmospheric conditions.
      RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: C. jejuni survived significantly longer (P<=0.01) in
      faeces, with a minimum survival time of 48 hours, compared with 4 hours in used
      broiler litter. C. jejuni survival was significantly enhanced at 20 degrees C in
      all environmental conditions in both sample matrices tested compared with
      survival at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C. In general, survival was greater in
      microaerophilic compared with aerobic conditions in both sample matrices.
      Humidity, at the levels examined, did not appear to significantly impact C.
      jejuni survival in any sample matrix. The persistence of Campylobacter in broiler
      litter and faeces under various environmental conditions has implications for
      farm litter management, hygiene, and disinfection practices.

PMID- 27357235
TI  - IL-13 from intraepithelial lymphocytes regulates tissue homeostasis and protects
      against carcinogenesis in the skin.
AB  - The skin is under constant renewal and exposure to environmental challenges. How
      homeostasis is maintained alongside protective mechanisms against damage is
      unclear. Among the basal epithelial cells (ECs) is a population of resident
      intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that provide host-protective immune
      surveillance. Here we show that IELs cross-communicate with ECs via the
      production of IL-13. Skin ECs are activated by IEL-derived IL-13, enabling a
      canonical EC stress response. In the absence of IL-13, or canonical IEL, the skin
      has decreased ability to repair its barrier and increased susceptibility to
      cutaneous carcinogenesis. IL-13 controls the rate of EC movement through the
      epidermis, which might explain the importance of IL-13 for epidermal integrity
      and its suppressive effect on skin carcinogenesis. These findings show that IL-13
      acts as a molecular bridge between IELs and ECs, and reveal a critical host
      defensive role for type-2 immunity in regulating EC tissue homeostasis and
      carcinogenesis.

PMID- 27357237
TI  - Turnover of Village Chickens Undermines Vaccine Coverage to Control HPAI H5N1.
AB  - Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1 remains an enzootic disease
      of village chickens in Indonesia, posing ongoing risk at the animal-human
      interface. Previous modelling showed that the fast natural turnover of chicken
      populations might undermine herd immunity after vaccination, although actual
      details of how this effect applies to Indonesia's village chicken population have
      not been determined. We explored the turnover effect in Indonesia's scavenging
      and mixed populations of village chickens using an extended Leslie matrix model
      parameterized with data collected from village chicken flocks in Java region,
      Indonesia. Population dynamics were simulated for 208 weeks; the turnover effect
      was simulated for 16 weeks after vaccination in two 'best case' scenarios, where
      the whole population (scenario 1), or birds aged over 14 days (scenario 2), were
      vaccinated. We found that the scavenging and mixed populations have different
      productive traits. When steady-state dynamics are reached, both populations are
      dominated by females (54.5%), and 'growers' and 'chicks' represent the most
      abundant age stages with 39% and 38% in the scavenging, and 60% and 25% in the
      mixed population, respectively. Simulations showed that the population turnover
      might reduce the herd immunity below the critical threshold that prevents the re
      emergence of HPAI H5N1 4-8 weeks (scavenging) and 6-9 weeks (mixed population)
      after vaccination in scenario 1, and 2-6 weeks (scavenging) and 4-7 weeks (mixed
      population) after vaccination in scenario 2. In conclusion, we found that
      Indonesia's village chicken population does not have a unique underlying
      population dynamic and therefore, different turnover effects on herd immunity may
      be expected after vaccination; nonetheless, our simulations carried out in best
      case scenarios highlight the limitations of current vaccine technologies to
      control HPAI H5N1. This suggests that the improvements and complementary
      strategies are necessary and must be explored.

PMID- 27357238
TI  - Elderly men in Tokyo homeless shelters who are suspected of having cognitive
      impairment.

PMID- 27357239
TI  - Dual electrically and thermally responsive broadband reflectors based on polymer
      network stabilized chiral nematic liquid crystals: the role of crosslink density.
AB  - A broadband reflector based on a polymer stabilized chiral nematic liquid crystal
      has been fabricated. The reflection bandwidth can be manually controlled by an
      electric field and autonomously by temperature. 

PMID- 27357240
TI  - Using modeling and rehearsal to teach fire safety to children with autism.
AB  - We evaluated the efficacy of an instructional procedure to teach young children
      with autism to evacuate settings and notify an adult during a fire alarm. A
      multiple baseline design across children showed that an intervention that
      included modeling, rehearsal, and praise was effective in teaching fire safety
      skills. Safety skills generalized to novel settings and maintained during a 5
      week follow-up in both training and generalization settings.

PMID- 27357241
TI  - Persistent Diarrhea: A Clinical Review.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Diarrheal disease is commonly encountered in clinical practice.
      Persistent diarrhea (>=14 days) can be caused by pathogens that differ from those
      commonly seen in acute illness; proper etiologic diagnosis is important for
      appropriate therapeutic management. This review provides an overview of the
      epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of persistent diarrhea caused
      by infectious agents in immunocompetent individuals worldwide. OBSERVATIONS: Much
      of the data on persistent diarrhea comes from studies of residents in or
      expatriates of developing countries and travelers to these regions where follow
      up studies have been performed. Persistent diarrhea occurs in approximately 3% of
      individuals traveling to developing countries. Schistosoma mansoni (and rarely
      Schistosoma haematobium) intestinal infection is also not very common and is
      found only in endemic areas. The microbiologic causes of protracted diarrhea
      include detectable parasitic (eg, Giardia, Cryptosporidium) and bacterial (eg,
      enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Shigella) pathogens. Available diagnostic
      tests include culture-dependent for bacterial pathogens and culture-independent
      methods for bacterial, viral, and protozoal infections (eg, polymerase chain
      reaction [PCR]), including multiplex PCR, as well as and microscopy for protozoal
      infections. Antimicrobial therapy can be given empirically to patients returning
      from the undeveloped to the developed world. Otherwise, antibiotics should be
      given based on the results of laboratory testing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      Persistent diarrhea is a poorly recognized syndrome in all populations that
      requires proper assessment and diagnosis to ensure that affected individuals
      receive the treatment needed to experience improvement of clinical symptoms.

PMID- 27357242
TI  - Urinalysis in the Evaluation of Hematuria.

PMID- 27357243
TI  - Lipidomic Signatures and Associated Transcriptomic Profiles of Clear Cell Renal
      Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common histological type of adult kidney
      cancer. In this study, we obtained lipidomic profiles of clear cell RCC (ccRCC),
      a major RCC subtype, by performing a lipidomic analysis of specimens of cancerous
      tissue and the surrounding normal renal cortex obtained from the same patients (N
      = 49). We also compared the lipidomic profiles with the lipogenic transcriptome
      of specimens of cancerous tissue and the surrounding normal renal cortex for an
      additional set of patient samples (N = 95). Overall, we detected 326 lipids,
      including phospholipids, sphingolipids, neutral lipids, and eicosanoids. The
      levels of more than 70% of the detected lipids were significantly different (P <
      0.01, corrected by the false discovery rate). The cancerous tissue was
      distinguished by higher levels of ether-type phospholipids, cholesterol esters,
      and triacylglycerols, as well as by lower levels of phospholipids (except for
      phosphatidylcholines) and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Characteristic changes in
      the levels of mRNAs and metabolites suggested that the phosphatidylethanolamine
      (PE) synthesis pathway is suppressed in ccRCC and associated with cell
      proliferation. The present study represents the lipidomic profiles of ccRCC,
      which provides novel information about the metabolic changes in renal cancerous
      tissue and RCC pathophysiology.

PMID- 27357244
TI  - Structure and Function of Four Classes of the 4Fe-4S Protein, IspH.
AB  - IspH, (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl 4-diphosphate reductase, is an essential
      enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis and an important drug/herbicide target. Using X
      ray crystallographic, bioinformatics, mutagenesis/kinetics/stability, and
      electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results, we show that organisms from
      different environments ultilize one of four main IspH classes. The classes are
      based on the arrangement of the aromatic residues near the 4Fe-4S cluster and the
      presence or absence of N- and C-terminal extensions. Class A enzymes are found
      primarily in anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria. Class B enzymes are found in
      aerobic bacteria. Class C enzymes are found in cyanobacteria and plants. Class D
      enzymes are found in apicomplexan parasites. Using mutagenesis, we show that the
      cluster-associated aromatic groups in class A and class B IspHs enhance cluster
      oxidative stability. Y198A, F302A, and a C-terminal truncation mutant of the
      class B (Escherichia coli) IspH have catalytic activity lower than that of the
      wild-type protein when using methyl viologen as the electron donor, but higher
      activity with dithionite as the electron donor, due to ready access of the small
      reductant to the cluster, consistent with their increased oxygen and H2O2
      sensitivity. F302A has the largest effect on the reaction rates, and EPR studies
      indicate this residue affects Fe-S cluster structure. Similar effects on cluster
      stability are seen with class A (F14A and Y98A) mutants; however, effects on ET
      rates are smaller, and there are no differences between the EPR spectra of mutant
      and wild-type proteins. Overall, the results are of general interest because they
      show, for the first time, that there are multiple IspH classes that have evolved
      to allow organisms to survive in diverse oxidative-stress environments.

PMID- 27357245
TI  - Predictors of the 10-year direct costs for treating multiple sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) constitute the largest direct
      medical cost for multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aims at investigating
      predictors of the 10-year economic burden for DMT administration and management.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 537 newly diagnosed, drug naive
      relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients, followed up for 10.1+/-3.3 years. Costs
      for DMT administration and management were calculated, and referred to each year
      of observation (annual costs). Possible predictors of disease evolution were
      categorized into early predictors (age, gender, disease duration, baseline
      expanded disability status scale (EDSS), 1-point EDSS progression within 2 years,
      and annualized relapse rate -ARR- within 2 years), and long-term predictors
      (reaching of EDSS 4.0, conversion to secondary progressive -SP-, ARR, number of
      DMTs, follow-up duration). Association between predictors and study outcome was
      explored using mixed-effects log-linear regression models. RESULTS: A 1-point
      higher EDSS at diagnosis was associated with 13.21% increase in the annual costs
      (95%CI=4.16-23.04%). Each additional year of age at diagnosis was associated with
      a 0.74% decrease in the annual costs (95%CI=-1.43 to-0.04%). Female gender was
      associated with a 12.43% decrease in the annual costs (95%CI=-22.61 to-0.93%).
      Converting to SP was associated with a 14.26% decrease in the annual costs
      (95%CI=-14.26 to-2.94%). Each additional year of follow-up was associated with a
      3.05% decrease in the annual costs (95%CI=-4.51 to-1.57%). CONCLUSIONS: An
      estimate of the 10-year costs associated with DMT administration and management
      can be calculated by analyzing different factors, and might be of particular
      interest for planning resources needed for treating people with MS.

PMID- 27357246
TI  - Polar interface phonons in ionic toroidal systems.
AB  - We use the dielectric continuum model to obtain the polar (Fuchs-Kliewer like)
      interface vibration modes of toroids made of ionic materials either embedded in a
      different material or in vacuum, with applications to nanotoroids specially in
      mind. We report the frequencies of these modes and describe the electric
      potential they produce. We establish the quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian
      appropriate for their interaction with electric charges. This Hamiltonian can be
      used to describe the effect of this interaction on different types of charged
      particles either inside or outside the torus.

PMID- 27357247
TI  - Accuracy of methods to measure femoral head penetration within metal-backed
      acetabular components.
AB  - A number of different software programs are used to investigate the in vivo wear
      of polyethylene bearings in total hip arthroplasty. With wear rates below 0.1
      mm/year now commonly being reported for highly cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
      components, it is important to identify the accuracy of the methods used to
      measure such small movements. The aims of this study were to compare the accuracy
      of current software programs used to measure two-dimensional (2D) femoral head
      penetration (FHP) and to determine whether the accuracy is influenced by larger
      femoral heads or by different methods of representing the acetabular component
      within radiostereometric analysis (RSA). A hip phantom was used to compare known
      movements of the femoral head within a metal-backed acetabular component to FHP
      measured radiographically using RSA, Hip Analysis Suite (HAS), PolyWare, Ein Bild
      Roentgen Analyse (EBRA), and Roentgen Monographic Analysis Tool (ROMAN). RSA was
      significantly more accurate than the HAS, PolyWare, and ROMAN methods when
      measuring 2D FHP with a 28 mm femoral head. Femoral head size influenced the
      accuracy of HAS and ROMAN 2D FHP measurements, EBRA proximal measurements, and
      RSA measurements in the proximal and anterior direction. The use of different
      acetabular reference segments did not influence accuracy of RSA measurements. The
      superior accuracy and reduced variability of RSA wear measurements allow much
      smaller cohorts to be used in RSA clinical wear studies than those utilizing
      other software programs. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:988-996, 2017.

PMID- 27357249
TI  - Bufalin reverses intrinsic and acquired drug resistance to cisplatin through the
      AKT signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells.
AB  - Cisplatin is the most common chemotherapeutic agent for gastric cancer (GC),
      however it activates AKT, which contributes to intrinsic and acquired resistance.
      Bufalin, a traditional Chinese medicine, shows significant anticancer activity by
      inhibiting the AKT pathway. It was therefore hypothesized that bufalin could
      counteract cisplatin resistance in GC cells. SGC7901, MKN-45 and BGC823 human GC
      cells were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Effects of cisplatin
      and bufalin on GC cells were measured by a cell counting kit, apoptosis was
      analyzed by flow cytometry, and immunoblotting was used to detect proteins
      associated with the AKT signaling pathway. It was demonstrated that bufalin
      synergized with cisplatin to inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of GC
      cells by diminishing the activation of cisplatin-induced AKT under normoxic and
      hypoxic conditions. Bufalin also inhibits cisplatin-activated molecules
      downstream of AKT that affect proliferation and apoptosis, including glycogen
      synthase kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein S6 Kinase and
      eukaryotic translation initiation factor-4E-binding protein-1. To investigate
      acquired cisplatin resistance, a cisplatin-resistant cell line SGC7901-CR was
      used. It was demonstrated that bufalin reversed acquired cisplatin resistance and
      significantly induced apoptosis through the AKT pathway. These results imply that
      bufalin could extend the therapeutic effect of cisplatin on GC cells when
      administered in combination. 

PMID- 27357248
TI  - Intrinsic FGF2 and FGF5 promotes angiogenesis of human aortic endothelial cells
      in 3D microfluidic angiogenesis system.
AB  - The human body contains different endothelial cell types and differences in their
      angiogenic potential are poorly understood. We compared the functional angiogenic
      ability of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells (HUVECs) using a three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic cell
      culture system. HAECs and HUVECs exhibited similar cellular characteristics in a
      2D culture system; however, in the 3D microfluidic angiogenesis system, HAECs
      exhibited stronger angiogenic potential than HUVECs. Interestingly, the
      expression level of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2 and FGF5 under vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A stimulation was significantly higher in HAECs
      than in HUVECs. Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of FGF2 and
      FGF5 more significantly attenuated vascular sprouting induced from HAECs than
      HUVECs. Our results suggest that HAECs have greater angiogenic potential through
      FGF2 and FGF5 upregulation and could be a compatible endothelial cell type to
      achieve robust angiogenesis.

PMID- 27357250
TI  - [Claims following "malpractice" : Who is how often affected?].

PMID- 27357251
TI  - [Hemolytic kidney failure and transient ischemic attack in a 32-year-old female].
AB  - We report on the case of a 32-year-old female patient who initially presented
      with oliguric acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia with moderate
      thrombocytopenia and subsequently developed a transient ischemic attack in the
      cerebellum. The kidney biopsy revealed clinically suspected atypical hemolytic
      uremic syndrome (aHUS), which was confirmed by intraglomerular thrombotic
      microangiopathy (TMA). Treatment with plasmapheresis and sustained administration
      of the C5 inhibitor eculizumab resulted in hematological remission but without
      improvement of kidney function. Further etiological investigations led to reduced
      plasma levels of inhibitory complement factor I on the basis of a heterozygous
      CFI mutation. In patients with aHUS molecular genetic investigations are
      indicated in order to determine the underlying cause, to regulate the therapeutic
      regimen and to allow prognostic statements with respect to a potential kidney
      transplantation.

PMID- 27357252
TI  - Multilocus sequence typing and CTX-M characterization of ESBL-producing E. coli:
      a prospective single-centre study in Lower Saxony, Germany.
AB  - The increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
      Gram-negative bacteria is a serious threat for current healthcare settings. In
      this study we investigated the molecular epidemiology of ESBL-producing E. coli
      at the University Medical Center Gottingen in Lower Saxony, Germany. All E. coli
      isolates with an ESBL phenotype were collected during a 6-month period in 2014.
      Multilocus sequence typing and CTX-M characterization were performed on 160
      isolates. Of the ESBL-producing isolates 95.6% were CTX-M positive. Compared to
      recent Germany-wide studies, we found CTX-M-1 to occur in higher frequency than
      CTX-M-15 (44.4% vs. 34.4%). CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-27 were detected at 9.4% and 5.0%,
      respectively. The globally dominant sequence type (ST) 131, which is often
      associated with CTX-M-15, occurred at a relatively low rate of 24%. Major non
      ST131 sequence types were ST101 (5%), ST58 (5%), ST10 (4.4%), ST38 (4.4%), ST410
      (3.8%) and ST453 (3.1%). Several of these major sequence types were previously
      shown to be associated with livestock farming. Together, our study indicates that
      E. coli lineage distribution in individual healthcare settings can significantly
      differ from average numbers obtained in nationwide studies.

PMID- 27357253
TI  - Sinus Floor Cortication: Classification and Prevalence.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present a classification and assess the presence and degree of
      cortication of the sinus floor utilizing Computerized Tomography (CT) scan
      images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred CT scans, of patient who required a
      sinus augmentation procedure (SAP), were evaluated and classified according to
      the Type of sinus floor cortication (SFC). Type 1: sinus floor showing similar or
      higher density than the surrounding cortical areas. Type 2: sinus floor showing
      less density than the surrounding cortical areas. Type 3: sinus floor showing no
      cortical bone. Type 4: sinus floor showing the fusion of sinus floor bone and
      native crestal bone. RESULTS: The SFC were present in 31, 41, 18, and 10 cases in
      Type 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This classification based on the
      level of cortication of the sinus floor is clinically useful as a method of
      determining if the dental implant can be placed simultaneously or not with the
      SAP, or can be placed even without a SAP.

PMID- 27357254
TI  - Autoimmunity: Do IgM antibodies protect against atherosclerosis in SLE?

PMID- 27357255
TI  - Spondyloarthropathies: CVD prevention and statin therapy in ankylosing
      spondylitis.

PMID- 27357256
TI  - Connective tissue diseases: OX40L inhibition blocks tissue fibrosis.

PMID- 27357257
TI  - Pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: when inflammation meets organ
      development.
AB  - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease of preterm infants. It is
      caused by the disturbance of physiologic lung development mainly in the saccular
      stage with lifelong restrictions of pulmonary function and an increased risk of
      abnormal somatic and psychomotor development. The contributors to this disease's
      entity are multifactorial with pre- and postnatal origin. Central to the
      pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary is the induction of a massive pulmonary
      inflammatory response due to mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity. The
      extent of the pro-inflammatory reaction and the disturbance of further alveolar
      growth and vasculogenesis vary largely and can be modified by prenatal
      infections, antenatal steroids, and surfactant application.This minireview
      summarizes the important recent research findings on the pulmonary inflammatory
      reaction obtained in patient cohorts and in experimental models. Unfortunately,
      recent changes in clinical practice based on these findings had only limited
      impact on the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 

PMID- 27357259
TI  - Evidence of cardiac injury and arrhythmias in dogs with acute kidney injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cardiac involvement in the course of acute kidney injury is described
      in humans as cardiorenal syndrome type 3 but has received only limited attention
      in dogs. This study was designed to evaluate cardiac injury and dysfunction in
      acute kidney injury in dogs and its association with outcome. METHODS: This
      prospective cohort study enrolled 24 client-owned dogs with acute kidney injury.
      Cardiac disorders were evaluated with thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, 24
      hour Holter monitoring and cardiac troponin I concentrations within 2 days of
      admission and 7 to 10 days later. RESULTS: Most dogs were diagnosed with
      leptospirosis (n=18, 75%) and presented with moderate-to-severe acute kidney
      injury, International Renal Interest Society grades III to V. Dogs with e100
      ventricular premature complexes per 24 hour in the first examination (n=8) had
      significantly higher initial cTnI concentrations (P=0.007) compared to dogs with
      fewer than 100. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the number
      of ventricular premature complexes was predictive of outcome (AUC 0.83, P<0.001).
      CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Acute kidney injury seems to be associated with cardiac
      injury and arrhythmias in dogs. The data do not indicate a cardiac cause of poor
      outcome in dogs with increased number of ventricular premature complexes but the
      association may reflect the severity of disease.

PMID- 27357260
TI  - Multifunctional, Highly Flexible, Free-Standing 3D Polypyrrole Foam.
AB  - Multifunctional, highly flexible 3D polypyrrole (PPy) foam is fabricated via a
      simple electrodeposition method by using nickel foam as the template. The 3D PPy
      foam has a unique interior structure and is robust enough to manipulate directly.

PMID- 27357258
TI  - Cold acclimation wholly reorganizes the Drosophila melanogaster transcriptome and
      metabolome.
AB  - Cold tolerance is a key determinant of insect distribution and abundance, and
      thermal acclimation can strongly influence organismal stress tolerance
      phenotypes, particularly in small ectotherms like Drosophila. However, there is
      limited understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that confer
      such impressive plasticity. Here, we use high-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA
      seq) and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to compare the
      transcriptomes and metabolomes of D. melanogaster acclimated as adults to warm
      (rearing) (21.5  degrees C) or cold conditions (6  degrees C). Cold acclimation
      improved cold tolerance and led to extensive biological reorganization: almost
      one third of the transcriptome and nearly half of the metabolome were
      differentially regulated. There was overlap in the metabolic pathways identified
      via transcriptomics and metabolomics, with proline and glutathione metabolism
      being the most strongly-supported metabolic pathways associated with increased
      cold tolerance. We discuss several new targets in the study of insect cold
      tolerance (e.g. dopamine signaling and Na(+)-driven transport), but many
      previously identified candidate genes and pathways (e.g. heat shock proteins,
      Ca(2+) signaling, and ROS detoxification) were also identified in the present
      study, and our results are thus consistent with and extend the current
      understanding of the mechanisms of insect chilling tolerance.

PMID- 27357261
TI  - Association between self-reported bupropion use and glaucoma: a population-based
      study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between self-reported bupropion use and
      self-reported glaucoma in a nationally representative sample of the US
      population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 6760 participants in the
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2008,
      age >=40 years, who responded to a question regarding their glaucoma status.
      Participants were interviewed regarding the use of prescription medications, and
      those ascertained as having used bupropion were further divided into groups based
      on duration of usage. Other relevant information, including demographics,
      comorbidities and health-related behaviours, was obtained via interview.
      Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the OR and 95% CIs
      for association between bupropion use and prevalent glaucoma. Covariates in the
      final multivariate model included parameters associated with glaucoma at p<0.1:
      age, gender, ethnicity and annual income. RESULTS: 453 participants self-reported
      a diagnosis of glaucoma, and 108 reported bupropion medication use. Participants
      who reported using bupropion for more than 1 year had decreased odds of self
      reporting a diagnosis of glaucoma (unadjusted OR=0.5, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.52;
      adjusted OR=0.1, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.81) compared with those not using bupropion or
      using it for less than a year. CONCLUSIONS: Bupropion use, particularly for an
      extended period of time, may be associated with a reduced risk of glaucomatous
      disease.

PMID- 27357262
TI  - Trends in patterns of antidepressant use in older general population between 2006
      and 2012 following publication of practice guidelines.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The French regulatory agency published in 2006 practice guidelines
      related to the management of depressive and anxiety disorders. The main objective
      of the study was to assess their impact regarding use and monitoring of
      antidepressant drug treatment in older patients. The secondary objective was to
      identify factors associated with compliance with practice guidelines. METHODS: A
      historical fixed cohort study with dynamic follow-up time was conducted in 16,144
      subjects aged 65 years and over, initiating antidepressant treatment and
      registered in the National Health Insurance Database between 2006 and 2012.
      Compliance with guidelines was assessed from year to year using segmented
      regression analysis. Multiple logistic regressions were used to identify factors
      associated with compliance with guidelines. RESULTS: Duration of antidepressant
      treatment was compliant with guidelines in 13.0% of patients aged 65-74 years and
      18.5% of patients aged 75 years and over. Biological monitoring was performed in
      12.6% of patients aged 65-74 years and 18.5% of patients aged 75 years and over.
      No significant change of rate of compliance with guidelines was observed over the
      study period. Compliance of prescriptions with guidelines was associated with
      patient's age, specialty of the prescriber, presence of chronic disease, year of
      treatment initiation, and presence of a university hospital in the area of
      residence. CONCLUSION: While treatment duration and biological monitoring were
      often inadequate in older patients, the publication of guidelines by the French
      health regulatory authorities did not lead to any significant and sustained
      improvement in their patterns of antidepressant use. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27357263
TI  - Villosiclava virens infects specifically rice and barley stamen filaments due to
      the unique host cell walls.
AB  - Rice false smut, caused by the fungal pathogen Villosiclava virens, is one of the
      most important rice diseases in the world. Previous studies reported that the
      pathogen has less number of cell wall-degraded genes and attacks dominantly rice
      stamen filaments and extends intercellularly. To reveal why the fungus infects
      plant stamen filaments, inoculation test on barley was carried out with the
      similar protocol to rice. The experimental results showed that the fungus could
      penetrate quickly into barley stamen filaments and extends both intracellularly
      and intercellularly, usually resulting in severe damage of the stamen filament
      tissues. It also attacked young barley lodicules and grew intercellularly by
      chance. The light microscopic observations found that the epidermal and cortex
      cells in barley stamen filaments arranged loosely with very thick cell walls and
      large cell gaps. Cellulose microfibrils in barley stamen filament cell walls
      arranged very sparsely so that the cell walls looked like transparent. The cell
      walls were very soft and flexible, and often folded. However, V. virens extended
      dominantly in the noncellulose regions and seemed never to degrade microfibrils
      in barley and rice cell walls. This suggested that the unique structures of rice
      and barley stamen filaments should be fit for their function of elongation in
      anthesis, and also endow with the susceptibility to the fungus, V. virens. 

PMID- 27357264
TI  - Heterozygous liver transplantation for maple syrup urine disease: First European
      reported case.
AB  - MSUD is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that results from a defect in
      the BCKDH enzyme. This enzyme is essential for the second step in the metabolism
      of the branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Patients with
      MSUD are subject to severe, irreversible neurologic injury unless closely managed
      with a specialized metabolic formula and a diet restricted in leucine throughout
      their lifetime. During times of illness, patients with MSUD can suffer from
      severe metabolic derangement, acute cerebral edema, and untimely death. Deceased
      donor liver transplant restores the ability to metabolize branched-chain amino
      acids, even on an unrestricted diet, and prevents metabolic derangements during
      times of illness. We report a successful case of living donor (parental)
      transplant for a child with MSUD. The donor was the child's father. This approach
      has been controversial as parents of children with MSUD are obligate
      heterozygotes for the condition and have diminished levels of BCKDH activity. If
      effective, living-related donor transplant provides a promising alternative for
      deceased donor liver transplant, which often requires a prolonged waiting period
      and may not be feasible in areas with limited medical resources. 

PMID- 27357265
TI  - DLQI as a major criterion for introduction of systemic agents in patients with
      mild psoriasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a skin inflammatory chronic disease with negative
      physical, psychological and social repercussions for those affected. However,
      patients suffering from mild disease also complain about negative impact on their
      quality of life, making it difficult for physicians to choose the best treatment
      strategy. OBJECTIVES: Understanding the impact of systemic treatments on Quality
      of Life (QoL) in patients with mild psoriasis in daily practice. METHODS: This is
      a monocentric retrospective study analysing patients affected by mild psoriasis
      [Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) <= 6]. Patients were divided into two
      groups, depending on the treatment decision taken by the physicians: patients who
      received local and/or UV light therapies and patients who were treated with
      systemic therapies as a first choice. PASI and Dermatology Life Quality Index
      (DLQI) scores were measured at each visit. RESULTS: Patients who received
      systemic therapies as a first choice reported higher QoL impairment, mainly due
      to psoriasis lesions localized on visible areas. During Follow-up, this group
      showed better improvement of PASI score and DLQI compared to patients receiving
      local and/or UV light treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the
      potential benefit of using systemic therapies in patients with mild psoriasis and
      high QoL impairment. This study will help physicians to make the right
      therapeutic decision in patients suffering from mild psoriasis.

PMID- 27357266
TI  - sn-1,2-diacylglycerols protect against lethal endotoxemia by controlling systemic
      inflammation.
AB  - Systemic inflammation has emerged as a key pathophysiological process that
      induces multiple organ injuries and causes serious human diseases. Despite
      substantial evidence supporting the role of diacylglycerols (DAG) in modulating
      chronic inflammation and chronic diseases, the potential mechanisms of its
      involvement in TLRs-mediated inflammation are still unclear. Here, we show that
      sn-1,2-diacylglycerols modulate LPS/TLR4-mediated inflammation in vitro and in
      vivo. ELISA and western blotting experiments indicated that sn-1,2
      diacylglycerols suppress LPS-induced responses, including IL-6 and TNF-alpha
      production, and COX-2 expression in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages and human
      endothelial cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Using LPS-induced murine model of
      systemic inflammation, we show that sn-1,2-diacylglycerols block the cytokine
      storm, the expression of inflammatory mediators, and LPS-induced septic lung
      damage and mortality. sn-1,2-diacylglycerols reduce systemic inflammation by
      inhibiting LPS-induced p38 MAPK- and PI3K/AKT-mediated NF-kappaB activation in
      macrophages. These results suggest that exogenous DAG probably acts by blocking
      p38 MAPK or PI3K/AKT signal transduction, thereby down-regulating NF-kappaB
      activation and NF-kappaB-mediated transcription of genes encoding cytokines and
      pro-inflammatory oxidative enzymes. Our findings demonstrate that exogenous sn
      1,2-diacylglycerol protects mice from LPS-induced lethal endotoxemia by
      suppressing TLR4-driven inflammatory responses, suggesting that 1,2
      diacylglycerols may be used as dietary health supplements for the prevention or
      therapy of systemic inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 27357267
TI  - Genome-wide differentiation in closely related populations: the roles of
      selection and geographic isolation.
AB  - Population divergence in geographic isolation is due to a combination of factors.
      Natural and sexual selection may be important in shaping patterns of population
      differentiation, a pattern referred to as 'isolation by adaptation' (IBA). IBA
      can be complementary to the well-known pattern of 'isolation by distance' (IBD),
      in which the divergence of closely related populations (via any evolutionary
      process) is associated with geographic isolation. The barn swallow Hirundo
      rustica complex comprises six closely related subspecies, where divergent sexual
      selection is associated with phenotypic differentiation among allopatric
      populations. To investigate the relative contributions of selection and
      geographic distance to genome-wide differentiation, we compared genotypic and
      phenotypic variation from 350 barn swallows sampled across eight populations (28
      pairwise comparisons) from four different subspecies. We report a draft whole
      genome sequence for H. rustica, to which we aligned a set of 9493 single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using statistical approaches to control for
      spatial autocorrelation of phenotypic variables and geographic distance, we find
      that divergence in traits related to migratory behaviour and sexual signalling,
      as well as geographic distance, together explain over 70% of genome-wide
      divergence among populations. Controlling for IBD, we find 42% of genomewide
      divergence is attributable to IBA through pairwise differences in traits related
      to migratory behaviour and sexual signalling alone. By (i) combining these
      results with prior studies of how selection shapes morphological differentiation
      and (ii) accounting for spatial autocorrelation, we infer that morphological
      adaptation plays a large role in shaping population-level differentiation in this
      group of closely related populations.

PMID- 27357269
TI  - Impact of activating transcription factor 4 signaling on lipogenesis in HepG2
      cells.
AB  - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rapidly growing health threat that
      has previously been associated with lipogenesis. The direct effect of endoplasmic
      reticulum stress (ERS) inhibition on the induction of lipogenesis has not been
      investigated in hepatocytes in vitro. The impact of activating transcription
      factor-4 (ATF4) on the lipogenic pathway and hepatic insulin transduction in
      liver cells also requires further investigation. In the present study, the
      triglyceride (TG) content of HepG2 cells stimulated with fructose was
      investigated using a commercially available enzymatic assay, and the expression
      levels of lipogenesis-associated factors were determined by western blotting and
      reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Notably, the TG
      content of HepG2 cells was increased following incubation with fructose, which
      was accompanied by ERS. 4-Phenylbutyric acid, an inhibitor of ERS, lowered the TG
      content by reducing the mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element
      binding protein 1 (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
      (ChREBP), and the protein expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl
      CoA carboxylase (ACC) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1). Conversely,
      tunicamycin, which is an inducer of ERS, increased the TG content and stimulated
      the expression of the above lipogeneic markers. ATF4 deficiency relieved TG
      accumulation and decreased the mRNA expression levels of SREBP-1c and ChREBP, and
      protein expression levels of FAS, ACC and SCD-1 in fructose-treated HepG2 cells.
      Conversely, ATF4 overexpression increased the TG content by upregulating the mRNA
      expression levels of SREBP-1c and ChREBP and protein expression levels of FAS,
      ACC and SCD-1. Inhibition of ERS was shown to protect HepG2 cells against
      fructose-induced TG accumulation, whereas induction of ERS stimulated hepatic
      lipogenesis. As a downstream transcription factor of the unfolded protein
      response, a deficiency in ATF4 attenuates fructose-induced lipogenesis; while an
      overexpression of ATF4 can induce TG accumulation through stimulating hepatic
      lipogenesis. The results of the present study suggested that ATF4 may exert
      various physiological roles in lipid metabolism depending on the nutrient
      composition. In addition, these results suggested that ATF4 has a role in
      regulating lipogenesis and in the development of NAFLD; thus ATF4 may be
      considered a therapeutic target for NAFLD. 

PMID- 27357268
TI  - HuR in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas - overexpression in verified
      malignant tumors.
AB  - Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are rare, neural crest-originating,
      neuroendocrine tumors. HuR is an mRNA-binding protein of the ELAV/Hu-protein
      family, which participates in posttranscriptional regulation of many cancer
      associated genes. HuR expression has been connected with aggressive behavior of
      several malignancies. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is also expressed in several
      malignant tumors, and its expression is regulated by HuR. Tissue microarray of
      153 primary pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas was investigated for the
      expression of HuR and COX-2 proteins by immunohistochemistry using two different
      HuR antibodies (HuR19F12 and HuR3A). In these tumors, the expression of both
      intranuclear and cytoplasmic HuR was detectable. Increased cytoplasmic HuR
      expression was significantly associated with metastatic tumors. Increased COX-2
      and MIB-1 expression also was associated with metastatic potential, and moreover,
      HuR and COX-2 expression correlated with each other. Our data suggest that
      increased expression of HuR protein is associated with metastatic potential of
      paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas, and COX-2 seems to be a target of HuR. 

PMID- 27357270
TI  - Cytokine and Growth Factor Concentrations in Canine Autologous Conditioned Serum.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare cytokine and growth factor concentrations in canine
      autologous conditioned serum (ACS) to canine plasma. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental
      in vivo study. ANIMALS: Client-owned, adult dogs (n=22). METHODS: Blood collected
      from 16 medium to large breed dogs was used to produce ACS (Orthokine((r)) vet
      irap 10 syringes) and citrated plasma (control). Canine-specific ELISA assays
      were run per manufacturers' instructions for interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, fibroblast
      growth factor (FGF)-2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, IL-1beta, and
      interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Serum, in addition to plasma and ACS,
      was collected from an additional 6 dogs for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-1ra
      analysis (total of 22 dogs). Data were analyzed for differences in each cytokine
      concentration using pairwise comparisons between ACS, plasma, and serum using
      Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Significance was set at P<.05. RESULTS: There was a
      large variability in growth factor and cytokine concentrations in ACS and plasma
      for individual dogs. There were no significant differences in IL-10, TNF-alpha,
      IGF-1, FGF-2, and TGF-beta1 concentrations between ACS, plasma, and serum. The IL
      1beta concentrations in ACS (median, range 46.3 pg/mL, 0-828.8) and IL-4 (0.0
      pg/mL, 0-244.1) were significantly higher than plasma (36.6 pg/mL, 0-657.1 and
      0.0 pg/mL, 0-0, respectively). The IL-1ra concentration in ACS (median, range
      3,458.9 pg/mL, 1,243.1-12,089.0) was significantly higher than plasma (692.3
      pg/mL, 422.5-1,475.6). The IL-1ra:IL-1beta ratio in ACS was significantly higher
      than plasma (39.9 vs. 7.2). CONCLUSION: IL-1ra concentrations in canine ACS were
      comparable to those published for people and horses and pro-inflammatory
      cytokines remained low in canine ACS.

PMID- 27357271
TI  - Mineralization of the Equine Palmar/Plantar Annular Ligament Treated by Surgical
      Resection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To document the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical
      treatment of mineralization of the equine palmar/plantar annular ligament (PAL).
      STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Ponies (n=7). METHODS: Case records
      from 2 referral hospitals were examined to identify cases with lameness
      associated with PAL mineralization treated surgically. Follow-up information was
      obtained from the owners by telephone questionnaire. RESULTS: Duration of
      lameness before referral ranged from 5 weeks to 6 months, and degree of lameness
      from grade 1 to 5 out of 10. In 3 cases, records noted obvious pain when pressure
      was applied over the PAL. Pain resulting in lameness was localized to this area
      and all cases were treated surgically, although the extent of resected tissue
      varied among cases. Histological examination of resected tissue (4 cases)
      revealed fibrocartilaginous and/or osseous metaplasia. Following surgery, 6 of
      the 7 ponies became sound. CONCLUSION: Based on this limited case series,
      surgical treatment for mineralization of the PAL offers a favorable success rate
      without severe complications where conservative methods have failed.

PMID- 27357272
TI  - Prospective Evaluation of the Leipzig Stifle Distractor.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the Leipzig Stifle Distractor (LSD) for arthroscopic
      evaluation of the medial meniscus. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical multi
      center study. ANIMALS: 64 stifles of 64 dogs (mean body weight 35 kg) with
      suspected cranial cruciate ligament rupture. METHODS: The LSD was used to
      distract the medial compartment and to evaluate the medial meniscus. The degree
      of exposure of the caudal pole of the medial meniscus (CMM) and ease of diagnosis
      was quantified after either distraction with the LSD or manipulation of the
      stifle with valgus stress and external rotation. Time for pin placement, level of
      difficulty and associated complications with LSD application were recorded.
      Medial collateral ligament integrity was tested by stress radiographs. RESULTS:
      The mean time for applying the LSD was 1.4 minutes (range 0.5-3.0). Application
      was considered easy in 90% and moderate in 10% of joints, with no complications
      recorded. LSD application increased exposure (P < .001) and facilitated probing
      of the CMM (P < .001), allowing for the diagnosis of 10 meniscal tears missed
      without the LSD. The use of LSD increased the likelihood of diagnosing a meniscal
      tear by 1.9 times. Based on the stress radiographs, medial collateral ligament
      integrity was maintained in all tested stifles. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of medial
      meniscal tears was improved using LSD. The LSD provided a safe and effective
      method for improved visualization and access to the caudal portion of the medial
      meniscus, which may allow for better arthroscopic assessment of meniscal
      pathology in dogs.

PMID- 27357273
TI  - Feasibility of Stifle Medial Meniscal Release in Toy Breed Dogs with and without
      a Joint Distractor.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of medial meniscal release (MMR) during
      stifle arthroscopy in toy breed dogs with and without a joint distractor. STUDY
      DESIGN: Experimental cadaveric study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Stifles (n = 40) from 20
      canine cadavers (1.8-5.1 kg). METHODS: Paired stifles were randomly assigned to
      the joint distractor group and the control group (n = 20 each). All stifles
      underwent arthroscopic transection of the cranial cruciate ligament followed by a
      release of the caudomedial meniscotibial ligament. After the procedures, all
      stifles were disarticulated. The degree of released meniscus was recorded
      subjectively by 5% increments. A MMR success was defined as a complete
      transection. The areas of femoral and tibial articular cartilage damage were
      calculated using india ink staining and digital imaging. The results were
      compared between groups and odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: All stifle
      arthroscopies were successful. The success rate of MMR was significantly higher
      (P = .013) with a joint distractor than without a joint distractor. MMR was 7.4
      times more likely to succeed with a joint distractor than without a joint
      distractor. The distal femoral articular cartilage was significantly more damaged
      (P = .011) in the stifles without a joint distractor than in the stifles with a
      distractor. No difference was found between the 2 groups for damage to the tibial
      cartilage (P = .058). CONCLUSION: Stifle arthroscopic MMR is feasible in toy
      breed dogs. Using a joint distractor is recommended for arthroscopic treatment
      based on our results because it significantly reduced the rate of incomplete
      release as well as iatrogenic cartilage damage.

PMID- 27357274
TI  - Canine Elbow Realignment Osteotomy (CERO): Validation of the Accuracy of Acute
      Radial Lengthening in a Cadaveric Incongruency Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To verify the ability of a novel Canine Elbow Realignment Osteotomy
      (CERO) system for acute axial radial or ulnar lengthening to restore normal elbow
      congruency in a shortened radius cadaver model using assessment by computed
      tomography (CT). STUDY DESIGN: In vitro cadaver study. ANIMALS: Five pairs of
      greyhound forelimbs from animals euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the study.
      METHODS: CT of each elbow was performed (1) pre-operatively (pre-op), (2) after
      placement of a linear motor IMEXTM external skeletal fixator (ESF) on the radius
      with diaphyseal ostectomy and radial shorting of 1-5 mm (post-ESF), and (3) after
      CERO surgery to lengthen the radius proximal to the ostectomy site by an amount
      equal to the degree of radial shortening (post-CERO). The joint space at 7 loci
      on dorsal plane and 6 loci on sagittal plane reconstructions was measured to
      assess changes in joint congruity between pre-op, post-ESF, and post-CERO.
      Repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc comparisons were performed to compare
      measurements between the 3 groups. RESULTS: Mean joint space measurements at most
      loci in the dorsal and sagittal planes were significantly different post-ESF
      compared with pre-op, confirming development of joint incongruency with the
      model. Post-CERO joint space measurements did not differ significantly compared
      with pre-op measurements, demonstrating the return to normal joint congruency
      using the CERO procedure. CONCLUSION: CERO surgery restored humeroradioulnar
      congruency in our cadaver model and may have application for acute correction of
      axial radial or ulnar incongruency in canine elbows secondary to elbow dysplasia
      or premature growth plate closure.

PMID- 27357275
TI  - Prospective Randomized Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of a Novel
      Bioabsorbable Biocomposite Tibial Tuberosity Advancement Cage Implant.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the suitability of a novel bioabsorbable biocomposite cage
      (BC) implant for use in tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) surgery in dogs with
      cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) disease and to compare radiographic osteotomy
      healing scores and complications between groups that received either a BC or
      stainless steel cage (SSC). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical study.
      ANIMALS: Dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture (n=56). METHODS: TTA was performed in
      60 consecutive dogs using either a BC (30 dogs) or SSC (30 dogs). Patient
      parameters, 6 week and 6 month postoperative radiographic osteotomy healing
      scores, time elapsed to postoperative rechecks, and complications were compared
      between groups. Osteotomy healing was graded using a 5-point (0-4) scale. Data
      were analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests and chi(2) tests with significance
      set at P<.05. RESULTS: Fifty-six dogs (30 BC, 26 SSC) had complete medical and
      radiographic records at 6 months for inclusion in data analysis. Three
      complications occurred in the BC group (1 major, 2 minor) and 2 occurred in the
      SSC group (2 minor). There was no statistical difference in patient parameters, 6
      week healing scores, or complications between BC and SSC groups. Healing scores
      at 6 months were significantly higher in the BC group (3.3 +/- 0.52) compared to
      the SSC group (2.9 +/- 0.69; P=.04). CONCLUSION: Based on improved BC osteotomy
      healing scores 6 months after surgery with no significant differences in
      complications compared to SSC, BC TTA cages are a viable alternative to SSC.

PMID- 27357276
TI  - Complication Rates After Bilateral versus Unilateral Total Ear Canal Ablation
      with Lateral Bulla Osteotomy for End-Stage Inflammatory Ear Disease in Dogs: 79
      Ears.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether perioperative complication rates are different
      between unilateral (ULS) versus single-stage bilateral (BLSS) total ear canal
      ablation-lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA-LBO) surgeries. STUDY DESIGN:
      Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: Fifity-seven dogs (79 ears) undergoing TECA
      LBO at a single institution over 14 years. METHODS: Medical records of dogs
      undergoing TECA-LBO for end-stage inflammatory non-neoplastic ear disease from
      March 1999 to September 2013 at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching
      Hospital were evaluated for intraoperative and early postoperative complications
      associated with the procedure. Inclusion criteria were clinical and/or
      histopathologic diagnosis of chronic otitis externa, surgical treatment by TECA
      LBO, and a minimum of 2 week follow-up data. RESULTS: Twenty dogs (40 ears)
      underwent BLSS and 37 dogs (39 ears) had ULS. Complications were recorded for 29
      of 40 ears (72.5%) in the BLSS group (40.0% facial nerve, 15.0% ocular, and 32.5%
      minor incisional complications) and 25 of 39 ears (64.1%) in the ULS group (33.3%
      facial nerve, 12.8% ocular, and 23.1% minor incisional complications). Dogs
      undergoing BLSS did not have a significantly higher total complication rate, or
      higher neurologic, ocular, or incisional complication rates, than the ULS
      procedure. No major anesthetic complications affecting outcome were recorded for
      either group. CONCLUSION: Anesthetic and early surgical complication rates after
      ULS and BLSS were not significantly different in our study. Offering single-stage
      bilateral TECA-LBO procedures for otherwise healthy dogs with end-stage
      inflammatory otitis externa is a viable treatment option without additional risk
      for complication.

PMID- 27357277
TI  - Update on Current Evidence for Hepatitis C Therapeutic Options in HCV Mono
      infected Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Therapies for hepatitis C (HCV) are evolving rapidly with the
      advent of novel direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). We review evidence for
      currently or imminently available regimens to aide clinicians in understanding
      current therapeutic options. RECENT FINDINGS: A number of DAA combinations have
      completed clinical trials and are available for use. Current combinations are
      often genotype-specific, and combine HCV protease inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors
      and/or NS5B inhibitors to suppress HCV replication, leading to eradication.
      Current potential combinations for genotype 1 infection include sofosbuvir
      ledipasvir, paritaprevir/ritonavir-ombitasvir-dasabuvir, sofosbuvir with
      daclatasvir, and grazoprevir-elbasvir. These regimens have been associated with
      sustained virologic response (SVR) rates of over 95 % for treatment naive
      individuals after 12 weeks of therapy regardless of cirrhosis, and some sub
      groups of patients may be successfully treated with just 8 weeks of sofosbuvir
      ledipasvir. Regimens for genotype 2 and 3 include sofosbuvir with ribavirin,
      sofosbuvir with daclatasvir, or with velpatasvir, which may offer highest SVR
      rates when available. The development of HCV drug resistance, particularly
      against NS5A agents, may impact subsequent regimens. The need for baseline
      screening for resistant variants is unclear for most regimens, but likely would
      affect only a minority of patients. All-oral curative regimens for HCV are now
      possible for most patients.

PMID- 27357279
TI  - Isolation of an imported subgenotype B5 strain of human enterovirus A71 in
      Chongqing City, China, 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the main pathogen responsible for large
      outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in mainland China, and the
      dominant EV-A71 strains belong to subgenotype C4. To date, only one imported
      subgenotype B5 of EV-A71 has been reported in Xiamen City Fujian Province, 2009.
      RESULTS: Here, we report on another imported subgenotype B5 of EV-A71 isolated
      from a HFMD patient in Chongqing City in 2014 (strain CQ2014-86/CQ/CHN/2014,
      hereafter refer as CQ2014-86). The VP1 coding sequence and the whole genome
      sequence revealed that strain CQ2014-86 shares the high nucleotide identity with
      Vietnamese strains isolated in 2011-2013, suggesting that strain CQ2014-86 may
      have been imported from Vietnam. In the 5'UTR, P2 and P3 regions, recombination
      events were found between strain CQ2014-86 and other EV-A, such as coxsackievirus
      A4 (CV-A4), CV-A5, CV-A14 and CV-A16. CONCLUSIONS: This is the second report on
      importation of subgenotype B5 of EV-A71 in China, implying that we need to pay
      more attention to the importation of different subgenotypes of EV-A71.

PMID- 27357280
TI  - A case of drug-induced lupus erythematosus secondary to
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole presenting with pleural effusions and pericardial
      tamponade.
AB  - We report a case of drug-induced lupus erythematosus (DILE) secondary to
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) in a patient with underlying inflammatory
      bowel disease (IBD). The initial presentation was with febrile pleural and
      pericardial effusions followed by cardiac tamponade. The patient was treated with
      a short course of corticosteroids with complete resolution of symptoms. To our
      knowledge this is the first reported case of TMP/SMX-induced DILE presenting with
      life-threatening serositis. When confronted with sterile exudative effusions,
      clinicians should strongly consider non-infectious etiologies.

PMID- 27357283
TI  - Surgical management of carotid body tumor - Is Shamblin classification sufficient
      to predict surgical outcome?
AB  - Background The study aims to conduct a review of the surgical management of
      carotid body tumor. Methods Consecutive patients with CBT who received surgical
      interventions from January 1994 to January 2014 at our institution were reviewed.
      Clinical, operative, pathological and follow up information were reported.
      Results Twenty patients (four males; median age was 36) with 21 CBT operations
      were recorded during the period. One patient undertook sequential operations for
      bilateral CBTs. Patients had 19 neck mass, 1 incidental finding and 1 facial
      nerve palsy. Six CBTs (28.6%) were Shamblin class I, ten (47.6%) were class II
      and five (23.8%) were class III. Nine CBTs had preoperative conjunctive
      embolization. Two operations required internal carotid artery resection and
      reconstruction. Four patients received subtotal resections, while 17 achieved
      complete resection. Complications included two major strokes, three hoarse voice
      and two Horner's syndrome. Shamblin class was significant predictor of operative
      time, blood loss, and whether complete resection accomplished, but could not
      predict postoperative complication. With median follow up period of 94 months,
      there was no tumor recurrence found in those had complete resection. Conclusions
      This small cohort showed that Shamblin class was significant in predicting
      technical difficulties but could not predict occurrence of complications.

PMID- 27357281
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid levels of neopterin are elevated in delirium after hip
      fracture.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The inflammatory cell product neopterin is elevated in serum before
      and during delirium. This suggests a role for disordered cell-mediated immunity
      or oxidative stress. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin levels reflect brain
      neopterin levels more closely than serum levels. Here we hypothesized that CSF
      neopterin levels would be higher in delirium. METHODS: In this prospective cohort
      study, 139 elderly patients with acute hip fracture were recruited in Oslo and
      Edinburgh. Delirium was diagnosed with the confusion assessment method performed
      daily pre-operatively and on the first 5 days post-operatively. Paired CSF and
      blood samples were collected at the onset of spinal anaesthesia. Neopterin levels
      were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Sixty-four
      (46 %) of 139 hip fracture patients developed delirium perioperatively. CSF
      neopterin levels were higher in delirium compared to controls (median 29.6 vs
      24.7 nmol/mL, p = 0.003), with highest levels in patients who developed delirium
      post-operatively. Serum neopterin levels were also higher in delirium (median
      37.0 vs 27.1 nmol/mL, p = 0.003). CSF neopterin remained significantly associated
      with delirium after controlling for relevant risk factors. Higher neopterin
      levels were associated with poorer outcomes (death or new institutionalization) 1
      year after surgery (p = 0.02 for CSF and p = 0.03 for serum). CONCLUSIONS: This
      study is the first to examine neopterin in CSF from patients with delirium. Our
      findings suggest potential roles for activation of cell-mediated immune responses
      or oxidative stress in the delirium process. High levels of serum or CSF
      neopterin in hip fracture patients may also be useful in predicting poor
      outcomes.

PMID- 27357282
TI  - Variants in ACPP are associated with cerebrospinal fluid Prostatic Acid
      Phosphatase levels.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) is an enzyme that is produced
      primarily in the prostate and functions as a cell growth regulator and potential
      tumor suppressor. Understanding the genetic regulation of this enzyme is
      important because PAP plays an important role in prostate cancer and is expressed
      in other tissues such as the brain. METHODS: We tested association between 5.8 M
      SNPs and PAP levels in cerebrospinal fluid across 543 individuals in two datasets
      using linear regression. We then performed meta-analyses using METAL =with a
      significance threshold of p < 5 * 10(-8) and removed SNPs where the direction of
      the effect was different between the two datasets, identifying 289 candidate SNPs
      that affect PAP cerebrospinal fluid levels. We analyzed each of these SNPs
      individually and prioritized SNPs that had biologically meaningful functional
      annotations in wANNOVAR (e.g. non-synonymous, stop gain, 3' UTR, etc.) or had a
      RegulomeDB score less than 3. RESULTS: Thirteen SNPs met our criteria, suggesting
      they are candidate causal alleles that underlie ACPP regulation and expression.
      CONCLUSIONS: Given PAP's expression in the brain and its role as a cell-growth
      regulator and tumor suppressor, our results have important implications in brain
      health such as cancer and other brain diseases including neurodegenerative
      diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and mental health
      (e.g., anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia).

PMID- 27357285
TI  - Controversies surrounding continuous deep sedation at the end of life: the
      parliamentary and societal debates in France.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Continuous deep sedation at the end of life is a practice that has
      been the topic of considerable ethical debate, for example surrounding its
      perceived similarity or dissimilarity with physician-assisted dying. The practice
      is generally considered to be legal as a form of symptom control, although this
      is mostly only assumed. France has passed an amendment to the Public Health Act
      that would grant certain terminally ill patients an explicit right to continuous
      deep sedation until they pass away. Such a framework would be unique in the
      world. DISCUSSION: In this paper we will highlight and reflect on four relevant
      aspects and shortcomings of the proposed bill. First, that the bill suggests that
      continuous deeps sedation should be considered as a sui generis practice. Second,
      that it requires that sedation should always be accompanied by the withholding of
      all artificial nutrition and hydration. In the most recently amended version of
      the legal proposal it is stated that life sustaining treatments are withheld
      unless the patient objects. Third, that the French bill would not require that
      the suffering for which continuous deep sedation is initiated is unbearable.
      Fourth, the question as to whether the proposal should be considered as a way to
      avoid having to decriminalise euthanasia and/or PAS or, on the contrary, as a
      veiled way to decriminalise these practices. The French proposal to amend the
      Public Health Act to include a right to continuous deep sedation for some
      patients is a unique opportunity to clarify the legality of continuous deep
      sedation as an end-of-life practice. Moreover, it would recognize that the
      practice of continuous deep sedation raises ethical and legal issues that are
      different from those raised by symptom control on the one hand and assisted dying
      on the other hand. Nevertheless, there are still various issues of significant
      ethical concern in the French legislative proposal.

PMID- 27357284
TI  - Developmental programming: rescuing disruptions in preovulatory follicle growth
      and steroidogenesis from prenatal testosterone disruption.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prenatal testosterone (T) excess from days 30-90 of gestation
      disrupts gonadotropin surge and ovarian follicular dynamics and induces insulin
      resistance and functional hyperandrogenism in sheep. T treatment from days 60-90
      of gestation produces a milder phenotype, albeit with reduced fecundity. Using
      this milder phenotype, the aim of this study was to understand the relative
      postnatal contributions of androgen and insulin in mediating the prenatal T
      induced disruptions in ovarian follicular dynamics. METHODS: Four experimental
      groups were generated: 1) control (vehicle treatment), 2) prenatal T-treated (100
      mg i.m. administration of T propionate twice weekly from days 60-90 of
      gestation), 3) prenatal T plus postnatal anti-androgen treated (daily oral dose
      of 15 mg/kg/day of flutamide beginning at 8 weeks of age) and 4) prenatal T and
      postnatal insulin sensitizer-treated (daily oral dose of 8 mg/day rosiglitazone
      beginning at 8 weeks of age). Follicular response to a controlled ovarian
      stimulation protocol was tested during their third breeding season. Main outcome
      measures included the determination of number and size of ovarian follicles and
      intrafollicular concentrations of steroids. RESULTS: At the end of the controlled
      ovarian stimulation, the number of follicles approaching ovulatory size (>=6 mm)
      were ~35 % lower in prenatal T-treated (6.5 +/- 1.8) compared to controls (9.8 +/
      2.0). Postnatal anti-androgen (10.3 +/- 1.9), but not insulin sensitizer (5.0 +/
      0.9), treatment prevented this decrease. Preovulatory sized follicles in the T
      group had lower intrafollicular T, androstenedione, and progesterone compared to
      that of the control group. Intrafollicular steroid disruption was partially
      reversed solely by postnatal insulin sensitizer treatment. CONCLUSIONS: These
      results demonstrate that the final preovulatory follicular growth and
      intrafollicular steroid milieu is impaired in prenatal T-treated females. The
      findings are consistent with the lower fertility rate reported earlier in these
      females. The finding that final follicle growth was fully rescued by postnatal
      anti-androgen treatment and intrafollicular steroid milieu partially by insulin
      sensitizer treatment suggest that both androgenic and insulin pathway disruptions
      contribute to the compromised follicular phenotype of prenatal T-treated females.

PMID- 27357288
TI  - Discordant Mismatch Repair Protein Immunoreactivity in Lynch Syndrome-Associated
      Neoplasms:  A Recommendation for Screening Synchronous/Metachronous Neoplasms.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Lynch syndrome (LS) predisposes individuals to developing synchronous
      and metachronous LS-associated neoplasms (LSANs). Mismatch repair protein (MMRP)
      immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely used to identify LS, but its utility in
      patients with synchronous/metachronous lesions has not been studied. We studied
      MMRP IHC in patients with LS with more than one LSAN to provide screening
      recommendations in patients with synchronous/metachronous neoplasms. METHODS: All
      patients with LS diagnosed at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
      from 2009 through 2014 with more than one LSAN and available tumor tissue for
      immunostaining were identified. Tumors were stained for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS
      2 proteins, and immunoreactivity was scored as intact or lost. RESULTS: Thirteen
      patients with LS with 29 synchronous and/or metachronous primary LSANs were
      identified. Neoplasms involved large and small intestine (n = 19), ampulla (n =
      1), endometrium (n = 1), and skin (sebaceous neoplasms, n = 8). Nine (69%) of 13
      patients showed concordant MMRP results in all tumors, and four (31%) showed
      discordant MMRP results. CONCLUSIONS: LS diagnosis could have been missed in 31%
      of the study cases if only the LSAN exhibiting intact MMRP expression was
      screened. Accordingly, our findings support the recommendation to perform LS
      screening in all primary, synchronous, and metachronous intestinal and
      endometrial cancers if a previous tumor screened intact.

PMID- 27357286
TI  - The relationship between complement factor C3, APOE epsilon4, amyloid and tau in
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Inflammation is becoming increasingly recognized as an important contributor to
      Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. As a part of the innate immune system, the
      complement cascade enhances the body's ability to destroy and remove pathogens
      and has recently been shown to influence Alzheimer's associated amyloid and tau
      pathology. However, little is known in humans about the effects of the complement
      system and genetic modifiers of AD risk like the epsilon4 allele of apolioprotein
      E (APOE epsilon4) on AD pathobiology. We evaluated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      protein levels from 267 individuals clinically diagnosed as cognitively normal,
      mild cognitive impairment, and AD. Using linear models, we assessed the
      relationship between APOE epsilon4 genotype, CSF Complement 3 (C3), CSF amyloid
      beta (amyloid) and CSF hyperphosphorylated tau (ptau). We found a significant
      interaction between APOE epsilon4 and CSF C3 on both CSF amyloid and CSF ptau. We
      also found that CSF C3 is only associated with CSF ptau after accounting for CSF
      amyloid. Our results support a conceptual model of the AD pathogenic cascade
      where a synergistic relationship between the complement cascade (C3) and APOE
      epsilon4 results in elevated Alzheimer's neurodegeneration and in turn, amyloid
      further regulates the effect of the complement cascade on downstream tau
      pathology.

PMID- 27357287
TI  - Multiple regulatory variants located in cell type-specific enhancers within the
      PKP2 locus form major risk and protective haplotypes for canine atopic dermatitis
      in German shepherd dogs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease
      triggered by allergic reactions involving IgE antibodies directed towards
      environmental allergens. We previously identified a ~1.5 Mb locus on canine
      chromosome 27 associated with CAD in German shepherd dogs (GSDs). Fine-mapping
      indicated association closest to the PKP2 gene encoding plakophilin 2. RESULTS:
      Additional genotyping and association analyses in GSDs combined with control dogs
      from five breeds with low-risk for CAD revealed the top SNP 27:19,086,778 (p =
      1.4 * 10(-7)) and a rare ~48 kb risk haplotype overlapping the PKP2 gene and
      shared only with other high-risk CAD breeds. We selected altogether nine SNPs
      (four top-associated in GSDs and five within the ~48 kb risk haplotype) that
      spanned ~280 kb forming one risk haplotype carried by 35 % of the GSD cases and
      10 % of the GSD controls (OR = 5.1, p = 5.9 * 10(-5)), and another haplotype
      present in 85 % of the GSD cases and 98 % of the GSD controls and conferring a
      protective effect against CAD in GSDs (OR = 0.14, p = 0.0032). Eight of these
      SNPs were analyzed for transcriptional regulation using reporter assays where all
      tested regions exerted regulatory effects on transcription in epithelial and/or
      immune cell lines, and seven SNPs showed allelic differences. The DNA fragment
      with the top-associated SNP 27:19,086,778 displayed the highest activity in
      keratinocytes with 11-fold induction of transcription by the risk allele versus 8
      fold by the control allele (pdifference = 0.003), and also mapped close (~3 kb)
      to an ENCODE skin-specific enhancer region. CONCLUSIONS: Our experiments indicate
      that multiple CAD-associated genetic variants located in cell type-specific
      enhancers are involved in gene regulation in different cells and tissues. No
      single causative variant alone, but rather multiple variants combined in a risk
      haplotype likely contribute to an altered expression of the PKP2 gene, and
      possibly nearby genes, in immune and epithelial cells, and predispose GSDs to
      CAD.

PMID- 27357289
TI  - Does Taking the Fellowship In-Service Hematopathology Examination and Performance
      Relate to Success on the American Board of Pathology Hematology Examination?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The biannual Fellow In-Service Hematopathology Examination (FISHE)
      assesses knowledge in five content areas. We examined the relationship between
      taking the FISHE and performance on it with outcomes on the first attempted
      American Board of Pathology Hematology subspecialty certifying examination (ABP
      HE). METHODS: The pass rate between the ABP-HE candidates who took the spring
      FISHE and those who did not were compared. The likelihood of fellows passing the
      ABP-HE based on their percentiles on the FISHE was also assessed. RESULTS: ABP-HE
      candidates who took the spring FISHE had a higher pass rate (96.4%) than those
      who did not (76.1%, P < .001). Spring FISHE performance, including total
      percentile and percentiles in four of five FISHE content areas, was only a weak
      predictor of passing the ABP-HE. CONCLUSIONS: Candidates who take the spring
      FISHE do better on the ABP-HE than those who do not. Most fellows passed the
      first attempted ABP-HE regardless of FISHE performance. Whether this is due to
      fellows making use of the FISHE as a self-evaluation tool to help identify and
      then correct their knowledge deficiencies remains to be determined.

PMID- 27357290
TI  - Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Quality Initiative:  Identifying Preanalytical
      Variables Contributing to Specimen Hemolysis and Measuring the Impact of Evidence
      Based Practice Interventions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Blood specimen hemolysis is a major cause of sample recollection in
      the neonatal intensive care unit. We aimed to reduce the hemolysis rate from 6.3%
      at baseline to less than 4% within the 9 months' duration of the study. METHODS:
      Intravenous infusion of lipid emulsion during sample collection, sample
      collection site, and blood sample transportation methods were investigated as
      possible contributors to hemolysis. Subsequently, two practice improvements were
      implemented: pausing lipid emulsion infusion prior to collection and slowing
      withdrawal rates through arterial catheters. RESULTS: Samples were more likely to
      be hemolyzed if they were collected during lipid infusion and subsequently
      transported by pneumatic tube or collected through an arterial catheter.
      Retrospective analysis demonstrated a decreased number of tests cancelled due to
      specimen hemolysis (3.5%) after our interventions. CONCLUSIONS: We identified
      three variables contributing to hemolysis and instituted two clinical practice
      interventions to significantly reduce test cancellations due to hemolysis.

PMID- 27357291
TI  - Evaluation of a Methotrexate Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay: 
      Comparison to Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay and Liquid Chromatography
      Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: For most laboratories, methotrexate (MTX) concentrations are
      routinely monitored by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). In
      anticipation of an announced withdrawal of the FPIA reagent on the Abbott TDxFLx
      (Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL), we have evaluated a new reagent kit
      developed by Abbott on the Architect i1000, based on chemiluminescent
      microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). METHODS: Precision, inaccuracy, and selectivity
      were assessed. Interassay variability was established using 75 plasma patient
      samples treated with MTX and analyzed by two methods: FPIA and liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS FOR MTX,: the
      intraday inaccuracy was between -6.37% and +3.52%, while interday performance was
      between -3.70% and 7.90%. Intraday and interday imprecision was less than 2.65%
      and less than 2.22%, respectively. The correlation coefficient between CMIA and
      FPIA or LC-MS/MS was 0.9969 and 0.9985, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results
      comparing CMIA vs FPIA and LC-MS/MS indicate that CMIA is a suitable alternative
      to the FPIA method.

PMID- 27357292
TI  - Transportation Cooler Interventions Reduce Plasma and RBC Product Wastage.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The rate of plasma product wastage for the United States in 2011 was
      approximately 1.8%. The plasma wastage rate at our institution was higher, mainly
      due to products returned out of temperature range from procedural areas. A
      process review and intervention to reduce plasma wastage was undertaken, which
      included modifications to our transport cooler. METHODS: A new cooler system was
      designed, and this device was implemented alongside an updated protocol for
      delivering plasma while also enhancing the previous RBC cooler validation time.
      We audited plasma and RBC product wastage prior to these interventions, from
      January 2013 to February 2014, vs after the intervention from April 2014 to March
      2015. RESULTS: After the intervention, the monthly plasma wastage rate declined
      60% (12.6 units/100 units transfused preintervention vs 5.0 units/100 units
      transfused postintervention; P < .0001). The monthly RBC wastage rate also
      decreased 28% (3.2 units/100 units transfused preintervention vs 2.3 units/100
      units transfused postintervention; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our intervention
      resulted in significantly decreased plasma and RBC wastage and is broadly
      applicable, since out-of-temperature product wastage in procedural areas is
      likely a significant problem at many institutions.

PMID- 27357293
TI  - Evaluation of the Sebia Capillarys 3 Tera and the Bio-Rad D-100 Systems for the
      Measurement of Hemoglobin A1c.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the Bio-Rad (Irvine, CA) D-100 and the Sebia (Lisses,
      France) Capillarys 3 Tera for the measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in venous
      blood samples. METHODS: Whole-blood samples and control material were analyzed
      with the D-100 and Capillarys 3 Tera and compared with our routine method, HLC
      723G7 (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan). An evaluation protocol to test precision, trueness,
      linearity, carryover, and selectivity was set up according to Clinical and
      Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The results were presented in National
      Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program and International Federation of Clinical
      Chemistry (IFCC) units. RESULTS: Both systems showed excellent precision (total
      coefficients of variation <2%, IFCC) and bias (<0.3% or 3 mmol/mol). Linearity
      was demonstrated for HbA1c values from 3.8% (18 mmol/mol) to 18.5% (179
      mmol/mol). Results were correlated with the routine method using Bland-Altman
      analysis, showing a mean difference of 0.33% or 3.6 mmol/mol for the D-100 and of
      0.25% or 2.6 mmol/mol for the Capillarys 3 Tera vs HLC-723G7. None of the
      automated instruments were prone to interferences by labile HbA1c (<=10 g/L
      glucose), carbamylated hemoglobin (<=0.5 mmol/L potassium cyanate), hemoglobin
      variants, bilirubin (<=15 mg/dL), and triglycerides (<=3,360 mg/dL). CONCLUSIONS:
      The Bio-Rad D-100 and the Sebia Capillarys 3 Tera instruments performed well for
      the determination of HbA1c in terms of quality criteria as well as for sample
      throughput.

PMID- 27357294
TI  - Pathologic Studies of Fatal Encephalomyelitis in Children Caused by Enterovirus
      71.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth
      disease and can cause death; however, its pathogenesis remains elusive. METHODS:
      We performed a detailed systematic histopathologic examination and molecular
      studies on six autopsy cases of EV71 infection using H&E, immunohistochemistry,
      double immunofluorescence staining, and nested reverse transcription polymerase
      chain reaction. RESULTS: Characteristic features of acute encephalomyelitis were
      observed. Viral antigens were mainly detected in neuronal cytoplasm and processes
      in the different brainstem nuclei and spinal cord, including the anterior and
      posterior horn cells. Viral antigens were also positive in the nerve roots of
      spinal cord and autonomic ganglia of intestines. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed
      direct pathologic evidence supporting viral entry into the central nervous system
      (CNS) through peripheral nerves. In addition to the major motor pathway, EV71 can
      also enter the CNS via peripheral sensory and autonomic pathways in retrograde
      axonal transport.

PMID- 27357296
TI  - Erratum to: Measuring insulin adherence among adults with type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 27357278
TI  - HIV Genome-Wide Protein Associations: a Review of 30 Years of Research.
AB  - The HIV genome encodes a small number of viral proteins (i.e., 16), invariably
      establishing cooperative associations among HIV proteins and between HIV and host
      proteins, to invade host cells and hijack their internal machineries. As a known
      example, the HIV envelope glycoprotein GP120 is closely associated with GP41 for
      viral entry. From a genome-wide perspective, a hypothesis can be worked out to
      determine whether 16 HIV proteins could develop 120 possible pairwise
      associations either by physical interactions or by functional associations
      mediated via HIV or host molecules. Here, we present the first systematic review
      of experimental evidence on HIV genome-wide protein associations using a large
      body of publications accumulated over the past 3 decades. Of 120 possible
      pairwise associations between 16 HIV proteins, at least 34 physical interactions
      and 17 functional associations have been identified. To achieve efficient viral
      replication and infection, HIV protein associations play essential roles (e.g.,
      cleavage, inhibition, and activation) during the HIV life cycle. In either a
      dispensable or an indispensable manner, each HIV protein collaborates with
      another viral protein to accomplish specific activities that precisely take place
      at the proper stages of the HIV life cycle. In addition, HIV genome-wide protein
      associations have an impact on anti-HIV inhibitors due to the extensive cross
      talk between drug-inhibited proteins and other HIV proteins. Overall, this study
      presents for the first time a comprehensive overview of HIV genome-wide protein
      associations, highlighting meticulous collaborations between all viral proteins
      during the HIV life cycle.

PMID- 27357295
TI  - Ecological niche modeling of mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in St. John's
      County, Florida, USA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The lack of available vaccines and consistent sporadic transmission
      of WNV justify the need for mosquito vector control and prediction of their
      geographic distribution. However, the distribution of WNV transmission is
      dependent on the mosquito vector and the ecological requirements, which vary from
      one place to another. METHODS: Presence/density data of two WNV mosquito vectors,
      Culex nigripalpus and Cx. quinquefasciatus, was extracted within 5 km buffer
      zones around seropositive records of sentinel chickens in order to delineate
      their predicting variables and model the habitat suitability of probable
      infective mosquito using MaxEnt software. Different correlations between density
      data of the extracted mosquito vectors and 27 climate, land use-land cover, and
      land surface terrain variables were analyzed using linear regression analysis.
      Accordingly, the correlated predicting variables were used in building up habitat
      suitability model for the occurrence records of both mosquito vectors using
      MaxEnt. RESULTS: The density of both WNV mosquito vectors showed variation in
      their ecological requirements. Eight predicting variables, out of 27, had
      significant influence on density of Cx. nigripalpus. Precipitation of driest
      months was shown to be the best predicting variable for the density of this
      vector (R (2) = 41.70). Whereas, two variables were proven to predict the
      distribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus density. Vegetation showed the maximum
      predicting gain to the density of this mosquito vector (R (2) = 15.74), where
      nestling birds, in particular exotics, are found. Moreover, Jackknife analysis in
      MaxEnt demonstrated that urbanization and vegetation data layers significantly
      contribute in predicting habitat suitability of Cx. nigripalpus and Cx.
      quinquefasciatus occurrence, respectively, which justifies the contribution of
      the former in urban and the latter in epizootic transmission cycles of WNV. In
      addition, habitat suitability risk maps were produced for both vectors in
      response to their predicting variables. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time in the
      study area, a quantitative relationship between 27 predicting variables and two
      WNV mosquito vectors within their foraging habitats was highlighted at the local
      scale. Accordingly, the predicting variables were used to produce a practical
      distribution map of probable infective mosquito vectors. This substantially helps
      in determining where suitable habitats are found. This will potentially help in
      designing target surveillance and control programmes, saving money, time and man
      power. However, the suitability risk maps should be updated when serological and
      entomological data updates are available.

PMID- 27357297
TI  - Uptake of smoking cessation aids by smokers with a mental illness.
AB  - Psychiatric inpatient settings represent an opportunity to initiate the provision
      of tobacco cessation care to smokers with a mental illness. This study describes
      the use of evidence-based smoking cessation aids proactively and universally
      offered to a population of psychiatric inpatients upon discharge, and explores
      factors associated with their uptake. Data derived from the conduct of a
      randomised controlled trial were analysed in terms of the proportion of
      participants (N = 378) that utilised cessation aids including project delivered
      telephone smoking cessation counselling and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT),
      and Quitline support. Factors associated with uptake of cessation aids were
      explored using multivariable logistic regression analyses. A large proportion of
      smokers utilised project delivered cessation counselling calls (89 %) and NRT (79
      %), while 11 % used the Quitline. The majority accepted more than seven project
      delivered telephone cessation counselling calls (52 %), and reported NRT use
      during more than half of their accepted calls (70 %). Older age, higher nicotine
      dependence, irregular smoking and seeing oneself as a non-smoker were associated
      with uptake of behavioural cessation aids. Higher nicotine dependence was
      similarly associated with use of pharmacological aids, as was NRT use whilst an
      inpatient. Most smokers with a mental illness took up a proactive offer of aids
      to support their stopping smoking. Consideration by service providers of factors
      associated with uptake may increase further the proportion of such smokers who
      use evidence-based cessation aids and consequently quit smoking successfully.

PMID- 27357298
TI  - Epidemiological investigation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in
      dromedary camel farms linked with human infection in Abu Dhabi Emirate, United
      Arab Emirates.
AB  - The objective of this research was to investigate the prevalence of Middle East
      respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection primarily in dromedary
      camel farms and the relationship of those infections with infections in humans in
      the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Nasal swabs from 1113 dromedary camels (39 farms) and
      34 sheep (1 farm) and sputum samples from 2 MERS-CoV-infected camel farm owners
      and 1 MERS-CoV-infected sheep farm owner were collected. Samples from camels and
      humans underwent real-time reverse-transcription quantitative PCR screening to
      detect MERS-CoV. In addition, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partially
      characterized MERS-CoV genome fragments obtained from camels were performed.
      Among the 40 farms, 6 camel farms were positive for MERS-CoV; the virus was not
      detected in the single sheep farm. The maximum duration of viral shedding from
      infected camels was 2 weeks after the first positive test result as detected in
      nasal swabs and in rectal swabs obtained from infected calves. Three partial
      camel sequences characterized in this study (open reading frames 1a and 1ab,
      Spike1, Spike2, and ORF4b) together with the corresponding regions of previously
      reported MERS-CoV sequence obtained from one farm owner were clustering together
      within the larger MERS-CoV sequences cluster containing human and camel isolates
      reported for the Arabian Peninsula. Data provided further evidence of the
      zoonotic potential of MERS-CoV infection and strongly suggested that camels may
      have a role in the transmission of the virus to humans.

PMID- 27357300
TI  - An Experimental and Computational Study on the Effect of Caval Valved Stent
      Oversizing.
AB  - Heterotopic implantation of transcatheter tricuspid valve is a new treatment
      option for tricuspid regurgitation. Transcatheter tricuspid valves are implanted
      onto the cavoatrial junction in order to avoid the challenging task of anchoring
      the valve onto the complex tricuspid valve annulus. However, little is known
      about optimum extent of oversizing of the valved stent in a vena cava. In this
      study, we implanted valves of the same diameter onto the larger sized inferior
      vena cava (IVC) and a smaller sized superior vena cava (SVC). The valve in the
      IVC was oversized by 10.7% while the valve in the SVC was oversized by 21.6%.
      Finite element analysis was performed (i) to assess the strain on the nitinol
      stent during manufacturing and deployment; (ii) the stents were deployed in a
      patient-specific vena cava model and the intramural stress of the vena cava was
      calculated computationally. These valves were fabricated and placed in a silicone
      model of a patient-specific right atrium which was part of a mock circulatory
      system that emulated the patho-physiological flow rate and pressure of a patient
      with tricuspid regurgitation. Flow measurements were conducted by particle image
      velocimetry (PIV). It was found that the maximum crimping strain on the nitinol
      stent was 6.85% which was lower than the critical threshold of 10%. The maximum
      stress on the vena cava was located at the spot where the hooks met the wall. The
      maximum stress on the IVC was 0.5098 MPa while the maximum stress on the SVC was
      0.7 MPa. The maximum Reynolds shear stress (mRSS) in the vena cava was found to
      be higher in the IVC than SVC with the highest mRSS being 1741 dynes/cm(2) found
      in the region of high flow during the peak flow phase. The overtly oversized
      valve in the SVC did not cause flow disturbances and exhibited mostly laminar
      flows. The mRSS at the downstream of the vena cava valve and the middle of the
      atrium remained at low magnitudes. However, velocity fluctuations were high in
      the IVC in all the time points measured. In conclusion, oversizing the valve may
      assist anchorage; yet, careful consideration should be taken in choosing the
      extent of oversizing as it may lead to adverse effects.

PMID- 27357299
TI  - Endometriomas and deep infiltrating endometriosis in adulthood are strongly
      associated with anogenital distance, a biomarker for prenatal hormonal
      environment.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Is the length of the anogenital distance (AGD), a biomarker of
      the in-utero prenatal hormonal environment, associated with the presence of
      endometriomas and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE)? SUMMARY ANSWER: Shorter
      AGD is associated with presence of endometriomas and DIE. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:
      It is debated whether hormonal exposure to estrogens in utero may be a risk
      factor for endometriosis in adulthood. AGD is a biomarker of prenatal hormonal
      environment and observational studies have shown an association between AGD and
      reproductive parameters in both sexes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This case
      control study of 114 women with endometriosis (endometriomas and/or DIE) and 105
      controls was conducted between September 2014 and May 2015.
      PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Cases were attending the Endometriosis
      Unit of the Hospital. Prevalent as well as incident cases, diagnosed by
      transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS), were included. Controls were women without
      endometriosis attending the gynecological outpatient clinic for routine
      gynecological exams. Participants completed health questionnaires, followed
      physical and gynecological examinations, including TVUS. Measurements from the
      anterior clitoral surface to the upper verge of the anus (AGDAC), and from the
      posterior fourchette to the upper verge of the anus (AGDAF) were obtained in all
      subjects. Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the
      association between AGD measurements and presence of endometriomas and/or DIE
      while accounting for important confounders and covariates, including age, body
      mass index, vaginal delivery or episiotomy. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE:
      AGDAF was related to presence of endometriomas and/or DIE. For all cases of
      endometriosis (endometriomas and DIE), women in the lowest tertile of the AGDAF
      distribution, compared with the upper tertile, were 7.6-times (95% CI 2.8-21.0; P
      trend < 0.001) more likely to have endometriosis. With regard to DIE, women with
      AGDAF below the median, compared with those with AGDAF above the median, were
      41.6-times (95% CI 3.9-438; P-value = 0.002) more likely to have endometriosis.
      LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: In case-control studies, information and
      selection bias has to be ruled out. Physicians conducting the measurement were
      blind to the status of the patients. Controls came from the same population as
      the cases. We adjusted for known and suspected confounders and covariates, but
      the possibility of residual confounding or chance findings should always be
      considered. As with all observational studies, causal inference is limited. WIDER
      IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study suggests that endometriosis, especially
      the DIE, might have a prenatal origin that may be traced back to the hormonal
      milieu in which the fetus develops. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST: This work
      was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, ISCIII (AES), grant
      no. PI13/01237 and the Seneca Foundation, Murcia Regional Agency of Science and
      Technology, grant no. 19443/PI/14. The authors have no competing interests to
      declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Not applicable.

PMID- 27357301
TI  - Modeling Current Density Maps Using Aliev-Panfilov Electrophysiological Heart
      Model.
AB  - Most existing studies of cardiac arrhythmia rely on surface measurements through
      optical or electrical mapping techniques. Current density imaging (CDI) is a
      method which enables us to study current pathways inside the tissue. However,
      this method entails implementation complexities for beating ex vivo hearts.
      Hence, this work presents an approach to simulate and study the current
      distributions in different cardiac electrophysiological states. The results are
      corroborated by experimental data, and they indicate that different states were
      distinguishable. The CDI simulations can be used for studying cardiac arrhythmias
      under simulation conditions which are otherwise impossible or difficult to be
      implemented experimentally.

PMID- 27357303
TI  - Probing Resilience: Daily Environmental Mastery, Self-Esteem, and Stress
      Appraisal.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The current study explores one way the process of resilience arises
      by investigating the underlying process of stress appraisal. In particular, the
      analyses examine how resilience resources function each day to attenuate the
      extent to which life experiences are perceived as threatening, and how trait-like
      resilience resources shape the appraisal process. METHOD: Daily diary and
      questionnaire data from 96 participants of Successful Aging in Context: The
      Macroenvironment and Daily Lived Experience (SAIC; MAge = 67 years, SDAge = 4.9
      years; range: 58-86 years) were analyzed using multilevel random coefficient
      modeling to investigate how individuals' daily perceptions of control and self
      esteem impacted perceived stress on a given day. RESULTS: Results suggested that
      both self-esteem and environmental mastery help mitigate the experience of
      stress; furthermore, dispositional resilience and self-esteem stability predict
      differences between individuals in the extent to which self-esteem tempers the
      perception of stress each day. DISCUSSION: The results inform theoretical and
      empirical work on the nature of resilience, especially regarding how the process
      arises in ordinary life. From an application perspective, results imply that
      augmenting environmental mastery and self-esteem, both of which are malleable,
      can facilitate resilience by helping elders challenge their perceptions of stress
      each day.

PMID- 27357302
TI  - [Adverse ocular effects of vaccinations].
AB  - Vaccinations are very effective measures for prevention of infections but are
      also associated with a long list of possible side effects. Adverse ocular effects
      following vaccination have been rarely reported or considered to be related to
      vaccinations. Conjunctivitis is a frequent sequel of various vaccinations.
      Oculorespiratory syndrome and serum sickness syndrome are considered to be
      related to influenza vaccinations. The risk of reactivation or initiation of
      autoimmune diseases (e. g. uveitis) cannot be excluded but has not yet been
      proven. Overall the benefit of vaccination outweighs the possible but very low
      risk of ocular side effects. 

PMID- 27357304
TI  - Social Usefulness: Theory and Evidence Concerning a Late Life Identity Construct.
AB  - PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To clarify the construct of social usefulness by merging
      several influential theoretical perspectives on the findings of a qualitative
      investigation of late life prosociality. DESIGN AND METHODS: In-depth interviews
      with 20 older adults probed the meaning and psychological significance of the
      socially useful relationships they maintained with people and organizations.
      RESULTS: Based on identity theory, the thematic analysis yielded nine classes and
      more than 100 distinct properties of social usefulness. Self-determination theory
      was employed to organize and interpret the findings in relation to older adults'
      needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence. IMPLICATIONS: Also addressed are
      the study's implications for multidimensional measurement of social usefulness in
      future epidemiological and psychosocial studies.

PMID- 27357305
TI  - What Are Friends for? Friendships and Loneliness Over the Lifespan-From 18 to 79
      Years.
AB  - Preventing and reducing loneliness is crucial to well-being and good health.
      Social relationships protect people against loneliness. Friendship qualities like
      intimacy and frequency of contact may vary throughout a person's lifespan. This
      study explores aspects of friendship and loneliness among people in different age
      groups: 18 to 29, 30 to 49, 50 to 64, and 65 to 79 years old. Data are from the
      Norwegian Life Course, Gender and Generations study (N = 14,725). Young people
      see their friends most often. The proportion of people without confidant friends
      is higher among older age groups. However, older age groups report higher levels
      of satisfaction with their contact with friends. Multivariate regression analyses
      show that the aspiration for contact with friends is more significant to
      loneliness than actual contact in all age groups. Dissatisfaction with contact
      with friends is strongly related to loneliness in all age groups.

PMID- 27357306
TI  - Pitfalls in the synthesis of fluorescent methotrexate oligopeptide conjugates.
AB  - Methotrexate (MTX) conjugates with poly[Lys(DL-Alam)] based polymeric
      polypeptides are efficient against Leishmania donovani parasite infection, but
      the mechanism of the effect is not known yet. We prepared therefore the 5(6)
      carboxyfluorescein (Cf) labeled oligopeptide [Cf-K(AaAa)] (a: D-alanine, A: L
      alanine) and the corresponding MTX conjugates [Cf-K(MTX-AaAa)] as model compounds
      for structure-activity experiments. The conjugate aimed to be synthesized with
      solid phase methodology on MBHA resin with Boc strategy, using Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH.
      However, various side reactions were identified. Here we report three problems
      observed during the synthesis as well as solutions developed by us: (1)
      unexpected cyclopeptide-formation with the lactone-carboxylic group of the Cf was
      detected, when Cf was attached to the alpha-amino group of the Lys residue on
      solid phase. This was avoided by changing the order of Cf incorporation with
      using Fmoc/Dde strategy. Alternatively, we have built the peptide with Fmoc
      strategy on solid phase first and performed the labeling with Cf-OSu subsequently
      in solution. (2) During HF cleavage of the protected conjugates, MTX was
      demonstrated to form adducts with anisole and p-cresol scavengers, and the TMSOTf
      cleavage methodology was also found to be inadequate due to the large number of
      side products formed. We report here that using Fmoc/Dde strategy is an
      appropriate method to circumvent the cleavage with HF or TMSOTf. (3) During the
      coupling of MTX with oligopeptide, structural and stereo isomers are formed. We
      have described here the suitable conditions of HPLC separation of these products.

PMID- 27357308
TI  - Comparison of tissue transglutaminase 2 and bone biological markers osteocalcin,
      osteopontin and sclerostin expression in human osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
AB  - Osteoporosis (OP) and osteoarthritis (OA) are the most common joint diseases,
      with a high incidence in the elderly population. OP is characterized by
      trabecular bone remodeling and reabsorption, whereas articular cartilage and
      subchondral bone remodeling are major features of OA. Although classically
      considered as independent or even conflicting processes, clinical coexistence of
      OP and OA was recently described. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression is
      considered a biomarker of OA, but its role in osteoporotic bone remodeling is
      still uncertain. We investigated TG2 and bone biological markers (Osteocalcin,
      Osteopontin, and Sclerostin) in osteoporotic and osteoarthritic
      osteocartilagineous tissue (n = 54) and human chondrocyte cultures in vitro by
      immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. Histomorphometric evaluation
      of bone trabecular remodeling was also performed. In cartilage, TG2 expression
      was faint in control and OP and significantly less than in OA and OP + OA
      chondrocytes; the opposite was found for Osteocalcin, whereas Osteopontin and
      Sclerostin expression was similar. In the subchondral trabecular bone,
      osteocytes/osteoblasts TG2 expression was slight and similar comparing control,
      OP, OA, and OP + OA group, whereas Osteocalcin and Osteopontin expression was
      lower in OP compared to control, OA and OP + OA. Increased TG2 and reduced
      Osteocalcin expression were maintained in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in
      vitro. Histomorphometric analysis confirmed reduced trabecular bone mass in OP
      and OP + OA compared with OA patients. TG2 represented a suitable biomarker of
      osteoarthritic chondrocyte activation, whereas osteocalcin and osteopontin
      characterized osteoporotic osteocyte/osteoblast changes; differences were lost in
      OP + OA patients, suggesting careful consideration when coexistence of the two
      diseases occurs.

PMID- 27357309
TI  - Graph analysis of structural brain networks in Alzheimer's disease: beyond small
      world properties.
AB  - Changes in brain connectivity in patients with early Alzheimer's disease (AD)
      have been investigated using graph analysis. However, these studies were based on
      small data sets, explored a limited range of network parameters, and did not
      focus on more restricted sub-networks, where neurodegenerative processes may
      introduce more prominent alterations. In this study, we constructed structural
      brain networks out of 87 regions using data from 135 healthy elders and 100 early
      AD patients selected from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS)
      database. We evaluated the graph properties of these networks by investigating
      metrics of network efficiency, small world properties, segregation, product
      measures of complexity, and entropy. Because degenerative processes take place at
      different rates in different brain areas, analysis restricted to sub-networks may
      reveal changes otherwise undetected. Therefore, we first analyzed the graph
      properties of a network encompassing all brain areas considered together, and
      then repeated the analysis after dividing the brain areas into two sub-networks
      constructed by applying a clustering algorithm. At the level of large scale
      network, the analysis did not reveal differences between AD patients and
      controls. In contrast, the same analysis performed on the two sub-networks
      revealed that small worldness diminished with AD only in the sub-network
      containing the areas of medial temporal lobe known to be heaviest and earliest
      affected. The second sub-network, which did not present significant AD-induced
      modifications of 'classical' small world parameters, nonetheless showed a trend
      towards an increase in small world propensity, a novel metric that unbiasedly
      quantifies small world structure. Beyond small world properties, complexity and
      entropy measures indicated that the intricacy of connection patterns and
      structural diversity decreased in both sub-networks. These results show that
      neurodegenerative processes impact volumetric networks in a non-global fashion.
      Our findings provide new quantitative insights into topological principles of
      structural brain networks and their modifications during early stages of
      Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 27357307
TI  - Targeting the polyamine-hypusine circuit for the prevention and treatment of
      cancer.
AB  - The unique amino acid hypusine is present in only two proteins in eukaryotic
      cells, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 (eIF5A1), and eIF5A2, where
      it is covalently linked to the lysine-50 residue of these proteins via a post
      translational modification coined hypusination. This unique modification is
      directed by two highly conserved and essential enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase
      (DHPS), and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), which selectively use the polyamine
      spermidine as a substrate to generate hypusinated eIF5A. Notably, elevated levels
      of polyamines are a hallmark of most tumor types, and increased levels of
      polyamines can also be detected in the urine and blood of cancer patients.
      Further, in-clinic agents that block the function of key biosynthetic enzymes in
      the polyamine pathway markedly impair tumor progression and maintenance of the
      malignant state. Thus, the polyamine pathway is attractive as a prognostic,
      prevention and therapeutic target. As we review, recent advances in our
      understanding of the specific functions of hypusinated eIF5A and its role in
      tumorigenesis suggest that the polyamine-hypusine circuit is a high priority
      target for cancer therapeutics.

PMID- 27357310
TI  - Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium type 2 channels (SK2, KCa2.2) in
      human brain.
AB  - SK2 (KCa2.2) channels are voltage-independent Ca2+-activated K+ channels that
      regulate neuronal excitability in brain regions important for memory formation.
      In this study, we investigated the distribution and expression of SK2 channels in
      human brain by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Immunoblot
      analysis of human brain indicated expression of four distinct SK2 channel
      isoforms: the standard, the long and two short isoforms. Immunohistochemistry in
      paraffin-embedded post-mortem brain sections was performed in the hippocampal
      formation, amygdala and neocortex. In hippocampus, SK2-like immunoreactivity
      could be detected in strata oriens and radiatum of area CA1-CA2 and in the
      molecular layer. In the amygdala, SK2-like immunoreactivity was highest in the
      basolateral nuclei, while in neocortex, staining was mainly found enriched in
      layer V. Activation of SK2 channels is thought to regulate neuronal excitability
      in brain by contributing to the medium afterhyperpolarization. However, SK2
      channels are blocked by apamin with a sensitivity that suggests heteromeric
      channels. The herein first shown expression of SK2 human isoform b in brain could
      explain the variability of electrophysiological findings observed with SK2
      channels.

PMID- 27357311
TI  - High-resolution CT of the sternoclavicular joint and first costochondral
      synchondrosis in asymptomatic individuals.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess CT features of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) and first
      costochondral junction in asymptomatic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 66
      patients transverse and coronal oblique high-resolution multiple detector CT
      images of the SCJ and first costochondral junction were obtained. Images were
      reviewed by consensus of two radiologists. Joint space width was measured at
      three levels, and osteophytes, geodes, and erosions were evaluated. Variants and
      degree of ossification were noted. Statistical analysis consisted of Shapiro-Wilk
      test, Pearson's test, and paired sample t test. RESULTS: There were 34 men and 32
      women with a mean age of 60 years (age range, 17-98 years). The width of the
      joint spaces showed a normal distribution. There was no significant difference
      between the left and right sides. On coronal images the joint space was wider
      superiorly and on transverse images posteriorly. There was a trend toward
      decreasing joint space with age, although it did not reach significance (p >
      0.05). Clavicular osteophytes were seen in 16 out of 66 patients (24 %) and
      sternal osteophytes in 16 out of 66 patients. Clavicular geodes were seen in 10
      out of 66 patients (15 %) and sternal geodes in 14 out of 66 patients (14 %). No
      erosions were seen. Clefts of the first costochondral junction were seen in 31
      out of 66 patients (47 %). CONCLUSION: In asymptomatic patients, there is no
      significant asymmetry of the SCJ. The joint spaces did not significantly decrease
      with age, although such a trend could be observed. Pronounced joint space
      narrowing with large geodes and osteophytes was not seen. Clefts of the first
      costochondral junction are common and not significant.

PMID- 27357312
TI  - Subcutaneous extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the forearm: a case report and review
      of the literature.
AB  - Extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS) originating in the subcutaneous tissue is a
      rare occurrence, accounting for less than 10 % of ESOS cases. Osteosarcoma of
      extraskeletal origin accounts for approximately 2-4 % of all osteosarcomas, and 1
      % of soft tissue sarcomas. We report a case of an 80-year-old female with an
      isolated primary subcutaneous tumor of the forearm. After imaging, surgical
      excision, and pathological analysis, the diagnosis of a subcutaneous osteosarcoma
      was made. This report documents the clinical and pathological findings of
      subcutaneous ESOS in this case, along with a review of previous cases of
      subcutaneous ESOS. 

PMID- 27357313
TI  - The Kidney: An Organ in the Front Line of Oxidative Stress-Associated
      Pathologies.
AB  - Both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are major causes
      of renal failure in humans and are associated with high incidences of morbidity
      and mortality rates. AKI and CKD are closely interconnected, and fueled by the
      obesity and diabetes epidemic, their prevalence is alarmingly increasing to the
      point that it currently represents a major heath issue worldwide. The kidney is
      an organ that is particularly sensitive to redox imbalance, resulting in
      excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress is viewed as a
      critical pathogenic factor implicated in the initiation, development, and
      progression of most renal diseases. This Forum discusses the redox-dependent
      factors and mechanisms accounting for the perturbation of renal function and
      circulation in the context of the major kidney pathologies linked to
      hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 639-641.

PMID- 27357314
TI  - S100A1 transgenic treatment of acute heart failure causes proteomic changes in
      rats.
AB  - S100 Ca2+-binding protein A1 (S100A1) is an important regulator of myocardial
      contractility. The aim of the present study was to identify the underlying
      mechanisms of S100A1 activity via profiling the protein expression in rats
      administered with an S100A1 adenovirus (Ad-S100A1-EGFP) following acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI). LTQ OrbiTrap mass spectrometry was used to profile
      the protein expression in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP and control groups post-AMI. Using
      Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER) analysis, 134
      energy metabolism-associated proteins, which comprised 20 carbohydrate metabolism
      associated and 27 lipid metabolism associated proteins, were identified as
      differentially expressed in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP hearts compared with controls. The
      majority of the differentially expressed proteins identified were important
      enzymes involved in energy metabolism. The present study identified 12 Ca2+
      binding proteins and 22 cytoskeletal proteins. The majority of the proteins
      expressed in the Ad-S100A1-EGFP group were upregulated compared with the control
      group. These results were further validated using western blot analysis.
      Following AMI, Ca2+ is crucial for the recovery of myocardial function in S100A1
      transgenic rats as indicated by the upregulation of proteins associated with
      energy metabolism and Ca2+-binding. Thus, the current study ascertained that
      energy production and contractile ability were enhanced after AMI in the
      ventricular myocardium of the Ad-S100A1-EGFP group. 

PMID- 27357315
TI  - Evaluation of preferences of women and healthcare professionals in Singapore for
      implementation of noninvasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Invasive prenatal diagnosis (IPD) has long been used to prenatally
      diagnose Down syndrome (DS), but it is associated with a small risk of
      miscarriage. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a highly sensitive screening
      test using cell-free DNA in maternal blood for detection of DS without the risk
      of miscarriage, but it confers a small risk of false-positive and false-negative
      results. The implementation of these procedures into clinical practice requires
      an understanding of stakeholder preferences. METHODS: A total of 69 health
      professionals (HPs) and 301 women took part in a discrete choice experiment (DCE)
      in which preferences for four prenatal test attributes - accuracy, time of
      results, risk of miscarriage and amount of information provided - were assessed.
      Conditional logit regression was used to analyse the data. Data on demographics
      and ranked preferences for test attributes was collected, and a direct choice
      question regarding NIPT, IPD or neither test was posed to participants. RESULTS:
      The women showed a preference for test safety, whereas HPs prioritised test
      accuracy above all other attributes. When offered a direct choice of NIPT, IPD or
      neither test, women aged 35 years and older, those with previous miscarriage or
      who knew a child with DS were more likely to choose NIPT. Chinese women preferred
      NIPT, whereas Indian women preferred IPD. CONCLUSION: Our data highlights the
      need for patient-specific counselling, taking into account previous experiences
      and cultural factors. Since women and HPs prioritise different test attributes,
      it is essential that HPs recognise these differences in order to provide non
      biased counselling.

PMID- 27357316
TI  - Prognostic factors for candidaemia in intensive care unit patients: a
      retrospective analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Candidaemia, recognised as a fairly common disease among intensive
      care unit (ICU) patients, carries a poor prognosis. However, as studies on the
      prognostic factors associated with candidaemia in ICU patients are limited, this
      study aimed to establish the best prognostic factor for ICU patients with
      candidaemia in a tertiary care hospital in Japan. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective cohort study of patients with candidaemia in the emergency ICU at
      Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, from April 2010 to March 2015.
      Demographic and clinical data was collected from the patients' medical records
      and laboratory databases. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were included in the
      study. However, 18 patients died during hospitalisation, resulting in an in
      hospital mortality rate of 72.0%. The variables of Sequential Organ Failure
      Assessment (SOFA) score and cumulative number of risk factors for invasive
      candidiasis showed significant differences between patients in the survivor and
      non-survivor groups (p < 0.05). The areas under the receiver operating
      characteristic curves for the SOFA score and cumulative number of risk factors
      for invasive candidiasis were 0.873 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-1.00) and
      0.937 (95% CI 0.84-1.00), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the
      cumulative number of risk factors for invasive candidiasis was the most useful
      prognostic indicator for candidaemia in ICU patients.

PMID- 27357317
TI  - Efficacy and patient satisfaction with incobotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of
      glabellar frown lines.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study describes the physician experience relating to the
      effectiveness of incobotulinumtoxinA and patient satisfaction with its use for
      the treatment of glabellar frown lines (GFLs). METHODS: A total of 17 patients
      from six dermatological clinics, aged > 18 years and with mild to very severe
      GFLs at maximum frown, were included. Patients were excluded if they had
      treatment with resorbable fillers and botulinum toxins in the preceding six
      months, or non-resorbable fillers or surgery in the treatment area. Injection
      sites (range 3-5) were chosen depending on their severity (dose range 12-20 U),
      covering corrugators and procerus muscles. Physicians assessed improvements to
      GFLs using the Merz scale on Days 4 and 14 after treatment. Patients completed a
      self-reported questionnaire on their facial wrinkles on Days 2 and 4 after
      treatment. RESULTS: Most (76.5%) patients were women. The mean age of the
      patients was 46.9 +/- 10.0 years. Mean severities (on the Merz scale) for at-rest
      and dynamic (with expression) GFLs at baseline were 1.3 +/- 1.10 and 3.4 +/-
      0.38, respectively, and decreased on Day 14 (p < 0.05). Treatment response rates
      (> 1-point improvement) for at-rest and dynamic (with expression) GFLs on Day 4
      were 40% and 100%, respectively. All patients reported being satisfied or very
      satisfied, and 64.3%-71.4% indicated that their facial wrinkles had improved on
      Day 2. CONCLUSION: IncobotulinumtoxinA was fast acting with visible improvements
      by Day 4 and all patients expressed satisfaction with their treatment after two
      days. GFLs saw the most improvement among the facial characteristics measured.

PMID- 27357318
TI  - Pathological findings in a case of bone marrow carcinosis due to gastric cancer
      complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic
      microangiopathy.
AB  - An 80-year-old man was diagnosed with disseminated intravascular coagulation
      (DIC) and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) associated with mucin-producing
      gastric cancer with bone marrow metastasis. He died suddenly on the third day of
      hospitalization before chemotherapy. Microscopic autopsy findings revealed fibrin
      thrombi by phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) staining of the renal
      glomeruli, and platelet thrombi by von Willebrand Factor (Factor VIII Antigen)
      staining of the microvessels of the bleeding intestine. Tumor cells were negative
      for both stains. Staining of endothelial cells (EC) of the small vessels with
      thrombomodulin (TM) stain revealed destruction of EC structure. This patient was
      thought to have had systemic dissemination of solid tumor cells associated with
      DIC and TMA, the clinical course of which is extremely aggressive. Different
      types of thrombi were observed in different organs, such as the kidneys and small
      intestine, which supported the co-occurrence of DIC and TMA by microscopic
      pathological findings. These findings provide pathological evidence for the
      pathology of the concurrent development of DIC and TMA and show differences in
      the types of thrombi according to the blood vessel localization. Furthermore, the
      findings were highly suggestive of the mechanisms causing organ dysfunction, such
      as renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal bleeding. 

PMID- 27357319
TI  - Effect of anti-biofilm glass-ionomer cement on Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
AB  - Dental restorative materials with antimicrobial properties can inhibit bacterial
      colonization, which may result in a reduction of caries at tooth-filling
      interaction zones. This study aimed to develop antibacterial glass-ionomer
      cements (GIC) containing a quaternary ammonium monomer (dimethylaminododecyl
      methacrylate, DMADDM), and to investigate their effect on material performance
      and antibacterial properties. Different mass fractions (0, 1.1% and 2.2%) of
      DMADDM were incorporated into the GIC. The flexure strength, surface charge
      density, surface roughness and fluoride release were tested. A Streptococcus
      mutans biofilm model was used. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) staining was used to
      analyze the inhibitory effect of DMADDM on the biofilm matrix. In addition,
      biofilm metabolic activity, lactic acid metabolism and the expression of
      glucosyltransferase genes gtfB, gtfC and gtfD were measured. GIC containing 1.1%
      and 2.2% DMADDM had flexural strengths matching those of the commercial control
      (P>0.1). DMADDM was able to increase the surface charge density but reduced
      surface roughness (P<0.05). The incorporation of 1.1% and 2.2% DMADDM elevated
      the release of fluoride by the GIC in the first 2 days (P<0.05). The novel DMADDM
      modified GIC significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity (P<0.05) and
      decreased lactic acid production (P<0.05). The quantitative polymerase chain
      reaction (qPCR) results showed that the expression of gtfB, gtfC and gtfD
      decreased when mass fractions of DMADDM increased (P<0.05). EPS staining showed
      that both the bacteria and EPS in biofilm decreased in the DMADDM groups. The
      incorporation of DMADDM could modify the properties of GIC to influence the
      development of S. mutans biofilms. In this study, we investigated the interface
      properties of antibacterial materials for the first time. GIC containing DMADDM
      can improve material performance and antibacterial properties and may contribute
      to the better management of secondary caries.

PMID- 27357320
TI  - Phenotypic research on senile osteoporosis caused by SIRT6 deficiency.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a serious public bone metabolic disease. However, the mechanisms
      underlying bone loss combined with ageing, which is known as senile osteoporosis,
      remains unknown. Here we show the detailed phenotype of this disease caused by
      SIRT6 knock out (KO) in mice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
      study to reveal that SIRT6 is expressed in both bone marrow stroma cells and bone
      related cells in both mouse and human models, which suggests that SIRT6 is an
      important regulator in bone metabolism. SIRT6-KO mice exhibit a significant
      decrease in body weight and remarkable dwarfism. The skeleton of the SIRT6-KO
      mouse is deficient in cartilage and mineralized bone tissue. Moreover, the
      osteocalcin concentration in blood is lower, which suggests that bone mass is
      markedly lost. Besides, the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b)
      concentration is much higher, which suggests that bone resorption is overactive.
      Both trabecular and cortical bones exhibit severe osteopenia, and the bone
      mineral density is decreased. Moreover, double-labelling analysis shows that bone
      formation is much slower. To determine whether SIRT6 directly regulates bone
      metabolism, we cultured primary bone marrow stromal cells for osteogenesis and
      osteoclastogenesis separately to avoid indirect interference in vivo responses
      such as inflammation. Taken together, these results show that SIRT6 can directly
      regulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, resulting in attenuation
      in mineralization. Furthermore, SIRT6 can directly regulate osteoclast
      differentiation and results in a higher number of small osteoclasts, which may be
      related to overactive bone resorption.

PMID- 27357321
TI  - Human enamel thickness and ENAM polymorphism.
AB  - The tooth enamel development gene, enamelin (ENAM), showed evidence of positive
      selection during a genome-wide scan of human and primate DNA for signs of
      adaptive evolution. The current study examined the hypothesis that a single
      nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C14625T (rs7671281) in the ENAM gene identified in
      the genome-wide scan is associated with a change in enamel phenotype. African
      Americans were selected as the target population, as they have been reported to
      have a target SNP frequency of approximately 50%, whereas non-Africans are
      predicted to have a 96% SNP frequency. Digital radiographs and DNA samples from
      244 teeth in 133 subjects were analysed, and enamel thickness was assessed in
      relation to SNP status, controlling for age, sex, tooth number and crown length.
      Crown length was found to increase with molar number, and females were found to
      have thicker enamel. Teeth with larger crowns also had thicker enamel, and older
      subjects had thinner enamel. Linear regression and generalized estimating
      equations were used to investigate the relationship between enamel thickness of
      the mandibular molars and ENAM SNP status; enamel in subjects with the derived
      allele was significantly thinner (P=0.040) when the results were controlled for
      sex, age, tooth number and crown length. The derived allele demonstrated a
      recessive effect on the phenotype. The data indicate that thinner dental enamel
      is associated with the derived ENAM genotype. This is the first direct evidence
      of a dental gene implicated in human adaptive evolution as having a phenotypic
      effect on an oral structure.

PMID- 27357322
TI  - TET1 knockdown inhibits the odontogenic differentiation potential of human dental
      pulp cells.
AB  - Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) possess the capacity to differentiate into
      odontoblast-like cells and generate reparative dentin in response to exogenous
      stimuli or injury. Ten-eleven translocation 1 (TET1) is a novel DNA
      methyldioxygenase that plays an important role in the promotion of DNA
      demethylation and transcriptional regulation in several cell lines. However, the
      role of TET1 in the biological functions of hDPCs is unknown. To investigate the
      effect of TET1 on the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation potential of
      hDPCs, a recombinant shRNA lentiviral vector was used to knock down TET1
      expression in hDPCs. Following TET1 knockdown, TET1 was significantly
      downregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels. Proliferation of the hDPCs was
      suppressed in the TET1 knockdown groups. Alkaline phosphatase activity, the
      formation of mineralized nodules, and the expression levels of DSPP and DMP1 were
      all reduced in the TET1-knockdown hDPCs undergoing odontogenic differentiation.
      Based on these results, we concluded that TET1 knockdown can prevent the
      proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of hDPCs, which suggests that TET1
      may play an important role in dental pulp repair and regeneration.

PMID- 27357324
TI  - Articulated dental cast analysis of asymptomatic and symptomatic populations.
AB  - Dental instrumentation has long provided insight into the mechanism of musculo
      skeletal function of the gnathic system. While large population studies associate
      dental arch displacement (DAD), especially laterally, with symptoms, mandibular
      condyle displacement (CD) resulting from DAD has not been targeted as possibly
      etiologic in the production of common muscle contraction headache (CMCH) and
      temporo-mandibular dysfunction (TMD). The objective was to evaluate the three
      dimensional nature of DAD and CD between the seated condylar position (SCP) and
      the intercuspal position (ICP) and to compare results derived from large
      deprogrammed asymptomatic and symptomatic populations. A total of 1 192 sets of
      dental casts collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic populations were
      articulated in the SCP. The initial occlusal contact, DAD, and condylar
      displacement were evaluated for frequency, direction, and magnitude of
      displacement between the SCP and ICP. The data revealed significant displacement
      between the SCP and ICP of the condyles (displaced most frequently inferior
      (down) and posterior (distal)) and substantially increased frequency and
      magnitude of displacement of the dental arches (with posterior premature occlusal
      contacts, increased overjet, decreased overbite, midline differences, and
      occlusal classification changes) in symptomatic subjects. These discrepancies
      were statistically significant and clinically significant. The data support the
      concept of increased DAD and CD with dysfunction. Transverse condylar
      displacement, commonly presenting with dental cross bite, may be associated with
      CMCH and TMD. Displacement of the mandibular condyle may be an etiologic factor
      in CMCH and dysfunction of the temporo-mandibular joint.

PMID- 27357325
TI  - Role of GLTSCR2 in the regulation of telomerase activity and chromosome
      stability.
AB  - Telomerase is essential for regulating telomeres, and its activation is a
      critical step in cellular immortalization and tumorigenesis. The transcriptional
      activation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is critical for
      telomerase expression. Although several transcriptional activators have been
      identified, factors responsible for enhancing the hTERT promoter remain to be
      fully elucidated. In the present study, the role of glioma tumor-suppressor
      candidate region gene 2 (GLTSCR2) in telomerase regulation was analyzed. A
      doxycyclin-inducible green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged GLTSCR2-expressing
      adenovirus (Ad-GLT/GFP) was used for the transduction of SK-Hep-1 and T98G cancer
      cells, and normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Changes in telomerase
      activity using telomere repeat amplification protocol assay were assessed, and
      the gene expression levels of hTERT were then examined. To investigate chromosome
      instability and senescence, Giemsa and beta-galactosidase staining was performed.
      The results revealed that overexpression of GLTSCR2 significantly increased
      telomerase activity in the cancer and normal cell lines. This increase was
      consistent with increases in the protein and mRNA expression levels of hTERT. In
      luciferase assays, the hTERT promoter was activated by GLTSCR2. Knockdown of
      GLTSCR2 led to the downregulation of telomerase activity, abnormal nuclear
      morphology as a marker of chromosome instability, significant suppression of
      growth rate, alterations in cellular morphology and, eventually, cellular
      senescence. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that
      GLTSCR2 is crucially involved in the positive regulation of telomerase and
      chromosome stability. 

PMID- 27357323
TI  - The effect of platform switching on the levels of metal ion release from
      different implant-abutment couples.
AB  - The improved peri-implant bone response demonstrated by platform switching may be
      the result of reduced amounts of metal ions released to the surrounding tissues.
      The aim of this study was to compare the levels of metal ions released from
      platform-matched and platform-switched implant-abutment couples as a result of
      accelerated corrosion. Thirty-six titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) and cobalt-chrome
      alloy abutments were coupled with titanium cylinders forming either platform
      switched or platform-matched groups (n=6). In addition, 18 unconnected samples
      served as controls. The specimens were subjected to accelerated corrosion by
      static immersion in 1% lactic acid for 1 week. The amount of metal ions ion of
      each test tube was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
      Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and energy dispersive spectroscopy X
      ray analyses were performed pre- and post-immersion to assess corrosion at the
      interface. The platform-matched groups demonstrated higher ion release for
      vanadium, aluminium, cobalt, chrome, and molybdenum compared with the platform
      switched groups (P<0.05). Titanium was the highest element to be released
      regardless of abutment size or connection (P<0.05). SEM images showed pitting
      corrosion prominent on the outer borders of the implant and abutment platform
      surfaces. In conclusion, implant-abutment couples underwent an active corrosion
      process resulting in metal ions release into the surrounding environment. The
      highest amount of metal ions released was recorded for the platform-matched
      groups, suggesting that platform-switching concept has a positive effect in
      reducing the levels of metal ion release from the implant-abutment couples.

PMID- 27357326
TI  - Automated Video Detection of Epileptic Convulsion Slowing as a Precursor for Post
      Seizure Neuronal Collapse.
AB  - Automated monitoring and alerting for adverse events in people with epilepsy can
      provide higher security and quality of life for those who suffer from this
      debilitating condition. Recently, we found a relation between clonic slowing at
      the end of a convulsive seizure (CS) and the occurrence and duration of a
      subsequent period of postictal generalized EEG suppression (PGES). Prolonged
      periods of PGES can be predicted by the amount of progressive increase of
      interclonic intervals (ICIs) during the seizure. The purpose of the present study
      is to develop an automated, remote video sensing-based algorithm for real-time
      detection of significant clonic slowing that can be used to alert for PGES. This
      may help preventing sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The technique is
      based on our previously published optical flow video sequence processing paradigm
      that was applied for automated detection of major motor seizures. Here, we
      introduce an integral Radon-like transformation on the time-frequency wavelet
      spectrum to detect log-linear frequency changes during the seizure. We validate
      the automated detection and quantification of the ICI increase by comparison to
      the results from manually processed electroencephalography (EEG) traces as "gold
      standard". We studied 48 cases of convulsive seizures for which synchronized EEG
      video recordings were available. In most cases, the spectral ridges obtained from
      Gabor-wavelet transformations of the optical flow group velocities were in close
      proximity to the ICI traces detected manually from EEG data during the seizure.
      The quantification of the slowing-down effect measured by the dominant angle in
      the Radon transformed spectrum was significantly correlated with the exponential
      ICI increase factors obtained from manual detection. If this effect is validated
      as a reliable precursor of PGES periods that lead to or increase the probability
      of SUDEP, the proposed method would provide an efficient alerting device.

PMID- 27357328
TI  - Has there been a shift in alcohol-related violence to neighbouring inner city
      'lockout law' exclusion areas in Sydney?

PMID- 27357329
TI  - Arthroplasty for tenosynovial giant cell tumors.
AB  - Background and purpose - Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (t-GCTs) can behave
      aggressively locally and affect joint function and quality of life. The role of
      arthroplasty in the treatment of t-GCT is uncertain. We report the results of
      arthroplasty in t-GCT patients. Patients and methods - t-GCT patients (12 knee, 5
      hip) received an arthroplasty between 1985 and 2015. Indication for arthroplasty,
      recurrences, complications, quality of life, and functional scores were evaluated
      after a mean follow-up time of 5.5 (0.2-15) years. Results - 2 patients had
      recurrent disease. 2 other patients had implant loosening. Functional scores
      showed poor results in almost half of the knee patients. 4 of the hip patients
      scored excellent and 1 scored fair. Quality of life was reduced in 1 or more
      subscales for 2 hip patients and for 5 knee patients. Interpretation - In t-GCT
      patients with extensive disease or osteoarthritis, joint arthroplasty is an
      additional treatment option. However, recurrences, implant loosening, and other
      complications do occur, even after several years. 

PMID- 27357327
TI  - Coronary CT angiography with 80 kV tube voltage and low iodine concentration
      contrast agent in patients with low body weight.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coronary CT angiography (CTA) is gaining widespread acceptance for
      the non-invasive evaluation of coronary arteries. However, radiation exposure and
      administration of iodinated contrast agents are still reasons of some concern.
      The 80 kV tube voltage increases the attenuation of iodine, allowing to use lower
      iodine concentration contrast agents for coronary CTA. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated
      the diagnostic accuracy of coronary CTA performed with 64-slice scanner, 80 kV
      tube voltage, iterative reconstruction algorithm and ultra-low concentration
      contrast medium to reduce iodine load and radiation dose. METHODS: We enrolled 45
      patients with low body weight and indication for elective invasive coronary
      angiography (ICA). All patients received an 80 ml bolus of Iodixanol-270 at an
      infusion rate of 5 mL/s and underwent coronary CTA (80 kV and 500-550 mA) with
      prospective ECG-triggering. Image quality score, type of artifacts, coronary CTA
      evaluability, diagnostic accuracy and radiation exposure were assessed. RESULTS:
      Pre-test probability of CAD was low-to-intermediate (48%). Accordingly, the
      prevalence of obstructive CAD was 47% (21 out of 45 patients). Most (93%) of the
      patients were pre-treated with intravenous metoprolol before scanning and
      achieved a heart rate suitable for prospective ECG-triggering coronary CTA (53 +/
      3 bpm). The mean effective dose and iodine load were 1.1 +/- 0.4 mSv and 21.6
      gI, respectively. We rated 443 out of 720 coronary segments as being of excellent
      image quality. In a segment-based model, coronary evaluability (number of
      coronary segments evaluable/total number of coronary segments), was 97% (699/720
      segments). In a segment-based analysis, sensitivity, specificity, positive
      predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy for >50% coronary
      stenosis identification vs. ICA were 89%, 99%, 89%, 99% and 99%, respectively. In
      a patient-based analysis, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value,
      negative predictive value and accuracy were 94%, 89%, 83%, 96% and 91%,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with low body weight, image quality and
      diagnostic accuracy of ultra-low radiation dose and low-iodine load coronary CTA
      are good and similar to values reported in the literature for standard tube
      voltage and iodine load protocols.

PMID- 27357330
TI  - Two-Step Physical Deposition of a Compact CuI Hole-Transport Layer and the
      Formation of an Interfacial Species in Perovskite Solar Cells.
AB  - A simple and practical approach is introduced for the deposition of CuI as an
      inexpensive inorganic hole-transport material (HTM) for the fabrication of low
      cost perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by gas-solid phase transformation of Cu to
      CuI. The method provides a uniform and well-controlled CuI layer with large
      grains and good compactness that prevents the direct connection between the
      contact electrodes. Solar cells prepared with CuI as the HTM with Au electrodes
      displays an exceptionally high short-circuit current density of 32 mA cm(-2) ,
      owing to an interfacial species formed between the perovskite and the Cu
      resulting in a long wavelength contribution to the incident photon-to-electron
      conversion efficiency (IPCE), and an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of
      7.4 %. The growth of crystalline and uniform CuI on a low roughness perovskite
      layer leads to remarkably high charge extraction in the cells, which originates
      from the high hole mobility of CuI in addition to a large number of contact
      points between CuI and the perovskite layer. In addition, the solvent-free method
      has no damaging side effect on the perovskite layer, which makes it an
      appropriate method for large scale applications of CuI in perovskite solar cells.

PMID- 27357332
TI  - Regional Clinical Alliance Path and Cardiac Rehabilitation After Hospital
      Discharge for Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients in Japan - A Nationwide
      Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The regional clinical alliance path (RCAP) after discharge from an
      acute-phase hospital is emerging as a tool for bridging acute-phase treatment and
      chronic-phase disease management. However, the optimal application of RCAP for
      acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unknown in Japan, and therefore a
      nationwide survey of hospitals was conducted. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 2009,
      questionnaires were sent to 1,240 cardiology training hospitals authorized by the
      Japanese Circulation Society. The response rate was 62.9% (780/1,240). Of the 780
      responding hospitals, 708 treated AMI, and in these hospitals the number of AMI
      patients and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures performed were,
      respectively, 59+/-52 and 200+/-206 per year. The implementation rate of
      emergency PCI was high (91%), but that of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation
      (OPCR) was very low (18%). The implementation rate of RCAP after AMI was
      significantly lower (10%) than after stroke (57%). Cardiac rehabilitation (CR)
      was adopted as part of RCAP in only 19% (13/70) of currently operating RCAP
      programs. CONCLUSIONS: This first Japanese nationwide survey of RCAP after AMI
      showed that in contrast to the broad dissemination of acute-phase invasive
      treatment for AMI, there was infrequent implementation of OPCR, RCAP after AMI,
      and RCAP including CR. It will be necessary to broaden the use of RCAP after AMI,
      including OPCR. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1750-1755).

PMID- 27357333
TI  - Safety and Efficacy of Cryoballoon Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in
      Japan - Results From the Japanese Prospective Post-Market Surveillance Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Outcomes of cryoballoon ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
      (PAF) have been reported in the Western countries but not in Japan. The CRYO
      Japan PMS study was a single-arm, observational, multicenter, prospective study
      of the 2nd-generation cryoballoon Arctic Front Advance(TM). We evaluated device-
      and procedure-related complications and clinical outcomes at 6 months. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: The 616 patients (male, 72%; mean age, 63+/-11 years) were enrolled
      from 33 Japanese hospitals. Of all patients, 610 had PAF, and procedural data
      were analyzed in 607. A subset of 328 patients was followed for 6 months for the
      primary efficacy analysis. AF recurrence outside the 3-month blanking period or
      repeat ablation was considered treatment failure. Pulmonary vein isolation was
      achieved in 606/607 patients (99.8%); 1 patient (0.3%) had a repeat ablation
      during the blanking period. Freedom from AF at 6 months was 88.4% (95% CI: 84.1
      91.6%). Device- and/or procedure-related adverse events included phrenic nerve
      injury unresolved at hospital discharge in 9/616 patients (1.5%), which resolved
      within 6 months in 7, pericardial effusion in 5/616 (0.8%), and tamponade in
      4/616 (0.6%). One non-device-related death from pneumonia was reported 6 days
      post-procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Cryoballoon ablation is safe and effective for
      Japanese PAF patients, with 88.4% AF freedom at 6 months post-ablation. (Circ J
      2016; 80: 1744-1749).

PMID- 27357334
TI  - Hyperuricemia Plays Pivotal Role in Progression of Kidney Disease.

PMID- 27357335
TI  - pH and concentration dependence of the optical properties of thiol-capped CdTe
      nanocrystals in water and D2O.
AB  - The optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals (SC NCs) are largely
      controlled by their size and surface chemistry, i.e., the chemical composition
      and thickness of inorganic passivation shells and the chemical nature and number
      of surface ligands as well as the strength of their bonds to surface atoms. The
      latter is particularly important for CdTe NCs, which - together with alloyed
      CdxHg1-xTe - are the only SC NCs that can be prepared in water in high quality
      without the need for an additional inorganic passivation shell. Aiming at a
      better understanding of the role of stabilizing ligands for the control of the
      application-relevant fluorescence features of SC NCs, we assessed the influence
      of two of the most commonly used monodentate thiol ligands, thioglycolic acid
      (TGA) and mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), on the colloidal stability,
      photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY), and PL decay behavior of a set of CdTe
      NC colloids. As an indirect measure for the strength of the coordinative bond of
      the ligands to SC NC surface atoms, the influence of the pH (pD) and the
      concentration on the PL properties of these colloids was examined in water and
      D2O and compared to the results from previous dilution studies with a set of
      thiol-capped Cd1-xHgxTe SC NCs in D2O. As a prerequisite for these studies, the
      number of surface ligands was determined photometrically at different steps of
      purification after SC NC synthesis with Ellman's test. Our results demonstrate
      ligand control of the pH-dependent PL of these SC NCs, with MPA-stabilized CdTe
      NCs being less prone to luminescence quenching than TGA-capped ones. For both
      types of CdTe colloids, ligand desorption is more pronounced in H2O compared to
      D2O, underlining also the role of hydrogen bonding and solvent molecules. 

PMID- 27357337
TI  - Prognosis of cerebral lipiodol embolism caused by transarterial
      chemoembolization.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) plays an essential role in the
      management of unresectable hepatocellular cell carcinoma and other hepatic
      neoplasms. Cerebral lipiodol embolism (CLE) is a rare complication of TACE and
      its prognostic factors have not been well studied. The aim of this paper was to
      elucidate the prognostic factors of CLE based on clinical data obtained from our
      patients and cases published since 2004. METHODS: We present two patients with
      CLE, analyze the clinical data, and review all CLE cases published since 2004. A
      poor outcome was defined as stupor, coma, quadriplegia, or death within 45 days.
      Patients who had other neurological conditions within 45 days were considered as
      having a good outcome. RESULTS: The rate of poor outcome was 25.7% (9/35).
      Compared with the patients with good outcome, those with poor outcome were older
      (mean age 68.3 +/- 7.3 vs. 58.3 +/- 10.6 years, p = 0.03), more often female
      (76.9% vs. male 33.3%, p = 0.02), and more likely chemoembolized via both the
      right hepatic and right inferior phrenic arteries (44.4 vs. 8.7%, p = 0.02).
      DISCUSSION: The prognosis of CLE was related to age, gender, and the arteries
      selected for injection.

PMID- 27357336
TI  - Insights into Campylobacter jejuni colonization and enteritis using a novel
      infant rabbit model.
AB  - A lack of relevant disease models for Campylobacter jejuni has long been an
      obstacle to research into this common enteric pathogen. Here we used an infant
      rabbit to study C. jejuni infection, which enables us to define several
      previously unknown but key features of the organism. C. jejuni is capable of
      systemic invasion in the rabbit, and developed a diarrhea symptom that mimicked
      that observed in many human campylobacteriosis. The large intestine was the most
      consistently colonized site and produced intestinal inflammation, where specific
      cytokines were induced. Genes preferentially expressed during C. jejuni infection
      were screened, and acs, cj1385, cj0259 seem to be responsible for C. jejuni
      invasion. Our results demonstrates that the infant rabbit can be used as an
      alternative experimental model for the study of diarrheagenic Campylobacter
      species and will be useful in exploring the pathogenesis of other related
      pathogens.

PMID- 27357338
TI  - The multicellularity genes of dictyostelid social amoebas.
AB  - The evolution of multicellularity enabled specialization of cells, but required
      novel signalling mechanisms for regulating cell differentiation. Early
      multicellular organisms are mostly extinct and the origins of these mechanisms
      are unknown. Here using comparative genome and transcriptome analysis across
      eight uni- and multicellular amoebozoan genomes, we find that 80% of proteins
      essential for the development of multicellular Dictyostelia are already present
      in their unicellular relatives. This set is enriched in cytosolic and nuclear
      proteins, and protein kinases. The remaining 20%, unique to Dictyostelia, mostly
      consists of extracellularly exposed and secreted proteins, with roles in sensing
      and recognition, while several genes for synthesis of signals that induce cell
      type specialization were acquired by lateral gene transfer. Across Dictyostelia,
      changes in gene expression correspond more strongly with phenotypic innovation
      than changes in protein functional domains. We conclude that the transition to
      multicellularity required novel signals and sensors rather than novel signal
      processing mechanisms.

PMID- 27357339
TI  - Discovery and Description of Ebola Zaire Virus in 1976 and Relevance to the West
      African Epidemic During 2013-2016.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 1976, the first cases of Ebola virus disease in northern
      Democratic Republic of the Congo (then referred to as Zaire) were reported. This
      article addresses who was responsible for recognizing the disease; recovering,
      identifying, and naming the virus; and describing the epidemic. Key scientific
      approaches used in 1976 and their relevance to the 3-country (Guinea, Sierra
      Leone, and Liberia) West African epidemic during 2013-2016 are presented.
      METHODS: Field and laboratory investigations started soon after notification, in
      mid-September 1976, and included virus cell culture, electron microscopy (EM),
      immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) testing of sera, case tracing, containment, and
      epidemiological surveys. In 2013-2016, medical care and public health work were
      delayed for months until the Ebola virus disease epidemic was officially declared
      an emergency by World Health Organization, but research in pathogenesis, clinical
      presentation, including sequelae, treatment, and prevention, has increased more
      recently. RESULTS: Filoviruses were cultured and observed by EM in Antwerp,
      Belgium (Institute of Tropical Medicine); Porton Down, United Kingdom
      (Microbiological Research Establishment); and Atlanta, Georgia (Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention). In Atlanta, serological testing identified a new
      virus. The 1976 outbreak (280 deaths among 318 cases) stopped in <11 weeks, and
      basic clinical and epidemiological features were defined. The recent massive
      epidemic during 2013-2016 (11 310 deaths among 28 616 cases) has virtually
      stopped after >2 years. Transmission indices (R0) are higher in all 3 countries
      than in 1976. CONCLUSIONS: An international commission working harmoniously in
      laboratories and with local communities was essential for rapid success in 1976.
      Control and understanding of the recent West African outbreak were delayed
      because of late recognition and because authorities were overwhelmed by many
      patients and poor community involvement. Despite obstacles, research was a
      priority in 1976 and recently.

PMID- 27357341
TI  - Possibilities for Immunomodulation in Congenital Toxoplasmosis.

PMID- 27357340
TI  - Protection of Humanized Mice From Repeated Intravaginal HIV Challenge by Passive
      Immunization: A Model for Studying the Efficacy of Neutralizing Antibodies In
      Vivo.
AB  - Humanized mice reconstituted with a human immune system can be mucosally infected
      with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), opening up the possibility of studying
      HIV transmission in a small-animal model. Here we report that passive
      immunization with the broadly neutralizing antibody b12 protected humanized mice
      against repetitive intravaginal infection in a dose-dependent manner. In
      addition, treatment with the antibody PGT126, which is more potent in vitro, was
      more efficacious in vivo and provided sterilizing protection. Our results
      demonstrate that humanized mice can be used as a small-animal model to study the
      efficacy and mechanism of broadly neutralizing antibody protection against HIV
      acquisition.

PMID- 27357343
TI  - Payne et al (J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1743-51).

PMID- 27357342
TI  - Reply to Gomez Marin.

PMID- 27357344
TI  - Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Protects Osteoblastic Cells From Oxidative
      Stress by Activation of MKP1 Phosphatase.
AB  - Oxidative damage is an important contributor to the morphological and functional
      changes in osteoporotic bone. Aging increases the levels of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress and induce osteoblast apoptosis. ROS
      modify several signaling responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase
      (MAPK) activation, related to cell survival. Both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and
      its bone counterpart, PTH-related protein (PTHrP), can regulate MAPK activation
      by modulating MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP1). Thus, we hypothesized that PTHrP might
      protect osteoblasts from ROS-induced apoptosis by targeting MKP1. In osteoblastic
      MC3T3-E1 and MG-63 cells, H2 O2 triggered p38, JNK, ERK and p66Shc
      phosphorylation, and cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, PTHrP (1-37) rapidly but
      transiently increased ERK and Akt phosphorylation without affecting p38, JNK, or
      p66Shc activation. H2 O2 -induced p38 and ERK phosphorylation and apoptosis were
      both decreased by pre-treatment with specific kinase inhibitors or PTHrP (1-37)
      in both osteoblastic cell types. These dephosphorylating and prosurvival actions
      of PTHrP (1-37) were prevented by a phosphatase inhibitor cocktail, the
      phosphatase MKP1 inhibitor sanguinarine or a MKP1 siRNA. PTHrP (1-37) promptly
      enhanced MKP1 protein and gene expression and MKP1-dependent catalase activity in
      osteoblastic cells. Furthermore, exposure to PTHrP (1-37) adsorbed in an
      implanted hydroxyapatite-based ceramic into a tibial defect in aging rats
      increased MKP1 and catalase gene expression in the healing bone area. Our
      findings demonstrate that PTHrP counteracts the pro-apoptotic actions of ROS by a
      mechanism dependent on MKP1-induced dephosphorylation of MAPKs in osteoblasts. J.
      Cell. Physiol. 232: 785-796, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357345
TI  - Impact of amorphization on the electronic properties of Zn-Ir-O systems.
AB  - We analyze the geometry and electronic structure of a series of amorphous Zn-Ir-O
      systems using classical molecular dynamics followed by density functional theory
      taking into account two different charge states of Ir (+3 and  +4). The
      structures obtained consist of a matrix of interconnected metal-oxygen polyhedra,
      with Zn adopting preferentially a coordination of 4 and Ir a mixture of
      coordinations between 4 and 6 that depend on the charge state of Ir and its
      concentration. The amorphous phases display reduced band gaps compared to
      crystalline ZnIr2O4 and exhibit localized states near the band edges, which harm
      their transparency and hole mobility. Increasing amounts of Ir in the Ir(4+)
      phases decrease the band gap further while not altering it significantly in the
      Ir(3+) phases. The results are consistent with recent transmittance and
      resistivity measurements.

PMID- 27357346
TI  - Tunnelling current-voltage characteristics of Angstrom gaps measured with
      terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
AB  - Quantum tunnelling becomes inevitable as gap dimensions in metal structures
      approach the atomic length scale, and light passing through these gaps can be
      used to examine the quantum processes at optical frequencies. Here, we report on
      the measurement of the tunnelling current through a 3-A-wide metal-graphene-metal
      gap using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. By analysing the waveforms of the
      incident and transmitted terahertz pulses, we obtain the tunnelling resistivity
      and the time evolution of the induced current and electric fields in the gap and
      show that the ratio of the applied voltage to the tunnelling current is constant,
      i.e., the gap shows ohmic behaviour for the strength of the incident electric
      field up to 30 kV/cm. We further show that our method can be extended and applied
      to different types of nanogap tunnel junctions using suitable equivalent RLC
      circuits for the corresponding structures by taking an array of ring-shaped
      nanoslots as an example.

PMID- 27357348
TI  - Zika virus-associated neurological disorders: a review.
AB  - Zika virus, an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes species, is now
      rapidly disseminating throughout the Americas and the ongoing Brazilian outbreak
      is the largest Zika virus epidemic so far described. In addition to being
      associated with a non-specific acute febrile illness, a number of neurological
      manifestations, mainly microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome, have been
      associated with infection. These with other rarer neurological conditions suggest
      that Zika virus, similar to other flaviviruses, is neuropathogenic. The surge of
      Zika virus-related microcephaly cases in Brazil has received much attention and
      the role of the virus in this and in other neurological manifestations is
      growing. Zika virus has been shown to be transmitted perinatally and the virus
      can be detected in amniotic fluid, placenta and foetus brain tissue. A
      significant increase in Guillain-Barre syndrome incidence has also been reported
      during this, as well as in previous outbreaks. More recently, meningoencephalitis
      and myelitis have also been reported following Zika virus infection. In summary,
      while preliminary studies have suggested a clear relationship between Zika virus
      infection and certain neurological conditions, only longitudinal studies in this
      epidemic, as well as experimental studies either in animal models or in vitro,
      will help to better understand the role of the virus and the pathogenesis of
      these disorders. 

PMID- 27357347
TI  - 18F-AV-1451 tau PET imaging correlates strongly with tau neuropathology in MAPT
      mutation carriers.
AB  - Tau positron emission tomography ligands provide the novel possibility to image
      tau pathology in vivo However, little is known about how in vivo brain uptake of
      tau positron emission tomography ligands relates to tau aggregates observed post
      mortem. We performed tau positron emission tomography imaging with (18)F-AV-1451
      in three patients harbouring a p.R406W mutation in the MAPT gene, encoding tau.
      This mutation results in 3- and 4-repeat tau aggregates similar to those in
      Alzheimer's disease, and many of the mutation carriers initially suffer from
      memory impairment and temporal lobe atrophy. Two patients with short disease
      duration and isolated memory impairment exhibited (18)F-AV-1451 uptake mainly in
      the hippocampus and adjacent temporal lobe regions, correlating with glucose
      hypometabolism in corresponding regions. One patient died after 26 years of
      disease duration with dementia and behavioural deficits. Pre-mortem, there was
      (18)F-AV-1451 uptake in the temporal and frontal lobes, as well as in the basal
      ganglia, which strongly correlated with the regional extent and amount of tau
      pathology in post-mortem brain sections. Amyloid-beta ((18)F-flutemetamol)
      positron emission tomography scans were negative in all cases, as were stainings
      of brain sections for amyloid. This provides strong evidence that (18)F-AV-1451
      positron emission tomography can be used to accurately quantify in vivo the
      regional distribution of hyperphosphorylated tau protein.

PMID- 27357350
TI  - The superficial white matter in temporal lobe epilepsy: a key link between
      structural and functional network disruptions.
AB  - Drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy is increasingly recognized as a system
      level disorder affecting the structure and function of large-scale grey matter
      networks. While diffusion magnetic resonance imaging studies have demonstrated
      deep fibre tract alterations, the superficial white matter immediately below the
      cortex has so far been neglected despite its proximity to neocortical regions and
      key role in maintaining cortico-cortical connectivity. Using multi-modal 3 T
      magnetic resonance imaging, we mapped the topography of superficial white matter
      diffusion alterations in 61 consecutive temporal lobe epilepsy patients relative
      to 38 healthy controls and studied the relationship to large-scale structural as
      well as functional networks. Our approach continuously sampled mean diffusivity
      and fractional anisotropy along surfaces running 2 mm below the cortex.
      Multivariate statistics mapped superficial white matter diffusion anomalies in
      patients relative to controls, while correlation and mediation analyses evaluated
      their relationship to structural (cortical thickness, mesiotemporal volumetry)
      and functional parameters (resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging
      amplitude) and clinical variables. Patients presented with overlapping anomalies
      in mean diffusivity and anisotropy, particularly in ipsilateral temporo-limbic
      regions. Diffusion anomalies did not relate to cortical thinning; conversely,
      they mediated large-scale functional amplitude decreases in patients relative to
      controls in default mode hub regions (i.e. anterior and posterior midline
      regions, lateral temporo-parietal cortices), and were themselves mediated by
      hippocampal atrophy. With respect to clinical variables, we observed more marked
      diffusion anomalies in patients with a history of febrile convulsions and those
      with longer disease duration. Similarly, more marked diffusion alterations were
      associated with seizure-free outcome. Bootstrap analyses indicated high
      reproducibility of our findings, suggesting generalizability. The temporo-limbic
      distribution of superficial white matter anomalies, together with the mediation
      level findings, suggests that this so far neglected region serves a key link
      between the hippocampal atrophy and large-scale default mode network alterations
      in temporal lobe epilepsy.

PMID- 27357349
TI  - Atrophy, hypometabolism and clinical trajectories in patients with amyloid
      negative Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - See O'Sullivan and Vann (doi:10.1093/aww166) for a scientific commentary on this
      article.About 15% of patients clinically diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease do
      not show high tracer retention on amyloid positon emission tomography imaging.
      The present study investigates clinical and demographic features, patterns of
      brain atrophy and hypometabolism and longitudinal clinical trajectories of these
      patients. Forty amyloid-negative patients carrying a pre-scan diagnosis of
      Alzheimer's disease dementia from four centres were included (11/29
      females/males; mean age = 67 +/- 9). Detailed clinical histories, including the
      clinical diagnoses before and after the amyloid scan and at follow-up, were
      collected. Patients were classified according to their pre-scan clinical
      phenotype as amnestic (memory predominant), non-amnestic (predominant language,
      visuospatial or frontal symptoms), or non-specific (diffuse cognitive deficits).
      Demographic, clinical, neuropsychological, magnetic resonance imaging and (18)F
      fluorodeoxyglucose positon emission tomography data were compared to 27 amyloid
      positive typical Alzheimer's disease cases (14/13 females/males; mean age = 71 +/
      10) and 29 amyloid-negative controls (15/14 females/males; mean age = 69 +/- 12)
      matched for age, gender and education. There were 21 amnestic, 12 non-amnestic,
      and seven non-specific amyloid-negative Alzheimer's disease cases. Amyloid
      negative subgroups did not differ in age, gender or education. After the amyloid
      scan, clinicians altered the diagnosis in 68% of amyloid-negative patients
      including 48% of amnestic versus 94% of non-amnestic and non-specific cases.
      Amnestic amyloid-negative cases were most often reclassified as frontotemporal
      dementia, non-amnestic as frontotemporal dementia or corticobasal degeneration,
      and non-specific as dementia with Lewy bodies or unknown diagnosis. The longer
      term clinical follow-up was consistent with the post-scan diagnosis in most cases
      (90%), including in amnestic amyloid-negative cases whose post-positon emission
      tomography diagnosis remained Alzheimer's disease. While the non-amnestic and non
      specific amyloid-negative cases usually showed patterns of atrophy and
      hypometabolism suggestive of another degenerative disorder, the amnestic amyloid
      negative cases had subtle atrophy and hypometabolism, restricted to the
      retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortex. Patients with a negative amyloid
      positon emission tomography scan following an initial clinical diagnosis of
      Alzheimer's disease have heterogeneous clinical presentations and neuroimaging
      profiles; a majority showed a clinical progression that was consistent with a
      neurodegenerative condition. In contrast, in the subgroup of amnestic amyloid
      negative cases, the clinical presentation and follow-up usually remained
      consistent with Alzheimer's disease. An alternative diagnosis was not made in
      about half of the amnestic amyloid-negative cases, highlighting the need for a
      clinical framework and terminology to define these patients, who may have
      underlying limbic-predominant, non-amyloid-related pathologies.

PMID- 27357351
TI  - [Characterization of the seriously injured cyclist : An evaluation of the injury
      and treatment focus areas of 2817 patients].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transport statistics classify bicyclists in a separate road user
      collective. For medical reasons, this differentiation is applied as well. Much
      literature is published in this field. Nevertheless there is a lack of literature
      regarding the overall injury patterns in a defined injury severity collective.
      Most literature is about isolated injured regions in combination with a
      heterogeneous injury severity. Further parameters, such as injury patterns,
      epidemiological aspects, treatment focal points and characteristic outcomes, have
      also been studied. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and characterize
      injury patterns in a standardized and representative collective of severely
      injured bicyclists. Methods We analysed data from the Traumaregister DGU(r) from
      2002 to 2010. In total, 2817 severely injured (ISS >= 9 and additional
      intensive/intermediate care unit) bicyclists were included. The primary endpoint
      was evaluation of injury patterns and injury focal points. In addition to that we
      analysed parameters like epidemiological aspects, circumstances of accident,
      treatment focal points and outcome. RESULTS: The mean age was 50.3 +/- 20.9
      years. Males accounted for 68.9 % (n = 1940). The mean ISS was 23.7 +/- 12.6. The
      mean AIS regions were the head 71.9 % (n = 2025), the chest with 44.9 % (n =
      1264) and the upper extremities 33.6 % (947). In 68.2 % of all cases an ISS >= 9
      was achieved by a traumatic brain injury; 21.1 % of all cases were mono-injuries.
      A characteristic distribution of age and a characteristic prevalence of the
      accidents in relation to the weekday and the month could be shown. CONCLUSION:
      The present study analysed the largest ever published collective of severely
      injured bicyclists. Traumatic brain injury could clearly be shown as the main
      injury in this collective. Moreover, one of five cases achieved the state
      "severely injured" due to mono-injury.

PMID- 27357352
TI  - [Parameters influencing the preclinical application of cervical collars].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The application of cervical collars is a standard procedure in
      emergency care of trauma patients. It is often observed that the application of
      cervical collars is performed incorrectly, which may lead to reduced
      immobilization of the cervical spine. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was
      to analyze the practical skills of professional emergency care providers
      concerning the application of cervical collars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Emergency
      care professionals (n = 104) were asked to apply a cervical collar to a training
      doll. Each performance step was assessed separately. Furthermore, personal and
      occupational data of all study participants were collected using a questionnaire.
      RESULTS: The study participants included professional rescue personnel and
      emergency physicians. The average occupational experience of all study
      participants in out-of-hospital emergency care was 11.1 +/- 8.9 years. Most
      participants had already received training on trauma care (61 %) and felt "very
      confident" in handling a cervical collar (84 %). The application of the cervical
      collar was performed correctly in 11 % of the performances. The most common error
      was incorrect size adjustment of the cervical collar (66 %). No association was
      found between the correct application of the cervical collar and possible
      parameters of influence, such as working experience in emergency care or
      participation in trauma courses. CONCLUSIONS: Despite pronounced subjective
      confidence regarding the application of cervical collars, this study shows that
      there are general deficits in the practical skills of applying cervical collars.
      Therefore, a critical assessment of the current training contents on the subject
      of trauma care must be demanded.

PMID- 27357353
TI  - CHARACTERIZATION OF NICOTINE ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR SUBUNITS IN THE COCKROACH
      Periplaneta americana MUSHROOM BODIES REVEALS A STRONG EXPRESSION OF beta1
      SUBUNIT: INVOLVEMENT IN NICOTINE-INDUCED CURRENTS.
AB  - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels expressed in many
      insect structures, such as mushroom bodies, in which they play a central role. We
      have recently demonstrated using electrophysiological recordings that different
      native nicotinic receptors are expressed in cockroach mushroom bodies Kenyon
      cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that eight genes coding for
      cockroach nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits are expressed in the mushroom
      bodies. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments
      demonstrated that beta1 subunit was the most expressed in the mushroom bodies.
      Moreover, antisense oligonucleotides performed against beta1 subunit revealed
      that inhibition of beta1 expression strongly decreases nicotine-induced currents
      amplitudes. Moreover, co-application with 0.5 MUM alpha-bungarotoxin completely
      inhibited nicotine currents whereas 10 MUM d-tubocurarine had a partial effect
      demonstrating that beta1-containing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
      subtypes could be sensitive to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
      alpha-bungarotoxin. 

PMID- 27357354
TI  - Clinical characterization and outcome of primary bone lymphoma: a retrospective
      study of 61 Chinese patients.
AB  - Primary bone lymphoma(PBL) is a rare disease. To assess the clinical
      characteristics, outcome, and prognostic factors of this entity in Chinese
      population, we retrospectively analyzed 61 PBL patients initially treated in our
      institution between 1997 and 2014. The median age was 45 years. The most common
      histological subtype was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (55.7%), followed
      by T-cell lymphoma (18.0%). All patients underwent systemic chemotherapy as
      initial treatment while 24 patients (39.3%) were additionally treated with
      radiotherapy. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and the 5-year progression-free
      survival (PFS) rates of 57 cases with completed follow-up were 52.3% and 40.1%,
      respectively. In further analysis of the primary bone DLBCL (PB-DLBCL) subgroup,
      the 5-year OS and PFS rates were 53.0% and 47.0%, and a multivariable analysis
      revealed that baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score and
      response to initial treatment (complete remission versus no complete remission)
      were independent prognostic factors for both OS and PFS. The proportion of T-cell
      lymphoma is higher in China than in western populations. High baseline ECOG
      scores (>=2) and unachieved CR in initial therapy were factors for poor PB-DLBCL
      prognosis. The role of radiotherapy and rituximab in PLB therapy remains to be
      confirmed in further investigation.

PMID- 27357355
TI  - Circulating microRNAs strongly predict cardiovascular death in patients with
      coronary artery disease-results from the large AtheroGene study.
AB  - Introduction: Stratification for subsequent coronary events among patients with
      coronary artery disease (CAD) is of considerable interest because of the
      potential to guide secondary preventive therapies. Recently, we identified eight
      microRNAs (miRNAs), which facilitated acute coronary syndrome (ACS) diagnosis. In
      this study, we aimed to evaluate their potential role as prognostic biomarkers
      for cardiovascular disease. Methods: The serum concentrations of eight candidate
      miRNAs -miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-132, miR-140-3p, miR-142-5p, miR-150, miR-186, and
      miR-210 were measured in a cohort of 1112 patients with documented CAD-including
      430 patients with ACS and 682 patients with stable angina pectoris.
      Cardiovascular death was the main outcome measure. Results: During a median
      follow-up of 4.0 years, most miRNAs reliably predicted cardiovascular death in
      ACS patients. Cox regression analyses indicated that in particular miR-132 (HR
      2.85 per 1 SD increase, P = 0.022), miR-140-3p (HR 2.88 per 1 SD increase, P =
      0.022), and miR-210 (HR 3.10 per 1 SD increase, P = 0.039) were able to precisely
      predict cardiovascular death. Circulating miR-132, miR-140-3p, and miR-210
      clearly improved various model performance measures, including C-statistics (AUC
      [area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve] for miR-132: 0.737; AUC
      for miR-140-3p: 0.756; AUC for miR-210: 0.754). Conclusions: This is the largest
      study so far evaluating the prognostic value of circulating miRNAs in
      cardiovascular disease. Our study shows that single miRNAs derived from
      peripheral blood predict mortality in secondary prevention settings, and thereby
      represent valuable biomarkers for risk estimation in CAD.

PMID- 27357356
TI  - Increased haematopoietic activity in patients with atherosclerosis.
AB  - Aims: Experimental work posits that acute ischaemic events trigger haematopoietic
      activity, driving monocytosis, and atherogenesis. Considering the chronic low
      grade inflammatory state in atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that haematopoietic
      hyperactivity is a persistent feature in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore,
      we aimed to assess the activity of haematopoietic organs and haematopoietic stem
      and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in humans. Methods and results: First, we performed
      18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic (18F-FDG PET) imaging in 26
      patients with stable atherosclerotic CVD (ischaemic event >12 months ago), and 25
      matched controls. In splenic tissue, 18F-FDG uptake was 2.68 +/- 0.65 in CVD
      patients vs. 1.75 +/- 0.54 in controls (1.6-fold higher; P< 0.001), and in bone
      marrow 3.20 +/- 0.76 vs. 2.72 +/- 0.46 (1.2-fold higher; P = 0.003), closely
      related to LDL cholesterol levels (LDLc, r = 0.72). Subsequently, we determined
      progenitor potential of HSPCs harvested from 18 patients with known
      atherosclerotic CVD and 30 matched controls; both groups were selected from a
      cohort of cancer patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation. In CVD
      patients, the normalized progenitor potential, expressed as the number of colony
      forming units-granulocyte/monocyte (CFU-GM) colonies/CD34+ cell, was 1.6-fold
      higher compared with matched controls (P < 0.001). Finally, we assessed the
      effects of native and oxidized lipoproteins on HSPCs harvested from healthy
      donors in vitro. Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells displayed a 1.5-fold
      increased CFU-GM capacity in co-culture with oxidized LDL in vitro (P = 0.002),
      which was inhibited by blocking oxidized phospholipids via E06 (P = 0.001).
      Conclusion: Collectively, these findings strengthen the case for a chronically
      affected haematopoietic system, potentially driving the low-grade inflammatory
      state in patients with atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27357357
TI  - Should we reconsider the role of age in treatment allocation for primary
      prevention of cardiovascular disease?

PMID- 27357358
TI  - Impact of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin on use of coronary angiography,
      cardiac stress testing, and time to discharge in suspected acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - AIMS: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays provide higher diagnostic
      accuracy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) when compared with conventional
      assays, but may result in increased use of unnecessary coronary angiographies due
      to their increased detection of cardiomyocyte injury in conditions other than
      AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated the impact of the clinical introduction of
      high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) on the use of coronary angiography,
      stress testing, and time to discharge in 2544 patients presenting with symptoms
      suggestive of AMI to the emergency department (ED) within a multicentre study
      either before (1455 patients) or after (1089 patients) hs-cTnT introduction.
      Acute myocardial infarction was more often the clinical discharge diagnosis after
      hs-cTnT introduction (10 vs. 14%, P < 0.001), while unstable angina less often
      the clinical discharge diagnosis (14 vs. 9%, P = 0.007). The rate of coronary
      angiography was similar before and after the introduction of hs-cTnT (23 vs. 23%,
      P = 0.092), as was the percentage of coronary angiographies showing no stenosis
      (11 vs. 7%, P = 0.361). In contrast, the use of stress testing was substantially
      reduced from 29 to 19% (P < 0.001). In outpatients, median time to discharge from
      the ED decreased by 79 min (P < 0.001). Mean total costs decreased by 20% in
      outpatients after the introduction of hs-cTnT (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The
      clinical introduction of hs-cTn does not lead to an increased or inappropriate
      use of coronary angiography. Introduction of hs-cTn is associated with an
      improved rule-out process and thereby reduces the need for stress testing and
      time to discharge. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION:
      www.clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier, NCT00470587.

PMID- 27357361
TI  - Field driven charging dynamics of a fluidized granular bed.
AB  - A simplified model has previously described the inductive charging of colliding
      identical grains in the presence of an external electric field. Here we extend
      that model by including heterogeneous surface charge distributions, grain
      rotations and electrostatic interactions between grains. We find from this more
      realistic model that strong heterogeneities in charging can occur in agitated
      granular beds, and we predict that shielding due to these heterogeneities can
      dramatically alter the charging rate in such beds. 

PMID- 27357359
TI  - Two-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation: results
      from GARFIELD-AF.
AB  - AIMS: The relationship between outcomes and time after diagnosis for patients
      with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is poorly defined, especially beyond
      the first year. METHODS AND RESULTS: GARFIELD-AF is an ongoing, global
      observational study of adults with newly diagnosed NVAF. Two-year outcomes of 17
      162 patients prospectively enrolled in GARFIELD-AF were analysed in light of
      baseline characteristics, risk profiles for stroke/systemic embolism (SE), and
      antithrombotic therapy. The mean (standard deviation) age was 69.8 (11.4) years,
      43.8% were women, and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 3.3 (1.6); 60.8% of
      patients were prescribed anticoagulant therapy with/without antiplatelet (AP)
      therapy, 27.4% AP monotherapy, and 11.8% no antithrombotic therapy. At 2-year
      follow-up, all-cause mortality, stroke/SE, and major bleeding had occurred at a
      rate (95% confidence interval) of 3.83 (3.62; 4.05), 1.25 (1.13; 1.38), and 0.70
      (0.62; 0.81) per 100 person-years, respectively. Rates for all three major events
      were highest during the first 4 months. Congestive heart failure, acute coronary
      syndromes, sudden/unwitnessed death, malignancy, respiratory failure, and
      infection/sepsis accounted for 65% of all known causes of death and strokes for
      <10%. Anticoagulant treatment was associated with a 35% lower risk of death.
      CONCLUSION: The most frequent of the three major outcome measures was death,
      whose most common causes are not known to be significantly influenced by
      anticoagulation. This suggests that a more comprehensive approach to the
      management of NVAF may be needed to improve outcome. This could include, in
      addition to anticoagulation, interventions targeting modifiable, cause-specific
      risk factors for death. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362.

PMID- 27357360
TI  - Unfavorable neuroblastoma prognostic factor NLRR2 inhibits cell differentiation
      by transcriptional induction through JNK pathway.
AB  - The novel human gene family encoding neuronal leucine rich repeat (NLRR) proteins
      were identified as prognostic markers from our previous screening of primary
      neuroblastoma (NB) cDNA libraries. Of the NLRR gene family members, NLRR1 and
      NLRR3 are associated with the regulation of cellular proliferation and
      differentiation, respectively. However, the functional regulation and clinical
      significance of NLRR2 in NB remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the differential
      expression of NLRR2, where high expressions of NLRR2 were significantly
      associated with a poor prognosis of NB (P = 0.0009), in 78 NBs. Enforced
      expression of NLRR2 in NB cells enhanced cellular proliferation and induced
      resistance to retinoic acid (RA)-mediated cell growth inhibition. In contrast,
      knockdown of NLRR2 exhibited growth inhibition effects and enhanced RA-induced
      cell differentiation in NB cells. After RA treatment, NLRR2 expression was
      increased and correlated with the upregulation of c-Jun, a member of the
      activator protein-1 (AP-1) family in NB cells. Moreover, the expressions of NLRR2
      and c-Jun were suppressed by treatment with a JNK inhibitor, which ameliorated
      the promoter activity of the NLRR2 gene while knockdown of c-Jun reduced NLRR2
      expression. We then searched AP-1 binding consensus in the NLRR2 promoter region
      and confirmed c-Jun recruitment at a consensus. Conclusively, NLRR2 must be an
      inducible gene regulated by the JNK pathway to enhance cell survival and inhibit
      NB cell differentiation. Therefore, NLRR2 should have an important role in NB
      aggressiveness and be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of RA
      resistant and aggressive NB. 

PMID- 27357362
TI  - Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Candida albicans in oral samples
      from caries-free and caries-active children.
AB  - AIM: This was to examine the occurrence of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and C. albicans
      in dental plaque and saliva from caries-free and caries-active Greek children.
      METHODS: Saliva and dental plaque samples from 46 caries-free and 51 caries
      active 3-to-13-year-old children were examined using selective media for the
      three microbes. Identification of isolated mutans streptococci (S. mutans and S.
      sobrinus) was performed with biochemical test and specific DNA probes. The
      salivary levels of mutans streptococci were additionally determined by a chair
      side test (Dentocult(r) SM strips). RESULTS: The isolation frequencies of S.
      mutans, S. sobrinus and C. albicans were 66, 11 and 18 %, respectively. Caries
      active children harboured more frequently and at significantly higher numbers the
      specific microbes than caries-free children. A similar pattern was observed with
      the Dentocult(r) SM strip scores. No correlation was found between the presence
      of these microbes and the age or gender of the children. CONCLUSIONS: Caries
      experience was statistically significantly related to the presence of all three
      microbes under study, both in dental plaque and saliva.

PMID- 27357364
TI  - Need for symptomatic management in advanced multiple sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A majority of patients with advanced multiple sclerosis (MS) need
      symptomatic treatment. Many MS-related symptoms may not be recognized and thus
      are not treated. We conducted a study to estimate the prevalence of inadequate
      symptomatic treatment of patients with advanced MS. METHODS: Patients with
      advanced MS admitted to a specialist MS rehabilitation clinic were included in
      this study. Severity was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale
      (EDSS). The information we collected included age of onset, initial course, time
      to sustained disability, pharmacological treatment, degree of spasticity, pain
      and bladder dysfunction, and unmet needs of symptomatic treatment. RESULTS: In
      total, we assessed demographic and clinical characteristics in 129 patients with
      a mean age of 56 years and a median EDSS of 7.5. The proportion with inadequate
      symptom treatment was regarding spasticity 46%, pain 28%, and bladder dysfunction
      23%. DISCUSSION: This study showed that a large proportion of patients with
      advanced MS had lack of symptomatic treatment. These patients probably underuse
      neurological specialist services. Better symptomatic treatment could contribute
      to improving quality of life of people with MS.

PMID- 27357363
TI  - Intercomparison of salivary nitric oxide as a biomarker of dental caries risk
      between caries-active and caries-free children.
AB  - AIM: To determine the efficacy of salivary nitric oxide as a biomarker for dental
      caries risk in children and to compare the salivary nitric oxide levels in caries
      active and caries-free children. METHODS: One hundred children aged 6-12 years
      were selected and were divided into two groups according to DMFT index: as caries
      free consisting of 50 individuals (DMFT/dmft = 0) and caries-active group
      (DMFT/dmft >=3) consisting of 50 individuals. The saliva collected was estimated
      for nitric oxide level by Griess reaction method. Paired t test was used to
      correlate the difference of mean salivary nitric oxide levels between caries
      active and caries-free groups. RESULTS: The mean level of nitric oxide in saliva
      of the control group was 581.3 +/- 134.6 MUg/mL and that of caries-active group
      was 335.4 +/- 111.1 MUg/mL, respectively. The mean salivary level of nitric oxide
      was higher in the caries-free group as compared with the caries-active group
      which was statistically significant (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary nitric
      oxide was higher in the caries-free group as compared to the caries-active group
      which suggests that increased production of nitric oxide in the oral cavity may
      contribute to lower caries incidence in children.

PMID- 27357365
TI  - Bone regeneration following the in vivo bioreactor principle: is in vitro
      manipulation of exogenous elements still needed?
AB  - Large bone defect treatment is a key challenge due to the difficulty of
      functional and aesthetic reconstruction. A promising approach for bone
      regeneration is bone tissue engineering which is based on in vitro manipulation
      of seed cells, growth factors and bioscaffolds. However, many formidable
      conceptual and technical challenges impede clinical translation of experimental
      successes into clinical practices. An emerging strategy for bone regeneration is
      using the body as a bioreactor to cultivate the traditional triad and leveraging
      the body's own regenerative capacity to create new bone tissue. Based on the
      understanding of bone regeneration and in vivo bioreactor principle, we
      hypothesize that functional bone tissue may be eventually generated in vivo only
      using autologous costal periosteum, without participation of any exogenous
      elements.

PMID- 27357366
TI  - Effect of dietary threonine on laying performance and intestinal immunity of
      laying hens fed low-crude-protein diets during the peak production period.
AB  - Threonine (Thr) may be a limiting amino acid for laying hens fed diets with
      lowered protein level. An experiment was conducted to examine laying performance,
      and the intestinal immune function of laying hens provided diets varying in
      digestible Thr levels. Lohmann Brown laying hens (n = 480), 28 weeks of age, were
      allocated to six dietary treatments, each of which included five replicates of 16
      hens. Dietary crude protein (CP) 16.18% diet was offered as the positive control
      diet. L-Thr was added to the negative diet (14.16% CP) by 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and
      4.0 g/kg, corresponding 0.44%, 0.43%, 0.49%, 0.57%, 0.66% and 0.74% digestible
      Thr. At 40 weeks, a reduction in CP level decreased laying performance (p <
      0.05). In the low CP, increasing dietary Thr increased (p < 0.05) egg production
      and egg mass and rose to a plateau between 0.57% and 0.66%. The hens fed 0.66%
      Thr showed the lowest value (p < 0.05) of feed conversion ratio (FCR). Serum
      level of uric acid showed the lowest values (p < 0.05) at 0.57-0.66%. In
      addition, serum-free Thr maximized (p < 0.05) between 0.66% and 0.74%. Digestive
      trypsin activity decreased (p < 0.05) when hens fed the low-CP diet compared with
      hens fed CP (16.18%) and hens fed 0.57-0.66%. Expressions of ileal MUC2 mRNA
      maximized (p < 0.05) at 0.66% Thr. Occludin mRNA increased with increasing Thr
      level (p < 0.05). sIgA mRNA reached to the maximum level (p < 0.05) at 0.66% and
      0.74% Thr. INF-gamma mRNA reached to the lowest level (p < 0.05) at 0.65%.
      Expressions of ileal IL-2, IL-6, IL-1beta mRNA decreased with increasing Thr
      level (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Thr supplementation resulting in optimal laying
      performance and stimulated the mucosal immune system, suggesting that it is a
      limiting amino acid in the low-crude-protein diet of laying hens during the peak
      production period.

PMID- 27357368
TI  - Fifteen-year mortality of patients with asthma-COPD overlap syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The coexistence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: ACOS) is increasingly recognized but data about
      its prevalence and long-term mortality are needed. METHODS: Prevalence of ACOS
      and 15-year mortality rates were assessed in 1065 subjects aged >65years,
      enrolled in the SA.R.A. study, with complete clinical, lung functional and follow
      up data. Physical performance, disease-related disability, and health-related
      quality of life (HRQL) were also evaluated. RESULTS: ACOS was found in 11.1% of
      subjects (29.4% of those previously diagnosed with COPD and 19.7% of those with
      asthma). ACOS was positively associated with impaired physical performance,
      functional ability, and HRQL. Individuals with ACOS had higher mortality rates
      than controls (7.17 per 100 person-years; mortality rate ratio: 1.83). After
      adjustment for the main confounders, the risk of all-cause mortality remained
      significantly increased in subjects with ACOS (HR: 1.82), COPD (HR: 2.12), and
      restriction (HR: 2.41), but not asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term prognosis of ACOS
      was similar to COPD, and worse than asthma and healthy controls. ACOS had a
      significant impact on physical performance, functional ability, and HRQL.

PMID- 27357367
TI  - The first characterization of multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE/SLC47) proteins
      in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
AB  - Multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) proteins are involved in the extrusion of
      endogenous compounds and xenobiotics across the plasma membrane. They are
      conserved from bacteria to mammals, with different numbers of genes within
      groups. Here, we present the first data on identification and functional
      characterization of Mate proteins in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Phylogenetic
      analysis revealed six Mates in teleost fish, annotated as Mate3-8, which form a
      distinct cluster separated from the tetrapod MATEs/Mates. Synteny analysis showed
      that zebrafish mate genes are orthologous to human MATEs. Gene expression
      analysis revealed that all the mate transcripts were constitutively and
      differentially expressed during embryonic development, followed by pronounced and
      tissue-specific expression in adults. Functional analyses were performed using
      transport activity assays with model substrates after heterologous overexpression
      of five zebrafish Mates in HEK293T cells. The results showed that zebrafish Mates
      interact with both physiological and xenobiotic substances but also substantially
      differ with respect to the interacting compounds and interaction strength in
      comparison to mammalian MATEs/Mates. Taken together, our data clearly indicate a
      potentially important role for zebrafish Mate transporters in zebrafish embryos
      and adults and provide a basis for detailed functional characterizations of
      single zebrafish Mate transporters.

PMID- 27357370
TI  - Use of archival data on Indian residential schools.

PMID- 27357369
TI  - Anthropometric indices of First Nations children and youth on first entry to
      Manitoba/Saskatchewan residential schools-1919 to 1953.
AB  - BACKGROUND: First Nations people are experiencing increasing rates of obesity and
      type 2 diabetes but no anthropometric information exists from before the 1950s to
      provide context to these epidemics. OBJECTIVE: To compare anthropometric indices
      of First Nations children and youth on first entering residential schools with
      historical and contemporary reference groups. METHODS: This observational cross
      sectional study used archival records from the Department of Indian Affairs to
      calculate body mass index (BMI), height for age (HA) and weight for age (WA) of
      all known children and youth undergoing physical examinations on first entering
      residential schools in Saskatchewan and Manitoba from 1919 to 1953. Proportions
      of children and youth in each BMI category were determined by age, sex, time
      period and residential school. Z-scores for HA and WA were determined by age
      group and sex. Finally, median heights and weights were compared with a non
      Indigenous cohort from the 1953 Canadian survey. RESULTS: On admission to
      residential schools, 1,767 First Nations children and youth (847 boys, 920 girls)
      were more likely to have normal BMIs (79.8%) than Canadian children and youth
      today (66.5%), but lower rates of overweight/obesity (10.9% vs. 32.0%) and higher
      rates of underweight (9.3% vs. <2.0%). There was an overall trend of diminishing
      levels of underweight and increasing levels of overweight/obesity over time.
      Although 6.6% of boys and 7.9% of girls had HA Z-scores >-2, age-specific median
      heights tended to be higher than Canadian children and youth in 1953. Under 3% of
      children and youth had WA Z-scores of >-2. CONCLUSIONS: A large majority of First
      Nations children and youth exhibited normal anthropometric indices on first
      entering residential schools in Manitoba and Saskatchewan from 1919 to 1953.
      These historical findings provide an important context to the current epidemics
      of obesity and type 2 diabetes and suggest that the nutritional conditions in
      these First Nations children's communities were satisfactory during the
      residential school era.

PMID- 27357371
TI  - Reflections on ethical challenges encountered in Indigenous health research using
      archival records.

PMID- 27357372
TI  - Indigenous people should decide on matters of access to archival information.

PMID- 27357374
TI  - Midgut fungal and bacterial microbiota of Aedes triseriatus and Aedes japonicus
      shift in response to La Crosse virus infection.
AB  - Understanding how midgut microbial communities of field-collected mosquitoes
      interact with pathogens is critical for controlling vector infection and disease.
      We used 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer sequencing to characterize the
      midgut bacterial and fungal communities of adult females of Aedes triseriatus and
      Aedes japonicus collected as pupae in tree holes, plastic bins and waste tires
      and their response to La Crosse virus (LACV) infection. For both mosquito species
      and across all habitat and virus treatments, a total of 62 bacterial operational
      taxonomic units (OTUs) from six phyla and 21 fungal OTUs from two phyla were
      identified. The majority of bacterial (92%) and fungal (71%) OTUs were shared
      between the mosquito species; however, several OTUs were unique to each species.
      Bacterial and fungal communities of individuals that took either infectious or
      noninfectious bloodmeals were less diverse and more homogeneous compared to those
      of newly emerged adults. Interestingly, LACV-infected A. triseriatus and A.
      japonicus had higher bacterial richness and lower fungal richness compared to
      individuals that took a noninfectious bloodmeal, suggesting that viral infection
      was associated with an increase in bacterial OTUs and a decrease in fungal OTUs.
      For both mosquito species, several OTUs were identified that had both high
      fidelity and specificity to mosquito midguts that were infected with LACV.
      Overall, these findings demonstrate that bacterial and fungal communities that
      reside in mosquito midguts respond to host diet and viral infection and could
      play a role in modulating vector susceptibility to LACV.

PMID- 27357375
TI  - Probing the Surface Properties of Gold at Low Electrolyte Concentration.
AB  - Using the surface force balance (SFB), we studied the surface properties of gold
      in aqueous solution with low electrolyte concentration (~10(-5) M and pH = 5.8),
      i.e., water with no added salt, by directly measuring the interaction between an
      ultrasmooth gold surface (ca. 0.2 nm rms roughness) and a mica surface. Under
      these conditions, specific adsorption of ions is minimized and its influence on
      the surface charge and surface potential of gold is markedly reduced. At open
      circuit potential, the electrostatic interaction between gold and mica was purely
      attractive and gold was found to be positively charged. This was further
      confirmed by force measurements against a positively charged surface, poly-l
      lysine coated mica. Successive force measurements unambiguously showed that once
      gold and mica reach contact all counterions are expelled from the gap, confirming
      that at contact the surface charge of gold is equal and opposite in charge to
      that of mica. Further analysis of adhesion energy between the surfaces indicated
      that adhesion is mostly governed by vdW dispersion force and to a lesser extent
      by electrostatic interaction. Force measurements under external applied
      potentials showed that the gold-mica interaction can be regulated as a function
      of applied potential even at low electrolyte concentration. The gold-mica
      interaction was described very precisely by the nonlinearized Poisson-Boltzmann
      (PB) equation, where one of the surfaces is at constant charge, i.e., mica, and
      the other, i.e., gold, is at constant potential. Consequently, the gold surface
      potential could be determined accurately both at open circuit potential (OCP) and
      under different applied potentials. Using the obtained surface potentials, we
      were able to derive fundamental characteristics of the gold surface, e.g., its
      surface charge density and potential of zero charge (PZC), at very low
      electrolyte concentration.

PMID- 27357373
TI  - Loss of cortactin causes endothelial barrier dysfunction via disturbed
      adrenomedullin secretion and actomyosin contractility.
AB  - Changes in vascular permeability occur during inflammation and the actin
      cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in regulating endothelial cell contacts and
      permeability. We demonstrated recently that the actin-binding protein cortactin
      regulates vascular permeability via Rap1. However, it is unknown if the actin
      cytoskeleton contributes to increased vascular permeability without cortactin. As
      we consistently observed more actin fibres in cortactin-depleted endothelial
      cells, we hypothesised that cortactin depletion results in increased stress fibre
      contractility and endothelial barrier destabilisation. Analysing the contractile
      machinery, we found increased ROCK1 protein levels in cortactin-depleted
      endothelium. Concomitantly, myosin light chain phosphorylation was increased
      while cofilin, mDia and ERM were unaffected. Secretion of the barrier-stabilising
      hormone adrenomedullin, which activates Rap1 and counteracts actomyosin
      contractility, was reduced in plasma from cortactin-deficient mice and in
      supernatants of cortactin-depleted endothelium. Importantly, adrenomedullin
      administration and ROCK1 inhibition reduced actomyosin contractility and rescued
      the effect on permeability provoked by cortactin deficiency in vitro and in vivo.
      Our data suggest a new role for cortactin in controlling actomyosin contractility
      with consequences for endothelial barrier integrity.

PMID- 27357376
TI  - Distribution of Serum Uric Acid in Black Africans and Its Association With
      Cardiovascular Risk Factors.
AB  - Hyperuricemia is associated with cardiovascular disease and its prevalence is
      unknown in black Africans. This study reports hyperuricemia distribution and its
      association with cardiovascular risk factors in a selected Angolan population. A
      cross-sectional study in 585 black Africans was performed. Hyperuricemia was
      defined as uric acid >7.0 mg/dL in men or >5.7 mg/dL in women. Overall prevalence
      was 25%. Hyperuricemia was associated with hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 2.20;
      confidence interval [CI], 95% 1.41-3.47), high waist circumference (OR, 1.67; CI,
      95% 1.05-2.65), and metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.66; CI, 95% 1.07-2.57). Compared to
      those with uric acid levels in the first quartile, individuals in the fourth
      quartile showed higher body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood
      pressure, and plasma levels of creatinine and triglycerides. Hypertension, high
      waist circumference, and metabolic syndrome were the major cardiovascular risk
      factors associated with hyperuricemia.

PMID- 27357377
TI  - The survival and characteristics of older people with and without dementia who
      are hospitalised following intentional self-harm.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Characteristics of older people with and without dementia who are
      hospitalised following self-harm remains largely unexplored. This research
      compares the characteristics of older people with and without dementia who self
      harm, compares associations of mental health-related diagnoses with those
      hospitalised for a self-harm and a non-self-harm injury and examines mortality by
      injury intent. METHOD: A population-based study of individuals aged 50+ years
      with and without dementia admitted to hospital for a self-harm injury (and those
      with other injuries) using linked hospital admission and mortality records during
      2003-2012 in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Health outcomes, including
      hospital length of stay (LOS), 28-day readmission and 30-day and 12-month
      mortality were examined by dementia status. RESULTS: There were 427
      hospitalisations of individuals with dementia and 11,684 hospitalisations of
      individuals without dementia following self-harm. The hospitalisation rate for
      self-harm for individuals with dementia aged 60+ years was double the rate for
      individuals without dementia (72.2 and 37.5 per 100,000). For both older people
      with and without dementia, those who self-harmed were more likely to have co
      existent mental health and alcohol use disorders than individuals who had a non
      self-harm injury. Individuals with dementia had higher 12-month mortality rates,
      28-day readmission and longer LOS than individuals without dementia. CONCLUSION:
      Dementia is associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation for self-harm in
      older people and worse outcomes. The high rate of coexistent mental health
      conditions suggests that interventions which reduce behavioural and psychological
      symptoms of dementia might reduce self-harm in people with dementia. Copyright
      (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27357378
TI  - Neuropsychological Effects of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy.
AB  - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a condition of the cerebral arterioles and to a
      lesser extent capillaries and veins, wherein beta-amyloid is deposited. In
      arterioles, this preferentially targets vascular smooth muscle cells and in the
      later stages undermines the stability of the vessel. This condition is frequently
      comorbid with Alzheimer's disease and its role in cognitive impairment and
      dementia is a topic of considerable recent research. This article reviews recent
      literature which confirms that CAA independently contributes to cognitive
      impairment by potentiating the neurodegeneration of Alzheimer's disease, by
      predisposing to microhemorrhagic and microischemic injury to the brain
      parenchyma, and by interfering with the autoregulation of CNS blood flow. In this
      review, we discuss the clinical presentation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, with
      a focus on the neuropsychological manifestations of this vasculopathy.

PMID- 27357379
TI  - CUREs in biochemistry-where we are and where we should go.
AB  - Integration of research experience into classroom is an important and vital
      experience for all undergraduates. These course-based undergraduate research
      experiences (CUREs) have grown from independent instructor lead projects to large
      consortium driven experiences. The impact and importance of CUREs on students at
      all levels in biochemistry was the focus of a National Science Foundation funded
      think tank. The state of biochemistry CUREs and suggestions for moving
      biochemistry forward as well as a practical guide (supplementary material) are
      reported here. (c) 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular
      Biology, 45(1):7-12, 2017.

PMID- 27357380
TI  - High-performance liquid chromatography separation of phthalate acid esters with a
      MIL-53(Al)-packed column.
AB  - In this study, a MIL-53(Al)-packed column was successfully prepared and firstly
      applied to separate phthalate acid esters (butyl benzyl phthalate, di-n-butyl
      phthalate, diethyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dimethyl
      phthalate). Their baseline separation could be achieved within 12 min with a
      mobile phase of methanol/H2 O ratio at 92:8, and the temperature and flow rate
      was 40 degrees C and 0.6 mL/min, respectively. The stacking effect and
      electrostatic force were the key factors in the separation. Moreover, there was a
      substantial linear relation between the peak height, peak area, and the analyte
      mass, and the relative standard deviations of retention time, peak height, peak
      area, and half peak width for five replicate separations of the analytes were
      within the ranges 0.31-0.88%, 0.72-1.52%, 1.33-1.53%, and 0.46-0.95%,
      respectively. The results of the calculation of the thermodynamics parameters
      showed that the separation of phthalate acid esters was controlled by both
      enthalpy change (DeltaH) and entropy change (DeltaS). 

PMID- 27357381
TI  - Executive Functions as Predictors of School Performance and Social Relationships:
      Primary and Secondary School Students - ERRATUM.

PMID- 27357382
TI  - Characterization of differential antibody production against hepatitis C virus in
      different HCV infection status.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued an update
      on hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing approach, in which it omitted the use of
      recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA) in the diagnostic algorithm and recommended
      that future studies are needed to evaluate the performance of HCV testing without
      RIBA. As Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV worldwide, we aimed to evaluate
      the value of RIBA in HCV testing in a high prevalence population. Our objective
      was to clarify whether enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) anti-HCV signal
      to-cutoff (S/CO) ratios were able to discriminate true positive from false
      positive anti-HCV antibody status and to evaluate the role of RIBA in solving
      this problem which may lead to a redefined strategy for diagnosis of HCV
      infection. Our second objective was to elucidate the effects of different HCV
      peptides of both structural and non-structural proteins on the humoral immune
      response to HCV infection. METHODS: The current study drew results from 167
      individuals divided into three groups: Group I: included 77 HCV antibody positive
      (ELISA) high risk health care workers (HCW), Group II: included 56 presumably
      uninfected individuals who showed normal liver enzymes, negative HCV RNA and were
      asymptomatic. Their ELISA HCV antibody S/C ratio ranged from 0.9 to <5. Group
      III: included 34 patients enrolled from outpatient clinics of Ain Shams Hospital
      with persistent viral replication, elevated liver enzymes, and chronic HCV
      related liver disease. All study participants were assessed for the presence of
      anti-HCV antibodies by 3(rd) generation ELISA which was confirmed by RIBA.
      RESULTS: Interpreting the results of both ELISA and RIBA together, false positive
      results were highly significantly increased in HCW when compared with the other
      two groups. Indeterminate and false negative results were only found in the
      presumably uninfected group. For differentiated antibody responses by RIBA,
      chronic HCV cases had the highest frequency of positive antibody response to core
      peptides while the presumably uninfected group had the lowest. Antibody response
      to E2 was found less frequently in chronic cases than Core 1, Core 2 and NS3. The
      specific antibody response to the different HCV peptides showed the same
      distribution of frequencies in both chronic HCV cases and the presumably
      uninfected individuals with the chronic cases having the highest frequencies.
      This distribution was different from the HCW. The most evident difference was the
      reaction towards NS3 which was the highest antibody producing peptide in chronic
      HCV and presumably uninfected individuals whereas in HCW Core1 was the highest.
      CONCLUSION: The HCV antibody immunoblot assay (RIBA) is still necessary for the
      detection of false positive cases which can occur quite frequently in countries
      of high prevalence as Egypt. Indeterminate RIBA results indicate a waning
      antibody response in elderly individuals who recovered from previous or distant
      HCV infection.

PMID- 27357383
TI  - Knotless anchors with sutures external to the anchor body may be at risk for
      suture cutting through osteopenic bone.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the mechanical performance, under low-load
      cyclic loading, of two different knotless suture anchor designs: sutures
      completely internal to the anchor body (SpeedScrew) and sutures external to the
      anchor body and adjacent to bone (MultiFIX P). METHODS: Using standard suture
      loops pulled in-line with the rotator cuff (approximately 60 degrees ), anchors
      were tested in cadaveric bone and foam blocks representing normal to osteopenic
      bone. Mechanical testing included preloading to 10 N and cyclic loading for 500
      cycles from 10 N to 60 N at 60 mm/min. The parameters evaluated were initial
      displacement, cyclic displacement and number of cycles and load at 3 mm
      displacement relative to preload. Video recording throughout testing documented
      the predominant source of suture displacement and the distance of 'suture cutting
      through bone'. RESULTS: In cadaveric bone and foam blocks, MultiFIX P anchors had
      significantly greater initial displacement, and lower number of cycles and lower
      load at 3 mm displacement than SpeedScrew anchors. Video analysis revealed
      'suture cutting through bone' as the predominant source of suture displacement in
      cadaveric bone (qualitative) and greater 'suture cutting through bone' comparing
      MultiFIX P with SpeedScrew anchors in foam blocks (quantitative). The greater
      suture displacement in MultiFIX P anchors was predominantly from suture cutting
      through bone, which was enhanced in an osteopenic bone model. CONCLUSIONS:
      Anchors with sutures external to the anchor body are at risk for suture cutting
      through bone since the suture eyelet is at the distal tip of the implant and the
      suture directly abrades against the bone edge during cyclic loading. Suture
      cutting through bone may be a significant source of fixation failure,
      particularly in osteopenic bone.Cite this article: Y. Ono, J. M. Woodmass, A. A.
      Nelson, R. S. Boorman, G. M. Thornton, I. K. Y. Lo. Knotless anchors with sutures
      external to the anchor body may be at risk for suture cutting through osteopenic
      bone. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:269-275. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.56.2000535.

PMID- 27357384
TI  - Circulating exosome levels in the diagnosis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of
      the femoral head.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Circulating exosomes represent novel biomarkers for multiple
      diseases. In this study, we investigated whether circulating exosome levels could
      be used as a diagnostic biomarker for steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the
      femoral head (ONFH). METHODS: We assessed the serum exosome level of 85 patients
      with steroid-induced ONFH and 115 healthy donors by Nanosight detection. We then
      assessed the diagnostic accuracy of serum exosomes by receiver operating
      characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: The circulating exosome level of the ONFH
      group was significantly lower than that of control group. The area under the
      curve was 0.72, suggesting that the level of serum exosomes has moderate
      diagnostic accuracy for steroid-induced ONFH. CONCLUSION: Circulating exosome
      levels are valuable in the diagnosis of steroid-induced ONFH.Cite this article: H
      Y. Zhu, Y-C. Gao, Y. Wang, C-Q. Zhang. Circulating exosome levels in the
      diagnosis of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Bone Joint Res
      2016;5:276-279. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.56.BJR-2015-0014.R1.

PMID- 27357385
TI  - The invisible work of distributed medical education: exploring the contributions
      of audiovisual professionals, administrative professionals and faculty teachers.
AB  - Distributed medical education (DME) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Much of
      the published literature on DME has focused on the experiences of learners in
      distributed programs; however, our empirical work leads us to believe that DME
      changes the context significantly, not only for learners, but also for other
      important members of the educational community including audiovisual
      professionals, administrative professionals and faculty teachers. Based on a
      three-year ethnographic study, we provide a detailed account of how alliances
      between various workers involved in DME develop to produce and deliver an
      undergraduate medical curriculum across geographically separate campuses. We
      explore the question 'What is the work involved in the delivery of a DME
      program?' and cast a critical gaze on the essential but invisible, and therefore
      potentially unrecognized and underappreciated, contributions of AV professionals,
      administrative professionals, and faculty teachers. Our goal is to make visible
      the complexity of DME, including the essential contributions of these workers.
      The study was theoretically framed in sociomateriality and conceptually framed in
      Star and Strauss' notion of articulation work.

PMID- 27357386
TI  - London Trauma Conference 2015 : London, UK, 8-11 December 2015.

PMID- 27357387
TI  - Somali Families' Experiences of Parenting in the United States.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of first-generation Somali
      families' experiences of parenting in the United States to discover potential
      barriers to effective parenting with the goal to design supportive interventions.
      Using descriptive phenomenological design, 20 Somali families in Seattle,
      Washington, were interviewed. Interview transcripts were then analyzed using
      steps outlined by Colaizzi. The overarching theme that emerged was "Parenting: A
      Balancing Act," which represents Somali parents trying to balance traditional
      cultural values and parenting traditions with dominant cultural expectations.
      Participants expressed fear of losing their children to American lifestyle
      choices, such as drugs or gangs, and misuse of the American system to turn on
      their parents. Parents also acknowledged the benefits of access to education and
      health care for children. To cope with the stressors of their new life,
      participants sought to preserve traditional cultural and religious values, thus
      strengthening their Somali community.

PMID- 27357388
TI  - Comparative innocuity and efficacy of live and inactivated sheeppox vaccines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sheeppox (SPP) is one of the priorities, high-impact animal diseases
      in many developing countries, where live attenuated vaccines are routinely used
      against sheeppox virus (SPPV). In an event of an SPP outbreak, historically
      disease-free countries would hesitate to use of live vaccines against SPPVdue to
      the safety and trade reasons. Currently no killed SPPV vaccines are commercially
      available. In this study, we developed an inactivated Romanian SPPVvaccine and
      assessed its efficacy and potency in comparison with a live attenuated Romanian
      SPPV vaccine. Four naive sheep were vaccinated once with the Romanian SPPV live
      attenuated vaccine and16 sheep were vaccinated twice with the inactivated
      vaccine. All sheep in the live vaccine group were included in the challenge
      trial, which was conducted using a highly virulent Moroccan SPPV field strain.
      Eight sheep of the inactivated vaccine group were challenged and the remaining
      sheep were monitored for seroconversion. Experimental animals were closely
      monitored for the appearance of clinical signs, body temperature and inflammation
      at the injection site. Two naive sheep were used as unvaccinated controls.
      RESULTS: The inactivated Romanian SPPV vaccine was found to be safe and confer a
      good protection, similar to the live vaccine. Specific antibodies appeared from
      seven days post vaccination and remained up to nine months. CONCLUSION: This
      study showed that the developed inactivated Romanian SPPV vaccine has a potential
      to replace attenuated vaccine to control and prevent sheep pox in disease-free or
      endemic countries.

PMID- 27357389
TI  - Can Destination Therapy be implemented in children with heart failure? A study of
      provider perceptions.
AB  - DT is an established final therapeutic choice in adult patients with severe heart
      failure who do not meet criteria for cardiac transplantation. Patients are given
      VADs, without the prospect of care escalation to transplantation. VADs are now
      established therapy for children and are currently used as a bridge until
      transplantation can be performed or heart failure improves. For children who
      present in severe heart failure but do not meet transplantation criteria, the
      question has emerged whether DT can be offered. This qualitative study aimed to
      elicit the perspectives of early adopters of DT at one of the few institutions
      where DT has been provided for children. Responses were recorded and coded and
      themes extracted using grounded theory. Interviewees discussed: envisioning of
      the DT candidate; approach to evaluation for DT; contraindications to choosing
      DT; and concerns about choosing DT. Providers articulated two frameworks for
      conceptualizing DT: as a long bridge through resolution of problems that would
      initially contraindicate transplantation or, alternatively, as a true destination
      instead of transplantation. True destination, however, may not be the lasting
      concept for long-term VAD use in children given improvement in prognosis for
      current medical contraindications and improving VAD technology. 

PMID- 27357390
TI  - Consomic mouse strain selection based on effect size measurement, statistical
      significance testing and integrated behavioral z-scoring: focus on anxiety
      related behavior and locomotion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selecting chromosome substitution strains (CSSs, also called consomic
      strains/lines) used in the search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) consistently
      requires the identification of the respective phenotypic trait of interest and is
      simply based on a significant difference between a consomic and host strain.
      However, statistical significance as represented by P values does not necessarily
      predicate practical importance. We therefore propose a method that pays attention
      to both the statistical significance and the actual size of the observed effect.
      The present paper extends on this approach and describes in more detail the use
      of effect size measures (Cohen's d, partial eta squared - eta p (2) ) together
      with the P value as statistical selection parameters for the chromosomal
      assignment of QTLs influencing anxiety-related behavior and locomotion in
      laboratory mice. RESULTS: The effect size measures were based on integrated
      behavioral z-scoring and were calculated in three experiments: (A) a complete
      consomic male mouse panel with A/J as the donor strain and C57BL/6J as the host
      strain. This panel, including host and donor strains, was analyzed in the
      modified Hole Board (mHB). The consomic line with chromosome 19 from A/J (CSS
      19A) was selected since it showed increased anxiety-related behavior, but similar
      locomotion compared to its host. (B) Following experiment A, female CSS-19A mice
      were compared with their C57BL/6J counterparts; however no significant
      differences and effect sizes close to zero were found. (C) A different consomic
      mouse strain (CSS-19PWD), with chromosome 19 from PWD/PhJ transferred on the
      genetic background of C57BL/6J, was compared with its host strain. Here, in
      contrast with CSS-19A, there was a decreased overall anxiety in CSS-19PWD
      compared to C57BL/6J males, but not locomotion. CONCLUSIONS: This new method
      shows an improved way to identify CSSs for QTL analysis for anxiety-related
      behavior using a combination of statistical significance testing and effect
      sizes. In addition, an intercross between CSS-19A and CSS-19PWD may be of
      interest for future studies on the genetic background of anxiety-related
      behavior.

PMID- 27357391
TI  - Minocycline attenuates interferon-alpha-induced impairments in rat fear
      extinction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extinction of conditioned fear is an important brain function for
      animals to adapt to a new environment. Accumulating evidence suggests that innate
      immune cytokines are involved in the pathology of psychotic disorders. However,
      the involvement of cytokines in fear dysregulation remains less investigated. In
      the present study, we investigated how interferon (IFN)-alpha disrupts the
      extinction of conditioned fear and propose an approach to rescue IFN-alpha
      induced neurologic impairment. METHODS: We used a rat model of auditory fear
      conditioning to study the effect of IFN-alpha on the fear memory process. IFN
      alpha was infused directly into the amygdala of rats and examined the rats'
      behavioral response (freezing) to fear-conditioned stimuli. Immunohistochemical
      staining was used to examine the glia activity status of glia in the amygdala.
      The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the amygdala were measured by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. We also administrated minocycline, a microglial activation
      inhibitor, before the IFN-alpha infusion to testify the possibility to reverse
      the IFN-alpha-induced effects. RESULTS: Infusing the amygdala with IFN-alpha
      impaired the extinction of conditioned fear in rats and activated microglia and
      astrocytes in the amygdala. Administering minocycline prevented IFN-alpha from
      impairing fear extinction. The immunohistochemical and biochemical results show
      that minocycline inhibited IFN-alpha-induced microglial activation and reduced IL
      1beta and TNF-alpha production. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that IFN-alpha
      disrupts the extinction of auditory fear by activating glia in the amygdala and
      provides direction for clinical studies of novel treatments to modulate the
      innate immune system in patients with psychotic disorders.

PMID- 27357392
TI  - Design of a Water Soluble Fluorescent 3-Hydroxy-4-Pyridinone Ligand Active at
      Physiological pH Values.
AB  - In the present work we report the structure and the spectroscopic
      characterization of a new fluorescent 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone ligand D-3,4-HPO.
      The synthesis of the compound was performed in two steps, which involve the
      reaction of the commercially available fluorophore dansyl chloride with a 3
      hydroxy-4-pyridinone chelating unit and further deprotection. The new fluorescent
      chelator was characterized in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray diffraction
      and in solution by NMR, MS, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The
      analysis of the variation of the absorption spectrum with pH allowed the
      determination of four pK a values (pK a1  = 3.50, pK a2  = 4.50, pK a3  = 9.60,
      pK a4  = 10.20) and establishment of the corresponding distribution diagram. The
      study of the fluorescence properties of the ligand show that in the pH range
      between 4 and 9 the fluorescence intensity is constant and has its maximum value
      thus allowing its further use at physiological pH values. The interaction of the
      ligand with copper(II) was accessed by fluorescence spectroscopy in MOPS buffer
      and the results show that the presence of copper(II) quenches the fluorescence of
      the ligand in ca 94 % at a ligand: metal ratio of 2:1. The latter result is
      consistent with the formation of a copper(II) complex with the bidentate ligand,
      as confirmed by the EPR spectroscopy. Graphical Abstract New water soluble
      fluorescent ligand active at physiological pH values. 

PMID- 27357393
TI  - The Sensitive Turn-On Fluorescence Detection of Ascorbic Acid Based on Iron(III)
      Modulated Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots.
AB  - A rapid, selective and sensitive sensor based on the Fe(III) modulated nitrogen
      doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) was developed and applied as fluorescence
      sensor for ascorbic acid (AA) detection. The N-GQDs was one-step synthesized in
      an easy and green way using citric acid as the carbon source and urea as nitrogen
      source. The sensor was based on the different quenching effects of Fe(III) and
      Fe(II) on the fluorescence intensity of N-GQDs. The fluorescence of N-GQDs was
      quenched by Fe(III) via the strong selective coordination interaction between
      them. In the presence of AA, Fe(III) can be transformed to Fe(II) ascribed to the
      oxidation-reduction reaction, leading to the recovery of fluorescence. On the
      basis of this principle, a fluorescence sensor for AA detection was constructed.
      Under optimal conditions, the method showed a response to AA within a
      concentration range of 1.0-90 MUmol L(-1) with a good linear relationship and the
      detection limit for AA was 18 nmol L(-1). The developed sensor was successfully
      applied for the determination of AA in beverage samples with quantitative
      recoveries from 95.3 % to 104.3 %. 

PMID- 27357394
TI  - Patient Mobility for Elective Secondary Health Care Services in Response to
      Patient Choice Policies: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Our review establishes the empirical evidence for patient mobility for elective
      secondary care services in countries that allow patients to choose their health
      care provider. PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant articles between 1990
      and 2015. Of 5,994 titles/abstracts reviewed, 26 studies were included. The
      studies used three main methodological models to establish mobility. Variation in
      the extent of patient mobility was observed across the studies. Mobility was
      positively associated with lower waiting times, indicators of better service
      quality, and access to advanced technology. It was negatively associated with
      advanced age or lower socioeconomic backgrounds. From a policy perspective we
      demonstrate that a significant proportion of patients are prepared to travel
      beyond their nearest provider for elective services. As a consequence, some
      providers are likely to be "winners" and others "losers," which could result in
      overall decreased provider capacity or inefficient utilization of existing
      services. Equity also remains a key concern.

PMID- 27357395
TI  - Assessment of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels as a repellent for personal
      protection against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions in northern
      Thailand.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) hexane extract (AHE) has been reported as a
      proven and impressive repellent against laboratory-reared female Aedes aegypti
      mosquitoes. With the aim of promoting products of plant origin as a viable
      alternative to conventional synthetic substances, this study was designed to
      transform AHE-based repellents for exploitable commercial production by enhancing
      their efficacy and assessing their physical and biological stability as well as
      repellency against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. METHODS: The
      chemical profile of AHE was analyzed by qualitative gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. AHE was supplemented with vanillin, as a
      fixative, and then investigated for repellency and comparison to the standard
      synthetic repellent, DEET, under both laboratory and field conditions.
      Determination of physical and biological stability as a repellent was carried out
      after keeping AHE samples under varying temperatures and for different storage
      times. RESULTS: GC-MS analysis revealed that AHE contained at least 21
      phytochemical compounds, constituting 95.74 % of the total content, with the
      major constituent of 3-N-butylphthalide (66.67 %). Ethanolic formulations of AHE
      and DEET showed improvement of repellency in a dose-dependent manner when
      vanillin was added in laboratory assessment. While 5-25 % AHE alone provided
      median complete-protection times of 2.0-6.5 h against Ae. aegypti, these times
      were increased to 4.0-8.5 h with a combination of AHE and 5 % vanillin (AHEv).
      Protection times against Ae. aegypti were extended from 2.25 to 7.25 h to 4.25
      8.25 h when 5-25 % DEET was combined with 5 % vanillin (DEETv). In determining
      stability, all stored AHE samples exhibited similar characteristics such as
      liquid phases with aromatic odor comparable to those of fresh preparations.
      Furthermore, repellent activity of stored AHE samples lasted for at least six
      months, with varied efficacy (4.5-10.0 h) against Ae. aegypti. Field trials
      revealed strong repellency from both 25 % AHEv and 25 % DEETv, with complete
      protection (100 %) against a wide range of local mosquito populations. A total of
      5,718 adult female mosquitoes, with the most predominant being Culex
      quinquefasciatus (41.47 %), Armigeres subalbatus (41.13 %), and Culex vishnui
      (10.53 %), was collected during field applications. No local skin reaction or
      other allergic responses was observed during both laboratory and field study
      periods. CONCLUSIONS: Angelica sinensis proved to have not only impressive
      repellency against both laboratory Ae. aegypti and a wide range of natural
      mosquito populations, but also relative stability in physical and biological
      performance.

PMID- 27357397
TI  - Erratum to: Atraumatic splenic rupture, an underrated cause of acute abdomen.

PMID- 27357396
TI  - Variants in CCL16 are associated with blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid CCL16
      protein levels.
AB  - BACKGROUND: CCL16 is a chemokine predominantly expressed in the liver, but is
      also found in the blood and brain, and is known to play important roles in immune
      response and angiogenesis. Little is known about the gene's regulation. METHODS:
      Here, we test for potential causal SNPs that affect CCL16 protein levels in both
      blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in a genome-wide association study across
      two datasets. We then use METAL to performed meta-analyses with a significance
      threshold of p < 5x10(-8). We removed SNPs where the direction of the effect was
      different between the two datasets. RESULTS: We identify 10 SNPs associated with
      increased CCL16 protein levels in both biological fluids. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results will help understand CCL16's regulation, allowing researchers to better
      understand the gene's effects on human health.

PMID- 27357398
TI  - A Tale of 3 Trials: ACCORD, SPRINT, and SPS3. What Happened?
AB  - Within the last several years, the National Institutes of Health has supported
      three randomized clinical trials to determine whether lower than usually
      recommended goals for treatment of hypertension would have greater benefit for
      prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. These were the ACCCORD, SPRINT,
      and Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) Trials. Together
      they enrolled 17,114 participants. Results for all three have been reported. The
      trials differ from each other in their inclusion criteria, target blood pressures
      for the lower goal (intensive treatment), but are similar in many respects. The
      results with regard to their primary outcome were different: not significant for
      ACCORD and SPS3, but definitely significant for SPRINT. Subgroup analysis
      revealed differences and similarities. When viewed together and with recent large
      observational studies, they support a conclusion that a systolic pressure in the
      range of 125-135 mm Hg range is likely to be optimal on treatment for most
      hypertensive patients.

PMID- 27357399
TI  - RNA-binding protein LIN28 is a sensitive marker of pediatric yolk sac tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: RNA-binding protein LIN28 is involved in maintaining the pluripotency
      of embryonic stem cells. It has been detected in different types of testicular
      and ovarian germ cell tumors (GCTs), but its status in pediatric YSTs (yolk sac
      tumors) is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the
      immunohistochemical profile of LIN28 in pediatric YSTs. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      Immunohistochemistry detection of LIN28 was performed in 22 cases of pediatric
      YSTs and 10 mature teratomas. The percentage of tumor cells stained was scored as
      0, 1+ (1-30 % cells), 2+ (31-60 %), 3+ (61-90 %), and 4+ (>90 %). To compare its
      sensitive and specificity with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), we also stained AFP in 22
      cases of pediatric YSTs and 10 mature teratomas in children. LIN28 staining was
      high in all 22 pediatric yolk sac tumor (2+ in 1, 3+ in 1, and 4+ in 20), and
      weak staining of LIN28 was seen in 1 of 10 mature teratomas (1+), 9 of 10 mature
      teratomas were negative expression. However, the expression of AFP in pediatric
      YST was lower compared with Lin28 (- in 1, 1+ in 8, 2+ in 12, and 3+ in 1), and
      weak expression of AFP was seen in 2 of 10 mature teratomas (1+), 8 of 10 mature
      teratomas were negative. LIN28 had higher intensity expression than AFP in
      pediatric YSTs (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: LIN28 is a sensitive marker for
      pediatric YSTs and it can be used to distinguish them from mature teratomas.
      LIN28 is likely to become a new and valuable biomarker for diagnosing of
      pediatric YST.

PMID- 27357400
TI  - Critical analysis of fecal incontinence scores.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Objectively evaluating the lack of bowel control (fecal
      incontinence) continues to be a challenge. Many have attempted to measure the
      severity of fecal incontinence and to evaluate its impact on the quality of life
      by developing standardized scoring systems. Some of these systems have been
      validated but none have achieved widespread use and all have limitations in
      evaluating pediatric patients. METHODS: A review of the literature was performed
      looking for validated scoring systems of fecal incontinence that are currently
      used for either adult or pediatric patients. The identified scoring systems were
      then critically analyzed and their applicability for managing fecally incontinent
      children considered. RESULTS: Thirteen of the most frequently used fecal
      incontinence scoring systems were selected (6 for adults and 7 for children).
      Quality of life questionnaires were excluded not only because of their length and
      complexity, but mostly because they do not accurately reflect a measurement of
      bowel control. Our analysis revealed that all pediatric scoring systems require
      some degree of interpretation as they included at least one subjective parameter.
      These unverifiable subjective parameters were: "sensation of rectal fullness",
      "sphincter squeeze", and "anal shape". Equally problematic, the pediatric systems
      frequently focused on factors unrelated to fecal continence such as "frequency of
      bowel movements", "rectal prolapse", "abdominal pain", "blood in the stool",
      "leakage of urine", "diarrhea", and "constipation". The most objective system
      found from our review is the Krickenbeck system, which focuses upon two objective
      factors. Those two factors are the absence of voluntary bowel movements and the
      presence of soiling in the underwear. The major weakness of the Krickenbeck
      system is that it does not allow for reassessment after medical or surgical
      interventions. In this paper, we propose a modification of the Krickenbeck system
      that allows for such an assessment to be applied to those patients who are able
      to achieve voluntary bowel movements with the aid of laxatives or constipating
      agents. CONCLUSIONS: Most scoring systems are flawed because they invite bias and
      interpretation due to their subjective nature, while systems focused on measuring
      quality of life do not address the fundamental issue of bowel control. The
      Krickenbeck score seems to be the most applicable and objective method of
      evaluating bowel control in pediatric patients that may be more useful when
      modified to assess patients after medical intervention.

PMID- 27357403
TI  - Functional properties of DENV EDIII-reactive antibodies in human DENV-1-infected
      sera and rabbit antiserum to EDIII.
AB  - The envelope domain III (EDIII) of the dengue virus (DENV) has been confirmed to
      be involved in receptor binding. It is the target of specific neutralizing
      antibodies, and is considered to be a promising subunit dengue vaccine candidate.
      However, several recent studies have shown that anti-EDIII antibodies contribute
      little to the neutralizing or enhancing ability of human DENV-infected serum. The
      present study involved an analysis of the neutralization and antibody-dependent
      enhancement (ADE) activities of EDIII-reactive antibodies in human convalescent
      sera from patients with primary DENV-1 infection and rabbit antiserum immunized
      with recombinant DENV-1 EDIII protein. The results indicated that serum
      neutralization was not associated with titres of EDIII-binding antibodies in the
      human DENV-1-infected sera. The depletion of anti-EDIII antibodies from these
      serum samples revealed that the anti-EDIII antibodies of the patients contributed
      little to neutralization and ADE. However, the EDIII-reactive antibodies from the
      rabbit antiserum exhibited protective abilities of neutralization at a high
      dilution (~1:50,000) and ADE at a low dilution (~1:5,000) for the homotypic DENV
      infection. Notably, the rabbit antiserum displayed ADE activity only at a
      dilution of 1:40 for the heterotypic virus infection, which suggests that EDIII
      reactive antibodies may be safe in secondary infection with heterotypic viruses.
      These results suggest that DENV EDIII is not the predominant antigen of the DENV
      infection process; however, purified or recombinant DENV EDIII may be used as a
      subunit vaccine to provoke an effective and safe antibody response. 

PMID- 27357401
TI  - The effects of different intensities of exercise and active vitamin D on mouse
      bone mass and bone strength.
AB  - Physical exercise is beneficial to bone health. However, little is known how
      different intensities of exercise affect bone mass and strength. In the present
      study, we used young mice to study the effects of different intensities of
      exercise on bone mass and bone strength in comparison to pharmacological doses of
      active vitamin D (calcitriol). We found that only the medium level of exercise
      tested showed a positive effect on bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume,
      and bone strength, which are attributable to a decrease in bone resorption and an
      increase in bone formation, with the latter being accompanied by an increase in
      the number of osteogenic mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow. Calcitriol
      increases bone volume and bone strength, yet the combination of calcitriol and
      medium-intensity exercise did not further improve bone mass or strength.
      Moreover, calcitriol also showed some protective effect on the bone in mice with
      high levels of exercise. These results indicate that exercise at medium intensity
      increases bone mass and strength via affecting both bone formation and resorption
      and that its beneficial effects on bone mass cannot be further improved by
      calcitriol.

PMID- 27357402
TI  - Palliative primary tumor resection provides survival benefits for the patients
      with metastatic colorectal cancer and low circulating levels of dehydrogenase and
      carcinoembryonic antigen.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It remains controversial whether palliative primary tumor resection
      (PPTR) can provide survival benefits to the patients with metastatic colorectal
      cancer (mCRC) who have unresectable metastases. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate whether PPTR could improve the survival of patients with mCRC. METHODS:
      We conducted a retrospective study on consecutive mCRC patients with unresectable
      metastases who were diagnosed at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center in
      Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, between January 2005 and December 2012. Overall
      survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) after first-line chemotherapy
      failure were compared between the PPTR and non-PPTR patient groups. RESULTS: A
      total of 387 patients were identified, including 254 who underwent PPTR and 133
      who did not. The median OS of the PPTR and non-PPTR groups was 20.8 and 14.8
      months (P < 0.001), respectively. The median PFS after first-line chemotherapy
      was 7.3 and 4.8 months (P < 0.001) in the PPTR and non-PPTR groups, respectively.
      A larger proportion of patients in the PPTR group (219 of 254, 86.2%) showed
      local progression compared with that of patients in the non-PPTR group (95 of
      133, 71.4%; P < 0.001). Only patients with normal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
      levels and with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels <70 ng/mL benefited from
      PPTR (median OS, 22.2 months for the PPTR group and 16.2 months for the non-PPTR
      group; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: For mCRC patients with unresectable metastases,
      PPTR can improve OS and PFS after first-line chemotherapy and decrease the
      incidence of new organ involvement. However, PPTR should be recommended only for
      patients with normal LDH levels and with CEA levels <70 ng/mL.

PMID- 27357404
TI  - Production and biological activities of yellow pigments from Monascus fungi.
AB  - Monascus yellow pigments (MYPs), are azaphilone compounds and one of the three
      main components of total Monascus pigments (MPs). Thirty-five hydrophilic or
      hydrophobic MYPs have been identified, with the majority being hydrophobic. Apart
      from screening special Monascus strains, some advanced approaches, such as
      extractive and high-cell-density fermentations, have been applied for developing
      or producing new MYPs, especially extracellular hydrophilic MYPs. The outstanding
      performance of MYPs in terms of resistance to photodegradation, as well as
      tolerance for temperature and pH, give natural MYPs reasonable prospects,
      compared with the orange and red MPs, for practical use in the present and
      future. Meanwhile, MYPs have shown promising potential for applications in the
      food and pharmaceutical industries based on their described bioactivities. This
      review briefly summarizes the reports to date on chemical structures, biological
      activities, biosynthetic pathways, production technologies, and physicochemical
      performances of MYPs. The existing problems for MYPs are discussed and research
      prospects proposed. 

PMID- 27357405
TI  - Biodesulfurization: a model system for microbial physiology research.
AB  - Biological desulfurization (biodesulfurization) of dibenzothiophene (DBT) by the
      4S pathway is a model system for an enviromentally benign way to lower the sulfur
      content of petroleum. Despite a large amount of effort the efficiency of the 4S
      pathway is still too low for a commercial oil biodesulfurization process, but the
      4S pathway could potentially be used now for commercial processes to produce
      surfactants, antibiotics, polythioesters and other chemicals and for the
      detoxification of some chemical warfare agents. Proteins containing disulfide
      bonds are resistant to temperature, pH, and solvents, but the production of
      disulfide-rich proteins in microbial hosts is challenging. The study of the 4S
      pathway can provide insights as to how to maximize the production of disulfide
      rich proteins. Engineering of the operon encoding the 4S pathway to contain a
      greater content of methionine and cysteine may be able to link use of DBT as a
      sole sulfur source to increasing 4S pathway activity by increasing the
      nutritional demand for sulfur. This strategy could result in the development of
      biocatalysts suitable for use in an oil biodesulfurization process, but the study
      of the 4S pathway can also lead to a better understanding of microbial physiology
      to optimize activity of a mult-step co-factor-requiring pathway, as well as the
      production of highly stable industrially relevant enzymes for numerous
      applications. 

PMID- 27357406
TI  - Lanthanides: New life metals?
AB  - Lanthanides (Ln(3+)) that are Rare Earth Elements, until recently thought to be
      biologically inert, have recently emerged as essential metals for activity and
      expression of a special type of methanol dehydrogenase, XoxF. As XoxF enzyme
      homologs are encoded in a wide variety of microbes, including microbes active in
      important environmental processes such as methane and methanol metabolism, Ln(3+)
      may represent some of the key biogeochemical drivers in cycling of carbon and
      other elements. However, significant gaps in understanding the role of Ln(3+) in
      biological systems remain as the functions of most of the proteins potentially
      dependent of Ln(3+) and their roles in specific metabolic networks/respective
      biogeochemical cycles remain unknown. Moreover, enzymes dependent on Ln(3+) but
      not related to XoxF enzymes may exist, and these so far have not been recognized.
      Through connecting the recently uncovered genetic divergence and phylogenetic
      distribution of XoxF-like enzymes and through elucidation of their activities,
      metal and substrate specificities, along with the biological contexts of
      respective biochemical pathways, most parsimonious scenarios for their evolution
      could be uncovered. Generation of such data will firmly establish the role of
      Ln(3+) in the biochemistry of Life inhabiting this planet. 

PMID- 27357407
TI  - Integration of microalgal cultivation system for wastewater remediation and
      sustainable biomass production.
AB  - Untreated wastewaters have been a great concern and can cause major pollution
      problems for environment. Conventional approaches for treating wastewater involve
      tremendous capital cost, have major short comings and are not sustainable.
      Microalgae culture offers an interesting step for wastewater treatment.
      Microalgae serve the dual purpose of phycoremediation along with the production
      of potentially valuable biomass, which can be used for several purposes. The
      ability of microalgae to accumulate nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metals and other
      toxic compounds can be integrated with wastewater treatment system to offer an
      elegant solution towards tertiary and quaternary treatment. The current review
      explores possible role of microalgal based wastewater treatment and explores the
      current progress, key challenges, limitations and future prospects with special
      emphasis on strategies involved in harvesting, boosting biomass and lipid yield. 

PMID- 27357408
TI  - Tillandsia stricta Sol (Bromeliaceae) leaves as monitors of airborne particulate
      matter-A comparative SEM methods evaluation: Unveiling an accurate and odd HP-SEM
      method.
AB  - Airborne particulate matter (PM) has been included among the most important air
      pollutants by governmental environment agencies and academy researchers. The use
      of terrestrial plants for monitoring PM has been widely accepted, particularly
      when it is coupled with SEM/EDS. Herein, Tillandsia stricta leaves were used as
      monitors of PM, focusing on a comparative evaluation of Environmental SEM (ESEM)
      and High-Pressure SEM (HPSEM). In addition, specimens air-dried at formaldehyde
      atmosphere (AD/FA) were introduced as an SEM procedure. Hydrated specimen
      observation by ESEM was the best way to get information from T. stricta leaves.
      If any artifacts were introduced by AD/FA, they were indiscernible from those
      caused by CPD. Leaf anatomy was always well preserved. PM density was determined
      on adaxial and abaxial leaf epidermis for each of the SEM proceedings. When
      compared with ESEM, particle extraction varied from 0 to 20% in air-dried leaves
      while 23-78% of particles deposited on leaves surfaces were extracted by CPD
      procedures. ESEM was obviously the best choice over other methods but
      morphological artifacts increased in function of operation time while HPSEM
      operation time was without limit. AD/FA avoided the shrinkage observed in the air
      dried leaves and particle extraction was low when compared with CPD. Structural
      and particle density results suggest AD/FA as an important methodological
      approach to air pollution biomonitoring that can be widely used in all electron
      microscopy labs. Otherwise, previous PM assessments using terrestrial plants as
      biomonitors and performed by conventional SEM could have underestimated airborne
      particulate matter concentration. 

PMID- 27357409
TI  - Editorial Comment to Does bilateral seminal vesicle invasion at radical
      prostatectomy predict worse prognosis than unilateral invasion among patients
      with pT3b prostate cancers?

PMID- 27357411
TI  - Comprehensive activities to increase recognition of primary immunodeficiency and
      access to immunoglobulin replacement therapy in Poland.
AB  - The study presents an overview on current situation of primary immunodeficiency
      (PID) patients in Poland and the 2014 annual report of the Polish Working Group
      for Immunodeficiency (PWGID). The group was set up in 2005 to improve diagnosis,
      treatment, and care of patients with immunodeficiencies and currently includes 15
      pediatric and 13 adult centers. According to PWGID report 4099, PID patients are
      recognized in Poland, with the prevalence 10.6/100,000. The majority of them
      (54.2 %) have predominantly antibody deficiency (PAD). In 2014 alone, a total
      number of 731 newly diagnosed individuals are reported. As predicted, the vast
      majority (70 %) of them have PAD. Approximately one third of PAD patients require
      immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Within the entire cohort, an intravenous
      route of immunoglobulin therapy dominates (67.3 %). However, within the age
      groups, distribution of immunoglobulin therapy varies and seems to be age
      related. Among children, 36 % receive subcutaneous immunoglobulin, while with
      adults 26 %. CONCLUSION: Analysis of numbers of either newly recognized or
      treated patients indicates its dynamic increase in recent years. This is the
      result of comprehensive activities by PWGID supported by governmental
      institutions, outstanding foundations, and patient's organization. WHAT IS KNOWN:
      * Immunoglobulins' treatment has substantially changed the life of individuals
      with PAD. Patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) or X-linked
      agammaglobulinemia (XLA) can live and lead a near normal life. Early diagnosis of
      the disease followed by earlier implementation of appropriate treatment,
      including gammaglobulin replacement therapy, improves the quality of life. *
      Targeted efforts of health care professionals and government are required to
      optimize diagnostic and therapeutic approach for PAD. What is New: *
      Comprehensive activities of PWGID lead to better recognition of PID individuals
      and should improve reporting Polish PIDs to the ESID database. * Following the
      joint efforts of immunologists, patient's, and governmental organizations in the
      end of 2014, the Therapeutic Program for Treatment Adults with PID was
      introduced, leading to universal access to currently available treatment options
      and to improve the quality of life.

PMID- 27357410
TI  - Magicplex(TM) Sepsis Real-Time test to improve bloodstream infection diagnostics
      in children.
AB  - Sepsis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in
      immunocompromised patients, and a rapid identification of causative pathogen is
      strongly related with a better outcome. This prospective study analyzes the role
      of a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction in sepsis' etiological
      diagnosis. Magicplex(TM) Sepsis Real-Time tests were performed in tertiary Regina
      Margherita Children's Hospital (Turin, Italy), and the medical records of
      children who underwent a Magicplex test were prospectively evaluated. Results of
      the Magicplex test were compared with those of blood culture collected at a close
      time point. One hundred fifty Magicplex tests were collected from 89 patients (54
      males and 35 females, age interquartile range: 2.6-12.1 years). Etiological
      definition was achieved in 60 bloodstream infection cases (40 %). In 32 episodes,
      Magicplex test alone gave a positive result, and blood culture alone permitted
      the etiological diagnosis in 5 septic episodes. Magicplex test allowed a 143 %
      increase in the diagnostic value of blood cultures. CONCLUSION: These results
      suggest that molecular biology can be useful for rapid pathogen's identification
      also in children. WHAT IS KNOWN: * Sepsis represents a major cause of morbidity
      and mortality in children. * Sepsis outcome is strongly related to rapid
      microbiological identification and prompt initiation of an appropriate
      chemotherapy. What is New: * This manuscript is the first that describes the use
      of Magicplex (TM) Sepsis Real-Time test in children. * The results suggest that
      molecular biology can be useful for rapid pathogen's identification also in
      children.

PMID- 27357412
TI  - Owners' attitudes and practices regarding nutrition of dogs diagnosed with cancer
      presenting at a referral oncology service in Ontario, Canada.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate owner attitudes and dietary practices following cancer
      diagnosis in a dog. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional survey of 75 dog
      owners presenting with their dogs to a tertiary referral oncology service through
      a demographic questionnaire and in-person or telephone interviews regarding the
      dog's nutrition. RESULTS: Conventional diets (71%) were most commonly fed as a
      single diet to canine cancer patients followed by homemade cooked (7%) and
      homemade raw (4%). Several owners (18%) provided combinations of these diets.
      Owners reported some distrust towards conventional diets (51%). Appetite loss
      occurred in 35% of dogs and diet changes reported for 25% of dogs in the study
      involved exclusion of a conventional (63%) and/or inclusion of a homemade (54%)
      component. 90% of owners noted the diet change was associated with the cancer
      diagnosis. Supplements were given by 39% of owners. 85% of owners highly valued
      veterinary nutritional advice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Following a cancer diagnosis,
      dog owners appear to change their approach to managing their dog's nutrition.
      Given the value owners place on veterinary nutritional advice, veterinarians have
      a key role in guiding nutritional management of the canine cancer patient.

PMID- 27357413
TI  - Accurate Kohn-Sham ionization potentials from scaled-opposite-spin second-order
      optimized effective potential methods.
AB  - One important property of Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional theory is the exact
      equality of the energy of the highest occupied KS orbital (HOMO) with the
      negative ionization potential of the system. This exact feature is out of reach
      for standard density-dependent semilocal functionals. Conversely, accurate
      results can be obtained using orbital-dependent functionals in the optimized
      effective potential (OEP) approach. In this article, we investigate the
      performance, in this context, of some advanced OEP methods, with special emphasis
      on the recently proposed scaled-opposite-spin OEP functional. Moreover, we
      analyze the impact of the so-called HOMO condition on the final quality of the
      HOMO energy. Results are compared to reference data obtained at the CCSD(T) level
      of theory. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357414
TI  - Guardians of 'the gift': the emotional challenges of heart and lung transplant
      professionals in Denmark.
AB  - This paper deals with the emotional challenges encountered by doctors and nurses
      caring for heart and lung transplant patients. Organ transplantation enables body
      parts from the dead to become usable in patients with no other life-saving
      option. These exchanges are not possible without transplant professionals
      carefully selecting, guiding and interacting with organ recipients before, during
      and after the transplant. Based on anthropological fieldwork at a Danish heart
      and lung transplant unit, the paper explores how doctors and nurses experience
      and handle the emotional challenges of their working life. By focusing on the
      everyday life of the transplant unit which, contrary to public understanding of
      transplant miracles, is sometimes characterised by sad cases and devastation,
      this paper argues that transplant professionals operate in the presence of death.
      Medically and emotionally they are at risk. They must take the difficult
      decisions of whether to admit critically ill patients onto the organ waiting
      list; face the distress of post-transplant sufferings and deaths; and deal with
      organ recipients who do not behave according to post-transplant recommendations.
      Drawing on a familiar metaphor for donated organs, it is suggested that
      transplant doctors and nurses are 'guardians of the gift'. Attention to the
      emotional burdens and rewards of this particular position enables new
      understandings of the practices of transplant medicine, of gift exchange theory,
      and of the role of emotion in medical practice.

PMID- 27357415
TI  - Multimodality imaging of locally recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer:
      emphasis on histology, prognosis, and management.
AB  - The management of recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer is evolving in concert
      with the available advanced imaging techniques and molecular targeted therapy.
      The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of imaging and treatment of
      cervical cancer patients with locoregional recurrence and metastatic disease,
      with emphasis on characteristic patterns of spread based on histology (squamous
      cell carcinoma and other subtypes), prognostic factors, diagnosis, and treatment
      response assessment, as well as updated therapeutic options.

PMID- 27357416
TI  - Inter-trabecular bone formation: a specific mechanism for healing of cancellous
      bone.
AB  - Background and purpose - Studies of fracture healing have mainly dealt with shaft
      fractures, both experimentally and clinically. In contrast, most patients have
      metaphyseal fractures. There is an increasing awareness that metaphyseal
      fractures heal partly through mechanisms specific to cancellous bone. Several new
      models for the study of cancellous bone healing have recently been presented.
      This review summarizes our current knowledge of cancellous fracture healing.
      Methods - We performed a review of the literature after doing a systematic
      literature search. Results - Cancellous bone appears to heal mainly via direct,
      membranous bone formation that occurs freely in the marrow, probably mostly
      arising from local stem cells. This mechanism appears to be specific for
      cancellous bone, and could be named inter-trabecular bone formation. This kind of
      bone formation is spatially restricted and does not extend more than a few mm
      outside the injured region. Usually no cartilage is seen, although external
      callus and cartilage formation can be induced in meta-physeal fractures by
      mechanical instability. Inter-trabecular bone formation seems to be less
      sensitive to anti-inflammatory treatment than shaft fractures. Interpretation -
      The unique characteristics of inter-trabecular bone formation in metaphyseal
      fractures can lead to differences from shaft healing regarding the effects of
      age, loading, or drug treatment. This casts doubt on generalizations about
      fracture healing based solely on shaft fracture models. 

PMID- 27357417
TI  - GSK-3beta inhibitor attenuates urinary albumin excretion in type 2 diabetic db/db
      mice, and delays epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in mouse kidneys and
      podocytes.
AB  - The mechanism underlying epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) caused by
      high glucose (HG) stimulation in diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains to be fully
      elucidated. The present study investigated the effects of HG on EMT and the
      activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) in podocytes and the
      kidneys of db/db mice, and assessed the effects of (2'Z, 3'E)-6-bromoindirubin-3'
      oxime (BIO), an inhibitor of GSK-3beta, on EMT and glomerular injury. The
      resulting data showed that the activity of GSK-3beta was upregulated by HG and
      downregulated by BIO in the podocytes and the renal cortex. The expression levels
      of epithelial markers, including nephrin, podocin and synaptopodin, were
      decreased by HG and increased by BIO, whereas the reverse were true for
      mesenchymal markers, including alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and
      fibronectin. The expression levels of beta-catenin and Snail, in contrast to
      current understanding of the Wnt signaling pathway, were increased by HG and
      decreased by BIO. In addition, expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was
      decreased by HG and increased by BIO. In conclusion, the present study revealed
      that the mechanism by which BIO inhibited HG-mediated EMT in podocytes and the
      renal cortex was primarily due to the VDR. Treatment with BIO protected renal
      function by maintaining the integrity of the filtration membrane and decreasing
      UAE, but not by regulating blood glucose. Therefore, GSK-3beta may be used as a
      sensitive biomarker of DN, and its inhibition by BIO may be effective in the
      treatment of DN. 

PMID- 27357418
TI  - Characterization of human bone morphogenetic protein gene variants for possible
      roles in congenital heart disease.
AB  - Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a complex illness with high rates of morbidity
      and mortality. In embryonic development, the heart is the first formed organ,
      which is strictly controlled by gene regulatory networks, including transcription
      factors, signaling pathways, epigenetic factors and microRNAs. Bone morphogenetic
      protein (BMP)-2 and -4 are essential in cardiogenesis as they can induce the
      expression of transcription factors, NKX2-5 and GATA binding protein 4, which are
      important in the development of the heart. The inhibition of BMP-2 and -4
      inhibits the late expression of NKX2-5 and affects cardiac differentiation. The
      aim of the present study was to investigate whether BMP-2 and -4 variations may
      be associated with CHD in Chinese Han populations. The rs1049007, rs235768 and
      rs17563 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are genetic variations
      located within the translated region of the BMP-2 and -4, were evaluated in 230
      patients with CHD from the Chinese Han population and 160 non-CHD control
      individuals. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi2 test, implemented
      using SPSS software (version 13.0). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test was
      performed on the population using online Online Encyclopedia for Genetic
      Epidemiology studies software, and multiple-sequence alignments of the BMP
      proteins were performed using Vector NTI software. No statistically significant
      associations were identified between these genetic variations and the risk of CHD
      (rs1049007, P-value=0.560; rs235768, P-value=0.972; rs17563, P-value=0.787). In
      addition, no correlation was found between the patients with CHD and the non-CHD
      control individuals. Therefore, the rs1049007, rs235768 and rs17563 genetic
      variations of BMP-2 were not associated with CHD in the Chinese Han population. 

PMID- 27357419
TI  - miR-20a induces cisplatin resistance of a human gastric cancer cell line via
      targeting CYLD.
AB  - The dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated to contribute to
      drug resistance of cancer cells, and sustained nuclear factor (NF)kappaB
      activation is also pivotal in tumor resistance to chemotherapy. In the present
      study, an essential role for miRNA (miR)-20a was identified in the regulation of
      gastric cancer (GC) chemoresistance. The expression level of miR-20a was assayed
      by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, 3
      (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was used to detect the
      drug-resistance phenotype changes of cancer cells associated with upregulation or
      downregulation of miR-20a. Protein expression levelss were measured by western
      blotting and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry was used to detect cisplatin
      induced apoptosis. It was found that miR-20a was markedly upregulated in GC
      plasma and tissue samples. Additionally, miR-20a was upregulated in GC plasma and
      tissues from patients with cisplatin (DDP) resistance, and in the DPP-resistant
      gastric cancer cell line (SGC7901/DDP). The expression of miR-20a was inversely
      correlated with the expression of cylindromatosis (CYLD). Subsequently, the
      assessment of luciferase activity verified that CYLD was a direct target gene of
      miR-20a. Treatment with miR-20a inhibitor increased the protein expression of
      CYLD, downregulated the expression levels of p65, livin and survivin, and led to
      a higher proportion of apoptotic cells in the SGC7901/DDP cells. By contrast,
      ectopic expression of miR-20a significantly repressed the expression of CYLD,
      upregulated the expression levels of p65, livin and survivin, and resulted in a
      decrease in the apoptosis induced by DDP in the SGC7901 cells. Taken together,
      the results of the present study suggested that miR-20a directly repressed the
      expression of CYLD, leading to activation of the NFkappaB pathway and the
      downstream targets, livin and survivin, which potentially induced GC
      chemoresistance. Altering miR-20a expression may be a potential therapeutic
      strategy for the treatment of chemoresistance in GC in the future. 

PMID- 27357420
TI  - Physicochemical and Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel Buccal Measles Vaccine.
AB  - The aim of this study is to develop an orally disintegrating film (ODF)
      containing a microparticulate measles vaccine formulation for buccal delivery.
      The measles vaccine microparticles were made with biocompatible and biodegradable
      bovine serum albumin (BSA) and processed by spray drying. These vaccine
      microparticles were incorporated in the ODF, consisting of Lycoat RS720(r),
      Neosorb P60W(r) and Tween 80. The yield of the microparticles was approximately
      85-95%, w/w. The mean size of the vaccine microparticles was 3.65 +/- 1.89 MUm
      and had a slightly negative surface charge of 32.65 +/- 2.4 mV. The vaccine
      particles were nontoxic to normal cells at high concentrations (500 MUg/2.5 * 105
      cells) of vaccine particles. There was a significant induction of innate immune
      response by vaccine microparticles which was observed in vitro when compared to
      blank microparticles (P < 0.05). The vaccine microparticles also significantly
      increased the antigen presentation and co-stimulatory molecules expression on
      antigen presenting cells, which is a prerequisite for Th1 and Th2 immune
      responses. When the ODF vaccine formulation was dosed in juvenile pigs,
      significantly higher antibody titers were observed after week 2, with a
      significant increase at week 4 and plateauing through week 6 comparative to naive
      predose titers. The results suggest that the ODF measles vaccine formulation is a
      viable dosage form alternative to noninvasive immunization that may increase
      patient compliance and commercial distribution.

PMID- 27357421
TI  - Rheological Characterization of Ethylcellulose-Based Melts for Pharmaceutical
      Applications.
AB  - Rheological characterization of ethylcellulose (EC)-based melts intended for the
      production, via micro-injection moulding (MUIM), of oral capsular devices for
      prolonged release was carried out. Neat EC, plasticized EC and plasticized EC
      containing solid particles of a release modifier (filler volume content in the
      melt around 30%) were examined by capillary and rotational rheometry tests. Two
      release modifiers, differing in both chemical nature and particle geometry, were
      investigated. When studied by capillary rheometry, neat EC appeared at process
      temperatures as a highly viscous melt with a shear-thinning characteristic that
      progressively diminished as the apparent shear rate increased. Thus, EC as such
      could not successfully be processed via MUIM. Plasticization, which induces
      changes in the material microstructure, enhanced the shear-thinning
      characteristic of the melt and reduced considerably its elastic properties.
      Marked wall slip effects were noticed in the capillary flow of the plasticized EC
      based melts, with or without release modifier particles. The presence of these
      particles brought about an increase in viscosity, clearly highlighted by the
      dynamic experiments at the rotational rheometer. However, it did not impair the
      material processability. The thermal and rheological study undertaken would turn
      out a valid guideline for the development of polymeric materials based on pharma
      grade polymers with potential for new pharmaceutical applications of MUIM.

PMID- 27357422
TI  - Application of Tryptophan Fluorescence Bandwidth-Maximum Plot in Analysis of
      Monoclonal Antibody Structure.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies have become the fastest growing protein therapeutics in
      recent years. The stability and heterogeneity pertaining to its physical and
      chemical structures remain a big challenge. Tryptophan fluorescence has been
      proven to be a versatile tool to monitor protein tertiary structure. By modeling
      the tryptophan fluorescence emission envelope with log-normal distribution
      curves, the quantitative measure can be exercised for the routine
      characterization of monoclonal antibody overall tertiary structure. Furthermore,
      the log-normal deconvolution results can be presented as a two-dimensional plot
      with tryptophan emission bandwidth vs. emission maximum to enhance the resolution
      when comparing samples or as a function of applied perturbations. We demonstrate
      this by studying four different monoclonal antibodies, which show the distinction
      on emission bandwidth-maximum plot despite their similarity in overall amino acid
      sequences and tertiary structures. This strategy is also used to demonstrate the
      tertiary structure comparability between different lots manufactured for one of
      the monoclonal antibodies (mAb2). In addition, in the unfolding transition
      studies of mAb2 as a function of guanidine hydrochloride concentration, the
      evolution of the tertiary structure can be clearly traced in the emission
      bandwidth-maximum plot.

PMID- 27357423
TI  - Nebivolol-Loaded Microsponge Gel for Healing of Diabetic Wound.
AB  - An attempt was made to formulate nebivolol-loaded microsponge gel to access drug
      at wound area, incorporated into gel that possess optimum moist wound management
      environment during later stages of wound closure. Nebivolol, antihypertensive
      drug, exhibits vasodilating effects via nitric oxide pathway, slows diabetic
      neuropathy, and restores endothelial function in diabetic wounds. Microsponges
      were prepared by optimizing independent variables; drug to polymer ratio and
      internal phase volume and their effects on production yield, entrapment
      efficiency, and particle size. Formulations of microsponges were evaluated for
      drug content. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated reduction in
      crystallinity of NB during the formation of microsponges. In vitro study (drug to
      polymer 1:4 and 10 ml internal phase volume acetone) showed 80% drug released
      within 8 h. Spherical and porous microsponges confirmed by scanning electron
      microscopy were incorporated in the carbopol 934 (2%) gel base. Gel was
      characterized for pH, viscosity, and drug content. Less spreadability determined
      by texture analyzer demonstrated viscous nature of gel. In vitro diffusion study
      revealed entrapped drug in porous microsponges with slow release to heal wound.
      In vivo study performed using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and excision
      wound model showed wound healing and closure activity within day 10. Histology
      revealed inflammatory cell infiltrations and neovascularization in granulation
      tissues, ultimately healing wound. Microsponge gel prolonged drug release due to
      entrapped form in porous structure of microsponges with significant and fast
      wound healing and closure in diabetic rats. Microsponges with loaded drug
      fulfilled accessibility at wound area, while gel provided optimum moist wound
      management environment during later stages of wound closure.

PMID- 27357424
TI  - Trial Promoter: A Web-Based Tool for Boosting the Promotion of Clinical Research
      Through Social Media.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Scarce information about clinical research, in particular clinical
      trials, is among the top reasons why potential participants do not take part in
      clinical studies. Without volunteers, on the other hand, clinical research and
      the development of novel approaches to preventing, diagnosing, and treating
      disease are impossible. Promising digital options such as social media have the
      potential to work alongside traditional methods to boost the promotion of
      clinical research. However, investigators and research institutions are
      challenged to leverage these innovations while saving time and resources.
      OBJECTIVE: To develop and test the efficiency of a Web-based tool that automates
      the generation and distribution of user-friendly social media messages about
      clinical trials. METHODS: Trial Promoter is developed in Ruby on Rails, HTML,
      cascading style sheet (CSS), and JavaScript. In order to test the tool and the
      correctness of the generated messages, clinical trials (n=46) were randomized
      into social media messages and distributed via the microblogging social media
      platform Twitter and the social network Facebook. The percent correct was
      calculated to determine the probability with which Trial Promoter generates
      accurate messages. RESULTS: During a 10-week testing phase, Trial Promoter
      automatically generated and published 525 user-friendly social media messages on
      Twitter and Facebook. On average, Trial Promoter correctly used the message
      templates and substituted the message parameters (text, URLs, and disease
      hashtags) 97.7% of the time (1563/1600). CONCLUSIONS: Trial Promoter may serve as
      a promising tool to render clinical trial promotion more efficient while
      requiring limited resources. It supports the distribution of any research or
      other types of content. The Trial Promoter code and installation instructions are
      freely available online.

PMID- 27357425
TI  - Nationwide survey for current clinical status of amniocentesis and maternal serum
      marker test in Japan.
AB  - Prenatal testing has been provided in Japan over the past several decades.
      However, it is difficult to assess the clinical status of amniocentesis (AC) and
      maternal serum markers (MSM) because obstetricians can perform these tests
      without registration. This study aims to investigate the current clinical status
      of AC and MSM in Japan. We conducted a questionnaire study that was intended for
      a total of 5622 Japanese obstetrics/gynecology facilities during October 2013 to
      January 2014. The response rate was 40.8% (2295/5622). Of the 2295 facilities,
      864 performed MSM (37.7%), 619 performed AC (27.0%) and 412 performed both
      (18.0%). The average number of MSM tests was 2.0 per month (range 0-52), and the
      average number of AC tests was 2.4 per month (range 0-30). Involvement of genetic
      professionals, such as clinical geneticists (CGs) and certified genetic
      counselors (CGCs), contribute to a content-rich explanation and management of
      difficult issues and lengthened the explanation time. Nevertheless, relatively
      few facilities employed these specialists (MSM: 96/864 and AC: 128/619). This is
      the first study to highlight the current clinical status of AC and MSM tests in
      Japan. Active involvement of CGs and CGCs can provide more appropriate genetic
      counseling for prenatal tests.

PMID- 27357426
TI  - HDR: a statistical two-step approach successfully identifies disease genes in
      autosomal recessive families.
AB  - In the search for sequence variants underlying disease, commonly applied
      filtering steps usually result in a number of candidate variants that cannot
      further be narrowed down. In autosomal recessive families, disease usually occurs
      only in one generation so that genetic linkage analysis is unlikely to help.
      Because homozygous recessive mutations tend to be inherited together with
      flanking homozygous variants, we developed a statistical method to detect
      pathogenic variants in autosomal recessive families: We look for differences in
      patterns of homozygosity around candidate variants between patients and control
      individuals and expect that such differences are greater for pathogenic variants
      than random candidate variants. In six autosomal recessive mitochondrial disease
      families, in which pathogenic homozygous variants have already been identified,
      our approach succeeded in prioritizing pathogenic mutations. Our method is
      applicable to single patients from recessive families with at least a few dozen
      control individuals from the same population; it is easy to use and is highly
      effective for detecting causative mutations in autosomal recessive families.

PMID- 27357427
TI  - A replication study of a candidate locus for follicle-stimulating hormone levels
      and association analysis for semen quality traits in Japanese men.
AB  - In men, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts on the seminiferous tubules and
      enhances spermatogenesis. Recently, a candidate locus (rs2414095) for FSH levels
      was identified by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in Chinese men. The
      rs2414095 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is found on the third intron of
      the cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, peptide 1 (CYP19A1) gene encoding an
      aromatase. In the present study, we performed a replication study in 1687
      Japanese men (901 from cohort 1 and 786 from cohort 2) to assess whether this SNP
      is associated with circulating FSH levels. Furthermore, we investigated whether
      the rs2414095 SNP is correlated with semen quality traits in 2015 Japanese men
      (1224 from cohort 1 and 791 from cohort 2). The rs2414095 SNP was significantly
      associated with circulating FSH levels (betaSTD=0.15, P=9.7 * 10-5), sperm
      concentration (betaSTD=0.073, P=0.032) and total sperm number (TSN)
      (betaSTD=0.074, P=0.027) in a combined analysis of the two Japanese male cohorts.
      We successfully replicated, in Japanese men, the results of the previous GWAS for
      the rs2414095 SNP in Chinese men, and found that the rs2414095 SNP was related
      with sperm production.

PMID- 27357428
TI  - Target resequencing of neuromuscular disease-related genes using next-generation
      sequencing for patients with undiagnosed early-onset neuromuscular disorders.
AB  - Neuromuscular disorders are clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases
      with broadly overlapping clinical features. Progress in molecular genetics has
      led to the identification of numerous causative genes for neuromuscular
      disorders, but Sanger sequencing-based diagnosis remains labor-intensive and
      expensive because the genes are large, the genotypes and phenotypes of
      neuromuscular disorders overlap and multiple genes related to a single phenotype
      exist. Recently, the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled
      efficient, concurrent examination of several related genes. Thus, we used NGS for
      target resequencing of neuromuscular disease-related genes from 42 patients in
      whom undiagnosed early-onset neuromuscular disorders. Causative genes were
      identified in 19/42 (45.2%) patients (six, congenital muscular dystrophy; two,
      Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD); three, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy; one,
      concurrent BMD and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy; three, nemaline
      myopathy; one, centronuclear myopathy; one, congenital fiber-type disproportion;
      one, myosin storage myopathy; and one, congenital myasthenic syndrome). We
      detected variants of uncertain significance in two patients. In 6/19 patients who
      received a definitive diagnosis, the diagnosis did not require muscle biopsy.
      Thus, for patients with suspected neuromuscular disorders not identified using
      conventional genetic testing alone, NGS-based target resequencing has the
      potential to serve as a powerful tool that allows definitive diagnosis.

PMID- 27357431
TI  - Altered regulatory T cell phenotype in latent autoimmune diabetes of the adults
      (LADA).
AB  - Latent autoimmune diabetes of the adults (LADA) accounts for up to 12% of all
      patients with diabetes. Initially the disease resembles type 2 diabetes (T2D);
      however, the typical presence of beta cell autoantibodies indicates an autoimmune
      basis of LADA. While dysfunctional regulatory T cells (Tregs ) have been
      implicated in autoimmune diabetes, these cells have been scarcely studied in
      LADA. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and phenotype of
      circulating Tregs in LADA patients early during disease progression. Flow
      cytometric analysis was performed on whole blood and peripheral mononuclear cells
      (PBMC) from patients diagnosed with LADA prior to insulin deficiency (n = 39) and
      from healthy volunteers (n = 20). Overall, we found the frequency and activation
      status of peripheral putative Tregs to be altered in LADA patients compared to
      healthy controls. While total T cells and CD4(+) T cells expressing high levels
      of CD25 (CD4(+) CD25(hi) ) were unchanged, the frequency and total numbers of
      CD4(+) T cells expressing an intermediate level of CD25 (CD4(+) CD25(int) ) were
      decreased in LADA patients. Interestingly, the expression of the Treg -specific
      marker forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3), as well as the activation and memory
      makers CD69, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), CCR4 and
      CD45RO were increased in CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells of the patients. Our data depict
      phenotypical changes in T cells of LADA patients that may reflect a derangement
      in peripheral immune regulation contributing to the slow process leading to
      insulin-dependent diabetes in these patients.

PMID- 27357429
TI  - Aberrantly expressed microRNAs in bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Bladder cancer (BC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are frequently diagnosed
      urinary tract cancers. Recently developed molecular-targeted therapies for RCC
      have shown remarkable therapeutic efficacy; however, no targeted therapeutics are
      currently approved for the treatment of BC, and few effective treatment options
      exist. Current studies have shown that small noncoding RNA molecules have major
      roles in cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small noncoding RNA
      molecules that regulate protein-/nonprotein-coding RNAs in human cells. A large
      body of evidence suggests that aberrantly expressed miRNAs are deeply involved in
      the pathogenesis of human cancers. In this paper, we review recently published
      miRNA expression signatures of BC and RCC. We focus on downregulated or
      upregulated miRNAs in multiple signatures and discuss putative target genes of
      miRNAs. Comparisons of RCC and BC expression signatures revealed that the two
      types of cancer showed opposite expression patterns for miR-200 family miRNAs
      (i.e., miR-141/200c and miR-200a/200b/429). We discuss in silico analysis of
      genes targeted by miR-200 family miRNAs and the molecular mechanisms underlying
      BC and RCC.

PMID- 27357432
TI  - N-Heterocyclic Olefins as Robust Organocatalyst for the Chemical Conversion of
      Carbon Dioxide to Value-Added Chemicals.
AB  - In this report, the activity of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) as a newly emerging
      class of organocatalyst is investigated for the chemical fixation of carbon
      dioxide through reactions with aziridines to form oxazolidinones and the N
      formylation of amines with polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) or 9
      borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) as the reducing agent under mild conditions. The
      exocyclic carbon atoms of NHOs are highly nucleophilic owing to the electron
      donating ability of the two nitrogen atoms. This high nucleophilicity of the NHOs
      activates CO2 molecules to form zwitterionic NHO-carboxylate (NHO-CO2 ) adducts,
      which are active in formylation reactions as well as the carboxylation of
      aziridines to oxazolidinones.

PMID- 27357433
TI  - Dipole correlation effects on the local field and the effective dielectric
      constant in composite dielectrics containing high-k inclusions.
AB  - Mixing dielectric polymers with high permittivity (high-k) inclusions can affect
      their electrical properties. In actuation applications of dielectric elastomers,
      the polarized inclusions generate additional volume polarization-related
      electrostriction. In energy storage applications, it is possible to store more
      energy in dielectric composites because of additional polarization of the
      inclusions and interfaces. However, mixing an electroactive polymer with high-k
      inclusions also brings several disadvantages. The expulsion of the field from the
      interior of high-k fillers and the presence of two poles on the filler surface
      along the applied field direction result in higher local fields EL near the
      inclusion poles. The resulting field enhancement lowers the breakdown field (Eb)
      threshold for the material and therefore compromises the actuation and energy
      storage capabilities of dielectric composites. To mitigate this issue, the
      dependence of EL on the morphology of inclusion distribution, the field
      localization effect in chained configurations, and the role of the dipole-dipole
      correlation effects in the enhancement of the dipolar field of inclusions are
      analyzed. We show that the dipolar correlation effects are strong in large
      inclusion composites and their contribution to the inclusion dipole moment MU and
      to the local fields EL can reach 30-50%. A new method for deriving the composite
      permittivity from the field EL distribution, based on a caged probe technique, is
      also presented. 

PMID- 27357434
TI  - Timing of Staged Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for a Non-Culprit Lesion in
      Patients With Anterior Wall ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction With
      Multiple Vessel Disease.
AB  - The optimal timing of a staged percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for non
      culprit lesions in patients with STsegment elevation myocardial infarction
      (STEMI) patients with multi-vessel disease (MVD) remains controversial. We
      focused on patients with anterior wall STEMI with MVD and determined the clinical
      effects for timing of staged PCI.From November 2005 to December 2014, 258
      patients were diagnosed with anterior wall STEMI with MVD in our hospital. Among
      them, 37 patients received staged PCI within 3 weeks, 50 patients received staged
      PCI during 3 weeks to one year, and 167 patients received only primary PCI for
      culprit lesions. Clinical outcomes such as admission for angina or heart failure,
      target vessel revascularization, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiovascular
      mortality, and allcause mortality were compared among the 3 groups.Acute kidney
      injury (AKI) after PCI occurred in 18.9% of the 3-week group, 0% of the one-year
      group, and 7.6% of the control group (P = 0.005). Of the one-year and 3-year
      clinical outcomes, the one-year group had better results, such as fewer major
      adverse cardiac cerebral events (P = 0.028, P = 0.023), and lower recurrent MI (P
      = 0.065; P = 0.018), cardiovascular mortality (P = 0.043; P = 0.020), and all
      cause mortality (P = 0.047; P = 0.005).In patients with anterior wall STEMI with
      MVD, staged PCI for a non-culprit lesion over 3 weeks to one year had a better
      clinical outcome. Staged PCI for a non-culprit lesion within 3 weeks may be
      related to the occurrence of AKI, may lead to worse clinical outcomes, and did
      not decrease the occurrence of angina or post-MI heart failure. 

PMID- 27357435
TI  - Severe Mechanical Hemolysis After Transcatheter Closure of a Traumatic
      Ventricular Septal Defect Using the Amplatzer Atrial Septal Occluder.
AB  - Traumatic ventricular septal defect (VSD) resulting from chest trauma, either
      penetrating or blunt, is a relatively rare occurrence. Herein, we describe the
      case of a previously healthy 26-year-old man who presented with congestive heart
      failure, which was secondary to a large traumatic VSD following violent blunt
      chest trauma. The traumatic VSD was initially closed percutaneously using an
      Amplatzer atrial septal defect occluder. Post-device closure, however, the
      patient developed severe intravascular hemolysis refractory to medical treatment.
      The patient subsequently underwent surgical removal of the Amplatzer device, with
      concomitant VSD patch closure. 

PMID- 27357436
TI  - Prognostic Value of Major Cardiac Event Risk Score Estimated With Gated
      Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Japanese Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - We published a cardiac event risk score (CERS) predicting the risk of major
      cardiac events (MCEs) within 3 years. The purpose of this study was to verify the
      prognostic value of the CERS before and after treatment in Japanese patients with
      coronary artery disease.We retrospectively investigated 612 patients who
      underwent rest (201)Tl and stress (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion single
      photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) between October 2004 and March 2013
      and who had a significant stenosis with >= 75% narrowing of the arterial diameter
      detected by coronary angiography performed after confirmation of >= 5% ischemia
      with the SPECT. The patients underwent treatment including revascularization and
      medication, and thereafter, were re-evaluated with SPECT during a chronic phase
      and followed-up to confirm prognosis for >= 1 year. The endpoint was the onset of
      MCEs during the follow-up.During the follow-up (36.7 +/- 14.5 months), 50
      patients (8.7%) experienced MCEs comprising cardiac death (n = 16), non-fatal
      myocardial infarction (n = 4), and unstable angina pectoris (n = 30). The
      multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model analysis for the actual
      occurrence of MCEs showed the summed difference score % and MCE risks estimated
      with the CERS after treatment to be significant independent variables. Ischemic
      reduction after treatment contributed significantly to a decrease in the MCE
      risks. The MCE risks estimated with the CERS after treatment were generally
      consistent with the incidence of the MCEs actually observed.The CERS after
      treatment is a valuable formula for predicting prognosis in Japanese patients
      with coronary artery disease. 

PMID- 27357438
TI  - A Novel Wiring Technique to Insert a Retrograde Guidewire Directly Into the
      Antegrade Guiding Catheter at the Ascending Aorta for Retrograde Percutaneous
      Recanalization of an Ostial Coronary Total Occlusion.
AB  - In recent years, the use of a retrograde approach has become a common practice in
      the treatment of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the coronary ostium and artery
      with an anomalous origin. Use of this approach has increased the chances of a
      successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the approach
      requires capturing the retrograde guidewire within the aorta, which can often
      pose a problem. Therefore, we developed a technique in which the retrograde
      guidewire is passed through the CTO and inserted directly into the antegrade
      guiding catheter in the ascending aorta. This technique enabled the successful
      treatment of the ostial CTO of the right coronary artery using retrograde PCI. 

PMID- 27357437
TI  - Evaluation of Intravascular Hemolysis With Erythrocyte Creatine in Patients With
      Aortic Stenosis.
AB  - Chronic intravascular hemolysis has been identified in patients with cardiac
      valve prostheses, but only a few case reports have evaluated intravascular
      hemolysis in patients with native valvular heart disease. To detect intravascular
      hemolysis in patients with aortic stenosis, erythrocyte creatine was evaluated
      with hemodynamic indices obtained by echocardiography.Erythrocyte creatine, a
      marker of erythrocyte age, was assayed in 30 patients with aortic stenosis and 10
      aged matched healthy volunteers. Peak flow velocity of the aortic valve was
      determined by continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. Twenty of 30 patients
      with aortic stenosis had high erythrocyte creatine levels (> 1.8 umol/g Hb) and
      erythrocyte creatine was significantly higher as compared with control subjects
      (1.98 +/- 0.49 versus 1.52 +/- 0.19 umol/g Hb, P = 0.007). Peak transvalvular
      pressure gradient ranged from 46 to 142 mmHg and peak flow velocity ranged from
      3.40 to 5.95 m/second. Patients with aortic stenosis had a significantly lower
      erythrocyte count (387 +/- 40 versus 436 +/- 42 * 10(4) uL, P = 0.002) and
      hemoglobin (119 +/- 11 versus 135 +/- 11 g/L, P < 0.001) as compared with control
      subjects. Erythrocyte creatine had a fair correlation with peak flow velocity (r
      = 0.55, P = 0.002).In conclusion, intravascular hemolysis due to destruction of
      erythrocytes was detected in patients with moderate to severe aortic stenosis and
      the severity of intravascular hemolysis was related to valvular flow velocity of
      the aortic valve. 

PMID- 27357440
TI  - Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Postconditioning Protects Isolated Rat Hearts From
      Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Sirt1/PGC-1alpha Signaling Pathway.
AB  - Sirt1 is a highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) dependent
      histone deacetylase which plays an important role in heart diseases. Studies
      performed with Sirt1 activators indicated that it protects cells from ischemia/
      reperfusion (I/R) injury. The protective effects of H2S against I/R injury also
      have been recognized. Hence, the present study was designed to explore whether
      Sirt1/PGC-1alpha participates in the protection of exogenous H2S postconditioning
      against I/R injury in isolated rat hearts. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to
      30 minutes of global ischemia followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion after 20
      minutes of equilibrium. During this procedure, the hearts were exposed to NaHS
      (10 MUmol/L) treatment in the absence or presence of the selective Sirt1
      inhibitor EX-527 (10 MUmol/L). NaHS exerted a protective effect on isolated rat
      hearts subjected to I/R, as shown by the improved expression of Sirt1/PGC-1alpha
      associated with restoration of Sirt1 nuclear localization, cardiac function,
      decreased myocardial infarct size, decreased myocardial enzyme release, and
      several biochemical parameters, including up-regulation of the ATP and SOD
      levels, and down-regulation of the MDA level. However, treatment with EX-527
      could partially prevent the above effects of NaHS postconditioning. These results
      indicate that H2S confers protective effects against I/R injury through the
      activation of Sirt1/PGC1alpha. 

PMID- 27357439
TI  - Response Prediction and Influence of Tolvaptan in Chronic Heart Failure Patients
      Considering the Interaction of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and
      Arginine Vasopressin.
AB  - The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)
      regulate body fluids. Although conventional diuretics have been used for treating
      heart failure, they activate RAAS and exacerbate renal function. Tolvaptan, a
      newly developed vasopressin-2 receptor antagonist, elicits aquaresis and improves
      volume overload in heart failure patients, however, the predictors of tolvaptan
      effectiveness and the influence on the RAAS and renal function according to
      tolvaptan therapy are not established. We evaluated 26 chronic heart failure
      patients receiving therapy with 15 mg/day tolvaptan and examined their laboratory
      and urinary data before and after tolvaptan therapy. A response to tolvaptan was
      defined as a body weight decrease by more than 2 kg in a week and a urine volume
      increase by 500 mL/ day compared with that before tolvaptan administration. Body
      weight, urine volume, and brain natriuretic peptide levels significantly improved
      (P < 0.05), without any worsening of renal function represented by serum
      creatinine, sodium, and potassium. Moreover, no significant changes were observed
      in the plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC). In the
      responder group, urine osmolality before tolvaptan administration was
      significantly higher (P < 0.05) but declined significantly after tolvaptan
      administration (P < 0.05). The AVP/PAC ratio before administration was positively
      correlated with the efficacy of tolvaptan. Tolvaptan treatment could prevent RAAS
      activation in chronic heart failure patients. Moreover, monitoring the AVP/PAC
      ratio may be useful in predicting the tolvaptan response. 

PMID- 27357441
TI  - Cyclosporin A Protects H9c2 Cells Against Chemical Hypoxia-Induced Injury via
      Inhibition of MAPK Signaling Pathway.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the effects and molecular mechanism of
      cyclosporin A (CsA) on cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced injury in H9c2 embryonic
      rat cardiac cells. The results showed that CsA could protect H9c2 cells against
      CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury. CsA effectively improved cell viability, and
      decreased LDH leakage, cell apoptosis, MDA concentration, and ROS generation, and
      increased SOD activity, GSH production, and CAT activity in a dosedependent
      manner. In addition, CsA treatment blocked the CoCl2-induced increases in ROS
      production and mitochondrial dysfunction, including a decrease in membrane
      potential, cytochrome c (cyto-c) release, Bax/Bcl-2 imbalance, as well as the
      ratios of cl-casp-9/casp-9 and cl-casp-3/casp-3 ratios, via the inhibition of p38
      and ERK MAPK signaling pathways. The results also suggested that CsA protected
      H9c2 cells against CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury, possibly by suppressing the MAPK
      signaling pathway. Thus, CsA is a potential therapeutic agent for cardiac hypoxic
      injury. 

PMID- 27357442
TI  - Chemically driven negative linear compressibility in sodium amidoborane,
      Na(NH2BH3).
AB  - Over the past few years we have been witnessing a surge of scientific interest to
      materials exhibiting a rare mechanical effect such as negative linear
      compressibility (NLC). Here we report on strong NLC found in an ionic molecular
      crystal of sodium amidoborane (NaAB) - easily-accessible, optically transparent
      material. In situ Raman measurements revealed abnormal elongation of B-N and N-H
      bonds of NaAB at pressure about 3 GPa. Ab initio calculations indicate the
      observed spectroscopic changes are due to an isostructural phase transition
      accompanied by a stepwise expansion of the crystal along c axis. Analysis of
      calculated charge density distribution and geometry of molecular species (NH2BH3)
      univocally points to a chemically driven mechanism of NLC - pressure-induced
      formation of hydrogen bonds. The new H-bond acts as a "pivot screw" coupling N-H
      covalent bonds of neighbor molecular species - a system resembling a two-lever
      "jack device" on a molecular scale. A mechanism based on formation of new bonds
      stands in apparent contrast to mechanisms so far reported in majority of NLC
      materials where no significant alteration of chemical bonding was observed. The
      finding therefore suggests a qualitatively new direction in exploration the field
      towards rational design of incompressible materials.

PMID- 27357443
TI  - The efficacy and safety of everolimus for the treatment of progressive
      gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A multi-institution observational
      study in Taiwan.
AB  - AIM: Everolimus is an inhibitor of mTOR, approved for treatment of advanced
      pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The purpose of this observational study
      was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of everolimus in treatment of
      progressive, advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) in
      Taiwan. METHODS: Fifty-three patients with progressive, advanced GEP-NETs who
      received everolimus treatment between January 2008 and August 2014 were selected.
      Patient characteristics, tumor features, safety profiles and treatment efficacy
      were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Mean follow-up duration was 23.7 (1.2-70)
      months and 37 of 53 patients (69.8%) remained alive at the end of study. The one-
      and two-year overall survival rates were 90.5% and 75.4%, respectively. The
      median progression-free survival (PFS) was 18.9 (95% confidence interval; 10.9
      26.8) months. Partial response was observed in 15 (28.3%) patients, 29 (54.7%)
      patients had stable disease and nine (17%) patients had progressive disease.
      Patients with World Health Organization (WHO) grade I NETs, nonfunctional tumors
      and liver metastasis burden <10% had significantly better PFS with everolimus
      treatment. Adverse events observed were stomatitis (35.8%), hyperglycemia (22.6%)
      and rash (18.8%). Seven (15.4%) patients experienced severe adverse events (grade
      3 or more), including hyperglycemia (4.4%), anemia (4.4%), fatigue (2.2%) and
      elevated liver function (2.2%). One (2.2%) patient died from grade 5 interstitial
      pneumonitis. CONCLUSION: Everolimus was an effective treatment for Taiwanese
      patients with progressive advanced GEP-NETs. Patients with nonfunctional NETs had
      a trend toward longer PFS, whereas patients with liver metastases burden <10% had
      a trend toward longer overall survival time receiving everolimus treatment.

PMID- 27357445
TI  - FCR front-line therapy and quality of life in patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - The chemoimmunotherapy FCR (fludarabine and cyclophosphamide with rituximab) is
      the standard first-line treatment for physically fit chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      (CLL) patients. To assess the risks and benefits, we investigated health-related
      quality of life (HRQOL). 817 untreated CLL patients received either FC or FCR
      within the GCLLSG CLL8 trial. The European Organization for Research and
      Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire C30 was sent to all patients at
      baseline, after 3, 6, and 12 months and then yearly as follow-up. A total of 769
      (94%) of 817 patients completed at least one questionnaire. Comparing HRQOL of
      CLL patients with the general German population, CLL patients' health declined in
      most scales except for global health and pain. No major differences in HRQOL were
      found during treatment or follow-up between both treatment arms. Females were
      more likely to have treatment-related symptoms than males. Although FCR was
      associated with more side effects, this did not influence HRQOL. During follow-up
      after FCR only minor improvement of HRQOL compared with FC was assessed.

PMID- 27357446
TI  - Intensity and prevalence of depressive states in cancer inpatients: a large
      sample descriptive study.
AB  - In cancer patients, depression causes suffering during the whole disease
      trajectory and it also influences the personal perception of well-being as well
      as treatment adherence. Consequently, its better definition is needed for
      planning more tailored supportive programmes. This study was aimed to provide
      information on depressive state intensity and prevalence in an heterogeneous
      sample of cancer inpatients. In addition, associations were studied between
      depressive state and different socio-demographic and clinical factors. A total of
      1,147 consecutive adult cancer inpatients completed the Center for Epidemiologic
      Studies Scale on Depression together with a form for collecting socio-demographic
      and clinical data. The mean score of depression was 16.9 (SD = 9.3). There were
      differences in depression intensity associated with gender (p < .001), age (p =
      .001) and cancer type (p < .001), but not with education level (p = .282) or
      marital status (p = .436). Of the entire sample 13.9% had depressive states; this
      percentage raised to 26.2% if a less stringent criterion was used. These data
      reinforce the importance of a clinical and research focus on depression in
      oncology. As differences according to gender, age and diagnosis exist in
      depression prevalence and intensity, tailored supportive intervention should be
      planned and verified for effectiveness and efficacy.

PMID- 27357444
TI  - Notch-independent RBPJ controls angiogenesis in the adult heart.
AB  - Increasing angiogenesis has long been considered a therapeutic target for
      improving heart function after injury such as acute myocardial infarction.
      However, gene, protein and cell therapies to increase microvascularization have
      not been successful, most likely because the studies failed to achieve regulated
      and concerted expression of pro-angiogenic and angiostatic factors needed to
      produce functional microvasculature. Here, we report that the transcription
      factor RBPJ is a homoeostatic repressor of multiple pro-angiogenic and
      angiostatic factor genes in cardiomyocytes. RBPJ controls angiogenic factor gene
      expression independently of Notch by antagonizing the activity of hypoxia
      inducible factors (HIFs). In contrast to previous strategies, the cardiomyocyte
      specific deletion of Rbpj increased microvascularization of the heart without
      adversely affecting cardiac structure or function even into old age. Furthermore,
      the loss of RBPJ in cardiomyocytes increased hypoxia tolerance, improved heart
      function and decreased pathological remodelling after myocardial infarction,
      suggesting that inhibiting RBPJ might be therapeutic for ischaemic injury.

PMID- 27357448
TI  - Remarkable magnetostructural coupling around the magnetic transition in
      CeCo0.85Fe0.15Si.
AB  - We report a detailed study of the magnetic properties of CeCo0.85Fe0.15Si under
      high magnetic fields (up to 16 Tesla) measuring different physical properties
      such as specific heat, magnetization, electrical resistivity, thermal expansion
      and magnetostriction. CeCo0.85Fe0.15Si becomes antiferromagnetic at [Formula: see
      text] K. However, a broad tail (onset at [Formula: see text] K) in the specific
      heat precedes that second order transition. This tail is also observed in the
      temperature derivative of the resistivity. However, it is particularly noticeable
      in the thermal expansion coefficient where it takes the form of a large bump
      centered at T X . A high magnetic field practically washes out that tail in the
      resistivity. But surprisingly, the bump in the thermal expansion coefficient
      becomes a well pronounced peak fully split from the magnetic transition at T N .
      Concurrently, the magnetoresistance also switches from negative to positive above
      T N . The magnetostriction is considerable and irreversible at low temperature
      ([Formula: see text] at 2 K) when the magnetic interactions dominate. A broad
      jump in the field dependence of the magnetostriction observed at low T may be the
      signature of a weak ongoing metamagnetic transition. Taking altogether the
      results indicate the importance of the lattice effects on the development of the
      magnetic order in these alloys.

PMID- 27357447
TI  - Developmental transcription factor NFIB is a putative target of oncofetal miRNAs
      and is associated with tumour aggressiveness in lung adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Genes involved in fetal lung development are thought to play crucial roles in the
      malignant transformation of adult lung cells. Consequently, the study of lung
      tumour biology in the context of lung development has the potential to reveal key
      developmentally relevant genes that play critical roles in lung cancer
      initiation/progression. Here, we describe for the first time a comprehensive
      characterization of miRNA expression in human fetal lung tissue, with subsequent
      identification of 37 miRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that
      recapitulate their fetal expression patterns. Nuclear factor I/B (NFIB), a
      transcription factor essential for lung development, was identified as a
      potential frequent target for these 'oncofetal' miRNAs. Concordantly, analysis of
      NFIB expression in multiple NSCLC independent cohorts revealed its recurrent
      underexpression (in ~40-70% of tumours). Interrogation of NFIB copy number,
      methylation, and mutation status revealed that DNA level disruption of this gene
      is rare, and further supports the notion that oncofetal miRNAs are likely the
      primary mechanism responsible for NFIB underexpression in NSCLC. Reflecting its
      functional role in regulating lung differentiation, low expression of NFIB was
      significantly associated with biologically more aggressive subtypes and,
      ultimately, poorer survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Copyright (c) 2016
      Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27357449
TI  - Time resolved X-ray Dark-Field Tomography Revealing Water Transport in a Fresh
      Cement Sample.
AB  - Grating-based X-ray dark-field tomography is a promising technique for biomedical
      and materials research. Even if the resolution of conventional X-ray tomography
      does not suffice to resolve relevant structures, the dark-field signal provides
      valuable information about the sub-pixel microstructural properties of the
      sample. Here, we report on the potential of X-ray dark-field imaging to be used
      for time-resolved three-dimensional studies. By repeating consecutive tomography
      scans on a fresh cement sample, we were able to study the hardening dynamics of
      the cement paste in three dimensions over time. The hardening of the cement was
      accompanied by a strong decrease in the dark-field signal pointing to
      microstructural changes within the cement paste. Furthermore our results hint at
      the transport of water from certain limestone grains, which were embedded in the
      sample, to the cement paste during the process of hardening. This is indicated by
      an increasing scattering signal which was observed for two of the six tested
      limestone grains. Electron microscopy images revealed a distinct porous structure
      only for those two grains which supports the following interpretation of our
      results. When the water filled pores of the limestone grains empty during the
      experiment the scattering signal of the grains increases.

PMID- 27357450
TI  - [Delusional depression : Diagnostics, phenomenology and therapy].
AB  - Depressive delusion is the key symptom of psychotic depression also known as
      major depressive disorder with psychotic features (ICD-10: F 32.3). Delusional
      topics are limited to guilt, impoverishment and hypochondria. Kurt Schneider
      described these as being the three primordial fears of human beings. Psychotic
      depression is distinguished by the particular severity and frequency of the
      episodes of illness as well as by increased suicidal tendencies. Although one in
      five patients with a major depression experiences psychotic symptoms, this
      condition is all too easily overlooked and the appropriate therapy is not
      initiated. Here we use case histories to illustrate some of the obstacles to
      diagnosis arising from the difficulty of identifying delusions hidden in a
      person's experience of depression, life history and personality. A targeted
      active exploration of these difficulties is significant taking into account the
      observable symptoms and not only the subjectively experienced symptoms. A
      phenomenological approach is chosen to explore the matter of depressive delusion
      and to investigate the interaction of delusion and affect and the special
      importance of anxiety for the genesis of delusion. In accordance with the current
      treatment recommendations and against this background, it is proposed that the
      pharmacological strategy should be supplemented by the use of benzodiazepines
      more often than has it has been in the past.

PMID- 27357451
TI  - [Specific questions in the focus of the evaluation].

PMID- 27357452
TI  - [Erratum to: Suicide and euthanasia. Discourse on physician-assisted suicide].

PMID- 27357453
TI  - [Invasive neurology in focus].

PMID- 27357454
TI  - [Provision of outpatient specialist care for mental disorders : Minor regional
      differences in treatment needs, major regional differences in availability].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to the high burden attributed to mental disorders, an important
      purpose of a general healthcare system is to provide comprehensive medical
      specialist care that is both locally available and in line with demand; however,
      the density of outpatient physicians and psychotherapists significantly varies
      between regions in Germany. To verify if these variations reflect regional
      variations of morbidity rates, routine data of statutory health insurance
      companies are analyzed on a regular basis. But these administrative data directly
      depend on the actual regional health care supply. Hence, independent
      epidemiological data on prevalence rates of mental disorders could be a valuable
      supplement. METHODS: Analyses are based on prevalence rates of the representative
      epidemiological German health interview and examination survey and its mental
      health module (DEGS1-MH) as well as supplemental data from the German national
      and regional associations of statutory health insurance physicians. The
      associations between prevalence rates and density of outpatient physicians and
      psychotherapists were computed for the DEGS sample points, representing 139
      different German districts. Transregional care provision for neighboring regions
      was taken into account. RESULTS: There were neither significant associations of
      regional density of outpatient physicians and psychotherapists with prevalence
      rates of mental disorders in general nor with prevalence rates of severe mental
      disorders; however, taking into account transregional care provision for
      neighboring regions the huge variability of provider density decreases.
      DISCUSSION: The regional inequality of physician and psychotherapist density
      cannot be explained by regional differences in treatment needs. The results
      indicate potential improvements in healthcare provision for mental disorders in
      Germany through the adaptation to actual morbidity rates; however, the definition
      of treatment needs in mental disorders requires further evaluation.

PMID- 27357455
TI  - [German neurology and neurologists during the Third Reich: brain research and
      "euthanasia"].
AB  - The connection between systematic killing of the mentally ill and disabled,
      euphemistically called "euthanasia" in the National Socialism ideology, and
      German brain research has been thoroughly investigated and in detail; however,
      the impact of this criminal nexus on the image and self-perception of German
      neurologists as well as the status of neurology as a medical discipline is still
      the subject of controversial debates.Between 1939 and 1945 the Kaiser Wilhelm
      Institute (KWI) in Berlin along with other research centres were insofar enmeshed
      in the "euthanasia" program as brains of killed patients were dissected in the
      guise of "concomitant research" in order to generate medical knowledge. Affected
      were mainly individuals suffering from oligophrenia, early childhood brain
      atrophy, cerebral palsy and epilepsy. According to current historical research,
      collegial networks were instrumental in receiving brains of killed patients.
      Furthermore, civil research units were supplemented by military ones at the KWI.
      These, too, were concerned with the collection of medical knowledge, for instance
      on injuries of the brain and spinal cord. The historical approach to consider the
      Nazi organizations and medicine as "resources for each other" seems, therefore,
      at least in part applicable to neurology. 

PMID- 27357456
TI  - [Invasive stroke treatment - Study results and clinical routine : Lost in
      translation?].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: How can the overwhelmingly positive results of the five randomized
      thrombectomy trials published in 2015 be transferred to the clinical routine?
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of trial-specific characteristics with regard to
      implementation of mechanical thrombectomy into clinical routine. RESULTS: Stroke
      patients with symptomatic proximal artery occlusion are principally eligible for
      mechanical thrombectomy; however, the stroke patients included in the
      thrombectomy trials are not representative of all stroke patients. They were
      carefully selected according to clinical and imaging criteria as well as to the
      time window from symptom onset. Furthermore, they were treated in highly selected
      specialized stroke centers. Analysis of the five trials and the Catalan
      population-based SONIIA registry revealed that the observed number needed to
      treat (NNT) of 5 to reach a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score of 0-2 only applies
      to approximately 1 % of all stroke patients. The NNT for the remaining patients
      who are principally eligible for thrombectomy requires further study. Currently,
      centralization seems to be useful to facilitate mechanical thrombectomy in
      routine care leading to several problems that have to be dealt with in particular
      regions. Secondary transport to thrombectomy centers plays a major role in this
      context and has to be provided with highest priority. CONCLUSION: Only careful
      analysis of study results and the background circumstances will enable adequate
      organization and successful practical implementation of this highly effective
      therapy in the clinical routine. Regional conditions have to be considered and
      will be crucial in this context.

PMID- 27357457
TI  - [Fredy Quadfasel (1902-1981) : Neuropsychiatrist, politically persecuted NS
      opponent and his impact in American exile].
AB  - The physician and psychologist Dr. Fredy Quadfasel, born in East Prussia, was
      trained in neuropsychiatry by Kurt Goldstein in Frankfurt/Main and by Karl
      Bonhoeffer at the Charite in Berlin. After he was detained by the Gestapo due to
      political opposition, he was probably denounced for offending the so-called
      Malicious Practices Act (Heimtuckegesetz) from March 1933, and imprisoned for 2-3
      months. In 1934/35 he emigrated to the USA via England and Canada, where he
      initially ran a neuropsychiatry office in New York. Very soon he was able to take
      on an academic post and became an instructor in neurology. After medical military
      service in 1944-1947 at the Cushing General Hospital in Framingham near Boston,
      he was appointed head of the neurological department. Later he moved on to the
      Boston Veterans Administration Hospital. His academic positions included being an
      instructor in neurology at Harvard Medical School and associate professor at the
      Boston University School of Medicine. He had a considerable impact on neurology,
      especially on the locally emerging discipline of neuropsychology represented by
      Harold Goodglass and Norman Geschwind. Despite a lack of personal records of
      Quadfasel, a chequered reconstruction of his life and work was possible due to
      many archival documents with which it was possible to trace the career of a
      highly esteemed neurologist in Germany and the USA. 

PMID- 27357458
TI  - [Potential errors in vascular patients due to anatomical variants of the
      ascending pharyngeal artery].

PMID- 27357459
TI  - Biomarker-Driven Treatments Yield Better Results.
AB  - According to a meta-analysis of 351 phase I trials, choosing a therapy based on
      the abnormalities that drive a tumor yields higher response rates than
      therapeutic selections that aren't biomarker-driven.

PMID- 27357460
TI  - Isolated tuberculosis of right internal mammary lymph node presented like right
      breast abscess with mammary fistula.

PMID- 27357461
TI  - A Multidisciplinary Patient Navigation Program Improves Compliance With Adjuvant
      Breast Cancer Therapy in a Public Hospital.
AB  - Cancer health disparities affecting low-income and minority patients have been
      well documented to lead to poor outcomes. This report examines the impact of
      patient navigation on adherence to prescribed adjuvant breast cancer treatment. A
      multidisciplinary patient navigation program was initiated at a public safety net
      hospital to improve compliance with 3 National Quality Forum measures: (1)
      administration of combination chemotherapy for women with Stage (defined by the
      American Joint Committee on Cancer [AJCC]) T1c, II, or III hormone receptor
      negative breast cancer within 120 days; (2) administration of endocrine therapy
      for women with AJCC Stage T1c, II, or III hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
      within 365 days; and (3) radiation therapy for women receiving breast-conserving
      surgery within one year. Implementation of a multidisciplinary patient navigation
      program reduced time to treatment and improved compliance with adjuvant therapy
      for breast cancer in an underserved minority community.

PMID- 27357462
TI  - Effectively Reducing CK-MB Utilization Using Computer Order Entry in the
      Emergency Department.

PMID- 27357463
TI  - A Computerized Provider Order Entry-Based Alerting System Advising Appropriate
      Drug Dosage for Patients With Renal Insufficiency.

PMID- 27357464
TI  - Examining social support, rumination, and optimism in relation to binge eating
      among Caucasian and African-American college women.
AB  - PURPOSE: Binge eating is a significant concern among college age women-both
      Caucasian and African-American women. Research has shown that social support,
      coping, and optimism are associated with engaging in fewer negative health
      behaviors including binge eating among college students. However, the impact of
      sources of social support (i.e., support from family, friends, and a special
      person), rumination, and optimism on binge eating as a function of race/ethnicity
      has received less attention. The purpose of this study was to examine the
      association between social support, rumination, and optimism and binge eating
      among Caucasian and American-American women, separately. METHOD: Caucasian (n =
      100) and African-American (n = 84) women from a university in the Mid-Atlantic US
      completed an online survey about eating behaviors and psychosocial health.
      RESULTS: Social support from friends was associated with less likelihood of binge
      eating among Caucasian women. Social support from family was associated with less
      likelihood of binge eating among African-American women, but greater likelihood
      of binge eating among Caucasian women. Rumination was associated with greater
      likelihood of binge eating among Caucasian and African-American women. Optimism
      was associated with less likelihood of binge eating among African-American women.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate similarities and differences in correlates
      of binge eating as a function of race/ethnicity.

PMID- 27357465
TI  - Functional identification of two minor capsid proteins from Chinese wheat mosaic
      virus using its infectious full-length cDNA clones.
AB  - Full-length cDNA clones of Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) RNA1 and RNA2 were
      produced from single reverse transcription PCR reactions and transcripts were
      shown to be infectious in both wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana. An efficient and
      reliable agro-infiltration method was then developed for reverse genetic assays
      in N. benthamiana. Inoculation of infectious cDNA clones resulted in obvious
      chlorotic symptoms, and CWMV viral genomic RNAs, capsid protein (CP)-related
      proteins, and typical rod-shaped particles were detectable on the inoculated and
      upper leaves, similar to those of WT virus. The optimal temperature for virus
      multiplication was 12  degrees C, but the optimum for systematic infection in
      plants was 17  degrees C. Mutant clones that abolished the N- or C-terminal
      extensions of the major CP did not inhibit systemic infection or the formation of
      rod-shaped particles but sometimes modified the symptoms in inoculated plants.
      These results suggest that the two minor CP-related proteins of CWMV are
      dispensable for viral infection, replication, systemic movement and virion
      assembly in plants.

PMID- 27357466
TI  - Rare cause of central cyanosis: right pulmonary artery to left atrial fistula.
AB  - A fistula between the right pulmonary artery and the left atrium is a very rare
      cause of central cyanosis. A clinical diagnosis is often made by first excluding
      other common causes and then performing diagnostic catheterization. Surgical
      closure offers a definitive cure for this rare congenital anomaly.

PMID- 27357467
TI  - Minimally invasive mitral valve repair for functional mitral regurgitation in
      severe heart failure: MitraClip versus minimally invasive surgical approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the outcomes of MitraClip versus minimally invasive
      surgical mitral valve repair in high-risk patients with significant functional
      mitral regurgitation (FMR) and severe heart failure in a centre having pilot
      versus extensive experience with the MitraClip and the minimally invasive
      surgical approach, respectively. METHODS: The MitraClip group consisted of 24
      high-surgical-risk patients [age 75 +/- 9 years, 75% males, NYHA III/IV 88%, left
      ventricular (LV) ejection fraction 31 +/- 9%, EuroSCORE II 18 +/- 14%], while the
      surgical group consisted of 48 patients matched for age, NYHA class and LV
      ejection fraction. RESULTS: Patients undergoing MitraClip versus those undergoing
      surgical repair showed higher prevalence of ischaemic LV dysfunction and larger
      LV end-diastolic diameter (both P < 0.05). Both the MitraClip and the surgical
      repair groups had similar 30-day mortality rates (4 vs 13%, P = 0.41) and
      prevalence of serious adverse events (25 vs 38%, P = 0.43). The median follow-up
      was 1028 days (IQR: 272-1564 days) in the MitraClip group and 890 days (IQR: 436
      1381 days) in the surgical group (P = 0.95). Total all-cause mortality (54 vs
      60%, log-rank P = 0.64) and rates of rehospitalizations for heart failure (42 vs
      29%, log-rank P = 0.68) did not differ significantly between groups. Both
      techniques were associated with significant decrease in NYHA class and severity
      of FMR (P < 0.001 for all) and with a similar degree of stabilization of LV
      remodelling (P = NS). CONCLUSION: Despite the significant baseline differences in
      accumulated expertise and risk profile between the surgical and the MitraClip
      groups, both minimally invasive techniques were associated with similar 30-day
      and long-term outcomes.

PMID- 27357468
TI  - Circulating histones for predicting prognosis after cardiac surgery: a
      prospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the perioperative changes
      in circulating histones and their relationships with other biomarkers and
      clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in
      patients. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with congenital cardiac diseases
      undergoing corrective procedure with CPB were prospectively enrolled in this
      study. Circulating histones, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT
      proBNP), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured
      preoperatively (T0) and at 0 (T1), 24 (T2), 48 (T3) and 72 (T4) h
      postoperatively. The relationships between biomarkers and clinical outcomes were
      analysed. RESULTS: Circulating histones, NT-proBNP, PCT and CRP increased
      significantly postoperatively, with histones reaching the peak value earliest at
      T1. Circulating histone levels were higher in patients with adverse events.
      Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that peak histone levels
      had a better predictive value for adverse events postoperatively. Peak histone
      levels correlated with the peak level of NT-proBNP (r = 0.563, P < 0.01), PCT (r
      = 0.551, P < 0.01), CRP (r = 0.606, P < 0.01) and clinical parameters such as
      ventilation time (r = 0.601, P < 0.01) and intensive care unit time (r = 0.623, P
      < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating histones reached peak levels faster than NT
      proBNP, PCT and CRP. Furthermore, peak histone levels correlated with biomarkers
      and postoperative clinical outcomes. Circulating histones may be used as a
      prognostic indicator for patients after cardiac surgery with CPB. CLINICAL
      TRIALS: ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT02325765).

PMID- 27357469
TI  - Incidence, risk factors and prognosis of postoperative atrial arrhythmias after
      lung transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Postoperative atrial arrhythmia is the most common dysrhythmia seen after lung
      transplantation. However, risk factors for postoperative atrial arrhythmias and
      their impact on outcomes were inconsistent. The aim of our study was to conduct a
      meta-analysis to analyse risk factors of postoperative atrial arrhythmias and the
      impact of postoperative atrial arrhythmias on outcomes after lung
      transplantation. All eligible articles from MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and the
      Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (until November 2015) were incorporated
      into this study. We extracted the data from the included studies and performed a
      meta-analysis to evaluate predictors for postoperative atrial arrhythmias and
      their impact on outcomes. R software and STATA 13.0 software were used for the
      meta-analysis. A total of 2094 patients from 11 studies were included in this
      meta-analysis. The pooled incidence of postoperative atrial arrhythmias after
      lung transplantation was 31% [95% confidence interval (CI), 25-37%]. We found
      that gender (female versus male) with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.44 (95% CI 0.35
      0.56, P < 0.001), age (>50 vs <=50 or atrial arrhythmias versus non-atrial
      arrhythmias) with OR of 2.73 (95% CI 1.86-4.00, P < 0.001) and weighted mean
      difference (WMD) of 5.88 years (95% CI 3.69-8.07, P < 0.001), history of atrial
      arrhythmias with OR of 1.76 (95% CI 1.34-2.32, P = 0.002), vasopressor use with
      OR of 1.76 (95% CI 1.34-2.32, P < 0.001), cystic fibrosis with OR of 0.32 (95% CI
      0.18-0.59, P < 0.001), interstitial lung disease with OR of 1.85 (95% CI 1.27
      2.71, P = 0.001), hypertension with OR of 1.49 (95% CI 1.12-1.97, P = 0.006),
      coronary artery disease with OR of 1.58 (95% CI 1.20-2.08, P = 0.001),
      hyperlipidaemia with OR of 1.52 (95% CI 1.06-2.20, P = 0.025) and left atrial
      enlargement with OR of 2.99 (95% CI 1.91-4.67, P < 0.001) were significantly
      associated with postoperative atrial arrhythmias after lung transplantation.
      Postoperative atrial arrhythmias had a significant influence on length of stay
      (WMD 9.72, 95% CI 5.07-14.38, P < 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio
      1.72, 95% CI 1.39-2.12, P < 0.001) after lung transplantation. In conclusion, the
      significant risk factors for postoperative atrial arrhythmias were gender, age,
      history of atrial arrhythmias, vasopressor use, cystic fibrosis, interstitial
      lung disease, hypertension, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidaemia, cardiac
      index and left atrial size. Development of postoperative atrial arrhythmias has
      prognostic implications for length of stay and overall survival after lung
      transplantation. Prospective and randomized trials are needed to address these
      issues in the future.

PMID- 27357470
TI  - FLUID AND ION SECRETION BY MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OF LARVAL CHIRONOMIDS, Chironomus
      riparius: EFFECTS OF REARING SALINITY, TRANSPORT INHIBITORS, AND SEROTONIN.
AB  - Larvae of Chironomus riparius respond to ion-poor and brackish water (IPW, BW)
      conditions by activating ion uptake mechanisms in the anal papillae and reducing
      ion absorption at the rectum, respectively. The role that the Malpighian tubules
      play in ion and osmoregulation under these conditions is not known in this
      species. This study examines rates of fluid secretion and major cation
      composition of secreted fluid from tubules of C. riparius reared in IPW,
      freshwater (FW) and BW. Fluid secretion of tubules from FW and BW larvae was
      similar but tubules from IPW larvae secrete fluid at higher rates, are more
      sensitive to serotonin stimulation, and the secreted fluid contains less Na(+) .
      Therefore in IPW, tubules work in concert with anal papillae to eliminate excess
      water while conserving Na(+) in the hemolymph. Tubules do not appear to play a
      significant role in ion/osmoregulation under BW. Serotonin immunoreactivity in
      the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract of larval C. riparius was similar
      to that seen in mosquito larvae with the exception that the hindgut was devoid of
      staining. Hemolymph serotonin titer was similar in FW and IPW; hence, serotonin
      is not responsible for the observed high rates of fluid secretion in IPW.
      Instead, it is suggested that serotonin may work in a synergistic manner with an
      unidentified hormonal factor in IPW. Ion transport mechanisms in the tubules of
      C. riparius are pharmacologically similar to those of other insects. 

PMID- 27357471
TI  - The stability and generation pattern of thermally formed isocyanic acid (ICA) in
      air - potential and limitations of proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry
      (PTR-MS) for real-time workroom atmosphere measurements.
AB  - Isocyanic acid (ICA) in vapour phase has been reported to be of unstable nature,
      making the occupational hygienic relevance of ICA questionable. The stability of
      pure ICA in clean air at different humidity conditions was investigated by
      Fourier transform-infrared spectrometric (FT-IR) measurements. Furthermore, the
      stability of ICA in a complex atmosphere representative thermal degradation hot
      work procedures were examined by performing parallel measurements by proton
      transfer reaction-mass spectrometric (PTR-MS) instrumentation and off-line
      denuder air sampling using di-n-butylamine (as a derivatization agent prior to
      liquid chromatography mass spectrometric (LC-MS) determination). The apparent
      half-life of ICA in pure ICA atmospheres was 16 to 4 hours at absolute humidity
      (AH) in the range 4.2 to 14.6 g m(-3), respectively. In a complex atmosphere at
      an initial AH of 9.6 g m(-3) the apparent half-life of ICA was 8 hours, as
      measured with the denuder method. Thus, thermally formed ICA is to be considered
      as a potential occupational hazard with regard to inhalation. The generation
      pattern of ICA formed during controlled gradient (100-540  degrees C) thermal
      decomposition of different polymers in the presence of air was examined by
      parallel PTR-MS and denuder air sampling. According to measurement by denuder
      sampling ICA was the dominant aliphatic isocyanate formed during the thermal
      decomposition of all polymers. The real-time measurements of the decomposed
      polymers revealed different ICA generation patterns, with initial appearance of
      thermally released ICA in the temperature range 200-260  degrees C. The PTR-MS
      ICA measurements was however affected by mass overlap from other decomposition
      products at m/z 44, illustrated by a [ICA]Denuder/[ICA]PTR-MS ratio ranging from
      0.04 to 0.90. These findings limits the potential use of PTR-MS for real time
      measurements of thermally released ICA in field, suggesting parallel sampling
      with short-term sequential off-line methodology. 

PMID- 27357472
TI  - Body weight and dysautonomia in early Parkinson's disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) begin to lose weight several
      years before diagnosis, which suggests weight variation is associated with some
      factor(s) that precede the onset of motor symptoms. This study aimed to
      investigate the association of autonomic nervous system with body weight in
      patients with PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 90 patients with early
      de novo PD. We examined the associations of body mass index (BMI) with
      sympathetic nervous activity reflected in orthostatic intolerance or cardiac
      uptake of 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine and parasympathetic nervous activity
      reflected in constipation or heart rate variability (HRV). RESULTS: Twelve
      patients (13.3%) were overweight (BMI>25 kg/m2 ), 62 patients (68.9%) were normal
      weight (18.5?BMI<25 kg/m2 ), and 16 patients (17.8%) were underweight (BMI<18.5
      kg/m2 ). Underweight patients had greater disease severity and decrease in blood
      pressure on head-up tilt-table testing, higher cardiac washout ratio of 123 I
      metaiodobenzylguanidine, and lower HRV and complained of constipation more often
      than those with normal-weight or overweight patients. On multiple regression
      analyses, the correlation of these variables with BMI maintained statistical
      significance after adjustment for age, sex, symptom duration, and motor subtype.
      CONCLUSIONS: Dysautonomia and disease severity are closely related to body weight
      independently of age, sex, symptom duration, and motor subtype. Dysautonomia may
      play a partial role on weight variation in the early stage of PD.

PMID- 27357473
TI  - Impact of fitting dominance and additive effects on accuracy of genomic
      prediction of breeding values in layers.
AB  - Most genomic prediction studies fit only additive effects in models to estimate
      genomic breeding values (GEBV). However, if dominance genetic effects are an
      important source of variation for complex traits, accounting for them may improve
      the accuracy of GEBV. We investigated the effect of fitting dominance and
      additive effects on the accuracy of GEBV for eight egg production and quality
      traits in a purebred line of brown layers using pedigree or genomic information
      (42K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel). Phenotypes were corrected for
      the effect of hatch date. Additive and dominance genetic variances were estimated
      using genomic-based [genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP)-REML and
      BayesC] and pedigree-based (PBLUP-REML) methods. Breeding values were predicted
      using a model that included both additive and dominance effects and a model that
      included only additive effects. The reference population consisted of
      approximately 1800 animals hatched between 2004 and 2009, while approximately 300
      young animals hatched in 2010 were used for validation. Accuracy of prediction
      was computed as the correlation between phenotypes and estimated breeding values
      of the validation animals divided by the square root of the estimate of
      heritability in the whole population. The proportion of dominance variance to
      total phenotypic variance ranged from 0.03 to 0.22 with PBLUP-REML across traits,
      from 0 to 0.03 with GBLUP-REML and from 0.01 to 0.05 with BayesC. Accuracies of
      GEBV ranged from 0.28 to 0.60 across traits. Inclusion of dominance effects did
      not improve the accuracy of GEBV, and differences in their accuracies between
      genomic-based methods were small (0.01-0.05), with GBLUP-REML yielding higher
      prediction accuracies than BayesC for egg production, egg colour and yolk weight,
      while BayesC yielded higher accuracies than GBLUP-REML for the other traits. In
      conclusion, fitting dominance effects did not impact accuracy of genomic
      prediction of breeding values in this population. 

PMID- 27357475
TI  - Self-assembly of repulsive interfacial particles via collective sinking.
AB  - Charged colloidal particles trapped at an air-water interface are well known to
      form an ordered crystal, stabilized by a long ranged repulsion; the details of
      this repulsion remain something of a mystery, but all experiments performed to
      date have confirmed a dipolar-repulsion, at least at dilute concentrations. More
      complex arrangements are often observed, especially at higher concentration, and
      these seem to be incompatible with a purely repulsive potential. In addition to
      electrostatic repulsion, interfacial particles may also interact via deformation
      of the surface: so-called capillary effects. Pair-wise capillary interactions are
      well understood, and are known to be too small (for these colloidal particles) to
      overcome thermal effects. Here we show that collective effects may significantly
      modify the simple pair-wise interactions and become important at higher density,
      though we remain well below close packing throughout. In particular, we show that
      the interaction of many interfacial particles can cause much larger interfacial
      deformations than do isolated particles, and show that the energy of interaction
      per particle due to this "collective sinking" grows as the number of interacting
      particles grows. Though some of the parameters in our simple model are unknown,
      the scaling behaviour is entirely consistent with experimental data, strongly
      indicating that estimating interaction energy based solely on pair-wise
      potentials may be too simplistic for surface particle layers.

PMID- 27357476
TI  - Skin Regeneration Symposium Cambridge, 12-13 April 2016.
AB  - The Annual Skin Regeneration Symposium, held in Cambridge, UK, 12-13 April 2016,
      explored the latest advancements in skin repair, regeneration and restoration,
      and the impact this has on patients. With over 140 delegates from the disciplines
      of burn and trauma care, chronic wounds and esthetic medicine, the symposium
      sparked lively debate and the sharing of results from interesting case studies,
      clinical trials and basic research to support the use of a Regenerative
      Epithelial Suspension produced using the ReCell((r)) technology. Furthermore, it
      enabled delegates and speakers alike to share ideas and discuss how to improve
      the quality of care for patients.

PMID- 27357474
TI  - Phosphoproteomic analysis of Methanohalophilus portucalensis FDF1(T) identified
      the role of protein phosphorylation in methanogenesis and osmoregulation.
AB  - Methanogens have gained much attention for their metabolic product, methane,
      which could be an energy substitute but also contributes to the greenhouse
      effect. One factor that controls methane emission, reversible protein
      phosphorylation, is a crucial signaling switch, and phosphoproteomics has become
      a powerful tool for large-scale surveying. Here, we conducted the first
      phosphorylation-mediated regulation study in halophilic Methanohalophilus
      portucalensis FDF1(T), a model strain for studying stress response mechanisms in
      osmoadaptation. A shotgun approach and MS-based analysis identified 149 unique
      phosphoproteins. Among them, 26% participated in methanogenesis and osmolytes
      biosynthesis pathways. Of note, we uncovered that protein phosphorylation might
      be a crucial factor to modulate the pyrrolysine (Pyl) incorporation and Pyl
      mediated methylotrophic methanogenesis. Furthermore, heterologous expression of
      glycine sarcosine N-methyltransferase (GSMT) mutant derivatives in the
      osmosensitive Escherichia coli MKH13 revealed that the nonphosphorylated T68A
      mutant resulted in increased salt tolerance. In contrast, mimic phosphorylated
      mutant T68D proved defective in both enzymatic activity and salinity tolerance
      for growth. Our study provides new insights into phosphorylation modification as
      a crucial role of both methanogenesis and osmoadaptation in methanoarchaea,
      promoting biogas production or reducing future methane emission in response to
      global warming and climate change.

PMID- 27357478
TI  - Solution-Stable Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles via Surfactant-Free, Hyperbranched
      Polyglycerol-b-polystyrene Unimolecular Templates.
AB  - Hyperbranched polyglycerol-block-polystyrene copolymers, denoted HPG-b-PS, are
      synthesized and employed as a new and effective unimolecular template for
      synthesizing colloidal gold (Au) nanoparticles. The coordination of noble metal
      precursors with polyether within the inner HPG core and subsequent in situ
      reduction enables the formation of well-dispersed and stable PS-capped Au
      nanoparticles. The inner HPG core is produced via ring opening multibranching
      polymerization (ROMBP) and subsequently converted into atom transfer radical
      polymerization (ATRP) macroinitiators for the controlled growth of polystyrene
      (PS) arms possessing low polydispersity (PDI < 1.31). An initial investigation
      into the templating parameters of HPG-b-PS was undertaken by producing templates
      with different arm numbers (98 and 117) and different PS chain lengths (i.e.,
      molecular weight = 3500-13400 g/mol). It was found that the PS chain length and
      solvent conditions affect the quality of the resulting PS-capped colloidal Au
      nanoparticles. This work demonstrates, for the first time, a simple, lower-cost
      approach for templating nonpolar solvent-soluble PS-capped Au nanoparticles on
      the order of 10-30 nm in diameter.

PMID- 27357477
TI  - Signaling mechanism for modulation by ATP of glycine receptors on rat retinal
      ganglion cells.
AB  - ATP modulates voltage- and ligand-gated channels in the CNS via the activation of
      ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. While P2Y receptors are expressed
      in retinal neurons, the function of these receptors in the retina is largely
      unknown. Using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques in rat retinal slice
      preparations, we demonstrated that ATP suppressed glycine receptor-mediated
      currents of OFF type ganglion cells (OFF-GCs) dose-dependently, and the effect
      was in part mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y11, but not by P2X. The ATP effect was
      abolished by intracellular dialysis of a Gq/11 protein inhibitor and
      phosphatidylinositol (PI)-phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, but not
      phosphatidylcholine (PC)-PLC inhibitor. The ATP effect was accompanied by an
      increase in [Ca(2+)]i through the IP3-sensitive pathway and was blocked by
      intracellular Ca(2+)-free solution. Furthermore, the ATP effect was eliminated in
      the presence of PKC inhibitors. Neither PKA nor PKG system was involved. These
      results suggest that the ATP-induced suppression may be mediated by a distinct
      Gq/11/PI-PLC/IP3/Ca(2+)/PKC signaling pathway, following the activation of
      P2Y1,11 and other P2Y subtypes. Consistently, ATP suppressed glycine receptor
      mediated light-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents of OFF-GCs. These results
      suggest that ATP may modify the ON-to-OFF crossover inhibition, thus changing
      action potential patterns of OFF-GCs.

PMID- 27357479
TI  - Multimorbidity, P4 medicine and holism.
AB  - RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Multimorbidity is a serious challenge to
      providing patients with quality health care. Sturmberg et al. propose a P4 or
      whole-person medical model based on a holistic approach to deliver such care. The
      aim of this commentary is to examine critically their P4 model and holistic
      approach. METHODS: The P4 model and holistic approach of Sturmberg et al. are
      analysed conceptually in terms of an effective strategy or sequence for framing
      P4 medicine and with respect to different philosophical notions of holism for
      grounding it. RESULTS: Instead of a P4 medicine strategy or sequence that
      emphasizes the predictive and preventive aspects of health care from a biomedical
      perspective, as Sturmberg et al. do, a more effective strategy or sequence for
      framing P4 medicine to deliver quality health care is to accentuate the
      personalized and participatory aspects from a humanistic perspective. The basis
      of this proposed strategy for P4 medicine is not a technoscientific holism that
      emphasizes mechanisms to define the whole utilizing bottom-up causation, as
      Sturmberg et al. ground their biomedical P4 model, but rather a phenomenological
      holism that also incorporates the person's illness experience and top-down
      causation. CONCLUSIONS: The proposal of Sturmberg et al. to treat patient
      multimorbidity through P4 medicine and a holistic approach is certainly a move in
      the right direction. However, to achieve their goal requires an alternative
      strategy for P4 medicine and a more robust notion of holism.

PMID- 27357480
TI  - High Frequency Dielectric Characteristics of Electrochromic, WO3 and NiO Films
      with LiNbO3 Electrolyte.
AB  - A great deal of attention has been recently focused on Electrochromic (EC)
      materials and EC based devices, promoting mainly applications related to display
      technology. In this case, EC based displays are usually actuated by the
      application of low dc bias voltages, changing their appearance from transparent
      to opaque. A variety of studies related to the optical characteristics of EC
      materials have been reported, however, no serious studies so far have been
      reported on the possible high frequency tunability of the dielectric
      characteristics of these materials, with the exception of the work by Rose, which
      presented the operation of a microwave shutter based on conductive polymers
      operating in the X-band. Here we report tuneable high frequency dielectric
      characteristics of an Electrochromic (EC) cell with a complimentary structure of
      Conductor/WO3/LiNbO3/NiO/Conductor in the frequency range from 1 GHz to 20 GHz.
      The EC cell was prepared using standard semiconductor processing technology, such
      as lithography, etch and deposition techniques. Our measured results indicate
      that tunability of high frequency dielectric characteristics as a function of dc
      bias voltage is achieved, and that a possibility exists for this tunability to be
      tailored.

PMID- 27357481
TI  - Non-human primate chimeras make a move.

PMID- 27357482
TI  - Natural water as the test medium for Ag and CuO nanoparticle hazard evaluation:
      An interlaboratory case study.
AB  - Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have realistic potential of reaching natural
      waterbodies and of exerting toxicity to freshwater organisms. The toxicity may be
      influenced by the composition of natural waters as crucial NP properties are
      influenced by water constituents. To tackle this issue, a case study was set up
      in the framework of EU FP7 NanoValid project, performing an interlaboratory
      hazard evaluation of NPs in natural freshwater. Ag and CuO NPs were selected as
      model NPs because of their potentially high toxicity in the freshwater. Daphnia
      magna (OECD202) and Danio rerio embryo (OECD236) assays were used to evaluate NP
      toxicity in natural water, sampled from Lake Greifen and Lake Lucerne
      (Switzerland). Dissolution of the NPs was evaluated by ultrafiltration,
      ultracentrifugation and metal specific sensor bacteria. Ag NP size was stable in
      natural water while CuO NPs agglomerated and settled rapidly. Ag NP suspensions
      contained a large fraction of Ag(+) ions and CuO NP suspensions had low
      concentration of Cu(2+) ions. Ag NPs were very toxic (48 h EC50 1-5.5 MUg Ag/L)
      to D. magna as well as to D. rerio embryos (96 h EC50 8.8-61 MUg Ag/L) in both
      standard media and natural waters with results in good agreement between
      laboratories. CuO NP toxicity to D. magna differed significantly between the
      laboratories with 48 h EC50 0.9-11 mg Cu/L in standard media, 5.7-75 mg Cu/L in
      Lake Greifen and 5.5-26 mg Cu/L in Lake Lucerne. No toxicity of CuO NP to
      zebrafish embryos was detected up to 100 mg/L independent of the medium used. The
      results show that Ag and CuO NP toxicity may be higher in natural water than in
      the standard media due to differences in composition. NP environmental hazard
      evaluation can and should be carried out in natural water to obtain more
      realistic estimates on the toxicity. 

PMID- 27357483
TI  - Evaluating the mobility of polymer-stabilised zero-valent iron nanoparticles and
      their potential to co-transport contaminants in intact soil cores.
AB  - The use of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) has been advocated for the
      remediation of both soils and groundwater. A key parameter affecting nZVI
      remediation efficacy is the mobility of the particles as this influences the
      reaction zone where remediation can occur. However, by engineering nZVI particles
      with increased stability and mobility we may also inadvertently facilitate nZVI
      mediated contaminant transport away from the zone of treatment. Previous nZVI
      mobility studies have often been limited to model systems as the presence of
      background Fe makes detection and tracking of nZVI in real systems difficult. We
      overcame this problem by synthesising Fe-59 radiolabelled nZVI. This enabled us
      to detect and quantify the leaching of nZVI-derived Fe-59 in intact soil cores,
      including a soil contaminated by Chromated-Copper-Arsenate. Mobility of a
      commercially available nZVI was also tested. The results showed limited mobility
      of both nanomaterials; <1% of the injected mass was eluted from the columns and
      most of the radiolabelled nZVI remained in the surface soil layers (the primary
      treatment zone in this contaminated soil). Nevertheless, the observed
      breakthrough of contaminants and nZVI occurred simultaneously, indicating that
      although the quantity transported was low in this case, nZVI does have the
      potential to co-transport contaminants. These results show that direct injection
      of nZVI into the surface layers of contaminated soils may be a viable remediation
      option for soils such as this one, in which the mobility of nZVI below the
      injection/remediation zone was very limited. This Fe-59 experimental approach can
      be further extended to test nZVI transport in a wider range of contaminated soil
      types and textures and using different application methods and rates. The
      resulting database could then be used to develop and validate modelling of nZVI
      facilitated contaminant transport on an individual soil basis suitable for site
      specific risk assessment prior to nZVI remediation. 

PMID- 27357484
TI  - Fifteen-year study of environmental dredging effect on variation of nitrogen and
      phosphorus exchange across the sediment-water interface of an urban lake.
AB  - Environmental dredging has been applied widely in Chinese lakes to reduce their
      internal nutrient loads. However, the efficacy of dredging to reduce internal
      loading of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and to improve water quality has been
      questioned by some researchers. In this study, the long-term (~15 years) effects
      of dredging to reduce internal N and P loading in a closed, polluted urban lake
      were investigated. The results showed that the release of soluble reactive
      phosphorus (SRP) could be suppressed quickly after dredging, and that the
      dredging effect was sustained for about 18 months. A significant release of NH4+
      N was discovered during the first 2-8 months after dredging, followed by
      maintenance of low-level release rates for about 21-32 months. The continuous
      inflowing of external pollution loading led to the increase in the release rates
      of SRP and NH4+-N. The external pollution loading was therefore reduced three
      years after dredging to strengthen the remediation effect. After that, high
      diffusive flux from the sediment was observed for both NH4+-N and SRP during
      summer seasons for about six years, followed by a decreasing trend. The NH4+-N
      concentration in the overlying water was reduced after the reduction of external
      loading, while a high concentration of SRP in the overlying water was still
      observed during summer seasons. In conclusion, the mid-term (<3 years) reduction
      of internal N and P loading could be achieved by dredging if the external
      pollution loading were not reduced. Achieving long-term control would require
      modification of external loading.

PMID- 27357485
TI  - Caddisflies Hydropsyche spp. as biomonitors of trace metal bioavailability
      thresholds causing disturbance in freshwater stream benthic communities.
AB  - Demonstration of an ecotoxicological effect of raised toxic metal
      bioavailabilities on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in contaminated
      freshwater streams typically requires the labour-intensive identification and
      quantification of such communities before the application of multivariate
      statistical analysis. A simpler approach is the use of accumulated trace metal
      concentrations in a metal-resistant biomonitor to define thresholds that indicate
      the presence of raised trace metal bioavailabilities causing ecotoxicological
      responses in populations of more metal-sensitive members of the community. We
      explore further the hypothesis that concentrations of toxic metals in larvae of
      species of the caddisfly genus Hydropsyche can be used to predict metal-driven
      ecotoxicological responses in more metal-sensitive mayflies, especially
      ephemerellid and heptageniid mayflies, in metal-contaminated rivers. Comparative
      investigation of two caddisflies, Hydropsyche siltalai and Hydropsyche
      angustipennis, from metal-contaminated rivers in Cornwall and Upper Silesia,
      Poland respectively, has provided preliminary evidence that this hypothesis is
      applicable across caddisfly species and contaminated river systems. Use of a
      combined toxic unit approach, relying on independent data sets, suggested that
      copper and probably also arsenic are the drivers of mayfly ecotoxicity in the
      River Hayle and the Red River in Cornwall, while cadmium, lead and zinc are the
      toxic agents in the Biala Przemsza River in Poland. This approach has great
      potential as a simple tool to detect the more subtle effects of mixed trace metal
      contamination in freshwater systems. An informed choice of suitable biomonitor
      extends the principle to different freshwater habitats over different ranges of
      severity of trace metal contamination. 

PMID- 27357486
TI  - Dicationic polymeric ionic-liquid-based magnetic material as an adsorbent for the
      magnetic solid-phase extraction of organophosphate pesticides and polycyclic
      aromatic hydrocarbons.
AB  - Magnetic particles modified with a dicationic polymeric ionic liquid are
      described as a new adsorbent in magnetic solid-phase extraction. They were
      obtained through the copolymerization of a 1,8-di(3-vinylimidazolium)octane-based
      ionic liquid with vinyl-modified SiO2 @Fe3 O4 , and were characterized by FTIR
      spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The modified
      magnetic particles are effective in the extraction of organophosphate pesticides
      and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Also, they can provide different extraction
      performance for the selected analytes including fenitrothion, parathion,
      fenthion, phoxim, phenanthrene, and fluoranthene, where the extraction efficiency
      is found to be in agreement with the hydrophobicity of analytes. Various factors
      influencing the extraction efficiency, such as, the amount of adsorbent,
      extraction, and desorption time, and type and volume of the desorption solvent,
      were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity ranging from 1
      100 MUg/L is obtained for all analytes, except for parathion (2-200 MUg/L), where
      the correlation coefficients varied from 0.9960 to 0.9998. The limits of
      detection are 0.2-0.8 MUg/L, and intraday and interday relative standard
      deviations are 1.7-7.4% (n = 5) and 3.8-8.0% (n = 3), respectively. The magnetic
      solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography can
      be applied for the detection of trace targets in real water samples with
      satisfactory relative recoveries and relative standard deviations. 

PMID- 27357487
TI  - The mutational hazard hypothesis of organelle genome evolution: 10 years on.
AB  - Why is there such a large variation in size and noncoding DNA content among
      organelle genomes? One explanation is that this genomic variation results from
      differences in the rates of organelle mutation and random genetic drift, as
      opposed to being the direct product of natural selection. Along these lines, the
      mutational hazard hypothesis (MHH) holds that 'excess' DNA is a mutational
      liability (because it increases the potential for harmful mutations) and, thus,
      has a greater tendency to accumulate in an organelle system with a low mutation
      rate as opposed to one with a high rate of mutation. Various studies have
      explored this hypothesis and, more generally, the relationship between organelle
      genome architecture and the mode and efficiency of organelle DNA repair. Although
      some of these investigations are in agreement with the MHH, others have
      contradicted it; nevertheless, they support a central role of mutation, DNA
      maintenance pathways and random genetic drift in fashioning organelle
      chromosomes. Arguably, one of the most important contributions of the MHH is that
      it has sparked crucial, widespread discussions about the importance of
      nonadaptive processes in genome evolution.

PMID- 27357488
TI  - Therapeutic potential and critical analysis of trastuzumab and bevacizumab in
      combination with different chemotherapeutic agents against metastatic
      breast/colorectal cancer affecting various endpoints.
AB  - Researchers are working day and night across the globe to eradicate or at least
      lessen the menace of cancer faced by the mankind. The two very frequently
      occurring cancers faced by the human beings are metastatic breast cancer and
      metastatic colorectal cancer. The various chemotherapeutic agents like
      anthracycline, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, irinotecan, fluorouracil and
      leucovorin etc., have been used impressively for long. But the obstinate
      character of metastatic breast cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer needs more
      to tackle the threat. So, the scientists found the use of monoclonal antibodies
      trastuzumab (Herceptin((r))) and bevacizumab (Avastin((r))) for the same. The
      current study critically investigates the therapeutic potential of trastuzumab
      and bevacizumab in combination with various chemotherapeutic agents against
      metastatic breast cancer and metastatic colorectal cancer. To the best of our
      knowledge, this is the very first critical analysis showing percent wise increase
      in various positive endpoints like median time to disease progression, median
      survival, and progression free survival etc. for the treatment of metastatic
      breast/colorectal cancer using trastuzumab and bevacizumab in combination with
      different chemotherapeutic agents and provides the rational for the success and
      failure of the selected monoclonal antibodies. 

PMID- 27357489
TI  - Current status of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for acute
      liver failure.
AB  - Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) is a technique of
      liver transplantation (LT) where a partial liver graft is implanted in an
      orthotopic position after leaving behind a part of the native liver. APOLT was
      previously considered technically challenging with results inferior to orthotopic
      liver transplantation. Results of this procedure have continued to improve with
      improving surgical techniques and a better understanding of the natural history
      of acute liver failure (ALF) and liver regeneration. The procedure is being
      increasingly accepted as a valid treatment option for ALF-especially in children.
      This article reviews the historical background to this operation, advances in the
      technique, and its current place in the management of ALF. Liver Transplantation
      22 1265-1274 2016 AASLD.

PMID- 27357490
TI  - A self-sustaining atomic magnetometer with tau(-1) averaging property.
AB  - Quantum measurement using coherent superposition of intrinsic atomic states has
      the advantage of being absolute measurement and can form metrological standards.
      One example is the absolute measurement of magnetic field by monitoring the
      Larmor precession of atomic spins whilst another being the Ramsey type atomic
      clock. Yet, in almost all coherent quantum measurement, the precision is limited
      by the coherence time beyond which, the uncertainty decreases only as tau(-1/2).
      Here we show that by non-destructively measuring the phase of the Larmor
      precession and regenerating the coherence via optical pumping, the self
      sustaining Larmor precession signal can persist indefinitely. Consequently, the
      precision of the magnetometer increases with time following a much faster tau(-1)
      rule. A mean sensitivity of 240  from 1 Hz to 10 Hz is realized, being close to
      the shot noise level. This method of coherence regeneration may also find
      important applications in improving the performance of atomic clocks.

PMID- 27357491
TI  - Subtle-discrete aortic dissection without bulging of the aortic wall. A rare but
      lethal lesion.
AB  - We report a subtle-discrete aortic dissection, without bulging of the aortic wall
      or aneurysm or valve pathology or periaortic effusion, which resulted in a lethal
      cardiac tamponade to a 35-year-old male. 

PMID- 27357492
TI  - Anger and sadness as adaptive emotion expression strategies in response to
      negative competence and warmth evaluations.
AB  - Previous literature suggested that anger and sadness may be necessary to restore
      social bonds in the face of immediate relationship threat. The present research
      compared the social effectiveness of expressing anger and sadness in response to
      a negative personal evaluation. Results indicated that target anger in response
      to a negative competence evaluation, and target sadness in response to a negative
      warmth evaluation, had the most positive effects on the evaluators' subjectively
      perceived persuasiveness of the targets' communication (Study 1) and on the
      subjectively perceived fluency of the interaction by both interaction partners
      (Study 2). Results are discussed in light of the social functionality of emotion
      expression and the importance of interpersonal emotion congruency with evaluation
      content.

PMID- 27357493
TI  - Embedding responsible conduct in learning and research into an Australian
      undergraduate curriculum.
AB  - Responsible conduct in learning and research (RCLR) was progressively introduced
      into the pharmacology curriculum for undergraduate science students at The
      University of Western Australia. In the second year of this undergraduate
      curriculum, a lecture introduces students to issues such as the use of animals in
      teaching and responsible conduct of research. Third year student groups deliver
      presentations on topics including scientific integrity and the use of human
      subjects in research. Academic and research staff attending these presentations
      provide feedback and participate in discussions. Students enrolled in an optional
      capstone Honours year complete an online course on the responsible conduct of
      research and participate in an interactive movie. Once RCLR became established in
      the curriculum, a survey of Likert-scaled and open-ended questions examined
      student and staff perceptions. Data were expressed as Approval (% of responses
      represented by Strongly Agree and Agree). RCLR was found to be relevant to the
      study of pharmacology (69-100% Approval), important for one's future career (62
      100% Approval), and stimulated further interest in this area (32-75% Approval).
      Free entry comments demonstrated the value of RCLR and constructive suggestions
      for improvement have now been incorporated. RCLR modules were found to be a
      valuable addition to the pharmacology undergraduate curriculum. This approach may
      be used to incorporate ethics into any science undergraduate curriculum, with the
      use of discipline-specific topics. (c) 2016 by The International Union of
      Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(1):53-59, 2017.

PMID- 27357494
TI  - Neighbourhood variation in the price of soda relative to milk and its association
      with neighbourhood socio-economic status and race.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Soda consumption is high in the USA, especially among minorities and
      individuals of lower socio-economic status (SES); this may be due to its
      affordable price in relation to healthier alternatives. The objective of the
      present study was to examine geospatial variation in price of milk and soda, and
      the price of milk relative to soda, by neighbourhood SES and proportion of
      Hispanic and black individuals. DESIGN: Retailer soda and milk prices (n 2987;
      Information Resources, Inc. Academic Data Set 2004-2011) were linked to census
      block group sociodemographic characteristics (American Community Survey 2005
      2009). Linear hierarchical regression models were used to adjust for confounders.
      SETTING: Large chain supermarkets and superstores (n 1743) in forty-one states
      and 1694 block groups (USA). RESULTS: For equivalent fluid ounces, price of soda
      on average was 62 % lower than milk ($US 0.23 v. $US 0.63 per serving) and there
      was high dispersion in milk price across geographic areas. After adjustment for
      confounding, neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of black and Hispanic
      individuals tended to have lower soda prices and higher milk prices (-$US 0.001
      and +$US 0.007 in price per serving, respectively, for a one quintile increase in
      black/Hispanic population), while soda and milk both became less expensive as SES
      decreased (-$US 0.002 and -$US 0.015 in serving price per one sd decrease in SES
      index, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of
      blacks and Hispanics may be at greater risk of higher soda consumption due to
      more affordable prices, in absolute terms and relative to the price of milk.

PMID- 27357495
TI  - How home HIV testing and counselling with follow-up support achieves high testing
      coverage and linkage to treatment and prevention: a qualitative analysis from
      Uganda.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The successes of HIV treatment scale-up and the availability of new
      prevention tools have raised hopes that the epidemic can finally be controlled
      and ended. Reduction in HIV incidence and control of the epidemic requires high
      testing rates at population levels, followed by linkage to treatment or
      prevention. As effective linkage strategies are identified, it becomes important
      to understand how these strategies work. We use qualitative data from The
      Linkages Study, a recent community intervention trial of community-based testing
      with linkage interventions in sub-Saharan Africa, to show how lay counsellor home
      HIV testing and counselling (home HTC) with follow-up support leads to linkage to
      clinic-based HIV treatment and medical male circumcision services. METHODS: We
      conducted 99 semi-structured individual interviews with study participants and
      three focus groups with 16 lay counsellors in Kabwohe, Sheema District, Uganda.
      The participant sample included both HIV+ men and women (N=47) and HIV
      uncircumcised men (N=52). Interview and focus group audio-recordings were
      translated and transcribed. Each transcript was summarized. The summaries were
      analyzed inductively to identify emergent themes. Thematic concepts were grouped
      to develop general constructs and framing propositional statements. RESULTS:
      Trial participants expressed interest in linking to clinic-based services at
      testing, but faced obstacles that eroded their initial enthusiasm. Follow-up
      support by lay counsellors intervened to restore interest and inspire action.
      Together, home HTC and follow-up support improved morale, created a desire to
      reciprocate, and provided reassurance that services were trustworthy. In
      different ways, these functions built links to the health service system. They
      worked to strengthen individuals' general sense of capability, while making the
      idea of accessing services more manageable and familiar, thus reducing linkage
      barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Home HTC with follow-up support leads to linkage by
      building "social bridges," interpersonal connections established and developed
      through repeated face-to-face contact between counsellors and prospective users
      of HIV treatment and male circumcision services. Social bridges link communities
      to the service system, inspiring individuals to overcome obstacles and access
      care.

PMID- 27357496
TI  - Disturbed eating behaviors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. How to screen for
      yellow flags in clinical practice?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adolescents with type 1 diabetes are at an increased risk of
      disturbed eating behaviors (DEBs). OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are to (i)
      explore the prevalence of DEBs and associated 'yellow flags', and (ii) establish
      concordance between adolescents-parents and adolescents-clinicians with respect
      to DEBs. METHODS: Adolescents (11-16 yr) and parents completed questionnaires. A
      stepwise approach was used to assess DEBs: only adolescents whose answers raised
      psychological yellow flags for DEBs completed the Diabetes Eating Problems Scale 
      Revised and questions from the AHEAD study. Parents and clinicians shared their
      observations regarding possible DEBs. Kruskal-Wallis tests, post hoc Mann-Whitney
      U test, and chi-squared tests were utilized to examine clinical yellow flags.
      Cohen's kappa was used to assess concordance. RESULTS: Of 103 adolescents
      participated (51.5% girls), answers of 47 (46.5%) raised psychological yellow
      flags, indicating body and weight concerns. A total of 8% scored above cut-off
      for DEBs. Clinical yellow flags were elevated glycated hemoglobin A1c (p =
      0.004), older age (p = 0.034), dieting frequency (p = 0.001), reduced quality of
      life (p = 0.007), less diabetes self-confidence (p = 0.015), worsened diabetes
      management (p < 0.001), and body dissatisfaction (p < 0.001). Body Mass Index
      (BMI) z-scores and gender were no yellow flags. Concordance between parents and
      adolescents was slight (k = 0.126 and 0.141), and clinicians and adolescents was
      fair (k = 0.332). DISCUSSION: Half of the adolescents reported body and weight
      concerns, less than 1 in 10 reported DEBs. Screening for yellow flags for DEBs as
      a part of clinical routine using a stepwise approach and early assistance is
      recommended to prevent onset or deterioration of DEBs.

PMID- 27357498
TI  - Increased CSF aquaporin-4, and interleukin-6 levels in dogs with idiopathic
      communicating internal hydrocephalus and a decrease after ventriculo-peritoneal
      shunting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies in animal models, in which internal hydrocephalus has been
      induced by obstructing the cerebrospinal fluid pathways, have documented an up
      regulation of the concentrations of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the brain. In this
      study, the concentrations of aquaporin-1 (AQP1), AQP1, AQP4 and interleukin-6 (IL
      6) were determined in the CSF of dogs with idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus
      before and after the reduction of intraventricular volume following ventriculo
      peritoneal shunt (VP-shunt) treatment. RESULTS: The concentrations of AQP4 and IL
      6 were increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with hydrocephalus compared
      to controls. Both parameters significantly decreased after surgical treatment,
      accompanied by decrease of ventricular size and the clinical recovery of the
      dogs. AQP1 was not detectable in CSF. CONCLUSIONS: Brain AQP4 up-regulation might
      be a compensatory response in dogs with hydrocephalus. Future determination of
      AQP4 at the mRNA and protein level in brain tissue is warranted to substantiate
      this hypothesis.

PMID- 27357497
TI  - Sleep Problems in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Current
      Status of Knowledge and Appropriate Management.
AB  - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects approximately 5 % of
      children and adolescents, and sleep problems are common in these patients. There
      is growing evidence informing the significant importance of sleep problems in
      youth with ADHD. The sleep problems in children with ADHD include specific sleep
      disorders and sleep disturbances due to comorbid psychiatric disorders or ADHD
      medications. The specific sleep disorders of ADHD children include behaviorally
      based insomnia, sleep-disordered breathing, and restless legs syndrome/periodic
      limb movement disorder. Current practices on the management of sleep problems for
      ADHD children are based mostly on expert consensus, whereas more evidence-based
      literature can be found only recently. Assessment of the sleep conditions in ADHD
      children before initiation of pharmacotherapy is the currently recommended
      guideline, and good sleep hygiene can be considered as the first-line treatment
      option. In addition to modifying the dose regimens, formulation, or alternative
      stimulants when sleep problems are encountered in ADHD children, atomoxetine,
      once daily guanfacine extended release, and melatonin are potential choices for
      ADHD children with more severe sleep problems. In this review, we aimed to
      provide the most updated information, preferably based on meta-analyses, systemic
      review, and randomized controlled trials published in the latest 3 years, in
      order to be clinically useful for practitioners and clinicians.

PMID- 27357499
TI  - Measurement of Vaginal Microbicide Adherence Using Visual Inspection as Compared
      to Ultra Violet Light Assessment of Returned Empty Gel Applicators.
AB  - Accurate and objective measurement of adherence is critical in microbicide
      trials. We compared two applicator tests: visual inspection of returned empty
      tenofovir gel applicators (VIREA) and ultraviolet light (UVL) assessment in terms
      of sensitivity and specificity, and for concordance. Sensitivity and specificity
      analysis of 24 control applicators (12 known-inserted and 12 sham-inserted) at 4
      months after receipt was 75.0 and 66.7 % for VIREA and 83.3 and 91.7 % for UVL,
      respectively. After an additional 3 months of storage sensitivity and specificity
      was 100 and 58.3 % for VIREA and 100 and 66.7 % for UVL, respectively. In January
      2015, 1316 empty applicators were returned as used by 115 participants enrolled
      at one site in a randomized controlled trial. Assessment outcomes showed 78.8 %
      agreement between the techniques. Methods concurred that 22.0 % of the returned
      empty applicators appeared unused. By UVL assessment, 40.0 % of returned empty
      applicators had no evidence of vaginal insertion, translating to a potential 28.0
      % less product used as compared to that returned as used by women. UVL assessment
      may be considered a more accurate and less subjective measure of adherence as
      compared to VIREA.

PMID- 27357500
TI  - Solo emergency care by a physician assistant versus an ambulance nurse: a cross
      sectional document study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study compares the assessment, treatment, referral, and follow
      up contact with the dispatch centre of emergency patients treated by two types of
      solo emergency care providers in ambulance emergency medical services (EMS) in
      the Netherlands: the physician assistant (PA), educated in the medical domain,
      and the ambulance registered nurse (RN), educated in the nursing domain. The
      hypothesis of this study was that there is no difference in outcome of care
      between the patients of PAs and RNs. METHODS: In a cross-sectional document study
      in two EMS regions we included 991 patients, treated by two PAs (n = 493) and 23
      RNs (n = 498). The inclusion period was October 2010-December 2012 for region 1
      and January 2013-March 2014 for region 2. Emergency care data were drawn from
      predefined and free text fields in the electronic patient records. Data were
      analysed using descriptive statistics. We used chi (2) and Mann-Whitney U tests
      to analyse for differences in outcome of care. Statistical significance was
      assumed at a level of P <0.05. RESULTS: Patients treated by PAs and RNs were
      similar with respect to patient characteristics. In general, diagnostic
      measurements according to the national EMS standard were applied by RNs and by
      PAs. In line with the medical education, PAs used a medical diagnostic approach
      (16 %, n = 77) and a systematic physical exam of organ tract systems (31 %, n =
      155). PAs and RNs provided similar interventions. Additionally, PAs consulted
      more often other medical specialists (33 %) than RNs (17 %) (chi (2)  = 35.5, P
      <0.0001). PAs referred less patients to the general practitioner or emergency
      department (50 %) compared to RNs (73 %) (chi (2)  = 52.9, P <0.0001). Patient
      follow up contact with the dispatch centre within 72 h after completion of the
      emergency care on scene showed no variation between PAs (5 %) and RNs (4 %).
      CONCLUSIONS: In line with their medical education, PAs seemed to operate from a
      more general medical perspective. They used a medical diagnostic approach,
      consulted more medical specialists, and referred significantly less patients to
      other health care professionals compared to RNs. While the patients of the PAs
      did not contact the dispatch centre more often afterwards.

PMID- 27357501
TI  - NOD2/CARD15 gene mutations in patients with gouty arthritis.
AB  - Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domains/caspase recruitment domain
      containing protein 15 (NOD2/CARD15) is a cytoplasmic molecule controlling
      apoptosis and inflammatory processes by recognizing some microbial components. We
      aimed to identify the frequencies of NOD2/CARD15 gene mutations in patients with
      gouty arthritis and to determine their possible correlation with the disease
      phenotype. The study included 93 patients with gouty arthritis and 51 healthy
      controls matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. The NOD2/CARD15 R702W and G908R
      gene mutations were explored by the polymerase chain reaction restriction
      fragment length polymorphism method while the 3020insC mutation was analyzed by
      DNA sequencing. The mean patient age was 54.2 +/- 14.2 years and mean duration of
      the disease was 3.1 +/- 2.9 years. The first metatarsophalangeal and finger joint
      involvements were detected in 72 (77.4%) and 18 (19.5%) patients, respectively.
      Ankle arthritis and knee arthritis were detected in 43 (46.2%) and 20 (21.5%)
      patients, respectively. In total, 4 (9%) heterozygous mutations were detected in
      the G908R and R702W genes, while no mutation was detected in the 3020insC gene.
      Compared to the control group, there were no significant differences in all three
      DNA regions (G908R, R702W, and 3020insC; p = 0.452, p = 0.583, and p = 0.350,
      respectively). No correlation between the NOD2/CARD15 variants and clinical or
      laboratory findings (p > 0.05) was found. The frequencies of the NOD2/CARD15 gene
      mutations in the patients were similar to healthy control group. No association
      between clinical or laboratory findings and the NOD2/CARD15 gene mutations was
      observed.

PMID- 27357502
TI  - High genotypic diversity among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      pseudintermedius isolated from canine infections in Denmark.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has
      emerged globally in companion animals in the last decade. In Europe, the
      multidrug-resistant sequence type (ST)71 is widespread, but recently other clones
      have appeared. The objective of this study was to examine genotypic diversity and
      antimicrobial resistance of clinical MRSP isolates obtained from dogs, including
      dogs sampled on multiple occasions, in Denmark over a six-year period. For that
      purpose a total of 46 clinical MRSP isolates obtained from 36 dogs between 2009
      and 2014 were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, multilocus
      sequence typing (MLST) and SCCmec typing. RESULTS: Twenty-three sequence types
      were identified with ST71, mostly associated with SCCmec II-III, as the most
      common occurring in 13 dogs. Among the remaining 33 isolates, 19 belonged to
      clonal complex (CC)258 comprising ST258-SCCmec IV and its single- and double
      locus variants. These were susceptible to 4-7 of the 22 antibiotics tested,
      whereas CC71 isolates were susceptible to only 2-5 antibiotics. Clone-specific
      differences were especially pronounced for fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides
      with most CC71 isolates being resistant and almost all CC258 isolates being
      susceptible. Sixteen of the 19 CC258 isolates had oxacillin MICs of 0.5 g/L,
      whereas MICs for CC71 isolates were consistently above 4 g/L. Four of five dogs
      representing multiple isolates had distinct STs on different sampling events.
      CONCLUSIONS: The overall genotypic diversity of MRSP is high in Denmark
      indicating multiple acquisitions of SCCmec into distinct clones, and mutational
      evolution, which appears to be particularly rapid for certain ancestral clones
      such as ST258. ST71-SCCmec II-III is the most common MRSP lineage and is
      typically multidrug-resistant. CC258-SCCmec IV isolates, which emerged in Denmark
      since 2012, display susceptibility to a wider range of antimicrobials. The
      isolation of distinct STs in individual dogs over time suggests repeated exposure
      or short-term genetic evolution of MRSP clones within patients.

PMID- 27357504
TI  - Evaluation of a Public Awareness Campaign to Prevent High School Dropout.
AB  - Many advocacy organizations devote time and resources to increasing community
      awareness and educating the public in an effort to gain support for their issue.
      One such effort, the Dropout Prevention Campaign by America's Promise Alliance,
      aimed to increase the visibility of the high school dropout problem and mobilize
      the community to take action. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the
      framing of the Dropout Prevention Campaign in television news media. To evaluate
      this campaign, television news coverage about high school dropout in 12 U.S.
      communities (N = 982) was examined. A content analysis of news transcripts was
      conducted and coded to determine the definition of the problem, the reasons for
      dropout and the possible solutions. Findings indicated that the high school
      dropout problem was most often framed (30 % of news segments) in terms of the
      economic and societal implications for the community. Individual student factors
      as well as broader societal influences were frequently discussed as possible
      reasons for dropout. The most commonly mentioned solutions were school-based
      interventions. News segments that mentioned America's Promise Alliance were more
      likely to frame the issue as a crisis and to use statistics to illustrate that
      point. Solutions that were more likely to appear in America's Promise segments
      promoted community and cross-sector involvement, consistent with the messages
      promoted by the Dropout Prevention Campaign. The findings suggest that a media
      content analysis can be an effective framework for analyzing a prevention
      campaign. 

PMID- 27357503
TI  - Adult obese mice suffer from chronic secondary brain injury after mild TBI.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A traumatic brain injury (TBI) event is a devastating injury to the
      brain that may result in heightened inflammation, neurodegeneration, and
      subsequent cognitive and mood deficits. TBI victims with co-morbidities such as
      heart disease, diabetes, or obesity may be more vulnerable to the secondary brain
      injury that follows the initial insult. Compared to lean individuals, obese
      subjects tend to have worse clinical outcomes and higher mortality rates after
      trauma. METHODS: To elucidate whether obesity predisposes individuals to worse
      outcomes after TBI, we subjected adult lean and obese male/female mice to a mild
      TBI. The injury was administered using a controlled skull impact (CSI) device.
      Lean or obese 6-month-old C57 BL/6 mice were subjected once to a mild TBI.
      Additionally, at day 30 after injury, both the lean and obese mice were tested
      for increased anxiety using the open field test. RESULTS: At day 30 after TBI,
      compared to the lean mice, we found heightened microglial (MG) activation in the
      cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, and hypothalamus. Another compelling finding
      was that, compared to the non-injured obese male control mice, the obese TBI mice
      had a decrease in the rate of weight gain and serum corticosterone levels at day
      30 after injury. Additionally, the injured obese mice displayed higher levels of
      anxiety as determined by a significant decrease in time spent in the non
      peripheral zones in the open field test. In contrast to the obese males, the
      obese female mice did not exhibit increases in the number of active MG in the
      brain, changes in weight gain/corticosterone levels, or increased anxiety at day
      30 after TBI. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented here suggests that obese mice have
      worse outcomes compared to lean mice after mild TBI. Also, the obese males have
      worse outcomes than the injured female mice. This data may explain the sequela of
      chronic secondary brain injury in obese adults after a single mild TBI. Also,
      this report may help shape how the overweight/obese populations are monitored
      over the days and months following a TBI.

PMID- 27357505
TI  - mRNA expression of TLR4, TLR9 and NF-kappaB in a neonatal murine model of
      necrotizing enterocolitis.
AB  - A neonatal model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in mice was established to
      examine the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 4 and 9, and of nuclear factor
      (NF)-kappaB by quantitative detection of their mRNAs in intestinal tissue during
      the occurrence of NEC, and thus aid in the understanding of the basic
      pathogenesis of NEC. A total of 50 newborn BALB/c mice (specific pathogen-free
      level) ranging in age from 7 to 10 days, of either gender, and weighing 4.8-5.4 g
      were selected and randomly divided into a control and test group, n=25 mice per
      group. Mice in the control group were kept in the same cage with the mother who
      fed them, free from any interventions. Mice in the test group were separated from
      their mother 48 h following birth and placed in an incubator, artificially fed
      with milk substitutes, and regularly treated with hypoxia and cold stimulation
      (100% nitrogen anoxia for 90 sec, cold stimulation at 4C for 10 min, 3 times a
      day for 3 days) to induce the neonatal NEC. The general state and body weight
      variations of the mice were recorded, the mice were sacrificed and the intestinal
      tissue necrosis was evaluated visually, the degree of intestinal injury was
      determined by histopathological staining, and the mRNA expression levels of
      intestinal tissue TLR4, TLR9 and NF-kappaB were quantified. Of the 25 mice in the
      test group, 3 died a natural death and 22 were sacrificed; their general state
      was worse than that of the mice in the control group, and the body weight
      variations among them were considerably larger. NEC was confirmed in 12 cases by
      visual inspection, and the average histological scores of the mice in the test
      group were 3.5+/-0.6, significantly higher than that in the control group
      (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of TLR4 and NF-kappaB in the test group were
      significantly higher than in the control group. By contrast, the mRNA expression
      of TLR9 was significantly lower in the test group, and differences were
      statistically significant (P<0.05). Thus, the increased mRNA expression of TLR4
      and NF-kappaB, and decreased mRNA expression of TLR9 during NEC may be an
      important inflammatory mechanism of the disease. 

PMID- 27357506
TI  - Host specificity in a diverse Neotropical tick community: an assessment using
      quantitative network analysis and host phylogeny.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Host specificity is a fundamental determinant of tick population and
      pathogen transmission dynamics, and therefore has important implications for
      human health. Tick host specificity is expected to be particularly high in the
      tropics, where communities of ticks, hosts and pathogens are most diverse. Yet
      the degree to which tropical tick species are host-specific remains poorly
      understood. Combining new field data with published records, we assessed the
      specificity of tick-host associations in Panama, a diverse Neotropical region.
      METHODS: The resulting dataset includes 5,298 adult ticks belonging to 41 species
      of eight genera that were directly collected from 68 vertebrate host species of
      17 orders. We considered three important aspects of tick host specificity: (i)
      the relative ecological importance of each host species (structural specificity);
      (ii) relatedness among host species (phylogenetic specificity); and (iii) spatial
      scale-dependence of tick-host relationships (geographical specificity). Applying
      quantitative network analyses and phylogenetic tools with null model comparisons,
      we assessed the structural and phylogenetic specificity across three spatial
      scales, ranging from central Panama to countrywide. Further, we tested whether
      species-rich tick genera parasitized a wider variety of hosts than species-poor
      genera, as expected when ticks specialize on different host species. RESULTS:
      Most tick species showed high structural and/or phylogenetic specificity in the
      adult stage. However, after correcting for sampling effort, we found little
      support for geographical specificity. Across the three scales, adult ticks tended
      to be specific to a limited number of host species that were phylogenetically
      closely related. These host species in turn, were parasitized by tick species
      from distinct genera, suggesting switching among distantly related hosts is
      common at evolutionary timescales. Further, there was a strong positive
      relationship between the taxonomic richness of the tick genera and that of their
      hosts, consistent with distinct tick species being relatively specific to
      different host species. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that in the adult
      stage, most ticks in the diverse Neotropical community studied are host
      specialists. This contrasts with earlier assessments, but agrees with findings
      from other host-parasite systems. High host specificity in adult ticks implies
      high susceptibility to local tick-host co-extirpation, limited ability to
      colonize new habitats and limited potential for interspecific pathogen
      transmission.

PMID- 27357507
TI  - Determinants of non-adherence to disease-modifying therapies in multiple
      sclerosis: A cross-Canada prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Poor adherence to the disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple
      sclerosis (MS) may attenuate clinical benefit. A better understanding of
      characteristics associated with non-adherence could improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE:
      To evaluate characteristics associated with non-adherence to injectable DMTs.
      METHODS: Consecutive patients from four Canadian MS Clinics were assessed at
      three time points over two years. Clinical and demographic information included
      self-reported DMT use, missed doses in the previous 30 days, health behaviors,
      and comorbidities. Non-adherence was defined as <80% of expected doses taken. We
      employed generalized estimating equations to examine characteristics associated
      with non-adherence at all time points with findings reported as adjusted odds
      ratios (OR). RESULTS: In all, 485 participants reported use of an injectable DMT,
      of whom 107 (22.1%) were non-adherent over the study period. Non-adherence was
      associated with a lower Expanded Disability Status Scale score (0-2.5 vs 3.0-5.5,
      OR: 1.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-3.04), disease duration (?5 vs <5
      years, OR: 2.23; 95% CI: 1.10-4.52), alcohol dependence (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.23
      3.75), and self-reported cognitive difficulties, measured by the Health Utilities
      Index-3 (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.08-2.22). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one-quarter of
      participants were non-adherent during the study. Alcohol dependence, perceived
      cognitive difficulties, longer disease duration, and mild disability status were
      associated with non-adherence. These characteristics may help healthcare
      professionals identify patients at greatest risk of poor adherence.

PMID- 27357508
TI  - Combined effects of proinflammatory cytokines and intermittent cyclic mechanical
      strain in inhibiting osteogenicity in human periodontal ligament cells.
AB  - Mechanical strain plays an important role in bone formation and resorption during
      orthodontic tooth movement. The mechanism has not been fully studied, and the
      process becomes complex with increased amounts of periodontal patients seeking
      orthodontic care. Our aims were to elucidate the combined effects of
      proinflammatory cytokines and intermittent cyclic strain (ICS) on the osteogenic
      capacity of human periodontal ligament cells. Cultured human periodontal ligament
      cells were exposed to proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1beta 5 ng/mL and
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha 10 ng/mL) for 1 and 5 days, and ICS (0.5 Hz, 12%
      elongation) was applied for 4 h per day. The autocrine of inflammatory cytokines
      was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of osteoblast
      markers runt-related transcription factor 2 and rabbit collagen type I was
      determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The
      osteogenic capacity was also detected by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP
      activity, and alizarin red staining. We demonstrated that ICS impaired the
      osteogenic capacity of human periodontal ligament cells when incubated with
      proinflammatory cytokines, as evidenced by the low expression of ALP staining,
      low ALP activity, reduced alizarin red staining, and reduced osteoblast markers.
      These data, for the first time, suggest that ICS has a negative effect on the
      inductive inhibition of osteogenicity in human PDL cells mediated by
      proinflammatory cytokines. 

PMID- 27357510
TI  - Abstracts of the 5th Congress of the Psoriasis International Network, 7-9 July
      2016, Paris.

PMID- 27357509
TI  - Genomic ancestry estimation quantifies use of wild species in grape breeding.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Grapes are one of the world's most valuable crops and most are made
      into wine. Grapes belong to the genus Vitis, which includes over 60 inter-fertile
      species. The most common grape cultivars derive their entire ancestry from the
      species Vitis vinifera, but wild relatives have also been exploited to create
      hybrid cultivars, often with increased disease resistance. RESULTS: We evaluate
      the genetic ancestry of some of the most widely grown commercial hybrids from
      North America and Europe. Using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), we generated 2482
      SNPs and 56 indels from 7 wild Vitis, 7 V. vinifera, and 64 hybrid cultivars. We
      used a principal component analysis (PCA) based ancestry estimation procedure and
      verified its accuracy with both empirical and simulated data. V. vinifera
      ancestry ranged from 11 % to 76 % across hybrids studied. Approximately one third
      (22/64) of the hybrids have ancestry estimates consistent with F1 hybridization:
      they derive half of their ancestry from wild Vitis and half from V. vinifera.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hybrid grape breeding is in its infancy.
      The distribution of V. vinifera ancestry across hybrids also suggests that
      backcrosses to wild Vitis species have been more frequent than backcrosses to V.
      vinifera during hybrid grape breeding. This pattern is unusual in crop breeding,
      as it is most common to repeatedly backcross to elite, or domesticated,
      germplasm. We anticipate our method can be extended to facilitate marker-assisted
      selection in order to introgress beneficial wild Vitis traits, while allowing for
      offspring with the highest V. vinifera content to be selected at the seedling
      stage.

PMID- 27357511
TI  - Preoperative inflammation increases the risk of infection after elective
      colorectal surgery: results from a prospective cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Septic complications after colorectal surgery are frequent and
      sometimes life threatening. It is well known that inflammation impairs the
      healing process. It has been suggested that preoperative ongoing inflammation
      could increase the risk of postoperative infections. This study aimed to
      elucidate the role of preoperative inflammation on postoperative infectious
      complications and to understand if, through biological markers, it is possible to
      identify preoperatively patients at higher risk of infection. METHODS: A
      prospective, observational study was conducted in three centers from November
      2011 to April 2014. Consecutive patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery
      with anastomosis were included. Any ongoing infection was an exclusion criterion.
      C-reactive protein, albumin, prealbumin, and procalcitonin plasma levels were
      measured preoperatively. Postoperative infections were recorded according to the
      definitions of the Centers for Diseases Control. The areas under the receiver
      operating characteristic curve were analyzed and compared to assess the accuracy
      of each preoperative marker. RESULTS: Four-hundred and seventy two patients were
      analyzed. Infectious complications occurred in 118 patients (25 %) and mortality
      in 6 patients (1.3 %). In the univariate analysis, preoperative C-reactive
      protein and albuminemia were found significantly associated with postoperative
      infectious complications (P = 0.008 and P = 0.0002, respectively). Areas under
      the ROC curve for preoperative C-reactive protein and albuminemia were 0.57and
      0.62, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the association between
      preoperative inflammatory activity, hypoalbuminemia, and the onset of infections
      after surgery. Trials aiming to decrease the inflammatory activity before surgery
      in order to prevent postoperative complications are warranted.

PMID- 27357512
TI  - Health anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents diagnosed with OCD.
AB  - Health anxiety (HA) is an overlooked area in paediatric research. Little is known
      about the occurrence of HA symptoms in a child and adolescent psychiatric
      setting, and there are no age-appropriate diagnostic criteria and only limited
      number of assessment tools. It is therefore likely that HA is seen as part of
      obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) due to construct overlap and the diagnostic
      uncertainty of HA in this age group. In the present study, the extent of HA
      symptoms was investigated in 94 children and adolescents with a primary ICD-10
      diagnosis of OCD. Self-reported HA symptoms were assessed using the Childhood
      Illness Attitude Scales. Clinician-rated OCD symptoms and severity were measured
      using the Children's Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Information on socio
      demographics was obtained from the child's/adolescent's medical record. The
      distribution of HA symptoms resembled a normal curve shifted to the right
      compared with a normal population of Danish children, and 30 % presented with
      high HA symptoms. Chi-squared tests were used to examine the proportion of
      children and adolescents with high HA symptoms in relation to various clinical
      characteristics. Clinician-rated illness worries and comorbid anxiety disorder
      were associated with high self-reported HA symptoms. The results contribute to
      the understanding of how HA and OCD overlap conceptually in young patients and
      bring attention to the need for improved recognition of OCD patients dominated by
      illness worries. Further research in the description of childhood HA is important
      in order to understand whether HA is a distinct disorder early in life.

PMID- 27357514
TI  - Evidence from prospective cohort studies did not support the introduction of
      dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: National dietary guidelines were introduced in 1977 and 1983, by the
      USA and UK governments to reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality by
      reducing dietary fat intake. Our 2015 systematic review examined randomised
      controlled trial (RCT) evidence available to the dietary committees at the time;
      we found no support for the recommendations to restrict dietary fat. What
      epidemiological evidence was available to the dietary guideline committees in
      1983? METHODS: A systematic review of prospective cohort studies, published prior
      to 1983, which examined the relationship between dietary fat, serum cholesterol
      and the development of CHD. RESULTS: Across 6 studies, involving 31 445
      participants, there were 1521 deaths from all-causes and 360 deaths from CHD
      during the mean follow-up of 7.5+/-6.2 years. The death rates were 4.8% and 1.1%
      from all-causes and CHD respectively. One study included men with previous heart
      disease. The death rate from CHD for those with, and without previous myocardial
      infarction was 20.9% and 1.0% respectively. None of the six studies found a
      significant relationship between CHD deaths and total dietary fat intake. One of
      the six studies found a correlation between CHD deaths and saturated dietary fat
      intake across countries; none found a relationship between CHD deaths and
      saturated dietary fat in the same population. CONCLUSIONS: 1983 dietary
      recommendations for 220 million US and 56 million UK citizens lacked supporting
      evidence from RCT or prospective cohort studies. The extant research had been
      undertaken exclusively on males, so lacked generalisability for population-wide
      guidelines.

PMID- 27357513
TI  - Low expression of centrosomal protein 78 (CEP78) is associated with poor
      prognosis of colorectal cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Centrosomal protein 78 (CEP78) has been characterized as a component
      of the centrosome required for the regulation of centrosome-related events during
      the cell cycle, but its role in human cancers remains unclear. This study aimed
      to investigate the role and the clinical value of CEP78 in colorectal cancer
      (CRC). METHODS: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and
      immunohistochemistry were performed to examine CEP78 expression in CRC tissues
      and adjacent noncancerous tissues. The association between CEP78 expression and
      clinical outcomes of CRC patients was determined. The effect of CEP78 on cell
      growth was examined in vitro by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H
      tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation, and flow cytometry assays and
      in vivo using a nude mouse model. RESULTS: The expression level of CEP78 was
      significantly lower in tumor tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues (P <
      0.01). Low CEP78 expression was significantly associated with poor
      differentiation (P = 0.003), large tumor size (P = 0.017), lymphatic metastasis
      (P = 0.034), distant metastasis (P = 0.029), and advanced stage (P = 0.011).
      Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with low CEP78 expression had
      shorter survival than those with high CEP78 expression (P < 0.01). Overexpression
      of CEP78 in CRC cells significantly reduced cell viability and colony formation
      in vitro and halted tumor growth in vivo. Further study showed that CEP78
      reintroduction in CRC cells resulted in G2/M phase arrest rather than cell
      apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: CEP78 might function as a tumor suppressor and serve as a
      novel prognostic marker in CRC.

PMID- 27357516
TI  - The angiogenic effect of dracorhodin perchlorate on human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells and its potential mechanism of action.
AB  - Hyperglycemia is the key clinical feature of diabetes, and may induce refractory
      wound lesions and impaired angiogenesis. Dracorhodin perchlorate (Dra) is the
      major ingredient of dragon's blood and it has been used as a medicine to treat
      chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot, since ancient times in many cultures. The
      current study aimed to investigate the effect of Dra on human umbilical vein
      endothelial cells (HUVECs) under high-glucose (HG) stimulation and its potential
      mechanism. Dra was observed to increase the multiplication capacity of HUVECs
      both under low glucose (LG) and HG concentrations. Additionally, migration and
      tube formation in HUVECs was facilitated by Dra. The expression levels of Ras,
      mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and vascular endothelial growth factor,
      which are key components of the Ras/MAPK pathway, were upregulated following Dra
      treatment. The present study is the first report, to the best of our knowledge,
      of the effects of Dra on wound healing, and the association with the Ras/MAPK
      signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27357517
TI  - The de novo missense mutation N117S in skeletal muscle alpha-actin 1 causes a
      mild form of congenital nemaline myopathy.
AB  - Nemaline myopathy (NM) constitutes a spectrum of primary skeletal muscle
      disorders, the diagnosis of which is based on muscle weakness and the
      visualization of nemaline bodies in muscle biopsies. Mutations in several NM
      causal genes have been attributed to the majority of NM cases, particularly
      mutations in nebulin and skeletal muscle alpha-actin 1 (ACTA1), which are
      responsible for ~70% of cases; therefore, a genetic diagnostic strategy using
      targeted gene sequencing may potentially improve the diagnosis of suspected NM.
      The present study identified a de novo mutation in ACTA1 (c.350A>G; p.Asn117Ser)
      in a Chinese patient using target-capture sequencing of a panel containing 125
      known causal genes for inherited muscle diseases. Clinical analyses revealed that
      the case described in the present study exhibited a relatively mild phenotype
      with regards to muscle weakness, as compared with more severe phenotypes reported
      in several other patients with the same mutation, thus suggesting the existence
      of genetic modifiers. In conclusion, this approach may be helpful for the
      identification of clinically undiagnosed patients with highly heterogeneous
      disorders. 

PMID- 27357515
TI  - Human papillomavirus and lung cancinogenesis: an overview.
AB  - Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Although tobacco
      smoking is considered to be the main risk factor and the most well-established
      risk factor for lung cancer, a number of patients who do not smoke have developed
      this disease. This number varies between 15 % to over one-half of lung cancer
      cases, and the deaths from lung cancer in non-smokers are increasing every year.
      There are many other agents that are thought to be etiological, including diesel
      exhaust exposure, metals, radiation, radon, hormonal factors, cooking oil, air
      pollution and infectious diseases, such as human papillomavirus (HPV). Studies in
      various parts of the world have detected HPV DNA at different rates in lung
      tumors. However, the role of HPV in lung cancer is still unclear. Thus, in this
      review, we investigated some molecular mechanisms of HPV protein activity in host
      cells, the entry of HPV into lung tissue and the possible route used by the virus
      to reach the lung cells.

PMID- 27357518
TI  - Biological activities of suilysin: role in Streptococcus suis pathogenesis.
AB  - Streptococcus suis is an important swine and zoonotic pathogen equipped with
      several virulence factors. The pore-forming toxins are the most abundant
      bacterial toxins and classified as critical virulence (associated) factors of
      several pathogens. The role of suilysin (SLY), a pore-forming cholesterol
      dependent cytolysin of S. suis, as a true virulence factor is under debate. Most
      of the bacterial toxins have been reported to modulate the host immune system to
      facilitate invasion and subsequent replication of bacteria within respective host
      cells. SLY has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of
      S. suis infection and inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. This review
      highlights the contributions of SLY to the pathogenicity of S. suis. It will
      address its role during the development of S. suis meningitis in pigs, as well as
      humans, and discuss SLY as a potential vaccine candidate.

PMID- 27357519
TI  - The first sugar of the repeat units is essential for the Wzy polymerase activity
      and elongation of the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - In the Wzx/Wzy-dependent assembled pathway, the assembled O-antigen repeat units
      are translocated from the cytosolic to the periplasmic face of the inner membrane
      by a Wzx translocase and then polymerized by the integral membrane protein Wzy to
      form a glycan chain. We demonstrate that the activity of the Escherichia coli O
      antigen polymerase (Wzy) is dependent on the first sugar of the O-antigen repeat
      unit to produce the O-antigen polymerization and therefore, there is a need for a
      concerted action with the enzyme transferring the initial HexNAc to undecaprenyl
      phosphate (UDP-HexNAc: polyprenol-P HexNAc-1-P transferase). Furthermore, in the
      case of Aeromonas hydrophila Wzy-O34 polymerization activity, the enzyme is
      permissive with the sugar at the nonreducing end of the O-antigen repeat unit.

PMID- 27357520
TI  - Characterization of unrelated clinical Legionella pneumophila isolates in
      Catalonia by monoclonal subgrouping and sequence-based typing.
AB  - AIM: To characterize the genetic diversity of unrelated Legionella pneumophila
      clinical isolates in Catalonia and compare with other European regions. METHODS:
      95 unrelated isolates were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies and sequence
      based typing, 1989-2013. RESULTS: The isolates showed a high diversity (IOD
      0.964) with a predominance of some profiles (ST37-Phialdelphia, ST23-Philadelphia
      and ST1-OLDA). All regions had predominant sequence types (STs) that differed
      between regions, and only 3% of STs were shared between the three regions.
      CONCLUSION: L. pneumophila clinical isolates from Catalonia presented a high
      diversity and can be used in epidemiological surveillance studies. The
      heterogeneous predominance of STs between European regions suggested a
      relationship between geographical distribution and virulence of some STs.

PMID- 27357521
TI  - Potential strategies for the eradication of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative
      bacterial infections.
AB  - Antimicrobial resistance is one of the leading threats to society. The increasing
      burden of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infection is particularly concerning
      as such bacteria are demonstrating resistance to nearly all currently licensed
      therapies. Various strategies have been hypothesized to treat multidrug-resistant
      Gram-negative infections including: targeting the Gram-negative outer membrane;
      neutralization of lipopolysaccharide; inhibition of bacterial efflux pumps and
      prevention of protein folding. Silver and silver nanoparticles, fusogenic
      liposomes and nanotubes are potential strategies for extending the activity of
      licensed, Gram-positive selective, antibiotics to Gram-negatives. This may serve
      as a strategy to fill the current void in pharmaceutical development in the short
      term. This review outlines the most promising strategies that could be
      implemented to solve the threat of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. 

PMID- 27357523
TI  - Sequence-Specific DNA Photosplitting of Crosslinked DNAs Containing the 3
      Cyanovinylcarbazole Nucleoside by Using DNA Strand Displacement.
AB  - An oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) containing the ultrafast reversible 3
      cyanovinylcarbazole ((CNV) K) photo-crosslinker was photo-crosslinked to a
      complementary strand upon exposure to 366 nm irradiation and photosplit by use of
      312 nm irradiation. In this paper we report that the photoreaction of (CNV) K on
      irradiation at 366 nm involves a photostationary state and that its reaction can
      be controlled by temperature. Guided by this new insight, we proposed and have
      now demonstrated previously unknown photosplitting of (CNV) K aided by DNA strand
      displacement as an alternative to heating. The photo-crosslinked double-stranded
      DNA (dsDNA) underwent >80 % photosplitting aided by DNA strand displacement on
      irradiation at 366 nm without heating. In this photosplitting based on DNA strand
      displacement, the relative thermal stability of the invader strand with respect
      to the template strands plays an important role, and an invader strand/template
      strand system that is more stable than the passenger strand/template strand
      system induces photosplitting without heating. This new strand-displacement-aided
      photosplitting occurred in a sequence-specific manner through irradiation at 366
      nm in the presence of an invader strand.

PMID- 27357522
TI  - Prolonged carriage and potential onward transmission of carbapenemase-producing
      Enterobacteriaceae in Dutch travelers.
AB  - AIM: The aim was to study acquisition and persistence of carbapenemase-producing
      Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) among travelers. MATERIALS & METHODS: Stools from 2001
      travelers and 215 nontraveling household members, collected before and
      immediately post-travel as well as 1, 3, 6 and 12 months upon return, were
      screened for CPE. RESULTS: Five travelers, all visiting Asia outside the Indian
      subcontinent, acquired CPE. One traveler persistently carried the same OXA-244
      CPE up to 6 months post-travel. Three months after travel, her co-traveling
      spouse also became positive for this OXA-244 CPE strain, suggesting clonal
      transmission within this household. CONCLUSION: Acquisition of CPE is not
      restricted to travelers to the Indian subcontinent and/or to travelers seeking
      healthcare during travel and can persist up to at least 6 months post-travel.

PMID- 27357524
TI  - Positive association of the androgen receptor CAG repeat length polymorphism with
      the risk of prostate cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Ecuador (15.6%).
      The androgen receptor gene codes for a protein that has an androgen-binding
      domain, DNA-binding domain and N-terminal domain, which contains two polymorphic
      trinucleotide repeats (CAG and GGC). The aim of the present study was to
      determine whether variations in the number of repetitions of CAG and GGC are
      associated with the pathological features and the risk of developing PC. The
      polymorphic CAG and GGC repeat lengths in 108 mestizo patients with PC, 148
      healthy mestizo individuals, and 78 healthy indigenous individuals were examined
      via a retrospective case-control study. Genotypes were determined by genomic
      sequencing. The results demonstrated that patients with <=21 CAG repeats have an
      increased risk of developing PC [odds ratio (OR)=2.99, 95% confidence interval
      (CI) =1.79-5.01; P<0.001]. The presence of <=21 CAG repeats was also associated
      with a tumor stage >=T2c (OR=4.75; 95% CI=1.77-12.72; P<0.005) and a Gleason
      score >=7 (OR=2.9; 95% CI=1.1-7.66; P=0.03). In addition, the combination of <=21
      CAG and >=17 GGC repeats was associated with the risk of developing PC (OR=2.42;
      95% CI=1.38-4.25; P=0.002) and with tumor stage >=T2c (OR=2.77; 95% CI=1.13-6.79;
      P=0.02). In conclusion, the histopathological characteristics and PC risk in
      Ecuadorian indigenous and mestizo populations differs in association with the CAG
      repeats, and the combination of CAG and GGC repeats. 

PMID- 27357525
TI  - Pomegranate seed oil nanoemulsions with selective antiglioma activity:
      optimization and evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative effects
      on mononuclear cells.
AB  - CONTEXT: Glioma is a malignant brain tumor with rapid proliferation, infiltrative
      growth, poor prognosis and it is chemoresistent. Pomegranate seed oil (PSO) has
      antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. This study showed the
      optimization of PSO nanoemulsions (NEs) as an alternative for glioma treatment.
      OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate PSO NEs cytotoxicity on human blood cells
      and antiglioma effects against C6 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: NEs were prepared
      by the spontaneous emulsification method, using PSO at 1.5 and 3.0%, and were
      evaluated regarding their physical stability and antioxidant activity. Toxicity
      evaluations in human blood cells were performed in terms of cell viability,
      genotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, catalase activity and
      hemolysis at 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL PSO, after a 72-h incubation period. In
      vitro antitumor effect was determined against glioma cells after 24 and 48 h, and
      astrocytes were used as a non-transformed cell model. RESULTS: Formulations
      presented droplet size below 250 nm, low polydispersity index, negative zeta
      potential and pH in the acid range. NEs and PSO had scavenging capacity around
      30% and promoted a proliferative effect in mononuclear cells, increasing about
      50% cell viability. No genotoxic and oxidative damage was observed in lipid
      peroxidation, protein carbonylation and catalase activity evaluations for NEs.
      Hemolysis study showed a hemolytic effect at high concentrations. Moreover,
      formulations reduced only tumor cell viability to 47%, approximately. DISCUSSION
      AND CONCLUSION: Formulations are adequate and safe for intravenous
      administration. Besides, in vitro antitumor activity indicates that NEs are
      promising for glioma treatment.

PMID- 27357526
TI  - The impact of hypertension on leukocyte telomere length: a systematic review and
      meta-analysis of human studies.
AB  - Shortened leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a novel biomarker for age and age
      related diseases. Several epidemiological studies have examined the association
      between telomere length in surrogate tissues (for example, blood cells) and
      hypertension, and meanwhile the majority of studies reported an association some
      individual studies do not. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis
      to address the hypothesis that, in humans, telomere length is related with
      hypertension. Searches were conducted in Pubmed by September 2015 and reference
      lists of retrieved citations were hand searched. Eligible studies measured
      telomeres for both hypertensive and normotensive subjects. No restrictions were
      placed on sample size, publication type, age or gender. We calculated summary
      estimates using fixed and random effects meta-analysis. Publication bias and
      heterogeneity among studies were further tested. Meta-analyses from 3097
      participants (1415 patients with hypertension and 1682 control subjects) showed a
      significant standardized mean difference between LTL in hypertensive patients and
      controls, either in the fixed (P<5 * 10-6) or the random model (P<0.005).
      Heterogeneity among studies was substantial (Q-statistic P-value <0.001, I2
      97.73%). Sensitivity analysis indicated that no single study changed the
      standardized mean difference qualitatively (0.022> random model P-value >0.002).
      Egger's test for asymmetry of effect sizes (intercept+/-s.e.=-7.278+/-3.574;
      P=0.072) did not show evidence for strong study publication bias. Leukocyte
      telomeres may be shorter in hypertensive than in normotensive individuals. Larger
      studies controlling for confounder effects are needed to confirm these findings
      and further explore sources of heterogeneity.

PMID- 27357529
TI  - Investigation of JAKs/STAT-3 in lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal epithelial
      cells.
AB  - Janus-activated kinase (JAKs)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
      (STAT-3) signalling play critical roles in immunoregulation and immunopathology,
      which involve inflammatory responses and enteritis. JAK phosphorylates STAT-3 in
      response to stimulation by cytokines or growth factors, and then activates or
      represses the gene expression. STAT-3 is activated persistently in cancer cells
      and contributes to the malignant progression of various types of cancer and
      inflammation. To elucidate the different roles of JAKs in the activation of STAT
      3, the lipopolysaccharide-induced primary intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) acute
      inflammatory model was established. Small interference RNAs (siRNAs) were then
      employed to attenuate the expression levels of JAKs. Real-time quantitative
      reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qRT-PCR) revealed that JAK
      mRNA levels were reduced efficiently by JAK-specific siRNAs. Under the IEC
      inflammatory model transfected with si-JAK, which equates to effective silencing,
      qRT-PCR and Western blot assays, suggested that knockdowns of JAK attenuated the
      JAK-induced down-regulation of STAT-3 at the mRNA or protein levels. In
      particular, JAK1 played a key role, which was consistent with the RNA-Seq
      results. Subsequently, the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines
      interleukin (IL)-1beta and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were down-regulated
      in the IEC inflammatory model transfected with si-JAK1. JAK1 appears as a direct
      activator for STAT-3, whereas treatments targeting JAK1 repressed STAT-3
      sufficiently pathways in the IEC inflammatory model. Therefore, the control of
      JAK1 using siRNAs has the potential to be an effective strategy against
      enteritis.

PMID- 27357530
TI  - Bone-Albumin filling decreases donor site morbidity and enhances bone formation
      after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone
      autografts.
AB  - PURPOSE: Donor site pain affects 32-43 % of patients after anterior cruciate
      ligament surgery when the autograft is freshly harvested bone-patellar tendon
      bone tissue. Our aim was to compare functional and morphological differences
      between donor sites with and without serum albumin-coated bone allograft filling.
      METHODS: After harvesting and implanting the graft, the tibia site was filled
      with either fresh autologous cancellous bone enhanced with albumin-coated
      allograft or autologous bone alone. The patella site was filled either with
      albumin-coated allograft or with blood clot. Knee function was evaluated by the
      VISA, Lysholm and IKDC scores and a visual analog scale of pain during standing,
      kneeling and crouching after six weeks and six months. Computed tomography was
      performed at six months for morphological evaluation. RESULTS: At six weeks, both
      groups were still recovering from surgery and the overall knee function was still
      impaired but the functional scores were significantly higher in the Bone-Albumin
      group. The pain with crouching and kneeling was also lower as compared to
      controls. At six months, the knee function scores were close to normal, with a
      slight decrease in the controls. Pain at kneeling was still prominent in the
      controls, but significantly lower in the Bone-Albumin group. Computed tomography
      showed significantly smaller bone defects and higher bone density in the Bone
      Albumin group. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present study indicate that donor
      site pain, a disturbing long-term side effect of bone-patellar tendon-bone
      surgery, is significantly reduced if bone buildup in the patella and the tibia is
      augmented by serum albumin-coated bone allografts.

PMID- 27357528
TI  - Adherence to Internet-Based Mobile-Supported Stress Management: A Pooled Analysis
      of Individual Participant Data From Three Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonadherence to treatment is a prevalent issue in Internet
      interventions. Guidance from health care professionals has been found to increase
      treatment adherence rates in Internet interventions for a range of physical and
      mental disorders. Evaluating different guidance formats of varying intensity is
      important, particularly with respect to improvement of effectiveness and cost
      effectiveness. Identifying predictors of nonadherence allows for the opportunity
      to better adapt Internet interventions to the needs of participants especially at
      risk for discontinuing treatment. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to
      investigate the influence of different guidance formats (content-focused
      guidance, adherence-focused guidance, and administrative guidance) on adherence
      and to identify predictors of nonadherence in an Internet-based mobile-supported
      stress management intervention (ie, GET.ON Stress) for employees. METHODS: The
      data from the groups who received the intervention were pooled from three
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of the same
      Internet-based mobile-supported stress management intervention (N=395). The RCTs
      only differed in terms of the guidance format (content-focused guidance vs
      waitlist control, adherence-focused guidance vs waitlist control, administrative
      guidance vs waitlist control). Adherence was defined by the number of completed
      treatment modules (0-7). An ANOVA was performed to compare the adherence rates
      from the different guidance formats. Multiple hierarchical linear regression
      analysis was conducted to evaluate predictors of nonadherence, which included
      gender, age, education, symptom-related factors, and hope for improvement.
      RESULTS: In all, 70.5% (93/132) of the content-focused guidance sample, 68.9%
      (91/132) of the adherence-focused guidance sample, and 42.0% (55/131) of the
      participants in the administrative guidance sample completed all treatment
      modules. Guidance had a significant effect on treatment adherence (F2,392=11.64,
      P<.001; omega(2)=.05). Participants in the content-focused guidance (mean 5.70,
      SD 2.32) and adherence-focused guidance samples (mean 5.58, SD 2.33) completed
      significantly more modules than participants in the administrative guidance
      sample (mean 4.36, SD 2.78; t223=4.53, P<.001; r=.29). Content-focused guidance
      was not significantly associated with higher adherence compared to adherence
      focused guidance (t262=0.42, P=.67; r=.03). The effect size of r=.03 (95% CI 
      0.09 to 0.15) did not pass the equivalence margin of r=.20 and the upper bound of
      the 95% CI lay below the predefined margin, indicating equivalence between
      adherence-focused guidance and content-focused guidance. Beyond the influence of
      guidance, none of the predictors significantly predicted nonadherence.
      CONCLUSIONS: Guidance has been shown to be an influential factor in promoting
      adherence to an Internet-based mobile-supported stress management intervention.
      Adherence-focused guidance, which included email reminders and feedback on
      demand, was equivalent to content-focused guidance with regular feedback while
      requiring only approximately a quarter of the coaching resources. This could be a
      promising discovery in terms of cost-effectiveness. However, even after
      considering guidance, sociodemographic, and symptom-related characteristics, most
      interindividual differences in nonadherence remain unexplained. CLINICAL TRIAL:
      DRKS00004749; http://drks-neu.uniklinik
      freiburg.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL _ID=DRKS00004749
      (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6QiDk9Zn8); DRKS00005112;
      http://drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.
      de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00005112 (Archived
      by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6QiDysvev); DRKS00005384; http://drks
      neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de/
      drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00005384 (Archived by
      WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6QiE0xcpE).

PMID- 27357531
TI  - Is tibial cut navigation alone sufficient in medial unicompartmental knee
      arthroplasty? Continuous series of fifty nine procedures.
AB  - PURPOSE: Our purpose was to assess medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with
      navigation alone for the tibial cut and limb alignment. We hypothesised that this
      technique could be used routinely in practice. METHODS: Outcome measures were
      tibial cut orientation and residual varus. Six-month post-operative radiographs
      of 59 knees were assessed. RESULTS: Tibial cut orientation was within 2 degrees 
      of planned in 70.2 and 76.3 % of knees in the coronal and sagittal planes,
      respectively (49.1 % in both), within 4 degrees  in 91.2 and 91.5 %, respectively
      (82.5 % in both). All coronal-plane errors were in varus. Excessive planed tibial
      slope was at risk of excessive varus of the tibial cut. The hip-knee-ankle angle
      was <=179 degrees  in 81.4 % and the mechanical axis through Kennedy Zone 2 in
      59.3 % of knees. Risk factors for inadequate varus were pre-operative hip-knee
      ankle angle >176 degrees  and strictly articular varus. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      are not as good as previously reported with this technique, but taking into
      account the factors of failure identified, we could enhance the results.

PMID- 27357532
TI  - Pre-Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Causing Fatal
      Enteric Disease in a Dog from a Family with History of Human Tuberculosis.
AB  - This report describes a fatal case of a pet dog with major enteric signs owned by
      a family that has experienced cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in the
      household. Clinical and epidemiological aspects, imaging data, microbiological,
      haematological and histopathological examinations were assessed to diagnosis of
      disease. gyrB-RFLP, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR allowed molecular detection of M.
      tuberculosis strain from S family. The resazurin microtiter assay indicated that
      all isolates were resistant to isoniazid, ethambutol, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin,
      streptomycin and amikacin. The public health concerns related to canine
      tuberculosis and risk of the dissemination by pets of M. tuberculosis pre
      multidrug-resistant (PMD) to isoniazid, ethambutol and other first-line drugs
      used in human therapy of TB are discussed. We believe this to be the first report
      of PMD M. tuberculosis infection in a dog presenting mainly enteric
      manifestation, confirmed as S lineage by molecular methods, owned by a family in
      which TB has spread in the household for generations.

PMID- 27357533
TI  - The reaction current distribution in battery electrode materials revealed by XPS
      based state-of-charge mapping.
AB  - Morphologically complex electrochemical systems such as composite or
      nanostructured lithium ion battery electrodes exhibit spatially inhomogeneous
      internal current distributions, particularly when driven at high total currents,
      due to resistances in the electrodes and electrolyte, distributions of diffusion
      path lengths, and nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. Measuring and
      controlling these distributions is interesting from both an engineering
      standpoint, as nonhomogenous currents lead to lower utilization of electrode
      material, as well as from a fundamental standpoint, as comparisons between theory
      and experiment are relatively scarce. Here we describe a new approach using a
      deliberately simple model battery electrode to examine the current distribution
      in a electrode material limited by poor electronic conductivity. We utilize
      quantitative spatially resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to measure the
      spatial distribution of the state-of-charge of a V2O5 model electrode as a proxy
      measure for the current distribution on electrodes discharged at varying current
      densities. We show that the current at the electrode-electrolyte interface falls
      off with distance from the current collector, and that the current distribution
      is a strong function of total current. We compare the observed distributions with
      a simple analytical model which reproduces the dependence of the distribution on
      total current, but fails to predict the correct length scale. A more complete
      numerical simulation suggests that dynamic changes in the electronic conductivity
      of the V2O5 concurrent with lithium insertion may contribute to the differences
      between theory and experiment. Our observations should help inform design
      criteria for future electrode architectures. 

PMID- 27357534
TI  - Antiarrhythmic activity of a new spiro-cyclic benzopyran activator of the cardiac
      mitochondrial ATP dependent potassium channels.
AB  - 'Compound A' (4(i)-(N-(4-acetamidobenzyl))-2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-5(i)H
      spiro[chromene-4,2(i)-[1,4]oxazinan]-5(i)-one) is a new spiro-cyclic benzopyran
      activator of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels (mitoKATP). We
      researched the effect of compound A on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced
      ventricular arrhythmias. We also tested the hypothesis that the application of
      the activation of mitoKATP in combination with the inhibition of sarcolemmal ATP
      dependent potassium channels (sarcKATP) may produce a stronger antiarrhythmic
      effect. In anesthetized rats, myocardial ischemia was performed by ligating the
      left main coronary artery followed by reperfusion. At a dose of 10 mg/kg,
      compound A significantly decreased arrhythmia scores and the total length of
      arrhythmias, whereas this was found to be ineffective at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Pre
      treatment with 5-HD, a selective mitoKATP blocker, abolished the antiarrhythmic
      effect of compound A. Both diazoxide, a selective mitoKATP opener and HMR 1098, a
      selective sarcKATP blocker, significantly decreased the total length of
      arrhythmias. However, the combination of neither diazoxide nor compound A with
      HMR 1098 showed no additional therapeutic benefit. These results reveal that
      compound A may have a dose-dependent antiarrythmic effect, which is more
      pronounced than the antiarrhythmic effect of diazoxide. The antiarrhythmic effect
      of compound A may possibly depend on mitoKATP activation. 

PMID- 27357535
TI  - Evaluation of the angiogenic potency of a novel exopolysaccharide produced by the
      MK1 bacterial strain.
AB  - Angiogenesis is an essential physiological step in wound healing and other
      regenerative processes. Here, we evaluated the angiogenic properties of an
      exopolysaccharide (EPS) secreted by MK1 (MK1-EPS), a novel bacterial strain
      isolated from Neungee mushrooms. MK1-EPS significantly increased human umbilical
      vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration, and vascular tube
      formation. MK1-EPS enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related
      kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, which are mitogen-activated
      protein kinases. In addition, the expression of p21 and intercellular adhesion
      molecule 1 (ICAM1), and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of
      transcription 3 (STAT3), but not of protein kinase B (AKT), were increased.
      Specific inhibitors of p38 (SB203580), ERK (PD98059), and JNK (SP600125)
      inhibited MK1-EPS-induced HUVEC proliferation, tube formation, and cell
      migration, and partially attenuated MKI-EPS-induced expression of p21 and ICAM1,
      and STAT3 phosphorylation. After surgical implantation into rabbit calvarial bone
      defects, new blood vessel formation was significantly higher with MK1-EPS
      composite bone granules than with granules alone, and new bone formation
      increased significantly. Therefore, MK1-EPS induces angiogenesis and may have
      potential for use as a bone regeneration agent in bone tissue engineering
      applications. 

PMID- 27357536
TI  - Effect of lycopene on the blood-spinal cord barrier after spinal cord injury in
      mice.
AB  - The current study aimed to investigate the effect of lycopene on the blood-spinal
      cord barrier (BSCB) after spinal cord injury (SCI) in a mouse model. Lycopene
      inhibited lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage as a highly efficient
      antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Lycopene (4 mg/kg/d) was administrated
      immediately following SCI. The permeability of the BSCB and water content in the
      spinal cord tissue were evaluated. Additionally, levels of expression of tight
      junction proteins and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were determined with Western
      blotting. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis of spinal cord tissue
      homogenates was performed 48 h after SCI to evaluate the expression of
      inflammation-related cytokines. In addition, recovery of motor function was
      assessed 1 d, 2 d, 5 d, 10 d, and 15 d after SCI using the Basso Mouse Scale to
      score locomotion. Compared to the group with an untreated SCI, mice with an SCI
      treated with lycopene had significantly reduced spinal cord tissue water content
      and BSCB permeability. Furthermore, motor function of mice with an SCI was also
      greatly improved by lycopene administration. The expression of the
      proinflammatory factors TNF-alpha and NF-kB increased markedly 48 h after SCI,
      and their upregulation was significantly attenuated by lycopene treatment. The
      expression of molecules that protect tight junctions, zonula occluden-1 and
      claudin-5, was upregulated by lycopene treatment after SCI. Taken together, these
      results clearly indicate that lycopene attenuated SCI by promoting repair of the
      damaged BSCB, so lycopene is a novel and promising treatment for SCI in humans. 

PMID- 27357537
TI  - Diverse distribution of Toxin-Antitoxin II systems in Salmonella enterica
      serovars.
AB  - Type II Toxin-Antitoxin systems (TAs), known for their presence in virulent and
      antibiotic resistant bacterial strains, were recently identified in Salmonella
      enterica isolates. However, the relationships between the presence of TAs (ccdAB
      and vapBC) and the epidemiological and genetic features of different non
      typhoidal Salmonella serovars are largely unknown, reducing our understanding of
      the ecological success of different serovars. Salmonella enterica isolates from
      different sources, belonging to different serovars and epidemiologically
      unrelated according to ERIC profiles, were investigated for the presence of type
      II TAs, plasmid content, and antibiotic resistance. The results showed the
      ubiquitous presence of the vapBC gene in all the investigated Salmonella
      isolates, but a diverse distribution of ccdAB, which was detected in the most
      widespread Salmonella serovars, only. Analysis of the plasmid toxin ccdB
      translated sequence of four selected Salmonella isolates showed the presence of
      the amino acid substitution R99W, known to impede in vitro the lethal effect of
      CcdB toxin in the absence of its cognate antitoxin CcdA. These findings suggest a
      direct role of the TAs in promoting adaptability and persistence of the most
      prevalent Salmonella serovars, thus implying a wider eco-physiological role for
      these type II TAs.

PMID- 27357538
TI  - Estrogen receptor beta1 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma growth and as a
      prognostic biomarker.
AB  - Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) shows a higher incidence in males versus
      females. Epidemiological studies have shown that female gender is a favorable
      prognostic factor, which may be explained by estrogens. Here we show that when
      grafting human DLBCL cells to immunocompromised mice, tumor growth in males is
      faster. When treating mice grafted with either germinal center or activated B
      cell like DLBCL cells with the selective estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) agonist
      diarylpropionitrile, tumor growth was significantly inhibited. Furthermore,
      nuclear ERbeta1 expression analysis in primary DLBCL's by immunohistochemistry
      revealed expression in 89% of the cases. Nuclear ERbeta1 expression was in a
      univariate and multivariate analysis, an independent prognostic factor for
      adverse progression-free survival in Rituximab-chemotherapy treated DLBCL (p =
      0.02 and p = 0.04, respectively). These results suggest that estrogen signaling
      through ERbeta1 is an interesting future therapeutic target for treatment of
      DLBCL, and that ERbeta1 expression can be used as a prognostic marker.

PMID- 27357539
TI  - Pironetin reacts covalently with cysteine-316 of alpha-tubulin to destabilize
      microtubule.
AB  - Molecules that alter the normal dynamics of microtubule assembly and disassembly
      include many anticancer drugs in clinical use. So far all such therapeutics
      target beta-tubulin, and structural biology has explained the basis of their
      action and permitted design of new drugs. However, by shifting the profile of
      beta-tubulin isoforms, cancer cells become resistant to treatment. Compounds that
      bind to alpha-tubulin are less well characterized and unexploited. The natural
      product pironetin is known to bind to alpha-tubulin and is a potent inhibitor of
      microtubule polymerization. Previous reports had identified that pironetin reacts
      with lysine-352 residue however analogues designed on this model had much lower
      potency, which was difficult to explain, hindering further development. We report
      crystallographic and mass spectrometric data that reveal that pironetin forms a
      covalent bond to cysteine-316 in alpha-tubulin via a Michael addition reaction.
      These data provide a basis for the rational design of alpha-tubulin targeting
      chemotherapeutics.

PMID- 27357540
TI  - Killing Glioma 'Stem-like' Cells via Drug-Induced Relocation of Endosomal
      Urokinase Proteins.
AB  - High grade gliomas (HGGs) are primary CNS cancers with more than 95% of patients
      experiencing tumor recurrence following radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and/or
      an anti-angiogenic therapy. Populations of glioma 'stem-like' cells (GSCs) exist
      in both proliferative and non-proliferative states and are capable of tumor
      regrowth. These GSCs survive within hypoxic tumor regions and avascular tumor
      margins, while retaining the capability to regenerate. Successful treatment of
      HGGs depends on therapeutic targeting of GSCs to avert tumor regeneration. Here,
      we review novel intracellular mechanisms by which 3-amino-5-arylamino-6-chloro-N
      (diaminomethylene) pyrazine-2-carboximide (UCD38B) and the much more potent 5'
      substituted arylamino compounds (cmpd 10357) irreversibly kill GSCs utilizing
      caspase-independent, programmed necrotic cell death. Drug-induced relocation of a
      subset of endosomes to perinuclear mitochondria triggers the mitochondrial
      release and nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducible factor (AIF) that is
      followed by nuclear condensation and cancer cell demise. This drug-induced
      endosomal 'mis-trafficking' affects a subset of endosomes containing proteins
      belonging to the urokinase plasminogen activator system (uPAS) and guided by
      lipoprotein receptor protein type 1 (LRP-1). UCD38B and congeners act
      intracellularly and bind to intracellular urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)
      to disrupt uPA binding to PAI-1 and the endosomal LRP-1 guidance protein. These
      small molecules are cytotoxic to persistently hypoxic and acidotic HGG cell lines
      and to high grade gliomas from patient derived xenografts (PDX). Immunodeficient
      mice with intracerebral PDX glial tumors demonstrate drug-specific, AIF- mediated
      necrosis after 24h of treatment. The propensity of these small molecules to kill
      non-proliferating and proliferating hypoxic GSCs, suggests a potential
      synergistic therapeutic role with radiotherapy, anti-mitotic and anti-angiogenic
      therapies.

PMID- 27357541
TI  - Glucose Oncometabolism of Esophageal Cancer.
AB  - Metabolic reprograming contributes to esophageal tumorigenesis. A better
      understanding of how esophageal cancer (EC) cells reactivate primitive signaling
      to retain glucose metabolism under unfavorable conditions is essential for the
      development of therapeutic interventions to treat EC. Current achievements in the
      field of EC glucose metabolism have been critically reviewed to address several
      fundamental questions. These include: 1) the association of abnormal glucose
      metabolism and EC risk; 2) alterations of genes and/or proteins that contribute
      to glucose oncometabolism in EC; 3) signal transduction pathways that promote EC
      consumption of glucose; and, 4) targeting the glycolytic element or the EC
      dependency on excessive glucose consumption to prevent growth of EC caused by
      different genomic changes.

PMID- 27357542
TI  - Phytochemical Analysis with Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Studies of the Bioactive
      Principles from Zanthoxylum capense (Small Knobwood).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Zanthoxylum capense (small knobwood) is a South African species known
      for a wide range of anecdotal uses. However, there is a dearth of information on
      its phytoconstitutional make-up, specifically its knobs, with only a few reports
      on the bioactive compounds that could justify its ethnomedicinal use. OBJECTIVES:
      This work aimed to identify the active principles in Z. capense and evaluate
      their cytotoxicity against breast cancer tumor cells. METHOD: Extracts from the
      stem bark, knobs and leaves were purified using chromatographic methods and
      characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Cytotoxicity of isolated compounds
      was evaluated on mammalian MCF-7, Caco-2 tumor cell lines and HEK295, a normal
      kidney cell line. RESULTS: The following compounds were isolated from the plant:
      a quaternary benzophenanthridine-type alkaloid (chelerythrine) along with its
      alkanoamine derivative (6-hydroxydihydrochelerythrine), an
      indolopyridoquinazoline alkaloid (rutaecarpine), an alkyl p-coumaric acid ester
      (dodecyl-trans-p-coumarate), a lignan (sesamin), a flavanol (catechin), two
      triterpenoids (lupeol and sitosterol) and two pigments (pheophytin a and lutein).
      In the cytotoxicity study, all tested samples decreased the viability of the MCF
      7 tumor cells by at least 23% at concentration 1 MUg mL-1 and Caco-2 tumor cells
      by at least 15% at concentration 5 MUg mL-1 but a mild toxic effect on HEK295
      across the tested samples. RESULTS: The following compounds were isolated from
      the plant: a quaternary benzophenanthridine-type alkaloid (chelerythrine) along
      with its alkanoamine derivative (6-hydroxydihydrochelerythrine), an
      indolopyridoquinazoline alkaloid (rutaecarpine), an alkyl p-coumaric acid ester
      (dodecyl-trans-p-coumarate), a lignan (sesamin), a flavanol (catechin), two
      triterpenoids (lupeol and sitosterol) and two pigments (pheophytin a and lutein).
      In the cytotoxicity study, all tested samples decreased the viability of the MCF
      7 tumor cells by at least 23% at concentration 1 MUg mL-1 and Caco-2 tumor cells
      by at least 15% at concentration 5 MUg mL-1 but a mild toxic effect on HEK295
      across the tested samples.

PMID- 27357543
TI  - Construction of an Anticancer Fusion Peptide (ACFP) Derived from Milk Proteins
      and an Assay of Anti-ovarian Cancer Cells in vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some bioactive peptides derived from natural resources or synthesized
      by rational design have been shown to have very good anticancer effects. We
      designed an anticancer fusion peptide (ACFP) based on the structure of bovine
      lactoferricin (LfcinB) and hexapeptide (PGPIPN) derived from bovine milk protein.
      OBJECTIVE: To prepare ACFP through genetic engineering and study its antiovarian
      cancer activity. METHOD: ACFP gene was produced by a flexible link arm connecting
      LfcinB and PGPIPN. ACFP was inductively expressed in Escherichia coli by the
      recombinant plasmid pGEX-KG-ACFP. ACFP was prepared and purified by affinity
      chromatography, and identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Recombinant
      lentivirus vectors were produced by cotransfecting 293T cells with constructed
      plasmid pLJM1-ACFP, envelope plasmid Delta8.91 and pVSVG using Lipofectamine.
      ACFP gene was transfected into ovarian cancer cells by pLJM1-ACFP lentivirus.
      Cell Viability was assayed by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). The
      apoptosis of ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells was measured by flow cytometry and
      observed by Hoechst33258 staining. RESULTS: ACFP was successfully prepared and
      purified by genetic engineering. ACFP more effectively inhibited the viability of
      human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells than the single parent peptides in vitro. ACFP
      was found to have no cytotoxicity towards untransformed cells. The ACFP gene in
      cancer cells infected with pLJM1-ACFP lentivirus could significantly inhibit the
      viability of SKOV3 cells and induce their apoptosis. CONCLUSION: ACFP is a
      potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 27357544
TI  - Synthesis, Molecular Docking Study and in vitro Anticancer Activity of Tetrazole
      Linked Benzochromene Derivatives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Globally, cancer is regarded as one of the biggest health concern in
      humans and animals and is one of the most terrifying diseases. Therefore, there
      is a necessity for the discovery, development and improvement of novel antitumor
      drug molecules which could efficiently prevent proliferative pathways and clonal
      expansion of cells. Heterocyclic compounds like benzochromene play a key role in
      the development of current pharmaceuticals, natural resources, agriculture
      products, analytical reagents and dyes. Therefore, anticancer drugs show
      increased resistance, it is essential to designing the novel structured
      heterocyclic moieties to create potential anticancer agents with promising
      biological applications. OBJECTIVE: To synthesis a novel 1-(substitutedphenyl)-2
      (1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1H-benzo[f]chromene-3-amine derivatives for in vitro
      antitumour activity. METHOD: The reaction of 3-amino-1-(substitutedphenyl)-1H
      benzo[f]chromene-2-carbonitrile with sodium azide, ammonium chloride in dimethyl
      formamide solvent under reflux condition for 4 h afforded products (3a-k). The
      synthesized molecules were subjected to possible potential anti-tumour activity
      in vitro in four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, Caco-2, HeLa and SKBR-3), and
      one human non-cancer cell line (HEK293), using the MTT cell viability assay.
      RESULTS: A novel series of products (3a-k) were synthesized with good yield and
      were identified with 1H NMR, 15N NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR and HR-MS spectrum. The most
      potent compounds 3d, 3e, and 3f possessing the greatest cytotoxicity activity
      with IC50 values slightly higher (15-33 MUM) than that of 5-Fluorouracil (10-17
      MUM), indicating their potential to be antitumor agents. The 3a, 3b, 3c, 3h, 3i
      and 3j compounds showed moderate activity. Additionally, a molecular docking
      analysis was conducted to predict the multi-drug resistance modulator behavior of
      synthesized compounds in the ATP binding site of P-glycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS: We
      synthesized and designated eleven novel derivatives of tetrazole linked
      benzochromenes (3a-k) and evaluated their anti-cancer activity. Additionally, the
      results from the docking studies were found to be in good agreement with the
      results from computational profiling.

PMID- 27357545
TI  - Quantitative deep mapping of the cultured podocyte proteome uncovers shifts in
      proteostatic mechanisms during differentiation.
AB  - The renal filtration barrier is maintained by the renal podocyte, an epithelial
      postmitotic cell. Immortalized mouse podocyte cell lines-both in the
      differentiated and undifferentiated state-are widely utilized tools to estimate
      podocyte injury and cytoskeletal rearrangement processes in vitro. Here, we
      mapped the cultured podocyte proteome at a depth of more than 8,800 proteins and
      quantified 7,240 proteins. Copy numbers of proteins mutated in forms of
      hereditary nephrotic syndrome or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) were
      assessed. We found that cultured podocytes express abundant copy numbers of
      endogenous receptors, such as tyrosine kinase membrane receptors, the G protein
      coupled receptor (GPCR), NPR3 (ANP receptor), and several poorly characterized
      GPCRs. The data set was correlated with deep mapping mRNA sequencing ("mRNAseq")
      data from the native mouse podocyte, the native mouse podocyte proteome and
      staining intensities from the human protein atlas. The generated data set was
      similar to these previously published resources, but several native and high
      abundant podocyte-specific proteins were not identified in the data set. Notably,
      this data set detected general perturbations in proteostatic mechanisms as a
      dominant alteration during podocyte differentiation, with high proteasome
      activity in the undifferentiated state and markedly increased expression of
      lysosomal proteins in the differentiated state. Phosphoproteomics analysis of
      mouse podocytes at a resolution of more than 3,000 sites suggested a preference
      of phosphorylation of actin filament-associated proteins in the differentiated
      state. The data set obtained here provides a resource and provides the means for
      deep mapping of the native podocyte proteome and phosphoproteome in a similar
      manner.

PMID- 27357546
TI  - Reduced ATGL-mediated lipolysis attenuates beta-adrenergic-induced AMPK
      signaling, but not the induction of PKA-targeted genes, in adipocytes and adipose
      tissue.
AB  - 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is activated as a consequence of lipolysis
      and has been shown to play a role in regulation of adipose tissue mitochondrial
      content. Conversely, the inhibition of lipolysis has been reported to potentiate
      the induction of protein kinase A (PKA)-targeted genes involved in the regulation
      of oxidative metabolism. The purpose of the current study was to address these
      apparent discrepancies and to more fully examine the relationship between
      lipolysis, AMPK, and the beta-adrenergic-mediated regulation of gene expression.
      In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL) inhibitor
      ATGListatin attenuated the Thr(172) phosphorylation of AMPK by a beta3-adrenergic
      agonist (CL 316,243) independent of changes in PKA signaling. Similarly, CL
      316,243-induced increases in the Thr(172) phosphorylation of AMPK were reduced in
      adipose tissue from whole body ATGL-deficient mice. Despite reductions in the
      activation of AMPK, the induction of PKA-targeted genes was intact or, in some
      cases, increased. Similarly, markers of mitochondrial content and respiration
      were increased in adipose tissue from ATGL knockout mice independent of changes
      in the Thr(172) phosphorylation of AMPK. Taken together, our data provide
      evidence that AMPK is not required for the regulation of adipose tissue oxidative
      capacity in conditions of reduced fatty acid release.

PMID- 27357547
TI  - Role of scleraxis in mechanical stretch-mediated regulation of cardiac
      myofibroblast phenotype.
AB  - The phenotype conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts plays a key role in the
      pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Numerous triggers of this conversion process
      have been identified, including plating of cells on solid substrates, cytokines
      such as transforming growth factor-beta, and mechanical stretch; however, the
      underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Recent studies from our
      laboratory revealed that the transcription factor scleraxis is a key regulator of
      cardiac fibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix expression. Here we report
      that mechanical stretch induces type I collagen expression and morphological
      changes indicative of cardiac myofibroblast conversion, as well as scleraxis
      expression via activation of the scleraxis promoter. Scleraxis causes phenotypic
      changes similar to stretch, and the effect of stretch is attenuated in scleraxis
      null cells. Scleraxis was also sufficient to upregulate expression of vinculin
      and F-actin, to induce stress fiber and focal adhesion formation, and to
      attenuate both cell migration and proliferation, further evidence of scleraxis
      mediated regulation of fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion. Together, these
      data confirm that scleraxis is sufficient to promote the myofibroblast phenotype
      and is a required effector of stretch-mediated conversion. Scleraxis may thus
      represent a potential target for the development of novel antifibrotic therapies
      aimed at inhibiting myofibroblast formation.

PMID- 27357548
TI  - Which coping strategies can predict beneficial feelings associated with prostate
      cancer?
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the extent to which different
      coping strategies can predict benefit finding in prostate cancer experiences.
      BACKGROUND: Although beginning evidence suggests that the capacity to find
      positives in adversity and find some benefit from cancer-associated experiences
      may be influenced by coping, little is known about which coping strategies can
      predict benefit finding in prostate cancer. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHOD: Data
      from men (n = 209) diagnosed with prostate cancer receiving hormone suppression
      therapy were analysed using descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations and
      backward stepwise multiple linear regression. Sociodemographic and clinical data,
      and self-report scales (17-item Benefit Finding Scale and Brief COPE) were used.
      RESULTS: Bivariate analyses showed significant correlations between 14 coping
      strategies and benefit finding in prostate cancer. Multiple linear regression
      modelling showed that the predictor variables 'acceptance', 'positive reframing'
      and 'turning to religion' explained 35% of the variance in dependant variable
      benefit finding when the other variables were controlled for. Of the three
      predictor variables, acceptance and positive reinterpretation were most strongly
      related to benefit finding. CONCLUSION: The self-reported coping strategies
      'acceptance' and 'positive reframing' emerged as being most significantly
      predictive of benefit finding in this sample. 'Turning to religion' was also
      significant, but to a somewhat lesser extent in predicting benefit finding in the
      disruptive experience of prostate cancer. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The use
      of positively oriented emotional coping strategies of 'acceptance', 'positive
      reframing' and 'turning to religion' are influential to benefit finding in
      prostate cancer. An understanding of the coping strategies that are predictive to
      benefit finding can assist clinicians to discern and target men who are more or
      less likely to find benefit, and to develop person-centred support strategies and
      interventions with an aim to optimising positive emotional states throughout the
      cancer journey.

PMID- 27357549
TI  - Associations Between Cognitive Function, Schizophrenic Symptoms, and Functional
      Outcome in Early-onset Schizophrenia With and Without a Familial Burden of
      Psychosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship
      between various domains of cognitive functions, the intensity of
      psychopathological symptoms, and the general functional outcome in adolescents
      with early-onset schizophrenia. METHOD: 33 adolescents with early-onset
      schizophrenia (EOS) were investigated in their partial symptom remission period.
      The control group consisted of 30 healthy adolescents. Schizophrenia was
      diagnosed on the basis of ICD-10 criteria. Psychopathological symptoms were
      assessed with the use of the PANSS (Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale) scale.
      General functioning was evaluated with the use of the CGAS (Children's Global
      Assessment Scale) scale. RESULTS: Significant dysfunctions of various aspects of
      working memory, executive functions, and verbal memory were found in the group of
      EOS adolescents, as compared to the control group. Working memory and executive
      function deficits were significantly more severe in patients with a greater
      intensity of negative schizophrenia symptoms. EOS patients with a familial burden
      of psychosis presented greater cognitive deficits than patients without such a
      burden. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that visual working memory and verbal
      memory deficits with a higher intensity of negative and positive symptoms proved
      to be significant predictors of poor functioning. Limitations of the study are
      discussed.

PMID- 27357550
TI  - Identification of Emotional Distress Among Asylum Seekers and Migrant Workers by
      Primary Care Physicians: A Brief Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emotional distress (ED) is prevalent among immigrants. The open
      clinic of Physicians for Human Rights (PHR)-Israel provides free medical and
      psychiatric treatment to immigrants without access to the ambulatory health
      service. In 2010, the psychiatric records represented 1% of the total medical
      files (N=28,000) in the open clinic. OBJECTIVE: To compare service users' self
      reported ED and its identification by general practitioners (GP) and to identify
      socio-demographic variables associated with ED. METHOD: A convenience sample
      (N=97) of the general medical service users completed the 12-item version of the
      General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). A score of 11 or above was considered a
      suspected mental disorder. The GPs' clinical assessment of ED was compared with
      the self-reported score. RESULTS: The sample's mean GHQ-12 score was higher than
      the threshold (M=12.7, SD=6.3, range 0-35). Fifty three percent (n=51) had a GHQ
      12 score higher than 11, and 8% (n=8) were identified by the GPs as emotionally
      distressed and/or in need of psychiatric care. The mean score of the study sample
      was higher than that found in past studies regarding the Arab-Israeli general
      population (M=10.8, SD=0.35). Employment was the only socio-demographic variable
      significantly associated with ED. CONCLUSIONS: ED was high among immigrants, but
      under-diagnosed by GPs. Employment might serve as a protective factor for ED.

PMID- 27357551
TI  - Medical Clowning and Psychosis: A Case Report and Theoretical Review.
AB  - The medical clown has become an accepted therapeutic figure in non-psychiatric
      hospital departments in recent years. However, the potential role of the clown in
      psychiatry, especially for the treatment of psychosis, has not been investigated.
      We report here on the functioning of a medical clown in an inpatient psychiatric
      department. A program using psychodramatic group therapy techniques with the
      clown serving as moderator was developed. We describe the case of one individual
      diagnosed with schizophrenia who in the course of four and a half months of group
      therapy led by the medical clown was able to adopt a succession of surprising
      roles. This process may have contributed to the patient's remission. We discuss
      the special capacity of medical clowns to encourage communication and indulge in
      fantasy while returning to consensual reality. We suggest that this may have
      particular relevance in work with psychotic individuals. 

PMID- 27357552
TI  - The Fate of Polish Psychiatry under German Occupation in World War II.
AB  - Polish psychiatry was since its origin deeply influenced by German (Austrian) and
      Russian psychiatry. As a larger part of the Polish territory had belonged to
      Germany or Austria before 1918, many institutions and staff in mental health had
      a German or Austrian history. During the occupation nearly all mental hospitals
      were taken over by the Germans, sometimes all the patients, sometimes part of
      them were murdered, and often the staff members were shot together with their
      patients. Jews were separated from non-Jews and killed. Some institutions
      continued to work under German rule and with German directors. This paper will
      explore these issues from a historical and organizational perspective and address
      how Polish psychiatry attempted to survive during and after the war. 

PMID- 27357553
TI  - The Effectiveness of Early Group Intervention for Military Reserves Soldiers: The
      Role of the Repressive Coping Style.
AB  - This study had two aims: 1. To examine whether soldiers who participated in Early
      Group Intervention (EGI) would show less distress and better functioning and
      physical health than soldiers who did not participate in EGI, and 2. To examine
      the contribution of the intervention to participants with repressive coping
      style. The sample comprised 166 male reserve soldiers who fought in the Second
      Lebanon War. The intervention was conducted three months after the traumatic
      event, was based on military protocol, and took place over the course of one day.
      Data were collected at two points in time (four months apart). The findings
      indicated that after EGI, the intervention group experienced less post-traumatic
      distress than did the control group. In addition, four months after the
      intervention, the functioning and physical health of the intervention group was
      significantly better than that of the control group. Notably, the intensity of
      post-traumatic distress before the intervention was lower among repressors and
      low-anxious soldiers than among soldiers in the other two groups (high-anxious
      and defensive). No significant differences were found after the intervention with
      regard to the various styles of coping with post-traumatic distress. Future
      clinical implications of the findings are discussed. 

PMID- 27357554
TI  - Cardiovascular Fitness and Neurocognitive Performance among Older Adults in the
      Maintenance Stage of Cardiac Rehabilitation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular fitness is associated with cognition in advanced age.
      Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a risk factor for cognitive decline beyond the
      normal aging process, thus we investigated this association in CVD patients.
      METHOD: Patients in phase III of cardiac rehabilitation were divided into high
      and low cardiovascular fitness groups based on their predicted peak VO2.
      Cognition was assessed by a battery of neuropsychological tests examining memory,
      attention, visual spatial function, executive function and global cognitive
      score. RESULTS: The two groups were similar on reported physical activity and on
      the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). However, the high fitness group had
      significantly higher scores than the lower fitness group on attention and on the
      global cognitive score, and marginally significant scores on executive
      functioning. LIMITATION: Due to the small sample size no differentiation was made
      among the various CVD conditions. CONCLUSION: Higher cardiovascular fitness of
      CVD patients is associated with superior cognition - predominantly in attention
      and executive functioning.

PMID- 27357555
TI  - Psychiatric Symptoms and Quality of Life in Military Personnel Deployed Abroad.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Military personnel deployed abroad could be exposed to more risk
      factors that adversely affect quality of life. In this study, we examined
      psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in Turkish Armed Forces deployed to
      Afghanistan. METHOD: A total of 289 Turkish military personnel working in
      Afghanistan enrolled in this study. They completed two surveys containing
      questions about socio-demographic characteristics. Data were collected and
      analyzed from 258 of the participants. RESULTS: The general symptom scores (GSI)
      were above 1 in 20.8 Percent (n=54) of the participants. The lowest SF-36 scores
      by the sub-groups were mental health (59.14 +/- 18.56) and vitality (59.25 +/-
      21.17). The highest score was in the physical function subscale (84.42 +/-
      19.53). All Quality of Life Questionnaire Short Form (SF-36)subscale scores were
      lower in the GSI above 1 group than the GSI below 1 group. In the GSI above 1
      group: education level and depression affected SF-36 physical functioning;
      paranoid ideation and somatization affected SF-36 role limitations due to
      physical health; age and somatization affected SF-36 pain; age affected SF-36
      general health; phobic anxiety affected SF-36 vitality; age, tenure of
      occupation, tenure abroad; and phobic anxiety affected SF-36 mental health.
      CONCLUSIONS: The negative effects of psychiatric symptoms on the quality of life
      were similar to those in the general population and in specific disease groups.
      These results should be considered when evaluating the mental health of military
      personnel deployed abroad.

PMID- 27357556
TI  - Effectiveness of Aerobic Exercise as an Augmentation Therapy for Inpatients with
      Major Depressive Disorder: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physical exercise has been shown to reduce depressive symptoms when
      used in combination with antidepressant medication. We report a randomized
      controlled trial of aerobic exercise compared to stretching as an augmentation
      strategy for hospitalized patients with major depression. METHODS: Male or female
      patients, 18-80 years, diagnosed with a Major Depressive Episode, were randomly
      assigned to three weeks of augmentation therapy with aerobic (n=6) or stretching
      exercise (n=6). Depression was rated, at several time points using the 21-item
      Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and other
      scales. RESULTS: According to the HAM-D, there were four (out of six) responders
      in the aerobic group, two of whom achieved remission, and none in the stretching
      group. According to the BDI, there were two responders in the aerobic group who
      were also remitters and none in the stretching group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of
      this small study suggest that aerobic exercise significantly improves treatment
      outcome when added to antidepressant medication. However, due to the small sample
      size the results must be regarded as preliminary and further studies are needed
      to confirm the findings.

PMID- 27357557
TI  - How Do Meaning in Life and Positive Affect Relate to Adaptation to Stress? The
      Case of Firefighters Following the Mount Carmel Forest Fire.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We examined how positive affect (PA) and meaning in life (MIL)
      conjointly regulate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and perceived
      coping self-efficacy. Hypotheses were guided by a recent holistic model,
      according to which PA and MIL should compensate for each other in relating to
      adaptation to high stress. METHOD: The sample included 75 Israeli firefighters
      who took active part in extinguishing the 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire. RESULTS:
      PA and MIL helped to compensate for the other, demonstrating that when one of
      them was low, the other related to higher adaptation. That is, under low MIL, PA
      related to PTSD symptoms and coping self-efficacy, and under low PA, MIL related
      to PTSD symptoms and coping self-efficacy. LIMITATION: The study design was cross
      sectional and therefore precluded any causal inferences. CONCLUSIONS: The
      findings lend additional support to the holistic model and help to understand how
      subjective well-being and MIL correlate with adaptation to stress.

PMID- 27357558
TI  - The Israeli-Polish Mental Health Association: Its History and Activities.
AB  - The Israeli-Polish Mental Health Association (IPMHA) was founded in 2000. It is a
      unique organization as it is not only one of the many associations for mental
      health professionals but also a platform for people from distant countries who
      share an important and traumatic past. IPMHA members have been engaged in studies
      of consequences of massive trauma, intergenerational transmission of trauma and
      help for trauma survivors. Keeping in mind the obligation of mental health
      professions to contribute to an enlightened and tolerant society, the IPMHA
      members have been trying to deal with "the past in the present," investigating
      the roots of the harm caused by racial and ethnic hatred, anti-Semitism and other
      forms of social prejudice. The IPMHA activities included symposia with
      discussions facilitated by the use of the dynamic group formula. Some of the
      materials presented in the meetings were published in Polish professional
      journals. This article reports on the activities of the IPMHA with special focus
      on the accompanying emotionally loaded problems. 

PMID- 27357560
TI  - Assessment of collection schemes for packaging and other recyclable waste in
      European Union-28 Member States and capital cities.
AB  - The Waste Framework Directive obliged European Union Member States to set up
      separate collection systems to promote high quality recycling for at least paper,
      metal, plastic and glass by 2015. As implementation of the requirement varies
      across European Union Member States, the European Commission contracted BiPRO
      GmbH/Copenhagen Resource Institute to assess the separate collection schemes in
      the 28 European Union Member States, focusing on capital cities and on metal,
      plastic, glass (with packaging as the main source), paper/cardboard and bio
      waste. The study includes an assessment of the legal framework for, and the
      practical implementation of, collection systems in the European Union-28 Member
      States and an in depth-analysis of systems applied in all capital cities. It
      covers collection systems that collect one or more of the five waste streams
      separately from residual waste/mixed municipal waste at source (including strict
      separation, co-mingled systems, door-to-door, bring-point collection and civic
      amenity sites). A scoreboard including 13 indicators is elaborated in order to
      measure the performance of the systems with the capture rates as key indicators
      to identify best performers. Best performance are by the cities of Ljubljana,
      Helsinki and Tallinn, leading to the key conclusion that door-to-door collection,
      at least for paper and bio-waste, and the implementation of pay-as-you-throw
      schemes results in high capture and thus high recycling rates of packaging and
      other municipal waste. 

PMID- 27357559
TI  - Iron overload by Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles is a High Risk Factor
      in Cirrhosis by a Systems Toxicology Assessment.
AB  - Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a contrast agent have been
      widely used in magnetic resonance imaging for tumor diagnosis and theranostics.
      However, there has been safety concern of SPIONs with cirrhosis related to excess
      iron-induced oxidative stress. In this study, the impact of iron overload by
      SPIONs was assessed on a mouse cirrhosis model. A single dose of SPION injection
      at 0.5 or 5 mg Fe/kg in the cirrhosis group induced a septic shock response at 24
      h with elevated serum levels of liver and kidney function markers and extended
      impacts over 14 days including high levels of serum cholesterols and persistent
      low serum iron level. In contrast, full restoration of liver functions was found
      in the normal group with the same dosages over time. Analysis with PCR array of
      the toxicity pathways revealed the high dose of SPIONs induced significant
      expression changes of a distinct subset of genes in the cirrhosis liver. All
      these results suggested that excess iron of the high dose of SPIONs might be a
      risk factor for cirrhosis because of the marked impacts of elevated lipid
      metabolism, disruption of iron homeostasis and possibly, aggravated loss of liver
      functions.

PMID- 27357561
TI  - Financial implications of compliance with EU waste management goals: Feasibility
      and consequences in a transition country.
AB  - This paper outlines the approach that can assist decision makers to have first
      preliminary insights regarding costs of complying with requested European Union
      municipal waste management goals in transition and developing countries. Serbia,
      as a joining member of European Union, must confront itself with the challenges
      resulting from European Union waste management directives. Implementation of
      waste separation units and the construction of sanitary landfills is already in
      place in Serbia. However, new waste management practice will need additional
      transformation and will require implementation of waste treatment technologies
      for additional management of generated waste. Implementation of analyzed best
      available technology/techniques for waste treatment can support the country's
      effort in reaching the policy goals. However, the question here is how much will
      the implementation of additional waste treatments influence the overall waste
      management costs? Results of the scenario's financial viability show that
      composting and sanitary landfill are the most viable solutions regarding the
      costs, even under increasing discount rates. Although different discount rates
      influence the overall gate fees and net present values, the level of
      affordability for different scenarios remains the same. 

PMID- 27357562
TI  - Sustainability assessment and comparison of waste management systems: The Cities
      of Sofia and Nis case studies.
AB  - Sustainability assessment of a waste management system is a very complex problem
      for numerous reasons. Firstly, it is a problem of environmental assessment,
      economic viability and social acceptability, and also a choice of the most
      practical waste treatment technique, taking into account all the specific areas
      in which a waste management system is implemented. For these reasons, among
      others, it is very important to benchmark, cooperate and exchange experiences in
      areas with similar characteristics. In this study, a comparison of waste
      management scenarios in the Cities of Nis and Sofia was performed. Based on the
      amount and composition of municipal solid waste, and taking into account local
      specifics (economic conditions, social acceptance, etc.), different scenarios
      were developed: landfilling without energy recovery, landfilling with energy
      recovery, mechanical-biological treatment, anaerobic digestion with biogas
      utilization and incineration with energy recovery. Scenario ranking was done
      using multi-criteria analysis and 12 indicators were chosen as the criteria. The
      obtained results show that the most sustainable scenario in both case studies is
      the mechanical-biological treatment (recycling, composting and Refuse Derived
      Fuel production). Having in mind that this scenario is the current waste
      management system in Sofia, these results can help decision-makers in the City of
      Nis in choosing a successful and sustainable waste management system. 

PMID- 27357563
TI  - Utilization of ferrochrome wastes such as ferrochrome ash and ferrochrome slag in
      concrete manufacturing.
AB  - Solid waste management is one of the subjects essentially addressing the current
      interest today. Due to the scarcity of land filling area, utilization of wastes
      in the construction sector has become an attractive proposition for disposal.
      Ferrochrome ash (FA) is a dust obtained as a waste material from the gas cleaning
      plant of Ferro alloy industries. It possesses the chemical requirements of
      granulated slag material used for the manufacture of Portland cement. Ferrochrome
      slag (FS) is another residue that is obtained as a solid waste by the smelting
      process during the production of stainless steel in Ferroalloy industries. FS
      possesses the required engineering properties of coarse aggregates. The
      possibility of using FA with lime for partial replacement of ordinary Portland
      cement (OPC) and FS for total replacement of natural coarse aggregates is
      explored in this research. The combined effect of FA with lime and FS-addition on
      the properties of concrete, such as workability, compressive strength, flexural
      strength, splitting tensile strength and sorptivity, were studied. Results of
      investigation revealed improvement in strength and durability properties of
      concrete on inclusion of FA and FS. Concrete mix containing 40% FA with 7% lime
      (replacing 47% OPC) and100% of FS (replacing 100% natural coarse aggregate)
      achieved the properties of normal concrete or even better properties at all ages.
      The results were confirmed by microscopic study such as X-ray diffraction and
      petrography examination. Environmental compatibility of concrete containing FA
      and FS was verified by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test. 

PMID- 27357564
TI  - [Depression in androgen-deprivated men with localized prostate cancer].

PMID- 27357565
TI  - Molecular epidemiological analysis of three hepatitis C virus outbreaks in Jammu
      and Kashmir State, India.
AB  - Outbreaks of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are associated with unsafe
      injection practices, intravenous drug abuse and other exposure to blood and body
      fluids. We report here three outbreaks of HCV infection from Jammu and Kashmir
      (J&K) State, India, which occurred over a period of 3 years and in which
      molecular epidemiological investigations identified a presumptive common source
      of infection, most likely a single healthcare venue. Representative blood samples
      collected from cases of hepatitis C were sent to the National Centre for Disease
      Control (NCDC) for molecular characterization. These samples were positive by HCV
      ELISA. Subsequently, specimens were also tested for the presence of HCV RNA by RT
      PCR. Sequencing was carried out for all positive samples. A total of 812 cases
      were laboratory confirmed by HCV ELISA; a total of 115 samples were sent to the
      NCDC for RT-PCR, and 77 were positive. Subtype 3a of HCV was found in all samples
      from Anantnag (February 2013); and for subtype 3b, in all samples from Srinagar
      (May 2015). Subtypes 3a and 3g were identified from two samples from the Kulgam
      outbreak (July 2014). A detailed epidemiological investigation should be
      conducted whenever a cluster of HCV cases is revealed, as this potentially allows
      for the identification of larger outbreaks. Epidemiological investigations of
      outbreaks should be further supported by inclusion of molecular tests. Efforts to
      limit therapeutic injections to only those cases having strong medical/surgical
      indications and to restrict the use of non-sterile needles are essential to
      prevent transmission of HCV. 

PMID- 27357568
TI  - Kawasaki disease and giant coronary artery aneurysms: the role of
      echocardiography from diagnosis through follow-up.
AB  - Kawasaki disease is an acquired vasculitis that can affect the coronary arteries
      placing the patient at risk for coronary artery thrombosis, myocardial ischemia
      and infarction. The risk of complications related to coronary artery involvement
      persists for years despite recovery from the acute illness phase. The risk of
      late coronary disease progression necessitates long term follow-up generally
      accomplished by non-invasive echocardiography in pediatric patients. We review
      the utility of echocardiography in patients with Kawasaki disease as it relates
      to initial management, risk stratification and follow-up of these children. 

PMID- 27357566
TI  - Air Pollution Stress and the Aging Phenotype: The Telomere Connection.
AB  - Aging is a complex physiological phenomenon. The question why some subjects grow
      old while remaining free from disease whereas others prematurely die remains
      largely unanswered. We focus here on the role of air pollution in biological
      aging. Hallmarks of aging can be grouped into three main categories: genomic
      instability, telomere attrition, and epigenetic alterations leading to altered
      mitochondrial function and cellular senescence. At birth, the initial telomere
      length of a person is largely determined by environmental factors. Telomere
      length shortens with each cell division and exposure to air pollution as well as
      low residential greens space exposure is associated with shorter telomere length.
      Recent studies show that the estimated effects of particulate air pollution
      exposure on the telomere mitochondrial axis of aging may play an important role
      in chronic health effects of air pollution. The exposome encompasses all
      exposures over an entire life. As telomeres can be considered as the cellular
      memories of exposure to oxidative stress and inflammation, telomere maintenance
      may be a proxy for assessing the "exposome". If telomeres are causally related to
      the aging phenotype and environmental air pollution is an important determinant
      of telomere length, this might provide new avenues for future preventive
      strategies.

PMID- 27357567
TI  - The Epigenetic Consequences of Paternal Exposure to Environmental Contaminants
      and Reproductive Toxicants.
AB  - Human populations are exposed to a wide spectrum of environmental contaminants,
      some of which are considered reproductive toxins. The influence of such toxins on
      the male reproductive system has been investigated extensively in animal models,
      while epidemiological studies seek to understand the effect of human exposures.
      The basic tenant of epidemiological studies in male human reproduction is to
      infer how one or more substances alter the hormonal profile, seminal
      characteristics, or both. Determining if a substance alters semen quality may not
      always provide the underlying mechanism. The mechanisms by which toxins may alter
      human sperm and semen quality are typically examined as a function of hormonal
      changes and cellular damage. The possibility that more subtle epigenetic
      alterations underlie some of the reproductive changes has, until recently,
      received little attention. In this review, we discuss the roles of epigenetics in
      human spermatogenesis, while considering the impact of reproductive toxicants on
      the epigenome.

PMID- 27357571
TI  - Generation of liquid crystallinity from a Td-symmetry central unit.
AB  - A series of new columnar liquid crystals containing an adamantane central unit
      with its four bridgehead positions partially or fully decorated with different
      numbers (1-4) of 3,4,5-tris(dodecyloxy)phenyl carbamoyl groups were designed and
      investigated carefully to explore the structure-property correlations. The
      molecular structures and mesomorphic properties of the DLCs were characterized by
      (1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, IR, UV-vis, POM, DSC and XRD. It was found that the
      mesophase symmetry and thermal stability were extremely dependent on the
      structures of the adamantane derivatives. No mesophase was observed for the 1
      adamantanecarboxylic acid derivative ADLC1, while two different mesophases were
      observed for ADLC2, a 1,3-disubstituted derivative functionalized with two 3,4,5
      tris(dodecyloxy)phenyl carbamoyl groups at two symmetric bridgehead positions. At
      lower temperature ADLC2 exhibited a rectangular columnar phase, which switched to
      a square columnar phase possessing a wide temperature range. Similarly, a
      hexagonal columnar mesophase was observed for the bridgehead trisubstituted
      adamantane molecule ADLC3. Interestingly, the fully bridgehead-functionalized
      1,3,5,7-tetrasubstituted adamantane compound ADLC4 completely lost liquid
      crystallinity. 

PMID- 27357569
TI  - Droplet organelles?
AB  - Cells contain numerous, molecularly distinct cellular compartments that are not
      enclosed by lipid bilayers. These compartments are implicated in a wide range of
      cellular activities, and they have been variously described as bodies, granules,
      or organelles. Recent evidence suggests that a liquid-liquid phase separation
      (LLPS) process may drive their formation, possibly justifying the unifying term
      "droplet organelle". A veritable deluge of recent publications points to the
      importance of low-complexity proteins and RNA in determining the physical
      properties of phase-separated structures. Many of the proteins linked to such
      structures are implicated in human diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS). We provide an overview of the organizational principles that
      characterize putative "droplet organelles" in healthy and diseased cells,
      connecting protein biochemistry with cell physiology.

PMID- 27357570
TI  - Spatial control of lipid droplet proteins by the ERAD ubiquitin ligase Doa10.
AB  - The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a central role in the biogenesis of most
      membrane proteins. Among these are proteins localized to the surface of lipid
      droplets (LDs), fat storage organelles delimited by a phospholipid monolayer. The
      LD monolayer is often continuous with the membrane of the ER allowing certain
      membrane proteins to diffuse between the two organelles. In these connected
      organelles, how some proteins concentrate specifically at the surface of LDs is
      not known. Here, we show that the ERAD ubiquitin ligase Doa10 controls the levels
      of some LD proteins. Their degradation is dependent on the localization to the ER
      and appears independent of the folding state. Moreover, we show that by degrading
      the ER pool of these LD proteins, ERAD contributes to restrict their localization
      to LDs. The signals for LD targeting and Doa10-mediated degradation overlap,
      indicating that these are competing events. This spatial control of protein
      localization is a novel function of ERAD that might contribute to generate
      functional diversity in a continuous membrane system.

PMID- 27357573
TI  - Fake Graduates.
AB  - There is growing concern regarding the erosion of industries' trust in the
      reliability and validity of university graduates. Fake graduates are described in
      this letter. This article endeavors to warn of a new version of the scholarly
      black market, in which theses and dissertations are sold to students seeking to
      graduate under false pretenses.

PMID- 27357572
TI  - A 2.5D Reactive Transport Model for Fracture Alteration Simulation.
AB  - Understanding fracture alteration resulting from geochemical reactions is
      critical in predicting fluid migration in the subsurface and is relevant to
      multiple environmental challenges. Here, we present a novel 2.5D continuum
      reactive transport model that captures and predicts the spatial pattern of
      fracture aperture change and the development of an altered layer in the near
      fracture region. The model considers permeability heterogeneity in the fracture
      plane and updates fracture apertures and flow fields based on local reactions. It
      tracks the reaction front of each mineral phase and calculates the thickness of
      the altered layer. Given this treatment, the model is able to account for the
      diffusion limitation on reaction rates associated with the altered layer. The
      model results are in good agreement with an experimental study in which a CO2
      acidified brine was injected into a fracture in the Duperow Dolomite, causing
      dissolution of calcite and dolomite that result in the formation of a
      preferential flow channel and an altered layer. With an effective diffusion
      coefficient consistent with the experimentally observed porosity of the altered
      layer, the model captures the progressive decrease in the dissolution rate of the
      fast-reacting mineral in the altered layer.

PMID- 27357574
TI  - Conference Wolves in Sheep's Clothing.
AB  - In some cases, organizing a conference resembles a high-profit business. Some of
      these conferences are wolves in sheep's clothing. This article draws readers'
      attention to current examples of such unethical business conferences.

PMID- 27357575
TI  - Aristotle and Autism: Reconsidering a Radical Shift to Virtue Ethics in
      Engineering.
AB  - Virtue-based approaches to engineering ethics have recently received considerable
      attention within the field of engineering education. Proponents of virtue ethics
      in engineering argue that the approach is practically and pedagogically superior
      to traditional approaches to engineering ethics, including the study of
      professional codes of ethics and normative theories of behavior. This paper
      argues that a virtue-based approach, as interpreted in the current literature, is
      neither practically or pedagogically effective for a significant subpopulation
      within engineering: engineers with high functioning autism spectrum disorder
      (ASD). Because the main argument for adopting a character-based approach is that
      it could be more successfully applied to engineering than traditional rule-based
      or algorithmic ethical approaches, this oversight is problematic for the
      proponents of the virtue-based view. Furthermore, without addressing these
      concerns, the wide adoption of a virtue-based approach to engineering ethics has
      the potential to isolate individuals with ASD and to devalue their contributions
      to moral practice. In the end, this paper gestures towards a way of incorporating
      important insights from virtue ethics in engineering that would be more inclusive
      of those with ASD.

PMID- 27357576
TI  - Flavobacterium panacis sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Panax ginseng.
AB  - A novel bacterial strain, designated DCY106(T), was isolated from soil collected
      from the rhizosphere of ginseng (Panax ginseng), in Gochang, Republic of Korea.
      Strain DCY106(T) is Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-flagellate, motile, non
      spore-forming, rod-shaped, and strictly aerobic. The strain grows optimally at 25
      30  degrees C and pH 6.5-7.5. Phylogenetically, strain DCY106(T) is closely
      related to Flavobacterium arsenitoxidans KCTC 22507(T) (98.41 %), followed by
      Flavobacterium cutihirudini LMG 26922(T) (97.67 %), Flavobacterium
      nitrogenifigens LMG 28694(T) (97.59 %), Flexibacter auranticus LMG 3987(T) (97.38
      %), Flavobacterium defluvi KCTC 12612(T) (97.21 %) and Flavobacterium chilense
      LMG 26360(T) (97.05 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to all other
      Flavobacterium species were below 97 %. The DNA G+C content of strain DCY106(T)
      is 34.2 mol% and the DNA-DNA relatedness between strain DCY106(T) and F.
      cutihirudini LMG 26922(T), F. auranticus LMG 3987(T), F. defluvi KCTC 12612(T)
      and F. chilense LMG 26360(T) were below 40.0 %. The menaquinone of the type MK-6
      was found to be the predominant respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were
      identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, two unidentified
      aminolipids (APL1, APL6) and one unidentified lipid L2. C15:0, iso-C15:0 and
      summed feature 3 (iso-C15:0 2OH/C16:1 omega7c) were identified as the major fatty
      acids present in DCY106(T). The results of physiological and biochemical tests
      allowed strain DCY106(T) to be differentiated phenotypically from other
      recognized species belonging to the genus Flavobacterium. Therefore, it is
      suggested that the newly isolated organism represents a novel species, for which
      the name Flavobacterium panacis sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain
      designated as DCY106(T) (= JCM 31468(T)= KCTC 42747(T)). 

PMID- 27357578
TI  - VarI-SIG 2015: methods for personalized medicine - the role of variant
      interpretation in research and diagnostics.

PMID- 27357577
TI  - The chain of survival in hypothermic circulatory arrest: encouraging preliminary
      results when using early identification, risk stratification and extracorporeal
      rewarming.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognosis in hypothermic cardiac arrest is frequently good
      despite prolonged period of hypoperfusion and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
      Apart from protective effect of hypothermia itself established protocols of
      treatment and novel rewarming techniques may influence on outcome. The purpose of
      the study was to assess the outcome of patients with hypothermic circulatory
      arrest treated by means of arterio-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      (ECMO) according to locally elaborated protocol in Severe Accidental Hypothermia
      Center in Cracow, Poland. METHODS: Prospective observational case-series study -
      all patients with confirmed hypothermic cardiac arrest consulted with hypothermia
      coordinator were accepted for extracorporeal rewarming, unless contraindications
      for ECMO were observed (active bleeding). RESULTS: The study population consisted
      of 10 patients (7 male, median age 48.5 years). The core temperature measured
      esophageally was 16.9-28.4  degrees C, median 22  degrees C. On admission 5
      patients presented with asystole and 5 with ventricular fibrillation. Duration of
      circulatory arrest before ECMO implantation was 107 to 345 min (median 156 min).
      The duration of ECMO support was 1.5 to 91 h (median 22 h). Cardiorespiratory
      stability and full neurologic recovery was achieved in 7 patients. The duration
      of mechanical ventilation was 88-437 h (median 177 h) and the length of stay in
      the ICU was 8-26 days (median 15 days). All survivors had mildly impaired (1
      patient, LVEF 40 %) or preserved (6 patients, LVEF 55-65 %) left ventricular
      systolic function at the time of discharge from ICU. The cause of death of non
      survivors (three patients) was acute myocarditis, massive retroperitoneal
      bleeding, and massive gastrointestinal bleeding. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our
      data confirm the high survival rate (70 %) and excellent neurologic outcome in
      hypothermic cardiac arrest. The following key elements seem to impact the final
      prognosis: the appropriate coordination of the rescue operation, immediate high
      quality CPR (preferably using mechanical chest compression system) and
      application of ECMO for rewarming and cardiorespiratory support.

PMID- 27357579
TI  - The feasibility of community level interventions for pre-eclampsia in South Asia
      and Sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed-methods design.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Globally, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are major contributors to
      maternal and perinatal mortality; of which the vast majority of deaths occur in
      less developed countries. In addition, a disproportionate number of morbidities
      and mortalities occur due to delayed access to health services. The Community
      Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Trial aims to task-shift to
      community health workers the identification and emergency management of pre
      eclampsia and eclampsia to improve access and timely care. Literature revealed
      paucity of published feasibility assessments prior to initiating large-scale
      community-based interventions. Arguably, well-conducted feasibility studies can
      provide valuable information about the potential success of clinical trials prior
      to implementation. Failure to fully understand the study context risks the
      effective implementation of the intervention and limits the likelihood of post
      trial scale-up. Therefore, it was imperative to conduct community-level
      feasibility assessments for a trial of this magnitude. METHODS: A mixed methods
      design guided by normalization process theory was used for this study in Nigeria,
      Mozambique, Pakistan, and India to explore enabling and impeding factors for the
      CLIP Trial implementation. Qualitative data were collected through participant
      observation, document review, focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with
      diverse groups of community members, key informants at community level,
      healthcare providers, and policy makers. Quantitative data were collected through
      health facility assessments, self-administered community health worker surveys,
      and household demographic and health surveillance. RESULTS: Refer to CLIP Trial
      feasibility publications in the current and/or forthcoming supplement.
      CONCLUSIONS: Feasibility assessments for community level interventions,
      particularly those involving task-shifting across diverse regions, require an
      appropriate theoretical framework and careful selection of research methods. The
      use of qualitative and quantitative methods increased the data richness to better
      understand the community contexts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01911494.

PMID- 27357580
TI  - Efficient genomic prediction based on whole-genome sequence data using split-and
      merge Bayesian variable selection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Use of whole-genome sequence data is expected to increase persistency
      of genomic prediction across generations and breeds but affects model performance
      and requires increased computing time. In this study, we investigated whether the
      split-and-merge Bayesian stochastic search variable selection (BSSVS) model could
      overcome these issues. BSSVS is performed first on subsets of sequence-based
      variants and then on a merged dataset containing variants selected in the first
      step. RESULTS: We used a dataset that included 4,154,064 variants after editing
      and de-regressed proofs for 3415 reference and 2138 validation bulls for somatic
      cell score, protein yield and interval first to last insemination. In the first
      step, BSSVS was performed on 106 subsets each containing ~39,189 variants. In the
      second step, 1060 up to 472,492 variants, selected from the first step, were
      included to estimate the accuracy of genomic prediction. Accuracies were at best
      equal to those achieved with the commonly used Bovine 50k-SNP chip, although the
      number of variants within a few well-known quantitative trait loci regions was
      considerably enriched. When variant selection and the final genomic prediction
      were performed on the same data, predictions were biased. Predictions computed as
      the average of the predictions computed for each subset achieved the highest
      accuracies, i.e. 0.5 to 1.1 % higher than the accuracies obtained with the 50k
      SNP chip, and yielded the least biased predictions. Finally, the accuracy of
      genomic predictions obtained when all sequence-based variants were included was
      similar or up to 1.4 % lower compared to that based on the average predictions
      across the subsets. By applying parallelization, the split-and-merge procedure
      was completed in 5 days, while the standard analysis including all sequence-based
      variants took more than three months. CONCLUSIONS: The split-and-merge approach
      splits one large computational task into many much smaller ones, which allows the
      use of parallel processing and thus efficient genomic prediction based on whole
      genome sequence data. The split-and-merge approach did not improve prediction
      accuracy, probably because we used data on a single breed for which relationships
      between individuals were high. Nevertheless, the split-and-merge approach may
      have potential for applications on data from multiple breeds.

PMID- 27357581
TI  - Further Exploring the Link Between Religion and Existential Health: The Effects
      of Religiosity and Trait Differences in Mentalizing on Indicators of Meaning in
      Life.
AB  - Religiosity contributes to perceptions of meaning. One of the cognitive
      foundations for religious belief is the capacity to mentalize the thoughts,
      emotions, and intentions of others (Theory of Mind). We examined how religiosity
      and trait differences in mentalizing interact to influence meaning. We
      hypothesized that people who are most cognitively inclined toward religion (high
      mentalizers) receive the greatest existential benefits (i.e., high and secure
      meaning) from religiosity. We assessed individual differences in mentalizing and
      religiosity, and measured indicators of meaning. Results confirmed that the
      combination of high mentalizing and high religiosity corresponded to the highest
      levels of existential health.

PMID- 27357582
TI  - Patient Autonomy in Talmudic Context: The Patient's "I Must Eat" on Yom Kippur in
      the Light of Contemporary Bioethics.
AB  - In contemporary bioethics, the autonomy of the patient has assumed considerable
      importance. Progressing from a more limited notion of informed consent, shared
      decision making calls upon patients to voice the desires and preferences of their
      authentic self, engaging in choice among alternatives as a way to exercise deeply
      held values. One influential opinion in Jewish bioethics holds that Jewish law,
      in contradistinction to secular bioethics, limits the patient's exercise of
      autonomy only in those instances in which treatment choices are sensitive to
      preferences. Here, we analyze a discussion in the Mishna, a foundational text of
      rabbinic Judaism, regarding patient autonomy in the setting of religiously
      mandated fasting, and commentaries in the Babylonian and Palestinian Talmuds,
      finding both a more expansive notion of such autonomy and a potential
      metaphysical grounding for it in the importance of patient self-knowledge. 

PMID- 27357583
TI  - Thin-plate spline analysis of mandibular shape changes induced by functional
      appliances in Class II malocclusion : A long-term evaluation.
AB  - AIMS: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the long-term morphological
      mandibular changes induced by functional treatment of Class II malocclusion with
      mandibular retrusion. METHODS: Forty patients (20 females, 20 males) with Class
      II malocclusion consecutively treated with either a Bionator or an Activator
      followed by fixed appliances were compared with a control group of 40 subjects
      (19 females, 21 males) with untreated Class II malocclusion. Lateral cephalograms
      were available at the start of treatment (T1, mean age 9.9 years), at the end of
      treatment with functional appliances (T2, mean age 12.2 years), and for long-term
      follow-up (T3, mean age 18.3 years). Mandibular shape changes were analyzed on
      lateral cephalograms of the subjects in both groups via thin-plate spline (TPS)
      analysis. Shape differences were statistically analyzed by conducting permutation
      tests on Goodall F statistics. RESULTS: In the long term, both the treated and
      control groups exhibited significant longitudinal mandibular shape changes
      characterized by upward and forward dislocation of point Co associated with a
      vertical extension in the gonial region and backward dislocation of point B.
      CONCLUSION: Functional appliances induced mandible's significant posterior
      morphogenetic rotation over the short term. The treated and control groups
      demonstrated similar mandibular shape over the long term.

PMID- 27357584
TI  - Correlation between condylar position and different sagittal skeletal facial
      types.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Condylar position may play a key role in the stability of orthodontic
      treatment of patients presenting with different skeletal patterns. The aim of the
      present study was to assess via cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) correlations
      between condylar position and sagittal skeletal relationship. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Condylar positions in CBCT images of 20 patients presenting with a Class
      I skeletal pattern, 20 with a Class II skeletal pattern, and 20 with a Class III
      skeletal pattern were evaluated retrospectively. The chi (2) test was used to
      assess the correlation between condylar position and sagittal skeletal
      relationships. RESULTS: The condyles were anteriorly positioned in patients with
      Class II skeletal pattern in comparison with those with Class I and III skeletal
      patterns. No significant differences in condylar position between Class I and
      Class III subjects were detected. CONCLUSION: A significant correlation between
      condylar position and sagittal skeletal patterns was observed in the present
      study. This relationship should be considered when planning and carrying out the
      appropriate orthodontic treatment for temporomandibular anomalies.

PMID- 27357585
TI  - A molecular study of the genus Spelaeomyia (Diptera: Phlebotominae) with
      description of the male of Spelaeomyia moucheti.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The genus Spelaeomyia includes four African species considered as
      being cavernicolous: Spelaeomyia darlingi, Spelaeomyia mirabilis, Spelaeomyia
      emilii and Spelaeomyia moucheti. Despite a potential role in Leishmania major
      leishmaniasis transmission in Mali, no molecular studies and only few
      morphological studies have addressed relationships between species of
      Spelaeomyia. METHODS: Specimens of Sa. moucheti were collected in two different
      sites in Gabon. Spelaeomyia emilii and Sa. darlingi specimens came from Gabon and
      Mali. Specimens of Sa. mirabilis were collected in the Democratic Republic of
      Congo and Gabon. All specimens were caught using CDC miniature light traps, then
      dissected, both heads and genitalia were kept for morphological analysis and the
      rest of the bodies were kept for molecular processing and analyses. RESULTS: Some
      unidentified males are associated to Sa. moucheti females using molecular tools
      and are described for the first time. A new morphological feature is observed on
      the spermathecae of the female and new drawings are provided. For the first time
      a phylogenetic analysis is carried out on rDNA and mtDNA markers and it shows
      that Sa. moucheti is the sister species of Sa. mirabilis. CONCLUSIONS:
      Spelaeomyia moucheti is the sister species of Sa. mirabilis. This result is in
      agreement with the sharing of morphological characters between these closely
      related species. Moreover, these two species are not as cavernicolous as
      literature previously indicated. They were caught in open rainforest in Gabon.

PMID- 27357586
TI  - The Perils of Integrating Wellness and Safety and Health and the Possibility of a
      Worker-Oriented Alternative.
AB  - In response to the article by Michael B. Lax, MD entitled "The perils of
      integrating wellness and safety and health and the possibility of a worker
      oriented alternative," the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
      (NIOSH) provides updated information on the current focus and priorities and
      addresses concerns raised regarding the Total Worker Health(r) initiative. Many
      of the concerns and criticisms in the report echo those NIOSH publicly shares on
      a regular basis. The theory and practice of Total Worker Health (TWH) continues
      to evolve in response to valuable stakeholder input like that provided by Dr.
      Lax. In 2015, NIOSH updated the TWH concept to emphasize the main focus of TWH is
      the primacy of traditional health protection which prioritizes employer
      responsibilities for the organization of work over individual worker health
      behaviors. NIOSH acknowledges the past lack of "fit" between theory and practice
      in some publications of TWH-funded grantees as Dr. Lax points out. NIOSH is
      hopeful that the solicitation of new research, which is now underway, will
      clarify the work-centered priorities for TWH-funded research. Based on input from
      Dr. Lax and other stakeholders, NIOSH looks forward to contributing more
      effectively to protecting and promoting worker safety and health in the new
      twenty-first century world of work.

PMID- 27357587
TI  - Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in
      children with acute bacterial meningitis in Mozambique: implications for a
      national immunization strategy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of acute bacterial meningitis
      (ABM) in children. Vaccination using the 10-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) was
      recently introduced into the National Immunization Program in Mozambique, but
      data on serotype coverage of this vaccine formulation are scarce. In this study,
      we investigated the serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of
      isolates of S. pneumoniae causing ABM in children < 5 years at the two largest
      hospitals in Mozambique. METHODS: Between March 2013 and March 2014, a total of
      352 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from eligible children, of
      which 119 (33.8 %) were positive for S. pneumoniae. Of these, only 50 samples met
      the criteria for serotyping and were subsequently serotyped using sequential
      multiplex PCR (SM-PCR), but 15 samples were non-typable. RESULTS: The most common
      serotypes of S. pneumoniae were 1 (18.2 %), 5 (15.2 %), 14 (12.1 %), 9 V (12.1
      %), 23 F (9.1 %), 6A (9.1 %), 4 (9.1 %) and 6B (6.1 %). Serotypes 1, 5, 9 V, 6A
      and 12 were mostly prevalent in Northern Mozambique, while serotypes 23 F, 4, 6B,
      3 and 15B were predominant in Southern. Serotype coverage of PCV-10 and PCV-13
      vaccine formulations were 81.8 % and 93.9 %, respectively. Serotypes 1, 3, 4, 6B,
      14, 23 F were resistant to penicillin and sensitive to ceftriaxone. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our findings shows that changing the current in use PCV-10 vaccine formulation to
      PCV-13 formulation might increase substantially the protection against invasive
      strains of S. pneumoniae as the PCV-10 vaccine formulation does not cover the
      serotypes 3 and 6A, which are prevalent in Mozambique.

PMID- 27357588
TI  - The Effects of Rheum palmatum L. on the Pharmacokinetic of Major Diterpene
      Alkaloids of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. in Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. (Fuzi) is usually
      compatible with Rheum palmatum L. (Dahuang) in clinic. The study is conducted to
      investigate the influence of Dahuang on the pharmacokinetics of Fuzi. METHODS:
      Twelve rats were randomly divided into two groups. Fuzi group was orally
      administered a single dose of 38.4 mg/kg total alkaloids from Fuzi, and Fuzi
      Dahuang group was given 38.4 mg/kg total alkaloids from Fuzi and 76.8 mg/kg
      Dahuang anthraquinones at the same time. The plasma concentrations of aconitine
      (AC), mesaconitine (MC), and hypaconitine (HC), benzoylaconine (BAC),
      benzoylmesaconine (BMC), benzoylhypaconine (BHC), and aconine (ACN) were
      determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight
      mass spectrometry method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated
      including maximum plasma concentration (C max), area under the plasma
      concentration-time curve in all time-points (AUClast), apparent volume of
      distribution (V z/F), apparent plasma clearance (CL/F), elimination half-life (T
      1/2), and time to achieve maximum concentration (T max). RESULTS: AUClast of
      diester diterpene alkaloids (DDAs) were 58.20, 169.78, 278.48 ng.h/mL for AC, MC,
      and HC in Fuzi-Dahuang group which were remarkably lower than that in Fuzi group
      (71.62, 183.13, 410.59 ng.h/mL for AC, MC, HC). CL/F was significantly increased
      from 173.88 to 218.85 mL/h for AC, 433.22 to 800.21 mL/h for MC, 1150.61 to
      1307.30 mL/h for HC after combination. However, with the significantly increased
      C max, AUClast of monoester diterpene alkaloids (MDAs) and amine diterpenoid
      alkaloids (ADAs) were 152.42, 1238.95, 287.96, 123.33 ng.h/mL for BAC, BHC, BMC,
      ACN in Fuzi-Dahuang group which were remarkably higher than that in Fuzi group
      (54.47, 1105.48, 200.75, 86.48 ng.h/mL for BAC, BHC, BMC, ACN). At the same time,
      CL/F was significantly decreased from 1030.15 to 607.09, 3594.06 to 1437.54,
      1441.23 to 1310.14, and 391.30 to 239.50 mL/h for each one after combination.
      CONCLUSIONS: Fuzi diterpene alkaloids pharmacokinetics was greatly influenced by
      Dahuang which may account for the compatibility mechanism of effect-enhancing and
      toxicity-reducing.

PMID- 27357589
TI  - [New oral anticoagulants for prophylaxis of stroke : Results of an expert
      conference on practical use in geriatric patients].

PMID- 27357590
TI  - Sudden death after major head and neck cancer surgery due to undetected
      arrhythmogenic right ventricle cardiomyopathy (ARVC).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the sixth most frequent malignancy in
      Austria. The incidence of arrhythmogenic right ventricle dysplasia (ARVC), an
      important cause of sudden cardiac death, is estimated at 1:5000 to 1:1000. CASE
      REPORT: We present a case of a 75-year-old woman who underwent major oncologic
      surgery for T4aN0M0 maxillary squamous cell carcinoma and reconstruction with a
      scapular-latissimus dorsi microvascular flap. The patient died suddenly during
      her postoperative care. Autopsy revealed pericardiac tamponade due to rupture of
      the right ventricular wall. Histologic examination showed ARVC in a sample taken
      directly from the ruptured area. Cause of death was secondary arrhythmia
      originating from the ARVC. The arrhythmia had led to rupture of the right
      ventricular wall and sudden cardiac death. DISCUSSION: As per our current
      knowledge, no cases of maxillary cancer and ARVC as co-morbidities have been
      reported in the literature. The patient had been given anti-arrhythmia treatment
      for previously detected atrial fibrillation, which could have been why the
      arrhythmia was not apparent on the electrocardiogram. Thus, although the
      appropriate preoperative diagnostics were performed according to current
      oncologic and anesthesiology guidelines, the potentially lethal cardiac condition
      of the patient could not be detected.

PMID- 27357591
TI  - Correlation Between Aquaporin 4 Expression and Different DWI Parameters in Grade
      I Meningioma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measures water diffusion in biological
      tissues. Cellular water transport depends on aquaporins (AQPs). The expression of
      aquaporins might differ in several pathologic disorders. Therefore, the aim of
      this study was to evaluate the associations between AQP4 expression and different
      DWI parameters in meningioma. PROCEDURES: Twenty-three patients with meningioma
      grade I were included in this retrospective study. DWI was obtained with three b
      values (0; 500; 1000) using a 1.5-T device. ADCmean, ADCmin, ADCmax, and true
      diffusion coefficients (D) were obtained in every patient. Aquaporin 4 expression
      was quantified immunohistochemically in four immunoreactivity levels. RESULTS:
      The estimated DWI parameters (mean value +/- standard deviation, 10-3 mm2 s-1) of
      the tumors were as follows: ADCmin 0.67 +/- 0.16, ADCmean 0.94 +/- 0.23, ADCmax
      1.29 +/- 0.50, and D 0.65 +/- 0.23. The mean level of the AQP4 expression was
      2.02 +/- 0.75 points. A statistically significant correlation between AQP4
      expression and ADCmax was identified (r = 0.508, p = 0.013). No significant
      correlations between AQP4 and other DWI parameters were found. CONCLUSIONS: A
      clear correlation between AQP4 expression and ADCmax values in grade I meningioma
      was identified. There were no significant correlations between AQP4 expression
      and other DWI parameters, such as ADCmin, ADCmean, and D.

PMID- 27357592
TI  - A 23-dB bismuth-doped optical fiber amplifier for a 1700-nm band.
AB  - It is now almost twenty-five years since the first Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
      (EDFA) was demonstrated. Currently, the EDFA is one of the most important
      elements widely used in different kinds of fiber-optic communication systems.
      However, driven by a constantly increasing demand, the network traffic, growing
      exponentially over decades, will lead to the overload of these systems ("capacity
      crunch") because the operation of the EDFA is limited to a spectral region of
      1530-1610 nm. It will require a search for new technologies and, in this respect,
      the development of optical amplifiers for new spectral regions can be a promising
      approach. Most of fiber-optic amplifiers are created using rare-earth-doped
      materials. As a result, wide bands in shorter (1150-1530 nm) and longer
      wavelength (1600-1750 nm) regions with respect to the gain band of Er-doped
      fibers are still uncovered. Here we report on the development of a novel fiber
      amplifier operating in a spectral region of 1640-1770 nm pumped by commercially
      available laser diodes at 1550 nm. This amplifier was realized using bismuth
      doped high-germania silicate fibers fabricated by MCVD technique.

PMID- 27357593
TI  - Epoxy composite dusts with and without carbon nanotubes cause similar pulmonary
      responses, but differences in liver histology in mice following pulmonary
      deposition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The toxicity of dusts from mechanical abrasion of multi-walled carbon
      nanotube (CNT) epoxy nanocomposites is unknown. We compared the toxic effects of
      dusts generated by sanding of epoxy composites with and without CNT. The used CNT
      type was included for comparison. METHODS: Mice received a single intratracheal
      instillation of 18, 54 and 162 MUg of CNT or 54, 162 and 486 MUg of the sanding
      dust from epoxy composite with and without CNT. DNA damage in lung and liver,
      lung inflammation and liver histology were evaluated 1, 3 and 28 days after
      intratracheal instillation. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of interleukin 6 and
      heme oxygenase 1 was measured in the lungs and serum amyloid A1 in the liver.
      Printex 90 carbon black was included as a reference particle. RESULTS: Pulmonary
      exposure to CNT and all dusts obtained by sanding epoxy composite boards resulted
      in recruitment of inflammatory cells into lung lumen: On day 1 after instillation
      these cells were primarily neutrophils but on day 3, eosinophils contributed
      significantly to the cell population. There were still increased numbers of
      neutrophils 28 days after intratracheal instillation of the highest dose of the
      epoxy dusts. Both CNT and epoxy dusts induced DNA damage in lung tissue up to 3
      days after intratracheal instillation but not in liver tissue. There was no
      additive effect of adding CNT to epoxy resins for any of the pulmonary endpoints.
      In livers of mice instilled with CNT and epoxy dust with CNTs inflammatory and
      necrotic histological changes were observed, however, not in mice instilled with
      epoxy dust without CNT. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary deposition of epoxy dusts with and
      without CNT induced inflammation and DNA damage in lung tissue. There was no
      additive effect of adding CNT to epoxies for any of the pulmonary endpoints.
      However, hepatic inflammatory and necrotic histopathological changes were seen in
      mice instilled with sanding dust from CNT-containing epoxy but not in mice
      instilled with reference epoxy.

PMID- 27357594
TI  - Systems level analysis of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii metabolic network reveals
      variability in evolutionary co-conservation.
AB  - Metabolic networks, which are mathematical representations of organismal
      metabolism, are reconstructed to provide computational platforms to guide
      metabolic engineering experiments and explore fundamental questions on
      metabolism. Systems level analyses, such as interrogation of phylogenetic
      relationships within the network, can provide further guidance on the
      modification of metabolic circuitries. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a biofuel
      relevant green alga that has retained key genes with plant, animal, and protist
      affinities, serves as an ideal model organism to investigate the interplay
      between gene function and phylogenetic affinities at multiple organizational
      levels. Here, using detailed topological and functional analyses, coupled with
      transcriptomics studies on a metabolic network that we have reconstructed for C.
      reinhardtii, we show that network connectivity has a significant concordance with
      the co-conservation of genes; however, a distinction between topological and
      functional relationships is observable within the network. Dynamic and static
      modes of co-conservation were defined and observed in a subset of gene-pairs
      across the network topologically. In contrast, genes with predicted synthetic
      interactions, or genes involved in coupled reactions, show significant enrichment
      for both shorter and longer phylogenetic distances. Based on our results, we
      propose that the metabolic network of C. reinhardtii is assembled with an
      architecture to minimize phylogenetic profile distances topologically, while it
      includes an expansion of such distances for functionally interacting genes. This
      arrangement may increase the robustness of C. reinhardtii's network in dealing
      with varied environmental challenges that the species may face. The defined
      evolutionary constraints within the network, which identify important pairings of
      genes in metabolism, may offer guidance on synthetic biology approaches to
      optimize the production of desirable metabolites.

PMID- 27357595
TI  - Shear Piezoelectricity in Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene): Full
      Piezotensor Coefficients by Molecular Modeling, Biaxial Transverse Response, and
      Use in Suspended Energy-Harvesting Nanostructures.
AB  - The intrinsic flexible character of polymeric materials causes remarkable strain
      deformations along directions perpendicular to the applied stress. The biaxial
      response in the shear piezoelectricity of polyvinylidenefluoride copolymers is
      analyzed and their full piezoelectric tensors are provided. The microscopic shear
      is exploited in single suspended nanowires bent by localized loading to couple
      flexural deformation and transverse piezoelectric response. 

PMID- 27357596
TI  - Novel Colloidal MoS2 Quantum Dot Heterojunctions on Silicon Platforms for
      Multifunctional Optoelectronic Devices.
AB  - Silicon compatible wafer scale MoS2 heterojunctions are reported for the first
      time using colloidal quantum dots. Size dependent direct band gap emission of
      MoS2 dots are presented at room temperature. The temporal stability and decay
      dynamics of excited charge carriers in MoS2 quantum dots have been studied using
      time correlated single photon counting spectroscopy technique. Fabricated n
      MoS2/p-Si 0D/3D heterojunctions exhibiting excellent rectification behavior have
      been studied for light emission in the forward bias and photodetection in the
      reverse bias. The electroluminescences with white light emission spectra in the
      range of 450-800 nm are found to be stable in the temperature range of 10-350 K.
      Size dependent spectral responsivity and detectivity of the heterojunction
      devices have been studied. The peak responsivity and detectivity of the
      fabricated heterojunction detector are estimated to be ~0.85 A/W and ~8 * 10(11)
      Jones, respectively at an applied bias of -2 V for MoS2 QDs of 2 nm mean
      diameter. The above values are found to be superior to the reported results on
      large area photodetector devices fabricated using two dimensional materials.

PMID- 27357597
TI  - Evidence of Aujeszky's disease in wild boar in Serbia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aujeszky's disease is a viral disease of suids caused by Suid
      Herpesvirus 1. The disease has worldwide distribution with significant economic
      impact. In Serbia, there is neither an Aujeszky's disease eradication nor
      national vaccination programme of domestic pigs. Since clinical symptoms of
      Aujeszky's disease are not specific, it is important to establish a link between
      clinical signs and presence of ADV active infection in wild boars. The aim of
      this study was to investigate the possibility of active infection within wild
      boar showing signs of ADV and also to examine relationship between isolates from
      domestic pigs and wild boar. Having in mind that virus has not been previously
      isolated from wild boars in Serbia, we report the first isolation of Suid
      Herpesvirus 1 from this species in Serbia. RESULTS: Tissue and serum samples from
      40 wild boars from eastern Serbia were examined for evidence of Aujeszky's
      disease (AD). Suid Herpesvirus 1 (SHV1), the cause of AD was isolated on PK15
      cell line from three tissue samples, inducing cytopathic effect (CPE) with
      syncytia forming, and viral genome was detected by polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR) in eight samples. Genetic analysis of us4, us9 and ul49.5 partial sequences
      showed high homology between ADV isolates from wild boars and between isolates
      from wild boars and domestic animals. Neutralizing antibodies were not detected
      by virus neutralisation test (VNT) in sera from four out of eight PCR positive
      wild boars suggesting recent infection in those animals. CONCLUSIONS: This is the
      first demonstration of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) in the wild boar population
      in Serbia although seroconversion has been detected previously.

PMID- 27357598
TI  - Durability of the virological response after lamivudine discontinuation in
      lamivudine-resistant patients with a complete virological response after
      lamivudine and adefovir combination therapy.
AB  - We investigated the durability of virological response after lamivudine (LAM)
      discontinuation in LAM-resistant chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with complete
      virological response after LAM-adefovir (ADV) combination therapy. We enrolled 58
      patients switched to ADV monotherapy with undetectable viral loads (<12 IU/ml)
      and normal alanine aminotransferase levels after ADV add-on combination treatment
      for at least 6 months in LAM-resistant CHB patients. Virologic relapse was
      defined as HBV DNA detection at more than 20 IU/ml by quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction determined on two consecutive measurements. During median 40.9
      months of follow-up (range 11.5-79.0 months), seven (12.1%) patients experienced
      virological relapse. The cumulative rate of virological relapse at 3 and 5 years
      was 5.5% and 22.4%, respectively. Two patients had elevated alanine
      aminotransferase during virological relapse. These seven patients with
      virological relapse had undetectable HBV DNA after switching to tenofovir
      therapy. In our study, switching to ADV monotherapy resulted in sustained HBV DNA
      suppression in 87.9% of the patients during median 40.9 months follow-up. This
      adapting step-down strategy, switching from combination therapy to monotherapy in
      virologically suppressed CHB patients with stable liver disease, may reduce the
      cost burden and the risk of potentially harmful effects of combination therapy.
      J. Med. Virol. 89:85-90, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357599
TI  - Major dietary patterns in relation to demographic and socio-economic status and
      food insecurity in two Iranian ethnic groups living in Urmia, Iran.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify major dietary patterns and their association with socio
      economic status (SES) and food insecurity in two major ethnic groups living in
      Urmia, north-west Iran. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: All four
      geographical zones of Urmia city. SUBJECTS: Participants (n 723; 427 women and
      296 men), aged 20-64 years, from two ethnic groups (445 Azeri Turks and 278
      Kurds). RESULTS: Three major dietary patterns were extracted: 'Traditional High
      SES' (THS), 'Traditional Low SES' (TLS) and 'Transitional'. After adjusting for
      confounders, the THS pattern was positively associated with education level and
      negatively associated with moderate or severe food insecurity in Azeri Turks;
      whereas, among Kurds, it was more common in women and positively associated with
      age. The TLS pattern was more common among men and negatively associated with
      educational level and all levels of food insecurity in Azeris; while, among
      Kurds, it was more common among men, positively associated with being married and
      negatively associated with household income/capita. The 'Transitional' pattern
      was positively associated with being employed and negatively associated with age
      and all levels of food insecurity in Azeris; while, among Kurds, it was more
      common among men and negatively associated with age, being married and physical
      activity level. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that household SES and food
      insecurity are associated with detrimental dietary patterns and that this effect
      may be stronger than cultural and ethnic background. These patterns differ by age
      and gender. Therefore, such characteristics should be considered in planning and
      formulating diet-related policies and programmes.

PMID- 27357600
TI  - Microdermabrasion: a clinical, histometric, and histopathologic study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Microdermabrasion is a nonchemical superficial resurfacing procedure
      that removes the stratum corneum. Because it is a somewhat subtle procedure, it
      may be difficult to demonstrate its cosmetic benefit. OBJECTIVES: To assess the
      efficacy of microdermabrasion in treatment of melasma, postacne scarring, striae
      distensae, and photoaging by a series of microdermabrasion sittings through
      clinical, histometric, and histopathologic analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      study was conducted on 38 patients constituting four groups (melasma, acne scars,
      striae destinsae, and photoaging), each patient was subjected to a series of 8
      microdermabrasion treatments performed at 1-week interval. Punch biopsies, at
      base line, 1 week after the 4th and the 8th session, were obtained from each
      subject for histometric and histopathologic analysis. RESULTS: Clinically, the
      improvement in melasma, acne scars, and striae distensae groups was mainly mild
      to moderate, while in photoaging group was mainly mild. Histometric analysis of
      epidermal thickness showed insignificant changes in all groups.
      Histopathologically, decreased melanization and regular distribution of
      melanosomes in the epidermis were noted in melasma group while increased density
      of collagen fibers with more regular arrangement in collagen bundles was detected
      in all candidates of acne scars, striae distensae, and photoaging groups.
      Meanwhile, Orcein stain did not show any significant changes in elastic fibers.
      CONCLUSIONS: Microdermabrasion is an easy and safe technique. In this study, most
      cases showed mild to moderate improvement. Decreased melanization with regular
      distribution of melanosomes and increased collagen density with regular
      arrangement of collagen bundles were the most common observed histologic changes.

PMID- 27357601
TI  - Treatment of eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome) - a systematic review.
AB  - Eosinophilic cellulitis (Wells syndrome) is a rare inflammatory skin disease
      defined by erythematous, tender, sometimes urticarial plaques, possibly with
      vesicles and bullae, and granulomatous eosinophilic infiltrates in the dermis.
      Usually the disease has a benign course with spontaneous remission within a few
      weeks. Nevertheless, recurrences are quite frequent and may occur for several
      years. The objective of this study was to review the so far reported treatment
      options for Wells syndrome in a systematic manner. This systematic review is
      based on a search on Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central Register for English
      and German articles from 1970 to 2015. Advices on the treatment of Wells syndrome
      are limited predominately to case reports or to small case series. There are no
      randomized controlled trials, and control groups are missing. A variety of
      treatment options for Wells syndrome were reported including topical and systemic
      corticosteroids, antihistamines, cyclosporine, dapsone, azathioprine,
      griseofulvin, doxycycline, minocycline, antimalarial medications, oral
      tacrolimus/topical tacrolimus, sulfasalazine, interferon alpha and gamma, TNF
      alpha inhibitors, colchicine and PUVA therapy. As well-designed, randomized
      controlled trials are missing, no guidelines for the treatment of this disease
      can be given. Due to the small number of patients and the frequent misdiagnosis
      of this clinical entity, the aim of this systematic overview is to call attention
      to this rare condition and to help clinicians to diagnose and treat Wells
      syndrome effectively. Due to the good prognosis and tendency to resolve, systemic
      treatment should be limited to cases resistant to local therapy or with
      widespread lesions. 

PMID- 27357602
TI  - Cumulative dosages of antipsychotic drugs are associated with increased mortality
      rate in patients with Alzheimer's dementia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We wished to investigate the effects of cumulative dosages of
      antipsychotic drug in Alzheimer's dementia, when controlling for known risk
      factors, including current antipsychotic exposure, on all-cause mortality.
      METHOD: We utilized a nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study
      design with mortality as outcome in individual patients diagnosed with
      Alzheimer's dementia. RESULTS: We included a total of 45 894 patients and
      followed them for 3 803 996 person-years in total, presenting 27 894 deaths in
      the study population. Cumulative antipsychotic exposure increased mortality: more
      than 0 Daily Defined Dosage (DDDs) but less than 90: HR 2.20, 95% CI (2.14-2.27),
      P < 0.001; more than or equal to 90 DDDs but less than 365: HR 1.81, 95% CI (1.74
      1.89), P < 0.001; more than or equal to 365 DDDs but less than 730: HR 1.38, 95%
      CI (1.428-1.49), P < 0.001; and more than or equal to 730 DDDs: HR 1.06, 95% CI
      (0.95-1.18), P = 0.322, when controlling for proxy markers of severity, somatic
      and mental comorbid disorders. CONCLUSION: In this nationwide cohort study of 45
      894 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia, we found that cumulative
      dosages of antipsychotic drugs were associated with increased mortality rates.

PMID- 27357603
TI  - Targeting Programmed Cell Death Using Small-Molecule Compounds to Improve
      Potential Cancer Therapy.
AB  - Evasion of cell death is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, beginning with
      long-established apoptosis and extending to other new forms of cell death. An
      elaboration of cell death pathways thus will contribute to a better understanding
      of cancer pathogenesis and therapeutics. With the recent substantial biochemical
      and genetic explorations of cell death subroutines, their classification has
      switched from primarily morphological to more molecular definitions. According to
      their measurable biochemical features and intricate mechanisms, cell death
      subroutines can be divided into apoptosis, autophagic cell death, mitotic
      catastrophe, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, pyronecrosis,
      anoikis, cornification, entosis, and NETosis. Supportive evidence has gradually
      revealed the prime molecular mechanisms of each subroutine and thus providing
      series of possible targets in cancer therapy, while the intricate relationships
      between different cell death subroutines still remain to be clarified. Over the
      past decades, cancer drug discovery has significantly benefited from the use of
      small-molecule compounds to target classical modalities of cell death such as
      apoptosis, while newly identified cell death subroutines has also emerging their
      potential for cancer drug discovery in recent years. In this review, we
      comprehensively focus on summarizing 12 cell death subroutines and discussing
      their corresponding small-molecule compounds in potential cancer therapy.
      Together, these inspiring findings may provide more evidence to fill in the gaps
      between cell death subroutines and small-molecule compounds to better develop
      novel cancer therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 27357604
TI  - Janus Membranes: Exploring Duality for Advanced Separation.
AB  - Janus membranes are an emerging class of materials having opposing properties at
      an interface. This structure results in selective and often novel transport
      characteristics. In this Minireview, a definition of the Janus membrane, beyond
      merely asymmetric materials, is introduced and common fabrication strategies are
      outlined. Also presented are current and potential applications in directional
      transport, switchable permeation, and performance optimization with detailed
      mechanisms.

PMID- 27357605
TI  - Real-time observations of lithium battery reactions-operando neutron diffraction
      analysis during practical operation.
AB  - Among the energy storage devices for applications in electric vehicles and
      stationary uses, lithium batteries typically deliver high performance. However,
      there is still a missing link between the engineering developments for large
      scale batteries and the fundamental science of each battery component.
      Elucidating reaction mechanisms under practical operation is crucial for future
      battery technology. Here, we report an operando diffraction technique that uses
      high-intensity neutrons to detect reactions in non-equilibrium states driven by
      high-current operation in commercial 18650 cells. The experimental system
      comprising a time-of-flight diffractometer with automated Rietveld analysis was
      developed to collect and analyse diffraction data produced by sequential charge
      and discharge processes. Furthermore, observations under high current drain
      revealed inhomogeneous reactions, a structural relaxation after discharge, and a
      shift in the lithium concentration ranges with cycling in the electrode matrix.
      The technique provides valuable information required for the development of
      advanced batteries.

PMID- 27357606
TI  - Loss of membranous VEGFR1 expression is associated with an adverse phenotype and
      shortened survival in breast cancer.
AB  - Angiogenesis is a key process in tumor growth and progression, which is
      controlled by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors
      (VEGFRs). In order to better understand the prevalence and prognostic value of
      VEGFR1 expression in breast cancer, a tissue microarray containing >2,100 breast
      cancer specimens, with clinical follow-up data, was analyzed by
      immunohistochemistry using an antibody directed against the membrane-bound full
      length receptor protein. The results demonstrated that membranous VEGFR1 staining
      was detected in all (5 of 5) normal breast specimens. In carcinoma specimens,
      membranous staining was negative in 3.1%, weak in 6.3%, moderate in 10.9%, and
      strong in 79.7% of the 1,630 interpretable tissues. Strong staining was
      significantly associated with estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor
      expression, but was inversely associated with advanced tumor stage (P=0.0431),
      high Bloom-Richardson-Ellis Score for Breast Cancer grade and low Ki67 labeling
      index (both P<0.0001). Cancers with moderate to strong (high) VEGFR1 expression
      were associated with significantly improved overall survival, as compared with
      tumors exhibiting negative or weak (low) expression (P=0.0015). This association
      was also detected in the subset of nodal-positive cancers (P=0.0018), and in the
      subset of 185 patients who had received tamoxifen as the sole therapy (P=0.001).
      In conclusion, these data indicated that membrane-bound VEGFR1 is frequently
      expressed in normal and cancerous breast epithelium. In addition, reduced or lost
      VEGFR1 expression may serve as a marker for poor prognosis in patients with
      breast cancer, who might not optimally benefit from endocrine therapy. 

PMID- 27357607
TI  - Development of chrysin loaded poloxamer micelles and toxicity evaluation in fish
      embryos.
AB  - Poloxamer micelles promise safety and efficacy for many water insoluble drugs.
      Chrysin has been reported to have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and
      anti-aromatase activities but its water insoluble properties limit its
      pharmaceutical application. In the present study, chrysin loaded poloxamer
      micelles were developed. Two types of poloxamers, Pluronic F-68 and Pluronic F
      127 were compared. It was found that chrysin loaded Pluronic F-68 micelles (CS
      P68) and chrysin loaded Pluronic F-127 micelles (CS-P127) obviously increase the
      aqueous solubility of chrysin. The results also indicated that the type of
      polymer and ratio of drug to polymer affected size and desirable characteristics
      of the micelles. The micelle system of CS-P68 and CS-P127 formed at drug to
      polymer ratios of 1:4 and 1:2, respectively, was found to be the most suitable
      monodispersed system with a nanosize-range diameter. The in vivo study in
      zebrafish eggs indicates that the toxicity of CS-P68 and CS-P127 is a dose
      response. CS-P68 and CS-P127 at a drug dose of 10 ng/mL or less is safe for
      zebrafish embryo growth. The results of this study indicate enhanced water
      solubility of chrysin. Chrysin loaded poloxamer micelles are promising for
      further use in in vivo studies in mammalian animals and humans. 

PMID- 27357609
TI  - Do some deep-sea, sediment-dwelling species of harpacticoid copepods have 1000-km
      scale range sizes?
AB  - The range sizes of sediment-dwelling deep-sea species are largely unknown. Such
      knowledge is important because a deep sea composed in large part of species with
      100-km-scale ranges would be very different from one composed predominantly of
      species with 1000-km-scale ranges. For example, the total species richness would
      be much greater in the first case than in the second. As a step towards the
      determination of the distribution of species' range sizes in the deep sea, we
      asked whether harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea) on the continental rise in the
      northeastern Pacific had 1000-km-scale range sizes. We chose harpacticoids
      because they occur widely in deep-sea sediments and thus are a typical deep-sea
      taxon. In addition, they have no pelagic stage in their life history, so they
      allow a conservative test of hypotheses about species' range sizes. We used
      morphology and gene-sequence data to assign individuals to species. At least
      13.3% of the species we studied had 1000-km-scale ranges, raising the question of
      how these species maintain genetic continuity.

PMID- 27357608
TI  - Reciprocal regulation of long noncoding RNAs THBS4-003 and THBS4 control
      migration and invasion in prostate cancer cell lines.
AB  - Increasing evidence implicates long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of
      noncoding RNAs >200 nucleotides in length, in the development of cancer. However,
      the mechanism underlying the effects of lncRNAs in prostate cancer (PCa) remains
      to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA-THBS4
      003 in the pathogensis of PCa. In the present study, a microarray containing
      8,277 lncRNA probes and 32,207 mRNA probes were used to identify dysregulated
      mRNAs in three patients with PCa, and reverse transcription-quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the expression levels of
      thrombospondin 4 (THBS4) and lncRNA-THBS4-003 in 46 primary PCa and adjacent non
      tumor tissue samples. The expression levels of THBS4 were determined in six
      samples of PCa and adjacent non-tumor tissues using Western blot analysis. The
      effects of forced THBS4 knockdown and lncRNA-THBS4-003 knockdown in the two PCa
      cell lines, DU145 and PC-3, were evaluated using cell migration and invasion
      assays, as well as using Western blot analysis. Of the 40,484 probes in the
      microarray, 354 were significantly upregulated (P<0.05; fold-change >2). The most
      significantly upregulated mRNA was THBS4. The expression levels of THBS4 and
      lncRNA-THBS4-003 in the 46 primary PCa samples was significantly higher, compared
      with that in the adjacent non-tumor tissue samples. Patients with Gleason scores
      >7 exhibited higher expression levels of lncRNA-THBS4-003, compared with patients
      with lower scores. Knockdown of THBS4 or lncRNA-THBS4-003 significantly reduced
      the migratory and invasive abilities of the PCa cells in vitro, and decreased the
      expression levels of p38 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. These findings
      suggested that the reciprocal regulation of lncRNA-THBS4-003 and THBS4
      contributed to the pathogenesis of PCa. Therefore silencing lncRNA-THBS4-003 or
      THBS4 may inhibit PCa cell migration and invasion, and regulate the levels of MMP
      9 through the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27357610
TI  - Spatially oriented plasmonic 'nanograter' structures.
AB  - One of the key motivations in producing 3D structures has always been the
      realization of metamaterials with effective constituent properties that can be
      tuned in all propagation directions at various frequencies. Here, we report the
      investigation of spatially oriented "Nanograter" structures with orientation
      dependent responses over a wide spectrum by focused-ion-beam based patterning and
      folding of thin film nanostructures. Au nano units of different shapes, standing
      along specifically designated orientations, were fabricated. Experimental
      measurements and simulation results show that such structures offer an additional
      degree of freedom for adjusting optical properties with the angle of inclination,
      in additional to the size of the structures. The response frequency can be varied
      in a wide range (8 MUm-14 MUm) by the spatial orientation (0 degrees -180 degrees
      ) of the structures, transforming the response from magnetic into electric
      coupling. This may open up prospects for the fabrication of 3D nanostructures as
      optical interconnects, focusing elements and logic elements, moving toward the
      realization of 3D optical circuits.

PMID- 27357611
TI  - The impact of joint partner decision making on obstetric choices and outcomes
      among Malawian women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of joint partner decision making on obstetric
      choices and outcomes in Malawi. METHODS: Between July 15, 2014 and February 25,
      2015, interviews were performed with women who reported at least one lifetime
      pregnancy in Lilongwe District, Malawi as part of a cross-sectional study of
      reproductive decision making. Logistic regression models were applied to examine
      associations of joint decision making with delivery location and obstetric
      complications. RESULTS: The study population included 860 women. Women who
      engaged in joint decision making with partners (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.9;
      95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-7.2) and women whose partners made obstetric
      care decisions alone (aOR 3.2; 95% CI 2.4-4.4) were more likely to undergo
      delivery at a healthcare facility compared with women who made obstetric-care
      decisions individually. In comparison with women who made obstetric decisions
      individually, no difference in the likelihood of experiencing obstetric
      complications was observed for women who engaged in joint decision making (aOR
      1.1; 95% CI 0.7-1.7) or for women whose partners made decisions individually (aOR
      0.8; 95% CI 0.5-1.3). CONCLUSION: In rural Malawi, partner involvement in
      obstetric decision making was associated with improved obstetric choices.

PMID- 27357612
TI  - Single-cell pluripotency regulatory networks.
AB  - Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a popular model system for investigating
      development, tissue regeneration, and repair. Although much is known about the
      molecular mechanisms that regulate the balance between self-renewal and lineage
      commitment in PSCs, the spatiotemporal integration of responsive signaling
      pathways with core transcriptional regulatory networks are complex and only
      partially understood. Moreover, measurements made on populations of cells reveal
      only average properties of the underlying regulatory networks, obscuring their
      fine detail. Here, we discuss the reconstruction of regulatory networks in
      individual cells using novel single-cell transcriptomics and proteomics, in order
      to expand our understanding of the molecular basis of pluripotency, including the
      role of cell-cell variability within PSC populations, and ways in which networks
      may be controlled in order to reliably manipulate cell behavior.

PMID- 27357613
TI  - Letter Regarding Article, "Electrocardiogram in a Patient with Takotsubo Syndrome
      and Cardiogenic Shock".

PMID- 27357614
TI  - Off-pump Kommerell's diverticulum resection and descending aorta replacement.
AB  - We report the case of an unusual variation of a Kommerell's diverticulum in a
      left aortic arch with an aberrant left subclavian artery, associated with
      dilatation of the distal aortic arch, surgically treated without the use of
      extracorporeal circulation. 

PMID- 27357615
TI  - Recent advances in the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors
      for Type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is the most serious and prevalent metabolic disorders
      worldwide, complications of which can decrease significantly the quality of life
      and contribute to premature death. Resistance to insulin is a predominant
      pathophysiological factor of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Protein tyrosine phosphatase
      1B (PTP1B) is an important negative factor of insulin signal and a potent
      therapeutic target in T2D patients. This review highlights recent advances (2012
      2015) in research related to the role of PTP1B in signal transduction processes
      implicated in pathophysiology of T2D, and novel PTP1B inhibitors with an emphasis
      on their chemical structures and modes of action.

PMID- 27357617
TI  - Next-generation phenotypic screening.
AB  - Phenotypic drug discovery (PDD) strategies are defined by screening and selection
      of hit or lead compounds based on quantifiable phenotypic endpoints without prior
      knowledge of the drug target. We outline the challenges associated with
      traditional phenotypic screening strategies and propose solutions and new
      opportunities to be gained by adopting modern PDD technologies. We highlight both
      historical and recent examples of approved drugs and new drug candidates
      discovered by modern phenotypic screening. Finally, we offer a prospective view
      of a new era of PDD underpinned by a wealth of technology advances in the areas
      of in vitro model development, high-content imaging and image informatics,
      mechanism-of-action profiling and target deconvolution.

PMID- 27357618
TI  - How can we address the controversies surrounding the use of NSAIDS in
      neurodegeneration?

PMID- 27357616
TI  - Cytokines: roles in atherosclerosis disease progression and potential therapeutic
      targets.
AB  - Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a chronic
      inflammatory disorder in the walls of medium and large arteries. CVD is currently
      responsible for about one in three global deaths and this is expected to rise in
      the future due to an increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Current
      therapies for atherosclerosis mainly modulate lipid homeostasis and while
      successful at reducing the risk of a CVD-related death, they are associated with
      considerable residual risk and various side effects. There is, therefore, a need
      for alternative therapies aimed at regulating inflammation in order to reduce
      atherogenesis. This review will highlight the key role cytokines play during
      disease progression as well as potential therapeutic strategies to target them.

PMID- 27357619
TI  - Multivalent approaches and beyond: novel tools for the investigation of dopamine
      D2 receptor pharmacology.
AB  - The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) has been implicated in the symptomology of
      disorders such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Multivalent ligands
      provide useful tools to investigate emerging concepts of G protein-coupled
      receptor drug action such as allostery, bitopic binding and receptor
      dimerization. This review focuses on the approaches taken toward the development
      of multivalent ligands for the D2R recently and highlights the challenges
      associated with each approach, their utility in probing D2R function and
      approaches to develop new D2R-targeting drugs. Furthermore, we extend our
      discussion to the possibility of designing multitarget ligands. The insights
      gained from such studies may provide the basis for improved therapeutic targeting
      of the D2R.

PMID- 27357620
TI  - Evolution of the Valley Position in Bulk Transition-Metal Chalcogenides and Their
      Monolayer Limit.
AB  - Layered transition metal chalcogenides with large spin orbit coupling have
      recently sparked much interest due to their potential applications for
      electronic, optoelectronic, spintronics, and valleytronics. However, most current
      understanding of the electronic structure near band valleys in momentum space is
      based on either theoretical investigations or optical measurements, leaving the
      detailed band structure elusive. For example, the exact position of the
      conduction band valley of bulk MoS2 remains controversial. Here, using angle
      resolved photoemission spectroscopy with submicron spatial resolution (micro
      ARPES), we systematically imaged the conduction/valence band structure evolution
      across representative chalcogenides MoS2, WS2, and WSe2, as well as the thickness
      dependent electronic structure from bulk to the monolayer limit. These results
      establish a solid basis to understand the underlying valley physics of these
      materials, and also provide a link between chalcogenide electronic band structure
      and their physical properties for potential valleytronics applications.

PMID- 27357622
TI  - The use of temporary portocaval shunt as a technical aid in auxiliary orthotopic
      liver transplantation.

PMID- 27357621
TI  - Combination therapy in cancer: effects of angiogenesis inhibitors on drug
      pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
AB  - Validated preclinical studies have provided evidence that anti-vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compounds enhance the activity of subsequent
      antitumor therapy, but the mechanism of this potentiation is far from clear. The
      most widespread explanation is enhanced delivery of therapeutics due to vascular
      remodeling, lower interstitial pressure, and increased blood flow. While the
      antiangiogenic effects on vascular morphology have been fairly consistent in both
      preclinical and clinical settings, the improvement of tumor vessel function is
      debated. This review focuses on the effect of anti-VEGF therapy on tumor
      microenvironment morphology and functions, and its therapeutic benefits when
      combined with other therapies. The uptake and spatial distribution of
      chemotherapeutic agents into the tumor after anti-VEGF are examined.

PMID- 27357623
TI  - Risk stratification of patients with shoulder pain seen in physical therapy
      practice.
AB  - RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Musculoskeletal shoulder pain is commonly treated
      in physical therapy. There is inconsistency in the literature regarding patient
      characteristics related to prognosis. Having prognostic information could be
      useful for improving clinical efficiency and decreasing the cost of associated
      care. The objective of this study was to identify predictive characteristics
      related to patients with shoulder pain who have a high-risk of a bad prognosis
      (lowest functional recovery compared with visit utilization) as well as those who
      are at low-risk of a bad prognosis (highest functional recovery compared with
      visit utilization). METHODS: We completed a secondary analysis of a retrospective
      cohort using data obtained from an existing commercial outcomes database. Data
      from 5214 patients with shoulder pain were analysed to determine predictive
      characteristics that identify patients who either have a low-risk or a high-risk
      of a bad prognosis to physical therapy care. Multinomial regression was used to
      identify significant patient characteristics predictive of treatment response.
      RESULTS: Statistically significant predictors of high-risk categorization
      included older age, no surgical history, insurance designated as worker's
      compensation, litigation or automotive and three or more co-morbidities.
      Predictors of low risk categorization were younger age, shorter duration of
      symptoms, no surgical history and payer type. CONCLUSION: Selected variables were
      associated with both poor and good recovery. Further research on prognosis,
      efficacy of physical therapy care and cost appear warranted for patients with
      shoulder pain.

PMID- 27357624
TI  - The awareness of primary caregivers in South Africa of the human rights of their
      children with intellectual disabilities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Besides the right to freedom, human rights can be seen as a basic
      requirement also for the maintenance of human dignity and the opportunity to
      thrive - particularly in the case of children with disabilities. It is imperative
      to explore primary caregivers' awareness of the human rights of their children
      with intellectual disabilities in view of the role they may play in either
      facilitating or restricting these rights. This paper explores the awareness of
      219 primary caregivers of the human rights of their children with intellectual
      disabilities. METHOD: A descriptive survey design was used with a custom-designed
      questionnaire that employed a deductive content analysis based on the articles of
      the United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child. Comparisons were drawn
      between the awareness of primary caregivers from urban and those from rural
      areas. RESULTS: The majority (85.5%) of participants agreed that their child with
      intellectual disability had rights. Three broad kinds of right were mentioned (in
      descending order): provision rights, protection rights and participation rights.
      Participants from both urban and rural areas mentioned education (a provision
      right) most frequently. However, participants from urban areas were more aware of
      the different rights that existed than were their counterparts from rural areas.
      CONCLUSION: Primary caregivers in both rural and urban areas are aware of the
      rights of their children with disabilities, although there are significant
      differences between them.

PMID- 27357626
TI  - Adenoviral Delivery of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Interleukin-2 Enables
      Successful Adoptive Cell Therapy of Immunosuppressive Melanoma.
AB  - Adoptive T-cell transfer is a promising treatment approach for metastatic cancer,
      but efficacy in solid tumors has only been achieved with toxic pre- and
      postconditioning regimens. Thus, adoptive T-cell therapies would benefit from
      complementary modalities that enable their full potential without excessive
      toxicity. We aimed to improve the efficacy and safety of adoptive T-cell transfer
      by using adenoviral vectors for direct delivery of immunomodulatory murine
      cytokines into B16.OVA melanoma tumors with concomitant T-cell receptor
      transgenic OT-I T-cell transfer. Armed adenoviruses expressed high local and low
      systemic levels of cytokine when injected into B16.OVA tumors, suggesting safety
      of virus-mediated cytokine delivery. Antitumor efficacy was significantly
      enhanced with adenoviruses coding for murine interleukin-2 (mIL-2) and tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (mTNFalpha) when compared with T-cell transfer alone or
      viruses alone. Further improvement in efficacy was achieved with a triple
      combination of mIL-2, mTNFalpha, and OT-I T-cells. Mechanistic studies suggest
      that mIL-2 has an important role in activating T-cells at the tumor, while
      mTNFalpha induces chemokine expression. Furthermore, adenovirus treatments
      enhanced tumor-infiltration of OT-I T-cells as demonstrated by SPECT/CT imaging
      of (111)In-labeled cells. Our results suggest the utility of cytokine-coding
      adenoviruses for improving the efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapies.

PMID- 27357627
TI  - Advanced Design of Dumbbell-shaped Genetic Minimal Vectors Improves Non-coding
      and Coding RNA Expression.
AB  - Dumbbell-shaped DNA minimal vectors lacking nontherapeutic genes and bacterial
      sequences are considered a stable, safe alternative to viral, nonviral, and naked
      plasmid-based gene-transfer systems. We investigated novel molecular features of
      dumbbell vectors aiming to reduce vector size and to improve the expression of
      noncoding or coding RNA. We minimized small hairpin RNA (shRNA) or microRNA
      (miRNA) expressing dumbbell vectors in size down to 130 bp generating the
      smallest genetic expression vectors reported. This was achieved by using a
      minimal H1 promoter with integrated transcriptional terminator transcribing the
      RNA hairpin structure around the dumbbell loop. Such vectors were generated with
      high conversion yields using a novel protocol. Minimized shRNA-expressing
      dumbbells showed accelerated kinetics of delivery and transcription leading to
      enhanced gene silencing in human tissue culture cells. In primary human T cells,
      minimized miRNA-expressing dumbbells revealed higher stability and triggered
      stronger target gene suppression as compared with plasmids and miRNA mimics.
      Dumbbell-driven gene expression was enhanced up to 56- or 160-fold by
      implementation of an intron and the SV40 enhancer compared with control dumbbells
      or plasmids. Advanced dumbbell vectors may represent one option to close the gap
      between durable expression that is achievable with integrating viral vectors and
      short-term effects triggered by naked RNA.

PMID- 27357628
TI  - Safety and Efficacy in Advanced Solid Tumors of a Targeted Nanocomplex Carrying
      the p53 Gene Used in Combination with Docetaxel: A Phase 1b Study.
AB  - Loss of p53 suppressor function, through mutations or inactivation of the p53
      pathway, occurs in most human cancers. SGT-53 is a liposomal nanocomplex designed
      for systemic, tumor-targeting delivery of the wt p53 gene. In this nanodelivery
      system, an anti-transferrin receptor single-chain antibody fragment serves as the
      targeting moiety. In an initial phase 1 trial in patients with advanced solid
      tumors, SGT-53 demonstrated tumor-specific targeting, was shown to be well
      tolerated, and was associated with an antitumor effect in several patients. Our
      preclinical studies have also demonstrated enhanced antitumor activity with the
      combination of SGT-53 and docetaxel. Thus, this dose-escalation trial was
      undertaken to assess the combination of SGT-53 and docetaxel for safety and
      potential efficacy in 14 advanced cancer patients. Results reveal that the
      combination of SGT-53 (maximum dose, 3.6 mg DNA/infusion) and docetaxel (75
      mg/m(2)/infusion) was well tolerated. Moreover, clinical activity involving 12
      evaluable patients was observed. Three of these patients achieved RECIST-verified
      partial responses with tumor reductions of -47%, -51%, and -79%. Two others had
      stable disease with significant shrinkage (-25% and -16%). These results support
      phase 2 testing of SGT-53 in combination with docetaxel. 

PMID- 27357629
TI  - Integrated Safety Assessment of 2'-O-Methoxyethyl Chimeric Antisense
      Oligonucleotides in NonHuman Primates and Healthy Human Volunteers.
AB  - The common chemical and biological properties of antisense oligonucleotides
      provide the opportunity to identify and characterize chemical class effects
      across species. The chemical class that has proven to be the most versatile and
      best characterized is the 2'-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense oligonucleotides.
      In this report we present an integrated safety assessment of data obtained from
      controlled dose-ranging studies in nonhuman primates (macaques) and healthy human
      volunteers for 12 unique 2'-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense oligonucleotides.
      Safety was assessed by the incidence of safety signals in standardized laboratory
      tests for kidney and liver function, hematology, and complement activation; as
      well as by the mean test results as a function of dose level over time. At high
      doses a number of toxicities were observed in nonhuman primates. However, no
      class safety effects were identified in healthy human volunteers from this
      integrated data analysis. Effects on complement in nonhuman primates were not
      observed in humans. Nonhuman primates predicted safe doses in humans, but over
      predicted risk of complement activation and effects on platelets. Although
      limited to a single chemical class, comparisons from this analysis are considered
      valid and accurate based on the carefully controlled setting for the specified
      study populations and within the total exposures studied.

PMID- 27357630
TI  - Contribution of human osteoblasts and macrophages to bone matrix degradation and
      proinflammatory cytokine release after exposure to abrasive endoprosthetic wear
      particles.
AB  - One of the major reasons for failure after total joint arthroplasty is aseptic
      loosening of the implant. At articulating surfaces, defined as the interface
      between implant and surrounding bone cement, wear particles can be generated and
      released into the periprosthetic tissue, resulting in inflammation and
      osteolysis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the extent to which
      osteoblasts and macrophages are responsible for the osteolytic and inflammatory
      reactions following contact with generated wear particles from Ti-6Al-7Nb and Co
      28Cr-6Mo hip stems. To this end, human osteoblasts and THP-1 monocytic cells were
      incubated with the experimentally generated wear particles as well as reference
      particles (0.01 and 0.1 mg/ml) for 48 h under standard culture conditions. To
      evaluate the impact of these particles on the two cell types, the release of
      different bone matrix degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue
      inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), and relevant cytokines were determined by multiplex
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Following incubation with wear particles,
      human osteoblasts showed a significant upregulation of MMP1 and MMP8, whereas
      macrophages reacted with enhanced MMP3, MMP8 and MMP10 production. Moreover, the
      synthesis of TIMPs 1 and 2 was inhibited. The osteoblasts and macrophages also
      responded with modified expression of the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)
      6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and vascular endothelial growth
      factor. These results demonstrate that the release of wear particles affects the
      release of proinflammatory cytokines and has a negative impact on bone matrix
      formation during the first 48 h of particle exposure. Human osteoblasts are
      directly involved in the proinflammatory cascade of bone matrix degradation. The
      simultaneous activation and recruitment of monocytes/macrophages boosted
      osteolytic processes in the periprosthetic tissue. By the downregulation of TIMP
      production and the concomitant upregulation of MMPs as a response to particle
      exposure, bone formation around implants may be suppressed, resulting in implant
      failure. 

PMID- 27357631
TI  - Genome-editing technologies for gene correction of hemophilia.
AB  - Hemophilia is caused by various mutations in blood coagulation factor genes,
      including factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX (FIX), that encode key proteins in
      the blood clotting pathway. Although the addition of therapeutic genes or
      infusion of clotting factors may be used to remedy hemophilia's symptoms, no
      permanent cure for the disease exists. Moreover, patients often develop
      neutralizing antibodies or experience adverse effects that limit the therapy's
      benefits. However, targeted gene therapy involving the precise correction of
      these mutated genes at the genome level using programmable nucleases is a
      promising strategy. These nucleases can induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) on
      genomes, and repairs of such induced DSBs by the two cellular repair systems
      enable a targeted gene correction. Going beyond cultured cell systems, we are now
      entering the age of direct gene correction in vivo using various delivery tools.
      Here, we describe the current status of in vivo and ex vivo genome-editing
      technology related to potential hemophilia gene correction and the prominent
      issues surrounding its application in patients with monogenic diseases.

PMID- 27357632
TI  - Analysis of Lower Breast Pole Length and Nipple-Areola Complex Position Following
      Superior Pedicle, Short Horizontal Scar Breast Reduction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postoperative changes following superior pedicle breast reduction are
      closely related to the pattern of skin resection. We have observed that the
      superior pedicle, short horizontal scar breast reduction technique provides a
      stable breast shape in the long term. We test the validity of our clinical
      observations through objective analysis of postoperative dimensional changes
      following superior pedicle, short horizontal scar breast reduction. METHODS: Of
      42 patients who underwent superior pedicle, short horizontal scar breast
      reductions between January 2011 and June 2012, 38 (75 breasts) were available for
      long-term follow-up. The midclavicular point-to-superior areolar border distance
      (A), the inferior areolar border-to-inframammary fold (IMF) distance (B), and the
      areolar diameter (C) were measured and recorded at the time of (1) preoperative
      markings, (2) first postoperative visit, and (3) 2-year postoperative follow-up
      visit. The specifications of the preoperative markings were recorded to analyze
      their correlation with actual breast dimensions. RESULTS: The superior border of
      the nipple-areola complex (NAC) was located, on average, 1.2 cm higher at the
      first postoperative visit when compared with the markings (P < 0.001). The nipple
      areola position did not change significantly in the long term (P = 0.224). The
      average postoperative increase in the IMF-to-inferior areolar border distance
      between the first postoperative visit and the long-term follow-up visit was 0.3
      cm (P < 0.001). Although statistically significant, this extent of change (4.5 %)
      in the lower pole vertical length was clinically unidentifiable, and pseudoptosis
      did not occur after superior pedicle, short horizontal scar mammaplasty.
      CONCLUSION: Long-term stability of the NAC position and lower breast pole length
      makes superior pedicle, short horizontal scar breast reduction a predictable and
      dependable option for primary breast reduction/mastopexy and for a matching
      procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a
      level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based
      Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online
      Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

PMID- 27357633
TI  - Topical Vasoconstrictors in Cosmetic Rhinoplasty: Comparative Evaluation of
      Cocaine Versus Epinephrine Solutions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of topical vasoconstrictors is a common practice in nasal
      surgery. These agents reduce bleeding and enable a good surgical field. Topical
      cocaine and epinephrine, which are frequently used in cosmetic rhinoplasty, are
      considered safe and effective, but secondary effects have been described. The aim
      of the present study was to evaluate and compare the benefits and risks of
      epinephrine and cocaine employed as topical vasoconstrictive agents in cosmetic
      rhinoplasty. METHODS: This prospective non-randomised study included 65
      consecutive female patients undergoing primary closed rhinoplasty. Patients were
      treated with topical aqueous solutions of 4 % cocaine (n = 33) or 1:1000
      epinephrine (n = 32). Benefits and risks of drug use were compared between
      groups. Vasoconstriction was assessed by quantitative and qualitative evaluation
      of bleeding during surgery. Systemic effects were studied in terms of
      cardiovascular changes during the procedure. The Mann-Whitney test and mixed
      effects models were used to compare continuous variables and to assess the
      effects of vasoconstrictor treatment, respectively. RESULTS: Cocaine exerted a
      stronger and more predictable vasoconstrictive effect than epinephrine. This
      difference was linked to better field quality, but did not relate to shorter
      surgery times. Increased heart rate was detected with both agents and was
      significantly higher with cocaine (p < 0.05). Blood pressure did not
      significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both cocaine and epinephrine,
      at the concentrations used in this study, are suitable as topical
      vasoconstrictive agents in aesthetic rhinoplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This
      journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a
      full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings please refer to the
      Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

PMID- 27357634
TI  - Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments for Surgical and Traumatic Scars: A
      Systematic Review of their Development, Content, and Psychometric Validation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are of growing importance in
      research and clinical care and may be used as primary outcomes or as compliments
      to traditional surgical outcomes. In assessing the impact of surgical and
      traumatic scars, PROs are often the most meaningful. To assess outcomes from the
      patient perspective, rigorously developed and validated PRO instruments are
      essential. METHODS: The authors conducted a systematic literature review to
      identify PRO instruments developed and/or validated for patients with surgical
      and/or non-burn traumatic scars. Identified instruments were assessed for
      content, development process, and validation under recommended guidelines for PRO
      instrument development. RESULTS: The systematic review identified 6534 articles.
      After review, we identified four PRO instruments meeting inclusion criteria:
      patient and observer scar assessment scale (POSAS), bock quality of life
      questionnaire for patients with keloid and hypertrophic scarring (Bock), patient
      scar assessment questionnaire (PSAQ), and patient-reported impact of scars
      measure (PRISM). Common concepts measured were symptoms and psychosocial well
      being. Only PSAQ had a dedicated appearance domain. Qualitative data were used to
      inform content for the PSAQ and PRISM, and a modern psychometric approach (Rasch
      Measurement Theory) was used to develop PRISM and to test POSAS. Overall, PRISM
      demonstrated the most rigorous design and validation process, however, was
      limited by the lack of a dedicated appearance domain. CONCLUSIONS: PRO
      instruments to evaluate outcomes in scars exist but vary in terms of concepts
      measured and psychometric soundness. This review discusses the strengths and
      weaknesses of existing instruments, highlighting the need for future scar-focused
      PRO instrument development. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that
      authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of
      these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or the
      online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

PMID- 27357635
TI  - Thumb Tip Defect Reconstruction Using Neurovascular Island Pedicle Flap Obtained
      From Long Finger.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Thumb tip reconstruction has been a very challenging issue for hand
      surgeons. Varieties of reconstructive options have been described or modified to
      obtain satisfactory sensory recovery. However, none has yielded entirely
      satisfactory results. This study reports a retrospective review of clinical data
      records of patients treated with a neurovascular island pedicle flap obtained
      from the medial aspect of the long finger. METHODS: We enrolled 15 patients (9
      men and 6 women), who received neurovascular island pedicle flaps for thumb tip
      amputations between December 2011 and December 2015. The average size of the flap
      was 2.8 * 2.2 cm(2) (range 2.5 * 1.8 cm(2) to 3.5 * 2.5 cm(2)). At the final
      follow-up visits, static two-point discrimination, visual analogue scale,
      Michigan hand outcome questionnaire and return-to-work time were used to evaluate
      surgical outcomes. RESULTS: All flaps survived well. The follow-up period was 18
      months. The mean static 2PD values at the reconstructed thumb tip and donor
      finger pulp (medial side) were 5.3 mm (range 4-8 mm) and 3.2 mm (range 3-4 mm),
      respectively. The average VAS scores for the aesthetic appearance of the donor
      site and recipient site were 9.1 (range 8-10) and 9.0 (range 8-9.5),
      respectively. The average Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire (MHOQ) score for
      hand function (reconstructed hand) was 8.2 (range 6-16). The average RTW time was
      8.4 weeks (range 7-12 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: Neurovascular island pedicle flap
      obtained from the medial aspect of long finger is a very reliable alternative
      technique for thumb tip defect reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal
      requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full
      description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table
      of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

PMID- 27357639
TI  - Health Self-Efficacy Among Populations with Multiple Chronic Conditions: the
      Value of Patient-Centered Communication.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Using cross-sectional survey data, we assessed the association
      between chronic illness burden and health-related self-efficacy, evaluating
      whether patient-centered communication is associated with self-efficacy and if
      that relationship varies by chronic illness burden. METHODS: Data were from the
      Health Information National Trends Survey, a cross-sectional survey of the US
      adult population collected in 2012-2013 (n = 3630). Health-related self-efficacy
      was measured with the item: "Overall, how confident are you about your ability to
      take good care of your health?" and the prevalence of six chronic conditions and
      depression/anxiety was assessed. Patient-centered communication was measured as
      the frequency with which respondents perceived their healthcare providers allowed
      them to ask questions, gave attention to their emotions, involved them in
      decisions, made sure they understood how to take care of their health, helped
      them to deal with uncertainty, and if they felt they could rely on their
      healthcare providers to take care of their healthcare needs. RESULTS: Health
      related self-efficacy was significantly lower among individuals with greater
      illness burden. In adjusted analysis, individuals who experienced more positive
      patient-centered communication reported higher levels of self-efficacy (beta =
      0.26, P < 0.0001); this association was strongest among those with greater
      illness burden. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of self-efficacy were observed among
      patients reporting more positive patient-centered communication; the observed
      association was stronger among those with greater chronic illness burden.

PMID- 27357638
TI  - Calmodulin/CaMKII inhibition improves intercellular communication and impulse
      propagation in the heart and is antiarrhythmic under conditions when fibrosis is
      absent.
AB  - AIM: In healthy hearts, ventricular gap junctions are mainly composed by
      connexin43 (Cx43) and localize in the intercalated disc, enabling appropriate
      electrical coupling. In diseased hearts, Cx43 is heterogeneously down-regulated,
      whereas activity of calmodulin/calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II (CaM/CaMKII)
      signalling increases. It is unclear if CaM/CaMKII affects Cx43
      expression/localization or impulse propagation. We analysed different models to
      assess this. METHODS AND RESULTS: AC3-I mice with CaMKII genetically inhibited
      were subjected to pressure overload (16 weeks, TAC vs. sham). Optical and
      epicardial mapping was performed on Langendorff-perfused rabbit and AC3-I hearts,
      respectively. Cx43 subcellular distribution from rabbit/mouse ventricles was
      evaluated by immunoblot after Triton X-100-based fractionation. In mice with
      constitutively reduced CaMKII activity (AC3-I), conduction velocity (CV) was
      augmented (n = 11, P < 0.01 vs. WT); in AC3-I, CV was preserved after TAC, in
      contrast to a reduction seen in TAC-WT mice (-20%). Cx43 expression was preserved
      after TAC in AC3-I mice, though arrhythmias and fibrosis were still present. In
      rabbits, W7 (CaM inhibitor, 10 uM) increased CV (6-13%, n= 6, P< 0.05), while
      susceptibility to arrhythmias decreased. Immunoconfocal microscopy revealed
      enlarged Cx43 cluster sizes at intercalated discs of those hearts. Total Cx43 did
      not change by W7 (n= 4), whereas Triton X-100 insoluble Cx43 increased (+21%, n=
      4, P< 0.01). Similar findings were obtained in AC3-I mouse hearts when compared
      with control, and in cultured dog cardiomyocytes. Functional implication was
      shown through increased intercellular coupling in cultured neonatal rat
      cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Both acute and chronic CaM/CaMKII inhibition improves
      conduction characteristics and enhances localization of Cx43 in the intercalated
      disc. In the absence of fibrosis, this reduced the susceptibility for
      arrhythmias.

PMID- 27357636
TI  - Identifying circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: a
      systematic review.
AB  - The aim of the present study is to identify microRNAs (miRs) with high potential
      to be used as biomarkers in plasma and/or serum to clinically diagnose, or
      provide accurate prognosis for survival in, patients with atherosclerosis,
      coronary artery disease, and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A systematic search
      of published original research yielded a total of 72 studies. After review of the
      risk of bias of the published studies, according to Cochrane Collaboration and
      the QUADUAS Group standards, 19 studies were selected. Overall 52 different miRs
      were reported. In particular, miR-133a/b (5 studies), miR-208a/b (6 studies), and
      miR-499 (7 studies) were well studied and found to be significant diagnostic
      and/or prognostic markers across different cardiovascular disease progression
      stages. miR-1 and miR-145b are potential biomarkers of ACS; miR-1 with higher
      sensitivity for all acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and miR-145 for STEMI and
      worse outcome of AMI. But when miRs were studied across different ACS study
      populations, patients had varying degrees of coronary stenosis, which was
      identified as an important confounder that limited the ability to quantitatively
      pool the study results. The identified miRs were found to regulate endothelial
      function and angiogenesis (miR-1, miR-133), vascular smooth muscle cell
      differentiation (miR-133, miR-145), communication between vascular smooth muscle
      and endothelial cell to stabilize plaques (miR-145), apoptosis (miR-1, miR-133,
      miR-499), cardiac myocyte differentiation (miR-1, miR-133, miR-145, miR-208, miR
      499), and to repress cardiac hypertrophy (miR-133). Their role in these processes
      may be explained by regulation of shared RNA targets such as cyclin-dependent
      kinase inhibitor 1A (or p21), ETS proto-oncogene 1, fascin actin-bundling protein
      1, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 4,
      insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor LIM and SH3 protein 1, purine nucleoside
      phosphorylase, and transgelin 2. These mechanistic data further support the
      clinical relevance of the identified miRs. miR-1, miR-133a/b, miR-145, miR
      208a/b, and miR-499(a) in plasma and/or serum show some potential for diagnosis
      of cardiovascular disease. However, biased selection of miRs in most studies and
      unexplained contrasting results are major limitations of current miR research.
      Inconsistencies need to be addressed in order to definitively identify clinically
      useful miRs. Therefore, this paper presents important aspects to improve future
      miR research, including unbiased selection of miRs, standardization/normalization
      of reference miRs, adjustment for patient comorbidities and medication, and
      robust protocols of data-sharing plans that could prevent selective publication
      and selective reporting of miR research outcomes.

PMID- 27357637
TI  - Heterogeneity in the lymphatic vascular system and its origin.
AB  - Lymphatic vessels have historically been viewed as passive conduits for fluid and
      immune cells, but this perspective is increasingly being revised as new functions
      of lymphatic vessels are revealed. Emerging evidence shows that lymphatic
      endothelium takes an active part in immune regulation both by antigen
      presentation and expression of immunomodulatory genes. In addition, lymphatic
      vessels play an important role in uptake of dietary fat and clearance of
      cholesterol from peripheral tissues, and they have been implicated in obesity and
      arteriosclerosis. Lymphatic vessels within different organs and in different
      physiological and pathological processes show a remarkable plasticity and
      heterogeneity, reflecting their functional specialization. In addition, lymphatic
      endothelial cells (LECs) of different organs were recently shown to have
      alternative developmental origins, which may contribute to the development of the
      diverse lymphatic vessel and endothelial functions seen in the adult. Here, we
      discuss recent developments in the understanding of heterogeneity within the
      lymphatic system considering the organ-specific functional and molecular
      specialization of LECs and their developmental origin.

PMID- 27357641
TI  - The Sydney West Knowledge Portal: Evaluating the Growth of a Knowledge Portal to
      Support Translational Research.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Sydney West Translational Cancer Research Centre is an
      organization funded to build capacity for translational research in cancer.
      Translational research is essential for ensuring the integration of best
      available evidence into practice and for improving patient outcomes. However,
      there is a low level of awareness regarding what it is and how to conduct it
      optimally. One solution to addressing this gap is the design and deployment of
      web-based knowledge portals to disseminate new knowledge and engage with and
      connect dispersed networks of researchers. A knowledge portal is an web-based
      platform for increasing knowledge dissemination and management in a specialized
      area. OBJECTIVE: To measure the design and growth of an web-based knowledge
      portal for increasing individual awareness of translational research and to build
      organizational capacity for the delivery of translational research projects in
      cancer. METHODS: An adaptive methodology was used to capture the design and
      growth of an web-based knowledge portal in cancer. This involved stakeholder
      consultations to inform initial design of the portal. Once the portal was live,
      site analytics were reviewed to evaluate member usage of the portal and to
      measure growth in membership. RESULTS: Knowledge portal membership grew
      consistently for the first 18 months after deployment, before leveling out.
      Analysis of site metrics revealed members were most likely to visit portal pages
      with community-generated content, particularly pages with a focus on
      translational research. This was closely followed by pages that disseminated
      educational material about translational research. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary data
      from this study suggest that knowledge portals may be beneficial tools for
      translating new evidence and fostering an environment of communication and
      collaboration.

PMID- 27357640
TI  - Human GV oocytes generated by mitotically active germ cells obtained from
      follicular aspirates.
AB  - Human female germline stem cells (FGSCs) have opened new opportunities for
      understanding human oogenesis, delaying menopause, treating infertility, and
      providing a new strategy for preserving fertility. However, the shortage of adult
      human ovaries tissues available impedes their future investigations and clinical
      applications. Here, we have established FGSC lines from scarce ovarian cortical
      tissues that exist in follicular aspirates (faFGSCs), which are produced and
      discarded in in vitro fertilization centers worldwide. The faFGSCs have
      characteristics of germline stem cells involved in the gene expression profile,
      growth characteristics, and a normal karyotype consistent with that of FGSCs
      obtained from ovarian cortexes surgically removed from patients (srFGSCs).
      Furthermore, faFGSCs have developmental potentials including spontaneous
      differentiation into oocytes under feeder-free conditions, communicating with
      granulosa cells by gap junctions and paracrine factors, entering meiosis after RA
      induction, as well as forming follicles after injection into human ovarian
      cortical tissues xenografted into adult immunodeficient female mice. Lastly, we
      developed a strategy guiding FGSCs differentiated into germinal vesicle (GV)
      stage oocytes in vitro and revealed their developmental mechanisms. Our study not
      only provides a new approach to obtain human FGSCs for medical treatment, but
      also opens several avenues to investigate human oogenesis in vitro.

PMID- 27357642
TI  - Commentary.

PMID- 27357643
TI  - Density functional theory with modified dispersion correction for metals applied
      to molecular adsorption on Pt(111).
AB  - We have performed density functional theory calculations using our modified DFT
      D2 dispersion correction for metals to investigate adsorption of a range of
      molecules on Pt(111). The agreement between our calculations and experimental
      adsorption energies ranging from 0 to 3 eV was excellent with a mean absolute
      deviation of 0.19 eV and a maximum deviation of 0.37 eV. Our results show that
      the DFT-D2 semiempirical dispersion correction can provide accurate results also
      for describing adsorption on metals, provided that relevant physical properties
      of the system are taken into account, such as shorter ranged dispersion because
      of screening by the conducting electrons and a lower polarizability of the core
      electrons in metals compared to isolated atoms. 

PMID- 27357644
TI  - Protective effect of magnolol-loaded polyketal microparticles on
      lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats.
AB  - Magnolol has shown inhibitory effects on NO production and TNF-alpha production
      in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages and LPS-induced acute lung
      injury; however, the poor solubility of magnolol has hindered its clinical
      success. In this study, magnolol-loaded microparticles were prepared via single
      emulsion method from a polyketal polymer, termed PK3. The particle sizes of
      magnolol-loaded PK3 microparticle is 3.73 +/- 0.41 MUm, and was suitable for
      phagocytosis by macrophages and pulmonary drug delivery. PK3 microparticles
      exhibited excellent biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly,
      intratracheal delivery of these magnolol-loaded microparticles significantly
      reduced the lung inflammatory responses at low dosage of magnolol (0.5 mg/kg),
      and have great clinical potential in treating acute lung injury. 

PMID- 27357645
TI  - FDG-PET for Prediction of AD Dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment. A Review of
      the State of the Art with Particular Emphasis on the Comparison with Other
      Neuroimaging Modalities (MRI and Perfusion SPECT).
AB  - This review article aims at providing a state-of-the-art review of the role of
      fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging (FDG-PET) in
      the prediction of Alzheimer's dementia in subjects suffering mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI), with a particular focus on the predictive power of FDG-PET
      compared to structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). We also address
      perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as a less costly and
      more accessible alternative to FDG-PET. A search in PubMed was performed, taking
      into consideration relevant scientific articles published in English within the
      last five years and limited to human studies. This recent literature confirms the
      effectiveness of FDG-PET and sMRI for prediction of AD dementia in MCI. However,
      there are discordant results regarding which image modality is superior. This
      could be explained by the high variability of metrics used to evaluate both
      imaging modalities and/or by sampling/population issues such as age, disease
      severity and conversion time. FDG-PET seems to outperform sMRI in rapidly
      converting early-onset MCI individuals, whereas sMRI may outperform FDG-PET in
      late-onset MCI subjects, in which case FDG PET might only provide a complementary
      role. Although FDG-PET performs better than perfusion SPECT, current evidence
      confirms perfusion SPECT as a valid alternative when FDG- PET is not available.
      Finally, possible future directions in the field are discussed.

PMID- 27357646
TI  - Prevalence of the Use of Opioids for Treatment of Pain in Persons with a
      Cognitive Impairment Compared with Cognitively Intact Persons: A Systematic
      Review.
AB  - AIM: To describe the prevalence of opioid use in persons with a cognitive
      impairment compared with cognitively intact persons and to explore factors
      associated with opioid prescription. METHOD: A search was made in PubMed
      (Medline), Embase, Cochrane, Central, Cinahl, PsychInfo and Web of Science and
      additional articles were identified by manual search of reference lists. Titles
      and abstracts were screened and eligible articles reviewed in full-text. A
      citation check was performed on the included articles for a complete search. Risk
      of bias of the included studies was assessed using an appropriate tool. RESULTS:
      The search yielded 610 unique hits and an additional 33 records were identified
      via reference checking. After screening, 23 studies were included. A citation
      tracking was performed for these 23 articles using Web of Science, which yielded
      an additional 421 articles for a second screening. After the second screening, 24
      studies were included. Opioid use was divided into three classes: weak, strong,
      and weak and strong combined. In several articles there were more than one study
      conclusion on different opioid classes or in a different setting. Analysis was
      performed on the prevalence of opioid use (prescription rates) and the dosage of
      opioids. The 24 studies yielded a total of 35 study conclusions related to
      prescription rates and dosage. Of these, four showed a higher use of opioids in
      persons with a cognitive impairment, 14 an equal distribution, and 17 showed
      lower opioid use in cognitively impaired persons. CONCLUSION: This systematic
      review provides evidence for general undertreatment of pain with opioids in
      persons with a cognitive impairment.

PMID- 27357647
TI  - Nanocapsulated Ascorbic Acid in Combating Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion- Induced
      Oxidative Injury in Rat Brain.
AB  - Recent evidences suggest that cerebral ischemia-reperfusion insult plays
      significant role in pathogenic diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other
      neurodegenerative diseases. Toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by
      induced oxidative stress in the episodes of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR)
      plays major role in neurodegeneration. As the prime source of ROS generation,
      neuronal mitochondria, the cellular energy metabolic centre experience severe
      damage because of CIR-induced oxidative stress. The process of mitochondrial
      dysfunction is accelerated by CIR that may pave the pathway for neurodegeneration
      in AD among aged individuals. Prevention of CIR injury may be a shunt in order to
      minimize the risk of dementia of Alzheimer's type in aged individuals. The use of
      chemical antioxidants in CIR is not suitable as the blood- brain barrier (BBB)
      doesn't allow the entry of molecules from blood circulation into the brain. Thus
      L-ascorbic acid loaded polylactide nanocapsules were prepared and fed orally to
      assess the role of nanocapsulated ascorbic acid (NAA) against CIR induced
      oxidative injury in mitochondrial region of rat brains. Mitochondrial injury was
      assessed by the extent of lipid peroxidation and in situ antioxidant enzyme
      status. The levels of cytochrome c (cyt c), cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2) and iNOS
      were determined. Results showed that in comparison to free ascorbic acid (AA),
      NAA exerted better protection to the brain mitochondria by preventing oxidative
      damage in ROS mediated CIR injury.

PMID- 27357648
TI  - Targeting Ras Activity Prevented Amyloid Beta-Induced Aberrant Neuronal Cell
      Cycle Re-Entry and Death.
AB  - Several studies suggest that soluble Amyloid beta (Abeta) oligomer-induced
      aberrant neuronal cell cycle re-entry is the initial trigger for a significant
      part of the neuronal degeneration and loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this
      study, we investigated the role of Ras, which is a well-known protooncoprotein,
      in soluble Abeta oligomer-induced aberrant neuronal cell cycle activation and
      subsequent cell loss using retinoic acid differentiated human SH-SY5Y
      neuroblastoma cells as model system. In line with previous literature, we showed
      that in vitro preparations of soluble Abeta42 oligomers triggered cell cycle
      activation but not cell proliferation. As a new finding, we showed that
      Farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS), a specific chemical Ras inhibitor, prevented
      soluble Abeta42 oligomer preparation-induced cell cycle activation. Moreover, we
      showed that the expression of dominant negative mutant H-Ras (S17N) prevented
      soluble Abeta42 oligomer preparation-induced cell cycle activation, confirming
      the specific role of Ras in this pathway. As a possible better mimic of the
      situation in the AD brain, we prepared soluble oligomers from Abeta42 : Abeta40
      (3:7) peptide mixture and showed that this oligomer preparation similarly induced
      cell cycle activation which was also inhibited by the Ras inhibitor. Finally, we
      showed that FTS prevented soluble Abeta42 oligomer preparationinduced cell death
      in our retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Overall, our results strongly
      suggest that Ras activity is required for soluble Abeta oligomer-induced aberrant
      neuronal cell cycle reentry and subsequent neuronal loss, which are considered
      important mechanisms in AD pathogenesis.

PMID- 27357649
TI  - MCOLN1 is a ROS sensor in lysosomes that regulates autophagy.
AB  - Cellular stresses trigger autophagy to remove damaged macromolecules and
      organelles. Lysosomes 'host' multiple stress-sensing mechanisms that trigger the
      coordinated biogenesis of autophagosomes and lysosomes. For example,
      transcription factor (TF)EB, which regulates autophagy and lysosome biogenesis,
      is activated following the inhibition of mTOR, a lysosome-localized nutrient
      sensor. Here we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate TFEB via a
      lysosomal Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism independent of mTOR. Exogenous oxidants or
      increasing mitochondrial ROS levels directly and specifically activate lysosomal
      TRPML1 channels, inducing lysosomal Ca(2+) release. This activation triggers
      calcineurin-dependent TFEB-nuclear translocation, autophagy induction and
      lysosome biogenesis. When TRPML1 is genetically inactivated or pharmacologically
      inhibited, clearance of damaged mitochondria and removal of excess ROS are
      blocked. Furthermore, TRPML1's ROS sensitivity is specifically required for
      lysosome adaptation to mitochondrial damage. Hence, TRPML1 is a ROS sensor
      localized on the lysosomal membrane that orchestrates an autophagy-dependent
      negative-feedback programme to mitigate oxidative stress in the cell.

PMID- 27357654
TI  - Ethnic Comparisons in HIV Testing Attitudes, HIV Testing, and Predictors of HIV
      Testing Among Black and White College Students.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study's primary aim was to examine ethnic differences in
      predictors of HIV testing among Black and White college students. We also
      examined ethnic differences in sexual risk behaviors and attitudes toward the
      importance of HIV testing. PARTICIPANTS/METHOD: An analytic sample of 126 Black
      and 617 White undergraduatestudents aged 18-24 were analyzed for a subset of
      responses on the American College Health Association-National College Health
      Assessment II (ACHA-NCHA II) (2012) pertaining to HIV testing, attitudes about
      the importance of HIV testing, and sexual risk behaviors. Predictors of HIV
      testing behavior were analyzed using logistic regression. t tests and chi-square
      tests were performed to access differences in HIV test history, testing
      attitudes, and sexual risk behaviors. RESULTS: Black students had more positive
      attitudes toward testing and were more likely to have been tested for HIV
      compared to White students. A greater number of sexual partners and more positive
      HIV testing attitudes were significant predictors of HIV testing among White
      students, whereas relationship status predicted testing among Black students.
      Older age and history of ever having sex were significant predictors of HIV
      testing for both groups. There were no significant differences between groups in
      number of sexual partners or self-reports in history of sexual experience (oral,
      vaginal, or anal). CONCLUSIONS: Factors that influence HIV testing may differ
      across racial/ethnic groups. Findings support the need to consider racial/ethnic
      differences in predictors of HIV testing during the development and tailoring of
      HIV testing prevention initiatives targeting college students.

PMID- 27357655
TI  - In vitro synergistic combinations of pentamidine, polymyxin B, tigecycline and
      tobramycin with antifungal agents against Fusarium spp.
AB  - The genus Fusarium is characterized by hyaline filamentous fungi that cause
      infections predominantly in immunocompromised patients. The remarkable primary
      resistance to antifungal agents of this genus requires a search for new
      therapeutic possibilities. This study assessed the in vitro susceptibility of 25
      clinical isolates of Fusarium against antifungal agents (amphotericin B,
      caspofungin, itraconazole and voriconazole) and antimicrobials (pentamidine,
      polymyxin B, tigecycline and tobramycin) according to the broth microdilution
      method (M38-A2). The interactions between antifungal and antimicrobial agents
      were evaluated by the microdilution checkerboard method. Pentamidine and
      polymyxin B showed MIC values >=4 ug ml-1 against Fusarium spp. The highest rates
      of synergism were observed when amphotericin B or voriconazole was combined with
      tobramycin (80 % and 76 %, respectively), polymyxin B (76 % and 64 %) and
      pentamidine (72 % and 68 %). The most significant combinations deserve in vivo
      evaluations in order to verify their potential in the treatment of fusariosis. 

PMID- 27357656
TI  - Mefloquine induces ROS mediated programmed cell death in malaria parasite:
      Plasmodium.
AB  - Recent studies pioneer the existence of a novel programmed cell death pathway in
      malaria parasite plasmodium and suggest that it could be helpful in developing
      new targeted anti-malarial therapies. Considering this fact, we evaluated the
      underlying action mechanism of this pathway in mefloquine (MQ) treated parasite.
      Since cysteine proteases play a key role in apoptosis hence we performed
      preliminary computational simulations to determine binding affinity of MQ with
      metacaspase protein model. Binding pocket identified using computational studies,
      was docked with MQ to identify it's potential to bind with the predicted protein
      model. We further determined apoptotic markers such as mitochondrial
      dysregulation, activation of cysteine proteases and in situ DNA fragmentation in
      MQ treated/untreated parasites by cell based assay. Our results showed low
      mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced activity of cysteine protease and
      increased number of fragmented DNA in treated parasites compared to untreated
      ones. We next tested the involvement of oxidative stress in MQ mediated cell
      death and found significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation after
      24 h of treatment. Therefore we conclude that apart from hemozoin inhibition, MQ
      is competent to induce apoptosis in plasmodium by activating metacaspase and ROS
      production.

PMID- 27357657
TI  - FADD is a key regulator of lipid metabolism.
AB  - FADD, a classical apoptotic signaling adaptor, was recently reported to have non
      apoptotic functions. Here, we report the discovery that FADD regulates lipid
      metabolism. PPAR-alpha is a dietary lipid sensor, whose activation results in
      hypolipidemic effects. We show that FADD interacts with RIP140, which is a
      corepressor for PPAR-alpha, and FADD phosphorylation-mimic mutation (FADD-D) or
      FADD deficiency abolishes RIP140-mediated transcriptional repression, leading to
      the activation of PPAR-alpha. FADD-D-mutant mice exhibit significantly decreased
      adipose tissue mass and triglyceride accumulation. Also, they exhibit increased
      energy expenditure with enhanced fatty acid oxidation in adipocytes due to the
      activation of PPAR-alpha. Similar metabolic phenotypes, such as reduced fat
      formation, insulin resistance, and resistance to HFD-induced obesity, are shown
      in adipose-specific FADD knockout mice. Additionally, FADD-D mutation can reverse
      the severe genetic obesity phenotype of ob/ob mice, with elevated fatty acid
      oxidation and oxygen consumption in adipose tissue, improved insulin resistance,
      and decreased triglyceride storage. We conclude that FADD is a master regulator
      of glucose and fat metabolism with potential applications for treatment of
      insulin resistance and obesity.

PMID- 27357658
TI  - Structural basis for sulfation-dependent self-glycan recognition by the human
      immune-inhibitory receptor Siglec-8.
AB  - Siglec-8 is a human immune-inhibitory receptor that, when engaged by specific
      self-glycans, triggers eosinophil apoptosis and inhibits mast cell degranulation,
      providing an endogenous mechanism to down-regulate immune responses of these
      central inflammatory effector cells. Here we used solution NMR spectroscopy to
      dissect the fine specificity of Siglec-8 toward different sialylated and sulfated
      carbohydrate ligands and determined the structure of the Siglec-8 lectin domain
      in complex with its prime glycan target 6'-sulfo sialyl Lewis(x) A canonical
      motif for sialic acid recognition, extended by a secondary motif formed by unique
      loop regions, recognizing 6-O-sulfated galactose dictates tight specificity
      distinct from other Siglec family members and any other endogenous glycan
      recognition receptors. Structure-guided mutagenesis revealed key contacts of both
      interfaces to be equally essential for binding. Our work provides critical
      structural and mechanistic insights into how Siglec-8 selectively recognizes its
      glycan target, rationalizes the functional impact of site-specific glycan
      sulfation in modulating this lectin-glycan interaction, and will enable the
      rational design of Siglec-8-targeted agonists to treat eosinophil- and mast cell
      related allergic and inflammatory diseases, such as asthma.

PMID- 27357659
TI  - piRNA pathway is not required for antiviral defense in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Since its discovery, RNA interference has been identified as involved in many
      different cellular processes, and as a natural antiviral response in plants,
      nematodes, and insects. In insects, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is
      the major antiviral response. In recent years, the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)
      pathway also has been implicated in antiviral defense in mosquitoes infected with
      arboviruses. Using Drosophila melanogaster and an array of viruses that infect
      the fruit fly acutely or persistently or are vertically transmitted through the
      germ line, we investigated in detail the extent to which the piRNA pathway
      contributes to antiviral defense in adult flies. Following virus infection, the
      survival and viral titers of Piwi, Aubergine, Argonaute-3, and Zucchini mutant
      flies were similar to those of wild type flies. Using next-generation sequencing
      of small RNAs from wild type and siRNA mutant flies, we showed that no viral
      derived piRNAs were produced in fruit flies during different types of viral
      infection. Our study provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, that the
      piRNA pathway does not play a major role in antiviral defense in adult Drosophila
      and demonstrates that viral-derived piRNA production depends on the biology of
      the host-virus combination rather than being part of a general antiviral process
      in insects.

PMID- 27357660
TI  - Borrowed alleles and convergence in serpentine adaptation.
AB  - Serpentine barrens represent extreme hazards for plant colonists. These sites are
      characterized by high porosity leading to drought, lack of essential mineral
      nutrients, and phytotoxic levels of metals. Nevertheless, nature forged
      populations adapted to these challenges. Here, we use a population-based
      evolutionary genomic approach coupled with elemental profiling to assess how
      autotetraploid Arabidopsis arenosa adapted to a multichallenge serpentine habitat
      in the Austrian Alps. We first demonstrate that serpentine-adapted plants exhibit
      dramatically altered elemental accumulation levels in common conditions, and then
      resequence 24 autotetraploid individuals from three populations to perform a
      genome scan. We find evidence for highly localized selective sweeps that point to
      a polygenic, multitrait basis for serpentine adaptation. Comparing our results to
      a previous study of independent serpentine colonizations in the closely related
      diploid Arabidopsis lyrata in the United Kingdom and United States, we find the
      highest levels of differentiation in 11 of the same loci, providing candidate
      alleles for mediating convergent evolution. This overlap between independent
      colonizations in different species suggests that a limited number of evolutionary
      strategies are suited to overcome the multiple challenges of serpentine
      adaptation. Interestingly, we detect footprints of selection in A. arenosa in the
      context of substantial gene flow from nearby off-serpentine populations of A.
      arenosa, as well as from A. lyrata In several cases, quantitative tests of
      introgression indicate that some alleles exhibiting strong selective sweep
      signatures appear to have been introgressed from A. lyrata This finding suggests
      that migrant alleles may have facilitated adaptation of A. arenosa to this
      multihazard environment.

PMID- 27357662
TI  - Holsteins are the genomic selection poster cows.

PMID- 27357663
TI  - Avoid the hard problem: Employment of mental simulation for prediction is already
      a crucial step.

PMID- 27357661
TI  - Structural model of the dimeric Parkinson's protein LRRK2 reveals a compact
      architecture involving distant interdomain contacts.
AB  - Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large, multidomain protein containing
      two catalytic domains: a Ras of complex proteins (Roc) G-domain and a kinase
      domain. Mutations associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD)
      have been identified in both catalytic domains, as well as in several of its
      multiple putative regulatory domains. Several of these mutations have been linked
      to increased kinase activity. Despite the role of LRRK2 in the pathogenesis of
      PD, little is known about its overall architecture and how PD-linked mutations
      alter its function and enzymatic activities. Here, we have modeled the 3D
      structure of dimeric, full-length LRRK2 by combining domain-based homology models
      with multiple experimental constraints provided by chemical cross-linking
      combined with mass spectrometry, negative-stain EM, and small-angle X-ray
      scattering. Our model reveals dimeric LRRK2 has a compact overall architecture
      with a tight, multidomain organization. Close contacts between the N-terminal
      ankyrin and C-terminal WD40 domains, and their proximity-together with the LRR
      domain-to the kinase domain suggest an intramolecular mechanism for LRRK2 kinase
      activity regulation. Overall, our studies provide, to our knowledge, the first
      structural framework for understanding the role of the different domains of full
      length LRRK2 in the pathogenesis of PD.

PMID- 27357664
TI  - Insects cannot tell us anything about subjective experience or the origin of
      consciousness.

PMID- 27357665
TI  - Consciousness explained or consciousness redefined?

PMID- 27357666
TI  - QnAs with Jorge Galan.

PMID- 27357667
TI  - Early multisensory integration of self and source motion in the auditory system.
AB  - Discriminating external from self-produced sensory inputs is a major challenge
      for brains. In the auditory system, sound localization must account for movements
      of the head and ears, a computation likely to involve multimodal integration.
      Principal neurons (PNs) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) are known to be
      spatially selective and to receive multimodal sensory information. We studied the
      responses of PNs to body rotation with or without sound stimulation, as well as
      to sound source rotation with stationary body. We demonstrated that PNs are
      sensitive to head direction, and, in the presence of sound, they differentiate
      between body and sound source movement. Thus, the output of the DCN provides the
      brain with enough information to disambiguate the movement of a sound source from
      an acoustically identical relative movement produced by motion of the animal.

PMID- 27357668
TI  - Mapping out spin and particle conductances in a quantum point contact.
AB  - We study particle and spin transport in a single-mode quantum point contact,
      using a charge neutral, quantum degenerate Fermi gas with tunable, attractive
      interactions. This yields the spin and particle conductance of the point contact
      as a function of chemical potential or confinement. The measurements cover a
      regime from weak attraction, where quantized conductance is observed, to the
      resonantly interacting superfluid. Spin conductance exhibits a broad maximum when
      varying the chemical potential at moderate interactions, which signals the
      emergence of Cooper pairing. In contrast, the particle conductance is
      unexpectedly enhanced even before the gas is expected to turn into a superfluid,
      continuously rising from the plateau at [Formula: see text] for weak interactions
      to plateau-like features at nonuniversal values as high as [Formula: see text]
      for intermediate interactions. For strong interactions, the particle conductance
      plateaus disappear and the spin conductance gets suppressed, confirming the spin
      insulating character of a superfluid. Our observations document the breakdown of
      universal conductance quantization as many-body correlations appear. The observed
      anomalous quantization challenges a Fermi liquid description of the normal phase,
      shedding new light on the nature of the strongly attractive Fermi gas.

PMID- 27357669
TI  - Temporal and intrinsic factors of rifampicin tolerance in mycobacteria.
AB  - Mycobacteria grow and divide asymmetrically, creating variability in growth pole
      age, growth properties, and antibiotic susceptibilities. Here, we investigate the
      importance of growth pole age and other growth properties in determining the
      spectrum of responses of Mycobacterium smegmatis to challenge with rifampicin. We
      used a combination of live-cell microscopy and modeling to prospectively identify
      subpopulations with altered rifampicin susceptibility. We found two
      subpopulations that had increased susceptibility. At the initiation of treatment,
      susceptible cells were either small and at early stages of the cell cycle, or
      large and in later stages of their cell cycle. In contrast to this temporal
      window of susceptibility, tolerance was associated with factors inherited at
      division: long birth length and mature growth poles. Thus, rifampicin response is
      complex and due to a combination of differences established from both asymmetric
      division and the timing of treatment relative to cell birth.

PMID- 27357671
TI  - Case for fMRI data repositories.

PMID- 27357670
TI  - Neighboring genes for DNA-binding proteins rescue male sterility in Drosophila
      hybrids.
AB  - Crosses between closely related animal species often result in male hybrids that
      are sterile, and the molecular and functional basis of genetic factors for hybrid
      male sterility is of great interest. Here, we report a molecular and functional
      analysis of HMS1, a region of 9.2 kb in chromosome 3 of Drosophila mauritiana,
      which results in virtually complete hybrid male sterility when homozygous in the
      genetic background of sibling species Drosophila simulans. The HMS1 region
      contains two strong candidate genes for the genetic incompatibility, agt and Taf1
      Both encode unrelated DNA-binding proteins, agt for an alkyl-cysteine-S
      alkyltransferase and Taf1 for a subunit of transcription factor TFIID that serves
      as a multifunctional transcriptional regulator. The contribution of each gene to
      hybrid male sterility was assessed by means of germ-line transformation, with
      constructs containing complete agt and Taf1 genomic sequences as well as various
      chimeric constructs. Both agt and Taf1 contribute about equally to HMS1 hybrid
      male sterility. Transgenes containing either locus rescue sterility in about one
      half of the males, and among fertile males the number of offspring is in the
      normal range. This finding suggests compensatory proliferation of the rescued,
      nondysfunctional germ cells. Results with chimeric transgenes imply that the
      hybrid incompatibilities result from interactions among nucleotide differences
      residing along both agt and Taf1 Our results challenge a number of preliminary
      generalizations about the molecular and functional basis of hybrid male
      sterility, and strongly reinforce the role of DNA-binding proteins as a class of
      genes contributing to the maintenance of postzygotic reproductive isolation.

PMID- 27357672
TI  - Dynamic X-ray diffraction observation of shocked solid iron up to 170 GPa.
AB  - Investigation of the iron phase diagram under high pressure and temperature is
      crucial for the determination of the composition of the cores of rocky planets
      and for better understanding the generation of planetary magnetic fields. Here we
      present X-ray diffraction results from laser-driven shock-compressed single
      crystal and polycrystalline iron, indicating the presence of solid hexagonal
      close-packed iron up to pressure of at least 170 GPa along the principal
      Hugoniot, corresponding to a temperature of 4,150 K. This is confirmed by the
      agreement between the pressure obtained from the measurement of the iron volume
      in the sample and the inferred shock strength from velocimetry deductions.
      Results presented in this study are of the first importance regarding pure Fe
      phase diagram probed under dynamic compression and can be applied to study
      conditions that are relevant to Earth and super-Earth cores.

PMID- 27357674
TI  - Antibodies in multiple sclerosis oligoclonal bands target debris.

PMID- 27357673
TI  - Algorithmic methods to infer the evolutionary trajectories in cancer progression.
AB  - The genomic evolution inherent to cancer relates directly to a renewed focus on
      the voluminous next-generation sequencing data and machine learning for the
      inference of explanatory models of how the (epi)genomic events are choreographed
      in cancer initiation and development. However, despite the increasing
      availability of multiple additional -omics data, this quest has been frustrated
      by various theoretical and technical hurdles, mostly stemming from the dramatic
      heterogeneity of the disease. In this paper, we build on our recent work on the
      "selective advantage" relation among driver mutations in cancer progression and
      investigate its applicability to the modeling problem at the population level.
      Here, we introduce PiCnIc (Pipeline for Cancer Inference), a versatile, modular,
      and customizable pipeline to extract ensemble-level progression models from cross
      sectional sequenced cancer genomes. The pipeline has many translational
      implications because it combines state-of-the-art techniques for sample
      stratification, driver selection, identification of fitness-equivalent exclusive
      alterations, and progression model inference. We demonstrate PiCnIc's ability to
      reproduce much of the current knowledge on colorectal cancer progression as well
      as to suggest novel experimentally verifiable hypotheses.

PMID- 27357675
TI  - Influence of ammonia oxidation rate on thaumarchaeal lipid composition and the
      TEX86 temperature proxy.
AB  - Archaeal membrane lipids known as glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers
      (GDGTs) are the basis of the TEX86 paleotemperature proxy. Because GDGTs
      preserved in marine sediments are thought to originate mainly from planktonic,
      ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota, the basis of the correlation between TEX86 and
      sea surface temperature (SST) remains unresolved: How does TEX86 predict surface
      temperatures, when maximum thaumarchaeal activity occurs below the surface mixed
      layer and TEX86 does not covary with in situ growth temperatures? Here we used
      isothermal studies of the model thaumarchaeon Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1 to
      investigate how GDGT composition changes in response to ammonia oxidation rate.
      We used continuous culture methods to avoid potential confounding variables that
      can be associated with experiments in batch cultures. The results show that the
      ring index scales inversely (R(2) = 0.82) with ammonia oxidation rate (phi),
      indicating that GDGT cyclization depends on available reducing power.
      Correspondingly, the TEX86 ratio decreases by an equivalent of 5.4  degrees C of
      calculated temperature over a 5.5 fmol.cell(-1).d(-1) increase in phi. This
      finding reconciles other recent experiments that have identified growth stage and
      oxygen availability as variables affecting TEX86 Depth profiles from the marine
      water column show minimum TEX86 values at the depth of maximum nitrification
      rates, consistent with our chemostat results. Our findings suggest that the TEX86
      signal exported from the water column is influenced by the dynamics of ammonia
      oxidation. Thus, the global TEX86-SST calibration potentially represents a
      composite of regional correlations based on nutrient dynamics and global
      correlations based on archaeal community composition and temperature.

PMID- 27357677
TI  - Direct calorimetric verification of thermodynamic instability of lead halide
      hybrid perovskites.
AB  - Hybrid perovskites, especially methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), exhibit
      excellent solar power conversion efficiencies. However, their application is
      plagued by poor chemical and structural stability. Using direct calorimetric
      measurement of heats of formation, MAPbI3 is shown to be thermodynamically
      unstable with respect to decomposition to lead iodide and methylammonium iodide,
      even in the absence of ambient air or light or heat-induced defects, thus
      limiting its long-term use in devices. The formation enthalpy from binary halide
      components becomes less favorable in the order MAPbCl3, MAPbBr3, MAPbI3, with
      only the chloride having a negative heat of formation. Optimizing the geometric
      match of constituents as measured by the Goldschmidt tolerance factor provides a
      potentially quantifiable thermodynamic guide for seeking chemical substitutions
      to enhance stability.

PMID- 27357676
TI  - Gpr161 anchoring of PKA consolidates GPCR and cAMP signaling.
AB  - Scaffolding proteins organize the information flow from activated G protein
      coupled receptors (GPCRs) to intracellular effector cascades both spatially and
      temporally. By this means, signaling scaffolds, such as A-kinase anchoring
      proteins (AKAPs), compartmentalize kinase activity and ensure substrate
      selectivity. Using a phosphoproteomics approach we identified a physical and
      functional connection between protein kinase A (PKA) and Gpr161 (an orphan GPCR)
      signaling. We show that Gpr161 functions as a selective high-affinity AKAP for
      type I PKA regulatory subunits (RI). Using cell-based reporters to map protein
      protein interactions, we discovered that RI binds directly and selectively to a
      hydrophobic protein-protein interaction interface in the cytoplasmic carboxyl
      terminal tail of Gpr161. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that a binary complex
      between Gpr161 and RI promotes the compartmentalization of Gpr161 to the plasma
      membrane. Moreover, we show that Gpr161, functioning as an AKAP, recruits PKA RI
      to primary cilia in zebrafish embryos. We also show that Gpr161 is a target of
      PKA phosphorylation, and that mutation of the PKA phosphorylation site affects
      ciliary receptor localization. Thus, we propose that Gpr161 is itself an AKAP and
      that the cAMP-sensing Gpr161:PKA complex acts as cilium-compartmentalized
      signalosome, a concept that now needs to be considered in the analyzing,
      interpreting, and pharmaceutical targeting of PKA-associated functions.

PMID- 27357678
TI  - Mnemonic convergence in social networks: The emergent properties of cognition at
      a collective level.
AB  - The development of shared memories, beliefs, and norms is a fundamental
      characteristic of human communities. These emergent outcomes are thought to occur
      owing to a dynamic system of information sharing and memory updating, which
      fundamentally depends on communication. Here we report results on the formation
      of collective memories in laboratory-created communities. We manipulated
      conversational network structure in a series of real-time, computer-mediated
      interactions in fourteen 10-member communities. The results show that mnemonic
      convergence, measured as the degree of overlap among community members' memories,
      is influenced by both individual-level information-processing phenomena and by
      the conversational social network structure created during conversational recall.
      By studying laboratory-created social networks, we show how large-scale social
      phenomena (i.e., collective memory) can emerge out of microlevel local dynamics
      (i.e., mnemonic reinforcement and suppression effects). The social-interactionist
      approach proposed herein points to optimal strategies for spreading information
      in social networks and provides a framework for measuring and forging collective
      memories in communities of individuals.

PMID- 27357679
TI  - Sleeping Beauty screen reveals Pparg activation in metastatic prostate cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common adult male cancer in the developed
      world. The paucity of biomarkers to predict prostate tumor biology makes it
      important to identify key pathways that confer poor prognosis and guide potential
      targeted therapy. Using a murine forward mutagenesis screen in a Pten-null
      background, we identified peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
      (Pparg), encoding a ligand-activated transcription factor, as a promoter of
      metastatic CaP through activation of lipid signaling pathways, including up
      regulation of lipid synthesis enzymes [fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase (ACC), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)]. Importantly, inhibition of PPARG
      suppressed tumor growth in vivo, with down-regulation of the lipid synthesis
      program. We show that elevated levels of PPARG strongly correlate with elevation
      of FASN in human CaP and that high levels of PPARG/FASN and PI3K/pAKT pathway
      activation confer a poor prognosis. These data suggest that CaP patients could be
      stratified in terms of PPARG/FASN and PTEN levels to identify patients with
      aggressive CaP who may respond favorably to PPARG/FASN inhibition.

PMID- 27357680
TI  - Visualizing in situ translational activity for identifying and sorting slow
      growing archaeal-bacterial consortia.
AB  - To understand the biogeochemical roles of microorganisms in the environment, it
      is important to determine when and under which conditions they are metabolically
      active. Bioorthogonal noncanonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) can reveal active
      cells by tracking the incorporation of synthetic amino acids into newly
      synthesized proteins. The phylogenetic identity of translationally active cells
      can be determined by combining BONCAT with rRNA-targeted fluorescence in situ
      hybridization (BONCAT-FISH). In theory, BONCAT-labeled cells could be isolated
      with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (BONCAT-FACS) for subsequent genetic
      analyses. Here, in the first application, to our knowledge, of BONCAT-FISH and
      BONCAT-FACS within an environmental context, we probe the translational activity
      of microbial consortia catalyzing the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), a
      dominant sink of methane in the ocean. These consortia, which typically are
      composed of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing
      bacteria, have been difficult to study due to their slow in situ growth rates,
      and fundamental questions remain about their ecology and diversity of
      interactions occurring between ANME and associated partners. Our activity
      correlated analyses of >16,400 microbial aggregates provide the first evidence,
      to our knowledge, that AOM consortia affiliated with all five major ANME clades
      are concurrently active under controlled conditions. Surprisingly, sorting of
      individual BONCAT-labeled consortia followed by whole-genome amplification and
      16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed previously unrecognized interactions of ANME
      with members of the poorly understood phylum Verrucomicrobia This finding,
      together with our observation that ANME-associated Verrucomicrobia are found in a
      variety of geographically distinct methane seep environments, suggests a broader
      range of symbiotic relationships within AOM consortia than previously thought.

PMID- 27357681
TI  - Analyzing the electrogenicity of cytochrome c oxidase.
AB  - Measurements of voltage changes in response to charge separation within membrane
      proteins can offer fundamental information on spectroscopically "invisible"
      steps. For example, results from studies of voltage changes associated with
      electron and proton transfer in cytochrome c oxidase could, in principle, be used
      to discriminate between different theoretical models describing the molecular
      mechanism of proton pumping. Earlier analyses of data from these measurements
      have been based on macroscopic considerations that may not allow for exploring
      the actual molecular mechanisms. Here, we have used a coarse-grained model
      describing the relation between observed voltage changes and specific charge
      transfer reactions, which includes an explicit description of the membrane, the
      electrolytes, and the electrodes. The results from these calculations offer
      mechanistic insights at the molecular level. Our main conclusion is that
      previously assumed mechanistic evidence that was based on electrogenic
      measurements is not unique. However, the ability of our calculations to obtain
      reliable voltage changes means that we have a tool that can be used to describe a
      wide range of electrogenic charge transfers in channels and transporters, by
      combining voltage measurements with other experiments and simulations to analyze
      new mechanistic proposals.

PMID- 27357682
TI  - Htm1p-Pdi1p is a folding-sensitive mannosidase that marks N-glycoproteins for ER
      associated protein degradation.
AB  - Our understanding of how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein
      degradation (ERAD) machinery efficiently targets terminally misfolded proteins
      while avoiding the misidentification of nascent polypeptides and correctly folded
      proteins is limited. For luminal N-glycoproteins, demannosylation of their N
      glycan to expose a terminal alpha1,6-linked mannose is necessary for their
      degradation via ERAD, but whether this modification is specific to misfolded
      proteins is unknown. Here we report that the complex of the mannosidase Htm1p and
      the protein disulfide isomerase Pdi1p (Htm1p-Pdi1p) acts as a folding-sensitive
      mannosidase for catalyzing this first committed step in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      We reconstitute this step in vitro with Htm1p-Pdi1p and model glycoprotein
      substrates whose structural states we can manipulate. We find that Htm1p-Pdi1p is
      a glycoprotein-specific mannosidase that preferentially targets nonnative
      glycoproteins trapped in partially structured states. As such, Htm1p-Pdi1p is
      suited to act as a licensing factor that monitors folding in the ER lumen and
      preferentially commits glycoproteins trapped in partially structured states for
      degradation.

PMID- 27357683
TI  - Macronutrient ratios in pollen shape bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) foraging
      strategies and floral preferences.
AB  - To fuel their activities and rear their offspring, foraging bees must obtain a
      sufficient quality and quantity of nutritional resources from a diverse plant
      community. Pollen is the primary source of proteins and lipids for bees, and the
      concentrations of these nutrients in pollen can vary widely among host-plant
      species. Therefore we hypothesized that foraging decisions of bumble bees are
      driven by both the protein and lipid content of pollen. By successively reducing
      environmental and floral cues, we analyzed pollen-foraging preferences of Bombus
      impatiens in (i) host-plant species, (ii) pollen isolated from these host-plant
      species, and (iii) nutritionally modified single-source pollen diets encompassing
      a range of protein and lipid concentrations. In our semifield experiments, B
      impatiens foragers exponentially increased their foraging rates of pollen from
      plant species with high protein:lipid (P:L) ratios; the most preferred plant
      species had the highest ratio (~4.6:1). These preferences were confirmed in cage
      studies where, in pairwise comparisons in the absence of other floral cues, B
      impatiens workers still preferred pollen with higher P:L ratios. Finally, when
      presented with nutritionally modified pollen, workers were most attracted to
      pollen with P:L ratios of 5:1 and 10:1, but increasing the protein or lipid
      concentration (while leaving ratios intact) reduced attraction. Thus,
      macronutritional ratios appear to be a primary factor driving bee pollen-foraging
      behavior and may explain observed patterns of host-plant visitation across the
      landscape. The nutritional quality of pollen resources should be taken into
      consideration when designing conservation habitats supporting bee populations.

PMID- 27357685
TI  - Reply to Adamo, Key et al., and Schilling and Cruse: Crawling around the hard
      problem of consciousness.

PMID- 27357684
TI  - Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false
      positive rates.
AB  - The most widely used task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses
      use parametric statistical methods that depend on a variety of assumptions. In
      this work, we use real resting-state data and a total of 3 million random task
      group analyses to compute empirical familywise error rates for the fMRI software
      packages SPM, FSL, and AFNI, as well as a nonparametric permutation method. For a
      nominal familywise error rate of 5%, the parametric statistical methods are shown
      to be conservative for voxelwise inference and invalid for clusterwise inference.
      Our results suggest that the principal cause of the invalid cluster inferences is
      spatial autocorrelation functions that do not follow the assumed Gaussian shape.
      By comparison, the nonparametric permutation test is found to produce nominal
      results for voxelwise as well as clusterwise inference. These findings speak to
      the need of validating the statistical methods being used in the field of
      neuroimaging.

PMID- 27357686
TI  - Stereoisomerism, crystal structures, and dynamics of belt-shaped
      cyclonaphthylenes.
AB  - The chemistry of a belt-shaped cyclic array of aromatic panels, a so-called
      "nanohoop," has increasingly attracted much interest, partly because it serves as
      a segmental model of single-wall carbon nanotubes with curved sp(2)-carbon
      networks. Although the unique molecular structure of nanohoops is expected to
      deepen our understanding in curved pi-systems, its structural chemistry is still
      in its infancy despite structural variants rapidly accumulated over the past
      several years. For instance, structural characteristics that endow the belt
      shapes with rigidity, an important structural feature relevant to carbon
      nanotubes, have not been clarified to date. We herein report the synthesis and
      structures of a series of belt-shaped cyclonaphthylenes. Random synthesis methods
      using three precursor units with different numbers of naphthylene panels allowed
      us to prepare 6 congeners consisting of 6 to 11 naphthylene panels, and
      relationships between the rigidity and the panel numbers, i.e., molecular
      structures, were investigated. Fundamental yet complicated stereoisomerism in the
      belt-shaped structures was disclosed by mathematical methods, and dynamics in the
      panel rotation was revealed by dynamic NMR studies with the aid of theoretical
      calculations.

PMID- 27357687
TI  - Mapping transcription factor interactome networks using HaloTag protein arrays.
AB  - Protein microarrays enable investigation of diverse biochemical properties for
      thousands of proteins in a single experiment, an unparalleled capacity. Using a
      high-density system called HaloTag nucleic acid programmable protein array
      (HaloTag-NAPPA), we created high-density protein arrays comprising 12,000
      Arabidopsis ORFs. We used these arrays to query protein-protein interactions for
      a set of 38 transcription factors and transcriptional regulators (TFs) that
      function in diverse plant hormone regulatory pathways. The resulting
      transcription factor interactome network, TF-NAPPA, contains thousands of novel
      interactions. Validation in a benchmarked in vitro pull-down assay revealed that
      a random subset of TF-NAPPA validated at the same rate of 64% as a positive
      reference set of literature-curated interactions. Moreover, using a bimolecular
      fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, we confirmed in planta several
      interactions of biological interest and determined the interaction localizations
      for seven pairs. The application of HaloTag-NAPPA technology to plant hormone
      signaling pathways allowed the identification of many novel transcription factor
      protein interactions and led to the development of a proteome-wide plant hormone
      TF interactome network.

PMID- 27357688
TI  - Genome engineering uncovers 54 evolutionarily conserved and testis-enriched genes
      that are not required for male fertility in mice.
AB  - Gene-expression analysis studies from Schultz et al. estimate that more than
      2,300 genes in the mouse genome are expressed predominantly in the male germ
      line. As of their 2003 publication [Schultz N, Hamra FK, Garbers DL (2003) Proc
      Natl Acad Sci USA 100(21):12201-12206], the functions of the majority of these
      testis-enriched genes during spermatogenesis and fertilization were largely
      unknown. Since the study by Schultz et al., functional analysis of hundreds of
      reproductive-tract-enriched genes have been performed, but there remain many
      testis-enriched genes for which their relevance to reproduction remain unexplored
      or unreported. Historically, a gene knockout is the "gold standard" to determine
      whether a gene's function is essential in vivo. Although knockout mice without
      apparent phenotypes are rarely published, these knockout mouse lines and their
      phenotypic information need to be shared to prevent redundant experiments.
      Herein, we used bioinformatic and experimental approaches to uncover mouse testis
      enriched genes that are evolutionarily conserved in humans. We then used gene
      disruption approaches, including Knockout Mouse Project resources (targeting
      vectors and mice) and CRISPR/Cas9, to mutate and quickly analyze the fertility of
      these mutant mice. We discovered that 54 mutant mouse lines were fertile. Thus,
      despite evolutionary conservation of these genes in vertebrates and in some cases
      in all eukaryotes, our results indicate that these genes are not individually
      essential for male mouse fertility. Our phenotypic data are highly relevant in
      this fiscally tight funding period and postgenomic age when large numbers of
      genomes are being analyzed for disease association, and will prevent unnecessary
      expenditures and duplications of effort by others.

PMID- 27357689
TI  - Solid tumor therapy by selectively targeting stromal endothelial cells.
AB  - Engineered tumor-targeted anthrax lethal toxin proteins have been shown to
      strongly suppress growth of solid tumors in mice. These toxins work through the
      native toxin receptors tumor endothelium marker-8 and capillary morphogenesis
      protein-2 (CMG2), which, in other contexts, have been described as markers of
      tumor endothelium. We found that neither receptor is required for tumor growth.
      We further demonstrate that tumor cells, which are resistant to the toxin when
      grown in vitro, become highly sensitive when implanted in mice. Using a range of
      tissue-specific loss-of-function and gain-of-function genetic models, we
      determined that this in vivo toxin sensitivity requires CMG2 expression on host
      derived tumor endothelial cells. Notably, engineered toxins were shown to
      suppress the proliferation of isolated tumor endothelial cells. Finally, we
      demonstrate that administering an immunosuppressive regimen allows animals to
      receive multiple toxin dosages and thereby produces a strong and durable
      antitumor effect. The ability to give repeated doses of toxins, coupled with the
      specific targeting of tumor endothelial cells, suggests that our strategy should
      be efficacious for a wide range of solid tumors.

PMID- 27357690
TI  - "Awake" extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): pathophysiology, technical
      considerations, and clinical pioneering.
AB  - Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) has been classically
      employed as a rescue therapy for patients with respiratory failure not treatable
      with conventional mechanical ventilation alone. In recent years, however, the
      timing of ECMO initiation has been readdressed and ECMO is often started earlier
      in the time course of respiratory failure. Furthermore, some centers are starting
      to use ECMO as a first line of treatment, i.e., as an alternative to invasive
      mechanical ventilation in awake, non-intubated, spontaneously breathing patients
      with respiratory failure ("awake" ECMO). There is a strong rationale for this
      type of respiratory support as it avoids several side effects related to
      sedation, intubation, and mechanical ventilation. However, the complexity of the
      patient-ECMO interactions, the difficulties related to respiratory monitoring,
      and the management of an awake patient on extracorporeal support together pose a
      major challenge for the intensive care unit staff. Here, we review the use of vv
      ECMO in awake, spontaneously breathing patients with respiratory failure,
      highlighting the pros and cons of this approach, analyzing the pathophysiology of
      patient-ECMO interactions, detailing some of the technical aspects, and
      summarizing the initial clinical experience gained over the past years.

PMID- 27357691
TI  - Are Bundled Payments a Viable Reimbursement Model for Revision Total Joint
      Arthroplasty?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alternative payment models, such as the Centers for Medicare &
      Medicaid Services (CMS) Bundled Payment for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative,
      aim to decrease overall costs for hip and knee arthroplasties.
      QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We asked: (1) Is there any difference in the CMS episode-of
      care costs, hospital length of stay, and readmission rate from before and after
      implementation of our bundled-payment program? (2) Is there any difference in
      reimbursements and resource utilization between revision THA and TKA at our
      institution? (3) Are there any independent risk factors for patients with high
      costs who may not be appropriate for a bundled-payment system for revision total
      joint arthroplasty (TJA)? METHODS: Between October 2013 and March 2015, 218
      patients underwent revision TKA or THA in one health system. Two hundred
      seventeen patients were reviewed as part of this study, and one patient with
      hemophilia was excluded from the analysis as an outlier. Our institution began a
      BPCI program for revision TJA during this study period. Patients' procedures done
      before January 1, 2014 at one hospital and January 1, 2015 at another hospital
      were not included in the bundled-care arrangement (70 revision TKAs and 56
      revision THAs), whereas 50 revision TKAs and 41 revision THAs were performed
      under the BPCI initiative. Patient demographics, medical comorbidities, episode
      of-care reimbursement data derived directly from CMS, length of stay, and
      readmission proportions were compared between the bundled and nonbundled groups.
      RESULTS: Length of stay in the group that underwent surgery before the bundled
      care arrangement was longer than for patients whose procedures were done under
      the BPCI (mean 4.02 [SD, 3.0 days] versus mean 5.27 days [SD, 3.6 days]; p =
      0.001). Index hospitalization reimbursement for the bundled group was less than
      for the nonbundled group (mean USD 17,754 [SD, USD 2741] versus mean USD 18,316
      [SD, USD 4732]; p = 0.030). There was no difference, with the numbers available,
      in total episode-of-care CMS costs between the two groups (mean USD 38,107 [SD,
      USD 18,328] versus mean USD 37,851 [SD, USD 17,208]; p = 0.984). There was no
      difference, with the numbers available, in the total episode-of-care CMS costs
      between revision hip arthroplasties and revision knee arthroplasties (mean USD
      38,627 [SD, USD 18,607] versus mean USD 37,414 [SD, USD 16,884]; p = 0.904).
      Disposition to rehabilitation (odds ratio [OR], 5.49; 95% CI, 1.97-15.15; p =
      0.001), length of stay 4 days or greater (OR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.60-8.38; p =
      0.002), and readmission within 90 days (OR, 6.99; 95% CI, 2.58-18.91; p < 0.001)
      were independent risk factors for high-cost episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Bundled
      payments have the potential to be a viable reimbursement model for revision TJA.
      Owing to the unpredictable nature of the surgical procedures, inherent high risks
      of complications, and varying degrees of surgical complexity, future studies are
      needed to determine whether bundling patients having revision TJA will result in
      improved care and decreased costs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, economic and
      decision analysis.

PMID- 27357692
TI  - Clinician and Patient-reported Outcomes Are Associated With Psychological Factors
      in Patients With Chronic Shoulder Pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Validated clinician outcome scores are considered less associated
      with psychosocial factors than patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs).
      This belief may lead to misconceptions if both instruments are related to similar
      factors. QUESTIONS: We asked: In patients with chronic shoulder pain, what
      biopsychosocial factors are associated (1) with PROMs, and (2) with clinician
      rated outcome measurements? METHODS: All new patients between the ages of 18 and
      65 with chronic shoulder pain from a unilateral shoulder injury admitted to a
      Swiss rehabilitation teaching hospital between May 2012 and January 2015 were
      screened for potential contributing biopsychosocial factors. During the study
      period, 314 patients were screened, and after applying prespecified criteria, 158
      patients were evaluated. The median symptom duration was 9 months (interquartile
      range, 5.5-15 months), and 72% of the patients (114 patients) had rotator cuff
      tears, most of which were work injuries (59%, 93 patients) and were followed for
      a mean of 31.6 days (SD, 7.5 days). Exclusion criteria were concomitant injuries
      in another location, major or minor upper limb neuropathy, and inability to
      understand the validated available versions of PROMs. The PROMs were the DASH,
      the Brief Pain Inventory, and the Patient Global Impression of Change, before and
      after treatment (physiotherapy, cognitive therapy and vocational training). The
      Constant-Murley score was used as a clinician-rated outcome measurement.
      Statistical models were used to estimate associations between biopsychosocial
      factors and outcomes. RESULTS: Greater disability on the DASH was associated with
      psychological factors (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pain
      Catastrophizing Scale combined coefficient, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.25-1.03; p = 0.002)
      and social factors (language, professional qualification combined coefficient, 
      6.15; 95% CI, -11.09 to -1.22; p = 0.015). Greater pain on the Brief Pain
      Inventory was associated with psychological factors (Hospital Anxiety and
      Depression Scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale combined coefficient, 0.076; 95% CI,
      0.021-0.13; p = 0.006). Poorer impression of change was associated with
      psychological factors (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Pain
      Catastrophizing Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia coefficient, 0.93; 95% CI,
      0.87-0.99; p = 0.026) and social factors (education, language, and professional
      qualification coefficient, 6.67; 95% CI, 2.77-16.10; p < 0.001). Worse clinician
      rated outcome was associated only with psychological factors (Hospital Anxiety
      and Depression Scale (depression only), Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Tampa Scale
      of Kinesiophobia combined coefficient, -0.35; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.12; p = 0.003).
      CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms and catastrophizing appear to be key factors
      influencing PROMs and clinician-rated outcomes. This study suggests revisiting
      the Constant-Murley score. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, prognostic study.

PMID- 27357693
TI  - VarElect: the phenotype-based variation prioritizer of the GeneCards Suite.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Next generation sequencing (NGS) provides a key technology for
      deciphering the genetic underpinnings of human diseases. Typical NGS analyses of
      a patient depict tens of thousands non-reference coding variants, but only one or
      very few are expected to be significant for the relevant disorder. In a filtering
      stage, one employs family segregation, rarity in the population, predicted
      protein impact and evolutionary conservation as a means for shortening the
      variation list. However, narrowing down further towards culprit disease genes
      usually entails laborious seeking of gene-phenotype relationships, consulting
      numerous separate databases. Thus, a major challenge is to transition from the
      few hundred shortlisted genes to the most viable disease-causing candidates.
      RESULTS: We describe a novel tool, VarElect ( http://ve.genecards.org ), a
      comprehensive phenotype-dependent variant/gene prioritizer, based on the widely
      used GeneCards, which helps rapidly identify causal mutations with extensive
      evidence. The GeneCards suite offers an effective and speedy alternative, whereby
      >120 gene-centric automatically-mined data sources are jointly available for the
      task. VarElect cashes on this wealth of information, as well as on GeneCards'
      powerful free-text Boolean search and scoring capabilities, proficiently matching
      variant-containing genes to submitted disease/symptom keywords. The tool also
      leverages the rich disease and pathway information of MalaCards, the human
      disease database, and PathCards, the unified pathway (SuperPaths) database, both
      within the GeneCards Suite. The VarElect algorithm infers direct as well as
      indirect links between genes and phenotypes, the latter benefitting from
      GeneCards' diverse gene-to-gene data links in GenesLikeMe. Finally, our tool
      offers an extensive gene-phenotype evidence portrayal ("MiniCards") and
      hyperlinks to the parent databases. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that VarElect
      compares favorably with several often-used NGS phenotyping tools, thus providing
      a robust facility for ranking genes, pointing out their likelihood to be related
      to a patient's disease. VarElect's capacity to automatically process numerous NGS
      cases, either in stand-alone format or in VCF-analyzer mode (TGex and VarAnnot),
      is indispensable for emerging clinical projects that involve thousands of whole
      exome/genome NGS analyses.

PMID- 27357694
TI  - Genomic prediction of host resistance to sea lice in farmed Atlantic salmon
      populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sea lice have significant negative economic and welfare impacts on
      marine Atlantic salmon farming. Since host resistance to sea lice has a
      substantial genetic component, selective breeding can contribute to control of
      lice. Genomic selection uses genome-wide marker information to predict breeding
      values, and can achieve markedly higher accuracy than pedigree-based methods. Our
      aim was to assess the genetic architecture of host resistance to sea lice, and
      test the utility of genomic prediction of breeding values. Individual lice counts
      were measured in challenge experiments using two large Atlantic salmon post-smolt
      populations from a commercial breeding programme, which had genotypes for ~33 K
      single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The specific objectives were to: (i)
      estimate the heritability of host resistance; (ii) assess its genetic
      architecture by performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS); (iii) assess
      the accuracy of predicted breeding values using varying SNP densities (0.5 to 33
      K) and compare it to that of pedigree-based prediction; and (iv) evaluate the
      accuracy of prediction in closely and distantly related animals. RESULTS:
      Heritability of host resistance was significant (0.22 to 0.33) in both
      populations using either pedigree or genomic relationship matrices. The GWAS
      suggested that lice resistance is a polygenic trait, and no genome-wide
      significant quantitative trait loci were identified. Based on cross-validation
      analysis, genomic predictions were more accurate than pedigree-based predictions
      for both populations. Although prediction accuracies were highest when closely
      related animals were used in the training and validation sets, the benefit of
      having genomic-versus pedigree-based predictions within a population increased as
      the relationships between training and validation sets decreased. Prediction
      accuracy reached an asymptote with a SNP density of ~5 K within populations,
      although higher SNP density was advantageous for cross-population prediction.
      CONCLUSIONS: Host resistance to sea lice in farmed Atlantic salmon has a
      significant genetic component. Phenotypes relating to host resistance can be
      predicted with moderate to high accuracy within populations, with a major
      advantage of genomic over pedigree-based methods, even at relatively sparse SNP
      densities. Prediction accuracies across populations were low, but improved with
      higher marker densities. Genomic selection can contribute to lice control in
      salmon farming.

PMID- 27357695
TI  - Community perceptions of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Ogun State, Nigeria: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pre-eclampsia is a complication of pregnancy responsible for high
      rates of morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. When
      undetected or poorly managed, it may progress to eclampsia which further worsens
      the prognosis. While most studies examining pre-eclampsia have used a bio-medical
      model, this study recognizes the role of the socio-cultural environment, in order
      to understand perceptions of pre-eclampsia within the community. METHODS: The
      study was conducted in Ogun State, Nigeria in 2011-2012. Data were obtained
      through twenty-eight focus group discussions; seven with pregnant women (N = 80),
      eight with new mothers (N = 95), three with male decision-makers (N = 35), six
      with community leaders (N = 68), and three with traditional birth attendants (N =
      36). Interviews were also conducted with the heads of the local traditional birth
      attendants (N = 4) and with community leaders (N = 5). Data were transcribed
      verbatim and analysed in NVivo 10 software. RESULTS: There was no terminology
      reportedly used for pre-eclampsia in the native language - Yoruba; however,
      hypertension has several terms independent of pregnancy status. Generally, 'giri
      alaboyun' describes seizures specific to pregnancy. The cause of hypertension in
      pregnancy was thought to be due to depressive thoughts as a result of marital
      conflict and financial worries, while seizures in pregnancy were perceived to
      result from prolonged exposure to cold. There seemed to be no traditional
      treatment for hypertension. However for seizures the use of herbs, concoctions,
      incisions, and topical application of black soap were widespread. CONCLUSION:
      This study illustrates that knowledge of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia are limited
      amongst communities of Ogun State, Nigeria. Findings reveal that pre-eclampsia
      was perceived as a stress-induced condition, while eclampsia was perceived as a
      product of prolonged exposure to cold. Thus, heat-related local medicines and
      herbal concoctions were the treatment options. Perceptions anchored on cultural
      values and lack of adequate and focused public health awareness is a major
      constraint to knowledge of the aetiology and treatment of the conditions. A
      holistic approach is recommended for sensitization at the community level and the
      need to change the community perceptions of pre-eclampsia remains a challenge.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01911494 .

PMID- 27357696
TI  - The Influence of Infant Feeding Practices on Infant Mortality in Southern Africa.
AB  - Objective To examine the adjusted and unadjusted effects of infant feeding
      practices on infant mortality in Southern Africa. Methods A merged dataset from
      the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys for Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia and
      Zimbabwe was analysed using the Cox Proportional Hazard Model. A total number of
      13,218 infants born in 5 years preceding all the surveys with information on
      infant feeding practices constituted the study population. Infant mortality was
      the outcome variable and infant feeding practices categorised into; no
      breastfeeding, partial breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding were the main
      explanatory variables. Maternal demographic and socio-economic characteristics
      and infants' bio-demographic characteristics were also studied. Results Although,
      exclusive breastfeeding was quite low (12 %), exclusively breastfed infants
      exhibited a 97 % lower risk of dying during infancy compared to infants not
      breastfed in the region. Variations existed by country in the levels and patterns
      of both infant mortality and infant feeding practices. Mother's country, highest
      level of education and marital status; child's sex, birth weight and preceding
      birth interval were the significant predictors of infant mortality in Southern
      Africa. Conclusions Any form of breastfeeding whether exclusive or partial
      breastfeeding greatly reduces the risk of infant mortality with the greatest
      mortality reduction effect observed among exclusively breastfed infants in
      Southern Africa. To reduce the upsurge of infant mortality, there is the need to
      step up the effectiveness of child nutrition programmes that promote
      breastfeeding and put emphasis on exclusive breastfeeding of infants in the
      region.

PMID- 27357697
TI  - Postpartum Health Services Requested by Mothers with Newborns Receiving Intensive
      Care.
AB  - Objectives Our pilot study aimed to build knowledge of the postpartum health
      needs of mothers with infants in a newborn intensive care unit (NICU). Methods
      Between May 2008 and December 2009, a Certified Nurse Midwife was available
      during workday hours to provide health care services to mothers visiting their
      infants in the NICU at a large tertiary care center. Results A total of 424
      health service encounters were recorded. Maternal requests for services covered a
      wide variety of needs, with primary care being the most common. Key health
      concerns included blood pressure monitoring, colds, coughs, sore throats,
      insomnia and migraines. Mothers also expressed a need for mental health
      assessment and support, obstetric care, treatment for sexually transmitted
      infections, tobacco cessation, breastfeeding assistance, postpartum visits, and
      provision of contraception. Conclusions Our study suggests that mothers with
      babies in the NICU have a host of health needs. We also found that women were
      receptive to receiving health services in a critical care pediatric setting.
      Intensive care nurseries could feasibly partner with in-patient mother-baby units
      and/or on-site obstetric clinics to increase access to health care for the
      mothers of the high-risk newborns in their units. Modifications should be made
      within health care systems that serve high-risk infants to better address the
      many needs of the mother/baby dyad in the postpartum period.

PMID- 27357698
TI  - The bulk of the hematopoietic stem cell population is dispensable for murine
      steady-state and stress hematopoiesis.
AB  - Long-term repopulating (LT) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the most
      undifferentiated cells at the top of the hematopoietic hierarchy. The regulation
      of HSC pool size and its contribution to hematopoiesis are incompletely
      understood. We depleted hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in adult
      mice in situ and found that LT-HSCs recovered from initially very low levels
      (<1%) to below 10% of normal numbers but not more, whereas progenitor cells
      substantially recovered shortly after depletion. In spite of the persistent and
      massive reduction of LT-HSCs, steady-state hematopoiesis was unaffected and
      residual HSCs remained quiescent. Hematopoietic stress, although reported to
      recruit quiescent HSCs into cycle, was well tolerated by HSPC-depleted mice and
      did not induce expansion of the small LT-HSC compartment. Only upon 5
      fluorouracil treatment was HSPC-depleted bone marrow compromised in
      reconstituting hematopoiesis, demonstrating that HSCs and early progenitors are
      crucial to compensate myeloablation. Hence, a contracted HSC compartment cannot
      recover in situ to its original size, and normal steady-state blood cell
      generation is sustained with <10% of normal LT-HSC numbers without increased
      contribution of the few residual cells.

PMID- 27357700
TI  - Hospital volume and acute myeloid leukemia mortality in Medicare beneficiaries
      aged 65 years and older.

PMID- 27357699
TI  - Vascular thiol isomerases.
AB  - Thiol isomerases are multifunctional enzymes that influence protein structure via
      their oxidoreductase, isomerase, and chaperone activities. These enzymes localize
      at high concentrations in the endoplasmic reticulum of all eukaryotic cells where
      they serve an essential function in folding nascent proteins. However, thiol
      isomerases can escape endoplasmic retention and be secreted and localized on
      plasma membranes. Several thiol isomerases including protein disulfide isomerase,
      ERp57, and ERp5 are secreted by and localize to the membranes of platelets and
      endothelial cells. These vascular thiol isomerases are released following vessel
      injury and participate in thrombus formation. Although most of the activities of
      vascular thiol isomerases that contribute to thrombus formation are yet to be
      defined at the molecular level, allosteric disulfide bonds that are modified by
      thiol isomerases have been described in substrates such as alphaIIbbeta3,
      alphavbeta3, GPIbalpha, tissue factor, and thrombospondin. Vascular thiol
      isomerases also act as redox sensors. They respond to the local redox environment
      and influence S-nitrosylation of surface proteins on platelets and endothelial
      cells. Despite our rudimentary understanding of the mechanisms by which thiol
      isomerases control vascular function, the clinical utility of targeting them in
      thrombotic disorders is already being explored in clinical trials.

PMID- 27357702
TI  - Distal longitudinal deformation of a Synergy stent by jailed Rotawire guidewire.
AB  - Recent advances in stent technology have led to the development of thin strut
      platforms with fewer connectors. This has improved delivery but compromised
      strength, as illustrated by recent cases of longitudinal compression. We present
      an unusual case of longitudinal shortening at the distal end of a Synergy stent.

PMID- 27357701
TI  - The level of embryonation influences detection of Ostertagia ostertagi eggs by
      semi-quantitative PCR.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) is a candidate diagnostic
      marker of the pathogenic cattle nematode Ostertagia ostertagi. The aims of this
      study were: (i) to document and quantify how the development of O. ostertagi eggs
      affects ITS2 copies under different storage conditions, and (ii) to suggest
      optimal storage conditions for faecal samples in a diagnostic pipeline that
      involves detection and semi-quantification by real-time semi-quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). FINDINGS: Eggs of Ostertagia ostertagi were
      obtained from fresh faeces and stored at 4  degrees C or 25  degrees C under
      aerobic or anaerobic (vacuum packing) conditions. Development was monitored by
      microscopy for up to 336 h, and the ITS2 copies were determined by qPCR from a
      fixed number of parasites. Under aerobic conditions at 25  degrees C,
      embryonation and a significant increase of ITS2 copies (P < 0.0001) were observed
      after 12 h. At 4  degrees C, embryonation occurred after 168 h with a trend
      towards increased ITS2 copies. Anaerobic conditions inhibited egg development at
      both temperatures and no significant increase in ITS2 copies was noticed (P =
      0.90). ITS2 copies were analysed for each parasite stage: first-stage larvae (L1)
      exhibited significantly higher copy numbers (20,353 +/- 1,950) than unembryonated
      eggs (568 +/- 168; P < 0.0001) with lower coefficient of variation (33 vs 266 %).
      CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic storage of O. ostertagi eggs at 25  degrees C led to a
      significant increase in ITS2 copies after 12 h due to embryonation and subsequent
      hatching. In contrast, anaerobic storage (vacuum packing) at 25  degrees C
      completely inhibited egg development and any undesirable semi-quantification bias
      for up to 336 h. Hence, vacuum packing is an optimal storage strategy prior to
      molecular diagnostic analyses. Alternatively, aerobic storage at 4  degrees C for
      up to 72 h can be used. Due to high copy numbers and lower genetic variation, the
      L1 stage may be considered for diagnostics and further molecular research.

PMID- 27357703
TI  - Innovative sensory methods to access acceptability of mixed polymer semisoft
      ovules for microbicide applications.
AB  - Vaginal microbicides are a promising means to prevent the transmission of HIV,
      empowering women by putting protection under their control. We have been using
      gel technology to develop microbicides in the intermediate texture space to
      overcome shortcomings of current solid and liquid forms. We recently formulated
      semisoft ovules from mixed polymer combinations of carrageenan and Carbopol 940P
      to overcome some of the flaws with our previous generation of formulations based
      solely on carrageenan. To determine the user acceptability of the reformulated
      gels, women first evaluated intact semisoft ovules before evaluating ovules that
      had been subjected to mechanical crushing to simulate samples that represent post
      use discharge. Women then evaluated combinations of intact and discharge samples
      to understand how ovule textures correlated with texture of the resulting
      discharge samples. Carbopol concentration directly and inversely correlated with
      willingness to try for discharge samples and intact samples, respectively. When
      evaluating intact samples, women focused on the ease of inserting the product and
      preferred firmer samples; conversely, when evaluating discharge samples, softer
      samples that resulted in a smooth paste were preferred. Significant differences
      between samples were lost when evaluating pairs as women made varying trade-offs
      between their preference for ease of inserting intact ovules and acceptability of
      discharge appearance. Evaluating samples that represent different stages of the
      use cycle reveals a more holistic measure of product acceptability. Studying
      sensory acceptability in parallel with biophysical performance enables an
      iterative design process that considers what women prefer in terms of insertion
      as well as possibility of leakage.

PMID- 27357704
TI  - Site-specific bacterial chromosome engineering mediated by IntA integrase from
      Rhizobium etli.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The bacterial chromosome may be used to stably maintain foreign DNA
      in the mega-base range. Integration into the chromosome circumvents issues such
      as plasmid replication, stability, incompatibility, and copy number variance. The
      site-specific integrase IntA from Rhizobium etli CFN42 catalyzes a direct
      recombination between two specific DNA sites: attA and attD (23 bp). This
      recombination is stable. The aim of this work was to develop a R. etli derivative
      that may be used as recipient for the integration of foreign DNA in the
      chromosome, adapting the IntA catalyzed site-specific recombination system.
      RESULTS: To fulfill our aim, we designed a Rhizobium etli CFN42 derivative,
      containing a "landing pad" (LP) integrated into the chromosome. The LP sector
      consists of a green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the lacZ
      promoter and a spectinomycin resistance gene. Between the lacZ promoter and the
      GFP gene we inserted an IntA attachment site, which does not affect transcription
      from the lac promoter. Also, a mobilizable donor vector was generated, containing
      an attA site and a kanamycin resistance gene; to facilitate insertion of foreign
      DNA, this vector also contains a multicloning site. There are no promoters
      flanking the multicloning site. A biparental mating protocol was used to transfer
      the donor vector into the landing pad strain; insertion of the donor vector into
      the landing pad sector via IntA-mediated attA X attA recombination thereby
      interrupted the expression of the green fluorescent protein, generating site
      specific cointegrants. Cointegrants were easily recognized by screening for
      antibiotic sensitivity and lack of GFP expression, and were obtained with an
      efficiency of 6.18 %. CONCLUSIONS: Integration of foreign DNA in Rhizobium,
      lacking any similarity with the genome, can be easily achieved by IntA-mediated
      recombination. This protocol contains the mating and selection procedures for
      creating and isolating integrants.

PMID- 27357705
TI  - The effect of Eulaliopsis binata on the physi-chemical properties, microbial
      biomass, and enzymatic activities in Cd-Pb polluted soil.
AB  - Pot culture experiment using mining wasteland soil was carried out to study the
      effect of Eulaliopsis binata on the heavy-metal polluted soil with the growth of
      90, 180, 270, and 360 days. Soil nutritional components, heavy metal, microbial
      biomass, and enzymatic activities were analyzed in this study, and the control
      group had no plants. The results showed that heavy metal contents decreased with
      E. binata growth, extractable Cd and Pb decreased 28 and 15 % after 1 year, but
      the difference was not significant compared with the control. While soil
      nutritional components, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities increased
      significantly as compared with the control. Comparing with pre-experiment, soil
      organic matter, N, P, K, microbial biomass C, N, P, invertase, urease, acid
      phosphatase, and catalase increased 0.9, 1.1, 3.0, 1.1, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.5 times,
      respectively. The indexes of soil nutritional components, microbial biomass, and
      enzymatic activities are positively correlated to each other, while they are
      negatively correlated to heavy metal content respectively. E. binata has positive
      influence on Cd-Pb pollution soil and broad application prospects in remediating
      heavy-metal polluted soil. 

PMID- 27357706
TI  - Performance of a pilot-scale wet electrostatic precipitator for the control of
      sulfuric acid mist.
AB  - The use of a wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) is often regarded as a viable
      option to reduce sulfuric acid mist emitted from the wet flue gas desulfurization
      (WFGD) tower in coal-fired power plants. In this study, a pilot-scale wet
      electrostatic precipitator equipped with a wall-cooled collection electrode is
      investigated for the control of sulfuric acid mist from a simulated WFGD system.
      The results show that due to partial charging effect, the removal efficiency of
      sulfuric acid aerosol decreases when the aerosol size decreases to several tens
      of nanometers. Moreover, due to the plasma-induced effect, a large number of
      ultrafine sulfuric acid aerosols below 50 nm formed at a voltage higher than 24
      kV inside the WESP. The percentages of submicron-sized aerosols significantly
      increase together with the voltage. To minimize the adverse plasma-induced
      effect, a WESP should be operated at a high gas velocity with an optimum high
      voltage. Even at a high flue gas velocity of 2.3 m s(-1), the mass concentration
      and the total number concentration of uncaptured sulfuric acid aerosols at the
      WESP outlet are as low as ca. 0.6 mg m(-3) and ca. 10(4) 1 cm(-3) at 28 kV,
      respectively. The corresponding removal efficiencies were respectively higher
      than 99.4 and 99.9 % and are very similar to that at 1.1 and 1.6 m s(-1).
      Moreover, the condensation-induced aerosol growth enhances the removal of
      sulfuric acid mist inside a WESP and enables a low emission concentration of ca.
      0.65 mg m(-3) with a corresponding removal efficiency superior to 99.4 % even at
      a low voltage of 21 kV, and of ca. 0.35 mg m(-3) with a corresponding removal
      efficiency superior to 99.6 % at a higher voltage level of 26 kV. 

PMID- 27357707
TI  - The use of juvenile Solea solea as sentinel in the marine platform of the Ebre
      Delta: in vitro interaction of emerging contaminants with the liver
      detoxification system.
AB  - Juveniles of Solea solea were sampled during the spring season in three
      consecutive years at a marine site by the mouth of the Ebre river. The aim was to
      assess if the extractive works from the toxic load upstream the river could be
      reflected on the health status of the fish living at the immediate sea. The
      biomarkers selected for the in vivo field study are commonly used as indicators
      of chemical exposures. They include activities of energy metabolism: lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH) and citrate synthase (CS); neurotoxicity: cholinesterases
      (ChE); xenobiotic metabolism: cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent: EROD and BFCOD,
      carboxylesterase (CbE), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and uridine diphosphate
      glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT); and oxidative stress parameters such as catalase
      (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as
      levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). These biomarkers were mostly analysed in
      liver but also in gills and muscle depending on their particular tissue
      distribution and role. A complementary in vitro approach was also sought to see
      the capacity of common emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals and personal care
      products; PPCPs) to interact with the liver microsomal detoxification system of
      the fish (EROD, BFCOD and CbE activities). The results indicated that in fish
      sampled in 2015 there was an enhancement in detoxification parameters (EROD,
      BFCOD and gill GR), muscular ChEs and gill CS, but a decrease in CbE activity and
      a marked oxidative stress situation (increased LPO and decreased CAT activity).
      Also, 4 out of the 10 PPCPs tested in vitro were able to interact with the CYP3A4
      (BFCOD) enzymatic system while the lipid regulators simvastatin and fenofibrate
      inhibited CbE activity, as it occurs in higher vertebrates. The in vivo results
      support the use of a multibiomarker approach when assessing the disturbances due
      to chemical exposures, not only spatially but also over time, once the influence
      of other variables has been taken into consideration. The in vitro results
      highlight the importance of the CYP3A4 and CbE pathway in pharmaceutical
      metabolism, also in fish. 

PMID- 27357708
TI  - Bacteria and fungi inactivation by photocatalysis under UVA irradiation: liquid
      and gas phase.
AB  - In the last decade, environmental risks associated with wastewater treatment
      plants (WWTPs) have become a concern in the scientific community due to the
      absence of specific legislation governing the occupational exposure limits (OEL)
      for microorganisms present in indoor air. Thus, it is necessary to develop
      techniques to effectively inactivate microorganisms present in the air of WWTPs
      facilities. In the present work, ultraviolet light A radiation was used as
      inactivation tool. The microbial population was not visibly reduced in the
      bioaerosol by ultraviolet light A (UVA) photolysis. The UVA photocatalytic
      process for the inactivation of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi, ATCC strains
      and isolates from indoor air samples of a WWTP) using titanium dioxide (TiO2 P25)
      and zinc oxide (ZnO) was tested in both liquid-phase and airborne conditions. In
      the slurry conditions at liquid phase, P25 showed a better performance in
      inactivation. For this reason, gas-phase assays were performed in a tubular
      photoreactor packed with cellulose acetate monolithic structures coated with P25.
      The survival rate of microorganisms under study decreased with the catalyst load
      and the UVA exposure time. Inactivation of fungi was slower than resistant
      bacteria, followed by Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria.
      Graphical abstract Inactivation of fungi and bacteria in gas phase by
      photocatalitic process performed in a tubular photoreactor packed with cellulose
      acetate monolith structures coated with TiO2.

PMID- 27357710
TI  - Treat the disease not the symptoms: Successful management of obsessive compulsive
      disorder in bipolar disorder with aripiprazole augmentation.

PMID- 27357711
TI  - Tibolone treatment for perimenopausal depression: Three cases.

PMID- 27357709
TI  - Cardiac surgery 2015 reviewed.
AB  - For the year 2015, almost 19,000 published references can be found in PubMed when
      entering the search term "cardiac surgery". The last year has been again
      characterized by lively discussions in the fields where classic cardiac surgery
      and modern interventional techniques overlap. Lacking evidence in the field of
      coronary revascularization with either percutaneous coronary intervention or
      bypass surgery has been added. As in the years before, CABG remains the gold
      standard for the revascularization of complex stable triple-vessel disease.
      Plenty of new information has been presented comparing the conventional to
      transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) demonstrating similar short- and
      mid-term outcomes at high and low risk, but even a survival advantage with
      transfemoral TAVI at intermediate risk. In addition, there were many relevant and
      interesting other contributions from the purely operative arena. This review
      article will summarize the most pertinent publications in the fields of coronary
      revascularization, surgical treatment of valve disease, heart failure (i.e.,
      transplantation and ventricular assist devices), and aortic surgery. While the
      article does not have the expectation of being complete and cannot be free of
      individual interpretation, it provides a condensed summary that is intended to
      give the reader "solid ground" for up-to-date decision-making in cardiac surgery.

PMID- 27357712
TI  - Delusional infestation in a patient with posterior reversible encephalopathy
      syndrome.

PMID- 27357713
TI  - Behavioural addictions: A challenge for psychopathology and psychiatric nosology.
AB  - Disorders characterised by repetitive and problematic behaviours and poor impulse
      control have been increasingly conceptualised as behavioural addictions. This
      article examines the concept of behavioural addiction and argues that the
      addiction framework is only one approach to these behavioural disturbances. It
      cautions against a tendency to regard many activities that are performed with an
      extraordinary intensity or frequency and that have some negative consequences as
      behavioural addiction. There is a need for more research to better understand the
      links between repetitive and problematic behaviours and other psychopathology, as
      well as the function of these behaviours and factors that maintain them. 

PMID- 27357714
TI  - Behavioural health disorders rather than behavioural addictions.

PMID- 27357715
TI  - Organic psychosis improving after a seizure.

PMID- 27357716
TI  - Anti-NR2 antibodies, blood-brain barrier, and cognitive dysfunction.
AB  - Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric
      manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In animal models,
      antibodies to NR2 subunit of N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (anti-NR2) cause
      memory impairment, but only with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption or
      intrathecal administration. Several studies have failed to find association of
      aNR2 with CD, but none have assessed BBB integrity. S100B, an astrocyte-specific
      protein, has been used as biomarker of BBB disruption in traumatic brain injury
      and some neurodegenerative disorders. Antibodies to this immunologically
      privileged protein (anti-S100B) might indicate preceding BBB disruption. We
      hypothesized that aNR2 antibody is pathogenic in SLE patients only with BBB
      disruption. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data was collected from
      patients with SLE. Total throughput score (TTS) of the Automated
      Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) was used as primary outcome measure.
      CD was defined as TTS < 1.5 SD below an age-, sex-, and race-matched RA
      population mean. Serum was analyzed by established ELISA techniques. Fifty-seven
      patients were evaluated and 12 had CD. Age, ethnicity, and family income were
      significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). In a multiple
      regression model adjusting for other variables, no significant effects of anti
      NR2, S100B, or anti-S100B on TTS were found. Even at high levels of S100B and
      anti-S100B, no significant influence of anti-NR2 on TTS was found. The anti-NR2
      was not associated with CD in SLE even in context of potential BBB disruption.
      This suggests that, if pathogenic, these antibodies may be produced
      intrathecally.

PMID- 27357718
TI  - SASDAS (simplified version of ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score)-ESR
      performance and development of SASDAS-CRP and their agreement with ASDAS-ESR and
      ASDAS-CRP in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

PMID- 27357717
TI  - Nailfold capillaroscopy assessment of microcirculation abnormalities and
      endothelial dysfunction in children with primary or secondary Raynaud syndrome.
AB  - Raynaud syndrome (RS) manifests as episodes of transient spasms of peripheral
      blood vessels, most often in response to cold. The reason of that symptom
      (primary RS (pRS)) usually cannot be found but may be accompanied by some
      autoimmune diseases (secondary RS (sRS)). In this study, we assessed
      microcapillary status and serum concentrations of chosen cytokines, adhesive
      molecules, and nitric oxide (NO) in patients with pRS and sRS in comparison with
      healthy children. Eighty-six patients with RS were enrolled into the study,
      including 52 with pRS and 34 with sRS. The control group consisted of 29 healthy
      children. A decrease in myorelaxative and anticoagulant abilities was observed,
      with simultaneous prevalence of vasopressor substances and procoagulative
      activity. Therefore, several important factors such as endothelin-1 (ET-1), E
      selectin (E-sel), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and nitrogen oxide (NO) were also
      analyzed. Two types of capillaroscopy status were determined: normal and
      microangiopathic. There was a significant relationship between presence of
      microangiopathy and higher serum ET-1 (p = 0.018) and E-sel (p = 0.021) levels.
      Similarly, we have found a correlation between presence of ANA and higher ET-1 (p
      = 0.005), but not E-sel (p = 0.241). In patients with pRS, we found significant
      relationship between ANA and higher ET-1 (p = 0.008). No such relations were
      observed in sRS patients. Our data indicates that external factor-induced
      vasoconstrictive effects dominated in pRS, whereas in sRS in the course of
      connective tissue diseases, it was accompanied by coexistent vasodilation due to
      endothelial dysfunction. The latter phenomenon is at least partially dependent on
      insufficient NO release. 

PMID- 27357719
TI  - Nuclear size measurement for distinguishing urothelial carcinomas from reactive
      urothelium on tissue sections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pathological diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma (UC) is primarily
      based on cytological atypia. It has previously been shown that high-grade (HG)
      UC, particularly UC in situ cells (CIS), can be over five times the size of a
      lymphocyte. However, this has not been demonstrated in comparison to reactive
      urothelium. The objective of this study was to empirically compare the difference
      in nuclear size of UC cells with reactive urothelial cells. METHODS: Using
      CellSens imaging software, we measured urothelial nuclear length (l) and width
      (w) on digital images of H&E sections. The area (a) of a nucleus was calculated
      based on the oval shape of most urothelial cells. Lymphocytes were measured to
      calculate normalized urothelial linear and area ratios. RESULTS: A total of 1085
      urothelial cell nuclei from 60 cases were measured from reactive urothelium, low
      grade (LG) UC, HG UC and CIS. CIS nuclei were found to have an a 2.75 times
      larger than reactive nuclei (p < 0.001). A nuclear size cut-off of 11 um for l
      and 7 um for w was found to be sensitive [98.09 % (95 % CI: 95.60-99.38 %) and
      89.31 % (95 % CI: 83.6-91.82 %) for l and w, respectively] and specific [92.60 %
      (95 % CI: 87.13-95.82 %) and 85.71 % (95 % CI: 79.49-90.63 %) for l and w,
      respectively] for distinguishing CIS from reactive atypia. CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear
      morphometry can be used to differentiate CIS from reactive atypia. A l over 11 um
      and a w over 7 um and is highly sensitive and specific for CIS compared to
      reactive urothelium. This difference in nuclear size may be used as a tool for
      differentiating the flat urothelial lesions from reactive urothelium in daily
      practice.

PMID- 27357720
TI  - Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus associated with
      the 2014 disease outbreak in Mexico: case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interest in porcine epidemic diarrhea has grown since the 2013
      outbreak in the United States caused major losses, with mortality rates up to 100
      % in suckling piglets. In Mexico, an outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea,
      characterized by 100 % mortality in piglets, began in March 2014 in the State of
      Mexico. METHODS: The aim of this study was to confirm and identify porcine
      epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in samples from piglets with suggestive clinical
      signs using virological, histological, and molecular techniques. Necropsy was
      performed on 13 piglets from two litters with initial and advanced clinical
      signs. Suggestive lesions of acute infection with PEDV were detected in
      histological sections of the small and large bowels; specifically, multiple virus
      particles with visible crown-shaped projections were observed using electron
      microscopy and negative staining. Viral isolation was performed in Vero cells
      with trypsin. Infection was monitored by observation of cytopathic effect, and
      titration was determined by TCID50/ml. The presence of the PEDV in cultures and
      clinical samples was confirmed by RT-PCR amplification and sequencing of a 651-bp
      segment of the S glycoprotein gene, as well as a 681-bp matrix protein gene.
      RESULTS: The nucleotide sequence analysis of the Mexican isolates showed marked
      homology to viruses that circulated in 2013 in Colorado, USA. CONCLUSIONS: In
      this paper we confirm the isolation and characterization of PEDV from animals
      with early and advanced clinical signs.

PMID- 27357721
TI  - PhyloToAST: Bioinformatics tools for species-level analysis and visualization of
      complex microbial datasets.
AB  - The 16S rRNA gene is widely used for taxonomic profiling of microbial ecosystems;
      and recent advances in sequencing chemistry have allowed extremely large numbers
      of sequences to be generated from minimal amounts of biological samples. Analysis
      speed and resolution of data to species-level taxa are two important factors in
      large-scale explorations of complex microbiomes using 16S sequencing. We present
      here new software, Phylogenetic Tools for Analysis of Species-level Taxa
      (PhyloToAST), that completely integrates with the QIIME pipeline to improve
      analysis speed, reduce primer bias (requiring two sequencing primers), enhance
      species-level analysis, and add new visualization tools. The code is free and
      open source, and can be accessed at http://phylotoast.org.

PMID- 27357722
TI  - Infective endocarditis of an aortic intimal flap due to Streptococcus agalactiae
      in a patient with Sjogren's syndrome: an unusual clinical case report.

PMID- 27357723
TI  - Bone stability around implants in elderly patients with reduced bone mineral
      density - a prospective study on mandibular overdentures.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to determine
      whether reduced bone mineral density (BMD) is correlated with a higher risk for
      dental implant therapy in an elderly patient population. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Seventy-nine patients recruited at the Prince Philip Dental Hospital were
      provided with 2-implant-supported mandibular overdentures. Skeletal BMD was
      recorded before the implant therapy. The World Health Organization Osteoporosis
      Diagnosis Classification (femoral neck score) was utilized to define the
      osteoporosis status of patients. Periapical radiographs were taken with a special
      radiographic holder at the time of implant loading (baseline) and at follow-up
      examinations. The mesial and distal marginal bone levels of each implant were
      measured. The mean marginal bone loss (mMBL) and greatest marginal bone loss
      (GBL) of four implant sites at patient level were recorded for data analysis.
      Clinical examination including plaque score (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP)
      was recorded. RESULTS: Of the 79 patients recruited in the study, the survival
      rate of implant was 98.7%. Sixty-three patients (79.7%) were finally available
      for data collection and statistical analyses. The mean follow-up time was 62.9
      (SD = 15.2) months with the mean MBL 0.65 mm (SD = 0.67) and mean GBL 1.25 mm (SD
      = 0.83), respectively. The average BOP and PI of patients were 49.6% (SD = 30.8)
      and 47.4% (SD = 37.4). Only BOP was found significantly correlated with mMBL (r =
      0.321, P = 0.01). Skeletal BMD was not associated with marginal bone loss (mean
      MBL: r = -0.094, P = 0.466; mean GBL: r = 0.04, P = 0.761). CONCLUSIONS: Within
      the limits of this study, osteoporosis was not a contraindication for implant
      therapy, and reduced skeletal BMD was not associated with increased marginal bone
      loss around implants or other complications in an elderly population.

PMID- 27357724
TI  - Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-H Alkynylation of Aromatic Amides with Hypervalent Iodine
      Alkyne Reagents.
AB  - An efficient C-H activation method for the ortho alkynylation of aromatic N
      methoxyamides with hypervalent iodine-alkyne reagent using a ruthenium catalyst
      is described. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions with broad
      substrate scope. A possible catalytic cycle involving a ruthenium carboxylate
      assisted C-H bond cleavage is proposed from the preliminary mechanistic evidence.

PMID- 27357725
TI  - Monetary value of self-reported diets and associations with sociodemographic
      characteristics and dietary intake among Japanese adults: analysis of nationally
      representative surveys.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationships of monetary value of diets with
      sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics and dietary intake among Japanese
      adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study based on two nationally representative
      surveys: the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions and the National Health
      and Nutrition Survey, 2013. Dietary intake was assessed by a 1 d semi-weighed
      household dietary record with information on individual proportion of intakes.
      Diet cost was estimated by linking dietary data with retail food prices. A wide
      variety of sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were obtained from the two
      surveys. SETTING: A random sample of nationally representative households in
      Japan. SUBJECTS: Japanese adults aged 20 years or older (n 4658). RESULTS: Lower
      energy-adjusted diet cost (Japanese yen/4184 kJ) was significantly associated
      with being younger, having a lower education, less equivalent monthly household
      expenditure, large household size, less physical activity and living in rented
      houses. Lower diet cost was associated with a lower intake of pulses, vegetables,
      fruits, fish, meat and dairy products, and a higher intake of grain, eggs, and
      fats and oils. At the nutrient level, lower diet cost was associated with a lower
      intake of protein, alcohol, dietary fibre, cholesterol and all vitamins and
      minerals examined, and a higher intake of carbohydrate. Diet cost was inversely
      associated with dietary energy density. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that
      certain low socio-economic subgroups in Japan consume diets of lower monetary
      value, resulting in a lower quality of food and nutrient intake pattern except
      for lower sodium, cholesterol and alcohol consumption.

PMID- 27357727
TI  - Neuroticism and maladaptive coping in patients with functional somatic syndromes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The cognitive-behavioural model of functional somatic syndromes (FSS)
      proposes a multifactorial aetiology consisting of predisposing, precipitating and
      perpetuating factors. In this study, we sought to investigate three questions
      that can be drawn from this model: (1) Do patients with FSS show high levels of
      neuroticism? (2) Does neuroticism affect physical health and social functioning,
      either directly or indirectly through maladaptive coping? (3) Does more adaptive
      coping mediate the effect of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) on outcome?
      DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) using
      additional data. METHOD: We used yet unpublished data on neuroticism (measured
      with Temperament and Character Inventory, Revised) and coping (measured with
      Coping Strategies Questionnaire) together with already reported outcomes
      (physical health and social functioning measured with SF-36) from an RCT
      comparing group CBT with enhanced usual care in 120 patients with a range of FSS.
      Neuroticism was measured at referral, while coping and outcomes were measured at
      referral, baseline, 4 and 16 months after randomization. Our hypotheses were
      explored through a series of cross-sectional (linear regression and structural
      equation models) and longitudinal (mediation) analyses. RESULTS: Patients with
      FSS showed higher levels of neuroticism than two healthy comparison groups. At
      referral, symptom catastrophizing partly mediated the negative association
      between neuroticism and outcome. Reduction in symptom catastrophizing during
      group CBT partially mediated its long-term effect. CONCLUSIONS: The results give
      support to a generic cognitive-behavioural model of FSS. Targeting symptom
      catastrophizing may be an essential component in CBT for patients with FSS,
      regardless of their specific diagnosis. Statement of contribution What is already
      known on this subject? Previous studies have found support for single components
      of the cognitive-behavioural model such as dysfunctional illness beliefs or
      avoidant coping. Most studies have investigated single functional somatic
      syndromes (FSS) such as fibromyalgia or irritable bowel syndrome. What does this
      study add? Predisposing neuroticism was linked to poor physical health through
      symptom catastrophizing across a range of FSS. Reduced symptom catastrophizing
      during group cognitive-behavioural therapy partially mediated its long-term
      effect. Addressing symptom catastrophizing may be a key element of the management
      of patients with FSS.

PMID- 27357729
TI  - Tanshinone IIA attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune neurodegenerative disease,
      which features focal demyelination and inflammatory cell infiltration of the
      brain and the spinal cord. Tanshinone IIA (TSIIA), one of the major fat-soluble
      components of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), has anti-inflammatory,
      immunoregulatory and neuroprotective activity; however, its efficacy in MS
      remains unknown. The current study was designed to investigate the potential
      therapeutic function of TSIIA on MS in the experimental autoimmune
      encephalomyelitis (EAE) rat model. In comparison to the vehicle control group,
      the TSIIA-treated groups showed notably improved clinical symptoms and
      pathological changes, including central nervous system inflammatory cell
      infiltration and demyelination. Following administration of TSIIA, the quantity
      of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and macrophages/microglia in the spinal cord were
      reduced to different extents. Furthermore, TSIIA was also shown to downregulate
      interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-23 levels in the brain and serum of EAE rats. The
      results collectively provide evidence that TSIIA alleviates EAE and support its
      utility as a novel therapy for MS. 

PMID- 27357728
TI  - A model to predict the risk of lethal nasopharyngeal necrosis after re
      irradiation with intensity-modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who undergo re
      irradiation with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), lethal nasopharyngeal
      necrosis (LNN) is a severe late adverse event. The purpose of this study was to
      identify risk factors for LNN and develop a model to predict LNN after radical re
      irradiation with IMRT in patients with recurrent NPC. METHODS: Patients who
      underwent radical re-irradiation with IMRT for locally recurrent NPC between
      March 2001 and December 2011 and who had no evidence of distant metastasis were
      included in this study. Clinical characteristics, including recurrent carcinoma
      conditions and dosimetric features, were evaluated as candidate risk factors for
      LNN. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors
      and construct the predictive scoring model. RESULTS: Among 228 patients enrolled
      in this study, 204 were at risk of developing LNN based on risk analysis. Of the
      204 patients treated, 31 (15.2%) developed LNN. Logistic regression analysis
      showed that female sex (P = 0.008), necrosis before re-irradiation (P = 0.008),
      accumulated total prescription dose to the gross tumor volume (GTV) >=145.5 Gy (P
      = 0.043), and recurrent tumor volume >=25.38 cm(3) (P = 0.009) were independent
      risk factors for LNN. A model to predict LNN was then constructed that included
      these four independent risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: A model that includes sex,
      necrosis before re-irradiation, accumulated total prescription dose to GTV, and
      recurrent tumor volume can effectively predict the risk of developing LNN in NPC
      patients who undergo radical re-irradiation with IMRT.

PMID- 27357730
TI  - Pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 as a target of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
      in human prostate cancer through a global phosphoproteomic analysis.
AB  - Prostate cancer is one of the leading cancers in men. Taking dietary supplements,
      such as fish oil (FO), which is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs),
      has been employed as a strategy to lower prostate cancer risk and control disease
      progression. In this study, we investigated the global phosphoproteomic changes
      induced by FO using a combination of phosphoprotein-enrichment strategy and high
      resolution tandem mass spectrometry. We found that FO induces many more
      phosphorylation changes than oleic acid when they both are compared to control
      group. Quantitative comparison between untreated group and FO- or oleic acid
      treated groups uncovered a number of important protein phosphorylation changes
      induced by n-3PUFAs. This phosphoproteomic discovery study and the follow-up
      Western Blot validation study elucidate that phosphorylation levels of the two
      regulatory serine residues in pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 (PDHA1), serine-232
      and serine-300, are significantly decreased upon FO treatment. As expected,
      increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was also observed. This study suggests
      that FO-induced phosphorylation changes in PDHA1 is more likely related to the
      glucose metabolism pathway, and n-3 PUFAs may have a role in controlling the
      balance between lipid and glucose oxidation.

PMID- 27357731
TI  - Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-oil Model Compounds over Pt/HY Catalyst.
AB  - The hydrodeoxygenation of a model compound of lignin-derived bio-oil, guaiacol,
      which can be obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass to bio-oil, has attracted
      considerable research attention because of its huge potential as a substitute for
      conventional fuels. In this study, platinum-loaded HY zeolites (Pt/HY) with
      different Si/Al molar ratios were used as catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of
      guaiacol, anisole, veratrole, and phenol to a range of hydrocarbons, such as
      cyclohexane. The cyclohexane (major product) yield increased with increasing
      number of acid sites. To produce bio-oil with the maximum level of cyclohexane
      and alkylated cyclohexanes, which would be suitable as a substitute for
      conventional transportation fuels, the Si/Al molar ratio should be optimized to
      balance the Pt particle-induced hydrogenation with acid site-induced methyl group
      transfer. The fuel properties of real bio-oil derived from the fast pyrolysis of
      cork oak was improved using the Pt/HY catalyst.

PMID- 27357732
TI  - Corrosion Behavior of Ti60 Alloy under a Solid NaCl Deposit in Wet Oxygen Flow at
      600  degrees C.
AB  - The corrosion behavior of Ti60 alloy covered with a solid NaCl deposit in wet
      oxygen flow at 600  degrees C has been studied further by SEM, EDX, XPS, XRD, TEM
      and EPMA analysis. The results show that solid NaCl and H2O react with Ti oxides,
      which destroyed the Ti oxide scale to yield the non-protective Na4Ti5O12 and
      other volatile species. The resulting corrosion product scale was multilayered
      and contained abundant rapid diffusion channels leading to the fast diffusion
      which improved the corrosion rate. A possible mechanism has been proposed for the
      NaCl-covered Ti60 alloy, based on the experimental results.

PMID- 27357733
TI  - A case of hyaluronic acid injections triggering cutaneous sarcoidosis at
      previously treated sites.

PMID- 27357734
TI  - Effects of AP-1 and NF-kappaB inhibitors on colonic endocrine cells in rats with
      TNBS-induced colitis.
AB  - Interactions between intestinal neuroendocrine peptides/amines and the immune
      system appear to have an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory
      bowel disease (IBD). The present study investigated the effects of activator
      protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB inhibitors on inflammation-induced
      alterations in enteroendocrine cells. A total of 48 male Wistar rats were divided
      into the following four groups (n=12 rats/group): Control, trinitrobenzene
      sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis only (TNBS group), TNBS-induced colitis with
      3-[(dodecylthiocarbonyl)-methyl]-glutarimide (DTCM-G) treatment (DTCM-G group),
      and TNBS-induced colitis with dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) treatment
      (DHMEQ group). A total of 3 days following administration of TNBS, the rats were
      treated as follows: The control and TNBS groups received 0.5 ml vehicle (0.5%
      carboxymethyl cellulose; CMC), respectively; the DTCM-G group received DTCM-G (20
      mg/kg body weight) in 0.5% CMC; and the DHMEQ group received DHMEQ (15 mg/kg body
      weight) in 0.5% CMC. All injections were performed intraperitoneally twice daily
      for 5 days. The rats were sacrificed, and tissue samples obtained from the colon
      were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Inflammation was
      evaluated using a scoring system. In addition, the sections were immunostained
      for chromogranin A (CgA), serotonin, peptide YY (PYY), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic
      polypeptide (PP) and somatostatin, and immunostaining was quantified using image
      analysis software. The density of cells expressing CgA, PYY and PP was
      significantly lower in the TNBS group compared with in the control group, whereas
      the density of cells expressing serotonin, oxyntomodulin and somatostatin was
      significantly higher in the TNBS group compared with in the control group. None
      of the endocrine cell types differed significantly between the control group and
      either the DTCM-G or DHMEQ groups. All of the colonic endocrine cell types were
      affected in rats with TNBS-induced colitis. The expression density of these
      endocrine cell types was restored to control levels following treatment with AP-1
      or NF-kappaB inhibitors. These results indicated that the immune system and
      enteroendocrine cells interact in IBD. 

PMID- 27357736
TI  - Flexible and Porous Nanocellulose Aerogels with High Loadings of Metal-Organic
      Framework Particles for Separations Applications.
AB  - Flexible and porous aerogels are obtained by combining functional metal-organic
      frameworks (MOFs) and structural cellulose nanocrystals via a straightforward
      water-based sol-gel process, followed by freeze-drying. The aerogels have a
      hierarchical porous structure with controllable MOF loading up to 50 wt%. These
      hybrid materials can be used as absorbents for water purification. 

PMID- 27357735
TI  - Circadian variation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 availability in the rat
      brain.
AB  - The metabotrophic subtype 5 glutamate receptor (mGluR5) plays a critical role in
      synaptic plasticity besides its involvement in numerous neurological disorders,
      such as depression. As mGluR5 availability in humans is altered in sleep
      deprivation, we hypothesized that mGluR5 availability underlies a circadian
      variation. To investigate whether mGluR5 underlies potential circadian changes we
      measured its density in a randomized fashion at six different daytimes in 11
      adult Sprague-Dawley rats. mGluR5 density was quantified by positron emission
      tomography (PET) using the radioactive ligand [11 C]ABP688. [11 C]ABP688 uptake
      was quantified in nine regions of interest with a reference tissue model.
      Significant differences in the binding potential (BPND ) and therefore mGluR5
      availability between the different circadian times were found in cortex,
      cingulate cortex, amygdala, caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. Further post
      hoc statistical analysis (Tukey-Kramer test) of the different time-points
      revealed significant changes in BPND between 07:00 hours (start of light-on
      phase) and 15:00 hours (last time-point of the light-on phase) in the caudate
      putamen. This study shows that mGluR5 availability is increased during the light
      on, or sleep phase, of rodents by approximately 10%. Given that altered mGluR5
      densities play a role in psychiatric disorders, further investigation is
      warranted to evaluate their circadian involvement in mood changes in humans.

PMID- 27357737
TI  - Retreatment efficacy and predictors of ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir to HCV genotype
      1 in Japan.
AB  - Predictors of treatment efficacy with ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir as direct-acting
      antiviral (DAA) regimen for HCV infection are still unclear. Retreatment efficacy
      of ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir for failures to prior DAA regimens, including NS5A
      inhibitors, are also unknown because resistance-associated variants (RAVs) in
      NS5A have been shown to persist up to the long-term of post-treatment. One
      hundred seventy-five patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection, without
      decompensated liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, were evaluated SVR12
      by ledipasvir 90 mg plus sofosbuvir 400 mg once-daily for 12 weeks. Overall,
      SVR12 were 92%, based on intention to treat analysis. In failures to daclatasvir
      plus asunaprevir, SVR12 were 71%. The study using ultra-deep sequencing showed
      that ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir was effective to one case of failures to
      daclatasvir plus asunaprevir with multidrug RAVs (triple mutation in NS3
      D168/NS5A-L31/NS5A-Y93). Multivariate analysis identified FIB4 index (<3.25),
      IL28B rs8099917 (TT type), and NS5A-L31 (Wild type) as significant determinants
      of SVR12. SVR12 rates in patients with three factors of poor response (RAVs
      Positive, IL28B non-TT, and FIB4 index >=3.25) simultaneously were significantly
      lower than those of the other patients. Prediction of response to therapy based
      on combination of three predictors had high sensitivity and positive predictive
      values. In conclusions, this study indicated the favorable efficacy of ledipasvir
      plus sofosbuvir for HCV genotype 1 infection, including multidrug RAVs in Japan.
      Treatment efficacy could be predicted by the combination of viral and host
      factors. J. Med. Virol. 89:284-290, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357738
TI  - Safety, tolerability and clinical pharmacology of dabigatran etexilate in
      adolescents. An open-label phase IIa study.
AB  - Venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence is increasing among children owing to many
      factors, including improved diagnosis of VTE. There is a need for alternative
      treatment options. Our objective was to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics
      (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of dabigatran etexilate in adolescents with VTE.
      Adolescents aged 12 to <18 years (n = 9) who successfully completed planned
      treatment for primary VTE were administered dabigatran etexilate twice daily for
      three days; initially 1.71 (+/- 10 %) mg/kg (80 % of a 150 mg/70 kg twice daily
      adult dose), followed by 2.14 (+/- 10 %) mg/kg (target adult dose adjusted for
      patient's weight), if there were no safety concerns. No bleeding events, deaths
      or drug-related serious adverse events (AEs) were reported; three treatment
      emergent AEs, all gastrointestinal-related, occurred in two patients. In these
      adolescent patients with normal renal function, presumed steady-state trough
      plasma concentrations of dabigatran were low (geometric mean dose-normalised
      total dabigatran plasma concentration: 0.493 ng/ml/mg at 72 hours). Total
      dabigatran concentrations were well predicted by the RE-LY(r) population PK model
      (94 % of trough concentrations were within the 80 % prediction interval). The
      relationship between total dabigatran plasma concentration, diluted thrombin time
      and ecarin clotting time (ECT) was linear; the relationship with activated
      partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was non-linear. Adult population PK/PD models
      predicted the adolescent concentration-ECT and -aPTT relationships well. In
      conclusion, dabigatran etexilate was generally well tolerated, except for
      occurrence of dyspepsia in two patients, over the three-day treatment period. The
      dabigatran PK/PD relationship observed in adolescent patients was similar to that
      in adult patients.

PMID- 27357739
TI  - Is skin penetration a determining factor in skin sensitization potential and
      potency? Refuting the notion of a LogKow threshold for skin sensitization.
AB  - It is widely accepted that substances that cannot penetrate through the skin will
      not be sensitizers. LogKow and molecular weight (MW) have been used to set
      thresholds for sensitization potential. Highly hydrophilic substances e.g. LogKow
      <= 1 are expected not to penetrate effectively to induce sensitization. To
      investigate whether LogKow >1 is a true requirement for sensitization, a large
      dataset of substances that had been evaluated for their skin sensitization
      potential under Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of
      CHemicals (REACH), together with available measured LogKow values was compiled
      using the OECD eChemPortal. The incidence of sensitizers relative to non
      sensitizers above and below a LogKow of 1 was explored. Reaction chemistry
      principles were used to explain the sensitization observed for the subset of
      substances with a LogKow <=0. 1482 substances were identified with skin
      sensitization data and measured LogKow values. 525 substances had a measured
      LogKow <= 1, 100 of those were sensitizers. There was no significant difference
      in the incidence of sensitizers above and below a LogKow of 1. Reaction chemistry
      principles that had been established for lower MW and more hydrophobic substances
      were found to be still valid in rationalizing the skin sensitizers with a LogKow
      <= 0. The LogKow threshold arises from the widespread misconception that the
      ability to efficiently penetrate the stratum corneum is a key determinant of
      sensitization potential and potency. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27357740
TI  - A fundamental study of the impact of pressure on the adsorption mechanism in
      reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
AB  - A fundamental investigation of the pressure effect on individual adsorption sites
      was undertaken based on adsorption energy distribution and adsorption isotherm
      measurements. For this purpose, we measured adsorption equilibrium data at
      pressures ranging from 100 to 1000bar at constant flow and over a wide
      concentration range for three low-molecular-weight solutes, antipyrine, sodium 2
      naphthalenesulfonate, and benzyltriethylammonium chloride, on an Eternity C18
      stationary phase. The adsorption energy distribution was bimodal for all solutes,
      remaining clearly so at all pressures. The bi-Langmuir model best described the
      adsorption in these systems and two types of adsorption sites were identified,
      one with a low and another with a high energy of interaction. Evidence exists
      that the low-energy interactions occur at the interface between the mobile and
      stationary phases and that the high-energy interactions occur nearer the silica
      surface, deeper in the C18 layer. The contribution of each type of adsorption
      site to the retention factor was calculated and the change in solute molar volume
      from the mobile to stationary phase during the adsorption process was estimated
      for each type of site. The change in solute molar volume was 2-4 times larger at
      the high-energy site, likely because of the greater loss of solute solvation
      layer when penetrating deeper into the C18 layer. The association equilibrium
      constant increased with increasing pressure while the saturation capacity of the
      low-energy site remained almost unchanged. The observed increase in saturation
      capacity for the high-energy site did not affect the column loading capacity,
      which was almost identical at 50- and 950-bar pressure drops over the column. 

PMID- 27357741
TI  - Microfluidics-based side view flow chamber reveals tether-to-sling transition in
      rolling neutrophils.
AB  - Neutrophils rolling at high shear stress (above 6 dyn/cm(2)) form tethers in the
      rear and slings in the front. Here, we developed a novel photo-lithographically
      fabricated, silicone(PDMS)-based side-view flow chamber to dynamically visualize
      tether and sling formation. Fluorescently membrane-labeled mouse neutrophils
      rolled on P-selectin substrate at 10 dyn/cm(2). Most rolling cells formed 5
      tethers that were 2-30 MUm long. Breaking of a single tether caused a
      reproducible forward microjump of the cell, showing that the tether was load
      bearing. About 15% of all tether-breaking events resulted in slings. The tether
      to-sling transition was fast (<100 ms) with no visible material extending above
      the rolling cell, suggesting a very low bending modulus of the tether. The sling
      downstream of the rolling cell aligned according to the streamlines before
      landing on the flow chamber. These new observations explain how slings form from
      tethers and provide insight into their biomechanical properties.

PMID- 27357742
TI  - Secondary metabolites of Xylaria sp., an endophytic fungus from Taxus mairei.
AB  - One new metabolite 3,7-dimethyl-9-(-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)nona
      1,6-dien-3-ol, together with nine known compounds, were isolated from the strain
      Xylaria sp., an endophytic fungus of Taxus mairei. Their structures were deduced
      from 1D and 2D NMR data. In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of
      these compounds were evaluated. Some of them exhibited substantial activity. 

PMID- 27357743
TI  - Endogenous Cu in the central nervous system fails to satiate the elevated
      requirement for Cu in a mutant SOD1 mouse model of ALS.
AB  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of motor neuron
      disease, a fatal degenerative disorder in which motor neurons in the central
      nervous system (CNS) progressively deteriorate. Most cases of ALS are sporadic,
      but 10% are familial and mutations affecting the copper (Cu)-dependent
      antioxidant Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) are the most common familial cause.
      Cu malfunction is evident in CNS tissue from transgenic mice that over-express
      mutant SOD1 and modulating Cu bioavailability in the CNS provides positive
      therapeutic outcomes. In the present study we assessed levels of Cu and Zn, SOD
      activity, and SOD1 protein levels in CNS and non-CNS tissue from transgenic
      mutant SOD1 mice (SOD1(G37R)) and non-transgenic controls. Physiological SOD1
      binds one structural Zn and one catalytic Cu per subunit. Due to over-expression
      of the transgene, SOD activity and SOD1 protein levels are elevated in all
      tissues examined from the SOD1(G37R) mice and a commensurate increase in Zn is
      evident. There is a comparable increase in Cu in non-CNS tissue, but the increase
      in Cu in the SOD1(G37R) mouse brain is limited and there is no increase in Cu in
      the spinal cord. The limited change in CNS Cu is associated with a strong
      disparity between SOD1 protein and SOD activity in the brain and spinal cord. We
      hypothesise that the limited capacity for CNS tissue to respond to an increased
      requirement for bioavailable Cu contributes to CNS vulnerability in ALS.

PMID- 27357744
TI  - Validation of a rapid neurodevelopmental assessment tool for 10- to 16-year-old
      young adolescents in Bangladesh.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To validate a Rapid Neurodevelopmental Assessment (RNDA) tool for use
      by child health professionals to determine neurodevelopmental impairments (NDIs)
      in young adolescents aged 10-16 years in Bangladesh. STUDY DESIGN: In a
      convenience sample of community children (n = 47), inter-rater reliability was
      determined between four testers, and concurrent validity was determined by
      simultaneous administration of an intelligence quotient (IQ) test (Wechsler
      Intelligence Scale for Children, Revised) by a child psychologist. RESULTS: Inter
      rater reliability was excellent between the testers on the 47 children
      administered the RNDA (kappa = 1.00). Significantly lower IQ scores were obtained
      in those identified with 'any (>1) NDI' (n = 34) compared with those with no NDI
      (n = 13) on Verbal IQ (P-value < 0.0001), Performance IQ (P-value < 0.0001) and
      Full-scale IQ (P-value < 0.0001) scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
      Children, Revised. CONCLUSION: The RNDA shows promise as a tool for use by child
      health professionals for identifying NDIs in young adolescents aged 10-16 years.
      A larger study sample is needed to determine its usefulness for identification of
      some impairments not found in the study population, i.e. gross motor, fine motor,
      hearing and seizures.

PMID- 27357745
TI  - Nursing Problems in Care of a Patient with Very Early HCV Infection Recurrence
      After Liver Transplantation: A Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND Recurrent HCV infection following liver transplantation is a common
      problem, and usually has a more aggressive course than primary infection. The aim
      of the paper was to present nursing problems in the care of a 22-year-old female
      patient after liver transplantation (Ltx) with a rapid recurrence of HCV
      infection shortly after Ltx. CASE REPORT Ltx was performed 22 July 2012 due to
      chronic cirrhosis secondary to HCV infection with viremia (HCV PCR 3.5*107
      IU/mL). Graft function worsened 14 days following transplantation. Acute
      cholestatic hepatitis related to HCV reinfection was diagnosed based on biopsy.
      During a period of 20 months the patient received 3 different antiviral treatment
      regimens, beginning with a dual therapy (Interferon and Ribavirin), followed by
      the inclusion of Telaprevir, then Daclatasvir; however, these treatments were not
      successful. The fourth-line regimen with sofosbuvir (EU medical experiment) led
      to viremia elimination (HCV PCR) after 5 weeks of treatment. However, hepatic
      failure stabilization was unsuccessful, there was an increase in encephalopathy,
      and the MELD score was 25. Therefore, the patient underwent liver
      retransplantation. In the post-transplantation period, the patient was in good
      condition, with no viremia. CONCLUSIONS The most common nursing problems in the
      care of the patient were associated with the diagnostic process, therapies used
      (including experimental treatment), and progressive liver failure. The
      therapeutic success should be attributed to the intensive supervision and
      monitoring of viremia, immediate inclusion of adequate treatment methods,
      adequate patient preparation for diagnostic tests, and careful care after
      diagnostics, as well as psychological support and education. 

PMID- 27357746
TI  - Self-Reported Napping Behavior Change After Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
      Treatment in Older Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on
      napping behavior in adults aged 60 and older with obstructive sleep apnea
      hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using
      questionnaires. SETTING: Sleep center. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals starting CPAP
      treatment between April 2010 and March 2012 (mean age 65.2 +/- 4.7; M:F = 3.9:1;
      N = 107). MEASUREMENTS: All subjects underwent sleep studies, clinical reviews,
      and CPAP adherence checks and completed a questionnaire regarding CPAP adherence,
      current employment status, sleep patterns before and after CPAP, and factors
      affecting their current sleep patterns. RESULTS: CPAP treatment duration was 82.7
      +/- 30.0 weeks, and objective adherence was 5.4 +/- 2.0 hours per night overall.
      Daytime nap frequency before CPAP treatment was higher in those with a history of
      stroke or cardiovascular disease. Both sexes had a significant reduction in
      daytime napping (men, P < .001; women, P = .008), evening napping (men, P < .001;
      women, P = .02), and daily nap duration (men, P < .001; women, P = .02). Logistic
      regression analysis showed that the reduction in self-reported daily nap duration
      was associated with younger age (odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, P = .04), a decrease in
      ESS score (OR = 1.20, P = .03), and longer self-reported daily nap duration at
      baseline (OR = 31.52, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Long-term CPAP treatment in older
      adults with OSAHS can play a significant role in reducing nap frequency and daily
      nap duration. Aging or shorter baseline daily nap duration may attenuate this
      effect.

PMID- 27357748
TI  - Large-scale synthesis of ultrathin tungsten oxide nanowire networks: an efficient
      catalyst for aerobic oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde under visible light.
AB  - As a very important chemical raw material, the selective formation of
      benzaldehyde from toluene at preparative or industrial levels requires the use of
      highly corrosive chlorine and high reaction temperatures, which severely corrodes
      equipment, pollutes the environment, and consumes a lot of energy. Herein, we
      report a robust and highly active catalyst for the benzaldehyde evolution
      reaction that is constructed by the surfactant-free growth of oxygen vacancy-rich
      W18O49 ultrathin nanowire networks. Under atmospheric pressure and visible-light
      irradiation, the new catalyst can selectively (92% selectivity) catalyze the
      aerobic oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde with yields of above 95%. 

PMID- 27357747
TI  - Digital Quantification of DNA Replication and Chromosome Segregation Enables
      Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility after only 15 Minutes of Antibiotic
      Exposure.
AB  - Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) would decrease misuse and
      overuse of antibiotics. The "holy grail" of AST is a phenotype-based test that
      can be performed within a doctor visit. Such a test requires the ability to
      determine a pathogen's susceptibility after only a short antibiotic exposure.
      Herein, digital PCR (dPCR) was employed to test whether measuring DNA replication
      of the target pathogen through digital single-molecule counting would shorten the
      required time of antibiotic exposure. Partitioning bacterial chromosomal DNA into
      many small volumes during dPCR enabled AST results after short exposure times by
      1) precise quantification and 2) a measurement of how antibiotics affect the
      states of macromolecular assembly of bacterial chromosomes. This digital AST
      (dAST) determined susceptibility of clinical isolates from urinary tract
      infections (UTIs) after 15 min of exposure for all four antibiotic classes
      relevant to UTIs. This work lays the foundation to develop a rapid, point-of-care
      AST and strengthen global antibiotic stewardship.

PMID- 27357750
TI  - Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in the three
      developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis.
AB  - Trichinella spiralis, an intracellular parasitic nematode, can cause severe
      foodborne zoonosis, trichinellosis. The life cycle of T. spiralis consists of
      adult (Ad), muscle larvae (ML) and newborn larvae (NBL). The protein profiles in
      different developmental stages of the parasite remain unknown. In the present
      study, proteins from lysates of Ad, ML and NBL were identified by isobaric tags
      for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). A total of 4691 proteins were
      identified in all the developmental stages, of which 1067 proteins were
      differentially expressed. The number of up-regulated proteins in NBL was higher
      than that of the other two groups. The protein profiles from Ad, ML and NBL were
      compared in pairs. The identified proteins were involved in various functions of
      T. spiralis life cycle, including sexual maturity, metabolism, utilization of
      carbohydrates, lipids and nucleotides, and other crucial developmental processes
      that occur at distinct stages. Further investigation of the transcriptional
      levels of major sperm protein, serine protease, zinc finger protein, etc. from
      the different protein profiles using quantitative RT-PCR showed identical results
      to the iTRAQ analysis. The differentially expressed proteins that are involved in
      developmental regulation and host-parasite interactions should be further
      studied.

PMID- 27357751
TI  - Recent Developments in the Chiral Bronsted Acid-catalyzed Allylboration Reaction
      with Polyfunctionalized Substrates.
AB  - Asymmetric allylboration has played a central role in organic synthesis ever
      since the pioneering work by Hoffman and Brown, having found applications in the
      total synthesis of many natural products. A new dawn for this 40 year-old
      reaction occurred with the beginning of the new century when the first catalytic
      asymmetric methods came into play. In less than one decade, several
      methodologies, able to achieve the desired homoallylic alcohols with ee ranges in
      the high 90s, were developed. Among them, in the present account, we will
      disclose our contribution to the development of the chiral binolphosphoric
      derived Bronsted acid-catalyzed allylboration of aldehydes originally reported by
      Antilla in 2010. Our contribution to this field lies in its application to
      polyfunctionalized systems, both on the aldehyde and the allylboronate in
      question, which enables the rapid construction of molecular diversity and
      complexity. Parts of the work described herein have been carried out in
      collaboration with the groups of Profs. Akiyama and Houk.

PMID- 27357749
TI  - An ABA-increased interaction of the PYL6 ABA receptor with MYC2 Transcription
      Factor: A putative link of ABA and JA signaling.
AB  - Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that mediates abiotic stress tolerance and
      regulates growth and development. ABA binds to members of the PYL/RCAR ABA
      receptor family that initiate signal transduction inhibiting type 2C protein
      phosphatases. Although crosstalk between ABA and the hormone Jasmonic Acid (JA)
      has been shown, the molecular entities that mediate this interaction have yet to
      be fully elucidated. We report a link between ABA and JA signaling through a
      direct interaction of the ABA receptor PYL6 (RCAR9) with the basic helix-loop
      helix transcription factor MYC2. PYL6 and MYC2 interact in yeast two hybrid
      assays and the interaction is enhanced in the presence of ABA. PYL6 and MYC2
      interact in planta based on bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co
      immunoprecipitation of the proteins. Furthermore, PYL6 was able to modify
      transcription driven by MYC2 using JAZ6 and JAZ8 DNA promoter elements in yeast
      one hybrid assays. Finally, pyl6 T-DNA mutant plants show an increased
      sensitivity to the addition of JA along with ABA in cotyledon expansion
      experiments. Overall, the present study identifies a direct mechanism for
      transcriptional modulation mediated by an ABA receptor different from the core
      ABA signaling pathway, and a putative mechanistic link connecting ABA and JA
      signaling pathways.

PMID- 27357752
TI  - Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine Position Statement
      Abstract: Undernutrition and the older person.

PMID- 27357754
TI  - Sex-related Differences in Emergency Department Renal Colic Management: Females
      Have Fewer Computed Tomography Scans but Similar Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sex-related differences occur in many areas of medicine. Emergency
      department (ED) studies have suggested differences in access to care, diagnostic
      imaging use, pain management, and intervention. We investigated sex-based
      differences in the care and outcomes for ED patients with acute renal colic.
      METHODS: This was a multicenter population-based retrospective observational
      cohort study using administrative data and supplemented by structured chart
      review. All patients seen in Calgary Health Region EDs between January 1 and
      December 31, 2014, with an ED diagnosis of renal colic based on the following ICD
      10 codes were eligible for inclusion: calculus of kidney (N200), calculus of
      ureter (N201), calculus of kidney with calculus of ureter (N202), hydronephrosis
      with renal and ureteral calculous obstruction (N132), unspecified renal colic
      (N23), and unspecified urinary calculus (N209). ED visit data and test results
      were accessed in the regional ED clinical database. Stone characteristics were
      captured from diagnostic imaging reports. Regional hospital databases were used
      to identify subsequent ED encounters, hospital admissions, and surgical
      procedures within 60 days. Outcomes were stratified by sex. The primary outcome,
      intended as a marker of overall effectiveness of ED care, was the unscheduled 7
      day ED revisit rate among patients who were discharged home after their index ED
      visit. Secondary outcomes included ED pain management as reflected by
      administration of narcotics or intravenous nonsteroidals, the performance of
      advanced imaging-either ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT), and the
      proportion of patients who required hospitalization or surgical intervention
      within 60 days. RESULTS: From January 1 to December 31, 2014, a total of 3,104
      eligible patients were studied: 1,111 women (35.8%) and 1,993 men (64.2%).
      Baseline characteristics, access times, analgesic use, and admission rates were
      similar in both groups. Men were more likely to have CT (68.9% vs. 58.5%,
      difference = 10.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.8 to 14.0) while women were
      more likely to have US (20.8% vs. 9.6%, difference = 11.2%, 95% CI = 8.4 to
      13.9). At 7 days, 17.9% of women and 19.0% of men who were discharged after their
      index ED visit required an ED revisit (difference = 1.1%, 95% CI = -2.8 to 4.9).
      Men were more likely to be hospitalized at 7 days (9.8% vs. 6.5%, difference =
      3.3%, 95% CI = 0.6 to 6.0). CONCLUSION: This study shows greater reliance on US
      in females but no other sex-specific differences in the management of ED patients
      with acute renal colic. Higher CT use in men was not associated with improved
      outcomes, and we found no important differences in access to care, diagnostic or
      treatment intensity, or revisit rates as a marker of care effectiveness.

PMID- 27357756
TI  - Meet the challenge of interdisciplinary science.

PMID- 27357757
TI  - Brexit vote highlights lack of leaving plan.

PMID- 27357755
TI  - Switching stiction and adhesion of a liquid on a solid.
AB  - When a gecko moves on a ceiling it makes use of adhesion and stiction. Stiction-
      static friction--is experienced on microscopic and macroscopic scales and is
      related to adhesion and sliding friction. Although important for most locomotive
      processes, the concepts of adhesion, stiction and sliding friction are often only
      empirically correlated. A more detailed understanding of these concepts will, for
      example, help to improve the design of increasingly smaller devices such as micro
      and nanoelectromechanical switches. Here we show how stiction and adhesion are
      related for a liquid drop on a hexagonal boron nitride monolayer on rhodium, by
      measuring dynamic contact angles in two distinct states of the solid-liquid
      interface: a corrugated state in the absence of hydrogen intercalation and an
      intercalation-induced flat state. Stiction and adhesion can be reversibly
      switched by applying different electrochemical potentials to the sample, causing
      atomic hydrogen to be intercalated or not. We ascribe the change in adhesion to a
      change in lateral electric field of in-plane two-nanometre dipole rings, because
      it cannot be explained by the change in surface roughness known from the Wenzel
      model. Although the change in adhesion can be calculated for the system we study,
      it is not yet possible to determine the stiction at such a solid-liquid interface
      using ab initio methods. The inorganic hybrid of hexagonal boron nitride and
      rhodium is very stable and represents a new class of switchable surfaces with the
      potential for application in the study of adhesion, friction and lubrication.

PMID- 27357758
TI  - Gene-therapy trials must proceed with caution.

PMID- 27357759
TI  - Stop teaching Indians to copy and paste.

PMID- 27357772
TI  - NASA's Juno spacecraft prepares to probe Jupiter's mysteries.

PMID- 27357771
TI  - UK scientists in limbo after Brexit shock.

PMID- 27357773
TI  - Stressed Indus River threatens Pakistan's water supplies.

PMID- 27357774
TI  - ArXiv preprint server plans multimillion-dollar overhaul.

PMID- 27357775
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27357776
TI  - Dolly at 20: The inside story on the world's most famous sheep.

PMID- 27357777
TI  - Why ultra-powerful radio bursts are the most perplexing mystery in astronomy.

PMID- 27357778
TI  - Make climate-change assessments more relevant.

PMID- 27357779
TI  - Policy: Social-progress panel seeks public comment.

PMID- 27357783
TI  - Alien species: Pre-emptive action against EU invasives.

PMID- 27357784
TI  - Gender balance: Supporting women postdocs in Israel.

PMID- 27357785
TI  - Junior researchers: Fewer papers would scotch early careers.

PMID- 27357786
TI  - Life on Earth: Count cryptic species in biodiversity tally.

PMID- 27357788
TI  - Thomas Kibble (1932-2016).

PMID- 27357787
TI  - Carbon tracking: Limit uncertainties in land emissions.

PMID- 27357789
TI  - Physiology: Stressed-out chromatin promotes longevity.

PMID- 27357790
TI  - Earth science: An extended yardstick for climate variability.

PMID- 27357792
TI  - Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 
      degrees C.
AB  - The Paris climate agreement aims at holding global warming to well below 2
      degrees Celsius and to "pursue efforts" to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius. To
      accomplish this, countries have submitted Intended Nationally Determined
      Contributions (INDCs) outlining their post-2020 climate action. Here we assess
      the effect of current INDCs on reducing aggregate greenhouse gas emissions, its
      implications for achieving the temperature objective of the Paris climate
      agreement, and potential options for overachievement. The INDCs collectively
      lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to where current policies stand, but
      still imply a median warming of 2.6-3.1 degrees Celsius by 2100. More can be
      achieved, because the agreement stipulates that targets for reducing greenhouse
      gas emissions are strengthened over time, both in ambition and scope. Substantial
      enhancement or over-delivery on current INDCs by additional national, sub
      national and non-state actions is required to maintain a reasonable chance of
      meeting the target of keeping warming well below 2 degrees Celsius. 

PMID- 27357793
TI  - The Asian monsoon over the past 640,000 years and ice age terminations.
AB  - Oxygen isotope records from Chinese caves characterize changes in both the Asian
      monsoon and global climate. Here, using our new speleothem data, we extend the
      Chinese record to cover the full uranium/thorium dating range, that is, the past
      640,000 years. The record's length and temporal precision allow us to test the
      idea that insolation changes caused by the Earth's precession drove the
      terminations of each of the last seven ice ages as well as the millennia-long
      intervals of reduced monsoon rainfall associated with each of the terminations.
      On the basis of our record's timing, the terminations are separated by four or
      five precession cycles, supporting the idea that the '100,000-year' ice age cycle
      is an average of discrete numbers of precession cycles. Furthermore, the
      suborbital component of monsoon rainfall variability exhibits power in both the
      precession and obliquity bands, and is nearly in anti-phase with summer boreal
      insolation. These observations indicate that insolation, in part, sets the pace
      of the occurrence of millennial-scale events, including those associated with
      terminations and 'unfinished terminations'. 

PMID- 27357794
TI  - Seasonality of temperate forest photosynthesis and daytime respiration.
AB  - Terrestrial ecosystems currently offset one-quarter of anthropogenic carbon
      dioxide (CO2) emissions because of a slight imbalance between global terrestrial
      photosynthesis and respiration. Understanding what controls these two biological
      fluxes is therefore crucial to predicting climate change. Yet there is no way of
      directly measuring the photosynthesis or daytime respiration of a whole ecosystem
      of interacting organisms; instead, these fluxes are generally inferred from
      measurements of net ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange (NEE), in a way that is
      based on assumed ecosystem-scale responses to the environment. The consequent
      view of temperate deciduous forests (an important CO2 sink) is that, first,
      ecosystem respiration is greater during the day than at night; and second,
      ecosystem photosynthetic light-use efficiency peaks after leaf expansion in
      spring and then declines, presumably because of leaf ageing or water stress. This
      view has underlain the development of terrestrial biosphere models used in
      climate prediction and of remote sensing indices of global biosphere
      productivity. Here, we use new isotopic instrumentation to determine ecosystem
      photosynthesis and daytime respiration in a temperate deciduous forest over a
      three-year period. We find that ecosystem respiration is lower during the day
      than at night-the first robust evidence of the inhibition of leaf respiration by
      light at the ecosystem scale. Because they do not capture this effect, standard
      approaches overestimate ecosystem photosynthesis and daytime respiration in the
      first half of the growing season at our site, and inaccurately portray ecosystem
      photosynthetic light-use efficiency. These findings revise our understanding of
      forest-atmosphere carbon exchange, and provide a basis for investigating how leaf
      level physiological dynamics manifest at the canopy scale in other ecosystems. 

PMID- 27357795
TI  - Interdisciplinary research has consistently lower funding success.
AB  - Interdisciplinary research is widely considered a hothouse for innovation, and
      the only plausible approach to complex problems such as climate change. One
      barrier to interdisciplinary research is the widespread perception that
      interdisciplinary projects are less likely to be funded than those with a
      narrower focus. However, this commonly held belief has been difficult to evaluate
      objectively, partly because of lack of a comparable, quantitative measure of
      degree of interdisciplinarity that can be applied to funding application data.
      Here we compare the degree to which research proposals span disparate fields by
      using a biodiversity metric that captures the relative representation of
      different fields (balance) and their degree of difference (disparity). The
      Australian Research Council's Discovery Programme provides an ideal test case,
      because a single annual nationwide competitive grants scheme covers fundamental
      research in all disciplines, including arts, humanities and sciences. Using data
      on all 18,476 proposals submitted to the scheme over 5 consecutive years,
      including successful and unsuccessful applications, we show that the greater the
      degree of interdisciplinarity, the lower the probability of being funded. The
      negative impact of interdisciplinarity is significant even when number of
      collaborators, primary research field and type of institution are taken into
      account. This is the first broad-scale quantitative assessment of success rates
      of interdisciplinary research proposals. The interdisciplinary distance metric
      allows efficient evaluation of trends in research funding, and could be used to
      identify proposals that require assessment strategies appropriate to
      interdisciplinary research. 

PMID- 27357796
TI  - Basal forebrain projections to the lateral habenula modulate aggression reward.
AB  - Maladaptive aggressive behaviour is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric
      disorders and is thought to result partly from the inappropriate activation of
      brain reward systems in response to aggressive or violent social stimuli. Nuclei
      within the ventromedial hypothalamus, extended amygdala and limbic circuits are
      known to encode initiation of aggression; however, little is known about the
      neural mechanisms that directly modulate the motivational component of aggressive
      behaviour. Here we established a mouse model to measure the valence of aggressive
      inter-male social interaction with a smaller subordinate intruder as
      reinforcement for the development of conditioned place preference (CPP).
      Aggressors develop a CPP, whereas non-aggressors develop a conditioned place
      aversion to the intruder-paired context. Furthermore, we identify a functional
      GABAergic projection from the basal forebrain (BF) to the lateral habenula (lHb)
      that bi-directionally controls the valence of aggressive interactions. Circuit
      specific silencing of GABAergic BF-lHb terminals of aggressors with halorhodopsin
      (NpHR3.0) increases lHb neuronal firing and abolishes CPP to the intruder-paired
      context. Activation of GABAergic BF-lHb terminals of non-aggressors with
      channelrhodopsin (ChR2) decreases lHb neuronal firing and promotes CPP to the
      intruder-paired context. Finally, we show that altering inhibitory transmission
      at BF-lHb terminals does not control the initiation of aggressive behaviour.
      These results demonstrate that the BF-lHb circuit has a critical role in
      regulating the valence of inter-male aggressive behaviour and provide novel
      mechanistic insight into the neural circuits modulating aggression reward
      processing. 

PMID- 27357797
TI  - Coordinating cardiomyocyte interactions to direct ventricular chamber
      morphogenesis.
AB  - Many organs are composed of complex tissue walls that are structurally organized
      to optimize organ function. In particular, the ventricular myocardial wall of the
      heart comprises an outer compact layer that concentrically encircles the ridge
      like inner trabecular layer. Although disruption in the morphogenesis of this
      myocardial wall can lead to various forms of congenital heart disease and non
      compaction cardiomyopathies, it remains unclear how embryonic cardiomyocytes
      assemble to form ventricular wall layers of appropriate spatial dimensions and
      myocardial mass. Here we use advanced genetic and imaging tools in zebrafish to
      reveal an interplay between myocardial Notch and Erbb2 signalling that directs
      the spatial allocation of myocardial cells to their proper morphological
      positions in the ventricular wall. Although previous studies have shown that
      endocardial Notch signalling non-cell-autonomously promotes myocardial
      trabeculation through Erbb2 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling, we
      discover that distinct ventricular cardiomyocyte clusters exhibit myocardial
      Notch activity that cell-autonomously inhibits Erbb2 signalling and prevents
      cardiomyocyte sprouting and trabeculation. Myocardial-specific Notch inactivation
      leads to ventricles of reduced size and increased wall thickness because of
      excessive trabeculae, whereas widespread myocardial Notch activity results in
      ventricles of increased size with a single-cell-thick wall but no trabeculae.
      Notably, this myocardial Notch signalling is activated non-cell-autonomously by
      neighbouring Erbb2-activated cardiomyocytes that sprout and form nascent
      trabeculae. Thus, these findings support an interactive cellular feedback process
      that guides the assembly of cardiomyocytes to morphologically create the
      ventricular myocardial wall and more broadly provide insight into the cellular
      dynamics of how diverse cell lineages organize to create form. 

PMID- 27357799
TI  - Linagliptin treatment improves cerebrovascular function and remodeling and
      restores reduced cerebral perfusion in Type 2 diabetes.
AB  - The antihyperglycemic agent linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV)
      inhibitor, has been shown to reduce inflammation and improve endothelial cell
      function. In this study, we hypothesized that DPP-IV inhibition with linagliptin
      would improve impaired cerebral perfusion in diabetic rats, as well as improve
      insulin-induced cerebrovascular relaxation and reverse pathological
      cerebrovascular remodeling. We further postulated that these changes would lead
      to a subsequent improvement of cognitive function. Male Type-2 diabetic and
      nondiabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats were treated with linagliptin for 4 wk, and blood
      glucose and DPP-IV plasma levels were assessed. Cerebral perfusion was assessed
      after treatment using laser-Doppler imaging, and dose response to insulin (10(
      13) M-10(-6) M) in middle cerebral arteries was tested on a pressurized
      arteriograph. The impact of DPP-IV inhibition on diabetic cerebrovascular
      remodeling was assessed over a physiologically relevant pressure range, and
      changes in short-term hippocampus-dependent learning were observed using a novel
      object recognition test. Linagliptin lowered DPP-IV activity but did not change
      blood glucose or insulin levels in diabetes. Insulin-mediated vascular relaxation
      and cerebral perfusion were improved in the diabetic rats with linagliptin
      treatment. Indices of diabetic vascular remodeling, such as increased cross
      sectional area, media thickness, and wall-to-lumen ratio, were also ameliorated;
      however, improvements in short-term hippocampal-dependent learning were not
      observed. The present study provides evidence that linagliptin treatment improves
      cerebrovascular dysfunction and remodeling in a Type 2 model of diabetes
      independent of glycemic control. This has important implications in diabetic
      patients who are predisposed to the development of cerebrovascular complications,
      such as stroke and cognitive impairment.

PMID- 27357801
TI  - Regulation of fetal liver growth in a model of diet restriction in the pregnant
      rat.
AB  - Limited nutrient availability is a cause of intrauterine growth restriction
      (IUGR), a condition that has important implications for the well being of the
      offspring. Using the established IUGR model of maternal fasting in the rat, we
      investigated mechanisms that control gene expression and mRNA translation in late
      gestation fetal liver. Maternal fasting for 48 h during the last one-third of
      gestation was associated with a 10-15% reduction in fetal body weight and a
      disproportionate one-third reduction in total fetal liver protein. The fetal
      liver transcriptome showed only subtle changes consistent with reduced cell
      proliferation and enhanced differentiation in IUGR. Effects on the transcriptome
      could not be attributed to specific transcription factors. We purified
      translating polysomes to profile the population of mRNAs undergoing active
      translation. Microarray analysis of the fetal liver translatome indicated a
      global reduction of translation. The only targeted effect was enhanced
      translation of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins in IUGR, consistent with enhanced
      mitochondrial biogenesis. There was no evidence for attenuated signaling through
      the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Western blot analysis showed no changes
      in fetal liver mTOR signaling. However, eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha
      (eIF2alpha) phosphorylation was increased in livers from IUGR fetuses, consistent
      with a role in global translation control. Our data indicate that IUGR-associated
      changes in hepatic gene expression and mRNA translation likely involve a network
      of complex regulatory mechanisms, some of which are novel and distinct from those
      that mediate the response of the liver to nutrient restriction in the adult rat.

PMID- 27357802
TI  - Effects of a ketogenic diet on adipose tissue, liver, and serum biomarkers in
      sedentary rats and rats that exercised via resisted voluntary wheel running.
AB  - We investigated the effects of different diets on adipose tissue, liver, serum
      morphology, and biomarkers in rats that voluntarily exercised. Male Sprague
      Dawley rats (~9-10 wk of age) exercised with resistance-loaded voluntary running
      wheels (EX; wheels loaded with 20-60% body mass) or remained sedentary (SED) over
      6 wk. EX and SED rats were provided isocaloric amounts of either a ketogenic diet
      (KD; 20.2%-10.3%-69.5% protein-carbohydrate-fat), a Western diet (WD; 15.2%-42.7
      42.0%), or standard chow (SC; 24.0%-58.0%-18.0%); n = 8-10 in each diet for SED
      and EX rats. Following the intervention, body mass and feed efficiency were
      lowest in KD rats, independent of exercise (P < 0.05). Absolute and relative
      (body mass-adjusted) omental adipose tissue (OMAT) masses were greatest in WD
      rats (P < 0.05), and OMAT adipocyte diameters were lowest in KD-fed rats (P <
      0.05). None of the assayed OMAT or subcutaneous (SQ) protein markers were
      affected by the diets [total acetyl coA carboxylase (ACC), CD36, and CEBPalpha or
      phosphorylated NF-kappaB/p65, AMPKalpha, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)],
      although EX unexpectedly altered some OMAT markers (i.e., higher ACC and
      phosphorylated NF-kappaB/p65, and lower phosphorylated AMPKalpha and
      phosphorylated HSL). Liver triglycerides were greatest in WD rats (P < 0.05), and
      liver phosphorylated NF-kappaB/p65 was lowest in KD rats (P < 0.05). Serum
      insulin, glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were greater in WD and/or
      SC rats compared with KD rats (P < 0.05), and serum beta-hydroxybutyrate was
      greater in KD vs. SC rats (P < 0.05). In conclusion, KD rats presented a
      healthier metabolic profile, albeit the employed exercise protocol minimally
      impacts any potentiating effects that KD has on fat loss.

PMID- 27357800
TI  - Heat therapy promotes the expression of angiogenic regulators in human skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - Heat therapy has been shown to promote capillary growth in skeletal muscle and in
      the heart in several animal models, but the effects of this therapy on angiogenic
      signaling in humans are unknown. We evaluated the acute effect of lower body
      heating (LBH) and unilateral thigh heating (TH) on the expression of angiogenic
      regulators and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in healthy young individuals. Exposure
      to LBH (n = 18) increased core temperature (Tc) from 36.9 +/- 0.1 to 37.4 +/- 0.1
      degrees C (P < 0.01) and average leg skin temperature (Tleg) from 33.1 +/- 0.1 to
      39.6 +/- 0.1 degrees C (P < 0.01), but did not alter the levels of circulating
      angiogenic cytokines and bone marrow-derived proangiogenic cells
      (CD34(+)CD133(+)). In skeletal muscle, the change in mRNA expression from
      baseline of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2),
      chemokines CCL2 and CX3CL1, platelet factor-4 (PF4), and several members of the
      HSP family was higher 30 min after the intervention in the individuals exposed to
      LBH (n = 11) compared with the control group (n = 12). LBH also reduced the
      expression of transcription factor FOXO1 (P = 0.03). Exposure to TH (n = 14)
      increased Tleg from 32.8 +/- 0.2 to 40.3 +/- 0.1 degrees C (P < 0.05) but Tc
      remained unaltered (36.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C at baseline and 36.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C
      at 90 min). This intervention upregulated the expression of VEGF, ANGPT1, ANGPT2,
      CCL2, and HSPs in skeletal muscle but did not affect the levels of CX3CL1, FOXO
      1, and PF4. These findings suggest that both LBH and TH increase the expression
      of factors associated with capillary growth in human skeletal muscle.

PMID- 27357803
TI  - THz frequency spectrum of protein-solvent interaction energy using a recurrence
      plot-based Wiener-Khinchin method.
AB  - The dynamics of a protein and the water surrounding it are coupled via nonbonded
      energy interactions. This coupling can exhibit a complex, nonlinear, and
      nonstationary nature. The THz frequency spectrum for this interaction energy
      characterizes both the vibration spectrum of the water hydrogen bond network, and
      the frequency range of large amplitude modes of proteins. We use a Recurrence
      Plot based Wiener-Khinchin method RPWK to calculate this spectrum, and the
      results are compared to those determined using the classical auto-covariance
      based Wiener-Khinchin method WK. The frequency spectra for the total nonbonded
      interaction energy extracted from molecular dynamics simulations between the beta
      Lactamase Inhibitory Protein BLIP, and water molecules within a 10 A distance
      from the protein surface, are calculated at 150, 200, 250, and 310 K,
      respectively. Similar calculations are also performed for the nonbonded
      interaction energy between the residues 49ASP, 53TYR, and 142PHE in BLIP, with
      water molecules within 10 A from each residue respectively at 150, 200, 250, and
      310 K. A comparison of the results shows that RPWK performs better than WK, and
      is able to detect some frequency data points that WK fails to detect. This points
      to the importance of using methods capable of taking the complex nature of the
      protein-solvent energy landscape into consideration, and not to rely on standard
      linear methods. In general, RPWK can be a valuable addition to the analysis tools
      for protein molecular dynamics simulations. Proteins 2016; 84:1549-1557. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357804
TI  - Vitamin D-induced up-regulation of human keratinocyte cathelicidin anti-microbial
      peptide expression involves retinoid X receptor alpha.
AB  - The biologically active form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
      (1,25D3), has been reported to positively regulate the human cathelicidin anti
      microbial peptide (CAMP) gene coding for LL-37, but the mechanisms are not
      completely understood. We have determined the expression of CAMP, vitamin D
      receptor (VDR), and the retinoid X receptor (RXR) isoforms in human skin and
      gingival tissue biopsies and investigated the signaling pathways involved in
      1,25D3-induced upregulation of CAMP. Human skin and gingival biopsies exhibited
      few VDR-immunoreactive cells within the stratum basale, whereas rat colon
      enterocytes (positive control) possessed abundant VDR immunoreactivity. Nuclear
      VDR immunoreactivity was demonstrated in human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells).
      Gene analysis revealed that human skin biopsies expressed higher levels of both
      CAMP and RXRalpha mRNA than human gingival biopsies, whereas VDR and RXRbeta
      transcript levels were similar in skin and gingiva. In HaCaT cells, treatment
      with 1,25D3 (5 nM and 1 MUM) for 4 and 24 h up-regulated CAMP mRNA several fold,
      and treatment with 1,25D3 for 24 h increased protein expression of the pro-form
      of LL-37 (hCAP-18) by about 13 times. The 1,25D3-evoked stimulation of HaCaT CAMP
      expression was associated with attenuated VDR mRNA and protein expression.
      Treatment with RXRalpha short interfering RNA reversed the 1,25D3-induced CAMP
      expression in HaCaT cells, showing that RXRalpha is involved in the up-regulation
      of CAMP by 1,25D3. We conclude that the 1,25D3-evoked stimulation of CAMP
      expression in human skin keratinocytes is dependent on RXRalpha but is not
      associated with the up-regulation of VDR expression.

PMID- 27357805
TI  - Mining-Related Sediment and Soil Contamination in a Large Superfund Site:
      Characterization, Habitat Implications, and Remediation.
AB  - Historical mining activity (1850-1970) in the now inactive Tri-State Mining
      District provided an ongoing source of lead and zinc to the environment including
      the US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site located in Cherokee County,
      southeast Kansas, USA. The resultant contamination adversely affected biota and
      caused human health problems and risks. Remediation in the Superfund site
      requires an understanding of the magnitude and extent of contamination. To
      provide some of the required information, a series of sediment and soil
      investigations were conducted in and near the Superfund site to characterize lead
      and zinc contamination in the aquatic and floodplain environments along the main
      stem Spring River and its major tributaries. In the Superfund site, the most
      pronounced lead and zinc contamination, with concentrations that far exceed
      sediment quality guidelines associated with potential adverse biological effects,
      was measured for streambed sediments and floodplain soils located within or
      downstream from the most intensive mining-affected areas. Tributary streambeds
      and floodplains in affected areas are heavily contaminated with some sites having
      lead and zinc concentrations that are an order of magnitude (or more) greater
      than the sediment quality guidelines. For the main-stem Spring River, the
      streambed is contaminated but the floodplain is mostly uncontaminated. Measured
      lead and zinc concentrations in streambed sediments, lakebed sediments, and
      floodplain soils documented a persistence of the post-mining contamination on a
      decadal timescale. These results provide a basis for the prioritization,
      development, and implementation of plans to remediate contamination in the
      affected aquatic and floodplain environments within the Superfund site.

PMID- 27357806
TI  - The Use of Spatial Data Infrastructure in Environmental Management:an Example
      from the Spatial Planning Practice in Poland.
AB  - Today's technology plays a crucial role in the effective use of environmental
      information. This includes geographic information systems and infrastructures.
      The purpose of this research is to identify the way in which the Polish spatial
      data infrastructure (PSDI) supports policies and activities that may have an
      impact on the environment in relation to one group of users, namely urban
      planners, and their tasks concerning environmental management. The study is based
      on a survey conducted in July and August, 2014. Moreover, the authors' expert
      knowledge gained through urban development practice and the analysis of the
      environmental conservation regulations and spatial planning in Poland has been
      used to define the scope of environmental management in both spatial planning
      studies and spatial data sources. The research included assessment of data
      availability, infrastructure usability, and its impact on decision-making
      process. The results showed that the PSDI is valuable because it allows for the
      acquisition of data on environmental monitoring, agricultural and aquaculture
      facilities. It also has a positive impact on decision-making processes and
      improves numerous planners' activities concerning both the inclusion of
      environmental indicators in spatial plans and the support of nature conservation
      and environmental management in the process of working on future land use.
      However, even though the infrastructure solves certain problems with data
      accessibility, further improvements might be proposed. The importance of the SDI
      in environmental management is noticeable and could be considered from many
      standpoints: Data, communities engaged in policy or decision-making concerning
      environmental issues, and data providers.

PMID- 27357807
TI  - Concern and Helplessness: Citizens' Assessments of Individual and Collective
      Action on the Provision of Environmental Public Goods in a Coastal City at Risk
      of Inundation.
AB  - Survey data from a representative sample of 1005 households in the UK coastal
      city of Portsmouth are examined to discern commonalities and contrasts in their
      assessment of actions to address the related environmental threats of climate
      change and flooding. The city of Portsmouth is at risk of inundation from rising
      sea levels and the city has recent experience of flooding. A simple local and
      global public good framework is used to organize the understanding of reported
      attitudes and their determinants. The findings show that it is not always the
      same individuals who express concern about both climate change and flooding.
      Investigation into perceptions of helplessness in tackling climate change
      indicates that individuals more often perceived themselves to be helpless in
      tackling climate but perceived local collective action to be more effective.
      Individuals considered local collective action to be more effective in tackling
      climate change. Perceptions of individual helplessness are in turn related to
      reported concern. Several socioeconomic characteristics of individuals are shown
      to be useful in explaining the determinants of concern and perceptions of
      helplessness among respondents. As other cities face climate change-related
      challenges, the empirical findings, based upon attitudes from an alert urban
      population, are informative to policy design.

PMID- 27357808
TI  - Human Activity and Habitat Characteristics Influence Shorebird Habitat Use and
      Behavior at a Vancouver Island Migratory Stopover Site.
AB  - Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada,
      has 16 km of coastal beaches that attract many thousands of people and shorebirds
      (S.O. Charadrii) every year. To identify locations where shorebirds concentrate
      and to determine the impact of human activity and habitat characteristics on
      shorebirds, we conducted shorebird and visitor surveys at 20 beach sectors
      (across 20 total km of beach) during fall migration in 2011-2014 and spring
      migration in 2012 and 2013. Using zero-inflated negative binomial regression and
      a model selection approach, we found that beach width and number of people
      influenced shorebird use of beach sectors (Bayesian information criterion weight
      of top model = 0.69). Shorebird absence from beaches was associated with
      increasing number of people (parameter estimate from top model: 0.38; 95 % CI
      0.19, 0.57) and decreasing beach width (parameter estimate: -0.32; 95 % CI -0.47,
      -0.17). Shorebirds spent more time at wider beaches (parameter estimate: 0.68; 95
      % CI 0.49, 0.87). Close proximity to people increased the proportion of time
      shorebirds spent moving, while shorebirds spent more time moving and less time
      foraging on wider beaches than on narrower ones. Shorebird disturbance increased
      with proximity of people, activity speed, and presence of dogs. Based on our
      findings, management options, for reducing shorebird disturbance at Pacific Rim
      National Park Reserve and similar shorebird stopover areas, include mandatory
      buffer distances between people and shorebirds, restrictions on fast-moving
      activities (e.g., running, biking), prohibiting dogs, and seasonal closures of
      wide beach sections.

PMID- 27357809
TI  - River Water Pollution Status and Water Policy Scenario in Ethiopia: Raising
      Awareness for Better Implementation in Developing Countries.
AB  - Despite the increasing levels of pollution in many tropical African countries,
      not much is known about the strength and weaknesses of policy and institutional
      frameworks to tackle pollution and ecological status of rivers and their impacts
      on the biota. We investigated the ecological status of four large river basins
      using physicochemical water quality parameters and bioindicators by collecting
      samples from forest, agriculture, and urban landscapes of the Nile, Omo-Gibe,
      Tekeze, and Awash River basins in Ethiopia. We also assessed the water policy
      scenario to evaluate its appropriateness to prevent and control pollution. To
      investigate the level of understanding and implementation of regulatory
      frameworks and policies related to water resources, we reviewed the policy
      documents and conducted in-depth interviews of the stakeholders. Physicochemical
      and biological data revealed that there is significant water quality
      deterioration at the impacted sites (agriculture, coffee processing, and urban
      landscapes) compared to reference sites (forested landscapes) in all four basins.
      The analysis of legal, policy, and institutional framework showed a lack of
      cooperation between stakeholders, lack of knowledge of the policy documents,
      absence of enforcement strategies, unavailability of appropriate working
      guidelines, and disconnected institutional setup at the grass root level to
      implement the set strategies as the major problems. In conclusion, river water
      pollution is a growing challenge and needs urgent action to implement
      intersectoral collaboration for water resource management that will eventually
      lead toward integrated watershed management. Revision of policy and increasing
      the awareness and participation of implementers are vital to improve ecological
      quality of rivers.

PMID- 27357810
TI  - Has anyone been listening? Post-SPECT MPI referral rates to catheterization.

PMID- 27357811
TI  - Low levels of TGF-beta1 enhance human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem
      cell fibronectin production and extend survival time in a rat model of
      lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cellular source for cell-based
      therapy, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the use of MSCs
      is limited by their low incorporation rate in the graft environment. The majority
      of cells are lost from the graft within 1 month, due to reduced microenvironment
      or local inflammation at the graft site. The extracellular matrix (ECM) may
      assist the survival and expansion of MSCs. The present study aimed to identify an
      effective approach to increase ECM expression levels by MSCs in order to enhance
      the therapeutic effect and survival rate of MSCs at the injury site. The
      concentration-dependent effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 on human
      umbilical cord (hUC)-MSC proliferation and expression of ECM genes was
      investigated. MSCs were successfully isolated, cultured and expanded from hUC. A
      low concentration of TGF-beta1 (0.1 ng/ml) exhibited the optimal effect on hUC
      MSC proliferation and markedly stimulated the expression of ECM genes,
      particularly fibronectin (FN). Furthermore, treatment with TGF-beta1 caused no
      alteration in the immunophenotype and differentiation capacity of MSCs. In vivo
      experiments in rats demonstrated that intravenous injection of control UC-MSCs or
      TGF-beta1-pre-treated UC-MSCs reduced the severity of lipopolysaccharide-induced
      lung injury, assessed using histology, measurements of the wet-dry lung weight
      ratio, and neutrophil count and protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid. However, the short-term (48 h) therapeutic effects of untreated and TGF
      beta1-pre-treated UC-MSCs were similar. The survival of MSCs in damaged lungs,
      determined by Sry gene expression levels, were significantly increased in MSCs
      pre-treated with TGF-beta1. In conclusion, pre-treatment of MSCs with a low
      concentration of TGF-beta1 enhanced the expression of ECM components,
      particularly FN, thus, improving the survival and potential therapeutic benefits
      of MSCs. Pre-treatment of MSCs with TGF-beta1 may prolong the effective therapy
      time and represent an efficient therapeutic approach for tissue repair. 

PMID- 27357813
TI  - The effect of trastuzumab-based chemotherapy in small node-negative HER2-positive
      breast cancer.
AB  - The prognosis of patients with stage II-III Human Epidermal growth factor
      Receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer has significantly improved since the
      addition of trastuzumab to (neo-)adjuvant chemotherapy. Several reports have
      shown that small (<=2 cm), node-negative, HER2-positive tumors have a relatively
      poor prognosis and these patients increasingly receive trastuzumab-based
      chemotherapy. We aimed to provide evidence for this approach in a population
      based cohort. All T1N0M0 HER2-positive breast cancer patients diagnosed between
      2006 and 2012 were identified from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Patient,
      tumor, and treatment characteristics were recorded. Kaplan-Meier statistics were
      used for overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS)
      estimations overall and in T1a, T1b, and T1c tumors separately. Cox regression
      analyses were performed to account for imbalances in baseline characteristics
      between treated and untreated patients. A total of 3512 patients were identified:
      385 with T1a, 800 with T1b, and 2327 with T1c tumors. Forty-five percent of
      patients received chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab: 92 % received both.
      Chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab significantly improved 8-year OS (95 vs. 84 %;
      hazard ratio [HR] 0.29; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.21-0.41, P < 0.001). The
      effect remained significant in multivariable analyses (HR 0.35; 95 % CI 0.23
      0.52, P < 0.001). BCSS was also improved with systemic treatment in univariable
      (96 vs. 92 %; HR 0.41; 95 % CI 0.27-0.63, P < 0.001) and multivariable analyses
      (HR 0.31; 95 % CI 0.19-0.53, P < 0.001). Treatment effect on OS and BCSS was
      similar in T1a, T1b, and T1c tumors. Chemotherapy and/or trastuzumab improves OS
      and BCSS and can be considered in all patients with small node-negative HER2
      positive breast cancer.

PMID- 27357812
TI  - GGNBP2 acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting estrogen receptor alpha activity
      in breast cancer cells.
AB  - Gametogenetin-binding protein 2 (GGNBP2) is encoded in human chromosome 17q12
      q23, a region known as a breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility locus. GGNBP2,
      also referred to ZFP403, has a single C2H2 zinc finger and a consensus LxxLL
      nuclear receptor-binding motif. Here, we demonstrate that GGNBP2 expression is
      reduced in primary human breast tumors and in breast cancer cell lines, including
      T47D, MCF-7, LCC9, LY2, and MDA-MB-231 compared with normal, immortalized
      estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) negative MCF-10A and MCF10F breast epithelial
      cells. Overexpression of GGNBP2 inhibits the proliferation of T47D and MCF-7
      ERalpha positive breast cancer cells without affecting MCF-10A and MCF10F. Stable
      GGNBP2 overexpression in T47D cells inhibits 17beta-estradiol (E2)-stimulated
      proliferation as well as migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth in
      vitro, and xenograft tumor growth in mice. We further demonstrate that GGNBP2
      protein physically interacts with ERalpha, inhibits E2-induced activation of
      estrogen response element-driven reporter activity, and attenuates ER target gene
      expression in T47D cells. In summary, our in vitro and in vivo findings suggest
      that GGNBP2 is a novel breast cancer tumor suppressor functioning as a nuclear
      receptor corepressor to inhibit ERalpha activity and tumorigenesis.

PMID- 27357814
TI  - Baxter elastomeric pumps: Feasibility of weight estimates.
AB  - Purpose Elastomeric pumps are used to infuse a 46-h fluorouracil protocol and
      patients are asked to visually inspect the pump daily. The pump has a variability
      of +/-10% and there are additional patient variables that can increase this. The
      feasibility of weighing the pump rather than a visual inspection along with the
      secondary objective to confirm the pump's variability in real world conditions
      was undertaken. Methods Empty pumps were weighed using both pharmacy and kitchen
      scales. Pumps upon completion of the 46-h infusion were also weighed using both
      pharmacy and kitchen scales. Results The kitchen scale was as accurate as the
      pharmacy grade scale. Disconnected pumps showed the expected variability from
      using these infusor pumps along with a few showing greater variability likely due
      to patient variables. Conclusion Weighing pumps appears to be feasible both at
      the pharmacy and home level. Next steps would be to weigh pumps during the
      infusion to validate an alternate method to simple visual inspection for patients
      to confirm proper infusing of the pump at their home.

PMID- 27357815
TI  - Bortezomib therapy-related lung disease in a patient with light chain
      amyloidosis: A case report.
AB  - Bortezomib was the first antineoplastic proteasome inhibitor and is currently
      indicated for the treatment of hematologic malignancies including multiple
      myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. This report describes a 57-year-old patient
      with light chain (primary) amyloidosis receiving weekly subcutaneous bortezomib
      injections who presented with recurrent hypoxemia and interstitial pneumonitis.
      Following the failure of conventional therapy, the patient responded rapidly to
      high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone. Oxygen therapy was able to be weaned
      off within three days and he was able to be discharged to home in stable
      condition, with follow-up computed tomography showing improving lung lesions.
      Bortezomib is known to rarely cause acute lung injury, but this complication has
      not been previously described in the setting of amyloidosis. Clinicians should be
      aware of potentially severe pulmonary adverse effects in all patients treated
      with bortezomib.

PMID- 27357816
TI  - Expanding the armamentarium for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A review of novel
      agents in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - Treatment options for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the most common leukemia in
      the United States, have expanded rapidly in recent years. While traditional
      chemoimmunotherapy still remains a mainstay for young, fit patients, a number of
      novel targeted therapies have emerged that have changed the therapeutic
      landscape. Two innovative anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, obinutuzumab and
      ofatumomamab, have demonstrated activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and
      represent well-tolerated options in upfront management of elderly patients or in
      those with significant comorbidities. Agents targeting the B-cell receptor
      pathway, ibrutinib and idelalisib, have excellent activity in chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia, particularly in those patients with 17p deletions, in which responses
      to chemoimmunotherapy are traditionally dismal. Venetoclax (ABT-199), the
      recently FDA-approved BCL2 inhibitor, as well as several other agents and therapy
      combinations in the pipeline offer great promise for patients with chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia, particularly in the relapsed/refractory setting. This
      article comprehensively reviews the data for novel agents in chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia, including the pharmacology of therapies, unique toxicities, and other
      practical management considerations for clinicians.

PMID- 27357817
TI  - An update on current and emerging therapies for epithelial ovarian cancer: Focus
      on poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibition and antiangiogenesis.
AB  - Epithelial ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic tumors
      in western countries. Newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer patients usually
      have good initial response to combination of platinum-based and taxane-based
      chemotherapy. However, most patients eventually experience relapses, and
      responses to subsequent therapies are generally short-lived. Intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy has been shown to improve survival outcomes, but toxicities and
      logistics limit its acceptance. Dose-dense schedule of paclitaxel combined with
      carboplatin remains controversial, and more studies are needed to validate this
      approach. About 15% of epithelial ovarian cancer patients carry gene mutations in
      BRCA1 and/or BRCA2. The development of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose)
      polymerase inhibitors represents a novel therapeutic strategy, in which
      poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) inhibition leads to the formation of double
      stranded DNA breaks that cannot be accurately repaired in BRCA1- or BRCA2-mutated
      tumors, thus leading to tumor cell death. This principle of synthetic lethality
      can be demonstrated by olaparib, an oral agent that inhibits the repair of single
      strand DNA breaks during DNA replication, causing defective homologous
      recombination and hence tumor cell death. Currently, many poly(adenosine
      diphosphate-ribose) inhibitors are in different phases of development.
      Furthermore, mechanisms of defective homologous recombination pathway may include
      other genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in addition to either germline or
      somatic BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 mutations, making these pathways as potential
      therapeutic targets. The clinical pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety,
      administration issues of olaparib and current clinical development of
      poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) inhibitors are described in this article,
      along with an overview on the treatment options (including intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy and dose-dense chemotherapy) for epithelial ovarian cancer. On the
      other hand, overexpression of the vascular endothelial growth factor and
      increased angiogenesis are associated with the development and progression of
      epithelial ovarian cancer. Although there are some expected toxicities associated
      with antiangiogenesis, combination of bevacizumab and systemic chemotherapy
      improves the progression-free survival and response rate compared to chemotherapy
      alone. The clinical efficacy of adding bevacizumab and its safety for advanced
      epithelial ovarian cancer is also reviewed, with emerging data on
      antiangiogenesis therapy.

PMID- 27357818
TI  - Haplotype analysis reveals that the recurrent BRCA1 deletion of exons 23 and 24
      is a Greek founder mutation.
AB  - A recurrent large genomic rearrangement (LGR) encompassing exons 23 and 24 of the
      BRCA1 gene has been identified in breast-ovarian cancer families of Greek origin.
      Its breakpoints have been determined as c.5406 + 664_*8273del11052 (RefSeq:
      NM_007294.3) and a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been set up for
      rapid screening. In a series of 2,092 high-risk families completely screened for
      BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations, we have found the deletion in 35 families
      (1.68%), representing 7.83% of the mutations identified in both genes and 10.3%
      of the total BRCA1 mutations. In order to characterize this deletion as a founder
      mutation, haplotype analysis was conducted in 60 carriers from 35 families, using
      three BRCA1 intragenic microsatellite markers and four markers surrounding the
      BRCA1 locus. Our results demonstrate a common shared core disease-associated
      haplotype of 2.89Mb. Our calculations estimate that the deletion has originated
      from a common ancestor 1450 years ago, which most probably inhabited the Asia
      Minor area. The particular (LGR) is the third mutation of such type that is
      proven to have a Greek founder effect in the Greek population, illustrating the
      necessity for LGRs testing in individuals of Greek descent.

PMID- 27357819
TI  - Stigma by association and family burden among family members of people with
      mental illness: the mediating role of coping.
AB  - PURPOSE: When someone has a mental illness, family members may share the
      experience of stigma. Past research has established that family members'
      experiences of stigma by association predict psychological distress and lower
      quality-of-life. METHODS: The present study, conducted with 503 family members of
      people with mental illness examined the prevalence of 14 different coping
      strategies. Of greater importance, we examined the role of these coping
      strategies as mediators of the relationships between stigma by association and
      family burden, on the one hand, and outcomes, such as psychological distress and
      quality-of-life, on the other. RESULTS: The results showed that both perceived
      stigma by association and family burden are associated with greater psychological
      distress and lower quality-of-life, and that most coping strategies mediate these
      relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Adaptive coping strategies were related to reduced
      negative outcomes, while most maladaptive coping strategies were related to
      enhanced negative outcomes. Implications for intervention development are
      discussed.

PMID- 27357820
TI  - Attitudes towards the people with mental illness: comparison between Czech
      medical doctors and general population.
AB  - PURPOSE: Stigma among health care professionals is detrimental to the life of
      those with mental health problems. In the region of post-communist Europe, the
      level of stigma among health care providers remains understudied. We aimed to
      compare attitudes towards people with mental illness between Czech medical
      doctors and the general population. METHODS: The Community Attitudes towards
      Mentally Ill (CAMI) scale was used to measure stigmatizing attitudes among a
      nationally representative sample of (1) adults residing in the Czech Republic (n
      = 1810) and (2) Czech medical doctors (n = 1200). Descriptive statistics and
      multivariable linear regression were used to assess differences between both
      samples. RESULTS: Compared to the general adult population in the Czech Republic,
      Czech medical doctors demonstrated less stigmatizing attitudes toward people with
      mental illness in 26 of the 27 CAMI items as well as in the total CAMI score.
      Medical doctors, however, were more likely to consider mental hospitals as an up
      to-date method of treating people with mental illness. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      demonstrate more favourable attitudes towards people with mental illness among
      Czech medical doctors when compared to the Czech general population. Stigma,
      however, is high among both these groups.

PMID- 27357822
TI  - Clinical outcomes after rescue extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for
      out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
AB  - AIM: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) has been shown to have
      survival benefit in patients who had in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). However,
      limited data are available on the role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      (ECMO) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Therefore, we aimed to
      investigate clinical outcomes and predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients
      who had OHCA and who underwent ECPR. METHODS: From January 2004 to December 2013,
      235 patients who received ECPR were enrolled in a retrospective, single-centre,
      observational registry. Among those, we studied 35 adult patients who had OHCA.
      The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Among 35 patients with a
      median age of 55 years (IQR 45-64), 29 (82.9%) of whom were male, ECMO
      implantation was successful in all and 10 patients (28.6%) lived to be discharged
      from the hospital. In 18 cases (51.4%), first monitored rhythms were identified
      as ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation, that is, shockable rhythm.
      There were no differences between in-hospital survivors and non-survivors
      regarding median time of arrest to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
      (survivors: 23.5 min (IQR 18.8-27.3) vs non-survivors: 20.0 min (IQR 15.0-24.5);
      p=0.41) and median time of CPR to ECMO pump-on (survivors: 61.0 min (IQR 39.8
      77.8) vs non-survivors 50.0 min (IQR 44.0-72.5); p=0.50). In 23 cases (65.7%),
      ischaemic heart disease was diagnosed and successful revascularisation was
      achieved in a significantly higher proportion of the survivor group (8/10
      (80.0%)) than the non-survivor group (8/25 (32.0%)) (p=0.02). Witnessed arrest
      (HR=3.96; 95% CI 1.38 to 11.41; p=0.01), bystander CPR (HR=4.05; 95% CI 1.56 to
      10.42; p=0.004) and successful revascularisation (HR=2.90; 95% CI 1.23 to 6.86;
      p=0.02) were independent predictors of survival-to-discharge in patients who had
      OHCA in univariate Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Survival rate for ECPR in
      the setting of OHCA remains poor. Our findings suggest that ECMO implantation
      should be very carefully considered in highly selected patients who had OHCA with
      little no-flow time and a reversible cause.

PMID- 27357821
TI  - What shapes 7-year-olds' subjective well-being? Prospective analysis of early
      childhood and parenting using the Growing Up in Scotland study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Research on predictors of young children's psychosocial well-being
      currently relies on adult-reported outcomes. This study investigated whether
      early family circumstances and parenting predict 7-year-olds' subjective well
      being. METHODS: Information on supportive friendships, liking school and life
      satisfaction was obtained from 7-year-olds in one Growing Up in Scotland birth
      cohort in 2012-2013 (N = 2869). Mothers provided information on early childhood
      factors from 10 to 34 months, parenting (dysfunctional parenting, home learning
      and protectiveness) from 46 to 70 months, and 7-year-olds' adjustment.
      Multivariable path models explored associations between early childhood factors,
      parenting and 7-year-olds' subjective well-being. Supplementary analyses compared
      findings with those for mother-reported adjustment. RESULTS: In a model of early
      childhood factors, maternal distress predicted less supportive friendships and
      lower life satisfaction (coefficients -0.12), poverty predicted less supportive
      friendships (-0.09) and remote location predicted all outcomes (-0.20 to -0.27).
      In a model with parenting added, dysfunctional parenting predicted all outcomes (
      10 to -0.16), home learning predicted liking school (0.11) and life satisfaction
      (0.08), and protectiveness predicted life satisfaction (0.08). Effects of
      maternal distress were fully mediated, largely via dysfunctional parenting, while
      home learning mediated negative effects of low maternal education. Direct effects
      of poverty and remote location remained. Findings for mother-reported child
      adjustment were broadly similar. CONCLUSIONS: Unique prospective data show
      parenting and early childhood impact 7-year-olds' subjective well-being. They
      underline the benefits for children of targeting parental mental health and
      dysfunctional parenting, and helping parents develop skills to support children
      at home and school.

PMID- 27357823
TI  - Simultaneous Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Extracellular Polymeric
      Substance (EPS) from Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Production by Different
      Bacterial Strains.
AB  - Simultaneous synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and polyglutamic acid
      (PGA) was investigated in cultures of Cupriavidus necator IPT 026, C. necator IPT
      027, C. necator IPT 029, and Bacillus megaterium INCQS 425 strains in a medium
      containing 2.0 % sucrose or crude glycerol from biodiesel (CGB), in an orbital
      shaker (35  degrees C, 180 rpm, 72 h). All the strains tested simultaneously
      produced PHA and PGA in a medium containing CGB. The C. necator IPT026 culture
      provided higher molecular mass PHA and PGA (1128.55 and 835.56 kDa,
      respectively). B. megaterium INCQS 425 promoted PGA production (1.90 g L-1) with
      higher crystalline melting temperature (84.04  degrees C) and higher initial
      decomposition temperature (247.10  degrees C). Furthermore, the latter culture
      promoted the production of medium- and long-chain PHA (0.78 g L-1) with high
      crystalline melting temperatures (~170  degrees C) and high initial decomposition
      temperature (307.53  degrees C) and low degree of crystallinity (20.2 %). These
      characteristics render these PHAs more appropriate and suitable for processes
      that require high temperatures, such as extrusion, increasing the possibility of
      industrial applications, especially in the packaging sector.

PMID- 27357824
TI  - Proteomic analysis of breast tumors confirms the mRNA intrinsic molecular
      subtypes using different classifiers: a large-scale analysis of fresh frozen
      tissue samples.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease that is usually
      characterized by histological parameters such as tumor size, cellular
      arrangements/rearrangments, necrosis, nuclear grade and the mitotic index,
      leading to a set of around twenty subtypes. Together with clinical markers such
      as hormone receptor status, this classification has considerable prognostic value
      but there is a large variation in patient response to therapy. Gene expression
      profiling has provided molecular profiles characteristic of distinct subtypes of
      breast cancer that reflect the divergent cellular origins and degree of
      progression. METHODS: Here we present a large-scale proteomic and transcriptomic
      profiling study of 477 sporadic and hereditary breast cancer tumors with matching
      mRNA expression analysis. Unsupervised hierarchal clustering was performed and
      selected proteins from large-scale tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis were
      transferred into a highly multiplexed targeted selected reaction monitoring assay
      to classify tumors using a hierarchal cluster and support vector machine with
      leave one out cross-validation. RESULTS: The subgroups formed upon unsupervised
      clustering agree very well with groups found at transcriptional level; however,
      the classifiers (genes or their respective protein products) differ almost
      entirely between the two datasets. In-depth analysis shows clear differences in
      pathways unique to each type, which may lie behind their different clinical
      outcomes. Targeted mass spectrometry analysis and supervised clustering correlate
      very well with subgroups determined by RNA classification and show convincing
      agreement with clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS: This work demonstrates the
      merits of protein expression profiling for breast cancer stratification. These
      findings have important implications for the use of genomics and expression
      analysis for the prediction of protein expression, such as receptor status and
      drug target expression. The highly multiplexed MS assay is easily implemented in
      standard clinical chemistry practice, allowing rapid and cheap characterization
      of tumor tissue suitable for directing the choice of treatment.

PMID- 27357825
TI  - Sparse single-step method for genomic evaluation in pigs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In many animal breeding programs, with the increasing number of
      genotyped animals, estimation of genomic breeding values by the single-step
      method is becoming limited by excessive computing requirements. A recently
      proposed algorithm for proven and young animals (APY) is an approximation that
      reduces computing time drastically by dividing genotyped animals into core and
      non-core animals, with only computations for core animals being time-consuming.
      We hypothesized that choosing core animals based on representing all generations,
      minimizing the relatedness within the core group, or maximizing the number of
      genotyped offspring, would result in greater accuracies of estimated breeding
      values (EBV). METHODS: We compared eight different core groups for the three pig
      breeds DanAvl Duroc, DanAvl Landrace and DanAvl Yorkshire. These eight sparse
      approximations of the single-step method were evaluated based on correlations of
      EBV for genotyped animals obtained from the sparse methods with those obtained
      from the usual version of the single-step method. We used a single-trait model
      with daily gain as trait. RESULTS: For core groups that distributed animals
      across generations, correlations for genotyped animals (from 0.977 to 0.989) were
      higher than for those that did not distribute core animals across generations
      (from 0.934 to 0.956). For core groups that maximized the number of genotyped
      offspring, correlations for genotyped animals (from 0.983 to 0.989) were higher
      than for other core groups (from 0.934 to 0.981). There was no clear association
      between low relatedness within the core group and accuracy of approximations.
      CONCLUSIONS: We found that for core groups that represent all generations and
      that maximize the number of genotyped offspring, accurate approximations of EBV
      were obtained. However, we did not find a clear association between accuracy and
      relatedness within the core group. For the APY method, this is the first study
      that reports systematic criteria for the creation of core groups that result in
      more accurate EBV than a similar-sized random core group. Random core groups only
      ensure across-generation representation. Therefore, we recommend choosing a core
      group that represents all generations and that maximizes the number of genotyped
      offspring for single-step genomic evaluation using the APY method.

PMID- 27357826
TI  - MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis is associated with alterations in asymmetric
      dimethylarginine (ADMA) and its transporters.
AB  - Using an experimental model of NASH induced by a methionine-choline-deficient
      (MCD) diet, we investigated whether changes occur in serum and tissue levels of
      asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Male Wistar rats underwent NASH induced by 8
      week feeding with an MCD diet. Serum and hepatic biopsies at 2, 4 and 8 weeks
      were taken, and serum enzymes, ADMA and nitrate/nitrite (NOx), were evaluated.
      Hepatic biopsies were used for mRNA and protein expression analysis of
      dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1 (DDAH-1) and protein methyltransferases
      (PRMT-1), enzymes involved in ADMA metabolism and synthesis, respectively, and
      ADMA transporters (CAT-1, CAT-2A and CAT-2B). Lipid peroxides (TBARS),
      glutathione, ATP/ADP and DDAH activity were quantified. An increase in serum AST
      and ALT was detected in MCD animals. A time-dependent decrease in serum and
      tissue ADMA and increase in mRNA expression of DDAH-1 and PRMT-1 as well as
      higher rates of mRNA expression of CAT-1 and lower rates of CAT-2A and CAT-2B
      were found after 8-week MCD diet. An increase in serum NOx and no changes in
      protein expression in DDAH-1 and CAT-1 and higher content in CAT-2 and PRMT-1
      were found at 8 weeks. Hepatic DDAH activity decreased with a concomitant
      increase in oxidative stress, as demonstrated by high TBARS levels and low
      glutathione content. In conclusion, a decrease in serum and tissue ADMA levels in
      the MCD rats was found associated with a reduction in DDAH activity due to the
      marked oxidative stress observed. Changes in ADMA levels and its transporters are
      innovative factors in the onset and progression of hepatic alterations correlated
      with MCD diet-induced NASH. 

PMID- 27357827
TI  - Salidroside protects cortical neurons against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity by
      inhibiting autophagy.
AB  - Recent evidence suggests that glutamate-induced cytotoxicity contributes to
      autophagic neuron death and is partially mediated by increased oxidative stress.
      Salidroside has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in glutamate
      induced neuronal damage. The precise mechanism of its regulatory role in neuronal
      autophagy is, however, poorly understood. This study aimed to probe the effects
      and mechanisms of salidroside in glutamate-induced autophagy activation in
      cultured rat cortical neurons. Cell viability assay, Western blotting,
      coimmunoprecipitation, and small interfering RNA were performed to analyze
      autophagy activities during glutamate-evoked oxidative injury. We found that
      salidroside protected neonatal neurons from glutamate-induced apoptotic cell
      death. Salidroside significantly attenuated the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and expression
      of Beclin-1, but increased (SQSTM1)/p62 expression under glutamate exposure.
      Pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, decreased LC3
      II/LC3-I ratio, attenuated glutamate-induced cell injury, and mimicked some of
      the protective effects of salidroside against glutamate-induced cell injury.
      Molecular analysis demonstrated that salidroside inhibited cortical neuron
      autophagy in response to glutamate exposure through p53 signaling by increasing
      the accumulation of cytoplasmic p53. Salidroside inhibited the glutamate-induced
      dissociation of the Bcl-2-Beclin-1 complex with minor affects on the
      PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. These data demonstrate that the inhibition of
      autophagy could be responsible for the neuroprotective effects of salidroside on
      glutamate-induced neuronal injury. 

PMID- 27357828
TI  - Modulatory effects of vagal stimulation on neurophysiological parameters and the
      cellular immune response in the rat brain during systemic inflammation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stimulation of the vagus nerve has modulating, anti-inflammatory
      effects on the cellular immune response in the blood and the spleen, stabilizing
      brain function. Here, we aimed to investigate its potential effects on immune-to
      brain communication focusing on neurophysiological readouts and leukocyte
      migration to the brain during severe sepsis-like endotoxemia. METHODS: Systemic
      inflammation was induced by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS; 5 mg/kg). Animals received either no manipulation of the vagus nerve,
      vagotomy, or vagotomy plus vagus nerve stimulation of the distal trunk.
      Somatosensory evoked potentials and evoked flow velocity response were measured
      for 4.5 h as indicators of brain function and neurovascular coupling,
      respectively. In addition, brain areas with (cortex) and without (hypothalamus)
      tight blood-brain barrier were studied separately using immunohistochemistry and
      RT-PCR. Moreover, plasma cytokine and leptin levels were analyzed by ELISA.
      RESULTS: LPS induced a decline of both neurophysiological parameters, which was
      prevented by vagus nerve stimulation. As for peripheral organs, LPS-stimulated
      neutrophil counts increased in the brain and colocalized in the brain with
      endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. Interestingly, vagal
      stimulation reduced this colocalization and decreased nuclear translocation of
      the brain cell activation marker nuclear factor interleukin 6 (NF-IL6).
      Furthermore, it reduced the gene expression of inflammatory markers and
      extravasation signals (IL-6, CXCL-1, ICAM-1) in the hypothalamus but not the
      cortex linked to a moderate decrease in circulating cytokine levels (interleukin
      6, tumor necrosis factor alpha) as well as lower plasma leptin concentration.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest beneficial effects of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve
      stimulation on brain function by reducing the interaction of neurotrophil
      granulocytes with the brain endothelium as well as attenuating inflammatory
      responses in brain areas lacking a blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 27357829
TI  - Availability and quality of routine morbidity data: review of studies in South
      Africa.
AB  - Objectives: Routine health information systems (RHISs) provide data that are
      vital for planning and monitoring individual health. Data from RHISs could also
      be used for purposes for which they were not originally intended, provided that
      the data are of sufficient quality. For example, morbidity data could be used to
      inform burden of disease estimations, which serve as important evidence to
      prioritize interventions and promote health. The objective of this study was to
      identify and assess published quantitative assessments of data quality related to
      patient morbidity in RHISs in use in South Africa. Materials and Methods: We
      conducted a review of literature published between 1994 and 2014 that assessed
      the quality of data in RHISs in South Africa. World Health Organization (WHO)
      data quality components were used as the assessment criteria. Results: Of 420
      references identified, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies were
      limited to tuberculosis and HIV. No study reported more than 3 WHO data quality
      components or provided a quantitative assessment of quality that could be used
      for burden of disease estimation. Discussion: The included studies had limited
      geographical focus and evaluated different source data at different levels of the
      information system. All studies reported poor data quality. Conclusion: This
      review confirmed concerns about the quality of data in RHISs, and highlighted the
      need for a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of patient-level morbidity
      data in RHISs in South Africa.

PMID- 27357830
TI  - Acute care patient portals: a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on
      current practices.
AB  - Objective: To describe current practices and stakeholder perspectives of patient
      portals in the acute care setting. We aimed to: (1) identify key features, (2)
      recognize challenges, (3) understand current practices for design, configuration,
      and use, and (4) propose new directions for investigation and innovation.
      Materials and Methods: Mixed methods including surveys, interviews, focus groups,
      and site visits with stakeholders at leading academic medical centers. Thematic
      analyses to inform development of an explanatory model and recommendations.
      Results: Site surveys were administered to 5 institutions. Thirty
      interviews/focus groups were conducted at 4 site visits that included a total of
      84 participants. Ten themes regarding content and functionality, engagement and
      culture, and access and security were identified, from which an explanatory model
      of current practices was developed. Key features included clinical data,
      messaging, glossary, patient education, patient personalization and family
      engagement tools, and tiered displays. Four actionable recommendations were
      identified by group consensus. Discussion: Design, development, and
      implementation of acute care patient portals should consider: (1) providing a
      single integrated experience across care settings, (2) humanizing the patient
      clinician relationship via personalization tools, (3) providing equitable access,
      and (4) creating a clear organizational mission and strategy to achieve outcomes
      of interest. Conclusion: Portals should provide a single integrated experience
      across the inpatient and ambulatory settings. Core functionality includes tools
      that facilitate communication, personalize the patient, and deliver education to
      advance safe, coordinated, and dignified patient-centered care. Our findings can
      be used to inform a "road map" for future work related to acute care patient
      portals.

PMID- 27357831
TI  - Comparison of accuracy of physical examination findings in initial progress notes
      between paper charts and a newly implemented electronic health record.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There have been several concerns about the quality of documentation
      in electronic health records (EHRs) when compared to paper charts. This study
      compares the accuracy of physical examination findings documentation between the
      two in initial progress notes. METHODOLOGY: Initial progress notes from patients
      with 5 specific diagnoses with invariable physical findings admitted to Beaumont
      Hospital, Royal Oak, between August 2011 and July 2013 were randomly selected for
      this study. A total of 500 progress notes were retrospectively reviewed. The
      paper chart arm consisted of progress notes completed prior to the transition to
      an EHR on July 1, 2012. The remaining charts were placed in the EHR arm. The
      primary endpoints were accuracy, inaccuracy, and omission of information.
      Secondary endpoints were time of initiation of progress note, word count, number
      of systems documented, and accuracy based on level of training. RESULTS: The rate
      of inaccurate documentation was significantly higher in the EHRs compared to the
      paper charts (24.4% vs 4.4%). However, expected physical examination findings
      were more likely to be omitted in the paper notes compared to EHRs (41.2% vs
      17.6%). Resident physicians had a smaller number of inaccuracies (5.3% vs 17.3%)
      and omissions (16.8% vs 33.9%) compared to attending physicians. CONCLUSIONS:
      During the initial phase of implementation of an EHR, inaccuracies were more
      common in progress notes in the EHR compared to the paper charts. Residents had a
      lower rate of inaccuracies and omissions compared to attending physicians.
      Further research is needed to identify training methods and incentives that can
      reduce inaccuracies in EHRs during initial implementation.

PMID- 27357832
TI  - Predicting mortality over different time horizons: which data elements are
      needed?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Electronic health records (EHRs) are a resource for "big data"
      analytics, containing a variety of data elements. We investigate how different
      categories of information contribute to prediction of mortality over different
      time horizons among patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: We derived prediction models for mortality over 7 time horizons using
      EHR data on older patients from a national chain of dialysis clinics linked with
      administrative data using LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator)
      regression. We assessed how different categories of information relate to risk
      assessment and compared discrete models to time-to-event models. RESULTS: The
      best predictors used all the available data (c-statistic ranged from 0.72-0.76),
      with stronger models in the near term. While different variable groups showed
      different utility, exclusion of any particular group did not lead to a
      meaningfully different risk assessment. Discrete time models performed better
      than time-to-event models. CONCLUSIONS: Different variable groups were predictive
      over different time horizons, with vital signs most predictive for near-term
      mortality and demographic and comorbidities more important in long-term
      mortality.

PMID- 27357833
TI  - Translating evidence to practice in the health professions: a randomized trial of
      Twitter vs Facebook.
AB  - Objective: Our objective was to compare the change in research informed knowledge
      of health professionals and their intended practice following exposure to
      research information delivered by either Twitter or Facebook. Methods: This open
      label comparative design study randomized health professional clinicians to
      receive "practice points" on tendinopathy management via Twitter or Facebook.
      Evaluated outcomes included knowledge change and self-reported changes to
      clinical practice. Results: Four hundred and ninety-four participants were
      randomized to 1 of 2 groups and 317 responders analyzed. Both groups demonstrated
      improvements in knowledge and reported changes to clinical practice. There was no
      statistical difference between groups for the outcomes of knowledge change (P =
      .728), changes to clinical practice (P = .11) or the increased use of research
      information (P = .89). Practice points were shared more by the Twitter group (P <
      .001); attrition was lower in the Facebook group (P < .001). Conclusion: Research
      information delivered by either Twitter or Facebook can improve clinician
      knowledge and promote behavior change. No differences in these outcomes were
      observed between the Twitter and Facebook groups. Brief social media posts are as
      effective as longer posts for improving knowledge and promoting behavior change.
      Twitter may be more useful in publicizing information and Facebook for
      encouraging course completion.

PMID- 27357834
TI  - Low tuberculosis case detection: a community and health facility based study of
      contributory factors in the Nkwanta South district of Ghana.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a major public health problem
      globally. In Ghana, the national TB case detection rate is 81 %; however, some
      districts are not able to meet their case detection targets. This study was
      therefore carried out in the Nkwanta South district to identify possible factors
      contributing to low TB case detection. METHODS: A cross sectional descriptive
      study involving the review of outpatients records for the year 2012 was
      conducted. Data on cough for 2 weeks or more duration, age, sex, area of
      residence and sputum smear examination were extracted. A community-based survey
      involving household contacts of TB patients and community based volunteers was
      also carried out. Data collected in the community included knowledge of TB status
      of relatives, level of socialization with TB patients and signs and symptoms of
      TB disease. Descriptive statistics including cross-tabulations were used to
      identify possible factors contributing to low TB case detection. RESULTS: A total
      of 932 patients out of 3987 reported coughing for 2 weeks or more (23.4 %;
      932/3987). Out of that, only 24.6 % (230/932) had sputum smear microscopy done,
      yielding 57 (24.8 %) positive cases. Five out of the 57 positive cases were found
      not registered for the initiation of treatment leading to a false primary default
      rate of 8.8 % per year. Eighty-five percent of the contacts were able to mention
      persistent cough as a sign/symptom of TB with 80.4 % indicating that TB can be
      cured. Only 10 % of health facilities provided diagnostic services in the
      district with only 25 % of staff having had training in TB management.
      CONCLUSION: The study identified some factors (weak record review systems,
      inadequate diagnostic centres, lack of trained persons and some level of stigma
      at the community level) that could be contributing to low TB case detection in
      the Nkwanta South district.

PMID- 27357835
TI  - Adoption of a Portal for the Primary Care Management of Pediatric Asthma: A Mixed
      Methods Implementation Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patient portals may improve communication between families of
      children with asthma and their primary care providers and improve outcomes.
      However, the feasibility of using portals to collect patient-reported outcomes
      from families and the barriers and facilitators of portal implementation across
      diverse pediatric primary care settings have not been established. OBJECTIVE: We
      evaluated the feasibility of using a patient portal for pediatric asthma in
      primary care, its impact on management, and barriers and facilitators of
      implementation success. METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods implementation
      study in 20 practices (11 states). Using the portal, parents of children with
      asthma aged 6-12 years completed monthly surveys to communicate treatment
      concerns, treatment goals, symptom control, medication use, and side effects. We
      used logistic regression to evaluate the association of portal use with child
      characteristics and changes to asthma management. Ten clinician focus groups and
      22 semistructured parent interviews explored barriers and facilitators of use in
      the context of an evidence-based implementation framework. RESULTS: We invited
      9133 families to enroll and 237 (2.59%) used the portal (range by practice, 0.6%
      13.6%). Children of parents or guardians who used the portal were significantly
      more likely than nonusers to be aged 6-9 years (vs 10-12, P=.02), have mild or
      moderate/severe persistent asthma (P=.009 and P=.04), have a prescription of a
      controller medication (P<.001), and have private insurance (P=.002). Portal users
      with uncontrolled asthma had significantly more medication changes and primary
      care asthma visits after using the portal relative to the year earlier (increases
      of 14% and 16%, respectively). Qualitative results revealed the importance of
      practice organization (coordinated workflows) as well as family (asthma severity)
      and innovation (facilitated communication and ease of use) characteristics for
      implementation success. CONCLUSIONS: Although use was associated with higher
      treatment engagement, our results suggest that achieving widespread portal
      adoption is unlikely in the short term. Implementation efforts should include
      workflow redesign and prioritize enrollment of symptomatic children.
      CLINICALTRIAL: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01966068;
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01966068 (Archived by WebCite at
      http://www.webcitation.org/6i9iSQkm3).

PMID- 27357837
TI  - Reply to the letter to the editor.

PMID- 27357836
TI  - Exploring pig trade patterns to inform the design of risk-based disease
      surveillance and control strategies.
AB  - An understanding of the patterns of animal contact networks provides essential
      information for the design of risk-based animal disease surveillance and control
      strategies. This study characterises pig movements throughout England and Wales
      between 2009 and 2013 with a view to characterising spatial and temporal
      patterns, network topology and trade communities. Data were extracted from the
      Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)'s RADAR (Rapid Analysis and Detection of
      Animal-related Risks) database, and analysed using descriptive and network
      approaches. A total of 61,937,855 pigs were moved through 872,493 movements of
      batches in England and Wales during the 5-year study period. Results show that
      the network exhibited scale-free and small-world topologies, indicating the
      potential for diseases to quickly spread within the pig industry. The findings
      also provide suggestions for how risk-based surveillance strategies could be
      optimised in the country by taking account of highly connected holdings,
      geographical regions and time periods with the greatest number of movements and
      pigs moved, as these are likely to be at higher risk for disease introduction.
      This study is also the first attempt to identify trade communities in the
      country, information which could be used to facilitate the pig trade and maintain
      disease-free status across the country in the event of an outbreak.

PMID- 27357838
TI  - The effect of hypohydration on endothelial function in healthy adults.

PMID- 27357839
TI  - KinMutRF: a random forest classifier of sequence variants in the human protein
      kinase superfamily.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association between aberrant signal processing by protein kinases
      and human diseases such as cancer was established long time ago. However,
      understanding the link between sequence variants in the protein kinase
      superfamily and the mechanistic complex traits at the molecular level remains
      challenging: cells tolerate most genomic alterations and only a minor fraction
      disrupt molecular function sufficiently and drive disease. RESULTS: KinMutRF is a
      novel random-forest method to automatically identify pathogenic variants in human
      kinases. Twenty six decision trees implemented as a random forest ponder a
      battery of features that characterize the variants: a) at the gene level,
      including membership to a Kinbase group and Gene Ontology terms; b) at the PFAM
      domain level; and c) at the residue level, the types of amino acids involved,
      changes in biochemical properties, functional annotations from UniProt,
      Phospho.ELM and FireDB. KinMutRF identifies disease-associated variants
      satisfactorily (Acc: 0.88, Prec:0.82, Rec:0.75, F-score:0.78, MCC:0.68) when
      trained and cross-validated with the 3689 human kinase variants from UniProt that
      have been annotated as neutral or pathogenic. All unclassified variants were
      excluded from the training set. Furthermore, KinMutRF is discussed with respect
      to two independent kinase-specific sets of mutations no included in the training
      and testing, Kin-Driver (643 variants) and Pon-BTK (1495 variants). Moreover, we
      provide predictions for the 848 protein kinase variants in UniProt that remained
      unclassified. A public implementation of KinMutRF, including documentation and
      examples, is available online ( http://kinmut2.bioinfo.cnio.es ). The source code
      for local installation is released under a GPL version 3 license, and can be
      downloaded from https://github.com/Rbbt-Workflows/KinMut2 . CONCLUSIONS: KinMutRF
      is capable of classifying kinase variation with good performance. Predictions by
      KinMutRF compare favorably in a benchmark with other state-of-the-art methods
      (i.e. SIFT, Polyphen-2, MutationAssesor, MutationTaster, LRT, CADD, FATHMM, and
      VEST). Kinase-specific features rank as the most elucidatory in terms of
      information gain and are likely the improvement in prediction performance. This
      advocates for the development of family-specific classifiers able to exploit the
      discriminatory power of features unique to individual protein families.

PMID- 27357840
TI  - Community perceptions of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in southern Mozambique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest maternal mortality ratio at 500
      deaths per 100,000 live births. In Mozambique maternal mortality is estimated at
      249-480 per 100,000 live births and eclampsia is the third leading cause of
      death. The objective of this study was to describe the community understanding of
      pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, as a crucial step to improve maternal and perinatal
      health in southern Mozambique. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted in
      Maputo and Gaza Provinces of southern Mozambique. Twenty focus groups were
      convened with pregnant women, partners and husbands, matrons and traditional
      birth attendants, and mothers and mothers-in-law. In addition, ten interviews
      were conducted with traditional healers, matrons, and a traditional birth
      attendant. All discussions were audio-recorded, translated from local language
      (Changana) to Portuguese and transcribed verbatim prior to analysis with QSR
      NVivo 10. A thematic analysis approach was taken. RESULTS: The conditions of "pre
      eclampsia" and "eclampsia" were not known in these communities; however,
      participants were familiar with hypertension and seizures in pregnancy. Terms
      linked with the biomedical concept of pre-eclampsia were high blood pressure,
      fainting disease and illness of the heart, whereas illness of the moon, snake
      illness, falling disease, childhood illness, illness of scaresand epilepsy were
      used to characterizeeclampsia. The causes of hypertension in pregnancy were
      thought to include mistreatment by in-laws, marital problems, and excessive
      worrying. Seizures in pregnancy were believed to be caused by a snake living
      inside the woman's body. Warning signs thought to be common to both conditions
      were headache, chest pain, weakness, dizziness, fainting, sweating, and swollen
      feet. CONCLUSION: Local beliefs in southern Mozambique, regarding the causes,
      presentation, outcomes and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia were not
      aligned with the biomedical perspective. The community was often unaware of the
      link between hypertension and seizures in pregnancy. The numerous widespread
      myths and misconceptions concerning pre-eclampsia and eclampsiamay
      induceinappropriatetreatment-seeking and demonstrate a need for increased
      community education regarding pregnancy and associated complications. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: NCT01911494.

PMID- 27357841
TI  - [Potential for the survey of quality indicators based on a national emergency
      department registry : A systematic literature search].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emergency department processes are often key for successful
      treatment. Therefore, collection of quality indicators is demanded. A basis for
      the collection is systematic, electronic documentation. The development of paper
      based documentation into an electronic and interoperable national emergency
      registry is-besides the establishment of quality management for emergency
      departments-a target of the AKTIN project. The objective of this research is
      identification of internationally applied quality indicators. METHODS: For the
      investigation of the current status of quality management in emergency
      departments based on quality indicators, a systematic literature search of the
      database PubMed, the Cochrane Library and the internet was performed. RESULTS: Of
      the 170 internationally applied quality indicators, 25 with at least two
      references are identified. A total of 10 quality indicators are ascertainable by
      the data set. An enlargement of the data set will enable the collection of seven
      further quality indicators. The implementation of data of care behind the
      emergency processes will provide eight additional quality indicators. CONCLUSION:
      This work was able to show that the potential of a national emergency registry
      for the establishment of quality indicators corresponds with the international
      systems taken into consideration and could provide a comparable collection of
      quality indicators.

PMID- 27357842
TI  - The channel capacity of visual awareness divided among multiple moving objects.
AB  - If attention is distributed among multiple moving objects, how does this divided
      attention affect the temporal process for detecting a specific target motion?
      Well-trained observers in three experiments monitored ongoing random motions of
      multiple objects, trying to rapidly detect non-random target motions. Response
      time hazard rates revealed a simple lawful structure of the detection processes.
      Target detection rates (hazard rates, in bits /s) were inversely proportional to
      the number of observed objects. Detection rates at any response time and in any
      condition equaled a product of two parallel (functionally independent and
      concurrent) visual processes: visual awareness and motion integration. The rate
      of visual awareness was inversely proportional to Set Size (n = 1-12), constant
      over time, and invariant with integrated motion information. Thus, a single rate
      parameter, indicating a constant channel capacity of visual awareness, described
      detection rates over a wide range of conditions and response times. During an
      initial interval of roughly 0.5 s, detection rates increased proportionally with
      the duration and length of motion; but after this initial integration, detection
      rates were constant, independent of the time the target remained undetected. The
      relationship between the quantity of visual information and detection rates was
      simpler than anticipated by contemporary theories of attention, perception, and
      performance.

PMID- 27357843
TI  - The control of attentional target selection in a colour/colour conjunction task.
AB  - To investigate the time course of attentional object selection processes in
      visual search tasks where targets are defined by a combination of features from
      the same dimension, we measured the N2pc component as an electrophysiological
      marker of attentional object selection during colour/colour conjunction search.
      In Experiment 1, participants searched for targets defined by a combination of
      two colours, while ignoring distractor objects that matched only one of these
      colours. Reliable N2pc components were triggered by targets and also by partially
      matching distractors, even when these distractors were accompanied by a target in
      the same display. The target N2pc was initially equal in size to the sum of the
      two N2pc components to the two different types of partially matching distractors
      and became superadditive from approximately 250 ms after search display onset.
      Experiment 2 demonstrated that the superadditivity of the target N2pc was not due
      to a selective disengagement of attention from task-irrelevant partially matching
      distractors. These results indicate that attention was initially deployed
      separately and in parallel to all target-matching colours, before attentional
      allocation processes became sensitive to the presence of both matching colours
      within the same object. They suggest that attention can be controlled
      simultaneously and independently by multiple features from the same dimension and
      that feature-guided attentional selection processes operate in parallel for
      different target-matching objects in the visual field.

PMID- 27357844
TI  - Effects of hypothermically reduced plantar skin inputs on anticipatory and
      compensatory balance responses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anticipatory and compensatory balance responses are used by the
      central nervous system (CNS) to preserve balance, hence they significantly
      contribute to the understanding of physiological mechanisms of postural control.
      It is well established that various sensory systems contribute to the regulation
      of balance. However, it is still unclear which role each individual sensory
      system (e.g. plantar mechanoreceptors) plays in balance regulation. This becomes
      also evident in various patient populations, for instance in diabetics with
      reduced plantar sensitivity. To investigate these sensory mechanisms, approaches
      like hypothermia to deliberately reduce plantar afferent input have been applied.
      But there are some limitations regarding hypothermic procedures in previous
      studies: Not only plantar aspects of the feet might be affected and maintaining
      the hypothermic effect during data collection. Therefore, the aim of the present
      study was to induce a permanent and controlled plantar hypothermia and to examine
      its effects on anticipatory and compensatory balance responses. We hypothesized
      deteriorations in anticipatory and compensatory balance responses as increased
      center of pressure excursions (COP) and electromyographic activity (EMG) in
      response to the hypothermic plantar procedure. 52 healthy and young subjects
      (23.6 +/- 3.0 years) performed balance tests (unexpected perturbations).
      Subjects' foot soles were exposed to three temperatures while standing upright:
      25, 12 and 0  degrees C. COP and EMG were analyzed during two intervals of
      anticipatory and one interval of compensatory balance responses (intervals 0, 1
      and 2, respectively). RESULTS: Similar plantar temperatures confirmed the
      successful implementation of the thermal platform. No significant COP and EMG
      differences were found for the anticipatory responses (intervals 0 and 1) under
      the hyperthermia procedure. Parameters in interval 2 showed generally decreased
      values in response to cooling. CONCLUSION: No changes in anticipatory responses
      were found possibly due to sensory compensation processes of other intact
      afferents. Decreased compensatory responses may be interpreted as the additional
      balance threat, creating a more cautious behavior causing the CNS to generate a
      kind of over-compensatory behavior. Contrary to the expectations, there were
      different anticipatory and compensatory responses after reduced plantar inputs,
      thereby, revealing alterations in the organization of CNS inputs and outputs
      according to different task difficulties.

PMID- 27357845
TI  - Pyrithione-based ruthenium complexes as inhibitors of aldo-keto reductase 1C
      enzymes and anticancer agents.
AB  - Four ruthenium complexes of clinically used zinc ionophore pyrithione and its
      oxygen analog 2-hydroxypyridine N-oxide were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors
      of enzymes of the aldo-keto reductase subfamily 1C (AKR1C). A kinetic study
      assisted with docking simulations showed a mixed type of inhibition consisting of
      a fast reversible and a slow irreversible step in the case of both organometallic
      compounds 1A and 1B. Both compounds also showed a remarkable selectivity towards
      AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 which are targets for breast cancer drug design. The
      organoruthenium complex of ligand pyrithione as well as pyrithione itself also
      displayed toxicity on the hormone-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with
      EC50 values in the low micromolar range. 

PMID- 27357846
TI  - Targeted campaigns must help ethnic minorities spot cancer signs, researchers
      say.

PMID- 27357847
TI  - Coherent diffraction imaging: consistency of the assembled three-dimensional
      distribution.
AB  - The short pulses of X-ray free-electron lasers can produce diffraction patterns
      with structural information before radiation damage destroys the particle. From
      the recorded diffraction patterns the structure of particles or molecules can be
      determined on the nano- or even atomic scale. In a coherent diffraction imaging
      experiment thousands of diffraction patterns of identical particles are recorded
      and assembled into a three-dimensional distribution which is subsequently used to
      solve the structure of the particle. It is essential to know, but not always
      obvious, that the assembled three-dimensional reciprocal-space intensity
      distribution is really consistent with the measured diffraction patterns. This
      paper shows that, with the use of correlation maps and a single parameter
      calculated from them, the consistency of the three-dimensional distribution can
      be reliably validated.

PMID- 27357848
TI  - Faces of root polytopes in all dimensions.
AB  - In this paper the root polytopes of all finite reflection groups W with a
      connected Coxeter-Dynkin diagram in {?bb R}^n are identified, their faces of
      dimensions 0 <= d <= n - 1 are counted, and the construction of representatives
      of the appropriate W-conjugacy class is described. The method consists of
      recursive decoration of the appropriate Coxeter-Dynkin diagram [Champagne et al.
      (1995). Can. J. Phys. 73, 566-584]. Each recursion step provides the essentials
      of faces of a specific dimension and specific symmetry. The results can be
      applied to crystals of any dimension and any symmetry.

PMID- 27357849
TI  - Properties of X-ray resonant scattering in the Bragg case revealed on the Riemann
      surface.
AB  - Continuing the work described in the previous paper [Saka (2016). Acta Cryst.
      A72, 338-348], the dynamical theory for perfect crystals in the Bragg case is
      reformulated using the Riemann surface. In particular, diffraction under resonant
      scattering conditions is investigated. The characteristic features of the
      dispersion surface and the rocking curve are analytically revealed using four
      parameters, which are the real and imaginary parts of two quantities specifying
      the degree of departure from the exact Bragg conditions and the reflection
      strength. Characteristic properties that have been deduced through numerical
      analysis are derived analytically using these four parameters. Visualization of
      the geometric relationships between the four parameters on the Riemann surface is
      useful for understanding many properties such as symmetry and sharpness of the
      rocking curve under special conditions. Therefore, employing the Riemann surface
      is instructive for numerical analysis and useful for understanding dynamical
      diffraction in the Bragg case.

PMID- 27357850
TI  - Volumic omit maps in ab initio dual-space phasing.
AB  - Alternating-projection-type dual-space algorithms have a clear construction, but
      are susceptible to stagnation and, thus, inefficient for solving the phase
      problem ab initio. To improve this behaviour new omit maps are introduced, which
      are real-space perturbations applied periodically during the iteration process.
      The omit maps are called volumic, because they delete some predetermined
      subvolume of the unit cell without searching for atomic regions or analysing the
      electron density in any other way. The basic algorithms of positivity, histogram
      matching and low-density elimination are tested by their solution statistics. It
      is concluded that, while all these algorithms based on weak constraints are
      practically useless in their pure forms, appropriate volumic omit maps can
      transform them to practically useful methods. In addition, the efficiency of the
      already useful reflector-type charge-flipping algorithm can be further improved.
      It is important that these results are obtained by using non-sharpened structure
      factors and without any weighting scheme or reciprocal-space perturbation. The
      mathematical background of volumic omit maps and their expected applications are
      also discussed.

PMID- 27357851
TI  - Dynamical focusing by bent, asymmetrically cut perfect crystals in Laue geometry.
AB  - A semi-analytical approach based on the influence functions of a point source
      located on the crystal surface has been adopted to show that the focusing ability
      of cylindrically bent Laue crystals may be strongly enhanced by replacing
      symmetrically cut crystals with asymmetrically cut crystals. This approach is
      generally applicable to any distance between the X-ray source and the focusing
      bent crystal. A mathematically straightforward method to simplify the derivation
      of the already known expression of the influence functions in the case of
      deformed crystals with a constant strain gradient (e.g. cylindrically bent
      crystals) is also presented.

PMID- 27357852
TI  - Frequency analysis for modulation-enhanced powder diffraction.
AB  - Periodic modulation of external conditions on a crystalline sample with a
      consequent analysis of periodic diffraction response has been recently proposed
      as a tool to enhance experimental sensitivity for minor structural changes. Here
      the intensity distributions for both a linear and nonlinear structural response
      induced by a symmetric and periodic stimulus are analysed. The analysis is
      further extended for powder diffraction when an external perturbation changes not
      only the intensity of Bragg lines but also their positions. The derived results
      should serve as a basis for a quantitative modelling of modulation-enhanced
      diffraction data measured in real conditions.

PMID- 27357853
TI  - Robert Farrell Stewart (1936-2015).

PMID- 27357858
TI  - Adherence to statin treatment: an important issue in clinical practice.

PMID- 27357859
TI  - Hollow hydroxyapatite microsphere: a promising carrier for bone tissue
      engineering.
AB  - Hydroxyapatite (HA) microsphere with abundant ordered mesoporous and large hollow
      structure was prepared at hydrothermal condition with the aid of citrate. The
      obtained microsphere was performed as a drug delivery carrier to evaluate its
      drug loading/releasing behaviour using alendronate (AL) as a model drug. Results
      revealed that HA particles performed high AL-loading capability (46.8 wt % with
      respect to the powdered starting materials) and excellent AL-releasing behaviour
      (sustained drug releasing profile without burst release). Besides, although a
      proliferation inhibition phenomenon was observed as HA and AL-loading HA (HA-AL)
      co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at the initial stage, after
      prolonging co-culture period, compared with HA and control group, HA-AL promoted
      the cells' proliferation, meanwhile, it facilitated osteogenic differentiation of
      MSCs and enhanced the expression level of typical markers, all of that ensure HA
      microsphere is a promising carrier for bone repair.

PMID- 27357856
TI  - Vitamin D deficiency might pose a greater risk for ApoEE4 non-carrier Alzheimer's
      disease patients.
AB  - Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone that shares a synthetic pathway with
      cholesterol. ApoE, which is involved in the transport of cholesterol, is the most
      significant genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD).
      Surprisingly, recent studies have indicated the presence of an evolutionary
      juncture between these two molecules. To demonstrate this possible relationship,
      we investigated serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3 (25OHD) in patients with
      early onset-AD (EOAD; n:22), late onset-AD (LOAD; n:72), mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI; n:32) and in healthy subjects (n:70). We then analyzed the
      correlation between 25OHD and cytokines, BDNF and Hsp90 with respect to ApoE
      alleles, as these molecules were investigated in our previous studies. The LOAD
      patients had low levels of 25OHD, but these low levels originated only from
      ApoEE4 non-carrier patients. Negative correlations were observed between serum
      25OHD and TNFalpha, IL-1beta or IL-6 levels in healthy subjects or MCI patients,
      but these same correlations were positive in LOAD patients. ApoE alleles
      indicated that these positive correlations exist only in E4 carrier LOAD
      patients. Consequently, our results indicate that vitamin D deficiency presents a
      greater risk for ApoEE4 non-carrier AD patients than for E4 carriers. Therefore,
      it might be beneficial to monitor the vitamin D status of ApoEE4 allele non
      carrier AD patients. 

PMID- 27357857
TI  - Spindle cell embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate in an adult patient -
      case report and review of clinicopathological features.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate in an adult is a very rare
      event with only a few cases published. Diagnosis usually occurs with advanced
      disease frequently already with metastatic spread. In adults prognosis is very
      poor, therefore early diagnosis is crucial. To date, only three cases of spindle
      cell subtype of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the prostate in an adult have been
      published. CASE PRESENTATION: We report an additional case of prostatic spindle
      cell embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma subtype in an adult. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss
      relevant clinicopathological features of spindle cell embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
      of the prostate in adult patients in the context of the literature.

PMID- 27357860
TI  - Protein stability regulators screening assay (Pro-SRSA): protein degradation
      meets the CRISPR-Cas9 library.
AB  - The regulation of protein stability is a fundamental issue for biophysical
      processes, but there has not previously been a convenient and unbiased method of
      identifying regulators of protein stability. However, as reported in the article
      entitled "A genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 screening method for protein stability
      reveals novel regulators of Cdc25A," recently published in Cell Discovery, our
      team developed a protein stability regulators screening assay (Pro-SRSA) by
      combining the whole-genome clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
      repeats Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) library with a dual-fluorescence-based protein
      stability reporter and high-throughput sequencing to screen for regulators of
      protein stability. Based on our findings, we are confident that this efficient
      and unbiased screening method at the genome scale will be used by researchers
      worldwide to identify regulators of protein stability.

PMID- 27357861
TI  - CrossTalk proposal: Metabolic syndrome causes sleep apnoea.

PMID- 27357862
TI  - Are Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Associated With
      Oligohydramnios in Pregnant Women? A Case-Control Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study examined the prevalence of major depression and generalized
      anxiety disorder (GAD) in pregnant women with and without a diagnosis of
      oligohydramnios. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study sample included 53 pregnant women
      with a diagnosis of oligohydramnios and 80 healthy pregnant women subjects. Major
      depression and GAD were diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview for the
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (SCID-I).
      FINDINGS: Pregnant women with oligohydramnios had higher scores of depressive and
      anxiety symptom, and a higher prevalence rate of major depression (24.5% vs.
      6.2%) and GAD (30.2% vs. 3.2%). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The results of the present
      study suggest that oligohydramnios appears to be associated with both major
      depression and GAD in pregnant women.

PMID- 27357863
TI  - Effect of Gas Pores on Mechanical Properties of High-Pressure Die-Casting AM50
      Magnesium Alloy.
AB  - High-pressure die-casting (HPDC) AM50 tensile specimens were used to investigate
      characteristics of gas pores and its effect on mechanical properties of HPDC AM50
      magnesium alloy. Combining microstructure morphology gained from optical
      microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and three-dimensional (3D)
      reconstruction with the experimental data from uniaxial tensile testing, we
      pursued the relationship between gas pores and the mechanical properties of HPDC
      AM50 Mg alloy. Results indicate that comparing with 3D reconstruction models, 2D
      images like optical metallography images and SEM images have one-sidedness.
      Furthermore, the size and maximum areal fraction of gas pores have negative
      effects on the mechanical properties of HPDC AM50 Mg alloy. With increase of the
      maximum size of gas pores in the specimen, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
      and elongation decrease. In addition, with the maximum areal fraction becoming
      larger, both the UTS and elongation decrease linearly.

PMID- 27357865
TI  - One Step Quantum Key Distribution Based on EPR Entanglement.
AB  - A novel quantum key distribution protocol is presented, based on entanglement and
      dense coding and allowing asymptotically secure key distribution. Considering the
      storage time limit of quantum bits, a grouping quantum key distribution protocol
      is proposed, which overcomes the vulnerability of first protocol and improves the
      maneuverability. Moreover, a security analysis is given and a simple type of
      eavesdropper's attack would introduce at least an error rate of 46.875%. Compared
      with the "Ping-pong" protocol involving two steps, the proposed protocol does not
      need to store the qubit and only involves one step.

PMID- 27357864
TI  - Cortical idiosyncrasies predict the perception of object size.
AB  - Perception is subjective. Even basic judgments, like those of visual object size,
      vary substantially between observers and also across the visual field within the
      same observer. The way in which the visual system determines the size of objects
      remains unclear, however. We hypothesize that object size is inferred from
      neuronal population activity in V1 and predict that idiosyncrasies in cortical
      functional architecture should therefore explain individual differences in size
      judgments. Here we show results from novel behavioural methods and functional
      magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) demonstrating that biases in size perception
      are correlated with the spatial tuning of neuronal populations in healthy
      volunteers. To explain this relationship, we formulate a population read-out
      model that directly links the spatial distribution of V1 representations to our
      perceptual experience of visual size. Taken together, our results suggest that
      the individual perception of simple stimuli is warped by idiosyncrasies in visual
      cortical organization.

PMID- 27357866
TI  - Successful treatment of bullous pemphigoid with omalizumab as corticosteroid
      sparing agent: report of two cases and review of literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune blistering disease that is
      characterized by formation of subepidermal bullae due to functional disturbance
      of the hemidesmosomal proteins on the keratinocytes at the basal membrane zone.
      In recent years, several studies have emphasized the important role of IgE
      autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of BP. Consequently, a therapeutic approach
      using IgE depleting antibodies, such as a humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody
      (e.g. omalizumab) may represent a new option for treatment of this autoimmune
      disease. METHODS: In this paper, we report about the successful treatment of BP
      with omalizumab in two patients and provide a review of the current literature on
      the relationship between IgE antibodies and this autoimmune blistering disease.
      RESULTS: Two patients with therapy-resistant BP were treated with humanized
      monoclonal anti-IgE antibody omalizumab 300 mg subcutaneously every 3 weeks as
      corticosteroid-sparing agent. Under this therapy, both patients experienced a
      significant improvement of skin condition and almost complete resolution of
      pruritus. The treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Until recently IgG
      autoantibodies against the basal membrane proteins BP180 und BP230 were
      considered to be causative in the pathogenesis of BP. However, new in vitro
      studies as well as data from experimental mouse models have indicated that in
      addition to specific IgG, also IgE antibodies against BP180 and BP230 play a role
      in the development of this disease. Based on these new findings, new treatment
      modalities of BP became possible.

PMID- 27357900
TI  - Developing a Biocascade Process: Concurrent Ketone Reduction-Nitrile Hydrolysis
      of 2-Oxocycloalkanecarbonitriles.
AB  - A stereoselective bioreduction of 2-oxocycloalkanecarbonitriles was concurrently
      coupled to a whole cell-catalyzed nitrile hydrolysis in one-pot. The first step,
      mediated by ketoreductases, involved a dynamic reductive kinetic resolution,
      which led to 2-hydroxycycloalkanenitriles in very high enantio- and
      diastereomeric ratios. Then, the simultaneous exposure to nitrile hydratase and
      amidase from whole cells of Rhodococcus rhodochrous provided the corresponding 2
      hydroxycycloalkanecarboxylic acids with excellent overall yield and optical
      purity for the all-enzymatic cascade.

PMID- 27357867
TI  - Outcomes of an extended Morrow procedure without a concomitant mitral valve
      procedure for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.
AB  - The indications for a concomitant mitral valve (MV) procedure remain
      controversial for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).
      According to previous studies, a concomitant MV surgery was required in 11-20% of
      inpatient operations. Thus, we aimed to study the outcomes of an extended Morrow
      procedure without a concomitant MV procedure for HOCM patients who had no
      intrinsic abnormalities of the MV apparatus. We retrospectively reviewed 232
      consecutive HOCM patients who underwent extended Morrow procedures from January
      2010 to October 2014. Only 10 (4.31%) patients with intrinsic MV diseases
      underwent concomitant MV procedures. Of the 232 patients, 230 had no to mild
      mitral regurgitation (MR) postoperatively. We separated the 232 patients into two
      groups according to preoperative MR degree. One group is mild MR, and the other
      is moderate or severe MR. The three-month, one-year, and three-year composite end
      point event-free survival rates had no difference between two groups (p = 0.820).
      When we separated the patients to postoperative no or trace MR group and mild MR
      group, there was also no difference on survival rates (p = 0.830). In conclusion,
      concomitant mitral valve procedures are not necessary for HOCM patients with MR
      caused by systolic anterior motion, even moderate to severe extent.

PMID- 27357901
TI  - SPARCL1-containing neurons in the human brainstem and sensory ganglion.
AB  - Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (SPARCL1) is a member of the
      osteonectin family of proteins. In this study, immunohistochemistry for SPARCL1
      was performed to obtain its distribution in the human brainstem, cervical spinal
      cord, and sensory ganglion. SPARCL1-immunoreactivity was detected in neuronal
      cell bodies including perikarya and proximal dendrites, and the neuropil. The
      motor nuclei of the IIIrd, Vth, VIth, VIIth, IXth, Xth, XIth, and XIIth cranial
      nerves and spinal nerves contained many SPARCL1-immunoreactive (-IR) neurons with
      medium-sized to large cell bodies. Small and medium-sized SPARCL1-IR neurons were
      distributed in sensory nuclei of the Vth, VIIth, VIIIth, IXth, and Xth cranial
      nerves. In the medulla oblongata, the dorsal column nuclei also had small to
      medium-sized SPARCL1-IR neurons. In addition, SPARCL1-IR neurons were detected in
      the nucleus of the trapezoid body and pontine nucleus within the pons and the
      arcuate nucleus in the medulla oblongata. In the cervical spinal cord, the
      ventral horn contained some SPARCL1-IR neurons with large cell bodies. These
      findings suggest that SPARCL1-containing neurons function to relay and regulate
      motor and sensory signals in the human brainstem. In the dorsal root (DRG) and
      trigeminal ganglia (TG), primary sensory neurons contained SPARCL1
      immunoreactivity. The proportion of SPARCL1-IR neurons in the TG (mean +/- SD,
      39.9 +/- 2.4%) was higher than in the DRG (30.6 +/- 2.1%). SPARCL1-IR neurons
      were mostly medium-sized to large (mean +/- SD, 1494.5 +/- 708.3 MUm(2); range,
      320.4-4353.4 MUm(2)) in the DRG, whereas such neurons were of various cell body
      sizes in the TG (mean +/- SD, 1291.2 +/- 532.8 MUm(2); range, 209.3-4326.4
      MUm(2)). There appears to be a SPARCL1-containing sensory pathway in the ganglion
      and brainstem of the spinal and trigeminal nervous systems.

PMID- 27357902
TI  - An Overview and Future Perspectives of Aluminum Batteries.
AB  - A critical overview of the latest developments in the aluminum battery
      technologies is reported. The substitution of lithium with alternative metal
      anodes characterized by lower cost and higher abundance is nowadays one of the
      most widely explored paths to reduce the cost of electrochemical storage systems
      and enable long-term sustainability. Aluminum based secondary batteries could be
      a viable alternative to the present Li-ion technology because of their high
      volumetric capacity (8040 mAh cm(-3) for Al vs 2046 mAh cm(-3) for Li).
      Additionally, the low cost aluminum makes these batteries appealing for large
      scale electrical energy storage. Here, we describe the evolution of the various
      aluminum systems, starting from those based on aqueous electrolytes to, in more
      details, those based on non-aqueous electrolytes. Particular attention has been
      dedicated to the latest development of electrolytic media characterized by low
      reactivity towards other cell components. The attention is then focused on
      electrode materials enabling the reversible aluminum intercalation
      deintercalation process. Finally, we touch on the topic of high-capacity aluminum
      sulfur batteries, attempting to forecast their chances to reach the status of
      practical energy storage systems. 

PMID- 27357903
TI  - Determination of GLUT1 Oligomerization Parameters using Bioluminescent Forster
      Resonance Energy Transfer.
AB  - The facilitated glucose transporter GLUT1 (SLC2A1) is an important mediator of
      glucose homeostasis in humans. Though it is found in most cell types to some
      extent, the level of GLUT1 expression across different cell types can vary
      dramatically. Prior studies in erythrocytes-which express particularly high
      levels of GLUT1-have suggested that GLUT1 is able to form tetrameric complexes
      with enhanced transport activity. Whether dynamic aggregation of GLUT1 also
      occurs in cell types with more modest expression of GLUT1, however, is unclear.
      To address this question, we developed a genetically encoded bioluminescent
      Forster resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay using the luminescent donor
      Nanoluciferase and fluorescent acceptor mCherry. By tethering these proteins to
      the N-terminus of GLUT1 and performing saturation BRET analysis, we were able to
      demonstrate the formation of multimeric complexes in live cells. Parallel use of
      flow cytometry and immunoblotting further enabled us to estimate the density of
      GLUT1 proteins required for spontaneous oligomerization. These data provide new
      insights into the physiological relevance of GLUT1 multimerization as well as a
      new variant of BRET assay that is useful for measuring the interactions among
      other cell membrane proteins in live cells.

PMID- 27357904
TI  - Polydatin possesses notable anti-osteoporotic activity via regulation of OPG,
      RANKL and beta-catenin.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the anti-osteoporotic activity of
      polydatin and its possible underlying mechanism. Osteoporosis was induced in mice
      by ovariectomy (OVX) and the mice were divided into 5 groups: An OVX only group,
      polydatin groups (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and a sham group (n=10/group). After 12
      weeks of treatment, body weight, uterine index and the dry weight of thigh-bones
      were recorded. In addition, the serum calcium, serum phosphorus, alkaline
      phosphatase (ALP) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels were also determined. Western
      blot analysis was then conducted to investigate the possible mechanism underlying
      the effect of polydatin via determining the expression of OPG, receptor
      activators of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and beta-catenin in the ST2
      cell line. The results indicated that intraperitoneal injection of polydatin (10,
      20 and 40 mg/kg/day) decreased body weight, and increased uterine index and dry
      weights of thigh-bones of ovariectomized mice (P<0.05), and polydatin also
      significantly increased the serum calcium, phosphorus, ALP and OPG of
      ovariectomized mice (P<0.05). Results of western blot analysis showed that
      polydatin upregulated the ratio of OPG/RANKL (P<0.05) and beta-catenin protein in
      ST2 cells. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that polydatin exhibits anti
      osteoporotic activity via regulating osteoprotegerin, RANKL and beta-catenin. 

PMID- 27357905
TI  - Multiple myocardial crypts: multimodality imaging evaluation.
AB  - We describe a rare case of multiple myocardial crypts with atypical septal
      localization, evaluated with multimodality imaging. Although myocardial crypts
      seem to be more prevalent in hypertensive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
      patients, they are also occasionally found in apparently normal patients. Their
      clinical significance remains poorly understood.

PMID- 27357906
TI  - MicroRNA-214 exerts a Cardio-protective effect by inhibition of fibrosis.
AB  - The miRNAs play important roles in regulating myocardial fibrosis. The purpose of
      this study was to determine the potential roles of microRNA-214 (miR-214) in
      cardiac fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiment, Ang II-induced
      cardiac fibroblasts (CFBs) are transfected with pre-miR-214, anti-miR-214 and
      their oligo controls. Gene expression was checked by Quantitative realtime-PCR
      (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. In the present experiment, compared with
      controls, expressions of collagen type I (COL I), collagen type III (COL III),
      transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and tissue inhibitors of
      metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were all increased, but matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)
      1 was reduced in CFB by Ang II treatment at both mRNA and protein levels, and
      these alterations were found reversed by miR-214 transfection. In vivo, an
      anterior transmural acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was created by occlusion of
      the left anterior descending coronary artery after Ad-pre-miR-214, Ad-anti-miR
      214 or Ad-GFP was delivered separately. Four weeks after AMI, protein contents of
      COL I, COL III and TGF-beta1 in tissue from border area were found increased
      after AMI, but impaired by overexpression of miR-214. While the expression of MMP
      1 was increased by miR-214 stimulation but decreased by miR-214 inhibition. These
      results suggested that miR-214 exerts cardio-protective effects by inhibition of
      fibrosis and the inhibitory effect involves TGF-beta1 suppression and MMP-1/TIMP
      1 regulation. Anat Rec, 299:1348-1357, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357908
TI  - Obstetric training in Emergency Medicine: a needs assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification and management of obstetric emergencies is essential
      in emergency medicine (EM), but exposure to pregnant patients during EM residency
      training is frequently limited. To date, there is little data describing
      effective ways to teach residents this material. Current guidelines require
      completion of 2 weeks of obstetrics or 10 vaginal deliveries, but it is unclear
      whether this instills competency. METHODS: We created a 15-item survey evaluating
      resident confidence and knowledge related to obstetric emergencies. To assess
      confidence, we asked residents about their exposure and comfort level regarding
      obstetric emergencies and eight common presentations and procedures. We assessed
      knowledge via multiple-choice questions addressing common obstetric
      presentations, pelvic ultrasound image, and cardiotocography interpretation. The
      survey was distributed to residency programs utilizing the Council of Emergency
      Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) listserv. RESULTS: The survey was completed
      by 212 residents, representing 55 of 204 (27%) programs belonging to CORD and
      11.2% of 1,896 eligible residents. Fifty-six percent felt they had adequate
      exposure to obstetric emergencies. The overall comfort level was 2.99 (1-5 scale)
      and comfort levels of specific presentations and procedures ranged from 2.58 to
      3.97; all increased moderately with postgraduate year (PGY) level. Mean overall
      percentage of items answered correctly on the multiple-choice questions was 58%
      with no statistical difference by PGY level. Performance on individual questions
      did not differ by PGY level. CONCLUSIONS: The identification and management of
      obstetric emergencies is the cornerstone of EM. We found preliminary evidence of
      a concerning lack of resident comfort regarding obstetric conditions and
      knowledge deficits on core obstetrics topics. EM residents may benefit from
      educational interventions to increase exposure to these topics.

PMID- 27357907
TI  - Vitamin E succinate induces apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in
      EC109 esophageal cancer cells.
AB  - Esophageal cancer is the fourth most common gastrointestinal cancer, it generally
      has a poor prognosis and novel strategies are required for prevention and
      treatment. Vitamin E succinate (VES) is a potential chemical agent for cancer
      prevention and therapy as it exerts anti-tumor effects in a variety of cancers.
      However, the role of VES in tumorigenesis and progression of cancer remains to be
      elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the effects of VES in regulating
      the survival and apoptosis of human esophageal cancer cells. EC109 human
      esophageal cancer cells were used to investigate the anti-proliferative effects
      of VES. The MTT and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assays
      demonstrated that VES inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in
      esophageal cancer cells. Furthermore, VES downregulated constitutively active
      basal levels of phosphorylated (p)-serine-threonine kinase AKT (AKT) and p
      mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and decreased the phosphorylation of AKT
      substrates Bcl-2-associated death receptor and caspase-9, in addition to mTOR
      effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta1 and eIF4E-binding protein 1.
      Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002 suppressed p-AKT and p-mTOR,
      indicating PI3K is a common upstream mediator. The apoptosis induced by VES was
      increased by inhibition of AKT or mTOR with their respective inhibitor in
      esophageal cancer cells. The results of the present study suggested that VES
      targeted the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and induced apoptosis in esophageal
      cancer cells. Furthermore, the current study suggests that VES may be useful in a
      combinational therapeutic strategy employing an mTOR inhibitor. 

PMID- 27357909
TI  - The effect of Mind Body Medicine course on medical student empathy: a pilot
      study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Empathy among medical practitioners has been shown to affect
      patient care and outcomes. Factors such as stress and depression are known to
      have a negative impact on medical student empathy. Approaches such as
      mindfulness, meditation, and other mind-body techniques can enhance empathy and
      reverse burnout symptoms. In the present study, we evaluated impact of Mind Body
      Medicine (MBM) course on perceived stress and empathy on first-year medical
      students. METHODS: Thirteen first-year medical students in total self-selected
      into MBM (experimental) and seven non-MBM (control) groups completed a
      prospective, pre- and post-test analysis, using the Jefferson Scale of Physician
      Empathy - Students (JSPE-S), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Personal Health
      Questionnaire (PHQ) to evaluate empathy, stress, and depression, respectively.
      RESULTS: Our results showed an increase in stress, as well as a decrease in
      empathy, in both MBM and non-MBM groups throughout the course of the study.
      CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the inverse relationship increased stress
      and decreased empathy among first-year medical students and participation in the
      MBM course did not attenuate the changes. However, a statistically significant
      rise in the depression score in the non-MBM group was not observed in the MBM
      group.

PMID- 27357910
TI  - Faculty attitudes about interprofessional education.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interprofessional education (IPE) is an important component to
      training health care professionals. Research is limited in exploring the
      attitudes that faculty hold regarding IPE and what barriers they perceive to
      participating in IPE. The purpose of this study was to identify faculty attitudes
      about IPE and to identify barriers to participating in campus-wide IPE
      activities. METHODS: A locally used questionnaire called the Nebraska
      Interprofessional Education Attitudes Scale (NIPEAS) was used to assess attitudes
      related to interprofessional collaboration. Questions regarding perceived
      barriers were included at the end of the questionnaire. Descriptive and non
      parametric statistics were used to analyze the results in aggregate as well as by
      college. In addition, open-ended questions were analyzed using an
      immersion/crystallization framework to identify themes. RESULTS: The results
      showed that faculty had positive attitudes of IPE, indicating that is not a
      barrier to participating in IPE activities. Most common barriers to participation
      were scheduling conflicts (x24,285=19.17, p=0.001), lack of department support
      (x24,285=10.09, p=0.039), and lack of awareness of events (x24,285=26.38,
      p=0.000). Narrative comments corroborated that scheduling conflicts are an issue
      because of other priorities. Those who commented also added to the list of
      barriers, including relevance of the activities, location, and prior negative
      experiences. DISCUSSION: With faculty attitudes being positive, the exploration
      of faculty's perceived barriers to IPE was considered even more important.
      Identifying these barriers will allow us to modify our IPE activities from large,
      campus-wide events to smaller activities that are longitudinal in nature,
      embedded within current curriculum and involving more authentic experiences.

PMID- 27357911
TI  - RLS3, a protein with AAA+ domain localized in chloroplast, sustains leaf
      longevity in rice.
AB  - Leaf senescence plays an important role in crop developmental processes that
      dramatically affect crop yield and grain quality. The genetic regulation of leaf
      senescence is complex, involving many metabolic and signaling pathways. Here, we
      identified a rapid leaf senescence 3 (rls3) mutant that displayed accelerated
      leaf senescence, shorter plant height and panicle length, and lower seed set rate
      than the wild type. Map-based cloning revealed that RLS3 encodes a protein with
      AAA+ domain, localizing it to chloroplasts. Sequence analysis found that the rls3
      gene had a single-nucleotide substitution (G->A) at the splice site of the 10th
      intron/11th exon, resulting in the cleavage of the first nucleotide in 11th exon
      and premature termination of RLS3 protein translation. Using transmission
      electron microscope, the chloroplasts of the rls3 mutant were observed to degrade
      much faster than those of the wild type. The investigation of the leaf senescence
      process under dark incubation conditions further revealed that the rls3 mutant
      displayed rapid leaf senescence. Thus, the RLS3 gene plays key roles in
      sustaining the normal growth of rice, while loss of function in RLS3 leads to
      rapid leaf senescence. The identification of RLS3 will be helpful to elucidate
      the mechanisms involved in leaf senescence in rice.

PMID- 27357912
TI  - Splenic infarction associated with acute infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein
      Barr virus infection.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to report a case of a previously healthy 20-year
      old woman diagnosed with splenic infarction following infectious mononucleosis
      (IM) by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and to perform the first systematic
      review of the clinical characteristics of splenic infarction associated with IM.
      A systematic review was conducted using English, French, and Japanese literatures
      of splenic infarction associated with IM due to EBV infection published between
      1961 and 2015 in PubMed Medline. A total of 19 cases were extracted from the
      collected articles. Left upper quadrant (LUQ) pain was observed in 15 (79%)
      patients. Splenectomy was performed in five (26%) cases, among which four
      patients presented with stable vital signs. Splenic rupture was accompanied in
      two (10%) patients. The median time from the onset of IM symptoms to the
      diagnosis of splenic infarction was 5 days (range, 1-25 days). Fourteen (74%) of
      19 patients experienced improvement through medical treatment, and there were no
      deaths. Splenic infarction associated with IM due to EBV infection can show a
      favorable clinical outcome after medical treatment. Clinicians should consider
      the possibility of splenic infarction when patients with IM experience LUQ pain.
      J. Med. Virol. 89:332-336, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27357913
TI  - Leaf Metabolic, Genetic, and Morphophysiological Profiles of Cultivated and Wild
      Rocket Salad (Eruca and Diplotaxis Spp.).
AB  - Rocket salad (Diplotaxis spp., Eruca spp.) is a leafy vegetable rich in health
      promoting compounds and widely consumed. In the present study, metabolic profiles
      of 40 rocket accessions mainly retrieved from gene banks were assessed. Seven
      glucosinolates (GLSs) and 15 flavonol compounds were detected across genotypes.
      Dimeric 4-mercaptobutyl-GLS and 4-(beta-d-glucopyranosyldisulfanyl)butyl-GLS were
      the major components of the total glucosinolate content. Flavonols were different
      between genera, with the exception of isorhamnetin 3,4'-diglucoside.
      Morphoagronomic traits and color coordinates were also scored. Results showed a
      negative correlation between color and GLSs, indicating these last as responsible
      for the increase of the intensity of green and yellow pigments as well as for the
      darkness of the leaf, whereas agronomic traits showed positive correlation with
      GLSs. Genetic diversity was assessed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)
      markers, allowing separation of the accessions on the basis of the species and
      elucidating the observations made by means of phenotypic data. 

PMID- 27357914
TI  - Haemostatic biomarkers are associated with long-term recurrent vascular events
      after ischaemic stroke.
AB  - Ischaemic stroke patients continue to be at risk for recurrent vascular events
      for many years. Predictors of long-term prognosis are needed. It was the
      objective of this study to investigate levels of four haemostatic proteins as
      long-term predictors of recurrent vascular events after ischaemic stroke. We
      prospectively followed 548 ischaemic stroke patients, 18-69 years, and registered
      recurrent vascular events. Plasma levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t
      PA), von Willebrand factor (VWF), fibrinogen and thrombin activatable
      fibrinolysis inhibitor activation peptide (TAFI-AP) were measured three months
      after index stroke. Cox regression models were used to assess associations to
      outcomes for single biomarkers and for a combined biomarker measure. For single
      biomarkers significantly associated with any of the outcomes, we performed
      subanalyses stratified for age, sex, diabetes and atherosclerosis. During 5,637
      person-years of follow-up, we registered 74 vascular deaths, 90 recurrent strokes
      and 62 coronary events. Levels of t-PA, VWF and fibrinogen were significantly
      associated with vascular death and coronary events. After adjustment, the
      association between t-PA and vascular death remained (HR per 1 SD increase in
      plasma level 1.27, 95 % CI 1.00-1.61, p=0.047). The combined effect of t-PA, VWF
      and fibrinogen was associated with coronary events (adjusted HR 1.35, 1.02-1.80,
      p=0.04). In non-diabetic patients, an association with coronary events was seen
      for VWF levels (adjusted HR 2.23, 1.45-3.43, p<0.01). In conclusion, plasma
      levels of haemostatic factors were associated with vascular death and coronary
      events, but not with recurrent stroke. Our results suggest that the predictive
      value of biomarkers differ by specific outcome measure and subgroup of patients.

PMID- 27357915
TI  - Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the northern fulmar
      (Fulmarus glacialis) from the Sea of Okhotsk.
AB  - Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-), DDT and its
      metabolites (DDD and DDE) were detected in five individuals of Northern fulmar
      Fulmarus glacialis Linnaeus, 1761 from the Sea of Okhotsk. The average amount of
      HCHs in the organs of fulmars ranged from 608+/-177ng/g lipids in the total
      homogenate of the organs to 2093+/-264ng/g lipids in the feathers with skin. The
      average range of the amounts of DDTs was from 3606+/-333ng/g lipids in the
      feathers with skin to 4076+/-1624ng/g lipids in the feathers. The bioaccumulation
      of DDTs by seabirds of the Sea of Okhotsk is approximately equal to that of birds
      from other regions of the world's oceans, while the HCHs concentration is
      significantly higher. 

PMID- 27357916
TI  - Comparative bioavailability of ammonium, nitrate, nitrite and urea to typically
      harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.
AB  - Phosphorus is generally considered as the prime limiting nutrient responsible for
      cyanobacterial blooms. However, recent research is drawing attention to the
      importance of bioavailable nitrogen (N) in freshwater eutrophication. This study
      investigated the bioavailability of NO3(-)-N, NO2(-)-N, NH4(+)-N and Urea-N under
      different concentrations of 1.2, 3.6 and 6.0mgL(-1) to Microcystis aeruginosa.
      Overall, Urea-N ranked the first in promoting M. aeruginosa growth, followed by
      NO3(-)-N and NO2(-)-N. However, the algal growth cultured in NH4(+)-N was
      depressed under test N levels. The bioavailability of N to M. aeruginosa was
      seriously influenced by both N forms and N concentrations (p<0.01). Total N
      concentrations in Urea-N treatment decreased the fastest, which were
      corresponding with the MU values of M. aeruginosa. The high enzymic activities of
      nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase indicated that the
      decomposition process for urea is effective, which contributed in N assimilation
      and utilization in M. aeruginosa cells. 

PMID- 27357917
TI  - Assessing pollution-related effects of oil spills from ships in the Chinese Bohai
      Sea.
AB  - An analysis of the effects of potential oil spills will provide data in support
      of decisions related to improving the response to oil spills and its emergency
      management. We selected the Chinese Bohai Sea, especially the Bohai Strait, as
      our investigation region to provide an assessment of the effects of pollution
      from ship-related oil spills on adjacent coastal zones. Ship-related accidents
      are one of the major factors causing potential oil spills in this area. A three
      dimensional oil transport and transformation model was developed using the
      Estuary, Coastal, and Ocean Model. This proposed model was run 90 times and each
      run lasted for 15days to simulate the spread and weathering processes of oil for
      each of four potential spill sites, which represented potential sites of ship
      collisions along heavy traffic lanes in the Bohai Sea. Ten neighboring coastal
      areas were also considered as target zones that potentially could receive
      pollutants once oil spilled in the study areas. The statistical simulations
      showed that spills in winter were much worse than those in summer; they resulted
      in very negative effects on several specific target zones coded Z7, Z8, Z9, and
      Z10 in this paper. In addition, sites S3 (near the Penglai city) and S4 (near the
      Yantai city) were the two most at-risk sites with a significantly high
      probability of pollution if spills occurred nearby during winter. The results
      thus provided practical guidelines for local oil spill prevention, as well as an
      emergency preparedness and response program. 

PMID- 27357919
TI  - The Pilates method and cardiorespiratory adaptation to training.
AB  - Although all authors report beneficial health changes following training based on
      the Pilates method, no explicit analysis has been performed of its
      cardiorespiratory effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible
      changes in cardiorespiratory parameters with the Pilates method. A total of 45
      university students aged 18-35 years (77.8% female and 22.2% male), who did not
      routinely practice physical exercise or sports, volunteered for the study and
      signed informed consent. The Pilates training was conducted over 10 weeks, with
      three 1-hour sessions per week. Physiological cardiorespiratory responses were
      assessed using a MasterScreen CPX apparatus. After the 10-week training,
      statistically significant improvements were observed in mean heart rate (135.4
      124.2 beats/min), respiratory exchange ratio (1.1-0.9) and oxygen equivalent
      (30.7-27.6) values, among other spirometric parameters, in submaximal aerobic
      testing. These findings indicate that practice of the Pilates method has a
      positive influence on cardiorespiratory parameters in healthy adults who do not
      routinely practice physical exercise activities. 

PMID- 27357918
TI  - A clinically authentic mouse model of enterovirus 71 (EV-A71)-induced neurogenic
      pulmonary oedema.
AB  - Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is a neurotropic virus that sporadically causes fatal
      neurologic illness among infected children. Animal models of EV-A71 infection
      exist, but they do not recapitulate in animals the spectrum of disease and
      pathology observed in fatal human cases. Specifically, neurogenic pulmonary
      oedema (NPE)-the main cause of EV-A71 infection-related mortality-is not observed
      in any of these models. This limits their utility in understanding viral
      pathogenesis of neurologic infections. We report the development of a mouse model
      of EV-A71 infection displaying NPE in severely affected animals. We inoculated
      one-week-old BALB/c mice with an adapted EV-A71 strain and identified clinical
      signs consistent with observations in human cases and other animal models. We
      also observed respiratory distress in some mice. At necropsy, we found their
      lungs to be heavier and incompletely collapsed compared to other mice. Serum
      levels of catecholamines and histopathology of lung and brain tissues of these
      mice strongly indicated onset of NPE. The localization of virally-induced brain
      lesions also suggested a potential pathogenic mechanism for EV-A71-induced NPE.
      This novel mouse model of virally-induced NPE represents a valuable resource for
      studying viral mechanisms of neuro-pathogenesis and pre-clinical testing of
      potential therapeutics and prophylactics against EV-A71-related neurologic
      complications.

PMID- 27357920
TI  - Frozen Elephant Trunk Technique in a Patient with Multiple Previous Cardiac
      Procedures: A Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND We present the case of a 69-year-old female patient with giant aortic
      aneurysm who underwent previously multiple cardiac surgeries or interventions.
      CASE REPORT Ross procedure was performed in 2006 due to aortic valve
      regurgitation and aneurysm of the ascending aorta. In 2010 the patient was re
      admitted for pulmonary valve insufficiency and a transcatheter pulmonary valve
      was implanted. Recently, the patient presented with an aortic arch aneurysm,
      maximum diameter 78 mm, which was treated by a hybrid approach, implanting a
      frozen elephant trunk and a covered stent graft. CONCLUSIONS The current case
      report demonstrates a suitable hybrid option for an extremely demanding procedure
      by multiple previous cardiac procedures. 

PMID- 27357921
TI  - Attempting to be active: Self-efficacy and barrier limitation differentiate
      activity levels of working mothers.
AB  - Working mothers are less physically active than working women without children
      and mothers who do not work. The purpose of this study was to examine concurrent
      self-regulatory efficacy and barriers to physical activity in a sample of working
      mothers. Women completed a mixed-methods survey which included measures of
      physical activity, concurrent self-regulatory efficacy, and barriers.
      Sufficiently active women experienced significantly greater concurrent self
      regulatory efficacy and significantly less barrier limitation and frequency. No
      significant group differences were found for age, domestic duties performed, and
      children's extracurricular activities. Thematic analysis of barriers revealed six
      themes of common and unique factors, including limited time and family
      activities.

PMID- 27357922
TI  - Does parent's psychological distress mediate the relationship between war trauma
      and psychosocial adjustment in children?
AB  - This study investigated the impact of war trauma on behavioral and emotional
      disorders, and neuroticism in children by prospectively examining the potential
      mediator and/or moderator effects of parental psychological distress. The sample
      consisted of 205 parents and their children. The results indicated that parent's
      psychological distress did mediate and moderate the effect of trauma exposure on
      emotional and behavioral disorders in children. An integrated intervention which
      simultaneously targets children and parental distress symptoms is needed. The
      integrated intervention may intend to use trauma-focused cognitive behavioral
      therapy model that integrates cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, and family
      therapy principles with trauma interventions.

PMID- 27357923
TI  - When the treatment stops: A qualitative study of life post breast cancer
      treatment.
AB  - Public attention focuses on breast cancer treatment and fundraising; however,
      there is limited discussion about life post-treatment. Once treatment is
      complete, there can be societal expectations of newfound wellness. To understand
      this phenomenon, the narratives of nine women post-treatment were explored.
      Analysis revealed the adoption of the sick role by the participants, the
      vulnerability experienced with the cessation of treatment, the disturbance of
      moving on from the security of the medical system and the patient and doctor
      relationship. Findings emphasised that survivorship can remain challenging and
      can present adverse psychosocial implications for women and those close to them.

PMID- 27357924
TI  - The Chinese Mental Resilience Scale and its psychometric properties.
AB  - This study aimed to develop a Chinese Mental Resilience Scale. A total of 2500
      healthy participants, in two representative samples of the Chinese population,
      were administered the scale. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor
      analysis, and correlation analysis were used to obtain the relevant coefficients
      and verify the reliability and validity of the scale. Five factors were
      extracted: willpower, family support, optimism and self-confidence, problem
      solving, and interpersonal interaction, plus a lying subscale, which together
      accounted for 54 percent of the total variance. The Chinese Mental Resilience
      Scale demonstrated good psychometric properties. It can be used to evaluate the
      mental resilience level of general Chinese population.

PMID- 27357925
TI  - Oral microbiome diversity among Cheyenne and Arapaho individuals from Oklahoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There is a major ascertainment bias in microbiome research, with
      individuals of predominately European ancestry living within metropolitan areas
      dominating most studies. Here we present a study of the salivary microbiome
      within a North American Indian community. This research is the culmination of
      four years of collaboration and community engagement with Cheyenne & Arapaho
      (C&A) tribal members from western Oklahoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using 16S rRNA
      gene amplification and next-generation sequencing, we generated microbial
      taxonomic inventories for 37 individuals representing five towns within the C&A
      tribes. For comparison, we performed the same laboratory techniques on saliva
      samples from 20 non-native individuals (NNI) from Norman, Oklahoma. RESULTS: The
      C&A participants differ from the NNI in having reduced within-individual species
      richness and higher between-individual variation. Unsupervised clustering
      analyses reveal that three ecological groupings best fit the data, and while C&A
      individuals include assignments to all three groups, the NNI individuals are
      assigned to only one group. One of the ecological groups found exclusively among
      C&A participants was characterized by high abundance of the oral bacterial genus
      Prevotella. DISCUSSION: The C&A and NNI participants from Oklahoma have notable
      differences in their microbiome diversity, with a wider range of variation
      observed among the C&A individuals, including a higher frequency of bacteria
      implicated in systemic disorders. Overall, this study highlights the importance
      of engagement with indigenous communities, and the need for an improved
      understanding of human microbiome diversity among underrepresented groups and
      those individuals living outside of metropolitan areas.

PMID- 27357926
TI  - Treatment of routine adolescent inguinal hernia vastly differs between pediatric
      surgeons and general surgeons.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of inguinal hernias in adolescents is
      controversial as these patients do not fit into the traditional pediatric and
      adult populations. We aimed to compare the preferences of adult general surgeons
      and pediatric surgeons in managing adolescents by conducting a survey through
      social media. METHODS: A poll was posted on the International Hernia
      Collaboration Group Facebook page as well as the Facebook page for the authoring
      pediatric surgeon. The poll gave scenarios of a 16-year-old male with an inguinal
      hernia and asked surgeons to select one of five listed procedures to repair the
      hernia: high ligation (open or laparoscopic), mesh repair (open or laparoscopic)
      or open muscle repair. The four scenarios differed in the diameter of the
      internal ring (1 vs. 4 cm) and the BMI of the patient (20 vs. 35). Fisher's exact
      test was implemented for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In total, 43 (67 %) adult
      surgeons and 21 (33 %) pediatric surgeons responded. In the routine adolescent
      (normal BMI, small defect), 65 % of adult surgeons chose adult-type repairs (mesh
      or muscle repairs) whereas 86 % of pediatric surgeons chose pediatric-type
      repairs (high ligation). When the size of the defect increased, 100 % of adult
      surgeons and 81 % of pediatric surgeons selected an adult-type repair, suggesting
      agreement. When the patient was obese, there was a tendency to prefer
      laparoscopy. In all patient scenarios, the answers were significantly different
      between pediatric and adult surgeons (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: For the same routine
      adolescent inguinal hernia, pediatric surgeons and adult general surgeons choose
      a different procedure. This finding suggests that further study is needed to
      determine the optimal treatment for inguinal hernias in adolescents, as the type
      of practitioner to whom the patient is referred, rather than the disease process
      itself, currently dictates treatment.

PMID- 27357927
TI  - Management of patients with T1b esophageal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective cohort
      study on patient management and risk of metastatic disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Esophagectomy for submucosal (T1b) esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is
      performed in order to optimize patient outcomes given the risk of concurrent
      lymph node metastases (LNM). However, not seldom, comorbidity precludes these
      patients from surgery. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the course
      of follow-up after treatment in submucosal EAC patients undergoing surgery versus
      conservative therapy and to evaluate the incidence of metastatic disease.
      METHODS: Between 2001 and 2012, all patients undergoing diagnostic endoscopic
      resection for EAC in two centers were reviewed. Only patients with
      histopathologically proven submucosal tumor invasion were included. Submucosal
      EACs were divided into tumors that were removed radically (R0) and irradically
      (R1). Subsequently, in the R0 group, EACs were classified as either low risk (LR;
      submucosal invasion <500 nm, G1-G2, no LVI) or high risk (HR; deep submucosal
      invasion >500 nm, G3-G4 and/or LVI). Metastatic disease was defined as LNM in
      surgical resection specimen and/or evidence of malignant disease during follow-up
      (FU). RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients with a submucosal EAC were included [23 R1
      resections and 46 R0-resection (14 R0-LR and 32 R0-HR)]. Twenty-six patients
      underwent surgical treatment (1 R0-LR, 12 R0-HR and 13 R1). None of the 14 R0-LR
      patients developed metastatic disease after a median FU of 60 months. In the R0
      HR group and R1 group, metastatic disease was diagnosed in 16 and 30 % of
      patients, respectively. Surgical patients tended to have a better overall
      survival than non-surgical patients (p = 0.09). Tumor-related deaths, however,
      were 12 % in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In LR submucosal EAC, the risk of
      metastatic disease appears to be very low. In deep submucosal EAC (either R0- or
      R1-resection), the rate of metastatic disease is lower than reported in earlier
      surgical series. Given the reasonable disease-free survival and high background
      mortality, conservative management of these patients seems to be a valid
      alternative for surgery in selected cases.

PMID- 27357928
TI  - Laparoscopic detection and resection of occult liver tumors of multiple cancer
      types using real-time near-infrared fluorescence guidance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tumor recurrence after radical resection of hepatic tumors is not
      uncommon, suggesting that malignant lesions are missed during surgery.
      Intraoperative navigation using fluorescence guidance is an innovative technique
      enabling real-time identification of (sub)capsular liver tumors. The objective of
      the current study was to compare fluorescence imaging (FI) and conventional
      imaging modalities for laparoscopic detection of both primary and metastatic
      tumors in the liver. METHODS: Patients undergoing laparoscopic resection of a
      malignant hepatic tumor were eligible for inclusion. Patients received standard
      of care, including preoperative CT and/or MRI. In addition, 10 mg indocyanine
      green was intravenously administered 1 day prior to surgery. After introduction
      of the laparoscope, inspection, FI, and laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) were
      performed. Histopathological examination of resected suspect tissue was
      considered the gold standard. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients suspected of having
      hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 4), cholangiocarcinoma (n = 2) or liver metastases
      from colorectal carcinoma (n = 12), uveal melanoma (n = 2), and breast cancer (n
      = 2) were included. Two patients were excluded because their surgery was
      unexpectedly postponed several days. Twenty-six malignancies were resected in the
      remaining 20 patients. Sensitivity for various modalities was 80 % (CT), 84 %
      (MRI), 62 % (inspection), 86 % (LUS), and 92 % (FI), respectively. Three
      metastases (12 %) were identified solely by FI. All 26 malignancies could be
      detected by combining LUS and FI (100 % sensitivity). CONCLUSION: This study
      demonstrates added value of FI during laparoscopic resections of several hepatic
      tumors. Although larger series will be needed to confirm long-term patient
      outcome, the technology already aids the surgeon by providing real-time
      fluorescence guidance.

PMID- 27357929
TI  - Retention of laparoscopic skills in naive medical students who underwent short
      training.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Simulators are useful tools in the development of laparoscopic
      skills. However, little is known about the effectiveness of short laparoscopic
      training sessions and how retention of skills occurs in surgical trainees who are
      naive to laparoscopy. This study analyses the retention of laparoscopic surgical
      skills in medical students without prior surgical training. METHODS: A group of
      first- and second-year medical students (n = 68), without prior experience in
      surgery or laparoscopy, answered a demographic questionnaire and had their
      laparoscopic skills assessed by the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS)
      training protocol. Subsequently, they underwent a 150-minute training course
      after which they were re-tested. One year after the training, the medical
      students' performance in the simulator was re-evaluated in order to analyse
      retention. RESULTS: Of the initial 68 students, a total of 36 participated
      throughout the entire study, giving a final participation rate of 52 %. Thirty
      six medical students with no gender predominance and an average age of 20 years
      were evaluated. One year after the short training programme, retention was 69.3 %
      in the peg transfer (p < 0.05) and 64.2 % in ligature (p < 0.05) compared with
      immediate post-training evaluation. There was no significant difference in
      suturing. The average sample score in the baseline test was 8.3, in the post
      training test it was 89.7, and in the retention test it was 84.2, which
      corresponded to a skill retention equivalence of 93 %. CONCLUSIONS: There was a
      significant retention of the laparoscopic surgical skills developed. Even 1 year
      after a short training session, medical students without previous surgical
      experience showed that they have retained a great part of the skills acquired
      through training.

PMID- 27357931
TI  - Adipocytes, aldosterone and obesity-related hypertension.
AB  - Understanding the mechanisms linking obesity with hypertension is important in
      the current obesity epidemic as it may improve therapeutic interventions. Plasma
      aldosterone levels are positively correlated with body mass index and weight loss
      in obese patients is reported to be accompanied by decreased aldosterone levels.
      This suggests a relationship between adipose tissue and the production/secretion
      of aldosterone. Aldosterone is synthesized principally by the adrenal glands, but
      its production may be regulated by many factors, including factors secreted by
      adipocytes. In addition, studies have reported local synthesis of aldosterone in
      extra-adrenal tissues, including adipose tissue. Experimental studies have
      highlighted a role for adipocyte-secreted aldosterone in the pathogenesis of
      obesity-related cardiovascular complications via the mineralocorticoid receptor.
      This review focuses on how aldosterone secretion may be influenced by adipose
      tissue and the importance of these mechanisms in the context of obesity-related
      hypertension.

PMID- 27357932
TI  - A prospective study of angiogenic markers and postmenopausal breast cancer risk
      in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: Pro-angiogenic factors are positively associated with breast tumor
      staging and poorer prognosis, but their role in the etiology of breast cancer has
      not been assessed. METHODS: We measured serum levels of the pro-angiogenic
      vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), and placental growth factor (PlGF)
      and anti-angiogenic soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) in 352 incident
      breast cancer cases [mean age at diagnosis 67 (range 55-83)] and 352 non-cases in
      the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian screening trial (women enrolled 1993
      2001, followed through 2005) matched on age and date of enrollment. Cases were
      followed on average 4.2 years from blood draw to diagnosis, range 3.9-12.8 years;
      53 % were estrogen receptor positive/progesterone receptor positive (ER+/PR+),
      and 13 % were ER-/PR-. Quartile-specific hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence
      intervals (CI) were estimated using weighted Cox proportional hazards regression
      models adjusted for known breast cancer risk factors. An ordinal variable for the
      angiogenic markers was used to test for trend in the HR. RESULTS: Comparing the
      highest to lowest quartile, multivariable HR were 0.90 for VEGF (95 % CI 0.33
      2.43, p trend = 0.88), 1.38 for sFlt-1 (95 % CI 0.63-3.04, p trend = 0.63), and
      0.62 for PlGF (95 % CI 0.19-2.00, p trend = 0.73). Risk patterns were not altered
      when all angiogenic markers were included in the model simultaneously, or by
      restricting analyses to invasive breast cancers, to cases diagnosed two or more
      years after blood collection or to ER+ tumors. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence
      of an increased breast cancer risk associated with circulating levels of pro
      angiogenic markers VEGF and PlGF or a reduced risk with circulating levels of
      anti-angiogenic marker sFlt-1.

PMID- 27357934
TI  - Corrigendum.
AB  - Massey CJ, Suh JD, Tessema B, Gray ST, Singh A. Biomaterials in rhinology.
      Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016;154:606-617. (Original DOI:
      10.1177/0194599815627782).

PMID- 27357933
TI  - Impaired Gastrointestinal Function Affects Symptoms and Alimentary Status in
      Patients After Gastrectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postgastrectomy syndrome (PGS) remains a common complication after
      gastrectomy that affects patients' quality of life. Although impaired
      gastrointestinal (GI) function by gastrectomy procedures is thought to be the
      cause, the precise pathophysiology of PGS is yet to be clarified. AIM: The aim of
      this study was to investigate relationships between GI function and various
      symptoms or alimentary status in patients after gastrectomy. METHODS: Fifty-one
      patients who underwent total or distal gastrectomy at least 1 year previously
      were studied. All patients replied to a questionnaire that asked presence of
      symptoms (esophageal reflux, nausea, abdominal pain, early satiation, diarrhea,
      early dumping general, early dumping abdominal, and late dumping symptoms) and
      alimentary status (change in body weight, food intake per meal, frequency of
      meals per day). They also underwent assessment of GI function consisting of
      gastric emptying study by 13C-acetate breath test to examine reservoir capacity
      and gastric emptying, and water load drink test to evaluate tolerance to volume
      loading (TVL). The relationships between GI function and each symptom or
      alimentary status were examined. RESULTS: The patients with nausea and early
      dumping general symptoms had significantly smaller reservoir capacity*, the
      patients with diarrhea and early dumping general symptoms had significantly
      faster gastric emptying*, and the patients with early satiation and early dumping
      abdominal symptoms had significantly impaired TVL*. Significant correlations were
      identified between TVL and body weight changes* or food intake per meal* (* p <
      0.05). CONCLUSION: Impaired postoperative GI function was closely related to
      symptoms or worse alimentary status.

PMID- 27357935
TI  - Paying more attention to the 'elephant in the room'.
AB  - This commentary argues that a nicotine reduction strategy for tobacco control is
      a secondary strategy to the wider availability of low toxin forms of nicotine to
      give smokers a viable alternative to cigarettes. Failure to confront the likely
      reality of continued nicotine use and to make it as low in harm as possible may
      prolong the tobacco epidemic.

PMID- 27357936
TI  - What is included with your online e-cigarette order? An analysis of e-cigarette
      shipping, product and packaging features.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The electronic cigarette industry is growing, with youth using e
      cigarettes at higher rates than they are using cigarettes, and retail and online
      sales projected to reach $10 billion in 2017. Minimal regulation of the
      production and marketing of e-cigarettes exists to date, which has allowed
      companies to promote unsupported claims. We assessed the shipping, product
      features and packaging of a wide variety of e-cigarettes purchased online by
      adults and youth. METHODS: The most popular internet e-cigarette vendors were
      identified from a larger study of internet tobacco vendors. Between August 2013
      and June 2014, adults made 56 purchase attempts from online vendors, and youth
      made 98 attempts. Packages received were assessed for exterior and internal
      packaging features, including product information, health warnings and additional
      materials. RESULTS: We analysed a total of 125 orders featuring 86 unique brands
      of e-cigarettes. The contents were rarely indicated on package exteriors. Product
      information came with just 60% of orders and just 38.4% included an instruction
      manual. Only 44.6% of products included a health warning, and some had
      unsupported claims, such as lack of secondhand smoke exposure. Additionally, some
      products were leaking e-liquid and battery fluid on arrival. CONCLUSIONS: A large
      variety of e-cigarette products are manufactured and marketed to consumers. Many
      products do not include instructions for use, and unsupported claims are being
      presented to consumers. Effective federal regulation of the manufacturing,
      packaging, product information and health claims surrounding e-cigarettes is
      necessary to ensure consumers are presented with accurate e-cigarette use
      information.

PMID- 27357937
TI  - Cigarette prohibition and the need for more prior testing of the WHO TobReg's
      global nicotine-reduction strategy.

PMID- 27357938
TI  - The case for the WHO Advisory Note, Global Nicotine Reduction Strategy.

PMID- 27357939
TI  - Middle Iron-Enriched Fructose Diet on Gestational Diabetes Risk and on Oxidative
      Stress in Offspring Rats.
AB  - Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased insulin
      resistance and a heightened level of oxidative stress (OS). Additionally, high
      iron consumption could also increase insulin resistance and OS, which could
      aggravate GDM risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate a high fructose diet (F)
      as an alternative experimental model of GDM on rats. We also have evaluated the
      worst effect of a fructose iron-enriched diet (FI) on glucose tolerance and OS
      status during pregnancy. Anthropometric parameters, plasma glucose levels,
      insulin, and lipid profile were assessed after delivery in rats fed an F diet.
      The effects observed in mothers (hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia) and on pups
      (macrosomia and hypoglycemia) are similar to those observed in women with GDM.
      Therefore, the fructose diet could be proposed as an experimental model of GDM.
      In this way, we can compare the effect of an iron-enriched diet on the metabolic
      and redox status of mother rats and their pups. The mothers' glycemic was similar
      in the F and FI groups, whereas the glycemic was significantly different in the
      newborn. In rat pups born to mothers fed on an FI diet, the activities of the
      antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase in
      livers and GPx in brains were altered and the gender analysis showed significant
      differences. Thus, alterations in the glycemic and redox status in newborns
      suggest that fetuses are more sensitive than their mothers to the effect of an
      iron-enriched diet in the case of GDM pregnancy. This study proposed a novel
      experimental model for GDM and provided insights on the effect of a moderate iron
      intake in adding to the risk of glucose disorder and oxidative damage on
      newborns.

PMID- 27357941
TI  - Methylmercury, an environmental electrophile capable of activation and disruption
      of the Akt/CREB/Bcl-2 signal transduction pathway in SH-SY5Y cells.
AB  - Methylmercury (MeHg) modifies cellular proteins via their thiol groups in a
      process referred to as "S-mercuration", potentially resulting in modulation of
      the cellular signal transduction pathway. We examined whether low-dose MeHg could
      affect Akt signaling involved in cell survival. Exposure of human neuroblastoma
      SH-SY5Y cells of up to 2 MUM MeHg phosphorylated Akt and its downstream signal
      molecule CREB, presumably due to inactivation of PTEN through S-mercuration. As a
      result, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was up-regulated by MeHg. The activation
      of Akt/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling mediated by MeHg was, at least in part, linked to
      cellular defence because either pretreatment with wortmannin to block PI3K/Akt
      signaling or knockdown of Bcl-2 enhanced MeHg-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast,
      increasing concentrations of MeHg disrupted Akt/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling. This
      phenomenon was attributed to S-mercuration of CREB through Cys286 rather than
      Akt. These results suggest that although MeHg is an apoptosis-inducing toxicant,
      this environmental electrophile is able to activate the cell survival signal
      transduction pathway at lower concentrations prior to apoptotic cell death.

PMID- 27357942
TI  - Evaluation of breeding strategies for polledness in dairy cattle using a newly
      developed simulation framework for quantitative and Mendelian traits.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intensified selection of polled individuals has recently gained
      importance in predominantly horned dairy cattle breeds as an alternative to
      routine dehorning. The status quo of the current polled breeding pool of
      genetically-closely related artificial insemination sires with lower breeding
      values for performance traits raises questions regarding the effects of
      intensified selection based on this founder pool. METHODS: We developed a
      stochastic simulation framework that combines the stochastic simulation software
      QMSim and a self-designed R program named QUALsim that acts as an external
      extension. Two traits were simulated in a dairy cattle population for 25
      generations: one quantitative (QMSim) and one qualitative trait with Mendelian
      inheritance (i.e. polledness, QUALsim). The assignment scheme for qualitative
      trait genotypes initiated realistic initial breeding situations regarding allele
      frequencies, true breeding values for the quantitative trait and genetic
      relatedness. Intensified selection for polled cattle was achieved using an
      approach that weights estimated breeding values in the animal best linear
      unbiased prediction model for the quantitative trait depending on genotypes or
      phenotypes for the polled trait with a user-defined weighting factor. RESULTS:
      Selection response for the polled trait was highest in the selection scheme based
      on genotypes. Selection based on phenotypes led to significantly lower allele
      frequencies for polled. The male selection path played a significantly greater
      role for a fast dissemination of polled alleles compared to female selection
      strategies. Fixation of the polled allele implies selection based on polled
      genotypes among males. In comparison to a base breeding scenario that does not
      take polledness into account, intensive selection for polled substantially
      reduced genetic gain for this quantitative trait after 25 generations. Reducing
      selection intensity for polled males while maintaining strong selection intensity
      among females, simultaneously decreased losses in genetic gain and achieved a
      final allele frequency of 0.93 for polled. CONCLUSIONS: A fast transition to a
      completely polled population through intensified selection for polled was in
      contradiction to the preservation of high genetic gain for the quantitative
      trait. Selection on male polled genotypes with moderate weighting, and selection
      on female polled phenotypes with high weighting, could be a suitable compromise
      regarding all important breeding aspects.

PMID- 27357940
TI  - Effect of low doses of estradiol and tamoxifen on breast cancer cell karyotypes.
AB  - Evidence supports a role of 17&-estradiol (E2) in carcinogenesis and the large
      majority of breast carcinomas are dependent on estrogen. The anti-estrogen
      tamoxifen (TAM) is widely used for both treatment and prevention of breast
      cancer; however, it is also carcinogenic in human uterus and rat liver,
      highlighting the profound complexity of its actions. The nature of E2- or TAM
      induced chromosomal damage has been explored using relatively high concentrations
      of these agents, and only some numerical aberrations and chromosomal breaks have
      been analyzed. This study aimed to determine the effects of low doses of E2 and
      TAM (10(&8 )mol L(&1) and 10(&6 )mol L(&1) respectively) on karyotypes of MCF7,
      T47D, BT474, and SKBR3 breast cancer cells by comparing the results of
      conventional karyotyping and multi-FISH painting with cell proliferation.
      Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (+) cells showed an increase in cell
      proliferation after E2 treatment (MCF7, T47D, and BT474) and a decrease after TAM
      treatment (MCF7 and T47D), whereas in ER& cells (SKBR3), no alterations in cell
      proliferation were observed, except for a small increase at 96 h. Karyotypes of
      both ER+ and ER& breast cancer cells increased in complexity after treatments
      with E2 and TAM leading to specific chromosomal abnormalities, some of which were
      consistent throughout the treatment duration. This genotoxic effect was higher in
      HER2+ cells. The ER&/HER2+ SKBR3 cells were found to be sensitive to TAM,
      exhibiting an increase in chromosomal aberrations. These in vitro results provide
      insights into the potential role of low doses of E2 and TAM in inducing
      chromosomal rearrangements in breast cancer cells.

PMID- 27357943
TI  - Evaluation of fertility in relation to milk production and productivity of Murrah
      buffaloes.
AB  - Intense selection of buffaloes for milk production at organized herds of the
      country without giving due attention to fertility traits has lead to
      deterioration in their performances. The study was initiated to assess the
      relationship between milk production and productivity with fertility in Murrah
      buffaloes. In the present study, fertility was defined in terms of pregnancy rate
      of Murrah buffaloes. Pregnancy rate measures the percentage of non-pregnant
      animals that become pregnant during each oestrous cycle. Data pertaining to 1224
      lactation records of Murrah buffaloes spread over a period 22 years from 1993 to
      2014 were analyzed in the study. It was observed that pregnancy rate is
      negatively associated with 305days or less milk yield (-0.08+/-0.04) and wet
      average (-0.12+/-0.02) and positively associated with life time (0.15+/-0.03) in
      Murrah buffaloes. Wet average is defined as average daily milk yield per
      lactation of Murrah buffaloes. To achieve around 2000kg 305days or less milk
      yield and 7.5kg wet average, the level of pregnancy rate in Murrah buffaloes
      should vary between 30 and 50%. The per unit change in pregnancy rate with
      respect to milk yield in Murrah buffaloes, were studied using regression
      analysis. The results suggest that increasing hundred kilogram in 305days or one
      kilogram milk yield per day in 305days, pregnancy rate reduced by 0.9% in overall
      lactations of Murrah buffaloes. By increasing hundred kilogram life time 305days
      or less milk yield and one kilogram life time wet average, pregnancy rate of
      Murrah buffaloes reduced by about 0.2% and 0.34%, respectively. The study
      quantifies the decline of pregnancy rate with increase of lactation milk yield
      and wet average in Murrah buffaloes and emphasis the importance of fertility i.e.
      pregnancy rate in the evaluation and breeding programmes of Murrah buffaloes. 

PMID- 27357944
TI  - Stepwise Unfolding of Single-Chain Nanoparticles by Chemically Triggered Gates.
AB  - The orthogonal, stepwise, and order-independent unfolding of single-chain
      nanoparticles (SCNPs) is introduced as a key step towards actively controlling
      the folding dynamics of SCNPs. The SCNPs are compacted by multiple hydrogen bonds
      and host-guest interactions. Well-defined diblock (AB) and tetrablock (ABCD)
      copolymers are equipped with orthogonal recognition motifs via modular ligation
      along the lateral chain. Initially, single-chain folding of the diblock copolymer
      was induced by the host-guest complexation of benzo-21-crown-7 (B21C7, host) and
      a secondary ammonium salt (AS, guest), representing an efficient avenue for
      single-chain collapse. Next, both orthogonal Hamilton wedge (HW) and cyanuric
      acid (CA) as well as B21C7-AS motifs were employed to generate SCNPs based on the
      ABCD polymer system. Subsequently, the stepwise dual-gated and order-independent
      unfolding of the SCNPs was investigated by the addition of external stimuli. The
      folding and unfolding were explored by 1D (1) H NMR spectroscopy, dynamic light
      scattering (DLS), and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY).

PMID- 27357945
TI  - [Patella navigation in computer-assisted TKA : Intraoperative measurement of
      patellar kinematics. Video article].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patellofemoral maltracking is a relevant problem after total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA). Patella navigation is a tool that allows real time monitoring
      of patella tracking. MATERIAL: This video contribution demonstrates the technique
      of patellofemoral navigation and a possible consequence of intraoperative
      monitoring. A higher postoperative lateral tilt is addressed with a widening of
      the lateral retinaculum in a particular manner. CONCLUSION: In selected cases of
      patellofemoral problems, patella navigation is a helpful tool to evaluate
      patellofemoral tracking intraoperatively. Modifications of implant position and
      soft tissue measurements can then prevent postoperative patellofemoral
      maltracking.

PMID- 27357946
TI  - Simultaneous Tc-99m and I-123 dual-radionuclide imaging with a solid-state
      detector-based brain-SPECT system and energy-based scatter correction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system
      using cadmium telluride (CdTe) solid-state detectors was previously developed.
      This CdTe-SPECT system is suitable for simultaneous dual-radionuclide imaging due
      to its fine energy resolution (6.6 %). However, the problems of down-scatter and
      low-energy tail due to the spectral characteristics of a pixelated solid-state
      detector should be addressed. The objective of this work was to develop a system
      for simultaneous Tc-99m and I-123 brain studies and evaluate its accuracy.
      METHODS: A scatter correction method using five energy windows (FiveEWs) was
      developed. The windows are Tc-lower, Tc-main, shared sub-window of Tc-upper and I
      lower, I-main, and I-upper. This FiveEW method uses pre-measured responses for
      primary gamma rays from each radionuclide to compensate for the overestimation of
      scatter by the triple-energy window method that is used. Two phantom experiments
      and a healthy volunteer experiment were conducted using the CdTe-SPECT system. A
      cylindrical phantom and a six-compartment phantom with five different mixtures of
      Tc-99m and I-123 and a cold one were scanned. The quantitative accuracy was
      evaluated using 18 regions of interest for each phantom. In the volunteer study,
      five healthy volunteers were injected with Tc-99m human serum albumin diethylene
      triamine pentaacetic acid (HSA-D) and scanned (single acquisition). They were
      then injected with I-123 N-isopropyl-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (IMP) and
      scanned again (dual acquisition). The counts of the Tc-99m images for the single
      and dual acquisitions were compared. RESULTS: In the cylindrical phantom
      experiments, the percentage difference (PD) between the single and dual
      acquisitions was 5.7 +/- 4.0 % (mean +/- standard deviation). In the six
      compartment phantom experiment, the PDs between measured and injected activity
      for Tc-99m and I-123 were 14.4 +/- 11.0 and 2.3 +/- 1.8 %, respectively. In the
      volunteer study, the PD between the single and dual acquisitions was 4.5 +/- 3.4
      %. CONCLUSIONS: This CdTe-SPECT system using the FiveEW method can provide
      accurate simultaneous dual-radionuclide imaging. A solid-state detector SPECT
      system using the FiveEW method will permit quantitative simultaneous Tc-99m and I
      123 study to become clinically applicable.

PMID- 27357949
TI  - How molecular is the chemisorptive bond?
AB  - Trends in adsorption energies as a function of transition metal differ for
      adsorbates that are attached atop a surface atom or are adsorbed onto a high
      coordination site. When adsorption onto early and late transition metals is
      compared variation in relative bond energies of adsorbates attached to different
      sites is large. A theoretical understanding is provided based on the analysis of
      the electronic structure of the respective chemical bonds. The electronic
      structure analysis is based on partial density of states (PDOS) and bond order
      overlap population densities from crystal orbital Hamiltonian population (COHP)
      calculations available from DFT electronic structure computations. This is
      complemented by calculations of Bader charge densities and electron density
      topology properties. Variation of the respective bond energies depends on the
      symmetry of the molecular orbitals that form the chemical bond. The key
      electronic structure parameters are the position of the Fermi level in the
      bonding or antibonding molecular orbital partial density of states region of the
      chemical bond and chemical bond polarity. These are very different for adsorbates
      adsorbed onto the same transition metal surface, but which have different
      coordination with surface metal atoms. The adsorption energies and the respective
      electronic structures of adatoms H, C and O and molecular fragments CHx (x = 1-3)
      are compared with those of the analogous molecules that contain a single
      transition metal atom. When adsorbed atop, trends in bond energies are remarkably
      similar to those of the corresponding molecules. The difference in bond energies
      of adsorbates and transition metal molecules, i.e. the embedding energy, is shown
      to consist of three contributions: quenching of the sometimes high molecular spin
      states, weakening of the adsorbate-surface interaction energy and weakening of
      the metal-metal atom bond energies next to the adsorbate. Conventional scaling
      rules of the interaction energies of adsorbed CHx (0 < x <= 3) fragments are
      satisfied only for adsorbates in high coordination sites. For the early
      transition metals a breaking of this rule is found for C and CH or N and NH when
      adsorbed atop a transition metal surface or when they are part of a transition
      metal molecule. The M-C bond energy is found to be only stronger than that of the
      M-CH bond as long as the Fermi level or the HOMO is located in the antibonding
      molecular orbital partial density of states of the chemical bond. 

PMID- 27357948
TI  - Establishing and validating regulatory regions for variant annotation and
      expression analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The regulatory effect of inherited or de novo genetic variants
      occurring in promoters as well as in transcribed or even coding gene regions is
      gaining greater recognition as a contributing factor to disease processes in
      addition to mutations affecting protein functionality. Thousands of such
      regulatory mutations are already recorded in HGMD, OMIM, ClinVar and other
      databases containing published disease causing and associated mutations. It is
      therefore important to properly annotate genetic variants occurring in
      experimentally verified and predicted transcription factor binding sites (TFBS)
      that could thus influence the factor binding event. Selection of the promoter
      sequence used is an important factor in the analysis as it directly influences
      the composition of the sequence available for transcription factor binding
      analysis. RESULTS: In this study we first establish genomic regions likely to be
      involved in regulation of gene expression. TRANSFAC uses a method of virtual
      transcription start sites (vTSS) calculation to define the best supported
      promoter for a gene. We have performed a comparison of the virtually calculated
      promoters between the best supported and secondary promoters in hg19 and hg38
      reference genomes to test and validate the approach. Next we create and utilize a
      workflow for systematic analysis of casual disease associated variants in TFBS
      using Genome Trax and TRANSFAC databases. A total of 841 and 736 experimentally
      verified TFBSs within best supported promoters were mapped over HGMD and ClinVar
      mutation sites respectively. Tens of thousands of predicted ChIP-Seq derived
      TFBSs were mapped over mutations as well. We have further analyzed some of these
      mutations for potential gain or loss in transcription factor binding.
      CONCLUSIONS: We have confirmed the validity of TRANSFAC's approach to define the
      best supported promoters and established a workflow of their use in annotation of
      regulatory genetic variants.

PMID- 27357947
TI  - Acetate functions as an epigenetic metabolite to promote lipid synthesis under
      hypoxia.
AB  - Besides the conventional carbon sources, acetyl-CoA has recently been shown to be
      generated from acetate in various types of cancers, where it promotes lipid
      synthesis and tumour growth. The underlying mechanism, however, remains largely
      unknown. We find that acetate induces a hyperacetylated state of histone H3 in
      hypoxic cells. Acetate predominately activates lipogenic genes ACACA and FASN
      expression by increasing H3K9, H3K27 and H3K56 acetylation levels at their
      promoter regions, thus enhancing de novo lipid synthesis, which combines with its
      function as the metabolic precursor for fatty acid synthesis. Acetyl-CoA
      synthetases (ACSS1, ACSS2) are involved in this acetate-mediated epigenetic
      regulation. More importantly, human hepatocellular carcinoma with high ACSS1/2
      expression exhibit increased histone H3 acetylation and FASN expression. Taken
      together, this study demonstrates that acetate, in addition to its ability to
      induce fatty acid synthesis as an immediate metabolic precursor, also functions
      as an epigenetic metabolite to promote cancer cell survival under hypoxic stress.

PMID- 27357950
TI  - Nitroglycerin induces DNA damage and vascular cell death in the setting of
      nitrate tolerance.
AB  - Nitroglycerin (GTN) and other organic nitrates are widely used vasodilators.
      Their side effects are development of nitrate tolerance and endothelial
      dysfunction. Given the potential of GTN to induce nitro-oxidative stress, we
      investigated the interaction between nitro-oxidative DNA damage and vascular
      dysfunction in experimental nitrate tolerance. Cultured endothelial hybridoma
      cells (EA.hy 926) and Wistar rats were treated with GTN (ex vivo: 10-1000 uM; in
      vivo: 10, 20 and 50 mg/kg/day for 3 days, s.c.). The level of DNA strand breaks,
      8-oxoguanine and O (6)-methylguanine DNA adducts was determined by Comet assay,
      dot blot and immunohistochemistry. Vascular function was determined by isometric
      tension recording. DNA adducts and strand breaks were induced by GTN in cells in
      vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. GTN in vivo administration leads to
      endothelial dysfunction, nitrate tolerance, aortic and cardiac oxidative stress,
      formation of DNA adducts, stabilization of p53 and apoptotic death of vascular
      cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Mice lacking O (6)-methylguanine-DNA
      methyltransferase displayed more vascular O (6)-methylguanine adducts and
      oxidative stress under GTN therapy than wild-type mice. Although we were not able
      to prove a causal role of DNA damage in the etiology of nitrate tolerance, the
      finding of GTN-induced DNA damage such as the mutagenic and toxic adduct O (6)
      methylguanine, and cell death supports the notion that GTN based therapy may
      provoke adverse side effects, including endothelial function. Further studies are
      warranted to clarify whether GTN pro-apoptotic effects are related to an impaired
      recovery of patients upon myocardial infarction.

PMID- 27357951
TI  - Effectiveness of vegetation-based biodiversity offset metrics as surrogates for
      ants.
AB  - Biodiversity offset schemes are globally popular policy tools for balancing the
      competing demands of conservation and development. Trading currencies for losses
      and gains in biodiversity value at development and credit sites are usually based
      on several vegetation attributes combined to yield a simple score (multimetric),
      but the score is rarely validated prior to implementation. Inaccurate
      biodiversity trading currencies are likely to accelerate global biodiversity loss
      through unrepresentative trades of losses and gains. We tested a model vegetation
      multimetric (i.e., vegetation structural and compositional attributes) typical of
      offset trading currencies to determine whether it represented measurable
      components of compositional and functional biodiversity. Study sites were located
      in remnant patches of a critically endangered ecological community in western
      Sydney, Australia, an area representative of global conflicts between
      conservation and expanding urban development. We sampled ant fauna composition
      with pitfall traps and enumerated removal by ants of native plant seeds from
      artificial seed containers (seed depots). Ants are an excellent model taxon
      because they are strongly associated with habitat complexity, respond rapidly to
      environmental change, and are functionally important at many trophic levels. The
      vegetation multimetric did not predict differences in ant community composition
      or seed removal, despite underlying assumptions that biodiversity trading
      currencies used in offset schemes represent all components of a site's
      biodiversity value. This suggests that vegetation multimetrics are inadequate
      surrogates for total biodiversity value. These findings highlight the urgent need
      to refine existing offsetting multimetrics to ensure they meet underlying
      assumptions of surrogacy. Despite the best intentions, offset schemes will never
      achieve their goal of no net loss of biodiversity values if trades are based on
      metrics unrepresentative of total biodiversity.

PMID- 27357953
TI  - Community's perceptions of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Sindh Pakistan: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal mortality is of global public health concern and >99 % of
      maternal deaths occur in less developed countries. The common causes of direct
      maternal death are hemorrhage, sepsis and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia. In Pakistan,
      pre-eclampsia/eclampsia deaths represents one-third of maternal deaths reported
      at the tertiary care hospital settings. This study explored community
      perceptions, and traditional management practices about pre-eclampsia/eclampsia.
      METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in Sindh Province of Pakistan from
      February to July 2012. Twenty-six focus groups were conducted, 19 with women of
      reproductive age/mothers-in-law (N = 173); and 7 with husbands/fathers-in-law (N
      = 65). The data were transcribed verbatim in Sindhi and Urdu, then analyzed for
      emerging themes and sub-themes using NVivo version 10 software. RESULTS: Pre
      eclampsia in pregnancy was not recognized as a disease and there was no name in
      the local languages to describe this. Women however, knew about high blood
      pressure and were aware they can develop it during pregnancy. It was widely
      believed that stress and weakness caused high blood pressure in pregnancy and it
      caused symptoms of headache. The perception of high blood pressure was not based
      on measurement but on symptoms. Self-medication was often used for headaches
      associated with high blood pressure. They were also awareness that severely high
      blood pressure could result in death. CONCLUSIONS: Community-based participatory
      health education strategies are recommended to dispel myths and misperceptions
      regarding pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. The educational initiatives should include
      information on the presentation, progression of illness, danger signs associated
      with pregnancy, and appropriate treatment.

PMID- 27357952
TI  - Utility of CSF biomarkers in psychiatric disorders: a national multicentre
      prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Affective and psychotic disorders are mental or behavioural patterns
      resulting in an inability to cope with life's ordinary demands and routines.
      These conditions can be a prodromal event of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The
      prevalence of underlying AD lesions in psychiatric diseases is unknown, and it
      would be helpful to determine them in patients. AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      biomarkers (amyloid beta, tau and phosphorylated tau) have high diagnostic
      accuracy, both for AD with dementia and to predict incipient AD (mild cognitive
      impairment due to AD), and they are sometimes used to discriminate psychiatric
      diseases from AD. Our objective in the present study was to evaluate the clinical
      utility of CSF biomarkers in a group of patients with psychiatric disease as the
      main diagnosis. METHODS: In a multicentre prospective study, clinicians filled
      out an anonymous questionnaire about all of their patients who had undergone CSF
      biomarker evaluation. Before and after CSF biomarker results were obtained,
      clinicians provided a diagnosis with their level of confidence and information
      about the treatment. We included patients with a psychiatric disorder as the
      initial diagnosis. In a second part of the study conducted retrospectively in a
      followed subgroup, clinicians detailed the psychiatric history and we classified
      patients into three categories: (1) psychiatric symptoms associated with AD, (2)
      dual diagnosis and (3) cognitive decline not linked to a neurodegenerative
      disorder. RESULTS: Of 957 patients, 69 had an initial diagnosis of a psychiatric
      disorder. Among these 69 patients, 14 (20.2 %) had a CSF AD profile, 5 (7.2 %)
      presented with an intermediate CSF profile and 50 (72.4 %) had a non-AD CSF
      profile. Ultimately, 13 (18.8 %) patients were diagnosed with AD. We show that in
      the AD group psychiatric symptoms occurred later and the delay between the first
      psychiatric symptoms and the cognitive decline was shorter. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study revealed that about 20 % of patients with a primary psychiatric disorder
      diagnosis before undergoing a CSF exploration for cognitive disorder displayed a
      CSF biomarker AD profile. In memory clinics, it seems important to consider AD as
      a possible diagnosis before finalizing a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder.

PMID- 27357954
TI  - Just one look: Direct gaze briefly disrupts visual working memory.
AB  - Direct gaze is a salient social cue that affords rapid detection. A body of
      research suggests that direct gaze enhances performance on memory tasks (e.g.,
      Hood, Macrae, Cole-Davies, & Dias, Developmental Science, 1, 67-71, 2003).
      Nonetheless, other studies highlight the disruptive effect direct gaze has on
      concurrent cognitive processes (e.g., Conty, Gimmig, Belletier, George, & Huguet,
      Cognition, 115(1), 133-139, 2010). This discrepancy raises questions about the
      effects direct gaze may have on concurrent memory tasks. We addressed this topic
      by employing a change detection paradigm, where participants retained information
      about the color of small sets of agents. Experiment 1 revealed that, despite the
      irrelevance of the agents' eye gaze to the memory task at hand, participants were
      worse at detecting changes when the agents looked directly at them compared to
      when the agents looked away. Experiment 2 showed that the disruptive effect was
      relatively short-lived. Prolonged presentation of direct gaze led to recovery
      from the initial disruption, rather than a sustained disruption on change
      detection performance. The present study provides the first evidence that direct
      gaze impairs visual working memory with a rapidly-developing yet short-lived
      effect even when there is no need to attend to agents' gaze.

PMID- 27357955
TI  - Sex differences in visual-spatial working memory: A meta-analysis.
AB  - Visual-spatial working memory measures are widely used in clinical and
      experimental settings. Furthermore, it has been argued that the male advantage in
      spatial abilities can be explained by a sex difference in visual-spatial working
      memory. Therefore, sex differences in visual-spatial working memory have
      important implication for research, theory, and practice, but they have yet to be
      quantified. The present meta-analysis quantified the magnitude of sex differences
      in visual-spatial working memory and examined variables that might moderate them.
      The analysis used a set of 180 effect sizes from healthy males and females drawn
      from 98 samples ranging in mean age from 3 to 86 years. Multilevel meta-analysis
      was used on the overall data set to account for non-independent effect sizes. The
      data also were analyzed in separate task subgroups by means of multilevel and
      mixed-effects models. Results showed a small but significant male advantage (mean
      d = 0.155, 95 % confidence interval = 0.087-0.223). All the tasks produced a male
      advantage, except for memory for location, where a female advantage emerged. Age
      of the participants was a significant moderator, indicating that sex differences
      in visual-spatial working memory appeared first in the 13-17 years age group.
      Removing memory for location tasks from the sample affected the pattern of
      significant moderators. The present results indicate a male advantage in visual
      spatial working memory, although age and specific task modulate the magnitude and
      direction of the effects. Implications for clinical applications, cognitive model
      building, and experimental research are discussed.

PMID- 27357956
TI  - Sensitivity to value-driven attention is predicted by how we learn from value.
AB  - Reward learning is known to influence the automatic capture of attention. This
      study examined how the rate of learning, after high- or low-value reward
      outcomes, can influence future transfers into value-driven attentional capture.
      Participants performed an instrumental learning task that was directly followed
      by an attentional capture task. A hierarchical Bayesian reinforcement model was
      used to infer individual differences in learning from high or low reward. Results
      showed a strong relationship between high-reward learning rates (or the weight
      that is put on learning after a high reward) and the magnitude of attentional
      capture with high-reward colors. Individual differences in learning from high or
      low rewards were further related to performance differences when high- or low
      value distractors were present. These findings provide novel insight into the
      development of value-driven attentional capture by showing how information
      updating after desired or undesired outcomes can influence future deployments of
      automatic attention.

PMID- 27357957
TI  - A 3-D net based on weak metallophilic (CuCu) interactions.
AB  - A novel 3-D binary copper(i) polymer [Cu(IN)]n (1, IN = isonicotinate) has been
      solvothermally synthesized. 1-D [Cu(IN)] chains of 1 are interconnected by weak
      metallophilic (CuCu) interactions to form a 3-D net. The theoretical band
      structure and photocatalytic and fluorescence properties have also been studied. 

PMID- 27357958
TI  - Plasma levels of eight different mediators and their potential as biomarkers of
      various clinical malaria conditions in African children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum infection can lead to several clinical
      manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infections (AM) and uncomplicated
      malaria (UM) to potentially fatal severe malaria (SM), including cerebral malaria
      (CM). Factors implicated in the progression towards severe disease are not fully
      understood. METHODS: In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA) method was used to investigate the plasma content of several biomarkers
      of the immune response, namely Neopterin, sCD163, suPAR, Pentraxin 3 (PTX3),
      sCD14, Fractalkine (CX3CL1), sTREM-1 and MIG (CXCL9), in patients with distinct
      clinical manifestations of malaria. The goal of this study was to determine the
      relative involvement of these inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of
      malaria and test their relevance as biomarkers of disease severity. RESULTS: ROC
      curve analysis show that children with AM were characterized by high levels of
      Fractalkine and sCD163 whereas children with UM were distinguishable by the
      presence of PTX3 in their plasma. Furthermore, principal component analysis
      indicated that the combination of Fractalkine, MIG, and Neopterin was the best
      predictor of AM condition, while suPAR, PTX3 and sTREM-1 combination was the best
      indicator of UM when compared to AM. The association of Neopterin, suPAR and
      Fractalkine was strongly predictive of SM or CM compared to UM. CONCLUSIONS: The
      results indicate that the simultaneous evaluation of these bioactive molecules as
      quantifiable blood parameters may be helpful to get a better insight into the
      clinical syndromes in children with malaria.

PMID- 27357959
TI  - Development of high-lysine rice via endosperm-specific expression of a foreign
      LYSINE RICH PROTEIN gene.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lysine (Lys) is considered to be the first limiting essential amino
      acid in rice. Although there have been extensive efforts to improve the Lys
      content of rice through traditional breeding and genetic engineering, no
      satisfactory products have been achieved to date. RESULTS: We expressed a LYSINE
      RICH PROTEIN gene (LRP) from Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC using an
      endosperm-specific GLUTELIN1 promoter (GT1) in Peiai64S (PA64S), an elite
      photoperiod-thermo sensitive male sterility (PTSMS) line. The expression of the
      foreign LRP protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The Lys level in the
      transgenic rice seeds increased more than 30 %, the total amount of other amino
      acids also increased compared to wild-type. Persistent investigation of amino
      acids in 3 generations showed that the Lys content was significantly increased in
      seeds of transgenic rice. Furthermore, Lys content in the hybrid of the
      transgenic plants also had an approximate 20 % increase compared to hybrid
      control. At the grain-filling stage, we monitored the transcript abundance of
      many genes encoding key enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, and the
      results suggested that reduced amino acid catabolism led to the accumulation of
      amino acids in the transgenic plants. The genetically engineered rice showed
      unfavorable grain phenotypes compared to wild-type, however, its hybrid displayed
      little negative effects on grain. CONCLUSIONS: Endosperm-specific expression of
      foreign LRP significantly increased the Lys content in the seeds of transgenic
      plant, and the the Lys increase was stably heritable with 3 generation
      investigation. The hybrid of the transgenic plants also showed significant
      increases of Lys content in the seeds. These results indicated that expression of
      LRP in rice seeds may have promising applications in improving Lys levels in
      rice.

PMID- 27357960
TI  - [Open-wedge osteotomy of the glenoid for treatment of posterior shoulder
      instability with increased glenoid retroversion].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Treatment of posterior shoulder instability with increased
      retroversion of the glenoid using open-wedge osteotomy of the glenoid neck
      stabilized with an autologous bone block. INDICATIONS: Symptomatic, atraumatic
      posterior shoulder instability with increased retroversion (>20 degrees ) of the
      glenoid and previously failed conservative or surgical treatment.
      CONTRAINDICATIONS: General contraindications against surgery. Relative
      contraindications: osteoporosis, nicotine abuse, or suspected patient
      noncompliance. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Posterior approach with a 7 cm long incision
      starting medial of the posterolateral corner of the acromion heading to the
      posterior axillary fold and subsequent preparation of the deltoid muscle and the
      infraspinatus muscle. The posterior glenohumeral capsule is incised by performing
      a capsular T-shift. The osteotomy is performed intracapsulary medial to the
      genoid rim. The wedge bone graft, harvested from spina scapulae or iliac spine,
      is placed "press fit" in position. Additional fixation of the graft is not
      necessary if the anterior cortex is intact. For reinforcing the posterior
      capsule, a posterior capsule shift should be performed. Insertion of
      extracapsular wound drainage. Successive wound closure. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT:
      Postoperative immobilization in a 0 degrees  shoulder orthesis for 6 weeks;
      avoidance of horizontal abduction for 8 weeks. After removing the wound drainage,
      start of limited active-assisted range of motion. Over-head sports after 6
      months. RESULTS: From 2009-2015, 6 posterior open wedge glenoid osteotomies were
      performed. Postoperative retroversion of the glenoid was 11.2 +/- 9.4 degrees 
      compared to 26.0 +/- 8.6 degrees  before surgery. Of 6 shoulders, 2 showed
      postoperative signs of persistent posterior instability; the other 4 shoulders
      were free of complaints. No revision surgery was needed.

PMID- 27357961
TI  - Mechanism of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of tendon stem cells
      induced by sirtuin 1.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of sirtuin (Sirt)1 in
      tendon stem cells (TSCs) and to elucidate its association with osteogenic and
      adipogenic differentiation of TSCs. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analyses were performed to detect Sirt1
      mRNA and protein levels in TSCs, respectively. TSCs were positive for Sirt1
      expression, which was elevated by Sirt1 activator SRT1720 in a time- and
      concentration- dependent manner, and decreased by Sirt1 inhibitor EX527. TSCs
      were treated with SRT1720 and EX527 for various time periods and resulting
      changes in osteogenic and adipogenic protein markers were analyzed using alizarin
      red and oil red O staining. According to RT-qPCR and western blot analyses, the
      associated factors beta-catenin, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and
      bone morphogenetic protein 2 were elevated following increases of Sirt1 levels,
      while CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP)alpha and peroxisome proliferator
      activated receptor (PPAR)gamma were decreased. These results suggested that
      osteogenic differentiation capacity was enhanced, while adipogenic
      differentiation capacity declined. Further mechanistic study revealed that
      phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) and AKT were decreased following activation of
      Sirt1. In conclusion, the present study suggested that Sirt1 promotes the
      osteogenic differentiation of TSCs through upregulating beta-catenin and Runx2
      and inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of TSCs through the PI3K/AKT pathway
      with downregulation of CEBPalpha and PPARgamma. 

PMID- 27357962
TI  - Doctors give patients potentially harmful procedures at end of life, global
      review finds.

PMID- 27357964
TI  - Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Conference of the Society for Implementation
      Research Collaboration (SIRC) 2015: advancing efficient methodologies through
      community partnerships and team science : Seattle, WA, USA. 24-26 September 2015.

PMID- 27357963
TI  - Anti-melanin deposition activity of ceramicines from Chisocheton ceramicus.
AB  - The ceramicines, a series of limonoids from Chisocheton ceramicus (Meliaceae),
      were evaluated for anti-melanin deposition activity on alpha-melanocyte
      stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)-treated
      B16-F10 melanoma cell, and several ceramicines were found to be active. The
      structure-activity relationship of ceramicines as anti-melanin deposition
      inhibitors was deduced. Furthermore, the mechanism of anti-melanin deposition
      activity of ceramicine B, a major constituent of C. ceramicus that showed potent
      anti-melanin deposition activity, was investigated. Tyrosinase enzymatic activity
      and tyrosinase mRNA expression were not affected by ceramicine B. The anti
      melanin deposition activity of ceramicine B was shown to be related to the
      downregulation of tyrosinase protein expression. These results suggest that
      ceramicines have potential to be used as depigmentation agents. 

PMID- 27357965
TI  - Clinical prediction rules in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia demonstrate the
      usefulness of reporting likelihood ratios in infectious diseases.
AB  - Infectious diseases specialists often use diagnostic tests to assess the
      probability of a disease based on knowledge of the diagnostic properties. It has
      become standard for published studies on diagnostic tests to report sensitivity,
      specificity and predictive values. Likelihood ratios are often omitted. We
      compared published clinical prediction rules in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia
      to illustrate the importance of likelihood ratios. We performed a narrative
      review comparing published clinical prediction rules used for excluding
      endocarditis in S. aureus bacteremia. Of nine published clinical prediction
      rules, only three studies reported likelihood ratios. Many studies concluded that
      the clinical prediction rule could safely exclude endocarditis based on high
      sensitivity and high negative predictive value. Of the studies with similar high
      sensitivity and high negative predictive value, calculated negative likelihood
      ratios were able to differentiate and identify the best clinical prediction rule
      for excluding endocarditis. Compared to sensitivity, specificity and predictive
      values, likelihood ratios can be more directly used to interpret diagnostic test
      results to assist in ruling in or ruling out a disease. Therefore, a new standard
      should be set to include likelihood ratios in reporting of diagnostic tests in
      infectious diseases research. 

PMID- 27357966
TI  - Inhomogeneous Point-Processes to Instantaneously Assess Affective Haptic
      Perception through Heartbeat Dynamics Information.
AB  - This study proposes the application of a comprehensive signal processing
      framework, based on inhomogeneous point-process models of heartbeat dynamics, to
      instantaneously assess affective haptic perception using electrocardiogram
      derived information exclusively. The framework relies on inverse-Gaussian point
      processes with Laguerre expansion of the nonlinear Wiener-Volterra kernels,
      accounting for the long-term information given by the past heartbeat events. Up
      to cubic-order nonlinearities allow for an instantaneous estimation of the
      dynamic spectrum and bispectrum of the considered cardiovascular dynamics, as
      well as for instantaneous measures of complexity, through Lyapunov exponents and
      entropy. Short-term caress-like stimuli were administered for 4.3-25 seconds on
      the forearms of 32 healthy volunteers (16 females) through a wearable haptic
      device, by selectively superimposing two levels of force, 2 N and 6 N, and two
      levels of velocity, 9.4 mm/s and 65 mm/s. Results demonstrated that our
      instantaneous linear and nonlinear features were able to finely characterize the
      affective haptic perception, with a recognition accuracy of 69.79% along the
      force dimension, and 81.25% along the velocity dimension.

PMID- 27357968
TI  - The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index is Independently Associated with Prognosis
      in Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia Following Endovascular Therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) have poor overall and limb
      prognosis. Although nutritional status influences overall prognosis, and the
      Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) is a widely used, simple and well
      established nutritional status screening method, the association between the GNRI
      and the overall and limb prognosis of patients with CLI following endovascular
      therapy (EVT) has not been explored. METHODS: Clinical outcomes were
      retrospectively evaluated in 473 consecutive patients (74 +/- 10 years; 59% male)
      with CLI who underwent EVT. The GNRI on admission was calculated as follows:
      [14.89 * albumin (g/dL)] + [41.7 * (body weight/ideal body weight)]. Cox
      proportional hazard analysis was performed to explore the independent association
      between the GNRI and mortality and major amputation. RESULTS: Patients (53%
      ambulatory, 38% wheelchair bound, and 9% bedridden) were divided into two groups
      based on the median GNRI: the higher group (GNRI >= 91.2, n = 237) and the lower
      group (GNRI < 91.2, n = 236). Median follow up duration after EVT was 11.3
      months. Three years after EVT, the survival rate (74% in the higher GNRI, and 48%
      in the lower GNRI, respectively), and limb salvage rate (92% in the higher GNRI,
      and 84% in the lower GNRI) were significantly lower in the lower GNRI group. GNRI
      (hazard ratio [HR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.05), along with
      being wheelchair bound (HR, 1.87; 95% CI 1.17-2.97; vs. ambulatory status), being
      bedridden (HR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.63-2.97; vs. ambulatory status), being on
      hemodialysis (HR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.49-3.64), and having chronic heart failure (HR,
      2.22; 95% CI, 1.44-3.43) were the independent predictors of mortality. The GNRI
      (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.07), being bedridden (HR, 4.15; 95% CI, 1.67-10.3; vs.
      ambulatory status), isolated below knee disease (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.30-4.77),
      and hemodialysis (HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.23-4.85) were independently associated with
      major amputation. CONCLUSIONS: The GNRI on admission was independently associated
      with mortality and major amputation after EVT in patients with CLI.

PMID- 27357969
TI  - The effect of a finger training application using a tablet PC in chronic
      hemiparetic stroke patients.
AB  - Twenty-one consecutive patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention
      group (10 patients) or the control group (11 patients). The application consisted
      of three sections (registration, evaluation, and training) and the training
      section consisted of five programs (stretching, flexion, extension, opposition,
      and thumb abduction). Application training consisted of 1 session (31 min)/day, 6
      days/week for 4 weeks. We found that our application training was effective in
      terms of the motor function of the affected hand: Manual Muscle Test of the wrist
      and finger extensors, the Manual Function Test (subtest of manipulative
      activity), and the Purdue Pegboard Test.

PMID- 27357970
TI  - An Analytical Solution for Exciton Generation, Reaction, and Diffusion in
      Nanotube and Nanowire-Based Solar Cells.
AB  - Excitonic solar cells based on aligned or unaligned networks of nanotubes or
      nanowires offer advantages with respect of optical absorption, and control of
      excition and electrical carrier transport; however, there is a lack of predictive
      models of the optimal orientation and packing density of such devices to maximize
      efficiency. Here-in, we develop a concise analytical framework that describes the
      orientation and density trade-off on exciton collection computed from a
      deterministic model of a carbon nanotube (CNT) photovoltaic device under steady
      state operation that incorporates single- and aggregate-nanotube photophysics
      published earlier (Energy Environ Sci, 2014, 7, 3769). We show that the maximal
      film efficiency is determined by a parameter grouping, alpha, representing the
      product of the network density and the effective exciton diffusion length,
      reflecting a cooperativity between the rate of exciton generation and the rate of
      exciton transport. This allows for a simple, master plot of EQE versus film
      thickness, parametric in alpha allowing for optimal design. This analysis extends
      to any excitonic solar cell with anisotropic transport elements, including
      polymer, nanowire, quantum dot, and nanocarbon photovoltaics. 

PMID- 27357971
TI  - Celecoxib Versus Placebo in Tonsillectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double
      Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Celecoxib is a cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor indicated to treat
      acute pain and pain secondary to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
      Surgical models of acute pain have demonstrated superior pain relief to placebo.
      The objective of this study was to test the safety and efficacy of celecoxib for
      pain relief after tonsillectomy compared to placebo. METHODS: Adult subjects were
      randomized to 200 mg celecoxib versus placebo with a loading dose the night
      before surgery then twice daily for 10 days. Subjects were instructed to
      supplement the study drug with hydrocodone/acetaminophen liquid or acetaminophen
      for pain as needed. Subjects completed a daily diary regarding their pain,
      nausea, vomiting, diet, and activity. RESULTS: Seventeen subjects enrolled.
      Intraoperative blood loss was similar between groups, and no subject had
      postoperative bleeding. Three patients returned to the emergency department for
      treatment, and 2 patients could not complete the diaries, all in the placebo
      group. Subjects in the placebo group required statistically significant (P < .05)
      higher doses of narcotic and acetaminophen to control pain. Pain and diet rating
      scores were slightly better in the celecoxib group compared to placebo.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this small cohort, celecoxib reduced postoperative narcotic and
      acetaminophen requirements compared to placebo without complications.

PMID- 27357972
TI  - Masticator Space Foreign Body in a Child Presenting With Otorrhea and Granulation
      Tissue of the External Auditory Canal.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We report an unusual case of masticator space foreign body in a
      patient presenting with otorrhea and granulation tissue within the external
      auditory canal (EAC). METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 16-month-old male
      presented with fever, unilateral otorrhea, facial swelling, leukocytosis, and
      granulation tissue within the EAC that failed to respond to conventional medical
      treatment. Computed tomography scan showed EAC and middle ear opacification and
      soft tissue swelling involving the masticator space. Given concerns for
      malignancy, biopsies of tissue within the EAC and of a newly detected right
      buccal mass were performed, revealing granulation tissue. Concern persisted for
      neoplasm, however, and magnetic resonance imaging was obtained, showing a
      masticator space foreign body and possible osteomyelitis of the mandible and
      pterygoid plates. The patient underwent urgent operative removal of a 3 cm crayon
      fragment from the masticator space and debridement of granulation tissue arising
      from a small defect at the inferior medial cartilaginous EAC. He likely sustained
      foreign body injury several weeks earlier upon falling from standing height while
      biting a crayon. Postoperatively, he was observed in hospital on intravenous
      antibiotics and improved significantly. He has since fully recovered. CONCLUSION:
      Masticator space foreign bodies may present with erosion and granulation tissue
      of the EAC.

PMID- 27357973
TI  - Novel Computed Tomography Scoring System for Sinus Disease in Adults With Cystic
      Fibrosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is no easy to use scoring system for computed tomography (CT)
      scans of the sinuses that is specific to cystic fibrosis (CF). We propose a
      simple and easily implemented scoring system to quantify severity of sinus
      disease in adults with CF. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING:
      Academic tertiary-care referral center. SUBJECTS: Sixty-nine adult patients with
      CF and 50 age-matched controls. METHODS: We validated a scoring system for CF
      sinus disease. The CT scans were interpreted by 3 physicians on 2 separate
      sittings. Parameters include maxillary opacification, nasal obstruction, lateral
      nasal wall displacement, uncinate process absence/demineralization, and
      presence/absence of mucocele. RESULTS: Patients with CF aged 21 to 30 years (mean
      = 24.7 +/- 2.49). In CF cohort (n = 69), intrarater reliability for the 10 CT
      categories ranged from .70 to 1.00. Twenty-six (87%) were in the excellent range,
      and the remaining 4 (13%) were evaluated as good. In the non-CF cohort (n = 50),
      reliabilities ranged from .44 to 1.00. Twenty-seven (90%) were in the excellent
      range. For interrater reliability, in the CF cohort, 10 CT categories across the
      3 raters ranged from .55 to 1.00. Excellent reliability was achieved in 15 (50%)
      of the observations. In the non-CF cohort, reliabilities ranged from .44 to 1.00.
      CONCLUSION: A novel and easy to use CT scoring system for CF sinus disease in
      adults was validated with inter- and intrarater reliability. This new CF sinus
      disease-specific scoring system can be used by clinicians, surgeons, and
      radiologists.

PMID- 27357974
TI  - Laryngeal Framework Surgery in the Irradiated Neck: A Retrospective Matched
      Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laryngeal framework surgery (LFS) remains a cornerstone treatment in
      the management of glottic insufficiency. Traditionally, a history of radiation to
      the neck has been considered a relative contraindication to LFS. METHODS: A
      retrospective matched cohort study was performed to study LFS outcomes in
      patients with and without a history of radiation. Variables studied included
      radiation specifics, surgical time, operative difficulty, complications, need for
      revision surgery, and Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) scores. RESULTS: A total
      of 298 patients were studied. Fourteen patients with a history of neck
      irradiation were matched with 14 nonirradiated controls. No complications were
      encountered in the nonirradiated cohort. In the irradiated cohort, there were 2
      minor wound complications and 1 admission for stridor treated medically. No cases
      of implant extrusion were observed. The VHI-10 scores were improved in both
      cohorts relative to preoperative baseline (P = .001). Posttreatment VHI-10 scores
      were better in the nonirradiated cohort (P = .03). There was no difference
      between cohorts with respect to complication rates, surgical time, surgical
      difficulty, length of stay, use of a surgical drain, or need for revision
      surgery. CONCLUSION: Laryngeal framework surgery is safe and associated with
      improved voice outcomes in patients with a history of neck irradiation.

PMID- 27357975
TI  - Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials to Evaluate Cochlear Implant Candidacy in an
      Ear With Long-standing Hearing Loss: A Case Report.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We describe a novel use of cortical auditory evoked potentials in the
      preoperative workup to determine ear candidacy for cochlear implantation.
      METHODS: A 71-year-old male was evaluated who had a long-deafened right ear, had
      never worn a hearing aid in that ear, and relied heavily on use of a left-sided
      hearing aid. Electroencephalographic testing was performed using free field
      auditory stimulation of each ear independently with pure tones at 1000 and 2000
      Hz at approximately 10 dB above pure-tone thresholds for each frequency and for
      each ear. RESULTS: Mature cortical potentials were identified through auditory
      stimulation of the long-deafened ear. The patient underwent successful
      implantation of that ear. He experienced progressively improving aided pure-tone
      thresholds and binaural speech recognition benefit (AzBio score of 74%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that use of cortical auditory evoked potentials may
      serve a preoperative role in ear selection prior to cochlear implantation.

PMID- 27357976
TI  - Detection of Enteric Viruses in Fecal Specimens from Nonbacterial Foodborne
      Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Tokyo, Japan between 1966 and 1983.
AB  - We investigated the prevalence of 5 enteric viruses (norovirus [NoV], sapovirus,
      rotavirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus) in archived stool specimens collected from
      70 foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks in Tokyo, Japan, which occurred from 1966
      to 1983, and genetically characterized these viruses. NoV was detected in 48
      (68.6%) outbreaks, while SaV, group C rotavirus (RVC), and astrovirus were
      detected in 1 (1.4%) outbreak each. Based on the partial capsid sequences, the
      detected NoVs were classified into the following genotypes: 9 in genogroup I (GI;
      GI.1-6, GI.8, GI.9, and GI.NA), 13 GII (GII.1-9, GII.13, GII.16, GII.17, and
      GII.22), and one in GIV. The oldest NoV outbreaks occurred in 1966. No
      predominant genotype was found. One strain, classified as GI. NA based on the N/S
      region sequence, was subsequently classified as GI.8 based on the complete VP1
      sequence. Nine types of recombinant NoV sequences, including 7 unreported
      combinations, were identified. Further genetic characterization of NoV GII.17 and
      GII.4 demonstrated that the NoV GII.17 strains detected from 1970 to 1982
      clustered independently from previously reported NoV GII.17 strains. Phylogenetic
      analysis, using the complete VP1 region and the P2 domain, demonstrated that NoV
      GII.4 strains collected between 1975 and 1980 clustered with archival strains
      collected in the USA in the mid-1970s. In contrast, a NoV GII.4 strain collected
      in 1983 formed an independent branch from reference strains collected in the mid
      1970s to 2012.

PMID- 27357977
TI  - The Epidemic of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Syphilis
      Infection, and the Correlates of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Men Who
      Have Sex with Men in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
AB  - A cross sectional survey was performed to investigate the epidemic of human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis, and HIV-1
      subtype infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and to evaluate factors
      that were correlated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among 657 MSM in
      Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, during 2012-2013. Data on socio-demographic parameters and
      risky behaviors were collected, and blood samples were obtained. In this survey,
      the prevalence of STIs due to HIV (5.3%), HCV (0.6%), and syphilis (19.2%) were
      measured. Of 35 HIV-infected MSM, 1 (0.2%) and 17 (2.6%) were co-infected with
      HCV and syphilis. Among 33 samples with available HIV-1 genomic fragment
      sequences, 6.1% B, 72.7% CRF01_AE, and 21.2% CRF07_BC were identified.
      Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age > 30 years (odds ratio
      [OR] 2.002; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.144-3.502) and having had STI
      symptoms in the past year (OR, 11.673; 95% CI, 3.092-44.078) were positively
      correlated with having an STI, while consistent use of a condom when having sex
      with male partners (OR, 0.621; 95% CI, 0.408-0.945) was significantly associated
      with a low STI rate. The worsening epidemic of HIV, HCV, and syphilis infections,
      and the prevalence of complex subtypes of HIV-1 and other risk factors suggest
      that effective intervention strategies should be strengthened for MSM in
      Zhenjiang, Jiangsu.

PMID- 27357978
TI  - Immunity to Diphtheria and Tetanus in Army Personnel and Adult Civilians in
      Mashhad, Iran.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate serologic immunity to diphtheria and tetanus in
      army personnel and a sample population of adult civilians in Mashhad, Iran. Army
      personnel (n = 180) and civilians (n = 83) who presented at Mashhad army hospital
      participated in this study. Diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin levels were
      determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Approximately 77% and 94% of
      army personnel aged 18-34 years had at least basic protection against diphtheria
      (antitoxin level >=0.1 IU/mL) and tetanus (antitoxin level >0.1 IU/mL),
      respectively. For civilians in this age group, the proportions were 76% for both
      diseases. Antitoxin levels waned with age. Thus, participants older than 50 years
      had lower immunity; this decrease in immunity was more pronounced for tetanus
      than for diphtheria in both army personnel and civilians. For both diseases,
      geometric mean antitoxin titers and the proportion of participants with at least
      basic protection were higher in subjects with a history of vaccination in the
      last 10 years (P < 0.001), higher in men than women, and in army personnel than
      civilians in each age group. Young army personnel and civilians (18-34 years old)
      had adequate immunity to diphtheria and tetanus. However, the large number of
      susceptible older adults (>50 years old) calls for improved booster vaccination
      protocols.

PMID- 27357980
TI  - Genetic Analysis of HIV-1 in Japan: a Comprehensive Analysis of Donated Blood.
AB  - In Japan, the number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections remains
      relatively low; nevertheless, the annual incidence of HIV-1 infection has not
      decreased. New infections remain a great concern, and an improved understanding
      of epidemiological trends is critical for public health. The env C2V3 and pol
      sequences of HIV-1 RNA from 240 early (1996-2001) and 223 more recent (2010-2012)
      blood donations were used to compare the distribution of virus subtypes and to
      generate phylogenetic trees. Subtype B was clearly predominant in both early and
      more recent donations (both were 88.3%), and CRF01_AE was the second most common
      subtype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a peculiar epidemiological transition.
      Compared to early subtype B isolates from 2 major endemic areas (Tokyo and
      Osaka), the more recent subtype B isolates formed fewer tight clusters in
      phylogenetic trees (from 8 to 2 clusters in Tokyo and 5 to zero clusters in
      Osaka). Furthermore, mixing of HIV-1 infections between these 2 endemic areas
      appear to increase. Analysis of phylogenetic trees suggested that local outbreaks
      have become smaller in Japan; however, intermixing of viral types between these 2
      areas was more evident in the more recent samples.

PMID- 27357979
TI  - HIV Testing in Non-Injection Drug Users: Prevalence and Associated Factors.
AB  - The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and identify
      factors associated with lifetime testing for the human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) in non-injection drug users (NIDU). A cross-sectional study was conducted
      with 323 individuals in clinics for chemical dependency in the state of Goias in
      the Central-West region of Brazil. Logistic regression analysis was used to
      identify factors associated with lifetime HIV testing. Testing for HIV was
      associated with age, female gender, crack use, history of sexually transmitted
      infections, acquaintance with people living with HIV/AIDS and/or who had died
      from AIDS, and history of having received some instruction on HIV/AIDS prevention
      methods. It was found that only 26.6% reported having access to the HIV rapid
      test. We concluded determinants for HIV testing must be taken into account when
      planning prevention and programming strategies. These include the widening of
      testing coverage among NIDU, educational health actions, establishment of links
      between sexually transmitted infection prevention services and addiction
      treatment services, and the use of rapid tests to help people who are in contact
      with the virus learn about their HIV status, enter treatment, and improve their
      quality of life.

PMID- 27357981
TI  - Characteristics of Multidrug-Resistant Corynebacterium spp. Isolated from Blood
      Cultures of Hospitalized Patients in Japan.
AB  - Corynebacterium is a genus consisting of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, that
      is wildly distributed in nature. We report the epidemiological characterization
      of Corynebacterium spp. isolated from blood specimens at the Kurume University
      Hospital, between June 2008 and November 2011. Twenty-two strains that were
      likely Corynebacterium spp. were isolated from 22 hospitalized patients, of which
      12 (54.5%) were identified as Corynebacterium striatum. Minimum inhibitory
      concentration tests were performed after biochemical and genotypic
      identifications. Biofilm production was detected using a 96-well microplate
      assay. The dissemination of C. striatum was investigated using pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis (PFGE). All strains showed the tendency to be resistant to
      multiple drugs except vancomycin. Fourteen (82.4%) strains, including 9 C.
      striatum strains were capable of producing biofilms. Four distinct PFGE patterns
      were detected among C. striatum strains; 6 of which were identified as dominant
      pattern A (defined in this study) and had high biofilm production ability. During
      the 3-year monitoring period, these strains might have repeatedly infected the
      patients or could have readily colonized the hospital environments. C. striatum
      appeared to be a potential risk factor for bloodstream infections in hospitalized
      patients. More surveillance and enhanced control strategies are necessary to
      decrease Corynebacterium spp. infections in hospitals.

PMID- 27357982
TI  - Canine Echinococcosis Due to Echinococcus multilocularis: a Second Notifiable
      Case from Mainland Japan.

PMID- 27357983
TI  - Development of a Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for
      the Detection of Rickettsia spp.
AB  - We developed a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to
      detect Rickettsia spp., including Rickettsia prowazekii and R. typhi. Species
      specific LAMP primers were developed for orthologous genes conserved among
      Rickettsia spp. The selected modified primers could detect all the Rickettsia
      spp. tested. The LAMP method was successfully used to detect 100 DNA copies of
      Rickettsia spp. within approximately 60 min at 63C. Therefore, this method may be
      an excellent tool for the early diagnosis of rickettsiosis in a laboratory or in
      the field.

PMID- 27357984
TI  - Histopathological Findings of Lung with A/H1N1pdm09 Infection-Associated Acute
      Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Post-Pandemic Season.
AB  - We herein report the pulmonary histopathological findings of an autopsy case of
      post-pandemic season A/H1N1pdm09 infection-associated acute respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS). The lung histology predominantly exhibited findings indicative
      of the exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage, with similar inflammation
      severity observed in all sections. Furthermore, the lung sections only showed a
      few A/H1N1pdm09 antigen-positive cells along with a low viral RNA copy number.
      The sequence of the viral hemagglutinin receptor binding site identified a
      preference for alpha-2,6 linked sialic acid, suggesting low alveolar epithelial
      cell infectivity. The pathological findings, in this case, differed in several
      aspects from those of the first autopsy case of A/H1N1pdm09 infection-associated
      ARDS in Japan, reported during the 2009 pandemic season. In conclusion,
      pathological and molecular biological examinations suggested that in the post
      pandemic season A/H1N1pdm09 infection, the infection-associated ARDS was not
      caused by direct infection-induced damage to the alveolar epithelial cells but
      was rather a result of indirect sepsis-mediated endothelial cell damage.

PMID- 27357985
TI  - The Prevalence of High Antiretroviral Coverage and Viral Suppression in Japan: an
      Excellent Profile for a Downstream Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care Spectrum.
AB  - We investigated the effectiveness of the Japanese health care system for human
      immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency virus (HIV/AIDS), in terms of
      prevention, diagnosis, access to antiretroviral treatment, and treatment
      outcomes. Clinical information on HIV/AIDS cases was collected via questionnaires
      sent to 377 registered HIV/AIDS clinics in Japan. Data on 9,040 and 14,569 cases
      were collected in 2009 and 2014, respectively. The percentages of cases
      undergoing treatment were 69.6% and 87.8% in 2009 and 2014, respectively,
      demonstrating an improvement in treatment coverage over the 5 years between the 2
      surveys. The proportion of cases with undetectable HIV RNA in the 2014 survey was
      87.7%. Thus, our survey revealed that the 2 of the United Nations AIDS Fast-Track
      targets, 90% treated and 90% virally suppressed, are close to being achieved.
      However, Japan appears to have fallen short of the upstream target of 90%
      diagnosed. Japan needs to radically reform its strategies for encouraging people
      to undergo HIV testing and to develop a system for estimating the number of
      people living with HIV.

PMID- 27357986
TI  - Accuracy of a Stick-Type Kit and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in Detecting
      Helicobacter pylori Antibodies in Urine of People Living in the Japan Sea Region
      of Northern Japan.
AB  - In Japan, both a stick-type kit and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      kit are available for the detection of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in
      urine. However, the accuracy of these tests has not been fully examined in
      northern Japanese populations. Urine samples from 359 subjects were tested using
      a stick-type H. pylori-antibody detection kit (RAPIRUN), and urine samples from
      201 subjects were tested using an ELISA-based test (URINELISA). The prevalence of
      H. pylori infection was determined by the 13C-urea breath test (UBT) and a
      monoclonal antibody-based stool antigen test (TPAg). Subjects were considered to
      have the infection if either the UBT or rapid TPAg results were positive. The
      percentage of positive test results for RAPIRUN and URINELISA was 54.0% and
      40.8%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 83.3% and 67.0%,
      respectively, for RAPIRUN and 86.5% and 85.8% for URINELISA. Nineteen subjects
      had cut-off index values of between 0.4 and 0.9 by URINELISA, and 4 of these
      subjects (21.1%) were found to be infected with H. pylori. The urine-based ELISA
      was more accurate than the rapid stick-type kit in these patients. If negative
      ELISA results are near the cut-off value, subjects should receive an additional
      test to determine whether they are infected with H. pylori.

PMID- 27357987
TI  - The First Case Report of Cerebral Cyst Infection Due to Helicobacter cinaedi.
AB  - We report the first case of cerebral cyst infection by Helicobacter cinaedi, a
      fastidious spiral-shaped gram-negative rod bacterium. A 70-year-old man visited
      Tokyo Medical University Hospital with persisting fever since 2 weeks. He
      underwent surgery and radiotherapy for parapharyngeal space squamous cell
      carcinoma 10 years ago. The radiotherapy resulted in a cerebral cyst as a side
      effect, and an Ommaya reservoir was inserted into the cyst. Blood culture and
      analysis of the brain cyst fluid revealed the presence of spiral-shaped gram
      negative rod bacteria, which were identified as H. cinaedi by polymerase chain
      reaction. Initially, we administered clarithromycin (400 mg per day). After H.
      cinaedi infection was confirmed, the treatment was changed to meropenem (MEPM 6 g
      per day). The patient was treated for 43 days in the hospital with intravenous
      meropenem, and his clinical course was satisfactory. On the 44th day, he was
      discharged and prescribed oral minocycline (MINO 200 mg per day). After
      discharge, the patient's H. cinaedi infection did not recur. Our case illustrated
      the wide clinical spectrum of H. cinaedi as well as the effectiveness of
      antibiotic therapy comprising MERM and MINO for treating central nervous system
      infection by this organism.

PMID- 27357989
TI  - Elevated Serum Levels of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin in Wheezing Children
      Infected with Human Metapneumovirus.
AB  - Our aim was to study the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of human
      metapneumovirus (hMPV) infection in children in the Suzhou area, China, and to
      investigate the effect of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) on wheezing in hMPV
      infected children. The study included 13,533 children with respiratory tract
      infections who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Soochow University
      between January 2009 and December 2014. Clinical data were recorded. Plasma
      levels of TSLP, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-2 were compared among 35 wheezing
      children with single hMPV infection, 15 non-wheezing children with hMPV
      infection, and 35 wheezing children with other viral infections. The annual rates
      of hMPV infection from 2009 to 2014 were 2.33%, 6.41%, 3.29%, 3.52%, 0.23%, and
      0.64%, respectively, peaking in 2010. The number of CD3-/CD16+/CD56+ cells was
      significantly lower in inpatients with hMPV infection than that in patients with
      other viral infections. Serum levels of TSLP and IL-4 in wheezing children with
      hMPV infection were significantly higher than the levels in the other 2 groups.
      hMPV is a common viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children in
      Suzhou, but annual rates have declined since 2010. Infection with hMPV may affect
      cell-mediated immunity. Serum TSLP levels were elevated after hMPV infection.

PMID- 27357988
TI  - Bacteremia Due to Arthrobacter creatinolyticus in an Elderly Diabetic Man with
      Acute Cholangitis.
AB  - An 87-year-old man with poorly controlled diabetic mellitus presented with fever,
      bedsores, and elevated hepatobiliary enzyme levels. He was diagnosed with
      bacteremia with acute cholangitis due to Arthrobacter species, which are Gram
      positive, aerobic, catalase-positive, coryneform bacteria belonging to the family
      Microbacteriaceae. Doripenem and subsequencial sulbactam/ampicillin treatment
      were used for the acute cholangitis, and the bacteremia was treated with a 2-week
      course of vancomycin. The bacteremia was misidentified by the phenotyping assay
      (API Coryne test), but was identified as Arthrobacter creatinolyticus by 16S rRNA
      and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
      To our knowledge, this is the first report of a human case of A. creatinolyticus
      bacteremia.

PMID- 27357990
TI  - Regional Variations in the Incidence of Rotavirus Hospitalization in Children
      Living in Defined Regions of Akita and Kyoto Prefectures, Japan.
AB  - Variable incidence rates of rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations have been
      reported in Japan. However, it is not known whether the observed regional
      differences were due to the real difference in the occurrence of severe disease
      or other causes. This study aimed to determine the incidence rates of rotavirus
      hospitalization among children aged <5 years in the Yuri district in Akita
      prefecture and the Nantan district in Kyoto prefecture between March 2012 and
      February 2013. During this period, rotavirus vaccine uptake rates were equally
      low in both regions. All specimens were evaluated using the standardized case
      definition, severity scores, and the same assays. There were 44 rotavirus cases
      (44%) among 101 acute gastroenteritis-related hospitalizations in the Yuri
      district with a catchment population of 3,853, and 18 rotavirus cases (47%) among
      38 acute gastroenteritis-related hospitalizations in the Nantan district with a
      catchment population of 5,128. While the severity score at the time of the
      hospitalizations was 11 in both hospitals, the incidence rates in Akita and Kyoto
      were 11.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.5-15.6) and 3.9 (95% CI: 2.1-5.5) per
      1,000 child-years, respectively. Thus, there was a real difference in the
      occurrence rate of severe rotavirus infections between the 2 regions.

PMID- 27357991
TI  - Immune Response to the Mumps Virus in Iranian Unvaccinated Young Adults.
AB  - Although the first mumps vaccine was licensed more than 50 years ago, the vaccine
      was added to Iran's Expanded Program on Immunization in 2003. Therefore, the
      majority of Iranians born before 2003 are unvaccinated, and their immunity is the
      result of natural infection. In order to evaluate cellular responses against the
      mumps virus following natural infection, we investigated 90 Iranian unvaccinated
      adults aged 20-30 years. Mumps specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ proliferation and
      frequency of cytotoxic lymphocyte CD8+ CD107a were evaluated using flow
      cytometry. Our results showed that 33 subjects were seronegative, but 28 of them
      showed degranulation of CD8+ T lymphocytes and expression of CD 107a, as well as
      proliferation of CD4 and CD8 T cells, in response to mumps antigen stimulation.
      In all seropositive subjects, degranulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and
      proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was detected. Proliferation of T
      cells and degranulation of CD8 T cells in seropositive subjects was higher than
      in seronegative subjects. We conclude that natural mumps infection and
      subclinical reinfection could induce good protection, but the severe
      complications associated with mumps infections suggest the need for mumps
      vaccination. Natural boosters because of the prevalence of the wild-type virus
      may help with maintenance of immunity in populations with high vaccine coverage.

PMID- 27357992
TI  - HeLa-ACE2-TMPRSS2 Cells Are Useful for the Isolation of Human Coronavirus 229E.

PMID- 27357993
TI  - A Case of Scrub Typhus Imported from South Korea to Yamagata, Japan.

PMID- 27357994
TI  - Co-Colonization with Neisseria species Is a Risk Factor for Prolonged
      Colonization with Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the Respiratory
      Tract.
AB  - Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDRAB) colonization increases the
      risk of bacterial spread in the hospital setting. The impact of clinical factors,
      including antibiotic use, on prolongation of MDRAB colonization has not been
      investigated. Patients with respiratory tract MDRAB detected using culture were
      enrolled in this study. Long-term colonizers and short-term colonizers were
      defined as patients whose colonization periods were >30 days or <=30 days,
      respectively. Clinical data were abstracted from medical records. MDRAB was
      isolated in 34 patients. There were 13 long-term colonizers and 9 short-term
      colonizers. Twelve patients were lost to follow-up and excluded from the study.
      There were no significant differences in average leukocyte counts, numbers of
      antibiotic classes administered, duration of antibiotic use in the 30 days
      following colonization, or rates of central catheterization or mechanical
      ventilation between the 2 groups. Long-term colonizers carried Neisseria species
      (spp.) more frequently in the 30 days following colonization than short-term
      colonizers (7/13 vs 1/9, p = 0.01); however, this was not the case prior to
      colonization with MDRAB (5/13 vs 1/9, p = 0.33). The 90-day MDRAB colonization
      rates for Neisseria-negative patients and Neisseria-positive patients were 10.0%
      and 83.3%, respectively (P < 0.01). Prolonged MDRAB colonization in the
      respiratory tract was associated with Neisseria spp. co-colonization.

PMID- 27357995
TI  - Novel Isolation of Mycoplasma amphoriforme from a Pediatric Patient with
      Protracted Bronchitis in Japan.

PMID- 27357996
TI  - Sleep problems, anxiety, depression and fatigue on family members of adult
      intensive care unit patients.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of sleep problems, anxiety,
      depression and fatigue in family members of intensive care patients in Turkey and
      factors affecting these complaints. This cross-sectional study was carried out
      with 350 first-degree relatives of intensive care patients at a university and
      state hospital. Data were collected between 5 January and 30 May 2014 using a
      personal information form, the Visual Analogue Scale for Fatigue, the Hospital
      Anxiety and Depression Scale and the modified Post Sleep Inventory. Of the 350
      family members, 76% reported moderate or more serious problems. Anxiety was
      reported by 81.4% of the family members, and depression by 94.2%. Family members
      in the study had fatigue, with average scores of 79.42. There were significant
      correlations between the Visual Analogue Scale for Fatigue and anxiety,
      depression and scores on the Modified Post-Sleep Inventory (P < 0.05). Family
      members of intensive care patients experienced symptoms of fatigue, anxiety,
      depression and sleep problems. The prevalence of symptoms of sleep problems,
      anxiety and depression and complaints of fatigue was significantly higher in the
      family members of intensive care patients in Turkey than reported in the
      literature.

PMID- 27357997
TI  - Ventriculomegaly in very-low-birthweight infants with Down syndrome.
AB  - AIM: The prevalence of Down syndrome in infants with fetal ventriculomegaly is 5%
      to 10%; however, the converse, the prevalence of cerebral ventriculomegaly in
      live-born infants with Down syndrome, is not well established. Because cranial
      ultrasounds are performed on most very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants
      (birthweight <1500g), our aim was to examine ultrasound abnormalities of VLBW
      infants to determine prevalence of ventriculomegaly and intraventricular
      hemorrhage (IVH) in VLBW infants with Down syndrome, and whether VLBW infants
      with Down syndrome are at higher risk for cranial ultrasound abnormalities,
      compared with the already elevated risk in other VLBW infants. METHOD: This study
      comprised retrospective analysis of data from Pediatrix BabySteps Clinical Data
      Warehouse. The study population consisted of 121 736 VLBW infants (61 869 males,
      59 867 females), born between 1996 and 2013, of whom 441 had Down syndrome (233
      males, 208 females; mean gestational age 30wks, standard deviation [SD] 2.8wks).
      Logistic regression was used to calculate odds of ventriculomegaly and IVH for
      Down syndrome. RESULTS: Prevalence of ventriculomegaly in Down syndrome was 5.2%
      compared with 0.8% in other VLBW infants. Multivariate analysis indicated 5.8*
      odds (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.4-9.7) of ventriculomegaly in Down syndrome
      and 0.9* odds (95% CI 0.7-1.1) of IVH for Down syndrome. INTERPRETATION: Very
      preterm infants with Down syndrome are at increased risk for ventriculomegaly
      (but not for IVH) compared with other infants born very preterm.

PMID- 27357998
TI  - A Registry for Evaluation of Efficiency and Safety of Surgical Treatment of
      Cartilage Defects: The German Cartilage Registry (KnorpelRegister DGOU).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The need for documentation in cartilage defects is as obvious as in
      other medical specialties. Cartilage defects can cause significant pain, and lead
      to reduced quality of life and loss of function of the affected joint. The risk
      of developing osteoarthritis is high. Therefore, the socioeconomic burden of
      cartilage defects should not be underestimated. OBJECTIVE: The objective of our
      study was to implement and maintain a registry of all patients undergoing
      surgical treatment of cartilage defects. METHODS: We designed this multicenter
      registry for adults whose cartilage defects of a knee, ankle, or hip joint are
      treated surgically. The registry consists of two parts: one for the physician and
      one for the patient. Data for both parts will be gathered at baseline and at 6-,
      12-, 24-, 36-, 60-, and 120-month follow-ups. RESULTS: To date, a wide range of
      German, Swiss, and Austrian trial sites are taking part in the German Cartilage
      Registry, soon to be followed by further sites. More than 2124 (as of January 31,
      2016) cases are already documented and the first publications have been released.
      CONCLUSIONS: The German Cartilage Registry addresses fundamental issues regarding
      the current medical care situation of patients with cartilage defects of knee,
      ankle, and hip joints. In addition, the registry will help to identify various
      procedure-specific complications, along with putative advantages and
      disadvantages of different chondrocyte products. It provides an expanding large
      scale, unselected, standardized database for cost and care research for further
      retrospective studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register:
      DRKS00005617; https://drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de/
      drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00005617 (Archived by
      WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6hbFqSws0).

PMID- 27357999
TI  - Abeta-Immunotherapeutic strategies: a wide range of approaches for Alzheimer's
      disease treatment.
AB  - Current therapies to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) are focused on ameliorating
      symptoms instead of treating the underlying causes of AD. The accumulation of
      amyloid beta (Abeta) oligomers, whether by an increase in production or by a
      decrease in clearance, has been described as the seed that initiates the
      pathological cascade in AD. Developing therapies to target these species is a
      vital step in improving AD treatment. Abeta-immunotherapy, especially passive
      immunotherapy, is a promising approach to reduce the Abeta burden. Up to now,
      several monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been tested in clinical trials on
      humans, but none of them have passed Phase III. In all likelihood, these trials
      failed mainly because patients with mild-to-moderate AD were recruited, and thus
      treatment may have been too late to be effective. Therefore, many ongoing
      clinical trials are being conducted in patients at the prodromal stage. New
      structures based on antibody fragments have been engineered intending to improve
      efficacy and safety. This review presents the properties of this variety of
      developing treatments and provides a perspective on state-of-the-art of passive
      Abeta-immunotherapy in AD.

PMID- 27358000
TI  - Eigenspectra optoacoustic tomography achieves quantitative blood oxygenation
      imaging deep in tissues.
AB  - Light propagating in tissue attains a spectrum that varies with location due to
      wavelength-dependent fluence attenuation, an effect that causes spectral
      corruption. Spectral corruption has limited the quantification accuracy of
      optical and optoacoustic spectroscopic methods, and impeded the goal of imaging
      blood oxygen saturation (sO2) deep in tissues; a critical goal for the assessment
      of oxygenation in physiological processes and disease. Here we describe light
      fluence in the spectral domain and introduce eigenspectra multispectral
      optoacoustic tomography (eMSOT) to account for wavelength-dependent light
      attenuation, and estimate blood sO2 within deep tissue. We validate eMSOT in
      simulations, phantoms and animal measurements and spatially resolve sO2 in muscle
      and tumours, validating our measurements with histology data. eMSOT shows
      substantial sO2 accuracy enhancement over previous optoacoustic methods,
      potentially serving as a valuable tool for imaging tissue pathophysiology.

PMID- 27358001
TI  - IL-33/ST2 pathway in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model.
AB  - The present study aimed to investigate the interleukin (IL)-33/ST2 pathway in a
      model of acute pulmonary fibrosis, and to examine the pathogenesis of pulmonary
      fibrosis. The pulmonary fibrosis model was established by a single exposure to
      bleomycin (BLM group) endotracheally to represent idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,
      and a control (Cont) group was treated with the same volume of saline. The
      degrees of acute injury, inflammation and fibrosis were detected using
      hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's staining. The IL-33, ST2, myeloid
      differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and tumor necrosis factor receptor
      associated factor 6 (TRAF6) proteins were detected using Western blotting. The
      serum levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay. The results indicated that, compared with the Cont group, there were
      significant differences in the alveolitis scores in the BLM group on days 3, 7,
      14 and 28 (P<0.01). The grades of fibrosis were also significantly different on
      days 7, 14 and 28 (P<0.01). On examining the dynamic protein expression levels of
      IL-33, ST2, MyD88 and TRAF6, the expression of IL-33 in the BLM group increased
      initially, and then decreased gradually following a peak on day 7. The
      significant differences between the BLM and Cont groups were observed on days 3
      and 7 (P<0.05). Compared with the Cont group, the protein levels of ST2, MyD88
      and TRAF6 in the BLM group exhibited an increasing trend from day 3, with
      significant differences, compared with the Cont group, on days 3, 7, 14 and 28
      (P<0.05). On examination of the serum levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in each group, the
      levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in BLM group remained higher from day 7, with peaks on
      day 28, and were significantly different, compared with the Cont group, on days
      7, 14 and 28 (P<0.05). In conclusion, the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway was found
      to be involved in the rodent model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. 

PMID- 27358002
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358003
TI  - [Functional genioplasty in growing patients].
AB  - Objective - To evaluate the role of age as a moderator of bone regeneration
      patterns and symphysis remodeling after genioplasty. Method - Fifty-four patients
      who underwent genioplasty at the end of their orthodontic treatment were divided
      into three age groups: younger than 15 years at the time of surgery (group 1), 15
      to 19 years (group 2), and 20 years or older (group 3). Twenty-three patients who
      did not accept genioplasty and had a follow-up radiograph two years after the end
      of their orthodontic treatment were used as a control group. Patients were
      evaluated at three time points: immediate preoperative (T1), immediate
      postoperative (T2) and two years postsurgery (T3). Results - The mean genial
      advancement at surgery was similar for the three age groups, but the extent of
      remodeling around the repositioned chin was greater in group 1, less in group 2,
      and still less in group 3. Symphysis thickness increased significantly during the
      two-years postsurgery interval for the three groups, and this increase was
      significantly greater in group 1 than in group 3. Remodeling above and behind the
      repositioned chin also was greater in the younger patients. This was related to
      greater vertical growth of the dentoalveolar process in the younger patients.
      There was no evidence of a deleterious effect on mandibular growth. Conclusion -
      The outcomes of forward-upward genioplasty include increased symphysis thickness,
      bone apposition above B point, and remodeling at the inferior border. When
      indications for this type of genioplasty are recognized, early surgical
      correction (before age 15) produces a better outcome in terms of bone remodeling.

PMID- 27358004
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358005
TI  - [Aesthetic success in genioplasties procedures criteria].
AB  - Maxillomandibular dysmorphia may be associated with structural chin pathologies.
      Three-dimensional jaws displacements have limits. Specific genioplasty is an
      additional surgical mean for soft tissues profile normalization. Osteotomy line
      is examined according an incline angle and a possible lateral extension, as chin
      wing technique, improves facial shape. Cephalometric set-up with R line analyzes
      surgical chin movements and impact of lower incisors labial inclination on lower
      lip and mentolabial fold after advancement genioplasty. Micro-implant anchorage
      is a precious help to find lower incisors good position and optimum lower
      occlusal plane frontal shift in asymmetric facial pattern. Orthodontics criteria
      are essential factors to access an aesthetic success in genioplasties procedures.

PMID- 27358007
TI  - [Indirect usage of miniscrew anchorage to intrude overerupted mandibular incisors
      in a Class II patient with a deep overbite].
AB  - Vertical dentoalveolar discrepancies are a common problem in orthodontic patients
      but are often difficult to treat with traditional mechanics. This case report
      illustrates the successful treatment of overerupted mandibular incisors via the
      indirect use of miniscrew anchorage. A woman (age, 22 years 9 months) had chief
      complaints of maxillary incisor protrusion and crooked teeth. An excessive curve
      of Spee caused by elongation of the mandibular incisors was also found. The
      patient was diagnosed with a severe Class II Division 1 malocclusion and a deep
      overbite. After extraction of the mandibular first premolars and the subsequent
      leveling phase, the elongated incisors were intruded with a novel method, which
      involved the combined use of sectional archwires and miniscrews placed in the
      premolar areas. After the procedure, the mandibular incisors had been intruded by
      6.5 mm with no undesirable side effects. The total active treatment period was 42
      months. The resultant occlusion and satisfactory facial profile were maintained
      after 30 months of retention. Our novel intrusion approach shows potential for
      correcting a deep overbite. 

PMID- 27358006
TI  - [Limiting factors in the class III camouflage treatment: a potential protocol].
AB  - The Class III skeletal malocclusion has been traditionally treated with a
      combined approach of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery or with a strategy of
      orthodontic camouflage. Some severe cases can be identified as ideal candidates
      for a surgical treatment whereas some others can be handled with orthodontics
      alone, with a reasonable expectation of an acceptable result. However, the
      problem remains for the borderline patient. In fact, limited information is
      available in the literature regarding the identification of the factors that can
      help in establishing the limits for one treatment modality or the other.
      Furthermore, the quantification of some of these factors, for practical purposes,
      is practically missing or very seldom suggested. Therefore, the decision making
      process remains a subjective reflection based on the "good clinical sense" of the
      orthodontist or just reduced to an "educated guess". In order to add some
      information, hopefully useful in deciding the most suitable treatment option for
      the individual patient, we propose a clinical protocol based on four different
      factors. Namely: the skeletal discrepancy, the occlusal discrepancy, the
      periodontal condition and facial aesthetics. For each one of these factors
      several parameters will be evaluated and, for some of them, an attempt to provide
      some reference numerical values will be made. Finally, clinical examples will be
      presented to illustrate the concepts discussed and the treatment alternatives,
      final treatment plan and treatment outcome will be analyzed for each one of them.

PMID- 27358008
TI  - Ceramide synthase 4 is highly expressed in involved skin of patients with atopic
      dermatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ceramide is a crucial lipid in the stratum corneum (SC) which
      maintains the barrier function and hydration of the skin. In atopic dermatitis
      (AD) patients who have defective skin barrier function, ceramide levels are
      altered. We previously reported that although the amount of total ceramide was
      lower in involved skin compared with uninvolved skin of AD patients and with
      healthy control skin, the amounts of smaller ceramide species of Cer[NS] (<40
      total carbons, which are total carbons of both sphingoid base and amide-linked
      fatty acid), especially Cer[NS] with 34 total carbons (C34-Cer[NS]), were higher.
      However, the enzyme(s) that produces the higher levels of smaller ceramide
      species in involved skin of AD patients was unclear. OBJECTIVE: To identify the
      enzyme(s) that produces higher levels of smaller ceramide species of Cer[NS] in
      the involved skin of AD patients. METHODS: Eight female Caucasian subjects who
      were diagnosed with AD on their arms (age range: 21-45 years) were enroled in
      this study. We compared ceramide levels in the SC and the expression levels of
      enzymes involved in ceramide metabolism using real-time PCR and
      immunohistochemistry between involved and uninvolved skin of AD patients.
      RESULTS: Level of mRNA encoding ceramide synthase 4 (CERS4), which is one of the
      enzymes that synthesize ceramide from a sphingoid base and an amide-linked fatty
      acid, was significantly higher in involved skin than in uninvolved skin (P <
      0.01). Additionally, the protein expression level of CERS4 in the epidermis was
      also higher in involved skin compared with uninvolved skin. The expression level
      of CERS4 correlated with the amount of C34-Cer[NS] (P < 0.01) and the skin
      hydration value (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The elevated expression level of CERS4
      contributes to the increase of C34-Cer[NS] and the impaired SC barrier function
      in involved skin of AD patients.

PMID- 27358010
TI  - Production of monodisperse silica gel microspheres for bioencapsulation by
      extrusion into an oil cross-flow.
AB  - Silica gel microspheres are ideal materials for bioencapsulation due to their
      mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and stability. Encapsulated cells are
      isolated from the environment and protected from predators, changes in pH, and
      osmotic stress. However methods for the production of silica gel microspheres
      suitable for bioencapsulation are not well established. This paper describes a
      method for the production of monodisperse silicon alkoxide cross-linked silica
      nanoparticle (SNP) gel microspheres for bioencapsulation in which silica gel
      precursor is extruded from a needle into a cross-flowing stream of mineral oil.
      Microspheres produced ranged from 1.3 to 2.9 mm in diameter with coefficients of
      variation ranging from 2 to 6%. Microsphere size was mainly controlled by the
      flowrate of the cross-flowing oil and smaller microspheres generally had larger
      coefficients of variation. The method described in this paper can be optimised to
      produce silica gel microspheres with a diverse range of compositions and
      properties.

PMID- 27358009
TI  - The role of AHR-inducible cytochrome P450s in metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty
      acids.
AB  - The environmental pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-rho-dioxin (TCDD) is the
      prototype of a large number of non-genotoxic carcinogens, dietary phytochemicals
      and endogenous metabolites that act via binding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
      (AHR). The TCDD-liganded AHR massively upregulates CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 in
      many mammalian organs. We demonstrated that TCDD treatment markedly increases the
      levels of several epoxides and diol metabolites of the epoxides of both omega-6
      and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the liver and lungs of mice, in
      an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent fashion, and most likely via the
      activities of the CYP1 family members. omega-6 Epoxides are known to stimulate
      tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis in mice. Interestingly, omega-3
      epoxides have the opposite effect on these parameters. TCDD and other AHR
      agonists may, therefore, impact angiogenesis, growth and metastasis of tumors in
      either a positive or negative way, depending on the relative levels of omega -6
      epoxides and omega-3 epoxides generated in the host and/or tumor cells. This is
      of potential relevance to carcinogenesis by AHR agonists in the human, since the
      human population is exposed to widely varying omega-6: omega-3 PUFA ratios in the
      diet.

PMID- 27358013
TI  - From the Editors.

PMID- 27358012
TI  - Respiratory syncytial virus subtype ON1/NA1/BA9 predominates in hospitalized
      children with lower respiratory tract infections.
AB  - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of acute
      respiratory tract disease in children less than 5 years old. The aim of this
      study was to further elucidate the molecular properties and clinical
      characteristics of RSV infection. The study sample included 238 patients <5 years
      old who were hospitalized with clinical symptoms of upper or lower respiratory
      tract infection (URTI or LRTI) in the Pediatric Department at the First People's
      Hospital of Chenzhou, South China in 2014. We subjected nasopharyngeal aspirate
      (NPA) or nasal swab (NS) samples from the patients to indirect fluorescence assay
      screens. RSV G genes were amplified by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and
      sequenced. Of the 238 patients screened, 64 (26.8%) were confirmed to have RSV
      infections. Of those 64 confirmed RSV infection cases, 39 (60.9%) had subtype
      BA9, 13 (20.3%) had the recently identified subtype ON1, 11 (17.2%) had subtype
      NA1, and 1 (1.6%) had subtype GB2. The predominant presentation was LRTI with
      coughing, sputum production, fever, and wheezing. RSV subtype NA1 and BA9
      infections were found mostly in infants, whereas the age distribution of subtype
      ON1 infections was more uniform across the age bands. Phylogenetic analysis
      indicated that, compared with the prototype strain A2, all ON1 and most NA1
      isolates had lost one potential N-glycosylation site at amino acid 251 and 249
      due to T251K and N249Y substitution, respectively. These findings suggest that
      NA1, BA9, and ON1 are the dominant RSV subtypes causing respiratory tract
      infections in young children presenting to the hospital in South China. J. Med.
      Virol. 89:213-221, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27358014
TI  - Negotiating Pharmaceutical Prices: A Change in Chinese Health Policy.
AB  - Like many other nations, China believed the key to restricting national health
      expenditures for pharmaceuticals was the use of governmentally imposed price
      caps. Given the recent growth in pharmaceutical expenditures, China is moving
      away from price caps to a new process that includes locally negotiated prices in
      the hope that such price competition will lower national pharmaceutical pricing.
      The success of this policy endeavour will depend significantly on managing other
      aspects of pharmaceutical purchasing. 

PMID- 27358011
TI  - CRISPR-Mediated VHL Knockout Generates an Improved Model for Metastatic Renal
      Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is nearly incurable and accounts for most
      of the mortality associated with RCC. Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) is a tumour
      suppressor that is lost in the majority of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) cases. Its role
      in regulating hypoxia-inducible factors-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and -2alpha (HIF
      2alpha) is well-studied. Recent work has demonstrated that VHL knock down induces
      an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. In this study we showed
      that a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out of VHL in the RENCA model leads to
      morphologic and molecular changes indicative of EMT, which in turn drives
      increased metastasis to the lungs. RENCA cells deficient in HIF-1alpha failed to
      undergo EMT changes upon VHL knockout. RNA-seq revealed several HIF-1alpha
      regulated genes that are upregulated in our VHL knockout cells and whose
      overexpression signifies an aggressive form of ccRCC in the cancer genome atlas
      (TCGA) database. Independent validation in a new clinical dataset confirms the
      upregulation of these genes in ccRCC samples compared to adjacent normal tissue.
      Our findings indicate that loss of VHL could be driving tumour cell dissemination
      through stabilization of HIF-1alpha in RCC. A better understanding of the
      mechanisms involved in this phenomenon can guide the search for more effective
      treatments to combat mRCC.

PMID- 27358015
TI  - Relative and Global Health: A Comparative Study between Healthcare Systems of
      Jordan and France.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This relative study includes categorical exploration of the economics,
      demographic, political, social and financial data to realize the basic reasons of
      the present healthcare systems in these countries. METHODS: Descriptive and
      comparative methods were used. This study tries to relate the healthcare systems
      of Jordan with that of France to produce effective lessons that can be helpful
      for guiding future developments down the correct path. RESULTS: Depending on many
      factors such as life expectancy, the mortality rate in infants, universal medical
      coverage and availability of healthcare services to the masses, significant
      disparities between the two systems were found. CONCLUSION: Through this study,
      it has been concluded that the healthcare system of Jordan has a lot to improve
      with regard to standards of services offered, and there are many aspects to be
      learned from the French healthcare system by the Jordanian one, including the
      healthcare coverage system and the cost-sharing strategies.

PMID- 27358016
TI  - Reducing the Impact of Attacks against Healthcare by Curbing the Use of Explosive
      Weapons in Populated Areas: Developments at the Global Level.
AB  - Attacks against healthcare in situations of armed conflict have emerged as an
      issue of increasing concern with explosive weapons - such as aircraft bombs,
      mortars and improvised explosive devices - accounting for more deaths, injuries
      and damage than any other type of weapon in attacks on healthcare facilities.
      While this is perhaps unsurprising, it offers some insight into a possible course
      of action for dealing with the problem of attacks against healthcare - by curbing
      the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. There has been growing
      recognition in recent years of the humanitarian problems caused by the use of
      such weapons in populated areas. Steps are now being taken at the global level to
      curb this use which could, in time, make an important contribution to reducing
      the incidence and devastating impact of attacks against healthcare. 

PMID- 27358018
TI  - To Stay or Go? The Complexities of Providing Healthcare in Insecure Environments.

PMID- 27358017
TI  - Strategic Documentation of Violence against Healthcare: Towards a Methodology for
      Accountability.
AB  - The valuable efforts that have arisen in recent years to document attacks against
      healthcare workers and infrastructure during armed conflicts have brought this
      issue to the forefront of the policy agendas of many health, public health,
      humanitarian and human rights organizations. However, although professionals and
      activists have highlighted the importance of accountability in deterring these
      attacks, considerations of international criminal responsibility in data
      gathering efforts remain underexplored. This paper suggests an approach that
      could direct further accountability efforts for organizations interested in
      engaging in documentation. Such non-governmental organizations should aim to
      gather not only information about the nature of the attack but also data that
      help establish specific characteristics about the victim, the intent of the
      attacker and the patterns of violence. Additionally, these efforts to document
      attacks on healthcare workers, facilities and patients should involve a
      systematic, rigorous and demonstrable methodology. 

PMID- 27358019
TI  - The effect of dietary changes on distinct components of the metabolic syndrome in
      a young Sri Lankan population at high risk of CVD.
AB  - South Asian populations are predisposed to early onset of the metabolic syndrome.
      Lifestyle intervention programmes have demonstrated a reduction in the metabolic
      syndrome and CVD risk; however, the most effective components of the multi
      faceted lifestyle interventions are unknown. We studied 2637 Sri Lankan males (n
      1237) and females (n 1380), with a mean BMI of 23.9 (sd 4.2) kg/m2, aged 22.5 (sd
      10.0) years, who had participated in a 5-year lifestyle-modification programme to
      examine the effect of dietary changes on distinct components of the metabolic
      syndrome. The dietary intervention comprised advice to replace polished starches
      with unpolished starches, high-fat meat and dairy products with low-fat products
      and high-sugar beverages and snacks with low-sugar varieties. For the purposes of
      this analysis, data from the control and intensive lifestyle groups were
      combined. Anthropometric and biochemical data were recorded, and a FFQ was
      completed annually. Multiple regression was used to determine the effect of the
      dietary changes on distinct components of the metabolic syndrome. The ratio
      unpolished:polished rice was inversely related to change in fasting glucose
      (beta=-0.084, P=0.007) and TAG (beta=-0.084, P=0.005) and positively associated
      with change in HDL-cholesterol (beta=0.066, P=0.031) at the 5-year follow-up
      after controlling for relevant confounders. Red meat intake was positively
      associated with fasting glucose concentrations (beta=0.05, P=0.017), whereas low
      fat (beta=-0.046, P=0.018) but not high-fat dairy products (beta=0.003, P=0.853)
      was inversely related to glucose tolerance at the follow-up visit. Replacement of
      polished with unpolished rice may be a particularly effective dietary advice in
      this and similar populations.

PMID- 27358020
TI  - Melonoside A: An omega-Glycosylated Fatty Acid Amide from the Far Eastern Marine
      Sponge Melonanchora kobjakovae.
AB  - Melonoside A (1), the first representative of a new class of omega-glycosylated
      fatty acid amides, was isolated from the Far Eastern marine sponge Melonanchora
      kobjakovae. The structure of 1, including absolute configuration, was established
      using detailed analysis of 1D and 2D NMR, CD, and mass spectra as well as
      chemical transformations. Compound 1 induces autophagy of human cisplatin
      resistant germinal tumor cells NCCIT-R.

PMID- 27358021
TI  - Rebuttal from Craig L. Phillips, Camilla M. Hoyos, Brendon J. Yee and Ronald R.
      Grunstein.

PMID- 27358022
TI  - Polymer Capsules for Plaque-Targeted In Vivo Delivery.
AB  - Targeted polymer capsules can selectively bind to unstable plaques in mice after
      intravenous injection. Different formulations of the capsules are explored with a
      synthetic/biopolymer hybrid capsule showing the best stability and small-molecule
      drug retention. The synthetic polymer is composed of pH-sensitive blocks (PDPA),
      low-binding blocks (PEG), and click-groups for postfunctionalization with
      targeting peptides specific to plaques. 

PMID- 27358023
TI  - A HIV-Tat/C4-binding protein chimera encoded by a DNA vaccine is highly
      immunogenic and contains acute EcoHIV infection in mice.
AB  - DNA vaccines are cost-effective to manufacture on a global scale and Tat-based
      DNA vaccines have yielded protective outcomes in preclinical and clinical models
      of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), highlighting the potential of such
      vaccines. However, Tat-based DNA vaccines have been poorly immunogenic, and
      despite the administration of multiple doses and/or the addition of adjuvants,
      these vaccines are not in general use. In this study, we improved Tat
      immunogenicity by fusing it with the oligomerisation domain of a chimeric C4
      binding protein (C4b-p), termed IMX313, resulting in Tat heptamerisation and
      linked Tat to the leader sequence of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to ensure
      that the bulk of heptamerised Tat is secreted. Mice vaccinated with secreted Tat
      fused to IMX313 (pVAX-sTat-IMX313) developed higher titres of Tat-specific serum
      IgG, mucosal sIgA and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses, and showed superior
      control of EcoHIV infection, a surrogate murine HIV challenge model, compared
      with animals vaccinated with other test vaccines. Given the crucial contribution
      of Tat to HIV-1 pathogenesis and the precedent of Tat-based DNA vaccines in
      conferring some level of protection in animal models, we believe that the
      virologic control demonstrated with this novel multimerised Tat vaccine
      highlights the promise of this vaccine candidate for humans.

PMID- 27358024
TI  - The synchronization of neuronal oscillators determined by the directed network
      structure of the suprachiasmatic nucleus under different photoperiods.
AB  - The main function of the principal clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
      (SCN) of mammals is synchronizing the body rhythms to the 24 h light-dark cycle.
      Additionally, the SCN is able to adapt to the photoperiod of the cycle which
      varies among seasons. Under the long photoperiod (LP), the synchronization degree
      of the SCN neurons is lower than that under the photoperiod (SP). In the present
      study, a potential explanation is given for this phenomenon. We propose that the
      asymmetrical coupling between the light-signal-sensitive part (the ventralateral
      part, abbreviation: VL) and the light-signal-insensitive part (the dorsalmedial
      part, abbreviation: DM) of the SCN plays a role in the synchronization degree,
      which is reflected by the ratio of the number of the directed links from the VL
      neurons to the DM neurons to the total links of both directions between the VL
      and the DM. The ratio is assumed to characterize the directed network structure
      under different photoperiods, which is larger under the SP and smaller under the
      LP. We found that with the larger ratio in the situation of the SP, the
      synchronization degree is higher. Our finding may shed new light on the
      asymmetrical coupling between the VL and the DM, and the network structure of the
      SCN.

PMID- 27358025
TI  - Photocatalytic oxidation of alkenes and alcohols in water by a manganese(v)
      nitrido complex.
AB  - Mn(v) nitrido complex [Mn(N)(CN)4](2-) is an efficient catalyst for visible-light
      induced oxidation of alkenes and alcohols in water using [Ru(bpy)3](2+) as a
      photosensitizer and [Co(NH3)5Cl](2+) as a sacrificial oxidant. Alkenes are
      oxidized to epoxides and alcohols to carbonyl compounds. 

PMID- 27358027
TI  - Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) in renal and cardiovascular disease.
AB  - Angiotensin II (Ang II) is well-considered to be the principal effector of the
      renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which binds with strong affinity to the
      angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) receptor subtype. However,
      activation of both receptors is likely to stimulate different signalling
      mechanisms/pathways and produce distinct biological responses. The haemodynamic
      and non-haemodynamic effects of Ang II, including its ability to regulate blood
      pressure, maintain water-electrolyte balance and promote vasoconstriction and
      cellular growth are well-documented to be mediated primarily by the AT1R.
      However, its biological and functional effects mediated through the AT2R subtype
      are still poorly understood. Recent studies have emphasized that activation of
      the AT2R regulates tissue and organ development and provides in certain context a
      potential counter-regulatory mechanism against AT1R-mediated actions. Thus, this
      review will focus on providing insights into the biological role of the AT2R, in
      particular its actions within the renal and cardiovascular system.

PMID- 27358029
TI  - Tryptophan and kynurenines: continuing to court controversy.
AB  - The role of the amino acid tryptophan in the generation of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine
      (5-HT) has been expanded over the past 30 years with recognition that its
      oxidation by indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) results in the formation of
      kynurenine and metabolites which regulate neuronal excitability, psychiatric
      status, immune cell activity and balance, and probably implantation and the
      development of embryos. While the amount of work on this kynurenine pathway
      continues to accelerate, it is important that disagreements about results,
      differences of interpretation or problems with technical issues are presented
      openly and discussed thoroughly so that new research is not mis-led in ways that
      could have been foreseen. In this issue of Clinical Science, Badawy et al.
      discuss in depth two opposing views of how changes in tryptophan availability or
      utilisation bring about their effects on cell function. The original concept that
      local depletion of tryptophan is responsible seems to be less attractive than the
      view that kynurenine and its metabolites have direct, potent actions on cells.
      This conclusion not only clarifies our understanding of the importance of
      tryptophan metabolism to kynurenine but also raises the possibility that the
      actions of those metabolites could be novel targets for the development of
      agonists and antagonists with a range of medical implications.

PMID- 27358028
TI  - The end of the road for the tryptophan depletion concept in pregnancy and
      infection.
AB  - We hypothesize that: (1) L-tryptophan (Trp) is greatly utilized and not depleted
      in pregnancy; (2) fetal tolerance is achieved in part through immunosuppressive
      kynurenine (Kyn) metabolites produced by the flux of plasma free (non-albumin
      bound) Trp down the Kyn pathway; (3) the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
      (IDO) in infection is not related to limitation of an essential amino acid, but
      is rather associated with stress responses and the production of Kyn metabolites
      that regulate the activities of antigen presenting cells and T-cells, as well as
      increased NAD(+) synthesis in IDO-expressing cells; (4) Trp depletion is not a
      host defence mechanism, but is a consequence of Trp utilization. We recommend
      that future studies in normal and abnormal pregnancies and in patients with
      infections or cancer should include measurements of plasma free Trp, determinants
      of Trp binding (albumin and non-esterified fatty acids), total Trp, determinants
      of activities of the Trp-degrading enzymes Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) (cortisol)
      and IDO (cytokines) and levels of Kyn metabolites. We also hypothesize that
      abnormal pregnancies and failure to combat infections or cancer may be associated
      with excessive Trp metabolism that can lead to pathological immunosuppression by
      excessive production of Kyn metabolites. Mounting evidence from many laboratories
      indicates that Trp metabolites are key regulators of immune cell behaviour,
      whereas Trp depletion is an indicator of extensive utilization of this key amino
      acid.

PMID- 27358030
TI  - Insulin Therapy Improves Adeno-Associated Virus Transduction of Liver and
      Skeletal Muscle in Mice and Cultured Cells.
AB  - Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer is a promising treatment for genetic
      abnormalities. Optimal AAV vectors are showing success in clinical trials. Gene
      transfer to skeletal muscle and liver is being explored as a potential therapy
      for some conditions, that is, alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) disorder and hemophilia B.
      Exploring approaches that enhance transduction of liver and skeletal muscle,
      using these vectors, is beneficial for gene therapy. Regulating hormones as an
      approach to improve AAV transduction is largely unexplored. In this study we
      tested whether insulin therapy improves liver and skeletal muscle gene transfer.
      In vitro studies demonstrated that the temporary coadministration (2, 8, and 24
      hr) of insulin significantly improves AAV2-CMV-LacZ transduction of cultured
      liver cells and differentiated myofibers, but not of lung cells. In addition,
      there was a dose response related to this improved transduction. Interestingly,
      when insulin was not coadministered with the virus but given 24 hr afterward,
      there was no increase in the transgene product. Insulin receptor gene (INSR)
      expression levels were increased 5- to 13-fold in cultured liver cells and
      differentiated myofibers when compared with lung cells. Similar INSR gene
      expression profiles occurred in mouse tissues. Insulin therapy was performed in
      mice, using a subcutaneously implanted insulin pellet or a high-carbohydrate
      diet. Insulin treatment began just before intramuscular delivery of AAV1-CMV
      schFIX or liver-directed delivery of AAV8-CMV-schFIX and continued for 28 days.
      Both insulin augmentation therapies improved skeletal muscle- and liver-directed
      gene transduction in mice as seen by a 3.0- to 4.5-fold increase in human factor
      IX (hFIX) levels. The improvement was observed even after the insulin therapy
      ended. Monitoring insulin showed that insulin levels increased during the brief
      period of rAAV delivery and during the entire insulin augmentation period (28
      days). This study demonstrates that AAV transduction of liver or skeletal muscle
      can be improved by insulin therapy.

PMID- 27358026
TI  - Mitochondrial health, the epigenome and healthspan.
AB  - Food nutrients and metabolic supply-demand dynamics constitute environmental
      factors that interact with our genome influencing health and disease states.
      These gene-environment interactions converge at the metabolic-epigenome-genome
      axis to regulate gene expression and phenotypic outcomes. Mounting evidence
      indicates that nutrients and lifestyle strongly influence genome-metabolic
      functional interactions determining disease via altered epigenetic regulation.
      The mitochondrial network is a central player of the metabolic-epigenome-genome
      axis, regulating the level of key metabolites [NAD(+), AcCoA (acetyl CoA), ATP]
      acting as substrates/cofactors for acetyl transferases, kinases (e.g. protein
      kinase A) and deacetylases (e.g. sirtuins, SIRTs). The chromatin, an assembly of
      DNA and nucleoproteins, regulates the transcriptional process, acting at the
      epigenomic interface between metabolism and the genome. Within this framework, we
      review existing evidence showing that preservation of mitochondrial network
      function is directly involved in decreasing the rate of damage accumulation thus
      slowing aging and improving healthspan.

PMID- 27358032
TI  - Testing the equivalence of modern human cranial covariance structure:
      Implications for bioarchaeological applications.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Estimation of the variance-covariance (V/CV) structure of fragmentary
      bioarchaeological populations requires the use of proxy extant V/CV parameters.
      However, it is currently unclear whether extant human populations exhibit
      equivalent V/CV structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Random skewers (RS) and
      hierarchical analyses of common principal components (CPC) were applied to a
      modern human cranial dataset. Cranial V/CV similarity was assessed globally for
      samples of individual populations (jackknifed method) and for pairwise population
      sample contrasts. The results were examined in light of potential explanatory
      factors for covariance difference, such as geographic region, among-group
      distance, and sample size. RESULTS: RS analyses showed that population samples
      exhibited highly correlated multivariate responses to selection, and that
      differences in RS results were primarily a consequence of differences in sample
      size. The CPC method yielded mixed results, depending upon the statistical
      criterion used to evaluate the hierarchy. The hypothesis-testing (step-up)
      approach was deemed problematic due to sensitivity to low statistical power and
      elevated Type I errors. In contrast, the model-fitting (lowest AIC) approach
      suggested that V/CV matrices were proportional and/or shared a large number of
      CPCs. Pairwise population sample CPC results were correlated with cranial
      distance, suggesting that population history explains some of the variability in
      V/CV structure among groups. DISCUSSION: The results indicate that patterns of
      covariance in human craniometric samples are broadly similar but not identical.
      These findings have important implications for choosing extant covariance
      matrices to use as proxy V/CV parameters in evolutionary analyses of past
      populations.

PMID- 27358031
TI  - Unlocking the bacterial and fungal communities assemblages of sugarcane
      microbiome.
AB  - Plant microbiome and its manipulation herald a new era for plant biotechnology
      with the potential to benefit sustainable crop production. However, studies
      evaluating the diversity, structure and impact of the microbiota in economic
      important crops are still rare. Here we describe a comprehensive inventory of the
      structure and assemblage of the bacterial and fungal communities associated with
      sugarcane. Our analysis identified 23,811 bacterial OTUs and an unexpected 11,727
      fungal OTUs inhabiting the endophytic and exophytic compartments of roots,
      shoots, and leaves. These communities originate primarily from native soil around
      plants and colonize plant organs in distinct patterns. The sample type is the
      primary driver of fungal community assemblage, and the organ compartment plays a
      major role in bacterial community assemblage. We identified core bacterial and
      fungal communities composed of less than 20% of the total microbial richness but
      accounting for over 90% of the total microbial relative abundance. The roots
      showed 89 core bacterial families, 19 of which accounted for 44% of the total
      relative abundance. Stalks are dominated by groups of yeasts that represent over
      12% of total relative abundance. The core microbiome described here comprise
      groups whose biological role underlies important traits in plant growth and
      fermentative processes.

PMID- 27358033
TI  - Food-Grade Expression of d-Psicose 3-Epimerase with Tandem Repeat Genes in
      Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - An integrative food-grade expression system with tandem repeat target genes was
      constructed for the expression of d-psicose 3-epimerase (DPEase; EC 5.1.3.30).
      The DPEase gene fused with the P43 promoter constituted an independent monomeric
      expression cassette. Multimers of the expression cassette were constructed in
      vitro using the isocaudamer strategy. The recombinant integration plasmids pDG
      nDPE (n = 1, 2, 3), which contained one, two, or three consecutive P43-DPEase
      tandem repeats, were integrated into the genome of B. subtilis. Then, the
      antibiotic resistance gene was deleted by the Cre/lox system, and the food-grade
      recombinant B. subtilis 1A751-nDPE (n = 1, 2, 3) with integrated tandem repeats
      of the P43-DPEase expression cassette were generated. The specific activity of
      the B. subtilis 1A751-3DPE was the highest among the recombinant strains and was
      ~2.2-fold that of the 1A751-1DPE strain. Under the optimal conditions, 8 g/L of
      freeze-dried enzyme powder could convert 20% d-fructose (300 g/L) into d-allulose
      after 1 h. 

PMID- 27358034
TI  - Zinc finger protein 191 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through
      discs large 1-mediated yes-associated protein inactivation.
AB  - Interplay between cell polarity module Scribble-Lethal Giant Larvae-Discs Large 1
      (DLG1) and Yes-associated protein (YAP) appears critical in tumor metastasis. We
      identified zinc finger protein 191 (ZNF191) as a metastasis suppressor acting
      through DLG-YAP crosstalk in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Overexpression of
      ZNF191 in HCC cells impaired cell motility, while ZNF191 depletion promoted cell
      migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo through triggering YAP signaling.
      Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing revealed that ZNF191 specifically bound
      to the promoter of DLG1, a cell polarity maintainer and a negative regulator of
      YAP. The binding sequence of ZNF191 at the DLG1 promoter is a seven-repeat of
      TCAT motif. Double-knockdown experiments inferred that DLG1 was not only the
      mediator of the function of ZNF191 to suppress migration but also a link between
      ZNF191 and YAP signaling. Decreased expression of ZNF191 in human metastatic HCC
      specimens correlated positively with DLG1 levels but inversely with YAP
      activation. Our findings illustrate a YAP-targeting, antimetastasis function of
      ZNF191, thereby representing a possible prognostic marker and a potential target
      for metastasis therapy. CONCLUSION: ZNF191 directly binds to the DLG1 promoter at
      a typical TCAT repeating motif and activates the expression of DLG1; through up
      regulating DLG1, ZNF191 inhibits cell migration and YAP activation in HCC cells
      and eventually inhibits metastasis. (Hepatology 2016;64:1148-1162).

PMID- 27358035
TI  - Deleting myeloid IL-10 receptor signalling attenuates atherosclerosis in LDLR-/-
      mice by altering intestinal cholesterol fluxes.
AB  - Inflammatory responses and cholesterol homeostasis are interconnected in
      atherogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine,
      known to suppress atherosclerosis development. However, the specific cell types
      responsible for the atheroprotective effects of IL-10 remain to be defined and
      knowledge on the actions of IL-10 in cholesterol homeostasis is scarce. Here we
      investigated the functional involvement of myeloid IL-10-mediated
      atheroprotection. To do so, bone marrow from IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) wild-type
      and myeloid IL-10R1-deficient mice was transplanted to lethally irradiated female
      LDLR-/- mice. Hereafter, mice were given a high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks
      after which atherosclerosis development and cholesterol metabolism were
      investigated. In vitro, myeloid IL-10R1 deficiency resulted in a pro-inflammatory
      macrophage phenotype. However, in vivo significantly reduced lesion size and
      severity was observed. This phenotype was associated with lower myeloid cell
      accumulation and more apoptosis in the lesions. Additionally, a profound
      reduction in plasma and liver cholesterol was observed upon myeloid IL-10R1
      deficiency, which was reflected in plaque lipid content. This decreased
      hypercholesterolaemia was associated with lowered very low-density lipoprotein
      (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, likely as a response to
      decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. In addition, IL-10R1 deficient mice
      demonstrated substantially higher faecal sterol loss caused by increased non
      biliary cholesterol efflux. The induction of this process was linked to impaired
      ACAT2-mediated esterification of liver and plasma cholesterol. Overall, myeloid
      cells do not contribute to IL-10-mediated atheroprotection. In addition, this
      study demonstrates a novel connection between IL-10-mediated inflammation and
      cholesterol homeostasis in atherosclerosis. These findings make us reconsider IL
      10 as a beneficial influence on atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27358036
TI  - Zebiriosides A-L, oleanane saponins from the roots of Dendrobangia boliviana.
AB  - Twelve oleanane saponins, zebiriosides A-L, were isolated from the roots of
      Dendrobangia boliviana Rusby, together with two known saponins, talunumoside I
      and 3-O-beta-d-glucuronopyranosyl serjanic acid. These saponins are glycosides of
      serjanic or phytolaccinic acid. Their structures were established on two basis:
      first, their spectral data, mainly HR-TOFESIMS, 1D-NMR ((1)H, (13)C, DEPT) and 2D
      NMR ((1)H(1)H COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY), and second by comparison with
      literature data. These compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic,
      antileishmanial and hemolytic activities. No antileishmanial or hemolytic
      activities were revealed, however zebirioside C and zebirioside I showed
      cytotoxicity against fibroblasts with IC50 of 6.4 and 5.6 MUM, respectively. 

PMID- 27358037
TI  - Interobserver Reliability of Three Validated Scoring Systems in the Assessment of
      Diabetic Foot Ulcers.
AB  - Scoring systems for diabetic foot ulcers may be used for clinical purposes,
      research or audit, to help assess disease severity, plan management, and even
      predict outcomes. While many have been validated in study populations, little is
      known about their interobserver reliability. This prospective study aimed to
      evaluate interobserver reliability of 3 scoring systems for diabetic foot
      ulceration. After sharp debridement, diabetic foot ulcers were classified by a
      multidisciplinary pool of trained observers, using the PEDIS (Perfusion, Extent,
      Depth, Infection, Sensation), SINBAD (Site, Ischemia, Neuropathy, Bacterial
      infection, Depth), and University of Texas (UT) wound classification systems.
      Interobserver reliability was assessed using intraclass correlations (0 = no
      agreement; 1 = complete agreement). Thirty-seven patients (78.4% male) were
      assessed by a pool of 12 observers. Single observer reliability was slight to
      moderate for all scoring systems (UT 0.53; SINBAD 0.44; PEDIS 0.23-0.42), but
      multiple observer reliability was almost perfect (UT 0.94; SINBAD 0.91; PEDIS
      0.80-0.90). The worst agreement for single observers was when scoring infection
      (SINBAD 0.28; PEDIS 0.28), ischemia (SINBAD 0.26; PEDIS 0.23), or both (UT 0.25);
      however, this improved to almost perfect agreement for multiple observers
      (infection: 0.83; ischemia: 0.80-0.82; both: 0.81). These classification systems
      may be reliably used by multiple observers, for example, when conducting research
      and audit. However, they demonstrate only slight to moderate reliability when
      used by a single observer on an individual subject and may therefore be less
      helpful in the clinical setting, when documenting ulcer characteristics or
      communicating between colleagues. 

PMID- 27358038
TI  - Developmental Exposure to Very Low Levels of Ethynilestradiol Affects Anxiety in
      a Novelty Place Preference Test of Juvenile Rats.
AB  - Ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic mimic of 17beta-estradiol, is widespread in
      the environment because of its use as a contraceptive. In mammals, recent
      research highlighted behavioral, physiological, and morphological effects of
      exposition to EE2 (this xenoestrogen). We studied if developmental exposure to
      environmental-like, low doses of EE2 affects measures of anxiety in Sprague
      Dawley rats. We treated male and female rats with two doses of EE2 (4 and 400
      ng/kg/day) either from GD 5 through PND 32 or from PND 1 through 21. Effects on
      anxiety were tested by novel place preference tests. In males and females treated
      from GD 5 through PND 32, a significant reduction of the time passed in the novel
      environment was observed. The decrease of the time spent in the novel compartment
      and the increase in the number of transitions between familiar and novel
      compartments indicate increased levels of anxiety in the EE2-treated subjects.
      These studies suggest that exposure to very low doses of EE2 during development
      can affect key behavioral traits that are modulated by anxiety.

PMID- 27358040
TI  - Splenic Pregnancy: A New Minimally Invasive Approach to Treatment.
AB  - The spleen is a rare site of abdominal ectopic pregnancy. In a review of the
      literature, we found 16 published cases of primary splenic pregnancies. Of the
      cases identified, all received surgical intervention, with one case successfully
      treated with laparoscopic methotrexate injection, and the rest underwent
      splenectomy. We would like to present a case of primary splenic pregnancy in a 35
      year-old woman successfully treated with percutaneous image-guided injection of
      methotrexate and KCl. 

PMID- 27358039
TI  - Inhibition of JNK-mediated autophagy enhances NSCLC cell sensitivity to mTORC1/2
      inhibitors.
AB  - As the activation of autophagy contributes to the efficacy of many anticancer
      therapies, deciphering the precise role of autophagy in cancer therapy is
      critical. Here, we report that the dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors PP242 and OSI-027
      decreased cell viability but did not induce apoptosis in the non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC) cell lines H460 and A549. PP242 induced autophagy in NSCLC cells
      as demonstrated by the formation of massive vacuoles and acidic vesicular
      organelles and the accumulation of LC3-II. JNK was activated by PP242, and PP242
      induced autophagy was blocked by inhibiting JNK pathway with SP600125 or JNK
      siRNA, suggesting that JNK activation is required for the mTORC1/2 inhibitor
      mediated induction of autophagy in NSCLC cells. Inhibiting JNK or autophagy
      increased the sensitivity of H460 cells to mTORC1/2 inhibitors, indicating that
      JNK or autophagy promoted survival in NSCLC cells treated with mTORC1/2
      inhibitors. Together, these data suggest that combining mTORC1/2 inhibitors with
      inhibitors of JNK or autophagy might be an effective approach for improving
      therapeutic outcomes in NSCLC.

PMID- 27358041
TI  - On the Synonyms of Psathyromyia (Psathyromyia) shannoni (Dyar, 1929) and Pa.
      bigeniculata (Floch & Abonnenc, 1941) and the Resuscitation of Pa. pifanoi
      (Ortiz, 1972) With the Description of Its Female (Diptera: Psychodidae:
      Phlebotominae).
AB  - Psathyromyia shannoni until recently presented several taxa: Phlebotomus limai,
      Ph. bigeniculatus, Ph. pifanoi, and Ph. microcephalus as its junior synonyms. In
      a previous study, the two former synonyms were resurrected and here a revision
      based on morphological characters of the taxonomic status of Ph. microcephalus
      and Ph. pifanoi is presented. Psathyromyia pifanoi STAT REV; COMB N: is
      resurrected from the synonymy of Pa. shannoni and its female is described.
      Phlebotomus microcephalus is removed from the synonymy of Pa. shannoni and
      proposed as a new synonym of Pa. bigeniculata Lutzomyia cuzquena SYN N: ,
      occurring in the Amazon region, is designated as a junior synonym of Pa. pifanoi
      The geographical distributions of Pa shannoni, Pa. bigeniculata, and Pa. pifanoi
      in the Americas are presented.

PMID- 27358042
TI  - The value of point-of-care ultrasound for detecting nail bed injury in ED.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to detect the value of point-of-care
      ultrasound (POCUS) for diagnosing a nail bed injury and fracture of distal
      phalanx in patients presenting with distal finger trauma to the emergency
      department (ED). METHODS: Patients, 18 to 65 years old, presenting with a blunt
      trauma of distal finger and diagnosed with subungual hematoma were eligible for
      the study. Subungual hematoma extending over more than 50%, fracture of distal
      phalanx, and disruption of periungual tissue or nail integrity were accepted as
      the indications for nail bed inspection. All the study patients underwent POCUS
      to detect the existence of a distal phalanx fracture or nail bed injury. X-ray
      was also obtained from all the patients. RESULTS: Nail bed was visualized in 45
      patients. Squeezing and crush injury were the most reported trauma mechanism in
      study patients (66.7%). The sensitivity and specificity of POCUS in detecting
      nail bed injury were 93.4% (95% CI, 80%-99%) and 100% (95% CI, 74%-100%),
      respectively. The sensitivity was 100% (95% CI, 79%-100%), and specificity was
      98.4% (95% CI, 91%-100%) for distal phalanx fracture. CONCLUSION: Point-of-care
      ultrasound is a promising tool in detecting the nail bed injury and distal
      phalanx fractures in patients presented with distal finger trauma. Further
      studies with bigger sample size are needed to reveal the diagnostic ability of
      POCUS before using it regularly in the ED.

PMID- 27358043
TI  - Are firefighters able to recognize ventricular fibrillation? Preliminary data.

PMID- 27358044
TI  - Fatal hemopericardium after intravenous recombinant transplasminogeen activator
      (rt-PA) for acute ischemic stroke.

PMID- 27358045
TI  - Lack of awareness among emergency physicians of potentially inappropriate
      medications in elderly patients at EDs.

PMID- 27358046
TI  - The Heptacyanotungstate(IV) Anion: A New 5 d Transition-Metal Member of the Rare
      Heptacyanometallate Family of Anions.
AB  - The heptacyanotungstate(IV) anion was isolated in the salt (n-Bu4 N)3 [W(IV)
      (CN)7 ] (1) from the reduction of (n-Bu4 N)3 [W(V) (CN)8 ] with concomitant loss
      of one cyanide ligand. The anion in 1 adopts a slightly distorted pentagonal
      bipyramidal geometry with an average W-C distance of 2.169 A. The spectroscopic
      and magnetic properties are described.

PMID- 27358047
TI  - Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Acute Cardiovascular Effects of an Endothelin
      Like Peptide Extracted from the Venom of Atractaspis irregularis.
AB  - Sarafotoxin-i3 from Atractaspis irregularis is a long sarafotoxin with an
      extended C terminus extension. Sarafotoxin-b from Atractaspis engaddensis is
      shorter by four amino acids. These peptides belong to the endothelin-like peptide
      family with a high sequence homology and similar three-dimensional structure.
      They act on endothelin receptors situated on the membrane of endothelial and
      smooth muscle cells. However, SRTX-i 3, despite a high toxicity, has a very low
      affinity for endothelin receptors compared to SRTX-b. The present work was
      carried out in order to compare the precise in vivo cardiovascular effect of SRTX
      b and SRTX-i3. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated.
      Doppler echocardiography was performed to measure left and right ventricular
      functions. The rats were divided into three groups that received intravenous
      injections of: saline, SRTX-b or SRTX-i3. All measurements were taken at
      baseline, at 1 min and at 6 min after injection. Both toxins impaired cardiac
      output. SRTX-b impaired left ventricular function, while SRTX-i3 increased airway
      pressures and led to acute right ventricular dilatation associated with a
      decreased tricuspid annulus peak systolic velocity. SRTX-b and SRTX-i3 appear to
      exert toxic effects via different mechanisms, SRTX-b impairs left ventricular
      function, while SRTX-i3 increases airway pressures and impairs right ventricular
      function.

PMID- 27358048
TI  - Genomic alterations underlie a pan-cancer metabolic shift associated with tumour
      hypoxia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. However, the role of
      genomic changes in metabolic genes driving the tumour metabolic shift remains to
      be elucidated. Here, we have investigated the genomic and transcriptomic changes
      underlying this shift across ten different cancer types. RESULTS: A systematic
      pan-cancer analysis of 6538 tumour/normal samples covering ten major cancer types
      identified a core metabolic signature of 44 genes that exhibit high frequency
      somatic copy number gains/amplifications (>20 % cases) associated with increased
      mRNA expression (rho > 0.3, q < 10(-3)). Prognostic classifiers using these genes
      were confirmed in independent datasets for breast and kidney cancers.
      Interestingly, this signature is strongly associated with hypoxia, with nine out
      of ten cancer types showing increased expression and five out of ten cancer types
      showing increased gain/amplification of these genes in hypoxic tumours (P <=
      0.01). Further validation in breast and colorectal cancer cell lines highlighted
      squalene epoxidase, an oxygen-requiring enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, as a
      driver of dysregulated metabolism and a key player in maintaining cell survival
      under hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals somatic genomic alterations
      underlying a pan-cancer metabolic shift and suggests genomic adaptation of these
      genes as a survival mechanism in hypoxic tumours.

PMID- 27358049
TI  - Reference-free deconvolution of DNA methylation data and mediation by cell
      composition effects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent interest in reference-free deconvolution of DNA methylation
      data has led to several supervised methods, but these methods do not easily
      permit the interpretation of underlying cell types. RESULTS: We propose a simple
      method for reference-free deconvolution that provides both proportions of
      putative cell types defined by their underlying methylomes, the number of these
      constituent cell types, as well as a method for evaluating the extent to which
      the underlying methylomes reflect specific types of cells. We demonstrate these
      methods in an analysis of 23 Infinium data sets from 13 distinct data collection
      efforts; these empirical evaluations show that our algorithm can reasonably
      estimate the number of constituent types, return cell proportion estimates that
      demonstrate anticipated associations with underlying phenotypic data; and
      methylomes that reflect the underlying biology of constituent cell types.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our methodology permits an explicit quantitation of the mediation of
      phenotypic associations with DNA methylation by cell composition effects.
      Although more work is needed to investigate functional information related to
      estimated methylomes, our proposed method provides a novel and useful foundation
      for conducting DNA methylation studies on heterogeneous tissues lacking reference
      data.

PMID- 27358050
TI  - LATS-YAP/TAZ controls lineage specification by regulating TGFbeta signaling and
      Hnf4alpha expression during liver development.
AB  - The Hippo pathway regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of various adult
      stem cells, but its role in cell fate determination and differentiation during
      liver development remains unclear. Here we report that the Hippo pathway controls
      liver cell lineage specification and proliferation separately from Notch
      signalling, using mice and primary hepatoblasts with liver-specific knockout of
      Lats1 and Lats2 kinase, the direct upstream regulators of YAP and TAZ. During and
      after liver development, the activation of YAP/TAZ induced by loss of Lats1/2
      forces hepatoblasts or hepatocytes to commit to the biliary epithelial cell (BEC)
      lineage. It increases BEC and fibroblast proliferation by up-regulating TGFbeta
      signalling, but suppresses hepatoblast to hepatocyte differentiation by
      repressing Hnf4alpha expression. Notably, oncogenic YAP/TAZ activation in
      hepatocytes induces massive p53-dependent cell senescence/death. Together, our
      results reveal that YAP/TAZ activity levels govern liver cell differentiation and
      proliferation in a context-dependent manner.

PMID- 27358051
TI  - Characterization of patellar maltracking using dynamic kinematic CT imaging in
      patients with patellar instability.
AB  - PURPOSE: Little has been reported on the relationship between patellar
      maltracking and instability. Patellar maltracking has been subjectively described
      with the "J sign" but is difficult to assess objectively using traditional
      imaging. Dynamic kinematic computed tomography (DKCT) allows dynamic assessment
      of the patellofemoral joint. DKCT was used to visualize and quantify patellar
      maltracking patterns, and severity of maltracking was correlated with the
      presence or absence of patellar instability symptoms. METHODS: Seventy-six knees
      in 38 patients were analysed using DKCT. Maltracking was defined as deviation of
      the patella from the trajectory of the trochlear groove and was characterized by
      patellar bisect offset, which was measured at 10 degrees  intervals of knee
      flexion during active flexion and extension. Bisect offset measurements were
      grouped by number of quadrants of maximum lateral patellar motion, with one, two,
      and three quadrants corresponding to 75-99, 100-125, and >125 %, respectively.
      Patellar instability symptoms were correlated with maltracking severity. RESULTS:
      Two knees were excluded because of poor imaging quality. Fifty of 74 knees had
      patellar instability, and 13 patients had bilateral symptoms. Of these, four (8
      %) had normal tracking patterns; 41 (82 %) had increased lateral translation in
      extension, which we termed the J-sign pattern; 4 (8 %) had persistent
      lateralization of the patella throughout range of motion; and 1 had increased
      lateral translation in flexion. In knees with the J-sign pattern, degree of
      maltracking was graded by severity: J1 (n = 24), J2 (n = 19), and J3 (n = 15).
      The sensitivities of J-sign grades in predicting patellar instability symptoms
      were 50 % (J1), 80 % (J2), and 93 % (J3) (p < 0.01). There were significant
      differences in sensitivity between knees with no J sign or J1 versus J2 or J3 (p
      = 0.02). CONCLUSION: DKCT showed several patellar maltracking patterns in
      patients with patellar instability. A J-sign pattern with more than two quadrants
      of lateral translation correlated with the presence of patellar instability
      symptoms. Incorporation of this approach of objectively quantifying maltracking
      patterns is recommended in the evaluation of patellofemoral instability. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: IV.

PMID- 27358053
TI  - A model of calcium homeostasis in the rat.
AB  - We developed a model of calcium homeostasis in the rat to better understand the
      impact of dysfunctions such as primary hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D
      deficiency on calcium balance. The model accounts for the regulation of calcium
      intestinal uptake, bone resorption, and renal reabsorption by parathyroid hormone
      (PTH), vitamin D3, and Ca2+ itself. It is the first such model to incorporate
      recent findings regarding the role of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the
      kidney, the presence of a rapidly exchangeable pool in bone, and the delayed
      response of vitamin D3 synthesis. Accounting for two (fast and slow) calcium
      storage compartments in bone allows the model to properly predict the effects of
      bisphophonates on the plasma levels of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]p), PTH, and vitamin D3 Our
      model also suggests that Ca2+ exchange rates between plasma and the fast pool
      vary with both sex and age, allowing [Ca2+]p to remain constant in spite of sex-
      and age-based hormonal and other differences. Our results suggest that the
      inconstant hypercalciuria that is observed in primary hyperparathyroidism can be
      attributed in part to counterbalancing effects of PTH and CaSR in the kidney. Our
      model also correctly predicts that calcimimetic agents such as cinacalcet bring
      down [Ca2+]p to within its normal range in primary hyperparathyroidism. In
      addition, the model provides a simulation of CYP24A1 inactivation that leads to a
      situation reminiscent of infantile hypercalcemia. In summary, our model of
      calcium handling can be used to decipher the complex regulation of calcium
      homeostasis.

PMID- 27358054
TI  - The influence of altitude hypoxia on uroflowmetry parameters in women.
AB  - There is scientific evidence to suggest a correlation between hypoxia and the
      physiology of micturition. During a Himalayan Scientific and Mountaineering
      Expedition, we performed tests to investigate the functional interactions between
      altitude hypoxia and uroflowmetry parameters in women. The tests were carried out
      in seven women (36.3 +/- 7.1 yr) from normoxic [1,340 meters above sea level (m
      a.s.l.)] to hypoxic conditions (up to 5,050 m a.s.l.) and during the return
      descent. The following measures were determined: uroflowmetry parameters and
      saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2 ). As expected, SpO2 decreased from 97.7 to
      77.8% with increasing altitude. Micturition flow time, flow volume, and voiding
      time increased with altitude (P < 0.04 for all), indicating a negative
      correlation with SpO2 In conclusion, in young adult women, micturition
      physiological parameters were affected during adaptation to hypoxia; the
      correlation with SpO2 strongly suggests a role of hypoxia in these changes. These
      data could help to support the design of new strategies for both prevention and
      medical treatment. An example of the latter might be hyperbaric oxygen therapy,
      which in some studies has proved able to reduce the symptoms in patients with
      hypoxic bladder.

PMID- 27358052
TI  - High-mobility group box 1 inhibits HCO3- absorption in the medullary thick
      ascending limb through RAGE-Rho-ROCK-mediated inhibition of basolateral Na+/H+
      exchange.
AB  - High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein released extracellularly
      in response to infection or injury, where it activates immune responses and
      contributes to the pathogenesis of kidney dysfunction in sepsis and sterile
      inflammatory disorders. Recently, we demonstrated that HMGB1 inhibits HCO3 (-)
      absorption in perfused rat medullary thick ascending limbs (MTAL) through a
      basolateral receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-dependent pathway
      that is additive to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-ERK-mediated inhibition by LPS
      (Good DW, George T, Watts BA III. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 309: F720-F730,
      2015). Here, we examined signaling and transport mechanisms that mediate
      inhibition by HMGB1. Inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption by HMGB1 was eliminated by
      the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y27632 and by a specific inhibitor of
      Rho, the major upstream activator of ROCK. HMGB1 increased RhoA and ROCK1
      activity. HMGB1-induced ROCK1 activation was eliminated by the RAGE antagonist
      FPS-ZM1 and by inhibition of Rho. The Rho and ROCK inhibitors had no effect on
      inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption by bath LPS. Inhibition of HCO3 (-) absorption
      by HMGB1 was eliminated by bath amiloride, 0 Na(+) bath, and the F-actin
      stabilizer jasplakinolide, three conditions that selectively prevent inhibition
      of MTAL HCO3 (-) absorption mediated through NHE1. HMGB1 decreased basolateral
      Na(+)/H(+) exchange activity through activation of ROCK. We conclude that HMGB1
      inhibits HCO3 (-) absorption in the MTAL through a RAGE-RhoA-ROCK1 signaling
      pathway coupled to inhibition of NHE1. The HMGB1-RAGE-RhoA-ROCK1 pathway thus
      represents a potential target to attenuate MTAL dysfunction during sepsis and
      other inflammatory disorders. HMGB1 and LPS inhibit HCO3 (-) absorption through
      different receptor signaling and transport mechanisms, which enables these
      pathogenic mediators to act directly and independently to impair MTAL function.

PMID- 27358055
TI  - The epoxyeicosatrienoic acid analog PVPA ameliorates cyclosporine-induced
      hypertension and renal injury in rats.
AB  - The introduction of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) into clinical practice in the
      late 1970s transformed organ transplantation and led to significant improvement
      in acute rejection episodes. However, despite their significant clinical utility,
      the use of these agents is hampered by the development of hypertension and
      nephrotoxicity, which ultimately lead to end-stage kidney disease and overt
      cardiovascular outcomes. There are currently no effective agents to treat or
      prevent these complications. Importantly, CNI-free immunosuppressive regimens
      lack the overall efficacy of CNI-based treatments and put patients at risk of
      allograft rejection. Cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic
      acid, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), have potent vasodilator and
      antihypertensive properties in addition to many cytoprotective effects, but their
      effects on CNI-induced nephrotoxicity have not been explored. Here, we show that
      PVPA, a novel, orally active analog of 14,15-EET, effectively prevents the
      development of hypertension and ameliorates kidney injury in cyclosporine-treated
      rats. PVPA treatment reduced proteinuria and renal dysfunction induced by
      cyclosporine. PVPA inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration into the kidney and
      decreased renal fibrosis. PVPA also reduced tubular epithelial cell apoptosis,
      attenuated the generation of reactive oxygen species, and modulated the unfolded
      protein response that is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress. Consistent
      with the in vivo data, PVPA attenuated cyclosporine-induced apoptosis of NRK-52E
      cells in vitro. These data indicate that the cytochrome P-450/EET system offers a
      novel therapeutic strategy to treat or prevent CNI-induced nephrotoxicity.

PMID- 27358056
TI  - Altered urothelial ATP signaling in a major subset of human overactive bladder
      patients with pyuria.
AB  - Overactive Bladder (OAB) is an idiopathic condition, characterized by urgency,
      urinary frequency, and urgency incontinence, in the absence of routinely
      traceable urinary infection. We have described microscopic pyuria (>=10 wbc/MUl)
      in patients suffering from the worst symptoms. It is established that
      inflammation is associated with increased ATP release from epithelial cells, and
      extracellular ATP originating from the urothelium following increased hydrostatic
      pressure is a mediator of bladder sensation. Here, using bladder biopsy samples,
      we have investigated urothelial ATP signaling in OAB patients with microscopic
      pyuria. Basal, but not stretch-evoked, release of ATP was significantly greater
      from the urothelium of OAB patients with pyuria than from non-OAB patients or OAB
      patients without pyuria (<10 wbc/MUl). Basal ATP release from the urothelium of
      OAB patients with pyuria was inhibited by the P2 receptor antagonist suramin and
      abolished by the hemichannel blocker carbenoxolone, which differed from stretch
      activated ATP release. Altered P2 receptor expression was evident in the
      urothelium from pyuric OAB patients. Furthermore, intracellular bacteria were
      visualized in shed urothelial cells from ~80% of OAB patients with pyuria. These
      data suggest that increased ATP release from the urothelium, involving bacterial
      colonization, may play a role in the heightened symptoms associated with pyuric
      OAB patients.

PMID- 27358057
TI  - HMGB1/TLR4 signaling induces an inflammatory response following high-pressure
      renal pelvic perfusion in a porcine model.
AB  - Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) causes a rapid increase in renal pelvic
      pressure in the kidney, which induces an inflammatory response. High-mobility
      group box-1 (HMGB1) is known to trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells and
      the release of proinflammatory cytokines following ischemia reperfusion injury in
      the kidney, but the contribution of HMGB1 to the inflammatory response following
      high-pressure renal pelvic perfusion has not been investigated. In this study,
      high-pressure renal pelvic perfusion was induced in anesthetized pigs to examine
      the effect of HMGB1 on the inflammatory response. HMGB1 levels in the kidney
      increased following high-pressure renal pelvic perfusion, together with elevated
      levels of inflammatory cytokines in the plasma and kidney and an accumulation of
      neutrophils and macrophages. Inhibition of HMGB1 alleviated this inflammatory
      response while perfusion with recombinant HMGB1 had an augmentative effect,
      confirming the involvement of HMGB1 in the inflammatory response to high-pressure
      renal pelvic perfusion. HMGB1 regulated the inflammatory response by activating
      Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated
      that HMGB1/TLR4 signaling contributes to the inflammatory response following high
      pressure renal pelvic perfusion in a porcine model and has implications for the
      management of inflammation after PCNL.

PMID- 27358058
TI  - Effectiveness of Balloon Angioplasty in Children With Recurrent Aortic
      Coarctation Depends on the Type of Aortic Arch Pathology.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of balloon
      angioplasty (BAP) for recurrent aortic coarctation (ReCoA) in infants comparing
      simple and complex type of aortic arch pathology (Norwood I procedure).
      BACKGROUND: ReCoA is a known complication after cardiovascular surgery for
      coarctation of the aortic arch. METHODS AND RESULTS: In a single center case
      study, we analyzed 20 infants undergoing BAP for ReCoA comparing simple (n = 10)
      and complex type of aortic arch pathology (n = 10). At catherization diameter of
      ReCoA stenosis was 3.2 +/- 0.7 mm (mean +/- SD) with short localized (11/20) or
      long hypoplastic stenosis (9/20) before and 4.8 +/- 1.2 mm after BAP (P < 0.001).
      Invasive systolic pressure gradient was reduced from 27.5 +/- 16.2 mmHg before to
      5.1 +/- 6.6 mmHg after BAP (P < 0.001), comparable in simple and complex type of
      ReCoA. At day 1 after catherization noninvasive systolic arterial blood pressure
      gradient was reduced from 20.2 +/- 23.1 to 6.7 +/- 9.9 mmHg (P < 0.001),
      respectively, calculated continuous wave Doppler echo gradient from 36.3 +/- 22
      to 16.8 +/- 9.6 mmHg (P < 0.01). Complications were aortic arch dissection
      (1/20), discrete aortic arch aneurysm formation (1/20), pericardial effusion
      (1/20), and peripheral arterial thrombosis (4/20). At a mid-term follow up of 9.5
      months (1-40) after BAP, 3 infants needed early surgical reintervention due to
      secondary ReCoA, all with long hypoplastic aortic arch segments, but simple type
      of aortic arch pathology. CONCLUSIONS: At mid-term follow up, BAP remains an
      effective catheter intervention for ReCoA for infants with localized ReCoA, but
      not with long hypoplastic aortic arch segments, even in simple type of aortic
      arch pathology.

PMID- 27358059
TI  - Life and Death Partners in Post-PCI Restenosis: Apoptosis, Autophagy, and The
      Cross-talk Between Them.
AB  - Coronary artery disease and atherothrombosis are complex pathologic entities
      leading to poor clinical outcome and high cardiac mortality. Coronary artery
      revascularization strategies, such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in
      an effort to restore myocardial blood reperfusion, may only partially treat
      ischemic heart disease. PCI has revolutionized the revascularization for
      ischemiarelated cardiovascular diseases such as stable angina and acute coronary
      syndrome. Post-PCI restenosis, however, remains a major problem to overcome.
      Following the mechanical stretch, restenosis takes place in concert with the
      proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from the tunica media
      through the disruption of intima or endothelial barrier, and eventually leads to
      narrowed vascular lumen and obstruction. As the central pathogenetic event of
      restenosis, vascular neointimal hyperplasia occurs gradually as a result of the
      imbalance between SMC death and proliferation. Despite ample efforts, the precise
      mechanisms underscoring transition from initial apoptosis of vascular SMCs to
      apoptosis resistant proliferation remains unclear. As a conservative regulatory
      avenue found in nearly all mammalian cell types, autophagy plays a unique role in
      the delicate control on cell fate in the development of neointimal hyperplasia in
      post-PCI restenosis. In this mini-review, we will focus on how apoptosis,
      autophagy, and the cross-talk between the two govern cell death or proliferation
      in restenosis pathogenesis, particularly in neointimal hyperplasia involving
      SMCs.

PMID- 27358060
TI  - Pancreatic Neoplasms and Autophagy.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer is predicted to be the second deadliest malignancy (a median
      survival of 4-6 months and a 5-year survival of less than 5%) in the USA by 2020.
      Although current medical detection technologies have dramatically improved the
      survival rate for patients with other gastrointestinal malignancies, the dismal
      clinical outcome remains somewhat unchanged for patients with pancreatic cancer.
      Preclinical evidence suggests that pancreatic cancer may be benefited from early
      administration of systemic therapy in addition to surgery. New biomarkers should
      help to identify those patients possibly candidates for various systemic therapy
      including chemotherapy. Classical anticancer drugs such as FOLFIRINOX (folinic
      acid, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin), and nabpaclitaxel plus
      gemcitabine only produced some modest improvements in survival. To this end,
      novel therapeutic avenues are sought for pancreatic cancer. This mini-review
      summarizes the state-of-the-art of pancreatic cancer treatment, and possible role
      of autophagy in therapeutics against pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 27358061
TI  - Liver transplantation for a patient with Turner syndrome presenting severe portal
      hypertension: a case report and literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Liver involvement in Turner syndrome (TS) patients has been more
      clearly clarified in recent years. Most of the clinical manifestations in TS are
      asymptomatic and can be detected as liver test abnormalities; however, a few
      cases may present with end-stage liver disease and thus require liver
      transplantation (LT). To the best of our knowledge, only three cases undergoing
      LT for liver involvements in TS have been previously reported. CASE PRESENTATION:
      A 30-year-old female successfully underwent living donor LT for liver dysfunction
      related to TS syndrome. The diagnosis of TS was established by a cytogenetic
      analysis at 16 years of age. She received several sessions of endoscopic therapy
      for recurrent esophageal varices, which was complicated by ascites and
      spontaneous bacterial peritonitis since 27 years of age. Radiological findings of
      her liver before LT chronologically showed the progression of atrophy with
      disturbance of the major portal inflow. And then, she was finally indicated for
      LT. Pathologic findings of the explanted liver showed vascular abnormalities,
      obliterative portal venopathy, which may have induced liver dysfunction with
      severe portal hypertension. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful.
      CONCLUSIONS: The clinicopathologic information obtained by the current case can
      provide an insight into understanding pathophysiological mechanisms of liver
      involvement in TS patients. TS patients presenting with severe liver atrophy and
      disturbance of the major portal inflow should be indicated for LT.

PMID- 27358063
TI  - Thermal and near-infrared light induced spin crossover in a mononuclear iron(ii)
      complex with a tetrathiafulvalene-fused dipyridophenazine ligand.
AB  - A mononuclear Fe(ii) complex involving a tetrathiafulvalene-based ligand exhibits
      thermal spin-crossover (around 143 K) with pronounced hysteresis behaviour (48
      K). The chromophoric and pi-extended ligand allows Near-Infrared (NIR)
      sensitization for the light-induced excited spin-state trapping (LIESST) with
      T(LIESST) = 90 K. 

PMID- 27358062
TI  - A loss of function variant in CASP7 protects against Alzheimer's disease in
      homozygous APOE epsilon4 allele carriers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common form of dementia
      in elder populations with approximately 30 million cases worldwide. Genome wide
      genotyping and sequencing studies have identified many genetic variants
      associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). While most of these
      variants are associated with increased risk of developing LOAD, only limited
      number of reports focused on variants that are protective against the disease.
      METHODS: Here we applied a novel approach to uncover protective alleles against
      AD by analyzing genetic and phenotypic data in Mount Sinai Biobank and Electronic
      Medical Record (EMR) databases. RESULTS: We discovered a likely loss-of-function
      small deletion variant in the caspase 7 (CASP7) gene associated with
      significantly reduced incidence of LOAD in carriers of the high-risk APOE
      epsilon4 allele. Further investigation of four independent cohorts of European
      ancestry revealed the protective effect of the CASP7 variant against AD is most
      significant in homozygous APOE epsilon4 allele carriers. Meta analysis of
      multiple datasets shows overall odds ratio = 0.45 (p = 0.004). Analysis of RNA
      sequencing derived gene expression data indicated the variant correlates with
      reduced caspase 7 expression in multiple brain tissues we examined. CONCLUSIONS:
      Taken together, these results are consistent with the notion that caspase 7 plays
      a key role in microglial activation driving neuro-degeneration during AD
      pathogenesis, and may explain the underlying genetic mechanisms that anti
      inflammatory interventions in AD show greater benefit in APOE epsilon4 carriers
      than non-carriers. Our findings inform potential novel therapeutic opportunities
      for AD and warrant further investigations.

PMID- 27358064
TI  - Neuropathological criteria of anti-IgLON5-related tauopathy.
AB  - We recently reported a novel neurological syndrome characterized by a unique NREM
      and REM parasomnia with sleep apnea and stridor, accompanied by bulbar
      dysfunction and specific association with antibodies against the neuronal cell
      adhesion protein IgLON5. All patients had the HLA-DRB1*1001 and HLA-DQB1*0501
      alleles. Neuropathological findings in two patients revealed a novel tauopathy
      restricted to neurons and predominantly involving the hypothalamus and tegmentum
      of the brainstem. The aim of the current study is to describe the
      neuropathological features of the anti-IgLON5 syndrome and to provide diagnostic
      levels of certainty based on the presence of associated clinical and
      immunological data. The brains of six patients were examined and the features
      required for the neuropathological diagnosis were established by consensus.
      Additional clinical and immunological criteria were used to define "definite",
      "probable" and "possible" diagnostic categories. The brains of all patients
      showed remarkably similar features consistent with a neurodegenerative disease
      with neuronal loss and gliosis and absence of inflammatory infiltrates. The most
      relevant finding was the neuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau
      composed of both three-repeat (3R) and four-repeat (4R) tau isoforms,
      preferentially involving the hypothalamus, and more severely the tegmental nuclei
      of the brainstem with a cranio-caudal gradient of severity until the upper
      cervical cord. A "definite" diagnosis of anti-IgLON5-related tauopathy is
      established when these neuropathological features are present along with the
      detection of serum or CSF IgLON5 antibodies. When the antibody status is unknown,
      a "probable" diagnosis requires neuropathological findings along with a
      compatible clinical history or confirmation of possession of HLA-DRB1*1001 and
      HLA-DQB1*0501 alleles. A "possible" diagnosis should be considered in cases with
      compatible neuropathology but without information about a relevant clinical
      presentation and immunological status. These criteria should help to identify
      undiagnosed cases among archival tissue, and will assist future
      clinicopathological studies of this novel disorder.

PMID- 27358066
TI  - Importance of activated hepatic stellate cells and angiopoietin-1 in the
      pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Previous studies have determined that activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs)
      promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by increasing
      angiogenesis in cancerous tissues. In addition, angiopoietin 1 (Ang-1) has been
      reported to be involved in tumor growth and metastasis via the promotion of
      angiogenesis. It remains unclear whether aHSCs and Ang-1 are involved in the
      angiogenesis in HCC. A total of 25 HCC and tumor-adjacent tissues, and 21 normal
      liver tissues were used in the present study. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used
      to detect the expression of Ang-1 and alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). The
      expression of CD34 was also analyzed using IHC to evaluate the microvessel
      density (MVD). The protein expression levels of Ang-1 were evaluated using
      western blot analysis. The association between aHSC, Ang-1 and angiogenesis was
      determined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The present study
      determined that the expression of alpha-SMA, Ang-1 and MVD (CD34) was
      significantly higher in the HCC tissues when compared with tumor-adjacent tissues
      and normal liver tissues. Spearman's rank analysis identified a positive
      correlation between the expression of alpha-SMA, Ang-1 and CD34. This suggests
      that alpha-SMA-positive aHSCs promoted angiogenesis by expressing Ang-1,
      resulting in the proliferation and metastasis of HCC. 

PMID- 27358067
TI  - The effect of APOE genotype on the delivery of DHA to cerebrospinal fluid in
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 and low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid
      beta42 (Abeta42) levels are predictors for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD).
      The results of several studies indicate an interaction between docosahexaenoic
      acid (DHA) consumption and cognitive outcomes by APOE genotype. Our objective in
      the present study was to examine whether APOE E4 genotype and low CSF Abeta42
      levels were associated with reduced delivery of DHA to CSF in the Alzheimer's
      Disease Cooperative Study-sponsored DHA clinical trial. METHODS: Phospholipid DHA
      was assayed in the plasma of 384 participants and CSF of 70 participants at
      baseline. Forty-four of the 70 participants completed the 18-month follow-up
      visit after allocation to placebo (n = 15) or DHA (n = 29). Plasma and CSF DHA
      levels, CSF Abeta42, Tau, and phosphorylated Tau were measured at baseline and
      after the 18-month intervention. Participants were divided into tertiles based on
      baseline Abeta42 CSF levels. To assess DHA delivery across the blood-brain
      barrier, the ratio of CSF to plasma DHA levels was calculated. RESULTS: At
      baseline, there were no significant differences between CSF or plasma
      phospholipid DHA levels by CSF Abeta42 tertiles or E4 status. After 18 months of
      DHA supplementation, participants at the lowest Abeta42 tertile had significantly
      lower CSF DHA levels (p = 0.01) and lower CSF-to-plasma DHA ratios (p = 0.05)
      compared to the other tertiles. Baseline CSF Abeta42 levels were significantly
      lower in E4 carriers than in E4 noncarriers (p = 0.01). Participants carrying the
      E4 allele (n = 25) demonstrated a less pronounced increase in CSF DHA level
      compared with noncarriers (n = 4), with a possible interaction effect between
      treatment and APOE genotype (p = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: APOE E4 allele and lower CSF
      Abeta42 levels were associated with less transport of DHA to CSF. Brain amyloid
      pathology may limit the delivery of DHA to the brain in AD. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00440050 . Registered on 22 Feb 2007.

PMID- 27358065
TI  - Epigenetic regulation in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Recent efforts have shed new light on the epigenetic mechanisms driving gene
      expression alterations associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis.
      Changes in gene expression are a well-established cause of PD, and epigenetic
      mechanisms likely play a pivotal role in regulation. Studies in families with PD
      harboring duplications and triplications of the SNCA gene have demonstrated that
      gene dosage is associated with increased expression of both SNCA mRNA and
      protein, and correlates with a fulminant disease course. Furthermore, it is
      postulated that even subtle changes in SNCA expression caused by common variation
      is associated with disease risk. Of note, genome-wide association studies have
      identified over 30 loci associated with PD with most signals located in non
      coding regions of the genome, thus likely influencing transcript expression
      levels. In health, epigenetic mechanisms tightly regulate gene expression,
      turning genes on and off to balance homeostasis and this, in part, explains why
      two cells with the same DNA sequence will have different RNA expression profiles.
      Understanding this phenomenon will be crucial to our interpretation of the
      selective vulnerability observed in neurodegeneration and specifically
      dopaminergic neurons in the PD brain. In this review, we discuss epigenetic
      mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, involved in
      regulating the expression of genes relevant to PD, RNA-based mechanisms, as well
      as the effect of toxins and potential epigenetic-based treatments for PD.

PMID- 27358068
TI  - Community perceptions of pre-eclampsia in rural Karnataka State, India: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal deaths have been attributed in large part to delays in
      recognition of illness, timely transport to facility, and timely treatment once
      there. As community perceptions of pregnancy and their complications are critical
      to averting maternal morbidity and mortality, this study sought to contribute to
      the literature and explore community-based understandings of pre-eclampsia and
      eclampsia. METHODS: The study was conducted in rural Karnataka State, India, in
      2012-2013. Fourteen focus groups were held with the following community
      stakeholders: three with community leaders (n = 27), two with male decision
      makers (n = 19), three with female decision-makers (n = 41), and six with
      reproductive age women (n = 132). Focus groups were facilitated by local
      researchers with clinical and research expertise. Discussions were audio
      recorded, transcribed verbatim and translated to English for thematic analysis
      using NVivo 10. RESULTS: Terminology exists in the local language (Kannada) to
      describe convulsions and hypertension, but there were no terms that are specific
      to pregnancy. Community participants perceived stress, tension and poor diet to
      be precipitants of hypertension in pregnancy. Seizures in pregnancy were thought
      to be brought on by anaemia, poor medical adherence, lack of tetanus toxoid
      immunization, and exposure in pregnancy to fire or water. Sweating, fatigue,
      dizziness-unsteadiness, swelling, and irritability were perceived to be signs of
      hypertension, which was recognized to have the potential to lead to eclampsia or
      death. Home remedies, such as providing the smell of onion, placing an iron
      object in the hands, or squeezing the fingers and toes, were all used regularly
      to treat seizures prior to accessing facility-based care although transport is
      not delayed. CONCLUSIONS: It is evident that 'pre-eclampsia' and 'eclampsia' are
      not well-known; instead hypertension and seizures are perceived as conditions
      that may occur during or outside pregnancy. Improving community knowledge about,
      and modifying attitudes towards, hypertension in pregnancy and its complications
      (including eclampsia) has the potential to address community-based delays in
      disease recognition and delays in treatment that contribute to maternal and
      perinatal morbidity and mortality. Advocacy and educational initiatives should be
      designed to target knowledge gaps and potentially harmful practices, and respond
      to cultural understandings of disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01911494.

PMID- 27358070
TI  - Reliability of luminal oesophageal temperature monitoring during radiofrequency
      ablation of atrial fibrillation: insights from probe visualization and
      oesophageal reconstruction using magnetic resonance imaging.
AB  - Aims: A current concept to prevent atrio-oesophageal fistula during
      radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is to monitor
      luminal oesophageal temperature (LET). The objective of this study was to
      describe the temporal course of LET and to assess the reliability of monitoring
      the maximal LET during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using irrigated multi
      electrode (IMEA, nMARQTM) and focal ablation catheters. Methods and results: We
      studied 40 patients with LET monitoring during PVI (20 patients using the IMEA
      and 20 patients using the focal catheter). A linear probe was used and visualized
      in the 3D mapping system. Left atrial and oesophageal reconstructions from
      delayed enhanced magnetic resonance imaging were integrated. Analysing 745
      temperature profiles, LET >38 degrees C was observed in 48 of 296 (17%) and 44 of
      449 (10%) ablations for the IMEA and the focal catheter, respectively (P =
      0.012). Temporal latency after interruption of RF energy delivery was observed
      for both catheters. Time until LET baseline temperature was restored after an
      increase of >1 degrees C was 100 and 86 s for the IMEA and the focal catheter,
      respectively (P = 0.183). Imprecise representation of the maximal LET was
      observed in 24 (60%) and 28 patients (70%) for the left and right PVs,
      respectively. Conclusion: Due to the unknown exact lateral position of the LET
      probe within the oesophagus, the measured temperature does not necessarily
      reflect the maximal LET. The absence of LET increase does not rule out
      significant temperature increase within the oesophagus. Consequently, the
      temperature information of the linear multipolar probe should be used with
      caution.

PMID- 27358069
TI  - Polarity protein Crumbs homolog-3 (CRB3) regulates ectoplasmic specialization
      dynamics through its action on F-actin organization in Sertoli cells.
AB  - Crumbs homolog 3 (or Crumbs3, CRB3) is a polarity protein expressed by Sertoli
      and germ cells at the basal compartment in the seminiferous epithelium. CRB3 also
      expressed at the blood-testis barrier (BTB), co-localized with F-actin, TJ
      proteins occludin/ZO-1 and basal ES (ectoplasmic specialization) proteins N
      cadherin/beta-catenin at stages IV-VII only. The binding partners of CRB3 in the
      testis were the branched actin polymerization protein Arp3, and the barbed end
      capping and bundling protein Eps8, illustrating its possible role in actin
      organization. CRB3 knockdown (KD) by RNAi in Sertoli cells with an established
      tight junction (TJ)-permeability barrier perturbed the TJ-barrier via changes in
      the distribution of TJ- and basal ES-proteins at the cell-cell interface. These
      changes were the result of CRB3 KD-induced re-organization of actin
      microfilaments, in which actin microfilaments were truncated, and extensively
      branched, thereby destabilizing F-actin-based adhesion protein complexes at the
      BTB. Using Polyplus in vivo-jetPEI as a transfection medium with high efficiency
      for CRB3 KD in the testis, the CRB3 KD testes displayed defects in spermatid and
      phagosome transport, and also spermatid polarity due to a disruption of F-actin
      organization. In summary, CRB3 is an actin microfilament regulator, playing a
      pivotal role in organizing actin filament bundles at the ES.

PMID- 27358071
TI  - Lead-related infective endocarditis: factors influencing the formation of large
      vegetations.
AB  - Aims: The presence of intracardiac lead vegetations (ILV) is one of the important
      criteria for diagnosis of lead-related infective endocarditis (LRIE). The
      objective of the present study was to evaluate risk factors of ILV and their
      impact on vegetation size. Methods and results: Clinical data of 500 patients
      with LRIE undergoing transvenous lead extraction in 2006-15 were retrospectively
      analysed. The study population consisted of 352 patients with the presence of
      vegetations (giant, >3 cm; large, 2.0-2.9 cm; moderate-sized, 1.0-1.9 cm; and
      small, <1 cm) and 148 patients without ILV. We identified risk factors for
      vegetation occurrence and ILV size. Intracardiac lead vegetations were found more
      frequently in younger patients (P < 0.05), slightly more often in women (P =
      0.084), and less commonly in patients with atrial fibrillation (P < 0.05).
      Intracardiac lead vegetation occurred significantly more frequently in patients
      with intracardiac lead abrasion (OR 2.373; 95% CI [1.497-3.765]; P < 0.001) and
      much less frequently in the concomitant presence of pocket infection (PI) (OR
      0.127; 95% CI [0.074-0.218]; P < 0.00). Large vegetations were significantly more
      common in patients with renal failure (RF) (P < 0.001), heart failure (P <
      0.001), implantable cardioverter defibrillator (P < 0.05), and loops of the leads
      (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Intracardiac lead abrasion is one of the most common
      factors influencing the occurrence of ILV. Metabolic disorders in patients with
      RF, heart failure, defibrillation leads, and loops of the leads were found to
      contribute to the formation of large vegetations. In LRIE patients, ILVs were
      less frequently detected in the presence of concomitant PI, indicating a
      different mechanism of LRIE development in patients with and without vegetations.

PMID- 27358072
TI  - Supersaturation of Calcipotriene and Betamethasone Dipropionate in a Novel
      Aerosol Foam Formulation for Topical Treatment of Psoriasis Provides Enhanced
      Bioavailability of the Active Ingredients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have demonstrated the superior efficacy of a novel
      aerosol foam formulation of fixed combination calcipotriene 0.005% (Cal) and
      betamethasone dipropionate 0.064% (BD), compared with the ointment formulation.
      The aim of this study is to ascertain whether enhanced bioavailability of the
      active ingredients due to supersaturation and/or occlusive properties can explain
      the observed greater clinical efficacy. METHODS: Solubility and evaporation
      experiments were conducted to examine the abilities of Cal/BD aerosol foam
      ingredients to create a supersaturated environment. Optical microscopy, Raman
      imaging and X-ray powder diffraction were used to examine the physical state of
      Cal and BD in the formulations after application, and determine whether a
      supersaturated state remained stable for clinically relevant time periods. In
      vitro skin penetration and ex vivo biomarker assays were conducted to compare the
      skin penetration and bioavailability of Cal and BD from the aerosol foam and
      ointment formulations, respectively. Occlusive properties were examined via
      transepidermal water loss. RESULTS: Solubility studies showed that Cal and BD
      solubility increased with increasing dimethyl ether (DME) content. Both active
      ingredients are completely dissolved in the final aerosol foam formulation. DME
      rapidly evaporates after spraying, and the amount was reduced to 0.5% of the
      initial amount after 2 min. This led to the formation of a supersaturated
      environment, where Cal and BD crystals were absent for at least 26 h after
      application. Cal/BD aerosol foam had significantly greater in vitro skin
      penetration and had increased bioavailability compared with Cal/BD ointment. Both
      formulations effectively occluded the skin. CONCLUSION: A stable supersaturated
      solution of Cal/BD in the aerosol foam leads to increased bioavailability and
      explains the improved clinical effect when compared to the Cal/BD ointment.
      FUNDING: The studies included in the paper are all conducted by LEO Pharma A/S or
      CROs on behalf of LEO Pharma A/S.

PMID- 27358073
TI  - MiR-143-3p functions as a tumor suppressor by regulating cell proliferation,
      invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting QKI-5 in esophageal
      squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to
      contribute to carcinogenesis. MiR-143-3p has been identified to function as a
      tumor suppressor in several tumors, but the role of miR-143-3p in esophageal
      squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been intensively investigated. Our aim was
      to evaluate the potential role of miR-143-3p in the progression of ESCC. METHODS:
      The expression levels of miR-143-3p and QKI-5 protein were measured in 80
      resected ESCC tumor specimens and the clinicopathological significance of these
      levels determined. We also investigated the role of miR-143-3p in the regulation
      of QKI-5 expression in ESCC cell lines both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: MiR
      143-3p levels were decreased in ESCC clinical samples and low expression of miR
      143-3p was significantly associated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Ectopic
      expression of miR-143-3p suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in ESCC
      cells both in vivo and in vitro. Ectopic expression of miR-143-3p also reduced
      the metastatic potential of cells by selectively regulating epithelial
      mesenchymal transition regulatory proteins. Furthermore, QKI-5 isoform was
      upregulated in ESCC tissues and was a direct target of miR-143-3p. Lastly, re
      introduction of QKI-5 expression abrogated the inhibitory effects of miR-143-3p
      on ESCC cell proliferation and motility. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate
      that miR-143-3p acts as a tumor-suppressor by targeting QKI-5 in ESCC, suggesting
      that miR-143-3p is a potential therapy for the treatment of ESCC.

PMID- 27358077
TI  - [Sepsis: case numbers increasing worldwide but new strategies too].
AB  - With the numbers of cases rising worldwide and consistently high mortality,
      sepsis is one of the world's most significant health issues. The Jena Symposium
      was dedicated to the challenges in research and development, new approaches to
      treatment, internationally successful strategies, and a potentially successful
      new initiative for improving the quality of prophylaxis, early diagnosis, and
      therapy. The importance of intensifying efforts in the fight against sepsis is
      becoming increasingly recognized by health care policy. Knowledge of lay
      people/the public about sepsis is lacking and the standards of quality are in
      need of improvement. 

PMID- 27358074
TI  - Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling
      the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in
      plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene
      hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported
      to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a
      high amount of xanthophylls, especially beta,beta-xanthophylls. To date, however,
      the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and
      composition have not been elucidated. RESULTS: In the present study, the roles of
      four carotene hydroxylase genes (CitHYb, CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C) in
      the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic
      analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four
      distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non
      heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were
      heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression
      results showed that the expression of CitHYb increased in the flavedo and juice
      sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation
      of beta,beta-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of CitCYP97A and
      CitCYP97C increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of
      lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of
      CitCYP97B was much lower than that of CitHYb, CitCYP97A, and CitCYP97C in the
      juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the
      CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the beta-rings of beta-carotene
      and alpha-carotene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb
      was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, alpha-carotene was hydroxylated on the beta-ring
      and epsilon-ring sequentially to produce lutein. CONCLUSIONS: CitHYb was a key
      gene for beta,beta-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. CitCYP97C
      functioned as an epsilon-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as
      a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis
      in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and
      commercial qualities of citrus fruits.

PMID- 27358076
TI  - [Mortui vivos docent : The dead teach the living].
AB  - There are considerable similarities and intersections between forensic medicine
      and emergency medicine. This applies especially to frustraneously resuscitated
      patients or other lethal clinical courses of traumatized patients who are subject
      to latter forensic autopsy. Cooperation between departments of emergency and
      forensic medicine not only has emergency medical training potential, but also the
      possibility of retrospective evaluation of medical emergency measures - both in
      individual cases and with regard to epidemiological aspects. In particular, the
      widespread registration of autopsied pre-hospital trauma deaths that occurred
      despite on-scene resuscitation attempts is useful. The pre-hospital situation
      represents a hotspot, but also a blind spot in the overall trauma mortality. In
      recent clinical registers, preclinical deaths go mostly unrecorded, despite the
      undisputed benefits of clinical registers. 

PMID- 27358079
TI  - Erratum to: Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for polycystic kidney
      disease 2014.

PMID- 27358078
TI  - A national evaluation of a dissemination and implementation initiative to enhance
      primary care practice capacity and improve cardiovascular disease care: the
      ESCALATES study protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) launched the
      EvidenceNOW Initiative to rapidly disseminate and implement evidence-based
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventive care in smaller primary care practices.
      AHRQ funded eight grantees (seven regional Cooperatives and one independent
      national evaluation) to participate in EvidenceNOW. The national evaluation
      examines quality improvement efforts and outcomes for more than 1500 small
      primary care practices (restricted to those with fewer than ten physicians per
      clinic). Examples of external support include practice facilitation, expert
      consultation, performance feedback, and educational materials and activities.
      This paper describes the study protocol for the EvidenceNOW national evaluation,
      which is called Evaluating System Change to Advance Learning and Take Evidence to
      Scale (ESCALATES). METHODS: This prospective observational study will examine the
      portfolio of EvidenceNOW Cooperatives using both qualitative and quantitative
      data. Qualitative data include: online implementation diaries, observation and
      interviews at Cooperatives and practices, and systematic assessment of context
      from the perspective of Cooperative team members. Quantitative data include:
      practice-level performance on clinical quality measures (aspirin prescribing,
      blood pressure and cholesterol control, and smoking cessation; ABCS) collected by
      Cooperatives from electronic health records (EHRs); practice and practice member
      surveys to assess practice capacity and other organizational and structural
      characteristics; and systematic tracking of intervention delivery. Quantitative,
      qualitative, and mixed methods analyses will be conducted to examine how
      Cooperatives organize to provide external support to practices, to compare
      effectiveness of the dissemination and implementation approaches they implement,
      and to examine how regional variations and other organization and contextual
      factors influence implementation and effectiveness. DISCUSSION: ESCALATES is a
      national evaluation of an ambitious large-scale dissemination and implementation
      effort focused on transforming smaller primary care practices. Insights will help
      to inform the design of national health care practice extension systems aimed at
      supporting practice transformation efforts in the USA. CLINICAL TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: NCT02560428 (09/21/15).

PMID- 27358080
TI  - Computer-aided cephalometric landmark annotation for CBCT data.
AB  - PURPOSE: Nowadays, with the increased diffusion of Cone Beam Computerized
      Tomography (CBCT) scanners in dental and maxillo-facial practice, 3D
      cephalometric analysis is emerging. Maxillofacial surgeons and dentists make wide
      use of cephalometric analysis in diagnosis, surgery and treatment planning.
      Accuracy and repeatability of the manual approach, the most common approach in
      clinical practice, are limited by intra- and inter-subject variability in
      landmark identification. So, we propose a computer-aided landmark annotation
      approach that estimates the three-dimensional (3D) positions of 21 selected
      landmarks. METHODS: The procedure involves an adaptive cluster-based segmentation
      of bone tissues followed by an intensity-based registration of an annotated
      reference volume onto a patient Cone Beam CT (CBCT) head volume. The outcomes of
      the annotation process are presented to the clinician as a 3D surface of the
      patient skull with the estimate landmark displayed on it. Moreover, each landmark
      is centered into a spherical confidence region that can help the clinician in a
      subsequent manual refinement of the annotation. The algorithm was validated onto
      18 CBCT images. RESULTS: Automatic segmentation shows a high accuracy level with
      no significant difference between automatically and manually determined threshold
      values. The overall median value of the localization error was equal to 1.99 mm
      with an interquartile range (IQR) of 1.22-2.89 mm. CONCLUSION: The obtained
      results are promising, segmentation was proved to be very robust and the achieved
      accuracy level in landmark annotation was acceptable for most of landmarks and
      comparable with other available methods.

PMID- 27358082
TI  - Brexit threatens stability of medical science workforce, researchers have warned.

PMID- 27358081
TI  - Custom implant design for large cranial defects.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to introduce a computer-aided design (CAD) tool
      that enables the design of large skull defect (>100 [Formula: see text])
      implants. Functional and aesthetically correct custom implants are extremely
      important for patients with large cranial defects. For these cases, preoperative
      fabrication of implants is recommended to avoid problems of donor site morbidity,
      sufficiency of donor material and quality. Finally, crafting the correct shape is
      a non-trivial task increasingly complicated by defect size. METHODS: We present a
      CAD tool to design such implants for the neurocranium. A combination of geometric
      morphometrics and radial basis functions, namely thin-plate splines, allows
      semiautomatic implant generation. The method uses symmetry and the best fitting
      shape to estimate missing data directly within the radiologic volume data. In
      addition, this approach delivers correct implant fitting via a boundary fitting
      approach. RESULTS: This method generates a smooth implant surface, free of sharp
      edges that follows the main contours of the boundary, enabling accurate implant
      placement in the defect site intraoperatively. The present approach is evaluated
      and compared to existing methods. A mean error of 89.29 % (72.64-100 %) missing
      landmarks with an error less or equal to 1 mm was obtained. CONCLUSION: In
      conclusion, the results show that our CAD tool can generate patient-specific
      implants with high accuracy.

PMID- 27358083
TI  - Semiclassical Transition-State Theory Based on Fourth-Order Vibrational
      Perturbation Theory: The Symmetrical Eckart Barrier.
AB  - Semiclassical transition-state theory based on fourth-order vibrational
      perturbation theory (VPT4-SCTST) is applied to compute the barrier transmission
      coefficient for the symmetric Eckart potential. For a barrier parametrized to
      mimic the H2 + H exchange reaction, the results obtained are in excellent
      agreement with exact quantum calculations over a range of energy that extends
      down to roughly 1% of the barrier height, V0, where tunneling is negligible. The
      VPT2-SCTST treatment, which is commonly used in chemical kinetics studies, also
      performs quite well but already shows an error of a few percent at ca. 0.8 V0
      where tunneling is still important. This suggests that VPT4-SCTST could offer an
      improvement over VPT2-SCTST in applications studies. However, the computational
      effort for VPT4-SCTST treatments of molecules is excessive, and any improvement
      gained is unlikely to warrant the increased effort. Nevertheless, the treatment
      of the symmetric Eckart barrier problem here suggests a simple modification of
      the usual VPT2-SCTST protocol that warrants further investigation. 

PMID- 27358084
TI  - Usefulness of T2 star-weighted imaging in ovarian cysts and tumors.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hypointensity on
      T2 star-weighted imaging (T2*WI), which is useful for detecting hemosiderin, in
      endometriomas and other ovarian tumors. The efficacy of detecting adhesions
      around ovarian tumors was also investigated. METHODS: Pelvic magnetic resonance
      (MR) examinations, including T2*WI, were carried out. The inclusion criteria were
      female patients with ovarian surgical treatments. One hundred seventeen patients
      with a total of 147 lesions were enrolled. Two radiologists retrospectively
      evaluated MR imaging (MRI) to predict ovarian pathology and the presence of
      adhesions. T2*WI hypointensity of the inside and outside along ovarian
      cysts/tumors was utilized to predict pathological diagnoses and the presence of
      adhesions, respectively. The kappa scores were calculated to measure
      interobserver agreement on MRI findings. The MRI interpretations were compared
      with the results of pathological investigation and surgical observations.
      RESULTS: Hypointensity inside along the cyst walls on T2*WI was observed in 100
      out of 106 lesions of endometriomas (94.3%), and three out of 41 non-endometrial
      ovarian cysts/tumors (7.3%). Four different patterns of T2*WI were observed in
      ovarian cysts/tumors. The kappa score regarding T2*WI hypointensity inside along
      the cyst walls was 0.633. Using conventional routine pelvic MRI, the sensitivity
      for detecting adhesions around ovarian cysts was 84.5%. By adding T2*WI, the
      sensitivity improved to 91.4% (P < 0.01). With conventional methods to predict
      adhesions, the kappa score was 0.660. After adding T2*WI to the conventional
      methods, the kappa score was 0.767. CONCLUSION: Hypointensity on T2*WI was
      observed frequently in endometrioma. T2*WI also improved the sensitivity for
      detecting adhesions around ovarian cysts/tumors.

PMID- 27358085
TI  - Array of nanosheets render ultrafast and high-capacity Na-ion storage by tunable
      pseudocapacitance.
AB  - Sodium-ion batteries are a potentially low-cost and safe alternative to the
      prevailing lithium-ion battery technology. However, it is a great challenge to
      achieve fast charging and high power density for most sodium-ion electrodes
      because of the sluggish sodiation kinetics. Here we demonstrate a high-capacity
      and high-rate sodium-ion anode based on ultrathin layered tin(II) sulfide
      nanostructures, in which a maximized extrinsic pseudocapacitance contribution is
      identified and verified by kinetics analysis. The graphene foam supported tin(II)
      sulfide nanoarray anode delivers a high reversible capacity of ~1,100 mAh g(-1)
      at 30 mA g(-1) and ~420 mAh g(-1) at 30 A g(-1), which even outperforms its
      lithium-ion storage performance. The surface-dominated redox reaction rendered by
      our tailored ultrathin tin(II) sulfide nanostructures may also work in other
      layered materials for high-performance sodium-ion storage.

PMID- 27358086
TI  - Intravenous immunoglobulin in paediatric neurology: evaluating effective usage
      and outcomes.

PMID- 27358087
TI  - Tin-based composite anodes for potassium-ion batteries.
AB  - The electrochemical behaviour of a Sn-based anode in a potassium cell is reported
      for the first time. The material is active at low potentials vs. K/K(+), and
      encouraging capacities of around 150 mA h g(-1) are recorded. Experimental
      evidence shows that Sn is capable of alloying/de-alloying with potassium in a
      reversible manner. 

PMID- 27358088
TI  - Vascular Health Assessment of The Hypertensive Patients (VASOTENS) Registry:
      Study Protocol of an International, Web-Based Telemonitoring Registry for
      Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypertension guidelines recommend ambulatory blood pressure (ABP),
      central aortic pressure (CAP), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) as parameters for
      estimating blood pressure (BP) control and vascular impairment. Recent advances
      in technology have enabled devices to combine non-invasive estimation of these
      parameters over the 24-hour ABP monitoring. However, currently there is limited
      evidence on the usefulness of such an approach for routine hypertension
      management. OBJECTIVE: We recently launched an investigator-initiated,
      international, multicenter, observational, prospective study, the Vascular health
      Assessment Of The Hypertensive patients (VASOTENS) Registry, aimed at (1)
      evaluating non-invasive 24-hour ABP and arterial stiffness estimates (through 24
      hour pulse wave analysis, PWA) in hypertensive subjects undergoing ambulatory
      blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for clinical reasons; (2) assessing the changes
      in estimates following treatment; (3) weighing the impact of 24-hour PWA on
      target organ damage and cardiovascular prognosis; (4) assessing the relationship
      between arterial stiffness, BP absolute mean level and variability, and
      prognosis; and (5) validating the use of a 24-hour PWA electronic health (e
      health) solution for hypertension screening. METHODS: Approximately 2000
      subjects, referred to 20 hypertension clinics for routine diagnostic evaluation
      and follow-up of hypertension of any severity or stage, will be recruited. Data
      collection will include ABPM, performed with a device allowing simultaneous non
      invasive assessment of 24-hour CAP and arterial stiffness (BPLab), and clinical
      data (including cardiovascular outcomes). As recommended by current guidelines,
      each patient will be followed-up with visits occurring at regular intervals
      (ideally every 6 months, and not less than once a year depending on disease
      severity). A Web-based telemedicine platform (THOLOMEUS) will be used for data
      collection. The use of the telemedicine system will allow standardized and
      centralized data collection, data validation by experts and counseling to remote
      centers, setup and maintenance of the Registry, and prompt data analysis.
      RESULTS: First follow-up results are expected to be available in the next 2
      years. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the VASOTENS Registry will help define the
      normalcy thresholds for current and future indices derived from 24-hour PWA,
      according to outcome data, and will also provide supporting evidence for the
      inclusion of this type of evaluation in hypertension management. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02577835;
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02577835 (Archived by WebCite at
      http://www.Webcitation.org/6hzZBKY2Q).

PMID- 27358089
TI  - Effect of feed supplementation with live yeast on the intestinal transcriptome
      profile of weaning pigs orally challenged with Escherichia coli F4.
AB  - The ability of live yeasts to modulate pig intestinal cell signals in response to
      infection with Escherichia coli F4ac (ETEC) has not been studied in-depth. The
      aim of this trial was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I
      4407 (Sc), supplied at different times, on the transcriptome profile of the
      jejunal mucosa of pigs 24 h after infection with ETEC. In total, 20 piglets
      selected to be ETEC-susceptible were weaned at 24 days of age (day 0) and
      allotted by litter to one of following groups: control (CO), CO+colistin (AB),
      CO+5*1010 colony-forming unit (CFU) Sc/kg feed, from day 0 (PR) and CO+5*1010 CFU
      Sc/kg feed from day 7 (CM). On day 7, the pigs were orally challenged with ETEC
      and were slaughtered 24 h later after blood sampling for haptoglobin (Hp) and C
      reactive protein (CRP) determination. The jejunal mucosa was sampled (1) for
      morphometry; (2) for quantification of proliferation, apoptosis and zonula
      occludens (ZO-1); (3) to carry out the microarray analysis. A functional analysis
      was carried out using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. The normalized enrichment
      score (NES) was calculated for each gene set, and statistical significance was
      defined when the False Discovery Rate % was <25 and P-values of NES were <0.05.
      The blood concentration of CRP and Hp, and the score for ZO-1 integrity on the
      jejunal villi did not differ between groups. The intestinal crypts were deeper in
      the AB (P=0.05) and the yeast groups (P<0.05) than in the CO group. Antibiotic
      treatment increased the number of mitotic cells in intestinal villi as compared
      with the control group (P<0.05). The PR group tended to increase the mitotic
      cells in villi and crypts and tended to reduce the cells in apoptosis as compared
      with the CM group. The transcriptome profiles of the AB and PR groups were
      similar. In both groups, the gene sets involved in mitosis and in mitochondria
      development ranked the highest, whereas in the CO group, the gene sets related to
      cell junction and anion channels were affected. In the CM group, the gene sets
      linked to the metabolic process, and transcription ranked the highest; a gene set
      linked with a negative effect on growth was also affected. In conclusion, the
      constant supplementation in the feed with the strain of yeast tested was
      effective in counteracting the detrimental effect of ETEC infection in
      susceptible pigs limits the early activation of the gene sets related to the
      impairment of the jejunal mucosa.

PMID- 27358090
TI  - Workforce Interventions to Deliver Postnatal Care to Improve Neonatal Outcomes in
      Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Synthesis.
AB  - Reducing neonatal mortality rates in low- and lower-middle-income countries
      (LMICs) requires postnatal interventions to be delivered through an appropriately
      prepared and supported workforce. This review examines health workforce
      interventions that deliver integrated packages of postnatal care to improve
      neonatal outcomes in LMICs. We conducted a structured search of peer-reviewed
      articles published during 2003-2014 that investigated the delivery of postnatal
      interventions by formal and lay health workers. We selected 13 studies and
      analyzed them using a narrative synthesis methodology. This review observed a
      wide divergence among studies regarding the outcomes as well as the approaches
      and duration of workforce training and staff supervision. Except 4, all studies
      observed a significant reduction in neonatal mortality. On the other hand, teams
      of lay health workers appear to be more effective in improving neonatal outcomes.
      Further improvement in the performance of health care providers may require
      emphasis on workforce interventions such as competency assessment, the
      acquisition of appropriate skills, and supervisory guidelines. Nevertheless, the
      heterogeneity and limited number of studies do not allow us to arrive at
      definitive conclusions, and we recommend the need for the harmonization of future
      studies, with uniformity of outcome measures and cost analyses.

PMID- 27358092
TI  - Coexistent digital gouty and infective flexor tenosynovitis.
AB  - Flexor tenosynovitis of the hand is often caused by trauma or infection. Gouty
      tenosynovitis is an uncommon presentation of the condition and is usually
      misdiagnosed as infection with the patient undergoing surgery. The coexistence of
      infection and gout causing flexor tenosynovitis has never been described before
      in the literature; we report the first ever case and emphasise the importance of
      its awareness for optimal treatment. A 54-year-old man was initially diagnosed
      and treated as having infective flexor tenosynovitis and, later, due to a lack of
      improvement in his symptoms, was discovered to also have gout. We review the
      literature and suggest management strategy for use in daily clinical practice,
      including an algorithm, for this presentation. 

PMID- 27358091
TI  - Cocooned by complications: fetal survival through placental adherence.
AB  - We report a case of a 31-year-old woman with 2 previous caesarean deliveries who
      presented a diagnostic dilemma. She underwent caesarean section where she was
      found to have a uterine scar dehiscence with an adherent placenta and required a
      hysterectomy. While individually representing high risk to the mother and/or
      fetus, the combination in this case protected the fetus. 

PMID- 27358093
TI  - Necrotic lesions of the caecum: a rare cause of right iliac fossa pain.

PMID- 27358094
TI  - Painful knees and hearing-loss: a rare presentation of meningococcal disease.
AB  - A 49-year-old woman with a medical history of rheumatoid arthritis presented to
      the emergency room, with high fever and painful knees. In addition, she had had a
      mild headache for several days and some hearing loss over several months. We saw
      an ill patient with arthritis of both knees, from which purulent fluid was
      aspirated. Antibiotics were started for septic arthritis of both knees and her
      condition improved rapidly. However, the headache persisted and the hearing loss
      worsened. At the time, meningitis was suspected. Initial knee aspiration culture
      was positive for Neisseria meningitidis PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid sample
      also was positive for N. meningitidis The patient was finally diagnosed with
      bilateral septic gonarthritis secondary to a bacterial meningitis caused by N.
      meningitidis.

PMID- 27358095
TI  - Assessment of PTEN-associated vascular malformations in a patient with Bannayan
      Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome.
AB  - Misdiagnosis of phosphatase and tensin homologue hamartoma syndromes is common.
      Correct diagnosis has a relevant impact on patients, as the risk of malignancies
      is high and treatment options are limited. We report the case of a 24-year-old
      man who presented with symptomatic vascular intramuscular lesions of the left
      forearm and right calf, macrocephaly, post Hashimoto thyroiditis, a multicystic
      intracranial paratrigonal lesion, lentiginous hyperpigmented maculae on the
      foreskin and multiple skin lesions. MRI showed extended fibrofatty changes and
      malformed vessels in the forearm and calf lesions, also, arteriovenous shunting
      was present in these lesions. The patient had been treated by embolisation and
      surgically in the past, with limited results. A multidisciplinary assessment and
      genetic counselling were undertaken and a surveillance programme was initiated.
      Treatment options of the symptomatic vascular lesions include excision or
      possibly cryoablation. Physiotherapy to prevent progression of the contractures
      should be initiated meanwhile. 

PMID- 27358096
TI  - Thermal dysregulation in Prader-Willi syndrome: a potentially fatal complication
      in adolescence, not just in infancy.
AB  - A 13-year-old boy with a background of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) was admitted
      to the regional paediatric intensive care unit, with community-acquired
      pneumonia. Despite a week of intravenous antibiotics, resolution of inflammatory
      markers and resolving consolidation on radiograph, he remained feverish. Fever of
      unknown origin investigations were negative and he was diagnosed with central
      thermal dysregulation secondary to hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS. Following a
      hyperpyrexia period, secondary rhabdomyolysis and renal failure developed. This
      was successfully managed with active cooling, ventilation and haemofiltration.
      After weaning from haemofiltration, the patient was successfully extubated to non
      invasive respiratory support. 

PMID- 27358097
TI  - Incidental diagnosis of an H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula.
AB  - A 6-day-old term neonate who was intubated on day 1 of life for apnoeic episodes,
      was transferred to the regional paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) for
      specialist opinion following 3 failed extubations in the neonatal unit.
      Escherichia coli congenital pneumonia was diagnosed and the child discharged to
      the local hospital. Chest radiographs and inflammatory markers were in keeping
      with infection. However, ongoing difficulties with secretions necessitated
      readmission to the PICU, following a significant cyanotic episode associated with
      coughing. On arrival at the PICU, a large leak around the endotracheal tube (ETT)
      was noted. On direct laryngoscopy, the ETT was found correctly positioned,
      through the cords, but air was noted to be coming back from the oesophagus.
      Advancing the ETT towards the carina terminated the leak and raised the suspicion
      of a tracheo-oesophageal fistula. An H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula was
      confirmed on bronchoscopy. An uneventful fistula repair was performed and the
      baby discharged from the PICU on day 23 of life. 

PMID- 27358098
TI  - Difficult diagnosis: strangulated obturator hernia in an 88-year-old woman.
AB  - The obturator hernia is a rare type of hernia that can present a diagnostic
      challenge for the clinician. We report a case of an 88-year-old woman who
      presented with a history of right iliac fossa pain, bilious vomiting and
      diarrhoea. Non-specific findings on examination and blood tests made the
      diagnosis difficult, however, a CT scan of her abdomen revealed the site of the
      obstruction and the patient was taken to theatre for emergency surgery. We review
      the literature with focus on the diagnosis of obturator hernias and the different
      surgical approaches used. The authors believe that this case is of educational
      value to healthcare professionals, particularly those working in general
      practice, emergency departments and on surgical teams. It highlights to doctors
      that patients with incarcerated obturator hernias can present with or without
      overt signs of intestinal obstruction and emphasises the fact that an obturator
      hernia can be an important cause of intestinal obstruction in a thin, elderly
      woman. 

PMID- 27358099
TI  - Acute ST elevation myocardial infarction in fulminant systemic p-ANCA vasculitis:
      a rare catastrophic complication.
AB  - A 45-year-old Caucasian man presented to the hospital with a 3-month history of
      fatigue, bilateral upper and lower limb paresthesias and gradually worsening
      ascending paralysis. A few weeks later, he developed acute renal failure
      requiring haemodialysis. Investigations revealed presence of myeloperoxidase
      (MPO) perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Renal biopsy was
      conclusive for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with crescents. Treatment
      for ANCA positive vasculitis was initiated with pulsed steroids, cyclophosphamide
      and plasmapheresis. The hospital course took an unexpected turn when the patient
      developed acute chest pain with an EKG consistent with inferior ST elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI). Urgent left heart catheterisation revealed distal
      occlusions in multivessel coronary distribution. Coronary involvement is rare in
      ANCA vasculitis and STEMI has not been reported in MPO-ANCA positive vasculitis,
      to the best of our knowledge. 

PMID- 27358100
TI  - Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum with subcutaneous emphysema.

PMID- 27358101
TI  - Elderly man with a pulmonary mass and osteolytic lesions: is it primary pulmonary
      plasmacytoma or multiple myeloma with an extramedullary pulmonary nodule?

PMID- 27358102
TI  - Maxillofacial fibrous dysplasia: a diagnostic challenge.
AB  - A 30-year-old woman presented for orthodontic treatment, with a chief symptom of
      a 'shifting bite' and concurrent facial asymmetry with aesthetic concerns. The
      patient had previously received treatment from several general dentists and
      several specialists, without accurate diagnosis. Radiological investigation
      coupled with biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia. Proper diagnosis
      led to changes in the treatment plan and gave the patient realistic expectations
      about the options she had for the outcome of treatment. Prompt diagnosis by
      dental practitioners is critical to patient satisfaction and successful outcome;
      therefore, it is important to familiarise ourselves with the signs, symptoms and
      proper course of management of fibrous dysplasia. 

PMID- 27358104
TI  - Probit vs. semi-nonparametric estimation: examining the role of disability on
      institutional entry for older adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to showcase an advanced methodological
      approach to model disability and institutional entry. Both of these are important
      areas to investigate given the on-going aging of the United States population. By
      2020, approximately 15% of the population will be 65 years and older. Many of
      these older adults will experience disability and require formal care. METHODS: A
      probit analysis was employed to determine which disabilities were associated with
      admission into an institution (i.e. long-term care). Since this framework imposes
      strong distributional assumptions, misspecification leads to inconsistent
      estimators. To overcome such a short-coming, this analysis extended the probit
      framework by employing an advanced semi-nonparamertic maximum likelihood
      estimation utilizing Hermite polynomial expansions. RESULTS: Specification tests
      show semi-nonparametric estimation is preferred over probit. In terms of the
      estimates, semi-nonparametric ratios equal 42 for cognitive difficulty, 64 for
      independent living, and 111 for self-care disability while probit yields much
      smaller estimates of 19, 30, and 44, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Public health
      professionals can use these results to better understand why certain
      interventions have not shown promise. Equally important, healthcare workers can
      use this research to evaluate which type of treatment plans may delay
      institutionalization and improve the quality of life for older adults.
      Implications for rehabilitation With on-going global aging, understanding the
      association between disability and institutional entry is important in devising
      successful rehabilitation interventions. Semi-nonparametric is preferred to
      probit and shows ambulatory and cognitive impairments present high risk for
      institutional entry (long-term care). Informal caregiving and home-based care
      require further examination as forms of rehabilitation/therapy for certain types
      of disabilities.

PMID- 27358103
TI  - Multiple brown tumours from parathyroid carcinoma.
AB  - We report a case of a 29-year-old woman who suffered from severe bilateral
      inguinal pain and left mandibular mass. CT scan showed innumerable expansile
      osteolytic bone masses on the iliac wings, femur, ribs and vertebral bodies,
      diffuse skeletal osteopaenia, calyceal lithiasis on the right kidney and a left
      thyroid mass. Ionised calcium and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) were elevated.
      Parathyroid sestamibi scan showed a hyperfunctioning left inferior parathyroid
      gland. Biopsy of the left mandibular mass was consistent with brown tumour. The
      patient underwent parathyroidectomy of the enlarged parathyroid gland. Final
      histopathology, however, revealed parathyroid carcinoma, 4.7 cm in widest
      dimension, with capsular and vascular space invasion. The patient underwent
      repeat surgery, specifically, left thyroid lobectomy, isthmectomy and central
      node dissection. Intact PTH decreased from 681.3 to 74 pg/mL (normal range: 10
      65) 24 hours postoperatively. Follow-up at 6 months showed normal serum calcium
      levels, size reduction of bone lesions and improvement of quality of life. 

PMID- 27358105
TI  - Papular mucinosis with monotypic plasma cells in a child.

PMID- 27358106
TI  - Solid lipid nanoparticles carrying lipophilic derivatives of doxorubicin:
      preparation, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies.
AB  - Doxorubicin (DOXO) lauroyl ester and amide were proposed as lipophilic
      derivatives and entrapped in SLNs. DOXO derivatives-loaded SLNs were spherical
      shaped, had 200-300 nm mean diameters and showed 80-94% w/w drug entrapment
      efficiencies. The effect of DOXO derivatives-loaded SLNs and free DOXO on cell
      growth was examined by MTT and colony-forming assays on four different tumour
      cell lines: a pancreatic, CFPAC-1, a lung, A549, and two ovarian, A2780 and
      A2780res (DOXO-resistant). The results obtained with MTT and colony-forming assay
      show that although DOXO displayed an inhibition of cell proliferation greater or
      similar to DOXO lauroyl amide-loaded SLNs on all cell types, the effect induced
      by DOXO lauroyl ester-loaded SLNs was higher and concentration-dependent, and it
      was the only one maintained at 10(-5 )mM concentration. Only DOXO lauroyl ester
      loaded SLNs were able to induce a 40% inhibitory effect on A2780 res cell line up
      to 10(-4 )mM concentration. 

PMID- 27358107
TI  - Guillain-Barre syndrome following acute co-super-infection of hepatitis E virus
      and cytomegalovirus in a chronic hepatitis B virus carrier.
AB  - Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rare neurological complication of hepatitis B.
      GBS presence in acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
      is also sporadically reported. Here, a rare case of GBS in a chronic Hepatitis B
      virus carrier co-infected with HEV and CMV was reported. Based on the analysis on
      the progress of the manifestations and virus serological detection results, it
      could be concluded that GBS might mostly likely result from super-infection of
      HEV and CMV. This case report is clinically important in that it provides a good
      example of differential diagnosis and appropriate treatment on such a rare but
      life-threatening case. J. Med. Virol. 89:368-372, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27358108
TI  - A Structure-free Method for Quantifying Conformational Flexibility in proteins.
AB  - All proteins sample a range of conformations at physiologic temperatures and this
      inherent flexibility enables them to carry out their prescribed functions. A
      comprehensive understanding of protein function therefore entails a
      characterization of protein flexibility. Here we describe a novel approach for
      quantifying a protein's flexibility in solution using small-angle X-ray
      scattering (SAXS) data. The method calculates an effective entropy that
      quantifies the diversity of radii of gyration that a protein can adopt in
      solution and does not require the explicit generation of structural ensembles to
      garner insights into protein flexibility. Application of this structure-free
      approach to over 200 experimental datasets demonstrates that the methodology can
      quantify a protein's disorder as well as the effects of ligand binding on protein
      flexibility. Such quantitative descriptions of protein flexibility form the basis
      of a rigorous taxonomy for the description and classification of protein
      structure.

PMID- 27358109
TI  - Whose voices? Patient and public involvement in clinical commissioning.
AB  - AIM: This paper aims to explore patient and public representation in a NHS
      clinical commissioning group and how this is experienced by staff and lay members
      involved. BACKGROUND: Patient and public involvement is believed to foster
      greater public representativeness in the development and delivery of health care
      services. However, there is widespread debate about what representation is or
      what it should be. Questions arise about the different constructions of
      representation and the representativeness of patients and the public in decision
      making structures and processes. DESIGN: Ethnographic, two-phase study involving
      twenty-four observations across two types of clinical commissioning group
      meetings with patient and public involvement, fourteen follow-up interviews with
      NHS staff and lay members, and a focus group with five lay members. RESULTS:
      Perceptions of what constitutes legitimate representativeness varied between
      respondents, ranging from representing an individual patient experience to
      reaching large numbers of people. Consistent with previous studies, there was a
      lack of clarity about the role of lay members in the work of the clinical
      commissioning group. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike previous studies, it was lay members,
      not staff, who raised concerns about their representativeness and legitimacy.
      Although the clinical commissioning group provides resources to support patient
      and public involvement, there continues to be a lack of clarity about roles and
      scope for impact. Lay members are still some way from constituting a powerful
      voice at the table.

PMID- 27358110
TI  - HDAC6 Deacetylates HMGN2 to Regulate Stat5a Activity and Breast Cancer Growth.
AB  - : Stat5a is a transcription factor utilized by several cytokine/hormone receptor
      signaling pathways that promotes transcription of genes associated with
      proliferation, differentiation, and survival of cancer cells. However, there are
      currently no clinically approved therapies that directly target Stat5a, despite
      ample evidence that it contributes to breast cancer pathogenesis. Here,
      deacetylation of the Stat5a coactivator and chromatin-remodeling protein HMGN2 on
      lysine residue K2 by HDAC6 promotes Stat5a-mediated transcription and breast
      cancer growth. HDAC6 inhibition both in vitro and in vivo enhances HMGN2
      acetylation with a concomitant reduction in Stat5a-mediated signaling, resulting
      in an inhibition of breast cancer growth. Furthermore, HMGN2 is highly acetylated
      at K2 in normal human breast tissue, but is deacetylated in primary breast tumors
      and lymph node metastases, suggesting that targeting HMGN2 deacetylation is a
      viable treatment for breast cancer. Together, these results reveal a novel
      mechanism by which HDAC6 activity promotes the transcription of Stat5a target
      genes and demonstrate utility of HDAC6 inhibition for breast cancer therapy.
      IMPLICATIONS: HMGN2 deacetylation enhances Stat5a transcriptional activity,
      thereby regulating prolactin-induced gene transcription and breast cancer growth.
      Mol Cancer Res; 14(10); 994-1008. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358111
TI  - Augmented HR Repair Mediates Acquired Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma.
AB  - : Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in
      adults and is universally fatal. The DNA alkylating agent temozolomide is part of
      the standard-of-care for GBM. However, these tumors eventually develop therapy
      driven resistance and inevitably recur. While loss of mismatch repair (MMR) and
      re-expression of MGMT have been shown to underlie chemoresistance in a fraction
      of GBMs, resistance mechanisms operating in the remaining GBMs are not well
      understood. To better understand the molecular basis for therapy-driven
      temozolomide resistance, mice bearing orthotopic GBM xenografts were subjected to
      protracted temozolomide treatment, and cell lines were generated from the primary
      (untreated) and recurrent (temozolomide-treated) tumors. As expected, the cells
      derived from primary tumors were sensitive to temozolomide, whereas the cells
      from the recurrent tumors were significantly resistant to the drug. Importantly,
      the acquired resistance to temozolomide in the recurrent lines was not driven by
      re-expression of MGMT or loss of MMR but was due to accelerated repair of
      temozolomide-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Temozolomide induces DNA
      replication-associated DSBs that are primarily repaired by the homologous
      recombination (HR) pathway. Augmented HR appears to underpin temozolomide
      resistance in the recurrent lines, as these cells were cross-resistant to other
      agents that induced replication-associated DSBs, exhibited faster resolution of
      damage-induced Rad51 foci, and displayed higher levels of sister chromatid
      exchanges (SCE). Furthermore, in light of recent studies demonstrating that CDK1
      and CDK2 promote HR, it was found that CDK1/2 inhibitors countered the heightened
      HR in recurrent tumors and sensitized these therapy-resistant tumor cells to
      temozolomide. IMPLICATIONS: Augmented HR repair is a novel mechanism underlying
      acquired temozolomide resistance in GBM, and this raises the possibility of
      improving the therapeutic response to temozolomide by targeting HR with small
      molecule inhibitors of CDK1/2. Mol Cancer Res; 14(10); 928-40. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358112
TI  - Bone Marrow Microenvironment Niche Regulates miR-221/222 in Acute Lymphoblastic
      Leukemia.
AB  - : Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has many features in common with normal B
      cell progenitors, including their ability to respond to diverse signals from the
      bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) resulting in regulation of cell-cycle
      progression and survival. Bone marrow-derived cues influence many elements of
      both steady state hematopoiesis and hematopoietic tumor cell phenotypes through
      modulation of gene expression. miRNAs are one regulatory class of small noncoding
      RNAs that have been shown to be increasingly important in diverse settings of
      malignancy. In the current study, miRNA profiles were globally altered in ALL
      cells following exposure to primary human bone marrow niche cells, including bone
      marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and primary human osteoblasts (HOB). Specifically,
      mature miR-221 and miR-222 transcripts were decreased in ALL cells cocultured
      with BMSC or HOB, coincident with increased p27 (CDKN1B), a previously validated
      target. Increased p27 protein in ALL cells exposed to BMSC or HOB is consistent
      with accumulation of tumor cells in the G0 phase of the cell cycle and resistance
      to chemotherapy-induced death. Overexpression of miR-221 in ALL cells during BMSC
      or HOB coculture prompted cell-cycle progression and sensitization of ALL cells
      to cytotoxic agents, blunting the protective influence of the BMM. These novel
      observations indicate that BMM regulation of miR-221/222 contributes to marrow
      niche-supported tumor cell quiescence and survival of residual cells.
      IMPLICATIONS: Niche-influenced miR-221/222 may define a novel therapeutic target
      in ALL to be combined with existing cytotoxic agents to more effectively
      eradicate refractory disease that contributes to relapse. Mol Cancer Res; 14(10);
      909-19. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358113
TI  - Co-precipitation of DEAE-dextran coated SPIONs: how synthesis conditions affect
      particle properties, stem cell labelling and MR contrast.
AB  - Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are widely used as contrast
      agents for stem cell tracking using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The total
      mass of iron oxide that can be internalised into cells without altering their
      viability or phenotype is an important criterion for the generation of contrast,
      with SPIONs designed for efficient labelling of stem cells allowing for an
      increased sensitivity of detection. Although changes in the ratio of polymer and
      iron salts in co-precipitation reactions are known to affect the physicochemical
      properties of SPIONs, particularly core size, the effects of these synthesis
      conditions on stem cell labelling and magnetic resonance (MR) contrast have not
      been established. Here, we synthesised a series of cationic SPIONs with very
      similar hydrodynamic diameters and surface charges, but different polymer
      content. We have investigated how the amount of polymer in the co-precipitation
      reaction affects core size and modulates not only the magnetic properties of the
      SPIONs but also their uptake into stem cells. SPIONs with the largest core size
      and lowest polymer content presented the highest magnetisation and relaxivity.
      These particles also had the greatest uptake efficiency without any deleterious
      effect on either the viability or function of the stem cells. However, for all
      particles internalised in cells, the T2 and T2* relaxivity was independent of the
      SPION's core size. Our results indicate that the relative mass of iron taken up
      by cells is the major determinant of MR contrast generation and suggest that the
      extent of SPION uptake can be regulated by the amount of polymer used in co
      precipitation reactions. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27358114
TI  - Worldwide burden of gastric cancer in 2010 attributable to high sodium intake in
      1990 and predicted attributable burden for 2030 based on exposures in 2010.
AB  - Assessing the impact that patterns of Na intake may have on gastric cancer will
      provide a more comprehensive estimation of Na reduction as a primary prevention
      approach. We aimed to estimate the proportion of gastric cancer cases that are
      attributable to Na intake above the recommendation by the WHO (<=2 g/d)
      throughout the world in 2010, as well as expected values for 2030. Population
      attributable fractions (PAF) were computed for 187 countries, using Na intakes in
      1990 and 2010 and estimates of the association between Na intake and gastric
      cancer, assuming a time lag of 20 years. Median PAF ranged from 10.1% in low to
      22.5 % in very high Human Development Index (HDI) countries in men (P<0.001) and
      from 7.2 to 16.6 %, respectively, among women (P<0.001). An increase in median
      PAF until 2030 is expected in most settings, except for countries classified as
      low HDI, in both sexes. High Na intakes account for a large proportion of gastric
      cancer cases, and proportions are expected to increase in almost all of the
      countries. Intensified efforts to diminish Na intake in virtually all populations
      are needed to further reduce gastric cancer burden.

PMID- 27358115
TI  - A Lamellar Hybrid Assembled from Metal Disulfide Nanowall Arrays Anchored on a
      Carbon Layer: In Situ Hybridization and Improved Sodium Storage.
AB  - A lamellar hybrid assembled from metal disulfide (MoS2 , WS2 ) nanowall arrays
      anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon layers is developed via an in situ
      hybridization strategy through a synergistic pyrolysis reaction of thiourea and
      oxometalates. Such a hybrid provides adequate electrical and chemical coupling
      between the active materials and the carbon substrate, thus realizing a high
      efficiency electron-conduction/ion-transportation system and exhibiting excellent
      sodium-storage properties. 

PMID- 27358116
TI  - An overview of the history, applications, advantages, disadvantages and prospects
      of gene therapy.
AB  - Gene therapy has become a significant issue in science-related news. The
      principal concept of gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to
      treat or prevent disease. Although gene therapy was originally conceived as a way
      to treat life-threatening disorders (inborn defects, cancers) refractory to
      conventional treatment, it is now considered for many non?life-threatening
      conditions, such as those adversely impacting a patient?s quality of life. An
      extensive range of efficacious vectors, delivery techniques, and approaches for
      developing gene-based interventions for diseases have evolved in the last decade.
      The lack of suitable treatment has become a rational basis for extending the
      scope of gene therapy. The aim of this review is to investigate the general
      methods by which genes are transferred and to give an overview to clinical
      applications. Maximizing the potential benefits of gene therapy requires
      efficient and sustained therapeutic gene expression in target cells, low
      toxicity, and a high safety profile. Gene therapy has made substantial progress
      albeit much slower than was initially predicted. This review also describes the
      basic science associated with many gene therapy vectors and the present progress
      of gene therapy carried out for various surface disorders and diseases. The
      conclusion is that, with increased pathobiological understanding and
      biotechnological improvements, gene therapy will become a standard part of
      clinical practice. 

PMID- 27358117
TI  - Extracorporeal shockwaves as regenerative therapy in orthopedic traumatology: a
      narrative review from basic research to clinical practice.
AB  - Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT), after its first medical application in
      the urological field for lithotripsy, nowadays represents a valid therapeutical
      tool also for many musculoskeletal diseases, as well as for regenerative medicine
      applications. This is possible thanks to its mechanisms of action, which in the
      non-urological field are not related to mechanical disruption (as for renal
      stones), but rather to the capacity, by mechanotransduction, to induce
      neoangiogenesis, osteogenesis and to improve local tissue trophism, regeneration
      and remodeling, through stem cell stimulation. On the basis of these biological
      assumptions, it becomes clear that ESWT can represent a valid therapeutic tool
      also for all those pathological conditions that derive from musculoskeletal
      trauma, and are characterized by tissue loss and/or delayed healing and
      regeneration (mainly bone and skin, but not only). As a safe, repeatable and
      non?invasive therapy, in many cases it can represent a first?line therapeutic
      option, as an alternative to surgery (for example, in bone and skin healing
      disorders), or in combination with some other treatment options. It is hoped that
      with its use in daily practice also the muscle?skeletal field will grow, not only
      for standard indications, but also in post?traumatic sequelae, in order to
      improve recovery and shorten healing time, with undoubted advantages for the
      patients and lower health service expenses. 

PMID- 27358118
TI  - Headache, migraine and obesity: an overview on plausible links.
AB  - Headache can represent different disorders with different etiologies; including
      cardiac, cerebral, vascular, psychiatric, metabolic, neurologic diseases. Recent
      studies have highlighted that obesity is significantly associated with headache
      and disability in adults. This rule also applies to children. This review focuses
      on literature data studying any eventual relationship between headache, migraine
      and obesity [shown in Body Mass Index (BMI)] in children. Research data have
      highlighted that there is a relationship between headache physiopathology and
      central and peripheral mechanisms responsible for food assumption. In this
      regard, neurotransmitters such as serotonin, and peptides such as orexin and
      adipocytokines (adiponectin and leptin) seem to play a key role both in food
      assumption and in headache pathogenesis. These data further emphasize the
      potential association between headache and BMI. Therefore, those therapeutic
      strategies aiming to decrease BMI may represent a model of useful treatment to
      understand whether weight loss reduces the incidence and the severity of headache
      in obese children. In conclusion, considering the effects of obesity and weight
      loss on the natural history of headache, important changes are expected in
      therapeutic management of paediatric headaches. 

PMID- 27358119
TI  - Endocrinology of the skin: intradermal neuroimmune network, a new frontier.
AB  - Endocrinology systems exert an important effect on vascular function and have
      direct actions on blood vessels. Estrogens provoke an increase in skin
      elasticity, epidermal hydration, skin thickness, reduce skin wrinkles and augment
      the content of collagen and the level of vascularisation. Therefore, there is an
      intricate cross-talk between skin conditions and stress. In stress, beta2-
      adrenoreceptor (beta2AR) pathway, cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine
      increase DNA damage and interfere with the regulation of the cell cycle,
      contributing to aging and skin diseases. Substance P is a neuropeptide released
      in the skin from the peripheral nerve and is related to stress and inflammation.
      SP provokes infiltration of inflammatory cells in the skin and induces a variety
      of cytokines/chemokines. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), produced by mast
      cells, is a neuropeptide also expressed in skin and responds to stress. CRH
      initiates diverse intracellular signaling pathways, including cAMP, protein
      kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Under stress, CRH,
      glucocorticoids, epinephrine and cytokines are generated. Moreover, the release
      of ACTH binds the receptor MC2-R and stimulates the generation of glucocorticoids
      such as corticosterone and cortisol, which interact with the transcription
      factors AP-1 and NF-kB. In skin keratinocytes, ACTH promotes the generation of
      pro-inflammatory cytokines, which enhances T-cell activity. Cortisol is
      immunosuppressive by inhibiting Th1 and Th2 cell response, antigen presentation,
      antibody and cytokine/chemokine production. However, glucocorticoids are
      certainly helpful in Th1-mediated autoimmune disorders. On the other hand,
      cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1 and IL-6, stimulate the generation of CRH and
      activate HPA axis in inflammatory states. Here, we describe for the first time a
      cross-talk between endocrinology and skin, including pro-inflammatory cytokines
      and neurogenic inflammatory pathways. 

PMID- 27358120
TI  - Regulatory effect of miRNA on multi-directional differentiation ability of
      mesenchymal stem cell in treatment of osteoporosis.
AB  - This study was designed to evaluate the effect of miRNA acting in regulating
      multi-directional differentiation ability of mesenchymal stem cell in treatment
      of osteoporosis (OP), with the aim of finding a new idea and approach for
      clinical treatment of OP. Estrogen deficiency-induced OP mice model was
      established by means of ovariectomy (OVX). Additionally, a sham group was set up
      for control. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMMSCs) of OVX group (O/BMMSCs)
      and BMMSCs of sham group (S/BMMSCs) were separately cultured. Then surface
      markers of BMMSCs were detected. Multi-directional differentiation ability was
      identified in the two groups by giving cells targeted induced stimulation. It was
      found that the bone trabecula, bone density and bone volume fraction of distal
      femoral metaphysis in the OVX group were much lower than those of the sham group.
      Moreover, trabecular bone space in the OVX group became larger; O/BMMSCs and
      S/BMMSCs both had normal expression of surface markers as well as potentials of
      osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation; O/BMMSCs had a weaker osteogenic
      capability but a stronger adipogenic capability than S/BMMSCs. All the findings
      suggest that the regulatory effect of miRNA on multi-directional differentiation
      ability plays a vital role in the treatment of OP, and there is a close
      correlation between them; deficiency or functional defect of BMMSCs can result in
      the occurrence of OP. 

PMID- 27358121
TI  - Targeting leukemic side population cells by isatin derivatives of nicotinic acid
      amide.
AB  - Side population (SP) cells mediate chemoresistance in leukemia. However, chemical
      inhibition approach to target SP cells has been poorly studied. Herein, we report
      the discovery of isatin derivatives of nicotinic acid amide as potent side
      population cell inhibitors. The selected derivatives showed superior potency over
      the reference drug verapamil. Furthermore, the treatment increased
      chemosensitivity and inhibited the cell proliferation on three different leukemic
      cell lines, K562, THP-1 and U937, suggesting that both SP and the bulk of
      leukemic cells are affected. Moreover, treatment with the most potent compound
      Nic9 reduced the expression of ABCG2, demonstrating that side population
      inhibition effect of the target derivatives is at least via ABCG2 inhibition.
      Importantly, the target derivatives induced erythrocyte/dendritic differentiation
      to leukemic cells mainly through Musashi/Numb pathway modulation. 

PMID- 27358122
TI  - Invasion and metastasis ability of renal cancer cell strains 786-0: under the
      influence of miR-141.
AB  - This study aimed to explore the invasion and metastasis ability of miR-141 in 786
      0 renal cancer tissue cells, as well as identify the key function of endogenous
      miR-141 in adjustment and control of malignant activities of renal cancer. The
      renal cancer cell strain with overexpression of miR-141 and its control renal
      cancer cell line were constructed; methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was
      adopted to measure proliferation of renal cancer cells; Transwell assay was
      performed to measure the invasion and metastasis ability of cells; MTT assay and
      fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) were used for measurement of cell
      apoptosis and drug susceptibility. Results indicated that the expression of miR
      141 in 786-0 cells could be significantly increased 400-fold by slow viruses that
      contained miR-141; moreover, c omprehensive functions showed that miR-141
      inhibited the invasion and metastasis ability of renal cancer cells to a great
      extent (p less than 0.001), partially inhibited cell growth (p less than 0.05)
      and also induced cell cycle to be arrested in G0/G1 as well as reducing the
      number of cells in S phase (DNA replicative phase). Moreover, miR-141 could not
      induce morphologic changes of renal cancer cells, had no direct stimulating
      effect on cell apoptosis and could not improve the drug susceptibility of renal
      cancer cells to drugs such as cis-Dichlorodiamineplatinum (DDP), 5-fluorouracil
      (5-FU) and tumor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In conclusion, miR
      141 can be considered an important cancer suppressor gene of renal cancer by
      inhibiting proliferation and metastasis of renal cancer cells. 

PMID- 27358123
TI  - Co-suppression of vitamin C composite nano-drug carrier and its drug delivery to
      nidus in tumor cells.
AB  - This study aimed to discuss the co-suppression of vitamin C-contained composite
      nano-drug carrier and its drug delivery to nidus in tumor cells. Amphiphilic
      polymers PLA-block-PAAA and block polymer PLA-PEG4000-Maleimide, PLA-block-PAAA
      and PLA-PEG4000-Maleimide composite nano-micelles were prepared, and, PLA-block
      PAAA polymer-coated Nile red nano-micelle, PLA-block-PAA and PLA-PEG4000
      Maleimide composite nano-micelles as well as paclitaxel-carrying composite nano
      micelle in different molar ratios were given stability tests. Lastly, PLA-block
      PAAA and PLA-PEG4000-Maleimide composite nano-micelle cancer cells and paclitaxel
      carrying composite nano-micelle cancer cells were given toxicity tests. Stability
      tests showed that self stability of PLA-block-PAAA (63/8) nano-micelle was not
      sufficient; the stability was good when the molar ratio of PLA-block-PAAA and PLA
      PEG4000-Maleimide composite nano-micelle was 3:1; paclitaxel-carrying composite
      nano-micelle had good stability within 48 hours; PAAA segment had an inhibiting
      effect on C6 cancer cells and paclitaxel-carrying composite nano-micelle had a
      strong inhibiting effect also on tumors. After 24 hours, with the continuous
      release of paclitaxel, the tumor inhibiting effect of paclitaxel-carrying
      composite nano-micelle enhanced gradually, and the controlled-release of drugs
      had continuous inhibiting effect on tumor cells. Therefore, PAAA segment and
      paclitaxel had time-postponed synergistic effect. In conclusion, vitamin C
      contained composite nanometer drug carrier materials can deliver anti-cancer
      drugs to nidus and thus inhibit tumor cells. 

PMID- 27358124
TI  - Regulatory effect of estrogen receptor-alpha-mediated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling
      pathway on osteoblast proliferation.
AB  - This study was designed to investigate the regulatory effect of estrogen receptor
      alpha (ERalpha)-mediated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway on osteoblast
      proliferation. Mc3T3-El cells were infected by ERalpha and ERbeta small
      interfering ribose nucleic acid (siRNA) viruses and treated with estradiol 2 (E2)
      for 120 min after 24-h infection. Western blot was used to detect expressions of
      beta-catenin, Gsk 3beta, p-Gsk3beta (Ser9) and CyclinDl; and methyl thiazolyl
      tetrazolium (MTT) was applied to detect osteoblast proliferation after
      interference by different ERs. Western blot results indicated that the
      expressions of beta-catenin, p-Gsk3beta (Ser9) and CyclinDl decreased after
      ERbeta interference and ERalpha + ERbeta joint interference, and a more obvious
      decrease was found after the joint interference. After ERbeta interference, beta
      catenin, p-Gsk3beta (Ser9) and CyclinDl were strongly expressed compared with
      expressions in the blank control group. MTT results demonstrated that the
      proliferation rate of osteoblast was lower after the joint interference than
      after ERbeta interference, while a slight increase was found in the proliferation
      rate after ERbeta interference in comparison with the blank control group. It can
      be concluded that estradiol is able to promote the proliferation of osteoblasts
      in mice by ERalpha-mediated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27358125
TI  - Activation of protein phosphatase 2A is responsible for increased content and
      inactivation of respiratory chain complex i induced by all-trans retinoic acid in
      human keratinocytes.
AB  - This study presents the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on cell growth
      and respiratory chain complex I in human keratinocyte cultures. Keratinocyte
      treatment results in increased level of GRIM-19 and other subunits of complex I,
      in particular of their carbonylated forms, associated with inhibition of its
      enzymatic activity. The results show that in keratinocytes ATRA-promoted
      phosphatase activity controls the proteostasis and activity of complex I. 

PMID- 27358126
TI  - Wnt signaling pathway inhibitors as promising diagnostic serum markers of
      osteolytic bone metastasis.
AB  - Despite the clinical importance of bone metastases, we still know little about
      their onset and progression and current diagnostic tools lack the sensitivity and
      specificity required for clear early diagnosis. We therefore need to continue
      studying the pathogenesis of bone metastatic invasion in order to improve
      diagnosis. The Wnt pathway has been described as having an important role in bone
      carcinogenesis and metastatic progression. This study investigated the diagnostic
      potential of the two main Wnt inhibitors, sclerostin and DKK-1, to improve the
      detection of osteolytic bone metastases. We measured sclerostin and DKK-1, MMP-2
      and MMP-9, the bone resorption marker TRAP5b and the metastatic marker survivin
      in a control group of healthy patients, in patients with primary tumors and in a
      group with metastasis. Sclerostin and DKK-1 were clearly high in primary tumor
      patients and even higher in metastatic patients, compared to controls. The close
      correlations with metastatic markers and bone resorption markers make sclerostin
      and DKK-1 promising as new biomarkers in the diagnosis of bone osteolytic
      metastases. 

PMID- 27358127
TI  - Hyaluronan scaffold supports osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow
      concentrate cells.
AB  - Osteochondral lesions are considered a challenge for orthopedic surgeons.
      Currently, the treatments available are often unsatisfactory and unable to
      stimulate tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering offers a new therapeutic
      strategy, taking into account the role exerted by cells, biomaterial and growth
      factors in restoring tissue damage. In this light, Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
      have been indicated as a fascinating tool for regenerative medicine thanks to
      their ability to differentiate into bone, cartilage and adipose tissue. However,
      in vitro-cultivation of MSCs could be associated with some risks such as de
      differentiation/reprogramming, infection and contaminations of the cells. To
      overcome these shortcomings, a new approach is represented by the use of Bone
      Marrow Concentrate (BMC), that could allow the delivery of cells surrounded by
      their microenvironment in injured tissue. For this purpose, cells require a
      tridimensional scaffold that can support their adhesion, proliferation and
      differentiation. This study is focused on the potentiality of BMC seeded onto a
      hyaluronan-based scaffold (Hyaff-11) to differentiate into osteogenic lineage.
      This process depends on the specific interaction between cells derived from bone
      marrow (surrounded by their niche) and scaffold, that create an environment able
      to support the regeneration of damaged tissue. The data obtained from the present
      study demonstrate that BMC grown onto Hyaff-11 are able to differentiate toward
      osteogenic sense, producing specific osteogenic genes and matrix proteins. 

PMID- 27358128
TI  - Vascular endothelial growth factor and nitric oxide synthase expression in human
      tooth germ development.
AB  - Vascular Endothelia Growth Factor (VEGF) and Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)
      expression, were evaluated in human tooth germs at two different stages of
      embryogenesis, to clarify the role of angiogenesis during tooth tissue
      differentiation and growth. Seventy-two third molar germ specimens were selected
      during oral surgery. Thirty-six were in the early stage and 36 in the later stage
      of tooth development. The samples were evaluated with Semi-quantitative Reverse
      Transcription-Polymerase chain Reaction analyses (RT-PcR), Western blot analysis
      (WB) and immunohistochemical analysis. Western blot and immunohistochemical
      analysis showed a VEGF and NOS 1-2-3 positive reaction in all samples analysed.
      VEGF high positive decrease reaction was observed in stellate reticulum cells,
      ameloblast and odontoblast clusters in early stage compared to later stage of
      tooth germ development. Comparable VEGF expression was observed in endothelial
      cells of early and advanced stage growth. NOS1 and NOS3 expressions showed a high
      increased value in stellate reticulum cells, and ameloblast and odontoblast
      clusters in advanced stage compared to early stage of development. The absence or
      only moderate positive reaction of NOS2 was detected in all the different
      tissues. Positive NOS2 expression showed in advanced stage of tissue development
      compared to early stage. The action of VEGF and NOS molecules are important
      mediators of angiogenesis during dental tissue development. VEGF high positive
      expression in stellate reticulum cells in the early stage of tooth development
      compared to the later stage and the other cell types, suggests a critical role of
      the stellate reticulum during dental embryo-morphogenesis. 

PMID- 27358129
TI  - The prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the aortic wall and in peripheral blood
      of patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting.
AB  - Some reports confirm a potential role of Chlamydia pneumoniae (ChP) in
      atherogenesis. In order to explore possible association between ChP and
      atherosclerosis, investigations were carried out in which the frequency of ChP in
      the arterial wall and peripheral blood was assessed in a group of patients with
      chronic coronary artery disease (CAD). Fifty-seven patients were enrolled in the
      study, 13 women and 44 men aged 61.8+/-6.5 (47-74), with previously diagnosed
      CAD, scheduled for planned coronary artery bypass grafting due to clinical
      indications. Vessel specimens retrieved from the ascending aorta (as a part of
      routine proximal venous graft development procedure) and peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from venous blood were evaluated for the presence of
      ChP DNA. Genomic DNA was extracted from PBMCs and vessel specimens. Quantitative
      real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect ChP DNA. A
      statistically more frequent occurrence of ChP was observed in aortic tissues
      compared to blood samples (70.2% vs 56.1%, respectively). Similarly, the number
      of ChP DNA genomic copies [n/1MUg genomic DNA] was significantly higher in tissue
      specimens compared to blood samples (89+/-91 vs 41+/-77, respectively; p=0.0046).
      In patients without ChP in blood specimens, we observed significantly higher
      amounts of ChP in tissue specimens compared to patients with ChP in blood
      specimens (156+/-71 vs 107+/-88, respectively; p=0.0453). No correlation was
      found between the number of ChP DNA copies [n/1MUg genomic DNA] in blood and in
      aortic specimens. The infection of ChP in the aortic wall was connected with
      hypercholesterolemia (p=0.029) and diabetes (p=0.03). We conclude that Chlamydia
      pneumoniae is a pathogen frequently occurring in the aortic wall of patients with
      CAD. The occurrence of ChP DNA in the aortic tissue is related to classic CAD
      risk factors such as diabetes and dyslipidemia. 

PMID- 27358130
TI  - Articular capsule repair in initial artificial hip replacement via anterolateral
      approach to the hip joint.
AB  - This study was carried out to explore articular capsule repair in first
      artificial hip replacement (AHR) via anterolateral approach and its influence on
      postoperative dislocation. A total of 292 patients who received AHR via
      anterolateral approach and had the articular capsule repaired in People?s
      Hospital of Zhengzhou (Henan, China) from February 2008 to February 2014 were
      selected and divided into total hip replacement (THR) group (group A1) and
      artificial femoral head replacement (AFHR) group (group A2). Five hundred and
      five cases in the control group treated using the same approach but receiving no
      articular capsule repair were divided into THR group (group B1) and AFHR group
      (group B2). Condition of postoperative dislocation was compared between the two
      groups. All cases were followed up for 6 months to 5 years (average: 3.75 years);
      it was noted that the difference in average age, gender, disease constitution and
      follow-up time in the two groups was not significant (P>0.05). Moreover, groups
      A1 and B1 were found with 1 case of early hip joint dislocation (0.73%) and 13
      cases of hip joint dislocation (5.24%) respectively post-operatively, and the
      comparison between the two groups was statistically significant (P less than
      0.05). One case of hip joint dislocation (0.65%) was found in group A2 and 5
      cases (1.95%) in group B2 in early post operation and the difference between two
      groups had no statistical significance (P>0.05). Neither the repair group nor the
      control group developed late-onset dislocation after the operation. Thus, we can
      state that articular capsule repair is feasible during the first AHR via
      anterolateral approach, which decreases the occurrence of early hip joint
      dislocation after operation and proves that repairing articular capsule during
      AFHR via anterolateral approach is unnecessary. 

PMID- 27358131
TI  - Psychological stress moderates the relationship between running volume and CD4+ T
      cell subpopulations.
AB  - Endurance-based exercise training can lead to alterations in components of the
      immune system, but it is unknown how psychological stress (another potent
      immunomodulator) may impact these changes. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the moderating role of psychological stress on exercise-induced immune
      changes. Twenty-nine recreational runners were recruited for this study four
      weeks before completing a marathon. Each subject reported: weekly training volume
      (miles/wk) for the week prior to the study visit; completed the Perceived Stress
      Scale (PSS), the state version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and
      the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ); and donated blood for assessment of
      CD4+ T cell subpopulations and mitogen-induced cytokine production. Participants
      ran an average of 30 (+/-13.4) miles (1 mile=1.6 km) per week. Average values
      (SD) for immune biomarkers were: regulatory T cells (Treg), 3.2% (+/-1.2%); type
      1 regulatory cells (Tr1), 27.1% (+/-8.3%); T helper 3 (Th3), 1.8% (+/-0.7%);
      interferon gamma (IFNgamma), 3.1 pg/ml (+/-1.0); interleukin (IL)-4, 1.4 pg/ml
      (+/-1.1); IFNgamma/IL-4, 8.6 (+/-1.2); IL-10, 512 pg/ml (+/-288). There was a
      significant relationship between running volume and both Treg cell numbers (slope
      of the regression line (beta)=0.05, p less than 0.001) and IL-10 production beta=
      10.6, p=0.002), and there was a trending relationship between running volume and
      Tr1 cell numbers (beta=-0.2%, p=0.064). Perceived stress was a trending moderator
      of the running volume-Treg relationship, whereas worry was a significant
      moderator of the running volume-IFNgamma and running volume-IFNgamma/IL-4
      relationships. These data indicate that various forms of psychological stress can
      impact endurance exercise-based changes in certain immune biomarkers. These
      changes may reflect an increased susceptibility to clinical risks in some
      individuals. 

PMID- 27358132
TI  - Assessment of magnesium influence on fatty acid content in isolated rat
      hepatocytes subjected to incubation.
AB  - Magnesium salts are components of many dietary supplements used in treatment or
      prevention of magnesium deficiency. Hypomagnesemia usually results from an
      improper lifestyle, including unbalanced diet. Isolated hepatocytes of animals or
      humans are the preferred model used to study the in vitro effects of exogenous
      factors on cellular metabolic changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      content of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and their
      esters in isolated rat hepatocytes influenced by different magnesium
      concentrations. The isolated rat hepatocytes were used as the test material.
      Hepatocytes were prepared in culture medium (Hepatocyte Medium) + MgCl(2)
      solution to concentrations of 2 mM/dm(3) MgCl(2), 4 mM/dm(3) MgCl(2). After
      incubation with different concentrations of magnesium ions, changes in the
      content of fatty acids and their esters were found for the whole hepatocytes and
      hepatocyte membranes. Despite changes in the fatty acid content in the whole
      hepatocytes and their membranes, there were no changes in the coefficient of
      degree of saturation of fatty acids when different concentrations of MgCl2 were
      used.

PMID- 27358133
TI  - Insulin pump for the treatment of diabetes in combination with ulcerative foot
      infections.
AB  - Ulcerative foot infection is a chronic complication frequently seen in diabetic
      patients, and can result in disability. To evaluate insulin pump treatment for
      type 2 diabetes in combination with ulcerative foot infection, we selected 168
      diabetic patients who developed foot ulcers and received treatment from April
      2012 to April 2014 in the People?s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Henan, China. The
      patients were divided into a treatment group and a control group, 84 in each
      group. Besides anti-infection treatment, patients in the control group were given
      multiple subcutaneous insulin injection (MSII), while patients in the treatment
      group were given continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Ulcer area,
      fasting plasma glucose (FPG), C-reactive protein (CRP) and count of white blood
      cells (WBC) were recorded before treatment, one week after treatment, two weeks
      after treatment and four weeks after treatment; moreover, ulcer healing condition
      was recorded four weeks after treatment and the related factors were analyzed.
      Patients in the treatment group showed an obviously narrowed ulcer area two and
      four weeks after treatment (P less than 0.05) and significantly lowered levels of
      FPG, CRP and WBC in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks after treatment (P less than
      0.05); four weeks after treatment, 88.1% of patients in the treatment group and
      66.7% in the control group had healed well, and the difference between two groups
      was statistically significant (chi2=5.509, P=0.019). Multi-factor logistic
      regression analysis indicated that levels of FPG, CRP and WBC at baseline and
      four weeks after treatment had a positive correlation to ulcer healing (P less
      than 0.05). All the above findings suggest that insulin pump can improve ulcer
      healing of patients suffering from diabetic foot ulcers as it effectively
      controls blood glucose level, restrains inflammatory reaction and prevents
      spreading of infection. 

PMID- 27358134
TI  - Continuous plasma filtration adsorption in treatment of severe infection-induced
      multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
AB  - Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), a high-risk disease, has a fatality
      rate of 70%. To improve treatment of this disease, in recent years many scholars
      have explored the pathological and physiological changes of MODS. To observe the
      curative effect of continuous plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) in the
      treatment of MODS, we selected 96 patients who were diagnosed with severe
      infection-induced MODS and were treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of
      Zhengzhou University between February 2012 and October 2014 and divided them into
      an observation group and a control group. Besides conventional treatment, the
      observation group was also given CFPA in combination with high volume
      hemofiltration (HVHF), while the control group only received HVHF. Changes of
      blood routine index, balance of electrolyte and acid-base as well as vital signs
      were observed before and after treatment. Also, blood, kidney and blood gas were
      examined. For all patients, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin
      6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were recorded at the start of treatment (0
      h), and 5 h and 10 h after treatment. It was found that both therapies could
      lower blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels and maintain balance of
      electrolyte and acid-base, but had no obvious influence on leukocyte, blood
      platelet and hematocrit. In the observation group, PaO(2)/FiO(2) and mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly improved after surgery (P less than
      0.05), while Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score had
      an obvious decrease (P less than 0.05). In contrast, the control group was
      observed with insignificantly changed PaO(2)/FiO(2), MAP and APACHE II score
      (P>0.05). TNF-alpha, IL-6 and CRP levels of the two groups had no statistically
      significant difference at the start of treatment (P>0.05), but TNF-alpha, IL-6
      and CRP levels of the observation group became remarkably lower than those of the
      control group 5 h and 10 h after treatment (P less than 0.05). Therefore, CPFA is
      proved to be safe and effective in treating patients with severe infection
      induced MODS as it can lower the level of proinflammatory cytokines and improve
      the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines; thus, it is worthy of clinical
      promotion.

PMID- 27358135
TI  - Vena-venous hemofiltration in treating severe injury-induced multiple organ
      dysfunction syndrome.
AB  - Severe multiple injury (SMI) can induce multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
      (MODS) and easily result in complications, as well as having a high mortality
      rate. To explore the curative effect of continuous vena-venous hemofiltration
      (CVVH) in treating MODS and its effect on serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha
      interleukin (IL)-10 and nitric oxide (NO), we selected 200 patients who suffered
      from SMI and received treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou
      University between April 2012 and April 2014 as research subjects. All patients
      were treated with CVVH. Vital signs, blood oxygen pressure (PaO(2)) and
      oxygenation index (OI) of artery, electrolyte and acid-base balance were observed
      before and after treatment. Before treatment, 1 h and 12 h after the start of
      treatment, and at the end of treatment, TNF-alpha and IL-10 concentrations in
      serum and ultrafiltrate were tested using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and
      NO concentration in serum and ultrafiltrate was detected using nitrate reduction
      method. After treatment, heart rate and respiratory rate of patients had
      significant decline (P less than 0.05) and average arterial pressure rose
      remarkably (P less than 0.05); blood urea nitrogen and creatinine decreased (P
      less than 0.05 or 0.01); PaO(2) and OI were both significantly increased (P less
      than 0.01); hyperkalemia and acidosis were effectively corrected (P less than
      0.01); but differences of Na+, Ca2+ and Cl- before and after treatment had no
      statistical significance (P>0.05). Serum IL-10 concentration had a significant
      increase after treatment, while TNF-alpha and NO concentrations had a significant
      decline after treatment. A small quantity of IL-10, but not of TNF-alpha, was
      detected from ultrafiltrate. Concentration of NO in ultrafiltrate was higher. It
      can be concluded that CVVH can effectively relieve clinical symptoms of MODS
      patients, improve function of organs, correct electrolyte disturbance and acid
      base imbalance and eliminate TNF-alpha and NO in serum, which is effective in
      improving the ratio of successful rescue of patients developing MODS.

PMID- 27358136
TI  - BLCA-4 and UBC combined detection for early diagnosis of bladder cancer.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to report the clinical significance of
      bladder cancer specific nuclear matrix protein 4 (BLCA-4) and urinary bladder
      cancer (UBC) on early diagnosis of bladder cancers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) was used to detect BLCA-4 and UBC of 56 bladder cancer patients and
      26 patients with urinary tract benign diseases, serving as controls. Urine
      exfoliated cell test was performed, and then the significance of BLCA-4 and UBC
      on the diagnosis of bladder cancers was analyzed. The sensitivity of BLCA-4 and
      UBC of the bladder cancer patients was significantly higher than that of the
      urine exfoliated cell test (P less than 0.05). The difference of BLCA-4 and UBC
      was not significant (P >0.05). The difference of BLCA-4 and UBC in the tumors
      with different gradings and stagings was not significant (P >0.05). Combined
      detection of BLCA-4 and UBC could improve the diagnosis sensitivity and
      specificity of bladder cancers with the advantages of high maneuverability,
      repeatability and objective results. 

PMID- 27358137
TI  - Thrombin in combination with intensive nursing in treating upper gastrointestinal
      bleeding in children.
AB  - Pediatric upper gastrointestinal bleeding, a commonly seen pediatric emergency,
      needs timely symptomatic treatment to avoid a worse outcome. To discuss the
      clinical effect of thrombin treatment in combination with intensive nursing on
      pediatric upper gastrointestinal bleeding, this study analyzed 128 children who
      were treated in the second ward of the Children?s Internal Medical Department in
      the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between February 2012 and
      December 2014. The patients were divided into two groups, an experimental group
      and a control group. Besides thrombin, the experimental group was given intensive
      nursing, consisting of regular nursing and targeted nursing, while the control
      group was given regular nursing only. Clinical indexes of the two groups, such as
      effective rate, nursing satisfaction and side effect rate, were compared.
      Relevant clinical indexes such as duration of hospital stay, time to stopping of
      bleeding and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) score, as well as overall
      satisfaction level of the observation group were all better than those of the
      control group and differences between the two groups had statistical significance
      (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, difference of overall effective rate between the
      experimental group (90.63%) and the control group (68.75%) was significant.
      Difference of incidence of side effects between the two groups was statistically
      significant. Thus thrombin treatment in combination with intensive nursing proved
      to have a remarkable clinical effect and high safety level in treating pediatric
      upper gastrointestinal bleeding and, moreover, it shortens treatment time and
      enhances the patients? quality of life. 

PMID- 27358138
TI  - Elevated expression of runt-related transcription factors in human abdominal
      aortic aneurysm.
AB  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a multifactorial disease of unknown etiology.
      AAA is caused by segmental weakening of the aortic walls and progressive aortic
      dilation leading to the eventual rupture of the aorta, accompanied by intense
      inflammation. Additionally, studies have indicated a close relationship between
      the pathogenesis and progression of AAA and cellular immune responses in aneurysm
      wall tissue. The Runt-related genes (RUNX) encode multifunctional mediators of
      the of intracellular signal transduction pathways in vascular remodeling,
      endothelial function, immune response and inflammation. The aim of this study was
      to evaluate the expression level of RUNX regulatory genes in AAA tissues and to
      assess the correlations between them. The study was performed on AAA wall-tissue
      samples obtained from patients with AAA during open aneurysm repair and normal
      aortic tissues collected from healthy organ donors. There are no proven clinical
      management strategies or pharmaco-therapeutics to prevent AAA progression once an
      AAA has been detected. Moreover, so far no biomarkers have been established to
      indicate the disease status of AAA. Hence, understanding the pathogenesis of AAA
      has recently become an increasing priority in basic and translational vascular
      research. We identified significantly higher mRNA and protein level of all of
      three Runt-related genes in aneurysmal aorta compared to a normal aorta.
      Increased expression of RUNX2 was demonstrated for the first time in abdominal
      aortic aneurysm tissue. Additionally, relationships between the activity of RUNX
      genes in the pathological tissue were identified. The results of elevated
      expression of RUNX genes and their relationships in the AAA tissues suggest the
      involvement of conserved Runt-related genes in the pathophysiology of AAA
      development. 

PMID- 27358139
TI  - Effect of embolic microspheres in the treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effect of embolic
      microspheres in the treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma. Fifty-eight patients
      who were confirmed with primary hepatic carcinoma by imaging were retrospectively
      analyzed. They were firstly perfused with 50 mg of oxaliplatin and 40 mg of
      epirubicin. Embolic microspheres were then injected into the distal end of
      targeted blood vessels. After this procedure, dynamic observation was carried out
      until tumor stain disappeared. Liver function and blood indexes were reexamined
      on days 5, 6, 7 and 28 after treatment, and moreover, the liver was examined with
      Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). Compared to
      traditional lipiodol embolization, embolic microspheres did not aggregate the
      damage on liver function and the imaging examination suggested necrosis of some
      tumor tissues. Embolic microspheres proved to be effective in treating primary
      hepatic carcinoma. It produces no damage on liver function and can lead to
      significant shrinkage of hepatic carcinoma and necrosis of some tumor tissues.
      Embolic microspheres, which merely block distal branches of tumor-feeding artery,
      can avoid collateral circulation induced by permanent blocking, thus achieve a
      good treatment effect. 

PMID- 27358140
TI  - Computed tomography diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
      combined with intracranial hemorrhage and clinical nursing treatment.
AB  - Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), one of the common causes of newborn
      invalidism, is likely to induce nervous system-associated sequelae and even
      intracranial hemorrhage in severe cases. The incidence rate of HIE has been
      rising in recent years. In order to study the clinical nursing effect for HIE
      combined with intracranial hemorrhage, 76 newborns diagnosed with HIE combined
      with intracranial hemorrhage by spiral computed tomography (CT) from the of
      Binzhou People?s Hospital, Shandong, China were selected. They were divided into
      a control group and an intervention group. The control group received routine
      nursing, while the intervention group received comprehensive nursing
      intervention. The experimental results suggested that the mental developmental
      index (MDI) value and the psychomotor developmental index (PDI) value of patients
      in the intervention group were much higher than those of the control group and
      the difference was significant (p<0.05). The curative effect of the intervention
      group was remarkably better than that of the control group and the difference was
      also statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Moreover, the intervention
      group had a lower incidence rate of untoward reactions. All the findings suggest
      that comprehensive nursing intervention can help newborns diagnosed with HIE
      combined with intracranial hemorrhage recover more effectively, therefore is
      worth applying. 

PMID- 27358141
TI  - Changes in phagocytosis and expression of microglial cells in craniocerebral
      injury mice models.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in phagocytic function
      and expression quantities of CD11b and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
      among microglia cells of craniocerebral injury mice. Modified Feeney method was
      used to establish the craniocerebral injury mice models. Twenty-one male SPF mice
      were divided into a control group and a trauma group. The scalp was incised and a
      bone window was opened in the control group without cerebral injury. In the
      trauma group, the mice were sacrificed after the craniocerebral injury at 1, 3,
      6, 12, 24 and 48 h to make frozen sections of cerebral tissues. The phagocytic
      rate of microglia cells was observed by using fluorescent microsphere. The
      changes in the expression quantities of CD11b and TNF-alpha were detected by
      enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). The phagocytic ability of the
      microglia cells after the craniocerebral injury increased at 1 h after injury
      compared with that of the control group (P less than 0.01). The expression of
      surface antigen CD11b of the microglia cells and the expression of TNF-alpha
      increased at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after the injury compared with those of the
      control group (P less than 0.01). The phagocytic ability of the microglia cells
      increased. The expressions of CD11b and TNF-alpha were also gradually enhanced in
      the acute phase after craniocerebral injury, and then gradually decreased to the
      normal level. The expressions of CD11b and TNF-alpha indicated a high consistency
      with the changing trend of the phagocytic ability, suggesting that the microglia
      cells may participate in the regulation of the inflammatory process of the
      central nervous system through absorbing apoptotic cells and increasing and
      secreting inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. 

PMID- 27358142
TI  - Lactulose oral solution for the treatment of postpartum constipation.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness and safety of lactulose
      oral solution in treating puerperal constipation. The lactulose group was given
      lactulose, 15 ml once a day, and then given a maintenance dose of 5 ~ 15 ml/time
      according to defecation condition of patients. Maintenance treatment lasted for
      one week if the symptoms were relieved; but once symptoms recurred, the
      medication was restored. Patients in the control group were blank controls. The
      treatment lasted for six weeks. The conditions of patients, adverse events and
      combined medication were recorded every day. Patients were evaluated with SF-36
      scale before and after treatment. Two hundred and eleven patients with postpartum
      constipation were selected from five research institutes and they were divided
      into lactulose group (n=106) and control group (n=105). The curative effect and
      the improvement of symptoms of the lactulose group were much better than those of
      the control group (p less than 0.01). Constipation in the lactulose group
      relieved faster compared to the control group (p less than 0.05). Number of days
      without constipation in the lactulose group was much more than that of the
      control group (p less than 0.05). Defecation time in the lactulose group was
      shorter than that of the control group (p less than 0.05). Dose of lactulose in
      the lactulose group reduced week by week. Differences of general physical
      conditions in SF-36 scale between two groups were statistically significant (p
      less than 0.05). Various vital signs of the two groups had no significant changes
      after treatment. It can be concluded that, lactulose is an effective and safe
      drug for treating postpartum constipation. 

PMID- 27358143
TI  - Effect of OPCML gene on the biological behavior of gastric cancer cell line AGS.
AB  - The objective of this investigation was to explore the association of OPCML with
      gastric cancer and its clinical significance. The expression of OPCML was
      detected by immunohistochemistry in 118 cases of gastric carcinoma. The OPCML
      expression in the normal tissues and 7 kinds of gastric cells was assessed by RT
      PCR. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-OPCML was constructed and transfected into
      AGS cells. CCK8 and colony formation assay were employed to analyze the effect of
      OPCML on AGS. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the expression of OPCML in
      gastric cancer was 68.6% and the expression of OPCML was negatively correlated
      with the depth of tumor invasion and tumor differentiation degree (P < 005);
      OPCML expression, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant
      metastasis were important factors affecting the prognosis of the survival of the
      patients (P <0.05). OPCML m-RNA expression in the gastric cancer cells was
      significantly lower than that in the normal gastric mucosa. RT-PCR showed that
      the expression of OPCML was aberrantly increased in the cells transfected with
      pcDNA3.1-OPCML. CCK8 and colony formation assay showed that OPCML significantly
      inhibited the growth, proliferation, and colony formation of the AGS cells. OPCML
      plays an important role in gastric cancer, and may be a new prognostic indicator
      of gastric cancer.

PMID- 27358144
TI  - Effect of X-ray irradiation on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal
      cancer SW480 cells.
AB  - This study was carried out to explore the effect of X-ray irradiation on
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of colorectal cancer SW480 cells. Human
      colorectal cancer SW480 cells used in this study were irradiated by X-rays in 0
      Gy, 4 Gy and 8 Gy doses, respectively. Transwell method was adopted to detect the
      changes of invasion and migration ability of SW480 cells cultured for 24 h after
      being irradiated by X-rays in 0 Gy, 4 Gy and 8 Gy doses. After X-ray irradiation,
      invasion ability of cells in 4 Gy dose group and 8 Gy dose group strengthened
      significantly compared with that of the 0 Gy dose group (p < 0.05); invasion
      ability of cells in 8 Gy dose group also strengthened significantly compared to
      the 4 Gy dose group (p < 0.05). After X-ray irradiation, migration ability of
      cells also changed: migration ability of cells in 4 Gy dose group and 8 Gy dose
      group strengthened significantly compared with that of the 0 Gy group (p less
      than 0.05). Results of QRT-RCR and Western blot detection showed that after X-ray
      irradiation, the expression of epithelial index E-cadherin in 4 Gy dose group and
      8 Gy dose group decreased significantly compared with that of the 0 Gy dose group
      (p < 0.05); moreover, the higher the dose was, the more significantly the
      expression decreased. Therefore, X-ray irradiation-induced EMT is in positive
      correlation with the irradiation dose to some extent. Besides, X-ray irradiation
      can enhance the invasion and migration ability of human colorectal cancer cells.

PMID- 27358145
TI  - Reactivity of patients with maintenance hemodialysis to erythropoietin in the
      treatment of renal anemia.
AB  - To explore the reactivity of patients with renal anemia (MHD) to erythropoietin
      (EPO) in maintenance hemodialysis (HD), 31 patients were enrolled in this study.
      According to the level of serum ferritin (SF), they were divided into two groups;
      one group received treatment using recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) and
      the other group was given iron sucrose. Taking terminal EPO dosage, terminal
      erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) and rate of change of ERI (DeltaERII) as
      target indexes, the influence of SF level on dosage of EPO was evaluated after
      usage conditions of relevant substances in a 3-month period. The results revealed
      that differences of dialysis age, albumin (ALB), blood calcium, initial and
      terminal SF, variable quantity of hemoglobin (Hb), terminal EPO and ERI between
      two groups had statistical significance. Furthermore, SF level and terminal EPO
      (r = -0.37, P < 0. 05) as well as SF level and terminal ERI (r = - 0.39, P <0.05)
      were negatively correlated. Difference of terminal ERI between the two groups had
      statistical significance. It can therefore be summarized that supplementing an
      iron agent intravenously to maintain SF level between 500 ng/ml and 1200 ng/ml
      may improve reactivity of patients with MHD to EPO. In addition, rHuEPO therapy
      in treating anemia of patients with MHD has the same effect with intravenous drug
      delivery, less side effects and is easy to administer.

PMID- 27358146
TI  - Role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in pathogenesis of pediatric mycoplasma
      pneumoniae pneumonia.
AB  - Through detection and analysis of the changes of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10 in
      children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP), this study aimed to explore
      the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of pediatric MPP as well as
      immunological pathogenesis of MPP, to provide guidance for clinical diagnosis,
      assessment and treatment of MPP. Enzyme linked immunosorbent adsorption (ELISA)
      analysis was applied to determine the expression level of IL-2 and IL-10 in
      serum. According to the experimental results, we found that the expression levels
      of IL-2 and IL-10 changed significantly in different phases of MPP in comparison
      with a healthy control group and a case control group. The expression levels of
      IL-2 and IL-10 can be used as an important indicator for early diagnosis of MPP.
      Accordingly, detection of IL-2 and IL-10 is of great significance to the
      diagnosis of MPP and studies on their roles can provide guidance for treatment. 

PMID- 27358147
TI  - Flow cytometer analysis of cell apoptosis of endometrial carcinoma with Wnt10b.
AB  - The aim of this study is to analyze the cell apoptosis of endometrial carcinoma
      (EC) with Wnt10b by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) technology. AN3CA
      cell lines and Ishikawa-H-12 cell lines were taken as the in-vitro cell models to
      observe the influence of Wnt10b on key factors of Wnt signal pathway. Methyl
      thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) was applied for the detection of cell proliferation
      while FACS was used for the detection of cell apoptosis. Data were analyzed using
      statistical software SPSS14.0. After the overexpression of Wntl0b in AN3CA cells,
      the apoptosis rate dropped significantly compared with the two control groups (p
      < 0.05); while the apoptosis rate increased significantly compared with the
      control groups (p < 0.01) after Wntl0b knock-off in Ishikawa3-H-12 cells. In
      normal endometrium, Wnt10b gene expression was negative, while that in EC cells
      was positive. It can be concluded that Wnt10b gene can promote EC cell
      proliferation and inhibit its apoptosis.

PMID- 27358148
TI  - Correlation between IL-6 and invasiveness of ectoderm cells of embryo in early
      pregnancy.
AB  - This study aimed to explore the correlation between Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and
      invasiveness of ectoderm cells of embryo in early pregnancy, in order to further
      discuss whether IL-6 can enhance invasiveness of ectoderm cells. The study lays
      the foundation for determination of pathogenesis of some gestation period-related
      diseases. Differences in mRNA and protein expression of trophoblastic cell line
      JEG-3 cells in IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were analyzed;
      the regulating effect of different concentrations of IL-6 on invasive ability of
      trophoblast cells was studied by Transwell assay; the effect of IL-6 on
      proliferation of ectodermal cell line JEG-3 of embryo was analyzed by methyl
      thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The invasive number of JEG-3 cells incubated
      by IL-6 (10 ng/ml) was higher than that of the control group, and the difference
      had statistical significance (p < 0.05). Results of using MMT assay to detect the
      effect of IL-6 on proliferation of trophoblastic cell line JEG-3 showed that JEG
      3 cells before and after processing had no significant difference from the
      control group (p >0.05). Therefore, IL-6 can enhance invasiveness of ectoderm
      cells of embryo through activation of MMP-2.

PMID- 27358149
TI  - Mechanism of age-related changes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in senile
      osteoporosis.
AB  - This study was carried out to explore the age-related changes of bone marrow
      mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) in mice as well as the influence of autophagy on
      the age-related changes of BMMSCs. BMMSCs aging-associated protein acetylation
      P53, P21 and P16 expressions in young and senile mice, protein expression of
      telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      level were detected and compared; the expression of BMMSCs autophagy associated
      gene, autophagy related protein molecule and LC3 molecule were detected; the
      influence of differently concentrated rapamycin and 3-MA on BMMSCs autophagy
      level was observed to select effective concentrations; the influence of rapamycin
      and 3-MA on BMMSCs cell cycle-related gene expression, apoptosis related gene
      expression and ROS level were discussed. Results revealed that the senile BMMSCs
      group had higher acetylation P53, P21 and P16 expression and fluorescence
      intensity than the young group, but its TERT expression, Beclin1 and LC3 gene
      expression and fluorescence intensity were lower than the young group. Both
      rapamycin and 3-MA inhibited CyclinD1 (CCND1) and CyclinD2 (CCND2) expression.
      Rapamycin promoted the expression of apoptosis-related genes Caspase3 and
      Caspase8 in the senile group, while 3-MA inhibited them in both the young and
      senile groups. It can therefore be concluded that senile BMMSCs have multiple age
      related changes, performing as decrease of osteogenic capability and
      multiplication capacity, increase of acetylation P53, P21 and P16 protein
      expression, apoptosis and ROS level as well as decrease of telomerase activity.
      Furthermore, the autophagy level in senile BMMSCs reduced compared with young
      cells; autophagy activation can decrease ROS level and autophagy suppression
      improves ROS level; and autophagy regulation affects cell cycle and apoptosis.

PMID- 27358150
TI  - Multicenter study of autoverification methods of hematology analysis.
AB  - This study was designed to establish and validate a set of autoverification
      methods for hematology analysis. One thousand and twenty-four samples were
      selected from Shanghai Ruijin Hospital and 999 from Beijing Hospital, China.
      False positive, false negative and autoverification pass rates were verified and
      the rules were then adjusted and confirmed according to the verification results.
      After confirmation, at least 10,000 sample cases were selected from Shanghai
      Ruijin Hospital, Beijing Hospital and China Armed Police General Hospital and
      checked automatically. The differences in the autoverification pass rate and
      average report delivery time before and after the application of the
      autoverification methods were compared between the three hospitals. Preliminary
      validation results showed that the false negative rates of the Shanghai Ruijin
      Hospital and Beijing Hospital were less than 2%. The false positive rates of
      these two hospitals were high, close to 18%. After rule adjustment, the false
      negative rate was basically the same as before adjustment, but the false positive
      rate declined obviously while the pass rate of autoverification improved
      significantly. The autoverification pass rates of the three hospitals were 76.4%,
      85.1% and 84.2%, respectively. The turnover time (TAT, time from receipt of
      sample to report of the result) of the three hospitals decreased by 4.1 min, 8.8
      min and 10.2 min, respectively. Autoverification systems using a Mindray BC-6800
      auto hematology analyzer and labXpert were confirmed as being effective in
      reducing TAT and enhancing working efficiency on the premise of ensuring low
      false negative rate. 

PMID- 27358151
TI  - Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in paediatric age: an update of literature
      data.
AB  - Immunoglobulin E (IgE) was discovered in 1966 and was found responsible for
      immune defense against helminths, type I hypersensitivity and allergic diseases.
      IgE mediates allergic responses by binding to Fc receptors (the high affinity Fc
      epsilon receptor I and the low affinity Fc-epsilon receptor II or CD23) expressed
      on tissue mast cells and blood basophils. This binding leads to degranulation and
      release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Considering the pivotal role of IgE in
      allergic diseases, antibodies against IgE potentiate an array of new therapeutic
      strategies and in this regard omalizumab (rhuMAb-E25, Xolair) has been developed
      as a monoclonal biologic drug to block serum IgEs. Although the use of omalizumab
      has been studied vigorously in many adult populations with allergic diseases,
      there are few heterogenous studies on children. There are very few ongoing
      clinical trials with omalizumab exclusively on children, although some adult
      studies have concluded pediatric patients as a part of their studies.
      Nevertheless, in pediatric clinical trials omalizumab has been demonstrated to be
      effective and safe also in this age group. Herein, the authors present a
      systematic review of extensive literature data on the use of omalizumab in
      children and adolescents. 

PMID- 27358152
TI  - Pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema and pneumorrhachis in asthmatic
      children.
AB  - Pneumomediastinum (PM), subcutaneous emphysema (SE) and pneumorrhachis (also
      known as epidural air (EDA) or epidural emphysema) are very rare findings in
      children. PM is defined as the passage of air from intra-alveolar space to
      interstitium and, later, to the mediastinum. From the mediastinum, the air may
      catch up subcutaneous tissue (usually of the neck) and/or epidural space via the
      cervical fascial planes and neural foramina, forming respectively SE and EDA. The
      PM can be divided in spontaneous (or idiopathic) and secondary PM. Only few
      studies have evaluated the exact incidence of PM and its complications in
      children, and to define the correct diagnostic work up, treatment and outpatient
      follow-up. We report the case of a 9-year-old child with undiagnosed asthma that,
      during severe asthmatic flare secondary to acute infection of high airway,
      developed PM, SE and EDA. 

PMID- 27358153
TI  - An unusual case of mammary Paget?s disease in a woman with psoriasis.
AB  - Mammary Paget?s disease (MPD) is a malignant breast tumor, which is characterized
      by intraepidermal infiltration from malignant glandular epithelial cells. Often
      it may include an underlying ductal carcinoma in situ or an invasive ductal
      carcinoma. Clinically it appears as an erythematous patch, moist or crusted, with
      or without desquamation that in some cases becomes ulcerated, causing
      infiltration and inversion of the nipple. We report the clinical case of a 60
      year-old woman, treated in our department for psoriasis, presenting with erythema
      of nipple and areola with nipple erosion, ulceration and poor secretion.
      Suspecting Paget?s disease of the nipple, radiological exams (mammography and
      breast MRI) were performed. A biopsy for histological examination was carried out
      and confirmed the diagnosis of mammary Paget?s disease. MPD is sometimes
      difficult to diagnose both clinically and radiologically, therefore it is
      important to distinguish from other conditions: in literature MPD is reported in
      differential diagnosis with psoriasis given its similar clinical features, and in
      some cases MPD has been treated with topical and systemic steroids due to a wrong
      diagnosis. However, the concomitance, in the same individual, of mammary Paget?s
      disease and psoriasis has never been described. 

PMID- 27358154
TI  - Efficacy and tolerability of a combined lipid-lowering nutraceutical on
      cholesterolemia, hs-CRP level and endothelial function in moderately
      hypercholesterolemic subjects.
AB  - Our aim was to test, by a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical
      trial, whether a short-term treatment with a combined lipid-lowering
      nutraceutical could improve endothelial function in a cohort of moderately
      hypercholesterolemic subjects. Thus, 80 healthy, moderately hypercholesterolemic
      subjects were consecutively enrolled and, after 4 weeks of stabilization diet,
      they were randomized to either the tested lipid-lowering nutraceutical or placebo
      for 8 weeks. At the beginning and end of treatment a complete lipid pattern,
      safety parameters, hs-CRP and endothelial function were measured. When compared
      to placebo, during nutraceutical treatment patients experienced a more favorable
      percentage change in total cholesterol (TC vs baseline: -17.9%; TC vs placebo: 
      5.6%), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C vs baseline: -23.3%; LDL-C vs placebo: -2.8%), hs
      CRP (hs-CRP vs baseline: -2.4%; hs-CRP vs placebo: -1.5%), and endothelial
      function (pulse volume displacement vs baseline: +17%; pulse volume displacement
      vs placebo treatment: -3.3%). No significant difference was observed in respect
      to effects on triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and safety parameters. On the basis
      of our data, the tested lipid-lowering nutraceutical seems to significantly
      improve endothelial function in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. These
      results have to be confirmed on larger patient samples and over longer periods. 

PMID- 27358155
TI  - Does cyclic guanosine monophosphate induce autophagy in thyroid malignant
      carcinoma through down-regulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate
      phosphodiesterase?
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate whether or not the expression of cGMP-
      phosphodiesterases (cGMP-PDE) varies in different thyroid pathologies and to
      elucidate the relationship between the expression of cGMP-PDE, cGMP, and
      autophagy. Fifty-four thyroid biopsy samples, excised to perform the biopsy, were
      split into two parts and randomly assigned: one part was microscopically examined
      and histological classified, and the other was frozen and analysed in order to
      evaluate the cGMP-PDE activity. Intracellular cGMP was also measured. A strong
      expression of intracellular cGMP and cGMP-PDE activity was observed in carcinoma
      in respect to controls and benign pathologies. The level of cGMP-PDE in papillary
      carcinoma without lymph node involvement (N-) was approximately four-fold higher
      compared to those with lymph node invasion (N+/-). On the contrary, the cGMP was
      one and a half times higher in N+/- than N-. Our results are promising, although
      further epigenetical studies are needed to confirm this association. A
      correlation between the cGMP-degrading activity and the severity of thyroid
      pathology has been shown. The decrease of cGMP-PDE and the increase of cGMP in
      N+/- papillar carcinoma could be an autophagic stimulus, a defence mechanism of
      the body, against the cancer that is expanding and invading other tissues and
      organs. 

PMID- 27358156
TI  - Isotonic saline in children with perennial allergic rhinitis.
AB  - Children with HDM allergy suffer from perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR). The
      present pilot study evaluated nasal lavage with isotonic saline (0.9%) in 25
      children (mean age 8.9 years; 13 males) with HDM-dependent PAR, assessing: nasal
      symptoms severity and parental perception of rhinitis control, sleep, and school
      performance. Nasal symptoms, rated by total symptom score, parental perception of
      PER control, sleep quality, and school performance, measured by visual analogue
      scale, were significantly improved by nasal lavage (p < 0.001) after treatment.
      The effects tended to persist also during the follow-up. In conclusion, the
      present pilot study provides the first evidence that nasal lavage with isotonic
      saline relieved the nasal symptoms of children with PAR and improved the parental
      perception of the disease.

PMID- 27358157
TI  - Mandibular third molar displaced in the sublingual space: clinical management and
      medicolegal considerations.
AB  - This paper describes the management of a failed mandibular third molar
      extraction, resulting in tooth displacement in the sublingual space, the
      discussion of the diagnosis, surgery and medico-legal considerations. A 28-year
      old male patient underwent an unsuccessful attempt of the 4.8 tooth extraction.
      The clinician lost visual contact after luxation and the patient was not recalled
      for post-operative follow-up. After 24 hours, a severe trismus started.
      Ortopantomography and cone beam computer tomography revealed the displacement in
      the sublingual space. The tooth was removed under general anaesthesia with
      intraoral approach. The follow-up was uneventful and the paraesthetic area on the
      tongue did not enlarge after the retrieval. The displaced mandibular third molar
      is a rare but potentially serious complication of extraction. This event should
      be avoided with correct diagnosis and surgical technique. Cone beam computed
      tomography was useful to determine the three-dimensional position of the
      displaced tooth. 

PMID- 27358158
TI  - Efficacy of pulsed low-intensity electric neuromuscular stimulation in reducing
      pain and disability in patients with myofascial syndrome.
AB  - Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is characterized by chronic pain in multiple
      myofascial trigger points and fascial constrictions. In recent years, the
      scientific literature has recognized the need to include the patient with MPS in
      a multidimensional rehabilitation project. At the moment, the most widely
      recognized therapeutic methods for the treatment of myofascial syndrome include
      the stretch and spray pressure massage. Microcurrent electric neuromuscular
      stimulation was proposed in pain management for its effects on normalizing
      bioelectricity of cells and for its sub-sensory application. In this study, we
      tested the efficacy of low-intensity pulsed electric neuromuscular stimulus
      (PENS) on pain in patients with MPS of cervical spine muscles. We carried out a
      prospective-analytic longitudinal study at an outpatient clinic during two weeks.
      Forty subjects (mean age 42+/-13 years) were divided into two groups: treatment
      (TrGr, n=20) and control group (CtrlGr, n=20). Visual-analog scale (VAS) values,
      concerning the spontaneous and movement-related pain in the cervical-dorsal
      region at baseline (T0) and at the end of the study (T1), showed a reduction from
      7 to 3.81 (p < 0.001) in TrGr. In the CtrlGr, VAS was reduced from 8.2 to 7.2
      (n.s.). Moreover, the pressure pain threshold at T0 was 2.1 vs 4.2 at T1 (p <
      0.001) in TrG. In the CtrlGR we observed no significant changes. Modulated low
      intensity PENS is an innovative therapy permitting to act on the transmission of
      pain and on the restoration of tissue homeostasis. It seems to affect the
      transmission of pain through the stimulation of A-beta fibers. The above results
      show that low-intensity PENS can be considered as an effective treatment to
      reduce pain and disability in patients with MPS.

PMID- 27358159
TI  - Comparison between intrarticular injection of hyaluronic acid, oxygen ozone, and
      the combination of both in the treatment of knee osteoarthrosis.
AB  - This study aimed to compare short-term clinical outcomes between intra-articular
      injection of hyaluronic acid (HA), oxygen ozone (O2O3), and the combination of
      both, in patients affected by osteoarthrosis (OA) of the knee. Seventy patients
      (age 45-75 years) with knee OA were randomized to intra-articular injections of
      HA (n=23), or O2O3 (n=23) or combined (n=24) one per week for 5 consecutive
      weeks. KOOS questionnaire and visual analog scale (VAS), before treatment (pre)
      at the end (post), and at 2 months after treatment ended (follow-up) were used as
      outcome measures. Analysis showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the
      conditions (pre, post and follow-up) in all parameters of the KOOS score and a
      significant effect (P < 0.05) of groups (HA, O2O3 and combined) for pain,
      symptoms, activities of daily living and quality of life. The combined group
      scores were higher compared to the HA and O2O3 groups, especially at follow-up.
      The combination of O2O3 and HA treatment led to a significantly better outcome
      especially at 2-month follow-up compared to HA and O2O3 given separately to
      patients affected by OA of the knee.

PMID- 27358160
TI  - Rebuttal from Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Jordan Gaines, Silke Ryan and Walter T.
      McNicholas.

PMID- 27358161
TI  - Chemo- and Regioselective Direct Functional Group Installation through Catalytic
      Hydroxy Group Selective Conjugate Addition of Amino Alcohols to alpha,beta
      Unsaturated Sulfonyl Compounds.
AB  - A chemoselective functional group installation through catalytic hydroxy group
      selective conjugate addition of amino alcohols to a variety of functionalized
      alpha,beta-unsaturated sulfonyl derivatives was developed. Azide group
      installation for click chemistry and facile fluorescent labeling onto the less
      reactive hydroxy group demonstrated the synthetic utility of the present
      chemoselective catalysis. Moreover, chemo- and regioselective reaction of an
      unprotected amino diol was achieved for the first time.

PMID- 27358162
TI  - Effect of vitamin D supplementation on endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis
      patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) commonly experience 25
      hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) deficiency, and these patients have a higher
      incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to endothelial dysfunction (ED).
      The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of 25-OH-D3 deficiency and its
      supplementation on ED in patients with CKD. METHODS: Twenty-nine uremic patients
      on dialysis and 20 healthy controls were evaluated for ED by high-resolution
      Doppler ultrasonography of the brachial artery. In addition, 25-OH-D3-deficient
      patients (25-OH-D3 < 30 nmol/L) with CKD and healthy controls were evaluated for
      ED before and after 8 weeks of oral vitamin D (cholecalciferol, 50,000 units)
      treatment. All subjects were evaluated for percent flow-mediated dilatation
      (%FMD), percent endothelium-independent nitroglycerin-induced vasodilatation
      (%NID), and bilateral carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). FINDINGS: Patients
      on dialysis had lower %FMD and %NID 6.11 [2.27-12.74] and 10.96 [5.43-16.4],
      respectively, than controls 15.84 [8.19-22.49] and 21.74 [12.49-29.4],
      respectively (P < 0.05). Patients on dialysis had higher left and right CIMT
      (0.79 +/- 0.15 and 0.78 +/- 0.14, respectively) than controls (0.60 +/- 0.09 and
      0.59 +/- 0.09, respectively; P < 0.05). In 25-OH-D3-deficient patients with CKD,
      after vitamin D treatment, %FMD was significantly increased in dialysis patients
      (10.25 [7.8-12.8]) compared to before supplementation (5.4 [2.77-6.15]; P <
      0.001). DISCUSSION: These results indicated that dialysis patients had
      significantly lower blood 25-OH-D3 levels and higher CIMT than healthy subjects.
      In addition, vitamin D supplementation improved ED and increased %FMD in dialysis
      patients. Our findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation in dialysis
      patients might prevent CVD.

PMID- 27358163
TI  - Expression and regulation of the differentiation regulators ERBB Receptor
      Feedback Inhibitor 1 (ERRFI1) and Interferon-related Developmental Regulator 1
      (IFRD1) during the periovulatory period in the rat ovary.
AB  - The current study investigated the regulation and the spatiotemporal expression
      pattern of Errfi1 and Ifrd1, genex encoding factors that regulate differentiation
      and cessation of cell division, in the rat ovary during the periovulatory period.
      Immature female rats (22-23 days old) were injected with pregnant-mare serum
      gonadotropin to stimulate folliculogenesis, followed by human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG) to induce ovulation. Ovaries, granulosa cells, theca
      interstitial cells, or cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected at various
      times after hCG administration (n = 3 per time point). Expression analysis
      revealed that Errfi1 and Ifrd1 were highly induced in the ovary, although their
      spatiotemporal expression differed: In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated
      that Errfi1 mRNA expression was initially induced in theca-interstitial cells at
      4 and 8 hr after hCG, then transitioned to granulosa cells at 12 hr, and
      decreased in newly forming corpora lutea at 24 hr. Ifrd1 mRNA, on the other hand,
      was primarily induced in granulosa cells, and expression remained elevated in
      newly forming corpora lutea. Interestingly, Errfi1 and Ifrd1 were also expressed
      in the COC, suggesting a potential role in cumulus cell expansion or oocyte
      maturation. Inhibition of progesterone or prostaglandin synthesis reduced Errfi1
      and Ifrd1 transcription, whereas inhibition of epidermal growth factor signaling
      inhibited only Errfi1 mRNA abundance. Down-regulation of both genes led to
      further suppression of progesterone. Our findings thus suggest that the
      stimulation of Errfi1 and Ifrd1 may be important for theca and granulosa cell
      differentiation and COC expansion. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 714-723, 2016 (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27358164
TI  - Nitrogen deposition may enhance soil carbon storage via change of soil
      respiration dynamic during a spring freeze-thaw cycle period.
AB  - As crucial terrestrial ecosystems, temperate forests play an important role in
      global soil carbon dioxide flux, and this process can be sensitive to atmospheric
      nitrogen deposition. It is often reported that the nitrogen addition induces a
      change in soil carbon dioxide emission in growing season. However, the important
      effects of interactions between nitrogen deposition and the freeze-thaw-cycle
      have never been investigated. Here we show nitrogen deposition delays spikes of
      soil respiration and weaken soil respiration. We found the nitrogen addition,
      time and nitrogen addition*time exerted the negative impact on the soil
      respiration of spring freeze-thaw periods due to delay of spikes and inhibition
      of soil respiration (p < 0.001). The values of soil respiration were decreased by
      6% (low-nitrogen), 39% (medium-nitrogen) and 36% (high-nitrogen) compared with
      the control. And the decrease values of soil respiration under medium- and high
      nitrogen treatments during spring freeze-thaw-cycle period in temperate forest
      would be approximately equivalent to 1% of global annual C emissions. Therefore,
      we show interactions between nitrogen deposition and freeze-thaw-cycle in
      temperate forest ecosystems are important to predict global carbon emissions and
      sequestrations. We anticipate our finding to be a starting point for more
      sophisticated prediction of soil respirations in temperate forests ecosystems.

PMID- 27358165
TI  - Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is effective as relapse prevention for
      patients with recurrent depression in Scandinavian primary health care.
AB  - This study examined the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
      (MBCT) in primary care for patients with recurrent depression (major depressive
      disorder: MDD). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), MDD is now the
      leading cause of disease burden in middle- and high-income countries. Patients (N
      = 45) with three or more previous depressive episodes were recruited to
      participate in MBCT as a preventative intervention. Using a benchmarking
      approach, outcome data was compared with data from a recent efficacy study. The
      methodology is a rigorous approach to assessing effectiveness when evidence-based
      UK protocols are transferred into the existing Scandinavian service delivery.
      Additionally, a person-centred methodological approach was used to assess
      clinical significance on the Reliable Change Index (RCI). The analysis revealed
      comparable or larger effects from pre-test to post-test in reduced psychiatric
      symptoms, increased quality of life and level of mindfulness, and the effects
      were maintained over 14 months. Analysis of the relapse rate in the current study
      (16%) compared to the TAU in the efficacy study (68%) yielded an h value of 0.78,
      a moderate effect size. Only 13% dropped out of the treatment. According to the
      RCI findings, 65% to 67% of participants in the clinical group improved, no
      individual worsened, and women showed a significantly greater improvement of
      depression and anxiety than men. Therapeutic alliance and motivation had no
      impact on the outcome. The overall result suggests that MBCT can be implemented
      successfully in Scandinavian primary health care as a preventive intervention for
      patients with recurrent depression. 

PMID- 27358166
TI  - Wheat CBL-interacting protein kinase 25 negatively regulates salt tolerance in
      transgenic wheat.
AB  - CBL-interacting protein kinases are involved in plant responses to abiotic
      stresses, including salt stress. However, the negative regulating mechanism of
      this gene family in response to salinity is less reported. In this study, we
      evaluated the role of TaCIPK25 in regulating salt response in wheat. Under
      conditions of high salinity, TaCIPK25 expression was markedly down-regulated in
      roots. Overexpression of TaCIPK25 resulted in hypersensitivity to Na(+) and
      superfluous accumulation of Na(+) in transgenic wheat lines. TaCIPK25 expression
      did not decline in transgenic wheat and remained at an even higher level than
      that in wild-type wheat controls under high-salinity treatment. Furthermore,
      transmembrane Na(+)/H(+) exchange was impaired in the root cells of transgenic
      wheat. These results suggested that TaCIPK25 negatively regulated salt response
      in wheat. Additionally, yeast-one-hybrid, beta-glucuronidase activity and DNA
      protein-interaction-enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays showed that the
      transcription factor TaWRKY9 bound W-box in the TaCIPK25 promoter region.
      Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays showed concomitantly
      inverted expression patterns of TaCIPK25 and TaWRKY9 in wheat roots under salt
      treatment, ABA application and inhibition of endogenous ABA condition. Overall,
      based on our results, in a salt stress condition, the negative salt response in
      wheat involved TaCIPK25 with the expression regulated by TaWRKY9.

PMID- 27358167
TI  - Acitretin in erosive penile lichen planus.
AB  - Lichen planus (LP) is an incompletely understood T-cell mediated auto-immune
      dermatosis. When LP involves the genitalia it may present as painful, pruritic
      erosions that can be exquisitely tender, causing distress and genitourinary and
      sexual dysfunction. Management of erosive genital LP is often suboptimal. Despite
      higher order evidence demonstrating the efficacy of oral acitretin in the
      management of cutaneous and oral LP, it still features below other
      immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies in many clinicians' therapeutic
      ladder. We present a case of severe erosive penile LP, successfully treated with
      oral acitretin after topical and oral corticosteroids failed to induce remission.

PMID- 27358168
TI  - Probing the minimal determinants of zinc binding with computational protein
      design.
AB  - Structure-based protein design tests our understanding of the minimal
      determinants of protein structure and function. Previous studies have
      demonstrated that placing zinc binding amino acids (His, Glu, Asp or Cys) near
      each other in a folded protein in an arrangement predicted to be tetrahedral is
      often sufficient to achieve binding to zinc. However, few designs have been
      characterized with high-resolution structures. Here, we use X-ray
      crystallography, binding studies and mutation analysis to evaluate three
      alternative strategies for designing zinc binding sites with the molecular
      modeling program Rosetta. While several of the designs were observed to bind
      zinc, crystal structures of two designs reveal binding configurations that differ
      from the design model. In both cases, the modeling did not accurately capture the
      presence or absence of second-shell hydrogen bonds critical in determining
      binding-site structure. Efforts to more explicitly design second-shell hydrogen
      bonds were largely unsuccessful as evidenced by mutation analysis and low
      expression of proteins engineered with extensive primary and secondary networks.
      Our results suggest that improved methods for designing interaction networks will
      be needed for creating metal binding sites with high accuracy.

PMID- 27358169
TI  - Symptoms and quality of life in patients with brain metastases receiving whole
      brain radiation therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patients with multiple brain metastases may be treated with whole-brain
      radiation therapy (WBRT). For these patients, symptom palliation and improvement
      of quality of life (QOL) and performance status is of the upmost importance. The
      objective of the present study was to determine the symptom experience and
      overall QOL in patients with brain metastases before and after WBRT. METHODS: A
      total of 14 symptom scores and overall QOL were collected prospectively in 217
      patients for up to 3 months. Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied to determine
      significant symptoms and QOL changes. Spearman's correlations were applied to
      determine the relationship between symptom scores and QOL. RESULTS: Appetite
      loss, weakness, and nausea significantly increased from baseline, while balance,
      headache, and anxiety significantly decreased from baseline. At baseline, all
      symptoms other than coordination were significantly correlated with QOL. At 1
      month follow-up (FU), changes in concentration, weakness, coordination, and
      balance were significantly associated with QOL changes. At 2-month FU, changes in
      pain, insomnia, concentration, balance, and depression were significantly
      associated with QOL changes. At 3-month FU, only change in nausea was
      significantly associated with QOL changes. CONCLUSIONS: Following WBRT, certain
      symptoms may influence overall QOL to a greater extent than others, which may
      fluctuate with time.

PMID- 27358170
TI  - Caregivers' perspectives on oral health problems of end-of-life cancer patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine caregivers' perspectives on
      oral health problems in cancer patients at the end of life and explore factors
      that contribute to those perspectives. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational
      clinical study design was used. We recruited dyads of lay caregivers and patients
      with advanced cancer who were receiving hospice or palliative care in their
      homes. Caregivers [N = 104, mean age = 55.4 +/- 15.0 years (18-100); n = 50 (48
      %) African-American; and n = 80 (77 %) female] completed the proxy version of the
      Oral Problems Scale to provide their perspectives regarding their care
      recipients' xerostomia, orofacial pain, and taste change in the past week.
      RESULTS: More than half of the caregivers reported that care recipients' oral
      hygiene was a very important responsibility for caregivers, and over 80 %
      reported that it was very important to evaluate their care recipients' oral
      problems. However, caregivers reported that they asked their care recipients
      about oral problems infrequently. There were statistically significant
      correlations between caregivers' and care recipients' ratings on xerostomia,
      orofacial pain, taste change, and functional/social impact. Caregivers' age and
      well-being predicted their awareness of care recipients' oral health problems.
      CONCLUSIONS: Future research efforts should focus on understanding the challenges
      that prevented caregivers from translating their awareness of the importance of
      care recipients' oral health to frequent evaluation and provision of oral care.

PMID- 27358171
TI  - New Developments in Platelet Cyclic Nucleotide Signalling: Therapeutic
      Implications.
AB  - Altered platelet physiology may contribute to the emergence of thrombosis in
      patients with many forms of cardiovascular disease. Excess platelet activation
      may reflect increased stimulation of pro-aggregatory pathways. There is, however,
      increasing evidence that excessive platelet response, due to impaired efficacy of
      anti-aggregatory autacoids such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2), may
      be just as important. For example, diminished platelet response to NO has been
      documented in acute and chronic myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, aortic valve
      disease and in the presence of hyperglycaemia. This "NO resistance" has been
      shown to reflect both the scavenging of NO by reactive oxygen species and
      dysfunction of its intracellular "receptor", soluble guanylate cyclase.
      Importantly, these abnormalities of NO signalling are potentially reversible
      through judicious application of pharmacotherapy. The analogous condition of
      impaired PGI2/adenylate cyclase (AC) signalling has received comparatively less
      attention to date. We have shown that platelet response to prostaglandin E1
      (PGE1) is frequently impaired in patients with symptomatic myocardial ischaemia.
      Because the effects of ADP receptor antagonists such as clopidogrel and
      ticagrelor at the level of the P2Y12 receptor are coupled with changes in
      activity of AC, impaired response to PGE1 might imply both increased thrombotic
      risk and a reduced efficacy of anti-aggregatory drugs. Accordingly, patient
      response to treatment with clopidogrel is determined not only by variability of
      clopidogrel bio-activation, but also extensively by the integrity of platelet AC
      signalling. We here review these recent developments and their emerging
      therapeutic implications for thrombotic disorders.

PMID- 27358172
TI  - Treatment of Angina Pectoris Associated with Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction.
AB  - Treatment of angina pectoris associated with coronary microvascular dysfunction
      is challenging as the underlying mechanisms are often diverse and overlapping.
      Patients with type 1 coronary microvascular dysfunction (i.e. absence of
      epicardial coronary artery disease and myocardial disease) should receive strict
      control of their cardiovascular risk factors and thus receive statins and ACE
      inhibitors in most cases. Antianginal medication consists of beta-blockers and/or
      calcium channel blockers. Second line drugs are ranolazine and nicorandil with
      limited evidence. Despite individually titrated combinations of these drugs up to
      30 % of patients have refractory angina. Rho-kinase inhibitors and endothelin
      receptor antagonists represent potential drugs that may prove useful in these
      patients in the future. 

PMID- 27358173
TI  - Rosuvastatin for Reduction of Myocardial Damage during Coronary Angioplasty - the
      Remedy Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) is a frequent complication
      of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Statins might reduce its incidence.
      The aims of the present study are to assess whether such benefit is a class
      effect or whether differences exist between various lipid-lowering strategies and
      whether cardioprotection is exerted by increasing circulating endothelial
      progenitor cells (EPCs). METHODS: The REMEDY study will enroll a total of 1080
      patients submitted to elective PCI. Eligible patients will be randomized into 4
      groups: 1) placebo; 2) atorvastatin (80 mg + 40 mg before PCI); 3) rosuvastatin
      (40 mg twice before PCI); and 4) rosuvastatin (5 mg) and ezetimibe (10 mg) twice
      before PCI. Peri-procedural MI is defined as an elevation of markers of cardiac
      injury (either CK-MB or troponin I or T) values >5x the upper reference limit
      estimated at the 99th percentile of the normal distribution, or a rise >20 % in
      case of baseline values already elevated. EPCs will be assessed before, at 24 h
      and - in a subset of diabetic patients - at 3 months after PCI (EPC-substudies).
      The primary endpoint of the main REMEDY study is the rate of peri-procedural MI
      in each of the 4 treatment arms. Secondary endpoints are the combined occurrence
      of 1-month major adverse events (MACE, including death, MI, or the need for
      unplanned revascularization); and any post-procedural increase in serum
      creatinine. Endpoints of the EPC-substudies are the impact of tested regimens on
      1) early (24-h) and 3-month EPC levels and functional activity; 2) stent strut re
      endothelialization and neointimal hyperplasia; 3) 1-year MACE. REMEDY will add
      important information on the cardioprotective effects of statins after PCI.

PMID- 27358175
TI  - Cytomegalovirus Infection of Seminal Vesicles.

PMID- 27358174
TI  - Bile acids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Molecular insights and
      therapeutic perspectives.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem worldwide
      and an important risk factor for both hepatic and cardiometabolic mortality. The
      rapidly increasing prevalence of this disease and of its aggressive form
      nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will require novel therapeutic approaches to
      prevent disease progression to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis and cancer. In
      recent years, bile acids have emerged as relevant signaling molecules that act at
      both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues to regulate lipid and carbohydrate
      metabolic pathways as well as energy homeostasis. Activation or modulation of
      bile acid receptors, such as the farnesoid X receptor and TGR5, and transporters,
      such as the ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, appear to affect
      both insulin sensitivity and NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis at multiple levels, and
      these approaches hold promise as novel therapies. In the present review, we
      summarize current available data on the relationships of bile acids to NAFLD and
      the potential for therapeutically targeting bile-acid-related pathways to address
      this growing world-wide disease. (Hepatology 2017;65:350-362).

PMID- 27358176
TI  - Intraventricular Hemorrhage: the Role of Blood Components in Secondary Injury and
      Hydrocephalus.

PMID- 27358177
TI  - Predictors of bone mineral density testing among older women on Medicare.
AB  - : Although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is recommended for all women
      >=65 and is covered by Medicare, 40 % of women on Medicare report never having
      had a DXA. In a longitudinal cohort of 3492 women followed for two decades, we
      identified several risk factors that should be targeted to improve DXA testing
      rates. INTRODUCTION: DXA is used to measure bone mineral density, screen for
      osteoporosis, and assess fracture risk. DXA is recommended for all women >=65
      years old. Although Medicare covers DXA every 24 months for women, about 40 %
      report never having had a DXA test, and little is known from prospective cohort
      studies about which subgroups of women have low use rates and should be targeted
      for interventions. Our objective was to identify predictors of DXA use in a
      nationally representative cohort of women on Medicare. METHODS: We used baseline
      and biennial follow-up survey data (1993-2012) for 3492 women >=70 years old from
      the nationally representative closed cohort known as the Survey on Assets and
      Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD). The survey data for these women
      were then linked to their Medicare claims (1991-2012), yielding 17,345 person
      years of observation. DXA tests were identified from the Medicare claims, and Cox
      proportional hazard regression models were used with both fixed and time
      dependent predictors from the survey interviews including demographic
      characteristics, socioeconomic factors, health status, health habits, and the
      living environment. RESULTS: DXA use was positively associated with being
      Hispanic American, better cognition, higher income, having arthritis, using other
      preventative services, and living in Florida or other southern states. DXA use
      was negatively associated with age, being African-American, being overweight or
      obese, having mobility limitations, and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to
      increase DXA use should target the characteristics that were observed here to be
      negatively associated with such screening.

PMID- 27358178
TI  - Incidence and clinical background of hepatitis B virus reactivation in multiple
      myeloma in novel agents' era.
AB  - There are some reports regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients
      with myeloma who are HBV carriers or who have had a resolved HBV infection, and
      there is no standard prophylaxis strategy for these patients. We performed a
      retrospective multicenter study to determine the incidence and characteristics of
      HBV reactivation in patients with multiple myeloma. We identified 641 patients
      with multiple myeloma who had been treated using novel agents and/or autologous
      stem cell transplantation with high-dose chemotherapy between January 2006 and
      June 2014 at nine Japanese hospitals. The patients' characteristics, laboratory
      data, and clinical courses were retrieved and statistically analyzed. During a
      median follow-up of 101 weeks, one of eight (12.5 %) HBV carriers developed
      hepatitis and 9 of 99 (9.1 %) patients with resolved HBV infection experienced
      HBV reactivation; the cumulative incidences of HBV reactivation at 2 years (104
      weeks) and 5 years (260 weeks) were 8 and 14 %, respectively. The nine cases of
      reactivation after resolved HBV infection had received entecavir as preemptive
      therapy or were carefully observed by monitoring their HBV DNA levels, and none
      of these cases developed hepatitis. Among patients with multiple myeloma, HBV
      reactivation was not rare. Therefore, long-term monitoring of HBV DNA levels is
      needed to prevent hepatitis that is related to HBV reactivation in these
      patients. 

PMID- 27358179
TI  - Mutations in MYT1, encoding the myelin transcription factor 1, are a rare cause
      of OAVS.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) is a developmental disorder
      involving first and second branchial arches derivatives, mainly characterised by
      asymmetric ear anomalies, hemifacial microsomia, ocular defects and vertebral
      malformations. Although numerous chromosomal abnormalities have been associated
      with OAVS, no causative gene has been identified so far. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to
      identify the first causative gene for OAVS. METHODS: As sporadic cases are mostly
      described in Goldenhar syndrome, we have performed whole exome sequencing (WES)
      on selected affected individuals and their unaffected parents, looking for de
      novo mutations. Candidate gene was tested through transient knockdown experiment
      in zebrafish using a morpholino-based approach. A functional test was developed
      in cell culture in order to assess deleterious consequences of mutations.
      RESULTS: By WES, we identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation in one patient in
      the myelin transcription factor 1 (MYT1) gene. Further, we detected one
      heterozygous missense mutation in another patient among a cohort of 169 patients
      with OAVS. This gene encodes the MYT1. Functional studies by transient knockdown
      of myt1a, homologue of MYT1 in zebrafish, led to specific craniofacial cartilage
      alterations. Treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA), a known teratogenic
      agent causing OAVS, led to an upregulation of cellular endogenous MYT1
      expression. Additionally, cellular wild-type MYT1 overexpression induced a
      downregulation of RA receptor beta (RARB), whereas mutated MYT1 did not.
      CONCLUSION: We report MYT1 as the first gene implicated in OAVS, within the RA
      signalling pathway.

PMID- 27358182
TI  - Importance of Social Relationships in Patients with Chronic Respiratory Diseases.
AB  - The literature lacks reports on the role of the social relationships domain (SRD)
      of quality of life (QoL) in shaping care for patients with chronic respiratory
      diseases in primary care. In this study we examined a group of 582 patients with
      chronic respiratory diseases and chronic non-respiratory diseases recruited from
      199 primary care centers. In the patients with chronic respiratory diseases,
      higher SRD correlated with more frequent patient visits due to medical issue,
      fewer district nurse interventions over the past 12 months, less frequent
      hospitalizations over the past 3 years, and fewer chronic diseases. In these
      patients, a high SRD was most effectively created by high QoL in the
      Psychological, Environmental, and Physical domains, and the satisfaction with
      QoL. Programs for preventing a decline in SRD should include patients with low
      scores in the Psychological, Environmental, and Physical domains, those who show
      no improvement in mental or somatic well-being in the past 12 months, those with
      a low level of positive mental attitudes, unhealthy eating habits, and with low
      levels of met needs. Such programs should include older widows and widowers
      without permanent relationships, with only primary education, living far from a
      primary care center, and those whose visits were not due to a medical issue.

PMID- 27358181
TI  - Adiponectin and Mortality in Smokers and Non-Smokers of the Ludwigshafen Risk and
      Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) Study.
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality
      worldwide. A decreased concentration of adiponectin has been reported in smokers.
      The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cigarette smoking on the
      concentration of adiponectin and potassium in active smokers (AS) and life-time
      non-smokers (NS) of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC)
      Study, and the use of these two markers for risk prediction. Smoking status was
      assessed by a questionnaire and measurement of plasma cotinine concentration. The
      serum concentration of adiponectin was measured by ELISA. Adiponectin was binned
      into tertiles separately for AS and NS and the Cox regression was used to assess
      the effect on mortality. There were 777 AS and 1178 NS among the LURIC patients.
      Within 10 years (median) of follow-up 221 AS and 302 NS died. In unadjusted
      analyses, AS had lower concentrations of adiponectin. However, after adjustment
      for age and gender there was no significant difference in adiponectin
      concentration between AS and NS. In the Cox regression model adjusted for age and
      gender, adiponectin was significantly associated with mortality in AS, but not in
      NS, with hazard ratio (95 % CI) of 1.60 (1.14-2.24) comparing the third with
      first tertile. In a model further adjusted for the risk factors, such as diabetes
      mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, body mass index, LDL-cholesterol
      and HDL-cholesterol, adiponectin was significantly associated with mortality with
      hazard ratio of 1.83 (1.28-2.62) and 1.56 (1.15-2.11) for AS and NS,
      respectively. We conclude that increased adiponectin is a strong and independent
      predictor of mortality in both AS and NS. The determination of adiponectin
      concentration could be used to identify individuals at increased mortality risk.

PMID- 27358183
TI  - Active Site Characterization of Proteases Sequences from Different Species of
      Aspergillus.
AB  - A total of 129 proteases sequences comprising 43 serine proteases, 36 aspartic
      proteases, 24 cysteine protease, 21 metalloproteases, and 05 neutral proteases
      from different Aspergillus species were analyzed for the catalytically active
      site residues using MEROPS database and various bioinformatics tools. Different
      proteases have predominance of variable active site residues. In case of 24
      cysteine proteases of Aspergilli, the predominant active site residues observed
      were Gln193, Cys199, His364, Asn384 while for 43 serine proteases, the active
      site residues namely Asp164, His193, Asn284, Ser349 and Asp325, His357, Asn454,
      Ser519 were frequently observed. The analysis of 21 metalloproteases of
      Aspergilli revealed Glu298 and Glu388, Tyr476 as predominant active site
      residues. In general, Aspergilli species-specific active site residues were
      observed for different types of protease sequences analyzed. The phylogenetic
      analysis of these 129 proteases sequences revealed 14 different clans
      representing different types of proteases with diverse active site residues. 

PMID- 27358180
TI  - De novo mutations of KIAA2022 in females cause intellectual disability and
      intractable epilepsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mutations in the KIAA2022 gene have been reported in male patients
      with X-linked intellectual disability, and related female carriers were
      unaffected. Here, we report 14 female patients who carry a heterozygous de novo
      KIAA2022 mutation and share a phenotype characterised by intellectual disability
      and epilepsy. METHODS: Reported females were selected for genetic testing because
      of substantial developmental problems and/or epilepsy. X-inactivation and
      expression studies were performed when possible. RESULTS: All mutations were
      predicted to result in a frameshift or premature stop. 12 out of 14 patients had
      intractable epilepsy with myoclonic and/or absence seizures, and generalised in
      11. Thirteen patients had mild to severe intellectual disability. This female
      phenotype partially overlaps with the reported male phenotype which consists of
      more severe intellectual disability, microcephaly, growth retardation, facial
      dysmorphisms and, less frequently, epilepsy. One female patient showed completely
      skewed X-inactivation, complete absence of RNA expression in blood and a
      phenotype similar to male patients. In the six other tested patients, X
      inactivation was random, confirmed by a non-significant twofold to threefold
      decrease of RNA expression in blood, consistent with the expected mosaicism
      between cells expressing mutant or normal KIAA2022 alleles. CONCLUSIONS:
      Heterozygous loss of KIAA2022 expression is a cause of intellectual disability in
      females. Compared with its hemizygous male counterpart, the heterozygous female
      disease has less severe intellectual disability, but is more often associated
      with a severe and intractable myoclonic epilepsy.

PMID- 27358184
TI  - Characterization of endometriosis-associated immune cell infiltrates (EMaICI).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize endometriosis-associated immune cell
      infiltrates (EMaICI). Furthermore, to define occurrence and size of EMaICI in
      various types of endometriosis. METHODS: Immune cells were characterized in
      samples of 60 premenopausal women with histological proven endometriosis.
      Therefore, immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies for CD3, CD4,
      CD8, CD45RO, CD25, CD56, CD68, and CD20 on sections of paraffin-embedded
      endometriotic tissue was performed. RESULTS: EMaICI were observed in all the
      types of endometriosis, and characterized as T lymphocytes (CD3+), helper T
      lymphocytes (CD4+), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+), antigen-experienced T
      lymphocytes"memory cells" (CD45RO+), macrophages (CD68+), and B lymphocytes
      (CD20+). The maximum frequency of EMaICI and their distribution per endometriotic
      lesion (EML) was observed in peritoneal endometriosis (pEM) and in ovarian
      endometriosis (Ov. EM). In myometrium from adenomyosis (M/AM), EMaICI occurrence
      was lower and smaller in size in comparison with EMaICI seen in other forms of
      endometriosis. EMaICI were negative for regulatory T cells (CD25+ high, FoxP3+)
      and natural killer cells (NK cells, CD56+). CONCLUSION: Numerous and brisk EMaICI
      comprising several types of immune cells in all endometriosis forms suggest acute
      immunological reactions within the microenvironment of endometriosis lesions.

PMID- 27358185
TI  - Early Life Health, Trauma and Social Determinants of Lifetime Abstention from
      Alcohol.
AB  - AIMS: Factors influencing lifetime abstention from alcohol may be relevant to the
      validity of analyses of alcohol's impact on health outcomes. We evaluate
      relationships between early life experiences, social factors, and demographic
      characteristics on lifetime abstainer status in models disaggregating by gender
      and, among women, race/ethnicity. METHODS: Analyses use the landline sample (N =
      5382) of the 2010 U.S. National Alcohol Survey. Surveyed participants who
      reported never drinking alcohol were defined as lifetime abstainers. Additional
      variables assessed included demographics, dispositions to risk taking and
      impulsivity, and indicators of early life stress like economic difficulty,
      childhood trauma and early onset of health conditions. Logistic regression models
      predicting lifetime abstention were estimated. RESULTS: Lifetime abstainers are
      more likely to be women and, among women, to be non-White and Latina. Those
      reporting that their religion discouraged drinking and that religion was very
      important to them were more likely to be lifetime abstainers. Higher education
      levels were associated with reduced rates of lifetime abstention among women.
      Also among women, family problem drinking was associated with lower rates of
      lifetime abstention. However, childhood economic difficulty significantly
      predicted lower abstention only for White women, and childhood sexual abuse was
      significantly related to lower lifetime abstention only for Black women.
      CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the characteristics and determinants of individuals
      who never drink alcohol is relevant to any analysis of alcohol-related health
      outcomes. Results point to specific factors related to lifetime abstention with
      potential to bias such analyses if not included as control measures. SHORT
      SUMMARY: Analyses evaluating relationships between early life experiences, social
      factors, and demographics with lifetime abstainer status identified
      characteristics associated with both poor health and with better health. These
      included lower risk taking and impulsivity scores and lower rates of family
      problem drinking, childhood economic difficulties and childhood sexual abuse.

PMID- 27358186
TI  - Women and Men Admitted for Alcohol Intoxication at an Emergency Department:
      Alcohol Use Disorders, Substance Use and Health and Social Status 7 Years Later.
AB  - AIMS: To assess the prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD), substance use,
      mental health and social status 7 years following an Emergency Department (ED)
      admission for alcohol intoxication. To assess gender differences in these
      prevalences. METHODS: Cohort of 631 patients aged 18-30 years admitted for
      alcohol intoxication in 2006-2007 at a tertiary referral hospital in Switzerland,
      contacted for an interview in 2014. Assessment consisted of demography, Alcohol
      Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, Mini International
      Neuropsychiatric Interview for AUD, Patient Health Questionnaire (depression,
      anxiety) and lifetime/past year use of tobacco/illegal drugs. Gender differences
      were assessed with Chi-square tests, t-tests and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: In
      2014, 318/631 (50.4%) completed the interview. Study completers were not
      different from non-completers on baseline characteristics (all P > 0.2). Of study
      completers, 36.8% were unemployed, 56.9% reported hazardous alcohol use, 15.1%
      alcohol dependence, 13.2% harmful use, 18.6% depression, 15.4% anxiety disorder.
      Prevalence of any use (lifetime/past year) was 93.4%/80.2% for tobacco,
      86.6%/53.1% for cannabis, 54.7%/22.6% for cocaine, 25.6%/13.5% for sedatives,
      40.9%/11.0% for stimulants, 21.7%/7.2% for opioids. Men reported significantly
      more binge drinking, AUD, cannabis use (past year) and more lifetime cannabis,
      cocaine and stimulants use (all P < 0.05). There was no gender difference in the
      prevalence of hazardous alcohol use and tobacco use. The prevalence of
      psychiatric disorders was significantly higher in women (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      Seven years after being admitted for alcohol intoxication, young patients are
      likely to present substance misuse, mental health disorders and social problems,
      suggesting  that they should be offered secondary prevention measures while in
      the ED. SHORT SUMMARY: We studied a cohort of patients aged 18-30 and admitted
      for alcohol intoxication in 2006-2007 at a tertiary hospital. Participants were
      interviewed in 2014. Seven years after an admission for alcohol intoxication,
      patients are likely to present AUDs, substance misuse, mental health disorders
      and social problems.

PMID- 27358187
TI  - Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review of High-Risk and Metastatic Disease.
AB  - Non-melanoma skin cancer represents one-third of all malignancies and its
      incidence is expected to rise until the year 2040. Cutaneous squamous cell
      carcinoma (cSCC) represents 20 % of all non-melanoma skin cancer and is a deadly
      threat owing to its ability to metastasize to any organ in the body. Therefore, a
      better understanding of cSCC is essential to strengthen preventative measures and
      curable treatment options. Currently, research demonstrates that cSCC is
      diagnosed at a rate of 15-35 per 100,000 people and is expected to increase 2-4 %
      per year. With respect to metastatic cSCC, this disease is more common in men;
      people over the age of 75 years; and inhabitants of the south and mid-west USA.
      In 2010, the American Joint Committee on Cancer updated the Cancer Staging
      Manual's primary tumor designation to now include high-risk factors; however,
      factors such as immunosuppression and tumor recurrence were not included. Other
      staging systems such as Brigham and Women's Hospital have allowed for increased
      stratification of cSCC. High-risk cSCC is defined as a cSCC that is staged as N0,
      extends beyond basement membrane, and has high-risk features associated with sub
      clinical metastasis. High-risk features are depth of invasion (>2 mm), poor
      histological differentiation, high-risk anatomic location (face, ear, pre/post
      auricular, genitalia, hands, and feet), perineural involvement, recurrence,
      multiple cSCC tumors, and immunosuppression. Epidermal growth factor receptor and
      nuclear active IkappaB kinase (IKK) expression are also predictive of metastatic
      capabilities. Clinically, the initial lesions of a cSCC tumor can present as a
      painless plaque-like or verrucous tumor that can ultimately progress to being
      large, necrotic, and infected. Tumors can also present with paresthesias or
      lymphadenopathy depending on the location involved. With respect to prognosis,
      metastatic cSCC is lethal, with several large studies demonstrating a mortality
      rate of >70 %. Therefore, treatment of metastatic cSCC is difficult and depends
      on the location involved and extent of metastasis. Treatment options include
      surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and any combination of the above.
      Surgery alone can be used for metastatic cSCC treatment, but is not as effective
      as surgery in conjunction with radiation therapy. Radiation therapy has some
      success as a monotherapy in low-risk or cosmetically sensitive areas such as the
      external ear, eyelid or nose. According to the 2013 National Comprehensive Cancer
      Network Guidelines, cisplatin as a single agent or combined with 5-fluorouracil
      hold the strongest support for the treatment of metastatic cSCC; however, the
      supporting evidence is inconsistent and a curative chemotherapeutic approach is
      still lacking. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors are a newer class of
      agents being used in metastatic cSCC and hold some promise as a therapy for this
      disease. Other areas of interest in finding curative treatments for metastatic
      cSCC include p53, hypermethylation of specific genes, chromatin remodeling genes,
      and the RAS/RTK/PI3K pathway. This review addresses the epidemiology, staging,
      risk factors, clinical presentation, management, and new trends in the treatment
      of high-risk and metastatic cSCC.

PMID- 27358188
TI  - Risk factors for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Focus on Fcgamma receptors.
AB  - Fcgamma receptors have critical roles in the pathophysiology of heparin-induced
      thrombocytopenia (HIT), a severe immune-mediated complication of heparin
      treatment. Activation of platelets, monocytes and neutrophils by platelet
      activating anti-PF4/heparin IgG antibodies results in thrombocytopenia,
      hypercoagulability and thrombosis in susceptible patients, effects that depend on
      FcgammaRIIA. In addition, FcgammaRIIIA receptors probably contribute to clearance
      of platelets sensitised by HIT immune complexes. FcgammaRI has also been reported
      to be involved in monocyte activation by HIT IgG antibodies and synthesis of
      tissue factor. This review focuses on the role of these FcgammaRs in HIT
      pathophysiology, including the potential influence of several gene variations
      associated with variable risk of HIT and related thrombosis. In particular, the
      276P and 326Q alleles of CD148, a protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates
      FcgammaRIIA signalling, are associated with a lower risk of HIT, and platelets
      from healthy donors expressing these alleles are hyporesponsive to anti-PF4/H
      antibodies. It was also recently demonstrated that the risk of thrombosis is
      higher in HIT patients expressing the R isoform of the FcgammaRIIA H131R
      polymorphism, with HIT antibodies shown to activate RR platelets more
      efficiently, mainly explained by an inhibitory effect of normal IgG2, which bound
      to the FcgammaRIIA 131H isoform more efficiently. Environmental risk factors
      probably interact with these gene polymorphisms affecting FcgammaRs, thereby
      increasing thrombosis risk in HIT.

PMID- 27358189
TI  - Iodine Content in Milk Alternatives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones and is
      acquired through the diet. Cow's milk is a primary source of iodine in the U.S.
      diet. The objective of this study was to measure the iodine content in a variety
      of milk alternatives to determine whether milk alternatives contain iodine levels
      comparable to that of cow's milk. METHODS: Iodine levels from 30 different brands
      of milk alternatives from 16 different companies were measured by the
      spectrophotometric method of the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. RESULTS: The 30
      brands of milk alternatives contained an average of 3.1 +/- 2.5 MUg/250 mL (~8
      oz. or one cup, serving size) of iodine or 12.3 +/- 10.1 MUg/L (~24 oz. or four
      cups, daily recommended serving for adequate calcium intake) of iodine.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that milk alternatives contain far less
      iodine than cow's milk. Individuals with restricted dairy product consumption are
      at risk for inadequate dietary iodine intake.

PMID- 27358190
TI  - Has Aspergillus PCR Come to the Age of Maturity?

PMID- 27358191
TI  - Small Glutamine-Rich Tetratricopeptide Repeat-Containing Protein Alpha (SGTA)
      Ablation Limits Offspring Viability and Growth in Mice.
AB  - Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha (SGTA) has
      been implicated as a co-chaperone and regulator of androgen and growth hormone
      receptor (AR, GHR) signalling. We investigated the functional consequences of
      partial and full Sgta ablation in vivo using Cre-lox Sgta-null mice. Sgta(+/-)
      breeders generated viable Sgta(-/-) offspring, but at less than Mendelian
      expectancy. Sgta(-/-) breeders were subfertile with small litters and higher
      neonatal death (P < 0.02). Body size was significantly and proportionately
      smaller in male and female Sgta(-/-) (vs WT, Sgta(+/-) P < 0.001) from d19. Serum
      IGF-1 levels were genotype- and sex-dependent. Food intake, muscle and bone mass
      and adiposity were unchanged in Sgta(-/-). Vital and sex organs had normal
      relative weight, morphology and histology, although certain androgen-sensitive
      measures such as penis and preputial size, and testis descent, were greater in
      Sgta(-/-). Expression of AR and its targets remained largely unchanged, although
      AR localisation was genotype- and tissue-dependent. Generally expression of other
      TPR-containing proteins was unchanged. In conclusion, this thorough investigation
      of SGTA-null mutation reports a mild phenotype of reduced body size. The model's
      full potential likely will be realised by genetic crosses with other models to
      interrogate the role of SGTA in the many diseases in which it has been
      implicated.

PMID- 27358192
TI  - Mutation of DNA Polymerase beta R137Q Results in Retarded Embryo Development Due
      to Impaired DNA Base Excision Repair in Mice.
AB  - DNA polymerase beta (Pol beta), a key enzyme in the DNA base excision repair
      (BER) pathway, is pivotal in maintaining the integrity and stability of genomes.
      One Pol beta mutation that has been identified in tumors, R137Q (arginine to
      glutamine substitution), has been shown to lower polymerase activity, and impair
      its DNA repair capacity. However, the exact functional deficiency associated with
      this polymorphism in living organisms is still unknown. Here, we constructed Pol
      beta R137Q knock-in mice, and found that homozygous knock-in mouse embryos were
      typically small in size and had a high mortality rate (21%). These embryonic
      abnormalities were caused by slow cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. In
      R137Q knock-in mouse embryos, the BER efficiency was severely impaired, which
      subsequently resulted in double-strand breaks (DSBs) and chromosomal aberrations.
      Furthermore, R137Q mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) were more sensitive to DNA
      damaging reagents, such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and H2O2. They displayed
      a higher percentage of DSBs, and were more likely to undergo apoptosis. Our
      results indicate that R137 is a key amino acid site that is essential for proper
      Pol beta functioning in maintaining genomic stability and embryo development.

PMID- 27358193
TI  - Midpoint attractors and species richness: Modelling the interaction between
      environmental drivers and geometric constraints.
AB  - We introduce a novel framework for conceptualising, quantifying and unifying
      discordant patterns of species richness along geographical gradients. While not
      itself explicitly mechanistic, this approach offers a path towards understanding
      mechanisms. In this study, we focused on the diverse patterns of species richness
      on mountainsides. We conjectured that elevational range midpoints of species may
      be drawn towards a single midpoint attractor - a unimodal gradient of
      environmental favourability. The midpoint attractor interacts with geometric
      constraints imposed by sea level and the mountaintop to produce taxon-specific
      patterns of species richness. We developed a Bayesian simulation model to
      estimate the location and strength of the midpoint attractor from species
      occurrence data sampled along mountainsides. We also constructed midpoint
      predictor models to test whether environmental variables could directly account
      for the observed patterns of species range midpoints. We challenged these models
      with 16 elevational data sets, comprising 4500 species of insects, vertebrates
      and plants. The midpoint predictor models generally failed to predict the pattern
      of species midpoints. In contrast, the midpoint attractor model closely
      reproduced empirical spatial patterns of species richness and range midpoints.
      Gradients of environmental favourability, subject to geometric constraints, may
      parsimoniously account for elevational and other patterns of species richness.

PMID- 27358194
TI  - Impact of Coronary Artery Disease Burden on 12-Month Mortality of Patients After
      Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare 12-month mortality rate of
      patients with and without complete coronary revascularization before
      transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). BACKGROUND: There are limited
      data on the impact of coronary artery disease burden in patients with severe
      aortic stenosis undergoing TAVI. METHODS: One hundred and one consecutive
      patients undergoing TAVI were enrolled. Of them 16 (15.8%) had an incomplete
      coronary revascularization. The primary endpoint was 12-month all-cause
      mortality. RESULTS: Twelve-month all-cause mortality was higher in patients with
      incomplete coronary revascularization than in patients with complete coronary
      revascularization or without significant lesions (75.0% vs 7.1%; P < 0.001).
      Importantly, incomplete coronary revascularization was an independent predictor
      of higher mortality rate after 12 months (hazard ratio (HR) for incomplete
      coronary revascularization 10.86, 95% CI 3.72-31.73; P < 0.001; HR for a history
      of stroke/TIA 3.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-11.07; P < 0.001; HR for
      blood transfusion 2.84 95% CI (1.06-7.63); P = 0.039). In 9 of 16 (56.3%)
      patients, incomplete revascularization was related to the presence of chronic
      total occlusions (CTO). Patients with CTO had an increased mortality rate after
      12 months (55.6% vs 14.1%; P = 0.008) as compared to patients without the CTO.
      CONCLUSIONS: Incomplete coronary revascularization and a history of stroke or TIA
      may be independent predictors of all-cause mortality in patients undergoing TAVI.
      However, further studies are recommended to confirm the results, especially in
      terms of the impact of CTO presence on long-term mortality after TAVI.

PMID- 27358195
TI  - Self-Templating and In Situ Assembly of a Cubic Cluster-of-Clusters Architecture
      Based on a {Mo24 Fe12 } Inorganic Macrocycle.
AB  - Engineering self-templating inorganic architectures is critical for the
      development of bottom-up approaches to nanoscience, but systems with a hierarchy
      of templates are elusive. Herein we describe that the cluster-anion-templated
      (CAT) assembly of a {CAT}?{Mo24 Fe12 } macrocycle forms a giant ca. 220 nm(3)
      unit cell containing 16 macrocycles clustered into eight face-shared tetrahedral
      cluster-of-clusters assemblies. We show that {CAT}?{Mo24 Fe12 } with different
      CATs gives the compounds 1-4 for CAT=Anderson {FeMo6 } (1), Keggin {PMo12 } (2),
      Dawson {P2 W18 } (3), and {Mo12 O36 (HPO3 )2 } (4) polyoxometalates. "Template
      free" assembly can be achieved, whereby the macrocycle components can also form a
      template in situ allowing template to macrocycle to superstructure formation and
      the ability to exchange the templates. Furthermore, the transformation of
      template clusters within the inorganic macrocycle {Mo24 Fe12 } allows the self
      generation of an uncapped {Mo12 O36 (HPO3 )2 } in compound 4.

PMID- 27358196
TI  - Application of Dempster-Shafer theory, spatial analysis and remote sensing for
      groundwater potentiality and nitrate pollution analysis in the semi-arid region
      of Khuzestan, Iran.
AB  - Effective management and sustainable development of groundwater resources of arid
      and semi-arid environments require monitoring of groundwater quality and
      quantity. The aim of this paper is to develop a reasonable methodological
      framework for producing the suitability map for drinking water through the
      geographic information system, remote sensing and field surveys of the Andimeshk
      Dezful, Khozestan province, Iran as a semi-arid region. This study investigated
      the delineation of groundwater potential zone based on Dempster-Shafer (DS)
      theory of evidence and evaluate its applicability for groundwater potentiality
      mapping. The study also analyzed the spatial distribution of groundwater nitrate
      concentration; and produced the suitability map for drinking water. The study has
      been carried out with the following steps: i) creation of maps of groundwater
      conditioning factors; ii) assessment of groundwater occurrence characteristics;
      iii) creation of groundwater potentiality map (GPM) and model validation; iv)
      collection and chemical analysis of water samples; v) assessment of groundwater
      nitrate pollution; and vi) creation of groundwater potentiality and quality map.
      The performance of the DS was also evaluated using the receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve method and pumping test data to ensure its
      generalization ability, which eventually, the GPM showed 87.76% accuracy. The
      detailed analysis of groundwater potentiality and quality revealed that the 'non
      acceptable' areas covers an area of about 1479km(2) (60%). The study will provide
      significant information for groundwater management and exploitation in areas
      where groundwater is a major source of water and its exploration is critical to
      support drinking water need. 

PMID- 27358197
TI  - Sub-lethal cadmium exposure increases phytochelatin concentrations in the aquatic
      snail Lymnaea stagnalis.
AB  - Phytochelatins are metal-binding metabolites found in almost all plant species
      and some animal groups, including nematodes and annelids, where they can play an
      important role in detoxifying metals such as cadmium. Species from several other
      taxa contain a phytochelatin synthase (PCS) gene orthologue, including molluscs,
      indicating they may have the potential to synthesize phytochelatins. However, the
      presence of a gene alone does not demonstrate that it plays a functional role in
      metal detoxification. In the present study, we show that the aquatic snail
      Lymnaea stagnalis produced both penta- and heptapeptide phytochelatins (i.e.
      phytochelatin-2 and phytochelatin-3), and their levels increased in response to
      sub-lethal levels of cadmium. 

PMID- 27358198
TI  - Prognostic factors after resection of colorectal liver metastases following
      preoperative second-line chemotherapy: Impact of RAS mutations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: After resection of colorectal liver metastases (CLM), RAS mutations
      are associated with modest survival benefit and second-line chemotherapy confers
      limited hope for cure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of RAS mutation after
      second-line chemotherapy for patients undergoing potentially curative liver
      resection for CLM. METHODS: Among 1357 patients operated for CLM between January
      2005 and November 2014, patients with known RAS mutational status were
      identified. Outcomes after second-line chemotherapy were analyzed by RAS status.
      RESULTS: Among 635 patients undergoing resection of CLM, 46 received second-line
      chemotherapy before resection, including 14 patients (30%) with RAS mutations.
      Patients who received second-line chemotherapy had significantly larger and
      greater number of liver metastases and were more likely to undergo major
      hepatectomy. Median overall (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) were
      significantly worse among patients requiring second-line chemotherapy (OS: 44.4
      vs. 61.1 months, p = 0.021; RFS: 7.3 vs. 12.0 months, p = 0.001). Among patients
      undergoing liver resection after second-line chemotherapy, RAS mutations were
      associated with worse median OS and RFS (OS: 35.2 vs. 60.7 months, p = 0.038;
      RFS: 3.6 vs. 8.3 months, p = 0.015). RAS mutation was the only independent factor
      associated with OS and RFS. All patients with RAS mutations recurred within 18
      months. Among patients with RAS wild-type tumors, the receipt of second-line
      chemotherapy did not affect OS (p = 0.493). CONCLUSION: Among patients undergoing
      resection of CLM after second-line chemotherapy, RAS mutational status is an
      independent predictor of survival and outweighs other factors to select patients
      for liver resection.

PMID- 27358199
TI  - Maternal and neonatal vitamin-D status in twin versus singleton pregnancies.
AB  - AIM: There is a paucity of information on vitamin D status of women with twin
      pregnancy and their newborns. This case-control study compared maternal and
      neonatal vitamin-D status in twin versus singleton pregnancies. METHODS: Subjects
      included 50 women with twin pregnancy delivering at >28 weeks and 50 gestational
      age-matched women with singleton pregnancy delivering during the same period.
      Maternal and neonatal serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] was compared between
      the two groups using the independent Student's t-test on log values. Serum
      albumin-adjusted calcium, inorganic phosphate, and intact parathormone levels
      were also compared. RESULTS: Maternal vitamin-D deficiency (VDD; serum 25(OH)D <
      30 nmol/L) was present in 90% of twin and 88% of singleton pregnancies. The
      prevalence of neonatal VDD was 89% in twin and 74% in singleton pregnancies (P =
      0.03). Maternal serum 25(OH)D was lower in the twin group as compared to the
      singleton group (14.3 +/- 10.47 vs 18.5 +/- 12.36 nmol/L; P = 0.02). Mean serum
      calcium, intact parathormone, and inorganic phosphate were comparable between the
      women in the two groups. Maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D showed positive
      correlation in the two groups (P < 0.001). Mean cord blood 25(OH)D was
      significantly lower in the twins than in singleton newborns (14.8 +/- 12.63 vs
      22.6 +/- 16.68 nmol/L; P = 0.002). The difference persisted even after adjustment
      for birthweights and maternal serum 25(OH)D. Mean serum calcium was significantly
      lower in the twins. CONCLUSION: Twin newborns and their mothers have higher VDD
      as compared to singleton newborns and their mothers in the VDD population.

PMID- 27358201
TI  - The application of yin-yang concept on heart rate variability patterns in
      menopausal women with insomnia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop heart rate variability (HRV) patterns for peri- and
      postmenopausal insomnia (PI) by the yin/yang concept of Chinese medicine (CM).
      METHODS: Seventy-four peri- and postmenopausal women (average age 56.6+/-1.0
      years) with insomnia were enrolled in the study. HRV and the Chinese version of
      the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) were recorded. The Autonomic Nervous
      System (ANS), Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Indices were derivative from the
      low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and ratio of LF to HF (LF/HF) components
      of the HRV. A deficiency or the excess pattern for PI was used for ANS index
      values > 0 or < 0, respectively. The deficiency pattern of PI was further divided
      into deficiency-yang (ANS index < 0, Sympathetic-Parasympathetic index > 0) and
      the deficiency-yin patterns (ANS index < 0, Sympathetic-Parasympathetic index <
      0). The classification of the excess-yang and the excess-yin patterns of PI was
      carried out in the same way. The CPSQI and HRV parameters were compared to each
      of these patterns. RESULTS: The deficiency pattern (60.8 %) occurred more
      frequently than the excess pattern (39.2%) among PI participants. There were
      significantly longer bouts of insomnia, prolonged sleep latency, lower LF, HF,
      and LF/HF of HRV among individuals with the deficiency pattern than among those
      with the excess pattern among PI participants (P<0.05). The deficiency-yang
      pattern of PI participants had significantly prolonged sleep latency and
      decreased sleep efficiency, a higher LF/HF but a lower HF while compared to those
      with the deficiency-yin pattern (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results show a
      possible method of integration of biomedicine and CM by using physiological
      signals (HRV) combined with the concepts of CM (deficiency/excess and yin/yang)
      in order to develop diagnostic patterns of PI. This method may be applicable to
      the trials involving the use of acupuncture or Chinese herbs to treat PI.

PMID- 27358202
TI  - Model-based evaluation of 5 Chinese medicine recipes in the treatment of H5N1
      influenza virus infection in BALB/c mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether Chinese medicine (CM) recipes could ameliorate
      H5N1 influenza virus infection in BALB/c mice model. METHODS: BALB/c mice were
      orally administrated with 5 CM recipes (removing toxin, tonifying qi, cooling
      blood, laxation, and compound recipes), oseltamivir, or saline solution
      respectively for 5 consecutive days after the infection of H5N1 influenza virus.
      Series of indices were employed to evaluate the amelioration of the 5 CM recipes
      on infection, including clinical assessment, gross observation, histopathologic
      findings, cytokine levels and viral burden in the lungs. RESULTS: Two CM recipes
      (cooling blood and compound recipes) could postpone the death period of the mice
      infected with high-dose H5N1 influenza virus (P< 0.05). And for the mice infected
      with low-dose H5N1 influenza virus, CM recipes could significantly reduce the
      mortality and inhibit viral proliferation in the lungs as compared with the
      control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in lung coefficients
      between the treatment and the control groups, but histopathological findings in
      the lungs were improved in CM recipes groups compared to control group findings.
      A transient increase was observed in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
      cytokines during the first 6 days of infection. The levels of interleukin (IL)
      12p40 and interferon-gamma of the treatment groups were significantly lower than
      that of the control group at day 3 post-infection (P<0.05), while only compound
      recipe were significantly lower in level of tumor necrosis factor alpha than the
      control (P<0.05). The level of IL-10 of the control was higher than others, and
      the differences between the control and cooling blood, removing toxin recipes
      were significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggested the
      potentials of the CM recipes in ameliorating influenza virus infection by
      suppressing viral proliferations, improving histopathological lesions, and
      inhibition of over expression of inflammatory cytokines.

PMID- 27358200
TI  - High tibial osteotomy in the ACL-deficient knee with medial compartment
      osteoarthritis.
AB  - High tibial osteotomy (HTO) has traditionally been used to treat varus
      gonarthrosis in younger, active patients. Varus malalignment increases the risk
      of progression of medial compartment osteoarthritis and an HTO can be performed
      to realign the mechanical axis of the lower limb towards the lateral compartment,
      thereby decreasing contact pressures in the medial compartment. Anterior cruciate
      ligament (ACL) insufficiency may lead to post-traumatic arthritis due to altered
      joint loading and associated injuries to the menisci and articular cartilage.
      Understanding the importance of posterior tibial slope and its role in sagittal
      knee stability has led to the development of biplane osteotomies designed to
      flatten the posterior tibial slope in the ACL deficient knee. Altering the
      alignment in both the sagittal and coronal planes helps improve stability as well
      as alter the load in the medial compartment. Detailed history, physical exam and
      radiographic analysis guide treatment decisions in this high demand patient
      population. Lateral closing wedge (LCW) and medial opening wedge (MOW) HTOs have
      been performed and their potential advantages and disadvantages have been well
      described. Given the triangular shape of the proximal tibia, it is imperative
      that the surgeon pay close attention to the geometry of the osteotomy "gap" when
      performing MOW HTO to avoid inadvertently increasing the posterior tibial slope.
      Simultaneous ACL reconstruction may require technique modifications depending on
      the type of HTO and ACL graft chosen. With appropriate patient selection and good
      surgical technique, it is reasonable to expect patients to return to activities
      of daily living and recreational sports without debilitating pain or instability.

PMID- 27358203
TI  - Tounong Powder () extracts induce G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in LoVo
      cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To further explore the anti-cancer effect of Tounong Powder ()
      extracts (TNSEs) on human colon cancer LoVo cells and examine the possible
      molecular mechanisms. METHODS: The contents of TNSEs were determined by liquid
      chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis after extraction with water and
      methanol. Variations of cell morphological features were observed using
      fluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity was determined by the 3-(4,5
      dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell cycle
      distribution and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry at different TNSE
      doses (0, 62.5, 125, or 250 MUg/mL). Protein expressions of phosphatidylinositol
      3-kinase (PI3K), phosphate protein kinase B (p-AKT), phosphate mammalian target
      of rapamycin (p-mTOR), p-p70s6k1, cleaved caspase-9 and -3 were detected using
      Western blot analysis. RESULTS: TNSEs induced cell growth inhibition in a
      concentration- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis showed
      apoptotic cells and cell cycle arrest at the G phase after TNSEs treatment
      compared with controls. Furthermore, TNSEs significantly down-regulated the
      proteins PI3K, p-AKT, p-mTOR, and p-p70s6k1, and up-regulated the proteins
      cleaved caspase-9 and -3 dosedependently, as determined by Western blot.
      CONCLUSIONS: TNSEs reduced LoVo cell proliferation, and caused apoptosis and cell
      cycle arrest in LoVo cells. This effect might be associated with regulation of
      the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

PMID- 27358204
TI  - Pleiotropic effects of herbs characterized with blood-activating and stasis
      resolving functions on angiogenesis.
AB  - Accumulative evidences have underpinned the nature candidates from Chinese
      medicine (CM), particularly CM served as blood activating and stasis resolving
      (BASR, Huoxue Huayu in Chinese) by targeting tumor-associated angiogenesis.
      However, recent experiment research on the therapeutic angiogenesis by BASR-CM
      attracts wide attention and discussion. This opinion review focused on the
      underlying link between two indications and anticipated that (1) BASR-CM might
      emphasize on a balanced multi-cytokines network interaction; (2) BASR-CM might
      address on the nature of diseases prior to differently affecting physiological
      and pathological angiogenesis; (3) BASR-CM might mainly act on perivascular
      cells, either promotes arteriogenesis by increasing arteriogenic factors in
      ischemic diseases, or simultaneously keep a quiescent vasculature to impede
      angiogenesis in tumor context. 

PMID- 27358205
TI  - Feasibility of an Electronic Survey on iPads with In-Person Data Collectors for
      Data Collection with Health Care Professionals and Health Care Consumers in
      General Emergency Departments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Translating Emergency Knowledge for Kids was established to bridge
      the research-practice gap in pediatric emergency care by bringing the best
      evidence to Canadian general emergency departments (EDs). The first step in this
      process was to conduct a national needs assessment to determine the information
      needs and preferences of health professionals and parents in this clinical
      setting. OBJECTIVE: To describe the development and implementation of two
      electronic surveys, and determine the feasibility of collecting electronic survey
      data on iPads with in-person data collectors in a busy clinical environment.
      METHODS: Two descriptive surveys were conducted in 32 general EDs. Specific
      factors were addressed in four survey development and implementation stages:
      survey design, survey delivery, survey completion, and survey return. Feasibility
      of the data collection approach was determined by evaluating participation rates,
      completion rates, average survey time to completion, and usability of the
      platform. Usability was assessed with the in-person data collectors on five key
      variables: interactivity, portability, innovativeness, security, and proficiency.
      RESULTS: Health professional participation rates (1561/2575, 60.62%) and
      completion rates (1471/1561, 94.23%) were strong. Parental participation rates
      (974/1099, 88.63%) and completion rates (897/974, 92.09%) were excellent. Mean
      time to survey completion was 28.08 minutes for health professionals and 43.23
      minutes for parents. Data collectors rated the platform "positively" to "very
      positively" on all five usability variables. CONCLUSIONS: A number of design and
      implementation considerations were explored and integrated into this mixed-mode
      survey data collection approach. Feasibility was demonstrated by the robust
      survey participation and completion rates, reasonable survey completion times,
      and very positive usability evaluation results.

PMID- 27358206
TI  - Single vessel air injection estimates of xylem resistance to cavitation are
      affected by vessel network characteristics and sample length.
AB  - Xylem resistance to cavitation is an important trait that is related to the
      ecology and survival of plant species. Vessel network characteristics, such as
      vessel length and connectivity, could affect the spread of emboli from gas-filled
      vessels to functional ones, triggering their cavitation. We hypothesized that the
      cavitation resistance of xylem vessels is randomly distributed throughout the
      vessel network. We predicted that single vessel air injection (SVAI)
      vulnerability curves (VCs) would thus be affected by sample length. Longer stem
      samples were predicted to appear more resistant than shorter samples due to the
      sampled path including greater numbers of vessels. We evaluated the vessel
      network characteristics of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), English oak (Quercus
      robur L.) and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray), and
      constructed SVAI VCs for 5- and 20-cm-long segments. We also constructed VCs with
      a standard centrifuge method and used computer modelling to estimate the curve
      shift expected for pathways composed of different numbers of vessels. For all
      three species, the SVAI VCs for 5 cm segments rose exponentially and were more
      vulnerable than the 20 cm segments. The 5 cm curve shapes were exponential and
      were consistent with centrifuge VCs. Modelling data supported the observed SVAI
      VC shifts, which were related to path length and vessel network characteristics.
      These results suggest that exponential VCs represent the most realistic curve
      shape for individual vessel resistance distributions for these species. At the
      network level, the presence of some vessels with a higher resistance to
      cavitation may help avoid emboli spread during tissue dehydration.

PMID- 27358207
TI  - Implication of the suberin pathway in adaptation to waterlogging and
      hypertrophied lenticels formation in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.).
AB  - Waterlogging causes stressful conditions for perennial species. The temporary
      overabundance of water in waterlogged soil can induce hypoxia in the rhizosphere,
      leading to root death, tree decline and even dieback. Two closely related members
      of the European white oak complex, pedunculate (Quercus robur L.) and sessile
      (Quercus petraea Matt. Liebl.) oaks, have different ecological characteristics,
      especially regarding their adaptation to soil waterlogging. The tolerance of
      waterlogging observed in pedunculate oak is driven principally by its ability to
      produce adaptive structures, hypertrophied lenticels and adventitious roots, and
      to switch rapidly its metabolism to the fermentative pathway. This study had two
      objectives: (i) to identify genes important for adaptation to waterlogging and
      (ii) to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in hypertrophied
      lenticel formation in pedunculate oak. We subjected seedlings of the two species
      to hypoxia by maintaining the water level 2 cm above the collar. The immersed
      part of the stem (i.e., containing hypertrophied lenticels in pedunculate oak)
      was sampled after 9 days of waterlogging stress and its gene expression was
      investigated by RNA-seq. Genes displaying differential expression between the two
      species were identified with the DESeq R package and a false discovery rate of
      0.001. We found that 3705 contigs were differentially regulated between the two
      species. Twenty-two differentially expressed genes were validated by real-time
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The suberin biosynthesis pathway was
      found to be upregulated in pedunculate oak, consistent with molecular mechanisms
      analogous to those operating in the radial oxygen loss barrier in waterlogging
      tolerant species.

PMID- 27358208
TI  - David Oliver: The forgotten problem of incontinence.

PMID- 27358209
TI  - Dispersal behavior of yellowjacket (Vespula germanica) queens.
AB  - Understanding the factors that affect animal dispersal behavior is important from
      both fundamental and applied perspectives. Dispersal can have clear evolutionary
      and ecological consequences, but for nonnative insect pests, dispersal capacity
      can also help to explain invasion success. Vespula germanica is a social wasp
      that, in the last century, has successfully invaded several regions of the world,
      showing one of the highest spread rates reported for a nonnative insect. In
      contrast with nonsocial wasps, in social species, queens are responsible for
      population redistribution and spread, as workers are sterile. For V. germanica,
      it has been observed that queen flight is limited to 2 distinct periods: early
      autumn, when new queens leave the nest to mate and find sheltered places in which
      to hibernate, and spring when new colonies are founded. Our aim was to study the
      flight behavior of V. germanica queens by focusing on the different periods in
      which dispersal occurs, characterizing as well the potential contribution of
      queen flight (i.e., distance) to the observed geographical spread. Our results
      suggest that the distances flown by nonoverwintered queens is greater than that
      flown by overwintered individuals, suggesting that the main queen dispersal
      events would occur before queens enter hibernation. This could relate to a
      behavioral trait of the queens to avoid the inbreeding with related drones.
      Additionally, given the short distances flown and remarkable geographical spread
      observed, we provide evidence showing that queen dispersal by flight is likely to
      contribute proportionately less to population spread than human-aided factors.

PMID- 27358210
TI  - Long-term clinical safety and efficacy of brodalumab in the treatment of Japanese
      patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Brodalumab (KHK4827) is a human anti-interleukin-17-receptor A
      monoclonal antibody. In Japanese patients with moderate-to-severe plaque
      psoriasis, brodalumab showed rapid and robust efficacy and a favourable safety
      profile in a 12-week, phase 2, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
      OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of brodalumab, an
      extension of a phase 2 trial of Japanese patients with moderate-to-severe
      psoriasis was performed. METHODS: Patients received open-label brodalumab 210 or
      140 mg subcutaneously every 2 weeks for 52 weeks. Efficacy was measured using the
      Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score and the static physician global
      assessment (sPGA) instrument. The endpoint of psoriatic arthritis was 20%
      improvement in American College of Rheumatology response criteria (ACR 20). The
      patients were also monitored for treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs),
      including serious AEs (SAEs). RESULTS: Of 145 patients, 133 completed the study.
      The percentage of patients with >=75% reduction of PASI scores (PASI 75), >=90%
      (PASI 90) and 100% (PASI 100) at Week 52 (the last observation carried forward)
      were 94.4%, 87.5% and 55.6%, respectively, in the 210-mg group, and the
      corresponding values in the 140-mg group were 78.1%, 71.2% and 43.8%. At Week 52,
      75.0% patients in 210-mg group achieved ACR 20, compared with 37.5% patients in
      140-mg group. The most commonly reported AEs were nasopharyngitis (35.2%), upper
      respiratory tract inflammation (10.3%) and contact dermatitis (9.7%). CONCLUSION:
      Brodalumab showed a sustained clinical response and an acceptable safety profile
      through 52 weeks in Japanese patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in
      this open-label extension study.

PMID- 27358212
TI  - Ranolazine Therapy in Cardiac Arrhythmias.
AB  - Ranolazine is an antianginal medication originally granted approval by the U.S.
      Food and Drug Administration for therapeutic use in 2006. Since its introduction
      into the U.S. market, there have been multiple trials and clinical case reports
      that demonstrate ranolazine may be effective in the prevention and treatment of
      both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, including postoperative atrial
      fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. More
      recently, the combination of dronedarone with ranolazine has demonstrated in
      initial studies to have a synergistic effect in the reduction of burden of atrial
      fibrillation. This article will review the basic pharmacology of ranolazine, the
      studies demonstrating use of ranolazine in atrial and ventricular arrhythmias,
      the limitations to the use of ranolazine as antiarrhythmic therapy, and explore
      the synergistic effect with other agents in the suppression of arrhythmias. 

PMID- 27358213
TI  - Extranasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization predisposes to bloodstream
      infections in patients on hemodialysis with noncuffed internal jugular vein
      catheters.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcal infection of endogenous origin is an important cause
      of morbidity and mortality in patients who receive hemodialysis (HD). The risk of
      such infections in nasal carriers of the organism is well defined. Extranasal
      carriage of the organism at extranasal sites may pose similar risks. METHODS: A
      total of 70 patients about to undergo internal jugular vein catheterization for
      HD were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Swab cultures were
      obtained from anterior nares, posterior pharynx, axillae, toe web spaces, and
      vascular access sites at baseline and 1 week later. A patient was defined as a
      persistent carrier when the same organism was grown in both samples.
      Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections were assessed by blood and catheter
      tip cultures over a 90-day period. FINDINGS: The mean age of the patients was
      43.71 +/- 16.2 years. Persistent S. aureus carriage at anterior nares, throat,
      axilla, toe web spaces, vascular access site, and all sites was documented in
      27.9%, 11.4%, 40%, 32.9%, 4.3%, and 64.2% of patients, respectively. Fifteen
      patients developed S. aureus infections. Catheter related S. aureus infections
      (CRI) were more likely in persistent carriers than nonpersistent carriers with
      odds ratios (95% CI) of 10.2 (2.8-37.1), 8.6 (1.7-42.2), 17.3 (3.4-86.0), 3.0
      (0.9-9.8), and 1.9 (0.2-22.4) for anterior nares, throat, axilla, toe web spaces,
      and vascular access site carriers, respectively. The probability of developing
      CRI in persistent S. aureus carriers was 55% compared to none in noncarriers at
      90 days (P = 0.04). DISCUSSION: Extranasal S. aureus carriage is as significant a
      risk factor as nasal carriage for staphylococcal infections in patients on HD
      through catheters. The study is limited by lack of molecular phenotyping.

PMID- 27358211
TI  - CCL19 as a Chemokine Risk Factor for Posttreatment Lyme Disease Syndrome: a
      Prospective Clinical Cohort Study.
AB  - Approximately 10% to 20% of patients optimally treated for early Lyme disease
      develop persistent symptoms of unknown pathophysiology termed posttreatment Lyme
      disease syndrome (PTLDS). The objective of this study was to investigate
      associations between PTLDS and immune mediator levels during acute illness and at
      several time points following treatment. Seventy-six participants with physician
      documented erythema migrans and 26 healthy controls with no history of Lyme
      disease were enrolled. Sixty-four cytokines, chemokines, and inflammatory markers
      were measured at each visit for a total of 6 visits over 1 year. An
      operationalized definition of PTLDS incorporating symptoms and functional impact
      was applied at 6 months and 1 year following treatment completion, and clinical
      outcome groups were defined as the return-to-health, symptoms-only, and PTLDS
      groups. Significance analysis of microarrays identified 7 of the 64 immune
      mediators to be differentially regulated by group. Generalized logit regressions
      controlling for potential confounders identified posttreatment levels of the T
      cell chemokine CCL19 to be independently associated with clinical outcome group.
      Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified a CCL19 cutoff of >111.67
      pg/ml at 1 month following treatment completion to be 82% sensitive and 83%
      specific for later PTLDS. We speculate that persistently elevated CCL19 levels
      among participants with PTLDS may reflect ongoing, immune-driven reactions at
      sites distal to secondary lymphoid tissue. Our findings suggest the relevance of
      CCL19 both during acute infection and as an immunologic risk factor for PTLDS
      during the posttreatment phase. Identification of a potential biomarker predictor
      for PTLDS provides the opportunity to better understand its pathophysiology and
      to develop early interventions in the context of appropriate and specific
      clinical information. 

PMID- 27358214
TI  - Development and Evaluation of a Smartphone-Based Measure of Social Rhythms for
      Bipolar Disorder.
AB  - Dynamic psychological processes are most often assessed using self-report
      instruments. This places a constraint on how often and for how long data can be
      collected due to the burden placed on human participants. Smartphones are
      ubiquitous and highly personal devices, equipped with sensors that offer an
      opportunity to measure and understand psychological processes in real-world
      contexts over the long term. In this article, we present a novel smartphone
      approach to address the limitations of self-report in bipolar disorder where mood
      and activity are key constructs. We describe the development of MoodRhythm, a
      smartphone application that incorporates existing self-report elements from
      interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, a clinically validated treatment, and
      combines them with novel inputs from smartphone sensors. We reflect on lessons
      learned in transitioning from an existing self-report instrument to one that
      involves smartphone sensors and discuss the potential impact of these changes on
      the future of psychological assessment.

PMID- 27358215
TI  - Transient acantholytic dyskeratosis (Grover's disease) after bone marrow
      transplantation.
AB  - Cutaneous eruptions in recipients of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation (AHSCT) are frequent, and common aetiologies include graft-versus
      host disease (GVHD), drug reactions, viral infections and engraftment syndrome.
      Transient acantholytic dermatosis or Grover's disease has been described in
      oncology patients and it is rarely reported after AHSCT. However, this benign and
      self-limiting condition should be histologically distinguished from other, more
      serious entities, mainly stage IV GVHD, in order to avoid inappropriate treatment
      with corticosteroids and intensive immunosuppression.

PMID- 27358216
TI  - CrossTalk opposing view: Sleep apnoea causes metabolic syndrome.

PMID- 27358217
TI  - The cerebral venous system in migraine: the not so innocent bystander?

PMID- 27358218
TI  - Lower- and higher-level models of right hemisphere language. A selective survey.
AB  - The models advanced to explain right hemisphere (RH) language function can be
      divided into two main types. According to the older (lower-level) models, RH
      language reflects the ontogenesis of conceptual and semantic-lexical development;
      the more recent models, on the other hand, suggest that the RH plays an important
      role in the use of higher-level language functions, such as metaphors, to convey
      complex, abstract concepts. The hypothesis that the RH may be preferentially
      involved in processing the semantic-lexical components of language was advanced
      by Zaidel in splitbrain patients and his model was confirmed by
      neuropsychological investigations, proving that right brain-damaged patients show
      selective semanticlexical disorders. The possible links between lower and higher
      levels of RH language are discussed, as is the hypothesis that the RH may have
      privileged access to the figurative aspects of novel metaphorical expressions,
      whereas conventionalization of metaphorical meaning could be a bilaterally
      mediated process involving abstract semantic-lexical codes.

PMID- 27358219
TI  - Vestibular disorders following different types of head and neck trauma.
AB  - This review focuses on the published literature on vestibular disorders following
      different types of head and neck trauma. Current knowledge of the different
      causes and underlying mechanisms of vestibular disorders, as well as the sites of
      organic damage, is presented. Non-organic mechanisms are also surveyed. The
      frequency of occurrence of vestibular symptoms, and of other accompanying
      subjective complaints, associated with different types of trauma is presented and
      related to the specific causes. Hypotheses about the pathogenesis of traumatic
      vestibular disorders are presented, and the knowledge derived from animal
      experiments is also discussed. We believe this to be a very important topic,
      since vestibular complaints in traumatic patients often remain undiagnosed or
      underestimated in clinical practice. This review article aims to suggest
      directions for additional research and to provide guidance to both the scientific
      and clinical practice communities.

PMID- 27358220
TI  - Cerebral venous hemodynamic abnormalities in episodic and chronic migraine.
AB  - Alterations of cerebral venous drainage have been demonstrated in chronic
      migraine (CM), suggesting that cerebral venous hemodynamic abnormalities (CVHAs)
      play a role in this condition. The aim of the present study was to look for a
      correlation between CM and CVHAs. We recruited 33 subjects suffering from CM with
      or without analgesic overuse, 29 episodic migraine (EM) patients with or without
      aura, and 21 healthy subjects as controls (HCs). CVHAs were evaluated by
      transcranial and extracranial echo-color Doppler evaluation of five venous
      hemodynamic parameters. CVHAs were significantly more frequent in the CM and EM
      patients than in the HCs. In the migraine patients, CVHAs were not correlated
      with clinical features. The significantly greater frequency of CVHAs observed in
      the migraineurs may reflect a possible relationship between migraine and these
      abnormalities. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether
      CVHAs have a role in the processes of migraine chronification.

PMID- 27358221
TI  - Antiepileptic drug use in a nursing home setting: a retrospective study in older
      adults.
AB  - The authors set out to examine qualitatively the use of antiepileptic drugs
      (AEDs) in a population of older adults in a nursing home setting, evaluating
      aspects such as specialist prescriptions and changes in dosage. This
      retrospective prevalence study was carried out in a state-funded nursing home
      that provides care and rehabilitation for elderly people. The first objective of
      the study was to determine the prevalence of AED use in this population. The
      second objective was to monitor AED dosage modifications during the fifteen-month
      study period, focusing on the safety and the tolerability of AEDs. In the period
      of time considered, 129 of 402 monitored patients received at least one anti
      epileptic therapy. The prevalence of AED use was therefore 32%. Gabapentin was
      found to be the most commonly prescribed drug, with a frequency of 29%, and it
      was used mainly for anxiety disorders, psychosis, neuropathic pain and mood
      disorders.

PMID- 27358222
TI  - Delayed auditory conduction in diabetes: is metformin-induced vitamin B12
      deficiency responsible?
AB  - The present study aims to evaluate the functional integrity of the auditory
      pathway in patients with diabetes taking metformin. A further aim is to assess
      its association with vitamin B12 deficiency induced by metformin. Thirty
      diabetics taking metformin and 30 age-matched non-diabetic controls were
      enrolled. Stimulus-related potentials and vitamin B12 levels were evaluated in
      all the subjects. The diabetics showed deficient vitamin B12 levels and delayed
      wave III latency and III-V interpeak latency in the right ear and delayed Na and
      Pa wave latencies in the left ear compared with the controls. The dose and
      duration of metformin showed no association with the stimulusrelated potentials.
      Therefore, although vitamin B12 levels were deficient and auditory conduction
      impairment was present in the diabetics on metformin, this impairment cannot be
      attributed to the vitamin B12 deficiency.

PMID- 27358223
TI  - Cerebrospinal fluid analysis after unprovoked first seizure.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristics
      after an unprovoked first seizure (UFS). We reviewed the medical records of 71
      patients with UFS who underwent lumbar puncture, and examined the CSF parameters.
      Each CSF parameter was evaluated separately for potential correlations with the
      other study variables. We observed an overall frequency of CSF abnormalities of
      35.2%. CSF protein was the most common abnormal parameter (31%) and showed
      significant positive correlations with male gender (p=0.037) and older age
      (p=0.007). Only seven patients (9.9%) had an abnormal cell count (5-40
      cells/MUl). Higher CSF cell counts were found to predict a longer hospitalization
      period (p=0.005). No relationship with abnormal EEG findings could be established
      (p=0.169). This study is one of the few to evaluate postictal CSF parameters in a
      clinical setting, and to our knowledge the first to investigate these parameters
      specifically in the emergency department. The development of a rapid, easy-to-use
      test that does not require extensive laboratory equipment to differentiate UFS
      from other conditions could be of great value in everyday clinical practice.

PMID- 27358224
TI  - Outcomes of a multicomponent intervention on occupational performance in persons
      with unilateral acquired brain injury.
AB  - Complications after unilateral acquired brain injury (ABI) can affect various
      areas of expertise causing (depending on the location of the lesion) impairment
      in occupational performance. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the
      concepts of occupational performance and functional independence, both before and
      after a multicomponent intervention including occupational therapy, in persons
      with unilateral brain damage. This was a longitudinal quasi-experimental pretest
      post-test study in a sample of 58 patients with unilateral brain injury (28 with
      traumatic brain injury and 30 with ischemic stroke). The patients' level of
      independence was measured using the short version of the International
      Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. We also measured quality of
      performance using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills. The findings of
      this study showed that patients with injury in the right hemisphere improved more
      than those with left hemisphere damage (p<0.001). All the patients with ABI,
      especially those with right-sided injury, derived benefit from the multicomponent
      intervention, except in the area of motor skills. More research is needed on the
      specific techniques that might address such skills.

PMID- 27358225
TI  - Clinical effects of non-invasive cerebellar magnetic stimulation treatment
      combined with neuromotor rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury. A single case
      study.
AB  - Multimodal treatments are emerging as effective approaches for motor recovery in
      traumatic brain injury (TBI). Various evidence has demonstrated that repetitive
      transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may improve outcomes in people with
      motor disorders. Behavioral gains from rTMS protocols may be maximized when brain
      stimulation is coupled with carefully designed occupational/physical therapy. We
      present the case of a 25-year-old man with chronic TBI (a bilateral
      corticosubcortical parieto-occipital lesion) who underwent three weeks of
      cerebellar intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a form of rTMS, combined
      with neurorehabilitation treatment. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Berg Balance
      Scale (BBS), Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, and accelerometer gait analysis
      were administered before and after treatment. The results showed improvements in
      balance performance (BBS: T0=47; T1=53; +10.72%), motor recovery (FMA: T0=93/100;
      T1=96/100; +3.00%), step length (T0=50.4+/-7.2; T1=53.8+/-2.2 cm, p<0.001), and
      walking speed (T0=0.87+/-0.06; T1=0.91+/-0.04 m/sec,p<0.001). Combined cerebellar
      rTMS and neurore-Clinical effects of non-invasive cerebellar magnetic stimulation
      treatment combined with neuromotor rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury. A
      single case study. habilitation seems to be a promising treatment for motor and
      balance dysfunctions in TBI patients.

PMID- 27358226
TI  - Vertically Conductive MoS2 Spiral Pyramid.
AB  - MoS2 spirals grown by the chemical vapor deposition method, driven by a threading
      dislocation, has a peculiar rhombohedral-like structure. This threading
      dislocation can carry helical current in the vertical direction and greatly
      enhances the vertical conductance in the MoS2 multilayer samples. 

PMID- 27358227
TI  - GI-Safer Aspirin: Sometimes Sugar Coating Helps.

PMID- 27358228
TI  - Prediction of the Risk of a Metachronous Advanced Colorectal Neoplasm Using a
      Novel Scoring System.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study aimed to develop and validate a risk score model
      to estimate the probability of a metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasm (ACRN)
      at surveillance colonoscopy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively
      obtained database of 11,042 asymptomatic subjects who underwent surveillance
      colonoscopy after a screening colonoscopy was conducted. Subjects were randomly
      divided into derivation (n = 7730) and validation sets (n = 3312). From the
      derivation cohort, risk factors for a metachronous ACRN were identified by a
      multivariable analysis. Risk points were allocated to each risk factor based on
      the hazard ratio to develop the Metachronous Advanced colorectal neoplasm
      Prediction Scoring (MAPS) model, the performance of which was assessed in the
      validation cohort. RESULTS: In the derivation cohort, age, male, sessile serrated
      adenoma/polyp, and a high-risk CRN (ACRN or >=3 adenomas) at screening
      colonoscopy were independent risk factors for a metachronous ACRN. These
      variables were incorporated into the MAPS model, and the risk score ranged 0-17
      (high MAPS risk arbitrarily defined as 10-17). At the 3-year surveillance
      colonoscopy, ACRN was found in 5.1 % of the high MAPS risk group versus 3.9 % of
      the high-risk CRN group. The colonoscopy number needed to detect one metachronous
      ACRN at the 3-year surveillance was 19.5 (95 % CI 11.7-33.2) for the high MAPS
      risk group versus 25.8 (95 % CI 15.4-44.0) for the high-risk CRN group. These
      findings were similarly confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Our MAPS
      model based on clinical and colonoscopic parameters effectively predicts the risk
      of a metachronous ACRN.

PMID- 27358230
TI  - Implementation of a structured hospital-wide morbidity and mortality rounds
      model.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: There is a paucity of literature on the quality and effectiveness of
      institutional morbidity & mortality (M&M) rounds processes. OBJECTIVE: We sought
      to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a hospital-wide structured M&M
      rounds model at improving the quality of M&M rounds across multiple specialties.
      DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a prospective interventional study
      involving 24 clinical groups (1584 physicians) at a tertiary care teaching
      hospital from January 2013 to June 2015. INTERVENTION: We implemented the
      published Ottowa M&M Model (OM3): appropriate case selection, cognitive/system
      issues analyses, interprofessional participation, dissemination of lessons and
      effector mechanisms. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We created an OM3 scoring index
      reflecting these elements to measure the quality of M&M rounds. Secondary
      outcomes include explicit discussions of cognitive/system issues and resultant
      action items. RESULTS: OM3 scores for all participating groups improved
      significantly from a median of 12.0/24 (95% CI 10 to 14) to 20.0/24 (95% CI 18 to
      21). An increased frequency of in-rounds discussion around cognitive biases (pre
      154/417 (37%), post 256/466 (55%); p<0.05) and system issues (pre 175/417 (42%),
      post 259/466 (62%); p<0.05) were reported by participants via online surveys
      postintervention, while in-person surveys throughout the intervention period
      demonstrated even higher frequencies (cognitive biases 1222/1437 (85%); system
      issues 1250/1437 (87%)). We found 45 action items resulting directly from M&M
      rounds postintervention, compared with none preintervention. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: Implementation of a structured model enhanced the quality of M&M
      rounds with demonstrable policy improvements hospital wide. The OM3 can be
      feasibly implemented at other hospitals to effectively improve quality of M&M
      rounds across different specialties.

PMID- 27358231
TI  - Channels and Volume Changes in the Life and Death of the Cell.
AB  - Volume changes deviating from original cell volume represent a major challenge
      for cellular homeostasis. Cell volume may be altered either by variations in the
      external osmolarity or by disturbances in the transmembrane ion gradients that
      generate an osmotic imbalance. Cells respond to anisotonicity-induced volume
      changes by active regulatory mechanisms that modify the
      intracellular/extracellular concentrations of K(+), Cl(-), Na(+), and organic
      osmolytes in the direction necessary to reestablish the osmotic equilibrium.
      Corrective osmolyte fluxes permeate across channels that have a relevant role in
      cell volume regulation. Channels also participate as causal actors in necrotic
      swelling and apoptotic volume decrease. This is an overview of the types of
      channels involved in either corrective or pathologic changes in cell volume. The
      review also underlines the contribution of transient receptor potential (TRP)
      channels, notably TRPV4, in volume regulation after swelling and describes the
      role of other TRPs in volume changes linked to apoptosis and necrosis. Lastly we
      discuss findings showing that multimers derived from LRRC8A (leucine-rich repeat
      containing 8A) gene are structural components of the volume-regulated Cl(-)
      channel (VRAC), and we underline the intriguing possibility that different
      heteromer combinations comprise channels with different intrinsic properties that
      allow permeation of the heterogenous group of molecules acting as organic
      osmolytes. 

PMID- 27358229
TI  - Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-sialylated mucin core polypeptide 1 is a sensitive
      biomarker for biliary tract carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a
      multicenter study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)-sialylated mucin core
      polypeptide 1 (MUC1) was investigated as a new glycoprotein marker for
      cholangiocarcinoma (CC) using glycoproteomics technologies. In this multicenter
      study, WFA-sialylated MUC1 levels in serum and bile samples were measured to
      determine their diagnostic capability in biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) and
      intrahepatic (Ih) CC. METHODS: The study included 244 patients with BTC, 59
      patients with IhCC, 287 patients with benign biliary tract diseases, and 44
      control subjects. RESULTS: Serum WFA-sialylated MUC1 levels were significantly
      higher in patients with either BTC or IhCC than in control subjects and those
      with benign biliary tract diseases. Patients with IhCC showed higher WFA
      sialylated MUC1 levels than patients with tumors at other sites. No significant
      differences in WFA-sialylated MUC1 levels were found with regard to cancer stage
      or tissue type. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that WFA
      sialylated MUC1 was superior to carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for the diagnosis of benign biliary tract
      diseases, BTC, and IhCC, as well as for stage I and II carcinomas. Significantly
      higher levels of biliary WFA-sialylated MUC1 were observed in BTC/IhCC than in
      benign biliary tract diseases. The diagnostic capability of biliary WFA
      sialylated MUC1 was also superior to that of CA19-9, and diagnostic sensitivity
      was higher than that of biliary cytology for BTC/IhCC. CONCLUSIONS: WFA
      sialylated MUC1 is a useful novel biomarker for BTC/IhCC. In the future, this
      measurement should be applied in the clinical setting.

PMID- 27358232
TI  - Quantitative Single-Cell Analysis of Signaling Pathways Activated Immediately
      Downstream of Histamine Receptor Subtypes.
AB  - Genetically encoded biosensors based on Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET)
      can visualize responses of individual cells in real time. Here, we evaluated
      whether FRET-based biosensors provide sufficient contrast and specificity to
      measure activity of G-protein-coupled receptors. The four histamine receptor
      subtypes (H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R) respond to the ligand histamine by activating
      three canonical heterotrimeric G-protein-mediated signaling pathways with a
      reported high degree of specificity. Using FRET-based biosensors, we demonstrate
      that H1R activates Galphaq. We also observed that H1R activates Galphai, albeit
      at a 10-fold lower potency. In addition to increasing cAMP levels, most likely
      via Galphas, we found that the H2R induces Galphaq-mediated calcium release. The
      H3R and H4R activated Galphai with high specificity and a high potency. We
      demonstrate that a number of FRET sensors provide sufficient contrast to: 1)
      analyze the specificity of the histamine receptor subtypes for different
      heterotrimeric G-protein families with single-cell resolution, 2) probe for
      antagonist specificity, and 3) allow the measurement of single-cell concentration
      response curves.

PMID- 27358233
TI  - In vitro hepatotoxicity of 'Legal X': the combination of 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP)
      and 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) triggers oxidative stress,
      mitochondrial impairment and apoptosis.
AB  - N-Benzylpiperazine (BZP) and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) are
      two synthetic phenylpiperazine analogues that have been frequently commercialized
      in combination as an alternative to ecstasy ('Legal X'). Despite reports of
      several clinical complications following the use of these drugs in association,
      few studies have been conducted so far to elucidate their combined toxicity. The
      present study was aimed at clarifying the cytotoxic effects of mixtures of BZP
      and TFMPP in vitro. Human-derived HepaRG cells and primary rat hepatocytes were
      exposed to the drugs, individually or combined at different mixture ratios, and
      cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT assay. Mixture additivity expectations were
      calculated by the independent action and the concentration addition (CA) models
      and compared with the experimental outcomes. To delineate the mechanisms
      underlying the elicited effects, a range of stress endpoints was evaluated,
      including oxidative stress, energetic imbalance, and metabolic interactions. It
      was observed that primary rat hepatocytes are more sensitive than HepaRG cells to
      the toxicity of BZP (EC50 2.20 and 6.60 mM, respectively) and TFMPP (EC50 0.14
      and 0.45 mM, respectively). For all BZP-TFMPP combinations tested, CA was the
      most appropriate model to predict the mixture effects. TFMPP proved to act
      additively with BZP to produce significant hepatotoxicity (p < 0.01). Remarkably,
      substantial mixture effects were observed even when each drug was present at
      concentrations that were harmless individually. In primary hepatocytes, a small
      deviation from additivity (antagonism) was observed toward the upper range of the
      concentration-response curve. GC/MS data suggest that a metabolic interaction may
      be at a play, as the mixture favors the metabolism of both substances, to a
      significant extent in the case of BZP (p < 0.05). Also, our results demonstrate
      the influence of oxidative stress and energetic imbalance on these effects
      (increase in RNS and ROS production, decrease in intracellular GSH/GSSG, ATP
      depletion and mitochondrial Deltapsim disruption). The present work clearly
      demonstrates that potentially harmful interactions among BZP and TFMPP are
      expected when these drugs are taken concomitantly.

PMID- 27358234
TI  - High-content imaging-based BAC-GFP toxicity pathway reporters to assess chemical
      adversity liabilities.
AB  - Adaptive cellular stress responses are paramount in the healthy control of cell
      and tissue homeostasis and generally activated during toxicity in a chemical
      specific manner. Here, we established a platform containing a panel of distinct
      adaptive stress response reporter cell lines based on BAC-transgenomics GFP
      tagging in HepG2 cells. Our current panel of eleven BAC-GFP HepG2 reporters
      together contains (1) upstream sensors, (2) downstream transcription factors and
      (3) their respective target genes, representing the oxidative stress response
      pathway (Keap1/Nrf2/Srxn1), the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic
      reticulum (Xbp1/Atf4/BiP/Chop) and the DNA damage response (53bp1/p53/p21). Using
      automated confocal imaging and quantitative single-cell image analysis, we
      established that all reporters allowed the time-resolved, sensitive and mode-of
      action-specific activation of the individual BAC-GFP reporter cell lines as
      defined by a panel of pathway-specific training compounds. Implementing the
      temporal pathway activity information increased the discrimination of training
      compounds. For a set of >30 hepatotoxicants, the induction of Srxn1, BiP, Chop
      and p21 BAC-GFP reporters correlated strongly with the transcriptional responses
      observed in cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes. Together, our data indicate
      that a phenotypic adaptive stress response profiling platform will allow a high
      throughput and time-resolved classification of chemical-induced stress responses,
      thus assisting in the future mechanism-based safety assessment of chemicals.

PMID- 27358235
TI  - Sirtuin 1-dependent resveratrol cytotoxicity and pro-differentiation activity on
      breast cancer cells.
AB  - Sirtuins regulate several processes associated with tumor development.
      Resveratrol was shown to stimulate sirtuin 1 and 3 (SIRT1/3) activities and to
      result in cytotoxicity for some tumor types. The relationship between modulation
      of sirtuin activities, cellular metabolic remodeling and resveratrol cytotoxicity
      mechanism on breast cancer cells is still an open question. Here, we evaluated
      whether sirtuin 1 and 3 are involved in resveratrol toxicity and whether
      resveratrol leads to a metabolic remodeling and cell differentiation. Results
      using the Extracellular Flux Analyzer indicated that resveratrol inhibits
      mitochondrial respiration in breast cancer cells. We also demonstrated here for
      the first time that resveratrol cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells were
      modulated by SIRT1 and also involved mitochondrial complex I inhibition.
      Importantly, we also demonstrated that resveratrol reduced the pool of breast
      cancer cells with stemness markers through a SIRT1-dependent mechanism. Our data
      highlights the role of SIRT1 in regulating resveratrol induced differentiation
      and/or toxicity in breast cancer cells.

PMID- 27358236
TI  - Pseudocatalytic scavenging of the nerve agent VX with human blood components and
      the oximes obidoxime and HI-6.
AB  - Despite six decades of extensive research in medical countermeasures against
      nerve agent poisoning, a broad spectrum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator
      is not yet available. One current approach is directed toward synthesizing oximes
      with high affinity and reactivatability toward butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in
      plasma to generate an effective pseudocatalytic scavenger. An interim solution
      could be the administration of external AChE or BChE from blood products to
      augment pseudocatalytic scavenging with slower but clinically approved oximes to
      decrease nerve agent concentrations in the body. We here semiquantitatively
      investigate the ability of obidoxime and HI-6 to decrease the inhibitory activity
      of VX with human AChE and BChE from whole blood, erythrocyte membranes,
      erythrocytes, plasma, clinically available fresh frozen plasma and packed red
      blood cells. The main findings are that whole blood showed a VX concentration
      dependent decrease in inhibitory activity with HI-6 being more potent than
      obidoxime. Using erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes again, HI-6 was more
      potent compared to obidoxime. With freshly prepared plasma, obidoxime and HI-6
      showed comparable results for the decrease in VX. The use of the clinically
      available blood products revealed that packed red blood cells showed similar
      kinetics as fresh erythrocytes. Fresh frozen plasma resulted in a slower and
      incomplete decrease in inhibitory plasma compared to freshly prepared plasma. In
      conclusion, the administration of blood products in combination with available
      oximes augments pseudocatalytic scavenging and might be useful to decrease the
      body load of persistent, highly toxic nerve agents.

PMID- 27358237
TI  - Phtalates: new cardiovascular health disruptors?
AB  - Phtalates are commonly found in several household products such as food
      packaging, furniture and toys. Humans are exposed to phtalates through different
      ways such as inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. Due to the abundance of
      plastic in our society, the exposure to phtalates is ubiquitous. A growing body
      of evidence investigated the association of phtalate exposure with cardiovascular
      risk factors, i.e., obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Phtalates are
      thought to contribute to obesity through their binding and activation of
      PPARgamma receptor that in turn results in the upregulation of adipocyte
      production. Phtalates are also known to interfere with insulin signaling and to
      increase oxidative stress. All these mechanisms contribute to the onset of
      insulin resistance. Recent evidences support a role of phtalates in the
      pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Thus, the aim of this
      communication was to summarize the current evidences dealing with the association
      of phtalates and cardiovascular risk factors.

PMID- 27358238
TI  - Erratum to: Assessing the potential impact on the thyroid axis of environmentally
      relevant food constituents/contaminants in humans.

PMID- 27358239
TI  - Toxicological Evaluation of beta-Caryophyllene Oil: Subchronic Toxicity in Rats.
AB  - In a subchronic toxicity study, administration of beta-caryophyllene (BCP) oil by
      oral gavage to Wistar rats at dosages of 0, 150, 450, or 700 mg/kg/d for 90 days,
      including a 21-day recovery period, did not produce any significant toxicologic
      manifestations. The study design also included a 28-day interim sacrifice in the
      control and high-dose groups. The BCP oil test article was well tolerated as
      evidenced by the absence of major treatment-related changes in the general
      condition and appearance of the rats, neurobehavioral end points, growth, feed
      and water intake, ophthalmoscopic examinations, routine hematology and clinical
      chemistry parameters, urinalysis, and necropsy findings. The no observed adverse
      effect level was the highest dosage level administered of 700 mg/kg body weight/d
      for both male and female rats. The study was conducted as part of an
      investigation to examine the safety of BCP oil for its proposed use in medical
      food products.

PMID- 27358240
TI  - Fast and Efficient Transfection of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Non-Viral
      Reagents.
AB  - Reliable and efficient DNA and RNA transfection methods are required when
      studying the role of individual genes in mouse pluripotent stem cells. However,
      these cells usually grow in tight clusters and are therefore more difficult to
      transfect than many other cell lines. We have found that transfection is
      especially challenging when mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells are cultured in the
      newly described 2i medium, which is based on two chemical inhibitors of
      differentiation pathways. In the present study we have performed a side-by-side
      comparison of commercially available, non-viral transfection reagents with regard
      to their ability to deliver plasmid DNA and siRNA into adherent and/or
      trypsinized mES cells cultured in 2i medium, assessing transfection rates,
      plasmid gene expression, siRNA mediated knockdown of Oct4 and viability. Finally,
      we present a fast and efficient method for transfection of trypsinized mES cells
      using the liposomal-based Lipofectamine 2000. With only a five-minute long
      transfection time we obtained at least 85 % transfected cells with 80 %
      maintained viability. Moreover, this protocol saves up to a day of experimental
      time since the cells are in suspension at the time of transfection, which allows
      for immediately re-plating into the appropriate format. This fast, simplified and
      highly efficient transfection method will be valuable for both basic research and
      high-throughput applications.

PMID- 27358241
TI  - Biotransformations of Bile Acids with Bacteria from Cayambe Slaughterhouse
      (Ecuador): Synthesis of Bendigoles.
AB  - The biotransformations of cholic acid (1a), deoxycholic acid (1b), and
      hyodeoxycholic acid (1c) to bendigoles and other metabolites with bacteria
      isolated from the rural slaughterhouse of Cayambe (Pichincha Province, Ecuador)
      were reported. The more active strains were characterized, and belong to the
      genera Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus. Various biotransformation products were
      obtained depending on bacteria and substrates. Cholic acid (1a) afforded the 3
      oxo and 3-oxo-4-ene derivatives 2a and 3a (45% and 45%, resp.) with P. mendocina
      ECS10, 3,12-dioxo-4-ene derivative 4a (60%) with Rh. erythropolis ECS25, and 9,10
      secosteroid 6 (15%) with Rh. erythropolis ECS12. Bendigole F (5a) was obtained in
      20% with P. fragi ECS22. Deoxycholic acid (1b) gave 3-oxo derivative 2b with P.
      prosekii ECS1 and Rh. erythropolis ECS25 (20% and 61%, resp.), while 3-oxo-4-ene
      derivative 3b was obtained with P. prosekii ECS1 and P. mendocina ECS10 (22% and
      95%, resp.). Moreover, P. fragi ECS9 afforded bendigole A (8b; 80%). Finally, P.
      mendocina ECS10 biotransformed hyodeoxycholic acid (1c) to 3-oxo derivative 2c
      (50%) and Rh. erythropolis ECS12 to 6alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-23,24-dinor-5beta-cholan
      22-oic acid (9c, 66%). Bendigole G (5c; 13%) with P. prosekii ECS1 and bendigole
      H (8c) with P. prosekii ECS1 and Rh. erythropolis ECS12 (20% and 16%, resp.) were
      obtained. 

PMID- 27358242
TI  - Reframing the association and significance of co-morbidities in heart failure.
AB  - Several co-existing diseases and/or conditions (co-morbidities) are present in
      patients with heart failure (HF), with diverse clinical relevance. Multiple
      mechanisms may underlie the co-existence of HF and co-morbidities, including
      direct causation, associated risk factors, heterogeneity, and independence. The
      complex inter-relationship of co-morbidities and their impact on the
      cardiovascular system contribute to the features of HF, both with reduced (HFrEF)
      and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The purpose of this work is to provide
      an overview of the contribution of major cardiac and non-cardiac co-morbidities
      to HF development and outcomes, in the context of both HFpEF and HFrEF.
      Accordingly, epidemiological evidence linking co-morbidities to HF and the effect
      of prevalent and incident co-morbidities on HF outcome will be reviewed.

PMID- 27358243
TI  - Letter to "Tardive intermittent massive vaginal bleeding from abnormal blood
      vessels within cesarean scar: Two more new cases should bring our attention to a
      new entity": Really, a new entity?

PMID- 27358244
TI  - Metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma associated with chronic calcific
      pancreatitis and a heterozygous SPINK1 N34S mutation.
AB  - Contrary to patients with a cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1) mutations, Serine
      protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1 (SPINK1) heterozygote gene mutation carriers have
      a very low penetrance for acute, acute recurrent and/or chronic pancreatitis.
      Despite this, heterozygote SPINK 1 gene mutation patients have a similar age of
      onset of pancreatitis as PRSS 1 gene mutation patients. While the substantially
      elevated risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with PRSS1 gene mutations with
      chronic pancreatitis has been well established, little is known about the risk of
      pancreatic cancer in SPINK 1 gene mutation carriers with pancreatitis. We
      describe a case of malignant pancreatic cancer diagnosed in a young patient with
      chronic pancreatitis who is a SPINK 1 heterozygote gene mutation carrier. The
      risk of pancreatic cancer in gene mutation patients with chronic pancreatitis, in
      addition to screening options and management options for these patients is
      discussed. 

PMID- 27358245
TI  - Development of the Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Advanced Huntington's
      Disease: A Pilot Validation Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Case studies of people with Huntington's disease (HD) report that
      music therapy provides a range of benefits that may improve quality of life;
      however, no robust music therapy assessment tools exist for this population.
      OBJECTIVE: Develop and conduct preliminary psychometric testing of a music
      therapy assessment tool for patients with advanced HD. METHODS: First, we
      established content and face validity of the Music Therapy Assessment Tool for
      Advanced HD (MATA-HD) through focus groups and field testing. Second, we examined
      psychometric properties of the resulting MATA-HD in terms of its construct
      validity, internal consistency, and inter-rater and intra-rater reliability over
      10 group music therapy sessions with 19 patients. RESULTS: The resulting MATA-HD
      included a total of 15 items across six subscales (Arousal/Attention, Physical
      Presentation, Communication, Musical, Cognition, and Psychological/Behavioral).
      We found good construct validity (r >= 0.7) for Mood, Communication Level,
      Communication Effectiveness, Choice, Social Behavior, Arousal, and Attention
      items. Cronbach's alpha of 0.825 indicated good internal consistency across 11
      items with a common focus of engagement in therapy. The inter-rater reliability
      (IRR) Intra-Class Coefficient (ICC) scores averaged 0.65, and a mean intra-rater
      ICC reliability of 0.68 was obtained. Further training and retesting provided a
      mean of IRR ICC of 0.7. CONCLUSION: Preliminary data indicate that the MATA-HD is
      a promising tool for measuring patient responses to music therapy interventions
      across psychological, physical, social, and communication domains of functioning
      in patients with advanced HD.

PMID- 27358246
TI  - Real-World Multicenter Registry of Patients with Severe Coronary Artery
      Calcification Undergoing Orbital Atherectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of orbital atherectomy in real
      world patients with severe coronary artery calcification (CAC). BACKGROUND: The
      presence of severe CAC increases the complexity of percutaneous coronary
      intervention as it may impede stent delivery and optimal stent expansion.
      Atherectomy may be an indispensable tool for uncrossable or undilatable lesions
      by modifying severe CAC. Although the ORBIT I and II trials report that orbital
      atherectomy was safe and effective for the treatment of severe CAC, patients with
      kidney disease, recent myocardial infarction, long diffuse disease, severe left
      ventricular dysfunction, and unprotected left main disease were excluded.
      METHODS: This retrospective study included 458 consecutive patients with severe
      CAC who underwent orbital atherectomy followed by stenting from October 2013 to
      December 2015 at 3 centers. RESULTS: The primary endpoint of major adverse
      cardiac and cerebrovascular events at 30 days was 1.7%. Low rates of 30-day all
      cause mortality (1.3%), myocardial infarction (1.1%), target vessel
      revascularization (0%), stroke (0.2%), and stent thrombosis (0.9%) were observed.
      Angiographic complications were low: perforation was 0.7%, dissection 0.9%, and
      no-reflow 0.7%. Emergency coronary artery bypass graft surgery was performed in
      0.2% of patients. CONCLUSION: In the largest real-world study of patients who
      underwent orbital atherectomy, including high-risk patients who were not surgical
      candidates as well as those with very complex coronary anatomy, acute and short
      term adverse clinical event rates were low. A randomized clinical trial is needed
      to identify the ideal treatment strategy for patients with severe CAC.

PMID- 27358247
TI  - Applying orthodontic tooth extrusion in a patient treated with bisphosphonate and
      irradiation: a case report.
AB  - Bisphosphonates and irradiation are useful medical treatments, but can often
      cause oral complications such as medication-related oral necrosis of the jaw
      (MRONJ) and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) during oral surgery, including tooth
      extraction. Therefore, we should take all risks into consideration carefully
      before choosing dental treatment for patients with a medical history of such
      therapies. A 55-year-old woman who underwent cord blood transplantation to treat
      extranodal natural killer T (NK/T) cell lymphoma (nasal type IVB) had a medical
      history of bisphosphonate and irradiation treatments. We treated her residual
      tooth root by applying orthodontic extrusion to avoid extraction and successfully
      restored the tooth. Application of an orthodontic tooth extrusion technique for
      conservative treatment of a residual tooth is a useful means of avoiding MRONJ or
      ORN in patients who have a medical history of bisphosphonate and irradiation
      treatments.

PMID- 27358248
TI  - Functional trait differences influence neighbourhood interactions in a
      hyperdiverse Amazonian forest.
AB  - As distinct community assembly processes can produce similar community patterns,
      assessing the ecological mechanisms promoting coexistence in hyperdiverse
      rainforests remains a considerable challenge. We use spatially explicit
      neighbourhood models of tree growth to quantify how functional trait and
      phylogenetic similarities predict variation in growth and crowding effects for
      the 315 most abundant tree species in a 25-ha lowland rainforest plot in Ecuador.
      We find that functional trait differences reflect variation in (1) species
      maximum potential growth, (2) the intensity of interspecific interactions for
      some species, and (3) species sensitivity to neighbours. We find that neighbours
      influenced tree growth in 28% of the 315 focal tree species. Neighbourhood
      effects are not detected in the remaining 72%, which may reflect the low
      statistical power to model rare taxa and/or species insensitivity to neighbours.
      Our results highlight the spectrum of ways in which functional trait differences
      can shape community dynamics in highly diverse rainforests.

PMID- 27358249
TI  - A Titanium-Doped SiOx Passivation Layer for Greatly Enhanced Performance of a
      Hematite-Based Photoelectrochemical System.
AB  - This study introduces an in situ fabrication of nanoporous hematite with a Ti
      doped SiOx passivation layer for a high-performance water-splitting system. The
      nanoporous hematite with a Ti-doped SiOx layer (Ti-(SiOx /np-Fe2 O3 )) has a
      photocurrent density of 2.44 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 VRHE and 3.70 mA cm(-2) at 1.50
      VRHE . When a cobalt phosphate co-catalyst was applied to Ti-(SiOx /np-Fe2 O3 ),
      the photocurrent density reached 3.19 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 VRHE with stability,
      which shows great potential of the use of the Ti-doped SiOx layer with a
      synergistic effect of decreased charge recombination, the increased number of
      active sites, and the reduced hole-diffusion pathway from the hematite to the
      electrolyte.

PMID- 27358250
TI  - Prohibit, constrain, encourage, or purchase: how should we engage with the
      private health-care sector?
AB  - The private for-profit sector's prominence in health-care delivery, and concern
      about its failures to deliver social benefit, has driven a search for
      interventions to improve the sector's functioning. We review evidence for the
      effectiveness and limitations of such private sector interventions in low-income
      and middle-income countries. Few robust assessments are available, but some
      conclusions are possible. Prohibiting the private sector is very unlikely to
      succeed, and regulatory approaches face persistent challenges in many low-income
      and middle-income countries. Attention is therefore turning to interventions that
      encourage private providers to improve quality and coverage (while advancing
      their financial interests) such as social marketing, social franchising,
      vouchers, and contracting. However, evidence about the effect on clinical
      quality, coverage, equity, and cost-effectiveness is inadequate. Other challenges
      concern scalability and scope, indicating the limitations of such interventions
      as a basis for universal health coverage, though interventions can address
      focused problems on a restricted scale. 

PMID- 27358251
TI  - Performance of private sector health care: implications for universal health
      coverage.
AB  - Although the private sector is an important health-care provider in many low
      income and middle-income countries, its role in progress towards universal health
      coverage varies. Studies of the performance of the private sector have focused on
      three main dimensions: quality, equity of access, and efficiency. The
      characteristics of patients, the structures of both the public and private
      sectors, and the regulation of the sector influence the types of health services
      delivered, and outcomes. Combined with characteristics of private providers
      including their size, objectives, and technical competence-the interaction of
      these factors affects how the sector performs in different contexts. Changing the
      performance of the private sector will require interventions that target the
      sector as a whole, rather than individual providers alone. In particular, the
      performance of the private sector seems to be intrinsically linked to the
      structure and performance of the public sector, which suggests that deriving
      population benefit from the private health-care sector requires a regulatory
      response focused on the health-care sector as a whole. 

PMID- 27358252
TI  - Managing the public-private mix to achieve universal health coverage.
AB  - The private sector has a large and growing role in health systems in low-income
      and middle-income countries. The goal of universal health coverage provides a
      renewed focus on taking a system perspective in designing policies to manage the
      private sector. This perspective requires choosing policies that will contribute
      to the performance of the system as a whole, rather than of any sector
      individually. Here we draw and extrapolate main messages from the papers in this
      Series and additional sources to inform policy and research agendas in the
      context of global and country level efforts to secure universal health coverage
      in low-income and middle-income countries. Recognising that private providers are
      highly heterogeneous in terms of their size, objectives, and quality, we explore
      the types of policy that might respond appropriately to the challenges and
      opportunities created by four stylised private provider types: the low-quality,
      underqualified sector that serves poor people in many countries; not-for-profit
      providers that operate on a range of scales; formally registered small-to-medium
      private practices; and the corporate commercial hospital sector, which is growing
      rapidly and about which little is known. 

PMID- 27358253
TI  - What is the private sector? Understanding private provision in the health systems
      of low-income and middle-income countries.
AB  - Private health care in low-income and middle-income countries is very extensive
      and very heterogeneous, ranging from itinerant medicine sellers, through millions
      of independent practitioners-both unlicensed and licensed-to corporate hospital
      chains and large private insurers. Policies for universal health coverage (UHC)
      must address this complex private sector. However, no agreed measures exist to
      assess the scale and scope of the private health sector in these countries, and
      policy makers tasked with managing and regulating mixed health systems struggle
      to identify the key features of their private sectors. In this report, we propose
      a set of metrics, drawn from existing data that can form a starting point for
      policy makers to identify the structure and dynamics of private provision in
      their particular mixed health systems; that is, to identify the consequences of
      specific structures, the drivers of change, and levers available to improve
      efficiency and outcomes. The central message is that private sectors cannot be
      understood except within their context of mixed health systems since private and
      public sectors interact. We develop an illustrative and partial country typology,
      using the metrics and other country information, to illustrate how the scale and
      operation of the public sector can shape the private sector's structure and
      behaviour, and vice versa. 

PMID- 27358254
TI  - The perils and possibilities of the private health sector.

PMID- 27358256
TI  - Anthony Costello: Irreverent, melancholic, dogged.

PMID- 27358255
TI  - Intrauterine anaesthetic after hysteroscopy to reduce post-operative pain - A
      double blind randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pain after hysteroscopy is usually minimal but some women need
      additional analgesia while in the recovery ward and some require overnight
      hospital admission to control pain. Intrauterine installation of an anaesthetic
      after hysteroscopy may reduce pain. AIMS: To see if intrauterine levobupivacaine
      reduces post-procedure pain, need for analgesia and allow earlier return to
      normal activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a double-blind randomised
      controlled trial. Women having hysteroscopy under general anaesthesia were
      allocated to receive intrauterine instillation of levubupivacaine or normal
      saline at the end of the procedure. Women were assessed in the recovery ward by a
      verbal descriptor pain scale and need for additional analgesia and followed up on
      day 3 to further assess pain and return to normal activity. RESULTS: There were
      no significant differences in demographic characteristics or indication for
      surgery between the 224 women in the study group or the 214 women in the control
      group. At two hours post-procedure, 156/224 (70%) study women versus 119/214
      (56%) control women had no pain; (relative risk (RR) 0.68 and 95% confidence
      interval (CI) 0.53-0.87). There were 182/224 (81%) study women versus 154/214
      (72%) control women with a pain score < 5 (RR 0.67; 95% CI 0.47-0.95). Fewer
      women in the study group required additional analgesia 54/224 (24%) versus 88/214
      (41%) (RR 0.58; 95% CI 0.44-0.78). There was no significant difference between
      groups with regards to pain at 24 h post-procedure or return to activity.
      CONCLUSION: Intrauterine instillation of levobupivacaine reduced post-procedure
      pain and need for additional pain relief.

PMID- 27358257
TI  - Long-Term Risk for Noncervical Anogenital Cancer in Women with Previously
      Diagnosed High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Danish Nationwide
      Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is essential for developing high
      grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2 and CIN3) and has also been
      associated with noncervical anogenital cancers. However, limited knowledge exists
      about the long-term risk for anal, vulvar, and vaginal cancer following CIN2 or
      CIN3 diagnosis. METHODS: In a nationwide cohort study, we followed nearly 2.8
      million women born in 1918-1990 who were recorded as living in Denmark between
      January 1, 1978 and December 31, 2012. The cohort was linked to multiple
      nationwide registers to obtain information on cancer diagnoses and confounders.
      Follow-up started when the women reached 18 years, date of immigration, or
      January 1978, and continued until emigration, death, December 31, 2012, or the
      date of first diagnosis of anogenital or rectal cancer. RESULTS: Women with a
      history of CIN2 or CIN3 had higher risks for subsequent anal, vulvar, and vaginal
      cancer than women with no such history. The relative risks were higher for CIN3
      than CIN2. No excess risk was found for rectal cancer. Analyses in which time
      since first CIN3 was taken into account showed increased relative risks for anal
      [HR = 4.8; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.3-7.0], vulvar (HR = 3.2; 95% CI, 2.0
      5.3), and vaginal (HR = 5.5; 95% CI, 2.4-12.3) cancers >=25 years after CIN3
      diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Women with a history of CIN2 or CIN3 have a long-term
      increased relative risk for developing anal, vulvar, and vaginal cancer due to an
      impaired ability to control a persistent HPV infection. IMPACT: This finding adds
      to our understanding of the relation between HPV infection and noncervical
      anogenital cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(7); 1090-7. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358258
TI  - Particulate beta-glucans synergistically activate TLR4 and Dectin-1 in human
      dendritic cells.
AB  - SCOPE: The major receptor for beta(1-3)-glucans on immune cells is considered to
      be Dectin-1 receptor. Particulate beta-glucans induce stronger immune responses
      than soluble beta-glucans by clustering of Dectin-1 receptors. Here, it was
      hypothesized that activation of other pattern recognition receptors such as Toll
      like receptor 4 (TLR4) can also contribute to enhanced activity of immune cells
      after exposure to particulate beta-glucans. METHODS AND RESULTS: To test this
      hypothesis, reporter cell lines were designed expressing TLR4 with either Dectin
      1A or Dectin-1B, that is, one of the two transcript variants of human Dectin-1
      receptors. Enhanced NF-kappaB activation was observed after stimulation with
      particulate beta-glucans in both Dectin-1A-TLR4 and the Dectin-1B-TLR4 cell
      lines. This was different with soluble beta-glucans, which enhanced activation in
      Dectin-1A-TLR4 cell lines but not in Dectin-1B-TLR4 cells. The synergistic
      activation of TLR4 and Dectin-1 by particulate beta-glucans was confirmed in
      human dendritic cells. The effects of particulate beta-glucan induced TLR4
      binding were regulatory as blocking TLR4 enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine IL
      23, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-alpha production. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that
      TLR4 and Dectin-1 are synergistically activated by particulate beta-glucans,
      wherein TLR4 activates an immune regulatory pathway in human dendritic cells. Our
      data suggest that beta-glucan is an immune regulatory ligand for TLR4.

PMID- 27358259
TI  - Impacts of population growth, urbanisation and sanitation changes on global human
      Cryptosporidium emissions to surface water.
AB  - Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic protozoan parasite and is a leading cause of
      diarrhoea worldwide. The concentration of Cryptosporidium in the surface water is
      a determinant for probability of exposure and the risk of disease. Surface water
      concentrations are expected to change with population growth, urbanisation and
      changes in sanitation. The objective of this paper is to assess the importance of
      future changes in population, urbanisation and sanitation on global human
      emissions of Cryptosporidium to surface water. The GloWPa-Crypto H1 (the Global
      Waterborne Pathogen model for Human Cryptosporidium emissions version 1) model is
      presented and run for 2010 and with scenarios for 2050. The new scenarios are
      based on the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) developed for the climate
      community. The scenarios comprise assumptions on sanitation changes in line with
      the storylines and population and urbanisation changes from the SSPs. In SSP1
      population growth is limited, urbanisation large and sanitation and waste water
      treatment strongly improve. SSP1* is the same as SSP1, but waste water treatment
      does not improve. SSP3 sees large population growth, moderate urbanisation and
      sanitation and waste water treatment fractions that are the same as in 2010.
      Total global Cryptosporidium emissions to surface water for 2010 are estimated to
      be 1.6*1017 oocysts per year, with hotspots in the most urbanised parts of the
      world. In 2050 emissions are expected to decrease by 24% or increase by 52% and
      70% for SSP1, SSP3 and SSP1* respectively. The emissions increase in all
      scenarios for countries in the Middle East and Africa (MAF) region, while
      emissions in large parts in Europe decrease in scenarios SSP1 and SSP3. Improving
      sanitation by connecting the population to sewers, should be combined with waste
      water treatment, otherwise (SSP1*) emissions in 2050 are expected to be much
      larger than in a situation with strong population growth and slow development of
      safe water and improved sanitation (SSP3). The results show that population
      increase, urbanisation and changes in sanitation should be considered when water
      quality and resulting health risks are estimated by water managers or public
      health specialists.

PMID- 27358260
TI  - Relationships Among Perceived Stress, Bullying, Cortisol, and Depressive Symptoms
      in Ninth-Grade Adolescents: A Pilot Study.
AB  - Adolescence is considered a critical period for risk of depressive symptoms, with
      prevalence ranging from 13% to 34%. Few studies have examined the relationships
      among perceived stress, bullying, and depressive symptoms accompanied by a
      biological marker of stress (cortisol). The purpose of this pilot study was to
      determine the feasibility of collecting biological specimens in a high school
      setting, including a morning and afternoon sample of salivary cortisol as well as
      computer-based survey data in order to examine the relationships among these
      variables in ninth-grade adolescents. A convenience sample of 31 ninth-grade
      students from a Southern suburban high school participated in this cross
      sectional, correlational study. Perceived stress contributed the most toward the
      variance in depressive symptoms ( F = 29.379, df = 1, p < .001, partial eta
      square [[Formula: see text]] = 0.583). Females ( n = 15) had higher depressive
      symptoms scores than males, n = 16; t(29) = -2.94, df = 29, p = .023. Bullying
      scores were low and not significantly correlated with depressive symptoms, but
      participants reported more verbal/relational bullying as compared to physical,
      cultural, or cyberbullying. Cortisol slopes were normal (a negative change) for
      20 participants (64.5%), while 4 (12.9%) had a blunted cortisol slope (less than
      .01 MUg/dl change from morning to afternoon) and 7 (22.36%) had an opposite
      cortisol slope (morning low and afternoon high). Data collection procedures
      (salivary cortisol and computer-based surveys) were feasible in a school setting.
      High rates of perceived stress and depressive symptoms warrant a larger study in
      the future.

PMID- 27358261
TI  - A School-Based Intervention to Reduce Excess Weight in Overweight and Obese
      Primary School Students.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of an intervention for reducing
      excess weight gain in primary school-age children in Tehran. METHODS: A cluster
      randomized controlled trial was conducted in 12 primary schools in Tehran. Three
      hundred thirty-four pupils, 167 in the intervention and 167 in the comparison
      group, determined to be overweight or obese based on World Health Organization
      standards, were recruited for the study. The intervention included nutrition
      education and increased physical activity (PA) for the pupils, lifestyle
      modification for parents, and a change in food items sold at the schools'
      canteens. The entire intervention lasted approximately 18 weeks. Measures were
      taken before and immediately after the intervention. RESULTS: The intervention
      significantly reduced body mass index Z-score and hip circumference (p = .003 and
      p < .001, respectively). Waist circumference increased in both groups, but the
      increase was higher in the comparison group (p = .001). No significant difference
      was seen in time spent on TV viewing between groups (p = .08). Vigorous PA
      increased in the intervention group (p < .001), while the comparison group showed
      an increase in moderate activity only (p < .001). Energy intake increased
      significantly in the intervention group (p < .001). Neither triceps skinfold
      thickness nor time spent on the computer changed in the intervention group (p =
      .51 and p = .1, respectively), while they increased in the comparison group (p <
      .001 and p = .004, respectively). CONCLUSION: The study provides a successful
      model for the implementation of similar interventions throughout the country.

PMID- 27358262
TI  - Opioid sparing effect and safety of nefopam in patient controlled analgesia after
      laparotomy: A randomized, double blind study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: A double-blind randomised study to evaluate the opioid sparing effect
      and safety of nefopam when administered via intravenous patient controlled
      analgesia (PCA) with fentanyl. METHODS: Patients planned for elective open
      laparotomy, were randomly assigned to receive into fentanyl 25 ug/ml (SF group)
      or nefopam 2.4 mg/ml plus fentanyl 25 ug/ml (NF group). Patients were assessed
      before surgery and for 24 h postoperatively. RESULTS: Total PCA fentanyl
      consumption was significantly lower in the NF group (n = 35) than the SF group (n
      = 36). Pain scores were significantly lower and patients' satisfaction with
      treatment significantly better in the NF group than the SF group. Dry mouth and
      dizziness were significantly more frequent in the NF group than the SF group.
      There were no other statistically significant between-group differences in the
      incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous PCA using nefopam +
      fentanyl following laparotomy has an opioid sparing effect and is associated with
      a low incidence of some of the typical opioid related adverse events. TRIAL
      REGISTRY: Clinicaltrials.gov Registration No: NCT02596269.

PMID- 27358263
TI  - People with low serum folate levels have higher risk of colorectal
      adenoma/advanced colorectal adenoma occurrence and recurrence in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential association between serum folate levels
      and colorectal adenoma (CRA) occurrence and recurrence. METHODS: This prospective
      study measured baseline serum folate levels in outpatients who were screened for
      CRA using colonoscopy. Participants were then randomly selected to produce one
      group with CRA and one without CRA. These two subgroups underwent further follow
      up observations of colonoscopy to determine the occurrence of new and recurrent
      CRA. RESULTS: A total of 1310 participants were screened at baseline: 888 were
      healthy subjects without CRA; and 422 had CRA. Two subgroups were randomly
      selected (n = 200 per group) for follow-up. In the overall population, baseline
      serum folate levels were significantly lower in patients with CRA or advanced CRA
      (A-CRA) compared with healthy participants without CRA. Similar findings were
      shown for the follow-up study in terms of the association between CRA and A-CRA
      occurrence and recurrence and baseline serum folate levels. After controlling for
      confounders, increased serum folate was associated with a reduced risk of
      occurrence of CRA (odds ratio [OR] 0.993, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.924,
      1.066) and recurrence of CRA (OR 0.749, 95% CI 0.322, 1.742). CONCLUSIONS: Higher
      serum folate levels may be protective against CRA and/or A-CRA.

PMID- 27358264
TI  - Categorization and surgical management of posttraumatic midfoot malunion.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess a classification system for midfoot injury that was based on
      the characteristics of the foot malunion and to evaluate the suggested treatment
      strategies. METHODS: This retrospective review of data from patients with
      posttraumatic midfoot malunion categorized each foot deformity into one of three
      types based on the foot arch and then separated these categories into one of
      three subtypes based on the forefoot deformity. According to the types of
      malunion, fascio-cutaneous flap, osteotomy, joint arthrodesis or realignment was
      used to correct the deformity. Patients were assessed before surgery and at 12
      and 24 months postoperation. RESULTS: Of the 24 patients identified, six had
      Lisfranc joint injuries, nine had Lisfranc joint complex injuries combined with
      cuboid compression fractures and nine had Lisfranc joint complex injuries
      combined with navicular fractures. Overall, eight patients presented with poor
      soft tissue and massive scar at the dorsal foot. Visual analogue scale and
      American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society midfoot scores significantly improved
      over the 24-month study period. At the end of the study, 21 of 24 patients
      (87.5%) rated their functional outcome as excellent or good. CONCLUSION: The
      classification of the midfoot malunion evaluated in this study may be helpful in
      the decision making process for surgical intervention.

PMID- 27358265
TI  - High Maternal Body Mass Index in Early Pregnancy and Risks of Stillbirth and
      Infant Mortality-A Population-Based Sibling Study in Sweden.
AB  - In a population-based case-control study, we investigated whether familial
      confounding influenced the associations between maternal overweight/obesity and
      risks of stillbirth and infant mortality by including both population and sister
      controls. Using nationwide data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register (1992
      2011), we included all primiparous women with singleton births who also had a
      sister with a first birth during that time period. We used logistic regression
      analyses to calculate odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) adjusted for
      maternal age, height, smoking habits, education, and time period (5-year groups)
      of child's birth. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height
      (m)(2) Compared with population controls with a normal BMI (18.5-24.9),
      stillbirth risk increased with increasing BMI (BMI 25-29.9: odds ratio (OR) =
      1.51 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 1.89); BMI 30-34.9: OR = 1.77 (95% CI:
      1.24, 2.50); BMI >=35: OR = 3.16 (95% CI: 2.10, 4.76)). The sister case-control
      analyses revealed similar results. Offspring of obese women (BMI >=30) had an
      increased risk of infant mortality when population controls were used (OR = 2.41,
      95% CI: 1.83, 3.16), and an even higher risk was obtained when sister controls
      were used (OR = 4.04, 95% CI: 2.25, 7.25). We conclude that obesity in early
      pregnancy is associated with increased risks of stillbirth and infant mortality
      independently of genetic and early environmental risk factors shared within
      families.

PMID- 27358267
TI  - The Authors Reply.

PMID- 27358266
TI  - Conditions for Valid Empirical Estimates of Cancer Overdiagnosis in Randomized
      Trials and Population Studies.
AB  - Cancer overdiagnosis is frequently estimated using the excess incidence in a
      screened group relative to that in an unscreened group. However, conditions for
      unbiased estimation are poorly understood. We developed a mathematical framework
      to project the effects of screening on the incidence of relevant cancers-that is,
      cancers that would present clinically without screening. Screening advances the
      date of diagnosis for a fraction of preclinical relevant cancers. Which diagnoses
      are advanced and by how much depends on the preclinical detectable period, test
      sensitivity, and screening patterns. Using the model, we projected incidence in
      common trial designs and population settings and compared excess incidence with
      true overdiagnosis. In trials with no control arm screening, unbiased estimates
      are available using cumulative incidence if the screen arm stops screening and
      using annual incidence if the screen arm continues screening. In both designs,
      unbiased estimation requires waiting until screening stabilizes plus the maximum
      preclinical period. In continued-screen trials and population settings, excess
      cumulative incidence is persistently biased. We investigated this bias in
      published estimates from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate
      Cancer after 9-13 years. In conclusion, no trial or population setting
      automatically permits unbiased estimation of overdiagnosis; sufficient follow-up
      and appropriate analysis remain crucial.

PMID- 27358268
TI  - Invited Commentary: Maternal Obesity and Impaired Fetal and Infant Survival-One
      More Piece Added to the Puzzle.
AB  - The association between maternal obesity and increased risks of stillbirth and
      infant mortality is well documented, but it has often been questioned whether the
      association is driven by obesity per se or by unmeasured factors such as insulin
      resistance or genes. In this issue of the Journal, Lindam et al. (Am J Epidemiol.
      2016;184(2):98-105) present results from a sibling case-control study which
      strongly support that these tragic outcomes are independent of genetic and early
      environmental risk factors shared within families. By sampling sisters from the
      Swedish Medical Birth Register, Lindam et al. compared the body mass indices
      (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) of women who had stillbirths and infant deaths with
      those of their sisters or of population controls. Significant excess risks of
      both outcomes were observed in obese women (body mass index >=30), and
      associations were strongest when sister controls were used. Although this careful
      analysis adds to the existing evidence of a causal relationship between maternal
      obesity and impaired fetal and infant survival, a biological pathway has not yet
      been established. Additionally, we are in urgent need of effective tools to
      reduce obesity in childbearing women and to identify and treat high-risk
      pregnancies.

PMID- 27358269
TI  - Re: "Asymptotically Unbiased Estimation of Exposure Odds Ratios in Complete
      Records Logistic Regression".

PMID- 27358270
TI  - UK science and health outside the EU.

PMID- 27358271
TI  - The title "therapy" and what do you do with it as a child? Recollections of being
      in child expressive arts group therapy.
AB  - The complexity of children's entrance into mental health treatment has been the
      growing focus of much recent research. However, little attention has been given
      to the exploration of this phenomenon from the clients' point of view. This study
      aimed to gain understanding of the experience of entering therapy as a child
      through examination of the recollections of adult former clients who had
      participated as children in expressive arts group therapy (EAGT). Semi-structured
      open-ended interviews were conducted with 20 adult former child therapy clients
      who had participated in EAGT for at least 1year. Two major themes were revealed:
      one concerning participants' perceptions of the reasons for being in therapy as
      children and the other concerning their recollections and perception of their
      attitudes toward the idea of being in therapy. These two themes point to the
      central role of social, emotional, and cognitive developmental factors in the
      establishment of attitudes toward enrollment in psychotherapy, highlighting the
      difference between adults and children. These findings correspond with other
      studies in this area, adding a presentation of the experience from the client's
      perspective.

PMID- 27358273
TI  - Urine sCD163: a window onto glomerular inflammation.

PMID- 27358274
TI  - Residual lifetime risk of chronic kidney disease.
AB  - Background: An accurate estimation of the lifetime risk of chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) can aid in patient education while also informing the development of public
      health screening programs and educational campaigns. Methods: Framingham
      Offspring Study participants were included if they were free of CKD (estimated
      glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) at age 50 years and had at least
      two serum creatinine measures during follow-up (mean 16 years, 49 506 person
      years). We estimated the lifetime risk of CKD to age 90 years adjusting for the
      competing risk of death in the overall cohort and in population subgroups with
      known CKD risk factors including hypertension, obesity and diabetes. Results:
      Overall 3362 individuals (52% women) were included in the study. Mean age at
      study baseline was 54 years. By the end of the study, 729 individuals (21.7%)
      developed CKD and 618 (18.4%) died. At age 50 years, the cumulative lifetime risk
      of CKD was 41.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 38.5-44.0]. The risk was increased
      in those with risk factors at baseline including diabetes (52.6%, 95% CI 44.8
      60.4), hypertension (50.2%, 95% CI 46.1-54.3) and obesity (46.5%, 95% CI 41.1
      52.0). For those individuals without any risk factors at baseline, the lifetime
      risk of CKD was lower (34.2%, 95% CI 29.4-39.0) relative to those with 1, 2 or 3
      risk factors (45.0, 51.5 and 56.1% respectively, P < 0.01 for all compared with
      those with no risk factors). Conclusions: Four out of 10 individuals without CKD
      at age 50 years will eventually develop CKD. This risk is modified by the
      presence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity at baseline. This demonstrates the
      importance of early identification of CKD risk factors, to aid in patient
      education, and potentially to reduce the future risk of disease.

PMID- 27358272
TI  - Serum sodium and mortality in a national peritoneal dialysis cohort.
AB  - Background: Sodium disarrays are common in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and
      may be associated with adverse outcomes in this population. However, few studies
      of limited sample size have examined the association of serum sodium with
      mortality in PD patients, with inconsistent results. We hypothesized that both
      hypo- and hypernatremia are associated with higher death risk in a nationally
      representative cohort of US PD patients. Methods: We sought to examine the
      association of serum sodium over time and mortality among 4687 adult incident PD
      patients from a large US dialysis organization who underwent one or more serum
      sodium measurements within the first 3 months of dialysis over January 2007 to
      December 2011. We examined the association of time-dependent and baseline sodium
      with all-cause mortality as a proxy of short- and long-term sodium-mortality
      associations, respectively. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox models with
      three adjustment levels: minimally adjusted, case-mix adjusted, and case-mix +
      laboratory adjusted. Results: In time-dependent analyses, sodium levels <140
      mEq/L were associated with incrementally higher death risk in case-mix models
      (ref: 140 to <142 mEq/L); following laboratory covariate adjustment, associations
      between lower sodium and higher mortality remained significant for levels <136
      mEq/L. In analyses using baseline values, sodium levels <140 mEq/L were
      associated with higher mortality risk across all models (ref: 140 to <142 mEq/L).
      Conclusions: In PD patients, lower time-dependent and baseline sodium levels were
      independently associated with higher death risk. Further studies are needed to
      determine whether correction of dysnatremia improves longevity in this
      population.

PMID- 27358275
TI  - The locally activated renin-angiotensin system is involved in albumin
      permeability in glomerular endothelial cells under high glucose conditions.
AB  - Background: Although the diabetic milieu per se , hemodynamic changes, oxidative
      stress and local growth factors such as angiotensin II (AII) are considered to be
      mediators in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the underlying pathways
      mediating the changes in glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) are not well
      understood. Therefore, we investigated changes in the renin-angiotensin system
      (RAS) components in high glucose (HG)-stimulated GECs and the role of the local
      RAS in morphological and functional changes in GECs under diabetic conditions.
      Methods: We stimulated GECs with 5.6 mM glucose or 30 mM glucose with or without
      an angiotensin II type I receptor blocker (ARB) in vitro and also performed
      experiments with Sprague-Dawley rats injected with diluent ( n = 16) or
      streptozotocin [ n = 16, diabetes (DM)]. Eight rats from each group were treated
      with ARB for 3 months in vivo . Real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot
      analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescent staining using
      cultured GECs were performed. The permeability of GECs to macromolecules was
      assessed by measuring the passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine
      serum albumin. Morphological changes were also evaluated by scanning and
      transmission electron microscopy. Results: There were significant increases in
      angiotensinogen expression in HG-stimulated GECs along with significant increases
      in AI and AII levels. Moreover, the expression of heparan sulfate
      glycosaminoglycans (HS-GAG) assessed by immunofluorescent staining was
      significantly lower and the permeability to albumin was significantly higher in
      GECs exposed to HG medium, and ARB treatment significantly abrogated these
      changes. Upon electron microscopy examination, the mean size of the GEC fenestrae
      was significantly greater in HG-stimulated GECs and DM rats, and these increases
      were significantly ameliorated by ARB. Conclusions: The local RAS within GECs was
      activated under HG conditions, and this activation may be associated with both an
      alteration in GEC fenestration and a decrease in HS-GAG, resulting in the
      development of albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 27358276
TI  - From cineradiography to biorobots: an approach for designing robots to emulate
      and study animal locomotion.
AB  - Robots are increasingly used as scientific tools to investigate animal
      locomotion. However, designing a robot that properly emulates the kinematic and
      dynamic properties of an animal is difficult because of the complexity of
      musculoskeletal systems and the limitations of current robotics technology. Here,
      we propose a design process that combines high-speed cineradiography,
      optimization, dynamic scaling, three-dimensional printing, high-end servomotors
      and a tailored dry-suit to construct Pleurobot: a salamander-like robot that
      closely mimics its biological counterpart, Pleurodeles waltl Our previous robots
      helped us test and confirm hypotheses on the interaction between the locomotor
      neuronal networks of the limbs and the spine to generate basic swimming and
      walking gaits. With Pleurobot, we demonstrate a design process that will enable
      studies of richer motor skills in salamanders. In particular, we are interested
      in how these richer motor skills can be obtained by extending our spinal cord
      models with the addition of more descending pathways and more detailed limb
      central pattern generator networks. Pleurobot is a dynamically scaled amphibious
      salamander robot with a large number of actuated degrees of freedom (DOFs: 27 in
      total). Because of our design process, the robot can capture most of the animal's
      DOFs and range of motion, especially at the limbs. We demonstrate the robot's
      abilities by imposing raw kinematic data, extracted from X-ray videos, to the
      robot's joints for basic locomotor behaviours in water and on land. The robot
      closely matches the behaviour of the animal in terms of relative forward speeds
      and lateral displacements. Ground reaction forces during walking also resemble
      those of the animal. Based on our results, we anticipate that future studies on
      richer motor skills in salamanders will highly benefit from Pleurobot's design.

PMID- 27358277
TI  - High turnover drives prolonged persistence of influenza in managed pig herds.
AB  - Pigs have long been hypothesized to play a central role in the emergence of novel
      human influenza A virus (IAV) strains, by serving as mixing vessels for mammalian
      and avian variants. However, the key issue of viral persistence in swine
      populations at different scales is ill understood. We address this gap using
      epidemiological models calibrated against seroprevalence data from Dutch
      finishing pigs to estimate the 'critical herd size' (CHS) for IAV persistence. We
      then examine the viral phylogenetic evidence for persistence by comparing human
      and swine IAV. Models suggest a CHS of approximately 3000 pigs above which
      influenza was likely to persist, i.e. orders of magnitude lower than persistence
      thresholds for IAV and other acute viruses in humans. At national and regional
      scales, we found much stronger empirical signatures of prolonged persistence of
      IAV in swine compared with human populations. These striking levels of
      persistence in small populations are driven by the high recruitment rate of
      susceptible piglets, and have significant implications for management of swine
      and for overall patterns of genetic diversity of IAV.

PMID- 27358278
TI  - Self-organization of chemoattractant waves in Dictyostelium depends on F-actin
      and cell-substrate adhesion.
AB  - In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, travelling waves of extracellular
      cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) self-organize in cell populations and
      direct aggregation of individual cells to form multicellular fruiting bodies. In
      contrast to the large body of studies that addressed how movement of cells is
      determined by spatial and temporal cues encoded in the dynamic cAMP gradients,
      how cell mechanics affect the formation of a self-generated chemoattractant field
      has received less attention. Here, we show, by live cell imaging analysis, that
      the periodicity of the synchronized cAMP waves increases in cells treated with
      the actin inhibitor latrunculin. Detail analysis of the extracellular cAMP
      induced transients of cytosolic cAMP (cAMP relay response) in well-isolated cells
      demonstrated that their amplitude and duration were markedly reduced in
      latrunculin-treated cells. Similarly, in cells strongly adhered to a poly-l
      lysine-coated surface, the response was suppressed, and the periodicity of the
      population-level oscillations was markedly lengthened. Our results suggest that
      cortical F-actin is dispensable for the basic low amplitude relay response but
      essential for its full amplification and that this enhanced response is necessary
      to establish high-frequency signalling centres. The observed F-actin dependence
      may prevent aggregation centres from establishing in microenvironments that are
      incompatible with cell migration.

PMID- 27358280
TI  - Medical research in India and the rise of non-communicable disease.

PMID- 27358279
TI  - The contribution of glycosaminoglycans to the mechanical behaviour of the
      posterior human sclera.
AB  - We characterized the structural and mechanical changes after experimental
      digestion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (s-GAGs) in the human posterior sclera,
      using ultrasound thickness measurements and an inflation test with three
      dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). Each scleral specimen was first
      incubated in a buffer solution to return to full hydration, inflation tested,
      treated in a buffer solution with chondroitinase ABC (ChABC), then inflation
      tested again. After each test series, the thickness of eight locations was
      measured. After enzymatic treatment, the average scleral thickness decreased by
      13.3% (p < 0.001) and there was a stiffer overall stress-strain response (p <
      0.05). The stress-strain response showed a statistically significant increase in
      the low-pressure stiffness, high-pressure stiffness and hysteresis. Thus, s-GAGs
      play a measurable role in the mechanical behaviour of the posterior human sclera.

PMID- 27358281
TI  - Impaired brainstem and thalamic high-frequency oscillatory EEG activity in
      migraine between attacks.
AB  - Introduction We investigated whether interictal thalamic dysfunction in migraine
      without aura (MO) patients is a primary determinant or the expression of its
      functional disconnection from proximal or distal areas along the somatosensory
      pathway. Methods Twenty MO patients and twenty healthy volunteers (HVs) underwent
      an electroencephalographic (EEG) recording during electrical stimulation of the
      median nerve at the wrist. We used the functional source separation algorithm to
      extract four functionally constrained nodes (brainstem, thalamus, primary sensory
      radial, and primary sensory motor tangential parietal sources) along the
      somatosensory pathway. Two digital filters (1-400 Hz and 450-750 Hz) were applied
      in order to extract low- (LFO) and high- frequency (HFO) oscillatory activity
      from the broadband signal. Results Compared to HVs, patients presented
      significantly lower brainstem (BS) and thalamic (Th) HFO activation bilaterally.
      No difference between the two cortical HFO as well as in LFO peak activations
      between the two groups was seen. The age of onset of the headache was positively
      correlated with HFO power in the right brainstem and thalamus. Conclusions This
      study provides evidence for complex dysfunction of brainstem and thalamocortical
      networks under the control of genetic factors that might act by modulating the
      severity of migraine phenotype.

PMID- 27358282
TI  - Presence of the hyperintense acute reperfusion marker on MRI after mechanical
      thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion is associated with worse early
      neurological recovery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mechanical thrombectomy has become the accepted treatment for large
      vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, a large cohort of
      patients do not achieve functional independence with treatment, even though the
      results are more robust than with medical management. The hyperintense acute
      reperfusion marker (HARM) on MRI is an indication of the breakdown of the blood
      brain barrier and reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that
      the presence of HARM on MRI correlates with worse neurological recovery after
      reperfusion therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 35 consecutive patients
      who between February 24, 2016 and April 23, 2016 underwent MRI to determine the
      presence of HARM after thrombectomy for anterior circulation large vessel
      occlusion. Demographic, radiographic imaging, and outcome data were collected.
      Univariate and binary logistic regression models were performed to assess
      predictors for improvement of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
      (NIHSS) score by >=8 points at 24 hours. RESULTS: The 35 patients studied had an
      average age of 64+/-14 years of age with a median NIHSS score of 15 (IQR 9-20).
      Eighteen patients (51%) were found to have a HARM-positive MRI. In univariate
      analysis, patients with HARM were older, had lower reperfusion rates and more
      postprocedural hemorrhages. In binary logistic regression modeling, the absence
      of HARM was independently associated with a >=8-point NIHSS score improvement at
      24 hours (OR=7.14, 95% CI 1.22 to 41.67). CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary analysis
      shows that the presence of HARM may be linked to worse neurological recovery 24
      hours after thrombectomy. Reperfusion injury may affect the number of patients
      achieving functional independence after treatment.

PMID- 27358283
TI  - Initiation Timing of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation for Tendon-Bone
      Healing in a Rabbit Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) has been proven
      to be a beneficial biophysical therapy for tendon-bone (T-B) healing. However,
      the optimal time to initiate LIPUS treatment has not been determined yet. LIPUS
      initiated at different stages of the inflammatory phase may profoundly affect T-B
      healing. PURPOSE: An established rabbit model was used to preliminarily
      investigate the effect of LIPUS initiation timing on T-B healing. STUDY DESIGN:
      Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: A total of 112 mature rabbits that
      underwent partial patellectomy were randomly assigned to 4 groups: daily mock
      sonication (control group) and daily ultrasonication started immediately
      postoperatively (immediate group), on postoperative day 7 (7-day delayed group),
      or on postoperative day 14 (14-day delayed group). Peripheral leukocyte counts at
      the inflammatory phase were used to assess postoperative inflammation. The
      rabbits were sacrificed at 8 or 16 weeks postoperatively for microarchitectural,
      histological, and mechanical evaluations of the patella-patellar tendon (PPT)
      junction. RESULTS: The biomechanical properties of the PPT junction were
      significantly improved in the LIPUS-treated groups. Significantly higher ultimate
      strength and stiffness were seen in the 7-day delayed group compared with the
      other groups at 8 weeks postoperatively (P < .05 for all). Newly formed bone
      expansion from the remaining patella in the ultrasonic treatment groups was
      significantly increased and remodeled compared with the control group. Micro
      computed tomography analysis showed that the 7-day delayed group had
      significantly more bone volume and bone mineral content at the interface as
      compared with the other groups at 8 weeks postoperatively (P < .05 for all).
      Histologically, the ultrasonic treatment groups exhibited a significantly better
      PPT junction, as shown by more formation and remodeling of the fibrocartilage
      layer and newly formed bone. Additionally, peripheral leukocyte counts displayed
      a significant increase from postoperative day 1 to day 3 in the immediate group
      as compared with the other groups. Furthermore, postoperative hydrarthrosis was
      more likely in the immediate group. CONCLUSION: LIPUS started at postoperative
      day 7 had a more prominent effect on T-B healing compared with the other
      treatment regimens in this study. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings of the study
      may help optimize the initiation timing of LIPUS for T-B healing.

PMID- 27358284
TI  - Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Versus Autograft: Twelve-Month Results in Isolated
      Canine Knee Defects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Osteochondral autografts and allografts have been widely used in the
      treatment of isolated grade 4 articular cartilage lesions of the knee. However,
      there is a paucity of literature regarding the basic science investigating the
      direct comparison between fresh osteochondral allografts to autografts.
      HYPOTHESIS: At 12 months, fresh osteochondral allografts are equal to autografts
      with respect to function, bony incorporation into host bone, and chondrocyte
      viability. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Eight adult
      mongrel dogs underwent bilateral hindlimb osteochondral graft implantation in the
      knee after creation of an acute Outerbridge grade 4 cartilage defect. One
      hindlimb of each dog knee received an autograft, and the contralateral knee
      received an allograft. All dogs were sacrificed at 12 months. Graft analysis
      included gross examination, radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
      biomechanical testing, and histology. RESULTS: MRI demonstrated excellent bony
      incorporation of both autografts and allografts, except for 1 allograft that
      revealed partial incorporation. Histologic examination of cartilage showed intact
      hyaline appearance for both autografts and allografts, with fibrocartilage at the
      host-graft interface of both. Biomechanical testing demonstrated no significant
      difference between allografts and autografts (P = .76). Furthermore, no
      significant difference was observed between allografts and the native cartilage
      with biomechanical testing (P = .84). CONCLUSION: After 12 months from time of
      implantation, fresh osteochondral allograft tissue and autograft tissue in this
      study were not statistically different with respect to biomechanical properties,
      gross morphology, bony incorporation, or overall histologic characteristics. When
      compared with the previously reported 6-month incorporation rates, there was
      improved allograft and autograft incorporation at 12 months. CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
      With no significant differences in gross examination, radiographs, MRI,
      biomechanical testing, or histology in the canine model, the use of allograft
      tissue to treat osteochondral defects may eliminate the morbidity associated with
      autograft harvest.

PMID- 27358285
TI  - Muscle strengthening activity associates with reduced all-cause mortality in
      COPD.
AB  - Objective Emerging research suggests that aerobic-based physical activity may
      help to promote survival among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
      However, the extent to which engagement in resistance training on survival among
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients is relatively unknown. Therefore,
      the purpose of this study was to examine the independent associations of muscle
      strengthening activities on all-cause mortality among a national sample of U.S.
      adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We hypothesize that muscle
      strengthening activities will be inversely associated with all-cause mortality.
      Methods Data from the 2003-2006 NHANES were employed, with follow-up through
      2011. Aerobic-based physical activity was objectively measured via accelerometry,
      muscle strengthening activities engagement was assessed via self-report, and
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was assessed via physician-diagnosis.
      Results Analysis included 385 adults (20 + yrs) with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease, who represent 13.3 million chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease patients in the USA. The median follow-up period was 78 months (IQR=64
      90), with 82 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients dying during this
      period. For a two muscle strengthening activity sessions/week increase
      (consistent with national guidelines), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      patients had a 29% reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0.71; 95% CI: 0.51
      0.99; P = 0.04). Conclusion Participation in muscle strengthening activities,
      independent of aerobic-based physical activity and other potential confounders,
      is associated with greater survival among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      patients.

PMID- 27358286
TI  - The lived experience of having a rare medical disorder: Hermansky-Pudlak
      syndrome.
AB  - Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome is a rare form of albinism, affecting approximately one
      in 500,000 to one in 1,000,000 non-Hispanic individuals. The syndrome is more
      commonly found in Hispanics, where one in 18,00 individuals in Northwestern
      Puerto Rico are impacted. Because of the rarity of this chronic condition,
      patients often face challenges in their ability to cope with the diagnosis. A
      phenomenological study was conducted to explore the experience of individuals
      with this rare genetic disease. A purposive sample of adults between the ages of
      20 and 49 diagnosed with Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome was interviewed (N = 23). The
      majority (83%) were female. Data analysis resulted in the emergence of themes
      related to long road to diagnosis, learning to move forward, burden of being the
      expert, and survival through belonging to the HPS community.

PMID- 27358287
TI  - Toxoplasmosis in female high school students, pregnant women and ruminants in
      Cyprus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is important to human and
      animal health worldwide. This is the first study of prevalence of infection with
      T. gondii and associated risk factors in human populations and small ruminants in
      Cyprus. METHODS: A random sample of 18 schools out of 46 participated: 1056 girls
      aged 16 to 18 years completed a questionnaire and were serologically tested for
      Toxoplasma between 2008 and 2011 (response rate 30%). In addition, infection with
      T. gondii laboratory results of 23 076 pregnant women tested between 2009 and
      2014 were obtained from hospital records. Finally, 163 (out of 3123) farms were
      randomly sampled and blood samples from 515 sheep and 581 goats were obtained.
      RESULTS: Estimated seropositivity prevalence in female students was 6.5% (95% CI
      4.3 to 8.7%) and 18% (95% CI 17 to 19%) in pregnant women. Overall, 40.1% of the
      ruminants tested were seropositive (95% CI 37.2% to 43.0%). Seropositivity
      differed according to geographical region in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      Further studies are needed to investigate the differences between regions that
      lead to differing prevalence levels and patterns between ruminants and humans so
      that health education policies can be developed to help prevent infection and
      reduce environmental contamination.

PMID- 27358288
TI  - Faecal contamination of commuters' hands in main vehicle stations in Dhaka city,
      Bangladesh.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Faecal-oral carriage via hands is an important transmission pathway
      for diarrhoeal pathogens. The level of faecal contamination of commuters' hands
      in Dhaka, Bangladesh, was examined in this study. METHODS: A total of 900 hand
      washing samples, including both left and right hands, were collected during one
      year to cover three different seasons in Bangladesh: winter, summer and rainy
      seasons. Standard membrane filtration technique was used to quantify total
      coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC), faecal streptococci (FS), Escherichia coli
      (EC) and Clostridium perfringens (CP). RESULTS: The hands of the commuters were
      contaminated with TC, FC, FS, CP and EC. The TC, FC, FS, CP and EC counts were
      1.95, 1.65, 4.04, 1.54 and1.46 log10 colony forming units (cfu) in the left hand;
      and 2.13, 1.82, 4.11, 1.52 and 1.61 log10 cfu in the right hand, respectively.
      There were no statistically significant differences in counts of left and right
      hands. The highest counts were observed for FS in all seasons. CONCLUSIONS: This
      evidence based study may be used to provide interventions to reduce the
      contamination of commuters' hands through washing with detergent and, thus, help
      to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

PMID- 27358289
TI  - Exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) increases root and cell hydraulic
      conductivity and abundance of some aquaporin isoforms in the ABA-deficient barley
      mutant Az34.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Regulation of water channel aquaporins (AQPs) provides
      another mechanism by which abscisic acid (ABA) may influence water flow through
      plants. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have addressed the changes in
      ABA levels, the abundance of AQPs and root cell hydraulic conductivity (LpCell)
      in the same tissues. Thus, we followed the mechanisms by which ABA affects root
      hydraulics in an ABA-deficient barley mutant Az34 and its parental line
      'Steptoe'. We compared the abundance of AQPs and ABA in cells to determine
      spatial correlations between AQP abundance and local ABA concentrations in
      different root tissues. In addition, abundance of AQPs and ABA in cortex cells
      was related to LpCell. METHODS: Root hydraulic conductivity (LpRoot) was measured
      by means of root exudation analyses and LpCell using a cell pressure probe. The
      abundance of ABA and AQPs in root tissues was assessed through
      immunohistochemical analyses. Isoform-specific antibodies raised against
      HvPIP2;1, HvPIP2;2 and HvPIP2;5 were used. KEY RESULTS: Immunolocalization
      revealed lower ABA levels in root tissues of Az34 compared with 'Steptoe'. Root
      hydraulic conductivity (LpRoot) was lower in Az34, yet the abundance of HvPIPs in
      root tissues was similar in the two genotypes. Root hair formation occurred
      closer to the tip, while the length of the root hair zone was shorter in Az34
      than in 'Steptoe'. Application of external ABA to the root medium of Az34 and
      'Steptoe' increased the immunostaining of root cells for ABA and for HvPIP2;1 and
      HvPIP2;2 especially in root epidermal cells and the cortical cell layer located
      beneath, parallel to an increase in LpRoot and LpCell Treatment of roots with
      Fenton reagent, which inhibits AQP activity, prevented the ABA-induced increase
      in root hydraulic conductivity. CONCLUSION: Shortly after (<2 h) ABA application
      to the roots of ABA-deficient barley, increased tissue ABA concentrations and AQP
      abundance (especially the plasma-membrane localized isoforms HvPIP2;1 and
      HvPIP2;2) were spatially correlated in root epidermal cells and the cortical cell
      layer located beneath, in conjunction with increased LpCell of the cortical
      cells. In contrast, long-term ABA deficiency throughout seedling development
      affects root hydraulics through other mechanisms, in particular the developmental
      timing of the formation of root hairs closer to the root tip and the length of
      the root hair zone.

PMID- 27358290
TI  - Longitudinal zonation pattern in Arabidopsis root tip defined by a multiple
      structural change algorithm.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Arabidopsis thaliana root is a key experimental system
      in developmental biology. Despite its importance, we are still lacking an
      objective and broadly applicable approach for identification of number and
      position of developmental domains or zones along the longitudinal axis of the
      root apex or boundaries between them, which is essential for understanding the
      mechanisms underlying cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation dynamics
      during root development. METHODS: We used a statistics approach, the multiple
      structural change algorithm (MSC), for estimating the number and position of
      developmental transitions in the growing portion of the root apex. Once the
      positions of the transitions between domains and zones were determined, linear
      models were used to estimate the critical size of dividing cells (LcritD) and
      other parameters. KEY RESULTS: The MSC approach enabled identification of three
      discrete regions in the growing parts of the root that correspond to the
      proliferation domain (PD), the transition domain (TD) and the elongation zone
      (EZ). Simultaneous application of the MSC approach and G2-to-M transition
      (CycB1;1DB:GFP) and endoreduplication (pCCS52A1:GUS) molecular markers confirmed
      the presence and position of the TD. We also found that the MADS-box gene
      XAANTAL1 (XAL1) is required for the wild-type (wt) PD increase in length during
      the first 2 weeks of growth. Contrary to wt, in the xal1 loss-of-function mutant
      the increase and acceleration of root growth were not detected. We also found
      alterations in LcritD in xal1 compared with wt, which was associated with longer
      cell cycle duration in the mutant.Conclusions The MSC approach is a useful,
      objective and versatile tool for identification of the PD, TD and EZ and
      boundaries between them in the root apices and can be used for the phenotyping of
      different genetic backgrounds, experimental treatments or developmental changes
      within a genotype. The tool is publicly available at
      www.ibiologia.com.mx/MSC_analysis.

PMID- 27358291
TI  - Amphibians with infectious disease increase their reproductive effort: evidence
      for the terminal investment hypothesis.
AB  - Mounting an immune response to fight disease is costly for an organism and can
      reduce investment in another life-history trait, such as reproduction. The
      terminal investment hypothesis predicts that an organism will increase
      reproductive effort when threatened by disease. The reproductive fitness of
      amphibians infected with the deadly fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium
      dendrobatidis (Bd) is largely unknown. In this study, we explored gametogenesis
      in two endangered and susceptible frog species, Pseudophryne corroboree and
      Litoria verreauxii alpina. Gametogenesis, both oogenesis and spermatogenesis,
      increased when animals were experimentally infected with Bd In P. corroboree,
      infected males have thicker germinal epithelium, and a larger proportion of
      spermatocytes. In L. v. alpina, infected males had more spermatic cell bundles in
      total, and a larger proportion of spermatozoa bundles. In female L. v. alpina,
      ovaries and oviducts were larger in infected animals, and there were more cells
      present within the ovaries. Terminal investment has consequences for the
      evolution of disease resistance in declining species. If infected animals are
      increasing reproductive efforts and producing more offspring before succumbing to
      disease, it is possible that population-level selection for disease resistance
      will be minimized.

PMID- 27358292
TI  - Identification of ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase hinge (UQCRH) as a potential
      diagnostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase hinge (UQCRH) is a novel protein that localizes
      in the mitochondrial membrane and induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) generation. It had a high expression rate of 87.10% (108/124) in lung
      adenocarcinoma. Moreover, serum UQCRH level in patients with lung adenocarcinoma
      was significantly increased compared with that of pneumonia patients (p < 0.0001)
      and normal control subjects (p < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curve
      analysis using an optimal cut-off value of 162.65 pg ml(-1) revealed sensitivity
      and specificity for the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma of 88.7% and 85.7%,
      respectively, with an area under the curve of 0.927 (95% CI: 0.892 to 0.962, p <
      0.0001). Serum UQCRH discriminates lung adenocarcinoma patients from the
      population without cancer with considerable sensitivity and specificity, but it
      does not distinguish between heavy smokers and lung adenocarcinoma patients.
      Serum UQCRH could be a potential diagnostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 27358294
TI  - TREXMO: A Translation Tool to Support the Use of Regulatory Occupational Exposure
      Models.
AB  - Occupational exposure models vary significantly in their complexity, purpose, and
      the level of expertise required from the user. Different parameters in the same
      model may lead to different exposure estimates for the same exposure situation.
      This paper presents a tool developed to deal with this concern-TREXMO or
      TRanslation of EXposure MOdels. TREXMO integrates six commonly used occupational
      exposure models, namely, ART v.1.5, STOFFENMANAGER((r)) v.5.1, ECETOC TRA v.3,
      MEASE v.1.02.01, EMKG-EXPO-TOOL, and EASE v.2.0. By enabling a semi-automatic
      translation between the parameters of these six models, TREXMO facilitates their
      simultaneous use. For a given exposure situation, defined by a set of parameters
      in one of the models, TREXMO provides the user with the most appropriate
      parameters to use in the other exposure models. Results showed that, once an
      exposure situation and parameters were set in ART, TREXMO reduced the number of
      possible outcomes in the other models by 1-4 orders of magnitude. The tool should
      manage to reduce the uncertain entry or selection of parameters in the six
      models, improve between-user reliability, and reduce the time required for
      running several models for a given exposure situation. In addition to these
      advantages, registrants of chemicals and authorities should benefit from more
      reliable exposure estimates for the risk characterization of dangerous chemicals
      under Regulation, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals (REACH).

PMID- 27358293
TI  - Crystal structures of heterotypic nucleosomes containing histones H2A.Z and H2A.
AB  - H2A.Z is incorporated into nucleosomes located around transcription start sites
      and functions as an epigenetic regulator for the transcription of certain genes.
      During transcriptional regulation, the heterotypic H2A.Z/H2A nucleosome
      containing one each of H2A.Z and H2A is formed. However, previous homotypic H2A.Z
      nucleosome structures suggested that the L1 loop region of H2A.Z would sterically
      clash with the corresponding region of canonical H2A in the heterotypic
      nucleosome. To resolve this issue, we determined the crystal structures of
      heterotypic H2A.Z/H2A nucleosomes. In the H2A.Z/H2A nucleosome structure, the
      H2A.Z L1 loop structure was drastically altered without any structural changes of
      the canonical H2A L1 loop, thus avoiding the steric clash. Unexpectedly, the
      heterotypic H2A.Z/H2A nucleosome is more stable than the homotypic H2A.Z
      nucleosome. These data suggested that the flexible character of the H2A.Z L1 loop
      plays an essential role in forming the stable heterotypic H2A.Z/H2A nucleosome.

PMID- 27358295
TI  - Robert L. Replogle (1931-2016).

PMID- 27358296
TI  - Mortality Following Congenital Heart Surgery in Adults Can Be Predicted
      Accurately by Combining Expert-Based and Evidence-Based Pediatric Risk Scores.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Currently, there are few specific risk stratification models
      available to predict mortality following congenital heart surgery in adults. We
      sought to evaluate whether the predictive power of the common pediatric scores is
      applicable for adults. In addition, we evaluated a new grown-ups with congenital
      heart disease (GUCH) score specifically designed for adults undergoing congenital
      heart surgery. METHODS AND RESULTS: Data of all consecutive patients aged 18
      years or more, who underwent surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) between
      2004 and 2013 at our institution, were collected. We evaluated the Aristotle
      Basic Complexity (ABC), the Aristotle Comprehensive Complexity (ACC), the Risk
      Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1), and the Society of Thoracic
      Surgeons (STS)-European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) scores.
      The proposed GUCH score consists of the STS-EACTS score, the procedure-dependent
      and -independent factors of the ACC score, and age. The discriminatory power of
      the scores was assessed using the area under the receiver-operating
      characteristics curve (c-index). A total of 830 operations were evaluated.
      Hospital mortality was 2.9%. C-indexes were 0.67, 0.80, 0.62, 0.78, and 0.84 for
      the ABC, ACC, RACHS-1, STS-EACTS, and GUCH mortality scores, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The evidence-based EACTS-STS score outperforms the expert-based ABC
      score. The expert-based ACC score is superior to the evidence-based EACTS-STS
      score since comorbidities are considered. Our proposed GUCH score outperforms all
      other scores since it integrates the advantages of the evidence-based EACTS-STS
      score for procedures and the expert-based ACC score for comorbidities. Evidence
      based scores for adults with CHD should include comorbidities and patient ages.

PMID- 27358297
TI  - Congenital Heart Surgery in Adults: The Challenge of Estimation of Risk of
      Mortality.

PMID- 27358298
TI  - Clinicians' Adherence to Guidelines on Evaluation of Hypertension in Children and
      Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypertension is increasingly prevalent among children. We sought to
      review provider adherence to the National High Blood Pressure Education Program
      (NHBPEP) recommendations at a single academic medical center. METHODS: We
      identified children 3-18 years of age with hypertension based on outpatient visit
      International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical Modification
      codes from 2006 to 2012. We calculated the odds of individual tests
      administration for ten recommended tests, adjusting for demographic
      characteristics. RESULTS: We identified 3,588 (1.7%) of 216,855 children
      diagnosed with hypertension at a median age of 14 years (25th and 75th percentile
      10 and 16, respectively). No child received all ten recommended tests. The median
      number of tests administered was 2 (1, 4) but varied significantly by race and
      age. Urine drug screen (<1%) and renin levels (1%) were the least common, whereas
      serum creatinine (49%) and echocardiogram (40%) were the most common tests. Male
      children were more likely to receive an echocardiogram (odds ratio 1.43; 95%
      confidence interval: 1.24-1.64), and black children and those >=11 years old were
      less likely to have their serum creatinine checked. Adherence to the guidelines
      did not improve over time (P = .24). CONCLUSION: Children evaluated for
      hypertension in the outpatient setting infrequently receive the diagnostic tests
      recommended in the NHBPEP's report. Test administration frequency varies by
      patient demographics but has not improved significantly over time.

PMID- 27358299
TI  - Comparison of Feeding Strategies for Infants With Hypoplastic Left Heart
      Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome are at risk for growth
      failure, particularly after stage 1 procedures. The effect of continuous enteral
      feedings on weight gain has not been previously investigated. METHODS: A
      randomized controlled trial was performed in infants with hypoplastic left heart
      syndrome and single ventricle variants after stage 1 procedures. Eligible infants
      were randomized to a continuous and intermittent feeding regimen or an exclusive
      intermittent feeding regimen after stage 1 procedures and continued until
      hospital discharge. Anthropometric measures and markers of nutritional status
      were assessed throughout hospitalization. RESULTS: Twenty-six infants completed
      the study. There were no significant differences in weight gain, growth, or
      nutritional status. Weight gain on full enteral feedings was 24.3 versus 23.6 g/d
      (P = .88) for the combination (continuous and intermittent) versus intermittent
      feeding groups. Weight-for-age Z scores at discharge were -1.37 versus -1.2 (P =
      .59) for the combination versus intermittent groups. CONCLUSIONS: No significant
      differences in weight gain, growth, or nutritional status were observed at
      hospital discharge between the two feeding strategies. Despite both groups
      achieving target daily weight gain after attaining full feeds, growth failure
      continued to be a problem after stage 1 procedures. Further strategies to improve
      growth during initial hospitalization are needed.

PMID- 27358300
TI  - Unscheduled Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Admissions in Patients With
      Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Features and Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An unscheduled readmission to the intensive care unit (ICU) is
      associated with increased morbidity and mortality in children. There is a paucity
      of data examining the impact of unscheduled admissions on outcomes in children
      with specific disease processes such as cardiovascular disease. We investigated
      the impact of scheduled versus unscheduled ICU admission on clinical outcomes and
      differences in patient characteristics in children with cardiovascular disease.
      METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of contemporaneously collected
      clinical data using the Virtual PICU Systems database. All consecutive admissions
      at 102 participating pediatric ICUs in patients with cardiovascular disease were
      collected from October 2010 to September 2012. RESULTS: There were 48,653
      admissions included in the analysis (44% scheduled and 56% unscheduled). The
      median patient age was 31 months. Unscheduled admissions were associated with
      longer ICU length of stay and increased mortality (both P < .001). Adjusting for
      age, weight, and primary ICU admission diagnosis (cardiovascular vs
      noncardiovascular), patients with unscheduled admissions had an increased odds of
      mortality (odds ratio = 4.8, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Unscheduled ICU admissions
      were associated with worse clinical outcomes including increased mortality.
      Efforts targeted at reducing unscheduled admissions in at-risk patients are
      warranted.

PMID- 27358301
TI  - Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery in Neonates and Young Infants:
      Experience of a Single Center Using Novel Perioperative Strategies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery is a serious
      complication with a reported incidence of 30% to 50%. This study sought to
      determine the prevalence and risk factors for AKI among neonates and young
      infants undergoing repair of cardiac defects at an institution using novel
      perioperative strategies. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 102 consecutive
      infants (<2 months) undergoing repair of cardiac defects on cardiopulmonary
      bypass formed the study group. Cardiac diagnoses were stratified according to the
      Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery (STAT) mortality
      categories. The prevalence of AKI within 72 hours was defined according to the
      three-stage Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria. Novel bypass strategies to
      preserve renal function included maintenance of higher hematocrit and high flow
      rates on cardiopulmonary bypass despite systemic hypothermia, and avoidance of
      albumin and milrinone in the perioperative period. RESULTS: Mean age was 24 +/-
      19 days. Eighteen patients were less than 7 days of age at the time of surgery.
      Patient distribution according to STAT categories was as follows: 1 (n = 21), 2
      (n = 12), 3 (n = 22), 4 (n = 28), and 5 (n = 19). The incidence of stages 1, 2,
      and 3 AKI in the population was 8% (n = 9), 2% (n = 2), and 0% (n = 0),
      respectively. On multivariate analysis higher STAT category was the only
      significant risk factor for AKI. CONCLUSION: Current incidence of AKI following
      cardiac surgery in young infants at our institution is low. Novel perioperative
      strategies may have contributed to the low observed incidence of AKI in our
      patient population. Increased complexity of heart disease was a risk factor for
      AKI.

PMID- 27358302
TI  - Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Intracardiac Anatomy Using CTA and Surgical
      Planning for Double Outlet Right Ventricle: Early Experience at a Tertiary Care
      Congenital Heart Center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) routinely establishes
      the diagnosis of double outlet right ventricle (DORV), it can be suboptimal for
      depicting exact ventricular septal defect (VSD) position, especially with respect
      to the outflow tracts. Advanced imaging with computed tomography angiography
      (CTA) can help visualize structures and relationships not easily seen by echo.
      Using computer-aided design, we have the ability to create three-dimensional (3D)
      models of the intracardiac anatomy, which can be helpful for better depicting the
      overall anatomy to assist surgical planning. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis
      of DORV were retrospectively reviewed at our institution from October 2013 to
      April 2015. Patients who preoperatively underwent both TTE and CTA with 3D
      reconstruction of the intracardiac anatomy were included. Computed tomography
      angiography findings with 3D intracardiac model creation were compared to the
      surgical findings. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients underwent surgical repair of
      DORV during the study period. Five patients had CTA with 3D reconstruction, in
      addition to the standard TTE images, and were included in the study. In all five
      cases, CTA with 3D reconstruction of the intracardiac anatomy accurately depicted
      the VSD position relative to important adjacent structures, including the outflow
      tracts. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional reconstruction of the intracardiac anatomy
      using CTA data can provide accurate data for presurgical planning of DORV repair
      and has the potential for being especially useful in patients for whom
      intracardiac anatomy and VSD position cannot be well seen by TTE. A larger
      prospective analysis is warranted to help validate this approach.

PMID- 27358303
TI  - Pulmonary Valve Replacement With Small Intestine Submucosa-Extracellular Matrix
      in a Porcine Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prosthetic materials available for pediatric pulmonary valve
      replacement (PVR) lack growth potential, inevitably leading to a size mismatch.
      Small intestine submucosa-derived extracellular matrix (SIS-ECM) has been
      suggested to possess regenerative properties. We aimed to investigate its
      function and potential to increase in size as a PVR in a piglet. METHODS: An SIS
      ECM trileaflet valved conduit was designed. Hanford minipigs, n = 6 (10-34 kg),
      underwent PVR with an intended survival of six months, with monthly
      echocardiograms evaluating valve size and function. The conduit was excised for
      histologic analysis. RESULTS: Of the six, one was sacrificed at three months for
      midterm analysis, and one at month 3 due to endocarditis. The remaining four
      constituted the study cohort. The piglet weight increased by 186% (19.56 +/-
      10.22 kg to 56.00 +/- 7.87 kg). Conduit size increased by 30% (1.42 +/- 0.14 cm
      to 1.84 +/- 0.14 cm; P < .01). The native right ventricular outflow tract
      increased by 43% and the native pulmonary artery by 84%, resulting in a peak
      gradient increase from 10.08 +/- 2.47 mm Hg to 36.25 +/- 18.80 mm Hg (P = .03).
      Additionally, all valves developed at least moderate regurgitation. Conduit
      histology showed advanced remodeling with myofibroblast infiltration,
      neovascularization, and endothelialization. The leaflets remodeled beginning at
      the base with the leaflet edge being less cellular. In addition to the known
      endocarditis, bacterial colonies were discovered within a leaflet in another.
      CONCLUSIONS: The SIS-ECM valved conduit implanted into a piglet demonstrated
      cellular infiltration with vascular remodeling and an increase in diameter.
      Conduit stenosis was a result of slower rates of size increase than native
      tissue. Suboptimal leaflet performance requires design modifications.

PMID- 27358304
TI  - Anteroposterior Pulmonary Venous Anatomy: A Hitherto Undescribed Pulmonary Venous
      Arrangement With Implication for the Senning Operation and a Proposed Method of
      Dealing With It.
AB  - We have encountered a hitherto undescribed anatomical variant of pulmonary vein
      anatomy in hearts with d-transposition or congenitally corrected transposition of
      the great arteries. In this variant, the inferior right pulmonary vein lies
      posterior rather than inferior to the superior right pulmonary vein. This variant
      of pulmonary vein anatomy may predispose to the development of pulmonary venous
      pathway obstruction following a Senning operation, since it is difficult to open
      the pulmonary veins in a way that ensures a wide-open pulmonary venous pathway to
      the atrioventricular valve of the systemic ventricle. A method of neutralizing
      this effect is described, with medium-term results. 

PMID- 27358305
TI  - A Right Upper Lobe Mass in the Thorax After Modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt.
AB  - We report an incidental finding of pseudoaneurysm in a 10-month-old boy with
      tetralogy of Fallot and Down syndrome who had undergone placement of a modified
      Blalock-Taussig shunt at age four months. Computed tomography was a determinant
      exam for better assessment. The lesion was successfully resected with concomitant
      complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot in a single-stage. The child was
      asymptomatic at fourth month follow-up. 

PMID- 27358306
TI  - Pentalogy of Cantrell: A View From Fetus to Operation With Multimodality Imaging.
AB  - Pentalogy of Cantrell and its surgical management have been previously described
      in the literature. To our knowledge, our case report is the first that is able to
      demonstrate the full use of multimodality imaging to describe it. Viewing this
      rare defect chronologically from fetal echocardiography, postnatal
      ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as intraoperatively
      aided in the management of this patient. 

PMID- 27358307
TI  - Takotsubo Syndrome in a Patient With a Previously Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

PMID- 27358308
TI  - Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in an Adult Woman With Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.

PMID- 27358309
TI  - Changes in movement symmetry over the stages of the shoeing process in military
      working horses.
AB  - Military working horses perform a high proportion of work on road surfaces and
      are shod frequently to deal with high attrition rates. The authors investigate
      the influence of shoeing on movement symmetry as an indirect indicator of
      mechanical differences affecting force production between contralateral limbs. In
      this quantitative observational study, inertial sensor gait analysis was
      performed in 23 Irish sport type horses (4-21 years, 1.58-1.85 m) in full
      ceremonial work at the King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery. Changes in two
      movement symmetry measures (SI: symmetry index; MinDiff: difference between
      displacement minima) for head and pelvic movement were assessed at four stages of
      routine shoeing: 'old shoes', 'shoes removed', 'trimmed', 'reshod'. Horses were
      assessed applying shoes to the front limbs (N=10), to the hindlimbs (N=10) or
      both (N=3). Changes in head movement symmetry between conditions were small and
      inconsistent. Changes in pelvic movement symmetry were small and showed
      significant differences between shoeing stages (SI: P=0.013, MinDiff: P=0.04)
      with most symmetrical pelvic movement after trimming. In military working horses
      with high frequency shoeing small changes in movement symmetry were measured. All
      significant changes involved trimming, which indicates that future studies should
      in particular assess changes before/after trimming and investigate longer shoeing
      intervals. 

PMID- 27358310
TI  - Schnitzler Syndrome Without a Monoclonal Gammopathy: A Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Schnitzler syndrome (SS) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder
      characterized by a recurrent urticarial rash and a monoclonal immunoglobulin M
      gammopathy, as well as 2 of the following minor criteria: recurrent fever (>38
      degrees C), objective signs of abnormal bone remodeling, elevated C-reactive
      protein level or leukocytosis, and a neutrophilic infiltrate on skin biopsy.
      Alternatively, a monoclonal immunoglobulin G gammopathy may be present along with
      3 minor criteria for diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To report a rare case of SS without
      monoclonal gammopathy and inform physicians of this possible clinical
      presentation so that treatment is not delayed. METHODS: We report a case of a 62
      year-old white man with a clinical diagnosis of SS without monoclonal gammopathy.
      He presented with chronic urticaria unresponsive to conventional therapy. RESULTS
      AND CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, there have only been 3 case reports of SS in
      the absence of monoclonal gammopathy documented in the literature. SS should be
      considered based on clinical presentation, even in the absence of monoclonal
      gammopathy, to facilitate appropriate management.

PMID- 27358311
TI  - Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma in Young Monozygotic Twins: A Case Report.
AB  - Although familial aggregation of lymphoproliferative disorders has been
      described, heredity has not been implicated in the etiology of primary cutaneous
      B-cell lymphomas (PCBCL). We report herein the first case of 2 young monozygotic
      twins with PCBCL. The first twin was an 18-year-old woman when she presented with
      multiple skin nodules on the thorax and head. Histology showed an atypical small
      B-cell proliferation, consistent with primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma
      (PCMZL). Molecular genetics studies demonstrated B-cell clonality. Seven years
      later, the second twin developed her first lesion that was histologically similar
      to that of her twin. She subsequently developed other clinically similar lesions.
      Histology was consistent with PCMZL and showed B-cell clonality. Occurrence of
      PCBCL in these monozygotic twins raises the possibility of a genetic risk factor.
      Further study of such rare cases may offer valuable insights into the molecular
      basis of the etiology and pathogenesis of this unusual disorder.

PMID- 27358312
TI  - A Case of Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma in Longstanding Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association between lymphoproliferative malignancies and
      autoimmune rheumatological diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),
      remains of great interest. It is known that individuals with immune dysregulation
      also have an increased risk of lymphoma. OBJECTIVE: To report a case of primary
      cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the leg type associated with
      longstanding SLE, as well as to review the literature for similar cases. METHODS:
      A PubMed search was done using the following search terms: lupus and B-cell
      lymphoma. RESULTS: Although several studies show that non-Hodgkin lymphoma is
      significantly increased in SLE, there is currently no literature reporting
      specifically on the risk of primary cutaneous lymphomas in patients with SLE.
      CONCLUSION: Our report highlights the possibility that patients with autoimmune
      disease are at increased risk of not only the classic forms of non-Hodgkin
      lymphoma but also primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas.

PMID- 27358313
TI  - Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas.
AB  - Normalization, which divisively scales neuronal responses to multiple stimuli, is
      thought to underlie many sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. In every study
      where it has been investigated, neurons measured in the same brain area under
      identical conditions exhibit a range of normalization, ranging from suppression
      by nonpreferred stimuli (strong normalization) to additive responses to
      combinations of stimuli (no normalization). Normalization has been hypothesized
      to arise from interactions between neuronal populations, either in the same or
      different brain areas, but current models of normalization are not mechanistic
      and focus on trial-averaged responses. To gain insight into the mechanisms
      underlying normalization, we examined interactions between neurons that exhibit
      different degrees of normalization. We recorded from multiple neurons in three
      cortical areas while rhesus monkeys viewed superimposed drifting gratings. We
      found that neurons showing strong normalization shared less trial-to-trial
      variability with other neurons in the same cortical area and more variability
      with neurons in other cortical areas than did units with weak normalization.
      Furthermore, the cortical organization of normalization was not random: neurons
      recorded on nearby electrodes tended to exhibit similar amounts of normalization.
      Together, our results suggest that normalization reflects a neuron's role in its
      local network and that modulatory factors like normalization share the
      topographic organization typical of sensory tuning properties.

PMID- 27358314
TI  - Reduced frontal theta oscillations indicate altered crossmodal prediction error
      processing in schizophrenia.
AB  - Our brain generates predictions about forthcoming stimuli and compares predicted
      with incoming input. Failures in predicting events might contribute to
      hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia (SZ). When a stimulus violates
      prediction, neural activity that reflects prediction error (PE) processing is
      found. While PE processing deficits have been reported in unisensory paradigms,
      it is unknown whether SZ patients (SZP) show altered crossmodal PE processing. We
      measured high-density electroencephalography and applied source estimation
      approaches to investigate crossmodal PE processing generated by audiovisual
      speech. In SZP and healthy control participants (HC), we used an established
      paradigm in which high- and low-predictive visual syllables were paired with
      congruent or incongruent auditory syllables. We examined crossmodal PE processing
      in SZP and HC by comparing differences in event-related potentials and neural
      oscillations between incongruent and congruent high- and low-predictive
      audiovisual syllables. In both groups event-related potentials between 206 and
      250 ms were larger in high- compared with low-predictive syllables, suggesting
      intact audiovisual incongruence detection in the auditory cortex of SZP. The
      analysis of oscillatory responses revealed theta-band (4-7 Hz) power enhancement
      in high- compared with low-predictive syllables between 230 and 370 ms in the
      frontal cortex of HC but not SZP. Thus aberrant frontal theta-band oscillations
      reflect crossmodal PE processing deficits in SZ. The present study suggests a top
      down multisensory processing deficit and highlights the role of dysfunctional
      frontal oscillations for the SZ psychopathology.

PMID- 27358315
TI  - Competition between movement plans increases motor variability: evidence of a
      shared resource for movement planning.
AB  - Do movement plans, like representations in working memory, share a limited pool
      of resources? If so, the precision with which each individual movement plan is
      specified should decrease as the total number of movement plans increases. To
      explore this, human participants made speeded reaching movements toward visual
      targets. We examined if preparing one movement resulted in less variability than
      preparing two movements. The number of planned movements was manipulated in a
      delayed response cueing procedure that limited planning to a single target
      (experiment 1) or hand (experiment 2) or required planning of movements toward
      two targets (or with two hands). For both experiments, initial movement direction
      variability was higher in the two-plan condition than in the one-plan condition,
      demonstrating a cost associated with planning multiple movements, consistent with
      the limited resource hypothesis. In experiment 3, we showed that the advantage in
      initial variability of preparing a single movement was present only when the
      trajectory could be fully specified. This indicates that the difference in
      variability between one and two plans reflects the specification of full motor
      plans, not a general preparedness to move. The precision cost related to
      concurrent plans represents a novel constraint on motor preparation, indicating
      that multiple movements cannot be planned independently, even if they involve
      different limbs.

PMID- 27358316
TI  - Pain anticipatory phenomena in patients with central poststroke pain: a
      magnetoencephalography study.
AB  - Central poststroke pain (CPSP) is characterized by hemianesthesia associated with
      unrelenting chronic pain. The final pain experience stems from interactions
      between sensory, affective, and cognitive components of chronic pain. Hence,
      managing CPSP will require integrated approaches aimed not only at the sensory
      but also the affective-cognitive spheres. A better understanding of the brain's
      processing of pain anticipation is critical for the development of novel
      therapeutic approaches that target affective-cognitive networks and alleviate
      pain-related disability. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize the
      neural substrates of pain anticipation in patients suffering from intractable
      CPSP. Simple visual cues evoked anticipation while patients awaited impending
      painful (PS), nonpainful (NPS), or no stimulus (NOS) to their nonaffected and
      affected extremities. MEG responses were studied at gradiometer level using event
      related fields analysis and time-frequency oscillatory analysis upon source
      localization. On the nonaffected side, significantly greater responses were
      recorded during PS. PS (vs. NPS and NOS) exhibited significant parietal and
      frontal cortical activations in the beta and gamma bands, respectively, whereas
      NPS (vs. NOS) displayed greater activation in the orbitofrontal cortex. On the
      affected extremity, PS (vs. NPS) did not show significantly greater responses.
      These data suggest that anticipatory phenomena can modulate neural activity when
      painful stimuli are applied to the nonaffected extremity but not the affected
      extremity in CPSP patients. This dichotomy may stem from the chronic effects of
      pain on neural networks leading to habituation or saturation. Future clinically
      effective therapies will likely be associated with partial normalization of the
      neurophysiological correlates of pain anticipation.

PMID- 27358317
TI  - Functional evidence for a direct excitatory projection from the lateral habenula
      to the ventral tegmental area in the rat.
AB  - The lateral habenula, a phylogenetically conserved epithalamic structure, is
      activated by aversive stimuli and reward omission. Excitatory efferents from the
      lateral habenula predominately inhibit midbrain dopamine neuronal firing through
      a disynaptic, feedforward inhibitory mechanism involving the rostromedial
      tegmental nucleus. However, the lateral habenula also directly targets dopamine
      neurons within the ventral tegmental area, suggesting that opposing actions may
      result from increased lateral habenula activity. In the present study, we tested
      the effect of habenular efferent stimulation on dopamine and nondopamine neurons
      in the ventral tegmental area of Sprague-Dawley rats using a parasagittal brain
      slice preparation. Single pulse stimulation of the fasciculus retroflexus excited
      48% of dopamine neurons and 51% of nondopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental
      area of rat pups. These proportions were not altered by excision of the
      rostromedial tegmental nucleus and were evident in both cortical- and striatal
      projecting dopamine neurons. Glutamate receptor antagonists blocked this
      excitation, and fasciculus retroflexus stimulation elicited evoked excitatory
      postsynaptic potentials with a nearly constant onset latency, indicative of a
      monosynaptic, glutamatergic connection. Comparison of responses in rat pups and
      young adults showed no significant difference in the proportion of neurons
      excited by fasciculus retroflexus stimulation. Our data indicate that the well
      known, indirect inhibitory effect of lateral habenula activation on midbrain
      dopamine neurons is complemented by a significant, direct excitatory effect. This
      pathway may contribute to the role of midbrain dopamine neurons in processing
      aversive stimuli and salience.

PMID- 27358318
TI  - Adaptive muscle plasticity of a remaining agonist following denervation of its
      close synergists in a model of complete spinal cord injury.
AB  - Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) alters the contractile properties of skeletal
      muscle, and although exercise can induce positive changes, it is unclear whether
      the remaining motor system can produce adaptive muscle plasticity in response to
      a subsequent peripheral nerve injury. To address this, the nerve supplying the
      lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and soleus muscles was sectioned unilaterally in four
      cats that had recovered hindlimb locomotion after spinal transection. In these
      spinal cats, kinematics and electromyography (EMG) were collected before and for
      8 wk after denervation. Muscle histology was performed on LG and medial
      gastrocnemius (MG) bilaterally in four spinal and four intact cats. In spinal
      cats, cycle duration for the hindlimb ipsilateral or contralateral to the
      denervation could be significantly increased or decreased compared with
      predenervation values. Stance duration was generally increased and decreased for
      the contralateral and ipsilateral hindlimbs, respectively. The EMG amplitude of
      MG was significantly increased bilaterally after denervation and remained
      elevated 8 wk after denervation. In spinal cats the ipsilateral LG was
      significantly smaller than the contralateral LG, whereas the ipsilateral MG
      weighed significantly more than the contralateral MG. Histological
      characterizations revealed significantly larger fiber areas for type IIa fibers
      of the ipsilateral MG in three of four spinal cats. Microvascular density in the
      ipsilateral MG was significantly higher than in the contralateral MG. In intact
      cats, no differences were found for muscle weight, fiber area, or microvascular
      density between homologous muscles. Therefore, the remaining motor system after
      complete SCI retains the ability to produce adaptive muscle plasticity.

PMID- 27358319
TI  - Spreading depolarization in the brain of Drosophila is induced by inhibition of
      the Na+/K+-ATPase and mitigated by a decrease in activity of protein kinase G.
AB  - Spreading depolarization (SD) is characterized by a massive redistribution of
      ions accompanied by an arrest in electrical activity that slowly propagates
      through neural tissue. It has been implicated in numerous human pathologies,
      including migraine, stroke, and traumatic brain injury, and thus the elucidation
      of control mechanisms underlying the phenomenon could have many health benefits.
      Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of SD in the brain of Drosophila
      melanogaster, providing a model system, whereby cellular mechanisms can be
      dissected using molecular genetic approaches. Propagating waves of SD were
      reliably induced by disrupting the extracellular potassium concentration
      ([K(+)]o), either directly or by inhibition of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase with
      ouabain. The disturbance was monitored by recording the characteristic surges in
      [K(+)]o using K(+)-sensitive microelectrodes or by monitoring brain activity by
      measuring direct current potential. With the use of wild-type flies, we show that
      young adults are more resistant to SD compared with older adults, evidenced by
      shorter bouts of SD activity and attenuated [K(+)]o disturbances. Furthermore, we
      show that the susceptibility to SD differs between wild-type flies and w1118
      mutants, demonstrating that our ouabain model is influenced by genetic strain.
      Lastly, flies with low levels of protein kinase G (PKG) had increased latencies
      to onset of both ouabain-induced SD and anoxic depolarization compared with flies
      with higher levels. Our findings implicate the PKG pathway as a modulator of SD
      in the fly brain, and given the conserved nature of the signaling pathway, it
      could likely play a similar role during SD in the mammalian central nervous
      system.

PMID- 27358320
TI  - A step toward understanding the human ventral visual pathway.
AB  - The human ventral visual pathway is implicated in higher order form processing,
      but the organizational principles within this region are not yet well understood.
      Recently, Lafer-Sousa, Conway, and Kanwisher (J Neurosci 36: 1682-1697, 2016)
      used functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate that functional
      responses in the human ventral visual pathway share a broad homology with the
      those in macaque inferior temporal cortex, providing new evidence supporting the
      validity of the macaque as a model of the human visual system in this region. In
      addition, these results give new clues for understanding the organizational
      principles within the ventral visual pathway and the processing of higher order
      color and form, suggesting new avenues for research into this cortical region.

PMID- 27358323
TI  - The * of Awareness.

PMID- 27358322
TI  - Gene Editing: Powerful New Tools for Nephrology Research and Therapy.
AB  - Biologic research is experiencing a transformation brought about by the ability
      of programmable nucleases to manipulate the genome. In the recently developed
      CRISPR/Cas system, short RNA sequences guide the endonuclease Cas9 to any
      location in the genome, causing a DNA double-strand break (DSB). Repair of DSBs
      allows the introduction of targeted genetic manipulations with high precision.
      Cas9-mediated gene editing is simple, scalable, and rapid, and it can be applied
      to virtually any organism. Here, we summarize the development of modern gene
      editing techniques and the biology of DSB repair on which these techniques are
      based. We discuss technical points in applying this technology and review its use
      in model organisms. Finally, we describe prospects for the use of gene editing to
      treat human genetic diseases. This technology offers tremendous promise for
      equipping the nephrology research community to better model and ultimately, treat
      kidney diseases.

PMID- 27358324
TI  - Geometrical Factors in the Perception of Sacredness.
AB  - Geometrical and environmental factors in the perception of sacredness, dominance,
      and attractiveness were assessed by 137 participants in five tests. In the first
      test, a two-alternative forced-choice paradigm was used to test the perception of
      sacredness, dominance, and attractiveness in geometrical figures differing in
      shape, verticality, size, and symmetry. Verticality, symmetry, and convexity were
      found to be important factors in the perception of sacredness. In the second
      test, participants had to mark the point inside geometrical surfaces that was
      perceived as most sacred, dominant, and attractive. The top and the center areas
      were associated with sacredness, dominance, and attractiveness. In the third
      test, peaks and elevated regions in landscapes were evaluated as more sacred,
      dominant, and attractive than valley regions. In the fourth test, three figures
      sharing the same area but differing in horizontal and vertical orientation were
      evaluated on eight scales. The vertical figure was evaluated as more sacred,
      dominant, and attractive than the horizontal figure. The fifth test demonstrated
      the significant role of space seclusion and inaccessibility in the perception of
      sacredness. Geometrical factors in the perception of sacredness, dominance, and
      attractiveness were largely overlapping.

PMID- 27358321
TI  - Vestibular and oculomotor influences on visual dependency.
AB  - The degree to which a person relies on visual stimuli for spatial orientation is
      termed visual dependency (VD). VD is considered a perceptual trait or cognitive
      style influenced by psychological factors and mediated by central reweighting of
      the sensory inputs involved in spatial orientation. VD is often measured with the
      rod-and-disk test, in which participants align a central rod to the subjective
      visual vertical (SVV) in the presence of a background that is either stationary
      or rotating around the line of sight-dynamic SVV. Although this task has been
      employed to assess VD in health and vestibular disease, what effect torsional
      nystagmic eye movements may have on individual performance is unknown. Using
      caloric ear irrigation, 3D video-oculography, and the rod-and-disk test, we show
      that caloric torsional nystagmus modulates measures of VD and demonstrate that
      increases in tilt after irrigation are positively correlated with changes in
      ocular torsional eye movements. When the direction of the slow phase of the
      torsional eye movement induced by the caloric is congruent with that induced by
      the rotating visual stimulus, there is a significant increase in tilt. When these
      two torsional components are in opposition, there is a decrease. These findings
      show that measures of VD can be influenced by oculomotor responses induced by
      caloric stimulation. The findings are of significance for clinical studies, as
      they indicate that VD, which often increases in vestibular disorders, is
      modulated not only by changes in cognitive style but also by eye movements, in
      particular nystagmus.

PMID- 27358325
TI  - Special focus on precision medicine informatics and education.

PMID- 27358326
TI  - Focusing on informatics education.

PMID- 27358327
TI  - Creating advanced health informatics certification.
AB  - In 2005, AMIA leaders and members concluded that certification of advanced health
      informatics professionals would offer value to individual practitioners,
      organizations that hire them, and society at large. AMIA's work to create
      advanced informatics certification began by leading a successful effort to create
      the clinical informatics subspecialty for American Board of Medical Specialties
      board-certified physicians. Since 2012, AMIA has been working to establish
      advanced health informatics certification (AHIC) for all health informatics
      practitioners regardless of their primary discipline. In November 2015, AMIA
      completed the first of 3 key tasks required to establish AHIC, with the AMIA
      Board of Directors' endorsement of proposed eligibility requirements. This AMIA
      Board white paper describes efforts to establish AHIC, reports on the current
      status of AHIC components, and provides a context for the proposed AHIC
      eligibility requirements.

PMID- 27358329
TI  - The scope of health informatics and the Advanced Health Informatics
      Certification.

PMID- 27358328
TI  - Eligibility requirements for advanced health informatics certification.
AB  - AMIA is leading the effort to strengthen the health informatics profession by
      creating an advanced health informatics certification (AHIC) for individuals
      whose informatics work directly impacts the practice of health care, public
      health, or personal health. The AMIA Board of Directors has endorsed a set of
      proposed AHIC eligibility requirements that will be presented to the future AHIC
      certifying entity for adoption. These requirements specifically establish who
      will be eligible to sit for the AHIC examination and more generally signal the
      depth and breadth of knowledge and experience expected from certified
      individuals. They also inform the development of the accreditation process and
      provide guidance to graduate health informatics programs as well as individuals
      interested in pursuing AHIC. AHIC eligibility will be determined by practice
      focus, education in primary field and health informatics, and significant health
      informatics experience.

PMID- 27358330
TI  - Can We Rely on Predicted Basal Metabolic Rate in Patients With Intestinal Failure
      on Home Parenteral Nutrition?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Intestinal failure (IF) is a serious and common complication
      of short bowel syndrome with patients depending on parenteral nutrition (PN)
      support. Effective nutrition management requires an accurate estimation of the
      patient's basal metabolic rate (BMR) to avoid underfeeding or overfeeding.
      However, indirect calorimetry, considered the gold standard for BMR assessment,
      is a time- and resource-consuming procedure. Consequently, several equations for
      prediction of BMR have been developed in different settings, but their accuracy
      in patients with IF are yet to be investigated. We evaluated the accuracy of
      predicted BMR in clinically stable patients with IF dependent on home parenteral
      nutrition (HPN). METHODS: In total, 103 patients with IF were included. We used
      indirect calorimetry for assessment of BMR and calculated predicted BMR using
      different equations based on anthropometric and/or bioelectrical impedance
      parameters. The accuracy of predicted BMR was evaluated using Bland-Altman
      analysis with measured BMR as the gold standard. RESULTS: The average measured
      BMR was 1272 +/- 245 kcal/d. The most accurate estimations of BMR were obtained
      using the Harris-Benedict equation (mean bias, 14 kcal/d [ P = .28]; limits of
      agreement [LoA], -238 to 266 kcal/d) and the Johnstone equation (mean bias, -16
      kcal/d [ P = .24]; LoA, -285 to 253 kcal/d). For both equations, 67% of patients
      had a predicted BMR from 90%-110% All other equations demonstrated a
      statistically and clinically significant difference between measured and
      predicted BMR. CONCLUSIONS: The Harris-Benedict and Johnstone equations reliably
      predict BMR in two-thirds of clinically stable patients with IF on HPN.

PMID- 27358331
TI  - Toward the Development of Predictive Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate in
      Acutely Ill Spontaneously Breathing Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are many equations used for calculating energy needs of
      nutrition support patients but few developed specifically for the subset of
      spontaneously breathing acutely ill patients. The purpose of the current study
      was to validate existing equations and to start developing new equations for this
      cohort. METHODS: Acutely ill patients not requiring mechanical ventilation had
      their resting metabolic rate measured using an indirect calorimeter. Metabolic
      rate was also calculated using the Mifflin-St Jeor equation, the Ireton-Jones
      equation for spontaneously breathing patients, and a modification of the Penn
      State equation in which the minute ventilation-dependent variable was removed.
      These calculated values were compared with measured expenditure and considered
      accurate if they fell within 10% of the measurement. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients
      were measured successfully. The modified Penn State equation was accurate in 71%
      of patients compared with 44% for Ireton-Jones and 42% for Mifflin-St Jeor.
      Several forms of a new equation were outlined but not validated. The equation
      with the highest R2 (0.82) was as follows: resting metabolic rate (kcal/d) =
      weight in kg (20) - age in years (3) + male sex (197) + body mass index in kg/m2
      (25.9) + mean heart rate in beats/min (9.4) + 89. CONCLUSIONS: A modification of
      the Penn State equation for predicting resting metabolic rate was shown to
      accurately predict resting metabolic rate in acutely ill, spontaneously breathing
      patients if body mass index was >=20.5 kg/m2. A new set of population-specific
      equations was outlined but should not be used until validated.

PMID- 27358332
TI  - Mitochondrial Function in an In Vitro Model of Skeletal Muscle of Patients With
      Protracted Critical Illness and Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Functional mitochondria in skeletal muscle of patients with
      protracted critical illness and intensive care unit-acquired weakness are
      depleted, but remaining mitochondria have increased functional capacities of
      respiratory complexes II and III. This can be an adaptation to relative abundancy
      of fatty acid over glucose caused by insulin resistance. We hypothesized that the
      capacity of muscle mitochondria to oxidize fatty acid is increased in protracted
      critical illness. METHODS: We assessed fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and
      mitochondrial functional indices in vitro by using extracellular flux analysis in
      cultured myotubes obtained by isolating and culturing satellite cells from vastus
      lateralis muscle biopsy samples from patients with ICU-acquired weakness (n = 6)
      and age-matched healthy controls (n = 7). Bioenergetic measurements were
      performed at baseline and after 6 days of exposure to free fatty acids (FFAs).
      RESULTS: Mitochondrial density in myotubes from ICU patients was 69% of healthy
      controls ( P = .051). After adjustment to mitochondrial content, there were no
      differences in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis or the capacity and
      coupling of the respiratory chain. FAO capacity in ICU patients was 157% of FAO
      capacity in controls ( P = .015). In myotubes of ICU patients, unlike healthy
      controls, the exposure to FFA significantly ( P = .009) increased maximum
      respiratory chain capacity. CONCLUSION: In an in vitro model of skeletal muscle
      of patients with protracted critical illness, we have shown signs of adaptation
      to increased FAO. Even in the presence of glucose and insulin, elevation of FFAs
      in the extracellular environment increased maximal capacity of the respiratory
      chain.

PMID- 27358334
TI  - Stem cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Ready for prime time?

PMID- 27358333
TI  - International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: Executive
      summary.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop formal consensus-based guidance for the management of
      myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS: In October 2013, the Myasthenia Gravis
      Foundation of America appointed a Task Force to develop treatment guidance for
      MG, and a panel of 15 international experts was convened. The RAND/UCLA
      appropriateness methodology was used to develop consensus guidance statements.
      Definitions were developed for goals of treatment, minimal manifestations,
      remission, ocular MG, impending crisis, crisis, and refractory MG. An in-person
      panel meeting then determined 7 treatment topics to be addressed. Initial
      guidance statements were developed from literature summaries. Three rounds of
      anonymous e-mail votes were used to attain consensus on guidance statements
      modified on the basis of panel input. RESULTS: Guidance statements were developed
      for symptomatic and immunosuppressive treatments, IV immunoglobulin and plasma
      exchange, management of impending and manifest myasthenic crisis, thymectomy,
      juvenile MG, MG associated with antibodies to muscle-specific tyrosine kinase,
      and MG in pregnancy. CONCLUSION: This is an international formal consensus of MG
      experts intended to be a guide for clinicians caring for patients with MG
      worldwide.

PMID- 27358336
TI  - US health insurance is an obstacle to disease-modifying treatments in MS.

PMID- 27358335
TI  - Transplantation of spinal cord-derived neural stem cells for ALS: Analysis of
      phase 1 and 2 trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the safety of spinal cord transplantation of human stem cells
      in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with escalating doses and
      expansion of the trial to multiple clinical centers. METHODS: This open-label
      trial included 15 participants at 3 academic centers divided into 5 treatment
      groups receiving increasing doses of stem cells by increasing numbers of
      cells/injection and increasing numbers of injections. All participants received
      bilateral injections into the cervical spinal cord (C3-C5). The final group
      received injections into both the lumbar (L2-L4) and cervical cord through 2
      separate surgical procedures. Participants were assessed for adverse events and
      progression of disease, as measured by the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised,
      forced vital capacity, and quantitative measures of strength. Statistical
      analysis focused on the slopes of decline of these phase 2 trial participants
      alone or in combination with the phase 1 participants (previously reported),
      comparing these groups to 3 separate historical control groups. RESULTS: Adverse
      events were mostly related to transient pain associated with surgery and to side
      effects of immunosuppressant medications. There was one incident of acute
      postoperative deterioration in neurologic function and another incident of a
      central pain syndrome. We could not discern differences in surgical outcomes
      between surgeons. Comparisons of the slopes of decline with the 3 separate
      historical control groups showed no differences in mean rates of progression.
      CONCLUSIONS: Intraspinal transplantation of human spinal cord-derived neural stem
      cells can be safely accomplished at high doses, including successive lumbar and
      cervical procedures. The procedure can be expanded safely to multiple surgical
      centers. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class IV evidence that
      for patients with ALS, spinal cord transplantation of human stem cells can be
      safely accomplished and does not accelerate the progression of the disease. This
      study lacks the precision to exclude important benefit or safety issues.

PMID- 27358337
TI  - Presymptomatic cognitive decline in familial frontotemporal dementia: A
      longitudinal study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this prospective cohort study, we performed a 2-year follow-up
      study with neuropsychological assessment in the presymptomatic phase of familial
      frontotemporal dementia (FTD) due to GRN and MAPT mutations to explore the
      prognostic value of neuropsychological assessment in the earliest FTD disease
      stages. METHODS: Healthy, at-risk, first-degree relatives of patients with FTD
      who had a MAPT (n = 13) or GRN mutation (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 39)
      underwent neuropsychological assessment at baseline and 2-year follow-up. We
      investigated baseline and longitudinal differences, as well as relationship with
      age and estimated years before symptom onset. RESULTS: At baseline, GRN mutation
      carriers showed lower scores on mental processing speed than healthy controls (p
      = 0.043). Two years later, MAPT mutation carriers showed a steeper decline than
      GRN mutation carriers on social cognition (p = 0.002). Older age was related to
      cognitive decline in visuoconstruction (p = 0.005) and social cognition (p =
      0.026) in MAPT. Memory significantly declined from 8 to 6 years before estimated
      symptom onset in MAPT and GRN mutation carriers, respectively, and language and
      social cognition declined only in MAPT mutation carriers from 7 to 5 years before
      estimated symptom onset, respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using longitudinal
      neuropsychological assessment, we detected gene-specific neuropsychological
      patterns of decline in, e.g., social cognition, memory, and visuoconstruction.
      Our results confirm the prognostic value of neuropsychological assessment as a
      potential clinical biomarker in the presymptomatic phase of familial FTD.

PMID- 27358340
TI  - Treating myasthenia on consensus guide: Helpful and challenging but still
      unfinished business.

PMID- 27358338
TI  - Health insurance affects the use of disease-modifying therapy in multiple
      sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between health insurance coverage and
      disease-modifying therapy (DMT) use for multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: In
      2014, we surveyed participants in the North American Research Committee on MS
      registry regarding health insurance coverage. We investigated associations
      between negative insurance change and (1) the type of insurance, (2) DMT use, (3)
      use of free/discounted drug programs, and (4) insurance challenges using
      multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS: Of 6,662 respondents included in the
      analysis, 6,562 (98.5%) had health insurance, but 1,472 (22.1%) reported negative
      insurance change compared with 12 months earlier. Respondents with private
      insurance were more likely to report negative insurance change than any other
      insurance. Among respondents not taking DMTs, 6.1% cited insurance/financial
      concerns as the sole reason. Of respondents taking DMTs, 24.7% partially or
      completely relied on support from free/discounted drug programs. Of respondents
      obtaining DMTs through insurance, 3.3% experienced initial insurance denial of
      DMT use, 2.3% encountered insurance denial of DMT switches, and 1.6% skipped or
      split doses because of increased copay. For respondents with relapsing-remitting
      MS, negative insurance change increased their odds of not taking DMTs (odds ratio
      [OR] 1.50; 1.16-1.93), using free/discounted drug programs for DMTs (OR 1.89;
      1.40-2.57), and encountering insurance challenges (OR 2.48; 1.64-3.76).
      CONCLUSIONS: Insurance coverage affects DMT use for persons with MS, and use of
      free/discounted drug programs is substantial and makes economic analysis that
      ignores these supplements potentially inaccurate. The rising costs of drugs and
      changing insurance coverage adversely affect access to treatment for persons with
      MS.

PMID- 27358339
TI  - Detecting depression in Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Failure to detect depression in patients with Parkinson disease (PD)
      can lead to worsened outcomes for patients and caregivers. Accurate
      identification of depression would enable practitioners to provide comprehensive
      care for their patients with PD. METHODS: Our objective was to examine the
      diagnostic accuracy of tools for detecting depression in adult outpatients with
      PD. We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and EMBASE (inception to December 1, 2015),
      gray literature, and bibliographies of included studies. The pooled prevalence of
      depression across studies and diagnostic accuracy estimates were calculated using
      random-effects models. Diagnostic accuracy estimates were calculated across the
      best-reported cutoffs from each study and across specific cutoffs, when feasible.
      RESULTS: Out of 8,184 citations, 21 studies were included, evaluating 24 tools,
      with 4 amenable to meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of major depression was
      22.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.1-27.7). The 15-item Geriatric Depression
      Scale (GDS-15) had a pooled sensitivity of 0.81 (95% CI 0.64-0.91) and
      specificity of 0.91 (95% CI 0.87-0.94). The most sensitive cutoff for the GDS-15
      was 5 at 0.91 (95% CI 0.83-1.00). The Beck Depression Inventory I/Ia had a pooled
      sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI 0.61-0.90) and specificity of 0.85 (95% CI 0.79
      0.90). The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale yielded a pooled sensitivity
      of 0.77 (95% CI 0.69-0.83) and specificity of 0.92 (95% CI 0.79-0.97). The
      Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale had a pooled sensitivity of 0.72 (95% CI
      0.64-0.79) and specificity of 0.80 (95% CI 0.70-0.87). All estimates had
      heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: There are several valid tools for detecting
      depression in patients with PD. Practitioners should choose one that fits their
      clinical practice.

PMID- 27358341
TI  - Tau PET in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the topographical distribution of tau pathology and its
      effect on functional and structural changes in patients with Alzheimer disease
      (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by using (18)F-AV-1451 PET. METHODS: We
      included 20 patients with AD, 15 patients with MCI, and 20 healthy controls, and
      performed neuropsychological function tests, MRI, as well as (18)F-florbetaben
      (for amyloid) and (18)F-AV-1451 (for tau) PET scans. By using the regional volume
      of-interest masks extracted from MRIs, regional binding values of standardized
      uptake value ratios and volumes were measured. We compared regional binding
      values among 3 diagnostic groups and identified correlations among the regional
      binding values, performance in each cognitive function test, and regional
      atrophy. RESULTS: (18)F-AV-1451 binding was increased only in the entorhinal
      cortex in patients with MCI, while patients with AD exhibited greater binding in
      most cortical regions. In the 35 patients with MCI and AD, (18)F-AV-1451 binding
      in most of the neocortex increased with a worsening of global cognitive function.
      The visual and verbal memory functions were associated with the extent of (18)F
      AV-1451 binding, especially in the medial temporal regions. The (18)F-AV-1451
      binding also correlated with the severity of regional atrophy of the cerebral
      cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Tau PET imaging with (18)F-AV-1451 could serve as an in vivo
      biomarker for the evaluation of AD-related tau pathology and monitoring disease
      progression. The accumulation of pathologic tau is more closely related to
      functional and structural deterioration in the AD spectrum than beta-amyloid.

PMID- 27358342
TI  - Evaluation of pain and stress in healthy volunteers undergoing research lumbar
      punctures.

PMID- 27358343
TI  - Measuring Coping Behavior in Liver Transplant Candidates: A Psychometric Analysis
      of the Brief COPE.
AB  - Liver transplant candidates must cope with significant physiological and
      psychological challenges. The Brief COPE is a frequently used measure of coping
      behavior; however, knowledge of the scale's factor structure and construct
      validity is limited with regard to liver transplant candidates. This study
      assessed the validity of the Brief COPE in 120 liver transplant candidates using
      exploratory factor analysis. Results revealed a 6-factor solution, only 2 of
      which were consistent with the original scale assignments. Construct validity of
      the 6 Brief COPE scales yielded in this study was demonstrated. The results
      indicate that the Brief COPE is valid, reliable, and can be meaningfully
      interpreted in liver transplant patients. Future research should confirm this
      factor structure and examine its predictive validity prior to widespread use
      among liver transplant patients. Suggestions are presented for enhancing the care
      of transplant candidates by promoting the use of adaptive coping mechanisms to
      manage distress. 

PMID- 27358345
TI  - Cyberchondria and adolescents.

PMID- 27358344
TI  - Risk Factors for Clostridium Difficile Diarrhea in Patients With Solid Organ
      Transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is limited knowledge about specific risk factors for
      Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). METHOD: A retrospective study comparing
      cases of CDI in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients with controls (SOT
      recipients who did not present CDI). RESULTS: Thirty patients with SOT from 1340
      transplantation recipients had at least 1 episode of CDI (2.23%). The accumulated
      incidence was 3.06% in liver transplantation, 2.78% in lung transplantation,
      2.36% in kidney transplantation, and 0.33% in heart transplantation. Seven (23%)
      cases occurred during the first 2 months. Fifteen (50%) cases were community
      acquired. Colonoscopy was performed in 6 (20%) cases, but pseudomembranes were
      observed in only 1 (16%) case. Independent variables found to be related to CDI
      were previous treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs; odds ratio [OR] 5.5;
      95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-32.0), immunosuppressive regimen including
      mycophenolate (OR 5.2; 95%CI 1.1-18), hospitalization during the previous 3
      months (OR 5.1; 95%CI 1.1-17), and antibiotic treatment during the previous month
      (OR 6.7; 95%CI 1.4-23). Five (16.7%) patients did not respond to the initial
      treatment. Recurrences were noted in 6 (20%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Liver
      transplant recipients presented the highest incidence. Risk factors for CDI were
      previous treatment with PPIs, immunosuppressive regimen containing mycophenolate,
      prior hospitalization, and prior antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 27358346
TI  - Common Mental Disorders in Primary Health Care Units: Associated Factors and
      Impact on Quality of Life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Considering the high worldwide prevalence of common mental disorders
      (CMDs), characterizing the association between CMD and quality of life (QoL)
      constitute a valuable measure to gauge patient's functional impairment due to CMD
      symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with the incidence of CMD
      and its impact on the QoL in primary health care (PHC) patients. DESIGN: Cross
      sectional study completed in a municipality in Brazil. Standardized tools
      included the Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20 to detect CMDs and the WHOQOL-brief
      to assess QoL, in addition to a sociodemographic and treatment-related
      questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 41.4% of the patients met cutoff scores for a
      CMD, and the presence of a CMD was associated with female gender and marital
      status. Patients with CMDs had lower QoL scores than patients who were negative
      for a CMD. CONCLUSIONS: CMDs are highly prevalent in PHC settings and affect
      patients' QoL. The high frequency of CMD in those that seek care through PHC
      necessitate incorporating mental health services into the range of available
      services.

PMID- 27358347
TI  - Current Management of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections by
      Infectious Disease Specialists.
AB  - Management guidelines for cardiac implantable electronic device infections exist,
      but practice patterns of infectious disease (ID) specialists are not well known.
      We found that while many ID specialist practices mirror existing guidelines, a
      combination of complete device removal and prolonged antimicrobial therapy is
      favored when Staphylococcus aureus is involved.

PMID- 27358348
TI  - Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection During Pregnancy: A Report
      of 5 Cases From Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Little is known about the effects of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
      (MERS-CoV) during pregnancy. In Saudi Arabia, 5 cases of MERS-CoV infection among
      pregnant women were reviewed, and all cases resulted in adverse outcomes. MERS
      CoV infection during pregnancy may be associated with maternal and perinatal
      disease and death.

PMID- 27358349
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Potential Risks and Rewards With Prophylaxis for
      Clostridium difficile Infection.

PMID- 27358350
TI  - Predominance of Lactobacillus spp. Among Patients Who Do Not Acquire Multidrug
      Resistant Organisms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The emergence and dissemination of multidrug-resistant organisms
      (MDROs) is a global threat. Characterizing the human microbiome among
      hospitalized patients and identifying unique microbial signatures among those
      patients who acquire MDROs may identify novel infection prevention strategies.
      METHODS: Adult patients admitted to 5 general medical-surgical floors at a 649
      bed, tertiary care center in Boston, Massachusetts, were classified according to
      in-hospital antimicrobial exposure and MDRO colonization status. Within 48 hours
      of hospital admission (baseline) and at discharge (follow-up), rectal swab
      samples were obtained, and compared with samples from an external control group
      of healthy persons from the community. DNA was extracted from samples, next
      generation sequencing performed, and microbial community structure and taxonomic
      features assessed, comparing those who acquired MDROs and those who had not, and
      the external controls. RESULTS: Hospitalized patients (n = 44) had reduced
      microbial diversity and a greater abundance of Escherichia spp. and Enterococcus
      spp. than healthy controls (n = 26). Among hospitalized patients, 25 had no MDROs
      at the time of the baseline sample and were also exposed to antimicrobials. Among
      this group, 7 (28%) acquired >=1 MDRO; demographic and clinical characteristics
      were similar between MDRO-acquisition and MDRO-nonacquisition groups. Patients in
      the nonacquisition group had consistently higher Lactobacillus spp. abundance
      than those in the acquisition group (linear discriminant score, 3.97; P = .04).
      CONCLUSIONS: The fecal microbiota of the hospitalized subjects had abnormal
      community composition, and Lactobacillus spp. was associated with lack of MDRO
      acquisition, consistent with a protective role.

PMID- 27358351
TI  - Synergy, Salary, and Satisfaction: Benefits of Training in Critical Care Medicine
      and Infectious Diseases Gleaned From a National Pilot Survey of Dually Trained
      Physicians.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An increasing number of physicians are seeking dual training in
      critical care medicine (CCM) and infectious diseases (ID). Understanding
      experiences and perceptions of CCM-ID physicians could inform career choices and
      programmatic innovation. METHODS: All physicians trained and/or certified in both
      CCM and ID to date in the United States were sent a Web-based questionnaire in
      2015. Responses enabled a cross-sectional analysis of physician demographics and
      training and practice characteristics and satisfaction. RESULTS: Of 202 CCM-ID
      physicians, 196 were alive and reachable. The response rate was 79%. Forty-six
      percent trained and 34% practice in the northeastern United States. Only 40%
      received dual training at the same institution. Eighty-three percent identified
      as either an intensivist with ID expertise (44%) or as equally an intensivist and
      ID physician (38%). Median salary was $265 000 (interquartile range [IQR], $215
      000-$350 000). Practice settings were split between academic (45%) and community
      settings (42%). Two-thirds are clinicians but 62% conduct some research and 26%
      practice outpatient ID. Top reasons to dually specialize included clinical
      synergy (70%), procedural activity (50%), and less interest in pulmonology (49%).
      Although 38% cited less proficiency with bronchoscopy as a disadvantage, 87%
      seldom need pulmonary consultation in the intensive care unit. Median career
      satisfaction was 4 (IQR, 4-5) out of 5, and 76% would dually train again.
      CONCLUSIONS: CCM-ID graduates prefer the acute care setting, predominantly CCM or
      a combination of CCM and ID. They find combination training and practice to be
      synergistic and satisfying, but most have had to seek CCM and ID training
      independently at separate institutions. Given these findings, avenues for
      combined training in CCM-ID should be considered.

PMID- 27358352
TI  - Qualifications, Demographics, Satisfaction, and Future Capacity of the HIV Care
      Provider Workforce in the United States, 2013-2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected population in the
      United States is increasing by about 30 000 annually (new infections minus
      deaths). With improvements in diagnosis and engagement in care, additional
      qualified HIV care providers may be needed. METHODS: We surveyed a probability
      sample of 2023 US HIV care providers in 2013-2014, including those at Ryan White
      HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP)-funded facilities and in private practices. We estimated
      future patient care capacity by comparing counts of providers entering and
      planning to leave practice within 5 years, and the number of patients under their
      care. RESULTS: Of surveyed providers, 1234 responded (adjusted response rate,
      64%): 63% were white, 11% black, 11% Hispanic, and 16% other race/ethnicity; 37%
      were satisfied/very satisfied with salary/reimbursement, and 33% were
      satisfied/very satisfied with administrative time. Compared with providers in
      private practice, more providers at RWHAP-funded facilities were HIV specialists
      (71% vs 43%; P < .0001) and planned to leave HIV practice within 5 years (11% vs
      4%; P = .0004). An estimated 190 more full-time equivalent providers (defined as
      40 HIV clinical care hours per week) entered practice in the past 5 years than
      are expected to leave in the next 5 years. If these rates continue, by 2019
      patient care capacity will increase by 65 000, compared with an increased
      requirement of at least 100 000. CONCLUSIONS: Projected workforce growth by 2019
      will not accommodate the increased number of HIV-infected persons requiring care.
      RWHAP-funded facilities may face attrition of highly qualified providers.
      Dissatisfaction with salary/reimbursement and administrative burden is
      substantial, and black and Hispanic providers are underrepresented relative to
      HIV patients.

PMID- 27358353
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Infectious Diseases/Critical Care Medicine: Time to Embrace
      a New Subspecialty of Infectious Disease.

PMID- 27358354
TI  - Durable Viral Suppression and Transmission Risk Potential Among Persons With
      Diagnosed HIV Infection: United States, 2012-2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We examined durable viral suppression, cumulative viral load (VL)
      burden, and transmission risk potential among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      diagnosed persons in care. METHODS: Using data from the National HIV Surveillance
      System from 17 jurisdictions with complete reporting of VL test results, we
      determined the percentage of persons in HIV care who achieved durable viral
      suppression (all VL results <200 copies/mL) and examined viremia copy-years and
      time spent above VL levels that increase the risk of HIV transmission during 2012
      2013. RESULTS: Of 265 264 persons in HIV care in 2011, 238 641 had at least 2 VLs
      in 2012-2013. The median number of VLs per individual during the 2-year period
      was 5. Approximately 62% had durable viral suppression. The remaining 38% had
      high VL burden (geometric mean of viremia copy-years, 7261) and spent an average
      of 438 days, 316 days, and 215 days (60%, 43.2%, and 29.5% of the 2-year period)
      above 200, 1500, and 10 000 copies/mL. Women, blacks/African Americans,
      Hispanics/Latinos, persons with HIV infection attributed to transmission other
      than male-to-male sexual contact, younger age groups, and persons with gaps in
      care had higher viral burden and transmission risk potential. CONCLUSIONS: Two
      thirds of persons in HIV care had durable viral suppression during a 2-year
      period. One-third had high VL burden and spent substantial time above VL levels
      with increased risk of onward transmission. More intervention efforts are needed
      to improve retention in care and medication adherence so that more persons in HIV
      care achieve durable viral suppression.

PMID- 27358355
TI  - The Effect of a Nationwide Infection Control Program Expansion on Hospital-Onset
      Gram-Negative Rod Bacteremia in 130 Veterans Health Administration Medical
      Centers: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) introduced the Methicillin
      Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Prevention Initiative in March 2007.
      Although the initiative has been perceived as a vertical intervention focusing on
      MRSA, it also expanded infection prevention and control programs and resources.
      We aimed to assess the horizontal effect of the initiative on hospital-onset (HO)
      gram-negative rod (GNR) bacteremia. METHODS: This retrospective cohort included
      all patients who had HO bacteremia due to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species,
      or Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 130 VHA facilities from January 2003 to December
      2013. The effects were assessed using segmented linear regression with
      autoregressive error models, incorporating autocorrelation, immediate effect, and
      time before and after the initiative. Community-acquired (CA) bacteremia with
      same species was also analyzed as nonequivalent dependent controls. RESULTS: A
      total of 11 196 patients experienced HO-GNR bacteremia during the study period.
      There was a significant change of slope in HO-GNR bacteremia incidence rates from
      before the initiative (+0.3%/month) to after (-0.4%/month) (P < .01), while CA
      GNR incidence rates did not significantly change (P = .08). Cumulative effect of
      the intervention on HO-GNR bacteremia incidence rates at the end of the study
      period was estimated to be -43.2% (95% confidence interval, -51.6% to -32.4%).
      Similar effects were observed in subgroup analyses of each species and
      antimicrobial susceptibility profile. CONCLUSIONS: Within 130 VHA facilities,
      there was a sustained decline in HO-GNR bacteremia incidence rates after the
      implementation of the MRSA Prevention Initiative. As these organisms were not
      specifically targeted, it is likely that horizontal components of the initiative
      contributed to this decline.

PMID- 27358356
TI  - A Clinical Decision Tree to Predict Whether a Bacteremic Patient Is Infected With
      an Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Organism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Timely identification of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)
      bacteremia can improve clinical outcomes while minimizing unnecessary use of
      broad-spectrum antibiotics, including carbapenems. However, most clinical
      microbiology laboratories currently require at least 24 additional hours from the
      time of microbial genus and species identification to confirm ESBL production.
      Our objective was to develop a user-friendly decision tree to predict which
      organisms are ESBL producing, to guide appropriate antibiotic therapy. METHODS:
      We included patients >=18 years of age with bacteremia due to Escherichia coli or
      Klebsiella species from October 2008 to March 2015 at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
      Isolates with ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations >=2 ug/mL underwent
      ESBL confirmatory testing. Recursive partitioning was used to generate a decision
      tree to determine the likelihood that a bacteremic patient was infected with an
      ESBL producer. Discrimination of the original and cross-validated models was
      evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and by calculation of C
      statistics. RESULTS: A total of 1288 patients with bacteremia met eligibility
      criteria. For 194 patients (15%), bacteremia was due to a confirmed ESBL
      producer. The final classification tree for predicting ESBL-positive bacteremia
      included 5 predictors: history of ESBL colonization/infection, chronic indwelling
      vascular hardware, age >=43 years, recent hospitalization in an ESBL high-burden
      region, and >=6 days of antibiotic exposure in the prior 6 months. The decision
      tree's positive and negative predictive values were 90.8% and 91.9%,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a clinical decision tree can
      be used to estimate a bacteremic patient's likelihood of infection with ESBL
      producing bacteria. Recursive partitioning offers a practical, user-friendly
      approach for addressing important diagnostic questions.

PMID- 27358357
TI  - Transmission of Balamuthia mandrillaris by Organ Transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During 2009 and 2010, 2 clusters of organ transplant-transmitted
      Balamuthia mandrillaris, a free-living ameba, were detected by recognition of
      severe unexpected illness in multiple recipients from the same donor. METHODS: We
      investigated all recipients and the 2 donors through interview, medical record
      review, and testing of available specimens retrospectively. Surviving recipients
      were tested and treated prospectively. RESULTS: In the 2009 cluster of illness, 2
      kidney recipients were infected and 1 died. The donor had Balamuthia encephalitis
      confirmed on autopsy. In the 2010 cluster, the liver and kidney-pancreas
      recipients developed Balamuthia encephalitis and died. The donor had a clinical
      syndrome consistent with Balamuthia infection and serologic evidence of
      infection. In both clusters, the 2 asymptomatic recipients were treated
      expectantly and survived; 1 asymptomatic recipient in each cluster had serologic
      evidence of exposure that decreased over time. Both donors had been presumptively
      diagnosed with other neurologic diseases prior to organ procurement. CONCLUSIONS:
      Balamuthia can be transmitted through organ transplantation with an observed
      incubation time of 17-24 days. Clinicians should be aware of Balamuthia as a
      cause of encephalitis with high rate of fatality, and should notify public health
      departments and evaluate transplant recipients from donors with signs of possible
      encephalitis to facilitate early diagnosis and targeted treatment. Organ
      procurement organizations and transplant centers should be aware of the potential
      for Balamuthia infection in donors with possible encephalitis and also assess
      donors carefully for signs of neurologic infection that may have been
      misdiagnosed as stroke or as noninfectious forms of encephalitis.

PMID- 27358358
TI  - Evaluation of the C6 Lyme Enzyme Immunoassay for the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease in
      Children and Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The commercially-available C6 Lyme enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been
      approved to replace the standard whole-cell sonicate EIA as a first-tier test for
      the diagnosis of Lyme disease and has been suggested as a stand-alone diagnostic.
      However, the C6 EIA has not been extensively studied in pediatric patients
      undergoing evaluation for Lyme disease. METHODS: We collected discarded serum
      samples from children and adolescents (aged <=21 years) undergoing conventional 2
      tiered testing for Lyme disease at a single hospital-based clinical laboratory
      located in an area endemic for Lyme disease. We performed a C6 EIA on all
      collected specimens, followed by a supplemental immunoblot if the C6 EIA result
      was positive but the whole-cell sonicate EIA result was negative. We defined a
      case of Lyme disease as either a clinician-diagnosed erythema migrans lesion or a
      positive standard 2-tiered serologic result in a patient with symptoms compatible
      with Lyme disease. We then compared the performance of the C6 EIA alone and as a
      first-tier test followed by immunoblot, with that of standard 2-tiered serology
      for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. RESULTS: Of the 944 specimens collected, 114
      (12%) were from patients with Lyme disease. The C6 EIA alone had sensitivity
      similar to that of standard 2-tiered testing (79.8% vs 81.6% for standard 2
      tiered testing; P = .71) with slightly lower specificity (94.2% vs 98.8% 2; P <
      .002). Addition of a supplemental immunoblot improved the specificity of the C6
      EIA to 98.6%. CONCLUSIONS: For children and adolescents undergoing evaluation for
      Lyme disease, the C6 EIA could guide initial clinical decision making, although a
      supplemental immunoblot should still be performed.

PMID- 27358359
TI  - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: arrhythmogenesis in
      the apparently normal heart?

PMID- 27358360
TI  - Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation after
      cardiac surgery: the results of the European Heart Rhythm Association Survey.
AB  - The purpose of this European Heart Rhythm Association survey was to assess the
      current practice concerning the use of oral anticoagulation in patients with post
      operative atrial fibrillation (pre-existing or new-onset). The survey highlights
      the considerable heterogeneity of the type of anticoagulation, with 25% of the
      centres never using the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in
      this setting, as well the timing of oral anticoagulation initiation, the use and
      dosing of low-molecular-weight heparins, and the duration of anticoagulation when
      sinus rhythm is restored. One-third of the centres stated that they perceived
      that the risk of major pericardial bleeding requiring pericardiocentesis was
      higher when NOACs were used compared with vitamin K antagonists. Overall, the
      responding centres estimated the incidence of major pericardial haemorrhage to be
      2.4%. More data are needed to inform practice guidelines in this field. 

PMID- 27358361
TI  - Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of
      the Cretaceous-Palaeogene mass extinction.
AB  - The effect of the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) mass extinction on the evolution
      of many groups, including placental mammals, has been hotly debated. The fossil
      record suggests a sudden adaptive radiation of placentals immediately after the
      event, but several recent quantitative analyses have reconstructed no significant
      increase in either clade origination rates or rates of character evolution in the
      Palaeocene. Here we use stochastic methods to date a recent phylogenetic analysis
      of Cretaceous and Palaeocene mammals and show that Placentalia likely originated
      in the Late Cretaceous, but that most intraordinal diversification occurred
      during the earliest Palaeocene. This analysis reconstructs fewer than 10
      placental mammal lineages crossing the K-Pg boundary. Moreover, we show that
      rates of morphological evolution in the 5 Myr interval immediately after the K-Pg
      mass extinction are three times higher than background rates during the
      Cretaceous. These results suggest that the K-Pg mass extinction had a marked
      impact on placental mammal diversification, supporting the view that an
      evolutionary radiation occurred as placental lineages invaded new ecological
      niches during the Early Palaeocene.

PMID- 27358362
TI  - Inverse approach to estimating larval dispersal reveals limited population
      connectivity along 700 km of wave-swept open coast.
AB  - Demographic connectivity is fundamental to the persistence and resilience of
      metapopulations, but our understanding of the link between reproduction and
      recruitment is notoriously poor in open-coast marine populations. We provide the
      first evidence of high local retention and limited connectivity among populations
      spanning 700 km along an open coast in an upwelling system. Using extensive field
      measurements of fecundity, population size and settlement in concert with a
      Bayesian inverse modelling approach, we estimated that, on average, Petrolisthes
      cinctipes larvae disperse only 6.9 km (+/-25.0 km s.d.) from natal populations,
      despite spending approximately six weeks in an open-coast system that was once
      assumed to be broadly dispersive. This estimate differed substantially from our
      prior dispersal estimate (153.9 km) based on currents and larval duration and
      behaviour, revealing the importance of employing demographic data in larval
      dispersal estimates. Based on this estimate, we predict that demographic
      connectivity occurs predominantly among neighbouring populations less than 30 km
      apart. Comprehensive studies of larval production, settlement and connectivity
      are needed to advance an understanding of the ecology and evolution of life in
      the sea as well as to conserve ecosystems. Our novel approach provides a
      tractable framework for addressing these questions for species occurring in
      discrete coastal populations.

PMID- 27358364
TI  - Cellular and molecular remodelling of a host cell for vertical transmission of
      bacterial symbionts.
AB  - Various insects require intracellular bacteria that are restricted to specialized
      cells (bacteriocytes) and are transmitted vertically via the female ovary, but
      the transmission mechanisms are obscure. We hypothesized that, in the whitefly
      Bemisia tabaci, where intact bacteriocytes (and not isolated bacteria) are
      transferred to oocytes, the transmission mechanism would be evident as cellular
      and molecular differences between the nymph (pre-adult) and adult bacteriocytes.
      We demonstrate dramatic remodelling of bacteriocytes at the developmental
      transition from nymph to adulthood. This transition involves the loss of cell
      cell adhesion, high division rates to constant cell size and onset of cell
      mobility, enabling the bacteriocytes to crawl to the ovaries. These changes are
      accompanied by cytoskeleton reorganization and changes in gene expression: genes
      functioning in cell-cell adhesion display reduced expression and genes involved
      in cell division, cell motility and endocytosis/exocytosis have elevated
      expression in adult bacteriocytes, relative to nymph bacteriocytes. This study
      demonstrates, for the first time, how developmentally orchestrated remodelling of
      gene expression and correlated changes in cell behaviour underpin the capacity of
      bacteriocytes to mediate the vertical transmission and persistence of the
      symbiotic bacteria on which the insect host depends.

PMID- 27358363
TI  - A possible role of DNA methylation in functional divergence of a fast evolving
      duplicate gene encoding odorant binding protein 11 in the honeybee.
AB  - Although gene duplication is seen as the main path to evolution of new functions,
      molecular mechanisms by which selection favours the gain versus loss of newly
      duplicated genes and minimizes the fixation of pseudo-genes are not well
      understood. Here, we investigate in detail a duplicate honeybee gene obp11
      belonging to a fast evolving insect gene family encoding odorant binding proteins
      (OBPs). We report that obp11 is expressed only in female bees in rare antennal
      sensilla basiconica in contrast to its tandem partner obp10 that is expressed in
      the brain in both females and males (drones). Unlike all other obp genes in the
      honeybee, obp11 is methylated suggesting that functional diversification of obp11
      and obp10 may have been driven by an epigenetic mechanism. We also show that
      increased methylation in drones near one donor splice site that correlates with
      higher abundance of a transcript variant encoding a truncated OBP11 protein is
      one way of controlling its contrasting expression. Our data suggest that like in
      mammals and plants, DNA methylation in insects may contribute to functional
      diversification of proteins produced from duplicated genes, in particular to
      their subfunctionalization by generating complementary patterns of expression.

PMID- 27358365
TI  - How humans drive speciation as well as extinction.
AB  - A central topic for conservation science is evaluating how human activities
      influence global species diversity. Humanity exacerbates extinction rates. But by
      what mechanisms does humanity drive the emergence of new species? We review human
      mediated speciation, compare speciation and known extinctions, and discuss the
      challenges of using net species diversity as a conservation objective. Humans
      drive rapid evolution through relocation, domestication, hunting and novel
      ecosystem creation-and emerging technologies could eventually provide additional
      mechanisms. The number of species relocated, domesticated and hunted during the
      Holocene is of comparable magnitude to the number of observed extinctions. While
      instances of human-mediated speciation are known, the overall effect these
      mechanisms have upon speciation rates has not yet been quantified. We also
      explore the importance of anthropogenic influence upon divergence in
      microorganisms. Even if human activities resulted in no net loss of species
      diversity by balancing speciation and extinction rates, this would probably be
      deemed unacceptable. We discuss why, based upon 'no net loss' conservation
      literature-considering phylogenetic diversity and other metrics, risk aversion,
      taboo trade-offs and spatial heterogeneity. We conclude that evaluating
      speciation alongside extinction could result in more nuanced understanding of
      biosphere trends, clarifying what it is we actually value about biodiversity.

PMID- 27358366
TI  - Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying
      terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis.
AB  - Models of the evolution of sexual cannibalism argue that males may offset the
      cost of cannibalism if components of the male body are directly allocated to the
      eggs that they fertilize. We tested this idea in the praying mantid Tenodera
      sinensis Males and females were fed differently radiolabelled crickets and
      allowed to mate. Half of the pairs progressed to sexual cannibalism and we
      prevented cannibalism in the other half. We assess the relative allocation of
      both male-derived somatic materials and ejaculate materials into the eggs and
      soma of the female. Our results show that male somatic investment contributes to
      production of offspring. The eggs and reproductive tissues of cannibalistic
      females contained significantly more male-derived amino acids than those of non
      cannibalistic females, and there was an increase in the number of eggs produced
      subsequent to sexual cannibalism. Sexual cannibalism thus increases male material
      investment in offspring. We also show that males provide substantial investment
      via the ejaculate, with males passing about 25% of their radiolabelled amino
      acids to females via the ejaculate even in the absence of cannibalism.

PMID- 27358367
TI  - Elevated virulence of an emerging viral genotype as a driver of honeybee loss.
AB  - Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have contributed significantly to the current
      biodiversity crisis, leading to widespread epidemics and population loss. Owing
      to genetic variation in pathogen virulence, a complete understanding of species
      decline requires the accurate identification and characterization of EIDs. We
      explore this issue in the Western honeybee, where increasing mortality of
      populations in the Northern Hemisphere has caused major concern. Specifically, we
      investigate the importance of genetic identity of the main suspect in mortality,
      deformed wing virus (DWV), in driving honeybee loss. Using laboratory experiments
      and a systematic field survey, we demonstrate that an emerging DWV genotype (DWV
      B) is more virulent than the established DWV genotype (DWV-A) and is widespread
      in the landscape. Furthermore, we show in a simple model that colonies infected
      with DWV-B collapse sooner than colonies infected with DWV-A. We also identify
      potential for rapid DWV evolution by revealing extensive genome-wide
      recombination in vivo The emergence of DWV-B in naive honeybee populations,
      including via recombination with DWV-A, could be of significant ecological and
      economic importance. Our findings emphasize that knowledge of pathogen genetic
      identity and diversity is critical to understanding drivers of species decline.

PMID- 27358369
TI  - Cementing mussels to oysters in the pteriomorphian tree: a phylogenomic approach.
AB  - Mussels (Mytilida) are a group of bivalves with ancient origins and some of the
      most important commercial shellfish worldwide. Mytilida consists of approximately
      400 species found in various littoral and deep-sea environments, and are part of
      the higher clade Pteriomorphia, but their exact position within the group has
      been unstable. The multiple adaptive radiations that occurred within
      Pteriomorphia have rendered phylogenetic classifications difficult and
      uncertainty remains regarding the relationships among most families. To address
      this phylogenetic uncertainty, novel transcriptomic data were generated to
      include all five orders of Pteriomorphia. Our results, derived from complex
      analyses of large datasets from 41 transcriptomes and evaluating possible
      pitfalls affecting phylogenetic reconstruction (matrix occupancy, heterogeneity,
      evolutionary rates, evolutionary models), consistently recover a well-supported
      phylogeny of Pteriomorphia, with the only exception of the most complete but
      smallest data matrix (Matrix 3: 51 genes, 90% gene occupancy). Maximum-likelihood
      and Bayesian mixture model analyses retrieve strong support for: (i) the
      monophyly of Pteriomorphia, (ii) Mytilida as a sister group to Ostreida, and
      (iii) Arcida as sister group to all other pteriomorphians. The basal position of
      Arcida is congruent with its shell microstructure (solely composed of aragonitic
      crystals), whereas Mytilida and Ostreida display a combination of a calcitic
      outer layer with an aragonitic inner layer composed of nacre tablets, the latter
      being secondarily lost in Ostreoidea.

PMID- 27358368
TI  - The oxidative cost of reproduction depends on early development oxidative stress
      and sex in a bird species.
AB  - In the early 2000s, a new component of the cost of reproduction was proposed:
      oxidative stress. Since then the oxidative cost of reproduction hypothesis has,
      however, received mixed support. Different arguments have been provided to
      explain this. Among them, the lack of a life-history perspective on most
      experimental tests was suggested. We manipulated the levels of a key
      intracellular antioxidant (glutathione) in captive zebra finches (Taeniopygia
      guttata) during a short period of early life and subsequently tested the
      oxidative cost of reproduction. Birds were allowed to mate freely in an outdoor
      aviary for several months. We repeatedly enlarged or reduced their broods to
      increase or reduce, respectively, breeding effort. Birds whose glutathione levels
      were reduced during growth showed higher erythrocyte resistance to free radical
      induced haemolysis when forced to rear enlarged broods. This supports the
      hypothesis predicting the occurrence of developing programmes matching early and
      adult environmental conditions to improve fitness. Moreover, adult males rearing
      enlarged broods endured higher plasma levels of lipid oxidative damage than
      control males, whereas adult females showed the opposite trend. As most previous
      studies reporting non-significant or opposite results used females only, we also
      discuss some sex-related particularities that may contribute to explain
      unexpected results.

PMID- 27358370
TI  - Light pollution is associated with earlier tree budburst across the United
      Kingdom.
AB  - The ecological impact of night-time lighting is of concern because of its well
      demonstrated effects on animal behaviour. However, the potential of light
      pollution to change plant phenology and its corresponding knock-on effects on
      associated herbivores are less clear. Here, we test if artificial lighting can
      advance the timing of budburst in trees. We took a UK-wide 13 year dataset of
      spatially referenced budburst data from four deciduous tree species and matched
      it with both satellite imagery of night-time lighting and average spring
      temperature. We find that budburst occurs up to 7.5 days earlier in brighter
      areas, with the relationship being more pronounced for later-budding species.
      Excluding large urban areas from the analysis showed an even more pronounced
      advance of budburst, confirming that the urban 'heat-island' effect is not the
      sole cause of earlier urban budburst. Similarly, the advance in budburst across
      all sites is too large to be explained by increases in temperature alone. This
      dramatic advance of budburst illustrates the need for further experimental
      investigation into the impact of artificial night-time lighting on plant
      phenology and subsequent species interactions. As light pollution is a growing
      global phenomenon, the findings of this study are likely to be applicable to a
      wide range of species interactions across the world.

PMID- 27358371
TI  - Ocean acidification alters the response of intertidal snails to a key sea star
      predator.
AB  - Organism-level effects of ocean acidification (OA) are well recognized. Less
      understood are OA's consequences for ecological species interactions. Here, we
      examine a behaviourally mediated predator-prey interaction within the rocky
      intertidal zone of the temperate eastern Pacific Ocean, using it as a model
      system to explore OA's capacity to impair invertebrate anti-predator behaviours
      more broadly. Our system involves the iconic sea star predator, Pisaster
      ochraceus, that elicits flee responses in numerous gastropod prey. We examine, in
      particular, the capacity for OA-associated reductions in pH to alter flight
      behaviours of the black turban snail, Tegula funebralis, an often-abundant and
      well-studied grazer in the system. We assess interactions between these species
      at 16 discrete levels of pH, quantifying the full functional response of Tegula
      under present and near-future OA conditions. Results demonstrate the disruption
      of snail anti-predator behaviours at low pH, with decreases in the time
      individuals spend in refuge locations. We also show that fluctuations in pH,
      including those typical of rock pools inhabited by snails, do not materially
      change outcomes, implying little capacity for episodically benign pH conditions
      to aid behavioural recovery. Together, these findings suggest a strong potential
      for OA to induce cascading community-level shifts within this long-studied
      ecosystem.

PMID- 27358372
TI  - Learning to cope: vocal adjustment to urban noise is correlated with prior
      experience in black-capped chickadees.
AB  - Urban noise can interfere with avian communication through masking, but birds can
      reduce this interference by altering their vocalizations. Although several
      experimental studies indicate that birds can rapidly change their vocalizations
      in response to sudden increases in ambient noise, none have investigated whether
      this is a learned response that depends on previous exposure. Black-capped
      chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) change the frequency of their songs in response
      to both fluctuating traffic noise and experimental noise. We investigated whether
      these responses to fluctuating noise depend on familiarity with noise. We
      confirmed that males in noisy areas sang higher-frequency songs than those in
      quiet areas, but found that only males in already-noisy territories shifted songs
      upwards in immediate response to experimental noise. Unexpectedly, males in more
      quiet territories shifted songs downwards in response to experimental noise.
      These results suggest that chickadees may require prior experience with
      fluctuating noise to adjust vocalizations in such a way as to minimize masking.
      Thus, learning to cope may be an important part of adjusting to acoustic life in
      the city.

PMID- 27358373
TI  - The role of coccolithophore calcification in bioengineering their environment.
AB  - Coccolithophorids are enigmatic plankton that produce calcium carbonate
      coccoliths, which over geological time have buried atmospheric CO2 into
      limestone, changing both the atmosphere and geology of the Earth. However, the
      role of coccoliths for the proliferation of these organisms remains unclear;
      suggestions include roles in anti-predation, enhanced photosynthesis and sun
      screening. Here we test the hypothesis that calcification stabilizes the pH of
      the seawater proximate to the organisms, providing a level of acidification
      countering the detrimental basification that occurs during net photosynthesis.
      Such bioengineering provides a more stable pH environment for growth and fits the
      empirical evidence for changes in rates of calcification under different
      environmental conditions. Under this scenario, simulations suggest that the
      optimal production ratio of inorganic to organic particulate C (PIC : POCprod)
      will be lower (by approx. 20%) with ocean acidification and that overproduction
      of coccoliths in a future acidified ocean, where pH buffering is weaker, presents
      a risk to calcifying cells.

PMID- 27358374
TI  - Ocean acidification alters fish-jellyfish symbiosis.
AB  - Symbiotic relationships are common in nature, and are important for individual
      fitness and sustaining species populations. Global change is rapidly altering
      environmental conditions, but, with the exception of coral-microalgae
      interactions, we know little of how this will affect symbiotic relationships. We
      here test how the effects of ocean acidification, from rising anthropogenic CO2
      emissions, may alter symbiotic interactions between juvenile fish and their
      jellyfish hosts. Fishes treated with elevated seawater CO2 concentrations, as
      forecast for the end of the century on a business-as-usual greenhouse gas
      emission scenario, were negatively affected in their behaviour. The total time
      that fish (yellowtail scad) spent close to their jellyfish host in a choice arena
      where they could see and smell their host was approximately three times shorter
      under future compared with ambient CO2 conditions. Likewise, the mean number of
      attempts to associate with jellyfish was almost three times lower in CO2-treated
      compared with control fish, while only 63% (high CO2) versus 86% (control) of all
      individuals tested initiated an association at all. By contrast, none of three
      fish species tested were attracted solely to jellyfish olfactory cues under
      present-day CO2 conditions, suggesting that the altered fish-jellyfish
      association is not driven by negative effects of ocean acidification on
      olfaction. Because shelter is not widely available in the open water column and
      larvae of many (and often commercially important) pelagic species associate with
      jellyfish for protection against predators, modification of the fish-jellyfish
      symbiosis might lead to higher mortality and alter species population dynamics,
      and potentially have flow-on effects for their fisheries.

PMID- 27358375
TI  - Highly cytocompatible and flexible three-dimensional
      graphene/polydimethylsiloxane composite for culture and electrochemical detection
      of L929 fibroblast cells.
AB  - Recently, three-dimensional graphene interconnected network has attracted great
      interest as a scaffold structure for tissue engineering due to its high
      biocompatibility, high electrical conductivity, high specific surface area and
      high porosity. However, free-standing three-dimensional graphene exhibits poor
      flexibility and stability due to ease of disintegration during processing. In
      this work, three-dimensional graphene is composited with polydimethylsiloxane to
      improve the structural flexibility and stability by a new simple two-step process
      comprising dip coating of polydimethylsiloxane on chemical vapor deposited
      graphene/Ni foam and wet etching of nickel foam. Structural characterizations
      confirmed an interconnected three-dimensional multi-layer graphene structure with
      thin polydimethylsiloxane scaffold. The composite was employed as a substrate for
      culture of L929 fibroblast cells and its cytocompatibility was evaluated by cell
      viability (Alamar blue assay), reactive oxygen species production and vinculin
      immunofluorescence imaging. The result revealed that cell viability on three
      dimensional graphene/polydimethylsiloxane composite increased with increasing
      culture time and was slightly different from a polystyrene substrate (control).
      Moreover, cells cultured on three-dimensional graphene/polydimethylsiloxane
      composite generated less ROS than the control at culture times of 3-6 h. The
      results of immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that fibroblast cells
      expressed adhesion protein (vinculin) and adhered well on three-dimensional
      graphene/polydimethylsiloxane surface. Good cell adhesion could be attributed to
      suitable surface properties of three-dimensional graphene/polydimethylsiloxane
      with moderate contact angle and small negative zeta potential in culture
      solution. The results of electrochemical study by cyclic voltammetry showed that
      an oxidation current signal with no apparent peak was induced by fibroblast cells
      and the oxidation current at an oxidation potential of +0.9 V increased linearly
      with increasing cell number. Therefore, the three-dimensional
      graphene/polydimethylsiloxane composite exhibits high cytocompatibility and can
      potentially be used as a conductive substrate for cell-based electrochemical
      sensing.

PMID- 27358377
TI  - A tribute to biologics in advanced colorectal cancer treatment.

PMID- 27358376
TI  - Microsphere-based scaffolds encapsulating chondroitin sulfate or decellularized
      cartilage.
AB  - Extracellular matrix materials such as decellularized cartilage (DCC) and
      chondroitin sulfate (CS) may be attractive chondrogenic materials for cartilage
      regeneration. The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of
      encapsulation of DCC and CS in homogeneous microsphere-based scaffolds, and to
      test the hypothesis that encapsulation of these extracellular matrix materials
      would induce chondrogenesis of rat bone marrow stromal cells. Four different
      types of homogeneous scaffolds were fabricated from microspheres of poly(D,L
      lactic-co-glycolic acid): Blank (poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) only; negative
      control), transforming growth factor-beta3 encapsulated (positive control), DCC
      encapsulated, and CS encapsulated. These scaffolds were then seeded with rat bone
      marrow stromal cells and cultured for 6 weeks. The DCC and CS encapsulation
      altered the morphological features of the microspheres, resulting in higher
      porosities in these groups. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds
      were impacted due to differences in the degree of sintering, with the CS group
      exhibiting the highest compressive modulus. Biochemical evidence suggested a
      mitogenic effect of DCC and CS encapsulation on rat bone marrow stromal cells
      with the matrix synthesis boosted primarily by the inherently present
      extracellular matrix components. An important finding was that the cell seeded CS
      and DCC groups at week 6 had up to an order of magnitude higher glycosaminoglycan
      contents than their acellular counterparts. Gene expression results indicated a
      suppressive effect of DCC and CS encapsulation on rat bone marrow stromal cell
      chondrogenesis with differences in gene expression patterns existing between the
      DCC and CS groups. Overall, DCC and CS were easily included in microsphere-based
      scaffolds; however, there is a requirement to further refine their concentrations
      to achieve the differentiation profiles we seek in vitro.

PMID- 27358378
TI  - PIK3CA mutations in HER2-positive breast cancer: an ongoing conundrum.

PMID- 27358380
TI  - Preoperative chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin and docetaxel for stage IIIB non
      small-cell lung cancer: 10-year follow-up of the SAKK 16/01 trial.

PMID- 27358379
TI  - Outcome according to KRAS-, NRAS- and BRAF-mutation as well as KRAS mutation
      variants: pooled analysis of five randomized trials in metastatic colorectal
      cancer by the AIO colorectal cancer study group.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To explore the impact of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations as well as
      KRAS mutation variants in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)
      receiving first-line therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1239 patients from
      five randomized trials (FIRE-1, FIRE-3, AIOKRK0207, AIOKRK0604, RO91) were
      included into the analysis. Outcome was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method, log
      rank tests and Cox models. RESULTS: In 664 tumors, no mutation was detected, 462
      tumors were diagnosed with KRAS-, 39 patients with NRAS- and 74 patients with
      BRAF-mutation. Mutations in KRAS were associated with inferior progression-free
      survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) [multivariate hazard ratio (HR) for PFS:
      1.20 (1.02-1.42), P = 0.03; multivariate HR for OS: 1.41 (1.17-1.70), P < 0.001].
      BRAF mutation was also associated with inferior PFS [multivariate HR: 2.19 (1.59
      3.02), P < 0.001] and OS [multivariate HR: 2.99 (2.10-4.25), P < 0.001]. Among
      specific KRAS mutation variants, the KRAS G12C-variant (n = 28) correlated with
      inferior OS compared with unmutated tumors [multivariate HR 2.26 (1.25-4.1), P =
      0.001]. A similar trend for OS was seen in the KRAS G13D-variant [n = 71,
      multivariate HR 1.46 (0.96-2.22), P = 0.10]. More frequent KRAS exon 2 variants
      like G12D [n = 152, multivariate HR 1.17 (0.86-1.6), P = 0.81] and G12V [n = 92,
      multivariate HR 1.27 (0.87-1.86), P = 0.57] did not have significant impact on
      OS. CONCLUSION: Mutations in KRAS and BRAF were associated with inferior PFS and
      OS of mCRC patients compared with patients with non-mutated tumors. KRAS exon 2
      mutation variants were associated with heterogeneous outcome compared with
      unmutated tumors with KRAS G12C and G13D (trend) being associated with rather
      poor survival.

PMID- 27358381
TI  - Long-term significance of urinary neopterin in ovarian cancer: a study by the
      Austrian Association for Gynecologic Oncology (AGO).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neopterin is produced by activated macrophages upon stimulation with
      interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and thus, elevated neopterin concentrations in
      patients indicate cellular inate immune response. Most studies in patients with
      malignant diseases found an association between higher neopterin concentrations
      and reduced survival and impaired prognosis. Nevertheless, neopterin is not a
      classical tumor marker since it is not produced by the cancer cells themselves.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a study conducted by the Austrian Gynecologic Oncology
      Group (AGO) in 114 patients with ovarian cystadenomas and 223 patients with
      invasive ovarian cancer, patients' urinary neopterin was determined before and
      after primary therapy. The relevance of neopterin in long-term median follow-up
      was assessed. RESULTS: Elevated levels (cut-off 250 umol/mol creatinine) were
      found less frequently in women with benign ovarian cystadenomas (24%) than in
      patients with malignant disease (58%). After 10 years, only 57% of ovarian cancer
      patients with elevated urinary neopterin levels survived without disease
      progression following primary therapy when compared with 86% of women with normal
      levels (P < 0.001). Along with residual tumor, FIGO stage, age and histological
      type, neopterin was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and
      progression-free survival (PFS). The median PFS was 52 and 12 months and the
      median OS was 81 and 24 months for patients with normal and elevated neopterin,
      respectively, P < 0.001. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, only residual
      tumor, neopterin and age were independently associated with OS, while only
      residual tumor was predictive for PFS. Thirty patients with early-stage invasive
      ovarian cancer (FIGO I and II) were analyzed separately. Of 3 patients with
      elevated neopterin, 2 died of disease in contrast to 2 out of 27 patients with
      normal neopterin (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: In ovarian cancer, the negative impact
      of elevated urinary neopterin levels indicates a detrimental effect of cancer
      associated inflammatory reaction.

PMID- 27358382
TI  - Inclusion of elderly patients in oncology clinical trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physicians need clinical trials assessing benefits and harms of
      treatments to avoid under-treatment or over-treatment of elderly patients. The
      main objectives of this report were to examine how data regarding elderly
      oncology patients were presented in medical literature; and to assess the
      evolution of this presentation between two time periods. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      All phases I, II and III trials dedicated to the treatment of cancer among
      elderly patients published between 2001 and 2004 and between 2011 and 2014 were
      reviewed. All phase III clinical trials assessing cancer treatments among adults
      in the same periods were also reviewed to evaluate potential subgroup analyses in
      elderly patients in these studies. Key characteristics of interest were extracted
      by two investigators before descriptive and comparative analyses were undertaken.
      RESULTS: A total of 1084 trials were included: 366 and 718 from the first and
      second time period, respectively. Twenty-seven and 193 of these trials were phase
      I and II trials dedicated to elderly or frail patients, respectively. A large
      proportion of phase III trials published between 2011 and 2014 reported at least
      one analysis dedicated to elderly patients (46.7%) versus 19.3% during the first
      time period. The use of subgroup analyses of elderly patients in phase III trials
      was the most frequent source of information. Subgroup analyses were more frequent
      among trials with industrial funding, trials published in high impact factor
      journal, intercontinental trials and trials with large sample size. The age
      threshold defining the elderly subgroup increased over time. CONCLUSION: Elderly
      patients have become a topic of interest during the past decade. However, data
      available are mostly extracted from subgroup analyses, which can only be regarded
      as preliminary evidence.

PMID- 27358384
TI  - Prognostic pathways in early-stage ovarian cancer: can gene expression transcend
      histological subtype?

PMID- 27358383
TI  - Safety of everolimus plus exemestane in patients with hormone-receptor-positive,
      HER2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer progressing on prior
      non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors: primary results of a phase IIIb, open-label,
      single-arm, expanded-access multicenter trial (BALLET).
AB  - BACKGROUND: This European phase IIIb, expanded-access multicenter trial evaluated
      the safety of EVE plus EXE in a patient population similar to BOLERO-2. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Post-menopausal women aged >=18 years with hormone receptor
      positive, human epidermal growth factor-receptor-2-negative advanced breast
      cancer (ABC) recurring/progressing during/after prior non-steroidal aromatase
      inhibitors were enrolled. The primary objective was safety of EVE plus EXE based
      on frequency of adverse events (AEs), and serious AEs (SAEs). The secondary
      objective was to evaluate AEs of grade 3/4 severity. RESULTS: The median
      treatment duration was 5.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.8-5.6] for EVE
      and 5.3 months (95% CI 4.8-5.6) for EXE. Overall, 2131 patients were included in
      the analysis; 81.8% of patients experienced EVE- or EXE-related or EVE/EXE
      related AEs (investigator assessed); 27.2% were of grade 3/4 severity. The most
      frequently reported non-hematologic AEs were (overall %, % EVE-related)
      stomatitis (52.8%; 50.8%) and asthenia (22.8%; 14.6%). The most frequently
      reported hematologic AEs were (overall %, % EVE-related) anemia (14.4%; 8.1%) and
      thrombocytopenia (5.9%; 4.6%). AE-related treatment discontinuations were higher
      in elderly (>=70 years) versus non-elderly patients (23.8% versus 13.0%). The
      incidence of EVE-related AEs in both elderly and non-elderly patients appeared to
      be lower in first-line ABC versus later lines. The incidence of AEs (including
      stomatitis/pneumonitis) was independent of BMI status (post hoc analysis).
      Overall, 8.5% of patients experienced at least one EVE-related SAE. Of the 121 on
      treatment deaths (5.7%), 66 (3.1%) deaths were due to disease progression and 46
      (2.2%) due to AEs; 4 deaths were suspected to be EVE-related. CONCLUSIONS: This
      is the largest ever reported safety dataset on a general patient population
      presenting ABC treated with EVE plus EXE and included a sizeable elderly subset.
      Although the patients were more heavily pretreated, the safety profile of EVE
      plus EXE in BALLET was consistent with BOLERO-2. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      EudraCT Number: 2012-000073-23.

PMID- 27358386
TI  - Ipilimumab-related hypophysitis may precede severe CNS immune attack.

PMID- 27358385
TI  - Randomized, double-blind, phase III trial of palonosetron versus granisetron in
      the triplet regimen for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting after
      highly emetogenic chemotherapy: TRIPLE study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been no phase III study of comparing the efficacy of first-
      and second-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the triplet regimen with
      dexamethasone and aprepitant for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and
      vomiting after highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC). PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      Patients with a malignant solid tumor who would receive HEC containing 50 mg/m(2)
      or more cisplatin were randomly assigned to either palonosetron (0.75 mg) arm
      (Arm P) or granisetron (1 mg) arm (Arm G), on day 1, both arms with dexamethasone
      (12 mg on day 1 and 8 mg on days 2-4) and aprepitant (125 mg on day 1 and 80 mg
      on days 2-3). The primary end point was complete response (CR; no
      vomiting/retching and no rescue medication) at the 0-120 h period and secondary
      end points included complete control (CC; no vomiting/retching, no rescue
      medication, and no more than mild nausea) and total control (TC; no
      vomiting/retching, no rescue medication, and no nausea). RESULTS: Between July
      2011 and June 2012, 842 patients were enrolled. Of 827 evaluable, 272 of 414
      patients (65.7%) in Arm P had a CR at the 0-120 h period when compared with 244
      of 413 (59.1%) in Arm G (P = 0.0539). Both arms had the same CR rate of 91.8% at
      the acute (0-24 h) period, while at the delayed (24-120 h) period, Arm P had a
      significantly higher CR rate than Arm G (67.2% versus 59.1%; P = 0.0142). In
      secondary end points, Arm P had significantly higher rates than Arm G at the 0
      120 h period (CC rate: 63.8% versus 55.9%, P = 0.0234; TC rate: 47.6% versus
      40.7%, P = 0.0369) and delayed periods (CC rate: 65.2% versus 55.9%, P = 0.0053;
      TC rate: 48.6% versus 41.4%, P = 0.0369). CONCLUSION: The present study did not
      show the superiority of palonosetron when compared with granisetron in the
      triplet regimen regarding the primary end point. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY
      IDENTIFIER: UMIN000004863.

PMID- 27358387
TI  - Is CA125 useful in monitoring patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer?

PMID- 27358388
TI  - Identification of Novel Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon Induction Pathway
      Using Cell-Based High-Throughput Screening.
AB  - Production of type I interferon (IFN) is an essential component of the innate
      immune response against invading pathogens. However, its production must be
      tightly regulated to avoid harmful effects. Compounds that modulate the IFN
      response are potentially valuable for a variety of applications due to IFN's
      beneficial and detrimental roles. We developed and executed a cell-based high
      throughput screen (HTS) targeting components that participate in and/or regulate
      the IRF3 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB branches of the IFN induction pathway.
      The assay detects activation of the IFN induction pathway via an enhanced green
      fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene under the control of the IFNbeta
      promoter and was optimized, miniaturized, and demonstrated suitable for HTS as
      robust Z' factor scores of >0.6 were consistently achieved. A diversity screening
      set of 15,667 small molecules was assayed and two novel hit compounds validated
      that specifically inhibit the IFN induction pathway. We demonstrate that one of
      these compounds acts at or upstream of IRF3 phosphorylation. A second cell-based
      assay to detect activation of the IFN signaling (Jak-Stat) pathway via an eGFP
      reporter gene under the control of an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)
      containing MxA promoter also performed well (robust Z' factor >0.7) and may
      therefore be similarly used to identify small molecules that modulate the IFN
      signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27358390
TI  - Lamin A/C in renal tubular cells is important for tissue repair, cell
      proliferation, and calcium oxalate crystal adhesion, and is associated with
      potential crystal receptors.
AB  - A previous study reported that lamin A/C (LMNA) expression was increased in renal
      tubular cells adhered with calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals; however,
      its functional significance in kidney stone disease remained unknown. In the
      present study, increased levels of LMNA and its partner, nesprin-1 (SYNE1), in
      Madin-Darby canine kidney cells upon COM crystal adhesion were confirmed by
      Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. LMNA was then knocked down by
      small interfering RNA. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the efficiency of
      small interfering RNA of LMNA (si-LMNA), which also reduced expression of its
      partner, SYNE1. Scratch assay and total cell count revealed defects in tissue
      repair and cell proliferation, respectively, whereas cell death quantitation
      showed no cytotoxicity in si-LMNA-transfected cells. Crystal-binding assay
      highlighted the role of LMNA in crystal adhesion, whereas protein network
      analysis revealed interactions between LMNA and potential COM crystal receptors.
      Their associations were confirmed by reduced levels of these proteins, including
      vimentin, tubulin, enolase, S100, and annexin A2, in si-LMNA-transfected cells.
      These data have demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge, that LMNA in
      renal tubular cells is important for tissue repair, cell proliferation, and COM
      crystal adhesion and is associated with potential COM crystal receptors.
      Therefore, LMNA may serve as a potential target for prevention of kidney stone
      disease and its recurrence.-Pongsakul, N., Vinaiphat, A., Chanchaem, P., Fong
      ngern, K., Thongboonkerd, V. Lamin A/C in renal tubular cells is important for
      tissue repair, cell proliferation, and calcium oxalate crystal adhesion, and is
      associated with potential crystal receptors.

PMID- 27358389
TI  - ERK1/2 activation in human taste bud cells regulates fatty acid signaling and
      gustatory perception of fat in mice and humans.
AB  - Obesity is a major public health problem. An in-depth knowledge of the molecular
      mechanisms of oro-sensory detection of dietary lipids may help fight it. Humans
      and rodents can detect fatty acids via lipido-receptors, such as CD36 and GPR120.
      We studied the implication of the MAPK pathways, in particular, ERK1/2, in the
      gustatory detection of fatty acids. Linoleic acid, a dietary fatty acid, induced
      via CD36 the phosphorylation of MEK1/2-ERK1/2-ETS-like transcription factor-1
      cascade, which requires Fyn-Src kinase and lipid rafts in human taste bud cells
      (TBCs). ERK1/2 cascade was activated by Ca2+ signaling via opening of the calcium
      homeostasis modulator-1 (CALHM1) channel. Furthermore, fatty acid-evoked Ca2+
      signaling and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were decreased in both human TBCs after
      small interfering RNA knockdown of CALHM1 channel and in TBCs from Calhm1-/-
      mice. Targeted knockdown of ERK1/2 by small interfering RNA or PD0325901 (MEK1/2
      inhibitor) in the tongue and genetic ablation of Erk1 or Calhm1 genes impaired
      preference for dietary fat in mice. Lingual inhibition of ERK1/2 in healthy
      volunteers also decreased orogustatory sensitivity for linoleic acid. Our data
      demonstrate that ERK1/2-MAPK cascade is regulated by the opening of CALHM1 Ca2+
      channel in TBCs to modulate orogustatory detection of dietary lipids in mice and
      humans.-Subramaniam, S., Ozdener, M. H., Abdoul-Azize, S., Saito, K., Malik, B.,
      Maquart, G., Hashimoto, T., Marambaud, P., Aribi, M., Tordoff, M. G., Besnard,
      P., Khan, N. A. ERK1/2 activation in human taste bud cells regulates fatty acid
      signaling and gustatory perception of fat in mice and humans.

PMID- 27358391
TI  - Highly conserved epigenetic regulation of BOULE and DAZL is associated with human
      fertility.
AB  - Separation of germ cells from somatic cells is a widespread feature of animal
      sexual reproduction, with a core set of germ cell factors conserved among diverse
      animals. It is not known what controls their conserved gonad-specific expression.
      Core components of epigenetic machinery are ancient, but its role in conserved
      tissue expression regulation remains unexplored. We found that promoters of the
      reproductive genes BOULE and DAZL exhibit differential DNA methylation,
      consistent with their gonad-specific expression in humans and mice. Low or little
      promoter methylation from the testicular tissue is attributed to spermatogenic
      cells of various stages in the testis. Such differential DNA methylation is
      present in the orthologous promoters not only of other mammalian species, but
      also of chickens and fish, supporting a highly conserved epigenetic mechanism.
      Furthermore, hypermethylation of DAZL and BOULE promoters in human sperm is
      associated with human infertility. Our data strongly suggest that epigenetic
      regulation may underlie conserved germ-cell-specific expression, and such a
      mechanism may play an important role in human fertility.-Zhang, C., Xue, P., Gao,
      L., Chen, X., Lin, K., Yang, X., Dai, Y., Xu, E. Y. Highly conserved epigenetic
      regulation of BOULE and DAZL is associated with human fertility.

PMID- 27358394
TI  - Effect of energy-efficient measures in building construction on indoor radon in
      Russia.
AB  - The effect of implementation of energy-efficient measures in building
      construction was studied. Analysis includes study of indoor radon in energy
      efficient buildings in Ekaterinburg, Russia, and results of radiation
      measurements in 83 regions of Russia conducted within the regional programmes.
      The forecast distribution of radon concentration in Ekaterinburg was built with
      regard to the city development programme. With Ekaterinburg taken as
      representative case, forecast distribution of radon concentration in Russia in
      2030 was built. In comparison with 2000, average radon concentration increases by
      a factor of 1.42 in 2030 year; percentage above the reference level 300 Bq/m3
      increases by a factor of 4 in 2030 year. It is necessary to perceive such an
      increase with all seriousness and to prepare appropriate measures for
      optimization of protection against indoor radon. Despite the high uncertainty,
      reconstructed distribution of radon concentration can be applied for
      justification of measures to be incorporated in the radon mitigation strategy.

PMID- 27358392
TI  - Lesional CD4+ IFN-gamma+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in IgG4-related dacryoadenitis
      and sialoadenitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory
      condition of unknown aetiology. We have recently described clonally expanded
      circulating CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in IgG4-RD that infiltrate
      affected tissues where they secrete interleukin (IL)-1beta and transforming
      growth factor -beta1 (TGF-beta1). In this study, we sought to examine the role of
      CD4+ CTLs in the pathogenesis of IgG4-related dacryoadenitis and sialoadenitis
      (IgG4-DS) and to determine whether these cells secrete interferon-gamma (IFN
      gamma) at lesional sites. METHODS: Salivary glands of 25 patients with IgG4-DS,
      22 patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), 12 patients with chronic sialoadenitis
      (CS) and 12 healthy controls were analysed in this study. Gene expression
      analysis was performed on submandibular glands (SMGs) from five patients with
      IgG4-DS, three with CS and three healthy controls. Infiltrating CD4+ CTLs were
      examined by quantitative multicolour imaging in tissue samples from 20 patients
      with IgG4-DS, 22 patients with SS, 9 patients with CS and 9 healthy controls.
      RESULTS: In IgG4-DS tissues, nine genes associated with CD4+ CTLs were
      overexpressed. The expression of granzyme A (GZMA) mRNA was significantly higher
      in samples from patients with IgG4-RD compared with corresponding tissues from SS
      and healthy controls. Quantitative imaging showed that infiltrating CD4+ GZMA+
      CTLs were more abundant in patients with IgG4-DS than in the other groups. The
      ratio of CD4+GZMA+ CTLs in SMGs from patients with IgG4-DS correlated with serum
      IgG4 concentrations and the number of affected organs. A large fraction of
      CD4+GZMA+ CTLs in SMGs from patients with IgG4-DS secreted IFN-gamma.
      CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of IgG4-DS is associated with tissue infiltration
      by CD4+GZMA+ CTLs that secrete IFN-gamma.

PMID- 27358395
TI  - First National Conference on Radiation Awareness and Detection in Natural
      Environment, Tehri Garhwal, India, June 15-17, 2015.

PMID- 27358393
TI  - Millions of reads, thousands of taxa: microbial community structure and
      associations analyzed via marker genes.
AB  - With high-throughput sequencing (HTS), we are able to explore the hidden world of
      microscopic organisms to an unpre-cedented level. The fast development of
      molecular technology and statistical methods means that microbial ecologists must
      keep their toolkits updated. Here, we review and evaluate some of the more widely
      adopted and emerging techniques for analysis of diversity and community
      composition, and the inference of species interactions from co-occurrence data
      generated by HTS of marker genes. We emphasize the importance of observational
      biases and statistical properties of the data and methods. The aim of the review
      is to critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of established and
      emerging statistical methods, and to contribute to the integration of HTS-based
      marker gene data into community ecology.

PMID- 27358396
TI  - The Project Of Another Low-Cost Metaphase Finder.
AB  - The most popular and 'gold standard' phenomenon in Biological dosimetry is the
      appearance of dicentric chromosomes in metaphase in white blood cells. The
      metaphase finder is a tool for biological dosimetry that finds metaphase cells on
      slide glasses. The author and a software company were using new special software
      that was faster than conventional systems. A Nikon Eclipse Ni-E microscope with
      motorised X-Y stage, 4* objective lens and 1920 * 1024 pixels colour camera for
      hardware were used. The software uses mathematical morphology filters. The new
      system was compact and low-priced. And the remarkable point is, this system can
      be applicable not only to human blood, but also to non-human samples. The speed
      was 208-236 s per 5 * 20 mm area, while capturing 378 images, which achieved the
      aim of the project. The false-positive ratio achieved below 5% in some slides.

PMID- 27358397
TI  - Role of Spinophilin in Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Endocytosis,
      Signaling, and Synaptic Plasticity.
AB  - Activation of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) activates
      signaling cascades, resulting in calcium release from intracellular stores,
      ERK1/2 activation, and long term changes in synaptic activity that are implicated
      in learning, memory, and neurodegenerative diseases. As such, elucidating the
      molecular mechanisms underlying Group I mGluR signaling is important for
      understanding physiological responses initiated by the activation of these
      receptors. In the current study, we identify the multifunctional scaffolding
      protein spinophilin as a novel Group I mGluR-interacting protein. We demonstrate
      that spinophilin interacts with the C-terminal tail and second intracellular loop
      of Group I mGluRs. Furthermore, we show that interaction of spinophilin with
      Group I mGluRs attenuates receptor endocytosis and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, an
      effect that is dependent upon the interaction of spinophilin with the C-terminal
      PDZ binding motif encoded by Group I mGluRs. Spinophilin knock-out results in
      enhanced mGluR5 endocytosis as well as increased ERK1/2, AKT, and Ca(2+)
      signaling in primary cortical neurons. In addition, the loss of spinophilin
      expression results in impaired mGluR5-stimulated LTD. Our results indicate that
      spinophilin plays an important role in regulating the activity of Group I mGluRs
      as well as their influence on synaptic activity.

PMID- 27358398
TI  - Upstream Open Reading Frames Differentially Regulate Gene-specific Translation in
      the Integrated Stress Response.
AB  - Translation regulation largely occurs during initiation, which features ribosome
      assembly onto mRNAs and selection of the translation start site. Short, upstream
      ORFs (uORFs) located in the 5'-leader of the mRNA can be selected for
      translation. Multiple transcripts associated with stress amelioration are
      preferentially translated through uORF-mediated mechanisms during activation of
      the integrated stress response (ISR) in which phosphorylation of the alpha
      subunit of eIF2 results in a coincident global reduction in translation
      initiation. This review presents key features of uORFs that serve to optimize
      translational control that is essential for regulation of cell fate in response
      to environmental stresses.

PMID- 27358399
TI  - Photosystem II Subunit PsbS Is Involved in the Induction of LHCSR Protein
      dependent Energy Dissipation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
AB  - Non-photochemical quenching of excess excitation energy is an important
      photoprotective mechanism in photosynthetic organisms. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a
      high quenching capacity is constitutively present and depends on the PsbS
      protein. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, non-photochemical quenching
      becomes activated upon high light acclimation and requires the accumulation of
      light harvesting complex stress-related (LHCSR) proteins. Expression of the PsbS
      protein in C. reinhardtii has not been reported yet. Here, we show that PsbS is a
      light-induced protein in C. reinhardtii, whose accumulation under high light is
      further controlled by CO2 availability. PsbS accumulated after several hours of
      high light illumination at low CO2 At high CO2, however, PsbS was only
      transiently expressed under high light and was degraded after 1 h of high light
      exposure. PsbS accumulation correlated with an enhanced non-photochemical
      quenching capacity in high light-acclimated cells grown at low CO2 However, PsbS
      could not compensate for the function of LHCSR in an LHCSR-deficient mutant.
      Knockdown of PsbS accumulation led to reduction of both non-photochemical
      quenching capacity and LHCSR3 accumulation. Our data suggest that PsbS is
      essential for the activation of non-photochemical quenching in C. reinhardtii,
      possibly by promoting conformational changes required for activation of LHCSR3
      dependent quenching in the antenna of photosystem II.

PMID- 27358400
TI  - Functional Similarities between the Protein O-Mannosyltransferases Pmt4 from
      Bakers' Yeast and Human POMT1.
AB  - Protein O-mannosylation is an essential post-translational modification. It is
      initiated in the endoplasmic reticulum by a family of protein O
      mannosyltransferases that are conserved from yeast (PMTs) to human (POMTs). The
      degree of functional conservation between yeast and human protein O
      mannosyltransferases is uncharacterized. In bakers' yeast, the main in vivo
      activities are due to heteromeric Pmt1-Pmt2 and homomeric Pmt4 complexes. Here we
      describe an enzymatic assay that allowed us to monitor Pmt4 activity in vitro We
      demonstrate that detergent requirements and acceptor substrates of yeast Pmt4 are
      different from Pmt1-Pmt2, but resemble that of human POMTs. Furthermore, we
      mimicked two POMT1 amino acid exchanges (G76R and V428D) that result in severe
      congenital muscular dystrophies in humans, in yeast Pmt4 (I112R and I435D). In
      vivo and in vitro analyses showed that general features such as protein stability
      of the Pmt4 variants were not significantly affected, however, the mutants proved
      largely enzymatically inactive. Our results demonstrate functional and
      biochemical similarities between POMT1 and its orthologue from bakers' yeast
      Pmt4.

PMID- 27358401
TI  - Dectin-2 Recognizes Mannosylated O-antigens of Human Opportunistic Pathogens and
      Augments Lipopolysaccharide Activation of Myeloid Cells.
AB  - LPS consists of a relatively conserved region of lipid A and core oligosaccharide
      and a highly variable region of O-antigen polysaccharide. Whereas lipid A is
      known to bind to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-myeloid differentiation factor 2
      (MD2) complex, the role of the O-antigen remains unclear. Here we report a novel
      molecular interaction between dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-2 (Dectin
      2) and mannosylated O-antigen found in a human opportunistic pathogen, Hafnia
      alvei PCM 1223, which has a repeating unit of [-Man-alpha1,3-Man-alpha1,2-Man
      alpha1,2-Man-alpha1,2-Man-alpha1,3-]. H. alvei LPS induced higher levels of
      TNFalpha and IL-10 from mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs), when
      compared with Salmonella enterica O66 LPS, which has a repeat of [-Gal-alpha1,6
      Gal-alpha1,4-[Glc-beta1,3]GalNAc-alpha1,3-GalNAc-beta1,3-]. In a cell-based
      reporter assay, Dectin-2 was shown to recognize H. alvei LPS. This binding was
      inhibited by mannosidase treatment of H. alvei LPS and by mutations in the
      carbohydrate-binding domain of Dectin-2, demonstrating that H. alvei LPS is a
      novel glycan ligand of Dectin-2. The enhanced cytokine production by H. alvei LPS
      was Dectin-2-dependent, because Dectin-2 knock-out BM-DCs failed to do so. This
      receptor cross-talk between Dectin-2 and TLR4 involved events including spleen
      tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation and receptor juxtaposition. Furthermore, another
      mannosylated LPS from Escherichia coli O9a also bound to Dectin-2 and augmented
      TLR4 activation of BM-DCs. Taken together, these data indicate that mannosylated
      O-antigens from several Gram-negative bacteria augment TLR4 responses through
      interaction with Dectin-2.

PMID- 27358402
TI  - PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent Rac Exchanger 1 (PREX1) Rac-Guanine Nucleotide Exchange
      Factor (GEF) Activity Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth
      via Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) Signaling.
AB  - PtdIns(3,4,5)P3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (PREX1) is a Rac-guanine nucleotide
      exchange factor (GEF) overexpressed in a significant proportion of human breast
      cancers that integrates signals from upstream ErbB2/3 and CXCR4 membrane surface
      receptors. However, the PREX1 domains that facilitate its oncogenic activity and
      downstream signaling are not completely understood. We identify that ERK1/2 MAPK
      acts downstream of PREX1 and contributes to PREX1-mediated anchorage-independent
      cell growth. PREX1 overexpression increased but its shRNA knockdown decreased
      ERK1/2 phosphorylation in response to EGF/IGF-1 stimulation, resulting in
      induction of the cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) PREX1
      mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, anchorage-independent cell growth, and cell
      migration were suppressed by inhibition of MEK1/2/ERK1/2 signaling. PREX1
      overexpression reduced staurosporine-induced apoptosis whereas its shRNA
      knockdown promoted apoptosis in response to staurosporine or the anti-estrogen
      drug tamoxifen. Expression of wild-type but not GEF-inactive PREX1 increased
      anchorage-independent cell growth. In addition, mouse xenograft studies revealed
      that expression of wild-type but not GEF-dead PREX1 resulted in the formation of
      larger tumors that displayed increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but not AKT. The
      impaired anchorage-independent cell growth, apoptosis, and ERK1/2 signaling
      observed in stable PREX1 knockdown cells was restored by expression of wild-type
      but not GEF-dead-PREX1. Therefore, PREX1-Rac-GEF activity is critical for PREX1
      dependent anchorage-independent cell growth and xenograft tumor growth and may
      represent a possible therapeutic target for breast cancers that exhibit PREX1
      overexpression.

PMID- 27358403
TI  - Complex Formation of Human Proelastases with Procarboxypeptidases A1 and A2.
AB  - The pancreas secretes digestive proenzymes typically in their monomeric form. A
      notable exception is the ternary complex formed by proproteinase E,
      chymotrypsinogen C, and procarboxypeptidase A (proCPA) in cattle and other
      ruminants. In the human and pig pancreas binary complexes of proCPA with
      proelastases were found. To characterize complex formation among human pancreatic
      protease zymogens in a systematic manner, we performed binding experiments using
      recombinant proelastases CELA2A, CELA3A, and CELA3B; chymotrypsinogens CTRB1,
      CTRB2, CTRC, and CTRL1; and procarboxypeptidases CPA1, CPA2, and CPB1. We found
      that proCELA3B bound not only to proCPA1 (KD 43 nm) but even more tightly to
      proCPA2 (KD 18 nm), whereas proCELA2A bound weakly to proCPA1 only (KD 152 nm).
      Surprisingly, proCELA3A, which shares 92% identity with proCELA3B, did not form
      stable complexes due to the evolutionary replacement of Ala(241) with Gly. The
      polymorphic nature of position 241 in both CELA3A (~4% Ala(241) alleles) and
      CELA3B (~2% Gly(241) alleles) points to individual variations in complex
      formation. The functional effect of complex formation was delayed
      procarboxypeptidase activation due to increased affinity of the inhibitory
      activation peptide, whereas proelastase activation was unchanged. We conclude
      that complex formation among human pancreatic protease zymogens is limited to a
      subset of proelastases and procarboxypeptidases. Complex formation stabilizes the
      inhibitory activation peptide of procarboxypeptidases and thereby increases
      zymogen stability and controls activation.

PMID- 27358404
TI  - Gadd45a Protein Promotes Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Forming a Complex with the
      Protein Kinase MEKK4.
AB  - Skeletal muscle atrophy is a serious and highly prevalent condition that remains
      poorly understood at the molecular level. Previous work found that skeletal
      muscle atrophy involves an increase in skeletal muscle Gadd45a expression, which
      is necessary and sufficient for skeletal muscle fiber atrophy. However, the
      direct mechanism by which Gadd45a promotes skeletal muscle atrophy was unknown.
      To address this question, we biochemically isolated skeletal muscle proteins that
      associate with Gadd45a as it induces atrophy in mouse skeletal muscle fibers in
      vivo We found that Gadd45a interacts with multiple proteins in skeletal muscle
      fibers, including, most prominently, MEKK4, a mitogen-activated protein kinase
      kinase kinase that was not previously known to play a role in skeletal muscle
      atrophy. Furthermore, we found that, by forming a complex with MEKK4 in skeletal
      muscle fibers, Gadd45a increases MEKK4 protein kinase activity, which is both
      sufficient to induce skeletal muscle fiber atrophy and required for Gadd45a
      mediated skeletal muscle fiber atrophy. Together, these results identify a direct
      biochemical mechanism by which Gadd45a induces skeletal muscle atrophy and
      provide new insight into the way that skeletal muscle atrophy occurs at the
      molecular level.

PMID- 27358405
TI  - Epitope Mapping of Rhi o 1 and Generation of a Hypoallergenic Variant: A
      CANDIDATE MOLECULE FOR FUNGAL ALLERGY VACCINES.
AB  - Efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy is often severely impaired by
      detrimental IgE-mediated side effects of native allergen during vaccination.
      Here, we present the molecular determinants for IgE recognition of Rhi o 1 and
      eventually converting the allergen into a hypoallergenic immunogen to restrain
      health hazards during desensitization. Rhi o 1 is a respiratory fungal allergen.
      Despite having cross-reactivity with cockroach allergen, we observed that non
      cross-reactive epitope predominantly determined IgE binding to Rhi o 1.
      Denaturation and refolding behavior of the allergen confirmed that its IgE
      reactivity was not essentially conformation-dependent. A combinatorial approach
      consisting of computational prediction and a peptide-based immunoassay identified
      two peptides ((44)TGEYLTQKYFNSQRNN and (311)GAEKNWAGQYVVDCNK) of Rhi o 1 that
      frequently reacted with IgE antibodies of sensitized patients. Interestingly,
      these peptides did not represent purely linear IgE epitopes but were presented in
      a conformational manner by forming a spatially clustered surface-exposed epitope
      conferring optimal IgE-binding capacity to the folded allergen. Site-directed
      alanine substitution identified four residues of the IgE epitope that were
      crucial for antibody binding. A multiple mutant (T49A/Y52A/K314A/W316A) showing
      100-fold lower IgE binding and reduced allergenic activity was generated. The
      TYKW mutant retained T-cell epitopes, as evident from its lymphoproliferative
      capacity but down-regulated pro-allergic IL-5 secretion. The TYKW mutant induced
      enhanced focusing of blocking IgG antibodies specifically toward the IgE epitope
      of the allergen. Anti-TYKW mutant polyclonal IgG antibodies competitively
      inhibited binding of IgE antibodies to Rhi o 1 up to 70% and suppressed allergen
      mediated histamine release by 10-fold. In conclusion, this is a simple yet
      rational strategy based on epitope mapping data to develop a genetically modified
      hypoallergenic variant showing protective antibody response for immunotherapeutic
      applications.

PMID- 27358406
TI  - Inhibition of Macrophage CD36 Expression and Cellular Oxidized Low Density
      Lipoprotein (oxLDL) Accumulation by Tamoxifen: A PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR
      ACTIVATED RECEPTOR (PPAR)gamma-DEPENDENT MECHANISM.
AB  - Macrophage CD36 binds and internalizes oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL)
      to facilitate foam cell formation. CD36 expression is activated by peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Tamoxifen, an anti-breast
      cancer medicine, has demonstrated pleiotropic functions including
      cardioprotection with unfully elucidated mechanisms. In this study, we determined
      that treatment of ApoE-deficient mice with tamoxifen reduced atherosclerosis,
      which was associated with decreased CD36 and PPARgamma expression in lesion
      areas. At the cellular level, we observed that tamoxifen inhibited CD36 protein
      expression in human THP-1 monocytes, THP-1/PMA macrophages, and human blood
      monocyte-derived macrophages. Associated with decreased CD36 protein expression,
      tamoxifen reduced cellular oxLDL accumulation in a CD36-dependent manner. At the
      transcriptional level, tamoxifen decreased CD36 mRNA expression, promoter
      activity, and the binding of the PPARgamma response element in CD36 promoter to
      PPARgamma protein. Tamoxifen blocked ligand-induced PPARgamma nuclear
      translocation and CD36 expression, but it increased PPARgamma phosphorylation,
      which was due to that tamoxifen-activated ERK1/2. Furthermore, deficiency of
      PPARgamma expression in macrophages abolished the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen
      on CD36 expression or cellular oxLDL accumulation both in vitro and in vivo Taken
      together, our study demonstrates that tamoxifen inhibits CD36 expression and
      cellular oxLDL accumulation by inactivating the PPARgamma signaling pathway, and
      the inhibition of macrophage CD36 expression can be attributed to the anti
      atherogenic properties of tamoxifen.

PMID- 27358407
TI  - Starch Binding Domain-containing Protein 1 Plays a Dominant Role in Glycogen
      Transport to Lysosomes in Liver.
AB  - A small portion of cellular glycogen is transported to and degraded in lysosomes
      by acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) in mammals, but it is unclear why and how
      glycogen is transported to the lysosomes. Stbd1 has recently been proposed to
      participate in glycogen trafficking to lysosomes. However, our previous study
      demonstrated that knockdown of Stbd1 in GAA knock-out mice did not alter
      lysosomal glycogen storage in skeletal muscles. To further determine whether
      Stbd1 participates in glycogen transport to lysosomes, we generated GAA/Stbd1
      double knock-out mice. In fasted double knock-out mice, glycogen accumulation in
      skeletal and cardiac muscles was not affected, but glycogen content in liver was
      reduced by nearly 73% at 3 months of age and by 60% at 13 months as compared with
      GAA knock-out mice, indicating that the transport of glycogen to lysosomes was
      suppressed in liver by the loss of Stbd1. Exogenous expression of human Stbd1 in
      double knock-out mice restored the liver lysosomal glycogen content to the level
      of GAA knock-out mice, as did a mutant lacking the Atg8 family interacting motif
      (AIM) and another mutant that contains only the N-terminal 24 hydrophobic segment
      and the C-terminal starch binding domain (CBM20) interlinked by an HA tag. Our
      results demonstrate that Stbd1 plays a dominant role in glycogen transport to
      lysosomes in liver and that the N-terminal transmembrane region and the C
      terminal CBM20 domain are critical for this function.

PMID- 27358408
TI  - JunD Is Required for Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells and Plays a Role in
      Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta)-induced Inhibition of Cell
      Proliferation.
AB  - TGF-beta inhibits proliferation of prostate epithelial cells. However, prostate
      cancer cells in advanced stages become resistant to inhibitory effects of TGF
      beta. The intracellular signaling mechanisms involved in differential effects of
      TGF-beta during different stages are largely unknown. Using cell line models, we
      have shown that TGF-beta inhibits proliferation in normal (RWPE-1) and prostate
      cancer (DU145) cells but does not have any effect on proliferation of prostate
      cancer (PC3) cells. We have investigated the role of Jun family proteins (c-Jun,
      JunB, and JunD) in TGF-beta effects on cell proliferation. Jun family members
      were expressed at different levels and responded differentially to TGF-beta
      treatment. TGF-beta effects on JunD protein levels, but not mRNA levels,
      correlated with its effects on cell proliferation. TGF-beta induced significant
      reduction in JunD protein in RWPE-1 and DU145 cells but not in PC3 cells.
      Selective knockdown of JunD expression using siRNA in DU145 and PC3 cells
      resulted in significant reduction in cell proliferation, and forced
      overexpression of JunD increased the proliferation rate. On the other hand,
      knockdown of c-Jun or JunB had little, if any, effect on cell proliferation;
      overexpression of c-Jun and JunB decreased the proliferation rate in DU145 cells.
      Further studies showed that down-regulation of JunD in response to TGF-beta
      treatment is mediated via the proteasomal degradation pathway. In conclusion, we
      show that specific Jun family members exert differential effects on proliferation
      in prostate cancer cells in response to TGF-beta, and inhibition of cell
      proliferation by TGF-beta requires degradation of JunD protein.

PMID- 27358409
TI  - Heme-independent Redox Sensing by the Heme-Nitric Oxide/Oxygen-binding Protein (H
      NOX) from Vibrio cholerae.
AB  - Heme nitric oxide/oxygen (H-NOX)-binding proteins act as nitric oxide (NO)
      sensors among various bacterial species. In several cases, they act to mediate
      communal behavior such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and motility by
      influencing the activity of downstream signaling proteins such as histidine
      kinases (HisKa) in a NO-dependent manner. An H-NOX/HisKa regulatory circuit was
      recently identified in Vibrio cholerae, and the H-NOX protein has been
      spectroscopically characterized. However, the influence of the H-NOX protein on
      HisKa autophosphorylation has not been evaluated. This process may be important
      for persistence and pathogenicity in this organism. Here, we have expressed and
      purified the V. cholerae HisKa (HnoK) and H-NOX in its heme-bound (holo) and heme
      free (apo) forms. Autophosphorylation assays of HnoK in the presence of H-NOX
      show that the holoprotein in the Fe(II)-NO and Fe(III) forms is a potent
      inhibitor of HnoK. Activity of the Fe(III) form and aerobic instability of the
      Fe(II) form suggested that Vibrio cholerae H-NOX may act as a sensor of the redox
      state as well as NO. Remarkably, the apoprotein also showed robust HnoK
      inhibition that was dependent on the oxidation of cysteine residues to form
      disulfide bonds at a highly conserved zinc site. The importance of cysteine in
      this process was confirmed by mutagenesis, which also showed that holo Fe(III),
      but not Fe(II)-NO, H-NOX relied heavily upon cysteine for activation. These
      results highlight a heme-independent mechanism for activation of V. cholerae H
      NOX that implicates this protein as a dual redox/NO sensor.

PMID- 27358410
TI  - Antibiotics for tonsillitis: should the emergency department emulate general
      practice?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether antibiotics are prescribed appropriately for
      acute tonsillitis in an emergency department (ED). METHODS: Cross-sectional
      observational study in large district general hospital in London. Patients
      diagnosed and coded with 'acute tonsillitis' in the ED over a 3-month period in
      2015. Medical records were reviewed for Centor criteria, which is a clinical
      scoring system to guide antibiotic prescribing in UK general practice. Drug
      charts were reviewed for the specific antibiotic(s) prescribed, and throat swab
      (TS) cultures were recorded. RESULTS: 273/389 patients with tonsillitis were
      analysed-186 children, 87 adults. Exclusions were missing patient records (86),
      patients had/awaiting tonsillectomy (22), receiving antibiotics (6) and
      immunocompromised (2). Centor score (CS) was not recorded for any patient. Based
      on derived CS from documented signs/symptoms, antibiotics were prescribed
      inappropriately to 196/273 patients (80%; 95% CI 74% to 85%) including broad
      spectrum antibiotics to 25%. These included co-amoxiclav (18%), amoxicillin (6%),
      azithromycin (0.5%) and ceftriaxone (0.5%). TSs were taken in 66/273(24%)
      patients; 10/66 were positive for group A streptococcus (GAS). However, 48/56 GAS
      negative patients were prescribed antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: CS was not being used
      in the ED to guide antibiotic prescribing for acute tonsillitis. Antibiotic
      prescribing was based on clinical judgement. Based on derived CS (<3), 80% of
      patients were inappropriately prescribed antibiotics, particularly broad-spectrum
      antibiotics. Further studies need to assess use of CS to guide antibiotic
      prescription in ED. TSs were commonly performed in the ED but did not either
      improve diagnosis or guide antibiotic prescription.

PMID- 27358411
TI  - Mango Supplementation Modulates Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Short-Chain Fatty
      Acid Production Independent of Body Weight Reduction in C57BL/6 Mice Fed a High
      Fat Diet.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity is associated with changes in the
      gut microbiota. Fiber and other bioactive compounds in plant-based foods are
      suggested to prevent gut dysbiosis brought on by HF feeding. Mango is high in
      fiber and has been reported to have anti-obesogenic, hypoglycemic, and
      immunomodulatory properties. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effects of freeze
      dried mango pulp combined with an HF diet on the cecal microbial population and
      its relation to body composition, lipids, glucose parameters, short-chain fatty
      acid (SCFA) production, and gut inflammatory markers in a mouse model of diet
      induced obesity. METHODS: Six-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to
      1 of 4 dietary treatment groups: control (AIN-93M, 10% fat kcal), HF (60% fat
      kcal), and HF + 1% or 10% mango (HF+1%M or HF+10%M, wt:wt) for 12 wk. The cecal
      microbial population was assessed by use of 16S rDNA sequencing. Body
      composition, plasma glucose and lipids, cecal and fecal SCFAs, and mRNA abundance
      of inflammatory markers in the ileum and colonic lamina propria were assessed.
      RESULTS: Compared with the control group, HF feeding significantly reduced (P <
      0.05) 1 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of the genus Bifidobacteria (64-fold)
      and 5 OTUs of the genus Akkermansia (>=16-fold). This reduction was prevented in
      the HF+10%M group, members of which had 10% higher final body weight compared
      with the HF group (P = 0.01) and similar fasting blood glucose concentrations (P
      = 0.24). The HF+10%M group had 135% (P = 0.004) and 133% (P < 0.0001) greater
      fecal acetic and n-butyric acids concentrations than the HF group, suggesting
      greater microbial fermentation. Furthermore, a 59% greater colonic interleukin 10
      (Il10) gene expression was observed in the HF+10%M group than in the HF group (P
      = 0.048), indicating modulation of gut inflammation. The HF+1%M group generally
      did not differ from the HF group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of mango to an HF
      diet modulated the gut microbiota and production of SCFAs in C57BL/6 mice; these
      changes may improve gut tolerance to the insult of an HF diet.

PMID- 27358412
TI  - Salmosan, a beta-Galactomannan-Rich Product, Protects Epithelial Barrier Function
      in Caco-2 Cells Infected by Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One promising strategy for reducing human salmonellosis induced by
      Salmonella Enteritidis is to supplement animal diets with natural feed additives
      such as mannan oligosaccharides (MOSs). OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the
      potential role of Salmosan (S-betaGM), an MOS product extremely rich in beta
      galactomannan, in preventing epithelial barrier function disruption induced by S.
      Enteritidis colonization in an in vitro model of intestinal Caco-2 cells in
      culture. METHODS: Differentiated Caco-2 cells were incubated for 3 h with S.
      Enteritidis at a multiplicity of infection of 10 in the absence or presence of
      500 MUg S-betaGM/mL. Paracellular permeability (PP) was assessed by
      transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), d-mannitol, and fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-dextran (FD-4) flux. Tight junction proteins and cytoskeletal
      actin were also localized by confocal microscopy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      and lipid peroxidation products were evaluated. Scanning and transmission
      electron microscopy were used to visualize S. Enteritidis adhesion to, and
      invasion of, the Caco-2 cell cultures. RESULTS: Compared with controls, TER was
      significantly reduced by 30%, and d-mannitol and FD-4 flux were significantly
      increased by 374% and 54% in S. Enteritidis-infected cultures, respectively. The
      presence of S-betaGM in infected cultures induced total recoveries of TER and FD
      4 flux to values that did not differ from the control and a partial recovery of d
      mannitol flux. These effects were confirmed by immunolocalization of actin,
      zonula occludens protein 1, and occludin. Similar results were obtained for
      Salmonella Dublin. The protection of S-betaGM on PP in infected cultures may be
      associated with a total recovery of ROS production to values that did not differ
      from the control. Moreover, S-betaGM has the capacity to agglutinate bacteria,
      leading to a significant reduction of 32% in intracellular S Enteritidis.
      CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate that S-betaGM contributes to protecting
      epithelial barrier function in a Caco-2 cell model disrupted by S. Enteritidis.

PMID- 27358413
TI  - Frequent Consumption of Sugar- and Artificially Sweetened Beverages and Natural
      and Bottled Fruit Juices Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Metabolic
      Syndrome in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Disease Risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The relation between the consumption of sweetened beverages and
      metabolic syndrome (MetS) is controversial. OBJECTIVE: This analysis evaluated
      the associations between intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs),
      artificially sweetened beverages, and natural and bottled fruit juices and the
      incidence of MetS in elderly individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease
      (CVD) and without MetS at baseline. METHODS: We prospectively examined 1868
      participants free of MetS at baseline from the PREDIMED (PREvencion con DIeta
      MEDiterranea) study. MetS was defined by using the updated harmonized criteria of
      the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and
      National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Energy and nutrient intakes were
      evaluated at baseline and then yearly by using a validated 137-item food
      frequency questionnaire. Multivariable-adjusted HRs for MetS and its components
      were estimated from mean intakes during follow-up. We compared the 2 highest
      consumption categories (1-5 and >5 servings/wk) with the lowest category (<1
      serving/wk). RESULTS: A total of 930 incident cases of MetS were documented
      during a median follow-up of 3.24 y. When we compared consumption of >5
      servings/wk with consumption of <1 serving/wk, multivariable HRs (95% CIs) for
      MetS incidence were 1.43 (1.00, 2.15), 1.74 (1.26, 2.41), 1.30 (1.00, 1.69), and
      1.14 (1.04, 1.65) for SSBs, artificially sweetened beverages, natural fruit
      juices, and bottled fruit juices, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The occasional
      consumption of SSBs and artificially sweetened beverages (1-5 servings/wk) was
      not associated with the incidence of MetS in middle-aged and elderly individuals
      at high risk of CVD. The consumption of >5 servings/wk of all of the types of
      beverages analyzed was associated with an increased risk of MetS and some of its
      components. However, for SSBs and bottled fruit juices these associations must be
      interpreted with caution because of the low frequency of consumption in this
      population. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as ISRCTN35739639.

PMID- 27358414
TI  - Dietary Iron Deficiency and Oversupplementation Increase Intestinal Permeability,
      Ion Transport, and Inflammation in Pigs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding the influence of dietary iron deficiency and dietary
      iron oversupplementation on intestinal health is important for both animal
      production and human health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine
      whether dietary iron concentration influences intestinal physiology, morphology,
      and inflammation in the porcine duodenum. METHODS: Twenty-four male pigs (21 d
      old) were fed diets containing either 20 mg Fe/kg [low dietary iron (L-Fe)], 120
      mg Fe/kg [adequate dietary iron (A-Fe); control], or 520 mg Fe/kg [high dietary
      iron (H-Fe)] by FeSO4 supplement (dry matter basis). After 32-36 d, the duodenum
      was harvested from pigs and mounted in Ussing chambers for the measurement of
      transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), short-circuit current, and (3)H
      mannitol permeability. Intestinal morphology and inflammation were assessed by
      histologic examination, and proinflammatory gene expression was assessed by real
      time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Compared with A-Fe-fed pigs, pigs fed L
      Fe diets exhibited reduced TER (by 30%; P < 0.05). Compared with that of A-Fe-fed
      controls, the paracellular flux of (3)H-mannitol across the duodenal mucosa was
      higher (P < 0.05) in L-Fe-fed (>100%) and H-Fe-fed (~4-fold) pigs; the L-Fe-fed
      and H-Fe-fed groups did not differ significantly from one another. Compared with
      the L-Fe-fed pigs, the A-Fe-fed and H-Fe-fed pigs had malondialdehyde
      concentrations 1.4- and 2.5-fold higher in the duodenum and 4.4- and 6.6-fold
      higher in the liver, respectively (P < 0.05). Neutrophil counts were higher in
      both the L-Fe-fed (by 3-fold) and H-Fe-fed (by 3.3-fold) groups than in the A-Fe
      fed group; the L-Fe-fed and H-Fe-fed groups did not significantly differ from one
      another. Duodenal mucosal tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA), interleukin (IL)
      1beta, and IL6 relative gene expression was upregulated by 36%, 28%, and 45%,
      respectively, in H-Fe pigs (P < 0.05), but not in L-Fe pigs, compared with A-Fe
      pigs. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that adequate but not oversupplementation of
      dietary iron in pigs is required to maintain intestinal barrier health and
      function.

PMID- 27358415
TI  - Evaluation of Equations for Predicting 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion from
      Casual Urine Samples in Asian Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The collection of 24-h urine samples for the estimation of sodium
      intake is burdensome, and the utility of spot urine samples in Southeast Asian
      populations is unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the validity of prediction
      equations with the use of spot urine concentrations. METHODS: A sample of 144
      Singapore residents of Chinese, Malay, and Indian ethnicity aged 18-79 y were
      recruited from the Singapore Health 2 Study conducted in 2014. Participants
      collected urine for 24 h in multiple small bottles on a single day. To determine
      the optimal collection time for a spot urine sample, a 1-mL sample was taken from
      a random bottle collected in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Published
      equations and a newly derived equation were used to predict 24-h sodium excretion
      from spot urine samples. RESULTS: The mean +/- SD concentration of sodium from
      the 24-h urine sample was 125 +/- 53.4 mmol/d, which is equivalent to 7.2 +/- 3.1
      g salt. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement at the group level between
      estimated and actual 24-h sodium excretion, with biases for the morning period of
      -3.5 mmol (95% CI: -14.8, 7.8 mmol; new equation) and 1.46 mmol (95% CI: -10.0,
      13.0 mmol; Intersalt equation). A larger bias of 25.7 mmol (95% CI: 12.2, 39.3
      mmol) was observed for the Tanaka equation in the morning period. The prediction
      accuracy did not differ significantly for spot urine samples collected at
      different times of the day or at a random time of day (P = 0.11-0.76).
      CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the application of both our own newly
      derived equation and the Intersalt equation to spot urine concentrations may be
      useful in predicting group means for 24-h sodium excretion in urban Asian
      populations.

PMID- 27358416
TI  - Development and Validation of an Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Knowledge on specific biological pathways mediating disease
      occurrence (e.g., inflammation) may be utilized to construct hypotheses-driven
      dietary patterns that take advantage of current evidence on disease-related
      hypotheses and the statistical methods of a posteriori patterns. OBJECTIVE: We
      developed and validated an empirical dietary inflammatory index (EDII) based on
      food groups. METHODS: We entered 39 pre-defined food groups in reduced rank
      regression models followed by stepwise linear regression analyses in the Nurses'
      Health Study (NHS, n = 5230) to identify a dietary pattern most predictive of 3
      plasma inflammatory markers: interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and
      tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2 (TNFalphaR2). We evaluated the construct
      validity of the EDII in 2 independent samples from NHS-II (n = 1002) and Health
      Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, n = 2632) using multivariable-adjusted
      linear regression models to examine how well the EDII predicted concentrations of
      IL-6, CRP, TNFalphaR2, adiponectin, and an overall inflammatory marker score
      combining all biomarkers. RESULTS: The EDII is the weighted sum of 18 food
      groups; 9 are anti-inflammatory and 9 proinflammatory. In NHS-II and HPFS, the
      EDII significantly predicted concentrations of all biomarkers. For example, the
      relative concentrations comparing extreme EDII quintiles in NHS-II were:
      adiponectin, 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80, 0.96), P-trend = 0.003; and CRP, 1.52 (95% CI,
      1.18, 1.97), P-trend = 0.002. Corresponding associations in HPFS were: 0.87 (95%
      CI, 0.82, 0.92), P-trend < 0.0001; and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.09, 1.40), P-trend =
      0.002. CONCLUSION: The EDII represents, to our knowledge, a novel, hypothesis
      driven, empirically derived dietary pattern that assesses diet quality based on
      its inflammatory potential. Its strong construct validity in independent samples
      of women and men indicates its usefulness in assessing the inflammatory potential
      of whole diets. Additionally, the EDII may be calculated in a standardized and
      reproducible manner across different populations thus circumventing a major
      limitation of dietary patterns derived from the same study in which they are
      applied.

PMID- 27358417
TI  - Consuming Iron Biofortified Beans Increases Iron Status in Rwandan Women after
      128 Days in a Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Food-based strategies to reduce nutritional iron deficiency have not
      been universally successful. Biofortification has the potential to become a
      sustainable, inexpensive, and effective solution. OBJECTIVE: This randomized
      controlled trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of iron-biofortified
      beans (Fe-Beans) to improve iron status in Rwandan women. METHODS: A total of 195
      women (aged 18-27 y) with serum ferritin <20 MUg/L were randomly assigned to
      receive either Fe-Beans, with 86 mg Fe/kg, or standard unfortified beans (Control
      Beans), with 50 mg Fe/kg, 2 times/d for 128 d in Huye, Rwanda. Iron status was
      assessed by hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and
      body iron (BI); inflammation was assessed by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and
      serum alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Anthropometric measurements were performed
      at baseline and at end line. Random weekly serial sampling was used to collect
      blood during the middle 8 wk of the feeding trial. Mixed-effects regression
      analysis with repeated measurements was used to evaluate the effect of Fe-Beans
      compared with Control-Beans on iron biomarkers throughout the course of the
      study. RESULTS: At baseline, 86% of subjects were iron-deficient (serum ferritin
      <15 MUg/L) and 37% were anemic (hemoglobin <120 g/L). Both groups consumed an
      average of 336 g wet beans/d. The Fe-Beans group consumed 14.5 +/- 1.6 mg Fe/d
      from biofortified beans, whereas the Control-Beans group consumed 8.6 +/- 0.8 mg
      Fe/d from standard beans (P < 0.05). Repeated-measures analyses showed
      significant time-by-treatment interactions for hemoglobin, log serum ferritin,
      and BI (P < 0.05). The Fe-Beans group had significantly greater increases in
      hemoglobin (3.8 g/L), log serum ferritin (0.1 log MUg/L), and BI (0.5 mg/kg) than
      did controls after 128 d. For every 1 g Fe consumed from beans over the 128 study
      days, there was a significant 4.2-g/L increase in hemoglobin (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The consumption of iron-biofortified beans significantly improved
      iron status in Rwandan women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as
      NCT01594359.

PMID- 27358418
TI  - Delaying Iron Therapy until 28 Days after Antimalarial Treatment Is Associated
      with Greater Iron Incorporation and Equivalent Hematologic Recovery after 56 Days
      in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iron therapy begun concurrently with antimalarial treatment may not
      be well absorbed because of malaria-induced inflammation. Delaying the start of
      iron therapy may permit better iron absorption and distribution. OBJECTIVE: We
      compared erythrocyte iron incorporation in children who started iron
      supplementation concurrently with antimalarial treatment or 28 d later. We
      hypothesized that delayed iron supplementation would be associated with greater
      incorporation and better hematologic recovery. METHODS: We enrolled 100 children
      aged 6-59 mo with malaria and hemoglobin concentrations of 50.0-99.9 g/L who
      presented to Mulago Hospital, Kampala, into a randomized trial of iron therapy.
      All children were administered antimalarial treatment. Children with zinc
      protoporphyrin (ZPP) >=80 MUmol/mol heme were randomly assigned to start iron
      supplementation concurrently with the antimalarial treatment [immediate iron (I)
      group] or 28 d later [delayed iron (D) group]. All children were administered
      iron-stable isotope (57)Fe on day 0 and (58)Fe on day 28. We compared the
      percentage of iron incorporation at the start of supplementation (I group at day
      0 compared with D group at day 28, aim 1) and hematologic recovery at day 56 (aim
      2). RESULTS: The percentage of iron incorporation (mean +/- SE) was greater at
      day 28 in the D group (16.5% +/- 1.7%) than at day 0 in the I group (7.9% +/-
      0.5%; P < 0.001). On day 56, concentrations of hemoglobin and ZPP and plasma
      ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), hepcidin, and C-reactive protein
      did not differ between the groups. On day 28, the hemoglobin (mean +/- SD) and
      plasma iron markers (geometric mean; 95% CI) reflected poorer iron status in the
      D group than in the I group at this intervening time as follows: hemoglobin (105
      +/- 15.9 compared with 112 +/- 12.4 g/L; P = 0.04), ferritin (39.3 MUg/L; 23.5,
      65.7 MUg/L compared with 79.9 MUg/L; 58.3, 110 MUg/L; P = 0.02), sTfR (8.9 mg/L;
      7.4, 10.7 mg/L compared with 6.7 mg/L; 6.1, 7.5 mg/L; P = 0.01), and hepcidin
      (13.3 ng/mL; 8.3, 21.2 ng/mL compared with 38.8 ng/mL; 28.3, 53.3 ng/mL; P <
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Delaying the start of iron improves incorporation but leads
      to equivalent hematologic recovery at day 56 in Ugandan children with malaria and
      anemia. These results do not demonstrate a clear, short-term benefit of delaying
      iron. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01754701.

PMID- 27358419
TI  - Participating in a Food-Assisted Maternal and Child Nutrition and Health Program
      in Rural Guatemala Alters Household Dietary Choices.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Food assistance programs may alter food choices, but factors
      determining households' decisions regarding food acquisition, preparation, and
      consumption in the context of food aid are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: This
      study aimed to understand how the Programa Comunitario Materno Infantil de
      Diversificacion Alimentaria (Mother-Child Community Food Diversification Program;
      PROCOMIDA), a food-assisted maternal and child health and nutrition program in
      rural Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, altered household food choices. METHODS: We
      conducted semistructured interviews and focus groups with 63 households in 3
      participating (n = 32 households) and 3 control (n = 31) villages. A last-day
      food recall (without estimating quantities) and food-frequency questionnaire that
      used food cards assessed dietary choices. Qualitative analysis used thematic a
      priori and emergent coding; food group consumption frequencies were analyzed by
      using 2-level, logistic, mixed modeling, and chi-square testing while accounting
      for community clustering. RESULTS: Compared with control households, PROCOMIDA
      changed household food choices through a combination of providing food resources
      (with monthly food rations) and new knowledge and skills related to health and
      food (in the program's behavior change communication component) while reinforcing
      existing knowledge and beliefs. PROCOMIDA families consumed rice, red beans, and
      oil more frequently than did control families (differences of 2.20 (P < 0.001),
      2.68 (P < 0.001), and 1.64 (P = 0.038) times/wk, respectively); these foods were
      in the rations. PROCOMIDA families also ate chicken, local plants, and some
      vegetables more frequently. The importance of these foods was emphasized in the
      behavioral change communication component; these foods may have been more
      accessible because provision of food rations freed resources. CONCLUSION: Our
      findings suggest that if a program provides food free of cost to rural indigenous
      families in the context of a maternal and child nutrition and health program, it
      may be important to include a well-designed behavioral change communication
      component to improve household food choices.

PMID- 27358420
TI  - Greater Amino Acid Intake Is Required to Maximize Whole-Body Protein Synthesis
      Immediately after Endurance Exercise Than at Rest in Endurance-Trained Rats, as
      Determined by an Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Method.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has contributed to
      establishing protein and amino acid (AA) requirements by determining the optimal
      protein and AA intake that maximizes whole-body protein synthesis. However, it
      has not been used with endurance-trained subjects. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to
      determine the optimal AA intake immediately after endurance exercise and at rest
      in endurance-trained rats by using the IAAO method. METHODS: Four-week-old male
      Fischer rats were divided into a sedentary (SED) group and a trained (TR) group,
      which underwent treadmill training 5 d/wk for 6 wk at 26 m/min for 60 min/d. On
      the metabolic trial day, half of the TR group was provided with test diets after
      daily treadmill running (TR-PostEx). The other half of the TR group (TR-Rest) and
      all of the SED group were provided with test diets while at rest. The test diets
      contained different amounts of AAs (3.3-37.3 g ? kg(-1) ? d(-1)). Phenylalanine
      in the test diet was replaced with L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine. The phenylalanine
      oxidation rate (PheOx) was determined with (13)CO2 enrichment in breath, CO2
      excretion rate, and enrichment of phenylalanine in blood during the feeding
      period. The optimal AA intake was determined with biphasic mixed linear
      regression crossover analysis for PheOx, which identified a breakpoint at the
      minimal PheOx in response to graded amounts of AA intake. RESULTS: The optimal AA
      intake in the TR-PostEx group (26.8 g ? kg(-1) ? d(-1); 95% CI: 21.5, 32.1 g ?
      kg(-1) ? d(-1)) was significantly higher than in the SED (15.1 g ? kg(-1) ? d(
      1); 95% CI: 11.1, 19.1 g ? kg(-1) ? d(-1)) and TR-Rest (13.3 g ? kg(-1) ? d(-1);
      95% CI: 10.9, 15.7 g ? kg(-1) ? d(-1)) groups, which did not differ. CONCLUSIONS:
      Greater AA intake is required to maximize whole-body protein synthesis
      immediately after endurance exercise than at rest, but not at rest in endurance
      trained rats.

PMID- 27358421
TI  - Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Abdominal Visceral
      Adipose Tissue Volume and Serum Adipokine Concentrations but Not with Body Mass
      Index or Waist Circumference in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The biological actions of vitamin D are mediated through the vitamin
      D receptor (VDR). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VDR gene have
      been previously associated with adiposity traits. However, to our knowledge, few
      studies have included direct measures of adiposity and adipokine concentrations.
      OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of tagging SNPs in the VDR gene with
      multiple adiposity measures, including waist circumference (WC), body mass index
      (BMI), body fat percentage, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (VAT)
      volume, and serum adipokine (adiponectin and leptin) concentrations in adult
      African Americans (AAs). METHODS: Data from 3020 participants (61.9% women; mean
      age, 54.6 y) from the Jackson Heart Study were used for this analysis. Forty-five
      tag SNPs were chosen with the use of genotype data from the International HapMap
      project. We used linear regression to test the associations of imputed VDR SNPs
      with each of the traits, adjusted for age, sex, educational status, physical
      activity, smoking, alcohol intake, serum vitamin D concentration, European
      ancestry, and multiple testing. RESULTS: The G allele of the SNP rs4328262
      remained associated with increased VAT volume after multiple testing correction
      (beta = 45.7; P < 0.001). The A allele of another SNP (rs11574070) was nominally
      associated with body fat percentage (beta = 0.96; P = 0.002). None of the VDR
      SNPs analyzed showed any link with WC or BMI. The A allele of rs2228570 (beta =
      0.08; P = 0.001) for men and the T allele of rs2853563 (beta = 0.04; P < 0.001)
      for women remained positively associated with serum adiponectin concentrations
      after multiple testing correction. CONCLUSION: Although we did not find any
      association for anthropometric measures, we did observe associations of VDR
      variants with serum adipokines and with the more metabolically active fat, VAT.
      Therefore, our findings demonstrate a possible role of VDR variants in regulating
      adipose tissue activity and adiposity among AAs.

PMID- 27358422
TI  - Greater Healthful Dietary Variety Is Associated with Greater 2-Year Changes in
      Weight and Adiposity in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies
      (POUNDS Lost) Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Greater healthful dietary variety has been inversely associated with
      body adiposity cross-sectionally; however, it remains unknown whether it can
      improve long-term weight loss. OBJECTIVE: This study prospectively examined
      associations between healthful dietary variety and short-term (6 mo) and long
      term (2 y) changes in adiposity in the Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary
      Strategies (POUNDS Lost) weight-loss trial completed in 2007. METHODS: Healthful
      dietary variety was assessed from 24-h recalls with the use of the US Healthy
      Food Diversity index among participants aged 30-70 y with overweight/obesity (n =
      367). Changes in the index between baseline and 6 mo were divided into tertiles
      representing reduced (T1), stable (T2), or increased variety (T3). Body weight
      and waist circumference (WC) were measured every 6 mo, and the percentage of body
      fat and trunk fat were measured at 6 mo and 2 y. Associations between changes in
      variety and short-term and long-term changes in adiposity were analyzed by use of
      multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models and repeated-measures ANOVA.
      RESULTS: Regardless of dietary arm, T3 compared with T2 was associated with
      greater reduction in weight (-8.6 compared with -6.7 kg), WC (-9.1 compared with 
      6.1 cm), and body fat at 6 mo (beta = -4.61 kg, P < 0.05). At 2 y, individuals in
      T3 compared with those in T2 or T1 maintained greater weight loss [-4.0 (T3)
      compared with -1.8 kg (T2 and T1), P = 0.02] and WC reduction [-5.4 (T3) compared
      with -3.0 (T2) and -2.9 cm (T1), P = 0.01]. Total body fat and trunk fat
      reductions were similarly greater in T3 than in T2. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing
      healthful food variety in energy-restricted diets may improve sustained
      reductions in weight and adiposity among adults with overweight or obesity on
      weight-loss regimens. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as
      NCT00072995.

PMID- 27358423
TI  - The Variable Regions of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Genomes Reveal the Dynamic
      Evolution of Metabolic and Host-Adaptation Repertoires.
AB  - Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a diverse Gram-positive species with strains isolated
      from different ecological niches. Here, we report the genome sequence analysis of
      40 diverse strains of L. rhamnosus and their genomic comparison, with a focus on
      the variable genome. Genomic comparison of 40 L. rhamnosus strains discriminated
      the conserved genes (core genome) and regions of plasticity involving frequent
      rearrangements and horizontal transfer (variome). The L. rhamnosus core genome
      encompasses 2,164 genes, out of 4,711 genes in total (the pan-genome). The
      accessory genome is dominated by genes encoding carbohydrate transport and
      metabolism, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) biosynthesis, bacteriocin
      production, pili production, the cas system, and the associated clustered
      regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci, and more than 100
      transporter functions and mobile genetic elements like phages, plasmid genes, and
      transposons. A clade distribution based on amino acid differences between core
      (shared) proteins matched with the clade distribution obtained from the presence
      absence of variable genes. The phylogenetic and variome tree overlap indicated
      that frequent events of gene acquisition and loss dominated the evolutionary
      segregation of the strains within this species, which is paralleled by
      evolutionary diversification of core gene functions. The CRISPR-Cas system could
      have contributed to this evolutionary segregation. Lactobacillus rhamnosus
      strains contain the genetic and metabolic machinery with strain-specific gene
      functions required to adapt to a large range of environments. A remarkable
      congruency of the evolutionary relatedness of the strains' core and variome
      functions, possibly favoring interspecies genetic exchanges, underlines the
      importance of gene-acquisition and loss within the L. rhamnosus strain
      diversification.

PMID- 27358424
TI  - Molecular Evolutionary Consequences of Island Colonization.
AB  - Island endemics are expected to have low effective population sizes (Ne), first
      because some may experience population bottlenecks when they are founded, and
      second because they have restricted ranges. Therefore, we expect island species
      to have reduced genetic diversity, inefficient selection, and reduced adaptive
      potential compared with their mainland counterparts. We used both polymorphism
      and substitution data to address these predictions, improving on the approach of
      recent studies that only used substitution data. This allowed us to directly test
      the assumption that island species have small values of Ne We found that island
      species had significantly less genetic diversity than mainland species; however,
      this pattern could be attributed to a subset of island species that appeared to
      have undergone a recent population bottleneck. When these species were excluded
      from the analysis, island and mainland species had similar levels of genetic
      diversity, despite island species occupying considerably smaller areas than their
      mainland counterparts. We also found no overall difference between island and
      mainland species in terms of the effectiveness of selection or the mutation rate.
      Our evidence suggests that island colonization has no lasting impact on molecular
      evolution. This surprising result highlights gaps in our knowledge of the
      relationship between census and effective population size.

PMID- 27358425
TI  - Assembled Plastid and Mitochondrial Genomes, as well as Nuclear Genes, Place the
      Parasite Family Cynomoriaceae in the Saxifragales.
AB  - Cynomoriaceae, one of the last unplaced families of flowering plants, comprise
      one or two species or subspecies of root parasites that occur from the
      Mediterranean to the Gobi Desert. Using Illumina sequencing, we assembled the
      mitochondrial and plastid genomes as well as some nuclear genes of a Cynomorium
      specimen from Italy. Selected genes were also obtained by Sanger sequencing from
      individuals collected in China and Iran, resulting in matrices of 33
      mitochondrial, 6 nuclear, and 14 plastid genes and rDNAs enlarged to include a
      representative angiosperm taxon sampling based on data available in GenBank. We
      also compiled a new geographic map to discern possible discontinuities in the
      parasites' occurrence. Cynomorium has large genomes of 13.70-13.61 (Italy) to
      13.95-13.76 pg (China). Its mitochondrial genome consists of up to 49 circular
      subgenomes and has an overall gene content similar to that of photosynthetic
      angiosperms, while its plastome retains only 27 of the normally 116 genes.
      Nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial phylogenies place Cynomoriaceae in
      Saxifragales, and we found evidence for several horizontal gene transfers from
      different hosts, as well as intracellular gene transfers.

PMID- 27358426
TI  - Y-Chromosome Structural Diversity in the Bonobo and Chimpanzee Lineages.
AB  - The male-specific regions of primate Y-chromosomes (MSY) are enriched for multi
      copy genes highly expressed in the testis. These genes are located in large
      repetitive sequences arranged as palindromes, inverted-, and tandem repeats
      termed amplicons. In humans, these genes have critical roles in male fertility
      and are essential for the production of sperm. The structure of human and
      chimpanzee amplicon sequences show remarkable difference relative to the
      remainder of the genome, a difference that may be the result of intense selective
      pressure on male fertility. Four subspecies of common chimpanzees have undergone
      extended periods of isolation and appear to be in the early process of
      subspeciation. A recent study found amplicons enriched for testis-expressed genes
      on the primate X-chromosome the target of hard selective sweeps, and male
      fertility genes on the Y-chromosome may also be the targets of selection.
      However, little is understood about Y-chromosome amplicon diversity within and
      across chimpanzee populations. Here, we analyze nine common chimpanzee
      (representing three subspecies: Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, Pan troglodytes
      ellioti, and Pan troglodytes verus) and two bonobo (Pan paniscus) male whole
      genome sequences to assess Y ampliconic copy-number diversity across the Pan
      genus. We observe that the copy number of Y chromosome amplicons is variable
      among chimpanzees and bonobos, and identify several lineage-specific patterns,
      including variable copy number of azoospermia candidates RBMY and DAZ We detect
      recurrent switchpoints of copy-number change along the ampliconic tracts across
      chimpanzee populations, which may be the result of localized genome instability
      or selective forces.

PMID- 27358427
TI  - Evolution of the Calcium-Based Intracellular Signaling System.
AB  - To progress our understanding of molecular evolution from a collection of well
      studied genes toward the level of the cell, we must consider whole systems. Here,
      we reveal the evolution of an important intracellular signaling system. The
      calcium-signaling toolkit is made up of different multidomain proteins that have
      undergone duplication, recombination, sequence divergence, and selection. The
      picture of evolution, considering the repertoire of proteins in the toolkit of
      both extant organisms and ancestors, is radically different from that of other
      systems. In eukaryotes, the repertoire increased in both abundance and diversity
      at a far greater rate than general genomic expansion. We describe how calcium
      based intracellular signaling evolution differs not only in rate but in nature,
      and how this correlates with the disparity of plants and animals.

PMID- 27358428
TI  - Complete Genome of the Starch-Degrading Myxobacteria Sandaracinus amylolyticus
      DSM 53668T.
AB  - Myxobacteria are members of delta-proteobacteria and are typified by large
      genomes, well-coordinated social behavior, gliding motility, and starvation
      induced fruiting body formation. Here, we report the 10.33 Mb whole genome of a
      starch-degrading myxobacterium Sandaracinus amylolyticus DSM 53668(T) that
      encodes 8,962 proteins, 56 tRNA, and two rRNA operons. Phylogenetic analysis, in
      silico DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity reveal its
      divergence from other myxobacterial species and support its taxonomic
      characterization into a separate family Sandaracinaceae, within the suborder
      Sorangiineae. Sequence similarity searches using the Carbohydrate-active enzymes
      (CAZyme) database help identify the enzyme repertoire of S. amylolyticus involved
      in starch, agar, chitin, and cellulose degradation. We identified 16 alpha
      amylases and two gamma-amylases in the S. amylolyticus genome that likely play a
      role in starch degradation. While many of the amylases are seen conserved in
      other delta-proteobacteria, we notice several novel amylases acquired via
      horizontal transfer from members belonging to phylum Deinococcus-Thermus,
      Acidobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. No agar degrading enzyme(s) were identified in
      the S. amylolyticus genome. Interestingly, several putative beta-glucosidases and
      endoglucanases proteins involved in cellulose degradation were identified.
      However, the absence of cellobiohydrolases/exoglucanases corroborates with the
      lack of cellulose degradation by this bacteria.

PMID- 27358432
TI  - Long-Term Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults With the
      Familial Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) affects up to 1 in
      200 individuals in the United States, but atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
      (ASCVD) outcomes of FH in the general US population have not been described. We
      therefore sought to evaluate long-term coronary heart disease (CHD) and total
      ASCVD risks in US adults with an FH phenotype. METHODS: Using individual pooled
      data from 6 large US epidemiological cohorts, we stratified participants by low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol level at index ages from 20 to 79 years. For the
      primary analysis, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels >=190 and <130 mg/dL
      defined the FH phenotype and referent, respectively. Sensitivity analyses
      evaluated the effects of varying the FH phenotype definition. We used Cox
      regression models to assess covariate-adjusted associations of the FH phenotype
      with 30-year hazards for CHD (CHD death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) and
      total ASCVD (CHD or stroke). RESULTS: We included 68 565 baseline person
      examinations; 3850 (5.6%) had the FH phenotype by the primary definition. Follow
      up across index ages ranged from 78 985 to 308 378 person-years. After covariate
      adjustment, the FH phenotype was associated with substantially elevated 30-year
      CHD risk, with hazard ratios up to 5.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-21.7).
      Across index ages, CHD risk was accelerated in those with the FH phenotype by 10
      to 20 years in men and 20 to 30 years in women. Similar patterns of results were
      found for total ASCVD risk, with hazard ratios up to 4.1 (95% confidence
      interval, 1.2-13.4). Alternative FH phenotype definitions incorporating family
      history, more stringent age-based low-density lipoprotein cholesterol thresholds,
      or alternative lipid fractions decreased the FH phenotype prevalence to as low as
      0.2% to 0.4% without materially affecting CHD risk estimates (hazard ratios up to
      8.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-61.6). CONCLUSIONS: In the general US
      population, the long-term ASCVD burden related to phenotypic FH, defined by low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol >=190 mg/dL, is likely substantial. Our finding
      of CHD risk acceleration may aid efforts in risk communication.

PMID- 27358433
TI  - Enough Evidence, Time to Act!

PMID- 27358434
TI  - Impact of Renal Function on Outcomes With Edoxaban in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48
      Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor with 50% renal clearance, was
      noninferior to well-managed warfarin for stroke or systemic embolism (S/SE)
      prevention and reduced bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation. We
      evaluated the efficacy and safety of edoxaban versus warfarin across the range of
      baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial (Effective
      Anticoagulation With Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation
      Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study 48) with a focus on the higher-dose
      edoxaban regimen (HDER) and the upper range of CrCl. METHODS: A total of 14 071
      patients with atrial fibrillation at moderate to high risk for stroke were
      randomized to warfarin or HDER (60 mg daily or a 50% dose reduction to 30 mg
      daily for CrCl 30-50 mL/min, body weight of <=60 kg, or use of a potent
      phosphorylated glycoprotein inhibitor). CrCl <30 mL/min was exclusionary. End
      points of S/SE, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis major
      bleeding, and the net clinical outcome of S/SE/major bleeding or death were
      evaluated by intention-to-treat analysis using the prespecified CrCl cut point of
      50 mL/min and additional exploratory cut points with the Cockcroft-Gault formula.
      A sensitivity analysis was performed with the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease
      Epidemiology Collaboration) formula for estimating renal function. RESULTS: The
      relative risk of S/SE with HDER versus warfarin in patients with CrCl >50 mL/min
      (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-1.04) was similar to
      that in patients with CrCl <=50 mL/min (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.65-1.18; P for
      interaction=0.94). Several exploratory analyses suggested lower relative efficacy
      for the prevention of S/SE with HDER compared with warfarin at higher levels of
      CrCl (CrCl <=50 mL/min: HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.65-1.18; CrCl >50-95 mL/min: HR,
      0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.96; CrCl >95 mL/min: HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.88-2.10; P for
      interaction=0.08). Bleeding rates were lower at all levels of CrCl with HDER (P
      for interaction=0.11). Because of the preserved effect on bleeding, the net
      clinical outcome was more favorable with HDER across the range of CrCl (P for
      interaction=0.73). Similar findings were observed in the sensitivity analysis
      using the CKD-EPI formula. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was an apparent decrease
      in relative efficacy to prevent arterial thromboembolism in the upper range of
      CrCl, the safety and net clinical benefit of HDER compared with warfarin are
      consistent across the range of renal function. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL:
      http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00781391.

PMID- 27358436
TI  - Renal Function in Atrial Fibrillation: A Multifaceted Dilemma.

PMID- 27358435
TI  - On-Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Worsening Renal Function With Rivaroxaban
      Compared With Warfarin: Insights From ROCKET AF.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite rapid clinical adoption of novel anticoagulants, it is
      unknown whether outcomes differ among patients with worsening renal function
      (WRF) taking these new drugs compared with warfarin. We aimed to determine
      whether the primary efficacy (stroke or systemic embolism) and safety (major
      bleeding and nonmajor clinically relevant bleeding) end points from the ROCKET AF
      trial (Rivaroxaban Once-Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With
      Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial
      Fibrillation trial) differed among participants with WRF taking rivaroxaban and
      those taking warfarin. METHODS: After excluding patients without at least 1
      follow-up creatinine measurement (n=1624), we included all remaining patients
      (n=12 612) randomly assigned to either rivaroxaban or dose-adjusted warfarin. On
      treatment WRF (a decrease of >20% from screening creatinine clearance measurement
      at any time point during the study) was evaluated as a time-dependent covariate
      in Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were
      generally similar between patients with stable renal function (n=9292) and WRF
      (n=3320). Rates of stroke or systemic embolism, myocardial infarction, and
      bleeding were also similar, but WRF patients experienced a higher incidence of
      vascular death versus stable renal function (2.21 versus 1.41 events per 100
      patient-years; P=0.026). WRF patients who were randomized to receive rivaroxaban
      had a reduction in stroke or systemic embolism compared with those taking
      warfarin (1.54 versus 3.25 events per 100 patient-years) that was not seen in
      patients with stable renal function who were randomized to receive rivaroxaban
      (P=0.050 for interaction). There was no difference in major or nonmajor
      clinically relevant bleeding among WRF patients randomized to warfarin versus
      rivaroxaban. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with on-treatment WRF, rivaroxaban was
      associated with lower rates of stroke and systemic embolism compared with
      warfarin, without an increase in the composite bleeding end point. CLINICAL TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00403767.

PMID- 27358437
TI  - Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Advance Care Planning Video Decision Support
      Tool for Patients With Advanced Heart Failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Conversations about goals of care and cardiopulmonary resuscitation
      (CPR)/intubation for patients with advanced heart failure can be difficult. This
      study examined the impact of a video decision support tool and patient checklist
      on advance care planning for patients with heart failure. METHODS: This was a
      multisite, randomized, controlled trial of a video-assisted intervention and
      advance care planning checklist versus a verbal description in 246 patients >=64
      years of age with heart failure and an estimated likelihood of death of >50%
      within 2 years. Intervention participants received a verbal description for goals
      of care (life-prolonging care, limited care, and comfort care) and CPR/intubation
      plus a 6-minute video depicting the 3 levels of care, CPR/intubation, and an
      advance care planning checklist. Control subjects received only the verbal
      description. The primary analysis compared the proportion of patients preferring
      comfort care between study arms immediately after the intervention. Secondary
      outcomes were CPR/intubation preferences and knowledge (6-item test; range, 0-6)
      after intervention. RESULTS: In the intervention group, 27 (22%) chose life
      prolonging care, 31 (25%) chose limited care, 63 (51%) selected comfort care, and
      2 (2%) were uncertain. In the control group, 50 (41%) chose life-prolonging care,
      27 (22%) selected limited care, 37 (30%) chose comfort care, and 8 (7%) were
      uncertain (P<0.001). Intervention participants (compared with control subjects)
      were more likely to forgo CPR (68% versus 35%; P<0.001) and intubation (77%
      versus 48%; P<0.001) and had higher mean knowledge scores (4.1 versus 3.0;
      P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with heart failure who viewed a video were more
      informed, more likely to select a focus on comfort, and less likely to desire
      CPR/intubation compared with patients receiving verbal information only. CLINICAL
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier:
      NCT01589120.

PMID- 27358438
TI  - The Role of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 in Nephrotic Syndrome
      Associated Hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In nephrotic syndrome, damage to the podocytes of the kidney produces
      severe hypercholesterolemia for which novel treatments are urgently needed. PCSK9
      (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) has emerged as an important
      regulator of plasma cholesterol levels and therapeutic target. Here, we tested
      the role of PCSK9 in mediating the hypercholesterolemia of nephrotic syndrome.
      METHODS: PCSK9 and plasma lipids were studied in nephrotic syndrome patients
      before and after remission of disease, mice with genetic ablation of the podocyte
      (Podocyte Apoptosis Through Targeted Activation of Caspase-8, Pod-ATTAC mice) and
      mice treated with nephrotoxic serum (NTS), which triggers immune-mediated
      podocyte damage. In addition, mice with hepatic deletion of Pcsk9 were treated
      with NTS to determine the contribution of PCSK9 to the dyslipidemia of nephrotic
      syndrome. RESULTS: Patients with nephrotic syndrome showed a decrease in plasma
      cholesterol and plasma PCSK9 on remission of their disease (P<0.05, n=47-50).
      Conversely, Pod-ATTAC mice and NTS-treated mice showed hypercholesterolemia and a
      7- to 24-fold induction in plasma PCSK9. The induction of plasma PCSK9 appeared
      to be attributable to increased secretion of PCSK9 from the hepatocyte coupled
      with decreased clearance. Interestingly, knockout of Pcsk9ameliorated the effects
      of NTS on plasma lipids. Thus, in the presence of NTS, mice lacking hepatic Pcsk9
      showed a 40% to 50% decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. Moreover,
      the ability of NTS treatment to increase the percentage of low-density
      lipoprotein-associated cholesterol (from 9% in vehicle-treated Flox mice to 47%
      after NTS treatment), was lost in mice with hepatic deletion of Pcsk9 (5% in both
      the presence and absence of NTS). CONCLUSIONS: Podocyte damage triggers marked
      inductions in plasma PCSK9, and knockout of Pcsk9 ameliorates dyslipidemia in a
      mouse model of nephrotic syndrome. These data suggest that PCSK9 inhibitors may
      be beneficial in patients with nephrotic syndrome-associated
      hypercholesterolemia.

PMID- 27358440
TI  - Letter by Dizman et al Regarding Article, "Periodontitis Increases the Risk of a
      First Myocardial Infarction: A Report From the PAROKRANK Study".

PMID- 27358441
TI  - Response by Ryden to Letter Regarding Article, "Periodontitis Increases the Risk
      of a First Myocardial Infarction: A Report From the PAROKRANK Study".

PMID- 27358442
TI  - Influence of menu labeling on food choices in real-life settings: a systematic
      review.
AB  - CONTEXT: Evidence that menu labeling influences food choices in real-life
      settings is lacking. Reviews usually focus on calorie counts without addressing
      broader issues related to healthy eating. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review
      assessed the influence of diverse menu-labeling formats on food choices in real
      life settings. DATA SOURCES: Several databases were searched: Cochrane Library,
      Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Food Science and Technology Abstracts,
      Biological Abstracts, CAB Abstracts, EconLit, SciELO, and LILACS. STUDY
      SELECTION: Articles reporting experiments, quasi-experiments, and observational
      studies using control or preintervention groups were selected blindly by two
      reviewers. DATA EXTRACTION: Data was extracted using a standard form. Analyses
      differentiated between foodservice types. The quality of the 38 included studies
      was assessed blindly by two reviewers. DATA ANALYSIS: The results were mixed, but
      a partial influence of menu labeling on food choices was more frequent than an
      overall influence or no influence. Menu labeling was more effective in cafeterias
      than in restaurants. Qualitative information, such as healthy-food symbols and
      traffic-light labeling, was most effective in promoting healthy eating. In
      general, the studies were of moderate quality and did not use control groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: Calorie labeling in menus is not effective to promote healthier food
      choices. Further research in real-life settings with control groups should test
      diverse qualitative information in menu labeling.

PMID- 27358439
TI  - Phenotype-Specific Treatment of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A
      Multiorgan Roadmap.
AB  - Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (EF; HFpEF) accounts for 50%
      of HF cases, and its prevalence relative to HF with reduced EF continues to rise.
      In contrast to HF with reduced EF, large trials testing neurohumoral inhibition
      in HFpEF failed to reach a positive outcome. This failure was recently attributed
      to distinct systemic and myocardial signaling in HFpEF and to diversity of HFpEF
      phenotypes. In this review, an HFpEF treatment strategy is proposed that
      addresses HFpEF-specific signaling and phenotypic diversity. In HFpEF,
      extracardiac comorbidities such as metabolic risk, arterial hypertension, and
      renal insufficiency drive left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction through
      systemic inflammation and coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction. The
      latter affects left ventricular diastolic dysfunction through macrophage
      infiltration, resulting in interstitial fibrosis, and through altered paracrine
      signaling to cardiomyocytes, which become hypertrophied and stiff because of low
      nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Systemic inflammation also
      affects other organs such as lungs, skeletal muscle, and kidneys, leading,
      respectively, to pulmonary hypertension, muscle weakness, and sodium retention.
      Individual steps of these signaling cascades can be targeted by specific
      interventions: metabolic risk by caloric restriction, systemic inflammation by
      statins, pulmonary hypertension by phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, muscle
      weakness by exercise training, sodium retention by diuretics and monitoring
      devices, myocardial nitric oxide bioavailability by inorganic nitrate-nitrite,
      myocardial cyclic guanosine monophosphate content by neprilysin or
      phosphodiesterase 9 inhibition, and myocardial fibrosis by spironolactone.
      Because of phenotypic diversity in HFpEF, personalized therapeutic strategies are
      proposed, which are configured in a matrix with HFpEF presentations in the
      abscissa and HFpEF predispositions in the ordinate.

PMID- 27358443
TI  - Bridging the Gap between DNA Methylation, DNA Methylation Readers, and
      Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

PMID- 27358444
TI  - Propagating Cortical Waves May Underlie Illusory Motion Perception.

PMID- 27358445
TI  - Muscle IL1beta Drives Ischemic Myalgia via ASIC3-Mediated Sensory Neuron
      Sensitization.
AB  - Musculoskeletal pain is a significantly common clinical complaint. Although it is
      known that muscles are quite sensitive to alterations in blood flow/oxygenation
      and a number of muscle pain disorders are based in problems of peripheral
      perfusion, the mechanisms by which ischemic-like conditions generate myalgia
      remain unclear. We found, using a multidisciplinary experimental approach, that
      ischemia and reperfusion injury (I/R) in male Swiss Webster mice altered ongoing
      and evoked pain-related behaviors in addition to activity levels through enhanced
      muscle interleukin-1 beta (IL1beta)/IL1 receptor signaling to group III/IV muscle
      afferents. Peripheral sensitization depended on acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs)
      because treatment of sensory afferents in vitro with IL1beta-upregulated ASIC3 in
      single cells, and nerve-specific knock-down of ASIC3 recapitulated the results of
      inhibiting the enhanced IL1beta/IL1r1 signaling after I/R, which was also found
      to regulate afferent sensitization and pain-related behaviors. This suggests that
      targeting muscle IL1beta signaling may be a potential analgesic therapy for
      ischemic myalgia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Here, we have described a novel pathway
      whereby increased inflammation within the muscle tissue during
      ischemia/reperfusion injury sensitizes group III and IV muscle afferents via
      upregulation of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3), leading not only to
      alterations in mechanical and chemical responsiveness in individual afferents,
      but also to pain-related behavioral changes. Furthermore, these I/R-induced
      changes can be prevented using an afferent-specific siRNA knock-down strategy
      targeting either ASIC3 or the upstream mediator of its expression, interleukin 1
      receptor 1. Therefore, this knowledge may contribute to the development of
      alternative therapeutics for muscle pain and may be especially relevant to pain
      caused by issues of peripheral circulation, which is commonly observed in
      disorders such as complex regional pain syndrome, sickle cell anemia, or
      fibromyalgia.

PMID- 27358446
TI  - fMRI Syntactic and Lexical Repetition Effects Reveal the Initial Stages of
      Learning a New Language.
AB  - When learning a new language, we build brain networks to process and represent
      the acquired words and syntax and integrate these with existing language
      representations. It is an open question whether the same or different neural
      mechanisms are involved in learning and processing a novel language compared with
      the native language(s). Here we investigated the neural repetition effects of
      repeating known and novel word orders while human subjects were in the early
      stages of learning a new language. Combining a miniature language with a
      syntactic priming paradigm, we examined the neural correlates of language
      learning on-line using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In left inferior
      frontal gyrus and posterior temporal cortex, the repetition of novel syntactic
      structures led to repetition enhancement, whereas repetition of known structures
      resulted in repetition suppression. Additional verb repetition led to an increase
      in the syntactic repetition enhancement effect in language-related brain regions.
      Similarly, the repetition of verbs led to repetition enhancement effects in areas
      related to lexical and semantic processing, an effect that continued to increase
      in a subset of these regions. Repetition enhancement might reflect a mechanism to
      build and strengthen a neural network to process novel syntactic structures and
      lexical items. By contrast, the observed repetition suppression points to
      overlapping neural mechanisms for native and new language constructions when
      these have sufficient structural similarities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Acquiring
      a second language entails learning how to interpret novel words and relations
      between words, and to integrate them with existing language knowledge. To
      investigate the brain mechanisms involved in this particularly human skill, we
      combined an artificial language learning task with a syntactic repetition
      paradigm. We show that the repetition of novel syntactic structures, as well as
      words in contexts, leads to repetition enhancement, whereas repetition of known
      structures results in repetition suppression. We thus propose that repetition
      enhancement might reflect a brain mechanism to build and strengthen a neural
      network to process novel syntactic regularities and novel words. Importantly, the
      results also indicate an overlap in neural mechanisms for native and new language
      constructions with sufficient structural similarities.

PMID- 27358447
TI  - Extension of Helix 12 in Munc18-1 Induces Vesicle Priming.
AB  - Munc18-1 is essential for vesicle fusion and participates in the docking of large
      dense-core vesicles to the plasma membrane. Recent structural data suggest that
      conformational changes in the 12th helix of the Munc18-1 domain 3a within the
      Munc18-1:syntaxin complex result in an additional interaction with synaptobrevin
      2/VAMP2 (vesicle-associated membrane protein 2), leading to SNARE complex
      formation. To test this hypothesis in living cells, we examined secretion from
      Munc18-1-null mouse adrenal chromaffin cells expressing Munc18-1 mutants designed
      to either perturb the extension of helix 12 (Delta324-339), block its interaction
      with synaptobrevin-2 (L348R), or extend the helix to promote coil-coil
      interactions with other proteins (P335A). The mutants rescued vesicle docking and
      syntaxin-1 targeting to the plasma membrane, with the exception of P335A that
      only supported partial syntaxin-1 targeting. Disruptive mutations (L348R or
      Delta324-339) lowered the secretory amplitude by decreasing vesicle priming,
      whereas P335A markedly increased priming and secretory amplitude. The mutants
      displayed unchanged kinetics and Ca(2+) dependence of fusion, indicating that the
      mutations specifically affect the vesicle priming step. Mutation of a nearby
      tyrosine (Y337A), which interacts with closed syntaxin-1, mildly increased
      secretory amplitude. This correlated with results from an in vitro fusion assay
      probing the functions of Munc18-1, indicating an easier transition to the
      extended state in the mutant. Our findings support the notion that a
      conformational transition within the Munc18-1 domain 3a helix 12 leads to opening
      of a closed Munc18-1:syntaxin complex, followed by productive SNARE complex
      assembly and vesicle priming. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The essential postdocking
      role of Munc18-1 in vesicular exocytosis has remained elusive, but recent data
      led to the hypothesis that the extension of helix 12 in Munc18 within domain 3a
      leads to synaptobrevin-2/VAMP2 interaction and SNARE complex formation. Using
      both lack-of-function and gain-of-function mutants, we here report that the
      conformation of helix 12 predicts vesicle priming and secretory amplitude in
      living chromaffin cells. The effects of mutants on secretion could not be
      explained by differences in syntaxin-1 chaperoning/localization or vesicle
      docking, and the fusion kinetics and calcium dependence were unchanged,
      indicating that the effect of helix 12 extension is specific for the vesicle
      priming step. We conclude that a conformational change within helix 12 is
      responsible for the essential postdocking role of Munc18-1 in neurosecretion.

PMID- 27358448
TI  - Retinal Waves Modulate an Intraretinal Circuit of Intrinsically Photosensitive
      Retinal Ganglion Cells.
AB  - Before the maturation of rod and cone photoreceptors, the developing retina
      relies on light detection by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
      (ipRGCs) to drive early light-dependent behaviors. ipRGCs are output neurons of
      the retina; however, they also form functional microcircuits within the retina
      itself. Whether ipRGC microcircuits exist during development and whether they
      influence early light detection remain unknown. Here, we investigate the neural
      circuit that underlies the ipRGC-driven light response in developing mice. We use
      a combination of calcium imaging, tracer coupling, and electrophysiology
      experiments to show that ipRGCs form extensive gap junction networks that
      strongly contribute to the overall light response of the developing retina.
      Interestingly, we found that gap junction coupling was modulated by spontaneous
      retinal waves, such that acute blockade of waves dramatically increased the
      extent of coupling and hence increased the number of light-responsive neurons.
      Moreover, using an optical sensor, we found that this wave-dependent modulation
      of coupling is driven by dopamine that is phasically released by retinal waves.
      Our results demonstrate that ipRGCs form gap junction microcircuits during
      development that are modulated by retinal waves; these circuits determine the
      extent of the light response and thus potentially impact the processing of early
      visual information and light-dependent developmental functions. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: Light-dependent functions in early development are mediated by
      intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Here we show that
      ipRGCs form an extensive gap junction network with other retinal neurons,
      including other ipRGCs, which shapes the retina's overall light response.
      Blocking cholinergic retinal waves, which are the primary source of neural
      activity before maturation of photoreceptors, increased the extent of ipRGC gap
      junction networks, thus increasing the number of light-responsive cells. We
      determined that this modulation of ipRGC gap junction networks occurs via
      dopamine released by waves. These results demonstrate that retinal waves mediate
      dopaminergic modulation of gap junction networks to regulate pre-vision light
      responses.

PMID- 27358449
TI  - Differential Excitation of Distally versus Proximally Targeting Cortical
      Interneurons by Unitary Thalamocortical Bursts.
AB  - Thalamocortical neurons relay sensory and motor information to the neocortex
      using both single spikes and bursts; bursts prevail during low-vigilance states
      but also occur during awake behavior. Bursts are suggested to provide an alerting
      signal to the cortex and enhance stimulus detection, but the synaptic mechanisms
      underlying these effects are not clear, because the postsynaptic responses of
      different subtypes of cortical neurons to unitary thalamocortical bursts are
      mostly unknown. Using optogenetically guided recordings in mouse thalamocortical
      slices, we achieved the first reported paired intracellular recordings from nine
      monosynaptically connected thalamic and cortical neurons, including principal
      cells and two subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, and compared between cortical
      responses to single thalamocortical spikes and bursts. In 18 additional cortical
      neurons, we elicited unitary burst responses optogenetically. Short-term dynamics
      and temporal summation of burst-evoked EPSPs were cell-type dependent: in
      principal cells and somatostatin-containing (SOM), but not fast-spiking (FS),
      interneurons, peak response during a burst was on average more than twofold
      larger than the response to the first spike. Thus, firing a burst instead of a
      single spike would more than double the probability of firing in postsynaptic
      excitatory neurons and in SOM, but not FS, interneurons. Consistent with this
      prediction, FS interneurons held near firing threshold fired most often on the
      first burst component, whereas SOM interneurons fired only on the second or later
      components. By increasing excitation of principal cells together with SOM
      mediated, distally directed inhibition, thalamocortical bursts could momentarily
      enhance the saliency of the ascending sensory stimulus over less urgent, top-down
      inputs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Thalamocortical neurons relay sensory and motor
      information to the cerebral cortex using both single spikes and high-frequency
      bursts, but the function of bursts is not fully understood. Using brain slices
      from mouse somatosensory thalamus and cortex, we achieved the first dual
      recordings of directly connected thalamic and cortical neurons and compared
      between cortical responses to single thalamic spikes and to bursts. We report
      that bursts enhanced the responses of excitatory neurons and of inhibitory
      interneurons that preferentially target dendrites. A potential consequence is
      that bursts will enhance the response to the immediate sensory event over
      responses to less urgent, modulatory inputs.

PMID- 27358450
TI  - The Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex Responds Preferentially to Social
      Interactions during Natural Viewing.
AB  - Humans display a strong tendency to make spontaneous inferences concerning the
      thoughts and intentions of others. Although this ability relies upon the
      concerted effort of multiple brain regions, the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex
      (DMPFC) is most closely associated with the ability to reason about other
      people's mental states and form impressions of their character. Here, we
      investigated this region's putative social category preference using fMRI as 34
      participants engaged in uninstructed viewing of a complex naturalistic stimulus.
      Using a data-driven "reverse correlation" approach, we characterize the DMPFC's
      stimulus response profile from ongoing neural responses to a dynamic movie
      stimulus. Results of this analysis demonstrate that the DMPFC's response profile
      is dominated by the presence of scenes involving social interactions between
      characters. Subsequent content analysis of video clips created from this response
      profile confirmed this finding. In contrast, regions of the inferotemporal and
      parietal cortex were selectively tuned to faces and actions, both features that
      often covary with social interaction but may be difficult to disentangle using
      standard event-related approaches. Together, these findings suggest that the
      DMPFC is finely tuned for processing social interaction above other categories
      and that this preference is maintained during unrestricted viewing of complex
      natural stimuli such as movies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Recently, studies have
      brought into question whether the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), a
      region long associated with social cognition, is specialized for the processing
      of social information. We examine the response profile of this region during
      natural viewing of a reasonably naturalistic stimulus (i.e., a Hollywood movie)
      using a data-driven reverse correlation technique. Our findings demonstrate that,
      during natural viewing, the DMPFC is strongly tuned to the social features of the
      stimulus above other categories. Moreover, this response differs from other areas
      with previously well characterized response profiles such as the lateral and
      medial fusiform gyrus. These findings suggest that this region's dominant
      function in everyday situations is to support reasoning about the thoughts and
      intentions of conspecifics.

PMID- 27358451
TI  - Enhanced Neuronal Activity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Social Approach
      Behavior.
AB  - Although the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to play a crucial role in
      rodent social behavior, little is known about mPFC neural correlates of social
      behavior. In the present study, we examined single-neuron activity in the mPFC of
      mice performing a modified version of the three-chamber test. We found that a
      subset of mPFC neurons elevate discharge rates when approaching a stranger mouse
      but not when approaching an inanimate object or an empty chamber. Our results
      reveal mPFC neural activity that is correlated with social approach behavior in a
      widely used social-interaction paradigm. These findings might be helpful for
      future investigations of mPFC neural processes underlying social interaction in
      health and disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the prefrontal cortex is
      known to play a crucial role in rodent social behavior, little is known about
      prefrontal neural correlates of social behavior. This study shows that the
      activity of a subset of prefrontal neurons increases in association with social
      approach behavior during a three-chamber test-a widely used behavioral paradigm.
      Such responses might be a signature of prefrontal neural processes underlying
      social approach behavior.

PMID- 27358452
TI  - Dynamic Modulation of Myelination in Response to Visual Stimuli Alters Optic
      Nerve Conduction Velocity.
AB  - Myelin controls the time required for an action potential to travel from the
      neuronal soma to the axon terminal, defining the temporal manner in which
      information is processed within the CNS. The presence of myelin, the internodal
      length, and the thickness of the myelin sheath are powerful structural factors
      that control the velocity and fidelity of action potential transmission. Emerging
      evidence indicates that myelination is sensitive to environmental experience and
      neuronal activity. Activity-dependent modulation of myelination can dynamically
      alter action potential conduction properties but direct functional in vivo
      evidence and characterization of the underlying myelin changes is lacking. We
      demonstrate that in mice long-term monocular deprivation increases
      oligodendrogenesis in the retinogeniculate pathway but shortens myelin internode
      lengths without affecting other structural properties of myelinated fibers. We
      also demonstrate that genetically attenuating synaptic glutamate
      neurotransmission from retinal ganglion cells phenocopies the changes observed
      after monocular deprivation, suggesting that glutamate may constitute a signal
      for myelin length regulation. Importantly, we demonstrate that visual deprivation
      and shortened internodes are associated with a significant reduction in nerve
      conduction velocity in the optic nerve. Our results reveal the importance of
      sensory input in the building of myelinated fibers and suggest that this activity
      dependent alteration of myelination is important for modifying the conductive
      properties of brain circuits in response to environmental experience.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Oligodendrocyte precursor cells differentiate into mature
      oligodendrocytes and are capable of ensheathing axons with myelin without
      molecular cues from neurons. However, this default myelination process can be
      modulated by changes in neuronal activity. Here, we show, for the first time,
      that experience-dependent activity modifies the length of myelin internodes along
      axons altering action potential conduction velocity. Such a mechanism would allow
      for variations in conduction velocities that provide a degree of plasticity in
      accordance to environmental needs. It will be important in future work to
      investigate how these changes in myelination and conduction velocity contribute
      to signal integration in postsynaptic neurons and circuit function.

PMID- 27358453
TI  - Gain in Body Fat Is Associated with Increased Striatal Response to Palatable Food
      Cues, whereas Body Fat Stability Is Associated with Decreased Striatal Response.
AB  - Cross-sectional brain-imaging studies reveal that obese versus lean humans show
      greater responsivity of reward and attention regions to palatable food cues, but
      lower responsivity of reward regions to palatable food receipt. However, these
      individual differences in responsivity may result from a period of overeating. We
      conducted a repeated-measures fMRI study to test whether healthy weight
      adolescent humans who gained body fat over a 2 or 3 year follow-up period show an
      increase in responsivity of reward and attention regions to a cue signaling
      impending milkshake receipt and a simultaneous decrease in responsivity of reward
      regions to milkshake receipt versus adolescents who showed stability of or loss
      of body fat. Adolescents who gained body fat, who largely remained in a healthy
      weight range, showed increases in activation in the putamen, mid-insula, Rolandic
      operculum, and precuneus to a cue signaling impending milkshake receipt versus
      those who showed stability of or loss of body fat, though these effects were
      partially driven by reductions in responsivity among the latter groups.
      Adolescents who gained body fat reported significantly greater milkshake wanting
      and milkshake pleasantness ratings at follow-up compared to those who lost body
      fat. Adolescents who gained body fat did not show a reduction in responsivity of
      reward regions to milkshake receipt or changes in responsivity to receipt and
      anticipated receipt of monetary reward. Data suggest that initiating a prolonged
      period of overeating may increase striatal responsivity to food cues, and that
      maintaining a balance between caloric intake and expenditure may reduce striatal,
      insular, and Rolandic operculum responsivity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This novel,
      repeated-measures brain-imaging study suggests that adolescents who gained body
      fat over our follow-up period experienced an increase in striatal responsivity to
      cues for palatable foods compared to those who showed stability of or loss of
      body fat. Results also imply that maintaining a balance between caloric intake
      and expenditure over time may reduce striatal, insular, and Rolandic operculum
      responsivity to food cues, which might decrease risk for future overeating.

PMID- 27358454
TI  - Collective Activity of Many Bistable Assemblies Reproduces Characteristic
      Dynamics of Multistable Perception.
AB  - The timing of perceptual decisions depends on both deterministic and stochastic
      factors, as the gradual accumulation of sensory evidence (deterministic) is
      contaminated by sensory and/or internal noise (stochastic). When human observers
      view multistable visual displays, successive episodes of stochastic accumulation
      culminate in repeated reversals of visual appearance. Treating reversal timing as
      a "first-passage time" problem, we ask how the observed timing densities
      constrain the underlying stochastic accumulation. Importantly, mean reversal
      times (i.e., deterministic factors) differ enormously between
      displays/observers/stimulation levels, whereas the variance and skewness of
      reversal times (i.e., stochastic factors) keep characteristic proportions of the
      mean. What sort of stochastic process could reproduce this highly consistent
      "scaling property?" Here we show that the collective activity of a finite
      population of bistable units (i.e., a generalized Ehrenfest process)
      quantitatively reproduces all aspects of the scaling property of multistable
      phenomena, in contrast to other processes under consideration (Poisson, Wiener,
      or Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process). The postulated units express the spontaneous
      dynamics of attractor assemblies transitioning between distinct activity states.
      Plausible candidates are cortical columns, or clusters of columns, as they are
      preferentially connected and spontaneously explore a restricted repertoire of
      activity states. Our findings suggests that perceptual representations are
      granular, probabilistic, and operate far from equilibrium, thereby offering a
      suitable substrate for statistical inference. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Spontaneous
      reversals of high-level perception, so-called multistable perception, conform to
      highly consistent and characteristic statistics, constraining plausible neural
      representations. We show that the observed perceptual dynamics would be
      reproduced quantitatively by a finite population of distinct neural assemblies,
      each with locally bistable activity, operating far from the collective
      equilibrium (generalized Ehrenfest process). Such a representation would be
      consistent with the intrinsic stochastic dynamics of neocortical activity, which
      is dominated by preferentially connected assemblies, such as cortical columns or
      clusters of columns. We predict that local neuron assemblies will express
      bistable dynamics, with spontaneous active-inactive transitions, whenever they
      contribute to high-level perception.

PMID- 27358455
TI  - Effect of Rhodopsin Phosphorylation on Dark Adaptation in Mouse Rods.
AB  - Rhodopsin is a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is activated
      when its 11-cis-retinal moiety is photoisomerized to all-trans retinal. This step
      initiates a cascade of reactions by which rods signal changes in light intensity.
      Like other GPCRs, rhodopsin is deactivated through receptor phosphorylation and
      arrestin binding. Full recovery of receptor sensitivity is then achieved when
      rhodopsin is regenerated through a series of steps that return the receptor to
      its ground state. Here, we show that dephosphorylation of the opsin moiety of
      rhodopsin is an extremely slow but requisite step in the restoration of the
      visual pigment to its ground state. We make use of a novel observation: isolated
      mouse retinae kept in standard media for routine physiologic recordings display
      blunted dephosphorylation of rhodopsin. Isoelectric focusing followed by Western
      blot analysis of bleached isolated retinae showed little dephosphorylation of
      rhodopsin for up to 4 h in darkness, even under conditions when rhodopsin was
      completely regenerated. Microspectrophotometeric determinations of rhodopsin
      spectra show that regenerated phospho-rhodopsin has the same molecular
      photosensitivity as unphosphorylated rhodopsin and that flash responses measured
      by trans-retinal electroretinogram or single-cell suction electrode recording
      displayed dark-adapted kinetics. Single quantal responses displayed normal dark
      adapted kinetics, but rods were only half as sensitive as those containing
      exclusively unphosphorylated rhodopsin. We propose a model in which light-exposed
      retinae contain a mixed population of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated
      rhodopsin. Moreover, complete dark adaptation can only occur when all rhodopsin
      has been dephosphorylated, a process that requires >3 h in complete darkness.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the
      largest superfamily of proteins that compose ~4% of the mammalian genome whose
      members share a common membrane topology. Signaling by GPCRs regulate a wide
      variety of physiological processes, including taste, smell, hearing, vision, and
      cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive homeostasis. An important feature of
      GPCR signaling is its timely termination. This normally occurs when, after their
      activation, GPCRs are rapidly phosphorylated by specific receptor kinases and
      subsequently bound by cognate arrestins. Recovery of receptor sensitivity to the
      ground state then requires dephosphorylation of the receptor and unbinding of
      arrestin, processes that are poorly understood. Here we investigate in mouse rod
      photoreceptors the relationship between rhodopsin dephosphorylation and recovery
      of visual sensitivity.

PMID- 27358456
TI  - The Motor Cortex Is Involved in the Generation of Classically Conditioned Eyelid
      Responses in Behaving Rabbits.
AB  - Classical blink conditioning is a well known model for studying neural generation
      of acquired motor responses. The acquisition of this type of associative learning
      has been related to many cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar structures.
      However, until now, no one has studied the motor cortex (MC) and its possible
      role in classical eyeblink conditioning. We recorded in rabbits the activity of
      MC neurons during blink conditioning using a delay paradigm. Neurons were
      identified by their antidromic activation from facial nucleus (FN) or red nucleus
      (RN). For conditioning, we used a tone as a conditioned stimulus (CS) followed by
      an air puff as an unconditioned stimulus (US) that coterminated with it.
      Conditioned responses (CRs) were determined from the electromyographic activity
      of the orbicularis oculi muscle and/or from eyelid position recorded with the
      search coil technique. Type A neurons increased their discharge rates across
      conditioning sessions and reached peak firing during the CS-US interval, while
      type B cells presented a second peak during US presentation. Both of them project
      to the FN. Type C cells increased their firing across the CS-US interval,
      reaching peak values at the time of US presentation, and were activated from the
      RN. These three types of neurons fired well in advance of the beginning of CRs
      and changed with them. Reversible inactivation of the MC during conditioning
      evoked a decrease in learning curves and in the amplitude of CRs, while train
      stimulation of the MC simulated the profile and kinematics of conditioned blinks.
      In conclusion, MC neurons are involved in the acquisition and expression of CRs.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Classical blink conditioning is a popular experimental
      model for studying neural mechanisms underlying the acquisition of motor skills.
      The acquisition of this type of associative learning has been related to many
      cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar structures. However, until now, no one has
      studied the motor cortex (MC) and its possible role in classical eyeblink
      conditioning. Here, we report that the firing activities of MC neurons, recorded
      in behaving rabbits, are related to and preceded the initiation of conditioned
      blinks. MC neurons were identified as projecting to the red or facial nuclei and
      encoded the kinematics of conditioned eyelid responses. The timed stimulation of
      recording sites simulated the profile of conditioned blinks. MC neurons play a
      role in the acquisition and expression of these acquired motor responses.

PMID- 27358457
TI  - Tight Coupling of Astrocyte pH Dynamics to Epileptiform Activity Revealed by
      Genetically Encoded pH Sensors.
AB  - Astrocytes can both sense and shape the evolution of neuronal network activity
      and are known to possess unique ion regulatory mechanisms. Here we explore the
      relationship between astrocytic intracellular pH dynamics and the synchronous
      network activity that occurs during seizure-like activity. By combining confocal
      and two-photon imaging of genetically encoded pH reporters with simultaneous
      electrophysiological recordings, we perform pH measurements in defined cell
      populations and relate these to ongoing network activity. This approach reveals
      marked differences in the intracellular pH dynamics between hippocampal
      astrocytes and neighboring pyramidal neurons in rodent in vitro models of
      epilepsy. With three different genetically encoded pH reporters, astrocytes are
      observed to alkalinize during epileptiform activity, whereas neurons are observed
      to acidify. In addition to the direction of pH change, the kinetics of
      epileptiform-associated intracellular pH transients are found to differ between
      the two cell types, with astrocytes displaying significantly more rapid changes
      in pH. The astrocytic alkalinization is shown to be highly correlated with
      astrocytic membrane potential changes during seizure-like events and mediated by
      an electrogenic Na(+)/HCO3 (-) cotransporter. Finally, comparisons across
      different cell-pair combinations reveal that astrocytic pH dynamics are more
      closely related to network activity than are neuronal pH dynamics. This work
      demonstrates that astrocytes exhibit distinct pH dynamics during periods of
      epileptiform activity, which has relevance to multiple processes including
      neurometabolic coupling and the control of network excitability. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: Dynamic changes in intracellular ion concentrations are central to the
      initiation and progression of epileptic seizures. However, it is not known how
      changes in intracellular H(+) concentration (ie, pH) differ between different
      cell types during seizures. Using recently developed pH-sensitive proteins, we
      demonstrate that astrocytes undergo rapid alkalinization during periods of
      seizure-like activity, which is in stark contrast to the acidification that
      occurs in neighboring neurons. Rapid astrocytic pH changes are highly temporally
      correlated with seizure activity, are mediated by an electrogenic Na(+)/HCO3-
      cotransporter, and are more tightly coupled to network activity than are neuronal
      pH changes. As pH has profound effects on signaling in the nervous system, this
      work has implications for our understanding of seizure dynamics.

PMID- 27358458
TI  - Kif1B Interacts with KBP to Promote Axon Elongation by Localizing a Microtubule
      Regulator to Growth Cones.
AB  - Delivery of proteins and organelles to the growth cone during axon extension
      relies on anterograde transport by kinesin motors. Though critical for neural
      circuit development, the mechanisms of cargo-specific anterograde transport
      during axon extension are only starting to be explored. Cargos of particular
      importance for axon outgrowth are microtubule modifiers, such as SCG10 (Stathmin
      2). SCG10 is expressed solely during axon extension, localized to growth cones,
      and essential for axon outgrowth; however, the mechanisms of SCG10 transport and
      activity were still debated. Using zebrafish mutants and in vivo imaging, we
      identified the Kif1B motor and its interactor Kif1 binding protein (KBP) as
      critical for SCG10 transport to axon growth cones and complete axon extension.
      Axon truncation in kbp(st23) mutants can be suppressed by SCG10 overexpression,
      confirming the direct relationship between decreased SCG10 levels and failed axon
      outgrowth. Live imaging revealed that the reduced levels of SCG10 in kbp(st23)
      mutant growth cones led to altered microtubule stability, defining the
      mechanistic basis of axon truncation. Thus, our data reveal a novel role for the
      Kif1B-KBP complex in the anterograde transport of SCG10, which is necessary for
      proper microtubule dynamics and subsequent axon extension. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: Together, our data define the mechanistic underpinnings of failed axon
      outgrowth with loss of KBP or its associated motor, Kif1B. In addition, we
      provide conclusive evidence that this defect results from disruption of
      anterograde transport of SCG10. This is one of the first examples of a motor to
      be implicated in the essential transport of a discreet cargo necessary for axon
      extension. In addition, counter to previous in vitro and cell culture results,
      neither loss of the Kif1B motor nor KBP resulted in inhibition of mitochondrial
      transport. Altogether, our work links transport of SCG10 to the regulation of
      microtubule dynamics in the axon growth cone and enhances our understanding of
      this process during axon outgrowth.

PMID- 27358459
TI  - Lasting Adaptations in Social Behavior Produced by Social Disruption and
      Inhibition of Adult Neurogenesis.
AB  - Research on social instability has focused on its detrimental consequences, but
      most people are resilient and respond by invoking various coping strategies. To
      investigate cellular processes underlying such strategies, a dominance hierarchy
      of rats was formed and then destabilized. Regardless of social position, rats
      from disrupted hierarchies had fewer new neurons in the hippocampus compared with
      rats from control cages and those from stable hierarchies. Social disruption
      produced a preference for familiar over novel conspecifics, a change that did not
      involve global memory impairments or increased anxiety. Using the neuropeptide
      oxytocin as a tool to increase neurogenesis in the hippocampus of disrupted rats
      restored preference for novel conspecifics to predisruption levels. Conversely,
      reducing the number of new neurons by limited inhibition of adult neurogenesis in
      naive transgenic GFAP-thymidine kinase rats resulted in social behavior similar
      to disrupted rats. Together, these results provide novel mechanistic evidence
      that social disruption shapes behavior in a potentially adaptive way, possibly by
      reducing adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To
      investigate cellular processes underlying adaptation to social instability, a
      dominance hierarchy of rats was formed and then destabilized. Regardless of
      social position, rats from disrupted hierarchies had fewer new neurons in the
      hippocampus compared with rats from control cages and those from stable
      hierarchies. Unexpectedly, these changes were accompanied by changes in social
      strategies without evidence of impairments in cognition or anxiety regulation.
      Restoring adult neurogenesis in disrupted rats using oxytocin and conditionally
      suppressing the production of new neurons in socially naive GFAP-thymidine kinase
      rats showed that loss of 6-week-old neurons may be responsible for adaptive
      changes in social behavior.

PMID- 27358460
TI  - Developmental Switch in Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity and Cannabinoid
      Dependent Reorganization of the Thalamocortical Projection in the Barrel Cortex.
AB  - The formation and refinement of thalamocortical axons (TCAs) is an activity
      dependent process (Katz and Shatz, 1996), but its mechanism and nature of
      activity are elusive. We studied the role of spike timing-dependent plasticity
      (STDP) in TCA formation and refinement in mice. At birth (postnatal day 0, P0),
      TCAs invade the cortical plate, from which layers 4 (L4) and L2/3 differentiate
      at P3-P4. A portion of TCAs transiently reach toward the pia surface around P2-P4
      (Senft and Woolsey, 1991; Rebsam et al., 2002) but are eventually confined below
      the border between L2/3 and L4. We previously showed that L4-L2/3 synapses
      exhibit STDP with only potentiation (timing-dependent long-term potentiation [t
      LTP]) during synapse formation, then switch to a Hebbian form of STDP. Here we
      show that TCA-cortical plate synapses exhibit robust t-LTP in neonates, whose
      magnitude decreased gradually after P4-P5. After L2/3 is differentiated, TCA-L2/3
      gradually switched to STDP with only depression (t-LTD) after P7-P8, whereas TCA
      L4 lost STDP. t-LTP was dependent on NMDA receptor and PKA, whereas t-LTD was
      mediated by Type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) probably located at TCA
      terminals, revealed by global and cortical excitatory cell-specific knock-out of
      CB1R. Moreover, we found that administration of CB1R agonists, including Delta(9)
      tetrahydrocannabinol, caused substantial retraction of TCAs. Consistent with
      this, individual thalamocortical axons exuberantly innervated L2/3 at P12 in CB1R
      knock-outs, indicating that endogenous cannabinoid signaling shapes TCA
      projection. These results suggest that the developmental switch in STDP and
      associated appearance of CB1R play important roles in the formation and
      refinement of TCAs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: It has been shown that neural
      activity is required for initial synapse formation of thalamocortical axons with
      cortical cells, but precisely what sort of activities in presynaptic and
      postsynaptic cells are required is not yet clear. In addition, how activity is
      further translated into structural changes is unclear. We show here that the
      period during which spike timing-dependent long-term potentiation and depression
      (t-LTP, t-LTD) can be induced closely matches the time course of synapse
      formation and retraction, respectively, at the thalamocortical synapse. Moreover,
      administration of cannabinoid agonists, which mimic t-LTD, caused TCA retraction,
      suggesting that cannabinoids translate physiological changes into morphological
      consequences.

PMID- 27358462
TI  - Implications of Lateral Cerebellum in Proactive Control of Saccades.
AB  - Although several lines of evidence establish the involvement of the medial and
      vestibular parts of the cerebellum in the adaptive control of eye movements, the
      role of the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum in eye movements remains
      unclear. Ascending projections from the lateral cerebellum to the frontal and
      parietal association cortices via the thalamus are consistent with a role of
      these pathways in higher-order oculomotor control. In support of this, previous
      functional imaging studies and recent analyses in subjects with cerebellar
      lesions have indicated a role for the lateral cerebellum in volitional eye
      movements such as anti-saccades. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we
      recorded from single neurons in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in monkeys
      performing anti-saccade/pro-saccade tasks. We found that neurons in the posterior
      part of the dentate nucleus showed higher firing rates during the preparation of
      anti-saccades compared with pro-saccades. When the animals made erroneous
      saccades to the visual stimuli in the anti-saccade trials, the firing rate during
      the preparatory period decreased. Furthermore, local inactivation of the
      recording sites with muscimol moderately increased the proportion of error
      trials, while successful anti-saccades were more variable and often had shorter
      latency during inactivation. Thus, our results show that neuronal activity in the
      cerebellar dentate nucleus causally regulates anti-saccade performance. Neuronal
      signals from the lateral cerebellum to the frontal cortex might modulate the
      proactive control signals in the corticobasal ganglia circuitry that inhibit
      early reactive responses and possibly optimize the speed and accuracy of anti
      saccades. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the lateral cerebellum is
      interconnected with the cortical eye fields via the thalamus and the pons, its
      role in eye movements remains unclear. We found that neurons in the caudal part
      of the lateral (dentate) nucleus of the cerebellum showed the increased firing
      rate during the preparation of anti-saccades. Inactivation of the recording sites
      modestly elevated the rate of erroneous saccades to the visual stimuli in the
      anti-saccade trials, while successful anti-saccades during inactivation tended to
      have a shorter latency. Our data indicate that neuronal signals in the lateral
      cerebellum may proactively regulate anti-saccade generation through the pathways
      to the frontal cortex, and may inhibit early reactive responses and regulate the
      accuracy of anti-saccades.

PMID- 27358461
TI  - Poststroke Induction of alpha-Synuclein Mediates Ischemic Brain Damage.
AB  - alpha-Synuclein (alpha-Syn), one of the most abundant proteins in the CNS, is
      known to be a major player in the neurodegeneration observed in Parkinson's
      disease. We currently report that transient focal ischemia upregulates alpha-Syn
      protein expression and nuclear translocation in neurons of the adult rodent
      brain. We further show that knockdown or knock-out of alpha-Syn significantly
      decreases the infarction and promotes better neurological recovery in rodents
      subjected to focal ischemia. Furthermore, alpha-Syn knockdown significantly
      reduced postischemic induction of phospho-Drp1, 3-nitrotyrosine, cleaved caspase
      3, and LC-3 II/I, indicating its role in modulating mitochondrial fragmentation,
      oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy, which are known to mediate poststroke
      neuronal death. Transient focal ischemia also significantly upregulated serine
      129 (S129) phosphorylation (palpha-Syn) of alpha-Syn and nuclear translocation of
      palpha-Syn. Furthermore, knock-out mice that lack PLK2 (the predominant kinase
      that mediates S129 phosphorylation) showed better functional recovery and smaller
      infarcts when subjected to transient focal ischemia, indicating a detrimental
      role of S129 phosphorylation of alpha-Syn. In conclusion, our studies indicate
      that alpha-Syn is a potential therapeutic target to minimize poststroke brain
      damage. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein (alpha
      Syn) has been known to cause Parkinson's disease and other chronic
      synucleinopathies. However, even though alpha-Syn is linked to pathophysiological
      mechanisms similar to those that produce acute neurodenegerative disorders, such
      as stroke, the role of alpha-Syn in such disorder is not clear. We presently
      studied whether alpha-Syn mediates poststroke brain damage and more importantly
      whether preventing alpha-Syn expression is neuroprotective and leads to better
      physiological and functional outcome after stroke. Our study indicates that alpha
      Syn is a potential therapeutic target for stroke therapy.

PMID- 27358463
TI  - Stimulation of Bovine Whole-Blood Samples Cultured in Media Supplemented with
      Recombinant Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-12 Extends the Life Span of the Gamma
      Interferon Assay To Detect Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle.
AB  - The gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) assay is widely used to measure cell-mediated
      immune (CMI) response for the early detection of tuberculosis infection.
      Processing whole-blood samples for CMI-based diagnostics is time sensitive and
      usually must occur within 8 h of collection to ensure optimal assay performance.
      In this study, we developed and tested a modified protocol, in which whole-blood
      samples from Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle were diluted 1:1 in RPMI medium
      containing 0.3% fetal bovine serum (FBS) added or not to recombinant mouse
      interleukin-7 (rmIL-7) or rmIL-12, alone or in combination, and stored at 4
      degrees C. At 3 and 6 days postcollection, the diluted blood samples were
      adjusted to 10% FBS, dispensed into culture trays, stimulated with a bovine
      purified protein derivative from M. bovis, and incubated at 37 degrees C in 5%
      CO2 in air. Plasma was removed and assayed for an IFN-gamma response using bovine
      IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Bovigam). The results were
      then compared with those obtained from the conventional procedure. The IFN-gamma
      responses of the samples stored up to 6 days postcollection in the supplemented
      RPMI medium were similar to those observed in the samples processed within 8 h
      after sampling, indicating that lymphocyte vitality and response were preserved.
      The addition of rmIL-7 and rmIL-12, alone or in combination, to culture medium
      can enhance lymphocyte survival and thus extends the time limit within which the
      IFN-gamma assay can be applied as a diagnostic tool in bovine tuberculosis
      surveillance and eradication.

PMID- 27358464
TI  - Multicenter Evaluation of the Solana Group A Streptococcus Assay: Comparison with
      Culture.
AB  - We compared group A Streptococcus (GAS) culture with a rapid helicase-dependent
      amplification (HDA) method using 1,082 throat swab specimens. The HDA method
      demonstrated 98.2% sensitivity and 97.2% specificity. GAS prevalence by culture
      was 20.7%, and it was 22.6% using the HDA method. In 35 min, the HDA method
      provided rapid, sensitive GAS detection, making culture confirmation unnecessary.

PMID- 27358465
TI  - Whole-Genome Sequencing Elucidates Epidemiology of Nosocomial Clusters of
      Acinetobacter baumannii.
AB  - We characterized two epidemiologically similar Acinetobacter baumannii clusters
      from two separate intensive care units (ICU) using core genome multilocus
      sequence typing. Clonal spread was confirmed in ICU-1 (12 of 14 isolates shared
      genotypes); in ICU-2, all genotypes (13 isolates) were diverse, thus excluding
      transmissions and enabling adequate infection control measures.

PMID- 27358466
TI  - Development of a Real-Time PCR Protocol Requiring Minimal Handling for Detection
      of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci with the Fully Automated BD Max System.
AB  - Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are an important cause of health care
      associated infections, resulting in significant mortality and a significant
      economic burden in hospitals. Active surveillance for at-risk populations
      contributes to the prevention of infections with VRE. The availability of a
      combination of automation and molecular detection procedures for rapid screening
      would be beneficial. Here, we report on the development of a laboratory-developed
      PCR for detection of VRE which runs on the fully automated Becton Dickinson (BD)
      Max platform, which combines DNA extraction, PCR setup, and real-time PCR
      amplification. We evaluated two protocols: one using a liquid master mix and the
      other employing commercially ordered dry-down reagents. The BD Max VRE PCR was
      evaluated in two rounds with 86 and 61 rectal elution swab (eSwab) samples, and
      the results were compared to the culture results. The sensitivities of the
      different PCR formats were 84 to 100% for vanA and 83.7 to 100% for vanB;
      specificities were 96.8 to 100% for vanA and 81.8 to 97% for vanB The use of dry
      down reagents and the ExK DNA-2 kit for extraction showed that the samples were
      less inhibited (3.3%) than they were by the use of the liquid master mix (14.8%).
      Adoption of a cutoff threshold cycle of 35 for discrimination of vanB-positive
      samples allowed an increase of specificity to 87.9%. The performance of the BD
      Max VRE assay equaled that of the BD GeneOhm VanR assay, which was run in
      parallel. The use of dry-down reagents simplifies the assay and omits any need to
      handle liquid PCR reagents.

PMID- 27358467
TI  - Newly Identified Enterovirus C Genotypes, Identified in the Netherlands through
      Routine Sequencing of All Enteroviruses Detected in Clinical Materials from 2008
      to 2015.
AB  - Enteroviruses (EVs) are a group of human and animal viruses that are capable of
      causing a variety of clinical syndromes. Different genotypes classified into
      species can be distinguished on the basis of sequence divergence in the VP1
      capsid-coding region. Apparently new genotypes are discovered regularly, often as
      incidental findings in studies investigating respiratory syndromes or as part of
      poliovirus surveillance. Recently, some EVs have become recognized as significant
      respiratory pathogens, and a number of new genotypes belonging to species C have
      been identified. The circulation of these newly identified species C EVs, such as
      EV-C104, EV-C105, EV-C109, and EV-C117, nevertheless appears to be limited. In
      this report, we show the results of routine genotyping of all enteroviruses
      detected in our tertiary care hospital between January 2008 and April 2015. We
      detected 365 EVs belonging to 40 genotypes. Interestingly, several newly
      identified species C EVs were detected during the study period. Sequencing of the
      5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of these viruses shows divergence in this region,
      which is a target region in many detection assays.

PMID- 27358468
TI  - Evaluation of Elecsys Syphilis Assay for Routine and Blood Screening and
      Detection of Early Infection.
AB  - Treponema pallidum infections can have severe complications if not diagnosed and
      treated at an early stage. Screening and diagnosis of syphilis require assays
      with high specificity and sensitivity. The Elecsys Syphilis assay is an automated
      treponemal immunoassay for the detection of antibodies against T. pallidum The
      performance of this assay was investigated previously in a multicenter study. The
      current study expands on that evaluation in a variety of diagnostic settings and
      patient populations, at seven independent laboratories. The samples included
      routine diagnostic samples, blood donation samples, samples from patients with
      confirmed HIV infections, samples from living organ or bone marrow donors, and
      banked samples, including samples previously confirmed as syphilis positive. This
      study also investigated the seroconversion sensitivity of the assay. With a total
      of 1,965 syphilis-negative routine diagnostic samples and 5,792 syphilis-negative
      samples collected from blood donations, the Elecsys Syphilis assay had
      specificity values of 99.85% and 99.86%, respectively. With 333 samples
      previously identified as syphilis positive, the sensitivity was 100% regardless
      of disease stage. The assay also showed 100% sensitivity and specificity with
      samples from 69 patients coinfected with HIV. The Elecsys Syphilis assay detected
      infection in the same bleed or earlier, compared with comparator assays, in a set
      of sequential samples from a patient with primary syphilis. In archived serial
      blood samples collected from 14 patients with direct diagnoses of primary
      syphilis, the Elecsys Syphilis assay detected T. pallidum antibodies for 3
      patients for whom antibodies were not detected with the Architect Syphilis TP
      assay, indicating a trend for earlier detection of infection, which may have the
      potential to shorten the time between infection and reactive screening test
      results.

PMID- 27358469
TI  - Colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and associated
      factors among nurses with occupational skin diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of colonisation with methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), associated factors and the effectiveness of
      decolonisation procedures among nurses with occupational skin diseases (OSD).
      METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study, the medical records of 319 nurses from
      Germany who were screened consecutively for MRSA when participating in a tertiary
      individual prevention programme (TIP) for severe OSD between July 2009 and
      December 2014 were evaluated. RESULTS: 90.3% of nurses with severe OSD suffered
      from hand eczema. 43 were colonised with MRSA on admission (13.5%), mainly in the
      nose (n=35, 81.4%). However, the hands were affected in more than half of the
      MRSA carriers (n=24, 55.8%). Risk factors for MRSA colonisation were atopic skin
      diathesis (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.92, p=0.049) and presence of atopic
      dermatitis on other body parts than the hands (OR 4.33, 95% CI 2.23 to 8.43,
      p<0.001). Hand eczema was significantly more severe in MRSA carriers than in non
      carriers (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.37, p<0.001) and showed a higher prevalence
      of vesicles, erosions or fissures. MRSA eradication was successful in 67.4% after
      the first attempt. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses with OSD have a twofold to threefold
      higher prevalence of MRSA colonisation than what has been reported for point
      prevalence screenings among healthcare workers in Germany. Atopic skin diathesis,
      atopic dermatitis and severe hand eczema are the main risk factors. Thus,
      prevention and treatment of OSD could be important elements in reduction of
      colonisation with MRSA among nurses and transmission to others.

PMID- 27358470
TI  - Bioenergetic and volume regulatory effects of mitoKATP channel modulators protect
      against hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
AB  - The mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) (mitoKATP) channel plays a significant role
      in mitochondrial physiology and protects against ischemic reperfusion injury in
      mammals. Although fish frequently face oxygen fluctuations in their environment,
      the role of the mitoKATP channel in regulating the responses to oxygen stress is
      rarely investigated in this class of animals. To elucidate whether and how the
      mitoKATP channel protects against hypoxia-reoxygenation (H-R)-induced
      mitochondrial dysfunction in fish, we first determined the mitochondrial
      bioenergetic effects of two key modulators of the channel, diazoxide and 5
      hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), using a wide range of doses. Subsequently, the effects
      of low and high doses of the modulators on mitochondrial bioenergetics and volume
      under normoxia and after H-R using buffers with and without magnesium and ATP (Mg
      ATP) were tested. In the absence of Mg-ATP (mitoKATP channel open), both low and
      high doses of diazoxide improved mitochondrial coupling, but only the high dose
      of 5-HD reversed the post-H-R coupling-enhancing effect of diazoxide. In the
      presence of Mg-ATP (mitoKATP channel closed), diazoxide at the low dose improved
      coupling post-H-R, and this effect was abolished by 5-HD at the low dose.
      Interestingly, both low and high doses of diazoxide reversed H-R-induced swelling
      under mitoKATP channel open conditions, but this effect was not sensitive to 5
      HD. Under mitoKATP channel closed conditions, diazoxide at the low dose protected
      the mitochondria from H-R-induced swelling and 5-HD at the low dose reversed this
      effect. In contrast, diazoxide at the high dose failed to reduce the swelling
      caused by H-R, and the addition of the high dose of 5-HD enhanced mitochondrial
      swelling. Overall, our study showed that in the presence of Mg-ATP, both opening
      of mitoKATP channels and bioenergetic effects of diazoxide were protective
      against H-R in fish mitochondria, while in the absence of Mg-ATP only the
      bioenergetic effect of diazoxide was protective.

PMID- 27358471
TI  - The orphan pentameric ligand-gated ion channel pHCl-2 is gated by pH and
      regulates fluid secretion in Drosophila Malpighian tubules.
AB  - Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) constitute a large protein
      superfamily in metazoa whose role as neurotransmitter receptors mediating rapid,
      ionotropic synaptic transmission has been extensively studied. Although the vast
      majority of pLGICs appear to be neurotransmitter receptors, the identification of
      pLGICs in non-neuronal tissues and homologous pLGIC-like proteins in prokaryotes
      points to biological functions, possibly ancestral, that are independent of
      neuronal signalling. Here, we report the molecular and physiological
      characterization of a highly divergent, orphan pLGIC subunit encoded by the pHCl
      2 (CG11340) gene, in Drosophila melanogaster We show that pHCl-2 forms a channel
      that is insensitive to a wide array of neurotransmitters, but is instead gated by
      changes in extracellular pH. pHCl-2 is expressed in the Malpighian tubules, which
      are non-innervated renal-type secretory tissues. We demonstrate that pHCl-2 is
      localized to the apical membrane of the epithelial principal cells of the tubules
      and that loss of pHCl-2 reduces urine production during diuresis. Our data
      implicate pHCl-2 as an important source of chloride conductance required for
      proper urine production, highlighting a novel role for pLGICs in epithelial
      tissues regulating fluid secretion and osmotic homeostasis.

PMID- 27358472
TI  - Patterns of variation in feeding strike kinematics of juvenile ghost praying
      mantis (Phyllocrania paradoxa): are components of the strike stereotypic?
AB  - Functional systems, such as feeding mechanics, often involve the evolution of
      several components of the musculoskeletal system that are moved in coordination
      to capture prey. Because these systems often involve the quick movement of
      several structures, some feeding systems have been hypothesized to be
      stereotypic. While the motor activity patterns are often stereotyped, the
      subsequent kinematics can be variable, many times in response to variation in
      prey stimulus (e.g. prey position). Patterns of feeding kinematics have been well
      studied among vertebrates, with less attention on invertebrate systems. The goal
      of this study was to examine the amount of stereotypy in the feeding strike
      kinematics of praying mantises. We filmed eight juvenile ghost praying mantises
      (Phyllocrania paradoxa) at 1000 Hz across several days within instar 7. We
      digitized several points that represent the movement of the coxa, trochanter
      femur and tibia of the raptorial foreleg to obtain a set of kinematics including
      angles and angular velocities of the joint, as well as body lunge. Using the
      coefficient of variation, we found less stereotypy in the approach stage of the
      strike compared with the sweep. Using Bonferroni-corrected Pearson's correlations
      of kinematics with prey position, we found few traits related to prey position
      with the exception of some kinematics of the coxa joint and the amount of lunge
      used during the strike. Our results suggest that several components of the
      praying mantis strike are stereotypic, while others exhibit flexibility to ensure
      successful capture of the prey.

PMID- 27358473
TI  - Pediatric Resident Workload Intensity and Variability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research on resident workloads has focused primarily on the quantity
      of hours worked, rather than the content of those hours or the variability among
      residents. We hypothesize that there are statistically significant variations in
      resident workloads and better understanding of workload intensity could improve
      resident education. METHODS: The Stanford Children's Health research database was
      queried for all electronic notes and orders written by pediatric residents from
      June 2012 to March 2014. The dataset was narrowed to ensure an accurate
      comparison among residents. A survey was used to determine residents' self
      perceived workload intensity. Variability of total notes written and orders
      entered was analyzed by chi(2) test and a Monte Carlo simulation. Linear
      regression was used to analyze the correlation between note-writing and order
      entry workload intensity. RESULTS: A total of 20 280 notes and 112 214 orders
      were written by 26 pediatric interns during 6 core rotations between June 2012
      and June 2013. Both order-entry and note-writing workload intensity showed highly
      significant (P < .001) variability among residents. "High workload" residents,
      defined as the top quartile of total workload intensity, wrote 91% more orders
      and 19% more notes than "low workload" residents in the bottom quartile.
      Statistically significant correlation was observed between note-writing and order
      entry workload intensity (R(2) = 0.22; P = .02). There was no significant
      correlation between residents' self-perceived workload intensity and their
      objective workload. CONCLUSIONS: Significant variations in workload exist among
      pediatric residents. This may contribute to heterogeneous educational
      opportunities, physician wellness, and quality of patient care.

PMID- 27358474
TI  - Characteristics of Children and Adolescents With Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric
      multiple sclerosis (MS) in the United States. METHODS: This prospective
      observational study included children and adolescents with MS. Cases were
      evaluated across 9 geographically diverse sites as part of the US Network of
      Pediatric MS Centers. RESULTS: A total of 490 children and adolescents (324
      girls, 166 boys) were enrolled; 28% developed symptoms before 12 years of age.
      The proportion of girls increased with age from 58% (<12 years) to 70% (>=12
      years). Race and ethnicity as self-identified were: white, 67%; African American,
      21%; and non-Hispanic, 70%. Most (94%) of the cases were born in the United
      States, and 39% had 1 or both foreign-born parents. Fifty-five percent of cases
      had a monofocal presentation; 31% had a prodrome (most frequently infectious),
      most often among those aged <12 years (P < .001). Children aged <12 years
      presented more commonly with encephalopathy and coordination problems (P < .001).
      Sensory symptoms were more frequently reported by older children (ie, those aged
      >=12 years) (P < .001); 78% of girls had MS onset postmenarche. The initial
      Expanded Disability Status Scale score for the group was <3.0, and the annualized
      relapse rate was 0.647 for the first 2 years. Interval from symptom onset to
      diagnosis and from diagnosis to initiation of disease-modifying therapy was
      longer among those <12 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric MS in the United
      States is characterized by racial and ethnic diversity, a high proportion of
      children with foreign-born parents, and differences in clinical features and
      timing of treatment among those <12 years of age compared with older children.

PMID- 27358475
TI  - Parental Country of Birth and Childhood Vaccination Uptake in Washington State.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Underimmunization of certain immigrant populations can place them at
      high risk of experiencing vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. METHODS: We
      conducted a retrospective cohort study between January 1, 2008, and May 1, 2013,
      among children included in the Washington State Immunization Information System.
      We assessed receipt of 1 or more doses of measles-containing, hepatitis A,
      pneumococcal, and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-containing vaccines
      between 12 and 23 months of age. We compared children with 1 or more parents born
      in Somalia, Ukraine, Russia, Mexico, or India to children with 2 parents born in
      the United States. Poisson regression models with robust SEs were used to provide
      prevalence ratios adjusted for maternal education and number of prenatal visits.
      RESULTS: We identified 277 098 children, including 65 466 with foreign-born
      parents. Children of Somali-born parents were less likely to be immunized against
      measles than children of US-born parents (prevalence ratio: 0.82; 95% confidence
      interval: 0.80-0.84); this decrease became more pronounced over time (P < .01).
      No such disparity between these groups was observed with other vaccines. Compared
      with children of US-born parents, children of Ukrainian-born and Russian-born
      parents were less likely to be immunized, whereas children of Mexican-born and
      Indian-born parents were more likely to be immunized with any of the specified
      vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: We found country-specific patterns of immunization that
      may reflect underlying cultural or other beliefs. Certain immigrant communities
      with higher rates of immunization refusal may be at risk for vaccine-preventable
      diseases and require new forms of public health outreach.

PMID- 27358476
TI  - Self-Fertilization and the Role of Males in Populations of Tadpole Shrimp
      (Branchiopoda: Notostraca: Triops).
AB  - Self-fertilization has both negative and positive fitness effects on species
      evolution. Selfing can increase inbreeding depression, thereby decreasing genetic
      diversity. In contrast, self-fertilization can preserve beneficial gene
      combinations and facilitate colonization success. Within the class of crustaceans
      Branchiopoda, selfing is a primary reproductive mode. Some species of Triops, in
      the family Notostraca, are a few of the animal species thought to have a mixed
      mating system between hermaphrodites and males termed androdioecy. The objective
      of this study is to validate the reproductive mode utilized by Triops newberryi
      in southern New Mexico by the use of progeny arrays and population simulations.
      Individuals were reared in the lab from dried soil collected from temporary ponds
      inhabited by T. newberryi The adults reared and the encysted embryos contained
      within their brood pouches were genotyped using 7 T. newberryi specific
      microsatellite markers to determine the relatedness between parent and offspring.
      Overall microsatellite diversity was low with few heterozygous individuals and
      limited polymorphisms. Simulated populations and allele segregation analysis
      suggest hermaphroditism is the primary reproductive mode for T. newberryi In
      addition, based on the offspring's alleles, there was no direct evidence that a
      male (ovisacless) T. newberryi outcrossed with a female. Population simulations
      further suggest that the rate of successful outcrossing events must be low and
      could explain why outcrossing was not observed in the laboratory rearing trials.

PMID- 27358477
TI  - Necrotic pyknosis is a morphologically and biochemically distinct event from
      apoptotic pyknosis.
AB  - Classification of apoptosis and necrosis by morphological differences has been
      widely used for decades. However, this usefulness of this method has been
      seriously questioned in recent years, mainly due to a lack of functional and
      biochemical evidence to interpret the morphology changes. To address this matter,
      we devised genetic manipulations in Drosophila to study pyknosis, a process of
      nuclear shrinkage and chromatin condensation that occurs in apoptosis and
      necrosis. By following the progression of necrotic pyknosis, we surprisingly
      observed a transient state of chromatin detachment from the nuclear envelope,
      followed by the nuclear envelope completely collapsing onto chromatin. This
      phenomenon led us to discover that phosphorylation of barrier-to-autointegration
      factor (BAF) mediates this initial separation of nuclear envelope from chromatin.
      Functionally, inhibition of BAF phosphorylation suppressed necrosis in both
      Drosophila and human cells, suggesting that necrotic pyknosis is conserved in the
      propagation of necrosis. In contrast, during apoptotic pyknosis the chromatin did
      not detach from the nuclear envelope and inhibition of BAF phosphorylation had no
      effect on apoptotic pyknosis and apoptosis. Our research provides the first
      genetic evidence supporting a morphological classification of apoptosis and
      necrosis through different forms of pyknosis.

PMID- 27358478
TI  - Morphological process of podocyte development revealed by block-face scanning
      electron microscopy.
AB  - Podocytes present a unique 3D architecture specialized for glomerular filtration.
      However, several 3D morphological aspects on podocyte development remain
      partially understood because they are difficult to reveal using conventional
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Here, we adopted serial block-face SEM
      imaging, a powerful tool for analyzing the 3D cellular ultrastructure, to
      precisely reveal the morphological process of podocyte development, such as the
      formation of foot processes. Development of foot processes gives rise to three
      morphological states: the primitive, immature and mature foot processes. Immature
      podocytes were columnar in shape and connected to each other by the junctional
      complex, which migrated toward the basal side of the cell. When the junctional
      complex was close to the basement membrane, immature podocytes started to
      interdigitate with primitive foot processes under the level of junctional
      complex. As primitive foot processes lengthened, the junctional complex moved
      between primitive foot processes to form immature foot processes. Finally, the
      junctional complex was gradually replaced by the slit diaphragm, resulting in the
      maturation of immature foot processes into mature foot processes. In conclusion,
      the developmental process of podocytes is now clearly visualized by block-face
      SEM imaging.

PMID- 27358480
TI  - Numb directs the subcellular localization of EAAT3 through binding the YxNxxF
      motif.
AB  - Excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3, also known as SLC1A1) is a high
      affinity, Na(+)-dependent glutamate carrier that localizes primarily within the
      cell and at the apical plasma membrane. Although previous studies have reported
      proteins and sequence regions involved in EAAT3 trafficking, the detailed
      molecular mechanism by which EAAT3 is distributed to the correct location still
      remains elusive. Here, we identify that the YVNGGF sequence in the C-terminus of
      EAAT3 is responsible for its intracellular localization and apical sorting in rat
      hepatoma cells CRL1601 and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, respectively.
      We further demonstrate that Numb, a clathrin adaptor protein, directly binds the
      YVNGGF motif and regulates the localization of EAAT3. Mutation of Y503, N505 and
      F508 within the YVNGGF motif to alanine residues or silencing Numb by use of
      small interfering RNA (siRNA) results in the aberrant localization of EAAT3.
      Moreover, both Numb and the YVNGGF motif mediate EAAT3 endocytosis in CRL1601
      cells. In summary, our study suggests that Numb is a pivotal adaptor protein that
      mediates the subcellular localization of EAAT3 through binding the YxNxxF (where
      x stands for any amino acid) motif.

PMID- 27358479
TI  - The Src kinases Hck, Fgr and Lyn activate Arg to facilitate IgG-mediated
      phagocytosis and Leishmania infection.
AB  - Leishmaniasis is a devastating disease that disfigures or kills nearly two
      million people each year. Establishment and persistence of infection by the
      obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania requires repeated uptake by
      macrophages and other phagocytes. Therefore, preventing uptake could be a novel
      therapeutic strategy for leishmaniasis. Amastigotes, the life cycle stage found
      in the human host, bind Fc receptors and enter macrophages primarily through
      immunoglobulin-mediated phagocytosis. However, the host machinery that mediates
      amastigote uptake is poorly understood. We have previously shown that the Arg
      (also known as Abl2) non-receptor tyrosine kinase facilitates L. amazonensis
      amastigote uptake by macrophages. Using small-molecule inhibitors and primary
      macrophages lacking specific Src family kinases, we now demonstrate that the Hck,
      Fgr and Lyn kinases are also necessary for amastigote uptake by macrophages. Src
      mediated Arg activation is required for efficient uptake. Interestingly, the dual
      Arg and Src kinase inhibitor bosutinib, which is approved to treat cancer, not
      only decreases amastigote uptake, but also significantly reduces disease severity
      and parasite burden in Leishmania-infected mice. Our results suggest that
      leishmaniasis could potentially be treated with host-cell-active agents such as
      kinase inhibitors.

PMID- 27358481
TI  - Oocyte-dependent activation of MTOR in cumulus cells controls the development and
      survival of cumulus-oocyte complexes.
AB  - Communication between oocytes and their companion somatic cells promotes the
      healthy development of ovarian follicles, which is crucial for producing oocytes
      that can be fertilized and are competent to support embryogenesis. However, how
      oocyte-derived signaling regulates these essential processes remains largely
      undefined. Here, we demonstrate that oocyte-derived paracrine factors,
      particularly GDF9 and GDF9-BMP15 heterodimer, promote the development and
      survival of cumulus-cell-oocyte complexes (COCs), partly by suppressing the
      expression of Ddit4l, a negative regulator of MTOR, and enabling the activation
      of MTOR signaling in cumulus cells. Cumulus cells expressed less Ddit4l mRNA and
      protein than mural granulosa cells, which is in striking contrast to the
      expression of phosphorylated RPS6 (a major downstream effector of MTOR).
      Knockdown of Ddit4l activated MTOR signaling in cumulus cells, whereas inhibition
      of MTOR in COCs compromised oocyte developmental competence and cumulus cell
      survival, with the latter likely to be attributable to specific changes in a
      subset of transcripts in the transcriptome of COCs. Therefore, oocyte suppression
      of Ddit4l expression allows for MTOR activation in cumulus cells, and this oocyte
      dependent activation of MTOR signaling in cumulus cells controls the development
      and survival of COCs.

PMID- 27358482
TI  - Spinal Neuronal NOS Signaling Contributes to Morphine Cardioprotection in
      Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats.
AB  - Morphine has been widely used as rescue treatment for heart attack and failure in
      humans for many decades. Relatively little has been known about the role of
      spinal opioid receptors in morphine cardioprotection. Recent studies have shown
      that intrathecal injection of morphine can reduce the heart injury caused by
      ischemia (I)/reperfusion (R) in rats. However, the molecular and cellular
      mechanisms underlying intrathecal morphine cardioprotection has not been
      determined. Here, we report that intrathecal morphine postconditioning (IMPOC)
      rescued mean artery pressure (MAP) and reduced myocardial injury in I/R.
      Pretreatment with either naloxone (NAL), a selective mu-opioid receptor
      antagonist, or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors via intrathecal delivery
      completely abolished IMPOC cardioprotection, suggesting that the spinal mu-opioid
      receptor and its downstream NOS signaling pathway are involved in the mechanism
      of the morphine-induced effect. Consistent with this, IMPOC significantly
      enhanced spinal neural NOS phosphorylation, nitric oxide, and cGMP content in a
      similar time course. Intrathecal application of 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3
      a]quinoxalin-1-one, a specific inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, completely ablated
      IMPOC-induced enhancement of cardioprotection and spinal cGMP content. IMPOC
      rescue of MAP and ischemic injury is correlated with IMPOC enhancement of NOS
      signaling. Collectively, these findings strengthen the concept of spinal mu
      opioid receptors as a therapeutic target that mediates morphine-induced
      cardioprotection. We also provide evidence suggesting that the activation of
      spinal NOS signaling is essential for morphine cardioprotection.

PMID- 27358483
TI  - Two Affinity Sites of the Cannabinoid Subtype 2 Receptor Identified by a Novel
      Homogeneous Binding Assay.
AB  - Endocannabinoids act on G protein-coupled receptors that are considered potential
      targets for a variety of diseases. There are two different cannabinoid receptor
      types: ligands for cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2Rs) show more promise than
      those for cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1Rs) because they lack psychotropic
      actions. However, the complex pharmacology of these receptors, coupled with the
      lipophilic nature of ligands, is delaying the translational success of
      medications targeting the endocannabinoid system. We here report the discovery
      and synthesis of a fluorophore-conjugated CB2R-selective compound, CM-157 (3-[[4
      [2-tert-butyl-1-(tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]sulfonyl-2
      pyridyl]oxy]propan-1-amine), which was useful for pharmacological
      characterization of CB2R by using a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy
      transfer assay. This methodology does not require radiolabeled compounds and may
      be undertaken in homogeneous conditions and in living cells (i.e., without the
      need to isolate receptor-containing membranes). The affinity of the labeled
      compound was similar to that of the unlabeled molecule. Time-resolved
      fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays disclosed a previously unreported
      second affinity site and showed conformational changes in CB2R forming receptor
      heteromers with G protein-coupled receptor GPR55, a receptor for l-alpha
      lysophosphatidylinositol. The populations displaying subnanomolar and nanomolar
      affinities were undisclosed in competitive assays using a well known cannabinoid
      receptor ligand, AM630 (1-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]-2-methyl-3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)
      6-iodoindole), and TH-chrysenediol, not previously tested on binding to
      cannabinoid receptors. Variations in binding parameters upon formation of dimers
      with GPR55 may reflect decreases in binding sites or alterations of the
      quaternary structure of the macromolecular G protein-coupled receptor complexes.
      In summary, the homogeneous binding assay described here may serve to better
      characterize agonist binding to CB2R and to identify specific properties of CB2R
      on living cells.

PMID- 27358484
TI  - c-Myc Modulation and Acetylation Is a Key HDAC Inhibitor Target in Cancer.
AB  - Purpose: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are promising anticancer drugs.
      Although some HDACi have entered the clinic, the mechanism(s) underlying their
      tumor selectivity are poorly understood.Experimental Design and Results: Using
      gene expression analysis, we define a core set of six genes commonly regulated in
      acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts and cell lines. MYC, the most prominently
      modulated, is preferentially altered in leukemia. Upon HDACi treatment, c-Myc is
      acetylated at lysine 323 and its expression decreases, leading to TRAIL
      activation and apoptosis. c-Myc binds to the TRAIL promoter on the proximal GC
      box through SP1 or MIZ1, impairing TRAIL activation. HDACi exposure triggers
      TRAIL expression, altering c-Myc-TRAIL binding. These events do not occur in
      normal cells. Excitingly, this inverse correlation between TRAIL and c-Myc is
      supported by HDACi treatment ex vivo of AML blasts and primary human breast
      cancer cells. The predictive value of c-Myc to HDACi responsiveness is confirmed
      in vivo in AML patients undergoing HDACi-based clinical trials.Conclusions:
      Collectively, our findings identify a key role for c-Myc in TRAIL deregulation
      and as a biomarker of the anticancer action of HDACi in AML. The potential
      improved patient stratification could pave the way toward personalized therapies.
      Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2542-55. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358486
TI  - An Aggressive Subtype of Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma with Molecular and
      Prognostic Characteristics Typical of Advanced Lung Cancers.
AB  - PURPOSE: The National Lung Cancer Screening Trial has confirmed that lung cancer
      mortality can be reduced if tumors are diagnosed early, that is, at stage I.
      However, a substantial fraction of stage I lung cancer patients still develop
      metastatic disease within 5 years from surgery. Prognostic biomarkers are
      therefore needed to identify patients at risk of an adverse outcome, who might
      benefit from multimodality treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We extensively
      validated a 10-gene prognostic signature in a cohort of 507 lung adenocarcinoma
      patients using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Furthermore, we
      performed an integrated analysis of gene expression, methylation, somatic
      mutations, copy number variations, and proteomic profiles on an independent
      cohort of 468 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RESULTS: Stage I lung
      cancer patients (N = 351) identified as high-risk by the 10-gene signature
      displayed a 4-fold increased risk of death [HR = 3.98; 95% confidence interval
      (CI), 1.73-9.14], with a 3-year overall survival of 84.2% (95% CI, 78.7-89.7)
      compared with 95.6% (92.4-98.8) in low-risk patients. The analysis of TCGA cohort
      revealed that the 10-gene signature identifies a subgroup of stage I lung
      adenocarcinomas displaying distinct molecular characteristics and associated with
      aggressive behavior and poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: We validated a 10-gene
      prognostic signature capable of identifying a molecular subtype of stage I lung
      adenocarcinoma with characteristics remarkably similar to those of advanced lung
      cancer. We propose that our signature might aid the identification of stage I
      patients who would benefit from multimodality treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1);
      62-72. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358485
TI  - HER3 Targeting Sensitizes HNSCC to Cetuximab by Reducing HER3 Activity and
      HER2/HER3 Dimerization: Evidence from Cell Line and Patient-Derived Xenograft
      Models.
AB  - PURPOSE: Our previous work suggested that HER3 inhibition sensitizes head and
      neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to EGFR inhibition with cetuximab. This
      study aimed to define the role of HER3 in cetuximab resistance and the antitumor
      mechanisms of EGFR/HER3 dual targeting in HNSCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We treated
      cetuximab-resistant HNSCC UMSCC1-C and parental UMSCC1-P cell lines with anti
      EGFR antibody cetuximab, anti-HER3 antibody MM-121, and their combination. We
      assessed activities of HER2, HER3, and downstream signaling pathways by Western
      blotting and cell growth by sulforhodamine B (SRB) and colony formation assays.
      HER3-specific shRNA was used to confirm the role of HER3 in cetuximab response.
      The combined efficacy and alterations in biomarkers were evaluated in UMSCC1-C
      xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. RESULTS: Cetuximab
      treatment induced HER3 activation and HER2/HER3 dimerization in HNSCC cell lines.
      Combined treatment with cetuximab and MM-121 blocked EGFR and HER3 activities and
      inhibited the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways and HNSCC cell growth more
      effectively than each antibody alone. HER3 knockdown reduced HER2 activation and
      resensitized cells to cetuximab. Cetuximab-resistant xenografts and PDX models
      revealed greater efficacy of dual EGFR and HER3 inhibition compared with single
      antibodies. In PDX tissue samples, cetuximab induced HER3 expression and MM-121
      reduced AKT activity. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically relevant PDX models demonstrate
      that dual targeting of EGFR and HER3 is superior to EGFR targeting alone in
      HNSCC. Our study illustrates the upregulation of HER3 by cetuximab as one
      mechanism underlying resistance to EGFR inhibition in HNSCC, supporting further
      clinical investigations using multiple targeting strategies in patients who have
      failed cetuximab-based therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 677-86. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358487
TI  - Combination Therapy with Anti-PD-1, Anti-TIM-3, and Focal Radiation Results in
      Regression of Murine Gliomas.
AB  - PURPOSE: Checkpoint molecules like programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell
      immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) are negative immune regulators that may be
      upregulated in the setting of glioblastoma multiforme. Combined PD-1 blockade and
      stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) have been shown to improve antitumor immunity and
      produce long-term survivors in a murine glioma model. However, tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes (TIL) can express multiple checkpoints, and expression of >=2
      checkpoints corresponds to a more exhausted T-cell phenotype. We investigate TIM
      3 expression in a glioma model and the antitumor efficacy of TIM-3 blockade alone
      and in combination with anti-PD-1 and SRS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: C57BL/6 mice were
      implanted with murine glioma cell line GL261-luc2 and randomized into 8 treatment
      arms: (i) control, (ii) SRS, (iii) anti-PD-1 antibody, (iv) anti-TIM-3 antibody,
      (v) anti-PD-1 + SRS, (vi) anti-TIM-3 + SRS, (vii) anti-PD-1 + anti-TIM-3, and
      (viii) anti-PD-1 + anti-TIM-3 + SRS. Survival and immune activation were
      assessed. RESULTS: Dual therapy with anti-TIM-3 antibody + SRS or anti-TIM-3 +
      anti-PD-1 improved survival compared with anti-TIM-3 antibody alone. Triple
      therapy resulted in 100% overall survival (P < 0.05), a significant improvement
      compared with other arms. Long-term survivors demonstrated increased immune cell
      infiltration and activity and immune memory. Finally, positive staining for TIM-3
      was detected in 7 of 8 human GBM samples. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      preclinical investigation on the effects of dual PD-1 and TIM-3 blockade with
      radiation. We also demonstrate the presence of TIM-3 in human glioblastoma
      multiforme and provide preclinical evidence for a novel treatment combination
      that can potentially result in long-term glioma survival and constitutes a novel
      immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Clin
      Cancer Res; 23(1); 124-36. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358488
TI  - XPO1 Inhibition using Selinexor Synergizes with Chemotherapy in Acute Myeloid
      Leukemia by Targeting DNA Repair and Restoring Topoisomerase IIalpha to the
      Nucleus.
AB  - PURPOSE: Selinexor, a selective inhibitor of XPO1, is currently being tested as
      single agent in clinical trials in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However,
      considering the molecular complexity of AML, it is unlikely that AML can be cured
      with monotherapy. Therefore, we asked whether adding already established
      effective drugs such as topoisomerase (Topo) II inhibitors to selinexor will
      enhance its anti-leukemic effects in AML. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The efficacy of
      combinatorial drug treatment using Topo II inhibitors (idarubicin, daunorubicin,
      mitoxantrone, etoposide) and selinexor was evaluated in established cellular and
      animal models of AML. RESULTS: Concomitant treatment with selinexor and Topo II
      inhibitors resulted in therapeutic synergy in AML cell lines and patient samples.
      Using a xenograft MV4-11 AML mouse model, we show that treatment with selinexor
      and idarubicin significantly prolongs survival of leukemic mice compared with
      each single therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Aberrant nuclear export and cytoplasmic
      localization of Topo IIalpha has been identified as one of the mechanisms leading
      to drug resistance in cancer. Here, we show that in a subset of patients with AML
      that express cytoplasmic Topo IIalpha, selinexor treatment results in nuclear
      retention of Topo IIalpha protein, resulting in increased sensitivity to
      idarubicin. Selinexor treatment of AML cells resulted in a c-MYC-dependent
      reduction of DNA damage repair genes (Rad51 and Chk1) mRNA and protein expression
      and subsequent inhibition of homologous recombination repair and increased
      sensitivity to Topo II inhibitors. The preclinical data reported here support
      further clinical studies using selinexor and Topo II inhibitors in combination to
      treat AML. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6142-52. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358490
TI  - Immunomodulatory Effect of Vitamin D after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation:
      Results of a Prospective Multicenter Clinical Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: We describe the results of a prospective multicenter phase I/II trial
      evaluating the impact of the use of vitamin D (VitD) from day -5 to +100 on the
      outcome of patients undergoing allogeneic transplantation (EudraCT: 2010-023279
      25; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02600988). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A total of 150
      patients were included in three consecutive cohorts of 50 patients each group:
      control group (CG, not receive VitD); low-dose group (LdD, received 1,000 IU VitD
      daily); and high-dose group (HdD, 5,000 IU VitD daily). We measured levels of
      VitD, cytokines, and immune subpopulations after transplantation. RESULTS: No
      significant differences were observed in terms of cumulative incidence of overall
      and grades 2-4 acute GVHD in terms of relapse, nonrelapse mortality, and overall
      survival. However, a significantly lower cumulative incidence of both overall and
      moderate plus severe chronic GVHD (cGVHD) at 1 year was observed in LdD (37.5%
      and 19.5%, respectively) and HdD (42.4% and 27%, respectively) as compared with
      CG (67.5% and 44.7%, respectively; P < 0.05). In multivariable analysis,
      treatment with VitD significantly decreased the risk of both overall (for LdD: HR
      = 0.31, P = 0.002; for HdD: HR = 0.36, P = 0.006) and moderate plus severe cGVHD
      (for LdD: HR = 0.22, P = 0.001; for HdD: HR = 0.33, P = 0.01). VitD modified the
      immune response, decreasing the number of B cells and naive CD8 T cells, with a
      lower expression of CD40L. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective trial that
      analyzes the effect of VitD postransplant. We observed a significantly lower
      incidence of cGVHD among patients receiving VitD. Interestingly, VitD modified
      the immune response after allo-SCT. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5673-81. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 27358489
TI  - Epigenome-Wide Tumor DNA Methylation Profiling Identifies Novel Prognostic
      Biomarkers of Metastatic-Lethal Progression in Men Diagnosed with Clinically
      Localized Prostate Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Aside from Gleason sum, few factors accurately identify the subset of
      prostate cancer patients at high risk for metastatic progression. We hypothesized
      that epigenetic alterations could distinguish prostate tumors with life
      threatening potential. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Epigenome-wide DNA methylation
      profiling was performed in surgically resected primary tumor tissues from a
      population-based (n = 430) and a replication (n = 80) cohort of prostate cancer
      patients followed prospectively for at least 5 years. Metastasis was confirmed by
      positive bone scan, MRI, CT, or biopsy, and death certificates confirmed cause of
      death. AUC, partial AUC (pAUC, 95% specificity), and P value criteria were used
      to select differentially methylated CpG sites that robustly stratify patients
      with metastatic-lethal from nonrecurrent tumors, and which were complementary to
      Gleason sum. RESULTS: Forty-two CpG biomarkers stratified patients with
      metastatic-lethal versus nonrecurrent prostate cancer in the discovery cohort,
      and eight of these CpGs replicated in the validation cohort based on a
      significant (P < 0.05) AUC (range, 0.66-0.75) or pAUC (range, 0.007-0.009). The
      biomarkers that improved discrimination of patients with metastatic-lethal
      prostate cancer include CpGs in five genes (ALKBH5, ATP11A, FHAD1, KLHL8, and
      PI15) and three intergenic regions. In the validation dataset, the AUC for
      Gleason sum alone (0.82) significantly increased with the addition of four
      individual CpGs (range, 0.86-0.89; all P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Eight
      differentially methylated CpGs that distinguish patients with metastatic-lethal
      from nonrecurrent tumors were validated. These novel epigenetic biomarkers
      warrant further investigation as they may improve prognostic classification of
      patients with clinically localized prostate cancer and provide new insights on
      tumor aggressiveness. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 311-9. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27358491
TI  - Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and the Safety of the Blood
      Supply.
AB  - In 2006, a new virus, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), was
      discovered in a cohort of U.S. men with prostate cancer. Soon after this initial
      finding, XMRV was also detected in samples from patients with chronic fatigue
      syndrome (CFS). The blood community, which is highly sensitive to the threat of
      emerging infectious diseases since the HIV/AIDS crisis, recommended indefinite
      deferral of all blood donors with a history of CFS. As XMRV research progressed,
      conflicting results emerged regarding the importance of this virus in the
      pathophysiology of prostate cancer and/or CFS. Molecular biologists traced the
      development of XMRV to a recombination event in a laboratory mouse that likely
      occurred circa 1993. The virus was propagated via cell lines derived from a tumor
      present in this mouse and spread through contamination of laboratory samples.
      Well-controlled experiments showed that detection of XMRV was due to contaminated
      samples and was not a marker of or a causal factor in prostate cancer or CFS.
      This paper traces the development of XMRV in the prostate and CFS scientific
      communities and explores the effect it had on the blood community.

PMID- 27358492
TI  - What Is the Link Between Hallucinations, Dreams, and Hypnagogic-Hypnopompic
      Experiences?
AB  - By definition, hallucinations occur only in the full waking state. Yet
      similarities to sleep-related experiences such as hypnagogic and hypnopompic
      hallucinations, dreams and parasomnias, have been noted since antiquity. These
      observations have prompted researchers to suggest a common aetiology for these
      phenomena based on the neurobiology of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. With our
      recent understanding of hallucinations in different population groups and at the
      neurobiological, cognitive and interpersonal levels, it is now possible to draw
      comparisons between the 2 sets of experiences as never before. In the current
      article, we make detailed comparisons between sleep-related experiences and
      hallucinations in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and eye disease, at the
      levels of phenomenology (content, sensory modalities involved, perceptual
      attributes) and of brain function (brain activations, resting-state networks,
      neurotransmitter action). Findings show that sleep-related experiences share
      considerable overlap with hallucinations at the level of subjective descriptions
      and underlying brain mechanisms. Key differences remain however: (1) Sleep
      related perceptions are immersive and largely cut off from reality, whereas
      hallucinations are discrete and overlaid on veridical perceptions; and (2) Sleep
      related perceptions involve only a subset of neural networks implicated in
      hallucinations, reflecting perceptual signals processed in a functionally and
      cognitively closed-loop circuit. In summary, both phenomena are non-veridical
      perceptions that share some phenomenological and neural similarities, but
      insufficient evidence exists to fully support the notion that the majority of
      hallucinations depend on REM processes or REM intrusions into waking
      consciousness.

PMID- 27358493
TI  - TGF-beta Contributes to Impaired Exercise Response by Suppression of
      Mitochondrial Key Regulators in Skeletal Muscle.
AB  - A substantial number of people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes could not
      improve insulin sensitivity by physical training intervention. We studied the
      mechanisms of this impaired exercise response in 20 middle-aged individuals at
      high risk of developing type 2 diabetes who performed 8 weeks of controlled
      cycling and walking training at 80% individual Vo2 peak. Participants identified
      as nonresponders in insulin sensitivity (based on the Matsuda index) did not
      differ in preintervention parameters compared with high responders. The failure
      to increase insulin sensitivity after training correlates with impaired
      upregulation of mitochondrial fuel oxidation genes in skeletal muscle, and with
      the suppression of the upstream regulators PGC1alpha and AMPKalpha2. The muscle
      transcriptomes of the nonresponders are further characterized by the activation
      of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and TGF-beta target genes, which is
      associated with increases in inflammatory and macrophage markers. TGF-beta1 as
      inhibitor of mitochondrial regulators and insulin signaling is validated in human
      skeletal muscle cells. Activated TGF-beta1 signaling downregulates the abundance
      of PGC1alpha, AMPKalpha2, the mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM, and
      mitochondrial enzymes. Thus, the data suggest that increased TGF-beta activity in
      skeletal muscle can attenuate the improvement of mitochondrial fuel oxidation
      after training and contribute to the failure to increase insulin sensitivity.

PMID- 27358494
TI  - One Week of Bed Rest Leads to Substantial Muscle Atrophy and Induces Whole-Body
      Insulin Resistance in the Absence of Skeletal Muscle Lipid Accumulation.
AB  - Short (<10 days) periods of muscle disuse, often necessary for recovery from
      illness or injury, lead to various negative health consequences. The current
      study investigated mechanisms underlying disuse-induced insulin resistance,
      taking into account muscle atrophy. Ten healthy, young males (age: 23 +/- 1
      years; BMI: 23.0 +/- 0.9 kg . m(-2)) were subjected to 1 week of strict bed rest.
      Prior to and after bed rest, lean body mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)
      and quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA; computed tomography) were assessed, and
      peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and leg strength were determined. Whole-body insulin
      sensitivity was measured using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Additionally,
      muscle biopsies were collected to assess muscle lipid (fraction) content and
      various markers of mitochondrial and vascular content. Bed rest resulted in 1.4
      +/- 0.2 kg lean tissue loss and a 3.2 +/- 0.9% decline in quadriceps CSA (both P
      < 0.01). VO2peak and one-repetition maximum declined by 6.4 +/- 2.3 (P < 0.05)
      and 6.9 +/- 1.4% (P < 0.01), respectively. Bed rest induced a 29 +/- 5% decrease
      in whole-body insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01). This was accompanied by a decline
      in muscle oxidative capacity, without alterations in skeletal muscle lipid
      content or saturation level, markers of oxidative stress, or capillary density.
      In conclusion, 1 week of bed rest substantially reduces skeletal muscle mass and
      lowers whole-body insulin sensitivity, without affecting mechanisms implicated in
      high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance.

PMID- 27358495
TI  - Zooming in on selectins in cancer.
AB  - Selectins are involved in leukocyte and cancer cell trafficking, which can be
      targeted with drugs and nanoparticles (Shamay et al., this issue).

PMID- 27358496
TI  - Multicriteria decision analysis and core values for enhancing vaccine-related
      decision-making.
AB  - Vaccines have the potential to transform the health of all individuals and to
      reduce the health inequality between rich and poor countries. However, to achieve
      these goals, it is no longer sufficient to prioritize vaccine development using
      cost-effectiveness as the sole indicator. During a symposium entitled "Mission
      Grand Convergence-The Role of Vaccines," held in Siena, Italy, in July 2015, key
      stakeholders agreed that the prioritization of vaccine development and deployment
      must use multicriteria decision-making based on the following core concepts: (i)
      mortality and severity of the disease, (ii) vaccine safety considerations, and
      (iii) economic evaluation that captures the full benefits of vaccination.

PMID- 27358498
TI  - Low alpha-defensin gene copy number increases the risk for IgA nephropathy and
      renal dysfunction.
AB  - Although a major source of genetic variation, copy number variations (CNVs) and
      their involvement in disease development have not been well studied.
      Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis
      worldwide. We performed association analysis of the DEFA1A3 CNV locus in two
      independent IgAN cohorts of southern Chinese Han (total of 1189 cases and 1187
      controls). We discovered three independent copy number associations within the
      locus: DEFA1A3 [P = 3.99 * 10(-9); odds ratio (OR), 0.88], DEFA3 (P = 6.55 * 10(
      5); OR, 0.82), and a noncoding deletion variant (211bp) (P = 3.50 * 10(-16); OR,
      0.75) (OR per copy, fixed-effects meta-analysis). While showing strong
      association with an increased risk for IgAN (P = 9.56 * 10(-20)), low total copy
      numbers of the three variants also showed significant association with renal
      dysfunction in patients with IgAN (P = 0.03; hazards ratio, 3.69; after
      controlling for the effects of known prognostic factors) and also with increased
      serum IgA1 (P = 0.02) and galactose-deficient IgA1 (P = 0.03). For replication,
      we confirmed the associations of DEFA1A3 (P = 4.42 * 10(-4); OR, 0.82) and DEFA3
      copy numbers (P = 4.30 * 10(-3); OR, 0.74) with IgAN in a Caucasian cohort (531
      cases and 198 controls) and found the 211bp variant to be much rarer in
      Caucasians. We also observed an association of the 211bp copy number with
      membranous nephropathy (P = 1.11 * 10(-7); OR, 0.74; in 493 Chinese cases and 500
      matched controls), but not with diabetic kidney disease (in 806 Chinese cases and
      786 matched controls). By explaining 4.96% of disease risk and influencing renal
      dysfunction in patients with IgAN, the DEFA1A3 CNV locus may be a potential
      therapeutic target for developing treatments for this disease.

PMID- 27358497
TI  - P-selectin is a nanotherapeutic delivery target in the tumor microenvironment.
AB  - Disseminated tumors are poorly accessible to nanoscale drug delivery systems
      because of the vascular barrier, which attenuates extravasation at the tumor
      site. We investigated P-selectin, a molecule expressed on activated vasculature
      that facilitates metastasis by arresting tumor cells at the endothelium, for its
      potential to target metastases by arresting nanomedicines at the tumor
      endothelium. We found that P-selectin is expressed on cancer cells in many human
      tumors. To develop a targeted drug delivery platform, we used a fucosylated
      polysaccharide with nanomolar affinity to P-selectin. The nanoparticles targeted
      the tumor microenvironment to localize chemotherapeutics and a targeted MEK
      (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor at tumor sites in both
      primary and metastatic models, resulting in superior antitumor efficacy. In
      tumors devoid of P-selectin, we found that ionizing radiation guided the
      nanoparticles to the disease site by inducing P-selectin expression. Radiation
      concomitantly produced an abscopal-like phenomenon wherein P-selectin appeared in
      unirradiated tumor vasculature, suggesting a potential strategy to target
      disparate drug classes to almost any tumor.

PMID- 27358500
TI  - Salinity as a barrier for ship hull-related dispersal and invasiveness of
      dreissenid and mytilid bivalves.
AB  - The benthic stages of Dreissenidae and Mytilidae may be dispersed over long
      distances while attached to ship hulls. Alternatively, larvae may be transported
      by water currents and in the ballast and bilge water of ships and vessels. To
      gain insight into dispersal potential and habitat suitability, survival of the
      benthic stages of two invasive dreissenid species (Dreissena polymorpha and
      Mytilopsis leucophaeata) and one mytilid species (Mytilus edulis) chosen based on
      their occurrence in fresh, brackish and sea water, respectively, were tested in
      relation to salinity. They were exposed to various salinities in mesocosms during
      three long-term experiments at outdoor temperatures. Mussel survival was studied
      without prior acclimation, reflecting conditions experienced when attached to
      ship hulls while travelling along a salinity gradient from fresh or brackish
      water to sea water, or vice versa. Initially, mussels react to salinity shock by
      temporarily closing their valves, suspending ventilation and feeding. However,
      this cannot be maintained for long periods and adaptation to higher salinity must
      eventually occur. Bivalve survival was monitored till the last specimen of a test
      cohort died. The results of the experiments allowed us to distinguish favorable
      (f.: high tolerance) and unfavorable (u.: no or low tolerance) salinity ranges in
      practical salinity units (PSU) for each species, viz. for D. polymorpha 0.2-6.0
      PSU (f.), 7.0-30.0 PSU (u.), for M. leucophaeata 0.2-17.5 PSU (f.), 20.0-30.0 PSU
      (u.) and for M. edulis 10.5-36.0 PSU (f.), 0.2-9.0 and 40 PSU (u.). At the
      unfavorable salinities, all mussels died within 14 days of initial exposure with
      the exception of M. edulis (23-30 days). The maximum duration of survival of
      single specimens of D. polymorpha was 318 days at a salinity of 3.2 PSU, of M.
      leucophaeata 781 days at 15.0 PSU and of M. edulis 1052 days at 15.0 PSU. The
      number of days survived was compared with the duration of actual ship voyages to
      estimate the real world survival potentials of species dependent of salinity
      changes, travel distances and durations. The conclusion is that salinity shocks
      during the trip were survived within the favorable salinity range but that the
      species tolerate only for a few weeks the unfavorable salinity range. This
      functions as a barrier for dispersal. However, at faster and more frequent
      shipping in the future salinity can become no longer very important as a
      dispersal barrier.

PMID- 27358499
TI  - Tumor-derived circulating endothelial cell clusters in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Clusters of tumor cells are often observed in the blood of cancer patients. These
      structures have been described as malignant entities for more than 50 years,
      although their comprehensive characterization is lacking. Contrary to current
      consensus, we demonstrate that a discrete population of circulating cell clusters
      isolated from the blood of colorectal cancer patients are not cancerous but
      consist of tumor-derived endothelial cells. These clusters express both
      epithelial and mesenchymal markers, consistent with previous reports on
      circulating tumor cell (CTC) phenotyping. However, unlike CTCs, they do not
      mirror the genetic variations of matched tumors. Transcriptomic analysis of
      single clusters revealed that these structures exhibit an endothelial phenotype
      and can be traced back to the tumor endothelium. Further results show that tumor
      derived endothelial clusters do not form by coagulation or by outgrowth of single
      circulating endothelial cells, supporting a direct release of clusters from the
      tumor vasculature. The isolation and enumeration of these benign clusters
      distinguished healthy volunteers from treatment-naive as well as pathological
      early-stage (<=IIA) colorectal cancer patients with high accuracy, suggesting
      that tumor-derived circulating endothelial cell clusters could be used as a means
      of noninvasive screening for colorectal cancer. In contrast to CTCs, tumor
      derived endothelial cell clusters may also provide important information about
      the underlying tumor vasculature at the time of diagnosis, during treatment, and
      throughout the course of the disease.

PMID- 27358501
TI  - A chromium tricarbonyl complex featuring the 4,6
      bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)dibenzothiophene (PSPPh) ligand.
AB  - ABSTRACT: The new PSP pincer ligand 4,6
      bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)dibenzothiophene (PSPPh) was prepared in 89 % yield.
      With this ligand, a solvothermal synthesis of a Cr complex of the type
      [Cr(kappa3P,S,P-PSP)(CO)3] is described. The X-ray structure of this compound is
      presented. We demonstrate that the solvothermal synthesis technique provides a
      powerful, simple, and practical synthetic method resulting in a high isolated
      yield in a short reaction time. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: 

PMID- 27358502
TI  - First example of stepwise, zwitterionic mechanism for bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene
      (norbornene) formation process catalyzed by the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
      cations.
AB  - ABSTRACT: B3LYP/6-31++G(d) calculations indicated that the reaction of (2E)-3
      phenyl-2-nitroprop-2-enenitrile with cyclopentadiene catalyzed by cations of 1,3
      dialkylimidazolium ionic liquid shall not take place according to the classical
      scheme of one-step [2+4] Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Along the path finally
      leading to bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene (norbornene) with a nitro group in endo
      orientation, the process of bicarbocyclic skeleton formation shall take place
      according to the domino mechanism, via [2+4] heterocycloadduct. On the other
      hand, along the path leading finally to bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene with a nitro
      group in exo orientation, acyclic adduct with a zwitterionic nature is formed in
      the first reaction, which undergoes cyclisation next in the second step of the
      reaction. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: 

PMID- 27358503
TI  - Determination the Usefulness of AhHMA4p1::AhHMA4 Expression in Biofortification
      Strategies.
AB  - AhHMA4 from Arabidopsis thaliana encodes Zn/Cd export protein that controls Zn/Cd
      translocation to shoots. The focus of this manuscript is the evaluation of AhHMA4
      expression in tomato for mineral biofortification (more Zn and less Cd in shoots
      and fruits). Hydroponic and soil-based experiments were performed. Transgenic and
      wild-type plants were grown on two dilution levels of Knop's medium (1/10, 1/2)
      with or without Cd, to determine if mineral composition affects the pattern of
      root/shoot partitioning of both metals due to AhHMA4 expression. Facilitation of
      Zn translocation to shoots of 19-day-old transgenic tomato was noted only when
      plants were grown in the more diluted medium. Moreover, the expression pattern of
      Zn-Cd-Fe cross-homeostasis genes (LeIRT1, LeChln, LeNRAMP1) was changed in
      transgenics in a medium composition-dependent fashion. In plants grown in soil
      (with/without Cd) up to maturity, expression of AhHMA4 resulted in more efficient
      translocation of Zn to shoots and restriction of Cd. These results indicate the
      usefulness of AhHMA4 expression to improve the growth of tomato on low-Zn soil,
      also contaminated with Cd.

PMID- 27358504
TI  - Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b) is a Gram-Positive Bacteria Able to Degrade
      Naproxen and Ibuprofen.
AB  - A Gram-positive bacterium, designated as strain B1(2015b), was isolated from the
      soil of the chemical factory "Organika-Azot" in Jaworzno, Poland. On the basis of
      16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolated strain was classified as a Bacillus
      thuringiensis species. Strain B1(2015b) is able to degrade ibuprofen and
      naproxen, however, these compounds are not sufficient carbon sources for this
      strain. In the presence of glucose, Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b) degrades
      ibuprofen and naproxen with higher efficiency. Twenty milligrams per liter of
      ibuprofen was degraded within 6 days and 6 mg l-1 of naproxen was removed within
      35 days. Simultaneously, the growth of the bacterial culture was observed. The
      obtained results suggest that Bacillus thuringiensis B1(2015b) appears to be a
      powerful and useful tool in the bioremediation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs-contaminated environment.

PMID- 27358505
TI  - A teleofunctional account of evolutionary mismatch.
AB  - When the environment in which an organism lives deviates in some essential way
      from that to which it is adapted, this is described as "evolutionary mismatch,"
      or "evolutionary novelty." The notion of mismatch plays an important role,
      explicitly or implicitly, in evolution-informed cognitive psychology, clinical
      psychology, and medicine. The evolutionary novelty of our contemporary
      environment is thought to have significant implications for our health and well
      being. However, scientists have generally been working without a clear definition
      of mismatch. This paper defines mismatch as deviations in the environment that
      render biological traits unable, or impaired in their ability, to produce their
      selected effects (i.e., to perform their proper functions in Neander's sense).
      The machinery developed by Millikan in connection with her account of proper
      function, and with her related teleosemantic account of representation, is used
      to identify four major types, and several subtypes, of evolutionary mismatch.
      While the taxonomy offered here does not in itself resolve any scientific
      debates, the hope is that it can be used to better formulate empirical hypotheses
      concerning the effects of mismatch. To illustrate, it is used to show that the
      controversial hypothesis that general intelligence evolved as an adaptation to
      handle evolutionary novelty can, contra some critics, be formulated in a
      conceptually coherent way.

PMID- 27358506
TI  - Expression of Growth Hormone Genes in Transgenic Mice.
AB  - Human or rat growth hormone (GH) genes have been introduced into all cells of a
      mouse by microinjection of fertilized eggs but they were not expressed under
      their own promoters. However, substitution of a mouse metallothionein (MT)
      promoter allowed expression and regulation comparable to that of the endogenous
      MT genes. These fusion genes have been used to stimulate the growth of both
      normal mice and dwarf mice that lack sufficient GH. Substitution of a rat
      elastase-I promoter directed expression of GH exclusively to the acinar cells of
      the pancreas. Progress has been made towards developing the hGH gene into a
      vector that is not expressed in vivo unless an enhancer element is inserted.
      Recombination between overlapping DNA fragments derived from a MThGH gene, each
      of which is nonfunctional, has been observed when they are coinjected into mouse
      eggs. In some cases, functional hGH was produced as evidenced by enhanced growth
      of the mice.

PMID- 27358508
TI  - Cashless, Tech-Savvy Future Surgeon.

PMID- 27358509
TI  - Reduced Port Thoracoscopic Surgery for Mediastinal and Pleural Disease:
      Experiences in a Single Institution.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to present our current experience with reduced port
      thoracoscopic surgery (RPTS) for the treatment of mediastinal and pleural disease
      and thereafter discuss its indications and technical challenges. A total of 11
      patients underwent surgery by the RPTS approach for the following conditions:
      thymoma (n = 2), bronchogenic cyst (n = 2), metastatic pleural tumor, thymic
      cyst, solitary fibrous tumor, pulmonary sequestration, pericardial cyst,
      neurinoma, and malignant lymphoma (n = 1). An Endo Relief forceps (Hope Denshi
      Co, Ltd, Chiba, Japan) was used for three of the surgical procedures. The
      elements of the data set consisted of gender, age, duration of operation, drain
      placement, hospital stay, mass location, and mass size. The median surgical time
      was 45 min (range, 40-78 min). There were no intraoperative complications and no
      need for a second surgery to open additional ports. The duration until chest tube
      removal was 1 day for all the cases. The median hospital stay was 4 days (range,
      3-6 days). The median mass size was 2.2 cm (range, 1.2-4.2 cm). The median length
      of skin incision was 2.0 cm (range, 2.0-3.5 cm). In conclusion, RPTS for
      mediastinal and pleural disease may be a possible alternative approach to
      conventional multiportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Although it
      is technically plausible and feasible for selected cases, the issues of patient
      acceptability and cosmetic and oncological results remain to be determined in the
      future with randomized-controlled trials and long-term follow-up. 

PMID- 27358507
TI  - Microscopy techniques for investigating the control of organic constituents on
      biomineralization.
AB  - This article addresses recent advances in the application of microscopy
      techniques to characterize crystallization processes as they relate to
      biomineralization and bio-inspired materials synthesis. In particular, we focus
      on studies aimed at revealing the role organic macromolecules and functionalized
      surfaces play in modulating the mechanisms of nucleation and growth. In
      nucleation studies, we explore the use of methods such as in situ transmission
      electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cryogenic electron microscopy
      to delineate formation pathways, phase stabilization, and the competing effects
      of free energy and kinetic barriers. In growth studies, emphasis is placed on
      understanding the interactions of macromolecular constituents with growing
      crystals and characterization of the internal structures of the resulting
      composite crystals using techniques such as electron tomography, atom probe
      tomography, and vibrational spectromicroscopy. Examples are drawn from both
      biological and bio-inspired synthetic systems.

PMID- 27358510
TI  - A Study on Role of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in the Management of Morbid
      Obesity.
AB  - Obesity has assumed a pandemic and is responsible for serious medical, social,
      psychological, and economic implications, affecting all ages and socioeconomic
      groups. Hence, this prospective study was carried out to study the surgical
      benefits in such patients. A Prospective interventional study was carried out
      from June 2010 to November 2012 at IGGMC Nagpur performing laparoscopic sleeve
      gastrectomy (LSG) in morbidly obese patients, and its efficacy was determined. A
      total of 56 patients were studied. 26 (46.42 %) being males and 30 (53.57 %)
      females. The maximum number of patient's, i.e., 32 (57.14 %) were in the range of
      BMI 40-44.99 kg/m(2) with mean BMI-43.25 kg/m(2). Mean weight was 117 kg (range
      92-180 kg). Common comorbidities observed were hypertension in 43 (76.78 %),
      bronchial asthma in 31 (55.35 %), and diabetes in 21 (37.5 %). All patients
      treated with LSG had a mean operative time of 154.9 min (range 110-310 min) with
      0 % leak, one conversion to open, and no mortality. Postoperative hospital stay
      was 3.54 days (range 3-7). Complications were minimal with prolonged vomiting
      seen significantly in 28 (50 %) patients. Follow up at 24 months showed mean
      weight 74.72 kg (68-81 kg) with mean excess weight loss of 67.71 % (62.79-71.05
      %) causing a mean BMI of 28.42 kg/m(2) (26.56-30.44 kg/m(2)). It also reduced
      mean BP to 120.36 mmHg (110-144 mmHg) and mean fasting blood sugar to 100.63
      mg/dl (80-146 mg/dl). Surgery for obesity is definitely an answer for this gift
      of modernization, and LSG is a safe and effective technique for achieving weight
      loss. Quality of life improves astonishingly and adds confidence to this mentally
      traumatic entity called "OBESITY". 

PMID- 27358511
TI  - The Reversal of Stoma Following Open Abdomen Management.
AB  - Bowel stoma formation is very often required during open abdomen (OA) management;
      we aim to report our stoma reversal series following OA management
      retrospectively. A retrospective analysis of 31 patients who underwent the
      reversal of the stoma created during OA management between January 2008 and
      September 2014 was performed. Twenty-eight of these 31 patients were included in
      this study. The stoma-related complications are more common after OA management
      during waiting time interval for reversal. At this time interval, patients with
      jejunostomy had more stoma-related complications than patients with ileostomy (p
      = 0.008) and colostomy. (p = 0.001). Waiting time interval was shorter for
      reversal of jejunostomy than reversal of ileostomy (p = 0.014) and colostomy (p =
      0.001). Operation time for jejunostomy (p = 0.016) and colostomy reversal (p =
      0.001) were significantly longer than the ileostomy reversal. There was no
      difference between early and late reversal of stoma regarding morbidity and
      mortality. The stoma-related complications are more common following OA
      management during waiting time interval for stoma reversal. The reversal time is
      more critical for this kind of patients especially with life-threatening
      complicated jejunostomy. For loop stoma created during OA management, the
      reversal may be performed after average 50 days without increasing morbidity and
      mortality. The reversal of end stoma created during OA management has high
      morbidity. If it is possible, loop stoma should be preferred during OA
      management. 

PMID- 27358512
TI  - Peripheral Arterial Injuries: an Indian Experience.
AB  - Arterial injuries present the most challenging conditions in surgical practice.
      Many fail to reach the specialist in time and end up losing limbs or lives.
      Though well addressed elsewhere, it has received less attention in developing
      countries like India. There is a need to study these injuries from the
      perspective of countries like India. The aims of the study are to (1) analyze the
      epidemiology, presentation, and outcomes of arterial injuries operated by the
      author in Indian settings; (2) identify factors associated with adverse outcomes;
      and (3) discuss the critical issues with relevance to our country. Retrospective
      analysis of arterial injuries operated by the author between July 2010 and
      February 2014 at our institution was performed. Patients with feasibility of
      revascularization were included and nonviable limbs requiring primary amputations
      were excluded. Sixty-one patients fulfilled the criteria of which 55 (90.1 %)
      were males and 6 (9.8 %) females aged between 5 and 70 years. The mean duration
      of presentation was 21 h. Majority were resultant of road traffic accidents (62.7
      %). Among 49 (80.3 %) noniatrogenic injuries, the mechanism was blunt in 46 (93.8
      %, n = 49) and penetrating in 3 (6.1 %) cases. Iatrogenic injuries were seen in
      12 (19.6 %) cases. Lower limbs accounted for 37 (60.6 %) cases, popliteal segment
      being common, 22 (36 %) cases. Bony injuries were associated in 39 (63.9 %)
      cases. The most common procedure was interposition graft (49.1 %). Six (9.8 %)
      patients required an amputation resulting in 55 (90.1 %) salvaged limbs. Reaching
      a specialist center in appropriate time can result in good limb salvage rates and
      functional outcomes. Creating awareness and training the personnel are the
      critical issues in the management of arterial injuries in India. 

PMID- 27358513
TI  - Prognostic Factors of Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality of Adult Strangulated
      Groin Hernia.
AB  - The aim of this work is provide the results of the surgical treatment of
      strangulated groin hernias and determine morbidity and mortality risk factors. It
      is a retrospective study related to the 288 records of patients aged 15 years and
      more, who underwent emergency surgery for strangulated groin hernia from January
      2007 to December 2012. Postoperative evolution was assessed on the morbidity,
      mortality, and length of hospital stay. Mortality and morbidity risk factors were
      studied. The statistical analysis was conducted with the chi-square test and
      Fischer's exact test with a significance level of 5 %. Strangulated groin hernias
      account for 42.2 % of the overall groin hernia operations conducted during the
      study period (288/697). Necroses were present in 59 (20.5 %) patients. The
      mortality rate was 6.2 % (n = 18). Admission time superior or equal to 48 h (p =
      0.002), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class superior or equal to
      III (p = 0.002), presence of preoperative strangulated groin hernia complication
      (peritonitis, occlusion, hernia abscesses) (p = 0.001), bowel necrosis (p =
      0.000), and bowel resection (p = 0.000) were statistically related to a high risk
      of death. Forty-two (n = 42) postoperative complications were recorded in 34
      (11.8 %) patients. These complications were outnumbered by postoperative parietal
      suppuration (n = 26) which led to three cases of evisceration. Bowel necrosis was
      related to a high risk of postoperative complications (p = 0.002). Reoperation
      was necessary for 13 patients. The length of stay in hospital was 4 days (range
      between 1 and 28 days). The average follow-up period was 7 months. No recurrence
      was noticed during this period. Delay in consultation, high ASA class, and
      moreover, bowel necrosis requiring bowel resection are the factors of unfavorable
      postoperative results. Groin hernias are an avoidable death cause provided that
      early treatment of strangulated hernias and the elective treatment of non
      complicated hernias are conducted. 

PMID- 27358514
TI  - Learning Curve in Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair: Experience at a Tertiary
      Care Centre.
AB  - One of the major reasons for laparoscopy not having gained popularity for repair
      of groin hernia is the perceived steep learning curve. This study was conducted
      to assess the learning curve and to predict the number of cases required for a
      surgeon to become proficient in laparoscopic groin hernia repair, by comparing
      two laparoscopic surgeons. The learning curve evaluation parameters included
      operative time, conversions, intraoperative complications and postoperative
      complications, and these were compared between the senior and the junior surgeon.
      One hundred thirty-eight cases were performed by the senior surgeon, and 63 cases
      by the junior surgeon. Both were comparable in terms of intraoperative and
      postoperative complications. Using the moving average method, minimum of 13
      laparoscopic hernia repairs are required to reach at par the operating time of an
      experienced surgeon. For total extraperitoneal (TEP) repair, the number of cases
      was 14; and for transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair, this number was 13. 

PMID- 27358515
TI  - Epidermal Sutureless Closure of the Umbilical Base Following Laparoscopic
      Colectomy for Colon Cancer.
AB  - At our institute, a non-suturing method for closure of the umbilical epidermis
      has been used in laparoscopic colorectal resection to prevent umbilical wound
      infection. We performed a retrospective evaluation of the incidence of umbilical
      wound infection using this technique for patients with colorectal cancer. From
      2010 to 2014, 178 consecutive patients underwent elective laparoscopic resection
      of colorectal cancer. The umbilical fascia was closed using interrupted
      multifilament absorbable sutures. The skin surface of the umbilicus was
      compressed using a cotton ball and sealed by water vapor-permeable film. Three
      (1.7 %) patients required conversion from laparoscopic to open surgery. The mean
      surgery time was 174 +/- 48 min, intraoperative blood loss was 29 +/- 75 mL, and
      postoperative hospital stay was 10.5 +/- 6.7 days. According to the Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention criteria, umbilical superficial wound infection
      occurred in two (1.1 %) patients. The two patients recovered from their wound
      infections after a few days of drainage, and their hospital discharge was not
      delayed. Deep umbilical wound infection did not occur in any patient. Our non
      suturing closure technique appeared to be effective in preventing wound infection
      after laparoscopic resection of colon cancer. 

PMID- 27358516
TI  - Review of Pancreaticoduodenal Trauma with a Case Report.
AB  - Complex anatomical relation of the duodenum, pancreas, biliary tract, and major
      vessels plays to obscure pancreaticoduodenal injuries. Causes of
      pancreaticoduodenal injuries are blunt trauma (traffic accidents, sport injuries)
      in 25 % of cases and penetrating abdominal injuries (stab wounds and firearm
      injuries) in 75 % of cases. Duodenal injuries are reported to occur in 0.5 to 5 %
      of all abdominal trauma cases and are observed in 11 % of abdominal firearm
      wounds, 1.6 % of abdominal stab wounds, and 6 % of blunt trauma. Retroperitoneal
      and deep abdominal localization of duodenum as an organ contribute to the
      difficulty in diagnosis and treatment. There are three important major points
      regarding treatment of duodenal injuries: (1) operation timing and decision, (2)
      Intraoperative detection, and (3) post-operative care. Therefore, it is difficult
      to diagnose and treat duodenal trauma. We would like to present a 21-year-old
      male patient with pancreaticoduodenal injury who presented to our emergency
      service after firearm injury to his abdomen and discuss his treatment with a
      short review of related literature. 

PMID- 27358517
TI  - A Review of the Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes of Robotic Surgery Versus
      Laparoscopic Surgery for Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - The goal of this review was to compare long-term oncologic outcomes of robotic
      versus laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer. A literature search was
      performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Medline (2002-2014). Search terms:
      laparoscopic, robotic, rectal, colon, surgery, oncologic, and outcomes. Studies
      comparing overall and disease free survival of robotic versus laparoscopic
      surgery for colorectal cancer were included. Meta-analysis was performed using
      OpenMeta[Analyst] for Windows 8. Five studies were identified reporting on
      overall survival, disease free survival, lymph node extraction, and distal and
      circumferential resection margin. Three hundred and seventeen patients underwent
      robotic resection and 368 underwent laparoscopic resection, with similar
      demographics. Operative times were longer with robotic resections, with no
      difference in estimated blood loss (EBL) or length of stay. The disease stage was
      distributed similarly in both groups. Similar numbers underwent neo-adjuvant
      therapy. Laparoscopic resection was associated with 3.2 mm larger distal
      resection margins (p = 0.04) and 2.2 more lymph nodes removed (p = 0.001), but
      with equivalent circumferential resection margin status. Disease-free and overall
      survival was equivalent. Robotic and laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer
      offer comparable overall and disease free survival. Laparoscopic surgery offered
      a slight advantage in operative time, distal margin, and lymph node yield.
      Larger, prospective trials are needed to confirm the equivalence of these
      approaches. 

PMID- 27358518
TI  - Percutaneous Catheter Drainage in Infected Pancreatitis Necrosis: a Systematic
      Review.
AB  - The primary aim of this study was to present the outcomes of percutaneous
      catheter drainage (PCD) in patients with infected pancreatitis necrosis. A second
      aim was to focus on disease severity, catheter size, and additional surgical
      intervention. A literature search of the PubMed/MEDLINE/Cochrane Library (January
      1998 to February 2015) databases was conducted. All randomized, non-randomized,
      and retrospective studies with data on PCD techniques and outcomes in patients
      with infected pancreatitis necrosis were included. Studies that reported data on
      PCD along with other interventions without the possibility to discriminate
      results specific to PCD were excluded. The main outcomes were mortality, major
      complications, and definitive successful treatment with percutaneous catheter
      drainage alone. Fifteen studies of 577 patients were included. There was only one
      randomized, controlled trial, and most others were retrospective case series.
      Organ failure before PCD occurred in 55.3 % of patients. With PCD alone,
      definitive successful treatment was 56.2 % of patients. Additional surgical
      intervention was required after PCD in 38.5 % of patients. The overall mortality
      rate was 18 % (104 of 577 patients). Complications occurred in 25.1 % of
      patients, and fistula was the most common complication. PCD is an efficient tool
      for treatment in the majority of patients with infected pancreatitis necrosis as
      the only intervention. Multiple organ failures before PCD are negative parameters
      for the outcome of the disease. Large catheters fail to prove to be more
      effective for draining necrotic tissue. However, in the extent of multi-morbid
      patients, to determine one single prognostic factor seems to be difficult. 

PMID- 27358519
TI  - Urothelial Carcinoma in Pediatric Patient.
AB  - Transitional cell carcinoma as a cause of hematuria is a rare entity in the
      pediatric age group. An 11-year-old child presented with gross, painless
      hematuria. Ultrasonogram and computed tomography scan of the child revealed a
      tumor in the posterolateral wall of the bladder. Cystoscopically, the mass was
      present in the bladder away from the trigone area about 2 cm lateral to the right
      ureteric orifice. Transurethrally, the tumor was excised by a cystoscope.
      Histopathologically, it was a low-grade noninvasive urothelial carcinoma of the
      bladder. A follow-up cystoscopy at 6 months and 1 year had no recurrence.
      Literature review revealed the pediatric age group as an uncommon age for
      urothelial carcinoma of bladder, which has a different biological behavior of
      being low malignant potential compared to their adult counterpart. They have been
      treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumor without any adjuvant
      therapy. There is no definite follow-up schedule for these tumors as it occurs in
      very small number of cases. 

PMID- 27358520
TI  - Retropancreatic Ovarian Tumor.
AB  - Retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenomas are rare lesions (less than 50 reported)
      characterized by presence of ovary like stroma of unknown origin. However,
      germinal component of ovary has never been found in them. The pancreas
      occasionally gives rise to mucinous cystadenomas, but they are always
      intrapancreatic. We report a unique case of a rare retroperitoneal mucinous
      cystadenomas with presence of ovarian follicles in a 45-year-old lady who
      presented with an abdominal mass. This was successfully excised. Though
      retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenomas are rare, presence of ovarian follicle
      (germ cell) in them has never been reported before. 

PMID- 27358521
TI  - Hydrocele of Femoral Hernial Sac-an Extremely Rare Case.
AB  - A previously healthy 40-year-old woman presented with a right groin swelling for
      the last 2 years. Diagnosed preoperatively as uncomplicated, irreducible
      epiplocele of right femoral hernia, later per-operatively was diagnosed as
      hydrocele of femoral hernial sac also known as "femorocele"; ultrasound abdomen
      and groin demonstrated as a cystic mass right groin with no precise origin. All
      other basic line investigations within normal limits, except anemia 7 gm %,
      corrected to 10 gm %, by preoperative transfusions of 2 units of complete fresh
      blood. After low approach incision, excision of hydrocele sac, and feormal hernia
      repair were done with approximation of iliopectineal ligament to inguinal
      ligament, patient was discharged on 5th postoperative day with satisfactory wound
      healing and uneventful hospitalization. 

PMID- 27358522
TI  - Congenital Right Morgagni Hernia Presenting in an Adult-a Case Report.
AB  - Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH) usually present in the
      neonatal period with respiratory distress. Delayed presentation of CDH in adults
      is rare and difficult to diagnose. We present a 42-year-old female patient who
      came with complaints of epigastric pain and breathlessness on exertion. X-ray and
      CT scan of the chest revealed a right-sided Morgagni hernia. The contents of the
      hernia were reduced and a primary tension free repair of the hernia defect was
      done through laparotomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. A strong
      clinical suspicion and good interpretation of radiological images help diagnose
      CDH which present late. Prompt surgical repair is mandatory and the outcomes are
      usually favorable. Primary repair is usually successful; however, mesh repair may
      be required for larger defects. 

PMID- 27358523
TI  - Common Bile Duct Obstruction Due to Surgical Clips Following Laparoscopic
      Cholecystectomy Treated with Percutaneous Balloon Dilatation.
AB  - Bile duct injury is a commonly seen complication of the laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy (LC) approach, which can even lead to a life-threatening
      condition and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the first
      line choice in treatment. Beside this, it can be concluded that percutaneous
      transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and balloon dilatation methods may also
      constitute a reasonable selection with non-invasive, feasible and effective
      aspects prior to open surgery. In the present case, we report the management of a
      bile duct obstruction due to surgical clips following LC, treated with PTC and
      balloon dilatation instead of surgical procedure in a child patient. 

PMID- 27358524
TI  - Abdominal Cocoon: "Cauliflower Sign" on CT Scan.
AB  - A case of an abdominal cocoon that showed a characteristic "cauliflower sign" on
      CT scan has been presented. 

PMID- 27358525
TI  - New Breast Pain Chart for Objective Record of Mastalgia.
AB  - Mastalgia is the commonest affliction of mammary gland among ladies of the
      reproductive age group. Since etiopathogenesis and therapy are different for
      cyclical and noncyclical pain, it is imperative to ascertain the exact type
      correctly. This is usually done in the breast clinics by advising the patient to
      fill a pain diary over a period of 2 months over two menstrual cycles. The
      Cardiff pain chart records the severity of pain in the form of a triangle for
      mild to moderate pain and a square for severe pain. Moreover, Cardiff pain chart
      does not allow a patient to record the severity of pain on days of menses, as she
      has to put the letter "P" in the box. These problems have been resolved in the
      new breast pain chart. In the new pain chart, the lady records pain severity in
      the form of visual linear analogue scale score on every day of menstrual cycle.
      She enters her menstrual experience on a separate part of chart, which allows us
      to visualize the full month's pain severity in an uncluttered way. 

PMID- 27358526
TI  - Totally Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer at a Single
      Institutional Experience and Changes in Technique of Esophagojejunostomy.
AB  - The totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy (TLTG) for gastric cancer has not
      gained widespread acceptance due to its technical difficulties, especially with
      the intracorporeal esophagojejunostomy (IEJS). Various modified procedures for
      the IEJS have been devised, but an optimal method has not yet been standardized.
      A total of 32 consecutive patients (23 men and 9 women) underwent TLTGs for
      gastric cancer, between December of 2009 and December of 2014 at the Iwate
      Medical University Hospital, and were enrolled in this study. Here, we report our
      institution's experience with TLTGs, with changes in the IEJS. The study
      participants had a mean age of 66.8 years and a body mass index of 22.8 kg/m2.
      The mean operation time and blood loss were 356.1 min and 61.2 mL, respectively.
      According to the IEJS, there were 6 circular stapler (CS) (single and double
      stapling techniques) and 26 linear stapler (LS) (overlap technique and functional
      end-to-end anastomosis) procedures performed. Two patients, who had undergone
      IEJS by double stapling technique, developed anastomotic stenosis and required
      endoscopic balloon dilatations of the anastomotic sites. Therefore, we changed to
      LS to secure the abundant anastomotic diameter. In our institute, some
      problematic complications in the IEJS procedure occurred at the introduction of
      the TLTG. We have overcome these complications by changing and standardizing the
      IEJS techniques, and by cultivating the laparoscopic techniques. 

PMID- 27358527
TI  - Applications of Basic Physics for a Surgeon.

PMID- 27358528
TI  - Foam Sclerotherapy-Simple Solution for Difficult Problem.

PMID- 27358529
TI  - Cardiovascular complications among individuals with amphetamine-positive urine
      drug screening admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are the most commonly used illicit
      drugs in Saudi Arabia. Frequency and outcome of ATS-related cardiovascular (CV)
      complications in the Saudi community have not been previously studied. AIM: We
      aimed to determine the incidence and the clinical outcomes of CV complications
      among individuals with amphetamine-positive urine drug screening (APUDS) tests
      admitted to a tertiary care facility in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS:
      Retrospective review of consecutive cases with APUDS and concurrently positive
      cardiac biomarkers admitted to King Abdul-Aziz Medical City in Riyadh, Saudi
      Arabia, between January 2006 and December 2013. The laboratory database was
      queried to identify patients with positive APUDS and abnormal cardiac biomarkers.
      Clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical records. RESULTS: A
      total of 7450 urine drug screening tests were performed during the study period,
      out of which 720 (9.6%) were positive for ATS (APUDS group). Forty-two cases in
      the APUDS group were documented to have CV complications. All cases were men with
      a median age of 39 years (range, 21-60 years). Acute coronary syndrome/myocardial
      infarction was the most frequent clinical presentation (n = 31, 74%),
      predominantly in the form of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Other less
      frequent complications included myopericarditis, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmia.
      Coronary procedures were performed in 30 cases. Median hospital stay was 5 days
      (range, 1-28 days) and in-hospital mortality was 7.2%. CONCLUSION: APUDS is
      frequently encountered in young Saudi men presenting to the emergency department
      of our institution. Individuals with APUDS are at increased risk of CV
      complications and in-hospital mortality. The most frequent APUDS-related CV
      complication is acute coronary syndrome.

PMID- 27358530
TI  - The prevalence and the clinical characteristics of metabolic syndrome patients
      admitted to the cardiac care unit.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of multiple cardiovascular risk
      factors, including dysglycemia, central obesity, high cholesterol, and
      hypertension. Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common complications of
      MetS. Recent studies showed that prevalence of MetS among patients admitted with
      acute coronary syndrome was as high as 46%. DESIGN: We conducted a cross
      sectional study of 203 patients at the two main hospitals in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia.
      Patients older than 18 years who were admitted to the Cardiac Care Unit (CCU)
      between the months of August 2013 and June 2014 were asked to participate. MetS
      diagnosis was made based on the International Diabetes Federation definition.
      RESULTS: A total of 203 patients participated, with 59.1% male and 40.9% were
      female. The mean age was 60.9 years with a mean body mass index of 28.97 kg/m(2)
      and a mean waist circumference of 95.45 cm. The prevalence of MetS was 47.8%,
      primarily among obese female patients who reported sedentary lifestyles.
      Additionally, MetS patients were more likely to be admitted with heart failure (p
      < 0.05) and more likely to have moderate-to-severe left-ventricular hypertrophy
      (LVH; p < 0.05) relative to non-MetS patients. CONCLUSION: Of the patients
      admitted to the CCU, 47.8% had MetS, with those patients likely to be female and
      obese. Furthermore, MetS patients were more likely to be admitted with heart
      failure and suffer from moderate-to-severe LVH.

PMID- 27358531
TI  - Cystatin C: A prognostic marker after myocardial infarction in patients without
      chronic kidney disease.
AB  - AIMS: Cystatin C is an endogenous marker of renal function. It is a well
      established better marker of glomerular filtration rate than serum creatinine.
      There is also evidence that cystatin C is associated with atherosclerotic
      disease. The present prospective study evaluated the prognostic value of cystatin
      C after myocardial infarction in patients without chronic kidney disease. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: A total of 127 patients who underwent coronary angiography after an
      acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were included. Cystatin C was associated with the
      severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). Cystatin C levels were significantly
      higher in patients with 3-vessels disease and severe CAD according to GENSINI
      score (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). Among the patients admitted for ST
      elevation myocardial infarction, Cystatin C concentration was correlated with the
      initial TIMI flow in the culprit artery (p < 0.001). Mean duration of the follow
      up period was 10.76 +/- 2.1 months. High Cystatin C concentrations were
      associated to the occurrence of unfavourable outcomes and cardiovascular
      mortality during follow-up (1.19 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.01 +/- 0.35 mg/L, p = 0.01 and
      1.21 +/- 0.36 vs. 0.96 +/- 0.27 mg/L, p = 0.03). Among different laboratory
      parameters, cystatin C was the best marker to predict the occurrence of major
      adverse cardiovascular events during the follow-up (Area under the
      receiveroperating characteristic curve = 0.743). CONCLUSION: High cystatin C
      levels are associated with the severity of coronary artery disease in patients
      presenting an acute coronary syndrome and a normal renal function. Cystatin C is
      also associated to unfavourable cardiovascular outcomes during follow-up and
      appears as a strong predictor for risk of cardiovascular events and death.

PMID- 27358532
TI  - Red cell distribution width and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predict left
      ventricular dysfunction in acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Red cell distribution width (RDW) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
      (NLR) are the two markers used to determine risk of mortality and adverse
      cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The
      relationship between RDW, NLR, and left ventricular (LV) systolic functions has
      not been reported. In this report, we aimed to investigate the relationship
      between RDW, NLR, and LV systolic function in anterior ST-segment elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who underwent primary percutaneous
      coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: RDW and NLR were measured on admission in
      106 STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. Patients were divided into two
      groups according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), as Group I
      (systolic dysfunction, LVEF <50%) and Group II (preserved global left ventricle
      systolic function, LVEF ?50%). The first group included 47 patients and the
      second group included 59 patients. RESULTS: Mean RDW and NLR were significantly
      higher in Group I compared to Group II [13.7 +/- 0.9% vs. 13.4 +/- 0.7%, p = 0.03
      and 5.86 (range, 0.66-40.50) vs. 2.75 (range, 0.51-39.39), p = 0.013,
      respectively]. CONCLUSION: Increased RDW and NLR on admission, in anterior STEMI
      patients treated with primary PCI are associated with LV systolic dysfunction.

PMID- 27358534
TI  - An alien in the heart.
AB  - We report a case of a 38-year-old-man who presented with altered mental status.
      The patient was diagnosed with infective endocarditis (IE) originating from the
      GORE HELEX septal occluder device, which was placed 15 months earlier for
      symptomatic atrial septal defect. Brain imaging revealed shower emboli phenomena
      from the known IE. The patient developed hydrocephalus for which external
      ventriculostomy was performed. Improved neurological status warranted open heart
      surgery. The patient was later confirmed to be an intravenous drugs abuser,
      prejudicing IE. This case highlights the importance of meticulously monitoring
      patients with suspected high-risk behavior with an implanted intracardiac
      prosthetic device. 

PMID- 27358535
TI  - Intracardiac tumor causing left-ventricular outflow-tract obstruction in a
      newborn.
AB  - The following report describes the case of newborn girl with an asymptomatic
      systolic murmur, which on imaging revealed a nearly obstructive mass in the left
      ventricular outflow tract. The mass was resected and found to be consistent with
      a rhabdomyoma. Here, we describe the pathologic and clinical characteristics of
      this tumor. 

PMID- 27358533
TI  - Assessment of left ventricular mass index could predict metabolic syndrome in
      obese children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases
      in children and adults. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
      serum leptin level and the cardiac changes in normotensive obese children and to
      study the relationship between left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and serum
      leptin with the parameters of metabolic syndrome (MS) in obese children. METHODS:
      This study was conducted in al Jeddani Hospital and Ibn Sina College Hospital in
      Saudi Arabia in the period from July 2012 to December 2013, and included 82 obese
      children. Their mean age was 10.2 +/- 2.8 years; they were divided into 25 obese
      children with MS and 57 obese children without MS, and 40 healthy age- and sex
      matched children were also included in the study as a control group. All children
      were subjected to clinical assessment including standing height, body weight,
      body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure measurements.
      All children received an echocardiographic examination (2-dimensional, M-mode,
      Doppler, and tissue Doppler echocardiograpy) and laboratory assessment of serum
      leptin level, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, the homeostatic model assessment
      for insulin resistance (HOMA) index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-
      and low-density lipoprotein profile. RESULTS: BMI, BMI standard deviation score,
      WC, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA index and the serum leptin level were
      significantly higher in obese children compared to control group (p < 0.05). The
      LVMI were increased in the obese compared to the control group (p < 0.001) while
      left ventricle systolic and diastolic functions did not differ in obese versus
      control group (p > 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between
      both LVMI and serum leptin level in comparison to BMI, WC, fasting glucose,
      fasting insulin, HOMA, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein in all obese
      children, especially the MS group. However, there was a significant negative
      correlation between both LVMI and serum leptin level in comparison to high
      density lipoprotein. CONCLUSION: Assessment of LVMI as routine echocardiographic
      examinations and serum leptin level might be a feasible and reliable method for
      the evaluation of obesity and its related cardiovascular risks during childhood
      that can predict metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.

PMID- 27358536
TI  - Development of neoaortic pseudoaneurysm after arterial switch operation.
AB  - We report a case of a 46-day-old boy who was diagnosed with transposition of the
      great arteries and underwent arterial switch operation. A large neoaortic
      pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed on the first postoperative follow up. Successful
      repair of the aneurysm was done and at the 3-year follow up, the child's clinical
      and imaging findings remain normal. 

PMID- 27358537
TI  - A rare cause of recurrent aortic dissection.
AB  - We report the case of a 19-year-old man with a history of Loeys-Dietz syndrome
      (LDS), which was diagnosed when he had a Stanford type A aortic dissection. He
      also had multiple aneurysms including ones in the innominate, right common
      carotid, and right internal mammary arteries. He had had multiple procedures
      including Bentall's procedure, repeat sternotomy with complete arch and valve
      replacement, and coil embolization of internal mammary artery aneurysm in the
      past. His LDS was characterized by gene mutation for transforming growth factor
      beta receptor 1. He presented to our facility with sudden onset of back pain,
      radiating to the right shoulder and chest. He was diagnosed with Stanford type B
      aortic dissection and underwent thoracic aorta endovascular repair for his aortic
      dissection. This case represents the broad spectrum of pathology associated with
      LDS where even with regular surveillance and aggressive medical management the
      patient developed Stanford B aortic dissection. 

PMID- 27358538
TI  - Acute myocardial infarction with multiple coronary thromboses in a young addict
      of amphetamines and benzodiazepines.
AB  - A 35-year-old man of average build and a smoker, with a background of a
      psychiatric disorder, was brought by his neighbor to the emergency department
      after an hour of severe chest pain. Upon arrival at the hospital he had cardiac
      arrest, was resuscitated, and moved to the catheterization laboratory with
      inferior, posterior, and lateral myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography
      showed an unusual thrombosis in multiple coronary branches. Toxicology report
      showed high levels of amphetamines and benzodiazepines in the patient's original
      blood sample. The patient was kept under ventilation for 18 days, with difficult
      recovery due to severe withdrawal manifestations, ventilation acquired pneumonia,
      and rhabdomyolysis inducing acute renal failure. The patient regained near normal
      left ventricular function after baseline severe regional and global dysfunction.
      We postulate a relationship between the use of amphetamines, potentiated by
      benzodiazepines, and occurrence of acute thrombosis of multiple major coronary
      arteries. 

PMID- 27358539
TI  - The Challenge of Childhood Cancer in Developing Countries.

PMID- 27358540
TI  - Methylene Blue as a Diagnostic Aid in the Early Detection of Potentially
      Malignant and Malignant Lesions of Oral Mucosa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In vivo stains are the prompt resources, which have emerged in recent
      years to aid as clinical diagnostic tools in detecting early potentially
      malignant and malignant lesions. Toluidine blue, by its property of retaining in
      the increased DNA and RNA cellular activity areas, aids in delineating the
      suspicious areas. However, it is hazardous if swallowed, and has been shown to
      have toxicity to fibroblasts. Methylene blue has a similar chemical structure and
      exhibits similar physicochemical properties as toluidine blue. It is less toxic
      to the human body and has recently been proposed for screening some
      gastrointestinal or prostate tumors. The application of this material in
      detecting oral lesions has so far not been addressed. The objective of this study
      was to evaluate the sensitivity and reliability of in vivo staining with
      methylene blue as a diagnostic adjunct in screening for oral malignant or
      potentially malignant lesions. METHODS: The present study involved the
      examination of 75 patients suspected of having oral malignant or potentially
      malignant lesions by methylene blue staining. The results of methylene blue
      uptake were compared with a simultaneous biopsy of these lesions. RESULTS: The
      overall sensitivity was 95% (100% for malignancy and 92% for potentially
      malignant lesions) and specificity was 70%. The positive predictive value was 91%
      and negative predictive value of 80% was observed in the study. CONCLUSION: We
      consider that methylene blue staining is a useful diagnostic adjunct in a large,
      community-based oral cancer screening program for high-risk individuals.

PMID- 27358541
TI  - Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption and Its Contributing Factors among Students of
      a Private Medical College in Belgaum: A Cross Sectional Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption epidemic is one of the biggest public health
      threats that the world is facing and attracts the attention of researchers to
      identify the cause for the same in specific groups. Medical students act as
      mentors to fight against tobacco use, but several reports suggest that a good
      number of medical undergraduates are themselves addicted to tobacco use. Thus,
      the objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco consumption
      and its association with various factors among undergraduate medical students.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 372 undergraduate
      medical students from first to fourth year during November 2013 to January 2015.
      A pre-designed, pre-tested, structured and self-administered questionnaire was
      used. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 16. Data was
      analyzed for percentage, Chi-square test and regression analysis to find
      association between tobacco use and various independent variables. RESULT: The
      mean age of the participants was 21.2 (SD=2.28) years with a male-female ratio of
      1.92:1. The prevalence of tobacco use was 27.1% (n=101). The overall prevalence
      of smoking and smokeless tobacco use was 22.6% (n=84) and 7.8% (n=29)
      respectively. The prevalence of current tobacco use was 24.2% (n=90). Among the
      ever tobacco users, about 3% (n=11) had quit using tobacco. Tobacco consumption
      was observed to be significantly associated with male gender (p<.001), increasing
      age (p<0.01), residing in hostels (p<.001) and with a parental history of using
      tobacco (p<.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of tobacco use in smoking and
      smokeless form among undergraduate medical students was high.This has important
      implications in the strict implementation and monitoring of smoking-related rules
      in hostels of medical colleges, especially those related to peer-support.

PMID- 27358542
TI  - Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors among Hospitalized Patients
      with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Jimma University Specialized Hospital,
      Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HIV/AIDS predisposes to malnutrition. Malnutrition exacerbates
      HIV/AIDS progression resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. The
      magnitude of malnutrition in HIV/AIDS patients has not been well studied in
      Ethiopian setup. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and
      associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients admitted to Jimma University
      Specialized Hospital (JUSH). METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted to
      assess the nutritional status of 109 HIV/AIDS patients admitted from November
      2013 to July 2014. Cohort design was also used for outcome assessment. Serum
      levels of hemoglobin, albumin and CD4 counts were determined. Data were
      organized, coded, cleaned, entered into a computer and analyzed using SPSS
      version 16.0. Descriptive analysis was done initially. Those variables in the
      bivariate analysis with P-value < 0.25 were then considered as candidates to be
      included in the multivariable logistic regression model. A P-vale of < 0.05 was
      considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients
      was 32.7+/-8.12 with male to female ratio of 1:1.9. Patients were in either
      clinical stage, 3(46.8%), or stage, 4(53.2%). Forty nine (45%) of the respondents
      had a CD4 count of < 200 cells/uL. The overall prevalence of malnutrition was
      46.8% (BMI<18.5kg/m2) and 44.1% (MUAC<= 20cm). Eighty four (77.1%) of the
      patients had a serum albumin level of <=3.5g/dl while 76 (69.6%) of the patients
      had anemia (Hg<12g/dl). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malnutrition was found to
      be high. WHO Stage 4 disease and CD4 count <200cells/ul were independent
      predictors of malnutrition.

PMID- 27358543
TI  - Knowledge about Radiation Related Health Hazards and Protective Measures among
      Patients Waiting for Radiologic Imaging in Jimma University Hospital, Southwest
      Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radiologic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using ionizing
      radiation carry potential health risks. Hence, clients' knowledge about radiation
      would play a key role in reducing unnecessary imaging and its impacts. However,
      information on client's knowledge in low income countries specifically in the
      Ethiopian context has been was limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
      assess knowledge about radiation related hazards and protective measures among
      patients waiting for radiologic imaging. METHODS: Descriptive cross sectional
      study design was employed on 388 patients waiting for radiologic imaging in Jimma
      University Hospital from Dec.25/2014 to Jan. 10/2015. Eligible participants were
      interviewed using pretested questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed using
      IBM SPSS version 21. A descriptive analysis was conducted to get summary values
      of clients' radiation related knowledge. RESULTS: A total of 386 clients were
      included to the analysis.Two hundred and three (52.6%) participants had ever
      heard radiation related health hazards. Among these, 74.9% mentioned infertility,
      64.0% indicated cancer followed by 26.6% who mentioned cataract as radiation
      related health hazards. A large number of clients (75.6%) had no idea about
      radiation protective measures, whereas 22% of them mentioned not entering
      examination room unless ordered by health professionals and 10.6% indicated
      covering sensitive body parts with lead (pb). The majority (85.8%) of the clients
      did not support unjustified repeated radiation imaging for diagnostic or other
      purposes. CONCLUSION: The overall knowledge of clients about radiation imaging
      seems inadequate. Thus, comprehensive awareness raising programmes targeted at
      different settinsg and levels should be designed and implemented.

PMID- 27358544
TI  - Mean Normal Portal Vein Diameter Using Sonography among Clients Coming to
      Radiology Department of Jimma University Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mean portal vein diameter is considered as the best indicator for
      portal hypertension. However, the cutoff point differs from study to study (above
      10-15 mm) despite the existence of normal mean portal vein diameter between 10-15
      mm in different settings.This implies the existence of limited evidence on normal
      portal vein diameter for all populations in all countries prior to setting the
      cutoff points. Therefore, the aim of this study was sonographic assessment of
      normal mean portal vein diameter among patients referred to The Department of
      Radiology in Jimma University Hospital. METHODS: A facility based cross-sectional
      study was conducted from November to December 2014 at Jimma University Hospital
      on a total of 195 clients. Data about portal vein diameter for eligible clients
      were collected by radiologists using Sonography. Data were edited manually,
      entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. RESULT: Data were collected from a
      total of 195 participants. Among these, 121(62.1%) were males and the median age
      of the participants was 35 years. The study revealed a normal mean portal vein
      diameter of 10.6 mm +/-1.8 SD with a respirophasic variation of 25.6%. Likewise,
      the normal mean portal vein diameter seemed to have varied significantly by age
      and sex. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a normal mean portal vein diameter
      ranging below 13 mm. Hence, decisions made in clinical settings should base on
      these findings. Besides, there is a need for large scale study to determine
      portal vein diameter variation by age and sex, controlling other confounders.

PMID- 27358545
TI  - Prevalence and Predictors of "Small Size" Babies in Ethiopia: In-depth Analysis
      of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, 2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low Birth Weight (LBW) babies account for nearly 80% of neonatal
      deaths globally. In Ethiopia, only 5% of them are weighed at birth. This study
      analyzes the prevalence and key proximate determinants of reported infant size,
      and its validity to use as a proxy indicator for low birth weight inthe Ethiopian
      context. METHODS: In-depth analysis of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health
      Survey dataset was conducted using representative data collected from all regions
      in the country. Considering reported fetal size at birth as an outcome variable,
      key predicting variables from socio-demographic, household, child and obstetric
      characteristics were employed for analyses. Chi-square test and multivariate
      logistic regression model were used to determine predictors at p value < 0.05.
      RESULTS: An average of 29.1% of Ethiopian babies were reported "small" at birth
      in 2011. various variables from socio-demographic, household, child and maternal
      reproductive characteristics were identified as key predictors. Women who develop
      anemia and not attending antenatal care during pregnancy had 15% and 41% more
      risk of giving birth to the reported "small size" babies than their counterparts
      (AoR = 1.15, and 1.41, 95% CI (1.02, 1.64 and 1.06, 1.88) respectively. Maternal
      age at delivery, maternal literacy level, paternal educational status and
      presence of radio or television in the household and other factors were also
      other key predictors identified. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of small size babies
      in Ethiopia is high but comparable to regional estimates of LBW. It is recommend
      that improving maternal nutritional and socio-economic status is a timely
      intervention to tackle the problem.

PMID- 27358546
TI  - Point-of-Care Testing for Anaemia in Children Using Portable Haematocrit Meter: A
      Pilot Study from Southwest Nigeria and Implications for Developing Countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prompt and accurate diagnosis is needed to prevent the untoward
      effects of anaemia on children. Although haematology analyzers are the gold
      standard for accurate measurement of haemoglobin or haematocrit for anaemia
      diagnosis, they are often out of the reach of most health facilities in resource
      poor settings thus creating a care gap. We conducted this study to examine the
      agreement between a point-of-care device and haematology analyzer in determining
      the haematocrit levels in children and to determine its usefulness in diagnosing
      anaemia in resource-poor settings. METHODS: EDTA blood samples collected from
      participants were processed to estimate their haematocrits using the two devices
      (Mindray BC-3600 haematology analyzer and Portable Mission Hb/Haemotocrit testing
      system). A pairwise t-test was used to compare the haematocrit (PCV) results from
      the automated haematology analyzer and the portable haematocrit meter. The
      agreement between the two sets of measurements was assessed using the Bland and
      Altman method where the mean, standard deviation and limit of agreement of paired
      results were calculated. RESULTS: The intraclass and concordance correlation
      coefficients were 0.966 and 0.936. Sensitivity and specificity were 97.85% and
      94.51% respectively while the positive predictive and negative predictive values
      were 94.79% and 97.73%. The Bland and Altman's limit of agreement was -5.5-5.1
      with the mean difference being -0.20 and a non-ignificant variability between the
      two measurements (p = 0.506). CONCLUSION: Haematocrit determined by the portable
      testing system is comparable to that determined by the haematology analyzer. We
      therefore recommend its use as a point-of-care device for determining haematocrit
      in resource-poor settings where haematology analyzers are not available.

PMID- 27358547
TI  - Pharmaceutical Regulatory Framework in Ethiopia: A Critical Evaluation of Its
      Legal Basis and Implementation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective and enforceable national regulations describing the
      manufacture and (re)packaging, export and import, distribution and storage,
      supply and sale, information and pharmaco-vigilance of medicines are required to
      consistently ensure optimal patient benefit. Expansion of pharmaceutical
      industries in many countries with advancement in transport technologies
      facilitated not only trade of genuine pharmaceutical products but also the
      circulation of poor quality medicines across the globe. In Ethiopia, even though
      "The Pharmacists and Druggists Proclamation No 43/1942" was used to regulate both
      the professions and the facilities where they were practiced, comprehensive
      regulation of the pharmaceutical market was introduced in 1964 by a regulation
      called "Pharmacy Regulation No. 288/ 1964". This legislation formed the legal
      basis for official establishment of drug regulation in the history of Ethiopia,
      enabling the regulation of the practice of pharmacists, druggists and pharmacy
      technicians; manufacturing, distribution, and sale of medicines. In June 1999, a
      new regulation called the "Drug Administration and Control Proclamation No.
      176/1999" repealed most parts of the regulation 288/1964. The law established an
      independent Drug Administration and Control Authority (DACA) with further mandate
      of setting standards of competence for licensing institutions/facilities. DACA
      was re-structured as Food, Medicine and Health Care Administration and Control
      Authority (EFMHACA) of Ethiopia by the "Proclamation No. 661/2009" in 2010
      bearing additional responsibilities like regulation of food, health care
      personnel and settings. The mere existence of this legal framework does not
      guarantee complete absence of illegal, substandard and falsified products as well
      as illegal establishments in the pharmaceutical chain. Therefore, the objective
      of the research is to assess the pharmaceutical regulatory system in Ethiopia and
      to reveal possible reasons for deficiencies in the pharmaceutical chain. METHODS:
      An archival review, an in-depth interview of key informants and an institutions
      based cross-sectional survey study were conducted during March to April 2013. The
      comprehensiveness of the pharmaceutical law to protect public health relative to
      three selected African countries (South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda) and European
      Union, and implementation was assessed. RESULTS: The study revealed that Ethiopia
      does have a written national drug policy upon which the Medicines Regulatory
      Proclamation 661/2009 is based. According to this proclamation, the Ethiopian The
      Food, Medicines and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority is mandated
      to execute the regulatory activities as per the council of ministers regulation
      189/2010. The legal framework for pharmaceutical regulation of Ethiopia was
      founded to fulfill all the medicines regulatory functions potentially enabling to
      combat illegal, substandard and falsified medicines and illegal establishments.
      Moreover, all the key informants witnessed that the government is commited and
      proclamation 661/2009 is comprehensive, but they stressed the compelling need of
      regulatory tools for effective implementation. From the institution-based cross
      sectional study, it was revealed that there exist illegal sources formedicine in
      the pharmaceutical market. The main reasons for their existence were regulatory
      factors including weak regulatory enforcement (64.5%), lack of informal market
      control (60.8%), weak port control (50.0%), and poor cooperation between
      executive bodies (39.6%); and resource constraint (27.8%), which is an
      institutional factor. CONCLUSIONS: From legislative point of view, the medicines
      regulatory framework in Ethiopia fulfils all regulatory functions required for
      effective medicines regulation. However, the existence of the legislation by its
      own is not a guarantee to prevent the existence of unauthorized/illegal medicine
      sources since this requires effective implementation of the legislation, which is
      in fact affected by the governments political commitment, resource and
      intergovernmental cooperation.

PMID- 27358548
TI  - Establishing Medical Schools in Limited Resource Settings.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: One urgent goal of countries in sub-Saharan Africa is to
      dynamically scale up the education and work force of medical doctors in the
      training institutions and health facilities, respectively. These countries face
      challenges related to the rapid scale up which is mostly done without proper
      strategic planning, without the basic elements of infrastructure development,
      educational as well as academic and administrative human resources. Medical
      education done in the context of limited resources is thus compromising the
      quality of graduates. In the future, a collaborative and need-based approach
      involving major stakeholders such as medical educators concerned, ministries,
      planners and policy makers is needed. GOAL: This article identifies the
      challenges of establishing medical schools and sustaining the quality of
      education through rapid scale-up in Sub-Saharan Africa in the settings of limited
      resources. It also outlines the minimum requirements for establishing medical
      schools. METHODS: A consensus building workshop was conducted in Bishoftu,
      Ethiopia, from Nov 8-12, 2013. Participants were professionals from 13 Ethiopian
      medical schools, and representatives of medical schools from South Sudan,
      Somaliland, Somalia, and Mozambique. Participants are listed in Appendix 1.
      RECOMMENDATIONS: The governments and stakeholders should jointly develop
      strategic plans and a roadmaps for opening or expanding medical schools to scale
      up educational resources. It is advisable that medical schools have autonomy
      regarding the number of student-intake, student selection, curriculum ownership,
      resource allocation including for infrastructure and staff development. Health
      science and medical curricula should be integrated within and harmonized
      nationally. An educational evaluation framework needs to be embedded in the
      curricula, and all medical schools should have Health Science Education
      Development Centers.

PMID- 27358549
TI  - Combined Open-Heart Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery and Subtotal Thyroidectomy in
      a 54-year-old patient: A Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Combined open-heart surgery and thyroidectomy is a rare procedure.
      However, some difficulties will occur for cardiac surgery when thyromegaly
      extends into the retrosternal space. CASE DETAILS: A 54-year-old woman suffering
      from dyspnea, chest pain and decreased left ventricular function (EF=40%) was
      diagnosed with coronary artery disease (3 vessel disease) and became candidate
      for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Also, she had multinodular goiter
      with normal thyroid function test. After midsternotomy, a huge goiter was seen in
      the upper mediastinum. Because the mass had covered the ascending aorta and
      involved the posterior aspect of the innominate vein making access to aorta
      impossible, thyroidectomy was performed at first followed by CABG. Post-operation
      course was satisfactory. Fourteen months later, the patient was euthyroid and in
      NYHA class 1. CONCLUSION: The evidence of the case showed that combined CABG and
      thyroidectomy can be performed safely.

PMID- 27358550
TI  - Acanthamoeba Infection in a Drowning Child.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acanthamoeba infection is a potential life-threatening complication
      of drowning. The management of drowning-associated Acanthamoeba infection remains
      controversial. Survival reports on Acanthamoeba infection have been on case
      reports only. CASE DETAILS: A 2-year-old, previously healthy Indonesian boy
      presented with decreased consciousness and inadequate breathing,
      followingdrowning. The event was unsupervised with unknown estimated time of
      submersion. Resuscitation was commenced and mechanical ventilated was applied.
      Sputum specimen revealed alive Acanthamoeba with pseudopods and cysts. Sputum
      culture resulted in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and cerebrospinal fluid was supportive
      for Acanthamoeba with 1-3 trophozoites and cyst. Imaging of the head showed
      cerebral edema and encephalitis. The patient received intravenous ceftazidime,
      metronidazole, fluconazole and rifampicin. The patient's consciousness was
      unsatisfactory regained resulting in an altered mental status. CONCLUSION: No
      treatment so far has given a succesful outcome for Acanthamoeba. In this case,
      management with metronidazole, rifampicin and fluconazole showed regain of
      consciousness resulting in altered mental status.

PMID- 27358551
TI  - A Tricuspid Valve Mass Attached to Papillary Muscle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac myxoma is the most common benign heart tumor which can arise
      in any of the cardiac chambers, valves or related great veins. Diagnosis of a
      myxoma arising from the tricuspid valve apparatus is exceptional. We present a
      rare case of myxoma in a tricuspid valve attached to papillary muscle. CASE
      DETAILS: A 45-year-old man was referred to our center for the evaluation dyspnea
      and chest pain. During work-up by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), a mass
      was found on the corda tendinea of the anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid
      valve. Coronary angiography revealed normal coronary artery. During open heart
      surgery, an oval and non-pedunculated mass was detected on tricuspid corda
      tendinea and resected. Pathological examination revealed the presence of a
      myxoma. CONCLUSION: This experience illustrates a rare case of myxoma which
      originated from tricuspid corda tendinea, diagnosed by echocardiography,
      suggesting fibroelastoma. However, the mass was not clear enough but dyspnea and
      sign and symptom of probably embolization to lung urged us to treat it
      surgically. No complications attributable to the mass developed in the
      postoperative course. In the first year of follow-up, non-recurrence of the mass
      was detected on TEE, and the patient was asymptomatic.

PMID- 27358552
TI  - Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome and Shingles Associated with a
      Combined Paralysis of Three Oculomotor Nerves: A Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In countries with high prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection, particularly
      in black Africa, shingles is one of the main opportunistic infections during
      immunosuppression due to AIDS in young patients. If immunological weakness is
      important, usually when the CD4 cell count is less than 100 cells/mm(3), the risk
      of inflammatory reactions in the first three months after initiating of
      antiretroviral treatment (ART) is very high. This inflammatory reaction is called
      immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This observation reports the
      first documented case of IRIS with V1 shingles in a young HIV patient at
      University Hospital of Brazzaville. CASE DETAILS: A 40 years old patient was seen
      for a pain of the right side of the face and a complete immobility of the
      eyeball. The diagnosis of V1 shingles with a pan uveitis, and a paralysis of III,
      IV and VI nerves was made. The patiants HIV status was positive and CD4 cell
      count was 150 cells/mm(3). After two months of evolution under ART with a CD4
      count of 850 cells /mm(3), the symptomatology was quickly complicated by
      significant inflammation causing a phtisis bulbi. CONCLUSION: CD4 cells count is
      an important indicator in the HIV/AIDS therapy. In some major forms of IRIS,
      momentary pause of anti retroviral treatment is sometimes necessary.

PMID- 27358553
TI  - Tuberculous Dactylitis: An Uncommon Presentation of Skeletal Tuberculosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Skeletal involvement accounts 1-5% of all cases of Tuberculosis. The
      vertebrae are more commonly affected. The bones of the hands are more affected
      than the bones of the feet. The term "spina ventosa" has been used to describe
      this disorder because of its radiographic features of cystic expansion of the
      involved short tubular bones. Tuberculous dactylitis mainly occurs through lympho
      hematogenous spread. The lung is the primary focus in 75% of cases. CASE DETAILS:
      A 4 years old female child developed a painless swelling on her left index finger
      two months prior to her presentation. Following an unsuccessful treatment as a
      case of osteomyelitis with antibiotics, imaging showed an expansile lytic lesion
      with sclerosis, and fine needle aspiration confirmed tuberculous dactylitis. The
      child was initiated on anti-tubercular treatment with subsequent marked clinical
      and radiologic improvement. CONCLUSION: Presence of longstanding finger swelling
      and pain should alert a clinician to consider active disseminated tuberculosis.
      Furthermore, proper interpretation of imaging and use of fine needle aspiration
      has been highlighted.

PMID- 27358554
TI  - Laboratory assessment of thermal characteristics of three phacoemulsification tip
      designs operated using torsional ultrasound.
AB  - PURPOSE: Ultrasound activation of phacoemulsification (phaco) tips can create
      considerable thermal energy that may increase the risk of tissue damage during
      cataract surgery. The purpose of this study was to define the thermal profiles of
      three phaco tip designs in simulated surgical conditions. METHODS: In this
      laboratory investigation, sleeved phaco tips (mini-flared Kelman((r)) tip with
      aspiration bypass port and Intrepid((r)) Balanced Tip with aspiration bypass
      port, and MST A1 bent-mini phaco tip (without aspiration bypass) were tested
      using an ultrasonic phaco device operated in torsional mode at power levels of
      50%, 75%, and 100% amplitude. An automated fixture applied a 30 g load to
      simulate compression against the incision site, leading to friction between the
      silicone sleeve and the titanium tip. Temperature was recorded by high rate
      infrared imaging under conditions of free flow and occlusion, which was simulated
      by clamping the aspiration line. Data were summarized using descriptive
      statistics. RESULTS: Baseline temperatures of ~26 degrees C were observed for all
      tips. During ultrasonic operation at 50%, 75%, and 100% amplitude, temperatures
      were lower for the mini-flared and balanced tips versus the bent-mini tip, both
      when load was applied and during occlusion. The bent-mini tip reached
      temperatures as high as 70 degrees C during occlusion with load when operated at
      100% amplitude, whereas the mini-flared tip remained <50 degrees C, and the
      balanced tip remained <36 degrees C in all test conditions. For the mini-flared
      and balanced tips, temperature increases during operation were not markedly
      different from free flow and no-load conditions when occlusion or frictional
      events were simulated. CONCLUSION: In all experiments for each tip design,
      increasing ultrasound power was associated with greater increases in tip
      temperature. Tip temperatures increased with applied load, but marked temperature
      increases during occlusion were observed only with the bent-mini tip. The
      balanced tip produced minimal thermal peaks in all tests.

PMID- 27358555
TI  - Flavokawain derivative FLS induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis on breast cancer MCF
      7 cell line.
AB  - Known as naturally occurring biologically active compounds, flavokawain A and B
      are the leading chalcones that possess anticancer properties. Another flavokawain
      derivative, (E)-1-(2'-Hydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methylthio)phenyl)prop
      2-ene-1-one (FLS) was characterized with (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance,
      electron-impact mas spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet ((1)H
      NMR, EI-MS, IR, and UV) spectroscopic techniques. FLS cytotoxic efficacy against
      human cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-10A) resulted in the reduction of
      IC50 values in a time- and dose-dependent mode with high specificity on MCF-7
      (IC50 of 36 MUM at 48 hours) against normal breast cell MCF-10A (no IC50 detected
      up to 180 MUM at 72 hours). Light, scanning electron, and fluorescent microscopic
      analysis of MCF-7 cells treated with 36 MUM of FLS displayed cell shrinkage,
      apoptotic body, and DNA fragmentation. Additionally, induction of G2/M cell
      arrest within 24 hours and apoptosis at subsequent time points was discovered via
      flow cytometry analysis. The roles of PLK-1, Wee-1, and phosphorylation of CDC-2
      in G2/M arrest and proapoptotic factors (Bax, caspase 9, and p53) in promotion of
      apoptosis of FLS against MCF-7 cells were discovered using fluorometric,
      quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis.
      Interestingly, the presence of SCH3 (thiomethyl group) on ring B structure
      contributed to the selective cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells compared to other
      chalcones, flavokawain A and B. Overall, our data suggest potential therapeutic
      value for flavokawain derivative FLS to be further developed as a new anticancer
      drug. 

PMID- 27358556
TI  - Efficacy and safety of gemcitabine plus erlotinib for locally advanced or
      metastatic pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is considered as a chemoresistant neoplasm with
      extremely dismal prognosis. Gemcitabine is recommended as the standard agent for
      locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. A series of trials have been
      conducted to improve the outcome of advanced pancreatic cancer with other
      anticancer drugs in combination with gemcitabine. Unfortunately, the designers of
      the clinical trials failed to improve the poor prognosis of patients with
      advanced pancreatic cancer. Erlotinib was the first additional drug that improved
      the overall survival of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer with
      gemcitabine. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the
      efficacy and safety of the combination of gemcitabine with erlotinib (GemErlo)
      for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer using the currently available
      evidence. METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and relevant
      abstracts of major conferences were comprehensively searched. Data results on
      objective response rate, disease control rate, and 1-year survival were pooled by
      using MetaAnalyst with a random-effects model. Results on progression-free
      survival and overall survival were only summarized descriptively. RESULTS: A
      total of 24 studies with 1,742 patients with locally advanced or metastatic
      pancreatic cancer treated with GemErlo were included. Combined objective response
      rate was 14.4% (95% CI: 11.6%-17.7%), disease control rate was 55.0% (95% CI:
      51.5%-58.5%), and 1-year survival rate was 28.5% (95% CI: 24.0%-33.4%).
      Progression-free survival ranged from 2.63 to 9.6 months, and overall survival
      varied from 6 to 10 months. As for the toxicity profile, the most common adverse
      events (AEs) were hematologic reactions, skin rash, and gastrointestinal
      reactions. Other severe AEs, which had low incidence, included treatment-induced
      death and interstitial lung disease. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that GemErlo is
      associated with reasonable activity in treating patients with locally advanced or
      metastatic pancreatic cancer. Most of the AEs were tolerable, while some severe
      AEs needed careful detection.

PMID- 27358557
TI  - Social support received by multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients and related
      factors: a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of
      China.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to assess the social support received
      by patients diagnosed with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Zhejiang
      Province, People's Republic of China and the factors that may have influenced it.
      METHODS: A total of 220 MDR-TB patients participated in the questionnaire-based
      survey, and the data from 212 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The respondents
      reported their sociodemographic status, disease features, and attitudes toward
      the disease. The social support rating scale was used to measure the patients'
      social support scores. An Independent Samples t-test, one-way analysis of
      variance, and a multiple linear regression model were used to analyze the related
      factors for the social support scores. RESULT: The average social support score
      of each MDR-TB patient was 32.56+/-7.86. Participants who were single, widowed or
      divorced, retired, and had fewer family members and lower family income were
      found to have lower social support scores. Participants unwilling to disclose
      their disease tended to have less social support (31.59<34.23, P=0.010).
      Participants who perceived great help from health care workers reported higher
      social support rating scale scores than those who perceived no help (35.36.29.89,
      P=0.014). CONCLUSION: MDR-TB patients in Zhejiang Province were shown to have a
      low level of social support. Patients who were not married, had smaller families,
      and lower family income received less social support, suggesting that family
      harmony could be an important source of social support. Patients' self-isolation
      may contribute to a decrease in the amount of support they receive from their
      surroundings. Health care organizations need to offer more social support to MDR
      TB patients.

PMID- 27358558
TI  - Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on bone health status of the elderly in Kuala
      Lumpur, Malaysia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a significant health problem in the developing
      countries and its prevalence data are important for the estimation of health care
      burden and policy making. This study aimed to determine the age-related changes
      in bone health and the prevalence of osteoporosis in males and females aged 50
      years or above living in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study
      was conducted between December 2014 and December 2015. Subjects answered a
      demographic questionnaire and underwent body anthropometric and bone health
      measurement. Assessment of bone health was performed using a quantitative
      ultrasound device that generated speed of sound, broadband ultrasound
      attenuation, stiffness index, and T-score based on stiffness index value as bone
      health indices. RESULTS: The prevalence of osteoporosis was 10.6% in males and
      8.0% in females. Significant age-related decline of bone health indices (speed of
      sound, broadband ultrasound attenuation, stiffness index, and T-score) and a
      concurrent increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia were
      observed in females (P<0.05) but not in males (P>0.05). Ethnic differences in
      bone health indices and prevalence of osteoporosis/osteopenia were not observed
      (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of males and females age 50 years
      or above have suboptimal bone health. Preventive measures such as early screening
      should be implemented to retard the progression of osteoporosis.

PMID- 27358559
TI  - Erratum: Effects of intravitreal ranibizumab on the untreated eye and systemic
      gene expression profile in age-related macular degeneration [Corrigendum].
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 357 in vol. 11, PMID: 27069359.].

PMID- 27358560
TI  - Graphene oxide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes as nanofeatured scaffolds for the
      assisted deposition of nanohydroxyapatite: characterization and biological
      evaluation.
AB  - Nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) is an emergent bioceramic that shows similar chemical
      and crystallographic properties as the mineral phase present in bone. However,
      nHAp presents low fracture toughness and tensile strength, limiting its
      application in bone tissue engineering. Conversely, multi-walled carbon nanotubes
      (MWCNTs) have been widely used for composite applications due to their excellent
      mechanical and physicochemical properties, although their hydrophobicity usually
      impairs some applications. To improve MWCNT wettability, oxygen plasma etching
      has been applied to promote MWCNT exfoliation and oxidation and to produce
      graphene oxide (GO) at the end of the tips. Here, we prepared a series of
      nHAp/MWCNT-GO nanocomposites aimed at producing materials that combine similar
      bone characteristics (nHAp) with high mechanical strength (MWCNT-GO). After MWCNT
      production and functionalization to produce MWCNT-GO, ultrasonic irradiation was
      employed to precipitate nHAp onto the MWCNT-GO scaffolds (at 1-3 wt%). We
      employed various techniques to characterize the nanocomposites, including
      transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and
      gas adsorption (the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method). We used simulated body fluid
      to evaluate their bioactivity and human osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) to
      evaluate cytocompatibility. We also investigated their bactericidal effect
      against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. TEM analysis revealed
      homogeneous distributions of nHAp crystal grains along the MWCNT-GO surfaces. All
      nanocomposites were proved to be bioactive, since carbonated nHAp was found after
      21 days in simulated body fluid. All nanocomposites showed potential for
      biomedical applications with no cytotoxicity toward osteoblasts and impressively
      demonstrated a bactericidal effect without the use of antibiotics. All of the
      aforementioned properties make these materials very attractive for bone tissue
      engineering applications, either as a matrix or as a reinforcement material for
      numerous polymeric nanocomposites. 

PMID- 27358561
TI  - Development, characterization, and in vivo assessment of mucoadhesive
      nanoparticles containing fluconazole for the local treatment of oral candidiasis.
AB  - This study aimed to develop a suitable buccal mucoadhesive nanoparticle (NP)
      formulation containing fluconazole for the local treatment of oral candidiasis.
      The suitability of the prepared formulations was assessed by means of particle
      size (PS), polydispersity index, and zeta potential measurements, morphology
      analysis, mucoadhesion studies, drug entrapment efficiency (EE), in vitro drug
      release, and stability studies. Based on the optimum NP formulation, ex vivo drug
      diffusion and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed. Besides, evaluation
      of the antifungal effect of the optimum formulation was evaluated using agar
      diffusion method, fungicidal activity-related in vitro release study, and time
      dependent fungicidal activity. The effect of the optimum NP formulation on the
      healing of oral candidiasis was investigated in an animal model, which was
      employed for the first time in this study. The zeta potential, mucoadhesion, and
      in vitro drug release studies of various NP formulations revealed that chitosan
      coated NP formulation containing EUDRAGIT((r)) RS 2.5% had superior properties
      than other formulations. Concerning the stability study of the selected
      formulation, the formulation was found to be stable for 6 months. During the ex
      vivo drug diffusion study, no drug was found in receptor phase, and this is an
      indication of local effect. The in vitro antifungal activity studies showed the
      in vitro efficacy of the NP against Candida albicans for an extended period.
      Also, the formulation had no cytotoxic effect at the tested concentration. For
      the in vivo experiments, infected rabbits were successfully treated with local
      administration of the optimum NP formulation once a day. This study has shown
      that the mucoadhesive NP formulation containing fluconazole is a promising
      candidate with once-a-day application for the local treatment of oral
      candidiasis. 

PMID- 27358562
TI  - Impairments of spatial learning and memory following intrahippocampal injection
      in rats of 3-mercaptopropionic acid-modified CdTe quantum dots and molecular
      mechanisms.
AB  - With the rapid development of nanotechnology, quantum dots (QDs) as advanced
      nanotechnology products have been widely used in neuroscience, including basic
      neurological studies and diagnosis or therapy for neurological disorders, due to
      their superior optical properties. In recent years, there has been intense
      concern regarding the toxicity of QDs, with a growing number of studies. However,
      knowledge of neurotoxic consequences of QDs applied in living organisms is
      lagging behind their development, even if several studies have attempted to
      evaluate the toxicity of QDs on neural cells. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate the adverse effects of intrahippocampal injection in rats of 3
      mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-modified CdTe QDs and underlying mechanisms. First
      of all, we observed impairments in learning efficiency and spatial memory in the
      MPA-modified CdTe QD-treated rats by using open-field and Y-maze tests, which
      could be attributed to pathological changes and disruption of ultrastructure of
      neurons and synapses in the hippocampus. In order to find the mechanisms causing
      these effects, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), an advanced technology, was
      used to gain the potentially molecular targets of MPA-modified CdTe QDs.
      According to ample data from RNA-seq, we chose the signaling pathways of PI3K-Akt
      and MPAK-ERK to do a thorough investigation, because they play important roles in
      synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation, and spatial memory. The data
      demonstrated that phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), p-ERK1/2, and c-FOS signal
      transductions in the hippocampus of rats were involved in the mechanism
      underlying spatial learning and memory impairments caused by 3.5 nm MPA-modified
      CdTe QDs. 

PMID- 27358563
TI  - Symbiosis theory-directed green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their
      application in infected wound healing.
AB  - In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized for the first time
      using an antibacterial endophytic fungus of Chinese medicinal herb Orchidantha
      chinensis, which has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. The AgNPs
      were analyzed by various characterization techniques to reveal their morphology,
      chemical composition, and stability. Also, the relationship between Chinese
      medicinal herbs, endophytic fungi, and the property of AgNPs was investigated for
      the first time. Interestingly, an experiment performed in this study revealed the
      proteins produced by the endophytic fungus to be capped on the nanoparticles,
      which led to an increase in the stability of spherical and polydispersed AgNPs
      with low aggregation for over 6 months. More importantly, further study
      demonstrated that the AgNPs possessed superior antibacterial activity and
      effectively promoted wound healing. Altogether, the biosynthesis of active AgNPs
      using the endophytic fungus from Chinese medicinal herb based on the symbiosis
      theory is simple, eco-friendly, and promising. 

PMID- 27358564
TI  - Biocompatible nanocarriers that respond to oxidative environments via
      interactions between chitosan and multiple metal ions.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) functions as an early damage signal contributing to the
      oxidative stress response and can act as a trigger in smart oxidation-responsive
      drug delivery systems that are currently in development. Current H2O2-triggered
      oxidation-responsive polymeric systems are usually derived from chemical
      synthesis and rarely include natural polymers. Herein, we report two series of
      nanoparticle (NP) complexes prepared with the biopolymer chitosan (CS) and four
      different metal ions (Cu(2+), Ca(2+), Zn(2+), and Fe(3+)), defined as CSNPs-metal
      complexes (Series 1) and CS-metal complexes NPs (Series 2), which responded to
      oxidation by dissolving upon H2O2 exposure. Experiments examining Nile red
      release and H2O2-triggered degradation confirmed that both series of complexes
      showed better sensitivity to oxidation than the CSNPs alone. Furthermore,
      preliminary cytotoxicity and histological observations indicated that the two
      series exhibited little or no cytotoxicity and generated a mild inflammatory
      response. Our work provides a novel and promising strategy for developing NPs for
      use as intelligent oxidation-responsive systems. 

PMID- 27358565
TI  - Receptor-targeted, drug-loaded, functionalized graphene oxides for chemotherapy
      and photothermal therapy.
AB  - Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although different
      chemotherapeutic agents have been developed to treat cancers, their use can be
      limited by low cellular uptake, drug resistance, and side effects. Hence,
      targeted drug delivery systems are continually being developed in order to
      improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. The main aim of this study was
      to prepare folic acid (FA)-conjugated polyvinyl pyrrolidone-functionalized
      graphene oxides (GO) (FA-GO) for targeted delivery of sorafenib (SF). GO were
      prepared using a modified Hummer's method and subsequently altered to prepare FA
      GO and SF-loaded FA-GO (FA-GO/SF). Characterization of GO derivatives was done
      using ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
      X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, zeta potential measurements, and
      determination of in vitro drug release. Hemolytic toxicity, in vitro
      cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and apoptotic effects of FA-GO/SF were also
      investigated. The results revealed that GO was successfully synthesized and that
      further transformation to FA-GO improved the stability and SF drug-loading
      capacity. In addition, the enhanced SF release under acidic conditions suggested
      possible benefits for cancer treatment. Conjugation of FA within the FA-GO/SF
      delivery system enabled targeted delivery of SF to cancer cells expressing high
      levels of FA receptors, thus increasing the cellular uptake and apoptotic effects
      of SF. Furthermore, the photothermal effect achieved by exposure of GO to near
      infrared irradiation enhanced the anticancer effects of FA-GO/SF. Taken together,
      FA-GO/SF is a potential carrier for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents
      in cancer. 

PMID- 27358566
TI  - Volumetric brain abnormalities in polysubstance use disorder patients.
AB  - AIM: Polysubstance users represent the largest group of patients seeking
      treatment at addiction and rehabilitation clinics in Turkey. There is little
      knowledge about the structural brain abnormalities seen in polysubstance users.
      This study was conducted to examine the structural brain differences between
      polysubstance use disorder patients and healthy control subjects using voxel
      based morphometry. METHODS: Forty-six male polysubstance use disorder patients in
      the early abstinence period and 30 healthy male controls underwent structural
      magnetic resonance imaging scans. Voxel-based morphometry analysis was performed
      to examine gray matter (GM) abnormality differences. RESULTS: Polysubstance use
      disorder patients displayed significantly smaller GM volume in the thalamus,
      temporal pole, superior frontal gyrus, cerebellum, gyrus rectus, occipital lobe,
      anterior cingulate cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and postcentral gyrus.
      CONCLUSION: A widespread and smaller GM volume has been found at different
      regions of the frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes, cerebellum, and
      anterior cingulate cortex in polysubstance users.

PMID- 27358567
TI  - A benefit-risk assessment model for statins using multicriteria decision analysis
      based on a discrete choice experiment in Korean patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The benefit-risk balance for drugs can alter post approval owing to
      additional data on efficacy or adverse events. This study developed a
      quantitative benefit-risk assessment (BRA) model for statins using multicriteria
      decision analysis with discrete choice experiments and compared a recent BRA with
      that at the time of approval. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Following a systematic review
      of the literature, the benefit criteria within the statin BRA model were defined
      as a reduction in the plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and a
      reduction in myocardial infarction incidence; the risk criteria were
      hepatotoxicity (Liv) and fatal rhabdomyolysis (Rha). The scores for these
      criteria were estimated using mixed treatment comparison methods. Weighting was
      calculated from a discrete choice experiment involving 203 Korean patients. The
      scores and weights were integrated to produce an overall value representing the
      benefit-risk balance, and sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: In this
      BRA model, low-density lipoprotein (relative importance [RI]: 37.50%) was found
      to be a more important benefit criterion than myocardial infarction (RI: 35.43%),
      and Liv (RI: 16.28%) was a more important risk criterion than Rha (RI: 10.79%).
      Patients preferred atorvastatin, and the preference ranking of cerivastatin and
      simvastatin was switched post approval because of the emergence of additional
      risk information related to cerivastatin. CONCLUSION: A quantitative statin BRA
      model confirmed that the preference ranking of statins changed post approval
      because of the identification of additional benefits or risks.

PMID- 27358568
TI  - Effectiveness of a thoracic multidisciplinary clinic in the treatment of stage
      III non-small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Institute of Medicine, the American Society of Clinical
      Oncology, and the European Society of Medical Oncology promote a
      multidisciplinary approach for the treatment of cancer. Stage III non-small-cell
      lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a heterogeneous group of diseases necessitating
      coordination of care among medical, radiation, and surgical oncology. The optimal
      care of stage III NSCLC underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach.
      METHODS: From tumor registry data, we identified all cases of stage III NSCLC
      seen at Lehigh Valley Health Network between March 2010 and March 2013. The care
      received by patients when seen in the thoracic multidisciplinary clinic (MDC) was
      compared with the care received when not seen in the thoracic MDC. RESULTS: All
      patients seen in the MDC, compared to <50% of patients seen outside the MDC, were
      evaluated by more than one physician prior to beginning the treatment. Time to
      initiate treatment was shorter in MDC patients than in non-MDC patients. Patients
      seen in the MDC had a greater concordance with clinical pathways. A greater
      percentage of patients seen in the thoracic MDC had pathologic staging of their
      mediastinum. Patients seen in the MDC were more likely to receive all of their
      care at Lehigh Valley Health Network. CONCLUSION: Multidisciplinary care is
      essential in the treatment of patients with stage III NSCLC. Greater utilization
      of MDCs for this complex group of patients will result in more efficient
      coordination of care, pretreatment evaluation, and therapy, which in turn should
      translate to improve patients' outcomes.

PMID- 27358569
TI  - Optimal management of genital herpes: current perspectives.
AB  - As one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, genital herpes is a
      global medical problem with significant physical and psychological morbidity.
      Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 and can
      manifest as primary and/or recurrent infection. This manuscript provides an
      overview about the fundamental knowledge on the virus, its epidemiology, and
      infection. Furthermore, the current possibilities of antiviral therapeutic
      interventions and laboratory diagnosis of genital herpes as well as the present
      situation and perspectives for the treatment by novel antivirals and prevention
      of disease by vaccination are presented. Since the medical management of patients
      with genital herpes simplex virus infection is often unsatisfactory, this review
      aims at all physicians and health professionals who are involved in the care of
      patients with genital herpes. The information provided would help to improve the
      counseling of affected patients and to optimize the diagnosis, treatment, and
      prevention of this particular disease. 

PMID- 27358570
TI  - Scaling up health knowledge at European level requires sharing integrated data:
      an approach for collection of database specification.
AB  - Computerized health care databases have been widely described as an excellent
      opportunity for research. The availability of "big data" has brought about a wave
      of innovation in projects when conducting health services research. Most of the
      available secondary data sources are restricted to the geographical scope of a
      given country and present heterogeneous structure and content. Under the umbrella
      of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing,
      collaborative work conducted by the partners of the group on "adherence to
      prescription and medical plans" identified the use of observational and large
      population databases to monitor medication-taking behavior in the elderly. This
      article describes the methodology used to gather the information from available
      databases among the Adherence Action Group partners with the aim of improving
      data sharing on a European level. A total of six databases belonging to three
      different European countries (Spain, Republic of Ireland, and Italy) were
      included in the analysis. Preliminary results suggest that there are some
      similarities. However, these results should be applied in different contexts and
      European countries, supporting the idea that large European studies should be
      designed in order to get the most of already available databases. 

PMID- 27358571
TI  - A comparison of EuroQol 5-Dimension health-related utilities using Italian, UK,
      and US preference weights in a patient sample.
AB  - Weights associated with the EuroQol 5-Dimension 3-Level (EQ-5D-3L) instrument
      represent preferences for health states elicited from general population's
      samples. Weights have not been calculated for every country; however, empirical
      research shows that cross-country differences exist. This empirical study aims at
      investigating the impact of recently developed Italian weights in comparison with
      UK and US scores on health-related utility calculation using a sample of patients
      with Crohn's disease. The study is based on a survey on health-related quality of
      life in patients (n=552) affected by active Crohn's disease conducted in Italy
      from 2012 to 2013. Utilities computed through the Italian algorithm (mean: 0.76;
      SD: 0.20; median: 0.81) are generally higher than US (mean: 0.69; SD: 0.22;
      median: 0.77) and UK (mean: 0.57; SD: 0.32; median: 0.69) utilities, except for
      extremely severe health states where US values outweigh the Italian ones. UK
      preference weights generate the highest number of negative results. All the three
      value distributions are left-skewed due to very low scores associated with the
      most serious health states (ie, three or four levels equal to 3). As expected,
      despite the tariff set considered, more severe disease (Harvey Bradshaw Index
      >16) reduces the mean conditional EQ-5D-3L index (P<0.0001). Kendall's rank
      correlation between EQ Visual Analog Scale score and EQ-5D-3L index is positive
      (P<0.0001), even though patients tend to value their health-related quality of
      life more when responding to EQ-5D-3L questions than on EQ Visual Analog Scale.
      Regardless of the tariff set considered, ordinary least-square results highlight
      that more severe disease (Harvey Bradshaw Index >16) reduces the mean conditional
      EQ-5D-3L index (P<0.0001). Results reveal remarkable differences among the three
      national tariff sets and especially when severe health states occur, suggesting
      the need for country-specific preference weights when evaluating utilities, which
      can be problematic since they have not been calculated for every country yet. 

PMID- 27358572
TI  - CAF1-knockout mice are more susceptive to lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung
      injury.
AB  - The carbon catabolite repressor protein 4 (CCR4)-negative on TATA (NOT) complex
      includes multiple subunits and is conserved in the eukaryotic cells. The CCR4-NOT
      complex can regulate gene expression at different levels. Two subunits of the
      CCR4-NOT complex, CCR4 and CCR4-associated factor 1 (CAF1), possess deadenylase
      activity. In yeast, the deadenylase activity is mainly provided by the CCR4
      subunit; however, the deadenylase activity is provided by both CCR4 and CAF1 in
      other eukaryotes. A previous study reported that CAF1 but not CCR4 is required
      for the decay of a reporter mRNA with AU-rich elements. Our previous study showed
      that CAF1 is involved in the regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1
      (ICAM-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. Both ICAM-1 and IL-8 play crucial
      roles in acute lung injury. In the present study, we examined the effects of CAF1
      deficiency on IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression and acute lung injury in mice. Here we
      showed that there were no differences between the wild-type and CAF1-knockout
      mice on phenotypes. The lung histology and protein and mRNA levels of IL-8 and
      ICAM-1 in unstimulated wild-type mice were comparable to those in unstimulated
      CAF1-knockout mice. However, lipopolysaccharide stimulation led to more severe
      lung histological injury and greatly higher IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in CAF1
      knockout mice compared to the wild-type mice. These results, together with our
      previous study, suggest that CAF1 is involved in the regulation of
      lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-8 and ICAM-1 expression in vivo and affects the
      progression of acute lung injury. 

PMID- 27358573
TI  - Thoracic epidural analgesia to control malignant pain until viability in a
      pregnant patient.
AB  - Management of nonobstetric pain in the pregnant patient presents unique
      challenges related to transplacental fetal exposure to opioids and the subsequent
      risk of neonatal withdrawal syndrome. We present the case of a pregnant patient
      suffering from the pain of a progressively enlarging thoracoabdominal sarcoma.
      Epidural analgesia (using local anesthetics with minimal opioid) was utilized
      over a span of weeks to manage oncologic pain, limiting fetal opioid exposure and
      culminating in the birth of a healthy infant. While nonobstetric abdominal pain
      during pregnancy is not that uncommon, neoplastic abdominal pain does appear to
      be rare. Combined local anesthetic and opioid continuous epidural infusion should
      be considered a viable option in the pain management approach to obstetric
      patients with nonobstetric pain associated with malignancy. 

PMID- 27358574
TI  - Safety and efficacy of nurse-controlled analgesia in patients less than 1 year of
      age.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The management of acute pain presents unique challenges in the
      younger pediatric population. Although patient-controlled devices are frequently
      used in patients >=6 years of age, alternative modes of analgesic delivery are
      needed in infants. OBJECTIVE: To examine the safety and efficacy of nurse
      controlled analgesia (NCA) in neonates less than 1 year of age. METHODS: Data
      from patients <1 year of age receiving NCA as ordered by the Acute Pain Service
      at our institution were collected over a 5-year period and reviewed
      retrospectively. The primary outcomes were activation of the institution's Rapid
      Response Team (RRT) or Code Blue, signifying severe adverse events. Pain score
      after NCA initiation was a secondary outcome. RESULTS: Among 338 girls and 431
      boys, the most common opioid used for NCA was fentanyl, followed by morphine and
      hydromorphone. There were 39 (5%) cases involving RRT or Code Blue activation, of
      which only one (Code Blue) was activated due to a complication of NCA (apnea).
      Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated morphine NCA to be associated with
      greater odds of RRT activation (OR=3.29, 95% CI=1.35, 8.03, P=0.009) compared to
      fentanyl NCA. There were no statistically significant differences in pain scores
      after NCA initiation across NCA agents. CONCLUSION: NCA is safe in neonates and
      infants, with comparable efficacy demonstrated for the three agents used. The
      elevated incidence of RRT activation in patients receiving morphine suggests
      caution in its use and consideration of alternative agents in this population.

PMID- 27358575
TI  - Does a research group increase impact on the scientific community or general
      public discussion? Alternative metric-based evaluation.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the impact of scientific publications of the
      Italian SIMPAR (Study In Multidisciplinary PAin Research) group by using
      altmetrics, defined as nontraditional metrics constituting an alternative to more
      traditional citation-impact metrics, such as impact factor and H-index. By
      correlating traditional and alternative metrics, we attempted to verify whether
      publications by the SIMPAR group collectively had more impact than those
      performed by its individual members, either in solo publications or in
      publications coauthored by non-SIMPAR group investigators (which for the purpose
      of this study we will refer to as "individual publications"). For all the 12
      members of the group analyzed (pain therapists, biologists, and pharmacologists),
      we created Open Researcher and Contributor ID and Impact Story accounts, and
      synchronized these data. Manually, we calculated the level metrics for each
      article by dividing the data obtained from the research community by those
      obtained from the public community. We analyzed 759 articles, 18 of which were
      published by the SIMPAR group. Altmetrics demonstrated that SIMPAR group
      publications were more likely to be saved (77.8% vs 45.9%), discussed (61.1% vs
      1.1%, P<0.0001), and publicly viewed (11.1% vs 1.3%, P=0.05) than individual
      publications. These results support the importance of multidisciplinary research
      groups in the impact of scientific literature; the interaction and synergy among
      the research participants allowed the obtainment of high impact-literature in the
      field of personalized pain medicine. Finally, our findings demonstrate the
      potential of altmetrics in estimating the value of the research products of a
      group. 

PMID- 27358576
TI  - The pain drawing as an instrument for identifying cervical spine nerve
      involvement in chronic whiplash-associated disorders.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties of
      a standardized assessment of pain drawing with regard to clinical signs of
      cervical spine nerve root involvement. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study
      included data collected in a randomized controlled study. PATIENTS: Two hundred
      and sixteen patients with chronic (>=6 months) whiplash-associated disorders,
      grade 2 or 3, were included in this study. METHODS: The validity, sensitivity,
      and specificity of a standardized pain drawing assessment for determining nerve
      root involvement were analyzed, compared to the clinical assessment. In addition,
      we analyzed the interrater reliability with 50 pain drawings. RESULTS: Agreement
      was poor between the standardized pain drawing assessment and the clinical
      assessment (kappa =0.11, 95% CI: -0.03 to 0.20). Sensitivity was high (93%), but
      specificity was low (19%). Interrater reliability was good (kappa =0.64, 95% CI:
      0.53 to 0.76). CONCLUSION: The standardized pain drawing assessment of nerve root
      involvement in chronic whiplash-associated disorders was not in agreement with
      the clinical assessment. Further research is warranted to optimize the
      utilization of a pain/discomfort drawing as a supportive instrument for
      identifying nerve involvement in cervical spinal injuries.

PMID- 27358577
TI  - The Use of Female Sex Workers Among Men in Nepal: Prevalence, STIs/HIV-Related
      Risk Behaviors, and Gender Ideology.
AB  - Heterosexual sex involving female sex workers (FSWs) is widely documented for its
      role in facilitating the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV.
      Critical to such studies, and increasingly considered essential to HIV prevention
      efforts, is the gender constructs and power dynamics within relationships.
      However, little efforts have been made, which focus on male clients of FSWs,
      particularly on the relationship between gender ideologies and men's sexual
      contact with FSWs, within the Nepali context. The present study aims to fill this
      critical gap by assessing the prevalence of use of FSWs and its association with
      STIs/HIV-related risk behaviors and gender ideologies among Nepali men. We used
      data from the nationally representative Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS)
      2011. For the purpose of analyses, we included a sample of 4,121 men, aged 15-49
      years. During data analyses, we used multivariate logistic regression models,
      adjusted for the following variables: age, region, residence, religion,
      educational level, wealth index, employment status, and cigarette smoking status.
      Of the total sample, approximately 5% reported the use of FSWs in their lifetime.
      In regression models, men who had sex with FSWs were more likely to report a
      history of STIs [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.03; 95% confidence interval (CI):
      1.69-5.43; P < 0.001], not using condom all the time (aOR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.05
      2.12; P = 0.010), more than one sexual partner (aOR: 3.75; 95% CI: 2.18-5.23; P <
      0.001), and have had early sexual debut (aOR: 2.60; 95% CI: 1.85-3.67; P <
      0.001). Respondents reporting the endorsement of violence against wives (aOR:
      1.65; 95% CI: 1.01-2.84; P = 0.04) and male sexual entitlement (aOR: 1.63; 95%
      CI: 1.21-2.32; P = 0.001) were significantly more likely to report sexual contact
      with FSWs. Our findings highlight the need to develop and implement specifically
      tailored interventions toward male clients of FSWs, with a particular emphasis on
      promoting equitable gender roles and beliefs.

PMID- 27358579
TI  - Non-cell-autonomous Neurotoxicity of alpha-synuclein Through Microglial Toll-like
      Receptor 2.
AB  - Synucleinopathies are a collection of neurological diseases that are
      characterized by deposition of alpha-synuclein aggregates in neurons and glia.
      These diseases include Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and
      multiple system atrophy. Although it has been increasingly clear that alpha
      synuclein is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD and other synucleinopathies,
      the precise mechanism underlying the disease process remains to be unraveled. The
      past studies on how alpha-synuclein exerts pathogenic actions have focused on its
      direct, cell-autonomous neurotoxic effects. However, recent findings suggested
      that there might be indirect, non-cell-autonomous pathways, perhaps through the
      changes in glial cells, for the pathogenic actions of this protein. Here, we
      present evidence that alpha-synuclein can cause neurodegeneration through a non
      cell-autonomous manner. We show that alpha-synuclein can be secreted from neurons
      and induces inflammatory responses in microglia, which in turn secreted
      neurotoxic agents into the media causing neurodegeneration. The neurotoxic
      response of microglia was mediated by activation of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2),
      a receptor for neuron-derived alpha-synuclein. This work suggests that TLR2 is
      the key molecule that mediates non-cell-autonomous neurotoxic effects of alpha
      synuclein, hence a candidate for the therapeutic target. 

PMID- 27358578
TI  - Adult Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis: Possible Mechanisms for Neurorestoration.
AB  - The subgranular zone (SGZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) are developmental
      remnants of the germinal regions of the brain, hence they retain the ability to
      generate neuronal progenitor cells in adult life. Neurogenesis in adult brain has
      an adaptive function because newly produced neurons can integrate into and modify
      existing neuronal circuits. In contrast to the SGZ and SVZ, other brain regions
      have a lower capacity to produce new neurons, and this usually occurs via
      parenchymal and periventricular cell genesis. Compared to neurogenesis,
      gliogenesis occurs more prevalently in the adult mammalian brain. Under certain
      circumstances, interaction occurs between neurogenesis and gliogenesis,
      facilitating glial cells to transform into neuronal lineage. Therefore,
      modulating the balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis may present a new
      perspective for neurorestoration, especially in diseases associated with altered
      neurogenesis and/or gliogenesis, cell loss, or disturbed homeostasis of cellular
      constitution. The present review discusses important neuroanatomical features of
      adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis, aiming to explore how these processes could
      be modulated toward functional repair of the adult brain. 

PMID- 27358580
TI  - Neuronal Expression and Cell-Type-Specific Gene-Silencing of Best1 in Thalamic
      Reticular Nucleus Neurons Using pSico-Red System.
AB  - Assessing the cell-type expression pattern of a certain gene can be achieved by
      using cell-type-specific gene manipulation. Recently, cre-recombinase-dependent
      gene-silencing tool, pSico has become popular in neuroscientific research.
      However, pSico has a critical limitation that gene-silenced cell cannot be
      identified by fluorescence, due to an excision of the reporter gene for green
      fluorescence protein (GFP). To overcome this limitation, we newly developed pSico
      Red, with mCherry gene as a reporter outside two loxP sites, so that red mCherry
      signal is detected in all transfected cells. When a cell expresses cre, GFP is
      excised and shRNA is enabled, resulting in disappearance of GFP. This feature of
      pSico-Red provides not only cell-type-specific gene-silencing but also
      identification of cre expressing cells. Using this system, we demonstrated for
      the first time the neuronal expression of the Bestrophin-1 (Best1) in thalamic
      reticular nucleus (TRN) and TRN-neuron-specific gene-silencing of Best1. We
      combined adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying Best1-shRNA in pSico-Red vector
      and transgenic mouse expressing cre under the promoter of distal-less homeobox
      5/6 (DLX5/6), a marker for inhibitory neurons. Firstly, we found that almost all
      of inhibitory neurons in TRN express Best1 by immunohistochemistry. Using pSico
      Red virus, we found that 80% of infected TRN neurons were DLX5/6-cre positive but
      parvalbumin negative. Finally, we found that Best1 in DLX5/6-cre positive neurons
      were significantly reduced by Best1-shRNA. Our study demonstrates that TRN
      neurons strongly express Best1 and that pSico-Red is a valuable tool for cell
      type-specific gene manipulation and identification of specific cell population. 

PMID- 27358581
TI  - Cerebral Hemodynamics and Vascular Reactivity in Mild and Severe Ischemic Rodent
      Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke Models.
AB  - Ischemia can cause decreased cerebral neurovascular coupling, leading to a
      failure in the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. This study aims to
      investigate the effect of varying degrees of ischemia on cerebral hemodynamic
      reactivity using in vivo real-time optical imaging. We utilized direct cortical
      stimulation to elicit hyper-excitable neuronal activation, which leads to induced
      hemodynamic changes in both the normal and middle cerebral artery occlusion
      (MCAO) ischemic stroke groups. Hemodynamic measurements from optical imaging
      accurately predict the severity of occlusion in mild and severe MCAO animals.
      There is neither an increase in cerebral blood volume nor in vessel reactivity in
      the ipsilateral hemisphere (I.H) of animals with severe MCAO. The pial artery in
      the contralateral hemisphere (C.H) of the severe MCAO group reacted more slowly
      than both hemispheres in the normal and mild MCAO groups. In addition, the
      arterial reactivity of the I.H in the mild MCAO animals was faster than the
      normal animals. Furthermore, artery reactivity is tightly correlated with
      histological and behavioral results in the MCAO ischemic group. Thus, in vivo
      optical imaging may offer a simple and useful tool to assess the degree of
      ischemia and to understand how cerebral hemodynamics and vascular reactivity are
      affected by ischemia. 

PMID- 27358582
TI  - Toxocara canis-Associated Myelitis with Eosinophilic Pneumonia.
AB  - The existence of Toxocara canis-specific antibodies has recently been reported in
      patients with atopic myelitis. Here, we report the case of a 35-year-old male
      patient admitted with a chief complaint of right lower limb hypoesthesia lasting
      for a month. The patient was diagnosed with eosinophilic pneumonia 3 months ago,
      and a spine MRI revealed the presence of myelitis in the cervicothoracic cord.
      After confirming the presence of hyper-IgE-emia and Toxocara canis antibodies,
      the patient was treated with steroids and albendazole treatment, which improved
      his symptoms. To our knowledge, this is the first case of Toxocara canis
      associated myelitis with eosinophilic pneumonia. 

PMID- 27358583
TI  - Bilateral Adduction Palsy in a Patient with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1.
AB  - Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is caused by CTG repeat expansion in the DMPK
      gene in chromosome 19q13.3. External ophthalmoplegia is a rare manifestation in
      DM1. We report a DM1 patient confirmed by the presence of 650 CTG triplet
      expansions in the DMPK gene and had limitation of adduction gaze bilaterally.
      Brain MRI showed bilateral medial rectus muscles atrophy. Our patient provides
      additional evidence of ocular motor muscle involvement in DM1. 

PMID- 27358585
TI  - In situ production of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in molten salt phase for
      thermal energy storage and heat-transfer fluid applications.
AB  - In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles (average particle size 16 nm) were successfully
      produced in molten salt phase and were showed to significantly enhance the
      specific heat capacity of a binary eutectic mixture of sodium and potassium
      nitrate (60/40) by 5.4 % at 390  degrees C and 7.5 % at 445  degrees C for 3.0
      wt% of precursors used. The objective of this research was to develop a cost
      effective alternate method of production which is potentially scalable, as
      current techniques utilized are not economically viable for large quantities.
      Enhancing the specific heat capacity of molten salt would promote more
      competitive pricing for electricity production by concentrating solar power
      plant. Here, a simple precursor (TiOSO4) was added to a binary eutectic mixture
      of potassium and sodium nitrate, heated to 450  degrees C, and cooled to witness
      the production of nanoparticles.

PMID- 27358584
TI  - Urothelial carcinoma management in elderly or unfit patients.

PMID- 27358587
TI  - Chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients: is it still an
      open question?
AB  - Operable pancreatic cancer is characterized by a high risk of recurrence. Efforts
      are made to incorporate new therapies. Throughout the world there is a lack of
      uniform recommendations concerning the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer
      patients, due to confusing evidence-based data. The patients recruited to
      clinical trials differ from the population of patients treated in everyday
      practice. These differences have an influence on tolerance of treatment, toxicity
      and results of therapy. The decision on administration of adjuvant treatment is
      made individually and differs from center to center. A review of the literature
      concerning both results and tolerance of postoperative chemoradiotherapy of
      pancreatic cancer patients is presented. 

PMID- 27358586
TI  - The role of preoperative systemic treatment in patients with breast cancer.
AB  - The goal of preoperative pharmacotherapy in patients with breast cancer is to
      enable breast conserving surgery in stage T3N0-1M0 or radical mastectomy in
      patients with primary inoperative tumors (T1-4N0-3M0). The choice of optimal
      treatment should be based not only on risk factors resulting from the stage but
      also on predicted cancer responsiveness to the treatment. The breast cancer
      subtypes defined by immunohistochemical profile (expression of ER, PR, HER2 and
      Ki67) are characterized by different responsiveness to therapy. Complete response
      confirmed by histopathological evaluation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a
      positive prognostic factor in some breast cancer subtypes. This marker is not of
      value in postmenopausal patients with ER/PR+ HER2- tumors, who are candidates for
      neoadjuvant hormone therapy. These patients have a good prognosis if in a
      histopathological report after surgery there are features such as pT1, pN0, Ki67
      < 3%, and ER Allred score >= 3. The goal of the paper is to present current
      knowledge about preoperative pharmacotherapy of breast cancer. 

PMID- 27358588
TI  - New perspectives in glioblastoma antiangiogenic therapy.
AB  - Glioblastoma (GB) is highly vascularised tumour, known to exhibit enhanced
      infiltrative potential. One of the characteristics of glioblastoma is
      microvascular proliferation surrounding necrotic areas, as a response to a
      hypoxic environment, which in turn increases the expression of angiogenic factors
      and their signalling pathways (RAS/RAF/ERK/MAPK pathway, PI3K/Akt signalling
      pathway and WTN signalling cascade). Currently, a small number of anti-angiogenic
      drugs, extending glioblastoma patients survival, are available for clinical use.
      Most medications are ineffective in clinical therapy of glioblastoma due to
      acquired malignant cells or intrinsic resistance, angiogenic receptors cross
      activation and redundant intracellular signalling, or the inability of the drug
      to cross the blood-brain barrier and to reach its target in vivo. Researchers
      have also observed that GB tumours are different in many aspects, even when they
      derive from the same tissue, which is the reason for personalised therapy. An
      understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating glioblastoma angiogenesis
      and invasion may be important in the future development of curative therapeutic
      approaches for the treatment of this devastating disease. 

PMID- 27358589
TI  - Acupuncture: could it become everyday practice in oncology?
AB  - Acupuncture is a complementary and alternative medical treatment (CAM) which is
      increasingly used in the care of cancer patients. Traditionally derived from
      Chinese medicine, nowadays it is becoming a part of evidence-based oncology. The
      use of acupuncture in these patients has been recommended by the American Cancer
      Society (ACS) for the treatment of side effects associated with conventional
      cancer therapy and cancer-related ailments. A growing body of evidence supports
      the use of acupuncture in the treatment of cancer-induced pain and chemotherapy
      related nausea and vomiting. Also other indications, such as xerostomia, fatigue,
      hot flashes, anxiety and peripheral neuropathy, are being constantly evaluated.
      This article summarizes the most important discoveries related to the possible
      usefulness of this method in contemporary oncology. Emphasis is placed on the
      results of randomized controlled trials with an adequate level of evidence.
      However, explanation of the mechanisms responsible for these effects requires
      confirmation in further studies with an adequate level of evidence. In future,
      acupuncture may become an interesting and valuable addition to conventional
      medicine. 

PMID- 27358590
TI  - k-RAS mutations in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with TKIs among
      smokers and non-smokers: a meta-analysis.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Recent studies have suggested that k-RAS mutations are related
      to the response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine-kinase
      inhibitions (TKIs) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. The
      aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the relationship between smoking history
      and k-RAS mutations in NSCLC treated with TKIs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We searched
      MEDLINE and Web of Science up to 15 March 2014. The pooled relative risk (RR) was
      estimated by using fixed effect model or random effect model, according to
      heterogeneity between studies. We also carried out power analyses. RESULTS: We
      identified 12 studies with 1193 patients, including 196 patients (16.4%) with k
      RAS mutations. The pooled k-RAS mutations incidence was 22.8% (174/764) in
      patients with smoke expose vs. 5.4% (23/429) in those with no smoke exposure. The
      pooled RR was 2.991 (95% CI: 1.884-4.746; Z = 4.65, p = 0.000). No publication
      bias was found (Begg's test: z = 1.09, p = 0.274 and Egger's test: t = 1.38, p =
      0.201). In subgroup analyses, the pooled RR was 3.336 (95% CI: 1.925-5.779; Z =
      4.30, p = 0.000) in the Caucasian subgroup, while in the Asian subgroup the
      pooled RR was 2.093 (95% CI: 0.909-4.822; Z = 1.73, p = 0.083), but the sample
      size was underpowered (0.465). CONCLUSIONS: The current meta-analysis found that
      smoking was related to increased incidence of k-RAS mutations in non-small cell
      lung cancer treated with TKIs. This may be further evidence that smoking will
      lead to a worse prognosis in NSCLC patients treated with TKIs.

PMID- 27358591
TI  - Expression of insulin-like growth factor family genes in clear cell renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Despite significant progress in the pathology of clear cell
      renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), diagnostic and predictive factors of major
      importance have not been discovered. Some hopes are associated with insulin-like
      growth factors. The aim of the study was to compare the expression of genes for
      insulin-like growth factor family in tumours and in tissue of kidneys without
      cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-two patients years with clear cell renal cell
      cancer were qualified to the study group; patients nephrectomised because of
      hydronephrosis were included in the control group. Expression of genes were
      evaluated by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Expression of IGFR-1 gene in tumour accounts for
      about 60% of cases. The incidence is higher than in corresponding adjacent non
      cancerous kidney tissues and higher (but with no statistical significance) than
      in kidney without cancer. Expression of IGFR-2 gene in tumours has not been
      established. The incidence of the expression in corresponding adjacent non
      cancerous kidney tissues is small. Expression of this gene has been present in
      all specimens from kidneys without cancer. Expression of IGFBP-3 gene ascertained
      in all (except four) cases of ccRCC and in the majority of clippings from
      adjacent tissue. It was not found in kidneys from the control group. IGF-1, IGF
      2, and IGFR-1 mRNA copy numbers in ccRCC were higher than in the material from
      the control group.

PMID- 27358592
TI  - In vivo skin dose measurement in breast conformal radiotherapy.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Accurate skin dose assessment is necessary during breast
      radiotherapy to assure that the skin dose is below the tolerance level and is
      sufficient to prevent tumour recurrence. The aim of the current study is to
      measure the skin dose and to evaluate the geometrical/anatomical parameters that
      affect it. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients were simulated by TIGRT treatment
      planning system and treated with two tangential fields of 6 MV photon beam. Wedge
      filters were used to homogenise dose distribution for 11 patients. Skin dose was
      measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100) and the effects of beam
      incident angle, thickness of irradiated region, and beam entry separation on the
      skin dose were analysed. RESULTS: Average skin dose in treatment course of 50 Gy
      to the clinical target volume (CTV) was 36.65 Gy. The corresponding dose values
      for patients who were treated with and without wedge filter were 35.65 and 37.20
      Gy, respectively. It was determined that the beam angle affected the average skin
      dose while the thickness of the irradiated region and the beam entry separation
      did not affect dose. Since the skin dose measured in this study was lower than
      the amount required to prevent tumour recurrence, application of bolus material
      in part of the treatment course is suggested for post-mastectomy advanced breast
      radiotherapy. It is more important when wedge filters are applied to homogenize
      dose distribution.

PMID- 27358594
TI  - Prognostic relevance of sunitinib toxicities and comparison of continuous vs.
      intermittent sunitinib dosing schedule in metastatic renal cell cancer patients.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Sunitinib-related side effects may develop as a result of the
      pharmacokinetic pathway affects the of the drug. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data on
      mRCC patients were obtained from the hospital archives. Outcomes of patients were
      evaluated in terms of related prognostic factors, sunitinib adverse events during
      the treatment, and two different sunitinib dosing schedules. RESULTS: Seventy
      patients diagnosed with mRCC and treated with sunitinib were analyzed for
      prognostic factors and survival rates. During the mean follow-up of 33.5 months,
      38 (54%) patients were alive and 32 (46%) patients died. The median time of
      overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was 27 months (12-61)
      and 19 months (5-45), respectively. In univariate analysis, good prognostic risk
      group according to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC),
      hypothyroidism as sunitinib toxicity and patients on sunitinib treatment more
      than 1 year were favorable prognostic factors for OS. Leukopenia and fatigue as
      sunitinib toxicity were poor prognostic factors for OS. PFS and OS of the
      patients were not significantly different when we compared intermittent (4/2) vs.
      continuous treatment dosing schedules. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of this trial,
      having hypothyroidism as an adverse effect of sunitinib was a favorable
      prognostic factor for OS and PFS in mRCC patients. It was also found that 4/2 and
      continuous dosing schedules of sunitinib did not give rise to different outcomes
      in mRCC patients.

PMID- 27358593
TI  - Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of adult's Ewing sarcoma family of
      tumors: single center experience.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Aim of the study was to investigate the demographics of Ewing
      sarcoma family of tumours (ESTF) patients, treatment alternatives, clinical
      outcomes, and prognostic factors for survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed 39 patients with ESFT who were admitted to our institute
      between September 2008 and September 2012. RESULTS: The patients included 32
      (82.1%) males and seven (17.9%) females of median age 24 (range, 18-66) years.
      Among the 27 patients with a primary osseous localization, 17 (43.5%) had a
      central axis localization. Fifteen patients (38.5%) had metastases at the time of
      diagnosis. Patients were followed up for a median period of 18 (range, 2-134)
      months. The median event-free survival (EFS) was 23 (range, 1-64) months, and the
      1- and 4-year EFS were 60% and 48%, respectively. The median overall survival
      (OS) was 91 (range, 1-188) months, and the 1- and 4-year OS were 78% and 54%,
      respectively. Gender, age, primary tumor site, and local treatment modalities,
      either alone or in combination, did not have a significant effect on OS (p =
      0.210, p = 0.617, p = 0.644, and p = 0.417, respectively). In contrast, osseous
      site of peripheral localization, limited stage, and metastasis to the bone
      significantly affected OS (p = 0.015, p < 0.001, and p = 0.042, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: ESFTs are aggressive tumors with a high rate of relapse and
      metastatic potential. Patients with peripheral bone involvement and limited stage
      had a good prognosis. Appropriate surgical resection, radiotherapy, and
      aggressive chemotherapy regimens are recommended.

PMID- 27358595
TI  - Evaluation of the effects of red blood cell distribution width on survival in
      lung cancer patients.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Data are available indicating that red blood cell distribution
      width (RDW) is higher in cancer patients compared to healthy individuals or
      benign events. In our study, we aimed to investigate the influence of different
      RDW levels on survival in lung cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical
      and laboratory data from 146 patients with lung cancer and 40 healthy subjects
      were retrospectively studied. RDW was recorded before the application of any
      treatment. Patients were categorised according to four different RDW cut-off
      values (median RDW, RDW determined by ROC curve analysis, the upper limit at the
      automatic blood count device, and RDW cut of value which used in previous
      studies). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to examine the effect of RDW on
      survival for each cut-off level. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 56.5
      years (range: 26-83 years). The difference in median RDW between patients and the
      control group was statistically significant (14.0 and 13.8, respectively, p =
      0.04). There was no difference with regard to overall survival when patients with
      RDW >= 14.0 were compared to those with RDW < 14.0 (p = 0.70); however, overall
      survival was 3.0 months shorter in low values of its own group in each of the
      following cut-off values: >= 14.2 (p = 0.34), >= 14.5 (p = 0.25), >= 15 (p =
      0.59), although no results were statistically significant. DISCUSSION: We
      consider that the difference between low and high RDW values according to certain
      cut-off values may reflect the statistics of larger studies although there is a
      statistically negative correlation between RDW level and survival.

PMID- 27358596
TI  - The effect of pre-emptive analgesia on the level of postoperative pain in women
      undergoing surgery for breast neoplasm.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Dynamic development of research on pain has resulted in the
      formulation of the concept of pre-emptive analgesia, which involves
      administration of analgesics before the first pain-producing stimulus appears. It
      is meant to prevent increased sensitivity to pain in the postoperative period.
      The aim of this study was to assess the possibilities of modifying the intensity
      of postoperative pain evaluated with the visual analogue scale (VAS) in patients
      after surgical treatment for breast neoplasm offered by pre-emptive analgesia.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The intensity of postoperative pain was measured
      immediately after the surgery as well as 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours later in 100
      women who had undergone surgery for breast tumour. The correlation between
      experienced pain and the type of analgesic administered pre-emptively, including
      metamizole, tramadol, ketoprofen, and placebo was examined. The effect of other
      correlates such as the extensiveness of surgery, systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure, and heart rate on the level of experienced pain as well as the
      usefulness of physiological parameters for its assessment were also analysed.
      RESULTS: The conducted study demonstrated the effectiveness of tramadol (p =
      0.004) and ketoprofen (p = 0.039) administered half an hour before the beginning
      of surgery, but there was no similar effect in the case of metamizole (p = 1.0).
      A positive correlation was observed between the level of experienced pain and
      blood pressure values (p < 0.001). Heart rate does not seem to be significantly
      linked with the intensity of experienced pain (p = 0.157).

PMID- 27358597
TI  - An evaluation study of the determinants of future perspective and global Quality
      of Life in Spanish long-term premenopausal early-stage breast cancer survivors.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Quality of life (QL) is important in premenopausal long-term
      breast cancer survivors. In this study we assessed QL and factors associated with
      future perspective and global QL in premenopausal early-stage long-term breast
      cancer survivors from Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 243 premenopausal stage I-IIIA
      relapse-free breast cancer patients who had received surgery 5-20 years
      previously completed EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 questionnaires once during follow
      up. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.
      RESULTS: QL mean scores were high in most areas (> 80 in functioning; < 20 in
      symptoms). The main factors for future perspective were emotional and social
      functioning, fatigue, breast symptom, and body image. The main factors for global
      QL were fatigue, pain and physical functioning, and emotional and social
      functioning. The best logistic model to explain future perspective associated
      high emotional and social functioning and low breast symptoms with a lower risk
      of low future perspective (R(2) = 0.56). Higher scores in physical and emotional
      functioning and lower scores in fatigue were associated with a lower risk of low
      global QL (R(2) = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: Psychological, social, and physical factors
      were found to be possible determinants of global QL and future perspective. QL in
      premenopausal early-stage long-term breast cancer survivors may benefit from
      multidisciplinary treatment.

PMID- 27358598
TI  - Anxiety and depression and cognitive coping strategies and health locus of
      control in patients with ovary and uterus cancer during anticancer therapy.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: The crisis associated with cancer may contribute to the
      development of anxiety and depressive disorders. Contemporary psycho-oncology
      focuses on the psychological determinants of the cancer patients functioning to
      find which disease-coping strategies help the healing process, facilitate the
      establishment of a good therapeutic relationship and the process of adapting to
      difficult situations. Aim of the study was assess the psychological functioning
      of patients with cancer of reproductive organs in the cancer-treating process.
      The practical aim was to develop guidelines for psychological care dedicated to
      this group of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in the
      Reproductive Organs Cancer Clinic in Institute of Oncology in Warsaw using a
      questionnaire consisting of: Demographic, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      (HADS), Multidimentional Health Locus of Control (MHLC), Cognitive Emotions
      Regulations Questionaire (CERQ). RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients aged 22 to 82
      (average 54) were examined. Investigation of relationships between anxiety and
      depression and coping strategies showed: positive correlation of anxiety with
      self blame and rumination, positive correlation of anxiety and depression with
      catastrophizing, positive correlation of depression with blaming others, negative
      correlation of anxiety and depression with acceptance and positive refocusing,
      negative correlation of depression with refocus of planning and putting into
      perspective. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that there may be an
      indirect method of diagnosing anxiety and depression disorders in cancer patients
      by observing the coping strategies to cope with the difficult situation.

PMID- 27358599
TI  - The incidence of breast cancer in population of young women from Podkarpackie
      province in 2002-2011.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer (BC) in young women of Podkarpackie province accounts
      for approximately 11.0% of all diagnosed breast tumors. AIM OF THE STUDY: Aim of
      the study was to assess the trends in incidence of BC among women younger than 44
      from Podkarpackie in the years 2002-2011. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 614 cases of
      malignant BC and 26 cases of cancer in situ were analyzed. The crude and the
      standardized incidence ratios were estimated; the percentage of
      histopathologically confirmed cancer cases and the percentage share of registered
      malignant breast tumors were calculated. The analysis of incidence in individual
      counties was also presented, as well as the stages of clinical advancement at
      diagnosis and the methods of treatment. RESULTS: The number of registered cases
      at 2011 was 73, and it was 37.7% higher as compared to 2002. During the period
      analyzed, the increase in the crude and the standardized cancer incidence ratios
      was observed. The percentage share of BC in the examined group increased of 5.4%
      in 2011. Significant variation in incidence among different counties was
      observed. The incidence ratios ranged from 65.8 to 93.1/100 000. BC in young
      women most commonly was diagnosed as locally advanced and over 70% of patients
      were radically treated. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the progress in diagnostics and
      treatment has been made, BC in young women is diagnosed later than it should be
      and at considerably advanced stage. It is relevant to propagate the knowledge
      among women and health professionals to emphasize that BC may affect young women.

PMID- 27358600
TI  - Association between breast cancer and tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis
      inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene 1595C/T SNP in a Pakistani population.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: TRAIL-mediated signalling has emerged as an extensively studied
      biological mechanism reported to differentially induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
      However, overwhelmingly increasing experimentally verified data is shedding light
      on resistance against TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Moreover, genetic
      and epigenetic mutations also exert effects on the functionality of TRAIL and its
      receptors. In this study we investigated the association between breast cancer
      and polymorphisms in tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
      (TRAIL) in a Pakistani Population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Genotyping for TRAIL
      gene 1595 C/T polymorphism was done for 363 breast cancer patients and 193 age-
      and sex-matched healthy controls. DNA was extracted using standard organic
      methods. PCR-RFLP analysis was done for C/T polymorphism at position 1595 in exon
      5 of the TRAIL gene using site-specific primers and restriction enzyme. The
      results were statistically evaluated by SPSS14. RESULTS: In this study, CC
      homozygotes were 46.3% in patients and 49.7% in controls, p = 0.729 with OR value
      0.8705 (95% CI: 0.6137-1.2348). CT was statistically insignificant, p = 0.837
      with OR value 0.9242 (95% CI: 0.6494-1.3154). However, the minor allele or risk
      allele genotype TT had a higher percentage among breast cancer patients (12.1%)
      than in the control group (6.7%). Since there was a statistically insignificant
      difference (p = 0.212, OR value 1.9098 with 95% CI 1.0019 to 3.6406) of TT
      genotype between the two groups, the contrastingly higher percentage of TT
      genotype in breast cancer patients seems to be a risk factor for the disease.
      Moreover, the frequency of minor allele T was also found to be higher in the
      patients (0.329) than in the controls (0.285). CONCLUSIONS: The TRAIL gene 1595
      C/T SNP has a contradictory role in cancer development in different populations.
      In our population group although the percentage of homozygous risk allele TT was
      higher in patients it was statistically non-significant. The raised T allele and
      TT genotype in patients may suggest its association with breast cancer in the
      Pakistani population.

PMID- 27358601
TI  - An old enemy not to be forgotten during PET CT scanning of cancer patients:
      tuberculosis.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET CT) scan
      is commonly used in current medical oncology practice as an imaging method. In
      this study we present data from cancer patients who were followed at our clinic
      and suspected of having tuberculosis during PET CT scanning. After the biopsy,
      they were diagnosed with concomitant tuberculosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this
      study, 14 patients who applied to our clinic and followed up due to cancer, and
      had PET CT scanning for the preliminary staging or further evaluation, were
      included. The patients were diagnosed with metastatic or recurrent disease, and
      their biopsy results revealed tuberculosis. RESULTS: The mean age was 57.8 years
      with SD (standard deviation) 13.1 years and gender distribution of 78.6% (n = 11)
      females and 21.4% (n = 3) males. None of the patients had tuberculosis in their
      personal history (0%). Among the patients, 5 (35.7%) were diagnosed with
      tuberculosis during the preliminary staging, whereas 9 (64.3%) were diagnosed
      during the follow-up after the treatment. The median time to tuberculosis
      diagnosis was 11 months (min-max: 3-24 months) after the treatment. The most
      commonly involved lymph nodes during PET CT scanning were mediastinal in 8
      (64.3%), axillary in 3 (21.4%) and para-aortic in 3 (21.4%) patients. The mean
      SUVmax (maximum standardised uptake value) of lymph node involved by PET CT
      scanning was defined as 8.5 (SD 2.6). CONCLUSIONS: Despite all improvements in
      modern medicine, tuberculosis is still a serious public health problem. It should
      always be considered in differential diagnosis while evaluating PET CT scanning
      results of cancer patients, because it may cause false positive results.

PMID- 27358602
TI  - Recon 2.2: from reconstruction to model of human metabolism.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The human genome-scale metabolic reconstruction details all known
      metabolic reactions occurring in humans, and thereby holds substantial promise
      for studying complex diseases and phenotypes. Capturing the whole human metabolic
      reconstruction is an on-going task and since the last community effort generated
      a consensus reconstruction, several updates have been developed. OBJECTIVES: We
      report a new consensus version, Recon 2.2, which integrates various alternative
      versions with significant additional updates. In addition to re-establishing a
      consensus reconstruction, further key objectives included providing more
      comprehensive annotation of metabolites and genes, ensuring full mass and charge
      balance in all reactions, and developing a model that correctly predicts ATP
      production on a range of carbon sources. METHODS: Recon 2.2 has been developed
      through a combination of manual curation and automated error checking. Specific
      and significant manual updates include a respecification of fatty acid
      metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation and a coupling of the electron transport
      chain to ATP synthase activity. All metabolites have definitive chemical formulae
      and charges specified, and these are used to ensure full mass and charge reaction
      balancing through an automated linear programming approach. Additionally,
      improved integration with transcriptomics and proteomics data has been
      facilitated with the updated curation of relationships between genes, proteins
      and reactions. RESULTS: Recon 2.2 now represents the most predictive model of
      human metabolism to date as demonstrated here. Extensive manual curation has
      increased the reconstruction size to 5324 metabolites, 7785 reactions and 1675
      associated genes, which now are mapped to a single standard. The focus upon mass
      and charge balancing of all reactions, along with better representation of energy
      generation, has produced a flux model that correctly predicts ATP yield on
      different carbon sources. CONCLUSION: Through these updates we have achieved the
      most complete and best annotated consensus human metabolic reconstruction
      available, thereby increasing the ability of this resource to provide novel
      insights into normal and disease states in human. The model is freely available
      from the Biomodels database
      (http://identifiers.org/biomodels.db/MODEL1603150001).

PMID- 27358603
TI  - Participation in formal learning activities of older Europeans in poor and good
      health.
AB  - Little attention has been given to the involvement in formal learning activities
      (FLA) in the older population when considering different health statuses. The aim
      of this study is to explore the extent to which possible predictors (derived from
      previous research as well as a conceptual model) of FLA differ for older people
      in poor and good health. Data are used from SHARE 2010/2011 for the 50+
      populations in 16 European countries. Poor health is defined as self-report of
      having two or more chronic diseases assessed by a medical doctor, i.e.
      multimorbidity. Possible predictors of learning activities represent individual
      characteristics: functional limitations, demography (age, gender, marital status
      and household size), human capital (achieved level of education), employment,
      income and participation in other social activities. To assess the predictors of
      FLA, logistic regression models are used and average marginal estimates are
      compared across groups. In addition to multimorbidity, labour market activity is
      used as a grouping variable. The average participation of individuals in the
      group with multimorbidity was nearly 50 % lower than that in the group in good
      health (6.5 vs. 13.3 %). Regardless of multimorbidity, human capital proved to be
      significant predictors of FLA, especially in those active on the labour market.
      However, the associations were weaker in the multimorbidity group. Also,
      significant associations were observed of other types of social activities, in
      particular cultural and leisure activity and volunteering, with FLA. This study
      suggests that similar factors are predictors of FLA in older people with and
      without multimorbidity.

PMID- 27358604
TI  - Predictors of social leisure activities in older Europeans with and without
      multimorbidity.
AB  - Older people spend much time participating in leisure activities, such as taking
      part in organized activities and going out, but the extent of participation may
      differ according to both individual and environmental resources available.
      Chronic health problems become more prevalent at higher ages and likely
      necessitate tapping different resources to maintain social participation. This
      paper compares predictors of participation in social leisure activities between
      older people with and those without multimorbidity. The European Project on
      Osteoarthritis (EPOSA) was conducted in Germany, UK, Italy, The Netherlands,
      Spain and Sweden (N = 2942, mean age 74.2 (5.2)). Multivariate regression was
      used to predict social leisure participation and degree of participation in
      people with and without multimorbidity. Fewer older people with multimorbidity
      participated in social leisure activities (90.6 %), compared to those without
      multimorbidity (93.9 %). The frequency of participation was also lower compared
      to people without multimorbidity. Higher socioeconomic status, widowhood, a
      larger network of friends, volunteering, transportation possibilities and having
      fewer depressive symptoms were important for (the degree of) social leisure
      participation. Statistically significant differences between the multimorbidity
      groups were observed for volunteering and driving a car, which were more
      important predictors of participation in those with multimorbidity. In contrast,
      self-reported income appeared more important for those without multimorbidity,
      compared to those who had multimorbidity. Policies focusing on social (network of
      friends), physical (physical performance) and psychological factors (depressive
      symptoms) and on transportation possibilities are recommended to enable all older
      people to participate in social leisure activities.

PMID- 27358606
TI  - Trajectories of vision in older people: the role of age and social position.
AB  - Visual impairment becomes more prevalent with age. Rather than a uniform decline
      in vision with age, the strength and direction of change varies between people.
      This study applies an analytical method that posits multiple trajectories in
      eyesight, allowing for a more specific description of developmental course of
      this health outcome and its relationship with social position. The analysis uses
      the responses of 2956 respondents, aged 60 years and over, followed over 8 years
      (five observations) as part of the English longitudinal study of ageing. At each
      observation respondents self-reported their general vision. Optimal matching
      (sequence analysis), hierarchical clustering, and multinomial logistic regression
      were used to describe the sequential data, produce a typology of vision
      trajectories, and examine the socio-demographic characteristics associated with
      different trajectories. Eight distinctive clusters of trajectories were
      identified. The probability of reporting different types of vision trajectory
      varies with a change in age; however, the magnitude of the age effect is
      associated with social position. Visual impairment in older people is an
      increasingly relevant area for policy focus, with the rapid growth and diversity
      of the older population. Identifying factors underpinning the patterning of
      changes in visual function is essential for developing evidence-based policy,
      which both meets the needs of those most at risk and increases cost-effectiveness
      of public health interventions.

PMID- 27358605
TI  - Predictors of religious participation of older Europeans in good and poor health.
AB  - Religious attendance is an important element of activity for older Europeans,
      especially in more traditional countries. The aim of the analysis is to explore
      whether it could be an element contributing to active ageing as well as to assess
      differences between the religious activity of older individuals with and without
      multimorbidity defined as an occurrence of two or more illnesses. The analysis is
      conducted based on the SHARE database (2010-2011) covering 57,391 individuals 50+
      from 16 European countries. Logistic regressions are calculated to assess
      predictors of religious activity. Results point that religious activity often
      occurs in multimorbidity what could be driven by the need for comfort and
      compensation from religion. It is also significantly correlated with other types
      of social activities: volunteering or learning, even among the population with
      multimorbidity. There is a positive relation between religious activity and age,
      although its effect is weaker in the case of multimorbidity, as well as being
      female. Mobility limitations are found to decrease religious participation in
      both morbidity groups and might be related to discontinuation of religious
      practices in older age. The economic situation of older individuals is an
      insignificant factor for religious attendance. Religious attendance can be an
      element of active ageing, but also a compensation and adaptation to disadvantages
      occurring in older age and multimorbidity. At the same time, religious activities
      are often provided at the community level and targeted to population in poorer
      health.

PMID- 27358607
TI  - Association of type of birth attendant and place of delivery on infant mortality
      in sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between type of birth attendant and place
      of delivery, and infant mortality (IM). METHODS: This cross-sectional study used
      self-reported data from the Demographic Health Surveys for women in Ghana, Kenya,
      and Sierra Leone. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (ORs) and95%
      confidence intervals. RESULTS: In Ghana and Sierra Leone, odds of IM were higher
      for women who delivered at a health facility versus women who delivered at a
      household residence (OR=3.18, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.29-7.83, p=0.01 and
      OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.15-2.28, p=0.01, respectively). Compared to the use of health
      professionals, the use of birth attendants for assistance with delivery was not
      significantly associated with IM for women in Ghana or Sierra Leone (OR=2.17, 95%
      CI: 0.83-5.69, p=0.12 and OR=1.25, 95% CI: 0.92-1.70, p=0.15, respectively). In
      Kenya, odds of IM, though nonsignificant, were lower for women who used birth
      attendants than those who used health professionals to assist with delivery
      (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.51-1.41, p=0.46), and higher with delivery at a health
      facility versus a household residence (OR=1.29, 95% CI: 0.81-2.03, p=0.28).
      CONCLUSIONS: Women in Ghana and Sierra Leone who delivered at a health facility
      had statistically significant increased odds of IM. Birth attendant type-IM
      associations were not statistically significant.Future research should consider
      culturally-sensitive interventions to improve maternal health and help reduce IM.

PMID- 27358608
TI  - Factors associated with institutional delivery in Dangila district, North West
      Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Childbirth in a health institution has been shown to be associated
      with lower rates of maternal and neonatal mortality. However, about 85% of
      mothers in Ethiopia deliver at home. OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with
      institutional delivery service utilization among women who gave birth within one
      year prior to the study in Dangila district. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was
      conducted from February 01-28, 2015. A total of 763 mothers were interviewed
      using structured questionnaire. SPSS version 20 was used for analysis. Crude and
      adjusted Odds ratios were computed for selected variables. A P-value less than
      0.05 was considered statistical significant. RESULTS: Only 18.3% of mothers gave
      birth at health facilities. Knowledge on danger signs [AOR=2.0, 95% CI: (1.1,
      3.4)], plan to give birth at health institution [AOR=5.4, 95% CI: (3.0, 9.6)],
      having ANC follow up during pregnancy [AOR=12.9, 95% CI: (5.0, 33.3)] and time
      taken to get to a nearby health institution [AOR=5.1, 95% CI: (2.9, 9.1)] were
      associated with institutional delivery service utilization. CONCLUSION:
      Institutional delivery was very low. Knowledge about danger signs, having ANC
      visits, and time were factors associated with institutional delivery service
      utilization. Thus, the findings recommend repeated re-enforcement of
      institutional delivery service utilization through professionals. And also, the
      findings recommend promotion of institutional delivery service utilization
      through mass media.

PMID- 27358609
TI  - Indirect child mortality estimation technique to identify trends of under-five
      mortality in Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan African countries, the chance of a child dying before
      the age of five years is high. The problem is similar in Ethiopia, but it shows a
      decrease over years. METHODS: The 2000; 2005 and 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and
      Health Survey results were used for this work. The purpose of the study is to
      detect the pattern of under-five child mortality overtime. Indirect child
      mortality estimation technique is adapted to examine the under-five child
      mortality trend in Ethiopia. RESULTS: From the result, it was possible to see the
      trend of under-five child mortality in Ethiopia. The under-five child mortality
      shows a decline in Ethiopia. CONCLUSION: From the study, it can be seen that
      there is a positive correlation between mother and child survival which is almost
      certain in any population. Therefore, this study shows the trend of under-five
      mortality in Ethiopia and decline over time.

PMID- 27358610
TI  - Tobacco and alcohol use in adolescents with unplanned pregnancies: relation with
      family structure, tobacco and alcohol use at home and by friends.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent publications show that smoking and alcohol use among
      adolescents with unplanned pregnancy is increasing and the causes need to be
      further studied. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between living in a non
      intact family household and the presence of smokers and consumers of alcoholic
      beverages in the adolescents' environment with smoking and consuming alcoholic
      beverages in adolescents with unplanned pregnancies. METHODS: A cross-sectional
      study was carried out among 785 pregnant adolescents, aged 13-19 years. Data was
      collected by trained interviewers using a self-administered questionnaire. The
      association was determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis.
      RESULTS: In adolescents with unplanned pregnancies, the prevalence of active
      smoking was 21.2% and of alcohol consumption, 41.5%. The percentage of smoking at
      home was 57.4% and alcohol consumption, 77.5%. Approximately, 80.3% of
      adolescents with unplanned pregnancies had friends who smoked and 90.6% consumed
      alcoholic beverages. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that having
      friends who smoke or who consume alcoholic beverages is the most important risk
      factor for substance use in adolescents with unplanned pregnancies. Smoking and
      alcohol consumption at home are not associated with smoking in adolescents with
      unplanned pregnancies. CONCLUSION: Socializing with friends who smoke and/or
      consume alcoholic beverages constitutes the most important risk factor for
      substance use among adolescents with unplanned pregnancies.

PMID- 27358611
TI  - Vitamin D status in the first-trimester: effects of Vitamin D deficiency on
      pregnancy outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in the first
      trimester and to determine the factors affecting deficiency levels and its
      association with pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were
      measured at 11-14 weeks' gestation in 229 singleton pregnancies using liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The median serum 25(OH)D
      concentration was 10.8 ng/mL and 45.9% of women had severe vitamin D deficiency
      with concentrations of <10 ng/mL. Logistic regression analysis revealed that
      covered dressing style, lack of multivitamin intake, season of blood sampling
      (November-April) were factors associated with 25(OH)D deficiency. There was a
      negative correlation between 25(OH)D levels and gestational age at sampling. Low
      25(OH)D levels were not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Higher rate
      of cesarean section (CS) was noted in women with 25(OH)D >=10 ng/mL compared to
      those with 25(OH)D < 10mg/ml (p= 0.01). CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of vitamin
      D deficiency was observed in early pregnancy which was related to dress code, use
      of multi-vitamins and season at sampling. Low 25(OH)D levels were not related
      with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Women with severe vitamin D deficiency were more
      likely to deliver vaginally.

PMID- 27358612
TI  - Exclusive breastfeeding practices in the Coast region, Tanzania.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although breastfeeding in general is common and culturally accepted
      in many sub-Saharan countries, recommended exclusive breastfeeding infants to 6
      months is rare. In rural Tanzania, data on infant feeding practices is rare.
      OBJECTIVE: To examine and describe exclusive breastfeeding practices in rural
      settings (Coast Region) of Tanzania. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was
      conducted in Coast Region of Tanzania involving 342 mothers. Only mothers with
      children aged between 6 and 23 months were interviewed in their residences. Data
      analyses included descriptive and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The
      majority, 66%, of mothers reported to have breastfed their new born within the
      first hour of life. About 30% reported to have breastfed exclusively for up to at
      least six months. Those who did not practice complete exclusive breastfeeding
      mentioned insufficient milk as the main reason. Correlates of exclusive
      breastfeeding included maternal education and attitudes towards exclusive
      breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in rural areas
      like the Coast Region of Tanzania is still very low. Programs aimed to promote
      exclusive breastfeeding must take multi-factorial considerations.

PMID- 27358613
TI  - Flexible bronchoscopy contribution in the approach of diagnosis and treatment of
      children's respiratory diseases: the experience of a unique pediatric unit in
      Tunisia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed at assessing the role of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) in
      improving diagnosis and management of children's respiratory conditions in the
      pediatric unit of FB, newly created and unique in Tunisia. METHODS: Retrospective
      study including all the FB achieved in our pediatric unit from 2009 to 2014.
      RESULTS: We performed 365 FB in 333 patients aged 46 months on average (1 month -
      15 years), often under conscious anesthesia (81.6%). FB was performed for
      diagnostic purposes in 341 cases and for therapeutic purposes in 24 cases. Eight
      anatomical abnormalities were revealed in 22 patients. An intraluminal bronchial
      obstruction was found in 71 FB, mainly due to a foreign body (n=36). A vascular
      anomaly was responsible for nine cases out of 17 extraluminal obstructions.
      Airways malacia was observed in 60 FB. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in
      196 cases. It was determinant in 43.9% of the cases. FB was of great diagnostic
      value in 74.8% of the cases. It influenced the management of the patients in 58%
      of the cases. The FB for therapeutic purposes was beneficial in all cases. Few
      complications occurred (5.5%). CONCLUSION: FB is a safe tool providing precious
      diagnostic and/or therapeutic help for the clinician.

PMID- 27358614
TI  - Iron deficiency anaemia among apparently healthy pre-school children in Lagos,
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency, and specifically iron deficiency anaemia, remains
      one of the most severe and important nutritional deficiencies in the world today.
      OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and associated factors for iron deficiency
      anaemia among pre-school children in Lagos. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted
      from December 2009 to February 2010 at the outpatient clinics of Lagos State
      University Teaching Hospital, Lagos. Serum iron, total iron binding capacity,
      transferrin saturation and serum ferritin were assayed in subjects. The primary
      outcome measured was iron deficiency anaemia established based on the following
      criteria: hemoglobin <11.0 g/dl1 plus 2 or more of the following: MCV <70fl,
      transferrin saturation <10% or serum ferritin <15ng/dL. Statistical analysis
      included Pearson Chi square analysis and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A
      total of 87 apparently healthy subjects were recruited. Only one subject had iron
      depletion and this child belonged to the <= 2 years age category. None of the
      recruited subjects had iron deficiency without anaemia. Nine of the study
      subjects (10.11%) had iron deficiency anaemia. The prevalence of iron deficiency
      anaemia was significantly higher among younger age group than in the older age
      group (19.1% Vs 2.1%, p = 0.022). The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia was
      significantly higher among subjects with weight-for-age, and weight-for-height Z
      scores below two standard scores (83.3% and 75.0% respectively, p = <0.001 and
      0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of iron deficiency
      anaemia among study subjects was 10.11%. Iron deficiency anaemia was more common
      in children aged two years and below. Weight-for-age and weight-for-height Z
      scores below minus two standard scores were strongly associated with iron
      deficiency anaemia.

PMID- 27358615
TI  - A study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in Egyptian school-going children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are a common and important clinical
      problem in childhood. Upper urinary tract infections (i.e., acute pyelonephritis)
      may lead to renal scarring, hypertension, and end-stage renal disease. Despite
      the presence of simple and reliable methods of preliminary screening of
      children's urine, urinary tract infection continues to be under diagnosed.
      OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to establish prevalence rates of
      significant bacteriuria in asymptomatic school children by simple urine tests in
      comparison to standard urine culture techniques in Giza, Egypt. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 1000 apparently healthy school going children (6-12) years,
      552 boys (55.2%) and 448 girls (44.8%), were enrolled in this cross-sectional
      prevalence survey. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of significant bacteriuria was 6%.
      Higher prevalence occurred in girls (11.4%) than boys (1.6%). Escherichia coli
      was isolated in 35(58%) cases (3 boys and 32 girls), Staph. aureus in 13 (22%)
      cases (3 boys and 10 girls), Enterobacter in 6 girls (10%), Kelbsiella pneumoniae
      in 3 boys (5%) and Proteus vulgaris in 3 girls (5%). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic
      bacteriurea could be detected by urine screening program at school age. Overall
      prevalence of significant bacteriuria was 6%, with predominance in girls than
      boys.

PMID- 27358616
TI  - Outcome of childhood malignancies at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching
      Hospital: a call for implementation of palliative care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancers in children are yet to be recognised as an important cause of
      childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries where more than 70% of
      the world annual cases occur. Despite the limited resources and whatever the
      projected outcome, children with cancer need treatment, be it curative or
      palliative. OBJECTIVES: To determine outcome of cancers in children at the UPTH;
      identify factors that influence outcome, highlight the need for palliative care.
      METHOD: A retrospective study of cases of childhood malignancies admitted into
      Paediatric Oncology unit of UPTH over a two year period. Clinical profile of
      patients and outcome were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. RESULTS: Sixty cases
      were analysed: 35(58.3%) males, 25(41.7%) females giving a M:F ratio of 1.4:1.
      Under-fives constituted 55%. Twenty-seven (45%) patients presented within 4 weeks
      of onset of symptoms. Median duration of symptoms before presentation was 8 weeks
      while 36 (60%) had metastatic disease at diagnosis. Twenty patients (33.3%)
      defaulted with or without specific treatment. Mortality was recorded in 26(43.4%)
      of cases. CONCLUSION: There were more cases of cancer amongst under-fives with
      male preponderance. Late presentation, financial constraints and high default
      rate were contributory factors to poor outcome in most cases. Lack of palliative
      care left many families to face their sufferings.

PMID- 27358617
TI  - Hookworm-like eggs in children's faecal samples from a rural area of Rwanda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hookworm eggs identification and quantification is usually carried
      out by Kato-Katz method. However various structures present in the smear may be
      confused with eggs of such parasites. OBJECTIVE: To document the presence of
      structures in Kato-Katz slides that could initially be misinterpreted as hookworm
      eggs. METHOD: 497 faecal samples were analysed by Kato-Katz technique, diphasic
      concentration technique, agar-plate coprocultive and larvae obtained were
      analysed by PCR and characterized by sequencing. RESULT: Hookworm-like eggs were
      found in 159 (32%) of the samples by Kato-Katz, finally identified as
      Caenorhabditis elegans by PCR technique. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of human
      hookworm eggs, only by the use of Kato-Katz technique can lead to false positives
      because of similarities with eggs of other free-living worms, from wet soils like
      those of Rwanda that could contaminate stool samples.

PMID- 27358618
TI  - A demonstration of mobile phone deployment to support the treatment of acutely
      ill children under five in Bushenyi district, Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Benefits of mobile phone deployment for children <5 in low-resource
      settings remain unproven. The target population of the current demonstration
      study in Bushenyi District, Uganda, presented with acute fever, pneumonia, or
      diarrhoea and were treated by community health workers (CHWs) providing
      integrated community case management (iCCM). METHODS: An observational study was
      conducted in five parishes (47 villages) served by CHWs well versed in iCCM with
      supplemental training in mobile phone use. Impact was assessed by quantitative
      measures and qualitative evaluation through household surveys, focus group
      discussions, and key informant interviews. RESULTS: CHWs in targeted sites
      improved child healthcare through mobile phone use coupled with iCCM. Of acutely
      ill children, 92.6% were correctly managed. Significant improvements in clinical
      outcomes compared to those obtained by CHWs with enhanced iCCM training alone
      were unproven in this limited demonstration. Nonetheless, qualitative evaluation
      showed gains in treatment planning, supply management, and logistical efficiency.
      Provider confidence and communications were enhanced as was ease and accuracy of
      record keeping. CONCLUSION: Mobile phones appear synergistic with iCCM to bolster
      basic supportive care for acutely ill children provided by CHWs. The full impact
      of expanded mobile phone deployment warrants further evaluation prior to scaling
      up in low-resource settings.

PMID- 27358620
TI  - A comparison of risky sexual behaviours between circumcised and uncircumcised men
      aged 30-44 years in Botswana.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The principal mode of HIV transmission in Southern Africa is through
      sexual intercourse, and this has prompted uptake of safe male circumcision.
      Engaging in risky sexual behaviour by circumcised men increases the risks of
      acquiring HIV, though male circumcision coupled with preventive behaviour reduces
      this risk. OBJECTIVE: To compare the factors associated with risky sexual
      behaviour among circumcised and uncircumcised men in Botswana. METHODS:
      Nationally representative data from the Botswana AIDS Impact Survey III were
      used. A sample of 313 sexually active men was used. The data was analysed by
      cross-tabulation and logistic regression. RESULTS: The study revealed that
      uncircumcised men (odds ratio, 5.711) were more likely to have sex while
      intoxicated with alcohol compared to circumcised men. Low levels of education
      (odds ratio, 8.736), urban residency (city/town: odds ratio, 1.238 and urban
      village: odds ratio, 1.098) were more likely to influence risky behaviour (more
      than one sexual partner) for circumcised men. The results also show that marital
      status (never married) (odds ratio, 1.947) influences risky behaviour (having sex
      while intoxicated with alcohol) among uncircumcised men. CONCLUSION: Low level of
      education, place of residence and alcohol consumption influences risky sexual
      behaviour for both circumcised and uncircumcised men. Policies and programmes
      should thus focus on the attitudes underlying sexual behaviour.

PMID- 27358619
TI  - The association of depression status with menopause symptoms among rural midlife
      women in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the association of depression with
      menopausal status and some menopause symptoms (vasomotor symptoms and poor
      sleep). METHODS: A total of 743 participants aged 40-60 years were recruited.
      Depression status was evaluated by using Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS).
      Sleep quality and vasomotor symptoms were evaluated by specific symptoms
      questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression among participants was
      11.4%. Depression was found more likely to occur in participants with poor sleep
      (OR, 6.02; 95%CI, 3.61, 10.03) or with vasomotor symptoms (VMS) (OR, 2.03; 95%CI,
      1.20, 3.44) after controlling for age, education level, marital status, menopause
      status, monthly family income and chronic diseases. Menopause status was not
      associated with depression. Stratification analysis showed a significant
      association between poor sleep and depression across different menopause stages,
      while VMS were associated with depression only in premenopausal status.
      CONCLUSION: The majority of Chinese rural midlife women do not experience
      depression. The relationship between depression, VMS and sleep disturbances tends
      to change with menopausal status in Chinese rural midlife women.

PMID- 27358621
TI  - Knowledge and practices related to sexually transmitted infections among women of
      reproductive age living in Katanga slum, Kampala, Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) still stand as one of the
      commonest health problems affecting women of reproductive age. The knowledge and
      practices of STIs, among susceptible populations such as women of reproductive
      age, living in slums like Katanga in Kampala Uganda need to be established.
      METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with 339 participants in Katanga slum.
      Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire, entered and
      analysed using SPSS version 17.0. Data was summarized using frequencies for
      categorical data and medians for continuous data. RESULTS: Majority of the
      participants (71.9%) were >=25years with a mean age of 28.0(SD +/-7.0) years. The
      commonest symptoms known to the participants were genital itching (60%) and
      genital rash (14.5%). Most mentioned multiple partners (63.7%) and unprotected
      sex (50.7%) as predisposing factors to STIs. Knowledge on methods of prevention
      was high (92.3%) however, 18.8% were found positive for STIs using the syndromic
      approach and 82% mentioned having suffered from STIs in the past 6 months more
      than once. CONCLUSION: Most participants did not know about the systemic effects
      of STIs to their health and didnot follow the appropriate behavior patterns
      despite being knowledgeable about the various methods of prevention of STIs.

PMID- 27358622
TI  - Comparative assessment of seller's staining test (SST) and direct fluorescent
      antibody test for rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of rabies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rabies causes 55, 000 annual human deaths globally and about 10,000
      people are exposed annually in Nigeria. Diagnosis of animal rabies in most
      African countries has been by direct microscopic examination. In Nigeria, the
      Seller's stain test (SST) was employed until 2009. Before then, both SST and dFAT
      were used concurrently until the dFAT became the only standard method. OBJECTIVE:
      This study was designed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the SST in
      relation to the 'gold standard' dFAT in diagnosis of rabies in Nigeria. METHODS:
      A total of 88 animal specimens submitted to the Rabies National Reference
      Laboratory, Nigeria were routinely tested for rabies by SST and dFAT. RESULTS:
      Overall, 65.9% of the specimens were positive for rabies by SST, while 81.8% were
      positive by dFAT. The sensitivity of SST in relation to the gold standard dFAT
      was 81.0% (95% CIs; 69.7% - 88.6%), while the specificity was 100% (95% CIs; 76% 
      100%). CONCLUSION: The relatively low sensitivity of the SST observed in this
      study calls for its replacement with the dFAT for accurate diagnosis of rabies
      and timely decisions on administration of PEP to prevent untimely deaths of
      exposed humans.

PMID- 27358623
TI  - Impact of weight reduction program on serum alanine aminotransferase activity and
      immunologic response in obese hepatitis B patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Globally, chronic B viral hepatitis (HBV) is a major health problem.
      Obesity is a common problem among patients with HBV. Several studies have
      reported that obesity is an important risk factor that alters immune system
      response in individuals with no underlying cause of liver disease. However, there
      is a strong association between BMI and the human immune system among HBV
      patients. OBJECTIVE: This study was to examine the correlation between body mass
      index, serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT) and immunologic response in
      obese hepatitis B patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred fifty male patients
      with chronic hepatitis B virus, their age ranged from 30 to 45 (38.64 +/- 7.12)
      years and their BMI ranged from 30-35 kg/m(2). All Subjects were included in two
      groups: The first group received weight reduction program in the form of
      treadmill aerobic exercises in addition to diet control whereas the second group
      received no therapeutic intervention. Parameters of serum alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT), CD3, CD4 and CD8 were quantified; Leukocyte, differential
      counts and body mass index (BMI) were measured before and after 3 months at the
      end of the study. RESULTS: There was a 24.7%, 36.8%, 30.8%, 40.7%, 28.6%, 25.9%,
      33.3% and 14.3 % reduction in mean values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
      white blood cells, total neutrophil count, monocytes, CD3, CD4 , CD8 and BMI
      respectively in group (A) at the end of the study. In addition, there were
      significant differences between mean levels of the investigated parameters in
      groups. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings, weight loss modulates serum alanine
      aminotransferase and immune system parameters of patients with hepatitis B virus
      infection.

PMID- 27358624
TI  - Seasonal abundance and molecular identification of West Nile virus vectors, Culex
      pipens and Culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) in Abeokuta, South-West,
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: West Nile virus (WNV) infection, is an arbovirus infection with high
      morbidity and mortality, the vector responsible for both human and animal
      transmission is Culex pipens complex. OBJECTIVE: To determine the species
      distribution and seasonal abundance of Culex pipens and Culex quinquefasciatus
      mosquitoes in Abeokuta, Nigeria. METHODS: Mosquitoes belonging to the Culex
      pipens complex were captured in three different locations located within Abeokuta
      Metropolis between March 2012 and January 2013. Individual species were
      identified using morphometric methods. Amplification of the Ace2 gene by PCR
      confirmed morphormetric identification of the mosquitoes. RESULTS: A total of 751
      mosquitoes were captured. Culex quinquefaciatus recorded the highest distribution
      of vectors with 56.6% and Culex pipens 43.4% (P > 0.05). Idi aba community
      recorded the highest distribution of mosquito vectors with 42.9% (n=322) and
      Culex quinqueaciatus was more abundantly distributed with 183 mosquitoes. Aro
      community recorded 32% (n=240) of captured mosquitoes with Culex quinquefaciatus
      having a higher level of abundance and lastly Kemta with a distribution of 25.1%
      (n=189). CONCLUSION: Results from this study show that potential vectors of WNV
      abound within Abeokuta, putting residents at high risk of West Nile infection. We
      advocate for introduction of routine testing of WNV in Abeokuta and Nigeria.

PMID- 27358625
TI  - PCR-Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) genes sequencing and phylogenetic analysis
      of clinical and environmental Aspergillus species associated with HIV-TB co
      infected patients in a hospital in Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aspergillosis has been identified as one of the hospital acquired
      infections but the contribution of water and inhouse air as possible sources of
      Aspergillus infection in immunocompromised individuals like HIV-TB patients have
      not been studied in any hospital setting in Nigeria. OBJECTIVE: To identify and
      investigate genetic relationship between clinical and environmental Aspergillus
      sp. associated with HIV-TB co infected patients. METHODS: DNA extraction,
      purification, amplification and sequencing of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)
      genes were performed using standard protocols. Similarity search using BLAST on
      NCBI was used for species identification and MEGA 5.0 was used for phylogenetic
      analysis. RESULTS: Analyses of sequenced ITS genes of selected fourteen (14)
      Aspergillus isolates identified in the GenBank database revealed Aspergillus
      niger (28.57%), A. tubingensis (7.14%), A. flavus (7.14%) and A. fumigatus
      (57.14%). Aspergillus in sputum of HIV patients were Aspergillus niger, A.
      fumigatus, A. tubingensis and A. flavus. Also, A. niger and A. fumigatus were
      identified from water and open-air. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences yielded
      genetic relatedness between clinical and environmental isolates. CONCLUSION:
      Water and air in health care settings in Nigeria are important sources of
      Aspergillus sp. for HIV-TB patients.

PMID- 27358626
TI  - Antibiotics resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains isolated from
      various clinical specimens.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A limited number of antibiotics are recommended for the therapy of
      Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections due to therapy difficulties caused by its
      numerous mechanisms of resistance. OBJECTIVES: In this study conducted over a
      period of approximately 5 years we aimed to determine resistance rates of S.
      maltophilia based on drug classification recommended by Clinical and Laboratory
      Standards Institute. METHODS: A total of 118 S. maltophilia strains isolated from
      various clinical specimens between January 2006 and June 2012 were included in
      the study. BD Phoenixautomated microbiology system (Becton Dickinson, USA) was
      utilized for species level identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
      RESULTS: Sixty seven of S. maltophilia strains were isolated from tracheal
      aspirate isolates, 17 from blood, 10 from sputum, 10 from wound and 14 from other
      clinical specimens. Levofloxacin was found to be the most effective antibiotic
      against S. maltophilia strains with resistance rate of 7.6%. The resistance rates
      to other antibiotics were as follows: chloramphenicol 18.2%, trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole 20.3% and ceftazidime 72%. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that
      S. maltophilia is resistant to many antibiotics. The treatment of infections
      caused by S. maltophilia should be preferred primarily as levofloxacin,
      chloramphenicol, and TMP-SXT, respectively.

PMID- 27358628
TI  - Selecting candidate predictor variables for the modelling of post-discharge
      mortality from sepsis: a protocol development project.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Post-discharge mortality is a frequent but poorly recognized
      contributor to child mortality in resource limited countries. The identification
      of children at high risk for post-discharge mortality is a critically important
      first step in addressing this problem. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this project
      was to determine the variables most likely to be associated with post-discharge
      mortality which are to be included in a prediction modelling study. METHODS: A
      two-round modified Delphi process was completed for the review of a priori
      selected variables and selection of new variables. Variables were evaluated on
      relevance according to (1) prediction (2) availability (3) cost and (4) time
      required for measurement. Participants included experts in a variety of relevant
      fields. RESULTS: During the first round of the modified Delphi process, 23
      experts evaluated 17 variables. Forty further variables were suggested and were
      reviewed during the second round by 12 experts. During the second round 16
      additional variables were evaluated. Thirty unique variables were compiled for
      use in the prediction modelling study. CONCLUSION: A systematic approach was
      utilized to generate an optimal list of candidate predictor variables for the
      incorporation into a study on prediction of pediatric post-discharge mortality in
      a resource poor setting.

PMID- 27358627
TI  - Characteristics and management of Enterobacteriaceae harboring IMP-4 or IMP-8
      carbapenemase in a tertiary hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The emergence of Enterobacteriaceae harboring IMP-4 or IMP-8
      carbapenemases is rare. We report an occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae harboring
      IMP-4 or IMP-8 carbapenemases in a Chinese tertiary care hospital from November
      2010 to December 2012. METHODS: The clinical characteristics of 30 patients were
      described. The genetic relationship of isolates was determined by pulsed-field
      gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Carbapenemases were detected by modified Hodge test
      (MHT) and polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Amplicons were sequenced and blasted
      to determine the genotype. RESULTS: Most infected patients were from intensive
      care unit and had complex and serious underlying illnesses requiring mechanical
      ventilation. PFGE revealed that Klebsiella pneumoniae showed two major PFGE
      types. Two Klebsiella oxytoca had an indistinguishable PFGE pattern, while four
      Enterobacter cloacae were different strains. The sequencing studies showed
      Enterobacteriaceae harboring IMP-4 or IMP-8 carbapenemase in the 23 infected
      patients. The majority of patients had infections with the carbapenemase
      producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) strain, most were successfully treated with a
      range of antibiotics and discharged. CONCLUSION: It is important to maintain a
      high index of suspicion to screen for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
      strains. Rapid identification of these strains and implementation of stringent
      procedures are the key to prevent major outbreaks in a hospital setting.

PMID- 27358629
TI  - Perceptions and risky behaviors associated with Leptospirosis in an endemic area
      in a village of Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis, a disease caused by Leptospira species, a spirochaete
      bacterium that can develop in an appropriate environment and/or grow in human
      and/or animal hosts, is a serious problem for the Ministry of Public Health,
      Thailand. OBJECTIVE: To investigate people's perceptions and behavioral risks
      regarding leptospirosis infection. METHODS: The cross-sectional descriptive study
      collected data in May, 2013. Data on individuals' perceptions and risky behaviors
      concerning leptospirosis were collected from 104 completed questionnaires.
      RESULTS: Regarding perceptions of leptospirosis, we found them to be at a high
      level (97.1%) and risky behaviors regarding leptospirosis were reported at a
      moderate level (74.0%). The study found no correlation between perceptions and
      risky behaviors regarding leptospirosis (r 0.186, p-value 0.059). CONCLUSION:
      This study suggest that people in these areas have good knowledge about
      leptospirosis. However, some people have risky behavior associated with
      leptospirosis. Thus, a behavioral change campaign should be promoted to encourage
      people awareness of the dangers of such behavior.

PMID- 27358630
TI  - Co-occurrence of Helicobacter pylori with faecal bacteria in Nairobi river basin:
      public health implications.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Overwhelming evidence implicates Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) as
      an etiologic agent of gastrointestinal diseases including gastric cancer. The
      mode of transmission of this pathogen remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This
      investigation is to establish the presence of H. pylori in the waters of the
      Nairobi river basin and the predictive value the presence of fecal indicator
      bacteria would have for H. pylori. METHODOLOGY: Physical, chemical and biological
      assessment of water quality of rivers in Nairobi were carried out using standard
      methods. H. pylori DNA in water was detected using highly specific primers of
      glmM gene (294pb). RESULTS: There was high presence of faecal bacteria in the
      waters sampled. H. pylori DNA was detected in two domestic wells and one river.
      The wells were located in two different regions of the water basin but influenced
      by similar human activities. CONCLUSION: The high presence of faecal bacteria in
      the waters sampled did not parallel the H. pylori detection in the same waters.
      H. pylori was detected in the Nairobi river basin, but there was no relationship
      between the numerical levels of fecal bacteria and H. pylori.

PMID- 27358631
TI  - Prevalence, types and factors associated with echocardiographic abnormalities
      among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Diabetes mellitus (DM) is on a rise in sub-Saharan
      Africa and will more than double by 2025. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts
      for up to 2/3 of all deaths in the diabetic population. Of all the CVD deaths in
      DM, 3/4 occur in sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Non invasive identification of cardiac
      abnormalities, such as Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), diastolic and systolic
      dysfunction, is not part of diabetes complications surveillance programs in
      Uganda and there is limited data on this problem. This study sought to determine
      the prevalence, types and factors associated with echocardiographic abnormalities
      among newly diagnosed diabetic patients at Mulago National referral hospital in
      Uganda. METHODS: In this cross sectional study conducted between June 2014 and
      December 2014, we recruited 202 newly diagnosed adult diabetic patients.
      Information on patients' socio-demographics, bio-physical profile, biochemical
      testing and echocardiographic findings was obtained for all the participants
      using a pre-tested questionnaire. An abnormal echocardiogram in this study was
      defined as the presence of LVH, diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction and wall
      motion abnormality. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were
      used to investigate the association of several parameters with echocardiographic
      abnormalities. RESULTS: Of the 202 patients recruited, males were 102(50.5%) and
      the mean age was 46+/-15 years. Majority of patients had type 2 DM, 156(77.2%)
      and type 1 DM, 41(20.3%) with mean HbA1C of 13.9+/-5.3%. Mean duration of
      diabetes was 2 months. The prevalence of an abnormal echocardiogram was 67.8 %
      (95% CI 60%-74%). Diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, LVH and wall
      motion abnormalities were present in 55.0%, 21.8%, 19.3% and 4.0% of all the
      participants respectively. In bivariate logistic regression analysis, the factors
      associated with an abnormal echocardiogram were age (OR 1.09 [95% CI 1.06-1.12],
      P <0.0001), type 2 DM (OR 5.8[95% CI 2.77-12.07], P<0.0001), hypertension (OR
      2.64[95% CI 1.44-4.85], P=0.002), obesity (OR 3.51[955 CI 1.25-9.84], P=0.017 and
      increased waist circumference (OR 1.02[95% CI 1.00-1.04], P=0.024. On Multiple
      logistic regression analysis, age was the only factor associated with an abnormal
      echocardiogram (OR 1.09[95%CI 1.05-1.15], P<0.0001). CONCLUSION:
      Echocardiographic abnormalities were common among newly diagnosed adults with DM.
      Traditional CVD risk factors were associated with an abnormal echocardiogram in
      this patient population. Due to a high prevalence of echocardiographic
      abnormalities among newly diagnosed diabetics, we recommend screening for cardiac
      disease especially in patients who present with traditional CVD risk factors.
      This will facilitate early diagnosis, management and hence better patient
      outcomes.

PMID- 27358632
TI  - Evaluation of factors affecting adherence to asthma controller therapy in chest
      clinics in a sub-Saharan African setting: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adherence to controller therapy in asthma is a major concern during
      the management of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine the adherence rate and
      identify the predictors of low adherence to asthma controller therapy. METHODS: A
      cross-sectional study including asthma patients was conducted from November 1,
      2012 to May 31, 2013 in 4 chest clinics in Cameroon. The adherence to asthma
      treatment was rated using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. A multivariate
      logistic regression analysis was performed for the identification of factors
      associated with adherence to asthma treatment. RESULTS: Among the 201 asthma
      patients included, 133 (66.2%) were female. The mean age of participants was 41.2
      years. Sixty-one (30.3%) of the patients did not visit the chest physician during
      the last year prior to the study. Asthma was well controlled in 118 patients
      (58.7%). The prevalence of low adherence rate to asthma controller therapy was
      44.8% and the absence of any chest specialist visit within the last 12 months was
      the only factor associated with the low adherence rate to asthma treatment (OR
      5.57 ; 95% CI 2.84-10.93). CONCLUSION: The adherence rate to asthma controller
      therapy in Cameroon is low and it could be improved if scheduled visits are
      respected by patients.

PMID- 27358633
TI  - Prevalence, severity and risk factors of allergic disorders among people in south
      India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Allergic disorders are not usually life-threatening conditions but
      they impair the person's ability to function. It thus adversely affects the
      psychological wellbeing and quality of life. These implications of allergic
      disorders can be minimized if strategies are planned for its early identification
      followed by appropriate interventions. OBJECTIVES: To find out the prevalence and
      risk factors of allergic disorders. METHODS: Data was collected by house to house
      survey among participants aged 18 years and above using a standardized allergy
      assessment questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean age of the 400 participants was 42.8+/
      14.7 years. Majority 105(26.2%) were in the age group 36 to 45 years. Majority
      were females 287(71.7%) and were house wives 217(54.2%). Majority of participants
      were of upper socio economic class 98(44.7%) out of 219 and majority were from
      urban areas 326(81.5%). The prevalence of allergy among participants was found to
      be 115(28.7%). Out of these 115, 37(32.2%) had possibility of allergy, 60(52.2%)
      had probability of allergy and the rest 18(15.6%) had very high likelihood for
      allergy. People residing in semi urban areas had increased risk of allergy
      (p=0.024) than those from urban areas. The prevalence of asthma was 30(7.5%) and
      skin allergy was 23(5.8%). Most common precipitating factors for allergy were
      dust exposure 103(25.8%) followed by seasonal changes 71(17.8%). Family history
      of allergy was associated with allergy among participants (p<0.001). Usage of
      firewood was associated with symptoms of respiratory allergy among participants
      (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: The study revealed some important determinants of allergic
      disorders which have important implications to frame appropriate prevention and
      health educational strategies.

PMID- 27358634
TI  - Awareness and practices on eye effects among people with diabetes in rural Tamil
      Nadu, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently eye effects of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) are an important
      concern due to increase in its trend especially in developing countries.
      OBJECTIVES: To assess the awareness related to eye effects of DM and its
      prevention practices among people with diabetes. METHODS: This cross sectional
      study was conducted from January 2013 to April 2013 in Villupuram district of
      Tamil Nadu, India. All 105 people with diabetes from the service area of two sub
      centres were included. Data on socio demographic details, history of DM,
      awareness on systemic complications of DM, effects of DM on eyes, practice on
      regular blood check-up, eye examination and source of information were collected
      by interview technique using a structured questionnaire. Univariate and multiple
      logistic regression analysis were done to assess the association of awareness of
      eye examination with socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: Mean age of the study
      population was 56.7 years. About 93 people with diabetes (88.6%) tested their
      blood sugar at least once in every 3 months. About 80 people with diabetes
      (76.2%) were aware of at least one systemic complication of DM. Although 78
      (74.3%) people with diabetes were aware that DM could affect the eyes, majority
      of this group (68, 87.2%) did not know the specific effects of DM on eyes. In
      this group, about 28(35.9%) people with diabetes were not aware of the reasons
      for eye effects, while others mentioned that persistent high blood sugar level
      (n=26, 33.3%), longer duration of DM (n=14, 17.9%) and lifestyle (n=10, 12.8%)
      were the reasons for the eye effects of DM. Only 31 (29.5%) of them knew that
      their eyes must be regularly examined. People with diabetes who had post
      secondary and above (>10th standard) level of education had significantly higher
      awareness on examination of eye (Adjusted OR=19.63). CONCLUSION: Although
      awareness of people with diabetes on systemic effects of DM was more, their
      awareness on specific eye effects and need for regular screening was low.
      Systematic efforts are required to increase awareness on eye effects and
      importance of regular screening in this population.

PMID- 27358635
TI  - RARbeta gene methylation is a candidate for primary glioblastoma treatment
      planning.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We screened RARbeta methylation in primary glioblastoma multiforme
      (GBM) and the results were evaluated based on the clinical data and treatment
      type. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to find new areas for the usage
      of MS-HRM applications in the determination of methylation levels in primary GBM
      samples and it shows the association of RARbeta methylation with the clinical
      outcome. METHODS: In our study, tumor samples were collected during surgical
      resection by the Department of Neurosurgery. The clinical and radiologic data was
      carefully reviewed, compared, and evaluated with the histological results. The
      methylation status of RARbeta was determined by using MS-HRM. RESULTS: RARbeta
      gene methylation was detected in 24 out of 40 cases (60%), with different
      quantitative methylation levels. The mean survival time was 19 months form
      ethylated cases and 15 months for the non-methylated cases. The survival time of
      the patients who received treatment was 25 months and the survival time of the
      patients who received radiotherapy alone or where no treatment protocol applied
      was 15-20 months. Therefore, a significant difference in survival rates has been
      observed (P<0.05). This study indicates a potential prognostic value for GBM
      treatment planning. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first study to investigate
      RARbeta methylation in primary GBMs. We conclude that the RARbeta gene could be a
      new prognostic and predictive candidate marker to designate the treatment
      protocol for primary GBMs.

PMID- 27358636
TI  - Diagnostic value of diffusion weighted MRI and ADC in differential diagnosis of
      cavernous hemangioma of the liver.
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the use of diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging
      (DWI) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the diagnosis of
      hemangioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 72 patients
      with liver masses larger than 1 cm (72 focal lesions). DWI examination with a b
      value of 600 s/mm2 was carried out for all patients. After DWI examination, an
      ADC map was created and ADC values were measured for 72 liver masses and normal
      liver tissue (control group). The average ADC values of normal liver tissue and
      focal liver lesions, the "cut-off" ADC values, and the diagnostic sensitivity and
      specificity of the ADC map in diagnosing hemangioma, benign and malignant lesions
      were researched. RESULTS: Of the 72 liver masses, 51 were benign and 21 were
      malignant. Benign lesions comprised 38 hemangiomas and 13 simple cysts. Malignant
      lesions comprised 9 hepatocellular carcinomas, and 12 metastases. The highest ADC
      values were measured for cysts (3.782+/-0.53*10(-3) mm(2)/s) and hemangiomas
      (2.705+/-0.63*10(-3) mm(2)/s). The average ADC value of hemangiomas was
      significantly higher than malignant lesions and the normal control group
      (p<0.001). The average ADC value of cysts were significantly higher when compared
      to hemangiomas and normal control group (p<0.001). To distinguish hemangiomas
      from malignant liver lesions, the "cut-off" ADC value of 1.800*10(-3) mm(2)/s had
      a sensitivity of 97.4% and a specificity of 90.9%. To distinguish hemangioma from
      normal liver parenchyma the "cut-off" value of 1.858*10(-3) mm(2)/s had a
      sensitivity of 97.4% and a specificity of 95.7%. To distinguish benign liver
      lesions from malignant liver lesions the "cut-off" value of 1.800*10(-3) mm(2)/s
      had a sensitivity of 96.1% and a specificity of 90.0%. CONCLUSION: DWI and
      quantitative measurement of ADC values can be used in differential diagnosis of
      benign and malignant liver lesions and also in the diagnosis and differentiation
      of hemangiomas. When dynamic examination cannot distinguish cases with vascular
      metastasis and lesions from hemangioma, DWI and ADC values can be useful in the
      primary diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The technique does not require
      contrast material, so it can safely be used in patients with renal failure.

PMID- 27358637
TI  - Malnutrition in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients in a teaching
      hospital in Southern Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is a complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) known
      to affect quality of life and prognosis although not often diagnosed. It is
      associated with rapid progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD) and
      mortality. Early identification and treatment will slow down progression to ESRD
      and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and pattern of malnutrition
      in pre-dialysis CKD patients in Southern Nigeria. METHODS: One hundred and twenty
      consecutive pre-dialysis CKD and 40 control subjects without CKD were studied.
      Data obtained from participants were demographics, body mass index (BMI), and
      aetiology of CKD. Indices used to assess presence of malnutrition were low BMI,
      hypocholesterolaemia and hypoalbuminaemia. Statistical significance was taken at
      0.05 level. RESULTS: The mean age of the CKD subjects was 48.8+/-16.6years with a
      male: female ratio of 1.7:1. Prevalence of malnutrition in the CKD subjects was
      46.7%, higher than 27.5% observed in the controls (p=0.033). Prevalence of
      malnutrition increased significantly across CKD stages 2 to 5 (p=0.020). It was
      significantly commoner in elderly patients (p=0.047) but not significantly
      different between males and females(p=0.188). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition is common
      in pre-dialysis CKD patients even in early CKD stages. Prevalence of malnutrition
      increases with worsening kidney function and increasing age.

PMID- 27358638
TI  - Biochemical parameters response to weight loss in patients with non-alcoholic
      steatohepatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease that
      is capable of progressing to end-stage liver disease, but generally has a benign
      course. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a growing public health problem
      with no approved therapy. NASH projected to be the leading cause of liver
      transplantation in the United States by 2020. Obesity, non-insulin-dependent
      diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia are the most common associations of the
      disease. Global prevalence of NASH is 10-24% amongst general population but
      increases to 25-75% in obese diabetic individuals. OBJECTIVE: There is an urgent
      need for efficient therapeutic options as there is still no approved medication.
      The aim of this study was to detect changes in biochemical parameters including
      insulin resistance, cytokines, blood lipid profile and liver enzymes following
      weight loss in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: One hundred obese patients with NASH, their age between 35-50 years,
      body mass index (BMI) from 30 to 35 Kg/m(2) were included in the study in two
      subgroups; the first group (A) received moderate aerobic exercise training in
      addition to diet regimen , where the second group (B) received no treatment
      intervention. RESULTS: The mean values of leptin, TNF-alpha, IL6, IL8, Alanine
      Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Homeostasis Model
      Assessment-Insulin Resistance- index (HOMA-IR), Total Cholesterol (TC), Low
      Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-c) , Triglycerides (TG) and BMI were
      significantly decreased in group (A), where the mean value of Adiponectin and
      High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c) were significantly increased, while
      there were no significant changes in group (B). Also, there was a significant
      difference between both groups at the end of the study. CONCLUSION: Weight loss
      modulates insulin resistance, adiponectin, leptin, inflammatory cytokine levels
      and markers of hepatic function in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

PMID- 27358639
TI  - Pattern of abdominal wall herniae in females: a retrospective analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gender differences are expected to influence the pattern and outcome
      of management of abdominal wall hernias. Some of these are left to speculations
      with few published articles on hernias in females. OBJECTIVES: To describe the
      clinical pattern of abdominal wall hernias in females. METHOD: A 5 year
      retrospective review. RESULT: There were 181 female patients with 184 hernias
      representing 27.9% of the total number of hernia patients operated. Mean age was
      41.66+/-24.46 years with a bimodal peak in the 1(st) and 7(th) decades. Inguinal
      hernia accounted for majority (50.5%) but incisional hernia predominated in the
      30-49 age group, while only inguinal and umbilical hernias were seen in the first
      two decades (p=0.04). There was no side predilection in the cases of inguinal
      hernia. There were 12 (6.6%) emergency presentations, most of which occurred in
      the 6th decade and above and none below 30 years (p=0.02). Umbilical (4 cases)
      and femoral hernias (3cases) accounted for most of these cases. Incisional hernia
      was the commonest cause of recurrent hernias. CONCLUSION: Inguinal hernia is the
      commonest hernia type in females followed by incisional hernias which also
      accounteds for most recurrent cases. Age appears to be a risk factor for
      developing complications.

PMID- 27358640
TI  - Ocular injuries and eye care seeking patterns following injuries among cocoa
      farmers in Ghana.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The work environment of cocoa farmers exposes them to several ocular
      hazards that predispose them to eye diseases and injuries. However, the extent of
      ocular injuries and health seeking patterns following these injuries are unknown
      among cocoa farmers in Ghana. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of ocular
      injuries and health seeking behaviour following injury among cocoa farmers in
      Ghana. METHODS: Five hundred and fifty six participants were recruited through
      simple random sampling using a multistage approach from four cocoa growing
      districts in Ghana. A structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant
      information such as demography, ocular hazards and injuries experienced. An
      ocular examination was also conducted to assess the eye health of the
      participants. Descriptive and regression statistics were used to analyze the
      data. The rate of ocular injuries was calculated by using the number of injuries
      reported that resulted in lost work time/days divided by the number of worker
      years at risk of injury (sum of years worked in cocoa farms for all the
      participants). RESULTS: The rate of ocular injuries was 11.3/1000 worker years
      (95% CI: 9.4 - 31) which led to lost work time of 37.3/1000 worker years (95% CI:
      34.1 - 40.8). The major causes of ocular injury were plants/branches (n=73,
      51.1%), chemicals (n=27, 18.9%), cocoa pod/husk (n=14, 9.8%) and occurred mostly
      during weeding, harvesting and chemical spraying. Few (n=34, 6.1%) participants
      reported the use of ocular protection. Fifty-five (38.5%) participants visited
      the local chemical shops, while 37 (25.9%) visited hospitals/clinics for ocular
      treatment of their injuries. CONCLUSION: There is a high rate of ocular injuries
      among cocoa farmers who make insufficient use of appropriate eye care services.
      There is the need for eye health education among cocoa farmers in Ghana.

PMID- 27358641
TI  - Acute burns of the hands - physiotherapy perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute burns of the hands are complex and may impact on various
      aspects of a person's life. Physiotherapy rehabilitation and restoration of hand
      function is critical for the patient's independence and re-integration into
      society. PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of
      physiotherapists in the management of patients with their hand burn injuries.
      METHOD: Five focus groups consisting of physiotherapists and physiotherapy
      assistants working with burn injured patients from each of the five selected
      public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal were recruited. An explorative qualitative
      approach was adopted. RESULTS: Physiotherapists emphasised that the acute
      management of the hand was trivialised due to a primary focus on the survival of
      the burn sufferer. Therapists identified several factors that determined the
      patients' level of participation and motivation in therapy one of which was the
      procedural pain experienced. The role of the therapists' within the
      rehabilitation framework was found to be critical to their recovery however there
      appeared to be a breakdown in the collaboration and communication among health
      care professionals to the detriment of effective intervention. CONCLUSION: A
      multidisciplinary team approach is the foundation in the management of acute burn
      injuries and during the trajectory of the trauma care continuum.

PMID- 27358642
TI  - Stapedotomy and its effect on hearing - our experience with 54 cases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study reviews the cases of stapedotomy and evaluates its
      effectiveness at improving hearing loss in patients with otosclerosis. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Retrospective review of patients' records who had clinical and
      audiometric diagnosis of otosclerosis from January to December 2012. RESULTS: A
      total of 54 stapedotomy surgeries (52 unilateral and 1 bilateral surgeries) were
      received. Average post-operative ABG for 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 KHz showed that 61.1%
      had complete closure of ABG ( ABG < 10 dB) compared with 1.6% preoperatively and
      85.2% had closure of ABG to within 20dB compared with 4.7% preoperatively (t -
      13.89, p = 0.000). More than 94% had hearing improvement and 81.5% had ABG
      closure greater than 10 dB postoperatively (mean gain 23.38 +/- 12.37, t = 13.89,
      p = 0.000). A total of 13% complications were recorded with TM perforation (5.6%)
      being the commonest complication. CONCLUSION: Stapedotomy is an effective
      surgical procedure for the treatment of otosclerosis which leads to improvement
      in patients' quality of life. A favorable hearing outcome can be obtained by the
      combination of experienced hands with minimal surgical trauma and appropriate
      surgical technique.

PMID- 27358643
TI  - A randomised controlled trial comparing the effect of adjuvant intrathecal 2 mg
      midazolam to 20 micrograms fentanyl on postoperative pain for patients undergoing
      lower limb orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intrathecal adjuvants are added to local anaesthetics to improve the
      quality of neuraxial blockade and prolong the duration of analgesia during spinal
      anaesthesia. Used intrathecally, fentanyl improves the quality of spinal blockade
      as compared to plain bupivacaine and confers a short duration of post-operative
      analgesia. Intrathecal midazolam as an adjuvant has been used and shown to
      improve the quality of spinal anaesthesia and prolong the duration of post
      operative analgesia. No studies have been done comparing intrathecal fentanyl
      with bupivacaine and intrathecal 2 mg midazolam with bupivacaine. OBJECTIVE: To
      compare the effect of intrathecal 2mg midazolam to intrathecal 20 micrograms
      fentanyl when added to 2.6 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, on post-operative
      pain, in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery under spinal
      anaesthesia. METHODS: A total of 40 patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic
      surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomized to two groups. Group 1: 2.6mls
      0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 0.4mls (20micrograms) fentanyl Group 2: 2.6mls
      of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 0.4mls (2mg) midazolam. RESULTS: The duration
      of effective analgesia was longer in the midazolam group (384.05 minutes) as
      compared to the fentanyl group (342.6 minutes). There was no significant
      difference (P 0.4047). The time to onset was significantly longer in midazolam
      group 17.1 minutes as compared to the fentanyl group 13.2 minutes (P 0.023). The
      visual analogue score at rescue was significantly lower in the midazolam group
      (5.55) as compared to the fentanyl group 6.35 (P - 0.043). CONCLUSION: On the
      basis of the results of this study, there was no significant difference in the
      duration of effective analgesia between adjuvant intrathecal 2 mg midazolam as
      compared to intrathecal 20 micrograms fentanyl for patients undergoing lower limb
      orthopaedic surgery.

PMID- 27358644
TI  - Clinical spectrum of ear, nose and throat foreign bodies in North Western
      Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ear, nose and throat foreign bodies (FBs) are common occurrences
      particularly among children. This study reviewed the clinical spectrum of ENT
      FBs, their treatment and outcomes as seen in a tertiary health center in North
      Western Nigeria. METHOD: The study was a retrospective chart review of patients
      that were managed for FB impaction in a tertiary health institution in North
      Western Nigeria over a four year period. RESULT: There were 239 patients; M: F:
      1.2:1. Majority of FB impaction (46.4%) occurred in children. Majority (68.7%)
      were otic and FBs. 18.0% of the patients had had failed attempted removal by non
      ENT specialists. About 25% of these patients developed complications. Majority
      (62.0%) of these complications occurred in the hand of non-ENT medical personnel.
      CONCLUSION: Ear, nose and throat foreign bodies are common in North-Western
      Nigeria with the highest incidence in children. Removal attempts by untrained
      health professionals and lack of experience in FB management predisposes to
      complications. Parental education on close monitoring of their children to avoid
      such incidences and the need to immediately seek an Otorhinolaryngologist to
      prevent complications are emphasized.

PMID- 27358645
TI  - Epidemiology of injuries in female high school soccer players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sport is a compulsory activity in schools in South Africa. Female
      learners participating in soccer are more vulnerable to injuries than males.
      OBJECTIVE: This study determined the epidemiology of injuries in female high
      school soccer players. METHODS: A cross sectional survey captured the
      epidemiology of injuries in the players. The population included 200 players from
      27 high schools in one district between the ages of 14 to 19 years. A self
      administered questionnaire was used to collect data. RESULTS: Only 85 scholars
      from 8 schools participated. From the 85 respondents, 31 (36.5%) sustained
      injuries. Only 61 injuries were reported by the injured players. The injury
      prevalence for the season was 36.5%. The rate of injury was 90 per 1000 athlete
      exposure hours during the season. The defenders and midfielders sustained the
      most injuries. Most injuries reported were contact in nature. More injuries
      occurred during training than during matches. The lower extremity (77.8%) was
      injured more than the upper extremity (22.2%). The knee (22.2%) and ankle (15.9%)
      were the most frequently injured body parts. Muscle injury was the most commonly
      reported followed by bruising. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of injuries was high with
      the lower limb, specifically the knee and ankle being commonly injured.

PMID- 27358646
TI  - Lower limb and associated injuries in frontal-impact road traffic collisions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between severity of injury of the lower
      limb and severity of injury of the head, thoracic, and abdominal regions in
      frontal-impact road traffic collisions. METHODS: Consecutive hospitalised trauma
      patients who were involved in a frontal road traffic collision were prospectively
      studied over 18 months. Patients with at least one Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS)
      >=3 or AIS 2 injuries within two AIS body regions were included. Patients were
      divided into two groups depending on the severity of injury to the head, chest or
      abdomen. Low severity group had an AIS < 2 and high severity group had an AIS >=
      2. Backward likelihood logistic regression models were used to define significant
      factors affecting the severity of head, chest or abdominal injuries. RESULTS:
      Eighty-five patients were studied. The backward likelihood logistic regression
      model defining independent factors affecting severity of head injuries was highly
      significant (p =0.01, nagelkerke r square = 0.1) severity of lower limb injuries
      was the only significant factor (p=0.013) having a negative correlation with head
      injury (Odds ratio of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.45-0.91). CONCLUSION: Occupants who sustain
      a greater severity of injury to the lower limb in a frontal-impact collision are
      likely to be spared from a greater severity of head injury.

PMID- 27358647
TI  - Cell phone-based health education messaging improves health literacy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ubiquity of cell phones, which allow for short message service
      (SMS), provides new and innovative opportunities for disease prevention and
      health education. OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of cell phone-based health
      education SMS to improve the health literacy of community residents in China.
      METHODS: A multi-stage random sampling method was used to select representative
      study communities and participants >= 18 years old. Intervention participants
      were sent health education SMSs once a week for 1 year and controls were sent
      conventional, basic health education measures. Health literacy levels of the
      residents before and after the intervention were evaluated between intervention
      and control groups. RESULTS: Public health literacy scores increased 1.5 points,
      from 61.8 to 63.3, after SMS intervention for 1 year (P<0.01); the increase was
      greater for males than females (2.01 vs. 1.03; P<0.01) and for Shenzhen local
      residents than non-permanent residents (2.56 vs. 1.14; P<0.01). The frequency of
      high health literacy scores was greater for the intervention than control group
      (22.03% to 30.93% vs. 22.07% to 20.82%). With health literacy as a cost-effective
      index, the cost-effectiveness per intervention was 0.54. CONCLUSION: SMS may be a
      useful tool for improving health literacy.

PMID- 27358648
TI  - Possible inhibition of hydroxy methyl glutaryl CoA reductase activity by
      nicotinic acid and ergosterol: as targeting for hypocholesterolemic action.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Coronary artery diseases including atherosclerosis is considered as
      commonest problem worldwide. Ergosterols are the main components of vegetable
      oils and nuts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential
      hypoplipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of ergosterol in combination with
      niacin in rats fed high fat diet (HFD). METHODS: Eighty male albino rats were
      included in this study divided into two main groups: Group I: Normal rats fed
      standard diet treated with either niacin (8.5 mg /kg b.w) or ergosterol (100
      mg/Kg b.w) or both. Group II; rats fed HFD treated with either niacin (8.5 mg /kg
      b.w) or ergosterol (100 mg/Kg b.w) or both The feeding and treatment lasted for 8
      weeks. RESULTS: A significant elevation in the levels of total cholesterol,
      triacylglycerol, VLDL-c, LDL-c and atherogenic factor (p<0.001) in rats fed on
      HFD compared with normal control while HDL-c was significantly reduced in HFD
      rats compared with control group. Supplementation of diet with niacin or
      ergosterol or combined exerts improvement in the studied parameters by lowering
      triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL-c and atherogenic factor and elevate HDL
      c near to the value of control. Niacin combined with ergosterol were effective in
      the reduction of hydroxy methyl glutaryl-CoA reducatase (HMGCoA) compared with
      control (p<0.001). The combined effect was more potent than individual alone.
      CONCLUSION: Utilization of niacin and ergosterol may prevent the
      hypercholesterolemia and incidence of coronary heart diseases. These functional
      foods act as nutriceutical as dyslipidemics.

PMID- 27358649
TI  - Rationing medical education.
AB  - The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of rationing in medical
      education. Medical education is expensive and there is a limit to that which
      governments, funders or individuals can spend on it. Rationing involves the
      allocation of resources that are limited. This paper discussed the pros and cons
      of the application of rationing to medical education and the different forms of
      rationing that could be applied. Even though some stakeholders in medical
      education might be taken aback at the prospect of rationing, the truth is that
      rationing has always occurred in one form or another in medical education and in
      healthcare more broadly. Different types of rationing exist in healthcare
      professional education. For example rationing may be implicit or explicit or may
      be based on macro-allocation or micro-allocation decisions. Funding can be
      distributed equally among learners, or according to the needs of individual
      learners, or to ensure that overall usefulness is maximised. One final option is
      to allow the market to operate freely and to decide in that way. These principles
      of rationing can apply to individual learners or to institutions or departments
      or learning modes. Rationing is occurring in medical education, even though it
      might be implicit. It is worth giving consideration to methods of rationing and
      to make thinking about rationing more explicit. 

PMID- 27358650
TI  - Endoscopic capacity in West Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Levels of endoscopic demand and capacity in West Africa are unclear.
      OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to: 1. describe the current labor and endoscopic
      capacity, 2. quantify the impact of a mixed-methods endoscopy course on
      healthcare professionals in West Africa, and 3. quantify the types of diagnoses
      encountered. METHODS: In a three-day course, healthcare professionals were
      surveyed on endoscopic resources and capacity and were taught through active
      observation of live cases, case discussion, simulator experience and didactics.
      Before and after didactics, multiple-choice exams as well as questionnaires were
      administered to assess for course efficacy. Also, a case series of 23 patients
      needing upper GI endoscopy was done. RESULTS: In surveying physicians, less than
      half had resources to perform an EGD and none could perform an ERCP, while
      waiting time for emergency endoscopy in urban populations was at least one day.
      In assessing improvement in medical knowledge among participants after didactics,
      objective data paired with subjective responses was more useful than either
      alone. Of 23 patients who received endoscopy, 7 required endoscopic intervention
      with 6 having gastric or esophageal varices. Currently the endoscopic capacity in
      West Africa is not sufficient. A formal GI course with simulation and didactics
      improves gastrointestinal knowledge amongst participants.

PMID- 27358651
TI  - Behavioural studies on the ethanol leaf extract of Grewia carpinifolia in Wistar
      rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Grewia carpinifolia is a plant commonly used in the tropics to manage
      various central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, despite its widespread
      use no scientific work has been reported to validate these claims. OBJECTIVES: To
      evaluate the activity of G. carpinifolia as it affects behaviour using animal
      model. METHODS: Twenty five adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into five
      groups (A-E). Group A served as control (given only distilled water), Groups B,
      C, D and E were administered with single oral dose of ethanol extract of G.
      carpinifolia leaf at 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively for
      twenty eight days consecutively. Subsequently, open field test, negative geotaxis
      and hanging wire test were performed. Body and brain weights were measured and
      histological examination of the brain was also performed. RESULTS: At the tested
      doses, the extract significantly increased the time spent on the hanging wire and
      decreased locomotor activity at 800 mg/kg. No significant difference was observed
      in body and brain weights of extract treated groups when compared with the
      control. No visible histological lesion was also observed. CONCLUSION: The plant
      extract may improve muscular strength at tested doses and possess CNS depressant
      activity at 800 mg/kg.

PMID- 27358652
TI  - Updates on communicable and non-communicable diseases in LMICs.

PMID- 27358653
TI  - DNA methylation signature of human fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prenatal alcohol exposure is the leading preventable cause of
      behavioral and cognitive deficits, which may affect between 2 and 5 % of children
      in North America. While the underlying mechanisms of alcohol's effects on
      development remain relatively unknown, emerging evidence implicates epigenetic
      mechanisms in mediating the range of symptoms observed in children with fetal
      alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Thus, we investigated the effects of prenatal
      alcohol exposure on genome-wide DNA methylation in the NeuroDevNet FASD cohort,
      the largest cohort of human FASD samples to date. METHODS: Genome-wide DNA
      methylation patterns of buccal epithelial cells (BECs) were analyzed using the
      Illumina HumanMethylation450 array in a Canadian cohort of 206 children (110 FASD
      and 96 controls). Genotyping was performed in parallel using the Infinium
      HumanOmni2.5-Quad v1.0 BeadChip. RESULTS: After correcting for the effects of
      genetic background, we found 658 significantly differentially methylated sites
      between FASD cases and controls, with 41 displaying differences in percent
      methylation change >5 %. Furthermore, 101 differentially methylated regions
      containing two or more CpGs were also identified, overlapping with 95 different
      genes. The majority of differentially methylated genes were highly expressed at
      the level of mRNA in brain samples from the Allen Brain Atlas, and independent
      DNA methylation data from cortical brain samples showed high correlations with
      BEC DNA methylation patterns. Finally, overrepresentation analysis of genes with
      up-methylated CpGs revealed a significant enrichment for neurodevelopmental
      processes and diseases, such as anxiety, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorders.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that prenatal alcohol exposure is
      associated with distinct DNA methylation patterns in children and adolescents,
      raising the possibility of an epigenetic biomarker of FASD.

PMID- 27358655
TI  - Use of complementary nucleobase-containing synthetic polymers to prepare complex
      self-assembled morphologies in water.
AB  - Amphiphilic nucleobase-containing block copolymers with poly(oligo(ethylene
      glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) as the hydrophilic block and nucleobase
      containing blocks as the hydrophobic segments were successfully synthesized using
      RAFT polymerization and then self-assembled via solvent switch in aqueous
      solutions. Effects of the common solvent on the resultant morphologies of the
      adenine (A) and thymine (T) homopolymers, and A/T copolymer blocks and blends
      were investigated. These studies highlighted that depending on the identity of
      the common solvent, DMF or DMSO, spherical micelles or bicontinuous micelles were
      obtained. We propose that this is due to the presence of A-T interactions playing
      a key role in the morphology and stability of the resultant nanoparticles, which
      resulted in a distinct system compared to individual adenine or thymine polymers.
      Finally, the effects of annealing on the self-assemblies were explored. It was
      found that annealing could lead to better-defined spherical micelles and induce a
      morphology transition from bicontinuous micelles to onion-like vesicles, which
      was considered to occur due to a structural rearrangement of complementary
      nucleobase interactions resulting from the annealing process.

PMID- 27358654
TI  - Profiling genome-wide DNA methylation.
AB  - DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays an important role in
      regulating gene expression and therefore a broad range of biological processes
      and diseases. DNA methylation is tissue-specific, dynamic, sequence-context
      dependent and trans-generationally heritable, and these complex patterns of
      methylation highlight the significance of profiling DNA methylation to answer
      biological questions. In this review, we surveyed major methylation assays, along
      with comparisons and biological examples, to provide an overview of DNA
      methylation profiling techniques. The advances in microarray and sequencing
      technologies make genome-wide profiling possible at a single-nucleotide or even a
      single-cell resolution. These profiling approaches vary in many aspects, such as
      DNA input, resolution, genomic region coverage, and bioinformatics analysis, and
      selecting a feasible method requires knowledge of these methods. We first
      introduce the biological background of DNA methylation and its pattern in plants,
      animals and fungi. We present an overview of major experimental approaches to
      profiling genome-wide DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation and then extend to
      the single-cell methylome. To evaluate these methods, we outline their strengths
      and weaknesses and perform comparisons across the different platforms. Due to the
      increasing need to compute high-throughput epigenomic data, we interrogate the
      computational pipeline for bisulfite sequencing data and also discuss the concept
      of identifying differentially methylated regions (DMRs). This review summarizes
      the experimental and computational concepts for profiling genome-wide DNA
      methylation, followed by biological examples. Overall, this review provides
      researchers useful guidance for the selection of a profiling method suited to
      specific research questions. 

PMID- 27358656
TI  - Gazelles, unicorns, and dragons battle cancer through the Nanotechnology Startup
      Challenge.
AB  - On March 4th, 2016, Springer's Cancer Nanotechnology office promoted the launch
      of the Nanotechnology Startup Challenge in Cancer (NSC2 ). This innovation
      development model is a partnership among our company, the Center for Advancing
      Innovation (CAI), MedImmune, the global biologics arm of AstraZeneca, and
      multiple institutes at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NSC2
      "crowdsources" talent from around the world to launch startups with near-term,
      commercially viable cancer nanotechnology inventions, which were developed by the
      National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
      (NHLBI), and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
      (NIBIB). Crowdsourcing is a process in which one uses the internet to engage a
      large group of people in an activity, such as NSC2 . For this initiative, CAI
      engaged universities, industry professionals, foundations, investors, relevant
      media outlets, seasoned entrepreneurs, and life sciences membership organizations
      to request that they participate in the challenge. From this outreach, fifty-six
      key thought leaders have enrolled in NSC2 as judges, mentors, and/or advisors to
      challenge teams (http://www.nscsquared.org/judges.html). Along with crowdsourcing
      talent to bolt startups around NIH inventions, NSC2 will also catalyze the launch
      of companies around "third-party" cancer nanotechnology inventions, which were
      conceived and developed outside of the NIH. Twenty-eight robust teams were
      accepted to the challenge on March 14th, 2016.

PMID- 27358657
TI  - Mental Graphs.
AB  - I argue that Frege Problems in thought are best modeled using graph-theoretic
      machinery; and that these problems can arise even when subjects associate all the
      same qualitative properties to the object they're thinking of twice. I compare
      the proposed treatment to similar ideas by Heck, Ninan, Recanati, Kamp and Asher,
      Fodor, and others.

PMID- 27358658
TI  - A Mental Files Approach to Delusional Misidentification.
AB  - I suggest that we can think of delusional misidentification in terms of
      systematic errors in the management of mental files. I begin by sketching the
      orthodox "bottom-up" aetiology of delusional misidentification. I suggest that
      the orthodox aetiology can be given a descriptivist or a singularist
      interpretation. I present three cases that a descriptivist interpretation needs
      to account for. I then introduce a singularist approach, one that is based on
      mental files, and show how it opens the way for different and potentially more
      plausible accounts of these three cases. I reflect on how this mental files
      approach can be viewed either as a supplement to the orthodox aetiology, or as
      suggesting an altogether different aetiology. I end by addressing a concern
      surrounding the explanatory power of mental files.

PMID- 27358659
TI  - Attitudes and Mental Files in Discourse Representation Theory.
AB  - I present a concrete DRT-based syntax and semantics for the representation of
      mental states in the style of Kamp (1990). This system is closely related to
      Recanati's (2012) Mental Files framework, but adds a crucial distinction between
      anchors, the analogues of mental files, and attitudes like belief, desire and
      imagination. Attitudes are represented as separate compartments that can be
      referentially dependent on anchors. I show how the added distinctions help defend
      the useful notion of an acquaintance-based mental file against Ninan's (Inquiry
      58(4):368-377 2015) recent challenge involving counterfactual de re attitudes.

PMID- 27358660
TI  - Next-Generation Sequencing in the Mycology Lab.
AB  - New state-of-the-art techniques in sequencing offer valuable tools in both
      detection of mycobiota and in understanding of the molecular mechanisms of
      resistance against antifungal compounds and virulence. Introduction of new
      sequencing platform with enhanced capacity and a reduction in costs for sequence
      analysis provides a potential powerful tool in mycological diagnosis and
      research. In this review, we summarize the applications of next-generation
      sequencing techniques in mycology.

PMID- 27358661
TI  - Point of Care Testing for the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections: Are We There Yet?
AB  - Diagnostic tools for invasive fungal infections have continuously improved within
      the last decades. Nowadays, cultural methods, antigen testing, and molecular
      tests, such as polymerase chain reaction, are widely used. These methods,
      however, are accompanied with different limitations as various availability,
      various turnaround time or high costs. A new generation of point-of-care test has
      shown promising results in various studies and may overcome some of these
      limitations. We therefore reviewed the literature for the most promising new
      point-of-care tests for invasive aspergillosis (Aspergillus-specific lateral-flow
      device test, Aspergillus proximity ligation antigen assay), cryptococcosis
      (cryptococcal lateral-flow assay), and for histoplasmosis (loop-mediated
      isothermal amplification assay).

PMID- 27358663
TI  - The Holy Grail of Psychiatry.
AB  - "Holy Grail" is a well-known metaphor for the eternal spiritual pursuit for truth
      and wisdom. It suggests that in order for us to find what no one has found, we
      must search where few have looked. In 2013, a group led by Helen Mayberg
      published a groundbreaking paper that sought an answer to one of the most
      discussed conundrums in psychiatry and neuroscience: Can specific patterns of
      brain activity indicate how a depressed person will respond to treatment with
      medication or psychotherapy? Our author examines the findings and discusses their
      potential impact on treatment for a public health problem that affects millions
      of people worldwide. 

PMID- 27358662
TI  - Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Posaconazole: an Update.
AB  - Posaconazole is a second-generation triazole agent with a potent and broad
      antifungal activity. In addition to the oral suspension, a delayed-release tablet
      and intravenous formulation with improved pharmacokinetic properties have been
      introduced recently. Due to the large interindividual and intraindividual
      variation in bioavailability and drug-drug interactions, therapeutic drug
      monitoring (TDM) is advised to ensure adequate exposure and improve clinical
      response for posaconazole. Here, we highlight and discuss the most recent
      findings on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of posaconazole in the setting
      of prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections and refer to the challenges
      associated with TDM of posaconazole.

PMID- 27358665
TI  - Review: Leon N. Cooper's Science and Human Experience: Values, Culture, and the
      Mind.
AB  - Why are we reviewing a book written by someone who shared in the 1972 Nobel Prize
      in Physics for work on superconductivity? Because shortly after winning the
      prize, Leon N. Cooper transitioned into brain research-specifically, the
      biological basis of memory. He became director of the Brown University Institute
      for Brain and Neural Systems, whose interdisciplinary program allowed him to
      integrate research on the brain, physics, and even philosophy. His new book
      tackles a diverse spectrum of topics and questions, including these: Does science
      have limits? Where does order come from? Can we understand consciousness? 

PMID- 27358664
TI  - Schizophrenia: Hope on the Horizon.
AB  - In July 2014, an international consortium of schizophrenia researchers co-founded
      by the author mounted the largest biological experiment in the history of
      psychiatry and found eighty new regions in the genome associated with the
      illness. With many more avenues for exploring the biological underpinnings of
      schizophrenia now available to neuroscientists, hope may be on the way for the
      estimated 2.4 million Americans and 1 in 100 people worldwide affected by the
      illness, one in which drugs have limited impact and there is no known cure. 

PMID- 27358666
TI  - No End in Sight: The Abuse of Prescription Narcotics.
AB  - From teenagers dying from heroin overdoses to crime tied to Vicodin and OxyContin
      addiction to road fatalities in which sedatives and muscle relaxants are
      involved, 20,000 deaths in the United States in 2014 were attributed to problems
      associated with narcotics and prescription drug use. Our author, whose research
      involves the neurobiological basis of drug addiction, traces the history and
      evolution of narcotics and leans on his clinical experience to discuss why
      certain drugs are powerful, addicting-and dangerous. 

PMID- 27358667
TI  - The Binge and the Brain.
AB  - Who hasn't dipped into that pint of Haagen-Dazs with the best of intentions and
      ended up finishing the entire container? Knowing where the line is when it comes
      to out-of-control impulse consumption is at the heart of binge-eating disorder
      (BED), a newly recognized mental condition that effects affects millions of
      people and that we are just beginning to better understand-from both a
      neurobiological and clinical standpoint. 

PMID- 27358668
TI  - Body Ideals and Body Dissatisfaction Among a Community Sample of Ethnically
      Diverse Adolescents on Kauai, Hawaii.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Body dissatisfaction (BD), a risk factor for eating disorders, is
      occurring at younger ages and among a wide range of socioeconomic and cultural
      groups. OBJECTIVE: To describe body ideals and prevalence of body satisfaction
      among an ethnically diverse population of male and female students in Hawaii.
      METHODS: An anonymous cross-sectional survey including biographical information
      and the figure drawing screen was distributed to 7th through 12th grade students.
      RESULTS: Of the 1330 completed surveys, 19% of students were significantly
      dissatisfied with their bodies. Males were at greater risk than females for total
      BD (25.8% vs. 13.3%; p<0.001) and for BD in the direction of wanting to be larger
      (11.3% vs. 2.3%; p<0.001). Males and females were at similar risk for BD in the
      direction of wanting to be thinner (14.6% vs. 11.6%; p=0.11). Prevalence of BD in
      the direction of wanting to be thinner was significantly different (p<0.05) among
      ethnic groups. There were no significant differences in BD based on grade level
      or SES. CONCLUSIONS: BD exists among nearly 1 out of 5 adolescents, with
      differing patterns for males and females, and with certain ethnic groups being at
      higher risk. IMPLICATIONS: Studies to understand risk and protective factors by
      sex and among different ethnic groups may help generate tailored prevention
      strategies. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms
      underlying the bidirectional BD seen in males and potential outcomes.

PMID- 27358669
TI  - Endoscopic management of sigmoid volvulus in children.
AB  - Sigmoid volvulus (SV) is extremely uncommon in children and is usually associated
      with a long-standing history of constipation or pseudo-obstruction. An early
      diagnosis and management are crucial in order to prevent the appearance of
      hemorrhagic infarction of the twisted loop, avoiding further complications such
      as necrosis, perforation and sepsis. In patients with no evidence of peritonitis
      or ischemic bowel, treatment starts with resuscitation and detorsion of the SV,
      accomplished by means of sigmoidoscopy and concomitant rectal tube placement. The
      bowel is then prepared and surgery is undertaken electively during the same
      hospitalization. We report a detailed review of the literature focusing on
      technical details, risks and benefits of endoscopic management of SV in
      childhood. 

PMID- 27358670
TI  - Single port laparoscopic liver surgery: A minireview.
AB  - Nowadays, the trend is to perform surgeries with "scarless" incisions. In light
      of this, the single-port laparoscopic surgery (SPLS) technique is rapidly
      becoming widespread due to its lack of invasiveness and its cosmetic advantages,
      as the only entry point is usually hidden in the umbilicus. The interest in
      "scarless" liver resections did not grow as rapidly as the interest in other
      scarless surgeries. Hepatopancreatobiliary surgeons are reluctant to operate a
      malignant lesion through a narrow incision with limited exposure. There are
      concerns over adverse oncological outcomes for single-port laparoscopic liver
      resections (SPL-LR) for hepatocellular carcinoma or metastatic colorectal cancer.
      In addition, getting familiar with using the operating instruments through a
      narrow incision with limited exposure is very challenging. In this article, we
      reviewed the published literature to describe history, indications,
      contraindications, ideal patients for new beginners, technical difficulty,
      advantages, disadvantages, oncological concern and the future of SPL-LR. 

PMID- 27358671
TI  - Effectiveness of clip-and-snare method using pre-looping technique for gastric
      endoscopic submucosal dissection.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate efficacy and safety of clip-and-snare method using pre-looping
      technique (CSM-PLT) for gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). METHODS:
      In the CSM-PLT method, a clip attached to the lesion side was strangulated with a
      snare, followed by application of an appropriate tension to the lesion
      independent of an endoscope. Twenty consecutive lesions were resected by ESD
      using CSM-PLT (CSM-PLT group) and compared with a control group, including 20
      lesions that were resected by conventional ESD. The control group was matched
      based on the size and location of the lesion, presence of pathologic fibrosis,
      and experience of endoscopists. Total procedure time of ESD, proportion of en
      bloc resection, and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The total procedure
      time for the CSM-PLT group was significantly shorter than that for the control
      group (38.5 min vs 59.5 min, P = 0.023); all lesions were resected en bloc by
      ESD. There was no significant difference in complications between the two groups.
      Moreover, there was no complication in the CSM-PLT group. In one large lesion
      (size: 74 mm) that underwent extensive CSM-PLT during ESD, we used an additional
      CSM-PLT on another edge of the lesion after achieving submucosal resection to the
      maximum extent possible during initial CSM-PLT. In two lesions, the snare came
      off the lesion together with the clip after a sudden pull; nevertheless, ESD was
      successful in all lesions. CONCLUSION: CSM-PLT was an effective and safe method
      for gastric ESD.

PMID- 27358672
TI  - Strategies of laparoscopic spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection
      for advanced proximal gastric cancer.
AB  - For advanced proximal gastric cancer (GC), splenic hilar (No. 10) lymph nodes
      (LN) are crucial links in lymphatic drainage. According to the 14(th) edition of
      the Japanese GC treatment guidelines, a D2 lymphadenectomy is the standard
      surgery for advanced GC, and No. 10 LN should be dissected for advanced proximal
      GC. In recent years, the preservation of organ function and the use of minimally
      invasive technology are being accepted by an increasing number of clinicians.
      Laparoscopic spleen-preserving splenic hilar LN dissection has become more
      accepted and is gradually being used in operations. However, because of the
      complexity of splenic hilar anatomy, mastering the strategies for laparoscopic
      spleen-preserving splenic hilar LN dissection is critical for successfully
      completing the operation. 

PMID- 27358674
TI  - Gao's double-way approach for laparoscopic D2 radical surgery for gastric cancer.
AB  - Laparoscopic D2 radical surgery for gastric cancer is minimally invasive but
      complex. In this path: (1) Repeated operation of lesser curvature side; (2) The
      gastrohepatic ligament is relatively fixed. Hence, it is not easy to expose the
      suprapancreatic area; and (3) It is not easy to dissect No. 1, 12 lymph nodes.
      This area may not be sufficiently cleaned or surrounding vessels may be injured
      during a resection. So it is critical to choose position fixing, and a clear,
      fast and convenient operation path. The author, based on his experience, has
      established a set of procedural steps called "Gao's double-way", lesser omentum
      approach and traditional greater omentum approach, which are described in detail
      in this article. The path of this first approach is described as a "W" type of
      dissection. The second way is the traditional greater omentum approach, whose
      path is described as a "M" type of dissection. This will enable laparoscopic
      surgeons to select a suitable path. This new approach not only simplifies the
      surgery but also provides more space for the subsequent operation, thereby making
      the surgery more simple, safe and easy. 

PMID- 27358675
TI  - Impact of previous cyst-enterostomy on patients' outcome following resection of
      bile duct cysts.
AB  - AIM: To analyze the impact of previous cyst-enterostomy of patients underwent
      congenital bile duct cysts (BDC) resection. METHODS: A multicenter European
      retrospective study between 1974 and 2011 were conducted by the French Surgical
      Association. Only Todani subtypes I and IVb were included. Diagnostic imaging
      studies and operative and pathology reports underwent central revision. Patients
      with and without a previous history of cyst-enterostomy (CE) were compared.
      RESULTS: Among 243 patients with Todani types I and IVb BDC, 16 had undergone
      previous CE (6.5%). Patients with a prior history of CE experienced a greater
      incidence of preoperative cholangitis (75% vs 22.9%, P < 0.0001), had more
      complicated presentations (75% vs 40.5%, P = 0.007), and were more likely to have
      synchronous biliary cancer (31.3% vs 6.2%, P = 0.004) than patients without a
      prior CE. Overall morbidity (75% vs 33.5%; P < 0.0008), severe complications
      (43.8% vs 11.9%; P = 0.0026) and reoperation rates (37.5% vs 8.8%; P = 0.0032)
      were also significantly greater in patients with previous CE, and their Mayo Risk
      Score, during a median follow-up of 37.5 mo (range: 4-372 mo) indicated
      significantly more patients with fair and poor results (46.1% vs 15.6%; P =
      0.0136). CONCLUSION: This is the large series to show that previous CE is
      associated with poorer short- and long-term results after Todani types I and IVb
      BDC resection.

PMID- 27358673
TI  - Parenchymal-sparing liver surgery in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver
      metastases.
AB  - Liver resection is the treatment of choice for patients with colorectal liver
      metastases (CLM). However, major resections are often required to achieve R0
      resection, which are associated with substantial rates of morbidity and
      mortality. Maximizing the amount of residual liver gained increasing significance
      in modern liver surgery due to the high incidence of chemotherapy-associated
      parenchymal injury. This fact, along with the progressive expansion of
      resectability criteria, has led to the development of a surgical philosophy known
      as "parenchymal-sparing liver surgery" (PSLS). This philosophy includes a variety
      of resection strategies, either performed alone or in combination with ablative
      therapies. A profound knowledge of liver anatomy and expert intraoperative
      ultrasound skills are required to perform PSLS appropriately and safely. There is
      a clear trend toward PSLS in hepatobiliary centers worldwide as current evidence
      indicates that tumor biology is the most important predictor of intrahepatic
      recurrence and survival, rather than the extent of a negative resection margin.
      Tumor removal avoiding the unnecessary sacrifice of functional parenchyma has
      been associated with less surgical stress, fewer postoperative complications,
      uncompromised cancer-related outcomes and higher feasibility of future
      resections. The increasing evidence supporting PSLS prompts its consideration as
      the gold-standard surgical approach for CLM. 

PMID- 27358676
TI  - Predictors of long term survival after hepatic resection for hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma: A retrospective study of 5-year survivors.
AB  - AIM: To determine predictors of long term survival after resection of hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma (HC) by comparing patients surviving > 5 years with those who
      survived < 5 years. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients with
      pathologically proven HC who underwent surgical resection at the Gastroenterology
      Surgical Center, Mansoura University, Egypt between January 2002 and April 2013.
      All data of the patients were collected from the medical records. Patients were
      divided into two groups according to their survival: Patients surviving less than
      5 years and those who survived > 5 years. RESULTS: There were 34 (14%) long term
      survivors (5 year survivors) among the 243 patients. Five-year survivors were
      younger at diagnosis than those surviving less than 5 years (mean age, 50.47 +/-
      4.45 vs 54.59 +/- 4.98, P = 0.001). Gender, clinical presentation, preoperative
      drainage, preoperative serum bilirubin, albumin and serum glutamic-pyruvic
      transaminase were similar between the two groups. The level of CA 19-9 was
      significantly higher in patients surviving < 5 years (395.71 +/- 31.43 vs 254.06
      +/- 42.19, P = 0.0001). Univariate analysis demonstrated nine variables to be
      significantly associated with survival > 5 year, including young age (P = 0.001),
      serum CA19-9 (P = 0.0001), non-cirrhotic liver (P = 0.02), major hepatic
      resection (P = 0.001), caudate lobe resection (P = 0.006), well differentiated
      tumour (P = 0.03), lymph node status (0.008), R0 resection margin (P = 0.0001)
      and early postoperative liver cell failure (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Liver status,
      resection of caudate lobe, lymph node status, R0 resection and CA19-9 were
      demonstrated to be independent risk factors for long term survival.

PMID- 27358677
TI  - How does epidemiological and clinicopathological features affect survival after
      gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients-single Egyptian center experience.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the clinicopathological features and the significance of
      different prognostic factors which predict surgical overall survival in patients
      with gastric carcinoma. METHODS: This retrospective study includes 80 patients
      diagnosed and treated at gastroenterology surgical center, Mansoura University,
      Egypt between February 2009 to February 2013. Prognostic factors were assessed by
      cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: There were 57 male and 23 female. The
      median age was 57 years (24-83). One, 3 and 5 years survival rates were 71%, 69%
      and 46% respectively. The median survival was 69.96 mo. During the follow-up
      period, 13 patients died (16%). Hospital morbidity was reported in 10 patients
      (12.5%). The median number of lymph nodes removed was 22 (4-41). Lymph node (LN)
      involvement was found in 91% of cases. After R0 resection, depth of wall
      invasion, LN involvement and the number (> 15) of retrieved LN, LN ratio and
      tumor differentiation predict survival. In multivariable analysis, tumor
      differentiation, curability of resection and a number of resected LN superior to
      15 were found to be independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Surgery remains
      the cornerstone of treatment. Tumor differentiation, curability of resection and
      a number of resected LN superior to 15 were found to be independent prognostic
      factors. Extended LN dissection does not increase the morbidity or mortality rate
      but markedly improves long term survival.

PMID- 27358679
TI  - Solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas: Case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a mesenchymal tumor typically located in the
      pleura, but can also be found as an asymptomatic mass in other areas, including
      the liver, peritoneum, kidney and salivary glands. However, SFT rarely locates in
      the pancreas. We present such a case of pancreatic SFT, along with a review of
      all reported cases. A 55-year-old man was treated surgically for an asymptomatic
      pancreatic mass after a rigorous preoperative control. Histologic examination of
      the resected specimen showed characteristics of an SFT. As only 15 cases of
      pancreatic SFT have been reported so far, an attempt to compare the cases was
      considered intriguing. We found that patients with pancreatic SFT were mainly
      women (81.25%), with a median age of 54 years at the time of diagnosis and a
      median tumor size of 5.83 cm. Pancreatic SFTs were revealed incidentally in 50%
      of cases, and all of them showed an enhancement through arterial computed
      tomography. All tumors were positive for CD34, ten were positive for Bcl-2, and
      twelve were negative for S100. The diagnosis of this pancreatic tumor is
      established by a combination of clinical suspicion, imaging procedures and
      histological findings, and is confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. Although
      the behavior of SFTs is rather benign, close clinical follow-up is recommended
      due to a potentially malignant nature. 

PMID- 27358678
TI  - Critical appraisal of laparoscopic vs open rectal cancer surgery.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the long-term clinical and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic
      rectal resection (LRR) and the impact of conversion in patients with rectal
      cancer. METHODS: An analysis was performed on a prospective database of 633
      consecutive patients with rectal cancer who underwent surgical resection.
      Patients were compared in three groups: Open surgery (OP), laparoscopic surgery,
      and converted laparoscopic surgery. Short-term outcomes, long-term outcomes, and
      survival analysis were compared. RESULTS: Among 633 patients studied, 200
      patients had successful laparoscopic resections with a conversion rate of 11.1%
      (25 out of 225). Factors predictive of survival on univariate analysis include
      the laparoscopic approach (P = 0.016), together with factors such as age, ASA
      status, stage of disease, tumor grade, presence of perineural invasion and
      vascular emboli, circumferential resection margin < 2 mm, and postoperative
      adjuvant chemotherapy. The survival benefit of laparoscopic surgery was no longer
      significant on multivariate analysis (P = 0.148). Neither 5-year overall survival
      (70.5% vs 61.8%, P = 0.217) nor 5-year cancer free survival (64.3% vs 66.6%, P =
      0.854) were significantly different between the laparoscopic group and the
      converted group. CONCLUSION: LRR has equivalent long-term oncologic outcomes when
      compared to OP. Laparoscopic conversion does not confer a worse prognosis.

PMID- 27358680
TI  - Gastrointestinal bleeding and obstructive jaundice: Think of hepatic artery
      aneurysm.
AB  - Hemobilia is an uncommon and potential life-threatening condition mainly due to
      hepato-biliary tree traumatic or iatrogenic injuries. Spontaneously ruptured
      aneurysm of the hepatic artery is seldom described. We report the case of an 89
      year-old woman presenting with abdominal pain, jaundice and gastrointestinal
      bleeding, whose ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a non-traumatic,
      spontaneous aneurysm of the right hepatic artery. The oeso-gastro-duodenoscopy
      and colonoscopy did not reveal any bleeding at the ampulla of Vater, nor anywhere
      else. Selective angiography confirmed the diagnosis of hepatic artery aneurysm
      and revealed a full hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric
      artery. The patient was successfully treated by selective embolization of
      microcoils. We discuss the etiologies of hemobilia and its treatment with
      selective embolization, which remains favored over surgical treatment. Although
      aneurysm of the hepatic artery is rare, especially without trauma, a high index
      of suspicion is needed in order to ensure appropriate treatment. 

PMID- 27358681
TI  - Enteric duplication cyst as a leading point for ileoileal intussusception in an
      adult: A rare cause of complete small intestinal obstruction.
AB  - Duplication of alimentary tract (DAT) presenting as an ileoileal intussusception
      is a very rare clinical entity. Herein, a case of an ileoileal intussusception
      due to DAT is presented. A 32-year-old woman was hospitalized due to diffuse,
      intermittent abdominal pain, vomiting and constipation for 3 d associated with
      abdominal distention. Plain abdominal X-ray revealed dilated small bowel.
      Abdominal computed tomography showed grossly dilated small bowel with "sausage"
      and "doughnut" signs of small bowel intussusception. She underwent laparotomy,
      with findings of ileoileal intussusception due to a cystic lesion adjacent to the
      mesenteric side. Resection of the cystic lesion along with the affected segment
      of intestine, with an end to end anastomosis was performed. The histopathology
      was consistent with enteric duplication cyst. This case highlights the DAT,
      although, an uncommon cause of adult ileoileal intussusception should be
      considered in the differential diagnosis of intussusception in adults,
      particularly when the leading point is a cystic lesion. 

PMID- 27358682
TI  - Coronary artery anomalies overview: The normal and the abnormal.
AB  - The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive and concise overview of
      coronary embryology and normal coronary anatomy, describe common variants of
      normal and summarize typical patterns of anomalous coronary artery anatomy.
      Extensive iconography supports the text, with particular attention to images
      obtained in vivo using non-invasive imaging. We have divided this article into
      three groups, according to their frequency in the general population: Normal,
      normal variant and anomaly. Although congenital coronary artery anomalies are
      relatively uncommon, they are the second most common cause of sudden cardiac
      death among young athletes and therefore warrant detailed review. Based on the
      functional relevance of each abnormality, coronary artery anomalies can be
      classified as anomalies with obligatory ischemia, without ischemia or with
      exceptional ischemia. The clinical symptoms may include chest pain, dyspnea,
      palpitations, syncope, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction and
      sudden cardiac death. Moreover, it is important to also identify variants and
      anomalies without clinical relevance in their own right as complications during
      surgery or angioplasty can occur. 

PMID- 27358683
TI  - Imaging and radiological interventions in extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction.
AB  - Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is a primary vascular condition
      characterized by chronic long standing blockage and cavernous transformation of
      portal vein with or without additional involvement of intrahepatic branches,
      splenic or superior mesenteric vein. Patients generally present in childhood with
      multiple episodes of variceal bleed and EHPVO is the predominant cause of
      paediatric portal hypertension (PHT) in developing countries. It is a pre-hepatic
      type of PHT in which liver functions and morphology are preserved till late.
      Characteristic imaging findings include multiple parabiliary venous collaterals
      which form to bypass the obstructed portal vein with resultant changes in biliary
      tree termed portal biliopathy or portal cavernoma cholangiopathy. Ultrasound with
      Doppler, computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiography and magnetic
      resonance portovenography are non-invasive techniques which can provide a
      comprehensive analysis of degree and extent of EHPVO, collaterals and bile duct
      abnormalities. These can also be used to assess in surgical planning as well
      screening for shunt patency in post-operative patients. The multitude of changes
      and complications seen in EHPVO can be addressed by various radiological
      interventional procedures. The myriad of symptoms arising secondary to vascular,
      biliary, visceral and neurocognitive changes in EHPVO can be managed by various
      radiological interventions like transjugular intra-hepatic portosystemic shunt,
      percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, partial splenic embolization, balloon
      occluded retrograde obliteration of portosystemic shunt (PSS) and revision of
      PSS. 

PMID- 27358684
TI  - Advanced multimodality imaging of inflammatory bowel disease in 2015: An update.
AB  - The diagnosis and effective management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
      requires a combination clinical, endoscopic, histological, biological, and
      imaging data. While endoscopy and biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis
      of IBD, imaging plays a central role in the assessment of extra mural disease, in
      disease surveillance and in the assessment of response to medical treatments,
      which are often expensive. Imaging is also vital in the detection and diagnosis
      of disease related complications, both acute and chronic. In this review, we will
      describe, with illustrative images, the imaging features of IBD in adults, with
      emphasis on up-to-date imaging techniques focusing predominantly on cross
      sectional imaging and new magnetic resonance imaging techniques. 

PMID- 27358685
TI  - Imaging in pulmonary hydatid cysts.
AB  - Hydatid disease is a zoonosis that can involve almost any organ in the human
      body. After the liver, the lungs are the most common site for hydatid disease in
      adults. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of the disease, as clinical
      features are often nonspecific. Classical radiological signs of pulmonary hydatid
      cysts have been described in the literature, aiding in the diagnosis of the
      disease. However, complicated hydatid cysts can prove to be a diagnostic
      challenge at times due to their atypical imaging features. Radiography is the
      initial imaging modality. Computed tomography can provide a specific diagnosis in
      complicated cases. Ultrasound is particularly useful in peripheral lung lesions.
      The role of magnetic resonance imaging largely remains unexplored. 

PMID- 27358686
TI  - Effects of iodinated contrast on various magnetic resonance imaging sequences and
      field strength: Implications for characterization of hemorrhagic transformation
      in acute stroke therapy.
AB  - AIM: To characterize the effects of iodinated contrast material (ICM) on magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) comparing different sequences and magnetic fields, with
      emphasis to similarities/differences with well-known signal characteristics of
      hemorrhage in the brain. METHODS: Aliquots of iopamidol and iodixanol mixed with
      normal saline were scanned at 1.5T and 3T. Signal intensity (SI) was measured
      using similar spin-echo (SE)-T1, SE-T2, gradient-echo (GRE) and fluid-attenuation
      inversion-recovery (FLAIR) sequences at both magnets. Contrast to noise ratio
      (CNR) (SI contrast-SI saline/SD noise) for each aliquot were calculated and
      Kruskall-wallis test and graphic analysis was used to compare different pulse
      sequences and ICMs. RESULTS: Both ICM showed increased SI on SE-T1 and decreased
      SI on SE-T2, GRE and FLAIR at both 1.5T and 3T, as the concentration was
      increased. By CNR measurements, SE-T2 had the greatest conspicuity at 3T with
      undiluted iopamidol (92.6 +/- 0.3, P < 0.00) followed by iodixanol (77.5 +/- 0.9,
      P < 0.00) as compared with other sequences (CNR range: 15-40). While SE-T2 had
      greatest conspicuity at 1.5T with iopamidol (49.3 +/- 1, P < 0.01), SE-T1 showed
      similar or slightly better conspicuity (20.8 +/- 4) than SE-T2 with iodixanol (23
      +/- 1.7). In all cases, hypo-intensity on GRE was less conspicuous than on SE-T2.
      CONCLUSION: Iodixanol and iopamidol shorten T1 and T2 relaxation times at both
      1.5T and 3T. Hypo-intensity due to shortened T2 relaxation time is significantly
      more conspicuous than signal changes on T1-WI, FLAIR or GRE. Variations in signal
      conspicuity according to pulse sequence and to type of ICM are exaggerated at 3T.
      We postulate T2 hypointensity with less GRE conspicuity differentiates ICM from
      hemorrhage; given the well-known GRE hypointensity of hemorrhage. Described
      signal changes may be relevant in the setting of recent intra-arterial or
      intravenous ICM administration in translational research and/or human stroke
      therapy.

PMID- 27358687
TI  - Does computed tomography permeability predict hemorrhagic transformation after
      ischemic stroke?
AB  - AIM: To use perfusion-derived permeability-surface area product maps to predict
      hemorrhagic transformation following thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic
      stroke. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed our prospectively kept acute stroke
      database over five consecutive months for patients with symptoms of acute
      ischemic stroke (AIS) who had computed tomography (CT) perfusion (CTP) done at
      arrival. Patients included in the analyses also had to have a follow-up CT. The
      permeability-surface area product maps (PS) was calculated for the side of the
      ischemia and/or infarction and for the contralateral unaffected side at the same
      level. The cerebral blood flow map was used to delineate the ischemic territory.
      Next, a region of interest was drawn at the centre of this territory on the PS
      parametric map. Finally, a mirror region of interest was created on the
      contralateral side at the same level. The relative permeability-surface area
      product maps (rPS) provided an internal control and was calculated as the ratio
      of the PS on the side of the AIS to the PS on the contralateral side. A student t
      test was performed after log conversion of rPS between patients with and without
      hemorrhagic transformation. Log conversion was used to convert the data into
      normal distribution to use t-test. For the group of patients who experienced
      intracranial bleed, a student t-test was performed between those with only
      petechial hemorrhage and those with more severe parenchymal hematoma with
      subarachnoid haemorrhage. RESULTS: Of 84 patients with AIS and CTP at admission,
      only 42 patients had a follow-up CT. The rPS derived using the normal side as the
      internal control was significantly higher (P = 0.003) for the 15 cases of
      hemorrhagic transformation (1.71 + 1.64) compared to 27 cases that did not have
      any (1.07 + 1.30). Patients with values above the overall mean rPS of 1.3 had an
      increased likelihood of subsequent hemorrhagic transformation. The sensitivity of
      using this score to predict hemorrhagic transformation was 71.4, the specificity
      was 78.6, with a positive predictive value of 62.5 and negative predictive value
      of 84.6. The accuracy was 76.2. The odds ratio of an event occurring with such an
      rPS was 9.2. Of the 15 cases of hemorrhagic transformation, there was no
      difference (P = 0.35) in the rPS between the eight cases of petechial and the
      seven cases of more severe hemorrhagic events. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment PS can
      predict the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation on follow-up of AIS patients
      with relatively high sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive
      value.

PMID- 27358688
TI  - Predictive model for contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the breast: Is it feasible
      in malignant risk assessment of breast imaging reporting and data system 4
      lesions?
AB  - AIM: To build and evaluate predictive models for contrast-enhanced ultrasound
      (CEUS) of the breast to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions.
      METHODS: A total of 235 breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) 4
      solid breast lesions were imaged via CEUS before core needle biopsy or surgical
      resection. CEUS results were analyzed on 10 enhancing patterns to evaluate
      diagnostic performance of three benign and three malignant CEUS models, with
      pathological results used as the gold standard. A logistic regression model was
      developed basing on the CEUS results, and then evaluated with receiver operating
      curve (ROC). RESULTS: Except in cases of enhanced homogeneity, the rest of the 9
      enhancement appearances were statistically significant (P < 0.05). These 9
      enhancement patterns were selected in the final step of the logistic regression
      analysis, with diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 84.4% and 82.7%,
      respectively, and the area under the ROC curve of 0.911. Diagnostic sensitivity,
      specificity, and accuracy of the malignant vs benign CEUS models were 84.38%,
      87.77%, 86.38% and 86.46%, 81.29% and 83.40%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The
      breast CEUS models can predict risk of malignant breast lesions more accurately,
      decrease false-positive biopsy, and provide accurate BI-RADS classification.

PMID- 27358689
TI  - Contrast-enhanced ultrasound improved performance of breast imaging reporting and
      data system evaluation of critical breast lesions.
AB  - AIM: To determine whether contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can improve the
      precision of breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) categorization.
      METHODS: A total of 230 patients with 235 solid breast lesions classified as BI
      RADS 4 on conventional ultrasound were evaluated. CEUS was performed within one
      week before core needle biopsy or surgical resection and a revised BI-RADS
      classification was assigned based on 10 CEUS imaging characteristics. Receiver
      operating characteristic curve analysis was then conducted to evaluate the
      diagnostic performance of CEUS-based BI-RADS assignment with pathological
      examination as reference criteria. RESULTS: The CEUS-based BI-RADS evaluation
      classified 116/235 (49.36%) lesions into category 3, 20 (8.51%), 13 (5.53%) and
      12 (5.11%) lesions into categories 4A, 4B and 4C, respectively, and 74 (31.49%)
      into category 5. Selecting CEUS-based BI-RADS category 4A as an appropriate cut
      off gave sensitivity and specificity values of 85.4% and 87.8%, respectively, for
      the diagnosis of malignant disease. The cancer-to-biopsy yield was 73.11% with
      CEUS-based BI-RADS 4A selected as the biopsy threshold compared with 40.85%
      otherwise, while the biopsy rate was only 42.13% compared with 100% otherwise.
      Overall, only 4.68% of invasive cancers were misdiagnosed. CONCLUSION: This pilot
      study suggests that evaluation of BI-RADS 4 breast lesions with CEUS results in
      reduced biopsy rates and increased cancer-to-biopsy yields.

PMID- 27358690
TI  - Assessment of sub-milli-sievert abdominal computed tomography with iterative
      reconstruction techniques of different vendors.
AB  - AIM: To assess diagnostic image quality of reduced dose (RD) abdominal computed
      tomography (CT) with 9 iterative reconstruction techniques (IRTs) from 4
      different vendors to the standard of care (SD) CT. METHODS: In an Institutional
      Review Board approved study, 66 patients (mean age 60 +/- 13 years, 44 men, and
      22 women) undergoing routine abdomen CT on multi-detector CT (MDCT) scanners from
      vendors A, B, and C (>= 64 row CT scanners) (22 patients each) gave written
      informed consent for acquisition of an additional RD CT series. Sinogram data of
      RD CT was reconstructed with two vendor-specific and a vendor-neutral IRTs (A-1,
      A-2, A-3; B-1, B-2, B-3; and C-1, C-2, C-3) and SD CT series with filtered back
      projection. Subjective image evaluation was performed by two radiologists for
      each SD and RD CT series blinded and independently. All RD CT series (198) were
      assessed first followed by SD CT series (66). Objective image noise was measured
      for SD and RD CT series. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank, kappa, and
      analysis of variance tests. RESULTS: There were 13/50, 18/57 and 9/40 missed
      lesions (size 2-7 mm) on RD CT for vendor A, B, and C, respectively. Missed
      lesions includes liver cysts, kidney cysts and stone, gall stone, fatty liver,
      and pancreatitis. There were also 5, 4, and 4 pseudo lesions (size 2-3 mm) on RD
      CT for vendor A, B, and C, respectively. Lesions conspicuity was sufficient for
      clinical diagnostic performance for 6/24 (RD-A-1), 10/24 (RD-A-2), and 7/24 (RD-A
      3) lesions for vendor A; 5/26 (RD-B-1), 6/26 (RD-B-2), and 7/26 (RD-B-3) lesions
      for vendor B; and 4/20 (RD-C-1) 6/20 (RD-C-2), and 10/20 (RD-C-3) lesions for
      vendor C (P = 0.9). Mean objective image noise in liver was significantly lower
      for RD A-1 compared to both RD A-2 and RD A-3 images (P < 0.001). Similarly, mean
      objective image noise lower for RD B-2 (compared to RD B-1, RD B-3) and RD C-3
      (compared to RD C-1 and C-2) (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Regardless of IRTs and MDCT
      vendors, abdominal CT acquired at mean CT dose index volume 1.3 mGy is not
      sufficient to retain clinical diagnostic performance.

PMID- 27358691
TI  - Does therapist's attitude affect clinical outcome of lumbar facet joint
      injections?
AB  - AIM: To investigate if the clinical outcome of intra-articular lumbar facet joint
      injections is affected by the therapist's attitude. METHODS: A total of 40
      patients with facet joint-associated chronic low back pain were randomly divided
      into two groups. All patients received computed tomography-guided, monosegmental
      intra-articular facet joint injections. Following the therapeutic procedure, the
      patients of the experimental group (EG) held a conversation with the radiologist
      in a comfortable atmosphere. During the dialog, the patients were encouraged to
      ask questions and were shown four images. The patients of the control group (CG)
      left the clinic without any further contact with the radiologist. Outcome was
      assessed using a pain-based Verbal Numeric Scale at baseline, at 1 wk and at 1,
      3, and 6 mo after first treatment. RESULTS: The patient demographics showed no
      differences between the groups. The patients of the EG received 57 interventional
      procedures in total, while the patients of the CG received 70 interventional
      procedures. In both groups, the pain scores decreased significantly over the
      entire observation period. Compared to the CG, the EG showed a statistically
      significant reduction of pain at 1 wk and 1 mo post-treatment, while at 3 and 6
      mo after treatment, there were no significant differences between both groups.
      CONCLUSION: Our results show a significant effect on pain relief during the early
      post-interventional period in the EG as compared to the CG. The basic principle
      behind the higher efficacy might be the phenomenon of hetero-suggestion.

PMID- 27358693
TI  - Alpha-fetoprotein and its value for predicting pregnancy outcomes - a re
      evaluation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) concentrations can be determined framing
      others from invasively acquired amnion fluid (AF-AFP). While the biological role
      of AFP remains unclear it is well known that AFP-levels can be altered in
      connection with specific clinical and/or genetic alterations of the fetus.
      MATERIALS AND METHOD: here a retrospective study based on 3,119 singleton and 56
      twin pregnancies is presented. The standard levels of amnion fluid derived alpha
      fetoprotein level (AF-AFP) between 12th and 36th weeks of gestation were
      determined. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) test results for 63 cases,
      ultrasonography results for 32 cases and abnormal karyotypic findings for 100
      cases were available for selected cases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: according to the
      present data the AF-AFP test is reliable and provides expected test results in
      terms of population studies. However, individual AF-AFP test results can be
      subject to high individual variations. In this study AF-AFP multiple of medians
      (MoM) over 1.7 were indicative for neuronal tube defects and/or omphalocele in
      only 6.3% of the cases, while such AF-AFP values were hints on severe sonographic
      signs in 62% of the cases. Also, altered AF-AFP concentrations were present in
      82% of cytogenetically abnormal cases. Overall, even though predicative value of
      the AF-AFP-test is matter of discussion it continues to be widely applied in
      invasive prenatal diagnostics. This study indicates that it only can be applied
      reliably in combination with other tests like banding cytogenetics,
      ultrasonography and all embedded in well-established genetic counseling.

PMID- 27358694
TI  - First trimester fetal anatomy study and identification of major anomalies using
      10 standardized scans.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to validate the use of the first trimester scan not just as a
      screening tool for chromosomal anomalies, but also as a method to identify the
      major anatomic anomalies using 10 standardized scans. METHODS: five years of
      prospective study analyzing the fetal anatomy of 5924 patients with a singleton
      pregnancy during the first trimester screening for chromosomopathies. A check
      list of 10 predetermined scans had been used. The follow up consisted of two more
      scans in the second and third trimester, according to the local protocol, and a
      final evaluation of neonatal outcome at birth. RESULTS: in the 5924 examined
      patients, the percentage of major malformations is 0.74%, most of all discovered
      in the first trimester (47.7%). The Detection Rate for the malformations related
      to the nervous system is about 50% and for the malformations of the abdomen,
      heart and skeleton is slightly lower (43.5%). CONCLUSIONS: first trimester
      ultrasound using 10 standardized scans is a valid screening method for
      chromosomopathies and also an effective method to identify many of the major
      fetal anato - mical anomalies.

PMID- 27358695
TI  - Conservative management in a case of uncomplicated trap sequence: a case report
      and brief literature review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare anomaly
      that occurs in monochorionic twins with overall mortality rate ranging from 50%
      to 70% in the normal fetus, above all for congestive cardiac failure. CASE
      REPORT: a 31-year-old Caucasian gravida was referred to our fetomaternal medicine
      unit in the 25 gestational age. Ultrasound examination revealed a monochorionic,
      biamniotic twin pregnancy with a donor fetus showing normal morphology and growth
      corresponding to gestational age. The recipient twin appeared grossly abnormal
      with no head, upper limbs, heart, or thoracic structures and massive, diffuse,
      soft tissue edema. Fetal Doppler and fetal echocardiography revealed normal
      parameters. The patient refused any treatment and was monitored with weekly
      ultrasonography and Doppler ultrasound examination. She underwent cesarean
      section due to premature labor/rupture of membranes secondary to a mild
      polyhydramnios, at 36 weeks gestational age and delivered an apparent normal
      female live baby weighing 2550 gr, and another female acardius acephalus twin,
      birth weight 1300 gr. This baby had rudimental edematous lower limbs, pelvic
      bone, lower sacral vertebrae, and absence of thorax and cephalic structures.
      CONCLUSION: although the literature suggest that early intrafetal laser treatment
      of TRAP sequence is advantageous, our case shows that pregnancies referred late
      would still require a tailored approach after a risk-benefit assessment.

PMID- 27358692
TI  - Endocrine radionuclide scintigraphy with fusion single photon emission computed
      tomography/computed tomography.
AB  - AIM: To review the benefits of single photon emission computed tomography
      (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) hybrid imaging for diagnosis of various
      endocrine disorders. METHODS: We performed MEDLINE and PubMed searches using the
      terms: "SPECT/CT"; "functional anatomic mapping"; "transmission emission
      tomography"; "parathyroid adenoma"; "thyroid cancer"; "neuroendocrine tumor";
      "adrenal"; "pheochromocytoma"; "paraganglioma"; in order to identify relevant
      articles published in English during the years 2003 to 2015. Reference lists from
      the articles were reviewed to identify additional pertinent articles. Retrieved
      manuscripts (case reports, reviews, meta-analyses and abstracts) concerning the
      application of SPECT/CT to endocrine imaging were analyzed to provide a
      descriptive synthesis of the utility of this technology. RESULTS: The emergence
      of hybrid SPECT/CT camera technology now allows simultaneous acquisition of
      combined multi-modality imaging, with seamless fusion of three-dimensional volume
      datasets. The usefulness of combining functional information to depict the bio
      distribution of radiotracers that map cellular processes of the endocrine system
      and tumors of endocrine origin, with anatomy derived from CT, has improved the
      diagnostic capability of scintigraphy for a range of disorders of endocrine gland
      function. The literature describes benefits of SPECT/CT for (99m)Tc-sestamibi
      parathyroid scintigraphy and (99m)Tc-pertechnetate thyroid scintigraphy, (123)I-
      or (131)I-radioiodine for staging of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, (111)In-
      and (99m)Tc- labeled somatostatin receptor analogues for detection of
      neuroendocrine tumors, (131)I-norcholesterol (NP-59) scans for assessment of
      adrenal cortical hyperfunction, and (123)I- or (131)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine
      imaging for evaluation of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. CONCLUSION:
      SPECT/CT exploits the synergism between the functional information from
      radiopharmaceutical imaging and anatomy from CT, translating to improved
      diagnostic accuracy and meaningful impact on patient care.

PMID- 27358696
TI  - Evaluation of Carotid Plaque Using Ultrasound Imaging.
AB  - Traditional risk factors for predicting of cardiovascular disease are not always
      effective predictors for development of cardiovascular events. This review
      summarizes several newly developed noninvasive imaging techniques for evaluating
      carotid plaques and their role in cardiovascular disease risk. 

PMID- 27358697
TI  - The Use of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery
      Disease: A Clinical Practice Perspective.
AB  - Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a useful diagnostic imaging modality
      in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). It provides
      unique information not available from other modalities, however, it is complex.
      CMR is not a single technique. Instead, it consists of multiple distinct
      techniques and a lack of understanding of which techniques to perform and how to
      interpret the findings in combination limits its efficacy and widespread use.
      Conversely, its multiparametric nature can provide a comprehensive assessment
      with the potential for higher accuracy than is achievable by other modalities.
      Moreover, its ability to directly assess myopathic processes often contributes
      insights that change patient management. In this article we provide a brief
      technical overview and focus on specific clinical scenarios in patients with
      known or suspected CAD. We highlight the multiparametric nature of CMR and
      discuss cases which illustrate the unique information that CMR can contribute. 

PMID- 27358699
TI  - An Optimistic View towards the Real Time 3D Echocardiography in Congenital Heart
      Disease: A Simple 'Crop Box' Should Give an Infinite Information in the Near
      Future!

PMID- 27358698
TI  - Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio for Risk Assessment in Coronary Artery Disease and
      Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27358700
TI  - Prognostic Implication of Strain Analysis in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation
      Myocardial Infarction: One More Evidence for Ever-Debatable Topic.

PMID- 27358701
TI  - Is Needed Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography for the Detection of Coronary Artery
      Stenosis in Women?

PMID- 27358702
TI  - Normal Reference Values for Doppler Echocardiography: Influences of Ageing,
      Gender and Ethnicity.

PMID- 27358703
TI  - The Combined Impact of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Type 2 Diabetic
      Mellitus on Significant Coronary Artery Disease and Carotid Artery
      Atherosclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has recently emerged as a new
      important inflammatory marker for predicting cardiovascular events. This study
      aimed to evaluate the combined impact of NLR and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
      on significant coronary artery disease (CAD) and carotid artery atherosclerosis.
      METHODS: This study includes a total of 828 patients evaluated by coronary
      angiography and carotid ultrasonography. Significant CAD was defined as at least
      one vessel with stenosis greater than 50%. We employed logistic regression models
      to investigate the association of NLR and T2DM with significant CAD. The goodness
      of-fit and discriminability of the models were assessed by the loglikelihood
      ratio test and C-index, respectively. Also, we investigated the clinical
      relevance of the categorized NLR that classifies patients into three risk groups
      (low, intermediate, high). RESULTS: According to logistic regression analysis,
      both NLR {adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.31, p < 0.001} and T2DM (adjusted OR 2.46, p
      = 0.006) were independent risk factors of significant CAD. The addition of NLR
      and T2DM into a logistic regression model including conventional cardiovascular
      risk factors significantly improved the goodness-of-fit (p < 0.001) and the
      discriminability of the model (p = 0.004). Also, T2DM patients assigned into the
      high risk group (NLR > 2) showed the greater prevalence of significant CAD and
      carotid artery atherosclerosis compared with patients without T2DM or type 2
      diabetic patients assigned into the low risk group (NLR <= 1). CONCLUSION: Our
      results suggest that type 2 diabetic patients with high inflammatory state would
      be more vulnerable to significant CAD and carotid artery atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27358704
TI  - Assessment of Left Ventricular Volume and Function Using Real-Time 3D
      Echocardiography versus Angiocardiography in Children with Tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evaluation of left ventricular (LV) size and function is one of the
      important reasons for performing echocardiography. Real time three dimensional
      echocardiography (RT3DE) is now available for a precise non-invasive ventricular
      volumetry. Aim of work was to validate RT3DE as a non-invasive cardiac imaging
      method for measurement of LV volumes using cardiac angiography as the reference
      technique. METHODS: Prospective study on 40 consecutive patients with tetralogy
      of Fallot (TOF) referred for cardiac catheterization for preoperative assessment.
      Biplane cineangiography, conventional 2 dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and
      RT3DE were performed for the patients. A control group of 18 age and sex matched
      children was included and 2DE and RT3DE were performed for them. RESULTS: The
      mean LV end diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LVEDV index (LVEDVI) measured by RT3DE
      of patients were lower than controls (p value = 0.004, 0.01, respectively). There
      was strong correlation between the mean value of the LVEDV and the LVEDVI
      measured by RT3DE and angiography (r = 0.97, p < 0.001). The mean value of LV
      ejection fraction measured by RT3DE was lower than that assessed by 2DE (50 +/-
      6.2%, 65 +/- 4.6%, respectively, p value < 0.001) in the studied TOF cases. There
      was good intra- and inter-observer reliability for all measurements. CONCLUSION:
      RT3DE is a noninvasive and feasible tool for measurement of LV volumes that
      strongly correlates with LV volumetry done by angiography in very young infants
      and children, and further studies needed.

PMID- 27358705
TI  - Echocardiographic Predictors for Left Ventricular Remodeling after Acute ST
      Elevation Myocardial Infarction with Low Risk Group: Speckle Tracking Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We sought to assess echocardiographic predictors of left ventricular
      (LV) adverse remodeling after successfully reperfused acute ST elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI). LV remodeling is commonly found in STEMI patients
      and it may suggest adverse outcome in acute myocardial infarction. We sought to
      identify whether 2D strain and torsion be independent parameters for prediction
      of LV adverse remodeling. METHODS: We investigated 208 patients with low-risk
      STEMI patients who had follow up echocardiography at 6 or more months. After
      clinical assessments, all patients received revascularization according to
      current guideline. LV remodeling was defined as > 20% increase in end-diastolic
      volume (EDV) at follow up. RESULTS: During the follow-up (11.9 +/- 5.3 months),
      53 patients (25.5%) showed LV remodeling. In univariate analysis, EDV, end
      systolic volume, deceleration time (DT), CK-MB, and global longitudinal strain
      (GLS) were associated with LV remodeling. In multivariate analysis, EDV [hazard
      ratio (HR): 0.922, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.897-0.948, p< 0.001], GLS (HR:
      0.842, 95% CI: 0.728-0.974, p = 0.020), DT (HR: 0.989, 95% CI: 0.980-0.998, p =
      0.023) and CK-MB (HR: 1.003, 95% CI: 1.000-1.005, p = 0.033) independently
      predicted LV remodeling. However, global circumferential strain, net twist, and
      twist or untwist rate were not associated with remodeling. CONCLUSION: Of various
      parameters of speckle strain, only GLS predicted adverse remodeling in STEMI
      patients.

PMID- 27358706
TI  - Head to Head Comparison of Stress Echocardiography with Exercise
      Electrocardiography for the Detection of Coronary Artery Stenosis in Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exercise-stress electrocardiography (ECG) is initially recommended
      for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. But its value has been questioned
      in women because of suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. Stress echocardiography had
      been reported to have comparable test accuracy in women. But the data comparing
      the diagnostic accuracy of exercise-stress ECG and stress echocardiography
      directly are few. The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of
      exercise-stress ECG and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in Korean women.
      METHODS: 202 consecutive female patients who presented with chest pain in
      outpatient clinic, and who underwent treadmill exercise test (TET), DSE and
      coronary angiography were included for the study. The diagnostic accuracy TET and
      DSE were calculated by the definition of > 50% or > 75% coronary artery stenosis
      (CAS). RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity were higher with DSE (70.4,
      94.6%) than TET (53.7, 73.6%) for detection of > 50% CAS. The higher accuracy of
      DSE was maintained after exclusion of the patients who could not achieve over 85%
      age predicted heart rate before ischemia induction. DSE also showed greater
      diagnostic accuracy than TET by > 75% CAS criteria, and in subsets of patient
      with intermediate pretest probability. CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis of CAS, DSE
      showed higher accuracy than TET in female patients who presented with chest pain.
      As well as the test accuracy, adequate stress was more feasible with DSE than
      TET. These finding suggests DSE may be used as the first-line diagnostic tool in
      the detection of CAS in women with chest pain.

PMID- 27358708
TI  - Identification of a Novel De Novo Mutation of the TAZ Gene in a Korean Patient
      with Barth Syndrome.
AB  - Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by various types
      of cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, failure to thrive, skeletal myopathy, and 3
      methylglutaconic aciduria. BTHS is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the
      tafazzin (TAZ) gene located on chromosome Xq28, leading to cardiolipin
      deficiency. We report a 13-month-old boy with BTHS who had a novel de novo
      mutation in the TAZ gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
      reported case of a BTHS patient with a de novo mutation in Korea. This report
      will contribute towards expanding the knowledge on the mutation spectrum of the
      TAZ gene in BTHS. 

PMID- 27358709
TI  - Pregnancy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Severe Left Ventricular Outflow
      Tract Obstruction.
AB  - Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) patients with severe left
      ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction (those with a gradient of > 100 mm
      Hg) are at the highest risk of hemodynamic deterioration during pregnancy.
      Complications of HOCM include sudden cardiac death, heart failure, and
      arrhythmias. Physiological changes during pregnancy may induce these
      complications, affecting maternal and fetal health conditions. Therefore, close
      monitoring with appropriate management is essential for the well-being of both
      mother and fetus. We report on the case of a 27-year-old female patient with
      severe LVOT obstruction HOCM, pressure gradient (PG) of 125 mm Hg at resting, and
      152 mm Hg induced by the Valsalva maneuver at 34 weeks gestation. This case
      showed how close monitoring using echocardiography and proper management during
      the course of pregnancy resulted in successful delivery in the patient with
      extremely high PG HOCM. 

PMID- 27358710
TI  - Successfully Treated Acute Fulminant Myocarditis Induced by Ulcerative Colitis
      with Extracorporeal Life Support and Infliximab.
AB  - We report a case of successfully treated acute fulminant myocarditis induced by
      ulcerative colitis with extracorporeal life support and infliximab. Myocarditis
      is a rare but crucial complication during an exacerbation of inflammatory bowel
      disease. In our case, we applied extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for
      cardiac rest under impression of acute myocarditis associated with ulcerative
      colitis, and added infliximab for uncontrolled inflammation by corticosteroid. As
      a result, our patient was completely recovered with successful weaning of ECMO. 

PMID- 27358707
TI  - Normal Echocardiographic Measurements in a Korean Population Study: Part II.
      Doppler and Tissue Doppler Imaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hemodynamic and functional evaluation with Doppler and tissue Doppler
      study as a part of comprehensive echocardiography is essential but normal
      reference values have never been reported from Korean normal population
      especially according to age and sex. METHODS: Using Normal echOcaRdiographic
      Measurements in a KoreAn popuLation study subjects, we obtained normal reference
      values for Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiography including tricuspid
      annular velocities according to current guidelines and compared values according
      to gender and age groups. RESULTS: Mitral early diastolic (E) and late diastolic
      (A) velocity as well as E/A ratio were significantly higher in women compared to
      those in men. Conversely, mitral peak systolic and late diastolic annular
      velocity in both septal and lateral mitral annulus were significantly lower in
      women compared to those in men. However, there were no significant differences in
      both septal and lateral mitral early diastolic annular (e') velocity between men
      and women. In both men and women, mitral E velocity and its deceleration time as
      well as both E/A and E/e' ratio considerably increased with age. There were no
      significant differences in tricuspid inflow velocities and tricuspid lateral
      annular velocities between men and women except e' velocity, which was
      significantly higher in women compared to that in men. However, changes in both
      tricuspid inflow and lateral annular velocities according to age were similar to
      those in mitral velocities. CONCLUSION: Since there were significant differences
      in Doppler and tissue Doppler echocardiographic variables between men and women
      and changes according to age were even more considerable in both gender groups,
      normal Doppler echocardiographic values should be differentially applied based on
      age and sex.

PMID- 27358711
TI  - Rare Case of Unileaflet Mitral Valve.
AB  - Unileaflet mitral valve is the rarest of the congenital mitral valve anomalies
      and is usually life threatening in infancy due to severe mitral regurgitation
      (MR). In most asymptomatic individuals, it is mostly due to hypoplastic posterior
      mitral leaflet. We present a 22-year-old male with palpitations, who was found to
      have an echocardiogram revealing an elongated anterior mitral valve leaflet with
      severely hypoplastic posterior mitral valve leaflet appearing as a unileaflet
      mitral valve without MR. Our case is one of the 11 reported cases in the
      literature so far. We hereby review those cases and conclude that these patients
      are likely to be at risk of developing worsening MR later in their lives. 

PMID- 27358712
TI  - A Rare Case of Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Interventricular Septum.
AB  - Asymmetrical left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to interventricular septum
      hypertrophy is usually considered a typical phenotype of hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy. In rare cases other conditions such as tumors or lipomatous
      hypertrophy of the interventricular septum may have a similar presentation. We
      present a case of a male patient who presented for routine cardiology work up and
      was diagnosed of having ventricular septal hypertrophy secondary to localized
      lipomatous hypertrophy. 

PMID- 27358713
TI  - A Left Atrial Appendage Phantom Structure.

PMID- 27358714
TI  - Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Intracardiac Thrombus Presenting as Acute Limb
      Ischemia.

PMID- 27358715
TI  - Image Diagnosis: Pericardial Cyst in a Dialysis Patient.

PMID- 27358716
TI  - Response to Letter Regarding Article, "Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy Presenting
      as Shock".

PMID- 27358717
TI  - Circulating biomarkers to monitor cancer progression and treatment.
AB  - Tumor heterogeneity is a major challenge and the root cause of resistance to
      treatment. Still, the standard diagnostic approach relies on the analysis of a
      single tumor sample from a local or metastatic site that is obtained at a given
      time point. Due to intratumoral heterogeneity and selection of subpopulations in
      diverse lesions this will provide only a limited characterization of the makeup
      of the disease. On the other hand, recent developments of nucleic acid sequence
      analysis allows to use minimally invasive serial blood samples to assess the
      mutational status and altered gene expression patterns for real time monitoring
      in individual patients. Here, we focus on cell-free circulating tumor-specific
      mutant DNA and RNA (including mRNA and non-coding RNA), as well as current
      limitations and challenges associated with circulating nucleic acids biomarkers. 

PMID- 27358718
TI  - MicroRNAs and oncogenic transcriptional regulatory networks controlling metabolic
      reprogramming in cancers.
AB  - Altered cellular metabolism is a fundamental adaptation of cancer during rapid
      proliferation as a result of growth factor overstimulation. We review different
      pathways involving metabolic alterations in cancers including aerobic glycolysis,
      pentose phosphate pathway, de novo fatty acid synthesis, and serine and glycine
      metabolism. Although oncoproteins, c-MYC, HIF1alpha and p53 are the major drivers
      of this metabolic reprogramming, post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs
      (miR) also plays an important role in finely adjusting the requirement of the key
      metabolic enzymes underlying this metabolic reprogramming. We also combine the
      literature data on the miRNAs that potentially regulate 40 metabolic enzymes
      responsible for metabolic reprogramming in cancers, with additional miRs from
      computational prediction. Our analyses show that: (1) a metabolic enzyme is
      frequently regulated by multiple miRs, (2) confidence scores from prediction
      algorithms might be useful to help narrow down functional miR-mRNA interaction,
      which might be worth further experimental validation. By combining known and
      predicted interactions of oncogenic transcription factors (TFs) (c-MYC, HIF1alpha
      and p53), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), 40 metabolic
      enzymes, and regulatory miRs we have established one of the first reference maps
      for miRs and oncogenic TFs that regulate metabolic reprogramming in cancers. The
      combined network shows that glycolytic enzymes are linked to miRs via p53, c-MYC,
      HIF1alpha, whereas the genes in serine, glycine and one carbon metabolism are
      regulated via the c-MYC, as well as other regulatory organization that cannot be
      observed by investigating individual miRs, TFs, and target genes. 

PMID- 27358719
TI  - Commentary: sex difference differences? A reply to Constantino.
AB  - Messinger et al. found a 3.18 odds ratio of male to female ASD recurrence in 1241
      prospectively followed high-risk (HR) siblings. Among high-risk siblings (with
      and without ASD), as well as among 583 low-risk controls, girls exhibited higher
      performance on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, as well as lower restricted
      and repetitive behavior severity scores on the Autism Diagnostic Observation
      Schedule (ADOS) than boys. That is, female-favoring sex differences in
      developmental performance and autism traits were evident among low-risk and non
      ASD high-risk children, as well as those with ASD. Constantino (Mol Autism)
      suggests that sex differences in categorical ASD outcomes in Messinger et al.
      should be understood as a female protective effect. We are receptive to
      Constantino's (Mol Autism) suggestion, and propose that quantitative sex
      differences in autism-related features are keys to understanding this female
      protective effect. 

PMID- 27358720
TI  - Data from the Baby Siblings Research Consortium confirm and specify the nature of
      the female protective effect in autism: A commentary on Messinger et al.
AB  - Sibling recurrence data from the Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC)
      recapitulate results from very large clinical family studies that demonstrate the
      absence of the Carter effect and provide clarification of the nature of the
      female protective effect in ASD. This legacy prospective data collection
      confirmed marked differences in the proportions of males versus females who lie
      along deviant trajectories of social development in the setting of inherited
      liability to autism--a phenomenon which defines the female protective effect--and
      demonstrate that among affected children, sex differences are modest and
      homologous to those observed among non-ASD children.

PMID- 27358722
TI  - Commentary on a smoke-free medical campus in Jerusalem: data for action.
AB  - Over the past 30 years, Israel has made great progress in attitudes and practices
      about smoking; probably nothing else has contributed more to the health of its
      population. Yet, a recent survey about a non-smoking ban at an Israeli health
      sciences campus found incomplete enforcement. In addition, smoking rates among
      health sciences students, though lower than the general population, were higher
      than might be expected based on rates in other developed countries. Whether the
      ban is-as the authors speculate-"an intrusive life style intervention" or a
      justifiable public health intervention, cuts to the heart of the history of
      tobacco control efforts and their opposition by the tobacco industry. Despite
      concerns that the Israeli population is not ready to accept smoke-free bans,
      experience in other countries suggests otherwise. 

PMID- 27358721
TI  - Phosphorylated-insulin growth factor I receptor (p-IGF1R) and metalloproteinase-3
      (MMP3) expression in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). A GEIS 19
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most GISTs have mutations in KIT or PDGFRA. Patients with advanced
      GIST with KIT exon 9, PDGFRA mutation or WT for KIT and PDGFRA have a worse
      progression-free survival (PFS) compared to patients with KIT exon 11 mutated
      tumors. We evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of p-IGF1R (Y1316)
      and MMP3 as predictors of PFS or overall survival (OS). METHODS: Ninety-two
      advanced GIST patients included in GEIS-16 study with KIT and PDGFRA mutational
      information were examined for p-IGF1R (Y1316) and MMP3 expression in a tissue
      micro-array. To study activation of the IGF1R system, we have used an antibody
      (anti-pY1316) that specifically recognizes the active phosphorylated form of the
      IGF1R. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues and intronic PCR primers
      were used to amplify exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 of KIT, 12 and 18 of PDGFRA.
      Bidirectional sequencing with specific primers was performed on a ABI3100
      sequencer using the Big Dye Terminator v3.1 kit. Multivariate model was built
      using a stepwise automated variable selection approach with criterion to enter
      the variable in the model of p < 0.10 and criterion to keep the variable in the
      model of p < 0.05. PFS was computed as the date of imatinib initiation to
      progression or death. Overall survival was defined as the time from imatinib
      initiation to death. RESULTS: Phospho-IGF1R was expressed only in 9 % (2/22) of
      cases without KIT mutation. MMP3 expression was detected in 2/5 patients (40 %)
      with PDGFRA mutation, 1/16 patients (6 %) with WT genotype and 7/71 patients (10
      %) of KIT mutant patients. At univariate analysis KIT exon 11/13 mutation had
      better PFS than patients with exon 9 mutation, PDGFRA mutation or WT genotype (p
      = 0.021; HR: 0.46; 95 %CI (0.28-0.76). Less than 24 months disease free-interval
      (HR 24.2, 95 % CI 10.5-55.8), poor performance status (PS) (HR 6.3, 95 % CI 2.5
      15.9), extension of disease; >1 organ (HR 1.89; 95 % CI 1.03-3.4) and genotype
      analysis (HR 0.57, 95 % CI 0.37-0.97) but not immunophenotype analysis (HR 1.53;
      95 % CI 0.76-3.06) were the strongest prognostic factors for PFS in the
      multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support p-IGF-1R and MMP3
      evaluation in non-selected GIST patients but evaluation of this immunophenotype
      in WT and mutant PDGFR mutation in larger group of GIST patients, deserve merits.

PMID- 27358723
TI  - Physician-facilitated designation of proxy decision maker.
AB  - With vast improvements in healthcare in recent decades, people are living longer
      but often with higher rates of morbidity and chronic illnesses. This has resulted
      in a higher proportion of the population who may benefit from early end-of-life
      'conversation and planning', but also gives healthcare professionals more time
      during which these discussions are relevant, as people live longer with their
      chronic diseases. A survey conducted by Lifshitz et al (Isr J Health Policy Res
      5:6, 2016) sought to assess physician awareness and willingness to discuss
      designating a proxy decision-maker with patients, in order to aid end-of-life
      care in the event that the patient is rendered unable to make or communicate
      these decisions later in life. Their article suggests that proxy decision-maker
      designation is only one aspect of end-of-life care; a challenging area littered
      with ethical and moral dilemmas. Without early, open and frank discussions with
      patients regarding their wishes at the end of life, proxy decision-makers may be
      in no better position than physicians or a court appointed proxy to make
      decisions in the patients' best interests/benefits. This commentary also touches
      upon the use of health and care passports being developed or in early phases in
      the United Kingdom, and whether these may be utilised in the field of palliative
      care in Israel. 

PMID- 27358724
TI  - Pre-exercise screening: role of the primary care physician.
AB  - Participation in regular physical activity is associated with a multitude of
      benefits including a reduction in chronic disease and premature mortality, and
      improved quality of life. All segments of society need to collaborate with one
      another in an effort to promote active lives. The Israeli "Gymnasium Law"
      requires pre-exercise evaluation prior to exercise participation in a health
      club. Recently that law was modified to allow for participant pre-screening with
      the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone (PAR-Q+). This change
      reflects the evidence that the risk of catastrophic events (e.g. heart attack)
      during moderate intensity physical activity is low, and the likelihood of
      detecting heart disease in asymptomatic adults is low. This change will likely
      reduce the number of individuals who require physician evaluation. The American
      College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recently updated their recommendations for pre
      exercise evaluation. The ACSM guidelines have replaced risk factor assessment,
      with an algorithm that first stratifies based on current physical activity level,
      then by the presence of chronic disease, and/or signs and symptoms of chronic
      disease, and last by desired exercise intensity. The goal of these efforts is to
      reduce barriers to regular physical activity, by eliminating unnecessary medical
      evaluations. All adults should be encouraged to be physically active. 

PMID- 27358725
TI  - Decision-makers' acquaintance with the public's priorities in health services.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Decision makers often assume they know the public's standpoints and
      see themselves as capable of representing them. The aim of this study is to
      assess the level of acquaintance that senior decision-makers in the Israeli
      health system have concerning the priorities of the public in whose name they
      act. METHODS: A phone survey was conducted with a representative population
      sample and face-to-face interviews were conducted with senior decision-makers.
      RESULTS: The decision-makers did predict correctly the public's desired level of
      government involvement in health care; but only some of them correctly predicted
      the public's preferences on allocation of funds-to health versus other areas.
      They had difficulty foreseeing public priorities for allocating additional monies
      to health, and even greater difficulty ascertaining preferences of the public for
      their own health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Government decision-making processes
      should include evidence about public preferences. The findings of this study
      indicate that decision makers need to be provided with reliable, systematic
      information on public preferences.

PMID- 27358727
TI  - Left upper lobe double sleeve lobectomy with double barrel anastomosis for lung
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bronchoplasty is performed for both curability and preservation of
      the pulmonary function. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report the findings of a 65
      year old female patient who was admitted to our hospital to undergo surgical
      treatment for lung cancer. We successfully performed left upper lobe double
      sleeve lobectomy and reconstructed the site through bronchoplasty with double
      barrel (B6 + basal bronchus) anastomosis using inner ligation in a given
      location. DISCUSSION: The postoperative course was uneventful, and full-dose
      adjuvant chemotherapy was performed. No stenosis or narrowing of the airways was
      recognized. Chest CT also showed a good expansion of the residual lung, and the
      pulmonary function was also reserved. CONCLUSION: We propose the use of inner
      ligation in double barrel bronchoplasty at a particular site.

PMID- 27358726
TI  - Influence of profilin on sensitisation profiles determined by cutaneous tests and
      IgE to major allergens in polysensitised patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Profilin sensitisation is considered a diagnostic confounding factor
      in areas where patients are exposed to multiple pollens. The aim of this study is
      to assess pollen sensitisation profiles in adults and children and to evaluate,
      by means of component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) and skin prick testing (SPT),
      which pollens may be considered as risk factors of profilin sensitisation in
      order to establish the best diagnostic approach in polysensitised patients.
      METHODS: A total of 231 pollen-allergic patients (adults and children) were
      included, out of the pollen season, from an area with similar levels of pollen
      exposure. Allergological diagnosis was performed by SPT and determination of
      specific IgE (sIgE) to major allergen components (ADVIA-CentaurTM). Patients had
      not received immunotherapy in the last 5 years and had to reside in the area for
      5 consecutive years before entering the study. RESULTS: The relation between
      sensitisation measured by SPT and by sIgE was studied using a model of cases
      (patients with +sIgE to a specific allergen) and controls (patients with -sIgE to
      the same allergen). The outcome, in terms of odds-ratios (OR), was statistically
      significant for Olea (Ole e 1) (p = 0.0005), Salsola (Sal k 1) (p = 0.0118) and
      Platanus (Pla a 1+ 2) (p = 0.0372). While positivity of SPT to most pollens was
      statistically associated with a risk of profilin sensitisation, by CRD the
      association was statistically significant only for Ole e 1 (OR 3.5, CI 95 %, 1.6
      7.6, p = 0.0014), and Phl p 5 (OR 11.9, CI 95 %, 4.1-35.2, p < 0.001). When
      analysing this association using a logistic regression model, Phl p 5 was the
      only allergen associated with the risk of being sensitised to profilin (p =
      0.0023). CONCLUSIONS: In patients sensitised to profilin, the concordance between
      SPT and CRD is much lower than in those not sensitised to profilin. CRD is able
      to provide refined information about which pollens increase the risk of
      sensitisation to profilin.

PMID- 27358728
TI  - Achieving long term survival in oesophagectomy patients aged over 75.
AB  - AIMS: Surgical resection is often the only curative treatment for oesophageal
      cancer. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to analyse outcomes
      following oesophageal resection in patients aged 75 years and older and the
      impact of an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) program in this cohort.
      METHODS: Patients aged over 75 years undergoing oesophagectomy between 2003 and
      2013 were identified from a single centre using an electronic database. Data on
      pre-operative comorbidity, tumour stage and length of hospital stay (LOS) were
      collected. Complications were classified according to the Clavien-Dindo system.
      Thirty day, 1- and 5-year mortality rates were calculated. RESULTS: 147 patients
      were identified with a median age of 78.5 (IQR 76.7-80.9). 33% (n = 44) had a
      grade 3 complication or higher. Median LOS in hospital was 16 days (IQR 13.0
      22.0). Thirty-day mortality was 3.4%, 1-year and 5-year survival was 65% and 21%
      respectively. 45% of patients were enrolled into an Enhanced Recovery After
      Surgery program and they demonstrated a significantly reduced length of stay from
      18 to 14 days (p = 0.005) and 30-day mortality from 6.2% to 0% (p = 0.04)
      compared to the time period before the program. CONCLUSION: Long-term survival is
      achievable in patients aged over 75 years.

PMID- 27358730
TI  - Burnout among surgical residents in a lower-middle income country - Are we any
      different?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of burnout among surgical residents working at
      various public sector hospitals in Pakistan. DESIGN: A survey based on MBI was
      used to assess the presence of burnout. Residents were grouped into Group A (Burn
      out) or Group B (No burn out). Pearson Test was used to see any correlation
      between different variables and burn out. A p value of <0.05 was taken as
      significant. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A cross sectional survey of all the surgical
      residents at various public sector hospitals in Lahore was done. RESULTS: A total
      of 133 residents responded to our questionnaire. 74% respondents were male and
      26% were female. All residents showed a very high level of burnout. 50.4%
      residents had high levels of burn out on the EE category, 49.6% in the DP
      category and 53.4% residents had low levels on the PA scale. When assessed for
      overall burn out 57.9% residents had overall burnout. Males were more prone to
      develop burnout. Job dissatisfaction was the most prevalent reason for burn out.
      Owning a smartphone was significantly associated with development of burnout.
      Awareness regarding the burnout syndrome and having children were two factors
      which had a protective effect against burnout syndrome. Marriage, working hours,
      financial conditions, smoking and consumption of coffee/tea had no effect on
      development of burnout syndrome. CONCLUSION: There is high prevalence of burnout
      among the surgical residents in our hospitals. Unsatisfactory training is the
      number one reason for development of this syndrome.

PMID- 27358729
TI  - Arginine dimethylation products in pediatric patients with chronic kidney
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: arginine and its metabolites have been linked to pediatric chronic
      kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to estimate serum levels of argninine (Arg),
      asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in
      pediatric CKD patients and its relation to altered kidney function. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: 132 pediatric patients with CKD and 120 healthy age and sex matched
      controls were compared regarding; serum Arg, ADMA and SDMA levels. RESULTS: In
      comparison to their values in control subjects, serum Arg levels were
      significantly lower; serum ADMA levels were non-significantly higher, but serum
      SDMA levels were significantly higher in CKD patients (p values: < 0.000; =
      0.054; <0.000, respectively). Calculated Arg/ADMA and Arg/SDMA ratios were
      significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p values: 0.001, and
      <0.000, respectively). However ADMA/SDMA ratio was significantly lower in
      patients compared to controls (p = 0.001. Serum Arg levels showed positive
      significant correlation, while serum ADMA and SDMA levels showed negative
      significant correlation with eGFR. Moreover, Arg/ADMA ratio showed negative
      significant correlation, while ADMA/SDMA ratio showed positive significant
      correlation with eGFR of patients. Regression analysis defined high serum SDMA
      level as persistently significant predictor for low eGFR. CONCLUSION: Disturbed
      serum levels of arginine and its dimethyl derivatives may underlie development
      and/or progression of CKD. Elevated serum SDMA level is strongly correlated with
      impaired kidney functions and could be considered as a predictor for kidney
      functions deterioration and CKD progression.

PMID- 27358731
TI  - Association between pregnancy exposure to air pollution and birth weight in
      selected areas of Norway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to air pollution has adverse effects on cardiopulmonary
      health of adults. Exposure to air pollution in pregnancy may affect foetal
      development. However, the evidence of such effect remains inconsistent. We
      investigated the effects of exposure to air pollution during pregnancy on birth
      outcomes. METHODS: This study, based within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort
      Study (MoBa), includes 17,533 participants living in the two largest cities in
      Norway: Oslo and Bergen, and their two surrounding counties: Akershus and
      Hordaland. Air pollution levels at residential addresses were estimated using
      land use regression models and back-extrapolated to the period of each pregnancy
      using continuous monitoring station data. Birth outcomes were birth weight, low
      birth weight, gestational age, and preterm delivery obtained from the Medical
      Birth Registry of Norway. Information on lifestyle factors was collected from
      MoBa questionnaires completed by mothers during pregnancy. Linear and logistic
      regression models were used to analyse the associations between pregnancy NO2
      exposure and birth outcomes. RESULTS: We found a statistically significant
      negative association between pregnancy exposure to NO2 and birth weight -43.6
      (95%CI -55.8 to -31.5) g per 10 MUg/m(3) NO2. However, after adjusting for either
      area or the combination of parity and maternal weight, no substantive effects of
      air pollution exposure were evident. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to air pollution
      during pregnancy was associated with decrease in birth weight, but area-related
      and lifestyle factors attenuated this association. We found no statistically
      significant associations of air pollution exposure with gestational age, low
      birth weight or preterm delivery.

PMID- 27358732
TI  - Sarcoidosis with prevalent and severe joint localization: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown origin,
      characterized by the formation of granulomas without central necrosis. Each organ
      and tissue can be affected by the disease, but in most cases mainly the lungs and
      mediastinal lymph nodes but also skin, heart, eyes and joints are involved, the
      latter are mainly the metacarpophalangeal joints and bone lesions are often
      associated with involvement of the overlying skin. The diagnosis is often of
      exclusion, based on clinical and radiological suspicion, and should be confirmed
      by biopsy, although in each case it is necessary to exclude other possible causes
      of granulomatosis, including infections by mycobacteria. Here it is reported a
      case of particularly aggressive sarcoidosis with primitive involvement of the
      small joints of the hands and feet, and mediastinal lymph nodes. CASE
      PRESENTATION: The subject, a man, 60 years old, born in Morocco but living in
      Italy for many years, presented important involvement of bone structures and soft
      periarticular tissue, and was affected by the formation of granulomas without
      "caseum necrosis". The painful symptoms and the skin ulceration had led to
      surgical amputation of the distal phalanges of most fingers of his hands and
      feet, but with subsequent resurgence of lesions in acral locations after surgery.
      The PET/CT scan showed an amount of radiotracer in mediastinal lymph nodes, while
      the lymph nodes sampled by TBNA were normal and the CD4/CD8 ratio was less than 3
      in the bronchoalveolar lavage. We ruled out any possible infectious cause,
      including mycobacterial infection (both tubercular and atypical), so the patient
      was treated with systemic corticosteroids, with an excellent clinical and
      radiological response. CONCLUSIONS: Such a case shows how the disease can have
      variable expressions, without primitive lung involvement; therefore, it should be
      necessary to consider any possible, unpredictable localization of the disease.

PMID- 27358733
TI  - Efficient suppression of back electron/hole recombination in cobalt phosphate
      surface-modified undoped bismuth vanadate photoanodes.
AB  - In this paper, we compared for the first time the dynamics of photogenerated
      holes in BiVO4 photoanodes with and without CoPi surface modification, employing
      transient absorption and photocurrent measurements on microsecond to second
      timescales. CoPi surface modification is known to cathodically shift the water
      oxidation onset potential; however, the reason for this improvement has not until
      now been fully understood. The transient absorption and photocurrent data were
      analyzed using a simple kinetic model, which allows quantification of the
      competition between electron/hole recombination and water oxidation. The results
      of this model are shown to be in excellent agreement with the measured
      photocurrent data. We demonstrate that the origin of the improvement of
      photocurrent onset resulting from CoPi treatment is primarily due to retardation
      of back electron/hole recombination across the space charge layer; no evidence of
      catalytic water oxidation via CoPi was observed.

PMID- 27358734
TI  - Crystal structure and proton conductivity of BaSn0.6Sc0.4O3-delta : insights from
      neutron powder diffraction and solid-state NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - The solid-state synthesis and structural characterisation of perovskite BaSn1-x
      Sc x O3-delta (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) and its corresponding hydrated
      ceramics are reported. Powder and neutron X-ray diffractions reveal the presence
      of cubic perovskites (space group Pm3m) with an increasing cell parameter as a
      function of scandium concentration along with some indication of phase
      segregation. 119Sn and 45Sc solid-state NMR spectroscopy data highlight the
      existence of oxygen vacancies in the dry materials, and their filling upon
      hydrothermal treatment with D2O. It also indicates that the Sn4+ and Sc3+ local
      distribution at the B-site of the perovskite is inhomogeneous and suggests that
      the oxygen vacancies are located in the scandium dopant coordination shell at low
      concentrations (x <= 0.2) and in the tin coordination shell at high
      concentrations (x >= 0.3). 17O NMR spectra on 17O enriched BaSn1-x Sc x O3-delta
      materials show the existence of Sn-O-Sn, Sn-O-Sc and Sc-O-Sc bridging oxygen
      environments. A further room temperature neutron powder diffraction study on
      deuterated BaSn0.6Sc0.4O3-delta refines the deuteron position at the 24k
      crystallographic site (x, y, 0) with x = 0.579(3) and y = 0.217(3) which leads to
      an O-D bond distance of 0.96(1) A and suggests tilting of the proton towards the
      next nearest oxygen. Proton conduction was found to dominate in wet argon below
      700  degrees C with total conductivity values in the range 1.8 * 10-4 to 1.1 * 10
      3 S cm-1 between 300 and 600  degrees C. Electron holes govern the conduction
      process in dry oxidizing conditions, whilst in wet oxygen they compete with
      protonic defects leading to a wide mixed conduction region in the 200 to 600 
      degrees C temperature region, and a suppression of the conductivity at higher
      temperature.

PMID- 27358735
TI  - Harnessing nonlinear rubber swelling for bulk synthesis of anisotropic hybrid
      nanoparticles.
AB  - Asymmetric hybrid nanoparticles are at the forefront of colloidal chemistry as
      building blocks for novel structures and applications, as well as for exploring
      fundamental ways of breaking symmetry in physical systems. Current methods of
      synthesis have significant limitations in terms of control over synthesis,
      particle size ranges and polydispersity. We report a facile and scalable
      synthesis based on the anisotropic swelling of rubber to obtain metal-(polymer
      rubber) hybrid nanoparticles. Initial Au nanoparticle (NP) seeds are grown larger
      by reducing HAuCl4 with divinyl benzene (DVB), while simultaneous radical
      polymerization of DVB forms a cross-linked rubber layer of PDVB on the Au NP
      surface. The propensity of rubber to swell nonlinearly in the presence of DVB
      monomers amplifies initial asymmetries to break the symmetry of the PDVB shell,
      causing growth of asymmetric protrusions on one side of the core-shell particles,
      which are fixed by further polymerization. Plasmonic absorption of Au allows us
      to follow the Au reduction reaction and also suggests potential applications of
      some of the asymmetric particles in plasmon-enhanced sensing. The polydispersity,
      determined statistically from TEM and SEM images, of the resulting particles is
      low (<10%) and their sizes, shapes and metal-polymer ratios are easily tunable.

PMID- 27358736
TI  - Unravelling the chemical design of spin-crossover nanoparticles based on iron(ii)
      triazole coordination polymers: towards a control of the spin transition.
AB  - A systematic study of the key synthetic parameters that control the growth of
      spin-crossover (SCO) nanoparticles (NPs) using the reverse micelle technique has
      been undertaken in the system [Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4).H2O, (Htrz = 1,2,4-triazole).
      This has permitted us to modulate the physical properties of the NPs in a
      controlled and reproducible manner. In particular, a control over the size of the
      NPs (in the range 4 to 16 nm) has been achieved by varying the water to
      surfactant molar ratio. The consequences of this size variation on the
      cooperativity of the spin transition are discussed. Finally, this approach has
      been extended to the chemical alloy [Fe(Htrz)2.95(NH2trz)0.05](ClO4)2 in order to
      prepare NPs exhibiting a cooperative and hysteretic spin transition centred
      closer to room temperature.

PMID- 27358737
TI  - Transition-metal-nitride-based thin films as novel energy harvesting materials.
AB  - The last few years have seen a rise in the interest in early transition-metal and
      rare-earth nitrides, primarily based on ScN and CrN, for energy harvesting by
      thermoelectricity and piezoelectricity. This is because of a number of important
      advances, among those the discoveries of exceptionally high piezoelectric
      coupling coefficient in (Sc,Al)N alloys and of high thermoelectric power factors
      of ScN-based and CrN-based thin films. These materials also constitute well
      defined model systems for investigating thermodynamics of mixing for alloying and
      nanostructural design for optimization of phase stability and band structure.
      These features have implications for and can be used for tailoring of
      thermoelectric and piezoelectric properties. In this highlight article, we review
      the ScN- and CrN-based transition-metal nitrides for thermoelectrics, and drawing
      parallels with piezoelectricity. We further discuss these materials as a models
      systems for general strategies for tailoring of thermoelectric properties by
      integrated theoretical-experimental approaches.

PMID- 27358738
TI  - A novel design strategy for nanoparticles on nanopatterns: interferometric
      lithographic patterning of Mms6 biotemplated magnetic nanoparticles.
AB  - Nanotechnology demands the synthesis of highly precise, functional materials,
      tailored for specific applications. One such example is bit patterned media.
      These high-density magnetic data-storage materials require specific and uniform
      magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to be patterned over large areas (cm2 range) in
      exact nanoscale arrays. However, the realisation of such materials for
      nanotechnology applications depends upon reproducible fabrication methods that
      are both precise and environmentally-friendly, for cost-effective scale-up. A
      potentially ideal biological fabrication methodology is biomineralisation. This
      is the formation of inorganic minerals within organisms, and is known to be
      highly controlled down to the nanoscale whilst being carried out under ambient
      conditions. The magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 uses a
      suite of dedicated biomineralisation proteins to control the formation of
      magnetite MNPs within their cell. One of these proteins, Mms6, has been shown to
      control formation of magnetite MNPs in vitro. We have previously used Mms6 on
      micro-contact printed (MUCP) patterned self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces to
      control the formation and location of MNPs in microscale arrays, offering a
      bioinspired and green-route to fabrication. However, MUCP cannot produce patterns
      reliably with nanoscale dimensions, and most alternative nanofabrication
      techniques are slow and expensive. Interferometric lithography (IL) uses the
      interference of laser light to produce nanostructures over large areas via a
      simple process implemented under ambient conditions. Here we combine the bottom
      up biomediated approach with a top down IL methodology to produce arrays of
      uniform magnetite MNPs (86 +/- 21 nm) with a period of 357 nm. This shows a
      potentially revolutionary strategy for the production of magnetic arrays with
      nanoscale precision in a process with low environmental impact, which could be
      scaled readily to facilitate large-scale production of nanopatterned surface
      materials for technological applications.

PMID- 27358739
TI  - Actinomyces urinae sp. nov., isolated from 13-year-old girl affected by nephritic
      syndrome.
AB  - Here, we report the main characteristics of Actinomyces urinae strain Marseille
      P2225(T) (CSURP2225) isolated from a human urine sample. 

PMID- 27358740
TI  - Tessaracoccus massiliensis sp. nov., a new bacterial species isolated from the
      human gut.
AB  - A new Actinobacterium, designated Tessaracoccus massiliensis type strain SIT-7(T)
      (= CSUR P1301 = DSM 29060), have been isolated from a Nigerian child with
      kwashiorkor. It is a facultative aerobic, Gram positive, rod shaped, non spore
      forming, and non motile bacterium. Here, we describe the genomic and phenotypic
      characteristics of this isolate. Its 3,212,234 bp long genome (1 chromosome, no
      plasmid) exhibits a G+C content of 67.81% and contains 3,058 protein-coding genes
      and 49 RNA genes. 

PMID- 27358741
TI  - 'Neglecta timonensis' gen. nov., sp. nov., a new human-associated species.
AB  - We herein describe the main characteristics of 'Neglecta timonensis' strain SN17
      (CSUR P2265) that was isolated from the stool of an 88-year-old woman with type 2
      diabetes. 

PMID- 27358742
TI  - 'Eisenbergiella massiliensis', a new species isolated from human stool collected
      after bariatric surgery.
AB  - We report the principal characteristics of 'Eisenbergiella massiliensis' sp. nov.
      strain AT11 (CSURP = P2120, DSM = 101499) that was isolated from a stool sample
      collected after bariatric surgery of a 56-year-old obese French woman. 

PMID- 27358743
TI  - Emerging ST121/agr4 community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus (MRSA) with strong adhesin and cytolytic activities: trigger for MRSA
      pneumonia and fatal aspiration pneumonia in an influenza-infected elderly.
AB  - The pathogenesis of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus (CA-MRSA) pneumonia in influenza-infected elderly individuals has not yet
      been elucidated in detail. In the present study, a 92-year-old man infected with
      influenza developed CA-MRSA pneumonia. His CA-MRSA was an emerging type,
      originated in ST121/agr4 S. aureus, with diversities of Panton-Valentine
      leucocidin (PVL)(-)/spat5110/SCCmecV(+) versus PVL(+)/spat159((etc.))/SCCmec (-),
      but with common virulence potentials of strong adhesin and cytolytic activities.
      Resistance to erythromycin/clindamycin (inducible-type) and gentamicin was
      detected. Pneumonia improved with the administration of levofloxacin, but with
      the subsequent development of fatal aspiration pneumonia. Hence, characteristic
      CA-MRSA with strong adhesin and cytolytic activities triggered influenza-related
      sequential complications. 

PMID- 27358744
TI  - 'Lascolabacter vaginalis' strain KHD1, a new bacterial species cultivated from
      human female genital tract.
AB  - We present the major characteristics of 'Lascolabacter vaginalis' strain KHD1 (=
      CSUR P0109 = DSM 101752), a new member of the family Prevotellaceae that was
      cultivated from a vaginal sample of a 33-year-old woman with bacterial vaginosis.

PMID- 27358745
TI  - "Massiliomicrobiota timonensis," a new bacterial species isolated from the human
      gut.
AB  - We report the main characteristics of a new bacterium, "Massiliomicrobiota
      timonensis" strain SN16 (= CSUR P2264), which was isolated from the stool of a 87
      year-old patient. 

PMID- 27358746
TI  - Engineering approaches for regeneration of T lymphopoiesis.
AB  - T cells play a central role in immune-homeostasis; specifically in the induction
      of antigen-specific adaptive immunity against pathogens and mutated self with
      immunological memory. The thymus is the unique organ where T cells are generated.
      In this review, first the complex structures and functions of various thymic
      microcompartments are briefly discussed to identify critical engineering targets
      for regeneration of thymic functions in vitro and in vivo. Then the biomimetic
      regenerative engineering approaches are reviewed in three categories: 1)
      reconstruction of 3-D thymic architecture, 2) cellular engineering, and 3)
      biomaterials-based artificial presentation of critical biomolecules. For each
      engineering approach, remaining challenges and clinical opportunities are also
      identified and discussed. 

PMID- 27358747
TI  - Prevalence of left atrial abnormalities in atrial fibrillation versus normal
      sinus patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) may be the cause or sequela of left atrial
      abnormalities and variants. PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of left atrial
      (LA) abnormalities in AF patients compared to normal sinus rhythm (NSR) patients.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 281 cardiac CT examinations
      from 2010 to 2012, excluding patients with prior pulmonary vein ablation, known
      coronary artery disease, prior coronary stent placement, or coronary artery
      bypass grafts. The first group consisted of 159 AF patients undergoing cardiac CT
      prior to pulmonary vein ablation and the second group consisted of 122 NSR
      patients evaluated with coronary CT angiography. Demographic data were collected.
      LA abnormalities were analyzed. Left atrial diameter was measured on an axial
      view. RESULTS: A total of 281 patients were included. The male gender has
      significantly higher prevalence of AF than female gender, P value <0.001.
      Patients with AF were significantly older (mean age, 57.4 years; standard
      deviation [SD], 11.8 years) than NSR patients (mean age, 53.4 years; SD, 13.6
      years), P value, 0.01. The left atrial diameter was greater in the AF patients
      (mean diameter, 4.3 cm; SD, 0.82 cm) versus the NSR patients (3.4 cm; SD, 0.58
      cm), P value, <0.0001. LA diverticulum was the most prevalent variant, occurring
      in 28.4% of the entire patient population followed by LA pouch, occurring in 24%.
      There was no significant between group differences in the prevalence of these or
      the remainder of the LA variants. CONCLUSION: AF patients differed significantly
      from NSR patients in LA size, gender, and mean age. There was no statistical
      significance between the two groups with regard to the LA morphologic
      abnormalities other than size.

PMID- 27358748
TI  - Bisphenol A-associated alterations in genome-wide DNA methylation and gene
      expression patterns reveal sequence-dependent and non-monotonic effects in human
      fetal liver.
AB  - Bisphenol A (BPA), a high production volume chemical widely used in consumer
      products, is an endocrine active compound associated with complex epigenetic
      responses in animal models and humans. Developmental BPA exposure in mice
      previously revealed widespread changes in the mouse liver methylome. Here, we
      undertake the first epigenome-wide analysis of the effect of BPA concentration on
      human fetal liver DNA methylation. Enzymatic enrichment of genomic DNA for high
      CG density and methylation followed by next-generation sequencing yielded data
      for positional methylation across the genome. Comparing three groups of BPA
      exposed subjects (n=18; 6 per group), high (35.44-96.76 ng/g), low (3.50 to 5.79
      ng/g), and non-detect (<0.83 ng/g), revealed regions of altered methylation.
      Similar numbers of regions of altered methylations were detected in pairwise
      comparisons; however, their genomic locations were distinct between the non
      detect and low or high BPA groups. In general, BPA levels were positively
      associated with methylation in CpG islands and negatively associated with
      methylation in CpG shores, shelves, and repetitive regions. DNA methylation at
      the SNORD imprinted cluster (15q11q13) illustrated both linear and non-monotonic
      associations with BPA levels. Integrated methylation and RNA-sequencing gene
      expression analysis revealed differential regulation of transcription at low BPA
      levels, as well as expression changes in RNA for ligand-binding proteins as BPA
      levels increase. BPA levels in human fetal liver tissue are associated with
      complex linear and non-monotonic as well as sequence-dependent alterations in DNA
      methylation. Future longitudinal studies are needed to link these changes with
      altered health risks.

PMID- 27358749
TI  - Genomic insights into the ESBL and MCR-1-producing ST648 Escherichiacoli with
      multi-drug resistance.
AB  - Polymyxin acts as an ultimate line of refuge against the severe infections by
      multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. This conventional idea is challenged
      dramatically by the recent discovery of mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1)
      is prevalent in food animals and human beings worldwide. More importantly, the
      mcr-1 gene was found to be co-localized with other antibiotic resistance genes,
      raising the possibility that super-bugs with pan-drug resistance are emerging.
      However, little is reported on the genomes of the mcr-1-positive bacterial host
      reservoirs. Here we report genome sequencing of three human isolates of the mcr-1
      positive Escherichia coli (E15004, E15015 and E15017) and define general features
      through analyses of bacterial comparative genomics. Further genomic mining
      together with sequence typing allowed us to elucidate that the MCR-1-carrying E.
      coli E15017 belongs to the sequence type ST648 and coproduces extended-spectrum
      beta-lactamase (ESBL). Given the fact that ST648 has been known to associate with
      either New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 or ESBL, our results highlighted the
      possibility of ST648 as an epidemic clone with multidrug resistances.

PMID- 27358750
TI  - Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (Fgf21) as Diagnostic and Prognostic
      Biomarker in Renal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The finding of new biomarkers is needed to have a better sub
      classification of primary renal tumors (RCC) as well as more reliable predictors
      of outcome and therapy response. In this study, we evaluated the role of
      circulating FGF21, an endocrine factor, as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker
      for ccRCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples from healthy controls (HC), clear
      cell and chromophobe RCC cancer patients were obtained from the serum biobank
      "Biobanco Publico de Muestras Sericas Oncologicas" (BPMSO) of the "Instituto de
      Oncologia "Angel H. Roffo". Serum FGF21 and leptin were measured by ELISA while
      other metabolic markers were measured following routinely clinical procedures.
      RESULTS: One of our major findings was that FGF21 levels were significantly
      increased in ccRCC patients compared with HC. Moreover, we showed an association
      between the increased serum FGF21 levels and the shorter disease free survival in
      a cohort of 98 ccRCC patients, after adjustment for other predictors of outcome.
      CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that higher FGF21 serum level is an independent
      prognostic biomarker, associated with worse free-disease survival.

PMID- 27358752
TI  - Of microneedles and ultrasound: Physical modes of gastrointestinal macromolecule
      delivery.

PMID- 27358751
TI  - Plant derived edible nanoparticles as a new therapeutic approach against
      diseases.
AB  - In plant cells, nanoparticles containing miRNA, bioactive lipids and proteins
      serve as extracellular messengers to mediate cell-cell communication in a manner
      similar to the exosomes secreted by mammalian cells. Notably, such nanoparticles
      are edible. Moreover, given the proper origin and cargo, plant derived edible
      nanoparticles could function in interspecies communication and may serve as
      natural therapeutics against a variety of diseases. In addition, nanoparticles
      made of plant-derived lipids may be used to efficiently deliver specific drugs.
      Plant derived edible nanoparticles could be more easily scaled up for mass
      production, compared to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss
      recent significant developments pertaining to plant derived edible nanoparticles
      and provide insight into the use of plants as a bio-renewable, sustainable,
      diversified platform for the production of therapeutic nanoparticles.

PMID- 27358753
TI  - Tissue barriers and novel approaches to achieve hepatoselectivity of
      subcutaneously-injected insulin therapeutics.
AB  - Current subcutaneously (s.c.)-injected insulin (INS) products result in a
      hyperinsulin exposure to peripheral tissues (skeletal muscle and adipose) while
      INS hardly accesses to liver after injection. This unphysiological distribution
      raises risks of hypoglycemia episode and causes weight gain after long term
      treatment. An ideal INS replacement therapy requires the distribution or action
      of exogenous INS to more closely mimic physiological INS in terms of its
      preferential hepatic action. However, there are 2 factors that limit the ability
      of s.c. injected INS to restore the liver: peripheral gradient in INS deficient
      diabetes patients: (1) the transport of INS in capillary endothelium and
      peripheral tissues from the injection site; and (2) peripheral INS receptor (IR)
      mediated INS degradation. In this review, the tissue barriers against efficient
      liver targeting of s.c. injected INS are discussed and current advances in
      developing hepatoselective insulin therapeutics are introduced.

PMID- 27358754
TI  - Chemically modified peptides and proteins - critical considerations for oral
      delivery.
AB  - Numerous approaches have been explored to date in the pursuit of delivering
      peptides or proteins via the oral route. One such example is chemical
      modification, whereby the native structure of a peptide or protein is tailored to
      provide a more efficient uptake across the epithelial barrier of the
      gastrointestinal tract via incorporation of a chemical motif or moiety. In this
      regard, a diverse array of concepts have been reported, ranging from the
      exploitation of endogenous transport mechanisms to incorporation of
      physicochemical modifications in the molecule, which promote more favorable
      interactions with the absorptive membrane at the cell surface. This review
      provides an overview of the modification technologies described in the literature
      and offers insights into some pragmatic considerations pertaining to their
      translation into clinically viable concepts.

PMID- 27358755
TI  - Poly(amido amine) dendrimers in oral delivery.
AB  - Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been extensively investigated for oral
      delivery applications due to their ability to translocate across the
      gastrointestinal epithelium. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in the
      evaluation of PAMAM dendrimers as oral drug delivery carriers. Specifically,
      toxicity, mechanisms of transepithelial transport, models of the intestinal
      epithelial barrier including isolated human intestinal tissue model, detection of
      dendrimers, and surface modification are discussed. We also highlight evaluation
      of various PAMAM dendrimer-drug conjugates for their ability to transport across
      gastrointestinal epithelium for improved oral bioavailability. In addition,
      current challenges and future trends for clinical translation of PAMAM dendrimers
      as carriers for oral delivery are discussed.

PMID- 27358756
TI  - Safety concerns over the use of intestinal permeation enhancers: A mini-review.
AB  - Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are key components in ~12 oral peptide
      formulations in clinical trials for a range of molecules, primarily insulin and
      glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs. The main PEs comprise medium chain fatty
      acid-based systems (sodium caprate, sodium caprylate, and N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)
      amino] caprylate (SNAC)), bile salts, acyl carnitines, and EDTA. Their mechanism
      of action is complex with subtle differences between the different molecules.
      With the exception of SNAC and EDTA, most PEs fluidize the plasma membrane
      causing plasma membrane perturbation, as well as enzymatic and intracellular
      mediator changes that lead to alteration of intestinal epithelial tight junction
      protein expression. The question arises as to whether PEs can cause irreversible
      epithelial damage and tight junction openings sufficient to permit co-absorption
      of payloads with bystander pathogens, lipopolysaccharides and its fragment, or
      exo- and endotoxins that may be associated with sepsis, inflammation and
      autoimmune conditions. Most PEs seem to cause membrane perturbation to varying
      extents that is rapidly reversible, and overall evidence of pathogen co
      absorption is generally lacking. It is unknown however, whether the intestinal
      epithelial damage-repair cycle is sustained during repeat-dosing regimens for
      chronic therapy.

PMID- 27358758
TI  - Erratum.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1142493.].

PMID- 27358757
TI  - Cell-penetrating peptides as tools to enhance non-injectable delivery of
      biopharmaceuticals.
AB  - Non-injectable delivery of peptide and protein drugs is hampered by their labile
      nature, hydrophilicity, and large molecular size; thus limiting their permeation
      across mucosae, which represent major biochemical and physical barriers to drugs
      administered via e.g. the oral, nasal, and pulmonary routes. However, in recent
      years cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have emerged as promising tools to enhance
      mucosal delivery of co-administered or conjugated peptide and protein cargo and
      more advanced CPP-cargo formulations are emerging. CPPs act as transepithelial
      delivery vectors, but the mechanism(s) by which CPPs mediate cargo translocation
      across an epithelium is so far poorly understood; both due to the fact that
      multiple factors influence the resulting uptake and trafficking mechanisms as
      well as to the complicated nature of sensitive studies of this. In addition to a
      proper mechanistic understanding, documentation of CPP-mediated delivery in
      higher animal species than rodent as well as extensive toxicological studies are
      necessary for CPP-containing non-injectable DDSs to reach the clinic.

PMID- 27358759
TI  - Introduction for the special issue on recent advances in drug delivery across
      tissue barriers.
AB  - This special issue of Tissue Barriers contains a series of reviews with the
      common theme of how biological barriers established at epithelial tissues limit
      the uptake of macromolecular therapeutics. By improving our functional
      understanding of these barriers, the majority of the authors have highlighted
      potential strategies that might be applied to the non-invasive delivery of
      biopharmaceuticals that would otherwise require an injection format for
      administration. Half of the articles focus on the potential of particular
      technologies to assist oral delivery of peptides, proteins and other
      macromolecules. These include use of prodrug chemistry to improve molecule
      stability and permeability, and the related potential for oral delivery of poorly
      permeable agents by cell-penetrating peptides and dendrimers. Safety aspects of
      intestinal permeation enhancers are discussed, along with the more recent foray
      into drug-device combinations as represented by intestinal microneedles and
      externally-applied ultrasound. Other articles highlight the crossover between
      food research and oral delivery based on nanoparticle technology, while the final
      one provides a fascinating interpretation of the physiological problems
      associated with subcutaneous insulin delivery and how inefficient it is at
      targeting the liver.

PMID- 27358760
TI  - Cybercare 2.0: meeting the challenge of the global burden of disease in 2030.
AB  - In this paper, we propose to advance and transform today's healthcare system
      using a model of networked health care called Cybercare. Cybercare means "health
      care in cyberspace" - for example, doctors consulting with patients via
      videoconferencing across a distributed network; or patients receiving care
      locally - in neighborhoods, "minute clinics," and homes - using information
      technologies such as telemedicine, smartphones, and wearable sensors to link to
      tertiary medical specialists. This model contrasts with traditional health care,
      in which patients travel (often a great distance) to receive care from providers
      in a central hospital. The Cybercare model shifts health care provision from
      hospital to home; from specialist to generalist; and from treatment to
      prevention. Cybercare employs advanced technology to deliver services efficiently
      across the distributed network - for example, using telemedicine, wearable
      sensors and cell phones to link patients to specialists and upload their medical
      data in near-real time; using information technology (IT) to rapidly detect,
      track, and contain the spread of a global pandemic; or using cell phones to
      manage medical care in a disaster situation. Cybercare uses seven "pillars" of
      technology to provide medical care: genomics; telemedicine; robotics; simulation,
      including virtual and augmented reality; artificial intelligence (AI), including
      intelligent agents; the electronic medical record (EMR); and smartphones. All
      these technologies are evolving and blending. The technologies are integrated
      functionally because they underlie the Cybercare network, and/or form part of the
      care for patients using that distributed network. Moving health care provision to
      a networked, distributed model will save money, improve outcomes, facilitate
      access, improve security, increase patient and provider satisfaction, and may
      mitigate the international global burden of disease. In this paper we discuss how
      Cybercare is being implemented now, and envision its growth by 2030.

PMID- 27358763
TI  - Design of a high-mobility multi-terrain robot based on eccentric paddle
      mechanism.
AB  - Gaining high mobility on versatile terrains is a crucial target for designing a
      mobile robot toward tasks such as search and rescue, scientific exploration, and
      environment monitoring. Inspired by dextrous limb motion of animals, a novel form
      of locomotion has been established in our previous study, by proposing an
      eccentric paddle mechanism (ePaddle) for integrating paddling motion into a
      traditional wheeled mechanism. In this paper, prototypes of an ePaddle mechanism
      and an ePaddle-based quadruped robot are presented. Several locomotion modes,
      including wheeled rolling, legged crawling, legged race-walking, rotational
      paddling, oscillating paddling, and paddle-aided rolling, are experimentally
      verified on testbeds with fabricated prototypes. Experimental results confirm
      that paddle's motion is useful in all the locomotion modes.

PMID- 27358764
TI  - Fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia: Don't forget Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.
AB  - We present a case of fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia secondary to Stenotrophomonas
      maltophilia in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. S. maltophilia is commonly
      a non-virulent pathogen. However, in the immunocompromised, it is generally
      associated with bacteremia after central venous catheter placement or pneumonia.
      Hemorrhagic pneumonia is a rare presentation of this bacteria, with only 31 cases
      reported in the literature, and has 100% mortality within 72 hours. Rapid
      recognition and early suspicion should be key in the treatment of these patients.

PMID- 27358765
TI  - Impaired dynamic cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia predicts development of
      white matter hyperintensities.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between both dynamic and steady-state
      measures of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and the progression of age-related
      white matter disease. METHODS: Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI CVR scans
      were acquired from forty-five subjects (age range: 50-90 years, 25 males) with
      moderate to severe white matter disease, at baseline and one-year follow-up. To
      calculate the dynamic (tau) and steady-state (ssCVR) components of the BOLD
      signal response, the PETCO2 signal waveform was convolved with an exponential
      decay function. The tau corresponding to the best fit between the convolved
      PETCO2 and BOLD signal defined the speed of response, and the slope of the
      regression between the convolved PETCO2 and BOLD signal defined ssCVR. ssCVR and
      tau were compared between normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) that remains
      stable over time and NAWM that progresses to white matter hyperintensities
      (WMHs). RESULTS: In comparison to contralateral NAWM, NAWM that progressed to WMH
      had significantly lower ssCVR values by mean (SD) 46.5 (7.6)%, and higher tau
      values by 31.9 (9.6)% (both P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Vascular impairment in
      regions of NAWM that progresses to WMH consists not only of decreased magnitude
      of ssCVR, but also a pathological decrease in the speed of vascular response.
      These findings support the association between cerebrovascular dysregulation and
      the development of WMH.

PMID- 27358766
TI  - Connectome-scale group-wise consistent resting-state network analysis in autism
      spectrum disorder.

PMID- 27358767
TI  - Population-based MRI atlases of spatial distribution are specific to patient and
      tumor characteristics in glioblastoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In treating glioblastoma (GB), surgical and
      chemotherapeutic treatment guidelines are, for the most part, independent of
      tumor location. In this work, we compiled imaging data from a large cohort of GB
      patients to create statistical atlases illustrating the disease spatial frequency
      as a function of patient demographics as well as tumor characteristics. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Two-hundred-six patients with pathology-proven glioblastoma were
      included. Of those, 65 had pathology-proven recurrence and 113 had molecular
      subtype and genetic information. We used validated software to segment the tumors
      in all patients and map them from patient space into a common template. We then
      created statistical maps that described the spatial location of tumors with
      respect to demographics and tumor characteristics. We applied a chi-square test
      to determine whether pattern differences were statistically significant. RESULTS:
      The most frequent location for glioblastoma in our patient population is the
      right temporal lobe. There are statistically significant differences when
      comparing patterns using demographic data such as gender (p = 0.0006) and age (p
      = 0.006). Small and large tumors tend to occur in separate locations (p =
      0.0007). The tumors tend to occur in different locations according to their
      molecular subtypes (p < 10(- 6)). The classical subtype tends to spare the
      frontal lobes, the neural subtype tend to involve the inferior right frontal
      lobe. Although the sample size is limited, there was a difference in location
      according to EGFR VIII genotype (p < 10(- 4)), with a right temporal dominance
      for EFGR VIII negative tumors, and frontal lobe dominance in EGFR VIII positive
      tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial location of GB is an important factor that
      correlates with demographic factors and tumor characteristics, which should
      therefore be considered when evaluating a patient with GB and might assist in
      personalized treatment.

PMID- 27358768
TI  - Parasite species of the endangered Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) and a
      sympatric widespread carnivore.
AB  - Parasites have a profound impact on wildlife population dynamics. However, until
      some years ago, studies on the occurrence and prevalence of wildlife parasites
      were neglected comparatively with the studies on humans and domestic animals. In
      this study, we determined the parasite prevalence of two sympatric wild canids:
      the endangered Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) and the widespread red fox
      (Vulpes vulpes), in central Portugal. From November 2014 to July 2015, fresh
      fecal samples from both species were collected monthly in several transects
      distributed throughout the study area. All samples were submitted to several
      coprological techniques. In total, 6 helminth parasites (Crenosoma vulpis,
      Angiostrongylus vasorum, Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis, Ancylostomatidae,
      Toxascaris leonina), and a protozoa (Balantidium coli) were identified based on
      size and morphology. The red fox was infected by seven different parasites while
      the Iberian wolf was infected by four. All parasites present in wolf were also
      present in the red fox. C. vulpis had the higher prevalence in red fox, while
      Ancylostomatidae were the most prevalent parasites in wolf. To our knowledge,
      this is the first study in this isolated subpopulation of the Iberian wolf. Our
      results show that both carnivores carry parasites that are of concern as they are
      pathogenic to humans and other wild and domestic animals. We suggest that
      surveillance programs must also include monitoring protocols of wildlife;
      particularly endangered species. 

PMID- 27358769
TI  - Occipital seizures and persistent homonymous hemianopia with T2 hypointensity on
      MRI in nonketotic hyperglycemia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Nonketotic hyperglycemia (NKH) is known to cause focal motor or
      secondarily generalized seizures. Occipital seizures in NKH are seldom reported,
      especially with visual hallucinations and persistent homonymous hemianopia (HH)
      with characteristic radiological and electroencephalographic (EEG) findings.
      SUMMARY: Our patient was a middle-aged man who presented with a new onset, single
      episode of generalized tonic-clonic seizure and NKH. He complained of seeing
      intermittent colorful stripes in his right visual field. Examination revealed
      persistent complete right HH and he was observed to have complex partial
      seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed subcortical T2 hypointensity
      within the left occipital lobe in T2W and FLAIR images. The EEG showed
      electrographic seizures originating from the left occipital region. Random blood
      glucose at presentation was 581 mg/dl with HbA1c of 11.4%. The seizure and visual
      field deficits were successfully terminated by the introduction of antiseizure
      medication and glycemic control. CONCLUSION: Occipital seizures with visual field
      deficits can occur in hyperglycemic states. These can be associated with specific
      MRI brain and EEG changes. The HH is reversible with apt treatment primarily
      including glycemic control with or without antiseizure medication.

PMID- 27358770
TI  - Marked improvement in febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome after lidocaine
      plus MgSO4 treatment in a 12-year-old girl.
AB  - PURPOSE: This report sheds light on a successful treatment in febrile infection
      related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) with the combined use of lidocaine and MgSO4.
      METHODS: We report a 12-year-old previously healthy girl who experienced an upper
      respiratory infection with fever and headache for 2 days, then suddenly went into
      a coma followed by repetitive status epilepticus. All tests for CNS infection,
      metabolic and toxic diseases, and autoimmune encephalitis were negative. Hence,
      the diagnosis of FIRES was made. During 5 weeks of hospital treatment, various
      antiepileptic drugs were administered at different times without success. To
      achieve seizure control, we then attempted the use of lidocaine first, then
      followed by MgSO4. RESULTS: The SE was successfully controlled when lidocaine
      plus MgSO4 was introduced. At follow-up, almost no neurological sequelae
      remained. CONCLUSION: This is the first report describing the combined use of
      lidocaine and MgSO4 with successful treatment outcomes. This experience has
      indicated that even FIRES can be controlled if treated promptly with certain
      agents. However, more studies are needed to explore the mechanisms and effects of
      lidocaine and MgSO4 in FIRES.

PMID- 27358772
TI  - Hepatoduodenal ligament dissection technique during recipient hepatectomy for
      liver transplantation: How I do it?
AB  - Accurate dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament in the recipient is vital for
      the success of liver transplantation surgery. High incidence of anatomic
      variations at the hepatic artery, portal vein and biliary ducts in the
      hepatoduodenal ligament is well known. Surgical experience is important to be
      able to foresee the most common anatomic diversities and the possible variations,
      in order to make a safe and accurate dissection in the hepatic hilum. Before
      anastomosis, all these hilar structures must be well identified, safely dissected
      and must also have a sufficient length for the coming implantation process. At
      the beginning of our program, we were starting the hepatic hilum dissection close
      to the liver. In time, however, we modified our surgical technique, preferring to
      start further away from the liver (closer to the duodenum). This length increased
      progressively over 1500 liver transplantations (80% living donor liver
      transplantation). During this process, our main purpose was the early control of
      the hepatic artery (artery first approach). In this paper, our aim is to share
      our latest version of the hepatoduodenal ligament dissection technique. We also
      describe alternative approaches used in extraordinary situations. 

PMID- 27358771
TI  - Exocrine drainage in vascularized pancreas transplantation in the new millennium.
AB  - The history of vascularized pancreas transplantation largely parallels
      developments in immunosuppression and technical refinements in transplant
      surgery. From the late-1980s to 1995, most pancreas transplants were whole organ
      pancreatic grafts with insulin delivery to the iliac vein and diversion of the
      pancreatic ductal secretions to the urinary bladder (systemic-bladder technique).
      The advent of bladder drainage revolutionized the safety and improved the success
      of pancreas transplantation. However, starting in 1995, a seismic change occurred
      from bladder to bowel exocrine drainage coincident with improvements in
      immunosuppression, preservation techniques, diagnostic monitoring, general
      medical care, and the success and frequency of enteric conversion. In the new
      millennium, pancreas transplants are performed predominantly as pancreatico
      duodenal grafts with enteric diversion of the pancreatic ductal secretions
      coupled with iliac vein provision of insulin (systemic-enteric technique)
      although the systemic-bladder technique endures as a preferred alternative in
      selected cases. In the early 1990s, a novel technique of venous drainage into the
      superior mesenteric vein combined with bowel exocrine diversion (portal-enteric
      technique) was designed and subsequently refined over the next >= 20 years to re
      create the natural physiology of the pancreas with first-pass hepatic processing
      of insulin. Enteric drainage usually refers to jejunal or ileal diversion of the
      exocrine secretions either with a primary enteric anastomosis or with an
      additional Roux limb. The portal-enteric technique has spawned a number of newer
      and revisited techniques of enteric exocrine drainage including duodenal or
      gastric diversion. Reports in the literature suggest no differences in pancreas
      transplant outcomes irrespective of type of either venous or exocrine diversion.
      The purpose of this review is to examine the literature on exocrine drainage in
      the new millennium (the purported "enteric drainage" era) with special attention
      to technical variations and nuances in vascularized pancreas transplantation that
      have been proposed and studied in this time period. 

PMID- 27358773
TI  - Liver transplantation and the management of progressive familial intrahepatic
      cholestasis in children.
AB  - Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a constellation of
      inherited disorders that result in the impairment of bile flow through the liver
      that predominantly affects children. The accumulation of bile results in
      progressive liver damage, and if left untreated leads to end stage liver disease
      and death. Patients often present with worsening jaundice and pruritis within the
      first few years of life. Many of these patients will progress to end stage liver
      disease and require liver transplantation. The role and timing of liver
      transplantation still remains debated especially in the management of PFIC1. In
      those patients who are appropriately selected, liver transplantation offers an
      excellent survival benefit. Appropriate timing and selection of patients for
      liver transplantation will be discussed, and the short and long term management
      of patients post liver transplantation will also be described. 

PMID- 27358775
TI  - Loco-regional therapies for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma awaiting liver
      transplantation: Selecting an optimal therapy.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common, increasingly prevalent malignancy.
      For all but the smallest lesions, surgical removal of cancer via resection or
      liver transplantation (LT) is considered the most feasible pathway to cure.
      Resection - even with favorable survival - is associated with a fairly high rate
      of recurrence, perhaps since most HCCs occur in the setting of cirrhosis. LT
      offers the advantage of removing not only the cancer but the diseased liver from
      which the cancer has arisen, and LT outperforms resection for survival with
      selected patients. Since time waiting for LT is time during which HCC can
      progress, loco-regional therapy (LRT) is widely employed by transplant centers.
      The purpose of LRT is either to bridge patients to LT by preventing progression
      and waitlist dropout, or to downstage patients who slightly exceed standard
      eligibility criteria initially but can fall within it after treatment.
      Transarterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation have been the most
      widely utilized LRTs to date, with favorable efficacy and safety as a bridge to
      LT (and for the former, as a downstaging modality). The list of potentially
      effective LRTs has expanded in recent years, and includes transarterial
      chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads, radioembolization and novel forms of
      extracorporal therapy. Herein we appraise the various LRT modalities for HCC, and
      their potential roles in specific clinical scenarios in patients awaiting LT. 

PMID- 27358774
TI  - Massive haemorrhage in liver transplantation: Consequences, prediction and
      management.
AB  - From its inception the success of liver transplantation has been associated with
      massive blood loss. Massive transfusion is classically defined as > 10 units of
      red blood cells within 24 h, but describing transfusion rates over a shorter
      period of time may reduce the potential for survival bias. Both massive
      haemorrhage and transfusion are associated with increased risk of mortality and
      morbidity (need for dialysis/surgical site infection) following liver
      transplantation although causality is difficult to prove due to the observational
      design of most trials. The blood loss associated with liver transplantation is
      multifactorial. Portal hypertension secondary to cirrhosis results in extensive
      collateral circulation, which can bleed during hepatectomy particular if portal
      pressures are increased. Avoiding volume loading and maintenance of a low central
      venous pressure together with the use of vasopressors have been shown to reduce
      blood loss and transfusion during liver transplantation, but may increase the
      risk of renal impairment post-operatively. Coagulation defects may be present pre
      transplant, but haemostasis is often re-balanced due to a deficit in both pro-
      and anti-coagulation factors. Further derangement of haemostasis may develop in
      the anhepatic and neohepatic phases due to absent hepatic metabolic function,
      hyperfibrinolysis and platelet sequestration in the donor liver. Point-of-care
      tests of coagulation such as the viscoelastic tests rotation
      thromboelastometry/thromboelastometry allow and more accurate and rapid
      assessment of these derangements in coagulation and guide the use of factor
      replacement and antifibrinolytics. Transfusion protocols guided by these tests
      have been shown to reduce transfusion rates compared with conventional
      coagulation tests, but have not shown improvements in mortality or morbidity. Pre
      operative factors associated with massive transfusion include previous surgery,
      re-do transplantation, the aetiology and severity of liver disease. Intra
      operatively the use of piggy-back technique and avoiding veno-veno bypass has
      been shown to reduced blood loss. 

PMID- 27358776
TI  - Potential approaches to improve the outcomes of donation after cardiac death
      liver grafts.
AB  - There is a growing discrepancy between the supply and demand of livers for
      transplantation resulting in high mortality rates on the waiting list. One of the
      options to decrease the mortality on the waiting list is to optimize organs with
      inferior quality that otherwise would be discarded. Livers from donation after
      cardiac death (DCD) donors are frequently discarded because they are exposed to
      additional warm ischemia time, and this might lead to primary-non-function,
      delayed graft function, or severe biliary complications. In order to maximize the
      usage of DCD livers several new preservation approaches have been proposed. Here,
      we will review 3 innovative organ preservation methods: (1) different ex vivo
      perfusion techniques; (2) persufflation with oxygen; and (3) addition of
      thrombolytic therapy. Improvement of the quality of DCD liver grafts could
      increase the pool of liver graft's for transplantation, improve the outcomes, and
      decrease the mortality on the waiting list. 

PMID- 27358777
TI  - First line vs delayed transplantation in myeloma: Certainties and controversies.
AB  - Since the middle of 1990s autologous stem cell transplantation has been the
      cornerstone for the treatment of young patients with multiple myeloma (MM). In
      the last decade the introduction of novel agents such as immunomodulatory drugs
      (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PI), has dramatically changed the therapeutic
      scenario of this yet incurable disease. Due to the impressive results achieved
      with IMiDs and PI both in terms of response rates and in terms of progression
      free and overall survival, and to the toxicity linked to high dose therapy and
      autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), a burning question nowadays is
      whether all young patients should be offered autotransplantation up front or if
      this should be reserved for the time of relapse. This article provides a review
      of the data available regarding ASCT in MM and of the current opinion of the
      scientific community regarding its optimal timing. 

PMID- 27358778
TI  - State of deceased donor transplantation in India: A model for developing
      countries around the world.
AB  - Renal replacement therapy (RRT) resources are scarce in India, with wide urban
      rural and interstate disparities. The burden of end-stage renal disease is
      expected to increase further due to increasing prevalence of risk factors like
      diabetes mellitus. Renal transplantation, the best RRT modality, is increasing in
      popularity, due to improvements made in public education, the deceased donor
      transplantation (DDT) programme and the availability of free and affordable
      transplant services in government hospitals and certain non-governmental
      philanthropic organizations. There are about 120000 haemodialysis patients and
      10000 chronic peritoneal dialysis patients in India, the majority of them waiting
      for a donor kidney. Shortage of organs, lack of transplant facilities and high
      cost of transplant in private facilities are major barriers for renal
      transplantation in India. The DDT rate in India is now 0.34 per million
      population, among the lowest in the world. Infrastructural development in its
      infancy and road traffic rules not being strictly implemented by the authorities,
      have led to road traffic accidents being very common in urban and rural India.
      Many patients are declared brain dead on arrival and can serve as potential organ
      donors. The DDT programme in the state of Tamil Nadu has met with considerable
      success and has brought down the incidence of organ trade. Government hospitals
      in Tamil Nadu, with a population of 72 million, provide free transplantation
      facilities for the underprivileged. Public private partnership has played an
      important role in improving organ procurement rates, with the help of trained
      transplant coordinators in government hospitals. The DDT programmes in the
      southern states of India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry) are advancing rapidly
      with mutual sharing due to public private partnership providing vital organs to
      needy patients. Various health insurance programmes rolled out by the governments
      in the southern states are effective in alleviating financial burden for the
      transplantation. Post-transplant immunological and pathological surveillance of
      recipients remains a challenge due to the scarcity of infrastructure and other
      facilities. 

PMID- 27358779
TI  - Role of cytomegalovirus on the maturation and function of monocyte derived
      dendritic cells of liver transplant patients.
AB  - AIM: To study the impact of association between cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      pathogenesis with dendritic cell (DC) maturation and function was evaluated in
      CMV reactivated liver transplanted patients in comparing with non-reactivated
      ones, and healthy controls. METHODS: Monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) was
      generated from collected ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-treated blood samples
      from patient groups and controls. In these groups, expression rates and mean
      fluorescent intensity of DC markers were evaluated using flowcytometry technique.
      Secretion of cytokines including: interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12 and IL-23 were
      determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. The gene expression
      of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4 and IL-23 were analyzed using in-house real
      time polymerase chain reaction protocols. RESULTS: Results have been shown
      significant decreases in: Expression rates of MoDC markers including CD83, CD1a
      and human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR), the mean fluorescence intensitys for
      CD1a and HLA-DR, and secretion of IL-12 in CMV reactivated compared with non
      reactivated liver transplanted patients. On the other hand, significant increases
      have been shown in the secretions of IL-6 and IL-23 and gene expression levels of
      TLR2, TLR4 and IL-23 from MoDCs in CMV reactivated compared with non-reactivated
      liver transplanted recipients. CONCLUSION: DC functional defects in CMV
      reactivated recipients, such as decrease in expression of DC maturation markers,
      increase in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and TLRs can emphasize on the
      importance of CMV infectivity in development of liver rejection in transplanted
      patients.

PMID- 27358780
TI  - Single-lung transplantation in emphysema: Retrospective study analyzing survival
      and waiting list mortality.
AB  - AIM: To performed remains a subject of debate and is the principal aim of the
      study. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 73 patients with emphysema
      (2000-2012). The outcomes of patients undergoing single-lung transplantation (SL)
      (n = 40) or double-lung transplant (DL) (n = 33) were compared in a Cox
      multivariate analysis to study the impact of the technique, postoperative
      complications and acute and chronic rejection on survival rates. Patients were
      selected for inclusion in the waiting list according to the International Society
      of Heart Lung Transplantation criteria. Pre and postoperative rehabilitation and
      prophylaxis, surgical technique and immunosuppressive treatment were similar in
      every patients. Lung transplantation waiting list information on a national level
      and retrospective data on emphysema patient survival transplanted in Spain during
      the study period, was obtained from the lung transplantation registry managed by
      the National Transplant Organization (ONT). RESULTS: Both groups were comparable
      in terms of gender and clinical characteristics. We found significant differences
      in the mean age between the groups, the DL patients being younger as expected
      from the inclusion criteria. Perioperative complications occurred in 27.6% SL vs
      54% DL (P = 0.032). Excluding perioperative mortality, median survival was 65.3
      mo for SL and 59.4 mo for DL (P = 0.96). Bronchiolitis obliterans and overall 5
      year survival were similar in both groups. Bacterial respiratory infection,
      cytomegalovirus and fungal infection rates were higher but not significant in SL.
      No differences were found between type of transplant and survival (P = 0.48). To
      support our results, national data on all patients with emphysema in waiting list
      were obtained (n = 1001). Mortality on the waiting list was 2.4% for SL vs 6.2%
      for DL. There was no difference in 5 year survival between 235 SL and 430 DL
      patients transplanted (P = 0.875). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that SL
      transplantation in emphysema produce similar survival than DL with less
      postoperative complication and significant lower mortality in waiting list.

PMID- 27358781
TI  - Impact of body mass index on outcomes of 48281 patients undergoing first time
      cadaveric liver transplantation.
AB  - AIM: To investigate possible disparities in perioperative morbidity and mortality
      among different body mass index (BMI) groups and to simulate the impact that
      these differences might have had on the cohort of patients undergoing cadaveric
      liver transplantation (LT). METHODS: All adult recipients undergoing first time
      LT for benign conditions and receiving a whole graft from brain-dead donors were
      selected from the united network of organ sharing registry. From January 1994 to
      June 2013, 48281 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria and were stratified by
      their BMI. The hypothesis that abnormal BMIs were independent predictors of
      inferior outcomes was tested with univariate and multivariate regression
      analyses. RESULTS: In comparison to normal weight recipients, underweight and
      morbidly obese recipients had increased 90-d mortality (adjusted OR = 1.737;
      95%CI: 1.185-2.548, P = 0.005) (adjusted OR = 1.956; 95%CI: 1.473-2.597, P =
      0.000) respectively and inferior patients' survivals (adjusted HR = 1.265; 95%CI:
      1.096-1.461, P = 0.000) (adjusted HR = 1.157; 95%CI: 1.031-1.299, P = 0.013)
      respectively. Overall, patients' 5-year survival were 73.9% for normal-weight,
      71.1% for underweight, 74.0% for overweight, 74.4% for class I obese, 75.0% for
      class II obese and 71.5% for class III obese recipients. Analysis of hypothetical
      exclusion of underweight and morbidly obese patients from the pool of potential
      LT candidates would have improved the overall survival of the entire cohort by
      2.7% (95%CI: 2.5%-3.6%). CONCLUSION: Selected morbidly obese patients undergoing
      LT for benign conditions had 5-year survival rates clinically comparable to
      normal weight recipients. Impact analysis showed that exclusion of high-risk
      recipients (underweight and morbid obese patients) would not significantly
      improve the overall survival of the entire cohort of patients requiring LT.

PMID- 27358782
TI  - Risk factors for fracture in adult kidney transplant recipients.
AB  - AIM: To determine the general and transplant-specific risk factors for fractures
      in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study of all
      adults who received a kidney-only transplant (n = 2723) in Ontario, Canada
      between 2002 and 2009. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression
      to determine general and transplant-specific risk factors for major fractures
      (proximal humerus, forearm, hip, and clinical vertebral). The final model was
      established using the backward elimination strategy, selecting risk factors with
      a P-value <= 0.2 and forcing recipient age and sex into the model. We also
      assessed risk factors for other fracture locations (excluding major fractures,
      and fractures involving the skull, hands or feet). RESULTS: There were 132 major
      fractures in the follow-up (8.1 fractures per 1000 person-years). General risk
      factors associated with a greater risk of major fracture were older recipient age
      [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) per 5-year increase 1.11, 95%CI: 1.03-1.19] and
      female sex (aHR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.28-2.57). Transplant-specific risk factors
      associated with a greater risk of fracture included older donor age (5-year
      increase) (aHR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.02-1.17) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
      caused by diabetes (aHR = 1.72, 95%CI: 1.09-2.72) or cystic kidney disease (aHR =
      1.73, 95%CI: 1.08-2.78) (compared to glomerulonephritis as the reference cause).
      Risk factors across the two fracture locations were not consistent (major
      fracture locations vs other). Specifically, general risk factors associated with
      an increased risk of other fractures were diabetes and a fall with
      hospitalization prior to transplantation, while length of time on dialysis, and
      renal vascular disease and other causes of ESRD were the transplant-specific risk
      factors associated with a greater risk of other fractures. CONCLUSION: Both
      general and transplant-specific risk factors were associated with a higher risk
      of fractures in kidney transplant recipients. Results can be used for clinical
      prognostication.

PMID- 27358783
TI  - Long term outcomes of cardiac transplant for immunoglobulin light chain
      amyloidosis: The Mayo Clinic experience.
AB  - AIM: To determine the outcome of orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) in
      immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis. METHODS: The medical records of
      patients with AL who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation at the Mayo
      Clinic in Rochester Minnesota from 1992 to 2011 were reviewed. Patients met at
      least one of the following at: New York Heart Association class IV heart failure,
      ventricular thickness > 15 mm, ejection fraction < 40%. Selection guidelines for
      heart transplant included age < 60 years, absence of multiple myeloma and
      significant extra-cardiac organ involvement. Baseline characteristics including
      age, gender, organ involvement, and New York Heart Association functional class
      were recorded. Laboratory data, waiting time until heart transplant, and type of
      treatment of the underlying plasma cell disorder were recorded. Survival from the
      time of OHT was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Survival of
      patients undergoing OHT for AL was compared to that of non-amyloid patients
      undergoing OHT during the same time period. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients
      (median age 53 years) with AL received OHT. There were no deaths in the immediate
      perioperative period. Twenty patients have died post OHT. For the entire cohort,
      the median overall survival was 3.5 years (95%CI: 1.2, 8.2 years). The 1-year
      survival post OHT was 77%, the 2-year survival 65%, and the 5-year survival 43%.
      The 5-year survival for non-amyloid patients undergoing OHT during the same era
      was 85%. Progressive amyloidosis contributed to death in twelve patients. Of
      those without evidence of progressive amyloidosis, the cause of death included
      complications of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for 3
      patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder for 2 patients; and for
      the remaining one death was related to each of the following causes: acute
      rejection; cardiac vasculopathy; metastatic melanoma; myelodysplastic syndrome;
      and unknown. Eight patients had rejection at a median of 1.8 mo post OHT (range
      0.4 to 4.9 mo); only one patient died of rejection. Median survival of seven
      patients who achieved a complete hematologic response to either chemotherapy or
      autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 10.8 years. CONCLUSION:
      Our data demonstrate that long term survival after heart transplant is feasible
      in AL patients with limited extra-cardiac involvement who achieve complete
      hematologic response.

PMID- 27358784
TI  - Ventilator associated pneumonia following liver transplantation: Etiology, risk
      factors and outcome.
AB  - AIM: To determine the incidence, etiology, risk factors and outcome of ventilator
      associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients undergoing orthotopic liver
      transplantation (OLT). METHODS: This retrospective study considered 242 patients
      undergoing deceased donor OLT. VAP was diagnosed according to clinical and
      microbiological criteria. RESULTS: VAP occurred in 18 (7.4%) patients, with an
      incidence of 10 per 1000 d of mechanical ventilation (MV). Isolated bacterial
      etiologic agents were mainly Enterobacteriaceae (79%). Univariate logistic
      analysis showed that model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, pre
      operative hospitalization, treatment with terlipressin, Child-Turcotte-Pugh
      score, days of MV and red cell transfusion were risk factors for VAP.
      Multivariate analysis, considering significant risk factors in univariate
      analysis, demonstrated that pneumonia was strongly associated with terlipressin
      usage, pre-operative hospitalization, days of MV and red cell transfusion.
      Mortality rate was 22% in the VAP group vs 4% in the group without VAP.
      CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that VAP is an important cause of nosocomial
      infection during postoperative period in OLT patients. MELD score was a
      significant risk factor in univariate analysis. Multiple transfusions, treatment
      with terlipressin, preoperative hospitalization rather than called to the
      hospital while at home and days of MV constitute important risk factors for VAP
      development.

PMID- 27358785
TI  - Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in Ireland: Pre-operative
      alpha-fetoprotein predicts tumour recurrence in a 14-year single-centre national
      experience.
AB  - AIM: To examine the results of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Ireland over a 14-year period. METHODS: Cases
      of HCC receiving OLT between January 1995 and September 2009 in the Irish Liver
      Transplant Unit were reviewed from a prospectively maintained database. Outcome
      measures included overall and recurrence free survival, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
      and tumour pathological features. RESULTS: On explant pathology, 57 patients had
      HCC. The median follow-up time was 42.7 mo. The overall 1, 3 and 5 years survival
      was 87.7%, 72.1% and 72.4%. There was no difference in survival when compared to
      patients undergoing OLT without malignancy. The tumour recurrence rate was 14%.
      The Milan criteria were exceeded in 32% of cases but this did not predict overall
      survival or recurrence. On multivariate analysis pre-operative AFP > 100 ng/mL
      was an independent risk factor for recurrence (RR = 5.2, CI: 1.1-24.3, P =
      0.036). CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing OLT for HCC had excellent survival even
      when conventional listing criteria were exceeded. Pre-operative AFP predicts
      recurrence independent of tumour size and its role in selection criteria should
      be investigated in larger studies.

PMID- 27358786
TI  - Higher plasma bilirubin predicts veno-occlusive disease in early childhood
      undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with cyclosporine.
AB  - AIM: To analyze the association between plasma bilirubin levels and veno
      occlusive disease (VOD) in non-adult patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation (HSCT) during cyclosporine therapy. METHODS: A total of 123
      patients taking cyclosporine were evaluated using an electronic medical system at
      the Seoul National University Children's Hospital from the years 2004 through
      2011. Patients were grouped by age and analyzed for incidence and type of adverse
      drug reactions (ADRs) including VOD. RESULTS: The HSCT patients were divided into
      three age groups: G#1 >= 18; 9 <= G#2 <= 17; and G#3 <= 8 years of age). The
      majority of transplant donor types were cord blood transplantations. Most
      prevalent ADRs represented acute graft-vs-host disease (aGVHD) and VOD. Although
      the incidences of aGVHD did not vary among the groups, the higher frequency
      ratios of VOD in G#3 suggested that an age of 8 or younger is a risk factor for
      developing VOD in HSCT patients. After cyclosporine therapy, the trough plasma
      concentrations of cyclosporine were lower in G#3 than in G#1, indicative of its
      increased clearance. Moreover, in G#3 only, a maximal total bilirubin level
      (BILmax) of >= 1.4 mg/dL correlated with VOD incidence after cyclosporine
      therapy. CONCLUSION: HSCT patients 8 years of age or younger are more at risk for
      developing VOD, diagnosed as hyperbilirubinemia, tender hepatomegaly, and
      ascites/weight gain after cyclosporine therapy, which may be represented by a
      criterion of plasma BILmax being >= 1.4 mg/dL, suggestive of more sensitive VOD
      indication in this age group.

PMID- 27358787
TI  - Proposal of new expanded selection criteria using total tumor size and (18)F
      fluorodeoxyglucose - positron emission tomography/computed tomography for living
      donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: The
      National Cancer Center Korea criteria.
AB  - AIM: To expand the living donor liver transplantation (LT) pool of eligible
      patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using new morphological and
      biological criteria. METHODS: Patients with HCC who underwent living donor LT
      (LDLT) from March 2005 to May 2013 at the National Cancer Center Korea (NCCK)
      were enrolled. We performed the (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) before LDLT. Overall and disease-free
      survival analysis was done in patients to evaluate the usefulness of new NCCK
      criteria using PET/CT and total tumor size (10 cm). RESULTS: We enrolled a total
      of 280 patients who pathologically confirmed to have HCC and performed the PET/CT
      before transplantation. Among them, 164 (58.6%) patients fulfilled the NCCK
      criteria and 132 patients (47.1%) met the Milan criteria. Five-year overall and
      disease-free survival rates for patients who fulfilled the NCCK criteria showed
      85.2% and 84.0%, respectively, and were significantly higher than those beyond
      the NCCK criteria (60.2% and 44.4%, respectively; P < 0.001). The correlation
      analysis between preoperative imaging tests and pathologic reports using Cohen's
      Kappa demonstrated the better results in the NCCK criteria than those in the
      Milan criteria (0.850 vs 0.583). The comparison of disease-free analysis among
      the NCCK, Milan, and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) criteria
      using the receiver operating characteristics curves revealed the similar area
      under the curve value criteria (NCCK vs Milan, P = 0.484; NCCK vs UCSF, P = 0.189
      at 5-years). CONCLUSION: The NCCK criteria using hybrid concept of both
      morphological and biological parameters showed an excellent agreement between
      preoperative imaging and pathological results, and favorable survival outcomes.
      These new criteria might select the optimal patients with HCC waiting LDLT and
      expand the selection pool.

PMID- 27358788
TI  - Deceased donor organ procurement injuries in the United States.
AB  - AIM: To determine the incidence of surgical injury during deceased donor organ
      procurements. METHODS: Organ damage was classified into three tiers, from 1-3,
      with the latter rendering the organ non-transplantable. For 12 consecutive months
      starting in January of 2014, 36 of 58 organ procurement organization's (OPO)'s
      prospectively submitted quality data regarding organ damage (as reported by the
      transplanting surgeon and confirmed by the OPO medical director) seen on the
      procured organ. RESULTS: These 36 OPOs recovered 5401 of the nations's 8504
      deceased donors for calendar year 2014. A total of 19043 organs procured were
      prospectively analyzed. Of this total, 59 organs sustained damage making them non
      transplantable (0 intestines; 4 pancreata; 5 lungs; 6 livers; 43 kidneys). The
      class 3 damage was spread over 22 (of 36) reporting OPO's. CONCLUSION: While
      damage to the procured organ is rare with organ loss being approximately 0.3% of
      procured organs, loss of potential transplantable organs does occur during
      procurement.

PMID- 27358789
TI  - Exercise manual for liver disease patients.
AB  - AIM: To increase inspiratory muscle strength and improve the quality of life of
      candidates for liver transplantation. METHODS: Twenty-three candidates for liver
      transplantation participated in the control group and 14 made up the intervention
      group. The control group consisted of 18 men and 5 women, body mass index (BMI)
      27.3 +/- 4.5 kg/m(2) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) 18.2 +/- 6.1.
      The intervention group consisted of 11 men and 3 women, BMI 28.6 +/- 5.4 kg/m(2)
      and MELD 18 +/- 4.5. The presence or absence of ascites was identified in the
      first patient evaluation and after three months. We evaluated maximal inspiratory
      pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure, spirometry, root mean square
      (RMS) of diaphragm and rectus abdominis, and the quality of life. The exercises
      were performed daily by patients at home for three months and were supervised at
      distance monthly. The manual consisted of diaphragmatic breathing exercises,
      diaphragmatic isometric exercise, Threshold IMT((r)), lifting upper limbs with a
      bat and strengthening the abdomen. RESULTS: There was significant difference (P =
      0.01) between the first (initial) and the third month (final) MIP in the control
      group and in the intervention group, but there was no difference (P = 0.45)
      between the groups. The RMS of the diaphragm was lower (P = 0.001) and the
      functional capacity was higher (P = 0.006) in the intervention group compared to
      the control. The general health and mental health domains received higher scores
      after three months in the control group (P = 0.01) and the intervention group (P
      = 0.004), but there was no significant difference between them. The comparison
      between the presence of initial ascites with the presence of ascites was
      performed after three months in the control group (P = 0.083) and intervention
      group (P = 0.31). There was no significant difference, in relation to the
      presence of ascites after three months between groups (P = 0.21). In the
      intervention group, patients with ascites at the end of the time period had
      decreased scores on the social aspects SF-36 domain (P = 0.023) compared to those
      who had no ascites. CONCLUSION: The proposed exercises provide an increase in the
      inspiratory muscle strength and improve functional capacity, consequently
      bettering the quality of life of liver disease patients.

PMID- 27358790
TI  - Islet autotransplantation in a patient with hypercoagulable disorder.
AB  - Total pancreatectomy and islet auto transplantation is a good option for chronic
      pancreatitis patients who suffer from significant pain, poor quality of life, and
      the potential of type 3C diabetes and pancreatic cancer. Portal vein thrombosis
      is the most feared complication of the surgery and chances are increased if the
      patient has a hypercoagulable disorder. We present a challenging case of islet
      auto transplantation from our institution. A 29-year-old woman with plasminogen
      activator inhibitor-4G/4G variant and a clinical history of venous thrombosis was
      successfully managed with a precise peri- and post-operative anticoagulation
      protocol. In this paper we discuss the anti-coagulation protocol for safely and
      successfully caring out islet transplantation and associated risks and benefits. 

PMID- 27358791
TI  - Acute bacterial sternoclavicular osteomyelitis in a long-term renal transplant
      recipient.
AB  - Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for a significant number of
      patients with end-stage renal disease. Although immunosuppression therapy
      improves graft and patient's survival, it is a major risk factor for infection
      following kidney transplantation altering clinical manifestations of the
      infectious diseases and complicating both the diagnosis and management of renal
      transplant recipients (RTRs). Existing literature is very limited regarding
      osteomyelitis in RTRs. Sternoclavicular osteomyelitis is rare and has been mainly
      reported after contiguous spread of infection or direct traumatic seeding of the
      bacteria. We present an interesting case of acute, bacterial sternoclavicular
      osteomyelitis in a long-term RTR. Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus
      mitis, while the portal entry site was not identified. Magnetic resonance imaging
      of the sternoclavicluar region and a three-phase bone scan were positive for
      sternoclavicular osteomyelitis. Eventually, the patient was successfully treated
      with Daptomycin as monotherapy. In the presence of immunosuppression, the
      transplant physician should always remain alert for opportunistic pathogens or
      unusual location of osteomyelitis. 

PMID- 27358792
TI  - Cavitary lung lesion 6 years after renal transplantation.
AB  - The differential diagnoses of a cavitary lung lesion in renal transplant
      recipients would include infection, malignancy and less commonly inflammatory
      diseases. Bacterial infection, Tuberculosis, Nocardiosis, fungal infections like
      Aspergillosis and Cryptococcosis need to be considered in these patients.
      Pulmonary cryptococcosis usually presents 16-21 mo after transplantation, more
      frequently in patients who have a high level of cumulative immunosuppression.
      Here we discuss an interesting patient who never received any induction/anti
      rejection therapy but developed both BK virus nephropathy as well as severe
      pulmonary Cryptococcal infection after remaining stable for 6 years after
      transplantation. This case highlights the risk of serious opportunistic
      infections even in apparently low immunologic risk transplant recipients many
      years after transplantation. 

PMID- 27358793
TI  - The importance of post-partum family planning.

PMID- 27358794
TI  - Knowing how many children to find is the first step in finding them.

PMID- 27358795
TI  - Attrition from HIV care among adolescents and adults in a low-income setting.

PMID- 27358796
TI  - Sparks creating light? Strengthening peripheral disease surveillance in the
      Democratic Republic of Congo.
AB  - SETTING: The Democratic Republic of Congo suffers from an amalgam of disease
      outbreaks and other medical emergencies. An efficient response to these relies
      strongly on the national surveillance system. The Pool d'Urgence Congo (PUC,
      Congo Emergency Team) of Medecins Sans Frontieres is a project that responds to
      emergencies in highly remote areas through short-term vertical interventions,
      during which it uses the opportunity of its presence to reinforce the local
      surveillance system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the ancillary
      strengthening of the peripheral surveillance system during short-term
      interventions leads to improved disease notification. DESIGN: A descriptive
      paired study measuring disease notification before and after 12 PUC interventions
      in 2013-2014. RESULTS: A significant increase in disease notification was
      observed after seven mass-vaccination campaigns and was sustained over 6 months.
      For the remaining five smaller-scaled interventions, no significant effects were
      observed. CONCLUSION: The observed improvements after even short-term
      interventions underline, on the one hand, how external emergency actors can
      positively affect the system through their punctuated actions, and, on the other
      hand, the dire need for investment in surveillance at peripheral level.

PMID- 27358797
TI  - Managing and monitoring chronic non-communicable diseases in a primary health
      care clinic, Lilongwe, Malawi.
AB  - SETTING: Patients with chronic non-communicable diseases attending a primary
      health care centre, Lilongwe, Malawi. OBJECTIVE: Using an electronic medical
      record monitoring system, to describe the quarterly and cumulative disease
      burden, management and outcomes of patients registered between March 2014 and
      June 2015. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Of 1135 patients, with new
      registrations increasing each quarter, 66% were female, 21% were aged ?65 years,
      20% were obese, 53% had hypertension alone, 18% had diabetes alone, 12% had
      asthma, 10% had epilepsy and 7% had both hypertension and diabetes. In every
      quarter, about 30% of patients did not attend the clinic and 19% were registered
      as lost to follow-up (not seen for ?1 year) in the last quarter. Of those
      attending, over 90% were prescribed medication, and 80-90% with hypertension
      and/or diabetes had blood pressure/blood glucose measured. Over 85% of those with
      epilepsy had no seizures and 60-75% with asthma had no severe attacks. Control of
      blood pressure (41-51%) and diabetes (15-38%) was poor. CONCLUSION: It is
      feasible to manage patients with non-communicable diseases in a primary health
      care setting in Malawi, although more attention is needed to improve clinic
      attendance and the control of hypertension and diabetes.

PMID- 27358798
TI  - The burden of road traffic injuries in an emergency department in Addis Ababa,
      Ethiopia.
AB  - SETTING: The emergency department (ED) of Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa,
      Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: To document the proportion, trend, characteristics and
      outcomes of road traffic injury (RTI) related ED admissions (?15 years) between
      2014 and 2015. DESIGN: A retrospective, cross-sectional study using routinely
      collected ED data. RESULTS: Of 10 007 ED admissions, 779 (8%) were RTI cases;
      this proportion peaked in the month of January (11%). Medical records were
      available for 522 (67%) of these RTI cases. The median age was 28 years and 69%
      were males. The majority were pedestrians (69%) injured by an automobile (78%).
      On triage, 32% were classified as needing urgent/immediate intervention. Head
      injuries (20%) were the second most common injury after lower limb injuries
      (36%). ED outcomes were as follows: discharged (68%), hospitalised (17%),
      referred (17%) and died (1%). Among the 78 hospitalised cases, respectively 62%
      and 16% were admitted to the surgical and orthopaedic departments. Of 146 RTI
      cases with head injuries, 25% were hospitalised, of whom 82% were admitted to the
      surgical department. CONCLUSION: Our findings can guide policy makers in referral
      hospitals in improving the planning of hospital resources and the prioritisation
      of public health needs linked to further urban development. A comprehensive plan
      to prevent RTIs, particularly among pedestrians in Addis Ababa, is urgently
      needed.

PMID- 27358799
TI  - Caesarean sections in rural Burundi: how well are mothers doing two years on?
AB  - SETTING: A caesarean section (C-section) is a life-saving emergency intervention.
      Avoiding pregnancies for at least 24 months after a C-section is important to
      prevent uterine rupture and maternal death. OBJECTIVES: Two years following an
      emergency C-section, in rural Burundi, we assessed complications and maternal
      death during the post-natal period, uptake and compliance with family planning,
      subsequent pregnancies and their maternal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: A
      household survey among women who underwent C-sections. RESULTS: Of 156 women who
      underwent a C-section, 116 (74%) were traced; 1 had died of cholera, 8 had
      migrated and 31 were untraceable. Of the 116 traced, there were no post-operative
      complications and no deaths. At hospital discharge, 83 (72%) women accepted
      family planning. At 24 months after hospital discharge (n = 116), 23 (20%) had
      delivered and 17 (15%) were pregnant. Of the remaining 76 women, 48 (63%) were
      not on family planning. The main reasons for this were religion or husband's non
      agreement. Of the 23 women who delivered, there was one uterine rupture, no
      maternal deaths and three stillbirths. CONCLUSIONS: Despite encouraging maternal
      outcomes, this study raises concerns around the effectiveness of current
      approaches to promote and sustain family planning for a minimum of 24 months
      following a C-section. Innovative ways of promoting family planning in this
      vulnerable group are urgently needed.

PMID- 27358800
TI  - Improving the quality of care of children in community clinics: an intervention
      and evaluation in Bangladesh.
AB  - SETTING: Community health care providers (CHCPs) in 40 rural community clinics of
      Comilla district, Bangladesh, were trained using a newly developed case
      management job aid based on the World Health Organization Integrated Management
      of Childhood Illness and a communication guide. OBJECTIVES: To assess 1) the
      change in knowledge of the CHCPs after training; 2) the absolute quality of care
      provided by the CHCPs (determined as the proportion of children aged <5 years
      [under-fives] correctly diagnosed, treated and referred); and 3) the consultation
      behaviour of the CHCPs. DESIGN: Change in knowledge was assessed by tests pre-and
      post-training. The quality of care was determined by reassessments at the clinic
      exit by a medical officer, without a baseline comparison. Consultation behaviour
      was assessed through direct observation. The study was performed during 2014
      2015. RESULTS: The mean standard knowledge score of the CH-CPs increased from 19
      to 25 (P < 0.001). Of 1490 under-fives examined, 91% were correctly diagnosed,
      86% were correctly treated and 99.5% received a correct referral decision. The
      CHCPs performed well on most of the measures of good communication, although one
      third did not explain the diagnosis and treatment to patients. CONCLUSION: The
      training was effective in changing knowledge. The CHCPs applied the knowledge
      gained and provided good quality care. Following these results, the Bangladesh
      Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has scaled up the training nationwide. The
      lessons learnt should be useful for other countries.

PMID- 27358801
TI  - Two methods for setting child-focused tuberculosis care targets.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To allocate resources for household contact investigations,
      tuberculosis (TB) programs need estimates of the numbers of child contacts
      requiring care. DESIGN: We developed two methods to estimate annual numbers of
      child contacts aged 0-14 years requiring evaluation and treatment. Method 1
      combines local data using simple formulas. Using publicly available data, Method
      2 uses a linear regression model based on Demographic and Health Survey and World
      Bank data to estimate the number of children per household, then combines these
      results with case notifications and risk estimates of disease and infection.
      RESULTS: Applying Method 1 to data from Malawi indicated that every year ~21 000
      child contacts require evaluation and ~1900 should be diagnosed with TB. Applying
      Method 2 to all countries suggested that, globally, 2.41 million (95% uncertainty
      interval [UI] 2.36-2.46) children aged <5 years, and 5.07 million (95%UI 4.81
      5.34) children aged 5-14 years live in households of adult patients with known
      TB. Of these, 239 014 (95%UI 118 649-478581) and 419 816 (95%UI 140600-1 268805),
      respectively, will have TB. An additional 848 453 (95%UI 705838-1 017551) and
      2660 885 (95%UI 2080517-3 413 189), respectively, will be infected. CONCLUSION:
      It is feasible to use available data to set programmatic evaluation and treatment
      targets to improve care for child contacts of patients with TB.

PMID- 27358802
TI  - Outcomes of antiretroviral therapy among younger versus older adolescents and
      adults in an urban clinic, Zimbabwe.
AB  - SETTING: A non-governmental organisation-supported clinic offering health
      services including antiretroviral therapy (ART). OBJECTIVE: To compare ART
      retention between younger (age 10-14 years) vs. older (age 15-19 years)
      adolescents and younger (age 20-29 years) vs. older (age ?30 years) adults and
      determine adolescent- and adult-specific attrition-associated factors among those
      initiated on ART between 2010 and 2011. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.
      RESULTS: Of 110 (7%) adolescents and 1484 (93%) adults included in the study, no
      differences in retention were observed between younger vs. older adolescents at
      6, 12 and 24 months. More younger adolescents were initiated with body mass index
      <16 kg/m(2) compared with older adolescents (64% vs. 47%; P = 0.04). There were
      more females (74% vs. 52%, P < 0.001) and fewer patients initiating ART with CD4
      count ?350 cells/mm(3) (77% vs. 81%, P = 0.007) among younger vs. older adults.
      Younger adults demonstrated more attrition than older adults at all time-points.
      No attrition risk factors were observed among adolescents. Attrition-associated
      factors among adults included being younger, having a lower CD4 count and
      advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease at initiation, and initiation on a
      stavudine-based regimen. CONCLUSION: Younger adults demonstrated greater
      attrition and may require more attention. We were unable to demonstrate
      differences in attrition among younger vs. older adolescents. Loss to follow-up
      was the main reason for attrition across all age groups. Overall, earlier
      presentation for ART care appears important for improved ART retention among
      adults.

PMID- 27358803
TI  - High mortality in tuberculosis patients despite HIV interventions in Swaziland.
AB  - SETTING: All health facilities providing tuberculosis (TB) care in Swaziland.
      OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      interventions on the trend of TB treatment outcomes during 2010-2013 in
      Swaziland; and to describe the evolution in TB case notification, the uptake of
      HIV testing, antiretroviral therapy (ART) and cotrimoxazole preventive therapy
      (CPT), and the proportion of TB-HIV co-infected patients with adverse treatment
      outcomes, including mortality, loss to follow-up and treatment failure. DESIGN: A
      retrospective descriptive study using aggregated national TB programme data.
      RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2013, TB case notifications in Swaziland decreased by
      40%, HIV testing increased from 86% to 96%, CPT uptake increased from 93% to 99%
      and ART uptake among TB patients increased from 35% to 75%. The TB-HIV co
      infection rate remained around 70% and the proportion of TB-HIV cases with
      adverse outcomes decreased from 36% to 30%. Mortality remained high, at 14-16%,
      over the study period, and anti-tuberculosis treatment failure rates were stable
      over time (<5%). CONCLUSION: Despite high CPT and ART uptake in TB-HIV patients,
      mortality remained high. Further studies are required to better define high-risk
      patient groups, understand the reasons for death and design appropriate
      interventions.

PMID- 27358804
TI  - Timing of antiretroviral therapy and TB treatment outcomes in patients with TB
      HIV in Myanmar.
AB  - SETTING: Integrated HIV Care programme, Mandalay, Myanmar. OBJECTIVES: To
      determine time to starting antiretroviral treatment (ART) in relation to anti
      tuberculosis treatment (ATT) and its association with TB treatment outcomes in
      patients co-infected with tuberculosis (TB) and the human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) enrolled from 2011 to 2014. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. RESULTS: Of
      1708 TB-HIV patients, 1565 (92%) started ATT first and 143 (8%) started ART
      first. Treatment outcomes were missing for 226 patients and were thus not
      included. In those starting ATT first, the median time to starting ART was 8.6
      weeks. ART was initiated after 8 weeks in 830 (53%) patients. Unsuccessful
      outcome was found in 7%, with anaemia being an independent predictor. In patients
      starting ART first, the median time to starting ATT was 21.6 weeks. ATT was
      initiated within 3 months in 56 (39%) patients. Unsuccessful outcome was found in
      12%, and in 20% of those starting ATT within 3 months. Patients with CD4 count
      <100/mm(3) had a four times higher risk of an unsuccessful outcome. CONCLUSIONS:
      Timing of ART in relation to ATT was not an independent risk factor for
      unsuccessful outcome. Extensive screening for TB with rapid and sensitive
      diagnostic tests in HIV-infected persons and close monitoring of anaemia and
      immunosuppression are recommended to further improve TB treatment outcomes among
      patients with TB-HIV.

PMID- 27358805
TI  - 'Transfer out' tuberculosis patients: treatment outcomes after cross-checking
      registers, 2012-2013, Lusaka, Zambia.
AB  - SETTING: Lusaka, Zambia. OBJECTIVE: To assess the actual treatment outcomes of
      'transfer out' (TO) cases at a diagnostic centre in Lusaka, in the third and
      fourth quarters of 2012, and to see the impact of this cross-check in treatment
      success rates (TSR) in 2013 and early 2014. DESIGN AND METHOD: In this
      retrospective cohort study, treatment outcomes for new bacteriologically positive
      tuberculosis (TB) cases referred from the diagnostic centre were reviewed and
      compared with those at the receiving treatment units. RESULTS: Of 49 (58%) cases
      referred to three treatment units, the treatment outcomes of nine had to be
      updated at the diagnostic centre, which reduced the proportion of TO cases from
      17.6% to 11.8% and increased the TSR to 70.6% from 64.7%. CONCLUSION: The review
      and cross-checking of the TB registers at the diagnostic and treatment units led
      to a significant reduction in non-assessed cases, suggesting that the TB
      registers in the diagnostic and treatment units should be cross-checked
      regularly. There is also need for a complementary intervention to reduce the
      proportion of TOs associated with high loss to follow-up and non-evaluated TO
      rates.

PMID- 27358806
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of TB patients with rifampicin resistance detected using
      Xpert((r)) MTB/RIF in Zimbabwe.
AB  - SETTING: In Zimbabwe, there are concerns about the management of tuberculosis
      (TB) patients with rifampicin (RMP) resistance diagnosed using Xpert((r))
      MTB/RIF. OBJECTIVE: To assess linkages between diagnosis and treatment for these
      patients in Harare and Manicaland provinces in 2014. DESIGN: A retrospective
      cohort study. RESULTS: Of 20 329 Xpert assays conducted, 90% were successful, 11%
      detected Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 4.5% showed RMP resistance. Of 77
      patients with RMP-resistant TB diagnosed by Xpert, 70% had samples sent to the
      reference laboratory for culture and drug susceptibility testing (CDST); 53% of
      the samples arrived. In 21% the samples showed M. tuberculosis growth, and in 17%
      the DST results were recorded, all of which confirmed RMP resistance. Of the 77
      patients, 34 (44%) never started treatment for multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB, with
      documented reasons being death, loss to follow-up and incorrect treatment. Of the
      43 patients who started MDR-TB treatment, 12 (71%) in Harare and 17 (65%) in
      Manicaland started within 2 weeks of diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Xpert has been rolled
      out successfully in two Zimbabwe provinces. However, the process of confirming
      CDST for Xpert-diagnosed RMP-resistant TB works poorly, and many patients are
      either delayed or never initiate MDR-TB treatment. These shortfalls must be
      addressed at the programmatic level.

PMID- 27358807
TI  - Mixed impact of Xpert((r)) MTB/RIF on tuberculosis diagnosis in Cambodia.
AB  - SETTING: National Tuberculosis (TB) Program sites in northwest Cambodia.
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of Xpert((r)) MTB/RIF at point of care (POC) as
      compared to non-POC sites on the diagnostic evaluation of people living with the
      human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) with TB symptoms and patients with possible
      multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. DESIGN: Observational cohort of patients undergoing
      routine diagnostic evaluation for TB following the rollout of Xpert. RESULTS:
      Between October 2011 and June 2013, 431 of 822 (52%) PLHIV with TB symptoms and
      240/493 (49%) patients with possible MDR-TB underwent Xpert. Xpert was more
      likely to be performed when available as POC. A smaller proportion of PLHIV at
      POC sites were diagnosed with TB than at non-POC sites; however, at POC sites, a
      higher proportion of those diagnosed with TB were bacteriologically positive.
      There was poor agreement between Xpert and other tests such as smear microscopy
      and culture. Overall, the evaluation of patients with possible MDR-TB increased
      following Xpert rollout, yet for patients confirmed as having drug resistance on
      drug susceptibility testing, only 46% had rifampin resistance that would be
      identified with Xpert. CONCLUSION: Although utilization of Xpert was low, it may
      have contributed to an increase in evaluations for possible MDR-TB and a decline
      in empiric treatment for PLHIV when available as POC.

PMID- 27358808
TI  - Yield of intensified tuberculosis case-finding activities using Xpert((r))
      MTB/RIF among risk groups in Nepal.
AB  - SETTING: Twenty-two districts of Nepal, where intensified case-finding (ICF)
      activities for tuberculosis (TB) were implemented among risk groups under the TB
      REACH initiative in collaboration with the National TB Programme from July 2013
      to November 2015. OBJECTIVES: To assess the yield of TB screening using an
      algorithm with smear microscopy followed by Xpert((r)) MTB/RIF. DESIGN: A
      descriptive study using routinely collected data. RESULTS: Of 145 679 individuals
      screened, 28 574 (19.6%) had presumptive TB; 1239 (4.3%) of these were diagnosed
      with TB and 1195 (96%) were initiated on anti-tuberculosis treatment. The yield
      of screening was highest among people living with the human immunodeficiency
      virus (PLHIV) (6.1%), followed by household contacts (3.5%) and urban slum
      dwellers (0.5%). Among other risk groups, such as prisoners, factory workers,
      refugees and individuals with diabetes, the yield was less than 0.5%. The number
      needed to screen to diagnose an active TB case was 17 for PLHIV, 29 for household
      contacts and 197 for urban slum dwellers. Of 11 525 patients from ICF and the
      routine programme, 112 (1%) were diagnosed with multidrug-resistant TB.
      CONCLUSION: There was a substantial yield of TB cases among risk groups such as
      PLHIV and household contacts. Although the yield in urban slum dwellers was found
      to be moderate, some intervention should nonetheless be targeted because of the
      large population and poor access to care in this group.

PMID- 27358809
TI  - Implementing intensified tuberculosis case-finding among street-connected youth
      and young adults in Kenya.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Street-connected youth and young adults (SCY) suffer a myriad of
      health problems. In Kenya, SCY are at high risk for tuberculosis (TB) due to
      their congregate living situations. TB screening is not routinely implemented in
      SCY and there has been no published literature on the burden of TB in SCY in
      western Kenya. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: In 2011, the AMPATH TB Program, an
      experienced TB screening program, partnered with the Tumaini Center, a trusted
      street youth organization, to conduct intensified case finding (ICF) for
      pulmonary TB among SCY. Our program aimed to investigate the numbers of SCY who
      reported symptoms and those diagnosed with smear-positive pulmonary TB, and link
      SCY with TB to treatment. RESULTS: Of 116 SCY who were screened, 114 (98%) had a
      positive questionnaire; 104 (90%) provided a spot sputum sample, 39 (34%)
      provided a morning sputum sample, and 111 (97%) reported cough of >2 weeks. One
      street youth tested smear-positive for TB and was treated through to cure.
      CONCLUSIONS: Implementing TB ICF is feasible in low-resource settings through
      unique collaborations between health care programs and community-based
      organizations. In addition to identifying smear-positive TB, our program
      uncovered a high burden of respiratory symptoms among SCY in Eldoret, Kenya.

PMID- 27358810
TI  - Food assistance to tuberculosis patients: lessons from Afghanistan.
AB  - Poverty, food insecurity and poor nutrition in the population are important
      contributors to the burden of tuberculosis (TB). For poor and food-insecure
      individuals, accessing and successfully completing anti-tuberculosis treatment
      over an extended period of time is challenging. Food and nutritional support as
      an incentive and enabler is employed by national TB control programmes (NTPs)
      worldwide as a means to encourage treatment initiation and adherence and to
      improve the nutritional status of patients with TB. It also offers a safety net
      for food-insecure households affected by TB to mitigate the financial
      consequences of the disease. This paper reports on the primary lessons from the
      review of the World Food Programme's (WFP's) Food Assistance Programme for TB
      patients in Afghanistan. It aims to inform the design, implementation and scale
      up of TB programmes in settings where food insecurity and malnutrition are
      prevalent. It also documents qualitative findings that suggest that patients,
      their families and providers viewed food support as an important asset and an
      essential element of the national TB control strategy. While the impact on
      treatment success or case detection could not be quantified, it is likely that
      the WFP intervention had a positive impact on the patients and their households,
      therefore contributing to the success of the DOTS-based NTP. 

PMID- 27358811
TI  - Engaging private providers and Ayurvedic practitioners in Bilaspur, India: did it
      increase TB case detection?
AB  - To find 'missing' tuberculosis (TB) cases, in November 2014 we trained private
      practitioners (PPs) and Ayurvedic practitioners (APs; Indian system of medicine)
      in Bilaspur district, India, to identify patients with presumptive TB and refer
      them to sputum microscopy centres. To reinforce this training, we sent weekly
      text message reminders during January-March 2015. All 50 APs and 23 of 29 PPs
      participated. The number of patients with presumptive TB referred by the PPs and
      APs increased from 38 (January-March 2014) to 104 (January-March 2015), and the
      number of smear-positive TB patients diagnosed increased from 5 to 16, a 220%
      increase. While the intervention increased the number of referrals, it did not
      impact case detection at district level, due to the short duration of the
      intervention and the non-dominant private sector. 

PMID- 27358812
TI  - Treating all multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients, not just
      bacteriologically confirmed cases.

PMID- 27358813
TI  - Assessment of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal: A study using cone-beam
      computed tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: Sufficient area in the interforaminal region is required for dental
      implant placement, and the anterior loop of the mandibular canal is located
      within the limits of this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      prevalence and extent of the anterior loop in a Brazilian sample population using
      cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CBCT images from 250
      patients (500 hemimandibles) obtained for various clinical indications were
      randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence and length of the
      anterior loop. The length of the anterior loop was then compared based on gender,
      age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi
      square test and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: An anterior loop was
      identified in 41.6% of the cases, and its length ranged from 0.25 mm to 4.00 mm
      (mean, 1.1+/-0.8 mm). The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly
      more prevalent in males (p=0.014). No significant differences were found between
      the right and left sides regarding length (p=0.696) or prevalence (p=0.650).
      CONCLUSION: In this study, a high prevalence of the anterior loop of the
      mandibular canal was found, and although its length varied greatly, in most cases
      it was less than 1 mm long. Although this is a prevalent anatomical variation,
      safety limits for the placement of implants in this region cannot be established
      before an accurate evaluation using imaging techniques in order to identify and
      preserve the neurovascular bundles.

PMID- 27358814
TI  - Novel three-dimensional position analysis of the mandibular foramen in patients
      with skeletal class III mandibular prognathism.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the relative position of the mandibular foramina (MnFs) in
      patients diagnosed with skeletal class III malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Computed tomography (CT) images were collected from 85 patients. The vertical
      lengths of each anatomic point from the five horizontal planes passing through
      the MnF were measured at the coronoid process, sigmoid notch, condyle, and the
      gonion. The distance from the anterior ramus point to the posterior ramus point
      on the five horizontal planes was designated the anteroposterior horizontal
      distance of the ramus for each plane. The perpendicular distance from each
      anterior ramus point to each vertical plane through the MnF was designated the
      horizontal distance from the anterior ramus to the MnF. The horizontal and
      vertical positions were examined by regression analysis. RESULTS: Regression
      analysis showed the heights of the coronoid process, sigmoid notch, and condyle
      for the five horizontal planes were significantly related to the height of the
      MnF, with the highest significance associated with the MnF-mandibular plane
      (coefficients of determination (R(2)): 0.424, 0.597, and 0.604, respectively).
      The horizontal anteroposterior length of the ramus and the distance from the
      anterior ramus point to the MnF were significant by regression analysis.
      CONCLUSION: The relative position of the MnF was significantly related to the
      vertical heights of the sigmoid notch, coronoid process, and condyle as well as
      to the horizontal anteroposterior length of the ascending ramus. These findings
      should be clinically useful for patients with skeletal class III mandibular
      prognathism.

PMID- 27358815
TI  - Comparison of the diagnostic performance of panoramic and occlusal radiographs in
      detecting submandibular sialoliths.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the diagnostic
      performance of panoramic and occlusal radiographs in detecting submandibular
      sialoliths. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 patients (20 cases and 20
      controls) were included in this retrospective study. Cases were defined as
      subjects with a submandibular sialolith confirmed by computed tomography (CT),
      whereas controls did not have any submandibular calcifications. Three observers
      with different expertise levels assessed panoramic and occlusal radiographs of
      all subjects for the presence of sialoliths. Intraobserver and interobserver
      agreement were assessed using the kappa test. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy,
      positive and negative predictive values, and the diagnostic odds ratio of
      panoramic and occlusal radiographs in screening for submandibular sialoliths were
      calculated for each observer. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity values for
      occlusal and panoramic radiographs all ranged from 80% to 100%. The lowest values
      of sensitivity and specificity observed among the observers were 82.6% and 80%,
      respectively (P=0.001). Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were higher for
      occlusal radiographs than for panoramic radiographs, although panoramic
      radiographs demonstrated a higher overall accuracy. CONCLUSION: Both panoramic
      and occlusal radiographic techniques displayed satisfactory diagnostic
      performance and should be considered before using a CT scan to detect
      submandibular sialoliths.

PMID- 27358816
TI  - The accuracy of linear measurements of maxillary and mandibular edentulous sites
      in cone-beam computed tomography images with different fields of view and voxel
      sizes under simulated clinical conditions.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of varying
      resolutions of cone-beam computed tomography images on the accuracy of linear
      measurements of edentulous areas in human cadaver heads. Intact cadaver heads
      were used to simulate a clinical situation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fiduciary
      markers were placed in the edentulous areas of 4 intact embalmed cadaver heads.
      The heads were scanned with two different CBCT units using a large field of view
      (13 cm*16 cm) and small field of view (5 cm*8 cm) at varying voxel sizes (0.3 mm,
      0.2 mm, and 0.16 mm). The ground truth was established with digital caliper
      measurements. The imaging measurements were then compared with caliper
      measurements to determine accuracy. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon signed rank test
      revealed no statistically significant difference between the medians of the
      physical measurements obtained with calipers and the medians of the CBCT
      measurements. A comparison of accuracy among the different imaging protocols
      revealed no significant differences as determined by the Friedman test. The
      intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.961, indicating excellent
      reproducibility. Inter-observer variability was determined graphically with a
      Bland-Altman plot and by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient. The
      Bland-Altman plot indicated very good reproducibility for smaller measurements
      but larger discrepancies with larger measurements. CONCLUSION: The CBCT-based
      linear measurements in the edentulous sites using different voxel sizes and FOVs
      are accurate compared with the direct caliper measurements of these sites. Higher
      resolution CBCT images with smaller voxel size did not result in greater accuracy
      of the linear measurements.

PMID- 27358817
TI  - A dose monitoring system for dental radiography.
AB  - PURPOSE: The current study investigates the feasibility of a platform for a
      nationwide dose monitoring system for dental radiography. The essential elements
      for an unerring system are also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An intraoral
      radiographic machine with 14 X-ray generators and five sensors, 45 panoramic
      radiographic machines, and 23 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) models used in
      Korean dental clinics were surveyed to investigate the type of dose report. A
      main server for storing the dose data from each radiographic machine was
      prepared. The dose report transfer pathways from the radiographic machine to the
      main sever were constructed. An effective dose calculation method was created
      based on the machine specifications and the exposure parameters of three
      intraoral radiographic machines, five panoramic radiographic machines, and four
      CBCTs. A viewing system was developed for both dentists and patients to view the
      calculated effective dose. Each procedure and the main server were integrated
      into one system. RESULTS: The dose data from each type of radiographic machine
      was successfully transferred to the main server and converted into an effective
      dose. The effective dose stored in the main server is automatically connected to
      a viewing program for dentist and patient access. CONCLUSION: A patient radiation
      dose monitoring system is feasible for dental clinics. Future research in
      cooperation with clinicians, industry, and radiologists is needed to ensure
      format convertibility for an efficient dose monitoring system to monitor
      unexpected radiation dose.

PMID- 27358818
TI  - Prevalence of bony septa, antral pathology, and dimensions of the maxillary sinus
      from a sinus augmentation perspective: A retrospective cone-beam computed
      tomography study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Sinus elevation procedures have become a routine and reliable way to
      gain bone volume in the edentulous maxilla for dental implant placement. Presence
      of bony septations and pathology in the maxillary sinus often cause complications
      leading to graft or implant failure or both. The aim of this study was to
      retrospectively evaluate the prevalence of pathology, direction of the septa, and
      sinus width measured at 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm from the sinus floor in maxillary
      sinuses using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Seventy-two sinuses from 36 random preoperative CBCT scans referred for implant
      therapy were retrospectively evaluated for the number, prevalence, and direction
      of bony septations and presence of pathology. Width of the sinus was also
      measured at 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm from the sinus floor to account for the amount
      of bone available for implant placement. RESULTS: Maxillary sinus septa were
      found in 59.7%. Presence of a single septum was noted in 20 sinuses (27.7%),
      followed by two septa in 17 sinuses. The most common direction of the septum was
      the transverse direction. Retention pseudocyst and mucosal thickening were the
      most commonly seen abnormality/pathology. CONCLUSION: Based on the high
      prevalence of septa and sinus pathology in this sample, a preoperative CBCT scan
      might be helpful in minimizing complications during sinus augmentation procedures
      for dental implant therapy.

PMID- 27358819
TI  - Comparison of interradicular distances and cortical bone thickness in Thai
      patients with Class I and Class II skeletal patterns using cone-beam computed
      tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study evaluated and compared interradicular distances and cortical
      bone thickness in Thai patients with Class I and Class II skeletal patterns,
      using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pretreatment
      CBCT images of 24 Thai orthodontic patients with Class I and Class II skeletal
      patterns were included in the study. Three measurements were chosen for
      investigation: the mesiodistal distance between the roots, the width of the
      buccolingual alveolar process, and buccal cortical bone thickness. All distances
      were recorded at five different levels from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ).
      Descriptive statistical analysis and t-tests were performed, with the
      significance level for all tests set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Patients with a Class II
      skeletal pattern showed significantly greater maxillary mesiodistal distances
      (between the first and second premolars) and widths of the buccolingual alveolar
      process (between the first and second molars) than Class I skeletal pattern
      patients at 10 mm above the CEJ. The maxillary buccal cortical bone thicknesses
      between the second premolar and first molar at 8 mm above the CEJ in Class II
      patients were likewise significantly greater than in Class I patients. Patients
      with a Class I skeletal pattern showed significantly wider mandibular
      buccolingual alveolar processes than did Class II patients (between the first and
      second molars) at 4, 6, and 8 mm below the CEJ. CONCLUSION: In both the maxilla
      and mandible, the mesiodistal distances, the width of the buccolingual alveolar
      process, and buccal cortical bone thickness tended to increase from the CEJ to
      the apex in both Class I and Class II skeletal patterns.

PMID- 27358820
TI  - Evaluation of condylar positions in patients with temporomandibular disorders: A
      cone-beam computed tomographic study.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was performed to compare the condylar position in patients
      with temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) and a normal group by using cone
      beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the TMD group, 25
      patients (5 men and 20 women) were randomly selected among the ones suffering
      from TMD according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular
      Disorders (RDC/TMD). The control group consisted of 25 patients (8 men and 17
      women) with normal temporomandibular joints (TMJs) who were referred to the
      radiology department in order to undergo CBCT scanning for implant treatment in
      the posterior maxilla. Linear measurements from the superior, anterior, and
      posterior joint spaces between the condyle and glenoid fossa were made through
      defined landmarks in the sagittal view. The inclination of articular eminence was
      also determined. RESULTS: The mean anterior joint space was 2.3 mm in the normal
      group and 2.8 mm in the TMD group, respectively. The results showed that there
      was a significant correlation between the superior and posterior joint spaces in
      both the normal and TMD groups, but it was only in the TMD group that the
      correlation coefficient among the dimensions of anterior and superior spaces was
      significant. There was a significant correlation between the inclination of
      articular eminence and the size of the superior and posterior spaces in the
      normal group. CONCLUSION: The average dimension of the anterior joint space was
      different between the two groups. CBCT could be considered a useful diagnostic
      imaging modality for TMD patients.

PMID- 27358821
TI  - The impact of reorienting cone-beam computed tomographic images in varied head
      positions on the coordinates of anatomical landmarks.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the coordinates of anatomical
      landmarks on cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images in varied head
      positions before and after reorientation using image analysis software. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: CBCT images were taken in a normal position and four varied head
      positions using a dry skull marked with 3 points where gutta percha was fixed. In
      each of the five radiographic images, reference points were set, 20 anatomical
      landmarks were identified, and each set of coordinates was calculated.
      Coordinates in the images from the normally positioned head were compared with
      those in the images obtained from varied head positions using statistical
      methods. Post-reorientation coordinates calculated using a three-dimensional
      image analysis program were also compared to the reference coordinates. RESULTS:
      In the original images, statistically significant differences were found between
      coordinates in the normal-position and varied-position images. However, post
      reorientation, no statistically significant differences were found between
      coordinates in the normal-position and varied-position images. CONCLUSION: The
      changes in head position impacted the coordinates of the anatomical landmarks in
      three-dimensional images. However, reorientation using image analysis software
      allowed accurate superimposition onto the reference positions.

PMID- 27358822
TI  - Evaluation of canalis basilaris medianus using cone-beam computed tomography.
AB  - The aim of this report is to present two cases of canalis basilaris medianus as
      identified on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the base of the skull. The
      CBCT data sets were sent for radiographic consultation. In both cases, multi
      planar views revealed an osseous defect in the base of the skull in the clivus
      region, the sagittal view showed a unilateral, well-defined, non-corticated,
      track-like low-attenuation osseous defect in the clivus. The appearance of the
      defect was highly reminiscent of a fracture of the clivus. The borders of osseous
      defect were smooth, and no other radiographic signs suggestive of osteolytic
      destructive processes were noted. Based on the overall radiographic examination,
      a radiographic impression of canalis basilaris medianus was made. Canalis
      basilaris medianus is a rare anatomical variant and is generally observed on the
      clivus. Due to its potential association with meningitis, it should be recognized
      and reported to avoid potential complications. 

PMID- 27358823
TI  - Cone-beam computed tomography usage: An alert to the field of dentistry.

PMID- 27358825
TI  - Epigenetic modification of long interspersed elements-1 in cumulus cells of
      mature and immature oocytes from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The long interspersed elements (LINE-1, L1s) are a group of genetic
      elements found in large numbers in the human genome that can translate into
      phenotype by controlling genes. Growing evidence supports the role of epigenetic
      in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
      DNA methylation levels in LINE-1 in a tissue-specific manner using cumulus cells
      from patients with PCOS compared with normal controls. METHODS: The study
      included 19 patients with PCOS and 22 control patients who were undergoing
      controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. After oocyte retrieval, cumulus cells were
      extracted. LINE-1 DNA methylation levels were analysed by bisulfite treatment,
      polymerase chain reaction, and restriction enzyme digestion. The Connection Up-
      and Down-Regulation Expression Analysis of Microarrays software package was used
      to compare the gene regulatory functions of intragenic LINE-1. RESULTS: The
      results showed higher LINE-1 DNA methylation levels in the cumulus cells of
      mature oocytes in PCOS patients, 79.14 (+/-2.66) vs. 75.40 (+/-4.92); p=0.004,
      but no difference in the methylation of cumulus cells in immature oocytes between
      PCOS and control patients, 70.33 (+/-4.79) vs. 67.79 (+/-5.17); p=0.155. However,
      LINE-1 DNA methylation levels were found to be higher in the cumulus cells of
      mature oocytes than in those of immature oocytes in both PCOS and control
      patients. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the epigenetic modification of
      LINE-1 DNA may play a role in regulating multiple gene expression that affects
      the pathophysiology and development of mature oocytes in PCOS.

PMID- 27358826
TI  - Dietary supplementation with astaxanthin may ameliorate sperm parameters and DNA
      integrity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to cause many systemic complications
      as well as male infertility. Astaxanthin (ASTX) is a powerful antioxidant that is
      involved in a variety of biologically active processes, including those with anti
      diabetes effects. The present study investigates the effect of ASTX on the
      spermatozoa function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: We
      divided 30 adult rats into three groups (10 rats per group), with a control group
      that received corn oil mixed with chow. DM was induced by intra-peritoneal
      injection of STZ. Eight weeks after the STZ injection, half of the diabetic
      animals were used as diabetic controls, and the rest were treated with ASTX for
      56 days. Then the parameters and chromatin integrity of the epididymal sperm were
      analyzed using chromomycin A3, toluidine blue (TB), and acridine orange (AO)
      staining. RESULTS: The count, viability, and motility of the epididymal sperm
      were decreased significantly in the STZ group in comparison with the control
      group (count and viability, p<0.001; motility, p<0.001;0.01). ASTX increased
      normal morphology and viable spermatozoa compared to the STZ group (morphology,
      p=0.001; viability, p<0.001;0.05). The percentage of abnormal chromatins in TB
      and AO staining was higher in the STZ group compared to the control group
      (p<0.001;0.001). The mean percentage of TB and AO positive spermatozoa in STZ
      rats was significantly lower in the STZ+ASTX group (TB, p=0.001; AO,
      p<0.001;0.05). CONCLUSION: This study observed that in vivo ASTX treatment
      partially attenuates some detrimental effect of diabetes. Conversely, ASTX
      improved sperm viability, normal morphology, and DNA integrity.

PMID- 27358827
TI  - Serum and seminal plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 in male infertility.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Growth hormone and its mediator, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1),
      have been suggested to exert gonadotropic actions in both humans and animals. The
      present study was conducted to assess the relationship between serum IGF-1
      concentration, seminal plasma concentration, and sperm parameter abnormalities.
      METHODS: A total of 79 men were enrolled in this study from December 2011 to July
      2012 and were prospectively analyzed. Patient parameters analyzed included age,
      body mass index, smoking status, urological history, and fertility history.
      Patients were divided into four groups based on their semen parameters: normal
      (A, n=31), abnormal sperm motility (B, n=12), abnormal sperm morphology (C,
      n=20), and two or more abnormal parameters (D, n=16). Patient seminal plasma and
      serum IGF-1 concentrations were determined. RESULTS: Patient baseline
      characteristics were not significantly different between any of the groups. The
      serum IGF-1 levels in groups B, C, and D were significantly lower than the levels
      in group A; however, the seminal plasma IGF-1 levels were not significantly
      different between any of the groups. CONCLUSION: Men with abnormal sperm
      parameters had significantly lower levels of serum IGF-1 compared with men with
      normal sperm parameters. Seminal plasma IGF-1 levels, however, did not differ
      significantly between the groups investigated here. Further investigations will
      be required to determine the exact mechanisms by which growth hormone and IGF-1
      affect sperm quality.

PMID- 27358828
TI  - Evidence for obtaining a second successive semen sample for intrauterine
      insemination in selected patients: results from 32 consecutive cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare the semen parameters of two
      successive samples obtained within an interval of less than 60 minutes from
      patients planning to undergo intrauterine insemination (IUI) whose first samples
      exhibited low semen quality. METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive patients were
      enrolled in the study. On the day of IUI, the semen analysis of the samples
      initially presented by all patients met at least two of the following criteria:
      sperm concentration <5*10(6)/mL, total sperm count <10*10(6), progressive sperm
      motility (a+b) in the native sample <30%, and total motile sperm count (TMSC)
      <4*10(6). A successive semen sample was obtained no more than 60 minutes after
      the first sample. RESULTS: Compared to the first sample, the second exhibited
      significantly (p<0.05) improved sperm concentration, TMSC, progressive motility,
      and vitality. Regarding TMSC, the most critical parameter on the day of IUI, 23
      patients (71.8%) improved it, while nine (28.2%) displayed poorer outcomes.
      CONCLUSION: In defined cases, requesting a second successive ejaculate on the day
      of insemination may result in a high percentage of cases in an improvement of the
      quality of the sample.

PMID- 27358829
TI  - A retrospective study of single frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical outcomes of single frozen-thawed blastocyst
      transfer cycles according to the hatching status of frozen-thawed blastocysts.
      METHODS: Frozen-thawed blastocysts were divided into three groups according to
      their hatching status as follows: less-than-expanded blastocyst (<=EdB), hatching
      blastocyst (HgB), and hatched blastocyst (HdB). The female age and infertility
      factors of each group were evaluated. The quality of the single frozen-thawed
      blastocyst was also graded as grade A, tightly packed inner cell mass (ICM) and
      many cells organized in the trophectoderm epithelium (TE); grade B, several and
      loose ICM and TE; and grade C, very few ICM and a few cells in the TE. The
      clinical pregnancy and implantation rate were compared between each group. The
      data were analyzed by either t-test or chi-square analysis. RESULTS: There were
      no statistically significant differences in average female ages, infertility
      factors, or the distribution of blastocyst grades A, B, and C in each group.
      There was no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy and implantation
      rate of each group according to their blastocyst grade. However, there was a
      significant difference in the clinical pregnancy and implantation rate between
      each group. In the HdB group, the clinical pregnancy and implantation rate were
      similar regardless of the blastocyst quality. CONCLUSION: There was an effect on
      the clinical outcomes depending on whether the blastocyst hatched during single
      frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer. When performing single frozen-thawed
      blastocyst transfer, the hatching status of the frozen-thawed blastocyst may be a
      more important parameter for clinical outcomes than the quality of the frozen
      thawed blastocyst.

PMID- 27358824
TI  - Epigenetics: A key paradigm in reproductive health.
AB  - It is well established that there is a heritable element of susceptibility to
      chronic human ailments, yet there is compelling evidence that some components of
      such heritability are transmitted through non-genetic factors. Due to the
      complexity of reproductive processes, identifying the inheritance patterns of
      these factors is not easy. But little doubt exists that besides the genomic
      backbone, a range of epigenetic cues affect our genetic programme. The inter
      generational transmission of epigenetic marks is believed to operate via four
      principal means that dramatically differ in their information content: DNA
      methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs and nucleosome positioning. These
      epigenetic signatures influence the cellular machinery through positive and
      negative feedback mechanisms either alone or interactively. Understanding how
      these mechanisms work to activate or deactivate parts of our genetic programme
      not only on a day-to-day basis but also over generations is an important area of
      reproductive health research. 

PMID- 27358830
TI  - Nomogram to predict the number of oocytes retrieved in controlled ovarian
      stimulation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ovarian reserve tests are commonly used to predict ovarian response in
      infertile patients undergoing ovarian stimulation. Although serum markers such as
      basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or random anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
      level and ultrasonographic markers (antral follicle count, AFC) are good
      predictors, no single test has proven to be the best predictor. In this study, we
      developed appropriate equations and novel nomograms to predict the number of
      oocytes that will be retrieved using patients' age, serum levels of basal FSH and
      AMH, and AFC. METHODS: We analyzed a database containing clinical and laboratory
      information of 141 stimulated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles performed at a
      university-based hospital between September 2009 and December 2013. We used
      generalized linear models for prediction of the number of oocytes. RESULTS: Age,
      basal serum FSH level, serum AMH level, and AFC were significantly related to the
      number of oocytes retrieved according to the univariate and multivariate
      analyses. The equations that predicted the number of oocytes retrieved (log
      scale) were as follows: model (1) 3.21-0.036*(age)+0.089*(AMH), model (2) 3.422
      0.03*(age)-0.049*(FSH)+0.08*(AMH), model (3) 2.32-0.017*(age)+0.039*(AMH)+0.
      03*(AFC), model (4) 2.584-0.015*(age)-0.035*(FSH)+0.038*(AMH)+0.026*(AFC). model
      4 showed the best performance. On the basis of these variables, we developed
      nomograms to predict the number of oocytes that can be retrieved. CONCLUSION: Our
      nomograms helped predict the number of oocytes retrieved in stimulated IVF
      cycles.

PMID- 27358831
TI  - Cryopreservation of in vitro matured oocytes after ex vivo oocyte retrieval from
      gynecologic cancer patients undergoing radical surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report a case series of in vitro matured
      (IVM) oocyte freezing in gynecologic cancer patients undergoing radical surgery
      under time constraints as an option for fertility preservation (FP). METHODS:
      Case series report. University-based in vitro fertilization center. Six
      gynecologic cancer patients who were scheduled to undergo radical surgery the
      next day were referred for FP. The patients had endometrial (n=2), ovarian (n=3),
      and double primary endometrial and ovarian (n=1) cancer. Ex vivo retrieval of
      immature oocytes from macroscopically normal ovarian tissue was followed by
      mature oocyte freezing after IVM or embryo freezing with intracytoplasmic sperm
      injection. RESULTS: A total of 53 oocytes were retrieved from five patients, with
      a mean of 10.6 oocytes per patient. After IVM, a total of 36 mature oocytes were
      obtained, demonstrating a 67.9% maturation rate. With regard to the ovarian
      cancer patients, seven IVM oocytes were frozen from patient 3, who had stage IC
      cancer, whereas one IVM oocyte was frozen from patient 4, who had stage IV cancer
      despite being of a similar age. With regard to the endometrial cancer patients,
      15 IVM oocytes from patient 1 were frozen. Five embryos were frozen after the
      fertilization of IVM oocytes from patient 6. CONCLUSION: Immature oocytes can be
      successfully retrieved ex vivo from macroscopically normal ovarian tissue before
      radical surgery. IVM oocyte freezing provides a possible FP option in patients
      with advanced-stage endometrial or ovarian cancer without the risk of cancer cell
      spillage or time delays.

PMID- 27358832
TI  - Application of serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels in selecting patients with
      polycystic ovary syndrome for in vitro maturation treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify useful clinical factors for
      the identification of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who would
      benefit from in vitro maturation (IVM) treatment without exhibiting compromised
      pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed of 186
      consecutive patients with PCOS who underwent human chorionic gonadotropin-primed
      IVM treatment between March 2010 and March 2014. Only the first IVM cycle of each
      patient was included in this study. A retrospective case-control study was
      subsequently conducted to compare pregnancy outcomes between IVM and conventional
      in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. RESULTS: Through logistic regression
      analyses, we arrived at the novel finding that serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)
      levels and the number of fertilized oocytes in IVM were independent predictive
      factors for live birth with unstandardized coefficients of 0.078 (95% confidence
      interval [CI], 1.005-1.164; p=0.037) and 0.113 (95% CI, 1.038-1.208; p=0.003),
      respectively. Furthermore, these two parameters were able to discriminate
      patients who experienced live births from non-pregnant IVM patients using cut-off
      levels of 8.5 ng/mL and five fertilized oocytes, respectively. A subsequent
      retrospective case-control study of patients with PCOS who had serum AMH levels
      >=8.5 ng/mL showed that IVM had pregnancy outcomes comparable to conventional
      IVF, and that no cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome were observed.
      CONCLUSION: Serum AMH levels are a useful factor for predicting pregnancy
      outcomes in PCOS patients before the beginning of an IVM cycle. IVM may be an
      alternative to conventional IVF for PCOS patients if the patients are properly
      selected according to predictive factors such as serum AMH levels.

PMID- 27358833
TI  - Reproductive outcomes of retransferring retained embryos in blastocyst transfer
      cycles.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of embryo retention (ER) in the transfer
      catheter following embryo transfer (ET) in blastocyst transfer and investigate
      whether retransferring retained embryos has an impact on reproductive outcomes in
      patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-ET. METHODS: We retrospectively
      analyzed the records of 1,131 blastocyst transfers, which comprised 223 single
      blastocyst transfer (SBT) and 908 double blastocyst transfer (DBT) cycles. Each
      SBT and DBT group was classified depending on whether ET was performed without
      retained embryos in the catheter during the first attempt (without-ER group) or
      whether any retained embryos were found following ET (ER group) for the purpose
      of comparing reproductive outcomes in a homogenous population. RESULTS: The
      overall incidence of finding retained embryos was 2.8% (32/1,131). There were no
      retained embryos in SBT cycles. In DBT cycles, implantation rates (30.0% vs.
      26.6%), positive beta-hCG rates (57.2% vs. 56.2%), clinical pregnancy rates
      (45.3% vs. 46.9%), and live birth rates (38.9% vs. 43.8%) were not significantly
      different between the without-ER and ER groups. There were no significant
      differences in the mean birth weight (g) 2,928.4+/-631.8 vs. 2,948.7+/-497.8 and
      the mean gestational age at birth (269.3+/-17.2 days vs. 264.2+/-25.7 days). A
      total of nine cases of congenital birth defects were found in this study
      population. Eight were observed in the without-ER group and one in the ER group.
      CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that retransfer of retained embryos does not have
      any adverse impact on reproductive outcomes in blastocyst transfer cycles.
      Furthermore, our results support finding that SBT might be advantageous for
      decreasing the incidence of retained embryos in catheters.

PMID- 27358834
TI  - Meeting Recommended Levels of Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of
      Life in Rural Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about physical activity (PA) and health-related
      quality of life (HRQOL) among rural adults. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate the relationship between meeting recommended levels of PA and HRQOL
      in a rural adult population. METHODS: This study analyzed data from 6,103 rural
      adults 18 years of age and older participating in a 2013 survey. Respondents
      reporting at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity (or moderate-vigorous
      combination) PA during the past month were categorized as meeting PA guidelines.
      Five health variables were used to assess HRQOL. A continuous HRQOL ability score
      was also created using item response theory (IRT). RESULTS: Rural adults who met
      recommended levels of PA were significantly more likely to report good HRQOL in
      adjusted models of physical health (OR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.54-2.56), mental health
      (OR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.46-2.64), inactivity health (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.54-2.97),
      general health (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.35-2.13), and healthy days (OR: 1.98; 95% CI:
      1.58-2.47), compared to those who did not meet recommended levels. Furthermore,
      rural adults meeting recommended levels of PA also had a significantly greater
      HRQOL ability score (51.7 +/- 0.23, Mean +/- SE), compared to those not meeting
      recommended levels (48.4 +/- 0.33, p < .001). CONCLUSION: This study found that
      meeting recommended levels of PA increases the likelihood of reporting good HRQOL
      in rural adults. These results should be used to promote the current PA
      guidelines for improved HRQOL in rural populations.

PMID- 27358835
TI  - The Prevalence of Depression and Concussions in a Sample of Active North American
      Semi-Professional and Professional Football Players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Concussive events frequently occur in high impact sports such as
      North American football. The long term effects of concussive events on physical
      and psychological wellbeing are the focus of ongoing research. The purpose of
      this study was to determine if concussive events increase the incidence of
      depression in active semi-professional and professional North American football
      players. METHODS: An anonymous online survey was sent to 200 players to collect
      the following self-reported data: position played, years played, number of
      concussions sustained and subsequent depressive symptoms using the Center for
      Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD-R) scale. An independent T-test was used
      to determine differences in the number of concussive events in those with CESD-R
      scores <16 vs. >=16, where scores >=16 are indicative of a depressed state.
      Likewise, an independent T-test was used to compare CESD-R scores between players
      with >=3 concussions vs. <=2. RESULTS: Individuals with a CESD-R score >=16,
      sustained a significantly greater number of concussions (3.8 vs. 1.6) than those
      who scored <16 (p < 0.001). Further analysis also revealed significantly higher
      CESD-R scores in players who had sustained >=3 concussions (24.0 vs. 15.6) than
      those with <=2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Within the parameters of this study,
      players that were classified as depressed had sustained significantly more
      concussions compared to those who were not classified as depressed. Further,
      multiple concussive events (>=3) appears to increase symptoms of depression.

PMID- 27358836
TI  - Health System Development and Performance in Korea and Japan: A Comparative Study
      of 2000-2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Japanese and Korean healthcare systems are very similar and thus,
      they have the same problems and weaknesses. This study discusses the problems and
      proposes complementary solutions based on the results of a comparative analysis
      of conditions in the healthcare systems of the two countries. METHODS: This
      article presents a comparative analysis of the healthcare status of the two
      countries based on certain health criteria used worldwide, a literature review,
      and data from the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japanese Ministry of
      Health, Labour and Welfare, World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, and
      Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). RESULTS: The scores
      of the healthcare systems were calculated for quantitative comparison. The
      performance of the Japanese health system was the best, followed by the Korean
      health system. Both countries observed an increased life expectancy and decreased
      infant and under-five mortality rates during the last 14 years. However, lower
      fertility rates were found, which could lead to a decreased working population
      and a subsequent increase in the economic burden of governments and households. A
      higher alcohol consumption rate was found in Korea, which was related to the
      establishment of interpersonal relationships. CONCLUSION: The reform of the
      healthcare systems in Korea and Japan led to an increased life expectancy;
      concurrently, reduced fertility rates led to an increasing aging population. As a
      result, increasing health costs require additional measures to improve health
      equity and strengthen health promotion.

PMID- 27358837
TI  - The Influence of Witnessing Inter-parental Violence and Bullying Victimization in
      Involvement in Fighting among Adolescents: Evidence from a School-based Cross
      sectional Survey in Peru.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Witnessing inter-parental violence and bullying victimization is
      common for many children and adolescents. This study examines the role of
      witnessing inter-parental violence and bullying victimization in involvement in
      physical fighting among Peruvian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study
      was conducted among 1,368 randomly selected adolescents in 2015. We conducted
      logistic regression analyses to obtain crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95%
      confidence intervals for involvement in fighting among male and female
      adolescents. RESULTS: Among all adolescents, 35.8% had been involved in fighting
      in the last 12 months, 32.9% had been victim of verbal bullying and 37.9% had
      been the victim of physical bullying. Additionally, 39.2% and 27.8% of
      adolescents witnessed violence against their mother and father, respectively, at
      least once in their lives. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that
      late adolescence, participation in economic activities, being the victim of
      verbal bullying, stress, and witnessing violence against the father among male
      adolescents, and self-rated academic performance and being the victim of physical
      or verbal bullying among female adolescents were associated with higher odds of
      being involved in fighting. CONCLUSION: Verbal bullying victimization and
      witnessing violence against the father in males and bullying victimization in
      females were associated with greater odds of adolescents being involved in
      fighting. Creating a non-violent environment at both home and school would be an
      effective strategy for reducing fighting among the adolescent population.

PMID- 27358838
TI  - Analysis of Insecticide-Treated Net Use by Pregnant Women: Implications for Donor
      Organizations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of insecticide
      treated nets (ITNs) for the prevention of malaria and reduction of mortality and
      morbidity from mosquito-borne diseases. Although many countries, including the
      Democratic Republic of Congo, have adopted this recommendation and distributed
      bed nets to their inhabitants, the percentage of the population using ITNs
      remains low. METHODS: This study was conducted with 400 mothers with at least one
      child under 5 years of age in health zones in the Bandundu province. Face-to-face
      interviews were conducted using structured pre-coded questionnaires. Chi-square
      tests and logistic regressions were calculated using the SPSS Version 21.0
      software. RESULTS: Among the studied variables, education status (p = 0.013),
      marital status (p = 0.004), ANC utilization (p = 0.13), suffering from malaria
      during pregnancy (p = 0.019), and knowledge of the seriousness of malaria (p =
      0.013) were significant determinants of the use of ITNs in logistic regression
      analyses. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the regular use of
      ITNs by women during pregnancy is associated with marital status, attending ANC
      services, and awareness of the serious nature of malaria. Therefore, education
      about the risk factors among populations is needed.

PMID- 27358839
TI  - Rapid Return of Spontaneous Respiration after General Anesthesia with Sugammadex
      in a Patient with Myasthenia Gravis.
AB  - Myasthenia gravis causes weakness and fatigue of the skeletal muscles, including
      respiratory muscles. When immobile surgical fields are needed, neuromuscular
      blocking agents (NMBAs) are often administered to block muscle activity, leading
      to an immobile surgical field and respiratory arrest. Acetylcholinesterase
      inhibitors are administered to reverse the muscle block, promoting spontaneous
      respiration for patient recovery. If immobile surgical fields are required in
      myasthenic patient operations, NMBAs should be administered. However, recovery
      from NMBAs using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors might be delayed in myasthenic
      patients due to their intake of medicines that already inhibit cholinesterase,
      resulting in a delay in spontaneous respiration. Sugammadex is a recently
      introduced medicine that reverses muscle blocks through a different mechanism
      from acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and can be administered to facilitate the
      return of spontaneous respiration in myasthenic patients. Our experience of the
      rapid return to spontaneous respiration of a myasthenic patient with Sugammadex
      is reported in this paper. 

PMID- 27358840
TI  - Body Composition and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

PMID- 27358841
TI  - New drugs in prostate cancer.
AB  - The standard primary treatment for advanced prostate cancer has been hormonal
      therapy since the 1940s. However, prostate cancer inevitably progresses to
      castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after a median duration of 18 months
      of androgen deprivation therapy. In patients with CRPC, docetaxel has been
      regarded as the standard treatment. However, survival advantages of docetaxel
      over other treatments are slim, and the need for new agents persists. In recent
      years, novel agents, including abiraterone, enzalutamide, cabazitaxel, radium
      223, and sipuleucel-T, have been approved for the treatment of CRPC, and more
      such agents based on diverse mechanisms are under investigation or evaluation. In
      this article, the authors reviewed the current literature on recent advances in
      medical treatment of prostate cancer, especially CRPC. In addition, the authors
      elaborated on novel drugs for prostate cancer currently undergoing investigation
      and their mechanisms. 

PMID- 27358842
TI  - Relationship of age, prostate-specific antigen, and prostate volume in Indonesian
      men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate the relationship between age, prostate specific
      antigen (PSA), and prostate volume (PV) in Indonesian men with histologically
      proven benign prostatic hyperplasia. METHODS: Data were generated from our BPH
      database from June 1994 until December 2013. Subjects were men with a minimum age
      of 40 years with chief complaint of LUTS or urinary retention, diagnosed with
      BPH. All patients underwent TRUS-guided prostate biopsy. Patients with PSA level
      >10 ng/mL were excluded from the study to exclude the possibility of occult
      prostate cancer. PV was measured with TRUS. Appropriate statistical tests were
      employed for data analysis. RESULTS: In all, 1638 patients were enrolled in our
      study. There was a statistically significant difference in PSA (P = 0.03) and PV
      (P < 0.0001) between age groups. Overall correlation between age, PSA, and PV
      were: i). Age and PV (r = 0.12, P < 0.0001); ii). Age and PSA (r = 0.07, P =
      0.008); iii). PSA and PV (r = 0.26, P < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis in terms of
      indwelling catheter use versus without: i). Age 66.09 +/- 8 years versus 65.38 +/
      7.66 years (P = 0.158); ii). PSA 4.93 +/- 2.62 ng/mL versus 4.68 +/- 2.82 ng/mL
      (P = 0.038); iii). PV 47.58 +/- 21.33 mL versus 41.43 +/- 20.55 mL (P < 0.0001).
      Correlation between age, PSA, and PV in patients were similar in patients with
      and without indwelling catheter. CONCLUSION: In Indonesian men with biopsy-proven
      BPH, both PV and PSA increased with ageing. Prostate volume was significantly
      correlated with PSA. Even though the results were weaker, these results are
      consistent with results in other sets of population. The results vary between
      different countries and thus, ethnicities. Indonesia is a populous a
      sociocultural and ethnically diverse country. Therefore, aside from PSA, age, and
      PV, when investigating men with BPH, ethnicity may also need to be taken into
      account.

PMID- 27358843
TI  - Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate followed by high-intensity focused
      ultrasound treatment for patients with huge prostate adenoma and localized
      prostate cancer: 5-Year follow-up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate
      (HoLEP) followed by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for patients with
      huge prostate adenoma and localized prostate cancer (CaP) and compare the
      morbidity and efficacy results with those observed in a similar population
      treated only with HIFU for a follow-up period of up to 5 years. METHODS: The
      present retrospective study included 30 CaP patients who underwent HIFU alone and
      10 patients who underwent HoLEP followed by HIFU. Selection criteria for this
      study were no previous treatment for CaP, aged 60 years or older, cT1c-T2N0M0,
      prostate volume of 30 mL or more, and a follow-up period of 5 years or more.
      Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biochemical recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates
      and functional outcomes including complications and uroflowmetry after HIFU were
      compared between the HIFU monotherapy and HoLEP + HIFU groups. RESULTS: The
      enrolled patients had a mean age of 70.3 years and 68.8 years in the HIFU
      monotherapy and HoLEP + HIFU groups, respectively. The 5-year PSA biochemical RFS
      rates of the two groups were similar (HIFU monotherapy group: 57.2%; HoLEP + HIFU
      group: 67.5%). The duration of indwelling urethral catheter after HIFU
      significantly decreased in the HoLEP + HIFU group compared with the HIFU
      monotherapy group (15.5 +/- 2.7 days vs. 27.5 +/- 2.3 days, P = 0.022). In terms
      of functional outcomes, patients who received HoLEP + HIFU had significantly
      higher maximum (12 months: P = 0.015, 36 months: P = 0.014) and average (36
      months: P = 0.002, 60 months: P = 0.047) flow rates than those who received HIFU
      monotherapy. The frequency of urethral stricture (13.3% vs. 0%), symptomatic
      urinary tract infection (10.0% vs. 0%), and bladder stone and urethrorectal
      fistula (3.3% vs. 0%) tended to be higher in the HIFU monotherapy group as
      compared with the HoLEP + HIFU group. CONCLUSION: The HoLEP + HIFU treatment
      decreases urinary catheterization time and improves post-treatment urinary status
      without additional morbidity.

PMID- 27358844
TI  - Feasibility of abiraterone acetate treatment in patients with metastatic
      castration-resistant prostate cancer and atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abiraterone acetate (AA), a selective inhibitor of the CYP17 enzyme,
      demonstrated a significant improvement in the treatment of patients with
      metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The risk of endocrine side
      effects, mainly an increased adrenal mineralocorticoid production, could limit
      its use in patients with atrial fibrillation. METHODS: We retrospectively
      reviewed the clinical records of 85 metastatic castration-resistant prostate
      cancer patients treated with AA at our institutions and identified six patients
      suffering from concomitant atrial fibrillation. RESULTS: In these six patients,
      the median duration of AA treatment was 11.5 months (range 4-22 months) with a
      biochemical response in three patients. No significant cardiac events were
      observed during the treatment. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that AA may be safely
      administered in patients with atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 27358845
TI  - Low-density lipoprotein receptors play an important role in the inhibition of
      prostate cancer cell proliferation by statins.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are some reports about the antitumor effects of statins in
      these days. Statins decrease the level of cholesterol in the blood by inhibiting
      3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Inhibition of this enzyme
      decreases intracellular cholesterol synthesis. Thus, the expression of low
      density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) is increased to import more cholesterol from
      the bloodstream. In this study, we assessed the effects of statins on the
      proliferation of prostate cancer cells, and studied the relationship between the
      expression of LDLr and the effects of statins. METHODS: Simvastatin was used in
      the experiments. We studied the effect of simvastatin on PC-3 and LNCaP cell
      proliferation using the MTS assay, and evaluated the expression of LDLr after
      administration of simvastatin by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and
      Western blotting. Intracellular cholesterol levels in the prostate cancer cells
      were measured after administration of simvastatin. Furthermore, small interfering
      RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown the gene expression of LDLr. RESULTS: In PC-3
      cells, simvastatin inhibited cell proliferation. In LNCaP cells, only a high
      concentration of simvastatin (100MUM) inhibited cell proliferation. In LNCaP
      cells, the protein level of LDLr was increased by simvastatin. In PC-3 cells, the
      protein levels of LDLr were unregulated. In PC-3 cells, but not in LNCaP cells,
      intracellular cholesterol levels were significantly decreased by simvastatin.
      After knocking down LDLr expression by siRNA, intracellular cholesterol levels
      were decreased, and cell proliferation was inhibited by simvastatin in LNCaP
      cells. CONCLUSION: Simvastatin inhibited prostate cancer cell growth by
      decreasing cellular cholesterol and could be more effective in androgen
      independent prostate cancer, where there is loss of regulation of LDLr
      expression. LDLr was shown to play an important role in the statin-induced
      inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation. These results suggest that
      future studies evaluating the cholesterol-lowering effects of statin may lead to
      new approaches to the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.

PMID- 27358846
TI  - Modified urethrovesical anastomosis during robot-assisted simple prostatectomy:
      Technique and results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite significant developments in transurethral surgery for benign
      prostatic hyperplasia, simple prostatectomy remains an excellent option for
      patients with severely enlarged glands. The objective is to describe our results
      of robot-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) with a modified urethrovesical
      anastomosis (UVA). METHODS: From May 2011 to February 2014, RASP with UVA was
      performed in 34 patients by a single surgeon (O.C.) using the da Vinci S-HD
      surgical system. The UVA was performed between the bladder neck and urethral
      margin using the Van Velthoven technique. Demographic, perioperative, and outcome
      data were recorded. Complications were recorded with the Clavien-Dindo system.
      RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) age was 68 years (62-74 years). The median
      preoperative prostate volume (interquartile range) was 117 cc (99-146 cc).
      Operative time was 96 minutes (78-126 minutes), estimate blood loss was 200 mL
      (100-300 mL), and two (5.8%) patients required a blood transfusion. No conversion
      to open surgery was needed. The median specimen weight on pathological
      examination was 76 g (58-100 g). The average hospital stay was 2.2 days (1-4
      days) and average Foley catheter time was 4.6 days (4-6 days). No intraoperative
      complications were recorded. There were seven (20.5%) postoperative
      complications, most of them Clavien less than or equal to Grade II. CONCLUSION:
      The results of our study show that RASP with UVA is a feasible, secure, and
      reproducible procedure with low morbidity. Additional series with larger patient
      cohorts are needed to validate this approach.

PMID- 27358847
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment patterns of male lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive
      of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Murjani General Hospital, Central Kalimantan,
      Indonesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to describe the diagnosis and treatment
      patterns of male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign
      prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and evaluate their appropriateness in an area without
      an urologist and with limited resources, such as the area covered by Murjani
      General Hospital, Sampit, Indonesia. METHODS: This descriptive study used data
      collected from medical records of patients who were diagnosed with LUTS
      suggestive of BPH in Murjani General Hospital between September 2013 and August
      2015. RESULTS: There were 89 patients. Their mean age was 64.5 years. The most
      common chief complaint was inability to void (59.6%), followed by frequency
      (10.1%). Diagnostic evaluations such as symptom scoring (1.1%), frequency-volume
      chart (0%), digital rectal examination (3.4%), urinalysis (5.6%), and prostate
      specific antigen (0%) were used rarely or never, while renal function assessment
      (37.1%) and imaging of the prostate (68.5%) and upper urinary tract (65.2%) were
      used more often. Overall, the treatment that was administered most often was
      indwelling catheterization (25.8%); only 19.1% visited a urologist following a
      referral by the physician, although 41.6% were referred to a urologist. There
      were 40.4% of patients with an indication for surgery, mostly in the form of
      recurrent or refractory urinary retention (83.3%). In this group of patients,
      only 38.9% received appropriate treatment in the form of open prostatectomy by a
      general surgeon (16.7%) or were referred to a urologist (22.2%), while 50% of
      them were managed with chronic indwelling catheterization. CONCLUSION: All
      patients received substandard diagnostic evaluations, with a pattern of
      preference toward imaging studies over more basic examinations for LUTS-BPH. The
      high frequency of indwelling catheterization in overall and inappropriate
      treatment in the group of patients with an indication for surgery showed that
      patients received suboptimal treatment. Improvements in various aspects are
      required to optimize the management of LUTS suggestive of BPH in Murjani General
      Hospital.

PMID- 27358848
TI  - Change of the airway space in mandibular prognathism after bimaxillary surgery
      involving maxillary posterior impaction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this retrospective study was to develop a two- and
      three-dimensional analysis of the airway using cone-beam computed tomography
      (CBCT) and to determine whether the airway space would be changed in mandibular
      prognathism after bimaxillary surgery involving maxillary posterior impaction.
      METHODS: Patients requiring orthognathic surgery from 2012 to 2014 were recruited
      for this study. CBCT scans were obtained at three points: preoperatively (T0),
      immediate postoperatively (T1), and after 6 months postoperatively (T2). The
      nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were measured on the CBCT scan for each
      patient in a repeatable manner. With the midsagittal plane, linear measurements
      in the middle of each were obtained. For the CBCT, volumetric measurements of
      each and total airway were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 22 consecutive patients
      (11 men and 11 women) were included in the present study. The total volume was
      significantly reduced (p < .001). However, the change of the diameter and volume
      of the nasopharynx was not statistically significant (p = .160, p = .137,
      respectively). In the oropharynx, the change of both the diameter and volume
      showed statistical significance between preoperatively and immediate
      postoperatively (p < .001, p = .001, respectively) and also preoperatively and
      after 6 months postoperatively (p = .001, p = .010, respectively). In the
      hypopharynx, the change of both the diameter and volume showed statistical
      significance between preoperatively and immediate postoperatively (p = .001, p <
      .001, respectively) and also preoperatively and after 6 months postoperatively (p
      = .001, p < .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The bimaxillary surgery involving
      maxillary posterior impaction can reduce the volume of airway in the patients of
      mandibular prognathism. Although total airway volume was reduced significantly,
      the changes in the volume and diameter of the nasopharynx were not statistically
      significant. The maxillary posterior impaction affects on the nasopharyngeal
      airway minimally.

PMID- 27358849
TI  - A new Stem Cell Investigation.

PMID- 27358850
TI  - Protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) splice variant modulates senescence via hTERT
      in adipose-derived stem cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) were isolated and characterized
      from lean and obese subjects. We previously reported that distinct differences
      were observed in differentiating lean and obese preadipocytes. Protein kinase C
      delta (PKCdelta) is alternatively spliced and has important roles in apoptosis.
      PKCdeltaI promotes apoptosis and PKCdeltaVIII promotes survival. Our previous
      data indicated an increase in the survival kinase, PKCdeltaVIII in ADSC derived
      from an obese donor. We also determined that obese adipocytes were resistant to
      apoptosis. Here, we determine the relationship between a survival kinase
      PKCdeltaVIII and hTERT expression in adipose derived stem cells from a lean and
      obese subject. METHODS: We evaluated the telomerase activity and human telomerase
      reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression in lean and obese ADSC. The lean and
      obese ADSC were purchased as cryopreserved cells from ZenBioTM (Research Triangle
      Park, NC, USA). Analyses were performed using PRISMTM software and analyzed using
      two-tailed Student's t-test. RESULTS: We observed an increase in telomerase in
      differentiating obese ADSC using western blot analysis. We determined the levels
      of hTERT splice variants. hTERT alpha+/beta+ splice variant was increased after
      transfected of PKCdeltaVIII. We next determined whether PKCdeltaVIII over
      expression affected the levels of telomerase. The results indicate an increase in
      telomerase with PKCdeltaVIII over-expression. CONCLUSIONS: Over-expression of
      PKCdeltaVIII in lean ADSC substantially increased expression of hTERT and
      telomerase. The decreased senescence seen in obese ADSC may in part be attributed
      to PKCdeltaVIII. Obese ADSC undergo lower senescence and may have increased
      growth potential. These results propose a larger epigenetic modification in obese
      ADSC compared to lean ADSC.

PMID- 27358851
TI  - Isolated factor V deficiency in a patient with elevated PT and aPTT during
      routine pre-operative laboratory screening.
AB  - Isolated factor V (FV) deficiency is a rare disorder with approximately 150 cases
      reported in the literature since 1943. Bleeding symptoms from FV deficiency vary
      widely. FV deficiency usually manifests early in the life. We present a 59-year
      old case with FV deficiency discovered during pre-operative laboratory screen. 

PMID- 27358852
TI  - Regulation of cancer stem cells by RING finger ubiquitin ligases.
AB  - Like normal stem cells, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of self-renewal,
      either by symmetric or asymmetric cell division. They have the exclusive ability
      to reproduce malignant tumors indefinitely, and to confer resistance in response
      to radiation or chemotherapy. The ubiquitin modification system plays various
      roles in physiology and pathology. The key component for the specificity of this
      system is ubiquitin ligases (E3s). Of these E3s, the majority are RING finger
      proteins. Many RING finger E3s, such as the Cullin1-Skp1-F-box protein (SCF) E3s,
      CBL, BRCA1, MDM2 and von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL), are crucial in
      the regulation of cell-cycle progression and cell differentiation. As a result,
      many RING finger E3s are implicated in the positive and negative regulation of
      CSC maintenance. This review summarizes current knowledge in this research field.

PMID- 27358853
TI  - Cutaneous metastasis as an initial presentation of lung adenocarcinoma with KRAS
      mutation: a case report and literature review.
AB  - Cutaneous metastasis as an initial presentation occurs in 0.8% of patients with
      internal malignancies, and is poorly understood in its molecular pathogenesis. We
      reported a case in which a 61-year-old male patient initially presented with
      rapidly growing skin nodule on his left chest wall, then developed dyspnea and
      loss of weight. Echocardiogram showed a large pericardial effusion with right
      ventricular collapse. PET/CT revealed moderate pleural effusion and multiple
      lymphadenopathies with hypermetabolic concentration of radiotracer in the lymph
      nodes as well as in the chest wall skin mass. Biopsy of the skin mass and
      pericardial/pleural fluids revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma consistent with
      lung primary with KRAS mutation. Palliative chemotherapy was administered without
      resulting in any improvement. This is the first case report to show that KRAS
      mutant lung adenocarcinoma can be associated with cutaneous metastasis. 

PMID- 27358854
TI  - Recent advances and novel agents for FLT3 mutated acute myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a devastating hematologic malignancy that affects
      both older adults as well as children. Treatments available for AML largely
      depend on cytotoxic agents and often the only curative option is an allogeneic
      bone marrow transplant, an option limited to young persons and associated with
      high morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need for the identification of
      new myeloid targets and an understanding of the key genetic mutations involved in
      disease progression and prognosis. One such mutation is the internal tandem
      duplication (ITD) in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptor-3 (FLT3) gene which
      confers an inferior outcome that is attributed to a higher relapse rate. In this
      review, we evaluate the FLT3-ITD mutation and discuss the recent data regarding
      emerging approaches using FLT3 inhibitors for the treatment of AML. 

PMID- 27358856
TI  - Changes in CpG methylation marks differentiation of human myeloid progenitors to
      neutrophils.

PMID- 27358855
TI  - Cancer stem cells: progress and challenges in lung cancer.
AB  - The identification of a subpopulation of tumor cells with stem cell-like
      characteristics first in hematological malignancies and later in solid tumors has
      emerged into a novel field of cancer research. It has been proposed that this
      aberrant population of cells now called "cancer stem cells" (CSCs) drives tumor
      initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance. CSCs have
      been shown to have the capacity of self-renewal and multipotency. Adopting
      strategies from the field of stem cell research has aided in identification,
      localization, and targeting of CSCs in many tumors. Despite the huge progress in
      other solid tumors such as brain, breast, and colon cancers no substantial
      advancements have been made in lung cancer. This is most likely due to the
      current rudimentary understanding of lung stem cell hierarchy and heterogeneous
      nature of lung disease. In this review, we will discuss the most recent findings
      related to identification of normal lung stem cells and CSCs, pathways involved
      in regulating the development of CSCs, and the importance of the stem cell niche
      in development and maintenance of CSCs. Additionally, we will examine the
      development and feasibility of novel CSC-targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at
      eradicating lung CSCs. 

PMID- 27358857
TI  - MicroRNAs as biomarkers in leukemia.
AB  - Current diagnostic and prognostic markers still exhibit biological limitation and
      seeking novel molecular biomarkers is crucial for early clinical diagnosis and in
      the development of novel strategies for leukemia therapy. Emerging evidence
      showed that dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in cancer
      including leukemia. In this review, we summarized recent progress on the role of
      miRNAs in leukemia, mainly focusing on recent findings that suggest the potential
      of miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Notably, the circulating
      miRNAs were also discussed for the fact that they can be detected in body fluids,
      and thus represent a novel source of promising biomarkers that may be applied to
      clinical settings. 

PMID- 27358858
TI  - TNF-alpha, a good or bad factor in hematological diseases?
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a highly pleiotropic cytokine involved
      in a spectrum of physiological processes that control inflammation, anti-tumor
      responses and homeostasis through two receptors, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2. In general,
      TNF-R1 mediates cytotoxicity, resistance to infection and stimulation of NF
      kappaB. By contrast, TNF-R2 has been implicated in proliferation of T-cell line,
      thymocytes and human mononuclear cells. Hematological malignancies are the types
      of cancer that affect normal hematopoiesis, have a speedy development, high
      lethal rate and until now still have no effective treatment. Several studies have
      shown that inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the onset and
      progress of these diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent studies and
      evaluate the positive or negative role of TNF-alpha in some hematological
      malignancies or diseases with a malignant tendency. 

PMID- 27358859
TI  - Reactive oxygen species in eradicating acute myeloid leukemic stem cells.
AB  - Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) have been proven to drive leukemia initiation,
      progression and relapse, and are increasingly being used as a critical target for
      therapeutic intervention. As an essential feature in LSCs, reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) homeostasis has been extensively exploited in the past decade for
      targeting LSCs in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Most, if not all, agents that
      show therapeutic benefits are able to alter redox status by inducing ROS, which
      confers selectivity in eradicating AML stem cells but sparing normal
      counterparts. In this review, we provide the comprehensive update of ROS
      generating agents in the context of their impacts on our understanding of the
      pathogenesis of AML and its therapy. We anticipate that further characterizing
      these ROS agents will help us combat against AML in the coming era of LSC
      targeting strategy. 

PMID- 27358860
TI  - Cancer stem cells as a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer.
AB  - Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as the small population of cancer cells that
      have stem cell properties as in hierarchically organized tumors. They are
      considered as the source of tumor initiation and maintenance. These cells are
      highly resistant to current cancer treatment and may be responsible for the
      disease recurrence after therapy as well. Therefore, considerable efforts have
      been made to elucidate the molecular and pathological properties of the CSCs to
      develop effective therapies targeting CSCs. A growing body of experimental
      evidence has revealed that therapeutic targeting CSCs may offer a new strategy
      for patients with breast cancer (BC). In this review, we summarized the evidence
      for existence of CSCs, followed by an overview of their molecular biomarkers,
      signaling pathways and potential therapeutic strategies to target these CSCs in
      BC. 

PMID- 27358861
TI  - Regulatory factors of induced pluripotency: current status.
AB  - Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
      through enforced expression of four transcription factors [Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and
      c-Myc (OSKM)]; however, the reprogramming efficiency is extremely low. This
      finding raises fundamental questions about the regulators that influence the
      change in epigenetic stability and endowment of dedifferentiation potential
      during reprogramming. Identification of such regulators is critical to removing
      the roadblocks impeding the efficient generation of safe iPSCs and their
      successful translation into clinical therapies. In this review, we summarize the
      current progress that has been made in understanding cellular reprogramming, with
      an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic regulators in induced
      pluripotency. 

PMID- 27358862
TI  - Mesenchymal stem cells in pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal malignant stem cell disorders
      characterized by inefficient hematopoiesis. The role of the marrow
      microenvironment in the pathogenesis of the disease has been controversial.
      Emerging evidence indicated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from MDS
      patients were cytogenetically abnormal, and they showed a deficient hematopoietic
      supportive capacity and increased production of cytokine such as tumor necrosis
      factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma).
      From the point of some evidence, the abnormal microenvironment seems to
      participate in the progression of the disease by contributing to the selective
      expansion of the malignant clone. In this review, we will discuss the most recent
      progress related to identification of normal MSC and the importance of the stem
      cell niche in development and maintenance of MDS. 

PMID- 27358864
TI  - The role of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in sarcoma: update and dispute.
AB  - Sarcoma is the collective name for a relatively rare, yet heterogeneous group of
      cancers, most probably derived from mesenchymal tissues. There are currently over
      50 sarcoma subtypes described underscoring the clinical and biologic diversity of
      this group of malignant cancers. This wide lineage range might suggest that
      sarcomas originate from either many committed different cell types or from a
      multipotent cell. Mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) are able to
      differentiate into many cell types and these multipotent cells have been isolated
      from several adult human tumors, making them available for research as well as
      potential beneficial therapeutical agents. Recent accomplishments in the field
      have broadened our knowledge of MSCs in relation to sarcoma origin and sarcoma
      treatment in therapeutic settings. However, numerous concerns and disputes have
      been raised about whether they are the putative originating cells of sarcoma and
      their questionable role in sarcomagenesis and progression. We summarize the
      update and dispute about MSC investigations in sarcomas including the definition,
      cell origin hypothesis, functional and descriptive assays, roles in
      sarcomagenesis and targeted therapy, with the purpose to give a comprehensive
      view of the role of MSCs in sarcomas. 

PMID- 27358863
TI  - Reverse transcriptase and intron number evolution.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Introns are universal in eukaryotic genomes and play important roles
      in transcriptional regulation, mRNA export to the cytoplasm, nonsense-mediated
      decay as both a regulatory and a splicing quality control mechanism, R-loop
      avoidance, alternative splicing, chromatin structure, and evolution by exon
      shuffling. METHODS: Sixteen complete fungal genomes were used 13 of which were
      sequenced and annotated by JGI. Ustilago maydis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and
      Coprinus cinereus (also named Coprinopsis cinerea) were from the Broad Institute.
      Gene models from JGI-annotated genomes were taken from the GeneCatalog track that
      contained the best representative gene models. Varying fractions of the
      GeneCatalog were manually curated by external users. For clarity, we used the JGI
      unique database identifier. RESULTS: The last common ancestor of eukaryotes
      (LECA) has an estimated 6.4 coding exons per gene (EPG) and evolved into the
      diverse eukaryotic life forms, which is recapitulated by the development of a
      stem cell. We found a parallel between the simulated reverse transcriptase (RT)
      mediated intron loss and the comparative analysis of 16 fungal genomes that
      spanned a wide range of intron density. Although footprints of RT (RTF) were
      dynamic, relative intron location (RIL) to the 5'-end of mRNA faithfully traced
      RT-mediated intron loss and revealed 7.7 EPG for LECA. The mode of exon length
      distribution was conserved in simulated intron loss, which was exemplified by the
      shared mode of 75 nt between fungal and Chlamydomonas genomes. The dominant
      ancient exon length was corroborated by the average exon length of the most
      intron-rich genes in fungal genomes and consistent with ancient protein modules
      being ~25 aa. Combined with the conservation of a protein length of 400 aa, the
      earliest ancestor of eukaryotes could have 16 EPG. During earlier evolution,
      Ascomycota's ancestor had significantly more 3'-biased RT-mediated intron loss
      that was followed by dramatic RTF loss. There was a down trend of EPG from more
      conserved to less conserved genes. Moreover, species-specific genes have higher
      exon-densities, shorter exons, and longer introns when compared to genes
      conserved at the phylum level. However, intron length in species-specific genes
      became shorter than that of genes conserved in all species after genomes
      experiencing drastic intron loss. The estimated EPG from the most frequent exon
      length is more than double that from the RIL method. CONCLUSIONS: This implies
      significant intron loss during the very early period of eukaryotic evolution. De
      novo gene-birth contributes to shorter exons, longer introns, and higher exon
      density in species-specific genes relative to conserved genes.

PMID- 27358865
TI  - Interleukin 8/KC enhances G-CSF induced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell
      mobilization in Fancg deficient mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder characterized
      by a progressive bone marrow aplasia, chromosomal instability, and acquisition of
      malignancies. Successful hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for FA patients
      is challenging due to hypersensitivity to DNA alkylating agents and irradiation
      of FA patients. Early mobilization of autologous stem cells from the bone marrow
      has been thought to be ideal prior to the onset of bone marrow failure, which
      often occurs during childhood. However, the markedly decreased response of FA
      hematopoietic stem cells to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is
      circumventive of this autologous HCT approach. To-date, the mechanism for
      defective stem cell mobilization in G-CSF treated FA patients remains unclear.
      METHODS: Fancg heterozygous (Fancg (+/-)) mice utilized in these studies.
      Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to evaluate statistical differences
      between WT and Fancg (-/-) cells. Statistical significance was defined as P
      values less than 0.05. RESULTS: Fancg deficient (Fancg (-/-)) mesenchymal
      stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs) produce significant lower levels of KC, an
      interleukin-8 (IL-8) related chemoattractant protein in rodents, as compared to
      wild type cells. Combinatorial administration of KC and G-CSF significantly
      increased the mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) in
      Fancg (-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our results suggest that KC/IL-8 could
      be proved useful in the synergistic mobilization of FA HSPCs in combination with
      G-CSF.

PMID- 27358866
TI  - Targeting cancer stem cells with oncolytic virus.
AB  - Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a distinct subpopulation of cancer cells which
      are shown to be relatively resistant to conventional anticancer therapies and
      have been correlated to disease recurrence. Oncolytic viruses utilize methods of
      cell killing that differ from traditional therapies and thus are able to elude
      the typical mechanisms that CSCs use to resist current chemotherapies and
      radiotherapies. Moreover, genetically engineered oncolytic viruses may further
      augment the oncolytic effects. Here we review the recent data regarding the
      ability of several oncolytic viruses to eradicate CSCs. 

PMID- 27358867
TI  - Multiple myeloma with leptomeningeal involvement and positive CSF.

PMID- 27358869
TI  - Franklin's disease: immunoglobulin heavy chain disease.

PMID- 27358868
TI  - Oncolytic virus as a cancer stem cell killer: progress and challenges.
AB  - Oncolytic viruses (OVs), which were discovered more than one century ago, have
      been used in multiple clinical trials for cancer therapy. OVs specifically target
      cancer cells when sparing normal cells by exploiting biochemical differences
      between normal and tumor cells. Hence oncolytic virotherapy is more specific at
      targeting cancer cells compared with conventional anti-cancer therapy. Apart from
      the lack of specificity, conventional anti-cancer therapies also often witness
      relapse and incomplete cure of cancer. One hypothesis explaining this phenomenon
      is that a subpopulation of cancer cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are
      resistant to conventional therapies, possibly due to its self-renewal and
      differentiation abilities. With the discovery of CSCs, researchers have been
      trying to explain whether OVs are well suited to eliminate CSCs. Two explanations
      for postulating OVs as ideal candidates for cancer therapy have been proposed:
      first, OVs are not subject to the same mechanisms responsible for chemotherapy
      and radiation resistance; second, viruses could be harnessed to express
      therapeutic transgenes that specifically target the features unique to CSCs or
      the properties CSCs rely on for self-renewal and differentiation. Indeed, initial
      studies suggest that OVs could effectively target CSCs in multiple tumor types.
      The focus of this review is to highlight recent studies related to the
      application of OVs on targeting CSCs, based on which, the challenges and
      perspectives for further research in this field will also be discussed. 

PMID- 27358870
TI  - Quantitative analyses of myelofibrosis by determining hydroxyproline.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are blood malignancies manifested
      in increased production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets.
      Myelofibrosis is a subtype of MPNs characterized by the formation of scar-like
      tissues in the bone marrow due to abnormal hematopoiesis. It is considered a
      disease of both hematopoietic stem cells and stem cell niches. Patients with
      myelofibrosis have very poor prognosis, and there is no effective treatment so
      far. Myelofibrosis has routinely been detected by using histochemical staining
      methods which produce qualitative rather than quantitative results. In this
      study, we developed a quantitative assay of bone marrow myelofibrosis in
      JAK2V617F transgenic mice by determining hydroxyproline. METHODS: The JAK2V617F
      transgenic mice's tissue was collected to detect the bone marrow myelofibrosis.
      Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism program. Differences
      of samples between two groups were accessed using t tests. P values less than
      0.05 (2-tailed) were considered significantly different. RESULTS: We developed a
      quantitative method for detecting myelofibrosis by analyzing the content of
      hydroxyproline, a modified amino acid largely restricted to collagen which forms
      the fibrotic structure in bone marrow tissues. Our study also demonstrated age
      dependent development of bone marrow myelofibrosis in JAK2V617F transgenic mice.
      CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we have developed a new method for detecting
      bone marrow myelofibrosis by analyzing hydroxyproline contents. The method is
      highly sensitive and accurate. It provides more accurate, representative, and
      quantitative information than histochemical analyses. We believe that this method
      should find wide applications for analyzing the progression of myelofibrosis and
      efficacy of drug treatment.

PMID- 27358871
TI  - Megakaryopoiesis and platelet production: insight into hematopoietic stem cell
      proliferation and differentiation.
AB  - Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo successive lineage commitment steps to
      generate megakaryocytes (MKs) in a process referred to as megakaryopoiesis. MKs
      undergo a unique differentiation process involving endomitosis to eventually
      produce platelets. Many transcription factors participate in the regulation of
      this complex progress. Chemokines and other factors in the microenvironment where
      megakaryopoiesis and platelet production occur play vital roles in the regulation
      of HSC lineage commitment and MK maturation; among these factors, thrombopoietin
      (TPO) is the most important. Endomitosis is a vital process of MK maturation, and
      granules that are formed in MKs are important for platelet function. Proplatelets
      are firstly generated from mature MKs and then become platelets. The proplatelet
      production process was verified by novel studies that revealed that the mechanism
      is partially regulated by the invaginated membrane system (IMS), microtubules and
      Rho GTPases. The extracellular matrices (ECMs) and shear stress also affect and
      regulate the process while the mature MKs migrate from the marrow to the sub
      endothelium region near the venous sinusoids leading to the release of platelets
      into the circulation. This review describes the entire process of
      megakaryopoiesis in detail, illustrates both the transcriptional and
      microenvironmental regulation of MKs and provides insight into platelet
      biogenesis. 

PMID- 27358873
TI  - Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: macrophages engulfing red cells and
      neutrophils.

PMID- 27358872
TI  - Clinical relevance between CALR mutation and myeloproliferative neoplasms.
AB  - In late 2013, somatic mutations in calreticulin (CALR), mainly those involving
      insertions and deletions in exon 9, attracted the great attention of
      hematologists and researchers. These JAK2- and MPL- mutual exclusive mutations
      enjoy a favorable specificity and prevalence (20-30%) in patients with essential
      thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), suggesting promise for
      these mutations in disease management. Moreover, these genetic variations are now
      also considered as a group of independent risk factors for disease prognosis. In
      this mini-review, we will document the value of CALR mutations in disease
      diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategy selection, and we will discuss
      current advances in methods to detect these mutations. 

PMID- 27358875
TI  - Shp2 regulates leukemic stem cell frequency in MLL-rearranged acute myeloid
      leukemia.

PMID- 27358874
TI  - Mesenchymal stem cells as delivery vectors for anti-tumor therapy.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to
      migrate specifically to tumors and their metastatic sites when administered
      intravenously. This characteristic tumor tropism has opened up an emerging field
      to utilize MSCs as vectors to deliver anti-cancer agents for targeted therapies.
      Genetically engineered MSCs can specifically migrate to various tumors and
      locally secrete therapeutic proteins, such as interferon beta (IFN-beta) and IFN
      gamma, interleukin 12 and 24, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing
      ligand (TRAIL) or suicide gene/enzyme prodrug. In addition, MSCs have also been
      engineered to deliver oncolytic viruses and drug-loaded nanoparticles. Here, we
      present the characteristics of MSCs, the current progress on MSC mediated anti
      cancer agents delivery systems and the interaction between MSCs and tumors. 

PMID- 27358876
TI  - Targeting of leukemia-initiating cells in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
AB  - Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
      with peculiar molecular, phenotypic and clinical features and unique therapeutic
      response to specific treatments. The disease is characterized by a single,
      pathognomonic molecular event, consisting of the translocation t(15;17) which
      gives rise to the PML/retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) hybrid protein. The
      development of this leukemia is mainly related to the fusion oncoprotein
      PML/RARalpha, acting as an altered RAR mediating abnormal signalling and
      repression of myeloid differentiation, with consequent accumulation of
      undifferentiated promyelocytes. The prognosis of APL has dramatically been
      improved with the introduction in therapy of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and
      arsenic trioxide (ATO). The main effect of these two drugs is linked to the
      targeting of either RAR moiety of the PML/RARalpha molecule and induction of cell
      differentiation (ATRA) or of the PML moiety of the fusion protein and induction
      of leukemic cell apoptosis, including leukemic progenitors (mostly induced by
      ATO). These two drugs exhibited excellent synergism and determine a very high
      rate of durable remissions in low/intermediate-risk APLs, when administered in
      the absence of any chemotherapeutic drug. The strong synergism and the marked
      clinical efficacy of these two agents when administered together seem to be
      related to their capacity to induce PML/RARalpha degradation and complete
      eradication of leukemia stem cells. 

PMID- 27358877
TI  - Extensive cholelithiasis over 10 years in a patient with lymphoma.

PMID- 27358878
TI  - Mechanisms determining the fate of hematopoietic stem cells.
AB  - Successful in vitro expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) will facilitate
      the application of HSC transplantation for the treatment of various diseases,
      including hematological malignancies. To achieve this expansion, the molecular
      mechanisms that control the fate of HSCs must be deciphered. Leukemia-initiating
      cells (LICs) or leukemia stem cells (LSCs) may originate from normal HSCs, which
      suggest that the dysregulation of the mechanisms that regulate the cell fate of
      HSCs may underlie leukemogenesis. Here we review the recent progress in the
      application of HSCs, the regulatory mechanisms of the fate of HSCs, and the
      origins of leukemia. 

PMID- 27358879
TI  - Cancer stem cells and exosome signaling.
AB  - Exosomes have been recognized as mediators of intercellular communication among
      different cell populations in various biological model systems. By transfer of
      signaling molecules such as proteins, lipids, and RNAs between different cell
      types, exosomes are implicated in both physiological and pathological processes.
      The tumor microenvironment consists of multiple types of cells including adult
      stem cells, cancer stem cells, and stromal cells. These cells are known to
      intercommunicate with each other thereby modulating tumor progression. Recent
      studies have provided evidence demonstrating that exosomes mediate the
      interactions among different types of cells within the tumor microenvironment,
      providing new insight into how these cells interact with each other through
      exosome signaling. This review is focused on recent studies that have examined
      exosome-mediated intercommunication among cancer stem cells, adult stem cells,
      cancer cells, and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment. Based on the
      current literature, it seems clear that adult stem cells and cancer stem cells
      secret exosomes that can be transferred to their surrounding cells thereby
      modulating cancer progression. Likewise, cancer cells and stromal cells also
      release exosomes that can be taken up by cancer stem cells or adult stem cells,
      leading to alterations to their phenotype. The molecular mechanisms and
      biological consequences of the exosome-mediated interactions of these cells
      remain to be further elucidated. A better understanding of how exosomes mediate
      intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment and the specific
      biological consequences of these interactions will likely offer new opportunities
      in the development of diagnostic or therapeutic strategies against cancer. 

PMID- 27358880
TI  - Interplay of retinal determination gene network with TGF-beta signaling pathway
      in epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
AB  - As a fundamental event in the generation of tissues and organs during
      embryogenesis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has also been
      implicated in cancer progression by its ability to alter the plasticity of
      epithelial cells to acquire invasive properties. Evidence is mounting that
      ectopic activation of transforming growth factors beta (TGF-beta)/bone
      morphogenetic protein (BMP) superfamily members to enhance tumorigenesis and
      metastasis. In this respect, the Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN), which
      was identified to govern the normal initiation of the morphogenetic furrow in
      Drosophila, has now been found to be de-regulated in various types of cancers,
      and the key members of this network, DACH, SIX, and EYA, have emerged as novel co
      regulators of TGF- signaling during EMT. Understanding the molecular mechanism by
      which RDGN regulates TGF-beta/BMP signaling to influence EMT may lead to novel
      strategies for targeted therapies. 

PMID- 27358881
TI  - Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute myeloid leukemia with 11q23/MLL
      translocation in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia.
AB  - Although defined by the presence of t(9;22), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
      can have other concurrent additional cytogenetic changes, especially during
      disease progression. Additional chromosomal changes (ACAs) in CML often occur in
      Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive cells and are associated with disease
      acceleration and treatment resistance. Occasionally chromosomal changes occur in
      Ph-negative cells and this phenomenon is often transient and does not correlate
      with disease progression. Very rarely myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemia
      can develop in Ph-negative cells. In this study, we report an unusual case of
      acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with 11q23/MLL translocation emerging from Ph
      negative cells in a patient with CML. 

PMID- 27358882
TI  - Expression and function of P2 receptors in hematopoietic stem and progenitor
      cells.
AB  - Nucleotides have unambiguously emerged as a family of mediators of intercellular
      communication, which bind to a class of plasma membrane receptors, P2 receptors,
      to trigger intercellular signaling. P2 receptors can be further divided into P2X
      and P2Y subfamilies based on structure and function. Different hematopoietic
      cells express diverse spectrums of P2 receptors at different levels, including
      hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Extracellular adenosine
      triphosphate (ATP) exerts different effects on HSPCs, regulating cell
      proliferation, differentiation, migration, and chemotaxis, release of cytokines
      or lysosomal constituents, and generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species.
      The relationship between abnormal P2 receptor function and human diseases
      attracts more and more attention. This review summarizes the expression and
      function of P2 receptors in HSPCs and the relationship to hematopoietic diseases.

PMID- 27358883
TI  - Current insights into the diagnosis and treatment of inherited bone marrow
      failure syndromes in China.
AB  - Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFs) account for 20% of pediatric
      BMFs. Although recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of IBMFs in China
      have been published recently, improvements are still needed in making precise
      diagnoses and properly treating pediatric patients with IBMFs. This review
      provides current insights into IBMFs in China. The data of our single institution
      data showed that pediatric patients with IBMFs accounted for 7.4% of BMFs.
      However, the number of reported cases with IBMFs may be underestimated than the
      actual morbidity in China because of limitations in the detection approaches and
      lacking of awareness of these diseases in local hospitals. Although patients with
      IBMFs are candidates for bone marrow transplantation or gene therapy, their
      phenotypic heterogeneity can delay or incompetent diagnosis. The golden standard
      test for Fanconi anemia is the chromosome breakage test, but it can be completed
      by few hospital and diagnostic companies in China. In addition, there are still
      no consistent standardized testing methods for other rare IBMFs. Recently, the
      combined application of targeted capture and next-generation sequencing (NGS)
      provides and accurate and efficient diagnostic method for IBMFs. 

PMID- 27358884
TI  - Calreticulin (CALR) mutation in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs).
AB  - As a heterogeneous group of disease, myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have
      confused hematologists and hematopathologists with their protean clinical
      presentations and myriads of morphologies. A thought of classifying MPNs based on
      molecular alterations has gained popularity because there is increasing evidence
      that molecular or chromosomal alterations have a better correlation with clinical
      presentation, response to therapies, and prognosis than conventional
      morphological classification. This type of efforts has been facilitated by the
      advancement of molecular technologies. A significant number of gene mutations
      have been identified in MPNs with JAK2 and MPL being the major ones. However, a
      significant gap is present in that many cases of MPNs do not harbor any of these
      mutations. This gap is recently filled by the discovery of Calreticulin (CALR)
      mutation in MPNs without JAK2 or MPL mutation and since then, the clinical and
      molecular correlation in MPNs has become a hot research topic. There seems to be
      a fairly consistent correlation between CALR mutation and certain hematological
      parameters such as a high platelet count and a better prognosis in MPNs with CALR
      mutation. However, controversies are present regarding the risks of thrombosis,
      interactions of CALR with other gene mutation, the role of CALR in the
      pathogenesis, and the optimal treatment strategies. In addition, there are many
      questions remain to be answered, which all boiled down to the molecular
      mechanisms by which CALR causes or contributes to MPNs. Here, we summarized
      current published literatures on CALR mutations in MPNs with an emphasis on the
      clinical-molecular correlation. We also discussed the controversies and questions
      remain to be answered. 

PMID- 27358885
TI  - Evaluation of TCR repertoire diversity in patients after hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation.
AB  - T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analyses have been widely used to identify T
      cell populations of interest in cancer and autoimmunity and for characterizing
      immune repertoire reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
      (HSCT). Several decades of development and progress have led to the use of
      techniques for evaluating TCR repertoires in a more comprehensive, unbiased and
      fast manner, and the mechanisms of T cell immune reconstitution after HSCT and
      the new approaches used for recovering T cell repertoire diversity post HSCT have
      been more exhaustively documented to some degree. To better understand and
      characterize this progress, here we review recent studies on TCR repertoire
      diversity recovery in patients with leukemia and autoimmune disease who have
      received HSCT, impact factors and improvements in approaches for TCR repertoire
      recovery after HSCT. 

PMID- 27358886
TI  - Current approaches and advance in mantle cell lymphoma treatment.
AB  - Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a set of heterogeneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma
      characterized by involvement of lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and blood. Under
      conventional treatment, survival time is 4 to 5 years with short remission period
      and there is still no standard treatment for MCL. In general, a close observation
      period called "watchful waiting" is used in elderly patients with low-risk slow
      clinical progress. And intensive chemotherapy including high-dose of cytarabine
      +/- autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) is recommended
      for younger and fit patients. Allogenic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) and
      drugs targeting the cell metabolic pathway, such as bortezomib (NF-kappaB
      inhibitor) and lenalidomide (anti-angiogenesis drug), are considerable treatments
      for relapsed/refractory patients. Clinical trials and less intensive chemotherapy
      such as R-CHOP (rituximab with cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunomycin, oncovin and
      prednisone) and R-bendamustine should be considered for elderly MCL patients who
      are at intermediate/high risk. Recent clinical trials with ibrutinib (Bruton's
      Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor) and temsirolimus (mTOR inhibitor) have shown excellent
      efficacies in the treatment of MCL. This review will introduce the present status
      and major therapeutic progress in the treatment of MCL over recent years in order
      to provide a cutting edge to look into promising clinical progress of MCL. 

PMID- 27358889
TI  - Study of peripheral stem cells mobilization as a treatment line of pediatric
      dilated cardiomyopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells may be a promising intervention
      for the treatment of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDCM) in infant and
      children. So the aim of the work is to evaluate the efficacy of granulocyte
      colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a therapeutic modality in pediatric IDCM.
      METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 40 pediatric patients with
      IDCM. They were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, serum lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH), total creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), creatinine
      phosphokinase isoenzyme B (CK-MB) isoenzyme, and peripheral blood CD34(+) cell
      assessment before and at day 7 after subcutaneous G-CSF injection for 5
      consecutive days. Echocardiography was done before and 1, 3 and 6 months after
      therapy. RESULTS: Clinical improvement in the form of regression of patients
      Modified Ross heart failure (MRHC) classification classes. Increased percentage
      of CD34(+) mobilized cells from the bone marrow, and significant increase in
      blood counts especially white blood cells 7 days after G-CSF injection.
      Significant improvement was found in echocardiographic data evaluating systolic
      function of the heart [Ejection fraction, Fractional shortening and systolic
      velocity at mitral annulus (Sm)]. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of G-CSF may be
      beneficial in improving systolic functions of the heart in pediatric IDCM and
      more studies with a large number of patients are needed.

PMID- 27358890
TI  - Genome editing and stem cell therapy pave the path for new treatment of sickle
      cell disease.
AB  - Sickle-cell disease (SCD), also known as sickle-cell anemia, is a hereditary
      blood disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal hemoglobin, the oxygen
      carrying protein found in red blood cells. This devastating hematologic disease
      affects millions of children worldwide. Currently the only available cure is an
      allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) which is limited by the
      scarcity of fully-matched donors. SCD is caused by a single nucleotide mutation
      in the beta-globin gene. Correction of this genetic defect would provide a cure
      for the disease. Two recent murine studies have provided proof of principle for
      such a strategy by correcting the mutation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)
      using genome editing techniques. With transformative advances being made in the
      genome editing field, effective and precise manipulation of cellular genomes is
      becoming highly feasible. Genome editing techniques in combination with stem cell
      therapy should provide a safe and curative treatment of various genetic diseases
      such as SCD. 

PMID- 27358887
TI  - Alternative splicing acting as a bridge in evolution.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alternative splicing (AS) regulates diverse cellular and
      developmental functions through alternative protein structures of different
      isoforms. Alternative exons dominate AS in vertebrates; however, very little is
      known about the extent and function of AS in lower eukaryotes. To understand the
      role of introns in gene evolution, we examined AS from a green algal and five
      fungal genomes using a novel EST-based gene-modeling algorithm (COMBEST).
      METHODS: AS from each genome was classified with COMBEST that maps EST sequences
      to genomes to build gene models. Various aspects of AS were analyzed through
      statistical methods. The interplay of intron 3n length, phase, coding property,
      and intron retention (RI) were examined with Chi-square testing. RESULTS: With 3
      to 834 times EST coverage, we identified up to 73% of AS in intron-containing
      genes and found preponderance of RI among 11 types of AS. The number of exons,
      expression level, and maximum intron length correlated with number of AS per gene
      (NAG), and intron-rich genes suppressed AS. Genes with AS were more ancient, and
      AS was conserved among fungal genomes. Among stopless introns, non-retained
      introns (NRI) avoided, but major RI preferred 3n length. In contrast, stop
      containing introns showed uniform distribution among 3n, 3n+1, and 3n+2 lengths.
      We found a clue to the intron phase enigma: it was the coding function of introns
      involved in AS that dictates the intron phase bias. CONCLUSIONS: Majority of AS
      is non-functional, and the extent of AS is suppressed for intron-rich genes. RI
      through 3n length, stop codon, and phase bias bridges the transition from
      functionless to functional alternative isoforms.

PMID- 27358888
TI  - Haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation without T-cell depletion: current
      status and future perspectives.
AB  - Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation (HLA-haplo HSCT) without T-cell depletion has tremendously
      progressed over the past 20 years and has become a feasible treatment option for
      leukemia patients without an HLA-identical sibling donor. Advances in
      conditioning regimens, graft manipulation, and pharmacological graft-versus-host
      disease (GVHD) prophylaxis have reduced the risk of fatal graft failure and
      severe GVHD, two of the most serious complications of traversing the HLA barrier.
      According to clinical observations, killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)
      mismatch and donor-specific anti-HLA (DSA) antibodies-negative status play
      potential roles in reducing the risk of GVHD and graft failure following HLA
      haploidentical SCT. New strategies to improve transplant outcomes include donor
      lymphocyte, NK cell and selected T-cell subset infusion, mesenchymal stem cell
      (MSC) co-transplantation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) application. Future challenges
      remain in improving post-transplant immune reconstitution and finding the best
      approach to reduce the incidence and severity of GVHD while simultaneously
      preserving the graft-versus leukemia effect to prevent the recurrence of
      underlying malignancy. 

PMID- 27358891
TI  - Let-7 regulates cardiomyocyte regeneration.

PMID- 27358892
TI  - Stem cells, environment, and cancer risk.

PMID- 27358893
TI  - Long non-coding RNA regulation of liver cancer stem cell self-renewal offers new
      therapeutic targeting opportunities.
AB  - Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are critical regulators of gene expression, and can
      reprogram the transcriptome to modulate cellular processes involved in cellular
      growth and differentiation, and thereby contribute to tumorigenesis. In addition
      to effects on tumor cell growth, survival and cell signaling, lncRNA can modulate
      cancer stem cell (CSC) behavior, including the expression of pluripotency
      factors. The identification of lncRNA that are mechanistically linked to cancer
      stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, or aberrant signaling pathways
      associated with tumor growth or progression, offer new opportunities for
      therapeutic intervention. 

PMID- 27358894
TI  - Adipose-derived stem cells from lean and obese humans show depot specific
      differences in their stem cell markers, exosome contents and senescence: role of
      protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) in adipose stem cell niche.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) and its exosomes are gaining utmost
      importance in the field of regenerative medicine. The ASCs tested for their
      potential in wound healing are predominantly derived from the subcutaneous depot
      of lean donors. However, it is important to characterize the ASC derived from
      different adipose depots as these depots have clinically distinct roles. METHODS:
      We characterized the ASC derived from subcutaneous and omental depots from a lean
      donor (sc-ASCn and om-ASCn) and compared it to the ASC derived from an obese
      donor (sc-ASCo and om-ASCo) using flow cytometry and real time qPCR. RESULTS: We
      show that stem cell markers Oct4, Sal4, Sox15, KLF4 and BMI1 have distinct
      expression patterns in each ASC. We evaluated the secretome of the ASC and
      characterized their secreted exosomes. We show long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are
      secreted by ASC and their expression varied between the ASC's derived from
      different depots. Protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) regulates the mitogenic
      signals in stem cells. We evaluated the effect of silencing PKCdelta in sc-ASCn,
      om-ASCn, sc-ASCo and om-ASCo. Using beta-galactosidase staining, we evaluated the
      percentage of senescent cells in sc-ASCn, om-ASCn, sc-ASCo and om-ASCo. Our
      results also indicated that silencing PKCdelta increases the percentage of
      senescent cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our case-specific study demonstrates a role of
      PKCdelta in maintaining the adipose stem cell niche and importantly demonstrates
      depot-specific differences in adipose stem cells and their exosome content.

PMID- 27358895
TI  - Myelodysplastic Syndrome with concomitant t(5;21)(q15;q22) and del(5)(q13q33):
      case report and review of literature.
AB  - Chromosomal abnormalities lead to the development of hematologic malignancies
      such as Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS). Known chromosomal changes causing MDS
      include deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5, runt-related transcription
      factor 1 (RUNX1) also known as acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1), and very
      rarely fusion genes involving RUNX1 at t(5;21)(q15;q22). We present a case of a
      71-year-old female with MDS, refractory anemia with excess blasts, type 1, with a
      combination of two cytogenetic abnormalities, specifically a concomitant
      translocation between chromosomes 5q15 and 21q22 and deletion of chromosome
      5q13q33. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) using a probe for RUNX1
      (AML1), localized to 21q22, showed three FISH signals for RUNX1, consistent with
      rearrangement of RUNX1. Therapy was started with Lenalidomide leading to normal
      blood counts. Most significantly, repeat cytogenetics revealed normal karyotype
      and resolution of deletion on the long arm of chromosome 5 and a t(5;21). FISH
      negative for deletion 5q. The results altogether meet criteria for a complete
      cytogenetic remission (CR). We report a new case of t(5;21)(q15;q22) involving
      the RUNX1 gene and del(5)(q13q33) in a MDS patient, a combination of chromosomal
      abnormalities heretofore not reported in the literature. RUNX1 rearrangement is
      usually associated with an adverse prognosis in AML and MDS. Deletions of 5q are
      typically associated with poor prognosis in AML, however it is usually associated
      with a favorable prognosis in MDS. Our patient responded very well to
      Lenalidomide therapy with achievement of CR. Lenalidomide is approved for
      treatment of anemia in low and intermediate risk MDS with del (5q), however based
      on a search of literature it seems that RUNX1 mutations are also more prominent
      in patients who have responded to Lenalidomide therapy. MDS is a genomically
      unstable disease. Hence, it is conceivable that our patient started with a 5q
      minus syndrome and then acquired the second hit RUNX1 translocation leading to an
      accelerated phase of myeloid neoplasm or refractory anemia with excess blasts,
      type 1. Hence, the temporal relationship between acquisition of del 5q and RUNX1
      rearrangement may have influenced the clinical outcome and possibly response to
      therapy. 

PMID- 27358896
TI  - Chromatin rules.

PMID- 27358897
TI  - Bone marrow fibrosis in primary myelofibrosis: pathogenic mechanisms and the role
      of TGF-beta.
AB  - Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a Philadelphia chromosome negative
      myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) with adverse prognosis and is associated with
      bone marrow fibrosis and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Even though the discovery
      of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), thrombopoietin receptor (MPL) and calreticulin
      (CALR) mutations have brought new insights into the complex pathogenesis of MPNs,
      the etiology of fibrosis is not well understood. Furthermore, since JAK2
      inhibitors do not lead to reversal of fibrosis further understanding of the
      biology of fibrotic process is needed for future therapeutic discovery.
      Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is implicated as an important cytokine
      in pathogenesis of bone marrow fibrosis. Various mouse models have been developed
      and have established the role of TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
      Understanding the molecular alterations that lead to TGF-beta mediated effects on
      bone marrow microenvironment can uncover newer therapeutic targets against
      myelofibrosis. Inhibition of the TGF-beta pathway in conjunction with other
      therapies might prove useful in the reversal of bone marrow fibrosis in PMF. 

PMID- 27358898
TI  - Influence of IL-3 functional fragment on cord blood stem cell ex vivo expansion
      and differentiation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhIL-3) is a multiple hematopoietic
      growth factor, which enhances stem cell expansion and hematopoiesis regeneration
      in vitro and in vivo, when administrated in combination with other cytokines.
      However, the structure-function study of rhIL-3 remains rarely studied, so far.
      The purpose of this study was to recognize the short peptide with similar
      function as rhIL-3, and assess the hematopoietic efficacy in umbilical cord blood
      (UCB) stem cell culture as well. METHODS: Two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAb)
      (C1 and E1) were generated against rhIL-3 using hybridoma technique. Eleven short
      peptides were depicted and synthesized to overlap covering the full length
      sequence of rhIL-3. ELISA was employed to distinguish the antibody-binding
      peptide from the negative peptides. In addition, the multi-potential
      hematopoiesis capabilities of the positive peptides were evaluated by adding 25
      ng/mL of each peptide to the culture medium of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
      derived from UCB. Total nucleated cell number and the CD34(+) cell number from
      each individual treatment group were calculated on day 7. Correlated antibodies
      at 0.5 or 2 molar fold to each peptide were also tested in the stem cell
      expansion experiment, to further confirm the bioactivity of the peptides.
      RESULTS: Two peptides were recognized by the novel generated antibodies, using
      ELISA. Peptide 3 and 8 exhibited comparable hematopoiesis potentials, with
      25.01+/-0.14 fold, and 19.89+/-0.12 fold increase of total nucleated cell number
      on day 7, respectively, compared with the basal medium control (4.93+/-0.55
      fold). These biological effects were neutralized by adding the corresponding mAb
      at a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Our results identified two specific
      regions of rhIL-3 responsible for HSC proliferation and differentiation, which
      were located from 28 to 49 amino acids (P3), and 107 to 127 amino acids (P8),
      respectively. The short peptide 3 and 8 might act synergistically, which could
      serve as an economic substitute to rhIL-3 in research laboratory.

PMID- 27358899
TI  - CD34(+) therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia in a patient previously
      treated for breast cancer.
AB  - Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a long term complication of
      chemotherapy for a variety of cancers. In most cases, the marrow demonstrates
      high risk cytogenetics and the prognosis is poor. In a minority of patients "good
      risk" cytogenetics, including t(15;17)(q22;q12), are seen and the patient's
      prognosis is similar to those who have de novo disease. Currently we present a
      patient who developed therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) after
      chemoradiotherapy for breast cancer. This case was especially atypical because
      the leukemic cells were CD34(+), which is an unusual immunophenotype for APL.
      Recognition that this patient had APL, rather than the more common therapy
      related MDS or AML, was imperative to initiate chemotherapy in a timely manner. 

PMID- 27358900
TI  - Acute promyelocytic leukemia co-existing with JAK2 V617F positive
      myeloproliferative neoplasm: a case report.
AB  - The V617F mutation of Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) is commonly seen in
      myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Transformation of JAK2 positive MPNs to acute
      leukemia has been reported. We here report a case of acute promyelocytic leukemia
      which was later confirmed to have a co-existing JAK2 V617F positive MPN. In
      addition, the patient was found to have FLT3-TKD mutation, which, together with
      PML/RARa, could play a role in the MPN transformation to APL. 

PMID- 27358901
TI  - Primary splenic red pulp diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with anaplastic features.

PMID- 27358902
TI  - Identification of neural stem cell differentiation repressor complex Pnky-PTBP1.
AB  - Splicing increases immensely the complexity of gene products expressed in the
      cell. The precise regulation of splicing is critical for the development,
      homeostasis, and function of all tissues in the body, including those comprising
      the neural system. Ramos et al. recently identified Pnky as a long noncoding RNA
      expressed selectively in neural tissues that was implicated in the transition of
      neural stem cells (NSCs) to mature neurons. Pnky actions appeared to be mediated
      by its interaction with the splicing factor and RNA-binding protein (RBP)
      polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTBP1), as silencing either Pnky or PTBP1
      modulated in similar ways the patterns of spliced and expressed mRNAs in the
      cell. Strikingly, lowering the expression levels of Pnky or PTBP1 in NSCs
      actually enhanced neurogenesis, suggesting that the Pnky-PTBP1 complex elicited a
      splicing program of suppression of neurogenesis. With rapid progress in the
      design and delivery of RNA-based therapies, interventions to reduce Pnky levels
      may prove beneficial towards enhancing neurogenesis in disease states
      characterized by aberrant neuronal loss. 

PMID- 27358903
TI  - Analysis of TCR repertoires for tracking and evaluating distinct T cell subsets.

PMID- 27358905
TI  - The Demand for Cigarettes in Tanzania and Implications for Tobacco Taxation
      Policy.
AB  - The study attempts to estimate the demand for cigarettes in Tanzania and presents
      simulation results on the effect of the cigarette excise tax on smoking
      participation, government revenue, and related topics. After briefly summarizing
      the magnitude and spread of cigarette consumption in the country, the paper
      reviews some empirical estimates from African and other countries. The 2008
      Tanzanian household budget survey was used to estimate the demand for cigarettes
      in Tanzania. The descriptive statistics suggest that the smoking prevalence for
      Tanzania is 15.35 percent with low variability across expenditure (income)
      groups. Smoking intensity and per capita consumption were estimated at 7.08
      cigarettes and 1.33 cigarettes, respectively, a relatively low value. A two-part
      demand equation model was used to estimate various elasticities. For the overall
      equation, the price elasticities of smoking participation, smoking intensity, and
      total elasticity were estimated at -0.879, -0.853, and -1.732, respectively.
      Compared to similar results in other developing countries, the estimates appear
      quite high. When estimated by expenditure (income) groups, the magnitude of the
      elasticity appears higher among high expenditure groups than among low
      expenditure groups. Two simulation exercises were undertaken. First, the effect
      of different excise rates on smoking participation rate, cigarette consumption,
      tax revenue, and related responses was estimated and highlighted. Second, the
      same exercise was undertaken to determine the effect of a given increase in the
      cigarette excise tax on various expenditure groups. The overall results suggest
      that an increase in the excise tax on cigarettes in Tanzania would reduce
      cigarette consumption and increase government tax revenue.

PMID- 27358906
TI  - Data describing Rax positive optic-vesicle generation from mouse embryonic stem
      cells in vitro.
AB  - This article contains data related to the research article entitled
      "Specification of embryonic stem cell-derived tissues into eye fields by Wnt
      signaling using rostral diencephalic tissue-inducing culture" Sakakura (2016)
      [1]. Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) were used for the generation of optic
      vesicle-like tissues in vitro. In this article we described data in which a
      Rax::GFP knock-in ESC line was used to monitor the formation of optic tissues. In
      addition, we also described the data of regional marker expression of Rax, Sox2
      and Pax6 in vivo around the forebrain and the eye tissues for comparative
      purposes. These data can be valuable to researchers interested in investigating
      forebrain and eye tissue development. 

PMID- 27358904
TI  - HIV gp120 sequence variability associated with HAND in Hispanic Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: HIV-1 variants with different tropisms are associated with various
      neuropathologies. This study intends to determine if this correlation is
      determined by unique viral env sequences. We hypothesize that HIV-1 envelope gene
      sequence changes are associated with cognition status. METHODS: Viral RNA was
      extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultures derived
      from HIV-1 infected Hispanic women that had been characterized for HIV associated
      neurocognitive disorders (HAND). RESULTS: Analyses of the C2V4 region of HIV
      gp120 demonstrated that increased sequence diversity correlates with cognition
      status as sequences derived from subjects with normal cognition exhibited less
      diversity than sequences derived from subjects with cognitive impairment. In
      addition, differences in V3 and V4 loop charges were also noted as well as
      differences in the N-glycosylation of the V4 region. CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      suggest that the genetic signature within the C2V4 region may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of HAND. HIV env sequence characteristics for the isolates grouped
      in milder forms of HAND can provide insightful information of prognostic value to
      assess neurocognitive status in HIV+ subjects, particularly during the era of
      highly prevalent milder forms of HAND.

PMID- 27358907
TI  - Mass spectrometry data from a quantitative analysis of protein expression in
      gills of immuno-challenged blue mussels (Mytilus edulis).
AB  - Here, we provide the dataset associated with our research article on the
      potential effects of ocean acidification on antimicrobial peptide (AMP) activity
      in the gills of Mytilus edulis, "Impact of ocean acidification on antimicrobial
      activity in gills of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)" [1]. Blue mussels were
      stimulated with lipopolysaccharides and samples were collected at different time
      points post injection. Protein extracts were prepared from the gills, digested
      using trypsin and a full in-depth proteome investigation was performed using
      liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein
      identification and quantification was performed using the MaxQuant 1.5.1.2
      software, "MaxQuant enables high peptide identification rates, individualized
      p.p.b.-range mass accuracies and proteome-wide protein quantification" [2]. 

PMID- 27358908
TI  - Dataset of the use of tannin of nere (parkia-biglobosa) as a solution for the
      sustainability of the soil constructions in West Africa.
AB  - Soil is the main material of construction in African rural areas. Sustainability
      of construction with soil is a thorny problem to any builder. Finding ways to
      improve the durability of soil is not only essential but also salutary for the
      African rural community that mostly lives in soil-built houses that are very
      often short-lived. The present data assessed the resistance to simple compression
      and the resistance to bad weather by simulating rainfall alternations through a
      test of cycles of alternate watering and drying of blocks built from four types
      of different soils without binder, along with blocks built from the same soils. 

PMID- 27358909
TI  - Data on respiratory variables in critically ill patients with acute respiratory
      failure placed on proportional assist ventilation with load adjustable gain
      factors (PAV+).
AB  - The data show respiratory variables in 108 critically ill patients with acute
      respiratory failure placed on proportional assist ventilation with load
      adjustable gain factors (PAV+) after at least 36 h on passive mechanical
      ventilation. PAV+ was continued for 48 h until the patients met pre-defined
      criteria either for switching to controlled modes or for breathing without
      ventilator assistance. Data during passive mechanical ventilation and during PAV+
      are reported. Data are acquired from the whole population, as well as from
      patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome. The reported
      variables are tidal volume, driving pressure (DeltaP, the difference between
      static end-inspiratory plateau pressure and positive end-expiratory airway
      pressure), respiratory system compliance and resistance, and arterial blood
      gasses. The data are supplemental to our original research article, which
      described individual DeltaP in these patients and examined how it related to
      DeltaP when the same patients were ventilated with passive mechanical ventilation
      using the currently accepted lung-protective strategy "Driving pressure during
      assisted mechanical ventilation. Is it controlled by patient brain?" [1]. 

PMID- 27358910
TI  - Data from quantitative label free proteomics analysis of rat spleen.
AB  - The dataset presented in this work has been obtained using a label-free
      quantitative proteomic analysis of rat spleen. A robust method for extraction of
      proteins from rat spleen tissue and LC-MS-MS analysis was developed using a urea
      and SDS-based buffer. Different fractionation methods were compared. A total of
      3484 different proteins were identified from the pool of all experiments run in
      this study (a total of 2460 proteins with at least two peptides). A total of 1822
      proteins were identified from nine non-fractionated pulse gels, 2288 proteins and
      2864 proteins were identified by SDS-PAGE fractionation into three and five
      fractions respectively. The proteomics data are deposited in ProteomeXchange
      Consortium via PRIDE PXD003520, Progenesis and Maxquant output are presented in
      the supported information. The generated list of proteins under different regimes
      of fractionation allow assessing the nature of the identified proteins;
      variability in the quantitative analysis associated with the different sampling
      strategy and allow defining a proper number of replicates for future quantitative
      analysis. 

PMID- 27358911
TI  - Proteome data of whole saliva which are associated with development of oral
      mucositis in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.
AB  - Saliva as major human body fluid may act as an indicator of oral disease status.
      Oral mucositis is a common and often treatment-limiting side effect of
      radiotherapy for head and neck cancer patients. In this dataset, we provide the
      complete proteome dataset (raw and search files) of the patients at baseline of
      radiotherapy treatment in patients undergoing radiotherapy analyzed by nano
      liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In the data set,
      5323 tryptic peptides were identified which can be assigned to 487 distinct
      proteins (>=2 peptides). The MS data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange
      ("ProteomeXchange provides globally coordinated proteomics data submission and
      dissemination" [1]) via the PRIDE partner repository with the dataset identifier
      PRIDE: PXD003230. The data are associated with the previously published work,
      "Differences in the whole saliva baseline proteome profile associated with
      development of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients undergoing
      radiotherapy" [2]. 

PMID- 27358912
TI  - Renal rescue of dopamine D2 receptor function reverses renal injury and high
      blood pressure.
AB  - Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) deficiency increases renal inflammation and blood
      pressure in mice. We show here that long-term renal-selective silencing of Drd2
      using siRNA increases renal expression of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors
      and blood pressure in mice. To determine the effects of renal-selective rescue of
      Drd2 expression in mice, the renal expression of DRD2 was first silenced using
      siRNA and 14 days later rescued by retrograde renal infusion of adeno-associated
      virus (AAV) vector with DRD2. Renal Drd2 siRNA treatment decreased the renal
      expression of DRD2 protein by 55%, and DRD2 AAV treatment increased the renal
      expression of DRD2 protein by 7.5- to 10-fold. Renal-selective DRD2 rescue
      reduced the expression of proinflammatory factors and kidney injury, preserved
      renal function, and normalized systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These
      results demonstrate that the deleterious effects of renal-selective Drd2
      silencing on renal function and blood pressure were rescued by renal-selective
      overexpression of DRD2. Moreover, the deleterious effects of 45-minute bilateral
      ischemia/reperfusion on renal function and blood pressure in mice were
      ameliorated by a renal-selective increase in DRD2 expression by the retrograde
      ureteral infusion of DRD2 AAV immediately after the induction of
      ischemia/reperfusion injury. Thus, 14 days after ischemia/reperfusion injury, the
      renal expression of profibrotic factors, serum creatinine, and blood pressure
      were lower in mice infused with DRD2 AAV than in those infused with control AAV.
      These results indicate an important role of renal DRD2 in limiting renal injury
      and preserving normal renal function and blood pressure.

PMID- 27358913
TI  - Single-cell analysis of glandular T cell receptors in Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - CD4+ T cells predominate in salivary gland (SG) inflammatory lesions in Sjogren's
      syndrome (SS). However, their antigen specificity, degree of clonal expansion,
      and relationship to clinical disease features remain unknown. We used multiplex
      reverse-transcriptase PCR to amplify paired T cell receptor alpha (TCRalpha) and
      beta transcripts of single CD4+CD45RA- T cells from SG and peripheral blood (PB)
      of 10 individuals with primary SS, 9 of whom shared the HLA DR3/DQ2 risk
      haplotype. TCRalpha and beta sequences were obtained from a median of 91 SG and
      107 PB cells per subject. The degree of clonal expansion and frequency of cells
      expressing two productively rearranged alpha genes were increased in SG versus
      PB. Expanded clones from SG exhibited complementary-determining region 3 (CDR3)
      sequence similarity both within and among subjects, suggesting antigenic
      selection and shared antigen recognition. CDR3 similarities were shared among
      expanded clones from individuals discordant for canonical Ro and La
      autoantibodies, suggesting recognition of alternative SG antigen(s). The extent
      of SG clonal expansion correlated with reduced saliva production and increased SG
      fibrosis, linking expanded SG T cells with glandular dysfunction. Knowledge of
      paired TCRalpha and beta sequences enables further work toward identification of
      target antigens and development of novel therapies.

PMID- 27358916
TI  - Structural characterization of PEGylated polyethylenimine-entrapped gold
      nanoparticles: an NMR study.
AB  - NMR spectroscopy has been proven to be a useful method to characterize the
      spatial structure of polymer-protected nanoparticles (NPs). In the present study,
      polyethylenimine (PEI) partially modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used
      as a template to form gold NPs (Au NPs) via either sodium borohydride reduction
      or PEI amine-mediated self-reduction of Au salt. The formed two types of
      PEGylated PEI-entrapped Au NPs (PEI-mPEG-Au NPs) were characterized by UV-vis
      spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and their internal structures
      were characterized using NMR techniques. We show that the formed PEI-mPEG-Au NPs
      display a significant downfield shift in the proton signals of the innermost PEI
      methylene rather than the outer PEG methylene when compared to that of PEI-mPEG
      without Au NP entrapment. This result indicates that a strong interaction exists
      between the Au NPs and the innermost PEI, suggesting that the Au NPs are
      entrapped within individual PEI-mPEG instead of being stabilized by the surface
      PEG chains. In addition, the NMR diffusion coefficients of PEI (or PEG) in the
      PEI-mPEG-Au NPs are much higher than that of PEI-mPEG (without Au NPs), further
      demonstrating the effective Au NP entrapment. The present study provides a new
      physical insight into the internal spatial structure of polymer-protected Au NPs
      disclosed by NMR techniques, which may be used for structural characterization of
      other NP/polymer nanocomposites. 

PMID- 27358914
TI  - Attenuation of lung fibrosis in mice with a clinically relevant inhibitor of
      glutathione-S-transferase pi.
AB  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a debilitating lung disease characterized
      by excessive collagen production and fibrogenesis. Apoptosis in lung epithelial
      cells is critical in IPF pathogenesis, as heightened loss of these cells promotes
      fibroblast activation and remodeling. Changes in glutathione redox status have
      been reported in IPF patients. S-glutathionylation, the conjugation of
      glutathione to reactive cysteines, is catalyzed in part by glutathione-S
      transferase pi (GSTP). To date, no published information exists linking GSTP and
      IPF to our knowledge. We hypothesized that GSTP mediates lung fibrogenesis in
      part through FAS S-glutathionylation, a critical event in epithelial cell
      apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that GSTP immunoreactivity is increased in the
      lungs of IPF patients, notably within type II epithelial cells. The FAS-GSTP
      interaction was also increased in IPF lungs. Bleomycin- and AdTGFbeta-induced
      increases in collagen content, alpha-SMA, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total
      protein S-glutathionylation were strongly attenuated in Gstp-/- mice.
      Oropharyngeal administration of the GSTP inhibitor, TLK117, at a time when
      fibrosis was already apparent, attenuated bleomycin- and AdTGFbeta-induced
      remodeling, alpha-SMA, caspase activation, FAS S-glutathionylation, and total
      protein S-glutathionylation. GSTP is an important driver of protein S
      glutathionylation and lung fibrosis, and GSTP inhibition via the airways may be a
      novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IPF.

PMID- 27358915
TI  - STAT3 accelerates uterine epithelial regeneration in a mouse model of
      decellularized uterine matrix transplantation.
AB  - Although a close connection between uterine regeneration and successful pregnancy
      in both humans and mice has been consistently observed, its molecular basis
      remains unclear. We here established a mouse model of decellularized uterine
      matrix (DUM) transplantation. Resected mouse uteri were processed with SDS to
      make DUMs without any intact cells. DUMs were transplanted into the mouse uteri
      with artificially induced defects, and all the uterine layers were recovered at
      the DUM transplantation sites within a month. In the regenerated uteri, normal
      hormone responsiveness in early pregnancy was observed, suggesting the
      regeneration of functional uteri. Uterine epithelial cells rapidly migrated and
      formed a normal uterine epithelial layer within a week, indicating a robust
      epithelial-regenerating capacity. Stromal and myometrial regeneration occurred
      following epithelial regeneration. In ovariectomized mice, uterine regeneration
      of the DUM transplantation was similarly observed, suggesting that ovarian
      hormones are not essential for this regeneration process. Importantly, the
      regenerating epithelium around the DUM demonstrated heightened STAT3
      phosphorylation and cell proliferation, which was suppressed in uteri of Stat3
      conditional knockout mice. These data suggest a key role of STAT3 in the initial
      step of the uterine regeneration process. The DUM transplantation model is a
      powerful tool for uterine regeneration research.

PMID- 27358917
TI  - An electrochemical biosensor for rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 with highly
      efficient bi-functional glucose oxidase-polydopamine nanocomposites and Prussian
      blue modified screen-printed interdigitated electrodes.
AB  - The presence of pathogenic bacteria in foods has always been a great threat to
      the wellbeing of people and the revenue of food manufacturers. Therefore, the
      demand for advanced detection methods that can sensitively and rapidly detect
      these pathogens has been of great importance. This study reports an
      electrochemical biosensor for rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 with the
      integration of bifunctional glucose oxidase (GOx)-polydopamine (PDA) based
      polymeric nanocomposites (PMNCs) and Prussian blue (PB) modified screen-printed
      interdigitated microelectrodes (SP-IDMEs). The core-shell magnetic beads (MBs)
      GOx@PDA PMNCs were first synthesized by the self-polymerization of dopamine (DA).
      Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were dispersed on the surface of PMNCs through
      biochemical synthesis to achieve further highly efficient adsorption of
      antibodies (ABs) and GOx. The final product ABs/GOxext/AuNPs/MBs-GOx@PDA PMNCs
      served as the carrier to separate target bacteria from food matrices as well as
      the amplifier for electrochemical measurement. The unbound PMNCs were separated
      by a filtration step and transferred into glucose solution to allow the enzymatic
      reaction to occur. The change of the current response was measured with an
      electrochemical detector using PB-modified SP-IDMEs. The constructed biosensor
      has been proven to be able to detect E. coli O157:H7 with the detection limit of
      10(2) cfu ml(-1). The bifunctional PMNCs contain a high load of enzyme and can
      optimally utilize the binding sites on bacterial cells, which efficiently amplify
      the signals for measurement. The biosensor in this study exhibited good
      specificity, reproducibility, and stability and is expected to have a great
      impact on applications in the detection of foodborne pathogens. 

PMID- 27358918
TI  - [Wise and slowly].

PMID- 27358919
TI  - [Toxic epidermal necrolysis].

PMID- 27358920
TI  - [Lyell's syndrome].

PMID- 27358921
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358922
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358923
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358924
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358925
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358926
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358927
TI  - ECDC public consultation on the use of neuraminidase inhibitors.

PMID- 27358928
TI  - First European Union Laboratory Capability Monitoring System report published.

PMID- 27358929
TI  - [The editors of the journal "Vestnik obshchestvennoy gigieny, sudebnoy, and
      prakticheskoy meditsiny (The Bulletin of Public Hygiene, Forensic, and Practical
      Medicine) "V.I. Grebenshchikov and M.S. Uvarov].

PMID- 27358930
TI  - [The foreign experience with the application of the modern radiodiagnostic
      methods for the estimation of prescription of death coming and time of infliction
      of injury].
AB  - We undertook the analysis of the foreign publications concerning the application
      of the modern radiodiagnostic methods (including MSCT- and MRI-visualization)
      with reference to the solution of the traditional problems facing forensic
      medical expertise, such as the estimation of prescription of death coming and
      time of infliction of injury in the dead bodies. Both advantages and
      disadvantages of postmortem visualization of the corpses of adult subjects are
      discussed taking into consideration the period of time that elapsed between the
      death and the onset of the study as well as the character of the injuries. It was
      shown that the examination of the corpses using the up-to-date methods of
      radiodiagnostics prior to autopsy makes it possible for morphologists, jointly
      with radiologists, to identify, to see in the new light, and to evaluate the
      number of charges in the dead body, such as the alteration of the blood cell
      sedimentation rate, the formation of postmortem hypostases in the internal
      organs, the hardening of the walls of aorta and major blood vessels, right heart
      dilatation, gradual smoothing of the borderline between grey and white matter of
      the brain. Virtual autopsy can be useful , even for the study of such long-term
      processes in the corpses as putrefaction, saponification, mummification, and peat
      tanning. Moreover, this technique may be instrumental in the elucidation of the
      specific features of topographic-anatomical relationships between individual
      'tissues and organs, detection of the concealed lesions, and a variety of
      pathological changes. Postmortem visualization allows for the quantitative
      evaluation of the severity of these transformations and the preliminary
      estimation of prescription of death coming. Also, radiodiagnostic methods can be
      employed to reliably visualize and measure various hemorrhagic events (from the
      density of such ones as liquid and clotted blood) in the tissues surrounding the
      fractures, in body cavities, and internal organs as well as to establish the
      facts of inter-vital aspiration of blood, alimentary masses, liquid and solid
      foreign bodies penetrating into the upper sections of the respiratory and
      gastrointestinal tracts as the consequence f an injury. It is concluded that the
      postmortem visualization techniques employed to estimate prescription of death
      coming and time of infliction of injury as well as other complicated problems
      facing forensic medical expertize need the further scientifically based
      development.

PMID- 27358931
TI  - [The current state-of-the-art of the expert evaluation of medical documentation
      pertaining to the cases of death from an injury inflicted in a healthcare
      facility in the late; post-traumatic period].
AB  - This article presents a concise review of the literature data concerning the
      modern methods for the expert evaluation of medical documentation as an object of
      forensic medical examination. The authors lay special emphasis on the practical
      significance of this issue for the scientifically sound substantiation of the
      results of forensic medical expertise carried out for the elucidation of the
      causes of death and the relationship between the injury and the outcome of the
      medical aid provided for its treatment. The expert evaluation of medical
      documentation is equally important for the assessment of the harm to health and
      the cause of death as a consequence of a thermal and/or mechanical injury
      inflicted during the hospital stay and in the late post-traumatic period.

PMID- 27358932
TI  - [Forensic medical diagnostics of intra-vitality of the strangulation mark by
      morphological methods].
AB  - The objective of the present study WaS to overview the current domestic and
      foreign literature concerning the up-to-date methods employed for the expert
      evaluation of intra-vitality of the strangulation mark. The secondary objective
      was to propose the new approaches for addressing this problem. The methods of
      expert diagnostics with a view to determining the time of infliction of injuries
      as exemplified by mechanical asphyxia are discussed. It is concluded that
      immunohistochemical and morphometric studies provide the most promising tools for
      the evaluation of intra-vitality of the strangulation mark for the purpose of
      forensic medical expertise.

PMID- 27358933
TI  - [The 10th scientific and practical conference of young scientists and specialists
      of the Moscow Society of Forensic Medical Experts "Forensic medical science and
      practice", Moscow, 20 October 2015].

PMID- 27358935
TI  - California State Hospital Violence Assessment and Treatment (Cal-VAT) guideline.
AB  - Here we provide comprehensive guidelines for the assessment and treatment of
      violence and aggression of various etiologies, including psychotic aggression and
      impulsive aggression due to schizophrenia, mood disorders, ADHD, or trauma, and
      predatory aggression due to psychopathy and other personality disorders. These
      guidelines have been developed from a collection of prescribing recommendations,
      clinical trial results, and years of clinical experience in treating patients who
      are persistently violent or aggressive in the California Department of State
      Hospital System. Many of the recommendations provided in these guidelines employ
      off-label prescribing practices; thus, sound clinical judgment based on
      individual patient needs and according to institution formularies must be
      considered when applying these guidelines in clinical practice.

PMID- 27358936
TI  - Clinical assessment of psychotic and mood disorder symptoms for risk of future
      violence.
AB  - This article reviews important components to consider when evaluating the
      relationship of psychotic and mood disorder symptoms to violence. Particular
      attention is given to assessing persecutory delusions and command auditory
      hallucinations. Clinical implications of research findings to evaluating violence
      risk in psychiatric patients are reviewed.

PMID- 27358934
TI  - Impact of uncertainty in longitudinal T1 measurements on quantification of
      dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.
AB  - The objective of this study was to assess the uncertainty in T1 measurement, by
      estimating the repeatability coefficient (RC) from two repeated scans, in normal
      appearing brain tissues employing two different T1 mapping methods. All brain MRI
      scans were performed on a 3 T MR scanner in 10 patients who had low grade/benign
      tumors and partial brain radiation therapy (RT) without chemotherapy, at pre-RT,
      3 weeks into RT, end RT (6 weeks) and 11, 33, and 85 weeks after RT. T1-weighted
      images were acquired using (1) a spoiled gradient echo sequence with two flip
      angles (2FA: 5 degrees  and 15 degrees ) and (2) a progressive saturation
      recovery sequence (pSR) with five different TR values (100-2000 ms). Manually
      drawn volumes of interest (VOIs) included left and right normal putamen and
      thalamus in gray matter, and frontal and parietal white matter, which were
      distant from tumors and received a total of accumulated radiation doses less than
      5 Gy at 3 weeks. No significant changes or even trends in mean T1 from pre-RT to
      3 weeks into RT in these VOIs (p >= 0.11, Wilcoxon sign test) allowed us to
      calculate the repeatability statistics of between-subject means of squares,
      within-subject means of squares, F-score, and RC. The 2FA method produced RCs in
      the range of (9.7-11.7)% in gray matter and (12.2-14.5)% in white matter; while
      the pSR method led to RCs ranging from 10.9 to 17.9% in gray matter and 7.5 to
      10.3% in white matter. The overall mean (+/-SD) RCs produced by the two methods,
      12.0 (+/-1.6)% for 2FA and 12.0 (+/-3.8)% for pSR, were not significantly
      different (p = 0.97). A similar repeatability in T1 measurement produced by the
      time efficient 2FA method compared with the time consuming pSR method
      demonstrates that the 2FA method is desirable to integrate into dynamic contrast
      enhanced MRI for rapid acquisition.

PMID- 27358937
TI  - Clinical assessment of psychotic and mood disorder symptoms for risk of future
      violence.

PMID- 27358938
TI  - The importance of Developmental Origins of Health and  Disease research for
      Africa.

PMID- 27358940
TI  - Bilateral leg weakness and hypesthesia in a middle-aged female: question.

PMID- 27358939
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of Zika virus disease (first edition in 2016)].

PMID- 27358941
TI  - Progressive headache and lethargy in a middle-age female patient: question.

PMID- 27358942
TI  - Radioactive Standards Laboratory ININ as a reference laboratory in Mexico.
AB  - The Radioactive Standards Laboratory of the National Institute of Nuclear
      Research is the National reference laboratory for the measurement of
      radioactivity in Mexico. It has a gamma-ray spectrometry system with a high
      purity Ge-detector for measurements from 50 keV to 2000 keV, and develops
      standardized radioactive (beta-particle and gamma-ray emitting) sources in
      different geometries with uncertainties less than or equal to 5% for applications
      such as the calibration of radionuclide calibrators (clinically used dose
      calibrators), Ge-detectors and NaI(Tl) detectors.

PMID- 27358943
TI  - Comparison exercise on activity determination of radioactive waste drums in
      Taiwan.
AB  - The National Radiation Standard Laboratory of Taiwan organized in 2014 a
      comparison exercise by distributing 210 L drum-typed samples to seven radioactive
      waste analysis laboratories in Taiwan. Four drums were filled with uniformly
      distributed active carbon, water, resin and concrete, respectively and five drums
      were filled with cracked metals and heterogeneously distributed radioactive
      sources. Measurement uncertainties of participants results are in the range 3-40%
      (k=2) and about 96% of the reported results produced En values (ISO, 1997)
      smaller than one for drums with activity uniformly distributed. The minimum
      discrepancies, expressed as Bi values (ISO, 1997), of drums with heterogeneously
      distributed 137Cs and 60Co were 0.34 and 0.17, respectively.

PMID- 27358944
TI  - Monte Carlo based approach to the LS-NaI 4pibeta-gamma anticoincidence
      extrapolation and uncertainty.
AB  - The 4pibeta-gamma anticoincidence method is used for the primary standardization
      of beta-, beta+, electron capture (EC), alpha, and mixed-mode radionuclides.
      Efficiency extrapolation using one or more gamma ray coincidence gates is
      typically carried out by a low-order polynomial fit. The approach presented here
      is to use a Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulation of the detector system to analyze
      the efficiency extrapolation. New code was developed to account for detector
      resolution, direct gamma ray interaction with the PMT, and implementation of
      experimental beta-decay shape factors. The simulation was tuned to 57Co and 60Co
      data, then tested with 99mTc data, and used in measurements of 18F, 129I, and
      124I. The analysis method described here offers a more realistic activity value
      and uncertainty than those indicated from a least-squares fit alone.

PMID- 27358945
TI  - Dry deposition velocity of 137Cs and 134Cs in Spain after the Fukushima Dai-Ichi
      Nuclear Power Plant accident.
AB  - Aerosol samples collected at the Technical University of Catalonia in Barcelona
      were analysed for traces of 134Cs and 137Cs emitted during the Fukushima Dai-ichi
      Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011. Samples were collected with a high
      volume airborne particulate sampling system, and with a dry and wet deposition
      collection system for subsequent analysis. Due to the very low activities, the
      filters were measured in an underground ultra-low background laboratory. This has
      enabled the characterization of dry velocity deposition for 134Cs and 137Cs.
      Results show a dry velocity deposition of 0.07 cm s-1.

PMID- 27358946
TI  - Determination of 210Pb, 210Po, 226Ra, 228Ra and uranium isotopes in drinking
      water in order to comply with the requirements of the EU 'Drinking Water
      Directive.
AB  - The European Union published in 2013 a new Drinking Water Directive with stricter
      requirements for measuring natural radioactivity. In order to adhere to this, a
      method for sequential separation of 210Pb, 210Po, 238U and 234U in drinking water
      was applied using UTEVA(r) and Sr resins. Polonium-210, 238U and 234U were
      quantified using alpha-particle spectrometry and 210Pb using liquid scintillation
      counting. Radium-226 and 228Ra were determined using 3M Empore Radium RAD Disks,
      and their quantification was done using a QuantulusTM 1220 liquid scintillation
      counter.

PMID- 27358947
TI  - Design of cosmic veto shielding for HPGe-detector spectrometer.
AB  - A Monte Carlo simulation to optimize the shielding design of a cosmic-veto HPGe
      spectrometer is described. The incident sources were simulated using the CRY code
      and the effect on the integral background count rate of different shielding
      structures was evaluated using the simulation code GEANT4 with application of
      veto mechanics during simulation. This procedure has been validated by
      experimental results, and another optimized cosmic veto shielding for an HPGe
      detector has been illustrated.

PMID- 27358948
TI  - Application of GUM Supplement 1 to uncertainty of Monte Carlo computed efficiency
      in gamma-ray spectrometry.
AB  - The uncertainty of quantities relevant in gamma-ray spectrometry (efficiency,
      transfer factor, self-attenuation FA and coincidence summing FC correction
      factors) is realistically evaluated by Monte Carlo propagation of the
      distributions characterizing the parameters on which these quantities depend.
      Probability density functions are constructed and summarized as recommended in
      the GUM Supplement 1 and compared with the values obtained using the traditional
      approach (GUM uncertainty framework). Special cases when this approach encounters
      difficulties (FC uncertainty due to the uncertainty of decay scheme parameters,
      effect of activity and matrix inhomogeneity on efficiency) are also discussed.

PMID- 27358949
TI  - MGMA takes positions on 2015 Medicare physician fee schedule proposals.

PMID- 27358950
TI  - Partnerships for prevention.

PMID- 27358952
TI  - What are you wearing?.

PMID- 27358951
TI  - When it comes to payments, closely review your options.

PMID- 27358953
TI  - Preserving patient safety.

PMID- 27358954
TI  - New Zealand Guidelines for Adult Echocardiography 2015: The Cardiac Society of
      Australia and New Zealand.

PMID- 27358955
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358956
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358957
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358958
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358959
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358960
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358961
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358962
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27358963
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358964
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358965
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358966
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358967
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358968
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27358969
TI  - In Memoriam: Sandy Ford (1950-2015).

PMID- 27358970
TI  - From Farm to Fable.

PMID- 27358971
TI  - Tuberculosis and the traveller: evaluating and reducing  risk through travel
      consultation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the last 10 years have seen a slow decline in global
      tuberculosis (TB) incidence, it remains one of the most significant infectious
      diseases worldwide, with an estimated 9.6 million new cases and 1.5 million
      deaths in 2014. The consequences of contracting TB can be significant for the
      individual, with extended treatment requirements, risk of long-term health
      consequences and the possibility of transmitting infection to others among the
      complications of disease. METHODS: This review article discusses the risk of TB
      infection as a result of international travel including evaluation of risk, risk
      reduction and a proposed testing strategy for travel-related TB infection. A
      review of the relevant literature combined with expert opinion was used to
      formulate this article. RESULTS: The global TB epidemic is varied and dynamic,
      including changing patterns of both drug sensitive and drug resistant disease.
      The annual incidence of TB in individual countries such as South Africa may be
      greater than 800/100,000, while multidrug resistance is found in up to 19% of new
      cases in the Russian Federation. Recent surveys of traveller risk are presented
      for short and long-term travellers to various countries and settings. Overall,
      risk to travelers is low, with rates of acquiring latent TB less than 1% per
      travel year for most settings. However, detailed travel evaluation is necessary
      to evaluate individual risk. Travellers with immunosuppressive conditions are at
      high risk for progression to active disease if infected, and should have special
      consideration in travel consultation. DISCUSSION: It is important for
      practitioners giving advice regarding tuberculosis risk and travel to access up
      to-date information regarding local conditions. This article provides an approach
      to assessment and management of TB in travellers, including a guide to pre- and
      post-travel evaluation, testing and vaccination.

PMID- 27358972
TI  - Exportations of Symptomatic Cases of MERS-CoV Infection to Countries outside the
      Middle East.
AB  - In 2012, an outbreak of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome
      coronavirus (MERS-CoV), was detected in the Arabian Peninsula. Modeling can
      produce estimates of the expected annual number of symptomatic cases of MERS-CoV
      infection exported and the likelihood of exportation from source countries in the
      Middle East to countries outside the region.

PMID- 27358973
TI  - [Chronic pancreatitis diagnosed after the first attack of acute pancreatitis].

PMID- 27358975
TI  - [Corticosteroids in the treatment of infectious diseases].

PMID- 27358974
TI  - RESPONSE.

PMID- 27358976
TI  - [Fecal microbiota transplantation].

PMID- 27358978
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27358977
TI  - [Lead poisoning].

PMID- 27358980
TI  - [Metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and lactic acidosis].

PMID- 27358979
TI  - [Epicardial fat as another stone in the mosaic of cardiovascular risk
      specification?].

PMID- 27358981
TI  - [The population of patients with diabetes has changed,  the patients live longer
      and are at greater risk of heart failure].

PMID- 27358982
TI  - [DRESS syndrome].

PMID- 27358983
TI  - Malaria.

PMID- 27358984
TI  - John Keats: science and sympathy.

PMID- 27358985
TI  - Robert Charles Strunk.

PMID- 27358986
TI  - Author Response.

PMID- 27358987
TI  - Author Response.

PMID- 27358988
TI  - Caring for memories.

PMID- 27358989
TI  - Anne Deborah Atai-Omoruto.

PMID- 27358990
TI  - Glamour.

PMID- 27358991
TI  - Desperately seeking reductions in health inequalities: perspectives of UK
      researchers on past, present and future directions in health inequalities
      research.
AB  - Following government commitments to reducing health inequalities from 1997
      onwards, the UK has been recognised as a global leader in health inequalities
      research and policy. Yet health inequalities have continued to widen by most
      measures, prompting calls for new research agendas and advocacy to facilitate
      greater public support for the upstream policies that evidence suggests are
      required. However, there is currently no agreement as to what new research might
      involve or precisely what public health egalitarians ought to be advocating. This
      article presents an analysis of discussions among 52 researchers to consider the
      feasibility that research-informed advocacy around particular solutions to health
      inequalities may emerge in the UK. The data indicate there is a consensus that
      more should be been done to learn from post-1997 efforts to reduce health
      inequalities, and an obvious desire to provide clearer policy guidance in
      future.However, discussions as to where researchers should now focus their
      efforts and with whom researchers ought to be engaging reveal three distinct ways
      of approaching health inequalities, each of which has its own epistemological
      foundations. Such differences imply that a consensus on reducing health
      inequalities is unlikely to materialise. Instead, progress seems most likely if
      all three approaches are simultaneously enabled.

PMID- 27358992
TI  - [Domestication of suspension CHO cells and its application in the expression of
      anti-PSMA antibody].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To domesticate adherent Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells into
      suspension CHO cells (CHO-S) cultured in serum-free medium,and evaluate the
      application of the CHO-S cells in antibody expression. METHODS: Adherent CHO
      cells were domesticated into CHO-S cells through suspension culture and gradually
      decreasing the serum concentration, and eventually the cells were cultured in
      serum-free medium. Based on the anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen ( PSMA)
      single chain antibody fragment ( Sc Fv) gene sequence obtained from a phage
      display library, the genes of heavy and light chains were designed, synthesized
      and cloned into the pc DNA3. 1 vector,and the products were named pc DNA3. 1-HC
      and pc DNA3. 1-LC respectively. The plasmids were transiently transfected at the
      ratio of light and heavy chain 3 ? 1 into CHO-S cells using Free Style MAX
      transfection reagent, and the supernatants were harvested at day 7 after
      transfection. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting were used to detect the antibody
      expression,and flow cytometry was applied to evaluate its binding activity to
      PSMA positive cells. RESULTS: The adherent CHO cells were successfully
      domesticated into CHO-S cells. Expression plasmids for anti-PSMA antibody heavy
      chain and light chain were successfully constructed,and anti-PSMA antibody could
      be secretively expressed in CHO-S cells. Flow cytometry showed that the expressed
      antibody could specifically bind to PSMA positive cells. CONCLUSION: CHO-S cel s
      were successful y domesticated from adherent CHO cells, and could be used for
      antibody expression. This study provided a useful tool for further antibody
      expression, purification and function study.

PMID- 27358993
TI  - Response to Hall.

PMID- 27358994
TI  - Moving Forward.

PMID- 27358995
TI  - Relationships between water quality parameters in rivers  and lakes: BOD5, COD,
      NBOPs, and TOC.
AB  - Biological oxygen demand (BOD5) or chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis is
      widely used to evaluate organic pollutants in water systems as well as the
      efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. However, both analysis methods have
      restrictions such as being insensitive, imprecise, time-consuming, and the
      production of chemical waste. Therefore, total organic carbon (TOC) analysis for
      organic pollutants has been considered for an alternative analysis instead of
      BOD5 or COD. Several studies have investigated the replacement of BOD5 or COD
      with TOC in wastewater samples; however, few studies have investigated the
      relationships between water quality parameters in rivers and lakes. Therefore,
      this study evaluated the relationships between BOD5, COD, or NBOPs and TOC by the
      analysis of national water quality monitoring data of rivers and lakes for 5
      years. High correlation coefficients (r) of 0.87 and 0.66 between BOD5 and TOC (p
      < 0.05) were obtained for rivers and lakes, respectively, and strong correlation
      coefficients (r) of 0.93 and 0.75 were observed between COD and TOC (p < 0.05)
      for rivers and lakes, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) between NBOPs
      and TOC was 0.93 for rivers and 0.72 for lakes. The coefficients of determination
      (R 2) were 0.75 and 0.44 between BOD5 and TOC for rivers and lakes as well as
      were 0.87 and 0.57 between COD and TOC for rivers and lakes, respectively. The
      coefficient of determination (R 2) between NBOPs and TOC was 0.73 for rivers and
      0.52 for lakes.

PMID- 27358996
TI  - Monitoring and assessment of anthropogenic activities in mountain lakes: a case
      of the Fifth Triglav Lake in the Julian Alps.
AB  - The Fifth Triglav Lake is a remote mountain lake in the Julian Alps. The area of
      the Julian Alps where the lake is situated is protected by law and lies within
      the Triglav National Park. Mountain lakes in Slovenia were considered for a long
      time as pristine, unpolluted lakes, but analyses in the last decade revealed
      considerable human impact even in such remote places. Eutrophication or excessive
      accumulation of nutrients is the main problem of most lakes in the temperate
      climatic zone, also in Slovenia. Since the introduction of fish in 1991, the lake
      is going through a series of changes for which we do not know exactly where they
      lead, so the monitoring and assessment of anthropogenic activities are of great
      importance. For this purpose, a qualitative multiattribute decision model was
      developed with DEX method to assess ecological effects on the lake. The extent of
      the ecological effects on the lake is assessed using four main parameters: the
      trophic state, lake characteristics, environmental parameters, and anthropogenic
      stressors. Dependence of environmental impact on various external factors beyond
      human control, such as temperature, precipitation, retention time, and factors on
      which we have influence, such as the amount of wastewater and the presence of
      fish in the lake, were also evaluated. The following data were measured:
      chlorophyll a, nutrients, TP, oxygen, C/N ratio, nutrients in sediment,
      temperature, precipitation, retention time, and volume. We made assumptions about
      fish and wastewater, which we could not measure. The main contributions of this
      work are the designed model and the obtained findings for the Fifth Triglav Lake
      that can help not only scientists in understanding the complexity of lake
      watershed systems and interactions among system components but also local
      authorities to manage and monitor the lake aquatic environment in an effective
      and efficient way. The model is flexible and can be also used for other lakes,
      assuming that the used parameters are measured and anthropogenic stressors are
      adjusted to a specific situation. The results of assessment are of particular
      interest for decision makers in protected areas, providing a new approach to the
      management of the quality of the water environment.

PMID- 27358997
TI  - Rapid integrated water quality evaluation of Mahisagar river using benthic
      macroinvertebrates.
AB  - The water quality of Mahisagar river, near Galteshwar in Kheda district of
      Gujarat, India, was assessed through a rapid integrated technique by
      physicochemical parameters as well as benthic macroinvertebrates. Physicochemical
      parameters retrieved were pH, color, conductivity, total solids, total suspended
      solids, total dissolved solids, chlorides, total hardness, calcium hardness,
      magnesium hardness, alkalinity, turbidity, ammoniacal nitrogen, chemical oxygen
      demand, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, sulfates, and nitrates. The
      biological indices calculated were BMWP (Bio Monitoring Working Party) score or
      saprobic score and sequential comparison index or diversity score. In total, 37
      families were encountered along the studied river stretch. The findings indicate
      that the water quality of Mahisagar river at sampled locations is "slightly
      polluted." Moreover, the results of physicochemical analysis are also in
      consonance with the biological water quality criteria developed by Central
      Pollution Control Board.

PMID- 27358998
TI  - Landslides susceptibility change over time according to terrain conditions in a
      mountain area of the tropic region.
AB  - Susceptibility to landslides in mountain areas results from the interaction of
      various factors related to relief formation and soil development. The assessment
      of landslide susceptibility has generally taken into account individual events,
      or it has been aimed at establishing relationships between landslide-inventory
      maps and maps of environmental factors, without considering that such
      relationships can change in space and time. In this work, temporal and space
      changes in landslides were analysed in six different combinations of date and
      geomorphological conditions, including two different geological units, in a
      mountainous area in the north-centre of Venezuela, in northern South America.
      Landslide inventories from different years were compared with a number of
      environmental factors by means of logistic regression analysis. The resulting
      equations predicted landslide susceptibility from a range of geomorphometric
      parameters and a vegetation index, with diverse accuracy, in the study area. The
      variation of the obtained models and their prediction accuracy between geological
      units and dates suggests that the complexity of the landslide processes and their
      explanatory factors changed over space and time in the studied area. This calls
      into question the use of a single model to evaluate landslide susceptibility over
      large regions.

PMID- 27358999
TI  - Spatial and temporal variations in non-point source losses of nitrogen and
      phosphorus in a small agricultural catchment in the Three Gorges Region.
AB  - Losses of agricultural pollutants from small catchments are a major issue for
      water quality in the Three Gorges Region. Solutions are urgently needed. However,
      before pollutant losses can be controlled, information about spatial and temporal
      variations in pollutant losses is needed. The study was carried out in the
      Wangjiagou catchment, a small agricultural catchment in Fuling District,
      Chongqing, and the data about non-point source losses of nitrogen and phosphorus
      was collected here. Water samples were collected daily by an automatic water
      sampler at the outlets of two subcatchments from 2012 to 2014. Also, samples of
      surface runoff from 28 sampling sites distributed through the subcatchments were
      collected during 12 rainfall events in 2014. A range of water quality variables
      were analyzed for all samples and were used to demonstrate the variation in non
      point losses of nitrogen and phosphorus over a range of temporal and spatial
      scales and in different types of rainfall in the catchment. Results showed that
      there was a significant linear correlation between the mass concentrations of
      total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate (NO3-N) in surface runoff and that the
      relationship was maintained with changes in time. Concentrations of TN and NO3-N
      peaked after fertilizer was applied to crops in spring and autumn; concentrations
      decreased rapidly after the peak values in spring but declined slowly in autumn.
      N and P concentrations fluctuated more and showed a greater degree of dispersion
      during the spring crop cultivation period than those in autumn. Concentrations of
      TN and NO3-N in surface runoff were significantly and positively correlated with
      the proportion of the area that was planted with corn and mustard tubers, but
      were negatively correlated with the proportion of the area taken up with rice and
      mulberry plantations. The average concentrations of TN and NO3-N in surface
      runoff reached the highest level from the sampling points at the bottom of the
      land used for corn only, but lowest in rice fields. Slope gradient had a
      significant positive correlation with TN's and total phosphorus (TP)'s
      concentration losses. Concentrations of TN, NO3-N, and total phosphorus were
      significantly correlated with rainfall. Peak concentrations of ammoniacal
      nitrogen occurred during the fertilizer application period in spring and autumn.
      Different structures of land use types had a significant influence on the
      concentration losses of nitrogen and phosphorus; thus, using a reasonable way to
      adjust land use structure and spatial arrangement of whole catchment was an
      effective solution to control non-point source pollution of the Three Gorges
      Region.

PMID- 27359000
TI  - Assessment of groundwater quality using DEA and AHP: a case study in the
      Sereflikochisar region in Turkey.
AB  - This study investigated the spatial distribution of groundwater quality in
      Sereflikochisar Basin, in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey using different
      hydrochemical, statistical, and geostatistical methods. A total of 51 groundwater
      samples were collected from the observation wells in the study area to evaluate
      the characteristics of the groundwater quality. As a relatively simple and
      practical method, a groundwater quality index (GWQI) was developed to evaluate
      the overall groundwater quality. In this process, complex decision-making
      techniques such as analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis
      (DEA) were used. Based on these models, two new indices (A-GWQI and D-GWQI) were
      proposed. According to the D-GWQI score (from 0.6 to 1), water quality was
      classified in four categories as unsuitable (0.6-0.7), permissible (0.7-0.8),
      good (0.8-0.9), and excellent (0.9-1). The spatial distribution maps of the
      groundwater quality were created using the Kriging method. For each map, seven
      different semivariogram models were tested and the best-fitted model was chosen
      based on their root mean square standardized error. These maps showed that the
      areas with high groundwater quality were in the eastern and southern parts of the
      study area where the D-GWQI scores were greater than 0.8. Depending on the
      distance from the Salt Lake, the characteristics of groundwater changed from NaCl
      to NaHCO3 and CaHCO3 facies. This study shows how to determine the spatial
      distribution of the groundwater quality and identify the impact of salt lakes on
      the groundwater quality in inland aquifers. The findings of this study can be
      applied to ensure the quality of groundwater used for drinking and irrigation
      purposes in the study area.

PMID- 27359002
TI  - Hiring a nutritionist?

PMID- 27359003
TI  - Preserving patient safety.

PMID- 27359001
TI  - Cadmium and lead in seafood from the Aratu Bay, Brazil and the human health risk
      assessment.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) levels in seafood and
      perform a risk assessment based on individual food consumption frequency of
      inhabitants of the Aratu Bay, Brazil. From December 2013 to November 2014, ready
      to-market seafood, including fish [pititinga (Lile piquitinga) and small green
      eel (Gobionellus oceanicus)], mollusks [mussel (Mytella guyanensis) and oyster
      (Crassostrea rhizophorae)], and crustaceans [white shrimp (Litopenaeus schmitti)
      and blue crab (Callinectes exasperatus)], were purchased bimonthly from a local
      artisanal shellfish harvester. Metal levels were analyzed by graphite furnace
      atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Based on the volunteer' seafood
      consumption, estimates of the non-carcinogenic target hazard quotients (THQs)
      were calculated. The annual concentrations (MUg/g, w/w) of Cd were 0.007 (+/
      0.001) in crustaceans, 0.001 (+/-0.0003) in fish, and 0.446 (+/-0.034) in
      mollusks. Lead levels were <limit of detection (LOD) in crustaceans, 0.044 (+/
      0.0032) in fish, and 0.111 (+/-0.009) in mollusks. All values were within the
      international guidelines. We observed that 90.9 % of the responders presented an
      average THQ < 1, which is classified as negligible risk; however, 9.1 % presented
      THQs between >=1 and <9.9. These data are important to inform the community of
      the imminent exposure risk through communication strategies, with the purpose of
      minimizing exposure and, consequently, the health effects associated with it.

PMID- 27359004
TI  - ICD-10 delay gives opportunity to take low-cost, high-impact steps to prepare for
      the new code set.

PMID- 27359005
TI  - DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE HEALTH LAW: OVERVIEW AND SUGGESTIONS.
AB  - Health law is a rapidly developing law specialty in China. This article examines
      the current overall framework and evolution of Chinese health law, as a
      background to an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this legal
      regime. Research suggests that: 1) The independent status of Chinese health law
      as jurisprudence and a specialty ought to be assured altogether; 2) The
      convergence between health law and other laws should be strengthened; 3) The
      current Chinese health law framework ought to be completed. This suggests the
      necessity to find ways to improve the independence of health law in China by
      eliminating the convergence and completing the legal framework.

PMID- 27359006
TI  - THE WHO DEFINITION OF HEALTH: A CRITICAL READING.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to clarify the meaning of health, starting from
      the analysis of the definition of health stated by the World Health Organization
      (WHO) in 1948, highlighting its strengths and its critical aspects. The
      considerations on the opportunity to revise the definition of health, adapting it
      to the changed conditions of the world population, gave rise to a proposal for a
      new definition focused on the ability to adapt and self-manage in face of social,
      physical, and emotional challenges. Even though we recognize that adaptation and
      self-management are important qualities, we have to question the extrinsic
      conditions to which health is subordinate. Thus, if we evaluate this definition
      as suitable, we must clarify how health is necessarily linked to socio-economic
      and environmental policies, paying attention to the procedure to be followed in
      order to pass from what ought to be to what is.

PMID- 27359007
TI  - MKHITAR GOSH'S MEDIEVAL LAW CODE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR ARMENIAN COMMUNITIES
      ABROAD.
AB  - The Law Book of the medieval Armenian legal and economic thought is an
      exceptional work that encompasses valuable information of the Armenian nation's
      domestic life. Mkhitar Gosh was considered to be one of the most outstanding
      figures and lawyers (lawmakers) of all times. Armenian Law Code after Mkhitar
      Gosh is writhed at 12 century. One of the primary sources for the law code was
      Armenian customary law. This Code became moral code for guiding for hall
      Armenians over the world because of high moral spirit reflecting Armenian
      mentality. This article presents the brief history of extension of legal rules
      setting out in the Law Code. The Law Code was established and widely used not
      only in Armenia but also in a number of Armenian communities abroad (Russian,
      Poland, Georgia, Latvia, India etc.). Law Code was accepted by all Armenians.
      Moreover, it served for the development of legislation for a number of civilized
      European and Asian countries.

PMID- 27359008
TI  - IS IT TIME TO TEACH MEDICAL ETHICS TO EMT'S? AN ISRAELI CASE STUDY.
AB  - In 2012, the Israeli actor and director Doron Nesher had a stroke and his family
      called the Israeli Emergency Service to take him to the hospital. On arrival, the
      medical crew encountered resistance by the patient who refused to receive
      treatment and to be accompanied to the hospital. After all of the crew's
      persuasion attempts that lasted about two hours failed, the crew left the scene
      without the patient, against his tearing wife's repeated requests. Hours later,
      the family, with the help of neighbors, took Mr. Nesher to the hospital in a
      private car, rolled up in a carpet. In this paper, I claim that the medical crew
      made an ethical error by not forcing the patient to go to the hospital. However,
      I do not blame the crew itself, but rather point my finger towards two
      institutional culprits: the Israeli Emergency Medical Service and the Israeli
      medical ethics education of paramedics and emergency medical technicians. I
      recommend that we start teaching medical ethics to paramedical professions.

PMID- 27359009
TI  - ANNOTATION TAKEN, IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CRIMINAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, AS WELL
      AS IN CRIMINOLOGY, TO THE DECISION OF THE PORTUGUESE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, OF
      JANUARY 13, 2011--WITH RESPECT TO THE PROBLEMS OF "CONSENT" AND "MEDICAL ACT".
AB  - 1--Summary of the decision taken by the Portuguese Constitutional Court, of
      January 13, 2011; 2--Complete text of the decision of the Portuguese
      Constitutional Court, of January 13, 2011, Judge Maria Joao ANTUNES (Reporter),
      Judge Carlos Pamplona de OLIVEIRA, Judge Jose Borges SOEIRO, Judge Gil GALVAO,
      Judge Rui Manuel Moura RAMOS (President)--in terms of the appositive declaration
      to the sentence n. 487/2010: t.c.http://www. tribunalconstitucional.pt, August 1,
      2011; 3--Brief annotation to the problem of the "medical act"; 3.1--Plus some
      conclusions on the brief annotation to the problem of the "medical act"; 3.2-
      Brief annotation to the problem of "consent"--continuation of the previous
      comments; 4--Conclusions. It must never be forgotten that "consent" does not
      stand as the only cause of exclusion of unlawfulness.

PMID- 27359010
TI  - THE DUTY TO PERFORM A PATIENT RECALL.
AB  - In this article the so-called patient recall duty is discussed. More
      specifically, it has been determined if and when a physician should inform his
      former patients about newly discovered side effects relating to previously
      executed treatments. Although such an obligation may be surprising there are, in
      my view, sufficient arguments to justify the duty to perform a patient recall in
      some cases. The potential objections to the imposition of this duty do not alter
      my opinion. However, it is by no means the intention to impose on the physician a
      general post information obligation. In my opinion, two fundamental criteria
      should be taken into account in order to assess when the physician is obliged to
      carry out a patient recall, namely: the severity of the potential harm, and the
      foreseeability of the potential harm. This can be derived from similar existing
      criteria in other areas in which a recall obligation exists and from the case law
      concerning patient recall.

PMID- 27359011
TI  - HANNIBAL REVISITED: ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER VERSUS PSYCHOPATHY--MEDICO
      LEGAL PERSPECTIVES FROM SOUTH AFRICA.
AB  - Psychopathy and its relation to criminal behaviour has been the focus of clinical
      research for many years. Within the context of South African criminal law, the
      impact of psychopathy on criminal liability has been addressed in numerous
      decisions with varying outcomes all indicative of the reality that psychopathy
      will at most serve as a factor in mitigation of sentence, but will not exonerate
      an accused of criminal responsibility. In this contribution, the author reflects
      on the diagnostic entities of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder
      against the backdrop of South African criminal law cases in terms of which either
      of these entities were raised in support of mitigation of sentence and/or as
      extenuating circumstances.

PMID- 27359012
TI  - INTRODUCTORY EDITORIAL.

PMID- 27359013
TI  - THE ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PSYCHOLOGIST AS THERAPIST AND
      THE PATIENT.
AB  - The two main ethical issues in the relationship between the psychotherapist and
      patient have been mentioned to be: Sexual involvement between the Psychologist
      and patient, and the dilemma of confidentiality so called the double loyalty of
      the therapist. This article will professionally discuss the nature and
      implications of these two phenomena; and it will propose preventive measures and
      strategies to cope with.

PMID- 27359014
TI  - PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ILLNESS CONDITIONS AND PHYSICAL DISABILITIES, AND
      THEIR PLACE IN THE DISCOURSE--OR BETTER TO SAY: IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
      PHYSICIAN AND PATIENT.
AB  - This article is based on the idea that, in the dialogue between physician and
      patient, aside from determining "what kind of illness a person has", it is
      equally important to acknowledge "what kind of person stands behind the illness".
      This means that the psychological meaning denoted by the patient to the
      physician's explanations referring to his/her impaired medical condition, and
      nature of the disability, is most important in determining whether the patient
      will--in the psychological sense--perceive him/herself as handicapped. Basic
      concepts in the patient's coping process with the medical condition, and the
      proper adjustment to a possible disability are: adaptation to an adequate, new
      body image; awareness--as a cognitive procedure; acceptance--as an emotional
      entity.

PMID- 27359015
TI  - ADOPTION IN SHARI'A LAW, ITS IMPACT ON THE MUSLIM MINORITY IN ISRAEL, AND THE
      THERAPIST-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP WHEN PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION IS NECESSARY.
AB  - Adoption is an act of kindness and an expression of the most exalted of human
      morality. It fulfills the needs of both the adoptive parents and the adopted
      child. Muslim religious law has rejected the concept of adoption as it exists in
      the western world and presents several alternatives including personal liability,
      declaration of guardianship, bestowing a gift and leaving a last will and
      testament. Nevertheless, over the past 20 years, the Arab-Muslim population in
      Israel has developed a certain acceptance of the more typical concept of adoption
      and the willingness to accept the civil legislation that is applied in domestic
      courts in Israel. This gradual integration into Israeli society as well as the
      very act of adoption, which remains controversial, often creates the need for
      treatment, consultation and guidance for the adoptive family and the adopted
      child. The traditional, collective characteristics of the Arab-Muslim society
      have a significant impact on the child's emotional state and behavior and, of
      course, effect the adoptive family's social standing as well. In such situations,
      it is imperative to discuss the interaction and the often difficult and complex
      relationship that develops between the therapist or counselor and the patient.

PMID- 27359016
TI  - PATIENT'S RIGHTS LAW AND CULTURALLY COMPETENT NURSING CARE: AN ISRAELI
      PERSPECTIVE.
AB  - AIMS: The purpose of the current article is to discuss the culturally competent
      nursing practice according to the patient's rights law and to suggest strategies
      and models to facilitate culturally competent nursing care. BACKGROUND: According
      to the patient's rights law, health care providers have to inform the patient
      about his/her health condition by an understandable language that is also
      appropriate to their culture. However, communication with culturally and
      linguistically diverse patients has been known to be difficult. Cultural and
      linguistic differences may impede access to health care, accurate diagnosis, and
      effective treatment. The culturally competent nursing approach was suggested as
      the most appropriate way to minimize these difficulties. CONCLUSION: This paper
      contributes to nursing care quality by suggesting the best available standards
      and models of care and improving culturally appropriate care. Nurses should place
      cultural competence as a priority, and protect their patients' diverse cultural
      and ethnical rights.

PMID- 27359017
TI  - THE ADOPTION OF BUDDHISM'S PRINCIPLES AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING PHYSICIANS' WORK
      WITH TERMINALLY ILL PATIENTS.
AB  - The medical approach as summarized by Leibowitz--"We must treat the person, not
      just the disease"--highlights the importance of treating the sick person and not
      only the illness' pathology. This approach calls for healing not only the
      physical side, but also--and mainly--the mental aspect of the patient. One of the
      goals of this article is to turn physicians' attention towards the compassion
      necessary in treating a person with a severe or chronic illness, or a person who
      is dying--precisely because sometimes there is no medical cure for the physical
      state of such a patient. Therefore, physicians' attention does need to be
      directed to providing emotional assistance to such a patient. Sometimes, the
      emotional strength the patient draws from the medical team that is treating him
      can change his view of, and approach to, the illness, and can enable his body to
      muster the emotional strength necessary to deal with his situation. Buddhism's
      approach enables the sick patient to experience his illness in a different way,
      by making peace with one's situation and, sometimes, even viewing the situation
      differently--viewing the illness as a type of renewal. Buddhism, therefore,
      enables a sick person to choose a different point of view when his energy is
      exhausted and he loses hope, providing quality of life to patients. In such a
      situation, a sick person finds emotional strength in the knowledge that the end
      of his life is actually a renewal somewhere else. The limited life expectancy of
      the terminally ill patient demands that he be able to spend his time with minimal
      concerns and worries, and does not leave much time for treating the emotional
      side--the patient's fear. In light of this fact, the patient's ability to look
      ahead and grasp at hope is the most important issue. As much as possible, this is
      accomplished in an atmosphere of acceptance and with the absence, or reduction,
      of fear. The freedom to decide for oneself how to behave, according to one's own
      approach, is what makes it possible for the sick individual to feel empowered,
      and is liable to encourage the patient to adopt a different point of view. The
      Buddhist approach recommends replacing the helplessness that usually accompanies
      the predicament of terminally ill patients with acceptance of responsibility for
      their behavior in any given situation; this is Buddhism's main contribution to
      both physicians and patients alike.

PMID- 27359018
TI  - THE ROLE OF THE ISRAELI COURTS IN FORMULATING THE PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP.
AB  - The nature of physician-patient relationships has been documented in the ancient
      Greek and Roman, as well as in that of the Middle Ages and modern times'
      literature. Far back as in Hippocrates' writings, ethical dilemmas including
      those concerning patient-physician relationships, patient consent to treatment
      and end of life issues have been raised and discussed. Over time, changes have
      occurred in the dynamic between the diverse values that are taken into
      consideration when defining the therapeutic milieu. The nature of this dyad has
      have moved from a paternalistic framework empowering the physician and
      emphasizing the patient's wellbeing, to a relational framework that empowers the
      patient and is focused on his desires and rights. The pendulum of the physician
      patient relationship is continually adjusted, in each era, in accordance with
      contemporary social values and by norms that have been shaped by judicial
      tribunals and legislation. Viewing the issue of physician-patient relationship as
      an ethical dilemma deeply rooted within social-cultural contexts demands the
      formulation of a theoretical framework incorporating the relevant ethical
      principles and a system of implementation that constitutes a declaration of
      intention concerning the values we thereby wish to protect. The current state of
      affairs in which legal and legislative arrangements prefer patient autonomy above
      other significant social values, could provide the foundation for a more stable,
      appropriate and fruitful physician-patient relationship. This article wishes to
      critically examine the questions of whether and, in what ways, the law influences
      the character of the physician-patient relationship and the implications of such
      influence for medical policy and practice. In light of the lack of consistency of
      rulings in this domain, the necessity of adopting ethical guidelines through
      legislation and need for the legal system to constructively and systematically
      balance the diverse ethical approaches regarding the physician-patient
      relationship, becomes clear.

PMID- 27359019
TI  - THE BUDGET, THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN AND THE PATIENT A DIFFERENT APPROACH.
AB  - Modern medicine offers better health and longer life expectancy, yet consumes
      huge budgets. The Israeli Health Insurance Law (IHIL) regulates the delivery of
      health services to all Israel's residents through Health Maintenance
      Organizations (HMOS). These organizations confront constant struggles with their
      budgets and have to reduce expenses as much as possible (without harming the
      health level rendered). In the constant necessity to restrain expenses are
      embedded difficulties that might cause unrest to the Public Health System (PHS).
      At the edge of the public health spear are the Family Physicians (FPS) who have
      not only to supply the best possible medicine to their patients, and at the same
      time confront budgetary constraints that have the potential to hinder the level
      of rendered medicine, but also have, at times, to mediate between the conflicting
      interests of their patients' wish to receive the best available health measures,
      the FP own medical believes, the HMO's directives and, between the FPS wish, to
      keep up the number of their (content) patients. One of the World Health
      Organization's (WHO) concepts, like Israel's one, is that soul and body are
      inseparable and must be addressed simultaneously in the process of healing. Real
      life at the Family Physicians' clinics shows, at times, that despite the Israeli
      physicians' very high professional level, and the Israeli Health System (IHS)'s
      high efficiency, such a process, due to budgetary constraints, workload and
      various other reasons, does not always take place and, on the personal level,
      there are patients who feel that the "system" has treated them incorrectly and in
      an unsatisfactory manner. Unsatisfied and restless patients might cause
      undesirable consequences to the "system", like losing faith in one's FP and HMO,
      which might lead to the patients' reduced cooperation in the healing process,
      lawsuits amplification, patients leaving their FPS and their HMOs etc. Addressing
      the patient's soul and body as an inseparable unit would help harnessing the
      patients' will and mental resources to the healing process. A content and
      satisfied patient tends to less argue with his/her FP, to be more satisfied with
      the rendered health services, to be more grateful for the provided services, to
      be healthier (as some would argue), to be more motivated and committed to the
      healing process, thus, all parties would benefit, emotionally, physically and
      from the budgetary point of view. This article would like to offer a "simple"
      'yet very effective way' to keep the HMO's members feel that they are not alone
      at their sensitive time of illness, that behind the FP's desk sits not only a
      professional figure, but also a "human being" who is there to support their
      "souls" as well, thus, harnessing the patients to the healing process, reducing
      the patients' possible discontent from the HMOS's ways of rendering services
      including, at times, in cases when the required or desired medical measures is
      not received. The correct use of Interpersonal Communication (IPC) by the FP
      encompasses tremendous opportunities to achieve the desired connection between
      soul and body during the healing process, and offers many personal, budgetary and
      other benefits to the patient, FP, HMO and the health system at large. Its use is
      almost costless, its contribution to the health system is huge and, last, but not
      least, it can easily be learned and adopted by FPS in their daily work with their
      patients and the system.

PMID- 27359020
TI  - EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AS AN IMPORTANT SKILL FOR QUALITY CARE IN ELDERLY
      PATIENTS.
AB  - The increase in the number of older people in the world emphasizes the need to
      reevaluate and change health care policy and care services priorities. The
      provision of health care for this growing population has consequently become an
      important worldwide concern. The purpose of this article is to highlight the
      challenges stemming from the growing number of elderly people and their need for
      care. Collaborative and coordinated health care services for elderly people
      should be focused on the ethical issues deriving from the interpersonal
      relationships between the professional caregiver and the older person. Any
      discussion on ethics and aging should be focused on the roles of autonomy,
      informed consent, respect, advance directive, end of life decisions and privacy.
      In addition, such a discussion should stress the important role of effective
      communication and its effect on the older person's adherence with the recommended
      treatment. The desired consequence should be the empowerment of positive and
      successful experiences attained by the recipients of the health care services.

PMID- 27359021
TI  - THERAPEUTIC COPING WITH ADHD AMONG CHILDREN FROM THE ARAB ISRAELI SECTOR WITH AN
      EMPHASIS ON THE THERAPIST-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP.
AB  - Over the past two decades, the Arab Israeli society's awareness to the need to
      treat children suffering from Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has
      been rising. The State of Israel provides educational and psychological services
      in almost every Arab-Israeli town, allowing for identification, diagnosis and
      treatment. However, misleading prejudice stemming from lack of basic knowledge
      poses difficulties when offering appropriate therapy. The present paper aims to
      demonstrate the implications of such unawareness and stigmas, as well as to
      present the dilemmas and flaws in the professional relationship required between
      those involved in rendering appropriate care. It concludes that a multi-system
      therapeutic approach must be adopted by the Arab Israeli society, with emphasis
      placed on the therapist-patient relationship and the ability to take into
      consideration the individual needs of each case.

PMID- 27359022
TI  - EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, MORAL, ETHICS, BIO-ETHICS AND WHAT IS IN BETWEEN.
AB  - In recent years, the study of emotions has broadened its scope and established
      its standing as a new scientific discipline. Humanity has become increasingly
      conscious of the seminal role played by the emotional components in both
      intrapersonal and interpersonal behavior. A deeply rooted and inherent
      correlation exists between emotional intelligence (E.I. - Emotional Intelligence)
      and positive social results: social adaptation, quality social relationships, the
      capacity for healthy social behaviors, caring, altruism, empathy, enlightened
      communication and the efficacy and personal coherence essential to moral and
      ethical behavior, including its manifestation in the sphere of bio-ethics. The
      importance of the personal relationship between the doctor and the patient is
      especially fundamental in the current era of immense and accelerated scientific
      technological development, forcing doctors to cope with an increasingly
      complicated technical environment. Precisely because of this reality, it is
      essential that a doctor's actions and interpersonal relationship with the patient
      proceed from an ethical base, grounded in both professional and emotional
      responsibility. Emotional responsibility is one of the central elements
      underlying bioethical conduct and is the element that provides the guideposts for
      the treatment of others. The symbiotic connection between emotional intelligence
      and the sphere of ethics and morals is what delineates human beings. Human
      beings, by definition and in essence, bear responsibility for their actions. The
      beginning of ethics is in the human being's consciousness of choice in relation
      to self and to others. An individual's choices integrate emotion and cognition.
      That ability to integrate alongside the capacity for choice enables the human
      race to act in accordance with ethical and moral codes. At work, on a daily
      basis, a doctor is positioned opposite to the physical, emotional, cognitive and
      ethical entirety of the patient. Beyond the doctor's technical ability to heal,
      there also exists his capacity to create within the patient the desire to heal.

PMID- 27359035
TI  - Pre-analytical standardization should be mandatory before reference ranges for
      mean platelet volume are determined.

PMID- 27359036
TI  - Substrate Stiffness Regulates the Development of Left-Right Asymmetry in Cell
      Orientation.
AB  - Left-right (LR) asymmetry of tissue/organ structure is a morphological feature
      essential for many tissue functions. The ability to incorporate the LR formation
      in constructing tissue/organ replacement is important for recapturing the
      inherent tissue structure and functions. However, how LR asymmetry is formed
      remains largely underdetermined, which creates significant hurdles to reproduce
      and regulate the formation of LR asymmetry in an engineering context. Here, we
      report substrate rigidity functioning as an effective switch that turns on the
      development of LR asymmetry. Using micropatterned cell-adherent stripes on rigid
      substrates, we found that cells collectively oriented at a LR-biased angle
      relative to the stripe boundary. This LR asymmetry was initiated by a LR-biased
      migration of cells at stripe boundary, which later generated a velocity gradient
      propagating from stripe boundary to the center. After a series of cell
      translocations and rotations, ultimately, an LR-biased cell orientation within
      the micropatterned stripe was formed. Importantly, this initiation and
      propagation of LR asymmetry was observed only on rigid but not on soft
      substrates, suggesting that the LR asymmetry was regulated by rigid substrate
      probably through the organization of actin cytoskeleton. Together, we
      demonstrated substrate rigidity as a determinant factor that mediates the self
      organizing LR asymmetry being unfolded from single cells to multicellular
      organization. More broadly, we anticipate that our findings would pave the way
      for rebuilding artificial tissue constructs with inherent LR asymmetry in the
      future. 

PMID- 27359041
TI  - Epitaxial Growth of Single Layer Blue Phosphorus: A New Phase of Two-Dimensional
      Phosphorus.
AB  - Blue phosphorus, a previously unknown phase of phosphorus, has been recently
      predicted by theoretical calculations and shares its layered structure and high
      stability with black phosphorus, a rapidly rising two-dimensional material. Here,
      we report a molecular beam epitaxial growth of single layer blue phosphorus on
      Au(111) by using black phosphorus as precursor, through the combination of in
      situ low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory
      calculation. The structure of the as-grown single layer blue phosphorus on
      Au(111) is explained with a (4 * 4) blue phosphorus unit cell coinciding with a
      (5 * 5) Au(111) unit cell, and this is verified by the theoretical calculations.
      The electronic bandgap of single layer blue phosphorus on Au(111) is determined
      to be 1.10 eV by scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurement. The realization of
      epitaxial growth of large-scale and high quality atomic-layered blue phosphorus
      can enable the rapid development of novel electronic and optoelectronic devices
      based on this emerging two-dimensional material.

PMID- 27359042
TI  - IDD388 Polyhalogenated Derivatives as Probes for an Improved Structure-Based
      Selectivity of AKR1B10 Inhibitors.
AB  - Human enzyme aldo-keto reductase family member 1B10 (AKR1B10) has evolved as a
      tumor marker and promising antineoplastic target. It shares high structural
      similarity with the diabetes target enzyme aldose reductase (AR). Starting from
      the potent AR inhibitor IDD388, we have synthesized a series of derivatives
      bearing the same halophenoxyacetic acid moiety with an increasing number of
      bromine (Br) atoms on its aryl moiety. Next, by means of IC50 measurements, X-ray
      crystallography, WaterMap analysis, and advanced binding free energy calculations
      with a quantum-mechanical (QM) approach, we have studied their structure-activity
      relationship (SAR) against both enzymes. The introduction of Br substituents
      decreases AR inhibition potency but improves it in the case of AKR1B10. Indeed,
      the Br atoms in ortho position may impede these drugs to fit into the AR
      prototypical specificity pocket. For AKR1B10, the smaller aryl moieties of MK181
      and IDD388 can bind into the external loop A subpocket. Instead, the bulkier
      MK184, MK319, and MK204 open an inner specificity pocket in AKR1B10 characterized
      by a pi-pi stacking interaction of their aryl moieties and Trp112 side chain in
      the native conformation (not possible in AR). Among the three compounds, only
      MK204 can make a strong halogen bond with the protein (-4.4 kcal/mol, using QM
      calculations), while presenting the lowest desolvation cost among all the series,
      translated into the most selective and inhibitory potency AKR1B10 (IC50 = 80 nM).
      Overall, SAR of these IDD388 polyhalogenated derivatives have unveiled several
      distinctive AKR1B10 features (shape, flexibility, hydration) that can be
      exploited to design novel types of AKR1B10 selective drugs.

PMID- 27359043
TI  - Target-selective tilt aftereffect during texture learning.
AB  - Sensory adaptation and perceptual learning are two forms of plasticity in the
      visual system, with some potential overlapping neural mechanisms and functional
      benefits. However, they have been largely considered in isolation. Here we
      examined whether extensive perceptual training with oriented textures (texture
      discrimination task, TDT) induces adaptation tilt aftereffects (TAE). Texture
      elements were oriented lines at -22.5 degrees  (target) and 22.5 degrees 
      (background). Observers were trained in 5 daily sessions on the TDT, with 800
      1000trials/session. Thresholds increased within the daily sessions, showing
      within-session performance deterioration, but decreased between days, showing
      learning. To evaluate TAE, perceived vertical (0 degrees ) was measured prior to
      and after each daily session using a single line element. The results showed a
      TAE of ~1.5 degrees  at retinal locations consistently stimulated by the target,
      but none at locations consistently stimulated by the background texture. Retinal
      locations equally stimulated by target and background elements showed a
      significant TAE (~0.7 degrees ), in a direction expected by target-driven sensory
      adaptation. Moreover, these locations showed increasing TAE persistence with
      training. Additional experiments with a modified target, in order to have
      balanced stimulation around the vertical direction in all target locations,
      confirmed the locality of the task-dependent TAE. The present results support a
      strong link between perceptual learning and local orientation-selective
      adaptation leading to TAE; the latter was shown here to be task and experience
      dependent.

PMID- 27359044
TI  - Revealing the time course of signals influencing the generation of secondary
      saccades using Aalen's additive hazards model.
AB  - Saccadic eye movements are frequently followed by smaller secondary saccades
      which are generally assumed to correct for the error in primary saccade landing
      position. However, secondary saccades can also occur after accurate primary
      saccades and they are often as small as microsaccades, therefore raising the need
      to further scrutinize the processes involved in secondary saccade generation.
      Following up a previous study, we analyzed secondary saccades using rate analysis
      which allows us to quantify experimental effects as shifts in distributions,
      therefore going beyond comparisons of mean differences. We use Aalen's additive
      hazards model to delineate the time course of key influences on the secondary
      saccade rate. In addition to the established effect of primary saccade error, we
      observed a time-varying influence of under- vs. overshooting - with a higher risk
      of generating secondary saccades following undershoots. Moreover, increasing
      target eccentricity influenced the programming of secondary saccades, therefore
      demonstrating that error-unrelated variables co-determine secondary saccade
      programs. Our results provide new insights into the generative mechanisms of
      small saccades during postsaccadic fixation that need to be accounted for by
      secondary saccade models.

PMID- 27359045
TI  - Porous Transition of Polyelectrolyte Film through Reaction-Induced Phase
      Separation Caused by Interaction with Specific Metal Ions.
AB  - We describe a novel method for the simple and eco-friendly fabrication of porous
      polyelectrolyte films. A polyelectrolyte with many amine groups undergoes
      structural transformation from a dense to a porous structure upon immersion in a
      specific metal ion solution. The porous transition was the result of a reaction
      induced phase separation, which was caused by the formation of new bonds between
      the polyelectrolyte and metal ions. This method enables control of the pore size
      of the porous structure in the nanoscale (54 nm) to microscale (1.63 MUm) range
      through variation of the concentration or type of metal ions in the solution. To
      the best of our knowledge, this is the first report illustrating wide-range
      control of the pore size of a porous polyelectrolyte structure achieved by metal
      ions. These porous polyelectrolyte films with adjustable pore size and metastable
      metal ions can be employed in applications such as adsorption and catalysis.

PMID- 27359046
TI  - Self-Sorting in the Formation of Metal-Organic Nanotubes: A Crucial Role of 2D
      Cooperative Interactions.
AB  - A mixture of ferrocene-based tetratopic pyridyl ligands FcL1 and FcL2 undergoes
      self-sorting upon competitive coordination with AgBF4, affording homomeric
      nanotubes FcNT1 and FcNT2 as a mixture. No mutual interference for the
      nanotubular growth occurred between FcNT1 and FcNT2 even when one of these
      ligands was used in large excess with respect to the other. 2D X-ray diffraction
      analysis of unidirectionally oriented nanotube samples, prepared by using the
      capillary technique, revealed that although FcL1 as reported previously stacks
      helically in the resulting nanotube FcNT1 FcL2 prefers to stack with no
      discernible helical twist in FcNT2. Such a difference in their stacking
      geometries is most likely a major reason for why mixed-ligand metal-organic
      nanotubes are not constructed upon competitive coordination of FcL1 and FcL2 with
      AgBF4.

PMID- 27359047
TI  - Mediators of the relation between sexual victimization and distress: Comparison
      to bereavement.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this research were (a) to examine relationship quality
      and neuroticism as mediators of the relation between past sexual victimization
      and current distress in 2 samples of college students and (b) to examine the
      specificity of the mediated effects by assessing whether these variables also
      mediated the relation between the most common potentially traumatic event in both
      samples (past bereavement) and current distress. This study improved on prior
      research by using longitudinal data, assessing multiple mediators, assessing
      specificity of mediated effects, and replicating results across 2 samples.
      METHOD: Participants in both studies were undergraduate students in psychology
      courses (Ns = 1,528 and 1,084, respectively). In both studies, sexual
      victimization, bereavement and the 2 mediators (relationship quality and
      neuroticism) were assessed at baseline, and distress was assessed at baseline and
      2 months later using standard measures. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling was
      used to assess the indirect (mediated) effects of sexual victimization and
      bereavement on later distress through relationship quality and neuroticism,
      controlling for baseline distress. In Study 1, the indirect effects of sexual
      victimization on distress through relationship quality and neuroticism were both
      significant. In Study 2, only the indirect effects through neuroticism were
      significant. None of the indirect effects were significant for bereavement,
      suggesting that the mediators were specific to sexual victimization. CONCLUSIONS:
      Neuroticism was a consistent mediator of the relation between lifetime sexual
      victimization and current distress, suggesting that it may be an important target
      of intervention for those with a history of sexual victimization. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 27359048
TI  - Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Disrupt Lipid Composition, Ca(2+) Homeostasis, and
      Synaptic Transmission in Primary Cortical Neurons.
AB  - Graphene has the potential to make a very significant impact on society, with
      important applications in the biomedical field. The possibility to engineer
      graphene-based medical devices at the neuronal interface is of particular
      interest, making it imperative to determine the biocompatibility of graphene
      materials with neuronal cells. Here we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the
      effects of chronic and acute exposure of rat primary cortical neurons to few
      layer pristine graphene (GR) and monolayer graphene oxide (GO) flakes. By
      combining a range of cell biology, microscopy, electrophysiology, and "omics"
      approaches we characterized the graphene-neuron interaction from the first steps
      of membrane contact and internalization to the long-term effects on cell
      viability, synaptic transmission, and cell metabolism. GR/GO flakes are found in
      contact with the neuronal membrane, free in the cytoplasm, and internalized
      through the endolysosomal pathway, with no significant impact on neuron
      viability. However, GO exposure selectively caused the inhibition of excitatory
      transmission, paralleled by a reduction in the number of excitatory synaptic
      contacts, and a concomitant enhancement of the inhibitory activity. This was
      accompanied by induction of autophagy, altered Ca(2+) dynamics, and a
      downregulation of some of the main players in the regulation of Ca(2+)
      homeostasis in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Our results show that,
      although graphene exposure does not impact neuron viability, it does nevertheless
      have important effects on neuronal transmission and network functionality, thus
      warranting caution when planning to employ this material for neurobiological
      applications.

PMID- 27359049
TI  - Multi-resolution multi-sensitivity design for parallel-hole SPECT collimators.
AB  - Multi-resolution multi-sensitivity (MRMS) collimator offering adjustable trade
      off between resolution and sensitivity, can make a SPECT system adaptive. We
      propose in this paper a new idea for MRMS design based on, for the first time,
      parallel-hole collimators for clinical SPECT. Multiple collimation states with
      varied resolution/sensitivity trade-offs can be formed by slightly changing the
      collimator's inner structure. To validate the idea, the GE LEHR collimator is
      selected as the design prototype and is modeled using a ray-tracing technique.
      Point images are generated for several states of the design. Results show that
      the collimation states of the design can obtain similar point response
      characteristics to parallel-hole collimators, and can be used just like parallel
      hole collimators in clinical SPECT imaging. Ray-tracing modeling also shows that
      the proposed design can offer varied resolution/sensitivity trade-offs: at 100 mm
      before the collimator, the highest resolution state provides 6.9 mm full width at
      a half maximum (FWHM) with a nearly minimum sensitivity of about 96.2 cps MBq(
      1), while the lowest resolution state obtains 10.6 mm FWHM with the highest
      sensitivity of about 167.6 cps MBq(-1). Further comparisons of the states on
      image qualities are conducted through Monte Carlo simulation of a hot-spot
      phantom which contains five hot spots with varied sizes. Contrast-to-noise ratios
      (CNR) of the spots are calculated and compared, showing that different spots can
      prefer different collimation states: the larger spots obtain better CNRs by using
      the larger sensitivity states, and the smaller spots prefer the higher resolution
      states. In conclusion, the proposed idea can be an effective approach for MRMS
      design for parallel-hole SPECT collimators.

PMID- 27359051
TI  - Dual effect of histone H4 on prothrombin activation.
AB  - Essentials Prothrombin converts slowly to thrombin upon interaction with histone
      H4. Histone H4 may also affect the reactivity of prothrombin toward factor Xa.
      Histone H4 enhances or inhibits activation by factor Xa depending on cofactor Va.
      The results reveal an unanticipated dual effect of histone H4 on prothrombin
      activation by factor Xa. SUMMARY: Background Recent studies have documented the
      ability of prothrombin to convert to the mature protease thrombin upon
      interaction with histone H4. The effect is abrogated by mutation of the catalytic
      Ser and requires the Gla domain. Objectives To explore the effect of histone H4
      on the reactivity of prothrombin to its physiological activator factor (F) Xa,
      free or assembled in the prothrombinase complex. Methods The effect of histone H4
      on prothrombin activation by FXa and prothrombinase is studied with kinetic
      assays. The potential epitope of prothrombin recognizing histone H4 is explored
      with electrostatic calculations using recent crystal structures. Results and
      Conclusions Binding of histone H4 has a dual effect on prothrombin activation by
      FXa that is of mechanistic significance: it enhances the reaction > 10-fold in
      the absence of cofactor Va, but produces complete inhibition in the presence of
      cofactor. Histone H4 binding to prothrombin produces very slow autoactivation
      independent of the coagulation cascade and promotes slow thrombin generation by
      FXa in the absence of phospholipids. In addition, histone H4 has a rapid and
      drastic inhibitory effect on prothrombin activation by prothrombinase that is
      likely to dominate pathophysiology.

PMID- 27359052
TI  - Fukushima Daiichi-Derived Radionuclides in the Ocean: Transport, Fate, and
      Impacts.
AB  - The events that followed the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011,
      included the loss of power and overheating at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
      plants, which led to extensive releases of radioactive gases, volatiles, and
      liquids, particularly to the coastal ocean. The fate of these radionuclides
      depends in large part on their oceanic geochemistry, physical processes, and
      biological uptake. Whereas radioactivity on land can be resampled and its
      distribution mapped, releases to the marine environment are harder to
      characterize owing to variability in ocean currents and the general challenges of
      sampling at sea. Five years later, it is appropriate to review what happened in
      terms of the sources, transport, and fate of these radionuclides in the ocean. In
      addition to the oceanic behavior of these contaminants, this review considers the
      potential health effects and societal impacts.

PMID- 27359053
TI  - Janadolide, a Cyclic Polyketide-Peptide Hybrid Possessing a tert-Butyl Group from
      an Okeania sp. Marine Cyanobacterium.
AB  - Janadolide, a new cyclic polyketide-peptide hybrid possessing a tert-butyl group,
      was isolated from an Okeania sp. marine cyanobacterium. The gross structure was
      elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configurations of the
      amino acid moieties were determined by acid hydrolysis and chiral-phase HPLC
      analyses. The absolute configuration of the two stereogenic centers in the
      polyketide moiety was elucidated based on a combination of degradation reactions
      and spectroscopic analyses including the phenyl-glycine methyl ester method.
      Janadolide showed potent antitrypanosomal activity with an IC50 value of 47 nM
      without cytotoxicity against human cells at 10 MUM.

PMID- 27359054
TI  - Prognostic significance of PLIN1 expression in human breast cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease associated with diverse clinical,
      biological and molecular features, presenting huge challenges for prognosis and
      treatment. Here we found that perilipin-1 (PLIN1) mRNA expression is
      significantly downregulated in human breast cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis
      indicated that patients presenting with reduced PLIN1 expression exhibited poorer
      overall metastatic relapse-free survival (p = 0.03). Further Cox proportional
      hazard models analysis revealed that the reduced expression of PLIN1 is an
      independent predictor of overall survival in estrogen receptor positive (p <
      0.0001, HR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.81-0.92, N = 3,600) and luminal A-subtype (p =
      0.02, HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78-0.98, N = 1,469) breast cancer patients. We also
      demonstrated that the exogenous expression of PLIN1 in human breast cancer MCF-7
      and MDA-MB-231 cells significantly inhibits cell proliferation, migration,
      invasion and in vivo tumorigenesis in mice. Together, these data provide novel
      insights into a prognostic significance of PLIN1 in human breast cancer and
      reveal a potentially new gene therapy target for breast cancer.

PMID- 27359055
TI  - Mutation profiling of 19 candidate genes in acute myeloid leukemia suggests
      significance of DNMT3A mutations.
AB  - We selected 19 significantly-mutated genes in AMLs, including FLT3, DNMT3A, NPM1,
      TET2, RUNX1, CEBPA, WT1, IDH1, IDH2, NRAS, ASXL1, SETD2, PTPN11, TP53, KIT, JAK2,
      KRAS, BRAF and CBL, and performed massively parallel sequencing for 114 patients
      with acute myeloid leukemias, mainly including those with normal karyotypes (CN
      AML). More than 80% of patients had at least one mutation in the genes tested.
      DNMT3A mutation was significantly associated with adverse outcome in addition to
      conventional risk stratification such as the European LeukemiaNet (ELN)
      classification. We observed clinical usefulness of mutation testing on multiple
      target genes and the association with disease subgroups, clinical features and
      prognosis in AMLs.

PMID- 27359056
TI  - Post-translational deregulation of YAP1 is genetically controlled in rat liver
      cancer and determines the fate and stem-like behavior of the human disease.
AB  - Previous studies showed that YAP1 is over-expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma
      (HCC). Here we observed higher expression of Yap1/Ctgf axis in dysplastic nodules
      and HCC chemically-induced in F344 rats, genetically susceptible to
      hepatocarcinogenesis, than in lesions induced in resistant BN rats. In BN rats,
      highest increase in Yap1-tyr357, p73 phosphorylation and Caspase 3 cleavage
      occurred. In human HCCs with poorer prognosis (< 3 years survival after partial
      liver resection, HCCP), levels of YAP1, CTGF, 14-3-3, and TEAD proteins, and YAP1
      14-3-3 and YAP1-TEAD complexes were higher than in HCCs with better outcome (> 3
      years survival; HCCB). In the latter, higher levels of phosphorylated YAP1
      ser127, YAP1-tyr357 and p73, YAP1 ubiquitination, and Caspase 3 cleavage
      occurred. Expression of stemness markers NANOG, OCT-3/4, and CD133 were highest
      in HCCP and correlated with YAP1 and YAP1-TEAD levels. In HepG2, Huh7, and Hep3B
      cells, forced YAP1 over-expression led to stem cell markers expression and
      increased cell viability, whereas inhibition of YAP1 expression by specific
      siRNA, or transfection of mutant YAP1 which does not bind to TEAD, induced
      opposite alterations. These changes were associated, in Huh7 cells transfected
      with YAP1 or YAP1 siRNA, with stimulation or inhibition of cell migration and
      invasivity, respectively. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed that YAP1
      transfection in Huh7 cells induces over-expression of genes involved in tumor
      stemness. In conclusion, Yap1 post-translational modifications favoring its
      ubiquitination and apoptosis characterize HCC with better prognosis, whereas
      conditions favoring the formation of YAP1-TEAD complexes are associated with
      aggressiveness and acquisition of stemness features by HCC cells.

PMID- 27359059
TI  - Climate warming and heat waves affect reproductive strategies and interactions
      between submerged macrophytes.
AB  - Extreme climatic events, such as heat waves, are predicted to increase in
      frequency and intensity during the next hundred years, which may accelerate
      shifts in hydrological regimes and submerged macrophyte composition in freshwater
      ecosystems. Since macrophytes are profound components of aquatic systems,
      predicting their response to extreme climatic events is crucial for
      implementation of climate change adaptation strategies. We therefore performed an
      experiment in 24 outdoor enclosures (400 L) separating the impact of a 4  degrees
      C increase in mean temperature with the same increase, that is the same total
      amount of energy input, but resembling a climate scenario with extreme
      variability, oscillating between 0  degrees C and 8  degrees C above present
      conditions. We show that at the moderate nutrient conditions provided in our
      study, neither an increase in mean temperature nor heat waves lead to a shift
      from a plant-dominated to an algal-dominated system. Instead, we show that
      species-specific responses to climate change among submerged macrophytes may
      critically influence species composition and thereby ecosystem functioning. Our
      results also imply that more fluctuating temperatures affect the number of
      flowers produced per plant leading to less sexual reproduction. Our findings
      therefore suggest that predicted alterations in climate regimes may influence
      both plant interactions and reproductive strategies, which have the potential to
      inflict changes in biodiversity, community structure and ecosystem functioning.

PMID- 27359058
TI  - Fulvestrant 500 mg vs 250 mg in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor
      positive advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind registrational trial
      in China.
AB  - The international CONFIRM study showed that fulvestrant 500 mg improved
      progression-free survival (PFS) vs fulvestrant 250 mg in postmenopausal women
      with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive locally advanced/metastatic breast cancer
      (LA/MBC). In this randomized, double-blind study, postmenopausal Chinese women
      with ER-positive LA/MBC and progression after endocrine therapy received
      fulvestrant 500 mg (days 0, 14, 28, and every 28 days thereafter) or fulvestrant
      250 mg (every 28 days). Consistency with the international study was assumed if
      the hazard ratio (HR) for comparison of PFS (primary endpoint) was < 1
      (stratified log-rank test). The study was not powered to assess between-group
      differences.In total, 221 patients were randomized (fulvestrant 500 mg: n = 111;
      fulvestrant 250 mg: n = 110). Baseline characteristics were balanced. Median PFS
      was 8.0 months with fulvestrant 500 mg vs 4.0 months with 250 mg (HR = 0.75; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 0.54-1.03; P = 0.078). PFS (HR; 95% CI) favored
      fulvestrant 500 mg in post-antiestrogen (0.86; 0.54-1.37) and post-aromatase
      inhibitor (0.65; 0.42-1.03) settings. No new safety considerations were observed.
      These results are consistent with the international CONFIRM study, supporting the
      superior clinical benefit of fulvestrant 500 mg in women with ER-positive LA/MBC
      experiencing progression following prior endocrine therapy.

PMID- 27359057
TI  - MiR-223-5p works as an oncomiR in vulvar carcinoma by TP63 suppression.
AB  - MiR-223-5p has been previously mentioned to be associated with tumor metastasis
      in HPV negative vulvar carcinomas, such as in several other tumor types. In the
      present study, we hypothesized that this microRNA would be important in vulvar
      cancer carcinogenesis and progression. To investigate this, we artificially
      mimicked miR-223-5p expression in a cell line derived from lymph node metastasis
      of vulvar carcinoma (SW962) and performed in vitro assays. As results, lower cell
      proliferation (p < 0.01) and migration (p < 0.001) were observed when miR-223-5p
      was overexpressed. In contrast, increased invasive potential of these cells was
      verified (p < 0.004). In silico search indicated that miR-223-5p targets TP63,
      member of the TP53 family of proteins, largely described with importance in
      vulvar cancer. We experimentally demonstrated that this microRNA is capable to
      decrease levels of p63 at both mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.001, and p <
      0.0001; respectively). Also, a significant inverse correlation was observed
      between miR-223-5p and p63 expressions in tumors from patients (p = 0.0365).
      Furthermore, low p63 protein expression was correlated with deeper tumor invasion
      (p = 0.0491) and lower patient overall survival (p = 0.0494). Our study points
      out miR-223-5p overexpression as a putative pathological mechanism of tumor
      invasion and a promising therapeutic target and highlights the importance of both
      miR-223-5p and p63 as prognostic factors in vulvar cancer. Also, it is plausible
      that the evaluation of p63 expression in vulvar cancer at the biopsy level may
      bring important contribution on prognostic establishment and in elaborating
      better surgical approaches for vulvar cancer patients.

PMID- 27359061
TI  - Nitrogen balancing and xylose addition enhances growth capacity and protein
      content in Chlorella minutissima cultures.
AB  - This study aimed to examine the metabolic changes in Chlorella minutissima cells
      grown under nitrogen-deficient conditions and with the addition of xylose. The
      cell density, maximum photochemical efficiency, and chlorophyll and lipid levels
      were measured. The expression of two photosynthetic proteins, ribulose-1,5
      bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the beta subunit (AtpB) of
      adenosine triphosphate synthase, were measured. Comparison of cells grown in
      medium with a 50% reduction in the nitrogen concentration versus the traditional
      medium solution revealed that the cells grown under nitrogen-deficient conditions
      exhibited an increased growth rate, higher maximum cell density
      (12.7*10(6)cellsmL(-1)), optimal PSII efficiency (0.69) and decreased lipid level
      (25.08%). This study has taken the first steps toward protein detection in
      Chlorella minutissima, and the results can be used to optimize the culturing of
      other microalgae. 

PMID- 27359060
TI  - A new approach of microalgal biomass pretreatment using deep eutectic solvents
      for enhanced lipid recovery for biodiesel production.
AB  - The biomass of Chlorella sp. was pretreated with three different aqueous deep
      eutectic solvents (aDESs), i.e. aqueous choline chloride-oxalic acid (aCh-O),
      aqueous choline chloride-ethylene glycol (aCh-EG) and aqueous urea-acetamide (aU
      A). The effect of aDESs pretreatment of microalgae biomass was evaluated in terms
      of lipid recovery rate, total carbohydrate content, fatty acid composition, and
      thermal chemical behavior of biomass. Results indicated that, lipid recovery rate
      was increased from 52.03% of untreated biomass to 80.90%, 66.92%, and 75.26% of
      the biomass treated by aCh-O, aCh-EG and aU-A, respectively. However, there were
      no major changes observed in fatty acid profiles of both untreated and treated
      biomass, specifically palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and stearic acid under
      various pretreatments. Furthermore, characterizations of untreated and treated
      biomass were carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR),
      thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to
      understand the enhanced lipids recovery. 

PMID- 27359062
TI  - Inhibitory effects of CaO/Fe2O3 on arsenic emission during sewage sludge
      pyrolysis.
AB  - This work aimed to investigate effects and reaction mechanisms of CaO/Fe2O3 on
      emission behaviors of arsenic during sewage sludge pyrolysis. The results showed
      that 24.8-54.2%, 26.4-60.4% and 27.7-63.1% of arsenic escaped from three samples
      when pyrolysis process happened at 723, 923 and 1123K respectively. And the
      sludge which contained higher calcium and iron contents released less arsenic
      than others. External CaO and Fe2O3 were added into the sewage sludge to study
      their effects on arsenic emissions during pyrolysis, where both of them inhibited
      arsenic emission effectively, especially at high temperatures. With the help of
      thermogravimetry analysis and X-ray fluorescence, inhibitory mechanisms of
      CaO/Fe2O3 on arsenic emission during sewage sludge pyrolysis were studied. CaO
      could react with As2O3, As2S3 and NaAsO2 to form nonvolatile substances, such as
      Ca(AsO2)2; while Fe2O3 could react with NaAsO2 to generate certain substances
      which was stable below 1123K. 

PMID- 27359063
TI  - Heat-treated Escherichia coli as a high-capacity biosorbent for tungsten anions.
AB  - Adsorption performance in the biosorption of tungsten using Escherichia coli
      cells can be significantly improved by using cell suspensions that have been heat
      treated at ?100 degrees C. In the case of E. coli cells suspension heated at 100
      degrees C, the aqueous tungsten ions concentration rapidly decreased from
      0.8mmol/L to practically zero within 1h. This biosorption time is much shorter
      than that of non-heat treated E. coli cells (7h). Furthermore, the adsorption
      saturation amount for cells heat-treated at 100 degrees C was significantly
      increased up to 1.62mmol-W/g-E. coli compared to the unheated E. coli cells case
      (0.62mmol-W/g-E. coli). Determination of the surface potential and surface
      structure along with quantitative analyses of free amino acids of heat-treated E.
      coli cells were also carried out and revealed that heated cells have a high zeta
      potential and express a higher concentration of amino acids on the cell surface. 

PMID- 27359064
TI  - Removal performance and microbial communities in a sequencing batch reactor
      treating hypersaline phenol-laden wastewater.
AB  - Hypersaline phenol-rich wastewater is hard to be treated by traditional
      biological systems. In this work, a sequencing batch reactor was used to remove
      phenol from hypersaline wastewater. The removal performance was evaluated in
      response to the variations of operating parameters and the microbial diversity
      was investigated by 454 pyrosequencing. The results showed that the bioreactor
      had high removal efficiency of phenol and was able to keep stable with the
      increase of initial phenol concentration. DO, pH, and salinity also affected the
      phenol removal rate. The most abundant bacterial group was phylum Proteobacteria
      in the two working conditions, and class Gammaproteobacteria as well as
      Alphaproteobacteria was predominant subgroup. The abundance of bacterial clusters
      was notably different along with the variation of operation conditions, resulting
      in changes of phenol degradation rates. The high removal efficiency of phenol
      suggested that the reactor might be promising in treating phenol-laden industrial
      wastewater in high-salt condition. 

PMID- 27359065
TI  - Fermentative lactic acid production from coffee pulp hydrolysate using Bacillus
      coagulans at laboratory and pilot scales.
AB  - In this study, the lignocellulosic residue coffee pulp was used as carbon source
      in fermentative l(+)-lactic acid production using Bacillus coagulans. After
      thermo-chemical treatment at 121 degrees C for 30min in presence of 0.18molL(-1)
      H2SO4 and following an enzymatic digestion using Accellerase 1500 carbon-rich
      hydrolysates were obtained. Two different coffee pulp materials with comparable
      biomass composition were used, but sugar concentrations in hydrolysates showed
      variations. The primary sugars were (gL(-1)) glucose (20-30), xylose (15-25),
      sucrose (5-11) and arabinose (0.7-10). Fermentations were carried out at
      laboratory (2L) and pilot (50L) scales in presence of 10gL(-1) yeast extract. At
      pilot scale carbon utilization and lactic acid yield per gram of sugar consumed
      were 94.65% and 0.78gg(-1), respectively. The productivity was 4.02gL(-1)h(-1).
      Downstream processing resulted in a pure formulation containing 937gL(-1)l(+)
      lactic acid with an optical purity of 99.7%. 

PMID- 27359066
TI  - Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis-mediated tomato tolerance to drought.
AB  - A multidisciplinary approach, involving eco-physiological, morphometric,
      biochemical and molecular analyses, has been used to study the impact of two
      different AM fungi, i.e. Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices, on
      tomato response to water stress. Overall, results show that AM symbiosis
      positively affects the tolerance to drought in tomato with a different plant
      response depending on the involved AM fungal species.

PMID- 27359068
TI  - Addicted to blame.

PMID- 27359067
TI  - Systems analysis of the prostate transcriptome in African-American men compared
      with European-American men.
AB  - AIM: African-Americans (AA) have increased prostate cancer risk and a greater
      mortality rate than European-Americans (EA). AA exhibit a high prevalence of
      vitamin D deficiency. We examined the global prostate transcriptome in AA and EA,
      and the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation. PATIENTS & METHODS: Twenty-seven
      male subjects (ten AA and 17 EA), slated to undergo prostatectomy were enrolled
      in the study. Fourteen subjects received vitamin D3 (4000 IU daily) and 13
      subjects received placebo for 2 months prior to surgery. RESULTS: AA show higher
      expression of genes associated with immune response and inflammation. CONCLUSION:
      Systems level analyses support the concept that Inflammatory processes may
      contribute to disease progression in AA. These transcripts can be modulated by a
      short course of vitamin D3 supplementation.

PMID- 27359069
TI  - Direct oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism treatment and prophylaxis.
AB  - Direct oral anticoagulants are a popular option for prevention and treatment of
      venous thromboembolism. However, they possess significantly different
      pharmacologic properties from warfarin. This article reviews approved direct oral
      anticoagulants, their indications, pharmacologic properties, monitoring, and
      reversal strategies. 

PMID- 27359070
TI  - REC8 density along chromosomes prevents illegitimate synapsis.

PMID- 27359072
TI  - The association between angiogenic markers and fetal sex: Implications for
      preeclampsia research.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Current research suggests sexual dimorphism between the male and
      female fetoplacental units, but with unknown relevance for preeclampsia. We
      investigated the association between fetal sex and concentrations of the
      angiogenic markers soluble Fms-like kinase 1 (sFlt-1), placental growth factor
      (PlGF), and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in first and second-third trimester in women
      with/without preeclampsia, and the impact of fetal sex on the prognostic value of
      angiogenic markers for preeclampsia. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study in a
      prospective, population-based cohort of 2110 singleton pregnancies with 150
      preeclampsia cases. RESULTS: Higher sFlt-1 concentrations were observed for women
      carrying female fetuses in first trimester (all, 1107.65 vs. 992.27pg/ml;
      preeclampsia cases, 1118.79 vs. 934.49pg/ml, p<0.05) and in second-third
      trimester (all, 1130.03 vs. 1043.15pg/ml; preeclampsia, 1480.30 vs. 1152.86pg/ml,
      p<0.05), with similar findings for the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio concentrations in first
      (29.67 vs. 27.39 p<0.05) and second-third trimester (3.56 vs. 3.22, p<0.05). In
      first trimester, log transformed concentrations of PlGF, sFlt-1 and sFlt-1/PlGF
      (all participants) and sFlt-1 (preeclampsia cases) associated with fetal sex in
      adjusted analyses (p<0.05). In second-third trimester, only log(sFlt-1)
      associated with fetal sex (all, p=0.028; preeclampsia, p=0.067) In receiver
      operating curve analysis, prediction of early-onset preeclampsia by sFlt-1/PlGF
      tended to be superior in pregnancies with female vs. male fetuses (p=0.06).
      CONCLUSION: Sexual dimorphism was observed for concentrations of angiogenic
      markers. Female fetal sex was associated to higher sFlt-1 and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio
      concentrations in both healthy pregnancies and women developing preeclampsia.
      Fetal sex should be considered in research and clinical use of angiogenic
      markers.

PMID- 27359071
TI  - Haemophilic pseudotumour in two parts of the maxilla: case report.
AB  - Haemophilic pseudotumour is a rare disease that occurs most often in femur,
      tibia, ilium or pelvic bone of a patient with haemophilia. Thus far, there have
      been only 31 reported cases in jaw bones and paranasal sinuses. Among them, the
      mandible is a more common site than the maxilla or paranasal sinuses. Here, we
      report a case of haemophilic pseudotumour in two parts of the maxilla. Contrast
      enhanced CT showed an expansive and thinly corticated lesion with fluid
      attenuation at the left anterior maxilla which seemed like a post-operative
      maxillary cyst, ameloblastoma or odontogenic cyst. In addition, the thickened
      left palatal process of the maxilla seemed like fibrous dysplasia or intraosseous
      vascular malformation. Since haemophilic pseudotumour is not pathognomonic in
      radiological findings, when a patient who suffered from haemophilia or had taken
      anticoagulating agents has jaw lesion, haemophilic pseudotumour should be
      included in a differential diagnosis. 

PMID- 27359074
TI  - Explorative innovators and flexible use of social information in common ravens
      (Corvus corax) and carrion crows (Corvus corone).
AB  - Innovation and social information use are influenced by individual
      characteristics, and are important for the creation and transmission of novel
      behavioral patterns. Here, we investigated which individual factors predict
      innovation rates and social transmission of information in a comparative study
      with identically reared common ravens (Corvus corax) and carrion crows (Corvus
      corone corone; Corvus corone cornix). In the innovation experiment (1), we
      presented the birds with a novel problem-solving task while alone, to determine
      which individuals would quickly solve ("innovators") or not solve
      ("noninnovators") this task. We then related these findings to sex, object
      exploration (frequency of novel item manipulation), object neophobia (latency to
      novel item interaction), and social rank position. We found that innovators were
      more explorative than noninnovators, although they did not differ significantly
      in social rank, object neophobia or sex. In the social information use
      experiments (2 & 3), subjects first observed a model (Exp. 2: conspecific,
      heterospecific; Exp. 3: conspecific innovator & noninnovator) demonstrate a
      specific color selection in a 2-choice cup task, before being allowed to make
      their own cup selection. Innovator and noninnovator observers did not
      significantly differ in their tendency to use social information, that is, to
      select the demonstrated cup first, from a conspecific or heterospecific model.
      Furthermore, observers did not preferentially use social information from an
      innovator over a noninnovator model. We discuss our findings in relation to the
      likely benefits of flexible information use, and the role of other model
      characteristics, such as relationships, on the use of social information.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359073
TI  - Assessment of the HScore for reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in patients with
      rheumatic diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) is a hyperinflammatory
      disorder often occurring in the background of several disorders such as
      infections, malignancies, and rheumatic diseases. Recently, a score known as the
      HScore was developed for the diagnosis of RHS. In the original study, most of the
      patients had underlying haematological malignancy or infection and the best cut
      off value for the HScore was 169 (sensitivity 93%; specificity 86%). In this
      study we aimed to analyse the performance of the HScore in rheumatic disease
      related RHS. METHOD: The patients with rheumatic disorders evaluated in the
      Departments of Rheumatology and Paediatric Rheumatology at Hacettepe University,
      Ankara, Turkey between 2002 and 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. The first
      group (n = 30) consisted of patients with RHS; the control group (n = 64)
      included patients with active rheumatic diseases without RHS. RESULTS: In the RHS
      group, 14 (46.7%) had adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), 10 (33.3%) systemic
      juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA), and six (20%) systemic lupus erythematosus
      (SLE). The control group (n = 64) consisted of 32 (50%) AOSD, 13 (20.3%) SJIA,
      and 19 (29.7%) SLE patients. Applying the HScore to the RHS patients, the best
      cut-off value was 190.5 with a sensitivity of 96.7% and specificity of 98.4%.
      When we excluded the patients from the control group who had not had bone marrow
      aspiration (n = 23), the same cut-off (190.5) performed best (sensitivity 96.7%;
      specificity 97.6%). Applying the 2004 haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH
      2004) criteria gave a sensitivity of 56.6% and a specificity of 100% in the whole
      study group. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, a cut-off value for the HScore different
      from the original study performed better. Further studies are warranted to
      determine optimum cut-off values in different studies.

PMID- 27359075
TI  - Lateral bias and temperament in the domestic cat (Felis silvestris).
AB  - Research points to a relationship between lateralization and emotional
      functioning in humans and many species of animal. The present study explored the
      association between paw preferences and emotional functioning, specifically
      temperament, in a species thus far overlooked in this area, the domestic cat.
      Thirty left-pawed, 30 right-pawed, and 30 ambilateral pet cats were recruited
      following an assessment of their paw preferences using a food-reaching challenge.
      The animals' temperament was subsequently assessed using the Feline Temperament
      Profile (FTP). Cats' owners also completed a purpose-designed cat temperament
      (CAT) scale. Analysis revealed a significant relationship between lateral bias
      and FTP and CAT scale scores. Ambilateral cats had lower positive (FTP+) scores,
      and were perceived as less affectionate, obedient, friendly, and more aggressive,
      than left or right-pawed animals. Left and right pawed cats differed
      significantly on 1 trait on the CAT scale, namely playfulness. The strength of
      the cats' paw preferences was related to the animals' FTP and CAT scores. Cats
      with a greater strength of paw preference had higher FTP+ scores than those with
      a weaker strength of paw preference. Animals with stronger paw preferences were
      perceived as more confident, affectionate, active, and friendly than those with
      weaker paw preferences. Results suggest that motor laterality in the cat is
      strongly related to temperament and that the presence or absence of
      lateralization has greater implications for the expression of emotion in this
      species than the direction of the lateralized bias. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359076
TI  - No child is an island: ethical considerations in end-of-life care for children
      and their families.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Ethical challenges are commonly encountered when caring for
      children with life-threatening conditions. RECENT FINDINGS: Controversial end-of
      life issues, such as physician-assisted death and medical futility, may also
      arise in children. The approach to these issues in children may be guided by the
      'adult' medical literature; the age of the patient should not be a relevant
      factor in determining the morality of these acts. As such, the focus of this
      review is on ethical issues unique to children and adolescents by nature of their
      dependence on their parents. Appreciation that child well-being is best promoted
      when care aligns with parental beliefs, values and culture has given rise to the
      practice of family-centred care, which we prefer to call 'family-partnered' care.
      Occasionally, a family-partnered approach may challenge fundamental paediatric
      ethical principles, including best interests, developing autonomy, and the
      importance of honesty and truth-telling. SUMMARY: This article explores the
      challenges that may arise when there is disagreement between the child, the
      parents, and the healthcare providers about care at the end-of-life and provides
      suggestions to clinicians about how to help resolve these conflicts.

PMID- 27359077
TI  - A positive risk approach when clients choose to live at risk: a palliative case
      discussion.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The article discusses recent approaches in the literature
      about clients who chose to live at risk in their homes. It argues for a positive
      risk-based approach and a tool to help manage risk in the home, and applies these
      to a hypothetical end-of-life scenario. RECENT FINDINGS: Historically, safety
      plans to consider risk management involved a culture of risk aversion supported
      by sometimes paternalistic motives intended to protect vulnerable clients. New
      findings in the literature engage in a process that respects the ethical
      principles underlying harm reduction philosophies. The literature also argues for
      a perspective that moves away from viewing risk as only harmful, to one that
      supports a positive understanding of risk as part of a client's informed choice.
      SUMMARY: A risk support management plan, based on a positive approach, can
      provide a way to both support a client's choice to live at risk, anticipate for
      expected complications, and inform the creation of a contingency plan to address
      concerns as they may arise. The added value of a structured approach like the one
      proposed here for risk support management plans is that it provides adequate due
      diligence and informed decision-making when planning for risk-taking in complex
      situations.

PMID- 27359078
TI  - Chronic breathlessness: silent and deadly.

PMID- 27359080
TI  - Cold-knife conisation and large loop excision of transformation zone
      significantly increase the risk for spontaneous preterm birth: a population-based
      cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to explore the association between cold-knife conisation
      and large loop excision of transformation zone (LLETZ) with spontaneous preterm
      birth in a large 10-year national sample. We wanted to explore further the
      association of these procedures with preterm birth according to gestation. STUDY
      DESIGN: We conducted a population based retrospective cohort study, using data
      from national Medical Birth Registry. The study population consisted of all women
      giving birth to singletons in the period 2003-2012 in Slovenia, excluding all
      induced labors and elective cesarean sections before 37 weeks of gestation
      (N=192730). We compared the prevalence of spontaneous preterm births (before 28
      weeks, before 32 weeks, before 34 weeks and before 37 weeks of gestation) in
      women with cold-knife conisation or LLETZ compared to women without history of
      conisation, calculating odds ratios (OR), adjusted for potential confounders. Chi
      square test was used for descriptive analysis. Logistic regression analyses were
      performed to estimate crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and
      their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) with two-sided probability (p) values.
      RESULTS: A total of 8420 (4.4%) women had a preterm birth before 37 weeks of
      gestation, 2250 (1.2%) before 34 weeks of gestation, 1333 (0.7%) before 32 weeks
      of gestation and 603 (0.3%) before 28 weeks of gestation. A total of 4580 (2.4%)
      women had some type of conisation in their medical history: 2083 (1.1%) had cold
      knife conisation and 2498 (1.3%) had LLETZ. In women with history of cold-knife
      conisation, the adjusted OR for preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation was
      3.13 (95% CI; 2.74-3.57) and for preterm birth before 28 weeks of gestation 5.96
      (95% CI; 4.3-8.3). In women with history of LLETZ, the adjusted OR was 1.95 (95%
      CI; 1.68-2.25) and 2.88 (95% CI; 1.87-4.43), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Women
      with cervical excision procedure of any kind have significantly increased odds
      for preterm birth, especially for preterm birth before 28 weeks and before 32
      weeks of gestation.

PMID- 27359079
TI  - Associations between parameters of flow-mediated vasodilatation obtained by
      continuous measurement approaches and the presence of coronary artery disease and
      the severity of coronary atherosclerosis.
AB  - We investigated the associations between the parameters of flow-mediated
      vasodilatation (FMD) obtained by continuous measurement approaches and the
      presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the severity of coronary
      atherosclerosis. The subjects consisted of 282 consecutive patients who underwent
      coronary angiography (CAG) and in whom we could measure FMD. Using continuous
      measurement approaches, we measured FMD as the magnitude of the percentage change
      from brachial artery diameter from baseline to peak (bFMD), the maximum FMD rate
      calculated as the maximal slope of dilation (FMD-MDR), and the integrated FMD
      response calculated as the area under the dilation curve during the 60- and 120 s
      dilation periods (FMD-AUC60 and FMD-AUC120). We divided the patients into two
      groups, the CAD group and the non-CAD group, and defined the severity of coronary
      atherosclerosis according to the Gensini score. The CAD group showed
      significantly lower %FMD, FMD-MDR, FMD-AUC60, and FMD-AUC120. Gender, smoking,
      dyslipidemia (DL), and diabetes mellitus (DM), in addition to FMD-AUC120, were
      identified as significant independent variables that predicted the presence of
      CAD by a multivariate logistic regression. In addition, a multiple regression
      analysis indicated that gender, DL, and hypertension, in addition to FMD-AUC120,
      were predictors of the Gensini score. Finally, we defined the cutoff value of FMD
      AUC120 for the prediction of CAD in all patients as 11.1 (sensitivity 0.582,
      specificity 0.652) by a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.
      In conclusion, FMD-AUC120 as assessed by continuous measurement approaches may be
      a superior marker for evaluating the presence of CAD and the severity of coronary
      atherosclerosis. 

PMID- 27359081
TI  - Parasitic leiomyomas: a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parasitic leiomyomas were first described as early as 1909 but are a
      rare condition. In recent years, due to the rise of laparoscopic surgery and
      power morcellation, several cases of parasitic leiomyomas associated with this
      surgical procedure have been reported. METHODS: A literature search was performed
      using PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar with the following combination of
      keywords: leiomyoma OR uterine neoplasms OR uterine myomectomy OR laparoscopy OR
      hysterectomy OR peritoneal neoplasms AND parasitic. Papers describing parasitic
      leiomyomas were included. The results of these studies are summarized herein.
      RESULTS: We retrieved abstracts of 756 papers. Of these, 591 were excluded for
      not fulfilling the inclusion criteria and 54 were removed as duplicates; after
      full-text assessment, 8 were rejected for presenting cases of malignancy and
      finally 103 were included in our systematic review. From these, we present
      information about 274 patients with parasitic leiomyomas. The mean age of women
      was 40 years (range 18-79 years); and 154 (56%) had no history of uterine
      surgery, the others (120, 44%) having had a previous myomectomy or hysterectomy.
      Of the total, 106 (39%) women had a history of power morcellation. The most
      frequent clinical symptom was abdominal pain (49%) and the most frequent
      presentation was disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. CONCLUSIONS: While
      parasitic leiomyoma was first described a century ago, the recent introduction of
      laparoscopic power morcellation has increased the number of reported cases.

PMID- 27359082
TI  - Prenatal detection of major congenital heart disease - optimising resources to
      improve outcomes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common major structural
      fetal abnormality and the benefits of prenatal detection are well described. The
      objective of this study was to evaluate the precision of prenatal diagnosis at a
      single tertiary referral unit over two three year periods (2006, 2007, 2008 and
      2010, 2011, 2012), before and after a prenatal screening protocol for CHD was
      developed to include extended cardiac views, mandatory recall for suboptimal
      views, and a multidisciplinary Fetal Cardiac clinic was established. There exists
      a single national centre for paediatric cardiothoracic surgery in Ireland, a
      situation which facilitates near complete case ascertainment. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Surgery records of the National Children's Cardiac Centre were
      interrogated for all cases of major congenital heart defects requiring surgical
      intervention in the first six months of life. Minor procedures such as ligation
      of a patent ductus arteriosus and isolated atrial septal defect repairs were
      excluded. Analyses of the Fetal Medicine database at the Rotunda Hospital (a
      stand-alone tertiary level perinatology centre with 8500 deliveries per year) and
      the mortality data at the Perinatal Pathology department were conducted. The
      Cochrane-Armitage trend test was used to determine statistical significance in
      prenatal detection rates over time. RESULTS: 51,822 women delivered during the
      study period, and the incidence of major congenital heart disease either that
      underwent surgical intervention or that resulted in perinatal mortality, was
      238/51,822 (0.5%). Prenatal detection of major CHD increased from 31% to 91%
      (p<0.001). Detection of critical duct-dependant lesions rose from 19% to 100%.
      CONCLUSION: We attribute the dramatic improvement in prenatal detection rates to
      the multifaceted changes introduced during the study period. Improved prenatal
      detection for births that are geographically remote from the National Paediatric
      Cardiac Centre will require local replication of this prenatal programme.

PMID- 27359083
TI  - Therapeutic targeting of Toll-like receptors: a review of Toll-like receptors and
      their signaling pathways in psoriasis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Expression of various Toll-like receptors (TLR) in keratinocytes
      (KCs) has offered new insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis. When
      plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are scarce in established psoriatic lesions,
      KCs take the responsibility to secrete IFN type 1 through TLR9 activation.
      Antagonists of TLR7 and TLR8 and anti-IL-12/IL-23 substances have shown promising
      results in treating psoriasis. Areas covered: References in this study were
      extracted from Scopus, PubMed and Embase databases by the search term: ('Toll
      Like Receptors' OR 'TLR') AND ('Psoriasis' OR 'Arthritis, Psoriatic' OR 'PsA').
      Expert commentary: As the prevailing cell type, KCs play a major role in the
      maintenance of psoriatic lesions. By specific upregulation of IL-36 R, KCs can
      start the IL-23/IL-12 axis, leading to production of major culprits of psoriatic
      phenotype IL-17 and IL-22. Targeting IL-36 R could be considered as a new
      therapeutic target to eliminate cutaneous manifestations of psoriasis.

PMID- 27359084
TI  - Programmed death ligand 1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: Relationship
      With clinical and pathological features.
AB  - : The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poor, with only one
      third of patients eligible for curative treatments and very limited survival
      benefits with the use of sorafenib, the current standard of care for advanced
      disease. Recently, agents targeting the programmed death ligand 1 (PD
      L1)/programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint were shown to display
      impressive antitumor activity in various solid or hematological malignancies,
      including HCC. PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression is thought to represent a
      biomarker predictive of drug sensitivity. Here, we investigated PD-L1 expression
      in a series of 217 HCCs and correlated our results with clinical and histological
      features and immunohistochemical markers (PD-1, cytokeratin 19, glutamine
      synthetase, and beta-catenin expression). PD-L1 expression by neoplastic cells
      was significantly associated with common markers of tumor aggressiveness (high
      serum alpha-fetoprotein levels, P = 0.038; satellite nodules, P < 0.001;
      macrovascular invasion, P < 0.001; microvascular invasion, P < 0.001; poor
      differentiation, P < 0.001) and with the progenitor subtype of HCC (cytokeratin
      19 expression, P = 0.031). High PD-L1 expression by inflammatory cells from the
      tumor microenvironment also correlated with high serum alpha-fetoprotein levels
      (P < 0.001), macrovascular invasion (P = 0.001), poor differentiation (P =
      0.001), high PD-1 expression (P < 0.001), and the so-called lymphoepithelioma
      like histological subtype of HCC (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: PD-L1 expression by
      either neoplastic or intratumoral inflammatory cells is related to tumor
      aggressiveness and suggests that the response to treatments targeting the PD
      L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint could be restricted to particular HCC variants; thus,
      enrichment of these tumor subtypes in future clinical trials should be
      considered. (Hepatology 2016;64:2038-2046).

PMID- 27359086
TI  - Functional Analysis of a Bacterial Antifreeze Protein Indicates a Cooperative
      Effect between Its Two Ice-Binding Domains.
AB  - Antifreeze proteins make up a class of ice-binding proteins (IBPs) that are
      possessed and expressed by certain cold-adapted organisms to enhance their
      freezing tolerance. Here we report the biophysical and functional
      characterization of an IBP discovered in a bacterium recovered from a deep
      glacial ice core drilled at Vostok Station, Antarctica (IBPv). Our study showed
      that the recombinant protein rIBPv exhibited a thermal hysteresis of 2  degrees C
      at concentrations of >50 MUM, effectively inhibited ice recrystallization, and
      enhanced bacterial viability during freeze-thaw cycling. Circular dichroism scans
      indicated that rIBPv mainly consists of beta strands, and its denaturing
      temperature was 53.5  degrees C. Multiple-sequence alignment of homologous IBPs
      predicted that IBPv contains two ice-binding domains, a feature unique among
      known IBPs. To examine functional differences between the IBPv domains, each
      domain was cloned, expressed, and purified. The second domain (domain B)
      expressed greater ice binding activity. Data from thermal hysteresis and gel
      filtration assays supported the idea that the two domains cooperate to achieve a
      higher ice binding effect by forming heterodimers. However, physical linkage of
      the domains was not required for this effect.

PMID- 27359087
TI  - What women want in their sperm donor: A study of more than 1000 women's sperm
      donor selections.
AB  - Reproductive medicine and commercial sperm banking have facilitated an
      evolutionary shift in how women are able to choose who fathers their offspring,
      by notionally expanding women's opportunity set beyond former constraints. This
      study analyses 1546 individual reservations of semen by women from a private
      Australian assisted reproductive health facility across a ten year period from
      2006 to 2015. Using the time that each sample was available at the facility until
      reservation, we explore women's preference for particular male characteristics.
      We find that younger donors, and those who hold a higher formal education
      compared to those with no academic qualifications are more quickly selected for
      reservation by women. Both age and education as proxies for resources are at the
      centre of Parental Investment theory, and our findings further build on this
      standard evolutionary construct in relation to female mate preferences.
      Reproductive medicine not only provides women the opportunity to become a parent,
      where previously they would not have been able to, it also reveals that female
      preference for resources of their potential mate (sperm donor) remain, even when
      the notion of paternal investment becomes redundant. These findings build on
      behavioural science's understanding of large-scale decisions and human behaviour
      in reproductive medical settings.

PMID- 27359085
TI  - Influenza A (H1N1pdm09)-Related Critical Illness and Mortality in Mexico and
      Canada, 2014.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The 2009-2010 influenza A (H1N1pdm09) pandemic caused substantial
      morbidity and mortality among young patients; however, mortality estimates have
      been confounded by regional differences in eligibility criteria and inclusion of
      selected populations. In 2013-2014, H1N1pdm09 became North America's dominant
      seasonal influenza strain. Our objective was to compare the baseline
      characteristics, resources, and treatments with outcomes among critically ill
      patients with influenza A (H1N1pdm09) in Mexican and Canadian hospitals in 2014
      using consistent eligibility criteria. DESIGN: Observational study and a survey
      of available healthcare setting resources. SETTING: Twenty-one hospitals, 13 in
      Mexico and eight in Canada. PATIENTS: Critically ill patients with confirmed
      H1N1pdm09 during 2013-2014 influenza season. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: The main outcome measures were 90-day mortality and independent
      predictors of mortality. Among 165 adult patients with H1N1pdm09-related critical
      illness between September 2013 and March 2014, mean age was 48.3 years, 64% were
      males, and nearly all influenza was community acquired. Patients were severely
      hypoxic (median PaO2-to-FIO2 ratio, 83 mm Hg), 97% received mechanical
      ventilation, with mean positive end-expiratory pressure of 14 cm H2O at the onset
      of critical illness and 26.7% received rescue oxygenation therapy with prone
      ventilation, extracorporeal life support, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation,
      or inhaled nitric oxide. At 90 days, mortality was 34.6% (13.9% in Canada vs
      50.5% in Mexico, p < 0.0001). Independent predictors of mortality included lower
      presenting PaO2-to-FIO2 ratio (odds ratio, 0.89 per 10-point increase [95% CI,
      0.80-0.99]), age (odds ratio, 1.49 per 10 yr increment [95% CI, 1.10-2.02]), and
      requiring critical care in Mexico (odds ratio, 7.76 [95% CI, 2.02-27.35]). ICUs
      in Canada generally had more beds, ventilators, healthcare personnel, and rescue
      oxygenation therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza A (H1N1pdm09)-related critical
      illness still predominantly affects relatively young to middle-aged patients and
      is associated with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. The local critical care
      system and available resources may be influential determinants of patient
      outcome.

PMID- 27359088
TI  - Simultaneous multisystem surgery: An important capability for the civilian trauma
      hospital.
AB  - Head injury commonly presents in association with torso or limb injuries,
      especially in blunt trauma mechanisms. Stopping life-threatening thoraco
      abdominal hemorrhage and preventing secondary brain injury are time critical
      priorities. Although simultaneous operative management by multiple teams has been
      common practice in the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, simultaneous surgery
      is rare in most civilian settings. Nevertheless, situations arise whereby
      simultaneous craniotomy and chest or abdominal surgery is necessary to prevent
      mortality or reduce severe morbidity. We discuss two recent cases at our level
      one trauma centre, the challenges that surgeons and the operating room staff face
      and propose that with appropriate planning this surgical capability can be
      integrated into the systems of contemporary advanced trauma units.

PMID- 27359089
TI  - Audiological manifestations in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy lactic acidosis
      and stroke like episodes (MELAS) syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Reports of audiological manifestations in specific subgroups of
      mitochondrial disorders are limited. This study aims to describe the audiological
      findings in patients with MELAS syndrome and m.3243A>G mutation. PATIENTS &
      METHODS: Audiological evaluation was carried out in eight patients with confirmed
      MELAS syndrome and m.3243A>G mutation. The evaluation included a complete
      neurological evaluation, pure tone audiometry (n=8), otoacoustic emissions (n=8)
      and brainstem evoked response audiometry (n=6), magnetic resonance imaging (n=8)
      and muscle biospy (n=6). RESULTS: Eight patients (Age range: 5-45 years; M:F-1:3)
      including six children and two adults underwent formal audiological evaluation.
      Five patients had hearing loss; of these two had "subclinical hearing loss", one
      had moderate and two had severe hearing loss. The abnormalities included abnormal
      audiometry (n=5), otoacoustic emission testing (n=7) and absent brainstem
      auditory evoked responses (n=1). The findings were suggestive of cochlear
      involvement in four and retrocochlear in one. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that
      hearing loss of both cochlear and retrocochlear origin occurs in patients with
      MELAS and may be subclinical. Early referrals for audiological evaluation is
      warranted to recognize the subclinical hearing loss in these patients. The
      therapeutic implications include early interventions in the form of hearing aids,
      cochlear implants and cautioning the physicians for avoidance of aminoglycosides.

PMID- 27359090
TI  - Health term-born girls had higher levels of urine neutrophil gelatinase
      associated lipocalin than boys during the first postnatal days.
AB  - Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is one of the most extensively
      examined biological markers for early prediction of acute kidney injury, but
      there is a lack of data on normal NGAL values in healthy term-born infants. This
      encouraged us to established serum and urine levels using samples collected from
      38 girls and 50 boys, born at a median age of 39 weeks, during the first 48 hours
      after birth. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that urine NGAL, but not serum
      levels, were significantly higher in girls than in boys.

PMID- 27359091
TI  - Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: Conduct Problems, Interventions,
      and Partner Contact With the Child.
AB  - Children's contact with their mother's violent partner is a potentially important
      variable for understanding conduct problems among children exposed to intimate
      partner violence (IPV). Within the context of a treatment study evaluating a
      parenting intervention (Project Support) for families exiting a domestic violence
      shelter, this study tested four hypotheses regarding children's postshelter
      contact with their mother's violent partner: (1) participation in Project Support
      decreases the frequency of children's contact with their mother's violent
      partner; (2) postshelter contact is positively associated with children's conduct
      problems and is associated more strongly for girls than boys; (3) frequency of
      contact mediates Project Support's effects on children's conduct problems; and
      (4) frequency of contact is positively associated with IPV and partner-child
      aggression, and these latter associations help explain effects of contact on
      children's conduct problems. Participants were 66 women (26 White) with a child
      (32 girls) between 4 and 9 years. Families were assessed every 4 months for 20
      months after departure from a domestic violence shelter. Project Support reduced
      the extent of partner-child contact. In addition, within-subject changes in
      contact over time were associated with girls', but not boys', conduct problems,
      and it partially mediated effects of Project Support on girls' conduct problems.
      Higher average levels of contact over time were also positively associated with
      further incidents of IPV and partner-child aggression, and partner-child
      aggression helped explain effects of contact on children's conduct problems.
      Children's postshelter contact with the mother's violent partner relates
      positively to several negative family outcomes.

PMID- 27359094
TI  - Response to Patryn and Zagaja.

PMID- 27359095
TI  - ADDENDUM: Technical standards and guidelines for spinal muscular atrophy testing.

PMID- 27359096
TI  - CORRIGENDUM: Phenotype-driven gene target definition in clinical genome-wide
      sequencing data interpretation.

PMID- 27359097
TI  - Cyanobacterial Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): Screening, Optimization and
      Characterization.
AB  - In modern life petroleum-based plastic has become indispensable due to its
      frequent use as an easily available and a low cost packaging and moulding
      material. However, its rapidly growing use is causing aquatic and terrestrial
      pollution. Under these circumstances, research and development for biodegradable
      plastic (bioplastics) is inevitable. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a type of
      microbial polyester that accumulates as a carbon/energy storage material in
      various microorganisms can be a good alternative. In this study, 23
      cyanobacterial strains (15 heterocystous and 8 non-heterocystous) were screened
      for PHB production. The highest PHB (6.44% w/w of dry cells) was detected in
      Nostoc muscorum NCCU- 442 and the lowest in Spirulina platensis NCCU-S5 (0.51%
      w/w of dry cells), whereas no PHB was found in Cylindrospermum sp., Oscillatoria
      sp. and Plectonema sp. Presence of PHB granules in Nostoc muscorum NCCU- 442 was
      confirmed microscopically with Sudan black B and Nile red A staining.
      Pretreatment of biomass with methanol: acetone: water: dimethylformamide [40: 40:
      18: 2 (MAD-I)] with 2 h magnetic bar stirring followed by 30 h continuous
      chloroform soxhlet extraction acted as optimal extraction conditions. Optimized
      physicochemical conditions viz. 7.5 pH, 30 degrees C temperature, 10:14 h
      light:dark periods with 0.4% glucose (as additional carbon source), 1.0 gl-1
      sodium chloride and phosphorus deficiency yielded 26.37% PHB on 7th day instead
      of 21st day. Using FTIR, 1H NMR and GC-MS, extracted polymer was identified as
      PHB. Thermal properties (melting temperature, decomposition temperatures etc.) of
      the extracted polymer were determined by TGA and DSC. Further, the polymer showed
      good tensile strength and young's modulus with a low extension to break ratio
      comparable to petrochemical plastic. Biodegradability potential tested as weight
      loss percentage showed efficient degradation (24.58%) of PHB within 60 days by
      mixed microbial culture in comparison to petrochemical plastic. 

PMID- 27359098
TI  - Measurements of cesium in Arctic beluga and caribou before and after the
      Fukushima accident of 2011.
AB  - Concern from northern communities following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
      accident of March 2011 has prompted a reassessment of the safety of their
      traditional foods with respect to radioactivity levels. To this end, a study was
      conducted to measure the levels of radionuclides in Arctic caribou (Rangifer
      tarandus) and beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). The main radionuclide of concern is
      cesium-137, which is easily transferred through the lichen-caribou food chain.
      Previous studies have been conducted on the cesium-137 levels in Canadian caribou
      herds from 1958 to 2000, allowing researchers to determine the amount of cesium
      137 in caribou specifically attributable to atmospheric weapons testing and the
      Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986. In this study, samples of lichens, mushrooms,
      caribou, beluga and beluga prey collected before and after the Fukushima accident
      were analyzed for radioactivity levels. Samples were processed and measured using
      gamma ray spectroscopy to identify the radionuclides present and determine the
      radioactivity concentration. Both calibration standards and Monte Carlo
      simulations were used to determine the efficiency of the detectors for the
      samples, taking into account differences in individual sample sizes as well as
      matrices. In particular, a careful analysis of the atomic composition of lichens
      and mushrooms was performed to ensure the efficiencies for these sample types
      were correct. A comparison of the concentrations from before and after the
      accident indicated that there was no increase in radioactivity as a result of the
      atmospheric plume from the Fukushima accident. Some cesium-137, likely
      attributable to fallout from atmospheric weapons testing of the 1950s and 1960s
      (since there was no cesium-134 measured in the samples), was measured in the post
      Fukushima caribou and beluga whale samples; however, this amount was determined
      to be insignificant for any radiological concern (9.1 +/- 1.8 and 0.63 +/- 0.23
      Bq kg-1 ww respectively). The activity concentrations of cesium-137 was about 200
      times smaller than that of natural radioactive potassium in the beluga samples.
      Both the caribou and beluga results showed that these foods continue to be a
      healthy food choice for northern Canadians with respect to radioactivity, and
      this result has been communicated to the nearby northern communities and
      stakeholders.

PMID- 27359099
TI  - Chronic Contractile Dysfunction without Hypertrophy Does Not Provoke a
      Compensatory Transcriptional Response in Mouse Hearts.
AB  - Diseased myocardium from humans and experimental animal models shows heightened
      expression and activity of a specific subtype of phospholipase C (PLC), the
      splice variant PLCbeta1b. Previous studies from our group showed that increasing
      PLCbeta1b expression in adult mouse hearts by viral transduction was sufficient
      to cause sustained contractile dysfunction of rapid onset, which was maintained
      indefinitely in the absence of other pathological changes in the myocardium. We
      hypothesized that impaired contractility alone would be sufficient to induce a
      compensatory transcriptional response. Unbiased, comprehensive mRNA-sequencing
      was performed on 6 biological replicates of rAAV6-treated blank, PLCbeta1b and
      PLCbeta1a (closely related but inactive splice variant) hearts 8 weeks after
      injection, when reduced contractility was manifest in PLCbeta1b hearts without
      evidence of induced hypertrophy. Expression of PLCbeta1b resulted in expression
      changes in only 9 genes at FDR<0.1 when compared with control and these genes
      appeared unrelated to contractility. Importantly, PLCbeta1a caused similar mild
      expression changes to PLCbeta1b, despite a complete lack of effect of this
      isoform on cardiac contractility. We conclude that contractile depression caused
      by PLCbeta1b activation is largely independent of changes in the transcriptome,
      and thus that lowered contractility is not sufficient in itself to provoke
      measurable transcriptomic alterations. In addition, our data stress the
      importance of a stringent control group to filter out transcriptional changes
      unrelated to cardiac function. 

PMID- 27359100
TI  - Nursing team leader handover in the intensive care unit contains diverse and
      inconsistent content: An observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite a proliferation of evidence and the development of
      standardised tools to improve communication at handover, evidence to guide the
      handover of critical patient information between nursing team leaders in the
      intensive care unit is limited. OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to determine the
      content of information handed over during intensive care nursing team leader
      shift-to-shift handover. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: A 21
      bed medical/surgical adult intensive care unit specialising in cardiothoracic
      surgery at a tertiary referral hospital in Queensland, Australia. PARTICIPANTS:
      Senior nurses (Grade 5 and 6 Registered nurses) working in team leader roles,
      employed in the intensive care unit were sampled. METHOD: After obtaining consent
      from nursing staff, team leader handovers were audiotaped over 20 days. Audio
      recordings were transcribed and analysed using deductive and inductive content
      analysis. The frequency of content discussed at handover that fell within the a
      priori categories of the ISBAR schema (Identify-Situation-Background-Assessment
      Recommendation) was calculated. RESULTS: Forty nursing team leader handovers were
      recorded resulting in 277 patient handovers and a median of 7 (IQR 2) patients
      discussed at each handover. The majority of nurses discussed the Identity (99%),
      Situation (96%) and Background (88%) of the patient, however Assessment (69%)
      content was varied and patient Recommendations (60%) were discussed less
      frequently. A diverse range of additional information was discussed that did not
      fit into the ISBAR schema. CONCLUSIONS: Despite universal acknowledgement of the
      importance of nursing team leader handover, there are no previous studies
      assessing its content. Study findings indicate that nursing team leader handovers
      contain diverse and inconsistent content, which could lead to inadequate
      handovers that compromise patient safety. Further work is required to develop
      structured handover processes for nursing team leader handovers.

PMID- 27359101
TI  - Wild-Caught and Farm-Reared Amphibians are Important Reservoirs of Salmonella, A
      Study in North-East Thailand.
AB  - The role of amphibians as Salmonella reservoirs has not been as well studied as
      in reptiles, where the literature is abundant. Recent outbreaks of salmonellosis
      associated with exotic pet frogs have occurred in United States. Frog farming and
      wild frog harvesting have increased the international trade in these species.
      This necessitates a better understanding of the risk of salmonellosis
      transmission from amphibians to humans. We explored the presence of Salmonella in
      amphibians (frogs and toads) in Thailand, where farmed and wild frogs as well as
      toads are present. These live animals are easily found in the local markets and
      are used as food. Exportation of frog meat from Thailand is common. During March
      June 2014, ninety-seven frogs were collected from several habitats, including
      frog farms, urban areas and protected natural areas. The collected amphibians
      were tested for the presence of Salmonella. The overall prevalence of Salmonella
      was 69.07% (90.00% in farm animals, 0% in urban area animals and 44.83% in
      protected area animals). Eight serovars of Salmonella were isolated: subsp.
      diarizonae ser. 50:k:z, Hvittingfoss, Muenchen, Newport, Stanley, Thompson,
      Panama and Wandsworth. Six of the identified serovars, Hvittingfoss, Newport,
      Panama, Stanley, Thompson and Wandsworth, have been detected in humans in
      Thailand. According to our results, amphibians are reservoirs of Salmonella and
      can be a public health concern when used as a source of protein for humans.

PMID- 27359103
TI  - Time-Resolved Infrared (TRIR) Studies of Oxycarbonylnitrenes.
AB  - N-Ethyloxycarbonyl-S,S-dibenzothiphene sulfilimine and N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-S,S
      dibenzothiphene sulfilimine have been utilized as precursors to
      ethoxycarbonylnitrene and t-butyloxycarbonylnitrene. B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations
      predict triplet ground states for both oxycarbonylnitrenes, albeit by small
      margins. Triplet ethoxycarbonylnitrene and triplet t-butyloxycarbonylnitrene have
      been observed following photolysis of these sulfilimine precursors by time
      resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy. Kinetic studies show that
      ethoxycarbonylnitrene reacts with solvents such as acetonitrile and cyclohexane,
      while t-butyloxycarbonylnitrene undergoes an intramolecular insertion reaction to
      produce 5,5-dimethyl oxazolidinone. Product analysis following photolysis of N-t
      butyloxycarbonyl-S,S-dibenzothiphene sulfilimine confirms that the oxazolidinone
      is the major product with an estimated yield of 90%. The products from these two
      nitrenes are derived from the corresponding singlet nitrene, either directly or
      via thermal repopulation of the singlet from the lower-energy triplet nitrene.

PMID- 27359102
TI  - Conservation in Mammals of Genes Associated with Aggression-Related Behavioral
      Phenotypes in Honey Bees.
AB  - The emerging field of sociogenomics explores the relations between social
      behavior and genome structure and function. An important question is the extent
      to which associations between social behavior and gene expression are conserved
      among the Metazoa. Prior experimental work in an invertebrate model of social
      behavior, the honey bee, revealed distinct brain gene expression patterns in
      African and European honey bees, and within European honey bees with different
      behavioral phenotypes. The present work is a computational study of these
      previous findings in which we analyze, by orthology determination, the extent to
      which genes that are socially regulated in honey bees are conserved across the
      Metazoa. We found that the differentially expressed gene sets associated with
      alarm pheromone response, the difference between old and young bees, and the
      colony influence on soldier bees, are enriched in widely conserved genes,
      indicating that these differences have genomic bases shared with many other
      metazoans. By contrast, the sets of differentially expressed genes associated
      with the differences between African and European forager and guard bees are
      depleted in widely conserved genes, indicating that the genomic basis for this
      social behavior is relatively specific to honey bees. For the alarm pheromone
      response gene set, we found a particularly high degree of conservation with
      mammals, even though the alarm pheromone itself is bee-specific. Gene Ontology
      identification of human orthologs to the strongly conserved honey bee genes
      associated with the alarm pheromone response shows overrepresentation of protein
      metabolism, regulation of protein complex formation, and protein folding, perhaps
      associated with remodeling of critical neural circuits in response to alarm
      pheromone. We hypothesize that such remodeling may be an adaptation of social
      animals to process and respond appropriately to the complex patterns of
      conspecific communication essential for social organization.

PMID- 27359104
TI  - From cradle to grave via the dissection room: the role of foetal and infant
      bodies in anatomical education from the late 1700s to early 1900s.
AB  - The preponderance of men in the narrative of anatomical education during the
      1800s has skewed the historical perception of medical cadavers in favour of adult
      men, and stifled the conversation about the less portrayed individuals,
      especially children. Although underrepresented in both the historical literature
      and skeletal remains from archaeological contexts dated to the 1800s, these
      sources nevertheless illustrate that foetal and infant cadavers were a prized
      source of knowledge. In the late 1700s and 1800s foetal and infant cadavers were
      acquired by anatomists following body snatching from graveyards, from the child's
      death in a charitable hospital, death from infectious disease in large poor
      families, or following infanticide by desperate unwed mothers. Study of foetal
      and infant remains from the 1800s in the anatomical collection at the University
      of Cambridge shows that their bodies were treated differently to adults by
      anatomists. In contrast to adults it was extremely rare for foetal and infant
      cadavers to undergo craniotomy, and thoracotomy seems to have been performed
      through costal cartilages of the chest rather than the ribs themselves. However,
      many infants and foetuses do show evidence for knife marks on the cranium
      indicating surgical removal of the scalp by anatomists. These bodies were much
      more likely to be curated long term in anatomical collections and museums than
      were adult males who had undergone dissection. They were prized both for
      demonstrating normal anatomical development, but also congenital abnormalities
      that led to an early death. The current findings show that the dissection of
      foetal and infant cadavers was more widespread than previous research on
      anatomical education suggests. This research details the important role of the
      youngest members of society in anatomical education during the long 19th century,
      and how the social identity of individuals in this subgroup affected their
      acquisition, treatment and disposal by elite medical men of the time.

PMID- 27359105
TI  - BST2 Mediates Osteoblast Differentiation via the BMP2 Signaling Pathway in Human
      Alveolar-Derived Bone Marrow Stromal Cells.
AB  - The molecular mechanisms controlling the differentiation of bone marrow stromal
      stem cells into osteoblasts remain largely unknown. In this study, we
      investigated whether bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2) influences
      differentiation toward the osteoblasts lineage. BST2 mRNA expression in human
      alveolar-derived bone marrow stromal cells (hAD-BMSCs) increased during
      differentiation into osteoblasts. hAD-BMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts and
      the mRNA expression of the bone-specific markers alkaline phosphatase, collagen
      type alpha 1, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and osterix were reduced by BST2
      knockdown using siRNA. Furthermore, BST2 knockdown in hAD-BMSCs resulted in
      decreased RUNX2 mRNA and protein expression. We hypothesized that BST2 is
      involved in differentiation of into osteoblasts via the BMP2 signaling pathway.
      Accordingly, we evaluated the mRNA expression levels of BMP2, BMP receptors
      (BMPR1 and 2), and the downstream signaling molecules SMAD1, SMAD4, and p
      SMAD1/5/8 in BST2 knockdown cells. BMP2 expression following the induction of
      differentiation was significantly lower in BST2 knockdown cells than in cells
      treated with a non-targeting control siRNA. Similar results were found for the
      knockdown of the BMP2 receptor- BMPR1A. We also identified significantly lower
      expression of SMAD1, SMAD4, and p-SMAD1/5/8 in the BST2 knockdown cells than
      control cells. Our data provide the first evidence that BST2 is involved in the
      osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells via the regulation of the
      BMP2 signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27359107
TI  - Zinc Isotope Fractionation in the Hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens and the
      Nonaccumulating Plant Thlaspi arvense at Low and High Zn Supply.
AB  - On the basis of our previous field survey, we postulate that the pattern and
      degree of zinc (Zn) isotope fractionation in the Zn hyperaccumulator Noccaea
      caerulescens (J. & C. Presl) F. K. Mey may reflect a relationship between Zn
      bioavailability and plant uptake strategies. Here, we investigated Zn isotope
      discrimination during Zn uptake and translocation in N. caerulescens and in a
      nonaccumulator Thlaspi arvense L. with a contrasting Zn accumulation ability in
      response to low (Zn-L) and high (Zn-H) Zn supplies. The average isotope
      fractionations of the N. caerulescens plant as a whole, relative to solution
      (Delta(66)Znplant-solution), were -0.06 and -0.120/00 at Zn-L-C and Zn-H-C,
      respectively, indicative of the predominance of a high-affinity (e.g., ZIP
      transporter proteins) transport across the root cell membrane. For T. arvense,
      plants were more enriched in light isotopes under Zn-H-A (Delta(66)Znplant
      solution = -0.260/00) than under Zn-L-A and N. caerulescens plants, implying that
      a low-affinity (e.g., ion channel) transport might begin to function in the
      nonaccumulating plants when external Zn supply increases. Within the root tissues
      of both species, the apoplast fractions retained up to 30% of Zn mass under Zn-H.
      Moreover, the highest delta(66)Zn (0.750/00-0.860/00) was found in tightly bound
      apoplastic Zn, pointing to the strong sequestration in roots (e.g., binding to
      high-affinity ligands/precipitation with phosphate) when plants suffer from high
      Zn stress. During translocation, the magnitude of isotope fractionation was
      significantly greater at Zn-H (Delta(66)Znroot-shoot = 0.790/00) than at Zn-L,
      indicating that fractionation mechanisms associated with root-shoot translocation
      might be identical to the two plant species. Hence, we clearly demonstrated that
      Zn isotope fractionation could provide insight into the internal sequestration
      mechanisms of roots when plants respond to low and high Zn supplies.

PMID- 27359108
TI  - Insights into the Formation and Structures of Molecular Gels by Diimidazolium
      Salt Gelators in Ionic Liquids or "Normal" Solvents.
AB  - Insights are provided into the properties of molecular gels formed by
      diimidazolium salts both in "normal" solvents and ionic liquids. These materials
      can be interesting for applications in green and sustainable chemistry in which
      ionic liquids play a significant role, like catalysis and energy. In particular,
      two positional isomers of a diimidazolium cation have been examined with a wide
      range of anions for their ability to form gel phases. In particular, di-, tri-,
      and tetravalent anions bearing aliphatic or aromatic spacers were paired with the
      divalent cations. The properties of the organo- and ionogels formed have been
      analyzed by means of several different techniques, including calorimetry,
      rheology, resonance light scattering, UV/Vis absorption, polarizing optical
      microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction measurements. The investigations
      performed enabled us to obtain a wide range of conductive materials characterized
      by a high thermal stability and a low corrosiveness of the gelator (organogels)
      or of both gelator and solvent (ionogels). The information gained should be
      useful in the broader quest to identify and promote their applications. 

PMID- 27359106
TI  - Examining health literacy among urban African-American adolescents with asthma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study assessed health literacy among urban African
      American high school students to improve understanding of the association between
      adolescent health literacy and asthma. METHODS: We conducted a secondary data
      analysis of the control group (n = 181) of the Puff City randomized controlled
      trial (2006-2010), a web-based intervention to promote asthma management among
      students, grades 9 through 12. A validated self-report 3-item health literacy
      screening instrument was completed at final online follow-up survey. Logistic
      regression was used to explore the association between health literacy,
      demographic characteristics, quality of life, asthma management, and health care
      utilization. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed that an overall inadequate
      health literacy score was associated with students who were more likely to be
      younger (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.44-0.84), not on Medicaid (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.17-0.76),
      have at least one hospitalization (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.07-1.56); and a lower
      overall quality of life (OR 0.75; 95% CI 0.59-0.95). Those lacking confidence in
      filling out medical forms, needing help reading hospital materials, and having
      difficulty understanding written information were more likely to not have a
      rescue inhaler (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.25-0.94), have one or more emergency visits (OR
      1.21 95% CI 1.02-1.43), and one or more hospitalizations (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.01
      1.41), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate a significant association
      between inadequate health literary and suboptimal asthma management. It is
      important to advance understanding of adolescent health literacy, especially
      those at-risk, as they assume asthma self-management tasks and move toward
      independent adult self-care.

PMID- 27359109
TI  - Targeting transradial approach: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Transradial access (TRA) emerged in the last two decades as a valid
      alternative to the standard transfemoral access (TFA) for cardiac catheterization
      and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Due to contrasting results, the
      penetration and uptake of TRA in real-world clinical practice has been slow and
      still limited to high experienced center. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We performed an
      updated systematic review and study-level meta-analysis of randomized controlled
      trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy and safety of TRA versus TFA for PCI
      in patients with ACS. MEDLINE, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and TCTMD.org were
      searched for abstracts, manuscripts, and conference reports published until April
      31, 2016. The three pre-specified primary endpoints of interest were: all-cause
      mortality, major bleeding and major adverse cardiac events (MACE), at 30 days of
      follow-up. Primary analytic approach was according the intention-to-treat
      principle using inverse variance weighted random effect models. EVIDENCE
      SYNTHESIS: Study level data from 12 RCTs were extracted and analyzed. TRA
      compared with TFA in ACS patients undergoing invasive management was associated
      with a significant reduction in the risk of mortality (RR=0.72; 95% CI: 0.59
      0.88; P=0.002), major bleeding (RR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.37-0.61; P<0.00001) and MACE
      (RR 0.81; 95% CI: 0.69-0.96; P=0.01), with similar procedural rate of success. In
      addition, TRA was associated with reduced in-hospital length of stay. There were
      no differences in the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction and target vessel or
      target lesion revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study
      confirm TRA as the preferred routine upfront strategy for ACS patients undergoing
      PCI.

PMID- 27359110
TI  - Pharmacokinetics study of Zr-89-labeled melanin nanoparticle in iron-overload
      mice.
AB  - Melanin, a natural biological pigment present in many organisms, has been found
      to exhibit multiple functions. An important property of melanin is its ability to
      chelate metal ions strongly, which might be developed as an iron chelator for
      iron overload therapy. Herein, we prepared the ultrasmall water-soluble melanin
      nanoparticle (MP) and firstly evaluate the pharmacokinetics of MP in iron
      overload mice to provide scientific basis for treating iron-overload. To study
      the circulation time and biodistribution, MP was labeled with (89)Zr, a long half
      life (78.4h) positron-emitting metal which is suited for the labeling of
      nanoparticles and large bioactive molecule. MP was chelated with (89)Zr directly
      at pH5, resulting in non-decay-corrected yield of 89.6% and a radiochemical
      purity of more than 98%. The specific activity was at least190 MBq/MUmol. The
      (89)Zr-MP was stable in human plasma and PBS for at least 48h. The half-life of
      (89)Zr-MP was about 15.70+/-1.74h in iron-overload mice. Biodistribution studies
      and MicroPET imaging showed that (89)Zr-MP mainly accumulated in liver and
      spleen, which are the target organ of iron-overload. The results indicate that
      the melanin nanoparticle is promising for further iron overload therapy.

PMID- 27359111
TI  - Sequence conservation predicts T cell reactivity against ragweed allergens.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ragweed is a major cause of seasonal allergy, affecting millions of
      people worldwide. Several allergens have been defined based on IgE reactivity,
      but their relative immunogenicity in terms of T cell responses has not been
      studied. OBJECTIVE: We comprehensively characterized T cell responses from
      atopic, ragweed-allergic subjects to Amb a 1, Amb a 3, Amb a 4, Amb a 5, Amb a 6,
      Amb a 8, Amb a 9, Amb a 10, Amb a 11, and Amb p 5 and examined their correlation
      with serological reactivity and sequence conservation in other allergens.
      METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors positive for IgE
      towards ragweed extracts after in vitro expansion for secretion of IL-5 (a
      representative Th2 cytokine) and IFN-gamma (Th1) in response to a panel of
      overlapping peptides spanning the above-listed allergens were assessed. RESULTS:
      Three previously identified dominant T cell epitopes (Amb a 1 176-191, 200-215,
      and 344-359) were confirmed, and three novel dominant epitopes (Amb a 1 280-295,
      304-319, and 320-335) were identified. Amb a 1, the dominant IgE allergen, was
      also the dominant T cell allergen, but dominance patterns for T cell and IgE
      responses for the other ragweed allergens did not correlate. Dominance for T cell
      responses correlated with conservation of ragweed epitopes with sequences of
      other well-known allergens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results
      provide the first assessment of the hierarchy of T cell reactivity in ragweed
      allergens, which is distinct from that observed for IgE reactivity and influenced
      by T cell epitope sequence conservation. The results suggest that ragweed
      allergens associated with lesser IgE reactivity and significant T cell reactivity
      may be targeted for T cell immunotherapy, and further support the development of
      immunotherapies against epitopes conserved across species to generate broad
      reactivity against many common allergens.

PMID- 27359112
TI  - Prenatal exposures and DNA methylation in newborns: a pilot study in Durban,
      South Africa.
AB  - The in utero environment has the potential to influence epigenetic programming
      and subsequently the health of offspring. Even though pregnant women living in
      urban Africa are exposed to multiple chemicals and infectious agents that may
      impact their developing children, the neonatal epigenome has not been studied in
      these regions. We assessed whether prenatal exposures to air pollution and
      maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are associated with changes to DNA
      methylation throughout the epigenome using a pilot sample from the Mother and
      Child Environmental (MACE) birth cohort, of which 36% of the mothers are HIV
      positive. Families living in a high air pollution region (south Durban, n = 11)
      and a low air pollution region (north Durban, n = 11) with comparable
      socioeconomic characteristics were selected for analysis. DNA methylation was
      quantified in cord blood plasma DNA at >430 000 CpG sites using the Infinium
      HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Sites associated with living in south Durban or
      maternal HIV infection (p < 0.001) were more likely to be hypomethylated and
      located in CpG islands. Top differentially methylated sites by region of Durban
      were enriched in pathways related to xenobiotic metabolism, oxygen and gas
      transport, and sensory perception of chemical stimuli when performing gene set
      enrichment testing with LRpath. Differentially methylated sites by maternal HIV
      status were enriched in cytochrome P450s, pathways involved in detection of
      chemical stimuli, metabolic processes, and viral regulation and processing. Given
      the small sample size of the study, future work examining the impact of prenatal
      exposures to air pollution, maternal infection, and antiviral treatment on the
      epigenome and downstream health implications is merited in Sub-Saharan African
      populations. 

PMID- 27359113
TI  - A Platform for Rapid, Quantitative Assessment of Multiple Drug Combinations
      Simultaneously in Solid Tumors In Vivo.
AB  - While advances in high-throughput screening have resulted in increased ability to
      identify synergistic anti-cancer drug combinations, validation of drug synergy in
      the in vivo setting and prioritization of combinations for clinical development
      remain low-throughput and resource intensive. Furthermore, there is currently no
      viable method for prospectively assessing drug synergy directly in human patients
      in order to potentially tailor therapies. To address these issues we have
      employed the previously described CIVO platform and developed a quantitative
      approach for investigating multiple combination hypotheses simultaneously in
      single living tumors. This platform provides a rapid, quantitative and cost
      effective approach to compare and prioritize drug combinations based on evidence
      of synergistic tumor cell killing in the live tumor context. Using a gemcitabine
      resistant model of pancreatic cancer, we efficiently investigated nine rationally
      selected Abraxane-based combinations employing only 19 xenografted mice. Among
      the drugs tested, the BCL2/BCLxL inhibitor ABT-263 was identified as the one
      agent that synergized with Abraxane(r) to enhance acute induction of localized
      apoptosis in this model of human pancreatic cancer. Importantly, results obtained
      with CIVO accurately predicted the outcome of systemic dosing studies in the same
      model where superior tumor regression induced by the Abraxane/ABT-263 combination
      was observed compared to that induced by either single agent. This supports
      expanded use of CIVO as an in vivo platform for expedited in vivo drug
      combination validation and sets the stage for performing toxicity-sparing drug
      combination studies directly in cancer patients with solid malignancies. 

PMID- 27359115
TI  - Endograft Sizing for Endovascular Aortic Repair and Incidence of Endoleak Type
      1A.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR), proximal type 1A
      endoleaks can occur as a result of hostile neck anatomy or over- or undersizing
      of the endograft. As the current standard is based on the diameter or average of
      the short and long axes in a central lumen reconstruction image, it can falter in
      irregularly shaped aortic necks. An alternative method is circumference-based,
      therefore minimizing the measurement error. In this study we aimed to assess the
      degree of discrepancy between both methods and the association of this
      discrepancy with the occurrence of endoleak type 1A. METHODS: All patients with
      early (<30 days post-operative) endoleak type 1A after elective EVAR at our
      center between 2004 and 2016 were identified for a retrospective case-control
      study. Control patients were matched based on hostile neck anatomy, such as
      calcification, thrombus, reverse taper, and beta-angulation. The aortic neck
      diameter was measured using the traditional, diameter-based method as well as an
      alternative method, based on the circumference of the aortic neck. RESULTS: In
      482 EVAR patients, 18 early endoleak type 1A cases were found (3.9%). After
      exclusion, 12 cases remained and 48 matching controls were found. No significant
      differences were found between the two measuring methods at any level below the
      renal arteries. The inter-observer variability was significant for the D(mean)
      (0.4 +/- 1.69 mm, P = .02) and was larger than the D(circ) method (-0.1 +/- 1.03
      mm, P = .35). In only four out of 12 cases the endograft size was 10-20% larger
      than the D(mean) and D(circ) measurements. The differences between the diameter
      of the D(mean) and D(circ) and the chosen endograft were smaller for the case
      group (-8 +/- 25.6% and -7 +/- 24%) than for the control group. (-12.4 +/- 12.4%
      and -11 +/- 10.7%). CONCLUSION: The difference between the D(mean) and D(circ)
      methods for aortic neck measurement was not large enough to play a significant
      role in the incidence of endoleak type 1A. Inadequate oversizing and considerable
      beta-angulation of the aortic neck may have been the cause of endoleak type 1A in
      this population. Robust and well-investigated sizing methods are paramount for
      accurate endograft sizing and prevention of endoleak type 1A. Therefore the lack
      of studies in this field and a sizeable inter-observer variability do not justify
      the widespread reliance on the traditional diameter-based methods for endograft
      sizing.

PMID- 27359116
TI  - Spatial Representativeness of Environmental DNA Metabarcoding Signal for Fish
      Biodiversity Assessment in a Natural Freshwater System.
AB  - In the last few years, the study of environmental DNA (eDNA) has drawn attention
      for many reasons, including its advantages for monitoring and conservation
      purposes. So far, in aquatic environments, most of eDNA research has focused on
      the detection of single species using species-specific markers. Recently, species
      inventories based on the analysis of a single generalist marker targeting a
      larger taxonomic group (eDNA metabarcoding) have proven useful for bony fish and
      amphibian biodiversity surveys. This approach involves in situ filtering of large
      volumes of water followed by amplification and sequencing of a short
      discriminative fragment from the 12S rDNA mitochondrial gene. In this study, we
      went one step further by investigating the spatial representativeness (i.e.
      ecological reliability and signal variability in space) of eDNA metabarcoding for
      large-scale fish biodiversity assessment in a freshwater system including lentic
      and lotic environments. We tested the ability of this approach to characterize
      large-scale organization of fish communities along a longitudinal gradient, from
      a lake to the outflowing river. First, our results confirm that eDNA
      metabarcoding is more efficient than a single traditional sampling campaign to
      detect species presence, especially in rivers. Second, the species list obtained
      using this approach is comparable to the one obtained when cumulating all
      traditional sampling sessions since 1995 and 1988 for the lake and the river,
      respectively. In conclusion, eDNA metabarcoding gives a faithful description of
      local fish biodiversity in the study system, more specifically within a range of
      a few kilometers along the river in our study conditions, i.e. longer than a
      traditional fish sampling site. 

PMID- 27359114
TI  - The Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channel Family in Colletotrichum
      graminicola: A Molecular and Physiological Analysis.
AB  - Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal second messenger in all higher organisms and
      centrally involved in the launch of responses to environmental stimuli. Ca2+
      signals in the cytosol are initiated by the activation of Ca2+ channels in the
      plasma membrane and/or in endomembranes. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      contains a Ca2+-permeable channel of the TRP family, TRPY1, which is localized in
      the vacuolar membrane and contributes to cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt)
      elevations, for example in response to osmotic upshock. A TRPY1 homologue in the
      rice blast fungus is known to be important for growth and pathogenicity. To
      determine the role of the TRP channel family in the maize pathogen Colletotrichum
      graminicola, proteins homologous to TRPY1 were searched. This identified not one,
      but four genes in the C. graminicola genome, which had putative orthologs in
      other fungi, and which we named CgTRPF1 through 4. The topology of the CgTRPF
      proteins resembled that of TRPY1, albeit with a variable number of transmembrane
      (TM) domains additional to the six-TM-domain core and a diverse arrangement of
      putatively Ca2+-binding acidic motifs. All CgTRPF genes were expressed in axenic
      culture and throughout the infection of maize. Like TRPY1, all TRPF proteins of
      C. graminicola were localized intracellularly, albeit three of them were found
      not in large vacuoles, but co-localized in vesicular structures. Deletion strains
      for the CgTRPF genes were not altered in processes thought to involve Ca2+
      release from internal stores, i.e. spore germination, the utilization of complex
      carbon sources, and the generation of tip-focussed [Ca2+]cyt spikes. Heterologous
      expression of CgTRPF1 through 4 in a tryp1Delta yeast mutant revealed that none
      of the channels mediated the release of Ca2+ in response to osmotic upshock.
      Accordingly, aequorin-based [Ca2+]cyt measurements of C. graminicola showed that
      in this fungus, osmotic upshock-triggered [Ca2+]cyt elevations were generated
      entirely by influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular space. Cgtrpf mutants did not
      show pathogenicity defects in leaf infection assays. In summary, our study
      reveals major differences between different fungi in the contribution of TRP
      channels to Ca2+-mediated signal transduction. 

PMID- 27359117
TI  - Prognostic Value of ADAMTS Proteases and Their Substrates in Epithelial Ovarian
      Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: ADAMTS are metalloproteases with disintegrin and thrombospondin
      motifs. They are secreted proteases playing a role in biological processes such
      as inflammation, angiogenesis, and urogenital development. ADAMTS have specific
      substrates, such as the proteoglycans (PG) versican, aggrecan, and brevican.
      Despite data indicating a role of ADAMTS in tumor invasion and metastases,
      effects played by these molecules in cancer progression are still controversial.
      In ovarian cancer, the importance of ADAMTS gene mutations was recently described
      and related to chemotherapy outcome. OBJECTIVE: To analyze protein levels of
      ADAMTS-1, -4, and -5, and TIMP-3 in human ovarian cancer classified as benign,
      borderline, or malignant. We also assessed the expression of the ADAMTS
      substrates aggrecan, brevican, and versican in these neoplasms. Correlations
      between overall survival and protein expression were performed. METHODS: Tumors
      were classified according to the WHO Classification of Tumors of Female
      Reproductive Organs. Protein and PG expression was studied by
      immunohistochemistry. Differences in labeling were analyzed by percent
      measurements of stained areas. RESULTS: ADAMTS-1, ADAMTS-5, and its tissue
      inhibitor TIMP-3 are increased in borderline and malignant tumors compared to
      benign neoplasms. Aggrecan and versican levels were increased in malignant
      subtypes compared to benign ovarian cancer. Higher ADAMTS-1, TIMP-3, and versican
      expression was associated with a shorter overall survival. CONCLUSIONS:
      Comparison of protease, TIMP-3, and substrate expression showed that in malignant
      tumors all ADAMTS and TIMP-3 expression levels were significantly raised compared
      to the substrates studied.

PMID- 27359121
TI  - 2015 Outstanding Manuscript Awards.
AB  - Congratulations to the winners of the 2015 Outstanding Manuscript Awards, as
      determined by the Editorial Board and the Editors of the Journal of Athletic
      Training. 

PMID- 27359118
TI  - Effects of a Dicalcium and Tetracalcium Phosphate-Based Desensitizer on In Vitro
      Dentin Permeability.
AB  - The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a dicalcium and tetracalcium
      phosphate-based desensitizer in reducing dentin permeability in vitro. Dentin
      fluid flow was measured before and after treatment of dentin with patent dentinal
      tubules using 1 or 3 applications of the dicalcium and tetracalcium phosphate
      containing agent TeethmateTM (TM) and comparing the results with two sodium
      fluoride varnishes VellaTM (VLA) and VanishTM (VAN), after storage in artificial
      saliva for 24 h, 48 h and 7 days. Significant differences were observed among the
      4 methods employed for reducing dentin permeability (p < 0.001) and the 3 post
      treatment times (p < 0.001). VLA and VAN never achieved 50% permeability
      reductions consistently in any of the 3 time periods. Only the calcium phosphate
      based desensitizer applied for 3 times consistently reduced dentin permeability
      by 50% after 24 h. When applied once, the permeability reduction of TM increased
      progressively over the 3 time periods. After 7 days, only one and three
      applications of the calcium phosphate-based desensitizer consistently reduced
      dentin permeability by more than 50%. Permeability reductions corresponded well
      with scanning electron microscopy examination of dentinal tubule orifice
      occlusion in dentin specimens treated with the agents. Overall, the dicalcium and
      tetracalcium phosphate-based desensitizer is effective in reducing dentin
      permeability via a tubule occlusion mechanism. The ability of the agent to reduce
      dentin permeability renders it to be potentially useful as a clinical dentin
      desensitizing agent, which has to be confirmed in future clinical studies. By
      contrast, the two sodium fluoride varnishes are not effective in dentin
      permeability reduction and should be considered as topical fluoride delivering
      agents rather than tubular orifice-blocking agents. 

PMID- 27359123
TI  - Fluorescent PEGulated Oligourethane Nanoparticles for Long-Term Cellular Tracing.
AB  - We have introduced a new ABA-type amphiphilic block copolymer consisting of
      functional oligourethane hydrophobic blocks and two polyethylene glycol (PEG)
      hydrophilic blocks. The polymer was synthesized in a single step by step-growth
      polymerization between two monomers, namely tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-diol and
      hexamehylene di-isocyanate in the presence of a monofunctional impurity PEG-2000.
      The polymer exhibits facile self-assembly in water by synergistic effects of H
      bonding and pi-pi interaction among the oligourethane core, leading to the
      formation of robust nanoparticles with remarkable aggregation-induced emission
      (AIE). These nanoparticles show very low critical aggregation concentration,
      stability over a large pH window, and excellent biocompatibility as revealed by
      an MTT assay. Cellular imaging with cancer cells showed facile cellular uptake
      and, more importantly, retention of AIE in cellular milieu for long times, which
      was successfully utilized for long-term cancer cell tracking. 

PMID- 27359122
TI  - Genome-Wide Association Study of Meat Quality Traits in Nellore Cattle.
AB  - The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions that are associated
      with meat quality traits in the Nellore breed. Nellore steers were finished in
      feedlots and slaughtered at a commercial slaughterhouse. This analysis included
      1,822 phenotypic records of tenderness and 1,873 marbling records. After quality
      control, 1,630 animals genotyped for tenderness, 1,633 animals genotyped for
      marbling, and 369,722 SNPs remained. The results are reported as the proportion
      of variance explained by windows of 150 adjacent SNPs. Only windows with largest
      effects were considered. The genomic regions were located on chromosomes 5, 15,
      16 and 25 for marbling and on chromosomes 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 for tenderness.
      These windows explained 3,89% and 3,80% of the additive genetic variance for
      marbling and tenderness, respectively. The genes associated with the traits are
      related to growth, muscle development and lipid metabolism. The study of these
      genes in Nellore cattle is the first step in the identification of causal
      mutations that will contribute to the genetic evaluation of the breed. 

PMID- 27359125
TI  - Amelogenesis Imperfecta and Early Restorative Crown Therapy: An Interview Study
      with Adolescents and Young Adults on Their Experiences.
AB  - Patients with Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) can present with rapid tooth loss or
      fractures of enamel as well as alterations in enamel thickness, color, and shape;
      factors that may compromise aesthetic appearance and masticatory function. The
      aim was to explore the experiences and perceptions of adolescents and young
      adults living with AI and receiving early prosthetic therapy. Seven patients with
      severe AI aged 16 to 23 years who underwent porcelain crown therapy participated
      in one-to-one individual interviews. The interviews followed a topic guide
      consisting of open-ended questions related to experiences of having AI.
      Transcripts from the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The
      analysis process identified three main themes: Disturbances in daily life,
      Managing disturbances, and Normalization of daily life. These themes explain the
      experiences of patients living with enamel disturbances caused by AI and
      receiving early crown therapy. Experiences include severe pain and sensitivity
      problems, feelings of embarrassment, and dealing with dental staff that lack
      knowledge and understanding of their condition. The patients described ways to
      manage their disturbances and to reduce pain when eating or drinking, and
      strategies for meeting other people. After definitive treatment with porcelain
      crown therapy, they described feeling like a normal patient. In conclusion the
      results showed that adolescents and young adults describe a profound effect of AI
      on several aspects of their daily life. 

PMID- 27359124
TI  - A Hybrid-Body Containing Constituents of Both P-Bodies and Stress Granules Forms
      in Response to Hypoosmotic Stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell is a highly compartmentalized space that
      contains a variety of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules in addition to its
      complement of membrane-bound organelles. These RNP granules contain specific sets
      of proteins and mRNAs and form in response to particular environmental and
      developmental stimuli. Two of the better-characterized of these RNP structures
      are the stress granule and Processing-body (P-body) that have been conserved from
      yeast to humans. In this report, we examined the cues regulating stress granule
      assembly and the relationship between stress granule and P-body foci. These two
      RNP structures are generally thought to be independent entities in eukaryotic
      cells. However, we found here that stress granule and P-body proteins were
      localized to a common or merged granule specifically in response to a hypoosmotic
      stress. Interestingly, these hybrid-bodies were found to be transient structures
      that were resolved with time into separate P-body and stress granule foci. In
      all, these data suggest that the identity of an RNP granule is not absolute and
      that it can vary depending upon the nature of the induction conditions. Since the
      activities of a granule are likely influenced by its protein constituency, these
      observations are consistent with the possibility of RNP granules having distinct
      functions in different cellular contexts. 

PMID- 27359127
TI  - Rats value time differently on equivalent foraging and delay-discounting tasks.
AB  - All organisms have to consider consequences that vary through time. Theories
      explaining how animals handle intertemporal choice include delay-discounting
      models, in which the value of future rewards is discounted by the delay until
      receipt, and foraging models, which predict that decision-makers maximize rate of
      reward. We measured the behavior of rats on a 2-option delay-discounting task and
      a stay/go foraging task that were equivalent for rate of reward and physical
      demand. Despite the highly shared features of the tasks, rats were willing to
      wait much longer on the foraging task than on the delay-discounting task.
      Moreover, choice performance by rats was less optimal in terms of total reward
      received on the foraging task compared to the delay-discounting task. We applied
      a suite of intertemporal choice models to the data but found that we needed a
      novel model incorporating interactions of decision-making systems to successfully
      explain behavior. Our findings (a) highlight the importance of factors that
      historically have been seen as irrelevant and (b) indicate the inadequacy of
      current general theories of intertemporal choice. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359128
TI  - Sleepless night, restless mind: Effects of sleep deprivation on mind wandering.
AB  - Sleep deprivation can result in degradation of sustained attention through
      increased distraction by task-irrelevant exogenous stimuli. However, attentional
      failures in the sleep-deprived state could also be a result of task-unrelated
      thoughts (TUTs, or mind wandering). Here, well-rested and sleep-deprived
      participants performed a visual search task under high and low perceptual load
      conditions. Thought probes were administered at irregular intervals to gauge the
      frequency of TUTs and level of meta-awareness of mind wandering. Despite sleep
      deprived participants reporting more TUTs, they also reported less awareness of
      TUTs. Although the frequency of TUTs decreased in the high load condition in well
      rested participants, they were equally frequent across low and high perceptual
      load conditions in sleep-deprived participants. Together, these findings suggest
      that sleep deprivation can result in a loss of ability to allocate attentional
      resources according to task demands consistent with diminished executive control.
      This may have been exacerbated by reduced meta-awareness. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 27359126
TI  - Beyond the 'east-west' dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of
      selfhood.
AB  - Markus and Kitayama's (1991) theory of independent and interdependent self
      construals had a major influence on social, personality, and developmental
      psychology by highlighting the role of culture in psychological processes.
      However, research has relied excessively on contrasts between North American and
      East Asian samples, and commonly used self-report measures of independence and
      interdependence frequently fail to show predicted cultural differences. We
      revisited the conceptualization and measurement of independent and interdependent
      self-construals in 2 large-scale multinational surveys, using improved methods
      for cross-cultural research. We developed (Study 1: N = 2924 students in 16
      nations) and validated across cultures (Study 2: N = 7279 adults from 55 cultural
      groups in 33 nations) a new 7-dimensional model of self-reported ways of being
      independent or interdependent. Patterns of global variation support some of
      Markus and Kitayama's predictions, but a simple contrast between independence and
      interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that
      prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of
      being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism
      collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our 7
      dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the
      implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in
      diverse ecocultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359129
TI  - Does self-control improve with practice? Evidence from a six-week training
      program.
AB  - Can self-control be improved through practice? Several studies have found that
      repeated practice of tasks involving self-control improves performance on other
      tasks relevant to self-control. However, in many of these studies, improvements
      after training could be attributable to methodological factors (e.g., passive
      control conditions). Moreover, the extent to which the effects of training
      transfer to real-life settings is not yet clear. In the present research,
      participants (N = 174) completed a 6-week training program of either cognitive or
      behavioral self-control tasks. We then tested the effects of practice on a range
      of measures of self-control, including lab-based and real-world tasks. Training
      was compared with both active and no-contact control conditions. Despite high
      levels of adherence to the training tasks, there was no effect of training on any
      measure of self-control. Trained participants did not, for example, show reduced
      ego depletion effects, become better at overcoming their habits, or report
      exerting more self-control in everyday life. Moderation analyses found no
      evidence that training was effective only among particular groups of
      participants. Bayesian analyses suggested that the data were more consistent with
      a null effect of training on self-control than with previous estimates of the
      effect of practice. The implication is that training self-control through
      repeated practice does not result in generalized improvements in self-control.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359130
TI  - The nature of semantic priming by subliminal spatial words: Embodied or
      disembodied?
AB  - Theories of embodied semantics (ES) suggest that a critical part of understanding
      what a word means consists of simulating the sensorimotor experience related to
      the word's referent. Some proponents of ES have suggested that sensorimotor
      activations are mandatory and highly automatic during semantic processing.
      Evidence supporting this claim comes from masked priming studies showing that
      unconsciously perceived spatial words (e.g., up, down) can directly modulate
      action performance on the basis of their meaning. However, a closer look reveals
      that such priming effects can be explained also in terms of symbolic
      (disembodied) semantic priming or nonsemantic mechanisms. In this study we sought
      to understand whether sensorimotor processing takes place during language
      understanding outside awareness. We used spatial words as a test bed and across 6
      experiments we teased apart the possibility that action priming could be
      explained by: (a) nonsemantic mechanisms, (b) symbolic semantic priming, or (c)
      embodied semantic priming. The critical finding is that when symbolic and
      nonsemantic mechanisms were prevented, allowing only for a genuinely embodied
      semantic priming, no effect was found. Conversely, facilitation emerged in the
      same experimental paradigm when embodied priming was prevented and symbolic
      priming was allowed. Despite extensive testing, we found no evidence that
      unconsciously perceived words can activate sensorimotor processes, although these
      words are processed up to the semantic level. We thus conclude that sensorimotor
      activations might need conscious access to emerge during language understanding.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359132
TI  - Characterization of an X-ray mirror mechanical bender for the European XFEL.
AB  - One of the classical devices used to tune a mirror on an X-ray optical setup is a
      mechanical bender. This is often designed in such a way that the mirror is held
      with clamps on both ends; a motor is then used to put a torque on the clamps,
      inducing a cylindrical shape of the mirror surface. A mechanical bender with this
      design was recently characterized, to bend a 950 mm-long mirror up to a radius of
      curvature of 10 km. The characterization was performed using a large-aperture
      Fizeau interferometer with an angled incidence setup. Some particular and
      critical effects were investigated, such as calibration, hysteresis, twisting and
      long-term stability.

PMID- 27359131
TI  - Strong genetic overlap between executive functions and intelligence.
AB  - Executive functions (EFs) are cognitive processes that control, monitor, and
      coordinate more basic cognitive processes. EFs play instrumental roles in models
      of complex reasoning, learning, and decision making, and individual differences
      in EFs have been consistently linked with individual differences in intelligence.
      By middle childhood, genetic factors account for a moderate proportion of the
      variance in intelligence, and these effects increase in magnitude through
      adolescence. Genetic influences on EFs are very high, even in middle childhood,
      but the extent to which these genetic influences overlap with those on
      intelligence is unclear. We examined genetic and environmental overlap between
      EFs and intelligence in a racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of 811
      twins ages 7 to 15 years (M = 10.91, SD = 1.74) from the Texas Twin Project. A
      general EF factor representing variance common to inhibition, switching, working
      memory, and updating domains accounted for substantial proportions of variance in
      intelligence, primarily via a genetic pathway. General EF continued to have a
      strong, genetically mediated association with intelligence even after controlling
      for processing speed. Residual variation in general intelligence was influenced
      only by shared and nonshared environmental factors, and there remained no genetic
      variance in general intelligence that was unique of EF. Genetic variance
      independent of EF did remain, however, in a more specific perceptual reasoning
      ability. These results provide evidence that genetic influences on general
      intelligence are highly overlapping with those on EF. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359133
TI  - Undulator beamline optimization with integrated chicanes for X-ray free-electron
      laser facilities.
AB  - An optimization of the undulator layout of X-ray free-electron-laser (FEL)
      facilities based on placing small chicanes between the undulator modules is
      presented. The installation of magnetic chicanes offers the following benefits
      with respect to state-of-the-art FEL facilities: reduction of the required
      undulator length to achieve FEL saturation, improvement of the longitudinal
      coherence of the FEL pulses, and the ability to produce shorter FEL pulses with
      higher power levels. Numerical simulations performed for the soft X-ray beamline
      of the SwissFEL facility show that optimizing the advantages of the layout
      requires shorter undulator modules than the standard ones. This proposal allows a
      very compact undulator beamline that produces fully coherent FEL pulses and it
      makes possible new kinds of experiments that require very short and high-power
      FEL pulses.

PMID- 27359134
TI  - Two-color operation of a free-electron laser with a tilted beam.
AB  - With the successful operation of free-electron lasers (FELs) as user facilities
      there has been a growing demand for experiments with two photon pulses with
      variable photon energy and time separation. A configuration of an undulator with
      variable-gap control and a delaying chicane in the middle of the beamline is
      proposed. An injected electron beam with a transverse tilt will only yield FEL
      radiation for the parts which are close to the undulator axis. This allows, after
      re-aligning and delaying the electron beam, a different part of the bunch to be
      used to produce a second FEL pulse. This method offers independent control in
      photon energy and delay. For the parameters of the soft X-ray beamline Athos at
      the SwissFEL facility the photon energy tuning range is a factor of five with an
      adjustable delay between the two pulses from -50 to 950 fs.

PMID- 27359135
TI  - Generation of ultra-large-bandwidth X-ray free-electron-laser pulses with a
      transverse-gradient undulator.
AB  - A new and simple method to generate X-ray free-electron-laser radiation with
      unprecedented spectral bandwidth above the 10% level is presented. The broad
      bandwidth is achieved by sending a transversely tilted beam through a transverse
      gradient undulator. The extent of the bandwidth can easily be controlled by
      variation of the beam tilt or the undulator gradient. Numerical simulations
      confirm the validity and feasibility of this method.

PMID- 27359136
TI  - Collimating Montel mirror as part of a multi-crystal analyzer system for resonant
      inelastic X-ray scattering.
AB  - Advances in resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) have come in lockstep with
      improvements in energy resolution. Currently, the best energy resolution at the
      Ir L3-edge stands at ~25 meV, which is achieved using a diced Si(844) spherical
      crystal analyzer. However, spherical analyzers are limited by their intrinsic
      reflection width. A novel analyzer system using multiple flat crystals provides a
      promising way to overcome this limitation. For the present design, an energy
      resolution at or below 10 meV was selected. Recognizing that the angular
      acceptance of flat crystals is severely limited, a collimating element is
      essential to achieve the necessary solid-angle acceptance. For this purpose, a
      laterally graded, parabolic, multilayer Montel mirror was designed for use at the
      Ir L3-absorption edge. It provides an acceptance larger than 10 mrad, collimating
      the reflected X-ray beam to smaller than 100 urad, in both vertical and
      horizontal directions. The performance of this mirror was studied at beamline 27
      ID at the Advanced Photon Source. X-rays from a diamond (111) monochromator
      illuminated a scattering source of diameter 5 um, generating an incident beam on
      the mirror with a well determined divergence of 40 mrad. A flat Si(111) crystal
      after the mirror served as the divergence analyzer. From X-ray measurements, ray
      tracing simulations and optical metrology results, it was established that the
      Montel mirror satisfied the specifications of angular acceptance and collimation
      quality necessary for a high-resolution RIXS multi-crystal analyzer system.

PMID- 27359137
TI  - The high-resolution absorption spectroscopy branch on the VUV beamline DESIRS at
      SOLEIL.
AB  - A VUV absorption spectroscopy facility designed for ultra-high spectral
      resolution is in operation as a dedicated branch on the DESIRS beamline at
      Synchrotron SOLEIL. This branch includes a unique VUV Fourier transform
      spectrometer (FTS) and a dedicated versatile gas sample chamber. The FTS
      instrument can cover a large UV-VUV spectral range from 4 to 30 eV, with an
      ultimate line width of 0.08 cm(-1) on a large spectral window, DeltaE/E = 7%,
      over which all spectral features can be acquired in a multiplex way. The
      performance can be considered to be a middle ground between broadband moderate
      resolution spectrometers based on gratings and ultra-high-spectral-resolution VUV
      tunable-laser-based techniques over very narrow spectral windows. The various
      available gaseous-sample-handling setups, which function over a wide range of
      pressures and temperatures, and the acquisition methodology are described. A
      selection of experimental results illustrates the performance and limitations of
      the FTS-based facility.

PMID- 27359138
TI  - Development of a single-cell X-ray fluorescence flow cytometer.
AB  - An X-ray fluorescence flow cytometer that can determine the total metal content
      of single cells has been developed. Capillary action or pressure was used to load
      cells into hydrophilic or hydrophobic capillaries, respectively. Once loaded, the
      cells were transported at a fixed vertical velocity past a focused X-ray beam. X
      ray fluorescence was then used to determine the mass of metal in each cell. By
      making single-cell measurements, the population heterogeneity for metals in the
      uM to mM concentration range on fL sample volumes can be directly measured, a
      measurement that is difficult using most analytical methods. This approach has
      been used to determine the metal composition of 936 individual bovine red blood
      cells (bRBC), 31 individual 3T3 mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) and 18 Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae (yeast) cells with an average measurement frequency of ~4 cells min(
      1). These data show evidence for surprisingly broad metal distributions. Details
      of the device design, data analysis and opportunities for further sensitivity
      improvement are described.

PMID- 27359139
TI  - Continuous-scan capability at SSRL and applications to X-ray diffraction.
AB  - Typical X-ray diffraction measurements are made by moving a detector to discrete
      positions in space and then measuring the signal at each stationary position.
      This step-scanning method can be time-consuming, and may induce vibrations in the
      measurement system when the motors are accelerated and decelerated at each
      position. Furthermore, diffraction information between the data points may be
      missed unless a fine step-scanning is used, which further increases the total
      measurement time. To utilize beam time efficiently, the motor acceleration and
      deceleration time should be minimized, and the signal-to-noise ratio should be
      maximized. To accomplish this, an integrated continuous-scan system was developed
      at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL). The continuous-scan
      system uses an in-house integrated motor controller system and counter/timer
      electronics. SPEC software is used to control both the hardware and data
      acquisition systems. The time efficiency and repeatability of the continuous-scan
      system were tested using X-ray diffraction from a ZnO powder and compared with
      the step-scan technique. Advantages and limitations of the continuous-scan system
      and a demonstration of variable-velocity continuous scan are discussed.

PMID- 27359140
TI  - Third-order nonlinear and linear time-dependent dynamical diffraction of X-rays
      in crystals.
AB  - For the first time the third-order nonlinear time-dependent Takagi's equations of
      X-rays in crystals are obtained and investigated. The third-order nonlinear and
      linear time-dependent dynamical diffraction of X-rays spatially restricted in the
      diffraction plane pulses in crystals is investigated theoretically. A method of
      solving the linear and the third-order nonlinear time-dependent Takagi's
      equations is proposed. Based on this method, results of analytical and numerical
      calculations for both linear and nonlinear diffraction cases are presented and
      compared.

PMID- 27359141
TI  - Multi-speckle X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy in the ultra-small-angle X
      ray scattering range.
AB  - Multi-speckle X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) measurements in the
      ultra-small-angle range are performed using a long pinhole collimation instrument
      in combination with two-dimensional photon-counting and high-sensitivity imaging
      detectors. The feasibility of the presented setup to measure dynamics on
      different time and length scales pertinent to colloidal systems is shown. This
      setup offers new research opportunities, such as for example in the investigation
      of non-equilibrium dynamics in optically opaque, complex systems over length
      scales from tens of nanometres to several micrometres. In addition, due to the
      short duration of the X-ray exposure involved in the ultra-small-angle range,
      possible radiation-induced effects are alleviated. Furthermore, the performance
      of two different detectors, a photon-counting Pilatus 300K and an integrating
      FReLoN CCD, are compared, and their applicability for accurate XPCS measurements
      is demonstrated.

PMID- 27359142
TI  - Synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence measurement of metal distributions in
      Phragmites australis root system in the Yangtze River intertidal zone.
AB  - This study investigates the distributions of Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, K, Fe, Mn, Pb,
      Ti, V and Zn in Phragmites australis root system and the function of Fe
      nanoparticles in scavenging metals in the root epidermis using synchrotron X-ray
      microfluorescence, synchrotron transmission X-ray microscope measurement and
      synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge structure techniques. The purpose of this
      study is to understand the mobility of metals in wetland plant root systems after
      their uptake from rhizosphere soils. Phragmites australis samples were collected
      in the Yangtze River intertidal zone in July 2013. The results indicate that Fe
      nanoparticles are present in the root epidermis and that other metals correlate
      significantly with Fe, suggesting that Fe nanoparticles play an important role in
      metal scavenging in the epidermis.

PMID- 27359143
TI  - Vanadium K-edge XANES in vanadium-bearing model compounds: a full multiple
      scattering study.
AB  - A systematic study is presented on a set of vanadium-bearing model compounds,
      representative of the most common V coordination geometries and oxidation states,
      analysed by means of vanadium K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy
      calculations in the full multiple scattering (FMS) framework. Analysis and
      calibration of the free parameters of the theory under the muffin-tin
      approximation (muffin-tin overlap and interstitial potential) have been carried
      out by fitting the experimental spectra using the MXAN program. The analysis
      shows a correlation of the fit parameters with the V coordination geometry and
      oxidation state. By making use of this correlation it is possible to approach the
      study of unknown V-bearing compounds with useful preliminary information.

PMID- 27359144
TI  - Novel silica stabilization method for the analysis of fine nanocrystals using
      coherent X-ray diffraction imaging.
AB  - High-energy X-ray Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) is a well established
      synchrotron-based technique used to quantitatively reconstruct the three
      dimensional morphology and strain distribution in nanocrystals. The BCDI
      technique has become a powerful analytical tool for quantitative investigations
      of nanocrystals, nanotubes, nanorods and more recently biological systems. BCDI
      has however typically failed for fine nanocrystals in sub-100 nm size regimes - a
      size routinely achievable by chemical synthesis - despite the spatial resolution
      of the BCDI technique being 20-30 nm. The limitations of this technique arise
      from the movement of nanocrystals under illumination by the highly coherent beam,
      which prevents full diffraction data sets from being acquired. A solution is
      provided here to overcome this problem and extend the size limit of the BCDI
      technique, through the design of a novel stabilization method by embedding the
      fine nanocrystals into a silica matrix. Chemically synthesized FePt nanocrystals
      of maximum dimension 20 nm and AuPd nanocrystals in the size range 60-65 nm were
      investigated with BCDI measurement at beamline 34-ID-C of the APS, Argonne
      National Laboratory. Novel experimental methodologies to elucidate the presence
      of strain in fine nanocrystals are a necessary pre-requisite in order to better
      understand strain profiles in engineered nanocrystals for novel device
      development.

PMID- 27359146
TI  - Visualization of mouse spinal cord intramedullary arteries using phase- and
      attenuation-contrast tomographic imaging.
AB  - Many spinal cord circulatory disorders present the substantial involvement of
      small vessel lesions. The central sulcus arteries supply nutrition to a large
      part of the spinal cord, and, if not detected early, lesions in the spinal cord
      will cause irreversible damage to the function of this organ. Thus, early
      detection of these small vessel lesions could potentially facilitate the
      effective diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. However, the detection of
      such small vessels is beyond the capability of current imaging techniques. In
      this study, an imaging method is proposed and the potential of phase-contrast
      imaging (PCI)- and attenuation-contrast imaging (ACI)-based synchrotron radiation
      for high-resolution tomography of intramedullary arteries in mouse spinal cord is
      validated. The three-dimensional vessel morphology, particularly that of the
      central sulcus arteries (CSA), detected with these two imaging models was
      quantitatively analyzed and compared. It was determined that both PCI- and ACI
      based synchrotron radiation can be used to visualize the physiological
      arrangement of the entire intramedullary artery network in the mouse spinal cord
      in both two dimensions and three dimensions at a high-resolution scale.
      Additionally, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional vessel morphometric
      parameter measurements obtained with PCI are similar to the ACI data.
      Furthermore, PCI allows efficient and direct discrimination of the same branch
      level of the CSA without contrast agent injection and is expected to provide
      reliable biological information regarding the intramedullary artery. Compared
      with ACI, PCI might be a novel imaging method that offers a powerful imaging
      platform for evaluating pathological changes in small vessels and may also allow
      better clarification of their role in neurovascular disorders.

PMID- 27359145
TI  - Guiding synchrotron X-ray diffraction by multimodal video-rate protein crystal
      imaging.
AB  - Synchronous digitization, in which an optical sensor is probed synchronously with
      the firing of an ultrafast laser, was integrated into an optical imaging station
      for macromolecular crystal positioning prior to synchrotron X-ray diffraction.
      Using the synchronous digitization instrument, second-harmonic generation, two
      photon-excited fluorescence and bright field by laser transmittance were all
      acquired simultaneously with perfect image registry at up to video-rate (15
      frames s(-1)). A simple change in the incident wavelength enabled simultaneous
      imaging by two-photon-excited ultraviolet fluorescence, one-photon-excited
      visible fluorescence and laser transmittance. Development of an analytical model
      for the signal-to-noise enhancement afforded by synchronous digitization suggests
      a 15.6-fold improvement over previous photon-counting techniques. This
      improvement in turn allowed acquisition on nearly an order of magnitude more
      pixels than the preceding generation of instrumentation and reductions of well
      over an order of magnitude in image acquisition times. These improvements have
      allowed detection of protein crystals on the order of 1 um in thickness under
      cryogenic conditions in the beamline. These capabilities are well suited to
      support serial crystallography of crystals approaching 1 um or less in dimension.

PMID- 27359148
TI  - X-ray nanotomography and focused-ion-beam sectioning for quantitative three
      dimensional analysis of nanocomposites.
AB  - Knowing the relationship between three-dimensional structure and properties is
      paramount for complete understanding of material behavior. In this work, the
      internal nanostructure of micrometer-size (~10 um) composite Ni/Al particles was
      analyzed using two different approaches. The first technique, synchrotron-based X
      ray nanotomography, is a nondestructive method that can attain resolutions of
      tens of nanometers. The second is a destructive technique with sub-nanometer
      resolution utilizing scanning electron microscopy combined with an ion beam and
      'slice and view' analysis, where the sample is repeatedly milled and imaged. The
      obtained results suggest that both techniques allow for an accurate
      characterization of the larger-scale structures, while differences exist in the
      characterization of the smallest features. Using the Monte Carlo method, the
      effective resolution of the X-ray nanotomography technique was determined to be
      ~48 nm, while focused-ion-beam sectioning with 'slice and view' analysis was ~5
      nm.

PMID- 27359149
TI  - Optimization of tomographic reconstruction workflows on geographically
      distributed resources.
AB  - New technological advancements in synchrotron light sources enable data
      acquisitions at unprecedented levels. This emergent trend affects not only the
      size of the generated data but also the need for larger computational resources.
      Although beamline scientists and users have access to local computational
      resources, these are typically limited and can result in extended execution
      times. Applications that are based on iterative processing as in tomographic
      reconstruction methods require high-performance compute clusters for timely
      analysis of data. Here, time-sensitive analysis and processing of Advanced Photon
      Source data on geographically distributed resources are focused on. Two main
      challenges are considered: (i) modeling of the performance of tomographic
      reconstruction workflows and (ii) transparent execution of these workflows on
      distributed resources. For the former, three main stages are considered: (i) data
      transfer between storage and computational resources, (i) wait/queue time of
      reconstruction jobs at compute resources, and (iii) computation of reconstruction
      tasks. These performance models allow evaluation and estimation of the execution
      time of any given iterative tomographic reconstruction workflow that runs on
      geographically distributed resources. For the latter challenge, a workflow
      management system is built, which can automate the execution of workflows and
      minimize the user interaction with the underlying infrastructure. The system
      utilizes Globus to perform secure and efficient data transfer operations. The
      proposed models and the workflow management system are evaluated by using three
      high-performance computing and two storage resources, all of which are
      geographically distributed. Workflows were created with different computational
      requirements using two compute-intensive tomographic reconstruction algorithms.
      Experimental evaluation shows that the proposed models and system can be used for
      selecting the optimum resources, which in turn can provide up to 3.13* speedup
      (on experimented resources). Moreover, the error rates of the models range
      between 2.1 and 23.3% (considering workflow execution times), where the accuracy
      of the model estimations increases with higher computational demands in
      reconstruction tasks.

PMID- 27359147
TI  - Specimen preparation for cryogenic coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of
      biological cells and cellular organelles by using the X-ray free-electron laser
      at SACLA.
AB  - Coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) allows internal structures of
      biological cells and cellular organelles to be analyzed. CXDI experiments have
      been conducted at 66 K for frozen-hydrated biological specimens at the SPring-8
      Angstrom Compact Free-Electron Laser facility (SACLA). In these cryogenic CXDI
      experiments using X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses, specimen particles
      dispersed on thin membranes of specimen disks are transferred into the vacuum
      chamber of a diffraction apparatus. Because focused single XFEL pulses destroy
      specimen particles at the atomic level, diffraction patterns are collected
      through raster scanning the specimen disks to provide fresh specimen particles in
      the irradiation area. The efficiency of diffraction data collection in cryogenic
      experiments depends on the quality of the prepared specimens. Here, detailed
      procedures for preparing frozen-hydrated biological specimens, particularly thin
      membranes and devices developed in our laboratory, are reported. In addition, the
      quality of the frozen-hydrated specimens are evaluated by analyzing the
      characteristics of the collected diffraction patterns. Based on the experimental
      results, the internal structures of the frozen-hydrated specimens and the future
      development for efficient diffraction data collection are discussed.

PMID- 27359150
TI  - Synchrotron X-ray CT characterization of titanium parts fabricated by additive
      manufacturing. Part I. Morphology.
AB  - Synchrotron X-ray tomography has been applied to the study of titanium parts
      fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM). The AM method employed here was the
      Arcam EBM((r)) (electron beam melting) process which uses powdered titanium
      alloy, Ti64 (Ti alloy with approximately 6%Al and 4%V), as the feed and an
      electron beam for the sintering/welding. The experiment was conducted on the
      Imaging and Medical Beamline of the Australian Synchrotron. Samples were chosen
      to examine the effect of build direction and complexity of design on the surface
      morphology and final dimensions of the piece.

PMID- 27359152
TI  - A method of hard X-ray phase-shifting digital holography.
AB  - A new method of phase-shifting digital holography is demonstrated in the hard X
      ray region. An in-line-type phase-shifting holography setup was installed in a
      6.80 keV hard X-ray synchrotron beamline. By placing a phase plate consisting of
      a hole and a band at the focusing point of a Fresnel lens, the relative phase of
      the reference and objective beams could be successfully shifted for use with a
      three-step phase-shift algorithm. The system was verified by measuring the shape
      of a gold test pattern and a silica sphere.

PMID- 27359151
TI  - Synchrotron X-ray CT characterization of titanium parts fabricated by additive
      manufacturing. Part II. Defects.
AB  - Synchrotron X-ray tomography (SXRT) has been applied to the study of defects
      within three-dimensional printed titanium parts. These parts were made using the
      Arcam EBM((r)) (electron beam melting) process which uses powdered titanium
      alloy, Ti64 (Ti alloy with approximately 6%Al and 4%V) as the feed and an
      electron beam for the sintering/welding. The experiment was conducted on the
      Imaging and Medical Beamline of the Australian Synchrotron. The samples represent
      a selection of complex shapes with a variety of internal morphologies. Inspection
      via SXRT has revealed a number of defects which may not otherwise have been seen.
      The location and nature of such defects combined with detailed knowledge of the
      process conditions can contribute to understanding the interplay between design
      and manufacturing strategy. This fundamental understanding may subsequently be
      incorporated into process modelling, prediction of properties and the development
      of robust methodologies for the production of defect-free parts.

PMID- 27359153
TI  - A deformation rig for synchrotron microtomography studies of geomaterials under
      conditions down to 10 km depth in the Earth.
AB  - A hard X-ray transparent triaxial deformation apparatus, called HADES, has been
      developed by Sanchez Technologies and installed on the microtomography beamline
      ID19 at the European Radiation Synchrotron Facility (ESRF). This rig can be used
      for time-lapse microtomography studies of the deformation of porous solids
      (rocks, ceramics, metallic foams) at conditions of confining pressure to 100 MPa,
      axial stress to 200 MPa, temperature to 250 degrees C, and controlled aqueous
      fluid flow. It is transparent to high-energy X-rays above 60 keV and can be used
      for in situ studies of coupled processes that involve deformation and chemical
      reactions. The rig can be installed at synchrotron radiation sources able to
      deliver a high-flux polychromatic beam in the hard X-ray range to acquire
      tomographic data sets with a voxel size in the range 0.7-6.5 um in less than two
      minutes.

PMID- 27359154
TI  - The vacuum ultraviolet beamline/endstations at NSRL dedicated to combustion
      research.
AB  - An undulator-based vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) beamline (BL03U), intended for
      combustion chemistry studies, has been constructed at the National Synchrotron
      Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) in Hefei, China. The beamline is connected to the
      newly upgraded Hefei Light Source (HLS II), and could deliver photons in the 5-21
      eV range, with a photon flux of 10(13) photons s(-1) at 10 eV when the beam
      current is 300 mA. The monochromator of the beamline is equipped with two
      gratings (200 lines mm(-1) and 400 lines mm(-1)) and its resolving power is 3900
      at 7.3 eV for the 200 lines mm(-1) grating and 4200 at 14.6 eV for the 400 lines
      mm(-1) grating. The beamline serves three endstations which are designed for
      respective studies of premixed flame, fuel pyrolysis in flow reactor, and
      oxidation in jet-stirred reactor. Each endstation contains a reactor chamber, an
      ionization chamber where the molecular beam intersects with the VUV light, and a
      home-made reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The performance of the
      beamline and endstations with some preliminary results is presented here. The
      ability to detect reactive intermediates (e.g. H, O, OH and hydroperoxides) is
      advantageous in combustion chemistry research.

PMID- 27359155
TI  - HiSPoD: a program for high-speed polychromatic X-ray diffraction experiments and
      data analysis on polycrystalline samples.
AB  - A high-speed X-ray diffraction technique was recently developed at the 32-ID-B
      beamline of the Advanced Photon Source for studying highly dynamic, yet non
      repeatable and irreversible, materials processes. In experiments, the
      microstructure evolution in a single material event is probed by recording a
      series of diffraction patterns with extremely short exposure time and high frame
      rate. Owing to the limited flux in a short pulse and the polychromatic nature of
      the incident X-rays, analysis of the diffraction data is challenging. Here,
      HiSPoD, a stand-alone Matlab-based software for analyzing the polychromatic X-ray
      diffraction data from polycrystalline samples, is described. With HiSPoD,
      researchers are able to perform diffraction peak indexing, extraction of one
      dimensional intensity profiles by integrating a two-dimensional diffraction
      pattern, and, more importantly, quantitative numerical simulations to obtain
      precise sample structure information.

PMID- 27359156
TI  - Developmental changes in children's normative reasoning across learning contexts
      and collaborative roles.
AB  - What influences children's normative judgments of conventional rules at different
      points in development? The current study explored the effects of two contextual
      factors on children's normative reasoning: the way in which the rules were
      learned and whether the rules apply to the self or others. Peer dyads practiced a
      novel collaborative board game comprising two complementary roles. Dyads were
      either taught both the prescriptive (i.e., what to do) and proscriptive (i.e.,
      what not to do) forms of the rules, taught only the prescriptive form of the
      rules, or created the rules themselves. Children then judged whether third
      parties were violating or conforming to the rules governing their own roles and
      their partner's roles. Early school-aged children's (6- to 7-year-olds; N = 60)
      normative judgments were strongest when they had been taught the rules (with or
      without the proscriptive form), but were more flexible for rules they created
      themselves. Preschool-aged children's (4- to 5-year-olds; N = 60) normative
      judgments, however, were strongest when they were taught both the prescriptive
      and proscriptive forms of the rules. Additionally, preschoolers exhibited
      stronger normative judgments when the rules governed their own roles rather than
      their partner's roles, whereas school-aged children treated all rules as equally
      normative. These results demonstrate that children's normative reasoning is
      contingent on contextual factors of the learning environment and, moreover,
      highlight 2 specific areas in which children's inferences about the normativity
      of conventions strengthen over development. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359157
TI  - It's payback time: Preschoolers selectively request resources from someone they
      had benefitted.
AB  - Expectations that others will reciprocate to the benefits they received from us
      play a crucial role for the establishment of stable reciprocal exchange within
      social relationships. In the current study, 3- to 5-year-old preschool children
      allocated in a first phase more resources to one recipient than to another
      recipient. Subsequently, they had the possibility to ask one of them for valuable
      resources. The results of Experiment 1 show that preschool children expect others
      to reciprocate and strategically ask the ones they benefitted more to share with
      them. Experiment 2 demonstrates that there was no selective resource request when
      the recipients were absent during children's resource allocations. Experiment 3
      showed that children focused on the absolute amount of resources given to the
      recipients, but did not monitor their own relative generosity in judging to whom
      of the recipients they had been nicer. This study provides first evidence that
      preschool children possess reciprocity expectations and point thus to the
      strategic nature of early social behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359158
TI  - Six-Step Synthesis of Alcyopterosin A, a Bioactive Illudalane Sesquiterpene with
      a gem-Dimethylcyclopentane Ring.
AB  - Strategic pairing of ring openings and cycloisomerization provides rapid and
      efficient "open and shut" entry into sparsely functionalized illudalanes, as
      exemplified here in the context of a six-step synthesis of alcyopterosin A. Key
      steps include a tandem ring-opening fragmentation/olefination process for
      preparing a neopentyl-tethered 1,6-enyne, ring-opening olefination telescoped
      with alkyne homologation, and Rh-catalyzed oxidative cycloisomerization.

PMID- 27359159
TI  - Factors predictive of critical value of hypocalcemia after total
      parathyroidectomy without autotransplantation in patients with secondary
      hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Severe hypocalcemia is the most dangerous complication occurring
      after total parathyroidectomy without autotransplantation (TPTX) for secondary
      hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). We aim to identify the prevalence and potential risk
      factors of very severe hypocalcemia in patients with SHPT undergoing TPTX.
      METHODS: From April 2012 to August 2015, 157 patients with SHPT undergoing TPTX
      were reviewed. The critical value of hypocalcemia (CVH) was postoperative serum
      Ca(2+) levels of <=1.5 mmol/L. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that patients
      in the CVH group were significantly younger than those in the non-CVH group. Sex
      ratio was significantly different between the two groups. The CVH group had
      significantly higher levels of preoperative PTH and ALP. Male sex and
      preoperative levels of PTH and ALP were significant independent risk factors by
      logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Male sex, preoperative PTH and ALP
      were significantly associated with CVH in patients with SHPT undergoing TPTX.

PMID- 27359160
TI  - Superexchange Charge Transport in Loaded Metal Organic Frameworks.
AB  - In the past, nanoporous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been mostly studied
      for their huge potential with regard to gas storage and separation. More
      recently, the discovery that the electrical conductivity of a widely studied,
      highly insulating MOF, HKUST-1, improves dramatically when loaded with guest
      molecules has triggered a huge interest in the charge carrier transport
      properties of MOFs. The observed high conductivity, however, is difficult to
      reconcile with conventional transport mechanisms: neither simple hopping nor band
      transport models are consistent with the available experimental data. Here, we
      combine theoretical results and new experimental data to demonstrate that the
      observed conductivity can be explained by an extended hopping transport model
      including virtual hops through localized MOF states or molecular superexchange.
      Predictions of this model agree well with precise conductivity measurements,
      where experimental artifacts and the influence of defects are largely avoided by
      using well-defined samples and the Hg-drop junction approach.

PMID- 27359161
TI  - Fossil Fuel Combustion-Related Emissions Dominate Atmospheric Ammonia Sources
      during Severe Haze Episodes: Evidence from (15)N-Stable Isotope in Size-Resolved
      Aerosol Ammonium.
AB  - The reduction of ammonia (NH3) emissions is urgently needed due to its role in
      aerosol nucleation and growth causing haze formation during its conversion into
      ammonium (NH4(+)). However, the relative contributions of individual NH3 sources
      are unclear, and debate remains over whether agricultural emissions dominate
      atmospheric NH3 in urban areas. Based on the chemical and isotopic measurements
      of size-resolved aerosols in urban Beijing, China, we find that the natural
      abundance of (15)N (expressed using delta(15)N values) of NH4(+) in fine
      particles varies with the development of haze episodes, ranging from -37.10/00 to
      -21.70/00 during clean/dusty days (relative humidity: ~ 40%), to -13.10/00 to
      +5.80/00 during hazy days (relative humidity: 70-90%). After accounting for the
      isotope exchange between NH3 gas and aerosol NH4(+), the delta(15)N value of the
      initial NH3 during hazy days is found to be -14.50/00 to -1.60/00, which
      indicates fossil fuel-based emissions. These emissions contribute 90% of the
      total NH3 during hazy days in urban Beijing. This work demonstrates the analysis
      of delta(15)N values of aerosol NH4(+) to be a promising new tool for
      partitioning atmospheric NH3 sources, providing policy makers with insights into
      NH3 emissions and secondary aerosols for regulation in urban environments.

PMID- 27359162
TI  - Truncated Transition Densities for Analysis of (Nonlinear) Optical Properties of
      carbo-Chromophores.
AB  - The optical properties of several quadrupolar carbo-benzene derivatives are
      investigated at various levels of calculation (TDDFT and CASPT2) and analyzed
      using a new theoretical tool here disclosed: The "visualization" of the
      transition dipole moment from the transition density truncated to the main
      monoexcitations involved in the electronic transition (TTD). The experimental or
      calculated one-photon UV-visible absorption spectra of the carbo-benzene
      derivatives fit with the Gouterman model originally proposed for porphyrins,
      where the first four excited states involve linear combinations of
      monoexcitations of the same four frontier molecular orbitals. The relative
      intensities of the absorption bands are analyzed from the transition dipole
      moments calculated from the TTDs and an analogy between porphyrins and carbo
      benzenes is argued. The two-photon absorption (TPA) cross section related to the
      third-order nonlinear optical response is calculated for each two-photon-allowed
      excited state |f? from the contribution of all possible intermediate excited
      states |i? using the "sum-over-state" (SOS) scheme. The quadrupolar carbo-benzene
      derivatives fit into the three-level model, as their TPA cross section exhibits a
      dominant contribution of one of the intermediate excited states. The origin of
      TPA efficiency (enhancement) upon carbo-merisation of the C-C link to the para
      substituents is discussed from the excitation energies of the intermediate and
      final excited states and from the two corresponding transition dipole moments
      (MU0i and MUif). The latter may be calculated from the TTDs. 

PMID- 27359163
TI  - Penipyridones A-F, Pyridone Alkaloids from Penicillium funiculosum.
AB  - Six new pyridone alkaloids, named penipyridones A-F (1-6), were isolated from the
      fermentation broth of an Antarctic moss-derived fungus, Penicillium funiculosum
      GWT2-24. Their structures were elucidated from extensive NMR and MS data.
      Although they possess the same major chromophore and some of them presented
      almost mirror ECD spectra, their absolute configurations were found to be
      uniformly S, as evidenced by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis,
      stereocontrolled total synthesis, and chemical conversions. TDDFT-ECD
      calculations of compounds 3 and 6 revealed that subtle conformational changes are
      responsible for the significantly different ECD curves. None of the compounds
      were cytotoxic (IC50 > 50 MUM), while compounds 1, 2, 5, and 7 elicited lipid
      lowering activity in HepG2 hepatocytes.

PMID- 27359164
TI  - Three Randomized Effectiveness Trials - One Question: Can Callous-Unemotional
      Traits in Children Be Altered?
AB  - Children with conduct problems and callous-unemotional (CU) traits are at risk
      for multiple problems. Outcome research and mediation analyses testing for
      mechanisms of change in CU traits have been limited. We examined whether parent
      training-in a short-term (Brief Parent Training; BPT) or a comprehensive format
      (Parent Management Training, Oregon Model; PMTO)-or child-directed social skills
      training (Individual Social Skills Training [ISST]) produced positive effects on
      CU traits. In mediation models we tested parenting practices as mechanisms of
      change for CU traits. We pooled data from three randomized effectiveness trials,
      and 551 families were included in this study. Families had children between 3 and
      12 years of age and displayed emerging or present conduct problems at home, day
      care, or school (BPT M age = 7.28, 31.9% girls; PMTO M age = 8.56, 36.5% girls;
      ISST M age = 7.64, 19.7% girls). Assessments were completed preintervention,
      postintervention, and at follow-up (6 months following intervention). Both BPT (d
      = .32) and PMTO (d = .39) had positive effects on CU traits at posttest, whereas
      ISST did not (d = -.06). At follow-up, only PMTO produced a significant effect (d
      = .48) on CU traits. A significant indirect effect on CU traits emerged by
      positive parenting. Both parent training conditions outperformed ISST. Only PMTO
      maintained its effects at follow-up. The findings suggest that PMTO can reduce CU
      traits and that improved positive parenting is associated with positive outcomes
      for children's CU traits.

PMID- 27359165
TI  - Hot-Press-Assisted Adhesions between Polyimide Films and Titanium Plates
      Utilizing Coating Layers of Silane Coupling Agents.
AB  - The development of low material-consuming adhesion techniques for different kinds
      of materials such as polymers and metals is important for the realization of
      sustainable societies. This study demonstrates that coating layers, expected to
      be formed as self-assembled monolayers, of silane coupling agents can act as
      adhesion layers at the polymer film-metal plate interfaces. Polyimide films were
      alkaline hydrolyzed to generate carboxy groups on their surfaces, whereas
      titanium plate surfaces were treated with the aminosilanes to form their coating
      layers thereon. These modified surfaces were placed in contact with each other
      and then hot pressed, which resulted in adhesion between them. An examination of
      the adhesion strength using lap shear tests and surface characterization of the
      prepared surfaces using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and other techniques
      indicated the formation of ionic bonds and/or amide bonds between the carboxy
      groups of the PI film surfaces and the amino groups immobilized on the titanium
      plate surfaces. The activation of the carboxy groups using N-hydroxysuccinimide
      resulted in adhesion obtaining a water-resistant property, which supported the
      increase in amide bond formation. On the basis of the results, the adhesion
      mechanism and the possible breaking points upon the breaking of adhesions are
      proposed.

PMID- 27359166
TI  - Further insight into BRUTUS domain composition and functionality.
AB  - BRUTUS (BTS) is a hemerythrin (HHE) domain containing E3 ligase that facilitates
      the degradation of POPEYE-like (PYEL) proteins in a proteasomal-dependent manner.
      Deletion of BTS HHE domains enhances BTS stability in the presence of iron and
      also complements loss of BTS function, suggesting that the HHE domains are
      critical for protein stability but not for enzymatic function. The RING E3 domain
      plays an essential role in BTS' capacity to both interact with PYEL proteins and
      to act as an E3 ligase. Here we show that removal of the RING domain does not
      complement loss of BTS function. We conclude that enzymatic activity of BTS via
      the RING domain is essential for response to iron deficiency in plants. Further,
      we analyze possible BTS domain structure evolution and predict that the
      combination of domains found in BTS is specific to photosynthetic organisms,
      potentially indicative of a role for BTS and its orthologs in mitigating the iron
      related challenges presented by photosynthesis.

PMID- 27359167
TI  - Suicide Rates by Occupational Group - 17 States, 2012.
AB  - In 2012, approximately 40,000 suicides were reported in the United States, making
      suicide the 10th leading reported cause of death for persons aged >=16 years (1).
      From 2000 to 2012, rates of suicide among persons in this age group increased
      21.1%, from 13.3 per 100,000 to 16.1 (1). To inform suicide prevention efforts,
      CDC analyzed suicide by occupational group, by ascribing occupational codes to
      12,312 suicides in 17 states in 2012 from the National Violent Death Reporting
      System (NVDRS) (2). The frequency of suicide in different occupational groups was
      examined, and rates of suicide were calculated by sex and age group for these
      categories. Persons working in the farming, fishing, and forestry group had the
      highest rate of suicide overall (84.5 per 100,000 population) and among males
      (90.5); the highest rates of suicide among females occurred among those working
      in protective service occupations (14.1). Overall, the lowest rate of suicide
      (7.5) was found in the education, training, and library occupational group.
      Suicide prevention approaches directed toward persons aged >=16 years that
      enhance social support, community connectedness, access to preventive services,
      and the reduction of stigma and barriers to help-seeking are needed. 

PMID- 27359168
TI  - Investigating non-specific binding to chemically engineered sensor surfaces using
      liposomes as models.
AB  - Nanoparticles are ubiquitously used for signal enhancement in (bio)sensors, but
      their true possible performance is typically hampered by non-specific binding. A
      better understanding of the nature and the prevention of non-specific binding
      through surface engineering of the particles and sensor surfaces is needed to
      intelligently design (bio)sensors and potentially avoid bulk blocking methods.
      Hence, two types of liposomes were used as model for signal-enhancing
      nanoparticles. Their surface was engineered to bear negative surface charge. One
      type was synthesized with additional 6 mol% -COOH groups. Their interaction with
      four typical chemically modified sensor surfaces was then mechanistically
      characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. It was shown that
      the non-specific binding can be described with Langmuir isotherms providing
      quantitative information of dissociation constants and surface loading with
      especially high correlation coefficients (>0.97) for all the studied sensor
      surfaces modified with hydrophilic alkane thiols. By tailoring the sensor surface
      chemistry, non-specific binding was significantly minimized. Here, carboxyl- or
      methyl-terminated surfaces performed best. In fact, the pairing of -COOH groups
      on the sensor surface with -COOH groups on the liposomes almost completely
      eliminated non-specific binding, resulting in a SPR signal change of only 1 mRIU
      (refractive index unit) at 100 MUM phospholipid concentration. Surprisingly
      though, -OH groups on the surface, which are also commonly used in sensing
      applications, did not lead to decreased adsorption, but caused significant signal
      changes (4 mRIU at 100 MUM phospholipid) due to non-specific binding. Overall,
      the mechanistic studies presented here demonstrate that by careful design of the
      nanoparticle surface and by choosing sensor surfaces with terminal -CH3 or -COOH
      groups, improved sensing (micro)systems with very low non-specific adsorption can
      be obtained. 

PMID- 27359169
TI  - Total Synthesis of Plakilactones C, B and des-Hydroxyplakilactone B by the
      Oxidative Cleavage of Gracilioether Furanylidenes.
AB  - A chemoselective oxidative cleavage of synthetic gracilioether B, 11-epi
      gracilioether C benzoate, and des-hydroxygracilioether C with pyridinium
      chlorochromate, which proceeds with loss of the furanyl acetate, has enabled
      total synthesis and stereochemical elucidation of the marine sponge metabolites
      (4R,6R)-plakilactone C, (4R,6R,9R)-plakilactone B, and (4R,6R)-des
      hydroxyplakilactone B. des-Hydroxygracilioether C, the putative biosynthetic
      precursor to hippolachnin A, was also found to undergo a facile ene cyclization
      on treatment with SnCl4.

PMID- 27359170
TI  - Sex and Gender Roles in Relation to Mental Health and Allostatic Load.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Beyond male/female binaries, gender roles represent masculine and
      feminine traits that we assimilate and enact throughout life span development.
      Bem proposed that "androgynous" individuals adeptly adapt to different contexts
      by alternating from a strong repertoire of both masculine and feminine gender
      roles. By contrast, "undifferentiated" individuals may not adapt as well to
      social norms because of weak self-endorsed masculinity and femininity. METHODS:
      Among 204 adults (mean [standard error] age = 40.4 [0.9] years; 70% women)
      working in a psychiatric hospital, we hypothesized that androgynous individuals
      would present better mental health and less physiological dysregulations known as
      allostatic load (AL) than undifferentiated individuals. AL was indexed using 20
      biomarkers using the conventional "all-inclusive" formulation that ascribes
      cutoffs without regard for sex or an alternative "sex-specific" formulation with
      cutoffs tailored for each sex separately while controlling for sex hormones
      (testosterone, estradiol, progesterone). Well-validated questionnaires were used.
      RESULTS: Independent of sex, androgynous individuals experienced higher self
      esteem and well-being and lower depressive symptoms than did undifferentiated
      individuals. Men manifested higher AL than did women using the all-inclusive AL
      index (p = .044, etaP = 0.025). By contrast, the sex-specific AL algorithm
      unmasked a sex by gender roles interaction for AL (p = .043, etaP = 0.048): with
      the highest AL levels in undifferentiated men. Analysis using a gender index
      based on seven gendered constructs revealed that a greater propensity toward
      feminine characteristics correlated only with elevated sex-specific AL (r =
      0.163, p = .025). CONCLUSIONS: Beyond providing psychobiological evidence for
      Bem's theory, this study highlights how sex-specific AL formulations detect the
      effects of sociocultural gender.

PMID- 27359171
TI  - Kynurenine and Tryptophan Levels in Patients With Schizophrenia and Elevated
      Antigliadin Immunoglobulin G Antibodies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Several studies have reported an association between nonceliac gluten
      sensitivity and schizophrenia. Immune and kynurenine (KYN) pathways have also
      been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and certain
      proinflammatory immune mediators may increase KYN and reduce tryptophan (TRP)
      levels. METHODS: We measured serum antigliadin immunoglobulin G (IgG), KYN, and
      TRP in 950 patients with schizophrenia. Patients with antibody level at the 90th
      percentile or higher of control participants (21.9% of all patients) were
      classified as having elevated antigliadin IgG. Independent t tests and linear
      regression models were used to compare TRP, KYN, and KYN-TRP ratio (indicator of
      TRP metabolism) between patients with and those without elevated antigliadin IgG.
      The correlation between antigliadin IgG and TRP, KYN, and the ratio was also
      evaluated in the patients. RESULTS: KYN and KYN-TRP ratio were higher in patients
      with elevated antigliadin IgG (geometric mean [standard deviation {SD}] = 2.65
      [0.25] umol/L versus 2.25 [0.23] umol/L [p < .001] and 0.05 [0.26] versus 0.04
      [0.25; p = .001] respectively), findings robust to adjustment for potential
      demographic and clinical confounders. Antigliadin IgG positively correlated with
      KYN and KYN-TRP ratio (r = 0.12, p < .001; r = 0.11, p = .002). TRP did not
      differ between the two groups and did not correlate with antigliadin IgG.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results connect nonceliac gluten sensitivity with the KYN
      pathway of TRP metabolism in psychotic illness and hint toward potential
      individualized treatment targets.

PMID- 27359172
TI  - Impact of Maternal Lifetime Interpersonal Trauma on Children's Asthma: Mediation
      Through Maternal Active Asthma During Pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Traumatic stressors, including child abuse and/or interpersonal
      violence over a woman's lifecourse, can affect the health of her children. This
      study examines the associations between maternal lifetime interpersonal trauma
      (IPT) and children's asthma by age 6 years (n = 857). METHODS: Pregnant women
      completed the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale; IPT exposure was categorized as
      unexposed (55%), early (childhood and/or teen years only, 25%), late (adulthood
      and/or index pregnancy, 7%), and chronic (early and late, 13%). Clinician
      diagnosed asthma in children was reported by mothers at each follow-up visit
      until the child reached age 6 years. We examined the effects of maternal IPT
      categories and child's asthma using logistic regression. Using structural
      equation models, we also examined indirect relationships between maternal chronic
      IPT and child asthma operating through active asthma in pregnancy, prepregnancy
      BMI, prenatal smoking, and/or increased exposure to other adverse life events or
      environmental toxins prenatally. Effect modification by the child's sex was
      examined. RESULTS: Mothers were primarily Hispanic (55%) or black (30%) with less
      than high school education (62%). In logistic regression models, chronic maternal
      IPT (compared with unexposed) was associated with asthma in boys (odds ratio =
      2.87, 95% confidence interval = 1.48-5.57) but not girls (odds ratio = 0.69, 95%
      confidence interval = 0.23-2.12; pinteraction = .042). In structural equation
      models, chronic IPT was associated with maternal active asthma in pregnancy (beta
      = 0.59, p < .001), maternal active asthma was associated with children's asthma
      (beta = 0.20, p = .009), and the total indirect effect for this path was
      significant (beta = 0.12, p = .031). Associations were most evident among boys.
      CONCLUSIONS: Mothers' history of chronic IPT was associated with asthma in boys.
      This association was mediated through active maternal asthma in pregnancy.

PMID- 27359173
TI  - Molecular Mechanisms of Stress-Induced Myocardial Injury in a Rat Model
      Simulating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an independent risk factor for
      cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms
      underlying myocardial injury induced by simulated PTSD. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley
      rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group (n = 18) and PTSD group
      (n = 30). The PTSD model was replicated using the single prolonged stress (SPS)
      method. On the 14th day poststress, the apoptotic cells in myocardium were
      assessed using both TUNEL method and transmission electron microscopy; the
      protein levels of the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) molecules were measured
      by using Western blotting analysis. RESULTS: Exposure to SPS resulted in
      characteristic morphologic changes of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes assessed by
      transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, TUNEL staining was also indicative of
      the elevated apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes from the SPS rats (30.69% versus
      7.26%, p < .001). Simulated PTSD also induced ERS in myocardium, demonstrated by
      up-regulation of protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (0.64 versus
      0.26, p = .017), calreticulin (p = .040), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein
      homologous protein (0.95 versus 0.43, p = .047), phosphorylation of protein
      kinase RNA-like ER kinase (p = .003), and caspase 12 activation (0.30 versus
      0.06, p < .001) in myocardium from the SPS rats. The ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax
      decreased significantly in myocardium from the SPS rats (p = .005). CONCLUSIONS:
      The ERS-related apoptosis mediated by the protein kinase RNA-like ER
      kinase/CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein and caspase 12 pathways
      may be associated with myocardial injury in a rat model simulating PTSD. This
      study may advance our understanding of how PTSD contributes to myocardial injury
      on a molecular level.

PMID- 27359175
TI  - Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and the Metabolic Syndrome in Ethnic Minority
      Groups: The Healthy Life in an Urban Setting Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome could be explained by
      perceived ethnic discrimination (PED). It is unclear whether PED is associated
      with the metabolic syndrome. We assessed this association and quantified the
      contribution of PED to the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Baseline data were used
      from the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting study collected in the Netherlands from
      2011 to 2014. The population-based sample included South-Asian Surinamese,
      African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish, and Moroccan participants (aged 18 to 70
      years). PED was measured using the Everyday Discrimination Scale. The metabolic
      syndrome was determined according to the harmonized definition of the
      International Diabetes Federation, American Heart Association, and others.
      Logistic regression was used for analysis. population-attributable fraction was
      used to calculate the contribution of PED. RESULTS: PED was positively associated
      with the metabolic syndrome in South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, and
      Moroccan participants (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.13 [0.99-1.30],
      1.15 [1.00-1.32], and 1.19 [1.03-1.38], respectively) after adjusting for
      potential confounders and mediators. No significant association was observed
      among Ghanaian and Turkish participants. For the individual components, the
      associations were statistically significant for blood pressure, fasting glucose,
      and waist circumference among Surinamese participants. PED was associated with
      dyslipidemia in Moroccan participants. The population-attributable fractions were
      5% for South-Asian Surinamese and Moroccan participants, and 7% for African
      Surinamese participants. CONCLUSIONS: We found a positive association of PED with
      the metabolic syndrome in some ethnic groups, with PED contributing around 5% to
      7% to the metabolic syndrome among Surinamese and Moroccans. This suggests that
      PED might contribute to ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome.

PMID- 27359174
TI  - The Association Between Psychiatric Disorders and Telomere Length: A Meta
      Analysis Involving 14,827 Persons.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between leukocyte telomere length
      (LTL), a marker of cell aging, and psychiatric disorders in adults compared with
      controls using meta-analytic methods. METHODS: Data were abstracted from studies
      examining the relationship between LTL and adult psychiatric disorders. In
      addition to an overall estimate of effect size, subgroup analyses and meta
      regression were performed to examine whether covariates (including psychiatric
      diagnoses) moderated the estimate. RESULTS: A significant overall effect size
      showing LTL shortening was found across all psychiatric disorders (Hedge g = 
      0.50, p < .001). Subgroup analyses did not demonstrate significant differences in
      effect size based on individual covariates (psychiatric disorder, sex, age, or
      assay method). The meta-regression indicated that although type of disorder and,
      likely, age moderate the overall effect size, the heterogeneity between studies
      could not be explained by a model that included these variables as well as sex
      and assay method. Although not significantly different, posttraumatic stress
      disorder, anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders had comparatively larger
      effect sizes (-1.27, -0.53, and -0.55), and psychotic and bipolar disorders had
      comparatively smaller ones (-0.23 and -0.26). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a robust
      effect size of LTL shortening for psychiatric disorders as a whole compared with
      controls. The results were less straightforward regarding relative differences in
      the strength of this association by specific disorder. Future studies should
      focus on mechanisms explaining accelerated cell aging with psychiatric illness,
      defining directions (if any) of causality and elucidating possible differences in
      this association between disorders.

PMID- 27359176
TI  - Effects of a Multicomponent Life-Style Intervention on Weight, Glycemic Control,
      Depressive Symptoms, and Renal Function in Low-Income, Minority Patients With
      Type 2 Diabetes: Results of the Community Approach to Lifestyle Modification for
      Diabetes Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Few interventions have combined life-style and psychosocial approaches
      in the context of Type 2 diabetes management. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the effect of a multicomponent behavioral intervention on weight,
      glycemic control, renal function, and depressive symptoms in a sample of
      overweight/obese adults with Type 2 diabetes and marked depressive symptoms.
      METHODS: A sample of 111 adults with Type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to a
      1-year intervention (n = 57) or usual care (n = 54) in a parallel groups design.
      Primary outcomes included weight, glycosylated hemoglobin, and Beck Depression
      Inventory II score. Estimated glomerular filtration rate served as a secondary
      outcome. All measures were assessed at baseline and 6 and 12 months after
      randomization by assessors blind to randomization. Latent growth modeling was
      used to examine intervention effects on each outcome. RESULTS: The intervention
      resulted in decreased weight (mean [M] = 0.322 kg, standard error [SE] = 0.124
      kg, p = .010) and glycosylated hemoglobin (M = 0.066%, SE = 0.028%, p = .017),
      and Beck Depression Inventory II scores (M = 1.009, SE = 0.226, p < .001), and
      improved estimated glomerular filtration rate (M = 0.742 ml.min.1.73 m, SE =
      0.318 ml.min.1.73 m, p = .020) each month during the first 6 months relative to
      usual care. CONCLUSIONS: Multicomponent behavioral interventions targeting weight
      loss and depressive symptoms as well as diet and physical activity are
      efficacious in the management of Type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study
      is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT01739205.

PMID- 27359177
TI  - The Role of Occupational Status in the Association Between Job Strain and
      Ambulatory Blood Pressure During Working and Nonworking Days.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine whether job strain is
      more strongly associated with higher ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) among blue
      collar workers compared with white-collar workers, to examine whether this
      pattern generalizes across working and nonworking days and across sex, and to
      examine whether this pattern is accounted for by psychosocial factors or health
      behaviors during daily life. METHODS: A total of 480 healthy workers (mean age =
      43 years, 53% female) in the Adult Health and Behavior Project-Phase 2 completed
      ABP monitoring during 3 working days and 1 nonworking day. Job strain was
      operationalized as high psychological demand (> sample median) combined with low
      decision latitude (<sample median; Karasek model; Job Content Questionnaire).
      RESULTS: Covariate-adjusted multilevel random coefficient regressions
      demonstrated that associations between job strain and systolic and diastolic ABP
      were stronger among blue-collar workers compared with white-collar workers (b =
      6.53 [F(1,464) = 3.89, p = .049] and b = 5.25 [F(1,464) = 6.09, p = .014],
      respectively). This pattern did not vary by sex, but diastolic ABP findings were
      stronger when participants were at work. The stronger association between job
      strain and ABP among blue-collar workers was not accounted for by education,
      momentary physical activity, or substance use, but was partially accounted for by
      covariation between higher hostility and blue-collar status. CONCLUSIONS: Job
      strain is associated with ABP among blue-collar workers. These results extend
      previous findings to a mixed-sex sample and nonworking days and provide, for the
      first time, comprehensive exploration of several behavioral and psychosocial
      explanations for this finding.

PMID- 27359179
TI  - Effects of Moderate Exercise on Cortical Resilience: A Transcranial Magnetic
      Stimulation Study Targeting the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain regions that support
      cognitive control and memory are well documented. However, examination of the
      capacity of acute exercise to promote cortical resilience-the ability to recover
      from temporary pertubation-has been largely unexplored. The present study sought
      to determine whether single session of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can
      accelerate recovery of inhibitory control centers in the dorsolateral prefrontal
      cortex after transient perturbation via continuous theta burst stimulation
      (cTBS). METHODS: In a within-participants experimental design, 28 female
      participants aged 18 to 26 years (mean [standard deviation] = 20.32 [1.79] years)
      completed a session each of moderate-intensity and very light-intensity exercise,
      in a randomized order. Before each exercise session, participants received active
      cTBS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A Stroop task was used to
      quantify both the initial perturbation and subsequent recovery effects on
      inhibitory control. RESULTS: Results revealed a significant exercise condition
      (moderate-intensity exercise, very light-intensity exercise) by time
      (prestimulation, poststimulation, postexercise) interaction (F(2,52) = 5.93, p =
      .005, d = 0.38). Specifically, the proportion of the cTBS-induced decrement in
      inhibition restored at 40 minutes postexercise was significantly higher after a
      bout of moderate-intensity exercise (101.26%) compared with very light-intensity
      exercise (18.36%; t(27) = -2.17, p = .039, d = -.57, 95% confidence interval = 
      161.40 to -4.40). CONCLUSION: These findings support the hypothesis that exercise
      promotes cortical resilience, specifically in relation to the brain regions that
      support inhibitory control. The resilience-promoting effects of exercise have
      empirical and theoretical implications for how we conceptualize the
      neuroprotective effects of exercise.

PMID- 27359178
TI  - Structural Remodeling of Sympathetic Innervation in Atherosclerotic Blood
      Vessels: Role of Atherosclerotic Disease Progression and Chronic Social Stress.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) can undergo dramatic structural
      plasticity in response to behavioral factors and/or the presence of disease,
      leading to SNS hyperinnervation of peripheral tissues. The SNS has been proposed
      as an important mediator between stressful behavior and the progression of
      atherosclerosis in the vasculature. The present study examined whether structural
      remodeling of the SNS occurs in the vasculature in a genetically hyperlipidemic
      animal model of atherosclerosis, the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit
      (WHHL; relative to normolipidemic New Zealand white rabbits [NZW]), and whether
      SNS plasticity is driven by the progression of disease and/or by stressful social
      behavior. METHODS: WHHL and NZW rabbits were assigned to an unstable or stable
      social environment for 4 months. Aortic atherosclerosis was assessed and SNS
      aortic innervation quantified using immunofluorescent microscopy. RESULTS:
      Numerous SNS varicosities were observed throughout the aorta in WHHLs and NZWs,
      extending into the vascular media and intima, an innervation pattern not
      previously reported. WHHLs exhibited significantly greater innervation than NZWs
      (F(1,41) = 55.3, p < .001), with extensive innervation of the atherosclerotic
      neointima. The innervation density was highly correlated with the extent of
      disease in the WHHLs (r(21) = 0.855, p < .001). Social environment did not
      influence innervation in NZWs (aortic arch: p = .078, thoracic aorta: p = .34) or
      WHHLs (arch: p = .97, thoracic: p = .61). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that
      hyperinnervation is driven largely by the progression of disease rather than
      social environment. SNS innervation patterns observed in atherosclerotic human
      and mouse aortas were consistent with the rabbit, suggesting that SNS
      hyperinnervation of the diseased vessel wall is a general feature across
      mammalian species.

PMID- 27359180
TI  - Race and Resting-State Heart Rate Variability in Brazilian Civil Servants and the
      Mediating Effects of Discrimination: An ELSA-Brasil Cohort Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: African Americans are characterized by higher heart rate variability
      (HRV), a finding ostensibly associated with beneficial health outcomes. However,
      these findings are at odds with other evidence that blacks have worse
      cardiovascular outcomes. Here, we examine associations in a large cohort from the
      ELSA-Brasil study and determined whether these effects are mediated by
      discrimination. METHODS: Three groups were compared on the basis of self-declared
      race: "black" (n = 2,020), "brown" (n = 3,502), and "white" (n = 6,467).
      Perceived discrimination was measured using a modified version of the Everyday
      Discrimination Scale. Resting-state HRV was extracted from 10-minute resting
      state electrocardiograms. Racial differences in HRV were determined by regression
      analyses weighted by propensity scores, which controlled for potentially
      confounding variables including age, sex, education, and other health-related
      information. Nonlinear mediation analysis quantified the average total effect,
      comprising direct (race-HRV) and indirect (race-discrimination-HRV) pathways.
      RESULTS: Black participants displayed higher HRV relative to brown (Cohen's d =
      0.20) and white participants (Cohen's d = 0.31). Brown relative to white
      participants also displayed a small but significantly higher HRV (Cohen's d =
      0.14). Discrimination indirectly contributed to the effects of race on HRV.
      CONCLUSIONS: This large cohort from the Brazilian population shows that HRV is
      greatest in black, followed by brown, relative to white participants. The
      presence of higher HRV in these groups may reflect a sustained compensatory
      psychophysiological response to the adverse effects of discrimination. Additional
      research is needed to determine the health consequences of these differences in
      HRV across racial and ethnic groups.

PMID- 27359181
TI  - The Specificity of Health-Related Autobiographical Memories in Patients With
      Somatic Symptom Disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) have persistent
      distressing somatic symptoms that are associated with excessive thoughts,
      feelings, and behaviors. Reduced autobiographical memory specificity (rAMS) is
      related to a range of emotional disorders and is considered a vulnerability
      factor for an unfavorable course of pathology. The present study investigated
      whether the specificity of health-related autobiographical memories is reduced in
      patients with SSD with medically unexplained dyspnea complaints, compared with
      healthy controls. METHODS: Female patients with SSD (n = 30) and matched healthy
      controls (n = 24) completed a health-related Autobiographical Memory Test, the
      Beck Depression Inventory, the Ruminative Response Scale, and rumination scales
      concerning bodily reactions. Depressive symptoms and rumination were assessed
      because both variables previously showed associations with rAMS. RESULTS:
      Patients with SSD recalled fewer specific (F(1,52) = 13.63, p = .001) and more
      categoric (F(1,52) = 7.62, p = .008) autobiographical memories to health-related
      cue words than healthy controls. Patients also reported higher levels of
      depressive symptoms and rumination (all t > 3.00, p < .01). Importantly, the
      differences in memory specificity were independent of depressive symptoms and
      trait rumination. CONCLUSIONS: The present study extends findings on rAMS to a
      previously unstudied sample of patients with SSD. Importantly, the presence of
      rAMS could not be explained by increased levels of depressive symptoms and
      rumination. We submit that rAMS in this group reflects how health-related
      episodes and associated symptoms are encoded in memory.

PMID- 27359182
TI  - Effects of a Home-Based DVD-Delivered Physical Activity Program on Self-Esteem in
      Older Adults: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although center-based supervised physical activity interventions have
      proved to be successful in attenuating health declines in older adults, such
      methods can be costly and have limited reach. In the present study, we examined
      the effects of a DVD-delivered exercise intervention on self-esteem and its
      subdomains and the extent to which these effects were maintained. In addition, we
      examined whether psychological, demographic, and biological factors acted as
      determinants of self-esteem. METHODS: Low-active, older adults (n = 307; mean
      [standard deviation] age =71.0 [5.1] years) were randomly assigned to a 6-month,
      home-based exercise program consisting of a DVD-delivered exercise intervention
      focused on increasing flexibility, toning, and balance (FlexToBa) or an
      attentional control DVD condition focused on healthy aging. Physical self-worth
      and three subdomains of self-esteem, global self-esteem, and self-efficacy were
      assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. RESULTS: There was a differential
      effect of time for the two groups for physical self-worth (F
      interaction(2,530.10) = 4.17, p = .016) and perception of physical condition (F
      interaction(1,630.77) = 8.31, p = .004). Self-efficacy, sex, body mass index, and
      age were significant predictors of changes in physical self-worth and perception
      of physical condition. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a DVD-delivered
      exercise intervention is efficacious for improving and maintaining subdomain and
      domain levels of self-esteem in older adults. In addition, self-efficacy was the
      strongest predictor of changes in physical self-worth and perceptions of physical
      condition. This innovative method of delivering an exercise training program via
      DVD is practical and effective and has the potential for broad reach and
      dissemination. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.govidentifier:NCT01030419.

PMID- 27359183
TI  - Measures of Heart Rate Variability in Individuals With Somatic Symptom Disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Little is known about autonomic nervous system activity in individuals
      with somatic symptom disorder (SSD) as defined by DSM-V criteria. The aims of
      this study were to investigate whether individuals with SSD differ from healthy
      controls in heart rate variability (HRV) measures of autonomic nervous system
      activity and whether sex has a moderating effect on this association. METHODS: We
      recruited 168 individuals with SSD (35.1% men) and 106 healthy controls (27.4%
      men). Demographics, HRV, and psychological factors were measured using the
      Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Health Anxiety Questionnaire, Beck Depression
      Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Multiple regression analysis
      was used to examine the association of SSD with HRV, adjusting for demographic
      and psychological measures. RESULTS: Individuals with SSD had lower levels of
      total-power HRV and low-frequency HRV, but no differences in high-frequency (HF)
      HRV were found. HRV differences between SSD and controls varied by sex and age
      (triple interaction TP-HRV beta = -0.222, p < .001; low-frequency HRV beta = 
      0.332, p < .001; and HF-HRV beta = -0.167, p = .006). Whole-sample multiple
      regression analyses revealed significant sex differences in the magnitudes of the
      association between BDI-II with HF-HRV (beta of sex*BDI-II: 0.761, p = .005) and
      analyses stratified by sex indicated that HF-HRV was significantly correlated
      with depression in men with SSD (r = -0.491, p < .001) but not in women with SSD
      (r = 0.057, p = .558). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that patients with SSD
      demonstrate different patterns of HRV and the patterns of association between HRV
      indices and psychological factors vary between men and women.

PMID- 27359185
TI  - The ICSD-3 and DSM-5 guidelines for diagnosing narcolepsy: clinical relevance and
      practicality.
AB  - Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disease manifesting as difficulty with
      maintaining continuous wake and sleep. Clinical presentation varies but requires
      excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) occurring alone or together with features of
      rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep dissociation (e.g., cataplexy,
      hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, sleep paralysis), and disrupted nighttime
      sleep. Narcolepsy with cataplexy is associated with reductions of cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) hypocretin due to destruction of hypocretin peptide-producing neurons
      in the hypothalamus in individuals with a specific genetic predisposition.
      Updated diagnostic criteria include the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
      Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and International Classification of Sleep
      Disorders Third Edition (ICSD-3). DSM-5 criteria require EDS in association with
      any one of the following: (1) cataplexy; (2) CSF hypocretin deficiency; (3) REM
      sleep latency <=15 minutes on nocturnal polysomnography (PSG); or (4) mean sleep
      latency <=8 minutes on multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT) with >=2 sleep-onset
      REM-sleep periods (SOREMPs). ICSD-3 relies more upon objective data in addition
      to EDS, somewhat complicating the diagnostic criteria: 1) cataplexy and either
      positive MSLT/PSG findings or CSF hypocretin deficiency; (2) MSLT criteria
      similar to DSM-5 except that a SOREMP on PSG may count as one of the SOREMPs
      required on MSLT; and (3) distinct division of narcolepsy into type 1, which
      requires the presence of cataplexy or documented CSF hypocretin deficiency, and
      type 2, where cataplexy is absent, and CSF hypocretin levels are either normal or
      undocumented. We discuss limitations of these criteria such as variability in
      clinical presentation of cataplexy, particularly when cataplexy may be ambiguous,
      as well as by age; multiple and/or invasive CSF diagnostic test requirements; and
      lack of normative diagnostic test data (e.g., MSLT) in certain populations. While
      ICSD-3 criteria reflect narcolepsy pathophysiology, DSM-5 criteria have greater
      clinical practicality, suggesting that valid and reliable biomarkers to help
      standardize narcolepsy diagnosis would be welcomed.

PMID- 27359184
TI  - Positive Self-Perceptions of Aging and Lower Rate of Overnight Hospitalization in
      the US Population Over Age 50.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aging of the baby boomer generation has led to an unprecedented
      rise in the number of US adults reaching old age, prompting an urgent call for
      innovative and cost-effective ways to address the increasing health care needs of
      the aging population. Studying the role of psychosocial factors on health care
      use could offer insight into how to minimize hospitalizations among older adults.
      METHODS: We use prospective data from a subsample of 4735 participants (mean
      [standard deviation] age = 69 [8.79] years, 61% women) from the Health and
      Retirement Study, a nationally representative study of US adults over age 50, to
      examine the association between self-perceptions of aging (SPA) and self-reported
      overnight hospitalizations after adjusting for a comprehensive list of
      sociodemographic, health-related, and behavioral factors. RESULTS: Over the 4
      year follow-up period, there were a total of 5196 overnight hospitalizations, and
      44% of the sample reported being hospitalized overnight at least once. After
      adjusting for sociodemographic factors, each standard deviation increase in
      positive SPA was associated with a lower rate of overnight hospitalization
      (incidence rate ratio = 0.75; 95% confidence interval = 0.71-0.80, p < .001).
      After dividing respondents into quartiles of SPA, we observed a dose-response
      relationship with individuals in higher quartiles showing increasingly lower
      rates of overnight hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Positive self-perceptions of
      aging are associated with a lower rate of hospitalization among older adults over
      a 4-year period. Future research should examine the factors that contribute to
      older adults' SPA and explore the pathways through which attitudes toward aging
      influence the use of health care resources.

PMID- 27359186
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome was a risk factor for uncontrolled
      hypertension in adult snorers in South China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS)
      with uncontrolled hypertension has not been fully investigated to date. The
      present article will investigate the associated factors of uncontrolled
      hypertension in South China Method: A total of 668 patients (531 males, 137
      females) in South China were enrolled in this study. All patients completed
      questionnaires and then underwent an in-hospital polysomnography. RESULT:
      Univariate analysis showed that drinking, apnea-hypopnea index, Epworth
      Sleepiness Scale (ESS) index, the presence of OSAHS, MSaO2 and the lowest SaO2,
      circumference of neck and waist were predictors of uncontrolled hypertension.
      Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that ESS, presence of OSAHS, and the
      lowest SaO2 was independently associated with the risk for uncontrolled
      hypertension. CONCLUSION: The lowest SaO2, ESS index, and OSAHS were risk factors
      for uncontrolled hypertension.

PMID- 27359187
TI  - miRNAs: mediators of ErbB family targeted therapy resistance.
AB  - The ErbB/HER tyrosine kinase receptors family plays a key regulatory role in
      different cellular processes by activating several signaling pathways. In
      different tumor types, mutations or overexpression of the ErbB family members are
      a common feature, which led to the development of targeted therapies against this
      receptors. Although with this kind of treatment we are heading to a more
      personalized medicine, the development of acquired resistance is still an issue,
      therefore, several studies focused on discovering the mechanisms behind it. More
      recently, miRNAs have been described as important mediators of acquired
      resistance, specifically, acquired resistance to ErbB family targeted therapies.
      Ultimately, miRNA-based therapeutics using exosomes as a drug delivery model can
      revolutionize today's approach of cancer treatment.

PMID- 27359188
TI  - Orofacial Contracture Management: Current Patterns of Clinical Practice in
      Australian and New Zealand Adult Burn Units.
AB  - Burn injury to the face can lead to scarring and contractures that may impair
      oral competence for articulation, feeding, airway intubation access, oral/dental
      hygiene, aesthetics, and facial expression. Although a range of therapy
      interventions has been discussed for preventing contracture formation, there is
      minimal information on current practice patterns. This research examined patterns
      of clinical practice for orofacial burns management during a 4-year period to
      determine the nature and extent of clinical consistency in current care. Allied
      health clinicians involved in orofacial contracture management in Australia and
      New Zealand were surveyed at two time points (2010 and 2014). Twenty and 23
      clinicians, respectively, across a range of allied health professions completed
      the surveys. Both surveys revealed multiple allied health disciplines,
      predominantly occupational therapy, speech language pathology, and physiotherapy,
      were involved orofacial burn management. A high degree of variation was observed
      across clinical practices in the 2010 survey. In the 2014 survey, although,
      greater consistency in practice patterns was observed with more clinicians
      commencing intervention earlier, with greater treatment intensity observed and
      more treatment modalities being used. Furthermore, in 2014, there was an
      increased use of assessment tools and clinical indicators to guide patient
      treatment. Agreement regarding clinical practice pathways for orofacial
      contracture rehabilitation is still emerging, and treatment continues to be
      predominantly guided by clinical experience. There is an urgent need for
      treatment efficacy research utilizing validated outcome measure tools to inform
      clinical consensus and practice guidelines.

PMID- 27359189
TI  - Burn Rehabilitation Therapists Competency Tool-Version 2: An Expansion to Include
      Long-Term Rehabilitation and Outpatient Care.
AB  - The Burn Rehabilitation Therapist Competency Tool (BRTCT) was developed in 2011
      to define core knowledge and skill sets that are central to the job performance
      of occupational and physical therapists working with burn patients during acute
      hospitalization and initial rehabilitation. It was the first national effort to
      provide standards that burn centers could use for the training and evaluation of
      a BRT performance. The American Burn Association Rehabilitation Committee
      recently expanded the tool to include long-term rehabilitation and outpatient
      care in order to more fully represent all of the stages of care in which patients
      with burn injury receive therapy. Thirty-six burn centers contributed
      competencies, 17 rehabilitation experts participated in a systematic Delphi
      questionnaire process, and eight representatives from seven additional burn
      centers validated the tool. The revised BRTCT, called the BRTCT-2, includes four
      new practice domains and 28 new competency statements. The expanded tool provides
      a common framework of standards for performance for occupational and physical
      therapists working with patients throughout the full spectrum of burn care.

PMID- 27359190
TI  - Post Junctional Sudomotor and Cutaneous Vascular Responses in Noninjured Skin
      Following Heat Acclimation in Burn Survivors.
AB  - Thermal tolerance is improved in burn survivors following 7 days of exercise heat
      acclimation. It is unknown whether post junctional sudomotor and/or cutaneous
      vascular adaptations in noninjured skin contribute to this improvement. Thirty
      three burn survivors were stratified into moderately (17-40% BSA grafted, n = 19)
      and highly (>40% BSA grafted, n = 14) skin-grafted groups. Nine nonburned
      subjects served as controls. All subjects underwent a 7-day heat acclimation
      protocol, which improved thermal tolerance in all groups. Before and after this
      heat acclimation protocol, post junctional cutaneous vascular responses were
      assessed by administering increasing doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and
      methacholine (MCh) using intradermal microdialysis in noninjured skin. MCh
      infusion was also used to assess post junctional responses in sudomotor function
      in noninjured skin. Cutaneous vascular responses to SNP and MCh were not
      different between pre- and post heat acclimation in either group of burn
      survivors (both P > .05). The maximal sweating rate to MCh increased post
      acclimation in the control group (0.41 +/- 0.20 to 0.54 +/- 0.21 mg.min.cm; P =
      .016) but was unchanged in both groups of burn survivors (both P > .05). The
      number of sweat glands activated during the highest dose of MCh was elevated in
      the >40% BSA-grafted group (49 +/- 16 to 56 +/- 18 glands.cm; P = .005) but was
      unchanged in control subjects and the <40% BSA-grafted group (both P > .05).
      Given that post junctional administration of MCh and SNP did not alter sweating
      or skin blood flow from noninjured skin of burn survivors, improved thermal
      tolerance in these individuals following heat acclimation is more likely a result
      of either an increased sweating efficiency or an increased neural drive for
      sweating.

PMID- 27359191
TI  - Review of Adult Electrical Burn Injury Outcomes Worldwide: An Analysis of Low
      Voltage vs High-Voltage Electrical Injury.
AB  - The aims of this article are to review low-voltage vs high-voltage electrical
      burn complications in adults and to identify novel areas that are not recognized
      to improve outcomes. An extensive literature search on electrical burn injuries
      was performed using OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE databases from 1946 to 2015.
      Studies relating to outcomes of electrical injury in the adult population (>=18
      years of age) were included in the study. Forty-one single-institution
      publications with a total of 5485 electrical injury patients were identified and
      included in the present study. Fourty-four percent of these patients were low
      voltage injuries (LVIs), 38.3% high-voltage injuries (HVIs), and 43.7% with
      voltage not otherwise specified. Forty-four percentage of studies did not
      characterize outcomes according to LHIs vs HVIs. Reported outcomes include
      surgical, medical, posttraumatic, and others (long
      term/psychological/rehabilitative), all of which report greater incidence rates
      in HVI than in LVI. Only two studies report on psychological outcomes such as
      posttraumatic stress disorder. Mortality rates from electrical injuries are 2.6%
      in LVI, 5.2% in HVI, and 3.7% in not otherwise specified. Coroner's reports
      revealed a ratio of 2.4:1 for deaths caused by LVI compared with HVI. HVIs lead
      to greater morbidity and mortality than LVIs. However, the results of the
      coroner's reports suggest that immediate mortality from LVI may be
      underestimated. Furthermore, on the basis of this analysis, we conclude that the
      majority of studies report electrical injury outcomes; however, the majority of
      them do not analyze complications by low vs high voltage and often lack long-term
      psychological and rehabilitation outcomes after electrical injury indicating that
      a variety of central aspects are not being evaluated or assessed.

PMID- 27359196
TI  - Mg(PF6)2-Based Electrolyte Systems: Understanding Electrolyte-Electrode
      Interactions for the Development of Mg-Ion Batteries.
AB  - Mg(PF6)2-based electrolytes for Mg-ion batteries have not received the same
      attention as the analogous LiPF6-based electrolytes used in most Li-ion cells
      owing to the perception that the PF6(-) anion decomposes on and passivates Mg
      electrodes. No synthesis of the Mg(PF6)2 salt has been reported, nor have its
      solutions been studied electrochemically. Here, we report the synthesis of the
      complex Mg(PF6)2(CH3CN)6 and its solution-state electrochemistry. Solutions of
      Mg(PF6)2(CH3CN)6 in CH3CN and CH3CN/THF mixtures exhibit high conductivities (up
      to 28 mS.cm(-1)) and electrochemical stability up to at least 4 V vs Mg on Al
      electrodes. Contrary to established perceptions, Mg electrodes are observed to
      remain electrochemically active when cycled in the presence of these Mg(PF6)2
      based electrolytes, with no fluoride (i.e., MgF2) formed on the Mg surface.
      Stainless steel electrodes are found to corrode when cycled in the presence of
      Mg(PF6)2 solutions, but Al electrodes are passivated. The electrolytes have been
      used in a prototype Mg battery with a Mg anode and Chevrel (Mo3S4)-phase cathode.

PMID- 27359192
TI  - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Diagnosis in Young Children With Burns.
AB  - The primary aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic
      stress disorder (PTSD) in young children hospitalized for burns. A secondary aim
      was to assess partial PTSD in this population. PTSD diagnosis and symptoms were
      evaluated utilizing both the diagnostic interview for children and adolescents
      (DICA-P) module and the PTSD semistructured interview and observational report
      (PTSDSSI). PTSD symptomatology was assessed from parent interviews at 1 month
      after discharge from a major pediatric burn center. Four of the 42 participants
      who completed the DICA-P met full criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD (10%).Of the
      39 who also completed the PTSDSSI, 1 (3%) met full criteria for PTSD diagnosis on
      that measure. Twenty-seven percentage of subjects met partial criteria on the
      DICA-P vs 16% on the PTSDSSI, without impairment. Furthermore, 67% of subjects
      met DICA-P criteria for the re-experiencing cluster and 54% met the PTSDSSI re
      experiencing criteria. Although only a small percentage met full PTSD diagnostic
      criteria by either measure, a high percentage of young children with burns
      manifested some posttraumatic symptoms 1 month after discharge. Because PTSDSSI
      diagnosis is strongly linked to the diagnostic and statistical manual-5 (DSM-5)
      criteria for "PTSD in children 6 years and younger," these results may offer
      clues to current diagnoses of PTSD in young children. Future research is needed
      to improve care by determining the risk factors and course of PTSD to further
      refine the diagnostic criteria for identifying children most in need of
      intervention, such as those hospitalized for burn injuries.

PMID- 27359197
TI  - Patch Splinting for Atrophic or Tight Skin Excision Wounds.

PMID- 27359198
TI  - Bloodroot Paste: What Dermatologists and Patients Need to Know.

PMID- 27359199
TI  - Ablative Fractional Laser-Assisted Topical Fluorouracil for the Treatment of
      Superficial Basal Cell Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ: A Follow-Up
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The authors previously reported the safety and short-term efficacy of
      ablative fractional laser (AFXL)-assisted delivery of topical fluorouracil in the
      treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC) and squamous cell carcinoma
      in situ (SCCis). OBJECTIVE: This follow-up study was conducted to assess whether
      tumor clearance was sustained in this cohort of patients at >9 months post
      treatment. METHODS: Thirty primary sBCC or SCCis <2 cm on the trunk or
      extremities were treated with AFXL and a single application of topical 5
      fluorouracil 5% under occlusion for 7 days. Among the 26 patients who achieved
      tumor clearance at 4 to 8 weeks post-treatment, 20 patients presented for this
      follow-up study and underwent shave biopsy to confirm histologic clearance. Mean
      follow-up time was 15 months. RESULTS: Considering those who had persistent tumor
      at 4 to 8 weeks post-treatment and those who presented for follow-up at >9 months
      post-treatment, overall treatment success was 79% (95% confidence interval: 67%
      96%), with 92% (11/12) for SCCis and 67% (8/12) for sBCC. Neither the tumor
      location nor size significantly impacted treatment outcome (p = .96 and 0.87,
      respectively). CONCLUSION: Ablative fractional laser-assisted topical
      fluorouracil is a reasonable noninvasive treatment option for primary SCCis and
      sBCC, especially for lesions located in areas where self-application is not
      possible, or when clinician-administered therapy is preferred.

PMID- 27359200
TI  - Mycobacterium Massiliense Infection After Thread-Lift Insertion.

PMID- 27359202
TI  - Hierarchical Mesoporous Lithium-Rich Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2 Cathode Material
      Synthesized via Ice Templating for Lithium-Ion Battery.
AB  - Tuning hierarchical micro/nanostructure of electrode materials is a sought-after
      means to reinforce their electrochemical performance in the energy storage field.
      Herein, we introduce a type of hierarchical mesoporous Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2
      microsphere composed of nanoparticles synthesized via an ice templating combined
      coprecipitation strategy. It is a low-cost, eco-friendly, and easily operated
      method using ice as a template to control material with homogeneous morphology
      and rich porous channels. The as-prepared material exhibits remarkably enhanced
      electrochemical performances with higher capacity, more excellent cycling
      stability and more superior rate property, compared with the sample prepared by
      conventional coprecipitation method. It has satisfactory initial discharge
      capacities of 280.1 mAh g(-1) at 0.1 C, 207.1 mAh g(-1) at 2 C, and 152.4 mAh g(
      1) at 5 C, as well as good cycle performance. The enhanced electrochemical
      performance can be ascribed to the stable hierarchical microsized structure and
      the improved lithium-ion diffusion kinetics from the highly porous structure. 

PMID- 27359203
TI  - Drinking pattern of wine and effects on human health: why should we drink
      moderately and with meals?
AB  - Conclusions of epidemiological studies examining the effects of alcoholic
      beverages on human health may be unclear and limited if they do not take into
      account drinking pattern parameters such as beverage type, regular moderate
      versus binge drinking and drinking with or without meals. This review considers
      different aspects of drinking patterns and effects on human health with special
      attention to wine. We particularly discuss the potential underlying mechanisms
      for epidemiological evidence that the beneficial effects of wine are more evident
      if consumed with food. In this context, we address the effects of food on blood
      alcohol concentration and acetaldehyde production in the gastrointestinal tract,
      the role of wine components and uric acid in counteracting the detrimental
      effects of postprandial oxidative stress, as well as wine's antimicrobial
      properties and its potential to act as a digestive aid. In addition to its
      biological correlates, drinking patterns with regard to different socio-cultural
      circumstances in different populations are also considered. In order to avoid
      confusion and misconceptions in the general population because of the hormetic
      associations of wine with human health, it is important that all medical and
      scientific information concerning the effect of wine consumption on human health
      are evidence-based and communicated in a competent, credible and unbiased manner.
      In conclusion, we propose several practical recommendations concerning wine
      consumption and consumer information to minimize the risks of alcohol-related
      harm and to encourage individual responsibility and a healthy lifestyle. 

PMID- 27359204
TI  - Upper-Extremity Explosive Resistance Training With Older Adults Can Be Regulated
      Using the Rating of Perceived Exertion.
AB  - Row Lazzarini, BR, Dropp, M, and Lloyd, W. Upper-extremity explosive resistance
      training with older adults can be regulated using the rating of perceived
      exertion. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 831-836, 2017-Explosive resistance training
      (ERT) improves muscle strength and power in older adults. Previous work has
      determined that the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale can be used to
      regulate ERT loads for older adults on the leg press exercise. The purpose of
      this study was to assess the relationship between the Borg RPE scale and ERT
      loads relative to the 1 repetition maximum (%1RM) in older adults during the
      chest press exercise. Healthy seniors (n = 10 men, mean [SD] age 75.8 [7.9]; n =
      10 women, age 73.0 [6.3]) took part in 2 sessions on nonconsecutive days. During
      the first session, subjects reported their RPE during multiple ERT repetitions on
      the chest press for 7 loads across the spectrum of "light" to "heavy", ranging
      from 20 to 105% body weight. The loads, concealed from the participants, were
      presented in randomized order. During the second session, a 1RM strength test was
      conducted. Each load experienced on the first visit was calculated as %1RM.
      Rating of perceived exertion was averaged across subjects for each 5% range of
      1RM from 35% 1RM to 110% 1RM. Regression analysis was used to determine if RPE
      predicts %1RM during chest press ERT. Rating of perceived exertion predicted the
      %1RM corresponding with chest press ERT loads (R = 97.6%, SEE 3.6, p < 0.001).
      Loads that would elicit both strength and power gains (70-90% 1RM) corresponded
      with an RPE of 14-17. As previously demonstrated with the leg press, ERT loads
      can be regulated for older adults during the chest press using RPE, allowing ERT
      to be conducted without maximal strength testing. This approach may increase the
      adoption of this training method for a broader spectrum of seniors.

PMID- 27359205
TI  - Identifying Dosage Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on Muscular Fatigue in
      Quadriceps.
AB  - Hemmings, TJ, Kendall, KL, and Dobson, JL. Identifying dosage effect of light
      emitting diode therapy on muscular fatigue in quadriceps. J Strength Cond Res
      31(2): 395-402, 2017-The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of
      various dosages of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on muscle fatigue while
      performing a single-leg extension to exhaustion. A total of 34 recreationally
      resistance-trained athletes between the ages of 18 and 26 participated in 4
      trials. Each trial included pre-exercise/postexercise blood lactate measurements
      and 2 sets of 3 maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs), followed by
      LEDT on 6 points across the superficial quadriceps. Each randomized trial
      consisted of a placebo, 30, 60, or 120 seconds on each point on the quadriceps.
      Three minutes after LEDT, the participants performed an eccentric leg extension
      with 120% of MVIC until fatigue. There was significant increase in the number of
      repetitions performed between the placebo treatment and 60 seconds (p = 0.023),
      as well as placebo and 120 seconds (p = 0.004) of irradiation on each point.
      There were no significant differences in blood lactate levels between any of the
      4 trials. In conclusion, LEDT had a positive effect on performance when
      irradiating 6 points on the superficial quadriceps for 60 and 120 seconds before
      an eccentric leg extension.

PMID- 27359206
TI  - Activity Profile and Between-Match Variation in Elite Male Field Hockey.
AB  - Sunderland, CD and Edwards, PL. Activity profile and between-match variation in
      elite male field hockey. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 758-764, 2017-This study
      aimed to (a) provide a position-specific activity profile for elite male hockey
      players, (b) determine if the activity profile was altered by the introduction of
      the "self-pass" rule, and (c) provide information relating to match-to-match
      variability in elite male field hockey. The activity of 28 elite male field
      hockey players was analyzed over 2 seasons totaling 395 player-match analyses
      using Global Positioning Satellite technology. Total distance, high-speed running
      (>15.5 km.h), sprinting (>20 km.h), and mean speed were recorded. Players were
      categorized into 4 positions: fullback (FB), halfback (HB), midfield (M), and
      forward (F). Data were analyzed using a 2-way analysis of variance (season,
      position) and between-match coefficients of variation (CV). The time played
      differs with position (FB: 65.5 +/- 5.3, HB: 49.5 +/- 11.5, M: 45.9 +/- 7.1, F:
      39.5 +/- 5.4 minutes; p < 0.0005) and thus affected the activity profile. Total
      distance covered was greater for fullbacks (FB: 8,001 +/- 447, HB: 6,435 +/-
      1,399, M: 6,415 +/- 908, F: 5,844 +/- 762 m, p < 0.001), and mean speed and
      percentage time spent high-speed running and sprinting were greater for forwards
      than all other positions (HSR: FB: 6.8 +/- 1.0, HB: 8.8 +/- 1.3, M: 10.7 +/- 1.2,
      F: 13.5 +/- 1.8%, p < 0.001). The activity profile did not differ with the
      introduction of the self-pass. Match-to-match variability (CV) ranged from 5.0%
      to 22.0% for total and sprint distance, respectively. This is the first study to
      present an activity profile of elite men's field hockey and its associated
      variability and demonstrates that each position is unique, and therefore,
      training and recovery should be position specific.

PMID- 27359207
TI  - Responses of Lower-Body Power and Match Running Demands Following Long-Haul
      Travel in International Rugby Sevens Players.
AB  - Mitchell, JA, Pumpa, KL, and Pyne, DB. Responses of lowerbody power and match
      running demands after long-haul travel in international rugby sevens players. J
      Strength Cond Res 31(3): 686-695, 2017-This study determined the effect of long
      haul (>5 hours) travel on lower-body power and match running demands in
      international rugby sevens players. Lower-body power was assessed in 22 male
      international rugby sevens players (age 21.7 +/- 2.7 years, mass 89.0 +/- 6.7 kg,
      stature 180.5 +/- 6.2 cm; mean +/- SD) monitored over 17 rugby sevens
      tournaments. A countermovement jump was used to monitor lower-body power (peak
      and mean power) over repeated three week travel and competition periods
      (pretravel, posttravel, and posttournament). Small decreases were evident in peak
      power after both short and long-haul travel (-4.0%, +/-3.2%; mean, +/-90%
      confidence limits) with further reductions in peak and mean power posttournament
      (-4.5%, +/-2.3% and -3.8%, +/-1.5%) culminating in a moderate decrease in peak
      power overall (-7.4%, +/-4.0%). A subset of 12 players (completing a minimum of 8
      tournaments) had the effects of match running demands assessed with lower-body
      power. In this subset, long-haul travel elicited a large decrease in lower-body
      peak (-9.4%, +/-3.5%) and mean power (-5.6%, +/-2.9%) over the monitoring period,
      with a small decrease (-4.3%, +/-3.0% and -2.2%, +/-1.7%) posttravel and moderate
      decrease (-5.4%, +/-2.5% and -3.5%, +/-1.9%) posttournament, respectively. Match
      running demands were monitored through global positioning system. In long-haul
      tournaments, the 12 players covered ~13%, +/-13% greater total distance (meter)
      and ~11%, +/-10% higher average game meters >5 m.s when compared with short-haul
      (<5 hours) travel. Effective pretravel and posttravel player management
      strategies are indicated to reduce neuromuscular fatigue and running load demands
      in rugby sevens tournaments after long-haul travel.

PMID- 27359208
TI  - Power Relative to Body Mass Best Predicts Change in Core Temperature During
      Exercise-Heat Stress.
AB  - Gibson, OR, Willmott, AGB, James, CA, Hayes, M, and Maxwell, NS. Power relative
      to body mass best predicts change in core temperature during exercise-heat
      stress. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 403-414, 2017-Controlling internal temperature
      is crucial when prescribing exercise-heat stress, particularly during
      interventions designed to induce thermoregulatory adaptations. This study aimed
      to determine the relationship between the rate of rectal temperature (Trec)
      increase, and various methods for prescribing exercise-heat stress, to identify
      the most efficient method of prescribing isothermic heat acclimation (HA)
      training. Thirty-five men cycled in hot conditions (40 degrees  C, 39% R.H.) for
      29 +/- 2 minutes. Subjects exercised at 60 +/- 9% V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak,
      with methods for prescribing exercise retrospectively observed for each
      participant. Pearson product moment correlations were calculated for each
      prescriptive variable against the rate of change in Trec ( degrees  C.h), with
      stepwise multiple regressions performed on statistically significant variables (p
      <= 0.05). Linear regression identified the predicted intensity required to
      increase Trec by 1.0-2.0 degrees  C between 20- and 45-minute periods and the
      duration taken to increase Trec by 1.5 degrees  C in response to incremental
      intensities to guide prescription. Significant (p <= 0.05) relationships with the
      rate of change in Trec were observed for prescriptions based on relative power
      (W.kg; r = 0.764), power (%Powermax; r = 0.679), rating of perceived exertion
      (RPE) (r = 0.577), V[Combining Dot Above]O2 (%V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak; r =
      0.562), heart rate (HR) (%HRmax; r = 0.534), and thermal sensation (r = 0.311).
      Stepwise multiple regressions observed relative power and RPE as variables to
      improve the model (r = 0.791), with no improvement after inclusion of any
      anthropometric variable. Prescription of exercise under heat stress using power
      (W.kg or %Powermax) has the strongest relationship with the rate of change in
      Trec with no additional requirement to correct for body composition within a
      normal range. Practitioners should therefore prescribe exercise intensity using
      relative power during isothermic HA training to increase Trec efficiently and
      maximize adaptation.

PMID- 27359211
TI  - Proprotein convertase subtilisin / kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and the future of
      dyslipidemia therapy: an updated patent review (2011-2015).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The identification by Abifadel et al. in 2003 of the first
      mutations of PCSK9 was the major breakthrough in the cholesterol field that led
      to a new therapeutic target. This discovery paved the way to new lipid lowering
      drugs reducing LDL-cholesterol levels through the inhibition of PCSK9. Two anti
      PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies have received FDA and EMA approvals: Alirocumab and
      Evolocumab. Areas covered: This article reviews the different strategies that are
      pursued to modulate the functional activity of PCSK9 for lowering LDL-cholesterol
      levels. It also provides a brief overview of the patents related to PCSK9 from
      2011 until the end of 2015. This review is addressed to researchers from academia
      and pharmaceutical companies who are engaged in PCSK9 research/cholesterol
      regulation. Readers will gain an up-to-date overview of the different strategies
      that have been investigated to reduce PCSK9, focusing on anti-PCSK9 monoclonal
      antibodies and the related clinical trials. Expert opinion: Anti-PCSK9 antibodies
      are a new class of lipid lowering drugs with promising results in reducing LDL
      cholesterol. Long-term ongoing studies investigating on a large scale the
      efficacy and safety of the anti-PCSK9 antibodies and their cardiovascular
      outcomes are eagerly awaited.

PMID- 27359212
TI  - Nursing Information Systems Requirements: A Milestone for Patient Outcome and
      Patient Safety Improvement.
AB  - Considering the integral role of understanding users' requirements in information
      system success, this research aimed to determine functional requirements of
      nursing information systems through a national survey. Delphi technique method
      was applied to conduct this study through three phases: focus group method
      modified Delphi technique and classic Delphi technique. A cross-sectional study
      was conducted to evaluate the proposed requirements within 15 general hospitals
      in Iran. Forty-three of 76 approved requirements were clinical, and 33 were
      administrative ones. Nurses' mean agreements for clinical requirements were
      higher than those of administrative requirements; minimum and maximum means of
      clinical requirements were 3.3 and 3.88, respectively. Minimum and maximum means
      of administrative requirements were 3.1 and 3.47, respectively. Research findings
      indicated that those information system requirements that support nurses in doing
      tasks including direct care, medicine prescription, patient treatment management,
      and patient safety have been the target of special attention. As nurses'
      requirements deal directly with patient outcome and patient safety, nursing
      information systems requirements should not only address automation but also
      nurses' tasks and work processes based on work analysis.

PMID- 27359210
TI  - Galanin Activates G Protein Gated Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channels and
      Suppresses Kisspeptin-10 Activation of GnRH Neurons.
AB  - GnRH neurons are regulated by hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons. Recently, galanin
      was identified in a subpopulation of kisspeptin neurons. Although the literature
      thoroughly describes kisspeptin activation of GnRH neurons, little is known about
      the effects of galanin on GnRH neurons. This study investigated whether galanin
      could alter kisspeptin signaling to GnRH neurons. GnRH cells maintained in
      explants, known to display spontaneous calcium oscillations, and a long-lasting
      calcium response to kisspeptin-10 (kp-10), were used. First, transcripts for
      galanin receptors (GalRs) were examined. Only GalR1 was found in GnRH neurons. A
      series of experiments was then performed to determine the action of galanin on kp
      10 activated GnRH neurons. Applied after kp-10 activation, galanin 1-16 (Gal1-16)
      rapidly suppressed kp-10 activation. Applied with kp-10, Gal1-16 prevented kp-10
      activation until its removal. To determine the mechanism by which galanin
      inhibited kp-10 activation of GnRH neurons, Gal1-16 and galanin were applied to
      spontaneously active GnRH neurons. Both inhibited GnRH neuronal activity,
      independent of GnRH neuronal inputs. This inhibition was mimicked by a GalR1
      agonist but not by GalR2 or GalR2/3 agonists. Although Gal1-16 inhibition relied
      on Gi/o signaling, it was independent of cAMP levels but sensitive to blockers of
      G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. A newly developed
      bioassay for GnRH detection showed Gal1-16 decreased the kp-10-evoked GnRH
      secretion below detection threshold. Together, this study shows that galanin is a
      potent regulator of GnRH neurons, possibly acting as a physiological break to
      kisspeptin excitation.

PMID- 27359213
TI  - Strolling Toward New Concepts.
AB  - For more than four decades now, I have been studying how genetic information is
      transformed into protein-based cellular functions. This has included
      investigations into the mechanisms supporting cellular localization of proteins,
      disulfide bond formation, quality control of membranes, and translation. I tried
      to extract new principles and concepts that are universal among living organisms
      from our observations of Escherichia coli. While I wanted to distill complex
      phenomena into basic principles, I also tried not to overlook any serendipitous
      observations. In the first part of this article, I describe personal experiences
      during my studies of the Sec pathway, which have centered on the SecY translocon.
      In the second part, I summarize my views of the recent revival of translation
      studies, which has given rise to the concept that nonuniform polypeptide chain
      elongation is relevant for the subsequent fates of newly synthesized proteins.
      Our studies of a class of regulatory nascent polypeptides advance this concept by
      showing that the dynamic behaviors of the extraribosomal part of the nascent
      chain affect the ongoing translation process. Vibrant and regulated molecular
      interactions involving the ribosome, mRNA, and nascent polypeptidyl-tRNA are
      based, at least partly, on their autonomously interacting properties.

PMID- 27359214
TI  - The Power of Asymmetry: Architecture and Assembly of the Gram-Negative Outer
      Membrane Lipid Bilayer.
AB  - Determining the chemical composition of biological materials is paramount to the
      study of natural phenomena. Here, we describe the composition of model gram
      negative outer membranes, focusing on the predominant assembly, an asymmetrical
      bilayer of lipid molecules. We also give an overview of lipid biosynthetic
      pathways and molecular mechanisms that organize this material into the outer
      membrane bilayer. An emphasis is placed on the potential of these pathways as
      targets for antibiotic development. We discuss deviations in composition, through
      bacterial cell surface remodeling, and alternative modalities to the asymmetric
      lipid bilayer. Outer membrane lipid alterations of current microbiological
      interest, such as lipid structures found in commensal bacteria, are emphasized.
      Additionally, outer membrane components could potentially be engineered to
      develop vaccine platforms. Observations related to composition and assembly of
      gram-negative outer membranes will continue to generate novel discoveries,
      broaden biotechnologies, and reveal profound mysteries to compel future research.

PMID- 27359215
TI  - Xenogeneic Silencing and Its Impact on Bacterial Genomes.
AB  - The H-NS (heat-stable nucleoid structuring) protein affects both nucleoid
      compaction and global gene regulation. H-NS appears to act primarily as a
      silencer of AT-rich genetic material acquired by horizontal gene transfer. As
      such, it is key in the regulation of most genes involved in virulence and in
      adaptation to new environmental niches. Here we review recent progress in
      understanding the biochemistry of H-NS and how xenogeneic silencing affects
      bacterial evolution. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of some of the
      models proposed in H-NS-mediated nucleoprotein complex formation. Based on recent
      single-molecule studies, we also propose a novel mode of DNA compaction by H-NS
      termed intrabridging to explain over two decades of observations of the H-NS
      molecule.

PMID- 27359216
TI  - Genetic Mapping of Pathogenesis Determinants in Toxoplasma gondii.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasite of warm-blooded vertebrates that also
      causes opportunistic infections in humans. Rodents are a natural host for
      asexually replicating forms, whereas cats serve as the definitive host for sexual
      development. The laboratory mouse provides a model to study pathogenesis. Strains
      of T. gondii are globally diverse, with more than 16 distinct haplogroups
      clustered into 6 major clades. Forward genetic analysis of genetic crosses
      between different lineages has been used to define the molecular basis of acute
      virulence in the mouse. These studies have identified a family of secretory
      serine/threonine rhoptry kinases that target innate immune pathways to protect
      intracellular parasites from destruction. Rhoptry kinases target immunity-related
      GTPases, a family of immune effectors that is expanded in rodents. Similar
      forward genetic studies may be useful to define the basis of pathogenesis in
      other hosts, including humans, where infections of different strains present with
      variable clinical severity.

PMID- 27359218
TI  - Protists and the Wild, Wild West of Gene Expression: New Frontiers, Lawlessness,
      and Misfits.
AB  - The DNA double helix has been called one of life's most elegant structures,
      largely because of its universality, simplicity, and symmetry. The expression of
      information encoded within DNA, however, can be far from simple or symmetric and
      is sometimes surprisingly variable, convoluted, and wantonly inefficient.
      Although exceptions to the rules exist in certain model systems, the true extent
      to which life has stretched the limits of gene expression is made clear by
      nonmodel systems, particularly protists (microbial eukaryotes). The nuclear and
      organelle genomes of protists are subject to the most tangled forms of gene
      expression yet identified. The complicated and extravagant picture of the
      underlying genetics of eukaryotic microbial life changes how we think about the
      flow of genetic information and the evolutionary processes shaping it. Here, we
      discuss the origins, diversity, and growing interest in noncanonical protist gene
      expression and its relationship to genomic architecture.

PMID- 27359219
TI  - Development of a Coarse-Grained Model of Chitosan for Predicting Solution
      Behavior.
AB  - A new coarse-grained (CG) model of chitosan has been developed for predicting
      solution behavior as a function of degree of acetylation (DA). A multiscale
      modeling approach was used to derive the energetic and geometric parameters of
      this implicit-solvent, CG model from all-atom simulations of chitosan and chitin
      molecules in explicit water. The model includes representations of both
      protonated d-glucosamine (GlcN(+)) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) monomers,
      where each monomer consists of three CG sites. Chitosan molecules of any
      molecular weight, DA, and monomer sequence can be built using this new CG model.
      Discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations of chitosan solutions show increased
      self-assembly in solution with increasing DA and chitosan concentration. The
      chitosan solutions form larger percolated networks earlier in time as DA and
      concentration increase, indicating "gel-like" behavior, which qualitatively
      matches experimental studies of chitosan gel formation. Increasing DA also
      results in a greater number of monomer-monomer associations, which has been
      predicted experimentally based on an increase in the storage modulus of chitosan
      gels with increasing DA. Our model also gives insight into how the monomer
      sequence affects self-assembly and the frequency of interaction between different
      pairs of monomers.

PMID- 27359217
TI  - Kin Recognition in Bacteria.
AB  - The ability of bacteria to recognize kin provides a means to form social groups.
      In turn these groups can lead to cooperative behaviors that surpass the ability
      of the individual. Kin recognition involves specific biochemical interactions
      between a receptor(s) and an identification molecule(s). Recognition specificity,
      ensuring that nonkin are excluded and kin are included, is critical and depends
      on the number of loci and polymorphisms involved. After recognition and
      biochemical perception, the common ensuing cooperative behaviors include biofilm
      formation, quorum responses, development, and swarming motility. Although kin
      recognition is a fundamental mechanism through which cells might interact,
      microbiologists are only beginning to explore the topic. This review considers
      both molecular and theoretical aspects of bacterial kin recognition.
      Consideration is also given to bacterial diversity, genetic relatedness, kin
      selection theory, and mechanisms of recognition.

PMID- 27359220
TI  - Cell-cycle compensation coupled with developmental patterning.

PMID- 27359221
TI  - Ideological reactivity: Political conservatism and brain responsivity to
      emotional and neutral stimuli.
AB  - Conservatives are often thought to have a negativity bias-responding more
      intensely to negative than positive information. Yet, recent research has found
      that greater endorsement of conservative beliefs follows from both positive and
      negative emotion inductions. This suggests that the role of affect in political
      thought may not be restricted to negative valence, and more attention should be
      given to how conservatives and liberals respond to a wider range of stimulation.
      In this vein, we examined neural responses to a full range of affective stimuli,
      allowing us to examine how self-reported ideology moderated these responses.
      Specifically, we explored the relationship between political orientation and 2
      event-related potentials (1 late and 1 early) previously shown to covary with the
      subjective motivational salience of stimuli-in response to photographs with
      standardized ratings of arousal and valence. At late time points, conservatives
      exhibited sustained heightened reactivity, compared with liberals, specifically
      in response to relatively unarousing and neutral stimuli. At early time points,
      conservatives exhibited somewhat enhanced neural activity in response to all
      stimulus types compared with liberals. These results may suggest that
      conservatives experience a wide variety of stimuli in their environment with
      increased motivational salience, including positive, neutral, and low-arousal
      stimuli. No effects of valence were found in this investigation. Such findings
      have implications for the development and refinement of psychological conceptions
      of political orientation. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359222
TI  - Recognition thresholds for static and dynamic emotional faces.
AB  - We investigated the minimum expressive intensity that is required to recognize
      (above chance) static and dynamic facial expressions of happiness, sadness,
      anger, disgust, fear, and surprise. To this end, we varied the degree of
      intensity of emotional expressions unfolding from a neutral face, by means of
      graphics morphing software. The resulting face stimuli (photographs and short
      videos) were presented in an expression categorization task for 1 s each, and
      measures of sensitivity or discrimination (A') were collected to establish
      thresholds. A number of physical, perceptual, categorical, and affective controls
      were performed. All six basic emotions were reliably recognized above chance
      level from low intensities, although recognition thresholds varied for different
      expressions: 20% of intensity, for happiness; 40%, for sadness, surprise, anger,
      and disgust; and 50%, for fear. The advantage of happy faces may be due to their
      greater physical change in facial features (as shown by automated facial
      expression measurement), also at low levels of intensity, relative to neutral
      faces. Recognition thresholds and the pattern of confusions across expressions
      were, nevertheless, equivalent for dynamic and static expressions, although
      dynamic expressions were recognized more accurately and faster. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 27359224
TI  - One model fits all: Explaining many aspects of number comparison within a single
      coherent model-A random walk account.
AB  - The time required to determine the larger of 2 digits decreases with their
      numerical distance, and, for a given distance, increases with their magnitude
      (Moyer & Landauer, 1967). One detailed quantitative framework to account for
      these effects is provided by random walk models. These chronometric models
      describe how number-related noisy partial evidence is accumulated over time; they
      assume that the drift rate of this stochastic process varies lawfully with the
      numerical magnitude of the digits presented. In a complete paired number
      comparison design we obtained saccadic choice responses of 43 participants, and
      analyzed mean saccadic latency, error rate, and the standard deviation of
      saccadic latency for each of the 72 digit pairs; we also obtained mean error
      latency for each numerical distance. Using only a small set of meaningfully
      interpretable parameters, we describe a variant of random walk models that
      accounts in considerable quantitative detail for many facets of our data,
      including previously untested aspects of latency standard deviation and error
      latencies. However, different from standard assumptions often made in random walk
      models, this account required that the distributions of step sizes of the induced
      random walks are asymmetric. We discuss how our findings can help in interpreting
      complex findings (e.g., conflicting speed vs. accuracy trends) in applied studies
      which use number comparison as a well-established diagnostic tool. Finally, we
      also describe a novel effect in number comparison, the decrease of saccadic
      response amplitude with numerical distance, and suggest an interpretation using
      the conceptual framework of random walk models. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359223
TI  - Endovascular Treatment in Patients with Persistent Internal Carotid Artery
      Occlusion after Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator: A Clinical
      Effectiveness Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been no large-scale trial comparing endovascular treatment
      (add-on EVT) after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) and IV tPA
      alone in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) caused by internal carotid artery occlusion
      (ICAO). We aimed at investigating the effectiveness and safety of add-on EVT
      after IV tPA in AIS patients with ICAO. METHODS: Between March 2010 and March
      2013, 3,689 consecutive ischemic stroke patients who were hospitalized within 4.5
      h of onset were identified using a prospective stroke registry at 11 centers in
      Korea. Among them, patients with persistent ICAO after receiving IV tPA and whose
      3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was available were finally enrolled. A
      propensity score analysis with inverse-probability of treatment weighting was
      used to eliminate baseline imbalances between those receiving add-on EVT and IV
      tPA alone. RESULTS: Among 264 patients enrolled in this study (mean age 71.4;
      male 56.4%; median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score 15), 117
      (44.3%) received add-on EVT. The add-on EVT group had a higher frequency of
      favorable outcome on the mRS <=2 (35.0 vs. 18.4%; adjusted OR (aOR) 2.79; 95% CI
      1.66-4.67) and lower mortality (17.9 vs. 35.4%; aOR 0.24; 95% CI 0.13-0.42) at 3
      months, when compared to the IV tPA-alone group. Add-on EVT did not significantly
      increase the risk of symptomatic hemorrhage (5.1 vs. 4.1%; aOR 1.01; 95% CI 0.37
      2.70). The rate of successful recanalization (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction
      grade >=2b) in the add-on EVT group was 69.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to an IV tPA
      alone, add-on EVT can improve clinical outcomes in patients with symptomatic ICAO
      within 4.5 h of onset without a significant increase of symptomatic hemorrhage.

PMID- 27359225
TI  - Joint attention enhances visual working memory.
AB  - Joint attention-the mutual focus of 2 individuals on an item-speeds detection and
      discrimination of target information. However, what happens to that information
      beyond the initial perceptual episode? To fully comprehend and engage with our
      immediate environment also requires working memory (WM), which integrates
      information from second to second to create a coherent and fluid picture of our
      world. Yet, no research exists at present that examines how joint attention
      directly impacts WM. To investigate this, we created a unique paradigm that
      combines gaze cues with a traditional visual WM task. A central, direct gaze
      'cue' face looked left or right, followed 500 ms later by 4, 6, or 8 colored
      squares presented on one side of the face for encoding. Crucially, the cue face
      either looked at the squares (valid cue) or looked away from them (invalid cue).
      A no shift (direct gaze) condition served as a baseline. After a blank 1,000 ms
      maintenance interval, participants stated whether a single test square color was
      present or not in the preceding display. WM accuracy was significantly greater
      for colors encoded in the valid versus invalid and direct conditions. Further
      experiments showed that an arrow cue and a low-level motion cue-both shown to
      reliably orient attention-did not reliably modulate WM, indicating that social
      cues are more powerful. This study provides the first direct evidence that
      sharing the focus of another individual establishes a point of reference from
      which information is advantageously encoded into WM. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359226
TI  - The development of scope insensitivity in sharing behavior.
AB  - The singularity effect of identifiable victims is described as the greater
      willingness to help a single, identified victim than to help a group of victims
      with the same need (whether victims are identified or not), which occurs even
      when the single victim is 1 of the group's members. The current research examines
      the development of this phenomenon in early childhood examining children's actual
      sharing behavior from the ages of 3.8 to 8.2. Our results show that although
      younger children are overall less willing to share with others, they give more of
      their endowment to a group of recipients than to a single recipient. However,
      this tendency reverses for older children and children with higher level of
      Theory of Mind, who exhibit the singularity effect by giving more of their
      endowment to a single, identified target. We discuss possible mechanisms behind
      this developmental pattern. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359227
TI  - "Choosing the larger versus choosing the smaller: Asymmetries in the size
      congruity effect": Correction to Arend and Henik (2015).
AB  - Reports an error in "Choosing the larger versus choosing the smaller: Asymmetries
      in the size congruity effect" by Isabel Arend and Avishai Henik (Journal of
      Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015[Nov], Vol 41[6],
      1821-1830). In the article the wrong version of Figure 1 was published. The
      correct version is provided. (The following abstract of the original article
      appeared in record 2015-23893-001.) The size congruity effect (SiCE) shows that
      number and physical size interact as magnitudes. That is, response times are
      faster when number and size are congruent (e.g., 2 4) than when they are
      incongruent (e.g., 2 4). A shared representational system has been the most
      influential account for the SiCE. Recently, this account has been challenged by
      findings showing that the SiCE may be influenced by attention. The attentional
      contribution to the SiCE suggests that the effect is produced by an attention
      capture effect to the larger stimulus. Even though plausible, the attentional
      account overlooks 2 important factors in the study of magnitudes, namely, task
      (numerical vs. physical) and polarity of instructions (choose the larger vs. the
      smaller). We studied the influence of these factors using a size congruity task.
      Experiment 1 showed that the SiCE was modulated by task and instructions. In
      Experiment 2, we used a new set of numbers to examine a possible influence of the
      so-called end effect (i.e., responses to the smallest and to the largest numbers
      may not require number comparison). Experiment 2 successfully replicated the
      pattern of Experiment 1. We suggest that both feature saliency and long-term
      semantic processes modulate the SiCE. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359228
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359229
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359230
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359231
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359232
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359233
TI  - [Sufficient high frequency jet ventilation during a period of 2.5 h - Airway
      management during resection of a tracheaesophageal fistula and tracheal
      resection].
AB  - We present a 54 year old female patient who had undergone a Ross procedure in
      2009, and in 2013 again a replacement of the aortic root and arch with
      bioprothetic material and homograft replacement of the pulmonalis walve.
      Postoperatively the patient had experienced a functional compromising tracheal
      stenosis and a persistent esophago-tracheal fistula. Endoscopic attempts to close
      the fistula were not successful, and the fistula was "bridged" with an
      endoscopically positioned tracheal stent.We report the anaesthesiological
      management during the open surgical repair of the esophago-tracheal fistula and
      resection of 2 tracheal rings with high frequency jet ventilation over a period
      of 2.5 h. The Patient was discharged from hospital on the 17. postoperative day. 

PMID- 27359234
TI  - [Hyperoxia in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine - too much of a good
      thing?].
AB  - For decades the administration of oxygen has been a corner stone in the treatment
      of various medical emergencies, e.g. acute myocardial infarction. Several
      arguments support the perioperative use of high oxygen concentrations (>80%) for
      the prevention of surgical site infections. However, effects of oxygen include an
      increase in systemic vascular resistance, a reduction in heart rate and stroke
      volume and thus an impairment of the microcirculation, e.g. in the coronary and
      cerebral vasculature. Adequately powered, prospective, randomized, blinded
      outcome studies on the effects of hyperoxia in anesthesia and intensive care
      medicine are scarce. Recent data suggest that hyperoxia may be more harmful than
      beneficial and may increase morbidity and mortality in surgical and intensive
      care patients. Also, the current guidelines from the European Resuscitation
      Council from 2015 address the potentially harmful effects of high oxygen
      concentrations in various emergency settings. The aim of this article is to give
      an overview about the physiological and clinical effects of hyperoxia with a
      focus on its use in perioperative and intensive care medicine. 

PMID- 27359235
TI  - [Weaning: more than terminating mechanical ventilation].
AB  - Mechanical ventilation is an essential part of modern intensive care. It is used
      in patients with acute respiratory failure and, depending on the type of
      respiratory failure, different modes of application. In particular, invasive
      mechanical ventilation should be terminated as raidly as possible to avoid the
      associated risks.The major proportion of ventilated patients can be weaned from
      mechanical ventilation without problems after a short treatment period. In about
      20% of ventilated patients, however, an extremely protracted and complex weaning
      process can be observed, even though the cause necessitating ventilation has long
      since been eliminated. In addition to the stages in the process of weaning from
      the ventilator, in particular the pathophysiological processes that lead to
      prolonged weaning are addressed in this article. 

PMID- 27359236
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359237
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359238
TI  - [Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of asthma: focusing on a chronic
      disease].
AB  - Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases. Its pathogenesis is
      still not fully understood and its progression is still not predictable. There
      are individual differences in frequency, severity and duration of symptoms and
      progression as well as in the response to therapy. The diagnosis is based on a
      detailed medical history and physical examination, on lung function tests and
      allergy tests. In recent years great improvements in medical treatment and
      patient care have been achieved. This article summarizes the pathogenesis,
      clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of bronchial asthma. 

PMID- 27359239
TI  - [Anesthetic management in bronchial asthma].
AB  - In daily practice, acute and chronic pulmonary diseases are common issues
      presenting to the anesthetist. Respiratory physiology in general is affected by
      both general and regional anesthesia, which results in an increased number of
      perioperative complications in pulmonary risk patients. Therefore, anesthetic
      management of patients with bronchial asthma needs to address different clinical
      topics: the physical appearance of pulmonary disease, type and extent of surgical
      intervention as well as effects of therapeutic drugs, anesthetics and mechanical
      ventilation on respiratory function. The present work describes important
      precautions in preoperative scheduling of the asthmatic patient. In the operative
      course, airway manipulation and a number of anesthetics are able to trigger
      intraoperative bronchial spasm with possibly fatal outcome. It is essential to
      avoid these substances to prevent asthma attack. If asthmatic status occurs,
      appropriate procedures according to therapeutic standards have to be applied to
      the patient. Postoperatively, sufficient pain therapy avoids pulmonary
      complications and improves outcome. 

PMID- 27359240
TI  - [Asthma bronchiale - Emergency medical treatment].
AB  - Treatment of patients with acute severe or life-threatening asthma in the
      emergency department or in rescue services is a challenge for the physician. The
      decision on which therapy is needed depends on the clinical assessment of
      severity. Early administration of bronchodilators, ipratropium bromide and oral
      or intravenous corticosteroids is the cornerstone of treatment. If these
      treatments fail, systemic administration of bronchodilators, MgSO4 and
      theophylline should be carried in order to avoid intubation. Patients with
      incomplete or poor response should stay in hospital. 

PMID- 27359241
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359242
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27359243
TI  - Fundamental High-Speed Limits in Single-Molecule, Single-Cell, and Nanoscale
      Force Spectroscopies.
AB  - Force spectroscopy is enhancing our understanding of single-biomolecule, single
      cell, and nanoscale mechanics. Force spectroscopy postulates the proportionality
      between the interaction force and the instantaneous probe deflection. By studying
      the probe dynamics, we demonstrate that the total force acting on the probe has
      three different components: the interaction, the hydrodynamic, and the inertial.
      The amplitudes of those components depend on the ratio between the resonant
      frequency and the frequency at which the data are measured. A force-distance
      curve provides a faithful measurement of the interaction force between two
      molecules when the inertial and hydrodynamic components are negligible.
      Otherwise, force spectroscopy measurements will underestimate the value of
      unbinding forces. Neglecting the above force components requires the use of
      frequency ratios in the 50-500 range. These ratios will limit the use of high
      speed methods in force spectroscopy. The theory is supported by numerical
      simulations.

PMID- 27359244
TI  - TiO2 Nanoparticle Uptake by the Water Flea Daphnia magna via Different Routes is
      Calcium-Dependent.
AB  - Calcium plays versatile roles in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we
      investigated its effects on the uptake of polyacrylate-coated TiO2 nanoparticles
      (PAA-TiO2-NPs) by the water flea (cladoceran) Daphnia magna. Particle
      distribution in these daphnids was also visualized using synchrotron radiation
      based micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy,
      and scanning electron microscopy. At low ambient Ca concentrations in the
      experimental medium ([Ca]dis), PAA-TiO2-NPs were well dispersed and distributed
      throughout the daphnid; the particle concentration was highest in the abdominal
      zone and the gut, as a result of endocytosis and passive drinking of the
      nanoparticles, respectively. Further, Ca induced PAA-TiO2-NP uptake as a result
      of the increased Ca influx. At a high [Ca]dis, the PAA-TiO2-NPs formed micrometer
      sized aggregates that were ingested by D. magna and concentrated only in its gut,
      independent of the Ca influx. Our results demonstrated the multiple effects of Ca
      on nanoparticle bioaccumulation. Specifically, well-dispersed nanoparticles were
      taken up by D. magna through endocytosis and passive drinking whereas the uptake
      of micrometer-sized aggregates relied on active ingestion.

PMID- 27359245
TI  - Gel Point Suppression in RAFT Polymerization of Pure Acrylic Cross-Linker Derived
      from Soybean Oil.
AB  - Here we report the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)
      polymerization of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), a cross-linker
      molecule, to high conversion (>50%) and molecular weight (>100 kDa) without
      macrogelation. Surprisingly, gelation is suppressed in this system far beyond the
      expectations predicated both on Flory-Stockmeyer theory and multiple other
      studies of RAFT polymerization featuring cross-linking moieties. By varying AESO
      and initiator concentrations, we show how intra- versus intermolecular cross
      linking compete, yielding a trade-off between the degree of intramolecular
      linkages and conversion at gel point. We measured polymer chain characteristics,
      including molecular weight, chain dimensions, polydispersity, and intrinsic
      viscosity, using multidetector gel permeation chromatography and NMR to track
      polymerization kinetics. We show that not only the time and conversion at
      macrogelation, but also the chain architecture, is largely affected by these
      reaction conditions. At maximal AESO concentration, the gel point approaches that
      predicted by the Flory-Stockmeyer theory, and increases in an exponential fashion
      as the AESO concentration decreases. In the most dilute solutions, macrogelation
      cannot be detected throughout the entire reaction. Instead,
      cyclization/intramolecular cross-linking reactions dominate, leading to
      microgelation. This work is important, especially in that it demonstrates that
      thermoplastic rubbers could be produced based on multifunctional renewable
      feedstocks.

PMID- 27359246
TI  - Does the whistling thorn acacia (Acacia drepanolobium) use auditory aposematism
      to deter mammalian herbivores?
AB  - Auditory signaling including aposematism characterizes many terrestrial animals.
      Auditory aposematism by which certain animals use auditory aposematic signals to
      fend off enemies is well known for instance in rattlesnakes. Auditory signaling
      by plants toward animals and other plants is an emerging area of plant biology
      that still suffers from limited amount of solid data. Here I propose that
      auditory aposematism operates in the African whistling thorn acacia (Acacia
      drepanolobium = Vachellia drepanolobium). In this tree, the large and hollow
      thorn bases whistle when wind blows. This type of aposematism compliments the
      well-known conspicuous thorn and mutualistic ant based aposematism during day and
      may operate during night when the conspicuous thorns are invisible.

PMID- 27359247
TI  - Fused Perovskite Tunnel Structures in Ba5 Fe6+x S4+x O8 (0.44<=x<=0.55) with x
      Dependent Two-Stage Magnetizations.
AB  - Ba5 Fe6+x S4+x O8 was synthesized through a solid-state reaction, and pure
      powders of nominal compositions x=0.44-0.55 were obtained after being rinsed with
      water. The crystal structures (P4/mmm, a=10.13, c=4.03 A) and sample purities
      were investigated by powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction and were found to be
      composed of a tunnel lattice (Ba5 Fe6 S4 O8 ), built from fused perovskite units
      and the tunnel filling (Fex Sx ). The variable composition, that is, the tunnel
      filling (x), causes partially occupied sites as well as crystallographic split
      positions. Ba5 Fe6+x S4+x O8 (x=0.525) is semiconducting and all investigated
      compositions exhibit magnetic ground states that could be described as either
      semi-spin-glass-like (x>0.5) or canted antiferromagnetic (x<0.5). The spin-glass
      in x=0.525 exhibits magnetic relaxations that are affected by ageing. 

PMID- 27359248
TI  - Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their
      Implications for Human and Animal Health.
AB  - The Viverridae is a family of nocturnal carnivores including civets, genets and
      African linsangs. While a list of known organisms isolated from a species is an
      essential tool for population management, this review represents the first
      attempt to collate published reports of organisms isolated from viverrids. A wide
      range of organisms, including 11 viruses, eight bacterial species, one internal
      arthropod species, representatives from eight genera of protozoan, 21 genera of
      nematode, seven genera of cestode, eight genera of trematode and six genera of
      external arthropod (mites, ticks and louse), have been reported in literature
      spanning over a century of research. Many of these are capable of infecting
      multiple hosts, including humans. This is of concern given the anthropogenic
      factors that bring humans and domestic species into close contact with viverrids,
      facilitating transmission and spillover of organisms between groups. These
      factors include trade in viverrids for human consumption, captive management in
      zoos, rescue centres or on commercial breeding farms, and the increasing overlap
      of free-ranging viverrid distribution and human settlement.

PMID- 27359249
TI  - Identification of a novel endophytic Bacillus sp. from Capsicum annuum with
      highly efficient and broad spectrum plant probiotic effect.
AB  - AIM: The study mainly aimed the isolation and characterization of plant probiotic
      endophytic bacteria from Capsicum annuum to explore its multipotent agricultural
      applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the
      surface sterilized fruit tissue. The isolates were then subjected to PCR-based
      screening for the presence of potential biosynthetic gene clusters. The PCR
      positive isolate was then analysed for its inhibitory effect towards fungal and
      bacterial pathogens. The compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity was
      purified from large scale culture and subjected to identification by LC-MS/MS.
      The ability of the selected isolate in plant growth enhancement was also done
      using Vigna radiata seedlings. CONCLUSION: In this study, an endophytic bacterium
      isolated from C. annuum was found to have the phenotypic and genetic basis for
      broad antimicrobial property. PCR-based sequence analysis has resulted in the
      identification of nonribosomal peptide synthases, PKS Type I, Iturin, surfactin,
      DAPG and gacA genes in the selected isolate CaB 5. The bioactivity-guided
      fractionation using column and HPLC purification of active fraction followed by
      LC-MS/MS analysis has proved the presence of surfactin derivatives (M+H(+) - 1008
      & 1036) and iturin (M+H(+) - 1058) as the basis of antimicrobial activity of CaB
      5. The isolate was identified as a novel Bacillus sp. because of its low (76%)
      identity to the reported sequences. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY:
      Endophytes are considered to have the genetic basis for a diverse array of
      bioactive metabolites which can have significant applications in both
      pharmaceutical industry and agriculture. The identification of CaB 5 with broad
      bioactivity and excellent plant growth enhancement on taxonomically distinct
      plant species as explained in current study and our previous reports highlights
      its plant probiotic applicability. This proves the potential of the isolate
      obtained in the study to be an excellent plant probiotic.

PMID- 27359250
TI  - Parent and Child ADHD Symptoms in Relation to Parental Attitudes and Parenting:
      Testing the Similarity-Fit Hypothesis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We tested the similarity-fit hypothesis that predicts more positive
      parenting when both parent and child have high levels of ADHD symptoms compared
      to when only one does. METHOD: Mothers and fathers of 156, 5 to 13 year old sons
      participated (110 boys with ADHD, 46 without). Parent inattentive and hyperactive
      impulsive symptoms were examined, in interaction with child ADHD, as predictors
      of parental tolerance, empathy, encouragement of child autonomy, and positive
      parenting. RESULTS: Several interactions of parent ADHD symptoms and child ADHD
      were detected which suggested that for parents with low levels of symptoms, the
      presence of child ADHD was associated with less positive parenting attitudes and
      behavior, but this negative relation between positive parenting and child ADHD
      was dampened among parents with more ADHD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Considered
      alongside the well documented parenting difficulties associated with parental
      ADHD, our findings suggest that parental ADHD symptoms also may help to mitigate
      some of the challenges facing families of children with ADHD.

PMID- 27359251
TI  - Focal intestinal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis in 10 dogs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical and pathological features of canine focal
      lipogranulomatous lymphangitis, to evaluate its underlying infectious cause and
      to compare it with human Crohn's disease. METHODS: Retrospective review of case
      records with a histopathological diagnosis of focal lipogranulomatous
      lymphangitis. Bacterial and fungal colonisation was evaluated using fluorescence
      in situ hybridisation and histochemical staining, respectively. A comparison with
      Crohn's disease was performed by a human pathologist. RESULTS: Ten dogs were
      evaluated. The historical complaints were predominantly chronic diarrhoea (10/10)
      and vomiting (5/10). The biochemical abnormalities included hypoalbuminaemia
      (6/10) and hypocobalaminaemia (4/6). Abdominal sonography revealed a thickened
      distal ileum+/-ileocolic junction. Colonoscopy showed a swollen caecal ostium and
      oedematous caecum in 7/10 dogs. A stenotic ileo-colic opening prevented
      endoscopic intubation in all dogs. Histology from the resected lesions revealed
      granulomatous inflammation involving the muscularis and serosa. Fluorescence in
      situ hybridization demonstrated invasive bacteria in 2/10 dogs. Post-resection,
      all dogs received metronidazole and tapering immunosuppressive doses of
      prednisolone. Remission (median 17 months) was achieved in 8/10 dogs. CLINICAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: Focal lipogranulomatous lymphangitis is a rare and severe form of
      canine inflammatory bowel disease with preferential localisation to the ileum and
      the ileocolic junction. An underlying infectious aetiology was not identified.

PMID- 27359252
TI  - Modulating Electron Sharing in Ion-pi-Receptors via Substitution and External
      Electric Field: A Route toward Bond Strengthening.
AB  - Substituted coronenes, a family of ion-pi receptors whose ion-affinities can be
      explained exclusively neither via ion-quadrupole nor induction/polarization
      mechanisms, are studied. The best descriptors of ion-affinity among these species
      are those characterizing charge-transfer between ions and the pi-systems, e.g.
      vertical ionization potential, electron affinity, and the relative energies of
      charge-transfer excited-states (CTESs). The variation of the electric multipole
      moments, polarizability, binding energy, and relative energy of CTESs in the
      presence of an external electric field (EEF) is evaluated. The results indicate
      that the EEF has a negligible effect on the polarizability and quadrupole moment
      of the systems. However, it significantly affects the binding energies, CTES
      energies, and the dipole moments of the receptors. Contrary to the changes in the
      dipole moment, the variation pattern of the binding energy is more consistent
      with the pattern observed for the CTES energy changes. Finally, by analyzing the
      exchange-correlation component of the binding energy we demonstrate that the
      increased binding energy, i.e. bond strengthening, originates from enhanced
      electron sharing and multicenter covalency between the ions and the pi-systems as
      a result of the state-mixing between the ground-state and the CTESs. According to
      our findings, we hypothesize that the electron sharing and in extreme cases the
      multicenter covalency are the main driving forces for complexation of ions with
      extended pi-receptors such as carbon nanostructures. 

PMID- 27359254
TI  - An Ultrahydrophobic Fluorous Metal-Organic Framework Derived Recyclable Composite
      as a Promising Platform to Tackle Marine Oil Spills.
AB  - Derived from a strategically chosen hexafluorinated dicarboxylate linker aimed at
      the designed synthesis of a superhydrophobic metal-organic framework (MOF), the
      fluorine-rich nanospace of a water-stable MOF (UHMOF-100) exhibits excellent
      water-repellent features. It registered the highest water contact angle (~176
      degrees ) in the MOF domain, marking the first example of an ultrahydrophobic
      MOF. Various experimental and theoretical studies reinforce its distinctive water
      repellent characteristics, and the conjugation of superoleophilicity and
      unparalleled hydrophobicity of a MOF material has been coherently exploited to
      achieve real-time oil/water separation in recyclable membrane form, with
      significant absorption capacity performance. This is also the first report of an
      oil/water separating fluorinated ultrahydrophobic MOF-based membrane material,
      with potential promise for tackling marine oil spillages. 

PMID- 27359255
TI  - Enantioselective sulfoxidation reaction catalyzed by a G-quadruplex DNA
      metalloenzyme.
AB  - Enantioselective sulfoxidation reaction is achieved for the first time by a DNA
      metalloenzyme assembled with the human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA and Cu(ii)-4,4'
      bimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine complex, and the mixed G-quadruplex architectures are
      responsible for the catalytic enantioselectivity and activity. 

PMID- 27359253
TI  - Genome-wide studies of von Willebrand factor propeptide identify loci
      contributing to variation in propeptide levels and von Willebrand factor
      clearance.
AB  - Essentials Variants at ABO, von Willebrand Factor (VWF) and 2q12 contribute to
      the variation in plasma in VWF. We performed a genome-wide association study of
      plasma VWF propeptide in 3,238 individuals. ABO, VWF and 2q12 loci had weak or no
      association or linkage with plasma VWFpp levels. VWF associated variants at ABO,
      VWF and 2q12 loci primarily affect VWF clearance rates. SUMMARY: Background
      Previous studies identified common variants at the ABO and VWF loci and unknown
      variants in a chromosome 2q12 linkage interval that contributed to the variation
      in plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels. Whereas the association with ABO
      haplotypes can be explained by differential VWF clearance, little is known about
      the mechanisms underlying the association with VWF single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) or with variants in the chromosome 2 linkage interval. VWF
      propeptide (VWFpp) and mature VWF are encoded by the VWF gene and secreted at the
      same rate, but have different plasma half-lives. Therefore, comparison of VWFpp
      and VWF association signals can be used to assess whether the variants are
      primarily affecting synthesis/secretion or clearance. Methods We measured plasma
      VWFpp levels and performed genome-wide linkage and association studies in 3238
      young and healthy individuals for whom VWF levels had been analyzed previously.
      Results and conclusions Common variants in an intergenic region on chromosome
      7q11 were associated with VWFpp levels. We found that ABO serotype-specific SNPs
      were associated with VWFpp levels in the same direction as for VWF, but with a
      much lower effect size. Neither the association at VWF nor the linkage on
      chromosome 2 previously reported for VWF was observed for VWFpp. Taken together,
      these results suggest that the major genetic factors affecting plasma VWF levels,
      i.e. variants at ABO, VWF and a locus on chromosome 2, operate primarily through
      their effects on VWF clearance.

PMID- 27359256
TI  - Assessment of Staffing, Services, and Partnerships of Local Health Departments -
      United States, 2015.
AB  - Beginning in 2008, the National Association of County and City Health Officials
      (NACCHO) periodically surveyed local health departments (LHDs) to assess the
      impact of the economic recession on jobs and budgets (1). In 2014, the survey was
      expanded to assess a wider range of factors affecting programs, services, and
      infrastructure in LHDs and renamed the Forces of Change survey (2). The survey
      was administered in to January-February 2015 to 948 LHDs across the United States
      to assess budget changes, job losses, changes in services, and collaboration with
      health care partners; 690 (73%) LHDs responded. Findings indicated a change in
      LHD infrastructure: compared with the previous fiscal year.* Overall, LHDs
      reported 3,400 jobs lost; 25% of LHDs reported budget decreases; 36% reported a
      reduction in at least one service area; and 35% reported serving fewer patients
      in clinics. In addition, up to 24% of LHDs reported expanding population-based
      prevention services, and LHDs reported exploring new collaborations with
      nonprofit hospitals and primary care providers (PCPs). 

PMID- 27359257
TI  - Laboratory-Scale Membrane Reactor for the Generation of Anhydrous Diazomethane.
AB  - A configurationally simple and robust semibatch apparatus for the in situ on
      demand generation of anhydrous solutions of diazomethane (CH2N2) avoiding
      distillation methods is presented. Diazomethane is produced by base-mediated
      decomposition of commercially available Diazald within a semipermeable Teflon AF
      2400 tubing and subsequently selectively separated from the tubing into a solvent
      and substrate-filled flask (tube-in-flask reactor). Reactions with CH2N2 can
      therefore be performed directly in the flask without dangerous and labor
      intensive purification operations or exposure of the operator to CH2N2. The
      reactor has been employed for the methylation of carboxylic acids, the synthesis
      of alpha-chloro ketones and pyrazoles, and palladium-catalyzed cyclopropanation
      reactions on laboratory scale. The implementation of in-line FTIR technology
      allowed monitoring of the CH2N2 generation and its consumption. In addition,
      larger scales (1.8 g diazomethane per hour) could be obtained via parallelization
      (numbering up) by simply wrapping several membrane tubings into the flask.

PMID- 27359258
TI  - Generation of pediatric liver cancer patient-derived xenograft platforms for
      pediatric liver cancer: A critical stage in the development of anticancer
      treatments.

PMID- 27359259
TI  - DIAGNOSIS OF TYPE 3 NEOVASCULARIZATION BASED ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
      IMAGES.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the concordance of an optical coherence tomography (OCT)
      based diagnosis of Type 3 neovascularization and an indocyanine green angiography
      (ICGA)-based diagnosis in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
      METHODS: This observational case series includes 263 eyes from 263 patients who
      were diagnosed with treatment-naive neovascular AMD. Patients exhibiting at least
      three of the following OCT features were diagnosed with Type 3
      neovascularization: subfoveal choroidal thickness <200 MUm, presence of
      intraretinal fluid accumulation, absence of subretinal fluid, gently-sloping dome
      shaped retinal pigment epithelial detachment or trapezoid-shaped retinal pigment
      epithelial detachment without an obvious peak, and intraretinal mass lesion. The
      incidence of cases exhibiting three or more OCT features was compared among
      different subtypes of neovascular AMD. Additionally, the concordance of OCT-based
      diagnosis and ICGA-based diagnosis was evaluated. RESULTS: Three or more OCT
      features were noted in 8 of 82 (9.8%) eyes with typical neovascular AMD, 4 of 147
      (2.7%) eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and 30 of 34 (88.2%) eyes
      with Type 3 neovascularization, respectively. The incidence was significantly
      greater in Type 3 neovascularization than in the other subtypes of neovascular
      AMD (P < 0.001). Of patients diagnosed with Type 3 neovascularization using ICGA
      based methods, 88.2% were also diagnosed with Type 3 neovascularization using OCT
      based methods. Only 5.2% of patients diagnosed with other subtypes of neovascular
      AMD using ICGA-based methods were diagnosed with Type 3 neovascularization using
      OCT-based methods. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography-based diagnosis of
      Type 3 neovascularization showed relatively high concordance compared with ICGA
      based diagnosis. This method may be useful in clinical practice.

PMID- 27359260
TI  - One-Pot Synthesis of Substituted Trifluoromethylated 2,3-Dihydro-1H-imidazoles.
AB  - An operationally simple one-pot reaction for the preparation of a novel class of
      racemic trifluoromethylated 2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazoles derived from electron-poor
      N,O-acetals and aryl Grignard reagents is described. In addition, access to
      highly functionalized 2-trifluoromethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazoles was
      accomplished by reaction of N-aryl hemiaminal ethers and N-aryl
      trifluoroethylamines in the presence of an excess of n-butyllithium.

PMID- 27359261
TI  - No-Loss Transportation of Water Droplets by Patterning a Desired Hydrophobic Path
      on a Superhydrophobic Surface.
AB  - The directional transportation of droplets on solid surfaces is essential in a
      wide range of engineering applications. It is convenient to guide liquid droplets
      in a given direction by utilizing the gradient of wettability, by which the
      binding forces can be produced. In contrast to the mass-loss transportation of a
      droplet moving along hydrophilic paths on a horizontal superhydrophobic surface,
      we present no-loss transportation by fabricating a hydrophobic path on the same
      surface under tangential wind. In experimental exploration and theoretical
      analysis, the conditions of no-loss transportation of a droplet are mainly
      considered. We demonstrate that the lower (or upper) critical wind velocity,
      under which the droplet starts on the path (or is derailed from the path), is
      determined by the width of the path, the length of the contact area in the
      direction parallel to the path, the drift angle between the path and the wind
      direction, and the surface wettability of the pattern. Meanwhile, the no-loss
      transportation of water droplets along the desired path zigzagging on a
      superhydrophobic surface can be achieved steadily under appropriate conditions.
      We anticipate that such robust no-loss transportation will find an extensive
      range of applications.

PMID- 27359262
TI  - Price analysis of multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies marketed in the
      United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study assessed trends in the average wholesale price (AWP) at
      the market entry of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) approved by Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA) in the period 1987-2014. METHODS: DMT regulatory information
      was derived from the FDA website. The AWPs per unit at market entry data were
      derived from the Red Book (Truven Health Analytics Inc.). The AWP history for
      each DMT was collected from its date of approval to 31 December 2014. The FDA
      approved label defined daily dose (DDD) for adult patients was obtained from FDA
      approved labels. The AWP per DDD and the AWP/DDD per year of therapy were
      computed. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon tests, t-test, and multiple linear
      regression were performed. The statistical significance level was set at 0.05.
      RESULTS: The FDA approved 12 multiple sclerosis (MS) DMTs, including five new
      drug applications (NDAs) and seven biologic license applications (BLAs) as of 31
      December 2014. The FDA granted orphan designation to five DMTs. There was one DMT
      approved by the FDA in the 1980s, three in the 1990s, three in 2000s, and five in
      the period 2010-2014. The market entry inflation-adjusted AWP per DDD was $10.23
      for the first DMT (mitoxantrone hydrochloride) that was approved in the 1980s.
      The median market entry inflation-adjusted AWP per DDD was $12.41 (interquartile
      range [IQR] = 4.51) for DMTs approved in the 1990s, $71.26 (IQR = 58.35) in the
      2000s, and $172.56 (IQR = 84.97) in the period 2010-2014. The median AWP per DDD
      was statistically significantly different (p = 0.011) for orphan (median =
      $41.82, IQR = 56.077) compared to non-orphan drugs (median = $171.32, IQR =
      199.29). Year of market entry was positively associated with DMT prices at US
      market entry (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The AWP per DDD for DMTs at market entry
      increased substantially over time. The increase in DMTs prices exceeded the
      general consumer price index.

PMID- 27359263
TI  - H-type hypertension is an important risk factor of carotid atherosclerotic
      plaques.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the association of H-type hypertension with carotid
      atherosclerotic plaques in Chinese. METHODS: This hospital-based large population
      study included 13192 patients and all the patients were sequentially recruited
      between May 2010 and May 2013 at the Health Medical Center of the Chinese PLA
      General Hospital. The subjects were divided into four groups: the H-type of
      hypertension group, isolated systolic hypertension, simple homocysteine (Hcy)
      group, and the control group without hypertension and Hcy. Univariate logistic
      regression analysis was performed to investigate the association of H-type
      hypertension with the odds of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. RESULTS: Among the
      13192 subjects, there were 9007 (68.28% of all subjects) patients with
      hyperhomocysteinemia and 3543 patients with H-type hypertension, which was 26.86%
      of all subjects and 74.45% of hypertension patients. 34.55% of all subjects
      (4558) had carotid atherosclerotic plaques. The carotid atherosclerotic plaques
      positive rate among four groups was significantly different (chi(2) = 647.8988, P
      = 0.000). The carotid atherosclerotic plaques' positive rate of patients with H
      type hypertension was 49.31%, which was significantly higher than the other three
      groups. Univariate logistic regression analysis results indicated that
      significant correlations exist between high-Hcy hypertension and carotid
      atherosclerotic plaques. Incidence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in H-type
      hypertension patients was 1.63 times that in patients with isolated systolic
      hypertension. CONCLUSION: H-type hypertension is independently associated with
      higher risk of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. H-type hypertension and Hcy
      should be the major intervention measures to decrease the incidence of carotid
      atherosclerotic plaques as well as the stroke in Health Practice Management.

PMID- 27359264
TI  - Multilocus Sequence Typing of Strains of Bacterial Spot of Lettuce Collected in
      the United States.
AB  - Studies on genetic diversity and recombination in bacterial pathogens are
      providing a better understanding of the mechanisms shaping bacterial diversity,
      which can affect disease control. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, causal
      agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce, is a threat to the worldwide lettuce
      industry. We examined the genetic variation within a sample of 83 strains from
      California, Florida, and Ohio using multilocus sequence typing of six
      housekeeping genes, totaling 2.7 kb. Additionally, polymorphism in two virulence
      related genes, hrpB2 and a putative glycosyl hydrolase, were examined. Based on
      housekeeping genes, we found three genetic groups of strains that were all able
      to induce the disease. These included strains collected from weeds and irrigation
      water that had haplotypes identical to strains from diseased lettuce. High
      linkage disequilibrium across the sequenced loci indicates that the pathogen is
      predominantly clonal but recombination has contributed to the observed sequence
      variation. Although there was significant genetic variation in X. campestris pv.
      vitians within and among sampled states, identical haplotypes were observed
      across all three states. This finding suggests that seedborne inoculum may
      contribute to the diversity of X. campestris pv. vitians in the United States.
      Knowledge of the genetic structure of the pathogen may be used for developing
      resistant lettuce varieties.

PMID- 27359265
TI  - Competitive Fitness of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Isolates with Mutations in the CYP51
      and CYTB Genes.
AB  - Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Brazil is mainly controlled with
      applications of fungicides, including demethylation inhibitors (DMI) and quinone
      outside inhibitors (QoI). Isolates with less sensitivity to DMI and QoI have been
      reported, and these have been found to have mutations in the CYP51 and CYTB
      genes, respectively. There have been no reports of fitness costs in isolates with
      mutations in CYP51 and CYTB, and the aim of this work was to compare the
      competitive ability of isolates with lower DMI or QoI sensitivities with that of
      sensitive (wild-type) isolates. Urediniospores of sensitive wild-type isolates
      and isolates with different CYP51 or CYTB alleles were mixed and inoculated on
      detached soybean leaves. After 3 weeks, urediniospores were harvested and used as
      inoculum for the next disease cycle. Frequencies of relevant target site
      mutations were monitored using the pyrosequencing method over four disease
      cycles. Isolates with lower DMI sensitivity and different CYP51 alleles had
      competitive disadvantages compared with a DMI-sensitive, wild-type CYP51 isolate.
      In contrast, the isolate with the F129L mutation in the CYTB gene competed
      equally well with a QoI-sensitive, wild-type CYTB isolate under the conditions of
      this experiment. The CYP51 and CYTB alleles were stable in all isolates over four
      disease cycles when cultivated alone.

PMID- 27359267
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27359266
TI  - Markers Linked to Wheat Stem Rust Resistance Gene Sr11 Effective to Puccinia
      graminis f. sp. tritici Race TKTTF.
AB  - Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, can cause severe
      yield losses on susceptible wheat varieties and cultivars. Although stem rust can
      be controlled by the use of genetic resistance, population dynamics of P.
      graminis f. sp. tritici can frequently lead to defeat of wheat stem rust
      resistance genes. P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TKTTF caused a severe epidemic
      in Ethiopia on Ug99-resistant 'Digalu' in 2013 and 2014. The gene Sr11 confers
      resistance to race TKTTF and is present in 'Gabo 56'. We identified seven single
      nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers linked to Sr11 from a cross between Gabo 56
      and 'Chinese Spring' exploiting a 90K Infinium iSelect Custom beadchip. Five SNP
      markers were validated on a 'Berkut'/'Scalavatis' population that segregated for
      Sr11, using KBioscience competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction
      (KASP) assays. Two of the SNP markers, KASP_6BL_IWB10724 and KASP_6BL_IWB72471,
      were predictive of Sr11 among wheat genetic stocks, cultivars, and breeding lines
      from North America, Ethiopia, and Pakistan. These markers can be utilized to
      select for Sr11 in wheat breeding and to detect the presence of Sr11 in
      uncharacterized germplasm.

PMID- 27359268
TI  - Efficacy of crizotinib in first-line treatment of adults with ALK-positive
      advanced NSCLC.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has
      evolved from palliative cytotoxic chemotherapy to precise medicine based on
      genetic alternations over the last decade. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)
      rearrangement characterizes a molecular subset of NSCLC with an impressive
      response to crizotinib. AREAS COVERED: To analyze the efficacy of crizotinib in
      first-line treatment of adults with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC, updated data on
      development and recent advances of first-line crizotinib in this subset
      population are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION: To date, crizotinib should be
      established as a standard of care in previously untreated advanced NSCLC with ALK
      rearrangement. However, the efficacy of first-line crizotinib is limited by
      acquired resistance. Second generation ALK inhibitors have demonstrated clinical
      activity in both crizotinib-refractory and crizotinib naive setting. How to
      maximize first-line benefit for advanced ALK-positive NSCLC remains challenging.
      Combinational strategy, advances in companion diagnostics and optimization of ALK
      inhibitors might contribute to improve outcome in this subset of patients in
      future.

PMID- 27359272
TI  - Sub-Nanosecond Resonance Energy Transfer in the Near-Infrared within Self
      Assembled Conjugates of PbS Quantum Dots and Cyanine Dye J-Aggregates.
AB  - Energy transfer (EnT) of near-infrared (NIR) excitons enables applications in
      harvesting of solar energy and biological imaging. Fast exciton extraction from
      NIR-absorbing Pb-chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs) may allow utilization of the
      photon downconversion (multiple exciton generation) process that occurs in those
      QDs to amplify signal in QD-based sensors or photocurrent in QD-based
      photovoltaics. This paper describes subnanosecond extraction of NIR excitons from
      PbS QDs by adsorbed J-aggregates of cyanine dye in aqueous dispersions. The QD/J
      aggregate complexes form through electrostatic self-assembly, and the rate and
      yield of EnT within the complexes can be optimized by adjusting spectral overlap
      between QD emission and the J-aggregate absorption, which are controlled by
      density of charged ligands on the QD surface and the pH. The primary EnT pathways
      have rate constants ranging from (800 ps)(-1) to (2.2 ns)(-1), which are 1-2
      orders of magnitude faster than previously reported examples with PbS QDs as
      exciton donors. The fastest EnT process occurs in 90 ps and is potentially
      competitive with Auger recombination of biexcitonic states in PbS QDs.

PMID- 27359273
TI  - Transbronchial Saline Injection to Allow Visualization and Biopsy of Peripheral
      Lung Nodule on Linear Endobronchial Ultrasound.
AB  - Two peripheral lung nodules suspicious for lung cancer were noted in a patient.
      Surgical and CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsies were deemed to be high risk
      given advanced emphysema. The patient received nondiagnostic electromagnetic
      navigation bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided mediastinal
      needle biopsies. Repeat bronchoscopy was then performed. The lung nodules were
      difficult to visualize with both convex probe EBUS and electromagnetic navigation
      bronchoscopy guidance. Normal saline injection into vicinity of the peripheral
      lung nodule was then used in hopes of filling airspace with fluid and improving
      visualization of the lung nodule. After saline injection the nodule was
      visualized on convex probe EBUS, allowing for diagnostic needle aspirations.

PMID- 27359274
TI  - Pseudomembranous Tracheobronchitis: A Rare Presentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      Infection.

PMID- 27359275
TI  - Embryonic Stage-Dependent Teratogenicity of Ketamine in Zebrafish (Danio rerio).
AB  - Ketamine, a widely used anesthetic, has been shown to have NMDA receptor
      dependent and independent actions during zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryogenesis.
      Notwithstanding, the effects of developmental toxicity and the mechanisms of
      ketamine action on fish embryos are still not well understood, and its
      implications for early vertebrate development remains to be clarified. In this
      work, zebrafish embryos were exposed to ketamine (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg mL(-1)) in
      order to study the stage-developmental toxicity of this pharmaceutical. During
      256-cell (2.5 h post-fertilization, hpf), 50% epiboly (5.5 hpf) and 1-4 somites
      (10.5 hpf), embryos were exposed to the referred ketamine concentrations for a
      period of 20 min and were allowed to grow until 144 hpf. Both lethal and
      nonlethal parameters were evaluated. Skeletal development was assessed by alcian
      blue and calcein staining. Additionally, the expression of the developmental
      genes sonic hedgehog a (shh a) and noggin 3 (nog3) was evaluated. Similar to our
      previous work, bone and cartilage malformations were observed after 256-cell
      exposure. During 50% epiboly, ketamine exposure induced concentration-dependent
      mortality and malformations, such as lordosis and/or kyphosis and microcephaly,
      namely, at higher concentrations. Conversely, exposure during 1-4 somites showed
      the induction of nonspecific effects with no rise in mortality. The quantitative
      real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed differences in shh
      a and nog3 expressions comparatively to the control group. Overall, this study
      shows that the ketamine toxic profile is developmental phase-dependent with 256
      cell being the most susceptible phase. The effects observed may result from
      ketamine interaction with cellular signaling pathways that merits further
      investigation.

PMID- 27359276
TI  - Facile Fabrication of Ethoxy-Functional Polysiloxane Wrapped LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2
      Cathode with Improved Cycling Performance for Rechargeable Li-Ion Battery.
AB  - Dealing with the water molecule on the surface of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM)
      cathode and hydrogen fluoride in the electrolyte is one of the most difficult
      challenges in Li-ion battery research. In this paper, the surface polymerization
      of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) on NCM to generate ethoxy-functional
      polysiloxane (EPS) wrapped NCM (E-NCM) cathode under mild conditions and without
      any additions is utilized to solve this intractable problem. The differential
      scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy results show that the formed amorphous coating can provide a
      protective shell to improve the NCM thermal stability, suppress the thickening of
      the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, and scavenge HF in the electrolyte.
      The E-NCM composite with 2 mol % EPS delivers a high discharge capacity retention
      of 84.9% after 100 cycles at a 1 C discharge rate in the 2.8-4.3 V potential
      range at 55  degrees C. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
      measurements reveal that the EPS coating could alleviate the impedance rise
      during cycling especially at an elevated temperature. Therefore, the fabricated E
      NCM cathode with long-term cycling and thermal stability is a promising candidate
      for use in a high-energy Li-ion battery. 

PMID- 27359277
TI  - Arabinoxylan hydrolyzates as immunomodulators in lipopolysaccharide-induced
      RAW264.7 macrophages.
AB  - Inflammation is an important healthy immune response of the body during lesions
      and infection. However, uncontrolled excessive inflammation can be damaging to
      the cells. The specific objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of
      structural details of enzymatically derived wheat arabinoxylan hydrolyzates (AXH)
      on their immunomodulatory properties. Out of the 30 AXH, six AXH showed
      statistically significant reduction in NO production compared to the control,
      causing an approximately 24 to 12% reduction in NO production. Five AXH exhibited
      statistically significant pro-inflammatory properties in the LPS induced cells,
      causing an approximately 10 to 14% increase compared to the control. A negative
      correlation was seen between NO production and total arabinoxylan (AX) * amount
      of 1,4-linked xylose with arabinose substituted at the O-3 position. Thus, AXH
      with higher AX and substitution at the O-3 position are favorable candidates to
      reduce the lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation. These results suggest that
      there may be a structure-function relationship for these AXH as immunomodulators.

PMID- 27359278
TI  - Factors Associated With Narcotic Use After Clavicle Fractures.
AB  - Clavicle fractures are common in adults. Recent studies have shown that operative
      treatment of clavicle fractures has benefits in many situations. However, there
      is controversy about the indications. Data on social outcomes are limited. A
      total of 434 patients with 436 clavicle fractures treated both operatively and
      nonoperatively at a level 1 trauma center were identified. Narcotic use was
      recorded 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 weeks after injury for both treatment
      groups. Other descriptive data included age, sex, laterality, hand dominance, rib
      fractures, smoking, alcohol use, employment, long bone or spine fracture, open
      clavicle fracture, and mechanism of injury. Logistic regression analysis was
      performed to determine the independent predictors of narcotic use after clavicle
      fracture. Open reduction and internal fixation was performed in 105 fractures
      (24%), and 329 fractures were managed nonoperatively. A total of 154 patients
      (35%) reported some narcotic use 2 weeks after injury, and 15% were still using
      narcotics 16 weeks after injury. Narcotic use decreased over time in patients
      treated with open reduction and internal fixation (10% vs 15% after nonoperative
      management). Patients treated with open reduction and internal fixation reported
      reduced narcotic use at 16 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 0.454; P=.070). Concurrent rib
      fracture (OR, 5.668; P<.001), smoking (OR, 3.095; P=.013), unemployment (OR,
      5.429; P<.0005), and long bone or spine fracture (OR, 6.761; P<.001) were
      predictors of narcotic use. Further studies of the social, economic, and
      financial outcomes of clavicle fracture and osteosynthesis are warranted.
      [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(5):e917-e923.]. 

PMID- 27359279
TI  - Patient Perceptions of Reimbursement for Arthroscopic Meniscectomy and Anterior
      Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
AB  - Historically, patient perceptions of surgeon reimbursement have been exaggerated
      compared with actual reimbursement. There is limited information about patient
      perceptions of physician reimbursement for arthroscopic meniscectomy and anterior
      cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study evaluated patient perceptions
      of physician reimbursement for these procedures and compared perceptions of
      health care reform between urban and suburban clinics. Surveys were given to 231
      consecutive patients, and patients were asked how much they believed a surgeon
      should be reimbursed for arthroscopic meniscectomy and ACL reconstruction as well
      as their perception of actual Medicare reimbursement to physicians. Patients were
      then informed of the actual reimbursement rates and asked additional questions
      about health care reform. Survey responses were compared in an urban setting vs a
      suburban setting. On average, patients reported that surgeons should receive
      $8096 for meniscectomy and $11,794 for ACL reconstruction. Patients estimated
      that Medicare paid physicians $5442 for meniscectomy and $6667 for ACL
      reconstruction. In addition, 65% of patients believed that reimbursement for
      meniscectomy was too low, and 57% of patients believed that reimbursement for ACL
      reconstruction was too low. Fewer than 2% of patients believed that surgeon
      salaries should be cut, and 75% believed that orthopedic surgeons should be paid
      more for subspecialty training. No differences were found in patients'
      perceptions of reimbursement or health care reform between urban and suburban
      settings. Patients perceived that the values of meniscectomy and ACL
      reconstruction were substantially higher than current Medicare reimbursement
      values and that surgeon salaries should not be cut. [Orthopedics. 2016;
      39(5):e904-e910.]. 

PMID- 27359280
TI  - Surface Aneurysmal Bone Cyst: Clinical and Imaging Features in 10 New Cases.
AB  - Aneurysmal bone cyst originating from the surface of the bone, either within the
      cortex or subperiosteally, is an uncommon anatomic subtype. This article reports
      the clinical and radiologic evaluations and treatment outcomes of 10 patients
      with surface aneurysmal bone cysts that were surgically treated between 1982 and
      2014. Mean age at the time of surgery was 22.4 years (range, 11-44 years).
      According to Capanna's radiographic evaluation criteria, 6 of the lesions were
      classified as type V and 4 were classified as type IV. Radiographically,
      periosteal shell formation was observed to be complete in 4 patients, partial in
      3, and absent in 3, and 6 patients had Codman's angle or buttress formation. In 1
      patient, computed tomography scan showed birdcage-like ossification attached to
      the surface of bone. Magnetic resonance imaging showed fluid-fluid levels in 5
      patients. All of the patients had standard curettage and high-speed burr
      application as an adjuvant. No patient had local recurrence at the end of the
      follow-up period of 98.4 months (range, 13-288 months). These findings show the
      importance of careful radiologic evaluation and biopsy to better plan a treatment
      strategy when surface aneurysmal bone cyst is included in the differential
      diagnosis. The finding of fluid-fluid levels on magnetic resonance imaging or
      computed tomography is not pathognomonic for primary aneurysmal bone cyst;
      however, the absence of this finding does not rule out the diagnosis. The rate of
      local recurrence after curettage plus high-speed burr is reasonably low, and
      other adjuvant procedures should be used whenever needed. [Orthopedics. 2016;
      39(5):e897-e903.]. 

PMID- 27359281
TI  - Frequency of Recidivism in Patients With Orthopedic Trauma.
AB  - The goals of this study were to determine the frequency of trauma recidivism and
      to identify risk factors. The authors hypothesized that substance abuse and
      mental illness would be associated with recidivism. They performed a
      retrospective review of 879 patients who were treated surgically for high-energy
      fractures over a period of 4 years. Recidivism was defined as presentation to the
      trauma center for a new, unrelated injury. A recurrent recidivist was a repeat
      patient who returned for more than 1 additional injury. The study identified 164
      (18.7%) patients who returned with a new injury. Mean age of recidivists was 37.1
      years vs 40.7 years for nonrecidivists (P=.025). Of the recidivists, 80% were
      male, and this group was more likely to be unmarried (76.2% vs 67.2%, P=.044) and
      unemployed (40.4% vs 19.6%, P<.0001). Recidivists were also more likely to be
      uninsured (33.5% vs 17.8%, P<.0001) or to have Medicaid coverage (33.5% vs 23.2%,
      P<.0001). Recidivists were more likely to have used alcohol (47.2% vs 32.0%,
      P=.0007) or to be intoxicated (32.4% vs 21.2%, P=.005) and to use tobacco (66.2%
      vs 50.2%, P=.0003) or recreational drugs (59.1% vs 43.2%, P=.0004) at baseline.
      The rate of documented mental illness was also higher in repeat patients than in
      nonrepeat patients (28.1% vs 20.0%, P=.03). These findings showed that recidivism
      is common, occurring overall in 18.7% of the study sample within a mean of 2.9
      years. Factors associated with recidivism included age younger than 40 years,
      unmarried status, substance use, unemployment, and lack of insurance coverage.
      The greatest independent risk factors for recidivism were Medicaid insurance or
      no insurance and a history of a gunshot wound or assault. [Orthopedics. 2016;
      39(5):300-306.]. 

PMID- 27359282
TI  - Risk Adjustment for Medicare Total Knee Arthroplasty Bundled Payments.
AB  - The use of bundled payments is growing because of their potential to align
      providers and hospitals on the goal of cost reduction. However, such gain sharing
      could incentivize providers to "cherry-pick" more profitable patients. Risk
      adjustment can prevent this unintended consequence, yet most bundling programs
      include minimal adjustment techniques. This study was conducted to determine how
      bundled payments for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) should be adjusted for risk.
      The authors collected financial data for all Medicare patients (age>=65 years)
      undergoing primary unilateral TKA at an academic center over a period of 2 years
      (n=941). Multivariate regression was performed to assess the effect of patient
      factors on the costs of acute inpatient care, including unplanned 30-day
      readmissions. This analysis mirrors a bundling model used in the Medicare Bundled
      Payments for Care Improvement initiative. Increased age, American Society of
      Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, and the presence of a Medicare Major
      Complications/Comorbid Conditions (MCC) modifier (typically representing major
      complications) were associated with increased costs (regression coefficients, $57
      per year; $729 per ASA class beyond I; and $3122 for patients meeting MCC
      criteria; P=.003, P=.001, and P<.001, respectively). Differences in costs were
      not associated with body mass index, sex, or race. If the results are
      generalizable, Medicare bundled payments for TKA encompassing acute inpatient
      care should be adjusted upward by the stated amounts for older patients, those
      with elevated ASA class, and patients meeting MCC criteria. This is likely an
      underestimate for many bundling models, including the Comprehensive Care for
      Joint Replacement program, incorporating varying degrees of postacute care.
      Failure to adjust for factors that affect costs may create adverse incentives,
      creating barriers to care for certain patient populations. [Orthopedics. 2016;
      39(5):e911-e916.]. 

PMID- 27359283
TI  - Definitive Treatment of Infected Shoulder Arthroplasty With a Cement Spacer.
AB  - Infection in the setting of shoulder arthroplasty can result in significant pain,
      loss of function, and the need for additional surgery. As the use of shoulder
      arthroplasty increases, the medical and economic burdens of periprosthetic joint
      infection increase as well. The ideal management of infected shoulder prostheses
      has not been established. This report describes 9 patients from a single
      institution who had an infected shoulder arthroplasty that was definitively
      managed with a cement spacer. All patients had a minimum of 2 years of follow-up.
      Of the 9 patients in this study, 6 were men. Mean age was 73+/-9 years. Of the
      study patients, 1 had diabetes, 2 presented with Parkinson's disease, and 5 had a
      history of tobacco use. Average body mass index was 27.9+/-7 kg/m(2). After mean
      follow-up of 4 years, none of the patients had clinical or radiographic evidence
      of infection. Functional outcomes, as measured by American Shoulder and Elbow
      Surgeons scores, were good or fair in 89% of patients, and the average American
      Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 57. A review of recent literature suggested
      that the current findings were similar to those in studies reporting 1- or 2
      stage revision procedures. Although cement spacers are typically used as part of
      a 2-stage revision procedure, the current findings suggest that cement spacers
      can be used effectively to eradicate infection and allow for acceptable
      functional recovery and range of motion in patients who have severe medical
      comorbidities and cannot tolerate additional surgery. [Orthopedics. 2016;
      39(5):e924-e930.]. 

PMID- 27359284
TI  - Biological Therapies for Cartilage Lesions in the Hip: A New Horizon.
AB  - Treatment of hip cartilage disease is challenging, and there is no clear
      algorithm to address this entity. Biomarkers are arising as promising diagnostic
      tools because they could play a role in the early assessment of the prearthritic
      joint and as a prognostic factor before and after treatment. The potential effect
      of biomarkers may be used to categorize individuals at risk of evolving to severe
      osteoarthritis, to develop new measures for clinical progression of the disease,
      and to develop new treatment options for the prevention of osteoarthritis
      progression. A trend toward a less invasive biological treatment will usher in a
      new treatment era. With the growth of surgical skills in hip arthroscopy,
      cartilage restoration techniques are evolving in a fast and exponential manner.
      Biological and surgical treatments have been proposed to treat these pathologies.
      Biological treatments include platelet-rich plasma, stem cells or bone marrow
      aspirate concentration, hyaluronic acid, losartan, and fish oil. Surgical
      treatments include microfracture alone or augmented, direct repair, autologous
      chondrocyte implantation, matrix-induced chondrocyte implantation, autologous
      matrix-induced chondrogenesis, mosaicplasty, osteochondral allograft
      transplantation, and stem cells implanted in matrix (stem cells in
      membranes/expanded stem cells). This article reviews new evidence available on
      treatment options for chondral lesions and early osteoarthritis of the hip.
      [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(4):e715-e723.]. 

PMID- 27359285
TI  - Intramedullary Nailing of Open Tibial Fractures: Provisional Plate Fixation.
AB  - Tibia fracture is the most common type of long bone fracture, and intramedullary
      nailing is the preferred treatment. In open fractures, a provisional plate is
      often used to maintain reduction. It is unknown whether this practice increases
      the risk of infection or other complications. This study retrospectively compared
      patients who were treated at a level 1 trauma center with intramedullary nailing
      of an open tibia fracture. Patients who were included: (1) were 18 years or
      older; (2) were treated between January 1, 2005, and June 30, 2013; (3) had an
      open fracture of the tibia; and (4) were treated operatively with intramedullary
      nailing, with or without provisional plate fixation. Patient sex, history of
      diabetes, history of smoking, mechanism of injury, and side of injury were
      analyzed. Postoperative complications included infection, delayed union or non
      union, compartment syndrome, and death. After the authors controlled for age,
      Gustilo-Anderson type, and AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification, they
      found that provisional plate use did not significantly increase the risk of
      infection (adjusted odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-5.32; P=.41)
      or any other complications (adjusted odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval,
      0.46-3.35; P=.67). In the subgroup of patients who had a provisional plate
      (n=35), removal of the plate did not significantly decrease the risk of infection
      (adjusted odds ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-2.69; P=.36) or other
      complications (adjusted odds ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.12-2.46;
      P=.44). In open tibia fractures treated with intramedullary nailing, provisional
      plate stabilization, a valuable reduction aid, did not increase the risk of
      infection or other complications. Because of the small subgroup size, however,
      definitive conclusions cannot be drawn about removal of these provisional plates.
      [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(5):e931-e936.]. 

PMID- 27359286
TI  - MicroRNA-210 and its theranostic potential.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a set of small single-stranded noncoding
      RNAs with diverse biological functions. As a prototypical hypoxamir, human
      microRNA-210 (hsa-miR-210) is one of the most widely studied miRNAs thus far. In
      addition to its involvement in sophisticated regulation of numerous biological
      processes, miR-210 has also been shown to be associated with the development of
      different human diseases including various types of cancers, cardiovascular and
      cerebrovascular diseases, and immunological diseases. Given its multi-faceted
      functions, miR-210 may serve as a novel and promising theranostic target for
      prevention and treatment of diseases. Areas covered: This review aims to provide
      a comprehensive overview of miR-210, the regulation of its expression, biological
      functions and molecular mechanisms, with particular emphasis on its diagnostic
      and therapeutic potential. Expert opinion: Although the exact roles of miR-210 in
      various diseases have not been fully clarified, targeting miR-210 may be a
      promising therapeutic strategy. Further investigations are also needed to
      facilitate therapeutic-clinical applications of miR-210 in human diseases.

PMID- 27359289
TI  - REDUCING HOSPITAL RE-ADMISSIONS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES: DEVELOPING BETTER
      STRATEGIES.

PMID- 27359287
TI  - EVALUATION OF TOTAL DAILY DOSE AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL FOR PATIENTS TAKING U-500
      REGULAR INSULIN ADMITTED TO THE HOSPITAL.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients using U-500 regular insulin are severely insulin resistant,
      requiring high doses of insulin. It has been observed that a patient's insulin
      requirements may dramatically decrease during hospitalization. This study sought
      to systematically investigate this phenomenon. METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective chart review of patients with U-500 insulin outpatient regimens who
      were admitted to the San Antonio Military Medical Center over a 5-year period.
      Each patient's outpatient total daily dose (TDD) of insulin was compared to the
      average inpatient TDD. The outpatient estimated average glucose (eAG) was
      calculated from the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and compared to the average
      inpatient glucose. RESULTS: There were 27 patients with a total of 62 separate
      admissions. The average age was 64.4 years, with a mean body mass index of 38.9
      kg/m2 and eAG of 203 mg/dL (HbA1c, 8.7%, 71.6 mmol/mol). All patients were
      converted from U-500 to U-100 upon admission. The average inpatient TDD of
      insulin was 91 units, versus 337 units as outpatients (P<.001). Overall, 89% of
      patients received <=50% of their outpatient TDD. The average inpatient glucose
      was slightly higher than the outpatient eAG, 234 mg/dL versus 203 mg/dL (P =
      .003). CONCLUSION: U-500 insulin is prone to errors in the hospital setting, so
      conversion to U-100 insulin is a preferred option. Despite a significant
      reduction in insulin TDD, these patients had clinically similar glucose levels.
      Therefore, patients taking U-500 insulin as an outpatient can be converted to a U
      100 basal-bolus regimen with at least a 50% reduction of their outpatient TDD.
      ABBREVIATIONS: BG = blood glucose eAG = estimated average glucose HbA1c =
      glycated hemoglobin NPO = nil per os SPSS = Statistical Package for the Social
      Sciences TDD = total daily dose.

PMID- 27359291
TI  - CARDIAC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ABNORMALITIES IN FEMALES WITH UNTREATED
      HYPOPITUITARISM DUE TO SHEEHAN SYNDROME: RESPONSE TO HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Data on cardiac abnormalities in females with untreated
      hypopituitarism are limited. We investigated echocardiographic abnormalities in
      females with untreated hypopituitarism and their response to treatment. METHODS:
      Twenty-three females with treatment-naive hypopituitarism and 30 matched healthy
      controls were evaluated for cardiac structure and function. Echocardiographic
      evaluation was done at presentation and after achieving a euthyroid and
      eucortisol state. RESULTS: Fourteen (61%) patients had mitral regurgitation, and
      11 (48%) had pericardial effusion as against none among controls. Indices of left
      ventricular (LV) size like LV end diastolic dimension (LVEDD; 44.5 +/- 3.5 mm in
      cases vs. 47.6 +/- 3.8 mm in controls, P = .004), and LV diastolic volume (LVEDV;
      91.8 +/- 18.0 mL versus 106.5 +/- 20.4 mL, P = .009) were significantly lower in
      the SS group compared with controls. LV mass (LVM) was 70.8 +/- 19.2 g in cases
      and 108.0 +/- 33.2 g in controls (P = .02). Similarly, indices of LV systolic
      function like stroke volume (SV; 59.1 +/- 12.0 mL in cases and 74.4 +/- 15.8 mL
      in controls; P = .000), ejection fraction (EF; 64.3 +/- 6.2 % in cases against
      69.9 +/- 9.2 % in controls; P = .03), and fractional shortening (FS; 34.9 +/-
      4.7% versus 40.1 +/- 4.4%, P = .000) were significantly decreased in patients
      compared with controls. Cardiac abnormalities normalized with restoration of a
      euthyroid and eucortisol state. CONCLUSION: Pericardial effusion, mitral
      regurgitation, and diminished LVM are common in females with untreated
      hypopituitarism. ABBREVIATIONS: ACTH = adrenocorticotrophic hormone BMI = body
      mass index DT = deceleration time EDV = end-diastolic volume EF = ejection
      fraction FS = fractional shortening GH = growth hormone IGF-1 = insulin growth
      factor-1 ITT = insulin tolerance test IVSd = interventricular septal diameter LH
      = luteinizing hormone LV = left ventricular LVEDD = LV end diastolic dimension
      LVEDV = LV end diastolic volume LVM = LV mass MRI = magnetic resonance imaging
      MVP = mitral value prolapse PPH = postpartum hemorrhage PWd = posterior wall
      diameter SS = Sheehan syndrome SV = stroke volume T3 = triiodothyronine T4 =
      thyroxine TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone.

PMID- 27359292
TI  - ASYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE LEVELS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS MARKERS IN CUSHING
      SYNDROME.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: As a consequence of hypercortisolism, Cushing syndrome (CS) is
      frequently observed with other diseases that are associated with atherosclerosis,
      including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity.
      Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in
      CS. We investigate CVD risk markers such as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA),
      lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), highsensitive C-reactive
      protein (hsCRP), homocysteine, lipid levels, ankle-brachial index (ABI), and
      carotid intimamedia thickness (CIMT) in CS. METHODS: Our study included 27
      patients with CS and 27 age-, sex-, body mass index (BMI)-, and comorbid disease
      matched control subjects. RESULTS: Plasma ADMA levels were significantly lower in
      the CS group than the control group (P = .013). Total cholesterol, low-density
      lipoprotein, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein A1 and
      apolipoprotein B levels were higher in patients with CS than the control group
      (P<.05). We did not find any statistically significant differences in levels of
      hsCRP, Lp-PLA2, or homocysteine or CIMT and ABI measurements between the CS group
      and comorbidity-matched control group (P>.05). CONCLUSION: We found that ADMA
      levels were lower in CS, the finding that should be further investigated. Levels
      of hsCRP, Lp-PLA2, and homocysteine levels and CIMT and ABI measurements were
      similar between the CS group and comorbidity-matched control group. None of these
      markers was prominent to show an increased risk of CVD in CS, independent of the
      comorbidities of CS. ABBREVIATIONS: ABI = ankle-brachial index Apo =
      apolipoprotein ADMA = asymmetric dimethylarginine BMI = body mass index CVD =
      cardiovascular disease CIMT = carotid intima-media thickness CS = Cushing
      syndrome DM = diabetes mellitus DDAH = dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase
      ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay HDL = high-density lipoprotein hsCRP =
      high-sensitive C-reactive protein HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of
      insulin resistance HT = hypertension LDL = low-density lipoprotein Lp-PLA2 =
      lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 Lp-a = lipoprotein a NO = nitric oxide.

PMID- 27359293
TI  - USE OF METFORMIN IN CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY.
AB  - ABBREVIATIONS: CKD = chronic kidney disease DM = diabetes mellitus eGFR =
      estimated glomerular filtration rate FDA = Food & Drug Administration.

PMID- 27359294
TI  - Physical Activity Prescription: A Critical Opportunity to Address a Modifiable
      Risk Factor for the Prevention and Management of Chronic Disease: A Position
      Statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine.

PMID- 27359295
TI  - Return to Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally
      Immature Athlete.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Determine the percentage of skeletally immature athletes returning to
      sports after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction. DESIGN:
      Retrospective case series. SETTING: Boston Children's Hospital Division of Sports
      Medicine. PATIENTS: Eligible participants were identified by chart review. Males
      and females aged <=14 year old who were greater than 2 years after ACL
      reconstruction surgery seen between January 2001 and May 2009. A total of 250
      patients completed the questionnaires. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Age, sex,
      mechanism, and sport played at time of ACL injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Response to the survey was 75% (250 of 333) which was analyzed using descriptive
      statistics to provide a summary of the study cohort. Kaplan-Meier survivorship
      analysis was applied to determine time to return to sports participation after
      ACL reconstruction with Greenwood formula used to calculate 95% confidence
      intervals around the estimated percentage returning at 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24-month
      follow-up. RESULTS: After undergoing ACL reconstruction, 96% of skeletally
      immature athletes are able to return to sports at the same skill level. Median
      time to return to sports was 9 months postoperative, with most athletes returning
      to sports (85%) by 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: After undergoing ACL reconstruction,
      most child athletes are able to return to sports and 50% of these athletes return
      within 9 months after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: After undergoing ACL
      reconstruction, 96% of athletes <=14 year old are able to return to sports at the
      same skill level. Median time to return to sports was 9 months postoperative,
      with most athletes returning to sports (85%) by 12 months. In our study, patients
      cited physical limitation, loss of interest in sport, and fear of reinjury as
      reasons for not returning to previous level of sport. Return to sport may be
      improved by additional research into sports-specific training and rehabilitation
      in this cohort.

PMID- 27359296
TI  - In Response to: American Professional Football Concussions During the 2013 to
      2014 Season.

PMID- 27359297
TI  - Smart Clothing is the Best Protection Against Zika During Rio Olympic and
      Paralympic Games.

PMID- 27359299
TI  - Unbiased Sunlight-Driven Artificial Photosynthesis of Carbon Monoxide from CO2
      Using a ZnTe-Based Photocathode and a Perovskite Solar Cell in Tandem.
AB  - Solar fuel production, mimicking natural photosynthesis of converting CO2 into
      useful fuels and storing solar energy as chemical energy, has received great
      attention in recent years. Practical large-scale fuel production needs a unique
      device capable of CO2 reduction using only solar energy and water as an electron
      source. Here we report such a system composed of a gold-decorated triple-layered
      ZnO@ZnTe@CdTe core-shell nanorod array photocathode and a CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite
      solar cell in tandem. The assembly allows effective light harvesting of higher
      energy photons (>2.14 eV) from the front-side photocathode and lower energy
      photons (>1.5 eV) from the back-side-positioned perovskite solar cell in a single
      photon excitation. This system represents an example of a photocathode
      photovoltaic tandem device operating under sunlight without external bias for
      selective CO2 conversion. It exhibited a steady solar-to-CO conversion efficiency
      over 0.35% and a solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency exceeding 0.43% including H2
      as a minor product.

PMID- 27359300
TI  - Association Equilibrium for Cross-Associating Chains in a Good Solvent: Crowding
      and Other Nonideality Effects.
AB  - Association equilibrium has been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) for mixtures
      of cross-associating molecules (n-decamer+p-dimer and n-decamer+p-decamer) in a
      good solvent. Each monomer of n-decamers carries an associative site (n-sticker);
      each molecule of the second component contains two terminal associative sites (p
      stickers). To model the univalent association between the n-sticker and the p
      sticker, a technique based on introduction of dummy atoms has been used. We
      report MD data on the effects of temperature, chain flexibility, and location of
      the sticker within the chain on the association equilibrium. We find that the
      presence of nonassociating monomer units of p-chain has a substantial effect on
      the association equilibrium. This effect is similar to "crowding" in reactive
      mixtures known to be caused by the presence of inert molecules. Widely used mean
      field theories of associating chains (e.g., SAFT or Semenov-Rubinstein theory) do
      not account for the effect of crowding caused by the inert fragments of reactive
      chains. We introduce simple empirical corrections for crowding that describe
      association equilibrium in the presence of nonassociating fragment in a chain
      like molecule.

PMID- 27359298
TI  - Actin polymerization-dependent activation of Cas-L promotes immunological synapse
      stability.
AB  - The immunological synapse formed between a T-cell and an antigen-presenting cell
      is important for cell-cell communication during T-cell-mediated immune responses.
      Immunological synapse formation begins with stimulation of the T-cell receptor
      (TCR). TCR microclusters are assembled and transported to the center of the
      immunological synapse in an actin polymerization-dependent process. However, the
      physical link between TCR and actin remains elusive. Here we show that lymphocyte
      specific Crk-associated substrate (Cas-L), a member of a force sensing protein
      family, is required for transport of TCR microclusters and for establishing
      synapse stability. We found that Cas-L is phosphorylated at TCR microclusters in
      an actin polymerization-dependent fashion. Furthermore, Cas-L participates in a
      positive feedback loop leading to amplification of Ca2+ signaling, inside-out
      integrin activation, and actomyosin contraction. We propose a new role for Cas-L
      in T-cell activation as a mechanical transducer linking TCR microclusters to the
      underlying actin network and coordinating multiple actin-dependent structures in
      the immunological synapse. Our studies highlight the importance of
      mechanotransduction processes in T-cell-mediated immune responses.

PMID- 27359301
TI  - Interactive effect of negative affectivity and anxiety sensitivity in terms of
      mental health among Latinos in primary care.
AB  - From a public health perspective, primary care medical settings represent a
      strategic location to address mental health disapirty among Latinos. Yet, there
      is little empirical work that addresses affective vulnerability processes for
      mental health problems in such settings. To help address this gap in knowledge,
      the present investigation examined an interactive model of negative affectivity
      (tendency to experience negative mood states) and anxiety sensitivity (fear of
      the negative consequences of aversive sensations) among a Latino sample in
      primary care in terms of a relatively wide range of anxiety/depression indices.
      Participants included 390 Latino adults (Mage=38.7, SD=11.3; 86.9% female; 95.6%
      reported Spanish as first language) from a primary care health clinic. Primary
      dependent measures included depressive, suicidal, social anxiety, and anxious
      arousal symptoms, number of mood and anxiety disorders, and disability.
      Consistent with prediction, the interaction between negative affectivity and
      anxiety sensitivity was significantly related to suicidal, social anxiety, and
      anxious arousal symptoms, as well as number of mood/anxiety diagnoses and
      disability among the primary care Latino sample. The form of the interactions
      indicated a synergistic effect, such that the greatest levels of each outcome
      were found among those with high negative affectivity and high anxiety
      sensitivity. There was a trending interaction for depressive symptoms. Overall,
      these data provide novel empirical evidence suggesting that there is a clinically
      relevant interplay between anxiety sensitivity and negative affectivity in regard
      to the expression of anxiety and depressive symptoms among a Latino primary care
      sample.

PMID- 27359302
TI  - Elevated levels of Hs-CRP and IL-6 after delivery are associated with depression
      during the 6 months post partum.
AB  - The objective of this study is to determine whether inflammatory markers (high
      sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6) early in the
      postpartum period contribute to the development of postpartum depression (PPD).
      From 4 May 2014 to 30 June 2014, all eligible women not on medication for
      depression giving birth at the Beijing Chao-Yang hospital were consecutively
      recruited and followed up for 6 months. Depression symptoms were measured with
      the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and inflammatory biomarkers (Hs
      CRP and IL-6) were tested. During the study period, 296 women were enrolled and
      completed follow-up. In these women, 45 (15.2%) were considered as meeting the
      criteria for PPD. Serum levels of Hs-CRP and IL-6 in women with PPD were
      significantly higher than those without PPD (all P<0.0001). Receiver operating
      characteristics to predict PPD demonstrated areas under the curve of IL-6 of
      0.861 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.801-0.922), which was superior to Hs-CRP
      (0.837 (95% CI, 0.781-0.894), P<0.01). In multivariate logistic regression
      analysis, IL-6 and Hs-CRP were independent predictors of PPD. The present study
      demonstrates a strong relationship between elevated serum Hs-CRP and IL-6 levels
      at admission and the development of PPD within 6 months.

PMID- 27359303
TI  - When attachment anxiety impedes support provision: The role of feeling unvalued
      and unappreciated.
AB  - Two studies examined whether concerns of relational value interfere with the
      ability of individuals higher in attachment anxiety to provide responsive support
      to their partner. In both studies, heterosexual couples engaged in 2 video
      recorded discussions about each other's most important personal goal. Support
      recipients (the person whose goal was discussed) reported on how distressed they
      felt during the discussion. Support providers (the partner who was in the
      position to provide support) reported on how valued and appreciated they felt
      during the discussion. Independent observers coded the degree to which support
      providers exhibited critical and derogating behaviors versus warmth and
      understanding during the discussion. The results were consistent across both
      studies, with the exception that the predicted effects only emerged for male
      providers in Study 2. First, more anxious support providers felt less valued and
      appreciated when support recipients reported greater distress. Second, lower
      feelings of value/appreciation were associated with more anxious providers
      exhibiting greater negative support behavior. These results illustrate how the
      concerns of relational value central to attachment anxiety impede effective
      support provision, which should have detrimental effects for relationships.
      Indeed, consistent with prior research, greater negative behaviors by support
      providers predicted declines in recipients' relationship quality over time.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27359304
TI  - [One quarter of all readmissions are avoidable].

PMID- 27359305
TI  - [Early adrenaline in patients with shockable rhythm is disadvantageous].

PMID- 27359306
TI  - [Acute gastrointestinal bleeding].

PMID- 27359307
TI  - [Good results after transcatheter aortic-valve replacement in patients with
      intermediate risk].

PMID- 27359308
TI  - [68-year old woman with B-symptomatology and pelvic pain].

PMID- 27359309
TI  - [Pacemaker for innovations].

PMID- 27359310
TI  - [Long-term-management of organ transplant recipients].
AB  - Due to advances in immunosuppressive therapy and surgical techniques, survival
      rates after solid organ transplantation have constantly improved over the last
      decades. In long-term care after transplantation, physicians need to focus as
      much on diagnosis and treatment of allograft-related complications as they should
      consider comorbidities and evaluate risk-factors and adverse events of
      immunosuppressive agents to prevent secondary diseases. In particular,
      cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, malignancy and infection play a major role
      in long-term survival. Therefore, screening of organ transplant recipients in
      regard to these complications and adverse events is a crucial part of follow up
      in these patients. 

PMID- 27359311
TI  - [Ultrasound of livertransplants].
AB  - The overall long-term survival rate of liver transplant patients is 70-75 %.
      During the early stages, the complications are vascular in nature, and in the
      later stages, biliary complications are major causes of morbidity. With the help
      of sonography, in particular with the addition of contrast enhanced ultrasound, a
      reliable diagnosis is possible. Despite this, in individual cases, other
      additional imaging methods should still be employed. The therapy should be used
      exclusively by interventional gastroentologists, radiologists or surgeons. 

PMID- 27359312
TI  - [Acute liver failure after ingestion of death cap mushrooms].
AB  - Amatoxins, which are mainly found in Amanita phalloides, Amanita virosa, and
      Galerina autumnalis, are responsible for the majority of fatal intoxication with
      green death cap. The intoxication is associated with acute liver failure, which
      explains the poor prognosis. Acute liver injury is generally preceeded by a
      gastrointestinal phase with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. In the course, pre
      renal kidney failure due to the associated fluid deficit and fulminant liver
      failure may occur. General guidelines for the treatment of amatoxin poisoning are
      yet not available. We report on three patients who suffered from amatoxin
      mushroom poisoning after ingestion of green death cap mushrooms. Based on the
      pathophysiology of amatoxin poisoning, we discuss a potential therapeutic
      approach. 

PMID- 27359313
TI  - [Duplex ultrasound of deep vein thrombosis of the leg].
AB  - Colour coded Duplex ultrasound is the diagnostic tool of choice in case of
      suspicion of a deep vein thrombosis of the leg. In the hand of an experienced
      examiner a thrombosis can be confirmed or excluded, but also differential
      diagnoses can be detected. In this article we show you how to perform a
      systematic ultrasound examination of the leg veins. 

PMID- 27359314
TI  - [Desoxypipradrol - a new (already well known) designer drug].
AB  - Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are easily accessible and the consumption has
      increased in recent years. New compounds as well as compounds derived from
      pharmaceutical research or the patent literature are provided, mostly without any
      declaration. As a consequence, severe adverse reactions may occur after
      consumption of unknown doses of these drugs, in particular after mixed intake of
      different psychoactive substances or co-medication. The toxic effects in such
      cases are not predictable. We report cases of rhabdomyolysis in patients after
      consumption of desoxipipradrol in combination with other NPS. Particularly in
      case of synergistic serotonergic effects a distinct stimulation of 5-HT2A
      receptors (or 5-HT1A-receptors) should be considered which may lead to
      serotonergic syndrome. 

PMID- 27359315
TI  - [Anaemia in the elderly].
AB  - In the elderly, even mild anaemia leads to significantly decreased quality of
      life and reduced survival rate. Therefore even mild anaemias should be worked up
      especially in the elderly. More than 75 % of all anaemias have a specific and
      treatable cause.Differential diagnosis of anaemia in the elderly is much more
      challenging compared to the differential diagnosis in younger patients: in older
      patients often more than one dysfunction is responsible for the anaemia
      simultaneously. Many routine laboratory parameters are changed by ageing and are
      therefore only of limited value for diagnosis of anaemia. Soluble
      transferinreceptor and hepcidin are two parameters feasible for differential
      diagnosis of the causes of anaemia in the elderly.The most common cause of iron
      deficiency anaemia in the elderly is gastrointestinal bleeding. Many causes for
      gastrointestinal bleeding -like angiodysplasia of the colon - can readily be
      treated with endoscopic therapy. For this reason, colonoscopy is part of the
      standard workup for elderly patients with iron-deficient anaemia (IDA) if no
      contraindications exist.Therapy of anaemia is based on the specific cause or the
      causes. In IDA, the first step other than causal treatment is to replace iron
      orally. If this is not tolerated because of side effects or does not lead to a
      sufficient rise in the haemoglobin level, intravenous iron replacement therapy is
      indicated. Folic acid deficiency is generally treated orally, whereas vitamin B12
      deficiency is generally treated by the parenteral - preferably subcutaneous -
      route. In anaemia due to chronic renal failure and anaemia due to myelodysplastic
      syndromes, the underlying cause must be treated, furthermore erythropoiesis
      stimulating agents can be indicated. 

PMID- 27359316
TI  - [Glomerulonephritis].
AB  - Glomerulonephritis encompasses a group of diseases that are characterized by
      inflammatory glomerular processes and clinically usually present with a nephritic
      and / or a nephrotic syndrome, as well as a deterioration of the renal function.
      Often, the diseases are accompanied by arterial hypertension and severe edema. In
      many cases however, the clinical symptoms are very mild or missing in the early
      phase of disease and therefore lead to a delayed diagnosis only after an
      impairment of renal function has developed. Urinalysis shows abnormalities in the
      very early phases of glomerulonephritis and should be performed in all patients,
      as soon as any evidence of renal involvement is present. Glomerulonephritis may
      occur primarily in the glomeruli, or present as renal involvement in the context
      of systemic diseases, most often vasculitis. In some cases, a symptomatic therapy
      is sufficient, while in other patients, a glomerulonephritis may represent as a
      medical emergency, which should be immediately and aggressively treated in order
      to prevent loss of renal function. Here we summarize the most important entities
      of glomerulonephritis, focusing on the pathogenesis, diagnostic tools and
      treatment options. The primary goal is the early diagnosis and a targeted,
      effective treatment of these patients. 

PMID- 27359317
TI  - [How dangerous is the Zika virus?].
AB  - The Zika virus (ZIKV) may cause microcephaly and other serious birth defects. Due
      to a lack of epidemiological data, the teratogenic risk is unknown. The upcoming
      Olympic Games in Rio may cause it to spread to unprepared countries with
      underdeveloped healthcare systems. ZIKV is also sexually transmitted. The
      pathogenesis of sexual transmission and the duration of contagiousness are
      currently unknown. To minimize the risks caused by the Olympic Games in Rio,
      developing and emerging nations must be supported in disease prevention by the
      WHO and industrialized nations. In addition, the pathogenesis and risks of sexual
      ZIKV transmission require thorough investigation. 

PMID- 27359318
TI  - [Burnout syndrome - Retaining your mental balance].

PMID- 27359319
TI  - [The use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs for patients with sleeping problems - A
      survey among hospital doctors and nurses].
AB  - Aim | Benzodiazepines and Z-drugs are frequently prescribed sleep medications in
      spite of their poor risk-benefit ratio when used over a longer period of time.
      The aim of the study was to find out how the medical and nursing staff in a
      general hospital estimated the frequency of use for these drugs, and the risk
      benefit ratio for elderly patients as well as the factors which positively
      influence the perceived use of these drugs. Methods | All members of the medical
      and nursing staff of a hospital received a questionnaire about their use of, and
      attitudes towards, benzodiazepines and Z-drugs. Absolute and relative frequencies
      were calculated to estimate the perceived frequency of use and the risk-benefit
      ratio. Multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze which factors are
      associated with a perceived high use of benzodiazepines or Z-drugs for insomnia.
      Results | More nurses than hospital doctors believed that they dispensed
      benzodiazepines often or always (57 % vs. 29 %) to patients with insomnia; this
      was also the case for Z-drugs (66 % vs. 29 %). Nearly half of the hospital
      doctors and 29 % of the nurses perceived more harms than benefits for
      benzodiazepines in the elderly. The following factors were associated with a high
      perceived usage of Z-drugs: working as a nurse (OR: 13,95; 95%-CI: 3,87-50,28),
      working in a non-surgical department (5,41; 2,00-14,61), having < 5 years of
      professional experience (4,90; 1,43-16,81) and feeling that the benefits of Z
      drugs outweigh the risks for elderly patients (5,07; 1,48-17,35). For
      benzodiazepines, only the perceived positive risk-benefit ratio had an influence
      on the perceived use (3,35; 1,28-8.79). Conclusion | The medical and nursing
      staff perceived the frequency of prescription of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs and
      the risk-benefit ratio in different ways. Other aspects, such as working in a non
      surgical department or having a smaller amount of working experience may also
      influence the decision to use Z-drugs. 

PMID- 27359320
TI  - Impacts of poultry vaccination on viruses of wild bird.
AB  - Spillover of viruses from farmed poultry into wild birds is a relatively new area
      of study at the livestock-wildlife interface. These transmission events can
      threaten the health of wild birds. There is growing evidence of transmission of
      vaccine viruses from poultry to wild birds, including attenuated vaccine strains
      of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus, and also spread of
      virulent viruses that may have evolved under the pressure of vaccine use, such as
      Marek's disease virus. Viral contaminants of poultry vaccines, including
      reticuloendotheliosis virus, may also be transmitted to wild birds and result in
      disease. New, vectored vaccines are less likely to directly spread to wild birds
      but this risk may rise as a result of recombination.

PMID- 27359321
TI  - "You get to know the people and whether they're talking sense or not":
      Negotiating trust on health-related forums.
AB  - The internet is increasingly being used as a source of health advice and
      information by individuals with long term conditions (LTCs). Specifically, online
      forums allow people to interact with others with similar conditions. However, it
      is not clear how online health information is assessed by those with LTCs. This
      study aims to address this gap by exploring how individuals with contested and
      uncontested LTCs utilise internet forums. Semi-structured interviews were
      conducted with 20 participants with ME/CFS and 21 participants with type 1 and 2
      diabetes and analysed using thematic analysis. Participants were recruited via
      online and offline routes, namely forums, email lists, newsletters, and face-to
      face support groups. The findings indicate that the use of online forums was a
      complex and nuanced process and was influenced by a number of individual and
      illness-specific factors. Participants trusted those with similar experiences and
      perspectives as themselves, while also valuing conventional biomedical
      information and advice. By accessing support online, forum users were able to
      draw on a personalised form of support based on the lived experiences of their
      peers. However, the role of digital literacy in developing and maintaining online
      relationships must be acknowledged.

PMID- 27359322
TI  - Happiness and health across the lifespan in five major cities: The impact of
      place and government performance.
AB  - RATIONALE: A growing body of research suggests that urban design has an effect on
      health and well-being. There have been very few studies to date, however, that
      compare these effects across the lifespan. OBJECTIVE: The current study examines
      the direct and indirect effects of the city environment on happiness. It was
      hypothesised that citizens' ratings of their city along dimensions of performance
      (e.g., basic - usually government - services related to education, healthcare,
      social services, and policing) and place (e.g., the beauty of the city and a
      built environment that provides access to cultural, sport, park, transport, and
      shopping amenities) would be significant predictors of happiness but that the
      nature of these effects would change over the lifespan. METHODS: 5000 adults aged
      25-85 years old living in Berlin, Paris, London, New York, and Toronto completed
      the Quality of Life Survey in 2007. Respondents reported their happiness levels
      and evaluated their city along place and performance dimensions. RESULTS: The
      results of the study demonstrate an interesting, and complex relationship between
      the city environment and happiness of residents across the lifespan. Findings
      suggest that the happiness of younger residents is a function of having easy
      access to cultural, shopping, transport, parks and sport amenities and the
      attractiveness of their cities (i.e. place variables). The happiness of older
      residents is associated more with the provision of quality governmental services
      (i.e., performance variables). Place and performance variables also have an
      effect on health and social connections, which are strongly linked to happiness
      for all residents. CONCLUSION: Younger adults' happiness is more strongly related
      to the accessibility of amenities that add to the quality of a city's cultural
      and place characteristics; older adults' happiness is more strongly related to
      the quality of services provided within a city that enable residents to age in
      place. These results indicate that, in order to be all things to all people,
      cities should emphasize quality services (e.g., good policing, schools,
      healthcare access), beauty and character, and provide easy access to transport
      amenities and cultural and recreational opportunities.

PMID- 27359323
TI  - The inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) by vitamin A.
AB  - 1. The exposed level of vitamin A in plasma might be exceeded due to the both
      inadvertent and clinical utilization. The adverse effects of vitamin A have been
      frequently reported, however, the mechanism remains unclear. The inhibition of
      vitamin A on the activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) was determined
      using in vitro incubation system to explain the adverse effects of vitamin A from
      a new perspective. 2. UGT supersomes catalyzed glucuronidation of 4
      methylumbelliferone (4-MU), trifluoperazine (TFP), and cotinine was used as the
      probe reaction to evaluate the inhibition of vitamin A toward UGT isoforms, and
      100 MUM of vitamin A significantly inhibited the activity of all the tested UGT
      isoforms. Vitamin A exerted competitive inhibition on the activity of UGT1A1,
      2B4, 2B7, and 2B15, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were calculated to
      be 31.1, 16.8, 2.2, and 11.6 MUM for UGT1A1, 2B4, 2B7, and 2B15. In silico
      docking method was used to try to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of vitamin A
      toward UGT2B7. The results showed the significant contribution of hydrogen bonds
      and hydrophobic interaction on the UGT2B7 inhibition by vitamin A. 3. The present
      study provides a new perspective for the adverse effects of vitamin A through
      reporting the inhibition of vitamin A on the activity of important phase II drug
      metabolizing enzymes UGTs, which benefits our deep understanding of mechanism of
      vitamin A's adverse effects when high exposure of vitamin A occurs.

PMID- 27359324
TI  - Correction: An Analysis of Costs and Health Co-Benefits for a U.S. Power Plant
      Carbon Standard.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156308.].

PMID- 27359326
TI  - Energy Transfer with Semiconductor Quantum Dot Bioconjugates: A Versatile
      Platform for Biosensing, Energy Harvesting, and Other Developing Applications.
AB  - Luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are one of the more popular
      nanomaterials currently utilized within biological applications. However, what is
      not widely appreciated is their growing role as versatile energy transfer (ET)
      donors and acceptors within a similar biological context. The progress made on
      integrating QDs and ET in biological configurations and applications is reviewed
      in detail here. The goal is to provide the reader with (1) an appreciation for
      what QDs are capable of in this context, (2) how this field has grown over a
      relatively short time span, and, in particular, (3) how QDs are steadily
      revolutionizing the development of new biosensors along with a myriad of other
      photonically active nanomaterial-based bioconjugates. An initial discussion of QD
      materials along with key concepts surrounding their preparation and
      bioconjugation is provided given the defining role these aspects play in the QDs
      ability to succeed in subsequent ET applications. The discussion is then divided
      around the specific roles that QDs provide as either Forster resonance energy
      transfer (FRET) or charge/electron transfer donor and/or acceptor. For each QD-ET
      mechanism, a working explanation of the appropriate background theory and
      formalism is articulated before examining their biosensing and related ET
      utility. Other configurations such as incorporation of QDs into multistep ET
      processes or use of initial chemical and bioluminescent excitation are treated
      similarly. ET processes that are still not fully understood such as QD
      interactions with gold and other metal nanoparticles along with carbon allotropes
      are also covered. Given their maturity, some specific applications ranging from
      in vitro sensing assays to cellular imaging are separated and discussed in more
      detail. Finally a perspective on how this field will continue to evolve is
      provided.

PMID- 27359325
TI  - Predictors of Increased Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Type 2
      Diabetes.
AB  - Epidemiological data indicate that type 2 diabetes is associated with increased
      risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, risk stratification for HCC has
      not been fully elucidated in diabetic population. The aim of this study was to
      identify potential predictors of HCC in diabetic patients without chronic viral
      hepatitis. A cohort of 3,544 diabetic patients without chronic viral hepatitis or
      alcoholic cirrhosis was established and subjects were randomly allocated into a
      derivation and a validation set. A scoring system was developed by using
      potential predictors of increased risk of HCC from the Cox proportional hazards
      model. The performance of the scoring system was tested for validation by using
      receiver operating characteristics analysis. During median follow-up of 55
      months, 36 cases of HCC developed (190 per 100,000 person-years). The 5- and 10
      year cumulative incidences of HCC were 1.0%, and 2.2%, respectively. Multivariate
      Cox regression analysis showed that age > 65 years, low triglyceride levels and
      high gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were independently associated with an
      increased risk of HCC. DM-HCC risk score, a weighted sum of scores from these 3
      parameters, predicted 10-year development of HCC with area under the receiver
      operating characteristics curve of 0.86, and discriminated different risk
      categories for HCC in the derivation and validation cohort. In conclusion, old
      age, low triglyceride level and high gamma-glutamyl transferase level may help to
      identify individuals at high risk of developing HCC in diabetic patients without
      chronic viral hepatitis or alcoholic cirrhosis. 

PMID- 27359327
TI  - Associations between diurnal cortisol patterns and lifestyle factors, psychotic
      symptoms, and neurological deficits: A longitudinal study on patients with
      chronic schizophrenia.
AB  - The present study examined the relationships between diurnal cortisol patterns
      and perceived stress, lifestyle factors, psychotic symptoms, neurological
      deficits, and daily functioning in patients with chronic schizophrenia. The
      participants were 149 Chinese patients with chronic schizophrenia, who provided
      salivary cortisol measures upon waking, before lunchtime, and before bedtime at
      baseline (Time 1). Self-report measures on perceived stress and lifestyle factors
      such as body-mass index and daily exercise span were recorded at Time 1.
      Diagnostic assessments on psychotic symptoms, neurological deficits, and daily
      functioning were made at Time 1 and Time 2 (3 months later). Latent growth
      modeling and path modeling analysis were performed to investigate the diurnal
      cortisol patterns and the relationships with the study variables, respectively.
      Greater perceived stress and body-mass index and less physical activity were
      significantly linked to reduced cortisol decline. Reduced cortisol decline at
      Time 1 significantly predicted greater psychotic (positive and negative) symptoms
      and more severe neurological deficits in motor coordination and sequencing of
      complex motor acts at Time 2. The present results contribute to a better
      understanding of the diurnal cortisol patterns among chronic schizophrenia
      patients and the associations with lifestyle factors, psychotic symptoms, and
      neurological deficits. The findings lend support to the neural diathesis-stress
      model and suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may potentially
      mediate the effects of lifestyle factors on psychotic symptoms and neurological
      deficits.

PMID- 27359328
TI  - The Contribution of Numerical Magnitude Comparison and Phonological Processing to
      Individual Differences in Fourth Graders' Multiplication Fact Ability.
AB  - Although numerical magnitude processing has been related to individual
      differences in arithmetic, its role in children's multiplication performance
      remains largely unknown. On the other hand, studies have indicated that
      phonological awareness is an important correlate of individual differences in
      children's multiplication performance, but the involvement of phonological
      memory, another important phonological processing skill, has not been studied in
      much detail. Furthermore, knowledge about the relative contribution of above
      mentioned processes to the specific arithmetic operation of multiplication in
      children is lacking. The present study therefore investigated for the first time
      the unique contributions of numerical magnitude comparison and phonological
      processing in explaining individual differences in 63 fourth graders'
      multiplication fact ability (mean age = 9.6 years, SD = .67). The results showed
      that children's multiplication fact competency correlated significantly with
      symbolic and nonsymbolic magnitude comparison as well as with phonological short
      term memory. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that, after controlling
      for intellectual ability and general reaction time, both symbolic and nonsymbolic
      magnitude comparison and phonological short-term memory accounted for unique
      variance in multiplication fact performance. The ability to compare symbolic
      magnitudes was found to contribute the most, indicating that the access to
      numerical magnitudes by means of Arabic digits is a key factor in explaining
      individual differences in children's multiplication fact ability. 

PMID- 27359329
TI  - Mimp/Mtch2, an Obesity Susceptibility Gene, Induces Alteration of Fatty Acid
      Metabolism in Transgenic Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Metabolic dysfunctions, such as fatty liver, obesity and insulin
      resistance, are among the most common contemporary diseases worldwide, and their
      prevalence is continuously rising. Mimp/Mtch2 is a mitochondrial carrier protein
      homologue, which localizes to the mitochondria and induces mitochondrial
      depolarization. Mimp/Mtch2 single-nucleotide polymorphism is associated with
      obesity in humans and its loss in mice muscle protects from obesity. Our aim was
      to study the effects of Mimp/Mtch2 overexpression in vivo. METHODS: Transgenic
      mice overexpressing Mimp/Mtch2-GFP were characterized and monitored for lipid
      accumulation, weight and blood glucose levels. Transgenic mice liver and kidneys
      were used for gene expression analysis. RESULTS: Mimp/Mtch2-GFP transgenic mice
      express high levels of fatty acid synthase and of beta-oxidation genes and
      develop fatty livers and kidneys. Moreover, high-fat diet-fed Mimp/Mtch2 mice
      exhibit high blood glucose levels. Our results also show that Mimp/Mtch2 is
      involved in lipid accumulation and uptake in cells and perhaps in human obesity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Mimp/Mtch2 alters lipid metabolism and may play a role in the onset
      of obesity and development of insulin resistance.

PMID- 27359330
TI  - Endophytic Fungi from Frankincense Tree Improves Host Growth and Produces
      Extracellular Enzymes and Indole Acetic Acid.
AB  - Boswellia sacra, an economically important frankincense-producing tree found in
      the desert woodlands of Oman, is least known for its endophytic fungal diversity
      and the potential of these fungi to produce extracellular enzymes and auxins. We
      isolated various fungal endophytes belonging to Eurotiales (11.8%), Chaetomiaceae
      (17.6%), Incertae sadis (29.5%), Aureobasidiaceae (17.6%), Nectriaceae (5.9%) and
      Sporomiaceae (17.6%) from the phylloplane (leaf) and caulosphere (stem) of the
      tree. Endophytes were identified using genomic DNA extraction, PCR amplification
      and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer regions, whereas a detailed
      phylogenetic analysis of the same gene fragment was made with homologous
      sequences. The endophytic colonization rate was significantly higher in the leaf
      (5.33%) than the stem (0.262%). The Shannon-Weiner diversity index was H' 0.8729,
      while Simpson index was higher in the leaf (0.583) than in the stem (0.416).
      Regarding the endophytic fungi's potential for extracellular enzyme production,
      fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferone standards and substrates were used to determine
      the presence of cellulases, phosphatases and glucosidases in the pure culture.
      Among fungal strains, Penicillum citrinum BSL17 showed significantly higher
      amounts of glucosidases (62.15+/-1.8 MUM-1min-1mL) and cellulases (62.11+/-1.6
      MUM-1min-1mL), whereas Preussia sp. BSL10 showed significantly higher secretion
      of glucosidases (69.4+/-0.79 MUM-1min-1mL) and phosphatases (3.46+/-0.31MUM-1min
      1mL) compared to other strains. Aureobasidium sp. BSS6 and Preussia sp. BSL10
      showed significantly higher potential for indole acetic acid production
      (tryptophan-dependent and independent pathways). Preussia sp. BSL10 was applied
      to the host B. sacra tree saplings, which exhibited significant improvements in
      plant growth parameters and accumulation of photosynthetic pigments. The current
      study concluded that endophytic microbial resources producing extracellular
      enzymes and auxin could establish a unique niche for ecological adaptation during
      symbiosis with the host Frankincense tree. 

PMID- 27359331
TI  - Quasi-steady aerodynamic model of clap-and-fling flapping MAV and validation
      using free-flight data.
AB  - Flapping-wing aerodynamic models that are accurate, computationally efficient and
      physically meaningful, are challenging to obtain. Such models are essential to
      design flapping-wing micro air vehicles and to develop advanced controllers
      enhancing the autonomy of such vehicles. In this work, a phenomenological model
      is developed for the time-resolved aerodynamic forces on clap-and-fling
      ornithopters. The model is based on quasi-steady theory and accounts for
      inertial, circulatory, added mass and viscous forces. It extends existing quasi
      steady approaches by: including a fling circulation factor to account for
      unsteady wing-wing interaction, considering real platform-specific wing
      kinematics and different flight regimes. The model parameters are estimated from
      wind tunnel measurements conducted on a real test platform. Comparison to wind
      tunnel data shows that the model predicts the lift forces on the test platform
      accurately, and accounts for wing-wing interaction effectively. Additionally,
      validation tests with real free-flight data show that lift forces can be
      predicted with considerable accuracy in different flight regimes. The complete
      parameter-varying model represents a wide range of flight conditions, is
      computationally simple, physically meaningful and requires few measurements. It
      is therefore potentially useful for both control design and preliminary
      conceptual studies for developing new platforms.

PMID- 27359332
TI  - [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH Inhibits Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-Induced
      Microglial Activation and Promotes a M2-Like Phenotype.
AB  - alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is an anti-inflammatory peptide,
      proved to be beneficial in many neuroinflammatory disorders acting through
      melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R). We previously determined that rat microglial
      cells express MC4R and that NDP-MSH, an analog of alpha-MSH, induces PPAR-gamma
      expression and IL-10 release in these cells. Given the great importance of
      modulation of glial activation in neuroinflammatory disorders, we tested the
      ability of NDP-MSH to shape microglial phenotype and to modulate Toll-like
      receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory responses. Primary rat cultured microglia
      were stimulated with NDP-MSH followed by the TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 or the TLR4
      agonist LPS. NDP-MSH alone induced expression of the M2a/M2c marker Ag1 and
      reduced expression of the M2b marker Il-4ralpha and of the LPS receptor Tlr4.
      Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB subunits p65 and c-Rel was induced by LPS and
      these effects were partially prevented by NDP-MSH. NDP-MSH reduced LPS- and
      Pam3CSK4-induced TNF-alpha release but did not affect TLR-induced IL-10 release.
      Also, NDP-MSH inhibited TLR2-induced HMGB1 translocation from nucleus to
      cytoplasm and TLR2-induced phagocytic activity. Our data show that NDP-MSH
      inhibits TLR2- and TLR4-mediated proinflammatory mechanisms and promotes
      microglial M2-like polarization, supporting melanocortins as useful tools for
      shaping microglial activation towards an alternative immunomodulatory phenotype. 

PMID- 27359333
TI  - Standards of care for obsessive-compulsive disorder centres.
AB  - In recent years, many assessment and care units for obsessive-compulsive disorder
      (OCD) have been set up in order to detect, diagnose and to properly manage this
      complex disorder, but there is no consensus regarding the key functions that
      these units should perform. The International College of Obsessive-Compulsive
      Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS) together with the Obsessive Compulsive and Related
      Disorders Network (OCRN) of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
      (ECNP) and the Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders Section of the World
      Psychiaric Association (WPA) has developed a standards of care programme for OCD
      centres. The goals of this collaborative initiative are promoting basic
      standards, improving the quality of clinical care and enhance the validity and
      reliability of research results provided by different facilities and countries. 

PMID- 27359334
TI  - Evolutionary and Topological Properties of Genes and Community Structures in
      Human Gene Regulatory Networks.
AB  - The diverse, specialized genes present in today's lifeforms evolved from a common
      core of ancient, elementary genes. However, these genes did not evolve
      individually: gene expression is controlled by a complex network of interactions,
      and alterations in one gene may drive reciprocal changes in its proteins' binding
      partners. Like many complex networks, these gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are
      composed of communities, or clusters of genes with relatively high connectivity.
      A deep understanding of the relationship between the evolutionary history of
      single genes and the topological properties of the underlying GRN is integral to
      evolutionary genetics. Here, we show that the topological properties of an acute
      myeloid leukemia GRN and a general human GRN are strongly coupled with its genes'
      evolutionary properties. Slowly evolving ("cold"), old genes tend to interact
      with each other, as do rapidly evolving ("hot"), young genes. This naturally
      causes genes to segregate into community structures with relatively homogeneous
      evolutionary histories. We argue that gene duplication placed old, cold genes and
      communities at the center of the networks, and young, hot genes and communities
      at the periphery. We demonstrate this with single-node centrality measures and
      two new measures of efficiency, the set efficiency and the interset efficiency.
      We conclude that these methods for studying the relationships between a GRN's
      community structures and its genes' evolutionary properties provide new
      perspectives for understanding evolutionary genetics.

PMID- 27359335
TI  - Outcome Prediction of Consciousness Disorders in the Acute Stage Based on a
      Complementary Motor Behavioural Tool.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Attaining an accurate diagnosis in the acute phase for severely
      brain-damaged patients presenting Disorders of Consciousness (DOC) is crucial for
      prognostic validity; such a diagnosis determines further medical management, in
      terms of therapeutic choices and end-of-life decisions. However, DOC evaluation
      based on validated scales, such as the Revised Coma Recovery Scale (CRS-R), can
      lead to an underestimation of consciousness and to frequent misdiagnoses
      particularly in cases of cognitive motor dissociation due to other aetiologies.
      The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical signs that lead to a more
      accurate consciousness assessment allowing more reliable outcome prediction.
      METHODS: From the Unit of Acute Neurorehabilitation (University Hospital,
      Lausanne, Switzerland) between 2011 and 2014, we enrolled 33 DOC patients with a
      DOC diagnosis according to the CRS-R that had been established within 28 days of
      brain damage. The first CRS-R assessment established the initial diagnosis of
      Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (UWS) in 20 patients and a Minimally
      Consciousness State (MCS) in the remaining13 patients. We clinically evaluated
      the patients over time using the CRS-R scale and concurrently from the beginning
      with complementary clinical items of a new observational Motor Behaviour Tool
      (MBT). Primary endpoint was outcome at unit discharge distinguishing two main
      classes of patients (DOC patients having emerged from DOC and those remaining in
      DOC) and 6 subclasses detailing the outcome of UWS and MCS patients,
      respectively. Based on CRS-R and MBT scores assessed separately and jointly,
      statistical testing was performed in the acute phase using a non-parametric Mann
      Whitney U test; longitudinal CRS-R data were modelled with a Generalized Linear
      Model. RESULTS: Fifty-five per cent of the UWS patients and 77% of the MCS
      patients had emerged from DOC. First, statistical prediction of the first CRS-R
      scores did not permit outcome differentiation between classes; longitudinal
      regression modelling of the CRS-R data identified distinct outcome evolution, but
      not earlier than 19 days. Second, the MBT yielded a significant outcome
      predictability in the acute phase (p<0.02, sensitivity>0.81). Third, a
      statistical comparison of the CRS-R subscales weighted by MBT became
      significantly predictive for DOC outcome (p<0.02). DISCUSSION: The association of
      MBT and CRS-R scoring improves significantly the evaluation of consciousness and
      the predictability of outcome in the acute phase. Subtle motor behaviour
      assessment provides accurate insight into the amount and the content of
      consciousness even in the case of cognitive motor dissociation.

PMID- 27359336
TI  - Rationalisation and Validation of an Acrylamide-Free Procedure in Three
      Dimensional Histological Imaging.
AB  - Three-dimensional visualization of intact tissues is now being achieved by
      turning tissues transparent. CLARITY is a unique tissue clearing technique, which
      features the use of detergents to remove lipids from fixed tissues to achieve
      optical transparency. To preserve tissue integrity, an acrylamide-based hydrogel
      has been proposed to embed the tissue. In this study, we examined the rationale
      behind the use of acrylamide in CLARITY, and presented evidence to suggest that
      the omission of acrylamide-hydrogel embedding in CLARITY does not alter the
      preservation of tissue morphology and molecular information in fixed tissues. We
      therefore propose a novel and simplified workflow for formaldehyde-fixed tissue
      clearing, which will facilitate the laboratory implementation of this technique.
      Furthermore, we have investigated the basic tissue clearing process in detail and
      have highlighted some areas for targeted improvement of technologies essential
      for the emerging subject of three-dimensional histology. 

PMID- 27359337
TI  - Indigenous Elder Insights About Conventional Care Services in Alaska: Culturally
      Charged Spaces.
AB  - : Indigenous peoples around the world endure health and social disparities. In
      the United States, such disparities are typically ameliorated through
      conventional care services and organizations. PURPOSE: To examine points of
      tension that characterize culturally pluralistic care services in the United
      States, specifically Alaska, within context of Indigenous colonial histories.
      DESIGN AND METHODS: The research design is ethnographic and multisited,
      comprising 12 months of fieldwork across urban, rural and remote village sites in
      Alaska. A conceptual lens that accounts for culturally diverse social spaces
      where relations of power are at stake frames research presented here. This work
      incorporates relational and participatory action research principles with Alaska
      Native Elders. Ethnographic evidence was collected through multiple methods,
      including field notes, documents, and interviews, with ethnographic analysis
      involving atlas.ti. FINDINGS: Alaska Native Elders describe salient points of
      tension characterizing Alaska's conventional care services through the following
      insights: generational curses--a pain, prejudice on both sides-wounded, and value
      systems clash-fighting. CONCLUSION: This article concludes with discussion about
      collective anxieties and implications for care services.

PMID- 27359338
TI  - Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Enhance Dual-Task Gait Training in
      Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot RCT.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and safety of a combined anodal
      transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and dual task gait training
      intervention in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD) and to provide data to
      support a sample size calculation for a fully powered trial should trends of
      effectiveness be present. DESIGN: A pilot, randomized, double-blind, sham
      controlled parallel group trial with 12 week follow-up. SETTING: A university
      physiotherapy department. INTERVENTIONS: Sixteen participants diagnosed with PD
      received nine dual task gait training sessions over 3 weeks. Participants were
      randomized to receive either active or sham tDCS applied for the first 20 minutes
      of each session. MAIN MEASURES: The primary outcome was gait speed while
      undertaking concurrent cognitive tasks (word lists, counting, conversation).
      Secondary measures included step length, cadence, Timed Up and Go, bradykinesia
      and motor speed. RESULTS: Gait speed, step length and cadence improved in both
      groups, under all dual task conditions. This effect was maintained at follow-up.
      There was no difference between the active and sham tDCS groups. Time taken to
      perform the TUGwords also improved, with no difference between groups. The active
      tDCS group did however increase their correct cognitive response rate during the
      TUGwords and TUGcount. Bradykinesia improved after training in both groups.
      CONCLUSION: Three weeks of dual task gait training resulted in improved gait
      under dual task conditions, and bradykinesia, immediately following training and
      at 12 weeks follow-up. The only parameter enhanced by tDCS was the number of
      correct responses while performing the dual task TUG. tDCS applied to M1 may not
      be an effective adjunct to dual task gait training in PD. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613001093774.

PMID- 27359339
TI  - Urine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Is an Independent Predictive Factor of
      Hospital Readmission and Survival in Cirrhosis.
AB  - MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved
      in chemotaxis of monocytes. In several diseases, such as acute coronary syndromes
      and heart failure, elevated MCP-1 levels have been associated with poor outcomes.
      Little is known about MCP-1 in cirrhosis. AIM: To investigate the relationship
      between MCP-1 and outcome in decompensated cirrhosis. METHODS: Prospective study
      of 218 patients discharged from hospital after an admission for complications of
      cirrhosis. Urine and plasma levels of MCP-1 and other urine proinflammatroy
      biomarkers: osteopontin(OPN), trefoil-factor3 and liver-fatty-acid-binding
      protein were measured at admission. Urine non-inflammatory mediators cystatin-C,
      beta2microglobulin and albumin were measured as control biomarkers. The
      relationship between these biomarkers and the 3-month hospital readmission,
      complications of cirrhosis, and mortality were assessed. RESULTS: 69
      patients(32%) had at least one readmission during the 3-month period of follow-up
      and 30 patients died(14%). Urine MCP-1 and OPN levels, were associated with 3
      month probability of readmission (0.85 (0.27-2.1) and 2003 (705-4586) ug/g creat
      vs 0.47 (0.2-1.1) and 1188 (512-2958) ug/g creat, in patients with and without
      readmission, respectively; p<0.05; median (IQR)). Furthermore, urine levels of
      MCP-1 were significantly associated with mortality (1.01 (1-3.6) vs 0.5 (0.2-1.1)
      MUg/g creat, in dead and alive patients at 3 months; p<0.05). Patients with
      higher levels of urine MCP-1 (above percentile 75th) had higher probability of
      development of hepatic encephalopathy, bacterial infections or AKI. Urine MCP-1
      was an independent predictive factor of hospital readmission and combined end
      point of readmission or dead at 3 months. Plasma levels of MCP-1 did not
      correlated with outcomes. CONCLUSION: Urine, but not plasma, MCP-1 levels are
      associated with hospital readmission, development of complications of cirrhosis,
      and mortality. These results suggest that in cirrhosis there is an inflammatory
      response that is associated with poor outcomes.

PMID- 27359340
TI  - Intact Protein Quantitation Using Pseudoisobaric Dimethyl Labeling.
AB  - Protein structural and functional studies rely on complete qualitative and
      quantitative information on protein species (proteoforms); thus, it is important
      to quantify differentially expressed proteins at their molecular level. Here we
      report our development of universal pseudoisobaric dimethyl labeling (pIDL) of
      amino groups at both the N-terminal and lysine residues for relative quantitation
      of intact proteins. Initial proof-of-principle study was conducted on standard
      protein myoglobin and hepatocellular proteomes (HepG2 vs LO2). The amino groups
      from both the N-terminal and lysine were dimethylated with HXHO (X = (13)C or C)
      and NaBY3CN (Y = H or D). At the standard protein level, labeling efficiency,
      effect of product ion size, and mass resolution on quantitation accuracy were
      explored; and a good linear quantitation dynamic range up to 50-fold was
      obtained. For the hepatocellular proteome samples, 33 proteins were quantified
      with RSD <= 10% from one-dimensional reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS/MS) analysis of the 1:1 mixed samples. The method in
      this study can be extended to quantitation of other intact proteome systems. The
      universal "one-pot" dimethyl labeling of all the amino groups in a protein
      without the need of preblocking of those on the lysine residues is made possible
      by protein identification and quantitation analysis using ProteinGoggle 2.0 with
      customized databases of both precursor and product ions containing heavy
      isotopes.

PMID- 27359341
TI  - Measured Wavelength-Dependent Absorption Enhancement of Internally Mixed Black
      Carbon with Absorbing and Nonabsorbing Materials.
AB  - Optical absorption spectra of laboratory generated aerosols consisting of black
      carbon (BC) internally mixed with nonabsorbing materials (ammonium sulfate, AS,
      and sodium chloride, NaCl) and BC with a weakly absorbing brown carbon surrogate
      derived from humic acid (HA) were measured across the visible to near-IR (550 to
      840 nm). Spectra were measured in situ using a photoacoustic spectrometer and
      step-scanning a supercontinuum laser source with a tunable wavelength and
      bandwidth filter. BC had a mass-specific absorption cross section (MAC) of 7.89
      +/- 0.25 m(2) g(-1) at lambda = 550 nm and an absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE)
      of 1.03 +/- 0.09 (2sigma). For internally mixed BC, the ratio of BC mass to the
      total mass of the mixture was chosen as 0.13 to mimic particles observed in the
      terrestrial atmosphere. The manner in which BC mixed with each material was
      determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). AS/BC and HA/BC particles
      were fully internally mixed, and the BC was both internally and externally mixed
      for NaCl/BC particles. The AS/BC, NaCl/BC, and HA/BC particles had AAEs of 1.43
      +/- 0.05, 1.34 +/- 0.06, and 1.91 +/- 0.05, respectively. The observed absorption
      enhancement of mixed BC relative to the pure BC was wavelength dependent for
      AS/BC and decreased from 1.5 at lambda = 550 nm with increasing wavelength while
      the NaCl/BC enhancement was essentially wavelength independent. For HA/BC, the
      enhancement ranged from 2 to 3 and was strongly wavelength dependent. Removal of
      the HA absorption contribution to enhancement revealed that the enhancement was
      ~1.5 and independent of wavelength.

PMID- 27359342
TI  - Genetic Diversity of Oilseed Rape Fields and Feral Populations in the Context of
      Coexistence with GM Crops.
AB  - Despite growing concern about transgenes escaping from fields, few studies have
      analysed the genetic diversity of crops in an agroecosystem over several years.
      Accurate information about the dynamics and relationship of the genetic diversity
      of crops in an agroecosystem is essential for risk assessment and policies
      concerning the containment of genetically modified crops and their coexistence
      with crops grown by conventional practices. Here, we analysed the genetic
      diversity of oilseed rape plants from fields and feral populations over 4 years
      in an agricultural landscape of 41 km2. We used exact compatibility and maximum
      likelihood assignment methods to assign these plants to cultivars. Even pure
      lines and hybrid cultivar seed lots contained several genotypes. The cultivar
      diversity in fields reflected the conventional view of agroecosystems quite well:
      that is, there was a succession of cultivars, some grown for longer than others
      because of their good performance, some used for one year and then abandoned, and
      others gradually adopted. Three types of field emerged: fields sown with a single
      cultivar, fields sown with two cultivars, and unassigned fields (too many
      cultivars or unassigned plants to reliably assign the field). Field plant
      diversity was higher than expected, indicating the persistence of cultivars that
      were grown for only one year. The cultivar composition of feral populations was
      similar to that of field plants, with an increasing number of cultivars each
      year. By using genetic tools, we found a link between the cultivars of field
      plants in a particular year and the cultivars of feral population plants in the
      following year. Feral populations on road verges were more diverse than those on
      path verges. All of these findings are discussed in terms of their consequences
      in the context of coexistence with genetically modified crops. 

PMID- 27359344
TI  - Ethenolysis: A Green Catalytic Tool to Cleave Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds.
AB  - Remarkable innovations have been made in the field of olefin metathesis due to
      the design and preparation of new catalysts. Ethenolysis, which is cross
      metathesis with ethylene, represents one catalytic transformation that has been
      used with the purpose of cleaving internal carbon-carbon double bonds. The
      objectives were either the ring opening of cyclic olefins to produce dienes or
      the shortening of unsaturated hydrocarbon chains to degrade polymers or generate
      valuable shorter terminal olefins in a controlled manner. This Review summarizes
      several aspects of this reaction: the catalysts, their degradation in the
      presence of ethylene, some parameters driving their productivity, the side
      reactions, and the applications of ethenolysis in organic synthesis and in
      potential industrial applications. 

PMID- 27359345
TI  - Hope as determinant for psychiatric morbidity in family caregivers of advanced
      cancer patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Home care of advanced cancer patients often has adverse effects on
      physical and mental health of family caregivers. Little is known about the long
      term effects of continuous caregiving on mental health as compared with the
      effects of bereavement. The objectives of this study were to describe the course
      of psychiatric morbidity in family caregivers over time, to identify the impact
      of the patients' death on caregivers, and to explore possible predictor variables
      for psychiatric morbidity. METHODS: This multi-institutional, prospective study
      included 80 family caregivers of 80 advanced cancer patients for baseline and 9
      months follow-up assessment. Possible psychiatric disorders (ie, depression,
      anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and alcohol abuse/dependence) as well as
      potentially predictive factors (ie, sociodemographic factors, burden, hope, and
      coping mechanisms) were assessed. RESULTS: Follow-up assessment was conducted on
      average 9.2 months (+/-2.9) after baseline assessment. Prevalence rates of
      anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder decreased significantly over time,
      whereas depression and alcoholism remained stable. Bereavement was experienced by
      53% of caregivers in the follow-up period. The patients' death had no influence
      on psychiatric morbidity at follow-up. Predictors for the development of a
      psychiatric disorder varied according to condition, with hope and emotion
      oriented coping identified as important influences, especially for anxiety and
      depression. CONCLUSION: Family caregivers with certain psychiatric disorders
      might need targeted psychosocial support to ensure their mental well-being and
      prevent long-term disability. Supporting hope and functional coping strategies
      early after the patient's diagnosis might limit development and extent of
      psychiatric morbidity.

PMID- 27359346
TI  - A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Personality Structure Through the Lens of the HEXACO
      Model.
AB  - Across 5 different samples, totaling more than 1,600 participants from India,
      Indonesia, Oman, Romania, and Thailand, the authors address the question of cross
      cultural replicability of a personality structure, while exploring the utility of
      exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) as a data analysis technique in
      cross-cultural personality research. Personality was measured with an
      alternative, non-Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality framework, provided by the
      HEXACO-PI (Lee & Ashton, 2004 ). The results show that the HEXACO framework was
      replicated in some of the investigated cultures. The ESEM data analysis technique
      proved to be especially useful in investigating the between-group measurement
      equivalence of broad personality measures across different cultures.

PMID- 27359347
TI  - Accelerated Broadband Spectra Using Transition Dipole Decomposition and Pade
      Approximants.
AB  - We present a method for accelerating the computation of UV-visible and X-ray
      absorption spectra in large molecular systems using real-time time-dependent
      density functional theory (TDDFT). This approach is based on deconvolution of the
      dipole into molecular orbital dipole pairs developed by Repisky, et al. [Repisky
      et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2015, 11, 980-911] followed by Pade approximants
      to their Fourier transforms. By combining these two techniques, the required
      simulation time is reduced by a factor of 5 or more, and moreover, the transition
      dipoles yield the molecular orbital contributions to each transition, akin to the
      coefficients in linear-response TDDFT. We validate this method on valence and
      core-level spectra of gas-phase water and nickel porphyrin, where the results are
      essentially equivalent to conventional linear response. This approach makes real
      time TDDFT competitive against linear response for large molecular and material
      systems with a high density of states. 

PMID- 27359343
TI  - Evolutionary perspectives of telomerase RNA structure and function.
AB  - Telomerase is the eukaryotic solution to the 'end-replication problem' of linear
      chromosomes by synthesising the highly repetitive DNA constituent of telomeres,
      the nucleoprotein cap that protects chromosome termini. Functioning as a
      ribonucleoprotein (RNP) enzyme, telomerase is minimally composed of the highly
      conserved catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and essential
      telomerase RNA (TR) component. Beyond merely providing the template for telomeric
      DNA synthesis, TR is an innate telomerase component and directly facilitates
      enzymatic function. TR accomplishes this by having evolved structural elements
      for stable assembly with the TERT protein and the regulation of the telomerase
      catalytic cycle. Despite its prominence and prevalence, TR has profoundly
      diverged in length, sequence, and biogenesis pathway among distinct evolutionary
      lineages. This diversity has generated numerous structural and mechanistic
      solutions for ensuring proper RNP formation and high fidelity telomeric DNA
      synthesis. Telomerase provides unique insights into RNA and protein coevolution
      within RNP enzymes.

PMID- 27359348
TI  - Thrombolysis by chemically modified coagulation factor Xa.
AB  - Essentials Factor Xa (FXa) acquires cleavage-mediated tissue plasminogen
      activator (tPA) cofactor activity. Recombinant (r) tPA is the predominant
      thrombolytic drug, but it may cause systemic side effects. Chemically modified,
      non-enzymatic FXa was produced (Xai-K), which rapidly lysed thrombi in mice.
      Unlike rtPA, Xai-K had no systemic fibrinolysis activation markers, indicating
      improved safety. SUMMARY: Background Enzymatic thrombolysis carries the risk of
      hemorrhage and re-occlusion must be evaded by co-administration with an
      anticoagulant. Toward further improving these shortcomings, we report a novel
      dual-functioning molecule, Xai-K, which is both a non-enzymatic thrombolytic
      agent and an anticoagulant. Xai-K is based on clotting factor Xa, whose
      sequential plasmin-mediated fragments, FXabeta and Xa33/13, accelerate the
      principal thrombolytic agent, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), but only when
      localized to anionic phospholipid. Methods The effect of Xai-K on fibrinolysis
      was measured in vitro by turbidity, thromboelastography and chromogenic assays,
      and measured in a murine model of occlusive carotid thrombosis by Doppler
      ultrasound. The anticoagulant properties of Xai-K were evaluated by normal plasma
      clotting assays, and in murine liver laceration and tail amputation hemostatic
      models. Results Xa33/13, which participates in fibrinolysis of purified fibrin,
      was rapidly inhibited in plasma. Cleavage was blocked at FXabeta by modifying
      residues at the active site. The resultant Xai-K (1 nm) enhanced plasma clot
      dissolution by ~7-fold in vitro and was dependent on tPA. Xai-K alone (2.0 MUg g(
      1) body weight) achieved therapeutic patency in mice. The minimum primary dose of
      the tPA variant, Tenecteplase (TNK; 17 MUg g(-1) ), could be reduced by > 30-fold
      to restore blood flow with adjunctive Xai-K (0.5 MUg g(-1) ). TNK-induced
      systemic markers of fibrinolysis were not detected with Xai-K (2.0 MUg g(-1) ).
      Xai-K had anticoagulant activity that was somewhat attenuated compared with a
      previously reported analogue. Conclusion These results suggest that Xai-K may
      ameliorate the safety profile of therapeutic thrombolysis, either as a primary or
      tPA/TNK-adjunctive agent.

PMID- 27359350
TI  - Blood Lead Levels Among Children Aged <6 Years - Flint, Michigan, 2013-2016.
AB  - During April 25, 2014-October 15, 2015, approximately 99,000 residents of Flint,
      Michigan, were affected by changes in drinking water quality after their water
      source was switched from the Detroit Water Authority (DWA), sourced from Lake
      Huron, to the Flint Water System (FWS), sourced from the Flint River.* Because
      corrosion control was not used at the FWS water treatment plant, the levels of
      lead in Flint tap water increased over time. Adverse health effects are
      associated with lead exposure (1). On January 2, 2015, a water advisory was
      issued because of detection of high levels of trihalomethanes, byproducts of
      disinfectants.(?)(,)(S) Studies conducted by local and national investigators
      detected an increase in the prevalence of blood lead levels (BLLs) >=5 ug/dL (the
      CDC reference level) among children aged <5 years living in Flint (2) and an
      increase in water lead levels after the water source switch (3). On October 16,
      2015, the Flint water source was switched back to DWA, and residents were
      instructed to use filtered tap water for cooking and drinking. During that time,
      pregnant and breastfeeding women and children aged <6 years were advised to
      consume bottled water.( ) To assess the impact on BLLs of consuming contaminated
      drinking water, CDC examined the distribution of BLLs >=5 ug/dL among children
      aged <6 years before, during, and after the switch in water source. This analysis
      enabled determination of whether the odds of having BLLs >=5 ug/dL before the
      switch differed from the odds during the switch to FWS (before and after the
      January 2, 2015, water advisory was issued), and after the switch back to DWA.
      Overall, among 9,422 blood lead tests in children aged <6 years, 284 (3.0%) BLLs
      were >=5 ug/dL during April 25, 2013-March 16, 2016. The adjusted probability of
      having BLLs >=5 ug/dL was 46% higher during the period after the switch from DWA
      to FWS (and before the January 2, 2015, water advisory) than during the period
      before the water switch to FWS. Although unrelated to lead in the water, the
      water advisory likely reduced tap water consumption and increased consumption of
      bottled water. Characterizing exposure to lead contaminated drinking water among
      children aged <6 years living in Flint can help guide appropriate interventions. 

PMID- 27359349
TI  - Claudin-2-mediated cation and water transport share a common pore.
AB  - AIM: Claudin-2 is a tight junction protein typically located in 'leaky' epithelia
      exhibiting large paracellular permeabilities like small intestine and proximal
      kidney tubule. Former studies revealed that claudin-2 forms paracellular channels
      for small cations like sodium and potassium and also paracellular channels for
      water. This study analyses whether the diffusive transport of sodium and water
      occurs through a common pore of the claudin-2 channel. METHODS: Wild-type claudin
      2 and different claudin-2 mutants were expressed in MDCK I kidney tubule cells
      using an inducible system. Ion and water permeability and the effect of blocking
      reagents on both were investigated on different clones of the mutants. RESULTS:
      Neutralization of a negatively charged cation interaction site in the pore with
      the mutation, D65N, decreased both sodium permeability and water permeability.
      Claudin-2 mutants (I66C and S68C) with substitution of the pore-lining amino
      acids with cysteine were used to test the effect of steric blocking of the
      claudin-2 pore by thiol-reactive reagents. Addition of thiol-reactive reagents to
      these mutants simultaneously decreased conductance and water permeability.
      Remarkably, all experimental perturbations caused parallel changes in ion
      conductance and water permeability, disproving different or independent passage
      pathways. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that claudin-2-mediated cation and
      water transport are frictionally coupled and share a common pore. This pore is
      lined and determined in permeability by amino acid residues of the first
      extracellular loop of claudin-2.

PMID- 27359352
TI  - Atomic Layer Deposited Corrosion Protection: A Path to Stable and Efficient
      Photoelectrochemical Cells.
AB  - A fundamental challenge in developing photoelectrochemical cells for the
      renewable production of solar chemicals and fuels is the simultaneous requirement
      of efficient light absorption and robust stability under corrosive conditions.
      Schemes for corrosion protection of semiconductor photoelectrodes such as silicon
      using deposited layers were proposed and attempted for several decades, but
      increased operational lifetimes were either insufficient or the resulting
      penalties for device efficiency were prohibitive. In recent years, advances in
      atomic layer deposition (ALD) of thin coatings have made novel materials
      engineering possible, leading to substantial and simultaneous improvements in
      stability and efficiency of photoelectrochemical cells. The self-limiting, layer
      by-layer growth of ALD makes thin films with low pinhole densities possible and
      may also provide a path to defect control that can generalize this protection
      technology to a large set of materials necessary to fully realize
      photoelectrochemical cell technology for artificial photosynthesis. 

PMID- 27359351
TI  - Farnesoid X receptor activation increases reverse cholesterol transport by
      modulating bile acid composition and cholesterol absorption in mice.
AB  - Activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) markedly attenuates development of
      atherosclerosis in animal models. However, the underlying mechanism is not well
      elucidated. Here, we show that the FXR agonist, obeticholic acid (OCA), increases
      fecal cholesterol excretion and macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT)
      dependent on activation of hepatic FXR. OCA does not increase biliary cholesterol
      secretion, but inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption. OCA markedly inhibits
      hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase
      (Cyp8b1) partly through inducing small heterodimer partner, leading to reduced
      bile acid pool size and altered bile acid composition, with the alpha/beta
      muricholic acid proportion in bile increased by 2.6-fold and taurocholic acid
      (TCA) level reduced by 71%. Overexpression of Cyp8b1 or concurrent overexpression
      of Cyp7a1 and Cyp8b1 normalizes TCA level, bile acid composition, and intestinal
      cholesterol absorption. CONCLUSION: Activation of FXR inhibits intestinal
      cholesterol absorption by modulation of bile acid pool size and composition, thus
      leading to increased RCT. Targeting hepatic FXR and/or bile acids may be useful
      for boosting RCT and preventing the development of atherosclerosis. (Hepatology
      2016;64:1072-1085).

PMID- 27359353
TI  - To the Editor.

PMID- 27359354
TI  - To the Editor.

PMID- 27359355
TI  - To the Editor.

PMID- 27359357
TI  - Response to the Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 27359356
TI  - Association Between Cartilage Intermediate Layer Protein and Degeneration of
      Intervertebral Disc: A Meta-analysis.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis to collect all eligible studies for investigating
      whether cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP) gene rs2073711 polymorphism
      is associated with susceptibility to intervertebral disc degeneration (IVD).
      OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between CILP gene rs2073711 and IVD.
      SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: CILP is one of the limited genes that is being
      suggested to be associated with IVD. However, previous association study results
      of CILP and IVD are conflicted. METHODS: The PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science
      Direct Online, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database were searched
      for relevant articles till November 1, 2015. The odds ratio (OR) and related 95%
      confidence interval (CI) were drawn out and merged to assess the strength of
      association by STATA version 12.0. RESULTS: A total of 1551 IVD cases and 1793
      controls from the 5 studies were used in this study, comprising four Asian
      populations and two European populations. Meta-analysis found that the CILP
      2073711 polymorphism was significantly associated with IVD risk. The estimated OR
      of risk allele T of rs2073711 was 1.36. (95% CI = 1.18-1.55, P < 0.001). No
      significant heterogeneity and publication bias were observed in this study.
      CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the positive association between CILP and IVD,
      providing novel clues for clarifying the role of CILP in the development of IVD.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2.

PMID- 27359358
TI  - Effect of Surgeon Volume on Complications, Length of Stay, and Costs Following
      Anterior Cervical Fusion.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. OBJECTIVE: To identify the association
      between surgeon volume and inpatient complications, length of stay, and costs
      associated with ACF. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Increased surgeon volume may be
      associated with improved outcomes after surgical procedures. However, there is a
      lack of information on the effect of surgeon volume on short-term outcomes after
      anterior cervical fusion (ACF). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of ACF
      patients was performed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2003 to
      2009. Surgeon volume was divided into three categories, volume <25th percentile,
      25th to 74th percentile, and >=75th percentile of surgeon volume. Multivariate
      regression was used to compare the rates of adverse events, hospital length of
      stay, and total hospital costs between surgeon volume categories. RESULTS: A
      total of 419,212 ACF patients were identified. The 25th percentile for volume was
      5 cases per year, and the 75th percentile for volume was 67 cases per year.
      Volume <25th percentile was associated with increased rates of any adverse event
      (odd ratio, OR 3.8, P < 0.001), and multiple individual complications including
      death (OR 2.5, P=0.014), myocardial infarction (OR4.4, P < 0.001), sepsis (OR
      4.1, P < 0.001), and surgical site infection (OR 4.0, P < 0.001). Notably, volume
      >=75th percentile was associated with decreased rates of any adverse event (OR
      0.7, P < 0.001) and death (OR 0.6, P = 0.028). On multivariate analysis, length
      of stay was significantly increased by 2.3 days (P < 0.001) for surgeons <25th
      percentile of volume and was decreased by 0.3 days for surgeons with volume
      >=75th percentile. Hospital costs were $4569 more for surgeons with <25th
      percentile of volume and $1213 less for surgeons with >=75th percentile volume.
      CONCLUSION: In this nationally representative sample, surgeons with volume <25th
      percentile had significantly increased complications, length of stay, and costs.
      Conversely, surgeons with >=75th percentile volume experienced decreased
      complications, length of stay, and costs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID- 27359360
TI  - Complications and Mortality Following 1 to 2 Level Lumbar Fusion Surgery in
      Patients Above 80 Years of Age.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective database review. OBJECTIVE: To determine the 90-day
      complication rate and 90-day and 1-year mortality in patients 80 years of age and
      older who were treated with posterolateral lumbar spinal fusion surgery and to
      compare these rates against those of elderly patients ages 65 to 79. SUMMARY OF
      BACKGROUND DATA: Patients over 80 years of age specifically represent a
      substantial proportion of the US population, with over 11 million such
      individuals in 2010. Few studies have comprehensively assessed the morbidity
      associated with spinal fusion surgery in patients older than 80 years. METHODS:
      The PearlDiver database (2005-2012) was utilized to determine morbidity and
      mortality rates after posterolateral lumbar or lumbosacral spinal fusion surgery
      of 2-3 vertebrae. Patients 65 to 79 (72,547) and >=80-year old (12,187) were
      selected. Charlson comorbidity index scores were analyzed and compared, as were
      various comorbid conditions 90-day complication rates and mortality at 90-days
      and 1 year compared between cohorts. RESULTS: The >=80 year cohort had a higher
      average Charlson Comorbidity Index score than the 65 to 79 year cohort (7.99 vs.
      6.54, P <0.0001). The proportion of patients experiencing at least one major
      complication was relatively increased by 45.6% in patients >=80 year (13.87 vs.
      9.52%; OR 1.53 95% CI 1.44 - 1.62 P <0.0001). Ninety-day (0.30 vs. 0.09%; OR:
      3.50, 95% confidence interval: 2.33-5.26, P <0.0001) and 1-year (0.48 vs. 0.18%;
      OR: 2.58, 95% confidence interval: 1.90-3.52, P <0.0001) mortality were
      significantly higher in the >=80 year cohort compared with the 65 to 79-year-old
      control group. CONCLUSION: Patients 80 years of age or older have significantly
      greater rates of major medical complication and mortality following 1 to 2 level
      lumbar spinal posterolateral fusion surgery compared with patients 65 to 79 years
      of age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 27359361
TI  - Simvastatin Treatment Upregulates Anti-Fibrotic Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7
      Expression at Rat Cardiac Allograft Rejection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7 mediates ischemic tolerance and
      anti-fibrotic effects in various organs such as kidney and heart. Recently, reno-
      and podocyte-protective effects of a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor,
      pitavastatin, were accompanied by BMP-7 upregulation. METHODS: Here, we
      investigated the effect of simvastatin treatment on BMP-7 expression in major MHC
      mismatched rat cardiac allografts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury and
      adaptive immune activation at 10 days. RESULTS: We localized Smad2 activity and
      Reca-1+ fibroblast specific protein-1+ immunoreactivity, suggesting endothelial
      to-mesenchymal transition, at fibrotic borderline of cardiac allografts at 10
      days. Simvastatin donor and recipient combination treatment significantly
      upregulated cardiac allograft BMP-7 expression when compared to nontreated
      controls at 10 days. CONCLUSION: The beneficial effect of statin treatment on
      cardiac allograft may in part be mediated through the upregulation of BMP-7.

PMID- 27359362
TI  - Mechanistic Observations on the Role of the Stannous Ion in Caries Lesion De- and
      Remineralization.
AB  - Two mechanistic, laboratory, factorial design studies were conducted to
      investigate the effect of the stannous ion (Sn2+) in the absence or presence of
      fluoride on caries lesion de- and remineralization. Study I was concerned with
      determining changes in mineral distribution of subsurface lesions, whereas study
      II investigated changes in surface hardness of surface-softened lesions as a
      function of pH. Study I showed that Sn2+ modulates the effects of fluoride by
      preventing lamination. Study II revealed that the effect of Sn2+ on rehardening
      is pH dependent. Neither study demonstrated synergy between Sn2+ and fluoride,
      yet interactions were observed. Sn2+ does interfere with remineralization to some
      extent although it provided acid resistance. The role of Sn2+ in the caries
      process is complex.

PMID- 27359363
TI  - An Infection-Responsive Approach To Reduce Bacterial Adhesion in Urinary
      Biomaterials.
AB  - Infection is an inevitable consequence of chronic urinary catheterization with
      associated problems of recurrent catheter encrustation and blockage experienced
      by approximately 50% of all long-term catheterized patients. In this work, we
      have exploited, for the first time, the reported pathogen-induced elevation of
      urine pH as a trigger for "intelligent" antimicrobial release from novel hydrogel
      drug delivery systems of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and vinyl-functionalized
      nalidixic acid derivatives, developed as candidate infection-resistant urinary
      catheter coatings. Demonstrating up to 20-fold faster rates of drug release at pH
      10, representing infected urine pH, than at pH 7 and achieving reductions of up
      to 96.5% in in vitro bacterial adherence, our paradigm of pH-responsive drug
      delivery, which requires no external manipulation, therefore represents a
      promising development toward the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract
      infections in vivo.

PMID- 27359364
TI  - Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among China's
      Sichuan Tibetan population: A cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our aim is to investigate the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and
      control status of hypertension and explore the associated factors among Sichuan
      Tibetan population. METHODS: A cross-sectional investigation was conducted in the
      Sichuan Tibetan region from to September 2013 to March to 2014. Three thousand
      two hundred and forty persons were included in the study through a multi-stage
      stratified clustering sampling. Participants received questionnaires and physical
      examination. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded three times after 5 min of rest
      with the mean taken as the final BP. Hypertension was defined according the 2010
      Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension. RESULTS: Prevalence of
      hypertension was 45.7%. The proportion of different stages (1-3) of hypertension
      was 31.7%, 9.2%, and 7.6% for males and 26.3%, 9.5%, and 6.0% for females. The
      rate of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension were 4.9%, 21.3%, and
      3.0% for males and 7.5%, 24.5%, and 3.1% for females. Multiple-factor analysis
      found that age, overweight or obesity (odds ratio(OR)=1.16), drinking alcohol (OR
      = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.07-1.54), increased waist circumference
      (OR = 1.81, 95%CI: 1.39-2.36), family history of hypertension (OR = 1.51, 95%CI;
      1.28-1.78), higher salt intakes (OR = 1.62, 95%CI: 1.24-2.11), long duration of
      sleep (OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.01-1.09), rural area (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.64-2.41),
      and drinking coffee at times (OR = 0.71, 95%CI:0.57-0.87) were related to
      hypertension. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of hypertension in Sichuan Tibetan was
      significantly higher than the national level with low rates of awareness,
      treatment, and control of hypertension. Intervention measurements are needed to
      change some unhealthy lifestyles, behaviors, and habits in this region.

PMID- 27359365
TI  - The Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Disease: A Phylogenetic Perspective.
AB  - An explicit phylogenetic perspective provides useful tools for phytopathology and
      plant disease ecology because the traits of both plants and microbes are shaped
      by their evolutionary histories. We present brief primers on phylogenetic signal
      and the analytical tools of phylogenetic ecology. We review the literature and
      find abundant evidence of phylogenetic signal in pathogens and plants for most
      traits involved in disease interactions. Plant nonhost resistance mechanisms and
      pathogen housekeeping functions are conserved at deeper phylogenetic levels,
      whereas molecular traits associated with rapid coevolutionary dynamics are more
      labile at branch tips. Horizontal gene transfer disrupts the phylogenetic signal
      for some microbial traits. Emergent traits, such as host range and disease
      severity, show clear phylogenetic signals. Therefore pathogen spread and disease
      impact are influenced by the phylogenetic structure of host assemblages.
      Phylogenetically rare species escape disease pressure. Phylogenetic tools could
      be used to develop predictive tools for phytosanitary risk analysis and reduce
      disease pressure in multispecies cropping systems.

PMID- 27359366
TI  - Phytophthora infestans: New Tools (and Old Ones) Lead to New Understanding and
      Precision Management.
AB  - New tools have revealed that migrations of Phytophthora infestans have been a
      dominant feature of the population biology of this pathogen for the past 50
      years, and maybe for the past 170 years. We now have accurate information on the
      composition of many P. infestans populations. However, migration followed by
      selection can lead and has led to dramatically rapid changes in populations over
      large regions. Except for the highlands of central Mexico, many populations of P.
      infestans have probably been in flux over the past several decades. There is some
      evidence that this pathogen has different characteristics in the field than it
      does in the lab, and early field phenotypic analyses of hypotheses concerning
      fitness and pathogenicity would be beneficial. The newly available capacity to
      acquire and process vast amounts of weather and weather forecast data in
      combination with advancements in molecular diagnostics enables much greater
      precision in late blight management to produce recommendations that are site,
      host, and pathogen specific.

PMID- 27359367
TI  - Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and
      Herbivores Above- and Belowground.
AB  - Plants are important mediators of interactions between aboveground (AG) and
      belowground (BG) pathogens, arthropod herbivores, and nematodes (phytophages). We
      highlight recent progress in our understanding of within- and cross-compartment
      plant responses to these groups of phytophages in terms of altered resource
      dynamics and defense signaling and activation. We review studies documenting the
      outcome of cross-compartment interactions between these phytophage groups and
      show patterns of cross-compartment facilitation as well as cross-compartment
      induced resistance. Studies involving soilborne pathogens and foliar nematodes
      are scant. We further highlight the important role of defense signaling loops
      between shoots and roots to activate a full resistance complement. Moreover,
      manipulation of such loops by phytophages affects systemic interactions with
      other plant feeders. Finally, cross-compartment-induced changes in root defenses
      and root exudates extend systemic defense loops into the rhizosphere, enhancing
      or reducing recruitment of microbes that induce systemic resistance but also
      affecting interactions with root-feeding phytophages.

PMID- 27359368
TI  - Developments in Plant Negative-Strand RNA Virus Reverse Genetics.
AB  - Twenty years ago, breakthroughs for reverse genetics analyses of negative-strand
      RNA (NSR) viruses were achieved by devising conditions for generation of
      infectious viruses in susceptible cells. Recombinant strategies have subsequently
      been engineered for members of all vertebrate NSR virus families, and research
      arising from these advances has profoundly increased understanding of infection
      cycles, pathogenesis, and complexities of host interactions of animal NSR
      viruses. These strategies also permitted development of many applications,
      including attenuated vaccines and delivery vehicles for therapeutic and
      biotechnology proteins. However, for a variety of reasons, it was difficult to
      devise procedures for reverse genetics analyses of plant NSR viruses. In this
      review, we discuss advances that have circumvented these problems and resulted in
      construction of a recombinant system for Sonchus yellow net nucleorhabdovirus. We
      also discuss possible extensions to other plant NSR viruses as well as the
      applications that may emanate from recombinant analyses of these pathogens.

PMID- 27359370
TI  - Molecular Soybean-Pathogen Interactions.
AB  - Soybean hosts a wide variety of pathogens that cause significant yield losses.
      The importance of soybean as a major oilseed crop has led to research focused on
      its interactions with pathogens, such as Soybean mosaic virus, Pseudomonas
      syringae, Phytophthora sojae, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, and Heterodera glycines.
      Pioneering work on soybean's interactions with these organisms, which represent
      the five major pathogen groups (viruses, bacteria, oomycetes, fungi, and
      nematodes), has contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms
      underlying virulence and immunity. These mechanisms involve conserved and unique
      features that validate the need for research in both soybean and homologous model
      systems. In this review, we discuss identification of effectors and their
      functions as well as resistance gene-mediated recognition and signaling. We also
      point out areas in which model systems and recent advances in resources and tools
      have provided opportunities to gain deeper insights into soybean-pathogen
      interactions.

PMID- 27359372
TI  - Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation for degenerated bioprosthetic aortic
      and mitral valves.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Redo surgery still is the treatment of choice for degenerated
      bioprosthesis. However, as far as elderly patients with concomitant comorbidities
      are concerned, the standard reoperation carries additional operative risks and,
      therefore, minimally invasive procedures must be prioritized. AREAS COVERED:
      During the last ten years, transcatheter procedures in native valves have become
      a standard technique in several centers with excellent procedural and mid-term
      results. Similarly, implantation of transcatheter stent-valves within degenerated
      aortic and mitral bioprosthesis, the 'valve-in-valve' procedure (V-in-V),
      represents a valid alternative to redo surgery in patients with high-risk
      surgical profiles. New challenges for V-in-V are the transcatheter stent-valve
      deployment in hostile targets (stented bioprosthesis with externally mounted
      leaflets, stentless valves, small bioprostheses), and avoid complications as
      delayed atrial embolization of mitral implantation and V-in-V thrombosis.
      Moreover a continuous ameliorated design of the devices on the market and new
      transcatheter stent-valves are recently developed in order to improve the outcome
      and safety of V-in-V treatment. Expert commentary: We reviewed the clinical
      outcomes and the procedural details of published transcatheter aortic and mitral
      valve-in-valve series focusing, in particular, on data from the Valve-in-Valve
      International Data registry (VIVID), and we provide a practical guide for valve
      sizing and stent-valve positioning.

PMID- 27359371
TI  - Identification of 2-({[1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3
      yl]carbonyl}amino)tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane-2-carboxylic Acid (NTRC-844) as a
      Selective Antagonist for the Rat Neurotensin Receptor Type 2.
AB  - Neurotensin receptor type 2 (NTS2) compounds display analgesic activity in animal
      pain models. We have identified the first high-affinity NTS2-selective antagonist
      (8) that is active in vivo. This study also revealed that the NTS2 FLIPR assay
      designation for a compound, agonist, partial agonist, and so forth, did not
      correlate with its in vivo activity as observed in the thermal tail-flick acute
      model of pain. This suggests that calcium mobilization is not the signaling
      pathway involved in NTS2-mediated analgesia as assessed by the thermal tail-flick
      model. Finally, we found a significant bias between rat and human for compound 9
      in the NTS2 binding assay.

PMID- 27359373
TI  - Negatively Charged Lipid Membranes Catalyze Supramolecular Hydrogel Formation.
AB  - In this contribution we show that biological membranes can catalyze the formation
      of supramolecular hydrogel networks. Negatively charged lipid membranes can
      generate a local proton gradient, accelerating the acid-catalyzed formation of
      hydrazone-based supramolecular gelators near the membrane. Synthetic lipid
      membranes can be used to tune the physical properties of the resulting
      multicomponent gels as a function of lipid concentration. Moreover, the catalytic
      activity of lipid membranes and the formation of gel networks around these
      supramolecular structures are controlled by the charge and phase behavior of the
      lipid molecules. Finally, we show that the insights obtained from synthetic
      membranes can be translated to biological membranes, enabling the formation of
      gel fibers on living HeLa cells.

PMID- 27359374
TI  - Improved Photoelectrocatalytic Performance for Water Oxidation by Earth-Abundant
      Cobalt Molecular Porphyrin Complex-Integrated BiVO4 Photoanode.
AB  - An earth-abundant, low-cost cobalt porphyrin complex (CoTCPP) is designed as a
      molecular catalyst to work on three-dimensional BiVO4 film electrode for water
      oxidation for the first time. Under illumination of a 100 mW cm(-2) Xe lamp, the
      CoTCPP-functionalized BiVO4 photoanode exhibits a 2-fold enhancement in
      photocurrent density at 1.23 V vs RHE and nearly a 450 mV cathodic shift at 0.5
      mA cm(-2) photocurrent density relative to bare BiVO4 in 0.1 M Na2SO4 (pH = 6.8).
      Simultaneously, stoichiometric oxygen and hydrogen are generated with a faradic
      efficiency of 80% over 4 h. The activity and stability of the BiVO4 photoanode
      are dramatically increased by molecular CoTCPP, giving rise to higher performance
      than previously reported noble metal ruthenium complex-modified BiVO4 photoanode.
      By using hydrogen peroxide as the hole scavenger, we demonstrate that molecular
      CoTCPP catalyst greatly suppresses the hole-electron recombination on the surface
      of BiVO4 semiconductor, which offers a promising route toward high efficiency,
      low cost, practical solar fuel generation device. 

PMID- 27359369
TI  - Plant-Pathogen Effectors: Cellular Probes Interfering with Plant Defenses in
      Spatial and Temporal Manners.
AB  - Plants possess large arsenals of immune receptors capable of recognizing all
      pathogen classes. To cause disease, pathogenic organisms must be able to overcome
      physical barriers, suppress or evade immune perception, and derive nutrients from
      host tissues. Consequently, to facilitate some of these processes, pathogens
      secrete effector proteins that promote colonization. This review covers recent
      advances in the field of effector biology, focusing on conserved cellular
      processes targeted by effectors from diverse pathogens. The ability of effectors
      to facilitate pathogen entry into the host interior, suppress plant immune
      perception, and alter host physiology for pathogen benefit is discussed.
      Pathogens also deploy effectors in a spatial and temporal manner, depending on
      infection stage. Recent advances have also enhanced our understanding of
      effectors acting in specific plant organs and tissues. Effectors are excellent
      cellular probes that facilitate insight into biological processes as well as key
      points of vulnerability in plant immune signaling networks.

PMID- 27359375
TI  - Human papilloma virus infection in HIV-infected women in Belgium: implications
      for prophylactic vaccines within this subpopulation.
AB  - Although high-risk (HR) human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the primary
      causative factor for cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive
      cervical cancer, the epidemiology of potentially HR (pHR) and low-risk HPV still
      remains to be elucidated in HIV-infected women. In addition, the synergistic
      potential of the multiplicity of HPV infections harboured renders it difficult to
      model the impact of vaccines. This cross-sectional analysis of HIV-infected women
      explores the epidemiology of abnormal cytology, thereby profiling and pairing
      pHR/HR HPV genotypes. This cross-sectional analysis reports the findings of 593
      HIV-infected women, who underwent a cytological examination and HPV genotyping. A
      logistic regression model was fitted to adjust for age and coinfection with
      pHR/HR HPV genotypes. In the 143 women with abnormal cytology, a multiple pHR/HR
      HPV genotype prevalence of 64.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 44.6-57.6%] was
      observed. A combined prevalence of HPV 16 and HPV 18 of 29.6% (95% CI: 22.2
      37.8%) was found. HPV 6 and HPV 66 were found in two cases of low-grade squamous
      intraepithelial lesions as stand-alone genotypes and HPV 53 in a high-grade
      squamous intraepithelial lesion case. Pairing involving HPV 31 with HPV 16 and
      HPV 58 was found in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cases. Significant
      associations were observed between abnormal cytology, multiple HPV, HPV 39 and
      HPV 53 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.02; P=0.01; 95% CI: 1.2-3.5; aOR: 3.8;
      P=0.01; 95% CI: 1.4-10.7; and aOR: 0.5; P=0.03; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9, respectively].
      Coinfection with pHR/HR HPV genotypes HPV 39 and 53 was significantly associated
      with abnormal cytology. Research into the imputed role of HPV 31 in pairings, low
      risk and pHR HPV genotypes in HIV-infected women is warranted.

PMID- 27359376
TI  - Novel triterpenoids isolated from raisins exert potent antiproliferative
      activities by targeting mitochondrial and Ras/Raf/ERK signaling in human breast
      cancer cells.
AB  - Raisins are produced in many regions of the world and may be eaten raw or used in
      cooking, baking and brewing. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of raisins was used
      to determine the chemical identity of bioactive constituents. Seven
      triterpenoids, including three novel triterpenoids, were isolated and identified.
      The novel triterpenoids were elucidated to be 3beta,13beta-dihydroxy-12,13
      dihydrooleanolic acid (1), 3beta,12beta,13beta-trihydroxy-12,13-dihydrooleanolic
      acid (2, TOA), and 3beta,13beta-dihydroxy-12,13-dihydroursolic acid (7),
      respectively. TOA showed the highest antiproliferative activity against MCF-7/DOX
      cells, with an EC50 value of 3.60 +/- 0.55 MUM. Compounds 1, 3 and 7 also
      exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against MCF-7/DOX cells, with an EC50
      value of 7.10 +/- 0.65, 10.22 +/- 0.90 and 8.91 +/- 1.12 MUM. Compounds 1 and 2
      also exhibited potent antioxidant activities. Moreover, the detailed cytotoxic
      mechanisms of TOA were investigated by targeting the mitochondrial and protein
      tyrosine kinase signaling (Ras/Raf/ERK). The results strongly demonstrated that
      the novel triterpenoids isolated from raisins could be promising candidates for
      therapy of breast cancer. 

PMID- 27359377
TI  - Temozolomide induces the expression of the glioma Big Potassium (gBK) ion
      channel, while inhibiting fascin-1 expression: possible targets for glioma
      therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Temozolomide (TMZ) improves Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) patient
      survival. The invasive behavior of the glioma cells is the cause of GBM relapse.
      The glioma BK ion channel (gBK) may provide glioma cells with a mechanism to
      invade surrounding tissue. gBK contains epitopes that cytolytic T lymphocytes
      (CTLs) can recognize and kill glioma cells. Fascin-1 is an actin crosslinking
      molecule that supports microvilli; these membrane protrusions provide a physical
      defense against CTLs. TMZ was investigated to determine its effect on gBK and
      fascin-1 expression. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Human glioma cells cultured in
      TMZ were analyzed for their altered mRNA and gBK protein levels by using
      quantitative real time PCR, immunostaining and cellular functional assays.
      RESULTS: TMZ slowed glioma cell growth and inhibited their transmigratory
      properties due to loss of fascin-1. TMZ induced increased gBK and HLA expression
      and allowed these TMZ-treated cells to become better targets for gBK-specific
      CTLs. CONCLUSIONS: Besides its traditional chemotherapeutic effect, TMZ can have
      four other targeted pathways: 1) slowed glioma cell growth; 2) inhibited glioma
      cell transmigration; 3) increased HLA-A2 and gBK tumor antigen production; 4)
      increased CTL-mediated cytolysis of the TMZ treated glioma cells due to the loss
      of their defensive membrane protrusions supported by fascin-1.

PMID- 27359378
TI  - The Ghost Collaborator.
AB  - Collaboration is increasingly important for researchers in all disciplines.
      Universities and funding bodies tend to prefer projects that involve
      interdisciplinarity, collaboration between different institutions, and
      international consortiums. Such projects can yield great benefits, but they also
      pose particular challenges for certain aspects of research integrity, and
      particularly for awarding credit and authorship. In this article, we describe and
      analyze the phenomenon of the ghost collaborator, who is initially fully involved
      and makes a full contribution to a project's design, but then finds him- or
      herself excluded from meetings and publications.

PMID- 27359379
TI  - Exploring the Lived Experience of Women Immediately Following Mastectomy: A
      Phenomenological Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2014, it is estimated that 232,670 new cases of breast cancer
      occurred in the United States. Unilateral or bilateral mastectomy is a frequently
      chosen option for treating this disease. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was
      to explore, through an in-depth interview process, the lived experience of women
      immediately following mastectomy when they see their scars for the first time.
      METHODS: Purposeful sampling was used until saturation was reached. In-depth
      interviews were conducted with 10 women related to their mastectomy experience.
      The data were analyzed using a phenomenological approach. RESULTS: The following
      8 themes emerged from the data; lasting impact, personal impact, relational
      impact, gratitude, support system, coping strategies, timing, and discomfort.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study provide evidence that women face ongoing
      challenges following seeing their mastectomy scars for the first time that is not
      adequately addressed by healthcare professionals. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:
      Nurses and other healthcare professionals need to gain a better understanding of
      the difficulties perceived by women following seeing the scars from mastectomy
      and implement strategies to assist in successful adaptation to the experience.

PMID- 27362220
TI  - Working memory in healthy aging and in Parkinson's disease: evidence of
      interference effects.
AB  - Focusing on relevant information while suppressing the irrelevant one are
      critical abilities for different cognitive processes. However, their functioning
      has been scarcely investigated in the working memory (WM) domain, in both healthy
      and pathological conditions. The present research aimed to study these abilities
      in aging and Parkinson's disease (PD), testing three groups of healthy
      participants (young, older and elderly) and one of PD patients, employing a new
      experimental paradigm. Results showed that the transient storing of irrelevant
      information in WM causes substantial interference effects, which were remarkable
      in elderly individuals on both response latency and accuracy. Interestingly, PD
      patients responded faster and were equally accurate compared to a matched control
      group. Taken together, findings confirm the existence of similar mechanisms for
      orienting attention inwards to WM contents or outwards to perceptual stimuli, and
      suggest the suitability of our task to assess WM functioning in both healthy
      aging and PD.

PMID- 27362221
TI  - Bright carbonate deposits as evidence of aqueous alteration on (1) Ceres.
AB  - The typically dark surface of the dwarf planet Ceres is punctuated by areas of
      much higher albedo, most prominently in the Occator crater. These small bright
      areas have been tentatively interpreted as containing a large amount of hydrated
      magnesium sulfate, in contrast to the average surface, which is a mixture of low
      albedo materials and magnesium phyllosilicates, ammoniated phyllosilicates and
      carbonates. Here we report high spatial and spectral resolution near-infrared
      observations of the bright areas in the Occator crater on Ceres. Spectra of these
      bright areas are consistent with a large amount of sodium carbonate, constituting
      the most concentrated known extraterrestrial occurrence of carbonate on kilometre
      wide scales in the Solar System. The carbonates are mixed with a dark component
      and small amounts of phyllosilicates, as well as ammonium carbonate or ammonium
      chloride. Some of these compounds have also been detected in the plume of
      Saturn's sixth-largest moon Enceladus. The compounds are endogenous and we
      propose that they are the solid residue of crystallization of brines and
      entrained altered solids that reached the surface from below. The heat source may
      have been transient (triggered by impact heating). Alternatively, internal
      temperatures may be above the eutectic temperature of subsurface brines, in which
      case fluids may exist at depth on Ceres today.

PMID- 27362222
TI  - Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels.
AB  - Differences in phenological responses to climate change among species can
      desynchronise ecological interactions and thereby threaten ecosystem function. To
      assess these threats, we must quantify the relative impact of climate change on
      species at different trophic levels. Here, we apply a Climate Sensitivity Profile
      approach to 10,003 terrestrial and aquatic phenological data sets, spatially
      matched to temperature and precipitation data, to quantify variation in climate
      sensitivity. The direction, magnitude and timing of climate sensitivity varied
      markedly among organisms within taxonomic and trophic groups. Despite this
      variability, we detected systematic variation in the direction and magnitude of
      phenological climate sensitivity. Secondary consumers showed consistently lower
      climate sensitivity than other groups. We used mid-century climate change
      projections to estimate that the timing of phenological events could change more
      for primary consumers than for species in other trophic levels (6.2 versus 2.5
      2.9 days earlier on average), with substantial taxonomic variation (1.1-14.8 days
      earlier on average).

PMID- 27362223
TI  - The nature of mutations induced by replication-transcription collisions.
AB  - The DNA replication and transcription machineries share a common DNA template and
      thus can collide with each other co-directionally or head-on. Replication
      transcription collisions can cause replication fork arrest, premature
      transcription termination, DNA breaks, and recombination intermediates
      threatening genome integrity. Collisions may also trigger mutations, which are
      major contributors to genetic disease and evolution. However, the nature and
      mechanisms of collision-induced mutagenesis remain poorly understood. Here we
      reveal the genetic consequences of replication-transcription collisions in
      actively dividing bacteria to be two classes of mutations: duplications/deletions
      and base substitutions in promoters. Both signatures are highly deleterious but
      are distinct from the previously well-characterized base substitutions in the
      coding sequence. Duplications/deletions are probably caused by replication
      stalling events that are triggered by collisions; their distribution patterns are
      consistent with where the fork first encounters a transcription complex upon
      entering a transcription unit. Promoter substitutions result mostly from head-on
      collisions and frequently occur at a nucleotide that is conserved in promoters
      recognized by the major sigma factor in bacteria. This substitution is generated
      via adenine deamination on the template strand in the promoter open complex, as a
      consequence of head-on replication perturbing transcription initiation. We
      conclude that replication-transcription collisions induce distinct mutation
      signatures by antagonizing replication and transcription, not only in coding
      sequences but also in gene regulatory elements.

PMID- 27362224
TI  - Lanthanum-catalysed synthesis of microporous 3D graphene-like carbons in a
      zeolite template.
AB  - Three-dimensional graphene architectures with periodic nanopores-reminiscent of
      zeolite frameworks-are of topical interest because of the possibility of
      combining the characteristics of graphene with a three-dimensional porous
      structure. Lately, the synthesis of such carbons has been approached by using
      zeolites as templates and small hydrocarbon molecules that can enter the narrow
      pore apertures. However, pyrolytic carbonization of the hydrocarbons (a necessary
      step in generating pure carbon) requires high temperatures and results in non
      selective carbon deposition outside the pores. Here, we demonstrate that
      lanthanum ions embedded in zeolite pores can lower the temperature required for
      the carbonization of ethylene or acetylene. In this way, a graphene-like carbon
      structure can be selectively formed inside the zeolite template, without carbon
      being deposited at the external surfaces. X-ray diffraction data from zeolite
      single crystals after carbonization indicate that electron densities
      corresponding to carbon atoms are generated along the walls of the zeolite pores.
      After the zeolite template is removed, the carbon framework exhibits an
      electrical conductivity that is two orders of magnitude higher than that of
      amorphous mesoporous carbon. Lanthanum catalysis allows a carbon framework to
      form in zeolite pores with diameters of less than 1 nanometre; as such,
      microporous carbon nanostructures can be reproduced with various topologies
      corresponding to different zeolite pore sizes and shapes. We demonstrate carbon
      synthesis for large-pore zeolites (FAU, EMT and beta), a one-dimensional medium
      pore zeolite (LTL), and even small-pore zeolites (MFI and LTA). The catalytic
      effect is a common feature of lanthanum, yttrium and calcium, which are all
      carbide-forming metal elements. We also show that the synthesis can be readily
      scaled up, which will be important for practical applications such as the
      production of lithium-ion batteries and zeolite-like catalyst supports.

PMID- 27362225
TI  - Cell division: A sticky problem for chromosomes.

PMID- 27362226
TI  - Ki-67 acts as a biological surfactant to disperse mitotic chromosomes.
AB  - Eukaryotic genomes are partitioned into chromosomes that form compact and
      spatially well-separated mechanical bodies during mitosis. This enables
      chromosomes to move independently of each other for segregation of precisely one
      copy of the genome to each of the nascent daughter cells. Despite insights into
      the spatial organization of mitotic chromosomes and the discovery of proteins at
      the chromosome surface, the molecular and biophysical bases of mitotic chromosome
      structural individuality have remained unclear. Here we report that the
      proliferation marker protein Ki-67 (encoded by the MKI67 gene), a component of
      the mitotic chromosome periphery, prevents chromosomes from collapsing into a
      single chromatin mass after nuclear envelope disassembly, thus enabling
      independent chromosome motility and efficient interactions with the mitotic
      spindle. The chromosome separation function of human Ki-67 is not confined within
      a specific protein domain, but correlates with size and net charge of truncation
      mutants that apparently lack secondary structure. This suggests that Ki-67 forms
      a steric and electrostatic charge barrier, similar to surface-active agents
      (surfactants) that disperse particles or phase-separated liquid droplets in
      solvents. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy showed a high surface density of
      Ki-67 and dual-colour labelling of both protein termini revealed an extended
      molecular conformation, indicating brush-like arrangements that are
      characteristic of polymeric surfactants. Our study thus elucidates a
      biomechanical role of the mitotic chromosome periphery in mammalian cells and
      suggests that natural proteins can function as surfactants in intracellular
      compartmentalization.

PMID- 27362228
TI  - Phenology: Interactions of climate change and species.

PMID- 27362229
TI  - Neuroscience: In search of the memory molecule.

PMID- 27362230
TI  - Erratum: The bacterial DnaA-trio replication origin element specifies single
      stranded DNA initiator binding.

PMID- 27362227
TI  - Allosteric inhibition of SHP2 phosphatase inhibits cancers driven by receptor
      tyrosine kinases.
AB  - The non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, encoded by PTPN11, has an
      important role in signal transduction downstream of growth factor receptor
      signalling and was the first reported oncogenic tyrosine phosphatase. Activating
      mutations of SHP2 have been associated with developmental pathologies such as
      Noonan syndrome and are found in multiple cancer types, including leukaemia, lung
      and breast cancer and neuroblastoma. SHP2 is ubiquitously expressed and regulates
      cell survival and proliferation primarily through activation of the RAS-ERK
      signalling pathway. It is also a key mediator of the programmed cell death 1 (PD
      1) and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) immune checkpoint pathways.
      Reduction of SHP2 activity suppresses tumour cell growth and is a potential
      target of cancer therapy. Here we report the discovery of a highly potent (IC50 =
      0.071 MUM), selective and orally bioavailable small-molecule SHP2 inhibitor,
      SHP099, that stabilizes SHP2 in an auto-inhibited conformation. SHP099
      concurrently binds to the interface of the N-terminal SH2, C-terminal SH2, and
      protein tyrosine phosphatase domains, thus inhibiting SHP2 activity through an
      allosteric mechanism. SHP099 suppresses RAS-ERK signalling to inhibit the
      proliferation of receptor-tyrosine-kinase-driven human cancer cells in vitro and
      is efficacious in mouse tumour xenograft models. Together, these data demonstrate
      that pharmacological inhibition of SHP2 is a valid therapeutic approach for the
      treatment of cancers.

PMID- 27362231
TI  - Mid-ocean-ridge seismicity reveals extreme types of ocean lithosphere.
AB  - Along ultraslow-spreading ridges, where oceanic tectonic plates drift very slowly
      apart, conductive cooling is thought to limit mantle melting and melt production
      has been inferred to be highly discontinuous. Along such spreading centres, long
      ridge sections without any igneous crust alternate with magmatic sections that
      host massive volcanoes capable of strong earthquakes. Hence melt supply,
      lithospheric composition and tectonic structure seem to vary considerably along
      the axis of the slowest-spreading ridges. However, owing to the lack of seismic
      data, the lithospheric structure of ultraslow ridges is poorly constrained. Here
      we describe the structure and accretion modes of two end-member types of oceanic
      lithosphere using a detailed seismicity survey along 390 kilometres of ultraslow
      spreading ridge axis. We observe that amagmatic sections lack shallow seismicity
      in the upper 15 kilometres of the lithosphere, but unusually contain earthquakes
      down to depths of 35 kilometres. This observation implies a cold, thick
      lithosphere, with an upper aseismic zone that probably reflects substantial
      serpentinization. We find that regions of magmatic lithosphere thin dramatically
      under volcanic centres, and infer that the resulting topography of the
      lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary could allow along-axis melt flow, explaining
      the uneven crustal production at ultraslow-spreading ridges. The seismicity data
      indicate that alteration in ocean lithosphere may reach far deeper than
      previously thought, with important implications towards seafloor deformation and
      fluid circulation.

PMID- 27362233
TI  - Corrigendum: Robust neuronal dynamics in premotor cortex during motor planning.

PMID- 27362232
TI  - Toremifene interacts with and destabilizes the Ebola virus glycoprotein.
AB  - Ebola viruses (EBOVs) are responsible for repeated outbreaks of fatal infections,
      including the recent deadly epidemic in West Africa. There are currently no
      approved therapeutic drugs or vaccines for the disease. EBOV has a membrane
      envelope decorated by trimers of a glycoprotein (GP, cleaved by furin to form GP1
      and GP2 subunits), which is solely responsible for host cell attachment,
      endosomal entry and membrane fusion. GP is thus a primary target for the
      development of antiviral drugs. Here we report the first, to our knowledge,
      unliganded structure of EBOV GP, and high-resolution complexes of GP with the
      anticancer drug toremifene and the painkiller ibuprofen. The high-resolution apo
      structure gives a more complete and accurate picture of the molecule, and allows
      conformational changes introduced by antibody and receptor binding to be
      deciphered. Unexpectedly, both toremifene and ibuprofen bind in a cavity between
      the attachment (GP1) and fusion (GP2) subunits at the entrance to a large tunnel
      that links with equivalent tunnels from the other monomers of the trimer at the
      three-fold axis. Protein-drug interactions with both GP1 and GP2 are
      predominately hydrophobic. Residues lining the binding site are highly conserved
      among filoviruses except Marburg virus (MARV), suggesting that MARV may not bind
      these drugs. Thermal shift assays show up to a 14  degrees C decrease in the
      protein melting temperature after toremifene binding, while ibuprofen has only a
      marginal effect and is a less potent inhibitor. These results suggest that
      inhibitor binding destabilizes GP and triggers premature release of GP2, thereby
      preventing fusion between the viral and endosome membranes. Thus, these complex
      structures reveal the mechanism of inhibition and may guide the development of
      more powerful anti-EBOV drugs.

PMID- 27362234
TI  - Allosteric coupling from G protein to the agonist-binding pocket in GPCRs.
AB  - G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain the primary conduit by which cells
      detect environmental stimuli and communicate with each other. Upon activation by
      extracellular agonists, these seven-transmembrane-domain-containing receptors
      interact with heterotrimeric G proteins to regulate downstream second messenger
      and/or protein kinase cascades. Crystallographic evidence from a prototypic GPCR,
      the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR), in complex with its cognate G protein,
      Gs, has provided a model for how agonist binding promotes conformational changes
      that propagate through the GPCR and into the nucleotide-binding pocket of the G
      protein alpha-subunit to catalyse GDP release, the key step required for GTP
      binding and activation of G proteins. The structure also offers hints about how G
      protein binding may, in turn, allosterically influence ligand binding. Here we
      provide functional evidence that G-protein coupling to the beta2AR stabilizes a
      'closed' receptor conformation characterized by restricted access to and egress
      from the hormone-binding site. Surprisingly, the effects of G protein on the
      hormone-binding site can be observed in the absence of a bound agonist, where G
      protein coupling driven by basal receptor activity impedes the association of
      agonists, partial agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists. The ability of
      bound ligands to dissociate from the receptor is also hindered, providing a
      structural explanation for the G-protein-mediated enhancement of agonist
      affinity, which has been observed for many GPCR-G-protein pairs. Our data also
      indicate that, in contrast to agonist binding alone, coupling of a G protein in
      the absence of an agonist stabilizes large structural changes in a GPCR. The
      effects of nucleotide-free G protein on ligand-binding kinetics are shared by
      other members of the superfamily of GPCRs, suggesting that a common mechanism may
      underlie G-protein-mediated enhancement of agonist affinity.

PMID- 27362235
TI  - Conservation: The rainforest's 'do not disturb' signs.

PMID- 27362236
TI  - Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from
      deforestation.
AB  - Concerted political attention has focused on reducing deforestation, and this
      remains the cornerstone of most biodiversity conservation strategies. However,
      maintaining forest cover may not reduce anthropogenic forest disturbances, which
      are rarely considered in conservation programmes. These disturbances occur both
      within forests, including selective logging and wildfires, and at the landscape
      level, through edge, area and isolation effects. Until now, the combined effect
      of anthropogenic disturbance on the conservation value of remnant primary forests
      has remained unknown, making it impossible to assess the relative importance of
      forest disturbance and forest loss. Here we address these knowledge gaps using a
      large data set of plants, birds and dung beetles (1,538, 460 and 156 species,
      respectively) sampled in 36 catchments in the Brazilian state of Para. Catchments
      retaining more than 69-80% forest cover lost more conservation value from
      disturbance than from forest loss. For example, a 20% loss of primary forest, the
      maximum level of deforestation allowed on Amazonian properties under Brazil's
      Forest Code, resulted in a 39-54% loss of conservation value: 96-171% more than
      expected without considering disturbance effects. We extrapolated the disturbance
      mediated loss of conservation value throughout Para, which covers 25% of the
      Brazilian Amazon. Although disturbed forests retained considerable conservation
      value compared with deforested areas, the toll of disturbance outside Para's
      strictly protected areas is equivalent to the loss of 92,000-139,000 km2 of
      primary forest. Even this lowest estimate is greater than the area deforested
      across the entire Brazilian Amazon between 2006 and 2015 (ref. 10). Species
      distribution models showed that both landscape and within-forest disturbances
      contributed to biodiversity loss, with the greatest negative effects on species
      of high conservation and functional value. These results demonstrate an urgent
      need for policy interventions that go beyond the maintenance of forest cover to
      safeguard the hyper-diversity of tropical forest ecosystems.

PMID- 27362237
TI  - A core viral protein binds host nucleosomes to sequester immune danger signals.
AB  - Viral proteins mimic host protein structure and function to redirect cellular
      processes and subvert innate defenses. Small basic proteins compact and regulate
      both viral and cellular DNA genomes. Nucleosomes are the repeating units of
      cellular chromatin and play an important part in innate immune responses. Viral
      encoded core basic proteins compact viral genomes, but their impact on host
      chromatin structure and function remains unexplored. Adenoviruses encode a highly
      basic protein called protein VII that resembles cellular histones. Although
      protein VII binds viral DNA and is incorporated with viral genomes into virus
      particles, it is unknown whether protein VII affects cellular chromatin. Here we
      show that protein VII alters cellular chromatin, leading us to hypothesize that
      this has an impact on antiviral responses during adenovirus infection in human
      cells. We find that protein VII forms complexes with nucleosomes and limits DNA
      accessibility. We identified post-translational modifications on protein VII that
      are responsible for chromatin localization. Furthermore, proteomic analysis
      demonstrated that protein VII is sufficient to alter the protein composition of
      host chromatin. We found that protein VII is necessary and sufficient for
      retention in the chromatin of members of the high-mobility-group protein B family
      (HMGB1, HMGB2 and HMGB3). HMGB1 is actively released in response to inflammatory
      stimuli and functions as a danger signal to activate immune responses. We showed
      that protein VII can directly bind HMGB1 in vitro and further demonstrated that
      protein VII expression in mouse lungs is sufficient to decrease inflammation
      induced HMGB1 content and neutrophil recruitment in the bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid. Together, our in vitro and in vivo results show that protein VII
      sequesters HMGB1 and can prevent its release. This study uncovers a viral
      strategy in which nucleosome binding is exploited to control extracellular immune
      signaling.

PMID- 27362239
TI  - Single versus Double Intrauterine Insemination in Controlled Ovarian
      Hyperstimulation Cycles: A Randomized Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are many factors that affect intrauterine insemination (IUI)
      success rate and identifying those factors can be helpful. This study aimed to
      investigate the single versus double IUI in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
      cycles. METHODS: This is a randomized clinical trial with equal randomization
      (1:1) conducted on 580 women who underwent IUI in a private infertility clinic
      from May 2013 to November 2014 in Rasht, Iran. Women were randomly assigned to
      single (n = 290) or double (n = 290) IUI groups. Women in the single group
      underwent IUI performed 36 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
      administration. Women in the double group underwent two IUIs performed 18 and 40
      hours after HCG administration. The main outcome was clinical pregnancy confirmed
      by evidence of fetal cardiac activity. Data were analyzed by SPSS software.
      Comparisons of frequencies were done using the Fisher exact test and Chi-square
      test. For comparing means between the two groups, the independent t-test was
      used. The P-value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
      RESULTS: Pregnancy rate was 11.7% (34/290) in the single IUI group and 13.4%
      (39/249) in the double IUI group. The difference between the two groups was not
      statistically significant (P = 0.617, OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.72 - 1.91). Also, we
      could not show significant difference between single and double IUI groups in
      different cause of infertility groups regarding the success rate. CONCLUSION:
      Based on findings, double versus single IUI did not increase the pregnancy rate
      of IUI and further investigations are recommended.

PMID- 27362238
TI  - Awareness, Treatment and Control of Pre-hypertension and Hypertension among
      Adults in Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases.
      Yet, Nation-wide prevalence and trend reports in developing countries are
      sparsely available. METHODS: Data from three cycles of Survey of Risk Factors of
      Non-communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD) 2005 - 2011 were aggregated. In 2011, 8218
      adults aged 25 - 70 years were enrolled. For trend analysis 68850, 4184, and 7416
      adults aged 25 - 64 years were included from 2005, 2007, and 2011 surveys,
      respectively. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) >= 140
      mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >= 90 mmHg, or receiving anti-hypertensive
      medication. Pre-hypertension was defined as SBP between 120 - 139 or DBP between
      80 - 89 mmHg. The status of awareness, non-pharmacologic treatment (management),
      pharmacologic treatment, and control (SBP < 140 mmHg, and DBP < 90 mmHg) among
      hypertensive individuals were also determined. RESULTS: 25.6% (95%CI: 23.5 -
      27.5) of the adults aged 25 - 70 years had hypertension and 39.8% (95%CI: 37.8 -
      41.9) had pre-hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension was greater among
      older adults (P < 0.001), women (P = 0.013), and urban-dwellers (P = 0.027). In
      2005 - 2011, the proportion of adults with hypertension (25.7% to 24.1%) and pre
      hypertension (45.5% to 40.4%) significantly decreased. In 2011, rates for
      awareness, management, treatment, and control among hypertensives were 43.2%
      (95%CI: 40.0 - 46.4), 40.3% (95%CI: 37.0 - 43.6), 34.8% (95%CI: 31.5 - 38.2), and
      38.6% (95%CI: 33.1 - 44.2), respectively. Over time, status of awareness,
      management, treatment and control was significantly improved and was more salient
      among men (P < 0.05 for all analyses). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of
      hypertension and pre-hypertension is gradually declining. Despite improvements in
      awareness, management, treatment and control, these decline rates are still low
      and initiative strategies need to be implemented to further improve the current
      status.

PMID- 27362240
TI  - Gender Differences in Major Dietary Patterns and Their Relationship with Cardio
      Metabolic Risk Factors in a Year before Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
      Surgery Period.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies reported the association between dietary patterns
      and prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other chronic disease.
      However, there are no studies reporting major dietary patterns in patients
      awaiting coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). The aim of this study was
      to obtain the major dietary patterns and their association with demographic,
      dietary factors and biochemical parameters in these patients. MATHERIALS AND
      METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on 454 patients aged 35 - 80 years as
      candidates of CABG and hospitalized in the Tehran Heart Center. Anthropometric
      and demographic characteristics were obtained from all participants and a 138
      item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to evaluate
      dietary patterns by factor analysis. Biochemical parameters including HbA1c,
      serum lipids, hematocrit (HCT), albumin, creatinine and CRP were assessed by
      commercial laboratory methods. RESULTS: Five major dietary patterns, including:
      healthy, intermediate, neo-traditional, western and semi-Mediterranean patterns
      were extracted. Top quartile of healthy pattern was associated with higher
      educational attainment and lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL),
      and total cholesterol (TC) in men, as well as  higher high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (HDL) concentrations in women (P < 0.001). Individuals in top
      quartiles of intermediate and neo-traditional pattern were more likely to be
      male, had higher smoking and drinking habits, as well as the lower prevalence of
      diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension (P < 0.05). They also had higher serum
      triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Patients in the western pattern also had a
      higher prevalence of a family history of cardiovascular disease and higher serum
      TG concentrations. Top quartiles of semi-Mediterranean pattern were associated
      with lower C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in women. CONCLUSIONS: There
      were five major dietary patterns using FFQ among patients awaiting CABG surgery.
      Significant associations were observed between major dietary patterns and risk of
      diabetes and hypertension. Top quartiles of healthy eating patterns were
      associated with lower cardio-metabolic risk factors.

PMID- 27362241
TI  - Determining Equity in Household's Health Care Payments in Hamedan Province, Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Financial protection of household against the consequences of the
      health care expenditures is one of the most important functions of health care
      systems. The objective of this study was to determine the equity in health care
      payments and determining factors among households in Hamedan, a province in Iran.
      METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 772 families of patients, who were being
      discharged from hospitals in Hamedan, were selected for study by using a
      stratified random sampling method. Required data regarding households' health and
      non-health expenditures were collected through World Health Organization standard
      questionnaire by interviews and observation method. RESULTS: According to the
      findings, 20.7% of households experienced catastrophic health expenditure. The
      incidence of impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care was
      2.8% among studied households. The highest incidence rate of out-of-pocket health
      payment indices occurred in the first quintile (poorest or Q1). Variables such as
      having members under 6 years or over 60 years in household, household size,
      employment of household head, households' income quintile, existence of the
      disabled member in households and the education level of the household's head are
      the most important factors that affect the incidence of out-of-pocket health
      payment indices. CONCLUSION: There is considerable inequity in health care
      financing as well as households' health payments. This requires designing and
      implementing the operative and protective programs for understanding the
      important factors that affect equity in health financing, especially for poor
      households, against the unexpected health expenditures through the health care
      system.

PMID- 27362242
TI  - The Prevalence of Prostatic Stromal Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential in
      Specimens Diagnosed as Prostatic Hyperplasia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prostatic stromal tumors of uncertain malignant potential (STUMPs)
      are rare tumors arising from the specialized prostatic stroma. These tumors share
      certain histological and clinical features of benign prostatic hyperplasia,
      resulting in misdiagnosis of STUMP as prostatic hyperplasia. However, in contrast
      to prostatic hyperplasia, occasional cases have been documented to recur rapidly
      after resection and few of them have progressed to prostatic stromal sarcoma and
      distant metastasis. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of
      prostatic STUMP in specimens initially diagnosed as prostatic hyperplasia.
      MATHERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 702 consecutive pathology slides with a
      diagnosis of prostatic hyperplasia between 2009 to 2014 in specimens were
      obtained by prostatectomy or trans- urethral resection of the prostate. Those
      slides were submitted to Faghihi hospital, affiliated to Shiraz University of
      Medical Sciences, and were reviewed retrospectively in order to search the
      findings in favor of STUMP. RESULTS: Based on histological findings, STUMP was
      identified in 3 cases (0.43%), which revealed hypercellular stroma, infiltrating
      between the hyperplastic glands. Cells showed some degree of pleomorphism, nuclei
      with vesicular chromatin and few mitotic figures. No recurrence was reported in
      patients. CONCLUSION: Although STUMP can be histologically and clinically
      misdiagnosed as BPH, the differences in prognosis and treatment modalities
      highlight the importance of rendering the correct diagnosis.

PMID- 27362243
TI  - Management of Post-Intubation Tracheal Membrane Ruptures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iatrogenic tracheal rupture is a rare complication after intubation.
      Overinflation of the tracheal cuff was speculated to be a frequent cause of
      tracheal rupture. The surgical approach is a widespread treatment for tracheal
      ruptures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of conservative and
      surgical therapy approaches in tracheal rupture cases inflicted by tracheal
      intubation. METHODS: Data on 12 patients who experienced tracheal ruptures
      secondary to intubation were reviewed. The average age of the patients was 58
      years (range of 38 to 81 years). Six patients were men and 6 patients were women.
      Four of the patients were performed thoracotomy for primary surgery and underwent
      surgical therapy. 8 patients were treated conservatively. The results of both
      approaches were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients, who underwent both conservative and
      surgical therapy, were completely recovered. There was no rupture originated
      complication or death. CONCLUSIONS: Both conservative and surgical therapies are
      appropriate for treatment of membranous tracheal rupture.

PMID- 27362244
TI  - Design and Validation of Real-Time PCR: Quantitative Diagnosis of Common
      Leishmania Species in Iran.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Design and validation of Real-time PCR on the protected gene region
      ITS2 to quantify the parasite load in common leishmania (L) species. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Probe and primer were designed from the ITS2 region between the rRNA
      genes with minimum gene variation in three common leishmania species followed by
      a Real-time PCR using the Taq man probe method in the form of absolute
      quantification. A series of different concentrations of leishmania were analyzed.
      After the purified PCR product was successfully placed in a PTG19-T plasmid
      vector, specialized ITS2 region was cloned in this plasmid. In the last phase,
      the cloned gene was transferred to the Ecoli.Top10F bacteria. The standard
      plasmid was provided in 10(7) to 10(1) copies/rxn concentrations. The
      specification and clinical sensitivity of the data was analyzed using inter and
      intra scales. RESULTS: The probe and primer were designed using three species,
      including L. infantum, L. major, and L.tropica. Seven concentrations of purified
      parasite in culture media showed that the selected region for quantifying the
      parasite is suitable. Clinical and analytical specificity and sensitivity were
      both 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Taq man method for the ITS2 region in
      leishmania is one the most sensitive diagnostic test for identifying the parasite
      load and is suggested as a tool for fast identification and quantification of
      species.

PMID- 27362245
TI  - A Comparative Study on the Adverse Reactions of Purified Chick Embryo Cell
      Vaccine (PCECV) and Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine (PVRV).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Human rabies is preventable by prompt application of post-exposure
      prophylaxis (PEP). The aim of this study was to compare the adverse reactions of
      purified vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV) with purified chick embryo cell vaccine
      (PCECV) vaccination for the PEP. METHODS: In this double blind clinical trial
      study, 1449 people bitten by animals (279 females), were recruited from 9
      different cities of Iran, and randomly assigned to receive intramuscular
      injections of the PVRV (n = 702) and PCECV (n = 747) vaccines in 5-dose regimen.
      The local and systemic adverse reactions were compared between two groups.
      RESULTS: The mean age was 26.8 years (SD, +/- 13.1 years) and 27.4 years (SD, +/
      13.9 years) in PVRV and PCECV group, respectively. Bites were most often located
      on the lower extremities in both groups. The most common local adverse reaction
      in both groups was pain at the injection site (4%). Most of the reported systemic
      adverse reactions were headache (2.5%) and fever (1.9%) in PCECV and PVRV group,
      respectively. The incidence of itching was higher in the PVRV group compared to
      the PCECV group (1% vs. 0.1%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference
      between two groups regarding systemic adverse reactions. CONCLUSION: The results
      of the present study indicated that PCECV vaccination was associated with fewer
      itching at the injection site. There was no significant difference between PCECV
      and PVRV vaccine regarding local and systemic adverse reactions. Therefore, the
      PCECV vaccine can be administered instead of PVRV, when our country encounters
      serious challenges in PVRV vaccine supply.

PMID- 27362246
TI  - The Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer.
AB  - Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes are an important population of non-coding RNAs
      with defined key roles in normal development as well as tumorigenesis process.
      Evidences suggest that they can be classified as tumor suppressor genes or
      oncogenes according to their functions and expression pattern in tumoral tissues.
      They have been shown to regulate the plasticity of cancer stem cells. Their
      important roles in the regulation of cancer-related pathways in addition to
      deregulation of their expression in a number of cancers have suggested that they
      can be used as markers for cancer detection and prognosis, as well as targets for
      cancer treatment. Deregulation of a number of lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR, XIST,
      MALAT, and H19 has been detected in breast cancer samples and cell lines. In
      addition, the association between lncRNAs signature and breast cancer patients'
      survival has been assessed in various studies. Here, the expression patterns of
      lncRNAs in breast cancer, as well as their significance in prognosis and patient
      treatment are discussed. 

PMID- 27362247
TI  - Imaging Findings for Bilateral Giant Vestibulocochlear Schwannoma.
AB  - Neurofibromatosis type 2 mostly develops with multiple neoplasms of the central
      and peripheral nervous system and is associated with ocular abnormalities. The
      presented case is a 19-year-old female patient with bilateral vestibulocochlear
      schwannomas in both pontocerebellar corners, intradural intra-extramedullary
      masses, and multiple neurofibromas in the spinal canal. The clinical picture for
      NF-2, also called central neurofibromatosis, is completely different from von
      Recklinghausen disease. Untreated bilateral vestibulocochlear schwannoma may
      cause hydrocephalus in NF-2, and lead to death. Therefore, it is recommended to
      carefully monitor and treat bilateral vestibulocochlear schwannoma in accordance
      with its stage. 

PMID- 27362248
TI  - Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm; Simple or Difficult to Diagnose?
AB  - Ruptured hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm (HAP) generally leads to the hemobilia and
      can be diagnosed by endoscopy. This condition mostly occurs after an iatrogenic
      trauma. The management of the HAP is still a big challenge. Due to an increased
      rate of HAP cases over the last decade, appropriate management is necessary for
      the optimal outcomes achievement. Here, we report a 59-year-old woman presenting
      with hematemesis, melena, hematochezia, and epigastric pain. The CT scan of the
      abdomen showed intrahepatic biliay dilation with hypodense material, probably a
      clot inside it. Subsequently, the patient was transferred to an angiography unit.
      Celiac artery angiography demonstrated a right hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm,
      which subsequently embolized. 

PMID- 27362249
TI  - Photoclinic.

PMID- 27362250
TI  - Increased Density of Demodex Folliculorum May be Related to Additional Risk
      Factors.

PMID- 27362251
TI  - Unacceptability of Kyoto Global Consensus Report on Helicobacter Pylori
      Gastritis.

PMID- 27362252
TI  - Influence of Growth Characteristics of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Their
      Uptake Efficiency for Layer-by-Layer Microcarriers.
AB  - Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to differentiate into any
      specialized somatic cell type, which makes them an attractive tool for a wide
      variety of scientific approaches, including regenerative medicine. However, their
      pluripotent state and their growth in compact colonies render them difficult to
      access and, therefore, restrict delivery of specific agents for cell
      manipulation. Thus, our investigation focus was set on the evaluation of the
      capability of layer-by-layer (LbL) designed microcarriers to serve as a potential
      drug delivery system to iPSCs, as they offer several appealing advantages. Most
      notably, these carriers allow for the transport of active agents in a protected
      environment and for a rather specific delivery through surface modifications. As
      we could show, charge and mode of LbL carrier application as well as the size of
      the iPSC colonies determine the interaction with and the uptake rate by iPSCs.
      None of the examined conditions had an influence on iPSC colony properties such
      as colony morphology and size or maintenance of pluripotent properties. An
      overall interaction rate of LbL carriers with iPSCs of up to 20% was achieved.
      Those data emphasize the applicability of LbL carriers for stem cell research.
      Additionally, the potential use of LbL carriers as a promising delivery tool for
      iPSCs was contrasted to viral particles and liposomes. The identified differences
      among those delivery tools have substantiated our major conclusion that LbL
      carrier uptake rate is influenced by characteristic features of the iPSC colonies
      (most notably colony size) in addition to their surface charges.

PMID- 27362253
TI  - Sensitive detection of influenza viruses with Europium nanoparticles on an epoxy
      silica sol-gel functionalized polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane hybrid
      microchip.
AB  - In an effort to develop new tools for diagnosing influenza in resource-limited
      settings, we fabricated a polycarbonate (PC)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) hybrid
      microchip using a simple epoxy silica sol-gel coating/bonding method and employed
      it in sensitive detection of influenza virus with Europium nanoparticles (EuNPs).
      The incorporation of sol-gel material in device fabrication provided
      functionalized channel surfaces ready for covalent immobilization of primary
      antibodies and a strong bonding between PDMS substrates and PC supports without
      increasing background fluorescence. In microchip EuNP immunoassay (uENIA) of
      inactivated influenza viruses, replacing native PDMS microchips with hybrid
      microchips allowed the achievement of a 6-fold increase in signal-to-background
      ratio, a 12-fold and a 6-fold decreases in limit-of-detection (LOD) in influenza
      A and B tests respectively. Using influenza A samples with known titers, the LOD
      of influenza uENIA on hybrid microchips was determined to be ~10(4) TCID50
      titer/mL and 10(3)-10(4) EID50 titer/mL. A comparison test indicated that the
      sensitivity of influenza uENIA enhanced using the hybrid microchips even
      surpassed that of a commercial laboratory influenza ELISA test. In addition to
      the sensitivity improvement, assay variation was clearly reduced when hybrid
      microchips instead of native PDMS microchips were used in the uENIA tests.
      Finally, infectious reference viruses and nasopharyngeal swab patient specimens
      were successfully tested using MUENIA on hybrid microchip platforms,
      demonstrating the potential of this unique microchip nanoparticle assay in
      clinical diagnosis of influenza. Meanwhile, the tests showed the necessity of
      using nucleic acid confirmatory tests to clarify ambiguous test results obtained
      from prototype or developed point-of-care testing devices for influenza
      diagnosis. 

PMID- 27362254
TI  - Pt NPs and DNAzyme functionalized polymer nanospheres as triple signal
      amplification strategy for highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor of
      tumour marker.
AB  - Highly sensitive determination of tumour markers is the key for early diagnosis
      of cancer. Herein, triple signal amplification strategy resulting from polymer
      nanospheres, Pt NPs, and DNAzyme was proposed in the developed electrochemical
      immunosensor. First, electroactive polymer nanospheres were synthesized by
      infinite coordination polymerization of ferrocenedicarboxylic acid, which could
      generate strong electrochemical signals due to plentiful ferrocene molecules.
      Further, the polymer nanospheres were functionalized by Pt NPs and DNAzyme
      (hemin/G-quadruplex) with the ability of catalyzing H2O2, which contributes to
      enhance the electrochemical signals. The prepared conjugations were characterized
      by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray
      spectroscopy (EDX). And the process of preparation was monitored by zeta
      potential. Based on the sandwich-type immunoassay, the electrochemical
      immunosensor was constructed employing the conjugations as signal tags. Under
      optimal conditions, the DPV peak increased with the increasing of alpha fetal
      protein (AFP) concentration, and the linear range was from 0.1pgmL(-1) to
      100ngmL(-1) with low detection limit of 0.086pgmL(-1). Meanwhile, the designed
      immunosensor exhibited excellent selectivity and anti-interference property, good
      reproducibility and stability. More importantly, there were no significant
      differences in analyzing real clinical samples between designed immunosensor and
      commercial ELISA. 

PMID- 27362256
TI  - Diffusion of Immunoglobulin G in Shed Vaginal Epithelial Cells and in Cell-Free
      Regions of Human Cervicovaginal Mucus.
AB  - Human cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) is a viscoelastic gel containing a complex
      mixture of mucins, shed epithelial cells, microbes and macromolecules, such as
      antibodies, that together serve as the first line of defense against invading
      pathogens. Here, to investigate the affinity between IgG and different mucus
      constituents, we used Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) to
      measure the diffusion of IgG in fresh, minimally modified CVM. We found that CVM
      exhibits substantial spatial variations that necessitate careful selection of the
      regions in which to perform FRAP. In portions of CVM devoid of cells, FRAP
      measurements using different IgG antibodies and labeling methods consistently
      demonstrate that both exogenous and endogenous IgG undergo rapid diffusion,
      almost as fast as in saline, in good agreement with the rapid diffusion of IgG in
      mid-cycle endocervical mucus that is largely devoid of cells. This rapid
      diffusion indicates the interactions between secreted mucins and IgG must be very
      weak and transient. IgG also accumulated in cellular debris and shed epithelial
      cells that had become permeable to IgG, which may allow shed epithelial cells to
      serve as reservoirs of secreted IgG. Interestingly, in contrast to cell-free
      regions of CVM, the diffusion of cell-associated IgG was markedly slowed,
      suggesting greater affinity between IgG and cellular constituents. Our findings
      contribute to an improved understanding of the role of IgG in mucosal protection
      against infectious diseases, and may also provide a framework for using FRAP to
      study molecular interactions in mucus and other complex biological environments. 

PMID- 27362257
TI  - Penetration of Gold Nanoparticles through Human Skin: Unraveling Its Mechanisms
      at the Molecular Scale.
AB  - Recent experimental studies suggest that nanosized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are
      able to penetrate into the deeper layer (epidermis and dermis) of rat and human
      skin. However, the mechanisms by which these AuNPs penetrate and disrupt the
      skin's lipid matrix are not well understood. In this study, we have used computer
      simulations to explore the translocation and the permeation of AuNPs through the
      model skin lipid membrane using both unconstrained and constrained coarse-grained
      molecular dynamics simulations. Each AuNP (1-6 nm) disrupted the bilayer packing
      and entered the interior of the bilayer rapidly (within 100 ns). It created a
      hydrophobic vacancy in the bilayer, which was mostly filled by skin constituents.
      Bigger AuNPs induced changes in the bilayer structure, and undulations were
      observed in the bilayer. The bilayer exhibited self-healing properties; it
      retained its original form once the simulation was run further after the removal
      of the AuNPs. Constrained simulation results showed that there was a trade-off
      between the kinetics and thermodynamics of AuNP permeation at a molecular scale.
      The combined effect of both resulted in a high permeation of small-sized AuNPs.
      The molecular-level information obtained through our simulations offers a very
      convenient method to design novel drug delivery systems and effective cosmetics.

PMID- 27362255
TI  - Improved Prefrontal Activity and Chewing Performance as Function of Wearing
      Denture in Partially Edentulous Elderly Individuals: Functional Near-Infrared
      Spectroscopy Study.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of wearing a denture on
      prefrontal activity during chewing performance. We specifically examined that
      activity in 12 elderly edentulous subjects [63.1+/-6.1 years old (mean +/- SD)]
      and 12 young healthy controls (22.1+/-2.3 years old) using functional near
      infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in order to evaluate the quality of prefrontal
      functionality during chewing performance under the conditions of wearing a
      denture and tooth loss, and then compared the findings with those of young
      healthy controls. fNIRS and electromyography were used simultaneously to detect
      prefrontal and masticatory muscle activities during chewing, while occlusal force
      and masticatory score were also examined by use of a food intake questionnaire. A
      significant increase in prefrontal activity was observed during chewing while
      wearing a denture, which was accompanied by increased masticatory muscle
      activity, occlusal force, and masticatory score, as compared with the tooth loss
      condition. Prefrontal activation during chewing while wearing a denture in the
      elderly subjects was not much different from that in the young controls. In
      contrast, tooth loss in the elderly group resulted in marked prefrontal
      deactivation, accompanied by decreased masticatory muscle activity, occlusal
      force, and masticatory score, as compared with the young controls. We concluded
      that intrinsic prefrontal activation during chewing with a denture may prevent
      prefrontal depression induced by tooth loss in elderly edentulous patients. 

PMID- 27362258
TI  - DNA Barcoding of Malagasy Rosewoods: Towards a Molecular Identification of CITES
      Listed Dalbergia Species.
AB  - Illegal selective logging of tropical timber is of increasing concern worldwide.
      Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot and home to some of the world's most sought
      after tropical timber species. Malagasy rosewoods belong to the genus Dalbergia
      (Fabaceae), which is highly diverse and has a pantropical distribution, but these
      timber species are among the most threatened as a consequence of intensive
      illegal selective logging and deforestation. Reliable identification of Dalbergia
      species from Madagascar is important for law enforcement but is almost impossible
      without fertile plant material, which is often unavailable during forest
      inventories or when attempting to identify logged trees of cut wood. DNA
      barcoding has been promoted as a promising tool for species identification in
      such cases. In this study we tested whether DNA barcoding with partial sequences
      of three plastid markers (matK, rbcL and trnL (UAA)) can distinguish between
      Dalbergia from Madagascar and from other areas of its distributional range, and
      whether Malagasy species can be distinguished from one another. Phylogenetic
      analyses revealed that the Malagasy Dalbergia species studied form two
      monophyletic groups, each containing two subgroups, only one of which corresponds
      to a single species. We characterized diagnostic polymorphisms in the three DNA
      barcoding markers that allow rapid discrimination between Dalbergia from
      Madagascar and from other areas of its distribution range. Species identification
      success based on individual barcoding markers or combinations was poor, whereas
      subgroup identification success was much higher (up to 98%), revealing both the
      value and limitations of a DNA barcoding approach for the identification of
      closely related Malagasy rosewoods. 

PMID- 27362259
TI  - Profiling Analysis of Histone Modifications and Gene Expression in Lewis Lung
      Carcinoma Murine Cells Resistant to Anti-VEGF Treatment.
AB  - Tumor cells become resistant after long-term use of anti-VEGF (vascular
      endothelial growth factor) agents. Our previous study shows that treatment with a
      VEGF inhibitor (VEGF-Trap) facilitates to develop tumor resistance through
      regulating angiogenesis-related genes. However, the underlying molecular
      mechanisms remain elusive. Histone modifications as a key epigenetic factor play
      a critical role in regulation of gene expression. Here, we explore the potential
      epigenetic gene regulatory functions of key histone modifications during tumor
      resistance in a mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell line. We generated high
      resolution genome-wide maps of key histone modifications in sensitive tumor
      sample (LLC-NR) and resistant tumor sample (LLC-R) after VEGF-Trap treatment.
      Profiling analysis of histone modifications shows that histone modification
      levels are effectively predictive for gene expression. Composition of promoters
      classified by histone modification state is different between LLC-NR and LLC-R
      cell lines regardless of CpG content. Histone modification state change between
      LLC-NR and LLC-R cell lines shows different patterns in CpG-rich and CpG-poor
      promoters. As a consequence, genes with different level of CpG content whose gene
      expression level are altered are enriched in distinct functions. Notably, histone
      modification state change in promoters of angiogenesis-related genes consists
      with their expression alteration. Taken together, our findings suggest that
      treatment with anti-VEGF therapy results in extensive histone modification state
      change in promoters with multiple functions, particularly, biological processes
      related to angiogenesis, likely contributing to tumor resistance development. 

PMID- 27362261
TI  - Retraction: Genetically Engineered Synthetic Miniaturized Versions of Plasmodium
      falciparum UvrD Helicase Are Catalytically Active.

PMID- 27362260
TI  - Colony Expansion of Socially Motile Myxococcus xanthus Cells Is Driven by Growth,
      Motility, and Exopolysaccharide Production.
AB  - Myxococcus xanthus, a model organism for studies of multicellular behavior in
      bacteria, moves exclusively on solid surfaces using two distinct but coordinated
      motility mechanisms. One of these, social (S) motility is powered by the
      extension and retraction of type IV pili and requires the presence of
      exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by neighboring cells. As a result, S motility
      requires close cell-to-cell proximity and isolated cells do not translocate.
      Previous studies measuring S motility by observing the colony expansion of cells
      deposited on agar have shown that the expansion rate increases with initial cell
      density, but the biophysical mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. To
      understand the dynamics of S motility-driven colony expansion, we developed a
      reaction-diffusion model describing the effects of cell density, EPS deposition
      and nutrient exposure on the expansion rate. Our results show that at steady
      state the population expands as a traveling wave with a speed determined by the
      interplay of cell motility and growth, a well-known characteristic of Fisher's
      equation. The model explains the density-dependence of the colony expansion by
      demonstrating the presence of a lag phase-a transient period of very slow
      expansion with a duration dependent on the initial cell density. We propose that
      at a low initial density, more time is required for the cells to accumulate
      enough EPS to activate S-motility resulting in a longer lag period. Furthermore,
      our model makes the novel prediction that following the lag phase the population
      expands at a constant rate independent of the cell density. These predictions
      were confirmed by S motility experiments capturing long-term expansion dynamics.

PMID- 27362263
TI  - The symmetry-resolved electronic structure of 2H-WSe2(0 0 0 1).
AB  - The orbital symmetry of the band structure of 2H-WSe2(0 0 0 1) has been
      investigated by means of angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) and
      density functional theory (DFT). The WSe2(0 0 0 1) experimental band structure is
      found, by ARPES, to be significantly different for states of even and odd
      reflection parities along both the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] and
      [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] lines, in good agreement with results
      obtained from DFT. The light polarization dependence of the photoemission
      intensities from the top of the valence band for bulk WSe2(0 0 0 1) is explained
      by the dominance of W 5[Formula: see text] states around the [Formula: see text]
      point and W 5d xy states around the [Formula: see text]-point, thus dominated,
      respectively, by states of even and odd symmetry, with respect to the [Formula:
      see text]-[Formula: see text] line. The splitting of the topmost valence band at
      [Formula: see text], due to spin-orbit coupling, is measured to be 0.49  +/- 
      0.01 eV, in agreement with the 0.48 eV value from DFT, and prior measurements for
      the bulk single crystal WSe2(0 0 0 1), albeit slightly smaller than the 0.513  +/
      0.01 eV observed for monolayer WSe2.

PMID- 27362262
TI  - Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli from Pigs in Organic and Conventional
      Farming in Four European Countries.
AB  - Organic pig production differs in many ways from conventional production of pigs,
      e.g., in antibiotic use, herd structure, feeding regimes, access to outdoor areas
      and space allowance per pig. This study investigated if these differences result
      in a lower occurrence of antibiotic resistance in organic slaughter pigs in
      Denmark, France, Italy and Sweden. Samples were taken from the colon content
      and/or faeces and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ten antibiotics were
      determined in isolates of Escherichia coli. In addition, the proportion of
      tetracycline (TET) resistant E. coli in colon content and/or faeces from
      individual pigs was determined. In all four countries the percentage resistance
      to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides or trimethoprim was significantly
      lower in E. coli from organic pigs. In France and Italy, the percentage of
      isolates resistant to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid or
      gentamicin was also significantly lower in the E. coli from organic pigs.
      Resistance to cefotaxime, was not found in any country. The percentage of E. coli
      isolates resistant to TET as well as the proportion of TET-resistant E. coli was
      significantly lower in organic than in conventional pigs, except in Sweden where
      TET-resistance was equally low in both production types. There were also
      differences between countries within production type in the percentage resistance
      to individual antibiotics as well as the proportion of TET-resistant E. coli with
      lower median proportions in Sweden and Denmark compared to France and Italy. The
      study shows that in each of the four countries resistance in intestinal E. coli
      was less common in organic than in conventional pigs, but that there were also
      large differences in resistance between countries within each production type,
      indicating that both country- and production-specific factors influence the
      occurrence of resistance. 

PMID- 27362264
TI  - Early-Life Events, Including Mode of Delivery and Type of Feeding, Siblings and
      Gender, Shape the Developing Gut Microbiota.
AB  - Colonization of the infant gut is believed to be critically important for a
      healthy growth as it influences gut maturation, metabolic, immune and brain
      development in early life. Understanding factors that influence this process is
      important, since an altered colonization has been associated with a higher risk
      of diseases later in life. Fecal samples were collected from 108 healthy neonates
      in the first half year of life. The composition and functionality of the
      microbiota was characterized by measuring 33 different bacterial taxa by qPCR/RT
      qPCR, and 8 bacterial metabolites. Information regarding gender, place and mode
      of birth, presence of siblings or pets; feeding pattern and antibiotic use was
      collected by using questionnaires. Regression analysis techniques were used to
      study associations between microbiota parameters and confounding factors over
      time. Bacterial DNA was detected in most meconium samples, suggesting bacterial
      exposure occurs in utero. After birth, colonization by species of
      Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides was influenced by mode of
      delivery, type of feeding and presence of siblings, with differences found at
      species level and over time. Interestingly, infant-type bifidobacterial species
      such as B. breve or B. longum subsp infantis were confirmed as early colonizers
      apparently independent of the factors studied here, while B. animalis subsp.
      lactis presence was found to be dependent solely on the type of feeding,
      indicating that it might not be a common infant gut inhabitant. One interesting
      and rather unexpected confounding factor was gender. This study contributes to
      our understanding of the composition of the microbiota in early life and the
      succession process and the evolution of the microbial community as a function of
      time and events occurring during the first 6 months of life. Our results provide
      new insights that could be taken into consideration when selecting nutritional
      supplementation strategies to support the developing infant gut microbiome. 

PMID- 27362265
TI  - Gamma Frequency and the Spatial Tuning of Primary Visual Cortex.
AB  - Visual stimulation produces oscillatory gamma responses in human primary visual
      cortex (V1) that also relate to visual perception. We have shown previously that
      peak gamma frequency positively correlates with central V1 cortical surface area.
      We hypothesized that people with larger V1 would have smaller receptive fields
      and that receptive field size, not V1 area, might explain this relationship. Here
      we set out to test this hypothesis directly by investigating the relationship
      between fMRI estimated population receptive field (pRF) size and gamma frequency
      in V1. We stimulated both the near-center and periphery of the visual field using
      both large and small stimuli in each location and replicated our previous finding
      of a positive correlation between V1 surface area and peak gamma frequency.
      Counter to our expectation, we found that between participants V1 size (and not
      PRF size) accounted for most of the variability in gamma frequency. Within
      participants we found that gamma frequency increased, rather than decreased, with
      stimulus eccentricity directly contradicting our initial hypothesis. 

PMID- 27362267
TI  - Two-condition within-participant statistical mediation analysis: A path-analytic
      framework.
AB  - Researchers interested in testing mediation often use designs where participants
      are measured on a dependent variable Y and a mediator M in both of 2 different
      circumstances. The dominant approach to assessing mediation in such a design,
      proposed by Judd, Kenny, and McClelland (2001), relies on a series of hypothesis
      tests about components of the mediation model and is not based on an estimate of
      or formal inference about the indirect effect. In this article we recast Judd et
      al.'s approach in the path-analytic framework that is now commonly used in
      between-participant mediation analysis. By so doing, it is apparent how to
      estimate the indirect effect of a within-participant manipulation on some outcome
      through a mediator as the product of paths of influence. This path-analytic
      approach eliminates the need for discrete hypothesis tests about components of
      the model to support a claim of mediation, as Judd et al.'s method requires,
      because it relies only on an inference about the product of paths-the indirect
      effect. We generalize methods of inference for the indirect effect widely used in
      between-participant designs to this within-participant version of mediation
      analysis, including bootstrap confidence intervals and Monte Carlo confidence
      intervals. Using this path-analytic approach, we extend the method to models with
      multiple mediators operating in parallel and serially and discuss the comparison
      of indirect effects in these more complex models. We offer macros and code for
      SPSS, SAS, and Mplus that conduct these analyses. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362266
TI  - Regulation and function of the SLC38A3/SNAT3 glutamine transporter.

PMID- 27362268
TI  - FISHtrees 3.0: Tumor Phylogenetics Using a Ploidy Probe.
AB  - Advances in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) make it feasible to detect
      multiple copy-number changes in hundreds of cells of solid tumors. Studies using
      FISH, sequencing, and other technologies have revealed substantial intra-tumor
      heterogeneity. The evolution of subclones in tumors may be modeled by
      phylogenies. Tumors often harbor aneuploid or polyploid cell populations. Using a
      FISH probe to estimate changes in ploidy can guide the creation of trees that
      model changes in ploidy and individual gene copy-number variations. We present
      FISHtrees 3.0, which implements a ploidy-based tree building method based on
      mixed integer linear programming (MILP). The ploidy-based modeling in FISHtrees
      includes a new formulation of the problem of merging trees for changes of a
      single gene into trees modeling changes in multiple genes and the ploidy. When
      multiple samples are collected from each patient, varying over time or tumor
      regions, it is useful to evaluate similarities in tumor progression among the
      samples. Therefore, we further implemented in FISHtrees 3.0 a new method to build
      consensus graphs for multiple samples. We validate FISHtrees 3.0 on a simulated
      data and on FISH data from paired cases of cervical primary and metastatic tumors
      and on paired breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal
      carcinoma (IDC). Tests on simulated data show improved accuracy of the ploidy
      based approach relative to prior ploidyless methods. Tests on real data further
      demonstrate novel insights these methods offer into tumor progression processes.
      Trees for DCIS samples are significantly less complex than trees for paired IDC
      samples. Consensus graphs show substantial divergence among most paired samples
      from both sets. Low consensus between DCIS and IDC trees may help explain the
      difficulty in finding biomarkers that predict which DCIS cases are at most risk
      to progress to IDC. The FISHtrees software is available at
      ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/FISHtrees. 

PMID- 27362269
TI  - Reverse Regulatory Pathway (H2S / PGE2 / MMP) in Human Aortic Aneurysm and
      Saphenous Vein Varicosity.
AB  - Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a mediator with demonstrated protective effects for the
      cardiovascular system. On the other hand, prostaglandin (PG)E2 is involved in
      vascular wall remodeling by regulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities.
      We tested the hypothesis that endogenous H2S may modulate PGE2, MMP-1 activity
      and endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP-1/-2). This regulatory pathway
      could be involved in thinning of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and thickening
      of saphenous vein (SV) varicosities. The expression of the enzyme responsible for
      H2S synthesis, cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) and its activity, were
      significantly higher in varicose vein as compared to SV. On the contrary, the
      endogenous H2S level and CSE expression were lower in AAA as compared to healthy
      aorta (HA). Endogenous H2S was responsible for inhibition of PGE2 synthesis
      mostly in varicose veins and HA. A similar effect was observed with exogenous H2S
      and consequently decreasing active MMP-1/TIMP ratios in SV and varicose veins. In
      contrast, in AAA, higher levels of PGE2 and active MMP-1/TIMP ratios were found
      versus HA. These findings suggest that differences in H2S content in AAA and
      varicose veins modulate endogenous PGE2 production and consequently the MMP/TIMP
      ratio. This mechanism may be crucial in vascular wall remodeling observed in
      different vascular pathologies (aneurysm, varicosities, atherosclerosis and
      pulmonary hypertension). 

PMID- 27362270
TI  - Medical Abortion Provided by Nurse-Midwives or Physicians in a High Resource
      Setting: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to calculate the cost
      effectiveness of early medical abortion performed by nurse-midwifes in comparison
      to physicians in a high resource setting where ultrasound dating is part of the
      protocol. Non-physician health care professionals have previously been shown to
      provide medical abortion as effectively and safely as physicians, but the cost
      effectiveness of such task shifting remains to be established. STUDY DESIGN: A
      cost effectiveness analysis was conducted based on data from a previously
      published randomized-controlled equivalence study including 1180 healthy women
      randomized to the standard procedure, early medical abortion provided by
      physicians, or the intervention, provision by nurse-midwifes. A 1.6% risk
      difference for efficacy defined as complete abortion without surgical
      interventions in favor of midwife provision was established which means that for
      every 100 procedures, the intervention treatment resulted in 1.6 fewer incomplete
      abortions needing surgical intervention than the standard treatment. The average
      direct and indirect costs and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER)
      were calculated. The study was conducted at a university hospital in Stockholm,
      Sweden. RESULTS: The average direct costs per procedure were EUR 45 for the
      intervention compared to EUR 58.3 for the standard procedure. Both the cost and
      the efficacy of the intervention were superior to the standard treatment
      resulting in a negative ICER at EUR -831 based on direct costs and EUR -1769
      considering total costs per surgical intervention avoided. CONCLUSION: Early
      medical abortion provided by nurse-midwives is more cost-effective than provision
      by physicians. This evidence provides clinicians and decision makers with an
      important tool that may influence policy and clinical practice and eventually
      increase numbers of abortion providers and reduce one barrier to women's access
      to safe abortion.

PMID- 27362272
TI  - Unforgotten: love and the culture of dementia care in India, by Bianca Brijnath.

PMID- 27362271
TI  - Usefulness of Bronchoscopic Probe-Based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in the
      Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is a novel technique
      that provides in vivo microscopic imaging of the distal lung. We hypothesized
      that the intra-alveolar exudates characterizing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
      (PJP) can be identified by pCLE in vivo and help in its diagnosis. OBJECTIVES: We
      aimed to assess the usefulness of pCLE for the in vivo diagnosis of PJP. METHODS:
      Thirty-two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients with new
      pulmonary infiltrates and fever were studied using pCLE. Real-time alveolar
      images were recorded during the bronchoscopy for off-line analysis by two
      independent observers. Bronchoalveolar lavage samples were also obtained and
      processed for microbiology and cytological evaluation, including Grocott stain
      for P. jirovecii. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV)
      and negative predictive value (NPV) of pCLE for the diagnosis of PJP in these
      patients were calculated. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (44%) were confirmed to have
      PJP by cultures/staining. pCLE was well tolerated in all patients. It identified
      intra-alveolar exudates in 13 of them (41%), where 11 of them (85%) had positive
      Grocott stain for P. jirovecci, with 93% concordance between observers.
      Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of pCLE for the diagnosis of PJP were 79,
      89, 85 and 84%, respectively. In smokers, these figures improved to be 92, 88, 85
      and 94%. CONCLUSIONS: pCLE is a quick and safe procedure for on-site diagnosis of
      PJP in HIV+ patients with excellent specificity and sensitivity mainly in
      smokers.

PMID- 27362274
TI  - Evaluation of standardized sample collection, packaging, and decontamination
      procedures to assess cross-contamination potential during Bacillus anthracis
      incident response operations.
AB  - Sample collection procedures and primary receptacle (sample container and bag)
      decontamination methods should prevent contaminant transfer between contaminated
      and non-contaminated surfaces and areas during bio-incident operations. Cross
      contamination of personnel, equipment, or sample containers may result in the
      exfiltration of biological agent from the exclusion (hot) zone and have
      unintended negative consequences on response resources, activities and outcomes.
      The current study was designed to: (1) evaluate currently recommended sample
      collection and packaging procedures to identify procedural steps that may
      increase the likelihood of spore exfiltration or contaminant transfer; (2)
      evaluate the efficacy of currently recommended primary receptacle decontamination
      procedures; and (3) evaluate the efficacy of outer packaging decontamination
      methods. Wet- and dry-deposited fluorescent tracer powder was used in contaminant
      transfer tests to qualitatively evaluate the currently-recommended sample
      collection procedures. Bacillus atrophaeus spores, a surrogate for Bacillus
      anthracis, were used to evaluate the efficacy of spray- and wipe-based
      decontamination procedures. Both decontamination procedures were quantitatively
      evaluated on three types of sample packaging materials (corrugated fiberboard,
      polystyrene foam, and polyethylene plastic), and two contamination mechanisms
      (wet or dry inoculums). Contaminant transfer results suggested that size
      appropriate gloves should be worn by personnel, templates should not be taped to
      or removed from surfaces, and primary receptacles should be selected carefully.
      The decontamination tests indicated that wipe-based decontamination procedures
      may be more effective than spray-based procedures; efficacy was not influenced by
      material type but was affected by the inoculation method. Incomplete surface
      decontamination was observed in all tests with dry inoculums. This study provides
      a foundation for optimizing current B. anthracis response procedures to minimize
      contaminant exfiltration.

PMID- 27362275
TI  - Risk of transfusion-transmitted chikungunya infection and efficacy of blood
      safety implementation measures: experience from the 2009 epidemic in Songkhla
      Province, Thailand.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date, neither is there a standard guideline for maintaining a safe
      blood supply during a chikungunya fever (CHIKF) outbreak nor has a study been
      performed on actual transfusion-transmitted CHIKF to recipients. This study
      estimated the potential incidence of transfusion-transmitted CHIKF and compared
      the efficacies of various blood safety intervention strategies to mitigate the
      transfusion-transmitted CHIKF risk. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A Web-based tool
      named the European Up-Front Risk Assessment Tool (EUFRAT) was used to estimate
      the risk of transfusion-transmitted CHIKF using data inputs from the 2009
      Songkhla epidemic in Thailand. RESULTS: The mean and maximal risks of viremic
      donations during the entire epidemic period were estimated to be 0.9 (95%
      confidence interval [CI], 0.0-2.7) and 4.8 (95% CI, 0.5-9.1), respectively. This
      meant that the potential risk of transfusion-transmitted CHIKF to recipients
      receiving all infective end products in the absence of blood safety measures was
      from 10.9 (95% CI, 1.8-20.4) to 57.6 (95% CI, 36.4-79.5). Based on experience
      from the 2009 Thai epidemic, the proportion of 10% asymptomatic cases, for
      instance, with predonation screening for CHIKF-related symptoms and follow-up
      observation in donors at risk was estimated to be 88.4% (95% CI, 69.9%-100.0%) to
      99.1% (95% CI, 79.6%-100.0%) effective in reducing this transfusion risk compared
      to 83.7% (95% CI, 65.8%-100.0%) to 90.7% (95% CI, 72.1%-100.0%) by predonation
      screening for donors at risk of chikungunya virus infection alone. CONCLUSION:
      This study suggests that prompt blood screening measures can reduce the risk of
      transfusion-transmitted CHIKF and maintain a safe blood supply during an
      outbreak.

PMID- 27362276
TI  - Ndt80 activates the meiotic ORC1 transcript isoform and SMA2 via a bi-directional
      middle sporulation element in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The origin of replication complex subunit ORC1 is important for DNA replication.
      The gene is known to encode a meiotic transcript isoform (mORC1) with an extended
      5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR), which was predicted to inhibit protein
      translation. However, the regulatory mechanism that controls the mORC1 transcript
      isoform is unknown and no molecular biological evidence for a role of mORC1 in
      negatively regulating Orc1 protein during gametogenesis is available. By
      interpreting RNA profiling data obtained with growing and sporulating diploid
      cells, mitotic haploid cells, and a starving diploid control strain, we
      determined that mORC1 is a middle meiotic transcript isoform. Regulatory motif
      predictions and genetic experiments reveal that the activator Ndt80 and its
      middle sporulation element (MSE) target motif are required for the full induction
      of mORC1 and the divergently transcribed meiotic SMA2 locus. Furthermore, we find
      that the MSE-binding negative regulator Sum1 represses both mORC1 and SMA2 during
      mitotic growth. Finally, we demonstrate that an MSE deletion strain, which cannot
      induce mORC1, contains abnormally high Orc1 levels during post-meiotic stages of
      gametogenesis. Our results reveal the regulatory mechanism that controls mORC1,
      highlighting a novel developmental stage-specific role for the MSE element in bi
      directional mORC1/SMA2 gene activation, and correlating mORC1 induction with
      declining Orc1 protein levels. Because eukaryotic genes frequently encode
      multiple transcripts possessing 5'-UTRs of variable length, our results are
      likely relevant for gene expression during development and disease in higher
      eukaryotes.

PMID- 27362277
TI  - Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Atrial Size and Function in Warmblood
      Horses: Reference Intervals, Allometric Scaling, and Agreement of Different
      Echocardiographic Variables.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial (LA) size and function in
      horses is not standardized. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to establish
      reference intervals for echocardiographic indices of LA size and function in
      Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of
      variables and for the clinical use of area-based indices. ANIMALS: Thirty-one
      healthy Warmblood horses and 91 Warmblood horses with a primary diagnosis of
      mitral regurgitation (MR) or aortic regurgitation (AR). METHODS: Retrospective
      study. Echocardiographic indices of LA size and function were measured and scaled
      to body weight (BWT). Reference intervals were calculated, the influence of BWT,
      age, and valvular regurgitation on LA size and function was investigated and
      agreement between different measurements of LA size was assessed. RESULTS:
      Allometric scaling of variables of LA size allowed for correction of differences
      in BWT. Indices of LA size documented LA enlargement with moderate and severe MR
      and AR, whereas most indices of LA mechanical function were not significantly
      altered by valvular regurgitation. Different indices of LA size were in fair to
      good agreement but still lead to discordant conclusions with regard to assessment
      of LA enlargement in individual horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE:
      Allometric scaling of echocardiographic variables of LA size is advised to
      correct for differences in BWT among Warmblood horses. Assessment of LA
      dimensions should be based on an integrative approach combining subjective
      evaluation and assessment of multiple measurements, including area-based
      variables. The clinical relevance of indices of LA mechanical function remains
      unclear when used in horses with mitral or aortic regurgitation.

PMID- 27362278
TI  - Variability of gait speed during six minutes walking test in COPD and cystic
      fibrosis patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, gait speed reached an increasing importance in the
      management of respiratory patients. The aim of this retrospective study was to
      compare walking speed and physiological adaptations during the 6MWT in COPD and
      CF patients. METHODS: 6MWT performed by COPD and CF patients were retrospectively
      reviewed. Global and sequential walking speeds were measured on six minutes and
      every sequence of two minutes respectively. Heart rate, oxygen saturation and
      dyspnea were analyzed. RESULTS: 78 and 246 tests from CF and COPD patients were
      reviewed respectively. FEV1 (52.3 vs 56.2% pred) and FVC (72.5 vs 73.8% pred)
      were similar between both diseases. However, 6MWT in patients with CF were
      characterized by significantly higher heart rate, global walking speed and
      walking distance (+68%) while dyspnea evolutions and the proportions of patients
      presenting walking speed decline over the 6min were significantly lower.
      CONCLUSION: Walking speed and cardio-respiratory parameters evolution during 6MWT
      differ between COPD and CF patients.

PMID- 27362279
TI  - Lower leg compensatory strategies during performance of a step up and over task
      in patient six-months after total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the ankle, knee, and hip joint
      contributions to the total support moment (TSM) and the activation patterns of
      muscles in the lower leg in patients after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and
      healthy older adults during the step up and over task. Moreover, the relationship
      between quadriceps strength and knee contribution to TSM was measured. Twenty
      patients six-months after TKA and twenty healthy controls were recruited for this
      study. Motion and surface electromyographic (EMG) analyses were performed during
      a step up and over task. Biomechanics and EMG variables were compared between
      groups using ANCOVA models with movement speed as covariate. Patients after TKA
      had reduced contribution to the TSM from the knee joint, and greater contribution
      from the hip and ankle joints, possibly to compensate for the reduced
      contribution at the knee. No consistent differences of EMG activation or co
      contraction were found between groups. Patients with stronger quadriceps had
      significantly higher knee contribution to TSM during the lowering phase of the
      task. The results of this study suggest that patients after TKA may use
      compensatory strategies at the hip and ankle joints to safely perform the step up
      and over task. Patients may rely on the force generating ability of the
      quadriceps during the lowering phase as they are not able to compensate with
      other joints of the lower extremity during this phase of the task.

PMID- 27362280
TI  - Unmasking the true identity in neuron differentiation.

PMID- 27362281
TI  - [Mn(III)Mn(IV)2Mo14O56](17-): A Mixed-Valence Meso-Polyoxometalate Anion
      Encapsulated by a 64-Nuclearity Silver Cluster.
AB  - A 64-nuclearity silver cluster encapsulating a unique POM anion
      [Mn(III)Mn(IV)2Mo14O56](17-) has been synthesized. The formation of the
      templating core performs a reassembly process for increasing nuclearities from
      {MnMo9} to {Mn3Mo14}. It represents a rare inorganic meso anion containing mixed
      valent Mn that is built up by d-{Mn(IV)Mo7} and l-{Mn(IV)Mo7} units connecting
      together through a {Mn(III)} fragment. 

PMID- 27362282
TI  - Access to diagnostic tests during GP out-of-hours care: A cross-sectional study
      of all GP out-of-hours services in the Netherlands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In general practice, excluding serious conditions is one of the
      cornerstones of the consultation. Diagnostic tests are widely used to assist the
      decision-making process in these cases. Little is known about general
      practitioners' (GPs) access to diagnostic tests at GP out-of-hours services.
      OBJECTIVES: To determine GPs' access to diagnostic tests-imaging, function tests,
      laboratory tests, and point-of-care tests (POCT)-during GP out-of-hours care and
      to assess whether access to diagnostic facilities differs between services
      located adjacent to or separate from an accident and emergency (A&E) department.
      METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of all 117 GP out-of-hours services in the
      Netherlands in 2014. RESULTS: One-hundred-seventeen GP out-of-hours services
      participated in the survey; response rate 100%. Access to diagnostic tests during
      GP out-of-hours care varied across services, although generally there was limited
      access. Electrocardiography was available in 26% (30/117) of all services,
      conventional radiography in 19% (22/117), laboratory tests between 37% (43/117)
      and 65% (76/117). All services had glucose POCT and urine dipstick tests
      available while none utilized troponin POCT. We observed no relevant differences
      in access to diagnostic tests between services adjacent to or separate from an
      A&E department. CONCLUSION: GPs in the Netherlands had limited and varying access
      to diagnostic tests during GP out-of-hours care in 2014. Out-of-hours services
      adjacent to A&E departments do not offer wider access to diagnostic tests.
      Further research on the accessibility of diagnostic tests in other European
      countries with similar and different GP out-of-hours care systems could shed
      further light on the effects of accessibility to diagnostic tests. [Box: see
      text].

PMID- 27362284
TI  - Mass Spectrometric Mapping of the DNA Adductome as a Means to Study Genotoxin
      Exposure, Metabolism, and Effect.
AB  - Covalent binding of endo- or exogenous chemicals to DNA results in the formation
      of DNA adducts which are reflective of exposure of the human body to DNA-damaging
      molecules and their metabolic pathways. The study of DNA adduct types and levels
      in human tissue therefore offers an interesting tool in several fields of
      research, including toxicology and cancer epidemiology. Over the years, a range
      of techniques and methods have been developed to study the formation of endo- and
      exogenous DNA adducts. However, for the simultaneous detection, identification
      and quantification of both known and unknown DNA adducts, mass spectrometry (MS)
      is deemed to be the most promising technique. In this perspective, we focus on
      the analysis of multiple DNA adducts within a sample with the emphasis on
      untargeted analysis. The advantageous use of MS methodologies for DNA adductome
      mapping is discussed comprehensively with relevant field examples. In addition,
      several aspects of study design, sample pretreatment, and analysis are addressed
      as these factors significantly affect the reliability of DNA adductomics studies.

PMID- 27362286
TI  - Quantum Chemical Studies of the Substituent Effect on the Reaction of Carbonyl
      Oxime with Amine.
AB  - The reaction of the two different substitue carbonyl oximes
      (isonitrosoacetylnaphthaline, inanH and nitro-isonitrosoacetophenone, ninapH)
      with two different amines (1-phenylethanol amine, pea, and ethanol amine, ea) was
      carried out and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, and (1)H and (13)C NMR
      spectroscopic methods. As a result of these experimental studies, two different
      levels for all reactions were determined: (I) formation of imine oxime and (II)
      rearrangement of imine oxime or formation of amido alcohol. After a mechanism was
      suggested for all of these reactions, the reaction mechanism of carbonyl oxime
      with amine was first studied by means of the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method. Because of
      the deficiency of density functional theory (DFT) on dispersion effects, the
      wB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) method, which includes dispersion correction, was used to
      obtain the reaction heat and free energy barriers to explain why the formation
      (imine oxime) and unexpected rearrangement products (amido alcohol) occurred or
      did not occur. The statistical thermodynamic method was used to obtain the
      changes in thermodynamic properties of the studied molecules between 100 and 500
      K. From a kinetic viewpoint, the slowest step of the reactions is the IN1-TS2-IN2
      step, which determines the steps of the reaction kinetics. In addition,
      spectroscopic properties such as vibrational and NMR chemical shifts were studied
      for all of the molecules. The frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), highest
      occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs), and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals
      (LUMOs) were monitored for all of the molecules. 

PMID- 27362285
TI  - Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of 5-oxo-1,2,4-oxadiazole
      derivatives as AT1 antagonists with antihypertension activities.
AB  - A series of new 5-oxo-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives with 1, 4-disubsituted or 1, 5
      disubsituted indole group was designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically
      evaluated. These derivatives displayed high affinities to the AT1 receptor at the
      same order of magnitude to losartan. The methyl ester with 1, 4-disubsituted
      indole group, 1 (5.01 +/- 1.67 nM) showed high antihypertension activity on
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Its maximal response lowered 30 mmHg of
      mean blood pressure (MBP) at 10 mg/kg after oral administration, which was better
      than irbesartan, and the antihypertensive effect lasted beyond 24 h. These
      results made 1 deserve further investigation. 

PMID- 27362288
TI  - Factitious Graves' Disease Due to Biotin Immunoassay Interference-A Case and
      Review of the Literature.
AB  - CONTEXT: Biotin (vitamin B7) is an essential co-factor for four carboxylases
      involved in fatty acid metabolism, leucine degradation, and gluconeogenesis. The
      recommended daily intake (RDI) of biotin is approximately 30 MUg per day. Low
      moderate dose biotin is a common component of multivitamin preparations, and high
      dose biotin (10 000 times RDI) has been reported to improve clinical outcomes and
      quality of life in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Biotin is also a
      component of immunoassays, and supplementation may cause interference in both
      thyroid and non-thyroid immunoassays. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether biotin
      ingestion caused abnormal thyroid function tests (TFTs) in a patient through
      assay interference. DESIGN: We report a patient with biotin-associated abnormal
      TFTs and a systematic review of the literature. SETTING: A tertiary endocrine
      service in Hamilton, New Zealand. RESULTS: The patient had markedly abnormal TFTs
      that did not match the clinical context. After biotin cessation, TFTs normalized
      far more rapidly than possible given the half-life of T4, consistent with assay
      interference by biotin. Multiple other analytes also tested abnormal in the
      presence of biotin. CONCLUSION: Biotin ingested in moderate to high doses can
      cause immunoassay interference. Depending on the assay format, biotin
      interference can result in either falsely high or low values. Interference is not
      limited to thyroid tests and has the potential to affect a wide range of
      analytes. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this interaction to
      prevent misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment.

PMID- 27362287
TI  - Increased hydrogen peroxide impairs angiotensin II contractions of afferent
      arterioles in mice after renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
AB  - AIM: Renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) increases angiotensin II (Ang II)
      and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are potent modulators of vascular
      function. However, the roles of individual ROS and their interaction with Ang II
      are not clear. Here we tested the hypothesis that IRI modulates renal afferent
      arteriolar responses to Ang II via increasing superoxide (O2-) or hydrogen
      peroxide (H2 O2 ). METHODS: Renal afferent arterioles were isolated and perfused
      from C57BL/6 mice 24 h after IRI or sham surgery. Responses to Ang II or
      noradrenaline were assessed by measuring arteriolar diameter. Production of H2 O2
      and O2- was assessed in afferent arterioles and renal cortex. Activity of SOD and
      catalase, and mRNA expressions of Ang II receptors were assessed in pre
      glomerular arterioles and renal cortex. RESULTS: Afferent arterioles from mice
      after IRI had a reduced maximal contraction to Ang II (-27+/-2 vs. -42+/-1%, P <
      0.001), but retained a normal contraction to noradrenaline. Arterioles after IRI
      had a 38% increase in H2 O2 (P < 0.001) and a 45% decrease in catalase activity
      (P < 0.01). Contractions were reduced in normal arterioles after incubation with
      H2 O2 (-22+/-2 vs. -42+/-1%, P < 0.05) similar to the effects of IRI. However,
      the impaired contractions were normalized by incubation with PEG catalase despite
      a reduced AT1 R expression. CONCLUSIONS: Renal IRI in mice selectively impairs
      afferent arteriolar responses to Ang II because of H2 O2 accumulation that is
      caused by a reduced catalase activity. This could serve to buffer the effect of
      Ang II after IRI and may be a protective mechanism.

PMID- 27362289
TI  - Circulating Cytokines Predict the Development of Insulin Resistance in a
      Prospective Finnish Population Cohort.
AB  - CONTEXT: Metabolic inflammation contributes to the development of insulin
      resistance (IR), but the roles of different inflammatory and other cytokines in
      this process remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at analyzing the value of
      different cytokines in predicting future IR. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
      We measured the serum concentrations of 48 cytokines from a nationwide cohort of
      2200 Finns (the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study), and analyzed their
      role as independent risk factors for predicting the development of IR 4 years
      later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We used cross-sectional regression analysis
      adjusted for known IR risk factors (high age, body mass index, systolic blood
      pressure, triglycerides, smoking, physical inactivity, and low high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol), C-reactive protein and 37 cytokines to find the
      determinants of continuous baseline IR (defined by homeostatic model assessment).
      A logistic regression model adjusted for the known risk factors, baseline IR, and
      37 cytokines was used to predict the future IR. RESULTS: Several cytokines, often
      in a sex-dependent manner, remained as independent determinants of current IR. In
      men, none of the cytokines was an independent predictive risk marker of future
      IR. In women, in contrast, IL-17 (odds ratio, 1.42 for 1-SD change in ln
      transformed IL-17) and IL-18 (odds ratio, 1.37) were independently associated
      with the future IR. IL-17 levels also independently predicted the development of
      incident future IR (odds ratio, 1.48). CONCLUSIONS: The systemic levels of the T
      helper 1 cell cytokine IL-18 and the T helper 17 cell cytokine IL-17 thus may
      have value in predicting future insulin sensitivity in women independently of
      classical IR risk factors.

PMID- 27362290
TI  - Notes from the Field: Four Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections
      Linked to Small Turtle Exposure - United States, 2015.
AB  - In August 2015, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) notified CDC of a consumer
      complaint involving Salmonella Sandiego infection in a child (the index patient),
      who had acquired a small turtle (shell length <4 inches [<10 cm]) at an Alabama
      flea market. The subsequent investigation, which included examining data from
      PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease
      surveillance, identified four multistate Salmonella outbreaks: two involving
      Salmonella Sandiego and two involving Salmonella Poona. These serotypes have been
      linked to small turtles in previous outbreaks (1,2). Although selling small
      turtles as pets in the United States has been banned since 1975 (3), illegal
      sales still occur at discount stores and flea markets and by street vendors. CDC
      investigated to determine the extent of the outbreaks and prevent additional
      infections. 

PMID- 27362292
TI  - Solid-Phase Synthesis of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives via Desulfurative
      Cyclization of Thiosemicarbazide Intermediate Resin.
AB  - A 1,3,4-thiadiazole library was constructed by solid-phase organic synthesis. The
      key step of this solid-phase synthesis involves the preparation of polymer-bound
      2-amido-5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole resin by the cyclization of thiosemicarbazide
      resin using p-TsCl as the desulfurative agent, followed by the functionalization
      of the resin by alkylation, acylation, alkylation/acylation, and Suzuki coupling
      reactions. Both the alkylation and acylation reactions chemoselectively occurred
      at the 2-amide position of 2-amido-5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole resin and the 5
      amine position of 2-amido-5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole resin, respectively. Finally,
      these functionalized 1,3,4-thiadiazole resins were treated with trifluoroacetic
      acid in dichloromethane, affording diverse 1,3,4-thiadiazole analogs in high
      yields and purities. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole analogs show a different distribution
      of physicochemical and biological properties compared with our previously
      constructed 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole libraries in a range of orally
      available drug properties.

PMID- 27362291
TI  - Apathy associated with neurocognitive disorders: Recent progress and future
      directions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Apathy is common in neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) such as
      Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Although the definition of
      apathy is inconsistent in the literature, apathy is primarily defined as a loss
      of motivation and decreased interest in daily activities. METHODS: The
      Alzheimer's Association International Society to Advance Alzheimer's Research and
      Treatment (ISTAART) Neuropsychiatric Syndromes Professional Interest Area (NPS
      PIA) Apathy workgroup reviewed the latest research regarding apathy in NCDs.
      RESULTS: Progress has recently been made in three areas relevant to apathy: (1)
      phenomenology, including the use of diagnostic criteria and novel instruments for
      measurement, (2) neurobiology, including neuroimaging, neuropathological and
      biomarker correlates, and (3) interventions, including pharmacologic,
      nonpharmacologic, and noninvasive neuromodulatory approaches. DISCUSSION: Recent
      progress confirms that apathy has a significant impact on those with major NCD
      and those with mild NCDs. As such, it is an important target for research and
      intervention.

PMID- 27362293
TI  - Negotiation, Mediation and Communication between Cultures: End-of-Life Care for
      South Asian Immigrants in Canada from the Perspective of Family Caregivers.
AB  - In the present study, we explored family caregivers' experiences in providing end
      of-life care for terminally ill South Asian immigrants. We employed qualitative
      methods and. in-depth interviews were conducted with seven family caregivers
      living in Nova Scotia, Canada. Interview data were validated, coded and organized
      for themes. Three major themes identified in the data illustrated (a) how South
      Asian caregivers experienced clashes between biomedical and ethno-cultural realms
      of care that led to cultural insensitivity, (b) how family members acted as
      mediators, and (c) how communication issues that challenged cultural sensitivity
      were handled. Findings provide directions for culturally sensitive end-of-life
      care planning.

PMID- 27362294
TI  - The surface-to-volume ratio: a key parameter in the thermoelectric transport of
      topological insulator Bi2Se3 nanowires.
AB  - We systematically investigated the role of topological surface states on
      thermoelectric transport by varying the surface-to-volume ratio (s/v) of Bi2Se3
      nanowires. The thermoelectric coefficients of Bi2Se3 nanowires were significantly
      influenced by the topological surface states with increasing the s/v. The Seebeck
      coefficient of Bi2Se3 nanowires decreased with increasing the s/v, while the
      electrical conductivity increased with increasing the s/v. This implies that the
      influence of metallic surface states become dominant in thermoelectric transport
      in thin nanowires, and the s/v is a key parameter which determines the total
      thermoelectric properties. Our measurements were corroborated by using a two
      channel Boltzmann transport model. 

PMID- 27362295
TI  - Gene expression analysis of bud and leaf color in tea.
AB  - Purple shoot tea attributing to the high anthocyanin accumulation is of great
      interest for its wide health benefits. To better understand potential mechanisms
      involved in purple buds and leaves formation in tea plants, we performed
      transcriptome analysis of six green or purple shoot tea individuals from a F1
      population using the Illumina sequencing method. Totally 292 million RNA-Seq
      reads were obtained and assembled into 112,233 unigenes, with an average length
      of 759 bp and an N50 of 1081 bp. Moreover, totally 2193 unigenes showed
      significant differences in expression levels between green and purple tea
      samples, with 1143 up- and 1050 down-regulated in the purple teas. Further real
      time PCR analysis confirmed RNA-Seq results. Our study identified 28
      differentially expressed transcriptional factors and A CsMYB gene was found to be
      highly similar to AtPAP1 in Arabidopsis. Further analysis of differentially
      expressed genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and transportation showed
      that the late biosynthetic genes and genes involved in anthocyanin transportation
      were largely affected but the early biosynthetic genes were less or none
      affected. Overall, the identification of a large number of differentially
      expressed genes offers a global view of the potential mechanisms associated with
      purple buds and leaves formation, which will facilitate molecular breeding in tea
      plants. 

PMID- 27362296
TI  - Effect of endophytic Bacillus cereus ERBP inoculation into non-native host:
      Potentials and challenges for airborne formaldehyde removal.
AB  - Phytoremediation could be a cost-effective, environmentally friendly approach for
      the treatment of indoor air. However, some drawbacks still dispute the expediency
      of phytotechnology. Our objectives were to investigate the competency of plant
      growth-promoting (PGP) endophytic Bacillus cereus ERBP (endophyte root blue pea),
      isolated from the root of Clitoria ternatea, to colonize and stabilize within
      Zamioculcas zamiifolia and Euphorbia milii as non-native hosts without causing
      any disease or stress symptoms. Moreover, the impact of B. cereus ERBP on the
      natural shoot endophytic community and for the airborne formaldehyde removal
      capability of non-native hosts was assessed. Non-native Z. zamiifolia was
      effectively inoculated with B. cereus ERBP through soil as the most efficient
      method of endophyte inoculation. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
      profiling of the shoot endophytic community verified the colonization and
      stability of B. cereus ERBP within its non-native host during a 20-d fumigation
      period without interfering with the natural shoot endophytic diversity of Z.
      zamiifolia. B. cereus ERBP conferred full protection to its non-native host
      against formaldehyde phytotoxicity and enhanced airborne formaldehyde removal of
      Z. zamiifolia whereas non-inoculated plants suffered from formaldehyde
      phytotoxicity because their natural shoot endophytic community was detrimentally
      affected by formaldehyde. In contrast, B. cereus ERBP inoculation into non-native
      E. milii deteriorated airborne formaldehyde removal of the non-native host
      (compared to a non-inoculated one) as B. cereus ERBP interfered with natural
      shoot endophytic community of E. milii, which caused stress symptoms and
      stimulated ethylene biosynthesis. Non-native host inoculation with PGP B. cereus
      ERBP could bear potentials and challenges for airborne formaldehyde removal. 

PMID- 27362297
TI  - Mg deficiency affects leaf Mg remobilization and the proteome in Brassica napus.
AB  - In order to cope with variable mineral nutrient availability, higher plants have
      developed numerous strategies including the remobilization of nutrients from
      source to sink tissues. However, such processes remain relatively unknown for
      magnesium (Mg), which is the third most important cation in plant tissues. Using
      Mg depletion of Brassica napus, we have demonstrated that Mg is remobilized from
      old leaves to young shoot tissues. Moreover, this study showed that Mg depletion
      induces modification of nutrient uptake, especially Zn and Mn. Finally,
      comparative proteomic analysis of old leaves (source of Mg) revealed amongst
      other results that some proteins requiring Mg for their functionality (isocitrate
      dehydrogenase for example) were up-regulated. Moreover, down-regulation of
      proteases suggested that mobilization of Mg from old leaves was not associated
      with senescence. 

PMID- 27362298
TI  - The role of 24-epibrassinolide in the regulation of photosynthetic
      characteristics and nitrogen metabolism of tomato seedlings under a combined low
      temperature and weak light stress.
AB  - In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of exogenous 24
      epibrassinolide (EBR) on growth, photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll
      fluorescence imaging, and nitrogen metabolism of tomato leaves under low
      temperature and weak light conditions. The results showed that foliar application
      of EBR significantly alleviated the inhibition of plant growth, and increased the
      fresh and dry weights of tomato plants under a combined low temperature and weak
      light stress. Moreover, EBR also increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn),
      light saturation point (LSP), maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry
      (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency of PSII (FPSII), and photochemical
      quenching coefficient (qP), but decreased the intercellular CO2 concentration
      (Ci), light compensation point (LCP) and apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) under
      low temperature and weak light conditions. In addition, application of EBR to
      tomato leaves significantly enhanced the activities of nitrate reductase (NR),
      glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase
      (GOGAT), but decreased the ammonium content and nitrite reductase (NiR) activity.
      We observed that EBR remarkably increased the contents of aspartic acid,
      threonine, serine, glycine, and phenylalanine, while decreasing the accumulation
      of cysteine, methionine, arginine, and proline under a combined low temperature
      and light stress. These results suggest that EBR could alleviate the combined
      stress-induced harmful effects on photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism, thus
      leading to improved plant growth. 

PMID- 27362299
TI  - Sugar exchanges in arbuscular mycorrhiza: RiMST5 and RiMST6, two novel
      Rhizophagus irregularis monosaccharide transporters, are involved in both sugar
      uptake from the soil and from the plant partner.
AB  - Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are associated with about 80% of land plants.
      AM fungi provide inorganic nutrients to plants and in return up to 20% of the
      plant-fixed CO2 is transferred to the fungal symbionts. Since AM fungi are
      obligate biotrophs, unraveling how sugars are provided to the fungus partner is a
      key for understanding the functioning of the symbiosis. In this study, we
      identified two new monosaccharide transporters from Rhizophagus irregularis
      (RiMST5 and RiMST6) that we characterized as functional high affinity
      monosaccharide transporters. RiMST6 was characterized as a glucose specific, high
      affinity H(+) co-transporter. We provide experimental support for a primary role
      of both RiMST5 and RiMST6 in sugar uptake directly from the soil. The expression
      patterns of RiMSTs in response to partial light deprivation and to interaction
      with different host plants were investigated. Expression of genes coding for
      RiMSTs was transiently enhanced after 48 h of shading and was unambiguously
      dependent on the host plant species. These results cast doubt on the 'fair trade'
      principle under carbon-limiting conditions. Therefore, in light of these
      findings, the possible mechanisms involved in the modulation between mutualism
      and parasitism in plant-AM fungus interactions are discussed. 

PMID- 27362300
TI  - A phase II study of clinical activity of SCH 717454 (robatumumab) in patients
      with relapsed osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Robatumumab (19D12; MK-7454 otherwise known as SCH717454) is a fully
      human antibody that binds to and inhibits insulin-like growth factor receptor-1
      (IGF-1R). This multiinstitutional study (P04720) determined the safety and
      clinical efficacy of robatumumab in three separate patient groups with resectable
      osteosarcoma metastases (Group 1), unresectable osteosarcoma metastases (Group
      2), and Ewing sarcoma metastases (Group 3). PROCEDURE: Robatumumab infusions were
      administered every 2 weeks and were well tolerated with minimal toxicity.
      Centrally reviewed response data were available for 144 patients. RESULTS: Low
      disease burden was important for osteosarcoma response: three of 31 patients had
      complete response or partial response (PR) by Response Evaluation Criteria in
      Solid Tumors (RECIST) in resectable patients (Group 1) versus zero of 29 in
      unresectable patients (Group 2); median overall survival was 20 months in Group 1
      versus 8.2 months in Group 2. In centrally reviewed patients with Ewing sarcoma
      with PET-CT data (N = 84/115), there were six PR, 23 stable disease, and 55
      progression of disease by RECIST at 2 months. Patients with Ewing sarcoma had a
      median overall survival of 6.9 months. However, responding patients with Ewing
      sarcoma were allowed to continue on treatment after study closure. A minority of
      patients with metastatic Ewing sarcoma showed clinical responses and have
      remained healthy after receiving 25-115 doses of robatumumab with remissions of
      >4 years duration (N = 6). CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that although the IGF
      1R remains an attractive treatment target, additional research is needed to
      identify responders and/or means to achieve durable remissions in order to
      successfully exploit IGF-1R signal blockade in Ewing sarcoma (clinicaltrials.gov:
      NCT00617890).

PMID- 27362301
TI  - Adolescent Narcissism, Aggression, and Prosocial Behavior: The Relevance of
      Socially Desirable Responding.
AB  - An important threat to validity in personality research pertains to an
      individual's motivation to respond in a socially desirable manner on self-report
      inventories. This issue was examined in this study in the context of narcissism,
      aggression, and prosocial behavior in a sample of at-risk adolescents.
      Participants were 161 adolescents (128 males, 29 females, 4 not reported) ranging
      in age from 16 to 19 years who were attending a residential program for youth who
      have dropped out of school. Overall, socially desirable response tendencies were
      negatively correlated with vulnerable narcissism and self-reported aggression.
      Moreover, low socially desirable responses strengthened the relation between
      narcissism and self-reported aggression. Socially desirable responding was not
      associated with self- or peer-reported prosocial behavior and did not moderate
      the relation between narcissism and prosocial behavior. These findings indicate
      that the relation between narcissism and aggression is attenuated by concerns
      with social desirability. However, further work is needed in broader samples of
      adolescents to more closely examine whether social desirability concerns actually
      mitigate aggression among some youth or signify underreporting of one's problem
      behaviors.

PMID- 27362302
TI  - T follicular Helper Cells in Transplantation: Specialized Helpers Turned Rogue.

PMID- 27362303
TI  - T Follicular Helper Cells in Transplantation.
AB  - The recently described T follicular helper (Tfh) cell is required for the
      production of high affinity antibody. After contact with follicular dendritic
      cells, Tfh cells move into the germinal centre and provide help to B cells both
      by direct B cell-T cell interaction and production of IL-21. This drives
      proliferation, differentiation, and affinity maturation of the B cells to produce
      plasma cells capable of secreting high-affinity antibody. Circulating Tfh cells
      are produced by movement of Tfh cells from lymph nodes after dendritic cell
      contact. A reduction of Tfh cell-associated molecules is linked with increased
      expression of other chemokine receptors to form Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-like Tfh
      cells. These circulating Tfh cells are able to help B cells in vitro and to move
      into target tissues to support antibody production. Alloantibody production is
      dependent on T-cell help via the indirect pathway. Antibody-mediated rejection is
      therefore dependent on Tfh cells. Animal data suggest that Tfh cells and B cells
      migrate to the allograft and are involved in alloantibody production within a
      tertiary lymphoid organ. There is some data supporting the same process within
      human allografts. The requirement for T-cell help provides a potential
      therapeutic target in the treatment of antibody-mediated rejection. 

PMID- 27362304
TI  - UK National Registry Study of Kidney Donation After Circulatory Death for
      Pediatric Recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Donation after circulatory death (DCD) kidney transplantation has
      acceptable renal allograft survival in adults but there are few data in pediatric
      recipients. The aim of this study was to determine renal allograft outcomes for
      pediatric recipients of a DCD kidney. METHODS: Data were collected from the UK
      Transplant Registry held by National Health Service Blood and Transplant. Kidney
      transplants performed for pediatric recipients (age, <18 years) in the United
      Kingdom from 2000 to 2014 were separated into DCD, donation after brain death
      (DBD), and living donor (LD) transplants, analyzing 3-year patient and renal
      allograft survival. RESULTS: One thousand seven hundred seventy-two kidney only
      transplants were analyzed. Twenty-one (1.2%) of these were from DCD donors, 955
      (53.9%) from DBD donors, and 796 (44.9%) from LDs. Patient survival is 100% in
      the DCD group, 98.7% in the DBD group, and 98.9% in the LD group. Three-year
      renal allograft survival was 95.2% in the DCD group, 87.1% in the DBD group, and
      92.9% in the LD group. There was no significant difference in 3-year renal
      allograft survival between the DCD and DBD groups (P = 0.42) or DCD and LD groups
      (P = 0.84). For DCD, the primary nonfunction rate was 5% and delayed graft
      function was 25%. CONCLUSIONS: Children receiving a DCD kidney transplant have
      good renal allograft survival at 3-year follow-up, comparable to those receiving
      a kidney from a DBD donor or a LD. This limited evidence encourages the use of
      selected DCD kidneys in pediatric transplantation, and DCD allocation algorithms
      may need to be reviewed in view of this.

PMID- 27362305
TI  - The Authors' Reply.

PMID- 27362306
TI  - Associations Between Posttransplantation Diabetes Mellitus and Renal Graft
      Survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous reports indicate that posttransplantation diabetes mellitus
      (PTDM) is associated with overall renal graft loss, but not death-censored graft
      loss. METHODS: In this single-center retrospective cohort study of 2749 adult
      Norwegian renal transplant recipients, transplanted between 1999 and 2011, we
      estimated overall and death-censored renal graft loss hazard ratios in patients
      diagnosed with PTDM, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes before
      transplantation, using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression analysis.
      RESULTS: A total of 893 renal grafts were lost during the study period, either
      due to recipient death (n = 540) or death-censored graft loss (n = 353).When the
      observational time started at time of transplantation, diabetes before
      transplantation was associated with both overall and death-censored graft loss.
      Pretransplantation diabetes was also associated with a steeper decline in renal
      graft function, a higher risk of acute rejections and more renal grafts lost due
      to acute rejection.In patients with a functional renal graft 1 year after
      transplantation, PTDM was associated with overall graft loss (hazard ratio, 1.46;
      95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.88; P < 0.001), but not death-censored graft loss
      (hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.96; P = 0.33). We found no
      significant associations between PTDM and change in renal function during the
      first 5 years or acute rejection risk during the first year after renal
      transplantation.Impaired glucose tolerance was not associated with either overall
      or death-censored graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms previous
      findings of an increased risk of overall but not death-censored renal graft loss
      in renal transplant recipients with PTDM. Longstanding diabetes might increase
      the risk of acute rejections.

PMID- 27362307
TI  - Preemptive CD20+ B cell Depletion Attenuates Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy in
      CD154-Treated Monkeys.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anti-CD154 monotherapy is associated with antidonor allo-antibody
      (Ab) elaboration, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), and allograft failure in
      preclinical primate cell and organ transplant models. In the context of
      calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), these pathogenic phenomena are delayed by
      preemptive "induction" B cell depletion. METHODS: alphaCD154 (IDEC-131)-treated
      cynomolgus monkey heart allograft recipients were given peritransplant rituximab
      (alphaCD20) alone or with rabbit antihuman thymocyte globulin. RESULTS: Relative
      to previously reported reference groups, alphaCD20 significantly prolonged
      survival, delayed Ab detection, and attenuated CAV within 3 months in alphaCD154
      treated recipients (alphaCD154 + alphaCD20 graft median survival time > 90 days,
      n = 7, vs 28 days for alphaCD154 alone (IDEC-131), n = 21; P = 0.05). Addition of
      rabbit antihuman thymocyte globulin to alphaCD154 (n = 6) or alphaCD154 +
      alphaCD20 (n = 10) improved graft protection from graft rejection and failure
      during treatment but was associated with significant morbidity in 8 of 16
      recipients (6 infections, 2 drug-related complications). In alphaCD20-treated
      animals, detection of antidonor Ab and relatively severe CAV were anticipated by
      appearance of CD20 cells (>1% of lymphocytes) in peripheral blood and were
      associated with low alphaCD154 trough levels (below 100 MUg/mL). CONCLUSIONS:
      These observations support the hypothesis that efficient preemptive "induction"
      CD20 B cell depletion consistently modulates pathogenic alloimmunity and
      attenuates CAV in this translational model, extending our prior findings with
      calcineurin inhibitors to the context of CD154 blockade.

PMID- 27362309
TI  - The Author's Reply.

PMID- 27362310
TI  - Isolated Human Perfused Lung Models to Study Ex Vivo Lung Optimization.

PMID- 27362308
TI  - Tracing Donor-MHC Class II Reactive B cells in Mouse Cardiac Transplantation:
      Delayed CTLA4-Ig Treatment Prevents Memory Alloreactive B-Cell Generation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The dual role of B cells as drivers and suppressors of the immune
      responses have underscored the need to trace the fate of B cells recognizing
      donor major histocompatibility complex class I and class II after allograft
      transplantation. METHODS: In this study, we used donor class II tetramers to
      trace the fate of I-E-specific B cells after immunization with BALB/c spleen
      cells or cardiac transplantation, in naive or sensitized C57BL/6 recipients. We
      combined this approach with genetic lineage tracing of memory B cells in
      activation-induced cytidine deaminase regulated Cre transgenic mice crossed to
      the ROSA26-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein reporter mice to track endogenous
      I-E-specific memory B cell generation. RESULTS: Immunization with BALB/c
      splenocytes or heart transplantation induced an expansion and differentiation of
      I-E-specific B cells into germinal center B cells, whereas BALB/c heart
      transplantation into sensitized recipients induced the preferential
      differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. A 10.8-fold increase in the
      frequency of I-E-specific memory B cells was observed by day 42 postimmunization.
      Treatment with CTLA4-Ig starting on day 0 or day 7 postimmunization abrogated I-E
      specific memory B cell generation and sensitized humoral responses, but not if
      treatment commenced on day 14. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of donor-specific memory
      B cells are generated between days 7 and 14 postimmunization, thus revealing a
      flexible timeframe whereby delayed CTLA4-Ig administration can inhibit
      sensitization and the generation of memory graft-reactive B cells.

PMID- 27362311
TI  - Strategic Use of Epitope Matching to Improve Outcomes.
AB  - Understanding the events leading to allorecognition and the subsequent effector
      pathways engaged is key for the development of strategies to prolong graft
      survival. Optimizing patient outcomes will require 2 major advancements: (1)
      minimizing premature death with a functioning graft in the patients with stable
      graft function, and (2) maximizing graft survival by avoiding the aforementioned
      allorecognition. This necessitates personalized immunosuppression to avoid known
      metabolic side effects, risk for infection, and malignancy, while holding the
      alloimmune system in check. Since the beginning of transplant a key strategy to
      achieve this goal is to minimize HLA mismatching between donor and recipient.
      What has not evolved is any refinement in our evaluation of HLA relatedness
      between donor and recipient when HLA mismatch exists. Donor-recipient HLA
      mismatch at the amino acid level can now be determined. These mismatches serve as
      potential epitopes for de novo donor specific antibody development and correlate
      with late rejection and graft loss. It is in this context that HLA epitope
      analysis is considered as a strategy to permit safe immunosuppression
      minimization to improve patient outcomes through: (1) improved allocation schemes
      that favor donor-recipient pairs with a low HLA epitope mismatch load (especially
      at the class II loci) or avoiding specific epitope mismatches known to be highly
      immunogenic and (2) immunosuppressive minimization in patients with low epitope
      mismatch loads or without highly immunogenic epitope mismatches. 

PMID- 27362312
TI  - Effect of Induction Therapy on Graft Survival in Primary Pediatric Heart
      Transplantation: A Propensity Score Analysis of the UNOS Database.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of induction therapy in pediatric heart transplantation has
      increased. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of induction
      therapy on graft survival. METHODS: The United Network for Organ Sharing database
      was queried for isolated pediatric heart transplants from January 1, 1994, to
      December 31, 2013. Propensity scores for induction treatment were calculated by
      estimating probability of induction using a logistic regression model.
      Transplants were then matched between induction treatment groups based on the
      propensity score, reducing potential biases. Using only propensity score matched
      transplants, the effect of induction therapy on graft survival was investigated
      using Cox-proportional hazards. Subgroup analyses were performed based on age,
      race, recipient cardiac diagnosis, HLA, and recipient panel-reactive antibody
      (PRA). RESULTS: Of 4565 pediatric primary heart transplants from 1994 to 2013,
      3741 had complete data for the propensity score calculation. There were 2792
      transplants successfully matched (induction, n = 1396; no induction, n = 1396).
      There were no significant differences in transplant and pretransplant covariates
      between induction and no induction groups. In the Cox-proportional hazards model,
      the use of induction of was not associated with graft loss (hazard ratio [HR],
      0.88; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.75-1.01; P = 0.07). In subgroup
      analyses, induction therapy may be associated with improved survival in patients
      with PRA greater than 50% (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34-0.97) and congenital heart
      disease (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Induction therapy is not
      associated with improved graft survival in primary pediatric heart
      transplantation. However, in pediatric heart transplant recipients with PRA
      greater than 50% or congenital heart disease, induction therapy is associated
      with improved survival.

PMID- 27362314
TI  - Molecular and Functional Noninvasive Immune Monitoring in the ESCAPE Study for
      Prediction of Subclinical Renal Allograft Rejection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Subclinical acute rejection (sc-AR) is a main cause for functional
      decline and kidney graft loss and may only be assessed through surveillance
      biopsies. METHODS: The predictive capacity of 2 novel noninvasive blood
      biomarkers, the transcriptional kidney Solid Organ Response Test (kSORT), and the
      IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT) assay were assessed in
      the Evaluation of Sub-Clinical Acute rejection PrEdiction (ESCAPE) Study in 75
      consecutive kidney transplants who received 6-month protocol biopsies. Both
      assays were run individually and in combination to optimize the use of these
      techniques to predict sc-AR risk. RESULTS: Subclinical acute rejection was
      observed in 22 (29.3%) patients (17 T cell-mediated subclinical rejection [sc
      TCMR], 5 antibody-mediated subclinical rejection [sc-ABMR]), whereas 53 (70.7%)
      showed a noninjured, preserved (stable [STA]) parenchyma. High-risk (HR), low
      risk, and indeterminate-risk kSORT scores were observed in 15 (20%), 50 (66.7%),
      and 10 (13.3%) patients, respectively. The ELISPOT assay was positive in 31 (41%)
      and negative in 44 (58.7%) patients. The kSORT assay showed high accuracy
      predicting sc-AR (specificity, 98%; positive predictive value 93%) (all sc-ABMR
      and 58% sc-TCMR showed HR-kSORT), whereas the ELISPOT showed high precision
      ruling out sc-TCMR (specificity = 70%, negative predictive value = 92.5%), but
      could not predict sc-ABMR, unlike kSORT. The predictive probabilities for sc-AR,
      sc-TCMR, and sc-ABMR were significantly higher when combining both biomarkers
      (area under the curve > 0.85, P < 0.001) and independently predicted the risk of
      6-month sc-AR in a multivariate regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Combining a
      molecular and immune cell functional assay may help to identify HR patients for
      sc-AR, distinguishing between different driving alloimmune effector mechanisms.

PMID- 27362313
TI  - mTOR Inhibition Suppresses Posttransplant Alloantibody Production Through Direct
      Inhibition of Alloprimed B Cells and Sparing of CD8+ Antibody-Suppressing T
      cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: De novo alloantibodies (donor-specific antibody) contribute to
      antibody-mediated rejection and poor long-term graft survival. Because the
      development of donor-specific antibody is associated with early graft loss of
      cell transplants and reduced long-term survival of solid organ transplants, we
      hypothesized that conventional immunosuppressives, calcineurin inhibitors (CNi),
      and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi), may not be as effective for
      suppression of humoral alloimmunity as for cell-mediated immunity. METHODS: Wild
      type or CD8-depleted mice were transplanted with allogeneic hepatocytes.
      Recipients were treated with mTORi and/or CNi and serially monitored for
      alloantibody and graft survival. The direct effect of mTORi and CNi on alloprimed
      B cell function was investigated in Rag1 mice adoptively transferred with
      alloprimed IgG1 B cells. The efficacy of mTORi and/or CNi to suppress CD8
      mediated cytotoxicity of IgG1 B cells was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo
      cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS: Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, but not
      CNi, reduced alloantibody production in transplant recipients, directly
      suppressed alloantibody production by alloprimed IgG1 B cells and delayed graft
      rejection in both low and high alloantibody producers. Combination treatment with
      mTORi and CNi resulted in loss of the inhibitory effect observed for mTORi
      monotherapy in part due to CNi suppression of CD8 T cells which downregulate
      alloantibody production (CD8 TAb-supp cells). CONCLUSIONS: Our data support that
      mTORi is a potent inhibitor of humoral immunity through suppression of alloprimed
      B cells and preservation of CD8 TAb-supp cells. In contrast, alloantibody is
      readily detected in CNi-treated recipients because CNi does not suppress
      alloprimed B cells and interferes with downregulatory CD8 TAb-supp cells.

PMID- 27362315
TI  - Human Cytomegalovirus-Encoded Receptor US28 Is Expressed in Renal Allografts and
      Facilitates Viral Spreading In Vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal transplantation is the preferred treatment for patients with
      end-stage renal disease. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) activation is associated
      with decreased renal graft function and survival. Human cytomegalovirus encodes
      several immune modulatory proteins, including the G protein-coupled receptor
      US28, which scavenges human chemokines and modulates intracellular signaling.
      METHODS: Our aim was to identify the expression and localization of US28 in renal
      allograft biopsies by immunohistochemistry and determine its role in viral
      spreading in vitro. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry revealed US28 in 31 of 34 renal
      transplant biopsies from HCMV-seropositive donors. Expression was independent of
      HCMV viremia or IgG serostatus. US28 was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm
      of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and tubular epithelial cells, with a
      median positivity of 20% and 40%, respectively. Also, US28-positive cells were
      present within arterial neointima. In contrast to US28, HCMV-encoded immediate
      early antigen was detected in less than 5% of VSMCs, tubular epithelial cells,
      interstitial endothelium, interstitial inflammatory infiltrates, and glomerular
      cells.Primary VSMCs were infected with green fluorescent protein-tagged wild type
      or US28-deficient HCMV. The viral spreading of US28-deficient HCMV, via culture
      medium or cell-to-cell transmission, was significantly impeded as shown by green
      fluorescent protein (ie, infected) cell quantification and quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the number and size of foci was smaller.
      CONCLUSIONS: In summary, HCMV-encoded US28 was detected in renal allografts from
      HCMV-positive donors independent of viremia and serostatus. Also, US28
      facilitates HCMV spreading in VSMCs in vitro. Because the vasculature is affected
      in chronic renal transplant dysfunction, US28 may provide a potential target for
      therapeutic intervention.

PMID- 27362316
TI  - Higher Bilirubin Levels of Healthy Living Liver Donors Are Associated With Lower
      Posttransplant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Serum bilirubin level, which may reflect the host defense against
      increased oxidative stress, is inversely associated with the risk of cancer
      development. In liver transplantation, the intrinsic bilirubin metabolism of
      donor liver is subsequently translated into recipient. Thus, we hypothesized that
      liver transplantation conducted with living donors with higher serum bilirubin
      reduces hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence. METHODS: Two hundred fifty
      recipients who underwent liver transplantation for treating HCC within the Milan
      criteria were included in the study. The association between donor preoperative
      total bilirubin concentration and the risk of HCC recurrence was analyzed using
      the Fine and Gray regression model with posttransplant death as a competing risk
      event with adjustment for tumor biology including alpha-fetoprotein, histological
      differentiation, and microvascular invasion. RESULTS: All donors were confirmed
      to have no underlying hepatobiliary diseases or hematological disorders. Donor
      preoperative total bilirubin concentration was 0.7 mg/dL in median and ranged
      from 0.2 to 2.7 mg/dL. Thirty-five (14.0%) recipients developed HCC recurrence.
      Multivariable analysis demonstrated that donor preoperative total bilirubin
      concentration was inversely associated with the recurrence risk (hazard ratio,
      0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.72; P = 0.013). The highest (>=1.0 mg/dL)
      versus lowest (<=0.6 mg/dL) tertile of donor preoperative total bilirubin showed
      a significant reduction of the recurrence risk (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.11-0.70; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Hepatocellular carcinoma
      recurrence risk decreases in relation to the increase in total serum bilirubin
      level of healthy living donors without underlying hepatobiliary or hematological
      disorders. Further validation of bilirubin as a potent anticancer substance
      against HCC is warranted.

PMID- 27362317
TI  - Analysis of Factors Associated With Biliary Complications in Children After Liver
      Transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biliary complications (BCs) remain an important cause of morbidity
      after pediatric liver transplantation. Technical factors have already been
      implicated in the development of BCs. Previous reports have associated the use of
      partial grafts, particularly living donor grafts, with a higher incidence of BCs.
      Our aim is to study the factors associated with the development of BCs in a large
      cohort of pediatric liver transplant recipients. METHODS: Retrospective cohort
      study of 670 children (<18 years of age) who underwent a primary liver transplant
      between March 2000 and January 2015. Patients who did and did not develop BCs
      were compared with identify associated factors. Univariate and multivariate
      analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients (17.2%) developed BCs
      (83 strictures and 44 leaks). Of the study participants, 594 had living donor
      liver transplants. Multiple arterial anastomoses was a protective factor for BCs,
      and a ductoplasty was a risk factor. Living donor grafts and multiple biliary
      anastomoses were more frequently associated with leaks. Patients with BCs had a
      higher reoperation rate and longer hospital stays. There was no difference in
      patient or graft survival. CONCLUSIONS: Technical factors play a major role in
      the development of BCs, particularly leaks. Strictures are more frequently
      associated with an inadequate arterial supply to the bile duct, and multiple
      arterial anastomoses may protect children from this complication. The use of
      partial grafts was not an independent factor for BCs in high-volume centers that
      are experienced with this technique.

PMID- 27362318
TI  - Preventing Memory B Cell Formation: A Story of Mice and Men?

PMID- 27362319
TI  - Engineering P450 Peroxygenase to Catalyze Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation of
      cis-beta-Methylstyrenes.
AB  - P450 119 peroxygenase and its site-directed mutants are discovered to catalyze
      the enantioselective epoxidation of methyl-substituted styrenes. Two new site
      directed P450 119 mutants, namely T213Y and T213M, which were designed to improve
      the enantioselectivity and activity for the epoxidation of styrene and its methyl
      substituted derivatives, were studied. The T213M mutant is found to be the first
      engineered P450 peroxygenase that shows highly enantioselective epoxidation of
      cis-beta-methylstyrenes, with up to 91 % ee. Molecular modeling studies provide
      insights into the different catalytic activity of the T213M mutant and the T213Y
      mutant in the epoxidation of cis-beta-methylstyrene. The results of the
      calculations also contribute to a better understanding of the substrate
      specificity and configuration control for the regio- and stereoselective
      peroxygenation catalyzed by the T213M mutant. 

PMID- 27362320
TI  - Angioedema associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review critically assesses the different phenotypes of
      angioedemas associated with NSAIDs. Angioedemas exacerbated or induced by NSAIDs
      have high morbidity and, when they affect the larynx, can lead to death by
      asphyxiation. RECENT FINDINGS: Angioedema can present as a manifestation of a
      syndrome such as anaphylaxis or it can be a separate entity, which comprises
      different forms that can be diagnosed based on specific criteria. NSAIDs are the
      drugs most used worldwide and they are also one of the leading causes of
      angioedema. SUMMARY: The manuscript addresses the pathophysiology and
      pharmacogenetics of angioedema, reviews its classification and assesses the
      diagnosis and management of angioedemas exacerbated and induced by NSAIDs.

PMID- 27362321
TI  - Relapsing drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is a serious
      adverse drug reaction with potential morbidity and mortality. 'Flare up' or
      relapses in DIHS is a rare but important feature. These relapses may occur within
      days to several weeks, even after discontinuation of the offending drug. In this
      article, we review the pathogenesis of DIHS, implication of human herpesvirus 6
      reactivation, and describe published case reports of patients with relapsing
      DIHS. RECENT FINDINGS: Common drugs associated with DIHS include (but are not
      limited to) antiepileptics such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproic acid;
      antituberculous drugs; sulfasalazine; allopurinol; and antivirals such as
      abacavir and nevirapine. Relapses may occur even after cessation of the culprit
      drug and appropriate management with corticosteroids. Studies have suggested that
      reactivation of herpesvirus, particularly, human herpesvirus 6, is the main cause
      of relapses. However, other pathomechanisms have been proposed - case reports
      have described the importance of drug cosensitization. In such cases, the
      introduction of a second drug (often an antibiotic) induces the relapse of DIHS.
      DIHS may also cause multiple drug allergies, where a patient develops
      sensitisation to other drugs which were previously well tolerated. SUMMARY: Large
      studies are lacking in this heterogeneous condition. More research is needed to
      further understand the pathogenesis of drug cosensitization and multiple drug
      allergies, role of genetics, identification of risk factors, and prevention of
      relapses in DIHS.

PMID- 27362322
TI  - Immunopathogenesis and risk factors for allopurinol severe cutaneous adverse
      reactions.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The article reviews the immunopathogenesis and risk factors
      related to allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). RECENT
      FINDINGS: For years, allopurinol remains one of the leading cause for SCARs
      worldwide. The pathogenesis of allopurinol-induced SCARs have been discovered in
      recent years. HLA-B58 : 01 has been found to be strongly associated with
      allopurinol-SCARs with functional interactions between allopurinol/its metabolite
      oxypurinol and the T-cell receptor (TCR). However, the genetic strength of HLA
      B58 : 01 may vary among different ethnic populations. In addition to HLA-B58 :
      01, specific T cells with preferential TCR clonotypes, which have no cross
      reactivity with new xanthine oxidase inhibitors structurally different from
      allopurinol, are found to play a crucial role for allopurinol-induced SCARs.
      Furthermore, other nongenetic factors such as renal impairment are also found to
      be an important factor resulting in allopurinol-induced SCARs of greater severity
      and poorer prognosis. SUMMARY: There are multiple risk factors for allopurinol
      induced SCARs, including genetic and nongenetic factors. Activation of specific T
      cells with preferential TCR and its functional interaction of HLA-B58 : 01
      molecule and allopurinol/oxypurinol are involved in the immune mechanism of
      allopurinol-induced SCAR. Patients with allopurinol-induced SCARs with renal
      impairment have significantly higher risk of mortality. A structurally different
      new generation xanthine oxidase inhibitor can provide a safer alternative for
      patients intolerant to allopurinol.

PMID- 27362323
TI  - Should patients with pollen fruit syndrome be prescribed an automatic epinephrine
      injector?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review outlines recent insights into our understanding of
      the complex relationships between pollen and plant food sensitization patterns
      resulting in the pollen fruit syndrome and the possible risk, upon ingestion, of
      generalized symptoms rather than localized oropharyngeal reactions. Appreciation
      of this risk will inform management strategies, which include epinephrine
      prescription. RECENT FINDINGS: In recent times, the ability to examine molecular
      components of foods and pollen has allowed further delineation of reactivity
      patterns. These reveal complex patterns of IgE reactivity and sensitization
      pathways. More precise definition of these patterns will allow a more accurate
      analysis of risk of severe food reactions following ingestion. SUMMARY: Despite
      improvement in diagnostic tests, there remains no completely reliable way to
      determine whether an individual with pollen fruit syndrome is at risk of a
      systemic reaction. The decision to prescribe an epinephrine autoinjector must be
      based on a risk assessment for the individual patient.

PMID- 27362325
TI  - Comparisons of outcomes with food immunotherapy strategies: efficacy, dosing,
      adverse effects, and tolerance.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In the recent decade, oral immunotherapy has been studied in
      many clinical trials and entails many problems including a low efficacy for real
      tolerance and a high rate of induced symptoms. The optimal dose for inducing
      tolerance is unknown. The aim of this review was to clarify the efficacy and
      safety of oral immunotherapy, focusing on low doses. RECENT FINDINGS: We reviewed
      articles published in a few years or articles dealing with oral immunotherapy
      focusing on a low dose. We summarize recent articles on oral immunotherapy and
      those focusing on low doses. SUMMARY: Although lower doses for oral immunotherapy
      appear to cause fewer adverse reactions and be more effective than strict
      elimination, this strategy may be less effective than oral immunotherapy
      involving larger doses. The optimal dose for inducing tolerance is still unknown.

PMID- 27362326
TI  - Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2015 literature highlights.
AB  - Since 1972, Drug Metabolism Reviews has been recognized as one of the principal
      resources for researchers in pharmacological, pharmaceutical and toxicological
      fields to keep abreast of advances in drug metabolism science in academia and the
      pharmaceutical industry. With a distinguished list of authors and editors, the
      journal covers topics ranging from relatively mature fields, such as cytochrome
      P450 enzymes, to a variety of emerging fields. We hope to continue this tradition
      with the current compendium of mini-reviews that highlight novel
      biotransformation processes that were published during the past year. Each review
      begins with a summary of the article followed by our comments on novel aspects of
      the research and their biological implications. This collection of highlights is
      not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to be illustrative of recent research
      that provides new insights or approaches that advance the field of drug
      metabolism. Abbreviations NAPQI N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine ALDH aldehyde
      dehydrogenase AO aldehyde oxidase AKR aldo-keto reductase CES carboxylesterase
      CSB cystathionine beta-synthase CSE cystathionine gamma-lyase P450 cytochrome
      P450 DHPO 2,3-dihydropyridin-4-one ESI electrospray FMO flavin monooxygenase GSH
      glutathione GSSG glutathione disulfide ICPMS inductively coupled plasma mass
      spectrometry i.p. intraperitoneal MDR multidrug-resistant NNAL 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol NNK 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3
      pyridyl)-1-butanone oaTOF orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight PBK
      physiologically based kinetic PCP pentachlorophenol SDR short-chain
      dehydrogenase/reductase SULT sulfotransferase TB tuberculosis.

PMID- 27362327
TI  - Transcriptional regulation of human and murine short-chain
      dehydrogenase/reductases (SDRs) - an in silico approach.
AB  - Numerous physiological functions of the body are controlled by endogenous (e.g.
      steroids, retinoids, lipid mediators) or exogenous molecules (e.g. drugs,
      xenobiotics) that bind to transcription factors (TF). The biosynthesis and
      catabolism of these signaling molecules depend, apart from CYPs, on enzymes
      belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Moreover,
      the contribution of SDRs to the metabolism of therapeutic drugs and xenobiotics
      is increasingly recognized. However, only scarce information exists regarding the
      transcriptional regulation of most SDR proteins. This work aims to illustrate the
      role of nuclear receptors (NR) and TF related to oxidative stress, inflammation,
      hypoxia, and xenobiotics in the regulation of selected human and murine SDRs that
      play crucial roles in steroid, retinoid, eicosanoid, fatty acid, and xenobiotic
      metabolism. These include, for example, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases,
      retinol dehydrogenases, and carbonyl reductases. Because existing experimental
      data are limited, an in silico analysis (TRANSFAC((r)) Professional database) of
      the 5'-upstream sequences for putative response elements was performed.
      Experimental and in silico data suggest that pharmaceutical, environmental, or
      dietary NR ligands may alter SDR-mediated retinoid, steroid, and xenobiotic
      metabolism, likely affecting basic cellular events like energy expenditure, cell
      proliferation/differentiation, or aging processes. Also, some SDRs are possibly
      induced by their own substrates. Further experimental work is urgently needed to
      fully understand the NR-mediated transcriptional regulation of SDRs. This is
      essential for deducing their possible involvement in drug side effects and will
      help to identify new substrates and further physiological functions of these
      SDRs.

PMID- 27362324
TI  - Biologic therapy in the management of asthma.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Current asthma management relies on inhaled corticosteroids,
      but some asthma is not well controlled with inhaled steroids alone or in
      combination with long-acting bronchodilators or leukotriene pathway inhibitors.
      The field of biologic therapy has grown dramatically in the past two decades,
      with current availability of three molecules, with two distinct and highly
      selective approaches to interfering with the allergic and eosinophilic airway
      inflammation common to most asthma. This review summarizes current and future
      options for incorporating biologic therapy into the overall management of asthma.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Two new biologic agents have been recently introduced in the
      United States market, supported by well controlled, randomized clinical trials.
      These trials have provided insight into the types of patients who are most likely
      to benefit from these novel agents. SUMMARY: In asthma patients with frequent
      exacerbations, the addition of a biologic agent targeting the interleukin-5
      pathway, or immunoglobulin E, can significantly reduce exacerbations and improve
      asthma control. The clinical predictors of utility of specific agents overlap
      with one another, highlighting the importance of clinical judgment in the overall
      management of this complex disorder.

PMID- 27362328
TI  - Direct Evaluation of the Molar Absorption Coefficient of Hydrated Electron by the
      Isosbestic Point Method.
AB  - The knowledge of the absorption spectrum of hydrated electron is of importance in
      numerous pulse radiolysis studies because it is often used for dosimetry or for
      second-order rate constant determination. We present a direct method for the
      evaluation of the molar absorption coefficient of the hydrated electron. It is
      based on the wavelength measurement of isosbestic points during the reaction of
      e(-)aq with the methylviologen MV(2+) cations which leads to the formation of
      MV(+*). The molar absorption coefficient of hydrated electron is obtained using
      the value of the molar absorption coefficient of MV(+*) at the isosbestic point
      at 600 nm, i.e., epsilon600nm,(MV(+*)) = 13500 +/- 300 L mol(-1) cm(-1).
      Therefore, at the maximum of the absorption spectrum of e(-)aq at 715 nm, the
      value is epsilon715nm,(e(-)aq) = 19700 +/- 400 L mol(-1) cm(-1). The absorption
      spectrum of the hydrated electron has been re-evaluated and completed from 260 to
      850 nm.

PMID- 27362331
TI  - Does the get up and go test improve predictive accuracy of the Triage Risk
      Screening Tool or Rowland questionnaire in older patients admitted to the
      emergency department?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic characteristics of the get up and go test
      (GUGT) as a stand-alone test and in combination with the Flemish Triage Risk
      Screening Tool (fTRST) and Rowland questionnaire. One aim was to determine
      whether the diagnostic accuracy of these instruments could be improved for
      predicting unplanned emergency department (ED) readmission following ED
      discharge. METHODS: We carried out a prospective cohort study at the ED of the
      University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium. All patients aged at least 75 years (n=380)
      completed fTRST, Rowland, and GUGT testing at the index ED admission. Diagnostic
      characteristics for unplanned ED readmission were determined for hospitalized and
      discharged patients 1 and 3 months after the index ED visit. RESULTS: In both
      hospitalized and discharged patients, fTRST and Rowland (cut-off >=2) had good to
      excellent sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) but low to moderate
      specificity and accuracy; GUGT had low sensitivity and good to excellent NPV and
      specificity. The combined fTRST/GUGT or Rowland/GUGT had moderate to excellent
      NPV (56.3-94.3%). The combined fTRST (cut-off >=2)/GUGT had low sensitivity and
      moderate to excellent specificity. Sensitivity of the combined Rowland (cut-off
      >=4)/GUGT was good at the 1-month follow-up and moderate at the 3-month follow-up
      for hospitalized patients; it was low for discharged patients. Specificity was
      low for hospitalized patients and good for discharged patients. CONCLUSION:
      Neither the objective measure of mobility (GUGT) nor the combined fTRST/GUGT or
      Rowland/GUGT improved the results. Our analysis shows that the predictive
      accuracy of the stand-alone, self-reported screening instruments fTRST and
      Rowland (cut-off=2) is still good. This study also confirmed their previously
      known limitations.

PMID- 27362329
TI  - Probing Nucleosome Stability with a DNA Origami Nanocaliper.
AB  - The organization of eukaryotic DNA into nucleosomes and chromatin undergoes
      dynamic structural changes to regulate genome processing, including transcription
      and DNA repair. Critical chromatin rearrangements occur over a wide range of
      distances, including the mesoscopic length scale of tens of nanometers. However,
      there is a lack of methodologies that probe changes over this mesoscopic length
      scale within chromatin. We have designed, constructed, and implemented a DNA
      based nanocaliper that probes this mesoscopic length scale. We developed an
      approach of integrating nucleosomes into our nanocaliper at two attachment points
      with over 50% efficiency. Here, we focused on attaching the two DNA ends of the
      nucleosome to the ends of the two nanocaliper arms, so the hinge angle is a
      readout of the nucleosome end-to-end distance. We demonstrate that nucleosomes
      integrated with 6, 26, and 51 bp linker DNA are partially unwrapped by the
      nanocaliper by an amount consistent with previously observed structural
      transitions. In contrast, the nucleosomes integrated with the longer 75 bp linker
      DNA remain fully wrapped. We found that the nanocaliper angle is a sensitive
      measure of nucleosome disassembly and can read out transcription factor (TF)
      binding to its target site within the nucleosome. Interestingly, the nanocaliper
      not only detects TF binding but also significantly increases the probability of
      TF occupancy at its site by partially unwrapping the nucleosome. These studies
      demonstrate the feasibility of using DNA nanotechnology to both detect and
      manipulate nucleosome structure, which provides a foundation of future mesoscale
      studies of nucleosome and chromatin structural dynamics.

PMID- 27362332
TI  - Time-Resolved Measurements of Photocarrier Dynamics in TiS3 Nanoribbons.
AB  - We report synthesis and time-resolved transient absorption measurements of TiS3
      nanoribbons. TiS3 nanoribbons were fabricated by direct reaction of titanium and
      sulfur. Dynamics of the photocarriers in these samples were studied by transient
      absorption measurements. It was found that following ultrafast injection of
      nonequilibrium and hot photocarriers, the thermalization, energy relaxation, and
      exciton formation all occur on a subpicosecond time scale. Several key parameters
      describing the dynamical properties of photocarriers, including their
      recombination lifetime, diffusion coefficient, mobility, and diffusion length,
      were deduced. 

PMID- 27362335
TI  - Ten years of Nature Protocols.

PMID- 27362334
TI  - Cancer diagnosis disclosure preferences of family caregivers of cancer patients
      in Egypt.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Family caregivers (FCs) of cancer patients are frequently seen as a
      barrier to honest communication with patients in Egypt. This study was conducted
      to investigate the attitude of FCs of cancer patients toward cancer diagnosis
      disclosure (CDD) and its determinants. METHODS: A structured interview was used
      to assess the preferences of 288 FCs regarding CDD. RESULTS: According to the
      FCs, 85% of patients were aware of their diagnosis. The majority (81%) of FCs
      preferred CDD to patients. In case they developed cancer, 92% of FCs wanted to
      know their diagnosis and 88% wanted to inform their families. In a univariate
      analysis, factors associated with FCs' negative attitude toward CDD to patients
      were as follows: patient's lower level of education (P = .001), patient's rural
      residence (P < .001), hematological malignancies (P < .001), FC's belief that the
      patient is unaware of diagnosis (P < .001), FC's unwillingness to know his/her
      own cancer diagnosis (P < .001), and FC's unwillingness to inform his/her family
      about his/her cancer diagnosis (P < .001). Only 2 factors predicted independently
      the negative attitude of FCs toward CDD, the FC's belief that the patient is
      unaware of diagnosis (P < .001), and the FC's unwillingness to know his/her own
      cancer diagnosis (P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the majority
      of FCs of Egyptian cancer patients prefer CDD to patients. The finding that the
      vast majority of FCs of aware patients preferred CDD suggests that the reaction
      of Egyptian patients to CDD is acceptable by FCs. Family caregivers with a
      negative attitude toward CDD may be reflecting their own fears.

PMID- 27362330
TI  - Potential new complication in drug therapy development for amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative
      disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal cord.
      Treatment development for ALS is complicated by complex underlying disease
      factors. Areas covered: Numerous tested drug compounds have shown no benefits in
      ALS patients, although effective in animal models. Discrepant results of pre
      clinical animal studies and clinical trials for ALS have primarily been
      attributed to limitations of ALS animal models for drug-screening studies and
      methodological inconsistencies in human trials. Current status of pre-clinical
      and clinical trials in ALS is summarized. Specific blood-CNS barrier damage in
      ALS patients, as a novel potential reason for the clinical failures in drug
      therapies, is discussed. Expert commentary: Pathological perivascular collagen IV
      accumulation, one unique characteristic of barrier damage in ALS patients, could
      be hindering transport of therapeutics to the CNS. Restoration of B-CNS-B
      integrity would foster delivery of therapeutics to the CNS.

PMID- 27362333
TI  - Endothelial notch signaling is essential to prevent hepatic vascular
      malformations in mice.
AB  - Liver vasculature is crucial for adequate hepatic functions. Global deletion of
      Notch signaling in mice results in liver vascular pathologies. However, whether
      Notch in endothelium is essential for hepatic vascular structure and function
      remains unknown. To uncover the function of endothelial Notch in the liver, we
      deleted Rbpj, a transcription factor mediating all canonical Notch signaling, or
      Notch1 from the endothelium of postnatal mice. We investigated the hepatic
      vascular defects in these mutants. The liver was severely affected within 2 weeks
      of endothelial deletion of Rbpj from birth. Two-week old mutant mice had enlarged
      vessels on the liver surface, abnormal vascular architecture, and dilated
      sinusoids. Vascular casting and fluorosphere passage experiments indicated the
      presence of porto-systemic shunts. These mutant mice presented with severely
      necrotic liver parenchyma and significantly larger hypoxic areas, likely
      resulting from vascular shunts. We also found elevated levels of VEGF receptor 3
      together with reduced levels of ephrin-B2, suggesting a possible contribution of
      these factors to the generation of hepatic vascular abnormalities. Deletion of
      Rbpj from the adult endothelium also led to dilated sinusoids, vascular shunts,
      and necrosis, albeit milder than that observed in mice with deletion from birth.
      Similar to deletion of Rbpj, loss of endothelial Notch1 from birth led to similar
      hepatic vascular malformations within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Endothelial Notch
      signaling is essential for the development and maintenance of proper hepatic
      vascular architecture and function. These findings may elucidate the molecular
      pathogenesis of hepatic vascular malformation and the safety of therapeutics
      inhibiting Notch. (Hepatology 2016;64:1302-1316).

PMID- 27362336
TI  - Solid-phase microextraction to determine micropollutant-macromolecule partition
      coefficients.
AB  - Aqueous micropollutants such as estradiol can have a large environmental impact
      even at low concentrations. Part of understanding this impact involves
      determining the extent to which the micropollutants interact with macromolecules
      in water. In environmental samples, relevant macromolecules to which
      micropollutants bind are referred to as dissolved organic matter, and the most
      common examples of these in freshwater and coastal seawater are fulvic and humic
      acids. In living organisms, the most common macromolecules that affect
      bioavailability of a drug (or toxin) are proteins such as albumin. Using [2, 4,
      6, 7 - (3)H]estradiol as an example compound, this protocol uses solid-phase
      microextraction and scintillation detection as analytical tools to quantify the
      amount of radiolabeled micropollutant available in solution. The measured free
      concentration after exposure to various concentrations of macromolecule
      (dissolved organic matter or protein) or micropollutant is used to determine the
      partition coefficient in the case of micropollutant-macromolecule interactions.
      The calibration and preparatory studies take at least 8 d, and the steps to
      determine the partition coefficient can be completed within 3 d. The protocol
      could be modified such that nonlabeled compounds are studied; instead of
      detection of activity by a liquid scintillation counter (LSC), the compounds can
      be quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid
      chromatography (LC)-MS(/MS).

PMID- 27362337
TI  - In vivo monitoring of cellular energy metabolism using SoNar, a highly responsive
      sensor for NAD(+)/NADH redox state.
AB  - NADH and its oxidized form NAD(+) have a central role in energy metabolism, and
      their concentrations are often considered to be among the most important readouts
      of metabolic state. Here, we present a detailed protocol to image and monitor
      NAD(+)/NADH redox state in living cells and in vivo using a highly responsive,
      genetically encoded fluorescent sensor known as SoNar (sensor of NAD(H) redox).
      The chimeric SoNar protein was initially developed by inserting circularly
      permuted yellow fluorescent protein (cpYFP) into the NADH-binding domain of Rex
      protein from Thermus aquaticus (T-Rex). It functions by binding to either NAD(+)
      or NADH, thus inducing protein conformational changes that affect its fluorescent
      properties. We first describe steps for how to establish SoNar-expressing cells,
      and then discuss how to use the system to quantify the intracellular redox state.
      This approach is sensitive, accurate, simple and able to report subtle
      perturbations of various pathways of energy metabolism in real time. We also
      detail the application of SoNar to high-throughput chemical screening of
      candidate compounds targeting cell metabolism in a microplate-reader-based assay,
      along with in vivo fluorescence imaging of tumor xenografts expressing SoNar in
      mice. Typically, the approximate time frame for fluorescence imaging of SoNar is
      30 min for living cells and 60 min for living mice. For high-throughput chemical
      screening in a 384-well-plate assay, the whole procedure generally takes no
      longer than 60 min to assess the effects of 380 compounds on cell metabolism.

PMID- 27362338
TI  - Single-cell in vivo imaging of adult neural stem cells in the zebrafish
      telencephalon.
AB  - Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) in zebrafish produce mature neurons throughout
      their entire life span in both the intact and regenerating brain. An
      understanding of the behavior of aNSCs in their intact niche and during
      regeneration in vivo should facilitate the identification of the molecular
      mechanisms controlling regeneration-specific cellular events. A greater
      understanding of the process in regeneration-competent species may enable
      regeneration to be achieved in regeneration-incompetent species, including
      humans. Here we describe a protocol for labeling and repetitive imaging of aNSCs
      in vivo. We label single aNSCs, allowing nonambiguous re-identification of single
      cells in repetitive imaging sessions using electroporation of a red-reporter
      plasmid in Tg(gfap:GFP)mi2001 transgenic fish expressing GFP in aNSCs. We image
      using two-photon microscopy through the thinned skull of anesthetized and
      immobilized fish. Our protocol allows imaging every 2 d for a period of up to 1
      month. This methodology allowed the visualization of aNSC behavior in vivo in
      their natural niche, in contrast to previously available technologies, which rely
      on the imaging of either dissociated cells or tissue slices. We used this
      protocol to follow the mode of aNSC division, fate changes and cell death in both
      the intact and injured zebrafish telencephalon. This experimental setup can be
      widely used, with minimal prior experience, to assess key factors for processes
      that modulate aNSC behavior. A typical experiment with data analysis takes up to
      1.5 months.

PMID- 27362339
TI  - Delineating potential epileptogenic areas utilizing resting functional magnetic
      resonance imaging (fMRI) in epilepsy patients.
AB  - Seizure localization includes neuroimaging like electroencephalogram, and
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with limited ability to characterize the
      epileptogenic network. Temporal clustering analysis (TCA) characterizes
      epileptogenic network congruent with interictal epileptiform discharges by
      clustering together voxels with transient signals. We generated epileptogenic
      areas for 12 of 13 epilepsy patients with TCA, congruent with different areas of
      seizure onset. Resting functional MRI (fMRI) scans are noninvasive, and can be
      acquired quickly, in patients with different levels of severity and function.
      Analyzing resting fMRI data using TCA is quick and can complement clinical
      methods to characterize the epileptogenic network.

PMID- 27362340
TI  - Old Dogs, New Tricks: Monogenic Autoinflammatory Disease Unleashed.
AB  - Autoinflammatory diseases are inborn disorders of the innate immune system
      characterized by episodes of systemic inflammation that are mediated largely by
      myeloid cells. The field of autoinflammatory diseases has been established since
      1999, following the identification of the first genes underlying periodic fever
      syndromes. This review focuses on developments that have transformed the field in
      the last two years. We discuss three newly described monogenic autoinflammatory
      diseases [deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2), a subtype of macrophage
      activation syndrome (MAS), and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-associated
      vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI)], discuss the possibilities of somatic
      mosaicism and digenic inheritance, and give an update on new concepts in pathways
      involved in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Finally, the new monogenic
      autoinflammatory disease haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20) underscores the
      placement of monogenic diseases in the firmament of common autoinflammatory
      phenotypes. The advances in the last two years have shed light on the
      pathophysiology of several autoinflammatory diseases and have elucidated new
      pathways that play a role in innate immunity.

PMID- 27362341
TI  - Defining the Clinical Value of a Genomic Diagnosis in the Era of Next-Generation
      Sequencing.
AB  - As with all fields of medicine, the first step toward medical management of
      genetic disorders is obtaining an accurate diagnosis, which often requires
      testing at the molecular level. Unfortunately, given the large number of genetic
      conditions without a specific intervention, only rarely does a genetic diagnosis
      alter patient management-which raises the question, what is the added value of
      obtaining a molecular diagnosis? Given the fast-paced advancement of genomic
      technologies, this is an important question to address in the context of genome
      scale testing. Here, we address the value of establishing a diagnosis using
      genome-scale testing and highlight the benefits and drawbacks of such testing. We
      also review and compare recent major studies implementing genome-scale sequencing
      methods to identify a molecular diagnosis in cohorts manifesting a broad range of
      Mendelian monogenic disorders. Finally, we discuss potential future applications
      of genomic sequencing, such as screening for rare conditions.

PMID- 27362342
TI  - Advancements in Next-Generation Sequencing.
AB  - The term next-generation sequencing is almost a decade old, but it remains the
      colloquial way to describe highly parallel or high-output sequencing methods that
      produce data at or beyond the genome scale. Since the introduction of these
      technologies, the number of applications and methods that leverage the power of
      genome-scale sequencing has increased at an exponential pace. This review
      highlights recent concepts, technologies, and methods from next-generation
      sequencing to illustrate the breadth and depth of the applications and research
      areas that are driving progress in genomics.

PMID- 27362343
TI  - Identification of specific activities associated with fall-related injuries,
      active component, U.S. Army, 2011.
AB  - Although falls continue to be a leading mechanism of serious injuries among
      military populations, interventions must target activities or hazards that can be
      controlled or managed. This project aimed to identify activities most frequently
      associated with Army soldier fall-related injuries to prioritize prevention
      strategies for this substantial health burden. Narrative data from Army safety,
      medical evacuation, and casualty reporting systems were reviewed to select
      incidents meeting inclusion criteria and assign established codes. Nondeployed
      (n=988) and deployed (n=254) injury rates were not statistically different (2.20
      per 1,000 non-deployed person-years [p-yrs], 2.21 per 1,000 deployed p-yrs,
      respectively). More than 75% of injuries were temporarily disabling fractures,
      sprains, and strains, primarily to lower extremities. The most frequent
      activities associated with non-deployed fall injuries were sports (e.g.,
      snowboarding and basketball; 22%), parachuting (20%), walking/marching (19%), and
      climbing (15%). Ice and snow were the leading hazard (43%). The most common
      associated activities among deployed soldiers were occupational tasks (53%),
      walking/patrolling (24%), climbing (23%), and sports (17%). Specific
      interventions that target the activities and hazards identified in this
      investigation are suggested as priorities to reduce Army fall-related injuries. 

PMID- 27362344
TI  - Incidence and recent trends in functional gastrointestinal disorders, active
      component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2005-2014.
AB  - Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common chronic conditions with
      an unknown pathophysiology and etiology. FGIDs elevate healthcare costs and cause
      substantial burden to public health and the military, including diminished
      readiness, productivity, and quality of life. This retrospective cohort study of
      active component U.S. military personnel covered a 10-year surveillance period,
      2005-2014. The Defense Medical Surveillance System (DMSS) was the data source.
      Incident cases were identified and rates were calculated and stratified by
      important covariates. Trends were described over the surveillance period.
      Incidence rates among deployed personnel were compared to rates in non-deployed
      personnel, stratified by age and sex. An increasing trend in functional
      constipation was observed during 2005-2012. Being female, black, in the Army or
      Air Force, and younger than 20 years of age or 40 years of age or older was
      associated with higher incidence rates. Deployment-exposed personnel had
      incidence rates that were 53% higher than those of non-deployed personnel.
      Elevated rates in personnel younger than 20 years of age and deployed personnel
      evoke interest concerning readiness and cost implications for the Military Health
      System. These subgroups should be examined in future studies. 

PMID- 27362345
TI  - Electronic and magnetic properties of superconducting LnO1-x F x BiS2 (Ln  =  La,
      Ce, Pr, and Nd) from first principles.
AB  - A density functional theory study of the BiS2 superconductors containing rare
      earths: LnO1-x F x BiS2 (Ln  =  La, Ce, Pr, and Nd) is presented. We find that
      CeO0.5F0.5BiS2 has competing ferromagnetic and weak antiferromagnetic tendencies,
      the first one corresponding to experimental results. We show that PrO0.5F0.5BiS2
      has a strong tendency for magnetic order, which can be ferromagnetic or
      antiferromagnetic depending on subtle differences in 4f orbital occupations. We
      demonstrate that NdO0.5F0.5BiS2 has a stable magnetic ground state with weak
      tendency to order. Finally, we show that the change of rare earth does not affect
      the Fermi surface, and predict that CeOBiS2 should display a pressure induced
      phase transition to a metallic, if not superconducting, phase under pressure.

PMID- 27362346
TI  - Differential Survival among Batches of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.) from
      Fertilisation through to Post-Metamorphosis.
AB  - Aquaculture production of cod has decreased from over 20,000 tonnes in 2009 to
      less than 2,000 tonnes in 2014 and the industry faces many challenges, one of
      which is high and unpredictably variable mortality rates in the early life
      stages. Hence, full-cycle farming with hatchery produced juveniles is still
      considered unprofitable compared to fisheries and on-growing of wild cod. In the
      present study, potential batch differences in progeny survival of wild-caught,
      hatchery-spawned Faroe Bank cod (Gadus morhua L.) were investigated at two
      defined periods during early life history; i) the embryo stage (60 day degrees
      post fertilisation) and ii) the fry stage (110 days post hatch), post
      metamorphosis. The fry stage experiment was conducted in three replicates (N =
      300 per replicate), and a panel of three polymorphic microsatellite markers was
      used for parental analysis. Mean survival rate at the embryo stage was 69% (+/-
      20% SD). Survival was positively associated with egg diameter (P < 0.01),
      explaining 90% of the variation in egg survival rates. The data were too scarce
      to conclude either way concerning a possible correlation between survival rates
      between the two periods (P < 0.10). Offspring from three batches (from a total of
      eight) dominated in the fry stage, contributing over 90% of the progeny, and
      results were consistent over all three replicate tanks. The skewed batch
      representation observed may be of relevance to the effective management of
      selective breeding programmes for cod. 

PMID- 27362347
TI  - Using Optimal Land-Use Scenarios to Assess Trade-Offs between Conservation,
      Development, and Social Values.
AB  - Development of land resources can contribute to increased economic productivity
      but can also negatively affect the extent and condition of native vegetation,
      jeopardize the persistence of native species, reduce water quality, and erode
      ecosystem services. Spatial planning must therefore balance outcomes for
      conservation, development, and social goals. One approach to evaluating these
      trade-offs is scenario planning. In this paper we demonstrate methods for
      incorporating stakeholder preferences into scenario planning through both
      defining scenario objectives and evaluating the scenarios that emerge. In this
      way, we aim to develop spatial plans capable of informing actual land-use
      decisions. We used a novel approach to scenario planning that couples optimal
      land-use design and social evaluation of environmental outcomes. Four land-use
      scenarios combined differences in total clearing levels (10% and 20%) in our
      study region, the Daly Catchment Australia, with the presence or absence of
      spatial precincts to concentrate irrigated agriculture. We used the systematic
      conservation planning tool Marxan with Zones to optimally plan for multiple land
      uses that met objectives for both conservation and development. We assessed the
      performance of the scenarios in terms of the number of objectives met and the
      degree to which existing land-use policies were compromised (e.g., whether
      clearing limits in existing guidelines were exceeded or not). We also assessed
      the land-use scenarios using expected stakeholder satisfaction with changes in
      the catchment to explore how the scenarios performed against social preferences.
      There were a small fraction of conservation objectives with high conservation
      targets (100%) that could not be met due to current land uses; all other
      conservation and development objectives were met in all scenarios. Most scenarios
      adhered to the existing clearing guidelines with only marginal exceedances of
      limits, indicating that the scenario objectives were compatible with existing
      policy. We found that two key stakeholder groups, agricultural and Indigenous
      residents, had divergent satisfaction levels with the amount of clearing and
      agricultural development. Based on the range of benefits and potential adverse
      impacts of each scenario, we suggest that the 10% clearing scenarios are most
      aligned with stakeholder preferences and best balance preferences across
      stakeholder groups. Our approach to scenario planning is applicable generally to
      exploring the potential conflicts between goals for conservation and development.
      Our case study is particularly relevant to current discussion about increased
      agricultural and pastoral development in northern Australia. 

PMID- 27362348
TI  - Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Harm in the German General Population.
AB  - The study aimed at evaluating the psychometric properties of the German version
      of the Self- Harm Inventory (SHI) and examining the lifetime prevalence and
      correlates of self-harm in a representative German population sample (N = 2,507;
      age mean = 48.79, SD = 18.11; range 14 to 94 years; 55.5% women) using the SHI.
      All participants answered the German SHI, the short form of the Barratt
      Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-15), the ultra-brief Patient Health Questionnaire for
      Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4), and provided sociodemographic information. The
      one-factorial structure of the SHI was replicated using a confirmatory factor
      analysis. Internal consistency coefficients were sufficient and in line with
      previous studies. Almost half of the sample (49%) acknowledged at least one self
      harming behavior over the life-span, most frequently indirect forms of self-harm.
      The rate of participants who engaged in at least one SHI behavior was higher
      among men than women (51.6% vs. 46.9%, respectively, chi2 = 5.38, p = 0.020).
      Higher SHI scores were related to younger age, male gender, living alone, more
      symptoms of anxiety and depression (PHQ-4), higher impulsivity scores (BIS-15),
      and suffering from obesity grade 2. Women engaged more often in discreet forms of
      self-harm than men, e.g., preventing wounds from healing, exercising an injury,
      starving, and abusing laxatives. In terms of other indirect self-harming
      behaviors, men admitted more often driving recklessly, being promiscuous and
      losing a job on purpose, while women reported more frequently engaging in
      emotionally abusive relationships. With respect to direct self-harm, women were
      more likely to endorse suicide attempts and cutting, while men admitted more
      often head-banging. The findings suggest that self-harm constitutes a common
      problem. Future longitudinal studies are required to examine the natural course,
      sociodemographic and psychopathological risk factors, as well as possible time
      trends of self-harming behaviors in more depth. 

PMID- 27362349
TI  - Linker flexibility of IVS3-S4 loops modulates voltage-dependent activation of L
      type Ca2+ channels.
AB  - Extracellular S3-S4 linkers of domain IV (IVS3-S4) of L-type Ca2+ channels (CaV1)
      are subject to alternative splicing, resulting into distinct gating profiles
      serving for diverse physiological roles. However, it has remained elusive what
      would be the determining factor of IVS3-S4 effects on CaV1 channels. In this
      study, we systematically compared IVS3-S4 variants from CaV1.1-1.4, and discover
      that the flexibility of the linker plays a prominent role in gating
      characteristics. Chimeric analysis and mutagenesis demonstrated that changes in
      half activation voltage (V1/2) or activation time constant (tau) are positively
      correlated with the numbers of flexible glycine residues within the linker.
      Moreover, antibodies that reduce IVS3-S4 flexibility negatively shifted V1/2,
      emerging as a new category of CaV1 enhancers. In summary, our results suggest
      that the flexibility or rigidity of IVS3-S4 linker underlies its modulations on
      CaV1 activation (V1/2 and tau), paving the way to dissect the core mechanisms and
      to develop innovative perturbations pertaining to voltage-sensing S4 and its
      vicinities.

PMID- 27362350
TI  - Acute Activation of Metabolic Syndrome Components in Pediatric Acute
      Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients Treated with Dexamethasone.
AB  - Although dexamethasone is highly effective in the treatment of pediatric acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), it can cause serious metabolic side effects.
      Because studies regarding the effects of dexamethasone are limited by their small
      scale, we prospectively studied the direct effects of treating pediatric ALL with
      dexamethasone administration with respect to activation of components of
      metabolic syndrome (MetS); in addition, we investigated whether these side
      effects were correlated with the level of dexamethasone. Fifty pediatric patients
      (3-16 years of age) with ALL were studied during a 5-day dexamethasone course
      during the maintenance phase of the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group ALL-10 and ALL
      11 protocols. Fasting insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and
      triglycerides levels were measured at baseline (before the start of
      dexamethasone; T1) and on the fifth day of treatment (T2). Dexamethasone trough
      levels were measured at T2. We found that dexamethasone treatment significantly
      increased the following fasting serum levels (P<0.05): HDL, LDL, total
      cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. In addition, dexamethasone
      increased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR>3.4) from 8% to 85% (P<0.01). Dexamethasone
      treatment also significantly increased the diastolic and systolic blood pressure.
      Lastly, dexamethasone trough levels (N = 24) were directly correlated with high
      glucose levels at T2, but not with other parameters. These results indicate that
      dexamethasone treatment acutely induces three components of the MetS. Together
      with the weight gain typically associated with dexamethasone treatment, these
      factors may contribute to the higher prevalence of MetS and cardiovascular risk
      among survivors of childhood leukemia who received dexamethasone treatment. 

PMID- 27362351
TI  - Empathic accuracy for happiness in the daily lives of older couples: Fluid
      cognitive performance predicts pattern accuracy among men.
AB  - Correctly identifying other's emotional states is a central cognitive component
      of empathy. We examined the role of fluid cognitive performance for empathic
      accuracy for happiness in the daily lives of 86 older couples (mean relationship
      length = 45 years; mean age = 75 years) on up to 42 occasions over 7 consecutive
      days. Men performing better on the Digit Symbol test were more accurate in
      identifying ups and downs of their partner's happiness. A similar association was
      not found for women. We discuss the potential role of fluid cognitive performance
      and other individual, partner, and situation characteristics for empathic
      accuracy. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362352
TI  - Super Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy and Tracking of Bacterial Flotillin
      (Reggie) Paralogs Provide Evidence for Defined-Sized Protein Microdomains within
      the Bacterial Membrane but Absence of Clusters Containing Detergent-Resistant
      Proteins.
AB  - Biological membranes have been proposed to contain microdomains of a specific
      lipid composition, in which distinct groups of proteins are clustered. Flotillin
      like proteins are conserved between pro-and eukaryotes, play an important
      function in several eukaryotic and bacterial cells, and define in vertebrates a
      type of so-called detergent-resistant microdomains. Using STED microscopy, we
      show that two bacterial flotillins, FloA and FloT, form defined assemblies with
      an average diameter of 85 to 110 nm in the model bacterium Bacillus subtilis.
      Interestingly, flotillin microdomains are of similar size in eukaryotic cells.
      The soluble domains of FloA form higher order oligomers of up to several hundred
      kDa in vitro, showing that like eukaryotic flotillins, bacterial assemblies are
      based in part on their ability to self-oligomerize. However, B. subtilis paralogs
      show significantly different diffusion rates, and consequently do not colocalize
      into a common microdomain. Dual colour time lapse experiments of flotillins
      together with other detergent-resistant proteins in bacteria show that proteins
      colocalize for no longer than a few hundred milliseconds, and do not move
      together. Our data reveal that the bacterial membrane contains defined-sized
      protein domains rather than functional microdomains dependent on flotillins.
      Based on their distinct dynamics, FloA and FloT confer spatially distinguishable
      activities, but do not serve as molecular scaffolds.

PMID- 27362353
TI  - Dissecting Virus Infectious Cycles by Cryo-Electron Microscopy.

PMID- 27362354
TI  - Measuring Quality of Maternal and Newborn Care in Developing Countries Using
      Demographic and Health Surveys.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One of the greatest obstacles facing efforts to address quality of
      care in low and middle income countries is the absence of relevant and reliable
      data. This article proposes a methodology for creating a single "Quality Index"
      (QI) representing quality of maternal and neonatal health care based upon data
      collected as part of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program. METHODS:
      Using the 2012 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey dataset, indicators of
      quality of care were identified based on the recommended guidelines outlined in
      the WHO Integrated Management of Pregnancy and Childbirth. Two sets of indicators
      were created; one set only including indicators available in the standard DHS
      questionnaire and the other including all indicators identified in the Indonesian
      dataset. For each indicator set composite indices were created using Principal
      Components Analysis and a modified form of Equal Weighting. These indices were
      tested for internal coherence and robustness, as well as their comparability with
      each other. Finally a single QI was chosen to explore the variation in index
      scores across a number of known equity markers in Indonesia including wealth,
      urban rural status and geographical region. RESULTS: The process of creating
      quality indexes from standard DHS data was proven to be feasible, and initial
      results from Indonesia indicate particular disparities in the quality of care
      received by the poor as well as those living in outlying regions. CONCLUSIONS:
      The QI represents an important step forward in efforts to understand, measure and
      improve quality of MNCH care in developing countries.

PMID- 27362355
TI  - Increased Risk of Acute Kidney Injury following Pneumococcal Pneumonia: A
      Nationwide Cohort Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Pneumococcal disease leads to renal complications ranging from
      persistent proteinuria to end-stage renal disease. Studies on the association
      between pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are scant. This
      study assessed the relationship between PP and risk of AKI. METHODS: This
      nationwide population-based cohort study examined data from the Taiwan National
      Health Insurance Research Database for the period 2000-2011. We identified
      inpatients with newly diagnosed PP according to the International Classification
      of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. In addition,
      we selected a comparison cohort from inpatient claims without the diagnosis of PP
      that was randomly frequency-matched with the PP cohort according to age, sex,
      index year and comorbidities. We analyzed the risks of AKI by using Cox
      proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for sex, age, and comorbidities.
      RESULTS: A total of 10,069 patients with PP and 10,069 controls were enrolled in
      this study. After adjustments for age, sex, and comorbidities, patients with PP
      had a 1.11-fold risk of developing AKI compared with the comparison cohort.
      CONCLUSION: This study indicates that AKI risks are higher in patients with PP
      compared with the comparison cohort. Careful follow-up observation and aggressive
      treatment are necessary for patients with PP to reduce the risk of AKI.

PMID- 27362356
TI  - Systematic Review of Willingness to Pay for Health Insurance in Low and Middle
      Income Countries.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Access to healthcare is mostly contingent on out-of-pocket spending
      (OOPS) by health seekers, particularly in low- and middle-income countries
      (LMICs). This would require many LMICs to raise enough funds to achieve universal
      health insurance coverage. But, are individuals or households willing to pay for
      health insurance, and how much? What factors positively affect WTP for health
      insurance? We wanted to examine the evidence for this, through a review of the
      literature. METHODS: We systematically searched databases up to February 2016 and
      included studies of individual or household WTP for health insurance. Two authors
      appraised the identified studies. We estimated the WTP as a percentage of GDP per
      capita, and adjusted net national income per capita of each country. We used meta
      analysis to calculate WTP means and confidence intervals, and vote-counting to
      identify the variables that more often affected WTP. RESULT: 16 studies (21
      articles) from ten countries met the inclusion criteria. The mean WTP of
      individuals was 1.18% of GDP per capita and 1.39% of adjusted net national income
      per capita. The corresponding figures for households were 1.82% and 2.16%,
      respectively. Increases in family size, education level and income were
      consistently correlated with higher WTP for insurance, and increases in age were
      correlated with reduced WTP. CONCLUSIONS: The WTP for healthcare insurance among
      rural households in LMICs was just below 2% of the GPD per capita. The findings
      demonstrate that in moving towards universal health coverage in LMICs,
      governments should not rely on households' premiums as a major financing source
      and should increase their fiscal capacity for an equitable health care system
      using other sources.

PMID- 27362357
TI  - Forms of medical pluralism among the Polish Community in Misiones, Argentina.
AB  - The paper addresses forms of medical pluralism, studied from the microsocial
      perspective, among the Polish community in Misiones, Argentina. It shows
      different attitudes to health treatment within the field of home medicine, local
      non-biomedical specialists and biomedicine. It points out the relationship
      between the diversity of offers of medical assistance and community members'
      negotiations between various medical approaches. It also identifies the factors
      influencing these choices. While prior research examines Indigenous and Mestizo
      medical ethnobotany in this region, there has not been research on medical
      pluralism and very little study of complementary and alternative medicine among
      the inhabitants of Misiones. The study group comprises Polish peasants who
      settled in northern Misiones between 1936 and 1938 and their descendants born in
      Argentina. Field research was based on semi-structured, in-depth and free-listing
      interviews. The analysis was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative
      approaches. The results show that Polish settlers tried to reconstruct bits and
      pieces of their familiar and traditional healing practices in the new
      environment. Phytotherapy plays the most important role among home therapies. It
      is at home that most treatments start. Members of the Polish community also treat
      folk illnesses at home and report them to local healers. The growing influence of
      biomedicine does not contribute to the elimination of home medicine or non
      biomedical specialists in the study area. There has been a medicalization of
      childbirth and fractures, but folk experts such as curanderos, hueseros and
      naturistas are still very popular in the region. 

PMID- 27362358
TI  - Speech intelligibility assessment of protective facemasks and air-purifying
      respirators.
AB  - Speech Intelligibility (SI) is the perceived quality of sound transmission. In
      healthcare settings, the ability to communicate clearly with coworkers, patients,
      etc., is crucial to quality patient care and safety. The objectives of this study
      were to: (1) assess the suitability of the Speech Transmission Index (STI)
      methods for testing reusable and disposable facial and respiratory personal
      protective equipment (protective facemasks [PF], N95 filtering facepiece
      respirators [N95 FFR], and elastomeric half-mask air-purifying respirators
      [EAPR]) commonly worn by healthcare workers; (2) quantify STI levels of these
      devices; and (3) contribute to the scientific body of knowledge in the area of
      SI. SI was assessed using the STI under two experimental conditions: (1) a
      modified version of the National Fire Protection Association 1981 Supplementary
      Voice Communications System Performance Test at a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of 
      15 (66 dBA) and (2) STI measurements utilizing a range of modified pink noise
      levels (52.5 dBA (-2 SNR) - 72.5 dBA (+7 SNR)) in 5.0 dBA increments. The PF
      models (Kimberly Clark 49214 and 3 M 1818) had the least effect on SI
      interference, typically deviating from the STI baseline (no-mask condition) by 3%
      and 4% STI, respectively. The N95FFR (3 M 1870, 3 M 1860) had more effect on SI
      interference, typically differing from baseline by 13% and 17%, respectively, for
      models tested. The EAPR models (Scott Xcel and North 5500) had the most
      significant impact on SI, differing from baseline by 42% for models tested. This
      data offers insight into the performance of these apparatus with respect to STI
      and may serve as a reference point for future respirator design considerations,
      standards development, testing and certification activities.

PMID- 27362360
TI  - Nutrition meets the microbiome: micronutrients and the microbiota.
AB  - There is increasing evidence that food is an important factor that influences and
      shapes the composition and configuration of the gut microbiota. Most studies have
      focused on macronutrients (fat, carbohydrate, protein) in particular and their
      effects on the gut microbiota. Although the microbiota can synthesize different
      water-soluble vitamins, the effects of vitamins synthesized within the microbiota
      on systemic vitamin status are unclear. Few studies exist on the shuttling of
      vitamins between the microbiota and intestine and the impact of luminal vitamins
      on the microbiota. Studying the interactions between vitamins and the microbiota
      may help to understand the effects of vitamins on the barrier function and immune
      system of the intestinal tract. Furthermore, understanding the impact of
      malnutrition, particularly low micronutrient supply, on microbiota development,
      composition, and metabolism may help in implementing new strategies to overcome
      the deleterious effects of malnutrition on child development. This article
      reviews data on the synthesis of different micronutrients and their effects on
      the human microbiota, and further discusses the consequences of malnutrition on
      microbiota composition.

PMID- 27362359
TI  - Comorbid Depression and Heart Failure: A Community Cohort Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between depression and clinical outcomes in
      heart failure (HF) in a community cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: HF patients in
      Minnesota, United States completed depression screening using the 9-item Patient
      Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) between 1st Oct 2007 and 1st Dec 2011; patients with
      PHQ-9>=5 were labelled "depressed". We calculated the risk of death and first
      hospitalization within 2 years using Cox regression. Results were adjusted for 10
      commonly used prognostic factors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, estimated
      glomerular filtration rate, serum sodium, ejection fraction, blood urea nitrogen,
      brain natriuretic peptide, presence of diabetes and ischaemic aetiology). Area
      under the curve (AUC), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net
      reclassification improvement (NRI) compared depression as a predictor against the
      aforementioned factors. RESULTS: 425 patients (mean age 74, 57.6% males) were
      included in the study; 179 (42.1%) had PHQ-9>=5. The adjusted hazard ratio of
      death was 2.02 (95% CI 1.34-3.04) and of hospitalization was 1.42 (95% CI 1.13
      1.80) for those with compared to those without depression. Adding depression to
      the models did not appreciably change the AUC but led to statistically
      significant improvements in both the IDI (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005 for death and
      hospitalization, respectively) and NRI (for death and hospitalization, 35% (p =
      0.002) and 27% (p = 0.007) were reclassified correctly, respectively).
      CONCLUSION: Depression is frequent among community patients with HF and
      associated with increased risk of hospitalizations and death. Risk prediction for
      death and hospitalizations in HF patients can be improved by considering
      depression.

PMID- 27362361
TI  - Gender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and
      Expressivity.
AB  - The present study investigated gender differences in both emotional experience
      and expressivity. Heart rate (HR) was recorded as an indicator of emotional
      experience while the participants watched 16 video clips that induced eight types
      of emotion (sadness, anger, horror, disgust, neutrality, amusement, surprise, and
      pleasure). We also asked the participants to report valence, arousal, and
      motivation as indicators of emotional expressivity. Overall, the results revealed
      gender differences in emotional experience and emotional expressivity. When
      watching videos that induced anger, amusement, and pleasure, men showed larger
      decreases in HR, whereas women reported higher levels of arousal. There was no
      gender difference in HR when the participants watched videos that induced horror
      and disgust, but women reported lower valence, higher arousal, and stronger
      avoidance motivation than did men. Finally, no gender difference was observed in
      sadness or surprise, although there was one exception-women reported higher
      arousal when watching videos that induced sadness. The findings suggest that,
      when watching videos that induce an emotional response, men often have more
      intense emotional experiences, whereas women have higher emotional expressivity,
      particularly for negative emotions. In addition, gender differences depend on the
      specific emotion type but not the valence. 

PMID- 27362363
TI  - Implications of Untreated Cleft Palate in the Developing World: Adaptation of an
      Outcome Measure.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify the implications of living with untreated cleft palate
      and develop an outcome measure which reflects the broad impact of surgery but is
      sensitive to the physical impact, speech changes, and psychosocial implications
      of late intervention. Design, Participants, Setting: Focus groups and individual
      interviews were used to gather information on the implications of living with
      untreated cleft palate and the impact of subsequent surgery. Participants
      included 11 individuals attending a cleft department in India whose cleft had
      persisted into adolescence or adulthood, as well as 16 of their family members.
      The findings were used to assess whether the Therapy Outcome Measure (TOM) could
      capture the implications of untreated cleft palate and the impact of surgery
      beyond that of speech alone. RESULTS: The findings indicated that the
      implications of living with untreated cleft palate revolved around difficulties
      with communication, reduced autonomy, and nasal regurgitation. These issues are
      encapsulated within the third and fourth domains of the TOM, but there is a need
      for an adapted version (TOM-clp) to use in the developing world, incorporating
      areas specific to cleft palate. CONCLUSION: The TOM has potential as a global
      tool for measuring the broad impact, including the psychosocial benefit, from
      attending to untreated cleft palate.

PMID- 27362362
TI  - Regulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase Ena1 Expression by Calcineurin/Crz1 under High pH
      Stress: A Quantitative Study.
AB  - Regulated expression of the Ena1 Na+-ATPase is a crucial event for adaptation to
      high salt and/or alkaline pH stress in the budding yeast Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae. ENA1 expression is under the control of diverse signaling pathways,
      including that mediated by the calcium-regulatable protein phosphatase
      calcineurin and its downstream transcription factor Crz1. We present here a
      quantitative study of the expression of Ena1 in response to alkalinization of the
      environment and we analyze the contribution of Crz1 to this response.
      Experimental data and mathematical models substantiate the existence of two
      stress-responsive Crz1-binding sites in the ENA1 promoter and estimate that the
      contribution of Crz1 to the early response of the ENA1 promoter is about 60%. The
      models suggest the existence of a second input with similar kinetics, which would
      be likely mediated by high pH-induced activation of the Snf1 kinase. 

PMID- 27362364
TI  - Silibinin: a potential old drug for cancer therapy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Silibinin is mixture of flavonolignans extracted from milk thistle
      and often has been used in the treatment of acute and chronic liver disorders
      caused by toxins, drug, alcohol and hepatitis and gall bladder disorders for its
      antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. AREAS COVERED: However, increasing
      evidence suggest that silibinin is not solely limited in the treatment of these
      diseases. Further research suggests that silymarin may function diversely and may
      serve as a novel therapy for cancer therapy, such as lung cancer, prostatic
      cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma
      by regulating cancer cells growth, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and
      many other mechanism. Expert commentary: In this review, in order to provide
      potential new treatment for these cancer, we summarize the recent anti-cancer
      findings of silibinin in these cancer and clarify the mechanisms of this effect.

PMID- 27362365
TI  - A novel surfactant protein C gene mutation associated with progressive
      respiratory failure in infancy.
AB  - Mutations of the Surfactant Protein C (SPC) gene (SFTPC) have been associated
      with childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) with variable age of onset,
      severity of lung disease, and outcomes. We report a novel mutation in SFTPC
      [c.435G->A, p.(Gln145)] that was associated with onset of symptoms in early
      infancy, progressive respiratory failure with need for prolonged mechanical
      ventilatory support, and eventual lung transplant at 1 year of age. While the
      mutation was not predicted to alter the amino acid sequence of the SP-C precursor
      protein, analysis of SP-C transcripts demonstrated skipping of exon 4. Because of
      limited data about the outcomes of infants with SFTPC mutations, we conducted a
      systematic review of all the SFTPC mutations reported in the literature in order
      to define their presenting features, clinical and radiologic features, and
      outcomes. Further advances in our understanding of chILD and creation of an
      international registry will help to track these patients and their outcomes.
      Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:57-68. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362366
TI  - ADAR1 deletion induces NFkappaB and interferon signaling dependent liver
      inflammation and fibrosis.
AB  - Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) 1 binds and edits double-stranded (ds)
      RNA secondary structures found mainly within untranslated regions of many
      transcripts. In the current research, our aim was to study the role of ADAR1 in
      liver homeostasis. As previous studies show a conserved immunoregulatory function
      for ADAR1 in mammalians, we focused on its role in preventing chronic hepatic
      inflammation and the associated activation of hepatic stellate cells to produce
      extracellular matrix and promote fibrosis. We show that hepatocytes specific
      ADAR1 knock out (KO) mice display massive liver damage with multifocal
      inflammation and fibrogenesis. The bioinformatics analysis of the microarray gene
      expression datasets of ADAR1 KO livers reveled a type-I interferons signature and
      an enrichment for immune response genes compared to control littermate livers.
      Furthermore, we found that in vitro silencing of ADAR1 expression in HepG2 cells
      leads to enhanced transcription of NFkappaB target genes, foremost of the pro
      inflammatory cytokines IL6 and IL8. We also discovered immune cell-independent
      paracrine signaling among ADAR1-depleted HepG2 cells and hepatic stellate cells,
      leading to the activation of the latter cell type to adopt a profibrogenic
      phenotype. This paracrine communication dependent mainly on the production and
      secretion of the cytokine IL6 induced by ADAR1 silencing in hepatocytes. Thus,
      our findings shed a new light on the vital regulatory role of ADAR1 in hepatic
      immune homeostasis, chiefly its inhibitory function on the crosstalk between the
      NFkappaB and type-I interferons signaling cascades, restraining the development
      of liver inflammation and fibrosis.

PMID- 27362368
TI  - Bioactive properties and potentials cosmeceutical applications of phlorotannins
      isolated from brown seaweeds: A review.
AB  - Currently, natural ingredients are becoming more attractive for the industries
      such as functional food, nutraceuticals, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical
      industries as people starting to believe naturally occurring compounds are safer
      to humans than artificial compounds. Seaweeds are one of the most interesting
      organisms found in oceans around the earth, which are carrying great ecological
      importance and contribute to increase the biodiversity of ecosystems where they
      were originated and habitat. Within last few decades, discovery of secondary
      metabolites with biological activities from seaweeds has been significantly
      increased. Further, the unique secondary metabolites isolated from seaweeds
      including polysaccharides, carotenoids and polyphenols possess range of bioactive
      properties that make them potential ingredient for many industrial applications.
      Among those groups of compounds phlorotannins isolated from brown seaweeds have
      shown interesting bioactive properties including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation,
      anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-wrinkling and hair growth promotion properties.
      Moreover, these properties associated with phlorotannins make them an ideal
      compounds to use as a functional ingredient in cosmeceutical products. Up to now
      no report has been reviewed about discuss properties of phlorotannins related to
      the cosmeceutical application. In the present review primary attention is given
      to the collect scientific data published about bioactive properties of brown
      algal phlorotannins related to the cosmeceutical industry. 

PMID- 27362369
TI  - A 4:1 stoichiometric binding and stabilization of mitoxantrone-parallel stranded
      G-quadruplex complex established by spectroscopy techniques.
AB  - Small molecule ligands which specifically bind and stabilize G-quadruplex
      structures in telomeric ends inhibit the activity of telomerase enzyme, an
      important marker for cancer. Understanding of the binding mode of ligand-G
      quadruplex complex is important for evaluating relative efficacy of anti-tumor
      drugs. The present study is focused on interaction of anti-tumor drug
      mitoxantrone (MTX) with tetra-molecular parallel stranded G-quadruplex sequence d
      TTGGGGT using absorbance, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy
      techniques. Absorbance of mitoxantrone shows hypochromism up to MTX (D)/DNA
      quadruplex (N) ratio ~5, followed by hyperchromism up to D/N=0.21 accompanied by
      a red shift of 15nm. The fluorescence emission of MTX shows decrease up to D/N ~5
      and then increases with red shift of 8nm. The two observed fluorescent lifetimes,
      0.17ns (91%) and 0.44ns (9%), indicate dual binding mode. Absence of isobestic
      and isoemissive point indicates presence of multiple complexes. Circular
      Dichroism spectra showing positive induced band at 645nm and two exciton bands
      centered at 619 and 664nm suggest binding of mitoxantrone as a dimer. Proton NMR
      studies show intermolecular MTX-MTX short contacts confirming existence of
      stacked dimer of MTX. Thermal melting transitions of DNA saturate at D/N=4 with
      DeltaTm=25 degrees C. The results establish highly specific external groove
      binding of 4 molecules of mitoxantrone as two dimers at two distinct sites of
      DNA. 

PMID- 27362367
TI  - Drug Residues after Intravenous Anesthesia and Intrathecal Lidocaine
      Hydrochloride Euthanasia in Horses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intrathecal lidocaine hydrochloride under general anesthesia has been
      used as an alternative method of euthanasia in equids. Carnivore, scavenger, and
      even human consumption of horse meat from carcasses have been anecdotally
      reported in rural areas after this method of euthanasia. The presence of drug
      residues in horse meat has not been investigated. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To
      investigate if drug residues are found in horse tissues and determine their
      concentrations. ANIMALS: Of 11 horses requiring euthanasia for medical reasons.
      METHODS: Prospective descriptive study. Horses were anesthetized with total IV
      dose of xylazine (mean, 2.5 mg/kg), midazolam (0.1 mg/kg), and ketamine
      hydrochloride (mean, 5.8 mg/kg). An atlanto-occipital cisterna centesis for the
      collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and administration of lidocaine
      hydrochloride (4 mg/kg) was performed. Blood samples for both serum and plasma,
      skeletal muscle (triceps brachii, gluteus medius), and CSF were collected for the
      determination of drug residues. Frozen skeletal muscle available from 5
      additional horses that received standard dosages of drugs for short-term
      anesthesia (xylazine 1.1 mg/kg, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, and ketamine 2.2 mg/kg) also
      were analyzed. RESULTS: Drug residues were found in the tissues of all horses,
      but at extremely low concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE:
      Euthanasia by administration of lidocaine intrathecally to horses under IV
      anesthesia poses a low risk of toxicity to carnivores and scavengers that might
      consume muscle tissue from a carcass in which this protocol has been used.

PMID- 27362370
TI  - Calcium and protons affect the interaction of neurotransmitters and anesthetics
      with anionic lipid membranes.
AB  - We study how zwitterionic and anionic biomembrane models interact with
      neurotransmitters (NTs) and anesthetics (ATs) in the presence of Ca(2+) and
      different pH conditions. As NTs we used acetylcholine (ACh), gamma-aminobutyric
      acid (GABA), and l-glutamic acid (LGlu). As ATs, tetracaine (TC), and
      pentobarbital (PB) were employed. By using differential scanning calorimetry
      (DSC), we analyzed the changes such molecules produce in the thermal properties
      of the membranes. We found that calcium and pH play important roles in the
      interactions of NTs and ATs with the anionic lipid membranes. Changes in pH
      promote deprotonation of the phosphate groups in anionic phospholipids inducing
      electrostatic interactions between them and NTs; but if Ca(2+) ions are in the
      system, these act as bridges. Such interactions impact the physical properties of
      the membranes in a similar manner that anesthetics do. Beyond the usual
      biochemical approach, we claim that these effects should be taken into account to
      understand the excitatory-inhibitory orchestrated balance in the nervous system.

PMID- 27362371
TI  - Current Concepts and Controversies in Innate Immunity of Cystic Fibrosis Lung
      Disease.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is characterized by chronic infection and
      inflammation. The inflammatory response in CF is dominated by the activation of
      the innate immune system. Bacteria and fungi represent the key pathogens
      chronically colonizing the CF airways. In response, innate immune pattern
      recognition receptors, expressed by airway epithelial and myeloid cells, sense
      the microbial threat and release chemoattractants to recruit large numbers of
      neutrophils into CF airways. However, neutrophils fail to efficiently clear the
      invading pathogens, but instead release harmful proteases and oxidants and
      finally cause tissue injury. Here, we summarize and discuss current concepts and
      controversies in the field of innate immunity in CF lung disease, facing the
      ongoing questions of whether inflammation is good or bad in CF and how innate
      immune mechanisms could be harnessed therapeutically.

PMID- 27362372
TI  - Palladium-Catalyzed Chemoselective and Biocompatible Functionalization of
      Cysteine-Containing Molecules at Room Temperature.
AB  - The third generation of aminobiphenyl palladacycle pre-catalyst "G3-Xantphos"
      enables functionalization of peptides containing cysteine in high yields. The
      conjugation (bioconjugation) occurs chemoselectively at room temperature under
      biocompatible conditions. Extension of the method to protein functionalization
      allows selective bioconjugation of the trastuzumab antibody. 

PMID- 27362373
TI  - Cohesive Energies and Enthalpies: Complexities, Confusions, and Corrections.
AB  - The cohesive or atomization energy of an ionic solid is the energy required to
      decompose the solid into its constituent independent gaseous atoms at 0 K, while
      its lattice energy, Upot, is the energy required to decompose the solid into its
      constituent independent gaseous ions at 0 K. These energies may be converted into
      enthalpies at a given temperature by the addition of the small energies
      corresponding to integration of the heat capacity of each of the constituents.
      While cohesive energies/enthalpies are readily calculated by thermodynamic
      summing of the formation energies/enthalpies of the constituents, they are also
      currently intensively studied by computational procedures for the resulting
      insight on the interactions within the solid. In supporting confirmation of their
      computational results, authors generally quote "experimental" cohesive energies
      which are, in fact, simply the thermodynamic sums. However, these "experimental"
      cohesive energies are quoted in many different units, atom-based or calorimetric,
      and on different bases such as per atom, per formula unit, per oxide ion, and so
      forth. This makes comparisons among materials very awkward. Additionally, some of
      the quoted values are, in fact, lattice energies which are distinctly different
      from cohesive energies. We list large numbers of reported cohesive energies for
      binary halides, chalcogenides, pnictogenides, and Laves phase compounds which we
      bring to the same basis, and identify a number as incorrectly reported lattice
      energies. We also propose that cohesive energies of higher-order ionic solids may
      also be estimated as thermodynamic enthalpy sums. 

PMID- 27362376
TI  - Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Why Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurses Need to Have
      AMR in Their Alphabet.

PMID- 27362377
TI  - Transition-Aged Youths and the Effect on Executive Functioning.

PMID- 27362374
TI  - In ovo exposure to monochromatic lights affect posthatch muscle growth and
      satellite cell proliferation of chicks: role of IGF-1.
AB  - To study the role of IGF-1 on stimulation with monochromatic light during
      incubation altering posthatch muscle growth, chicken embryos were exposed to blue
      light, green light, red light, white light or darkness throughout embryonic
      period and then were raised in white light conditions upon hatching. Comparing
      with the other treatment groups, the chicks in green light group had heavier
      hatching weights, higher muscle indexes and larger muscle fibers. Both in vivo
      and in vitro studies showed that the number and proliferative activity of
      satellite cells in green light group were the highest. Plasma IGF-1 level and
      skeletal muscle IGF-1R mRNA level were higher in green light group. Moreover,
      exogenous IGF-1 increased the proliferative activity of satellite cell in a dose
      dependent fashion. These results suggest that stimulation with monochromatic
      green light during incubation promoted posthatch muscle growth and satellite cell
      proliferation of chicks through IGF-1 signaling.

PMID- 27362380
TI  - Drugs to Treat Depression.

PMID- 27362381
TI  - Antidepressant, Antipsychotic, and Hallucinogen Drugs for the Treatment of
      Psychiatric Disorders: A Convergence at the Serotonin-2A Receptor.
AB  - Antidepressant, atypical antipsychotic, and hallucinogen drugs mediate their
      actions in part by interactions with the serotonin-2A (5HT2A) receptor.
      Serotonergic hallucinogen drugs, such as psilocybin, bind most potently as
      agonists at the 5HT2A receptor, producing profound changes in perception, mood,
      and cognition. Some of these drugs have been or are currently being investigated
      in small Phase 2 studies for depression, alcoholism, smoking cessation, anxiety,
      and posttraumatic stress disorder. However, unlike the synergistic effects of
      combining antidepressant and atypical antipsychotic drugs, the potential
      therapeutic effects of hallucinogen drugs may be attenuated by the concurrent use
      of these medications because antidepressant and atypical antipsychotic drugs
      desensitize and/or down-regulate 5HT2A receptors. This finding has important
      implications for optimizing the potential therapeutic use of hallucinogen drugs
      in psychiatry. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services,
      54(7), 21-24.]. 

PMID- 27362382
TI  - Adopting a Clinical Assessment Framework in Older Adult Mental Health.
AB  - Obtaining new knowledge accepted and used by practitioners remains a slow
      process. A dearth of knowledge translation research exists that explores how to
      effectively move knowledge to practice in the field of older adult mental health.
      The current article reports findings of a knowledge translation study that
      examined what factors enabled the adoption of a new clinical assessment
      framework, P.I.E.C.E.S.TM, into practice in an older adult tertiary mental health
      unit. Theoretical insights of appreciative inquiry were used to guide the study.
      Qualitative methods were used, including focus groups with 20 staff and
      individual interviews with three leaders. The appreciative inquiry approach
      helped researchers successfully facilitate knowledge translation. Enabling
      factors included: (a) fostering positive energy to make continuous improvement,
      (b) working with team members across disciplines at all levels, and (c) using
      knowledge translation tools to enable and sustain the new practice. [Journal of
      Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54 (7), 26-31.]. 

PMID- 27362383
TI  - Psychiatric Inpatient Bedside Handoff: Implementation of a Quality Improvement
      Project and Nurses' Responses.
AB  - Psychiatric inpatient unit nurses implemented a quality improvement project to
      explore strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the change of shift
      communication between nurses and patients and obtain goals of care information.
      Three nurses championed a 6-month project to implement more efficient, patient
      centered communication; influence patient outcomes; and assess nurses'
      perceptions about patient satisfaction. A survey established the level of nurse
      satisfaction regarding the length of time spent at change of shift obtaining
      patient information. Following a literature review, nurses used a standardized
      approach for their change of shift report, which they called patient bedside
      handoff. Nurses reported increased satisfaction with the length of time spent
      with the patient bedside handoff from a pre-implementation average score of 5.7
      (somewhat satisfied) to a post-implementation score of 8.3 (very satisfied). This
      nurse-led quality improvement project helped illuminate perceived barriers to the
      implementation of patient bedside handoff and the changes in nurses' perceptions
      over time. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54(7), 33
      37.]. 

PMID- 27362384
TI  - Advocating for the Use of Pharmacogenomics: One Nurse's Story.
AB  - The current article describes the experiences of a motivated nurse who gained an
      understanding of pharmacogenomics and advocated for the use cytochrome P450
      testing for patients in her clinical practice, her family members, herself, and
      for changing the health care delivery system to more readily recognize and
      address drug-metabolizing-enzyme abnormalities. Recommendations for nurses
      interested in promoting the use of pharmacogenomics include learning as much as
      possible about testing and implications, networking with other providers,
      identifying a knowledgeable pharmacist, assessing for a family history of
      problems with medication side effects or lack of efficacy, and keeping records of
      relevant medical and medication information to share with providers. [Journal of
      Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54(7), 38-42.]. 

PMID- 27362385
TI  - Effect of the Cognitive-Behavioral Prevention Program on Levels of Depression
      Symptoms Among Working Adolescents in Turkey.
AB  - The current study was conducted to determine the effect of the Cognitive
      Behavioral Prevention Program (CBPP) on levels of depression symptoms, ability to
      cope with stress, and automatic negative thought patterns among working
      adolescents in Turkey. The CBPP was conducted once per week for eight sessions
      and then once per month for six sessions. Data were collected using the Beck
      Depression Inventory, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire, and Rosenbaum's Learned
      Resourcefulness Schedule. Observations were made prior to administration of the
      CBPP, upon conclusion of the program, and at 6 and 12 months. Chi-square and t
      tests were used for data analysis. Mean age of participants was 15.85, and they
      worked a mean 10.84 hours per day. After taking part in the CBPP, participants
      displayed a decrease in levels of depression symptoms, an increase in their
      ability to cope with stress, and diminished automatic negative thoughts (all p =
      0.001), thus indicating that they benefited from the program and its
      effectiveness continued through 12-month follow up. [Journal of Psychosocial
      Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54(7), 43-51.]. 

PMID- 27362387
TI  - Machine Learning Techniques in Clinical Vision Sciences.
AB  - This review presents and discusses the contribution of machine learning
      techniques for diagnosis and disease monitoring in the context of clinical vision
      science. Many ocular diseases leading to blindness can be halted or delayed when
      detected and treated at its earliest stages. With the recent developments in
      diagnostic devices, imaging and genomics, new sources of data for early disease
      detection and patients' management are now available. Machine learning techniques
      emerged in the biomedical sciences as clinical decision-support techniques to
      improve sensitivity and specificity of disease detection and monitoring,
      increasing objectively the clinical decision-making process. This manuscript
      presents a review in multimodal ocular disease diagnosis and monitoring based on
      machine learning approaches. In the first section, the technical issues related
      to the different machine learning approaches will be present. Machine learning
      techniques are used to automatically recognize complex patterns in a given
      dataset. These techniques allows creating homogeneous groups (unsupervised
      learning), or creating a classifier predicting group membership of new cases
      (supervised learning), when a group label is available for each case. To ensure a
      good performance of the machine learning techniques in a given dataset, all
      possible sources of bias should be removed or minimized. For that, the
      representativeness of the input dataset for the true population should be
      confirmed, the noise should be removed, the missing data should be treated and
      the data dimensionally (i.e., the number of parameters/features and the number of
      cases in the dataset) should be adjusted. The application of machine learning
      techniques in ocular disease diagnosis and monitoring will be presented and
      discussed in the second section of this manuscript. To show the clinical benefits
      of machine learning in clinical vision sciences, several examples will be
      presented in glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic
      retinopathy, these ocular pathologies being the major causes of irreversible
      visual impairment.

PMID- 27362388
TI  - Ultrafast Spectroscopic Signatures of Coherent Electron-Transfer Mechanisms in a
      Transition Metal Complex.
AB  - The prevalence of ultrafast electron-transfer processes in light-harvesting
      materials has motivated a deeper understanding of coherent reaction mechanisms.
      Kinetic models based on the traditional (equilibrium) form of Fermi's Golden Rule
      are commonly employed to understand photoinduced electron-transfer dynamics.
      These models fail in two ways when the electron-transfer process is fast compared
      to solvation dynamics and vibrational dephasing. First, electron-transfer
      dynamics may be accelerated if the photoexcited wavepacket traverses the point of
      degeneracy between donor and acceptor states in the solvent coordinate. Second,
      traditional kinetic models fail to describe electron-transfer transitions that
      yield products which undergo coherent nuclear motions. We address the second
      point in this work. Transient absorption spectroscopy and a numerical model are
      used to investigate coherent back-electron-transfer mechanisms in a transition
      metal complex composed of titanium and catechol, [Ti(cat)3](2-). The transient
      absorption experiments reveal coherent wavepacket motions initiated by the back
      electron-transfer process. Model calculations suggest that the vibrationally
      coherent product states may originate in either vibrational populations or
      coherences of the reactant. That is, vibrational coherence may be produced even
      if the reactant does not undergo coherent nuclear motions. The analysis raises a
      question of broader significance: can a vibrational population-to-coherence
      transition (i.e., a nonsecular transition) accelerate electron-transfer reactions
      even when the rate is slower than vibrational dephasing? 

PMID- 27362389
TI  - Up-regulation of neural indicators of empathic concern in an offender population.
AB  - Empathic concern has traditionally been conceived of as a spontaneous reaction to
      others experiencing pain or distress. As such, the potential role of more
      deliberate control over empathic responses has frequently been overlooked. The
      present fMRI study evaluated the role of such deliberate control in empathic
      concern by examining the extent to which a sample of offenders recruited through
      probation/parole could voluntarily modulate their neural activity to another
      person in pain. Offenders were asked to either passively view pictures of other
      people in painful or non-painful situations, or to actively modulate their level
      of concern for the person in pain. During passive viewing of painful versus non
      painful pictures, offenders showed minimal neural activity in regions previously
      linked to empathy for pain (e.g., dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral
      insula). However, when instructed to try to increase their concern for the person
      in pain, offenders demonstrated significant increases within these regions. These
      findings are consistent with recent theories of empathy as motivational in
      nature, and suggest that limitations in empathic concern may include a
      motivational component.

PMID- 27362390
TI  - Comparative effectiveness and safety of antazoline-based and propafenone-based
      strategies for pharmacological cardioversion of short-duration atrial
      fibrillation in the emergency department.
AB  - INTRODUCTION    Numerous studies described the effectiveness and safety of
      antazoline in pharmacological cardioversion of short-duration atrial fibrillation
      (AF). However, there are no data on the comparison of antazoline and
      antiarrhythmic drugs listed in clinical guidelines. OBJECTIVES    The aim of the
      study was to assess the comparative effectiveness and safety of antazoline-based
      and propafenone-based strategies in pharmacological cardioversion of short
      duration AF performed in our emergency department. PATIENTS AND METHODS    We
      conducted a retrospective case-control study based on the analysis of medical
      records of patients undergoing pharmacological cardioversion of short-duration AF
      with intravenous antazoline or propafenone at our department in the years 2008
      2012. The primary endpoint was the successful cardioversion of AF. The primary
      safety endpoint was hospitalization due to the adverse effects of the treatment.
      RESULTS    We analyzed 432 cases of cardioversion. The mean age of patients was
      68.9 +/-9.8 years; 65% of the patients were male; 90% of the patients had a
      history of AF. Antazoline was administered 334 times and propafenone-98 times.
      The mean dose of antazoline was 172 +/-65 mg, while all patients in the
      propafenone group received the drug at a fixed dose of 70 mg (1 vial).
      Cardioversion with antazoline was successful in 239 cases (71.6%) and with
      propafenone-in 54 patients (55.1%) (relative risk [RR], 1.30; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 1.07-1.57). The rate of hospitalization due to the adverse effects
      of the treatment were low and similar between the study groups: 10 (3.0%) for
      antazoline and 4 (4.1%) for propafenone (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.23-2.27).
      CONCLUSIONS    The antazoline-based strategy was more effective and safer in
      comparison with propafenone-based strategy in the pharmacological cardioversion
      of short-duration AF in our emergency department. 

PMID- 27362391
TI  - Factors related to the effectiveness of hypercholesterolemia treatment following
      hospitalization for coronary artery disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION    Patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) are at
      high risk of recurrent cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVES    The aim of the study
      was to identify factors related to control of hypercholesterolemia in patients
      after hospitalization for CAD. PATIENTS AND METHODS    The study included
      consecutive patients from 5 hospitals with cardiology departments serving one
      city in southern Poland. Patients were hospitalized for an acute coronary
      syndrome or for a myocardial revascularization procedure. Interviews and
      examinations were conducted 6 to 18 months after hospitalization. RESULTS   
      Overall, 83.6% of the patients were taking statins; 2.1%, fibrates; and 0.5%,
      ezetimibe. A statin at a high dose (>=40 mg of atorvastatin or >=20 mg of
      rosuvastatin) was taken by 36.1% of the participants. Younger age and index
      hospitalization in a teaching hospital were significantly associated with a
      higher probability of taking a statin. Overall, 28.1% of the patients had good
      control of hypercholesterolemia (low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol levels
      <1.8 mmol/l), whereas 71.9%, 38.6%, 24.4%, and 10.3% had LDL cholesterol levels
      of 1.8 mmol/l or higher, 2.5 mmol/l or higher, 3.0 mmol/l or higher, and 4.0
      mmol/l or higher, respectively. Younger age, high blood pressure, and high
      fasting glucose levels were related to a higher probability of having LDL
      cholesterol levels of 1.8 mmol/l or higher, while younger age, shorter period of
      education, professional inactivity, lack of cardiac rehabilitation, and high
      blood pressure were related to the probability of LDL cholesterol levels of 4.0
      mmol/l or higher. CONCLUSIONS    The frequency of statin use is affected by age
      and health care-related factors, while control of hypercholesterolemia after
      hospitalization due to CAD is dependent mainly on patient-related and clinical
      factors. 

PMID- 27362392
TI  - Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium score in patients with symptoms
      suggestive of coronary artery disease. Results from the Silesian Calcium Score
      (SILICAS) study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION    The prognostic value of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in
      symptomatic patients with a suspicion of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been
      poorly defined. OBJECTIVES    The aim of the study was to assess the predictive
      value of the CACS in the incidence of major adverse coronary events (MACEs) in
      patients with an intermediate probability of CAD and establish its usefulness as
      the first-line risk assessment tool. PATIENTS AND METHODS    This single-center,
      observational, prospective study enrolled consecutive symptomatic patients
      without a previous diagnosis of CAD, referred to our center for CACS assessment
      with non-contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography (CT). CACS measurements
      were performed using an electrocardiogram-gated 64-row CT scanner. The CACS
      measurement was treated as the first-line noninvasive test. Patients with
      positive CACS values were divided into 4 subgroups: <100 Agatston units (AU), 100
      to 399 AU; 400 to 999 AU; and >=1000 AU. The incidence of MACEs was analyzed in 2
      ways: negative versus positive CACS and by the CACS subgroups. RESULTS    We
      included 588 patients (mean age, 61.1 +/-9.7 years; women, 64%). The median
      follow-up period was 707 days. There were 239 patients (49.3%) with no coronary
      calcium. In these patients, no MACEs were observed, while in those with positive
      CACS values, they occurred in 108 patients (30.9%) (P <0.001). The incidence of
      MACEs was dependent on the CACS values, reaching 91% in those with a CACS of 1000
      or higher AU. CONCLUSIONS    In selected symptomatic patients with an
      intermediate probability of CAD, the CACS measurement may be used as the first
      line test to assess the risk of MACEs. 

PMID- 27362393
TI  - Relationship between the thickness of bronchial wall layers, emphysema score, and
      markers of remodeling in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION    Airway remodeling plays an important role in the development of
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Imaging methods, such as computed
      tomography (CT) and endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), may be useful in the
      assessment of structural alterations in the lungs. OBJECTIVES    The aim of this
      study was to evaluate a relationship between the severity of emphysema assessed
      by chest CT, the thickness of bronchial wall layers measured by EBUS, and the
      markers of remodeling in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in patients with
      COPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS    The study included 33 patients with COPD who
      underwent pulmonary function tests, emphysema score assessment by chest CT, as
      well as bronchofiberoscopy with EBUS in order to measure the total bronchial wall
      thickness and, separately, layers L1, L2, and L3-5. Selected remodeling (matrix
      metalloproteinase 9 [MMP-9], tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1,
      transforming growth factor beta1 [TGF-beta1]) and inflammatory markers
      (neutrophil elastase, eosinophil cationic protein) were measured in BALF samples
      using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS    MMP-9 levels in BALF were
      significantly higher in patients with very severe bronchial obstruction than in
      those with moderate and mild bronchial obstruction (P = 0.02), and showed a
      negative correlation with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (r = -0.538, P =
      0.002). The thickness of L1 and L2, which histologically correspond to the
      mucosa, submucosa, and smooth muscle, demonstrated a positive correlation with
      TGF-beta1 levels in BALF (r = 0.366, P = 0.046 and r = 0.425, P = 0.02) and the
      thickness of L1 showed a negative association with neutrophil elastase levels (r
      = -0.508, P = 0.004). There was no significant correlation between the analyzed
      markers in BALF and the emphysema score. CONCLUSIONS    Significant correlations
      of TGF-beta1 and elastase with the thickness of bronchial wall layers, and of MMP
      9 with the severity of obstruction, may suggest the involvement of these markers
      in airway remodeling in patients with COPD. 

PMID- 27362394
TI  - Targeting blood pressure in people with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Hypertension is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular (CV)-related morbidity
      and mortality, and its treatment has been shown to be beneficial. Hypertension is
      common in people with diabetes mellitus, and the combination of these conditions
      markedly increases CV risk in comparison with individuals with neither condition.
      Although there is increasing clarity as to blood pressure (BP) targets in
      numerous conditions, the target in people with diabetes remains unclear, and, as
      a result, many clinical practice guidelines differ on the optimal BP goal. The
      ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) trial did not
      demonstrate benefit when systolic BP (SBP) was lowered to less than 120 mmHg
      compared with a target of less than 140 mmHg. This was in contrast to the recent
      SPRINT trial (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial), which demonstrated the
      superiority of a target SBP of less than 120 mmHg in reducing CV events. However,
      people with diabetes mellitus were excluded. Recent meta-analyses have suggested
      that lowering BP in patients with diabetes mellitus should be reserved for a
      baseline SBP greater than 140 mmHg, targeting an SBP of between 130 and 140 mmHg.
      Lower targets may reduce the risk of stroke but may also be harmful with respect
      to other important CV outcomes. The methodological limitations of these meta
      analyses highlight the need for a large randomized controlled trial comparing
      lower and standard BP targets in people with diabetes mellitus. 

PMID- 27362395
TI  - Heparins in cancer-associated venous thrombosis.
AB  - A close causal relationship between cancer and venous thrombosis gives rise to
      questions about the effect of treatment modalities, in particular of the
      administered drugs, in patients with cancer-related venous thrombosis. An
      increased risk of chemotherapy-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been
      well documented, while the effect of heparins used in VTE treatment on the
      disease course and prognosis in cancer patients has not been fully elucidated.
      This paper discusses the outcomes of the studies conducted so far investigating
      the role of heparins, in particular, low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), in
      the prevention of thrombosis in cancer patients. It also focuses on such aspects
      of the treatment for cancer-associated VTE as treatment duration and drugs used.
      The paper summarizes the often discrepant results of long-term therapies with
      various LMWH products, emphasising that in this specific case the class effect is
      rather unlikely. It also presents the possible effects of heparins administered
      as part of cancer treatment, and points to the effects of LMWHs on cancer that
      are not related to an antithrombotic effect. On the 100th anniversary of heparin
      discovery, it can be said that heparin is irreversibly connected with thrombosis
      in the course of cancer. 

PMID- 27362396
TI  - Thyroid goiter: implications for implantation of cardiovascular implantable
      electronic devices and cannulation of the superior vena cava confluence.

PMID- 27362397
TI  - Does diabetes alter the risk of neoplasms? Real-world data analysis in Poland:
      incidence rates for selected neoplasms in patients with diabetes.

PMID- 27362398
TI  - Three-dimensional honeycomb-like structured zero-valent iron/chitosan composite
      foams for effective removal of inorganic arsenic in water.
AB  - A facile freeze-drying method was presented to fabricate three dimensional (3D)
      honeycomb-like structured nanoscale zero-valent iron/chitosan composite foams
      (ICCFs) for effective removal of inorganic arsenic in water. It was found that
      freezing temperature has important influence on the formation of 3D network
      structure of ICCFs. The ICCFs obtained at freeze temperature of -80 degrees C
      exhibits oriented porous structure with good mechanical property than that at -20
      degrees C, thus improved excellent removal capability of As(III) and As(V) up to
      114.9mgg(-1) and 86.87mgg(-1), respectively. Further, the adsorption kinetics of
      ICCFs on As(III) and As(V) can be described by pseudo-second order model and
      their adsorption isotherms follow Langmuir adsorption model. The superior removal
      performance of ICCFs on As(III) and As(V) can be ascribed to its oriented porous
      structure with abundant adsorption active sites resulted from nZVI and O, N
      containing functional groups in ICCFs. Importantly, it was found that the O, N
      containing functional groups of chitosan in ICCFs can adequately bind with the
      dissolved Fe(3+) ions from oxidation of nZVI to form Fe(3+)-Chitosan complex
      during removal of As(III) and As(V), thus effectively avoiding the dissolved
      Fe(3+) ions into solution to produce secondary pollution. A possible adsorption
      coupled reduction mechanism of ICCFs on As(III) and As(V) was also proposed based
      on the experimental results. We believe that this work would be helpful to
      develop low-cost and abundant chitosan-based materials as high performance
      adsorbents for environmental remediation applications. 

PMID- 27362399
TI  - Adsorption of toxic carbamate pesticide oxamyl from liquid phase by newly
      synthesized and characterized graphene quantum dots nanomaterials.
AB  - Graphene quantum dots have been synthesized using the microwave-assisted
      hydrothermal route. The surface textural and morphological structure of
      synthesized adsorbent i.e. graphene quantum dots was analyzed using various
      analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron
      Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption instrumental
      techniques. The application of graphene quantum dots as an adsorbent for the
      removal of noxious pesticide compound i.e. oxamyl from aqueous solutions was well
      investigated and elucidated. The impact of several effective parameters such as
      effect of agitation speed, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature and
      initial concentration on sorption efficiency was studied and optimized using
      batch adsorption experiments. The optimized pH for maximum oxamyl adsorption was
      found to be 8.0 and for the maximum adsorption rates the adsorbent dose of 0.6g
      was found to be optimum to carry out the adsorption with in less than 25min of
      contact time. From the results obtained, it is clear that for all contact times,
      an increase in oxamyl concentration resulted in increase in the percent oxamyl
      removal. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data were well fitted and found
      to be in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order
      kinetic model. 

PMID- 27362400
TI  - Effects of seasonal smog on asthma and COPD exacerbations requiring emergency
      visits in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Seasonal smog produces particulate matters that are less than 10
      microns in diameter (PM10), which are known to have several impacts on the
      respiratory system. OBJECTIVE: This study was to determine the association of an
      increased PM10 level due to seasonal smog in Chiang Mai and emergency visits for
      asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. METHOD: A
      retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between the months of January
      and March from 2006 until 2009. The association of an increased PM10 level and
      the daily number of asthma and COPD exacerbations were analyzed using a
      generalized linear model; a Poisson regression model was fit to the number of
      daily emergency visits using predictor variables: lags of PM10, day of the week,
      and time. RESULTS: There were a total of 917 emergency visits for acute
      exacerbations of asthma and COPD, with a median of 2 visits per day (range 0-10).
      The median PM10 level during the same interval was 64.5 microgram per cubic meter
      (MUg/m3) (16-304). For every 10 MUg/m3 rise in PM10 concentration, there was a
      lag time of 6 days for asthma exacerbations [Adjusted relative risk (RR)=1.020;
      95% confident interval (CI), 1.001-1.040; (p=0.014)], 7 days for COPD
      exacerbations [RR=1.030; 95%CI, 1.010-1.050 (p=0.024)] and 7 days for all
      exacerbations [RR=1.030 95%CI, 1.010-1.040 (p<0.001)]. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      confirms the effect of increasing PM10 concentrations from seasonal smog on
      asthma and COPD exacerbations. However, there was an approximately 1 week lag
      time between the elevated PM10 levels and time to emergency visits due to disease
      exacerbation.

PMID- 27362401
TI  - Comparison between specific IgE levels and skin prick test results of local and
      imported American cockroach, dog, cat, dust mites and mold allergen extracts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Skin prick test (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) are approved for
      evaluation of allergen sensitization. Local allergen extracts are less expensive
      and more available but need to be standardized. OBJECTIVE: To compare SPT results
      of local and imported allergen extracts and sIgE levels in response to the
      American cockroach, dog, cat, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp),
      Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) and Cladosporium spp. allergens. METHOD: This
      prospective, randomized, double-blind, self-controlled study was performed in
      respiratory allergic volunteers. Each subject was pricked with local and imported
      allergen extracts and sIgE levels were measured. RESULTS: The agreement between
      SPT results from each local and imported allergen extract was statistically
      significant, and the level of agreement for dog allergens was very good (kappa >
      0.8). All patients with a positive SPT in response to imported Dp allergen
      extract had positive SPT in response to local Dp allergen extract. Mean wheal
      diameter of each allergen in both groups showed significant correlation with sIgE
      levels. The correlation coefficient (CC) for cat allergens showed a very good-to
      excellent relationship (CC> 0.75). When compared with sIgE levels, SPT results
      for imported and local allergen extracts showed comparable sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, likelihood
      ratio (LR)+ and LR-. CONCLUSIONS: When the SPT results are compared between local
      and imported allergen extracts, all were found to have significant agreement,
      with very good agreement for cat allergens. When the SPT results are compared
      with specific IgE levels, both local and imported allergen extract provided
      comparable validity.

PMID- 27362402
TI  - Comparison of different local and imported histamine concentrations used as a
      skin prick test positive control.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The skin prick test (SPT) is a valid and approved tool that is used
      to diagnose atopic diseases. The SPT is accurate, safe, simple and inexpensive.
      However, the histamine concentration used as a positive control in the SPT varies
      among centers. OBJECTIVE: To compare SPT results using different concentrations
      of locally-prepared and imported histamine solutions. METHOD: This prospective,
      randomized, double-blind, self-controlled study was performed in healthy adult
      volunteers. The SPT was performed using 4 concentrations of histamine solutions
      (imported, 1 mg/mL; locally-prepared, 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL). Locally-prepared
      histamine positive controls were prepared from histamine biphosphate monohydrate
      using sterile technique. RESULTS: Seventy-five adult volunteers (mean age, 36
      years) were included in the study. Eight volunteers were male and 9 had a history
      of atopy. Mean wheal diameter (MWD) for imported histamine was 3.49 mm for a
      concentration of 1 mg/mL, and that of locally-prepared histamine was 2.94 mm,
      5.05 mm and 5.52 mm for concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL histamine,
      respectively. Negative SPT results (MWD <3 mm) were found in 11 subjects (14.7%)
      who received imported histamine and 26 subjects (34.7%) who received the locally
      prepared histamine at concentration of 1 mg/mL. All subjects tested with locally
      prepared histamine at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL had a MWD > 3 mm.
      CONCLUSIONS: Locally-prepared histamine base at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/mL
      yielded better positive results than both imported and locally-prepared histamine
      at a concentration of 1 mg/mL.

PMID- 27362404
TI  - Patterns and risk factors of causative contact allergens in Thai adult patients
      with contact dermatitis
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surveillance on common allergens identified by patch testing plays an
      important role in emerging allergen detection, which leads to both individual and
      societal level prevention. OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in the pattern of
      contact sensitization and to identify risk factors associated with allergens.
      METHOD: The data of 206 patients who underwent patch testing at King
      Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital during 2012 to 2015 were assessed. The
      associations between patient risk factors and positive reactions to each allergen
      were evaluated. The results were compared with data from 2003-2004. RESULTS: The
      top five most common allergens during 2012-2015 were nickel sulfate (19.4%),
      methylchloroisothiazolinone/ methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) (13.6%), fragrance
      mix I (FM I) (10.7%), carba mix (9.2%) and cobalt chloride (6.3%) whereas, during
      2003-2004, these were nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride, FM I, potassium dichromate
      and Myroxylon pereirae. A positive patch test to nickel was strongly associated
      with a history of metal and seafood allergy (p<0.001; OR, 4.94; 95% CI = 2.33
      10.47 and p=0.028; OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.11-5.85, respectively). MCI/MI was
      correlated with a history of personal care products allergy, and fragrance was
      correlated with a history of urticaria (p=0.005; OR, 4.05; 95% CI = 1.54-10.66
      and p=0.031; OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.10-6.68, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was
      an alteration in the pattern of contact sensitization detected by our standard
      series. MCI/MI has become the most common preservative causing contact allergy.

PMID- 27362403
TI  - Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and soluble receptors for advanced glycation end
      products are negatively correlated in children with recurrent wheezing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and serum levels of the
      soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) have been suggested
      as biomarkers for asthma. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the correlation
      between FeNO and sRAGE serum levels in children <5 years old with recurrent
      wheezing. METHOD: In total, 88 children with recurrent wheezing were divided into
      the high-risk group or low-risk group according to their clinical features. The
      high-risk group included 60 children, 42 male and 18 female, average age 36.7
      months (range 32-48.7 months); the low-risk group included 28 children, 20 male
      and 8 female, average age 38.1 months (range 33-46.2 months).Asthma in high-risk
      children was treated with aerosol inhalation of Pulmicort respules 1 mg/d for
      four continuous weeks, while asthma in low-risk children was treated with
      symptomatic treatment. FeNO, serum sRAGE and eosinophils (EOS) were examined by
      ELISA and a regular blood cell analyzer. RESULTS: The serum sRAGE level was 738+/
      191 and 992.4+/-210 pg/ml and the mean FeNO level was 27.3 and 17.6 ppm,
      respectively, in the asthma high-risk and low-risk group, showing significant
      differences between the two groups. In addition, FeNO and sRAGE serum levels were
      negatively correlated.After the inhalation of Pulmicort respules, FeNO decreased
      and sRAGE increased, while EOS showed no significant change. CONCLUSIONS: FeNO
      and sRAGE serum levels are negatively correlated in children with recurrent
      wheezing. Further larger scale studies are needed to test the use of FeNO and
      sRAGE as biomarkers for the prediction of asthma in children.

PMID- 27362405
TI  - The correlation of serum eosinophil cationic protein level with eosinophil count,
      and total IgE level in Korean adult allergic rhinitis patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is present in eosinophil granules.
      It has been associated with eosinophil-associated disorders. OBJECTIVE: We
      compared serum ECP levels in allergic and non-allergic rhinitis patients and
      evaluated the association with the eosinophil count and the total IgE level.
      METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and categorized enrolled
      patients into the allergic (AR) and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) groups. ECP,
      eosinophil count, and total IgE levels were reviewed in both groups. The
      association between ECP and the eosinophil count and total IgE level was further
      evaluated according to commonly detected specific antigens. RESULTS: Six hundred
      and ten adults were included in the study. In the AR group (n=349), the median
      age was 27.0(23.0-42.0) years and the female:male ratio was 0.26:1. In the NAR
      group (n=261), the median age was 32.0(24.0-45.5) years and the female:male ratio
      was 0.33:1. We found that ECP (AR: 18.8(9.9-31.4), NAR: 14.8(8.2-24.9), p=0.003),
      eosinophil count (AR: 191.0(112.0-308.5), NAR: 149.0(91.0-249.0), p=0.002) and
      total IgE (AR: 166.0(58.4-422.5), NAR: 68.8(24.5-141.0), p<0.001) were higher in
      AR than in NAR patients. The ECP level was associated with the eosinophil count
      in both the AR (p<0.001) and NAR groups (p<0.001). A significant correlation
      between the ECP level and eosinophil count was demonstrated in AR patients who
      were skin test positive against house dust mite, animal and pollen allergens.
      CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that ECP could be an important mediator in the
      pathogenesis of AR. The level of serum ECP was positively correlated with
      eosinophilia in AR patients regardless of the type of allergen sensitization.
      However, further study is warranted to verify the role of ECP in the clinical
      management of allergic rhinitis.

PMID- 27362406
TI  - Novel characterisation of mast cell phenotypes from peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mast cells (MCs) mediate inflammation through neuropeptides and
      cytokines, along with histamine and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chronic
      Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is an illness characterized
      by an unexplained disabling fatigue with multiple physiological impairments as
      well as dysregulated cytokine profiles. OBJECTIVE: To determine mast cell
      phenotypes in isolated human PBMCs, in healthy controls and in CFS/ME patients.
      Second, determine receptor expression of RAGE and its ligand high mobility group
      box 1 protein (HMGB1). METHOD: Moderately severe CFS/ME patients (n=12, mean age
      39.25 +/- SD3.52 years), severe CFS/ME patients (n=6, mean age 43.00 +/- SD4.02
      years) and healthy controls (n=13, mean age 42.69 +/- SD3.87 years) were included
      in this study. CFS/ME patients were classified according to the 2011
      International Consensus Criteria. LSRFortessa X-20 Flow cytometry was used for
      the identification of phenotypic peripheral mast cell population in PBMCs using
      an exclusion marker Lin2 cocktail (anti-CD3, anti-CD14, anti-CD19, anti-CD20 and
      anti-CD56) and inclusion markers (CD117, CD34, FCepsilonRI, chymase, HLA-DR and
      CD154) following comparative investigation. HMGB1 and soluble RAGE expression in
      plasma was measured by sandwich ELISA assay. RESULTS: There was a significant
      increase in CD117+CD34+FCepsilonRI-chymase- mast cell populations in moderate and
      severe CFS/ME patients compared with healthy controls. There was a significant
      increase in CD40 ligand and MHC-II receptors on differentiated mast cell
      populations in the severe CFS/ME compared with healthy controls and moderate
      CFS/ME. There were no significant differences between groups for HMGB1 and sRAGE.
      CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study investigates mast cell phenotypes from PBMCs
      in healthy controls. We report significant increase of naive MCs in moderate and
      severe CFS/ME patients compared with healthy controls. Moreover, a significant
      increase in CD40 ligand and MHC-II receptors on differentiated mast cells in
      severe CFS/ME patients. Peripheral MCs may be present in CFS/ME pathology
      however, further investigation to determine their role is required.

PMID- 27362407
TI  - Effect of the prenatal maternal environments and diets on cord blood interleukin
      4 and interferon -gamma: A pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: TThe environment of a pregnant woman can affect not
      only fetal growth and development, but also diseases in childhood. Neonatal cord
      blood cytokines are commonly used to evaluate the immune development of neonates.
      The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the environment and diet
      during pregnancy on IL-4 and IFN-gamma in neonatal cord blood. METHOD: A total of
      111 pregnant women participated in this study from April to November 2010.
      Allergy history, sensitization assessed by the skin prick test, dietary intake
      and indoor environment were evaluated. IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels were measured in
      the complete cord blood of neonates using real-time PCR. RESULTS: There were 54
      pregnant women with allergic disease. Both IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels in neonatal
      cord blood were higher in samples from allergic mothers than in non-allergic
      mothers (p<0.05). The indoor environment and nutrient intake were not different
      between allergic and non-allergic mothers, except regarding carpet use. When the
      cytokine levels were divided into quartiles, lower folate and vitamin B6 intake
      was associated with the highest levels of IL-4 in neonatal cord blood (p<0.05),
      and higher folate and vitamin B6 intake was associated with highest levels of IFN
      gamma in neonatal cord blood. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a strong association
      between IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels in cord blood and the intake of folate and
      vitamin B6 was found, which indicates that food intake during pregnancy might
      have a strong influence on IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels in cord blood, to a greater
      extent than environmental factors.

PMID- 27362408
TI  - A wide diversity of Pantoea lineages are engaged in mutualistic symbiosis and
      cospeciation processes with stinkbugs.
AB  - Pantoea are emerging as widespread bacteria engaged in associations with a
      variety of hosts, including plants, insects and humans. Recently, mutualistic
      Pantoea gut symbionts have also been reported in pentatomid stinkbugs. In the
      present study, we examine the incidence and evolutionary history of these Pantoea
      symbionts in pentatomid stinkbug populations from 14 species, characterising the
      processes that shape their diversity. We identify midgut crypts of pentatomid
      stinkbugs as harboring a remarkable diversity of Pantoea. Present in 10 of the 14
      sampled host species, multi-locus typing revealed the presence of 10 novel
      Panteoa lineages, all highly differentiated from the known Panteoa species.
      Rearing experiments of two pentatomid stinkbug species confirmed that these novel
      Panteoa are maternally inherited through egg smearing and engaged in mutualistic
      interactions with their hosts. Phylogenetic investigations further revealed that
      the Pantoea evolutionary history in pentatomid stinkbugs was notably complex: it
      has been shaped not only by horizontal transfers with frequent host turnover but
      also by strict vertical transmission over long evolutionary periods, resulting in
      host-symbiont codiversification.

PMID- 27362410
TI  - [Children and Adolescents with Asthma Differ in Lung Function Parameters and
      Exhaled NO from Children and Adolescents with Obesity].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of asthma and overweight/obesity in children and
      adolescents is continuously increasing over the last decades. It remains unclear
      if overweight/obesity raises the risk of developing asthma or if an uncontrolled
      asthma increases the risk of developing overweight/obesity by restricting
      physical activity. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to elucidate, if children and adolescents
      with overweight/obesity differ from normal-weight asthmatics in lung functions
      parameters (FEV1, FEV1/VC, MEF50 and SRtot) and in exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).
      METHODS: Totally, n=142 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years were included in
      this study: group 1 comprised n=44 with overweight/obesity defined as a Body-Mass
      Index (BMI)>90th percentile; group 2 n=44 with a doctors diagnosed bronchial
      asthma according to the GINA-guidelines, and group 3 with n=36 pulmonary healthy
      controls. N=18 children with both asthma and overweight/obesity were excluded
      from further analysis. We collected data about socio-demographic variables from a
      standardized questionnaire, bodyplethysmography (FEV1, FEV1/VC, MEF50 and SRtot)
      and FeNO. RESULTS: Normal-weight children and adolescents with asthma had
      significantly lower FEV1/VC (Tiffenau-Index 90,9+/-12,8) and MEF50 (84.0%
      predicted+/-27.6) than children with overweight/obesity (97,6+/-12,4 p=0.001
      respectively 99.1+/-20.9 p=0.001) and healthy controls (98+/-13,5 p=0,003; 96.7+/
      19.3 p=0.011). Normal weight asthmatics had a significantly higher FeNO (38.3
      ppb) than children and adolescents with overweight/obesity (14.0 ppb p=0.014).
      CONCLUSIONS: Normal-weight children and adolescents with asthma differ
      significantly both in their lung function parameters as well as in their exhaled
      nitric oxide concentration from children and adolescents with overweight/obesity.
      For clinical practice it is important to note that children and adolescents with
      overweight/obesity have no signs of an obstructive airway diseases and are as
      resilient as healthy children and adolescents with regard to their lung function.
      The possible late-onset of asthma symptoms and lung function changes in children
      and adolescents with overweight/obesity requires further detailed longitudinal
      studies.

PMID- 27362409
TI  - A Stem Cell Strategy Identifies Glycophorin C as a Major Erythrocyte Receptor for
      the Rodent Malaria Parasite Plasmodium berghei.
AB  - The clinical complications of malaria are caused by the parasite expansion in the
      blood. Invasion of erythrocytes is a complex process that depends on multiple
      receptor-ligand interactions. Identification of host receptors is paramount for
      fighting the disease as it could reveal new intervention targets, but the
      enucleated nature of erythrocytes makes genetic approaches impossible and many
      receptors remain unknown. Host-parasite interactions evolve rapidly and are
      therefore likely to be species-specific. As a results, understanding of invasion
      receptors outside the major human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum is very limited.
      Here we use mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) that can be genetically engineered
      and differentiated into erythrocytes to identify receptors for the rodent malaria
      parasite Plasmodium berghei. Two proteins previously implicated in human malaria
      infection: glycophorin C (GYPC) and Band-3 (Slc4a1) were deleted in mESCs to
      generate stable cell lines, which were differentiated towards erythropoiesis. In
      vitro infection assays revealed that while deletion of Band-3 has no effect,
      absence of GYPC results in a dramatic decrease in invasion, demonstrating the
      crucial role of this protein for P. berghei infection. This stem cell approach
      offers the possibility of targeting genes that may be essential and therefore
      difficult to disrupt in whole organisms and has the potential to be applied to a
      variety of parasites in diverse host cell types. 

PMID- 27362411
TI  - [A survey of Local Physicians and Psychotherapists on Cooperation in Regional
      Networks for Early Child Interventions in Saxony-Anhalt].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early childhood interventions positively contribute to health related
      child development. For these interventions, networks are a necessary prerequisite
      as they promote interdisciplinary and interprofessional cooperation. This holds
      especially true for the integration of health system protagonists. METHODS: In a
      cross-sectional survey local paediatrists, gynaecologists, general practitioners,
      and psychotherapists were asked about their knowledge, experiences, desires, and
      reservations regarding cooperation in early childhood intervention networks.
      RESULTS: 64 out of 1747 (3.7%) eligible clinicians answered the survey. On
      average they estimated that 10.1% of the families they are treating would benefit
      from early childhood interventions. Participants rated themselves as competent to
      offer appropriate early childhood interventions. The youth welfare service was
      judged as the most important institution for their own professional practice by
      84.4%. Additionally to an applicable agenda, a fair group moderation of network
      meetings was seen as a substantial requirement in order to take part in network
      meetings. CONCLUSION: Health professionals are important protagonists in early
      childhood interventions. Clinicians should assess relevant problems in families
      and offer appropriate support on a regular basis. Alongside clearly defined
      regional contacts, interprofessional continuing education seems mandatory.

PMID- 27362412
TI  - Use and Cutaneous Side Effects of Skin Antiseptics in Extremely Low Birth Weight
      Infants - A Retrospective Survey of the German NICUs.
AB  - Background Nosocomial infections are a serious problem in the treatment of
      extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW, <1 000 g). In these patients, effective
      skin antisepsis is critical to prevent hospital-acquired infections and their
      sequelae. However, serious side effects of topical antiseptics have been
      repeatedly reported in extremely preterm infants and no agreement has been
      reached on the best product in this population. Therefore, we conducted a survey
      of the German NICUs aiming to investigate current practices and safety of topical
      antiseptics in ELBW neonates. METHODS: We sent anonymized questionnaires to 166
      German NICUs with the highest level of care. RESULTS: Usable questionnaires were
      returned by 64 NICUs (39%). These NICUs had treated a total of 2130 patients with
      a birth weight<1 000 g in 2012. Octenidine without phenoxyethanol (OwPh) and
      Octenisept((r)) were the predominantly used skin antiseptics for intensive-care
      procedures. At least one skin complication was reported by 27% (n=17) of the
      NICUs. In 9 cases Octenisept((r)) was used, and in 6 cases octenidine was used.
      CONCLUSIONS: According to our knowledge, this is the first study surveying
      practices and safety of skin antisepsis in ELBWs in the German NICUs. Most German
      NICUs use octenidine, however, in different preparations. Skin complications
      including blistering, necrosis and scarring were seen with all octenidine
      products, a fact which has not been previously reported.

PMID- 27362413
TI  - The Importance of Computed Tomography for the Diagnosis Of Duodenal Perforation
      in a Paediatric Patient with Juvenile Dermatomyositis.

PMID- 27362414
TI  - Eventration of the diaphragm in a 4-year-old child diagnosed with dextrocardia.

PMID- 27362415
TI  - Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Refugee Children and Pregnant Women Admitted to a
      General Hospital in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

PMID- 27362417
TI  - Lattice thermal conductivity in layered BiCuSeO.
AB  - We quantify the low lattice thermal conductivity in layered BiCuSeO (the oxide
      with the highest known figure of merit). It turns out that the scattering of
      acoustical into optical phonons is strongly enhanced in the material because of
      the special structure of the phonon dispersion. For example, at room temperature
      the optical phonons account for an enormous 42% of the lattice thermal
      conductivity. We also quantify the anisotropy of the lattice thermal conductivity
      and determine the distribution of the mean free path of the phonons at different
      temperatures to provide a guide for tuning the thermal properties. 

PMID- 27362416
TI  - Hypermethylation of FOXP3 Promoter and Premature Aging of the Immune System in
      Female Patients with Panic Disorder?
AB  - Immunological abnormalities associated with pathological conditions, such as
      higher infection rates, inflammatory diseases, cancer or cardiovascular events
      are common in patients with panic disorder. In the present study, T cell receptor
      excision circles (TRECs), Forkhead-Box-Protein P3 gene (FOXP3) methylation of
      regulatory T cells (Tregs) and relative telomere lengths (RTLs) were investigated
      in a total and subsamples of 131 patients with panic disorder as compared to 131
      age- and sex-matched healthy controls in order to test for a potential
      dysfunction and premature aging of the immune system in anxiety disorders.
      Significantly lower TRECs (p = 0.004) as well as significant hypermethylation of
      the FOXP3 promoter region (p = 0.005) were observed in female (but not in male)
      patients with panic disorder as compared to healthy controls. No difference in
      relative telomere length was discerned between patients and controls, but
      significantly shorter telomeres in females, smokers and older persons within the
      patient group. The presently observed reduced TRECs in panic disorder patients
      and FOXP3 hypermethylation in female patients with panic disorder potentially
      reflect impaired thymus and immunosuppressive Treg function, which might partly
      account for the known increased morbidity and mortality of anxiety disorders
      conferred by e.g. cancer and cardiovascular disorders. 

PMID- 27362418
TI  - A Powerful Procedure for Pathway-Based Meta-analysis Using Summary Statistics
      Identifies 43 Pathways Associated with Type II Diabetes in European Populations.
AB  - Meta-analysis of multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has become an
      effective approach for detecting single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
      associations with complex traits. However, it is difficult to integrate the
      readily accessible SNP-level summary statistics from a meta-analysis into more
      powerful multi-marker testing procedures, which generally require individual
      level genetic data. We developed a general procedure called Summary based
      Adaptive Rank Truncated Product (sARTP) for conducting gene and pathway meta
      analysis that uses only SNP-level summary statistics in combination with genotype
      correlation estimated from a panel of individual-level genetic data. We
      demonstrated the validity and power advantage of sARTP through empirical and
      simulated data. We conducted a comprehensive pathway-based meta-analysis with
      sARTP on type 2 diabetes (T2D) by integrating SNP-level summary statistics from
      two large studies consisting of 19,809 T2D cases and 111,181 controls with
      European ancestry. Among 4,713 candidate pathways from which genes in
      neighborhoods of 170 GWAS established T2D loci were excluded, we detected 43 T2D
      globally significant pathways (with Bonferroni corrected p-values < 0.05), which
      included the insulin signaling pathway and T2D pathway defined by KEGG, as well
      as the pathways defined according to specific gene expression patterns on
      pancreatic adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and bladder carcinoma. Using
      summary data from 8 eastern Asian T2D GWAS with 6,952 cases and 11,865 controls,
      we showed 7 out of the 43 pathways identified in European populations remained to
      be significant in eastern Asians at the false discovery rate of 0.1. We created
      an R package and a web-based tool for sARTP with the capability to analyze
      pathways with thousands of genes and tens of thousands of SNPs.

PMID- 27362420
TI  - Announcement: CDC's 70th Anniversary.
AB  - July 1, 2016, marks the 70th anniversary of the establishment of CDC. Since the
      agency's launch as the Communicable Disease Center on July 1, 1946, CDC's primary
      mission has been improving public health in the United States and around the
      world through prevention and preparedness. In the seven decades since CDC's
      founding, the agency has grown in size and mission and is recognized as the
      nation's premiere health promotion, disease prevention, and emergency
      preparedness agency, and a global leader in public health. CDC's mission has
      progressed beyond communicable disease control and now encompasses noninfectious
      diseases, injury prevention, and environmental and occupational health. 

PMID- 27362419
TI  - Lessons from Nature: Understanding Immunity to HCV to Guide Vaccine Design.

PMID- 27362421
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness of Apixaban versus Warfarin in Chinese Patients with Non
      Valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Real-Life and Modelling Analyses.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Many of the cost-effectiveness analyses of apixaban against warfarin
      focused on Western populations but Asian evidence remains less clear. The present
      study aims to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of apixaban against warfarin in
      Chinese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) from a public
      institutional perspective in Hong Kong. METHODS: We used a Markov model
      incorporating 12 health state transitions, and simulated the disease progression
      of NVAF in 1,000 hypothetical patients treated with apixaban/warfarin. Risks of
      clinical events were based on the ARISTOTLE trial and were adjusted with local
      International Normalized Ratio control, defined as the time in therapeutic range.
      Real-life input for the model, including patients' demographics and clinical
      profiles, post-event treatment patterns, and healthcare costs, were determined by
      a retrospective cohort of 40,569 incident patients retrieved from a Hong Kong
      wide electronic medical database. Main outcome measurements included numbers of
      thromboembolic and bleeding events, life years, quality-adjusted life years
      (QALYs) and direct healthcare cost. When comparing apixaban and warfarin,
      treatment with incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) less than one local
      GDP per capita (USD 33,534 in 2014) was defined to be cost-effective. RESULTS: In
      the lifetime simulation, fewer numbers of events were estimated for the apixaban
      group, resulting in reduced event-related direct medical costs. The estimated
      ICER of apixaban was USD 7,057 per QALY at base-case analysis and ranged from USD
      1,061 to 14,867 per QALY under the 116 tested scenarios in deterministic
      sensitivity analysis. While in probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the
      probability of apixaban being the cost-effective alternative to warfarin was 96%
      and 98% at a willingness to pay threshold of USD 33,534 and 100,602 per QALY,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Apixaban is likely to be a cost-effective alternative
      to warfarin for stroke prophylaxis in Chinese patients with NVAF in Hong Kong.

PMID- 27362422
TI  - Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) Mass Spectrometric Imaging of the
      Distribution of Rohitukine in the Seedling of Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook. F.
AB  - Ambient ionization mass spectrometric imaging of all parts of the seedling of
      Dysoxylum binectariferum Hook. f (Meliaceae) was performed to reconstruct the
      molecular distribution of rohitukine (Rh) and related compounds. The species
      accumulates Rh, a prominent chromone alkaloid, in its seeds, fruits, and stem
      bark. Rh possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immuno-modulatory
      properties. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI
      MSI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis
      detected Rh as well as its glycosylated, acetylated, oxidized, and methoxylated
      analogues. Rh was predominantly distributed in the main roots, collar region of
      the stem, and young leaves. In the stem and roots, Rh was primarily restricted to
      the cortex region. The identities of the metabolites were assigned based on both
      the fragmentation patterns and exact mass analyses. We discuss these results,
      with specific reference to the possible pathways of Rh biosynthesis and
      translocation during seedling development in D. binectariferum. 

PMID- 27362423
TI  - Hydrogen Peroxide-Resistant CotA and YjqC of Bacillus altitudinis Spores Are a
      Promising Biocatalyst for Catalyzing Reduction of Sinapic Acid and Sinapine in
      Rapeseed Meal.
AB  - For the more efficient detoxification of phenolic compounds, a promising avenue
      would be to develop a multi-enzyme biocatalyst comprising peroxidase, laccase and
      other oxidases. However, the development of this multi-enzyme biocatalyst is
      limited by the vulnerability of fungal laccases and peroxidases to hydrogen
      peroxide (H2O2)-induced inactivation. Therefore, H2O2-resistant peroxidase and
      laccase should be exploited. In this study, H2O2-stable CotA and YjqC were
      isolated from the outer coat of Bacillus altitudinis SYBC hb4 spores. In addition
      to the thermal and alkali stability of catalytic activity, CotA also exhibited a
      much higher H2O2 tolerance than fungal laccases from Trametes versicolor and
      Trametes trogii. YjqC is a sporulation-related manganese (Mn) catalase with
      striking peroxidase activity for sinapic acid (SA) and sinapine (SNP). In
      contrast to the typical heme-containing peroxidases, the peroxidase activity of
      YjqC was also highly resistant to inhibition by H2O2 and heat. CotA could also
      catalyze the oxidation of SA and SNP. CotA had a much higher affinity for SA than
      B. subtilis CotA. CotA and YjqC rendered from B. altitudinis spores had promising
      laccase and peroxidase activities for SA and SNP. Specifically, the B.
      altitudinis spores could be regarded as a multi-enzyme biocatalyst composed of
      CotA and YjqC. The B. altitudinis spores were efficient for catalyzing the
      degradation of SA and SNP in rapeseed meal. Moreover, efficiency of the spore
      catalyzed degradation of SA and SNP was greatly improved by the presence of 15 mM
      H2O2. This effect was largely attributed to synergistic biocatalysis of the H2O2
      resistant CotA and YjqC toward SA and SNP. 

PMID- 27362425
TI  - Four-Component Reaction for the Synthesis of Dithiocarbamates Starting from
      Cyclic Imines.
AB  - An efficient one-pot, four-component reaction for the synthesis of
      dithiocarbamates using carbon disulfide, cyclic imines, acid chlorides, and
      commercially available primary or secondary amines has been developed by
      performing an acid chloride addition to a heterocyclic imine followed by
      subsequent nucleophilic substitution of in situ generated dithiocarbamic acid.
      With the aid of the newly developed and powerful multicomponent reaction, a
      direct route for the synthesis of 24 unknown dithiocarbamates in moderate to good
      yield under mild conditions is enabled.

PMID- 27362424
TI  - Low-Cost 3D Printers Enable High-Quality and Automated Sample Preparation and
      Molecular Detection.
AB  - Most molecular diagnostic assays require upfront sample preparation steps to
      isolate the target's nucleic acids, followed by its amplification and detection
      using various nucleic acid amplification techniques. Because molecular diagnostic
      methods are generally rather difficult to perform manually without highly trained
      users, automated and integrated systems are highly desirable but too costly for
      use at point-of-care or low-resource settings. Here, we showcase the development
      of a low-cost and rapid nucleic acid isolation and amplification platform by
      modifying entry-level 3D printers that cost between $400 and $750. Our
      modifications consisted of replacing the extruder with a tip-comb attachment that
      houses magnets to conduct magnetic particle-based nucleic acid extraction. We
      then programmed the 3D printer to conduct motions that can perform high-quality
      extraction protocols. Up to 12 samples can be processed simultaneously in under
      13 minutes and the efficiency of nucleic acid isolation matches well against gold
      standard spin-column-based extraction technology. Additionally, we used the 3D
      printer's heated bed to supply heat to perform water bath-based polymerase chain
      reactions (PCRs). Using another attachment to hold PCR tubes, the 3D printer was
      programmed to automate the process of shuttling PCR tubes between water baths. By
      eliminating the temperature ramping needed in most commercial thermal cyclers,
      the run time of a 35-cycle PCR protocol was shortened by 33%. This article
      demonstrates that for applications in resource-limited settings, expensive
      nucleic acid extraction devices and thermal cyclers that are used in many central
      laboratories can be potentially replaced by a device modified from inexpensive
      entry-level 3D printers. 

PMID- 27362426
TI  - Prostate-specific antigen and its derivatives in young adults occupationally
      exposed to quarry pollutants in southeastern Nigeria.
AB  - To evaluate the level of total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and effect of
      duration of exposure to pollutants in quarry workers, 5 mls of blood sample was
      collected from participants: 72 male quarry workers exposed to quarry pollutants
      and 72 unexposed controls. PSA estimations were done using the principle of
      ELISA. Mean total PSA, free PSA, and free-total PSA ratio levels of quarry
      workers did not differ from those of controls and was below the cutoff for the
      risk of prostate diseases. Higher mean total PSA and free PSA were observed in
      workers exposed for > 3 years compared to the unexposed control and workers
      exposed for <= 3 years. Age-adjusted linear regression indicated significant
      association (R = 0.515; p < .001) between the duration of exposure and total PSA
      level in quarry workers. This study suggests that longer duration of exposure to
      the quarry pollutants may elevate PSA level if precautions are not taken to
      minimize dose of exposure.

PMID- 27362427
TI  - Refugees of the Syrian Civil War: Impact on Reemerging Infections, Health
      Services, and Biosecurity in Turkey.
AB  - After the Arab Spring uprising, Syria descended into a civil war in 2011. By
      March 2016, the United Nations reported that 13.5 million Syrians required
      humanitarian assistance, including 6.6 million internally displaced persons and
      more than 4.8 million refugees outside of Syria. Turkey is currently hosting the
      largest number of Syrian refugees-more than 2.7 million. A limited number of
      refugees are living in camps settled around the border, and others are spread
      throughout Turkey. This explosive and unexpected increase in the Syrian
      population in Turkey has had several negative impacts on health and social
      determinants. The overload of healthcare facilities has led to shortages in
      childhood immunization programs, drugs, and access to clean water and food
      supplies. According to Ministry of Health data, more than 7.5 million Syrians
      were examined at outpatient clinics, and 299,240 were hospitalized; most of those
      hospitalized were injured and wounded victims who require and have been occupying
      intensive care units. The refugees generally live in crowded and unsanitary
      conditions, which may lead to the spread of respiratory, skin, gastrointestinal,
      and genital system infections. Currently, measles, poliomyelitis, leishmaniasis,
      and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis are the reemerging infections being most
      frequently recorded. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections seem
      to be an increasing problem in gunshot or surgical wounds. Hepatitis A, malaria,
      and varicella have been seen with a high incidence among the refugees. There are
      many problems waiting to be resolved for health and living standards in Turkey. 

PMID- 27362428
TI  - The Socioeconomic Factors and the Indigenous Component of Tuberculosis in
      Amazonas.
AB  - Despite the availability of tuberculosis prevention and control services
      throughout Amazonas, high rates of morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis
      remain in the region. Knowledge of the social determinants of tuberculosis in
      Amazonas is important for the establishment of public policies and the planning
      of effective preventive and control measures for the disease. To analyze the
      relationship of the spatial distribution of the incidence of tuberculosis in
      municipalities and regions of Amazonas to the socioeconomic factors and
      indigenous tuberculosis component, from 2007 to 2013. An ecological study was
      conducted based on secondary data from the epidemiological surveillance of
      tuberculosis. A linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship of
      the annual incidence of tuberculosis to the socioeconomic factors, performance
      indicators of health services, and indigenous tuberculosis component. The
      distribution of the incidence of tuberculosis in the municipalities of Amazonas
      was positively associated with the Gini index and the population attributable
      fraction of tuberculosis in the indigenous peoples, but negatively associated
      with the proportion of the poor and the unemployment rate. The spatial
      distribution of tuberculosis in the different regions of Amazonas was
      heterogeneous and closely related with the socioeconomic factors and indigenous
      component of tuberculosis. 

PMID- 27362429
TI  - Characterization of ZnO Interlayers for Organic Solar Cells: Correlation of
      Electrochemical Properties with Thin-Film Morphology and Device Performance.
AB  - This report focuses on the evaluation of the electrochemical properties of both
      solution-deposited sol-gel (sg-ZnO) and sputtered (sp-ZnO) zinc oxide thin films,
      intended for use as electron-collecting interlayers in organic solar cells
      (OPVs). In the electrochemical studies (voltammetric and impedance studies), we
      used indium-tin oxide (ITO) over coated with either sg-ZnO or sp-ZnO interlayers,
      in contact with either plain electrolyte solutions, or solutions with probe redox
      couples. The electroactive area of exposed ITO under the ZnO interlayer was
      estimated by characterizing the electrochemical response of just the oxide
      interlayer and the charge transfer resistance from solutions with the probe redox
      couples. Compared to bare ITO, the effective electroactive area of ITO under sg
      ZnO films was ca. 70%, 10%, and 0.3% for 40, 80, and 120 nm sg-ZnO films. More
      compact sp-ZnO films required only 30 nm thicknesses to achieve an effective
      electroactive ITO area of ca. 0.02%. We also examined the electrochemical
      responses of these same ITO/ZnO heterojunctions overcoated with device thickness
      pure poly(3-hexylthiophehe) (P3HT), and donor/acceptor blended active layers
      (P3HT:PCBM). Voltammetric oxidation/reduction of pure P3HT thin films on ZnO/ITO
      contacts showed that pinhole pathways exist in ZnO films that permit dark
      oxidation (ITO hole injection into P3HT). In P3HT:PCBM active layers, however,
      the electrochemical activity for P3HT oxidation is greatly attenuated, suggesting
      PCBM enrichment near the ZnO interface, effectively blocking P3HT interaction
      with the ITO contact. The shunt resistance, obtained from dark current-voltage
      behavior in full P3HT/PCBM OPVs, was dependent on both (i) the porosity of the sg
      ZnO or sp-ZnO films (as revealed by probe molecule electrochemistry) and (ii) the
      apparent enrichment of PCBM at ZnO/P3HT:PCBM interfaces, both effects
      conveniently revealed by electrochemical characterization. We anticipate that
      these approaches will be applicable to a wider array of solution-processed
      interlayers for "printable" solar cells. 

PMID- 27362430
TI  - In situ TEM visualization of superior nanomechanical flexibility of shear
      exfoliated phosphorene.
AB  - Recently discovered atomically thin black phosphorus (called phosphorene) holds
      great promise for applications in flexible nanoelectronic devices. Experimentally
      identifying and characterizing nanomechanical properties of phosphorene are
      challenging, but also potentially rewarding. This work combines for the first
      time in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and an in situ micro
      manipulation system to directly visualize the nanomechanical behaviour of
      individual phosphorene nanoflakes. We demonstrate that the phosphorene nanoflakes
      can be easily bent, scrolled, and stretched, showing remarkable mechanical
      flexibility rather than fracturing. An out-of-plane plate-like bending mechanism
      and in-plane tensile strain of up to 34% were observed. Moreover, a facile liquid
      phase shear exfoliation route has been developed to produce such mono-layer and
      few-layer phosphorene nanoflakes in organic solvents using only a household
      kitchen blender. The effects of surface tensions of the applied solvents on the
      ratio of average length and thickness (L/T) of the nanoflakes were studied
      systematically. The results reported here will pave the way for potential
      industrial-scale applications of flexible phosphorene nanoelectronic devices. 

PMID- 27362431
TI  - How to Direct the Edges of the Connectomes: Dynamics of the Consensus Connectomes
      and the Development of the Connections in the Human Brain.
AB  - The human braingraph or the connectome is the object of an intensive research
      today. The advantage of the graph-approach to brain science is that the rich
      structures, algorithms and definitions of graph theory can be applied to the
      anatomical networks of the connections of the human brain. In these graphs, the
      vertices correspond to the small (1-1.5 cm2) areas of the gray matter, and two
      vertices are connected by an edge, if a diffusion-MRI based workflow finds fibers
      of axons, running between those small gray matter areas in the white matter of
      the brain. One main question of the field today is discovering the directions of
      the connections between the small gray matter areas. In a previous work we have
      reported the construction of the Budapest Reference Connectome Server
      http://connectome.pitgroup.org from the data recorded in the Human Connectome
      Project of the NIH. The server generates the consensus braingraph of 96 subjects
      in Version 2, and of 418 subjects in Version 3, according to selectable
      parameters. After the Budapest Reference Connectome Server had been published, we
      recognized a surprising and unforeseen property of the server. The server can
      generate the braingraph of connections that are present in at least k graphs out
      of the 418, for any value of k = 1, 2, ..., 418. When the value of k is changed
      from k = 418 through 1 by moving a slider at the webserver from right to left,
      certainly more and more edges appear in the consensus graph. The astonishing
      observation is that the appearance of the new edges is not random: it is similar
      to a growing shrub. We refer to this phenomenon as the Consensus Connectome
      Dynamics. We hypothesize that this movement of the slider in the webserver may
      copy the development of the connections in the human brain in the following
      sense: the connections that are present in all subjects are the oldest ones, and
      those that are present only in a decreasing fraction of the subjects are
      gradually the newer connections in the individual brain development. An animation
      on the phenomenon is available at https://youtu.be/yxlyudPaVUE. Based on this
      observation and the related hypothesis, we can assign directions to some of the
      edges of the connectome as follows: Let Gk + 1 denote the consensus connectome
      where each edge is present in at least k+1 graphs, and let Gk denote the
      consensus connectome where each edge is present in at least k graphs. Suppose
      that vertex v is not connected to any other vertices in Gk+1, and becomes
      connected to a vertex u in Gk, where u was connected to other vertices already in
      Gk+1. Then we direct this (v, u) edge from v to u. 

PMID- 27362432
TI  - Spatial Control of Cell-Nanosurface Interactions by Tantalum Oxide Nanodots for
      Improved Implant Geometry.
AB  - Nanotopological cues can be exploited to understand the nature of interactions
      between cells and their microenvironment to generate superior implant geometries.
      Nanosurface parameters which modulate the cell behavior and characteristics such
      as focal adhesions, cell morphology are not clearly understood. Here, we studied
      the role of different nanotopographic dimensions in modulating the cell behavior,
      characteristics and ultimately the cell fate and accordingly, a methodology to
      improve implant surface geometry is proposed. Tantalum oxide nanodots of 50,
      100nm dot diameter with an inter-dot spacing of 20, 70nm and heights 40, 100nm
      respectively, were engineered on Silicon substrates. MG63 cells were cultured for
      72 hours and the modulation in morphology, focal adhesions, cell extensible area,
      cell viability, transcription factors and genes responsible for bone protein
      secretion as a function of the nanodot diameter, inter-dot distance and nanodot
      height were evaluated. Nanodots of 50nm diameter with a 20nm inter-dot spacing
      and 40nm height enhanced cell spreading area by 40%, promoted cell viability by
      70% and upregulated transcription factors and genes twice as much, as compared to
      the 100nm nanodots with 70nm inter-dot spacing and 100nm height. Favorable
      interactions between cells and all dimensions of 50nm nanodot diameter were
      observed, determined with Scanning electron microscopy and Immunofluorescence
      staining. Nanodot height played a vital role in controlling the cell fate.
      Dimensions of nanodot features which triggered a transition in cell
      characteristics or behavior was also defined through statistical analysis. The
      findings of this study provide insights in the parameters of nanotopographic
      features which can vitally control the cell fate and should therefore be taken
      into account when designing implant geometries. 

PMID- 27362435
TI  - High-Performance Ru1 /CeO2 Single-Atom Catalyst for CO Oxidation: A Computational
      Exploration.
AB  - By means of density functional theory computations, we examine the stability and
      CO oxidation activity of single Ru on CeO2 (111), TiO2 (110) and Al2 O3 (001)
      surfaces. The heterogeneous system Ru1 /CeO2 has very high stability, as
      indicated by the strong binding energies and high diffusion barriers of a single
      Ru atom on the ceria support, while the Ru atom is rather mobile on TiO2 (110)
      and Al2 O3 (001) surfaces and tends to form clusters, excluding these systems
      from having a high efficiency per Ru atom. The Ru1 /CeO2 exhibits good catalytic
      activity for CO oxidation via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, thus is a
      promising single-atom catalyst.

PMID- 27362433
TI  - Establishment of Nephrin Reporter Mice and Use for Chemical Screening.
AB  - Nephrin is a critical component of glomerular filtration barrier, which is
      important to maintain glomerular structure and avoid proteinuria. Downregulation
      of nephrin expression is commonly observed at early stage of glomerular
      disorders, suggesting that methods to increase nephrin expression in podocytes
      may have therapeutic utility. Here, we generated a knockin mouse line carrying
      single copy of 5.5 kb nephrin promoter controlling expression of enhanced green
      fluorescent protein (EGFP) at Rosa26 genomic locus (Nephrin-EGFP mouse). In these
      mice, EGFP was specifically expressed in podocytes. Next, we isolated and
      cultivated glomeruli from these mice, and developed a protocol to automatically
      quantitate EGFP expression in cultured glomeruli. EGFP signal was markedly
      reduced after 5 days of culture but reduction was inhibited by vitamin D
      treatment. We confirmed that vitamin D increased mRNA and protein expression of
      endogenous nephrin in cultivated glomeruli. Thus, we generated a mouse line
      converting nephrin promoter activity into fluorescence, which can be used to
      screen compounds having activity to enhance nephrin gene expression. 

PMID- 27362436
TI  - Studies on cerebral protection of digoxin against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage
      in neonatal rats.
AB  - Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a major cause of neonatal acute deaths
      and chronic nervous system damage. Our present study was designed to investigate
      the possible neuroprotective effect of digoxin-induced pharmacological
      preconditioning after hypoxia-ischemia and underlying mechanisms. Neonatal rats
      were assigned randomly to control, HIBD, or HIBD+digoxin groups. Pharmacological
      preconditioning was induced by administration of digoxin 72 h before inducing
      HIBD by carotid occlusion+hypoxia. Behavioral assays, and neuropathological and
      apoptotic assessments were performed to examine the effects; the expression of
      Na/K ATPase was also assessed. Rats in the HIBD group showed deficiencies on the
      T-maze, radial water maze, and postural reflex tests, whereas the HIBD+digoxin
      group showed significant improvements on all behavioral tests. The rats treated
      with digoxin showed recovery of pathological conditions, increased number of
      neural cells and proliferative cells, and decreased number of apoptotic cells.
      Meanwhile, an increased expression level of Na/K ATPase was observed after
      digoxin preconditioning treatment. The preconditioning treatment of digoxin
      contributed toward an improved functional recovery and exerted a marked
      neuroprotective effect including promotion of cell proliferation and reduction of
      apoptosis after HIBD, and the neuroprotective action was likely associated with
      increased expression of Na/K ATPase.

PMID- 27362437
TI  - Correlation between astrocyte activity and recovery from blood-brain barrier
      breakdown caused by brain injury.
AB  - Glial activation is associated with cell proliferation and upregulation of
      astrocyte marker expression following traumatic injury in the brain. However, the
      biological significance of these processes remains unclear. In the present study,
      astrocyte activation was investigated in a murine brain injury model. Brain
      injury induces blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immunoglobulin G (IgG)
      leak into the brain parenchyma. The recovery of BBB breakdown was evaluated by
      analyzing immunofluorescent staining with mouse IgG antibody. IgG leakage was
      greatest at 1 day after stab wound injury and decreased thereafter, and almost
      diminished after 7 days. Bromodeoxy uridine incorporation was used, and astrocyte
      proliferation rates were examined by coimmunostaining with anti-bromodeoxy
      uridine and anti-glial fibrillary acid protein antibodies. Consistent with IgG
      leakage assays, astrocyte activation was the highest at day 3 and decreased after
      7 days. Moreover, in reverse transcriptase-quantitative-PCR experiments, genes
      associated with BBB integrity were downregulated immediately after BBB breakdown
      and recovered to basal expression levels within 7 days. These data indicated that
      astrocyte activation correlated with BBB recovery from breakdown following brain
      injury.

PMID- 27362438
TI  - A Survey of Speech-Language-Hearing Therapists' Career Situation and Challenges
      in Mainland China.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this survey was to investigate the background of speech-language
      pathologists and their training needs to provide a profile of the current state
      of the profession in Mainland China. METHODS: A survey was conducted of 293
      speech-language therapists. The questionnaire used asked questions related to
      their career background and had a 24-item ranking scale covering almost all of
      the common speech-language-hearing disorders. A summary of the raw data was
      constructed by calculating the average ranking score for each answer choice in
      order to determine the academic training needs with the highest preference among
      the respondents. RESULTS: The majority of respondents were female, <35 years old
      and with a total service time of <5 years. More than three quarters of the
      training needs with the highest preference among the 24 items involved basic
      level knowledge of common speech-language-hearing disorders, such as diagnosis,
      assessment and conventional treatment, but seldom specific advanced technology or
      current progress. CONCLUSION: The results revealed that speech-language
      therapists in Mainland China tend to be young, with little total working
      experience and at the first stage of their career. This may be due to the lack of
      systematic educational programs and national certification systems for speech
      language therapists.

PMID- 27362439
TI  - Immunofluorescence staining with an antipromyelocytic leukemia antibody for a
      rapid diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia.

PMID- 27362440
TI  - Which patients with epilepsy are at risk for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
      (PNES)? A multicenter case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the clinical and electrographic differences
      between patients with combined epileptic (ES) and psychogenic nonepileptic
      seizures (PNES) and age- and gender-matched patients with ES-only and PNES-only.
      METHODS: Data from 138 patients (105 women [77%]), including 46 with PNES/ES
      (39+/-12years), 46 with PNES-only (39+/-11years), and 46 with ES-only (39+/
      11years), were compared using logistic regression analysis after adjusting for
      clustering effect. RESULTS: In the cohort with PNES/ES, ES antedated PNES in 28
      patients (70%) and occurred simultaneously in 11 (27.5%), while PNES were the
      initial presentation in only 1 case (2.5%); disease duration was undetermined in
      6. Compared with those with ES-only, patients with PNES/ES had higher depression
      and anxiety scores, shorter-duration electrographic seizures, less ES
      absence/staring semiology (all p<=0.01), and more ES arising in the right
      hemisphere, both in isolation and in combination with contralateral brain regions
      (61% vs. 41%; p=0.024, adjusted for anxiety and depression) and tended to have
      less ES arising in the left temporal lobe (13% vs. 28%; p=0.054). Compared with
      those with PNES-only, patients with PNES/ES tended to show fewer right-hemibody
      PNES events (7% vs. 23%; p=0.054) and more myoclonic semiology (10% vs. 2%;
      p=0.073). CONCLUSIONS: Right-hemispheric electrographic seizures may be more
      common among patients with ES who develop comorbid PNES, in agreement with prior
      neurobiological studies on functional neurological disorders.

PMID- 27362441
TI  - Tuning One-Dimensional Nanostructures of Bola-Like Peptide Amphiphiles by Varying
      the Hydrophilic Amino Acids.
AB  - By combining experimental measurements and computer simulations, we here show
      that for the bola-like peptide amphiphiles XI4 X, where X=K, R, and H, the
      hydrophilic amino acid substitutions have little effect on the beta-sheet
      hydrogen-bonding between peptide backbones. Whereas all of the peptides self
      assemble into one dimensional (1D) nanostructures with completely different
      morphologies, that is, nanotubes and helical nanoribbons for KI4 K, flat and
      multilayered nanoribbons for HI4 H, and twisted and bilayered nanoribbons for RI4
      R. These different 1D morphologies can be explained by the distinct stacking
      degrees and modes of the three peptide beta-sheets along the x-direction (width)
      and the z-direction (height), which microscopically originate from the hydrogen
      bonding ability of the sheets to solvent molecules and the pairing of hydrophilic
      amino acid side chains between beta-sheet monolayers through stacking
      interactions and hydrogen bonding. These different 1D nanostructures have
      distinct surface chemistry and functions, with great potential in various
      applications exploiting the respective properties of these hydrophilic amino
      acids. 

PMID- 27362442
TI  - Clinical Safety of a High Dose of Phycocyanin-Enriched Aqueous Extract from
      Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind,
      Placebo-Controlled Study with a Focus on Anticoagulant Activity and Platelet
      Activation.
AB  - The goal for this study was to evaluate safety regarding anticoagulant activity
      and platelet activation during daily consumption of an aqueous cyanophyta extract
      (ACE), containing a high dose of phycocyanin. Using a randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled study design, 24 men and women were enrolled after informed
      consent, and consumed either ACE (2.3 g/day) or placebo daily for 2 weeks. The
      ACE dose was equivalent to ~1 g phycocyanin per day, chosen based on the highest
      dose Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration. Consuming ACE did not alter markers for platelet activation (P
      selectin expression) or serum P-selectin levels. No changes were seen for
      activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin clotting time, or fibrinogen
      activity. Serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) showed a significant
      reduction after 2 weeks of ACE consumption (P < .001), in contrast to placebo
      where no changes were seen; the difference in AST levels between the two groups
      was significant at 2 weeks (P < .02). Reduced levels of alanine transaminase
      (ALT) were also seen in the group consuming ACE (P < .08). Previous studies
      showed reduction of chronic pain when consuming 1 g ACE per day. The higher dose
      of 2.3 g/day in this study was associated with significant reduction of chronic
      pain at rest and when physically active (P < .05). Consumption of ACE showed
      safety regarding markers pertaining to anticoagulant activity and platelet
      activation status, in conjunction with rapid and robust relief of chronic pain.
      Reduction in AST and ALT suggested improvement in liver function and metabolism. 

PMID- 27362443
TI  - Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis in a Case-Control Study
      from Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diet and inflammation have been suggested to be important risk
      factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVES: In this study, we examined the
      ability of the dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict MS in a case-control
      study conducted in Iran. METHODS: This study included 68 MS cases and 140
      controls hospitalized for acute non-neoplastic diseases. The DII was computed
      based on dietary intake assessed by a previously validated food frequency
      questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs adjusted for
      age, energy, sex, body mass index, season of birth, rubella history, history of
      routine exercise before MS, smoking and history of consumption of cow's milk in
      the first 2 years of life. RESULTS: Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e., with a
      more pro-inflammatory diet) had a higher risk of MS, with the DII being used both
      as a continuous variable (ORcontinuous 1.66; 95% CI 1.19-2.31; 1 unit increase
      corresponding to ~15% of its range in the current study) and a categorical
      variable (ORDII (>1.43 vs.<=1.43) 2.68; 95% CI 1.15-6.26). CONCLUSIONS: These
      results indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with increased risk
      of MS.

PMID- 27362444
TI  - Molecular spectrum of TSHbeta subunit gene defects in central hypothyroidism in
      the UK and Ireland.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Homozygous mutations in the TSH beta subunit gene (TSHB) result in
      severe, isolated, central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH). This entity evades
      diagnosis in TSH-based congenital hypothyroidism (CH) screening programmes in the
      UK and Ireland. Accordingly, genetic diagnosis, enabling ascertainment of
      affected relatives in families, is critical for prompt diagnosis and treatment of
      the disorder. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Four cases of isolated TSH
      deficiency from three unrelated families in the UK and Ireland were investigated
      for mutations or deletions in TSHB. Haplotype analysis, to investigate a founder
      effect, was undertaken in cases with identical mutations (c.373delT). RESULTS:
      Two siblings in kindred 1 were homozygous for a previously described TSHB
      mutation (c.373delT). In kindreds 2 and 3, the affected individuals were compound
      heterozygous for TSHB c.373delT and either a 5.4-kB TSHB deletion (kindred 2, c.1
      4389_417*195delinsCTCA) or a novel TSHB missense mutation (kindred 3, c.2T>C,
      p.Met1?). Neurodevelopmental retardation, following delayed diagnosis and
      treatment, was present in 3 cases. In contrast, the younger sibling in kindred 1
      developed normally following genetic diagnosis and treatment from birth.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study, including the identification of a second, novel, TSHB
      deletion, expands the molecular spectrum of TSHB defects and suggests that allele
      loss may be a commoner basis for TSH deficiency than previously suspected.
      Delayed diagnosis and treatment of profound central hypothyroidism in such cases
      result in neurodevelopmental retardation. Inclusion of thyroxine (T4) plus
      thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), or free thyroxine (FT4) in CH screening,
      together with genetic case ascertainment enabling earlier therapeutic
      intervention, could prevent such adverse sequelae.

PMID- 27362445
TI  - A review of practical tools for rapid monitoring of membrane bioreactors.
AB  - The production of high quality effluent from membrane bioreactors (MBRs) arguably
      requires less supervision than conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes.
      Nevertheless, the use of membranes brings additional issues of activated sludge
      filterability, cake layer formation and membrane fouling. From a practical
      standpoint, process engineers and operators require simple tools which offer
      timely information about the biological health and filterability of the mixed
      liquor as well as risks of membrane fouling. To this end, a range of analytical
      tools and biological assays are critically reviewed from this perspective. This
      review recommends that Capillary Suction Time (CST) analysis along with Total
      Suspended and Volatile Solids (TSS/VSS) analysis is used daily. For broad
      characterisation, total carbon and nitrogen analysis offer significant advantages
      over the commonly used chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD/BOD) analyses.
      Of the technologies for determining the vitality of the microbial biomass the
      most robust and reproducible, are the second generation adenosine-5'-triphosphate
      (ATP) test kits. Extracellular polymer concentrations are best monitored by
      measurement of turbidity after centrifugation. Taken collectively these tools can
      be used routinely to ensure timely intervention and smoother operation of MBR
      systems.

PMID- 27362446
TI  - Efficacy of water treatment processes and endemic gastrointestinal illness - A
      multi-city study in Sweden.
AB  - Outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illnesses (AGI) have been linked to
      insufficient drinking water treatment on numerous occasions in the industrialized
      world, but it is largely unknown to what extent public drinking water influences
      the endemic level of AGI. This paper aimed to examine endemic AGI and the
      relationship with pathogen elimination efficacy in public drinking water
      treatment processes. For this reason, time series data of all telephone calls to
      the Swedish National Healthcare Guide between November 2007 and February 2014
      from twenty Swedish cities were obtained. Calls concerning vomiting, diarrhea or
      abdominal pain (AGI calls) were separated from other concerns (non-AGI calls).
      Information on which type of microbial barriers each drinking water treatment
      plant in these cities have been used were obtained, together with the barriers'
      theoretical pathogen log reduction efficacy. The total log reduction in the
      drinking water plants varied between 0.0 and 6.1 units for viruses, 0.0-14.6
      units for bacteria and 0.0-7.3 units regarding protozoans. To achieve one general
      efficacy parameter for each plant, a weighted mean value of the log reductions
      (WLR) was calculated, with the weights based on how commonly these pathogen
      groups cause AGI. The WLR in the plants varied between 0.0 and 6.4 units. The
      effect of different pathogen elimination efficacy on levels of AGI calls relative
      non-AGI calls was evaluated in regression models, controlling for long term
      trends, population size, age distribution, and climatological area. Populations
      receiving drinking water produced with higher total log reduction was associated
      with a lower relative number of AGI calls. In overall, AGI calls decreased by 4%
      (OR = 0.96, CI: 0.96-0.97) for each unit increase in the WLR. The findings apply
      to both groundwater and surface water study sites, but are particularly evident
      among surface water sites during seasons when viruses are the main cause of AGI.
      This study proposes that the endemic level of gastroenteritis can indeed be
      reduced with more advanced treatment processes at many municipal drinking water
      treatment plants.

PMID- 27362447
TI  - Why do residential recycled water schemes fail? A comprehensive review of risk
      factors and impact on objectives.
AB  - In Australia, recycled water schemes have been implemented in residential
      developments to contribute to sustainable urban development, improve water supply
      security and reduce pollutant discharges to the environment. A proportion of
      these schemes, however, have been decommissioned well before the end of their
      design life which raises questions about the adequacy of the risk assessment and
      management practices adopted for recycled water schemes. Through a detailed
      literature review, an investigation of 21 residential recycled water schemes and
      in-depth interviews with nine scheme stakeholders, we identified 34 risk factors
      arising from six sources which have the potential to impact the long-term
      viability of residential recycled water schemes. Of the 34 risk factors
      identified, 17 were reported to have occurred during the development and
      implementation of the 21 schemes investigated. The overall risk rating of the 17
      factors was qualitatively defined on the basis of the likelihood of occurrence
      and the impact of the risk factors on the scheme objectives. The outcomes of the
      assessment indicate that the critical risks to the long-term viability of
      residential recycled water schemes are 1. unanticipated operational costs, 2.
      legal and contractual arrangements, 3. regulatory requirements and approval
      process and 4. customer complaints and expectations not met. To date, public
      health risks associated with the provision of recycled water have been of primary
      concern, though the outcomes of this study indicate that the impact to public
      health has been low. Evidently there is a need for improved assessment and
      management practices which address the range of critical risk factors, in
      addition to the routine consideration of public health risks.

PMID- 27362448
TI  - Cancer disclosure-account from a pediatric oncology ward in Egypt.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Informing the child about his/her diagnosis and treatment plan is
      essential; research has shown that it is related to the patient's quality of life
      and adherence to medication. METHODS: For 7 months during 2008 (February to
      September), 2 study-specific questionnaires were constructed and administered to
      304 parents of children diagnosed with cancer at the Children's Cancer Hospital
      Egypt. RESULTS: Among the 313 eligible parents of children diagnosed with cancer,
      304 (97%) answered the first questionnaire and 281 (92%) answered the second
      questionnaire. We found that nearly three-quarters (72%) of the parents had their
      child's cancer diagnosis communicated by the physician. Among the 72%, the rate
      of the children present with the parent or parents during the disease disclosure
      conversation was 39% (n = 85/219). The majority of the children were in the age
      group 5-18 years (55%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that cancer disclosure
      at the Children's Cancer Hospital is to a certain degree common; yet even when
      disclosure does take place, it is mainly in the absence of the child. Moreover,
      the information provided during the conversation may not be fully comprehended by
      the parent or the child because of the physician's misleading use of terms when
      disclosing the disease. Therefore, better practice should be developed for
      disease disclosure, and proper communication should be established between the
      patients and the provider; patient autonomy should also have an influence in the
      clinical practice.

PMID- 27362449
TI  - Sickle cell disease related internet activity is three times less frequent than
      cystic fibrosis related internet activity.

PMID- 27362450
TI  - Advancing the Economic Assessment of Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery.

PMID- 27362451
TI  - Response to "Advancing the Economic Assessment of Microinvasive Glaucoma
      Surgery".

PMID- 27362452
TI  - Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on brain histopathology
      of Caspian Sea Cyprinus carpio.
AB  - There is limited research on the effect of electromagnetic field on aquatic
      organisms, especially freshwater fish species. This study was conducted to
      evaluate the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF)
      (50 Hz) exposure on brain histopathology of Cyprinus carpio, one of the important
      species of Caspian Sea with significant economic value. A total of 200 healthy
      fish were used in this study. They were classified randomly in two groups: sham
      exposed group and experimental group, which were exposed to five different
      magnetic field intensities (0.1, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mT) at two different exposure
      times (0.5 and 1 h). Histologic results indicate that exposure of C. carpio to
      artificial ELF-EMF caused severe histopathological changes in the brain at field
      intensities >=3 mT leading to brain necrosis. Field intensity and duration of
      exposure were key parameters in induction of lesion in the brain. Further studies
      are needed to elucidate exact mechanism of EMF exposure on the brain.

PMID- 27362453
TI  - Significant Interference in Mass Cytometry from Medicinal Iodine in Human Lung.

PMID- 27362455
TI  - Echocardiography as an indication of continuous-time cardiac quiescence.
AB  - Cardiac computed tomography (CT) angiography using prospective gating requires
      that data be acquired during intervals of minimal cardiac motion to obtain
      diagnostic images of the coronary vessels free of motion artifacts. This work is
      intended to assess B-mode echocardiography as a continuous-time indication of
      these quiescent periods to determine if echocardiography can be used as a cost
      efficient, non-ionizing modality to develop new prospective gating techniques for
      cardiac CT. These new prospective gating approaches will not be based on
      echocardiography itself but on CT-compatible modalities derived from the
      mechanics of the heart (e.g. seismocardiography and impedance cardiography),
      unlike the current standard electrocardiogram. To this end, echocardiography and
      retrospectively-gated CT data were obtained from ten patients with varied cardiac
      conditions. CT reconstructions were made throughout the cardiac cycle. Motion of
      the interventricular septum (IVS) was calculated from both echocardiography and
      CT reconstructions using correlation-based, deviation techniques. The IVS was
      chosen because it (1) is visible in echocardiography images, whereas the coronary
      vessels generally are not, and (2) has been shown to be a suitable indicator of
      cardiac quiescence. Quiescent phases were calculated as the minima of IVS motion
      and CT volumes were reconstructed for these phases. The diagnostic quality of the
      CT reconstructions from phases calculated from echocardiography and CT data was
      graded on a four-point Likert scale by a board-certified radiologist fellowship
      trained in cardiothoracic radiology. Using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, no
      significant difference in the diagnostic quality of the coronary vessels was
      found between CT volumes reconstructed from echocardiography- and CT-selected
      phases. Additionally, there was a correlation of 0.956 between the
      echocardiography- and CT-selected phases. This initial work suggests that B-mode
      echocardiography can be used as a tool to develop CT-compatible gating techniques
      based on modalities derived from cardiac mechanics rather than relying on the ECG
      alone.

PMID- 27362456
TI  - Reversal of Dabigatran with Idarucizumab.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The use of novel oral anticoagulants such as dabigatran has been
      increasing over the last five years. Indicated for use in the prevention of
      thromboembolic complications from non-valvular atrial fibrillation and for the
      treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolic disease, dabigatran is
      increasingly encountered clinically. Lack of an efficacious reversal agent has
      been a challenge for increased clinical 10 adoption, and for management of
      patients with bleeding complications while taking dabigatran, or those requiring
      urgent procedures while taking dabigatran. Idarucizumab, a monoclonal antibody
      fragment, has recently been approved for use to reverse anticoagulation with
      dabigatran in patients with serious bleeding. AREAS COVERED: Herein we discuss
      the development and early clinical data evaluating the use of idarucizumab for
      dabigatran reversal. Expert commentary: Idarucizumab has been shown to be an
      efficacious reversal agent for patients receiving dabigatran. The drug provides a
      novel and clinically useful agent for patients with significant bleeding while
      receiving dabigatran, or those needing urgent invasive procedures.

PMID- 27362457
TI  - Monitoring of cholesterol oxidation in a lipid bilayer membrane using
      streptolysin O as a sensing and signal transduction element.
AB  - Streptolysin O (SLO), which recognizes sterols and forms nanopores in lipid
      membranes, is proposed as a sensing element for monitoring cholesterol oxidation
      in a lipid bilayer. The structural requirements of eight sterols for forming
      nanopores by SLO confirmed that a free 3-OH group in the beta-configuration of
      sterols is required for recognition by SLO in a lipid bilayer. The extent of
      nanopore formation by SLO in lipid bilayers increased in the order of
      cholestanol<cholesterol<25-OH cholesterol and in a sterol concentration-dependent
      manner. The immobilization of liposomes consisting of PC, cholesterol and 4
      cholesten-3-one exhibited a linear relationship between calcein permeability and
      the molar ratio of cholesterol and 4-cholesten-3-one. The SLO-based method was
      successfully applied for monitoring of cholesterol oxidase-mediated oxidation of
      cholesterol in a lipid bilayer. The potential of the SLO nanopore-based method
      for monitoring cholesterol oxidation in a lipid bilayer by other oxidative
      enzymes is also discussed. 

PMID- 27362458
TI  - Effects of kinesio taping on anaerobic power recovery after eccentric exercise.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of kinesio taping (KT) in
      anaerobic power recovery after eccentric exercise. The study was carried out on
      10 healthy men. The participants performed two 60-min downhill runs with a
      constant intensity. Peak anaerobic power (PP) and mean power (MP) were measured
      before and five times after eccentric exercise. Anaerobic power was evaluated
      with the Maximal Cycling Sprint Test. After the downhill run, passive recovery
      (PR) and KT (lymphatic application) were applied in random order. A significant
      decrease in PP and MP was observed at least for 24 h after PR, compared to
      baseline. After the KT application 24 h after eccentric exercises, anaerobic
      power was already similar to the baseline measurement. The application of KT
      significantly improved anaerobic power recovery time after eccentric exercise
      compared to the period of passive rest immediately prior to testing. 

PMID- 27362460
TI  - Dual Photoredox/Gold Catalysis Arylative Cyclization of o-Alkynylphenols with
      Aryldiazonium Salts: A Flexible Synthesis of Benzofurans.
AB  - A new method for the arylative cyclization of o-alkynylphenols with aryldiazonium
      salts via dual photoredox/gold catalysis is described. The reaction proceeds
      smoothly at room temperature in the absence of base and/or additives and offers
      an efficient approach to benzofuran derivatives. The scope of the transformation
      is wide, and the limitations are discussed. The reaction is proposed to proceed
      through a photoredox-promoted generation of a vinylgold(III) intermediate that
      undergoes reductive elimination to provide the heterocyclic coupling adduct.

PMID- 27362459
TI  - Nocistatin sensitizes TRPA1 channels in peripheral sensory neurons.
AB  - The ability of sensory neurons to detect potentially harmful stimuli relies on
      specialized molecular signal detectors such as transient receptor potential (TRP)
      A1 ion channels. TRPA1 is critically implicated in vertebrate nociception and
      different pain states. Furthermore, TRPA1 channels are subject to extensive
      modulation and regulation - processes which consequently affect nociceptive
      signaling. Here we show that the neuropeptide Nocistatin sensitizes TRPA1
      dependent calcium influx upon application of the TRPA1 agonist mustard oil (MO)
      in cultured sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Interestingly, TRPV1
      mediated cellular calcium responses are unaffected by Nocistatin. Furthermore,
      Nocistatin-induced TRPA1-sensitization is likely independent of the Nocistatin
      binding partner 4-Nitrophenylphosphatase domain and non-neuronal SNAP25-like
      protein homolog 1 (NIPSNAP1) as assessed by siRNA-mediated knockdown in DRG
      cultures. In conclusion, we uncovered the sensitization of TRPA1 by Nocistatin,
      which may represent a novel mechanism how Nocistatin can modulate pain.

PMID- 27362461
TI  - Suppression of Interfacial Current Fluctuation in MoTe2 Transistors with
      Different Dielectrics.
AB  - For transition metal dichalcogenides, the fluctuation of the channel current due
      to charged impurities is attributed to a large surface area and a thickness of a
      few nanometers. To investigate current variance at the interface of transistors,
      we obtain the low-frequency (LF) noise features of MoTe2 multilayer field-effect
      transistors with different dielectric environments. The LF noise properties are
      analyzed using the combined carrier mobility and carrier number fluctuation model
      which is additionally parametrized with an interfacial Coulomb-scattering
      parameter (alpha) that varies as a function of the accumulated carrier density
      (Nacc) and the location of the active channel layer of MoTe2. Our model shows
      good agreement with the current power spectral density (PSD) of MoTe2 devices
      from a low to high current range and indicates that the parameter alpha exhibits
      a stronger dependence on Nacc with an exponent -gamma of -1.18 to approximately 
      1.64 for MoTe2 devices, compared with -0.5 for Si devices. The raised Coulomb
      scattering of the carriers, particularly for a low-current regime, is considered
      to be caused by the unique traits of layered semiconductors such as interlayer
      coupling and the charge distribution strongly affected by the device structure
      under a gate bias, which completely change the charge screening effect in MoTe2
      multilayer. Comprehensive static and LF noise analyses of MoTe2 devices with our
      combined model reveal that a chemical-vapor deposited h-BN monolayer underneath
      MoTe2 channel and the Al2O3 passivation layer have a dissimilar contribution to
      the reduction of current fluctuation. The three-fold enhanced carrier mobility
      due to the h-BN is from the weakened carrier scattering at the gate dielectric
      interface and the additional 30% increase in carrier mobility by Al2O3
      passivation is due to the reduced interface traps. 

PMID- 27362463
TI  - Short article: Negative small-bowel cross-sectional imaging does not exclude
      capsule retention in high-risk patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Both Agile patency capsule (PC) and small-bowel cross
      sectional imaging (SBCSI) techniques have been used to assess small-bowel patency
      in patients at high risk of capsule retention. The present study aimed to compare
      capsule retention rates in high-risk patients with negative PC or SBCSI.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2011 and December 2013, consecutive
      patients undergoing small-bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) in the Lombardia region
      were prospectively entered into a dedicated registry. They were classified as
      being at high or low risk of capsule retention by the local investigator
      according to predefined clinical criteria. High-risk patients underwent either PC
      or SBCSI depending on local expertise and availability; those who tested negative
      underwent SBCE. RESULTS: Out of 3117 patients (male/female: 1667/1450, mean age:
      63.1+/-17.7), 2942 (94.4%) were classified as being at low risk and 175 (5.6%)
      were classified as being at high risk for capsule retention. Among 175 high-risk
      patients, 151 (86.3%) had negative PC and 24 (13.7%) had negative SBCSI: capsule
      retention occurred in two patients with negative SBCSI (8.3%) and in one patient
      (0.7%) with negative PC (P=0.049). The capsule retention rates in high-risk
      patients with negative PC and in low-risk patients (20/2942; 0.7%) were
      comparable (P=1.0). CONCLUSION: The capsule retention rate is similar in low-risk
      and negative PC high-risk patients. Conversely, high-risk patients with negative
      SBCSI have a significantly higher capsule retention rate. Our data suggest that
      in high-risk patients, negative SBCSI examination is not reassuring and, when
      SBCE is indicated, PC should be performed.

PMID- 27362464
TI  - The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Invariance across
      heterosexual men, heterosexual women, gay men, and lesbians.
AB  - The present study examined measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic
      Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in community groups of Australian heterosexual
      men (N = 1106), heterosexual women (N = 2111), gay men (N = 527), and lesbians (N
      = 712). Confirmatory factor analysis of CES-D item scores supported the theorized
      oblique 4-factor model. There was support for full measurement invariance across
      the 4 groups, based on differences in approximate fit indices. In contrast there
      was support for only partial invariance when the chi-square difference test was
      applied. Lack of invariance was mostly for depressed affect and somatic symptom
      items, with noninvariant somatic symptom items showing consistently high factor
      loadings and thresholds among lesbians compared with the other groups. The
      findings are discussed in relation to the use of the CES-D, the relevance of
      different depression symptoms to how depressions is experienced by the different
      gender and sexual orientation groups, and gender role socialization and minority
      sexual orientation theories. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362462
TI  - Top-Down Targeted Proteomics Reveals Decrease in Myosin Regulatory Light-Chain
      Phosphorylation That Contributes to Sarcopenic Muscle Dysfunction.
AB  - Sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with advancing age, is
      a significant cause of disability and loss of independence in the elderly and
      thus, represents a formidable challenge for the aging population. Nevertheless,
      the molecular mechanism(s) underlying sarcopenia-associated muscle dysfunction
      remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed an integrated approach
      combining top-down targeted proteomics with mechanical measurements to dissect
      the molecular mechanism(s) in age-related muscle dysfunction. Top-down targeted
      proteomic analysis uncovered a progressive age-related decline in the
      phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), a critical protein
      involved in the modulation of muscle contractility, in the skeletal muscle of
      aging rats. Top-down tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified a previously
      unreported bis-phosphorylated proteoform of fast skeletal RLC and localized the
      sites of decreasing phosphorylation to Ser14/15. Of these sites, Ser14
      phosphorylation represents a previously unidentified site of phosphorylation in
      RLC from fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Subsequent mechanical analysis of single
      fast-twitch fibers isolated from the muscles of rats of different ages revealed
      that the observed decline in RLC phosphorylation can account for age-related
      decreases in the contractile properties of sarcopenic fast-twitch muscles. These
      results strongly support a role for decreasing RLC phosphorylation in sarcopenia
      associated muscle dysfunction and suggest that therapeutic modulation of RLC
      phosphorylation may represent a new avenue for the treatment of sarcopenia.

PMID- 27362465
TI  - An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model of Acquired Brain Injury Patient
      Impairments and Caregiver Psychosocial Functioning: A Dyadic-Report,
      Multinational Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to use actor-partner interdependence
      modeling (APIM) to examine the simultaneous effects of both acquired brain injury
      (ABI) patient and caregiver ratings of patient impairments on both patient and
      caregiver ratings of caregiver psychosocial dysfunction. METHOD: A sample of 968
      individuals with ABI and their caregivers (n = 1,936) from 4 countries completed
      the European Brain Injury Questionnaire, a measure of ABI impairments and
      caregiver psychosocial functioning in the context of providing care for the
      person with ABI. RESULTS: An APIM with all adequate or good fit indices found
      that patient ratings of their own impairments in the domains of social
      disadaptation and depression were uniquely and positively associated with patient
      ratings of caregiver psychosocial dysfunction, yet none of the patient ratings of
      their own impairments were uniquely associated with caregiver ratings of
      caregiver psychosocial dysfunction. Caregiver ratings of patient impairments
      across all 3 domains (cognition, social disadaptation, and depression) were
      uniquely and positively associated with caregiver ratings of caregiver
      psychosocial dysfunction. Yet only caregiver ratings of patient social
      disadaptation were uniquely and positively associated with patient ratings of
      caregiver psychosocial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that
      caregivers' views of ABI patients' impairments are likely much more associated
      with caregiver psychosocial functioning than are patients' views of their own
      impairments, pointing to caregivers' interpretations of their patients'
      impairments as a primary target for cognitive behavioral interventions.

PMID- 27362466
TI  - Recent strategies for drug development in fibromyalgia syndrome.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The US Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved 3 medications for
      treating fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). There have been no additional FDA approvals
      since January 2009 and the efficacy of the FDA-approved medications for FMS has
      been questioned. Areas covered: The "search for studies" tool using
      clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed were employed. The term, "fibromyalgia" was used
      for clinicaltrials.gov. The terms employed for PubMed were "Name-of-Drug
      Fibromyalgia", "Fibromyalgia Treatment" or "Fibromyalgia Drug Treatment."
      Clinical trials were reviewed if they were prospective and blinded, and if they
      employed a comparator, either placebo or another pharmaceutical. Expert
      commentary: Progress toward standardizing the outcome measures for FMS clinical
      trials have been made but challenges remain. Several pharmaceutical candidates
      for FMS have been tested since 2009. The results of these studies with potential
      novel targets for drug development for FMS were reviewed including the results of
      trials with sodium oxybate, quetiapine, esreboxetine, nabilone, memantine,
      naltrexone, and melatonin.

PMID- 27362467
TI  - Correlation of Vitreomacular Traction with Foveal Thickness, Subfoveal Choroidal
      Thickness, and Vitreomacular/Foveal Angle.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the structure of vitreomacular traction (VMT),
      specifically, if a correlation exists between 1) the VMT type/grade and the
      central foveal thickness (CFT) and subfoveal and adjacent choroidal thickness, 2)
      the vitreomacular/foveal angle (VMFA) and the CFT and subfoveal and adjacent
      choroidal thickness, and 3) the diameter of vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) and CFT
      and subfoveal and adjacent choroidal thickness. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Retrospective, multicenter image analysis study. We analyzed raster scans of the
      macula taken with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of 61
      eyes of 55 patients with VMT. Conventional scans of the vitreoretinal interface
      were analyzed to measure CFT and the degree of VMFA. Enhanced depth imaging (EDI)
      scans were analyzed to measure the choroidal thickness in the macula. The
      multivariate test of means and the t-test were used for statistical comparisons.
      RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in CFT between focal
      vs broad and concurrent vs isolated type VMT. Central (p = 0.009), nasal (p =
      0.004), and temporal (p = 0.007) subfoveal choroidal thickness was significantly
      higher in broad VMT compared to focal VMT. There was difference in both CFT (p =
      0.035) and central (p = 0.005), nasal (p = 0.01), and temporal (p = 0.001)
      choroidal thickness between moderate and severe VMT. There was a correlation
      between VMFA and CFT, where a wider angle was associated with increased CFT (p =
      0.026). The broader VMA was associated with increased central subfoveal (p =
      0.032), nasal (p = 0.05), and temporal (p = 0.01) choroidal thickness.
      CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with broad VMT have thicker choroid than eyes with focal VMT,
      which have a more open vitreomacular angle. The angle of VMT is related to
      distinct CFTs.

PMID- 27362468
TI  - Impact of hands-on care on infant sleep in the neonatal intensive care unit.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep disruption is increasingly recognized in hospitalized
      patients. Impaired sleep is associated with measureable alterations in
      neurodevelopment. The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) environment has the
      potential to affect sleep quality and quantity. We aimed: (i) to determine the
      frequency and duration of hands-on care, and its impact on sleep, for NICU
      patients; and (ii) to assess the incidence of respiratory events associated with
      handling for a cohort of sick neonates. METHODS: Term and near-term neonates
      admitted to the NICU and at risk for cerebral dysfunction due to severity of
      illness or clinical suspicion for seizures underwent attended, bedside
      polysomnography. Continuous polysomnogram segments were analyzed and data on
      handling, infant behavioral state, and associated respiratory events were
      recorded. RESULTS: Video and polysomnography data were evaluated for 25 infants
      (gestational age 39.4 +/- 1.6 weeks). The maximum duration between handling
      episodes for each infant was 50.9 +/- 26.2 min, with a median of 2.3 min between
      contacts. Handling occurred across all behavioral states (active sleep 29.5%;
      quiet sleep 23.1%; awake 29.9%; indeterminate 17.4%; P = 0.99). Arousals or
      awakenings occurred in 57% of contacts with a sleeping infant. Hypopnea, apnea,
      and oxygen desaturation occurred with 16%, 8%, and 19.5% of contacts,
      respectively. Hypopnea was most likely to occur following contact with infants in
      active sleep (28%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Infants in the NICU experience
      frequent hands-on care, associated with disturbances of sleep and respiration.
      The potential health and developmental impact of these disturbances merits study,
      as strategies to monitor sleep and minimize sleep-disordered breathing might then
      improve NICU outcomes. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:84-90 (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362469
TI  - Reprint of: Signaling the Unfolded Protein Response in primary brain cancers.
AB  - The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is an adaptive cellular program used by
      eukaryotic cells to cope with protein misfolding stress in the Endoplasmic
      Reticulum (ER). During tumor development, cancer cells are facing intrinsic
      (oncogene activation) and extrinsic (limiting nutrient or oxygen supply; exposure
      to chemotherapies) challenges, with which they must cope to survive. Primary
      brain tumors are relatively rare but deadly and present a significant challenge
      in the determination of risk factors in the population. These tumors are
      inherently difficult to cure because of their protected location in the brain. As
      such surgery, radiation and chemotherapy options carry potentially lasting
      patient morbidity and incomplete tumor cure. Some of these tumors, such as
      glioblastoma, were reported to present features of ER stress and to depend on UPR
      activation to sustain growth, but to date there is no clear general
      representation of the ER stress status in primary brain tumors. In this review,
      we describe the key molecular mechanisms controlling the UPR and their
      implication in cancers. Then we extensively review the literature reporting the
      status of ER stress in various primary brain tumors and discuss the potential
      impact of such observation on patient stratification and on the possibility of
      developing appropriate targeted therapies using the UPR as therapeutic target.
      This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.

PMID- 27362470
TI  - Ligand-Sensitized Lanthanide Nanocrystals: Merging Solid-State Photophysics and
      Molecular Solution Chemistry.
AB  - To date, the breadth of scientific research that has been devoted to
      investigating the photochemical and photophysical behavior of the lanthanide
      elements has generally fallen into one of two camps: solution studies of
      luminescent lanthanide metal-ligand complexes or investigations of solid-state
      nanoparticles, composed primarily of, or doped with, lanthanide lumiphores. In
      the latter case, most research of lanthanide nanocolloids has precluded any
      investigations regarding the use of organic ligands to overcome the difficulties
      associated with f-f excitation of lanthanides. Instead, most work on condensed
      phase lanthanide luminescence has centered on strategies such as d-f charge
      separation in divalent lanthanides and the sensitization of lanthanide excited
      states using quantum dots. Current work now aims at bridging the camps of
      condensed-phase lanthanide photophysics and the solution chemistry of ligand
      lanthanide molecular complexes. Recent efforts have partly focused on the
      fundamental characterization of NaGd1-xLnxF4 nanoparticles featuring surface
      display of the sensitizer ligand 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), showing these structures to
      be capable of converting absorbed UV light into luminescence from Eu3+ and Tb3+
      ions. These results suggest such a use of the ligand sensitization as a tool of
      choice to overcome the constraints of UV solar spectrum/semiconductor band-gap
      mismatch and low absorption cross sections in solid-state lanthanide systems.

PMID- 27362471
TI  - The small 6C RNA of Corynebacterium glutamicum is involved in the SOS response.
AB  - The 6C RNA family is a class of small RNAs highly conserved in Actinobacteria,
      including the genera Mycobacterium, Streptomyces and Corynebacterium whose
      physiological function has not yet been elucidated. We found that strong
      transcription of the cgb_03605 gene, which encodes 6C RNA in C. glutamicum, was
      driven by the SigA- and SigB-dependent promoter Pcgb_03605. 6C RNA was detected
      at high level during exponential growth phase (180 to 240 molcules per cell)
      which even increased at the entry of the stationary phase. 6C RNA level did not
      decrease within 240 min after transcription had been stopped with rifampicin,
      which suggests high 6C RNA stability. The expression of cgb_03605 further
      increased approximately twofold in the presence of DNA-damaging mitomycin C (MMC)
      and nearly threefold in the absence of LexA. Deletion of the 6C RNA gene
      cgb_03605 resulted in a higher sensitivity of C. glutamicum toward MMC and UV
      radiation. These results indicate that 6C RNA is involved in the DNA damage
      response. Both 6C RNA level-dependent pausing of cell growth and branched cell
      morphology in response to MMC suggest that 6C RNA may also be involved in a
      control of cell division.

PMID- 27362474
TI  - Immunoreactivity of a Monoclonal Antibody to SS18-SSX Fusion Gene Product in
      Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Synovial Sarcoma Tissue Section.
AB  - Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive sarcoma with specific reciprocal chromosomal
      translocation of SS18 (also known as SYT) and SSX genes. In the present study, we
      aimed to detect the SS18-SSX fusion gene product in routinely processed
      pathologic synovial sarcoma tissue section. Monoclonal antibodies to peptide
      QRPYGYDQ-IMPKKPA, which covered the fusion region of SS18-SSX, were newly
      established and subsequently characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,
      Western-immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical staining. A monoclonal antibody
      designated BG35, reacted with boundary region of SS18-SSX chimera protein in a
      specific manner, when C-terminal or neighboring region of QRPYGYDQ-IMPKKPA is
      structurally exposed. Immunoreactivity of BG35 was localized in nucleus of
      synovial sarcoma cells, but not in other sarcoma cells, examined. Interestingly,
      synovial sarcoma cells with epithelial differentiation exhibited much strong BG35
      immunoreactivity than synovial sarcoma cells with sarcomatous differentiation.
      BG35 may be useful for evaluating molecular kinetics of SSX-SS18 gene product in
      situ.

PMID- 27362472
TI  - CO2 Accounting and Risk Analysis for CO2 Sequestration at Enhanced Oil Recovery
      Sites.
AB  - Using CO2 in enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) is a promising technology for
      emissions management because CO2-EOR can dramatically reduce sequestration costs
      in the absence of emissions policies that include incentives for carbon capture
      and storage. This study develops a multiscale statistical framework to perform
      CO2 accounting and risk analysis in an EOR environment at the Farnsworth Unit
      (FWU), Texas. A set of geostatistical-based Monte Carlo simulations of CO2
      oil/gas-water flow and transport in the Morrow formation are conducted for global
      sensitivity and statistical analysis of the major risk metrics: CO2/water
      injection/production rates, cumulative net CO2 storage, cumulative oil/gas
      productions, and CO2 breakthrough time. The median and confidence intervals are
      estimated for quantifying uncertainty ranges of the risk metrics. A response
      surface-based economic model has been derived to calculate the CO2-EOR
      profitability for the FWU site with a current oil price, which suggests that
      approximately 31% of the 1000 realizations can be profitable. If government
      carbon-tax credits are available, or the oil price goes up or CO2 capture and
      operating expenses reduce, more realizations would be profitable. The results
      from this study provide valuable insights for understanding CO2 storage potential
      and the corresponding environmental and economic risks of commercial-scale CO2
      sequestration in depleted reservoirs.

PMID- 27362475
TI  - Metaphor and music emotion: Ancient views and future directions.
AB  - Music is often described in terms of emotion. This notion is supported by
      empirical evidence showing that engaging with music is associated with subjective
      feelings, and with objectively measurable responses at the behavioural,
      physiological, and neural level. Some accounts, however, reject the idea that
      music may directly induce emotions. For example, the 'paradox of negative
      emotion', whereby music described in negative terms is experienced as enjoyable,
      suggests that music might move the listener through indirect mechanisms in which
      the emotional experience elicited by music does not always coincide with the
      emotional label attributed to it. Here we discuss the role of metaphor as a
      potential mediator in these mechanisms. Drawing on musicological, philosophical,
      and neuroscientific literature, we suggest that metaphor acts at key stages along
      and between physical, biological, cognitive, and contextual processes, and
      propose a model of music experience in which metaphor mediates between language,
      emotion, and aesthetic response.

PMID- 27362476
TI  - Restoration of ovarian tissue function and estrous cycle in rat after
      autotransplantation using hyaluronic acid hydrogel scaffold containing VEGF and
      bFGF.
AB  - This study investigates the effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) containing VEGF and
      bFGF on restoration of ovarian function after ovarian autotransplantation. Twenty
      four rats were randomly divided into three groups for ovarian
      autotransplantation: group A (ovaries without HA, VEGF and bFGF), group B
      (ovaries encapsulated with HA) and group C (ovaries encapsulated with HA
      containing VEGF and bFGF). The grafts were assessed using vaginal smears,
      histological, hormonal, and the genes expression analysis. The duration of first
      estrous cycle was shorter in group C than in group A (p < 0.01). The mean number
      of primordial follicles was protected in group C. The level of estradiol was
      higher in group A than in group C (p < 0.01). The expression level of Cellular
      Myelocytomatosis (C-Myc) in group C was lower than in group B (p < 0.05). HA
      containing VEGF and bFGF can ensure follicular survival, decrease apoptosis and
      recover ovarian function after auto-transplantation.

PMID- 27362477
TI  - Ambulatory anesthesia for cosmetic surgery in Brazil.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Outpatient plastic surgery is growing around the world. This
      industry faces unique challenges in terms of patient selection and standards of
      practice to ensure safety and cost-effectiveness. This review will highlight
      information about anesthesia practice for outpatient cosmetic surgery in Brazil,
      especially regarding regulation, legislation, and medical tourism. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Medical tourism is growing worldwide, with a flow of patients traveling
      from developed to developing countries where procedures can be done at a fraction
      of the cost as in the patient's home country. Though generally well tolerated,
      there are concerns about incomplete data on outcomes of office-based surgeries
      and lack of safety standards. SUMMARY: Brazil is one of the world's leaders in
      cosmetic surgery. Strong legislation governing outpatient facilities and
      continued development of accrediting standards for healthcare facilities are
      indications of a commitment to patient safety and high quality of care. Although
      the market for medical tourism in this country is high, there are still barriers
      to overcome before Brazil reaches its full potential in this industry.

PMID- 27362478
TI  - Cache Scheme Based on Pre-Fetch Operation in ICN.
AB  - Many recent researches focus on ICN (Information-Centric Network), in which named
      content becomes the first citizen instead of end-host. In ICN, Named content can
      be further divided into many small sized chunks, and chunk-based communication
      has merits over content-based communication. The universal in-network cache is
      one of the fundamental infrastructures for ICN. In this work, a chunk-level cache
      mechanism based on pre-fetch operation is proposed. The main idea is that,
      routers with cache store should pre-fetch and cache the next chunks which may be
      accessed in the near future according to received requests and cache policy for
      reducing the users' perceived latency. Two pre-fetch driven modes are present to
      answer when and how to pre-fetch. The LRU (Least Recently Used) is employed for
      the cache replacement. Simulation results show that the average user perceived
      latency and hops can be decreased by employed this cache mechanism based on pre
      fetch operation. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that the results are influenced
      by many factors, such as the cache capacity, Zipf parameters and pre-fetch window
      size. 

PMID- 27362479
TI  - Blood Pressure Profile and Hypertensive Organ Damage in COPD Patients and Matched
      Controls. The RETAPOC Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies suggest that there is a pathogenic link between
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular diseases. On the
      other hand, increased sympathetic tone has been described in several respiratory
      diseases. Our objective was to determine whether hypertension mediated by
      sympathetic overactivity is a mechanism that explains the association between
      COPD and cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: Prospective nested case-control
      observational study; 67 COPD patients were matched 1:1 by sex and age to controls
      with smoking history. 24 hour-blood pressure monitoring, urinary catecholamines
      and their metabolites measurement, echocardiography, carotid ultrasound
      examination, nocturnal oximetry and retinography were performed. FINDINGS:
      classic cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities were similarly distributed
      between cases and controls. No significant differences for blood pressure
      variables (difference for mean systolic blood pressure: -0.13 mmHg; 95% CI: 
      4.48,4.20; p = 0.94; similar results for all blood presssure variables) or
      catecholamines values were found between both groups. There was a tendency for
      lower left ventricle ejection fraction in the COPD cases, that approached
      statistical significance (64.8 +/- 7.4 vs 67.1 +/- 6.2, p = 0.05). There were no
      differences in the retinal arteriovenous ratio, the carotid intima-media
      thickness, or the number of carotid plaques, between cases and controls.
      Fibrinogen values were higher in the COPD group (378.4 +/- 69.6 vs 352.2 +/- 45.6
      mg/dL, p = 0.01) and mean nocturnal oxygen saturation values were lower for COPD
      patients (89.0 +/- 4.07 vs 92.3 +/- 2.2%, p < 0.0001). INTERPRETATION:
      Hypertension induced by sympathetic overactivity does not seem to be a mechanism
      that could explain the association between COPD and cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 27362480
TI  - Evaluation of Nonpeptidic Ligand Conjugates for SPECT Imaging of Hypoxic and
      Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Expressing Cancers.
AB  - As tumors grow, vasculature is often deficient or malformed, resulting in many
      localized areas of hypoxia. Cells located in these hypoxic regions exhibit an
      altered gene expression pattern that can significantly alter resistance to
      conventional anticancer treatments such as ionizing radiation and
      chemotherapeutic drugs. A priori knowledge of the level of hypoxia within a tumor
      may better guide clinical care. In an effort to create a hypoxia specific imaging
      agent, a ligand for the tissue hypoxia marker, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), was
      synthesized and used as a targeting ligand to deliver an attached (99m)Tc
      chelating agent. Binding of the resulting conjugates to hypoxic cancer cells was
      first characterized in vitro. Whole animal imaging and biodistribution studies
      then were performed to determine tumor specificity in vivo. Several conjugates
      were found to bind selectively to CA IX expressing tumors in a receptor-dependent
      manner. We suggest that such conjugates could prove useful in identifying hypoxic
      cancers and/or quantitating the level of hypoxia within a tumor. 

PMID- 27362481
TI  - The Meiotic Recombination Activator PRDM9 Trimethylates Both H3K36 and H3K4 at
      Recombination Hotspots In Vivo.
AB  - In many mammals, including humans and mice, the zinc finger histone
      methyltransferase PRDM9 performs the first step in meiotic recombination by
      specifying the locations of hotspots, the sites of genetic recombination. PRDM9
      binds to DNA at hotspots through its zinc finger domain and activates
      recombination by trimethylating histone H3K4 on adjacent nucleosomes through its
      PR/SET domain. Recently, the isolated PR/SET domain of PRDM9 was shown capable of
      also trimethylating H3K36 in vitro, raising the question of whether this reaction
      occurs in vivo during meiosis, and if so, what its function might be. Here, we
      show that full-length PRDM9 does trimethylate H3K36 in vivo in mouse
      spermatocytes. Levels of H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 are highly correlated at hotspots,
      but mutually exclusive elsewhere. In vitro, we find that although PRDM9
      trimethylates H3K36 much more slowly than it does H3K4, PRDM9 is capable of
      placing both marks on the same histone molecules. In accord with these results,
      we also show that PRDM9 can trimethylate both K4 and K36 on the same nucleosomes
      in vivo, but the ratio of K4me3/K36me3 is much higher for the pair of nucleosomes
      adjacent to the PRDM9 binding site compared to the next pair further away.
      Importantly, H3K4me3/H3K36me3-double-positive nucleosomes occur only in regions
      of recombination: hotspots and the pseudoautosomal (PAR) region of the sex
      chromosomes. These double-positive nucleosomes are dramatically reduced when
      PRDM9 is absent, showing that this signature is PRDM9-dependent at hotspots; the
      residual double-positive nucleosomes most likely come from the PRDM9-independent
      PAR. These results, together with the fact that PRDM9 is the only known mammalian
      histone methyltransferase with both H3K4 and H3K36 trimethylation activity,
      suggest that trimethylation of H3K36 plays an important role in the recombination
      process. Given the known requirement of H3K36me3 for double strand break repair
      by homologous recombination in somatic cells, we suggest that it may play the
      same role in meiosis.

PMID- 27362482
TI  - Campylobacter Species and Neutrophilic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Cats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common cause of signs of
      gastrointestinal disease in cats. A subset of cats with IBD has neutrophilic
      inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. HYPOTHESIS: Neutrophilic enteritis in cats
      is associated with mucosal invasion by microorganisms, and specifically
      Campylobacter spp. ANIMALS: Seven cats with neutrophilic IBD and 8 cats with
      lymphoplasmacytic IBD. METHODS: Retrospective review of duodenal biopsy specimens
      that were collected endoscopically for histologic examination. Cases were
      identified and selected by searching the histopathology archive for cats with a
      diagnosis of neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic IBD. Fluorescence in situ
      hybridization (FISH) targeting either all eubacteria or individual Campylobacter
      spp. was performed on archived samples. Neutrophils were detected on the same
      samples using a FISH probe for neutrophil elastase. RESULTS: Campylobacter coli
      was present in (6/7) cats with neutrophilic IBD and in (1/8) cats with
      lymphoplasmacytic IBD (P = .009). Cats with neutrophilic IBD had significantly
      higher number of C. coli (median bacteria 0.7/hpf) in the mucosa than cats with
      lymphoplasmacytic IBD (median bacteria 0/hpf) (P = 0.002). Colocalization of
      neutrophils and C. coli was demonstrated, with C. coli closer to the neutrophils
      than any other bacteria (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE:
      Identification of C. coli associated with neutrophilic inflammation suggests that
      C. coli is able either to produce compounds which stimulate neutrophils or to
      induce feline intestinal cells to produce neutrophil chemoattractants. This
      association should allow a directed therapeutic approach in cats with
      neutrophilic IBD, potentially improving outcome and reducing any zoonotic risk.

PMID- 27362484
TI  - Patients' webs of relations in the medical landscapes of Central Ukraine.
AB  - Village dwellers in Central Ukraine have access to various types of therapy that
      comprise diverse medical landscapes. Patients' movements within these landscapes
      are possible thanks to each person's web of relations. Medical landscapes are not
      fixed, but vary and dynamically change for each person, depending on their fluid
      and interchanging, hierarchical webs of mutual relations with other people,
      personal bodies, institutions, discourses, political powers, other non-human
      organisms, or objects such as medicines. This paper was inspired by the
      medicoscape concept (Horbst and Krause 2004 ) as well as Ingold's idea of
      meshwork analyses of relations between various actors: in this case, patients,
      healers, a weak state, official healthcare providers, pharmacists and medicinal
      plants, in the context of patients' therapeutic choices. Self-medication based on
      herbal remedies is a very important feature of people's medical landscapes in
      Central Ukraine and usually the first therapy choice for most interlocutors. That
      is why this paper is focused on the presentation of the means through which
      people acquire knowledge about medicinal plants, and the ways they interact with
      plants and plants interact with them. In this way, showing the complexity of
      villagers' webs of relations is possible. The analysis is based on ethnographic
      research conducted between 2009 and 2013 in the Vinnytsia region (Central
      Ukraine). 

PMID- 27362483
TI  - CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing of Herpesviruses Limits Productive and Latent
      Infections.
AB  - Herpesviruses infect the majority of the human population and can cause
      significant morbidity and mortality. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 causes
      cold sores and herpes simplex keratitis, whereas HSV-2 is responsible for genital
      herpes. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common viral cause of congenital
      defects and is responsible for serious disease in immuno-compromised individuals.
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with infectious mononucleosis and a broad
      range of malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma,
      Hodgkin's disease, and post-transplant lymphomas. Herpesviruses persist in their
      host for life by establishing a latent infection that is interrupted by periodic
      reactivation events during which replication occurs. Current antiviral drug
      treatments target the clinical manifestations of this productive stage, but they
      are ineffective at eliminating these viruses from the infected host. Here, we set
      out to combat both productive and latent herpesvirus infections by exploiting the
      CRISPR/Cas9 system to target viral genetic elements important for virus fitness.
      We show effective abrogation of HCMV and HSV-1 replication by targeting gRNAs to
      essential viral genes. Simultaneous targeting of HSV-1 with multiple gRNAs
      completely abolished the production of infectious particles from human cells.
      Using the same approach, EBV can be almost completely cleared from latently
      infected EBV-transformed human tumor cells. Our studies indicate that the
      CRISPR/Cas9 system can be effectively targeted to herpesvirus genomes as a potent
      prophylactic and therapeutic anti-viral strategy that may be used to impair viral
      replication and clear latent virus infection.

PMID- 27362485
TI  - Operative Technique and Clinical Outcome in Endoscopic Core Decompression of
      Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: A Pilot Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND Revitalizing the necrotic subchondral bone and preserving the intact
      cartilage layer by retrograde drilling is the preferred option for treatment of
      undetached osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT). We assessed the
      effectiveness of Endoscopic Core Decompression (ECD) in treatment of OLT.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven patients with an undetached OLT of the medial talar
      dome underwent surgical treatment using an arthroscopically-guided transtalar
      drill meatus for core decompression of the lesion. Under endoscopic visualization
      the OLT was completely debrided while preserving the cartilage layer covering the
      defect. The drill tunnel and debrided OLT were filled using an injectable bone
      graft substitute. Various clinical scores, radiographic imaging, and MRI were
      evaluated after a mean follow-up of 24.1 months. RESULTS The American Orthopedic
      Foot and Ankle Society Score significantly improved from 71.0+/-2.4 to 90.3+/
      5.9, and the Foot and Ankle Disability Index improved from 71.8+/-11.1 to 91.7+/
      4.8. Radiographically, we observed good bone remodelling of the medial talar dome
      contour within 3 months. In MRI, an alteration of the bony signal of the drill
      tunnel and the excised OLT remained for more than 12 months. CONCLUSIONS First
      follow-up results for the surgical technique described in this study are highly
      promising for treatment of undetached stable OLT grade II or transitional stage
      II-III according to the Pritsch classification. Even lesions larger than 150 mm2
      showed good clinical scores, with full restoration of the medial talar dome
      contour in radiographic imaging. 

PMID- 27362486
TI  - Ovarian Grafts 10 Days after Xenotransplantation: Folliculogenesis and Recovery
      of Viable Oocytes.
AB  - Ovarian xenotransplantation is a promising alternative to preserve fertility of
      oncologic patients. However, several functional aspects of this procedure
      remained to be addressed. The aim of this study was evaluate the feasibility of
      xenotransplantation as a strategy to maintain bovine ovarian grafts and produce
      oocytes. Adult ovarian cortical pieces were xenotransplanted to the dorsal
      subcutaneous of female NOD-SCID mice (n = 62). Grafts were recovered ten days
      after xenotransplantation. Host and graft weights; folliculogenesis progression;
      blood perfusion, relative gene expression and number of macrophage and neutrophil
      of xenografts; in vitro developmental competence of graft-derived oocytes were
      evaluated. Folliculogenesis was supported in the grafts, as indicated by the
      presence of primordial, primary, secondary, antral, and atretic follicles. The
      xenografts showed a greater volumetric density of atretic follicles and higher
      hyperemia and number of host-derived macrophage and neutrophil (P<0.05), when
      compared to non-grafted fragments. There was a higher blood perfusion under the
      back skin in the transplantation sites of host animals than in control and non
      grafted (P<0.01). BAX and PRDX1 genes were up-regulated, while BCL2, FSHR, IGF1R
      and IGF2R were down-regulated, when compared to the control (P<0.01). Twenty
      seven oocytes were successfully harvested from grafts, and some of these oocytes
      were able to give rise to blastocysts after in vitro fertilization. However,
      cleavage and blastocyst rates of xenograft derived oocytes were lower than in
      control (P<0.01). Despite showing some functional modifications, the ovarian
      xenografts were able to support folliculogenesis and produce functional oocytes. 

PMID- 27362487
TI  - Meta-analysis of few small studies in orphan diseases.
AB  - Meta-analyses in orphan diseases and small populations generally face particular
      problems, including small numbers of studies, small study sizes and heterogeneity
      of results. However, the heterogeneity is difficult to estimate if only very few
      studies are included. Motivated by a systematic review in immunosuppression
      following liver transplantation in children, we investigate the properties of a
      range of commonly used frequentist and Bayesian procedures in simulation studies.
      Furthermore, the consequences for interval estimation of the common treatment
      effect in random-effects meta-analysis are assessed. The Bayesian credibility
      intervals using weakly informative priors for the between-trial heterogeneity
      exhibited coverage probabilities in excess of the nominal level for a range of
      scenarios considered. However, they tended to be shorter than those obtained by
      the Knapp-Hartung method, which were also conservative. In contrast, methods
      based on normal quantiles exhibited coverages well below the nominal levels in
      many scenarios. With very few studies, the performance of the Bayesian
      credibility intervals is of course sensitive to the specification of the prior
      for the between-trial heterogeneity. In conclusion, the use of weakly informative
      priors as exemplified by half-normal priors (with a scale of 0.5 or 1.0) for log
      odds ratios is recommended for applications in rare diseases. (c) 2016 The
      Authors. Research Synthesis Methods published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27362488
TI  - High resolution examination of the role of sleep disturbance in predicting
      functioning and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: A novel experience sampling
      study.
AB  - Sleep disturbance is common in schizophrenia, but its role in predicting
      functioning and psychotic symptoms has yet to be rigorously examined. The purpose
      of this study was to conduct a prospective, high-resolution examination of the
      relationship between nightly sleep and next-day functioning and psychotic
      symptoms in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Experience sampling
      methodology was integrated with actigraphy and sleep diaries across 7 days in 22
      patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Momentary assessments of mood,
      psychotic symptoms, and functioning were gathered at 5 points each day following
      pseudorandom schedules. Multilevel modeling was performed to evaluate the links
      between variables. Objective and subjective sleep disturbance predicted reduced
      next-day functioning, which remained significant after controlling for psychotic
      symptom severity. Increased sleep fragmentation and reduced subjective and
      objective sleep efficiency predicted greater next-day auditory hallucinations,
      whereas increased objective sleep fragmentation and reduced subjective sleep
      quality predicted greater paranoia and delusions of control. Negative affect on
      awakening mediated a proportion of these relationships (range: 17.9-57.3%). For
      the first time, we show that sleep disturbance is a predictor of next-day
      impaired functioning and psychotic symptom severity in people with a diagnosis of
      schizophrenia. Therefore, interventions targeting sleep may have the potential to
      directly and indirectly enhance functional and symptomatic recovery in those
      experiencing psychosis. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362489
TI  - A multimethod examination of negative behaviors during couples interactions and
      problem drinking trajectories.
AB  - Models of alcohol use disorder (AUD) are increasingly conceptualizing social and
      relationship factors as being critical to the understanding of problem drinking.
      Close relationships involving conflict have been a particular research focus, and
      partners' expressions of negative emotion are theorized to affect drinking among
      those with AUD. Although it has long been presumed that behaviors during couples
      interactions influence drinking-and this assumption has informed many modern
      treatments for AUD-this hypothesis has not been directly tested. We bring
      multiple methods to bear on this question, combining laboratory-based behavioral
      observation with a longitudinal design. Forty-eight individuals with AUD
      (probands), together with their partners, completed a laboratory-based conflict
      interaction. Their behavior was coded with the Rapid Marital Interaction Coding
      System. Longitudinal follow-ups of drinking behaviors were completed at 6 and 12
      months. Results showed that, above and beyond the proband's own behaviors,
      partner negative behaviors moderated probands' drinking trajectories, with
      drinkers whose partners displayed higher levels of hostility at baseline
      reporting slower declines in frequency of drinking, heavy episodic drinking, and
      alcohol problems over time and higher levels of drinking, heavy episodic
      drinking, and alcohol problems at follow-up. Results emphasize the importance of
      considering close relationships in the study of AUD and further indicate the
      utility of combining multiple methods in alcohol research. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 27362490
TI  - Current evolutionary adaptiveness of psychiatric disorders: Fertility rates,
      parent-child relationship quality, and psychiatric disorders across the lifespan.
AB  - This study sought to evaluate the current evolutionary adaptiveness of
      psychopathology by examining whether these disorders impact the quantity of
      offspring or the quality of the parent-child relationship across the life span.
      Using the National Comorbidity Survey, this study examined whether DSM-III-R
      anxiety, posttraumatic stress, depressive, bipolar, substance use, antisocial,
      and psychosis disorders predicted later fertility and the quality of parent-child
      relationships across the life span in a national sample (N = 8,098). Using latent
      variable and varying coefficient models, the results suggested that anxiety in
      males and bipolar pathology in males and females were associated with increased
      fertility at younger ages. The results suggested almost all other psychopathology
      was associated with decreased fertility in middle to late adulthood. The results
      further suggested that all types of psychopathology had negative impacts on the
      parent-child relationship quality (except for antisocial pathology in males).
      Nevertheless, for all disorders, the impact of psychopathology on both fertility
      and the parent-child relationship quality was affected by the age of the
      participant. The results also showed that anxiety pathology is associated with a
      high-quantity, low-quality parenting strategy followed by a low-quantity, low
      quality parenting strategy. Further, the results suggest that bipolar pathology
      is associated with an early high-quantity and a continued low-quality parenting
      strategy. Posttraumatic stress, depression, substance use, antisocial
      personality, and psychosis pathology are each associated with a low-quantity, low
      quality parenting strategy, particularly in mid to late adulthood. These findings
      suggest that the evolutionary impact of psychopathology depends on the
      developmental context. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362491
TI  - Uptake, depuration and bioconcentration of bisphenol AF (BPAF) in whole-body and
      tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio).
AB  - Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is an analog of Bisphenol A (BPA) and is widely used as a raw
      material in the plastics industry. However, an understanding of the potential
      risks posed by BPAF in the aquatic environment is lacking. The bioconcentration
      factor (BCF) is a measure used to assess the secondary poisoning potential as
      well as risks to human health. In this work we measured the accumulation and
      elimination of BPAF in the whole-body and in liver, muscle and gonad tissues of
      zebrafish. BPAF uptake was relatively rapid with equilibrium concentrations
      reached after 24-72h of exposure. We observed gender differences both in whole
      body and in tissue accumulation. Muscle was the primary BPAF storage tissue
      during the uptake phase in this study. In the elimination phase, BPAF
      concentrations declined rapidly during depuration, especially during the initial
      2h, and the rate of elimination in males was faster than females from the whole
      body and from tissues. The appearance of BPAF glucuronide (BPAF-G) at the start
      of the uptake phase indicated the rapid biotransformation of BPAF to BPAF-G in
      vivo. The high lipid content of female gonad could act to delay the diffusion of
      the xenobiotic within the body in a contaminated environment, but it also acts to
      delay xenobiotic elimination from the body. 

PMID- 27362492
TI  - The role of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling in inorganic mercury induced oxidative stress in
      the liver of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acute inorganic Hg
      exposure (0, 32 and 64MUgHgL(-1)) on lipid peroxidation, activities and gene
      expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST), and mRNA
      levels of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling molecules at different exposure times (6h,
      12h, 24h, 48h, and 96h) in the liver of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena
      crocea. The results showed that lipid peroxidation was sharply reduced by 32MUg
      Hg L(-1) during 6-12h before returning to control levels. Similarly, lipid
      peroxidation was significantly reduced during 6-12h followed by a sharp increase
      towards the end of the exposure in the 64MUgHgL(-1) group. There was a negative
      relationship between lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities, and
      positive relationship between activities and gene expression of antioxidant
      enzymes, suggesting that the changes at a molecular level may underlie enzymatic
      level and accordingly affect hepatic lipid peroxidation. Obtained results also
      showed a coordinated transcriptional regulation of antioxidant genes, suggesting
      that Nrf2 is required for the protracted induction of these genes. Furthermore, a
      negative relationship between the mRNA levels of Nrf2 and Keap1 indicated that
      Keap1 may play an important role in switching off the Nrf2 response. In
      conclusion, this is the first study to elucidate effects of waterborne Hg on
      antioxidant system in large yellow croaker through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, which
      will aid our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of waterborne heavy metal
      on antioxidant responses in fish. 

PMID- 27362494
TI  - The Impact of Strategic Trajectory Optimization on Illusory Target Biases During
      Goal-Directed Aiming.
AB  - During rapid aiming, movements are planned and executed to avoid worst-case
      outcomes that require time and energy to correct. As such, downward movements
      initially undershoot the target to avoid corrections against gravity. Illusory
      target context can also impact aiming bias. Here, the authors sought to determine
      how strategic biases mediate illusory biases. Participants aimed to Muller-Lyer
      figures in different directions (forward, backward, up, down). Downward biases
      emerged late in the movement and illusory biases emerged from peak velocity. The
      illusory effects were greater for downward movements at terminal endpoint. These
      results indicate that strategic biases interact with the limb-target control
      processes associated with illusory biases. Thus, multiple control processes
      during rapid aiming may combine and later affect endpoint accuracy (D. Elliott et
      al., 2010 ).

PMID- 27362493
TI  - Investigating the Role of Surface Materials and Three Dimensional Architecture on
      In Vitro Differentiation of Porcine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.
AB  - In vitro generation of dendritic-like cells through differentiation of peripheral
      blood monocytes is typically done using two-dimensional polystyrene culture
      plates. In the process of optimising cell culture techniques, engineers have
      developed fluidic micro-devises usually manufactured in materials other than
      polystyrene and applying three-dimensional structures more similar to the in vivo
      environment. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is an often used polymer for lab-on-a
      chip devices but not much is known about the effect of changing the culture
      surface material from polystyrene to PDMS. In the present study the
      differentiation of porcine monocytes to monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs)
      was investigated using CD172apos pig blood monocytes stimulated with GM-CSF and
      IL-4. Monocytes were cultured on surfaces made of two- and three-dimensional
      polystyrene as well as two- and three-dimensional PDMS and carbonised three
      dimensional PDMS. Cells cultured conventionally (on two-dimensional polystyrene)
      differentiated into moDCs as expected. Interestingly, gene expression of a wide
      range of cytokines, chemokines, and pattern recognition receptors was influenced
      by culture surface material and architecture. Distinct clustering of cells, based
      on similar expression patterns of 46 genes of interest, was seen for cells
      isolated from two- and three-dimensional polystyrene as well as two- and three
      dimensional PDMS. Changing the material from polystyrene to PDMS resulted in
      cells with expression patterns usually associated with macrophage expression
      (upregulation of CD163 and downregulation of CD1a, FLT3, LAMP3 and BATF3).
      However, this was purely based on gene expression level, and no functional assays
      were included in this study which would be necessary in order to classify the
      cells as being macrophages. When changing to three-dimensional culture the cells
      became increasingly activated in terms of IL6, IL8, IL10 and CCR5 gene
      expression. Further stimulation with LPS resulted in a slight increase in the
      expression of maturation markers (SLA-DRB1, CD86 and CD40) as well as cytokines
      (IL6, IL8, IL10 and IL23A) but the influence of the surfaces was unchanged. These
      findings highlights future challenges of combining and comparing data generated
      from microfluidic cell culture-devices made using alternative materials to data
      generated using conventional polystyrene plates used by most laboratories today. 

PMID- 27362495
TI  - Novel imatinib-loaded silver nanoparticles for enhanced apoptosis of human breast
      cancer MCF-7 cells.
AB  - In the current study, in vitro biological feature of imatinib-loaded silver
      nanoparticles (IMAB-AgNPs) on human breast cancer cell line was investigated. The
      formation of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was characterized by UV
      Visible spectroscopy, EDS, TEM imaging, SEM, FTIR, DLS and Zeta potentiometer.
      The developed IMAB-AgNPs with maximum percentage of loading efficiency was
      demonstrated in the average of 130 nm and mostly spherical. Additionally, in
      vitro drug release study showed a slow and continuous release of imatinib over a
      period of 80 h. We demonstrated that the synthesized IMAB-AgNPs exhibited a dose
      dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell line. Then, real-time PCR method was
      also applied for the investigation of Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression in the cells.
      Comparing IMAB-AgNPs to AgNPs and Imatinib revealed the ability of IMAB-AgNPs to
      up-regulating Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. An induction of apoptosis was evidenced by Annexin
      V/PI detection assay. Based on the current obtained data, the IMAB-AgNPs can
      exhibit inhibitory effect on viability through up regulation of apoptosis in MCF
      7 cancer cells, which provides influencing evidence for the green synthesized
      AgNPs as a promising sustained drug delivery system.

PMID- 27362496
TI  - Plumbing the depths: extracellular water storage in specialized leaf structures
      and its functional expression in a three-domain pressure -volume relationship.
AB  - A three-domain pressure-volume relationship (PV curve) was studied in relation to
      leaf anatomical structure during dehydration in the grey mangrove, Avicennia
      marina. In domain 1, relative water content (RWC) declined 13% with 0.85 MPa
      decrease in leaf water potential, reflecting a decrease in extracellular water
      stored primarily in trichomes and petiolar cisternae. In domain 2, RWC decreased
      by another 12% with a further reduction in leaf water potential to -5.1 MPa, the
      turgor loss point. Given the osmotic potential at full turgor (-4.2 MPa) and the
      effective modulus of elasticity (~40 MPa), domain 2 emphasized the role of cell
      wall elasticity in conserving cellular hydration during leaf water loss. Domain 3
      was dominated by osmotic effects and characterized by plasmolysis in most tissues
      and cell types without cell wall collapse. Extracellular and cellular water
      storage could support an evaporation rate of 1 mmol m-2 s-1 for up to 54 and 50
      min, respectively, before turgor loss was reached. This study emphasized the
      importance of leaf anatomy for the interpretation of PV curves, and identified
      extracellular water storage sites that enable transient water use without
      substantive turgor loss when other factors, such as high soil salinity, constrain
      rates of water transport.

PMID- 27362498
TI  - Investigating the Existence of Bulk Nanobubbles with Ultrasound.
AB  - Nanobubbles are expected to dissolve in milliseconds. Experimental evidence of
      nanobubbles that were stable for days had thus been first received with
      circumspection. If the large number of experimental confirmations has now made
      clear that surface nanobubbles could exist, bulk nanobubbles are still subject to
      debate. When observations are reported, the main problem is to make sure the
      observed particles are really made of gas. We show that ultrasound is an ideal
      tool for investigating the existence of bulk nanobubbles: 1) it is sensitive to
      minute quantities of gas, 2) it allows one to determine the bubble size
      distribution, 3) it discriminates unambiguously between gaseous and solid/liquid
      inclusions. To illustrate the efficiency of ultrasonic detection, we performed
      size measurements of bubbles produced by a commercial nano-/microbubble
      generator. No nanobubble was detected with this device. It would be insightful to
      use ultrasonic detection in experimental situations for which stable nanobubbles
      were reported. 

PMID- 27362497
TI  - A Multi-Component Day-Camp Weight-Loss Program Is Effective in Reducing BMI in
      Children after One Year: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a one
      year multi-component immersive day-camp weight-loss intervention for children
      with overweight and obesity. The study design was a parallel-group randomized
      controlled trial. One hundred fifteen 11-13-year-old children with overweight and
      obesity were randomized into either: A six-week day-camp intervention arm
      focusing on increased physical activity, and healthy diet followed by a
      subsequent one-year family-based intervention, or a standard intervention arm
      consisting of one weekly exercise session for six weeks. Body mass index (BMI)
      was the primary outcome. BMI z-score, clustered cardiovascular risk z-score, and
      body composition were secondary outcomes. All outcomes were measured at baseline,
      six week-, and 52 week follow-up. After six weeks, children from the day-camp
      intervention arm had improved their BMI (-2.2 kg/m2 (95% CI -2.6 to -1.7,
      P<0.001)) and all secondary outcomes when compared to the children from the
      standard intervention arm. After 52 weeks, the day-camp intervention arm had a
      lower BMI (-1.2 kg/m2 (95% CI -1.8 to -0.5, P = 0.001)), and BMI z-score (-0.20
      (95% CI -0.35 to -0.05, P = 0.008)), and clustered cardiovascular risk z-score (
      0.23 (95% CI -0.37 to -0.08, P = 0.002)) compared to the standard intervention
      arm. No group differences were detected in body composition after 52 weeks. This
      study shows that the day-camp intervention arm is effective in reducing BMI and
      improving the metabolic health of children with overweight and obesity. However,
      the effects seem to be diminishing over time. 

PMID- 27362499
TI  - Long-Term Trends and Role of Climate in the Population Dynamics of Eurasian
      Reindeer.
AB  - Temperature is increasing in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions at a higher rate than
      anywhere else in the world. The frequency and nature of precipitation events are
      also predicted to change in the future. These changes in climate are expected,
      together with increasing human pressures, to have significant impacts on Arctic
      and sub-Arctic species and ecosystems. Due to the key role that reindeer play in
      those ecosystems, it is essential to understand how climate will affect the
      region's most important species. Our study assesses the role of climate on the
      dynamics of fourteen Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) populations, using for
      the first time data on reindeer abundance collected over a 70-year period,
      including both wild and semi-domesticated reindeer, and covering more than half
      of the species' total range. We analyzed trends in population dynamics,
      investigated synchrony among population growth rates, and assessed the effects of
      climate on population growth rates. Trends in the population dynamics were
      remarkably heterogeneous. Synchrony was apparent only among some populations and
      was not correlated with distance among population ranges. Proxies of climate
      variability mostly failed to explain population growth rates and synchrony. For
      both wild and semi-domesticated populations, local weather, biotic pressures,
      loss of habitat and human disturbances appear to have been more important drivers
      of reindeer population dynamics than climate. In semi-domesticated populations,
      management strategies may have masked the effects of climate. Conservation
      efforts should aim to mitigate human disturbances, which could exacerbate the
      potentially negative effects of climate change on reindeer populations in the
      future. Special protection and support should be granted to those semi
      domesticated populations that suffered the most because of the collapse of the
      Soviet Union, in order to protect the livelihood of indigenous peoples that
      depend on the species, and the multi-faceted role that reindeer exert in Arctic
      ecosystems. 

PMID- 27362500
TI  - [Painful Nasal Obstruction].

PMID- 27362502
TI  - Erratum: Vol. 63, No. 7.
AB  - In the report, "Declines in Student Obesity Prevalence Associated with a
      Prevention Initiative - King County, Washington, 2012," the following errors
      occurred. 

PMID- 27362501
TI  - Social Motivation: Costs and Benefits of Selfishness and Otherishness.
AB  - We examine recent evidence on the consequences of selfishness and otherishness
      for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. In the first
      sections, we consider recent evidence regarding the costs and benefits of giving
      time, money, and support to others and the costs and benefits of taking or
      receiving those things from others. Then, because the behaviors of giving and
      taking can be motivated either by selfish or otherish concerns, we next consider
      the costs and benefits of the motivation underlying giving and taking. We also
      examine why and for whom selfishness and otherishness have consequences for
      psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. We focus on
      mechanisms identified in research, including intrapsychic mechanisms such as
      positive and negative affect, self-esteem and self-efficacy, a sense of meaning
      and purpose in life, and a sense of connectedness to or isolation from others, as
      well as interpersonal processes such as reciprocation of support and
      responsiveness.

PMID- 27362503
TI  - Structural Basis of Selective Aromatic Pollutant Sensing by the Effector Binding
      Domain of MopR, an NtrC Family Transcriptional Regulator.
AB  - Phenol and its derivatives are common pollutants that are present in industrial
      discharge and are major xenobiotics that lead to water pollution. To monitor as
      well as improve water quality, attempts have been made in the past to engineer
      bacterial in vivo biosensors. However, due to the paucity of structural
      information, there is insufficiency in gauging the factors that lead to high
      sensitivity and selectivity, thereby impeding development. Here, we present the
      crystal structure of the sensor domain of MopR (MopR(AB)) from Acinetobacter
      calcoaceticus in complex with phenol and its derivatives to a maximum resolution
      of 2.5 A. The structure reveals that the N-terminal residues 21-47 possess a
      unique fold, which are involved in stabilization of the biological dimer, and the
      central ligand binding domain belongs to the "nitric oxide signaling and golgi
      transport" fold, commonly present in eukaryotic proteins that bind long-chain
      fatty acids. In addition, MopR(AB) nests a zinc atom within a novel zinc binding
      motif, crucial for maintaining structural integrity. We propose that this motif
      is crucial for orchestrated motions associated with the formation of the effector
      binding pocket. Our studies reveal that residues W134 and H106 play an important
      role in ligand binding and are the key selectivity determinants. Furthermore,
      comparative analysis of MopR with XylR and DmpR sensor domains enabled the design
      of a MopR binding pocket that is competent in binding DmpR-specific ligands.
      Collectively, these findings pave way towards development of specific/broad based
      biosensors, which can act as useful tools for detection of this class of
      pollutants.

PMID- 27362505
TI  - Low-field thermal mixing in [1-(13)C] pyruvic acid for brute-force
      hyperpolarization.
AB  - We detail the process of low-field thermal mixing (LFTM) between (1)H and (13)C
      nuclei in neat [1-(13)C] pyruvic acid at cryogenic temperatures (4-15 K). Using
      fast-field-cycling NMR, (1)H nuclei in the molecule were polarized at modest high
      field (2 T) and then equilibrated with (13)C nuclei by fast cycling (~300-400 ms)
      to a low field (0-300 G) that activates thermal mixing. The (13)C NMR spectrum
      was recorded after fast cycling back to 2 T. The (13)C signal derives from (1)H
      polarization via LFTM, in which the polarized ('cold') proton bath contacts the
      unpolarised ('hot') (13)C bath at a field so low that Zeeman and dipolar
      interactions are similar-sized and fluctuations in the latter drive (1)H-(13)C
      equilibration. By varying mixing time (tmix) and field (Bmix), we determined
      field-dependent rates of polarization transfer (1/tau) and decay (1/T1m) during
      mixing. This defines conditions for effective mixing, as utilized in 'brute
      force' hyperpolarization of low-gamma nuclei like (13)C using Boltzmann
      polarization from nearby protons. For neat pyruvic acid, near-optimum mixing
      occurs for tmix~ 100-300 ms and Bmix~ 30-60 G. Three forms of frozen neat pyruvic
      acid were tested: two glassy samples, (one well-deoxygenated, the other O2
      exposed) and one sample pre-treated by annealing (also well-deoxygenated). Both
      annealing and the presence of O2 are known to dramatically alter high-field
      longitudinal relaxation (T1) of (1)H and (13)C (up to 10(2)-10(3)-fold effects).
      Here, we found smaller, but still critical factors of ~(2-5)* on both tau and
      T1m. Annealed, well-deoxygenated samples exhibit the longest time constants,
      e.g., tau~ 30-70 ms and T1m~ 1-20 s, each growing vs. Bmix. Mixing 'turns off'
      for Bmix > ~100 G. That T1m?tau is consistent with earlier success with
      polarization transfer from (1)H to (13)C by LFTM. 

PMID- 27362504
TI  - Role of Corticotropin Releasing Factor 1 Signaling in Cocaine Seeking during
      Early Extinction in Female and Male Rats.
AB  - Locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
      neurons are involved in stress responses, including stress's ability to drive
      drug relapse. Previous animal studies indicate that female rats exhibit greater
      drug seeking than male rats during initial drug abstinence. Moreover, females are
      more sensitive to the effect of stress to drive drug seeking than males. Finally,
      LC-NE neurons are more sensitive to CRF in females compared to males. We
      hypothesized that increased drug seeking in females on extinction day one (ED1)
      is due to increased response to the stress of early withdrawal and is dependent
      upon the increased response of LC in females to CRF. We predicted that LC-NE
      neurons would exhibit Fos activation on ED1, and that blocking CRF1 signaling
      would decrease drug seeking on ED1 measured by responding on an active lever
      previously associated with cocaine self- administration. After chronic cocaine
      self-administration, female and male rats underwent a test for initial extinction
      responding by measuring lever pressing in the absence of cocaine. Prior to this
      Extinction Day 1 (ED1) session, rats were injected with vehicle or the selective
      CRF1 antagonist (CP) to measure effects of CRF antagonism on drug seeking during
      early abstinence. ED1 increased corticosterone in female rats, in proportion to
      lever responding in male and female, indicating that ED1 was stressful.
      Pretreatment with CP decreased cocaine seeking on ED1 more effectively in female
      compared to male rats. This increase in responding was associated with an
      increase in activation of LC NE neurons. Together, these findings indicate that
      stress, and signaling at CRF receptors in LC, may be involved in the increased
      drug seeking during initial abstinence. 

PMID- 27362508
TI  - Antidepressant Treatment for Postnatal Depression.

PMID- 27362506
TI  - Prenatal DHA supplementation and infant attention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Results of randomized trials on the effects of prenatal
      docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on infant cognition are mixed, but most trials have
      used global standardized outcomes, which may not be sensitive to effects of DHA
      on specific cognitive domains. METHODS: Women were randomized to 600 mg/d DHA or
      a placebo for the last two trimesters of pregnancy. Infants of these mothers were
      then followed on tests of visual habituation at 4, 6, and 9 mo of age. RESULTS:
      DHA supplementation did not affect look duration or habituation parameters but
      infants of supplemented mothers maintained high levels of sustained attention
      (SA) across the first year; SA declined for the placebo group. The supplemented
      group also showed significantly reduced attrition on habituation tasks,
      especially at 6 and 9 mo. CONCLUSION: The findings support with the suggestion
      that prenatal DHA may positively affect infants' attention and regulation of
      state.

PMID- 27362507
TI  - Integration of AI-2 Based Cell-Cell Signaling with Metabolic Cues in Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - The quorum sensing molecule Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is generated as a byproduct of
      activated methyl cycle by the action of LuxS in Escherichia coli. AI-2 is
      synthesized, released and later internalized in a cell-density dependent manner.
      Here, by mutational analysis of the genes, uvrY and csrA, we describe a
      regulatory circuit of accumulation and uptake of AI-2. We constructed a single
      copy chromosomal luxS-lacZ fusion in a luxS + merodiploid strain and evaluated
      its relative expression in uvrY and csrA mutants. At the entry of stationary
      phase, the expression of the fusion and AI-2 accumulation was positively
      regulated by uvrY and negatively regulated by csrA respectively. A deletion of
      csrA altered message stability of the luxS transcript and CsrA protein exhibited
      weak binding to 5' luxS regulatory region. DNA protein interaction and chromatin
      immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed direct interaction of UvrY with the luxS
      promoter. Additionally, reduced expression of the fusion in hfq deletion mutant
      suggested involvement of small RNA interactions in luxS regulation. In contrast,
      the expression of lsrA operon involved in AI-2 uptake, is negatively regulated by
      uvrY and positively by csrA in a cell-density dependent manner. The dual role of
      csrA in AI-2 synthesis and uptake suggested a regulatory crosstalk of cell
      signaling with carbon regulation in Escherichia coli. We found that the cAMP-CRP
      mediated catabolite repression of luxS expression was uvrY dependent. This study
      suggests that luxS expression is complex and regulated at the level of
      transcription and translation. The multifactorial regulation supports the notion
      that cell-cell communication requires interaction and integration of multiple
      metabolic signals. 

PMID- 27362510
TI  - Mechanistic insights into the distribution of carbohydrate clusters on cell
      membranes revealed by dSTORM imaging.
AB  - Cell surface carbohydrates play significant roles in many physiological processes
      and act as primary markers to indicate various cellular physiological states. The
      functions of carbohydrates are always associated with their expression and
      distribution on cell membranes. Based on our previous work, we found that
      carbohydrates tend to form clusters; however, the underlying mechanism of these
      clusters remains unknown. Through the direct stochastic optical reconstruction
      microscopy (dSTORM) strategy, we found that with the contributions of lipid raft
      as a stable factor and actin cytoskeleton as a restrictive factor, carbohydrate
      clusters can stably exist with restricted size. Additionally, we revealed that
      the formation of most carbohydrate clusters (Gal and GlcANc clusters) depended on
      the carbohydrate-binding proteins (i.e., galectins) cross-linking their specific
      carbohydrate ligands. Our results clarify the organizational mechanism of
      carbohydrates on cell surfaces from their formation, stable existence and size
      restriction, which promotes a better understanding of the relationship between
      the function and distribution of carbohydrates, as well as the structure of cell
      membranes. 

PMID- 27362511
TI  - Health Communication Research for Nursing Science and Practice.

PMID- 27362509
TI  - Roles of C-Terminal Region of Yeast and Human Rad52 in Rad51-Nucleoprotein
      Filament Formation and ssDNA Annealing.
AB  - Yeast Rad52 (yRad52) has two important functions at homologous DNA recombination
      (HR); annealing complementary single-strand DNA (ssDNA) molecules and recruiting
      Rad51 recombinase onto ssDNA (recombination mediator activity). Its human homolog
      (hRAD52) has a lesser role in HR, and apparently lacks mediator activity. Here we
      show that yRad52 can load human Rad51 (hRAD51) onto ssDNA complexed with yeast
      RPA in vitro. This is biochemically equivalent to mediator activity because it
      depends on the C-terminal Rad51-binding region of yRad52 and on functional Rad52
      RPA interaction. It has been reported that the N-terminal two thirds of both
      yRad52 and hRAD52 is essential for binding to and annealing ssDNA. Although a
      second DNA binding region has been found in the C-terminal region of yRad52, its
      role in ssDNA annealing is not clear. In this paper, we also show that the C
      terminal region of yRad52, but not of hRAD52, is involved in ssDNA annealing.
      This suggests that the second DNA binding site is required for the efficient
      ssDNA annealing by yRad52. We propose an updated model of Rad52-mediated ssDNA
      annealing. 

PMID- 27362512
TI  - Sleep Disturbance, Daytime Symptoms, and Functional Performance in Patients With
      Stable Heart Failure: A Mediation Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbance is common among patients with heart failure (HF)
      who also experience symptom burden and poor functional performance. OBJECTIVE: We
      evaluated the extent to which sleep-related, daytime symptoms (fatigue, excessive
      daytime sleepiness, and depressive symptoms) mediate the relationship between
      sleep disturbance and functional performance among patients with stable HF.
      METHODS: We recruited patients with stable HF for this secondary analysis of data
      from a cross-sectional, observational study. Participants completed unattended
      ambulatory polysomnography from which the Respiratory Disturbance Index was
      calculated, along with a Six-Minute Walk Test, questionnaires to elicit sleep
      disturbance (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Symptoms from the Sleep
      Habits Questionnaire), daytime symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies
      Depression Scale, Global Fatigue Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and self
      reported functional performance (Medical Outcomes Study SF36 V2 Physical Function
      Scale). We used structural equation modeling with latent variables for the key
      analysis. Follow-up, exploratory regression analysis with bootstrapped samples
      was used to examine the extent to which individual daytime symptoms mediated
      effects of sleep disturbance on functional performance after controlling for
      clinical and demographic covariates. RESULTS: The sample included 173 New York
      Heart Association Class I-IV HF patients (n = 60/34.7% women; M = 60.7, SD =
      16.07 years of age). Daytime symptoms mediated the relationship between sleep
      disturbance and functional performance. Fatigue and depression mediated the
      relationship between insomnia symptoms and self-reported functional performance,
      whereas fatigue and sleepiness mediated the relationship between sleep quality
      and functional performance. Sleepiness mediated the relationship between the
      respiratory index and self-reported functional performance only in people who did
      not report insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: Daytime symptoms explain the relationships
      between sleep disturbance and functional performance in stable HF.

PMID- 27362513
TI  - Symptom Trajectories After an Emergency Department Visit for Potential Acute
      Coronary Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many patients evaluated for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in
      emergency departments (EDs) continue to experience troubling symptoms after
      discharge-regardless of their ultimate medical diagnosis. However, comprehensive
      understanding of common post-ED symptom trajectories is lacking. OBJECTIVES: The
      aim of this study was to identify common trajectories of symptom severity in the
      6 months after an ED visit for potential ACS. METHODS: This was a secondary
      analysis of data from a larger observational, prospective study conducted in five
      U.S. EDs. Patients (N = 1005) who had electrocardiogram and biomarker testing
      ordered, and were identified by the triage nurse as potentially having ACS, were
      enrolled. Symptom severity was assessed in the hospital after initial
      stabilization and by telephone at 30 days and 6 months using the validated 13
      item ACS Symptom Checklist. Growth mixture modeling was used for the secondary
      analysis. The eight most commonly reported symptoms (chest discomfort, chest
      pain, chest pressure, light-headedness, shortness of breath, shoulder pain,
      unusual fatigue, and upper back pain) were modeled across the three study time
      points. Models with increasing numbers of classes were compared, and final model
      selection was based on a combination of interpretability, theoretical
      justification, and statistical fit indices. RESULTS: The sample was 62.6% male
      with a mean age of 60.2 years (SD = 14.17 years), and 57.1% ruled out for ACS.
      Between two and four distinct trajectory classes were identified for each
      symptom. The seven different types of trajectories identified across the eight
      symptoms were labeled "tapering off," "mild/persistent," "moderate/persistent,"
      "moderate/worsening," "moderate/improving," "late onset, "and "severe/improving."
      Trajectories differed on age, gender, and diagnosis. DISCUSSION: Research on the
      individual nature of symptom trajectories can contribute to patient-centered,
      rather than disease-centered, care. Further research is needed to verify the
      existence of multiple symptoms trajectories in diverse populations and to assess
      the antecedents and consequences of individual symptom trajectories.

PMID- 27362515
TI  - Pain Intensity in Hospitalized Adults: A Multilevel Analysis of Barriers and
      Facilitators of Pain Management.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite an enhanced interest and evolution in pain management,
      prevalence remains high. Interventions to optimize pain-related care can only be
      effective if barriers are identified and accounted for. AIM: To assess pain
      intensity and examine its association with patient- (including health literacy
      defined in this study as "requiring help to read health information"), nurse-,
      and system-related (including social capital defined as "the importance of
      network and norms at work") barriers/facilitators to pain management. METHODS: A
      two-center, cross-sectional study was performed between October 2012 and April
      2013. The study included patients and nurses of 39 noncritical wards of two
      hospitals in Belgium. Patients who were 18 years of age or older and without
      impaired cognition or consciousness were eligible to take part. All nurses
      working in the included ward were invited to participate. Pain intensity and
      patient-related barriers were collected by a structured and standardized
      questionnaire, completed in dialogue with the patient. Nurses completed the
      questionnaire on the nurse- and system-related barriers and the social capital
      scale. Multilevel analysis was used to analyze the data because of the
      hierarchical structure of the data. RESULTS: The average pain of all patients
      across all wards on a 0-10 scale was 2.2 (SD = 3.6). The multilevel analysis
      indicates that pain intensity can be explained by variables at patient and ward
      levels. A significant independent association was found between higher pain
      intensity and younger age, receiving pain medication, the conviction of patients
      that pain medication does not improve pain, inadequate health literacy in
      patients, nurses without advanced education, and nurse's concerns about side
      effects. Social capital did not emerge as predictor of pain intensity.
      DISCUSSION: Patient and nurse level factors should be taken into account in
      hospitals when setting up strategies to improve pain management.

PMID- 27362516
TI  - Adolescent Experience of Menstruation in Rural Kenya.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although menstruation is a universal experience, girls in resource
      poor areas face unique challenges related to menstruation management. In Kenya,
      girls miss nearly 3.5 million learning days per month because of limited access
      to sanitary products and lack of adequate sanitation. Global priorities to
      address gender inequality-especially related to education-often do not consider
      the impact of poverty on gendered experiences, such as menstruation. OBJECTIVE:
      The aim of the study was to describe the experiences of menstruation from the
      perspective of adolescent girls living in rural Kenya. METHODS: Data for this
      qualitative study were collected through 29 individual interviews with adolescent
      girls and separate field observations. Descriptive content analysis was used to
      identify themes reflective of the data from the individual interviews and field
      notes. RESULTS: Four themes were developed to summarize the data: (a) receiving
      information about menstruation, (b) experiences of menstruation, (c) menstrual
      hygiene practices, and (d) social norms and the meaning of menstruation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study describe the impact of menstruation on the
      lives of adolescent girls in rural Kenya. Menstrual hygiene management and its
      associated challenges may impact girls' academic continuity. Experiences of
      menstruation also reinforce gender inequality and further marginalize girls in
      low-income, rural areas of Kenya. Consideration of menstruation is critical to
      promote health and academic continuity for girls in rural Kenya.

PMID- 27362517
TI  - Repetition in the Health History Segment of Spanish Language Clinical
      Consultations: A Conversation Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patient history-taking sequences may be repeated across medical
      speech events with different healthcare providers and subsequently co-constructed
      differently, which can lead to disparate patient history information with
      implications for patient care outcomes. Encounters that include language
      discordance between patients with limited English language proficiency and
      healthcare workers can also impact patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We examined the
      repetition of patient history-taking sequences in consultations in which
      healthcare providers used Spanish as a first and second language with monolingual
      Spanish-speaking patients. The aim was to understand how repetition affects
      patient care processes and outcomes. METHODS: Conversation analysis was used. The
      target population was bilingual healthcare providers and monolingual Spanish
      speaking patients. The accessible population was composed of healthcare providers
      and patients from an urban, low-income, community health clinic in Southern
      California. In three exemplar cases from among 50 that were studied, instances of
      repetition in the history-taking segment of clinical consultations were located.
      We identified which aspects of patient reports were repeated across intake nurse
      patient consultations and nurse practitioner-patient consultations, as well as
      how patient reports were differently co-constructed across these events. RESULTS:
      Information elicited during the intake nurse-patient history event may be
      elicited again when a nurse practitioner repeats the elicitation of particular
      aspects of the patient's complaints and health history. Repetition of patient
      history information was co-constructed differently by different healthcare
      providers, sometimes led to seamless teamwork, and sometimes led to time wasting.
      Healthcare provider second language use of Spanish did not substantially impact
      how patient history information was co-constructed. DISCUSSION: This analysis
      sheds light on the effects of repetition across medical events and assessed the
      effects of repetition on communication among members of a healthcare team and
      patient care outcomes. It also informs how medical provider second language use
      may affect how information is conveyed. Our study has implications for
      understandings of medical consultations that involve nurse triage prior to
      consultation time in multilingual settings.

PMID- 27362514
TI  - Psychometric Evaluation of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information
      System Fatigue-Short Form Across Diverse Populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The need for reliable, valid tools to measure patient-reported
      outcomes (PROs) is critical both for research and for evaluating treatment
      effects in practice. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System
      Fatigue-Short Form v1.0-Fatigue 7a (PROMIS F-SF) has had limited psychometric
      evaluation in various populations. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to examine
      psychometric properties of PROMIS F-SF item responses across various populations.
      METHODS: Data from five studies with common data elements were used in this
      secondary analysis. Samples from patients with fibromyalgia, sickle cell disease,
      cardiometabolic risk, pregnancy, and healthy controls were used. Reliability was
      estimated using Cronbach's alpha. Dimensionality was evaluated with confirmatory
      factor analysis. Concurrent validity was evaluated by examining Pearson's
      correlations between scores from the PROMIS F-SF, the Multidimensional Fatigue
      Symptom Inventory-Short Form, and the Brief Fatigue Inventory. Discriminant
      validity was evaluated by examining Pearson's correlations between scores on the
      PROMIS F-SF and measures of stress and depressive symptoms. Known groups validity
      was assessed by comparing PROMIS F-SF scores in the clinical samples to healthy
      controls. RESULTS: Reliability of PROMIS F-SF scores was adequate across samples,
      ranging from .72 in the pregnancy sample to .88 in healthy controls.
      Unidimensionality was supported in each sample. Concurrent validity was strong;
      across the groups, correlations with scores on the Multidimensional Fatigue
      Symptom Inventory-Short Form and Brief Fatigue Inventory ranged from .60 to .85.
      Correlations of the PROMIS F-SF with measures of stress and depressive mood were
      moderate to strong, ranging from .37 to .64. PROMIS F-SF scores were
      significantly higher in clinical samples compared to healthy controls.
      DISCUSSION: Reliability and validity of the PROMIS F-SF were acceptable. The
      PROMIS F-SF is a suitable measure of fatigue across the four diverse clinical
      populations included in the analysis.

PMID- 27362518
TI  - Pharmacogenetics of Anesthesia: An Integrative Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Monitoring a patient's response to drug therapy and early
      identification of an adverse reaction are important responsibilities of nurses.
      Despite the relative safety of anesthesia practice, 1 in 20 perioperative
      medication administrations includes a medication error and/or adverse drug
      reaction. Although several factors contribute to an individual's response to
      medications, genetic predisposition accounts for over 50% of that response.
      OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to explore the evidence of genetic
      variability associated with response to volatile and intravenous anesthetics.
      METHODS: A comprehensive search of published literature in PubMed, CINAHL, and
      Cochrane databases from 1960 to May 30, 2015, was performed. Iterative reading of
      the primary articles was performed to ensure congruence between the extracted
      data and the primary article and reduce the data to draw conclusions. RESULTS:
      The analysis revealed that most anesthetics are metabolized by enzymes in the
      CYP2 and UGT1 family. CYP2B6 catalyzes propofol and ketamine metabolism. CYP2B6*6
      allele is associated with decreased propofol and ketamine metabolism and
      increased adverse effects. Genetic variants in the UGT1A9 enzyme are associated
      with the need for higher induction dose and increased clearance of propofol.
      DISCUSSION: Despite the significant gaps in the literature, current evidence
      suggests that close monitoring is required when administering anesthetics to
      individuals with the CYP2B6*6 allele. Future research to address identified gaps
      in this review may have the potential to identify underlying genetic contribution
      to anesthetic response and prevent significant adverse events during anesthesia
      delivery and perioperative nursing care.

PMID- 27362520
TI  - Human immune-cell response towards diverse xenogeneic and allogeneic
      decellularized biomaterials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunological knowledge on processed biological implants and mesh
      prostheses is still mainly based on animal models, lacking information on the
      species-specific human immune response. We hypothesized that in contrast to human
      tissue even decellularized xenogenic specimens would lead to significant and
      tissue source dependent human immune reactions. METHODS: Specimens from processed
      allogenic and xenogenic pulmonary arteries, pericardium or dermis, were co
      cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). Proliferative
      responses were measured in tritiated thymidine incorporation assays (n = 10).
      Stimulation indices (SI), calculated as counts-per-minute of co-cultured PBMNC
      divided by the cpm of basic cell proliferation, were compared. RESULTS: Compared
      to native porcine pulmonary artery tissue decellularization significantly reduced
      human PBMNC proliferation (mean SI: 48.7 vs. 18.0, p < 0.01), which was still
      higher compared to the human equivalent (SI: 0.7 vs. 1.7). Also the processed
      human dermal implant did not elicit immune response (SI: 1.5), whereas the
      decellularized and cross-linked porcine dermis lead to a significant human cell
      proliferation (SI: 8.4, p < 0.01). Interestingly, both the processed human (SI:
      15.2) and bovine pericardial patches (SI: 15.1) led to higher immune cell
      proliferation. CONCLUSION: Even decellularized or cross-linked xenogenic
      cardiovascular and reconstructive biomaterials elicit increased human immune
      responses not seen in the majority of allogenic specimens tested.

PMID- 27362519
TI  - The Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood
      Pressure Study (InterGEN): Design and Methods for Recruitment and Psychological
      Measures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although studies show that genomics and environmental stressors
      affect blood pressure, few studies have examined their combined effects,
      especially in African Americans. OBJECTIVE: We present the recruitment methods
      and psychological measures of the Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and
      Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure (InterGEN) study, which seeks to
      investigate the individual and combined effects of genetic (G) and environmental
      (E) (psychological) stressors on blood pressure in African American mother-child
      dyads. Genetic methods are presented elsewhere, but here we present the
      recruitment methods, psychological measures, and analysis plan for these
      environmental stressors. METHODS: This longitudinal study will enroll 250 mother
      child dyads (N = 500). Study participation is restricted to women who (a) are
      <=21 years of age, (b) self-identify as African American or Black, (c) speak
      English, (d) do not have an identified mental illness or cognitive impairment,
      and (e) have a biological child between 3 and 5 years old. The primary
      environmental stressors assessed are parenting stress, perceived racism and
      discrimination, and maternal mental health. Covariates include age, cigarette
      smoking (for mothers), and gender (for children). The study outcome variables are
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure. ANALYSIS: The main analytic outcome is
      genetic-by-environment interaction analyses (G * E); however, main effects (G)
      and (E) will be individually assessed first. Genetic (G) and interaction analyses
      (G * E) are described in a companion paper and will include laboratory
      procedures. Statistical modeling of environmental stressors on blood pressure
      will be done using descriptive statistics and generalized estimating equation
      models. IMPLICATIONS: The methodology presented here includes the study
      rationale, community engagement and recruitment protocol, psychological variable
      measurement, and analysis plan for assessing the association of environmental
      stressors and blood pressure. This study may provide the foundation for other
      studies and development of interventions to reduce the risk for hypertension and
      to propose targeted health promotion programs for this high-risk population.

PMID- 27362521
TI  - The Effect of Age and Type of Noise on Speech Perception under Conditions of
      Changing Context and Noise Levels.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Everyday life includes fluctuating noise levels, resulting in
      continuously changing speech intelligibility. The study aims were: (1) to
      quantify the amount of decrease in age-related speech perception, as a result of
      increasing noise level, and (2) to test the effect of age on context usage at the
      word level (smaller amount of contextual cues). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of
      24 young adults (age 20-30 years) and 20 older adults (age 60-75 years) were
      tested. Meaningful and nonsense one-syllable consonant-vowel-consonant words were
      presented with the background noise types of speech noise (SpN), babble noise
      (BN), and white noise (WN), with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 0 and -5 dB.
      RESULTS: Older adults had lower accuracy in SNR = 0, with WN being the most
      difficult condition for all participants. Measuring the change in speech
      perception when SNR decreased showed a reduction of 18.6-61.5% in
      intelligibility, with age effect only for BN. Both young and older adults used
      less phonemic context with WN, as compared to other conditions. CONCLUSION: Older
      adults are more affected by an increasing noise level of fluctuating
      informational noise as compared to steady-state noise. They also use less
      contextual cues when perceiving monosyllabic words. Further studies should take
      into consideration that when presenting the stimulus differently (change in noise
      level, less contextual cues), other perceptual and cognitive processes are
      involved.

PMID- 27362523
TI  - Disentangling effects of socioeconomic status on obesity: A cross-sectional study
      of the Spanish adult population.
AB  - This paper complements previous estimations regarding socioeconomic inequalities
      in obesity for Spanish adults, and provides new evidence about the mechanisms
      through which socioeconomic status (SES) affects obesity. Microdata from the
      Spanish National Health Survey (SNHS) 2011-2012 are analysed. Corrected
      concentration indices (CCI) are calculated to measure inequality. Path analysis
      is employed to disentangle direct and indirect effects of SES on obesity, where
      dietary patterns, physical activity and sleep habits act as mediator variables.
      Multivariate logistic models are used to select those exogenous variables to be
      included in the path diagram. Men and women are analysed separately. Our results
      show significant pro-rich inequality in the distribution of obesity (the poorer
      the more obese), particularly for women (CCI=-0.070 for men, CCI=-0.079 for
      women). The indirect effects of SES on obesity (those transmitted via mediator
      variables) are quite modest (3.3% for males, 2.4% for females) due to three
      reasons. Firstly, dietary habits do not show a significant mediating effect.
      Secondly, the mediating effect of physical activity in leisure time, although
      significant (14% for males, 11.1% for females), is offset by that related to main
      activity. Finally, sleep habits contribution to total effect of SES on obesity is
      statistically significant but small (roughly 1%). Our results indicate that
      promoting physical activity in leisure time for those with a low SES,
      particularly for men, would contribute to prevent obesity and to reduce health
      inequalities. Promotion of adequate sleep habits for women with a low SES might
      have a similar effect. However, interventions aimed to reduce sedentarism related
      to main activity, although useful to prevent obesity, would amplify the obesity
      socioeconomic gradient. Since effects of SES are different for men and women,
      socioeconomic health inequalities should be addressed also from a gender
      perspective.

PMID- 27362522
TI  - Host-Imposed Copper Poisoning Impacts Fungal Micronutrient Acquisition during
      Systemic Candida albicans Infections.
AB  - Nutritional immunity is a process whereby an infected host manipulates essential
      micronutrients to defend against an invading pathogen. We reveal a dynamic aspect
      of nutritional immunity during infection that involves copper assimilation. Using
      a combination of laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP MS)
      and metal mapping, immunohistochemistry, and gene expression profiling from
      infected tissues, we show that readjustments in hepatic, splenic and renal copper
      homeostasis accompany disseminated Candida albicans infections in the mouse
      model. Localized host-imposed copper poisoning manifests itself as a transient
      increase in copper early in the kidney infection. Changes in renal copper are
      detected by the fungus, as revealed by gene expression profiling and fungal
      virulence studies. The fungus responds by differentially regulating the Crp1
      copper efflux pump (higher expression during early infection and down-regulation
      late in infection) and the Ctr1 copper importer (lower expression during early
      infection, and subsequent up-regulation late in infection) to maintain copper
      homeostasis during disease progression. Both Crp1 and Ctr1 are required for full
      fungal virulence. Importantly, copper homeostasis influences other virulence
      traits-metabolic flexibility and oxidative stress resistance. Our study
      highlights the importance of copper homeostasis for host defence and fungal
      virulence during systemic disease. 

PMID- 27362524
TI  - Mitochondrial Sirtuin 3 and Renal Diseases.
AB  - Mitochondria are dynamic organelles whose functions are tightly regulated at
      multiple levels to maintain proper cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial Sirtuin 3
      (SIRT3), which belongs to an evolutionary conserved family of NAD+-dependent
      deacetylases, is a key regulator of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, ATP
      production, and fatty acid beta-oxidation, and it exerts an antioxidant activity.
      Changes in SIRT3 expression are critical in the pathophysiology of several
      diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, and aging. In
      experimental acute kidney injury (AKI), impairment of renal function and
      development of tubular injury are associated with SIRT3 reduction and
      mitochondrial dysfunction in proximal tubuli. SIRT3-deficient mice are more
      susceptible to AKI and die. Pharmacological manipulations able to increase SIRT3
      preserve mitochondrial integrity, markedly limit renal injury, and accelerate
      functional recovery. This review highlights all the selective rescue mechanisms
      that point to the key role of SIRT3 as a new therapeutic target for curing renal
      diseases. 

PMID- 27362525
TI  - Sperm mitochondrial DNA deletion in Iranian infertiles with asthenozoospermia.
AB  - Asthenozoospermia is an important cause of male infertility. The mutations in
      sperm mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) result in either functionless or malfunctioning
      some proteins, subsequently affecting sperm motility leading to
      asthenozoospermia. The purpose of this study was to investigate sperm mtDNA 4,977
      bp deletion in infertile men with low sperm motility/immotile spermatozoa
      compared to healthy subjects with high sperm motility. Semen samples of 256
      asthenozoospermic infertiles and 200 controls from northern Iran were collected.
      After extraction of spermatozoa total DNA, Gap-polymerase chain reaction (Gap
      PCR) was performed. The deletion was observed in 85.93% of patients with
      asthenozoospermia compared with 14% in controls [OR = 37.5397, 95% confidence
      interval = 12.937-108.9276, p < .0001]. It is concluded that there is a strong
      association between sperm mtDNA 4,977-bp deletion and asthenozoospermia-induced
      infertility in the population examined. Large-scale mtDNA deletions in
      spermatozoa may induce bioenergetic disorders. Nevertheless, to validate our
      results broader research may be needed.

PMID- 27362526
TI  - Adherence to Technology-Based Exercise Programs in Older Adults: A Systematic
      Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Exercise participation and adherence in older people is
      often low. The integration of technology-based exercise programs may have a
      positive effect on adherence as they can overcome perceived barriers to exercise.
      Previous systematic reviews have shown preliminary evidence that technology-based
      exercise programs can improve physical functioning. However, there is currently
      no in-depth description and discussion of the potential this technology offers to
      improve exercise adherence in older people. This review examines the literature
      regarding older adults' acceptability and adherence to technology-based exercise
      interventions. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic database search for randomized
      controlled trials, clinical controlled trials, and parallel group trials was
      performed, including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, EMB Reviews, and Cochrane
      Library, completed in May 2015. Trials reporting adherence to technology-based
      exercise programs aimed at improving physical function were included. Adherence
      was defined as the percentage of exercise sessions attended out of the total
      number of sessions prescribed. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were included. The
      mean cohort age range was 67 to 86 years. Studies were conducted in research
      facilities, aged care facilities, and people's homes. Ten studies compared
      outcomes between technology-based and traditional exercise programs. Adherence to
      both types of interventions was high (median 91.25% and 83.58%, respectively).
      Adherence was higher for technology-based interventions than traditional
      interventions independent of study site, level of supervision, and delivery mode.
      The majority of the studies used commercially available gaming technologies, and
      both types of exercise interventions were mostly supervised. A lack of detailed
      reporting of adherence and the pilot nature of most studies did not allow
      computation of a comprehensive adherence rate. DISCUSSION: This systematic review
      provides evidence that technology offers a well-accepted method to provide older
      adults with engaging exercise opportunities, and adherence rates remain high in
      both supervised and unsupervised settings at least throughout the first 12 weeks
      of intervention. The higher adherence rates to technology-based interventions can
      be largely explained by the high reported levels of enjoyment when using these
      programs. However, the small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, inclusion of
      mostly healthy older people, and problems related to the methods used to report
      exercise adherence limit the generalizability of our findings. CONCLUSION: This
      systematic review indicates that technology-based exercise interventions have
      good adherence and may provide a sustainable means of promoting physical activity
      and preventing falls in older people. More research is required to investigate
      the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of technology-based exercise
      programs undertaken by older people at home over extended trial periods.

PMID- 27362527
TI  - A feature refinement approach for statistical interior CT reconstruction.
AB  - Interior tomography is clinically desired to reduce the radiation dose rendered
      to patients. In this work, a new statistical interior tomography approach for
      computed tomography is proposed. The developed design focuses on taking into
      account the statistical nature of local projection data and recovering fine
      structures which are lost in the conventional total-variation (TV)-minimization
      reconstruction. The proposed method falls within the compressed sensing framework
      of TV minimization, which only assumes that the interior ROI is piecewise
      constant or polynomial and does not need any additional prior knowledge. To
      integrate the statistical distribution property of projection data, the objective
      function is built under the criteria of penalized weighed least-square (PWLS-TV).
      In the implementation of the proposed method, the interior projection
      extrapolation based FBP reconstruction is first used as the initial guess to
      mitigate truncation artifacts and also provide an extended field-of-view.
      Moreover, an interior feature refinement step, as an important processing
      operation is performed after each iteration of PWLS-TV to recover the desired
      structure information which is lost during the TV minimization. Here, a feature
      descriptor is specifically designed and employed to distinguish structure from
      noise and noise-like artifacts. A modified steepest descent algorithm is adopted
      to minimize the associated objective function. The proposed method is applied to
      both digital phantom and in vivo Micro-CT datasets, and compared to FBP, ART-TV
      and PWLS-TV. The reconstruction results demonstrate that the proposed method
      performs better than other conventional methods in suppressing noise, reducing
      truncated and streak artifacts, and preserving features. The proposed approach
      demonstrates its potential usefulness for feature preservation of interior
      tomography under truncated projection measurements.

PMID- 27362528
TI  - Alkaline bioleaching of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by
      autochthonous extremophiles.
AB  - The increasing demand for energy and the generation of solid waste have caused an
      alarming rise in fly ash production globally. Since heavy metals continue to be
      in demand for the production of materials, resource recovery from the recycling
      of these wastes has the potential to delay the depletion of natural ores. The use
      of microorganisms for the leaching of metals, in a process called bioleaching, is
      an eco-friendly and economical way to treat the metal-laden wastes. Bioleaching
      of fly ash is challenging due largely to the alkaline nature and toxic levels of
      heavy metals which are detrimental to microbial growth and bioleaching activity.
      The present work reports the isolation of indigenous bacteria from a local
      landfill site and their bioleaching performance [corrected]. 38 autochthonous
      strains of bacteria were isolated from eight samples collected and plated on five
      different media. 18 of the isolates showed bioleaching potential, with
      significant alkaline pH or fly ash tolerance. Genetic characterization of the
      strains revealed a dominance of Firmicutes, with Alkalibacterium sp. TRTYP6
      showing highest fly ash tolerance of up to 20% w/v fly ash, and growth over a pH
      range 8-12.5. The organism selectively recovered about 52% Cu from the waste. To
      the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a study on bioleaching with
      extreme alkaliphiles is reported.

PMID- 27362529
TI  - Insights into asphaltene aggregation in the Na-montmorillonite interlayer.
AB  - This study aimed to provide insights into the diffusion and aggregation of
      asphaltenes in the Na-montmorillonite (MMT) interlayer with different water
      saturation, salinity, interlayer space and humic substances. The molecular
      configuration, density profile, diffusion coefficient and aggregation intensity
      were determined by molecular dynamic simulation, while the 3D topography and
      particle size of the aggregates were characterized by atomic force microscopy.
      Results indicated that the diffusivity of asphaltenes was up to 5-fold higher in
      the MMT interlayer filled with fresh water than with saline water (salinity:
      350/00). However, salinity had little impact on the asphaltene aggregation. This
      study also showed a marked decrease in the mobility of asphaltenes with decrease
      in the pore water content and the interlayer space of MMT. This was more
      pronounced in the organo-MMT where the humic substances were present. The co
      aggregation process resulted in the sequestration of asphaltenes in the hollow
      cone-shaped cavity of humic substances in the MMT interlayer, which decreased the
      asphaltene diffusion by up to one-order of magnitude and increased the asphaltene
      aggregation by about 33%. These findings have important ramifications for
      evaluating the fate and transport of heavy fractions of the residual oil in the
      contaminated soils. 

PMID- 27362530
TI  - Modeling corrosion inhibition efficacy of small organic molecules as non-toxic
      chromate alternatives using comparative molecular surface analysis (CoMSA).
AB  - Traditionally many structural alloys are protected by primer coatings loaded with
      corrosion inhibiting additives. Strontium Chromate (or other chromates) have been
      shown to be extremely effectively inhibitors, and find extensive use in
      protective primer formulations. Unfortunately, hexavalent chromium which imbues
      these coatings with their corrosion inhibiting properties is also highly toxic,
      and their use is being increasingly restricted by legislation. In this work we
      explore a novel tridimensional Quantitative-Structure Property Relationship (3D
      QSPR) approach, comparative molecular surface analysis (CoMSA), which was
      developed to recognize "high-performing" corrosion inhibitor candidates from the
      distributions of electronegativity, polarizability and van der Waals volume on
      the molecular surfaces of 28 small organic molecules. Multivariate statistical
      analysis identified five prototypes molecules, which are capable of explaining
      71% of the variance within the inhibitor data set; whilst a further five
      molecules were also identified as archetypes, describing 75% of data variance.
      All active corrosion inhibitors, at a 80% threshold, were successfully recognized
      by the CoMSA model with adequate specificity and precision higher than 70% and
      60%, respectively. The model was also capable of identifying structural patterns,
      that revealed reasonable starting points for where structural changes may augment
      corrosion inhibition efficacy. The presented methodology can be applied to other
      functional molecules and extended to cover structure-activity studies in a
      diverse range of areas such as drug design and novel material discovery. 

PMID- 27362531
TI  - Effect of Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Image Quality on Macular
      Thickness Measurements and Error Rate.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Topcon spectral domain optical coherence
      tomography (OCT) image quality on macular thickness measurements and the error
      rate in healthy subjects and patients with clinically significant diabetic
      macular edema (CSME). METHODS: In this prospective, comparative case series,
      macular thickness measurements, and the rate of decentration and segmentation
      errors were evaluated before and after reducing the image quality factor (QF).
      The measurements were evaluated again after correcting the decentration and
      segmentation errors. To reduce the image QF below 45, tetracycline eye ointment
      was applied on the corneal surface. RESULTS: Forty eyes of 40 subjects including
      18 healthy eyes and 22 eyes with CSME were included. In both groups, the
      difference in central subfield thickness measurements before and after reducing
      the image QF was not statistically significant both before and after error
      correction (all P>0.05). The rate of decentration error was statistically similar
      before and after reducing image QF in normal and CSME eyes (P=0.50, P=0.69,
      respectively). However, the rate of segmentation error was statistically
      significantly higher after reducing image QF both in normal and CSME eyes
      (P=0.008 and P=0.004, respectively). In both groups, eyes with a segmentation
      error had higher image QF reduction (both P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Reducing image
      quality results in a higher rate of the segmentation error in normal eyes and in
      eyes with CSME.

PMID- 27362532
TI  - The Distress Thermometer for screening for severe fatigue in newly diagnosed
      breast and colorectal cancer patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Internationally, the Distress Thermometer and associated Problem List
      are increasingly used in oncology as screening tools for psychological distress.
      Cancer-related fatigue is common but often overlooked in clinical practice. We
      examined if severe fatigue in cancer patients can be identified with the fatigue
      item of the Problem List. METHODS: Newly diagnosed breast (N = 334) and
      colorectal (N = 179) cancer patients were screened for severe fatigue, which was
      defined as having a positive score on the fatigue item of the Problem List. The
      Fatigue Severity subscale of the Checklist Individual Strength was used as gold
      standard measure for severe fatigue. RESULTS: In total, 78% of breast cancer
      patients and 81% of colorectal cancer patients were correctly identified with the
      fatigue item. The sensitivity was 89% in breast cancer patients and 91% in
      colorectal cancer patients. The specificity was 75% in breast cancer patients and
      77% in colorectal cancer patients. The positive predictive value was 53% in
      breast cancer patients and 64% in colorectal cancer patients, whereas the
      negative predictive value was 95% in both tumor types. CONCLUSIONS: The fatigue
      item of the Problem List performs satisfactorily as a quick screening tool for
      severe fatigue. However, a positive screen should be followed up with a more
      thorough assessment of fatigue, ie, a questionnaire with a validated cutoff
      point. Given time pressure of clinicians, this already implemented and brief
      screening tool may prevent severe fatigue from going undetected in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 27362533
TI  - Time Savings with Rituximab Subcutaneous Injection versus Rituximab Intravenous
      Infusion: A Time and Motion Study in Eight Countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rituximab is a standard treatment for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The
      SABRINA trial (NCT01200758) showed that a subcutaneous (SC) rituximab formulation
      did not compromise efficacy or safety compared with intravenous (IV) infusion. We
      aimed to quantify active healthcare professional (HCP) time and patient chair
      time for rituximab SC and IV, including potential time savings. METHODS: This non
      interventional time and motion study was run in eight countries and 30 day
      oncology units. Rituximab SC data were collected alongside the MabCute trial
      (NCT01461928); IV data were collected per routine real-world practice. Trained
      observers recorded active HCP time for pre-specified tasks (stopwatch) and chair
      time (time of day). A random intercept model was used to analyze active HCP time
      (by task and for all tasks combined) in the treatment room and drug preparation
      area, drug administration duration, chair time and patient treatment room time by
      country and/or across countries. Active HCP and chair time were extrapolated to a
      patient's first year of treatment (11 rituximab sessions). RESULTS: Mean active
      HCP time was 35.0 and 23.7 minutes for IV and SC process, respectively (-32%, p
      <0.0001). By country, relative reduction in time was 27-58%. Absolute reduction
      in extrapolated active HCP time (first year of treatment) was 1.1-5.2 hours. Mean
      chair time was 262.1 minutes for IV, including 180.9 minutes infusion duration,
      vs. 67.3 minutes for SC, including 8.3 minutes SC injection administration (-74%,
      p <0.0001). By country, relative reduction was 53-91%. Absolute reduction in
      extrapolated chair time for the first year of treatment was 3.1-5.5 eight-hour
      days. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with rituximab IV, rituximab SC was associated with
      reduced chair time and active HCP time. The latter could be invested in other
      activities, whereas the former may lead to more available appointments, reducing
      waiting lists and increasing the efficiency of day oncology units. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01200758.

PMID- 27362534
TI  - Genetic Variants of BMP2 and Their Association with the Risk of Non-Syndromic
      Tooth Agenesis.
AB  - Non-syndromic tooth agenesis (or non-syndromic congenitally missing tooth) is one
      of the most common congenital defects in humans affecting the craniofacial
      function and appearance. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been
      associated with an individual's susceptibility to these anomalies. The aim of the
      present study was therefore to investigate the roles of the potentially
      functional SNPs of BMP2 in the occurrence of tooth agenesis. Overall, four
      potentially functional SNPs of BMP2 (rs15705, rs235768, rs235769 and rs3178250)
      were selected, and their associations with the susceptibility of tooth agenesis
      were evaluated in a case-control study of 335 non-syndromic tooth agenesis cases
      and 444 healthy controls. The SNPs rs15705 and rs3178250 were found to be
      associated with an individual's risk of tooth agenesis (P = 0.046 and P = 0.039,
      respectively). Both SNPs showed an increased risk of mandibular incisor agenesis
      (rs15705, AA/AC vs. CC = 1.58, 95% CI = [1.06-2.34], P = 0.024; rs3178250, TT/TC
      vs. CC = 1.60, 95% CI = [1.08-2.37], P = 0.020). Bioinformatics analysis
      indicated that these two SNPs located at the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of
      BMP2 might alter the binding ability of miR-1273d and miR-4639-5p, respectively,
      which was confirmed by luciferase activity assays in the 293A and COS7 cell lines
      (P < 0.001 in 293A and P < 0.01 in COS7 for miR-1273d; and P < 0.001 in both
      cells for miR-4639-5p). Furthermore, BMP2 mRNA expression decreased after
      transfecting either miR-1273d or miR-4639-5p into these two cell lines (P < 0.01
      in 293A and P < 0.001 in COS7 for miR-1273d, and P < 0.01 in both cell lines for
      miR-4639-5p). Taken together, our findings indicate that rs15705 and rs317250 are
      associated with the susceptibility of non-syndromic tooth agenesis by possibly
      affecting miRNAs and mRNA interaction. 

PMID- 27362535
TI  - DABO Boronate Promoted Conjugate Allylation of alpha,beta-Unsaturated Aldehydes
      Using Copper(II) Catalysis.
AB  - The first catalytic method for the selective 1,4-conjugate allylation of
      alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes is reported. The method employs an air-stable
      diethanolamine-complexed boronic acid (DABO boronate) as the allyl transfer
      reagent and promotes conjugate addition over 1,2-addition. A variety of aryl- and
      alkyl-substituted enals are tolerated, providing delta,epsilon-unsaturated
      aldehyde products in good yields and selectivities under mild conditions.

PMID- 27362537
TI  - Impact of Silicon Nanocrystal Oxidation on the Nonmetallic Growth of Carbon
      Nanotubes.
AB  - Carbon nanotube (CNT) growth has been demonstrated recently using a number of
      nonmetallic semiconducting and metal oxide nanoparticles, opening up pathways for
      direct CNT synthesis from a number of more desirable templates without the need
      for metallic catalysts. However, CNT growth mechanisms using these
      nonconventional catalysts has been shown to largely differ and reamins a
      challenging synthesis route. In this contribution we show CNT growth from
      partially oxidized silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) that exhibit quantum confinement
      effects using a microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)
      method. On the basis of solvent and a postsynthesis frgamentation process, we
      show that oxidation of our Si NCs can be easily controlled. We determine
      experimentally and explain with theoretical simulations that the Si NCs
      morphology together with a necessary shell oxide of ~1 nm is vital to allow for
      the nonmetallic growth of CNTs. On the basis of chemical analysis post-CNT
      growth, we give insight into possible mechanisms for CNT nucleation and growth
      from our partially oxidized Si NCs. This contribution is of significant
      importance to the improvement of nonmetallic catalysts for CNT growth and the
      development of Si NC/CNT interfaces. 

PMID- 27362536
TI  - Multispecies Outcomes of Sympatric Speciation after Admixture with the Source
      Population in Two Radiations of Nicaraguan Crater Lake Cichlids.
AB  - The formation of species in the absence of geographic barriers (i.e. sympatric
      speciation) remains one of the most controversial topics in evolutionary biology.
      While theoretical models have shown that this most extreme case of primary
      divergence-with-gene-flow is possible, only a handful of accepted empirical
      examples exist. And even for the most convincing examples uncertainties remain;
      complex histories of isolation and secondary contact can make species falsely
      appear to have originated by sympatric speciation. This alternative scenario is
      notoriously difficult to rule out. Midas cichlids inhabiting small and remote
      crater lakes in Nicaragua are traditionally considered to be one of the best
      examples of sympatric speciation and lend themselves to test the different
      evolutionary scenarios that could lead to apparent sympatric speciation since the
      system is relatively small and the source populations known. Here we reconstruct
      the evolutionary history of two small-scale radiations of Midas cichlids
      inhabiting crater lakes Apoyo and Xiloa through a comprehensive genomic data set.
      We find no signs of differential admixture of any of the sympatric species in the
      respective radiations. Together with coalescent simulations of different
      demographic models our results support a scenario of speciation that was
      initiated in sympatry and does not result from secondary contact of already
      partly diverged populations. Furthermore, several species seem to have diverged
      simultaneously, making Midas cichlids an empirical example of multispecies
      outcomes of sympatric speciation. Importantly, however, the demographic models
      strongly support an admixture event from the source population into both crater
      lakes shortly before the onset of the radiations within the lakes. This opens the
      possibility that the formation of reproductive barriers involved in sympatric
      speciation was facilitated by genetic variants that evolved in a period of
      isolation between the initial founding population and the secondary migrants that
      came from the same source population. Thus, the exact mechanisms by which these
      species arose might be different from what had been thought before.

PMID- 27362538
TI  - Recovery of metals from simulant spent lithium-ion battery as organophosphonate
      coordination polymers in aqueous media.
AB  - An innovative approach is proposed for the recycling of metals from a simulant
      lithium-ion battery (LIBs) waste aqueous solution. Phosphonate organic linkers
      are introduced as precipitating agents to selectively react with the metals to
      form coordination polymers from an aqueous solution containing Ni, Mn and Co in a
      hydrothermal process. The supernatant is analyzed by ICP-AES to quantify the
      efficiency and the selectivity of the precipitation and the materials are
      characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Powder X-Ray Diffraction
      (PXRD), Thermogravimetric Analyses (TGA) and nitrogen gas sorption (BET).
      Conditions have been achieved to selectively precipitate Manganese or
      Manganese/Cobalt from this solution with a high efficiency. This work describes a
      novel method to obtain potentially valuable coordination polymers from a waste
      metal solution that can be generalized on any waste solution. 

PMID- 27362539
TI  - Staging the progression to type 1 diabetes with prediagnostic markers.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: There are an increasing number of markers that are used to
      predict the occurrence of type 1 diabetes (T1D), and to study the progression of
      pathologic changes prior to diagnosis. This review discusses some of those
      markers, particularly markers for which data are available that pertain to the
      progression to T1D. RECENT FINDINGS: A study of birth cohorts showed that young
      children who develop multiple autoantibodies are at a particularly high risk for
      developing T1D, and that there appears to be a typical sequence for autoantibody
      development. The measurement of autoantibodies by electrochemiluminescence can
      increase the prediction accuracy for T1D. A new marker of changes in glucose over
      6 months (PS6 M) has potential utility as an endpoint in short-term prevention
      trials. Markers which combine C-peptide and glucose, such as the Diabetes
      Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score and the Index60, can increase the accuracy of
      prediction, and can potentially be utilized as prediagnostic endpoints. beta-cell
      death measurements could have substantial utility in future T1D research.
      SUMMARY: Markers are highly useful for studying the prediction of and progression
      to T1D. Moreover, markers can possibly be utilized to diagnose T1D at an earlier
      stage of disease.

PMID- 27362540
TI  - Discovery of a Natural Microsporidian Pathogen with a Broad Tissue Tropism in
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Microbial pathogens often establish infection within particular niches of their
      host for replication. Determining how infection occurs preferentially in specific
      host tissues is a key aspect of understanding host-microbe interactions. Here, we
      describe the discovery of a natural microsporidian parasite of the nematode
      Caenorhabditis elegans that displays a unique tissue tropism compared to
      previously described parasites of this host. We characterize the life cycle of
      this new species, Nematocida displodere, including pathogen entry, intracellular
      replication, and exit. N. displodere can invade multiple host tissues, including
      the epidermis, muscle, neurons, and intestine of C. elegans. Despite robust
      invasion of the intestine very little replication occurs there, with the majority
      of replication occurring in the muscle and epidermis. This feature distinguishes
      N. displodere from two closely related microsporidian pathogens, N. parisii and
      N. sp. 1, which exclusively invade and replicate in the intestine. Comparison of
      the N. displodere genome with N. parisii and N. sp. 1 reveals that N. displodere
      is the earliest diverging species of the Nematocida genus. Over 10% of the
      proteins encoded by the N. displodere genome belong to a single species-specific
      family of RING-domain containing proteins of unknown function that may be
      mediating interactions with the host. Altogether, this system provides a powerful
      whole-animal model to investigate factors responsible for pathogen growth in
      different tissue niches.

PMID- 27362542
TI  - Development of the Double Cyclic Peptide Ligand for Antibody Purification and
      Protein Detection.
AB  - Development of a peptide-based affinity matrix and detection reagent is important
      for biomedical research and the biopharmaceutical industry. In the present work,
      we designed and synthesized an immunoglobin G (IgG)-binding peptide ligand, Fc
      III-4C. Fc-III-4C is composed of 15 residues, and the 4 cysteine residues form 2
      disulfide bonds to generate a double cyclic structure. The binding affinity of
      the Fc-III-4C peptide toward human IgG was determined to be 2.45 nM (Kd), which
      is higher than that of IgG with Protein A/G (Pro-A/G). Importantly, the Fc-III-4C
      peptide displayed high affinity to various IgGs from different species. Fc-III-4C
      immobilized agarose beads exhibited high stability and reusability when compared
      with that of the Pro-A/G-immobilized beads. The conjugate of Fc-III-4C with FITC
      was demonstrated to be suitable for immunofluorescence detection of proteins
      expressed in cells. These results demonstrate that the Fc-III-4C peptide is a
      useful affinity ligand for antibody purification and as a protein detection
      reagent.

PMID- 27362541
TI  - Alcohol Drinking Pattern: A Comparison between HIV-Infected Patients and
      Individuals from the General Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption is highly prevalent in the general population and
      among HIV-infected population. This study aimed to compare the pattern of alcohol
      consumption and to describe characteristics associated with heavy alcohol
      consumption in individuals from the general population with patients infected
      with HIV. METHODS: Participants for this analysis came from a population-based
      cross-sectional study and from a consecutive sampling of patients infected with
      HIV. Participants aged 18 years or older were interviewed using similar
      questionnaires with questions pertaining to socio-demographic characteristics,
      alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, and HIV-related characteristics,
      among others. Blood pressure and anthropometric measures were measured using
      standardized procedures. RESULTS: Weekly alcohol consumption was more prevalent
      among individuals from the general population than HIV-infected patients: 57.0
      vs. 31.1%, P<0.001. The prevalence of heavy episodic drinking was higher in the
      population sample as well: 46.1 vs. 17.0%, P<0.001. In the general population,
      heavy alcohol consumption was more prevalent in men. Cigarette smoking was
      independently associated with heavy alcohol consumption among HIV infected
      (Prevalence Ratio; PR = 5.9; 95%CI 2.6-13.9; P<0,001) and general population (PR
      = 2.6; 95%CI 1.9-3.0; P<0.001). Years at school were inversely associated with
      heavy alcohol consumption among HIV-infected patients and directly associated
      among participants from the general population, even after controlling for sex,
      age, skin color, and smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy alcohol consumption is more
      prevalent in the general population than among HIV-infected patients. Individuals
      aware about their disease may reduce the amount of alcoholic beverages
      consumption comparatively to healthy individuals from the general population.

PMID- 27362543
TI  - Impaired glucose metabolism and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in obese
      prepubertal asthmatic children.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of asthma and obesity has risen in parallel over the
      last decades, but the exact mechanisms linking these two diseases still remain
      unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between
      bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), impaired glucose metabolism, obesity, and
      asthma in prepubertal children. METHODS: A total of 71 prepubertal children were
      included in the study and divided in four groups according to the presence of
      asthma and their Body Mass Index (BMI): Group 1-Healthy Controls (HC), Group 2
      Non Obese Asthmatics (NOA), Group 3-Obese Non Asthmatics (ONA), Group 4-Obese
      Asthmatics (OA) Alphall children underwent spirometry and bronchial
      hyperresponsiveness testing by using the cumulative Provoking Dose of mannitol
      (PD15, primary study variable); homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin
      resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated in order to evaluate insulin
      resistance. Obese children also underwent an oral glucose tolerance testing
      (OGTT). RESULTS: A statistically significant difference in bronchial
      hyperreactivity (mean +/- SD) was detected in the group of obese asthmatic
      children who had lower values of PD15 , (174.16 +/- 126.42) as compared to normal
      weight asthmatic children (453.93 +/- 110.27), (P < 0.001). Moreover, obese
      asthmatic children with confirmed insulin resistance (HOMA-IR >=2.5), had
      significantly lower PD15 values (89.05 +/- 42.75) as compared to those with HOMA
      IR <2.5 (259.27 +/- 125.75), (P = 0.006). Finally, obese asthmatic children with
      impaired OGTT had likewise significantly lower PD15 (81.02 +/- 42.16)
      measurements as compared to children with normal OGTT (267.3 +/- 112.62), (P =
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that obesity per se does not correlate
      to airway hyperreactivity unless it is accompanied by glucose intolerance and
      insulin resistance. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:160-166. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362544
TI  - Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: Whole-body exposure
      effect on histopathology of Wistar rats.
AB  - Man-made microwave and radiofrequency (RF) radiation technologies have been
      steadily increasing with the growing demand of electronic appliances such as
      microwave oven and cell phones. These appliances affect biological systems by
      increasing free radicals, thus leading to oxidative damage. The aim of this study
      was to explore the effect of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on histology and the
      level of lipid peroxide (LPO) in Wistar rats. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats with
      180 +/- 10 g body weight were used for this study. Animals were divided into two
      groups: sham exposed (control) and microwave exposed. These animals were exposed
      for 2 h a day for 35 d to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation (power density, 0.2
      mW/cm2). The whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) was estimated to be 0.14
      W/kg. After completion of the exposure period, rats were sacrificed, and brain,
      liver, kidney, testis and spleen were stored/preserved for determination of LPO
      and histological parameters. Significantly high level of LPO was observed in the
      liver (p < 0.001), brain (p < 0.004) and spleen (p < 0.006) in samples from rats
      exposed to microwave radiation. Also histological changes were observed in the
      brain, liver, testis, kidney and spleen after whole-body microwave exposure,
      compared to the control group. Based on the results obtained in this study, we
      conclude that exposure to microwave radiation 2 h a day for 35 d can potentially
      cause histopathology and oxidative changes in Wistar rats. These results indicate
      possible implications of such exposure on human health.

PMID- 27362545
TI  - Possession: Demoniacal and Other, Among Primitive Races, in Antiquity, the Middle
      Ages and Modern Times, by Traugott Konstantin Osterreich.

PMID- 27362546
TI  - Cytogenetic Analysis of the South American Fruit Fly Anastrepha fraterculus
      (Diptera:Tephritidae) Species Complex: Construction of Detailed Photographic
      Polytene Chromosome Maps of the Argentinian Af. sp.1 Member.
AB  - Genetic and cytogenetic studies constitute a significant basis for understanding
      the biology of insect pests and the design and the construction of genetic tools
      for biological control strategies. Anastrepha fraterculus is an important pest of
      the Tephritidae family. It is distributed from southern Texas through eastern
      Mexico, Central America and South America causing significant crop damage and
      economic losses. Currently it is considered as a species complex; until now seven
      members have been described based on multidisciplinary approaches. Here we report
      the cytogenetic analysis of an Argentinian population characterized as Af. sp.1
      member of the Anastrepha fraterculus species complex. The mitotic karyotype and
      the first detailed photographic maps of the salivary gland polytene chromosomes
      are presented. The mitotic metaphase complement consists of six (6) pairs of
      chromosomes, including one pair of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, with the male
      being the heterogametic sex. The analysis of the salivary gland polytene
      complement shows a total number of five long chromosomes that correspond to the
      five autosomes of the mitotic karyotype and a heterochromatic network
      corresponding to the sex chromosomes. Comparison of the polytene chromosome maps
      between this species and Anastrepha ludens shows significant similarity. The
      polytene maps presented here are suitable for cytogenetic studies that could shed
      light on the species limits within this species complex and support the
      development of genetic tools for sterile insect technique (SIT) applications. 

PMID- 27362547
TI  - Prognostic Significance of MAGE-A11 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and
      Identification of Related Genes Based on DNA Microarray.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study aims to investigate the expression pattern of
      melanoma-associated antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
      (ESCC) specimens and analyze its prognostic significance for ESCC patients. In
      addition, the purpose of our study was also to explore the biological function of
      MAGE-A11 in ESCC cells based on DNA microarray. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was
      used to detect the expression of MAGE-A11 in ESCC specimens, and its prognostic
      significance was analyzed by statistical analysis. DNA microarray and
      quantitative RT-PCR were used to explore the different expression of MAGE-A11
      downstream genes in ESCC cells. Cell invasion assay and MTT assay were used to
      detect the effect of MAGE-A11 cDNA on the invasion and proliferation of ESCC
      cells. RESULTS: Of the ESCC specimens, 59.3% showed positive MAGE-A11 expression.
      MAGE-A11 expression in ESCC specimens was positively associated with distant
      lymph node metastasis. Overall survival of ESCC patients with positive MAGE-A11
      expression was shorter than in patients with negative MAGE-A11 expression.
      Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed MAGE-A11 expression is an independent
      poor prognostic factor for ESCC patients. Overexpression of MAGE-A11 changed a
      variety of gene expressions, which was associated with various cell functions
      such as protein ubiquitination, cell proliferation and apoptosis, tumor invasion
      and metastasis. Overexpression of MAGE-A11 directly increased the invasion and
      proliferation of ESCC cells. CONCLUSIONS: MAGE-A11 is an independent poor
      prognostic marker for ESCC patients. MAGE-A11 regulates various cell functions
      and directly increases the invasion and proliferation of ESCC cells.

PMID- 27362548
TI  - Tumor genotype and immune microenvironment in POLE-ultramutated and MSI
      hypermutated Endometrial Cancers: New candidates for checkpoint blockade
      immunotherapy?
AB  - Endometrial Cancer (EC) is still a challenge for gynecological oncologists
      because the treatment of the advanced disease remains an unmet need for patients.
      The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) recently provided a comprehensive
      genomic and transcriptomic analysis of EC, offering a new classification of the
      disease, based on genetic features, which defines four subgroups of cancer rather
      than the two traditionally recognized. In the molecular classification two types
      of EC, the polymerase epsilon (POLE)-ultramutated and the microsatellite
      instability (MSI)-hypermutated, seem to present an enhanced immune
      microenvironment and a high mutation burden. The blockade of the immune
      checkpoints is an innovative approach that has largely demonstrated to be
      effective in solid malignancies, such as lung, renal and melanoma; it acts by
      reducing the cancer-induced immune-suppression through inhibition of the PD-1/PD
      L1 (Programmed Death and PD-Ligand) axis. All available evidence supporting an
      over-expression of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in EC has been reviewed. In particular
      in the POLE and MSI ECs an up-regulation of this pathway was found, aiming to
      suggest a rationale for testing the PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in these cancer
      subgroups. 

PMID- 27362549
TI  - Influence of preoperative sodium concentration on outcome of patients with
      hepatitis B virus cirrhosis after liver transplantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Whether preoperative serum sodium concentration could influence post
      transplant patients' prognosis remains controversial. The aim of this study was
      to evaluate the influence of patients' pretransplant sodium concentration on the
      prognosis after liver transplantation in a cohort of patients with hepatitis B
      virus-related cirrhosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data derived from the Chinese
      Liver Transplantation Registry system from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2011
      were extracted. The serum sodium concentrations and model for end-stage liver
      disease scores were recorded at listing before liver transplantation, and the
      relationship between the above parameters and patients' outcome was analyzed.
      RESULTS: A total of 2733 patients were included in this study. Compared with
      patients in the normal group (serum sodium between 135 and 150 mmol/l), patients
      in the severe hyponatremia group (<125 mmol/l) (P=0.022) and hypernatremia group
      (>150 mmol/l) (P=0.008) had a poorer prognosis. No significant differences were
      found among the moderate hyponatremia group (125-130 mmol/l) (P=0.113) and the
      mild hyponatremia group (130-135 mmol/l) (P=0.461). The 5-year cumulative
      survivals for the hyponatremia (<=135 mmol/l), normal (135-150 mmol/l), and
      hypernatremia (>=150 mmol/l) pretransplant group are 79.52, 82.23, and 69.30%,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Our analysis showed that for patients with hepatitis B
      virus-related cirrhosis in mainland China, patients with abnormal serum sodium
      concentrations have poorer prognosis; both preoperative hyponatremia and
      hypernatremia were identified as negative risk factors for patients' outcome.

PMID- 27362550
TI  - Amyloidosis of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver: clinical context,
      diagnosis and management.
AB  - Amyloidosis is a group of disorders that can manifest in virtually any organ
      system in the body and is thought to be secondary to misfolding of extracellular
      proteins with subsequent deposition in tissues. The precursor protein that is
      produced in excess defines the specific amyloid type. This requires
      histopathological confirmation using Congo red dye with its characteristic
      demonstration of green birefringence under cross-polarized light.
      Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations are common and the degree of organ
      involvement dictates the symptoms that a patient will experience. The small
      intestine usually has the most amyloid deposition within the GI tract. Patients
      generally have nonspecific findings such as abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and
      dysphagia that can often delay the proper diagnosis. Liver involvement is seen in
      a majority of patients, although symptoms typically are not appreciated unless
      there is significant hepatic amyloid deposition. Pancreatic involvement is
      usually from local amyloid deposition that can lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
      In addition, patients may undergo either endoscopic or radiological evaluation;
      however, these findings are usually nonspecific. Management of GI amyloidosis
      primarily aims to treat the underlying amyloid type with supportive measures to
      alleviate specific GI symptoms. Liver transplant is found to have positive
      outcomes, especially in patients with specific variants of hereditary
      amyloidosis. 

PMID- 27362551
TI  - Comparison of single-session transarterial chemoembolization combined with
      microwave ablation or radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular
      carcinoma: a randomized-controlled study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most frequent
      cause of cancer-related mortality. In recent years, transarterial
      chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and microwave ablation (MWA) have
      been accepted as treatment modalities for patients with surgically unresectable
      HCC. AIM OF THIS WORK: This study aimed to compare combination treatment with
      radiofrequency or MWA, followed by transarterial chemoembolization, and performed
      in a single session. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was carried out on 50
      patients with nonresectable single-lesion HCC, who were divided into three
      groups: group A included 20 patients treated by transcatheter hepatic arterial
      chemoembolization, group B included 20 patients treated by radiofrequency thermal
      ablation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, and group C
      included 10 patients treated by MWA combined with transcatheter arterial
      chemoembolization. The combined treatments were performed in a single session,
      with the ablation performed first. RESULTS: The total success rate in this study
      at 6 months following the procedure was 50% in group A, 70% in group B, and 80%
      in group C. Major complications were recorded in 22% of patients. The number of
      complications was the highest in group A. CONCLUSION: Combined ablation with
      chemoembolization is superior in the treatment of nonresectable single masses
      larger than 4 cm. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and ablation can be
      performed safely and successfully during a single session, which has not been
      found to decrease the response rates to treatment. Combined treatment with MWA is
      more effective in terms of tumor response, and results in the same complication
      rate as with radiofrequency, but less than chemoembolization alone.

PMID- 27362552
TI  - The Effect of the Type and Colour of Placebo Stimuli on Placebo Effects Induced
      by Observational Learning.
AB  - Research shows that placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia can be induced
      through observational learning. Our aim was to replicate and extend these results
      by studying the influence of the type and colour of stimuli used as placebos on
      the placebo effects induced by observational learning. Three experimental and two
      control groups were tested. All participants received pain stimuli of the same
      intensity preceded by colour lights (green and red) or geometric shapes (circles
      and squares). Before receiving pain stimuli, participants in the experimental
      groups, but not in the control groups, observed a model who rated pain stimuli
      that were preceded by either green lights (green placebo group), red lights (red
      placebo group), or circles (circle placebo group) as being less painful than
      those preceded by either red lights (green placebo group), green lights (red
      placebo group), or squares (circle placebo group). As a result participants in
      the experimental groups rated pain stimuli preceded by either green lights (green
      placebo group), red lights (red placebo group), or circles (circle placebo group)
      as being less painful than the participants in the control groups did, indicating
      that placebo effect was induced. No statistically significant differences were
      found in the magnitudes of the placebo effects between the three experimental
      groups (green placebo, red placebo, and circle placebo groups), indicating that
      neither the type nor the colour of placebo stimuli affected the placebo effects
      induced by observational learning. The placebo effects induced by observational
      learning were found to be unrelated to the individual differences in pain
      anxiety, fear of pain, and empathy. 

PMID- 27362553
TI  - Tay-Sachs Carrier Screening by Enzyme and Molecular Analyses in the New York City
      Minority Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Carrier screening for Tay-Sachs disease is performed by
      sequence analysis of the HEXA gene and/or hexosaminidase A enzymatic activity
      testing. Enzymatic analysis (EA) has been suggested as the optimal carrier
      screening method, especially in non-Ashkenazi Jewish (non-AJ) individuals, but
      its utilization and efficacy have not been fully evaluated in the general
      population. This study assesses the reliability of EA in comparison with HEXA
      sequence analysis in non-AJ populations. METHODS: Five hundred eight Hispanic and
      African American patients (516 samples) had EA of their leukocytes performed and
      12 of these patients who tested positive by EA ("carriers") had subsequent HEXA
      gene sequencing performed. RESULTS: Of the 508 patients, 25 (4.9%) were EA
      positive and 40 (7.9%) were inconclusive. Of the 12 patients who were sequenced,
      11 did not carry a pathogenic variant and one carried a likely deleterious
      mutation (NM_000520.4(HEXA):c.1510C>T). CONCLUSIONS: High inconclusive rates and
      poor correlation between positive/inconclusive enzyme results and identification
      of pathogenic mutations suggest that ethnic-specific recalibration of reference
      ranges for EA may be necessary. Alternatively, HEXA gene sequencing could be
      performed.

PMID- 27362554
TI  - Cooperative Effects Between Arginine and Glutamic Acid in the Amino Acid
      Catalyzed Aldol Reaction.
AB  - Catalysis of the aldol reaction between cyclohexanone and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde by
      mixtures of L-Arg and of L-Glu in wet dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) takes place with
      higher enantioselectivity (up to a 7-fold enhancement in the anti-aldol for the
      1:1 mixture) than that observed when either L-Glu or L-Arg alone are used as the
      catalysts. These results can be explained by the formation of a catalytically
      active hydrogen-bonded complex between both amino acids, and demonstrate the
      possibility of positive cooperative effects in catalysis by two different alpha
      amino acids. Chirality 28:599-605, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362555
TI  - Water-Free Proton Conduction in Discotic Pyridylpyrazolate-based Pt(II) and
      Pd(II) Metallomesogens.
AB  - In this work we report on water-free proton conductivity in liquid-crystal
      pyridylpyrazolate-based Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes [M(pz(R(n,n)py))2]
      (pz(R(n,n)py) = 3-(3,5-dialkyloxyphenyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazolate, R(n,n) =
      C6H3(OCnH2n+1)2; n = 4, 12, 16, M = Pd; n = 12, M = Pt) with potential
      application as electrolyte materials in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The
      columnar ordering of the complexes in the liquid-crystalline phase opens
      nanochannels, which are used for fast proton exchange as detected by impedance
      spectroscopy and NMR. The NMR spectra indicate that the proton conduction
      mechanism is associated with a novel C-H...N proton transfer, which persists
      above the clearing point of the material. The highest conductivity of ~0.5 MUS
      cm(-1) at 180  degrees C with an activation energy of 1.2 eV is found for the
      Pt(II) compound in the mesophase. The Pd(II) complexes with different chain
      length (n = 4, 12, and 16) show lower conductivity but smaller activation
      energies, in the range of 0.74-0.93 eV. 

PMID- 27362556
TI  - On the Non-Stationary Relationship between the Siberian High and Arctic
      Oscillation.
AB  - An area-weighted k-means clustering method based on pattern correlations is
      proposed and used to explore the relationship between the Siberian High (SH) and
      Arctic Oscillation (AO) during the winter months (December-January-February) of
      1948-2014. Five regimes are identified. Four of these five regimes (comprising
      171 of 201 months) show a negative correlation between the SH and AO indices,
      while the last regime (30 months) shows a positive correlation. The location of
      the SH shifts southward into China under two of the four negative-correlation
      regimes (117 months), with pressure variations over the center of activity for
      the SH opposite to pressure variations over the climatological center of the SH
      (which is used to define the SH index). Adjusting the SH index to account for
      these spatial shifts suggests positive rather than negative correlations between
      major variations in the SH and AO under these regimes. Under one of the two
      remaining negative-correlation regimes, pressure anomalies are weak over the
      Arctic Ocean. In total, only one regime comprising 21 of 201 months strictly
      obeys the negative correlation between the SH and AO reported by previous
      studies. The climate regime characterized by an intensified SH is associated with
      a greater frequency of cold surges over northern and southeastern China, and the
      weakening of the East Asian winter monsoon during the 1980s was accompanied by a
      sharp reduction in the occurrence of this regime. 

PMID- 27362557
TI  - Infection avoidance behavior: Viral exposure reduces the motivation to forage in
      female Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Infection avoidance behaviors are the first line of defense against pathogenic
      encounters. Behavioral plasticity in response to internal or external cues of
      infection can therefore generate potentially significant heterogeneity in
      infection. We tested whether Drosophila melanogaster exhibits infection avoidance
      behavior, and whether this behavior is modified by prior exposure to Drosophila C
      Virus (DCV) and by the risk of DCV encounter. We examined 2 measures of infection
      avoidance: (1) the motivation to seek out food sources in the presence of an
      infection risk and (2) the preference to land on a clean food source over a
      potentially infectious source. While we found no evidence for preference of clean
      food sources over potentially infectious ones, previously exposed female flies
      showed lower motivation to pick a food source when presented with a risk of
      encountering DCV. We discuss the relevance of behavioral plasticity during
      foraging for host fitness and pathogen spread.

PMID- 27362558
TI  - Endothelial cell dysfunction as a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Dysfunction of vessel endothelium is the first step in a complex
      and multi-faceted process that eventually leads to initiation of the plaque,
      formation of atherosclerotic lesions and their complications. The extremely fine
      regulated endothelium is the gatekeeper of vascular health, and has been the
      target of a substantial amount of research. AREAS COVERED: This review examines
      some of the most common associations between therapies of cardiovascular disease
      and the endothelium, and summarizes the direction of research that may set the
      stage for one or more interventions targeted to repair damaged and/or
      dysfunctional endothelium. Expert commentary: Routine treatment of cardiovascular
      disease has frequently been shown to have a positive effect on the vascular
      endothelium. The big question - whether the impact is due to a direct
      pharmacological effect or whether the function of the endothelium improves as a
      result of a general improvement in the underlying disease state, is still largely
      unanswered.

PMID- 27362559
TI  - Efficient and Reliable Production of Vectors for the Study of the Repair,
      Mutagenesis, and Phenotypic Consequences of Defined DNA Damage Lesions in
      Mammalian Cells.
AB  - Mammalian cells are constantly and unavoidably exposed to DNA damage from
      endogenous and exogenous sources, frequently to the detriment of genomic
      integrity and biological function. Cells acquire a large number of chemically
      diverse lesions per day, and each can have a different genetic fate and
      biological consequences. However, our knowledge of how and when specific lesions
      are repaired or how they may compromise the fidelity of DNA replication or
      transcription and lead to deleterious biological endpoints in mammalian cells is
      limited. Studying individual lesions requires technically challenging approaches
      for the targeted introduction of defined lesions into relevant DNA sequences of
      interest. Here, we present a systematic analysis of factors influencing yield and
      an improved, efficient and reliable protocol for the production of mammalian
      expression phagemid vectors containing defined DNA base modifications in any
      sequence position of either complementary DNA strand. We applied our improved
      protocol to study the transcriptional mutagenesis-mediated phenotypic
      consequences of the common oxidative lesion 5-hydroxyuracil, placed in the G12
      mutational hotspot of the KRAS oncogene. 5-OHU induced sustained oncogenic
      signaling in Neil1-/-Neil2-/- mouse cells. The resulting advance in technology
      will have broad applicability for investigation of single lesion DNA repair,
      mutagenesis, and DNA damage responses in mammalian cells. 

PMID- 27362560
TI  - Inducible RasGEF1B circular RNA is a positive regulator of ICAM-1 in the TLR4/LPS
      pathway.
AB  - Circular RNAs (circRNAs) constitute a large class of RNA species formed by the
      back-splicing of co-linear exons, often within protein-coding transcripts.
      Despite much progress in the field, it remains elusive whether the majority of
      circRNAs are merely aberrant splicing by-products with unknown functions, or
      their production is spatially and temporally regulated to carry out specific
      biological functions. To date, the majority of circRNAs have been cataloged in
      resting cells. Here, we identify an LPS-inducible circRNA: mcircRasGEF1B, which
      is predominantly localized in cytoplasm, shows cell-type specific expression, and
      has a human homolog with similar properties, hcircRasGEF1B. We show that
      knockdown of the expression of mcircRasGEF1B reduces LPS-induced ICAM-1
      expression. Additionally, we demonstrate that mcircRasGEF1B regulates the
      stability of mature ICAM-1 mRNAs. These findings expand the inventory of
      functionally characterized circRNAs with a novel RNA species that may play a
      critical role in fine-tuning immune responses and protecting cells against
      microbial infection.

PMID- 27362561
TI  - Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveals Signaling Mechanisms Associated with Rapid
      Cold Hardening in a Chill-Tolerant Fly.
AB  - Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a physiological adaptation in which brief chilling
      (minutes to hours) significantly enhances the cold tolerance of insects. RCH
      allows insects to cope with sudden cold snaps and diurnal variation in
      temperature, but the mechanistic basis of this rapid stress response is poorly
      understood. Here, we used phosphoproteomics to identify phosphorylation-mediated
      signaling events that are regulated by chilling that induces RCH.
      Phosphoproteomic changes were measured in both brain and fat bodies, two tissues
      that are essential for sensing cold and coordinating RCH at the organismal level.
      Tissues were chilled ex vivo, and changes in phosphoprotein abundance were
      measured using 2D electrophoresis coupled with Pro-Q diamond labeling of
      phosphoproteins followed by protein identification via LC-MS/MS. In both tissues,
      we observed an abundance of protein phosphorylation events in response to
      chilling. Some of the proteins regulated by RCH-inducing chilling include
      proteins involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, heat shock proteins, and
      proteins involved in the degradation of damaged cellular components via the
      proteasome and autophagosome. Our results suggest that phosphorylation-mediated
      signaling cascades are major drivers of RCH and enhance our mechanistic
      understanding of this complex phenotype.

PMID- 27362562
TI  - Independent Prognostic Value of Single and Multiple Non-Specific 12-Lead
      Electrocardiographic Findings for Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes: A
      Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - AIMS: The long-term prognostic effect of non-specific 12-lead electrocardiogram
      findings is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the cumulative prognostic impact of
      axial, structural, and repolarization categorical abnormalities on cardiovascular
      death, independent from traditional risk scoring systems such as the Framingham
      risk score and the NIPPON DATA80 risk chart. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of
      16,816 healthy men and women from two prospective, longitudinal cohort studies
      were evaluated. 3,794 (22.6%) individuals died during a median follow-up of 15
      years (range, 2.0-24 years). Hazard ratios for cardiovascular death, all-cause
      death, coronary death and stroke death were calculated for the cumulative and
      independent axial, structural, and repolarization categorical abnormalities
      adjusted for the Framingham risk score and the NIPPON DATA80 risk chart.
      Individuals with two or more abnormal categories had a higher risk of
      cardiovascular death after adjustment for Framingham risk score (men: HR 4.27,
      95%CI 3.35-5.45; women: HR 4.83, 95%CI 3.76-6.22) and NIPPON DATA80 risk chart
      (men: HR 2.39, 95%CI 1.87-3.07; women: HR 2.04, 95%CI 1.58-2.64). CONCLUSION:
      Cumulative findings of axial, structural, and repolarization abnormalities are
      significant predictors of long-term cardiovascular death in asymptomatic, healthy
      individuals independent of traditional risk stratification systems.

PMID- 27362564
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27362563
TI  - Cultivar Mixture Cropping Increased Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat under
      Limited Irrigation Conditions.
AB  - The effects of cultivar mixture cropping on yield, biomass, and water use
      efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated under
      non-irrigation (W0, no irrigation during growth stage), one time irrigation (W1,
      irrigation applied at stem elongation) and two times irrigation (W2, irrigation
      applied at stem elongation and anthesis) conditions. Nearly 90% of cultivar
      mixture cropping treatments experienced an increase in grain yield as compared
      with the mean of the pure stands under W0, those for W1 and W2 were 80% and 85%,
      respectively. Over 75% of cultivar mixture cropping treatments got greater
      biomass than the mean of the pure stands under the three irrigation conditions.
      Cultivar mixture cropping cost more water than pure stands under W0 and W1,
      whereas the water consumption under W2 decreased by 5.9%-6.8% as compared with
      pure stands. Approximately 90% of cultivar mixtures showed an increase of 5.4%
      34.5% in WUE as compared with the mean of the pure stands, and about 75% of
      cultivar mixtures had 0.8%-28.5% higher WUE than the better pure stands under W0.
      Similarly, there were a majority of mixture cropping treatments with higher WUE
      than the mean and the better one of the pure stands under W1 and W2. On the
      whole, proper cultivar mixture cropping could increase yield and WUE, and a
      higher increase in WUE occurred under limited irrigation condition. 

PMID- 27362566
TI  - Practices for Identifying and Rejecting Hemolyzed Specimens in Europe.

PMID- 27362565
TI  - Estimated National Volume of Laboratory Results Affected by Hemolyzed Specimens
      From Emergency Departments.

PMID- 27362567
TI  - Updates on Surgical and Molecular Pathology Concerning Breast Diseases.

PMID- 27362568
TI  - Papillary Lesions of the Breast: An Update.
AB  - CONTEXT: -Papillary lesions of the breast, characterized by the presence of
      arborescent fibrovascular cores that support epithelial proliferation, constitute
      a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with overlapping clinical manifestation and
      histomorphologic features, but may have divergent biological behavior. These
      lesions are exclusively intraductal neoplasms, although an invasive carcinoma may
      rarely have a predominantly papillary architecture. Although recognition of a
      papillary architecture is typically not challenging, the histologic distinction
      of these entities is not always straightforward. Historically, different
      terminologies and variable criteria have been proposed for a given entity by
      various authorities. The difficulty in classifying these lesions has been further
      confounded by the scarcity of data and the heterogeneity across different studies
      with regard to the molecular genetic characteristics of this group of lesions.
      OBJECTIVE: -To provide an overview focusing on the current concepts in the
      diagnosis and classification of papillary lesions of the breast incorporating
      recent molecular genetic advances. DATA SOURCES: -Data were obtained from
      pertinent peer-reviewed English-language literature. CONCLUSIONS: -The recent
      evolution of molecular techniques has enhanced our knowledge of the pathogenesis
      of papillary carcinomas of the breast. This, along with emerging outcome studies,
      has led to prognosis-based reclassification of some of these entities. Additional
      studies focusing on the molecular signatures are needed to identify potential
      decision tools to further stratify these lesions with respect to prognostic
      significance.

PMID- 27362569
TI  - Pathologic Spectrum of Secretory and Mucinous Breast Lesions.
AB  - CONTEXT: -The morphologic spectrum of secretory breast lesions encompasses
      benign, borderline, and malignant lesions. They are characterized by luminal
      pink, proteinaceous secretions and variable degrees of cytologic atypia ranging
      from low grade to high grade, with frequent papillary formations. Other lesions,
      benign and malignant, can also show luminal and extraluminal secretions and share
      similar features with secretory lesions, making them diagnostically challenging.
      OBJECTIVE: -To discuss the differential diagnosis of secretory breast lesions,
      emphasizing the most important diagnostic features of benign and malignant
      lesions. Lesions with intraluminal secretions discussed at length in this review
      include pregnancy-like hyperplasia, cystic hypersecretory hyperplasia,
      collagenous spherulosis, microglandular adenosis, hypersecretory carcinoma, and
      secretory carcinoma. Lesions with extravasated mucin, such as mucocele-like
      lesions and mucinous carcinoma, are also briefly discussed. DATA SOURCES: 
      Published articles obtained from a PubMed search of the English literature were
      the primary source for this review. CONCLUSIONS: -Lesions with secretory features
      described in this review show a pathologic spectrum, sometimes even within the
      same lesion. As a consequence, one should employ a low threshold for recommending
      reexcision on a core biopsy containing benign-appearing hypersecretory glands and
      use all ancillary data, including clinical presentation, imaging findings,
      morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular pathology, to render a final
      diagnosis.

PMID- 27362570
TI  - Small Glandular Proliferations of the Breast With Absent or Attenuated
      Myoepithelial Reactivity by Immunohistochemistry: A Review Focusing on the
      Differential Diagnosis and Interpretative Pitfalls.
AB  - CONTEXT: -Small glandular proliferations of the breast encompass a variety of
      benign, atypical, and malignant lesions that show some overlapping morphologic
      features. Myoepithelial stains are frequently used in the workup of these lesions
      in order to rule out or establish a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma. Some benign
      lesions show absent or diminished myoepithelial staining, and may represent an
      interpretative pitfall, particularly in small core biopsy samples. OBJECTIVE: -To
      review small glandular proliferations of the breast that show absent or
      diminished staining with myoepithelial immunohistochemical markers. DATA SOURCES:
      -The study comprised a review of published literature and clinical case material.
      CONCLUSIONS: -The interpretation of myoepithelial stains in small glandular
      proliferations of the breast can, on some occasions, represent a challenge in
      diagnosing these lesions. Recognition of the key histopathologic features and
      immunohistochemical staining patterns of the entities in the differential
      diagnosis is crucial in their workup.

PMID- 27362571
TI  - Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast: Histopathologic Features, Differential Diagnosis,
      and Molecular/Genetic Updates.
AB  - CONTEXT: -Phyllodes tumor (PT) of the breast is a rare fibroepithelial neoplasm
      with risks of local recurrence and uncommon metastases. The classification
      proposed by the World Health Organization for PTs into benign, borderline, and
      malignant is based on a combination of several histologic features. The
      differential diagnosis between PT and fibroadenoma and the histologic grading of
      PT remain challenging. In addition, the molecular pathogenesis of PT is largely
      unknown. OBJECTIVE: -To provide an updated overview of pathologic features,
      diagnostic terminology, and molecular alterations of PT. DATA SOURCES: -Current
      English literature related to PT of the breast. CONCLUSIONS: -Phyllodes tumor
      shows a wide spectrum of morphology. There are no clearly distinct boundaries
      between PT and fibroadenoma. Strict histologic assessment of a combination of
      histologic features with classification can help to achieve the correct diagnosis
      and provide useful clinical information. The genomic landscapes of PT generated
      from genomic sequencing provide insights into the molecular pathogenesis of PT
      and help to improve diagnostic accuracy and identify potential drug targets in
      malignant PT.

PMID- 27362572
TI  - Primary Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Ureter: A Short Review.
AB  - Neuroendocrine tumors represent 0.05% of urinary tract malignancies, and most
      originate in the bladder. Their pathogenesis is debated, since ureters are
      thought to lack neuroendocrine cells. Morphologically, most ureteral
      neuroendocrine tumors demonstrate the typical small cell neuroendocrine
      appearance, are immunohistochemically positive for synaptophysin/chromogranin
      A/CD56, and show electron-dense granules by electron microscopy. Clinical
      presentation is similar to that of other more common ureteral neoplasms.
      Prognosis is usually dismal, but a multimodal treatment approach including
      platinum-based adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy seems to be beneficial. 

PMID- 27362573
TI  - Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Smooth Muscle Tumor.
AB  - Immunodeficient individuals are prone to develop a number of opportunistic
      infections and unique neoplasms. Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle
      tumor is an uncommon neoplasm associated with immunodeficiency. It has been
      described in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, in the
      posttransplant setting, and in those with congenital immunodeficiency. Different
      anatomic sites can be involved by Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle
      tumor, and even multiple locations can contain these unique lesions within the
      same patient. The presence of variable numbers of intratumoral lymphocytes and
      primitive round cell areas are the unique defining features for this tumor.
      Histopathologic features may vary considerably in terms of cellular atypia,
      mitotic activity, and necrosis, with no correlation to the clinical behavior.
      Demonstration of Epstein-Barr virus infection by in situ hybridization within
      tumor cell remains critical for the diagnosis. The mechanism for Epstein-Barr
      virus infection of progenitor cells and neoplastic transformation has been an
      area of interest and conjecture. Different treatment strategies are proposed
      according to underlying disease status. This paper reviews the clinicopathologic
      features of this uncommon neoplasm with detailed discussion of the role of
      Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27362574
TI  - Effects of pathogens on sensory-mediated interactions between plants and insect
      vectors.
AB  - Vector-borne plant pathogens frequently alter host-plant quality and associated
      plant cues in ways that influence vector recruitment and pathogen acquisition.
      Furthermore, following acquisition by the vector, pathogens may influence
      subsequent vector behavior either directly or via effects on the host plant.
      Given that such effects have significant implications for pathogen acquisition
      and inoculation, selection might be expected to favor patterns of pathogen
      effects on host-vector interactions that are conducive to transmission.
      Consequently, we might also expect to observe broad similarity in the effects of
      pathogens sharing similar modes of transmission. Here we discuss some specific
      hypotheses arising from these expectations and the implications of recent
      empirical findings. On the whole, this evidence is consistent with the
      expectation that pathogen effects on host-vector interactions are often (though
      not always) adaptive with respect to transmission.

PMID- 27362576
TI  - Long-term results of the monocusp valve formation in the common femoral vein in
      patients with avalvular deep veins of the lower extremities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term results of the
      monocusp valve formation in the common femoral vein (CFV) in patients with
      avalvular deep veins (ADV) of the lower extremities. METHODS: A total of 36
      patients (24 women and 12 men) at the age varying from 37 to 58 years old were
      given surgical treatment during the period from 2008 to 2014. Six patients
      presented with congenital ADV, while the remaining 30 ADV had a consequence of
      the post-thrombotic lesion in the valves with the complete recanalization and
      manifested deep venous axial reflux. In terms of CEAP clinical classification,
      the patients were categorized into the following groups: S4b (N.=11), C5 (N.=18),
      C6 (N.=7). All the patients underwent Duplex ultrasound (DUS) examination. Twelve
      patients were additionally examined by venography. Kistner grade IV reflux was
      diagnosed in all the patients. Twenty-eight patients had undergone surgical
      interventions on superficial and perforating veins before. The severe (C4b-C6)
      forms of chronic venous disease with manifested axial reflux in deep veins were
      regarded as an indication for surgery in the patients refractory to traditional
      treatment. The method described by Opie et al. was employed to construct the
      monocusp venous valve in the CFV. RESULTS: The long-term results of the treatment
      were evaluated in 26 patients followed up during the period from 18 to 48 (mean
      29.5+/-8.2) months. Cumulative clinical success rate at four years was 76.5%.
      Freedom from ulcer recurrence at four years was 83.4% (C6 patients). Cumulative
      competence rate of the neovalve was accomplished in 70.6%. The evaluation in two
      years based on the VCSS revealed the reduction in the severity of the
      manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency (P<0.01). The quality of life was
      improved, its index decreased from 60.6+/-18.7 to 40.7+/-12.8 (P<0.05). The
      circumference of the narrowest segment of the tibia decreased from 271.1+/-4.7 to
      256.8+/-5.7 mm (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Formation of the monocusp valve in CFV
      makes it possible to eliminate pathological blood reflux from the inferior vena
      cava to deep veins of the lower extremities that is known to be one of the main
      factors in the appearance and progression of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI).
      The high effectiveness of this operation is confirmed by the well apparent
      clinical improvement in the state of the affected lower extremity and the quality
      of life of the patients.

PMID- 27362575
TI  - Adipose-derived stem cells sustain prolonged angiogenesis through leptin
      secretion.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) play a role in
      tissue remodeling through the release of cytokines and growth factors. We
      compared the secreted cytokine profile of hypoxia-conditioned ASCs (hASCs) with
      normoxic ASCs (nASCs) and we analyzed the effect of ASCs conditioned medium (CM)
      on endothelial cells. We found that hypoxia induced a transient upregulation of
      VEGF in ASCs and a notable and enduring upregulation of leptin mRNA expression 30
      fold greater than control after 24 h and up to 60-fold greater than control at
      day 7. CM from hASC stimulated EC tube formation to a significantly greater
      extent than CM from nASC. This might be due to leptin-secreted factor. Indeed,
      exogenous leptin stimulated the expression of HIF2-alpha, but not HIF1-alpha, and
      upregulated the expression of Flt-1 and Tie-1 proangiogenic receptors. In
      conclusion, hASCs may be particularly efficient in sustaining angiogenesis
      through the release of leptin.

PMID- 27362577
TI  - Efficacy and safety of Duplex-guided polidocanol foam sclerotherapy for venous
      malformations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to report our experience regarding the
      safety, efficacy of duplex-guided polidocanol (POL) foam sclerotherapy on the
      overall status of signs and symptoms in patients with venous malformations (VMs).
      METHODS: Thirty seven patients with symptomatic extratruncular VMs were treated
      with duplex-guided POL foam sclerotherapy using Tessari's method. Twenty five
      patients had limited VMs, while twelve had infiltrating VMs. Postsclerotherapy
      surveillance was done 6 months after the last sclerotherapy session and comprised
      both clinical and duplex evaluation. Clinical evaluation entailed a patient self
      assessment questionnaire using a four-point scale to rate the degree of symptoms
      improvement as follows: disappeared, decreased, worsened, or recurred. Findings
      obtained by duplex scanning were divided into four groups: 1) disappeared group;
      2) partially recanalized group; 3) totally recanalized group; and 4) worsened
      group. RESULTS: There were 20 males and 17 females with mean age of 22.8+/-5.5
      years. There was a significant reduction in the total amount of POL (P=0.0037),
      the number of sclerotherapy sessions was significantly lesser (P=0.0019), and
      treatment success was significantly higher (P=0.0495) in patients with limited
      VMs in comparison to those with infiltrating VMs. No major complications related
      to sclerotherapy were encountered in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Polidocanol foam
      sclerotherapy is effective, and safe for treatment of VMs, with high success rate
      and low risk of major complications. Although associated with relatively high
      recurrence rate compared with ethanol sclerotherapy, this can be overcome by
      additional treatment sessions, given the relative simplicity, speed, and safety.

PMID- 27362579
TI  - Selective plasticity of hippocampal GABAergic interneuron populations following
      kindling of different brain regions.
AB  - The vulnerability and plasticity of hippocampal GABAergic interneurons is a topic
      of broad interest and debate in the field of epilepsy. In this experiment, we
      used the electrical kindling model of epilepsy to determine whether seizures that
      originate in different brain regions have differential effects on hippocampal
      interneuron subpopulations. Long-Evans rats received 99 electrical stimulations
      of the hippocampus, amygdala, or caudate nucleus, followed by sacrifice and
      immunohistochemical or western blot analyses. We analyzed markers of dendritic
      (somatostatin), perisomatic (parvalbumin), and interneuron-selective (calretinin)
      inhibition, as well as an overall indicator (GAD67) of interneuron distribution
      across all major hippocampal subfields. Our results indicate that kindling
      produces selective effects on the number and morphology of different functional
      classes of GABAergic interneurons. In particular, limbic kindling appears to
      enhance dendritic inhibition, indicated by a greater number of somatostatin
      immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the CA1 pyramidal layer and robust morphological
      sprouting in the dentate gyrus. We also found a reduction in the number of
      interneuron-selective calretinin-ir cells in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal
      kindled rats, which suggests a possible reduction of synchronized dendritic
      inhibition. In contrast, perisomatic inhibition indicated by parvalbumin
      immunoreactivity appears to be largely resilient to the effects of kindling.
      Finally, we found a significant induction in the number of GAD67-cells in caudate
      kindled rats in the dentate gyrus and CA3 hippocampal subfields. Taken together,
      our results demonstrate that kindling has subfield-selective effects on the
      different functional classes of hippocampal GABAergic interneurons. J. Comp.
      Neurol. 525:389-406, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362580
TI  - Toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo efficacy of biotinylated chitosan surface
      modified PLGA nanoparticles for tumor therapy.
AB  - Based on our previous work on the PLGA nanoparticles modified with biotinylated
      chitosan (Bio-CS-PLGA NPs), we further studied the stability, toxicity,
      pharmacokinetics, and in vivo efficacy. The safety of NPs was studied through
      single-dose toxicity test in mice, and the result showed that NPs were well
      tolerated at the dose of 300 mg/kg. Compared with the free EPB group, the NPs
      group exhibited higher plasma drug concentration, longer half-life time. EPB
      loaded NPs significantly inhibited the tumor growth compared to free EPB. All
      results suggested that Bio-CS-PLGA NPs were stable, safe, and showed a promising
      potential on targeted drug delivery.

PMID- 27362581
TI  - Are the Poor Dying Younger in Malaysia? An Examination of the Socioeconomic
      Gradient in Mortality.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Socioeconomic inequalities in health represent unfairness in the
      health distribution of a population. Efforts to produce information on mortality
      distributions in many low and middle income countries (LMICs) are mostly hampered
      by lack of data disaggregated by socioeconomic groups. In this paper we describe
      how mortality statistics obtained from multiple data sources were combined to
      provide an evaluation of the socioeconomic distribution of mortality in Malaysia,
      a LMIC located in the Asia Pacific region. METHODS: This study has an ecological
      design. As a measure of socioeconomic status, we used principal component
      analysis to construct a socioeconomic index using census data. Districts were
      ranked according to the standardised median index of households and assigned to
      each individual in the 5-year mortality data. The mortality indicators of
      interest were potential years of life lost (PYLL), standardised mortality ratio
      (SMR), infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Both
      socioeconomic status and mortality outcomes were used compute the concentration
      index which provided the summary measure of the magnitude of inequality. RESULTS:
      Socially disadvantaged districts were found to have worse mortality outcomes
      compared to more advantaged districts. The values of the concentration index for
      the overall population of the Peninsula are C = -0.1334 (95% CI: -0.1605 to 
      0.1063) for the PYLL, C = -0.0685 (95% CI: -0.0928 to -0.0441) for the SMR, C = 
      0.0997 (95% CI: -0.1343 to -0.0652) for the IMR and C = -0.1207 (95% CI: -0.1523
      to -0.0891) for the U5MR. Mortality outcomes within ethnic groups were also found
      to be less favourable among the poor. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study
      suggest that socioeconomic inequalities disfavouring the poor exist in Malaysia.

PMID- 27362583
TI  - Primary mechanical factors contributing to foot eversion moment during the stance
      phase of running.
AB  - Rearfoot external eversion moments due to ground reaction forces (GRF) during
      running have been suggested to contribute to overuse running injuries. This study
      aimed to identify primary factors inducing these rearfoot external eversion
      moments. Fourteen healthy men ran barefoot across a force plate embedded in the
      middle of 30-m runway with 3.30 +/- 0.17 m . s-1. Total rearfoot external
      eversion/inversion moments (Mtot) were broken down into the component Mxy due to
      medio-lateral GRF (Fxy) and the component Mz due to vertical GRF (Fz). Ankle
      joint centre height and medio-lateral distance from the centre of pressure to the
      ankle joint centre (a_cop) were calculated as the moment arm of these moments.
      Mxy dominated Mtot just after heel contact, with the magnitude strongly dependent
      on Fxy, which was most likely caused by the medio-lateral foot velocity before
      heel contact. Mz then became the main generator of Mtot throughout the first half
      of the stance phase, during which a_cop was the critical factor influencing the
      magnitude. Medio-lateral foot velocity before heel contact and medio-lateral
      distance from the centre of pressure to the ankle joint centre throughout the
      first half of the stance phase were identified as primary factors inducing the
      rearfoot external eversion moment.

PMID- 27362584
TI  - Transforming a municipal school sports programme through a critical communicative
      methodology: The role of the of advisory committee.
AB  - This research applies a communicative methodology (CM) to the transformation and
      improvement of the Municipal Comprehensive School Sports Programme in Segovia,
      Spain (MCSSP), using egalitarian dialogue, based on validity rather than power
      claims to achieve intersubjectivity and arrive at consensus between all of the
      Programme's stakeholders through the intervention of an advisory committee (AC).
      The AC is a body comprising representatives of all stakeholder groups involved in
      the programme. During the 2013-2014 academic year the programme's AC met four
      times, operating as a communicative focus group (CFG). The meetings focused on:
      (1) excluding dimensions (barriers preventing transformation) and transforming
      dimensions (ways of overcoming barriers), (2) the programme's strengths, (3) the
      programme's weaknesses and specific actions to remedy them, and (4) the resulting
      conclusions which were then incorporated into the subsequent programme contract
      signed between the University and the Segovia Local Authority for 2014-2018. The
      key conclusions were: (1) the recommendations of the AC widen the range of
      perspectives and help the research team to make key decisions and (2) the use of
      CM to fully evaluate the programme and to reach a consensus on how to improve it
      proved very valuable.

PMID- 27362585
TI  - Non-Contrast Renal Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Assess Perfusion and
      Corticomedullary Differentiation in Health and Chronic Kidney Disease.
AB  - AIMS: Arterial spin labelling (ASL) MRI measures perfusion without administration
      of contrast agent. While ASL has been validated in animals and healthy volunteers
      (HVs), application to chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been limited. We
      investigated the utility of ASL MRI in patients with CKD. METHODS: We studied
      renal perfusion in 24 HVs and 17 patients with CKD (age 22-77 years, 40% male)
      using ASL MRI at 3.0T. Kidney function was determined using estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR). T1 relaxation time was measured using modified look
      locker inversion and xFB02;ow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery true-fast
      imaging and steady precession was performed to measure cortical and whole kidney
      perfusion. RESULTS: T1 was higher in CKD within cortex and whole kidney, and
      there was association between T1 time and eGFR. No association was seen between
      kidney size and volume and either T1, or ASL perfusion. Perfusion was lower in
      CKD in cortex (136 +/- 37 vs. 279 +/- 69 ml/min/100 g; p < 0.001) and whole
      kidney (146 +/- 24 vs. 221 +/- 38 ml/min/100 g; p < 0.001). There was
      significant, negative, association between T1 longitudinal relaxation time and
      ASL perfusion in both the cortex (r = -0.75, p < 0.001) and whole kidney (r = 
      0.50, p < 0.001). There was correlation between eGFR and both cortical (r = 0.73,
      p < 0.01) and whole kidney (r = 0.69, p < 0.01) perfusion. CONCLUSIONS:
      Significant differences in renal structure and function were demonstrated using
      ASL MRI. T1 may be representative of structural changes associated with CKD;
      however, further investigation is required into the pathological correlates of
      reduced ASL perfusion and increased T1 time in CKD.

PMID- 27362587
TI  - Medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon interaction and architecture change during
      exhaustive hopping exercise.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous literature has shown in vivo changes in muscle-tendon
      interaction during exhaustive stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercise. It is
      unclear whether these changes in muscle-tendon length during exhaustive SSC
      exercise are associated with changes in mechanical efficiency (ME). The purpose
      of the study was to investigate whether changes in platarflexor contractile
      component (CC) length, tendon length, and changes in plantarflexor muscle
      activity could explain reduction in ME during exhaustive SSC exercise. METHODS:
      Eight males participated in an exhaustive hopping task to fatigue. Mechanical
      work and energy expenditure were calculated at different time-points during the
      hopping task. Furthermore, hopping kinetics and kinematics, medial gastrocnemius
      (MG) muscle activity, and in vivo ultrasound of the MG were also collected at
      different time-points throughout the hopping task. RESULTS: ME did not change
      during the hopping protocol despite shorter tendon and longer CC lengths as
      subjects approached exhaustion. Percent decreases in pennation angle and muscle
      thickness were most strongly correlated to time to exhaustion (r=0.94, p?0.05;
      r=0.87, p?0.05; respectively). Percent changes in CC length change and pennation
      angle were strongly correlated to percent decrease in maximal voluntary isometric
      plantarflexion (MVIP) force (r=-0.71, p?0.04; r=0.70, p?0.05; respectively).
      Braking/push-off EMG ratio increased from initial pre-fatigue values to all other
      time points showing neuromuscular adaptations to altered muscle lengths.
      CONCLUSION: Findings from the current study suggest that changes in CC and tendon
      lengths occur during repetitive hopping to exhaustion, with the amount change
      strongly related to time to exhaustion. ME of hopping remained unchanged in the
      presence of altered CC and tendon lengths.

PMID- 27362588
TI  - Health-Enabling and Ambient Assistive Technologies: Past, Present, Future.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During the last decades, health-enabling and ambient assistive
      technologies became of considerable relevance for new informatics-based forms of
      diagnosis, prevention, and therapy. OBJECTIVES: To describe the state of the art
      of health-enabling and ambient assistive technologies in 1992 and today, and its
      evolution over the last 25 years as well as to project where the field is
      expected to be in the next 25 years. In the context of this review, we define
      health-enabling and ambient assistive technologies as ambiently used sensor-based
      information and communication technologies, aiming at contributing to a person's
      health and health care as well as to her or his quality of life. METHODS:
      Systematic review of all original articles with research focus in all volumes of
      the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics. Surveying authors independently on key
      projects and visions as well as on their lessons learned in the context of health
      enabling and ambient assistive technologies and summarizing their answers.
      Surveying authors independently on their expectations for the future and
      summarizing their answers. RESULTS: IMIA Yearbook papers containing statements on
      health-enabling and ambient assistive technologies appear first in 2002. These
      papers form a minor part of published research articles in medical informatics.
      However, during recent years the number of articles published has increased
      significantly. Key projects were identified. There was a clear progress on the
      use of technologies. However proof of diagnostic relevance and therapeutic
      efficacy remains still limited. Reforming health care processes and focussing
      more on patient needs are required. CONCLUSIONS: Health-enabling and ambient
      assistive technologies remain an important field for future health care and for
      interdisciplinary research. More and more publications assume that a person's
      home and their interaction therein, are becoming important components in health
      care provision, assessment, and management.

PMID- 27362589
TI  - Clinical Information Systems - From Yesterday to Tomorrow.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To review the history of clinical information systems over the past
      twenty-five years and project anticipated changes to those systems over the next
      twenty-five years. METHODS: Over 250 Medline references about clinical
      information systems, quality of patient care, and patient safety were reviewed.
      Books, Web resources, and the author's personal experience with developing the
      HELP system were also used. RESULTS: There have been dramatic improvements in the
      use and acceptance of clinical computing systems and Electronic Health Records
      (EHRs), especially in the United States. Although there are still challenges with
      the implementation of such systems, the rate of progress has been remarkable.
      Over the next twenty-five years, there will remain many important opportunities
      and challenges. These opportunities include understanding complex clinical
      computing issues that must be studied, understood and optimized. Dramatic
      improvements in quality of care and patient safety must be anticipated as a
      result of the use of clinical information systems. These improvements will result
      from a closer involvement of clinical informaticians in the optimization of
      patient care processes. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical information systems and
      computerized clinical decision support have made contributions to medicine in the
      past. Therefore, by using better medical knowledge, optimized clinical
      information systems, and computerized clinical decision, we will enable dramatic
      improvements in both the quality and safety of patient care in the next twenty
      five years.

PMID- 27362591
TI  - Visualization of the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics Publications over the
      Last 25 Years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The last 25 years have been a period of innovation in the area of
      medical informatics. The International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) has
      published, every year for the last quarter century, the Yearbook of Medical
      Informatics, collating selected papers from various journals in an attempt to
      provide a summary of the academic medical informatics literature. The objective
      of this paper is to visualize the evolution of the medical informatics field over
      the last 25 years according to the frequency of word occurrences in the papers
      published in the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics. METHODS: A literature
      review was conducted examining the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics between
      1992 and 2015. These references were collated into a reference manager
      application to examine the literature using keyword searches, word clouds, and
      topic clustering. The data was considered in its entirety, as well as segregated
      into 3 time periods to examine the evolution of main trends over time. Several
      methods were used, including word clouds, cluster maps, and custom developed web
      based information dashboards. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in a total
      of 1210 references published in the Yearbook, of which 213 references were
      excluded, resulting in 997 references for visualization. Overall, we found that
      publications were more technical and methods-oriented between 1992 and 1999; more
      clinically and patient-oriented between 2000 and 2009; and noted the emergence of
      "big data", decision support, and global health in the past decade between 2010
      and 2015. Dashboards were additionally created to show individual reference data,
      as well as, aggregated information. CONCLUSION: Medical informatics is a vast and
      expanding area with new methods and technologies being researched, implemented,
      and evaluated. Determining visualization approaches that enhance our
      understanding of literature is an active area of research, and like medical
      informatics, is constantly evolving as new software and algorithms are developed.
      This paper examined several approaches for visualizing the medical informatics
      literature to show historical trends, associations, and aggregated summarized
      information to illustrate the state and changes in the IMIA Yearbook publications
      over the last quarter century.

PMID- 27362590
TI  - Imaging Informatics: 25 Years of Progress.
AB  - The science and applications of informatics in medical imaging have advanced
      dramatically in the past 25 years. This article provides a selective overview of
      key developments in medical imaging informatics. Advances in standards and
      technologies for compression and transmission of digital images have enabled
      Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS) and teleradiology. Research
      in speech recognition, structured reporting, ontologies, and natural language
      processing has improved the ability to generate and analyze the reports of
      imaging procedures. Informatics has provided tools to address workflow and
      ergonomic issues engendered by the growing volume of medical image information.
      Research in computeraided detection and diagnosis of abnormalities in medical
      images has opened new avenues to improve patient care. The growing number of
      medical-imaging examinations and their large volumes of information create a
      natural platform for "big data" analytics, particularly when joined with high
      dimensional genomic data. Radiogenomics investigates relationships between a
      disease's genetic and gene-expression characteristics and its imaging phenotype;
      this emerging field promises to help us better understand disease biology,
      prognosis, and treatment options. The next 25 years offer remarkable
      opportunities for informatics and medical imaging together to lead to further
      advances in both disciplines and to improve health. 

PMID- 27362592
TI  - Impact of Frailty and Other Geriatric Syndromes on Clinical Management and
      Outcomes in Elderly Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary
      Syndromes: Rationale and Design of the LONGEVO-SCA Registry.
AB  - The incidence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is high in the elderly. Despite a
      high prevalence of frailty and other aging-related variables, little information
      exists about the optimal clinical management in patients with coexisting
      geriatric syndromes. The aim of the LONGEVO-SCA registry (Impacto de la
      Fragilidad y Otros Sindromes Geriatricos en el Manejo y Pronostico Vital del
      Anciano con Sindrome Coronario Agudo sin Elevacion de Segmento ST) is to assess
      the impact of aging-related variables on clinical management, prognosis, and
      functional status in elderly patients with ACS. A series of 500 consecutive
      octogenarian patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS from 57 centers in Spain
      will be included. A comprehensive geriatric assessment will be performed during
      the admission, assessing functional status (Barthel Index, Lawton-Brody Index),
      frailty (FRAIL scale, Short Physical Performance Battery), comorbidity (Charlson
      Index), nutritional status (Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form), and quality
      of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire). Patients will be managed according to
      current recommendations. The primary outcome will be the description of mortality
      and its causes at 6 months. Secondary outcomes will be changes in functional
      status and quality of life. Results from this study might significantly improve
      the knowledge about the impact of aging-related variables on management and
      outcomes of elderly patients with ACS. Clinical management of these patients has
      become a major health care problem due to the growing incidence of ACS in the
      elderly and its particularities. 

PMID- 27362593
TI  - Ethnic inequalities in stroke: improvements not fast enough for everyone.

PMID- 27362594
TI  - Are ethnic inequalities in 30-day ischaemic stroke survival emerging as treatment
      becomes more effective?
AB  - AIM: Studies of ethnic differences in stroke survival have produced inconsistent
      findings. As treatment becomes more effective, inequalities may increase. We
      examine time trends in ischaemic stroke case fatality in New Zealand. METHOD: The
      30-day case fatality rate (CFR) of ischaemic stroke in New Zealand was calculated
      from routinely collected data for two 5-year periods (2000-2004 and 2010-2014) in
      Maori, Pacific, Asian and European people. A Poisson regression model tested
      ethnic inequalities between Europeans and people of other ethnicities in each
      time period. RESULTS: From 2000-2004 to 2010-2014, the age-sex standardised CFR
      in Europeans fell from 13.4% (95% CI 13.0 to 13.9%) to 10.7% (10.3 to 11.1%). In
      Pacific and Asian people, the CFR rose between the two periods, and in Maori
      there was a drop from 18.2% to 16.2%; neither of these differences were
      statistically significant. After controlling for socio-demographic variables,
      service factors and comorbidities, the CFR was higher for Maori than Europeans in
      2000-2004, and for all ethnic groups compared with Europeans in 2010-2014. CFR
      ethnic inequality rose over that time-the change being statistically significant
      for Pacific (p=0.033) and Asian (p=0.010), and of borderline significance for
      Maori (p=0.053). CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic inequalities in 30-day ischaemic stroke
      survival have increased significantly in the last 10 years. This may be due to
      differences in severity at presentation, or in access and utilisation of the
      increasingly effective acute and hyper-acute stroke interventions.

PMID- 27362595
TI  - Auckland City Hospital's Ortho-Geriatric Service: an audit of patients aged over
      65 with fractured neck of femur.
AB  - AIMS: The aims of this audit were to collect the Minimum Data Set outlined by the
      Australia New Zealand Hip Fracture Registry (ANZHFR), assess patient
      characteristics, analyse process of care, and evaluate how this compares to NICE
      guidelines for hip fracture care, as well as to Auckland Hospital data from 2007.
      METHOD: Retrospective case record audit of patients with fractured neck of femur
      aged 65 years and over admitted under Orthopaedics over a 4-month period in 2013.
      RESULTS: Ninety-one patients were audited; mean age was 83 years, 68% were
      female. Both inpatient and 30-day mortality was 5%. 120-day mortality was 15%.
      Seventy-six percent of patients were admitted from ED within the national health
      target prescribed period of 6 hours. Only one patient was treated non-surgically.
      Eighty-six percent had surgery within 48 hours of admission. Eighty-two percent
      of patients had rehabilitation and treatment by Older People's Health. Of those
      living at home pre-fracture, 76% returned home on discharge. Thirty-seven percent
      of patients were able to walk unaided prior to hip fracture, but only 1% on
      discharge. Average overall length of stay was 22 days. Bisphosphonates were
      prescribed for 56% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to 2007, Auckland City
      Hospital has demonstrated a significant improvement in the rate of provision of
      timely surgery for hip fracture patients. Most patients are receiving the
      guideline recommended fracture-specific surgical interventions. The assessment
      and treatment of osteoporosis needs further attention.

PMID- 27362596
TI  - Incidence and type of bleeding complications early and late after acute coronary
      syndrome admission in a New Zealand cohort (ANZACS-QI-7).
AB  - AIMS: Use of anti-thrombotic agents has reduced ischaemic events in acute
      coronary syndromes (ACS), but can increase the risk of bleeding. Identifying
      bleeding events using a consistent methodology from routinely collected national
      datasets would be useful. Our aims were to describe the incidence and types of
      bleeding in-hospital and post-discharge in the All New Zealand Acute Coronary
      Syndrome Quality Improvement (ANZACS-QI) cohort. METHODS: 3,666 consecutive
      patients admitted with ACS (2007-2010) were identified within the ANZACS-QI
      registry. A set of International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD-10) codes that
      identified bleeding events was developed. Anonymised linkage to national
      mortality and hospitalisation datasets was used to identify these bleeding events
      at the index admission and post-discharge. RESULTS: Three hundred and ninety-nine
      (10.8%) out of 3,666 patients had at least one bleeding event during a mean
      follow-up of 1.94 years. One hundred and sixty-one (4.4%) had a bleeding event
      during their index admission, and 271 (7.4%) patients were re-hospitalised with
      bleeding during follow-up. Sixty-one patients (37.9%) were transfused for
      bleeding in the index admission cohort, and 59 patients (21.8%) at a subsequent
      admission. Procedural bleeding was the most common event during the index
      admission, whereas gastrointestinal bleeding was the most common delayed bleeding
      presentation. CONCLUSION: One in ten ACS patients experienced a significant
      bleeding event within 2 years. The use of this ICD-10 bleeding definition in
      national ACS cohorts will facilitate the study of bleeding event incidence and
      type over time and between geographical regions, both nationally and
      internationally, and the impact of changes in anti-thrombotic therapy and
      interventional practice.

PMID- 27362597
TI  - Impact of PET-CT scan on management in upper gastrointestinal malignancy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Curative treatments of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers carry
      significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, accurate pre-treatment staging is
      important. PET-CT scan is an expensive modality, and not readily available in New
      Zealand. The aim of this study was to describe how PET-CT scan influences
      management in UGI cancer. METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study included
      patients with UGI cancer with no evidence of metastatic disease on IV contrast CT
      scan, and those medically fit for curative treatment. Patients then underwent PET
      CT scan. We defined influence or change in management if PET-CT showed metastatic
      disease or other lesions requiring further investigation. RESULTS: Seventy-nine
      patients were identified for the purposes of this study. Fifty-nine (74.7%) had
      CT scan showing no evidence of metastatic disease. Of these, PET-CT scan
      influenced management in 14 patients (23.7%) and found distant metastasis in
      eight patients (13.6%). The remaining 20 of 79 patients (25.3%) had CT scan
      showing indeterminate lesions. Of these, PET-CT scan influenced management in
      eight patients (40%), with metastatic disease seen in seven patients (35%).
      CONCLUSION: Our study confirms the value of PET-CT scan in pre-operative staging
      of UGI cancer. It had a greater impact on patients with intermediate lesions on
      staging CT.

PMID- 27362598
TI  - Development and initial outcomes of an upper gastrointestinal multidisciplinary
      clinic.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer are often comorbid and
      require complex surgical treatments for their cancers, meaning that their
      preoperative assessment can be based around numerous outpatient assessments with
      multiple services. A multidisciplinary clinic (MDC) was developed for the
      assessment of patients with confirmed or suspected upper gastrointestinal
      cancers. METHODS: Face-to-face meetings were held between stakeholder services at
      Waitemata District Health Board, and clinic resource allocated. Significant IT
      modification of existing clinic booking software was required. RESULTS: Between
      September 2014, and September 2015, there were a total of 165 new patient, and
      710 follow-up appointments. All new patients were seen by a surgeon and then
      other specialties. Of the 165 new patient appointments, 146 (88%) patients had a
      definitive treatment plan in place and were cleared by anaesthesia and intensive
      care at the end of the clinic. Staff and patients report high levels of
      satisfaction for the clinic. CONCLUSION: A dedicated MDC has provided a single
      forum where complex patients can be reviewed, and a definitive treatment plan
      formulated in nearly 90% of patients, even when this involves multiple medical
      and paramedical specialties with high levels of patient and clinician
      satisfaction.

PMID- 27362599
TI  - Treatment of uncomplicated cystitis: analysis of prescribing in New Zealand.
AB  - AIMS: To describe prescribing for women with suspected urinary tract infections,
      including suspected uncomplicated cystitis, in New Zealand. METHODS: Randomly
      selected community pharmacies participated in the study. Women attending the
      pharmacy in a 2-week period in 2012 for prescribed or non-prescription treatment
      of symptoms suggesting a urinary tract infection, or prophylaxis of a urinary
      tract infection, were invited to self-complete a questionnaire. Analysis focused
      on prescribing for women with symptoms of cystitis without complicating features.
      RESULTS: Valid questionnaires arising from a prescription treatment were received
      from 789 patients from 139 pharmacies. Questionnaire data indicated that 17% of
      women had symptoms of cystitis without complicating features. Most prescribing
      was for a first-line agent, trimethoprim (59%) or nitrofurantoin (14%), but
      norfloxacin was also common (21%). Women with self-reported antibiotic use for
      suspected cystitis in the past 6 months were more likely to be prescribed
      norfloxacin than those with no such use. Many prescriptions were for a dose or
      duration outside those recommended in New Zealand guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: While
      use of first-line agents is generally high, norfloxacin use could be reduced
      further. There is scope to understand clinical practice that deviates from
      guideline use regarding dose and duration.

PMID- 27362600
TI  - New Zealand needs guidelines for the safe and responsible inclusion of pregnant
      women in medical research.
AB  - Pregnancy is a crucial window of time that influences long-term population
      health. As a matter of justice, pregnant woman are entitled to high quality,
      evidenced-based care. As a matter of population health, we need to better
      understand foetal development, particularly the impact of lifestyle, stress,
      chronic conditions and clinical treatment during pregnancy. Pregnancy continues
      to be dominated by the precautionary principle, advocating for the routine
      exclusion of pregnant women from medical research, particularly intervention
      studies, on the grounds of foetal vulnerability. But this stance simply shifts
      the risk into the community. Due to a lack of evidence-based data, many pregnant
      women are refused medically important drugs, are subject to dangerous delays in
      getting drugs, or are prescribed drugs that are thought 'safe', despite evidence
      of possible teratogenicity. I argue that New Zealand needs to shift to a default
      position of inclusion of pregnant women in research; and to develop guidelines to
      facilitate their safe and responsible inclusion. The uniqueness of pregnancy
      gives rise to specific questions regarding research ethics. These questions
      warrant focused debate and the answers cannot simply be deduced from the general
      principles of research ethics we currently have in New Zealand. 

PMID- 27362601
TI  - Doris Gordon: foundation of a legacy.
AB  - Doris Gordon Memorial Oration delivered to RANZCOG Annual Meeting, Wellington, 2
      October, 2015. 

PMID- 27362603
TI  - Intercalated degrees in New Zealand: a call for more undergraduate medical
      research training opportunities.

PMID- 27362602
TI  - Adult idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

PMID- 27362604
TI  - Conjunctival mucinous adenocarcinoma in an ostrich (Struthio camelus).
AB  - A 2-year-old male ostrich (Struthio camelus) presented with a rapidly growing
      soft tissue mass protruding from the ventromedial aspect of the right eye (OD).
      The initial physical examination revealed a soft tissue mass attached to the
      medial inferior conjunctiva. The mass was excised with cryosurgery, and the
      conjunctival tissue margins were treated with cryoablation. Histopathological
      examination diagnosed granulomatous inflammation associated with scattered acid
      fast bacteria. The ostrich recovered uneventfully and appeared healthy until
      recurrence of a grossly similar mass 2 months later. Gross examination revealed a
      botryoid mass attached to the inferior palpebral conjunctiva and extending onto
      the palpebral aspect of the nictitating membrane. Euthanasia was selected, and
      the histological diagnosis of the second mass was a mixed mucinous
      adenocarcinoma; however, no acid-fast bacteria were seen. Granulomatous
      conjunctival lesions have been previously described in the ostrich, while, to the
      authors' knowledge, neoplastic conjunctival lesions have not. Neoplasia should be
      considered as a differential diagnosis for a rapidly recurring, granulomatous
      conjunctival mass in this species.

PMID- 27362605
TI  - Eruptive Facial Postinflammatory Lentigo: Clinical and Dermatoscopic Features.
AB  - The face has not been considered a common site of fixed drug eruption, and the
      authors lack dermatoscopic studies of this condition on the subject. The authors
      sought to characterize clinical and dermatoscopic features of 8 cases of an
      eruptive facial postinflammatory lentigo. The authors conducted a retrospective
      review of 8 cases with similar clinical and dermatoscopic findings seen from 2
      medical centers in 2 countries during 2010-2014. A total of 8 patients (2 males
      and 6 females) with ages that ranged from 34 to 62 years (mean: 48) presented an
      abrupt onset of a single facial brown-pink macule, generally asymmetrical, with
      an average size of 1.9 cm. after ingestion of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
      drugs that lasted for several months. Dermatoscopy mainly showed a pseudonetwork
      or uniform areas of brown pigmentation, brown or blue-gray dots, red dots and/or
      telangiectatic vessels. In the epidermis, histopathology showed a mild hydropic
      degeneration and focal melanin hyperpigmentation. Melanin can be found freely in
      the dermis or laden in macrophages along with a mild perivascular mononuclear
      infiltrate. The authors describe eruptive facial postinflammatory lentigo as a
      new variant of a fixed drug eruption on the face.

PMID- 27362608
TI  - QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Death Rates* for Females Aged 15-44 Years, by the Five
      Leading Causes of Death(?) - United States, 1999 and 2014.
AB  - The age-adjusted death rate for females aged 15-44 years was 5% lower in 2014
      (82.1 per 100,000 population) than in 1999 (86.5). Among the five leading causes
      of death, the age-adjusted rates of three were lower in 2014 than in 1999: cancer
      (from 19.6 to 15.3, a 22% decline), heart disease (8.9 to 8.2, an 8% decline),
      and homicide (4.2 to 2.8, a 33% decline). The age-adjusted death rates for two of
      the five causes were higher in 2014 than in 1999: unintentional injuries (from
      17.0 to 20.1, an 18% increase) and suicide (4.8 to 6.5, a 35% increase).
      Unintentional injuries replaced cancer as the leading cause of death in this
      demographic group. 

PMID- 27362607
TI  - A patient with Temple syndrome satisfying the clinical diagnostic criteria of
      Silver-Russell syndrome.

PMID- 27362609
TI  - Websites Related to Volume 30, Issue 3.

PMID- 27362611
TI  - Variation in circulating antimullerian hormone precursor during the periovulatory
      and acute postovulatory phases of the human ovarian cycle.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the relative quantity of circulating AMH
      precursor (proAMH) declines relative to levels of the active form (AMHN,C) in the
      periovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SETTING:
      Local community. PATIENT(S): Sixteen women aged between 18 to 30 years with
      regular menstrual cycles between 25 to 35 days long. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Serum concentrations of proAMH and total AMH (proAMH and
      AMHN,C combined) measured by immunoassay, with relative levels of proAMH
      expressed as the AMH prohormone index (API = [ProAMH]/[Total AMH] * 100).
      RESULT(S): The mean API in the 11 eligible women fell from 20.7 during the
      luteinizing hormone (LH) surge period to 18.7 during the acute postsurge period.
      No statistically significant differences in the API were observed among samples
      taken at single time points in the early follicular, midfollicular, midluteal,
      and late luteal phases. CONCLUSION(S): This study suggests that activation of AMH
      by proteolytic enzymes is largely stable throughout the ovarian cycle. However,
      there is a subtle but robust decrease in the level of proAMH relative to AMHN,C
      in the acute postovulatory period. This may indicate that periovulatory increases
      in prohormone convertases cause increases in proAMH cleavage rates.
      Alternatively, rapid changes in the hierarchy of follicle developmental stages
      during ovulation may result in changes in the relative ratios of proAMH and
      AMHN,C.

PMID- 27362612
TI  - Acquisition of Predictable Vertical Visual Targets: Eye-Head Coordination and the
      Triggering Effect.
AB  - The study was designed to investigate target acquisition in the vertical plane
      with emphasis on establishing strategy differences associated with acquisition
      triggering methods. Eight subjects were tested. Measurements consisted of target
      acquisition time, eye-head latency differences, velocity of gaze, eyes and head,
      and head amplitude. Using 3-way repeated measures analyses of variance the
      results show that the strategy for acquisition of predictable visual targets in
      vertical plane with the head unrestrained significantly depended on (a) the
      direction of the gaze motion with respect to the gravity vector (i.e., there is
      significant up-down asymmetry), (b) the angular distance of the target, and (c)
      the method of triggering the command to acquire the target-external versus
      internal. The data also show that when vertical acquisition is compared with
      triggering methods in the horizontal plane there is a difference in overall
      strategy for the acquisition of targets with the same spatial distances from
      straight ahead gaze when both the eyes and head are used. Among the factors
      contributing to the difference in strategy for vertical target acquisition are
      the gravitational vector, the relationship of target displacement and vestibular
      activitation, biomechanical and neural control asymmetries, and the difference in
      the vertical field of view.

PMID- 27362613
TI  - Effect of Short Recovery Periods on Ocular Comfort During Daily Lens Wear.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the impact of lens-free intervals of varying lengths on end-of
      day comfort with soft contact lenses. METHODS: Twenty-five symptomatic lens
      wearers participated in this randomized, cross-over study involving nine
      individual 12-hour days: one spectacle (no lens) and eight lens wear days. On
      each lens wear day, lenses were worn bilaterally in 2-hour intervals, separated
      by lens-free (recovery) periods of 0, 30, 60, or 80 minutes (repeated throughout
      the day). For each 2-hour lens wear interval, new lenses were worn. Ocular
      comfort was rated on a 0 to 100 visual analogue scale (0 = extremely
      uncomfortable); tear film and ocular parameters were assessed at the beginning
      and end of each study day. This study involved two different types of silicone
      hydrogel lenses, and the order of lens type and length of recovery period was
      randomized. Participants were unaware of the true study purpose and that a new
      lens pair was used for each lens wear interval. RESULTS: End-of-day comfort on
      lens wear days was significantly worse than on the spectacle day (p < 0.002).
      There was no significant effect of the recovery periods on end-of-day comfort (p
      > 0.05). Although lens wear affected noninvasive tear film break-up time and
      conjunctival staining, there were no effects of recovery period length on
      noninvasive tear film break-up time (p > 0.05), tear meniscus height (p > 0.05),
      corneal staining (p > 0.05), conjunctival staining (p > 0.05), bulbar
      conjunctival redness (p > 0.05), or limbal redness (p > 0.05). There was no
      consistent effect of recovery period length on lid margin staining. CONCLUSIONS:
      Lens-free recovery periods during a 12-hour lens wear day did not positively
      impact end-of-day comfort in this study. Cumulative lens wear times ranged from 8
      to 12 hours, and the results suggest that once the length of lens wear exceeds
      the usual comfortable wear time, there is no benefit of short recovery periods.

PMID- 27362614
TI  - What Do Animal Studies Tell Us about the Mechanism of Myopia-Protection by Light?
AB  - : Human studies have provided strong evidence that exposure to time outdoors is
      protective against the onset of myopia. A causal factor may be that the light
      levels outdoors (30,000-130,000 lux) are much higher than light levels indoors
      (typically less than 500 lux). Studies using animal models have found that normal
      animals exposed to low illuminance levels (50 lux) can develop myopia. The myopia
      and axial elongation, produced in animals by monocular form deprivation, is
      reduced by light levels in the 15,000 to 25,000 range. Myopia induced with a
      negative-power lens seems less affected, perhaps because the lens provides a
      powerful target for the emmetropization mechanism. Animal studies suggest that
      raising the light levels may have their effect by increasing retinal dopamine
      activity, probably via the D2 receptor pathway, altering gene expression in the
      retina and reducing the signals that produce axial elongation.

PMID- 27362615
TI  - Diurnal Variation in Comfort in Contact Lens and Non-contact Lens Wearers.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the diurnal variation
      in symptoms associated with ocular discomfort in contact lens (CL) wearers and
      non-CL wearers. METHODS: The study population comprised 604 individuals attending
      pre-screening visits at the OTG-i research clinic; 60% were current soft CL
      wearers (hydrogel and silicone hydrogel) and 40% were non-CL wearers.
      Symptomatology status was determined by the OSDI questionnaire (58% asymptomatic,
      42% symptomatic). Participants were asked to grade their comfort, vision, and
      other symptoms during the day and in the evening (before lens removal for CL
      wearers) on 0 to 100 visual analogue scales. RESULTS: Diurnal decrease in comfort
      was significantly greater for CL wearers (-16.0 vs. -6.3, p < 0.001) and
      symptomatic participants (p = 0.015). Diurnal decrease in subjective vision was
      also significantly greater for CL wearers (-10.4 vs. -6.9, p = 0.005) and
      symptomatic participants (p = 0.001), and the interaction between these factors
      was also significant (p = 0.019). Dryness, grittiness, and irritation increased
      significantly more for CL wearers (p < 0.001, p = 0.012, and p = 0.004,
      respectively) and grittiness, irritation, and stinging for symptomatic
      participants (p = 0.016, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). For the CL
      wearers, there was a significant interaction between dryness and age (p = 0.026)
      with the diurnal increase in dryness being greater in those under 40 (+15.6 vs.
      +10.0). CONCLUSIONS: The diurnal decrease in comfort and subjective vision, and
      the diurnal increase in dryness, grittiness, and irritation, were significantly
      more marked for CL wearers than non-CL wearers. Diurnal changes in comfort,
      grittiness, stinging, irritation, and vision were influenced by the subject's
      overall symptomatology as assessed by the OSDI questionnaire. For dryness
      symptoms, the diurnal decrease was most marked in young CL wearers. For the
      symptoms of stinging and vision, the diurnal changes were most pronounced in the
      symptomatic groups.

PMID- 27362616
TI  - G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Inhibitors: Current Trends and Future
      Perspectives.
AB  - G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor kinase
      that is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and regulates various
      intracellular mechanisms. The up- or down-regulation of GRK2 correlates with
      several pathological disorders. GRK2 plays an important role in the maintenance
      of heart structure and function; thus, this kinase is involved in many
      cardiovascular diseases. GRK2 up-regulation can worsen cardiac ischemia;
      furthermore, increased kinase levels occur during the early stages of heart
      failure and in hypertensive subjects. GRK2 up-regulation can lead to changes in
      the insulin signaling cascade, which can translate to insulin resistance.
      Increased GRK2 levels also correlate with the degree of cognitive impairment that
      is typically observed in Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews the most
      potent and selective GRK2 inhibitors that have been developed. We focus on their
      mechanism of action, inhibition profile, and structure-activity relationships to
      provide insight into the further development of GRK2 inhibitors as drug
      candidates.

PMID- 27362617
TI  - Lipogenesis and lipid peroxidation in rat testes after long-term treatment with
      sucrose and tannic acid in drinking water.
AB  - We studied the influence of long-term treatment with sucrose and tannic acid in
      drinking water on the fatty acid profile and lipid peroxidation in rat testes.
      Male Wistar rats were supplemented with sucrose (30% w/v) or with sucrose and
      tannic acid (sucrose 30% w/v, tannic acid 0.1% w/v) in drinking water. The
      treatment with sucrose elevated blood glucose levels in the plasma (p < .05) and
      decreased the testis weight (p < .05) and testis index (p < .05) of the rats.
      Sucrose treatment increased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and C22:6n3, and
      decreased n6 fatty acids in testis tissue. Lipid peroxidation was significantly
      increased after sucrose administration in plasma (p < .05) and testis tissue (p <
      .01). The addition of tannic acid led to the decrease in lipid peroxidation in
      the plasma (p < .05) and testis (p < .05), a further increase in MUFA and
      decrease in n6 fatty acids. In conclusion, sucrose significantly altered the
      testis fatty acid profile with an increase in MUFA and C22:6n3, and a decrease in
      n6 fatty acids. Tannic acid attenuated oxidative stress and hyperglycaemia, but
      it did not improve pathological changes in the fatty acid composition of the
      testis.

PMID- 27362618
TI  - Let's Talk: The Conversation Project.

PMID- 27362619
TI  - Perceived Changes in Sleep in Adults With Epilepsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease in the
      United States, and 70% of diagnoses occur in late adolescence or adulthood. A
      disease of the brain, epilepsy can affect sleep. Lack of adequate or high-quality
      sleep can cause decrements in quality of life. Adults living with epilepsy are at
      especially high risk for sleep alterations, and these changes in sleep can worsen
      their epilepsy. The purpose of the study was to describe the perceived effect of
      epilepsy on sleep in adults who developed epilepsy in late adolescence or
      adulthood. Research questions included (a) "In adults with epilepsy, what is the
      perceived change in ability to sleep well because of having epilepsy?"; (b) "In
      adults with epilepsy, is there a significant relationship between perceived
      changes in ability to sleep well and perceived changes in overall life because of
      having epilepsy?"; and (c) "In adults with epilepsy, is there a significant
      relationship between perceived changes in ability to sleep well because of having
      epilepsy and total Life Changes in Epilepsy Scale (LCES) scores?". METHODS: One
      hundred seventy-four adults with epilepsy were recruited. Utilizing data
      collected via the LCES, a quantitative descriptive/correlational design was
      utilized. Analyses were carried out to answer each research question. RESULTS:
      The mean score for the sleep item of the LCES was 2.76 (SD = 1.31), indicating an
      overall negative change in ability to sleep well. There was a statistically
      significant, strong positive relationship between the sleep and overall life
      changes items of the LCES (Pearson r = .476, p < .0000) and also between the
      sleep item and total LCES scores (Pearson r = .620, p < .0000). IMPLICATIONS:
      Findings from this study contribute to the extant literature by revealing
      epilepsy-related changes in sleep as perceived by adults living with epilepsy
      specifically because of having epilepsy. On the basis of findings rendered from
      this sample, having epilepsy can lead to perceived negative changes in a person's
      ability to sleep well, and these negative changes are significantly correlated
      with negative overall life changes. Recommendations for clinical practice and
      research can be made based on current results.

PMID- 27362620
TI  - Research Brief: Swedish Translation and Reliability of the Full Outline of
      Unresponsiveness Score.

PMID- 27362622
TI  - Medication Adherence in People With Parkinson Disease.

PMID- 27362621
TI  - Strategies to Alleviate Anxiety Before the Placement of a Stereotactic
      Radiosurgery Frame.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients scheduled for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) need the
      placement of a head frame for accurate treatment of brain metastases and other
      abnormalities in the brain. These patients frequently experience anxiety before
      frame placement. Although there is evidence that preprocedure education can
      alleviate anxiety, less is known about education for patients undergoing head
      frame placement. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether a
      preprocedure educational intervention can reduce/alleviate anxiety for patients
      undergoing head frame placement for SRS. METHODS: This study was a practice
      improvement project using a nonrandomized controlled design to evaluate patients
      (N = 28) diagnosed with metastasized brain cancer or other abnormalities in the
      brain. Patients aged >=19 and <75 years were recruited, and all participants had
      been radiographically diagnosed and were dispositioned for SRS. The control group
      (n = 14) received the standard preprocedure teaching, and the intervention group
      (n = 14) received both the standard preprocedure teaching and an additional
      educational intervention. Data collecting tools included the Hospital Anxiety and
      Depression Scale and a visual analog scale to measure the patient's anxiety.
      RESULTS: It was found that, on average, anxiety levels were lower in the
      intervention group on both the visual analog scale and Hospital Anxiety and
      Depression Scale. However, the findings did not reach statistical significance, p
      < .05. CONCLUSION: On the basis of existing literature, preprocedure education
      has been shown to decrease patient anxiety. This study aimed to determine whether
      an additional educational intervention impacted anxiety in patients undergoing
      SRS for metastatic cancer. Although we found that anxiety levels were decreased
      in the intervention group, this finding did not reach statistical significance. A
      larger randomized study is needed to confirm the efficacy of such an intervention
      in this unique patient population.

PMID- 27362623
TI  - Emotional lability and affective synchrony in borderline personality disorder.
AB  - Extant research on emotional lability in borderline personality disorder (BPD)
      has focused almost exclusively on lability of individual emotions or emotion
      types, with limited research considering how different types of emotions shift
      together over time. Thus, this study examined the temporal dynamics of emotion in
      BPD at the level of both individual emotions (i.e., self-conscious emotions
      [SCE], anger, and anxiety) and mixed emotions (i.e., synchrony between emotions).
      One hundred forty-four women from the community completed a diagnostic interview
      and laboratory study involving 5 emotion induction tasks (each of which was
      preceded and followed by a 5-min resting period or neutral task). State ratings
      of SCE, anger, and anxiety were provided at 14 time points (before and after each
      laboratory task and resting period). Hierarchical linear modeling results
      indicate that women with BPD reported greater mean levels of SCE and Anxiety (but
      not Anger), and greater lability of Anxiety. Women with BPD also exhibited
      greater variability in lability of all 3 emotions (suggestive of within-group
      differences in the relevance of lability to BPD). Results also revealed synchrony
      (i.e., positive relations) between each possible pair of emotions, regardless of
      BPD status. Follow-up regression analyses suggest the importance of accounting
      for lability when examining the role of synchrony in BPD, as the relation of SCE
      Anger synchrony to BPD symptom severity was moderated by Anger and SCE lability.
      Specifically, synchronous changes in SCE and Anger were associated with greater
      BPD symptom severity when large shifts in SCE were paired with minor shifts in
      Anger. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362624
TI  - Three cases of OXA-48-like carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (not)
      detected using Xpert(r) Carba-R.
AB  - The increasing prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
      necessitates laboratories to invest in the detection of these bacteria, both with
      phenotypic and to a lesser extent molecular methods. OXA-48-like strains are
      rapidly emerging, especially in Europe. Since the expression level of OXA-48 is
      low and some strains present with several alleles, some types might be missed by
      some molecular assays. Three cases of OXA-48-like strains are described here,
      where the detection was not straightforward.

PMID- 27362625
TI  - Face-to-Face Packing of 2,3,9,10-Tetrasubstituted Pentacene Derivatives Revealed
      through a Solid State [4 + 4] Thermal Cycloaddition and Molecular Dynamic
      Simulation.
AB  - 2,3,9,10-Substituted pentacene tetraesters and pentacene diester-dinitriles were
      synthesized. These pentacene derivatives underwent an unusual solid state [4 + 4]
      thermal dimerization with good efficiency and complete stereoselectivity. This
      observation indicates this series of pentacene derivatives adopt pi-pi stacking
      geometry with large mutual overlap in solid state. This notion was confirmed by
      molecualr dynamic simulation.

PMID- 27362626
TI  - Effects of induced optical tunable and ferromagnetic behaviors of Ba doped
      nanocrystalline LaB6.
AB  - Multiple nanocrystalline rare-earth hexaborides La1-xBaxB6 have been synthesized
      via a single step solid-state reaction. The Ba doping effects on crystal
      structure, grain morphology, magnetic and optical absorption properties were
      investigated using XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, SQUID magnetometry and optical
      measurements. The results show that all the Ba-doped hexaborides crystallize in
      the CsCl-type single phase, indicating the Ba atoms occupied the lattice sites of
      LaB6. The optical absorption results indicate that the absorption valleys of LaB6
      are red-shifted from 622 nm to 780 nm when the Ba doping content increases to x =
      0.8. The first-principle calculation results reveal that Ba doping reduces the
      total kinetic energy of the electrons of LaB6, which lead to the absorption
      valleys moving toward a higher wavelength. Meanwhile, the band gap of BaB6
      obtained from optical absorption is in good agreement with the theoretical
      calculation results. The magnetic measurements results showed that Ba doping lead
      to room-temperature ferromagnetism of LaB6 due to the different ionic radii of
      La(3+) and Ba(2+) causing intrinsic crystal defects, which is directly observed
      experimentally by HRTEM. This is the first time that we have found the tunable
      optical and ferromagnetic behavior of Ba doped nanocrystalline LaB6. Thus,
      nanocrystalline La1-xBaxB6, as multi-functional materials, should open up a new
      route to extend the optical and magnetic applications of LaB6 nanopowder. 

PMID- 27362627
TI  - Effectiveness of Hospital Palliative Care Teams for Cancer Inpatients: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the benefits of palliative care in the outpatient setting
      are well established, there has been little to support the employing of hospital
      palliative care services for inpatients with cancer. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a
      systematic literature review to evaluate the effectiveness of palliative care for
      cancer patients in the acute inpatient hospital setting. METHODS: Two electronic
      databases-PubMed and CINAHL Plus-were searched for articles published between 1
      January 2005 and 28 May 2015. The search was augmented by hand-searches of
      specific journals and by examining the reference lists of short-listed articles.
      Studies were included if they evaluated a hospital palliative care service for
      cancer patients. Data extracted included study design, patient population, study
      setting, composition of the team, nature of the intervention, outcomes measured,
      and main findings. RESULTS: No randomized controlled trials were found. There
      were 14 pre-post studies that evaluated patient outcomes, of which only 2 had a
      control group. We also reviewed a further seven studies that evaluated other
      aspects of the palliative care intervention. The studies were not robust enough
      to confirm the efficacy of hospital palliative care services for cancer patient
      outcomes. Nonetheless, published studies provide a glimpse into the wider
      benefits of palliative care interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Data to support the
      benefit of palliative care interventions in the inpatient acute hospital setting
      are still lacking. Future studies should employ innovative strategies to further
      this field of research.

PMID- 27362628
TI  - Small Artery Elastin Distribution and Architecture-Focus on Three Dimensional
      Organization.
AB  - The distribution of ECM proteins within the walls of resistance vessels is
      complex both in variety of proteins and structural arrangement. In particular,
      elastin exists as discrete fibers varying in orientation across the adventitia
      and media as well as often resembling a sheet-like structure in the case of the
      IEL. Adding to the complexity is the tissue heterogeneity that exists in these
      structural arrangements. For example, small intracranial cerebral arteries lack
      adventitial elastin while similar sized arteries from skeletal muscle and
      intestinal mesentery exhibit a complex adventitial network of elastin fibers.
      With regard to the IEL, several vascular beds exhibit an elastin sheet with
      punctate holes/fenestrae while in others the IEL is discontinuous and fibrous in
      appearance. Importantly, these structural patterns likely sub-serve specific
      functional properties, including mechanosensing, control of external forces,
      mechanical properties of the vascular wall, cellular positioning, and
      communication between cells. Of further significance, these processes are altered
      in vascular disorders such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus where there is
      modification of ECM. This brief report focuses on the three-dimensional wall
      structure of small arteries and considers possible implications with regard to
      mechanosensing under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

PMID- 27362629
TI  - Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene Complexes of Rhodium and Nickel and Their Steric and
      Electronic Parameters.
AB  - N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) are of
      great interest, as their electronic and steric properties provide a unique class
      of ligands and organocatalysts. Herein, substitution reactions involving novel
      carbonyl complexes of rhodium and nickel were studied to provide a deeper
      understanding of the fundamental electronic factors characterizing CAAC(methyl) ,
      which were compared with the large array of data available for NHC and sterically
      more demanding CAAC ligands. 

PMID- 27362630
TI  - Induction of stress volatiles and changes in essential oil content and
      composition upon microwave exposure in the aromatic plant Ocimum basilicum.
AB  - Exposure to sustained low intensity microwaves can constitute a stress for the
      plants, but its effects on plant secondary chemistry are poorly known. We studied
      the influence of GSM and WLAN-frequency microwaves on emissions of volatile
      organic compounds and content of essential oil in the aromatic plant Ocimum
      basilicum L. hypothesizing that microwave exposure leads to enhanced emissions of
      stress volatiles and overall greater investment in secondary compounds. Compared
      to the control plants, microwave irradiation led to decreased emissions of beta
      pinene, alpha-phellandrene, bornyl acetate, beta-myrcene, alpha-caryophyllene and
      benzaldehyde, but increased emissions of eucalyptol, estragole, caryophyllene
      oxide, and alpha-bergamotene. The highest increase in emission, 21 times greater
      compared to control, was observed for caryophyllene oxide. The irradiation
      resulted in increases in the essential oil content, except for the content of
      phytol which decreased by 41% in the case of GSM-frequency, and 82% in the case
      of WLAN-frequency microwave irradiation. The strongest increase in response to
      WLAN irradiation, >17 times greater, was observed for hexadecane and octane
      contents. Comparisons of volatile compositions by multivariate analyses
      demonstrated a clear separation of different irradiance treatments, and according
      to the changes in the volatile emissions, the WLAN-frequency irradiation
      represented a more severe stress than the GSM-frequency irradiation. Overall,
      these results demonstrating important modifications in the emission rates,
      essential oil content and composition indicate that microwave irradiation
      influences the quality of herbage of this economically important spice plant. 

PMID- 27362631
TI  - Risks and benefits of marginal biomass-derived biochars for plant growth.
AB  - In this study, 19 biochars from marginal biomass, representing all major biomass
      groups (woody materials, grass, an aquatic plant, anthropogenic wastes) were
      investigated regarding their content of available potentially toxic elements
      (PTEs) and nutrients (determined by NH4NO3-extractions) and their effects on
      cress (Lepidium sativum) seedling growth. The objective was to assess the
      potential and actual effects of biochar with increased PTE content on plant
      growth in the context of use in soil amendments and growing media. It showed that
      the percentage of available PTEs was highest for biochars produced at the highest
      treatment temperature (HTT) of 750 degrees C. On average, however, for all 19
      biochars, the percentage availability of Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn (<1.5% for all) was
      similar to the percentage availability reported in the literature for the same
      elements in soils at similar pH values which is a highly important finding. Most
      biochars exceeded German soil threshold values for NH4NO3-extractable PTEs, such
      as Zn (by up to 25-fold), As and Cd. Despite this, cress seedling growth tests
      with 5% biochar in sand did not show any correlations between inhibitory effects
      (observed in 5 of the 19 biochars) and the available PTE concentrations. Instead,
      the available K concentration and biochar pH were highly significantly,
      negatively correlated with seedling growth (K: p<0.001, pH: p=0.004). K had the
      highest available concentration of all elements and the highest percentage
      availability (47.7+/-19.7% of the total K was available). Consequently, available
      K contributed most to the osmotic pressure and high pH which negatively affected
      the seedlings. Although a potential risk if some of these marginal biomass
      derived biochar were applied at high concentrations, e.g. 5% (>100tha(-1)), when
      applied at agriculturally realistic application rates (1-10tha(-1)), the
      resulting smaller increases in pH and available K concentration may actually be
      beneficial for plant growth. 

PMID- 27362632
TI  - Extreme urban-rural temperatures in the coastal city of Turku, Finland:
      Quantification and visualization based on a generalized additive model.
AB  - Fundamental knowledge on the determinants of air temperatures across spatial and
      temporal scales is essential in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Spatial
      based statistical modelling provides an efficient approach for the analysis and
      prediction of air temperatures in human-modified environments at high spatial
      accuracy. The aim of the study was firstly, to analyse the environmental factors
      affecting extreme air temperature conditions in a coastal high-latitude city and
      secondly, to explore the applicability of generalized additive model (GAM) in the
      study of urban-rural temperatures. We utilized air temperature data from 50
      permanent temperature logger stations and extensive geospatial environmental data
      on different scales from Turku, SW Finland. We selected five temperature
      situations (cases) and altogether 12 urban and natural explanatory variables for
      the analyses. The results displayed that (i) water bodies and topographical
      conditions were often more important than urban variables in controlling the
      spatial variability of extreme air temperatures, (ii) case specificity of the
      explanatory variables and their scales should be considered in the analyses and
      (iii) GAM was highly suitable in quantifying and visualizing the relations
      between urban-rural temperatures and environmental determinants at local scales.
      The results promote the use of GAMs in spatial-based statistical modelling of air
      temperature in future. 

PMID- 27362633
TI  - Evaluation of Retinal Function and Morphology of the Pink-Eyed Royal College of
      Surgeons (RCS) Rat: A Comparative Study of in Vivo and in Vitro Methods.
AB  - PURPOSE: To characterize the course of retinal degeneration in the pink-eyed RCS
      rat in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Retinal function of RCS rats at the age of 2
      to 100 weeks was determined in vivo using full-field electroretinography (ERG).
      Retinal morphology was evaluated in vivo using spectral domain Optical Coherence
      Tomography (sd-OCT) and Fluorescence angiography (FA) as well as postmortem using
      immunohistochemistry (IH). As a control, retinal function and morphology of non
      dystrophic Wistar rats were analyzed. RESULTS: RCS rats showed an extinction of
      the ERG beginning with the age of 4 weeks. In the OCT, the outer part of the
      retina (OPR) could be clearly distinguished from the inner part of the retina
      (IPR) until the age of 8 weeks. However, at this age, it was impossible to
      determine from OCT images whether the OPR was formed by the outer nuclear layer
      (ONL) or by cellular debris built in the course of retinal degeneration. In
      contrast, immunohistochemistry always enabled to differentiate between ONL and
      debris (RCS 4 weeks of age: OPR mainly formed by ONL; RCS 8 weeks of age: OPR
      consisted mainly of cell debris, only 1-2 cell rows of photoreceptor somata were
      left). CONCLUSIONS: In general, data obtained in vivo were confirmed by data
      obtained post mortem. Apart from the problem to differentiate between debris and
      ONL at the age of 8 weeks in the RCS rat, ERG and OCT are useful methods to
      evaluate retinal function and structure in vivo and to complement
      immunohistochemical analysis of the degeneration process.

PMID- 27362634
TI  - The power of local action in occupational health: the adoption of local exhaust
      ventilation in the Chicago tuckpointing trade.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Silica is a pervasive and potentially deadly occupational hazard in
      construction. The occupational risk posed by silica has long been known, but
      efforts to use engineering controls to minimize dust generation in tuckpointing
      operations, a masonry restoration specialty, have been slow. OBJECTIVES: The
      objective of this study is to explore how local innovation in occupational safety
      and health may emerge, absent the establishment of national standards. METHOD:
      This study uses a case study to explore the adoption of local exhaust ventilation
      in tuckpointing operations in the Chicago area. Sources of data for this research
      include interviews with a diverse range of key informants and the review of
      archival material. RESULTS: This case study found local unions, municipal
      regulators, contractors, and major public users of construction services played a
      central role in the events and milestones that led to the early adoption of local
      exhaust ventilation in Chicago. The adoption of local exhaust ventilation
      technology in Chicago demonstrates the potential for local actors to fill an
      important void when rulemaking in vital areas of occupational of health impedes
      effective national regulation.

PMID- 27362635
TI  - Flexible Paper Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries Using Low Amount of TEMPO-Oxidized
      Cellulose Nanofibrils as Binder.
AB  - Flexible Li-ion batteries attract increasing interest for applications in
      bendable and wearable electronic devices. TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils
      (TOCNF), a renewable material, is a promising candidate as binder for flexible Li
      ion batteries with good mechanical properties. Paper batteries can be produced
      using a water-based paper making process, avoiding the use of toxic solvents. In
      this work, finely dispersed TOCNF was used and showed good binding properties at
      concentrations as low as 4 wt %. The TOCNF was characterized using atomic force
      microscopy and found to be well dispersed with fibrils of average widths of about
      2.7 nm and lengths of approximately 0.1-1 MUm. Traces of moisture, trapped in the
      hygroscopic cellulose, is a concern when the material is used in Li-ion
      batteries. The low amount of binder reduces possible moisture and also increases
      the capacity of the electrodes, based on total weight. Effects of moisture on
      electrochemical battery performance were studied on electrodes dried at 110 
      degrees C in a vacuum for varying periods. It was found that increased drying
      time slightly increased the specific capacities of the LiFePO4 electrodes,
      whereas the capacities of the graphite electrodes decreased. The Coulombic
      efficiencies of the electrodes were not much affected by the varying drying
      times. Drying the electrodes for 1 h was enough to achieve good electrochemical
      performance. Addition of vinylene carbonate to the electrolyte had a positive
      effect on cycling for both graphite and LiFePO4. A failure mechanism observed at
      high TOCNF concentrations is the formation of compact films in the electrodes. 

PMID- 27362636
TI  - Image-driven, model-based 3D abdominal motion estimation for MR-guided
      radiotherapy.
AB  - Respiratory motion introduces substantial uncertainties in abdominal radiotherapy
      for which traditionally large margins are used. The MR-Linac will open up the
      opportunity to acquire high resolution MR images just prior to radiation and
      during treatment. However, volumetric MRI time series are not able to
      characterize 3D tumor and organ-at-risk motion with sufficient temporal
      resolution. In this study we propose a method to estimate 3D deformation vector
      fields (DVFs) with high spatial and temporal resolution based on fast 2D imaging
      and a subject-specific motion model based on respiratory correlated MRI. In a pre
      beam phase, a retrospectively sorted 4D-MRI is acquired, from which the motion is
      parameterized using a principal component analysis. This motion model is used in
      combination with fast 2D cine-MR images, which are acquired during radiation, to
      generate full field-of-view 3D DVFs with a temporal resolution of 476 ms. The
      geometrical accuracies of the input data (4D-MRI and 2D multi-slice acquisitions)
      and the fitting procedure were determined using an MR-compatible motion phantom
      and found to be 1.0-1.5 mm on average. The framework was tested on seven healthy
      volunteers for both the pancreas and the kidney. The calculated motion was
      independently validated using one of the 2D slices, with an average error of 1.45
      mm. The calculated 3D DVFs can be used retrospectively for treatment simulations,
      plan evaluations, or to determine the accumulated dose for both the tumor and
      organs-at-risk on a subject-specific basis in MR-guided radiotherapy.

PMID- 27362637
TI  - The Use of Field and Mesocosm Experiments to Quantify Effects of Physical and
      Chemical Stressors in Mining-Contaminated Streams.
AB  - Identifying causal relationships between acid mine drainage (AMD) and ecological
      responses in the field is challenging. In addition to the direct toxicological
      effects of elevated metals and reduced pH, mining activities influence aquatic
      organisms indirectly through physical alterations of habitat. The primary goal of
      this research was to quantify the relative importance of physical (metal-oxide
      deposition) and chemical (elevated metal concentrations) stressors on benthic
      macroinvertebrate communities. Mesocosm experiments conducted with natural
      assemblages of benthic macroinvertebrates established concentration-response
      relationships between metals and community structure. Field experiments
      quantified effects of metal-oxide contaminated substrate and showed significant
      differences in sensitivity among taxa. To predict the recovery of dominant taxa
      in the field, we integrated our measures of metal tolerance and substrate
      tolerance with estimates of drift propensity obtained from the literature. Our
      estimates of recovery were consistent with patterns observed at downstream
      recovery sites in the NFCC, which were dominated by caddisflies and baetid
      mayflies. We conclude that mesocosm and small-scale field experiments,
      particularly those conducted with natural communities, provide an ecologically
      realistic complement to laboratory toxicity tests. These experiments also control
      for the confounding variables associated with field-based approaches, thereby
      supporting causal relationships between AMD stressors and responses.

PMID- 27362639
TI  - Investigating Biological Control Agents for Controlling Invasive Populations of
      the Mealybug Pseudococcus comstocki in France.
AB  - Pseudococcus comstocki (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a mealybug species native
      to Eastern Asia and present as an invasive pest in northern Italy and southern
      France since the start of the century. It infests apple and pear trees,
      grapevines and some ornamental trees. Biocontrol programmes against this pest
      proved successful in central Asia and North America in the second half of the
      20th century. In this study, we investigated possible biocontrol agents against
      P. comstocki, with the aim of developing a biocontrol programme in France. We
      carried out systematic DNA-barcoding at each step in the search for a specialist
      parasitoid. First we characterised the French target populations of P. comstocki.
      We then identified the parasitoids attacking P. comstocki in France. Finally, we
      searched for foreign mealybug populations identified a priori as P. comstocki and
      surveyed their hymenopteran parasitoids. Three mealybug species (P. comstocki, P.
      viburni and P. cryptus) were identified during the survey, together with at least
      16 different parasitoid taxa. We selected candidate biological control agent
      populations for use against P. comstocki in France, from the species Allotropa
      burrelli (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Acerophagus malinus (Hymenoptera:
      Encyrtidae). The coupling of molecular and morphological characterisation for
      both pests and natural enemies facilitated the programme development and the
      rejection of unsuitable or generalist parasitoids. 

PMID- 27362638
TI  - Detection of Post-Therapeutic Effects in Breast Carcinoma Using Hard X-Ray Index
      of Refraction Computed Tomography - A Feasibility Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the state-of-the-art treatment in
      advanced breast cancer. A correct visualization of the post-therapeutic tumor
      size is of high prognostic relevance. X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography
      (PC-CT) has been shown to provide improved soft-tissue contrast at a resolution
      formerly restricted to histopathology, at low doses. This study aimed at
      assessing ex-vivo the potential use of PC-CT for visualizing the effects of
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy on breast carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analysis
      was performed on two ex-vivo formalin-fixed mastectomy samples containing an
      invasive carcinoma removed from two patients treated with neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy. Images were matched with corresponding histological slices. The
      visibility of typical post-therapeutic tissue changes was assessed and compared
      to results obtained with conventional clinical imaging modalities. RESULTS: PC-CT
      depicted the different tissue types with an excellent correlation to
      histopathology. Post-therapeutic tissue changes were correctly visualized and the
      residual tumor mass could be detected. PC-CT outperformed clinical imaging
      modalities in the detection of chemotherapy-induced tissue alterations including
      post-therapeutic tumor size. CONCLUSIONS: PC-CT might become a unique diagnostic
      tool in the prediction of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. PC-CT might
      be used to assist during histopathological diagnosis, offering a high-resolution
      and high-contrast virtual histological tool for the accurate delineation of tumor
      boundaries.

PMID- 27362640
TI  - Southern Europe's Coming Plagues: Vector-Borne Neglected Tropical Diseases.

PMID- 27362641
TI  - Nosocomial influenza: encouraging insights and future challenges.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The prevalence and incidence of viral nosocomial influenza
      infections in healthcare settings are underestimated. Nosocomial influenza
      outbreaks are frequent, and control remains challenging in acute care and long
      term healthcare settings. This review examines recent publications on the
      determinants of nosocomial influenza prevention and control. RECENT FINDINGS:
      Nosocomial influenza outbreaks occur in various healthcare settings, especially
      among the frail and elderly. The correct diagnosis is commonly missed because a
      substantial proportion of asymptomatic cases can transmit infections. Rapid
      diagnosis will facilitate rapid identification of cases and the implementation of
      control measures but needs confirmation in some circumstances, such as the
      description of transmission chains. Links between patients and healthcare
      personnel (HCP) have been well explored by phylogenetic virus characterization
      and need additional refinement and study. The preventive role of HCP vaccination
      in influenza incidence among patients should be investigated further in various
      settings to take into account different strategies for vaccination (i.e.
      voluntary or mandatory vaccination policies). Indeed, in Europe, influenza
      vaccination remains modest, whereas in North America hospitals and some states
      and provinces are now mandating influenza vaccination among HCP. The variability
      of vaccine effectiveness by seasonal epidemics is also an important consideration
      for control strategies. SUMMARY: When influenza cases occur in the community, the
      risk of transmission and nosocomial cases increase in healthcare settings
      requiring vigilance among staff. Surveillance and early warning systems should be
      encouraged. Outbreak control needs appropriate identification of cases and
      transmission chains, and rapid implementation of control measures. Vaccination
      policies in conjunction with appropriate infection control measures could reduce
      virus spreading in hospitals. HCP vaccination coverage must be improved.

PMID- 27362642
TI  - Breathless and young-In need of inspiration?

PMID- 27362643
TI  - Acoustic Structure and Contextual Use of Calls by Captive Male and Female
      Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus).
AB  - The vocal repertoire of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and the specific role
      of meow vocalizations in communication of this species attract research interest
      about two dozen years. Here, we expand this research focus for the contextual use
      of call types, sex differences and individual differences at short and long
      terms. During 457 trials of acoustic recordings, we collected calls (n = 8120)
      and data on their contextual use for 13 adult cheetahs (6 males and 7 females) in
      four Russian zoos. The cheetah vocal repertoire comprised 7 call types produced
      in 8 behavioural contexts. Context-specific call types (chirr, growl, howl and
      hiss) were related to courting behaviour (chirr) or to aggressive behaviour
      (growl, howl and hiss). Other call types (chirp, purr and meow) were not context
      specific. The values of acoustic variables differed between call types. The meow
      was the most often call type. Discriminant function analysis revealed a high
      potential of meows to encode individual identity and sex at short terms, however,
      the vocal individuality was unstable over years. We discuss the contextual use
      and acoustic variables of call types, the ratios of individual and sex
      differences in calls and the pathways of vocal ontogeny in the cheetah with
      relevant data on vocalization of other animals. 

PMID- 27362644
TI  - The Cytoophidium and Its Kind: Filamentation and Compartmentation of Metabolic
      Enzymes.
AB  - Compartmentation is essential for the localization of biological processes within
      a cell. In 2010, three groups independently reported that cytidine triphosphate
      synthase (CTPS), a metabolic enzyme for de novo synthesis of the nucleotide CTP,
      is compartmentalized in cytoophidia (Greek for "cellular snakes") in bacteria,
      yeast, and fruit flies. Subsequent studies demonstrate that CTPS can also form
      filaments in human cells. Thus, the cytoophidium represents a new type of
      intracellular compartment that is strikingly conserved across prokaryotes and
      eukaryotes. Multiple lines of evidence have recently suggested that
      polymerization of metabolic enzymes such as CTPS and inosine monophosphate
      dehydrogenase into filamentous cytoophidia modulates enzymatic activity. With
      many more metabolic enzymes found to form the cytoophidium and its kind,
      compartmentation via filamentation may serve as a general mechanism for the
      regulation of metabolism.

PMID- 27362645
TI  - Cytoplasmic Streaming in the Drosophila Oocyte.
AB  - Objects are commonly moved within the cell by either passive diffusion or active
      directed transport. A third possibility is advection, in which objects within the
      cytoplasm are moved with the flow of the cytoplasm. Bulk movement of the
      cytoplasm, or streaming, as required for advection, is more common in large cells
      than in small cells. For example, streaming is observed in elongated plant cells
      and the oocytes of several species. In the Drosophila oocyte, two stages of
      streaming are observed: relatively slow streaming during mid-oogenesis and
      streaming that is approximately ten times faster during late oogenesis. These
      flows are implicated in two processes: polarity establishment and mixing. In this
      review, I discuss the underlying mechanism of streaming, how slow and fast
      streaming are differentiated, and what we know about the physiological roles of
      the two types of streaming.

PMID- 27362646
TI  - Emergence and Evolution of Secondary Lymphoid Organs.
AB  - For effective adaptive immunity to foreign antigens (Ag), secondary lymphoid
      organs (SLO) provide the confined environment in which Ag-restricted lymphocytes,
      with very low precursor frequencies, interact with Ag on Ag-presenting cells
      (APC). The spleen is the primordial SLO, arising in conjunction with adaptive
      immunity in early jawed vertebrates. The spleen, especially the spleen's lymphoid
      compartment, the white pulp (WP), has undergone numerous modifications over
      evolutionary time. We describe the progressive advancement of splenic WP
      complexity, which evolved in parallel with the increasing functionality of
      adaptive immunity. The Ag-presenting function of follicular dendritic cells (FDC)
      also likely emerged at the inception of adaptive immunity, and we propose that a
      single type of hematopoietically derived APC displayed Ag to both T and B cells.
      A dedicated FDC, derived from a vascular precursor, is a recent evolutionary
      innovation that likely permitted the robust affinity maturation found in mammals.

PMID- 27362647
TI  - Survival Analysis with Multiple Causes of Death: Extending the Competing Risks
      Model.
AB  - Statistics on mortality related to each disease are usually based on the so
      called underlying cause of death, which is selected from the diseases declared on
      the standardized death certificate using international rules. However, the
      assumption that each death is caused by exactly one disease is debatable,
      particularly with an aging population in an era where infectious diseases are
      replaced by chronic and degenerative diseases. The need to consider multiple
      causes of death has been acknowledged in epidemiologic research, with a growing
      body of literature producing statistics based on any mention of a disease on the
      death certificate. Yet there has not been a formal framework proposed for the
      statistical modeling of death arising from multiple causes. We propose a model
      for multiple cause of death data grounded on an empirical approach that assigns
      weights to each cause on the death certificate. We describe how this model for
      multiple-cause mortality, which extends the usual competing risks model used to
      conceptualize single-cause mortality, can serve to study the burden and etiology
      of mortality related to each disease, particularly using Cox regression
      methodology. We discuss how the multiple-cause, single-cause, and "any-mention"
      approaches compare in this regard. A simulation study and an application to a
      study of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality show the value of the proposed
      methods for exploiting this precious source of data to gain new insights,
      especially for certain diseases. See video abstract at,
      http://links.lww.com/EDE/B84.

PMID- 27362649
TI  - Fixation of Co2 by Zinc(II) Chelates in Alcoholic Medium. X-ray Structures of
      {[Zn(cyclen)]3(MU3-Co3)}(ClO4)4 and [Zn(cyclen)EtOH](ClO4]2.

PMID- 27362648
TI  - Association Study Between SLC15A4 Polymorphisms and Haplotypes and Systemic Lupus
      Erythematosus in a Han Chinese Population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The gene SLC15A4 (solute carrier family 15 [oligopeptide transporter],
      member 4) has been reported as contributing to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE). We performed a case-control replication study to investigate
      further the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the
      SLC15A4 gene and systemic SLE in a Han Chinese population. METHODS: In Han
      Chinese SLE patients and healthy individuals (n = 355, 375, respectively), 18
      SNPs in the SLC15A4 gene were genotyped using matrix-assisted laser
      desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and TaqMan SNP genotyping
      assays. Analyses of allele frequencies and genotypes using codominant, dominant,
      and recessive models were conducted, as well as a linkage disequilibrium
      analysis. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Allele
      frequencies of five of the analyzed SNPs were significantly associated with SLE.
      Under a codominant model the genotype frequencies of rs3765108 AG and rs7308691
      AT were significantly higher in the SLE group than the control group (p = 0.019,
      0.049, respectively). Under a dominant model the rs1385374 (TT+CT) SNP carried a
      higher risk of SLE than (CC) (p = 0.042). One SLC15A4 haplotype (TA), which
      consists of 2 SNPs (rs959989 and rs983492), was associated with SLE (p = 0.024).
      CONCLUSION: Our study determined that five SNPs (rs959989, rs1385374, rs983492,
      rs12298615, and rs10847697) are associated with SLE. Thus, SLC15A4 may be
      important in the pathogenesis of SLE in Han Chinese patients.

PMID- 27362650
TI  - Rickettsia australis Activates Inflammasome in Human and Murine Macrophages.
AB  - Rickettsiae actively escape from vacuoles and replicate free in the cytoplasm of
      host cells, where inflammasomes survey the invading pathogens. In the present
      study, we investigated the interactions of Rickettsia australis with the
      inflammasome in both mouse and human macrophages. R. australis induced a
      significant level of IL-1beta secretion by human macrophages, which was
      significantly reduced upon treatment with an inhibitor of caspase-1 compared to
      untreated controls, suggesting caspase-1-dependent inflammasome activation.
      Rickettsia induced significant secretion of IL-1beta and IL-18 in vitro by
      infected mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) as early as 8-12 h post
      infection (p.i.) in a dose-dependent manner. Secretion of these cytokines was
      accompanied by cleavage of caspase-1 and was completely abrogated in BMMs
      deficient in caspase-1/caspase-11 or apoptosis-associated speck-like protein
      containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC), suggesting that R.
      australis activate the ASC-dependent inflammasome. Interestingly, in response to
      the same quantity of rickettsiae, NLRP3-/- BMMs significantly reduced the
      secretion level of IL-1beta compared to wild type (WT) controls, suggesting that
      NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to cytosolic recognition of R. australis in vitro.
      Rickettsial load in spleen, but not liver and lung, of R. australis-infected
      NLRP3-/- mice was significantly greater compared to WT mice. These data suggest
      that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in host control of bacteria in vivo in a
      tissue-specific manner. Taken together, our data, for the first time, illustrate
      the activation of ASC-dependent inflammasome by R. australis in macrophages in
      which NLRP3 is involved. 

PMID- 27362651
TI  - Regulating mechanical tension at compartment boundaries in Drosophila.
AB  - During animal development, cells with similar function and fate often stay
      together and sort out from cells with different fates. In Drosophila wing
      imaginal discs, cells of anterior and posterior fates are separated by a straight
      compartment boundary. Separation of anterior and posterior cells requires the
      homeodomain-containing protein Engrailed, which is expressed in posterior cells.
      Engrailed induces the expression of the short-range signaling molecule Hedgehog
      in posterior cells and confines Hedgehog signal transduction to anterior cells.
      Transduction of the Hedgehog signal in anterior cells is required for the
      separation of anterior and posterior cells. Previous work showed that this
      separation of cells involves a local increase in mechanical tension at cell
      junctions along the compartment boundary. However, how mechanical tension was
      locally increased along the compartment boundary remained unknown. A recent paper
      now shows that the difference in Hedgehog signal transduction between anterior
      and posterior cells is necessary and sufficient to increase mechanical tension.
      The local increase in mechanical tension biases junctional rearrangements during
      cell intercalations to maintain the straight shape of the compartment boundary.
      These data highlight how developmental signals can generate patterns of
      mechanical tension important for tissue organization.

PMID- 27362652
TI  - miR-34 miRNAs Regulate Cellular Senescence in Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells
      of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
AB  - Pathologic features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) include genetic
      predisposition, activation of the unfolded protein response, telomere attrition,
      and cellular senescence. The mechanisms leading to alveolar epithelial cell (AEC)
      senescence are poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported as
      regulators of cellular senescence. Senescence markers including p16, p21, p53,
      and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-betagal) activity were measured
      in type II AECs from IPF lungs and unused donor lungs. miRNAs were quantified in
      type II AECs using gene expression arrays and quantitative RT-PCR. Molecular
      markers of senescence (p16, p21, and p53) were elevated in IPF type II AECs. SA
      betagal activity was detected in a greater percentage in type II AECs isolated
      from IPF patients (23.1%) compared to patients with other interstitial lung
      diseases (1.2%) or normal controls (0.8%). The relative levels of senescence
      associated miRNAs miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c, but not miR-20a, miR-29c, or miR
      let-7f were significantly higher in type II AECs from IPF patients.
      Overexpression of miR-34a, miR-34b, or miR-34c in lung epithelial cells was
      associated with higher SA-betagal activity (27.8%, 35.1%, and 38.2%,
      respectively) relative to control treated cells (8.8%). Targets of miR-34 miRNAs,
      including E2F1, c-Myc, and cyclin E2, were lower in IPF type II AECs. These
      results show that markers of senescence are uniquely elevated in IPF type II AECs
      and suggest that the miR-34 family of miRNAs regulate senescence in IPF type II
      AECs. 

PMID- 27362653
TI  - Cangrelor for the management and prevention of arterial thrombosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite advances in antiplatelet therapy, the optimum
      antithrombotic regimen during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains to
      be determined. Cangrelor is an intravenous, reversibly-binding platelet P2Y12
      receptor antagonist with ultra-rapid onset and offset of action that is approved
      in Europe and United States for use in patients undergoing PCI. This article
      describes the background for the development of cangrelor, the biology,
      pharmacology and clinical evidence supporting its use, and its likely position in
      the future. AREAS COVERED: The role of the platelet P2Y12 receptor in platelet
      biology and the implications of this for atherothrombotic disease are described.
      Currently unmet needs in antithrombotic management during and after PCI are
      discussed followed by a description of the chemistry, pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics of cangrelor, including its interactions with oral
      thienopyridines. Subsequently, the clinical trial evidence supporting its
      adoption into clinical practice is reviewed, including the evidence indicating
      its superiority over a strategy based on clopidogrel treatment alone. Expert
      commentary: The current status and future potential of cangrelor is discussed,
      including a view of its place in current clinical practice.

PMID- 27362654
TI  - Iterative Bayesian Estimation of Travel Times on Urban Arterials: Fusing Loop
      Detector and Probe Vehicle Data.
AB  - On urban arterials, travel time estimation is challenging especially from various
      data sources. Typically, fusing loop detector data and probe vehicle data to
      estimate travel time is a troublesome issue while considering the data issue of
      uncertain, imprecise and even conflicting. In this paper, we propose an improved
      data fusing methodology for link travel time estimation. Link travel times are
      simultaneously pre-estimated using loop detector data and probe vehicle data,
      based on which Bayesian fusion is then applied to fuse the estimated travel
      times. Next, Iterative Bayesian estimation is proposed to improve Bayesian fusion
      by incorporating two strategies: 1) substitution strategy which replaces the
      lower accurate travel time estimation from one sensor with the current fused
      travel time; and 2) specially-designed conditions for convergence which restrict
      the estimated travel time in a reasonable range. The estimation results show
      that, the proposed method outperforms probe vehicle data based method, loop
      detector based method and single Bayesian fusion, and the mean absolute
      percentage error is reduced to 4.8%. Additionally, iterative Bayesian estimation
      performs better for lighter traffic flows when the variability of travel time is
      practically higher than other periods. 

PMID- 27362655
TI  - Neonatal Whisker Trimming Impairs Fear/Anxiety-Related Emotional Systems of the
      Amygdala and Social Behaviors in Adult Mice.
AB  - Abnormalities in tactile perception, such as sensory defensiveness, are common
      features in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While not a diagnostic criterion for
      ASD, deficits in tactile perception contribute to the observed lack of social
      communication skills. However, the influence of tactile perception deficits on
      the development of social behaviors remains uncertain, as do the effects on
      neuronal circuits related to the emotional regulation of social interactions. In
      neonatal rodents, whiskers are the most important tactile apparatus, so bilateral
      whisker trimming is used as a model of early tactile deprivation. To address the
      influence of tactile deprivation on adult behavior, we performed bilateral
      whisker trimming in mice for 10 days after birth (BWT10 mice) and examined social
      behaviors, tactile discrimination, and c-Fos expression, a marker of neural
      activation, in adults after full whisker regrowth. Adult BWT10 mice exhibited
      significantly shorter crossable distances in the gap-crossing test than age
      matched controls, indicating persistent deficits in whisker-dependent tactile
      perception. In contrast to controls, BWT10 mice exhibited no preference for the
      social compartment containing a conspecific in the three-chamber test.
      Furthermore, the development of amygdala circuitry was severely affected in BWT10
      mice. Based on the c-Fos expression pattern, hyperactivity was found in BWT10
      amygdala circuits for processing fear/anxiety-related responses to height stress
      but not in circuits for processing reward stimuli during whisker-dependent cued
      learning. These results demonstrate that neonatal whisker trimming and
      concomitant whisker-dependent tactile discrimination impairment severely disturbs
      the development of amygdala-dependent emotional regulation. 

PMID- 27362656
TI  - Characteristics of Protons Exiting from a Polyethylene Converter Irradiated by
      Neutrons with Energies between 1 keV and 10 MeV.
AB  - Monte Carlo method has been used to determine the efficiency for proton
      production and to study the energy and angular distributions of the generated
      protons. The ENDF library of cross sections is used to simulate the interactions
      between the neutrons and the atoms in a polyethylene (PE) layer, while the ranges
      of protons with different energies in PE are determined using the Stopping and
      Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) computer code. The efficiency of proton production
      increases with the PE layer thickness. However the proton escaping from a certain
      polyethylene volume is highly dependent on the neutron energy and target
      thickness, except for a very thin PE layer. The energy and angular distributions
      of protons are also estimated in the present paper, showing that, for the range
      of energy and thickness considered, the proton flux escaping is dependent on the
      PE layer thickness, with the presence of an optimal thickness for a fixed primary
      neutron energy. 

PMID- 27362657
TI  - Are Sport-Specific Profiles of Tendon Stiffness and Cross-Sectional Area
      Determined by Structural or Functional Integrity?
AB  - The present study aimed to determine whether distinct sets of tendon properties
      are seen in athletes engaged in sports with contrasting requirements for tendon
      function and structural integrity. Patellar and Achilles tendon morphology and
      force-deformation relation were measured by combining ultrasonography,
      electromyography and dynamometry in elite ski jumpers, distance runners, water
      polo players and sedentary individuals. Tendon cross-sectional area normalized to
      body mass2/3 was smaller in water polo players than in other athletes (patellar
      and Achilles tendon; -28 to -24%) or controls (patellar tendon only; -9%). In
      contrast, the normalized cross-sectional area was larger in runners (patellar
      tendon only; +26%) and ski jumpers (patellar and Achilles tendon; +21% and +13%,
      respectively) than in controls. Tendon stiffness normalized to body mass2/3 only
      differed in ski jumpers, compared to controls (patellar and Achilles tendon; +11%
      and +27%, respectively) and to water polo players (Achilles tendon only; +23%).
      Tendon size appears as an adjusting variable to changes in loading volume and/or
      intensity, possibly to preserve ultimate strength or fatigue resistance. However,
      uncoupled morphological and mechanical properties indicate that functional
      requirements may also influence tendon adaptations. 

PMID- 27362658
TI  - Prevalance, Morphology, and Molecular Characterization of Sarcocystis heydorni
      Sarcocysts from Cattle (Bos Taurus) in China.
AB  - Cattle are intermediate hosts for 2 zoonotic species of Sarcocystis, Sarcocystis
      hominis and Sarcocystis heydorni. Here we report S. heydorni from cattle for the
      first time in China. Sarcocysts of S. heydorni were found in muscle from 173 of
      1,630 (10.6%) cattle in abattoirs (9.7% in skeletal muscles, 3.4% esophagus, 2.5%
      diaphragm, and 0.1% tongue; heart muscle was negative). By means of light
      microscopy, S. heydorni sarcocysts were thin-walled (<1 MUm). Using transmission
      electron microscopy, the sarcocyst wall had short (0.3-0.5 * 0.5-0.9 MUm) stubby
      protrusions, the tips of which contained electron-dense, disk-shaped plaques,
      similar to the sarcocyst wall type 29b. In preliminary transmission attempts, a
      human volunteer did not excrete sporocysts in feces after ingesting 579
      sarcocysts S. heydorni isolated from cattle. Phylogenetic analysis using the 2
      molecular markers (18S rRNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 gene) indicated S.
      heydorni shared the closest affinity with species of Sarcocystis, which employ
      ruminants as intermediate hosts and canids as definitive hosts.

PMID- 27362659
TI  - Prognostic Impact of Pretreatment Plasma Fibrinogen in Patients with Locally
      Advanced Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine the prognostic significance of pretreatment
      plasma fibrinigen in patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
      (OOSCC). METHODS: A cohort of 183 patients with locally advanced OOSCC receiving
      preoperative chemoradiotherapy was retrospectively examined. Using ROC curve
      analysis, a pretreatment plasma fibrinogen cutoff value of 447mg/dL was
      determined. The primary endpoints were overall survival and recurrence-free
      survival. A secondary endpoint was to determine whether pretreatment plasma
      fibrinogen could predict treatment response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Cox
      regression models and Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival analyses.
      RESULTS: Seventy-one patients had an elevated pretreatment plasma fibrinogen
      (fibrinogen >447mg/dL). Patients with high fibrinogen showed significantly higher
      pathologic stages after neoadjuvant treatment than those with low fibrinogen (p =
      0.037). In univariate analysis, elevated fibrinogen was associated with poor
      overall survival (p = 0.005) and recurrence-free survival (p = 0.008)
      Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated fibrinogen remained an independent
      risk factor for death (hazard ratio 1.78, 95% CI 1.09-2.90, p = 0.021) and
      relapse (hazard ratio 1.78, 95% CI 1.11-2.86, p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: Elevated
      pretreatment plasma fibrinogen is associated with lack of response to neoadjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy and reduced OS and RFS in patients with OOSCC. Thus, plasma
      fibrinogen may emerge as a novel prognostic indicator and a potential therapeutic
      target in OOSCC.

PMID- 27362660
TI  - Secretory aspartyl proteinases induce neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo.

PMID- 27362661
TI  - New Class of Hydrido Iron(II) Compounds with cis-Reactive Sites: Combination of
      Iron and Diphosphinodithio Ligand.
AB  - The cationic complex [Fe(P2 S2 )(NCMe)2 ](2+) (P2 S2 =(Ph2 PC6 H4 CH2 S)2 (C2 H4
      ) ([1(NCMe)2 ](2+) )), with two MeCN ligands in a cis orientation, was
      synthesized and characterized. The MeCN ligand in [1(NCMe)2 ](2+) undergoes
      further substitution by a hydride ligand or CO to give iron(II) hydrides
      [H1(NCMe)](+) , [H1H](0) , and [H1(CO)](+) . The order of reactivity of the
      hydrides was [H1H](0) >[H1(NCMe)](+) >[H1(CO)](+) , and was illustrated by their
      reactions toward protic acids, the organic cation of 10-methylacridinium
      (MeAcr(+) ) as a hydride acceptor, and intermolecular hydride transfer reactions
      among these ferrous compounds. For example, MeAcr(+) was reduced initially by a
      one-electron transfer process from [H1H](0) , resulting in competing reactions of
      MeAcr(.) dimerization, hydrogen atom transfer from [H1H](+) to MeAcr(.) , and
      decomposition of [H1H](+) . MeAcrH was produced in excellent yields through a
      single-step H(-) transfer from [H1(NCMe)](+) to MeAcr(+) , but [H1(CO)](+) was
      inactive toward MeAcr(+) . 

PMID- 27362662
TI  - The prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic markers in obstructive sleep
      apnea.
AB  - Allergic rhinitis (AR) related inflammation might worsen the severity of
      obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), however, the relationship between the two
      disorders remains controversial. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of AR
      and atopic markers in OSA. This cross-sectional study recruited participants with
      sleep-related complaints referred to a sleep center from February 2013 to June
      2014. The diagnosis of OSA was based on the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) followed by
      confirmatory polysomnography (PSG). The diagnosis of AR was made via focused
      history and clinical examination and was confirmed by measuring atopic markers.
      OSA was diagnosed in 97 out of 157 adults attending the sleep clinic (61.8%).
      There was a high prevalence of AR (52.6%) among OSA individuals. This was not
      significantly different from the frequency in the non-OSA individuals (p=0.5).
      Elevated total immunoglobulin E (IgE; >100K/MUL), eosinophil count, and positive
      Phadiatop tests were found in individuals with OSA to be 37.1%, 11.3%, and 41.2%,
      respectively. Individuals without OSA have shown similar percentages. In our
      cohort, there was no significant difference in frequency of AR and atopy among
      participants with OSA compared to those without OSA.

PMID- 27362663
TI  - Toxic effects and depuration after the dietary lead(II) exposure on the
      bioaccumulation and hematological parameters in starry flounder (Platichthys
      stellatus).
AB  - Platichthys stellatus (mean length 20+/-2cm, mean weight 160.15+/-15g) were
      exposed to the different levels of dietary lead(II) at the concentrations of 0,
      30, 60, 120, 240mg/kg for 4 weeks. Depuration was conducted for 2 weeks after
      exposure. The lead exposure over 60mg Pb/kg induced the significant
      bioaccumulation in tissues of P. stellatus (5-30MUg/g tissue), except for brain
      and muscle where the exposure to 240mg Pb/kg caused the bioaccumulation (2-4MUg/g
      tissue). The hematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) counts,
      hematocrit (Ht) value and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were substantially
      decreased over 60mg Pb/kg, and lasted even after the depuration period. For
      plasma components, calcium and magnesium levels in plasma were generally
      decreased over 60mg Pb/kg, and glucose level was also mainly increased over 60mg
      Pb/kg. Total protein was significantly decreased over 120mg Pb/kg after 4 weeks
      exposure. Glucose and total protein showed the restoration after the depuration
      period in groups of fish exposed previously to over 60 and 120mg Pb/kg,
      respectively. However, other parameters that changed during the exposure over
      60mg Pb/kg did not recovered. For enzymatic components in plasma, glutamic
      oxalate transminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvate transminase (GPT) and alkaline
      phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased over 120mg Pb/kg, and there was
      only restoration observed after the depuration for ALP over 120mg Pb/kg. 

PMID- 27362664
TI  - Ligustrazine improves blood circulation by suppressing Platelet activation in a
      rat model of allergic asthma.
AB  - Chuan-xiong (Ligusticum wallichii) is a traditional herbal medicine in Eastern
      Asia, but the effect of its active component ligustrazine remains unclear. We
      explored its effect and possible mechanism in a well-characterized rat model of
      allergic asthma. Ligustrazine suppressed bronchial hyper-responsiveness to
      methacholine, and suppressed lung inflammation in asthmatic rats. Ligustrazine
      exhibited potent immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects: it suppressed
      lymphocyte and eosinophil mobilization, and reduced cytokine IL-5 and IL-13
      production significantly in lung tissues from asthmatic rats (P<0.05). Further
      histological examinations clearly demonstrated that ligustrazine improved blood
      circulation and ameliorated platelet activation, aggregation and adhesion, which
      induced sustained infiltration and activation of various inflammatory cells,
      including lymphocytes and eosinophils, followed by synthesis and release of a
      variety of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines. The present study suggests
      that ligustrazine is a potent agent for the treatment of allergic asthma due to
      its strong anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties. 

PMID- 27362665
TI  - Full-endoscopic interlaminar operations in lumbar compressive lesions surgery:
      prospective study of 350 patients. "Endos" study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Full-endoscopic operations of lumbar spine are truly minimally
      invasive surgical procedures. Endoscopic techniques have become the standard in
      many areas because of the advantages they offer intraoperatively and after
      surgery. With the interlaminar and transforaminal approach, two full-endoscopic
      procedures are available for lumbar compressive lesion operations. Our aim was to
      present and explain all aspects of the full-endoscopic operative technique, and
      presentation of results of lumbar discectomies and monosegmental decompression in
      full-endoscopic interlaminar technique performed during 3 year period in
      comparison with conventional microsurgical operations reported in literature.
      METHOD: A series of 350 patients underwent full-endoscopic interlaminar lumbar
      discectomy, and spinal canal decompression, during a 3-year period, is analyzed.
      In addition to general and specific parameters, VAS and ODI scale are used as
      measuring instruments. RESULTS: In our clinical series of full-endoscopic
      operations 88% of the patients no longer had leg pain postoperatively, and 7% had
      only occasional pain. In seven (2%) patients minor nerve damage resulted in
      transient paresthesias, and in two patients resulted in neurological deficit.
      Dural tear occurred in 8 (2.3%) patients, and only one had reoperation for direct
      dural repair. The recurrence rate was 5,7% (3.7% had reoperation). Resection of
      the herniated disc and sufficient decompression was technically possible in all
      cases. CONCLUSION: The clinical results of the full-endoscopic technique are at
      least equal to those of the conventional microsurgical discectomy with advantages
      such as reduced tissue trauma, improved patient mobility, and lower overall
      complication rate. With the possibility of selecting the most adequate approach,
      lumbar disc herniations inside and outside the spinal canal, can be sufficiently
      removed using the full-endoscopic technique, when taking the appropriate
      indication criteria into account.

PMID- 27362666
TI  - Is hockey just a game? Contesting meanings of the ice hockey life projects
      through a career-threatening injury.
AB  - This study is situated within an existential-narrative theoretical framework to
      examine the impact of career-threatening injury on professional ice hockey
      players' well-being and career construction. Professional ice hockey culture is
      construed as a privileged space characterised by hegemonic masculinity, fierce
      competition as well as high-risk behaviours often resulting in sports injuries.
      In this paper, we analyse two players' life stories with a particular focus on
      injury as a boundary situation involving social and temporal breakdown and re
      evaluation of meaning of sporting life projects. Emergent narratives surrounding
      existential themes of loss of meaning and loneliness in the face of injury were
      analysed in connection with players' search for authenticity and realignment with
      self-concept. Each player developed resistant narratives to the dominant ethos of
      professional sport in order to restore well-being and sense of self. The
      relational aspects of injury are highlighted in practical recommendations.

PMID- 27362667
TI  - Development of a Library Search-Based Screening System for 3,4
      Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Ecstasy Tablets Using a Portable Near-Infrared
      Spectrometer.
AB  - This is the first report on development of a library search-based screening
      system for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in ecstasy tablets using a
      portable near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. The spectrum library consisted of
      spectra originating from standard substances as well as mixtures of MDMA
      hydrochloride (MDMA-HCl) and diluents. The raw NIR spectra were mathematically
      pretreated, and then, a library search was performed using correlation
      coefficient. To enhance the discrimination ability, the wavelength used for the
      library search was limited. Mixtures of MDMA-HCl and diluents were used to decide
      criteria to judge MDMA-positive or MDMA-negative. Confiscated MDMA tablets and
      medicinal tablets were used for performance check of the criteria. Twenty-two of
      27 MDMA tablets were truly judged as MDMA-positive. Five false-negative results
      may be caused by compounds not included in the library. No false-positive results
      were obtained for medicinal tablets. This system will be a useful tool for on
      site screening of MDMA tablets.

PMID- 27362668
TI  - Cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion
      for the treatment of gastric cancer: A single-centre retrospective study.
AB  - AIM: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal
      chemoperfusion (HIPEC) is the treatment regime most likely to achieve prolonged
      survival in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastroenteric cancer. To
      date, few publications have focused on the treatment of patients with gastric
      cancer alone. Several controversies remain unsolved, including the safety and
      effectiveness of the CRS-HIPEC combination regime, particularly in cases where
      HIPEC is used as adjuvant treatment after CRS. Therefore, in the current study,
      we aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of CRS combined with HIPEC in
      patients with gastric cancer. METHOD: Data from 231 patients with a median age of
      55.1 years treated with the CRS-HIPEC combination regime between January 2009 and
      December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent the
      combination therapy (mean of 2.4 cycles per patient, range, 1 to 4 cycles).
      RESULTS: Median overall survival was 37.0 months, with 1-, 2- and 3-year survival
      rates recorded as 83.4%, 68.5%, and 38.7%, respectively. The serum levels of
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) were
      significantly decreased after combination therapy in the completeness of
      cytoreduction (CCR)-0 and CCR-1 groups, while no significant changes observed in
      marker levels were observed in the CC >=2 group. The post-operative morbidity and
      mortality rates were 6.9% and 0.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed
      low TNM tumour stage, ascites condition and CCR score as independent predictors
      for better survival. CONCLUSION: In view of the acceptable morbidity and
      mortality rates we propose that CRS combined with HIPEC presents an effective and
      safe treatment modality for patients with gastric cancer, especially in cases
      where optimal cytoreduction is achieved before the HIPEC procedure.

PMID- 27362671
TI  - A new look MJA.

PMID- 27362672
TI  - The health of indigenous and tribal peoples across the world: The Lancet-Lowitja
      Institute Global Collaboration.

PMID- 27362669
TI  - Proposed New Sub-Grouping for Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using
      Albumin-Bilirubin Grade.
AB  - AIM: We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade,
      which has been proposed as a new classification for hepatic function, for
      evaluation of the prognosis of intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma
      (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer criteria stage B, BCLC-B). PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      We enrolled 754 naive BCLC-B patients (multiple tumors) and retrospectively
      analyzed their clinical features [surgical resection (hepatectomy), n = 170;
      radiofrequency ablation (RFA), n = 110; percutaneous ethanol injection, n = 7;
      transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, n = 396; others, n = 25; best
      supportive care, n = 46]. Four sub-groups were defined for the Modified
      Intermediate Stage of Liver Cancer (MICAN) criteria as follows: B1 (ALBI-1/within
      up-to-7 criteria), B2 (ALBI-2/within up-to-7 criteria), B3 (ALBI-1 and ALBI
      2/multiple and beyond up-to-7 criteria), and B4 (ALBI-3/any). RESULTS: The median
      survival time of patients classified as B1 (n = 94), B2 (n = 175), B3 (n = 452),
      and B4 (n = 33) was 65.1, 48.1, 29.6, and 14.6 months, respectively (p < 0.01 for
      each). Those in B1 treated with hepatectomy and RFA comprised 67.0%, while that
      ratio was 51.4% in B2, 28.3% in B3, and 12.1% in B4. CONCLUSION: The MICAN
      criteria based on ALBI grade are simple and useful for prediction of prognosis
      and therapy decision-making in the heterogeneous population of BCLC-B patients.

PMID- 27362674
TI  - Towards an integrated model for child and family services in central Australia.

PMID- 27362676
TI  - Clinical examination: evidence and eminence.

PMID- 27362675
TI  - Are Indigenous mortality gaps closing: how to tell, and when?

PMID- 27362677
TI  - Ankles jerk - yes, but how?

PMID- 27362678
TI  - Caetano Francisco da Piedade Quadros, MB BCh BAO, DPH, FRACMA, FAFPHM.

PMID- 27362679
TI  - An insight.

PMID- 27362680
TI  - We need transformative change in Aboriginal health.

PMID- 27362681
TI  - Access to contraception for remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women:
      necessary but not sufficient.

PMID- 27362682
TI  - Carers of Indigenous children: services and systems failure? Where to next?

PMID- 27362683
TI  - Uptake of long-acting, reversible contraception in three remote Aboriginal
      communities: a population-based study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the use, effectiveness and acceptance of prescribed
      contraception in three remote Western Australian Aboriginal communities.
      PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN: Mixed method study, including retrospective file review
      of contraception methods for 566 regular female Aboriginal patients, 1 November
      2010 - 1 September 2014, and semi-structured interviews with 20 Aboriginal women.
      SETTING: Primary care clinics in three remote Aboriginal communities. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of episodes of contraceptive use, effectiveness and
      continuation rates of prescribed contraceptive use; personal experiences,
      attitudes towards and beliefs about contraception options. RESULTS: 34% of women
      had used contraception, ranging from 15% of women aged younger than 15 years to
      55% of women aged 15-19 years. The most common forms of contraception at the
      census date were long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs): 77% of women
      using contraception had an etonogestrel implant and 7% had depot
      medroxyprogesterone. Etonogestrel continuation rates at 1, 2 and 3 years were 87%
      (95% CI, 81-92%), 72% (95% CI, 64-78%) and 51% (95% CI, 41-60%) respectively.
      Medroxyprogesterone depot continuation at one year was only 14% (95% CI, 8-22%).
      Social acceptance of the etonogestrel implant was high; no concerns were raised
      about stigma or unwanted attention related to implant use. CONCLUSION: The high
      uptake of LARCs in these communities is consistent with international
      recommendations about contraception use. High acceptability was reflected in
      excellent continuation rates. Service delivery models that use community
      engagement and capacity building are recommended for broadening the focus of
      sexual health beyond sexually transmitted disease detection and management,
      giving priority to the reproductive rights and unmet needs of Aboriginal women.

PMID- 27362684
TI  - Psychological distress in carers of Aboriginal children in urban New South Wales:
      findings from SEARCH (phase one).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the factors associated with psychological distress in
      parents and carers of Aboriginal children living in urban communities in New
      South Wales. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey (phase one of the Study of
      Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health [SEARCH], November 2007 -
      December 2011). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Primary care; 589 parents and carers of
      Aboriginal children were recruited when attending one of the four Aboriginal
      Community Controlled Health Services (ACCHSs) in urban NSW that participated in
      SEARCH. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) scores;
      a score of 22 or higher was deemed to indicate high levels of psychological
      distress. RESULTS: High levels of psychological distress were identified in 18%
      of our sample. The factors most strongly associated with this distress were
      functional limitations (v those with K10 scores under 22: adjusted odds ratio
      [aOR], 4.2; 95% CI, 1.3-13.5), previous hospitalisation (aOR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.5
      19.4) or other treatment for social and emotional wellbeing (aOR, 3.3; 95% CI,
      1.3-8.4), low satisfaction with feeling part of the community (aOR, 0.83; 95% CI,
      0.70-0.98) and low involvement in clubs and groups (aOR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-7.3).
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should note that those with functional limitations or a
      history of treatment for mental health problems are at higher risk of
      psychological distress and may require additional support. Increased funding that
      allows ACCHSs to provide mental health services, and funding and promoting
      programs and activities that increase social connectedness should remain focuses
      for ACCHSs and policy makers.

PMID- 27362685
TI  - Increasing Indigenous self-harm and suicide in the Kimberley: an audit of the
      2005-2014 data.

PMID- 27362687
TI  - Pitfalls in photographing radiological images from computer screens.

PMID- 27362686
TI  - Spirometry reference values in Indigenous Australians: a systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate published spirometry data for Australian Aboriginal and
      Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous) peoples to determine (i) whether their
      ethnicity influenced spirometry results; and (ii) if any reliable spirometry
      reference values exist for Indigenous Australians. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic
      review of published and grey literature. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and Cochrane
      Library databases, references of included articles and appropriate grey
      literature. Last searches were conducted in April 2016. STUDY SELECTION: We
      included any study that performed spirometry on healthy Indigenous Australians
      and compared their results with those from people of European ancestry. Two
      authors independently screened titles and abstracts and then reviewed potentially
      relevant full-text articles for possible inclusion. We used PRISMA systematic
      review reporting methods to collate data. DATA SYNTHESIS: Of a possible 125
      studies, 18 full-text articles were reviewed, but only nine fulfilled the
      inclusion criteria. None specified Torres Strait Islander inclusion. All studies
      reported lower spirometry values (as much as 30% lower) for Aboriginal people
      compared with non-Indigenous people. Five studies developed spirometry reference
      values for Indigenous Australians; however, none adhered to all participant
      inclusion and exclusion criteria outlined by the American Thoracic Society and
      European Respiratory Society. Hence, reported results and subsequent reference
      values may not be a true representation of spirometry values in healthy
      Indigenous people. CONCLUSIONS: The lower spirometry values reported for
      Indigenous Australians may be due to study limitations. Furthermore, there are
      currently no reliable spirometry reference values for Indigenous Australians that
      adhere to current guidelines. Developing a set of Indigenous Australian reference
      values will improve the accuracy of test interpretation and aid in the diagnosis
      of respiratory disease in this population.

PMID- 27362688
TI  - Pitfalls in photographing radiological images from computer screens.

PMID- 27362689
TI  - Non-reimbursement for preventable health care-acquired conditions.

PMID- 27362690
TI  - Non-reimbursement for preventable health care-acquired conditions.

PMID- 27362691
TI  - The molecular biology of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of
      metalloproteinases in inflammatory bowel diseases.
AB  - Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
      (TIMPs) are thought to be predominant proteases and protease inhibitors involved
      in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) through their ability to
      remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) in response to inflammatory stimuli and by
      their immunomodulating effects. An imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs has been
      linked with acute and chronic inflammation and aberrant tissue remodeling, as
      seen in IBD. Moreover, recurrent phases of tissue destruction and subsequent
      tissue repair can cause serious complications in IBD patients such as fistulas
      and fibrosis. The aims of this review are (i) to summarize current literature on
      genetic association, mRNA, and protein expression studies with regard to MMPs and
      TIMPs in IBD patients and various animal models, including those with transgenic
      and knockout mice; (ii) to compare biochemical and molecular biological data in
      humans with those obtained in animal model studies and (iii) to critically
      evaluate and translate how this knowledge may be used in practical terms to
      understand better the pathophysiology and mechanisms operating in IBD and to
      apply this for improvement of clinical outcomes at diagnostic, prognostic and
      therapeutic levels.

PMID- 27362693
TI  - An engineered promoter driving expression of a microbial avirulence gene confers
      recognition of TAL effectors and reduces growth of diverse Xanthomonas strains in
      citrus.
AB  - Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (X. citri), causal agent of citrus canker, uses
      transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) as major pathogenicity factors.
      TALEs, which are delivered into plant cells through the type III secretion system
      (T3SS), interact with effector binding elements (EBEs) in host genomes to
      activate the expression of downstream susceptibility genes to promote disease.
      Predictably, TALEs bind EBEs in host promoters via known combinations of TALE
      amino acids to DNA bases, known as the TALE code. We introduced 14 EBEs, matching
      distinct X. citri TALEs, into the promoter of the pepper Bs3 gene (ProBs31EBE ),
      and fused this engineered promoter with multiple EBEs (ProBs314EBE ) to either
      the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene or the coding sequence (cds) of the
      pepper gene, Bs3. TALE-induced expression of the Bs3 cds in citrus leaves
      resulted in no visible hypersensitive response (HR). Therefore, we utilized a
      different approach in which ProBs31EBE and ProBs314EBE were fused to the
      Xanthomonas gene, avrGf1, which encodes a bacterial effector that elicits an HR
      in grapefruit and sweet orange. We demonstrated, in transient assays, that
      activation of ProBs314EBE by X. citri TALEs is T3SS dependent, and that the
      expression of AvrGf1 triggers HR and correlates with reduced bacterial growth. We
      further demonstrated that all tested virulent X. citri strains from diverse
      geographical locations activate ProBs314EBE . TALEs are essential for the
      virulence of X. citri strains and, because the engineered promoter traps are
      activated by multiple TALEs, this concept has the potential to confer broad
      spectrum, durable resistance to citrus canker in stably transformed plants.

PMID- 27362694
TI  - What is the effect of venous thromboembolism and related complications on patient
      reported health-related quality of life? A meta-analysis.
AB  - We conducted a meta-analysis of the literature to 1) assess the health-related
      quality of life for patients with a minimum follow-up of one year after an
      episode of pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), and 2) to
      assess the HRQOL for patients who develop chronic thromboembolic pulmonary
      hypertension (CTEPH) and post thrombotic syndrome (PTS). PubMed, EMBASE, and the
      Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 30, 2016. Data were pooled
      using random-effects meta-analysis, and heterogeneity was assessed with I2 and
      Tau2 tests. SF-12, SF-36, and VEINES-QOL were evaluated with pooled standardised
      mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Fourteen studies were
      included for meta-analysis. In patients who sustain a PE, physical health becomes
      impaired (p<0.001, 2 studies) but mental health appears to remain similar to
      population norms (p=0.069, 2 studies) after at least one year. Patients who
      develop CTEPH report worse physical (p<0.001, 1 study) and mental health
      (p=0.009, 1 study). In patients who suffer from a DVT, physical health (p=0.19, 9
      studies), mental health (p=0.67, 9 studies), and disease specific quality of life
      (p=0.61, 8 studies) remain similar to population norms after at least one year.
      Patients who develop PTS, however, report worse physical health (p<0.001, 7
      studies), mental health (p<0.001, 7 studies), and disease specific quality of
      life (p<0.001, 10 studies). These data can be used to educate patients during the
      shared decision making process that increasingly governs medical care today.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

PMID- 27362696
TI  - Sonographic Nerve Tracking in the Cervical Region: A Pictorial Essay and Video
      Demonstration.
AB  - Imaging of the nerves in the cervical region is more complicated than those of
      the extremities. Although high-resolution ultrasound enables the depiction of
      peripheral nerves' morphology and their associations with the adjacent soft
      tissues, precise identification of the nerves in the neck is still challenging.
      Familiarization with the cervical nerve tracking techniques can help
      interventional physiatrists explore/treat relevant entrapment syndromes, so does
      guiding proper electrode placement during nerve conduction studies. The present
      article integrates serial ultrasound images and videos to demonstrate how to scan
      brachial plexus, superficial cervical plexus, cranial nerves in the neck region,
      and certain branches of the major cervical nerves.

PMID- 27362695
TI  - Impact of Switching From a Vitamin K Antagonist to Rivaroxaban on Satisfaction
      With Anticoagulation Therapy: The XANTUS-ACTS Substudy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The efficacy, safety, and ease of use of rivaroxaban may reduce
      anticoagulation-treatment burden and improve nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
      (NVAF) patient satisfaction compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs).
      HYPOTHESIS: Transitioning from a VKA to rivaroxaban improves treatment
      satisfaction in routine practice. METHODS: Xarelto for Prevention of Stroke in
      Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (XANTUS) is a prospective, noninterventional
      study in patients with NVAF prescribed rivaroxaban for prevention of stroke in
      routine practice. Patients receiving a VKA 4 weeks prior to the initial XANTUS
      study visit and switched to rivaroxaban were asked to complete the Anti-Clot
      Treatment Scale (ACTS). Changes from the initial visit to the first follow-up
      visit at ~ 3 months (corresponding to a comparison of rivaroxaban vs prior VKA)
      for ACTS burden and benefit scores were calculated using and reported as least
      squared mean differences (LSMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:
      The study included 1291 NVAF patients with prior VKA treatment. The mean baseline
      ACTS burden and benefit scores were 50.51 +/- 8.42 and 10.30 +/- 2.70,
      respectively. After ~ 3 months of rivaroxaban treatment, LSMDs were 4.38 points
      (95% CI: 2.53-6.22, P < 0.0001) for the burden and 1.01 points (95% CI: 0.27
      1.75, P = 0.0075) for the benefit score. Fifty-four percent and 48% of patients
      reported experiencing at least a minimally important clinical difference in
      burden and benefit scores, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Within this XANTUS cohort,
      switching from a VKA to rivaroxaban yielded statistically and clinically
      significant improvements in ACT burden and benefit scores.

PMID- 27362697
TI  - High Intensity Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Can Improve Glucose Tolerance in
      Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is higher in
      persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) compared to healthy controls, indicating
      metabolic deficits that may increase comorbidity. In other populations, IGT can,
      at least partly, be reversed by intense physical exercise, but this is never
      investigated before in MS. AIM: To investigate the effect of high intensity
      aerobic and resistance training on glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle GLUT4
      content in MS. METHODS: Thirty-four persons with MS (aged 45 +/- 3 years, EDSS
      2.5 +/- 1.07) were randomized into three groups, including a (1) sedentary
      control group (SED, n = 11), (2) 12-week high intensity interval plus resistance
      training group (HITR, n = 12), or (3) 12-week high intensity continuous aerobic
      training plus resistance training group (HCTR, n = 11). Before and after 12
      weeks, glucose tolerance and skeletal muscle GLUT4 content were determined by an
      oral glucose tolerance test and analysis of a m.vastus lateralis biopsy,
      respectively. RESULTS: There were no significant changes for subjects of SED.
      From pre- to post-intervention, total area under the glucose curve (tAUC)
      decreased significantly in both HITR (-6.9 +/- 6.2%) and HCTR (-11.0 +/- 7.7%) (P
      < 0.05). Insulin tAUC decreased (-12.3 +/- 14.7%) within HCTR and muscle GLUT4
      content increased (+6.6 +/- 4.5%) in HITR. CONCLUSION: Twelve weeks of high
      intensity aerobic exercise in combination with resistance training improved
      glucose tolerance in persons with MS.

PMID- 27362698
TI  - Vasculitic Mononeuritis Multiplex May Be Misdiagnosed as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
AB  - Vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation and destruction
      of blood vessels, resulting in ischemic injury to the involved tissue. Sometimes,
      peripheral neuropathy is one of the first symptoms of systemic vasculitis.
      Although the classic form of peripheral nervous system vasculitis is mononeuritis
      multiplex, it can also present as a mononeuritis. In this case report, the
      patient presented with progressive rapid onset numbness in her right hand for 2
      months. She underwent carpal tunnel decompression surgery with initial diagnosis
      of acute carpal tunnel syndrome but failed to respond to the surgery, and two
      month later, she presented with foot drop. The final diagnosis was vasculitic
      mononeuritis multiplex. The present case report demonstrates the importance of
      identification of median mononeuritis as one of the first presentations of
      vasculitic disorders and distinction from acute carpal tunnel syndrome. The
      natural history of many of the systemic vasculitides is rapidly progressive, and
      they are likely to be fatal without early treatment. In this regard, timely
      diagnosis of vasculitis is critical because of the vital role of early
      immunosuppressive therapy in preventing multiorgan damage and decreasing
      mortality rate.

PMID- 27362701
TI  - Prevalence and Characteristics of Body Dysmorphic Disorder Among Patients in a
      Partial Hospital Program.
AB  - Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common disorder that is usually associated
      with impaired functioning and high levels of suicidality. The current study is
      the first to assess prevalence of BDD among patients in a partial hospital
      program and compare patients with and without BDD on demographic and clinical
      variables. Participants were 207 patients with a variety of Axis I diagnoses.
      Prevalence of current BDD was 7.2%, and a diagnosis of BDD did not predict worse
      treatment outcome in the program. Patients with current BDD were more likely to
      be female and younger and have more comorbid diagnoses than patients without
      current BDD. No other significant differences were found at baseline between
      patients with and without current BDD. Results indicate that BDD is relatively
      common among patients in partial hospital programs and that such programs may be
      as beneficial to patients with BDD as to other patients.

PMID- 27362702
TI  - Gender Dysphoria and Psychiatric Symptoms.

PMID- 27362703
TI  - Phenylephrine Decreases Vascular Tension in Goat Arteries in Specific
      Circumstances.
AB  - Phenylephrine (PE) causes vasoconstriction through alpha adrenergic receptors. PE
      induced vasodilatation has also been reported earlier in pre-constricted vessels.
      Here we demonstrate in spiral strips of goat arteries that addition of PE can
      decrease tone even from base-line levels (i.e. not pre-constricted) and show that
      this process requires nitric oxide (NO) and alpha adrenergic stimulation, but is
      cGMP-independent. Under control conditions, PE caused vasoconstriction, but under
      conditions where NO levels are higher, as with L-Arginine or sodium
      nitroprusside, PE decreased vessel tension. L-Arginine/PE combination was not
      able to decrease tension when alpha adrenoceptors were blocked with Phentolamine
      or endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was blocked with Nomega-Nitro-L
      arginine (L-NNA). Propranolol, a beta blocker, was unable to prevent the
      reduction in tension by the L-Arginine/PE combination. Adrenaline and
      noradrenaline (and not isoproterenol) also reduced vessel tension in the presence
      of L-Arginine. Even when NO levels were not enhanced, relieving NO from having to
      stimulate the enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) (either by using sGC
      blockers, namely ODQ or methylene blue, or by enhancing cGMP levels (with
      sildenafil) which by negative feedback probably inhibits sGC) led to PE-induced
      reduction of vascular tension. PMA-phorbol myristate acetate-an agonist which
      stimulates Protein Kinase C was able to prevent the ability of PE to reduce
      vascular tension in a high NO environment. Our conclusion is that PE reduces
      vascular tension through alpha adrenoceptors if there is excess NO availability
      to activate a putative pathway. Though the reduction of vessel tone by PE is
      dependent on NO, it is independent of cGMP. Prior treatment with PMA or PE itself
      can prevent further PE-induced reduction of tension in a high NO environment. The
      results here suggest, counter-intuitively, that alpha blockers may be of help in
      the treatment of septic shock where nitric oxide levels are high. 

PMID- 27362704
TI  - OMIP-034: Comprehensive immune phenotyping of human peripheral leukocytes by mass
      cytometry for monitoring immunomodulatory therapies.

PMID- 27362705
TI  - A Two-Year Randomized Trial of Interventions to Decrease Stress Hormone
      Vasopressin Production in Patients with Meniere's Disease-A Pilot Study.
AB  - Meniere's disease, a common inner ear condition, has an incidence of 15-50 per
      100,000. Because mental/physical stress and subsequent increase in the stress
      hormone vasopressin supposedly trigger Meniere's disease, we set a pilot study to
      seek new therapeutic interventions, namely management of vasopressin secretion,
      to treat this disease. We enrolled 297 definite Meniere's patients from 2010 to
      2012 in a randomized-controlled and open-label trial, assigning Group-I (control)
      traditional oral medication, Group-II abundant water intake, Group-III tympanic
      ventilation tubes and Group-IV sleeping in darkness. Two hundred sixty-three
      patients completed the planned 2-year-follow-up, which included assessment of
      vertigo, hearing, plasma vasopressin concentrations and changes in
      stress/psychological factors. At 2 years, vertigo was completely controlled in
      54.3% of patients in Group-I, 81.4% in Group-II, 84.1% in Group-III, and 80.0% in
      Group-IV (statistically I < II = III = IV). Hearing was improved in 7.1% of
      patients in Group-I, 35.7% in Group-II, 34.9% in Group-III, and 31.7% in Group-IV
      (statistically I < II = III = IV). Plasma vasopressin concentrations decreased
      more in Groups-II, -III, and -IV than in Groups-I (statistically I < II = III =
      IV), although patients' stress/psychological factors had not changed. Physicians
      have focused on stress management for Meniere's disease. However, avoidance of
      stress is unrealistic for patients who live in demanding social environments. Our
      findings in this pilot study suggest that interventions to decrease vasopressin
      secretion by abundant water intake, tympanic ventilation tubes and sleeping in
      darkness is feasible in treating Meniere's disease, even though these therapies
      did not alter reported mental/physical stress levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01099046.

PMID- 27362706
TI  - Histone deacetylase inhibition, but not a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
      spironolactone, attenuates atypical transcription by an activating mutant MR (MRS
      810L ).
AB  - A mutation in the mineralocorticoid receptor (MRS 810L ) leads to early-onset
      hypertension, which is markedly exacerbated during pregnancy. The mutation causes
      progesterone and even the MR antagonist spironolactone to become potent agonists.
      Thus, it is hard to control hypertension in patients harbouring this mutation. We
      hypothesized that histone deacetylase inhibition (HDACi), but not the MR
      antagonist spironolactone, attenuates atypical transcriptional activity of
      activating mutant MR (MRS 810L ). We established HEK293T cells overexpressing
      wild-type MR (MRWT ) or MRS 810L and determined their transcriptional activities
      by luciferase assay. Expression of MR target genes was measured by quantitative
      real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Treatment with aldosterone increased the expression of
      MR target genes as well as the transcriptional activities in HEK293T cells
      transfected either with MRWT or MRS 810L . Treatment with either spironolactone
      or progesterone also increased the expression of MR target genes as well as
      transcriptional activity, but only in HEK293T cells transfected with MRS 810L .
      Spironolactone abolished the promoter activity stimulated by aldosterone in
      HEK293T cells transfected with MRWT . Treatment with HDAC inhibitors attenuated
      the transcriptional activity as well as the expression of MR target genes induced
      by aldosterone, spironolactone, or progesterone whether HEK293T cells were
      transfected with either MRWT or MRS 810L . These results indicate that HDACi, but
      not an MR antagonist spironolactone, attenuates atypical transcriptional activity
      of an activating mutant MR (MRS 810L ).

PMID- 27362707
TI  - Enhanced startle responsivity 24 hours after acute stress exposure.
AB  - Cortisol release in a stressful situation can be beneficial for memory encoding
      and memory consolidation. Stimuli, such as odors, related to the stressful
      episode may successfully cue memory contents of the stress experience. The
      current investigation aimed at testing the potency of stress to influence startle
      responsivity 24 hr later and to implicitly reactivate emotional memory traces
      triggered by an odor involved. Participants were assigned to either a stress
      (Trier Social Stress Test [TSST]) or control (friendly TSST [f-TSST]) condition
      featuring an ambient odor. On the next day, participants underwent an auditory
      startle paradigm while their eyeblink reflex was recorded by an electrooculogram.
      Three different olfactory stimuli were delivered, one being the target odor
      presented the day before. Additionally, negative, positive, and pictures of the
      committee members were included for comparing general startle responsivity and
      fear-potentiated startle. Participants of the stress group demonstrated an
      enhanced startle response across all stimuli compared to participants of the
      control group. There were no specific effects with regard to the target odor. The
      typical fear-potentiated startle response occurred. Stressed participants tended
      to rate the target odor more aversive than control participants. Odor recognition
      memory did not differ between the groups, suggesting an implicit effect on odor
      valence. Our results show that acute stress exposure enhances startle
      responsivity 24 hr later. This effect might be caused by a shift of amygdala
      function causing heightened sensitivity, but lower levels of specificity.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362708
TI  - Factors Influencing Bacterial Diversity and Community Composition in Municipal
      Drinking Waters in the Ohio River Basin, USA.
AB  - The composition and metabolic activities of microbes in drinking water
      distribution systems can affect water quality and distribution system integrity.
      In order to understand regional variations in drinking water microbiology in the
      upper Ohio River watershed, the chemical and microbiological constituents of 17
      municipal distribution systems were assessed. While sporadic variations were
      observed, the microbial diversity was generally dominated by fewer than 10 taxa,
      and was driven by the amount of disinfectant residual in the water. Overall,
      Mycobacterium spp. (Actinobacteria), MLE1-12 (phylum Cyanobacteria),
      Methylobacterium spp., and sphingomonads were the dominant taxa. Shifts in
      community composition from Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria to
      Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria were associated with higher residual chlorine.
      Alpha- and beta-diversity were higher in systems with higher chlorine loads,
      which may reflect changes in the ecological processes structuring the communities
      under different levels of oxidative stress. These results expand the assessment
      of microbial diversity in municipal distribution systems and demonstrate the
      value of considering ecological theory to understand the processes controlling
      microbial makeup. Such understanding may inform the management of municipal
      drinking water resources. 

PMID- 27362710
TI  - Cell cycle-arrested cells know the right time.

PMID- 27362709
TI  - Rapid and Non-destructive Detection and Identification of Two Strains of
      Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.
AB  - The release of Wolbachia infected mosquitoes is likely to form a key component of
      disease control strategies in the near future. We investigated the potential of
      using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to simultaneously detect and identify two
      strains of Wolbachia pipientis (wMelPop and wMel) in male and female laboratory
      reared Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Our aim is to find faster, cheaper alternatives
      for monitoring those releases than the molecular diagnostic techniques that are
      currently in use. Our findings indicate that NIRS can differentiate females and
      males infected with wMelPop from uninfected wild type samples with an accuracy of
      96% (N = 299) and 87.5% (N = 377), respectively. Similarly, females and males
      infected with wMel were differentiated from uninfected wild type samples with
      accuracies of 92% (N = 352) and 89% (N = 444). NIRS could differentiate wMelPop
      and wMel transinfected females with an accuracy of 96.6% (N = 442) and males with
      an accuracy of 84.5% (N = 443). This non-destructive technique is faster than the
      standard polymerase chain reaction diagnostic techniques. After the purchase of a
      NIRS spectrometer, the technique requires little sample processing and does not
      consume any reagents.

PMID- 27362711
TI  - Advantages of robotics in benign gynecologic surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this article is to review the literature and
      discuss the advantages of robotics in benign gynecologic surgery. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Minimally invasive surgery has become the preferred route over
      abdominal surgery. The laparoscopic or robotic approach is recommended when
      vaginal surgery is not feasible. Thus far, robotic gynecologic surgery data have
      demonstrated feasibility, safety, and equivalent clinical outcomes in comparison
      with laparoscopy and better clinical outcomes compared with laparotomy. Robotics
      was developed to overcome challenges of laparoscopy and has led to technological
      advantages such as improved ergonomics, visualization with three-dimensional
      capabilities, dexterity and range of motion with instrument articulation, and
      tremor filtration. To date, applications of robotics in benign gynecology include
      hysterectomy, myomectomy, endometriosis surgery, sacrocolpopexy, adnexal surgery,
      tubal reanastomosis, and cerclage. Though further data are needed, robotics may
      provide additional benefits over other approaches in the obese patient population
      and in higher complexity cases. Challenges that arose in the earlier adoption
      stage such as the steep learning curve, costs, and operative times are becoming
      more optimized with greater experience, with implementation of robotics in high
      volume centers and with improved training of surgeons and robotic teams. Robotic
      laparoendoscopic single-site surgery, albeit still in its infancy where technical
      advantages compared with laparoscopic single-site surgery are still unclear, may
      provide a cost-reducing option compared with multiport robotics. The cost may
      even approach that of laparoscopy while still conferring similar perioperative
      outcomes. SUMMARY: Advances in robotic technology such as the single-site
      platform and telesurgery, have the potential to revolutionize the field of
      minimally invasive gynecologic surgery. Higher quality evidence is needed to
      determine the advantages and disadvantages of robotic surgery in benign
      gynecologic surgery. Conclusions on the benefits and risks of robotic surgery
      should be made with caution given limited data, especially when compared with
      other routes. Route of surgery selection should take into consideration the
      surgeons' skill and comfort level that allows for the highest level of safety and
      efficiency. Ultimately, the robotic device is an additional minimally invasive
      surgical tool that can further the goal of minimizing laparotomy in gynecology.

PMID- 27362713
TI  - A Major Advance in the Synthesis of Fluoroalkyl Pyrazoles: Tuneable
      Regioselectivity and Broad Substitution Patterns.
AB  - A novel approach towards highly functionalized fluoroalkyl pyrazoles was
      developed by using fluoroalkyl amino reagents in combination with a variety of
      fluorinated ketimines. Tuneable introduction of fluoroalkyl groups in the 3- and
      5-positions was possible by using vinamidinium intermediates or the corresponding
      enamino ketones after hydrolysis. These high-value building blocks can give rise
      to a large number of analogues for bioactivity screening and discovering new
      heterocyclic bioactive ingredients in various life science fields. 

PMID- 27362712
TI  - The effect of epidermal levels of urocanic acid on 25-hydroxyvitamin D synthesis
      and inflammatory mediators upon narrowband UVB irradiation.
AB  - BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Urocanic acid (UCA) absorbs ultraviolet (UV)B radiation in
      the epidermis which may interfere with phototherapy. Therefore, the influence of
      individual levels of UCA on immune reactivity and vitamin D synthesis induced by
      narrowband UVB radiation was assessed. METHODS: Twenty-eight subjects with
      irritant contact dermatitis of the hands were irradiated with suberythemal doses
      of narrowband UVB radiation on their unaffected lower forearms on three
      consecutive days. Stratum corneum tape strips and epidermal interstitial fluid
      (ISF) as well as blood samples were analyzed. RESULTS: Narrowband UVB irradiation
      led to the conversion of trans-UCA into its cis-isomer in the epidermis. The
      observed increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations was inversely
      correlated with the baseline levels of trans-UCA. Furthermore, UVB irradiation
      induced significant changes in the levels of CXCL10/IP-10, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4/MIP
      1beta, and the IL-1RA/IL-1alpha ratio. The levels of IL-1alpha and CXCL9/MIG
      showed a trend toward increase. The changes in the levels of inflammatory and
      immunomodulatory mediators did not depend on baseline levels of trans-UCA.
      CONCLUSION: The results suggest that epidermal levels of trans-UCA affect vitamin
      D synthesis, but not cutaneous immune reactivity upon repeated exposure to
      suberythemal doses of narrowband UVB radiation. However, this requires further
      exploration.

PMID- 27362715
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27362714
TI  - The combined use of three widely available biochemical markers as predictor of
      organ failure in critically ill patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that lactate dehydrogenase, LDH/albumin ratio in
      combination with or without magnesium (Mg(2+)) could predict organ failure in
      critically ill adult patients. The aim of this study was to describe a new risk
      index for organ failure or mortality in critically ill patients based on a
      combination of these routinely available biochemical plasma biomarkers. METHODS:
      Patients >= 18 years admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were screened.
      Albumin and LDH were analyzed at the time of admission to ICU (n = 347). Organ
      failure assessed with 'Sequential Organ Failure Assessment' (SOFA) score was
      used, and 30-day mortality was recorded. The predictive value of the test was
      calculated using the areas under the receiving operating characteristic (ROC)
      curve. RESULTS: The LDH/albumin ratio was higher in patients who developed organ
      failure as compared to those who did not (p < 0.001). The areas under the ROC
      curve were 0.77 both for prediction of multiple organ failure and for 30-day
      mortality. In a subgroup of patients (n = 183) admitted to ICU from the emergency
      department, the predictive values were 0.86 and 0.80, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      The LDH/albumin ratio at ICU admission was associated with the development of
      multiple organ failure and 30-day mortality in this prospective study. The
      clinical value of this biomarker as a predictor of organ failure in critically
      ill patients is yet to be defined.

PMID- 27362716
TI  - [Gastroenterology towards 2020].
AB  - Research in gastroenterology and hepatology is booming. The spectrum of digestive
      diseases is very extensive, and growing. This issue of the journal focuses on the
      near future of gastreonterology, and announces what changes should we expect
      between now and 2020. The next number will be devoted to changes in hepatology. 

PMID- 27362717
TI  - [First part: the intestinal microbiota].
AB  - The human gastrointestinal tract contains a large number of commensal (non
      pathogenic) and pathogenic microbial species that have co-evolved with the human
      genome and differ in composition and function based on their location, as well as
      age, sex, race/ethnicity, and diet of their host and we can in fact consider the
      human body as a mix of human and bacterial cells. It is now evident that the
      large intestine is much more than an organ for waste material and absorption of
      water, salts and drugs, and indeed has a very important impact on human health,
      for a major part related to the specific composition of the complex microbial
      community in the colon. In man, the large gut receives material from the ileum
      which has already been digested and the contents are then mixed and retained for
      6-12 hours in the caecum and right colon. Thus, the large intestine is an open
      system, with nutrients flowing in the caecum, and bacteria, their metabolic
      products, and undigested foodstuffs being excreted as faeces. The anaerobic
      brakdown of carbohydrate and protein by bacteria is known conventionally as
      fermentation. In man the major end products are the short-chain fatty acids
      (SCFA) acetate, propionate, butirate, the gases H2 and CO2, ammonia, amines,
      phenols and energy, which the bacteria use for growth and the maintenance of
      cellular function. The microbiota is also an important factor in the development
      of the immune response. The interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and
      resident microbiota is well balanced in healthy individuals, but its breakdown
      can lead to intestinal and extraintestinal disease. 

PMID- 27362718
TI  - [Probiotics].
AB  - On the basis of the currently available literature, which includes well-designed
      clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, certain effects can be
      ascribed to probiotics as a general class. It is accepted that sufficient
      evidence has accumulated to support the concept of benefits of certain
      probiotics; it is reasonable to expect that evidence gained from a defined class
      of live microbes might be appropriate for certain, but not all, health outcomes.
      Moreover there is a need for clear communication to consumers and health-care
      providers of the activity of differentiate probiotic products. 

PMID- 27362719
TI  - [Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy].
AB  - Recent-years technological innovation has achieved two important objectives: 1)
      to develop advanced diagnostic tools able to determine with a fair degree of
      accuracy the nature of a lesion by means of the simple endoscopic observation; 2)
      to improve the therapeutic approach to lesions, by extending the least-invasive
      endoscopic treatment also to lesions that in the past were referred to surgery.
      Advanced diagnostic methodologies have been achieved thanks to the introduction
      of high definition endoscopes and virtual chromo-endoscopy. Therapeutic
      innovation is represented by endoscopic sub-mucosal dissection (ESD) that enables
      the "en bloc" resection of the lesions, thus ensuring a more accurate
      histological evaluation of their level of infiltration and of the radicality of
      the resection. These diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies have been applied
      intensively in Barrett's esophagus, in the early gastric cancer and in the
      neoplastic lesions of colon-rectum. Concerning the screening of colon-rectum
      cancer, recent-years literature concentrated on defining the minimal necessary
      requirements to perform an effective and safe colonoscopy, the so-called "quality
      endoscopy", for which reference indicators and standards have been set. 

PMID- 27362720
TI  - [Digestive endoscopy: biliary tract and pancreas].
AB  - New technological developments in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
      and endoscopic ultrasound, both for diagnosis and treatment of biliary and
      pancreatic diseases, have opened up new scenarios in the recent years. For
      instance, removal of large bile duct stones with endoscopic sphincterotomy
      followed by large balloon dilation has been proven to be a safe and effective
      technique. Also cholangioscopy evolved in terms of better imaging, tissue
      acquisition and stones management. Self-expandable metal stents are used mostly
      for malignant diseases, but their role in benign diseases has also been deeply
      investigated in the last years. The rapid evolution in the field of
      radiofrequency brought new devices for safer ablation and palliation of biliary
      tumours. Self-expandable metal stents are also used for ultrasound-guided
      drainage of walled off pancreatic necrosis and for choledocoduodenostomy and
      cholecystogastrostomy. 

PMID- 27362721
TI  - [IBD: Crohn's disease].
AB  - Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects
      small intestine and colon and causes tissue damage. The aetiology of CD is
      unknown, but a large body of evidence suggests that the pathological process is
      driven by excessive immune response, which is direct against components of the
      luminal flora and sustained by defects in counter-regulatory mechanisms. CD is a
      transmural progressive and destructive disease leading to irreversible bowel
      damage characterized by stenosis of the intestinal lumen and penetrating lesions
      such as fistulas and abscesses. The goals of medical therapy in CD are to: 1)
      induce symptomatic remission; 2) maintain steroid-free remission; 3) enhance
      quality of life; 4) prevent/treat complications of disease; 5) avoid short and
      long term toxicity of therapy. Achieving these goals requires a sophisticated
      approach that tailors therapy to each patient, involving attempts to risk
      stratify the patient, optimizing each therapy, and monitoring for objective
      evidence of resolution of inflammation. Although the number of medications
      available to treat CD has increased in the last 15 years, with the important
      addition of biologic therapies, including anti-TNF antibodies such as infliximab,
      adalimumab, and certolizumab pegol, and more recently, vedolizumab, an anti
      alpha4beta7 integrin antibody, the number of agents remains relatively small. 

PMID- 27362722
TI  - [Ulcerative colitis].
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative
      colitis (UC), are chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorders of the digestive
      tract resulting from dysregulated immune responses toward environmental factors
      in genetically predisposed individuals. This review focus on what is the state of
      the art of UC pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment and how any future
      findings could drive our clinical practice. 

PMID- 27362723
TI  - [Diverticular disease: towards 2020. An evidence-based approach].
AB  - Diverticular disease (DD) of the colon has an increasing burden on health service
      resources, in terms of hospital admissions, mortality and surgery rate. We
      present an overview of the clinical history of DD, and of the ways that
      gastroenterologists have to modify it. Prevalence of the disease increases with
      aging. Most of diverticulosis are occasionally identified on colonscopy, and most
      of them remain asymptomatic for all life. Only 4% of these subjects develop
      diverticulitis. However, 4-25% of these patients are expected to present a second
      episode of diverticulitis, and 15% of them develop complications.
      Hospitalizations for diverticulitis and relapses of diverticulitis show strong
      growth (+21% 2013 vs 2003 in USA). The total annual costs for hospitalization for
      DD in USA are over 2,2 billion of dollars, and in Italy exceed 63 million of
      euros. In-hospital mortality can reach 0,5%. Diagnosis of diverticulitis is based
      on clinical history, lab tests and imaging (ultrasonography, CAT). Clinical
      diagnosis has a sensitivity of 68% and specificity around 98%. According to a
      meta-analysis, the performance of ultrasonograhy and CAT results very high
      ("pooled" sensitivity 92-94%, and specificity 90-99%; "pooled" Likelihood Ratio
      positive 9.6 for ultrasonography and 78.4 for CAT. Likelihood Rato negative 0.09
      and 0.06 respectively). Evidences for preventing relapse are poor. Anyway, a very
      recent meta-analysis on 6 RCTs suggests no role for mesalazine (GRADE SCALE for
      evidence 3). Non absorbable antibiotics (rifaximin) have been used in two studies
      (one RCT, one retrospective observational). Data from the two studies suggest
      some evidence in favour of its use (GRADE SCALE 1). The number of admitted
      patients is 291. Considering a base-line risk of 19 relapses every 100 patients
      (5-year observation period), the absolute risk difference is minus 9 patients
      with relapse (CI 95% -14 a + 3) in the RCT and minus 14 patients (CI 95% -17 a 
      5) in the observational study. A 2020 preview suggests an exploding interest in
      assessing the risk factors for relapse (including aspirin and NSAIDs) and
      identifying the better strategy to reduce it. Further trials are requested,
      including the use of probiotics alone. 

PMID- 27362724
TI  - [Design of a genomic, environmental, microbial and metabolomic study on celiac
      disease: an approach to the future of personalized prevention of celiac disease].
AB  - Over recent years we have seen rising many clinical and scientific innovations
      about celiac disease (CE), however the most important innovation that will
      contribute to change the future of the research and clinic in this field is the
      natural history of the disease. For many years it has been though that a genetic
      predisposition and the exposure to gluten were necessary and sufficient to
      develop CE. Recent studies, however, suggest that the loss of tolerance to gluten
      may occur in any moment of life upon certain conditions. Furthermore, several
      environmental factors known to play a role in shaping the intestinal microflora
      have also been considered related to the development of CE. Delivery mode, the
      infant diet and the use of antibiotics are included among these factors. To this
      day no large scale studies have determined if and how the microbiome composition
      and its metabolomic profile may influence the loss of tolerance to gluten and the
      consequent development of CE. In this paper we describe a prospective, multi
      centric and longitudinal study on infants at risk for CE that will use different
      techniques to better understand the role of the microbome during the first steps
      in the development of the autoimmune disease. 

PMID- 27362725
TI  - [Epidemiology, clinical features and treatment of chronic pancreatitis: current
      knowledge and future perspectives].
AB  - Chronic pancreatitis is a complex disease both for the epidemiology, with
      uncertain data on the exact prevalence, but also for the etiology, often not
      identified and for whom, compared to the past, post acute pancreatitis forms are
      showing a high impact; also smoking is an etiological factor often underestimated
      compared to alcohol. Chronic pancreatitis is associated with high mortality and
      morbidity, mostly due to extrapancreatic diseases. The eventual occurrence of
      exocrine or endocrine pancreatic insufficiency can lead to complications, often
      serious and not prevented in time. It is, in fact, well known how this can cause
      micro or macronutrient and vitamin deficit which, if not screened and corrected,
      can cause complications such as osteoporosis. Abdominal pain is the most relevant
      symptom, with a complex pathogenesis, due not only to obstructive or mechanical
      factors or inflammation, but also to a chronic alteration of the adaptation
      process of pain in the central nervous system. Also for this reason, therapies
      are often not effective. Derivative surgery is indicated in obstructive forms,
      with results superior to those of endoscopy, while resective surgery is indicated
      when an inflammatory mass is present. A new opportunity is total pancreatectomy
      with islet autotransplantation, which offers excellent results in terms of pain
      relief and possibility to avoid diabetes in a high percentage of patients. This
      review will discuss these hot topics comprehending both most recent evidence and
      a view on how our knowledge on this disease will change in the upcoming years. 

PMID- 27362726
TI  - [Pancreatic cancer].
AB  - Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of death for neoplasm in western
      countries. Surgery still remains the treatment of choice although almost 80% of
      patients are not resectable at diagnosis because of liver metastases and the 5
      year overall survival of patients treated with surgery is only (20%). During the
      last two decades we have witnessed an overall improvement in terms of survival,
      mostly due to the advances in therapy and strategies for a more accurate patient
      selection for surgery. Specific preoperative criteria, mostly linked to the
      biological features of the tumour, have been proposed to better identify those
      patients who will benefit from surgical resection, such as duration of symptoms
      and serum level of CA19-9 in resectable disease. Oncological therapy plays a
      central role in the management of pancreatic cancer. In patients undergone
      surgical resection, adjuvant therapy might increase the overall survival and
      reduce the rate of early relapse. Patients with locally advanced pancreatic
      cancer can be treated with neoadjuvant treatment. Chemotherapy or
      chemoradiotherapy are usually used with the aim to downstage the disease but
      whether one specific strategy or drug is the treatment of choice is still under
      debate. 

PMID- 27362727
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27362728
TI  - Monodisperse Mesoporous Carbon Nanoparticles from Polymer/Silica Self-Aggregates
      and Their Electrocatalytic Activities.
AB  - In our quest to make various chemical processes sustainable, the development of
      facile synthetic routes and inexpensive catalysts can play a central role. Herein
      we report the synthesis of monodisperse, polyaniline (PANI)-derived mesoporous
      carbon nanoparticles (PAMCs) that can serve as efficient metal-free
      electrocatalysts for the hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction (HPRR) as well as
      the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. The materials are synthesized
      by polymerization of aniline with the aid of (NH4)2S2O8 as oxidant and colloidal
      silica nanoparticles as templates, then carbonization of the resulting
      PANI/silica composite material at different high temperatures, and finally
      removal of the silica templates from the carbonized products. The PAMC materials
      that are synthesized under optimized synthetic conditions possess monodisperse
      mesoporous carbon nanoparticles with an average size of 128 +/- 12 nm and an
      average pore size of ca. 12 nm. Compared with Co3O4, a commonly used
      electrocatalyst for HPRR, these materials show much better catalytic activity for
      this reaction. In addition, unlike Co3O4, the PAMCs remain relatively stable
      during the reaction, under both basic and acidic conditions. The nanoparticles
      also show good electrocatalytic activity toward ORR. Based on the experimental
      results, PAMCs' excellent electrocatalytic activity is attributed partly to their
      heteroatom dopants and/or intrinsic defect sites created by vacancies in their
      structures and partly to their high porosity and surface area. The reported
      synthetic method is equally applicable to other polymeric precursors (e.g.,
      polypyrrole (PPY)), which also produces monodisperse, mesoporous carbon
      nanoparticles in the same way. The resulting materials are potentially useful not
      only for electrocatalysis of HPRR and ORR in fuel cells but also for other
      applications where high surface area, small sized, nanostructured carbon
      materials are generally useful for (e.g., adsorption, supercapacitors, etc.). 

PMID- 27362729
TI  - Quantitation of Aristolochic Acids in Corn, Wheat Grain, and Soil Samples
      Collected in Serbia: Identifying a Novel Exposure Pathway in the Etiology of
      Balkan Endemic Nephropathy.
AB  - While to date investigations provided convincing evidence on the role of
      aristolochic acids (AAs) in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and
      upper urothelial cancer (UUC), the exposure pathways by which AAs enter human
      bodies to cause BEN and UUC remain obscure. The goal of this study is to test the
      hypothesis that environmental pollution by AAs and root uptake of AAs in the
      polluted soil may be one of the pathways by which AAs enter the human food chain.
      The hypothesis driving this study was that the decay of Aristolochia clematitis
      L., a AA-containing herbaceous plant that is found growing widespread in the
      endemic regions, could release free AAs to the soil, which could be taken up by
      food crops growing nearby, thereby transferring this potent human nephrotoxin and
      carcinogen into their edible parts. Using the highly sensitive and selective high
      performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection method, we
      identified and quantitated in this study for the first time AAs in corn, wheat
      grain, and soil samples collected from the endemic village Kutles in Serbia. Our
      results provide the first direct evidence that food crops and soil in the Balkans
      are contaminated with AAs. It is possible that the presence of AAs in edible
      parts of crops originating from the AA-contaminated soil could be one of the
      major pathways by which humans become exposed to AAs. 

PMID- 27362731
TI  - Increasing Stability and Activity of Core-Shell Catalysts by Preferential
      Segregation of Oxide on Edges and Vertexes: Oxygen Reduction on Ti-Au@Pt/C.
AB  - We describe a new class of core-shell nanoparticle catalysts having edges and
      vertexes covered by refractory metal oxide that preferentially segregates onto
      these catalyst sites. The monolayer shell is deposited on the oxide-free core
      atoms. The oxide on edges and vertexes induces high catalyst stability and
      activity. The catalyst and synthesis are exemplified by fabrication of Au
      nanoparticles doped by Ti atoms that segregate as oxide onto low-coordination
      sites of edges and vertexes. Pt monolayer shell deposited on Au sites has the
      mass and specific activities for the oxygen reduction reaction about 13 and 5
      times higher than those of commercial Pt/C catalysts. The durability tests show
      no activity loss after 10 000 potential cycles from 0.6 to 1.0 V. The superior
      activity and durability of the Ti-Au@Pt catalyst originate from protective
      titanium oxide located at the most dissolution-prone edge and vertex sites and Au
      supported active and stable Pt shell.

PMID- 27362730
TI  - Cancer cell-derived 12(S)-HETE signals via 12-HETE receptor, RHO, ROCK and MLC2
      to induce lymph endothelial barrier breaching.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The arachidonic acid metabolite 12(S)-HETE is suspected to enhance
      metastatic spread by inducing cancer cell- and lymph endothelial cell (LEC)
      motility. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to 12(S)-HETE-triggered cell
      migration are still elusive. METHODS: To delineate the signalling pathways
      involved in 12(S)-HETE-mediated migration, inhibitors against RHO and ROCK, and
      specific siRNAs downregulating 12(S)-HETE receptor (12-HETER) and myosin light
      chain 2 (MLC2) were used. The breaching of the endothelial barrier was
      investigated by an assay measuring tumour spheroid-triggered 'circular
      chemorepellent-induced defects' (CCIDs), and respective signal transduction was
      elucidated by western blotting. RESULTS: We provide evidence that 12(S)-HETE
      phosphorylated (and activated) MLC2, which regulates actin/myosin-based
      contraction. MLC2 activation was found to be essential for LEC retraction and
      CCID formation. Furthermore, we show that 12(S)-HETE activated a 12-HETER-RHO
      ROCK-MYPT signalling cascade to induce MLC2 function. CONCLUSIONS: Signalling via
      this pathway is described for this metabolite for the first time. This may
      provide potential targets for the intervention of metastatic colonisation.

PMID- 27362732
TI  - Examination of postures and frequency of musculoskeletal disorders among manual
      workers in Calcutta, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Manual material handling (MMH) activities require workers to adopt
      various awkward postures leading to the development of musculoskeletal disorders
      (MSD). OBJECTIVES: To investigate the postures adopted during heavy load handling
      and the frequency of MSDs among MMH workers in Calcutta, India. METHODS: We
      conducted a cross-sectional study with 100 MMH workers. MSD frequency was
      assessed via the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. The Ovako Working Posture
      Assessment System (OWAS) was used to analyze working posture. We used logistic
      regression to predict MSD risk factors. RESULTS: Ninety five percent of workers
      reported a MSD in at least one body part in the past 12 months. According to OWAS
      results, 83% of the analysed work postures require immediate corrective measures
      for worker safety. The most harmful posture was carrying a heavy load overhead.
      Carrying more than 120 kg increased the odds of low back and neck pain by 4.527
      and 4.555, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This sample had a high frequency of
      reported MSDs, likely attributed to physiologically strenuous occupational
      activities repeated on average of 30-40 times daily. Ergonomic interventions,
      such as the use of handcarts, and occupational training are urgently needed.

PMID- 27362733
TI  - The relationship between economic conditions and postpartum depression in Taiwan:
      a nationwide population-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Understanding mothers' economic conditions and postpartum depression
      (PPD) is important for determining how they will take care of themselves and
      their infants during the postnatal period, especially for low-income families.
      This study examined the relationship between economic conditions and PPD to
      elucidate the effect of economic contraction on PPD. METHODS: Our population
      based nationwide study used 2000-2013 the National Health Insurance Research
      Database of Taiwan. A total of 1240 newly diagnosed PPD patients were recruited.
      We used the database of the Directorate General of Budget, Accounting, and
      Statistics of Executive Yuan of Taiwan for national economic indicators. The
      correlation between economic indicators and PPD was examined. RESULTS: The PPD
      incidence was positively correlated with yearly unemployment rate, consumer price
      index, and gross domestic product. During the great recession of 2008-2009, PPD
      was positively correlated with inflation rate. Consumer price index had a
      positive correlation with PPD incidence per month when comparing PPD in 2010 with
      the economic indicators during the great recession. LIMITATIONS: As this
      retrospective study evaluated macroeconomic indicators, it is unclear whether the
      macroeconomic indicators' effect on PPD totally reflects the effect of true
      personal economic status on PPD. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association
      between PPD and economic conditions. This study shows that mothers' familial
      environment plays an important role in the development of PPD. The impact of the
      worldwide economic downturn of the great recession on women is persistent. This
      useful finding may give health policy planners a hint of early discovering and
      dealing with PPD when worldwide economic downturn.

PMID- 27362735
TI  - Asymptomatic C-reactive protein elevation in neutropenic children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Febrile neutropenia (FN) can be a life-threatening complication in
      children with malignancies. There is no standardized preventive treatment for
      childhood FN, and information on C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation in afebrile
      patients with neutropenia (CEAN) is limited. The aim of this study was therefore
      to identify the association between CEAN and FN onset, and evaluate the efficacy
      of broad-spectrum antibiotics for FN prophylaxis. METHODS: We retrospectively
      reviewed the medical records of 22 consecutive pediatric patients with
      hematologic malignancies (acute myeloid leukemia, n = 2; acute lymphoid leukemia,
      n = 20) admitted to the present institution between 2006 and 2011. CEAN was
      defined as CRP elevation >=0.05 mg/dL between the two most recent blood tests
      with no fever. We identified CEAN before FN onset, and assessed the efficacy of
      broad-spectrum antibiotics for FN prevention in CEAN. FN incidence within 48 h
      after CEAN detection was compared between prophylactic and non-prophylactic
      episodes. RESULTS: CEAN was observed before FN onset in 20 (55.6%), of 36 FN
      episodes. Among the 95 analyzed CEAN episodes, broad-spectrum antibiotics had
      been used for 30 episodes (prophylactic episodes), whereas these antibiotics had
      not been used in 60 episodes (non-prophylactic episodes). Prophylactic episodes
      had a significantly lower FN incidence than non-prophylactic episodes (6.7% and
      31%, respectively, P < 0.01) within 48 h after CEAN detection. Bacteremia was
      observed in three non-prophylactic episodes. CONCLUSION: Patients with CEAN are
      at higher risk of FN, and physicians may consider the use of broad-spectrum
      antibiotics to prevent FN development.

PMID- 27362734
TI  - Developmental Outcome and Related Abnormalities in Goats: Comparison Between
      Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer- and In Vivo-Derived Concepti During Pregnancy
      Through Term.
AB  - Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is characterized by low
      efficiency and the occurrence of developmental abnormalities, which are rather
      poorly studied phenomena in goats. This study aimed at comparing overall SCNT
      efficiency in goats by using in vitro-matured (IVM) or in vivo-matured oocytes
      and fibroblast donor cells (mock transfected, transgenic, or wild type), also
      characterizing symptoms of the Abnormal Offspring Syndrome (AOS) in development,
      comparing results with pregnancies produced by artificial insemination (AI) and
      in vivo-derived (IVD) embryos. The SCNT group had lower pregnancy rate (18.3%,
      11/60), total number of concepti (20.0%, 12/60), term births (3.3%, 2/60), and
      live births (1.7%, 1/60) than both the IVD (77.8%, 7/9; 155.5%, 14/9; 122.2%,
      11/9; 88.8%, 8/9) and the AI (71.4%, 10/14; 121.4%, 17/14; 100%, 14/14; 78.5%,
      11/14) groups, respectively (p < 0.05). No SCNT pregnancies reached term using
      IVM oocytes, but in vivo-matured oocytes resulted in two term transgenic cloned
      kids. The proportion fetal membrane (FM) weight/birth weight reflected an
      increase in FM size and cotyledonary enlargement in clones, for disproportionally
      bigger newborns in relation to cotyledonary numbers. Overall, goat cloning showed
      losses and abnormality patterns similar to the AOS in cloned cattle and sheep,
      which have not been previously well recognized in goats.

PMID- 27362736
TI  - Development of Monte Carlo simulations to provide scanner-specific organ dose
      coefficients for contemporary CT.
AB  - The ImPACT (imaging performance assessment of CT scanners) CT patient dosimetry
      calculator is still used world-wide to estimate organ and effective doses (E) for
      computed tomography (CT) examinations, although the tool is based on Monte Carlo
      calculations reflecting practice in the early 1990's. Subsequent developments in
      CT scanners, definitions of E, anthropomorphic phantoms, computers and radiation
      transport codes, have all fuelled an urgent need for updated organ dose
      conversion factors for contemporary CT. A new system for such simulations has
      been developed and satisfactorily tested. Benchmark comparisons of normalised
      organ doses presently derived for three old scanners (General Electric 9800,
      Philips Tomoscan LX and Siemens Somatom DRH) are within 5% of published values.
      Moreover, calculated normalised values of CT Dose Index for these scanners are in
      reasonable agreement (within measurement and computational uncertainties of  +/
      6% and  +/-1%, respectively) with reported standard measurements. Organ dose
      coefficients calculated for a contemporary CT scanner (Siemens Somatom Sensation
      16) demonstrate potential deviations by up to around 30% from the surrogate
      values presently assumed (through a scanner matching process) when using the
      ImPACT CT Dosimetry tool for newer scanners. Also, illustrative estimates of E
      for some typical examinations and a range of anthropomorphic phantoms demonstrate
      the significant differences (by some 10's of percent) that can arise when
      changing from the previously adopted stylised mathematical phantom to the voxel
      phantoms presently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological
      Protection (ICRP), and when following the 2007 ICRP recommendations (updated from
      1990) concerning tissue weighting factors. Further simulations with the validated
      dosimetry system will provide updated series of dose coefficients for a wide
      range of contemporary scanners.

PMID- 27362737
TI  - A Historical Recount: Discovering Meniere's Disease and Its Association With
      Migraine Headaches.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In evaluating the historical context of the first description of
      Meniere's disease, its association with migraine headaches is compelling. We have
      outlined the events and observations of Prosper Meniere, which led him to
      establish a link between migraine headaches and his eponymous disease. STUDY
      DESIGN: Prosper Meniere's original French writings were translated by our group
      and used to recount his observations and thoughts. Miles Atkinson's English
      translations were used as a reference. Additional otological texts of the era
      were also reviewed as it relates to Meniere's disease. METHODS: Prosper Meniere
      wrote a series of four articles 1 year before his death. In one of these
      articles, he makes references to migraine headaches on several occasions. These
      original writings were analyzed, and the physical findings he described were
      interpreted based on their relation to migraine headaches. RESULTS: The passages
      in his published articles provide historical insight into Meniere's observations.
      His writings describe in detail symptoms of migraine headaches uniquely evident
      in his patient population. Through his observations, he recognized that in
      addition to exhibiting symptoms of tinnitus, hearing loss and vertigo his
      patients also suffered from migraine headaches. CONCLUSIONS: Although his
      colleagues discounted Meniere's theory concerning migraine headaches, he
      continued to make deductive inferences and publish his findings, leading to the
      association of migraine headaches and Meniere's disease. Today, this association
      continues to be debated, adding to Prosper Meniere's legacy.

PMID- 27362738
TI  - Content Validity of Temporal Bone Models Printed Via Inexpensive Methods and
      Materials.
AB  - HYPOTHESIS: Computed tomographic (CT) scans of the 3-D printed temporal bone
      models will be within 15% accuracy of the CT scans of the cadaveric temporal
      bones. BACKGROUND: Previous studies have evaluated the face validity of 3-D
      printed temporal bone models designed to train otolaryngology residents. The
      purpose of the study was to determine the content validity of temporal bone
      models printed using inexpensive printers and materials. METHODS: Four cadaveric
      temporal bones were randomly selected and clinical temporal bone CT scans were
      obtained. Models were generated using previously described methods in
      acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic using the Makerbot Replicator 2*
      and Hyrel printers. Models were radiographically scanned using the same protocol
      as the cadaveric bones. Four images from each cadaveric CT series and four
      corresponding images from the model CT series were selected, and voxel values
      were normalized to black or white. Scan slices were compared using PixelDiff
      software. Gross anatomic structures were evaluated in the model scans by four
      board certified otolaryngologists on a 4-point scale. RESULTS: Mean pixel
      difference between the cadaver and model scans was 14.25 +/- 2.30% at the four
      selected CT slices. Mean cortical bone width difference and mean external
      auditory canal width difference were 0.58 +/- 0.66 mm and 0.55 +/- 0.46 mm,
      respectively. Expert raters felt the mastoid air cells were well represented (2.5
      +/- 0.5), while middle ear and otic capsule structures were not accurately
      rendered (all averaged <1.8). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that these models
      would be sufficient adjuncts to cadaver temporal bones for training residents in
      cortical mastoidectomies, but less effective for middle ear procedures.

PMID- 27362739
TI  - Influence of Posterior Fossa Volume on Clinical Outcomes After Vestibular
      Schwannoma Resection.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the influence of posterior fossa dimensions on surgical
      outcomes after vestibular schwannoma management. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective
      chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care academic medical center. PATIENTS: Patients
      with sporadic vestibular schwannomas who underwent surgical resection via
      retrosigmoid or translabyrinthine techniques. INTERVENTIONS: Diagnostic. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: One and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVAs) of the cohort
      based on volumetric and clinical outcome groupings. RESULTS: A total of 95
      patients were identified. A one-way ANOVA looking at the entire cohort of
      patients showed that outcomes like surgical time (p < 0.001) and whether a Good
      Outcome (House-Brackmann score of 1 or 2, no complications, and a complete
      resection) was achieved (p = 0.009) correlated very well with preoperative tumor
      volume, but not with posterior fossa volume (p = 0.412 and p = 0.345,
      respectively). However, in medium sized tumors, House-Brackmann group was
      correlated with posterior fossa volume (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: The present data
      suggest a small effect of posterior fossa size on some clinical outcomes in
      medium sized vestibular schwannomas.

PMID- 27362740
TI  - Acoustic Transmission Characteristics of a Eustachian Tube Volitionally Opened in
      Two Living Subjects.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the acoustic transmission characteristics of the Eustachian
      tube (ET) in living subjects in verified patent and closed ET states to
      facilitate the detection and quantification of ET function using acoustic
      measures such as sonotubometry. PATIENTS: The two subjects in this study had no
      history of ear disease nor previous ear surgery and were capable of volitionally
      opening and closing their ET. INTERVENTIONS: Tympanometry and otologic
      examinations were used to confirm ET patent and closed states by observing
      tympanic membrane movement with respiration and by acoustic immitance
      measurements during forced respiration. A series of 500-ms long chirps containing
      frequencies from 100 Hz to 10 kHz were introduced into the nasal cavity during
      both ET states and recorded by microphones in both the contralateral naris and
      external auditory canal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Acoustic energy transmission
      through the ET across the 0.1 to 10 kHz frequency range in the closed state
      versus the patent state. RESULTS: An increase in acoustic energy transmission
      occurs across the frequencies of 1 to 4 kHz between the closed and patent ET
      states, particularly in frequencies below 2.5 kHz. CONCLUSIONS: Results support
      sonotubometry as a potential diagnostic tool for ET dysfunction. Acoustic
      differences between the ET states manifest as a general increase in transmitted
      signal amplitude. Characterizing the acoustic properties in the verified patent
      and closed ET states allows investigators to more reliably interpret
      sonotubometric tests of ET function.

PMID- 27362741
TI  - Novel FKBP10 Mutation in a Patient with Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type XI.
AB  - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a set of clinically and genetically heterogeneous
      disorders with autosomal dominant, recessive and X-linked inheritance patterns.
      The aim of this study was to describe a novel genetic abnormality in a case of OI
      type XI with mild joint contractures, kyphoscoliosis, muscular atrophy,
      progressively deforming and multiple bone fractures in a consanguineous Iranian
      family. Based on the phenotype, investigation of two candidate genes, CRTAP (OI
      type VII) and FKBP10 (OI type XI) detected a novel homozygous frameshift mutation
      in the FKBP10 gene. This finding can be useful in accurate genetic counseling and
      prioritization of molecular analysis of OI in Iranian patients.

PMID- 27362742
TI  - Chronic fatigue syndrome - an update.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic fatigue syndrome is a widespread condition with a huge impact
      not only on a patient's life, but also on society as evidenced by substantial
      losses of productivity, informal costs, and medical expenses. The high prevalence
      rates (0.2-6.4%) and the low employment rates (27-41%) are responsible for the
      enormous burden imposed on society, with loss of productivity representing the
      highest cost. The objective of this review is to systematically review the recent
      literature on chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. METHODS: The
      published literature between 1 January 1990 and 1 April 2015 was searched using
      the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Sciences databases. The reference lists
      of the selected articles were screened for other relevant articles. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite extensive research, none of the proposed etiological factors
      have shown strong, reproducible scientific evidence. Over the years, the
      biopsychosocial model integrating many of the proposed hypotheses has been
      gaining popularity over the biomedical model, where the focus is on one physical
      cause. Since the etiological mechanism underlying chronic fatigue syndrome is
      currently unknown, disease-specific treatments do not exist. Various treatments
      have been investigated but only cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and graded
      exercise therapy (GET) have shown moderate effectiveness.

PMID- 27362743
TI  - Sorption of Highly Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals to Organic Matter Relevant for
      Fish Bioconcentration Studies.
AB  - With regard to a potential underestimation of bioconcentration factors (BCF) in
      flow-through fish tests, sorption of 11 highly hydrophobic organic chemicals
      (HOCs) (log KOW 5.5-7.8) from different substance classes was systematically
      investigated for the first time in the presence of fish feed (FF) and filter
      residues (FR), the organic matter (OM) most relevant for fish bioconcentration
      studies. Sorption was investigated in batch-equilibrium experiments by solid
      phase microextraction (SPME) resulting in partitioning coefficients of solid
      water (Kd), total organic carbon-water (KTOC), and dissolved organic carbon-water
      (KDOC). Results prove a high affinity of HOCs for FF and FR supporting a
      significant impact on BCF studies and differing from sorption to Aldrich-humic
      acid (AHA) utilized as reference sorbent. Sorption is influenced by interactions
      between HOCs and OM characteristics. For FF, KDOC values were higher than KTOC
      values. Results help to assess the relevance of interaction of HOCs from
      different substance classes with OM relevant for BCF studies.

PMID- 27362744
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of mixed ligand chiral nanoclusters.
AB  - Chiral mixed ligand silver nanoclusters were synthesized in the presence of a
      chiral and an achiral ligand. While the chiral ligand led mostly to the formation
      of nanoparticles, the presence of the achiral ligand drastically increased the
      yield of nanoclusters with enhanced chiral properties. 

PMID- 27362746
TI  - Synthesis of 2,4,6-Trisubstituted Pyridines by Oxidative Eosin Y Photoredox
      Catalysis.
AB  - Eosin Y, an organic dye, was activated as a photoredox catalyst in the presence
      of molecular oxygen using visible light and, when it was used in the reaction of
      aryl ketones and benzyl amines, afforded good yields (52-87%) of 2,4,6
      triarylpyridines (21 examples) at ambient temperature. The aryl groups at the 2-
      and 6-positions are derived from ketones, while benzyl amine plays the dual role
      of providing an aryl functionality at the 4-position of pyridine as well as being
      a nitrogen donor.

PMID- 27362745
TI  - Conformational Dynamics and the Binding of Specific and Nonspecific DNA by the
      Autoinhibited Transcription Factor Ets-1.
AB  - The affinity of the Ets-1 transcription factor for DNA is autoinhibited by an
      intrinsically disordered serine-rich region (SRR) and a helical inhibitory module
      (IM) appended to its winged helix-turn-helix ETS domain. Using NMR spectroscopy,
      we investigated how Ets-1 recognizes specific versus nonspecific DNA, with a
      focus on the roles of protein dynamics and autoinhibition in these processes.
      Upon binding either DNA, the two marginally stable N-terminal helices of the IM
      predominantly unfold, but still sample partially ordered conformations. Also, on
      the basis of amide chemical shift perturbation mapping, Ets-1 associates with
      both specific and nonspecific DNA through the same canonical ETS domain
      interface. These interactions are structurally independent of the SRR, and thus
      autoinhibition does not impart DNA-binding specificity. However, relative to the
      pronounced NMR spectroscopic changes in Ets-1 resulting from specific DNA
      binding, the spectra of the nonspecific DNA complexes showed conformational
      exchange broadening and lacked several diagnostic amide and indole signals
      attributable to hydrogen bonding interactions seen in reported X-ray
      crystallographic structures of this transcription factor with its cognate DNA
      sequences. Such differences are highlighted by the chemical shift and relaxation
      properties of several interfacial lysine and arginine side chains. Collectively,
      these data support a general model in which Ets-1 interacts with nonspecific DNA
      via dynamic electrostatic interactions, whereas hydrogen bonding drives the
      formation of well-ordered complexes with specific DNA.

PMID- 27362747
TI  - The predictive value of Von Willebrand factor antigen plasma levels in children
      with acute lung injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF-Ag) is proved to be a marker for
      pulmonary endothelial injury in acute lung injury (ALI). We aimed to evaluate the
      predictive value of VWF-Ag plasma levels in children with ALI. METHODS:
      Prospective controlled study included 40 children with ALI as a patient group, 40
      healthy children as a control group. Plasma VWF Ag level was measured at days 1
      and 3 in patient group and measured once for control group. RESULTS: The
      commonest cause of ALI was pneumonia (35%). VWF Ag plasma levels were
      significantly higher in patient group than control group at days 1 and 3 (P =
      0.001 and 0.002), respectively. Mean PaO2 /FiO2 of patients with ALI was 137 +/-
      65.38. Mortality was 30%. The deceased subgroup had significantly higher plasma
      levels of VWF Ag at days 1 and 3 than survived subgroup (P = 0.016 and P <
      0.0001, respectively), significantly higher C reactive protein (P = 0.001),
      significantly higher rate of multisystem organ failure (MSOF) (P = 0.001),
      shorter duration of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and mechanical
      ventilation (MV) free days (P < 0.0001). Elevated VWF at day 1 was associated
      with significant MSOF (P = 0.011) and mortality (P = 0.009), while elevated VWF
      Ag at day 3 was associated with significant increase in MSOF (P = 0.004), length
      of MV (P = 0.024), and PICU stay (P = 0.011). VWF Ag has a high sensitivity
      (94.2%, 93.4%) and specificity (83.1%, 81.7%) for prediction of mortality at days
      1 and 3, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that plasma VWF
      Ag level is an independent predictor of mortality in ARDS pediatric patients.
      CONCLUSION: Plasma VWF Ag level is an excellent predictive marker for outcome in
      children with ALI/ARDS. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:91-97. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362748
TI  - Triethylenetetramine-N,N,N',N'',N''',N'''-hexaacetic Acid (TTHA) and TTHA
      Bis(butanamide) as Chelating Agents Relevant to Radiopharmaceutical Applications.

PMID- 27362749
TI  - Nonsurgical Management of Neuroendocrine Cancer of the Cervix: Brief Report.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate disease progression and overall
      survival in patients diagnosed with neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix
      treated with chemotherapy and radiation without surgical intervention; we
      hypothesize similar overall survival to the surgical intervened cases. METHODS:
      This study used a retrospective analysis of patients with neuroendocrine
      carcinoma of the cervix who were not surgically managed. Review was performed
      from 1990 to 2014. The data collected included demographics, stage of disease,
      and outcomes after each treatment. Specific chemotherapy regimen given and
      radiation dosage were reviewed. Overall survival and recurrence rates were
      calculated. RESULTS: A total of 16 patients met inclusion criteria. Six patients
      were diagnosed with stage I; these patients had 83.3% 2-year overall survival,
      83.3% 5-year overall survival, and a recurrence rate of 16.6%. Three patients
      were diagnosed with stage II; these patients had 66.6% 2-year overall survival,
      0% 5-year overall survival, and a recurrence rate of 100%. Seven patients were
      diagnosed with stage IV; these patients had 14.3% 2-year overall survival and 0%
      5-year overall survival and never underwent remission. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      noted a comparable overall survival with lower rates of recurrence in patients
      with early-stage disease using chemotherapy and radiation therapy alone as
      primary means of treatment. Nonsurgical management of neuroendocrine carcinoma of
      the cervix may be of benefit in early-stage disease.

PMID- 27362750
TI  - New Insights into Human 17beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 14: First
      Crystal Structures in Complex with a Steroidal Ligand and with a Potent
      Nonsteroidal Inhibitor.
AB  - 17beta-HSD14 is a SDR enzyme able to oxidize estradiol and 5-androstenediol using
      NAD(+). We determined the crystal structure of this human enzyme as the holo form
      and as ternary complexes with estrone and with the first potent, nonsteroidal
      inhibitor. The structures reveal a conical, rather large and lipophilic binding
      site and are the starting point for structure-based inhibitor design. The two
      natural variants (S205 and T205) were characterized and adopt a similar
      structure.

PMID- 27362751
TI  - Parents' Attitudes to Risk and Injury to Children and Young People on Farms.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Children and young people growing up in a farm environment run a
      greater risk of being injured or dying in an accident than their non-farming
      counterparts. This study examines farming parents' attitudes and experiences of
      having their children grow up on farms, one of the most dangerous work
      environments as their home, everyday environment and playground. METHOD: Data
      were collected using two ethnological methods, a question list and interviews,
      with a study population of 20 parents. The data were analysed phenomenologically.
      RESULTS: The analysis pursued four themes: i) the most dangerous places and
      situations on the farm; ii) children's tasks on the farm; iii) children as a
      safety risk on the farm; and iv) farm risk education for children. CONCLUSIONS:
      Most parents know the risks on their farm, but are sometimes careless when
      working under stress or exhaustion. Some parents wanted more information and some
      wanted compulsory preventative or safety measures by manufacturers, e.g. a safety
      belt as standard on the extra seat in tractors. Children's friends were described
      as one of the greatest risks for injury due to peer pressure. Some parents
      mentioned that people who grow up on farms are sometimes 'blind' to the dangers.
      Other parents seemed to overlook the risks and had their children carrying out
      tasks for which they were not mentally or physically equipped. Some of the tasks
      the children reportedly carried out on farms contravened Swedish legislation. It
      is thus important for farming parents to be repeatedly reminded of the risks to
      their children and to increase their awareness of how to prevent and eliminate
      risks in order to avoid accidents on the farm. The situation for farm children is
      highlighted in a critical discussion.

PMID- 27362752
TI  - Novel Methods for Surface EMG Analysis and Exploration Based on Multi-Modal
      Gaussian Mixture Models.
AB  - This paper introduces a new method for data analysis of animal muscle activation
      during locomotion. It is based on fitting Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) to
      surface EMG data (sEMG). This approach enables researchers/users to isolate parts
      of the overall muscle activation within locomotion EMG data. Furthermore, it
      provides new opportunities for analysis and exploration of sEMG data by using the
      resulting Gaussian modes as atomic building blocks for a hierarchical clustering.
      In our experiments, composite peak models representing the general activation
      pattern per sensor location (one sensor on the long back muscle, three sensors on
      the gluteus muscle on each body side) were identified per individual for all 14
      horses during walk and trot in the present study. Hereby we show the
      applicability of the method to identify composite peak models, which describe
      activation of different muscles throughout cycles of locomotion. 

PMID- 27362753
TI  - A Generalized Coherence Framework for Detecting and Characterizing Nonlinear
      Interactions in the Nervous System.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This paper introduces a generalized coherence framework for detecting
      and characterizing nonlinear interactions in the nervous system, namely cross
      spectral coherence (CSC). CSC can detect different types of nonlinear
      interactions including harmonic and intermodulation coupling as present in static
      nonlinearities and also subharmonic coupling, which only occurs with dynamic
      nonlinearities. METHODS: We verified the performance of CSC in model simulations
      with both static and dynamic nonlinear systems. We applied CSC to investigate
      nonlinear stimulus-response interactions in the human proprioceptive system. A
      periodic movement perturbation was imposed to the wrist when the subjects
      performed an isotonic wrist flexion. CSC analysis was performed between the
      perturbation and brain responses (electroencephalogram, EEG). RESULTS: Both the
      simulation and the application demonstrated that CSC successfully detected
      different types of nonlinear interactions. High-order nonlinearities were
      revealed in the proprioceptive system, shown in harmonic and intermodulation
      coupling between the perturbation and EEG for all subjects. Subharmonic coupling
      was found in some subjects but not all. CONCLUSION: This paper provides a general
      tool to detect and characterize nonlinear nature and dynamics of the nervous
      system. The application of CSC on the experimental dataset indicates a complex
      nonlinear dynamics in the proprioceptive system. SIGNIFICANCE: This novel
      framework 1) unveils the nonlinear neural dynamics in a more complete way than
      the existing coherence measures, and 2) is more suitable for estimating the input
      output relation regarding both phase and amplitude compared to phase synchrony
      measures (which only consider phase coupling). Subharmonic coupling is reported
      in human proprioceptive system for the first time.

PMID- 27362754
TI  - Simultaneous Monitoring of Ballistocardiogram and Photoplethysmogram Using a
      Camera.
AB  - We present a noncontact method to measure ballistocardiogram (BCG) and
      photoplethysmogram (PPG) simultaneously using a single camera. The method tracks
      the motion of facial features to determine displacement BCG, and extracts the
      corresponding velocity and acceleration BCGs by taking first and second temporal
      derivatives from the displacement BCG, respectively. The measured BCG waveforms
      are consistent with those reported in the literature and also with those recorded
      with an accelerometer-based reference method. The method also tracks PPG based on
      the reflected light from the same facial region, which makes it possible to track
      both BCG and PPG with the same optics. We verify the robustness and
      reproducibility of the noncontact method with a small pilot study with 23
      subjects. The presented method is the first demonstration of simultaneous BCG and
      PPG monitoring without wearing any extra equipment or marker by the subject.

PMID- 27362755
TI  - Radiotherapy Planning Using an Improved Search Strategy in Particle Swarm
      Optimization.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Evolutionary stochastic global optimization algorithms are widely used
      in large-scale, nonconvex problems. However, enhancing the search efficiency and
      repeatability of these techniques often requires well-customized approaches. This
      study investigates one such approach. METHODS: We use particle swarm optimization
      (PSO) algorithm to solve a 4D radiation therapy (RT) inverse planning problem,
      where the key idea is to use respiratory motion as an additional degree of
      freedom in lung cancer RT. The primary goal is to administer a lethal dose to the
      tumor target while sparing surrounding healthy tissue. Our optimization
      iteratively adjusts radiation fluence-weights for all beam apertures across all
      respiratory phases. We implement three PSO-based approaches: conventionally used
      unconstrained, hard-constrained, and our proposed virtual search. As proof of
      concept, five lung cancer patient cases are optimized over ten runs using each
      PSO approach. For comparison, a dynamically penalized likelihood (DPL) algorithm
      a popular RT optimization technique is also implemented and used. RESULTS: The
      proposed technique significantly improves the robustness to random initialization
      while requiring fewer iteration cycles to converge across all cases. DPL manages
      to find the global optimum in 2 out of 5 RT cases over significantly more
      iterations. CONCLUSION: The proposed virtual search approach boosts the swarm
      search efficiency, and consequently, improves the optimization convergence rate
      and robustness for PSO. SIGNIFICANCE: RT planning is a large-scale, nonconvex
      optimization problem, where finding optimal solutions in a clinically practical
      time is critical. Our proposed approach can potentially improve the optimization
      efficiency in similar time-sensitive problems.

PMID- 27362756
TI  - Localizing Microaneurysms in Fundus Images Through Singular Spectrum Analysis.
AB  - GOAL: Reliable recognition of microaneurysms (MAs) is an essential task when
      developing an automated analysis system for diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection.
      In this study, we propose an integrated approach for automated MA detection with
      high accuracy. METHODS: Candidate objects are first located by applying a dark
      object filtering process. Their cross-section profiles along multiple directions
      are processed through singular spectrum analysis. The correlation coefficient
      between each processed profile and a typical MA profile is measured and used as a
      scale factor to adjust the shape of the candidate profile. This is to increase
      the difference in their profiles between true MAs and other non-MA candidates. A
      set of statistical features of those profiles is then extracted for a K-nearest
      neighbor classifier. RESULTS: Experiments show that by applying this process, MAs
      can be separated well from the retinal background, the most common interfering
      objects and artifacts. CONCLUSION: The results have demonstrated the robustness
      of the approach when testing on large scale datasets with clinically acceptable
      sensitivity and specificity. SIGNIFICANCE: The approach proposed in the evaluated
      system has great potential when used in an automated DR screening tool or for
      large scale eye epidemiology studies.

PMID- 27362757
TI  - Development of an Open-Source, Discrete Element Knee Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Biomechanical modeling is an important tool in that it can provide
      estimates of forces that cannot easily be measured (e.g., soft tissue loads). The
      goal of this study was to develop a discrete element model of the knee that is
      open source to allow for utilization of modeling by a wider audience of
      researchers. METHODS: A six degree-of-freedom tibiofemoral and one degree-of
      freedom patellofemoral joint were created in OpenSim. Eighteen ligament bundles
      and tibiofemoral contact were included in the model. RESULTS: During a passive
      flexion movement, maximum deviation of the model from the literature occurred at
      the most flexed angle with deviations of 2 degrees  adduction, 7 degrees 
      internal rotation, 1-mm posterior translation, 12-mm inferior translation, and 4
      mm lateral translation. Similarly, the overall elongation of the ligaments agreed
      with literature values with strains of less than 13%. CONCLUSION: These results
      provide validation of the physiological relevance of the model. SIGNIFICANCE:
      This model is one of the few open source, discrete element knee models to date,
      and has many potential applications, one being for use in an open-source
      cosimulation framework.

PMID- 27362758
TI  - SVM-Based System for Prediction of Epileptic Seizures From iEEG Signal.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This paper describes a data-analytic modeling approach for the
      prediction of epileptic seizures from intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG)
      recording of brain activity. Even though it is widely accepted that statistical
      characteristics of iEEG signal change prior to seizures, robust seizure
      prediction remains a challenging problem due to subject-specific nature of data
      analytic modeling. METHODS: Our work emphasizes the understanding of clinical
      considerations important for iEEG-based seizure prediction, and proper
      translation of these clinical considerations into data-analytic modeling
      assumptions. Several design choices during preprocessing and postprocessing are
      considered and investigated for their effect on seizure prediction accuracy.
      RESULTS: Our empirical results show that the proposed support vector machine
      based seizure prediction system can achieve robust prediction of preictal and
      interictal iEEG segments from dogs with epilepsy. The sensitivity is about 90
      100%, and the false-positive rate is about 0-0.3 times per day. The results also
      suggest that good prediction is subject specific (dog or human), in agreement
      with earlier studies. CONCLUSION: Good prediction performance is possible only if
      the training data contain sufficiently many seizure episodes, i.e., at least 5-7
      seizures. SIGNIFICANCE: The proposed system uses subject-specific modeling and
      unbalanced training data. This system also utilizes three different time scales
      during training and testing stages.

PMID- 27362759
TI  - A New Flea Species of the Genus Cleopsylla (Siphonaptera: Stephanocircidae) from
      Northwestern Argentina.
AB  - A new species of flea of the genus Cleopsylla Rothschild, 1914 (Siphonaptera:
      Stephanocircidae) is described from sigmodontine rodents from northwestern
      Argentina. In Argentina, the genus was cited for the first time in 2008, but the
      species was erroneously identified. An identification key to species of
      Cleopsylla is presented.

PMID- 27362760
TI  - Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Role of Chemotherapy in Advanced and
      Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET).
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In the era of somatostatin analogues and targeted
      therapies, the role of chemotherapy in NET remains largely undefined. This
      systematic review aimed to assess the effect of chemotherapy on response rates
      (RR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and toxicity
      compared to other chemotherapies/systemic therapies or best supportive care in
      patients with advanced or metastatic NET. METHODS: Randomised controlled trials
      (RCTs) from 1946 to 2015 were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, other databases
      and conference proceedings. Review of abstracts, quality assessment and data
      abstraction were performed independently by two investigators. Meta-analyses were
      conducted using Mantel-Haenszel analysis with random-effects modelling. RESULTS:
      Six RCTs comparing standard streptozotocin plus 5-fluorouacil (STZ/5FU)
      chemotherapy to other chemotherapy regimens, and 2 comparing this to interferon
      (IFN) were included. Only 1 study was considered at low risk of bias. STZ/5-FU
      was no different to other chemotherapies in response rate [RR 0.96; 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 0.72-1.27], PFS (RR 0.95; CI 0.81-1.13), or OS (RR 1.03;
      CI 0.77-1.39). IFN may produce higher response than STZ/5FU (RR 0.20; CI 0.04
      1.13), but event rates were small and survival was no different. Interferon was
      associated with higher overall haematological (RR 0.47; CI 0.27-0.82) and lower
      overall renal toxicity (RR 3.61; CI 1.24-10.51). CONCLUSION: Strong evidence is
      lacking in the area of chemotherapy in neuroendocrine tumors. There is currently
      no evidence that one chemotherapeutic regimen is significantly better than the
      other, nor is interferon better than chemotherapy. There is an urgent need to
      design RCTs comparing modern chemotherapy to other agents in NET.

PMID- 27362762
TI  - Information Extraction of High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Based on the
      Calculation of Optimal Segmentation Parameters.
AB  - Multi-scale image segmentation and the selection of optimal segmentation
      parameters are the key processes in the object-oriented information extraction of
      high-resolution remote sensing images. The accuracy of remote sensing special
      subject information depends on this extraction. On the basis of WorldView-2 high
      resolution data, the optimal segmentation parameters methodof object-oriented
      image segmentation and high-resolution image information extraction, the
      following processes were conducted in this study. Firstly, the best combination
      of the bands and weights was determined for the information extraction of high
      resolution remote sensing image. An improved weighted mean-variance method was
      proposed andused to calculatethe optimal segmentation scale. Thereafter, the best
      shape factor parameter and compact factor parameters were computed with the use
      of the control variables and the combination of the heterogeneity and homogeneity
      indexes. Different types of image segmentation parameters were obtained according
      to the surface features. The high-resolution remote sensing images were multi
      scale segmented with the optimal segmentation parameters. Ahierarchical network
      structure was established by setting the information extraction rules to achieve
      object-oriented information extraction. This study presents an effective and
      practical method that can explain expert input judgment by reproducible
      quantitative measurements. Furthermore the results of this procedure may be
      incorporated into a classification scheme. 

PMID- 27362761
TI  - Galleria mellonella as a model host for microbiological and toxin research.
AB  - Mammals are widely used by microbiologists as a model host species to study
      infectious diseases of humans and domesticated livestock. These studies have been
      pivotal for our understanding of mechanisms of virulence and have allowed the
      development of diagnostics, pre-treatments and therapies for disease. However,
      over the past decade we have seen efforts to identify organisms which can be used
      as alternatives to mammals for these studies. The drivers for this are complex
      and multifactorial and include cost, ethical and scientific considerations.
      Galleria mellonella have been used as an alternative infection model since the
      1980s and its utility for the study of bacterial disease and antimicrobial
      discovery was recently comprehensively reviewed. The wider applications of G.
      mellonella as a model host, including its susceptibility to 29 species of fungi,
      7 viruses, 1 species of parasite and 16 biological toxins, are described in this
      perspective. In addition, the latest developments in the standardisation of G.
      mellonella larvae for research purposes has been reviewed.

PMID- 27362763
TI  - Alterations of Diffusion Kurtosis and Neurite Density Measures in Deep Grey
      Matter and White Matter in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - In Parkinson's disease (PD), pathological microstructural changes occur and such
      changes might be detected using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI).
      However, it is unclear whether dMRI improves PD diagnosis or helps
      differentiating between phenotypes, such as postural instability gait difficulty
      (PIGD) and tremor dominant (TD) PD. We included 105 patients with PD and 44
      healthy controls (HC), all of whom underwent dMRI as part of the prospective
      Swedish BioFINDER study. Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and neurite density
      imaging (NDI) analyses were performed using regions of interest in the basal
      ganglia, the thalamus, the pons and the midbrain as well as tractography of
      selected white matter tracts. In the putamen, the PD group showed increased mean
      diffusivity (MD) (p = .003), decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) (p = .001) and
      decreased mean kurtosis (MK), compared to HC (p = .024). High MD and a low MK in
      the putamen were associated with more severe motor and cognitive symptomatology
      (p < .05). Also, patients with PIGD exhibited increased MD in the putamen
      compared to the TD patients (p = .009). In the thalamus, MD was increased (p =
      .001) and FA was decreased (p = .032) in PD compared to HC. Increased MD and
      decreased FA correlated negatively with motor speed and balance (p < .05). In the
      superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), MD (p = .019) and fiso were increased in
      PD compared to HC (p = .03). These changes correlated negatively with motor speed
      (p < .002) and balance (p < .037). However, most of the observed changes in PD
      were also present in cases with either multiple system atrophy (n = 11) or
      progressive supranuclear palsy (n = 10). In conclusion, PD patients exhibit
      microstructural changes in the putamen, the thalamus, and the SLF, which are
      associated with worse disease severity. However, the dMRI changes are not
      sufficiently specific to improve the diagnostic work-up of PD. Longitudinal
      studies should evaluate whether dMRI measures can be used to track disease
      progression. 

PMID- 27362764
TI  - Beyond Wishful Thinking: Integrating Consumer Preferences in the Assessment of
      Dietary Recommendations.
AB  - Convenience, taste, and prices are the main determinants of food choices.
      Complying with dietary recommendations therefore imposes a "taste cost" on
      consumers, potentially hindering adoption of those recommendations. The study
      presents and applies a new methodology, based on economic theory, to quantify
      this taste cost and assess the health and welfare effects of different dietary
      recommendations. Then, by comparison of those effects, we identify socially
      desirable recommendations that are most compatible with consumer preferences
      (i.e., that best balance health benefits against"taste cost") and should be
      prioritized for promotion. The methodology proceeds in three-steps: first, an
      economic-behavioral model simulates how whole diets would change if consumers
      complied with dietary recommendations; second, an epidemiological model estimates
      the number of deaths avoided (DA) due to the dietary change; third, an efficiency
      analysis weighs the health benefits against the taste and policy costs of each
      recommendation. The empirical model is calibrated using French data. We find that
      recommendations to reduce consumption of red meat and soft-drinks, or raise
      consumption of milk products and fish/seafood impose relatively moderate taste
      costs. By comparison, recommendations related to F&V consumption and, to a lesser
      extent, butter/cream/cheese, snacks, and all meats impose larger taste costs on
      consumers. The F&V recommendation is the costliest for consumers to comply with,
      but it also reduces diet-related mortality the most, so that a large budget could
      be allocated to promoting F&V consumption while keeping this policy cost
      beneficial. We conclude that promotion of most dietary recommendations improves
      social welfare. Our framework complements the programming models available in
      nutrition and public health: those models are best used to identify dietary
      targets, following which our framework identifies cost-beneficial ways of moving
      towards those targets. 

PMID- 27362766
TI  - Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production
      Parameters.
AB  - Antimicrobial usage (AMU) has been described to be high in pig production.
      Although farmers are aware of the high usage, little is known about intervention
      to improve the situation. This study evaluated the extent to which AMU could be
      reduced in pig production by the optimization of herd management, biosecurity
      status, vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and advice on prudent AMU.
      Furthermore, the effects of these interventions on the herd production results
      were explored. This intervention study was conducted on 61 Flemish pig herds and
      included three visits per herd. During the initial visit, information was
      gathered on herd management, biosecurity status (quantified by means of the
      Biocheck.UGentTM risk-based scoring system), vaccination strategy, anthelmintic
      therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd-specific action plan
      which was discussed with the farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors during
      the second visit. In the final herd visit (+/-8 months later), comparable data
      were obtained to evaluate the progress. Overall, a significant improvement of 2.4
      points external and 7 points internal biosecurity on the herds was obtained,
      combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and prudent AMU. This
      was accompanied by a significant reduction in the AMU with a decrease of 52% for
      the pigs from birth till slaughter and 32% for breeding animals, based on
      treatment incidences (TIs) and included an important reduction in the use of
      critically important antimicrobials. More importantly, the increased biosecurity
      levels and decreased AMU were combined with significantly improved technical
      results such as the number of weaned piglets per sow per year (+1.1), daily
      weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (-0.6%). Guided
      interventions as a team effort of farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors
      have shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production.

PMID- 27362765
TI  - Predictors of Hospitalized Exacerbations and Mortality in Chronic Obstructive
      Pulmonary Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      carry significant consequences for patients and are responsible for considerable
      health-care costs-particularly if hospitalization is required. Despite the
      importance of hospitalized exacerbations, relatively little is known about their
      determinants. This study aimed to analyze predictors of hospitalized
      exacerbations and mortality in COPD patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective
      population-based cohort study. We selected 900 patients with confirmed COPD aged
      >=35 years by simple random sampling among all COPD patients in Cantabria
      (northern Spain) on December 31, 2011. We defined moderate exacerbations as
      events that led a care provider to prescribe antibiotics or corticosteroids and
      severe exacerbations as exacerbations requiring hospital admission. We observed
      exacerbation frequency over the previous year (2011) and following year (2012).
      We categorized patients according to COPD severity based on forced expiratory
      volume in 1 second (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD]
      grades 1-4). We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) by logistic regression, adjusting
      for age, sex, smoking status, COPD severity, and frequent exacerbator phenotype
      the previous year. RESULTS: Of the patients, 16.4% had >=1 severe exacerbations,
      varying from 9.3% in mild GOLD grade 1 to 44% in very severe COPD patients. A
      history of at least two prior severe exacerbations was positively associated with
      new severe exacerbations (adjusted OR, 6.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.53
      12.83) and mortality (adjusted OR, 7.63; 95%CI, 3.41-17.05). Older age and
      several comorbidities, such as heart failure and diabetes, were similarly
      associated. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized exacerbations occurred with all grades of
      airflow limitation. A history of severe exacerbations was associated with new
      hospitalized exacerbations and mortality.

PMID- 27362768
TI  - Molecular targets of metformin antitumor action.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have shown that metformin, a first line therapeutic agent
      for diabetes mellitus, reduced the risk of developing various malignancies.
      Several preclinical studies established some possible mechanisms of its
      anticancer effects. The primary effect of metformin action is a decrease in cell
      energy status, which activates AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), a cellular metabolic
      sensor. This event is followed by a decrease in serum concentrations of insulin
      and insulin growth factor I (IGF-I), the potent mitogens for cancer cells. In
      addition to the indirect mode of action, metformin may exhibit direct inhibitory
      effect on cancer cells by targeting mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
      signaling and anabolic processes. This review gathers information on mechanisms
      of metformin antitumor activity, with special attention given to the impact of
      this antidiabetic drug on insulin/PI3K/mTOR and AMPK signaling. Furthermore, the
      factors required for this novel activity of metformin are discussed. 

PMID- 27362767
TI  - Paradoxical Reductions in Serum Anti-p53 Autoantibody Levels by Chemotherapy in
      Unresectable Colorectal Cancer: An Observational Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The anti-p53 autoantibody is an emerging tumor marker that is commonly
      produced in response to p53 mutations. The usefulness of this antibody has been
      suggested in screening for and the monitoring of recurrence in colorectal cancer;
      however, its significance as a marker during chemotherapy remains largely
      unknown. METHODS: We measured serum anti-p53 antibody levels in patients with
      unresectable colorectal cancer who underwent first-line systemic chemotherapy.
      Tumor responses were evaluated by computed tomography. We determined whether
      temporal changes in this antibody during therapy are associated with radiological
      responses. RESULTS: Of the 83 patients in our study, 29 (35%) had elevated serum
      anti-p53 antibody levels before chemotherapy. Among these, antibody levels
      decreased in all 14 responders. In contrast, among those patients with elevated
      pretherapeutic serum anti-p53 antibody levels, 89% showed a paradoxical decrease
      in antibody levels and exhibited disease progression after chemotherapy.
      Moreover, serum anti-p53 antibody levels before and after chemotherapy were not
      associated with survival. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that serum anti-p53
      antibody levels are of limited value in the evaluation of responses to palliative
      chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer.

PMID- 27362769
TI  - Effects of chronic l-DOPA administration on neurogenic and endothelium-dependent
      relaxation responses in rabbit corpus cavernosum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dopamine is a crucial central neurotransmitter that plays a
      fundamental role in the autonomic and somatic components of penile reflexes in
      animals and humans. Similar to the erectile responses of dopamine, systemic
      administration of l-DOPA induces yawning and penile erection in some species. The
      possible effects of l-DOPA on nitric oxide (NO)-dependent and -independent non
      adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxation responses mediated by electrical
      field stimulation (EFS) and endothelium-dependent relaxation were investigated in
      this study. METHODS: Thirty-two adult albino male rabbits, in two- and four-week
      treatment groups, were divided into three subgroups: control group (saline
      injected) (n=4), 3mg/kg/day (low dose) l-DOPA-injected groups (n=6) and
      12mg/kg/day (high dose) l-DOPA-injected groups (n=6). After the intraperitoneal
      injection treatments, the corpus cavernosum tissues were placed in organ bath
      chambers. The EFS-mediated responses, and the concentration-response curve to
      carbachol, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), sildenafil were assessed. RESULTS: The two
      week treatment with high-dose l-DOPA decreased the NO-dependent NANC relaxation
      responses, while there was no change in the low-dose two- and four-week treatment
      groups. The NO-independent NANC relaxation responses in the two-week groups
      decreased, and the responses in the four-week groups were unchanged when compared
      to the controls. The relaxation responses to carbachol showed no differences
      among all groups except for the high-dose four-week l-DOPA group. The relaxation
      responses of SNP and sildenafil were increased in all of the treatment groups
      when compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The observed increases in SNP- and
      sildenafil-induced responses, along with the decreased EFS-mediated responses,
      suggest increased sensitivity in the NO-signalling pathway following l-DOPA
      administration.

PMID- 27362770
TI  - Involvement of CGRP receptors in retinal spreading depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a transient propagating
      excitation of synaptic activity followed by depression, which is implicated in
      migraine with aura and is regarded as the underlying cause of migraine.
      Calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) receptors play a crucial role in mediating
      the magnitude of CSD in rat cortical slice. This study aimed to examine whether
      CGRP receptors are involved in retinal spreading depression (RSD) in chicks.
      METHODS: Western blot was used for detection of calcitonin-receptor like receptor
      (CALCRL) and intrinsic optical imaging was used for pharmacological
      investigation. RESULTS: We found that the key component of CGRP receptor, CALCRL,
      is expressed in the chick retina. Using an in vitro migraine RSD model, we
      demonstrated that BIBN4096, a potent antagonist for CGRP receptors, markedly
      reduced the magnitude of RSD induced by K(+), but also the propagation rate.
      CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that CGRP receptors mediate RSD propagation
      involving neuronal mechanism and approve that RSD is an efficient in vitro
      approach for assessing anti-migraine drugs targeting CGRP receptors.

PMID- 27362771
TI  - Resolvin D1 down-regulates CYP1A1 and PTGS2 gene in the HUVEC cells treated with
      benzo(a)pyrene.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can interact with lipids and
      their derivatives and have been known to induce atherosclerosis. The aim of this
      study was to evaluate the impact of Resolvin D1 (RvD1) on inflammatory-state
      realted proteins and genes in the human primary umbilical vein endothelial HUVEC
      cells exposed to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). METHODS: We analyzed the influence of RvD1
      and/or BaP on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytosolic prostaglandine E2 synthase
      (cPGES), glutathione S transferase (GSTM1) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)
      protein expression by Western blot. Additionaly, phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and
      cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1) activity, as well as AhR, CYP1A1, phospholipase A2
      (PLA2G4A) and prostaglandin synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene expression by qRT-PCR was
      studied. RESULTS: RvD1 down-regulates cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1) and prostaglandin
      synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene expression in HUVEC cells exposed to BaP. Repressesion of
      COX-2, cPGES and overexpressesion of GSTM1 protein was noted after co-treatment
      with RvD1 and BaP. After incubation with RvD1 an increase of cPLA2 and a decrease
      of CYP1A1 activity was observed when compared to BaP treated alone endothelial
      cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that RvD1 can significantly contributes on
      vascular function and alleviates the harmful effects caused by BaP, which might
      potentially aid in the repair of the injured endothelium.

PMID- 27362773
TI  - School Day Energy Expenditure in Elementary School Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose was to characterize energy expenditure (EE) during
      academic subjects and activities during an elementary school day. METHODS:
      Children in 2nd to 4th grades (N = 33) wore the SenseWear Armband (SWA) for 5
      school days to measure EE. Teachers' logs were compared with SWA data to extract
      information about EE throughout the day. Energy expenditure was also compared
      among grades. RESULTS: After controlling for body mass, grade level was not a
      significant predictor of average daily caloric expenditure, F (2, 17.58) = .29, P
      = .75, omega(2) = .05. When comparing activities throughout the day, relative
      rates of EE differed significantly, Wilks' F (7, 23) = 52.2, P = .00, etap(2) =
      .94, with PE and recess having higher EE. When academic subjects were compared
      (math, science, language arts), relative rate of EE was also significantly
      different, Wilks' F (2, 30) = 4.31, P = .02, etap(2) = .22. For the full sample,
      relative rate EE was higher in science than in language arts. CONCLUSIONS: The
      school day provides opportunity for EE for children. These data support the
      potential benefit of active instruction in language arts as a method to increase
      school day EE.

PMID- 27362774
TI  - Evolutionary Diversity of Suid Herpesvirus 1 Based on Ul44 Partial Sequences.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to use partial Ul44 sequences (glycoprotein
      C) of Suid herpesvirus 1 to examine the evolution and dynamics of the virus in
      different periods and hosts. METHODS: Phylogenetic trees were constructed using
      the software MrBayes after analysis in the software jModelTest to evaluate the
      best phylogenetic models. The software SplitsTree 4.0 was used to create
      phylogenetic networks, and the BEAST program was used to generate data on
      phylogeography. Replication kinetics and serum neutralization tests were applied
      to tree strains from different phylogenetic groups. RESULTS: Ul44 sequences
      derived from domestic swine and wild swine clustered in different clades and had
      different selective pressures depending on the host. We found no differences in
      replication kinetics and serum neutralization tests in the strains tested. Data
      show that the evolution of herpesviruses is complex, and different genetic groups
      may be evolving at different rates. Ul44 is an important marker for molecular
      evolution and epidemiology studies, but it is not useful for biological
      information.

PMID- 27362775
TI  - Microwave ablation-assisted liver gene transfection in rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: Thermal ablation has been used to manage liver malignancy. This study
      aimed to assess histological changes in rat liver after microwave ablation (MWA)
      and to investigate whether thermal damage caused by MWA on surrounding liver
      tissue enhances the efficiency of liver gene transfer. METHODS: MWA was applied
      to rat liver, and the pathological tissue and ultrastructural changes were
      evaluated. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and Renilla luciferase-expressing
      plasmids were administered to liver tissues by direct injection. GFP expression
      in liver tissue was analysed in frozen sections using an inverted fluorescence
      microscope, and Renilla luciferase expression in target tissue was determined
      using a luminometer. RESULTS: Tissue demarcations were observed in liver tissue
      after ablation, and a transition zone with morphological changes was present
      between necrotic and normal tissue. Hepatocytes in the transition zone showed
      decreased numbers of microvilli on cell surfaces and increased extracellular
      space. GFP expression was observed in the transition zone after MWA and plasmid
      injection and lasted up to 7 days post-ablation. Both the fluorescence and
      luminescence levels in the transition zone of the liver tissue were significantly
      higher than those in the untreated tissue (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Direct
      plasmid injection to the liver tissue of the transition zone after MWA can
      achieve effective gene transfection. These findings provide an experimental basis
      for exploring MWA-assisted target gene transfer for cancer gene therapy.

PMID- 27362776
TI  - Number of children and later-life mortality among Finns born 1938-50.
AB  - We investigated the association between number of offspring and later-life
      mortality of Finnish men and women born 1938-50, and whether the association was
      explained by living conditions in own childhood and adulthood, chronic
      conditions, fertility timing, and unobserved characteristics common to siblings.
      We used a longitudinal 1950 census sample to estimate mortality at ages 50-72.
      Relative to parents of two children, all-cause mortality is highest among
      childless men and women, and elevated among those with one child, independently
      of observed confounders. Fixed-effect models, which control for unobserved
      characteristics shared by siblings, clearly support these findings among men.
      Cardiovascular mortality is higher among men with no, one, or at least four
      children than among those with two. Living conditions in adulthood contribute to
      the association between the number of children and mortality to a greater extent
      than childhood background, and chronic conditions contribute to the excess
      mortality of the childless.

PMID- 27362777
TI  - Stress and hypertensive disease: adrenals as a link. Experimental study on
      hypertensive ISIAH rat strain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Association between stress and hypertensive disease is still a matter
      of debate. Can stress be the cause of hypertensive disease and, if so, what
      mechanisms are involved? To clarify this question, the Inherited stress-induced
      arterial hypertensive rat strain (ISIAH rat strain) with a stress related
      arterial hypertension was developed by selection for the enhanced blood pressure
      response to 0.5 h restraint stress. The main intention of this work is to confirm
      that the adrenals are a main link between stress and hypertensive disease.
      METHODS: Hypertensive ISIAH and normotensive WAG rats have been studied. The in
      vivo secretion rate of corticosterone, aldosterone, 11-Deoxycorticosterone (DOC),
      and 11-dehydrocorticosterone was measured in anesthetized rats by adrenal vein
      cannulation. The Dexamethasone/Adrenocorticotropic hormone (DEX/ACTH) test was
      performed and mRNA expression of Cyp11b1 and Cyp11b2 genes in adrenals was
      evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS: An increased secretion rate of
      corticosterone and DOC and higher peripheral plasma aldosterone concentration in
      ISIAH rats were revealed. Response of plasma aldosterone to the surgical stress
      (adrenal vein cannulation) in the ISIAH rats was significantly higher. The
      increase of corticosterone and aldosterone in response to ACTH was also higher in
      hypertensive rats. The basal mRNA expression of both Cyp11b1 and Cyp11b2 genes
      was increased in the ISIAH rats. The ratio 11
      dehydrocorticosterone/corticosterone in ISIAH rats was low which indicates the
      weakening of 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-beta-HSD) type 2 converting
      corticosterone to cortisone. CONCLUSION: ISIAH rats may serve as a living proof
      that stress may produce sustained hypertension, and genetically determined
      enhanced stress responsiveness of corticosterone and, especially, aldosterone may
      play a crucial role in the mechanism of hypertension development.

PMID- 27362778
TI  - Key steps and common pitfalls in developing and validating risk models.
AB  - : Models for estimating an individual's risk of having or developing a disease
      are abundant in the medical literature, yet many do not meet the methodological
      standards that have been set to maximise generalisability and utility. This paper
      presents an overview of ten steps from the conception of the study to the
      implementation of the risk model and discusses common pitfalls. We discuss
      crucial aspects of study design, data collection, model development and
      performance evaluation, and discuss how to bring the model to clinical practice.
      TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: We present an overview of ten key steps for the development
      of risk models and discuss common pitfalls.

PMID- 27362779
TI  - Forensic Analysis Reveals Acute Decompensation of Chronic Heart Failure in a 3500
      Year-Old Egyptian Dignitary.
AB  - Naturally preserved and embalmed bodies from archeological contexts represent a
      powerful source of information for forensic investigators. They allow one to
      ascertain pathology, cause of death, to enhance diagnostic methodology, and to
      improve the analysis of altered remains. We investigated the complete head and
      lung remnants of a 3,500-year-old Egyptian dignitary by radiological,
      microscopic, and genetic approaches. The individual, a middle-aged male, suffered
      from severe periodontitis, mild atherosclerosis, and experienced cardiogenic
      pulmonary insufficiency with recurrent mini-bleeds and pulmonary edema. Histology
      and ancient DNA analyses excluded the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or
      of any other pathogenic species. Based on our collection of evidence, we propose
      that acute decompensation complicating chronic cardiac insufficiency was the
      likely cause of death. The underlying causes for this failure remain unknown
      although chronic hypertension appears to be the most likely candidate. Our
      finding represents the earliest reported case of chronic heart failure in ancient
      mummies.

PMID- 27362780
TI  - Maternal touch and infant affect in the Still Face Paradigm: A cross-cultural
      examination.
AB  - Touch between mother and infant plays an important role in development starting
      from birth. Cross-cultural differences surrounding rearing practices have an
      influence on parent-infant interaction, including types of touch used and the
      development of emotional regulation. This study was designed to investigate
      maternal touch and infant emotional regulation in infant-mother dyads from
      Ecuador (n=25) and Hispanic dyads from the United States (US) (n=26). Mothers and
      their 4-month-old full-term infants participated in the Still Face Paradigm.
      Second-by-second coding of maternal touch and infant affect was completed.
      Overall the analyses showed that Ecuadorian mothers used more nurturing and
      accompaniment touch and less attention seeking touch than US Hispanic mothers
      during the pre-stressor (baseline) episode. Lagged multilevel models were used to
      investigate the effect of the different types of touch on infant emotional
      regulation in the groups for the episodes. The data suggest that playful touch
      had a significant increase in infant affect, whereas accompaniment and attention
      seeking touch had a significant decrease in infant affect. Overall, this study
      provides support for the role of touch in mother-infant synchronicity in relation
      to infant's emotional regulation. Identifying touch that is more calming is
      important to foster emotional regulation in infancy, which can have important
      implications for development.

PMID- 27362782
TI  - Social Support and Relationship Satisfaction as Moderators of the Stress-Mood
      Alcohol Link Association in US Navy Members.
AB  - The present study examined associations between stress and problematic alcohol
      use among US Navy members anticipating deployment, whether depressive symptoms
      mediated the stress-alcohol link, and whether social support and relationship
      satisfaction moderated associations between stress, depressive symptoms, and
      problematic alcohol use. Participants were 108 US Navy members assigned to an
      Arleigh Burke-class destroyer anticipating an 8-month deployment after
      Operational Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. Stress was indirectly
      related to problematic alcohol use such that higher levels of stress were
      associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, which were further
      associated with higher levels of alcohol use. The indirect effect of stress to
      problematic alcohol use via depressive symptoms was tested at different levels of
      social support and relationship satisfaction. At higher levels of social support
      and relationship satisfaction, the association between stress and problematic
      alcohol use via depressive symptoms decreased. Results help identify targets for
      alcohol prevention efforts among current military members.

PMID- 27362781
TI  - Lamina Cribrosa Microarchitecture in Monkey Early Experimental Glaucoma: Global
      Change.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize experimental glaucoma (EG)
      versus control eye differences in lamina cribrosa (LC), beam diameter (BD), pore
      diameter (PD), connective tissue volume fraction (CTVF), connective tissue volume
      (CTV), and LC volume (LV) in monkey early EG. METHODS: Optic nerve heads (ONHs)
      of 14 unilateral EG and 6 bilateral normal (BN) monkeys underwent three
      dimensional reconstruction and LC beam segmentation. Each beam and pore voxel was
      assigned a diameter based on the largest sphere that contained it before
      transformation to a common cylinder with inner, middle, and outer layers. Full
      thickness and layer averages for BD, PD, CTVF, CTV, and LV were calculated for
      each ONH. Beam diameter and PD distributions for each ONH were fit to a gamma
      distribution and summarized by scale and shape parameters. Experimental glaucoma
      and depth effects were assessed for each parameter by linear mixed-effects (LME)
      modeling. Animal-specific EG versus control eye differences that exceeded the
      maximum intereye difference among the six BN animals were considered significant.
      RESULTS: Overall EG eye mean PD was 12.8% larger (28.2 +/- 5.6 vs. 25.0 +/- 3.3
      MUm), CTV was 26.5% larger (100.06 +/- 47.98 vs. 79.12 +/- 28.35 * 106 MUm3), and
      LV was 40% larger (229.29 +/- 98.19 vs. 163.63 +/- 39.87 * 106 MUm3) than control
      eyes (P <= 0.05, LME). Experimental glaucoma effects were significantly different
      by layer for PD (P = 0.0097) and CTVF (P < 0.0001). Pore diameter expanded
      consistently across all PDs. Experimental glaucoma eye-specific parameter change
      was variable in magnitude and direction. CONCLUSIONS: Pore diameter, CTV, and LV
      increase in monkey early EG; however, EG eye-specific change is variable and
      includes both increases and decreases in BD and CTVF.

PMID- 27362784
TI  - Predictors of dengue severity.

PMID- 27362783
TI  - Air Pollution and Subtypes, Severity and Vulnerability to Ischemic Stroke-A
      Population Based Case-Crossover Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Few studies have examined the association between air
      pollutants and ischemic stroke subtypes. We examined acute effects of outdoor air
      pollutants (PM10, NO2, O3, CO, SO2) on subtypes and severity of incident ischemic
      stroke and investigated if pre-existing risk factors increased susceptibility.
      METHODS: We used a time stratified case-crossover study and stroke cases from the
      South London Stroke Register set up to capture all incident cases of first ever
      stroke occurring amongst residents in a geographically defined area. The Oxford
      clinical and TOAST etiological classifications were used to classify subtypes. A
      pragmatic clinical classification system was used to assess severity. Air
      pollution concentrations from the nearest background air pollution monitoring
      stations to patients' residential postcode centroids were used. Lags from 0 to 6
      days were investigated. RESULTS: There were 2590 incident cases of ischemic
      stroke (1995-2006). While there were associations at various lag times with
      several pollutants, overall, there was no consistent pattern between exposure and
      risk of ischemic stroke subtypes or severity. The possible exception was the
      association between NO2 exposure and small vessel disease stroke-adjusted odds
      ratio of 1.51 (1.12-2.02) associated with an inter-quartile range increase in the
      lag 0-6 day average for NO2. There were no clear associations in relation to pre
      existing risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we found little consistent evidence
      of association between air pollutants and ischemic stroke subtypes and severity.
      There was however a suggestion that increasing NO2 exposure might be associated
      with higher risk of stroke caused by cerebrovascular small vessel disease.

PMID- 27362785
TI  - Nutritional quality of dietary patterns of children: are there differences inside
      and outside school?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the dietary patterns of children inside and outside
      school and investigate their associations with sociodemographic factors and
      nutritional status. METHODS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study in
      which children of both sexes, aged 1-6 years, attending private and public
      daycare centers and preschools in Brazil, were evaluated (n=2979). Demographic,
      socioeconomic and dietary data (weighed food records and estimated food records)
      were collected. Dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis from 36 food
      groups. RESULTS: Four dietary patterns were identified inside school, and three
      outside. Inside school, the "traditional" pattern was associated to low income
      and presented high nutritional quality. The "dual" pattern was associated with
      low income and with high intake of added sugar and glycemic load. The "snack"
      pattern was associated with children enrolled at private schools and with high
      intake of added sugar and glycemic load. The "bread and butter" pattern was
      associated with high intake of added sugar and trans fat. Outside school, the
      "traditional" pattern was associated with high intake of saturated fat, trans
      fats, sodium, and total fiber. The "bread and butter" pattern was associated with
      high intake of trans fats and glycemic load, whereas the "snack" pattern was
      associated with overweight, private schools, high income, and high intake of
      trans fats, sodium, and total fiber. CONCLUSION: There are differences in the
      nutritional quality of dietary patterns inside and outside school, and
      heterogeneity in adherence to these patterns were observed across regions and
      socioeconomic classes.

PMID- 27362786
TI  - Optical response of the Cu2 S2 diamond core in Cu2II(NGuaS)2 Cl2.
AB  - Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations are presented
      for the dicopper thiolate complex Cu2 (NGuaS)2 Cl2 [NGuaS=2-(1,1,3,3
      tetramethylguanidino) benzenethiolate] with a special focus on the bonding
      mechanism of the Cu2 S2 Cl2 core and the spectroscopic response. This complex is
      relevant for the understanding of dicopper redox centers, for example, the CuA
      center. Its UV/Vis absorption is theoretically studied and found to be similar to
      other structural CuA models. The spectrum can be roughly divided in the known
      regions of metal d-d absorptions and metal to ligand charge transfer regions.
      Nevertheless the chloride ions play an important role as electron donors, with
      the thiolate groups as electron acceptors. The bonding mechanism is dissected by
      means of charge decomposition analysis which reveals the large covalency of the
      Cu2 S2 diamond core mediated between Cu dz2 and S-S pi and pi* orbitals forming
      Cu-S sigma bonds. Measured resonant Raman spectra are shown for 360- and 720-nm
      excitation wavelength and interpreted using the calculated vibrational eigenmodes
      and frequencies. The calculations help to rationalize the varying resonant
      behavior at different optical excitations. Especially the phenylene rings are
      only resonant for 720 nm. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362787
TI  - TORquing metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells.

PMID- 27362789
TI  - Design and screening of a chimeric survivin-specific nanobody and its anticancer
      activities in vitro.
AB  - Survivin is a strong inhibitor of apoptosis protein and a promising target for
      cancer prevention and treatment. Here, we report the design and preparation of
      novel chimeric nanobodies (Nbs) that could specifically bind to survivin. We
      screened the peptides from phage-displayed libraries (7-mer, 12-mer) for
      nonconserved sequences of complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in the
      scaffold of the Nb. By a combination of the nonconserved sequences for CDRs, the
      corresponding chimeric Nbs (10 Nbs) were prepared with genetic operations. The
      antisurvivin Nb TAT-Nb4A (a fusion with cellular transduction peptide TAT) was
      found to be the most efficient antibody on the basis of the results from enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay, MTT, and flow cytometry when these nanobodies were
      tested with hepatoma carcinoma cell HepG2. TAT-Nb4A could inhibit the growth of
      HepG2 and promote cancer cell apoptosis significantly in a dose-dependent and
      time-dependent manner: the apoptosis rate reached 52.5% when the concentration of
      TAT-Nb4A was 120 MUg/ml. Western blotting with cells expressing survivin showed
      that the prepared nanobody could efficiently bind to expressed survivin and
      blocked the signaling pathway in which survivin played a role. This study
      provided a convenient and feasible method of obtaining a novel specific Nb with
      the case of survivin as a good example.

PMID- 27362788
TI  - Project Gel a Randomized Rectal Microbicide Safety and Acceptability Study in
      Young Men and Transgender Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of Project Gel was to determine the safety and
      acceptability of rectal microbicides in young men who have sex with men (MSM) and
      transgender women (TGW) at risk of HIV infection. METHODS: MSM and TGW aged 18-30
      years were enrolled at three sites; Pittsburgh, PA; Boston, MA; and San Juan, PR.
      Stage 1A was a cross-sectional assessment of sexual health and behavior in MSM
      and TGW. A subset of participants from Stage 1A were then enrolled in Stage 1B, a
      12-week evaluation of the safety and acceptability of a placebo rectal gel. This
      was followed by the final phase of the study (Stage 2) in which a subset of
      participants from Stage 1B were enrolled into a Phase 1 rectal safety and
      acceptability evaluation of tenofovir (TFV) 1% gel. RESULTS: 248 participants
      were enrolled into Stage 1A. Participants' average age was 23.3 years. The most
      common sexually transmitted infection (STIs) at baseline were Herpes simplex
      (HSV)-2 (16.1% by serology) and rectal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) (10.1% by
      NAAT). 134 participants were enrolled into Stage 1B. During the 12 week period of
      follow-up 2 HIV, 5 rectal CT, and 5 rectal Neisseria gonorrhea infections were
      detected. The majority of adverse events (AEs) were infections (N = 56) or
      gastrointestinal (N = 46) and were mild (69.6%) or moderate (28.0%). Of the
      participants who completed Stage 1B, 24 were enrolled into Stage 2 and randomized
      (1:1) to receive TFV or placebo gel. All participants completed Stage 2. The
      majority of AEs were gastrointestinal (N = 10) and of mild (87.2%) or moderate
      (10.3%) severity. CONCLUSIONS: In this study we were able to enroll a sexually
      active population of young MSM and TGW who were willing to use rectal
      microbicides. TFV gel was safe and acceptable and should be further developed as
      an alternative HIV prevention intervention for this population. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01283360.

PMID- 27362790
TI  - 8-Farnesyloxycoumarin induces apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells by
      inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase-1 enzymatic activity.
AB  - Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Overexpression
      of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) has been reported in prostate cancer patients.
      This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and anticancer effects of 8
      farnesyloxycoumarin (8f), a prenylated coumarin, by inhibition of 15-LOX-1
      activity, in prostate cancer cells. The activity of 15-LOX-1 and the inhibitory
      effects of 8f on this enzyme were first assessed in PC-3 and DU145 prostate
      cancer cells. The MTT assay was used to examine the cytotoxicity effects of 8f on
      PC-3 cells following 15-LOX-1 inhibition. To determine the type of cell death,
      chromatin condensation and DNA damage were examined by DAPI staining and comet
      assay, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of 8f on the cell cycle were
      evaluated by PI staining and flow cytometry. The activity of 15-LOX-1 was
      determined to be higher in PC-3 compared with DU145 cells; thus, this cell line
      was selected for further experiments. 8f induced cell death in PC-3 cells in a
      dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, with IC50 values similar to cisplatin,
      which was used as a control. However, 8f did not significantly affect the
      viability of HFF3, human foreskin fibroblast cells, under identical conditions.
      The appearance of apoptotic cells after 8f treatment was confirmed by the
      presence of PC-3 cells containing condensed chromatin as shown by DAPI staining.
      The comet assay indicated the induction of DNA damage in cancerous cells compared
      with normal cells. In addition, 8f induced a potent G1 cell-cycle arrest in PC-3
      cells. Our results showed that the antitumor effects of 8f on PC-3 cells were
      promoted by apoptosis induction, probably via inhibition of 15-LOX-1 activity,
      thus suggesting that 8f may have therapeutic value in prostate cancer treatment.

PMID- 27362791
TI  - Attention bias dynamics and symptom severity during and following CBT for social
      anxiety disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Threat-related attention bias figures prominently in contemporary
      accounts of the maintenance of anxiety disorders, yet longitudinal intervention
      research relating attention bias to anxiety symptom severity is limited.
      Capitalizing on recent advances in the conceptualization and measurement of
      attention bias, we aimed to examine the relation between attention bias, indexed
      using trial-level bias scores (TLBSs) to quantify temporal dynamics reflecting
      dysregulation of attentional processing of threat (as opposed to aggregated mean
      bias scores) and social anxiety symptom severity over the course of cognitive
      behavioral therapy (CBT) and 1-month follow-up. METHOD: Adults with social
      anxiety disorder (N = 39) assigned to either yohimbine- or placebo-augmented CBT
      completed measures of attention bias and social anxiety symptom severity weekly
      throughout CBT (5 sessions) and at 1-week and 1-month posttreatment. RESULTS:
      TLBSs of attention bias temporal dynamics showed stronger psychometric properties
      than mean aggregated scores and were highly interrelated, in line with within
      subject temporal variability fluctuating in time between attentional
      overengagement and strategic avoidance from threat. Attention bias toward threat
      and temporal variability in attention bias (i.e., attentional dysregulation), but
      not attention bias away from threat, significantly reduced over the course of
      CBT. Cross-lag analyses revealed no evidence of a causal relation between
      reductions in attentional dysregulation leading to symptom severity reduction, or
      vice versa. Observed relations did not vary as a function of time. CONCLUSIONS:
      We found no evidence for attentional dysregulation as a causal mechanism for
      symptom reduction in CBT for social anxiety disorders. Implications for future
      research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362792
TI  - Internet-delivered cognitive control training as a preventive intervention for
      remitted depressed patients: Evidence from a double-blind randomized controlled
      trial study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cognitive control impairments may place remitted depressed (RMD)
      patients at increased risk for developing future depressive symptomatology by
      disrupting emotion regulation processes. Research has shown that directly
      targeting cognitive control has beneficial effects on high trait ruminators and
      clinically depressed patients. The current study tested whether internet
      delivered cognitive control training (CCT) can be used as an intervention to
      increase resilience to depression in RMD patients. METHOD: Effects of CCT were
      assessed using a double-blind randomized controlled design. RMD patients
      performed 10 sessions of a working memory-based CCT (N = 34) or a low cognitive
      load training (N = 34; active control condition) over a period of 14 days.
      Assessments took place prior to training, immediately following 2 weeks of
      training, and at 3 months follow-up. Brooding and depressive symptomatology were
      selected as primary outcome measures, alternative indicators for emotion
      regulation and residual symptomatology were selected as secondary outcome
      measures, along with indicators of functioning. RESULTS: Compared to an active
      control condition, CCT demonstrated beneficial effects on a cognitive transfer
      task, brooding, depressive symptomatology, residual complaints, self-reported use
      of general maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and resilience after
      controlling for intention to treat. Furthermore, completers of the CCT reported a
      reduction in experienced disability and cognitive complaints. However, no
      beneficial effects were found for self-reported use of adaptive emotion
      regulation strategies. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the effectiveness
      of CCT as an intervention to reduce cognitive vulnerability, residual
      symptomatology, and foster resilience following recovery from depression. CCT
      thus holds potential as a preventive intervention for RMD patients. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 27362793
TI  - Diagnosis of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders by flow cytometry using four
      color combinations for immunophenotyping: A proposal of the brazilian group of
      flow cytometry (GBCFLUX).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) is a powerful tool for the
      diagnosis of hematological malignancies and has been useful for the
      classification of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLPD) according to the
      WHO criteria. Following the purposes of the Brazilian Group of Flow Cytometry
      (GBCFLUX), the aim of this report was to standardize the minimum requirements to
      achieve an accurate diagnosis in CLPDs, considering the different economic
      possibilities of the laboratories in our country. Most laboratories in Brazil
      work with 4-fluorescence flow cytometers, which is why the GBCFLUX CLPD Committee
      has proposed 4-color monoclonal antibody (MoAb) panels. METHODS/RESULTS: Panels
      for screening and diagnosis in B, T and NK lymphoproliferative disorders were
      developed based on the normal differentiation pathways of these cells and the
      most frequent phenotypic aberrations. Important markers for prognosis and for
      minimal residual disease (MRD) evaluation were also included. The MoAb panels
      presented here were designed based on the diagnostic expertise of the
      participating laboratories and an extensive literature review. CONCLUSION: The 4
      color panels presented to aid in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative neoplasms
      by GBCFLUX aim to provide clinical laboratories with a systematic, step-wise,
      cost-effective, and reproducible approach to obtain an accurate immunophenotypic
      diagnosis of the most frequent of these disorders. (c) 2016 International
      Clinical Cytometry Society.

PMID- 27362794
TI  - Circulating MicroRNAs: Association with Lung Function in Asthma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs are key transcriptional and network regulators previously
      associated with asthma susceptibility. However, their role in relation to asthma
      severity has not been delineated. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that circulating
      microRNAs could serve as biomarkers of changes in lung function in asthma
      patients. METHODS: We isolated microRNAs from serum samples obtained at
      randomization for 160 participants of the Childhood Asthma Management Program.
      Using a TaqMan microRNA array containing 754 microRNA primers, we tested for the
      presence of known asthma microRNAs, and assessed the association of the
      individual microRNAs with lung function as measured by FEV1/FVC, FEV1% and FVC%.
      We further tested the subset of FEV1/FVC microRNAs for sex-specific and lung
      developmental associations. RESULTS: Of the 108 well-detected circulating
      microRNAs, 74 (68.5%) had previously been linked to asthma susceptibility. We
      found 22 (20.3%), 4 (3.7%) and 8 (7.4%) microRNAs to be associated with FEV1/FVC,
      FEV1% and FVC%, respectively. 8 (of 22) FEV1/FVC, 3 (of 4) FEV1% and 1 (of 8)
      FVC% microRNAs had functionally validated target genes that have been linked via
      genome wide association studies to asthma and FEV1 change. Among the 22 FEV1/FVC
      microRNAs, 9 (40.9%) remain associated with FEV1/FVC in boys alone in a sex
      stratified analysis (compared with 3 FEV1/FVC microRNAs in girls alone), 7
      (31.8%) were associated with fetal lung development, and 3 (13.6%) in both.
      Ontology analyses revealed enrichment for pathways integral to asthma, including
      PPAR signaling, G-protein coupled signaling, actin and myosin binding, and
      respiratory system development. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating microRNAs reflect asthma
      biology and are associated with lung function differences in asthmatics. They may
      represent biomarkers of asthma severity.

PMID- 27362795
TI  - Epitope Mapping of Avian Influenza M2e Protein: Different Species Recognise
      Various Epitopes.
AB  - A common approach for developing diagnostic tests for influenza virus detection
      is the use of mouse or rabbit monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies against a
      target antigen of the virus. However, comparative mapping of the target antigen
      using antibodies from different animal sources has not been evaluated before.
      This is important because identification of antigenic determinants of the target
      antigen in different species plays a central role to ensure the efficiency of a
      diagnostic test, such as competitive ELISA or immunohistochemistry-based tests.
      Interest in the matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) protein of avian influenza virus (AIV)
      as a candidate for a universal vaccine and also as a marker for detection of
      virus infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA) is the rationale for the selection
      of this protein for comparative mapping evaluation. This study aimed to map the
      epitopes of the M2e protein of avian influenza virus H5N1 using chicken, mouse
      and rabbit monoclonal or monospecific antibodies. Our findings revealed that
      rabbit antibodies (rAbs) recognized epitope 6EVETPTRN13 of the M2e, located at
      the N-terminal of the protein, while mouse (mAb) and chicken antibodies (cAbs)
      recognized epitope 10PTRNEWECK18, located at the centre region of the protein.
      The findings highlighted the difference between the M2e antigenic determinants
      recognized by different species that emphasized the importance of comparative
      mapping of antibody reactivity from different animals to the same antigen,
      especially in the case of multi-host infectious agents such as influenza. The
      findings are of importance for antigenic mapping, as well as diagnostic test and
      vaccine development. 

PMID- 27362796
TI  - Targeting long non-coding RNA-TUG1 inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in
      hepatoblastoma.
AB  - Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver tumor of early childhood, which is
      usually characterized by unusual hypervascularity. Recently, long non-coding RNAs
      (lncRNA) have emerged as gene regulators and prognostic markers in several
      cancers, including hepatoblastoma. We previously reveal that lnRNA-TUG1 is
      upregulated in hepatoblastoma specimens by microarray analysis. In this study, we
      aim to elucidate the biological and clinical significance of TUG1 upregulation in
      hepatoblastoma. We show that TUG1 is significantly upregulated in human
      hepatoblastoma specimens and metastatic hepatoblastoma cell lines. TUG1 knockdown
      inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo, and decreases hepatoblastoma cell
      viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. TUG1, miR-34a-5p, and
      VEGFA constitutes to a regulatory network, and participates in regulating
      hepatoblastoma cell function, tumor progression, and tumor angiogenesis. Overall,
      our findings indicate that TUG1 upregulation contributes to unusual
      hypervascularity of hepatoblastoma. TUG1 is a promising therapeutic target for
      aggressive, recurrent, or metastatic hepatoblastoma.

PMID- 27362797
TI  - TSC but not PTEN loss in starving cones of retinitis pigmentosa mice leads to an
      autophagy defect and mTORC1 dissociation from the lysosome.
AB  - Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to secondary cone photoreceptor loss
      in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is critical to devise strategies to prolong vision
      in this neurodegenerative disease. We previously showed that constitutive
      activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), by loss of
      its negative regulator the tuberous sclerosis complex protein 1 (Tsc1; also known
      as Hamartin), was sufficient to promote robust survival of nutrient-stressed
      cones in two mouse models of RP by improving glucose uptake and utilization.
      However, while cone protection remained initially stable for several weeks,
      eventually cone loss resumed. Here we show that loss of Tsc1 in the cones of RP
      mice causes a defect in autophagy, leading to the accumulation of ubiquitinated
      aggregates. We demonstrate that this defect was not due to an inhibition of
      autophagy initiation, but due to an accumulation of autolysosomes, suggesting a
      defect in the end-stage of the process causing an amino-acid shortage in cones,
      thereby hampering long-term cone survival. Because cells with TSC loss fail to
      completely inhibit mTORC1 and properly activate autophagy in the absence of amino
      acids, we sporadically administered the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin, which was
      sufficient to correct the defects seen in cones, further enhancing the efficiency
      of cone survival mediated by Tsc1 loss. Concordantly, activation of mTORC1 by
      loss of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) did not affect autophagy and
      amino-acid metabolism, leading to a more sustained long-term protection of cones.
      As loss of Pten, which in cones results in less robust mTORC1 activation when
      compared with loss of Tsc1, still affords long-term cone survival, therapeutic
      interventions with mTORC1 activators or gene therapy with selected mTORC1 targets
      that improve glucose metabolism are potential strategies to delay vision loss in
      patients with RP.

PMID- 27362798
TI  - ZnCl2 sustains the adriamycin-induced cell death inhibited by high glucose.
AB  - Hyperglycemia, the condition of high blood glucose, is typical of diabetes and
      obesity and represents a significant clinical problem. The relationship between
      hyperglycemia and cancer risk has been established by several studies. Moreover,
      hyperglycemia has been shown to reduce cancer cell response to therapies,
      conferring resistance to drug-induced cell death. Therefore, counteracting the
      negative effects of hyperglycemia may positively improve the cancer cell death
      induced by chemotherapies. Recent studies showed that zinc supplementation may
      have beneficial effects on glycemic control. Here we aimed at evaluating whether
      ZnCl2 could counteract the high-glucose (HG) effects and consequently restore the
      drug-induced cancer cell death. At the molecular level we found that the HG
      induced expression of genes known to be involved in chemoresistance (such as HIF
      1alpha, GLUT1, and HK2 glycolytic genes, as well as NF-kappaB activity) was
      reduced by ZnCl2 treatment. In agreement, the adryamicin (ADR)-induced apoptotic
      cancer cell death was significantly impaired by HG and efficiently re-established
      by ZnCl2 cotreatment. Mechanistically, the ADR-induced c-Jun N-terminal
      kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) phosphorylation, inhibited by
      HG, was efficiently restored by ZnCl2. The JNK involvement in apoptotic cell
      death was assessed by the use of JNK dominant-negative expression vector that
      indeed impaired the ZnCl2 ability to restore drug-induced cell death in HG
      condition. Altogether, these findings indicate that ZnCl2 supplementation
      efficiently restored the drug-induced cancer cell death, inhibited by HG, by both
      sustaining JNK activation and counteracting the glycolytic pathway.

PMID- 27362799
TI  - Does murine spermatogenesis require WNT signalling? A lesson from Gpr177
      conditional knockout mouse models.
AB  - Wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT) proteins and several other
      components of the WNT signalling pathway are expressed in the murine testes.
      However, mice mutant for WNT signalling effector beta-catenin using different Cre
      drivers have phenotypes that are inconsistent with each other. The complexity and
      overlapping expression of WNT signalling cascades have prevented researchers from
      dissecting their function in spermatogenesis. Depletion of the Gpr177 gene (the
      mouse orthologue of Drosophila Wntless), which is required for the secretion of
      various WNTs, makes it possible to genetically dissect the overall effect of WNTs
      in testis development. In this study, the Gpr177 gene was conditionally depleted
      in germ cells (Gpr177(flox/flox), Mvh-Cre; Gpr177(flox/flox), Stra8-Cre) and
      Sertoli cells (Gpr177(flox/flox), Amh-Cre). No obvious defects in fertility and
      spermatogenesis were observed in these three Gpr177 conditional knockout (cKO)
      mice at 8 weeks. However, late-onset testicular atrophy and fertility decline in
      two germ cell-specific Gpr177 deletion mice were noted at 8 months. In contrast,
      we did not observe any abnormalities of spermatogenesis and fertility, even in 8
      month-old Gpr177(flox/flox), Amh-Cre mice. Elevation of reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) was detected in Gpr177 cKO germ cells and Sertoli cells and exhibited an
      age-dependent manner. However, significant increase in the activity of Caspase 3
      was only observed in germ cells from 8-month-old germ cell-specific Gpr177
      knockout mice. In conclusion, GPR177 in Sertoli cells had no apparent influence
      on spermatogenesis, whereas loss of GPR177 in germ cells disrupted
      spermatogenesis in an age-dependent manner via elevating ROS levels and
      triggering germ cell apoptosis.

PMID- 27362800
TI  - Transferrin receptor facilitates TGF-beta and BMP signaling activation to control
      craniofacial morphogenesis.
AB  - The Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS), consisting of cleft palate, glossoptosis and
      micrognathia, is a common human birth defect. However, how this abnormality
      occurs remains largely unknown. Here we report that neural crest cell (NCC)
      specific knockout of transferrin receptor (Tfrc), a well known transferrin
      transporter protein, caused micrognathia, cleft palate, severe respiratory
      distress and inability to suckle in mice, which highly resemble human PRS.
      Histological and anatomical analysis revealed that the cleft palate is due to the
      failure of palatal shelves elevation that resulted from a retarded extension of
      Meckel's cartilage. Interestingly, Tfrc deletion dramatically suppressed both
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
      signaling in cranial NCCs-derived mandibular tissues, suggesting that Tfrc may
      act as a facilitator of these two signaling pathways during craniofacial
      morphogenesis. Together, our study uncovers an unknown function of Tfrc in
      craniofacial development and provides novel insight into the etiology of PRS.

PMID- 27362801
TI  - Extracellular DNA traps released by acute promyelocytic leukemia cells through
      autophagy.
AB  - Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells exhibit disrupted regulation of cell
      death and differentiation, and therefore the fate of these leukemic cells is
      unclear. Here, we provide the first evidence that a small percentage of APL cells
      undergo a novel cell death pathway by releasing extracellular DNA traps (ETs) in
      untreated patients. Both APL and NB4 cells stimulated with APL serum had nuclear
      budding of vesicles filled with chromatin that leaked to the extracellular space
      when nuclear and cell membranes ruptured. Using immunofluorescence, we found that
      NB4 cells undergoing ETosis extruded lattice-like structures with a DNA-histone
      backbone. During all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced cell differentiation, a
      subset of NB4 cells underwent ETosis at days 1 and 3 of treatment. The levels of
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were
      significantly elevated at 3 days, and combined treatment with TNF-alpha and IL-6
      stimulated NB4 cells to release ETs. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy by
      pharmacological inhibitors or by small interfering RNA against Atg7 attenuated
      LC3 autophagy formation and significantly decreased ET generation. Our results
      identify a previously unrecognized mechanism for death in promyelocytes and
      suggest that ATRA may accelerate ET release through increased cytokines and
      autophagosome formation. Targeting this cellular death pathway in addition to
      conventional chemotherapy may provide new therapeutic modalities for APL.

PMID- 27362802
TI  - A HIF-1alpha-driven feed-forward loop augments HIF signalling in Hep3B cells by
      upregulation of ARNT.
AB  - Oxygen-deprived (hypoxic) areas are commonly found within neoplasms caused by
      excessive cell proliferation. The transcription factor Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
      nuclear translocator (ARNT) is part of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)
      pathway, which mediates adaptive responses to ensure cellular survival under
      hypoxic conditions. HIF signalling leads to metabolic alterations,
      invasion/metastasis and the induction of angiogenesis in addition to radio
      chemoresistance of tumour cells. Activation of the HIF pathway is based on the
      abundance of HIF-alpha subunits, which are regulated in an oxygen-dependent
      manner and form transcriptional active complexes with ARNT or ARNT2 (also
      referred as HIF-1beta and HIF-2beta, respectively). ARNT is considered to be
      unaffected by hypoxia but certain cell lines, including Hep3B cells, are capable
      to elevate this transcription factor in response to oxygen deprivation, which
      implies an advantage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the
      mechanism of hypoxia-dependent ARNT upregulation and to determine implications on
      HIF signalling. Gene silencing and overexpression techniques were used to alter
      the expression pattern of HIF transcription factors under normoxic and hypoxic
      conditions. qRT-PCR and western blotting were performed to measure gene and
      protein expression, respectively. HIF activity was determined by reporter gene
      assays. The results revealed a HIF-1alpha-dependent mechanism leading to ARNT
      upregulation in hypoxia. Forced expression of ARNT increased reporter activity
      under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In conclusion, these findings indicate a
      novel feed-forward loop and suggest that ARNT might be a limiting factor.
      Augmented HIF signalling in terms of elevated target gene expression might be
      advantageous for tumour cells.

PMID- 27362803
TI  - The contribution of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase in tissue macrophages to adipose
      tissue remodeling.
AB  - Cellular plasticity in adipose tissue involves adipocyte death, its clearance,
      and de novo adipogenesis, enabling homeostatic turnover and adaptation to
      metabolic challenges; however, mechanisms regulating these serial events are not
      fully understood. The present study investigated the roles of arachidonate 15
      lipoxygenase (Alox15) in the clearance of dying adipocytes by adipose tissue
      macrophages. First, upregulation of Alox15 expression and apoptotic adipocyte
      death in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) were characterized during adipose
      tissue remodeling induced by beta3-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Next, an in
      vitro reconstruction of adipose tissue macrophages and apoptotic adipocytes
      recapitulated adipocyte clearance by macrophages and demonstrated that
      macrophages co-cultured with apoptotic adipocytes increased the expression of
      efferocytosis-related genes. Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of
      Alox15 diminished the levels of adipocyte clearance by macrophages in a co
      culture system. Gene expression profiling of macrophages isolated from gWAT of
      Alox15 knockout (KO) mice demonstrated distinct phenotypes, especially
      downregulation of genes involved in lipid uptake and metabolism compared to wild
      type mice. Finally, in vivo beta3-adrenergic stimulation in Alox15 KO mice failed
      to recruit crown-like structures, a macrophage network clearing dying adipocytes
      in gWAT. Consequently, in Alox15 KO mice, proliferation/differentiation of
      adipocyte progenitors and beta3-adrenergic remodeling of gWAT were impaired
      compared to wild-type control mice. Collectively, our data established a pivotal
      role of Alox15 in the resolution of adipocyte death and in adipose tissue
      remodeling.

PMID- 27362804
TI  - AKT activation controls cell survival in response to HDAC6 inhibition.
AB  - HDAC6 is emerging as an important therapeutic target for cancer. We investigated
      mechanisms responsible for survival of tumor cells treated with a HDAC6
      inhibitor. Expression of the 20 000 genes examined did not change following HDAC6
      treatment in vivo. We found that HDAC6 inhibition led to an increase of AKT
      activation (P-AKT) in vitro, and genetic knockdown of HDAC6 phenocopied drug
      induced AKT activation. The activation of AKT was not observed in PTEN null
      cells; otherwise, PTEN/PIK3CA expression per se did not predict HDAC6 inhibitor
      sensitivity. Interestingly, HDAC6 inhibitor treatment led to inactivating
      phosphorylation of PTEN (P-PTEN Ser380), which likely led to the increased P-AKT
      in cells that express PTEN. Synergy was observed with phosphatidylinositol 3'
      kinases (PI3K) inhibitor treatment in vitro, accompanied by increased caspase 3/7
      activity. Furthermore, combination of HDAC6 inhibitor with a PI3K inhibitor
      caused substantial tumor growth inhibition in vivo compared with either treatment
      alone, also detectable by Ki-67 immunostaining and (18)F-FLT positron emission
      tomography (PET). In aggregate AKT activation appears to be a key survival
      mechanism for HDAC6 inhibitor treatment. Our findings indicate that dual
      inhibition of HDAC6 and P-AKT may be necessary to substantially inhibit growth of
      solid tumors.

PMID- 27362805
TI  - Tubular epithelial cells in renal clear cell carcinoma express high RIPK1/3 and
      show increased susceptibility to TNF receptor 1-induced necroptosis.
AB  - We previously reported that renal clear cell carcinoma cells (RCC) express both
      tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1 and -2, but that, in organ culture, a TNF
      mutein that only engages TNFR1, but not TNFR2, causes extensive cell death. Some
      RCC died by apoptosis based on detection of cleaved caspase 3 in a minority TUNEL
      positive cells but the mechanism of death in the remaining cells was unexplained.
      Here, we underpin the mechanism of TNFR1-induced cell death in the majority of
      TUNEL-positive RCC cells, and show that they die by necroptosis. Malignant cells
      in high-grade tumors displayed threefold to four fold higher expression of both
      receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)1 and RIPK3 compared with non-tumor
      kidney tubular epithelium and low-grade tumors, but expression of both enzymes
      was induced in lower grade tumors in organ culture in response to TNFR1
      stimulation. Furthermore, TNFR1 activation induced significant MLKL(Ser358) and
      Drp1(Ser616) phosphorylation, physical interactions in RCC between RIPK1-RIPK3
      and RIPK3-phospho-MLKL(Ser358), and coincidence of phospho-MLKL(ser358) and
      phospho-Drp1(Ser616) at mitochondria in TUNEL-positive RCC. A caspase inhibitor
      only partially reduced the extent of cell death following TNFR1 engagement in RCC
      cells, whereas three inhibitors, each targeting a different step in the
      necroptotic pathway, were much more protective. Combined inhibition of caspases
      and necroptosis provided additive protection, implying that different subsets of
      cells respond differently to TNF-alpha, the majority dying by necroptosis. We
      conclude that most high-grade RCC cells express increased amounts of RIPK1 and
      RIPK3 and are poised to undergo necroptosis in response to TNFR1 signaling.

PMID- 27362806
TI  - MDM2 facilitates adipocyte differentiation through CRTC-mediated activation of
      STAT3.
AB  - The ubiquitin ligase MDM2 is best known for balancing the activity of the tumor
      suppressor p53. We have previously shown that MDM2 is vital for adipocyte
      conversion through controlling Cebpd expression in a p53-independent manner.
      Here, we show that the proadipogenic effect of MDM2 relies on activation of the
      STAT family of transcription factors. Their activation was required for the cAMP
      mediated induction of target genes. Interestingly, rather than influencing all
      cAMP-stimulated genes, inhibition of the kinases directly responsible for STAT
      activation, namely JAKs, or ablation of MDM2, each resulted in abolished
      induction of a subset of cAMP-stimulated genes, with Cebpd being among the most
      affected. Moreover, STATs were able to interact with the transcriptional
      cofactors CRTC2 and CRTC3, hitherto only reported to associate with the cAMP
      responsive transcription factor CREB. Last but not least, the binding of CRTC2 to
      a transcriptional enhancer that interacts with the Cebpd promoter was
      dramatically decreased upon JAK inhibition. Our data reveal the existence of an
      unusual functional interplay between STATs and CREB at the onset of adipogenesis
      through shared CRTC cofactors.

PMID- 27362807
TI  - TC-N19, a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and cMET, efficiently overcomes EGFR-TKI
      resistance in non-small-cell lung cancer cells.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) show a
      clinical benefit when used to treat patients with EGFR-mutated non-small-cell
      lung cancer (NSCLC), but this treatment unfortunately fails in patients with TKI
      resistant tumors. We here provide evidence that TC-N19 (N19), a novel dual
      inhibitor of EGFR and cMET, efficiently overcomes the EGFR-TKI resistance in EGFR
      mutated NSCLC cells via simultaneous degradation of both proteins by ubiquitin
      proteasomes. Comparison with HSP90 inhibitor treatment and knockdown of EGFR and
      cMET by small hairpin RNAs reveal that the reduction of EGFR and cMET expression
      by N19 is responsible for overcoming the intrinsic TKI resistance mediated by
      paxillin (PXN) in high PXN-expressing cells, PXN-overexpressing PC9 cells (PC9
      PXN), the EGFR-T790M-mediated TKI resistance in H1975 and CL97 cells, and the
      acquired resistance to gefitinib in gefitinib-resistant PC9 cells (PC9GR).
      Annexin V-PI staining assay showed that the induction of apoptosis in NSCLC cells
      by N19 depended on the reduction in levels of both proteins. Xenograft tumor
      formation in nude mice induced by a PC9-PXN-stable clone and by PC9GR cells was
      nearly completely suppressed by N19 treatment, with no changes in animal body
      weight. MTT assays of normal lung cells and reticulocytes showed no cytotoxicity
      responses to N19. In summary, N19 may act as a novel dual inhibitor of EGFR and
      cMET that induces apoptosis in TKI-resistant EGFR-mutated NSCLC cells and
      suppresses xenograft tumor formation. We suggest that N19 may be a potential new
      generation TKI or HSP90 inhibitor used for treatment of NSCLC patients who show
      resistance to current TKI-targeting therapies.

PMID- 27362809
TI  - Patients' expectations assessment in orthodontic treatment: findings from a
      questionnaire survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological aspects of
      patients during their orthodontic treatment, evaluating their expectations during
      treatment comparing Greek patients to Italian patients. METHODS: This cross
      sectional descriptive study involved a sample of 228 patients (113 Italians -115
      Greeks) undergoing fixed or removable orthodontic treatment. A questionnaire
      comprising of six questions was used and patients scored each question on a 0-10
      Scale. Participants completed a validated questionnaire measure of orthodontic
      expectations that was tested for reliability. Descriptive analysis of the
      responses was undertaken, and comparisons between boys and girls, as well as
      between Greek and Italian patients, was made. The expectation score was
      calculated by summarizing the 6 items (A1 to A6). Reliability Analysis was
      performed using the Item-test, Item-rest correlation and the Cronbach's alpha.
      Items with a Cronbach's alpha coefficients greater than 0.7 are considered
      acceptable. To investigate the effect of the City and Gender on the expectation
      score, an univariate analysis was carried out by the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.
      Differences, with a P value less than 0.05, were selected as significant.
      RESULTS: Overall expectation Cronbach's alpha coefficient (internal consistency)
      was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64-0.81). The mean of expectation items was 7.8 (SD=1.8). A
      significant slight correlation was found between motivation (item A1) and main
      reason of treatment (item A3) (r=0.17; P=0.0122). Moreover, there was a
      significant moderate correlation between compliance (item A4) and expectation
      (item A6) (r=0. 58; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Male showed a significant higher
      overall score compared to female sample, as well as Greek patients compared to
      Italians.

PMID- 27362810
TI  - The use of a collagenated porcine cortical lamina in the reconstruction of
      alveolar ridge defects. A clinical and histological study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alveolar ridge reconstruction by means of resorbable and non
      resorbable membranes has been proposed to increase the hard tissue volume in
      deficient sites. The purpose of this study was therefore to clinically and
      histologically evaluate the use of collagenated porcine bone lamina in case of
      horizontal and vertical bone augmentation procedures in conjunction with
      particulated porcine xenograft. METHODS: Overall, 8 partially edentulous patients
      (6 females and 2 males) with a mean age of 45 years requiring bone regeneration
      procedures to achieve a prosthetically driven implant placement were enrolled.
      All ridge defects were augmented using a xenogeneic cortical bone barrier in
      combination with particulated heterologous bone. Bone biopsies were collected
      during the re-entry procedure. RESULTS: A total of 15 implants were placed both
      simultaneously or in a staged approach in the augmented sites. No complications
      occurred during the rehabilitation. Histologically, the bone lamina was widely
      vascularized and integrated with the surrounding soft tissues and the native
      bone. The presence of osteoclastic lacunae suggested an active remodelling of the
      particulated graft and a gradual substitution with the newly formed bone.
      CONCLUSION: Alveolar reconstruction by means of the collagenated cortical lamina
      gave promising clinical and histological results. The rigidity and the slow
      resorption pattern allowed for the blood clot protection even in case of vertical
      defects, avoiding at the same time the re-entry surgery for its removal.

PMID- 27362811
TI  - Dental implant positioning by using the root way. A predictable technique for
      postextractive surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postextractive dental implant surgery is a technique characterized by
      several advantages like placing the implant during the same moment of the
      extraction, so reducing the time of the surgery and consequently all the
      prosthetic procedure; however some limitations still remain during this
      procedure. The disadvantages are represented by the unpredictable results of the
      healing of the extraction socket, its bone resorption and the dental implant
      inclination even using a prosthetic guide. Aim of this study is to present a
      predictable technique for having better aesthetic and functional results during
      the dental implant positioning. METHODS: This study want to presents clinical and
      radiological case report of dental implant placed following the line of the root
      before the extraction, in order to share with the clinicians a surgical
      experience that results to be simple and predictable. RESULTS: The implants
      placed with this kind of technique showed successful osseointegration after an
      uneventful healing period of two years. CONCLUSIONS: The described technique
      allows the clinician to achieve the ideal implant positioning during immediate
      implant placement at multirooted extraction sites.

PMID- 27362808
TI  - miRNA-205 targets VEGFA and FGF2 and regulates resistance to chemotherapeutics in
      breast cancer.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have critical roles in regulating cancer cell survival,
      proliferation and sensitivity to chemotherapy. The potential application of using
      miRNAs to predict chemotherapeutic response to cancer treatment is highly
      promising. However, the underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy response control by
      miRNAs remain to be fully identified and their prognostic value has not been
      fully evaluated. Here we show a strong correlation between miR-205 expression and
      chemosensitivtiy to TAC (docetaxol, doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide), a widely
      used neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) regimen, for breast cancer patients. High
      level of miR-205 predicted better response to TAC regimen NAC in breast cancer
      patients. We found miR-205 downregulated in both MCF-7/A02 and CALDOX cells, two
      drug-resistant derivatives of MCF-7 and Cal51 cells, and its ectopic expression
      led to an increase in apoptosis resensitization of both drug-resistant cell lines
      to doxorubicin and taxol. We further show that miR-205 directly binds VEGFA and
      FGF2 mRNA 3'-UTRs and confirm that miR-205 levels are negatively correlated with
      VEGFA and FGF2 mRNA expression in breast cancer patients. Adding VEGFA and FGF2
      exogenously to chemosensitive breast cancer cells and chemoresistant cells with
      miR-205 overexpression led to drug resistance. Consistently, low VEGFA and FGF2
      expression correlated with better response to NAC in breast cancer patients. In
      addition, inhibition of tumor growth and resensitization to doxorubicin were also
      observed in mouse tumor xenografts from cells overexpressing miR-205. Taken
      together, our data suggest that miR-205 enhances chemosensitivity of breast
      cancer cells to TAC chemotherapy by suppressing both VEGFA and FGF2, leading to
      evasion of apoptosis. MiR-205 may serve as a predictive biomarker and a potential
      therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment.

PMID- 27362812
TI  - Orthodontic management of missing lateral incisor by miniscrew-anchored device.
AB  - Congenitally missing teeth are one of the most common tooth anomalies associated
      to therapeutic sets of problems. Orthodontists should consider these clinical
      cases because management often requires an integrated orthodontic and restorative
      approach. In the present study authors reported a therapy note referred to a 14
      year-old male patient affected by missing maxillary lateral incisors, bilateral
      dental Class II and deep bite, treated in 2009 at the Department of Orthodontics
      of the University of Messina. An orthodontic treatment has been planned with the
      aim of distalize maxillary molar and the following opening of the spaces
      necessary for the prosthetic restoration of missing lateral incisor. For the
      distalization of maxillary molars has been decided to use a Distal Jet supported
      by miniscrew (Distal-Screw, American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA). After
      seven months of treatment with distal screw, maxillary molar distalization was
      completed, obtaining a bilateral molar Class I. A multi-bracket orthodontic
      appliance was bonded in the upper and lower arch using Empower Brackets (American
      Orthodontics). Class II molar relationship has been over-corrected to Class I in
      about seven months. The orientation of the force vector resulted in a tipping and
      rotation of the first molars, without significant vertical changes. Distal Jet
      reinforced with screws seems to be effective in molar distalization without any
      type of side effects. The advantages of this device were the absence of patient
      compliance, relatively predictable outcomes, favorable esthetics, possibility of
      different activations in each side.

PMID- 27362813
TI  - Three-dimensional evaluation of different prosthesis retention systems using
      finite element analysis and the Von Mises stress test.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this paper is to underline the prosthodontics components
      features of two different overdenture retention systems on dental implants. The
      use of titanium, dental implants for replacing missing teeth is today considered
      to be a predictable procedure giving the patients esthetic and function for long
      time. METHODS: Finite element analysis (FEA) and tests based on the Von Mises
      criterion have been applied in order to evaluate the stress distribution over two
      different prosthodontics retention systems. Two models with the ball attachment
      and with the Locator(r) systems have been created and put on simulated chewing
      stresses. RESULTS: The two systems were subjected to axial and oblique forces and
      both guaranteed good results over simulated masticatory cycle. However, the
      Locator system seemed to better respond to the overall load distributions.
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should choose the better prosthetic solution for the
      ridge they want to restore. Both retention systems offer long-term success if
      applied following the manufacture guide limitations and suggestions.

PMID- 27362814
TI  - Brief Behavioral Treatment for Insomnia in Persons Living with HIV.
AB  - This study examined the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of brief behavioral
      treatment for insomnia (BBTI) for persons living with HIV (PLWH). Of the 22
      persons enrolled, 9 were lost before starting treatment, and one dropped out
      after starting BBTI. Acceptability was rated favorably by those completing the
      treatment (n = 12). The most common problems pertained to sleep hygiene: variable
      bedtimes and rise times, watching television, or consuming caffeine. Improvements
      on sleep outcomes at posttreatment were clinically and statistically significant
      on questionnaire and sleep diary outcomes. This study supports the overall
      feasibility of BBTI in PLWH, and the preliminary evidence supports further
      research on this treatment for PLWH who have insomnia, but dropouts indicate that
      some individuals may have difficulty initiating treatment.

PMID- 27362815
TI  - An adaptation for exhaled breath condensate collection in rabbits.
AB  - AIM: To set up and test the feasibility of a handmade apparatus adapted for
      exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection in medium-sized animals. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The apparatus was produced using an 18-mm thick u-shaped borosilicate
      glass. The u-shaped tube body is 25 cm in diameter, and the horizontal portions
      are 12 cm in diameter. The base consists of a tube joint 14/20 or 14 mm thick by
      20 cm in diameter, and has a length of 5 cm. This has a hole that is plugged for
      condensate flow to a 1.5 mL polypropylene microtube that stores the condensate
      during collection. Was placed inside a styrofoam box and immersed in crushed ice
      and salt to ensure cooling. The temperature was monitored and maintained
      throughout the collection at -10 degrees C. One of the outputs of the u-shaped
      tube was connected to the expiratory limb of the ventilator. RESULTS: An
      experimental model of ALI, induced by oleic acid (OA) was adopted to determine
      the concentration of biomarkers of oxidative stress: malondialdehyde (MDA),
      glutathione (GSH), and nitrite/nitrate (NOx). The proposed model allows
      measurement of NOx, MDA, and GSH. However, the NOx and MDA levels in the EBC were
      not significant. It was only possible to observe an upward trend, which suggests
      a temporal evolution of the presence of these markers in the EBC. CONCLUSION: The
      EBC collection method adapted is effective to generate sufficient content that
      allows to determine the levels of different biomarkers, such as NOx, MDA, and
      GSH, that are involved in oxidative and inflammatory stress processes during
      respiratory diseases.

PMID- 27362816
TI  - Variation of trace element concentrations in patients undergoing hemodialysis in
      the north of Spain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trace elements are essential substances for the proper physiological
      and biochemical functioning of the organism. Hemodialysis patients are
      potentially at risk of deficiency or excess of these elements. The application of
      inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) allows the simultaneous
      quantification of very small amounts of multiple trace elements. The aim was to
      measure the serum concentration of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and
      nickel (Ni), and the whole blood concentration of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and
      manganese (Mn), in patients undergoing hemodialysis as well as in controls.
      METHODS: The study was carried out in 57 hemodialysis patients compared with 57
      controls with normal renal function. Serum and whole blood samples from the
      dialysis group were collected before and after hemodialysis sessions and Cu, Zn,
      Se, Ni, As, Pb and Mn levels were determined using ICP-MS. RESULTS: Hemodialysis
      patients showed significantly lower blood levels of Cu, Zn and Se than controls
      (p < 0.001) and higher concentrations of Ni, As and Pb (p < 0.0001). The levels
      of Mn were similar in both groups. After performing hemodialysis, Cu, Zn, Se and
      Ni concentrations were significantly higher than the pre-hemodialysis levels (p <
      0.0001). However, the concentration of As decreased (p < 0.0001) and Pb and Mn
      levels were not significantly altered after the dialysis session. CONCLUSION:
      Hemodialysis patients are at increased risk of trace elements deficiency
      (especially for Zn and Se) or excess (Ni) in respect to healthy subjects.
      Monitoring of blood levels and supplementation of some trace elements may be
      indicated in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

PMID- 27362818
TI  - [The emergence of behavioral addictions].

PMID- 27362817
TI  - Monitoring of intracellular adenosine triphosphate in CD4(+) T cells to predict
      the occurrence of cytomegalovirus disease in kidney transplant recipients.
AB  - The measurement of intracellular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (iATP)
      in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated CD4(+) T cells constitutes a surrogate marker
      for post-transplant cell-mediated immunity (CMI). This assay has shown suboptimal
      accuracy for predicting infection after kidney transplantation (KT). We
      hypothesize that its predictive capacity depends on the specific contribution of
      the CMI to host-pathogen interactions. We assessed iATP levels in 100 KT
      recipients at baseline and months 1, 3, and 6 (363 measurements). No association
      was found between iATP at month 1 and the risk for overall or bacterial
      infection, although such association was evident for cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      disease (multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio [per 50-unit increment]: 0.83; P
      value = 0.048). There were no significant differences in mean iATP between stable
      patients (319.4 ng/ml) and those developing overall (304.1 ng/ml) or bacterial
      infection (346.9 ng/ml) over the 45 days following monitoring. However, iATP was
      significantly lower in patients who developed CMV disease (223.5 ng/ml; P-values
      <0.002). The optimal cutoff (265 ng/ml) for predicting CMV disease in patients
      not receiving antiviral prophylaxis yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive,
      and negative predictive values of 85.7%, 68.3%, 15.2%, and 98.6%, respectively.
      In conclusion, a non-pathogen-specific monitoring of CMI by means of iATP informs
      the risk of CMV disease in KT recipients. 

PMID- 27362819
TI  - [Burnout syndrome. Legal medicine: analysis and evaluation INAIL protection in
      cases of suicide induced by burnout within the helping professions].
AB  - After a survey of the definition and etiopathogenesis of burnout syndrome (BOS)
      carried out with the support of the most reliable available literature on the
      subject, the essay focuses on clinical evaluation (psychometric identification
      and quantification) of burn-out. In accordance with Circular 71/2003 of INAIL, it
      is assumed to be essential both legally and scientifically knowledge that the
      syndrome of burnout, knowledge, which involves an analysis of the case conducted
      with objective strictness and critical sensibility. It is carried out by
      collecting data on work history, physiological history, remote and proximal
      pathological history and performing a physical examination including neuro
      psychiatric and psycho-diagnostic tests surveys. Only after the ascertainment of
      an effective existence of a psychiatric syndrome related to burnout phenomenon
      indeed, it will be possible (and necessary) to quantify the period of illness and
      the potential temporary biological damage or, more rarely, a permanent one. Given
      the difficulty of applying the forensic methodology to BOS (among which: the
      evaluation of the previous state of the person, the assessment of the causal
      link, the difficulties of nosographic of mental illness, the near impossibility
      of adequate prognostic evaluation, the difficulty to identify suitable criteria
      for establishing the importance and nature of limitations of daily living), in
      order to quantify the damage as objective as possible, it will be necessary to:
      1) reconstruct the previous mental state of the subject; 2) assess the
      psychopathological condition following the event which the action of recognition
      focuses on; 3) express the clinical severity graduation judgment of the framework
      as well as a prognosis regarding the mental disorder found. The second part of
      the analysis focuses on the relationship between BOS and "helping profession";
      specific attention is paid, in this section of work, to the analysis of the
      relationship between a typical BOS work-related stress and suicide. 

PMID- 27362820
TI  - [Drug safety warnings in psychiatry: adverse drug reactions' signaling from 2002
      to 2014].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Monitoring drug-related side effects in psychiatric patients is highly
      recommended. In fact, frequent exposure to long-term polipharmacotherapy, poor
      compliance to pharmachological treatment and comorbidity with organic illnesses
      requiring the prescription of other drugs are causes of
      pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interactions. These vulnerability factors result
      in a certain increase in adverse drug reactions (ADRs). METHODS: This study
      performes an analysis of Italian Medicine Agency data, in the section "signal
      analysis", to attempt an assessment of the safety warnings among the different
      psychotropic drug classes, belonging to the ATC class: N03 (antiepileptics), N05
      (antipsychotics), N06 (psycho-analectic drugs). Then we analysed, in a
      descriptive way, the different association between the drug and the related ADR,
      evaluating the different safety profiles, in relation to experimental studies,
      supporting the importance of the signal. RESULTS: In the last years, among the
      new 25 ADRs, 10 were related to antidepressant drugs (8 SSRI, 1 mirtazapine, 1
      agomelatine). In relation to antipsychotic drugs, 6 new correlations were found
      between drug and ADR onset, mainly among atypical antispychotics. Other
      correlations (6 above all) were found among antiepileptic drugs. Among
      benzodiazepines, a signal linked to rabdomylysis onset was found. It is also
      recommended an evaluation of safety profile in relation to zolpidem prescription.
      DISCUSSION: The results of our systematic review are a motivational input,
      considering the continuous increase of safety warnings, to attentively monitor
      drug's prescription. Spontaneous ADRs' signaling is a classical system to provide
      the required attention in relation to a potential risk. The clinician in charge
      must report this because he is the key figure in the drugs' safety process.
      CONCLUSIONS: In psychiatry, in which a long-term pharmachological therapy is
      frequent, clinicians are requested to find and signal ADRs to the competent
      authority.

PMID- 27362821
TI  - Metacognitive and emotional/motivational executive functions in individuals with
      autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder:
      preliminary results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deficits in executive functions (EF) are frequently observed in
      autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
      (ADHD). The aim of this study was to evaluate executive performances of children
      with ASD and ADHD, and then make between-group comparisons as well as comparisons
      with a control group. METHODS: A total of 58 subjects were recruited, 17 with ASD
      but without intellectual impairment, 18 with ADHD-combined presentation and 23
      with typical development, matched on gender, chronological age and intellectual
      level. They were tested on some EF domains, namely planning, mental flexibility,
      response inhibition and generativity, which account for both metacognitive and
      emotional/motivational executive functions. Results. Results showed a large
      overlapping of EF dysfunctions in ASD and ADHD and were not indicative of the
      presence of two real distinct EF profiles. Nevertheless, in ADHD, a more severe
      deficit in prepotent response inhibition (emotional/motivational EF) was found.
      CONCLUSIONS: Results are partially consistent with those found in the literature.
      Further studies with larger samples are needed to determine how ASD and ADHD
      differ in terms of their strengths and weaknesses across EF domains.

PMID- 27362822
TI  - Assessing positive and negative experiences: validation of a new measure of well
      being in an Italian population.
AB  - The aim of this study is to explore the psychometric properties of an affect
      scale, the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience(SPANE), in an Italian
      speaking population. The results of this study demonstrate that the Italian
      version of the SPANE has psychometric properties similar to those shown by the
      original and previous versions, and it presents satisfactory reliability and
      factorial validity. The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis support the
      expected two-factor structure, positive and negative feeling, which characterized
      the previous versions. As expected, measures of negative affect, anxiety,
      negative future expectances, and depression correlated positively with the
      negative experiences SPANE subscale, and negatively with the positive experiences
      SPANE subscale. Results of this study demonstrate that the Italian version of the
      SPANE has psychometric properties similar to those shown by the original and
      previous versions, and it presents satisfactory reliability and factorial
      validity. The use of this instrument provides clinically useful information about
      a person's overall emotional experience and it is an indicator of well-being.
      Although further studies are required to confirm the psychometric characteristics
      of the scale, the SPANE Italian version is expected to improve theoretical and
      empirical research on the well-being of the Italian population.

PMID- 27362823
TI  - [Critical evaluation of current diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry:
      the case of DSM-5].
AB  - Since its first edition, the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental
      disorders (DSM) has had a great impact on the scientific community and the public
      opinion as well. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association released the fifth
      edition of the manual and - as for the previous versions - several criticisms
      raised. In particular, the persistence of the categorical approach to mental
      disorders represents one of the main debated topics, as well as the introduction
      of new diagnostic syndromes, which are not based on an adequate evidences.
      Moreover, the threshold of diagnostic criteria for many mental disorders has been
      lowered, with the consequence that the boundaries between "normality" and
      "pathology" is not so clear. In this paper, we will: 1) report the historical
      development of the DSM from the publication of its first edition; 2) describe the
      main changes introduced in the DSM-5; 3) discuss critical elements in the DSM-5.
      The current debate regarding the validity of diagnostic manuals and its criteria
      is threatening the psychiatric discipline, but a possible solution should be
      represented by the integration of diagnostic criteria with the in-depth
      description of patient's psychopathological experiences. 

PMID- 27362824
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27362825
TI  - Fractionation of Plant Bioactives from Black Carrots (Daucus carota subspecies
      sativus varietas atrorubens Alef.) by Adsorptive Membrane Chromatography and
      Analysis of Their Potential Anti-Diabetic Activity.
AB  - Black and purple carrots have attracted interest as colored extracts for coloring
      food due to their high content of anthocyanins. This study aimed to investigate
      the polyphenol composition of black carrots. Particularly, the identification and
      quantification of phenolic compounds of the variety Deep Purple carrot (DPC),
      which presents a very dark color, was performed by HPLC-PDA and HPLC-ESI-MS(n)
      analyses. The separation of polyphenols from a DPC XAD-7 extract into an
      anthocyanin fraction (AF) and co-pigment fraction (CF; primarily phenolic acids)
      was carried out by membrane chromatography. Furthermore, possible anti-diabetic
      effects of the DPC XAD-7 extract and its AF and CF were determined. DPC samples
      (XAD-7, CF, and AF) inhibited alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase in a dose
      dependent manner. Moreover, DPC XAD-7 and chlorogenic acid, but not DPC CF and
      DPC AF, caused a moderate inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake in Caco-2
      cells. However, DPC samples did not affect glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
      secretion and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) activity. Overall, DPC exhibits an
      inhibitory effect on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase activity and on cellular
      glucose uptake indicating potential anti-diabetic properties. 

PMID- 27362826
TI  - Parameter redundancy in discrete state-space and integrated models.
AB  - Discrete state-space models are used in ecology to describe the dynamics of wild
      animal populations, with parameters, such as the probability of survival, being
      of ecological interest. For a particular parametrization of a model it is not
      always clear which parameters can be estimated. This inability to estimate all
      parameters is known as parameter redundancy or a model is described as
      nonidentifiable. In this paper we develop methods that can be used to detect
      parameter redundancy in discrete state-space models. An exhaustive summary is a
      combination of parameters that fully specify a model. To use general methods for
      detecting parameter redundancy a suitable exhaustive summary is required. This
      paper proposes two methods for the derivation of an exhaustive summary for
      discrete state-space models using discrete analogues of methods for continuous
      state-space models. We also demonstrate that combining multiple data sets,
      through the use of an integrated population model, may result in a model in which
      all parameters are estimable, even though models fitted to the separate data sets
      may be parameter redundant. 

PMID- 27362827
TI  - Chemiluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Competitive Immunoassay Employing
      Hapten-Functionalized Quantum Dots for the Detection of Sulfamethazine.
AB  - We describe a new strategy for using chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer
      (CRET) by employing hapten-functionalized quantum dots (QDs) in a competitive
      immunoassay for detection of sulfamethazine (SMZ). Core/multishell QDs were
      synthesized and modified with phospholipid-PEG. The modified QDs were
      functionalized with the hapten 4-(4-aminophenyl-sulfonamido)butanoic acid. The
      CRET-based immunoassay exhibited a limit of detection for SMZ of 9 pg mL(-1),
      which is >4 orders of magnitude better than a homogeneous fluorescence
      polarization immunoassay and is 2 orders of magnitude better than a heterogeneous
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This strategy represents a simple, reliable,
      and universal approach for detection of chemical contaminants. 

PMID- 27362828
TI  - Distributive Processing by the Iron(II)/alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Catalytic
      Domains of the TET Enzymes Is Consistent with Epigenetic Roles for Oxidized 5
      Methylcytosine Bases.
AB  - The ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins catalyze oxidation of 5
      methylcytosine ((5m)C) residues in nucleic acids to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine
      ((5hm)C), 5-formylcytosine ((5f)C), and 5-carboxycytosine ((5ca)C). These
      nucleotide bases have been implicated as intermediates on the path to active
      demethylation, but recent reports have suggested that they might have specific
      regulatory roles in their own right. In this study, we present kinetic evidence
      showing that the catalytic domains (CDs) of TET2 and TET1 from mouse and their
      homologue from Naegleria gruberi, the full-length protein NgTET1, are
      distributive in both chemical and physical senses, as they carry out successive
      oxidations of a single (5m)C and multiple (5m)C residues along a polymethylated
      DNA substrate. We present data showing that the enzyme neither retains
      (5hm)C/(5f)C intermediates of preceding oxidations nor slides along a DNA
      substrate (without releasing it) to process an adjacent (5m)C residue. These
      findings contradict a recent report by Crawford et al. ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016 ,
      138 , 730 ) claiming that oxidation of (5m)C by CD of mouse TET2 is chemically
      processive (iterative). We further elaborate that this distributive mechanism is
      maintained for TETs in two evolutionarily distant homologues and posit that this
      mode of function allows the introduction of (5m)C forms as epigenetic markers
      along the DNA.

PMID- 27362829
TI  - What is the recurrence rate of takotsubo syndrome in patients treated with beta
      blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor
      blockers?

PMID- 27362830
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors epigenetic therapies:
      Systematic review of 62 studies and new hypotheses for future research.

PMID- 27362831
TI  - Systolic blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged and elderly
      adults - The Singapore Chinese Health Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) is related to
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, it is unclear if the optimal SBP level
      may differ by age or the presence of underlying CVD. OBJECTIVE: We investigated
      the association between SBP categories and CVD mortality among middle-aged and
      elderly adults with and without CVD history. METHODS: We used data from 30,692
      participants of the population-based Singapore Chinese Health Study who had blood
      pressures measured using a standard protocol at ages 48-85years between 1994 and
      2005. Information on lifestyle factors were collected at recruitment (1993-1998)
      and during follow-up interviews (1999 and 2004). Mortality was identified via
      nationwide registry linkage up to 31 December 2014. RESULTS: SBP 120-139mmHg
      category was associated with lowest risk of CVD mortality in both age-groups of
      <60 and 60+years, as well as in those with and without underlying coronary heart
      disease or stroke. Overall, compared to this category, CVD risk was non
      significantly increased in lower SBP categories and significantly increased in
      the higher SBP categories. The risk estimates associated with elevated SBP were
      higher among those <60years compared to their older counterparts, but less
      distinct between those with and without underlying CVD. CONCLUSION: SBP 120
      139mmHg was associated with the lowest risk of CVD mortality in middle aged and
      elderly adults, regardless of underlying CVD. Although risks in both adult groups
      were similar, there is a greater risk associated with higher SBP among those aged
      below 60years, highlighting a greater urgency of treatment in this younger group.

PMID- 27362832
TI  - The incidence of all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory disease admission
      among 20,252 users of lisinopril vs. perindopril: A cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Major international guidelines do not offer explicit recommendations
      on any specific angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) agent over another
      within the same drug group. This study compared the effectiveness of lisinopril
      vs. perindopril in reducing the incidence of hospital admission due to all-cause,
      cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease. METHODS: Adult patients who
      received new prescriptions of lisinopril or perindopril from 2001 to 2005 in all
      public hospitals and clinics in Hong Kong were included, and followed up for
      >=2years. The incidence of admissions due to all-cause, cardiovascular disease
      and respiratory disease were evaluated, respectively, by using Cox proportional
      hazard regression models. The regression models were constructed with propensity
      score matching to minimize indication biases. RESULTS: A total of 20,252 eligible
      patients with an average age of 64.5years (standard deviation 15.0) were
      included. The admission rate at 24months within the date of index prescription
      due to any cause, cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease among lisinopril
      vs. perindopril users was 24.8% vs. 24.8%, 13.7% vs. 14.0% and 6.9% vs. 6.3%,
      respectively. Lisinopril users were significantly more likely to be admitted due
      to respiratory diseases (adjusted hazard ratios [AHR]=1.25, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.43,
      p=0.002 at 12months; AHR=1.17, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.31, p=0.009 at 24months) and all
      causes (AHR=1.12, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.19, p<0.001 at 24months) than perindopril
      users. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support intra-class differences in the
      effectiveness of ACEIs, which could be considered by clinical guidelines when the
      preferred first-line antihypertensive drugs are recommended.

PMID- 27362833
TI  - Comparison of originator and biosimilar therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using
      comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - As research, development, and manufacturing of biosimilar protein therapeutics
      proliferates, there is great interest in the continued development of a portfolio
      of complementary analytical methods that can be used to efficiently and
      effectively characterize biosimilar candidate materials relative to the
      respective reference (i.e., originator) molecule. Liquid phase separation
      techniques such as liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are
      powerful tools that can provide both qualitative and quantitative information
      about similarities and differences between reference and biosimilar materials,
      especially when coupled with mass spectrometry. However, the inherent complexity
      of these protein materials challenges even the most modern one-dimensional (1D)
      separation methods. Two-dimensional (2D) separations present a number of
      potential advantages over 1D methods, including increased peak capacity, 2D peak
      patterns that can facilitate unknown identification, and improvement in the
      compatibility of some separation methods with mass spectrometry. In this study,
      we demonstrate the use of comprehensive 2D-LC separations involving cation
      exchange (CEX) and reversed-phase (RP) separations in the first and second
      dimensions to compare 3 reference/biosimilar pairs of monoclonal antibodies
      (cetuximab, trastuzumab and infliximab) that cover a range of
      similarity/disimilarity in a middle-up approach. The second dimension RP
      separations are coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which enables direct
      identification of features in the chromatograms obtained from mAbs digested with
      the IdeS enzyme, or digestion with IdeS followed by reduction with
      dithiothreitol. As many as 23 chemically unique mAb fragments were detected in a
      single sample. Our results demonstrate that these rich datasets enable facile
      assesment of the degree of similarity between reference and biosimilar materials.

PMID- 27362834
TI  - Collimator design for spatially-fractionated proton beams for radiobiology
      research.
AB  - Preclinical and translational research is an imperative to improve the efficacy
      of proton radiotherapy. We present a feasible and practical method to produce
      spatially-modulated proton beams for cellular and small animal research for
      clinical and research facilities. The University of Washington (UW) 50.5 MeV
      proton research beamline hosting a brass collimation system was modeled using
      Monte Carlo simulations. This collimator consisted of an array of 2 cm long slits
      to cover an area of 2  *  2 cm(2). To evaluate the collimator design effects on
      dose rate, valley dose and the peak-to-valley dose ratios (PVDR) the following
      parameters were varied; slit width (0.1-1.0 mm), peak center-to-center distance
      (1-3 mm), collimator thickness (1-7 cm) and collimator location along the beam
      axis. Several combinations of slit widths and 1 mm spacing achieved uniform dose
      at the Bragg peak while maintaining spatial modulation on the beam entrance. A
      more detailed analysis was carried out for the case of a slit width of 0.3 mm,
      peak center-to-center distance of 1 mm, a collimator thickness of 5 cm and with
      the collimator flush against the water phantom. The dose rate at 5 mm depth
      dropped relative to an open field by a factor of 12 and produced a PVDR of 10.1.
      Technical realization of proton mini-beams for radiobiology small animal research
      is demonstrated to be feasible. It is possible to obtain uniform dose at depth
      while maintaining reasonable modulation at shallower depths near the beam
      entrance. While collimator design is important the collimator location has a
      strong influence on the entrance region PVDRs and on dose rate. These findings
      are being used to manufacture a collimator for installation on the UW cyclotron
      proton beam nozzle. This collimator will enable comparative studies on the
      radiobiological efficacy of x-rays and proton beams.

PMID- 27362835
TI  - Costimulation of soil glycosidase activity and soil respiration by nitrogen
      addition.
AB  - Unprecedented levels of nitrogen (N) have been deposited in ecosystems over the
      past century, which is expected to have cascading effects on microbially mediated
      soil respiration (SR). Extracellular enzymes play critical roles on the
      degradation of soil organic matter, and measurements of their activities are
      potentially useful indicators of SR. The links between soil extracellular
      enzymatic activities (EEAs) and SR under N addition, however, have not been
      established. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis from 62 publications to
      synthesize the responses of soil EEAs and SR to elevated N. Nitrogen addition
      significantly increased glycosidase activity (GA) by 13.0%, alpha-1,4-glucosidase
      (AG) by 19.6%, beta-1,4-glucosidase (BG) by 11.1%, beta-1,4-xylosidase (BX) by
      21.9% and beta-D-cellobiosidase (CBH) by 12.6%. Increases in GA were more evident
      for long duration, high rate, organic and mixed N addition (combination of
      organic and inorganic N addition), as well as for studies from farmland. The
      response ratios (RRs) of GA were positively correlated with the SR-RRs, even when
      evaluated individually for AG, BG, BX and CBH. This positive correlation between
      GA-RR and SR-RR was maintained for most types of vegetation and soil as well as
      for different methods of N addition. Our results provide the first evidence that
      GA is linked to SR under N addition over a range of ecosystems and highlight the
      need for further studies on the response of other soil EEAs to various global
      change factors and their implications for ecosystem functions.

PMID- 27362836
TI  - Staged Models for Interdisciplinary Research.
AB  - Modellers of complex biological or social systems are often faced with an
      invidious choice: to use simple models with few mechanisms that can be fully
      analysed, or to construct complicated models that include all the features which
      are thought relevant. The former ensures rigour, the latter relevance. We discuss
      a method that combines these two approaches, beginning with a complex model and
      then modelling the complicated model with simpler models. The resulting "chain"
      of models ensures some rigour and relevance. We illustrate this process on a
      complex model of voting intentions, constructing a reduced model which agrees
      well with the predictions of the full model. Experiments with variations of the
      simpler model yield additional insights which are hidden by the complexity of the
      full model. This approach facilitated collaboration between social scientists and
      physicists-the complex model was specified based on the social science
      literature, and the simpler model constrained to agree (in core aspects) with the
      complicated model. 

PMID- 27362837
TI  - The Emergence of Groups and Inequality through Co-Adaptation.
AB  - The emergence of groups and of inequality is often traced to pre-existing
      differences, exclusionary practices, or resource accumulation processes, but can
      the emergence of groups and their differential success simply be a feature of the
      behaviors of a priori equally-capable actors who have mutually adapted? Using a
      simple model of behavioral co-adaptation among agents whose individual actions
      construct a common environment, we present evidence that the formation of unequal
      groups is endemic to co-adaptive processes that endogenously alter the
      environment; agents tend to separate into two groups, one whose members stop
      adapting earliest (the in-group), and another comprising agents who continue to
      adapt (the out-group). Over a wide range of model parameters, members of the in
      group are rewarded more on average than members of the out-group. The primary
      reason is that the in-group is able to have a more profound influence on the
      environment and mold it to the benefit of its members. This molding capacity
      proves more beneficial than the persistence of adaptivity, yet, crucially, which
      agents are able to form a coalition to successfully exert this control is
      strongly contingent on random aspects of the set of agent behaviors. In this
      paper, we present the model, relevant definitions, and results. We then discuss
      its implications for the study of complex adaptive systems generally. 

PMID- 27362838
TI  - The impact of loneliness on paranoia: An experimental approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Loneliness is a common problem in patients with
      schizophrenia, and may be particularly linked with persecutory ideation.
      Nevertheless, its role as a potential risk factor in the formation and
      maintenance of persecutory delusions is largely unexplored. METHODS: Loneliness
      was experimentally manipulated using a false-feedback paradigm in a non-clinical
      sample (n = 60). Change in state paranoia was compared between the induction of
      increased loneliness, the induction of reduced loneliness and a control
      condition. Distinct associations between pre-post scores of loneliness and state
      paranoia were examined at three (medium/high/low) levels of proneness to
      psychosis across the experimental conditions. RESULTS: Reduction of loneliness
      was associated with a significant reduction of present paranoid beliefs, while
      induction of loneliness lead to more pronounced paranoia on trend significance
      level. Moreover, proneness to psychosis significantly moderated the impact of
      loneliness on paranoia. Persons with a pronounced level of proneness to psychosis
      showed a stronger reduction of paranoid beliefs as a consequence of a decrease in
      loneliness, than less prone individuals. LIMITATIONS: A limitation is the small
      size of our sample, which may have limited the power to detect significant within
      group changes in state paranoia in the high-loneliness condition and changes in
      loneliness in the low-loneliness condition. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support the
      feasibility of the experimental design to manipulate loneliness and suggest that
      loneliness could be a cause of paranoia. However, the findings need to be
      confirmed in high risk samples to draw conclusions about the role of loneliness
      in the genesis of clinically relevant levels of paranoia and derive implications
      for cognitive behaviour therapy.

PMID- 27362839
TI  - Population Structure, Abundance and Movement of Whale Sharks in the Arabian Gulf
      and the Gulf of Oman.
AB  - Data on the occurrence of whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, in the Arabian Gulf and
      Gulf of Oman were collected by dedicated boat surveys and via a public-sightings
      scheme during the period from 2011 to 2014. A total of 422 individual whale
      sharks were photo-identified from the Arabian Gulf and the northern Gulf of Oman
      during that period. The majority of sharks (81%, n = 341) were encountered at the
      Al Shaheen area of Qatar, 90 km off the coast, with the Musandam region of Oman a
      secondary area of interest. At Al Shaheen, there were significantly more male
      sharks (n = 171) than females (n = 78; X2 = 17.52, P < 0.05). Mean estimated
      total length (TL) for sharks was 6.90 m +/- 1.24 (median = 7 m; n = 296). Males
      (7.25 m +/- 1.34; median = 8 m, n = 171) were larger than females (6.44 m +/
      1.09; median = 7 m, n = 78; Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.01). Of the male sharks
      assessed for maturity 63% were mature (n = 81), with 50% attaining maturity by
      7.29 m and 100% by 9.00 m. Two female sharks of >9 m individuals were visually
      assessed as pregnant. Connectivity among sharks sighted in Qatari, Omani and UAE
      waters was confirmed by individual spot pattern matches. A total of 13 identified
      sharks were re-sighted at locations other than that at which they were first
      sighted, including movements into and out of the Arabian Gulf through the Strait
      of Hormuz. Maximum likelihood techniques were used to model an estimated combined
      population for the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman of 2837 sharks +/- 1243.91 S.E.
      (95% C.I. 1720-6295). The Al Shaheen aggregation is thus the first site described
      as being dominated by mature males while the free-swimming pregnant females are
      the first reported from the Indian Ocean. 

PMID- 27362840
TI  - Stereochemical Consequences of Vinylpyruvate Hydratase-Catalyzed Reactions.
AB  - A stereochemical analysis has been carried out on two vinylpyruvate hydratases
      (VPH), which convert 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate to 2-keto-4S-hydroxypentanoate
      in meta-fission pathways. Bacterial strains with this pathway can use aromatic
      compounds as sole sources of energy and carbon. The analysis was carried out
      using the 5-methyl and 5-chloro derivatives of 2-hydroxy-2,4-pentadienoate with
      the enzymes from Pseudomonas putida mt-2 (Pp) and Leptothrix cholodnii SP-6 (Lc).
      In both organisms, VPH is in a complex with the preceding enzyme in the pathway,
      4-oxalocrotonate decarboxylase (4-OD). In D2O, a deuteron is incorporated
      stereospecifically at the C-3 and C-5 positions of product by both Pp and Lc
      enzymes. Accordingly, the complexes generate (3S,5S)-3,5-[di-D]-2-keto-4S
      hydroxyhexanoate and (3S,5R)-3,5-[di-D]-2-keto-4R-hydroxy-5-chloropentanoate (4R
      and 5R due to a priority numbering change). The substitution at C-5 (CH3 or Cl)
      or the source of the enzyme (Pp or Lc) does not change the stereochemical
      outcome. One mechanism that can account for the results is the ketonization of
      the 5-substituted dienol to the alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone (placing a deuteron
      at C-5 in D2O), followed by the conjugate addition of water (placing a deuteron
      at C-3). The stereochemical outcome for VPH (from Pp and Lc) is the same as that
      reported for a related enzyme, 2-oxo-hept-4-ene-1,7-dioate hydratase, from
      Escherichia coli C. The combined observations suggest similar mechanisms for
      these three enzymes that could possibly be common to this group of enzymes.

PMID- 27362841
TI  - Early Clinical Experience with a Polymer-Free Biolimus A9 Drug-Coated Stent in
      DES-Type Patients Who Are Poor Candidates for Prolonged Dual Anti-Platelet
      Therapy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Prolonged dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT) may cause excess
      bleeding in certain patients. The biolimus-A9 drug-coated stent (BA9-DCS) has a
      rapid drug-elution profile allowing shortened DAPT. Data were gathered on the
      early experience implanting this stent in drug-eluting stent eligible patients
      deemed to be at high risk of bleeding. BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The demographics,
      procedural data and clinical outcomes were gathered prospectively for 249
      patients treated with a BA9-DCS stent at 2 UK centres, and compared to a cohort
      of patients treated in the same period with drug-eluting stents (PCI-DES).
      RESULTS: Operator-defined BA9-DCS indications included warfarin therapy, age, and
      anaemia. Patients receiving a BA9-DCS were older (71.6+/-11.8 vs. 64.8+/-11.6yrs,
      p<0.001), more often female (38.2 vs. 26.8%, P<0.001), and more likely to have
      comorbidity including chronic kidney disease or poor LV function than PCI-DES
      patients. The baseline Mehran bleed risk score was also significantly higher in
      the BA9-DCS group (19.4+/-8.7 vs. 13.1+/-5.8, p<0.001). Of the BA9-DCS cohort,
      95.5% of patients demonstrated disease fitting NICE criteria for DES placement.
      The number of lesions treated (1.81+/-1.1 vs. 1.58+/-0.92, p = 0.003), total
      lesion length (32.1+/-21.7 vs. 26.1+/-17.6mm, p<0.001), number of stents used
      (1.93+/-1.11 vs. 1.65+/-1.4, p = 0.007) and total stent length (37.5+/-20.8 vs.
      32.4+/-20.3, p<0.01) were greater for BA9-DCS patients. DAPT was prescribed for
      3.3+/-3.9 months for BA9-DCS patients and 11.3+/-2.4 months for PCI-DES patients
      (p<0.001). At follow up of 392+/-124 days despite the abbreviated DAPT course
      stent related event were infrequent with ischemia-driven restenosis PCI (2.8 vs.
      3.4%, p = 0.838), and stent thrombosis (1.6 vs. 2.1%, p = 0.265) rates similar
      between the BA9-DCS ad PCI-DES groups. After propensity scoring all clinical end
      points were similar between both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: This early experience
      using polymer-free BA9 drug-coated stents in drug-eluting stent type patients at
      risk of bleeding are encouraging. Further studies are warranted.

PMID- 27362843
TI  - Association between Ultrasound Features and the 21-Gene Recurrence Score Assays
      in Patients with Oestrogen Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative, Invasive Breast
      Cancer.
AB  - A multigene expression assay corresponds to the likelihood of breast cancer
      recurrence after the initial diagnosis and can be used to guide the decision for
      additional chemotherapy. However, only few studies have investigated the
      associations between the imaging features of breast cancer and the results of
      multigene expression assays. Our study was to identify the relationship between
      imaging features on ultrasound (US) and the recurrence score (RS) on a 21-gene
      expression assay in patients with oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative
      breast cancer. 267 patients with ER-positive, HER-negative invasive breast cancer
      who underwent examinations using US and Oncotype DX assay were included. US
      images were independently reviewed by dedicated breast radiologists who were
      blind to the RS. Tumour roundness was measured using a laboratory-developed
      software program. The pathological data were reviewed, including
      immunohistochemistry results. Univariate analysis was performed to assess the
      associations between the RS and each variable. Multiple logistic regression
      analysis was used to identify independent predictors of high RS. Of 267 patients,
      147 (55%) had low, 96 (36%) intermediate, and 24 (9%) had high RS. According to
      the univariate analysis, parallel orientation, presence of calcification in the
      mass, and tumour roundness were positively associated with high RS. Multiple
      logistic regression analysis showed that parallel orientation (OR = 5.53) and
      tumour roundness (OR = 1.70 per 10 increase) were associated with high RS.
      Parallel orientation and tumour roundness are independent variables that may
      predict high RS in patients with ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. 

PMID- 27362844
TI  - 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels Are Independently Associated
      with the Hemoglobin A1c Level of Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients: The Dong-Gu
      Study.
AB  - In type 2 diabetic patients, the relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and
      parathyroid hormone levels, and glycemic control, remain unclear. We evaluated
      associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and hemoglobin A1c
      levels after adjusting for other covariates, including log transformed 25
      hydroxyvitamin D levels and log transformed parathyroid hormone levels, in Korean
      patients with type 2 diabetes. In total, 1,175 patients with type 2 diabetes were
      selected from 8,857 individuals who completed the baseline survey of the Dong-gu
      study, conducted in Korea from 2007 to 2010. After adjusting for other
      covariates, we found that the mean hemoglobin A1c level was inversely associated
      with the 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (Q1: 7.47% [7.30-7.63], Q2: 7.25% [7.09-7.40],
      Q3: 7.17% [7.02-7.32], Q4: 7.19% [7.02-7.35]; p for trend = 0.021, p for between
      groups = 0.050) and the parathyroid hormone level (Q1: 7.35% [7.19-7.51], Q2:
      7.34% [7.19-7.50], Q3: 7.28% [7.13-7.43], Q4: 7.09% [6.94-7.24]; p for trend =
      0.022, p for between groups = 0.048). However, the mean fasting glucose level was
      not associated with either the 25-hydroxyvitamin D or parathyroid hormone level.
      In conclusion, inverse associations were evident between hemoglobin A1c, 25
      hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in Korean patients with type 2
      diabetes. The associations remained significant after adjusting for other
      covariates, including the log transformed 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and log
      transformed parathyroid hormone levels. 

PMID- 27362846
TI  - HIV and HCV Co-Culture Promotes Profibrogenic Gene Expression through an
      Epimorphin-Mediated ERK Signaling Pathway in Hepatic Stellate Cells.
AB  - Accelerated fibrosis in patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been a major cause of mortality in the
      highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) era. However, the role of co
      infection in accelerating the progression of liver fibrosis, particularly with
      regard to the effects of co-infection on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), remains
      unclear. We hypothesized that HIV and HCV induce liver fibrosis synergistically
      by altering the regulation of epimorphin production, and thereby indirectly alter
      HSC function. Here, we examined the effects of epimorphin on HSC proliferation
      and invasion, and the changes in fibrogenesis-related gene activity in HSCs (LX2)
      in the presence of inactivated CXCR4-tropic HIV and HCV (JFH1). The combination
      of HIV and HCV significantly increased epimorphin expression, which increased the
      proliferation and invasion capabilities of HSCs. Epimorphin also induced the
      expression of profibrogenic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) in an
      extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent manner. These data
      indicated that the effects of HIV/HCV co-infection on hepatic fibrosis might be
      mediated in part by EPM. Strategies to limit the expression of EPM might
      represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent the progression of hepatic
      fibrosis during HIV/HCV co-infection. 

PMID- 27362845
TI  - Preliminary differences in resting state MEG functional connectivity pre- and
      post-ketamine in major depressive disorder.
AB  - Functional neuroimaging techniques including magnetoencephalography (MEG) have
      demonstrated that the brain is organized into networks displaying correlated
      activity. Group connectivity differences between healthy controls and
      participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) can be detected using temporal
      independent components analysis (ICA) on beta-bandpass filtered Hilbert envelope
      MEG data. However, the response of these networks to treatment is unknown.
      Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, exerts rapid
      antidepressant effects. We obtained MEG recordings before and after open-label
      infusion of 0.5mg/kg ketamine in MDD subjects (N=13) and examined networks
      previously shown to differ between healthy individuals and those with MDD.
      Connectivity between the amygdala and an insulo-temporal component decreased post
      ketamine in MDD subjects towards that observed in control subjects at baseline.
      Decreased baseline connectivity of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
      (sgACC) with a bilateral precentral network had previously been observed in MDD
      compared to healthy controls, and the change in connectivity post-ketamine was
      proportional to the change in sgACC glucose metabolism in a subset (N=8) of
      subjects receiving [11F]FDG-PET imaging. Ketamine appeared to reduce
      connectivity, regardless of whether connectivity was abnormally high or low
      compared to controls at baseline. These preliminary findings suggest that sgACC
      connectivity may be directly related to glutamate levels.

PMID- 27362847
TI  - Two-dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE analysis of whole cell lysate protein
      complexes of rice in response to salt stress.
AB  - To understand the biology of a plant in response to stress, insight into protein
      protein interactions, which almost define cell behavior, is thought to be
      crucial. Here, we provide a comparative complexomics analysis of leaf whole cell
      lysate of two rice genotypes with contrasting responses to salt using two
      dimensional blue native/SDS-PAGE (2D-BN/SDS-PAGE). We aimed to identify changes
      in subunit composition and stoichiometry of protein complexes elicited by salt.
      Using mild detergent for protein complex solubilization, we were able to identify
      9 protein assemblies as hetero-oligomeric and 30 as homo-oligomeric complexes. A
      total of 20 proteins were identified as monomers in the 2D-BN/SDS-PAGE gels. In
      addition to identifying known protein complexes that confirm the technical
      validity of our analysis, we were also able to discover novel protein-protein
      interactions. Interestingly, an interaction was detected for glycolytic enzymes
      enolase (ENO1) and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) and also for a chlorophyll a-b
      binding protein and RuBisCo small subunit. To show changes in subunit composition
      and stoichiometry of protein assemblies during salt stress, the differential
      abundance of interacting proteins was compared between salt-treated and control
      plants. A detailed exploration of some of the protein complexes provided novel
      insight into the function, composition, stoichiometry and dynamics of known and
      previously uncharacterized protein complexes in response to salt stress. 

PMID- 27362848
TI  - Evidence of an Exponential Decay Pattern of the Hepatitis Delta Virus Evolution
      Rate and Fluctuations in Quasispecies Complexity in Long-Term Studies of Chronic
      Delta Infection.
AB  - Chronic HDV infection can cause a severe form of viral hepatitis for which there
      is no specific treatment. Characterization of the hepatitis B or C viral
      quasispecies has provided insight into treatment failure and disease recurrence
      following liver transplantation, has proven useful to understand hepatitis B e
      antigen seroconversion, and has helped to predict whether hepatitis C infection
      will resolve or become chronic. It is likely that characterization of the
      hepatitis delta virus (HDV) quasispecies will ultimately have similar value for
      the management of this infection. This study sought to determine the RNA
      evolution rates in serum of chronic hepatitis delta (CHD) treatment-naive
      patients, using next-generation sequencing methods. The region selected for study
      encompassed nucleotide positions 910 to 1270 of the genome and included the
      amber/W codon. Amber/W is a substrate of the editing process by the ADAR1 host
      enzyme and is essential for encoding the 2 delta antigens (HDAg). The amber codon
      encodes the small (unedited) HDAg form and the W codon the large (edited) HDAg
      form. The evolution rate was analyzed taking into account the time elapsed
      between samples, the percentage of unedited and edited genomes, and the
      complexity of the viral population. The longitudinal studies included 29
      sequential samples from CHD patients followed up for a mean of 11.5 years. In
      total, 121,116 sequences were analyzed. The HDV evolution rate ranged from 9.5x10
      3 to 1.2x10-3 substitutions/site/year and showed a negative correlation with the
      time elapsed between samples (p<0.05). An accumulation of transition-type changes
      was found to be responsible for higher evolution rates. The percentages of
      unedited and edited genomes and the quasispecies complexity showed no
      relationships with the evolution rate, but the fluctuations in the percentages of
      genomes and in complexity suggest continuous adaptation of HDV to the host
      conditions. 

PMID- 27362849
TI  - Sevoflurane Therapy for Severe Refractory Bronchospasm in Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the effect of inhaled sevoflurane in the treatment of
      severe refractory bronchospasm in children. DESIGN: Retrospective case series.
      SETTING: Two PICUs of tertiary general university hospitals in Spain. PATIENTS:
      Ten patients ranging from 5 months to 14 years old with severe bronchospasm and
      acute respiratory failure requiring tracheal intubation and mechanical
      ventilation and treated with sevoflurane from 2008 to 2015. INTERVENTION: Inhaled
      sevoflurane therapy was initiated after failure of conventional medical
      management and mechanical ventilation. In two patients, sevoflurane was
      administered through a Servo 900C ventilator (Maquet, Bridgewater, NJ) equipped
      with a vaporizer and in the other eight patients via the Anesthetic Conserving
      Device (AnaConDa; Sedana medical, Uppsala, Sweden) with a critical care
      ventilator. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Inhaled sevoflurane resulted in
      statistically significant decreases of PaCO2 of 34.2 torr (95% CI, 8.3-60), peak
      inspiratory pressure of 14.3 cm H2O (95% CI, 8.6-19.9), and improvement in pH of
      0.17 (0.346-0.002) within 6 hours of administration. Only one patient presented
      hypotension responsive to volume administration at the beginning of the
      treatment. All patients could be extubated within a median time of 120 hours
      (interquartile range, 46-216). CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled sevoflurane therapy decreases
      the levels of PaCO2 and peak inspiratory pressure values, and it may be
      considered as a rescue therapy in patients with life-threatening bronchospasm
      refractory to conventional therapy.

PMID- 27362850
TI  - Epidemiology of Sepsis in Children Admitted to PICUs in South America.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To report the prevalence of sepsis within the first 24 hours at
      admission and the PICU sepsis-related mortality among critically ill children
      admitted to PICU in South America. DESIGN: A prospective multicenter cohort
      study. SETTING: Twenty-one PICU, located in five South America countries.
      PATIENTS: All children from 29 days to 17 years old admitted to the participating
      PICU between June 2011 and September 2011. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory
      data were registered within the first 24 hours at admission. Outcomes were
      registered upon PICU discharge or death. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND
      MAIN RESULTS: Of the 1,090 patients included in this study, 464 had sepsis. The
      prevalence of sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock were 42.6%, 25.9%, and
      19.8%, respectively. The median age of sepsis patients was 11.6 months
      (interquartile range, 3.2-48.7) and 43% had one or more prior chronic condition.
      The prevalence of sepsis was higher in infants (50.4%) and lower in adolescents
      (1.9%). Sepsis-related mortality was 14.2% and was consistently higher with
      increased disease severity: 4.4% for sepsis, 12.3% for severe sepsis, and 23.1%
      for septic shock. Twenty-five percent of deaths occurred within the first 24
      hours at PICU admission. Multivariate analysis showed that higher Pediatric Risk
      of Mortality and Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction scores, the presence of two
      or more chronic conditions, and admission from pediatric wards were independently
      associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: We observed high prevalence of sepsis and
      sepsis-related mortality among this sample of children admitted to PICU in South
      America. Mortality was associated with greater severity of illness at admission
      and potentially associated with late PICU referral.

PMID- 27362851
TI  - Decreasing IV Potassium in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care: Quality Improvement
      Project.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: IV potassium supplementation is commonly used in the pediatric
      cardiovascular ICU. However, concentrated IV potassium chloride doses can lead to
      life-threatening complications. We report results of a quality improvement
      project aimed at decreasing concentrated IV potassium chloride exposure. DESIGN:
      Retrospective evaluation of a quality improvement project aimed at reducing IV
      potassium chloride exposure. SETTING: Pediatric cardiac ICU. PATIENTS: All
      patients admitted to pediatric cardiac ICUs in April 2013 to September 2013
      (preprotocol) and October 2013 to April 2014 (postprotocol). INTERVENTIONS: A
      quality improvement team developed a potassium protocol aimed at maintaining
      serum potassium levels 3.0-5.5 mEq/L, via algorithm focused on early enteral
      supplementation. All patients receiving IV diuretics who had a serum potassium
      level less than 4.5 mEq/L and urine output more than 0.5 mL/kg/hr had protocol
      initiated with potassium chloride-containing IV fluids or enteral potassium
      chloride. Concentrated IV potassium chloride infusions were limited to
      asymptomatic patients with serum potassium less than 2.0 mEq/L and high-risk
      patients at less than 3.0 mEq/L. Serum potassium levels were measured once daily,
      and protocolized adjustments were made based on this level and concurrent
      diuretic therapy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Serum potassium, potassium
      chloride supplementation, patient cost, fluid administration, and arrhythmia
      incidence were compared pre and post protocol. Four hundred forty-three
      admissions were included (234 pre protocol and 209 post protocol). No significant
      differences were found in demographics. There was no difference in mean morning
      serum potassium after protocol implementation (3.85 [0.77] mEq/L before protocol
      and 3.89 [0.75] mEq/L after protocol; p = 0.90). Concentrated IV potassium
      chloride administration was decreased by 86% (331 vs 47 doses). With protocol,
      there was decreased incidence in days with one measured episode of hyperkalemia
      (11 vs 4/1,000 patient-days; p = 0.02) and a trend toward decreased hypokalemia
      (433 vs 400/1,000 patient-days; p = 0.05). Arrhythmia incidence was similar (p =
      0.59). CONCLUSIONS: Protocolized potassium management in pediatric cardiac
      intensive care patients decreased concentrated IV potassium chloride exposure and
      incidence of hyperkalemia. Lower potassium treatment threshold for IV potassium
      chloride was not associated with increased arrhythmias.

PMID- 27362852
TI  - Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in the PICU: A Simple Concept With a Complex
      Past.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we will review the most recently proposed mechanisms
      for remote ischemic preconditioning and summarize the past 10 years of clinical
      studies, as well as potential reasons for why, despite over 20 years of research
      on remote ischemic preconditioning, it is not routinely used in the pediatric
      critical care patient. In addition, future directions for remote ischemic
      preconditioning research will be discussed. DATA SOURCES: We searched the PubMed
      database for relevant literature. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: In PubMed,
      the search terms "ischemic preconditioning" and "remote preconditioning" were
      used. Randomized controlled trials published from 2006 until the present time
      that used a blood pressure cuff to induce remote ischemic preconditioning were
      included. We also reviewed the reference lists of the articles found in the
      PubMed search and included those thought to contribute to the objectives. All
      studies pertaining to remote ischemic preconditioning that included pediatric
      patients were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS: Differences in study
      outcomes in the effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on organ protection
      have been reported and may have played a large role in limiting the translation
      of findings into routine clinical practice. Ongoing efforts to protocolize the
      remote ischemic preconditioning technique in large multicenter trials with
      clearly delineated patient risk groups, including the use of biomarkers for
      enrichment, may help to ultimately determine if this procedure can be safely and
      effectively used for critically ill children.

PMID- 27362853
TI  - Factors Associated With Continuous Low-Dose Heparin Infusion for Central Venous
      Catheter Patency in Critically Ill Children Worldwide.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify patient, hospital, and central venous catheter factors
      that may influence the use of low-dose heparin infusion for central venous
      catheter patency in critically ill children. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of an
      international multicenter observational study. SETTING: Fifty-nine PICUs over
      four study dates in 2012, involving seven countries. PATIENTS: Children less than
      18 years old with a central venous catheter who were admitted to a participating
      unit and enrolled in the completed Prophylaxis against Thrombosis Practice study
      were included. All overflow patients were excluded. INTERVENTIONS: None.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 2,484 patients in the Prophylaxis against
      Thrombosis Practice study, 1,312 patients had a central venous catheter. Five
      hundred seven of those patients used low-dose heparin infusion. The frequency of
      low-dose heparin infusion was compared across various patient, hospital, and
      central venous catheter factors using chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Fisher
      exact tests. In the multivariate analysis, age was not a significant factor for
      low-dose heparin infusion use. Patients with pulmonary hypertension had decreased
      low-dose heparin infusion use, whereas those with active surgical or trauma
      diagnoses had increased low-dose heparin infusion use. All centrally inserted
      central venous catheters were more likely to use low-dose heparin infusion when
      compared with peripherally inserted central venous catheters. The Asia-Pacific
      region showed increased low-dose heparin infusion use, along with community
      hospitals and smaller ICUs (< 10 beds). CONCLUSIONS: Patient, central venous
      catheter, and hospital factors are associated with the use of low-dose heparin
      infusion in critically ill children. Further study is needed to evaluate the
      efficacy and persistence of low-dose heparin infusion use.

PMID- 27362854
TI  - Burden and Outcomes of Severe Pertussis Infection in Critically Ill Infants.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Despite World Health Organization endorsed immunization schedules,
      Bordetella pertussis continues to cause severe infections, predominantly in
      infants. There is a lack of data on the frequency and outcome of severe pertussis
      infections in infants requiring ICU admission. We aimed to describe admission
      rates, severity, mortality, and costs of pertussis infections in critically ill
      infants. DESIGN: Binational observational multicenter study. SETTING: Ten PICUs
      and 19 general ICUs in Australia and New Zealand contributing to the Australian
      and New Zealand Paediatric Intensive Care Registry. PATIENTS: Infants below 1
      year of age, requiring intensive care due to pertussis infection in Australia and
      New Zealand between 2002 and 2014. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During the
      study period, 416 of 42,958 (1.0%) infants admitted to the ICU were diagnosed
      with pertussis. The estimated population-based ICU admission rate due to
      pertussis ranged from 2.1/100,000 infants to 18.6/100,000 infants. Admission
      rates were the highest among infants less than 60 days old (p < 0.0001). Two
      hundred six infants (49.5%) required mechanical ventilation, including 20 (4.8%)
      treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, 16 (3.8%) with inhaled
      nitric oxide, and 7 (1.7%) with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Twenty of
      the 416 children (4.8%) died. The need for mechanical ventilation, high-frequency
      oscillatory ventilation, nitric oxide, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
      were significantly associated with mortality (p < 0.01). Direct severe pertussis
      related hospitalization costs were in excess of USD$1,000,000 per year.
      CONCLUSIONS: Pertussis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in
      infants, in particular during the first months of life. Improved strategies are
      required to reduce the significant healthcare costs and disease burden of this
      vaccine-preventable disease.

PMID- 27362856
TI  - Temporal Trends of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospital and ICU
      Admissions Across the United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the regionality and seasonality of respiratory syncytial
      virus-associated hospital and ICU admissions for 10 consecutive years using a
      national database. DESIGN: Post hoc analysis of data from an existing national
      database, Pediatric Health Information System. We modeled the adjusted odds of
      hospital and ICU admissions for varied seasons (fall, winter, spring, and summer)
      and regions (Northeast, South, Midwest, and West) using a mixed-effects logistic
      regression model after adjusting for several patient and center characteristics.
      SETTING: Forty-two children's hospitals across the Unites States. PATIENTS:
      Patients 1 day through 24 months old with inpatient admission (ward and/or ICU)
      for respiratory syncytial virus- associated infection at a Pediatric Health
      Information System-participating hospital were included (2004-2013).
      INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 1,937,994 inpatient
      admissions during the study period, 146,357 children were admitted for
      respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute respiratory illness. Of these
      inpatient admissions, 32,470 children(22%) were admitted to ICU during their
      hospital stay. Overall adjusted odds of respiratory syncytial virus-associated
      hospital and ICU admissions in recent years (2010-2013) were higher than previous
      years (2004-2006 and 2007-2009). In recent years, respiratory syncytial virus
      associated hospital and ICU admissions have increased in winter and spring
      seasons. Regionally in recent years, the overall adjusted odds of both
      respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospital and ICU admissions have increased
      in the South and West regions. CONCLUSIONS: Wide variations in regional and
      seasonal patterns in hospital and ICU admissions were noted in children with
      respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute respiratory illness across the
      United States. Results from our study help us better understand the seasonality
      and regionality of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the United States
      with the goal to decrease the financial impact on our already stressed healthcare
      system by being better prepared for respiratory syncytial virus season.

PMID- 27362857
TI  - Isolated Coronary Artery Fistula in Fetal Heart: Case Reports and Literature
      Review.
AB  - We report two cases of prenatally diagnosed isolated coronary artery fistula. The
      first fetus had a fistulous communication between the left circumflex coronary
      artery and the right atrium. The second fetus had right coronary artery to left
      ventricle fistula. In addition, we have also reviewed previously published
      reports on prenatally diagnosed coronary artery fistulae, focusing on their
      clinical profiles, outcome and postnatal treatment.

PMID- 27362858
TI  - Genetic Risk Evaluation in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment
      Response.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacogenetic relationship between CFH haplotypes
      and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with response to ranibizumab treatment
      for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      This was a prospective cohort study involving 70 treatment-naive nAMD patients.
      Patients were genotyped for CFH haplotypes and SNPs in the C3, ARMS2, and mtDNA
      genes. Visual acuity and central macular thickness were assessed at baseline and
      during 6 monthly follow-up visits. Multivariate logistic regression was used to
      determine the association between genotypes and a gain of >=15 letters at the 6
      month endpoint after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: CFH haplotypes
      were associated with a gain of >=15 letters at the 6-month endpoint (p = 0.046).
      Patients expressing protective haplotypes were more likely to achieve a gain of
      >=15 letters relative to the greatly increased risk haplotypes [OR 6.58 (95% CI:
      1.37, 31.59)]. CONCLUSION: CFH is implicated in nAMD patient treatment response
      to ranibizumab.

PMID- 27362859
TI  - Expert Opinion to Identify High-Risk Entry Routes of Canine Rabies into Papua New
      Guinea.
AB  - The proximity of Papua New Guinea (PNG) to canine rabies-endemic countries in
      South-East Asia presents a risk of incursion of this disease into PNG and the
      rest of the Oceanic region. The objective of this study was to identify the
      highest risk routes for entry of dogs - associated with movement of people - into
      PNG from canine rabies-endemic countries. A structured, in-country expert
      elicitation workshop was used, and 20 entry routes were identified. The highest
      risk routes were three land routes from Papua, Indonesia (hunters, traditional
      border crossers and unregulated, unchecked 'shopper-crossers') and two sea routes
      (fishing and logging). These results will be used to direct more detailed risk
      assessments to develop surveillance strategies and incursion response plans.

PMID- 27362860
TI  - Assessment of Membrane Fluidity Fluctuations during Cellular Development Reveals
      Time and Cell Type Specificity.
AB  - Cell membrane is made up of a complex structure of lipids and proteins that
      diffuse laterally giving rise to what we call membrane fluidity. During cellular
      development, such as differentiation cell membranes undergo dramatic fluidity
      changes induced by proteins such as ARC and Cofilin among others. In this study
      we used the generalized polarization (GP) property of fluorescent probe Laurdan
      using two-photon microscopy to determine membrane fluidity as a function of time
      and for various cell lines. A low GP value corresponds to a higher fluidity and a
      higher GP value is associated with a more rigid membrane. Four different cell
      lines were monitored such as hN2, NIH3T3, HEK293 and L6 cells. Membrane fluidity
      was measured at 12h, 72h and 92 h. Our results show significant changes in
      membrane fluidity among all cell types at different time points. GP values tend
      to increase significantly within 92 h in hN2 cells and 72 h in NIH3T3 cells and
      only at 92 h in HEK293 cells. L6 showed a marked decrease in membrane fluidity at
      72 h and starts to increase at 92 h. As expected, NIH3T3 cells have more rigid
      membrane at earlier time points. On the other hand, neurons tend to have the
      highest membrane fluidity at early time points emphasizing its correlation with
      plasticity and the need for this malleability during differentiation. This study
      sheds light on the involvement of membrane fluidity during neuronal
      differentiation and development of other cell lines. 

PMID- 27362862
TI  - Detection and Classification of Measurement Errors in Bioimpedance Spectroscopy.
AB  - Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) measurement errors may be caused by parasitic
      stray capacitance, impedance mismatch, cross-talking or their very likely
      combination. An accurate detection and identification is of extreme importance
      for further analysis because in some cases and for some applications, certain
      measurement artifacts can be corrected, minimized or even avoided. In this paper
      we present a robust method to detect the presence of measurement artifacts and
      identify what kind of measurement error is present in BIS measurements. The
      method is based on supervised machine learning and uses a novel set of generalist
      features for measurement characterization in different immittance planes.
      Experimental validation has been carried out using a database of complex spectra
      BIS measurements obtained from different BIS applications and containing six
      different types of errors, as well as error-free measurements. The method
      obtained a low classification error (0.33%) and has shown good generalization.
      Since both the features and the classification schema are relatively simple, the
      implementation of this pre-processing task in the current hardware of
      bioimpedance spectrometers is possible. 

PMID- 27362863
TI  - Influence of Ta substitution for Nb in Zn3Nb2O8 and the impact on the crystal
      structure and microwave dielectric properties.
AB  - Zn3(Nb1-xTax)2O8 (x = 0.02-0.10) ceramics were prepared via a solid-state
      reaction route and the dependence of their microwave dielectric properties on
      their structural characteristics were investigated. XRD patterns show that a
      single Zn3Nb2O8 phase with layered crystal structures was formed in ceramic
      samples with 0.02 <=x<= 0.10. The Raman spectrum was used for the first time to
      analyze the vibrational phonon modes of the Zn3Nb2O8 samples. Based on P-V-L
      dielectric theory, the intrinsic factors that influence the microwave dielectric
      properties were systematically investigated. According to the calculated results,
      the experimental dielectric constant had a close relationship with the
      theoretical dielectric constant. The Nb-site lattice energy was found to be a
      vital factor in explaining the change of the Q*f values. While the Nb-site bond
      energy increases, the |tauf| value decreases which indicates that higher bond
      energy would result in a more stable system. This work presents a novel method to
      investigate the intrinsic factors that influence microwave dielectric properties.

PMID- 27362861
TI  - Proteomic Analysis of Vitreous Humor in Retinal Vein Occlusion.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the protein profile of human vitreous of untreated patients
      with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). METHODS: Sixty-eight vitreous humor (VH)
      samples (44 from patients with treatment naive RVO, 24 controls with idiopathic
      floaters) were analyzed in this clinical-experimental study using capillary
      electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometer and tandem mass spectrometry. To
      define potential candidate protein markers of RVO, proteomic analysis was
      performed on RVO patients (n = 30) and compared with controls (n = 16). To
      determine validity of potential biomarker candidates in RVO, receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) was performed by using proteome data of independent RVO (n =
      14) and control samples (n = 8). RESULTS: Ninety-four different proteins (736
      tryptic peptides) could be identified. Sixteen proteins were found to be
      significant when comparing RVO and control samples (P = 1.43E-05 to 4.48E-02).
      Five proteins (Clusterin, Complement C3, Ig lambda-like polypeptide 5 (IGLL5),
      Opticin and Vitronectin), remained significant after using correction for
      multiple testing. These five proteins were also detected significant when
      comparing subgroups of RVO (central RVO, hemi-central RVO, branch RVO) to
      controls. Using independent samples ROC-Area under the curve was determined
      proving the validity of the results: Clusterin 0.884, Complement C3 0.955, IGLL5
      1.000, Opticin 0.741, Vitronectin 0.786. In addition, validation through ELISA
      measurements was performed. CONCLUSION: The results of the study reveal that the
      proteomic composition of VH differed significantly between the patients with RVO
      and the controls. The proteins identified may serve as potential biomarkers for
      pathogenesis induced by RVO.

PMID- 27362864
TI  - Advances in the diagnosis and classification of systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype of systemic
      autoimmune diseases. Patients with SLE display a wide spectrum of clinical and
      serological findings that can mislead and delay the diagnosis. Diagnostic
      criteria have not been developed yet, whereas several sets of classification
      criteria are available; however, none of them has 100% sensitivity and 100%
      specificity, i.e. the hallmark of diagnostic criteria. Nevertheless,
      classification criteria are often misused as diagnostic criteria, which may
      affect earliness of diagnosis and lead to more misdiagnosed cases. Areas covered:
      In this review, we compare old and new classification criteria, discussing their
      application and pinpointing their limitations in the management of patients.
      Moreover, we will focus on current and novel biomarkers for SLE diagnosis,
      highlighting their predictive value and applicability in clinical practice.
      Expert commentary: SLE diagnosis still represents a challenge, remaining largely
      based on a clinical judgment. Besides SLE diagnosis, even its classification is
      still challenging to date. Indeed, although classification of SLE seems to be
      achieved more frequently with the 2012 SLICC criteria than with the previous 1997
      ACR criteria, this last-updated 2012 set might be improved. Notably, diagnostic
      and classification criteria should be applied to any subject in the world, and
      consequently they should include immunological variables validated in different
      populations, which is still an unmet need.

PMID- 27362865
TI  - Correction: Neuronal Hyperactivity Disturbs ATP Microgradients, Impairs
      Microglial Motility, and Reduces Phagocytic Receptor Expression Triggering
      Apoptosis/Microglial Phagocytosis Uncoupling.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002466.].

PMID- 27362866
TI  - Radical Addition of Hydrazones by alpha-Bromo Ketones To Prepare 1,3,5
      Trisubstituted Pyrazoles via Visible Light Catalysis.
AB  - A novel efficient tandem reaction of hydrazones and alpha-bromo ketones is
      reported for the preparation of 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles by visible light
      catalysis. In this system, the monosubstituted hydrazones show wonderful reaction
      activity with alkyl radicals, generated from alpha-bromo ketones. A radical
      addition followed by intramolecular cyclization affords the important pyrazole
      skeleton in good to excellent yields. This efficient strategy under mild
      conditions with wide group tolerance provides a potential approach to the 1,3,5
      trisubstituted pyrazoles.

PMID- 27362867
TI  - Portal Catheter Fracture in a Pediatric Patient.

PMID- 27362855
TI  - Targeted Temperature Management After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Due To Drowning:
      Outcomes and Complications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe outcomes and complications in the drowning subgroup from
      the Therapeutic Hypothermia After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Out-of-Hospital trial.
      DESIGN: Exploratory post hoc cohort analysis. SETTING: Twenty-four PICUs.
      PATIENTS: Pediatric drowning cases. INTERVENTIONS: Therapeutic hypothermia versus
      therapeutic normothermia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: An exploratory study of
      pediatric drowning from the Therapeutic Hypothermia After Pediatric Cardiac
      Arrest Out-of-Hospital trial was conducted. Comatose patients aged more than 2
      days and less than 18 years were randomized up to 6 hours following return-of
      circulation to hypothermia (n = 46) or normothermia (n = 28). Outcomes assessed
      included 12-month survival with a Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale score of
      greater than or equal to 70, 1-year survival rate, change in Vineland Adaptive
      Behavior Scale-II score from prearrest to 12 months, and select safety measures.
      Seventy-four drowning cases were randomized. In patients with prearrest Vineland
      Adaptive Behavior Scale-II greater than or equal to 70 (n = 65), there was no
      difference in 12-month survival with Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II score of
      greater than or equal to 70 between hypothermia and normothermia groups (29% vs
      17%; relative risk, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.61-4.95; p = 0.27). Among all evaluable
      patients (n = 68), the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II score change from
      baseline to 12 months did not differ (p = 0.46), and 1-year survival was similar
      (49% hypothermia vs 42%, normothermia; relative risk, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.68-1.99; p
      = 0.58). Hypothermia was associated with a higher prevalence of positive
      bacterial culture (any blood, urine, or respiratory sample; 67% vs 43%; p =
      0.04); however, the rate per 100 days at risk did not differ (11.1 vs 8.4; p =
      0.46). Cumulative incidence of blood product use, serious arrhythmias, and 28-day
      mortality were not different. Among patients with cardiopulmonary resuscitation
      durations more than 30 minutes or epinephrine doses greater than 4, none had
      favorable Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category outcomes (<= 3). CONCLUSIONS:
      In comatose survivors of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest due to
      drowning, hypothermia did not result in a statistically significant benefit in
      survival with good functional outcome or mortality at 1 year, as compared with
      normothermia. High risk of culture-proven bacterial infection was observed in
      both groups.

PMID- 27362871
TI  - Good News: But Why Is the Incidence of Postoperative Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
      Falling?

PMID- 27362869
TI  - Preoperative Falls and Their Association with Functional Dependence and Quality
      of Life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No study has rigorously explored the characteristics of surgical
      patients with recent preoperative falls. Our objective was to describe the
      essential features of preoperative falls and determine whether they are
      associated with preoperative functional dependence and poor quality of life.
      METHODS: This was an observational study involving 15,060 surveys from adult
      patients undergoing elective surgery. The surveys were collected between January
      2014 and August 2015, with a response rate of 92%. RESULTS: In the 6 months
      before surgery, 26% (99% CI, 25 to 27%) of patients fell at least once, and 12%
      (99% CI, 11 to 13%) fell at least twice. The proportion of patients who fell was
      highest among patients presenting for neurosurgery (41%; 99% CI, 36 to 45%). At
      least one fall-related injury occurred in 58% (99% CI, 56 to 60%) of those who
      fell. Falls were common in all age groups, but surprisingly, they did not
      increase monotonically with age. Middle-aged patients (45 to 64 yr) had the
      highest proportion of fallers (28%), recurrent fallers (13%), and severe fall
      related injuries (27%) compared to younger (18 to 44 yr) and older (65+ yr)
      patients (P < 0.001 for each). A fall within 6 months was independently
      associated with preoperative functional dependence (odds ratio, 1.94; 99% CI,
      1.68 to 2.24) and poor physical quality of life (odds ratio, 2.18; 99% CI, 1.88
      to 2.52). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative falls might be common and are possibly often
      injurious in the presurgical population, across all ages. A history of falls
      could enhance the assessment of preoperative functional dependence and quality of
      life.

PMID- 27362870
TI  - Perioperative Visual Loss in Spine Fusion Surgery: Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in
      the United States from 1998 to 2012 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Perioperative ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) causes visual loss in
      spinal fusion. Previous case-control studies are limited by study size and lack
      of a random sample. The purpose of this study was to study trends in ION
      incidence in spinal fusion and risk factors in a large nationwide administrative
      hospital database. METHODS: In the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 1998 to 2012,
      procedure codes for posterior thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine fusion and
      diagnostic codes for ION were identified. ION was studied over five 3-yr periods
      (1998 to 2000, 2001 to 2003, 2004 to 2006, 2007 to 2009, and 2010 to 2012).
      National estimates were obtained using trend weights in a statistical survey
      procedure. Univariate and Poisson logistic regression assessed trends and risk
      factors. RESULTS: The nationally estimated volume of thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
      spinal fusion from 1998 to 2012 was 2,511,073. ION was estimated to develop in
      257 patients (1.02/10,000). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for ION significantly
      decreased between 1998 and 2012 (IRR, 0.72 per 3 yr; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.88; P =
      0.002). There was no significant change in the incidence of retinal artery
      occlusion. Factors significantly associated with ION were age (IRR, 1.24 per 10
      yr of age; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.45; P = 0.009), transfusion (IRR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.38
      to 5.37; P = 0.004), and obesity (IRR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.09 to 5.66; P = 0.030).
      Female sex was protective (IRR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.56; P = 0.0002).
      CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative ION in spinal fusion significantly decreased from 1998
      to 2012 by about 2.7-fold. Aging, male sex, transfusion, and obesity
      significantly increased the risk.

PMID- 27362872
TI  - Longitudinal measurement equivalence of subjective language brokering experiences
      scale in Mexican American adolescents.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Language brokering occurs frequently in immigrant families and can
      have significant implications for the well-being of family members involved. The
      present study aimed to develop and validate a measure that can be used to assess
      multiple dimensions of subjective language brokering experiences among Mexican
      American adolescents. METHOD: Participants were 557 adolescent language brokers
      (54.2% female, Mage.wave1 = 12.96, SD = .94) in Mexican American families.
      RESULTS: Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we were able to
      identify 7 reliable subscales of language brokering: linguistic benefits,
      socioemotional benefits, efficacy, positive parent-child relationships, parental
      dependence, negative feelings, and centrality. Tests of factorial invariance show
      that these subscales demonstrate, at minimum, partial strict invariance across
      time and across experiences of translating for mothers and fathers, and in most
      cases, also across adolescent gender, nativity, and translation frequency. Thus,
      in general, the means of the subscales and the relations among the subscales with
      other variables can be compared across these different occasions and groups.
      Tests of criterion-related validity demonstrated that these subscales correlated,
      concurrently and longitudinally, with parental warmth and hostility, parent-child
      alienation, adolescent family obligation, depressive symptoms, resilience, and
      life meaning. CONCLUSION: This reliable and valid subjective language brokering
      experiences scale will be helpful for gaining a better understanding of
      adolescents' language brokering experiences with their mothers and fathers, and
      how such experiences may influence their development. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362873
TI  - Playing up and playing down cultural identity: Introducing cultural influence and
      cultural variability.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cultural variability (CV) is introduced as an overlooked dimension of
      cultural identity development pertaining to emphasizing and de-emphasizing the
      influence of a single cultural identity (i.e., cultural influence [CI]) on daily
      interactions and behaviors. The Cultural IDentity Influence Measure (CIDIM) is
      introduced as a novel measure of CI and CV, and hypothesis-driven validation is
      conducted in two samples along with exploration of associations between CV and
      well-being. METHOD: A multicultural sample of 242 emerging adults participated in
      a daily diary study (Mage = 19.95 years, SDage = 1.40) by completing up to eight
      daily online surveys containing the CIDIM, criterion measures (ethnic identity,
      other group orientation, ethnic identity salience and daily variability in
      salience, social desirability), and measures of personal and interpersonal well
      being. A second validation sample (n = 245) completed a 1-time survey with the
      CIDIM and a subset of criterion measures. RESULTS: Results using both samples
      show evidence of CI and CV and demonstrate the validity, reliability, and domain
      sensitivity of the CIDIM. Further, CV made unique and positive contributions to
      predicting interaction quality after accounting for ethnic salience and
      variability in ethnic salience. An analytic approach utilizing standard
      deviations produced near-identical results to multilevel modeling and is
      recommended for parsimony. CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic minority and majority individuals
      make daily adjustments to play up and play down the influence of cultural
      identity on their social interactions and behaviors, and these adjustments
      predict interpersonal well-being. Cultural influence and cultural variability
      contribute to our emerging understanding of cultural identity as dynamic and
      agentic. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362874
TI  - Assessing accident phobia in mild traumatic brain injury: The Accident Fear
      Questionnaire.
AB  - PURPOSE: Despite a documented prevalence of accident phobia in almost 40% of
      motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors, the onset of accident phobia after
      traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains poorly understood. There is currently a body
      of knowledge about posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with TBI, but
      less is known about accident phobia following TBI, particularly in cases of mild
      TBI (mTBI). Accident phobia can impede safe return to driving or motor vehicle
      travel, inhibiting return to daily functioning. In addition, pain complaints have
      been found to correlate positively with postinjury anxiety disorders. METHOD: The
      present study sought to determine the reliability and validity of the Accident
      Fear Questionnaire (AFQ), a measure used to assess accident phobia, in 72
      patients with mTBI using secondary data analysis and the subsequent development
      of accident phobia postinjury. Furthermore, we sought to examine the impact of
      pain, anxiety, and depression complaints on the AFQ. RESULTS: Results reveal
      convergent validity and reliability in mTBI populations. Additionally, pain,
      anxiety, and depression measures were significantly correlated with scores on the
      AFQ. CONCLUSIONS: Psychometrically, the phobia avoidance subscale of the AFQ is a
      reliable measure for use with mTBI populations, although some limitations were
      found. In particular, the accident profile (AP) subscale was not found to be
      reliable or valid and could be eliminated from the AFQ. Collectively, the present
      study contributes to the small body of published literature evaluating accident
      phobia in patients with mTBI and the impact of pain on the development of
      postinjury anxiety disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27362875
TI  - Resistance to levothyroxine in a bariatric surgery patient: an indication for
      liquid formulation?
AB  - We report the case of a 49-year-old female patient with hypothyroidism who
      underwent bariatric surgery and developed severe hypothyroidism despite high
      doses of oral levothyroxine (L-T4) tablets. Initially, a high-dose L-T4 tablets
      absorption test was performed to exclude pseudo-malabsorption. In view of a
      modest increase in serum T4 levels, L-T4 liquid formulation absorption test was
      performed, and showed faster and more efficient absorption of thyroid hormones.
      We discuss the issue of distinguishing malabsorption from pseudo-malabsorption,
      review the literature concerning the benefits of liquid L-T4 in cases of impaired
      absorption such as bariatric surgery and consider the socio-economic implications
      of different liquid formulations.

PMID- 27362876
TI  - Targeting the Translesion Synthesis Pathway for the Development of Anti-Cancer
      Chemotherapeutics.
AB  - Human cells possess tightly controlled mechanisms to rescue DNA replication
      following DNA damage caused by environmental and endogenous carcinogens using a
      set of low-fidelity translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases. These
      polymerases can copy over replication blocking DNA lesions while temporarily
      leaving them unrepaired, preventing cell death at the expense of increasing
      mutation rates and contributing to the onset and progression of cancer. In
      addition, TLS has been implicated as a major cellular mechanism promoting
      acquired resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy. Owing to its central role in
      mutagenesis and cell survival after DNA damage, inhibition of the TLS pathway has
      emerged as a potential target for the development of anticancer agents. This
      review will recap our current understanding of the structure and regulation of
      DNA polymerase complexes that mediate TLS and describe how this knowledge is
      beginning to translate into the development of small molecule TLS inhibitors.

PMID- 27362877
TI  - Corneal Crosslinking With Rose Bengal and Green Light: Efficacy and Safety
      Evaluation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate crosslinking of cornea in vivo using green light activation
      of Rose Bengal (RGX) and assess potential damaging effects of the green light on
      retina and iris. METHODS: Corneas of Dutch belted rabbits were de-epithelialized,
      then stained with Rose Bengal and exposed to green light, or not further treated.
      Corneal stiffness was measured by uniaxial tensiometry. Re-epithelialization was
      assessed by fluorescein fluorescence. Keratocytes were counted on hematoxylin and
      eosin (H&E)-stained sections, and iris cell damage was assessed by lactate
      dehydrogenase staining. Thermal effects on the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) were
      assessed by fluorescein angiography and those on photoreceptors, retinal pigment
      epithelium (RPE), and choriocapillaris by light microscopy and transmission
      electron microscopy. RESULTS: RGX (10-min irradiation; 150 J/cm) increased
      corneal stiffness 1.9-fold on day 1 (1.25 +/- 0.21 vs. 2.38 +/- 0.59 N/mm; P =
      0.036) and 2.8-fold compared with controls on day 28 (1.70 +/- 0.74 vs. 4.95 +/-
      1.86 N/mm; P = 0.003). Keratocytes decreased only in the anterior stroma on day 1
      (24.0 +/- 3.0 vs. 3.67 +/- 4.73, P = 0.003) and recovered by day 28 (37.7 +/- 8.9
      vs. 34.5 +/- 2.4, P = 0.51). Iris cells were not thermally damaged. No evidence
      of BRB breakdown was detected on days 1 or 28. Retina from RGX-treated eyes
      seemed normal with RPE cells showing intact nuclei shielded apically by
      melanosomes, morphologically intact photoreceptor outer segments, normal outer
      nuclear layer thickness, and choriocapillaris containing intact erythrocytes.
      CONCLUSIONS: The substantial corneal stiffening produced by RGX together with the
      lack of significant effects on keratocytes and no evidence for retina or iris
      damage suggest that RGX-initiated corneal crosslinking may be a safe, rapid, and
      effective treatment.

PMID- 27362878
TI  - Urgent Therapeutic Grafting of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membrane in Descemetocele.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the clinical and histopathological results of a novel
      autologous scaffold grafting, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane, in cases with
      descemetocele. METHODS: Three patients with severe corneal stromal melting and
      central descemetocele caused by neurotrophic keratopathy and infective keratitis
      underwent PRF membrane grafting on the central cornea for the prevention of
      imminent corneal perforation. After a quiescent 3-month period, penetrating
      keratoplasty and cataract extraction were performed for visual rehabilitation in
      1 patient and host corneal tissue was examined histopathologically. RESULTS: Pain
      was significantly relieved, conjunctival inflammation was markedly resolved, and
      the central descemetocele area became thicker with scar formation in all
      patients. Histopathological examination revealed fibrosis formation over the
      descemetocele area without any tissue gap. Newly formed tissue containing
      irregular corneal lamellae covered the fibrosis formation and accounted for the
      prevention of perforation. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary PRF membrane grafting may be an
      alternative intervention to avoid impending corneal perforation in cases with
      severe descemetocele.

PMID- 27362879
TI  - Corneal Higher-Order Aberrations in Herpes Simplex Keratitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in eyes with corneal
      scars due to herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). METHODS: Forty-four eyes of 41
      consecutive patients who were diagnosed with corneal scars due to HSK and 18
      control eyes were included. HOAs of the anterior and posterior surfaces and the
      total cornea were analyzed using anterior segment optical coherence tomography.
      Corneal opacity grades were assigned on the basis of slit-lamp examinations.
      RESULTS: HOAs within a 4-mm diameter were significantly larger in eyes with HSK
      (anterior surface, 1.01 +/- 1.18 MUm; posterior surface, 0.25 +/- 0.24; total
      cornea, 1.00 +/- 1.00) compared with controls (0.10 +/- 0.02, 0.02 +/- 0.00, and
      0.09 +/- 0.01, respectively; all P < 0.001). HOAs within a 6-mm diameter were
      significantly larger in eyes with HSK (anterior surface, 1.87 +/- 1.75; posterior
      surface, 0.42 +/- 0.44; total cornea, 1.85 +/- 1.46) compared with controls (0.19
      +/- 0.04, 0.06 +/- 0.01, and 0.17 +/- 0.03, respectively; all, P < 0.001). The
      logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) decreased with the corneal
      opacity score (0.42 +/- 0.61 in grade 1, 1.30 +/- 0.96 in grade 2, and 1.58 +/-
      0.90 in grade 3). LogMAR was significantly correlated with HOAs (R = 0.65, P <
      0.0001). HOAs of the posterior surface increased from 0.15 +/- 0.15 in grade 1 to
      0.37 +/- 0.33 in grade 3 (P = 0.005), whereas there was no difference in HOAs of
      the anterior surface and the total cornea among the different corneal opacity
      grades. CONCLUSIONS: Increased HOAs of the anterior and posterior surfaces occur
      in eyes with corneal opacity due to HSK. Larger corneal HOAs are associated with
      poorer visual acuity.

PMID- 27362880
TI  - Determining Factors for Fast Corneal Sensitivity Recovery After Pterygium
      Excision.
AB  - PURPOSE: To establish determining factors for fast corneal sensitivity (CS)
      recovery after pterygium excision. METHODS: Thirty-two eyes of 14 males and 18
      females with primary nasal pterygium were recruited. Differences in CS (in the 4
      quadrants and the center using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer), pterygium corneal
      area (PCA), tear osmolarity, tear break-up time, Schirmer test, and ocular
      symptoms were analyzed before and 1 month after lesion excision. The relationship
      between CS recovery (difference between the 2 time points; CS1 - CS0) and the
      other features was assessed. RESULTS: All the studied locations exhibited normal
      (6 cm) or near-normal mean CS at the 2 time points, except a tendency for
      moderate hypoesthesia in nasal CS0 (median 4.5; range: 1.5-6.0 cm). Point by
      point comparison revealed significant postoperative improvements in nasal
      location (P = 0.008; Wilcoxon signed-rank test) with normal values in 17 eyes
      (53%) and a median CS1 = 5.0 cm (2.5-5.5 cm) in 15 eyes with no complete
      recovery. No significant correlation was found between CS0 and the studied
      variables, and CS1 was only significantly correlated with PCA (rho: -0.441; P <
      0.05). CS recovery also showed significant correlation with PCA (rho = -0.516; P
      < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CS recovery after pterygium excision showed important
      variability, and the only studied factor that seems to be determinant could be
      PCA. It would be advisable to operate when the lesion is relatively small, with
      lower surgical injury and faster and complete recovery, thus protecting ocular
      surface homeostasis.

PMID- 27362881
TI  - Concurrent Acute Retinal Necrosis in a Patient With Iridocorneal Endothelial
      Syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report a rare case of concurrent acute retinal necrosis in a patient
      with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome (ICE). METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 42
      year-old woman showed acute diminution of vision in the right eye. Her fundus
      examination revealed features of acute retinal necrosis. She had also experienced
      gradual diminution of vision in her left eye for 5 years. The examination of her
      left eye revealed corneal edema with mild corectopia and increased intraocular
      pressure with abnormal endothelium on specular microscopy pointing to a diagnosis
      of ICE. CONCLUSIONS: This is a rare case where concurrent acute retinal necrosis
      and ICE syndrome are present in the same patient, possibly pointing to a common
      viral etiology causing both entities.

PMID- 27362882
TI  - Existence of Normal Limbal Epithelium in Eyes With Clinical Signs of Total Limbal
      Stem Cell Deficiency.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the presence of normal limbal epithelium detected by in vivo
      confocal laser scanning microscopy (IVCM) in 3 cases of clinically diagnosed
      total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). METHODS: This is a retrospective case
      report consisting of 3 patients who were diagnosed with total LSCD based on
      clinical examination and/or impression cytology. Clinical data including ocular
      history, presentation, slit-lamp examination, IVCM, and impression cytology were
      reviewed. RESULTS: The etiology was chemical burn in 3 cases. One patient had 2
      failed penetrating keratoplasties. Another had allogeneic keratolimbal
      transplantation, but the graft failed 1 year after surgery. The third patient had
      failed amniotic membrane transplantation. These 3 patients presented with signs
      of total LSCD including the absence of normal Vogt palisades, complete
      superficial vascularization of the peripheral cornea, nonhealing epithelial
      defects, and corneal scarring. Impression cytology was performed in 2 cases to
      confirm the presence of goblet cells. However, each patient still had distinct
      areas of corneal and/or limbal epithelial cells detected by IVCM. CONCLUSIONS:
      Residual normal limbal epithelial cells could be present in eyes with clinical
      features of total LSCD. IVCM seems to be a more accurate method to evaluate the
      degree of LSCD.

PMID- 27362883
TI  - Apparent Corneal Ectasia After Bilateral Intrastromal Femtosecond Laser Treatment
      for Presbyopia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report a case of apparent corneal ectasia after intrastromal
      femtosecond laser treatment for presbyopia (INTRACOR). METHODS: A healthy 56-year
      old male with low hyperopia underwent an unremarkable bilateral INTRACOR
      procedure in March/April 2011. The patient was discharged after follow-up and
      returned 5 years later. RESULTS: Before discharge, the monocular logarithm of the
      minimal angle of resolution uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) values were
      R, 0.0 and L, 0.10. In both eyes near (UNVA) visual acuities were 0.0. There were
      signs of slight posterior central corneal steepening without loss of corneal
      stability. Five years postop, monocular UDVA and UNVA values were 0.4 and 0.0,
      respectively. Ectasia was observed in both eyes, and the centrally placed 5
      concentric rings after the INTRACOR procedure were visible under slit-lamp
      biomicroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: There is no clear reason to explain why the patient
      developed bilateral corneal steepening. It could be that the patient's corneal
      stromal fibers gradually weakened over this 5-year period.

PMID- 27362884
TI  - Successful Treatment Strategies in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis-Associated
      Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Management of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)-associated
      peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) is challenging and lacks definite
      guidelines. We aimed to summarize our treatment and outcome experience with
      patients with GPA-PUK. METHODS: The Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery
      Institution patient database was searched from 2005 to 2015 to identify patients
      with diagnosis of PUK who suffered from GPA. Individual patient histories were
      examined, and treatment strategies and outcomes were summarized. RESULTS: There
      were 16 patients who started treatment with a mean duration follow-up of 64
      months (range: 12-110 mo). Rituximab and cyclophosphamide, either alone or in
      combination with other agents, were the most successful agents in controlling
      inflammation. Rituximab was administered in 11 patients with remission being
      achieved in all. Cyclophosphamide successfully controlled inflammation in 50%
      (5/10). Two of the patients (2/5, 40%) who had achieved initial control on
      cyclophosphamide had flares of their PUK. Two of 11 (18%) patients on rituximab
      had flares of scleritis and orbital inflammation but not PUK. Two patients, one
      in each treatment group, stopped treatment after achieving remission after 6
      months of therapy but suffered disease recurrence within 2 months of treatment
      cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Rituximab achieved a high rate of disease control in PUK
      patients with GPA and is the preferred agent in halting disease progression.

PMID- 27362885
TI  - Donor Tissue Preparation for Bowman Layer Transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe and compare 2 preparation techniques for Bowman layer (BL)
      grafts for use in BL transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of the
      2 methods for preparing BL grafts was performed, that is, BL graft preparation
      from donor globes not eligible for penetrating keratoplasty or endothelial
      keratoplasty (technique I, n = 36) and BL graft preparation from previously
      excised corneoscleral buttons (technique II, n = 36) that could not be used for
      PK or had been denuded of Descemet membrane and endothelium for Descemet membrane
      endothelial keratoplasty graft preparation. BL graft preparation difficulties
      were recorded, and the preparation failure rate was examined and compared between
      the techniques. RESULTS: Overall, BL graft preparation was successful in 51 cases
      (51/72; 70.8%), of which 25 preparations were successful using technique I, and
      26 using technique II, representing a success rate of 69.4% (25/36) and 72.2%
      (26/36) for techniques I and II, respectively. Reasons for discarding a BL graft
      were tearing of the BL tissue during the preparation (n = 19) and stroma attached
      to the graft (n = 2). CONCLUSIONS: Isolated BL grafts can be prepared from both
      whole donor globes and corneoscleral rims with equivalent success. Preparation
      from corneoscleral rims may offer the advantage that, from one donor cornea, the
      posterior layers can be used for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty graft
      preparation and the anterior part for BL graft preparation.

PMID- 27362886
TI  - Emerging minimally invasive procedures for focal treatment of organ-confined
      prostate cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy amongst American men. However, the
      majority of prostate cancer diagnoses are of low risk, organ-confined disease.
      Many men elect to undergo definitive treatment, but may benefit from focal
      therapy to maintain continence and potency. This review reports the mechanism of
      action and outcomes of emerging focal therapies for prostate cancer. We report
      the mechanism of action of focal cryotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound,
      focal laser ablation, and irreversible electroporation. In addition, we reviewed
      the largest studies available reporting rates of urinary incontinence, erectile
      dysfunction, biochemical recurrence-free survival (ASTRO), and post-operative
      adverse events for each procedure. Each treatment modality stated has a unique
      mechanism in the ablation of cancerous cells. Genito-urinary symptoms following
      these studies report incontinence and erectile dysfunction rates ranging from 0
      15% and 0-53%, respectively. Biochemical disease-free survival was reported using
      the ASTRO definition. Some treatment modalities lack the necessary follow-up to
      determine effectiveness in cancer control. No focal therapy studies reported
      serious adverse events. These minimally invasive procedures are feasible in a
      clinical setting and show promising functional and disease control results with
      short to medium-term follow-up. However, each treatment requires additional
      robust prospective studies as well as its own unique domain to determine
      biochemical recurrence free survival to properly determine their role in
      treatment of organ-confined prostate cancer.

PMID- 27362887
TI  - Functional characterization of selective exosite-binding inhibitors of matrix
      metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) - experimental validation in human breast and colon
      cancer.
AB  - Considering the pathological significance of MMP-13 in breast and colon cancers,
      exosite-based inhibition of the C-terminal hemopexin (Hpx) domain could serve as
      an alternative strategy to develop selective inhibitors for MMP-13.Two of six
      lead compounds, compound 5 (2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine-5-carboxylic acid) and
      compound 6 (1-acetyl-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) exhibited
      considerable inhibitory activity against MMP-13. Complementing to this study, we
      have also shown the gene expression levels of MMP-13 within the subtypes of colon
      and breast cancers classified from patients' tissue samples to provide a better
      understanding on which subtype of breast cancer patients would get benefited by
      MMP-13 inhibitors.Our current results show that compounds 5 and 6 could
      effectively inhibit MMP-13 and provide specific therapeutic possibilities in the
      treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancers. The characterization of these
      lead compounds would provide a better mechanistic understanding of exosite-based
      inhibition of MMP-13, which could overcome the challenges in the identification
      of other MMP catalytic domain-specific inhibitors.

PMID- 27362888
TI  - Microstructure of a granular amorphous silica ceramic synthesized by spark plasma
      sintering.
AB  - We study the microstructure of a granular amorphous silica ceramic material
      synthesized by spark plasma sintering. Using monodisperse spherical silica
      particles as precursor, spark plasma sintering yields a dense granular material
      with distinct granule boundaries. We use selective etching to obtain nanoscopic
      pores along the granule borders. We interrogate this highly interesting material
      structure by combining scanning electron microscopy, X-ray computed
      nanotomography and simulations based on random close packed spherical particles.
      We determine the degree of anisotropy caused by the uni-axial force applied
      during sintering, and our analysis shows that our synthesis method provides a
      means to avoid significant granule growth and to fabricate a material with well
      controlled microstructure.

PMID- 27362889
TI  - Screening of indeno[1,2-b]indoloquinones by MALDI-MS: a new set of potential
      CDC25 phosphatase inhibitors brought to light.
AB  - Quinones and quinones-like compounds are potential candidates for the inhibition
      of CDC25 phosphatases. The combination of MALDI-MS analyses and biological
      studies was used to develop a rapid screening of a targeted library of indeno[1,2
      b]indoloquinone derivatives. The screening protocol using MALDI-TOFMS and MALDI
      FTICRMS highlighted four new promising candidates. Biological investigations
      showed that only compounds 5c-f inhibited CDC25A and -C phosphatases, with IC50
      values around the micromolar range. The direct use of a screening method based on
      MALDI-MS technology allowed achieving fast scaffold identification of a new class
      of potent inhibitors of CDC25 phosphatases. These four molecules appeared as
      novel molecules of a new class of CDC25 inhibitors. Assessment of 5c-e in an MRC5
      proliferation assay provided an early indicator of toxicity to mammalian cells.
      Compound 5d seems the most promising hit for developing new CDC25 inhibitors.

PMID- 27362890
TI  - Baseline Ability Makes a Larger Contribution to Race Performance in High-School
      Sprinters Than Race Experience or Training Exposure.
AB  - PURPOSE: There has long been a debate regarding the importance of talent versus
      training in athletic performance. In this study we sought to quantify their
      relative contributions to the race performance of high-school sprinters. METHODS:
      Using race results from the athletic.net website, we identified high-school
      athletes who participated in at least one race in both 9th and 12th grade in the
      100 m, 200 m or 400 m. Athletes with a record of racing before high school were
      excluded from the analyses. Using separate linear regression models for each
      event and gender, we analyzed the effect of baseline ability, race experience and
      training exposure on race time in the 12th grade. RESULTS: 35,909 athletes,
      running a total of 1,627,652 races, contributed to the final analyses. The
      proportion of variance (R2) in 12th grade race times accounted for by baseline
      ability ranged from 40% to 51% depending on the event, and was consistently
      higher for females than males. Race experience explained 3.6-4.4% of the variance
      and training exposure explained 0.8-1.7%. CONCLUSION: Although race experience
      and training exposure impact high-school sprinters' performance, baseline ability
      is the dominant influence.

PMID- 27362891
TI  - New Antitumor-Active Azole-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes: Synthesis,
      Characterization, Crystal Structures, and Cytotoxic Studies.

PMID- 27362893
TI  - A Survey of Practicing Sleep Coaches.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep coaches are individuals of various backgrounds who offer
      services to families struggling with behavioral childhood sleep problems. We
      conducted a survey of coaches to further elucidate scope of practice, practice
      patterns, geographic distribution, education, training, and beliefs regarding
      qualification requirements. METHODS: A Web-based survey was completed by 142
      individuals who identified as a sleep coach. RESULTS: Coaches were distributed
      across 17 countries and 5 continents. Overall, 65% of coaches served clients in
      countries beyond their home country. Within the United States, coaches were
      generally located in more affluent and well-educated zip codes near large
      metropolitan centers, 91% served clients beyond their home state, and 56% served
      clients internationally. Educational background varied across coaches (12% high
      school degree, 51% bachelor's degree, 32% master's degree, 2% doctoral degree,
      1.5% JD degree). Few coaches (20%) were or had been licensed health care
      providers or carried malpractice insurance (38%). Coaches usually provided
      services for children < 4 months of age to about 6 years of age, and were much
      less likely to provide services for children with comorbid neurodevelopmental
      (32%) or significant medical disorders (19%). Coaches reported an average of 3
      new and 6 total clients per week and working 20 hr per week on average. Most
      coaches (76%) felt that a formal sleep coach training program was the most
      important qualification for practice. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight a
      diversity of background, training, and geographical distribution of sleep
      coaches, and may help inform discussions regarding guidelines for training and
      credentialing of sleep coaches.

PMID- 27362894
TI  - Higher Molecular Mass Organic Matter Molecules Compete with Orthophosphate for
      Adsorption to Iron (Oxy)hydroxide.
AB  - The competition between orthophosphate and water-extractable organic matter
      (WEOM) for adsorption to iron (oxy)hydroxide mineral surfaces is an important
      factor in determining the plant bioavailability of P in soils. Chemical force
      spectroscopy was used to determine the binding force between orthophosphate and
      iron (oxy)hydroxide that was coated onto atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips and
      adsorbed with WEOM. The force measurements were conducted at pH 4.65 and 0.02 M
      ionic strength which are representative of typical acid soil solutions. The
      chemical composition of the WEOM was determined by ultrahigh resolution
      electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry. The
      results indicate a correlation between aromatic WEOM molecules that are greater
      than 600 Da and the reduced binding force of orthophosphate to WEOM-adsorbed iron
      (oxy)hydroxide AFM tips suggesting that the molecular mass of aromatic WEOM
      molecules plays a critical role in regulating the WEOM-P interactions with
      surface functional groups of minerals. Based on the results of this study, we
      show the importance of obtaining a detailed, molecular-scale understanding of
      soil processes that can help develop better management strategies to reduce waste
      of limited P resources and adverse environmental impacts. Specifically, soil
      amendments with greater content of high molecular mass aromatic components may
      positively affect dissolved P use efficiency in soils by maintaining P in soil
      solution.

PMID- 27362895
TI  - Depletion-Mode GaN HEMT Q-Spoil Switches for MRI Coils.
AB  - Q-spoiling is the process of decoupling an MRI receive coil to protect the
      equipment and patient. Conventionally, Q-spoiling is performed using a PIN diode
      switch that draws significant current. In this work, a Q-spoiling technique using
      a depletion-mode Gallium Nitride HEMT device was developed for coil detuning at
      both 1.5 T and 3 T MRI. The circuits with conventional PIN diode Q-spoiling and
      the GaN HEMT device were implemented on surface coils. SNR was measured and
      compared for all surfaces coils. At both 1.5 T and 3 T, comparable SNR was
      achieved for all coils with the proposed technique and conventional Q-spoiling.
      The GaN HEMT device has significantly reduced the required power for Q-spoiling.
      The GaN HEMT device also provides useful safety features by detuning the coil
      when unpowered.

PMID- 27362896
TI  - Seasonal Dynamics and Spatial Distribution of the Dactylogyrus Species on the
      Gills of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) from a Fish Pond in Wuhan, China.
AB  - Spatial distribution and seasonal variation in mean intensity and prevalence of
      monogeneans on the gills of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus ) were
      investigated from September 2012 to December 2014 in a fish pond in Wuhan, China.
      During this period, 2 species of Dactylogyrus were found, i.e., Dactylogyrus
      lamellatus and Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonis. Dactylogyrus lamellatus was
      present during the entire duration of the investigation, whereas D.
      ctenopharyngodonis was only detected after January 2014, when another batch of
      grass carp fingerlings was added to the pond. Prevalence of the 2 Dactylogyrus
      spp. was relatively high throughout the year, but significant seasonal changes
      were detected in the mean intensity of the 2 species (P < 0.05). Mean intensity
      of D. lamellatus peaked in late winter and spring, and then dropped to the lowest
      point in summer. Dactylogyrus ctenopharyngodonis exhibited a high mean intensity
      in summer and autumn, but low in winter and spring. Spatial distribution of the 2
      species was similar: the highest mean intensity was found on medial and distal
      parts of the second gill arch. Moreover, no evident change was detected in niche
      preference of D. lamellatus after the infection of D. ctenopharyngodonis
      occurred. There was no significant positive correlation in abundance between the
      2 species (P > 0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences in the
      percentage of mean intensity of the 2 species on each gill arch among low-,
      medium-, and high-intensity groups (P > 0.05). These results suggest unsaturated
      gill niches and the absence of interspecific competition between the 2
      Dactylogyrus species.

PMID- 27362897
TI  - The influence of gender on respiratory outcomes in children with bronchopulmonary
      dysplasia during the first 3 years of life.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since premature males are more likely to be diagnosed with
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia we hypothesized that differences in respiratory
      outcomes after initial hospital discharge and during the first 3 years of life
      would exist between females and males diagnosed with BPD. METHODS: Subjects with
      the diagnosis of BPD were recruited from the Johns Hopkins Bronchopulmonary
      Dysplasia Clinic between 2008 and 2014. Clinical features were assessed through
      chart review (n = 482). Respiratory morbidities were assessed by caregiver
      questionnaires at clinic visits (n = 429), including emergency department visits,
      hospital admissions, systemic steroid use, and antibiotic use for respiratory
      reasons since the last BPD clinic visit or after initial hospital discharge if
      assessed at the first visit. RESULTS: Male infants weighed significantly more at
      birth, had higher birth weight percentiles and were more likely to be non-white
      compared to female infants. The frequency of ever acute care use was 36.9% for
      emergency department visits, 27.4% for hospital admissions, 36.9% for systemic
      steroid use, and 40.5% for antibiotic use for a respiratory illness. No
      differences in respiratory morbidities were found between males and females.
      Females however, tended to be weaned from supplemental oxygen over 3 months later
      than males. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to females with BPD, males were more likely to
      weigh more, have higher birth weight percentiles and be non-white. After initial
      hospital discharge, there were no difference in respiratory morbidities between
      males and females with BPD. Female infants however were more likely to be weaned
      from supplemental oxygen at a later age than male infants. Pediatr Pulmonol.
      2017;52:217-224. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362898
TI  - Intravesical Hemostatic Clip Migration After Robotic Prostatectomy: Case Series
      and Review of the Literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Weck Hem-o-lokTM Ligating clip is a routinely used hemostatic
      tool in robotic and laparoscopic surgery. It has been the practice in our
      institution to use such clips for hemostasis of the vascular bundles during
      robotic prostatectomy. Migration of such clips has been reported in the
      literature as single case reports. In this study, we present a case series of
      intravesical Weck clip extrusions presenting as bladder calculi. Such events have
      led to a change in our practice, and more research is needed to assess the impact
      of this change. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted
      over the period 2006-2011. Patients included in the study required cystoscopic
      intervention for removal of encrusted or impacted Weck clips. Primary data points
      included type of intervention required, time to presentation, and number of
      presentations. Postoperative anastomotic leak, duration of postoperative hospital
      stay, and initial operative time were also investigated. RESULTS: Out of 570
      total men undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP),
      eight required return to the operating room for clip extraction (1.4%).
      Extraction methods included laser lithotripsy, blunt litholapaxy, and grasper
      extraction. Men experiencing clip migration were hospitalized for a longer period
      of time (7.6 days vs. 2.1 days, P < .01) and they required more blood
      transfusions (1.4 units vs. 0.05 units, P < .01) than men who did not experience
      clip migration. The most common site for clip intrusion was the bladder neck.
      Average time to presentation was 1.75 years. DISCUSSION: Weck clip migration is a
      recognized complication of robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy. Men with
      recurrent urinary tract infection, bothersome voiding symptoms, or hematuria
      following RALRP should be considered for cystoscopic evaluation. Increased length
      of hospital stays and the need for a larger volume blood transfusion following
      prostatectomy were significant predictors of clip migration. More research is
      needed to determine if implemented changes to our surgical technique have
      mitigated these risks.

PMID- 27362899
TI  - Targeting CDCP1 dimerization in triple-negative breast cancer.

PMID- 27362901
TI  - A Case of Stage 4B Seromucinous Ovarian Borderline Tumor With Endometriosis and
      Review of the Literature.
AB  - Ovarian mucinous borderline tumors are traditionally divided into 2 morphologic
      groups: endocervical type, also known as seromucinous, and intestinal type. We
      present a case of stage 4B seromucinous ovarian borderline tumor with
      endometriosis and review the literature. At the time of writing, this is believed
      to be the first case of a seromucinous borderline tumor reported at such an
      advanced stage.

PMID- 27362900
TI  - The Prognostic Value of BRCA1 and PARP Expression in Epithelial Ovarian
      Carcinoma: Immunohistochemical Detection.
AB  - BRCA1/2 mutation status in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) presently relies on
      genetic testing which is resource consuming. Immunohistochemistry is cheap,
      fairly reproducible, and may identify gene product alterations due to both
      germline and somatic mutations and other defects along the BRCA gene pathway
      (BRCAness phenomenon), which is important when treatment with poly (adenosine
      diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors is considered. The aim of this
      study was to investigate immunohistochemical detection of BRCA1 and PARP
      expression in EOC and their possible prognostic relevance. Tumor tissue from 170
      patients with EOC was stained immunohistochemically with BRCA1 and PARP
      antibodies. Semiquantitative analyses were performed to determine loss of,
      equivocal, and retained BRCA1 and high versus low PARP protein expression. These
      parameters were analyzed for relation with patient and clinicopathologic
      characteristics and overall survival. BRCA1 expression was reduced in 21.2 % of
      the tumors and 36.5% showed high PARP expression. No correlation between the 2
      parameters or between PARP and clinicopathologic features was found. Overall
      survival was significantly increased in the BRCA1-reduced and equivocal groups
      [median survival 2.4 y (95% CI, 1.6-6.6) and 4.9 y (95 % CI, 2.3-6.7) vs. 1.5 y
      (95% CI, 1.3-1.9); P=0.0002]. Multivariate analysis confirmed these findings;
      hazard ratio=0.53 (95% CI, 0.34-0.81; P=0.0037; loss of BRCA1 expression). In
      conclusion, immunohistochemical BRCA1 expression in EOC holds considerable
      prognostic information, whereas PARP expression did not influence the outcome.
      The results call for validation in prospective trials.

PMID- 27362902
TI  - The Chemotherapy Response Score (CRS): Interobserver Reproducibility in a Simple
      and Prognostically Relevant System for Reporting the Histologic Response to
      Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Tuboovarian High-grade Serous Carcinoma.
AB  - A 3-tier histopathologic scoring system, the chemotherapy response score (CRS),
      was previously devised for reporting the histologic response to neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy in interval debulking surgery specimens of stage IIIc/IV tuboovarian
      high-grade serous carcinoma. This has been shown to predict the outcome and offer
      additional information to other methods of assessing the treatment response. In
      the present study, the reproducibility of this scoring system was assessed by
      determining the interobserver agreement among reporting pathologists. A total of
      5 groups each comprising 3 pathologists with different levels of expertise were
      selected. The participants underwent an online tutorial on how to apply the CRS
      system. 40 cases (38 cases in 2 appraiser groups) were scored individually by
      each of the 15 pathologists. The interobserver reproducibility was calculated
      using Fleiss' kappa, Kendall's coefficient of concordance, and the absolute
      agreement between (a) individual pathologists within 1 group, (b) with the
      majority score agreement between all groups, and (c) with all individual scores.
      The CRS system was found to be highly reproducible among all the pathologists'
      groups (kappa=0.761). The agreement in identifying the group of patients with the
      best response to chemotherapy was exceptionally high (kappa=0.926). We conclude
      that CRS has a high interobserver reproducibility, especially in identifying the
      subgroup of patients with the best chemotherapy response, justifying its
      inclusion in clinical trials and reporting practice.

PMID- 27362903
TI  - PD-L1 Expression in Human Placentas and Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases.
AB  - One of the major immune checkpoints responsible for immune evasion in cancer
      cells is the interaction between programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand
      (PD-L1). As human trophoblastic cells display many of the features of malignant
      cells such as the ability to invade normal tissue including blood vessels and are
      apparently not eradicated by the host immune system, we undertook the present
      study to determine whether PD-L1 was upregulated in different types of
      trophoblastic cells during normal pregnancy and in gestational trophoblastic
      diseases. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-PD-L1-specific antibody demonstrated
      that in early and term normal placentas, PD-L1 was highly expressed in
      syncytiotrophoblast and to a much lower extent in intermediate trophoblastic
      cells located in the chorion laeve and implantation site. PD-L1 immunoreactivity
      was undetectable in cytotrophoblastic cells. This staining pattern in normal
      placenta was recapitulated in various types of gestational trophoblastic disease.
      PD-L1 was highly expressed by syncytiotrophoblast in complete moles and
      choriocarcinomas. The intermediate trophoblastic neoplasms, placental site
      trophoblastic tumors, and epithelioid trophoblastic tumors showed variable PD-L1
      immunoreactivity but at a lower intensity than in the neoplastic
      syncytiotrophoblast in choriocarcinoma. In addition, we observed PD-1-positive
      lymphocytes located within the implantation site and in trophoblastic tumors. In
      summary, this study describes a novel mechanism for trophoblastic cells to create
      a tolerogenic feto-maternal interface by upregulating PD-L1 in
      syncytiotrophoblast and in intermediate trophoblast. Trophoblastic tumors may
      also use PD-L1 expression to evade the host immune response thereby promoting
      their survival.

PMID- 27362904
TI  - Minimal-deviation Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Cervix: A Case Report With
      Ultrastructural Analysis Demonstrating Abnormal Ciliation of the Tumor Cells.
AB  - Minimal-deviation endometrioid adenocarcinoma (MDEA) of the uterine cervix is a
      rare tumor that may be confused histologically with a number of benign lesions as
      well as other types of endocervical neoplasia. The histologic and
      immunohistochemical features of MDEA have been described in case reports and in
      small series, but correlation of these findings with ultrastructural examination
      has not been documented. Herein we report a 51-yr-old patient who underwent
      hysterectomy for menorrhagia and was found to have a clinically unsuspected,
      stage IB cervical MDEA. The light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and electron
      microscopic features of the tumor are described, with the most significant
      ultrastructural abnormality being the presence of abnormal cilia and
      ciliogenesis.

PMID- 27362905
TI  - Comprehensive Analysis of PAX8 Expression in Epithelial Malignancies of the
      Uterine Cervix.
AB  - Immunohistochemistry for transcription factor PAX8 (paired box gene 8) has
      recently emerged as a powerful tool in the differential diagnosis of gynecologic
      malignancies, especially when encountered at a metastatic site. Previous studies
      have shown PAX8 expression in the majority of ovarian and endometrial carcinomas;
      however, data regarding PAX8 expression in cervical tumors are limited. In this
      study PAX8 expression was evaluated in 136 epithelial malignancies of the uterine
      cervix-including 103 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 20 adenocarcinomas of usual
      type, 6 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, and 7 adenosquamous carcinomas-on tissue
      microarray slides. PAX8 immunopositivity was defined as at least weak nuclear
      staining in >5% of tumor cells. The majority of SCC were PAX8 negative (92%;
      95/103), whereas among the endocervical adenocarcinomas PAX8 was positive in 70%
      (14/20) of the usual type and in 83% (5/6) of the endometrioid-type tumors. PAX8
      expression was observed in 29% (2/7) of adenosquamous carcinomas. We conclude
      that PAX8 immunostain is negative in most cervical SCC and is less frequently
      expressed in endocervical adenocarcinomas as compared with the previously
      reported high sensitivity for ovarian and endometrial adenocarcinomas. When
      evaluating possible primary sites of a metastatic lesion, a negative PAX8
      immunostain does not rule out common cervical epithelial malignancies.

PMID- 27362906
TI  - Coexistence of Different Electron-Transfer Mechanisms in the DNA Repair Process
      by Photolyase.
AB  - DNA photolyase has been the topic of extensive studies due to its important role
      of repairing photodamaged DNA, and its unique feature of using light as an energy
      source. A crucial step in the repair by DNA photolyase is the forward electron
      transfer from its cofactor (FADH(-) ) to the damaged DNA, and the detailed
      mechanism of this process has been controversial. In the present study, we
      examine the forward electron transfer in DNA photolyase by carrying out high
      level ab initio calculations in combination with a quantum mechanical/molecular
      mechanical (QM/MM) approach, and by measuring fluorescence emission spectra at
      low temperature. On the basis of these computational and experimental results, we
      demonstrate that multiple decay pathways exist in DNA photolyase depending on the
      wavelength at excitation and the subsequent transition. This implies that the
      forward electron transfer in DNA photolyase occurs not only by superexchange
      mechanism but also by sequential electron transfer. 

PMID- 27362907
TI  - Effects of extracellular acid stimulation on rat vascular smooth muscle cell in
      Gas6/Axl or PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
AB  - Recent studies have indicated that extracellular acid stimulation inhibited the
      calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cell apoptosis played an
      important role in the occurrence and development of vascular calcification. We
      further explored the effects of Gas6/Axl or PI3K/Akt signaling pathway on the
      inhibition of rat VSMCs calcification in response to extracellular acid
      stimulation. Our study demonstrated that a high concentration of phosphorus
      induced apoptosis and calcification of VSMCs, decreased expression of Axl, and
      reduced phosphorylation of Akt. Stimulation of extracellular acid counteracted
      the effects as above by increasing the expression of Axl and Akt phosphorylation
      and decreasing the expression of activated Caspase3, which thereby decreased cell
      apoptosis and calcification. Moreover, the effects can be attenuated by PI3K
      inhibitor. Our study proved that extracellular acid stimulation played a vital
      role in the inhibition of rat VSMCs calcification and apoptosis in Gas6/Axl or
      PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27362909
TI  - Regulating acidity, porosity, and morphology of hierarchical SAPO-11 zeolite by
      aging treatment.
AB  - A facile method to modify pore structure, acidic character, and morphology of
      SAPO-11 molecular sieve was proposed. Aging treatment (e.g., microwave
      irradiation or lyophilization) is introduced in the preparation of dry gel. It
      regulates the kinetics of zeolitic nucleation and growth. X-ray diffraction,
      scanning electron microscopy, N2-adsorption, temperature programmed desorption,
      laser particle analyzer, and (29)Si MAS NMR were employed to investigate the
      effects of aging treatments on SAPO-11 products. The experimental results
      indicate that depolymerization reaction of silicon species is enhanced aged by
      microwave irradiation with a higher temperature (90 degrees C). Ratio of SM 3 to
      SM 2 substituting mode increases producing more strong Bronsted acid sites.
      Lyophilization technology, as another aging method, was employed to control the
      morphology of SAPO-11. Nano-sized hierarchical SAPO-11 molecular sieve (200nm in
      length) is obtained with an oriented growth. Activity of hydroisomerization
      catalysts is regulated by aging treatment. Cracking reaction attributes to a high
      conversion nearly 87wt% for M90. The hydroisomerization reaction is enhanced for
      M40 due to a large proportion of moderate acid sites. 

PMID- 27362908
TI  - Dilute versus concentrated vasopressin administration during laparoscopic
      myomectomy: a randomised controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine if higher-volume, fixed-dose administration of
      vasopressin further reduces blood loss at the time of minimally invasive
      myomectomy. DESIGN: Randomised multicentre clinical trial. SETTING: Tertiary-care
      academic centres in the USA. POPULATION: Women undergoing conventional
      laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy. METHODS: All participants
      received the same 10-unit (U) dose of vasopressin, but were randomly assigned to
      one of two groups: (i) received 200 ml of diluted vasopressin solution (20 U in
      400 ml normal saline), and (ii) received 30 ml of concentrated vasopressin
      solution (20 U in 60 ml normal saline). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary study
      outcome was estimated blood loss; the study was powered to detect a 100-ml
      difference. RESULTS: A total of 152 women were randomised; 76 patients in each
      group. Baseline demographics were similar between groups. The primary outcome of
      intraoperative blood loss was not significantly different, as measured by three
      parameters: surgeon estimate (mean estimated blood loss 178 +/- 265 ml and 198 +/
      232 ml, dilute and concentrated groups respectively, P = 0.65), suction canister
      calculated blood loss, or change in haematocrit levels. There were no vasopressin
      related adverse events. CONCLUSION: Both dilute and concentrated vasopressin
      solutions that use the same drug dosing demonstrate comparable safety and
      tolerability when administered for minimally invasive myomectomy; however, higher
      volume administration of vasopressin does not reduce blood loss. TWEETABLE
      ABSTRACT: This randomised trial failed to show benefit of high-volume dilute
      vasopression.

PMID- 27362910
TI  - Cell-free DNA testing of an extended range of chromosomal anomalies: clinical
      experience with 6,388 consecutive cases.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing for fetal aneuploidies was broadly
      implemented for common trisomies and sex-chromosome anomalies (SCAs). However,
      such an approach identifies only 75 to 85% of clinically relevant aneuploidies.
      METHODS: We present a consecutive series of 6,388 cases, thus uncovering a
      broader array of aneuploidies, including the rare autosomal trisomies (RATs) and
      the maternally inherited deletion and duplication copy-number variations (CNVs),
      with complete and stratified follow-up by amniocentesis. Combined measurements of
      z-scores and the fetal fraction, in conjunction with fetal cfDNA enrichment, were
      used to stratify the likelihood of true and false results. RESULTS: We obtained
      an incremental diagnostic yield of 50%; RATs and CNVs were found to be
      significant causes of fetal pathology. Scrutinizing z-scores and the fetal
      fraction made it possible to distinguish the sources of false-negative results;
      predict the likelihood of false-positive results for major trisomies and SCAs;
      classify maternal mosaic SCAs and CNVs, preventing false-positive results; and
      robustly identify maternally inherited CNVs and detect recurrent genomic
      disorders as a standardized function of the fetal fraction. CONCLUSION: With the
      clinical pertinence of this broader detection scheme confirmed, we offer
      recommendations for its implementation.Genet Med 19 2, 169-175.

PMID- 27362911
TI  - Pompe disease in adulthood: effects of antibody formation on enzyme replacement
      therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the effect of antibodies against recombinant human acid
      alpha-glucosidase (rhGAA) on treatment efficacy and safety, and to test whether
      the GAA genotype is involved in antibody formation. METHODS: We used enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine anti-rhGAA antibody titers at
      baseline and at 6, 12, and 36 months of rhGAA treatment. We measured the capacity
      of antibodies to neutralize rhGAA enzymatic activity or cellular uptake and the
      effects on infusion-associated reactions (IARs), muscle strength, and pulmonary
      function. RESULTS: Of 73 patients, 45 developed antibodies. Maximal titers were
      high (>=1:31,250) in 22% of patients, intermediate (1:1,250-1:31,250) in 40%, and
      none or low (0-1:1,250) in 38%. The common IVS1/delex18 GAA genotype was absent
      only in the high-titer group. The height of the titer positively correlated with
      the occurrence and number of IARs (P <= 0.001). On the group level, antibody
      titers did not correlate with treatment efficacy. Eight patients (11%) developed
      very high maximal titers (>=156,250), but only one patient showed high sustained
      neutralizing antibodies that probably interfered with treatment efficacy.
      CONCLUSIONS: In adults with Pompe disease, antibody formation does not interfere
      with rhGAA efficacy in the majority of patients, is associated with IARs, and may
      be attenuated by the IVS1/delex18 GAA genotype.Genet Med 19 1, 90-97.

PMID- 27362912
TI  - Electronic health record interventions at the point of care improve documentation
      of care processes and decrease orders for genetic tests commonly ordered by
      nongeneticists.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether electronic health record (EHR) tools improve
      documentation of pre- and postanalytic care processes for genetic tests ordered
      by nongeneticists. METHODS: We conducted a nonrandomized, controlled, pre
      /postintervention study of EHR point-of-care tools (informational messages and
      template report) for three genetic tests. Chart review assessed documentation of
      genetic testing processes of care, with points assigned for each documented item.
      Multiple linear and logistic regressions assessed factors associated with
      documentation. RESULTS: Preimplementation, there were no significant site
      differences (P > 0.05). Postimplementation, mean documentation scores increased
      (5.9 (2.1) vs. 5.0 (2.2); P = 0.0001) and records with clinically meaningful
      documentation increased (score >5: 59 vs. 47%; P = 0.02) at the intervention
      versus the control site. Pre- and postimplementation, a score >5 was positively
      associated with abnormal test results (OR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.8-9.2) and trainee
      provider (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-4.6). Postimplementation, a score >5 was also
      positively associated with intervention site (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-5.1) and
      specialty clinic (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1-3.6). There were also significantly fewer
      tests ordered after implementation (264/100,000 vs. 204/100,000; P = 0.03), with
      no significant change at the control site (280/100,000 vs. 257/100,000; P =
      0.50). CONCLUSIONS: EHR point-of-care tools improved documentation of genetic
      testing processes and decreased utilization of genetic tests commonly ordered by
      nongeneticists.Genet Med 19 1, 112-120.

PMID- 27362914
TI  - Graphene-Templated Supported Lipid Bilayer Nanochannels.
AB  - The use of patterned substrates to impose geometrical restriction on the lateral
      mobility of molecules in supported lipid membranes has found widespread utility
      in studies of cell membranes. Here, we template-pattern supported lipid membranes
      with nanopatterned graphene. We utilize focused ion beam milling to pattern
      graphene on its growth substrate, then transfer the patterned graphene to fresh
      glass substrates for subsequent supported membrane formation. We observe that
      graphene functions as an excellent lateral diffusion barrier for supported lipid
      bilayers. Additionally, the observed diffusion dynamics of lipids in nanoscale
      graphene channels reveal extremely low boundary effects, a common problem with
      other materials. We suggest this is attributable to the ultimate thinness of
      graphene.

PMID- 27362915
TI  - Sex-differential heterologous (non-specific) effects of vaccines: an emerging
      public health issue that needs to be understood and exploited.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Vaccines have heterologous effects on the immune system, leading to
      altered susceptibility to a range of pathogens, and possibly allergy and
      autoimmunity. Effects are often sex-differential. This review discusses the
      evidence, mechanisms and public health implications of the non-specific effects
      of vaccines (NSEs). Areas covered: This article firstly discusses the World
      Health Organization systematic review of the evidence for sex-differential
      heterologous effects of vaccines, and further PubMed indexed studies on NSEs on
      susceptibility to infectious diseases, allergy, autoimmunity and malignancy in
      animals and humans. Potential immunological mechanisms are evaluated, including
      sex-differential effects. Finally it describes how advances in systems biology
      might be applied to study such effects. Expert commentary: This section points
      out the need to understand immune mechanisms in order to exploit beneficial
      vaccine effects, and diminish deleterious ones. It suggests analysis of vaccine
      effects by sex is important, and discusses the future for personalised vaccines
      that take these effects into account.

PMID- 27362913
TI  - The genetic basis of classic nonketotic hyperglycinemia due to mutations in GLDC
      and AMT.
AB  - PURPOSE: The study's purpose was to delineate the genetic mutations that cause
      classic nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH). METHODS: Genetic results, parental
      phase, ethnic origin, and gender data were collected from subjects suspected to
      have classic NKH. Mutations were compared with those in the existing literature
      and to the population frequency from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC)
      database. RESULTS: In 578 families, genetic analyses identified 410 unique
      mutations, including 246 novel mutations. 80% of subjects had mutations in GLDC.
      Missense mutations were noted in 52% of all GLDC alleles, most private. Missense
      mutations were 1.5 times as likely to be pathogenic in the carboxy terminal of
      GLDC than in the amino-terminal part. Intragenic copy-number variations (CNVs) in
      GLDC were noted in 140 subjects, with biallelic CNVs present in 39 subjects. The
      position and frequency of the breakpoint for CNVs correlated with intron size and
      presence of Alu elements. Missense mutations, most often recurring, were the most
      common type of disease-causing mutation in AMT. Sequencing and CNV analysis
      identified biallelic pathogenic mutations in 98% of subjects. Based on genotype,
      15% of subjects had an attenuated phenotype. The frequency of NKH is estimated at
      1:76,000. CONCLUSION: The 484 unique mutations now known in classic NKH provide a
      valuable overview for the development of genotype-based therapies.Genet Med 19 1,
      104-111.

PMID- 27362916
TI  - Synthesis of Ultrastable Ag Nanoplates/Polyethylenimine-Reduced Graphene Oxide
      and Its Application as a Versatile Electrochemical Sensor.
AB  - Investigations on Ag nanostructures/reduced graphene oxide composites have been
      frequently reported, yet the morphology control of those loaded Ag nanocrystals
      is still challenging. We herein develop a facile method to grow triangular Ag
      nanoplates (AgP) on polyethylenimine-modified reduced graphene oxide (AgP/PEI
      rGO). The AgP/PEI-rGO hybrids show unexpected high stability against chloride
      ions (Cl(-) ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), which is possibly due to the strong
      interaction between surface Ag atoms with the amine groups of PEI. In the
      chronoamperometry measurements for detecting H2 O2 , N2 H4 , and NaNO2 , the
      AgP/PEI-rGO hybrid shows very wide linear ranges (usually 10(-6) -10(-2)  mol L(
      1) for H2 O2 , N2 H4 , and NaNO2 ) and low detection limits (down to ~1*10(-7) 
      mol L(-1) ), which demonstrate the promising electrochemical sensor applications
      of these metal/graphene hybrids with well-defined morphologies and facets. In
      addition, this strategy could be extended to the deposition of other noble metals
      on rGO with controlled morphologies. 

PMID- 27362917
TI  - Metabolic Activation of Rhein: Insights into the Potential Toxicity Induced by
      Rhein-Containing Herbs.
AB  - Rhein is a major component of the many medicinal herbs such as rhubarb. Despite
      wide use, intoxication cases associated with rhein-containing herbs are often
      reported. The present work aimed to investigate if rhein was subject to metabolic
      activation leading to toxicity. Upon incubations with different species of liver
      microsomes, three monoglucuronides were identified, corresponding to two hydroxyl
      glucuronides and one acyl glucuronide via the carboxyl group, respectively.
      Further study revealed that rhein acyl glucuronide was chemically reactive, and
      showed cytotoxicity toward hepatocarcinoma cells. In addition, significant
      species differences in glucuronidation of rhein were observed between laboratory
      animals and humans. Reaction phenotyping experiments demonstrated that rhein acyl
      glucuronide was catalyzed predominantly by uridine 5'-diphospho
      glucuronosyltransferase 1A1, 1A9, and 2B7. Taken together, the present study
      confirmed that rhein could be metabolically activated via the formation of acyl
      glucuronide, especially in human. 

PMID- 27362919
TI  - Cu-Catalyzed Direct C6-Arylation of Indoles.
AB  - The first example of direct and site-selective arylation of indoles at the C6
      position has been reported. The key to this high regioselectivity is the
      appropriate choice of the N-P(O)(t)Bu2 directing group and the use of
      diaryliodonium triflate salts as the coupling partners in the presence of
      catalytic CuO. The protocol is distinguished by mild reaction system that avoids
      ligand and additives, exhibiting wide scope of indole and arene coupling
      components without compromising its efficiency and scalability, thus representing
      a significant advancement in the implementation of regioselective direct
      arylation of indoles.

PMID- 27362918
TI  - Cell Polarity Proteins in Breast Cancer Progression.
AB  - Breast cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer related death in women
      worldwide, is a heterogeneous disease with diverse subtypes that have different
      properties and prognoses. The developing mammary gland is a highly proliferative
      and invasive tissue, and some of the developmental programs may be aberrantly
      activated to promote breast cancer progression. In the breast, luminal epithelial
      cells exhibit apical-basal polarity, and the failure to maintain this
      organizational structure, due to disruption of polarity complexes, is implicated
      in promoting hyperplasia and tumors. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms
      underlying loss of polarity will contribute to our knowledge of the early stages
      leading to the pathogenesis of the disease. In this review, we will discuss
      recent findings that support the idea that loss of apical-basal cell polarity is
      a crucial step in the acquisition of the malignant phenotype. Oncogene induced
      loss of tissue organization shares a conserved cellular mechanism with
      developmental process, we will further describe the role of the individual
      polarity complexes, the Par, Crumbs, and Scribble, to couple cell division
      orientation and cell growth. We will examine symmetric or asymmetric cell
      divisions in mammary stem cell and their contribution to the development of
      breast cancer subtypes and cancer stem cells. Finally, we will highlight some of
      the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which
      changes in epithelial polarity programs promote invasion and metastasis through
      single cell and collective cell modes. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2215-2223, 2016.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27362920
TI  - Mg(2+)/Ca(2+) promotes the adhesion of marine bacteria and algae and enhances
      following biofilm formation in artificial seawater.
AB  - Adhesion of microorganisms in the marine environment is essential for initiation
      and following development of biofouling. A variety of factors play roles in
      regulating the adhesion. Here we report the influence of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) in
      artificial seawater on attachment and colonization of Bacillus sp., Chlorella and
      Phaeodactylum tricornutum on silicon wafer. Extra addition of the typical
      divalent cations in culturing solution gives rise to significantly enhanced
      adhesion of the microorganisms. Mg(2+) and Ca(2+) affect the adhesion of Bacillus
      sp. presumably by regulating aggregation and formation of extracellular polymeric
      substances (EPS). The ions alter quantity and types of the proteins in EPS, in
      turn affecting subsequent adhesion. However, it is noted that Mg(2+) promotes
      adhesion of Chlorella likely by regulating EPS formation and polysaccharide
      synthesis. Ca(2+) plays an important role in protein expression to enhance the
      adhesion of Chlorella. For Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Ca(2+) expedites protein
      synthesis for enhanced adhesion. The results shed some light on effective ways of
      utilizing divalent cations to mediate formation of biofilms on the marine
      structures for desired performances. 

PMID- 27362921
TI  - The osteopontin-controlled switching of calcium oxalate monohydrate morphologies
      in artificial urine provides insights into the formation of papillary kidney
      stones.
AB  - The protein osteopontin (OPN) plays an important role in preventing the formation
      of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) kidney stones. To gain insight into these
      mechanisms, crystallization was induced by addition of human kidney OPN to
      artificial urine (ionic strength comparable to urine; without citrate), and the
      OPN-COM interaction studied using a combination of scanning electron (SEM) and
      confocal microscopy. By SEM, we found that increasing OPN concentrations formed
      large monoclinic penetration twins (no protein added) and, at higher
      concentrations (1-, 2MUg/ml OPN), super and hyper twins with crystal habits not
      found in previous studies. For instance, the hyper twins indicate well-facetted
      gearwheel-like habits with "teeth" developed in all crystallographic <h0l>
      directions. At OPN concentrations >=2MUg/ml, a switching to small dumbbell-shaped
      COM habits with fine-textured surfaces occurred. Confocal microscopy of these
      dumbbells indicates protein incorporation in almost the entire crystal structure
      (in contrast to facetted COM), proposing a threshold concentration of ~2MUg/ml
      OPN for the facetted to the non-facetted habit transformation. Both the gearwheel
      like and the dumbbell-shaped habit are again found side-by-side (presumably
      triggered by OPN concentration gradients within the sample) in in-vitro formed
      conglomerates, which resemble cross-sections of papillary kidney stones. The
      abrupt transformation from facetted to non-facetted habits and the unique
      compliance of the two in-vitro formed habits with the two main morphologies found
      in papillary kidney stones propose that OPN is a main effector in direct stone
      forming processes. Moreover, stone structures which exhibit these two
      morphologies side-by-side might serve as a novel indicator for OPN concentrations
      surrounding those structures. 

PMID- 27362922
TI  - Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists: Who Is at Higher Risk for Social Networking
      Addiction?
AB  - Scholars have recently taken an interest in the connection between narcissism and
      Internet use, especially among users who frequent social networking sites (SNSs).
      Conversely, the association between narcissism and problematic use of SNSs (i.e.,
      unregulated use that leads to negative outcomes) has been scarcely investigated.
      This study addresses this gap by comparing the mean levels of problematic use of
      SNSs among grandiose narcissists, vulnerable narcissists, and non-narcissists. A
      sample of 535 students completed the 16-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory,
      the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale, and the Generalized Problematic Internet Use
      Scale-2 (GPIUS2). Vulnerable narcissists reported (a) significant higher levels
      on all GPIUS2 subscales and total scores than non-narcissists and (b) a stronger
      preference for online social interactions and higher overall levels of
      problematic use of SNSs than grandiose narcissists. Conversely, no significant
      differences were found between grandiose narcissists and non-narcissists. This
      study suggests that vulnerable narcissism may contribute more to problematic use
      of SNSs than grandiose narcissism. 

PMID- 27362923
TI  - The Halo Effect: An Unintended Benefit of Care Pathways.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine if implementation of a simplified
      care pathway for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) would affect outcomes of total hip
      arthroplasty (THA) patients in the same health care system. Data were collected
      from a total of 5,095 consecutive THA patients in the year before and 2 years
      after implementation of the care pathway for TKA patients. Postimplementation
      increases were observed in both early activity (p < 0.0001) and continuous
      urinary catheter avoidance (p < 0.0001) among THA patients. These improvements in
      protocol adherence were associated with decreased complications (p < 0.0001),
      fewer 30-day readmissions (p < 0.0019), and decreased hospital length of stay (p
      < 0.0001). Based on these results, the implementation of a simplified care
      pathway for TKA patients can also improve outcomes for THA patients in the same
      health care system.

PMID- 27362924
TI  - Can Teicoplanin Be an Effective Choice for Antibiotic-Impregnated Cement Spacer
      in Two-Stage Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty?
AB  - The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of two-stage
      revision total knee arthroplasty using a teicoplanin-impregnated cement spacer
      for infected primary total knee replacements. Twenty-five patients operated
      between 2005 and 2012 were included in this study. At the clinical status
      analysis, rate of infection eradication was assessed, physical examination was
      performed, Knee Society Score (KSS) was noted, isolated microorganisms were
      recorded, and the radiographic evaluation was performed. The mean KSS improved
      from 40 (range, 25-69) preoperatively to 77 (range, 32-96) at the latest follow
      up (p < 0.05). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated in 9
      of 25 patients as the most frequently isolated pathogen, and the other isolated
      pathogens were methicillin-susceptible S. epidermidis, methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. Infection was
      successfully eradicated in 24 of 25 patients. Two-stage revision of the infected
      primary knee replacement is a time-consuming but a reliable procedure with high
      rates of success. Teicoplanin was found to be an effective choice for antibiotic
      impregnated cement spacer applied for the eradication of the infection.

PMID- 27362925
TI  - Outcomes following Structural Grafting of Distal Femoral Osteochondral Injuries
      in Patients Aged 40 Years and Older.
AB  - Osteochondral lesions of the distal femur represent a challenging clinical
      entity, particularly in patients > 40 years of age. Microfracture has
      demonstrated inferior results in this population with clinical deterioration
      beyond 1 to 2 years postoperatively. Limited evidence exists to support
      alternative cartilage restoration procedures. The purpose of this study was to
      report functional outcomes and activity levels following cartilage restoration
      procedures in patients > 40 years with symptomatic distal femoral osteochondral
      lesions. From 2000 to 2012, 61 patients with distal femoral osteochondral
      injuries were retrospectively identified. Mean follow-up was 3.6 +/- 1.4 years;
      mean age was 51.6 years (range 40-71); 59% were male. Of 61 patients, 35 patients
      (57%) were treated with synthetic scaffold (SS) plugs (off-label), 14 (23%) with
      osteochondral allograft (OCA), and 12 (20%) with autologous osteochondral
      transfer (AOT). Validated outcome measures including activity of daily living
      (ADL) score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective
      evaluation form, and Marx activity scale (MAS) were used. The average lesion size
      was 3.8 +/- 2.1 cm2. Lesion size was significantly greater in the OCA group (5.8
      +/- 1.8 cm2), compared with the SS (3.2 +/- 1.9 cm2) and AOT group (3.3 +/- 1.8
      cm2, p <= 0.0024). Collectively, outcome scores for the entire population
      demonstrated significant improvement in ADL (61.36 +/- 17.76-76.81 +/- 17.2, p <
      0.0001) and IKDC scores (40.28 +/- 13.28-61.84 +/- 20.83, p < 0.001) from
      baseline to final follow-up, with no significant change in MAS (4.19 +/- 5.13
      2.59 +/- 3.92, p = 0.07). Similarly, subgroup analysis identified that all
      treatment groups (SS, OCA, and AOT) demonstrated significant improvement in ADL
      and IKDC scores from preoperative to final postoperative visit (p <= 0.0361). MAS
      scores were maintained in the OCA and AOT groups (p >= 0.1704), but significantly
      decreased in the SS group (4.3 +/- 5.2-2.7 +/- 4.11, p = 0.0163). Ten patients
      (16.3%) required revision surgery at a mean of 4.4 years (range 0.3-13.4 years).
      Cartilage restoration procedures using structural grafts are successful in
      patients 40 years and older, with improved pain and functional outcome scores
      compared with preoperative baseline scores. OCA and AOT should primarily be used,
      given recent concerns with SS implants.

PMID- 27362926
TI  - Factors Affecting Mobility after Knee Arthroplasty.
AB  - Restricted mobility is a major issue for individuals with knee osteoarthritis
      (OA). Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is expected to improve mobility in people
      with knee OA by alleviating pain and improving walking ability. The present study
      aimed to describe the time course of mobility after TKA and to identify the
      factors affecting mobility after TKA. This prospective cohort study comprised 62
      patients undergoing TKA, evaluated at 1 month preoperatively, as well as at 1, 3,
      and 6 months postoperatively. Outcome measures included mobility (Life Space
      Assessment; LSA), self-efficacy for walking tasks (modified Gait Efficacy Scale;
      mGES), and physical (quadriceps strength and the Timed Up and Go; TUG test) and
      knee function (the Knee Society Score questionnaire). As a result, a total of 59
      patients (mean age: 71.7 years; range: 58-79 years) had completed all
      postoperative assessments. Compared with preoperative values, patients showed
      decreased LSA and mGES scores at 1 month postoperatively. We found improvements
      in those scores from the 1-month to the 3- and 6-month assessment; however, there
      was no difference in the LSA and mGES scores between the preoperative and 6-month
      assessment. We also found improvements in quadriceps strength, the TUG score, the
      Knee Society Score, and pain scores from the preoperative to the 6-month
      assessment. Additionally, at 6 months postoperatively, the mGES and TUG scores
      significantly affected mobility. Our results suggest that mobility at 6 months
      after TKA is similar to preoperative level and self-efficacy for walking tasks
      and functional ability are important factors in improving mobility after TKA.

PMID- 27362927
TI  - Low Albumin Is a Risk Factor for Complications after Revision Total Knee
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - Low serum albumin has been shown in the primary joint arthroplasty setting to
      increase the rate of perioperative complications. Our present work examined a
      large national inpatient administrative dataset to study the relationship between
      serum albumin level and key outcome measures after revision total knee
      arthroplasty (RTKA). Our hypothesis was that lower serum albumin would be an
      independent risk factor for poor outcomes after RTKA. We analyzed the American
      College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP)
      database from 2006 to 2014, specifically evaluating patients undergoing RTKA.
      Patients were grouped as having hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin < 3.5 mg/dL) or
      normal albumin (serum albumin >= 3.5). We analyzed data on 22 complications as
      reported in the NSQIP database and developed composite complication variables
      (any infections, cardiac/pulmonary complications, and any major complications).
      For each complication, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to
      evaluate its association. The cohort included 4,551 patients undergoing RTKA.
      Patients in the low serum albumin group were statistically more likely to develop
      deep surgical site infection, organ space surgical site infection, pneumonia,
      urinary traction infection, and sepsis. The hypoalbuminemic group was more likely
      to require unplanned intubation, blood transfusion intraoperatively or
      postoperatively, remain on a ventilator > 48 hours, and develop acute renal
      failure. There was also a higher risk of mortality and coma. Across the three
      composite complication variables, any complication (with or without transfusion),
      any major complication, and any infection (systemic, wound) were more prevalent
      among the patients with low serum albumin. This study confirms the relationship
      between suboptimal nutritional status and complications following RTKA.
      Hypoalbuminemia may be used as a potential preoperative predictor of outcomes.
      Understanding the effects of malnutrition on perioperative complications informs
      the choice of appropriate candidates for surgical intervention, timing of
      surgery, resource allocation, and risk counseling preoperatively.

PMID- 27362928
TI  - Does Conventional Lateral Long Bone Radiography Present Sagittal Axes Accurately?
      A Comparison with Direct Lateral Long Bone Radiography.
AB  - To investigate the sagittal alignment, proper and consistent radiographic
      evaluation is needed. We sought to use an alternative method of obtaining the
      same view, a direct lateral view and compare it with the conventional method.
      Conventional lateral long bone radiography and direct lateral long bone
      radiography were undertaken by 74 consecutive patients undergoing total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA), preoperatively and postoperatively. Angles between sagittal
      axes and the mechanical axis (MA), and the visible hip joint area were measured.
      Postoperative angles between the MA and femoral implant were also significantly
      different between the two radiologic methods of conventional and direct lateral
      long bone radiography (92.1 +/- 2.1 degrees vs. 94.4 +/- 2.6 degrees, p = 0.034).
      Hip joint visibility was significantly inferior using the direct lateral method
      (p < 0.001). The angles on the sagittal axes on conventional radiography of the
      lower extremities were different from those on direct lateral long bone
      radiography. The direct lateral long bone radiographs show the true lateral view,
      and surgeons may consider using the direct lateral method when evaluating
      relevant alignments before and after TKAs. For obese patients, however,
      conventional or combined methods should be considered because of inferior
      visibility of the hip joint using the direct method.

PMID- 27362929
TI  - Femoral Nerve Block after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.
AB  - Femoral nerve block (FNB) has been proposed for pain control following anterior
      cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Although numerous studies have assessed
      the efficacy of FNBs, there has been little to no research into the effect of
      such blocks on postoperative strength and patient-reported outcomes. We
      hypothesized that performance of an FNB would result in decreased quadriceps
      strength and poorer patient-reported outcome scores within the first 6 months
      following ACL reconstruction. A total of 30 patients scheduled to undergo
      hamstring autograft ACL reconstruction following an acute ACL injury were
      randomized to a single-shot FNB group or a control group. Preoperatively,
      patients completed a Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and
      isokinetic quadriceps strength testing at 60 degrees/second. At 6 weeks
      postoperative, 29 of 30 patients completed a KOOS and isometric quadriceps
      strength testing at 90 degrees. At 6 months postoperative, 23 of 30 patients
      completed a KOOS and isokinetic strength testing. Quadriceps femoris strength
      limb symmetry indices (QF-LSI) were calculated at all time points. Repeated
      measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were then utilized to model the
      effect of FNB and time on QF-LSI as well as KOOS subscales for activities of
      daily living, pain, and symptoms. QF-LSI and all KOOS subscales demonstrated
      improvement with time following ACL reconstruction. Repeated measures ANOVA
      demonstrated that patients who underwent FNB had a mean QF-LSI that was 13.4%
      lower than the control group (p = 0.005) and poorer KOOS symptoms subscale scores
      (10.4 point difference, p = 0.032) at 6 weeks postoperative compared with
      controls. At 6 months postoperative, no differences were noted in QF-LSI or any
      of the KOOS subscales based on block status. FNB resulted in decreased strength
      and poorer KOOS symptom subscale score at 6 weeks following ACL reconstruction
      compared with controls. These differences resolved by 6 months postoperative. The
      long-term effect of delayed quadriceps recovery on movement patterns and
      functional outcome remains unknown and requires further study. The study is a
      randomized controlled trial with level of evidence 1.

PMID- 27362930
TI  - Autograft Choice in Young Female Patients: Patella Tendon versus Hamstring.
AB  - With the increasing incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction
      in women and younger patients, the optimal graft choice in the young female
      patient has become the subject of much debate. This study aimed to evaluate
      patient-reported outcomes, objective knee stability, complication rates, and the
      incidence of failure after ACL reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone
      (BPTB) autograft compared with hamstring (HS) autograft in young female patients.
      Female patients who underwent primary ACL reconstruction with BPTB or HS
      autograft between ages 15 and 25 years were identified. Medical records were
      reviewed for postoperative complications and subsequent procedures on the
      operative knee. Patients were evaluated with functional surveys, physical
      examination including Lachman and pivot-shift tests, and arthrometric testing
      with a KT-1000 arthrometer. There were 37 patients in the BPTB group and 28
      patients in the HS group. For patients who did not undergo revision, significant
      differences were not found in visual analog score (p = 0.94), Lysholm score (p =
      0.81), Kujala score (p = 0.85), or Tegner level (p = 0.81). No difference was
      detected in the rate of return to a level of activity at or above the same level
      prior to injury (p = 0.31). Significantly more patients in the BPTB group were
      graded 1a Lachman and negative pivot shift compared with the HS group (p <
      0.001). There was a significant difference in mean side-to-side manual maximum
      arthrometric testing (p < 0.001). There were significantly fewer subsequent
      procedures and a lower rate of graft failures in the BPTB group. We detected no
      difference in subjective functional outcomes following ACL reconstruction.
      However, a higher failure rate in the HS reconstructions and greater laxity by
      arthrometric testing may indicate increased objective stability with the use of
      BPTB autograft in the young female patient population. The level of evidence for
      this article is (level III, retrospective cohort).

PMID- 27362931
TI  - Translation and Validation of the Dutch Western Ontario Meniscal Evaluation Tool.
AB  - The aim of this study was to translate the Western Ontario Meniscal Evaluation
      Tool (WOMET) into Dutch, to evaluate the content validity, construct validity,
      reliability, and responsiveness, and to determine the minimal important change
      (MIC) of the Dutch version. The WOMET was translated into Dutch according to a
      standardized forward-backward translation protocol. A total of 86 patients (51
      males, 35 females, median age 52 years [interquartile range, 43-60 years]) with
      isolated meniscal pathology were included. The WOMET was completed three times;
      at baseline, around 2 weeks, and after 3 months from the baseline. Knee injury
      and osteoarthritis outcome score, International Knee Documentation Committee
      subjective knee form, short-form 36, and an anchor question were also answered.
      There were good results for content validity (floor and ceiling effects [< 15%]),
      construct validity (79% of the predefined hypotheses were confirmed), internal
      consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.87, 0.79, and 0.86 for each subscale score), test
      retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.78 for total WOMET
      score), and responsiveness (79% of the predefined hypotheses were confirmed). The
      smallest detectable change and MIC for the Dutch WOMET are 20.5 and 14.7,
      respectively. The Dutch version of the WOMET is valid and reliable for assessing
      health-related quality of life in patients with meniscal pathology.

PMID- 27362932
TI  - Effectiveness of Health Impact Assessments: A Synthesis of Data From Five Impact
      Evaluation Reports.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since the 1990s, the use of health impact assessments (HIAs) has
      grown for considering the potential health impacts of proposed policies, plans,
      programs, and projects in various sectors. Evaluation of HIA impacts is needed
      for understanding the value of HIAs, improving the methods involved in HIAs, and
      potentially expanding their application. Impact evaluations examine whether HIAs
      affect decisions and lead to other effects. METHODS: I reviewed HIA impact
      evaluations identified by literature review and professional networking. I
      abstracted and synthesized data on key findings, success factors, and challenges
      from 5 large evaluations conducted in the United States, Europe, Australia, and
      New Zealand and published from 2006 through 2015. These studies analyzed impacts
      of approximately 200 individual HIAs. RESULTS: Major impacts of HIAs were
      directly influencing some decisions, improving collaboration among stakeholders,
      increasing awareness of health issues among decision makers, and giving community
      members a stronger voice in local decisions. Factors that contributed to
      successful HIAs included engaging stakeholders, timeliness, policy and systems
      support for conducting HIAs, having people with appropriate skills on the HIA
      team, obtaining the support of decision makers, and providing clearly
      articulated, feasible recommendations. Challenges that may have reduced HIA
      success were poor timeliness, underestimation of time and resources needed,
      difficulty in accessing relevant data, use of jargon in HIA reports, difficulty
      in involving decision makers in the HIA process, and absence of a requirement to
      conduct HIAs. CONCLUSION: HIAs can be useful to promote health and mitigate
      adverse impacts of decisions made outside of the health sector. Stakeholder
      interactions and community engagement may be as important as direct impacts of
      HIAs. Multiple factors are required for HIA success. Further work could
      strengthen the role of HIAs in promoting equity, examine HIA impacts in specific
      sectors, and document the role of HIAs in a "health in all policies" approach.

PMID- 27362933
TI  - Legal Preemption and the Prevention of Chronic Conditions.
AB  - State and local legal innovations to address chronic conditions are an ongoing
      source of public health improvements. For decades, some of the most ingenious law
      and policy ideas to address the underlying causes of chronic conditions and their
      contributing factors have emerged from state or local public sector grassroots
      initiatives in diverse areas, including tobacco use, safe housing and
      transportation, and environmental hazards. These reforms, however, are
      susceptible to invalidation through the legal doctrine of preemption. Embedded
      throughout our constitutional system, preemption refers to how state or local
      laws may be averted, displaced, or negated by conflicting laws at a higher level
      of government. Preemption can be complex in concept and application, leading to
      considerable confusion among public health leaders seeking to generate meaningful
      policy proposals. The objective of this article is to unravel the legal concept
      of preemption, explain its use as a tool to both thwart or further public health
      interventions, and offer practical guidance for how to legally navigate around it
      to address factors underlying chronic conditions.

PMID- 27362934
TI  - An Environmental Scan of Recent Initiatives Incorporating Social Determinants in
      Public Health.

PMID- 27362935
TI  - Targeted immunotherapy using anti-CD138-interferon alpha fusion proteins and
      bortezomib results in synergistic protection against multiple myeloma.
AB  - Although recent advances have substantially improved the management of multiple
      myeloma, it remains an incurable malignancy. We now demonstrate that anti-CD138
      molecules genetically fused to type I interferons (IFN) synergize with the
      approved therapeutic bortezomib in arresting the proliferation of human multiple
      myeloma cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-CD138-IFNalpha14 fusion
      protein was active in inducing increased expression of signal transducer and
      activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and its phosphorylation while the cell death
      pathway induced by bortezomib included generation of reactive oxygen species.
      Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), an important survival factor for myeloma
      cells, was down regulated following combination treatment. Induction of cell
      death appeared to be caspase-independent because treatment with inhibitors of
      caspase activation did not decrease the level of cell death. The observed caspase
      independent synergistic cell death involved mitochondrial membrane
      depolarization, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage, and resulted
      in enhanced induction of apoptosis. Importantly, using 2 different in vivo
      xenograft models, we found that combination therapy of anti-CD138-IFNalpha14 and
      bortezomib was able to cure animals with established tumors (7 of 8 using OCI-My5
      or 8 of 8 using NCI-H929). Thus, the combination of anti-CD138-IFNalpha with
      bortezomib shows great promise as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment
      of multiple myeloma, a malignancy for which there are currently no cures.

PMID- 27362936
TI  - Rapid carbon loss and slow recovery following permafrost thaw in boreal
      peatlands.
AB  - Permafrost peatlands store one-third of the total carbon (C) in the atmosphere
      and are increasingly vulnerable to thaw as high-latitude temperatures warm. Large
      uncertainties remain about C dynamics following permafrost thaw in boreal
      peatlands. We used a chronosequence approach to measure C stocks in forested
      permafrost plateaus (forest) and thawed permafrost bogs, ranging in thaw age from
      young (<10 years) to old (>100 years) from two interior Alaska chronosequences.
      Permafrost originally aggraded simultaneously with peat accumulation (syngenetic
      permafrost) at both sites. We found that upon thaw, C loss of the forest peat C
      is equivalent to ~30% of the initial forest C stock and is directly proportional
      to the prethaw C stocks. Our model results indicate that permafrost thaw turned
      these peatlands into net C sources to the atmosphere for a decade following thaw,
      after which post-thaw bog peat accumulation returned sites to net C sinks. It can
      take multiple centuries to millennia for a site to recover its prethaw C stocks;
      the amount of time needed for them to regain their prethaw C stocks is governed
      by the amount of C that accumulated prior to thaw. Consequently, these findings
      show that older peatlands will take longer to recover prethaw C stocks, whereas
      younger peatlands will exceed prethaw stocks in a matter of centuries. We
      conclude that the loss of sporadic and discontinuous permafrost by 2100 could
      result in a loss of up to 24 Pg of deep C from permafrost peatlands.

PMID- 27362937
TI  - Phosphoproteome and Transcriptome of RA-Responsive and RA-Resistant Breast Cancer
      Cell Lines.
AB  - Retinoic acid (RA), the main active vitamin A metabolite, controls multiple
      biological processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation through
      genomic programs and kinase cascades activation. Due to these properties, RA has
      proven anti-cancer capacity. Several breast cancer cells respond to the
      antiproliferative effects of RA, while others are RA-resistant. However, the
      overall signaling and transcriptional pathways that are altered in such cells
      have not been elucidated. Here, in a large-scale analysis of the phosphoproteins
      and in a genome-wide analysis of the RA-regulated genes, we compared two human
      breast cancer cell lines, a RA-responsive one, the MCF7 cell line, and a RA
      resistant one, the BT474 cell line, which depicts several alterations of the
      "kinome". Using high-resolution nano-LC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry associated
      to phosphopeptide enrichment, we found that several proteins involved in
      signaling and in transcription, are differentially phosphorylated before and
      after RA addition. The paradigm of these proteins is the RA receptor alpha
      (RARalpha), which was phosphorylated in MCF7 cells but not in BT474 cells after
      RA addition. The panel of the RA-regulated genes was also different. Overall our
      results indicate that RA resistance might correlate with the deregulation of the
      phosphoproteome with consequences on gene expression. 

PMID- 27362938
TI  - Control of Insulin Secretion by Production of Reactive Oxygen Species: Study
      Performed in Pancreatic Islets from Fed and 48-Hour Fasted Wistar Rats.
AB  - Mitochondria and NADPH oxidase are important sources of reactive oxygen species
      in particular the superoxide radical (ROS) in pancreatic islets. These molecules
      derived from molecular oxygen are involved in pancreatic beta-cells signaling and
      control of insulin secretion. We examined the involvement of ROS produced through
      NADPH oxidase in the leucine- and/or glucose-induced insulin secretion by
      pancreatic islets from fed or 48-hour fasted rats. Glucose-stimulated insulin
      secretion (GSIS) in isolated islets was evaluated at low (2.8 mM) or high (16.7
      mM) glucose concentrations in the presence or absence of leucine (20 mM) and/or
      NADPH oxidase inhibitors (VAS2870-20 MUM or diphenylene iodonium-DPI-5 MUM). ROS
      production was determined in islets treated with dihydroethidium (DHE) or MitoSOX
      Red reagent for 20 min and dispersed for fluorescence measurement by flow
      cytometry. NADPH content variation was examined in INS-1E cells (an insulin
      secreting cell line) after incubation in the presence of glucose (2.8 or 16.7 mM)
      and leucine (20 mM). At 2.8 mM glucose, VAS2870 and DPI reduced net ROS
      production (by 30%) and increased GSIS (by 70%) in a negative correlation manner
      (r = -0.93). At 16.7 mM glucose or 20 mM leucine, both NADPH oxidase inhibitors
      did not alter insulin secretion neither net ROS production. Pentose phosphate
      pathway inhibition by treatment with DHEA (75 MUM) at low glucose led to an
      increase in net ROS production in pancreatic islets from fed rats (by 40%) and
      induced a marked increase (by 144%) in islets from 48-hour fasted rats. The
      NADPH/NADP+ ratio was increased when INS-1E cells were exposed to high glucose
      (by 4.3-fold) or leucine (by 3-fold). In conclusion, increased ROS production
      through NADPH oxidase prevents the occurrence of hypoglycemia in fasting
      conditions, however, in the presence of high glucose or high leucine levels, the
      increased production of NADPH and the consequent enhancement of the activity of
      the antioxidant defenses mitigate the excess of ROS production and allow the
      secretory process of insulin to take place. 

PMID- 27362939
TI  - Finding Alternatives to the Dogma of Power Based Sample Size Calculation: Is a
      Fixed Sample Size Prospective Meta-Experiment a Potential Alternative?
AB  - Sample sizes for randomized controlled trials are typically based on power
      calculations. They require us to specify values for parameters such as the
      treatment effect, which is often difficult because we lack sufficient prior
      information. The objective of this paper is to provide an alternative design
      which circumvents the need for sample size calculation. In a simulation study, we
      compared a meta-experiment approach to the classical approach to assess treatment
      efficacy. The meta-experiment approach involves use of meta-analyzed results from
      3 randomized trials of fixed sample size, 100 subjects. The classical approach
      involves a single randomized trial with the sample size calculated on the basis
      of an a priori-formulated hypothesis. For the sample size calculation in the
      classical approach, we used observed articles to characterize errors made on the
      formulated hypothesis. A prospective meta-analysis of data from trials of fixed
      sample size provided the same precision, power and type I error rate, on average,
      as the classical approach. The meta-experiment approach may provide an
      alternative design which does not require a sample size calculation and addresses
      the essential need for study replication; results may have greater external
      validity. 

PMID- 27362940
TI  - Melatonin Signal Transduction Pathways Require E-Box-Mediated Transcription of
      Per1 and Per2 to Reset the SCN Clock at Dusk.
AB  - Melatonin is released from the pineal gland into the circulatory system at night
      in the absence of light, acting as "hormone of darkness" to the brain and body.
      Melatonin also can regulate circadian phasing of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
      (SCN). During the day-to-night transition, melatonin exposure advances intrinsic
      SCN neural activity rhythms via the melatonin type-2 (MT2) receptor and
      downstream activation of protein kinase C (PKC). The effects of melatonin on SCN
      phasing have not been linked to daily changes in the expression of core genes
      that constitute the molecular framework of the circadian clock. Using real-time
      RT-PCR, we found that melatonin induces an increase in the expression of two
      clock genes, Period 1 (Per1) and Period 2 (Per2). This effect occurs at CT 10,
      when melatonin advances SCN phase, but not at CT 6, when it does not. Using anti
      sense oligodeoxynucleotides (alpha ODNs) to Per 1 and Per 2, as well as to E-box
      enhancer sequences in the promoters of these genes, we show that their specific
      induction is necessary for the phase-altering effects of melatonin on SCN neural
      activity rhythms in the rat. These effects of melatonin on Per1 and Per2 were
      mediated by PKC. This is unlike day-active non-photic signals that reset the SCN
      clock by non-PCK signal transduction mechanisms and by decreasing Per1
      expression. Rather, this finding extends roles for Per1 and Per2, which are
      critical to photic phase-resetting, to a nonphotic zeitgeber, melatonin, and
      suggest that the regulation of these clock gene transcripts is required for clock
      resetting by diverse regulatory cues. 

PMID- 27362941
TI  - DNA Hypermethylation of CREB3L1 and Bcl-2 Associated with the Mitochondrial
      Mediated Apoptosis via PI3K/Akt Pathway in Human BEAS-2B Cells Exposure to Silica
      Nanoparticles.
AB  - The toxic effects of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are raising concerns due to its
      widely applications in biomedicine. However, current information about the
      epigenetic toxicity of SiNPs is insufficient. In this study, the epigenetic
      regulation of low-dose exposure to SiNPs was evaluated in human bronchial
      epithelial BEAS-2B cells over 30 passages. Cell viability was decreased in a dose
      and passage-dependent manner. The apoptotic rate, the expression of caspase-9
      and caspase-3, were significantly increased induced by SiNPs. HumanMethylation450
      BeadChip analysis identified that the PI3K/Akt as the primary apoptosis-related
      pathway among the 25 significant altered processes. The differentially methylated
      sites of PI3K/Akt pathway involved 32 differential genes promoters, in which the
      CREB3L1 and Bcl-2 were significant hypermethylated. The methyltransferase
      inhibitor, 5-aza, further verified that the DNA hypermethylation status of
      CREB3L1 and Bcl-2 were associated with downregulation of their mRNA levels. In
      addition, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis was triggered by SiNPs via the
      downregulation of PI3K/Akt/CREB/Bcl-2 signaling pathway. Our findings suggest
      that long-term low-dose exposure to SiNPs could lead to epigenetic alterations. 

PMID- 27362943
TI  - The Prerequisites for Central Tolerance Induction against Citrullinated Proteins
      in the Mouse.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the prerequisites for negative selection of
      peptidylcitrulline-specific T cells in the thymus. In detail, we here analyzed
      murine medullary thymic epithelial cells for the expression of peptidylarginine
      deiminases (PAD) and subsequent citrullination. METHODS: Medullary thymic
      epithelial cells were sorted, their mRNA was isolated and the expression of Pad
      genes was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Citrullination was detected by Western
      Blot in lysates of sorted medullary thymic epithelial cells and histologically by
      immunofluorescence of thymic thin sections. RESULTS: Pad2 and Pad4 are the main
      Pad isoforms expressed in mature medullary thymic epithelial cells of the mouse
      and their levels of expression are comparable to that of insulin (Ins2), another
      highly and promiscuously expressed protein in the thymus. Citrullination was
      detected in medullary thymic epithelial cells as shown by Western Blot and
      immunofluorescence. CONCLUSIONS: Even though we here show that the murine thymus
      harbors the prerequisites for central tolerance to PAD and citrullinated
      peptides, it remains an open question whether the emergence of peptidylcitrulline
      specific T cells and of autoantibodies recognizing citrullinated epitopes is
      caused by a failure of central or peripheral tolerance mechanisms.

PMID- 27362942
TI  - Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation Enhances Expression of Cadherin-5 in
      Lung Cancer Cells.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation has been shown to play a
      critical role in tumor angiogenesis. In this study, we investigate the
      correlation between EGFR mutations and cadherin-5 (CDH5), which is an angiogenic
      factor, in lung cancer cells. Increased expression CDH5 is observed in lung
      cancer cells with EGFR mutations. Stable lung cancer cell lines expressing mutant
      (exon 19 deletion E746-A750, and exon 21 missense mutation L858R) and wild type
      EGFR genes are established. A significantly higher expression of CDH5 is observed
      in exon 19 deletion stable lung cancer cells and mouse xenografts. Further
      studies show that expression of CDH5 is decreased after the inhibition of EGFR
      and downstream Akt pathways in lung cancer cells with EGFR mutation. In addition,
      mutant EGFR genes potentiates angiogenesis in lung cancer cells, which is
      inhibited by CDH5 siRNA, and potentiates migration and invasion in lung cancer
      cells. Our study shows that mutant EGFR genes are associated with overexpression
      of CDH5 through increased phosphorylation of EGFR and downstream Akt pathways.
      Our result may provide an insight into the association of mutant EGFR and CDH5
      expression in lung cancer and aid further development of target therapy for NSCLC
      in the future. 

PMID- 27362944
TI  - Comparison of the Effectiveness of Intravitreal Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular
      Edema in Vitrectomized and Nonvitrectomized Eyes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) for
      diabetic macular edema (DME) between eyes with and without previous vitrectomy.
      PROCEDURES: We prospectively assessed the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and
      central macular thickness (CMT) after IVR for 6 months. RESULTS: There were no
      significant differences in the baseline BCVA and CMT between both groups. In the
      nonvitrectomized group (n = 15), the mean changes of BCVA and CMT from baseline
      to month 6 were significant (p < 0.01). In the vitrectomized group (n = 10), the
      improvement appeared to be slower, and the mean BCVA improvement was not
      significant (p = 0.5), although the mean CMT decrease was significant (p < 0.05).
      There were no significant differences in the mean changes of BCVA and CMT between
      both groups at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the effectiveness of IVR
      between both groups was not significant. IVR can be a treatment option even for
      vitrectomized DME eyes.

PMID- 27362945
TI  - Portability and Structure of the Four-Helix Bundle Docking Domains of trans
      Acyltransferase Modular Polyketide Synthases.
AB  - The polypeptides of multimodular polyketide synthases self-assemble into
      biosynthetic factories. While the docking domains that mediate the assembly of
      cis-acyltransferase polyketide synthase polypeptides are well-studied, those of
      the more recently discovered trans-acyltransferase polyketide synthases have just
      started to be described. Located at the C- and N-termini of many polypeptides,
      these 25-residue, two-helix, pseudosymmetric motifs noncovalently connect domains
      both between and within modules. Domains expressed with their natural, cognate
      docking motifs formed complexes stable to size-exclusion chromatography with 1-10
      MUM dissociation constants as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry.
      Deletion and swapping experiments demonstrate portability of the docking motifs.
      A 1.72 A-resolution structure of the N-terminal portion of the macrolactin
      synthase polypeptide MlnE shows an uncomplexed N-terminal docking motif to be
      preorganized in the conformation it assumes within the docking domain complex.

PMID- 27362946
TI  - Spontaneous Maturation of Neuroblastoma to Ganglioneuroma: Two Case Studies.
AB  - We describe two children with ganglioneuroma (GN) likely originating from
      incompletely resected neuroblastoma (NB) during infancy, stages 2A and 2B, who
      did not undergo postoperative adjuvant chemotherapies. Both NB tumors had no MYCN
      amplification, had TrKA but no TrkB expression, and by TUNEL had apoptosis. These
      findings may have contributed to spontaneous maturation of the residual primary
      NB and hence the favorable prognosis, which suggests surgery alone might be the
      sufficient initial therapy for low-risk patients.

PMID- 27362947
TI  - Arthropod evolution and development: recent insights from chelicerates and
      myriapods.
AB  - Research on arthropod genetics and development has added much to our
      understanding of animal evolution. While this work has mainly focused on insects,
      a growing body of research on the less studied myriapods and chelicerates is
      providing important new insights into arthropod genomics and development.
      Multiple chelicerate lineages have a high incidence of gene duplication, which is
      suggestive of large-scale and even whole genome duplications. Furthermore, the
      duplication and divergence of genes is associated with the evolution of appendage
      morphology and other phenotypes in chelicerates and myriapods. Recent studies of
      these arthropods have also helped to understand the evolution and development of
      segmented bodies. Further research on chelicerate and myriapod models as well as
      species from other orders of these subphyla has great potential to expand our
      understanding of the evolution of animal genomes and development.

PMID- 27362948
TI  - A three-coordinate iron-silylene complex stabilized by ligand-ligand dispersion
      forces.
AB  - The structural and bonding properties of a three-coordinate N-heterocyclic
      silyene (NHSi) complex of the iron(ii) amide [Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2] are reported.
      Computational studies reveal that dispersion forces between the amido SiMe3
      substituents and the isopropyl substituents on the NHSi ligand significantly
      enhance the stability of the complex, along with Fe-to-Si pi-backbonding. 

PMID- 27362950
TI  - Experimental Studies of the Inspection of Areas With Restricted Access Using A0
      Lamb Wave Tomography.
AB  - Corrosion damage in inaccessible regions presents a significant challenge to the
      petrochemical industry, and determining the remaining wall thickness is important
      to establish the remaining service life. Guided wave tomography is one solution
      to this and involves transmitting Lamb waves through the area of interest and,
      subsequently, using the received signals to reconstruct a thickness map of the
      remaining wall thickness. This avoids the need to access all points on the
      surface, making the technique well suited to inspection for areas with restricted
      access. The influence of these areas onto the ability to detect and size surface
      conditions, such as corrosion damage, using guided wave tomography is assessed.
      For that, a guided wave tomography system is employed, which is based on low
      frequency A0 Lamb waves that are excited and detected with two arrays of
      electromagnetic acoustic transducers. Two different defect depths are considered
      with different contrasts relative to the nominal wall thickness, both of which
      are smoothly varying and well-defined. The influence of areas with restricted
      surface access, support locations, pipe clamps, and STOPAQ(R) coatings is
      experimentally tested, and their influence assessed through comparison to a
      baseline reconstruction without the respective restriction in place,
      demonstrating only a small influence on the detected value of the remaining wall
      thickness.

PMID- 27362949
TI  - Inferring Strain Mixture within Clinical Plasmodium falciparum Isolates from
      Genomic Sequence Data.
AB  - We present a rigorous statistical model that infers the structure of P.
      falciparum mixtures-including the number of strains present, their proportion
      within the samples, and the amount of unexplained mixture-using whole genome
      sequence (WGS) data. Applied to simulation data, artificial laboratory mixtures,
      and field samples, the model provides reasonable inference with as few as 10
      reads or 50 SNPs and works efficiently even with much larger data sets. Source
      code and example data for the model are provided in an open source fashion. We
      discuss the possible uses of this model as a window into within-host selection
      for clinical and epidemiological studies.

PMID- 27362951
TI  - Ultrasound Shear Wave Viscoelastography: Model-Independent Quantification of the
      Complex Shear Modulus.
AB  - Ultrasound shear wave elastography methods are commonly used for estimation of
      mechanical properties of soft biological tissues in diagnostic medicine. A
      limitation of most currently used elastography methods is that they yield only
      the shear storage modulus ( G' ) but not the loss modulus ( G'' ). Therefore, no
      information on viscosity or loss tangent (tan delta) is provided. In this paper,
      an ultrasound shear wave viscoelastography method is developed for model
      independent quantification of frequency-dependent viscoelastic complex shear
      modulus of macroscopically homogeneous tissues. Three in vitro tissue-mimicking
      phantoms and two ex vivo porcine liver samples were evaluated. Shear waves were
      remotely induced within the samples using several acoustic radiation force pushes
      to generate a semicylindrical wave field similar to those generated by most
      clinically used elastography systems. The complex shear modulus was estimated
      over a broad frequency range (up to 1000 Hz) through the analytical solution of
      the developed inverse wave propagation problem using the measured shear wave
      speed and amplitude decay versus propagation distance. The shear storage and loss
      moduli obtained for the in vitro phantoms were compared with those from a planar
      shear wave method and the average differences over the whole frequency range
      studied were smaller than 7% and 15%, respectively. The reliability of the
      proposed method highlights its potential for viscoelastic tissue
      characterization, which may improve noninvasive diagnosis.

PMID- 27362953
TI  - Massively Screening the Temporal Spectra of Single Nanoparticles to Uncover the
      Mechanism of Nanosynthesis.
AB  - Nanosynthesis is the basis of nanotechnology and its applications. It is
      necessary to understand the growth mechanism of nanoparticles and the functions
      of growth factors. An effective way to study the synthesis is at the single
      nanoparticle level. This study reports a single nanoparticle spectrometer, which
      is based on a commercial dark-field microscopy and a group of narrowband filters.
      This spectrometer has many advantages, such as high light transparency (35%-75%),
      low cost (<$1500), massive screening (~200 nanoplates at a time), and a high time
      resolution (<5 s). By using this spectrometer, the galvanic replacement reaction
      (GRR) is studied on single Ag nanoplates in situ and in real time. The research
      reveals that GRR on single Ag nanoplates has three different types according to
      the change of peak wavelength during reaction. Such diverse reaction types can be
      attributed to the different relative reaction rates of GRR on the faces and edges
      of Ag nanoplate with different facets. Further research shows that the relative
      reaction rates of different facets vary a lot under different concentrations of
      tri-sodium citrate. This research successfully demonstrates that the new single
      nanoparticle spectrometer can study the growth of single nanoparticles and the
      effect of growth factors.

PMID- 27362952
TI  - Evaluation of the Control of West Nile Virus in Ontario: Did Risk Patterns Change
      from 2005 to 2012?
AB  - The goal of this study was to evaluate and compare the risk distribution of human
      cases of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in Ontario in 2005 to 2012. The objectives
      were to: map the risk distribution of WNV in 2005 and 2012, identify clusters of
      human WNV disease and determine whether the clusters are significantly different
      between the years 2005 and 2012. West Nile virus surveillance data were used to
      calculate empirical Bayesian smoothed estimates of disease incidence in southern
      Ontario for 2005 and 2012. Choropleth maps were generated to visualize the
      spatial risk distribution, and the spatial scan test was performed to identify
      clusters of disease. Following identification of clusters for 2005 and 2012, a
      Poisson model was applied to the 2012 human WNV incidence adjusted for the
      smoothed human WNV incidence rate from 2005 and the scan test was repeated. Two
      significant clusters were identified in both the year 2005 and 2012. In 2005, the
      primary cluster was located in the Windsor-Essex and Chatham-Kent public health
      units (PHUs). For 2012, the primary cluster was identified in the Golden
      Horseshoe area. A cluster analysis for 2012 adjusted for those identified in 2005
      resulted in one significant cluster in the Windsor-Essex PHU. In 2012, the
      Windsor-Essex PHU remained as a high-risk area for human WNV disease when
      compared with the rest of southern Ontario. Although overall risk may change from
      year to year, public health programming should be employed to decrease the
      relative risk of WNV in this area.

PMID- 27362954
TI  - Regioselective and Stepwise Syntheses of Functionalized BODIPY Dyes through
      Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions and Direct C-H Arylations.
AB  - Regioselective and stepwise syntheses of a series of functionalized BODIPY dyes
      through palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and direct C-H arylations
      have been developed. In particular, this method allows the straightforward
      synthesis of 2,6-dibromo-3,5-diarylBODIPYs and 2-bromo-3-arylBODIPYs from
      polybrominated BODIPYs. The X-ray structure of intermediates 5a-c indicated that
      the palladium was first inserted into the C-Br bonds at 3,5-positions of
      brominated BODIPYs. The resulting 2,6-dibromo-substituted BODIPYs are potential
      long wavelength photosensitizers which are not easily accessible using previous
      methods.

PMID- 27362955
TI  - Therapeutic Potential of Foldamers: From Chemical Biology Tools To Drug
      Candidates?
AB  - Over the past decade, foldamers have progressively emerged as useful
      architectures to mimic secondary structures of proteins. Peptidic foldamers,
      consisting of various amino acid based backbones, have been the most studied from
      a therapeutic perspective, while polyaromatic foldamers have barely evolved from
      their nascency and remain perplexing for medicinal chemists due to their poor
      drug-like nature. Despite these limitations, this compound class may still offer
      opportunities to study challenging targets or provide chemical biology tools. The
      potential of foldamer drug candidates reaching the clinic is still a stretch.
      Nevertheless, advances in the field have demonstrated their potential for the
      discovery of next generation therapeutics. In this perspective, the current
      knowledge of foldamers is reviewed in a drug discovery context. Recent advances
      in the early phases of drug discovery including hit finding, target validation,
      and optimization and molecular modeling are discussed. In addition, challenges
      and focus areas are debated and gaps highlighted.

PMID- 27362956
TI  - Profiles of blood pressure among children and adolescents categorized by BMI and
      waist circumference.
AB  - BACKGROUND: BMI and waist circumference (WC) are two commonly used measurements
      for defining general and central obesity. The present study examined the profiles
      of blood pressure (BP) among children and adolescents categorized by BMI and WC
      in Shandong, China. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A total of 38 810 students (19 453
      boys and 19 357 girls) aged 7-17 years participated in this study. Height,
      weight, WC, and BP of all participants were measured, and BMI was calculated.
      Relatively high BP status was defined as systolic BP and/or diastolic BP >=95th
      percentile for age and sex. All individuals were classified into four groups (Q1
      Q4) according to the age-specific and sex-specific quartiles of BMI and WC; the
      BP level and the prevalence of relatively high BP among the four groups were
      compared. RESULTS: In both boys and girls, significant differences in BP level
      and the prevalence of relatively high BP were observed among the four groups
      categorized by BMI and WC separately (P<0.01). Children and adolescents in the
      high BMI group (Q4) had higher systolic BP and diastolic BP than their
      counterparts in the low BMI group (Q1) in all age groups (P<0.01), the range of
      differences being 5.7-10.3, 3.6-5.6 mmHg for boys and 3.9-8.7, 2.2-5.3 mmHg for
      girls, respectively. Similar differences were also observed among different
      groups categorized by WC. CONCLUSION: High BMI and WC are associated with
      elevated BP. Our findings emphasize the importance of the prevention of general
      and central obesity to prevent future-related problems such as hypertension in
      children and adolescents.

PMID- 27362957
TI  - Preventing preterm birth.

PMID- 27362958
TI  - Developmental implications of children's brain networks and learning.
AB  - The human brain works as a synergistic system where information exchanges between
      functional neuronal networks. Rudimentary networks are observed in the brain
      during infancy. In recent years, the question of how functional networks develop
      and mature in children has been a hotly discussed topic. In this review, we
      examined the developmental characteristics of functional networks and the impacts
      of skill training on children's brains. We first focused on the general rules of
      brain network development and on the typical and atypical development of
      children's brain networks. After that, we highlighted the essentials of neural
      plasticity and the effects of learning on brain network development. We also
      discussed two important theoretical and practical concerns in brain network
      training. Finally, we concluded by presenting the significance of network
      training in typically and atypically developed brains.

PMID- 27362959
TI  - Neural substrates and potential treatments for levodopa-induced dyskinesias in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily a motor disorder that involves the gradual
      loss of motor function. Symptoms are observed initially in the extremities, such
      as hands and arms, while advanced stages of the disease can effect blinking,
      swallowing, speaking, and breathing. PD is a neurodegenerative disease, with
      dopaminergic neuronal loss occurring in the substantia nigra pars compacta, thus
      disrupting basal ganglia functions. This leads to downstream effects on other
      neurotransmitter systems such as glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and
      serotonin. To date, one of the main treatments for PD is levodopa. While it is
      generally very effective, prolonged treatments lead to levodopa-induced
      dyskinesia (LID). LID encompasses a family of symptoms ranging from uncontrolled
      repetitive movements to sustained muscle contractions. In many cases, the
      symptoms of LID can cause more grief than PD itself. The purpose of this review
      is to discuss the possible clinical features, cognitive correlates, neural
      substrates, as well as potential psychopharmacological and surgical (including
      nondopaminergic and deep brain stimulation) treatments of LID.

PMID- 27362960
TI  - Functional polymorphism of lncRNA MALAT1 contributes to pulmonary arterial
      hypertension susceptibility in Chinese people.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have gradually been reported to be
      an important class of RNAs with pivotal roles in regulation of gene expression,
      and thus are involved in multitudinous human complex diseases. However, the
      biological functions and precise mechanisms of the majority of lncRNAs are still
      poorly understood. METHODS: In the study, we tested genomic variations in lncRNA
      metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) loci, and their
      potentially functional correlationship with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
      susceptibility based on a case-control study with a total of 587 PAH patients and
      736 healthy controls in southern Chinese. RESULTS: We found that the rs619586A>G
      single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was significantly associated with PAH risk.
      The carriers with G variant genotypes had a decreased risk of PAH (odds ratio
      [OR]=0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.53-0.90, p=0.007) compared to the
      rs619586AA genotype. Further functional experiments indicated that the alteration
      from rs619586A to G in MALAT1 could directly upregulate X box-binding protein 1
      (XBP1) expression via functioning as the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR
      214, and consequentially inhibiting the vascular endothelial cells proliferation
      and migration in vitro by shortening S-M phase transition. CONCLUSIONS: Taken
      together, our findings propose that functional polymorphism rs619586A>G in MALAT1
      gene plays an important role in PAH pathogenesis and may serve as a potential
      indicator for PAH susceptibility.

PMID- 27362961
TI  - Influence of pneumatic tube system transport on routinely assessed and
      spectrophotometric cerebrospinal fluid parameters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pneumatic tube systems (PTS) are widely used in many hospitals. Using
      PTS reduces turnaround time (TAT) and can improve patients' outcome. METHODS: We
      investigated whether clinically significant differences could be observed in CSF
      samples transported by pneumatic tube in comparison with samples transported by
      hand. Two aliquots from one sample were sent by PTS and by hand from the
      department of neurology or neurosurgery and compared. RESULTS: Routine
      cytological and biochemical assessment was compared in 27 cases. There were no
      statistically significant changes (transport by hand vs. PTS) in glucose levels
      [data are expressed as median (minimum-maximum)] at 3.7 (2.5-8.6) mmol/L vs. 3.6
      (2.7-8.6) mmol/L, p=0.96 or lactate levels at 1.8 mmol/L (1.1-5.5) vs. 1.8 mmol/L
      (1.1-5.4). We observed a statistically significant decline in total protein
      levels in samples transported by PTS at 0.56 g/L (0.19-4.29) vs. 0.49 g/L (0.18
      4.3), p=0.008. We observed no changes in erythrocyte count at 5/MUL (0-40,000)
      vs. 5/MUL (0-40,106), mononuclear cells at 2/MUL (1-145) vs. 3/MUL (1-152), or
      polynuclear cells at 0/MUL (0-235) vs. 0/MUL (0-352). Spectrophotometric
      examination was performed in 20 cases. There were no statistically significant
      differences (transport by hand vs. transport by PTS) in NOA at 0.002 (0.001
      1.537) vs. 0.001 (0.001-1.528), p=0.95 or NBA at 0.001 (0.001-0.231) vs. 0.001
      (0.001-0.276), p=0.675. Samples transported by PTS were delivered faster than
      samples transported by courier (transport by hand vs. PTS) at 25 min (10-153) vs.
      15 min (4-110), p=0.002. CONCLUSIONS: We found no significant changes in glucose,
      lactate levels and in any of the cytological parameters assessed, nor were
      statistically significant changes observed in the spectrophotometric parameters.
      We found a statistically significant decrease in total protein levels in samples
      transported by PTS. Transport by PTS can be faster than transport by hand.

PMID- 27362962
TI  - Normalisation issues in glucose measurements using phlebotomy tubes with liquid
      additives.

PMID- 27362963
TI  - Assessment of vitamin D status - a changing landscape.
AB  - In recent years it has been shown that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an
      increased incidence as well as the progression of a broad range of diseases
      including osteoporosis, rickets, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease,
      multiple sclerosis and cancer. Consequently, requests for the assessment of
      vitamin D status have increased dramatically. Despite significant progress in the
      analysis of vitamin D metabolites and an expansion of our pathophysiological
      knowledge of vitamin D, the assessment of vitamin D status remains a challenging
      and partially unresolved issue. Current guidelines from scientific bodies
      recommend the measurement of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) in blood as the
      preferred test. However, growing evidence indicates significant limitations of
      this test, including analytical aspects and interpretation of results. In
      addition, the relationships between 25-OHD and various clinical indices, such as
      bone mineral density and fracture risk, are rather weak and not consistent across
      races. Recent studies have systematically investigated new markers of vitamin D
      status including the vitamin D metabolite ratio (VMR) (ratio between 25-OHD and
      24,25-dihydroxy vitamin D), bioavailable 25-OHD [25-OHD not bound to vitamin D
      binding protein (DBP)], and free 25-OHD [circulating 25-OHD bound to neither DBP
      nor albumin (ALB)]. These parameters may potentially change how we will assess
      vitamin D status in the future. Although these new biomarkers have expanded our
      knowledge about vitamin D metabolism, a range of unresolved issues regarding
      their measurement and the interpretation of results prevent their use in daily
      practice. It can be expected that some of these issues will be overcome in the
      near future so that they may be considered for routine use (at least in
      specialized centers). In addition, genetic studies have revealed several
      polymorphisms in key proteins of vitamin D metabolism that affect the circulating
      concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. The affected proteins include DBP, 7
      dehydrocholesterol synthase and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Here we aim to
      review existing knowledge regarding the biochemistry, physiology and measurement
      of vitamin D. We will also provide an overview of current and emerging biomarkers
      for the assessment of vitamin D status, with particular attention methodological
      aspects and their usefulness in clinical practice.

PMID- 27362964
TI  - Extending laboratory automation to the wards: effect of an innovative pneumatic
      tube system on diagnostic samples and transport time.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The innovative pneumatic tube system (iPTS) transports one sample at
      a time without the use of cartridges and allows rapid sending of samples directly
      into the bulk loader of a laboratory automation system (LAS). We investigated
      effects of the iPTS on samples and turn-around time (TAT). METHODS: During
      transport, a mini data logger recorded the accelerations in three dimensions and
      reported them in arbitrary area under the curve (AUC) units. In addition
      representative quantities of clinical chemistry, hematology and coagulation were
      measured and compared in 20 blood sample pairs transported by iPTS and courier.
      RESULTS: Samples transported by iPTS were brought to the laboratory (300 m)
      within 30 s without adverse effects on the samples. The information retrieved
      from the data logger showed a median AUC of 7 and 310 arbitrary units for courier
      and iPTS transport, respectively. This is considerably below the reported limit
      for noticeable hemolysis of 500 arbitrary units. CONCLUSIONS: iPTS reduces TAT by
      reducing the hands-on time and a fast transport. No differences in the
      measurement results were found for any of the investigated 36 analytes between
      courier and iPTS transport. Based on these findings the iPTS was cleared for
      clinical use in our hospital.

PMID- 27362965
TI  - Assessment of Respiratory Complications Associated with End Stage Renal Disease
      in Northern Saudi Arabia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is increasing in
      different parts of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), particularly Hail Region.
      Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the respiratory complications that
      associated with ESRD. METHODS: In the present study, clinical, imaging and
      laboratory parameters were identified for 100 ESRD patients with ESRD who were
      referred to the Pulmonary Medicine Department at King Khalid Hospital. RESULTS:
      Pulmonary Edema, Pneumonia, and Pleural effusion were identified in 22%, 14%, and
      16% of the referred ESRD patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Respiratory
      complications are common among ESRD patients in Hail Region.

PMID- 27362966
TI  - Plasminogen and stroke: more is better.

PMID- 27362968
TI  - Effects of dry needling (DNHS technique) on the contractile properties of spastic
      muscles in a patient with stroke: a case report.
AB  - Dry needling for hypertonia and spasticity (DNHS) is a technique used for
      decreasing hypertonia and spasticity and for the improvement of function in
      patients with damage to the central nervous system. There is limited evidence
      supporting the effectiveness of this technique on the basis of objective
      assessments. The aim of the present case report was to quantify the effects of
      dry needling (DNHS technique) on the contractile properties of spastic muscles in
      an individual with stroke. The DNHS technique was applied to a 50-year-old male
      2.5 years after stroke who had a complaint of spasticity. The treated muscles
      were biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, biceps
      femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and lateral gastrocnemius. Tensiomyography was
      used to assess maximal displacement (Dm) of treated muscles. We performed a
      preintervention and postintervention measurement and a follow-up measurement 3
      weeks after intervention. After the application of the DNHS technique, a decrease
      in the level of local muscle stiffness was observed for all muscles after
      intervention and at the 3-week follow-up, quantified by an increase in Dm. The
      usefulness of tensiomyography for detecting changes in patients with spasticity
      correlated with clinical measures in this field requires further research to
      establish the reliability of the different parameters provided by the equipment.

PMID- 27362969
TI  - Importance of an education programme for patients with chronic widespread pain.
AB  - The structured education programme for patients with chronic widespread pain is
      the first stage of the interdisciplinary group-based rehabilitation programme for
      those patients at the University Rehabilitation Institute in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
      The aim of our pilot study was to investigate the impact of the education
      programme on the patients' attribution of pain as dangerous. Ninety-three
      participants with chronic widespread pain volunteered for the study. They were
      first screened to verify whether they were suitable for inclusion in the
      rehabilitation programme. They filled in the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the
      Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia as part of the screening and after the education
      programme. The results showed a statistically significantly reduced fear of
      movement and catastrophizing. Hence, the education programme appears to be
      achieving its goals.

PMID- 27362967
TI  - The neural network for tool-related cognition: An activation likelihood
      estimation meta-analysis of 70 neuroimaging contrasts.
AB  - The ability to recognize and use a variety of tools is an intriguing human
      cognitive function. Multiple neuroimaging studies have investigated neural
      activations with various types of tool-related tasks. In the present paper, we
      reviewed tool-related neural activations reported in 70 contrasts from 56
      neuroimaging studies and performed a series of activation likelihood estimation
      (ALE) meta-analyses to identify tool-related cortical circuits dedicated either
      to general tool knowledge or to task-specific processes. The results indicate the
      following: (a) Common, task-general processing regions for tools are located in
      the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and ventral premotor cortex; and (b) task
      specific regions are located in superior parietal lobule (SPL) and dorsal
      premotor area for imagining/executing actions with tools and in bilateral
      occipito-temporal cortex for recognizing/naming tools. The roles of these regions
      in task-general and task-specific activities are discussed with reference to
      evidence from neuropsychology, experimental psychology and other neuroimaging
      studies.

PMID- 27362970
TI  - A longitudinal ICF-CY-based evaluation of functioning and disability of children
      born with very low birth weight.
AB  - This paper aims to describe the longitudinal changes in disability, defined by
      the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health -
      Children and Youth version (ICF-CY) biopsychosocial model, and developmental
      outcomes in a cohort of 56 very low birth weight children over 14-20 months. We
      used a neurofunctional assessment, the Griffiths Mental Development Scales
      Revised: 2-8 years (Griffiths 2-8) to evaluate psychomotor development and the
      ICF-CY questionnaire for ages 0-3 and 3-6 to address children's disability.
      Extension indexes on the basis of ICF-CY categories were computed, and
      longitudinal change was tested. Complete follow-up was available for 55 children
      (mean age 36.7 months, SD 6.7). Considering the sample as a whole,
      neurofunctional assessment, Griffiths score and disability were basically stable.
      When the subsample of children with the higher baseline functioning was taken
      into account, some degree of worsening, in terms of an increase in the number of
      impairments and limitations, was found. Our results show that disability
      profiles, neurofunctional assessment and global development were basically
      stable, except for the subgroup of children who were in the intermediate/high
      functioning cluster at baseline. The increased disability among these children
      might be because of the possibility to observe a wider set of age-specific
      problems, such as emotional, regulation and social abilities that are not
      detectable at an early stage of development and that might lead to reduced
      participation in social activities.

PMID- 27362972
TI  - Age-related changes analyzing shoulder kinematics by means of inertial sensors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Shoulder kinematics alteration has been previously proven in subjects
      suffering from shoulder damage, which is also related to shoulder degenerative
      changes as consequence of aging. Because of that, it would be interesting to
      investigate age-related kinematics. The main objective was to analyze age-related
      differences in shoulder kinematics by means of inertial sensors in asymptomatic
      subjects during shoulder abduction and flexion. METHODS: Twenty-five right arms
      were measured (11 from the young adult group and 14 from the older adult group).
      In the young group, age ranged between 20 and 34years old, while in the older
      group age ranged between 45 and 72years old. Angular mobility and linear
      acceleration from the scapula, humerus and sternum as well as mobility in the
      glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints were calculated by three inertial
      sensors. Subjects performed shoulder abduction and flexion. FINDINGS: Significant
      differences in mobility were found in humerus and scapula in mobility and
      acceleration during both tasks. Those differences varied depending on the plane
      analyzed. A moderate negative correlation between age and humerus and scapula
      ranged from -0.624** to -0.409*. A positive correlation was found in some planes.
      INTERPRETATION: The results from the present study suggest that humerus elevation
      and scapular protraction-retraction as well as medio-lateral rotation are more
      likely to present kinematics age-related differences, i.e. older: age is
      associated with less mobility and acceleration in some planes and axes. Results
      provide inertial tridimensional measures from shoulder complex comparing groups
      of different age. Findings also concur with previous research supporting age
      related shoulder changes.

PMID- 27362971
TI  - Outcomes of dementia: Systematic review and meta-analysis of hospital
      administrative database studies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Aim of the study was to compare various outcomes of dementia
      patients with elderly patients without dementia by conducting a systematic review
      of previous population-based studies. METHODS: The relevant studies were
      retrieved from search of electronic databases. RESULTS: The pooled data from
      included 11 studies consisted of outcomes of 1,044,131 dementia patients compared
      to 9,639,027 elderly patients without dementia. Meta-analysis showed that the
      mortality in dementia patients was 15.3% as compared to 8.7% in non-dementia
      cases (RR 1.70, CI 95%, 1.27-2.28, p 0.0004). However, there was significant
      heterogeneity between the studies (p<0.00001). Dementia patients had
      significantly increased overall readmission rate (OR 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08-1.29,
      p<0.001). They had higher complication rates for urinary tract infections (RR
      2.88; 95% CI, 2.45-3.40, p<0.0001), pressure ulcers (RR 184; 95% CI, 1.31-1.46,
      p<0.0001), pneumonia (RR 1.66; 95% CI, 1.36-2.02, p<0.0001), delirium (RR 3.10;
      95% CI, 2.31-4.15, p<0.0001), and, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance (RR
      1.87; 95% CI, 1.55-2.25, p<0.0001). Dementia patients had more acute cardiac
      events (HR 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.28, p 0.002), while fewer revascularization
      procedures (HR 0.12; 95% CI, 0.08-0.20, p<0.001). Patients with dementia had
      lesser use of ITU (reduction by 7.5%; 95% CI, 6.9-8.1), ventilation (reduction by
      5.4%; 95% CI, 5.0-5.9), and dialysis (reduction by 0.5%; 95% CI, 0.4-0.8).
      DISCUSSION: Compared to older adult population, patients with dementia had poorer
      outcome. Despite higher mortality rate and readmission rate, they underwent fewer
      interventions and procedures.

PMID- 27362973
TI  - The content of docosahexaenoic acid in the suckling and the weaning diet
      beneficially modulates the ability of immune cells to response to stimuli.
AB  - The objective of the study was to isolate the effect of feeding a diet
      supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during the suckling and/or the
      weaning period on immune system development and function in offspring. Dams were
      randomized to one of two nutritionally adequate diets: control diet (N=12, 0%
      DHA) or DHA diet (N=8, 0.9% DHA). Diets were fed to dams throughout lactation,
      and then at weaning (21d), two pups per dam were randomly assigned to continue on
      the same diet as the dam or consume the other experimental diet for an additional
      21d. At 6 weeks, splenocyte phenotypes and ex vivo cytokine production after
      stimulation with concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ovalbumin
      were assessed. Pups who received the control diet during both periods had the
      lowest production of IL-2 after ConA (P<.05 for interaction). Pups fed DHA during
      suckling had higher IL-10 production after all mitogens, regardless of the
      weaning diet (P<.05). Feeding DHA at weaning, regardless of the suckling diet,
      resulted in a lower production of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in LPS-stimulated
      splenocytes and a higher proportion of total CD27+ cells (all P<.03). Our
      findings suggest that providing no DHA during critical periods of immune
      development resulted in a less efficient Th1 response upon challenge (IL-2
      production). Feeding DHA during suckling had a programming effect on the ability
      of splenocytes to produce the regulatory cytokine IL-10. Feeding a DHA diet
      during weaning led to a lower TNF-alpha and IL-1beta response to a bacterial
      antigen.

PMID- 27362974
TI  - Colonic inflammation accompanies an increase of beta-catenin signaling and
      Lachnospiraceae/Streptococcaceae bacteria in the hind gut of high-fat diet-fed
      mice.
AB  - Consumption of an obesigenic/high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with a high colon
      cancer risk and may alter the gut microbiota. To test the hypothesis that long
      term high-fat (HF) feeding accelerates inflammatory process and changes gut
      microbiome composition, C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD (45% energy) or a low-fat (LF)
      diet (10% energy) for 36 weeks. At the end of the study, body weights in the HF
      group were 35% greater than those in the LF group. These changes were associated
      with dramatic increases in body fat composition, inflammatory cell infiltration,
      inducible nitric oxide synthase protein concentration and cell proliferation
      marker (Ki67) in ileum and colon. Similarly, beta-catenin expression was
      increased in colon (but not ileum). Consistent with gut inflammation phenotype,
      we also found that plasma leptin, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha
      concentrations were also elevated in mice fed the HFD, indicative of chronic
      inflammation. Fecal DNA was extracted and the V1-V3 hypervariable region of the
      microbial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using primers suitable for 454
      pyrosequencing. Compared to the LF group, the HF group had high proportions of
      bacteria from the family Lachnospiraceae/Streptococcaceae, which is known to be
      involved in the development of metabolic disorders, diabetes and colon cancer.
      Taken together, our data demonstrate, for the first time, that long-term HF
      consumption not only increases inflammatory status but also accompanies an
      increase of colonic beta-catenin signaling and Lachnospiraceae/Streptococcaceae
      bacteria in the hind gut of C57BL/6 mice.

PMID- 27362976
TI  - Rapid climate-driven loss of breeding habitat for Arctic migratory birds.
AB  - Millions of birds migrate to and from the Arctic each year, but rapid climate
      change in the High North could strongly affect where species are able to breed,
      disrupting migratory connections globally. We modelled the climatically suitable
      breeding conditions of 24 Arctic specialist shorebirds and projected them to 2070
      and to the mid-Holocene climatic optimum, the world's last major warming event
      ~6000 years ago. We show that climatically suitable breeding conditions could
      shift, contract and decline over the next 70 years, with 66-83% of species losing
      the majority of currently suitable area. This exceeds, in rate and magnitude, the
      impact of the mid-Holocene climatic optimum. Suitable climatic conditions are
      predicted to decline acutely in the most species rich region, Beringia (western
      Alaska and eastern Russia), and become concentrated in the Eurasian and Canadian
      Arctic islands. These predicted spatial shifts of breeding grounds could affect
      the species composition of the world's major flyways. Encouragingly, protected
      area coverage of current and future climatically suitable breeding conditions
      generally meets target levels; however, there is a lack of protected areas within
      the Canadian Arctic where resource exploitation is a growing threat. Given that
      already there are rapid declines of many populations of Arctic migratory birds,
      our results emphasize the urgency of mitigating climate change and protecting
      Arctic biodiversity.

PMID- 27362975
TI  - Short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adults with type
      1 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Short-acting insulin analogue use for people with diabetes is still
      controversial, as reflected in many scientific debates. OBJECTIVES: To assess the
      effects of short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in adults
      with type 1 diabetes. SEARCH METHODS: We carried out the electronic searches
      through Ovid simultaneously searching the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE(R),
      Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily
      and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R) (1946 to 14 April 2015), EMBASE (1988 to 2015, week 15),
      the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; March 2015),
      ClinicalTrials.gov and the European (EU) Clinical Trials register (both March
      2015). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised controlled trials with an
      intervention duration of at least 24 weeks that compared short-acting insulin
      analogues with regular human insulins in the treatment of adults with type 1
      diabetes who were not pregnant. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors
      independently extracted data and assessed trials for risk of bias, and resolved
      differences by consensus. We graded overall study quality using the Grading of
      Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) instrument. We
      used random-effects models for the main analyses and presented the results as
      odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes.
      MAIN RESULTS: We identified nine trials that fulfilled the inclusion criteria
      including 2693 participants. The duration of interventions ranged from 24 to 52
      weeks with a mean of about 37 weeks. The participants showed some diversity,
      mainly with regard to diabetes duration and inclusion/exclusion criteria. The
      majority of the trials were carried out in the 1990s and participants were
      recruited from Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. None of the trials was
      carried out in a blinded manner so that the risk of performance bias, especially
      for subjective outcomes such as hypoglycaemia, was present in all of the trials.
      Furthermore, several trials showed inconsistencies in the reporting of methods
      and results.The mean difference (MD) in glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was 
      0.15% (95% CI -0.2% to -0.1%; P value < 0.00001; 2608 participants; 9 trials; low
      quality evidence) in favour of insulin analogues. The comparison of the risk of
      severe hypoglycaemia between the two treatment groups showed an OR of 0.89 (95%
      CI 0.71 to 1.12; P value = 0.31; 2459 participants; 7 trials; very low quality
      evidence). For overall hypoglycaemia, also taking into account mild forms of
      hypoglycaemia, the data were generally of low quality, but also did not indicate
      substantial group differences. Regarding nocturnal severe hypoglycaemic episodes,
      two trials reported statistically significant effects in favour of the insulin
      analogue, insulin aspart. However, due to inconsistent reporting in publications
      and trial reports, the validity of the result remains questionable.We also found
      no clear evidence for a substantial effect of insulin analogues on health-related
      quality of life. However, there were few results only based on subgroups of the
      trial populations. None of the trials reported substantial effects regarding
      weight gain or any other adverse events. No trial was designed to investigate
      possible long-term effects (such as all-cause mortality, diabetic complications),
      in particular in people with diabetes related complications. AUTHORS'
      CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests only a minor benefit of short-acting insulin
      analogues on blood glucose control in people with type 1 diabetes. To make
      conclusions about the effect of short acting insulin analogues on long-term
      patient-relevant outcomes, long-term efficacy and safety data are needed.

PMID- 27362977
TI  - Blind Image Quality Assessment Based on High Order Statistics Aggregation.
AB  - Blind image quality assessment (BIQA) research aims to develop a perceptual model
      to evaluate the quality of distorted images automatically and accurately without
      access to the non-distorted reference images. The state-of-the-art general
      purpose BIQA methods can be classified into two categories according to the types
      of features used. The first includes handcrafted features which rely on the
      statistical regularities of natural images. These, however, are not suitable for
      images containing text and artificial graphics. The second includes learning
      based features which invariably require large codebook or supervised codebook
      updating procedures to obtain satisfactory performance. These are time-consuming
      and not applicable in practice. In this paper, we propose a novel general purpose
      BIQA method based on high order statistics aggregation (HOSA), requiring only a
      small codebook. HOSA consists of three steps. First, local normalized image
      patches are extracted as local features through a regular grid, and a codebook
      containing 100 codewords is constructed by K-means clustering. In addition to the
      mean of each cluster, the diagonal covariance and coskewness (i.e., dimension
      wise variance and skewness) of clusters are also calculated. Second, each local
      feature is softly assigned to several nearest clusters and the differences of
      high order statistics (mean, variance and skewness) between local features and
      corresponding clusters are softly aggregated to build the global quality aware
      image representation. Finally, support vector regression is adopted to learn the
      mapping between perceptual features and subjective opinion scores. The proposed
      method has been extensively evaluated on ten image databases with both simulated
      and realistic image distortions, and shows highly competitive performance to the
      state-of-the-art BIQA methods.

PMID- 27362978
TI  - Backward Registration-Based Aspect Ratio Similarity for Image Retargeting Quality
      Assessment.
AB  - During the past few years, there have been various kinds of content-aware image
      retargeting operators proposed for image resizing. However, the lack of effective
      objective retargeting quality assessment metrics limits the further development
      of image retargeting techniques. Different from traditional image quality
      assessment (IQA) metrics, the quality degradation during image retargeting is
      caused by artificial retargeting modifications, and the difficulty for image
      retargeting quality assessment (IRQA) lies in the alternation of the image
      resolution and content, which makes it impossible to directly evaluate the
      quality degradation like traditional IQA. In this paper, we interpret the image
      retargeting in a unified framework of resampling grid generation and forward
      resampling. We show that the geometric change estimation is an efficient way to
      clarify the relationship between the images. We formulate the geometric change
      estimation as a backward registration problem with Markov random field and
      provide an effective solution. The geometric change aims to provide the evidence
      about how the original image is resized into the target image. Under the guidance
      of the geometric change, we develop a novel aspect ratio similarity (ARS) metric
      to evaluate the visual quality of retargeted images by exploiting the local block
      changes with a visual importance pooling strategy. Experimental results on the
      publicly available MIT RetargetMe and CUHK data sets demonstrate that the
      proposed ARS can predict more accurate visual quality of retargeted images
      compared with the state-of-the-art IRQA metrics.

PMID- 27362979
TI  - Expression strategies for structural studies of eukaryotic membrane proteins.
AB  - Integral membrane proteins in eukaryotes are central to various cellular
      processes and key targets in structural biology, biotechnology and drug
      development. However, the number of available structures for eukaryotic membrane
      protein belies their physiological importance. Recently, the number of available
      eukaryotic membrane protein structures has been steadily increasing due to the
      development of novel strategies in construct design, expression and structure
      determination. Here, we examine the major expression systems exploited for
      eukaryotic membrane proteins. Additionally we strive to tabulate and describe the
      recent expression strategies in eukaryotic membrane protein structural biology.
      We find that a majority of targets have been expressed in advanced host systems
      and modified from their wild-type form with distinct focus on conformation and
      thermostabilisation. However, strategies for native protein purification should
      also be considered where possible, particularly in light of the recent advances
      in single particle cryo electron microscopy.

PMID- 27362980
TI  - Combining manual therapy with pain neuroscience education in the treatment of
      chronic low back pain: A narrative review of the literature.
AB  - Teaching people with chronic low back pain (CLBP) about the neurobiology and
      neurophysiology of their pain is referred to as pain neuroscience education
      (PNE). There is growing evidence that when PNE is provided to patients with
      chronic musculoskeletal pain, it can result in decreased pain, pain
      catastrophization, disability, and improved physical performance. Because the aim
      of PNE is to shift the patient's focus from the tissues in the low back as the
      source of their pain to the brain's interpretation of inputs, many clinicians
      could mistakenly believe that PNE should be a "hands-off," education-only
      approach. An argument can be made that by providing manual therapy or exercise to
      address local tissue pathology, the patient's focus could be brought back to the
      low back tissues as the source of their problem. In this narrative literature
      review, we present the case for a balanced approach that combines PNE with manual
      therapy and exercise by considering how manual therapy can also be incorporated
      for interventions with patients with CLBP. We propose that as well as producing
      local mechanical effects, providing manual therapy within a PNE context can be
      seen as meeting or perhaps enhancing patient expectations, and also refreshing or
      sharpening body schema maps within the brain. Ideally, all of this should lead to
      better outcomes in patients with CLBP. 

PMID- 27362981
TI  - Extended LazyNav: Virtual 3D Ground Navigation for Large Displays and Head
      Mounted Displays.
AB  - This paper presents the extended work on LazyNav, a head-free, eyes-free and
      hands-free mid-air ground navigation control model presented at the IEEE 3D User
      Interfaces (3DUI) 2015, in particular with a new application to the head-mounted
      display (HMD). Our mid-air interaction metaphor makes use of only a single pair
      of the remaining tracked body elements to tailor the navigation. Therefore, the
      user can navigate in the scene while still being able to perform other
      interactions with her hands and head, e.g., carrying a bag, grasping a cup of
      coffee, or observing the content by moving her eyes and locally rotating her
      head. We design several body motions for navigation by considering the use of non
      critical body parts and develop assumptions about ground navigation techniques.
      Through the user studies, we investigate the motions that are easy to discover,
      easy to control, socially acceptable, accurate and not tiring. Finally, we
      evaluate the desired ground navigation features with a prototype application in
      both a large display (LD) and a HMD navigation scenarios. We highlight several
      recommendations for designing a particular mid-air ground navigation technique
      for a LD and a HMD.

PMID- 27362982
TI  - Aggregate G-Buffer Anti-Aliasing -Extended Version.
AB  - We present Aggregate G-Buffer Anti-Aliasing (AGAA), a new technique for efficient
      anti-aliased deferred rendering of complex geometry using modern graphics
      hardware. In geometrically complex situations where many surfaces intersect a
      pixel, current rendering systems shade each contributing surface at least once
      per pixel. As the sample density and geometric complexity increase, the shading
      cost becomes prohibitive for real-time rendering. Under deferred shading, so does
      the required framebuffer memory. Our goal is to make high per-pixel sampling
      rates practical for real-time applications by substantially reducing shading
      costs and per-pixel storage compared to traditional deferred shading. AGAA uses
      the rasterization pipeline to generate a compact, pre-filtered geometric
      representation inside each pixel. We shade this representation at a fixed rate,
      independent of geometric complexity. By decoupling shading rate from geometric
      sampling rate, the algorithm reduces the storage and bandwidth costs of a
      geometry buffer, and allows scaling to high visibility sampling rates for anti
      aliasing. AGAA with two aggregates per-pixel generates results comparable to 32 *
      MSAA, but requires 54 percent less memory and is up to 2.6 * faster ( -30 percent
      memory and 1.7 * faster for 8 * MSAA).

PMID- 27362983
TI  - A Method for Locomotion Mode Identification Using Muscle Synergies.
AB  - Active lower limb transfemoral prostheses have enabled amputees to perform
      different locomotion modes such as walking, stair ascent, stair descent, ramp
      ascent and ramp descent. To achieve seamless mode transitions, these devices
      either rely on neural information from the amputee's residual limbs or sensors
      attached to the prosthesis to identify the intended locomotion modes or both. We
      present an approach for classification of locomotion modes based on the framework
      of muscle synergies underlying electromyography signals. Neural information at
      the critical instances (e.g., heel contact and toe-off) was decoded for this
      purpose. Non-negative matrix factorization was used to extract the muscles
      synergies from the muscle feature matrix. The estimation of the neural command
      was done using non-negative least squares. The muscle synergy approach was
      compared with linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM),
      and neural network (NN) and was tested on seven able-bodied subjects. There was
      no significant difference ( p > 0.05 ) in transitional and steady state
      classification errors during stance phase. The muscle synergy approach performed
      significantly better ( ) than NN and LDA during swing phase while results were
      similar to SVM. These results suggest that the muscle synergy approach can be
      used to discriminate between locomotion modes involving transitions.

PMID- 27362985
TI  - Detecting Pairwise Interactive Effects of Continuous Random Variables for
      Biomarker Identification with Small Sample Size.
AB  - Aberrant changes to interactions among cellular components have been conjectured
      to be potential causes of abnormalities in cellular functions. By systematic
      analysis of high-throughput-omics data, researchers hope to detect potential
      associations among measured variables for better biomarker identification and
      phenotype prediction. In this paper, we focus on the methods to measure pairwise
      interactive effects among continuous random variables, representing molecular
      expressions, with respect to a given categorical outcome. Together with a
      comprehensive review on the existing measures, we further propose new measures
      that better estimate interactive effects, especially in small sample size
      scenarios. We first evaluate the performance of the existing and new methods for
      both small and large sample sizes based on simulated datasets that shows our
      proposed methods outperform previous methods in general. The best performing
      method for small sample size scenarios suggested by simulation experiments is
      then implemented to estimate interactive effects among genes with respect to the
      metastasis outcome in two breast cancer studies based on micro-array gene
      expression datasets. Our results further demonstrate that integrating detected
      interactive effects together with individual effects can help in finding more
      accurate biomarkers for breast cancer metastasis, which are indeed involved in
      important pathways related to cancer metastasis based on gene set enrichment
      analysis.

PMID- 27362986
TI  - Extending the Applicability of Graphlets to Directed Networks.
AB  - With recent advances in high-throughput cell biology, the amount of cellular
      biological data has grown drastically. Such data is often modeled as graphs (also
      called networks) and studying them can lead to new insights into molecule-level
      organization. A possible way to understand their structure is by analyzing the
      smaller components that constitute them, namely network motifs and graphlets.
      Graphlets are particularly well suited to compare networks and to assess their
      level of similarity due to the rich topological information that they offer but
      are almost always used as small undirected graphs of up to five nodes, thus
      limiting their applicability in directed networks. However, a large set of
      interesting biological networks such as metabolic, cell signaling, or
      transcriptional regulatory networks are intrinsically directional, and using
      metrics that ignore edge direction may gravely hinder information extraction. Our
      main purpose in this work is to extend the applicability of graphlets to directed
      networks by considering their edge direction, thus providing a powerful basis for
      the analysis of directed biological networks. We tested our approach on two
      network sets, one composed of synthetic graphs and another of real directed
      biological networks, and verified that they were more accurately grouped using
      directed graphlets than undirected graphlets. It is also evident that directed
      graphlets offer substantially more topological information than simple graph
      metrics such as degree distribution or reciprocity. However, enumerating
      graphlets in large networks is a computationally demanding task. Our
      implementation addresses this concern by using a state-of-the-art data structure,
      the g-trie, which is able to greatly reduce the necessary computation. We
      compared our tool to other state-of-the art methods and verified that it is the
      fastest general tool for graphlet counting.

PMID- 27362987
TI  - Pluribus-Exploring the Limits of Error Correction Using a Suffix Tree.
AB  - : Next generation sequencing technologies enable efficient and cost-effective
      genome sequencing. However, sequencing errors increase the complexity of the de
      novo assembly process, and reduce the quality of the assembled sequences. Many
      error correction techniques utilizing substring frequencies have been developed
      to mitigate this effect. In this paper, we present a novel and effective method
      called Pluribus, for correcting sequencing errors using a generalized suffix
      trie. Pluribus utilizes multiple manifestations of an error in the trie to
      accurately identify errors and suggest corrections. We show that Pluribus
      produces the least number of false positives across a diverse set of real
      sequencing datasets when compared to other methods. Furthermore, Pluribus can be
      used in conjunction with other contemporary error correction methods to achieve
      higher levels of accuracy than either tool alone. These increases in error
      correction accuracy are also realized in the quality of the contigs that are
      generated during assembly. We explore, in-depth, the behavior of Pluribus , to
      explain the observed improvement in accuracy and assembly performance. Pluribus
      is freely available at http://compbio. CASE: edu/pluribus/.

PMID- 27362988
TI  - Modeling and Identification of Amnioserosa Cell Mechanical Behavior by Using Mass
      Spring Lattices.
AB  - Various mechanical models of live amnioserosa cells during Drosophila
      melanogaster's dorsal closure are proposed. Such models account for specific
      biomechanical oscillating behaviors and depend on a different set of parameters.
      The identification of the parameters for each of the proposed models is
      accomplished according to a least-squares approach in such a way to best fit the
      cellular dynamics extracted from live images. For the purpose of comparison, the
      resulting models after identification are validated to allow for the selection of
      the most appropriate description of such a cell dynamics. The proposed
      methodology is general and it may be applied to other planar biological
      processes.

PMID- 27362990
TI  - An Innovative Wireless Endoscopic Capsule With Spherical Shape.
AB  - This paper aims to contribute to the advancement of the Wireless Capsule
      Endoscopy (WCE) field for ColoRectal Cancer (CRC) screening, by developing all
      electronic circuits to build an innovative wireless endoscopic capsule with a
      spherical shape, conceived to reduce the friction during its locomotion and thus
      improving patient's acceptability. The proposed capsule embeds an image sensor
      with optics and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), a control unit with a telemetry
      module, an actuation system, a battery with a smart recharging circuit able to
      recharge in 20 minutes, a smart power-on circuit and a localization module.
      Everything is devised to fit in a small spherical shape with a diameter of 26 mm
      and a weight of 12.70 g. The authors present a description of the sub-modules
      involved in the capsule development, together with the firmware and hardware
      integration. In order to reduce the bandwidth for matching the specifications of
      the target commercial telemetry, the firmware interfacing of a custom encoder was
      performed, which is able to compress the incoming images with a negligible loss
      of information and occupying a number of Look Up-Tables (LUTs) less than 1780. As
      a preliminary work, a versatile Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) based demo
      board system has been developed in order to test and optimize the functionalities
      and the performance of the single sub-modules and wireless vision chain system.
      This work allows to demonstrate the feasibility of a complex biomedical system,
      with severe constraints by highlighting the necessity to enhance the frame rate
      in the future.

PMID- 27362989
TI  - A Survey of Software and Hardware Approaches to Performing Read Alignment in Next
      Generation Sequencing.
AB  - Computational genomics is an emerging field that is enabling us to reveal the
      origins of life and the genetic basis of diseases such as cancer. Next Generation
      Sequencing (NGS) technologies have unleashed a wealth of genomic information by
      producing immense amounts of raw data. Before any functional analysis can be
      applied to this data, read alignment is applied to find the genomic coordinates
      of the produced sequences. Alignment algorithms have evolved rapidly with the
      advancement in sequencing technology, striving to achieve biological accuracy at
      the expense of increasing space and time complexities. Hardware approaches have
      been proposed to accelerate the computational bottlenecks created by the
      alignment process. Although several hardware approaches have achieved remarkable
      speedups, most have overlooked important biological features, which have hampered
      their widespread adoption by the genomics community. In this paper, we provide a
      brief biological introduction to genomics and NGS. We discuss the most popular
      next generation read alignment tools and algorithms. Furthermore, we provide a
      comprehensive survey of the hardware implementations used to accelerate these
      algorithms.

PMID- 27362991
TI  - Degree-Pruning Dynamic Programming Approaches to Central Time Series Minimizing
      Dynamic Time Warping Distance.
AB  - The central time series crystallizes the common patterns of the set it
      represents. In this paper, we propose a global constrained degree-pruning dynamic
      programming (g(dp)2) approach to obtain the central time series through
      minimizing dynamic time warping (DTW) distance between two time series. The DTW
      matching path theory with global constraints is proved theoretically for our
      degree-pruning strategy, which is helpful to reduce the time complexity and
      computational cost. Our approach can achieve the optimal solution between two
      time series. An approximate method to the central time series of multiple time
      series [called as m_g(dp)2] is presented based on DTW barycenter averaging and
      our g(dp)2 approach by considering hierarchically merging strategy. As
      illustrated by the experimental results, our approaches provide better within
      group sum of squares and robustness than other relevant algorithms.

PMID- 27362992
TI  - On Stabilization of Quantized Sampled-Data Neural-Network-Based Control Systems.
AB  - This paper investigates the problem of stabilization of sampled-data neural
      network-based systems with state quantization. Different with previous works, the
      communication limitation of state quantization is considered for the first time.
      More specifically, it is assumed that the sampled state measurements from sensor
      to the controller are quantized via a quantizer. To reduce conservativeness, a
      novel piecewise Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) is constructed by
      introducing a line-integral type Lyapunov function and some useful terms that
      take full advantage of the available information about the actual sampling
      pattern. Based on the new LKF, much less conservative stabilization conditions
      are derived to obtain the maximal sampling period and the minimal guaranteed cost
      control performance. The desired quantized sampled-data three-layer fully
      connected feedforward neural-network-based controllers are designed by a linear
      matrix inequality approach. A search algorithm is given to find the optimal
      values of tuning parameters. The effectiveness and advantage of proposed method
      are demonstrated by the numerical simulation of an inverted pendulum.

PMID- 27362993
TI  - The consumption of canned food and beverages and urinary Bisphenol A
      concentrations in NHANES 2003-2008.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous and includes dietary and
      environmental pathways. BPA is rapidly glucuronidated in the body, and both BPA
      and its conjugates can be readily measured in urine. OBJECTIVES: To investigate
      the contribution of canned food and beverages, known sources of BPA
      contamination, to BPA biomarkers of exposure using dietary and urinary BPA
      concentration information in a representative sample of the U.S. METHODS: We
      evaluated 7669 NHANES 2003-2008 participants 6 years and older with 24-h dietary
      recall information and urinary BPA concentrations available. Using linear
      regression models, we evaluated the associations between recent canned food and
      beverage consumption and urinary BPA concentrations, adjusting for potential
      confounders. RESULTS: We found 9% of our participants consumed one canned food in
      the past 24h and 2% consumed two or more canned foods. The consumption of one
      canned food vs. none was associated with 24% (95% CI 1.11, 1.38) higher urinary
      BPA concentrations. The consumption of two or more canned foods vs. none was
      associated with 54% (95% CI 1.27, 1.88) higher urinary BPA concentrations. The
      consumption of one or more of some specific types of canned foods vs. none were
      associated with higher urinary BPA concentrations: 41% (95% CI 1.23, 1.63) higher
      BPA for vegetable and fruit, 70% (95% CI 1.18, 2.44) higher for canned pasta, and
      229% (95% CI 1.22, 4.30) higher for canned soup. Canned beverages were not
      associated with urinary BPA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Canned food, including
      some specific types such as canned vegetable and fruit, canned pasta, and canned
      soup were associated with higher levels of urinary BPA concentrations.

PMID- 27362995
TI  - Measurement of 2-nonenal and diacetyl emanating from human skin surface employing
      passive flux sampler-GCMS system.
AB  - It is commonly said elderly persons have a characteristic body odor, and, at
      present, two chemical compounds have been found to vary with age in male
      Japanese: 2-nonenal and diacetyl. To investigate dermal emission flux of the
      ageing odor related compounds, we have developed a non-invasive sampling device
      based on a concept of passive flux sampler (PFS). The sampler was placed on the
      skin surface to create a headspace, and the gases emanating from skin moved
      toward a disk-type adsorbent. The trapped gases were then extracted with
      dichloromethane and determined by GCMS. The PFS was practically applied to
      healthy volunteers covering a wide range of age. Since emission fluxes of both
      compounds remarkably varied with sampling position, the nape of the neck was
      fixed as regular sampling position where there are dense networks of both
      sebaceous and eccrine glands which are potential sources of both compounds. The
      emission flux of 2-nonenal increased with age for both male and female
      volunteers, whilst the flux of diacetyl showed highest in 30s and decreased over
      40s. Although diacetyl has been known as a middle-aged male odor, this study
      showed the odor caused by diacetyl was not specific to male. 

PMID- 27362994
TI  - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for measuring deoxythioguanosine in DNA
      from thiopurine-treated patients.
AB  - Adverse reactions and non-response are common in patients treated with thiopurine
      drugs. Current monitoring of drug metabolite levels for guiding treatment are
      limited to analysis of thioguanine nucleotides (TGNs) in erythrocytes after
      chemical derivatisation. Erythrocytes are not the target tissue and TGN levels
      show poor correlations with clinical response. We have developed a sensitive
      assay to quantify deoxythioguanosine (dTG) without derivatisation in the DNA of
      nucleated blood cells. Using liquid chromatography and detection by tandem mass
      spectrometry, an intra- and inter-assay variability below 7.8% and 17.0%
      respectively were achieved. The assay had a detection limit of 0.0003125ng (1.1
      femtomoles) dTG and was quantified in DNA samples relative to endogenous
      deoxyadenosine (dA) in a small group of 20 patients with inflammatory bowel
      disease, all of whom had been established on azathioprine (AZA) therapy for more
      than 25 weeks. These patients had dTG levels of 20-1360mol dTG/10(6)mol dA; three
      patients who had not started therapy had no detectable dTG. This method,
      comparable to previous methods in sensitivity, enables the direct detection of a
      cytotoxic thiopurine metabolite without derivatisation in an easily obtainable,
      stable sample and will facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms of
      action of these inexpensive yet effective drugs. 

PMID- 27362996
TI  - Bio-sorption based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the highly
      efficient enrichment of trace-level bisphenol A from water samples prior to its
      determination by HPLC.
AB  - In this study, biosorption based dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (Bio
      DLLME) has been developed as a new method for the extraction of bisphenol A (BPA)
      from water samples. In this technique, the BPA is extracted into a stable cloudy
      phase. The colloidal phase is composed of micro-particles made from rhaminolipid
      biosurfactant and methanol, which dispersed in the water samples and facilitated
      the breakdown of analyte matrix bonds and provided high extraction yields.
      Rhaminolipid biosurfactants form a thin molecular interfacial film. This layer is
      formed between donor and recipient phase. This molecular layer, lowers the
      interfacial tension between immiscible phases (aqueous solution: colloidal
      particles) and allow dissimilar phases to mix and interact more easily. So the
      equilibrium state is achieved quickly and, therefore, the extraction time is very
      short. The attraction of the proposed method is that the extraction is fast,
      simple and can be done without toxic organic solvents. Also bioaggregates have
      several advantages such as higher environmental compatibility and
      biodegradability. Experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency
      were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, relative recoveries of
      BPA were in the ranges of 98-103.3%. The calibration plot is linear in the range
      between 1 and 1000MUgL(-1) (R(2)=0.998), and the relative standard deviation
      (RSD, for n=6) is 3.24%. 

PMID- 27362997
TI  - What are the attributes of a good health educator?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the attributes that students
      and educators believe are important to being a good health educator in a non
      clinical setting. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of first-year health science
      students and educators involved with a Health Science course in Melbourne,
      Australia was performed. A convenience sampling approach was implemented, with
      participants were required to rate the importance of teaching attributes on a
      previously developed 15-item written questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were
      generated, with Pearson's chi-square statistics used to examine differences
      between groups. In total 94/147 (63.9%) of students and 15/15 (100%) of educators
      participated in the study. RESULTS: Of the 15 attributes, only 'scholarly
      activity' was not deemed to be not as an important attribute to define a good
      educator. Knowledge base (50% vs. 13.3%) and feedback skills (22.3% vs. 0%) were
      rated as important attributes by students in comparison to educators.
      Professionalism (20% vs. 5.3%), scholarly activity (20% vs. 3.2%) and role
      modelling (26.7% vs. 3.2%) were rated as the most important attributes by
      educators in comparison to students. CONCLUSIONS: No single attribute makes a
      good health educator; rather health educators are required to have a rounded
      approach to teaching. Students have greater focus on the educator providing a
      transfer of knowledge. Educators are additionally focused on professionalism
      attributes, which may not be valued by students. Students and educators must
      enter into a clearer understanding of expectations, from both parties, to obtain
      optimal education outcomes.

PMID- 27362998
TI  - Full Angle Spatial Compound of ARFI images for breast cancer detection.
AB  - Automated ultrasound breast imaging would overcome most of the limitations that
      precludes conventional hand-held echography to be an effective screening method
      for breast cancer diagnosis. If a three dimensional (3D) ultrasound dataset is
      acquired without manual intervention of the technician, repeatability and patient
      follow-up could be improved. Furthermore, depending on the system configuration,
      resolution and contrast could be enhanced with regard to conventional echography,
      improving lesion detectability and evaluation. Having multiple modalities is
      another major advantage of these automated systems, currently under development
      by several research groups. Because of their circular structure, some of them
      include through-transmission measurements that allow constructing speed of sound
      and attenuation maps, which adds complementary information to the conventional
      reflectivity B-Mode image. This work addresses the implementation of the Acoustic
      Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging technique in a Full Angle Spatial Compound
      (FASC) automated breast imaging system. It is of particular interest because of
      the high specificity of ARFI for breast cancer diagnosis, by representing tissue
      elasticity differences rather than acoustic reflectivity. First, the image
      formation process is analyzed and a compounding strategy is proposed for ARFI
      FASC. Then, experimental results with a prototype system and two gelatin phantoms
      are presented: Phantom A with a hard inclusion in a soft background, and phantom
      B with three soft inclusions in a hard background and with three steel needles.
      It is demonstrated that the full angle composition of ARFI images improves image
      quality, enhancing Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) from 4.9 to 20.6 and 3.6 to 13.5
      in phantoms A and B respectively. Furthermore, this CNR increase improved
      detectability of small structures (needles) with regard to images obtained from a
      single location, in which image texture masked their presence.

PMID- 27362999
TI  - Chemotherapy dose intensity predicted by baseline nutrition assessment in
      gastrointestinal malignancies: A multicentre analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is prevalent in cancer patients and is associated with
      inferior outcomes. We examined the association between malnutrition, as measured
      by the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), and chemotherapy dose reduction in
      patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. We hypothesised that malnutrition,
      defined by a patient's baseline SGA, would be associated with a greater degree of
      chemotherapy dose-reduction, with the implication of greater chemotherapy related
      toxicity. DESIGN: We reviewed chemotherapy dosing and treatment related toxicity
      for patients enrolled in a prospective Gastrointestinal Cancer Registry over
      their first 8 weeks of treatment. We compared results between well-nourished and
      malnourished patients. RESULTS: Malnourished patients were more likely than well
      nourished patients to have their starting chemotherapy dose reduced from standard
      published dosing (67% versus 35%, p=0.0001). Despite attenuated initial dosing,
      malnourished patients received a smaller fraction of planned chemotherapy (mean
      80+/-23% versus 90+/-15% of cycle 1, p=0.005), primarily due to toxicity-related
      dose reductions. After controlling for age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology
      Group performance status (ECOG), albumin, smoking status, body habitus, and
      weight loss, malnutrition remained the strongest independent predictor of the
      magnitude of chemotherapy dose reduction (estimate -10.3%, 95% confidence
      interval -19.0 to -0.1.6%, p=0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition is an independent
      predictor of chemotherapy dose-reduction for toxicity. This study highlights the
      practical significance of malnutrition in gastrointestinal malignancies and
      provides a baseline for future nutrition intervention studies to improve
      chemotherapy tolerability in malnourished patients.

PMID- 27363001
TI  - Long-term changes in plaque burden and vessel remodeling in saphenous vein
      grafts: insights from serial intravascular ultrasound.

PMID- 27363000
TI  - Association of coronary artery calcium with bone mineral density in
      postmenopausal women.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis (OP) are common diseases in elderly
      individuals and may share common pathogenetic mechanisms. The aim of this study
      was to investigate the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and
      coronary artery calcium (CAC) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: In this cross
      sectional study, 186 postmenopausal women 50-80 years of age were included. BMD
      of the spine and femoral neck was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
      The coronary artery calcium score (CACS) was measured by multidetector computed
      tomography. RESULTS: The study included postmenopausal women aged 65.6+/-7.3
      years, 109 of whom (58.6%) showed CAC. Thirty-three (17.7%) of the patients were
      found to have OP in the lumbar spine and 83 (44.6%) had osteopenia, whereas in
      the femoral neck, 26 patients (14.0%) had OP and 87 patients (46.8%) had
      osteopenia. The mean CACS was 57.6+/-108.3 in normal status, 89.7+/-143.5 in OP,
      and 156.4+/-256.9 in osteopenia at the spine (P<0.05). The mean CACS was 43.2+/
      89.9 in normal status, 126.9+/-180.3 in OP, and 198.2+/-301.2 in osteopenia at
      the femoral neck (P<0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that
      BMD was an independent marker for an increased risk of developing CAC in
      postmenopausal women. The multiple regression model showed that T-scores were the
      independent predictors of CACS. CONCLUSION: BMD identified on images from dual
      energy X-ray absorptiometry were strongly related to multidetector computed
      tomography measures of CAC. This low-cost, minimal radiation technique used
      widely for OP screening is a promising marker of generalized coronary
      atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27363002
TI  - Surgical management of interventricular septal rupture.

PMID- 27363003
TI  - Disorders of the anterior attentional-intentional system in patients with end
      stage renal disease: Evidence from reaction time studies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Dialyzed patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have been
      reported to have several neurobehavioral impairments that are often accompanied
      by structural and functional abnormalities of frontal-subcortical networks.
      Whereas the anterior attentional-intentional systems responsible for the
      allocation of attention and preparation for action (intention) are mediated by
      these frontal-subcortical networks, these functions have not been specifically
      investigated in this population. METHOD: Twenty-three non-demented dialyzed
      patients with ESRD were compared with 25 matched controls on the performance on
      four reaction time (RT) subtests from the ROtman-Baycrest Battery to Investigate
      Attention (ROBBIA). These included measures of Simple, Choice, and Prepare RTs as
      well as a Concentrate task. RESULTS: In the Prepare RT task with a warning signal
      presented 1s before the onset of imperative stimulus, the patients' performance
      was not different than the controls; however, dialyzed patients became
      significantly slower than controls in the Prepare 3s warning condition as well as
      on all other RT measures. Nonetheless, both groups exhibited a gradual decrease
      in RT with increasing interstimulus intervals, with no group difference in the
      number and type of errors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggests, that while with
      external preparatory stimuli, the dialyzed ESRD patients may be able to acutely
      increase their arousal and enhance their allocation of selective attention or
      action-preparation, they appear not to be able to maintain this enhanced
      preparatory status. Whereas these results help to elucidate a potential source of
      disability in this patient population, future studies will need to examine if
      this deficit is primarily attentional, intentional or both (arousal), as well as
      explore possible treatments.

PMID- 27363004
TI  - Featural information is sufficient to produce a left cheek bias for happiness
      perception.
AB  - People perceive the left cheek as more emotionally expressive than the right.
      Both configural and featural information enable the evaluation of emotional
      expressions; whether they make equivalent contributions to the left cheek bias is
      undetermined. As scrambling faces disrupts configural processing whilst leaving
      featural information intact, we investigated whether configural information is
      necessary, or featural information is sufficient, to induce a left cheek bias for
      emotion perception. Eighty-one participants (65 F, 16 M) viewed two types of left
      and right cheek image pairs - normal, scrambled - and indicated which image
      appeared happier (half mirror-reversed to control for perceptual biases). Results
      indicated a left cheek bias for both normal and scrambled faces, irrespective of
      mirror reversal. As scrambling faces disrupts configural processing, the fact
      that the left cheek was perceived as more expressive even when scrambled confirms
      that differences between the cheeks' featural information are sufficient to
      induce the left cheek bias.

PMID- 27363005
TI  - The procrastinators want it now: Behavioral and event-related potential evidence
      of the procrastination of intertemporal choices.
AB  - Much past research has focused on the correlation between procrastination and
      personality traits (e.g., impulsivity). According to the temporal motivation
      theory, procrastinators are impulsive and sensitive to delays in time. However,
      there is still a lack of direct evidence of the tendency of procrastinators to
      prefer immediate over future rewards. To investigate this question, we recorded
      event-related potentials (ERPs) in the brain while participants performed an
      intertemporal choice task involving both time delay and reward processing. The
      participants were assigned to a high procrastination group and a low
      procrastination group according to their scores on self-report measures. We found
      that high procrastination participants preferred immediate rewards compared to
      future ones whereas low procrastination participants did not. High
      procrastinators also exhibited a larger and delayed P2 component, indicating
      delay time processing and abnormal reward processing. No significant effect
      associated with procrastination was found on the P300 component. Taken together,
      these findings suggest that high procrastinators are more impulsive and encode
      the information of delay time more slowly but with a higher level of motivation
      driven attention. The current study substantiates higher impulsivity in
      procrastination and verifies that a difference exists in the sensitivity to time
      delay between high and low procrastinators.

PMID- 27363006
TI  - Non-optic vision: Beyond synesthesia?
AB  - Patient NS is a 28year-old female who went blind in her early twenties as a
      result of S-cone syndrome, a degenerative retinal disorder. A few years after
      losing her vision, she started experiencing visual perceptions of her hands as
      she moved them and objects that came into contact with her hands. Over the course
      of a year, these cross-modal sensations evolved to become veridical visual
      experiences accurately representative of her hands, objects she touched, and to
      some degree, objects she could infer from her immediate surroundings. We argue
      that these experiences are distinct from mental imagery as they occurred
      automatically, remained consistent over time, and were proprioceptively mediated
      by her head position much like normal optical vision. Moreover, she could neither
      consciously force these visual experiences to occur without sensory inference nor
      prevent them from happening when haptically exploring an object. Her previous
      visual experiences contributed to a strong influence of top-down processing in
      her perceptions. Though individuals have previously been able to develop limited
      veridical acquired synesthesia following extensive practice over many years with
      the use of a special sensory device, none reported experiencing the richness of
      complexity or degree of top-down processing exhibited by NS. Thus, we posit that
      NS's case may represent a phenomenon beyond synesthesia altogether.

PMID- 27363007
TI  - The effect of interference on temporal order memory in individuals with
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Memory for the temporal order of items or events in a sequence has been shown to
      be impaired in older adults and individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). The
      present study examined the effects of high and low interference on temporal order
      memory in individuals diagnosed with PD (n=20) and demographically similar
      healthy older adults (n=20) utilizing a computerized task used in previously
      published studies. During the sample phase of each trial, a series of eight
      circles were randomly presented one at a time in eight different spatial
      locations. Participants were instructed to remember the sequence in which the
      circles appeared in the locations. During the choice phase, participants were
      presented with two circles in two different locations and were asked to indicate
      which circle appeared earliest in the sample phase sequence. The two circles were
      separated by one of four possible temporal separation lags (0, 2, 4, and 6),
      defined as the number of circles occurring in the sample phase sequence between
      the two choice phase circles. Shorter temporal lags (e.g., 0 and 2 lags) were
      hypothesized to result in higher interference compared to longer temporal lags
      (e.g., 4 and 6 lags). The results demonstrated that on trials involving high
      interference, no differences were found between the two groups. However, healthy
      older adults significantly outperformed individuals with PD (p<0.05) on trials
      involving low interference. Although differences were found between the PD and
      healthy older adult groups, both groups significantly improved on low
      interference trials compared to high interference trials (p<0.001). The findings
      indicate that temporal order memory improves in healthy older adults and
      individuals with PD when interference is reduced. However, individuals with PD
      demonstrated poorer temporal order memory even with less interference. Therefore,
      temporal order memory is differentially affected by interference in healthy older
      adults and individuals with PD. Given that both groups did improve with lessened
      interference, behavioral interventions that minimize temporal interference
      potentially could improve memory function in older adults and to a lesser extent
      in individuals with PD.

PMID- 27363008
TI  - Facing competition: Neural mechanisms underlying parallel programming of
      antisaccades and prosaccades.
AB  - The antisaccade task is a prominent tool to investigate the response inhibition
      component of cognitive control. Recent theoretical accounts explain performance
      in terms of parallel programming of exogenous and endogenous saccades, linked to
      the horse race metaphor. Previous studies have tested the hypothesis of competing
      saccade signals at the behavioral level by selectively slowing the programming of
      endogenous or exogenous processes e.g. by manipulating the probability of
      antisaccades in an experimental block. To gain a better understanding of
      inhibitory control processes in parallel saccade programming, we analyzed task
      related eye movements and blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses
      obtained using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3T from 16 healthy
      participants in a mixed antisaccade and prosaccade task. The frequency of
      antisaccade trials was manipulated across blocks of high (75%) and low (25%)
      antisaccade frequency. In blocks with high antisaccade frequency, antisaccade
      latencies were shorter and error rates lower whilst prosaccade latencies were
      longer and error rates were higher. At the level of BOLD, activations in the task
      related saccade network (left inferior parietal lobe, right inferior parietal
      sulcus, left precentral gyrus reaching into left middle frontal gyrus and
      inferior frontal junction) and deactivations in components of the default mode
      network (bilateral temporal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex) compensated
      increased cognitive control demands. These findings illustrate context dependent
      mechanisms underlying the coordination of competing decision signals in
      volitional gaze control.

PMID- 27363009
TI  - A multidisciplinary performance improvement rotation in an internal medicine
      training program.

PMID- 27363010
TI  - Factors influencing the detection of beach plastic debris.
AB  - Marine plastic pollution is a global problem with considerable ecological and
      economic consequences. Quantifying the amount of plastic in the ocean has been
      facilitated by surveys of accumulated plastic on beaches, but existing monitoring
      programmes assume the proportion of plastic detected during beach surveys is
      constant across time and space. Here we use a multi-observer experiment to assess
      what proportion of small plastic fragments is missed routinely by observers, and
      what factors influence the detection probability of different types of plastic.
      Detection probability across the various types of plastic ranged from 60 to 100%,
      and varied considerably by observer, observer experience, and biological material
      present on the beach that could be confused with plastic. Blue fragments had the
      highest detection probability, while white fragments had the lowest. We recommend
      long-term monitoring programmes adopt survey designs accounting for imperfect
      detection or at least assess the proportion of fragments missed by observers. 

PMID- 27363011
TI  - The posterior HOXD locus: Its contribution to phenotype and malignancy of Ewing
      sarcoma.
AB  - Microarray analysis revealed genes of the posterior HOXD locus normally involved
      in bone formation to be over-expressed in primary Ewing sarcoma (ES). The
      expression of posterior HOXD genes was not influenced via ES pathognomonic
      EWS/ETS translocations. However, knock down of the dickkopf WNT signaling pathway
      inhibitor 2 (DKK2) resulted in a significant suppression of HOXD10, HOXD11 and
      HOXD13 while over-expression of DKK2 and stimulation with factors of the WNT
      signaling pathway such as WNT3a, WNT5a or WNT11 increased their expression. RNA
      interference demonstrated that individual HOXD genes promoted chondrogenic
      differentiation potential, and enhanced expression of the bone-associated gene
      RUNX2. Furthermore, HOXD genes increased the level of the osteoblast- and
      osteoclast-specific genes, osteocalcin (BGLAP) and platelet-derived growth factor
      beta polypeptide (PDGFB), and may further regulate endochondral bone development
      via induction of parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH). Additionally, HOXD11
      and HOXD13 promoted contact independent growth of ES, while in vitro invasiveness
      of ES lines was enhanced by all 3 HOXD genes investigated and seemed mediated via
      matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1). Consequently, knock down of HOXD11 or HOXD13
      significantly suppressed lung metastasis in a xeno-transplant model in immune
      deficient mice, providing overall evidence that posterior HOXD genes promote
      clonogenicity and metastatic potential of ES.

PMID- 27363012
TI  - Niclosamide sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer cells to ionizing radiation
      in association with the inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling.
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most difficult breast cancers
      to treat because there is no targeted treatment, and conventional cytotoxic
      chemotherapy followed by adjuvant radiation therapy is the standard of care for
      patients with TNBC. We herein reported that ionizing radiation (IR) induced
      Wnt3a, LRP6 and beta-catenin expression and consequently activated Wnt/beta
      catenin signaling in TNBC MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and Hs578T cells. Moreover,
      depletion of beta-catenin by shRNA sensitized TNBC cells to IR, whereas treatment
      of Wnt3a protein or overexpression of beta-catenin resulted in radioresistance of
      TNBC cells. Niclosamide, a potent inhibitor of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, not
      only inhibited constitutive Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, but also blocked IR
      induced Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in TNBC cells. In addition, niclosamide
      sensitized TNBC cells to IR, prevented Wnt3a-induced radioresistance, and
      overcame beta-catenin-induced radioresistance in TNBC cells. Importantly, animals
      treated with the combination of niclosamide and gamma-ray local tumor irradiation
      had significant inhibition of MDA-MB-231 tumor growth compared with treated with
      local tumor irradiation alone. These findings indicate that Wnt/beta-catenin
      signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of radioresistance
      of TNBC cells, and that niclosamide had significant radiosensitizing effects by
      inhibiting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in TNBC cells. Our study also provides
      rationale for further preclinical and clinical evaluation of niclosamide in TNBC
      management.

PMID- 27363013
TI  - Comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed profiles of lncRNAs and
      circRNAs with associated co-expression and ceRNA networks in bladder carcinoma.
AB  - Accumulating evidences indicate that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular
      RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms
      remain largely unknown. To explore lncRNAs and circRNAs expression profiling and
      their biological functions in bladder cancer, we surveyed the lncRNA/circRNA and
      mRNA expression profiles of bladder cancer and para-cancer tissues using
      microarray for four patients. Thousands of significantly changed lncRNAs and
      mRNAs as well as hundreds of circRNAs were identified. Five dysregulated lncRNAs
      and four mRNAs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR in 30 pairs of
      samples. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were executed to determine the
      principal functions of the significantly deregulated genes. Further more, we
      constructed correlated expression networks including coding-noncoding co
      expression (CNC), competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA), cis regulation, lncRNAs
      transcription factor (TF)-mRNA with bioinformatics methods. Co-expression
      analysis showed lncRNA APLP2 expression is correlated with apoptosis-related
      genes, including PTEN and TP53INP1. CeRNA network inferred that lncRNA H19 and
      circRNA MYLK could bind competitively with miRNA-29a-3p increasing target gene
      DNMT3B, VEGFA and ITGB1 expressions. Moreover, the nearby genes pattern displayed
      that overexpressing ADAM2 and C8orf4 are cis-regulated by lncRNA RP11-359E19.2,
      involving in progression of bladder cancer. In addition, lncRNAs-TF-mRNA diagram
      indicated that lncRNA BC041488 could trans-regulate CDK1 mRNA expression through
      SRF transcription factor. Taken together, these results suggested lncRNAs and
      circRNAs could implicate in the pathogenesis and development of bladder cancer.
      Our findings provide a novel perspective on lncRNAs and circRNAs and lay the
      foundation for future research of potential roles of lncRNAs and circRNAs in
      bladder carcinoma.

PMID- 27363014
TI  - Superiority of lymph node ratio-based staging system for prognostic prediction in
      2575 patients with gastric cancer: validation analysis in a large single center.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of node ratio (Nr), the
      ratio of metastatic to retrieved lymph nodes, and to investigate whether a
      modified staging system based on Nr can improve prognostic ability for gastric
      cancer patients following gastrectomy. A total of 2572 patients were randomly
      divided into training set and validation set, and the cutoff points for Nr were
      produced using X-tile. The relationships between Nr and other clinicopathologic
      factors were analyzed, while survival prognostic discriminatory ability and
      accuracy were compared among different staging systems by AIC and C-index in R
      program. Patients were categorized into four groups as follows: Nr0, Nr1: 0.00
      0.15, Nr2: 0.15-0.40 and Nr3: > 0.40. Nr was significantly associated with
      clinicopathologic factors including macroscopic type, tumor differentiation,
      lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumor size, T stage, N stage and
      TNM stage. Besides, for all patients, Nr and TNrM staging system showed a smaller
      AIC and a larger C-index than that of N and TNM staging system, respectively.
      Moreover, in subgroup analysis for patients with retrieved lymph nodes < 15, Nr
      was demonstrated to have a smaller AIC and a larger C-index than N staging
      system. Furthermore, in validation analysis, Nr, categorized by our cutoff
      points, showed a larger C-index and a smaller AIC value than those produced in
      previous studies. Nr could be considered as a reliable prognostic factor, even in
      patients with insufficient (< 15) retrieved lymph nodes, and TNrM staging system
      may improve the prognostic discriminatory ability and accuracy for gastric cancer
      patients undergoing radical gastrectomy.

PMID- 27363016
TI  - Transcriptomic analysis of KSHV-infected primary oral fibroblasts: The role of
      interferon-induced genes in the latency of oncogenic virus.
AB  - The Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi
      sarcoma (KS), the most common HIV/AIDS-associated tumor worldwide. Involvement of
      the oral cavity portends a poor prognosis for patients with KS, but the
      mechanisms for KSHV regulation of the oral tumor microenvironment are largely
      unknown. Infiltrating fibroblasts are found within KS lesions, and KSHV can
      establish latent infection within human primary fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo,
      but contributions for KSHV-infected fibroblasts to the KS microenvironment have
      not been previously characterized. In the present study, we used Illumina
      microarray to determine global gene expression changes in KSHV-infected primary
      human oral fibroblasts (PDLF and HGF). Among significantly altered candidates, we
      found that a series of interferon-induced genes were strongly up-regulated in
      these KSHV-infected oral cells. Interestingly, some of these genes in particular
      ISG15 and ISG20 are required for maintenance of virus latency through regulation
      of specific KSHV microRNAs. Our data indicate that oral fibroblasts may represent
      one important host cellular defense component against viral infection, as well as
      acting as a reservoir for herpesvirus lifelong infection in the oral cavity.

PMID- 27363015
TI  - Antimitotic activity of DY131 and the estrogen-related receptor beta 2 (ERRbeta2)
      splice variant in breast cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in women, and
      triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks clinically actionable therapeutic
      targets. Death in mitosis is a tumor suppressive mechanism that occurs in cancer
      cells experiencing a defective M phase. The orphan estrogen-related receptor beta
      (ERRbeta) is a key reprogramming factor in murine embryonic and induced
      pluripotent stem cells. In primates, ERRbeta is alternatively spliced to produce
      several receptor isoforms. In cellular models of glioblastoma, short form
      (ERRbetasf) and beta2 (ERRbeta2) splice variants differentially regulate cell
      cycle progression in response to the synthetic agonist DY131, with ERRbeta2
      driving arrest in G2/M.The goals of the present study are to determine the
      cellular function(s) of ligand-activated ERRbeta splice variants in breast cancer
      and evaluate the potential of DY131 to serve as an antimitotic agent,
      particularly in TNBC. DY131 inhibits growth in a diverse panel of breast cancer
      cell lines, causing cell death that involves the p38 stress kinase pathway and a
      bimodal cell cycle arrest. ERRbeta2 facilitates the block in G2/M, and DY131
      delays progression from prophase to anaphase. Finally, ERRbeta2 localizes to
      centrosomes and DY131 causes mitotic spindle defects. Targeting ERRbeta2 may
      therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy in breast cancer.

PMID- 27363017
TI  - Human cytomegalovirus may promote tumour progression by upregulating arginase-2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Both arginase (ARG2) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have been
      implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the role of ARG2 in the pathogenesis of
      glioblastoma (GBM) and the HCMV effects on ARG2 are unknown. We hypothesize that
      HCMV may contribute to tumorigenesis by increasing ARG2 expression. RESULTS: ARG2
      promotes tumorigenesis by increasing cellular proliferation, migration, invasion
      and vasculogenic mimicry in GBM cells, at least in part due to overexpression of
      MMP2/9. The nor-NOHA significantly reduced migration and tube formation of ARG2
      overexpressing cells. HCMV immediate-early proteins (IE1/2) or its downstream
      pathways upregulated the expression of ARG2 in U-251 MG cells. Immunostaining of
      GBM tissue sections confirmed the overexpression of ARG2, consistent with data
      from subsets of Gene Expression Omnibus. Moreover, higher levels of ARG2
      expression tended to be associated with poorer survival in GBM patient by
      analyzing data from TCGA. METHODS: The role of ARG2 in tumorigenesis was examined
      by proliferation-, migration-, invasion-, wound healing- and tube formation
      assays using an ARG2-overexpressing cell line and ARG inhibitor, N (omega)
      hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) and siRNA against ARG2 coupled with functional
      assays measuring MMP2/9 activity, VEGF levels and nitric oxide synthase activity.
      Association between HCMV and ARG2 were examined in vitro with 3 different GBM
      cell lines, and ex vivo with immunostaining on GBM tissue sections. The viral
      mechanism mediating ARG2 induction was examined by siRNA approach. Correlation
      between ARG2 expression and patient survival was extrapolated from bioinformatics
      analysis on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). CONCLUSIONS: ARG2 promotes
      tumorigenesis, and HCMV may contribute to GBM pathogenesis by upregulating ARG2.

PMID- 27363018
TI  - Immunogenic cell death due to a new photodynamic therapy (PDT) with
      glycoconjugated chlorin (G-chlorin).
AB  - Both the pre-apoptotic exposure to calreticulin (CRT) and the post-apoptotic
      release of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) are required for immunogenic
      cell death. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic photosensitizers and
      visible light at a specific wavelength in combination with oxygen to produce
      cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that kill malignant cells by apoptosis and/or
      necrosis, shut down the tumor microvasculature, and stimulate the host immune
      system. We have previously shown that glycoconjugated chlorin (G-chlorin) has
      superior cancer cell selectivity and effectively suppresses the growth of
      xenograft tumors. In the present study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of PDT
      with G-chlorin treatment in colon cancer cells. PDT with G-chlorin suppressed
      CT26 (mouse colon cancer cells) tumor growth considerably more efficiently in
      immunocompetent mice (wild-type mice, allograft model) than in immune-deficient
      mice (nude mice, xenograft model), although control treatments were not different
      between the two. This treatment also induced CRT translocation and HMGB1 release
      in cells, as shown by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. To evaluate
      the use of PDT-treated cells as a tumor vaccine, we employed a syngeneic mouse
      tumor model (allograft model). Mice inoculated with PDT-treated CT26 cells were
      significantly protected against a subsequent challenge with live CT26 cells, and
      this protection was inhibited by siRNA for CRT or HMGB1. In conclusion, PDT with
      G-chlorin treatment induced immunogenic cell death in a mouse model, where the
      immunogenicity of this treatment was directed by CRT expression and HMGB1
      release.

PMID- 27363019
TI  - Targeting the WEE1 kinase as a molecular targeted therapy for gastric cancer.
AB  - Wee1 is a member of the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family and is a key
      regulator of cell cycle progression. It has been known that WEE1 is highly
      expressed and has oncogenic functions in various cancers, but it is not yet
      studied in gastric cancers. In this study, we investigated the oncogenic role and
      therapeutic potency of targeting WEE1 in gastric cancer. At first, higher
      expression levels of WEE1 with lower survival probability were determined in
      stage 4 gastric cancer patients or male patients with accompanied lymph node
      metastasis. To determine the function of WEE1 in gastric cancer cells, we
      determined that WEE1 ablation decreased the proliferation, migration, and
      invasion, while overexpression of WEE1 increased these effects in gastric cancer
      cells. We also validated the clinical application of WEE1 targeting by a small
      molecule, AZD1775 (MK-1775), which is a WEE1 specific inhibitor undergoing
      clinical trials. AZD1775 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced
      apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells, which was more effective
      in WEE1 high-expressing gastric cancer cells. Moreover, we performed combination
      treatments with AZD1775 and anti-cancer agents, 5- fluorouracil or Paclitaxel in
      gastric cancer cells and in gastric cancer orthotopic-transplanted mice to
      maximize the therapeutic effect and safety of AZD1775. The combination treatments
      dramatically inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and tumor
      burdens in stomach orthotopic-transplanted mice. Taken together, we propose that
      WEE1 is over-expressed and could enhance gastric cancer cell proliferation and
      metastasis. Therefore, we suggest that WEE1 is a potent target for gastric cancer
      therapy.

PMID- 27363020
TI  - Globally increased ultraconserved noncoding RNA expression in pancreatic
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Transcribed ultraconserved regions (T-UCRs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with
      100% sequence conservation among human, rat and mouse genomes. T-UCRs are
      differentially expressed in several cancers, however their expression in
      pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been studied. We used a qPCR array to
      profile all 481 T-UCRs in pancreatic cancer specimens, pancreatic cancer cell
      lines, during experimental pancreatic desmoplasia and in the pancreases of
      P48Cre/wt; KrasLSL-G12D/wt mice. Fourteen, 57 and 29% of the detectable T-UCRs
      were differentially expressed in the cell lines, human tumors and transgenic
      mouse pancreases, respectively. The vast majority of the differentially expressed
      T-UCRs had increased expression in the cancer. T-UCRs were monitored using an in
      vitro model of the desmoplastic reaction. Twenty-five % of the expressed T-UCRs
      were increased in the HPDE cells cultured on PANC-1 cellular matrix. UC.190,
      UC.233 and UC.270 were increased in all three human data sets. siRNA knockdown of
      each of these three T-UCRs reduced the proliferation of MIA PaCa-2 cells up to
      60%. The expression pattern among many T-UCRs in the human and mouse pancreases
      closely correlated with one another, suggesting that groups of T-UCRs are co
      activated in PDAC. Successful knockout of the transcription factor EGR1 in PANC-1
      cells caused a reduction in the expression of a subset of T-UCRs suggesting that
      EGR1 may control T-UCR expression in PDAC. We report a global increase in
      expression of T-UCRs in both human and mouse PDAC. Commonalties in their
      expression pattern suggest a similar mechanism of transcriptional upregulation
      for T-UCRs in PDAC.

PMID- 27363021
TI  - Gene network analysis reveals a novel 22-gene signature of carbon metabolism in
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Although much progress has been made in understanding cancer cellular metabolism
      adaptation, the co-regulations between genes of metabolism and cancer pathways
      and their interactions remain poorly characterized. Here, we applied gene co
      expression network analysis to 1509 metabolic gene expression data generated from
      120 HCC and 180 non-tumor human liver tissues by microarray. Our analyses reveal
      that metabolism genes can be classified into different co-expression modules
      based on their associations with HCC related traits. The co-regulation mechanism
      of the carbon metabolism genes in normal liver tissues was interrupted during the
      processes of carcinogenesis. In parallel, we performed RNAseq analysis of HCC and
      non-tumor human liver tissues, and identified a unique 22-carbon-metabolism-gene
      signature of increased expression. This gene signature was further verified in
      multiple microarray data sets, and its prognostic value was also proven by HCC
      patients' survival data from TCGA. Additionally, the tumorigenic function of two
      representative genes, CS and ACSS1, were validated experimentally by cell growth
      and spheroid formation assays. The current study provides evidence for the
      reprogramming of the co-regulation network between carbon metabolism and cancer
      pathway genes in HCC. In addition, this study also reveals a unique 22-carbon
      metabolism-gene-expression-signature in HCC. Strategies targeting these genes may
      represent new therapeutic approaches for HCC treatment.

PMID- 27363022
TI  - What might explain deprivation-specific differences in the excess hazard of
      breast cancer death amongst screen-detected women? Analysis of patients diagnosed
      in the West Midlands region of England from 1989 to 2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer survival is higher in less deprived women, even amongst
      women whose tumor was screen-detected, but reasons behind this have not been
      comprehensively investigated. METHODS: The excess hazard of breast cancer death
      in 20,265 women diagnosed with breast cancer, followed up to 2012, was estimated
      for screen-detected and non-screen-detected women, comparing more deprived to
      less deprived women using flexible parametric models. Models were adjusted for
      individual and tumor factors, treatment received and comorbidity. For screen
      detected women, estimates were also corrected for lead-time and overdiagnosis.
      RESULTS: The excess hazard ratio (EHR) of breast cancer death in the most
      deprived group, adjusted only for age and year of diagnosis, was twice that of
      the least deprived among screen-detected women (EHR=2.12, 95%CI 1.48-2.76) and
      64% higher among non-screen-detected women (EHR=1.64, 95%CI 1.41-1.87).
      Adjustment for stage at diagnosis lowered these estimates by 25%. Further
      adjustment had little extra impact. In the final models, the excess hazard for
      the most deprived women was 54% higher (EHR=1.54, 95%CI 1.10-1.98) among screen
      detected women and 39% higher (EHR=1.39, 95%CI 1.20-1.59) among non-screen
      detected women. CONCLUSION: A persistent socio-economic gradient in breast cancer
      related death exists in this cohort, even for screen-detected women. The impact
      of differential lifestyles, management and treatment warrant further
      investigation.

PMID- 27363023
TI  - Docosahexaenoic acid suppresses breast cancer cell metastasis by targeting matrix
      metalloproteinases.
AB  - Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in women, and nearly half of
      breast cancer patients develop distant metastatic disease after therapy. Despite
      the significant advances that have been achieved in understanding breast cancer
      metastasis in the past decades, metastatic cancer is still hard to cure. Here, we
      demonstrated an anti-cancer mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that
      suppressed lung metastasis in breast cancer. DHA could inhibit proliferation and
      invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro, and this was mainly through blocking
      Cox-2-PGE2-NF-kappaB-MMPs cascades. DHA treatment significantly decreased Cox-2
      and NF-kappaB expression as well as nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in MDA-MB
      231 cells. In addition, DHA also reduced NF-kappaB binding to DNA which may lead
      to inactivation of MMPs. Moreover, in vivo studies using Fat-1 transgenic mice
      showed remarkable decrease of tumor growth and metastasis to EO771 cells to lung
      in DHA-rich environment. In conclusion, DHA attenuated breast cancer progression
      and lung metastasis in part through suppressing MMPs, and these findings suggest
      chemoprevention and potential therapeutic strategy to overcome malignant breast
      cancer.

PMID- 27363024
TI  - Comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs microarray profile and mRNA-lncRNA co
      expression in oncogenic HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines.
AB  - Long non-coding RNAs are emerging to be novel regulators in gene expression. In
      current study, lncRNAs microarray and lncRNA-mRNA co-expression analysis were
      performed to explore the alternation and function of lncRNAs in cervical cancer
      cells. We identified that 4750 lncRNAs (15.52%) were differentially expressed in
      SiHa (HPV-16 positive) (2127 up-regulated and 2623 down-regulated) compared with
      C-33A (HPV negative), while 5026 lncRNAs (16.43%) were differentially expressed
      in HeLa (HPV-18 positive) (2218 up-regulated and 2808 down-regulated)
      respectively. There were 5008 mRNAs differentially expressed in SiHa and 4993 in
      HeLa, which were all cataloged by GO terms and KEGG pathway. With the help of
      mRNA-lncRNA co-expression network, we found that ENST00000503812 was
      significantly negative correlated with RAD51B and IL-28A expression in SiHa,
      while ENST00000420168, ENST00000564977 and TCONS_00010232 had significant
      correlation with FOXQ1 and CASP3 expression in HeLa. Up-regulation of
      ENST00000503812 may inhibit RAD51B and IL-28A expression and result in deficiency
      of DNA repair pathway and immune responses in HPV-16 positive cervical cancer
      cell. Up-regulation of ENST00000420168, ENST00000564977 and down-regulation of
      TCONS_00010232 might stimulate FOXQ1 expression and suppress CASP3 expression in
      HPV-18 positive cervical cancer cell, which lead to HPV-induced proliferation and
      deficiency in apoptosis. These results indicate that changes of lncRNAs and
      related mRNAs might impact on several cellular pathways and involve in HPV
      induced proliferation, which enriches our understanding of lncRNAs and coding
      transcripts anticipated in HPV oncogenesis of cervical cancer.

PMID- 27363025
TI  - Regression of experimental NIS-expressing breast cancer brain metastases in
      response to radioiodide/gemcitabine dual therapy.
AB  - Treating breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) is challenging. Na+/I- symporter
      (NIS) expression in BCBMs would permit their selective targeting with radioiodide
      (131I-). We show impressive enhancement of tumor response by combining131I- with
      gemcitabine (GEM), a cytotoxic radiosensitizer. Nude mice mammary fat-pad (MFP)
      tumors and BCBMs were generated with braintropic MDA-MB-231Br cells transduced
      with bicistronically-linked NIS and firefly luciferase cDNAs. Response was
      monitored in vivo via bioluminescent imaging and NIS tumor expression.131I-/GEM
      therapy inhibited MFP tumor growth more effectively than either agent alone.
      BCBMs were treated with: high or low-dose GEM (58 or 14.5 mg/Kg*4); 131I- (1mCi
      or 2*0.5 mCi 7 days apart); and 131I-/GEM therapy. By post-injection day (PID)
      25, 82-86% of controls and 78-83% of 131I--treated BCBM grew, whereas 17% low
      dose and 36% high-dose GEM regressed. The latter tumors were smaller than the
      controls with comparable NIS expression (~20% of cells). High and low-dose 131I-/
      GEM combinations caused 89% and 57% tumor regression, respectively. High-dose
      GEM/131I- delayed tumor growth: tumors increased 5-fold in size by PID45
      (controls by PID18). Although fewer than 25% of cells expressed NIS, GEM/131I-
      caused dramatic tumor regression in NIS-transduced BCBMs. This effect was
      synergistic, and supports the hypothesis that GEM radiosensitizes cells to 131I-.

PMID- 27363026
TI  - Lung cancer exosomes as drivers of epithelial mesenchymal transition.
AB  - Exosomes, a subgroup of extracellular vesicles (EVs), have been shown to serve as
      a conduit for the exchange of genetic information between cells. Exosomes are
      released from all types of cells but in abundance from cancer cells. The contents
      of exosomes consist of proteins and genetic material (mRNA, DNA and miRNA) from
      the cell of origin. In this study, we examined the effects of exosomes derived
      from human lung cancer serum and both highly metastatic and non-metastatic cells
      on recipient human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). We found that exosomes
      derived from highly metastatic lung cancer cells and human late stage lung cancer
      serum induced vimentin expression, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)
      in HBECs. Exosomes derived from highly metastatic cancer cells as well as late
      stage lung cancer serum induce migration, invasion and proliferation in non
      cancerous recipient cells. Our results suggest that cancer derived exosomes could
      be a potential mediator of EMT in the recipient cells.

PMID- 27363027
TI  - Crizotinib inhibits NF2-associated schwannoma through inhibition of focal
      adhesion kinase 1.
AB  - Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a dominantly inherited autosomal disease
      characterized by schwannomas of the 8th cranial nerve. The NF2 tumor suppressor
      gene encodes for Merlin, a protein implicated as a suppressor of multiple
      cellular signaling pathways. To identify potential drug targets in NF2-associated
      malignancies we assessed the consequences of inhibiting the tyrosine kinase
      receptor MET. We identified crizotinib, a MET and ALK inhibitor, as a potent
      inhibitor of NF2-null Schwann cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in
      vivo. To identify the target/s of crizotnib we employed activity-based protein
      profiling (ABPP), leading to identification of FAK1 (PTK2) as the relevant target
      of crizotinib inhibition in NF2-null schwannoma cells. Subsequent studies confirm
      that inhibition of FAK1 is sufficient to suppress tumorigenesis in animal models
      of NF2 and that crizotinib-resistant forms of FAK1 can rescue the effects of
      treatment. These studies identify a FDA approved drug as a potential treatment
      for NF2 and delineate the mechanism of action in NF2-null Schwann cells.

PMID- 27363028
TI  - CD147 knockdown improves the antitumor efficacy of trastuzumab in HER2-positive
      breast cancer cells.
AB  - Trastuzumab is widely used in the clinical treatment of human epidermal growth
      factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, but the patient response rate is
      low. CD147 stimulates cancer cell proliferation, migration, metastasis and
      differentiation and is involved in chemoresistance in many types of cancer cells.
      Whether CD147 alters the effect of trastuzumab on HER2-positive breast cancer
      cells has not been previously reported. Our study confirmed that CD147
      suppression enhances the effects of trastuzumab both in vitro and in vivo. CD147
      suppression increased the inhibitory rate of trastuzumab and cell apoptosis in
      SKBR3, BT474, HCC1954 and MDA-MB453 cells compared with the controls.
      Furthermore, CD147 knockdown increased expression of cleaved Caspase-3/9 and poly
      (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and decreased both mitogen-activated protein
      kinase (MAPK) and Akt phosphorylation in the four cell lines. In an HCC1954
      xenograft model, trastuzumab achieved greater suppression of tumor growth in the
      CD147-knockdown group than in the shRNA negative control (NC) group. These data
      indicated that enhancement of the effect of trastuzumab on HER2-positive cells
      following CD147 knockdown might be attributed to increased apoptosis and
      decreased phosphorylation of signaling proteins. CD147 may be a key protein for
      enhancing the clinical efficacy of trastuzumab.

PMID- 27363029
TI  - Genomic similarity between gastroesophageal junction and esophageal Barrett's
      adenocarcinomas.
AB  - The current high mortality rate of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) reflects
      frequent presentation at an advanced stage. Recent efforts utilizing fluorescent
      peptides have identified overexpressed cell surface targets for endoscopic
      detection of early stage Barrett's-derived EAC. Unfortunately, 30% of EAC
      patients present with gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas (GEJAC) and lack
      premalignant Barrett's metaplasia, limiting this early detection strategy. We
      compared mRNA profiles from 52 EACs (tubular EAC; tEAC) collected above the
      gastroesophageal junction with 70 GEJACs, 8 normal esophageal and 5 normal
      gastric mucosa samples. We also analyzed our previously published whole-exome
      sequencing data in a large cohort of these tumors. Principal component analysis,
      hierarchical clustering and survival-based analyses demonstrated that GEJAC and
      tEAC were highly similar, with only modest differences in expression and mutation
      profiles. The combined expression cohort allowed identification of 49 genes
      coding cell surface targets overexpressed in both GEJAC and tEAC. We confirmed
      that three of these candidates (CDH11, ICAM1 and CLDN3) were overexpressed in
      tumors when compared to normal esophagus, normal gastric and non-dysplastic
      Barrett's, and localized to the surface of tumor cells. Molecular profiling of
      tEAC and GEJAC tumors indicated extensive similarity and related molecular
      processes. Identified genes that encode cell surface proteins overexpressed in
      both Barrett's-derived EAC and those that arise without Barrett's metaplasia will
      allow simultaneous detection strategies.

PMID- 27363031
TI  - Antibody neutralization of cell-surface gC1qR/HABP1/SF2-p32 prevents lamellipodia
      formation and tumorigenesis.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that cell-surface gC1qR is a key regulator of
      lamellipodia formation and cancer metastasis. Here, we screened a monoclonal
      mouse antibody against gC1qR to prevent cell migration by neutralizing cell
      surface gC1qR. The anti-gC1qR antibody prevented growth factor-stimulated
      lamellipodia formation, cell migration and focal adhesion kinase activation by
      inactivating receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in various cancer cells such as
      A549, MDA-MB-231, MCF7 and HeLa cells. The antibody neutralization of cell
      surface gC1qR also inhibited angiogenesis because the anti-gC1qR antibody
      prevented growth factor-stimulated RTK activation, lamellipodia formation, cell
      migration and tube formation in HUVEC. In addition, we found that A549
      tumorigenesis was reduced in a xenograft mouse model by following the
      administration of the anti-gC1qR antibody. With these data, we can conclude that
      the antibody neutralization of cell-surface gC1qR could be a good therapeutic
      strategy for cancer treatment.

PMID- 27363032
TI  - Concerted action of IFN-alpha and IFN-lambda induces local NK cell immunity and
      halts cancer growth.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent type of liver cancer. No
      significant improvement has been reported with currently available systemic
      therapies. IFN-alpha has been tested in both clinic and animal models and only
      moderate benefits have been observed. In animal models, similar modest antitumor
      efficacy has also been reported for IFN-lambda, a new type of IFN that acts
      through its own receptor complex. In the present study, the antitumor efficacy of
      the combination of IFN-alpha and IFN-lambda was tested in the BNL mouse hepatoma
      model. This study was accomplished by using either engineered tumor cells (IFN
      alpha/IFN-lambda gene therapy) or by directly injecting tumor-bearing mice with
      IFN-alpha/IFN-lambda. Both approaches demonstrated that IFN-alpha/IFN-lambda
      combination therapy was more efficacious than IFN monotherapy based on either IFN
      alpha or IFN-lambda. In complement to tumor surgery, IFN-alpha/IFN-lambda
      combination induced complete tumor remission. Highest antitumor efficacy has been
      obtained following local administration of IFN-alpha/IFN-lambda combination at
      the tumor site that was associated with strong NK cells tumor infiltration. This
      supports the use of IFN-alpha/IFN-lambda combination as a new cancer
      immunotherapy for stimulating antitumor response after cancer surgery.

PMID- 27363034
TI  - Evidence-Based Review and Discussion Points.

PMID- 27363033
TI  - Dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 promotes androgen receptor activity and associates
      with prostate cancer progression.
AB  - To gain insight into cellular factors regulating AR action that could promote
      castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), we performed a genome-wide RNAi
      screen for factors that promote ligand-independent AR transcriptional activity
      and integrated clinical databases for candidate genes that are positively
      associated with prostate cancer metastasis and recurrence. From this analysis, we
      identified Dynein Axonemal Heavy Chain 8 (DNAH8) as an AR regulator that
      displayed higher mRNA expression in metastatic than in primary tumors, and showed
      high expression in patients with poor prognosis. Axonemal dyneins function in
      cellular motility, but the function of DNAH8 in prostate cancer or other cell
      types has not been reported. DNAH8 is on chromosome 6q21.2, a cancer-associated
      amplicon, and is primarily expressed in prostate and testis. Its expression is
      higher in primary tumors compared to normal prostate, and is further increased in
      metastatic prostate cancers. Patients expressing high levels of DNAH8 have a
      greater risk of relapse and a poor prognosis after prostatectomy. Depletion of
      DNAH8 in prostate cancer cells suppressed AR transcriptional activity and
      proliferation. Androgen treatment increased DNAH8 mRNA expression, and AR bound
      the DNAH8 promoter sequence indicating DNAH8 is an AR target gene. Thus, DNAH8 is
      a new regulator of AR associated with metastatic tumors and poor prognosis.

PMID- 27363035
TI  - ASSESSMENT OF THREE BLOOD GENOMIC-DNA PREPARATION METHODS FOR MALARIA MOLECULAR
      DIAGNOSIS.
AB  - Species-specific PCR techniques are highly sensitive and reliable alternatives to
      classical methods for malaria diagnosis and speciation, especially in endemic
      regions under advanced control or elimination programs where asymptomatic and low
      density infections are increasingly reported. Nevertheless, the performance of
      these techniques is directly affected by the quality of isolated DNA templates. A
      Plasmodium falciparum/vivax-specific diagnostic Nested-PCR (Pf/Pv N-PCR) was used
      to assess three DNA preparation methods, Qiagen(r) Mini-Chromatographic kit
      (QIAmp(r)) and Jena-Biosciences(r) DNA isolation kit (JB(r)) for genomic DNA
      extraction from EDTA-preserved whole blood samples, and Whatman-FTA(r)
      purification reagent (FTA(r)) for DNA preparation from dry blood spots (DBS)
      collected onto FTA(r)- cards. A total of 84 out of 137 blood specimens collected
      from malaria suspicious febrile patients who visited five health care centres in
      south-western endemic localities of Saudi Arabia were found P. falciparum
      positive by at least one method. Among these, only 76 (90%) were reported P.
      falciparum malaria positive by two expert microscopists. No other species of
      Plasmodium were detected. Pf/Pv N-PCR revealed 84/84 (100%), 75/84 (89%), and 81
      (96%) P. falciparum positive samples using DNA templates prepared by QIAmp(r),
      JB(r), and FTA(r) purification methods, respectively. Therefore, Pf/Pv N-PCR,
      when applied to QIAmp(r) DNA templates showed to be a highly sensitive diagnostic
      method, particularly useful for submicroscopic specimens from clinically malaria
      suspicious patients in endemic areas. On the other hand, Pf/Pv N-PCR of FTA(r)
      DBS DNA templates revealed 5 positive cases missed by microscopy, encouraging its
      use as an affordable field semi-adapted protocol for malaria active screening,
      especially in remqte rural regions with limited laboratory infrastructure.

PMID- 27363036
TI  - CLINICAL AND PARASITOLOGICAL STUDIES ON PULMONARY AND HEPATIC HYDATID CYSTS IN
      HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN AND ADULTS.
AB  - A cross sectional study compared the clinical features of the pulmonary and
      hepatic hydatid cysts in children and adults and evaluated IHAT and ELISA
      techniques in diagnosis. The results showed that the patients ages were 5-14
      years (10.6 +/- 3.7) in children and 16-75 years (32.2 +/- 14) in adults,
      patients 34 (75.5%) had liver cysts, 25 (55.5%) had pulmonary cysts and 7 (15.5%)
      had both liver and lung cysts. In hepatic hydatidosis, 7/34 (20.5%) cases were
      asymptomatic while others showed variable clinical manifestations. The commonest
      symptom was localized right hypochondrial pain in 13 (38.2%) and the least one
      was jaundice in 4 (11.7%). The commonest sign was abdominal masses on the right
      hypochondrium in 88.2% and the least one was ascites in 5.8%.The commonest
      symptom of pulmonary hydatidosis was chest pain in 8 (34.7%) followed by cough
      and hemoptysis pn 4 (17.3%) and the least one was cough and fever (8.6%).
      Pulmonary hydatid cysts in children were significantly higher in males (17.3%)
      than females (4.3%), but without significance in adults (26% in male vs. 21.7% in
      females). Sex difference in hydatid cyst frequencies between adults and children
      was significant (P < 0.05). Mixed hepatic and pulmonary cysts were less in
      children than in adults (14.3% vs. 85.7%), with huge pulmonary cysts of 20 cm
      were more common in children (37.7%) than in adults (17.7%). The high sensitivity
      (95.5%) of ELISA-IgG recommended this test showed a dependable sero-diagnosing
      one.

PMID- 27363037
TI  - IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF SPIRAMYCIN IN EXPERIMENTAL GIARDIASIS.
AB  - Giardiasis is a major global cause of water borne diarrheal disease, which
      contributes greatly to the burden of malnutrition and malabsorption especially in
      children. There is a great demand for a new effective therapeutic agent against
      giardiasis that can be used safely during pregnancy, lactation and in infants. In
      the present study, the therapeutic effect of spiramycin as well as its
      immunomodulatory mechanism of action in giardiasis had been investigated. 90
      Swiss albino mice were used in this study and classified into 3 groups: GI: 40
      mice infected with Giardia lamblia cysts, GII: 40 infected mice that received
      spiramycin treatment in a daily oral dose of 1000 IU/gm body weight for one week
      starting one week post infection and GIII: 10 control uninfected untreated mice.
      20 mice from each infected group were sacrificed 2 weeks post infection (p.i.)
      and the remaining mice were sacrificed 4 weeks p.i. Mice of the control groups
      were sacrificed at one time. The antigiardial therapeutic efficacy of spiramycin
      was assessed 2 and 4 weeks p.i. by counting of Giardia cysts in stool of mice and
      studying the histopathological changes and disaccharidase activity in small
      intestine of mice of different groups. Significant reduction in cysts number
      shedded in stool of treated animals reached 95.73%. The histopathological changes
      were mild in all infected groups 2 weeks p.i., while 4 weeks p.i. There was also
      a significant increase in the number of IELs in treated groups denoting the
      stimulatory effect of spiramycin on lymphocytic proliferation. On studying the
      disaccharidase activity, there was significant increase in both sucrase and
      maltase activities in the treated groups as compared with the nontreated groups.
      The possible immunomodulatory mechanism of action of spiramycin was studied by
      measuring the local IgA deposition in small intestinal mucosa by PAP technique 4
      weeks p.i. The levels of IgA in small intestine were higher in SP-treated group
      as compared with the non-treated group. The present results suggested that
      spiramycin has high efficacy as anti-giardial agent possibly by stimulation of
      local IgA production.

PMID- 27363038
TI  - IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EFFICACY OF NIGELLA SATIVA AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON BLASTOCYSTIS
      HOMINIS.
AB  - Metronidazole (MTZ) was the most widely accepted treatment for Blastocystis
      hominis (B. hominis) with high treatment failure rate, resistance and potential
      mutagenic and carcinogenic effects so there is urgent need to find out new,
      effective and safe treatment against B. hominis. The present research aimed to
      evaluate the therapeutic effect of the aqueous extract of Nigella sativa (NS) at
      different doses on B. hominis in vitro and in vivo in comparison to MTZ as a
      control drug. Isolates of B. hominis were obtained from patients complaining of
      diarrhea and abdominal pain. Isolates were cultured in egg diphasic medium (LE)
      for in vitro study and to adjust proper inoculating dose for in vivo study. The
      aqueous extract of NS at concentrations of 100 & 500 ug/ml showed a potent lethal
      effect on B. hominis isolates in vitro. Caecal tissue of experimentally infected
      and treated mice with two different doses of NS (250 & 500 mg/kg/d) were examined
      histopathologically and compared with that of mice infected and treated by two
      doses of MTZ (62 & 125 mg/kg/d) as control drug and Infected untreated mice as
      negative control group. Histopathological examination of infected untreated group
      showed all pathological degrees in the caecal tissue while infected treated one
      showed remission of pathological changes especially with higher dose (500 mg/kg).
      Present study proved that N. sativa had inhibitory effect on B. hominis in vitro
      and prevented cytopathic effect in infected mice inoculated orally with B.
      hominis.

PMID- 27363039
TI  - MALARIA: A GENERAL MINIREVIEW WITH REFERENCE TO EGYPT.
AB  - The majority of world's population-live in areas at risk of malaria transmission.
      Malaria is a serious Anopheles-borne disease that pauses symptoms like the flu,
      as a high fever, chills, and muscle pain also, anemia, bloody stools, coma,
      convulsion, fever, headache, jaundice, nausea, sweating and vomiting. Symptoms
      tend to come and go in cycles. Apart from Anopheles vector, malaria could be
      transmitted nosocomial, blood transfusion or needle-stick injury Some types of
      malaria may cause more serious damage problems to heart, lungs, kidneys, or
      brain. These types can be deadly. The primary factors contributing to the
      resurgence of malaria are the appearance of drug-resistant strains of the
      parasite, the spread of insecticide-resistant strains of the mosquito and the
      lack of licensed malaria vaccines of proven efficacy. In rare cases, people can
      get malaria if they come into contact with infected blood as in blood transfusion
      or needle-stick injury also nosocomial and congenital malaria was reported. This
      is a mini-review of malaria with information on the lethal to humans, Plasmodium
      falciparum, together with other recent developments in the field.

PMID- 27363040
TI  - GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII FROM RECENTLY INFECTED ABORTED EGYPTIAN
      WOMEN.
AB  - Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most prevalent parasitic
      diseases in human beings. Human toxoplasmosis can be associated with serious
      clinical manifestations, particularly in developing fetus. The aim of the current
      study was to identify the possible lineage type of Toxoplasma gondii, molecularly
      detected in placental samples of women whose pregnancies were spontaneously
      terminated in the first trimester. Preliminary detection of Toxoplasma genomic
      materials was done by a SYBR green qPCR technology. Subsequent identification of
      Toxoplasma strain was done for the positive samples using PCR-restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) at the SAG2 loci of T. gondii using
      restriction enzymes HhaI and Sau3AI. Out of 72 tested samples, Toxoplasma B1 gene
      was detected in 9 cases. Toxoplasma genotypes I and II in addition to unknown
      type were identified in 4, 3 and 2 cases respectively, while type III was not
      detected in our samples, hence excluded as a leading cause of abortion in humans
      in our preliminary study. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain to what extent the
      genotype of the parasite directly contributes to the clinical severity of human
      toxoplasmosis. Certainly, advanced molecular techniques targeting different
      Toxoplasma strains are crucial for better understanding of human toxoplasmosis.
      For more elucidation, additional studies are recommended intended for genetic
      characterization of such serious parasitic infection using larger number of
      samples.

PMID- 27363041
TI  - EFFECT OF LINEZOLID ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER ANTIBIOTICS, ON
      METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.
AB  - The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphyloccoccus aureus (MRSA) strains has
      presented a new challenge in antimicrobial medication. Linezolid is a new drug
      with potent activity on Gram-positive pathogens such as MRSA. The aim of the
      study was to investigate the in vitro activity of linezolid alone and in
      combination with imipenem, vancomycin or rifampicin to determine the most active
      therapy against MRSA strains. Twenty clinical MRSA strains were isolated from
      patients admitted to inpatient departments and outpatient clinics of Theodor
      Bilharz Research Institute. Standard strain MRSA ATCC 43300 was included as a
      control. The MICs of MRSA strains to linezolid, vancomycin, imipenem and
      rifampicin were evaluated using E test. Time-kill curve were used to assess the
      in vitro activity of linezolid (at 8x MIC) alone and in combination with imipenem
      (at 32x MIC), vancomycin or rifampicin (at 8x MIC). Scanning and transmission
      electron microscopy were performed to compare bacterial morphological alterations
      owing to the different combi- nations. Time-kill studies showed synergistic
      effect when linezolid combined with imipenem was tested against all the MRSA
      strains. Linezolid plus vancomycin or rifampicin combinations did not display any
      synergism or antagonism. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
      observations confirmed the interactions observed in time kill experiments.
      Linezolid in combination with subinhibitory concentrations of imipenem can be
      bactericidal against MRSA strains and appears to be a promising combination for
      the treatment of MRSA infections. No synergistic activity was seen when the
      linezolid and vancomycin or rifampicin were combined. Linezolid could prevent the
      emergence of mutants resistant to rifampicin

PMID- 27363042
TI  - EGYPTIAN EOSINOPHILIC AND INFECTIOUS MENINGOENCEPHA- LITIS AND THEIR IMPACT ON
      PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS.
AB  - Meningoencephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain and spinal cord & their
      covering protective membranes. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the
      inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore, the condition
      is classified as a medical emergency. The commonest symptoms of meningitis are
      headache and neck stiffness associated with fever, confusion or altered
      consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light (photophobia) or loud
      noises (phonophobia). Children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as
      irritability and drowsiness. If a rash is present, it may indicate a particular
      cause of meningitis; for instance, meningitis caused by meningococcal bacteria
      may be accompanied by a characteristic rash. A broad variety of allergic,
      infectious, neoplastic, and idiopathic diseases are associated with increased
      blood and/or tissue eosinophilia and range in severity from self-limited
      conditions to life-threatening disorders. Although accepted upper limits of
      normal blood eosinophil numbers vary somewhat, a value above 600 eosinophils
      /microL of blood is abnormal in the vast majority of cases. Generally speaking,
      there are several possible causes of eosinophils in the CSF; undoubtedly
      parasitic infection is one of the main causes.

PMID- 27363043
TI  - HISTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF SOME BIOLOGICAL AGENTS ON CULEX PIPIENS LARVAE.
AB  - The histochemical effects of the lethal concentration that kills 50% of larvae
      (LC50) of three biological agents, abamectin, Bacillus thuringiensis and spinosad
      on the carbohydrates (polysaccharides), proteins, nucleic acids and lipids
      content of the midgut and fat bodies of Culex pipiens 2nd instar larvae were
      studied. The results showed that the three tested compounds reduced the
      carbohydrates (polysaccharides), proteins, RNA synthesis and lipids content after
      72 hours of treatment where abamectin was the most effective followed by Bacillus
      thuringiensis then spinosad.

PMID- 27363044
TI  - MOSQUITO IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR XENOMONITORING OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS IN
      SELECTED ENDEMIC AREAS IN GIZA AND QUALIOUBIYA GOVERNORATES, EGYPT.
AB  - Lymphatic filariasis is a vector-borne health problem that has been focally
      endemic in Egypt for centuries. The chief vectors of transmission are Culicinae
      species. Control measures in the form of mass drug administration of DEC citrate
      treatment have been implemented in Nile delta for almost a decade. This study
      aimed to identify the prevalent mosquito species in endemic areas in Giza and
      Qualioubiya governorates and to monitor Wuchereria bancrofti infection by
      detecting the parasite DNA in collected mosquitoes. Adult mosquitoes were
      collected using light traps hung indoors. Microscopic examination was performed
      to identify and examine the morphologic characters of mosquitoes. Female Culex
      mosquitoes were subjected to semi-nested PCR to detect filarial DNA targeting
      repetitive DNA sequences (pWbl2 repetitive region) specific for W. bancrofti. The
      results revealed 3 species of mosquitoes Culex pipiens, Culex pusillus and Culex
      quinquefasciatus with the predominance of Culex pipiens (85.7%). Wuchereria
      bancrofti DNA was not detected in any of the collected mosquito pools. With
      progress of elimination programme in Nile Delta, follow up studies with larger
      sample size are recommended as the predominance of Culex pipiens the main
      lymphatic filariasis vector remains a risk of transmission in such areas.

PMID- 27363045
TI  - COMPARATIVE STUDY ON IMMUNOBLOT VERSUS PCR IN DIAGNOSIS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS
      MANSONI IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTED MICE.
AB  - This study compared PCR and Western blot techniques in diagnosis of
      schistosomiasis mansoni. Forty Swiss albino mice were used, thirty two mice were
      infected with cercariae of S. mansoni and eight mice were kept uninfected which
      were used as a control. Blood was obtained from four infected mice weekly
      beginning from the 1st week to the 8th week post infection. The study found that
      PCR was positive from the first week post infection, while Western blot technique
      was positive from the second week post infection. Thus, PCR diagnosed
      schistosomiasis mansoni earlier than Western blot technique, but both were able
      to diagnose.

PMID- 27363046
TI  - ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC ALTERATIONS MAY UNDERLIE MORTALITY OF SEVERE SEPSIS AND
      SEPTIC SHOCK PATIENTS ADMITTED TO ICU.
AB  - The study evaluated endocrinal and metabolic response to sepsis and its
      applicability for the prediction of outcome of septic patients. Patients were 39
      adult with severe infections and within 24 h after onset or suspected clinical
      tissue hypoperfusion. At enrollment patients were evaluated for acute physiology
      and chronic health evaluation II score (APACHE II) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).
      Global hemodynamic parameters including systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate
      (HR) and central venous pressure (CVP) were recorded and monitored. All patients
      were managed at ICU due to Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines. ELISA estimated
      serum copeptin, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and total cortisol
      (TC) and blood lactate levels. Study outcome was survival rate via 28 days (28-D
      SR) and best predictor for it. The results showed that 22 patients passed total
      hospital stay uneventfully for a total survival rate of 56.4%. Seventeen patients
      died; 10 during ICU stay and 7 during word stay. At admission serum markers
      levels were significantly higher in survivors and non-survivors compared to
      controls and in non-survivors compared to survivors. Survival showed negative
      significant correlation with age, high blood lactate and serum copeptin, TC and
      MIF levels. Survival showed positive significant correlation with SBP, CVP and
      urine output. ROC curve and Regression analyses defined high at admission serum
      copeptin and blood lactate levels as significant predictors for mortality of
      septic patients.

PMID- 27363047
TI  - MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN AND RESPONSE TO PEGYLATED INTERFERON-ALPHA-2A
      TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC) GENOTYPE 4.
AB  - The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection varies across the world, with
      the highest number of infections reported in Egypt. Monocyte chemotactic protein
      1 (MCP-1) is a potent chemokine, and its hepatic expression is up-regulated
      during chronic HCV infection. Fifty naive patients with chronic hepatitis C in
      National Hepatology & Tropical Medicine Research Institute and 20 healthy
      volunteers as controls were enrolled in a prospective study designed with strict
      inclusion criteria to nullify the effect of confounding variables and further
      minimize selection bias. Fifty naive patients were treated with PEG-IFN-a2b, at a
      dose of 1801 g/kg subcutaneously every week plus ribavirin at a dose of 1000-
      1200 mg/day, according to the patient's body weight, for 48 weeks. Quantification
      of HCV-RNA by real-time PCR and MCP-1 by ELISA were performed for every patient
      and controls. There was a sta- tistically significant difference between patients
      and control group as regards the quantity of MCP-1 (P < 0.05) (Mann-Whitney test)
      (P = 0.004). There was a significant difference between responders and
      nonresponses regarding MCP-1 (P < 0.05), responders showed a higher percentage of
      cases with initial MCP-1 < 306 (P < 0.05). We conclude the importance of the
      detection of MCP-1 expression at the start of therapy as a factor for assessing
      the likelihood of HCV genotype 4 patients to achieving a sustained virological
      response to treatment with IFN-a2 in combination with ribavirin.

PMID- 27363048
TI  - SERUM MARKERS FOR ASSESSING LIVER FIBROSIS IN EGYPTIAN PA- TIENTS WITH CHRONIC
      HEPATITIS B AND C CO-INFECTION VERSUS CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.
AB  - Chronic hepatitis B and C can progress to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. The
      stage of liver fibrosis is critical for decision of treatment and prediction of
      outcomes, as life threatening complications highly develop in cirrhotic patients.
      The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive
      serum markers in the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with combined
      chronic hepatitis B and C versus those with chronic hepatitis C. This study
      included 2 groups; Gl: combined chronic hepatitis B & C, which included 71
      patients and G2: chronic hepatitis C, which included 70 patients. Liver biopsy
      results from both groups were recorded. Three validated blood indices Fibro Q,
      Fibro alpha, and Biotechnology Research Center (BRC) were tested for optimal cut
      off values for assessing liver fibrosis in both groups. The results showed that
      the area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) for Fibro Q in
      differentiating significant fibrosis (> F2) from non-significant fibrosis (<= F2)
      was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.60-0.89) in the first group and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.71-0.98) in
      the second group. AUROC for BRC was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63-0.89) in the first group
      and 0.75 (CI: 0.60-0.89) in the second group. Fibro alpha performed less in both
      groups based on AUROC 0.69 and 0.68 in the first and second group respectively.

PMID- 27363049
TI  - EFFICACY OF THREE INSECTICIDES ON RAT FLEA (XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS) INFESTING RODENTS
      IN GIZA GOVERNORATE, EGYPT.
AB  - The extensive use of insecticides in public health and agriculture sectors is the
      main reason for development of resistance in fleas associated in domestic
      rodents. The present work was planned to investigate the insecticidal efficacy of
      Lambda-cyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion against rat flea (Xenopsylla
      cheopis) infesting rodent species in Giza Governorate, Egypt. The lethal
      concentration Lc50 and Lc90 of population percent were obtained from the
      established regression log concentrate-response lines. Data indicated that the
      values of lethal concentration (Lc50) were 0.293, 1.725 & 2.328% for Lambda
      cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion, respectively. The values of lethal
      concentration (Lc90) were 0.467, 2.839 & 5.197% for Lambda-cyhalothrin,
      chlorpyrifos and Fenitrothion, respectively.

PMID- 27363050
TI  - INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF PROTECTED EDIBLE PLANTS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED BY
      ORAL 1,4-DIOXANE.
AB  - 1,4-Dioxane (DX) with two oxygen atoms make it hydrophilic and infinitely soluble
      in water. As a synthetic organic compound, it used widely throughout industry as
      a solvent. Dioxane causes numerous human ailments such as liver damage and kidney
      failure. It has been shown in research to be carcinogenic to animals, and is a
      potential carcinogen to humans. Daily administration for 1,4-dioxane (100 mg/kg
      body weight) in drinking water for rats weighing 120 g, except for normal control
      group. Experimental animal for 42 days was followed through body weight, serum
      alkaline phosphatase, serum creatinine, malondialdehyde, and catalase enzyme
      activity; beside histological patterns for liver, kidney, brain and ovary
      sections. Protection treatment has been offered using oral injection N-acetyl
      cysteine (100 mg/kg b.wt.), and fresh 200 mg/kg b.wt. in diet meal for each of
      nabk, husk, and sycamore in separated groups. Body weight and CAT activity have
      decreased by 25.8, and 68.7%, respectively. While increase has found in MDA, ALP
      and creatinine values by 76, 48.9, and 67.3%, respectively. NAC showed
      improvement especially for MDA peroxidation marker and creatinine for kidney
      disorder. On the other hand, nabk improved CAT activity and husk for ALP liver
      mutagenicity marker. Intoxicated DX showed edema, kupffer cell activation,
      atrophy of glomerular tuft, and necrosis of neurons in liver, kidney and brain
      sections. Obviously nabk showed highly improvement in liver toxicity which is the
      most sensitive organ to DX as found in research.

PMID- 27363051
TI  - IDENTIFICATION OF UNDERLYING CAUSES OF CHRONIC UNSPECIFIC UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL
      RELATED SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN, A PILOT STUDY.
AB  - Upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptoms are not disease specific and of
      limited value in the differentiation of GIT disorders. The present study aimed to
      determine the etiology of chronic unspecific symptoms in children and to test the
      need for upper endoscopy in diagnosis. This is a prospective study for 30
      Egyptian children presented with chronic upper GIT symptoms for at least 2
      months. History regarding severity and frequency of GIT symptoms were asked for.
      Children with known disorder that explains presenting symptoms were excluded.
      Upper GIT endoscopy wa performed and 5 biopsies were obtained for pathological
      examination and for Hpylori testing. The results showed that children age ranged
      between 2.5-18 years with mean +/- SD of 13.6 +/- 3.4 and 63.3% were females. The
      main complaints were epigastric pain in 43.3%, hematemesis in 30% and vomiting in
      26.7%. Motility disorders were diagnosed in 66.7% children; in the form of GERD
      in 63.3% and achalasia in one. Complication of GERD in the form of erosive
      esophagitis was present in 15.8% children, while Barrett's esophagus was not
      observed. H. pylori infection was diagnosed in 80% histologically. Eosinophilic
      esophagitis was not detected.

PMID- 27363052
TI  - SURVEILLANCE OF TRYPANOSOMA SPP OF RODENTS AND STUDIES IN THEIR TRANSMISSION
      PROBABILITY BY FLEAS IN SOME RURAL EGYPTIAN AREAS.
AB  - A new public health problem arises from animal trypanosomes that afflict human by
      a disease called atypical human trypanosomiasis. Although humans have an innate
      protection against most Trypanosoma species, nineteen cases of atypical human
      trypanosomiasis caused by the animal trypanosome as T. b. brucei, T. vivax, T.
      congolense, T. evansi and T. lewisi have been recorded. Some of theserecorded
      cases were transient, six required trypanocidal treatments however two patients
      died. Rodent trypanosome, T. lewisi is transmitted via ingestion of fleas or
      their feces containing the infective stage, the metacyclic trypomastigote.
      Because of the high densities of various species of rodents and their
      distribution all over the country especially in rural areas, the present work
      aimed to evaluate the trypanosomiasis among rodents collected from November to
      March 2016 and study transmission probability by their fleas in some rural areas
      in Abu Alnomros Center, Giza. The overall trypanosomiasis prevalence among the
      different rodent species was (21 rats) 24.7%. All the infected rats belonged to
      Rattus r. spp where the prevalence of infection with Trypanosoma lewisi among
      that species was very high 51.2% while none of rats belonged to Rattus norvegicus
      were infected. That may be attributed to the solid immunity gained by the R.
      norvegicus where most of the collected norvegicus were aged and weighed more than
      200 grams. There was an inverse significant correlation between the densities of
      parasites and the weights of the losts. The rat which recorded the highest
      parasite density (60,000 parasites/microliter) was a female Rattus r. captured
      indoor (inside house). As to sex of Rattus rattus spp no significant difference
      was found between males and females in trypanosomiasis. Also there was no
      significant correlation between the densities of parasites and the number of
      white blood cells among Rattus rattus spp. All positive rats were collected
      indoors (from houses) and all the rats which were captured from outdoors (farms)
      were negative for T. lewisi. The difference between infections with
      trypanosomiasis among rats inhabited the houses and that found in farms was
      highly significant. Only two species of fleas were found on rats, Xenopsylla
      cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis. The oriental fleas, X cheopis, were found mainly
      on R. norvegicus where 57.5% of R. norvegicus were positive for X cheopis while
      only one rat was positive for L. segnis. On other hand the rat fleas, L. segnis,
      were found mainly on Rattus rattus spp where 39% of these rats were positive for
      L. segnis. The present work revealed a significant correlation between the
      infection with T. lewisi, and the presence of L. segnis on the rats however that
      correlation regarding X. cheopis was not significant.

PMID- 27363053
TI  - INTERVENTION PROGRAM FOR NURSING STAFF REGARDING APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH
      SPIDER PHOBIA AND/OR BITE.
AB  - Spider bites are uncommon medical events, since there are limited number of
      spiders world-wide with fangs strong enough to pierce human skin, and most
      spiders bite humans only as a final defense when being crushed between skin and
      another object. Thus, most lesions attributed to spider bites are caused by some
      other etiology. The spiders that can cause medically significant bites include
      widow and false widow spiders (worldwide), recluse spiders (mostly North and
      South America), Australian funnel web spiders (eastern coastal Australia) and
      Phoneutria spiders (Brazil). Acute spider bites most commonly result in a
      solitary papule, pustule, or wheal. Systemic symptoms can accompany envenomation
      of widow; funnel web, and Phoneutria spiders, and less often, those of recluse
      spiders.

PMID- 27363054
TI  - ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY FOR EXCRETION AND SECRETION OF THE GREENBOTTLE FLY LARVAE
      LUCILIA SERICATA (MEIGEN) (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE).
AB  - Sterile larval excretion/secretion (ES) exhibited antibacterial activity against
      some species of bacteria. They were shown to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive
      bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis Gram-negative bacteria
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Fungi
      Geotricum candidum and Aspergillus fumigatus thus exhibited limited inhibitory
      effect towards Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus
      epidermidis and Gram-negative Proteous vulgaris and Fungi Syncephalastrum
      racemosum, Candida albicans, that effect was slowed down when challenged with
      secretion on a solid media but no zone of complete inhibition was detectqd.
      Growth inhibiting activity was determined in liquid growth media using the Gram
      positive, Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains as indicator organisms.

PMID- 27363055
TI  - THE EFFICACY OF THREE MEDICINAL PLANTS; GARLIC, GINGER AND MIRAZID AND A CHEMICAL
      DRUG METRONIDAZOLE AGAINST CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM: II-HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES.
AB  - Cryptosporidiosis parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite infects intestinal
      epithelial cells of man and animals causing a major health problem. This study
      was oriented to evaluate the protective and curative capacity of garlic, ginger
      and mirazid in comparison with metronidazole drug (commercially known) against
      Cryptosporidium in experimental mice. Male Swiss Albino mice experimentally
      infected with C. parvum were treated with medicinal plants extracts (Ginger,
      Mirazid, and Garlic) as compared to chemical drug Metronidazole. Importantly, C.
      parvum-infected mice treated with ginger, Mirazid, garlic and metronidazole
      showed a complete elimination in shedding oocysts by 9th day PI. The reduction
      and elimination of shedding oocysts in response to the treatments might be
      attributable to a direct effect on parasite growth in intestines, sexual phases
      production and/or the formation of oocysts. The results were evaluated
      histopathological examination of ideum section of control mice (uninfected,
      untreated) displayed normal architecture of the villi. Examiination of infected
      mice ileum section (infected, untreated) displayed histopathological alterations
      from uninfected groups. Examination of ileum section prepared from mice treated
      with garlic, ginger, mirazid, and metronidazole displayed histopathological
      alterations from that of the control groups, and showed marked histologic
      correction in the pattern with the four regimes used in comparison to control
      mice. Garlic successfully eradicated oocysts of infected mice from stool and
      intestine. Supplementation of ginger to infected mice markedly corrected
      elevation in the inflammatory risk factors and implied its potential antioxidant,
      anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities. Infected mice treated with
      ginger, mirazid, garlic and metronidazole showed significant symptomatic
      improvements during treatment.

PMID- 27363056
TI  - APPRAISAL OF PRENATAL ANTI-TOXOPLASMA GONDII (IGG+IGM)- IHA/IGM-ELISA SCREENING
      IN SINGLE SAMPLES VIA IGG AVIDITY TEST.
AB  - Congenital toxoplasmosis is associated with important morbidity and mortality.
      Since vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii can occur in acute cases,
      antenatal screening for recent infections is vital. Accurate determination of
      acute toxoplasmosis requires a combination of immunoassays, usually not routinely
      applied for screening purposes. This study evaluated the anti-T. gondii
      (IgG+IgM)/IgM prenatal screening procedure by IgG avidity assay. The routine
      prenatal screening for (IgG+IgM) anti-T. gondii by indirect hemagglutination
      (IHA) in serum samples was done of 2247 pregnant women who attended two hospitals
      between 2011 and 2013 revealed 487 (21.7%) positive samples. Examination of IHA
      positive sera by IgM and IgG/IgG-avidity concurrent ELISA tests revealed 7
      positive and 3 border-line IgM-ELISA titers during the initial check-up of 10
      women, who were then followed up at 3-4 week-intervals. Among these, 4 (40%)
      showed simultaneous high avidity IgG antibodies, indicating distant infection by
      the parasite, and no anti-T. gondii specific IgG could be detected in follow-up
      sera of two cases (20%), indicating false IgM initial positive results. Only 4
      (40%) women showed simultaneous IgM and low avidity IgG antibodies indicating
      active infections. Avoidance of an over-diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis Anti-T.
      gondii (IgG+IgM)/IgM prenatal screening must be supplemented by a discriminative
      test like IgG avidity ELISA.

PMID- 27363057
TI  - STUDIES ON AEDES AEGYPTI RESISTANCE TO SOME INSECTICIDES IN THE JAZAN DISTRICT,
      SAUDI ARABIA.
AB  - The present study provided information on the susceptibility status of the adult
      and larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Bioassay
      tests were performed on adults and larvae by using WHO recommended concentrations
      and test kits. Adults of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were exposed to test papers
      impregnated with Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%), Cyfluthrin (0.15%), Deltamethrin
      (0.05%), Permethrin (0.75%), Fenitrothion (1%), Bendiocarb (0.1%) and DDT (4%)
      insecticides. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were found to be susceptible only to
      Cyfluthrin; (mortality rate was 100%), whereas variable resistances were observed
      from the rest of the other insecticides tested (mortality rates ranged between
      93.6 and 17%). Larvae were subjected to different concentrations of
      Diflubenzuron, Methoprene (IGRs) and Temephos (Organophosphate). Adult emergence
      inhibition (IE50 & IE95) values for the IGRs and the (LC50 & LC95) for Temephos
      were determined by log-probit regression analysis. Ae. aegypti larvae were
      resistant to Temephos (LC50 61.8-LC95 35600.1 mg/l) and showed high
      susceptibility to Methoprene than Diflubenzuron (IE50 0.49-IE95 10.9 mg/l) and
      (IE50 0.86 and IE95 93.8 mg/l), respectively. Larvae were more susceptible to
      Methoprene than Diflubenzuron by 1.8 folds.

PMID- 27363058
TI  - LYMPHO-PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSES TO VARIOUS FASCIOLA HEPATICA WORM'S ANTIGENS: AN
      IN VITRO STUDY.
AB  - Fascioliasis is an important zoonotic disease with approximately 2-4 million
      people infected worldwide and a further 180 million at risk of infection. F.
      hepatica can survive within the bile ducts for many years through its ability to
      suppress the host immunity with Fasciola cathepsin L1 cysteine protease and
      Glutathione S transferase playing an important role. The aim of the present study
      is to investigate the in vitro lympho-proliferative responses of hepatic hilar
      lymphocytes (HLN) of infected sheep in response to different F. hepatica
      antigens. The suppressive effects of Fasciola excretory/secretory (ES) and
      tegument (TEG) and their fractions were also investigated. Our results showed
      that both ES and TEG had significant suppressive effects on lympho-proliferation,
      up to 74% and 92%, respectively. When these antigens were fractionated, fraction
      3 (MW of >10000-30000) of both ES (64%) and TEG (59%) in addition to fraction 4
      (MW of <= 10000) of TEG (38%) inherited the suppressive effects. Identification
      of the potential molecule(s) with such suppressive effects on lymphocytes in TEG
      fraction 4 could reveal vaccine candidates.

PMID- 27363059
TI  - MAGGOT DEBRIDEMENT THERAPY (MDT): IT IS SAFE AND ECONOMIC FOR TREATING A DIABETIC
      FOOT ULCER.
AB  - Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the major global and devastating complication of
      diabetes mellitus that affects at least 20% of diabetic patients during their
      lifetime. This article presents an overview of the research evidence on maggot
      debridement therapy that serves as a guide to health professionals who may be
      users of this form of treatment now and in the future. It is a time to apply this
      sample and safe worldwide approved method for diabetic foot ulcer to save money
      and avoid surgical intervention.

PMID- 27363060
TI  - Value of p16(INK4a) and Ki-67 Immunohistochemical Staining in Cervical
      Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2 Biopsies as Biomarkers for Cervical
      Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 3 in Cone Results.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of p16(INK4a) (p16) and Ki-67 staining in
      high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2) biopsies in order to predict
      CIN3 results in cone specimens, thereby sparing those not likely at risk for CIN3
      from unnecessary cone excision. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively recruited
      patients with CIN2 colposcopy-directed biopsy treated by loop electrosurgical
      excision procedure. The expression of p16 and Ki-67 was qualitatively and
      quantitatively analyzed in all biopsies and cone specimens. RESULTS: A total of
      123 patients from January 2009 to December 2010 were included in the study. CIN3
      in cone specimens was observed in 35 patients (28.5%). Ki-67 positive
      immunostaining in > 50% of epithelial cells was related to CIN3 diagnoses in cone
      specimens (p = 0.043). However, p16+ and Ki-67+ evaluated by thirds of the
      epithelial thickness in CIN2 biopsies did not show a significant correlation with
      the cone results. In multivariate analysis, Ki-67 cell expression over 50% in
      CIN2 biopsies and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in the
      previous cytology were statistically associated with CIN3 results in the cone
      (odds ratio [OR] 2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-6.29; OR 2.68, 95% CI
      1.07-6.72, respectively). CONCLUSION: Patients with HSIL in the previous cytology
      and Ki-67 cell expression over 50% in their CIN2 biopsies could be considered in
      need of treatment by cone for their higher risk of underlying CIN3 lesions.

PMID- 27363061
TI  - Significance of Number and Localization of Positive Core Biopsies for the
      Identification of Prostate Cancer Eligible for Active Surveillance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Prostate cancer (PCa) patients fulfilling the Epstein criteria for
      insignificant disease are eligible for the treatment option of active
      surveillance (AS). Using the combined histological and cytological grading
      (Gleason/Helpap score), we aimed to investigate the significance of biopsy
      localization and tumor involvement in core needle biopsies as discriminators for
      insignificant cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Primary prostate biopsies of 1,285 patients
      were analyzed by the combined histological and cytological grading with regard to
      biopsy localization and tumor involvement per core. For patients diagnosed with
      pT2a stage PCa, core needle biopsies were further compared with the corresponding
      radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens. RESULTS: According to the combined
      histological and cytological grading, 95% of low-grade PCas (Gleason score 6/2a,
      prognostic grading group I) presented with a tumor involvement of < 10% in 1 core
      biopsy, whereas intermediate-grade tumors (prognostic grading group 2) displayed
      dissimilar tumor localization in 1 or both lobes with higher tumor volume.
      CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the combined Gleason/Helpap grading may
      contribute to a more reliable identification of insignificant PCa with the option
      of AS. Ancillary criteria include the limitation of tumor involvement to < 10%
      per core, localized in 1 or 2 adjacent biopsies in only 1 lobe. Under this
      presupposition, > 90% of insignificant carcinomas concurred with low-grade PCa
      and stage pT2a tumors with negative margins after RP.

PMID- 27363062
TI  - Effects of Nicotine on Rat Tongue Mucosa. Histopathological and
      Immunohistochemical Analyses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histopathological and immunohistochemical effects of
      systemically administered nicotine on rat tongue mucosa. STUDY DESIGN: Rats were
      assigned to one of two groups: the experimental group received nicotine
      systemically (nicotine sulphate 2 mg/kg subcutaneously daily for 28 days), while
      the rats in the control group were administered physiological saline (1.5 mL
      subcutaneously for 28 days). All animals were sacrificed at the end of the study,
      and tongue tissue samples were removed and prepared according to routine
      histological procedures. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and
      observed by light microscopy. Immunoreactivity of tongue mucosa was assessed with
      E-cadherin, collagen IV, and VEGF expression by immunohistochemical staining.
      RESULTS: There were significant differences in the average histopathological
      score between the nicotine-treated and untreated groups. Morphological changes,
      including inflammatory leukocyte infiltration and cellular desquamation, blood
      vessel dilation, hemorrhage, and epithelial degeneration, were noted. Further, E
      cadherin expression was significantly decreased in the nicotine-treated group
      versus the untreated group. The nicotine treatment group showed an increase in
      collagen IV secondary papillae and basal cells. CONCLUSION: The increased level
      of VEGF expression in the nicotine-treated group may have affected endothelial
      cell apoptosis.

PMID- 27363063
TI  - Prognostic Significance of Mitotic Activity in Noninvasive, Low-Grade, Papillary
      Urothelial Carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the most useful method to detect the mitotic count (MC) by
      comparing different techniques, to determine a cutoff value for mitotic activity
      (MA), and to evaluate the correlation of this value with the recurrence of
      noninvasive low-grade papillary urothelial neoplasm (LGPUC). STUDY DESIGN:
      Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of 55 LGPUC cases were evaluated for their
      MA. MC was determined using 4 different methods. In Method 1, cases with 3
      mitoses in 1 single focus of a high-power field (HPF x 400) were found, and in
      Method 2, cases with >= 5 mitoses in 1 singlefocus of an HPF, in any level of the
      neoplastic epithelium, were determined. The areas with the highest MA values in
      the lower third and those with the highest MA values in the upper two-thirds of
      the neoplastic epithelium were marked in Methods 3 and 4, respectively. Then,
      mitotic figures were counted in these fields, and cases with 5 mitoses were
      determined. RESULTS: In the recurrent group the number of cases with >= 5
      mitoses, as detected by Methods 2 and 4, was significantly higher than that found
      for the nonrecurrent group (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.002, respectively). The number
      of mitoses, as detected by Methods 1 and 3, was not significantly different
      between the groups. CONCLUSION: We suggest that determining MC may be used as a
      prognostic marker to predict LGPUC recurrence and that the mitotic numbers should
      be included in the initial pathology report to guide the clinician in patient
      management.

PMID- 27363064
TI  - High Incidence of Incidental Prostate Cancer in Transurethral Resection of
      Prostate Specimens in China. The Value of Pathologic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the incidence and clinicopathologic features of prostate
      cancer incidentally detected in patients undergoing transurethral resection of
      the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and to estimate the
      clinical value of pathologic review of all TURP specimens. STUDY DESIGN: A
      pathologic review was performed on all TURP specimens for each patient from May
      1, 2004, to June 30, 2014, in our institute. A total of 1,024 men (ages 46-98)
      were identified by pathology specimen. Those with a known diagnosis of prostate
      cancer prior to TURP (n = 16) were excluded from the analysis. The tumor volume,
      Gleason score, pathologic stage, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and
      follow-up data were evaluated for those who were found to have prostate cancer.
      RESULTS: A total of 87 (8.6%) patients (ages 50-88) were found to have prostate
      cancer. Significant prostate cancer was found in 25 patients. From May 1, 2004,
      to May 31, 2009, 30 (6.1%) patients (ages 57-83) were found to have prostate
      cancer. From June 1, 2009, to June 30, 2014, 57 (11.0%) patients (ages 50-88)
      were found to have prostate cancer. CONCLUSION: Our series demonstrates that 8.6%
      of patients were found to have prostate cancer and that the incidence was
      increasing in recent years. Even in some patients with T1a disease, the tumors
      were significant. The pathologic review of TURP specimens is valuable in China.

PMID- 27363065
TI  - Diagnostic Value of Urine Cytology in Bladder Cancer. A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of urine cytology in detecting
      bladder cancer using meta-analysis. STUDY DESIGN: Public databases, including
      PubMed, Embase, Springer, Elsevier Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google
      Scholar, were searched before February 2015. Sensitivity, specificity, positive
      likelihood ratio (LR), negative LR, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of urine
      cytology in individual studies were calculated using random effects model or
      fixed effect model. The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve
      was applied for performance of urine cytology. Publication bias of the included
      studies was evaluated by Egger's test. RESULTS: A total of 17 separate studies
      consisting of 5,908 patients with bladder cancer were included in the meta
      analysis. Significant heterogeneity between the studies (I2 = 98.6%, p < 0.01)
      and effect sizes were pooled using random effects model. Overall sensitivity,
      specificity, positive LR, negative LR, and DOR of urine cytology were 0.37 (95%
      CI 0.35-0.39), 0.95 (95% CI 0.94-0.95), 7.39 (95% CI 4.97-10.98), 0.56 (95% CI
      0.47-0.68), and 15.76 (95% CI 9.03-27.50), respectively. The area under the curve
      (AUC) and Q* index were 0.80 and 0.74, respectively. No publication bias was
      observed (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that urine cytology might be
      more suitable as an assistant method in bladder cancer detection by combining
      with other diagnostic methods with high sensitivity.

PMID- 27363066
TI  - Role of Quercetin in Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress, Testicular Damage, and
      Apoptosis in Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of quercetin on
      cadmium-induced oxidative stress, testicular damage, and apoptosis in rat testes.
      STUDY DESIGN: The rats were randomly allotted into 1 of 3 experimental groups:
      control, cadmium-treated, and cadmium-treated with quercetin; each group con-
      tained 10 animals. Control animals received daily injec- tions of the saline
      vehicle alone. The cadmium-treated group was injected subcutaneously with cadmium
      chloride (CdCl2) dissolved in saline at a dose of 2 mL/kg/ day for 30 days,
      resulting in a dosage of 1 mg/kg cadmium. The rats in quercetin-treated groups
      were given quercetin (15 mg/kg body weight) once a day i.p., starting 2 days
      prior to the cadmium injection during the study period. All animals were
      sacrificed and testes tissues were removed for histopathological and biochemical
      (malondialdehyde [MDA], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH
      Px], and serum testosterone levels) investigation. RESULTS: The mean seminiferous
      tubule diameter, Johnsen's mean testicular biopsy score values, biochemical
      parameters (MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, and serum testosterone levels), and amount of germ
      cell apoptosis were significantly decreased in the cadmium-treated groups as
      compared to the control group. Furthermore, the quercetin-treated animals showed
      improved histological and biochemical parameters in the cadmium-treated group.
      CONCLUSION: The present study showed that quercetin treatment protected testes
      against toxic effects of cadmium. We believe that further preclinical research
      into the utility of quercetin may indicate its usefulness as a potential
      treatment for spermatogenesis after testicular injury caused by cadmium-treated
      rats.

PMID- 27363067
TI  - Inverted Papilloma of the Bladder Coexisting with Urothelial Carcinoma. A Case
      Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inverted papilloma (IP) is an unusual benign neoplasm, most commonly
      found in the bladder. Cases of malignant transformation have been reported in the
      past, although most of them are now considered to be urothelial carcinomas with
      an inverted growth pattern. CASE: A 54-year-old man was diagnosed with urothelial
      carcinoma in situ (UCIS), high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (HGPUC), and
      IP by transurethral resection specimen of the bladder. The urothelial carcinoma
      cells were seen colonizing the inverted papilloma. CONCLUSION: The coexistence of
      IP with UCIS and HGPUC is rare. Immunohistochemistry helps distinguish between IP
      and UC in difficult cases such as this one. A brief review of other reported
      cases of inverted papilloma coexisting with urothelial carcinoma in the English
      literature over the past 25 years is presented.

PMID- 27363068
TI  - Another Case of Multifocal Blue Nevus of the Prostate.

PMID- 27363069
TI  - Thank You to the Government.

PMID- 27363070
TI  - May I Ethically Discontinue Treating An Overanxious Patient?

PMID- 27363071
TI  - Second MOM-n-PA Event a Huge Success in Allentown.

PMID- 27363072
TI  - MOM-n-PA Volunteers Change Lives. More Than 2,000 People Treated at Allentown's
      Agri-Pex.

PMID- 27363073
TI  - Clinicopathologic Review: Recurrent Gingival Lesion. Diagnosis: Pyogenic
      granuloma.

PMID- 27363074
TI  - Another Day, Another Dollar ... or maybe just 96 cents!

PMID- 27363075
TI  - 10 HIPAA mistakes practices must avoid.

PMID- 27363077
TI  - TRUMP vs. HILLARY. The showdown physicians want.

PMID- 27363076
TI  - The MOC revolt, part 2: Alternative board fights for relevancy.

PMID- 27363078
TI  - Understand the new diabetes code for primary care.

PMID- 27363079
TI  - How physicians can determine life insurance needs.

PMID- 27363080
TI  - Telemedicine empowers patients, but challenges physicians.

PMID- 27363082
TI  - Don't expect legislative defenses against cyberattacks anytime soon.

PMID- 27363081
TI  - THE RISE OF DIRECT PRIMARY CARE.

PMID- 27363083
TI  - CONNECTING THE DOTS ON CANCER.

PMID- 27363084
TI  - THE FIGHT TO DOMINATE BIG PHARMA(CY).

PMID- 27363086
TI  - 87th Annual PHYSICIAN REPORT. The return of optimism in medical practice.

PMID- 27363085
TI  - HACKER BAD BOY VENTURE CAPITALIST DISRUPTER HEALER.

PMID- 27363087
TI  - 87th Annual PHYSICIAN REPORT. SALARY.

PMID- 27363088
TI  - Why Medicare wants to compare your coding to other doctors.

PMID- 27363089
TI  - Prepare now for value-based pay.

PMID- 27363090
TI  - Five ways to boost your practice's online reputation.

PMID- 27363091
TI  - Take control of OSHA compliance.

PMID- 27363092
TI  - ACOs of the future: How the model is changing.

PMID- 27363093
TI  - Making mobile apps useful for physicians.

PMID- 27363095
TI  - Physicians face stark choices under new Medicare pay proposal.

PMID- 27363094
TI  - Maintenance of certification pushed me out of medicine.

PMID- 27363096
TI  - How Medicare's payment overhaul tries to change how docs use tech.

PMID- 27363097
TI  - The striking variation of commercial healthcare prices.

PMID- 27363098
TI  - Major Medicaid managed-care reforms hand the ball to states. Will they run with
      it?

PMID- 27363099
TI  - Medicaid's unmanaged managed care.

PMID- 27363100
TI  - THE VIRTUAL DOCTOR WILL SEE YOU NOW.

PMID- 27363101
TI  - Better oversight for Medicaid; a questionable start on doc pay.

PMID- 27363102
TI  - Advance care planning plays essential role in a truly patient-centered healthcare
      system.

PMID- 27363103
TI  - Navigating data via machine learning.

PMID- 27363104
TI  - 'Drug prices are the wrong target'.

PMID- 27363105
TI  - Preventing malpractice lawsuits due to EHR errors.

PMID- 27363106
TI  - The population health CHALLENGE. Closing care gaps for better outcomes.

PMID- 27363107
TI  - Population health's impact on private practice.

PMID- 27363108
TI  - Capturing chronic care revenue requires IT infrastructure.

PMID- 27363109
TI  - Physician-assisted suicide up for debate in states.

PMID- 27363110
TI  - Understanding medical necessity and how it controls your payment.

PMID- 27363111
TI  - Surviving the transition from independent to employed.

PMID- 27363112
TI  - What government auditors are focusing on this year.

PMID- 27363113
TI  - Do you need malpractice tail coverage?

PMID- 27363114
TI  - Building strong physician-manager teams.

PMID- 27363115
TI  - Choosing the best physician disability insurance policy.

PMID- 27363116
TI  - Government, payers working to streamline quality measures.

PMID- 27363117
TI  - What UnitedHealth's retreat says about the ACA marketplaces.

PMID- 27363118
TI  - CMS squeezes hospitals on pay.

PMID- 27363119
TI  - Merger indigestion.

PMID- 27363120
TI  - Top health systems cultivate culture of transparency.

PMID- 27363121
TI  - Healthcare alone won't reverse the coming longevity decline.

PMID- 27363123
TI  - 'We're trying to build the business case for achieving health equity'.

PMID- 27363122
TI  - We can't lose focus on quality in the pursuit of value in healthcare.

PMID- 27363124
TI  - [Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Chemicals in China].
AB  - Risk assessment and risk management have been increasingly approved as an
      effective approach for appropriate disposal and scientific management of
      chemicals. This study systematically analyzed the risk assessment methods of
      chemicals from three aspects including health risk, ecological risk and regional
      risk. Based on the current situation of classification and management towards
      chemicals in China, a specific framework of risk management on chemicals was
      proposed by selecting target chemicals, predominant industries and related
      stakeholders as the objects. The results of the present study will provide
      scientific support for improving risk assessment and reasonable management of
      chemicals in China.

PMID- 27363125
TI  - [Application of Land-use Regression Models in Spatial-temporal Differentiation of
      Air Pollution].
AB  - With the rapid development of urbanization, industrialization and motorization,
      air pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems in our
      country, which has negative impacts on public health and ecological environment.
      LUR model is one of the common methods simulating spatial-temporal
      differentiation of air pollution at city scale. It has broad application in
      Europe and North America, but not really in China. Based on many studies at home
      and abroad, this study started with the main steps to develop LUR model,
      including obtaining the monitoring data, generating variables, developing models,
      model validation and regression mapping. Then a conclusion was drawn on the
      progress of LUR models in spatial-temporal differentiation of air pollution.
      Furthermore, the research focus and orientation in the future were prospected,
      including highlighting spatial-temporal differentiation, increasing classes of
      model variables and improving the methods of model development. This paper was
      aimed to popularize the application of LUR model in China, and provide a
      methodological basis for human exposure, epidemiologic study and health risk
      assessment.

PMID- 27363126
TI  - [Ecological Footprint Evolution Characteristics and Its Influencing Factors in
      China from 2000 to 2010].
AB  - According to global average land productivities in 2000, this study calculated
      ecological footprint (EF) in China from 2000 to 2010, and analyzed its dynamic
      characteristics and socio-economic driving forces. The results showed that the
      total EF in China increased from 1.769 to 3.259 billion global hectares (gha)
      from 2000 to 2010, and its annual growth rate was 6.30%. Carbon Footprint was the
      fastest growth type of EF. It increased from 0.742 to 1.805 billion gha, and its
      annual growth rate was 9.29%. The net increase of cropland Footprint was also
      large in comparison to other types of Footprint. It increased from 0.678 to 0.891
      billion gha. Per capita EF in China increased from 1.40 to 2.43 gha in this
      period. Although it was still below the world average level, it was far beyond
      per capita ecological carrying capacity in China, which led to serious ecological
      deficit and severe ecological crisis in China. The fast growth of per capita EF
      was the main driving force for the growth of total EF in China during the study
      period. Further, the growth of per capita EF was positively influenced by the
      growth of per capita consumption of products and severs, which was driven by
      economic growth and urbanization. Meanwhile, a large amount of exports of
      resource-intensive products in international trade was also an important driving
      force for EF growth. According to the evolution route of per capita EF in
      developed countries, along with China moving from middle-income to high-income
      country, per capita EF will maintain rapid growth, and ecological deficit in
      China will further exacerbate.

PMID- 27363127
TI  - [Pollution Characteristics and Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosol in PM2.5 During
      Winter in Guanzhong Area].
AB  - To study the characteristics and sources of carbonaceous aerosol in PM2.5 during
      winter in Guanzhong area, PM2.5 samples were collected from December 2012 to
      February 2013 in Xi'an, Baoji, Weinan and Qinling, and then organic carbon (OC)
      and elemental carbon (EC) were analyzed following the thermal/optical reflection
      protocol. The average concentrations of OC in the four sites were 47.8, 45.8,
      31.2 and 37.0 microg x m(-3), respectively, while EC concentrations were 8.5,
      6.7, 7.6 and 5.7 microg x m(-3), respectively. Total carbonaceous aerosol (TCA)
      accounted for 36.4%, 46.2%, 36.9% and 33.4% of PM2.5, respectively. OC was
      strongly correlated with EC in Xi'an (R2 = 0.93) and Qinling (R2 = 0.91), while
      weakly correlated in Baoji (R2 = 0.58) and Weinan (R2 = 0.62), which indicated
      that OC and EC had more similar sources or higher mixing degree in the former two
      sites. All OC/EC ratios exceeded 2.0, which indicated the formation of secondary
      organic carbon (SOC). In Xi'an, Baoji, Weinan and Qinling, SOC accounted for
      21.6%, 40.3%, 23.2% and 27.8% of OC, respectively. Positive matrix factorization
      (PMF) was used to analyze the sources of carbonaceous aerosol and four sources
      were obtained. Coal burning was the major source, contributing 45.3%-47.9% in
      Guanzhong area. Gasoline vehicle and biomass burning were the minor sources,
      contributing 26.1%-33.1% and 14.3%-20.1% respectively. In addition, diesel
      vehicle also had some contribution to carbonaceous aerosol.

PMID- 27363128
TI  - [Chemical Composition of the Single Particle Aerosol in Winter in Nanning Using
      SPAMS].
AB  - Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (SPAMS) was performed to characterize
      the PM2.5 in Nanning from 15 to 24 February 2015. The correlation (R2) between
      the PM2.5 number concentration and the mass concentration of PM2.5 obtained using
      SPAMS was 0.76. The particle number concentration could reflect the atmospheric
      pollution situation to some degree. The Art-2a classification method was used to
      classify the chemical composition of PM2.5. The results showed that the principal
      chemical constituents were elemental carbon, organic elements carbon hybrid
      particles, organic carbon, rich potassium particles, mineral substance, rich
      sodium particles, second inorganic particles, levoglucosan and other heavy
      metals. Among them, the composition of elemental carbon was the highest, followed
      by organic carbon and rich potassium particles. The particle size of 80% of PM2.5
      was mainly concentrated in the range of 0.2 microm to 1.0 microm with a peak
      value occurring at 0. 62 microm. The particle size distribution characteristics
      of different chemical components were similar. The number concentration of the
      chemical components in PM2.5 had the same variation tread with the mass
      concentration of PM2.5 over time. To a certain extent, the change in chemical
      composition could reflect the instantaneous pollution source.

PMID- 27363129
TI  - [Correlation Analysis Between Characteristics of VOCs and Ozone Formation
      Potential in Summer in Nanjing Urban District].
AB  - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an important precursor of photochemical
      ozone pollution (O3) in the atmosphere. Their concentration variation directly
      affects the characteristics of the ozone pollution. The concentration, speciation
      of VOCs, ozone and its precursors in Nanjing were analyzed and measured using
      online gas detection systems in August 2013. VOCs/NOx discriminant method was
      used to get the sensitive control factors of ozone. The results showed that the
      averaged volume fraction of VOCs was 52. 05 x 10(-9), and the largest one reached
      200 x 10(-9) in Nanjing urban district. The order of volume fraction of each
      species VOCs was alkane > oxygen-containing VOCs > alkene > aromatics. The
      averaged concentration of ozone was 76.5 microg x m(-1) and the exceeding
      concentration of hourly standard was 5.9%. The change trends of ozone precursors
      VOCs and NOx were basically identical and Ozone showed the obvious negative
      correlation during the period of high concentrations of ozone. There were some
      differences in the concentrations of the same VOCs in different ozone
      concentration periods. The ozone generation in Nanjing urban district was
      sensitive to VOCs, and Nanjing belonged to VOCs control area in summer.

PMID- 27363130
TI  - [Seasonal Dynamics of Airborne Pollens and Its Relationship with Meteorological
      Factors in Beijing Urban Area].
AB  - The seasonal dynamics of airborne pollens and their relationship with
      meteorological conditions, which are considered to be important factors for
      appropriate construction of urban green system and reliable prevention of tropic
      pollinosis, were investigated in Beijing urban area. The airborne pollens were
      monitored from December 31st 2011 to December 31st 2012 by Burkard volumetric
      trap, and the data were analyzed. The results revealed that: (1) In 2012 the
      pollen dispersion period lasted 238 days from March 17 to November 18th,
      accounting for 65% of the year. There were two peaks of pollen amount in air,
      which occurred from March to May and from August to October, respectively. In the
      spring peak, tree pollens such as Oleaceae, Populus and Salix pollens were the
      dominant, accounting for 53% of the total annual pollens, while in the autumn
      period, weed pollens such as Compositae, Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae pollens
      made up about 40% of the annual total value; (2) The highly allergenic weeds
      pollens dominated in autumn, which caused a high incidence of tropic pollinosis;
      (3) The airborne pollen amount of Beijing urban area was significantly affected
      by meteorological condition like the wind speed, temperature, humidity,
      precipitation and so on; (4) When temperature ranged from OC to 15 degrees C, the
      pollen amount showed positive relation with temperature; while in the temperature
      range of 18 degrees C to 30 degrees C, it showed negative relation; (5) The
      average temperature of spring and autumn season in 2012 was 17 degrees C, and 79%
      of airborne pollens were detected in these two seasons. This temperature
      condition was conducive to the pollen dispersion. (6) The pollen amount showed
      negative relation with relative moisture between 20% and 50% and larger than 70%,
      while in the moisture range of 50% to 60%, it showed positive relation; (7) The
      wind speed smaller than 3 m x s(-1) was good to pollen distribution, when it was
      larger than 4 m x s(-1) or the wind lasted for a long time, the pollen amount in
      the air would decrease; (8) The pollen release was decreased by the rain. The
      above results can be helpful to forecast the pollen amount in the air.
      monitoring; pollen amount

PMID- 27363131
TI  - [Mercury Distribution Characteristics and Atmospheric Mercury Emission Factors of
      Typical Waste Incineration Plants in Chongqing].
AB  - Waste incineration is one of the important atmospheric mercury emission sources.
      The aim of this article is to explore the atmospheric mercury pollution level of
      waste incineration industry from Chongqing. This study investigated the mercury
      emissions from a municipal solid waste incineration plant and a medical waste
      incineration plant in Chongqing. The exhaust gas samples in these two
      incineration plants were obtained using USA EPA 30B method. The mercury
      concentrations in the fly ash and bottom ash samples were analyzed. The results
      indicated that the mercury concentrations of the municipal solid waste and
      medical waste incineration plant in Chongqing were (26.4 +/- 22.7) microg x m(-3)
      and (3.1 +/- 0.8) microg x m(-3) in exhaust gas respectively, (5279.2 +/- 798.0)
      microg x kg(-1) and (11,709.5 +/- 460.5) microg x kg(-1) in fly ash respectively.
      Besides, the distribution proportions of the mercury content from municipal solid
      waste and medical waste in exhaust gas, fly ash, and bottom ash were 34.0%,
      65.3%, 0.7% and 32.3%, 67.5%, 0.2% respectively; The mercury removal efficiencies
      of municipal solid waste and medical waste incineration plants were 66.0% and
      67.7% respectively. The atmospheric mercury emission factors of municipal solid
      waste and medical waste incineration plants were (126.7 +/- 109.0) microg x kg(
      1) and (46.5 +/- 12.0) microg x kg(-1) respectively. Compared with domestic
      municipal solid waste incineration plants in the Pearl River Delta region, the
      atmospheric mercury emission factor of municipal solid waste incineration plant
      in Chongqing was lower.

PMID- 27363132
TI  - [Characteristics of Atmospheric Dry and Wet Deposition of Trace Metals in the
      Hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China].
AB  - In order to investigate the characteristics of atmospheric trace metals
      deposition in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the wet and dry
      deposition samples were collected at an urban area sampling site in Wanzhou
      during January to June 2014. Besides, the samples were collected at five other
      sampling sites in April 2014 for comparative analysis, including factory region,
      town suburb, nature reserve, county suburb, and rural area. pH, conductivity, and
      trace metals (Al, As, B, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Pb, Ni, Sb, Sr, Sn,
      Ti, Zn, V) were analyzed. In urban area, the acid rain frequency was 48.44% , and
      the acid rain occurred mainly in the period of January to April. The order of
      acid rain frequency in various functional areas was factory region > urban area >
      county suburb > town suburb > nature reserve > county rural area. All of the
      trace metals in wet deposition during the sampling period were lower than the
      National Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water Standard of Class III.
      Cd, Cu, Ph and Zn were found exceeding the standard of class I , and the
      pollution in factory region was more serious compared to other functional areas.
      The extract pH of dry deposition in urban area was in the range of 4.91-6.74,
      with an average value of 5.79. The order of dry deposition in various functional
      areas was factory region > county suburb > urban area > county rural area > town
      suburb > nature reserve, which was exactly the same as that of the wet
      deposition, indicating the similar sources of dry and wet deposition. In urban
      area, the contents of Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Li, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn in dry deposition were
      greater than those in wet deposition, but the contents of Al, As, B, Bi, Cd, Fe,
      Ph, Sb, Sn, Ti, V showed the opposite trend. Analysis of the enrichment factors
      showed that Al was in moderate enrichment, while Bi and Cd were significantly
      enriched.

PMID- 27363133
TI  - [Monitoring and Analysis of Stable Isotopes of the Near Surface Water Vapor in
      Changsha].
AB  - Based on the monitored atmospheric water vapor stable isotopes and observed
      meteorological elements at Changsha during the period from November 12, 2014 to
      April 13, 2015, the variations of water vapor stable isotopes and the
      relationships between isotope ratios and temperature, absolute humidity,
      precipitation amount were analyzed in this paper. The results indicated that: (1)
      Seasonal variations of delta18O and 82H in atmospheric water vapor at Changsha
      were remarkable, with high values in winter. delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric
      water vapor were positively correlated with absolute humidity in winter. There
      were some fluctuations of the delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric water vapor,
      especially when the precipitation events occurred. Precipitation events had a
      significant effect on the variations of delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric water
      vapor, and low values were often accompanied with precipitation events; (2)
      Diurnal Variations of delta18O and delta2H in atmospheric water vapor had a close
      correlation with the atmospheric water vapor content, whereas the absolute
      humidity was mainly controlled by the strength of the local evapotranspiration
      and atmospheric turbulence. The "precipitation amount effect" was observed during
      the process of a single precipitation event; (3) Values of delta18O and delta2H
      in atmospheric water vapor were always lower than those of precipitation in
      Changsha, but he variation trends were completely consistent, the average
      difference values were 8.6% per hundred and 66.82% per hundred, respectively; (4)
      The meteoric vapor line (MVL) in cold months was delta2H =7.18 delta18O + 10.58,
      the slope and intercept of MVL were always lower than those of MWL, and the slope
      and intercept of MVL in spring were significantly higher than those of winter.

PMID- 27363134
TI  - [Mercury Transport from Glacier to Runoff in Typical Inland Glacial Area in the
      Tibetan Plateau].
AB  - To investigate the transport of mercury from glacier to runoff in typical inland
      glacial area in the Tibetan Plateau, we selected Zhadang glacier and Qugaqie
      river Basin located in the Nyainqentanglha Range region and collected samples
      from snow pit, glacier melt-water and Qugaqie river water during 15th August to
      9'h September 2011. Mercury speciation and concentrations were determined and
      their distribution and controlling factors in different environmental
      compartments were analyzed. The results showed that the average THg
      concentrations were (3.79 +/- 5.12) ng x L(-1), (1.06 +/- 0.77) ng x L(-1) and
      (1.02 +/- 0.24) ng x L(-1) for glacier snow, glacier melt-water and Qugaqie river
      water, respectively, all of which were at the global background levels.
      Particulate-bound mercury accounted for large proportion of mercury in all
      environmental matrices, while mercury in glacial melt-water was controlled by
      total suspended particle, and mercury in Qugaqie river water co-varied with
      runoff. With the increase of temperature, glacier melted and released water as
      well as mercury into glacier-fed river. Total mercury concentrations in glacier
      melt water, upstream and downstream peaked at 14:00, 16:00 and after 20:00,
      respectively, reflecting the process of mercury release from glacier and its
      subsequent transport in the glacier fed river. The transport of riverine mercury
      was controlled by multiple factors. Under the context of climate change, glacier
      ablation and the increasing runoff will play increasingly important roles in
      mercury release and transport.

PMID- 27363135
TI  - [Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Core Sediments from Lakes
      of Tibet].
AB  - To explore the source of heavy metals in lake sediments and their hazard to
      environment on Tibetan Plateau, China, heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni
      and As) levels in surface sediments of 18 lakes were investigated. Inductively
      Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS, X-7 series) was used to determine the
      contents of heavy metals and the concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in
      sediment samples were analyzed by element analyzer (Vario Max CN, Elementar,
      Germany). The average concentrations for Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni and As were
      24.61 mg x kg(-1), 70.14 mg x kg(-1), 0.26 mg x kg(-1), 25.43 mg x kg(-1), 74.12
      mg x kg(-1), 7.93 mg x kg(-1), 33.85 mg x kg(-1), 77.69 mg x kg(-1). It was found
      that heavy-metal concentrations in Tibet sediments were higher than those in
      Antarctic, but lower than those in the regions affected by anthropogenic
      activities. The contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Co in the samples were lower than
      the background values of Tibet. Correlation analysis and principal components
      analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the origins of heavy metals. The result
      showed that Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Co, Ni and As came from soil in drainage basin and
      atmospheric deposition. Cr was mainly affected by human activities. Assessment on
      ecological risk of heavy metals was carried out using Hakanson's method and
      cluster analysis (CA). Assessment on ecological risk indicated that Pumoyum Co,
      Longmo Co and Bangong Co were at low risks, Bieruoze Co was at high ecological
      risk level and the other lakes were at different risk levels.

PMID- 27363136
TI  - [Distribution and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface
      Sediments of Inflow Rivers to Northeastern Lake Tanganyika].
AB  - As the second deepest lake in Africa, Lake Tanganyika plays an important role in
      supplying fish protein for citizens in the catchment. However, the lake is
      increasingly threatened by environmental pollution with the development of social
      economy and expanding of population. In order to reveal the external source of
      heavy metals in Lake Tanganyika, 16 surface sediment samples from the rivers
      which flow into the northeast of the lake were collected and analyzed. Besides
      the contents, the potential ecological risk indices (RI) of each heavy metal were
      also analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship, between land use and the spatial
      distribution of heavy metals was also discussed. The average contents of Cu, Zn,
      Cd, Pb and Hg were 18. 4, 21.2, 0.05, 6.6 mg x kg(-1) and 8.4 ng x g(-1),
      respectively, with the maximum values of Zn, Pb and Cd located in Bujumbura urban
      rivers. The data indicated that all the inflow rivers were at low potential
      ecological risk. RI of heavy metals ranked as the following order: Cd > Hg > Cu >
      Pb > Zn, as Cd being the key element contributing to the risk. The relationship
      between land use and heavy metals showed that the contents of heavy metals were
      highest in urban areas, followed by estuarine wetlands, and woodlands were least
      polluted by heavy metals. This distribution type implied that human activities
      could cause the heavy metal accumulation in the surface sediments of nearby
      rivers. The urban areas and estuarine wetlands need to be concerned in the
      further study.

PMID- 27363137
TI  - [Over One Hundred Year Sediment Record of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the
      Lake Bosten, Xinjiang].
AB  - The vertical distributions of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were
      investigated from a sediment core in the Lake Bosten, Xinjiang. Meanwhile, the
      possible source and risk assessment of PAHs in Lake Bosten were also discussed.
      The total PAHs concentration in the sediment core ranged from 37.5 ng x g(-1) to
      184.5 ng x g(-1), and Naphthalene and Phenanthrene were the dominant compounds
      throughout the core. Over the one hundred year, the vertical profile of PAHs
      underwent significant changes around 1950s. The vertical distributions of PAHs
      had little change and low molecular weight PAHs were dominant PAHs before 1950s.
      Since then, the high molecular weight PAHs appeared and increased with
      fluctuations. A sharp increase in PAHs level and individuals was observed
      especially after 1990s and a maximum was found in the surface sediment. The
      results suggested PAHs in Lake Bosten were from the local sources, which were
      dominated by the low temperature combustion. Besides, the abundance of PAHs from
      high temperature combustion processes, such as combustion of industrial coal and
      vehicle emission, increased significantly in recent years. However, based on the
      results of risk assessment, the PAHs may not induce adverse biological effects on
      the aquatic ecosystem in Lake Bosten.

PMID- 27363138
TI  - [Distribution Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different
      Environmental Media from Qingbang Island, Zhoushan, China].
AB  - Eleven soil, three seawater and three passive air samples were collected from
      Qingbang Island in July, 2013, and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
      were analyzed. The distribution characteristics, possible sources and ecological
      risk assessment were investigated. The results showed that the concentrations of
      total 16 PAHs ranged between 60.30 and 123.34 ng x g(-1) with a mean value of
      105.49 ng x g(-1) in soil, 45.96-101.08 ng x L(-1) with a mean value of 66.45 ng
      x L(-1) in seawater and 5.09-5.41 ng x d(-1) with a mean value of 5.35 ng x d(-1)
      in air samples, respectively. The PAHls concentrations of soil samples in tidal
      zone were higher than those in other areas. The highest PAHs concentrations in
      seawater were detected in complicated hydrological sea area. PAHs concentrations
      in air were equally distributed around the island. 2-4 rings PAHs were dominant
      species in soil, water and air samples. Ratio method and factor analysis were
      used to identify the possible sources of PAHs. The result suggested that PAHs in
      soil were mainly originated from combustion of coal, wood, diesel and petrol,
      while the possible sources of PAHls in water and air were mixed. The ecological
      risk assessment indicated that PAi s in different environment media posed little
      risk to people.

PMID- 27363139
TI  - [Transformation of Non-point Source Soluble Nitrogen in Simulated Drainage
      Ditch].
AB  - The drainage ditch has a compound ecosystem structure consisting of water,
      sediment and plants. Migration and transformation of the non-point source solute
      is important to study interception, control and management of agricultural non
      point source pollution in the drainage ditch. Based on the experiment on static
      simulation of drainage ditches, the article used typical non-point source soluble
      nitrogen as an example to analyze the changing process of nitrogen content in
      water, sediment and reeds, and to study the effects of the sediment adsorption
      and desorption, reeds growth and death in different periods on nitrogen
      concentration in water. The article discussed nitrogen migration in water
      sediment-reeds compound ecosystem and its influence on nitrogen concentration in
      water. The results showed that both adsorption and desorption in sediment and
      absorption and assimilation of reeds growth had effect on nitrogen concentration
      in water. The effect before October was reducing the nitrogen concentration in
      water, which was the process of nitrogen purification in water. After October,
      the nitrogen concentration in water increased and made it easy to form secondary
      nitrogen pollution. Meanwhile, the migration in the water-sediment-seeds
      ecosystem in simulated drainage ditch had close ties, any migration and
      transformation of nitrogen in a single medium or between different mediums would
      cause adjustment of nitrogen concentration in water.

PMID- 27363140
TI  - [Influence of Landscape Heterogeneity on Total Nitrogen Concentration in
      Zhongtian River Watershed].
AB  - Nutrient loading into rivers is generally changed by human-induced land use
      changes and can lead to surface water quality changes. Understanding the extent
      to which landscape heterogeneity influences nutrient loading is critical to the
      development of best management practices aimed at water-quality improvement. In
      this study, the year-round concentrations of total nitrogen were monitored from
      January 2013 to December 2013 in the 20 hydrological stations of Zhongtian River.
      Considering the nested relationship of watershed unit, seven land use structures
      and 13 landscape pattern indexes were chosen, and Pearson correlation analysis,
      principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to
      explore the effects of land use pattern on total nitrogen concentrations in
      Zhongtian River. The results showed that: (1) Construction land and grasslands
      had a significant impact on total nitrogen concentration, construction land would
      worsen the water quality, while grasslands could improve water quality; (2)
      Landscape patch- shape index, landscape patch-area index and construction land
      were the main factors affecting the total nitrogen concentration in landscape
      scale; (3) Regression analysis showed that the construction land and landscape
      patch-area index contributions to total nitrogen concentrations were 67.31% and
      32.69%, respectively.

PMID- 27363141
TI  - [Nitrogen Release from Sediment Under Dry and Rainy Season Alternation and Its
      Contribution to N Export from Xiangxi Watershed in Jiangxi Province].
AB  - In this study, N export from Xiangxi River Basin in Qianyanzhou station was
      measured by long-term monitoring, and simulation study on N. release law from the
      sediment in watershed was carried out based on orthogonal experiment, and at last
      the contributions of N release from sediment to N transport from watershed under
      dry and rainy season alternation were estimated. The results showed that the
      maximum of TN release rate was 36 mg x (m2 x d)(-1) in stable status, which
      decreased with increasing time; the impact of the three controlling factors on
      the N release followed the order of temperature > disturbance > pH, and the
      effect of temperature and pH on N release from the sediment was significant when
      disturbance was considered as the error term; TN release rate increased with
      increase of temperature, and acidic and alkaline conditions could also promote N
      release from sediment, wherein the effect of acidic conditions on N release was
      stronger; the changes of TN and available N content in sediment were 414.7-899.6
      mg x kg(-1) and 17.5-58.9 mg x kg(-1), so the percentage of available N only
      accounted for 3%-10% of TN; the TN transport concentrations were 0.58-2.40 mg x
      L(-1) and 1.73-4.87 mg x L(-1) in dry and wet seasons, respectively, the N
      release flux from sediment was about 106.34 kg x a(-1), the total N transport
      from watershed was 864.15 kg x a(-1), and the contribution rate of N release from
      sediment to N transport from watershed was about 12.31%, so we should pay much
      attention to the contribution of N release from sediment to water eutrophication.

PMID- 27363142
TI  - [Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Nitrogen and Phosphate in the Chaohu
      Lake].
AB  - In order to determine the concentrations, spatial and temporal distributions of
      nitrogen ( N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients in Chaohu Lake, the surface water
      samples were collected systemically in different flood seasons by grid sampling
      methods. Meanwhile, the predominant pollution factors and priority control area
      were confirmed. The results showed that the concentrations of TP, TN and NO3- -N
      in the inflowing rivers were higher than the V class water standard, the
      concentrations of nutrients in wet season were lower than those in normal season
      and dry season in Nanfei River and Shiwuli River, while the levels of nutrients
      in the other selected rivers were higher in wet season. The variations of spatial
      and temporal of nutrients were observed in the Chaohu Lake. The concentrations of
      N and P nutrients in the western part of Chaohu Lake were higher than those of
      the eastern part. The elevated concentrations of TP, TN and NH4+ -N were found in
      the dry season, while the elevated content of NO3- -N was observed in the wet
      season. The predominant pollution factors in Chaohu Lake were TN and NH4+ -N, the
      concentrations of these nutrients were decreasing from the western part of the
      Chaohu Lake to the eastern part of the Chaohu Lake.

PMID- 27363143
TI  - [Phosphorus Fractions and Release Risk in Surface Sediments of an Agricultural
      Headwater Stream System in Hefei Suburban, China].
AB  - A typical water system of agricultural headwater stream in Chaohu Lake basin was
      selected as the study area, and 17, 16, 14 and 13 surface sediments were
      collected from the four styles of stream, respectively, including ponds,
      branches, main channel and mainstream deep pools, in October 2014 (in autumn) and
      April 2015 (in spring). The forms and space-time variations of phosphorus in the
      sediments were analyzed. Clustering and variance analysis were conducted on the
      phosphorus forms data from the four styles of stream by means of multivariate
      statistical analyses. We quantified the phosphorus release risk (PSI) and
      identified the main impact factors of PSI via calculating the phosphorus sorption
      index (PSI) and the correlation analysis. The results showed that: (1) The
      contents of TP in the surface sediments ranged from 137.517 to 1709.229 mg x kg(
      1) with an average value of 532. 245 mg x kg(-1), and the order of the average
      contents of phosphorus forms was IP (350.347 mg x kg(-1)) > OP (167.333 mg x kg(
      1)) > Fe/Al-P ( 78. 869 mg x kg(-1)) > Ca-P (56.343 mg x kg(-1)) > Ex-P (6.609 mg
      x kg(-1)); (2) The contents of phosphorus forms had the same trend in all the
      four stream styles, which was deep pool > main channel > branch > pond; (3) In
      autumn, the deep pool and main channel were clustered into one class, while the
      pond and branch were clustered into the other class. In spring, branch, main
      channel and deep pool were clustered into the same class; (4) Variance analysis
      showed that the differences among the four stream styles were larger in autumn
      than in spring; (5) The PSI of the surface sediments ranged between 24.49 and
      69.94 (mg x L(-1) x (100 g x micromol)(-1). The PSI in spring was lower than that
      in spring, indicating that phosphorus release risk of surface sediment was higher
      in spring than in autumn. (6) PSI had a significant negative correlation with Ex
      P, IP and pH.

PMID- 27363144
TI  - [Surface Property and Sorption Characteristics of Phosphorus onto Surface
      Sediments in Sanggou Bay].
AB  - Kinetic curves and isotherms were investigated to study the sorption mechanism of
      phosphorus onto the sediments of Sanggou Bay, together with the surface charge
      properties of sediments and the forms of phosphorus studied. The results showed
      that the sorption including a fast process and a slow one, and could be described
      by a two-compartment first order equation. The thermodynamic isotherms were well
      fitted with a modified Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacity was
      larger in summer than in spring, and the smaller particle size was favorable to
      the sorption. The maximum adsorption capacities (Qm) were 0.0471-0.1230 mg x g(
      1), and the zero equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC0) of the sediments
      ranged from 0.0596 mg x L(-1) to 0.1927 mg x L(-1), which indicated that the
      sediments from Sanggou Bay were sources of phosphorus. Inorganic phosphorus (IP)
      was the main form of total phosphorus (TP). The contents of exchangeable or
      loosely absorbed P and Fe-bound P increased significantly in the samples after
      sorption. The sorption process involved physical sorption and chemical sorption,
      with the former being the predominant.

PMID- 27363145
TI  - [Particle Size Distribution and Pollutant Speciation Analyses of Stormwater
      Runoff in the Ancient Town of Suzhou].
AB  - The particle size distribution (PSD) and its transformation processes in the
      stormwater runoffs in the ancient town of Suzhou were studied based on the
      particles size analyses, the water-quality monitoring data and the parameters of
      the rainfall-runoff models. The commercial districts, the modern residential
      area, the old residential area, the traffic area and the landscape tourist area
      were selected as the five functional example areas in the ancient town of Suzhou.
      The effects of antecedent dry period, the rainfall intensity and the amount of
      runoffs on the particle size distributions were studied, and the existing forms
      of the main pollutants in different functional areas and their possible relations
      were analyzed as well. The results showed that the particle size distribution,
      the migration processes and the output characteristics in the stormwater runoffs
      were greatly different in these five functional areas, which indicated different
      control measures for the pollution of the runoffs should be taken in the design
      process. The antecedent dry period, the rainfall intensity and the amount of
      runoffs showed significant correlations with the particle size distribution,
      showing these were the important factors. The output of the particles was greatly
      influenced by the flow scouring in the early period of the rainfall, and the
      correlations between the amount of runoffs and the particle migration ability
      presented significant difference in 30% (early period) and 70% (later period) of
      the runoff volume. The major existence form of the output pollutants was
      particle, and the correlation analyses of different diameter particles showed
      that the particles smaller than 150 microm were the dominant carrier of the
      pollutants via adsorption and accumulation processes.

PMID- 27363146
TI  - [Abundance of Toxic and Non-toxic Microcystis sp. in Lake Hongze and Its
      Correlation with Environmental Factors].
AB  - In the present study, the eutrophic level of 30 water samples collected from Lake
      hongze in August 2014 were analyzed, and the abundance of toxic and non-toxic
      Microcystis sp., together with their spatial distribution, was investigated by
      quantitative real-time PCR techniques. The results showed that the average
      concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 1.63 and 0.11 mg x L(
      1), respectively. The trophic state index ( TSI) ranged from 58.1 to 73.6, and
      the water quality was in the state of eutrophication based on TSI. Toxic
      Microcystis was widely distributed in Lake Hongze, and its abundance varied
      sharply, from 1. 13 x 10(4) to 3.51 x 10(6) copies x mL(-1), and the abundance of
      total Microcystis ranged from 1.06 x 10(5) to 1.10 x 10(7) copies x m(-1),
      meanwhile, the proportion of toxic Microcystis in the total Microcystis ranged
      from 8.5% to 38.5%, with the average value of 23.6%. Correlation analysis
      indicated that there was a significant positive correlation among total
      Mirocystis, toxic Microcystis and the toxic proportion (P < 0.01). The abundance
      of total and toxic Microcystis was significantly positively correlated to
      chlorophyll a ( Chl-a) concentrations and TSI (P < 0.01), but was negatively
      correlated to transparency (SD) (P < 0.01). The ratio of toxic Microcystis to
      total Microcystis was significantly positively correlated to Chl-a, TN, TP and
      TSI (P < 0.01), but significantly negatively correlated to the ratio of TN to TP
      and SD (P < 0.01). Therefore, reducing total nitrogen and phosphorus
      concentrations could not only lower the eutrophication level of Lake Hongze, but
      also inhibit the competition advantage of the toxic Microcystis over non-toxic
      Microcystis.

PMID- 27363147
TI  - [Effect of Charge-Transfer Complex on Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Absorption
      Property of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in Waters of Typical
      Water-Level Fluctuation Zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas].
AB  - As an important fraction of dissolved organic matter (DOM), chromophoric
      dissolved organic matter (CDOM) plays a key role in decision of the optical
      properties and photogeochemistry of DOM, and further affects pollutant fate and
      global carbon cycle. These optical properties are ascribed to two chromophoric
      systems including superposition of individual chromophores and charge-transfer
      (CT) complexation between electron donor (e.g., phenols and indoles) and acceptor
      (e.g., quinones and other oxidized aromatics) in DOM structures. Thus in this
      study, based on the "double-chromophoric system" model, DOM samples from four
      typical water-level fluctuation zones of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) areas were
      selected, to investigate the effect and contribution of charge-transfer complex
      to ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption property of CDOM. Using NaBH,
      reduction method, original featureless absorption curve was classified into two
      independent curves caused by individual chromophoric group, which were derived
      from a simple superposition of independent chromophore and charge-transfer
      complex, respectively. Also, the changes in curve properties and specific
      parameters before and after NaBH4 reduction were compared. The results showed
      that in all DOM samples from the four sites of TGR, more than 35% of absorption
      was attributed from CT complex. Shibaozhai of Zhongxian and Zhenxi of Fuling
      showed the highest proportion ( > 50%). It suggested that the role of CT complex
      in CDOM property could not be neglected. After removal of CT complex, absorption
      curve showed blue-shift and CDOM concentration [a (355)] decreased significantly.
      Meanwhile, because of deforming of bonds by reduction, DOM structures became more
      dispersive and the molecular size was decreased, resulting in the lower spectral
      slope (S) observed, which evidentially supported that the supermolecular
      association structure of DOM was self-assembled through CT complex. Meanwhile,
      deceasing hydrophobic components led to decreased apparent aromaticity (lower
      SUVA values), whereas specific parameters including SUVA, CDOM and SR still were
      applicable for comparison among different DOM samples instead of the same sample
      without consideration of "double-cbromopboric system" model involving tbe role of
      CT complex. Comparatively, S(275-295) was dynamic due to tbe impact of CT effect.
      Furtbermore, establisbing DOC estimation model by short-wavelength range of CDOM
      was recommended because of its stability despite of CT complex.

PMID- 27363148
TI  - [Influence of pH on Kinetics of Anilines Oxidation by Permanganate].
AB  - To investigate the effect of pH on the oxidation of anilines by potassium
      permanganate, aniline and p-Chloroaniline were taken as the target contaminants,
      and the experiments were conducted under the condition with potassium
      permanganate in excess over a wide pH range. The reaction displayed remarkable
      autocatalysis, which was presumably ascribed to the formation of complexes by the
      in situ generated MnOx and the target contaminants on its surface, and thereby
      improved the oxidation rate of the target contaminants by permanganate. The
      reaction kinetics was fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetics at different pH
      to obtain the pseudo-first-order reaction constants (k(obs)). The second-order
      rate constants calculated from permanganate concentration and k,b, increased with
      the increase of pH and reached the maximum near their respective pKa, after which
      they decreased gradually. This tendency is called parabola-like shaped pH-rate
      profile. The second-order rate constants between permanganate and anilines were
      well fitted by the proton transfer model proposed by us in previous work.

PMID- 27363149
TI  - [Effects of EDTA on the Reductive Dechlorination of 2,4-D by Pd/Fe].
AB  - In Pd/Fe system, zero-valent iron (ZVI) passivation layer is easily formed on the
      particle surface during the catalytic reductive dechlorination of chlorinated
      organics, hindering further dechlorination of target contaminants. In this paper,
      the passivation layer on the Pd/Fe particle surfaces could be eliminated by the
      chelation of disodium edetate (EDTA) with Fe2+, Fe3+, making the reductive
      dechlorination continue. The experiment investigated the effects of EDTA addition
      manner and dosage, pH, Pd loading and temperature on dechlorination of 2,4
      dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) by Pd/Fe. The conclusions can be summarized as
      follows: (1) Phenoxyacetic acid (PA) generation ratio reached 90. 7% within 20
      min with EDTA concentration of 25.0 mmol x L(-1) and flow rate of 20 mL x h(-1),
      while it was only 74.5% after 210 min in the system without EDTA. (2) The EDTA
      could chelate the Fe2+ and Fe3+ generated from the process of 2,4-D
      dechlorination by Pd/Fe, preventing or slowing down the formation of passivation
      layer, and accelerating the reduction efficiency. (3) The appropriate
      experimental parameters for 2,4-D removal were as follows: EDTA flow rate of 20
      mL x h(-1), CEDTA of 25.0 mmol x L(-1), Pd loading of 0.050%, 200 r x min(-1), pH
      4.2 and 30.0 degrees C. The removal percentage of 20.0 mg x L(-1) 2,4-D reached
      nearly up to 100% within 210 min under these conditions. (4) The intermediates of
      2, 4-D catalytic dechlorination included 2-chlorophenoxvacetic acid (2-CPA) and
      trace 4-chloronhenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), and the end product was PA.

PMID- 27363150
TI  - [Preparation of NiAl-MMO Films Electrode and Its Capacitive Deionization
      Property].
AB  - Hydrotalcites are not only considered as important absorbents in water treatment
      and but also widely used as super capacitor materials. In this study, NiAl metal
      oxide (NiAl-MMO) films, which were the calcined products of hydrotalcite-like
      compounds, were grown on the surface of a foam nickel by an in-situ growth method
      using a foam nickel substrate as the nickel source. The prepared NiAl-MMO films
      electrodes materials had stable electrochemical capability, remarkable
      electrochemical capacitor, and gave a highest specific capacitance of 667 F x g(
      1). The desalination performance of material indicated high voltage and weakly
      alkaline solution were favored for desalination. A highest desalination
      efficiency was up to 58.17% when the initial concentration of Cl- was 0.003 mol x
      L(-1), the voltage value was 1.0 V and pH value was 8. The adsorption saturated
      electrodes could be rapidly regenerated with a desorption rate of 87.96% by
      electrodes reversion. This study provides a new choice for desalination in
      wastewater treatment.

PMID- 27363151
TI  - [Competitive Microbial Oxidation and Reduction of Arsenic].
AB  - Filters are widely applied in drinking water treatment plants. Our previous
      study, which explored the asenic redox in a filter of drinking water plant
      treating underground water, found that As3+ could be oxidized to As5+ by biogenic
      manganese oxides, while As5+ could be reduced to As3+ by some microbial arsenic
      reductases in the biofilter system. This microbial competition could influence
      the system stability and treatment efficiency. To explore its mechanism, this
      study selected a manganese-oxidizing bacterial strain (Pseudomonas sp. QJX-1) and
      a arsenic-reducing strain (Brevibacterium sp. LSJ-9) to investigate their
      competitive relationship in nutrient acquisition and arsenic redox in the
      presence of Mn2+, As3+ or As5+ The results revealed that the concentration and
      valence of Mn and As varied with different reaction time; biological manganese
      oxides dominated the arsenic redox by rapidly oxidizing the As3+ in the existing
      system and the As3+ generated by arsenic reductase into As. PCR and RT-PCR
      results indicated that the arsenic reductase (arsC) was inhibited by the
      manganese oxidase (cumA). The expression of 16S rRNA in QJX-1 was two orders of
      magnitude higher than that in LSJ-9, which implied QJX-1 was dominant in the
      bacterial growth. Our data revealed that hydraulic retention time was critical to
      the valence of arsenic in the effluent of filter in drinking water treatment
      plant.

PMID- 27363152
TI  - [Community Characteristics of ANAMMOX Bacteria in Subsurface Flow Constructed
      Wetland (SSFCW) for Processing of Aquaculture Waster Water].
AB  - Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is one of the important functions in waste
      water treatment by subsurface flow constructed wetland (SSFCW), however, there
      are few studies on ANAMMOX in SSFCW environment at present. The community
      characteristics of ANAMMOX in the SSFCW of processing aquaculture waste water
      were explored in this study. In order to analyze the structure, diversity and
      abundance of ANAMMOX bacteria, several 16S rRNA clone libraries were constructed
      and real-time PCR targeting specific 16S rRNA genes together with diversity
      analysis was adopted. The obtained results showed that the SSFCW identified a
      total of three unknown clusters and two known clusters including Candidatus
      brocadia and Candidatus kuenenia. The dominant cluster was Candidatus brocadia.
      The highest diversity levels of ANAMMOX bacteria occurred in autumn (H', 1.21),
      while the lowest in spring (H', 0.64). The abundance of ANAMMOX bacteria in SSFCW
      environment ranged from 8.0 x 10(4) to 9.4 x 10(6) copies x g(-1) of fresh weight
      and the copy number of total bacterial 16S rRNA genes ranged from 7.3 x 10(9) to
      9.1 x 10(10) copies x g(-1) of fresh weight during culture cycle. There were
      significant differences in the ANAMMOX bacteria abundances of different stratum
      and seasons in SSFCW environment, but the differences in total bacterial
      abundances were not obvious. In addition, the differences in ANAMMOX bacteria
      abundances in different stratum and seasons in SSFCW environment were irregular
      in different culture cycle. According to the distribution characteristics of
      ANAMMOX bacteria in the wetland, the denitrification effect of SSFCW could be
      improved by changing the supplying manners of aquaculture wastewater and
      adjusting the structure of wetland. The research results will provide reference
      for further optimizing the SSFCW and improving the efficiency of purification.

PMID- 27363153
TI  - [Analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria in Reclaimed Water and Impact of UV Disinfection
      on the Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria].
AB  - In the study, 454-pyrosequencing technology was employed to investigate the
      species of pathogenic bacteria and the proportion of each pathogen in secondary
      effluent. Culture-based, qPCR and Q-RT-PCR methods were employed to analyze the
      removal of indicator (E. coli) and pathogen (Salmonella and Mycobacterium) by
      ultraviolet (UV) disinfection at a dose of 60 mJ x Cm(-2). The results showed
      that 11 kinds of pathogenic bacteria were found and the most abundant potentially
      pathogenic bacteria in the secondary effluent were affiliated with the genera of
      Clostridium (2.96%), Arcobacter (0.82%) and Mycobacterium (0.36%). 99.9% of
      culturable E. coli and Salmonella were removed by UV disinfection (60 mJ x cm(
      2), however, less than 90% of culturable Mycobacterium were removed. The removal
      efficiencies of viable E. coli, Salmonella and Mycobacterium were low. Q-RT-PCR
      seemed to be a promising method for evaluating viable microorganisms in samples.
      Besides, pathogenic bacteria entered into VBNC state at a UV dose of 60 mJ x cm(
      2). Other advanced treatment processes were needed to ensure safe utilization of
      reclaimed water.

PMID- 27363154
TI  - [Analysis of the Microbial Community Structure in Continuous Flow Reactor
      Enhanced by Heterotrophic Nitrification and Aerobic Denitrification Bacterium
      Burkholderia sp. YX02].
AB  - To reveal the dynamic succession of microbial community structure along with time
      in bio-denitrification reactor, a continuous flow reactor containing immobilized
      heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacterium Burkholderia sp.
      YX02 was taken as a model. The microbial community structure in the bioreactor
      was analyzed by PCR-DCGE, and its correlations with environmental factors such as
      pH, NH4+ -N, NO2- -N, NO3- -N and COD were simultaneously investigated. The
      results showed that the microbial community was relatively rich during the early
      stage of 18 days. The similarity of community structure in different stages was
      not orderly declining with the operation. In addition, the structural similarity
      in adjacent stages firstly increased, then decreased, and eventually tended to be
      stable. Shannon-Wiener index firstly descended significantly, and then ascended
      with new microbial community emerging at the later stage. UPGMA clustering
      analysis roughly divided the process into three periods with certain
      relationship. Principal component analysis showed that during the operation of
      the bioreactor predominant bacterial community formed steadily and new microbial
      community dominated by Burkholderia sp. YX02 emerged at the later stage of the
      operation. Canonical correspondence analysis certificated that the structure of
      microbial community was most obviously affected by NO2- -N, followed by NO3- -N,
      NH4+ -N and COD, and pH had the least effect.

PMID- 27363155
TI  - [Comparative Metagenomics of BIOLAK and A2O Activated Sludge Based on Next
      generation Sequencing Technology].
AB  - This is the first report of comparative metagenomic analyses of BIOLAK sludge and
      anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2O) sludge. In the BIOLAK and A2O sludge metagenomes, 47
      and 51 phyla were identified respectively, more than the numbers of phyla
      identified in Australia EBPR (enhanced biological phosphorus removal), USA EBPR
      and Bibby sludge. All phyla found in the BIOLAK sludge were detected in the A2O
      sludge, but four phyla were exclusively found in the A20 sludge. The proportion
      of the phylum Ignavibacteriae in the A2O sludge was 2.0440%, which was 3.2 times
      as much as that in the BIOLAK sludge (0.6376%). Meanwhile, the proportion of the
      bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes in the BIOLAK sludge was 2.4673%, which was >17
      times as much as that in the A2O sludge (0.1404%). The proportion of the
      bacterial phylum Chlamydiae in the BIOLAK metagenome (0.2192%) was >6 times
      higher than that in the A2O (0.0360%). Furthermore, 167 genera found in the A20
      sludge were not detected in the BIOLAK sludge. And 50 genera found in the BIOLAK
      sludge were not detected in the A20 sludge. From the analyses of both the phylum
      and genus levels, there were huge differences between the two biological
      communities of A2O and BIOLAK sludge. However, the proportions of each group of
      functional genes associated with metabolism of nitrogen, phosphor, sulfur and
      aromatic compounds in BIOLAK were very similar to those in A2O sludge. Moreover,
      the rankings of all six KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia for Genes and Genomes)
      categories were identical in the two sludges. In addition, the analyses of
      functional classification and pathway related nitrogen metabolism showed that the
      abundant enzymes had identical ranking in the BIOLAK and A2O metagenomes.
      Therefore, comparative metagenomics of BIOLAK and A2O activated sludge indicated
      similar function assignments from the two different biological communities.

PMID- 27363156
TI  - [Identification and Nitrogen Removal Characteristics of a Heterotrophic
      Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification Strain Isolated from Marine Environment].
AB  - A heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification strain named y5 was
      isolated from marine environment by traditional microbial isolation method using
      seawater as medium. It was identified as Klebsiella sp. based on the
      morphological, physiological and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The experiment
      results showed that the optimal carbon resource was sodium citrate; the optimal
      pH was 7.0; and the optimal C/N was 17. The strain could use NH4Cl, NaNO2 and
      KNO3 as sole nitrogen source, and the removal efficiencies were77.07%, 64.14% and
      100% after 36 hours, respectively. The removal efficiency reached 100% after 36
      hours in the coexistence of NH4Cl, NaNO2 and KNO3. The results showed that the
      strain y5 had independent and efficient heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic
      denitrification activities in high salt wastewater.

PMID- 27363157
TI  - [Removal of AOX and Chroma in Biologically Treated Effluent of Chemical Dyestuff
      Wastewater with Nanoscale Ni/Fe].
AB  - Nanoscale Ni/Fe was applied to biologically treated effluent of chemical dyestuff
      wastewater. The removal rates of absorbable organic halogens (AOX) and chroma
      were investigated at different Ni loadings (0-5%), initial wastewater pH (4.1
      10.0), Ni/Fe dosage (1-5 g x L(-1)) and reaction time (0.5-96 h). The results
      showed that the removal rates of AOX and chroma firstly increased and then
      decreased with the increase of the Ni loading, while continuously increased with
      the decrease of the initial wastewater pH and the increase of Ni/Fe dosage. The
      optimal condition was Ni loading of 1%, initial wastewater pH of 4.1 and Ni/Fe
      dosage of 3 g x L(-1), under which 29.2% of AOX and 79.6% of chroma were removed
      after 24 h reaction, and 50.6% of AOX and 80.7% of chroma were removed after 96 h
      reaction. GC-MS analysis revealed that toxicants such as chlorinated anilines, p
      nitroaniline, 4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline and halogenated hydrocarbons were
      efficiently removed.

PMID- 27363158
TI  - [Feasibility of 3BER-S Process for the Deep Denitrification in Synch with the
      Removal of PAEs from Reclaimed Water].
AB  - In order to investigate the feasibility of deep denitrification and simultaneous
      removing phthalate esters (PAEs) in the process of reclaimed water treatment uses
      three-dimensional biofilm-electrode reactor coupled with sulfur autotrophic deep
      denitrification technology (3BER-S), the technological characteristics and
      mechanisms were analyzed based on determining the static adsorption capacity of
      biofilm cultured active carbon fillers in 3BER-S reactor together with the
      operation results of dynamic denitrification and simultaneous PAEs removing. The
      results showed that the average adsorption rates of DBP, DEHP were 85.84% and
      97.12% in the biofilm cultured active carbon fillers, the equilibrium adsorption
      capacities were 0.1426 mg x g(-1) and 0.162 mg(-1) and the time spans of reaching
      adsorption saturation were 120 min and 60 min, respectively; The existence of
      PAEs had no obvious effect on denitrification, the reactor effluent concentration
      of TN was in range of 1-2 mg x L(-1) before and after the addition of PAEs, and
      the average removal rate of TN reached above 94%; 3BER-S denitrification system
      showed significant ability in removing PAEs, leading to effluent concentrations
      of DBP and DEHP of no more than 6 microg x L(-1) with removal rates of above 96%;
      this was due to the synergistic effect of absorption, biodegradation and
      electrochemistry. After treatment with 3BER-S technology, DBP and DEHP in
      simulative municipal secondary effluent met the regulated limitation of The Reuse
      of Urban Recycling Water Quality Standard for Groundwater Recharge (GB/T 19772
      2005).

PMID- 27363159
TI  - [Influence of Reaction Time on Titanate Nanomaterials and Its Adsorptioi
      Capability for Lead in Aqueous Solutions].
AB  - Titanate nanomaterials (TNs) were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method
      using TiO2 (ST-01) and NaOH as the raw materials, and presented different
      morphologies by adjusting the reaction time. The physico-chemical properties of
      the as-prepared TNs, such as morphology, structure, surface area, and chemical
      composition were characterized by XRD, SEM and BET. The adsorption capability and
      rules of Pb(II) in aqueous solutions were tested in the static system. The
      results showed that the TNs prepared with 12-72 h reaction time were pure
      monoclinic phase titanate and their specific surface areas were in the range from
      243.05 m2 x g(-1) to 286.20 m2 x g(-1). TNs with reaction time between 12-36 h
      mainly showed sheet structure, and those with reaction time higher than 48 h
      showed linear structure. The adsorption capacity of Pb(II) by TNs-12, TNs-24, TNs
      36, TNs-48, TNs-60 and TNs-72 was 479.40, 504.12, 482.00, 388.10, 364.60 and
      399.00 mg x g(-1), respectively. The sheet TNs had a better adsorption capacity
      than the linear TNs. TNs-24 had the highest adsorbing capacity. The adsorption
      kinetics of Pb(II) by TNs-24 followed the pseudo-second-order model, and the
      equilibrium data was best fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model. The
      equilibrium adsorption time of TNs-24 was 120 min, and the adsorption was an
      exothermic process, with a high adsorption capacity at low temperature or room
      temperature; the optimal adsorption pH was 5.0. When pH was 1.0, the desorption
      rate of TNs-24 could reach 99.00%, and the removal efficiency of Pb(II) by
      regenerated TNs was still more than 97% after six times of usage. Therefore, TNs
      could efficiently remove Pb(II) in aqueous solutions, and the optimal reaction
      time should be controlled to 12-24 h. When Cd(II) or Ni(II) existed in the
      solution, the equilibrium adsorption capacity and removal rate of TNs-24 were
      decreased. The adsorption mechanism was mainly ion-exchanged between Pb(II) and
      H+/Na+ in TNs.

PMID- 27363160
TI  - [Sorption Characteristics of Phenanthrene and 1, 1-Dichloroethene onto Reed Straw
      Biochar in Aquatic Solutions].
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the sorption characteristics of
      phenanthrene (PHE) and 1, 1-dichloroethene (1, 1-DCE) onto reed straw biochar at
      500 degrees C in aquatic solutions. The sorption mechanisms and effects of
      solution pH and biochar mass on sorption intensity were discussed. The results
      showed that the time required to reach sorption equilibrium was 60 min and 480
      min for PHE and 1, 1-DCE, respectively, with maximum removal rates of 81, 87% and
      90.18%. The sorption kinetics of both PHE and 1, 1-DCE fitted the pseudo-second
      order model well, but the pseudo-second-order reaction rate of PHE was higher
      than that of 1, 1-DCE. Furthermore, the sorption processes were controlled by
      both membrane diffusion and intra-particle diffusion, and the latter was found to
      be the rate-controlling step. Sorption isotherms of the two organic pollutants
      fitted well with the Freundlich equation, and the sorption affinity of 1, 1-DCE
      onto biochar was greater than that of PHE. The total sorption mechanism of
      biochar was the combination of partition and adsorption, and dominated by
      adsorption. The adsorption capacity of 1, 1-DCE was greater than that of PHE, but
      its partition capacity was much smaller, indicating that pollutants' molecular
      volume and relative polarity would mainly affect the total sorption. Analysis of
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated that oxygen- and
      hydrogen-containing functional groups and pi--pi interaction were important for
      PHE and 1, 1-DCE sorption onto biochar. The solution pH value had no significant
      effect on the sorption intensity of PHE and 1, 1-DCE, however, with biochar mass
      increasing from 5 mg to 50 mg, the equilibrium sorption amount of PHE and 1, 1
      DCE decreased by 6.78 times and 2.18 times, and the removal rate increased by
      20.21% and 15.78%, respectively.

PMID- 27363161
TI  - [Adsorption Characteristics of Norfloxacin by Biochars Derived from Reed Straw
      and Municipal Sludge].
AB  - Two types of biochars were prepared by pyrolyzing reed straw and municipal sludge
      at the temperature of 500 degrees C. The structure and properties of biochars
      were characterized by BET, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive
      spectroscopy (EDS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR ). The
      effects of pH value, adsorption time, temperature and initial concentration of
      norfloxacin (NOR) on the adsorption behaviors were determined by single factor
      experiments, which were used to preliminarily discuss adsorption mechanism. The
      results showed that the adsorption of NOR onto biochars derived from reed straw
      and municipal sludge could reach 70% and 60% of the total adsorption within 12 h,
      respectively; the maximum adsorption capacities of the two biochars were 2.13 mg
      x g(-1) (biochar derived from reed straw) and 2.09 mg x g(-1) (biochar derived
      from municipal sludge). The quantities of both absorptions increased with the
      decreasing solution pH. The two adsorption kinetics of NOR onto biochars followed
      the pseudo second order kinetic equations, and adsorption isotherms fitted well
      with the Langmuir equations. Adsorption thermodynamics parameters such as Gibbs
      free energy (AG), enthalpy (AH) and entropy (AS) indicated that the two
      adsorptions were endothermic reactions. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated
      that oxygen-containing functional groups on biochars provided NOR molecules with
      adsorptive sites, which facilitated the formation of hydrogen bonds between NOR
      and the biochars.

PMID- 27363162
TI  - [Effect of Seasonal Temperature Increasing on Nitrogen Mineralization in Soil of
      the Water Level Fluctuating Zone of Three Gorge Tributary During the Dry Period].
AB  - To reveal the effect of seasonal temperature increasing on nitrogen
      mineralization in soil of the water level fluctuating soil zone of three gorge
      reservoir areas in the Yangtze river tributary during the dry period, surface
      soils were collected from the water level fluctuating zone of Pengxi river
      crossing two hydrological sections, i.e., upstream and downstream and three water
      level altitudes, 155 m (low), 165 m (middle) and 175 m (high). We incubated the
      soil at 25 degrees C and 35 degrees C to determine the transformation rates of
      nitrogen in soil of Pengxi river basin during the dry period. The result showed
      that TN and NO3- -N contents in the soil of upstream section and higher (175 m)
      altitude of water level were higher than those in downstream and low (165 m)
      altitude of water level, whereas the pattern for NH4+ -N was different, with
      higher NH4+ -N contents in downstream and low water level. The inorganic nitrogen
      was dominated by NO3- -N, which accounted for up to 57.4%-84.7% of inorganic
      nitrogen. Generally, soil ammoniation, nitration and net N mineralization
      increased with the rising water level altitude and stream sections (P < 0.05). In
      summary, nitration and net N mineralization significantly increased with
      increasing temperature, (P < 0.05), while ammoniation showed no difference (P >
      0.05).

PMID- 27363163
TI  - [Effects of Warming and Straw Application on Soil Respiration and Enzyme Activity
      in a Winter Wheat Cropland].
AB  - In order to investigate the effects of warming and straw application on soil
      respiration and enzyme activity, a field experiment was performed from November
      2014 to May 2015. Four treatments, which were control (CK), warming, straw
      application, and warming and straw application, were arranged in field. Seasonal
      variability in soil respiration, soil temperature and soil moisture for different
      treatments were measured. Urease, invertase, and catalase activities for
      different treatments were measured at the elongation, booting, and anthesis
      stages. The results showed that soil respiration in different treatments had
      similar seasonal variation patterns. Seasonal mean soil respiration rates for the
      CK, warming, straw application, and warming and straw application treatments were
      1.46, 1.96, 1.92, and 2.45 micromol x (m2 x s)(-1), respectively. ANOVA indicated
      that both warming and straw applications significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced soil
      respiration compared to the control treatment. The relationship between soil
      respiration and soil temperature in different treatments fitted with the
      exponential regression function. The exponential regression functions explained
      34.3%, 28.1%, 24.6%, and 32.0% variations of soil respiration for CK, warming,
      straw application, and warming and straw application treatments, respectively.
      Warming and straw applications significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced urease,
      invertase, and catalase activities compared to CK. The relationship between soil
      respiration and urease activity fitted with a linear regression function, with
      the P value of 0.061. The relationship between soil respiration and invertase (P
      = 0.013), and between soil respiration and catalase activity (P = 0.002) fitted
      well with linear regression functions.

PMID- 27363164
TI  - [Distribution of Urban Soil Heavy Metal and Pollution Evaluation in Different
      Functional Zones of Yinchuan City].
AB  - Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) from eight different functional areas in Yinchuan
      city were collected. There were 10 samples respectively in each functional area.
      The urban soil heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu and Cr) pollution characteristics
      and sources in eight different functional areas were evaluated by mathematical
      statistics and geostatistical analysis method. Meanwhile, the spatial
      distributions of heavy metals based on the geography information system (GIS)
      were plotted. The average values of total Zn, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu and Cr were 74.87,
      0.15, 29.02, 553.55, 40.37 and 80.79 mg x kg(-1), respectively. The results
      showed that the average value of soil heavy metals was higher than the soil
      background value of Ningxia, which indicated accumulation of the heavy metals in
      urban soil. The single factor pollution index of soil heavy metals was in the
      sequence of Cu > Pb > Zn > Cr > Cd > Mn. The average values of total Zn, Cd, Pb
      and Cr were higher in north east, south west and central city, while the average
      values of Mn and Cu were higher in north east and central city. There was
      moderate pollution in road and industrial area of Yinchuan, while the other
      functional areas showed slight pollution according to Nemoro synthesis index. The
      pollution degree of different functional areas was as follows: road > industrial
      area > business district > medical treatment area > residential area > public
      park > development zone > science and education area. The results indicated that
      the soil heavy metal pollution condition in Yinchuan City has been affected by
      human activities with the development of economy.

PMID- 27363165
TI  - [Differential Effect and Mechanism of in situ Immobilization of Cadmium
      Contamination in Soil Using Diatomite Produced from Different Areas].
AB  - In order to understand the difference of in situ immobilization effect and
      mechanism of Cd contamination in soil using diatomite produced from different
      areas, the test was conducted using diatomite produced from Yunnan Tengchong,
      Jilin Linjiang, Zhejiang Shengzhou and Henan Xinyang of China as modifiers to
      immobilize cadmium contamination in simulated soil. The results indicated that
      the diatomite from all the four producing areas could effectively immobilize
      available Cd in soil, decreasing the available Cd content in soil by 27.7%,
      28.5%, 30.1% and 57.2%, respectively when the adding concentration was 30 g x kg(
      1). Their ability for immobilizing available Cd in soil followed the sequence of
      Henan Xinyang > Zhejiang Shengzhou > Jilin Linjiang > Yunnan Tengchong. It was
      also found that the physical and chemical properties of diatomite played a main
      role in soil cadmium immobilization, lower bulk density, larger specific surface
      area, more micro pores and wider distribution range of aperture were more
      favorable for available Cd immobilization. The results also showed that, the
      diatomite could control Cd contamination by changing soil physical and chemical
      properties, among these properties, pH and organic matter content were the key
      factors, increasing soil pH value and organic matter content was favorable for
      available cadmium immobilization, while the soil water content had little effect
      on available cadmium immobilization. The control of soil cadmium contamination by
      using diatomite to change cation exchange capacity was limited by time in some
      degree. The diatomite produced from Henan Xinyang, Zhejiang Shengzhou and Yunnan
      Tengchong increased the soil pH value and organic matter content, and was
      favorable for available Cd immobilization, while the diatomite from Jilin
      Linjiang showed converse effect.

PMID- 27363166
TI  - [Characteristics of Adsorption Leaching and Influencing Factors of Dimethyl
      Phthalate in Purple Soil].
AB  - The typical soil-purple soil in Three Gorges Reservoir was the tested soil, the
      characteristics of adsorption leaching of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in
      contaminated water by the soil, and the influencing factors in the process were
      conducted using soil column leaching experiment. The results showed that the
      parabolic equation was the best equation describing adsorption kinetics of DMP by
      soils. The concentration of DMP in the leaching solution had significant effect
      on the adsorption amounts of DMP. With the increasing concentration of DMP in the
      leaching solution, the adsorption capacities of DMP by purple soil increased
      linearly. The ionic strength and pH in leaching solution had significant effects
      on adsorption of DMP. On the whole, increasing of the ionic strength restrained
      the adsorption. The adsorption amounts at pH 5.0-7.0 were more than those under
      other pH condition. The addition of exogenous organic matter (OM) in purple soil
      increased the adsorption amount of DMP by purple soil. However, the adsorption
      amount was less than those with other addition amounts of exogenous OM when the
      addition of exogenous OM was too high (> or = 30 g x kg(-1)). The addition of
      surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (SDBS) in purple soil increased
      the adsorption amount of DMP by purple soil. The adsorption amount was maximal
      when the addition amount of SDBS was 50 mg x kg(-1). However, the adsorption
      amounts decreased with increasing addition amounts of SDBS although the
      adsorption amounts were still more than that of the control group, and the
      adsorption amount was almost equal to that of the control group when the addition
      amount of SDBS was 800 mg x kg(-1). Continuous leaching time affected the
      vertical distribution of DMP in the soil column. When the leaching time was
      shorter, the upper soil column adsorbed more DMP, while the DMP concentrations in
      upper and lower soil columns became similar with the extension of leaching time.

PMID- 27363167
TI  - [Cd Runoff Load and Soil Profile Movement After Implementation of Some Typical
      Contaminated Agricultural Soil Remediation Strategies].
AB  - Owing to the strong ability to immobilize and hyperaccumulate some toxic heavy
      metals in contaminated soils, the biochar, lime and such as hyperaccumulator
      ramie received increasing interests from crops and environment safety in recent
      years. Outdoor pot experiment was conducted to compare the impacts of lime and
      biochar addition in paddy rice treatment, hyperaccumulator ramie and ramie
      combined with EDTA of plant Phytoremediation methods on soil available Cd
      dynamics in rainfall runoff and the mobility along soil profile, under both
      natural acid precipitation and acid soil conditions. The results showed that,
      biochar addition at a 2% mass ratio application amount significantly increased
      soil pH, while ramie with EDTA application obviously decreased soil pH compared
      to ramie monoculture. Within the same rainfall events, water soluble Cd
      concentration in surface runoff of ramie treatments was significantly higher than
      those of waterlogged rice treatments, and Cd concentration in runoff was
      obviously increased after EDTA addition, whereas lime at a 0.3% mass ratio
      application amount as additive had no obvious impact on soil pH and Cd speciation
      change, which may be due to the low application amount. During the whole
      experimental period , water soluble Cd concentration of rainfall runoff in spring
      was higher than that in summer, showing the same seasonal characteristics in all
      treatments. Biochar addition could significantly decrease available Cd content in
      0-20 cm soil layer and with certain preferable persistency effects, whereas EDTA
      addition treatment obviously increased available Cd of 0-20 cm soil layer
      compared to other treatments, and obvious Cd element activation phenomenon in 20
      40 cm soil layer was observed after EDTA addition. In conclusion, lime and
      biochar as environmental and friendly alkaline Cd immobilization materials showed
      lower environment risk to surface and ground receiving water, but attention
      should be paid to phytoremediation enhanced with EDTA or other organic acid
      before promotion and field application for heavy metals removal from contaminated
      soils.

PMID- 27363168
TI  - [Concentrations and Component Profiles PAHs in Surface Soils and Wheat Grains
      from the Cornfields Close to the Steel Smelting Industry in Handan, Hebei
      Province].
AB  - In this study, paired surface soil and mature wheat grain samples were collected
      in the cornfields near the large Handan Steel Manufacturer; and the total
      concentrations and compositional profiles of the parent PAHs were measured, then
      the spatial distribution characteristics and correlation with total organic
      carbon fractions in soil were determined. Accordingly, a preliminary source
      identification was performed, and the association between PAHs in surface soil
      and wheat grain was briefly discussed. The median concentration of total PAHs in
      surface soils from the cornfields of Handan was 398.9 ng x g(-1) (ranged from
      123.4 ng x g(-1) to 1626.4 ng x g(-1), where around 18% and 10% of all the
      studied soil samples were over the corresponding quality criteria for total PAHs
      and B [a] P in soils, respectively. The MMW and HMW species were the main
      components in the compositional profiles of surface soils. Based on the specific
      isomeric ratios of PAHs species, coal/biomass combustion and transportation fuel
      (tail gas) were the dominant mixed sources for the local PAHs emission. The
      fractions of surface soil TOC had significant positive correlations with the
      total PAHs and also with the individual components with different rings. In
      addition, the median concentration of total PAHs in wheat grains collected in the
      cornfields near the Handan Steel Manufacture was 27.0 ng x g(-1) (ranged from
      19.0-34.0 ng x g(-1)). The levels in wheat grains were not high, and lower than
      the related hygienic standards of food proposed by EU and China. The LMW and MMW
      PAHs with 2 to 4 rings occupied a larger proportion, more than 84% of the total
      PAHs, which was largely different from the component profiles in surface soils.
      This situation suggested that the local sources of PAHs in wheat grains may
      originate not only from surface soil via root absorption and internal
      transportation, but also from ambient air through dry and wet deposition on the
      leaf surface (stoma).

PMID- 27363169
TI  - [Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) on Tolerance of Cattail to Cd Stress in
      Aquatic Environment].
AB  - Hygrophytes are planted more and more in landscaping and greening in many cities,
      but they often encounter threat from environmental pollution. Arbuscular
      mycorrhiza ( AM ) have been confirmed to enhance the tolerance of terrestrial
      plants to environmental pollution in many previous studies, but it is unclear how
      they affect hygrophytes. In the present study, a hydroponic culture experiment
      was carried out to investigate the effects of AM fungi (Glomus etunicatum)
      inoculation on the tolerance of cattail (Typha latifolia) to different
      concentrations Cd2+ (0, 2.5, 5.0 mg x L(-1)). The aim was to provide reference
      for evaluating whether mycorrhizal technology can be used to enhance the
      tolerance of hygrophytes to environmental pollution. The results showed that
      symbiotic association was well established between AM fungi and cattail roots,
      and the mycorrhizal colonization rates (MCR) were beyond 30%. However, MCR
      presented downward trend one month after mycorrhizal cattails were transported to
      solution, and the maximal decrease was 25.5% (P < 0.05). AM increased pigment
      concentrations and peroxidase (POD) activity in cattail leaves, and also
      increased roots radial oxygen loss. However, AM only produced significant effect
      on increase of fresh weight in 5 mg x L(-1) Cd2+ solution. Although plant growth
      was inhibited by 5 mg x L(-1) Cd2+ and MCR was lower, AM increased Cd uptake of
      cattail at the two Cd2+ levels, and the maximal increments were 40.24% and 56.52%
      in aboveground and underground parts, respectively. This study indicates that AM
      has potential to enhance the tolerance of hygrophytes to environmental pollution
      and might be used to remedy heavy metal pollution.

PMID- 27363170
TI  - [Acute Toxic Effects of Bromate on Aquatic Organisms].
AB  - Acute toxic effects of potassium bromate, sodium bromate and potassium bromide on
      luminescent bacteria, water flea, green alga and zebrafish were studied using
      standard toxic testing methods. The results showed that the pollutants had no
      effect on the luminous intensity of luminescent bacteria. The 96 h EC5. of
      potassium bromate on Scenedesmus obliquus was 738.18 mg x L(-1), 48 h EC50 on
      Daphnia magna and Moina was 154.01 mg x L(-1) was 161.80 mg x L(-1), while 48 h
      LC50 was 198 52 mg x L(-1), 175.68 mg x L(-1), and 96 h LC50 on zebrafish was
      931.4 mg x L(-1). The 96 h EC50 of sodium bromate on Scenedesmus obliquus was
      540.26 mg x L(-1), 48 h EC50 Daphnia magna and Moina was 127.90 mg x L(-1),
      111.07 mg x L(-1), while 48 h LC50 was 161.80 mg x L(-1), 123.47 mg x L(-1), and
      96 h LC50 on zebrafish was 1065.6 mg x L(-1). But the effects of potassium
      bromide on the above several kinds of aquatic organisms were far smaller than
      those of potassium bromate and sodium bromate. The toxic effects on test
      organisms were due to the impacts of bromate after the comparison of different
      pollutants, and the effects were more obvious with the increase of exposure time.
      The order of sensitivity to the toxic effects of bromate was Daphnia magna, Moina
      > Scenedesmus obliquus > zebrafish > Chlorella vulgaris, luminescent bacteria.

PMID- 27363171
TI  - [Development of Self-assembled Dumbbell-like Fe3O4 Micro/nanomaterial for
      Application in Thermocatalytic Degradation of Polybrominated Biphenyls].
AB  - Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) are a group of new persistent organic pollutants,
      which have high toxicity and long-term bioaccumulation, and cause potential risks
      to human beings and aquatic ecosystem. Self-assembled dumbbell-like Fe3O4 was
      synthesized via ethylene-glycol mediated method to degrade PBBs, using BB209 as a
      model compound. The results showed that the growth process of dumbbell-like Fe3O4
      precursor had two stages involving a fast nucleation of amorphous primary
      particles followed by a slow aggregation and crystallization of primary
      particles. Dumbbell-like Fe3O4 showed high activity for degradation of BB209 at
      the reaction time of 30 min with the degradation efficiency of nearly 100% at 300
      degrees C. A whole series of nonabromobiphenyl to monobromobiphenyl and biphenyls
      were detected as the degradation products of BB209 by dumbbell-like Fe3O4,
      indicating the occurrence of successive hydrodebromination reaction. Furthermore,
      the amounts of three NoBB isomers followed the order of BB207 > BB208 > BB206,
      indicating that the reactivity of C--Br of BB209 was in order of meta- > para- >
      ortho-positions.

PMID- 27363172
TI  - [Impact of Salinity on Leachate Treatment and N2O Releases from Semi-aerobic Aged
      refuse Bioreactor].
AB  - Semi-aerobic Aged-refuse Bioreactor (SAARB) has a good effect on nitrogen removal
      in leachate, but a strong greenhouse gas (N2O) was generated during the
      nitrification and denitrification process. The effect of salinity (7-30 g x L(
      1)) on the leachate treatment and the N2O production from SAARB system was
      investigated. Experimental results showed that salinity ranging from 7 to 30 g x
      L(-1) had no significant effect on COD removal, and the removal efficiency was
      always more than 85%. On the contrary, it had a strong influence on the removal
      of nitrogen. The removal efficiencies of NH4+ -N and TN decreased from 98. 23%
      and 91.48% at 7 g x L(-1) salt to 31.75% and 34.24% at 30 g x L(-1) salt,
      respectively. Moreover, there was significant nitrite (NO2- -N) accumulation in
      the presence of 30 g x L(-1) salt. Meanwhile, salinity had different inhibition
      strength on nitrification and denitrification bacteria, and the order of
      inhibition strength was as follows: nitrification bacteria > denitrification
      bacteria. In addition, the N2O production increased with salinity concentration,
      and the highest N2O accumulation (1397 microg +/- 369.88 microg) was observed
      with addition of 30 g x L(-1) salt, which accounted for 8.87%o of the total
      nitrogen removal. Meanwhile, it was 6-117 times higher in the presence of 30 g x
      L(-1) salt than that in low salinity conditions (7-20 g x L(-1)). And the peak
      time of the N2O production showed a delayed trend. These results indicated that
      salinity recirculation in leachate had a negative effect on the nitrogen removal
      and N2O production. Overall, salinity seemed to be a key parameter during
      leachate recirculation.

PMID- 27363173
TI  - [Evaluating the Significance of Odor Gas Released During the Directly Drying
      Process of Sludge: Based on the Multi-index Integrated Assessment Method].
AB  - Co-processing of sewage sludge using the cement kiln can realize sludge harmless
      treatment, quantity reduction, stabilization and reutilization. The moisture
      content should be reduced to below 30% to meet the requirement of combustion.
      Thermal drying is an effective way for sludge desiccation. Odors and volatile
      organic compounds are generated and released during the sludge drying process,
      which could lead to odor pollution. The main odor pollutants were selected by the
      multi-index integrated assessment method. The concentration, olfactory threshold,
      threshold limit value, smell security level and saturated vapor pressure were
      considered as indexes based on the related regulations in China and foreign
      countries. Taking the pollution potential as the evaluation target, and the risk
      index and odor emission intensity as evaluation indexes, the odor pollution
      potential rated evaluation model of the pollutants was built according to the
      Weber-Fechner law. The aim of the present study is to form the rating evaluation
      method of odor potential pollution capacity suitable for the directly drying
      process of sludge.

PMID- 27363174
TI  - Respecting the human element in HR.

PMID- 27363175
TI  - Redesigning labor management for enhanced quality of care.

PMID- 27363176
TI  - Improve staff relationships.

PMID- 27363177
TI  - Investing in the right staff yields better patient experience.

PMID- 27363178
TI  - APPLYING POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY TO THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

PMID- 27363179
TI  - 'The Happiness Advantage' might boost productivity rates by 31%.

PMID- 27363180
TI  - Strength in numbers: MGMA member turns the tide in payer-provider struggle.

PMID- 27363181
TI  - Reading between the lines.

PMID- 27363183
TI  - Mind over matter: Mindfulness boosts productivity.

PMID- 27363182
TI  - Shaping tomorrow's healthcare leaders.

PMID- 27363184
TI  - Star power.

PMID- 27363185
TI  - Tapping your power: New volunteer structure capitalizes on member voice.

PMID- 27363186
TI  - Service line co-management agreements enhance patient outcomes, generate income.

PMID- 27363187
TI  - BEST OF THE BEST MGMA AWARD RECIPIENTS' INNOVATIONS AND INVOLVEMENT IMPROVE
      HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY.

PMID- 27363188
TI  - Benchmarking 301: Advanced practice metrics provide actionable insight.

PMID- 27363189
TI  - Staffing changes enhance patient access.

PMID- 27363190
TI  - Are you losing the high-deductible game? ACMPE Fellow's research IDs issue for
      colleagues.

PMID- 27363191
TI  - 5 steps to accelerating cash flow.

PMID- 27363192
TI  - Comparing PCMH accreditations: MGMA report helps members ID best program.

PMID- 27363193
TI  - Physician retreat reveals the value of strong administrative leadership.

PMID- 27363195
TI  - [Predicting genetic modification targets based on metabolic network analysis--a
      review].
AB  - Construction of artificial cell factory to produce specific compounds of interest
      needs wild strain to be genetically engineered. In recent years, with the
      reconstruction of many genome-scale metabolic networks, a number of methods have
      been proposed based on metabolic network analysis for predicting genetic
      modification targets that lead to overproduction of compounds of interest. These
      approaches use constraints of stoichiometry and reaction reversibility in genome
      scale models of metabolism and adopt different mathematical algorithms to predict
      modification targets, and thus can discover new targets that are difficult to
      find through traditional intuitive methods. In this review, we introduce the
      principle, merit, demerit and application of various strain optimization methods
      in detail. The main problems in existing methods and perspectives on this
      emerging research field are also discussed, aiming to provide guidance to choose
      the appropriate methods according to different types of products and the
      reliability of the predicted results.

PMID- 27363196
TI  - [Progress in ubiquitin, ubiquitin chain and protein ubiquitination].
AB  - Protein ubiquitination is one of the most important and widely exist protein post
      translational modifications in eukaryotic cells, which takes the ubiquitin and
      ubiquitin chains as signal molecules to covalently modify other protein
      substrates. It plays an important roles in the control of almost all of the life
      processes, including gene transcription and translation, signal transduction and
      cell-cycle progression, besides classical 26S protesome degradation pathway.
      Varied modification sites in the same substrates as well as different types of
      ubiquitin linkages in the same modification sites contain different structural
      information, which conduct different signal or even determine the fate of the
      protein substrates in the cell. Any abnormalities in ubiquitin chain formation or
      its modification process may cause severe problem in maintaining the balance of
      intracellular environment and finally result in serious health problem of human
      being. In this review, we discussed the discovery, genetic characteristics and
      the crystal structure of the ubiquitin. We also emphasized the recent progresses
      of the assembly processes, structure and their biological function of ubiquitin
      chains. The relationship between the disregulation and related human diseases has
      also been discussed. These progress will shed light on the complexity of
      proteome, which may also provide tools in the new drug research and development
      processes.

PMID- 27363197
TI  - [Biosynthesis of indigo and indirubin by whole-cell catalyst designed by
      combination of protein engineering and metabolic engineering].
AB  - The phenylacetone monooxygenase, isolated from Thermobifida fusca, mainly
      catalyzes Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction towards aromatic compounds. Met446
      plays a vital role in catalytic promiscuity, based on the structure and function
      of phenylacetone monooxygenase. Mutation in Met446 locus can offer enzyme new
      catalytic feature to activate C-H bond, oxidizing indole to finally generate
      indigo and indirubin, but the yield was only 1.89 mg/L. In order to further
      improve the biosynthesis efficiency of the whole-cell catalyst, metabolic
      engineering was applied to change glucose metabolism pathway of Escherichia coli.
      Blocking glucose isomerase gene pgi led to pentose phosphate pathway instead of
      the glycolytic pathway to become the major metabolic pathways of glucose, which
      provided more cofactor NADPH needed in enzymatic oxidation of indole. Engineering
      the host E. coli led to synthesis of indigo and indirubin efficiency further
      increased to 25 mg/L. Combination of protein and metabolic engineering to design
      efficient whole-cell catalysts not only improves the synthesis of indigo and
      indirubin, but also provides a novel strategy for whole-cell catalyst
      development.

PMID- 27363198
TI  - [Optimization of 1,2,4-butanetriol synthetic pathway in Escherichia coli].
AB  - 1,2,4-Butanetriol (BT) is an important non-natural chemical with a variety of
      industrial applications. A recombinant Escherichia coli biosynthesizing BT from D
      xylose was constructed by heterologously expressing xdh and mdlC, and knocking
      out competing pathway genes including xylA, xylB, yjhE, yagH and ycdW. To
      optimize BT synthesis pathway, the third catalytic step that catalyzes the
      decarboxylation reaction of 3-deoxy-D-glycero-pentulosonic acid was identified as
      a potential bottleneck. Consequently, 2-keto acid decarboxylases from three
      different microorganisms were screened, and the kivD gene from Lactococcus lactis
      was found to increase BT titer by 191%. The improved strain BW-025 reached a
      final BT titer of 2.38 g/L under optimized transformation conditions. Attempts on
      synthetic pathway optimization were also made by fine-tuning the expression
      levels of each enzyme involved in the whole pathway based on BW-025. As a result,
      an xdh overexpressed recombinant strain, BW-074 was finally generated, with
      48.62% higher BT production than that of BW-025.

PMID- 27363199
TI  - [Identification and expression patterns of anterior silk gland specific cuticle
      protein Bm11721 in the silkworm (Bombyx mori)].
AB  - The silk gland of silkworm is the organ of silk protein synthesis and secretion.
      According to the morphological and functional differences, silk gland can be
      divided into anterior silk gland (ASG), middle silk gland (MSG) and posterior
      silk gland (PSG). ASG is the place for silk proteins conformation changes
      although it cannot synthetize silk proteins. ASG has narrow luminal structures
      and rigid wall which consists of chitin and cuticle proteins so that it can
      provide the shearing force which plays an important role in the silk protein
      conformation changes. The objective of this study is to identify the new chitin
      binding proteins in ASG of silkworm (Bombyx mori), and to analyze their
      expression patterns in different tissues. We identified a cuticle protein with
      chitin binding domain Bml1721 (GenBank Accession No. NM-001173285.1) by chitin
      affinity chromatography column. We also expressed the recombinant protein as
      inclusion body using the prokaryotic expression system, and then successfully
      purified the recombinant protein by nickel affinity chromatography column to
      generate the polyclonal antibodies. The expression patterns analysis in various
      tissues showed that both in transcriptional and protein levels Bm11721 was
      specifically expressed in ASG. Furthermore, the expression level of Bm 11721
      protein was unchanged during the 5th instar. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed
      that Bm1 1721 was located in the ASG inner membrane. It is proposed that Bm11721
      is a component of inner membrane and probably provides the shearing force for
      conformational changes.

PMID- 27363200
TI  - [Degradation of urea and ethyl carbamate in Chinese Rice wine by recombinant acid
      urease].
AB  - Ethyl carbamate (EC) as a potential carcinogen commonly exists in traditional
      fermented foods. It is important eliminate urea that is the precursors of EC in
      many fermented foods, including Chinese Rice wine. On the basis of achieving high
      level overexpression of food-grade ethanol-resistant acid urease, we studied the
      hydrolysis of urea and EC with the recombinant acid urease. Recombinant acid
      urease showed degraded urea in both the simulated system with ethanol and Chinese
      Rice wine (60 mg/L of urea was completely degraded within 25 h), indicating that
      the recombinant enzyme is suitable for the elimination of urea in Chinese Rice
      wine. Although recombinant acid urease also has degradation catalytic activity on
      EC, no obvious degradation of EC was observed. Further investigation results
      showed that the Km value for urea and EC of the recombinant acid urease was
      0.7147 mmol/L and 41.32 mmol/L, respectively. The results provided theoretical
      foundation for realizing simultaneous degradation of urea and EC.

PMID- 27363201
TI  - [D-mannose-conjugated polymeric micelles for targeted drug delivery].
AB  - Polymeric micelles have exhibited attractive properties as drug carriers, such as
      high stability in vivo and good biocompatibility, and been successfully used to
      dissolve various drugs of poor aqueous solubilities. In this study, we developed
      a new type of polymeric micelles with mannose-mediated targeting and pH
      responsive drug release properties for anticancer drug delivery. The polymeric
      micelles were prepared from an amphiphilic polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)
      g-mannose (PGMA-Mannose). An anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), was encapsulated
      into the micelles during the micellization, and could be released rapidly under
      acidic condition. The specificity of cellular uptake of the micelles by two
      different cell lines was studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the
      MTT assay. DOX-loaded micelles were efficiently trapped by mannose-receptor
      overexpressing cancer cells MDA-MB-231, whereas mannose- receptor-poor cells
      HEK293 showed much lower endocytosis towards the micelles under the same
      conditions. Thus, DOX-loaded micelles displayed higher cytotoxicity to MDA-MB-231
      cancer cells as compared with free DOX. The present study demonstrates that PGMA
      Mannose micelles are a promising targeted drug delivery system for cancer
      therapy.

PMID- 27363202
TI  - [Pilot-scale purification of rF1-V fusion protein of Yersinia pestis and
      characterization of its immunogenicity].
AB  - Recombinant Fl-V (rFl-V) fusion protein is the main ingredient of the current
      candidate vaccine against Yersinia pestis infection, which has been under
      investigation in clinical trial in USA. We investigated the soluble expression
      conditions of rF1-V in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) that we constructed before.
      After scale-up and optimization of fermentation processes, we got the optimized
      fermentation process parameters: the culture was induced at the middle
      exponential phase with 50 umol/L of IPTG at 25  degrees C for 5 h. Soluble rFl-V
      protein was isolated to 99% purity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion
      exchange chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and gel filter
      chromatography. The protein recovery was above 20%. Protein identity and primary
      structure were verified by mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing. Results of
      purity, quality and western blotting analysis indicated that the target protein
      is a consistent and properly folded product. Furthermore, the immunogenicity of
      various antigens formulated with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was evaluated in
      mice. Serum antibody titers of 4 groups including 20 ug rFl, rV and rFl-V and 10
      ug rFl+10 ug rV, were assayed by ELISA after 2 doses. The antibody titers of anti
      Fl with 20 ug rFl-V were obviously higher than titers with other groups;
      meanwhile there were no significant difference of anti-V antibody titers among
      them. These findings confirm that rFl-V would be the active pharmaceutical
      ingredient of the plague subunit vaccine.

PMID- 27363203
TI  - [Preparation and detection of anti-influenza A virus polymerase basic protein 1
      polyclonal antibody].
AB  - Influenza A virus is an enveloped virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae
      family. It has 8 negative RNA segments that encode 16 viral proteins. The viral
      polymerase consists of 3 proteins (PB 1, PB2 and PA) which plays an important
      role in the transcription and replication of the influenza A virus. Polymerase
      basic protein 1 (PB 1) is a critical member of viral polymerase complex. In order
      to further study the function of PB1, we need to prepare the PB1 antibody with
      good quality. Therefore, we amplified PB1 conserved region (nt1648-2265) by PCR
      and cloned it into pET-30a vector, and transformed into Escherichia coli BL2 1.
      The expression of His tagged PB 1 protein was induced by IPTG, and His-PB 1
      proteins were purified by Ni-NTA resin. For preparation of PB 1 protein
      antiserum, rabbits were immunized with His-PB 1 fusion protein 3 times. Then the
      titer of PB 1 polyclonal antibody was measured by indirect ELISA. The antibody
      was purified by membrane affinity purification and subjected to immunoblotting
      analysis. Data showed that PB1 antibody can recognize PB 1 protein from WSN virus
      infected or pCMV FLAG-PB 1 transfected cells. Meanwhile, PB 1 antibody can also
      recognize specifically other subtype strains of influenza A virus such as H9N2
      and H3N2. PB 1 polyclonal antibody we generated will be a useful tool to study
      the biological function of PB1.

PMID- 27363204
TI  - [Markerless DNA deletion based on Red recombination and in vivo I-Sec I
      endonuclease cleavage in Escherichia coli chromosome].
AB  - Red-based recombineering has been widely used in Escherichia coli genome
      modification through electroporating PCR fragments into electrocompetent cells to
      replace target sequences. Some mutations in the PCR fragments may be brought into
      the homologous regions near the target. To solve this problem in markeless gene
      deletion we developed a novel method characterized with two-step recombination
      and a donor plasmid. First, generated by PCR a linear DNA cassette which
      comprises a I-Sec I site-containing marker gene and homologous arms was
      electroporated into cells for marker-substitution deletion of the target
      sequence. Second, after a donor plasmid carrying the I-Sec I site-containing
      fusion homologous arm was chemically transformed into the marker-containing
      cells, the fusion arms and the marker was simultaneously cleaved by I-Sec I
      endonuclease and the marker-free deletion was stimulated by double-strand break
      mediated intermolecular recombination. Eleven nonessential regions in E. coli DH1
      genome were sequentially deleted by our method, resulting in a 10.59% reduced
      genome size. These precise deletions were also verified by PCR sequencing and
      genome resequencing. Though no change in the growth rate on the minimal medium,
      we found the genome-reduced strains have some alteration in the acid resistance
      and for the synthesis of lycopene.

PMID- 27363205
TI  - [Site-specific PEGylation of recombinant lysostaphin].
AB  - Lysostaphin (Lysn) is an antibacterial metalloendopeptidase that cleaves the
      pentaglycin bridges in the cell wall of Staphylococci. Although many studies have
      demonstrated its high activity in vitro, the medical application of Lysn has been
      hampered by its short half-life in vivo. In order to enhance its stability in
      vivo without significantly suppressing the enzymatic activity, we designed and
      tested eight single cysteine substitutions in Lysn for covalent attachment of
      polyethylene glycol chains (PEGylation). The purified mutants, fully reduced by
      Dithiothreitol (DTT), were treated with mPEG-MAL(20 kDa). The PEG modification
      efficiency was above 70% as determined by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The PEG-Lysn proteins were further purified by
      cation exchange chromatography (MacroCap SP), reaching at least 95% purity. The
      activities of the PEG-Lysn proteins were determined by the turbidity and minimum
      inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. We found that the PEGylated V240C and
      T244C mutants retained about 50% of the original antibacterial activity of Lysn.
      Overall, this study will help develop highly stable and active PEG-Lysn to treat
      systemic S. aureus infections.

PMID- 27363206
TI  - Optimization and application of protein C-terminal labeling by carboxypeptidase
      Y.
AB  - Proteolytic cleavage is one of the post-translational modifications and plays
      important roles in many biological processes, such as apoptosis and tumor cell
      metastasis. The identification of the cleavage events can improve our
      understanding of their biological functions in these processes. Although
      proteomic approaches using N-terminal labeling have resulted in the discovery of
      many proteolytic cleavages, this strategy has its own inherent drawbacks.
      Labeling of protein C-termini is an alternative approach. Here, we optimized the
      labeling procedure in the profiling protein C-termini by enzymatic labeling (ProC
      TEL) and improved the labeling efficiency for the positive isolation of protein C
      terminal peptides and mass spectrometric identification. We applied this approach
      to a complex protein mixture from Escherichia coli and identified many C-terminal
      peptides and internal cleaved peptides from more than 120 proteins. From the
      identified cleavages, we found several previously known internal proteolytic
      cleavage sites and many novel ones which may play roles in regulating normal
      biological processes. This work provides a potential new way, complementary to
      the N-terminomics, for the identification of proteolytic cleavages in complex
      biological systems.

PMID- 27363207
TI  - Creativity and the Brain.

PMID- 27363208
TI  - Stellate ganglion blockade-techniques and modalities.
AB  - Stellate ganglion block (SGB) is utilized in the diagnosis and management of
      various vascular disorders and sympathetically mediated pain in upper extremity,
      head and neck. The stellate ganglion lies medial to the scalene muscles, lateral
      to longus coli muscle, esophagus, trachea and recurrent laryngeal nerve, anterior
      to C7 transverse process and prevertebral fascia, superior to the subclavian
      artery and posterior to vertebral vessels. Consequently, inadvertent placement of
      the needle tip into these soft tissues and vessels occur with blind technique.
      Henceforth, various interventional modalities are being used for SGB, these have
      been reviewed in this paper. Various techniques of SGB have been described, and
      vary from the use of standard blind technique to the use of fluoroscopy,
      computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and radio nucleotide
      tracers. However, these techniques may not be practical in a clinical setting,
      insofar as they are time consuming, costly, and may involve radiation exposure.
      The use of fluoroscopy does not visualize the blood vessels close to the stellate
      ganglion. Ultrasounds are the alternative. They help in visualization of soft
      tissues to prevent complications and help in deposition of drug subfascially,
      under direct visual control.

PMID- 27363209
TI  - Chemical ablation of stellate ganglion for head and neck cancer pain.
AB  - We present a case of patient with orofacial cancer having pain on one side of
      face affecting her ability to speak, chew, swallow and sleep leading to emotional
      and behavioral deterioration. A diagnostic stellate ganglion block was performed
      followed by chemical neurolysis using phenol under ultrasound guidance, to
      prevent complications due to inadvertent spread of drug. Her pain scores
      decreased drastically, she was able to chew and swallow. Weighing the risk of
      permanent Horner's syndrome or motor paralysis with benefit of improvement in
      basic functioning of debilitated patients chemical neurolysis of stellate
      ganglion can be performed with advanced imaging modalities.

PMID- 27363210
TI  - The use of ultrasound in France: a point of view from experienced regional
      anesthesiologists.
AB  - A cross-sectional survey study on French practice in ultrasound-guided regional
      anesthesia was carried out. A questionnaire (demographic data, assessment of the
      likely benefits of ultrasonography, and its use in daily practice: blocks and
      hygiene) was emailed to all members of the French-speaking association of
      anesthesiologists involved in regional anesthesia. The questionnaire was filled
      out and returned by 634 experienced anesthesiologists. An ultrasound machine was
      available in 94% of cases. Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia has become the
      gold standard technique for three-quarters of responders. Axillary, interscalene,
      popliteal sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed by more than 90% of
      responders, most frequently under ultrasound supervision. Conversely, ultrasound
      guidance was rarely used for spinal or deep nerve blocks. A specific sterile
      sheath was used in only 43% of cases. The present study confirms that ultrasound
      guidance has gained in popularity for many superficial, but not deep, regional
      anesthesia procedures in France.

PMID- 27363211
TI  - Why should the anesthesiologist evaluate nutritional status?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The anesthesiologist's involvement in perioperative medicine has
      significantly changed. In order to identify patients at risks of perioperative
      complications, the anesthesiologist has to consider, amongst others, screening
      and management of undernutrition. For this purpose knowledge of prevalence and
      risk factors, along with screening tools and guidelines for an adapted
      nutritional management and outcomes of renutrition are mandatory. The present
      review intends to provide these tools to the Anesthesiologists. METHOD: We
      conduct a literature review in Pubmed, Direct Science and Cochrane Library
      without limit of time related to undernutrition in the perioperative period.
      RESULTS: Undernutrition is common in surgical patients. Undernutrition is
      associated with an increase of morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and
      costs. Undernutrition could probably be detected during the anesthetic
      consultation with simple and rapid tests, such as SNAQ, MST, MUST and NRS-2002.
      Nevertheless, further studies are needed to validate such tests in surgical
      patients. Waiting for these results, we prefer MUST. The implementation of
      nutritional support recommendations would reduce postoperative complications.
      CONCLUSION: The anesthesiologist could play an important role in undernutrition
      screening and its management in order to reduce perioperative morbidity.

PMID- 27363212
TI  - Ultrasound assessment of lung consolidation and reaeration after pleural effusion
      drainage in patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: a pilot study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the pilot study was to assess by ultrasound changes in
      dimensions of lung consolidation and reaeration after drainage of large pleural
      effusion in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS:
      Lung ultrasound and blood gas were performed before, 2 hours (H2) and 24 hours
      (H24) after drainage of pleural effusion. Lung ultrasound aeration score was
      calculated. Cephalocaudal dimension and diaphragmatic transversal area of lung
      consolidation were measured. RESULTS: Ten patients were studied. Median volume of
      drained effusion was 675 ml at H2 and 895 at H24. Two hours after drainage,
      dimension of cephalocaudal consolidation and diaphragmatic transversal area
      decreased significantly. Lung reaeration after drainage occurred mainly in latero
      inferior and postero-superior regions. PaO2/FiO2 increased significantly at H24.
      CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound is a useful method to assess lung consolidation after
      pleural effusion drainage. Drainage of pleural effusion may lead to a decrease of
      lung consolidation and improvement of lung reaeration.

PMID- 27363213
TI  - Correlation of bupivacaine 0.5% dose and conversion from spinal anesthesia to
      general anesthesia in cesarean sections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Failed spinal anesthesia for cesarean sections may require conversion
      to general anesthesia. The aim of this study was to determine whether the
      administered spinal bupivacaine dose for performing a cesarean section under
      spinal anesthesia was related to the conversion rate to general anesthesia.
      METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on 1252 electronic data and file of
      patients who underwent a cesarean section under spinal anesthesia between 2004
      and 2011. RESULTS: In 15 patients, spinal anesthesia was converted into general
      anesthesia due to block failure. Patients in whom a bupivacaine dose of 8 mg or
      smaller was administered had significantly higher conversion rate (3/61 (4.9%)
      patients and 12/1191 (1.0%) patients, respectively; p < 0.05.). The relative risk
      of conversion with a 8 mg dose or lower is 4.88 (95% CI 1.41 - 16.85).
      CONCLUSION: This retrospective study shows that a low dose administration a
      bupivacaine 0.5% for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section patients elicits
      significantly more frequent conversion to general anesthesia.

PMID- 27363214
TI  - Recovery of brain function after cardiac arrest, case report and review.
AB  - Cerebral hypoxia during cardiac arrest is the leading cause of mortality and
      morbidity in survival victims. To reduce cerebral damage, studies focus on
      finding effective treatments during the resuscitation period. Our report focuses
      on a 36-year-old police officer who had had two cardiac arrests (one at home and
      one at the hospital). After acute treatment, his cardiac and brain functions
      recovered impressively. Neuropsychological results were normal except for mild
      anomia. He also reported some retrograde memory loss. Surprisingly, he also
      reported an improvement in a very specific capacity, his episodic memory. We here
      review the possible causes and mechanisms that may have affected his memory
      abilities.

PMID- 27363215
TI  - Anesthetic management in patient with neurofibromatosis: a case report and
      literature review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We report the anesthesia management of a 15 years-old patient with
      neurofibromatosis type 1, scheduled for resection of a tumor located in the
      occipitocervical region. In addition, we review the pertaining literature,
      emphasizing the anesthetic implications of neurofibromatosis manipulation. CASE :
      A 15-years-old female patient, with Neurofibromatosis type 1 was diagnosed with a
      large tumor in occipitocervical region suggestive of a plexiform neurofibroma.
      She presented with cervical instability, difficulty in positioning due to the
      large cervical mass and other predictors of airway difficulty. Awake intubation
      was carried out with fiberoptic bronchoscopy after anesthetic block of the airway
      and remifentanil infusion at low doses (0.05 mcg/kg/min). An inadvertent lesion
      in the left vertebral artery during the surgical procedure was well controlled by
      fluid replacement, red blood cell and plasma infusion and norepinephrine. The
      histopathological report revealed a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
      originated from a neurofibroma in the craniocervical region. Two months after
      surgery the patient presented a right crural deficit due to tumor recurrence.
      CONCLUSION: This case report demonstrates the importance of knowing the
      anesthetic peculiarities of patients affected by Neurofibromatosis type 1
      submitted to surgery. Neurofibromatosis is a rare pathology in surgical centers,
      which requires special attention from the anesthesiologist.

PMID- 27363216
TI  - [Diagnostic Ability of Natriuretic Peptides for Heart Failure According to eGFR
      Level: Comparison between Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Amino-Terminal Probrain
      Natriuretic Peptide].
AB  - Although the influence of reduced kidney function on natriuretic peptides (B-type
      natriuretic peptide [BNP] and amino terminal probrain natriuretic peptide [NT])
      is clear, effect of kidney function on the difference of diagnostic ability for
      heart failure by these peptides is not obvious. The aim of this study was to
      examine the relationship between natriuretic peptide concentrations and
      echocardiographic findings according to eGFR level of the patients. In addition,
      we compared diagnostic ability of BNP with that of NT according to eGFR level.
      The eGFR levels were classified by based on CKD stage (>= 60, 45-59, 30-44, 15
      29, < 15 and on maintenance HD). Patients who underwent the measurements of BNP,
      NT and serum creatinine concentrations, as well as echocardiography between March
      and October in 2011 were enrolled (n = 1,297). The left ventricular mass index
      was greater in patients with eGFR < 60 than in those with eGFR >= 60, but EF (%)
      was not different among eGFR level (except eGFR30-44). The percentage of patients
      with heart failure in those with eGFR < 60 (16.0%) was more than eGFR >= 60
      (5.8%). Median BNP and NT concentrations were elevated in association with
      decreasing eGFR level. Using receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, the
      area under the ROC curve for BNP and NT that stratified subjects with or without
      heart failure was not different among eGFR level. In conclusion, BNP and NT
      levels are elevated depend on decreasing eGFR level, BNP and NT are comparable in
      the accuracy for diagnosing heart failure at every eGFR level. The cut-off value
      of BNP and NT should be established according to the eGFR level.

PMID- 27363217
TI  - [Relationship between Clostridium difficile ITS-PCR Type and Pathogenicity].
AB  - Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and
      nosocomial infection. The PCR of internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) is
      easily conductible in a relatively short time. The purpose of the current study
      is to classify C. difficile by PCR electrophoresis pattern of ITS (ITS-PCR type)
      and estimate the relationship of the ITS-PCR type of C. difficile with its
      pathogenicity. We examined 77 strains which were obtained in our hospital from
      March 2012 to August 2013. Toxin genes were detected by PCR using toxin gene
      specific primers. Antimicrobial sensitivities were measured by E-test.
      Pseudomembrane formation and severity of the illness in clinical patients were
      investigated based on the medical records. The strains were classified into the
      33 ITS-PCR types. Among them, most of strains in 18 PCR types were not associated
      with any toxin genes. Strains with toxin A(+)/B(+)genes were classified into
      14PCR types. The 3 strains with toxin B (+) strains and the two strains with
      toxin A(+)/B(+)/binary toxin(+) genes were classified into 1 PCR type, type 17,
      and type 16, respectively. 6 strains in 13 strains of type 33, and 5 strains in
      11 strains of type 2 were detected from the same ward, presuming nosocomial
      infection. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and
      metronidazole were <= 2 MUg/mL, distribution of MICs were not correlated with ITS
      PCR type. The pseudomembrane forming and severity of the illness were not
      obviously related to ITS-PCR pattern. Thus, the typing of C. difficile by ITS-PCR
      pattern is considered to be useful for early detection of nosocomial infection,
      and assessment of toxigenicity.

PMID- 27363218
TI  - [Analysis of the Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen (SCCA) Which Has a Significant
      Difference in Values between CLIA and FEIA--Case Report of Extra Glycosylation in
      SCCA].
AB  - Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is a glycoprotein that belongs to the
      serine protease inhibitor family. Clinically, it has been utilized as a tumor
      marker for squamous cell carcinoma. In clinical laboratories, SCCA is measured by
      several immunoassays. Recently, a number of studies have been reported that there
      is a significant difference in values between the immunoassays, attributing to
      SCCA-immunoglobulin complex. We found a case with significant difference in the
      SCCA value between CLIA and FEIA. In this case, SCCA-Immunoglobulin complex was
      not confirmed by gel filtration analysis. Interestingly, 5 to 10 kDa slightly
      high molecular weight SCCA compared to control was detected by immunoblotting
      assay. It may be suspected that the aberrant glycosyl modification of SCCA
      influenced the reactivity to immunoassays.

PMID- 27363219
TI  - [Reference Intervals of Standard Test Items in Ningen Dock Examination].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Reference intervals (RIs) were derived from records of 1,499,288
      individuals who underwent ningen dock examination in 188 institutes which belong
      to Japan Society of Ningen Dock in 2012. METHODS: Targets were 27 basic
      laboratory tests, including the body mass index (BMI) and systolic and diastolic
      blood pressures (SBP, DBP). Individuals fulfilling strict criteria were chosen:
      SBP < 130, DBP < 85 mmHg, BMI < 25 Kg/m2, non-smoking, ethanol consumption < 20
      g/day, under no medication, with no remarkable current/past illness. The latent
      abnormal values exclusion (LAVE) method was applied to ensure normal results. RLs
      were derived using a parametric method with modified Box-Cox power
      transformation. RESULTS: Among all attendees, 23% fulfilled the criteria.
      Application of the LAVE method further reduced the dataset by 40-50%. RIs without
      distinction of the sex and age were SBP, DBP, TP, TB, MCV, WBC, and Plt. Sex
      specific RIs were BMI, CRE, UA, TG, HDL-C, ALT, GGT, Glu, RBC, Hb, and Ht. Age
      specific RIs in either sex were Alb, AST, HbA1c, TC, LDL-C, FW-LDL-C, nonHDL-C,
      and ALP. An age-specific RI without distinction of the sex was eGFR. Comparison
      of derived RIs with clinical decision limits (CDLs) revealed that the upper
      limits of RIs differed from CDLs according to the sex and age. CONCLUSION:
      Implementation of sex- and age-related RIs derived from individuals with fully
      normal ningen dock results will enable the appropriate interpretation of test
      results in health screening, and promote the effective application of CDLs for
      therapeutic intervention, taking into account the sex, age, and other health
      attributes.

PMID- 27363220
TI  - [The Reliability of Measurement Methods for Medical Examinations and Health
      Screening].
AB  - Clinical laboratory data used in medical examinations and health screening need
      to have a guaranteed analytical reliability. To ensure the reliability of
      measurement data, each constituent is required to be compatible with its
      traceability chain, and any constituent whose traceability chain has yet to be
      established is required to be appropriately harmonized in the current measurement
      system. The inter-laboratory reproducibility of standardized measurement values
      obtained from the external quality assessments conducted by the Japan Medical
      Association and Japanese Association of Medical Technologists was estimated to
      evaluate the analytical reliability of clinical tests in Japan. The estimated
      inter-laboratory reproducibility was then compared with the permissible error
      limits which have been reported domestically and internationally based on inter-
      and intra-individual biological variations of healthy subjects. The results
      showed that most of the measurement uncertainties were sufficiently lower than
      the permissible limits. This study proposes that the measurement uncertainty of
      the standardized measurement method has the potential to be a new assessment
      standard for analytical reliability.

PMID- 27363221
TI  - [How to Define Significant Changes in Laboratory Test Results in Health
      Screening].
AB  - It is necessary to judge the significance of changes in laboratory test results,
      especially in health screening. For this purpose, the reference change value
      (RCV) was proposed, which is the (1- alpha) 100% confidence limit of differences
      between any two measurements: RCV = ?2 z(alpha) x CV(I), where CV(I) represents
      intra-individual CV and alpha = 0.05. However, RCV is not commonly employed
      because: (1) it assumes constant CV(I) regardless of test levels, and (2) it
      often results in conservative judgements about the changes due to the blind use
      of 95% as its confidence probability (CP). Recently, we evaluated the level
      dependency of CV(I) in common laboratory tests and sought an appropriate CP for
      computing RCV through systematic analysis of a large long-term health-screening
      database. The dataset used contained data from approximately 14,000 individuals
      who underwent annual health-checks repeatedly. None of them were taking any
      medications or showed unnatural changes in BMI. The level of dependency of CV(I)
      was clearly observed for test items which showed skewed, logarithmic normal
      distributions but not for those with normal distributions, indicating the need to
      compute RCV according to the test level for the former items. To assess the
      choice of practical CP for RCV, we introduced a metabolic syndrome score (sMS)
      derived by logistic regression analysis. AsMS was used as an external criterion
      of changes in the nutritional status of individuals in relation to changes in
      laboratory tests. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of RCV at various
      CPs for detecting significant changes in DeltasMS. The analysis revealed that CP
      of 80-90% for computing RCV markedly enhanced the sensitivity of detecting
      DeltasMS without compromising the specificity. We provide a table listing
      appropriate RCVs for typical levels of common screening tests obtained from the
      analysis.

PMID- 27363222
TI  - [Possibility of New Circulating Atherosclerosis-Related Lipid Markers Measurement
      in Medical and Complete Medical Checkups: Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein
      Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Lipase].
AB  - Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) concentrations
      correlate more strongly with cardiovascular disease (CVD) than other LDL-C and
      large LDL particle concentrations. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a central role
      in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism by catalyzing the hydrolysis of
      triglycerides in chylomicrons and very low-density lipoprotein particles and is a
      useful biomarker in diagnosing Type I, Type IV, and Type V hyperlipidemia.
      Therefore, the measurement of circulating sdLDL-C and LPL concentrations
      contributes to the assessment of circulating atherosclerosis-related lipid
      markers. However, the measurement of these lipids has not been fully adopted in
      medical and complete medical checkups. Recently, novel automated homogenous assay
      for measuring sdLDL-C and latex particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay
      (LTIA) for measuring LPL have been developed, respectively. Using these new
      assays, sdLDL-C values showed excellent agreement with those obtained by
      isolation of the d = 1.044 - 1.063 g/mL plasma fraction by sequential
      ultracentrifugation, and LPL values measured with and without heparin injection
      were highly correlated with the values measured by the LPL-enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These assays may be superior to the previous assays
      for the measurement of sdLDL-C and LPL concentrations due their simplicity and
      reproducibility. The measurements of sdLDL-C and LPL concentrations may be useful
      as lipid markers in the assessment of the development and progression of
      atherosclerosis and the detection of pathological conditions and diseases if
      these markers are measured in medical and complete medical checkups. We have
      introduced the possibility of the novel measurement of circulating
      atherosclerosis-related lipid markers such as sdLDL-C and LPL in medical and
      complete medical checkups. Further studies are needed to clarify whether sdLDL-C
      and LPL concentrations are related to the development and progression of
      atherosclerosis and CVD events.

PMID- 27363223
TI  - [Utilization of Big Data in Medicine and Future Outlook].
AB  - "Big data" is a new buzzword. The point is not to be dazzled by the volume of
      data, but rather to analyze it, and convert it into insights, innovations, and
      business value. There are also real differences between conventional analytics
      and big data. In this article, we show some results of big data analysis using
      open DPC (Diagnosis Procedure Combination) data in areas of the central part of
      JAPAN: Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Nagano, Gifu, Aichi, Shizuoka, and Mie
      Prefectures. These 8 prefectures contain 51 medical administration areas called
      the second medical area. By applying big data analysis techniques such as k
      means, hierarchical clustering, and self-organizing maps to DPC data, we can
      visualize the disease structure and detect similarities or variations among the
      51 second medical areas. The combination of a big data analysis technique and
      open DPC data is a very powerful method to depict real figures on patient
      distribution in Japan.

PMID- 27363224
TI  - [Relationship between Coronary Plaque Stability Evaluated by Intravascular
      Ultrasound and Laboratory Parameters].
AB  - Tissue characteristics of coronary plaque have been reported to be associated
      with cardiovascular events. The stabilization of vulnerable tissue components
      such as the lipid pool rather than regression of the plaque volume is considered
      to be of major benefit in the reduction of cardiovascular events. Conventional
      echocardiography, especially intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS), is widely
      used to determine calcification and the three layers of the arterial wall.
      However, differentiation of the lipid pool from fibrous tissue using the echo
      intensity is difficult. Recently, an integrated backscatter (IB) ultrasound
      technique was developed. The ultrasound IB power ratio is a function of the
      difference in acoustic characteristic impedance between the medium and target
      tissue, and the acoustic characteristic impedance is determined by the density of
      tissue multiplied by the speed of sound. For more comprehensive plaque analysis
      using IB-IVUS, three-dimensional IB-IVUS offers the potential for the
      quantitative volumetric tissue characterization of coronary atherosclerosis.
      Several large clinical trials demonstrated that lipid-lowering therapy with 3
      hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) reduces
      cardiovascular events. The IB techniques provide useful clinical information on
      the effects of statins and other medications. The presence of lipid-rich plaque
      is associated with the incidence of atherosclerotic diseases; therefore,
      ultrasound IB techniques are useful to detect coronary atherosclerotic lesions.

PMID- 27363225
TI  - [Review of Safety Management from Infection Control Perspectives--Chairmen's
      Introductory Remarks].
AB  - The Japanese Society of Laboratory Medicine has been running its own Medical
      Safety Committee, and holding a symposium on medical safety during the annual
      meeting every year. Adopting a team approach to medicine plays a critical role in
      the development of medical safety culture and advancing medical safety in
      clinical practice. The infection control team plays a major role in team medical
      care. This time, the review of safety management from infection control
      perspective was discussed in the medical safety symposium, which is hoped will
      help advance medical and patient safety, leading to improvements in the quality
      of medical care.

PMID- 27363226
TI  - [Infection Control from the Viewpoint of Medical Safety by Our Clinical
      Laboratory in TMDU Hospital].
AB  - Infection control based on appropriate bacteriological examinations and
      information is important for medical safety. I present the activities performed
      by our clinical laboratory in Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)
      Hospital. We detected and reported the first Japanese case of KPC-2 carbapenemase
      producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, of which infection will be a serious problem in
      the near future in Japan. We examine the antigen and toxins of Clostridium
      difficile with an immunochromatographic method using not only stool specimens but
      also the colonies in order to improve the detection rate of the toxins. We
      perform PCR-based open reading frame typing of methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus for molecular epidemiology. We also contribute to infection
      control through presenting information such as antibiograms and giving lectures
      to residents and medical staff.

PMID- 27363227
TI  - [The Role of the Microbiology Laboratory in Healthcare-Associated Infection
      Control].
AB  - Healthcare-associated infection control aims to protect patients and health care
      workers from infections. For successful control, it is important not to transmit
      pathogens and resistant bacteria as well as not to create new resistant bacteria.
      Preventing the transmission of pathogens and resistant bacteria involves the
      reliable implementation of preventative measures for specific pathways in
      response to the causative microorganism. Appropriate information from the
      microbiology laboratory promotes the thorough implementation of prevention
      measures. This laboratory also makes it possible to promptly understand data on
      infections for the whole hospital. Therefore, in addition to the normal reporting
      of results, surveillance reports of infectious agents, such as drug-resistant
      bacteria, acid-fast bacilli smear-positive patients, and influenza virus antigen
      positive patients must be immediately reported to the infection control team
      (ICT), which is the unit responsible for infection control. In addition, it is
      important to provide information on the detection of resistant bacteria and
      antimicrobial susceptibility rates to clinical staff and promote the development
      of systems in which new resistant bacteria are not created.

PMID- 27363228
TI  - [Healthcare-Associated Infection Control with Awareness of Patient Safety].
AB  - In order to provide safe and secure medical care for patients, health care
      associated infections (HAI) must not occur. HAI should be considered as
      incidents, and countermeasures should be viewed as a patient safety management
      itself. Healthcare-associated infection control (HAIC) is practiced by the
      infection control team (ICT), which is based on multidisciplinary cooperation.
      Team members have to recognize that it is the most important to make use of the
      expertise of each discipline. In addition, all members must try to respond
      quickly, to help the clinic staff. Visualized rapid information provision and
      sharing, environmental improvement, outbreak factor analysis, hand hygiene
      compliance rate improvement, proper antibiotic use (Antimicrobial Stewardship
      Program: ASP), and regional cooperation & leadership comprise the role of the ICT
      in the flagship hospital. Regarding this role, we present our hospital's efforts
      and the outcomes. In conclusion, for medical practice quality improvement,
      healthcare-associated infection control should be conducted thoroughly along with
      an awareness of patient safety.

PMID- 27363229
TI  - Preface. Clinical GI Challenges in the Adolescent.

PMID- 27363230
TI  - Esophagitis in Adolescents.
AB  - Esophagitis is the end result of a variety of insults to epithelial homeostasis.
      Eosinophilic esophagitis is a manifestation of non-IgE-mediated food allergy that
      most commonly affects the esophagus of males who have other atopic phenomena.
      Reflux esophagitis reflects repeated exposure to acidic gastric contents because
      of failure of the normal protections afforded by the LES. Because certain
      histologic features can be present in either condition, endoscopic biopsy alone
      does not distinguish them. Their symptoms overlap, but the treatment options are
      very different, such that making a formal diagnosis by following consensus
      guidelines is essential. A treatment protocol designed to manage the inflammation
      by controlling the provocative factors (acid for GERD and food antigens for EoE)
      or suppressing the inflammation (ie, topical steroids for EoE) should result in
      normalization of the mucosa and resolution of symptoms. Eosinophilic esophagitis
      is a chronic condition that rarely remits spontaneously, so any therapeutic
      modality will need to be continued indefinitely.

PMID- 27363231
TI  - Celiac Disease, Wheat Allergy, and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: What's the
      Difference?

PMID- 27363232
TI  - Advances in Pain-Predominant Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in the
      Adolescent.

PMID- 27363233
TI  - Advances in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

PMID- 27363234
TI  - Liver Disease in Adolescents.

PMID- 27363235
TI  - Gastrointestinal Conditions in the Obese Patient.
AB  - Obesity in adolescents presents many challenges for the patient, family, and
      physician. The myriad problems involving the GI tract will be managed more
      effectively when the treating physician has an understanding of the
      presentations, pathophysiology, appropriate laboratory evaluation, and approaches
      to treatment for these complications. In addition to being familiar with the
      pharmacotherapeutic options available, having an approach to behavioral change,
      such as MI, can be an extremely useful tool.

PMID- 27363236
TI  - Contemporary Dietary Practices: FODMAPs and Beyond.
AB  - There is no diet that is recommended for all individuals. Some special diets (eg,
      gluten-free for celiac disease) are necessary for health and quality of life.
      Other diets may be recommended for a short period of time to aid in symptom
      relief but may not be recommended for the long- term (eg, LFD). Popular diets
      continue to come and go with varying levels of success. When considering
      adolescents, continued growth and development are most important, and restrictive
      diets can lead to nutrient inadequacies and poor growth. Before making any
      recommendation, it is important to consider the goal of the diet and the cost
      versus benefits associated with following the diet. Adherence is always a
      challenge, regardless of the type of diet implemented. If a special diet is not
      warranted for the health, safety, and desired quality of life of the individual,
      it should not be implemented.

PMID- 27363237
TI  - Vitamin D in Health and Disease in Adolescents: When to Screen, Whom to Treat,
      and How to Treat.
AB  - The existing guidelines on screening and treatment are confusing because
      different guidelines target different populations. The IOM and AAP guidelines
      target generally healthy populations, whereas the Endocrine Society and other
      subspecialty guidelines target individuals with specific medical conditions
      associated with increased bone fragility. These distinctions have not always been
      well articulated. For healthy adolescents, the AAP does not recommend universal
      screening or screening of obese or dark-skinned individuals. Increased dietary
      intake of vitamin D is recommended, and vitamin D supplementation can be
      considered if the RDA cannot be met. For adolescents with chronic medical
      illnesses associated with increased fracture risk, screening for vitamin D
      deficiency should be performed by obtaining a serum 25-OHD level. Those found to
      be deficient (25-OHD level < 20 ng/mL) should be treated with doses of vitamin D2
      or vitamin D3 higher than the daily requirement (as discussed in the section on
      vitamin D and chronic disease), followed by a maintenance dose. A repeat 25-OHD
      level should be obtained after the therapeutic course is completed. Some experts
      advocate for achievement of 25-OHD levels greater than 30 ng/mL in conditions
      associated with increased bone fragility, and several pediatric subspecialty
      organizations have made recommendations specific to the diseases they treat. In
      such instances, the recommendations of the pediatric subspecialty organizations
      should take precedence over the AAP recommendations for adolescents with chronic
      illnesses associated with increased bone fragility because the AAP
      recommendations were primarily targeted at a healthy population.

PMID- 27363238
TI  - The Gut Microbiome and Probiotics.

PMID- 27363239
TI  - Gastrointestinal Issues in Adolescents with Eating Disorders.

PMID- 27363240
TI  - Health Care Maintenance in Adolescents with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

PMID- 27363241
TI  - Transition from Pediatric to Adult Centered Care: Lessons from the Literature and
      the Trenches.

PMID- 27363242
TI  - [Anatomical collections and exhibition regimes. An introduction].

PMID- 27363243
TI  - [Modelling science. The ceroplastics of Ignacio Lacaba in the Colegio de Cirugia
      de San Carlos, Madrid].
AB  - Models made of wax had enormous diffusion in the anatomical teaching of the 18th
      century. It transcended the borders of a science that impregnated with scientific
      knowledge the artistic expression of beauty. Based on this premise, the San
      Carlos Royal College of Surgery created in Madrid a large collection of
      anatomical models, which is currently maintained by the Javier Puerta Anatomy
      Museum in the School of Medicine at Madrid Complutense University. The collection
      began in 1786 with Ignacio Lacaba, the first dissector of the Surgery College of
      Madrid, whose artistic sensibility and deep knowledge of anatomy contributed and
      facilitated harmonization between the work of the wax sculptors and language and
      anatomical expression.

PMID- 27363244
TI  - The spatial rhetoric of Gustav Zeiller's popular anatomical museum.
AB  - This article focuses on the public experience of science by studying the
      exhibition practice of a small popular anatomy museum. The owner, Gustav Zeiller,
      a little-known German model maker and entrepreneur, opened his private collection
      in Dresden in 1888 with the aim of providing experts and laymen alike with a
      scientific education on bodily matters and health care. The spatial configuration
      of his museum environment turned the wax models into didactic instruments.
      Relying on the possible connexion between material culture studies and history of
      the emotions, this article highlights how Zeiller choreographed the encounter
      between the museum objects and its visitors. I argue that the spatial set up of
      his museum objects entailed rhetorical choices that did not simply address the
      social utility of his museum. Moreover, it fulfilled the aim of modifying the
      emotional disposition of his intended spectatorship. I hope to show that studying
      the emotional responses toward artefacts can offer a fruitful approach to examine
      the public experience of medicine.

PMID- 27363245
TI  - [Divine cadavers: gender, medical discourse, and anatomical collections in the
      legend of Pedro Gonzalez de Velasco].
AB  - This paper examines the relationship between the public image of Pedro Gonzolez
      de Velasco (1815-1882), famous for his anatomical collections and his
      Anthropological Museum, founded in 1875 in Madrid, and the popular legend related
      to the death, embalming and exhumation of his daughter Concepcion. The doctor who
      is committed to the nation becomes a mad scientist, and his official biography is
      transformed into an urban legend. Beyond the merely anecdotal, I show how the
      aesthetics associated with female corpses and artificial women organize cultural
      imaginaries, bringing together medical discourses and literary and artistic
      representations.

PMID- 27363246
TI  - Pathological anatomy and self-portraiture.
AB  - Why should an artist look to anatomical or pathological specimens as a reservoir
      of images with which to facilitate an articulation of his or her own artistic or
      personal identity? This is the starting point of a reflection on the
      disappearance of the artist and its transformation into a passive object. As a
      result, it is also a reflection into the blurring lines between subject and
      object. On the grounds of the work elaborated by the artist Lisa Temple-Cox and
      the critical look and comments made by the observer Harcourt, this paper is a
      first-hand attempt to understand the configuration of the self and the influence
      of the artistic intervention in the generation and representation of anatomical
      knowledge, resulting in an exploration into the intertwined processes that create
      both historical subjects and historical objects.

PMID- 27363247
TI  - [Medical expert reports in the Valencia of the late Middle Ages: cases of
      poisoning].
AB  - During the last decades of the 13th century, in the midst of the shaping and
      medicalization of the new Kingdom of Valencia, the authorities and citizens
      envisaged the role that physicians could have in clarifying violent deaths. The
      first circumstance that compelled judges to resort to physicians was the possible
      poisoning of an individual, given that they could contribute to elucidating the
      truth with their expert knowledge. They were even requested to use post-mortem
      dissection if necessary for this purpose. In reality, physicians were conscious
      of their limitations in this field and the need for them to act with caution.

PMID- 27363248
TI  - [Barbers, charlatans, and the sick: The medical plurality of baroque Spain
      perceived by the picaresque Estebanillo Gonzalez].
AB  - In order to know about diseases and their medical treatment from the perspective
      of the patient in Baroque Spanish society, creative literature, especially the
      picaresque novel, is a valuable source that offers a representation of ideas on
      medicine and disease that were widespread among the population and difficult to
      access from other sources. The first-person narrative in the Vida y hechos de
      Estebanillo Gonzalez (1646) offers knowledge on three different aspects of the
      medical world in Europe during the Thirty Years' War: Estebanillo practises
      various medical professions, appears in the story as a patient and comments on
      health practices and disease, providing highly useful material to analyze how
      different fields of medicine are represented in this literary work.

PMID- 27363249
TI  - [Female students in internships in Parisian hospitals (1871-1910). Exclusion and
      inclusion processes].
AB  - This study addresses the explicit and implicit exclusion mechanisms that limited
      the access of women to internships in Paris hospitals during the last decades of
      the 19th century through examination of the documentation generated in the
      admission process and the texts of female physicians who supported their access.
      In response to the applications of female medical students to register for the
      admission tests, the Conseil de Surveillance de l'Assistance Publique delayed
      their entry for some years until their registration was finally permitted.
      However, their inclusion in the institution did not produce integration because
      of the multiple dimensions of the exclusion mechanisms.

PMID- 27363250
TI  - [The <<rejuvenation>> and beginnings of Chilean endocrinology in the 1920s].
AB  - Rejuvenation was a chapter of critical importance for the worldwide development
      of endocrinology in the 1920s. This work explores the acceptance of these
      techniques in Chile. Starting in the late 19th century, the Chilean Medical
      Journal (Revista Medica de Chile) incorporated references to experiments with
      endocrine gland preparations that were being conducted in Europe at the time. An
      appropriation of the experiments by the Austrian Eugen Steinach began in 1920,
      with prominent figures such as the Italian professor Juan Noe Crevani and the
      young Chilean student Ottmar Wilhelm. Between 1922 and 1924, Wilhelm developed a
      series of experiments on dogs, bulls, pigs, rats and Welfare Board patients
      through the so-called Steinach operation, which consisted of the sectioning of
      the efferent channel in one of the testicles. Professor Noe's scientific
      patronage policy and Wilhelm's strategy of succession in the field led the latter
      to hold a chair in the new School of Medicine of Universidad de Concepci6n at the
      age of 25. From this position, the. figure of Wilhelm was fundamental for the
      development of a line of endocrinological research that was able to position
      Universidad de Concepci6n as a scientific development centre, which was
      strengthened by the arrival of another disciple of Steinach in Chile, the Latvian
      professor Alejandro Lipschutz.

PMID- 27363251
TI  - [<<More piety than profanities>>: an expert report by Dr. Egas Moniz on
      homosexuality].
AB  - At the beginning of the 20th century, the noted Nobel prize-winning Portuguese
      neurologist Egas Moniz made an expert analysis on homosexuality in a marriage
      annulment case of major value as an example of the effective application of
      sexological knowledge of that period. Contemporary republican legislation
      established marriage annulment in medical terms and punished relations between
      persons of the same sex, or contra natura. In his report, Moniz attempted to
      interpret distinctive elements of the life of the subject using sexological
      categories, illustrating the interaction between these categories and the
      changing forms adopted by homosexuality (or homosexual people) of the time.

PMID- 27363252
TI  - The Status of the Initial Rise as a Marker of Focus in French.
AB  - This study addresses the relationship between information structure and
      intonation in French. Using an interactive speech production experiment, it tests
      the hypothesis that the French initial rise (LHi) is used to mark the left edge
      of a contrastively focused constituent. Since the occurrence of the initial rise
      is also known to be sensitive to the length of an Accentual Phrase (AP), AP
      length was manipulated within the same experiment in a 2 x 2 design. This made it
      possible to explore the issue of whether the initial rise represents a true
      marker of focus in the traditional sense, or whether the association is less
      direct. The results show that focus and phrase length make contributions to the
      distribution of the initial rise, but with no interaction. It is argued that
      these findings are incompatible with a model that assumes a direct mapping
      between focus and the initial rise, and that the relatively weak association can
      nevertheless be informative in a model of interpretation that integrates multiple
      probabilistic inputs to initial rise occurrence. These findings represent the
      first quantitative experimental assessment of focus realization in French in a
      non-corrective context, and establish a previously undocumented link between the
      initial rise and discourse-level meaning.

PMID- 27363253
TI  - The Time Course for Processing Vowels and Lexical Tones: Reading Aloud Thai
      Words.
AB  - Three naming aloud experiments and a lexical decision (LD) experiment used masked
      priming to index the processing of written Thai vowels and tones. Thai allows for
      manipulation of the mapping between orthography and phonology not possible in
      other orthographies, for example, the use of consonants, vowels and tone markers
      in both horizontal and vertical orthographic positions (HOPs and VOPs).
      Experiment I showed that changing a vowel between prime and target slowed down
      target naming but changing a tone mark did not. Experiment I used an across item
      design and a different number of HOPs in the way vowels and tones were specified.
      Experiment 2 used a within-item design and tested vowel and tone changes for both
      2-HOP and 3-HOP targets separately. The 3-HOP words showed the same tone and
      vowel change effect as Experiment 1, whereas 2-HOP items did not. It was
      speculated that the 2-HOP result was due to the variable position of the vowel
      affecting priming. Experiment 3 employed a more stringent control over the 2-HOP
      vowel and tone items and found priming for the tone changes but not for vowel
      changes. The final experiment retested the items from Experiment 3 with the LD
      task and found no priming for the tone change items, indicating that the tone
      effect in Experiment 3 was due to processes involved in naming aloud. In all, the
      results supported the view that for naming a word, the development of tone
      information is slower than vowel information.

PMID- 27363254
TI  - Is Language a Factor in the Perception of Foreign Accent Syndrome?
AB  - Neurogenic foreign accent syndrome (FAS) is diagnosed when listeners perceive
      speech associated with motor speech impairments as foreign rather than
      disordered. Speakers with foreign accent syndrome typically have aphasia. It
      remains unclear how far language changes might contribute to the perception of
      foreign accent syndrome independent of accent. Judges with and without training
      in language analysis rated orthographic transcriptions of speech from people with
      foreign accent syndrome, speech-language disorder and no foreign accent syndrome,
      foreign accent without neurological impairment and healthy controls on scales of
      foreignness, normalness and disorderedness. Control speakers were judged as
      significantly more normal, less disordered and less foreign than other groups.
      Foreign accent syndrome speakers' transcriptions consistently profiled most
      closely to those of foreign speakers and significantly different to speakers with
      speech-language disorder. On normalness and foreignness ratings there were no
      significant differences between foreign and foreign accent syndrome speakers. For
      disorderedness, foreign accent syndrome participants fell midway between foreign
      speakers and those with speech-language impairment only. Slower rate, more
      hesitations, pauses within and between utterances influenced judgments,
      delineating control scripts from others. Word-level syntactic and morphological
      deviations and reduced syntactic and semantic repertoire linked strongly with
      foreignness perceptions. Greater disordered ratings related to word fragments,
      poorly intelligible grammatical structures and inappropriate word selection.
      Language changes influence foreignness perception. Clinical and theoretical
      issues are addressed.

PMID- 27363255
TI  - Dutch and German 3-Year-Olds' Representations of Voicing Alternations.
AB  - The voicing contrast is neutralized syllable and word finally in Dutch and
      German, leading to alternations within the morphological paradigm (e.g., Dutch
      'bed(s)', be[t]-be[d]en, German 'dog(s)', Hun[t]-Hun[d]e). Despite structural
      similarity, language-specific morphological, phonological and lexical properties
      impact on the distribution of this alternation in the two languages. Previous
      acquisition research has focused on one language only, predominantly focusing on
      children's production accuracy, concluding that alternations are not acquired
      until late in the acquisition process in either language. This paper adapts a
      perceptual method to investigate how voicing alternations are represented in the
      mental lexicon of Dutch and German 3-year-olds. Sensitivity to mispronunciations
      of voicing word-medially in plural forms was measured using a visual fixation
      procedure. Dutch children exhibited evidence of overgeneralizing the voicing
      alternation, whereas German children consistently preferred the correct
      pronunciation to mispronunciations. Results indicate that the acquisition of
      voicing alternations is influenced by language-specific factors beyond the
      alternation itself.

PMID- 27363256
TI  - When pitch Accents Encode Speaker Commitment: Evidence from French Intonation.
AB  - Recent studies on a variety of languages have shown that a speaker's commitment
      to the propositional content of his or her utterance can be encoded, among other
      strategies, by pitch accent types. Since prior research mainly relied on lexical
      stress languages, our understanding of how speakers of a non-lexical-stress
      language encode speaker commitment is limited. This paper explores the
      contribution of the last pitch accent of an intonation phrase to convey speaker
      commitment in French, a language that has stress at the phrasal level as well as
      a restricted set of pitch accents. In a production experiment, participants had
      to produce sentences in two pragmatic contexts: unbiased questions (the speaker
      had no particular belief with respect to the expected answer) and negatively
      biased questions (the speaker believed the proposition to be false). Results
      revealed that negatively biased questions consistently exhibited an additional
      unaccented F0 peak in the preaccentual syllable (an H+!H* pitch accent) while
      unbiased questions were often realized with a rising pattern across the accented
      syllable (an H* pitch accent). These results provide evidence that pitch accent
      types in French can signal the speaker's belief about the certainty of the
      proposition expressed in French. It also has implications for the phonological
      model of French intonation.

PMID- 27363257
TI  - The Fitbit Fault Line: Two Proposals to Protect Health and Fitness Data at Work.
AB  - Employers are collecting and using their employees' health data, mined from
      wearable fitness devices and health apps, in new, profitable, and barely
      regulated ways. The importance of protecting employee health and fitness data
      will grow exponentially in the future. This is the moment for a robust discussion
      of how law can better protect employees from the potential misuse of their health
      data. While scholars have just begun to examine the problem of health data
      privacy, this Article contributes to the academic literature in three important
      ways. First, it analyzes the convergence of three trends resulting in an
      unprecedented growth of health-related data: the Internet of Things, the
      Quantified Self movement, and the Rise of Health Platforms. Second, it describes
      the insufficiencies of specific data privacy laws and federal agency actions in
      the context of protecting employee health data from employer misuse. Finally, it
      provides two detailed and workable solutions for remedying the current lack of
      protection of employee health data that will realign employer use with reasonable
      expectations of health and fitness privacy. The Article proceeds in four Parts.
      Part I describes the growth of self-monitoring apps, devices, and other sensor
      enabled technology that can monitor a wide range of data related to an employee's
      health and fitness and the relationship of this growth to both the Quantified
      Self movement and the Internet of Things. Part II explains the increasing use of
      employee monitoring through a wide range of sensors, including wearable devices,
      and the potential uses of that health and fitness data. Part III explores the
      various regulations and agency actions that might protect employees from the
      potential misuse of their health and fitness data and the shortcomings of each.
      Part IV proposes two specific measures that would help ameliorate the ineffective
      legal protections that currently exist in this context. In order to improve
      employee notice of and control over the disclosure of their health data, I
      recommend the adoption of a mandatory privacy labeling law for health-related
      devices and apps to be enacted and enforced by the Federal Trade Commission
      (FTC). As a complementary measure, I also recommend that be amended so that its
      protections extend to the health-related data that employers may acquire about
      their employees. The Article concludes with suggestions for additional scholarly
      discussion.

PMID- 27363258
TI  - Health and Taxes: Hospitals, Community Health and the IRS.
AB  - The Affordable Care Act created new conditions of federal tax exemption for
      nonprofit hospitals, including a requirement that hospitals conduct a community
      health needs assessment (CHNA) every three years to identify significant health
      needs in their communities and then develop and implement a strategy responding
      to those needs. As a result, hospitals must now do more than provide charity care
      to their patients in exchange for the benefits of tax exemption. The CHNA
      requirement has the potential both to prompt a radical change in hospitals'
      relationship to their communities and to enlist hospitals as meaningful
      contributors to community health improvement initiatives. Final regulations
      issued in December 2014 clarify hospitals' obligations under the CHNA
      requirement, but could do more to facilitate hospitals' engagement in
      collaborative community health projects. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has a
      rich opportunity, while hospitals are still learning to conduct CHNAs, to develop
      guidance establishing clear but flexible expectations for how providers should
      assess and address community needs. This Article urges the IRS to seize that
      opportunity by refining its regulatory framework for the CHNA requirement.
      Specifically, the IRS should more robustly promote transparency, accountability,
      community engagement, and collaboration while simultaneously leaving hospitals a
      good degree of flexibility. By promoting alignment between hospitals' regulatory
      compliance activities and broader community health improvement initiatives, the
      IRS could play a meaningful role in efforts to reorient our system towards
      promoting health and not simply treating illness.

PMID- 27363259
TI  - The Antidotes to the Double Standard: Protecting the Healthcare Rights of
      Mentally Ill Inmates by Blurring the Line Between Estelle and Youngberg.
AB  - This Note is an examination of mentally ill inmates' constitutional right to
      treatment. It has significant doctrinal and practical implications. In terms of
      doctrine, the Supreme Court has created distinct standards for the minimum levels
      of care for inmates (Estelle) and the civilly committed mentally ill (Youngberg).
      Under this framework mentally ill inmates are constitutionally equivalent to
      inmates generally, but are entitled to less care than the civilly committed even
      if they suffer the same illness. This Note explores this gap through the lens of
      equal protection and argues that mentally ill inmates are similarly situated to
      the civilly committed. It further contends that inmates constitute a "discrete
      and insular minority" and thus the standard establishing their right to care
      should be subject to strict scrutiny. This Note finds that Estelle fails this
      test. Practically, this Note brings visibility to a consequential area of the law
      neglected by scholarship. Over half of inmates are mentally ill and yet treatment
      in prisons is inadequate. The literature at the intersection of health, criminal
      justice, and constitutional rights has not constructively considered how doctrine
      should be changed to protect the wellbeing of this vulnerable population.
      Scholars have also provided little oversight of the judicial administration of
      justice in this field; there are few reviews of how judges actually apply
      treatment rights standards. This Note lessens this blind spot by exposing how
      courts fail to properly distinguish between different standards. This Note
      proposes that the most promising antidote to the Estelle-Youngberg double
      standard, counterintuitively, is not the creation of a uniform standard. A
      standard that puts mentally ill inmates on equal footing with the civilly
      committed would solve the doctrinal puzzle, but would be subject to Youngberg's
      inherent flaws and the judicial malpractice in this area. Recognizing the
      deficiencies of a purely judicial remedy, this Note recommends a solution relying
      both on courts and Congress. It concludes by highlighting the importance of
      targeting the primary causes of society's neglect of mentally ill inmates--the
      stigmatization of mental illness and incarceration--as a necessary step in
      spurring these institutions to action. Vindication of mentally ill inmates' right
      to treatment requires that society first overcome its prejudice against this
      vulnerable population.

PMID- 27363260
TI  - How PBDEs Are Transformed into Dihydroxylated and Dioxin Metabolites Catalyzed by
      the Active Center of Cytochrome P450s: A DFT Study.
AB  - Predicting metabolism of chemicals and potential toxicities of relevant
      metabolites remains a vital and difficult task in risk assessment. Recent
      findings suggested that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can be transformed
      into dihydroxylated and dioxin metabolites catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes
      (CYPs), whereas the mechanisms pertinent to these transformations remain largely
      unknown. Here, by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we
      probed the metabolic pathways of 2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE (BDE-47) using the active
      center model of CYPs (Compound I). Results show that BDE-47 is first oxidized to
      monohydroxylated products (HO-BDEs), wherein a keto-enol tautomerism is
      identified for rearrangement of the cyclohexenone intermediate. Dihydroxylation
      with HO-BDEs as precursors, has a unique phenolic H-abstraction and hydroxyl
      rebound pathway that is distinct from that for monohydroxylation, which accounts
      for the absence of epoxides in in vitro studies. Furthermore, we found only
      dihydroxylated PBDEs with heterophenyl -OH substituents ortho- and meta- to the
      ether bond serve as precursors for dioxins, which are evolved from aryl biradical
      coupling of diketone intermediates that are produced from dehydrogenation of the
      dihydroxylated PBDEs by Compound I. This study may enlighten the development of
      computational models that afford mechanism-based prediction of the xenobiotic
      biotransformation catalyzed by CYPs.

PMID- 27363261
TI  - Changes in lactate dehydrogenase are associated with central gray matter lesions
      in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Biomarkers may predict neurological prognosis in infants with hypoxic
      ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). We evaluated the relationship between serum
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which
      predicts neurodevelopmental outcomes, in order to assess whether LDH levels are
      similarly predictive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for
      infants with HIE and LDH levels were assessed on the first (LDH1) and third
      (LDH3) days following birth. Receiver operating characteristic curves were
      obtained in relation to central gray matter hypoxic-ischemic lesions. RESULTS: Of
      92 patients, 52 (56.5%) had hypoxic-ischemic lesions on brain MRI, and 21 of
      these infants (40.4%) had central gray matter lesions. LDH1 and LDH3 did not
      differ; however, the percentage change (DeltaLDH%) was significantly higher in
      infants with central gray matter lesions (36.9% versus 6.6%, p = 0.006). With
      cutoffs of 187 (IU/L, DeltaLDH) and 19.4 (%, DeltaLDH%), the sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 71.4,
      69.0, 40.5 and 89.1%, respectively. The relative risk was 5.57 (p = 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Changes in serum LDH may be a useful biomarker for predicting future
      neurodevelopmental prognosis in infants with HIE.

PMID- 27363262
TI  - [Endogenous IFN-beta maintains M1 polarization status and inhibits proliferation
      and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of endogenous interferon beta (IFN-beta) on
      the polarization of M1 macrophages as well as the proliferation and invasion
      activities of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs) mediated by M1 macrophages.
      Methods U937-M1 macrophages derived from human monocytic tumor cells U937 was
      established and the cell phenotypes were identified by real-time quantitative
      PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry. After IFN-beta gene was knocked down with siRNA or
      IFN-beta was neutralized with IFN-beta monoantibody in U937-M1 macrophages, the
      change of M1/M2 phenotype was again analyzed by the above methods. The
      expressions of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and IRF5 were detected by
      real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting. The proliferation and invasion
      activities of HCCs, which were cultured with conditioned medium (CM) collected
      from different macrophage groups, were analyzed by CCK-8 assay and Transwell(TM)
      experiments, respectively. Results U937-M1 macrophages showed higher expressions
      of interleukin 12p35 (IL-12p35), interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), interleukin 12p70
      (IL-12p70), interleukin 23p19 (IL-23p19), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis
      factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and CD86 than U937-M0 did. But both U937-M0 macrophages
      and U937-M1 macrophages showed low expression of CD206. However, compared with
      the U937-M1 macrophages, the IFN-beta-blocked U937-M1 macrophages presented
      decreased expressions of the above M1 macrophages-associated markers, but
      increased expressions of M2 macrophages-associated markers IL-10 and CD206, as
      well as lower expressions of IRF1 and IRF5. The inhibited proliferation/invasion
      activities of HCCs mediated by U937-M1 macrophages were reversed by IFN-beta
      blocked U937-M1 macrophages. Conclusion Blocking endogenous IFN-beta could
      inhibit the U937-M1 polarization status and U937-M1 macrophages-mediated anti
      tumor activity of HCCs. IFN-beta might be involved in modulating the expressions
      of IRF1 and IRF5 as well as maintaining the M1 polarization status and its
      function. 

PMID- 27363264
TI  - [Combination of TLR7 agonist T7-ethacrynic acid conjugate with ROR1 has a
      stronger anti-breast cancer effect].
AB  - Objective To investigate the synergistic anti-breast cancer effect of Toll-like
      receptor 7 agonist T7-ethacrynic acid conjugate (T7-EA) in combination with
      receptor-tyrosine-kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1). Methods ROR1 cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte (CTL) epitope was predicted using Syfpeithi online software. Mouse
      spleen lymphocytes and bone marrow dendritic cells (DCs) were separately
      stimulated with 4 MUmol/L T7-EA and 4 MUmol/L ROR1 alone or in combination. ELISA
      assay was used to measure the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin
      12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Xenograft model was
      established via subcutaneous injection of mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells. The mice
      were weekly treated through intraperitoneal administration of 3 mg/kg T7-EA, 15
      mg/kg ROR1 or the combination of T7-EA and ROR1. After four rounds of treatment,
      tumor tissues were weighed. Serum level of anti-4T1 tumor protein IgG was
      measured by ELISA. Specific CTL activity was detected by lactate dehydrogenase
      (LDH) assay. Results The peptide PYCDETSSV was chosen as an antigen epitope of
      breast cancer. The T7-EA highly activated in vitro lymphocytes in a dose
      dependent manner, which wasn't affected by other relevant peptides. The
      combination of T7-EA and ROR1 stimulated the secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-12 by
      lymphocytes and TNF-alpha by bone marrow DCs. The growth of tumor in vivo was
      significantly inhibited by T7-EA combined with ROR1 compared with T7-EA or ROR1
      alone. The specific CTL activity triggered by T7-EA combined with ROR1 was much
      stronger than that triggered by T7-EA or ROR1 alone. The titer of anti-4T1 tumor
      protein IgG induced by T7-EA combined with ROR1 was higher than that induced by
      T7-EA or ROR1. Conclusion The combination of T7-EA and ROR1 has a better killing
      effect on breast cancer. 

PMID- 27363263
TI  - [IL-12 induces autophagy via AKT/mTOR/STAT3 signaling pathway in human hepatoma
      cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of IL-12 on autophagy and the relative
      possible mechanism in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 human hepatoma cells. Methods The
      hepatoma cells were treated with IL-12 (10 ng/mL) for 6 hours. Western blotting
      was applied to detect the expressions of microtubule-associated protein 1 light
      chain 3 (LC-3), Beclin 1 and the phosphorylated levels of protein kinase B (AKT),
      mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), signal transducer and activator of
      transcription 3 (STAT3); immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the formation of autophagosome. After STAT3
      was inhibited by STATTIC or siSTAT3 and AKT was activated by insulin-like growth
      factor (IGF-1), Western blotting and IFA were performed again to analyze the
      change of IL-12-induced autophagy. After the cells were treated with IL-12 (10
      ng/mL) for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 days, CCK-8 assay was used to determine the growth
      ability. After the hepatoma cells were treated with IL-12 (10 ng/mL) for 48
      hours, trypan blue staining was used to detect the death rate of the cells. After
      cell autophagy was inhibit by siBeclin 1, CCK-8 assay and trypan blue staining
      were performed again to study the effect of IL-12 on the proliferation and death
      of human hepatoma cells. Results IL-12 induced autophagy and inhibited cell
      growth in the hepatoma cells. Silencing Beclin 1 gene enhanced IL-12-mediated
      growth inhibition and cell death. Furthermore, IL-12 treatment also decreased the
      expressions of p-AKT, p-mTOR and p-STAT3. The pretreatment of siSTAT3 or STATTIC
      inhibited STAT3-enhanced IL-12-induced autophagy. Accordingly, activation of AKT
      with IGF-1 decreased IL-12-induced autophagy. Conclusion IL-12 could induce
      autophagy through AKT/mTOR/STAT3 signaling pathways and the induction of
      autophagy attenuates the growth-inhibitory effect of IL-12 on hepatoma cells. 

PMID- 27363265
TI  - [Total flavones derived from Lagotis brevituba maxim reduce the levels of
      inflammatory cytokines in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease
      mice].
AB  - Objective To investigate the mechanism behind the treatment of Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) with total flavones derived from Lagotis brevituba maxim (TF-LBM).
      Methods Fifty SAMP8 mice (aged 8 months) were randomly divided into 5 groups,
      (150, 300, 600) mg/kg TF-LBM groups, 0.65 g/kg donepezil HCl group and AD model
      group; 10 SAMR1 mice (aged 8 months) were used as a control group of normal
      aging. The AD model group and the normal aging control group were given the same
      volume of distilled water as TF-LBM groups. Eight weeks after intragastric
      administration, Morris water maze experiment was conducted to calculate the
      latency of place navigation. After the behavioral experiment, the brain cortical
      tissue and hippocampus (CA1 region) of the mice from various groups were taken to
      observe the morphological changes of the cortical tissue and hippocampus and test
      IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha content. Results Compared with the model group, the
      escape latency of the normal aging group, the high-dose TF-LBM group and the
      donepezil HCl group were evidently shortened; compared with the normal aging
      group, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alphaof the model group increased significantly;
      compared with the model group, IL-1beta content of the low-dose TF-LBM group had
      no obvious difference, while IL-1beta content of the median-dose and high-dose TF
      LBM groups and the donepezil HCl group decreased significantly; IL-6 content
      decreased in all TF-LBM groups and the donepezil HCl group; TNF-alpha level in
      the low-dose and median-dose TF-LBM groups had no evident difference, while it
      was reduced significantly in the high-dose TF-LBM group and the donepezil HCl
      group. Compared with the normal aging group, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha content
      of the model group increased significantly; compared with the model group, IL
      1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha content of all TF-LBM groups and the donepezil HCl
      group decreased. Conclusion TF-LBM can improve the behavior change of SAMP8 mice
      with AD. TF-LBM can reduce the content of IL-6, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in
      cerebral cortex and hippocampus CA1. 

PMID- 27363266
TI  - [Down-regulation of TIPE2 promotes the proliferation and immune activity of T
      lymphocytes].
AB  - Objective To utilize specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence the
      expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8 like-2 (TIPE2) gene
      of T lymphocytes and investigate the effect of TIPE2 targeting siRNA on T
      lymphocyte proliferation and immune function. Methods Mouse spleen T lymphocytes
      were sorted by magnetic beads. Western blotting was used to screen and validate
      an effective siRNA to silence the TIPE2 gene expression of T lymphocytes. Twenty
      four hours after transfection with the siRNA into T lymphocytes, the expression
      of CD69 in each group was detected by flow cytometry. Seventy-two hours after
      transfection, the proliferation of the T lymphocytes was measured with CCK-8
      assay; meanwhile, the secretion levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon
      gamma (IFN-gamma) in each group were measured by ELISA. Results We obtained TIPE2
      targeting siRNA sequences and effectively silenced the expression of TIPE2 gene.
      After TIPE2 gene expression was down-regulated, the expression of the CD69 on T
      lymphocytes increased, and the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the secretion
      of IL-2 and IFN-gamma were enhanced. Conclusion Down-regulation of TIPE2 gene
      expression can promote the T lymphocyte proliferation and immune activity. 

PMID- 27363267
TI  - [Naringin againsts learning and memory dysfunction of rats induced by
      intraventricular perfusion with HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120)].
AB  - Objective To explore the protective effect of naringin on cognitive disorders
      induced by HIV-1-enveloped glycoprotein 120 (gp120) mediated by the P2X7 receptor
      in rats. Methods The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the effect
      of naringin on cognitive dysfunction induced by gp120 intraventricular perfusion
      in the rat models of dementia. The expression levels of P2X7 receptor mRNA and
      protein in hippocampus tissues were detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT
      PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Results The MWM test showed that
      compared with the gp120 model group, the naringin treatment group showed
      significantly faster escape latencies and reduced searching target errors. RT-PCR
      and Western blotting showed that the expressions of P2X7 receptor mRNA and
      protein were reduced in the hippocampus of rats in the naringin treatment group
      compared with the gp120 model group. Conclusion Naringin may againsts learning
      and memory dysfunction induced by gp120, which may counter the up-regulated
      expression of the P2X7 receptor in the hippocampus of rats. 

PMID- 27363268
TI  - [Hypoxia combined with TNF-alpha induces apoptosis of cultured human pulmonary
      microvascular endothelial cells via activation of the STAT3 rather than ERK1/2
      signaling pathway].
AB  - Objective To explore the effect of combined hypoxia and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) on the apoptosis of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial
      cells (HPMVECs) and the involved signaling pathway mechanism. Methods Some
      HPMVECs were treated with hypoxia within 6, 12, or 24 hours, and the other cells
      were treated with TNF-alpha at the concentrations of 10, 20, 50, or 100 ng/mL.
      Cell activity was determined by MTT assay in each group to determine the best
      combined stimulatory conditions. Under the optimal costimulatory condition, the
      activity of caspase-3 was detected by flow cytometry, annexin V-FITC/PI double
      staining combined with flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis, Western
      blotting was performed to test the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and
      activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) and phosphorylated extracellular signal
      regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2). Results The cell activity was the lowest in 24
      hour hypoxia group and 100 ng/mL TNF-alpha group. Therefore, we confirmed the
      combination of hypoxia for 24 hours and 100 ng/mL TNF-alpha as the costimulatory
      conditions. The caspase-3 activity and apoptosis rate in the combined treatment
      group were higher, compared with the other groups. The expression of pSTAT3,
      rather than pERK1/2, increased in the combined treatment group, compared with the
      control group. Moreover, the STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 reduced the apoptosis rate
      in the combined treatment group. Conclusion Combined hypoxia and TNF-alpha could
      promote HPMVEC apoptosis by activating STAT3 rather than ERK1/2. 

PMID- 27363269
TI  - [Interferon-beta combined with all-trans retinoic acid supresses proliferation
      and promote apoptosis by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway in HepG2 human
      hepatocellular carcinoma cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) combined with
      all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2 human
      hepatocarcinoma cells and the role of Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and
      activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signal pathway in the process. Methods
      HepG2 cells were randomly divided intro three groups and treated with 1000 U/mL
      IFN-beta, 10 MUmol/L ATRA and 1000 U/mL IFN-beta combined with 10 MUmol/L ATRA,
      respectively for 24 hours. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and apoptosis
      rate was detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was applied to detect the
      protein levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, gene associated with retinoid-interferon
      induced mortality-19 (GRIM-19), Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bax. Results IFN-beta or ATRA
      inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. The effect
      was enhanced when IFN-beta was combined with ATRA. The expressions of p-JAK2 and
      p-STAT3 were down-regulated while the expressions of GRIM-19 and Bax were up
      regulated after treated with IFN-beta or ATRA on HepG2 cells, especially the
      combination of IFN-beta and ATRA. Conclusion Combination of IFN-beta and ATRA
      could suppress the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of HepG2
      hepatocarcinoma cells by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway. 

PMID- 27363270
TI  - [Lycium barbarum polysaccharides enhances SIRT1 expression and decreases MMP-9
      and HIF-1alpha expressions in hypoxic pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the expressions of silent mating type information
      regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and hypoxia
      inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) in hypoxic pulmonary vascular smooth muscle
      cells (PVSMCs) treated with Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP). Methods PVSMCs
      were divided into 10 groups: normal oxygen (200 mL/L oxygen) cells, 2 MUmol/mL
      LBP-treated normal oxygen cells, DMSO-treated normal oxygen cells, DMSO-treated
      hypoxic (100 mL/L oxygen) cells, (0.5, 1, 2) MUmol/mL LBP-treated hypoxic cells;
      SIRT1 agonist (resveratrol or SRT-1720)-treated hypoxic cells, SIRT1 inhibitor EX
      527-treated hypoxic cells. After 6, 12, 24 hours, the mRNA and protein
      expressions of SIRT1, MMP-9 and HIF-1alpha were measured by real-time
      quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively. In LBP-treated groups, the
      expressions of SIRT1, MMP-9 and HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein were detected 12
      hours after LBP treatment. Results Under the condition of hypoxia, the expression
      levels of SIRT1 mRNA and protein in PVSMCs decreased, while MMP-9 and HIF-1alpha
      mRNA increased. Under hypoxia, SIRT1 expression was raised and MMP-9, HIF-1alpha
      were reduced by LBP treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Morever, resveratrol
      could inhibit the expression of MMP-9. Conclusion LBP can enhance the expression
      of SIRT1 and decrease the expression of MMP-9 and HIF-1alpha in hypoxic PVSMCs. 

PMID- 27363271
TI  - [Pulsed electric fields inhibit tumor growth but induce myocardial injury of
      melanoma-bearing mice].
AB  - Objective To investigate the tumor inhibiting effect of pulsed electric fields
      (PEFs) on melanoma-bearing mice, and understand its influence on myocardial cells
      and cardial electrical activity. Methods The melanoma models of the BALB/c mice
      were established by subcutaneously injecting B16 melanoma cells. These mice were
      randomly divided into four groups. The treated groups received pulsed electric
      stimulation at pulse width of 1, 3, 5 ms, with field strength of 100 V/cm and
      frequency of 10 Hz for 10 minutes daily in 15 consecutive days. ECG of mice was
      recorded. Tumor volume was measured with vernier caliper. Morphological changes
      of tumors were observed by HE staining. The expression of proliferating cell
      nuclear antigen (PCNA) mRNA was tested by real-time quantitative PCR, and the
      expression of PCNA protein was detected by immunofluorescence histochemistry. The
      ultrastructural changes of the cardiac tissues were observed by transmission
      electron microscopy (TEM). The serum levels of cardial troponin T (cTnT) and
      creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) were detected by ELISA. Results Compared
      with the control group, tumor volumes in all treated groups were reduced 7 days
      after PEFs treatment; more melanin granules in tumor cells were found in the
      treated groups; the expressions of PCNA mRNA and protein were down-regulated in
      all treated groups, and there were greater changes in the groups receiving the
      bigger pulse width. Myocardial injury was found in 3 ms group and 5 ms group, and
      the expressions of cTnT and CK-MB were significantly higher than those in the
      control group. Conclusion PEFs can inhibit tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice.
      Increase of pulse width will aggravate myocardial injury. 

PMID- 27363272
TI  - [Irbesartan reduces inflammatory response of central nervous system in a rat
      model of fluid percussion brain injury].
AB  - Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effect of the angiotensin II
      receptor 1 (AT1) antagonist irbesartan on rat models with lateral fluid
      percussion brain injury (FPBI). Methods FPBI models were prepared using a
      modified fluid percussion injury method. Before and after modeling, irbesartan
      was given to the rats. The regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was monitored by
      laser Doppler flowmetry. Neurologic status was evaluated before and 1, 3, 5, 7
      days after FPBI surgery. Brains were removed for immunohistochemical evaluation
      of active microglias and macrophages. Results Compared to sham group, the rCBF
      and neurologic score of FPBI rats decreased significantly, while microglia and
      macrophage activation were confirmed. Treatment with irbesartan before FPBI
      surgery increased rCBF and improved neurological functions. In the peri-infarct
      cortex, irbesartan treatment attenuated the invasion of activated microglias and
      macrophages on day 7 after FPBI surgery. Conclusion Irbesartan can play a
      neuroprotective role through inhibiting microglia and macrophage activation in
      FPBI rats. 

PMID- 27363273
TI  - [Emodin inhibits the proliferation, transdifferentiation and collagen synthesis
      of pulmonary fibroblasts].
AB  - Objective To explore the effect of emodin on the proliferation, differentiation
      into myofibroblasts and collagen synthesis of pulmonary fibroblasts and the
      underlying mechanisms. Methods Human pulmonary fibroblasts MRC-5 were cultured in
      vitro, then the cells were inoculated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) added with
      0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 MUmol/L emodin for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Inhibitory rate
      of cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay. Based on the results of cell
      proliferation experiment, MRC-5 cells were treated with DMSO (control group) and
      40, 80 MUmol/L emodin (in DMSO) for 48 hours. Fluorescence real-time quantitative
      PCR was then used to measure the mRNA expressions of alpha-smooth muscle actin
      (alpha-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a disintegrin-like and
      metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif (ADAMTS-1), collagen type 1
      (Col1) and collagen type 3 (Col3). The protein expressions of the above mentioned
      factors were also measured by Western blotting. Results In a concentration- and
      time-dependent manner, emodin inhibited MRC-5 cell proliferation. After 48 hours
      of co-culture, in comparison with control group, the mRNA and protein expression
      levels of alpha-SMA, TGF-beta1, Col1 and Col3 significantly decreased, while the
      mRNA and protein expression levels of ADAMTS-1 significantly increased in 40 and
      80 MUmol/L emodin-treated groups. Moreover, in comparison with 40 MUmol/L emodin
      treated group, the mRNA and protein expressions of alpha-SMA, TGF-beta1, Col1 and
      Col3 were significantly downregulated, but ADAMTS-1 mRNA and protein expressions
      were significantly upregulated in 80 MUmol/L emodin-treated group. Conclusion
      Emodin can block pulmonary fibroblast proliferation and differentiation into
      myofibroblasts, and reduce the synthesis of Col1 and Col3 by inhibiting TGF
      beta1/ADAMTS-1 signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27363274
TI  - [Insulin combined with selenium inhibit p38MAPK/CBP pathway and suppresses
      cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of insulin in combination with selenium on
      p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase/CREB-binding protein (p38MAPK/CBP) pathway
      in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Methods Fifty SD rats were randomly grouped
      into control group, diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) group, diabetic cardiomyopathy
      with insulin treatment (DCM-In) group, diabetic cardiomyopathy with selenium
      treatment (DCM-Se) group, and diabetic cardiomyopathy with insulin and selenium
      combination treatment (DCM-In-Se) group. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell
      cycle. TUNEL staining was used to detect cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Western
      blotting was used to examine the levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E, Bax, Bcl-2,
      p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK, CBP and Ku70. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to examine the
      acetylation status of Ku70. Results Insulin in combination with selenium
      significantly inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis, increased Bcl-2 levels and
      decreased Bax, cyclin D1, cyclin E, p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK, CBP, Ku70 and acetylated
      Ku70 levels. Conclusion The combined treatment of insulin and selenium suppresses
      cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhibiting p38MAPK/CBP pathway. 

PMID- 27363276
TI  - [Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitor BKM120 suppresses proliferation and
      promotes apoptosis of U251 glioblastoma cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)
      inhibitor BKM120 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human glioma U251 cells.
      Methods U251 cells were treated with different concentrations of BKM120 (final
      concentrations were 1, 5, 20 MUmol/L) for 48 hours. The effect of BKM120 on cell
      proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. The apoptosis was detected by annexin
      V-FITC/PI staining. The protein expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 were detected by
      Western blotting. Results CCK-8 assay showed that BKM120 inhibited U251
      proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and the maximum inhibitory rate
      was 78.3%. Flow cytometry showed that BKM120 induced cell aopotosis in a
      concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting revealed that the expression of
      Bax was elevated by BKM120, but the expression of Bcl-2 had a reverse trend.
      Conclusion BKM120 can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of U251
      cells. 

PMID- 27363275
TI  - [Down-regulation of p38 MAPK and collagen by 1, 25-(OH)2-VD3 in rat models of
      diabetic nephropathy].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of 1, 25-(OH)2-VD3 on collagen type III
      (Col3), collagen type IV (Col4) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38
      MAPK) in rat models of type 2 diabetic nephropathy, and explore the relationships
      of p38MAPK with Col3 and Col4. Methods Rat models of type 2 diabetic nephropathy
      were induced by streptozocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg) combined with high-glucose-and-fat
      diet. Sixty rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, 1, 25
      (OH)2-VD3 treatment group [given 1, 25-(OH)2-VD3 6 ng/(100 g.d) after modeling]
      and insulin group (given 2-3 U insulin after modeling). After 8 weeks'
      intervention, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and 24-hour
      proteinuria were detected in all groups. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was
      used to observe the kidney pathological changes, and immunohistochemical staining
      and Western blotting were performed to determine p38 MAPK Col3 and Col4
      expressions in rat renal interstitium. Spearman method was applied to the
      correlation analysis. Results Compared with the model group, blood glucose, Scr,
      BUN, 24-hour proteinuria and impaired renal interstitial area were all reduced in
      the 1, 25-(OH)2-VD3 treatment group and the insulin group. Compared with the
      control group, the expressions of Col3, Col4 and p38 MAPK were higher in the
      model group, and lower in the 1, 25-(OH)2-VD3 treatment group and the insulin
      group. Correlation analysis showed that 24-hour proteinuria was positively
      related with p38 MAPK, Col3, Col4 and immunohistochemical results; p38MAPK was
      positively correlated with Col3 and Col4 expressions. Conclusion Col3, Col4 and
      p38MAPK are up-regulated in rat models of type 2 diabetic nephropathy. The 1, 25
      (OH)2-VD3 might attenuates the progression of renal interstitial fibrosis via
      down-regulating p38 MAPK, Col3 and Col4. 

PMID- 27363277
TI  - [Evodiamine enhances the radiosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell cancer Eca
      109 cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of evodiamine on the radiosensitivity of
      esophageal squamous cell cancer Eca-109 cells. Methods Eca-109 cells were treated
      with various concentrations of evodiamine [(10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120)
      MUg/mL], and then cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. After the optimal
      evodiamine concentration was determined, the cells were divided into radiation
      group (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 Gy X-ray radiation) and radiation combined with evodiamine
      group (80 MUg/mL evodiamine and 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 Gy X-ray radiation) .The
      radiosensitivity of Eca-109 cells was detected using colony formation assay. Flow
      cytometry was used to determine cell cycle of Eca-109 cells. The protein
      expressions of Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs and Rad51 were examined by Western blotting.
      Results MTT assay showed that evodiamine decreased the proliferation of Eca-109
      cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition reached the maximal
      level at 80 MUg/mL. Compared with radiotherapy alone, the combination of 80
      MUg/mL evodiamine and radiotherapy improved survival curve and decreased the
      values of D0 and Dq. Sensitizer enhancement ratio was 1.86+/-0.06. Furthermore,
      cell cycle analysis revealed that evodiamine suppressed radiotherapy-induced the
      G2/M arrest. Additionally, evodiamine treatment also significantly inhibited
      radiotherapy-induced increase in Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs and Rad51 expressions.
      Conclusion Evodiamine enhances radiosensitivity of Eca-109 cells during
      radiotherapy. The effect may be associated with the inhibition of G2/M arrest and
      the attenuation of Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs and Rad51 expressions. 

PMID- 27363278
TI  - [Overexpression of miR-125b promotes apoptosis of macrophages].
AB  - Objective To investigate the expressions of miR-125b and target gene Raf1 proto
      oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase (RAF1) in peripheral blood mononuclear
      cells (PBMCs) of pediatric patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), and
      observe the regulation of miR-125b on macrophage apoptosis and activity. Methods
      PBMCs of patients with PTB and healthy children were collected and separated.
      Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect mRNA expression level
      of miR-125b and RAF1, and Western blotting was used to detect the protein level
      of RAF1. THP-1 macrophages were transfected into miR-125b mimic, negative control
      mimic (NC-mimic), miR-125b inhibitor and negative control inhibitor (NC
      inhibitor), which were cultured for 48 hours. Western blotting was performed to
      observe the expression of RAF1 in THP-1 macrophages, annexin V-FITC/PI double
      staining combined with flow cytometry was used to test cell apoptosis, and CCK-8
      assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Results The expression of miR-125b
      in PBMCs in pediatric patients with PTB was downregulated, and mRNA and protein
      levels of RAF1 were upregulated. When miR-125b was over-expressed in THP-1
      macrophages, the expression of RAF1 was reduced to promote the apoptosis of
      macrophages and decrease cell activity; when the expression of miR-125b was
      inhibited in THP-1 macrophages, the expression of RAF1 was elevatedand the
      apoptosis of macrophages was inhibited, the cell activity was promoted.
      Conclusion In PBMCs of children with PTB, miR-125b level is low. Upregulation of
      miR-125b in THP-1 macrophages, the apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages is promoted and
      cell activity is inhibited. 

PMID- 27363279
TI  - [Increased expressions of Blimp-1 and Bcl-6 in the deciduas of patients with
      unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion].
AB  - Objective To oberseve the expressions of B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl-6) and B
      lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) in the decidua of patients with
      unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA), and investigate the roles that
      Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 act in URSA. Methods Decidual tissues were collected from
      patients with URSA (URSA group) and normal pregnant women (control group). Then,
      we detected the expressions of Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 in the deciduas of the two
      groups using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. The
      relationship between Blimp-1 and Bcl-6 was estimated by Pearson's correlation
      analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the levels of Blimp-1 mRNA and
      protein, Bcl-6 mRNA significantly increased in the URSA group. However, Bcl-6
      protein was raised insignificantly in URSA group. Furthermore, there was a
      positive correlation between Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 at the level of mRNA. Conclusion
      The expressions of Bcl-6 and Blimp-1 are enhanced in the deciduas of URSA
      patients. 

PMID- 27363280
TI  - [Increased serum levels of soluble T cell immunoglobulin mucin molecule 3 and IL
      4 and decreased IFN-gamma in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].
AB  - Objective To detect the serum levels of soluble T cell immunoglobulin mucin
      molecule 3 (sTim-3), IFN-gamma and IL-4 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
      Methods Peripheral blood was collected from 48 patients with pulmonary
      tuberculosis and 20 healthy controls. The serum level of sTim-3 was detected by
      ELISA. The levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 were determined by cytokine bead array
      (CBA). The correlations between sTim-3, IFN-gamma and IL-4 levels in sera of
      patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were analyzed by Pearson correlation test.
      Results Compared with the control group, the serum levels of sTim-3 and IL-4
      increased significantly, while the level of IFN-gamma decreased significantly.
      Pearson analysis showed that there was a negative correlation between sTim-3 and
      IFN-gamma as well as between IFN-gamma and IL-4 in patients with pulmonary
      tuberculosis, while sTim-3 and IL-4 were positively correlated. Conclusion The
      serum levels of sTim-3 and IL-4 increase, but IFN-gamma decreases in the patients
      with pulmonary tuberculosis. 

PMID- 27363281
TI  - Synergistic Effects of Self-Doped Nanostructures as Charge Trapping Elements in
      Organic Field Effect Transistor Memory.
AB  - Despite remarkable advances in the development of organic field-effect transistor
      (OFET) memories over recent years, the charge trapping elements remain confined
      to the critical electrets of polymers, nanoparticles, or ferroelectrics.
      Nevertheless, rare reports are available on the complementary advantages of
      different types of trapping elements integrated in one single OFET memory. To
      address this issue, we fabricated two kinds of pentacene-based OFET memories with
      solution-processed amorphous and beta-phase poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) films
      as charge trapping layers, respectively. Compared to the amorphous film, the beta
      PFO film has self-doped nanostructures (20-120 nm) and could act as natural
      charge trapping elements, demonstrating the synergistic effects of combining both
      merits of polymer and nanoparticles into one electret. Consequently, the OFET
      memory with beta-PFO showed nearly 26% increment in the storage capacity and a
      pronounced memory window of ~45 V in 20 ms programming time. Besides, the
      retention time of beta-PFO device extended 2 times to maintain an ON/OFF current
      ratio of 10(3), indicating high bias-stress reliability. Furthermore, the beta
      PFO device demonstrated good photosensitivity in the 430-700 nm range, which was
      attributed to the additive effect of smaller bandgap and self-doped
      nanostructures of beta-phase. In this regard, the tuning of molecular
      conformation and aggregation in a polymer electret is an effective strategy to
      obtain a high performance OFET memory. 

PMID- 27363282
TI  - MicroRNA-155 induces AML in combination with the loss of C/EBPA in mice.

PMID- 27363284
TI  - Experiences of Korean adolescent renal transplant recipients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To understand the experiences of Korean adolescents who have undergone a
      renal transplant. DESIGN AND METHODS: Nine adolescents aged 12-18 who received a
      renal transplant participated in this qualitative descriptive study. Using
      content analysis, we analyzed in-depth interview data from individual
      adolescents. RESULTS: The main themes extracted were "being different from
      others," "not being invited as a decision maker," "becoming one of them," "still
      being different from others," "having mixed feeling toward mothers," and "coping
      with new circumstances." PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Interventions designed to improve
      adolescent renal transplant recipients' sense of autonomy and belongingness are
      needed.

PMID- 27363283
TI  - Patient-derived xenotransplants can recapitulate the genetic driver landscape of
      acute leukemias.
AB  - Genomic studies have identified recurrent somatic mutations in acute leukemias.
      However, current murine models do not sufficiently encompass the genomic
      complexity of human leukemias. To develop preclinical models, we transplanted 160
      samples from patients with acute leukemia (acute myeloid leukemia, mixed lineage
      leukemia, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-cell ALL) into immunodeficient
      mice. Of these, 119 engrafted with expected immunophenotype. Targeted sequencing
      of 374 genes and 265 frequently rearranged RNAs detected recurrent and novel
      genetic lesions in 48 paired primary tumor (PT) and patient-derived
      xenotransplant (PDX) samples. Overall, the frequencies of 274 somatic variant
      alleles correlated between PT and PDX samples, although the data were highly
      variable for variant alleles present at 0-10%. Seventeen percent of variant
      alleles were detected in either PT or PDX samples only. Based on variant allele
      frequency changes, 24 PT-PDX pairs were classified as concordant while the other
      24 pairs showed various degree of clonal discordance. There was no correlation of
      clonal concordance with clinical parameters of diseases. Significantly more bone
      marrow samples than peripheral blood samples engrafted discordantly. These data
      demonstrate the utility of developing PDX banks for modeling human leukemia, and
      emphasize the importance of genomic profiling of PDX and patient samples to
      ensure concordance before performing mechanistic or therapeutic studies.

PMID- 27363285
TI  - Further evidence that prevention of maternal vitamin D deficiency may benefit the
      health of the next generation.

PMID- 27363287
TI  - Design and Synthesis of Aviram-Ratner-Type Dyads and Rectification Studies in
      Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Films.
AB  - The design and synthesis of Aviram-Ratner-type molecular rectifiers, featuring an
      anilino-substituted extended tetracyanoquinodimethane (exTCNQ) acceptor,
      covalently linked by the sigma-spacer bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO) to a
      tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) donor moiety, are described. The rigid BCO spacer keeps
      the TTF donor and exTCNQ acceptor moieties apart, as demonstrated by X-ray
      analysis. The photophysical properties of the TTF-BCO-exTCNQ dyads were
      investigated by UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy, electrochemical studies, and
      theoretical calculations. Langmuir-Blodgett films were prepared and used in the
      fabrication and electrical studies of junction devices. One dyad showed the
      asymmetric current-voltage (I-V) curve characteristic for rectification, unlike
      control compounds containing the TTF unit but not the exTCNQ moiety or comprising
      the exTCNQ acceptor moiety but lacking the donor TTF part, which both gave
      symmetric I-V curves. The direction of the observed rectification indicated that
      the preferred electron current flows from the exTCNQ acceptor to the TTF donor. 

PMID- 27363286
TI  - Major influence of CD4 count at the initiation of cART on viral and immunological
      reservoir constitution in HIV-1 infected patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A persistent immune activation is observed in gut during HIV-1
      infection, which is not completely reversed by a combined antiretroviral therapy
      (cART). The impact of the time of cART initiation may highly influence the size
      of the viral reservoir and the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells in the gut. In this
      study, we analyzed the characteristics of HIV rectal reservoir of long-term
      treated patients, regarding their blood CD4(+) T cells count at the time of cART
      initiation. RESULTS: Twenty-four consenting men were enrolled: 9 exhibiting a
      CD4(+) T cells count >350/mm(3) ("high-level CD4 group") and 15 < 350/mm(3) ("low
      level CD4 group") in blood, at the start of cART. An immunophenotypical analysis
      of T and B cells subpopulations was performed in blood and rectal biopsies. HIV
      cell-associated DNA loads and qualitative intra-cellular RNA were determined in
      both compartments. The ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells was significantly decreased
      in the blood but not in the rectum of the "low-level CD4 group" of patients. The
      alteration in beta7(+) CD4(+) T cells homing was higher in this group and was
      correlated to a low ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells in blood. An initiation of
      cART in men exhibiting a low-level CD4 count was also associated with an
      alteration of B cells maturation. HIV blood and gut DNA reservoirs were
      significantly lower in the "high-level CD4 group" of men. A high HIV DNA level
      was associated to a detectable intracellular HIV RNA in rectum. CONCLUSIONS: An
      early initiation of cART could significantly preserve gut immunity and limit the
      viral reservoir constitution.

PMID- 27363289
TI  - Accelerating effects of cellulase in the removal of denture adhesives from
      acrylic denture bases.
AB  - PURPOSE: Studies of effective methods for the easy removal of denture adhesives
      from a denture base are not well represented in the literature. We previously
      assessed the removability of denture adhesives by immersing within denture
      cleaners, showing that some cleaners have a weak effect, insufficiently effective
      in daily use. In this study, we prepared a cellulase, as a potential component
      for denture adhesive removers, and we examined whether the addition of cellulase
      to denture cleaners is effective in the removal of cream denture adhesives.
      METHODS: We prepared the cellulase Meicelase as one component for the
      liquefaction of denture adhesives. We used two denture cleaners and two cream
      adhesives. After the immersion of plates in sample solutions, we evaluated the
      area of the sample plate still covered with adhesives. Biofilm removal assay was
      also performed using denture cleaners containing cellulase. RESULTS: The addition
      of cellulase accelerated the removal of cream adhesives in immersion experiments
      to a rate faster than that of water and denture cleaners. However, it did not
      influence the removability of Candida albicans biofilms from acrylic resin
      specimens. CONCLUSION: Cellulase hastened the liquefaction of cream adhesives.

PMID- 27363288
TI  - Ethnic differences in incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in a
      real-life multicenter clinical cohort of 4737 patients with chronic hepatitis B
      infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity is associated with
      increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBsAg
      seroclearance is thought to be rare in general, but cohort data from US patients
      are limited. AIM: To determine the incidence of HBsAg seroclearance in a real
      life US cohort. METHODS: In total, 4737 patients with chronic hepatitis B from
      five primary care, gastroenterology and multispecialty centres, and a university
      medical centre were retrospectively enrolled between 2001 and 2014 with data
      obtained by manual review of individual patient medical records. Seroclearance
      was determined by loss of HBsAg seropositivity. Persistent HBsAg was confirmed by
      direct serology or by proxy with positive hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg) or HBV
      DNA levels. RESULTS: HBsAg seroclearance occurred in 52 patients over 16 844
      person-years (0.31% annually, 1.2% overall). Median follow-up was 32 months, and
      mean age 45 +/- 14 years. Incidence of HBsAg seroclearance was higher in non
      Asians, age >45, males, and those with baseline HBV DNA <=10 000 IU/mL. On
      multivariate Cox proportional modelling, non-Asian ethnicity (HR 2.8), male sex
      (HR 2.1), baseline HBVDNA <=10 000 (HR 2.0) and age >45 (HR 1.8) were significant
      independent predictors of seroclearance. CONCLUSION: HBsAg seroclearance rates
      were lower than previously described in this real-life cohort of patients with
      chronic hepatitis B, especially among Asian, female and younger patients.

PMID- 27363290
TI  - InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes with an Embedded Nanoporous GaN Distributed Bragg
      Reflectors.
AB  - InGaN light emitting diodes (LED) structure with an embedded 1/4lambda-stack
      nanoporous-GaN/undoped-GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) structure have been
      demonstrated. Si-heavily doped GaN epitaxial layers (n(+)-GaN) in the 12-period
      n(+)-GaN/u-GaN stack structure are transformed into low refractive index
      nanoporous GaN structure through the doping-selective electrochemical wet etching
      process. The central wavelength of the nanoporous DBR structure was located at
      442.3 nm with a 57 nm linewidth and a 97.1% peak reflectivity. The effective
      cavity length (6.0lambda), the effective penetration depth (278 nm) in the
      nanoporous DBR structure, and InGaN active layer matching to Fabry-Perot mode
      order 12 were observed in the far-field photoluminescence radiative spectra. High
      electroluminescence emission intensity and line-width narrowing effect were
      measured in the DBR-LED compared with the non-treated LED structure. Non-linear
      emission intensity and line-width reducing effect, from 11.8 nm to 0.73 nm, were
      observed by increasing the laser excited power. Resonant cavity effect was
      observed in the InGaN LED with bottom nanoporous-DBR and top GaN/air interface.

PMID- 27363291
TI  - Pharmacologic Treatment of Rett Syndrome With Glatiramer Acetate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurological disease that primarily
      affects females. The level of brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression
      directly correlates with the severity of RTT related symptoms. Because Glatiramer
      acetate (GA) stimulates secretion of BDNF in the brain, we conducted the study
      with the objective to assess its efficacy in improving gait velocity cognition,
      respiratory function, electroencephalographic findings, and quality of life in
      patients with RTT. METHODS: Phase two, open label, single center trial. INCLUSION
      CRITERIA: ambulatory girls with genetically confirmed RTT, 10 years or older. Pre
      and post-treatment measures were compared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon
      signed rank sum test and paired t-tests. RESULTS: Ten patients were enrolled and
      completed the trial. Gait velocity improved significantly (improvement range 13%
      95%, p=0.03 for both tests) and emerged as an especially valuable outcome measure
      with excellent test- retest reliability of the 2 trials within sessions
      (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.94). Memory, and the breath holding index
      also improved significantly (p<=0.03). Epileptiform discharges decreased in all
      four patients who had them at baseline. There was a trend towards improved
      quality of life, which did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: This
      prospective open-label trial provides important preliminary information related
      to the efficacy of GA in improving gait velocity in female patients with RTT who
      are 10 years or older. The results of this trial justify the need for larger
      scale controlled trials of GA as well as provide a template for assessing the
      efficacy of other interventions in RTT.

PMID- 27363292
TI  - Recognizing Primary Myoclonus Dystonia.

PMID- 27363293
TI  - Syntactic Change in the Parallel Architecture: The Case of Parasitic Gaps.
AB  - In Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture, the well-formed expressions of a language
      are licensed by correspondences between phonology, syntax, and conceptual
      structure. I show how this architecture can be used to make sense of the
      existence of parasitic gap constructions. A parasitic gap is one that is rendered
      acceptable because of the presence of another gap in the same sentence. Compare
      *a person whoi everyone who talks to ti likes Chris, which shows an illicit
      extraction from a relative clause, and a person whoi everyone who talks to pgi
      likes ti, which shows a parasitic gap in the relative clause. Languages differ in
      terms of the range of configurations in which they allow parasitic gaps; these
      configurations appear to form a hierarchy. These observations raise some
      fundamental questions: Why do parasitic gaps exist at all? Why are different
      syntactic configurations possible for P-gaps and why just these configurations?
      Why is there a parasitic gap hierarchy? The answers that I propose make crucial
      use of constructional overgeneralization of across-the-board extraction in
      coordinate constructions, formulated straightforwardly in the framework of
      Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture.

PMID- 27363296
TI  - Percutaneous Treatment of Herniated Lumbar Discs with Ozone: Investigation of the
      Mechanisms of Action.
AB  - PURPOSE: To elucidate the mechanism of action of intradiscal oxygen-ozone therapy
      for herniated intervertebral disc therapy. METHODS: Ozone's mechanism of action
      was investigated using 3 approaches: mathematical models of intervertebral disc
      space to explore the relationship between disc pressure and volume; ozonolysis
      experiments using glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from a Chinese hamster ovary cell
      line that were similar in composition to GAGs found in human nucleus pulposus;
      and experiments in which live Yucatan miniature pigs received various
      concentrations of percutaneous, image-guided intradiscal oxygen-ozone treatment
      and were examined (after sacrifice) with histology and semiquantitative analysis
      of disc cytokine concentrations. RESULTS: Engineering calculations support
      observations that a small (6%) disc volume reduction can result in considerable
      (9.84%) intradiscal pressure reduction. Porcine disc histology and Chinese
      hamster ovary GAG ozonolysis results showed that administered ozone reacted with
      and fragmented disc proteoglycans, reducing disc volume through disc dehydration.
      Cytokine analysis of porcine discs found that each of 4 cytokines measured
      (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) increased
      in concentration after 2 wt% ozone treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Oxygen-ozone therapy
      breaks down proteoglycan GAGs that maintain disc osmotic pressure, dehydrating
      the nucleus pulposus and reducing intervertebral disc volume. This is likely a
      primary mechanism by which ozone relieves nerve root compression and alleviates
      herniated disc-related pain. Additionally, 2 wt% ozone appears to interact with
      intradiscal cytokines, generating an antiinflammatory response that may
      contribute to symptom improvement.

PMID- 27363297
TI  - Understanding Preprocedure Patient Flow in IR.
AB  - PURPOSE: To quantify preprocedural patient flow in interventional radiology (IR)
      and to identify potential contributors to preprocedural delays. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: An administrative dataset was used to compute time intervals required
      for various preprocedural patient-flow processes. These time intervals were
      compared across on-time/delayed cases and inpatient/outpatient cases by Mann
      Whitney U test. Spearman rho was used to assess any correlation of the rank of a
      procedure on a given day and the procedure duration to the preprocedure time. A
      linear-regression model of preprocedure time was used to further explore
      potential contributing factors. Any identified reason(s) for delay were collated.
      P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of the total 1,091
      cases, 65.8% (n = 718) were delayed. Significantly more outpatient cases started
      late compared with inpatient cases (81.4% vs 45.0%; P < .001, chi(2) test). The
      multivariate linear regression model showed outpatient status, length of delay in
      arrival, and longer procedure times to be significantly associated with longer
      preprocedure times. Late arrival of patients (65.9%), unavailability of
      physicians (18.4%), and unavailability of procedure room (13.0%) were the three
      most frequently identified reasons for delay. The delay was multifactorial in
      29.6% of cases (n = 213). CONCLUSIONS: Objective measurement of preprocedural IR
      patient flow demonstrated considerable waste and highlighted high-yield areas of
      possible improvement. A data-driven approach may aid efficient delivery of IR
      care.

PMID- 27363295
TI  - Ca(2+)/calmodulin-activated phosphodiesterase 1A is highly expressed in rabbit
      cardiac sinoatrial nodal cells and regulates pacemaker function.
AB  - Constitutive Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-activation of adenylyl cyclases (ACs) types
      1 and 8 in sinoatrial nodal cells (SANC) generates cAMP within lipid-raft-rich
      microdomains to initiate cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, that regulates
      basal state rhythmic action potential firing of these cells. Mounting evidence in
      other cell types points to a balance between Ca(2+)-activated counteracting
      enzymes, ACs and phosphodiesterases (PDEs) within these cells. We hypothesized
      that the expression and activity of Ca(2+)/CaM-activated PDE Type 1A is higher in
      SANC than in other cardiac cell types. We found that PDE1A protein expression was
      5-fold higher in sinoatrial nodal tissue than in left ventricle, and its mRNA
      expression was 12-fold greater in the corresponding isolated cells. PDE1 activity
      (nimodipine-sensitive) accounted for 39% of the total PDE activity in SANC
      lysates, compared to only 4% in left ventricular cardiomyocytes (LVC).
      Additionally, total PDE activity in SANC lysates was lowest (10%) in lipid-raft
      rich and highest (76%) in lipid-raft-poor fractions (equilibrium sedimentation on
      a sucrose density gradient). In intact cells PDE1A immunolabeling was not
      localized to the cell surface membrane (structured illumination microscopy
      imaging), but located approximately within about 150nm inside of immunolabeling
      of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channels (HCN4),
      which reside within lipid-raft-rich microenvironments. In permeabilized SANC, in
      which surface membrane ion channels are not functional, nimodipine increased
      spontaneous SR Ca(2+) cycling. PDE1A mRNA silencing in HL-1 cells increased the
      spontaneous beating rate, reduced the cAMP, and increased cGMP levels in response
      to IBMX, a broad spectrum PDE inhibitor (detected via fluorescence resonance
      energy transfer microscopy). We conclude that signaling via cAMP generated by
      Ca(2+)/CaM-activated AC in SANC lipid raft domains is limited by cAMP degradation
      by Ca(2+)/CaM-activated PDE1A in non-lipid raft domains. This suggests that local
      gradients of [Ca(2+)]-CaM or different AC and PDE1A affinity regulate both cAMP
      production and its degradation, and this balance determines the intensity of
      Ca(2+)-AC-cAMP-PKA signaling that drives SANC pacemaker function.

PMID- 27363298
TI  - Utility of Intravascular US-Guided Portal Vein Access during Transjugular
      Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation: Retrospective Comparison with
      Conventional Technique in 109 Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare safety and effectiveness of intravascular ultrasound (US)
      guided portal vein access during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
      (TIPS) creation with conventional TIPS technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      retrospective study, TIPS creation using intravascular US guidance in 55 patients
      was compared with conventional TIPS creation in 54 patients by 10 operators over
      a 3-year period. Operators were classified as experienced if they had performed
      >= 20 TIPS procedures at the beginning of the study period. Time to portal vein
      access, total radiation dose, and needle pass-related capsular perforation were
      recorded. RESULTS: Baseline demographic characteristics of patients were similar
      (P > .05). Mean time to portal venous access was 46 minutes +/- 37 for
      conventional TIPS and 31 minutes +/- 19 for intravascular US-guided TIPS (P =
      .007). Intravascular US guidance allowed significantly shorter times (48 min +/-
      30 vs 28 min +/- 16; P = .01) to portal vein access among operators (n = 5) with
      limited experience but failed to achieve any significant time savings (44 min +/-
      43 vs 34 min +/- 22; P = .89) among experienced operators (n = 5). Needle pass
      related capsular perforation occurred in 17/54 (34%) patients with conventional
      TIPS and 5/55 (9%) patients with intravascular US-guided TIPS (P = .004).
      Radiation dose was 2,376 mGy +/- 1,816 for conventional TIPS and 1,592 mGy +/-
      1,263 for intravascular US-guided TIPS (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Intravascular US
      guided portal vein access during TIPS creation is associated with shorter portal
      vein access times, decreased needle pass-related capsular perforations, and
      reduced radiation dose.

PMID- 27363299
TI  - Catheter-Directed Intraarterial Thrombolysis as Part of a Multidisciplinary
      Management Protocol of Frostbite Injury.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate intraarterial catheter-directed thrombolysis for prediction
      and prevention of delayed surgical amputation as part of multidisciplinary
      management of frostbite injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was
      performed of 13 patients (11 men, 2 women; median age, 33.4 y; range, 8-62 y) at
      risk of tissue loss secondary to frostbite injury and treated with catheter
      directed tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) thrombolysis. Amputation data were
      assessed on follow-up (mean, 23 mo; range, 9-83 mo). Angiographic findings were
      classified into complete, partial, and no angiographic response and assessed for
      association with follow-up amputation rates. Correlation between amputation
      outcome and duration of cold exposure (mean, 23 h; range, 5-96 h), time between
      exposure and rewarming therapy (mean, 25.5 h; range, 7-95 h), and time between
      exposure and t-PA thrombolysis (mean, 32 h; range, 12-96 h) was assessed.
      Complications were recorded. RESULTS: Of 127 digits at risk on baseline
      angiography that were treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis, complete
      recovery was seen in 106 (83.4%). Total mean t-PA dose per extremity was 27.5 mg
      (range, 12-48 mg) over a mean period of 34 hours (range, 12-72 h). Patients with
      complete angiographic response (8 patients; 79.5% of digits) did not require
      amputations; 4 of 5 patients (80%) with partial angiographic response (20.5% of
      digits) underwent amputation (P = .007). There was no significant correlation
      between amputation rates and duration of cold exposure (P = .9), time to
      rewarming therapy (P = .88), and time to thrombolysis (P = .56). Femoral access
      site bleeding in 2 patients was managed conservatively. One patient underwent
      surgical exploration for brachial artery hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: Intraarterial
      catheter-directed thrombolysis should be included in initial management of
      frostbite injury, as it may prevent delayed amputations. The degree of
      angiographic response to thrombolysis can potentially predict amputation
      outcomes.

PMID- 27363300
TI  - Perovskite SrCo0.9 Nb0.1 O3-delta as an Anion-Intercalated Electrode Material for
      Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Volumetric Energy Density.
AB  - We have synthesized and characterized perovskite-type SrCo0.9 Nb0.1 O3-delta
      (SCN) as a novel anion-intercalated electrode material for supercapacitors in an
      aqueous KOH electrolyte, demonstrating a very high volumetric capacitance of
      about 2034.6 F cm(-3) (and gravimetric capacitance of ca. 773.6 F g(-1) ) at a
      current density of 0.5 A g(-1) while maintaining excellent cycling stability with
      a capacity retention of 95.7 % after 3000 cycles. When coupled with an activated
      carbon (AC) electrode, the SCN/AC asymmetric supercapacitor delivered a specific
      energy density as high as 37.6 Wh kg(-1) with robust long-term stability.

PMID- 27363301
TI  - Platinum-catalysed intermolecular addition of carbonyl compounds to 1,6-enynes:
      investigation of a new reaction pathway.
AB  - A novel intermolecular addition of aldehydes to 1,6-enynes via a Pt-carbene
      intermediate provides the diastereoselective formation of valuable tricyclic
      compounds. 

PMID- 27363302
TI  - ITGAV and ITGA5 diversely regulate proliferation and adipogenic differentiation
      of human adipose derived stem cells.
AB  - The fate of human adipose tissue stem cells (ASCs) is largely determined by
      biochemical and mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM), which are
      sensed and transmitted by integrins. It is well known that specific ECM
      constituents influence ASC proliferation and differentiation. Nevertheless,
      knowledge on how individual integrins regulate distinct processes is still
      limited. We performed gene profiling of 18 alpha integrins in sorted ASCs and
      adipocytes, identifying downregulations of RGD-motif binding integrins integrin
      alpha-V (ITGAV) and integrin-alpha-5 (ITGA5), upregulation of laminin binding and
      leukocyte-specific integrins and individual regulations of collagen and LDV
      receptors in differentiated adipocytes in-vivo. Gene function analyses in in
      vitro cultured ASCs unraveled differential functions of ITGA5 and ITGAV.
      Knockdown of ITGAV, but not ITGA5 reduced proliferation, caused p21(Cip1)
      induction, repression of survivin and specific regulation of Hippo pathway
      mediator TAZ. Gene knockdown of both integrins promoted adipogenic
      differentiation, while transgenic expression impaired adipogenesis. Inhibition of
      ITGAV using cilengitide resulted in a similar phenotype, mimicking loss of pan
      ITGAV expression using RNAi. Herein we show ASC specific integrin expression
      patterns and demonstrate distinct regulating roles of both integrins in human
      ASCs and adipocyte physiology suggesting a negative impact of RDG-motif signaling
      on adipogenic differentiation of ASCs via ITGA5 and ITGAV.

PMID- 27363303
TI  - The death of Alaric I (c. 370-410AD), the vanquisher of Rome: Additional
      arguments strengthening the possible involvement of malaria.

PMID- 27363305
TI  - Data sharing: When better may be the enemy of good.

PMID- 27363304
TI  - Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors to treat
      hypercholesterolemia: Effect on stroke risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: A reduction of cardiovascular events has been reported in
      phase 2 and 3 trials of the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9)
      inhibitors alirocumab and evolocumab. We aimed to investigate the effect PCSK9
      inhibition on stroke risk in a meta-analysis involving data from randomized
      studies with alirocumab and evolocumab. METHODS: Data from pre-specified combined
      analysis of 4465 patients who completed phase 2 or 3 studies of evolocumab over a
      period of 1year and a randomized trial on alirocumab including 2341 patients with
      hyperlipidemia on maximally tolerated statin who were at high risk for coronary
      heart disease over a period of 1.5years were used. RESULTS: The number of
      patients having an ischemic stroke was small in both trials. PCSK9 inhibition
      showed no significant effect on stroke rate (risk ratio 1.43; 95% CI, 0.45-4.57,
      p=0.55). No significant differences in stroke risk were evident when transient
      ischemic attacks were included in the analysis (risk ratio 0.65; 95% CI, 0.25
      1.68, p=0.37). No hemorrhagic strokes were reported in either study. CONCLUSION:
      Although a benefit towards reduction of cardiovascular events in the overall has
      been documented, longer exposure is warranted to be able to evaluate the effect
      on stroke risk.

PMID- 27363306
TI  - Declining trends in the incidence of hip fractures in people aged 65years or over
      in years 2000-2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore hip fracture (HFx) incidence in
      the Veneto Region of Italy, looking at potential differences with the national
      data. METHODS: We analyzed HFx incidence for people aged 65years or over, in
      years 2000-2011, using data from the Regional Hospitalization Database. Patients
      were stratified by sex, calendar year and 5-year age class. Data for the single
      provinces of the Region were also obtained. Absolute number of HFx, crude
      incidence for 10,000 inhabitants and age-standardized fracture rates were
      calculated. RESULTS: During the study period, there were 53,917 hospitalizations
      for HFx (77.7% in females). In the whole 11year period of observation, the
      absolute HFx number increased by 17.7% in males and 10.6% females, respectively.
      However, age-standardized incidence rates declined by 18% in the same period (IRR
      0.82, 95% CI 0.78-0.87). This decreasing trend was almost identical through all
      the age-cohorts up to 84years. In the whole study period, HFx incidence was lower
      for Padova (IRR 0.63, 95% CI 0.60-0.66) and Verona (IRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.63-0.70)
      provinces as compared to the others. This regional profile was quite different
      with respect to the data published, for the same calendar years, for Italy as a
      whole, in spite of an almost identical demography of the population. CONCLUSIONS:
      HFx incidence is declining in the Veneto Region of Italy. Further studies, aimed
      to investigate factors involved in this figure are needed.

PMID- 27363308
TI  - Genomic variation at the tips of the adaptive radiation of Darwin's finches.
AB  - Adaptive radiation unfolds as selection acts on the genetic variation underlying
      functional traits. The nature of this variation can be revealed by studying the
      tips of an ongoing adaptive radiation. We studied genomic variation at the tips
      of the Darwin's finch radiation; specifically focusing on polymorphism within,
      and variation among, three sympatric species of the genus Geospiza. Using
      restriction site-associated DNA (RAD-seq), we characterized 32 569 single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), from which 11 outlier SNPs for beak and body
      size were uncovered by a genomewide association study (GWAS). Principal component
      analysis revealed that these 11 SNPs formed four statistically linked groups.
      Stepwise regression then revealed that the first PC score, which included 6 of
      the 11 top SNPs, explained over 80% of the variation in beak size, suggesting
      that selection on these traits influences multiple correlated loci. The two SNPs
      most strongly associated with beak size were near genes associated with beak
      morphology across deeper branches of the radiation: delta-like 1 homologue (DLK1)
      and high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2). Our results suggest that (i) key
      adaptive traits are associated with a small fraction of the genome (11 of 32 569
      SNPs), (ii) SNPs linked to the candidate genes are dispersed throughout the
      genome (on several chromosomes), and (iii) micro- and macro-evolutionary
      variation (roots and tips of the radiation) involve some shared and some unique
      genomic regions.

PMID- 27363307
TI  - A Dietary Feedback System for the Delivery of Consistent Personalized Dietary
      Advice in the Web-Based Multicenter Food4Me Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite numerous healthy eating campaigns, the prevalence of diets
      high in saturated fatty acids, sugar, and salt and low in fiber, fruit, and
      vegetables remains high. With more people than ever accessing the Internet, Web
      based dietary assessment instruments have the potential to promote healthier
      dietary behaviors via personalized dietary advice. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of
      this study were to develop a dietary feedback system for the delivery of
      consistent personalized dietary advice in a multicenter study and to examine the
      impact of automating the advice system. METHODS: The development of the dietary
      feedback system included 4 components: (1) designing a system for categorizing
      nutritional intakes; (2) creating a method for prioritizing 3 nutrient-related
      goals for subsequent targeted dietary advice; (3) constructing decision tree
      algorithms linking data on nutritional intake to feedback messages; and (4)
      developing personal feedback reports. The system was used manually by researchers
      to provide personalized nutrition advice based on dietary assessment to 369
      participants during the Food4Me randomized controlled trial, with an automated
      version developed on completion of the study. RESULTS: Saturated fatty acid,
      salt, and dietary fiber were most frequently selected as nutrient-related goals
      across the 7 centers. Average agreement between the manual and automated systems,
      in selecting 3 nutrient-related goals for personalized dietary advice across the
      centers, was highest for nutrient-related goals 1 and 2 and lower for goal 3,
      averaging at 92%, 87%, and 63%, respectively. Complete agreement between the 2
      systems for feedback advice message selection averaged at 87% across the centers.
      CONCLUSIONS: The dietary feedback system was used to deliver personalized dietary
      advice within a multi-country study. Overall, there was good agreement between
      the manual and automated feedback systems, giving promise to the use of automated
      systems for personalizing dietary advice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov
      NCT01530139; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01530139 (Archived by WebCite
      at http://www.webcitation.org/6ht5Dgj8I).

PMID- 27363309
TI  - Effective separation of single-walled carbon nanotubes and their very different
      electrochemical behaviours.
AB  - The electrochemical behaviors of m- and s-SWNTs obtained from as-prepared SWNTs
      using a novel binaphthyl based separation agent were studied. The s-SWNTs show
      higher capacitance but lower electrocatalytic activity, while m-SWNTs show the
      opposite. Their electrochemical properties can be further interconverted through
      changing the DOS by electron or hole doping. 

PMID- 27363310
TI  - Incidence of tramadol shopping behavior in a retrospective cohort of chronic non
      cancer pain patients in France.
AB  - PURPOSE: Opioid analgesic use in chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is increasingly
      prevalent, but the benefits and risks are inadequately understood. In France,
      tramadol is one of the most used prescription opioids, but studies on its misuse
      liability in CNCP are still lacking. The aim was to assess the incidence of
      tramadol shopping behavior in CNCP patients and to identify the associated risk
      factors. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of CNCP patients aged 18 years and older
      treated by tramadol for at least six consecutive months between 2005 and 2013
      from a sample of the French Health Insurance database was established. Doctor
      shopping was defined as at least 1 day of overlapping prescriptions written by
      two or more different prescribers and filled in at least three different
      pharmacies. RESULTS: A total of 3505 CNCP patients were included with a majority
      of women (66.4%) and a mean age of 66.4 +/- 14.7 years. The median tramadol
      treatment duration was 260 [interquartile range: 211-356] days. The 1-year
      incidence rate of tramadol shopping behavior was 1.0% [95%CI: 0.7-1.5]. On
      multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with tramadol shopping behavior
      were age (hazard ratio [HR] = 7.4 [95%CI: 2.8-19.7] for age <40, HR = 2.8 [95%CI:
      1.0-7.7] for 40 <= age < 50, versus age >=50), low-income status (HR = 8.5
      [95%CI: 3.6-20.5]), and prior use of strong opioids (HR = 5.7 [95%CI: 1.9-17.0]).
      CONCLUSION: Tramadol shopping behavior incidence appears low in CNCP patients but
      may represent a public health concern given the widespread use of tramadol.
      Education and best monitoring of high-risk patients are needed to reduce doctor
      shopping. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27363311
TI  - Slide shows vs graphic tablet live drawing for anatomy teaching.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Blackboard drawing is the traditional and still widely learned
      method for anatomy teachers. However, for practical reasons, more and more
      lessons are done using slide shows. New digital learning tools are developed to
      create a more attractive teaching method. The objective of this study was to
      compare the use of graphic tablet live drawing versus slide shows. METHODS: Sixty
      five second-year students of the Faculty of Medicine participated in this study
      during their first semester of 2013-2014 academic year. The selected lecture
      dealt about neuroanatomy; two brain sections were taught: median sagittal and
      transverse. The sagittal section was presented via a slide show. The transverse
      section was taught using a graphics tablet using drawing software. Students were
      evaluated three times: before the lecture, immediately after the lecture and 8
      weeks later. Means were compared using a t-test. RESULTS: Scores were
      significantly higher immediately after the lecture and 8 weeks later tests in
      comparing the transverse section (using the graphics tablet) versus the sagittal
      section (using PowerPoint(r)). Student satisfaction regarding the use of the
      tablet was high. CONCLUSION: The graphics tablet is a usable and efficient
      drawing tool in anatomy teaching. This tool requires a specific teacher training
      and preparation.

PMID- 27363312
TI  - Daily vancomycin dose requirements as a continuous infusion in obese versus non
      obese SICU patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Limited data are available assessing vancomycin concentrations in
      obese critically ill patients. Currently, there are no studies evaluating dosing
      requirements in this population who receive vancomycin administered as a
      continuous infusion (CI). The aim of this study was to assess whether there was a
      difference in the weight-based maintenance dose required to reach a therapeutic
      vancomycin concentration at 24 hours when given as a CI in obese versus non-obese
      critically ill patients. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of adult obese
      patients admitted to the SICU between 2013 and 2015 receiving a vancomycin CI
      (CIV), and with 24-hour serum measurements were included. Obese patients (body
      mass index (BMI) >=35 kg/m(2)) were matched with non-obese patients (BMI <30
      kg/m(2)) based on renal function, age and acute physiology and chronic health
      evaluation (APACHE)-II score at admission. All patients in this study received a
      loading dose of 25 mg/kg then a maintenance dose based on renal function
      according to the protocol. The study was approved by the Institutional Review
      Board. The primary outcome was the weight-based total daily maintenance dose
      required to achieve a vancomycin level of 20 mg/L. The secondary endpoints
      included the achievement of a therapeutic level at 24 hours. RESULTS: Twenty-six
      matched pairs of patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 17 pairs had
      preserved renal function and 9 pairs required continuous venovenous
      hemofiltration. Mean BMI was 40.9 kg/m(2) in obese and 24.8 kg/m(2) in non-obese
      patients. To achieve a vancomycin concentration of 20 mg/L, the weight-based
      daily maintenance dose in obese patients was 25.6 mg/kg versus 43.8 mg/kg in non
      obese patients (p <0.01). Therapeutic 24-hour levels were achieved in 24/26 obese
      versus 23/26 no-obese patients (p = 0.63). Mean 24-hour vancomycin level was 20.3
      +/- 3.81 mcg/ml in obese compared to 20.03 +/- 3.79 mcg/ml in non-obese patients
      (p = 0.77). Mean daily maintenance doses required to achieve a level of 20 mcg/ml
      were 2961 +/- 1670 mg in obese compared to 3189 +/- 1600.69 mg in non-obese (p =
      0.61). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that critically ill obese
      patients treated with CIV required a significantly lower maintenance dose per
      unit of body weight than non-obese patients to achieve the same target level.

PMID- 27363314
TI  - Molecular chaperones: functional mechanisms and nanotechnological applications.
AB  - Molecular chaperones are a group of proteins that assist in protein homeostasis.
      They not only prevent protein misfolding and aggregation, but also target
      misfolded proteins for degradation. Despite differences in structure, all types
      of chaperones share a common general feature, a surface that recognizes and
      interacts with the misfolded protein. This and other, more specialized properties
      can be adapted for various nanotechnological purposes, by modification of the
      original biomolecules or by de novo design based on artificial structures. 

PMID- 27363315
TI  - The synthesis of [(PbSe)1+delta]m(TiSe2)n[(SnSe2)1+gamma]m(TiSe2)n
      heterostructures with designed nanoarchitectures by self assembly of amorphous
      precursors.
AB  - Targeted heterostructures containing intergrown two dimensional (2D) layers of 3
      different constituent layers, SnSe2, PbSe and TiSe2, were prepared by controlling
      the composition and sequence of elemental bilayers within a designed precursor.
      Varying the structure of the precursor enabled the number of structural units of
      each constituent and the sequence of crystalline 2D layers to be precisely
      controlled. The stacking of the 2D layers, their structures, and the segregation
      of the elements between them were determined using X-ray diffraction and electron
      microscopy techniques, with the observed sequence of the 2D layers consistent
      with the targeted intergrowth. This ability to prepare targeted heterostructures
      is critical, since the number of possible configurations in the final compound
      increases rapidly as the number of constituents increases, from almost 60 000
      with two constituents to over 130 million with three constituents and to over 35
      billion with four constituents for 20 or fewer distinct layers in the unit cell.
      This general route for synthesizing specific multiple component heterostructures
      will accelerate the feedback loop in this growing research area, permitting
      theorists to assume specific structures in the search for enhanced properties and
      providing experimentalists with crystallographically aligned samples to test
      these predictions. 

PMID- 27363313
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment of l-Tetrahydropalmatine in Cocaine Users:
      A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.
AB  - Cocaine use disorder (CUD) remains a significant public health challenge. l
      Tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), a well-tolerated and nonaddictive compound, shows
      promise for the management of CUD. Its pharmacologic profile includes blockade at
      dopamine and other monoamine receptors and attenuation of cocaine self
      administration, reinstatement, and rewarding properties in rats. This study
      evaluated the safety of l-THP in human cocaine users and its influence on the
      safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of cocaine. Twenty-four cocaine-using adult men
      were randomized to receive l-THP (30 mg twice a day orally) or placebo double
      blind for 4 days, with an intranasal cocaine (40 mg) challenge on the fourth day.
      Safety and tolerability were evaluated using vital signs, ECG, clinical
      laboratory tests, and standardized self-report instruments. Peripheral venous
      blood was collected periodically and later assayed for l-THP and cocaine using
      highly sensitive and specific ultraperformance liquid chromatography-fluorescence
      detection (UPLC-FLD) methods. Twenty subjects completed the study, of whom 19
      provided complete PK data. The short 3.5-day course of l-THP was safe and well
      tolerated and did not affect cocaine's PK or its acute cardiovascular effects.
      The cocaine AUC0->infinity was 211.5 and 261.4 h.ng/mL, and the Cmax was 83.3 and
      104.5 ng/mL for the l-THP and placebo groups, respectively. In addition there
      were no significant differences in the number of side effects reported in each
      group (l-THP group 22 [48%], placebo group 24 [52%]) or vital signs including,
      heart rate, blood pressure, complete blood count, or ECG. These findings suggest
      that oral THP has promise for further development as a treatment for CUD.

PMID- 27363316
TI  - Anatomy, nutritional value and cell wall chemical analysis of foliage leaves of
      Guadua chacoensis (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae), a promising source of
      forage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study combines morphological and anatomical studies, cell
      wall chemical composition analysis, as well as assessment of the nutritional
      value of Guadua chacoensis foliage leaves. RESULTS: Foliage leaves of G.
      chacoensis are a promising source of forage because: (a) as a native woody
      bamboo, it is adapted to and helps maintain environmental conditions in America;
      (b) leaf anatomical studies exhibit discontinuous sclerenchyma, scarcely
      developed, while pilose indumentum, silica cells, prickles and hooks are also
      scarce; (c) it has a high protein content, similar to that of Medicago sativa,
      while other nutritional parameters are similar to those of common forages; and
      (d) glucuronoarabinoxylan, the major extracted polysaccharide, has one-third of
      the 4-linked beta-d-xylopyranosyl units of the backbone substituted mainly with
      alpha-l-arabinofuranose as single stubs or non-reducing end of short chains, but
      also 5-linked alpha-l-arabinofuranose units, terminal beta-d-xylopyranose and d
      galactopyranose units, as well as alpha-d-glucuronic acid residues and small
      amounts of its 4-O-methylated derivative. CONCLUSION: These results constitute
      the first report on this species, and as culms are utilized in constructions and
      crafts, the remaining leaves, when used as forage, constitute a byproduct that
      allows an additional income opportunity. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27363326
TI  - Zika virus and the 2016 Olympic Games - Evidence-based projections derived from
      dengue do not support cancellation.

PMID- 27363327
TI  - Systematic review of loperamide: No proof of antibiotics being superior to
      loperamide in treatment of mild/moderate travellers' diarrhoea.
AB  - Looking at the worldwide emergency of antimicrobial resistance, international
      travellers appear to have a central role in spreading the bacteria across the
      globe. Travellers' diarrhoea (TD) is the most common disease encountered by
      visitors to the (sub)tropics. Both TD and its treatment with antibiotics have
      proved significant independent risk factors of colonization by resistant
      intestinal bacteria while travelling. Travellers should therefore be given
      preventive advice regarding TD and cautioned about taking antibiotics: mild or
      moderate TD does not require antibiotics. Logical alternatives are medications
      with effects on gastrointestinal function, such as loperamide. The present review
      explores literature on loperamide in treating TD. Adhering to manufacturer's
      dosage recommendations, loperamide offers a safe and effective alternative for
      relieving mild and moderate symptoms. Moreover, loperamide taken singly does no
      predispose to contracting MDR bacteria. Most importantly, we found no proof that
      would show antibiotics to be significantly more effective than loperamide in
      treating mild/moderate TD. 

PMID- 27363328
TI  - Atrial fibrillation and dementia: Do risk factors matter?

PMID- 27363330
TI  - Congenital renal anomalies in cloacal exstrophy: Is there a difference?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cloacal exstrophy (CE) is the most severe manifestation of the
      epispadias-exstrophy spectrum. Previous studies have indicated an increased rate
      of renal anomalies in children with classic bladder exstrophy (CBE). Given the
      increased severity of the CE defect, it was hypothesized that there would be an
      even greater incidence among these children. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was
      to characterize renal anatomy in CE patients. Two secondary objectives were to
      compare these renal anatomic findings in male and female patients, and female
      patients with and without Mullerian anomalies. STUDY DESIGN: An Institutional
      Review Board-approved retrospective review of 75 patients from an institutional
      exstrophy database. Data points included: age at analysis, sex, and renal and
      Mullerian anatomy. Abnormal renal anatomy was defined as a solitary kidney,
      malrotation, renal ectopia, congenital cysts, duplication, and/or proven
      obstruction. Abnormal Mullerian anatomy was defined as uterine or vaginal
      duplication, obstruction, and/or absence. RESULTS: The Summary Table presents
      demographic data and renal anomalies. Males were more likely to have renal
      anomalies. Mullerian anomalies were present in 65.7% of female patients. Girls
      with abnormal Mullerian anatomy were 10 times more likely to have renal anomalies
      than those with normal Mullerian anatomy (95% CI 1.1-91.4, P = 0.027).
      DISCUSSION: Patients with CE had a much higher rate of renal anomalies than that
      reported for CBE. Males and females with Mullerian anomalies were at greater risk
      than females with normal uterine structures. Mesonephric and Mullerian duct
      interaction is required for uterine structures to develop normally. It has been
      proposed that women with both Mullerian and renal anomalies be classified
      separately from other uterine malformations on an embryonic basis. In these
      patients, an absent or dysfunctional mesonephric duct has been implicated as
      potentially causal. This provided an embryonic explanation for uterine anomalies
      in female CE patients. There were also clinical implications. Women with renal
      agenesis and uterine anomalies were more likely to have endometriosis than those
      with isolated uterine anomalies, but were also more likely to have successful
      pregnancies. Males may have had an analogous condition with renal agenesis and
      seminal vesicle cysts. Future research into long-term kidney function in this
      population, uterine function, and possible male sexual duct malformation is
      warranted. CONCLUSION: Congenital renal anomalies occurred frequently in children
      with CE. They were more common in boys than in girls. Girls with abnormal
      Mullerian anatomy were more likely to have anomalous renal development.
      Mesonephric duct dysfunction may be embyologically responsible for both renal and
      Mullerian maldevelopment.

PMID- 27363329
TI  - Increased pediatric sub-specialization is associated with decreased surgical
      complication rates for inpatient pediatric urology procedures.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Increased case volumes and training are associated with better
      surgical outcomes. However, the impact of pediatric urology sub-specialization on
      perioperative complication rates is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine the
      presence and magnitude of difference in rates of common postoperative
      complications for elective pediatric urology procedures between specialization
      levels of urologic surgeons. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a nationally
      representative administrative database, was used. STUDY DESIGN: The NIS (1998
      2009) was retrospectively reviewed for pediatric (<=18 years) admissions, using
      ICD-9-CM codes to identify urologic surgeries and National Surgical Quality
      Improvement Program (NSQIP) inpatient postoperative complications. Degree of
      pediatric sub-specialization was calculated using a Pediatric Proportion Index
      (PPI), defined as the ratio of children to total patients operated on by each
      provider. The providers were grouped into PPI quartiles: Q1, 0-25%
      specialization; Q2, 25-50%; Q3, 50-75%; Q4, 75-100%. Weighted multivariate
      analysis was performed to test for associations between PPI and surgical
      complications. RESULTS: A total of 71,479 weighted inpatient admissions were
      identified. Patient age decreased with increasing specialization: Q1, 7.9 vs Q2,
      4.8 vs Q3, 4.8 vs Q4, 4.6 years, P < 0.01). Specialization was not associated
      with race (P > 0.20), gender (P > 0.50), or comorbidity scores (P = 0.10).
      Mortality (1.5% vs 0.2% vs 0.3% vs 0.4%, P < 0.01) and complication rates (15.5%
      vs 11.7% vs 9.6% vs 10.9%, P < 0.0001) both decreased with increasing
      specialization. Patients treated by more highly specialized surgeons incurred
      slightly higher costs (Q2, +4%; Q3, +1%; Q4 + 2%) but experienced shorter length
      of hospital stay (Q2, -5%; Q3, -10%; Q4, -3%) compared with the least specialized
      providers. A greater proportion of patients treated by Q1 and Q3 specialized
      urologists had CCS >=2 than those seen by Q2 or Q4 urologists (12.5% and 12.2%,
      respectively vs 8.4% and 10.9%, respectively, P = 0.04). Adjusting for
      confounding effects, increased pediatric specialization was associated with
      decreased postoperative complications: Q2 OR 0.78, CI 0.58-1.05; Q3 OR 0.60, CI
      0.44-0.84; Q4 OR 0.70, CI 0.58-0.84; P < 0.01. DISCUSSION: Providers with
      proportionally higher volumes of pediatric patients achieved better postoperative
      outcomes than their less sub-specialized counterparts. This may have arisen from
      increased exposure to pediatric anatomy and physiology, and greater familiarity
      with pediatric techniques. LIMITATION: The NIS admission-based retrospective
      design did not enable assessment of long-term outcomes, repeated admissions, or
      to track a particular patient across time. The study was similarly limited in
      evaluating the effect of pre-surgical referral patterns on patient distributions.
      CONCLUSIONS: Increased pediatric sub-specialization among urologists was
      associated with a decreased risk of mortality and surgical complications in
      children undergoing inpatient urologic procedures.

PMID- 27363331
TI  - Checklist assessment tool to evaluate suitability and success of neonatal clamp
      circumcision: A prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Task Force on Circumcision
      has called for the development of standards of trainee proficiency in regards to
      evaluation and technique for neonatal clamp circumcision (NCC). At the present
      time, there is no standardized or general consensus on patient selection for NCC.
      An improved method to evaluate newborns for NCC is an important first step in
      this process. Therefore, the authors collaborated to identify criteria useful in
      the evaluation of newborns for suitability for NCC, and for assessment of success
      after NCC and have named it "Checklist Assessment for Neonatal Clamp Circumcision
      Suitability." METHODS: A national multi-institutional collaboration was created
      to obtain consensus on objective criteria for use in determining patient
      suitability for NCC, and for assessing post-circumcision success outcomes.
      Criteria included elements from detailed medical history, bedside physical
      examination, and post-circumcision follow-up. Patients desiring NCC were enrolled
      consecutively and prospectively. The Checklist was followed to determine which
      newborns were suited to NCC, and NCC was done in those cases. The patients'
      caretakers were given post-circumcision care instructions and a follow-up
      appointment. Post circumcision, the Checklist was followed to determine if the
      procedure resulted in a successful circumcision or if there were complications.
      RESULTS: A total of 193 cases were enrolled prospectively and consecutively from
      January 2014 through October 2014. The mean age was 15 days (1-30 days). Of those
      193 patients, 129 (67%) were deemed suitable for circumcision and underwent NCC.
      Post-circumcision assessment showed a 100% success rate with no complications. A
      total of 64 (23%) cases were deemed unsuitable for NCC because at least one
      checklist criterion was not satisfied, most commonly: penile torsion (n = 25),
      chordee (n = 19), and penoscrotal webbing (n = 19). DISCUSSION: Use of the
      Checklist in the present study has demonstrated a method of patient screening
      resulting in a 100% success rate with no complications. A high proportion of
      patients (33%) was identified as unsuited for NCC; however, the patient
      population consisted of newborn males referred to pediatric urology, and thus
      does not represent the general population, which is expected to have a lower
      proportion of unsuited patients. Regardless, the Checklist has the potential to
      enhance the decision-making process for both urologic and non-urologic care
      providers. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the "Checklist Assessment for Neonatal Clamp
      Circumcision Suitability" assessment tool improves identification of patients
      unsuited for NCC and thereby potentially decreases the likelihood of circumcision
      related complications.

PMID- 27363332
TI  - Structural differences between amyloid beta oligomers.
AB  - In Alzheimer's disease, soluble Abeta oligomers are believed to play important
      roles in the disease pathogenesis, and their levels correlate with cognitive
      impairment. We have previously shown that Abeta oligomers can be categorized into
      multiple structural classes based on their reactivity with conformation-dependent
      antibodies. In this study, we analyzed the structures of Abeta40 oligomers
      belonging to two of these classes: fibrillar and prefibrillar oligomers. We found
      that fibrillar oligomers were similar in structure to fibrils but were less
      stable towards denaturation while prefibrillar oligomers were found to be
      partially disordered. These results are consistent with previously proposed
      structures for both oligomer classes while providing additional structural
      information.

PMID- 27363333
TI  - Perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced insulin resistance is mediated by protein
      kinase B pathway.
AB  - Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a persistent organic pollutant, is blamed to be
      associated with the incidence of insulin resistance in the general human
      population. In this study, we found that PFOS inhibited the phosphorylation and
      activation of protein kinase B (AKT), a key mediator of cellular insulin
      sensitivity, in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The mRNA level of the gluconeogenic
      gene PEPCK, a downstream target gene of AKT, was increased in PFOS-treated cells.
      Due to stimulated gluconeogenesis, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was
      decreased in HepG2 cells. In our previous study, we found that PFOS disturbed
      autophagy in HepG2 cells. We proposed that PFOS could inhibit the activation of
      AKT through inhibiting mTORC2, a key regulator of autophagy. In this study, we
      found that the levels of triglyceride were increased in HepG2 cells. PFOS-induced
      accumulation of hepatic lipids also contributed to the inhibition of AKT.
      Eventually, the inhibition of AKT led to insulin resistance in PFOS-treated
      cells. Our data would provide new mechanistic insights into PFOS-induced hepatic
      insulin resistance.

PMID- 27363334
TI  - MiR-27b is epigenetically downregulated in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer
      cells due to promoter methylation and regulates tamoxifen sensitivity by
      targeting HMGB3.
AB  - MiR-27b downregulation is significantly associated with tamoxifen resistance in
      breast cancer cells. However, how it is downregulated in tamoxifen resistant
      (TamR) breast cancer cells and its downstream regulation were not clear. By
      performing MSP assay and QRT-PCR analysis with the use of 5-AZA-dC, a DNA
      methyltransferase inhibitor, we observed that TamR MCF-7 cells had significantly
      higher levels of methylation in the miR-27b promoter region than tamoxifen
      sensitive MCF-7 (TamS) cells and demethylation restored miR-27b expression. Re
      expression of miR-27b sensitized TamR MCF-7 cells to tamoxifen, inhibited
      invasion and reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like properties. By
      using bioinformatics analysis and following dual luciferase and western blot
      analysis, this study confirmed a direct regulation of miR-27b on HMGB3 expression
      by binding to the 3'UTR. In addition, this study also found that silencing of
      HMGB3 indeed partially phenocopied the effects of miR-27b in reducing tamoxifen
      resistance and cell invasion and in reversing EMT-like properties. Therefore, we
      infer that HMGB3 is a functional target of miR-27b in modulation of tamoxifen
      resistance and EMT.

PMID- 27363336
TI  - High-throughput screening identifies artesunate as selective inhibitor of cancer
      stemness: Involvement of mitochondrial metabolism.
AB  - Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have robust systems to maintain cancer stemness and drug
      resistance. Thus, targeting such robust systems instead of focusing on individual
      signaling pathways should be the approach allowing the identification of
      selective CSC inhibitors. Here, we used the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay to
      identify inhibitors for cancer stemness in induced cancer stem-like (iCSCL)
      cells. We screened several compounds from natural product chemical library and
      evaluated hit compounds for their efficacy on cancer stemness in iCSCL
      tumorspheres. We identified artesunate, an antimalarial drug, as a selective
      inhibitor of cancer stemness. Artesunate induced mitochondrial dysfunction that
      selectively inhibited cancer stemness of iCSCL cells, indicating an essential
      role of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer stemness.

PMID- 27363335
TI  - A bispecific anti-ErbB2 antibody potently induces ErbB2 internalization and
      suppresses ErbB2-overexpressing tumor growth.
AB  - The anti-ErbB2 humanized antibody trastuzumab was approved for ErbB2-positive
      metastatic gastric and gastro-esophageal junction cancer in 2010. Despite the
      effectiveness of trastuzumab, its efficacy remains variable and often modest.
      Thus, there is an urgent need to improve ErbB2-targeting therapy. Down-regulation
      of surface receptors induced by monoclonal antibody (mAb) contributes to its
      antitumor efficacy. Previous studies have demonstrated that if two anti-ErbB2
      mAbs did not compete with each other for binding to ErbB2, the combination of
      them can enhance ErbB2 internalization. In the present study, we investigated
      ErbB2 internalization-inducing ability of non-competitive anti-ErbB2 mAb
      combinations and surprisingly found that most of the mAb combinations tested did
      not down-regulate ErbB2. Only 4 of 18 non-competitive mAb pairs efficiently
      induced ErbB2 internalization. Interestingly, although the non-competitive anti
      ErbB2 mAbs trastuzumab and pertuzumab, either alone or in combination, were
      ineffective at inducing ErbB2 internalization, TPL, a bispecific antibody
      engineered from trastuzumab and pertuzumab, potently down-regulated the ErbB2
      molecule. Importantly, TPL exhibited a far greater antitumor effect on ErbB2
      overexpressing gastric cancer cell line than trastuzumab plus pertuzumab,
      suggesting that it may be a promising agent for the treatment of gastric cancer.

PMID- 27363337
TI  - Biochanin-A antagonizes the interleukin-1beta-induced catabolic inflammation
      through the modulation of NFkappaB cellular signaling in primary rat
      chondrocytes.
AB  - Biochanin-A, a phytoestrogen derived from herbal plants, protected from the IL
      1beta-induced loss of proteoglycans through the suppression of matrix degrading
      enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, MMP-3, MMP-1, and ADAMTS-5 in
      primary rat chondrocytes and the knee articular cartilage. It also suppressed the
      expression of IL-1beta-induced catabolic factors such as nitric oxide synthase 2,
      cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore,
      biochanin-A suppressed the IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of NFkappaB, and
      inhibited its nuclear translocation in primary rat chondrocytes. These results
      indicate that biochanin-A antagonizes the IL-1beta-induced catabolic effects
      through its anti-inflammatory activity that involves the modulation of NFkappaB
      signaling.

PMID- 27363338
TI  - TCR-contacting residues orientation and HLA-DRbeta* binding preference determine
      long-lasting protective immunity against malaria.
AB  - Fully-protective, long-lasting, immunological (FPLLI) memory against Plasmodium
      falciparum malaria regarding immune protection-inducing protein structures
      (IMPIPS) vaccinated into monkeys previously challenged and re-challenged 60 days
      later with a lethal Aotus monkey-adapted P. falciparum strain was found to be
      associated with preferential high binding capacity to HLA-DRbeta1* allelic
      molecules of the major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II), rather than HLA
      DRbeta3*, beta4*, beta5* alleles. Complete PPIIL 3D structure, a longer distance
      (26.5 A +/- 1.5 A) between residues perfectly fitting into HLA-DRbeta1*PBR
      pockets 1 and 9, a gauche(-) rotamer orientation in p8 TCR-contacting polar
      residue and a larger volume of polar p2 residues was also found. This data, in
      association with previously-described p3 and p7 apolar residues having gauche(+)
      orientation to form a perfect MHC-II-peptide-TCR complex, determines the stereo
      electronic and topochemical characteristics associated with FPLLI immunological
      memory.

PMID- 27363339
TI  - Long non-coding RNA TUG1 acts as a miR-26a sponge in human glioma cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) acts as an
      important regulator in cancer pathogenesis; however, its functional mechanism in
      glioma development remains unclear. This study aims to explore the potential
      function of TUG1 in glioma by sponging miR-26a. METHODS: The expression of TUG1,
      miR-26a, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in 20 paired glioma tissues
      was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and subjected to correlation analysis.
      Bioinformatics analysis was performed by using DIANA Tools. Abnormal TUG1
      expression was conducted in two glioma cells to analyze its regulation on miR-26a
      and PTEN using real-time PCR, western blot, and luciferase reporter assay.
      RESULTS: TUG1 expression was confirmed to be upregulated in glioma tissues, and
      showed an inverse correlation with downregulated miR-26a. TUG1 could negatively
      regulate the expression of miR-26a in glioma cells. The bioinformatics prediction
      revealed putative miR-26a binding sites within TUG1 transcripts. Further
      experiments demonstrated the positive regulation of TUG1 on the miR-26a target,
      PTEN, wherein TUG1 could inhibit the negative regulation of miR-26a on PTEN by
      binding its 3'UTR. Additionally, the expression of PTEN was also upregulated in
      glioma tissues, showing a positive or negative correlation with TUG1 or miR-26a,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: TUG1 could serve as a miR-26a sponge in human glioma
      cells, contributing to the upregulation of PTEN. This study revealed a new
      TUG1/miR-26a/PTEN regulatory mechanism and provided a further understanding of
      the tumor-suppressive role of TUG1 in glioma development.

PMID- 27363341
TI  - Proteasome inhibitor PS-341 limits macrophage necroptosis by promoting cIAPs
      mediated inhibition of RIP1 and RIP3 activation.
AB  - Apoptotic and necrotic macrophages have long been known for their existence in
      atherosclerotic lesions. However, the mechanisms underlying the choice of their
      death pattern have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report the effects of PS
      341, a potent and specific proteasome inhibitor, on the cell death of primary
      bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro. The results showed that PS-341
      could not induce macrophage apoptosis or promote TNF-induced macrophage
      apoptosis, on the other hand, PS-341 could significantly inhibit macrophage
      necroptosis induced by TNF and pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD treatment. Remarkably,
      high-dose of PS-341 showed similar inhibitory effects on macrophage necroptosis
      comparable to that of kinase inhibition of RIP1 through specific inhibitor Nec-1
      or inhibition of RIP3 via specific genetical ablation. Furthermore, the
      degradation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) was suppressed by
      PS-341, which could antagonize the activation of RIP1 kinase via post
      translational mechanism. Further evidences demonstrated reduced levels of both
      RIP1 and RIP 3 upon PS-341 treatment, concomitantly, a more strong association of
      RIP1 with cIAPs and less with RIP3 was found following PS-341 treatment, these
      findings suggested that PS-341 may disrupt the formation of RIP1-RIP3 complex
      (necrosome) through stabilizing cIAPs. Collectively, our results indicated that
      the proteasome-mediated degradation of cIAPs could be inhibited by PS-341 and
      followed by limited RIP1 and RIP3 kinase activities, which were indispensable for
      necroptosis, thus eliciting a significant necroptosis rescue in BMDMs in vitro.
      Overall, our study has identified a new role of PS-341 in the cell death of BMDMs
      and provided a novel insight into the atherosclerotic inflammation caused by
      proteasome-mediated macrophage necroptosis.

PMID- 27363340
TI  - miR-199b-5p modulates BMSC osteogenesis via suppressing GSK-3beta/beta-catenin
      signaling pathway.
AB  - miR-199b-5p is up-regulated significantly during the osteogenesis process in
      human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Inhibiting miR-199b-5p notably reduces
      while over-expressing miR-199b-5p promotes the BMSCs osteoblast differentiation,
      suggested by the alternations of osteogenic genes expression, ALP activity and
      the ARS-stained mineral nodules. miR-199b-5p exerts its role in BMSC osteogenesis
      most probably through the GSK-3beta/beta-catenin signaling pathway. In
      conclusion, the present study revealed for the first time that miR-199b-5p plays
      a positive role in osteoblast differentiation.

PMID- 27363342
TI  - Discovery of pathogenic variants in a large Korean cohort of inherited muscular
      disorders.
AB  - Inherited muscular disorders (IMDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous
      genetic disorders. We investigated the mutational spectrum and genotype-phenotype
      correlations in Korean patients with IMD. We developed a targeted panel of 69
      known IMD genes and recruited a total of 209 Korean patients with IMD. Targeted
      capture sequencing identified 994 different variants. Among them, 98 variants
      were classified as pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants; 38 were novel
      variations. A total of 39 patients had the pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants.
      Among them, 75 (36%) patients were genetically confirmed, and 18 (9%) patients
      had one heterozygous variant of recessive myopathy. However, two genetically
      confirmed patients had an additional heterozygous variant of another recessive
      myopathy. Four patients with one heterozygous variant of a recessive myopathy
      showed different phenotypes, compared with the known phenotype of the identified
      gene. The major causative genes of Korean patients with IMDs were DMD (19
      patients), COL6A1 (9), DYSF (9), GNE (7), LMNA (7), CAPN3 (6), and RYR1 (5). This
      study showed the mutational and clinical spectra in Korean patients with IMD and
      confirmed the usefulness of strategies utilizing targeted sequencing.

PMID- 27363343
TI  - Does the addition of saline infusion sonohysterography to transvaginal
      ultrasonography prevent unnecessary hysteroscopy in premenopausal women with
      abnormal uterine bleeding?
AB  - This observational case series in 65 premenopausal women with abnormal uterine
      bleeding evaluated whether transvaginal ultrasound followed by saline infusion
      sonohysterography (SIS) prevented unnecessary hysteroscopy. Although SIS
      indicated that hysteroscopy was unnecessary in eight women, this benefit was
      offset by the invasive nature of the scan, the number of endometrial
      abnormalities falsely detected by SIS and the cost of the additional
      investigation. 

PMID- 27363345
TI  - Grazing effects on ecosystem CO2 fluxes differ among temperate steppe types in
      Eurasia.
AB  - Grassland ecosystems play a critical role in regulating CO2 fluxes into and out
      of the Earth's surface. Whereas previous studies have often addressed single
      fluxes of CO2 separately, few have addressed the relation among and controls of
      multiple CO2 sub-fluxes simultaneously. In this study, we examined the relation
      among and controls of individual CO2 fluxes (i.e., GEP, NEP, SR, ER, CR) in three
      contrasting temperate steppes of north China, as affected by livestock grazing.
      Our findings show that climatic controls of the seasonal patterns in CO2 fluxes
      were both individual flux- and steppe type-specific, with significant grazing
      impacts observed for canopy respiration only. In contrast, climatic controls of
      the annual patterns were only individual flux-specific, with minor grazing
      impacts on the individual fluxes. Grazing significantly reduced the mean annual
      soil respiration rate in the typical and desert steppes, but significantly
      enhanced both soil and canopy respiration in the meadow steppe. Our study
      suggests that a reassessment of the role of livestock grazing in regulating GHG
      exchanges is imperative in future studies.

PMID- 27363344
TI  - Comparison of Capillary and Venous Plasma Drug Concentrations After Repeated
      Administration of Risperidone, Paliperidone, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, or
      Aripiprazole.
AB  - Quantification of blood levels of antipsychotic drugs may be useful for managing
      medication therapy. This open-label, parallel-group study was performed to
      compare finger-stick-based capillary with corresponding venous plasma
      concentrations for risperidone, paliperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, and
      aripiprazole and their major metabolites after repeated dosing in patients with
      schizophrenia or related illnesses. Finger-stick-based capillary and venous blood
      samples were collected at various times within a dosing interval. All drug
      concentration measurements in the derived plasma samples were performed with
      validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods. Finger-stick
      based capillary and venous plasma drug concentrations after repeated dosing were
      generally similar. Olanzapine capillary plasma concentrations, however, were on
      average approximately 20% higher than venous concentrations, with a trend for a
      relatively greater difference occurring shortly after dosing. In addition,
      smaller capillary-venous differences were observed for extended-release and long
      acting intramuscular formulations and for aripiprazole, a drug with a long half
      life, compared with drugs administered as an immediate-release formulation
      (risperidone, olanzapine). After repeated dosing, plasma derived from finger
      stick-based blood was observed to be predictive of the venous concentrations.
      Capillary sampling may be an appropriate alternative to venous sampling to
      readily evaluate systemic drug concentrations.

PMID- 27363346
TI  - Understanding the atmospheric pressure ionization of petroleum components: The
      effects of size, structure, and presence of heteroatoms.
AB  - Understanding the composition of crude oil and its changes with weathering is
      essential when assessing its provenience, fate, and toxicity. High-resolution
      mass spectrometry (HRMS) has provided the opportunity to address the complexity
      of crude oil by assigning molecular formulae, and sorting compounds into
      "classes" based on heteroatom content. However, factors such as suppression
      effects and discrimination towards certain components severely limit a truly
      comprehensive mass spectrometric characterization, and, despite the availability
      of increasingly better mass spectrometers, a complete characterization of oil
      still represents a major challenge. In order to fully comprehend the significance
      of class abundances, as well as the nature and identity of compounds detected, a
      good understanding of the ionization efficiency of the various compound classes
      is indispensable. The current study, therefore, analyzed model compounds
      typically found in crude oils by high-resolution mass spectrometry with
      atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), atmospheric pressure chemical
      ionization (APCI), and electrospray ionization (ESI), in order to provide a
      better understanding of benefits and drawbacks of each source. The findings
      indicate that, overall, APPI provides the best results, being able to ionize the
      broadest range of compounds, providing the best results with respect to
      ionization efficiencies, and exhibiting the least suppression effects. However,
      just like in the other two sources, in APPI several factors have shown to affect
      the ionization efficiency of petroleum model compounds. The main such factor is
      the presence or absence of functional groups that can be easily
      protonated/deprotonated, in addition to other factors such as size, methylation
      level, presence of heteroatoms, and ring structure. Overall, this study evidences
      the intrinsic limitations and benefits of each of the three sources, and should
      provide the fundamental knowledge required to expand the power of crude oil
      analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry. 

PMID- 27363347
TI  - Effect of deforestation on stream water chemistry in the Skrzyczne massif (the
      Beskid Slaski Mountains in southern Poland).
AB  - The purpose of the study was to identify the factors affecting stream water
      chemistry in the small mountain catchments deforested to varying degrees, from
      98.7 to 14.1%, due to long-term acid deposition. Water samples were collected
      monthly in 2013 and 2014 from 17 streams flowing across three distinct elevation
      zones in the Skrzyczne massif (Poland): Upper, Middle and Lower Forest Zone.
      Chemical and physical analyses, including the pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
      total mineral content (Mt), water temperature, and the concentrations of Ca(2+),
      Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+), HCO3(-), SO4(2-), Cl(-), and NO3(-), were conducted. Based
      on Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the most important factor affecting water
      chemistry was human impact associated with changes in pH, SO4(2-) concentration,
      and the concentration of most of the main ions. The substantial acidity of the
      studied environment contributed to the exclusion of natural factors, associated
      with changes in discharge, from the list of major factors revealed by PCA. All of
      the streams were characterized by very low EC, Mt, and low concentrations of the
      main ions such as Ca(2+) and HCO3(-). This is the effect of continuous leaching
      of solutes from the soils by acidic precipitation. The lowest parameter values
      were measured for the streams situated in the Upper Forest Zone, which is
      associated with greater acid deposition at the higher elevations. In the streams
      located in the Upper Forest Zone, a higher percentage of SO4(2-) occurred than in
      the streams situated in the Middle and Lower Forest Zones. However, the largest
      share of SO4(2-) was measured in the most deforested catchment. The saturation of
      the studied deforested catchment with sulfur compounds is reflected by a positive
      correlation between SO4(2-) and discharge. Hence, a forest acts as a natural
      buffer that limits the level of acidity in the natural environment caused by
      acidic atmospheric deposition. 

PMID- 27363349
TI  - Contract Employees and EBPs in the Post-ACA Era.

PMID- 27363348
TI  - Alpha-tubulin enhanced renal tubular cell proliferation and tissue repair but
      reduced cell death and cell-crystal adhesion.
AB  - Adhesion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals on renal tubular epithelial cells is
      a critical event for kidney stone disease that triggers many cascades of cellular
      response. Our previous expression proteomics study identified several altered
      proteins in MDCK renal tubular cells induced by CaOx crystals. However,
      functional significance of those changes had not been investigated. The present
      study thus aimed to define functional roles of such proteome data. Global protein
      network analysis using STRING software revealed alpha-tubulin, which was
      decreased, as one of central nodes of protein-protein interactions.
      Overexpression of alpha-tubulin (pcDNA6.2-TUBA1A) was then performed and its
      efficacy was confirmed. pcDNA6.2-TUBA1A could maintain levels of alpha-tubulin
      and its direct interacting partner, vimentin, after crystal exposure. Also,
      pcDNA6.2-TUBA1A successfully reduced cell death to almost the basal level and
      increased cell proliferation after crystal exposure. Additionally, tissue repair
      capacity was improved in pcDNA6.2-TUBA1A cells. Moreover, cell-crystal adhesion
      was reduced by pcDNA6.2-TUBA1A. Finally, levels of potential crystal receptors
      (HSP90, HSP70, and alpha-enolase) on apical membrane were dramatically reduced to
      basal levels by pcDNA6.2-TUBA1A. These findings implicate that alpha-tubulin has
      protective roles in kidney stone disease by preventing cell death and cell
      crystal adhesion, but on the other hand, enhancing cell proliferation and tissue
      repair function.

PMID- 27363351
TI  - Improving Social Security's Financial Capability Assessments.
AB  - When Social Security beneficiaries are incapable of managing their benefits, the
      agency can appoint a representative payee to administer benefits on their behalf.
      A committee of the Institute of Medicine was asked by the Social Security
      Administration to review the process by which financial capability determinations
      are made and to recommend improvements. The committee's conclusions and
      recommendations include the following: giving priority to real-world financial
      performance in assessing capability, providing clearer instructions to
      informants, developing systematic approaches to identifying beneficiaries at risk
      of incapability, exploring the use of a supervised direct payment option, and
      instituting regular data collection to assist in improving operations.

PMID- 27363352
TI  - AOT and Long-Term Use of Antipsychotics-2.

PMID- 27363353
TI  - AOT and Long-Term Use of Antipsychotics.

PMID- 27363354
TI  - AOT and Long-Term Use of Antipsychotics-3.

PMID- 27363355
TI  - AOT and Long-Term Use of Antipsychotics: In Reply.

PMID- 27363356
TI  - Compulsory Community Treatment and Homicide: Insufficient Evidence Now and in the
      Future.

PMID- 27363357
TI  - Documenting AOT Implementation: Misinformed Informants? In Reply.

PMID- 27363358
TI  - Documenting AOT Implementation: Misinformed Informants?

PMID- 27363359
TI  - Consultant Psychiatrists' Role in Ensuring High-Quality Care From Nonspecialists.

PMID- 27363360
TI  - News & Notes.

PMID- 27363362
TI  - Alignment-free microbial phylogenomics under scenarios of sequence divergence,
      genome rearrangement and lateral genetic transfer.
AB  - Alignment-free (AF) approaches have recently been highlighted as alternatives to
      methods based on multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetic inference. However,
      the sensitivity of AF methods to genome-scale evolutionary scenarios is little
      known. Here, using simulated microbial genome data we systematically assess the
      sensitivity of nine AF methods to three important evolutionary scenarios:
      sequence divergence, lateral genetic transfer (LGT) and genome rearrangement.
      Among these, AF methods are most sensitive to the extent of sequence divergence,
      less sensitive to low and moderate frequencies of LGT, and most robust against
      genome rearrangement. We describe the application of AF methods to three well
      studied empirical genome datasets, and introduce a new application of the
      jackknife to assess node support. Our results demonstrate that AF phylogenomics
      is computationally scalable to multi-genome data and can generate biologically
      meaningful phylogenies and insights into microbial evolution.

PMID- 27363364
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27363363
TI  - Nociception modulation by supraspinal group III metabotropic glutamate receptors.
AB  - The modulatory actions of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the
      central nervous system (CNS), are exerted through the activation of metabotropic
      glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Of the eight known mGluRs (mGluR1-8), group III
      mGluRs (mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, and mGluR8) are less understood because of the
      lack of selective ligands. Except for mGluR6, group III mGluRs are widely
      distributed throughout the CNS. They are mainly located on presynaptic terminals
      where they inhibit neurotransmitter release at glutamatergic and gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synapses. Their location at certain synapses is
      considered critical for normal CNS function, which makes them potential targets
      in neurological and psychiatric treatments. Novel ligands that are selective for
      group III mGluR subtypes have recently been developed. These compounds, which
      mainly target allosteric sites and act as positive or negative allosteric
      modulators (PAMs or NAMs) of glutamate transmission, are contributing to the
      understanding of the functional roles of group III mGluRs in a number of
      pathological conditions, such as epilepsy, anxiety, neurodegenerative diseases,
      and chronic pain. Moreover, the presence of group III mGluRs throughout the
      entire pain neuraxis and particularly in the descending system suggests that
      these endogenous substrates that extend from the cortex to the first spinal
      synapse are candidates for pain control. Recent data on chronic pain alleviation
      by group III mGluR ligands encourage further studies as pathological pain is one
      of the most troublesome diseases because of the current lack of satisfactory
      therapy. This review summarizes recent studies on group III mGluRs in animal
      models of chronic pain, which evidence an opposite modulation of mGluR7 and
      mGluR8 on pain responses and their capability to affect pain responses only in
      pathological states. This article is part of the special article series "Pain".

PMID- 27363365
TI  - Complexity from Simple Building Blocks: Engineering Large-scale Information
      processing Networks from Molecules.
AB  - Complexity in molecular systems can manifest itself either structurally or
      functionally. One of the more complex functions encountered in the natural world
      is that of information processing, or computation. Similarly, artificial cells
      will require this capacity to fully exploit their potential. Here I review the
      state of the art in the field, describe our contribution to this challenge in the
      framework of NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering, and propose an outlook for
      future efforts. 

PMID- 27363366
TI  - From Photodriven Charge Accumulation to Fueling Enzyme Cascades in Molecular
      Factories.
AB  - In a multi-disciplinary team effort we gather experts on light-to-chemical energy
      conversion, artificial metalloenzymes, and bio-inspired polymer vesicles in order
      to construct molecular factories which produce added-value chemicals in an
      overall process fueled by solar energy. We outline our long-term vision and
      discuss specific challenges associated with this endeavor. 

PMID- 27363367
TI  - Engineering and Assembly of Protein Modules into Functional Molecular Systems.
AB  - Synthetic biology approaches range from the introduction of unique features into
      organisms to the assembly of isolated biomacromolecules or synthetic building
      blocks into artificial biological systems with biomimetic or completely novel
      functionalities. Simple molecular systems can be based on containers on the
      nanoscale that are equipped with tailored functional modules for various
      applications in healthcare, industry or biological and medical research. The
      concept, or vision, of assembling native or engineered proteins and/or synthetic
      components as functional modules into molecular systems is discussed. The main
      focus is laid on the engineering of energizing modules generating chemical
      energy, transport modules using this energy to translocate molecules between
      compartments of a molecular system, and catalytic modules (bio-)chemically
      processing the molecules. Further key aspects of this discourse are possible
      approaches for the assembly of simple nanofactories and their applications in
      biotechnology and medical health. 

PMID- 27363368
TI  - 'Active Surfaces' as Possible Functional Systems in Detection and Chemical (Bio)
      Reactivity.
AB  - This article presents design strategies to demonstrate approaches to generate
      functionalized surfaces which have the potential for application in molecular
      systems; sensing and chemical reactivity applications are exemplified. Some
      applications are proven, while others are still under active investigation.
      Adaptation and extension of our strategies will lead to interfacing of different
      type of surfaces, specific interactions at a molecular level, and possible
      exchange of signals/cargoes between them. Optimization of the present approaches
      from each of five research groups within the NCCR will be directed towards
      expanding the types of functional surfaces and the properties that they exhibit. 

PMID- 27363369
TI  - Nucleocytoplasmic Transport: A Paradigm for Molecular Logistics in Artificial
      Systems.
AB  - Artificial organelles, molecular factories and nanoreactors are membrane-bound
      systems envisaged to exhibit cell-like functionality. These constitute liposomes,
      polymersomes or hybrid lipo-polymersomes that display different membrane-spanning
      channels and/or enclose molecular modules. To achieve more complex functionality,
      an artificial organelle should ideally sustain a continuous influx of essential
      macromolecular modules (i.e. cargoes) and metabolites against an outflow of
      reaction products. This would benefit from the incorporation of selective
      nanopores as well as specific trafficking factors that facilitate cargo
      selectivity, translocation efficiency, and directionality. Towards this goal, we
      describe how proteinaceous cargoes are transported between the nucleus and
      cytoplasm by nuclear pore complexes and the biological trafficking machinery in
      living cells (i.e. nucleocytoplasmic transport). On this basis, we discuss how
      biomimetic control may be implemented to selectively import, compartmentalize and
      accumulate diverse macromolecular modules against concentration gradients in
      artificial organelles. 

PMID- 27363370
TI  - Interfacing Functional Systems.
AB  - The objective of molecular systems engineering is to move beyond functional
      components and primary systems, towards cumulate emergent properties in
      interfaced higher-order systems of unprecedented multifunctionality and
      sophistication. 

PMID- 27363371
TI  - Artificial Organelles: Reactions inside Protein-Polymer Supramolecular
      Assemblies.
AB  - Reactions inside confined compartments at the nanoscale represent an essential
      step in the development of complex multifunctional systems to serve as molecular
      factories. In this respect, the biomimetic approach of combining biomolecules
      (proteins, enzymes, mimics) with synthetic membranes is an elegant way to create
      functional nanoreactors, or even simple artificial organelles, that function
      inside cells after uptake. Functionality is provided by the specificity of the
      biomolecule(s), whilst the synthetic compartment provides mechanical stability
      and robustness. The availability of a large variety of biomolecules and synthetic
      membranes allows the properties and functionality of these reaction spaces to be
      tailored and adjusted for building complex self-organized systems as the basis
      for molecular factories. 

PMID- 27363372
TI  - Compartmentalization - A Prerequisite for Maintaining and Changing an Identity.
AB  - The chemical manipulation of DNA is much more convenient than the manipulation of
      the bioproducts, such as enzymes, that it encodes. The optimization of
      bioproducts requires cycles of diversification of DNA followed by read-out of the
      information into the bioproduct. Maintaining the link between the information -
      the genotype - and the properties of the bioproduct - the phenotype - through
      some form of compartmentalization is therefore an essential aspect in directed
      evolution. While the ideal compartment is a biological cell, many projects
      involving more radical changes in the bioproduct, such as the introduction of
      novel cofactors, may not be suitable for expression of the information in cells,
      and alternative in vitro methods have to be applied. Consequently, the
      possibility to produce simple and advanced micro compartments at high rates and
      to combine them with the ability to translate the information into proteins
      represents a unique opportunity to explore demanding enzyme engineering projects
      that require the evaluation of at least hundreds of thousands of enzyme variants
      over multiple generations. 

PMID- 27363373
TI  - Functional Nanopores: A Solid-state Concept for Artificial Reaction Compartments
      and Molecular Factories.
AB  - On the road towards the long-term goal of the NCCR Molecular Systems Engineering
      to create artificial molecular factories, we aim at introducing a
      compartmentalization strategy based on solid-state silicon technology targeting
      zeptoliter reaction volumes and simultaneous electrical contact to ensembles of
      well-oriented molecules. This approach allows the probing of molecular building
      blocks under a controlled environment prior to their use in a complex molecular
      factory. Furthermore, these ultra-sensitive electrical conductance measurements
      allow molecular responses to a variety of external triggers to be used as sensing
      and feedback mechanisms. So far, we demonstrate the proof-of-concept by
      electrically contacting self-assembled mono-layers of alkane-dithiols as an
      established test system. Here, the molecular films are laterally constrained by a
      circular dielectric confinement, forming a so-called 'nanopore'. Device yields
      above 85% are consistently achieved down to sub-50 nm nanopore diameters. This
      generic platform will be extended to create distributed, cascaded reactors with
      individually addressable reaction sites, including interconnecting micro-fluidic
      channels for electrochemical communication among nanopores and sensing sites for
      reaction control and feedback. In this scientific outlook, we will sketch how
      such a solid-state nanopore concept can be used to study various aspects of
      molecular compounds tailored for operation in a molecular factory. 

PMID- 27363375
TI  - Artificial Cell Research as a Field that Connects Chemical, Biological and
      Philosophical Questions.
AB  - This review article discusses the interdisciplinary nature and implications of
      artificial cell research. It starts from two historical theories: Ganti's
      chemoton model and the autopoiesis theory by Maturana and Varela. They both
      explain the transition from chemical molecules to biological cells. These models
      exemplify two different ways in which disciplines of chemistry, biology and
      philosophy can profit from each other. In the chemoton model, conclusions from
      one disciplinary approach are relevant for the other disciplines. In contrast,
      the autopoiesis model itself (rather than its conclusions) is transferred from
      one discipline to the other. The article closes by underpinning the relevance of
      artificial cell research for philosophy with reference to the on-going
      philosophical debates on emergence, biological functions and biocentrism. 

PMID- 27363374
TI  - Surveying the Delivery Methods of CRISPR/Cas9 for ex vivo Mammalian Cell
      Engineering.
AB  - The simplicity of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been transformative in making
      targeted genome editing accessible for laboratories around the world. However,
      due to the sheer volume of literature generated in the past five years,
      determining the best format and delivery method of CRISPR/Cas9 components can be
      challenging. Here, we provide a brief overview of the progress that has been made
      in the ex vivo genome editing of mammalian cells and summarize the key advances
      made for improving efficiency and delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 in DNA, RNA, and
      protein form. In particular, we highlight the delivery of Cas9 components to
      human cells for advanced genome editing applications such as large gene
      insertion. 

PMID- 27363376
TI  - On the Brink of Shifting Paradigms, Molecular Systems Engineering Ethics Needs to
      Take a Proactive Approach.
AB  - Molecular Systems Engineering (MSE) is a paradigm shift in both engineering and
      life sciences. While the field is still in its infancy the perspectives of MSE in
      revolutionising technology is promising. MSE will offer a wide range of
      applications in clinical, biotechnological and engineering fields while
      simultaneously posing serious questions on the ethical and societal aspects of
      such technology. The moral and societal aspects of MSE need systematic
      investigation from scientific and social perspectives. In a democratic setting,
      the societal outcomes of MSE's cutting-edge technology need to be consulted and
      influenced by society itself. For this purpose MSE needs inclusive public
      engagement strategies that bring together the public, ethicists, scientists and
      policy makers for optimum flow of information that maximizes the impact of public
      engagement. In this report we present an MSE consortium and its ethics framework
      for establishing a proactive approach in the study of the ethics of MSE
      technology. 

PMID- 27363380
TI  - Conference Report The State of the Art of 3D Cell Cultures DECHEMA Conference in
      Freiburg on April 19-21, 2016.
AB  - Where are we today with 3D cell cultures as predictive, physiologically relevant
      model systems? Are there any successful applications, innovative developments or
      yawning gaps? The DECHEMA April conference assembled international experts to
      take a look behind the scenes and reveal relevant disease models, applications of
      3D models in clinical practice and industry, predictive cell models for compound
      characterization and enabling technologies. 

PMID- 27363381
TI  - A Fresh Wind is Blowing in from Asia Professor Michael Raghunath Arrives at ZHAW
      Waedenswil.
AB  - In summer 2016, Michael Raghunath from the National University of Singapore (NUS)
      will take over the professorship from Ursula Graf-Hausner in cell culture
      technology and tissue engineering at ZHAW Life Sciences and Facility Management.
      What are his objectives and the corresponding strategies? What challenges will he
      face, what will he choose to focus on? Michael Raghunath was kind enough to let
      us have a look behind the scenes. 

PMID- 27363382
TI  - Incredibly Versatile Microbial Fuel Cells Innovative Ideas at HES-SO Valais
      Wallis for Solving Topical Problems.
AB  - At HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Prof. Fabian Fischer is specialized in microbial fuel
      cells for novel applications that meet the challenge of producing renewable
      energies. He and his team possess a unique expertise in bioelectric energy vector
      generation, phosphate extraction (CHIMIA 2015, 69, 296) and the testing of
      antimicrobial surfaces. Let's take a look behind the scenes of the Institute of
      Life Technologies in Sion. 

PMID- 27363384
TI  - Stability of the guinea pigs personality - cognition - linkage over time.
AB  - In human psychological research, personality traits as well as cognitive traits
      are usually validated for both, their stability over time and contexts. While
      stability over time gives an estimate on how genetically fixated a trait can be,
      correlations across traits have the power to reveal linkages or trade - offs. In
      animals, these validations have widely been done for personality but not for
      cognitive traits. We tested guinea pigs in four consecutive discrimination tasks
      using four unique pairs of objects with two objects of the same form but
      different size in each pair. The same animals were tested twice each for three
      personality traits, i.e. boldness, aggression and sociopositive behaviour. The
      animals did not learn to "always choose the larger item" in the cognitive task
      but learned to discriminate the two objects of each stimulus pair anew, so that
      we did test for learning speed in four slightly different task setups.
      Performance over the four tasks was significantly repeatable as well as all
      tested personality traits. A stable linkage over time was found between
      sociopositive behaviour and learning performance, probably indicating an
      ecological relevance for a correlation between these two traits. Still, not all
      traits seem to be connected amongst each other, as in our case boldness and
      aggression are both not linked to individual learning performance. Future studies
      will hopefully further investigate the repeatability of various cognitive traits
      in several species and thus lead to a better understanding of the interdependence
      of personality and cognition. This will help to unravel which suites of traits
      facilitate individual life histories and hence improve our understanding of the
      emergence and maintenance of individual differences.

PMID- 27363385
TI  - Prenatal Testing for Adult-Onset Conditions: the Position of the National Society
      of Genetic Counselors.
AB  - Advances in genetic testing and the availability of such testing in pregnancy
      allows prospective parents to test their future child for adult-onset conditions.
      This ability raises several complex ethical issues. Prospective parents have
      reproductive rights to obtain information about their fetus. This information may
      or may not alter pregnancy management. These rights can be in conflict with the
      rights of the future individual, who will be denied the right to elect or decline
      testing. This paper highlights the complexity of these issues, details
      discussions that went into the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC)
      Public Policy Task Force's development of the Prenatal testing for Adult-Onset
      Conditions position statement adopted in November 2014, and cites relevant
      literature on this topic through December 2015. Issues addressed include parental
      rights and autonomy, rights of the future child, the right not to know, possible
      adverse effects on childhood and the need for genetic counseling. This paper will
      serve as a reference to genetic counselors and healthcare professionals when
      faced with this situation in clinical practice.

PMID- 27363386
TI  - PSMA-Targeted 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT Imaging of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma:
      Results from a Rapid Autopsy.

PMID- 27363387
TI  - Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictors of Positive 68Ga-Prostate-specific
      Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography in Advanced Prostate Cancer: A
      Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
AB  - CONTEXT: Positron emission tomography (PET) of 68Ga-labelled prostate-specific
      membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA) is an emerging imaging modality introduced to assess
      the burden of prostate cancer, typically in biochemically recurrent or advanced
      disease. 68Ga-PSMA PET provides the ability to selectively identify and localize
      metastatic prostate cancer cells and subsequently change patient management.
      Owing to its limited history, robust sensitivity and specificity data are not
      available for 68Ga-PSMA PET-positive scans. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review and
      meta-analysis of reported predictors of positive 68Ga-PSMA PET and corresponding
      sensitivity and specificity profiles. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We performed critical
      reviews of MEDLINE, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science
      databases in April 2016 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
      Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. Quality was assessed using the
      Quality Assessment if Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. Meta-analysis and meta
      regression of proportions were performed using a random-effects model with pre
      PET prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels as the dependent variable. Summary
      sensitivity and specificity values were obtained by fitting bivariate
      hierarchical regression models. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Sixteen articles involving
      1309 patients were analysed. The overall percentage of positive 68Ga-PSMA PET
      among patients was 40% (95% confidence interval [CI] 19-64%) for primary staging
      and 76% (95% CI 66-85%) for biochemical recurrence (BCR). Positive 68Ga-PSMA PET
      scans for BCR patients increased with pre-PET PSA. For the PSA categories 0-0.2,
      0.2-1, 1-2, and >2 ng/ml, 42%, 58%, 76%, and 95% scans, respectively, were
      positive. Shorter PSA doubling time increased 68Ga-PSMA PET positivity. On per
      patient analysis, the summary sensitivity and specificity were both 86%. On per
      lesion analysis, the summary sensitivity and specificity were 80% and 97%,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of BCR prostate cancer, pre-PET PSA
      predicts the risk of positive 68Ga-PSMA PET. Pooled data indicate favourable
      sensitivity and specificity profiles compared to choline-based PET imaging
      techniques. PATIENT SUMMARY: Positron emission tomography using 68Ga-labelled
      prostate-specific membrane antigen is an emerging radiological technique
      developed to improve the characterisation of metastatic prostate cancer. We
      summarised the data available to date and found that this new test provides
      excellent rates of detection of cancer spread in late-stage prostate cancer.

PMID- 27363388
TI  - Genetic mixture of multiple source populations accelerates invasive range
      expansion.
AB  - A wealth of population genetic studies have documented that many successful
      biological invasions stem from multiple introductions from genetically distinct
      source populations. Yet, mechanistic understanding of whether and how genetic
      mixture promotes invasiveness has lagged behind documentation that such mixture
      commonly occurs. We conducted a laboratory experiment to test the influence of
      genetic mixture on the velocity of invasive range expansion. The mechanistic
      basis for effects of genetic mixture could include evolutionary responses (mixed
      invasions may harbour greater genetic diversity and thus elevated evolutionary
      potential) and/or fitness advantages of between-population mating (heterosis). If
      driven by evolution, positive effects of source population mixture should
      increase through time, as selection sculpts genetic variation. If driven by
      heterosis, effects of mixture should peak following first reproductive contact
      and then dissipate. Using a laboratory model system (beetles spreading through
      artificial landscapes), we quantified the velocity of range expansion for
      invasions initiated with one, two, four or six genetic sources over six
      generations. Our experiment was designed to test predictions corresponding to the
      evolutionary and heterosis mechanisms, asking whether any effects of genetic
      mixture occurred in early or later generations of range expansion. We also
      quantified demography and dispersal for each experimental treatment, since any
      effects of mixture should be manifest in one or both of these traits. Over six
      generations, invasions with any amount of genetic mixture (two, four and six
      sources) spread farther than single-source invasions. Our data suggest that
      heterosis provided a 'catapult effect', leaving a lasting signature on range
      expansion even though the benefits of outcrossing were transient. Individual
      level trait data indicated that genetic mixture had positive effects on local
      demography (reduced extinction risk and enhanced population growth) during the
      initial stages of invasion but no consistent effects on dispersal ability. Our
      work is the first to demonstrate that genetic mixture can alter the course of
      spatial expansion, the stage of invasion typically associated with the greatest
      ecological and economic impacts. We suggest that similar effects of genetic
      mixture may be a common feature of biological invasions in nature, but that these
      effects can easily go undetected.

PMID- 27363389
TI  - BMP1-like proteinases are essential to the structure and wound healing of skin.
AB  - Closely related extracellular metalloproteinases bone morphogenetic protein 1
      (BMP1) and mammalian Tolloid-like 1 (mTLL1) are co-expressed in various tissues
      and have been suggested to have overlapping roles in the biosynthetic processing
      of extracellular matrix components. Early lethality of mice null for the BMP1
      gene Bmp1 or the mTLL1 gene Tll1 has impaired in vivo studies of these
      proteinases. To overcome issues of early lethality and functional redundancy we
      developed the novel BTKO mouse strain, with floxed Bmp1 and Tll1 alleles, for
      induction of postnatal, simultaneous ablation of the two genes. We previously
      showed these mice to have a skeletal phenotype that includes elements of
      osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), osteomalacia, and deficient osteocyte maturation,
      observations validated by the finding of BMP1 mutations in a subset of human
      patients with OI-like phenotypes. However, the roles of BMP1-like proteinase in
      non-skeletal tissues have yet to be explored, despite the supposed importance of
      putative substrates of these proteinases in such tissues. Here, we employ BTKO
      mice to investigate potential roles for these proteinases in skin. Loss of BMP1
      like proteinase activity is shown to result in markedly thinned and fragile skin
      with unusually densely packed collagen fibrils and delayed wound healing. We
      demonstrate deficits in the processing of collagens I and III, decorin, biglycan,
      and laminin 332 in skin, which indicate mechanisms whereby BMP1-like proteinases
      affect the biology of this tissue. In contrast, lack of effects on collagen VII
      processing or deposition indicates this putative substrate to be biosynthetically
      processed by non-BMP1-like proteinases.

PMID- 27363390
TI  - A De-Novo Genome Analysis Pipeline (DeNoGAP) for large-scale comparative
      prokaryotic genomics studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Comparative analysis of whole genome sequence data from closely
      related prokaryotic species or strains is becoming an increasingly important and
      accessible approach for addressing both fundamental and applied biological
      questions. While there are number of excellent tools developed for performing
      this task, most scale poorly when faced with hundreds of genome sequences, and
      many require extensive manual curation. RESULTS: We have developed a de-novo
      genome analysis pipeline (DeNoGAP) for the automated, iterative and high
      throughput analysis of data from comparative genomics projects involving hundreds
      of whole genome sequences. The pipeline is designed to perform reference-assisted
      and de novo gene prediction, homolog protein family assignment, ortholog
      prediction, functional annotation, and pan-genome analysis using a range of
      proven tools and databases. While most existing methods scale quadratically with
      the number of genomes since they rely on pairwise comparisons among predicted
      protein sequences, DeNoGAP scales linearly since the homology assignment is based
      on iteratively refined hidden Markov models. This iterative clustering strategy
      enables DeNoGAP to handle a very large number of genomes using minimal
      computational resources. Moreover, the modular structure of the pipeline permits
      easy updates as new analysis programs become available. CONCLUSION: DeNoGAP
      integrates bioinformatics tools and databases for comparative analysis of a large
      number of genomes. The pipeline offers tools and algorithms for annotation and
      analysis of completed and draft genome sequences. The pipeline is developed using
      Perl, BioPerl and SQLite on Ubuntu Linux version 12.04 LTS. Currently, the
      software package accompanies script for automated installation of necessary
      external programs on Ubuntu Linux; however, the pipeline should be also
      compatible with other Linux and Unix systems after necessary external programs
      are installed. DeNoGAP is freely available at
      https://sourceforge.net/projects/denogap/ .

PMID- 27363392
TI  - We need better medical undergraduate education in Ecuador. The case of perinatal
      mortality.

PMID- 27363391
TI  - Abrogating ClC-3 Inhibits LPS-induced Inflammation via Blocking the TLR4/NF
      kappaB Pathway.
AB  - This study investigated the function of a chloride channel blocker, DIDS. Both in
      vitro and in vivo studies found that DIDS significantly inhibits
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of proin flammatory cytokines. Here, we
      show that DIDS inhibits LPS-induced inflammation, as shown by downregulation of
      inflammatory cytokines via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-kappaB pathway. Furthermore,
      we show that ClC-3siRNA transfection reduces LPS-induced pro-inflammation in
      Raw264.7 cells, indicating that ClC-3 is involved in the inhibitory effect of
      DIDS during LPS-induced cytokines release. In vivo, DIDS reduced LPS-induced
      mortality, decreased LPS-induced organic damage, and down-regulated LPS-induced
      expression of inflammatory cytokines. In sum, we demonstrate that ClC-3 is a pro
      inflammatory factor and that inhibition of ClC-3 inhibits inflammatory induction
      both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that ClC-3 is a potential anti-inflammatory
      target.

PMID- 27363393
TI  - [Psychometric validation in Spanish of the Brazilian short version of the Primary
      Care Assessment Tools-users questionnaire for the evaluation of the orientation
      of health systems towards primary care].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To validate the Brazilian short version of the PCAT for adult patients
      in Spanish. DESIGN: Analysis of secondary data from studies made to validate the
      extended version of the PCAT questionnaire. LOCATION: City of Cordoba, Argentina.
      Primary health care. PARTICIPANTS: The sample consisted of 46% of parents, whose
      children were enrolled in secondary education in three institutes in the city of
      Cordoba, and the remaining 54% were adult users of the National University of
      Cordoba Health Insurance. MAIN MEASURES: Pearson's correlation coefficient
      comparing the extended and short versions. Goodness-of-fit indices in
      confirmatory factor analysis, composite reliability, average variance extracted,
      and Cronbach's alpha values, in order to assess the construct validity and the
      reliability of the short version. RESULTS: The values of Pearson's correlation
      coefficient between this short version and the long version were high .818
      (P<.001), implying a very good criterion validity. The indicators of good global
      adjustment to the confirmatory factor analysis were good. The value of composite
      reliability was good (.802), but under the variance media extracted: .3306, since
      3 variables had weak factorials loads. The Cronbach's alpha was acceptable (.85).
      CONCLUSIONS: The short version of the PCAT-users developed in Brazil showed an
      acceptable psychometric performance in Spanish as a quick assessment tool, in a
      comparative study with the extended version.

PMID- 27363394
TI  - [Risk factors and burnout levels in Primary Care nurses: A systematic review].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors and levels of burnout in Primary Care
      nurses. METHODS: A systematic review was performed. DATA SOURCES: CINAHL, CUIDEN,
      LILACS, PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were consulted.
      Search equations were 'burnout AND community health nursing' and 'burnout AND
      primary care nursing'. The search was performed in October 2015. STUDY SELECTION:
      The final sample was n=12 studies. Quantitative primary studies that used Maslach
      Burnout Inventory for burnout assessment in Primary Care nurses were included
      without restriction by publication date. DATA EXTRACTION: The main variables were
      the mean and standard deviation of the three burnout dimensions, high, medium and
      low prevalence rates of each dimension, and socio-demographic, occupational and
      psychological variables that potentially influence burnout level. RESULTS:
      Studies show high prevalence rates, generally between 23% and 31%, of emotional
      exhaustion. The prevalence rates of high depersonalisation and low personal
      accomplishment show heterogeneity, varying between 8%-32% and 4%-92% of the
      sample, respectively. Studies show that older nurses with more seniority, anxiety
      and depression, among other variables, have higher burnout levels, while nurses
      with higher salary, high job satisfaction, organisational support, and good self
      concept have less burnout. CONCLUSION: High emotional exhaustion is the main
      affected dimension of burnout in Primary Care nursing. There is heterogeneity in
      depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Burnout must be prevented in these
      professionals, by increasing protective factors and monitoring its appearance in
      those with risk factors.

PMID- 27363395
TI  - The Predictive Power of Serum alpha-Fetoprotein and Des-gamma-Carboxy Prothrombin
      for Survival Varies by Tumor Size in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) are frequently
      used as tumor markers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The authors hypothesized
      different patient populations with varying tumor sizes would influence the
      predictive power of tumor markers for survival in HCC patients. The authors
      investigated the influence of tumor size on predictive powers of AFP and DCP. 181
      patients underwent hepatectomy for HCC from 2003 to 2008 at Kobe University
      Hospital. Tumor markers were measured before and at 1 month post-hepatectomy. The
      Cox proportional-hazards model revealed that preoperative serum AFP was
      associated with survival; its effects depended on tumor size. Hazard ratios (HRs)
      for preoperative AFP were maximum for medium-sized HCC, and for DCP, HRs were
      maximum in small-sized tumors. Post-hepatectomy, both tumor markers were
      associated with survival, revealing significant interactions with tumor size. HRs
      for postoperative AFP were greater than 1 for relatively wide range tumors (3-11
      cm). HRs for postoperative DCP increased with tumor size, with a strong
      prognostic predictive power for tumors >5 cm. The predictive power of serum tumor
      markers varied by tumor size in HCC patients. By selecting the appropriate tumor
      marker, its predictive power can be improved. 

PMID- 27363396
TI  - Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang) as Treatment of Painful Muscle Cramps
      in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis and Its Minimum Effective Dose.
AB  - Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang) is a Kampo medicine, which is known to
      be effective against muscle cramps as well as crampy pain in the gastrointestinal
      smooth muscle and skeletal muscle. However, glycyrrhizin in this medicine also
      causes adverse drug reactions such as hypokalemia, hypertension, and edema. We
      analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to for painful muscle cramps
      associated with lumbar spinal stenosis and clarified its minimum effective dose.
      58 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and painful muscle cramps were included.
      We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (n=16) comparing with
      eperisone hydrochloride (n=14). We then examined the minimum effective dose of
      Shakuyaku-kanzo-to in the remaining 28 patients. Shakuyaku-kanzo-to reduced the
      frequency of painful muscle cramps to less than 50% in 13 of 16 patients.
      However, eperisone hydrochloride reduced it to the same level in 4 of 14
      patients. The onset of the maximum therapeutic effect of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to was
      less than 3 days from the start of treatment in 11 of 15 patients. Regarding the
      minimum effective dose for painful muscle cramps, 2.5 g of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to
      used as needed had a therapeutic effect that was equivalent to the regular use of
      7.5 g/day (given in divided doses three times daily). Our data show that
      Shakuyaku-kanzo-to is effective for painful muscle cramps associated with lumbar
      spinal stenosis. The dosage of 2.5 g of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to as needed had a
      therapeutic effect that was equal to the regular use of 7.5 g/day. 

PMID- 27363397
TI  - Differentiation between Viable and Dead Cryptosporidium Oocysts Using
      Fluorochrome Staining.
AB  - The use of nucleic acid staining with a fluorochrome dye to differentiate viable
      and dead (heat-killed) Cryptosporidium oocysts was assessed. The specificities
      (percentage of unstained viable oocysts) and sensitivities (percentage of stained
      dead oocysts) of the seven tested dyes (SYTO-17(r) and SYTO-59(r) to 64(r))
      ranged from 65 to 76% (average 71%) and 83 to 95% (average 91%), respectively.
      SYTO-59 and SYTO-17 imparted greater color (4+) intensity than the other dyes (2+
      or less). Of these two dyes, SYTO-17 exhibited more brightness and slower
      discoloration and was selected for use in further experiments. The optimum
      staining time for SYTO-17 at 37C was one hour or more (sensitivity of 96%). Dye
      concentrations of 20 and 30 uM resulted in maximal color intensity, and no
      further improvement was observed with further increases in dye concentration.
      Staining a mixture of viable and dead oocysts (1:1 ratio) with 20 uM dye at 37C
      for one hour yielded the expected results (approximately 50%), but no remarkable
      increase in the percent staining with time (up to 8 hours) was observed. In this
      study, no ghost oocysts were observed. The present study indicated that the
      fluorogenic nucleic acid dye SYTO-17 could be used to discriminate between live
      and dead Cryptosporidium oocysts. 

PMID- 27363398
TI  - Effects of Levodopa on Vowel Articulation in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The effects of levodopa on articulatory dysfunction in patients with
      Parkinson's disease remain inconclusive. This study aimed to investigate the
      effects of levodopa on isolated vowel articulation and motor performance in
      patients with moderate to severe Parkinson's disease, excluding speech
      fluctuations caused by dyskinesia. METHODS: 21 patients (14 males and 7 females)
      and 21 age- and sex- matched healthy subjects were enrolled. Together with motor
      assessment, the patients phonated five Japanese isolated vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/,
      /e/, and /o/) 20 times before and 1 h after levodopa treatment. We made the
      frequency analysis of each vowel and measured the first and second formants. From
      these formants we constructed the pentagonal vowel space area which should be the
      good indicator for articulatory dysfunction of vowels. In control subjects, only
      speech samples were analyzed. To investigate the sequential relationship between
      plasma levodopa concentrations, motor performances, and acoustic measurements
      after treatment, entire drug cycle tests were performed in 4 patients. RESULTS:
      The pentagonal vowel space area was significantly expanded together with motor
      amelioration after levodopa treatment, although the enlargement is not enough for
      the space area of control subjects. Drug cycle tests revealed that sequential
      increases or decreases in plasma levodopa levels after treatment correlated well
      with expansion or decrease of the vowel space areas and improvement or
      deterioration of motor manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Levodopa expanded the vowel
      space area and ameliorated motor performance, suggesting that dysfunctions in
      vowel articulation and motor performance in patients with Parkinson's disease are
      based on dopaminergic pathology.

PMID- 27363399
TI  - Identification of fetal cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics: a novel enhanced
      screening protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prenatal cardiac screening is of great importance as it contributes
      to appropriate neonatal management and helps parents to make a decision regarding
      their pregnancy. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficiency of a newly
      proposed screening protocol in the detection of fetal congenital heart disease
      (CHD). METHODS: This was a prospective study. A total of 52 cases of confirmed
      CHD fetuses and 248 cases of randomly selected normal fetuses were included in
      the study. Two sonographers with similar experience performed the cardiac
      screenings under two different protocols independently. The conventional protocol
      (Protocol A) paid greater attention to the four-chamber view and the outflow
      tract views. A 6-month training program was provided to sonographers performing
      scans under the new protocol (Protocol B), which emphasized systematically
      evaluating fetal cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics. Color Doppler was mandatory
      and some ultrasonic signs for special cardiac anomalies were also introduced into
      this protocol. RESULTS: Protocol B detected more cardiac anomalies than did
      Protocol A (96.2 % vs. 61.5 %, P < 0.01). Specifically, Protocol B was superior
      to Protocol A in detecting cardiac malpositions, abnormal systemic and pulmonary
      venous connection, right aortic arch, transposition of the great arteries, and
      congenital corrected transposition of the great arteries. By visualizing flow
      disturbance and retrograde flow with color Doppler, Protocol B was better than
      Protocol A in screening valvular associated malformations, such as pulmonary
      atresia, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid dysplasia, etc. For the normal fetuses,
      Protocol B was better than Protocol A in reducing the false-positive detection of
      septal defects. CONCLUSIONS: The current study introduces an enhanced protocol
      for fetal cardiac screening, under which the obstetric screening sonographers
      systematically identify fetal cardiac anatomy and hemodynamics. A short-term
      training program makes it possible for the screening sonographers to become
      familiar with the new protocol, and its value has been confirmed due to
      improvements made in screening efficiency.

PMID- 27363400
TI  - Patient-activation and guideline-concordant pharmacological treatment after bone
      density testing: the PAADRN randomized controlled trial.
AB  - : Patients often do not know or understand their bone density test results, and
      pharmacological treatment rates are low. In a clinical trial of 7749 patients, we
      used a tailored patient-activation result letter accompanied by a bone health
      brochure to improve appropriate pharmacological treatment. Treatment rates,
      however, did not improve. INTRODUCTION: Patients often do not know or understand
      their dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) test results, which may lead to
      suboptimal care. We tested whether usual care augmented by a tailored patient
      activation DXA result letter accompanied by an educational brochure would improve
      guideline-concordant pharmacological treatment compared to usual care only.
      METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, pragmatic
      clinical trial at three health care centers in the USA. We randomized 7749
      patients >=50 years old and presenting for DXA between February 2012 and August
      2014. The primary clinical endpoint at 12 and 52 weeks post-DXA was receiving
      guideline-concordant pharmacological treatment. We also examined four of the
      steps along the pathway from DXA testing to that clinical endpoint, including (1)
      receiving and (2) understanding their DXA results and (3) having subsequent
      contact with their provider and (4) discussing their results and options.
      RESULTS: Mean age was 66.6 years, 83.8 % were women, and 75.3 % were non-Hispanic
      whites. Intention-to-treat analyses revealed that guideline-concordant
      pharmacological treatment was not improved at either 12 weeks (65.1 vs. 64.3 %, p
      = 0.506) or 52 weeks (65.2 vs. 63.8 %, p = 0.250) post-DXA, even though patients
      in the intervention group were more likely (all p < 0.001) to recall receiving
      their DXA results letter at 12 weeks, correctly identify their results at 12 and
      52 weeks, have contact with their provider at 52 weeks, and have discussed their
      results with their provider at 12 and 52 weeks. CONCLUSION: A tailored DXA result
      letter and educational brochure failed to improve guideline-concordant care in
      patients who received DXA.

PMID- 27363401
TI  - Visit-to-visit variation of fasting plasma glucose is a predictor of hip fracture
      in older persons with type 2 diabetes: the Taiwan Diabetes Study.
AB  - : We investigated the association between fasting plasma glucose variability (FPG
      CV) and the risk of hip fracture in elderly diabetic patients. Our finding showed
      a temporal association between FPG-CV and hip fracture as patients categorized as
      FPG-CV greater than 25.4 % showed an increased risk in hip fractures.
      INTRODUCTION: Hip fracture is a major health burden in the population and is
      associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity especially in elderly. It
      is evident that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor of osteoporosis which is a
      significant risk factor of hip fracture. However, epidemiological studies
      exploring the risks of hip fracture among type 2 diabetic patients are limited.
      METHODS: A retrospective study of 26,501 ethnic Chinese older persons enrolled in
      the National Diabetes Care Management program in Taiwan was conducted; related
      factors were analyzed with extended Cox proportional hazards regression models to
      competing risk data on hip fracture incidence. RESULTS: The results show a
      temporal association between FPG-CV and hip fracture as patients categorized as
      FPG-CV greater than 25.4 % showed an increased risk in hip fractures, confirming
      a linear relationship between the two. After multivariate adjustment, the risk of
      hip fracture increased among patients with FPG-CV of 25.4-42.3 % and >42.3 %
      compared with patients with FPG-CV of ? 14.3 % (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95 %
      confidence interval 1.14-1.60 and 1.27; 1.07-1.52, respectively). Significant
      linear trends among various FPG-CV were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the present
      study demonstrated the importance of glucose stability for fracture prevention in
      older persons with type 2 diabetes. Future studies should be conducted to explore
      whether reduction in glucose oscillation in older adults with diabetes mellitus
      can reduce the risk of hip fracture.

PMID- 27363402
TI  - Squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary tumor metastatic to neck nodes: role
      of elective irradiation.
AB  - In patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) metastases to neck lymph nodes and
      unknown primary tumor, the role of elective irradiation of uninvolved neck and
      potential mucosal primary sites is yet to be determined. The aim of this study
      was to review the experience treating SCC of unknown primary metastatic to neck
      nodes with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in Slovenia between 1995
      and 2010 and to determine the importance of the extent of irradiated volume. For
      this purpose, the nationwide Cancer Registry of Slovenia database was used for
      identifying patients. 126 patients were identified. Involved-field PORT and
      extended-field PORT was used in 50 and 76 patients, respectively. At 5 years,
      locoregional control was 86 %, disease-specific survival 77 %, and overall
      survival 57 %. In multivariate analysis, the extent of irradiated volume has not
      been predictive for any outcome under study. Grade >=3 acute and late
      radiotherapy-induced toxicities were more frequent in the extended-field PORT
      group. In conclusion, although not superior, involved-field PORT seems to be a
      preferred treatment option in SCC of unknown primary metastatic to neck nodes due
      to significantly reduced toxicity and better prospects for successful salvage.

PMID- 27363403
TI  - The senile functional evolution of the larynx after supracricoid reconstructive
      surgery.
AB  - Supracricoid partial laryngectomy is a relevant organ-preserving surgical
      technique used for the treatment of early or locally advanced laryngeal tumors
      with an oncologic outcome comparable with that of total laryngectomy. This
      reconstructive surgery is certainly technically feasible also in the elderly, but
      the problem is postoperatively as the patient may lack the will and strength to
      be successfully rehabilitated. The goal was to evaluate functional outcomes, in a
      maximum follow-up period of ten years from the end of the postoperative follow
      up, in a cohort of elderly patients to look at the senile evolution of the
      laryngeal post surgical function comparing the amount of resection and grade of
      possible impairment of swallowing and phonatory parameters. A group of 33
      patients were selected for a retrospective study aimed at evaluating the long
      term evolution of laryngeal functionality after surgery, with the baseline at 5
      years from the end of follow-up. All the patients had three-monthly visits for a
      period up to ten years, during which the objective and subjective swallowing and
      phonatory parameters were recorded, analyzed and, at the end of the study,
      compared with baseline. The results suggest that long-term post surgical
      functional problems may develop also in the neolarynx where the effects of the
      reconstructive surgery, on speech and swallowing, are largely stabilized. The
      presence of arytenoid resection had significantly impacted on the occurrence of
      aspiration even if the overall number of dysphagic patients was not statistically
      significant compared to baseline.

PMID- 27363404
TI  - Comparison of endoscopic and external resections for sinonasal instestinal-type
      adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is considered as a valid option in the management
      of nasal adenocarcinoma (ADC). Comparative studies with open approaches are still
      required. A monocentric retrospective study was carried out from May 2002 to
      December 2013, including 43 patients with intestinal-type adenocarcinoma of the
      ethmoid sinus. Non-resectable tumours or recurrences were excluded. Before 2008,
      open approach with lateral rhinotomy (LR) was performed as the gold standard of
      treatment. From 2008, ESS was systematically used as a first-line option as long
      as a complete resection was achievable. Adjuvant radiation therapy was delivered
      (RT) for all the patients. LR and ESS were performed in, respectively, 23 and 20
      patients. The two groups were comparable in terms of age, occupational dust
      exposure, histopathological subtypes, and T stage based on the pathological
      assessment of the specimen (10 pT2, 26 pT3, 2 pT4a, and 5 pT4b). The tumour
      origin was mainly located in the olfactory cleft with the involvement of the
      cribriform plate in 60 % of patients. No major complication was observed in ESS
      group with a reduced hospital stay (5.6 vs 7.6 days). The disease-free survival
      was not different between LR and ESS groups over a mean follow-up period of 6.6
      years. Even for local advanced stages with skull base involvement, we confirm the
      reliability and the advantages of ESS in terms of oncological outcomes and
      morbidity. We advocate complete excision of the olfactory cleft to ensure an
      appropriate control of the tumoral origin.

PMID- 27363405
TI  - Postdeglutitive residue in vagus nerve paralysis and its association with feeding
      style.
AB  - The objective of this study is to compare the postdeglutitive pharyngeal residues
      between Xth cranial nerve paralysis (XNP) and isolated recurrent laryngeal nerve
      paralysis (RLNP) to elucidate the association with feeding style. This study
      enrolled 15 XNP patients with injuries at the brainstem level (Group I) and 26
      patients with RLNP (Group II). All subjects underwent videofluoroscopic
      swallowing studies (VFSS). The pyriform sinus (PS) and vallecula residues were
      quantified. The symmetry of the affected versus non-affected sides was compared
      in both groups. Feeding style at the time of VFSS was also examined. The intra
      rater correlation coefficients for all of the data, including the areas of both
      the vallecula and pyriform sinus on the affected and non-affected sides, were
      0.88-0.92 (p < 0.001), reflecting high consistency of the evaluation. In Group I,
      there was significantly (p < 0.01) more residue in the PS, but not vallecula,
      compared to the respective non-affected sides, while in Group II there were no
      significant differences in residue between the affected and non-affected sides
      for either the vallecula or PS. Comparing Groups I and II, there was significant
      (p < 0.01) residue on the affected side in the PS but not the vallecula. There
      was a significant correlation between dependency on a feeding tube and XNP (p <
      0.01, Chi-square test). XNP at the brainstem level may cause significantly
      increased residue in the PS compared to RLNP. This might increase the dependency
      on a feeding tube with XNP.

PMID- 27363406
TI  - Evaluation of the application of rhino-septal splints in endoscopic
      transsphenoidal skull base surgery.
AB  - The endoscopic transnasal route for the surgical removal of tumors in the sellar
      region is frequently associated with nasal complications such as synechiae or
      impaired nasal breathing. In this study, we investigated the impact of septal
      splints on avoiding surgery-related co-morbidities. 49 patients in whom
      endoscopic transnasal, transsphenoidal surgery for sellar tumors was performed
      between 2012 and 2014 were studied. In 30 of these, nasal septal splints were
      applied at the end of surgery to both sides of the septum and left in situ for 10
      days (group 1), 19 patients received no splints (group 2). A standardized
      postsurgical follow-up investigation with endoscopic nasal examination,
      rhinomanometry and olfactory testing was performed on average 2 months
      postoperatively. Patients' subjective nose-related discomfort at follow-up was
      assessed descriptively using a set of standardized self-rating statements on
      nasal problems. Synechias occurred less likely with nasal septal splints (n = 15;
      50 %) than without (n = 16; 84.2 %). Moreover, multiple synechiae were
      predominantly observed in the group without septal splints (n = 10 vs. n = 2).
      Rhinomanometry showed improved flow-V150-inspiration scores when splints were
      used (with significant differences between groups for the left nostril: p = 0.039
      and p = 0.022, resp.). In accordance, impaired nasal breathing after surgery was
      reported more frequently by 76.9 % of patients without splints, but only 56 % of
      patients with splints. Our results provide support for the application of nasal
      septal splints when operating endoscopically on tumors in the sellar region to
      reduce postoperative synechias and to improve nasal breathing.

PMID- 27363407
TI  - Effects of triamcinolone-impregnated nasal dressing on subjective and objective
      outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the effects of triamcinolone (TA)- and
      saline-soaked biodegradable nasal dressing on subjective symptoms, wound healing
      and improvement of olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
      with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) after undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).
      The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled
      study. A total of 80 patients undergoing bilateral ESS for CRSwNP were enrolled
      and randomly assigned to two groups. Nasal dressing was impregnated with normal
      saline in the control group, while patients received triamcinolone-impregnated
      dressing in the TA group. Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 20 (SNOT-20) and Korean Version
      of the Sniffin' Stick (KVSS) II test were used to assess the patients' condition
      preoperatively and at postoperative 1 and 3 months. Lund-Kennedy (L-K) and
      perioperative sinus endoscopy (POSE) scores were assessed on postoperative months
      1, 2, and 3. There were significant differences between the control group and the
      TA group in terms of postoperative L-K scores and POSE scores at 1 and 2 months.
      The postoperative endoscopic scores were significantly decreased in the TA group
      compared to the control at 1 month. Olfactory functions were significantly
      improved at postoperative 3 months (p = 0.0099) compared to the preoperative
      score in the TA group. Significant improvement in the olfactory functions among
      anosmic and hyposmic patients at postoperative 1 month (p = 0.0475) and 3 months
      (p = 0.0019) compared to their preoperative olfactory function score was observed
      only in the TA group. TA-impregnated dressing had a significant advantage over
      saline-soaked dressing with regard to postoperative wound healing and improvement
      of olfactory function.

PMID- 27363408
TI  - Long-term effects of parotidectomy.
AB  - The present study investigated the long-term complications of parotidectomy, the
      differences in these complications in regard to the pathological diagnosis and
      type of surgery. The patients were questioned regarding the presence of facial
      paresis-paralysis, pain, loss of sensation, scarring, collapse, and mouth dryness
      in the area of operation. Complaints of pain (p = 0.287), scarring (p = 0.456),
      and mouth dryness (p = 0.136) did not show statistically significant differences
      between the cases with benign or malignant pathological outcomes. However,
      complaints of loss of sensation (p < 0.001), collapse in the area of operation (p
      = 0.025), paresis-paralysis (p < 0.001), and fear of repeated surgery (p = 0.032)
      were present at significantly higher rates. Complaints of pain (p = 0.258),
      scarring (p = 0.665), mouth dryness (p = 0.113) and fear of repeated surgery (p =
      0.053) did not show statistically significant differences between the cases who
      underwent superficial or total parotidectomy. However, complaints of loss of
      sensation (p = 0.002), paresis (p < 0.001), and collapse in the area of operation
      (p = 0.019) were present at significantly higher rates. The type of tumor and
      surgical approach significantly affect the quality of life; however,
      parotidectomy generally does not lead to serious long-term complications that
      would disturb the patients.

PMID- 27363409
TI  - Estimation of cardiovascular disease from polysomnographic parameters in sleep
      disordered breathing.
AB  - We aimed to illustrate the causal relationships between cardiovascular diseases
      (CVDs) and various polysomnographic variables, and to develop a CVD estimation
      model from these variables in a population referred for assessment of possible
      sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Clinical and polysomnographic data of 1162
      consecutive patients with suspected SDB whose comorbidity status was known, were
      reviewed, retrospectively. Variable selection was performed in two steps using
      univariate analysis and tenfold cross validation information gain analysis. The
      resulting set of variables with an average merit value (m) of >0.005 was
      considered to be causal factors contributing to the CVDs, and used in Bayesian
      network models for providing estimations. Of the 1162 patients, 234 had CVDs
      (20.1 %). In total, 28 parameters were evaluated for variable selection. Of
      those, 19 were found to be associated with CVDs. Age was the most effective
      attribute in estimating CVD (m = 0.051), followed by total sleep time with oxygen
      saturation <90 % (m = 0.021). Some other important variables were apnea-hypopnea
      index during non-rapid eye movement (m = 0.018), lowest oxygen saturation (m =
      0.018), body mass index (m = 0.016), total apnea duration (m = 0.014), mean apnea
      duration (m = 0.014), longest apnea duration (m = 0.013), and severity of SDB (m
      = 0.012). The modeling process resulted in a final model, with 76.9 %
      sensitivity, 96.2 % specificity, and 92.6 % negative predictive value, consisting
      of all selected variables. The study provides evidence that the estimation of
      CVDs from polysomnographic parameters is possible with high predictive
      performance using Bayesian network analysis.

PMID- 27363411
TI  - Functional Profiles of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells
      in Obese/Diabetic Versus Healthy Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adult human mesenchymal stem cells retrieved, from the post-partum
      human umbilical cord Wharton jelly (hUCMS), have recently gained growing interest
      due to their morphological and functional properties. OBJECTIVE: The main purpose
      of our work was to examine morphology and functional properties of hUCMS
      retrieved from healthy women as compared to those with obesity, or gestational or
      type 2 diabetes mellitus, under fair metabolic control. Possible differences
      between groups could shed light into the potential use of these cells for the
      cell therapy of a variety of diseases, regardless of the obesity/diabetes status
      of the donor mothers. Additionally, information on how the maternal disease may
      affect the cord-derived stem cells, hence possibly newborn children would be
      important. METHOD: We have studied obese/diabetic or normal donor post-partum
      umbilical cord-derived hUCMS, either in basal or during differentiation protocols
      into several cell phenotypes and the definitive endoderm. Immunomodulatory
      properties of these cells, in terms of inhibition of activated lymphocyte
      proliferation, also was examined. RESULTS: According to our preliminary results,
      there are functional differences, as assessed by cell and molecular assays, in
      terms of both, differentiation and immunomodulatory potential, between the cells
      derived from normal as compared to obese/diabetic mothers. CONCLUSION: The
      findings seemingly indicate that the uterine environment of obese/diabetic
      mothers is quite distant from normal, regardless of metabolic control. Hence
      hUCMS extracted from obese/diabetic mothers do not appear to be suitable for cell
      therapy clinical protocols but more studies are required.

PMID- 27363412
TI  - Stem-cell-based Therapies for Improving Islet Transplantation Outcomes in Type 1
      Diabetes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Beta-cell replacement by human islets or whole pancreas offers a
      life-saving therapeutic remedy for patients suffering from type 1 diabetes,
      providing considerable advantages with respect to diminishing total daily insulin
      dose and lowering frequencies of debilitating hypoglycemic reactions as well as
      preventing chronic micro- and macrovascular complications. Although remarkable
      progress has been made in this area, several hurdles remain, hampering its wide
      spread applicability. Such hurdles include a limiting supply of islets, the
      necessity of several donors to achieve enough islet mass for insulin
      independence, and graft failure because of metabolic pressure, continued
      autoimmunity, alloimmunity, high concentrations of immunosuppressive drugs as
      well as oxidative stress caused by hypoxia or inflammation. On the other hand,
      the islet transplant procedure provides the possibility to undertake multiple
      practical and beneficial manipulations of the beta cells before engraftment with
      the intention to reach improved graft survival results. CONCLUSION: We have
      focused on the current status of various obstacles in islet transplantation and
      on the potential of (stem)cell-based treatments able to stimulate islet graft
      outcome in pre-clinical and clinical transplantation settings in which specific
      attention is given to the engraftment-enhancing and immunomodulatory potential of
      various types of stem cells..

PMID- 27363415
TI  - Occurrence of dead core in catalytic particles containing immobilized enzymes:
      analysis for the Michaelis-Menten kinetics and assessment of numerical methods.
AB  - In this article, the occurrence of dead core in catalytic particles containing
      immobilized enzymes is analyzed for the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. An assessment
      of numerical methods is performed to solve the boundary value problem generated
      by the mathematical modeling of diffusion and reaction processes under steady
      state and isothermal conditions. Two classes of numerical methods were employed:
      shooting and collocation. The shooting method used the ode function from Scilab
      software. The collocation methods included: that implemented by the bvode
      function of Scilab, the orthogonal collocation, and the orthogonal collocation on
      finite elements. The methods were validated for simplified forms of the Michaelis
      Menten equation (zero-order and first-order kinetics), for which analytical
      solutions are available. Among the methods covered in this article, the
      orthogonal collocation on finite elements proved to be the most robust and
      efficient method to solve the boundary value problem concerning Michaelis-Menten
      kinetics. For this enzyme kinetics, it was found that the dead core can occur
      when verified certain conditions of diffusion-reaction within the catalytic
      particle. The application of the concepts and methods presented in this study
      will allow for a more generalized analysis and more accurate designs of
      heterogeneous enzymatic reactors. 

PMID- 27363413
TI  - Excessive daytime sleepiness is associated with an exacerbation of migraine: A
      population-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that migraine and sleep disturbances are
      closely associated. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common symptom of
      various types of sleep disturbance. Findings from clinic-based studies suggest
      that a high percentage of migraineurs experience EDS. However, the prevalence and
      clinical impact of EDS among migraineurs at the population level have rarely been
      reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and
      impact of EDS among migraineurs using a population-based sample in Korea.
      METHODS: We selected a stratified random sample of Koreans aged 19 to 69 years
      and evaluated them using a semi-structured interview designed to identify EDS,
      headache type, and the clinical characteristics of migraine. If the score on the
      Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was more than or equal to 11, the participant was
      classified as having EDS. RESULTS: Of the 2,695 participants that completed the
      interview, 143 (5.3 %) and 313 (11.6 %) were classified as having migraine and
      EDS, respectively. The prevalence of EDS was significantly higher in participants
      with migraine (19.6 %) and non-migraine headache (13.4 %) compared to non
      headache controls (9.4 %). Migraineurs with EDS had higher scores on the Visual
      Analogue Scale (VAS) for headache intensity (6.9 +/- 1.8 vs. 6.0 +/- 1.9, p =
      0.014) and Headache Impact Test-6 (59.8 +/- 10.2 vs. 52.5 +/- 8.2, p < 0.001)
      compared to migraineurs without EDS. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 20 % of
      migraineurs had EDS in this population-based sample. Excessive daytime sleepiness
      was associated with an exacerbation of some migraine symptoms.

PMID- 27363414
TI  - Framing visual roll-motion affects postural sway and the subjective visual
      vertical.
AB  - Effects of visual roll-motion on postural sway and the subjective visual vertical
      (SVV) often is studied using mechanical devices, whereas electronic displays
      offer cheaper and more flexible alternatives. These devices typically emit and
      reflect light scattered by the edges of the screen, providing Earth-fixed cues of
      verticality. These cues may decrease the effects of rotating stimuli, a
      possibility that has not been studied explicitly before in one experimental
      design. We exposed 16 participants to a visual dot pattern, either stationary, or
      rotating in roll, that was or was not surrounded by a visible Earth-fixed
      reference frame. To eliminate unintended visual cues, the experiment was
      performed in complete darkness and participants wore neutral density goggles
      passing only 1% of light. Postural sway was measured using a force platform. SVV
      measurements were obtained from a visible rod. To monitor the participants,
      motion sickness severity was obtained with an 11-point rating scale. Results
      showed that the presence of an Earth-fixed frame significantly decreased the
      effect of the rotating pattern on postural sway and SVV deviations. Therefore,
      when studying subjective verticality related effects of visual stimuli, it is
      imperative that all visual Earth-fixed cues are not just minimized but completely
      eliminated. The observation that an Earth-fixed frame significantly decreased the
      effect of the rotating pattern on both postural sway and the SVV points towards a
      common neural origin, possibly involving a neural representation of verticality.
      Finally, we showed that an electronic screen can yield similar effect sizes as
      those taken from the literature using mechanical devices.

PMID- 27363416
TI  - Evaluating the Potential for Delivery of Irinotecan via the Buccal Route:
      Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Permeation Assessment Across
      Porcine Buccal Mucosa.
AB  - Irinotecan (CPT-11) is used to treat advanced colorectal cancer as an intravenous
      therapy. Depending on pH, CPT-11 exists in either a lactone (active) or
      carboxylate (inactive) form, or both. In this investigation, the feasibility for
      systemic delivery of CPT-11 through the buccal route was evaluated. Permeation of
      CPT-11 across porcine buccal mucosa was studied in vitro using side-by-side flow
      through diffusion cells at 37 degrees C. Experiments were performed over a pH
      range from 4 to 9, and the permeability of both the lactone and carboxylate forms
      of CPT-11 was measured. CPT-11 steady state flux was determined over a range of
      donor concentrations at pH 4 (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/ml) and pH 6.8 (0.5, 5, 10
      mg/ml). Steady state flux increased linearly with increasing donor concentration
      of CPT-11 at pH 4 (r 2 = 0.9935) and at pH 6.8 (r 2 = 0.9886). CPT-11
      permeability was independent of pH, although the distribution coefficient
      increased with increasing pH. Estimates of permeability for the lactone and
      carboxylate forms were 4.16 * 10-5 cm/s and 2.6 * 10-5 cm/s, respectively. These
      calculated permeability values were in agreement with the in vitro experimental
      data. Overall, CPT-11 was found to permeate through porcine buccal mucosa via
      passive diffusion. CPT-11 permeability was independent of pH, suggesting that the
      compound was transported mainly via a paracellular route. Overall, the results of
      this research suggest that the buccal route is a potential extravascular mode of
      delivery for CPT-11.

PMID- 27363417
TI  - Timing and long-term prognosis of recurrent MI after primary angioplasty : Stent
      thrombosis vs. non-stent-related reinfarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients recovering from an ST-segment elevation myocardial
      infarction (STEMI), it is not clear whether the negative impact of stent
      thrombosis (ST) is different from a non-stent-related recurrent myocardial
      infarction (NSRMI). This study sought to assess the long-term incidence and
      prognostic impact of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) after percutaneous
      coronary intervention (PCI) for STEMI by comparing outcomes of ST versus NSRMI.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 2001 to 2007, 1025 patients undergoing PCI for STEMI
      were prospectively followed up. Patients with ST, with NSRMI, and those free from
      recurrent MI were compared regarding mortality and major adverse cardiac and
      cerebrovascular events (MACCE). RESULTS: Recurrent MI decreased from 37 events
      per 1000 person/months in the first month to 3.3 events per 1000 person/months
      after the first year. The cumulative 5-year incidence of ST and NSRMI was 5.27 %
      and 13.2 %, respectively. MACCE at 60 months after recurrence were not
      significantly different for patients with reinfarction but were significantly
      higher than for patients free from any recurrent MI (both log-rank p < 0.001).
      However, the cumulative all-cause death rate did not differ between the three
      groups (27.8 vs. 26.7 vs. 23.0 %). Compared with ST occurring in the first 30
      days after PCI for STEMI, early NSRMI was associated with a significantly reduced
      risk for all-cause death (HR, 0.21; 95 % CI, 0.33-3.30) but this association did
      not persist for recurrent MIs occurring in the late (HR, 1.05; 95 % CI, 0.33
      3.30) or very late follow-up periods. CONCLUSION: Although ST was associated with
      a significant increase in adverse events in the early recovery period, in the
      long term, MACCE and all-cause mortality rates were comparable to those for
      NSRMI.

PMID- 27363410
TI  - Novel concepts on pregnancy clocks and alarms: redundancy and synergy in human
      parturition.
AB  - The signals and mechanisms that synchronize the timing of human parturition
      remain a mystery and a better understanding of these processes is essential to
      avert adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although our insights into human labor
      initiation have been informed by studies in animal models, the timing of
      parturition relative to fetal maturation varies among viviparous species,
      indicative of phylogenetically different clocks and alarms; but what is clear is
      that important common pathways must converge to control the birth process. For
      example, in all species, parturition involves the transition of the myometrium
      from a relaxed to a highly excitable state, where the muscle rhythmically and
      forcefully contracts, softening the cervical extracellular matrix to allow
      distensibility and dilatation and thus a shearing of the fetal membranes to
      facilitate their rupture. We review a number of theories promulgated to explain
      how a variety of different timing mechanisms, including fetal membrane cell
      senescence, circadian endocrine clocks, and inflammatory and mechanical factors,
      are coordinated as initiators and effectors of parturition. Many of these factors
      have been independently described with a focus on specific tissue compartments.In
      this review, we put forth the core hypothesis that fetal membrane (amnion and
      chorion) senescence is the initiator of a coordinated, redundant signal cascade
      leading to parturition. Whether modified by oxidative stress or other factors,
      this process constitutes a counting device, i.e. a clock, that measures
      maturation of the fetal organ systems and the production of hormones and other
      soluble mediators (including alarmins) and that promotes inflammation and
      orchestrates an immune cascade to propagate signals across different uterine
      compartments. This mechanism in turn sensitizes decidual responsiveness and
      eventually promotes functional progesterone withdrawal in the myometrium, leading
      to increased myometrial cell contraction and the triggering of parturition.
      Linkage of these processes allows convergence and integration of the gestational
      clocks and alarms, prompting a timely and safe birth. In summary, we provide a
      comprehensive synthesis of the mediators that contribute to the timing of human
      labor. Integrating these concepts will provide a better understanding of human
      parturition and ultimately improve pregnancy outcomes.

PMID- 27363418
TI  - Identifying disrupted pathways by tracking altered modules in type 2 DM-related
      heart failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to screen disrupted pathways in type 2 diabetes
      mellitus (T2DM) heart failure by systematically tracking the altered modules of
      reweighted protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. METHODS: We implemented
      systematic identification and comparison of modules across non-T2DM and T2DM
      heart failure subjects by integrating gene expression data and PPI networks. The
      PPI networks of non-T2DM heart failure and T2DM heart failure were constructed
      and reweighted by means of Spearman's correlation coefficient (SCC).
      Subsequently, a clique-merging algorithm was used to explore the modules in the
      PPI network, followed by the identification of disrupted modules based on a
      maximum-weight bipartite matching and sorting in descending order. Finally,
      pathway enrichment analyses were conducted for genes in disrupted modules to
      determine the biological pathways in T2DM heart failure. RESULTS: By comparing
      the modules of non-T2DM heart failure and T2DM heart failure, 804 disrupted
      modules were explored. The genes in disrupted modules were significantly enriched
      in 39 categories (p < 1.00E-06). Of these, the most significant pathways were the
      focal adhesion, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, and mitogen
      activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: The identified
      disrupted pathways - focal adhesion, VEGF signaling, and MAPK signaling - might
      play important roles in the progression of T2DM heart failure.

PMID- 27363419
TI  - Parental and offspring factors in offspring's weight-loss efforts.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although weight-loss efforts in non-overweight adolescents and young
      adults are quite common, the relation between parental and offspring factors
      related to this behavior remains unclear. This study assessed the parental and
      offspring factors related to offspring's weight-loss efforts according to
      offspring's weight status. METHODS: Data pertaining to weight-loss efforts and
      weight status for 1026 families, including 1449 offspring (703 male and 749
      female offspring, aged 10-25 years) and 1026 pairs of parents, were derived from
      the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2010 to 2013. A
      generalized estimating equation was used to examine factors associated with
      offspring's weight-loss efforts after adjusting for intra-familial correlations.
      RESULTS: Weight-loss efforts in adolescents and young adults increased with
      offspring factors, such as female sex [OR (95 % CI), 2.64 (2.02-3.46)],
      overweight status [9.54 (6.66-13.67)], weight overestimation [2.96 (2.08-4.20)],
      and maternal weight-loss efforts [1.37 (1.05-1.79)], while weight-loss efforts
      decreased with offspring's weight underestimation [0.27 (0.19-0.37)], after
      adjusting for similar parental factors and intra-familial correlations. In non
      overweight adolescents and young adults, weight-loss efforts were associated with
      maternal weight-loss efforts [1.52 (1.11-2.08)] and offspring sex [female vs.
      male; 2.93 (2.14-4.01)], as well as offspring's weight underestimation [vs.
      accurate estimation; 0.15 (0.08-0.28)] or overestimation [vs. accurate
      estimation; 3.05 (2.13-4.38)]. In overweight adolescents and young adults, weight
      loss efforts were associated with offspring's weight underestimation [0.45 (0.28
      0.71)]. CONCLUSIONS: Weight-loss efforts in adolescents and young adult offspring
      are associated with maternal weight-loss efforts, offspring's weight perception,
      and sex in non-overweight offspring, and offspring's weight perception in
      overweight offspring.

PMID- 27363420
TI  - Remembering Joan (Jan) Mary Anderson (1932-2015).
AB  - Joan Mary Anderson, known to most people as Jan, was born on May 12, 1932 in
      Dunedin, New Zealand. She died on August 28, 2015 in Canberra, Australia. To
      celebrate her life, we present here a brief biography, some comments on her
      discoveries in photosynthesis during a career spanning more than half a century,
      and reminiscences from family and friends. We remember this wonderful person who
      had an unflagging curiosity, creative ability to think laterally, enthusiasm,
      passion, generosity and love of color and culture. 

PMID- 27363421
TI  - Effective Mental Health Screening in Adolescents: Should We Collect Data from
      Youth, Parents or Both?
AB  - Youth- and parent-rated screening measures derived from the Strengths and
      Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Development and Well-Being Assessment
      (DAWBA) were compared on their psychometric properties as predictors of caseness
      in adolescence (mean age 14). Successful screening was judged firstly against the
      likelihood of having an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis and secondly by the ability
      to discriminate between community (N = 252) and clinical (N = 86) samples (sample
      status). Both, SDQ and DAWBA measures adequately predicted the presence of an ICD
      10 disorder as well as sample status. The hypothesis that there was an informant
      gradient was confirmed: youth self-reports were less discriminating than parent
      reports, whereas combined parent and youth reports were more discriminating-a
      finding replicated across a diversity of measures. When practical constraints
      only permit screening for caseness using either a parent or an adolescent
      informant, parents are the better source of information.

PMID- 27363422
TI  - Relationship of renal insufficiency and clinical features or comorbidities with
      clinical outcome in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure syndromes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal insufficiency is a well-known predictor of adverse events in
      patients with acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS). However, it remains unclear
      whether there are subgroups of AHFS patients in whom renal insufficiency is
      related to a higher risk of adverse events because of the heterogeneity of this
      patient population. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between renal
      insufficiency, clinical features or comorbidities, and the risk of adverse events
      in patients with AHFS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of 4842 patients enrolled in the
      Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Syndromes (ATTEND) registry, 4628 patients
      (95.6%) were evaluated in the present study in order to assess the relationship
      of renal insufficiency and clinical features or comorbidities with all-cause
      mortality after admission. Renal insufficiency was defined as an estimated
      creatinine clearance of ?40 mL/min (calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula) at
      admission. The median follow-up period after admission was 524 (391-789) days.
      The all-cause mortality rate after admission was significantly higher in patients
      with renal insufficiency (36.7%) than in patients without renal insufficiency
      (14.4%). Stratified analysis was performed in order to explore the heterogeneity
      of the influence of renal insufficiency on all-cause mortality. This analysis
      revealed that an ischaemic aetiology and a history of diabetes, atrial
      fibrillation, serum sodium, and anaemia at admission had significant influences
      on the relationship between renal insufficiency and all-cause mortality.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that the relationship between renal
      insufficiency and all-cause mortality of AHFS patients varies markedly with
      clinical features or comorbidities and the mode of presentation due to the
      heterogeneity of this patient population.

PMID- 27363423
TI  - Does the working temperature affect the outcome following microwave endometrial
      ablation?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Menorrhagia is a common gynaecological complaint, with significant
      burden to both its sufferers and health service providers. The first line of
      treatment is usually medical/pharmaceutical although in some cases surgery is
      required. There are now a number of minimally invasive surgical techniques
      available that ablate the uterine lining and prevent the need for the removal of
      the uterus. Microwave endometrial ablation (MEA) is one of these techniques, and
      this paper investigates the effect of the working temperature on outcome.
      METHODS: A retrospective case note review of women who underwent MEA between June
      2000 and August 2004. All women had a hysteroscopy followed by MEA. The duration
      of the procedure and mean working temperature of the MEA treatment was
      calculated. Women were followed up 6-8 months after surgery. FINDINGS: Two
      hundred and eleven women underwent the procedure, with an average duration of
      menorrhagia of 30 months prior to the procedure. Eighty-nine percent attended
      follow-up, 80 % were satisfied with the procedure and 40 % were amenorrhoeic.
      When the procedure was performed at higher working temperature within the
      manufacturers guidelines women were more likely to be amenorrhoeic (78.4 vs. 77.1
      degrees C, p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: MEA is more effective in treating menorrhagia
      when used at a higher operating temperature.

PMID- 27363425
TI  - Effects of Homologous Expression of 1,4-Benzoquinone Reductase and Homogentisate
      1,2-Dioxygenase Genes on Wood Decay in Hyper-Lignin-Degrading Fungus
      Phanerochaete sordida YK-624.
AB  - We investigated the function of 1,4-benzoquinone reductase (BQR)- and
      homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD)-like genes in wood degradation by
      Phanerochaete sordida YK-624, which exhibits high ligninolytic activity and
      selectivity. We determined homologous expression in the genomic and cDNA
      sequences of BQR- and HGD-like genes in P. sordida YK-624 (PsBQR and PsHGD). Both
      genes shared high homology (>=90 % amino acid sequence similarity) with the
      corresponding genes in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. These genes were co
      transformed with a reporter gene into an uracil auxotrophic mutant of P. sordida
      YK-624. The PsBQR and PsHGD co-transformants exhibited lower holocellulolytic
      activity and higher ligninolytic selectivity than the control transformants. In
      liquid culture with vanillin, both co-transformants significantly accelerated
      vanillin degradation. Thus, we suggest that the rapid metabolism of low-molecular
      weight lignin fragments, due to the homologous expression of BQR- and HGD-like
      genes, affects quinone redox cycling to produce hydroxyl radicals, thereby
      decreasing holocellulose degradation and increasing ligninolytic selectivity. 

PMID- 27363424
TI  - Influence of a CYP1A2 polymorphism on post-exercise heart rate variability in
      response to caffeine intake: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proposed differences in caffeine metabolism due to the CYP1A2*1F
      polymorphism have been linked to variations in cardiovascular disease risk. AIMS:
      We examined the influence of a CYP1A2*1F polymorphism on post-exercise heart rate
      variability (HRV) in response to caffeine intake. METHODS: Volunteers were
      identified as A/A homozygotes (A/A; 4 females and 7 males; age: 25.3 +/- 4.1
      years; BMI: 25.9 +/- 4.4 kg/m2) or C allele carriers (C allele; 3 females and 6
      males; age: 25.5 +/- 2.8 years; BMI: 26.6 +/- 5.0 kg/m2) for participation in a
      repeated measures, counterbalanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
      Participants chewed three pieces of gum containing either caffeine (CAF) (100
      mg/piece) or placebo for 5 min. Thereafter, participants cycled for 15 min at 75
      % of their peak oxygen consumption. Eight HRV indices computed during 5 min at
      baseline (BASE), 0-5 min after exercise (POST1), and 5-10 min after exercise
      (POST2) were used for analysis. RESULTS: No significant group differences were
      detected in HRV indices at BASE, POST1, or POST2 during both trials (p > 0.05).
      Rate of recovery (POST2-POST1) for the square root of the mean of squared
      differences between successive RR intervals (RMSSD) was significantly different
      between A/A (6.0 +/- 2.5 ms) and C allele (3.6 +/- 2.5 ms) groups during the CAF
      trial (p = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Rate of RMSSD recovery was the only variable
      influenced by the CYP1A2*IF polymorphism during post-exercise in response to
      caffeine intake. Thus, the CYP1A2*1F polymorphism did not overtly influence the
      effects of caffeine intake on post-exercise HRV.

PMID- 27363427
TI  - A brushfire in the eye.

PMID- 27363426
TI  - Heme acquisition in the parasitic filarial nematode Brugia malayi.
AB  - Nematodes lack a heme biosynthetic pathway and must acquire heme from exogenous
      sources. Given the indispensable role of heme, this auxotrophy may be exploited
      to develop drugs that interfere with heme uptake in parasites. Although multiple
      heme-responsive genes (HRGs) have been characterized within the free-living
      nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we have undertaken the first study of heme
      transport in Brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. Through
      functional assays in yeast, as well as heme analog, RNAi, and transcriptomic
      experiments, we have shown that the heme transporter B. malayi HRG-1 (BmHRG-1) is
      indeed functional in B. malayi In addition, BmHRG-1 localizes both to the
      endocytic compartments and cell membrane when expressed in yeast cells.
      Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that BmHRG-1, BmHRG-2, and BmMRP-5 (all
      orthologs of HRGs in C. elegans) are down-regulated in heme-treated B. malayi, as
      compared to non-heme-treated control worms. Likely because of short gene lengths,
      multiple exons, other HRGs in B. malayi (BmHRG-3-6) remain unidentified. Although
      the precise mechanisms of heme homeostasis in a nematode with the ability to
      acquire heme remains unknown, this study clearly demonstrates that the filarial
      nematode B. malayi is capable of transporting exogenous heme.-Luck, A. N., Yuan,
      X., Voronin, D., Slatko, B. E., Hamza, I., Foster, J. M. Heme acquisition in the
      parasitic filarial nematode Brugia malayi.

PMID- 27363428
TI  - Thiols of flagellar proteins are essential for progressive motility in human
      spermatozoa.
AB  - Male infertility is a disorder of the reproductive system defined by the failure
      to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected
      sexual intercourse. The presence of low-motile or immotile spermatozoa is one of
      many causes of infertility; however, this observation provides little or no
      information regarding the pathogenesis of the malfunction. Good sperm motility
      depends on correct assembly of the sperm tail in the testis and efficient
      maturation during epididymal transit. Thiols of flagellar proteins, such as outer
      dense fibre protein 1 (ODF1), are oxidised to form disulfides during epididymal
      transit and the spermatozoa become motile. This study was designed to determine
      how oxidative changes in protein thiol status affect progressive motility in
      human spermatozoa. Monobromobimane (mBBr) was used as a specific thiol marker and
      disruptor of sperm progressive motility. When mBBr was blocked by dithiothreitol
      it did not promote motility changes. The analysis of mBBr-treated spermatozoa
      revealed a reduction of progressive motility and an increased number of
      spermatozoa with non-progressive motility without affecting ATP production. Laser
      confocal microscopy and western blot analysis showed that one of the mBBr
      positive proteins reacted with an antibody to ODF1. Monobromobimane fluorescence
      intensity of the sperm tail was lower in normozoospermic than asthenozoospermic
      men, suggesting that thiol oxidation in spermatozoa of asthenozoospermic men is
      incomplete. Our findings indicate that mBBr affects the thiol status of ODF1 in
      human spermatozoa and interferes with progressive motility.

PMID- 27363430
TI  - MPs condemn lack of rigour in how UK's L6bn science budget is spent.

PMID- 27363429
TI  - Collaborative targeted maximum likelihood estimation for variable importance
      measure: Illustration for functional outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain
      injuries.
AB  - Standard statistical practice used for determining the relative importance of
      competing causes of disease typically relies on ad hoc methods, often byproducts
      of machine learning procedures (stepwise regression, random forest, etc.). Causal
      inference framework and data-adaptive methods may help to tailor parameters to
      match the clinical question and free one from arbitrary modeling assumptions. Our
      focus is on implementations of such semiparametric methods for a variable
      importance measure (VIM). We propose a fully automated procedure for VIM based on
      collaborative targeted maximum likelihood estimation (cTMLE), a method that
      optimizes the estimate of an association in the presence of potentially numerous
      competing causes. We applied the approach to data collected from traumatic brain
      injury patients, specifically a prospective, observational study including three
      US Level-1 trauma centers. The primary outcome was a disability score (Glasgow
      Outcome Scale - Extended (GOSE)) collected three months post-injury. We
      identified clinically important predictors among a set of risk factors using a
      variable importance analysis based on targeted maximum likelihood estimators
      (TMLE) and on cTMLE. Via a parametric bootstrap, we demonstrate that the latter
      procedure has the potential for robust automated estimation of variable
      importance measures based upon machine-learning algorithms. The cTMLE estimator
      was associated with substantially less positivity bias as compared to TMLE and
      larger coverage of the 95% CI. This study confirms the power of an automated
      cTMLE procedure that can target model selection via machine learning to estimate
      VIMs in complicated, high-dimensional data.

PMID- 27363432
TI  - Voluntary Second Opinions in Pediatric Bone and Soft Tissue Pathology: A
      Retrospective Review of 1601 Cases From a Single Mesenchymal Tumor Consultation
      Service.
AB  - The diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumors in children is challenging. These
      lesions are especially difficult for general pathologists. We reviewed our
      experience with pediatric mesenchymal tumors sent in consultation to our service,
      with the goal of identifying issues that most often prompted second-opinion
      referral. Roughly 16 000 cases were seen in toto, of which 1601 occurred in
      children. These included 491 bone cases and 1110 soft tissue cases. The cases
      were referred by private practices/nonacademic medical centers (85%), academic
      medical centers (8%), and pediatric hospitals (7%). Reasons for referral were (a)
      self-perceived lack of experience with pediatric mesenchymal tumors (n = 930),
      (b) second opinion requested by the clinician or patient (n = 132), and (c)
      perceived or real need for ancillary studies not available at the referring
      institution (n = 116). The referring pathologists suggested a diagnosis for 670
      cases; of these, 476 (71%) were in essential agreement with our final diagnosis.
      Of the remaining, 139 (21%) were considered "minor disagreements" and 55 (8%)
      "major disagreements." The "major disagreement" cases could be divided into (a)
      malignant tumors submitted with benign diagnoses (58%), (b) benign tumors
      submitted with malignant diagnoses (25%), (c) nonneoplastic conditions submitted
      as representing neoplasms (11%), and (d) neoplasm submitted as representing
      nonneoplastic conditions (6%). Pediatric mesenchymal tumors comprised 10% of
      cases sent to our mesenchymal tumor consultation practice. The rates of
      diagnostic disagreement found in this study are roughly in accordance with prior
      studies of mandatory and voluntary second opinion in adult soft tissue tumors.
      Given the rarity of these tumors, expert second opinion may be of value.

PMID- 27363431
TI  - The effect of HIV-1 Vif polymorphisms on A3G anti-viral activity in an in vivo
      mouse model.
AB  - Humans encode seven APOBEC3 proteins (A-H), with A3G, 3F and 3H as the major
      factors restricting HIV-1 replication. HIV-1, however, encodes Vif, which
      counteracts A3 proteins by chaperoning them to the proteasome where they are
      degraded. Vif polymorphisms found in HIV-1s isolated from infected patients have
      varying anti-A3G potency when assayed in vitro, but there are few studies
      demonstrating this in in vivo models. Here, we created Friend murine leukemia
      viruses encoding vif alleles that were previously shown to differentially
      neutralize A3G in cell culture or that were originally found in primary HIV-1
      isolates. Infection of transgenic mice expressing different levels of human A3G
      showed that these naturally occurring Vif variants differed in their ability to
      counteract A3G during in vivo infection, although the effects on viral
      replication were not identical to those seen in cultured cells. We also found
      that the polymorphic Vifs that attenuated viral replication reverted to wild type
      only in A3G transgenic mice. Finally, we found that the level of A3G-mediated
      deamination was inversely correlated with the level of viral replication. This
      animal model should be useful for studying the functional significance of
      naturally occurring vif polymorphisms, as well as viral evolution in the presence
      of A3G.

PMID- 27363433
TI  - Triple Hit Lymphoma: Rare Cases With Less Dire Than Usual Prognosis.
AB  - Triple hit lymphomas are a subset of so-called double hit non-Hodgkin lymphomas
      exhibiting simultaneous gene translocations/disruption of MYC, BCL2, and BCL6;
      however, their overlapping morphologic features and complex genetic
      rearrangements can render classification and prognostication vexing. Clinically
      triple hit lymphomas are thought to demonstrate aggressive behavior, similar to
      or worse than that of double hit lymphomas. Only rare reports of long term
      survivors exist and raise the possibility that unidentified morphologic,
      immunologic, or cytogenetic differences may impart a less adverse prognosis than
      current literature and opinion may suggest. Here we report 3 such cases with less
      aggressive behavior. Cases such as these may prove useful in comparing outcomes,
      and underlying mechanisms of tumor progression, in aggressive non-Hodgkin
      lymphomas.

PMID- 27363434
TI  - Being Human: A Qualitative Interview Study Exploring Why a Telehealth
      Intervention for Management of Chronic Conditions Had a Modest Effect.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evidence of benefit for telehealth for chronic conditions is mixed.
      Two linked randomized controlled trials tested the Healthlines Service for 2
      chronic conditions: depression and high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
      This new telehealth service consisted of regular telephone calls from
      nonclinical, trained health advisers who followed standardized scripts generated
      by interactive software. Advisors facilitated self-management by supporting
      participants to use Web-based resources and helped to optimize medication,
      improve treatment adherence, and encourage healthier lifestyles. Participants
      were recruited from primary care. The trials identified moderate (for depression)
      or partial (for CVD risk) effectiveness of the Healthlines Service. OBJECTIVE: An
      embedded qualitative study was undertaken to help explain the results of the 2
      trials by exploring mechanisms of action, context, and implementation of the
      intervention. METHODS: Qualitative interview study of 21 staff providing usual
      health care or involved in the intervention and 24 patients receiving the
      intervention. RESULTS: Interviewees described improved outcomes in some patients,
      which they attributed to the intervention, describing how components of the model
      on which the intervention was based helped to achieve benefits. Implementation of
      the intervention occurred largely as planned. However, contextual issues in
      patients' lives and some problems with implementation may have reduced the size
      of effect of the intervention. For depression, patients' lives and preferences
      affected engagement with the intervention: these largely working-age patients had
      busy and complex lives, which affected their ability to engage, and some patients
      preferred a therapist-based approach to the cognitive behavioral therapy on
      offer. For CVD risk, patients' motivations adversely affected the intervention
      whereby some patients joined the trial for general health improvement or from
      altruism, rather than motivation to make lifestyle changes to address their
      specific risk factors. Implementation was not optimal in the early part of the
      CVD risk trial owing to technical difficulties and the need to adapt the
      intervention for use in practice. For both conditions, enthusiastic and motivated
      staff offering continuity of intervention delivery tailored to individual
      patients' needs were identified as important for patient engagement with
      telehealth; this was not delivered consistently, particularly in the early stages
      of the trials. Finally, there was a lack of active engagement from primary care.
      CONCLUSIONS: The conceptual model was supported and could be used to develop
      further telehealth interventions for chronic conditions. It may be possible to
      increase the effectiveness of this, and similar interventions, by attending to
      the human as well as the technical aspects of telehealth: offering it to patients
      actively wanting the intervention, ensuring continuity of delivery by
      enthusiastic and motivated staff, and encouraging active engagement from primary
      care staff.

PMID- 27363435
TI  - Erratum to: Single-cell whole genome sequencing reveals no evidence for common
      aneuploidy in normal and Alzheimer's disease neurons.

PMID- 27363436
TI  - About This Continuing Medical Education Activity.

PMID- 27363437
TI  - Pharmacologic Considerations in the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus in Persons
      With HIV.
AB  - Roughly one-third of individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) are coinfected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) due to shared routes of
      transmission. HIV accelerates the progression of HCV disease; thus, coinfected
      individuals are at high priority for HCV treatment. Several new HCV therapies,
      called direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs), are available that achieve cure
      rates of >90% in many patient populations including individuals with HIV. The
      primary consideration in treating HCV in HIV-infected persons is the potential
      for drug interactions. We describe the clinical pharmacology and drug interaction
      potential of the DAAs, review the interaction data with DAAs and antiretroviral
      agents, and identify the knowledge gaps in the pharmacologic aspects of treating
      HCV in individuals with HIV coinfection. This review will focus on DAAs that have
      received regulatory approval in the United States and Europe and agents in late
      stages of clinical development.

PMID- 27363438
TI  - Management of Hepatitis C/HIV Coinfection in the Era of Highly Effective
      Hepatitis C Virus Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy.
AB  - The increased life expectancy of persons infected with human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in renewed
      attention to non-HIV-related diseases exacerbated by HIV infection. Coinfection
      with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a particular area of concern, as the global
      prevalence has been estimated at 2.5-5 million people. In this article, we
      discuss the epidemiology of HCV infection and reinfection, HCV-related liver
      disease progression in the era of effective ART, and the efficacy of emerging HCV
      treatment strategies in persons with HIV/HCV coinfection. New data regarding
      treatment of persons with HIV/HCV coinfection suggest that HCV treatment should
      be a priority in those with HIV. Results from recent studies using all-oral HCV
      regimens have shown high rates of sustained virologic response in both clinical
      trials and real-world settings. A multidisciplinary approach to HCV treatment in
      those with HIV is recommended for optimal patient management. Following HCV cure,
      practitioners also need to be mindful of the risks for HCV reinfection and
      educate patients on protective measures.

PMID- 27363440
TI  - Kinases as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
      Disease.
AB  - Multiple kinases play a critical role in orchestrating the chronic inflammation
      and structural changes in the respiratory tract of patients with asthma and
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Kinases activate signaling pathways
      that lead to contraction of airway smooth muscle and release of inflammatory
      mediators (such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors) as well as cell
      migration, activation, and proliferation. For this reason there has been great
      interest in the development of kinase inhibitors as anti-inflammatory therapies,
      particular where corticosteroids are less effective, as in severe asthma and
      COPD. However, it has proven difficult to develop selective kinase inhibitors
      that are both effective and safe after oral administration and this has led to a
      search for inhaled kinase inhibitors, which would reduce systemic exposure.
      Although many kinases have been implicated in inflammation and remodeling of
      airway disease, very few classes of drug have reached the stage of clinical
      studies in these diseases. The most promising drugs are p38 MAP kinases,
      isoenzyme-selective PI3-kinases, Janus-activated kinases, and Syk-kinases, and
      inhaled formulations of these drugs are now in development. There has also been
      interest in developing inhibitors that block more than one kinase, because these
      drugs may be more effective and with less risk of losing efficacy with time. No
      kinase inhibitors are yet on the market for the treatment of airway diseases, but
      as kinase inhibitors are improved from other therapeutic areas there is hope that
      these drugs may eventually prove useful in treating refractory asthma and COPD.

PMID- 27363442
TI  - Manipulating Angiogenesis by Targeting Endothelial Metabolism: Hitting the Engine
      Rather than the Drivers-A New Perspective?
AB  - Excessive angiogenesis (i.e., the formation of new blood vessels) contributes to
      different pathologies, among them cancer and ocular disorders. Conversely,
      dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs) contributes to cardiovascular
      complications, as is the case in diabetes. Inhibition of pathologic angiogenesis
      in blinding eye disease and cancer by targeting growth factors such as vascular
      endothelial growth factor has become an accepted therapeutic strategy. However,
      recent studies also unveiled the emerging importance of EC metabolism in
      controlling angiogenesis. In this overview, we will discuss recent insights in
      the metabolic regulation of angiogenesis, focusing on the best-characterized
      metabolic pathways, and highlight deregulation of EC metabolism in cancer and
      diabetes. We will give an outlook on how targeting EC metabolism can be used for
      blocking pathologic angiogenesis and for normalizing EC dysfunction.

PMID- 27363443
TI  - PhytoCRISP-Ex: a web-based and stand-alone application to find specific target
      sequences for CRISPR/CAS editing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With the emerging interest in phytoplankton research, the need to
      establish genetic tools for the functional characterization of genes is
      indispensable. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is now well recognized as an efficient and
      accurate reverse genetic tool for genome editing. Several computational tools
      have been published allowing researchers to find candidate target sequences for
      the engineering of the CRISPR vectors, while searching possible off-targets for
      the predicted candidates. These tools provide built-in genome databases of common
      model organisms that are used for CRISPR target prediction. Although their
      predictions are highly sensitive, the applicability to non-model genomes, most
      notably protists, makes their design inadequate. This motivated us to design a
      new CRISPR target finding tool, PhytoCRISP-Ex. Our software offers CRIPSR target
      predictions using an extended list of phytoplankton genomes and also delivers a
      user-friendly standalone application that can be used for any genome. RESULTS:
      The software attempts to integrate, for the first time, most available
      phytoplankton genomes information and provide a web-based platform for Cas9
      target prediction within them with high sensitivity. By offering a standalone
      version, PhytoCRISP-Ex maintains an independence to be used with any organism and
      widens its applicability in high throughput pipelines. PhytoCRISP-Ex out pars all
      the existing tools by computing the availability of restriction sites over the
      most probable Cas9 cleavage sites, which can be ideal for mutant screens.
      CONCLUSIONS: PhytoCRISP-Ex is a simple, fast and accurate web interface with 13
      pre-indexed and presently updating phytoplankton genomes. The software was also
      designed as a UNIX-based standalone application that allows the user to search
      for target sequences in the genomes of a variety of other species.

PMID- 27363444
TI  - In Vitro PET Imaging of a Miniature Ventricular Assist Device.
AB  - Interactions between the life-sustaining ventricular assist devices and
      diagnostic therapies must be carefully considered to decrease the risk of
      inaccurate diagnostic imaging or pump failure. METHODS: The MVAD((r)) pump,
      currently under investigational use, was tested for interaction with radiotracers
      in an in vitro flow-loop study. The radiotracers (18)F-sodium fluoride and (18)F
      FDG were injected into a closed loop to determine the feasibility of direct
      imaging of the MVAD((r)) pump in a PET scanner. RESULTS: No real-time changes
      were observed in pump operation, and there were no statistical differences in
      pump parameters (power consumption, speed, and estimated flow rate) between the
      baseline and circulation conditions. In addition, no effect was observed on any
      external components, including the permissive-action-link controller and the
      batteries powering the device. Imaging of the internal pump components was
      possible, with obscuration observed only in the portion of the pump where the
      spinning impeller is located. Retention of radiotracer in the pump components
      after circulation was minimal (<1%). CONCLUSION: PET imaging is an attractive
      diagnostic tool for patients with a ventricular assist device and may have
      additional utility outside its current use, detection of infection.

PMID- 27363445
TI  - Functioning Metastases from Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma in Bone.
AB  - Functioning thyroid metastases are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism. Most are
      follicular carcinoma. Here, we report a case in which a 62-y-old man with a
      history of right subtotal thyroidectomy for a benign adenoma complained of
      symptoms of hyperthyroidism associated with left arm pain. Biopsy of a humeral
      lesion was consistent with papillary carcinoma metastatic from the thyroid.
      Postoperatively, the patient received a cumulative dose of 14.8 GBq of 131I with
      good control of the hyperthyroidism but without eradication of the bone
      metastasis.

PMID- 27363446
TI  - Detection of Intrathoracic Bleeding by 99mTc-Labeled Red Blood Cell SPECT/CT
      After Wedge Biopsy of Pulmonary Angiosarcoma.
AB  - A 52-y-old man presenting with dyspnea and a massive effusion in the right
      pleural cavity underwent wedge biopsies of pulmonary lesions found on thoracic
      CT, leading to a diagnosis of pleural angiosarcoma. Bleeding developed
      postoperatively and was investigated using pulmonary CT angiography, which failed
      to identify a site of active bleeding. (99m)Tc-labeled red blood cell (RBC)
      SPECT/CT of the chest was performed, and the site was rapidly located. To our
      knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature of localization of
      intrathoracic bleeding using (99m)Tc-RBC SPECT/CT. 

PMID- 27363447
TI  - 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging of Hodgkin Lymphoma in a Child with Common Variable
      Immunodeficiency.
AB  - Common variable immunodeficiency is characterized by low levels of serum
      immunoglobulins and antibodies, recurrent infections, and a predisposition to
      malignancy. Here, we present the 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of a 7-y-old boy with
      common variable immunodeficiency and Hodgkin lymphoma.

PMID- 27363448
TI  - Mediastinal Masses in Nuclear Medicine Studies: A Diagnostic Algorithm.
AB  - There are multiple reasons for an anterior mediastinal mass. In this case, we
      discuss possible etiologies and offer an algorithm to narrow the differential
      diagnosis. When the mass cannot be diagnosed radiographically, the next step in
      imaging is a physiologic assessment with radionuclide modalities.

PMID- 27363449
TI  - The First Attempt at Non-Linear in Silico Prediction of Sampling Rates for Polar
      Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS).
AB  - Modeling and prediction of polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)
      sampling rates (Rs) for 73 compounds using artificial neural networks (ANNs) is
      presented for the first time. Two models were constructed: the first was
      developed ab initio using a genetic algorithm (GSD-model) to shortlist 24
      descriptors covering constitutional, topological, geometrical and physicochemical
      properties and the second model was adapted for Rs prediction from a previous
      chromatographic retention model (RTD-model). Mechanistic evaluation of
      descriptors showed that models did not require comprehensive a priori information
      to predict Rs. Average predicted errors for the verification and blind test sets
      were 0.03 +/- 0.02 L d(-1) (RTD-model) and 0.03 +/- 0.03 L d(-1) (GSD-model)
      relative to experimentally determined Rs. Prediction variability in replicated
      models was the same or less than for measured Rs. Networks were externally
      validated using a measured Rs data set of six benzodiazepines. The RTD-model
      performed best in comparison to the GSD-model for these compounds (average
      absolute errors of 0.0145 +/- 0.008 L d(-1) and 0.0437 +/- 0.02 L d(-1),
      respectively). Improvements to generalizability of modeling approaches will be
      reliant on the need for standardized guidelines for Rs measurement. The use of in
      silico tools for Rs determination represents a more economical approach than
      laboratory calibrations.

PMID- 27363460
TI  - Differential Effects of Reward Drive and Rash Impulsivity on the Consumption of a
      Range of Hedonic Stimuli.
AB  - Background and aims Impulsivity has consistently been associated with over
      consumption and addiction. Recent research has reconceptualized impulsivity as a
      two-dimensional construct ( Dawe, Gullo, & Loxton, 2004 ). This study explores
      the relationship of the two components of impulsivity, reward drive (RD) and rash
      impulsivity (RI), on a broad group of 23 hedonic consumption behaviors (e.g.,
      gambling, substance use, eating, and media use). We tentatively grouped the
      behaviors into three descriptive classes: entertainment, foodstuffs, and illicit
      activities and substances. Results RD and RI positively predicted elevated levels
      of consumption in a community sample (N=5,391; 51% female), for the vast majority
      of the behaviors considered. However, the effect sizes for RD and RI varied
      significantly depending on the behavior; a pattern that appeared to be at least
      partially attributable to the class of consumption. Results support the view that
      RD is related more strongly to the consumption of products that provide social
      engagement or a sense of increased status; whereas RI better reflects an approach
      toward illicit or restricted products that are intensely rewarding with clear
      negative consequences. Discussion and conclusion Results support the utility of
      the two-factor model of impulsivity in explaining individual differences in
      patterns of hedonic consumption in the general population. We discuss findings in
      terms of strengthening current conceptualizations of RI and RD as having distinct
      implications with respect to health-related behaviors. 

PMID- 27363461
TI  - Anxiety, Gambling Activity, and Neurocognition: A Dimensional Approach to a Non
      Treatment-Seeking Sample.
AB  - Background and aims Previous analyses have highlighted significant associations
      between gambling disorder (GD)/subsyndromal GD and increased rates of anxiety
      symptoms and anxiety disorders relative to the general population. However, less
      is known about how anxiety symptoms influence the clinical presentation of
      gambling problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association
      between anxiety symptoms, gambling activity, and neurocognition across the
      spectrum of gambling behavior. Methods The sample consisted of 143 non-treatment
      seeking young adults (aged 18-29 years), in which 63 individuals (44.1%) were
      classified as recreational gamblers, 47 (32.9%) as having subsyndromal GD, and 33
      (23.1%) met criteria for GD. Results The main findings were: (a) there was a
      positive correlation between anxiety severity and gambling severity measured by
      the number of DSM-5 GD criteria met; (b) there was a positive correlation between
      anxiety severity and attentional impulsiveness; (c) subjects with suicidality
      presented higher levels of anxiety; and (d) the severity of anxiety symptoms was
      negatively correlated with the quality of life. Discussion and conclusions This
      study suggests that anxiety may be associated with relevant clinical variables in
      the broad spectrum of gambling activity. Therefore, proper management of anxiety
      symptoms might improve the clinical presentation of gamblers in different areas. 

PMID- 27363462
TI  - Gambling with Rose-Tinted Glasses on: Use of Emotion-Regulation Strategies
      Correlates with Dysfunctional Cognitions in Gambling Disorder Patients.
AB  - Background and aims Existing research shows that gambling disorder patients
      (GDPs) process gambling outcomes abnormally when compared against healthy
      controls (HCs). These anomalies present the form of exaggerated or distorted
      beliefs regarding the expected utility of outcomes and one's ability to predict
      or control gains and losses, as well as retrospective reinterpretations of what
      caused them. This study explores the possibility that the emotional regulation
      strategies GDPs use to cope with aversive events are linked to these cognitions.
      Methods 41 GDPs and 45 HCs, matched in sociodemographic variables, were assessed
      in gambling severity, emotion-regulation strategies (cognitive emotion-regulation
      questionnaire, CERQ), and gambling-related cognitions (gambling-related
      cognitions scale, GRCS). Results GDPs showed higher scores in all gambling
      related cognition dimensions. Regarding emotion regulation, GDPs were observed to
      use self-blame and catastrophizing, but also positive refocusing, more often than
      controls. Additionally, in GDPs, putatively adaptive CERQ strategies shared a
      significant portion of variance with South Oaks gambling screen severity and GRCS
      beliefs. Shared variability was mostly attributable to the roles of refocusing on
      planning and putting into perspective at positively predicting severity and the
      interpretative bias (GDPs propensity to reframe losses in a more benign way),
      respectively. Discussion and conclusions Results show links between emotion
      regulation strategies and problematic gambling-related behaviors and cognitions.
      The pattern of those links supports the idea that GDPs use emotion-regulation
      strategies, customarily regarded as adaptive, to cope with negative emotions, so
      that the motivational and cognitive processing of gambling outcomes becomes less
      effective in shaping gambling-related behavior. 

PMID- 27363463
TI  - Experiential Avoidance and Technological Addictions in Adolescents.
AB  - Background and aims This study focuses on the use of popular information and
      communication technologies (ICTs) by adolescents: the Internet, mobile phones,
      and video games. The relationship of ICT use and experiential avoidance (EA), a
      construct that has emerged as underlying and transdiagnostic to a wide variety of
      psychological problems, including behavioral addictions, is examined. EA refers
      to a self-regulatory strategy involving efforts to control or escape from
      negative stimuli such as thoughts, feelings, or sensations that generate strong
      distress. This strategy, which may be adaptive in the short term, is problematic
      if it becomes an inflexible pattern. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore
      whether EA patterns were associated with addictive or problematic use of ICT in
      adolescents. Methods A total of 317 students of the Spanish southeast between 12
      and 18 years old were recruited to complete a questionnaire that included
      questions about general use of each ICTs, an experiential avoidance
      questionnaire, a brief inventory of the Big Five personality traits, and specific
      questionnaires on problematic use of the Internet, mobile phones, and video
      games. Results Correlation analysis and linear regression showed that EA largely
      explained results regarding the addictive use of the Internet, mobile phones, and
      video games, but not in the same way. As regards gender, boys showed a more
      problematic use of video games than girls. Concerning personality factors,
      conscientiousness was related to all addictive behaviors. Discussion and
      conclusions We conclude that EA is an important construct that should be
      considered in future models that attempt to explain addictive behaviors. 

PMID- 27363464
TI  - Internet Gaming Disorder Among Slovenian Primary Schoolchildren: Findings From a
      Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents.
AB  - Background and aims Since the inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in the
      latest (fifth) edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
      Disorders (DSM-5) as a tentative disorder, a few psychometric screening
      instruments have been developed to assess IGD, including the 9-item Internet
      Gaming Disorder Scale - Short-Form (IGDS9-SF) - a short, valid, and reliable
      instrument. Methods Due to the lack of research on IGD in Slovenia, this study
      aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the IGDS9-SF in addition to
      investigating the prevalence rates of IGD in a nationally representative sample
      of eighth graders from Slovenia (N = 1,071). Results The IGDS9-SF underwent
      rigorous psychometric scrutiny in terms of validity and reliability. Construct
      validation was investigated with confirmatory factor analysis to examine the
      factorial structure of the IGDS9-SF and a unidimensional structure appeared to
      fit the data well. Concurrent and criterion validation were also investigated by
      examining the association between IGD and relevant psychosocial and game-related
      measures, which warranted these forms of validity. In terms of reliability, the
      Slovenian version IGDS9-SF obtained excellent results regarding its internal
      consistency at different levels, and the test appears to be a valid and reliable
      instrument to assess IGD among Slovenian youth. Finally, the prevalence rates of
      IGD were found to be around 2.5% in the whole sample and 3.1% among gamers.
      Discussion and conclusion Taken together, these results illustrate the
      suitability of the IGDS9-SF and warrants further research on IGD in Slovenia. 

PMID- 27363465
TI  - Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Young Diagnostic Questionnaire
      (YDQ) for Parental Assessment of Adolescent Problematic Internet Use.
AB  - Background and aims The surge of problematic Internet use in adolescents is a
      continuously growing problem across the globe. To our knowledge, to date valid
      questionnaire-based measurement of problematic Internet use is possible only by
      self-assessment. The objective for the present study was to adapt an established
      instrument for a parental assessment of adolescent problematic Internet use and
      to evaluate the psychometric properties of this questionnaire. Methods Data were
      collected from a representative German sample of 1,000 parents of adolescents
      aged between 12 and 17 years using a standardized questionnaire. To assess
      problematic Internet use, we adapted the established Young Diagnostic
      Questionnaire by rewording the items to survey a parental rating instead of a
      self-report ("Parental version of the Young Diagnostic Questionnaire," PYDQ).
      Additionally, we assessed the Internet usage time, parental monitoring, family
      functioning, school performance of the adolescent, and parent-adolescent
      conflicts. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis based on the 8 items of
      the PYDQ modeled as categorical indicators and one latent factor using a robust
      weighted least squares estimator. We also calculated a reliability coefficient,
      the acceptance of the instrument, and performed correlation analyses. Results The
      unidimensional model showed excellent global goodness-of-fit (chi(2)/df = 1.65,
      RMSEA = 0.03, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99) and satisfactory factor loadings
      (standardized values ranged from 0.60 to 0.77). We observed a reliability
      coefficient of 0.70, a good acceptance of the instrument, and the correlation
      analyses indicated the construct validity of the PYDQ. Discussion and conclusion
      The proposed PYDQ is a suitable instrument for parental assessment of adolescent
      problematic Internet use. 

PMID- 27363466
TI  - Exercise Addiction in Athletes and Leisure Exercisers: The Moderating Role of
      Passion.
AB  - Background and aims Recently, empirical research has linked obsessive passion to
      the etiology of exercise addiction, and the conceptual reason behind the fact
      that the latter is more prevalent in athletes than leisure exercisers has been
      challenged. The aim of this study was to determine the link between exercise
      addiction and harmonious passion, obsessive passion, and dedication to sports, in
      the context of athletic levels. Method A sample comprised of low- and high-level
      competitive athletes and non-competitive leisure exercisers (n = 313) was
      examined, in a cross-sectional design, in which participants completed the
      Spanish validated versions of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (Sicilia, Alias
      Garcia, Ferriz, & Moreno-Murcia, 2013) and Passion Scale (Chamarro et al., 2015).
      Results Obsessive passion and dedication to sports emerged as strong predictors
      of exercise addiction. Competitive athletes scored higher than leisure exercisers
      on all measures. Athletes competing at low and high levels only differed in
      dedication to their sports from each other. Team-sports athletes reported greater
      harmonious and obsessive passions, and dedication to sports, but not different
      exercise addictions, than people taking part in individual sports. Conclusions
      The concept of exercise addiction is not a plain and independent construct and
      may not reflect a psychological dysfunction in the athletic population. Athletes
      could interpret exercise addiction screening-items differently from non-athletes.
      Athletes in team sports report greater passion and dedication than those
      practicing individual sports. 

PMID- 27363467
TI  - Controlling the Integration of Polyvinylpyrrolidone onto Substrate by Quartz
      Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation To Achieve Excellent Protein Resistance and
      Detoxification.
AB  - Blood purification systems, in which the adsorbent removes exogenous and
      endogenous toxins from the blood, are widely used in clinical practice. To
      improve the protein resistance of and detoxification by the adsorbent,
      researchers can modify the adsorbent with functional molecules, such as
      polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). However, achieving precise control of the functional
      molecular density, which is crucial to the activity of the adsorbent, remains a
      significant challenge. In the present study, we prepared a model system for blood
      purification adsorbents in which we controlled the integration density of PVP
      molecules of different molecular weights on an Au substrate by quartz crystal
      microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). We characterized the samples with atomic
      force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and QCM-D and found that the
      molecular density and the chain length of the PVP molecules played important
      roles in determining the properties of the sample. At the optimal condition, the
      modified sample demonstrated strong resistance to plasma proteins, decreasing the
      adsorption of human serum albumin (HSA) and fibrinogen (Fg) by 92.5% and 79.2%,
      respectively. In addition, the modified sample exhibited excellent
      detoxification, and the adsorption of bilirubin increased 2.6-fold.
      Interestingly, subsequent atomistic molecular dynamics simulations indicated that
      the favorable interactions between PVP and bilirubin were dominated by
      hydrophobic interactions. An in vitro platelet adhesion assay showed that the
      adhesion of platelets on the sample decreased and that the platelets were
      maintained in an inactivated state. The CCK-8 assay indicated that the modified
      sample exhibited negligible cytotoxicity to L929 cells. These results
      demonstrated that our method holds great potential for the modification of
      adsorbents in blood purification systems. 

PMID- 27363469
TI  - Molecular Characterization of the alpha-Galactosidase SCO0284 from Streptomyces
      coelicolor A3(2), a Family 27 Glycosyl Hydrolase.
AB  - The SCO0284 gene of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is predicted to encode an alpha
      galactosidase (680 amino acids) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 27. In
      this study, the SCO0284 coding region was cloned and overexpressed in
      Streptomyces lividans TK24. The mature form of SCO0284 (641 amino acids, 68 kDa)
      was purified from culture broth by gel filtration chromatography, with 83.3-fold
      purification and a yield of 11.2%. Purified SCO0284 showed strong activity
      against p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, melibiose, raffinose, and
      stachyose, and no activity toward lactose, agar (galactan), and
      neoagarooligosaccharides, indicating that it is an alpha-galactosidase. Optimal
      enzyme activity was observed at 40 degrees C and pH 7.0. The addition of metal
      ions or EDTA did not affect the enzyme activity, indicating that no metal
      cofactor is required. The kinetic parameters Vmax and Km for p-nitrophenyl-alpha
      D-galactopyranoside were 1.6 mg/ml (0.0053 M) and 71.4 U/mg, respectively. Thin
      layer chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of the hydrolyzed products of
      melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose showed perfect matches with the masses of the
      sodium adducts of the hydrolyzed products, galactose (M+Na, 203), melibiose
      (M+Na, 365), and raffinose (M+Na, 527), respectively, indicating that it
      specifically cleaves the alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond of the substrate, releasing
      the terminal D-galactose. 

PMID- 27363468
TI  - Characterization of an L-arabinose isomerase from Bacillus coagulans NL01 and its
      application for D-tagatose production.
AB  - BACKGROUND: L-arabinose isomerase (AI) is a crucial catalyst for the
      biotransformation of D-galactose to D-tagatose. In previous reports, AIs from
      thermophilic bacterial strains had been wildly researched, but the browning
      reaction and by-products formed at high temperatures restricted their
      applications. By contrast, AIs from mesophilic Bacillus strains have some
      different features including lower optimal temperatures and lower requirements of
      metallic cofactors. These characters will be beneficial to the development of a
      more energy-efficient and safer production process. However, the relevant data
      about the kinetics and reaction properties of Bacillus AIs in D-tagatose
      production are still insufficient. Thus, in order to support further applications
      of these AIs, a comprehensive characterization of a Bacillus AI is needed.
      RESULTS: The coding gene (1422 bp) of Bacillus coagulans NL01 AI (BCAI) was
      cloned and overexpressed in the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain. The enzymatic
      property test showed that the optimal temperature and pH of BCAI were 60  degrees
      C and 7.5 respectively. The raw purified BCAI originally showed high activity in
      absence of outsourcing metallic ions and its thermostability did not change in a
      low concentration (0.5 mM) of Mn(2+) at temperatures from 70  degrees C to 90 
      degrees C. Besides these, the catalytic efficiencies (k cat/K m) for L-arabinose
      and D-galactose were 8.7 mM(-1) min(-1) and 1.0 mM(-1) min(-1) respectively.
      Under optimal conditions, the recombinant E. coli cell containing BCAI could
      convert 150 g L(-1) and 250 g L(-1) D-galactose to D-tagatose with attractive
      conversion rates of 32 % (32 h) and 27 % (48 h). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a
      novel AI from B. coagulans NL01was cloned, purified and characterized. Compared
      with other reported AIs, this AI could retain high proportions of activity at a
      broader range of temperatures and was less dependent on metallic cofactors such
      as Mn(2+). Its substrate specificity was understood deeply by carrying out
      molecular modelling and docking studies. When the recombinant E. coli expressing
      the AI was used as a biocatalyst, D-tagatose could be produced efficiently in a
      simple one-pot biotransformation system.

PMID- 27363439
TI  - Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy: What Is Available and What
      Is Yet to Come.
AB  - Cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries around the world. However,
      the efficacy of current standard treatments for a variety of cancers is
      suboptimal. First, most cancer treatments lack specificity, meaning that these
      treatments affect both cancer cells and their normal counterparts. Second, many
      anticancer agents are highly toxic, and thus, limit their use in treatment.
      Third, a number of cytotoxic chemotherapeutics are highly hydrophobic, which
      limits their utility in cancer therapy. Finally, many chemotherapeutic agents
      exhibit short half-lives that curtail their efficacy. As a result of these
      deficiencies, many current treatments lead to side effects, noncompliance, and
      patient inconvenience due to difficulties in administration. However, the
      application of nanotechnology has led to the development of effective nanosized
      drug delivery systems known commonly as nanoparticles. Among these delivery
      systems, lipid-based nanoparticles, particularly liposomes, have shown to be
      quite effective at exhibiting the ability to: 1) improve the selectivity of
      cancer chemotherapeutic agents; 2) lower the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs to
      normal tissues, and thus, reduce their toxic side effects; 3) increase the
      solubility of hydrophobic drugs; and 4) offer a prolonged and controlled release
      of agents. This review will discuss the current state of lipid-based nanoparticle
      research, including the development of liposomes for cancer therapy, different
      strategies for tumor targeting, liposomal formulation of various anticancer drugs
      that are commercially available, recent progress in liposome technology for the
      treatment of cancer, and the next generation of lipid-based nanoparticles.

PMID- 27363470
TI  - Effects of N-/C-Terminal Extra Tags on the Optimal Reaction Conditions, Activity,
      and Quaternary Structure of Bacillus thuringiensis Glucose 1-Dehydrogenase.
AB  - Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) is an oxidoreductase enzyme and is used as a
      biocatalyst to regenerate NAD(P)H in reductase-mediated chiral synthesis
      reactions. In this study, the glucose 1-dehydrogenase B gene (gdhB) was cloned
      from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, and wild-type (GDH-BTWT) and His
      tagged (GDH-BTN-His, GDH-BTC-His) enzymes were produced in Escherichia coli BL21
      (DE3). All enzymes were produced in the soluble forms from E. coli. GDH-BTWT and
      GDH-BTN-His showed high specific enzymatic activities of 6.6 U/mg and 5.5 U/mg,
      respectively, whereas GDH-BTC-His showed a very low specific enzymatic activity
      of 0.020 U/mg. These results suggest that the intact C-terminal carboxyl group is
      important for GDH-BT activity. GDH-BTWT was stable up to 65 degrees C, whereas
      GDH-BTN-His and GDH-BTC-His were stable up to 45 degrees C. Gel permeation
      chromatography showed that GDH-BTWT is a dimer, whereas GDH-BTN-His and GDH-BTC
      His are monomeric. These results suggest that the intact N- and C-termini are
      required for GDH-BT to maintain thermostability and to form its dimer structure.
      The homology model of the GDH-BTWT single subunit was constructed based on the
      crystal structure of Bacillus megaterium GDH (PDB ID 3AY6), showing that GDH-BTWT
      has a Rossmann fold structure with its N- and C-termini located on the subunit
      surface, which suggests that His-tagging affected the native dimer structure. GDH
      BTWT and GDH-BTN-His regenerated NADPH in a yeast reductase-mediated chiral
      synthesis reaction, suggesting that these enzymes can be used as catalysts in
      fine-chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

PMID- 27363471
TI  - Enhancing the Thermal Resistance of a Novel Acidobacteria-Derived Phytase by
      Engineering of Disulfide Bridges.
AB  - A novel phytase of Acidobacteria was identified from a soil metagenome, cloned,
      overexpressed, and purified. It has low sequence similarity (<44%) to all the
      known phytases. At the optimum pH (2.5), the phytase shows an activity level of
      1,792 MUmol/min/mg at physiological temperature (37 degrees C) and could retain
      92% residual activity after 30 min, indicating the phytase is acidophilic and
      acidostable. However the phytase shows poor stability at high temperatures. To
      improve its thermal resistance, the enzyme was redesigned using Disulfide by
      Design 2.0, introducing four additional disulfide bridges. The half-life time of
      the engineered phytase at 60 degrees C and 80 degrees C, respectively, is 3.0*
      and 2.8* longer than the wild-type, and its activity and acidostability are not
      significantly affected.

PMID- 27363472
TI  - Analytical Applications of Nanomaterials in Monitoring Biological and Chemical
      Contaminants in Food.
AB  - The detection of food pathogens is an important aspect of food safety. A range of
      detection systems and new analytical materials have been developed to achieve
      fast, sensitive, and accurate monitoring of target pathogens. In this review, we
      summarize the characteristics of selected nanomaterials and their applications in
      food, and place focus on the monitoring of biological and chemical contaminants
      in food. The unique optical and electrical properties of nanomaterials, such as
      gold nanoparticles, nanorods, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphenes,
      nanopores, and polydiacetylene nanovesicles, are closely associated with their
      dimensions, which are comparable in scale to those of targeted biomolecules.
      Furthermore, their optical and electrical properties are highly dependent on
      local environments, which make them promising materials for sensor development.
      The specificity and selectivity of analytical nanomaterials for target
      contaminants can be achieved by combining them with various biological entities,
      such as antibodies, oligonucleotides, aptamers, membrane proteins, and biological
      ligands. Examples of nanomaterial-based analytical systems are presented together
      with their limitations and associated developmental issues. 

PMID- 27363473
TI  - Bacterial Overexpression and Denaturing Purification of VPS34-Binding Domain of
      Beclin 1.
AB  - As a scaffolding subunit of the PIK3C3/VPS34 complex, Beclin 1 recruits a variety
      of proteins to class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (VPS34), resulting in the
      formation of a distinct PIK3C3/VPS34 complex with a specific function. Therefore,
      the investigation of a number of Beclin 1 domains required for the protein
      protein interactions will provide important clues to understand the PIK3C3/VPS34
      complex, of which Beclin1-VPS34 interaction is the core unit. In the present
      study, we have designed a bacterial overexpression system for the Beclin 1 domain
      corresponding to VPS34 binding (Vps34-BD) and set up the denaturing purification
      protocol due to the massive aggregation of Vps34-BD in Escherichia coli. The
      expression and purification conditions determined in this study successfully
      provided soluble and functional Vps34-BD.

PMID- 27363474
TI  - A Comparison between Low- and High-Passage Strains of Human Cytomegalovirus.
AB  - To understand how human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) might change and evolve after
      reactivation, it is very important to understand how the nucleotide sequence of
      cultured HCMV changes after in vitro passaging in cell culture, and how these
      changes affect the genome of HCMV and the consequent variation in amino acid
      sequence. Strain JHC of HCMV was propagated in vitro for more than 40 passages
      and its biological and genetic changes were monitored. For each passage, real
      time PCR was performed in order to determine the genome copy number, and a plaque
      assay was employed to get virus infection titers. The infectious virus titers
      gradually increased with passaging in cell culture, whereas the number of virus
      genome copies remained relatively unchanged. A linear correlation was observed
      between the passage number and the log10 infectious virus titer per virus genome
      copy number. To understand the genetic basis underlying the increase in HCMV
      infectivity with increasing passage, the whole-genome DNA sequence of the high
      passage strain was determined and compared with the genome sequence of the low
      passage strain. Out of 100 mutations found in the high-passage strain, only two
      were located in an open reading frame. A G-T substitution in the RL13 gene
      resulted in a nonsense mutation and caused an early stop. A G-A substitution in
      the UL122 gene generated an S-F nonsynonymous mutation. The mutations in the RL13
      and UL122 genes might be related to the increase in virus infectivity, although
      the role of the mutations found in noncoding regions could not be excluded.

PMID- 27363475
TI  - Alteration of Phospholipids during the Mitophagic Process in Lung Cancer Cells.
AB  - Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time of flight/mass
      spectrometry (TOF/MS) was applied to investigate alterations in phospholipids in
      mitophagic cancer cells. Several phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholines
      (PCs), sphingomyelins (SMs), and phosphatidylinositols (PIs), were successfully
      analyzed in control and mitophagy-induced H460 cells in the positive and negative
      ion modes. Principal component analysis was applied to differentiate the two
      groups. The upregulated and downregulated phospholipid species in the mitophagic
      cells were also represented in a heatmap. In the volcano plot (fold change > 1.3
      and p value < 0.01), individual species of seven PCs, two SMs, and three PIs were
      selected as differentially regulated phospholipids. In particular, almost all the
      molecular species of PC, SM, and PI were downregulated in the mitophagic cells.
      Quantification of these lipids indicated that mitophagy induces altered
      metabolism of phospholipids. Therefore, phospholipid alterations during the
      mitophagic process of lung cancer cells were well characterized by MALDI-TOF/MS.

PMID- 27363476
TI  - Characteristics of the Molecular Epidemiology of CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli
      Isolated from a Tertiary Hospital in Daejeon, Korea.
AB  - The aims of this study were to characterize the molecular epidemiological
      profiles of CTX-M-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from a
      tertiary hospital in Daejeon, Korea, and to investigate the genetic diversity and
      compare the prevalence of sequence types (STs) in different areas. Extended
      spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli strains isolated from urine were
      analyzed for CTX-M, integrons, and insertion sequence common regions (ISCRs) by
      PCR and sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis (PFGE), phylogenetic analysis, and rep-PCR were also used for
      molecular typing of the isolates. Of 80 CTX-M producers, 31 and 46 expressed CTX
      M-15 and CTX-M-14, respectively. MLST analysis indicated that the most prevalent
      ST was ST131 (n = 34, 42.5%), followed by ST38 (n = 22, 27.5%), ST405 (n = 8,
      10.0%), and ST69 (n = 6, 7.5%). Most CTX-M producers harbored class 1 integrons.
      ST131 strains belonged to phylogenetic group B2 and showed identical rep-PCR
      patterns, whereas ST69, ST38, and ST405 strains belonged to phylogenetic group D;
      the ST38 and ST405 strains displayed the same rep-PCR pattern, respectively.
      ST131 and ST38 isolates showed 21 and 19 distinct types, respectively, by PFGE.
      In Daejeon, D-ST38 CTX-M-14 producers were relatively more prevalent than in
      other countries and Korean cities. Our results indicate that CTX-M-producing E.
      coli isolates belonged mostly to ST131 or ST38 and were more related to hospital
      onset than to community-onset infections and that the blaCTX-M gene may vary
      according to the ST. 

PMID- 27363441
TI  - The Nucleus Accumbens: Mechanisms of Addiction across Drug Classes Reflect the
      Importance of Glutamate Homeostasis.
AB  - The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and
      integrates information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal
      directed behaviors. Chronic exposure to several classes of drugs of abuse
      disrupts plasticity in this region, allowing drug-associated cues to engender a
      pathologic motivation for drug seeking. A number of alterations in glutamatergic
      transmission occur within the nucleus accumbens after withdrawal from chronic
      drug exposure. These drug-induced neuroadaptations serve as the molecular basis
      for relapse vulnerability. In this review, we focus on the role that glutamate
      signal transduction in the nucleus accumbens plays in addiction-related
      behaviors. First, we explore the nucleus accumbens, including the cell types and
      neuronal populations present as well as afferent and efferent connections. Next
      we discuss rodent models of addiction and assess the viability of these models
      for testing candidate pharmacotherapies for the prevention of relapse. Then we
      provide a review of the literature describing how synaptic plasticity in the
      accumbens is altered after exposure to drugs of abuse and withdrawal and also how
      pharmacological manipulation of glutamate systems in the accumbens can inhibit
      drug seeking in the laboratory setting. Finally, we examine results from clinical
      trials in which pharmacotherapies designed to manipulate glutamate systems have
      been effective in treating relapse in human patients. Further elucidation of how
      drugs of abuse alter glutamatergic plasticity within the accumbens will be
      necessary for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of addiction
      across all classes of addictive substances.

PMID- 27363477
TI  - The N-Terminal alpha-Helix Domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipoxygenase Is
      Required for Its Soluble Expression in Escherichia coli but Not for Catalysis.
AB  - Lipoxygenase (LOX) is an industrial enzyme with wide applications in food and
      pharmaceutical industries. The available structure information indicates that
      eukaryotic LOXs consist of N terminus beta-barrel and C terminus catalytic
      domains. However, the latest crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LOX
      shows it is significantly different from those of eukaryotic LOXs, including the
      N-terminal helix domain. In this paper, the functions of this N-terminal helix
      domain in the soluble expression and catalysis of P. aeruginosa LOX were
      analyzed. Genetic truncation of this helix domain resulted in an insoluble P.
      aeruginosa LOX mutant. The active C-terminal domain was obtained by dispase
      digestion of the P. aeruginosa LOX derivative containing the genetically
      introduced dispase recognition sites. This functional C-terminal domain showed
      raised substrate affinity but reduced catalytic activity and thermostability.
      Crystal structure analyses demonstrate that the broken polar contacts connecting
      the two domains and the exposed hydrophobic substrate binding pocket may
      contribute to the insoluble expression of the C terminus domain and the changes
      in the enzyme properties. Our data suggest that the N terminus domain of P.
      aeruginosa LOX is required for its soluble expression in E. coli, which is
      different from that of the eukaryotic LOXs. Besides this, this N-terminal domain
      is not necessary for catalysis but shows positive effects on the enzyme
      properties. The results presented here provide new and valuable information on
      the functions of the N terminus helix domain of P. aeruginosa LOX and further
      improvement of its enzyme properties by molecular modification.

PMID- 27363478
TI  - Inhibition of the Calcineurin Pathway by Two Flavonoids Isolated from Miliusa
      sinensis Finet & Gagnep.
AB  - In order to discover plant-derived signaling pathway inhibitors with antifungal
      properties, a two-component screening system utilizing the calcineurin and Hog1
      mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways responsible for the virulence networks
      of Cryptococcus neoformans was employed, owing to the counter-regulatory actions
      of these pathways. Of the 1,000 plant extracts tested, two bioactive compounds
      from Miliusa sinensis were found to act specifically on the calcineurin pathway
      of C. neoformans. These compounds, identified as pashanone and 5-hydroxy-6,7
      dimethoxyflavanone, exhibited potent antifungal activities against various human
      pathogenic fungi with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 4.0 to
      >128 MUg/ml.

PMID- 27363479
TI  - Recombinant Glargine Insulin Production Process Using Escherichia coli.
AB  - Glargine insulin is a long-acting insulin analog that helps blood glucose
      maintenance in patients with diabetes. We constructed the pPT-GI vector to
      express prepeptide glargine insulin when transformed into Escherichia coli JM109.
      The transformed E. coli cells were cultured by fed-batch fermentation. The final
      dry cell mass was 18 g/l. The prepeptide glargine insulin was 38.52% of the total
      protein. It was expressed as an inclusion body and then refolded to recover the
      biological activity. To convert the prepeptide into glargine insulin,
      citraconylation and trypsin cleavage were performed. Using citraconylation, the
      yield of enzymatic conversion for glargine insulin increased by 3.2-fold compared
      with that without citraconylation. After the enzyme reaction, active glargine
      insulin was purified by two types of chromatography (ion-exchange chromatography
      and reverse-phase chromatography). We obtained recombinant human glargine insulin
      at 98.11% purity and verified that it is equal to the standard of human glargine
      insulin, based on High-performance liquid chromatography analysis and Matrix
      assisted laser desorption/ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. We thus
      established a production process for high-purity recombinant human glargine
      insulin and a method to block Arg (B31)-insulin formation. This established
      process for recombinant human glargine insulin may be a model process for the
      production of other human insulin analogs.

PMID- 27363480
TI  - Irradiation-induced degradation of PTB7 investigated by valence band and S 2p
      photoelectron spectroscopy.
AB  - Monochromatic radiation with known absolute radiant power from an undulator at
      the electron storage ring Metrology Light Source (MLS) was used to irradiate PTB7
      (a thieno[3, 4-b]thiophene-alt-benzodithiophene polymer) thin films at
      wavelengths (photon energies) of 185 nm (6.70 eV), 220 nm (5.64 eV), 300 nm (4.13
      eV), 320 nm (3.88 eV), 356 nm (3.48 eV) and 675 nm (1.84 eV) under ultra-high
      vacuum conditions for the investigation of radiation-induced degradation effects.
      The characterization of the thin films is focused at ultraviolet photoelectron
      spectroscopy (UPS) of valence bands and is complemented by S 2p x-ray
      photoelectron spectroscopy (S 2p XPS) before and after the irradiation procedure.
      The radiant exposure was determined for each irradiation by means of photodiodes
      traceably calibrated to the international system of units SI. The valence band
      spectra show the strongest changes for the shortest wavelengths and no
      degradation effect at 356 nm and 675 nm even with the highest radiant exposure
      applied. In the spectral range where the Sun appears bright on the Earth's
      surface, no degradation effects are observed. 

PMID- 27363481
TI  - Dual Nuclear/Fluorescence Imaging Potantial of Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine in MIA
      PaCa-2 Cell Line.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic cancer is very common and difficult to
      diagnose in early stage. Imaging systems for diagnosing cancer have many
      disadvantages. However, combining different imaging modalities offers synergistic
      advantages. Optical imaging is the most multidirectional and widely used imaging
      modality in both clinical practice and research. METHODS: In present study,
      Zinc(II) phthalocyanine [Zn(II)Pc] was synthesized, labeled with iodine- 131 and
      in vitro study was carried out. The intracellular uptake studies of radiolabeled
      Zn(II)Pc were performed in WI-38 [ATCC CCL-75TM, tissue: human fibroblast lung]
      and MIA PaCa-2 [ATCC CRL-1420TM, tissue: human epithelial pancreas carcinoma]
      cell lines. RESULTS: The intracellular uptake efficiency of radiolabeled Zn(II)Pc
      in MIA PaCa-2 cells was determined two times higher than WI-38 cells. Also,
      fluorescence imaging (FI) efficiency of synthesized Zn(II)Pc was investigated in
      MIA PaCa-2 cells and significant uptake was observed. CONCLUSION: Zn(II)Pc might
      be used as a new agent for dual fluorescence/nuclear imaging for pancreatic
      cancer.

PMID- 27363482
TI  - Trajectories of Suicidal Ideation in People Seeking Web-Based Help for
      Suicidality: Secondary Analysis of a Dutch Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Suicidal ideation (SI) is a common mental health problem. Variability
      in intensity of SI over time has been linked to suicidal behavior, yet little is
      known about the temporal course of SI. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to identify
      prototypical trajectories of SI in the general population and, secondarily, to
      examine whether receiving Web-based self-help for SI, psychiatric symptoms, or
      sociodemographics predicted membership in the identified SI trajectories.
      METHODS: We enrolled 236 people, from the general Dutch population seeking Web
      based help for SI, in a randomized controlled trial comparing a Web-based self
      help for SI group with a control group. We assessed participants at inclusion and
      at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation was applied at all
      assessments and was included in latent growth mixture modeling analysis to
      empirically identify trajectories. RESULTS: We identified 4 SI trajectories. The
      high stable trajectory represented 51.7% (122/236) of participants and was
      characterized by constant high level of SI. The high decreasing trajectory
      (50/236, 21.2%) consisted of people with a high baseline SI score followed by a
      gradual decrease to a very low score. The third trajectory, high increasing
      (12/236, 5.1%), also had high initial SI score, followed by an increase to the
      highest level of SI at 6 weeks. The fourth trajectory, low stable (52/236, 22.0%)
      had a constant low level of SI. Previous attempted suicide and having received
      Web-based self-help for SI predicted membership in the high decreasing
      trajectory. CONCLUSIONS: Many adults experience high persisting levels of SI,
      though results encouragingly indicate that receiving Web-based self-help for SI
      increased membership in a decreasing trajectory of SI.

PMID- 27363483
TI  - The genus Hymenocrater: a comprehensive review.
AB  - CONTEXT: The genus Hymenocrater Fisch. et Mey. (Lamiaceae) contains over 21
      species in the world. Some species have been used in folk medicine around the
      world. The present review comprises the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and
      therapeutic potential of various species of Hymenocrater. OBJECTIVE: This review
      brings together most of the available scientific research regarding the genus
      Hymenocrater. Through this review, the authors hope to attract the attention of
      natural product researchers throughout the world to focus on the unexplored
      potential of Hymenocrater species. METHODS: This review has been compiled using
      references from major databases such as Chemical Abstracts, Medicinal and
      Aromatic Plants Abstracts, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Scopus,
      PubMed, Springer Link and books, without limiting the dates of publication.
      General web searches were also carried out using Google and Yahoo search engines
      by applying some related search terms (e.g., Hymenocrater spp., phytochemical,
      pharmacological, extract, essential oil and traditional uses). The articles
      related to agriculture, ecology, and synthetic works and those using languages
      other than English or Persian have been excluded. RESULTS: The genus Hymenocrater
      contains essential oil. Flavonoids, phenolic acids and terpenoids are important
      constituents of this genus. The pharmacological studies confirmed that the
      species of the genus Hymenocrater showed antimicrobial, antiparasitic,
      antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic activities. CONCLUSION: This review
      discusses the current knowledge of Hymenocrater species that review therapeutic
      potential, especially their effects on the cancer cells and gaps offering
      opportunities for future research.

PMID- 27363484
TI  - Proteomics analysis of vesicles isolated from plasma and urine of prostate cancer
      patients using a multiplex, aptamer-based protein array.
AB  - Proteomics analysis of biofluid-derived vesicles holds enormous potential for
      discovering non-invasive disease markers. Obtaining vesicles of sufficient
      quality and quantity for profiling studies has, however, been a major problem, as
      samples are often replete with co-isolated material that can interfere with the
      identification of genuine low abundance, vesicle components. Here, we used a
      combination of ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography to isolate
      and analyse vesicles of plasma or urine origin. We describe a sample-handling
      workflow that gives reproducible, quality vesicle isolations sufficient for
      subsequent protein profiling. Using a semi-quantitative aptamer-based protein
      array, we identified around 1,000 proteins, of which almost 400 were present at
      comparable quantities in plasma versus urine vesicles. Significant differences
      were, however, apparent with elements like HSP90, integrin alphaVbeta5 and
      Contactin-1 more prevalent in urinary vesicles, while hepatocyte growth factor
      activator, prostate-specific antigen-antichymotrypsin complex and many others
      were more abundant in plasma vesicles. This was also applied to a small set of
      specimens collected from men with metastatic prostate cancer, highlighting
      several proteins with the potential to indicate treatment refractory disease. The
      study provides a practical platform for furthering protein profiling of vesicles
      in prostate cancer, and, hopefully, many other disease scenarios. 

PMID- 27363485
TI  - Catalysts of DNA Strand Cleavage at Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Sites.
AB  - Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are constantly formed in cellular DNA due to
      instability of the glycosidic bond, particularly at purines and various oxidized,
      alkylated, or otherwise damaged nucleobases. AP sites are also generated by DNA
      glycosylases that initiate DNA base excision repair. These lesions represent a
      significant block to DNA replication and are extremely mutagenic. Some DNA
      glycosylases possess AP lyase activities that nick the DNA strand at the
      deoxyribose moiety via a beta- or beta,delta-elimination reaction. Various amines
      can incise AP sites via a similar mechanism, but this non-enzymatic cleavage
      typically requires high reagent concentrations. Herein, we describe a new class
      of small molecules that function at low micromolar concentrations as both beta-
      and beta,delta-elimination catalysts at AP sites. Structure-activity
      relationships have established several characteristics that appear to be
      necessary for the formation of an iminium ion intermediate that self-catalyzes
      the elimination at the deoxyribose ring.

PMID- 27363486
TI  - Natural variation of root exudates in Arabidopsis thaliana-linking metabolomic
      and genomic data.
AB  - Many metabolomics studies focus on aboveground parts of the plant, while
      metabolism within roots and the chemical composition of the rhizosphere, as
      influenced by exudation, are not deeply investigated. In this study, we analysed
      exudate metabolic patterns of Arabidopsis thaliana and their variation in
      genetically diverse accessions. For this project, we used the 19 parental
      accessions of the Arabidopsis MAGIC collection. Plants were grown in a hydroponic
      system, their exudates were harvested before bolting and subjected to UPLC/ESI
      QTOF-MS analysis. Metabolite profiles were analysed together with the genome
      sequence information. Our study uncovered distinct metabolite profiles for root
      exudates of the 19 accessions. Hierarchical clustering revealed similarities in
      the exudate metabolite profiles, which were partly reflected by the genetic
      distances. An association of metabolite absence with nonsense mutations was
      detected for the biosynthetic pathways of an indolic glucosinolate hydrolysis
      product, a hydroxycinnamic acid amine and a flavonoid triglycoside. Consequently,
      a direct link between metabolic phenotype and genotype was detected without using
      segregating populations. Moreover, genomics can help to identify biosynthetic
      enzymes in metabolomics experiments. Our study elucidates the chemical
      composition of the rhizosphere and its natural variation in A. thaliana, which is
      important for the attraction and shaping of microbial communities.

PMID- 27363488
TI  - CRISP-ID: decoding CRISPR mediated indels by Sanger sequencing.
AB  - The advent of next generation gene editing technologies has revolutionized the
      fields of genome engineering in allowing the generation of gene knockout models
      and functional gene analysis. However, the screening of resultant clones remains
      challenging due to the simultaneous presence of different indels. Here, we
      present CRISP-ID, a web application which uses a unique algorithm for genotyping
      up to three alleles from a single Sanger sequencing trace, providing a robust and
      readily accessible platform to directly identify indels and significantly speed
      up the characterization of clones.

PMID- 27363487
TI  - Important role of N108 residue in binding of bovine foamy virus transactivator
      Tas to viral promoters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bovine foamy virus (BFV) encodes the transactivator BTas, which
      enhances viral gene transcription by binding to the long terminal repeat promoter
      and the internal promoter. In this study, we investigated the different
      replication capacities of two similar BFV full-length DNA clones, pBS-BFV-Y and
      pBS-BFV-B. RESULTS: Here, functional analysis of several chimeric clones revealed
      a major role for the C-terminal region of the viral genome in causing this
      difference. Furthermore, BTas-B, which is located in this C-terminal region,
      exhibited a 20-fold higher transactivation activity than BTas-Y. Sequence
      alignment showed that these two sequences differ only at amino acid 108, with
      BTas-B containing N108 and BTas-Y containing D108 at this position. Results of
      mutagenesis studies demonstrated that residue N108 is important for BTas binding
      to viral promoters. In addition, the N108D mutation in pBS-BFV-B reduced the
      viral replication capacity by about 1.5-fold. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest
      that residue N108 is important for BTas binding to BFV promoters and has a major
      role in BFV replication. These findings not only advances our understanding of
      the transactivation mechanism of BTas, but they also highlight the importance of
      certain sequence polymorphisms in modulating the replication capacity of isolated
      BFV clones.

PMID- 27363489
TI  - GLP-1 analogues for neuroprotection after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: study
      protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Attenuating the neurological damage occurring after out-of-hospital
      cardiac arrest is an ongoing research effort. This dual-centre study investigates
      the neuroprotective effects of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 analogue Exenatide
      administered within 4 hours from the return of spontaneous circulation to
      comatose patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
      METHODS/DESIGN: This pilot study will randomize a total of 120 unconscious
      patients with sustained return of spontaneous circulation after out-of-hospital
      cardiac arrest undergoing targeted temperature management in a blinded one-to-one
      fashion to a 6-hour and 15-minute infusion of either Exenatide or placebo.
      Patients are eligible for inclusion if resuscitated from cardiac arrest with
      randomization from 20 minutes to 240 minutes after return of spontaneous
      circulation. The co-primary endpoint is feasibility, defined as the initiation of
      treatment within the inclusion window in more than 90 % of participants, and
      efficacy, defined as the area under the neuron-specific enolase curve from 0 to
      72 hours after admission. Secondary endpoints include all-cause mortality at 30
      days and Cerebral Performance Category as well as a modified Rankin Score at 180
      days. The study has been approved by the Danish National Board of Health and the
      local Ethics Committee and is monitored by Good Clinical Practice units. The
      study is currently enrolling. DISCUSSION: This paper presents the methods and
      planned statistical analyses used in the GLP-1 trial and aims to minimize bias
      and data-driven reporting of results. TRIAL REGISTRATION: 1) Danish National
      Board of Health, EudraCT 2013-004311-45. Registered on 25 March 2014. 2)
      Videnskabsetisk komite C, Region Hovedstaden, No. 45728. Registered on 29 January
      2014. 3) Clinicaltrial.gov, NCT02442791 . Registered on 25 of January 2015.

PMID- 27363490
TI  - Exploring chromosomal abnormalities and genetic changes in uterine smooth muscle
      tumors.
AB  - Smooth muscle tumors of the uterus are a diagnostically challenging group of
      tumors. Molecular surrogate markers reliably distinguishing between benign and
      malignant tumors are not available. Therefore, the diagnosis is based on
      morphologic criteria. The aim was to investigate a well-characterized group of
      challenging uterine smooth muscle tumors consisting of 20 leiomyomas, 13
      leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei, and 14 leiomyosarcomas for copy number
      alterations, MED12 mutations and FH deletions to search for potential
      diagnostically useful surrogate markers. MED12 mutations were detected in 47, 15,
      and 25% of leiomyomas, leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei and leiomyosarcomas,
      respectively. MED12 mutations in leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei were detected
      outside the hotspot region. FH-deletions were seen in 27, 30.8, and 25% of
      leiomyomas, leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei and leiomyosarcomas, respectively. By
      using copy number alteration profiling a clear separation of leiomyomas,
      leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei and leiomyosarcomas could not be observed. Copy
      number alterations revealed clear genetic similarities between leiomyomas with
      bizarre nuclei and leiomyosarcomas. Leiomyosarcomas showed a similar pattern of
      gains and losses as leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei, with additional copy number
      alterations and more homozygous losses and high-level amplifications compared to
      leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that known
      FH-deletions, a recurrent molecular change in leiomyomas, occur in
      morphologically challenging variants of leiomyomas, leiomyomas with bizarre
      nuclei and leiomyosarcomas. Although MED12 mutations are common in leiomyomas,
      they infrequently occur in leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei and leiomyosarcomas.
      The genetic similarities between leiomyomas with bizarre nuclei and
      leiomyosarcomas raise the intriguing possibility that uterine leiomyomas with
      bizarre nuclei and leiomyosarcomas are closely related and challenge the
      traditional concept that leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei is a tumor with just
      marked 'degenerative' cellular changes. These findings support the hypothesis
      that tumor progression within uterine smooth muscle tumors might occur.

PMID- 27363491
TI  - Standardized evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer:
      results of the ring studies of the international immuno-oncology biomarker
      working group.
AB  - Multiple independent studies have shown that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)
      are prognostic in breast cancer with potential relevance for response to immune
      checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Although many groups are currently evaluating TIL,
      there is no standardized system for diagnostic applications. This study reports
      the results of two ring studies investigating TIL conducted by the International
      Working Group on Immuno-oncology Biomarkers. The study aim was to determine the
      intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for evaluation of TIL by different
      pathologists. A total of 120 slides were evaluated by a large group of
      pathologists with a web-based system in ring study 1 and a more advanced software
      system in ring study 2 that included an integrated feedback with standardized
      reference images. The predefined aim for successful ring studies 1 and 2 was an
      ICC above 0.7 (lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI)). In ring study 1 the
      prespecified endpoint was not reached (ICC: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.62-0.78). On the
      basis of an analysis of sources of variation, we developed a more advanced
      digital image evaluation system for ring study 2, which improved the ICC to 0.89
      (95% CI: 0.85-0.92). The Fleiss' kappa value for <60 vs >=60% TIL improved from
      0.45 (ring study 1) to 0.63 in RS2 and the mean concordance improved from 88 to
      92%. This large international standardization project shows that reproducible
      evaluation of TIL is feasible in breast cancer. This opens the way for
      standardized reporting of tumor immunological parameters in clinical studies and
      diagnostic practice. The software-guided image evaluation approach used in ring
      study 2 may be of value as a tool for evaluation of TIL in clinical trials and
      diagnostic practice. The experience gained from this approach might be applicable
      to the standardization of other diagnostic parameters in histopathology.

PMID- 27363494
TI  - Influence of Cononsolvency on the Aggregation of Tertiary Butyl Alcohol in
      Methanol-Water Mixtures.
AB  - The term cononsolvency has been used to describe a situation in which a polymer
      is less soluble (and so is more likely to collapse and aggregate) in a mixture of
      two cosolvents than it is in either one of the pure solvents. Thus, cononsolvency
      is closely related to the suppression of protein denaturation by stabilizing
      osmolytes. Here, we show that cononsolvency behavior can also influence the
      aggregation of tertiary butyl alcohol in mixtures of water and methanol, as
      demonstrated using both Raman multivariate curve resolution spectroscopy and
      molecular dynamics simulations. Our results imply that cononsolvency results from
      the cosolvent-mediated enhancement of the attractive (solvophobic) mean force
      between nonpolar groups, driven by preferential solvation of the aggregates, in
      keeping with Wyman-Tanford theory.

PMID- 27363493
TI  - Role for the thromboxane A2 receptor beta-isoform in the pathogenesis of
      intrauterine growth restriction.
AB  - Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a pathology of pregnancy that results
      in failure of the fetus to reach its genetically determined growth potential. In
      developed nations the most common cause of IUGR is impaired placentation
      resulting from poor trophoblast function, which reduces blood flow to the
      fetoplacental unit, promotes hypoxia and enhances production of bioactive lipids
      (TXA2 and isoprostanes) which act through the thromboxane receptor (TP). TP
      activation has been implicated as a pathogenic factor in pregnancy complications,
      including IUGR; however, the role of TP isoforms during pregnancy is poorly
      defined. We have determined that expression of the human-specific isoform of TP
      (TPbeta) is increased in placentae from IUGR pregnancies, compared to healthy
      pregnancies. Overexpression of TPalpha enhanced trophoblast proliferation and
      syncytialisation. Conversely, TPbeta attenuated these functions and inhibited
      migration. Expression of the TPbeta transgene in mice resulted in growth
      restricted pups and placentae with poor syncytialisation and diminished growth
      characteristics. Together our data indicate that expression of TPalpha mediates
      normal placentation; however, TPbeta impairs placentation, and promotes the
      development of IUGR, and represents an underappreciated pathogenic factor in
      humans.

PMID- 27363495
TI  - Light-sheet microscopy for everyone? Experience of building an OpenSPIM to study
      flatworm development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM a type of light-sheet
      microscopy) involves focusing a thin sheet of laser light through a specimen at
      right angles to the objective lens. As only the thin section of the specimen at
      the focal plane of the lens is illuminated, out of focus light is naturally
      absent and toxicity due to light (phototoxicity) is greatly reduced enabling
      longer term live imaging. OpenSPIM is an open access platform (Pitrone et al.
      2013 and OpenSPIM.org) created to give new users step-by-step instructions on
      building a basic configuration of a SPIM microscope, which can in principle be
      adapted and upgraded to each laboratory's own requirements and budget. Here we
      describe our own experience with the process of designing, building, configuring
      and using an OpenSPIM for our research into the early development of the polyclad
      flatworm Maritigrella crozieri - a non-model animal. RESULTS: Our OpenSPIM builds
      on the standard design with the addition of two colour laser illumination for
      simultaneous detection of two probes/molecules and dual sided illumination, which
      provides more even signal intensity across a specimen. Our OpenSPIM provides high
      resolution 3d images and time lapse recordings, and we demonstrate the use of two
      colour lasers and the benefits of two color dual-sided imaging. We used our
      microscope to study the development of the embryo of the polyclad flatworm M.
      crozieri. The capabilities of our microscope are demonstrated by our ability to
      record the stereotypical spiral cleavage pattern of M. crozieri with high-speed
      multi-view time lapse imaging. 3D and 4D (3D + time) reconstruction of early
      development from these data is possible using image registration and
      deconvolution tools provided as part of the open source Fiji platform. We discuss
      our findings on the pros and cons of a self built microscope. CONCLUSIONS: We
      conclude that home-built microscopes, such as an OpenSPIM, together with the
      available open source software, such as MicroManager and Fiji, make SPIM
      accessible to anyone interested in having continuous access to their own light
      sheet microscope. However, building an OpenSPIM is not without challenges and an
      open access microscope is a worthwhile, if significant, investment of time and
      money. Multi-view 4D microscopy is more challenging than we had expected. We hope
      that our experience gained during this project will help future OpenSPIM users
      with similar ambitions.

PMID- 27363492
TI  - Diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for lymphoma diagnosis and treatment in the
      era of precision medicine.
AB  - Lymphomas are a group of hematological malignancies derived from lymphocytes.
      Lymphomas are clinically and biologically heterogeneous and have overlapping
      diagnostic features. With the advance of new technologies and the application of
      efficient and feasible detection platforms, an unprecedented number of novel
      biomarkers have been discovered or are under investigation at the genetic,
      epigenetic, and protein level as well as the tumor microenvironment. These
      biomarkers have enabled new clinical and pathological insights into the
      mechanisms underlying lymphomagenesis and also have facilitated improvements in
      the diagnostic workup, sub-classification, outcome stratification, and
      personalized therapy for lymphoma patients. However, integrating these biomarkers
      into clinical practice effectively and precisely in daily practice is
      challenging. More in-depth studies are required to further validate these novel
      biomarkers and to assess other parameters that can affect the reproducibility of
      these biomarkers such as the selection of detection methods, biological reagents,
      interpretation of data, and cost efficiency. Despite these challenges, there are
      many reasons to be optimistic that novel biomarkers will facilitate better
      algorithms and strategies as we enter a new era of precision medicine to better
      refine diagnosis, prognostication, and rational treatment design for patients
      with lymphomas.

PMID- 27363497
TI  - The feasibility of introducing an adult safeguarding measure for inclusion in the
      Adult Social Care Outcomes Framework (ASCOF): findings from a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are currently no national measures in England reporting the
      experiences of people who have been involved with adult safeguarding services
      following concerns that they may be at risk of abuse or neglect. The Health and
      Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) aimed to develop a new adult safeguarding
      outcome measure (survey) for local authorities (LAs) that could be added to the
      Adult Social Care Outcomes Framework (ASCOF). The ASCOF is a national collection
      of social care outcomes performance indicators collected from the perspective of
      people receiving partial or total funding from a LA for care services. METHODS:
      An outcome measure (a face-to-face interview based survey consisting of 7
      questions) was piloted in 40 LAs with 382 adults at risk (or their
      representative) who had been the subject of a safeguarding investigation. The aim
      was to investigate the feasibility of the survey in three domains: i) if a
      statistically representative sample of adults at risk (or their family, friend,
      carer or advocate) could be recruited; ii) analysis of survey responses and its
      acceptability to participants iii) feedback from LAs about the survey's
      administration. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Overall the survey results met
      statistical confidence; however the individual results for adults at risk did
      not, due to the high proportion of representatives who responded because adults
      at risk were unable. Responses to the survey were generally positive; 72 % of
      participants felt that the help received during the safeguarding investigation
      had made them or the adult at risk (if reporting as a proxy) feel 'quite a bit'
      or 'a lot safer'. These results are the most robust data collected in England on
      the perspectives of adults at risk and their representatives on safeguarding
      services. Participants reported they appreciated being asked for feedback. LAs
      suggested survey administration improvements. CONCLUSIONS: This survey is one way
      LAs can meet their new legal requirement under the Care Act 2014 to 'seek
      feedback' from adults at risk about adult safeguarding services. The survey
      findings provide the first robust evidence that safeguarding services in the main
      meet their goals of promoting feelings of safety among adults at risk.

PMID- 27363496
TI  - Prognostic values of four Notch receptor mRNA expression in gastric cancer.
AB  - Notch ligands and receptors are frequently deregulated in several human
      malignancies including gastric cancer. The activation of Notch signaling has been
      reported to contribute to gastric carcinogenesis and progression. However, the
      prognostic roles of individual Notch receptors in gastric cancer patients remain
      elusive. In the current study, we accessed the prognostic roles of four Notch
      receptors, Notch 1-4, in gastric cancer patients through "The Kaplan-Meier
      plotter" (KM plotter) database, in which updated gene expression data and
      survival information include a total of 876 gastric cancer patients. All four
      Notch receptors' high mRNA expression was found to be correlated to worsen
      overall survival (OS) for all gastric cancer patients followed for 20 years. We
      further accessed the prognostic roles of individual Notch receptors in different
      clinicopathological features using Lauren classification, pathological grades,
      clinical grades, HER2 status and different choices of treatments of gastric
      cancer patients. These results indicate that there are critical prognostic values
      of the four Notch receptors in gastric cancer. This information will be useful
      for better understanding of the heterogeneity and complexity in the molecular
      biology of gastric cancer and to develop tools to more accurately predict their
      prognosis.

PMID- 27363498
TI  - The mentor's role.

PMID- 27363499
TI  - Measuring medical students' empathy using direct verbal expressions.
AB  - PURPOSE: Empathy is an important trait in physicians and a key element in the
      physician-patient relationship. Accordingly, one of the goals in medical
      education is developing empathy in students. We attempted to practically assess
      medical students' empathy through their direct verbal expressions. METHODS: The
      medical students' empathy was measured using the modified Pencil-and-Paper
      Empathy Rating Test by Winefield and Chur-Hansen (2001). The students took 15
      minutes or so to complete the scale, and it was then scored by one of two trained
      evaluators (0 to 4 points for each item, for a total score of 40). The subjects
      were 605 medical students, and the data were analyzed using descriptive analysis,
      independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance in SPSS version 21.0.
      RESULTS: The students' empathy scores were low (mean, 12.13; standard deviation,
      2.55); their most common responses (78.6%) registered as non-empathetic.
      Differences in empathy were observed by gender (female students>male students; t=
      5.068, p<0.001), school system (medical school>medical college; t=-1.935,
      p=0.053), and academic level (pre-medical 1 year < other years; t=-4.050,
      p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings lead us to the significant conclusion that
      there is the need for empathy enhancement training programs with practical
      content.

PMID- 27363500
TI  - Course-embedded assessment in Korean nursing baccalaureate education.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the program outcome in nursing
      baccalaureate in Korea. The analysis based on course embedded assessment. The
      concrete objectives were establishment of program outcome assessment,
      confirmation of student competency through weighting of program outcomes, and
      using the results of the evaluation in the circular feedback process in a nursing
      school in Korea. METHODS: This study was conducted with a nursing education
      curriculum in a Korean nursing school. Data were collected through 28 students'
      program outcome measurement from January 2013 to December 2014. Data were
      analyzed using a pairwise comparison method and analytic hierarchy process.
      RESULTS: There were 1 to 3 direct and indirect assessment tools and for each
      program outcomes and each tool had measurable rubrics. There were 1 to 3 direct
      assessment tools for each program outcome, and each tool had measurable rubrics.
      This model derived rank of program outcomes from "care integration" to "global
      perception" through weight calculation. All direct assessment results were over
      70%. The indirect assessment results were over the cutoff except for program
      outcomes 4 and 7. CONCLUSION: Each step of course embedded assessment was
      adaptive in nursing program outcome measure. The achievement of learning outcome
      provided reasonable tools for faculty and students.

PMID- 27363501
TI  - Influences of faculty evaluating system on educational performance of medical
      school faculty.
AB  - PURPOSE: The promotion of educators is challenged by the lack of accepted
      standards to evaluate the quality and impact of educational activities.
      Traditionally, promotion is related to research productivity. This study
      developed an evaluation tool for educational performance of medical school
      faculty using educator portfolios (EPs). METHODS: Design principles and
      quantitative items for EPs were developed in a consensus workshop. These
      principles were tested in a simulation and revised based on feedback. The changes
      of total educational activities following introduction of the system were
      analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 71% faculty members answered the simulation of the
      system and the score distributed widely (mean+/-standard deviation, 65.43+/
      68.64). The introduction of new system significantly increased the total
      educational activities, especially in assistant professors. CONCLUSION: The
      authors offer comprehensive and practical tool for enhancing educational
      participation of faculty members. Further research for development of qualitative
      evaluation systems is needed.

PMID- 27363502
TI  - A qualitative study on physicians' perceptions of specialty characteristics.
AB  - PURPOSE: There has been limited research on physicians' perceptions of the
      specialty characteristics that are needed to sustain a successful career in
      medical specialties in Korea. Medical Specialty Preference Inventory in the
      United States or SCI59 (specialty choice inventory) in the United Kingdom are
      implemented to help medical students plan their careers. The purpose of this
      study was to explore the characteristics of the major specialties in Korea.
      METHODS: Twelve physicians from different specialties participated in an
      exploratory study consisting of qualitative interviews about the personal ability
      and emotional characteristics and job attributes of each specialty. The collected
      data were analysed with content analysis methods. RESULTS: Twelve codes were
      extracted for ability & skill attributes, 23 codes for emotion & attitude
      attributes, and 12 codes for job attributes. Each specialty shows a different
      profile in terms of its characteristic attributes. CONCLUSION: The findings have
      implications for the design of career planning programs for medical students.

PMID- 27363503
TI  - Students' perception of the educational environment in medical college: a study
      based on DREEM questionnaire.
AB  - PURPOSE: The educational environment (EE) plays a very important role in
      effective student learning. The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure
      (DREEM) is a validated tool to assess the EE. This study aimed to collect
      baseline information about our medical student's perception of the EE, and to
      identify areas of strengths and weaknesses as well as scope for improvements in
      the current EE. METHODS: Medical students and interns were included in this cross
      sectional study. The DREEM questionnaire was used to measure students'
      perceptions about the EE, which has five domains: students' perceptions of
      learning; students' perceptions of teachers; students' academic self-perceptions;
      students' perceptions of atmosphere; and students' social self-perceptions.
      Students were asked to respond using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Data was
      analyzed using suitable tests and statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
      RESULTS: The mean global DREEM score was 123/200. All students had more positive
      than negative academic self-perception (21.24/32), perception of atmosphere
      (29.21/48), and perception of learning (28.99/48), while their social self
      perception (17.48/28) was not too bad and perception of teachers (26.71/44) moved
      in the right direction. The fifth semester students perceived EE more positively
      than other semester students. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that all
      students perceived their EE positively. The positive points were that teachers
      were knowledgeable, that students had good friends, and they were confident about
      passing their exams. Problem areas observed were authoritarian teachers,
      overemphasis on factual learning, overly teacher-centered teaching, teachers
      getting angry, and the need for a support system for stressed students.

PMID- 27363504
TI  - A Proposed Serum Calprotectin IgG Cut-Off Level for Diagnosing Inflammatory
      Arthritis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The identification and validation of soluble markers provide
      significant opportunities for managing patients with rheumatic diseases, and
      calprotectin may be an alternative laboratory biomarker of inflammatory
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) even though its levels
      may vary considerably. The aim of this study was to propose a calprotectin cut
      off value that would be useful for distinguishing patients with inflammatory
      arthritis or noninflammatory arthritis (NIA) in clinical practice. METHODS: A
      commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum
      calprotectin levels in patients with RA, ankylosing spondylitis (AS), PsA and
      controls with NIA. All of the patients had been treated with biological disease
      modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for about 12 months after previous
      failure on conventional DMARDs. RESULTS: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      analysis showed that serum calprotectin levels significantly differentiated the
      samples of the patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease from those of the
      controls. A serum calprotectin level of > 0.9 MUg/mL (the optimal predictive cut
      off value in the ROC analysis) had a sensitivity of 95.3%, a specificity of
      82.2%, a positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 5.35 and a negative LR of 0.057.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that serum calprotectin levels are useful in
      clinical practice to distinguish patients with inflammatory arthritis and NIA.
      Further studies of a larger population are suggested.

PMID- 27363505
TI  - Assessing the negative impact of phenyl alkanoic acid derivative, a frequently
      prescribed drug for the suppression of pain and inflammation, on the
      differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently
      prescribed to relieve pain and inflammation. These NSAIDs have also analgesic
      effects and can be administered via oral, injectable, and topical routes. During
      inflammation, a number of synovial mediators and cytokines are released which
      decrease the pH level of the synovial fluid. Administration of acidic NSAIDs
      further decreases the pH levels and hence contributes to the destruction of the
      cartilage. To our knowledge, no cellular-based study regarding the
      chondrotoxicity of phenyl alkanoic acid derivatives on NSAIDs was conducted
      before. Thus, the aim of this pioneering study was to examine the effect of
      frequently prescribed NSAIDs, a phenyl alkanoic acid derivative, flurbiprofen, on
      the proliferation and differentiation of human primer chondrocyte cultures in
      vitro. METHODS: Primer chondrocyte cultures were prepared from osteochondral
      tissue obtained during surgery for gonarthrosis. Samples not exposed to the
      pharmacological agent were used as the control group. The samples were treated
      with 1, 10, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 MUM of the agent for 24, 48, and 72 h. The
      cell viability, toxicity, and proliferation were assessed with MTT (3-(4,5
      dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) analysis and
      prechondrocytic precursor stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) expression
      using a commercial ELISA kit spectrophotometrically. The surface morphology of
      the samples in each group was compared using an inverted light microscope and an
      environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). An analysis of variance was
      used to compare between-group differences. Tukey's honest significant difference
      (HSD) method (95 % confidence interval) was used to evaluate the differences and
      significance in averages. The alpha significance value was considered <0.01.
      RESULTS: Statistically significant cytotoxicity was observed in the treatment
      groups. NSAID had a significant negative effect on the proliferation and
      differentiation of chondrocytes as compared to the control group (p < 0.01).
      CONCLUSION: Before administering phenyl alkanoic acid derivatives in the clinical
      setting, their role in suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of
      chondrocytes should be taken into account. Thus, caution should be given when
      prescribing these drugs.

PMID- 27363506
TI  - Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of lacosamide in patients with gain-of
      function Nav1.7 mutation-related small fiber neuropathy: study protocol of a
      randomized controlled trial-the LENSS study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Small fiber neuropathy generally leads to considerable pain and
      autonomic symptoms. Gain-of-function mutations in the SCN9A- gene, which codes
      for the Nav1.7 voltage-gated sodium channel, have been reported in small fiber
      neuropathy, suggesting an underlying genetic basis in a subset of patients.
      Currently available sodium channel blockers lack selectivity, leading to cardiac
      and central nervous system side effects. Lacosamide is an anticonvulsant, which
      blocks Nav1.3, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8, and stabilizes channels in the slow
      inactivation state. Since multiple Nav1.7 mutations in small fiber neuropathy
      showed impaired slow-inactivation, lacosamide might be effective. METHODS/DESIGN:
      The Lacosamide-Efficacy-'N'-Safety in Small fiber neuropathy (LENSS) study is a
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in patients with
      SCN9A-associated small fiber neuropathy, with the primary objective to evaluate
      the efficacy of lacosamide versus placebo. Eligible patients (the aim is to
      recruit 25) fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be randomized to
      receive lacosamide (200 mg b.i.d.) or placebo during the first double-blinded
      treatment period (8 weeks), which is preceded by a titration period (3 weeks).
      The first treatment period will be followed by a tapering period (2 weeks). After
      a 2-week washout period, patients will crossover to the alternate arm for the
      second period consisting of an equal titration phase, treatment period, and
      tapering period. The primary efficacy endpoint will be the proportion of patients
      demonstrating a 1-point average pain score reduction compared to baseline using
      the Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale. We assume a response rate of
      approximately 60 % based on the criteria composed by the Initiative on Methods,
      Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) group for
      measurement of pain. Patients withdrawing from the study will be considered non-
      responders. Secondary outcomes will include changes in maximum pain score, the
      Small Fiber Neuropathy Symptoms Inventory Questionnaire, sleep quality and the
      quality of life assessment, patients' global impressions of change, and safety
      and tolerability measurements. Sensitivity analyses will include assessing the
      proportion of patients having >= 2 points average pain improvement compared to
      the baseline Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale scores. DISCUSSION: This is
      the first study that will be evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of
      lacosamide versus placebo in patients with SCN9A-associated small fiber
      neuropathy. The findings may increase the knowledge on lacosamide as a potential
      treatment option in patients with painful neuropathies, considering the central
      role of Nav1.7 in pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01911975 .
      Registered on 13 July 2013.

PMID- 27363507
TI  - Synthesis of tertiary arylamines: Lewis acid-catalyzed direct reductive N
      alkylation of secondary amines with ketones through an alternative pathway.
AB  - We report herein a highly efficient, tin(ii)/PMHS catalyzed reductive N
      alkylation of arylamines with ketones affording tertiary arylamines. A very wide
      substrate scope was observed for the current catalytic method as all six
      permutations of ketones/aldehydes/heterocyclic carbonyls and
      primary/secondary/heterocyclic amines were well tolerated, enabling access to
      secondary, tertiary and heterocyclic amines. The method is also convenient for
      the synthesis of N-substituted isoindolinones and phthalazinones via a tandem
      amination-amidation sequence. Mechanistic investigations revealed a carbocationic
      pathway instead of an ordinary direct reductive amination pathway. 

PMID- 27363509
TI  - A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study in Children With ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder,
      OCD, and Matched Controls: Distinct and Non-Distinct White Matter Disruption and
      Dimensional Brain-Behavior Relationships.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) (attention deficit hyperactivity
      disorder [ADHD], autism spectrum disorder [ASD], and obsessive-compulsive
      disorder [OCD]) share genetic vulnerability and symptom domains. The authors
      present direct comparison of structural brain circuitry in children and
      adolescents with NDDs and control subjects and examine brain circuit-behavior
      relationships across NDDs using dimensional measures related to each disorder.
      METHOD: Diffusion imaging and behavioral measures were acquired in 200 children
      and adolescents (ADHD: N=31; OCD: N=36; ASD: N=71; controls: N=62; mean age
      range: 10.3-12.6 years). Following Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, multigroup
      comparison of white matter indices was conducted, followed by pairwise
      comparisons. Relationships of fractional anisotropy with dimensional measures of
      inattention, social deficits, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and general adaptive
      functioning were conducted across the NDD sample. RESULTS: Lower fractional
      anisotropy within the splenium of the corpus callosum was found in each NDD
      group, compared with the control group. Lower fractional anisotropy in additional
      white matter tracts was found in the ASD and ADHD groups, compared with the
      control group, but not in the OCD group. Fractional anisotropy was lower in the
      ASD and ADHD groups compared with the OCD group but was not different in ADHD
      participants compared with ASD participants. A positive relation between
      fractional anisotropy (across much of the brain) and general adaptive functioning
      across NDDs was shown. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified disruption in
      interhemispheric circuitry (i.e., fractional anisotropy alterations in the corpus
      callosum) as a shared feature of ASD, ADHD, and OCD. However, fractional
      anisotropy alterations may be more widespread and severe in ASD and ADHD than in
      OCD. Higher fractional anisotropy throughout the brain appears to be related to
      better adaptive function across NDDs.

PMID- 27363508
TI  - An Individualized Risk Calculator for Research in Prodromal Psychosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Approximately 20%-35% of individuals 12-35 years old who meet criteria
      for a prodromal risk syndrome convert to psychosis within 2 years. However, this
      estimate ignores the fact that clinical high-risk cases vary considerably in
      risk. The authors sought to create a risk calculator, based on profiles of risk
      indicators, that can ascertain the probability of conversion to psychosis in
      individual patients. METHOD: The study subjects were 596 clinical high-risk
      participants from the second phase of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal
      Study who were followed up to the time of conversion to psychosis or last contact
      (up to 2 years). The predictors examined were limited to those that are supported
      by previous studies and are readily obtainable in general clinical settings. Time
      to-event regression was used to build a multivariate model predicting conversion,
      with internal validation using 1,000 bootstrap resamples. RESULTS: The 2-year
      probability of conversion to psychosis was 16%. Higher levels of unusual thought
      content and suspiciousness, greater decline in social functioning, lower verbal
      learning and memory performance, slower speed of processing, and younger age at
      baseline each contributed to individual risk for psychosis. Stressful life
      events, trauma, and family history of schizophrenia were not significant
      predictors. The multivariate model achieved a concordance index of 0.71 and, as
      reported in an article by Carrion et al., published concurrently with this one,
      was validated in an independent external data set. The results are instantiated
      in a web-based risk prediction tool envisioned to be most useful in research
      protocols involving the psychosis prodrome. CONCLUSIONS: A risk calculator
      comparable in accuracy to those for cardiovascular disease and cancer is
      available to predict individualized conversion risks in newly ascertained
      clinical high-risk cases. Given that the risk calculator can be validly applied
      only for patients who screen positive on the Structured Clinical Interview for
      Psychosis Risk Syndromes, which requires training to administer, its most
      immediate uses will be in research on psychosis risk factors and in research
      driven clinical (prevention) trials.

PMID- 27363510
TI  - Blunted Neural Response to Rewards as a Prospective Predictor of the Development
      of Depression in Adolescent Girls.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A blunted neural response to rewards has recently emerged as a
      potential mechanistic biomarker of adolescent depression. The reward positivity,
      an event-related potential elicited by feedback indicating monetary gain relative
      to loss, has been associated with risk for depression. The authors examined
      whether the reward positivity prospectively predicted the development of
      depression 18 months later in a large community sample of adolescent girls.
      METHOD: The sample included 444 girls 13.5-15.5 years old with no lifetime
      history of a depressive disorder, along with a biological parent for each girl.
      At baseline, the adolescents' reward positivity was measured using a monetary
      guessing task, their current depressive symptoms were assessed using a self
      report questionnaire, and the adolescents' and parents' lifetime psychiatric
      histories were evaluated with diagnostic interviews. The same interview and
      questionnaire were administered to the adolescents again approximately 18 months
      later. RESULTS: A blunted reward positivity at baseline predicted first-onset
      depressive disorder and greater depressive symptom scores 18 months later. The
      reward positivity was also a significant predictor independent of other prominent
      risk factors, including baseline depressive symptoms and adolescent and parental
      lifetime psychiatric history. The combination of a blunted reward positivity and
      greater depressive symptom scores at baseline provided the greatest positive
      predictive value for first-onset depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      provides strong converging evidence that a blunted neural response to rewards
      precedes adolescent-onset depression and symptom emergence. Blunted neural
      response may therefore constitute an important target for screening and
      prevention.

PMID- 27363512
TI  - Effects of metal-bearing nanoparticles (Ag, Au, CdS, ZnO, SiO2) on developing
      zebrafish embryos.
AB  - Due to the increasing commercialization of consumer and industrial products
      containing nanoparticles (NPs), an increase in the introduction of these
      materials into the environment is expected. NP toxicity to aquatic organisms
      depends on multiple biotic and abiotic factors, resulting in an unlimited number
      of combinations impossible to test in practice. The zebrafish embryo model offers
      a useful screening tool to test and rank the toxicity of nanomaterials according
      to those diverse factors. This work aims to study the acute and sublethal
      toxicity of a set of metal-bearing NPs displaying different properties, in
      comparison to that of the ionic and bulk forms of the metals, in order to
      establish a toxicity ranking. Soluble NPs (Ag, CdS and ZnO) showed the highest
      acute and sublethal toxicity, with LC50 values as low as 0.529 mg Ag l(-1) for Ag
      NPs of 20 nm, and a significant increase in the malformation prevalence in
      embryos exposed to 0.1 mg Cd l(-1) of CdS NPs of ~4 nm. For insoluble NPs, like
      SiO2 NPs, acute effects were not observed during early embryo development due to
      the protective effect of the chorion. But effects on larvae could be expected,
      since deposition of fluorescent SiO2 NPs over the gill lamella and excretion
      through the intestine were observed after hatching. In other cases, such as for
      gold NPs, the toxicity could be attributed to the presence of additives (sodium
      citrate) in the NP suspension, as they displayed a similar toxicity when tested
      separately. Overall, the results indicated that toxicity to zebrafish embryos
      depends primarily on the chemical composition and, thus, the solubility of the
      NPs. Other characteristics, such as size, played a secondary role. This was
      supported by the observation that ionic forms of the metals were always more
      toxic than the nano forms, and bulk forms were the least toxic to the developing
      zebrafish embryos. 

PMID- 27363511
TI  - Personalized Prediction of Psychosis: External Validation of the NAPLS-2
      Psychosis Risk Calculator With the EDIPPP Project.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: As part of the second phase of the North American Prodrome
      Longitudinal Study (NAPLS-2), Cannon and colleagues report, concurrently with the
      present article, on a risk calculator for the individualized prediction of a
      psychotic disorder in a 2-year period. The present study represents an external
      validation of the NAPLS-2 psychosis risk calculator using an independent sample
      of patients at clinical high risk for psychosis collected as part of the Early
      Detection, Intervention, and Prevention of Psychosis Program (EDIPPP). METHOD: Of
      the total EDIPPP sample of 210 subjects rated as being at clinical high risk
      based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes, 176 had at least one
      follow-up assessment and were included in the construction of a new prediction
      model with six predictor variables in the NAPLS-2 psychosis risk calculator
      (unusual thoughts and suspiciousness, symbol coding test performance, verbal
      learning test performance, decline in social functioning, baseline age, and
      family history). Discrimination performance was assessed with the area under the
      receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The NAPLS-2 risk calculator was
      then used to generate a psychosis risk estimate for each case in the external
      validation sample. RESULTS: The external validation model showed good
      discrimination, with an AUC of 0.790 (95% CI=0.644-0.937). In addition, the
      personalized risk generated by the risk calculator provided a solid estimation of
      the actual conversion outcome in the validation sample. CONCLUSIONS: Two
      independent samples of clinical high-risk patients converge to validate the NAPLS
      2 psychosis risk calculator. This prediction calculator represents a meaningful
      step toward early intervention and the personalized treatment of psychotic
      disorders.

PMID- 27363514
TI  - BODIPY catalyzed amide synthesis promoted by BHT and air under visible light.
AB  - A novel and efficient protocol for the synthesis of amides is reported which
      employs a BODIPY catalyzed oxidative amidation reaction between aromatic
      aldehydes and amines under visible light. Compared with the known Ru or Ir
      molecular catalysts and other organic dyes, the BODIPY catalyst showed higher
      reactivity toward this reaction. Mechanistic studies reveal that dioxygen could
      be activated through an ET and a SET pathway, forming active peroxides in situ,
      which are vital for the key step of the reaction, i.e. the oxidation of
      hemiaminal to amide. The broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions make
      this reaction practically useful and environmentally friendly for the synthesis
      of amide compounds. 

PMID- 27363513
TI  - Specificity and mechanism of action of alpha-helical membrane-active peptides
      interacting with model and biological membranes by single-molecule force
      spectroscopy.
AB  - In this study, to systematically investigate the targeting specificity of
      membrane-active peptides on different types of cell membranes, we evaluated the
      effects of peptides on different large unilamellar vesicles mimicking
      prokaryotic, normal eukaryotic, and cancer cell membranes by single-molecule
      force spectroscopy and spectrum technology. We revealed that cationic membrane
      active peptides can exclusively target negatively charged prokaryotic and cancer
      cell model membranes rather than normal eukaryotic cell model membranes. Using
      Acholeplasma laidlawii, 3T3-L1, and HeLa cells to represent prokaryotic cells,
      normal eukaryotic cells, and cancer cells in atomic force microscopy experiments,
      respectively, we further studied that the single-molecule targeting interaction
      between peptides and biological membranes. Antimicrobial and anticancer
      activities of peptides exhibited strong correlations with the interaction
      probability determined by single-molecule force spectroscopy, which illustrates
      strong correlations of peptide biological activities and peptide hydrophobicity
      and charge. Peptide specificity significantly depends on the lipid compositions
      of different cell membranes, which validates the de novo design of peptide
      therapeutics against bacteria and cancers.

PMID- 27363515
TI  - Synthesis and catalytic applications of 1,2,3-triazolylidene gold(i) complexes in
      silver-free oxazoline syntheses and C-H bond activation.
AB  - A series of novel 1,2,3-triazolylidene gold(i) chloride complexes have been
      synthesised and fully characterised. Silver-free methodologies for chloride ion
      abstraction of these complexes were evaluated for their potential as Au-based
      catalyst precursors. Using simple potassium salts or MeOTf as chloride scavengers
      produced metal complexes that catalyse both the regioselective synthesis of
      oxazolines and the C-H activation of benzene or styrene for carbene transfer from
      ethyl diazoacetate. These results indicate that Ag-free activation of 1,2,3
      triazolylidene gold(i) chloride complexes is feasible for the generation of
      catalytically active Au triazolylidene species. However, silver-mediated
      activation imparts substantially higher catalytic activity in oxazoline
      synthesis. 

PMID- 27363516
TI  - The metabolome of [2-(14)C](-)-epicatechin in humans: implications for the
      assessment of efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of action of polyphenolic
      bioactives.
AB  - Diet is a major life style factor affecting human health, thus emphasizing the
      need for evidence-based dietary guidelines for primary disease prevention. While
      current recommendations promote intake of fruit and vegetables, we have limited
      understanding of plant-derived bioactive food constituents other than those
      representing the small number of essential nutrients and minerals. This limited
      understanding can be attributed to some extent to a lack of fundamental data
      describing the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of
      bioactive compounds. Consequently, we selected the flavanol (-)-epicatechin (EC)
      as an example of a widely studied bioactive food constituent and investigated the
      ADME of [2-(14)C](-)-epicatechin (300 MUCi, 60 mg) in humans (n = 8). We
      demonstrated that 82 +/- 5% of ingested EC was absorbed. We also established
      pharmacokinetic profiles and identified and quantified >20 different metabolites.
      The gut microbiome proved to be a key driver of EC metabolism. Furthermore, we
      noted striking species-dependent differences in the metabolism of EC, an insight
      with significant consequences for investigating the mechanisms of action
      underlying the beneficial effects of EC. These differences need to be considered
      when assessing the safety of EC intake in humans. We also identified a potential
      biomarker for the objective assessment of EC intake that could help to strengthen
      epidemiological investigations.

PMID- 27363517
TI  - Accelerating skin wound healing by M-CSF through generating SSEA-1 and -3 stem
      cells in the injured sites.
AB  - Wound healing is a complicated process requiring the collaborative efforts of
      different cell lineages. Our recent studies have found that one subset of
      hematopoietic cells can be induced to dedifferentiate into multipotent stem cells
      by means of a proliferating fibroblast releasable factor, M-CSF. Understanding
      the importance of stem cells on skin wound healing, here we evaluate the
      biological significance of M-CSF on skin wound healing. In an in vivo mouse skin
      excisional wound model, we found that SSEA-positive stem cells were present in
      wounded but not normal skin. After isolating skin cells from either normal or
      wounded skin by collagenase digestion, and analyzing the SSEA-1 positive cells by
      flow cytometry, we found a significant increase in the number of SSEA-1 positive
      cells in wounded skin. Topical application of M-CSF in skin wounds accelerated
      healing remarkably, while application of M-CSF-neutralizing antibody slowed wound
      healing. Furthermore, injection of EGFP-labeled hematopoietic cell-derived stem
      cells generated from M-CSF treated splenocytes resulted in EGFP-labeled cells
      being enriched in the skin wound site and further differentiated into functional
      organ-specific cells. Together, these data demonstrated that M-CSF makes a
      significant contribution to the healing process by inducing hematopoietic cell
      dedifferentiation into stem cells.

PMID- 27363518
TI  - High intake of fatty fish, but not of lean fish, affects serum concentrations of
      TAG and HDL-cholesterol in healthy, normal-weight adults: a randomised trial.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to examine whether high intake of lean or fatty
      fish (cod and farmed salmon, respectively) by healthy, normal-weight adults would
      affect risk factors of type 2 diabetes and CVD when compared with lean meat
      (chicken). More knowledge is needed concerning the potential health effects of
      high fish intake (>300 g/week) in normal-weight adults. In this randomised
      clinical trial, thirty-eight young, healthy, normal-weight participants consumed
      750 g/week of lean or fatty fish or lean meat (as control) for 4 weeks at dinner
      according to provided recipes to ensure similar ways of preparations and choices
      of side dishes between the groups. Energy and macronutrient intakes at baseline
      and end point were similar in all groups, and there were no changes in energy and
      macronutrient intakes within any of the groups during the course of the study.
      High intake of fatty fish, but not lean fish, significantly reduced TAG and
      increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations in fasting serum when compared with lean
      meat intake. When compared with lean fish intake, fatty fish intake increased
      serum HDL-cholesterol. No differences were observed between lean fish, fatty fish
      and lean meat groups regarding fasting and postprandial glucose regulation. These
      findings suggest that high intake of fatty fish, but not of lean fish, could
      beneficially affect serum concentrations of TAG and HDL-cholesterol, which are
      CVD risk factors, in healthy, normal-weight adults, when compared with high
      intake of lean meat. 

PMID- 27363519
TI  - Evaluation Methods for Assessing Users' Psychological Experiences of Web-Based
      Psychosocial Interventions: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of Web-based interventions to deliver mental health and
      behavior change programs is increasingly popular. They are cost-effective,
      accessible, and generally effective. Often these interventions concern
      psychologically sensitive and challenging issues, such as depression or anxiety.
      The process by which a person receives and experiences therapy is important to
      understanding therapeutic process and outcomes. While the experience of the
      patient or client in traditional face-to-face therapy has been evaluated in a
      number of ways, there appeared to be a gap in the evaluation of patient
      experiences of therapeutic interventions delivered online. Evaluation of Web
      based artifacts has focused either on evaluation of experience from a computer
      Web-design perspective through usability testing or on evaluation of treatment
      effectiveness. Neither of these methods focuses on the psychological experience
      of the person while engaged in the therapeutic process. OBJECTIVE: This study
      aimed to investigate what methods, if any, have been used to evaluate the in situ
      psychological experience of users of Web-based self-help psychosocial
      interventions. METHODS: A systematic literature review was undertaken of
      interdisciplinary databases with a focus on health and computer sciences. Studies
      that met a predetermined search protocol were included. RESULTS: Among 21 studies
      identified that examined psychological experience of the user, only 1 study
      collected user experience in situ. The most common method of understanding users'
      experience was through semistructured interviews conducted posttreatment or
      questionnaires administrated at the end of an intervention session. The
      questionnaires were usually based on standardized tools used to assess user
      experience with traditional face-to-face treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lack
      of methods specified in the literature to evaluate the interface between Web
      based mental health or behavior change artifacts and users. Main limitations in
      the research were the nascency of the topic and cross-disciplinary nature of the
      field. There is a need to develop and deliver methods of understanding users'
      psychological experiences while using an intervention.

PMID- 27363520
TI  - Inhibition of HIV-1 reactivation by a telomerase-derived peptide in a HSP90
      dependent manner.
AB  - A peptide vaccine designed to induce T-cell immunity to telomerase, GV1001, has
      been shown to modulate cellular signaling pathways and confer a direct anti
      cancer effect through the interaction with heat shock protein (HSP) 90 and 70.
      Here, we have found that GV1001 can modulate transactivation protein-mediated
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 transactivation in an HSP90-dependent
      manner. GV1001 treatment resulted in significant suppression of HIV-1 replication
      and rescue of infected cells from death by HIV-1. Transactivation of HIV-long
      terminal repeat (LTR) was inhibited by GV1001, indicating that GV1001 suppressed
      the transcription from proviral HIV DNA. The anti-HIV-1 activity of GV1001 was
      completely abrogated by an HSP90-neutralizing antibody, indicating that the
      antiviral activity depends on HSP90. Further mechanistic studies revealed that
      GV1001 suppresses basal NF-kappaB activation, which is required for HIV-1 LTR
      transactivation in an HSP90-dependent manner. Inhibition of LTR transactivation
      by GV1001 suggests its potential to suppress HIV-1 reactivation from latency.
      Indeed, PMA-mediated reactivation of HIV-1 from latent infected cells was
      suppressed by GV1001. The results suggest the potential therapeutic use of
      GV1001, a peptide proven to be safe for human use, as an anti-HIV-1 agent to
      suppress the reactivation from latently infected cells.

PMID- 27363522
TI  - 'Squeezing' near-field thermal emission for ultra-efficient high-power
      thermophotovoltaic conversion.
AB  - We numerically demonstrate near-field planar ThermoPhotoVoltaic systems with very
      high efficiency and output power, at large vacuum gaps. Example performances
      include: at 1200  degrees K emitter temperature, output power density 2 W/cm(2)
      with ~47% efficiency at 300 nm vacuum gap; at 2100  degrees K, 24 W/cm(2) with
      ~57% efficiency at 200 nm gap; and, at 3000  degrees K, 115 W/cm(2) with ~61%
      efficiency at 140 nm gap. Key to this striking performance is a novel photonic
      design forcing the emitter and cell single modes to cros resonantly couple and
      impedance-match just above the semiconductor bandgap, creating there a 'squeezed'
      narrowband near-field emission spectrum. Specifically, we employ surface-plasmon
      polariton thermal emitters and silver-backed semiconductor-thin-film photovoltaic
      cells. The emitter planar plasmonic nature allows for high-power and stable high
      temperature operation. Our simulations include modeling of free-carrier
      absorption in both cell electrodes and temperature dependence of the emitter
      properties. At high temperatures, the efficiency enhancement via resonant mode
      cross-coupling and matching can be extended to even higher power, by
      appropriately patterning the silver back electrode to enforce also an absorber
      effective surface-plasmon-polariton mode. Our proposed designs can therefore lead
      the way for mass-producible and low-cost ThermoPhotoVoltaic micro-generators and
      solar cells.

PMID- 27363521
TI  - Still and rotating myosin clusters determine cytokinetic ring constriction.
AB  - The cytokinetic ring is essential for separating daughter cells during division.
      It consists of actin filaments and myosin motors that are generally assumed to
      organize as sarcomeres similar to skeletal muscles. However, direct evidence is
      lacking. Here we show that the internal organization and dynamics of rings are
      different from sarcomeres and distinct in different cell types. Using micro
      cavities to orient rings in single focal planes, we find in mammalian cells a
      transition from a homogeneous distribution to a periodic pattern of myosin
      clusters at the onset of constriction. In contrast, in fission yeast, myosin
      clusters rotate prior to and during constriction. Theoretical analysis indicates
      that both patterns result from acto-myosin self-organization and reveals
      differences in the respective stresses. These findings suggest distinct
      functional roles for rings: contraction in mammalian cells and transport in
      fission yeast. Thus self-organization under different conditions may be a generic
      feature for regulating morphogenesis in vivo.

PMID- 27363523
TI  - Interleukin-34 as a fibroblast-derived marker of liver fibrosis in patients with
      non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
AB  - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic non-viral
      liver disease. Activation of macrophages and hepatic stellate cells is a critical
      step that promotes liver fibrosis. We aimed to explore the feasibility of
      interleukin-34 (IL-34), a key regulator of macrophages, as a fibrosis marker in
      patients with NAFLD. We enrolled 197 liver biopsy-proven NAFLD patients. We
      evaluated the serum levels of IL-34, macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M
      CSF), soluble CD163 (sCD163), 40 cytokines/chemokines, hyaluronic acid, type IV
      collagen 7s, and clinically-approved fibrosis scores. IL-34 increased with the
      progression of fibrosis and was an independent marker for liver fibrosis.
      Immunostaining experiments, using resected liver specimens from NAFLD patients,
      revealed that IL-34 was mainly expressed on liver fibroblasts. IL-34 based
      fibrosis score (0.0387*IL-34 (pg/ml) + 0.3623*type IV collagen 7s (ng/ml) +
      0.0184*age (year)-1.1850) was a practical predictive model of liver fibrosis.
      Using receiver-operating characteristic analyses, the area under the curve,
      sensitivity, and specificity of IL-34 based fibrosis score were superior or
      comparable to the other fibrosis biomarkers and scores. In conclusion, the IL-34
      based fibrosis score, including serum IL-34, type IV collagen 7s and age, is a
      feasible diagnostic marker of liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients.

PMID- 27363524
TI  - Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. in
      Libya: 2000-2015.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The intestinal protozoa Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and
      Cryptosporidium spp. are the causative agents of giardiasis, amebiasis, and
      cryptosporidiosis, respectively. Adequate knowledge of the geographical
      distribution of parasites and the demographic variables that influence their
      prevalence is important for effective control of infection in at-risk
      populations. METHODS: The data were obtained by an English language literature
      search of Medline and PubMed for papers using the search terms 'intestinal
      parasites and Libya, G. lamblia and Libya, E. histolytica and Libya and
      Cryptosporidium and Libya' for the period 2000-2015. RESULTS: The data obtained
      for the period 2000-2015 showed prevalence rates of 0.8-36.6% (mean 19.9%) for E.
      histolytica/dispar, 1.2-18.2% (mean 4.6%) for G. lamblia and 0.9-13% (mean 3.4%)
      for Cryptosporidium spp. among individuals in Libya with gastroenteritis (GE). On
      the other hand, prevalence rates of 0.8-16.3% (mean 8.3%), 1.8-28.8% (mean 4.8%),
      and 1.0-2.5% (mean=2.4), respectively, were observed for individuals without GE.
      The mean prevalence rate of E. histolytica/dispar was significantly higher among
      individuals with GE compared with those without GE (p<0.0000001, OR=2.74). No
      significant difference in prevalence rate of the three organisms was found
      according to gender, but most of infections were observed in children aged 10
      years or younger. CONCLUSION: The reviewed data suggest that E. histolytica, G.
      lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. may play a minor role in GE in Libya. The
      observed high prevalence rates of E. histolytica/dispar reported from Libya could
      be due mainly to the non-pathogenic E. dispar and E. moshkovskii. However, more
      studies are needed in the future using E. histolytica-specific enzyme
      immunoassays and/or molecular methods to confirm this observation.

PMID- 27363526
TI  - Novel class of collector in electrospinning device for the fabrication of 3D
      nanofibrous structure for large defect load-bearing tissue engineering
      application.
AB  - Adequate porosity, appropriate pore size, and 3D-thick shape are crucial
      parameters in the design of scaffolds, as they should provide the right space for
      cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and growth. In this work, a novel design for
      fabricating a 3D nanostructured scaffold by electrospinning was taken into
      account. Helical spring-shaped collector was purposely designed and used for
      electrospinning PCL fibers. Improved morphological properties and more uniform
      diameter distribution of collected nanofibers on the turns of helical spring
      shaped collector are confirmed by SEM analysis. SEM images elaboration showed 3D
      pores with average diameter of 4 and 5.5 micrometer in x-y plane and z-direction,
      respectively. Prepared 3D scaffold possessed 99.98% porosity which led to the
      increased water uptake behavior in PBS at 37 degrees C up to 10 days, and higher
      degradation rate compared to 2D flat structure. Uniaxial compression test on 3D
      scaffolds revealed an elastic modulus of 7 MPa and a stiffness of 102 MPa,
      together with very low hysteresis area and residual strain. In vitro
      cytocompatibility test with MG-63 osteoblast-like cells using AlamarBlueTM
      colorimetric assay, indicated a continuous increase in cell viability for the 3D
      structure over the test duration. SEM observation showed enhanced cells spreading
      and diffusion into the underneath layers for 3D scaffold. Accelerated calcium
      deposition in 3D substrate was confirmed by EDX analysis. Obtained morphological,
      physical, and mechanical properties together with in vitro cytocompatibility
      results, suggest this novel technique as a proper method for the fabrication of
      3D nanofibrous scaffolds for the regeneration of critical-size load bearing
      defects. (c) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1535
      1548, 2017.

PMID- 27363525
TI  - Deciphering the recent phylogenetic expansion of the originally deeply rooted
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 7.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A deeply rooted phylogenetic lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      (M. tuberculosis) termed lineage 7 was discovered in Ethiopia. Whole genome
      sequencing of 30 lineage 7 strains from patients in Ethiopia was performed. Intra
      lineage genome variation was defined and unique characteristics identified with a
      focus on genes involved in DNA repair, recombination and replication (3R genes).
      RESULTS: More than 800 mutations specific to M. tuberculosis lineage 7 strains
      were identified. The proportion of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms
      (nsSNPs) in 3R genes was higher after the recent expansion of M. tuberculosis
      lineage 7 strain started. The proportion of nsSNPs in genes involved in inorganic
      ion transport and metabolism was significantly higher before the expansion began.
      A total of 22346 bp deletions were observed. Lineage 7 strains also exhibited a
      high number of mutations in genes involved in carbohydrate transport and
      metabolism, transcription, energy production and conversion. CONCLUSIONS: We have
      identified unique genomic signatures of the lineage 7 strains. The high frequency
      of nsSNP in 3R genes after the phylogenetic expansion may have contributed to
      recent variability and adaptation. The abundance of mutations in genes involved
      in inorganic ion transport and metabolism before the expansion period may
      indicate an adaptive response of lineage 7 strains to enable survival,
      potentially under environmental stress exposure. As lineage 7 strains originally
      were phylogenetically deeply rooted, this may indicate fundamental adaptive
      genomic pathways affecting the fitness of M. tuberculosis as a species.

PMID- 27363527
TI  - Hierarchical polymer coating for optimizing the antifouling and bactericidal
      efficacies.
AB  - The bacteria-repellent and bactericidal functionalities in a single system are
      generally need to be carefully optimized in order to obtain the highest
      antibacterial performance. In this study, the controlled SI-PIMP strategy was
      developed for creating hierarchical polymer brushes possessing the bacteria
      repellent and bactericidal functionalities. To obtain a bactericidal surface with
      minimal interference to its nonfouling property, optimization studies were
      conducted by facilely tailoring the surface density of the quaternary ammonium
      compound moieties through control over the monomer concentration. An optimal
      hierarchical polymer coating showed potent protein and bacteria repellence as
      well as certain bactericidal property. The longlasting antibacterial performance
      was also achieved due to the good balance between the dual functionalities. The
      tenability of the hierarchical polymer coating is applicable to surface
      chemistries for biosensors, molecular imaging, and biomedical applications.

PMID- 27363528
TI  - Liver stiffness measurement using acoustic radiation force impulse elastography
      in overweight and obese patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity and overweight are global health problems. AIM: To evaluate
      the diagnostic accuracy of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) using acoustic
      radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in overweight and obese patients for
      staging liver fibrosis. METHODS: Ninety-seven patients (mean age: 50 years, 50%
      male) with body mass index (BMI) >=25 kg/m(2) (mean BMI: 31 kg/m(2) ) were
      prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent ARFI elastography and liver
      biopsy. In 87/97 patients, transient elastography (TE) was performed (M- and XL
      probes). Patients were divided into two groups respectively: overweight: BMI <30
      kg/m(2) (n = 61); and obese: BMI >=30 kg/m(2) (n = 26). RESULTS: Acoustic
      radiation force impulse elastography correlated with liver fibrosis in overweight
      (r = 0.84, P < 0.0001) and obese patients (r = 0.85, P < 0.0001), while no
      correlation was observed with steatosis, steatohepatitis and BMI. Area under the
      curve detecting liver cirrhosis for ARFI and TE were 0.97 in overweight and 0.94
      and 0.92 in obese patients. In both groups, the failure rate was lower for ARFI
      than TE. ARFI of liver segment 8 showed a lower discordance than TE in both
      groups (overweight: 3% vs. 12%, P = 0.002; obese: 8% vs. 27%, P = 0.034).
      Steatosis and steatohepatitis were neither predictors of discordance nor of
      performance in LSM by ARFI or TE in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In overweight and
      obese patients, acoustic radiation force impulse can diagnose liver cirrhosis and
      significant fibrosis with high diagnostic accuracy. Liver stiffness measurement
      using the XL-probe reduces the influence of BMI, steatosis and steatohepatitis.
      The failure and discordance rates were lower for acoustic radiation force impulse
      than transient elastography in both patients groups.

PMID- 27363529
TI  - Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction in complicated monochorionic twin
      pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Severe right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO) is a
      potential complication in recipient twins of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
      (TTTS) that requires postnatal follow-up or treatment. We aimed to evaluate
      pregnancy characteristics of neonates with RVOTO from complicated monochorionic
      twin pregnancies, determine the incidence of RVOTO in TTTS cases and construct a
      prediction model for its development. METHODS: This was an observational cohort
      study of all complicated monochorionic twin pregnancies with a postnatal
      diagnosis of RVOTO examined at our center. Cases were referred for evaluation of
      the need for fetal therapy or intervention because of TTTS, selective
      intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) or multiple congenital malformations in
      one of the twins. Ultrasound data were retrieved from our monochorionic twin
      database. Among liveborn TTTS recipients treated prenatally with laser therapy,
      those with RVOTO were compared with those without RVOTO (controls). We describe
      four additional cases with RVOTO that were not TTTS recipients. RESULTS: A total
      of 485 twin pregnancies received laser therapy for TTTS during the study period.
      RVOTO was diagnosed in 3% (11/368) of liveborn TTTS recipients, of whom two
      showed mild Ebstein's anomaly. Before laser therapy, pericardial effusion was
      seen in 45% (5/11) of RVOTO cases (P < 0.01) and abnormal A-wave in the ductus
      venosus (DV) in 73% (8/11) (P = 0.03), significantly higher proportions than in
      controls. Mean gestational age at laser therapy was 17 + 3 weeks in RVOTO cases
      compared with 20 + 3 weeks in controls (P = 0.03). A prediction model for RVOTO
      was constructed incorporating these three significant variables. One TTTS donor
      had RVOTO after the development of transient hydrops following laser therapy.
      Three larger twins in pregnancies complicated by sIUGR developed RVOTO, the onset
      of which was detectable early in the second trimester. CONCLUSIONS: RVOTO occurs
      in TTTS recipient twins but can also develop in TTTS donors and larger twins of
      pregnancies complicated by sIUGR. Abnormal flow in the DV, pericardial effusion
      and early gestational age at onset of TTTS are predictors of RVOTO in TTTS
      recipients, which suggests increased vulnerability to hemodynamic imbalances in
      the fetal heart in early pregnancy. These findings could guide diagnostic follow
      up protocols after TTTS treatment. Copyright (c) 2016 ISUOG. Published by John
      Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27363530
TI  - Synthesis and Photoisomerization of Substituted Dibenzofulvene Molecular Rotors.
AB  - The synthesis, spectral and structural characterization, and photoisomerization
      of a family of 2-substituted dibenzofulvene molecular actuators based on (2,2,2
      triphenylethylidene)fluorene (TEF) are reported. The 2-substituted species
      investigated are nitro (NTEF), cyano (CTEF), and iodo (ITEF). X-ray structures of
      these three compounds and three intermediates were determined to assign alkene
      configuration and investigate the effects of the 2-substituents on steric
      gearing. The addition-elimination reaction of Z-9 with trityl anion to form Z-10
      proceeded with complete retention of configuration. Rates of photoisomerization
      were measured at irradiation wavelengths between 266-355 nm in
      acetonitrile/dioxane solutions at room temperature. Photoisomerization quantum
      yields (phi) were calculated by means of a mathematical model that accounts for a
      certain degree of photodecomposition in the cases of CTEF and ITEF. Quantum
      yields vary significantly with substituent, having maximum values of phi=0.26 for
      NTEF, 0.39 for CTEF, and 0.50 for ITEF. NTEF is photochemically robust and has a
      large quantum yield for photoisomerization in the near-UV, making it a
      particularly promising drive rotor moiety for light-powered molecular devices. 

PMID- 27363531
TI  - THE EFFECTS OF FOOD INTAKE AND ITS FAT COMPOSITION ON INTESTINAL ECHOGENICITY IN
      HEALTHY DOGS.
AB  - Dogs presenting for ultrasonography due to suspected gastrointestinal disease
      might have residual ingesta and this could have an affect on the appearance of
      intestinal mucosa unrelated to pathology. The purpose of this prospective
      descriptive study was to determine effects of a recent meal consisting of the
      recommended daily fat content (meal 1) and a higher fat one (meal 2) on mucosal
      echogenicity in healthy dogs. Sixty client-owned and clinically healthy dogs were
      recruited. Two meals, one with 15% fat dry matter basis (meal 1) and a second
      with 1.5 ml/kg body weight corn oil added to result in a range of 41-63% fat dry
      matter basis (meal 2), were fed 1 week apart after a 12 h fast. Mucosal
      echogenicity scores were assigned at fasting, immediate postprandial and at 60
      min after each meal. Duodenal scores were significantly greater for meal 1 at 60
      min (P < 0.001) as opposed to fasting and immediate postprandial. With meal 2,
      the duodenal score was significantly different (P < 0.001) at the immediate and
      60-min data point compared to meal 1. Jejunal scores were significantly greater
      for meal 1 at the 60-min data point (P < 0.001) as opposed to fasting and
      immediate postprandial. With meal 2, the jejunal score was significantly
      different (P < 0.001) only at the 60-min data point compared to meal 1.
      Intestinal mucosal echogenicity can be increased in healthy dogs after food
      intake, regardless of fat content. This effect should be taken into consideration
      when increased mucosal echogenicity is identified in clinical patients. 

PMID- 27363532
TI  - CO2 Activation and Hydrogenation by PtHn (-) Cluster Anions.
AB  - Gas phase reactions between PtHn (-) cluster anions and CO2 were investigated by
      mass spectrometry, anion photoelectron spectroscopy, and computations. Two major
      products, PtCO2 H(-) and PtCO2 H3 (-) , were observed. The atomic connectivity in
      PtCO2 H(-) can be depicted as HPtCO2 (-) , where the platinum atom is bonded to a
      bent CO2 moiety on one side and a hydrogen atom on the other. The atomic
      connectivity of PtCO2 H3 (-) can be described as H2 Pt(HCO2 )(-) , where the
      platinum atom is bound to a formate moiety on one side and two hydrogen atoms on
      the other. Computational studies of the reaction pathway revealed that the
      hydrogenation of CO2 by PtH3 (-) is highly energetically favorable.

PMID- 27363533
TI  - Molecular characterization of glycation-associated skin ageing: an alternative
      skin model to study in vitro antiglycation activity of topical cosmeceutical and
      pharmaceutical formulations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glycation is a nonenzymatic reaction that cross-links a sugar
      molecule and protein macromolecule to form advanced glycation products (AGEs)
      that are associated with various age-related disorders; thus glycation plays an
      important role in skin chronological ageing. OBJECTIVES: To develop a novel in
      vitro skin glycation model as a screening tool for topical formulations with
      antiglycation properties and to further characterize, at the molecular level, the
      glycation stress-driven skin ageing mechanism. METHODS: The glycation model was
      developed using human reconstituted full-thickness skin; the presence of Nepsilon
      -(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) was used as evidence of the degree of glycation.
      Topical application of emulsion containing a well-known antiglycation compound
      (aminoguanidine) was used to verify the sensitivity and robustness of the model.
      Cytokine immunoassay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and
      histological analysis were further implemented to characterize the molecular
      mechanisms of skin ageing in the skin glycation model. RESULTS: Transcriptomic
      and cytokine profiling analyses in the skin glycation model demonstrated multiple
      biological changes, including extracellular matrix catabolism, skin barrier
      function impairment, oxidative stress and subsequently the inflammatory response.
      Darkness and yellowness of skin tone observed in the in vitro skin glycation
      model correlated well with the degree of glycation stress. CONCLUSIONS: The newly
      developed skin glycation model in this study has provided a new technological
      dimension in screening antiglycation properties of topical pharmaceutical or
      cosmeceutical formulations. This study concomitantly provides insights into skin
      ageing mechanisms driven by glycation stress, which could be useful in
      formulating skin antiageing therapy in future studies.

PMID- 27363534
TI  - Fast and accurate dynamic estimation of field effectiveness of meningococcal
      vaccines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Estimating the effectiveness of meningococcal vaccines with high
      accuracy and precision can be challenging due to the low incidence of the
      invasive disease, which ranges between 0.5 and 1 cases per 100,000 in Europe and
      North America. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) is usually estimated with a screening
      method that combines in one formula the proportion of meningococcal disease cases
      that have been vaccinated and the proportion of vaccinated in the overall
      population. Due to the small number of cases, initial point estimates are
      affected by large uncertainties and several years may be required to estimate VE
      with a small confidence interval. METHODS: We used a Monte Carlo maximum
      likelihood (MCML) approach to estimate the effectiveness of meningococcal
      vaccines, based on stochastic simulations of a dynamic model for meningococcal
      transmission and vaccination. We calibrated the model to describe two
      immunization campaigns: the campaign against MenC in England and the Bexsero
      campaign that started in the UK in September 2015. First, the MCML method
      provided estimates for both the direct and indirect effects of the MenC vaccine
      that were validated against results published in the literature. Then, we
      assessed the performance of the MCML method in terms of time gain with respect to
      the screening method under different assumptions of VE for Bexsero. RESULTS: MCML
      estimates of VE for the MenC immunization campaign are in good agreement with
      results based on the screening method and carriage studies, yet characterized by
      smaller confidence intervals and obtained using only incidence data collected
      within 2 years of scheduled vaccination. Also, we show that the MCML method could
      provide a fast and accurate estimate of the effectiveness of Bexsero, with a time
      gain, with respect to the screening method, that could range from 2 to 15 years,
      depending on the value of VE measured from field data. CONCLUSIONS: Results
      indicate that inference methods based on dynamic computational models can be
      successfully used to quantify in near real time the effectiveness of immunization
      campaigns against Neisseria meningitidis. Such an approach could represent an
      important tool to complement and support traditional observational studies, in
      the initial phase of a campaign.

PMID- 27363535
TI  - Photodynamic therapy versus surgical excision to basal cell carcinoma: meta
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical excision (SE) is a first-line treatment for basal cell
      carcinoma (BCC). Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) has also been used and has
      cosmetic advantages over surgery. The latest European guidelines for topical PDT
      recommended that it be used to treat nodular basal cell carcinoma (nBCC) but a
      consensus has not been reached. Our study was to evaluate the efficacy of PDT
      versus SE for the treatment for nBCC by a meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CKNI, VIP, and relevant
      references up to October 2014 including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that
      compared PDT with SE for treatment of nBCC patients. A meta-analysis was
      conducted by using the Cochrane Collaboration's revman 5.0 software. RESULTS: We
      selected five studies that covered 596 of pathologically confirmed nBCC. We
      compared complete response rate (RR) of PDT and SE at 3 months and 1, 2, 3, 4,
      and 5 years. We found that the RR was 0.95 (0.90, 1.00), 0.89 (0.80, 0.99), 0.83
      (0.69, 1.00), 0.73 (0.63, 0.85), 0.84 (0.65, 1.08), and 0.79 (0.61, 1.03),
      respectively, for those time points, the cumulative probability of recurrence for
      the time points post-treatment, with an estimate at RR 5.28 (1.85, 15.12), 6.48
      (2.46, 17.09), 9.67 (3.02, 30.99), 7.73 (2.81, 21.28), and 8.25 (3.01-22.62),
      respectively. CONCLUSION: We observed no significant differences between PDT and
      SE for the complete RR, but there was an increased cumulative probability of
      recurrence. More large-scale RCTs are required to verify our findings.

PMID- 27363536
TI  - Recent Advances in Imprinting Disorders.
AB  - Imprinting disorders (ImpDis) are a group of currently 12 congenital diseases
      with common underlying (epi)genetic etiologies and overlapping clinical features
      affecting growth, development and metabolism. In the last years it has emerged
      that ImpDis are characterized by the same types of mutations and epimutations,
      i.e. uniparental disomies, copy number variations, epimutations, and point
      mutations. Each ImpDis is associated with a specific imprinted locus, but the
      same imprinted region can be involved in different ImpDis. Additionally, even the
      same aberrant methylation patterns are observed in different phenotypes. As some
      ImpDis share clinical features, clinical diagnosis is difficult in some cases.
      The advances in molecular and clinical diagnosis of ImpDis help to circumvent
      these issues, and they are accompanied by an increasing understanding of the
      pathomechanism behind them. As these mechanisms have important roles for the
      etiology of other common conditions, the results in ImpDis research have a wider
      effect beyond the borders of ImpDis. For patients and their families, the growing
      knowledge contributes to a more directed genetic counseling of the families and
      personalized therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 27363538
TI  - Multifaceted Breast Cancer: The Molecular Connection With Obesity.
AB  - Obesity is characterized by a disruption in energy balance regulation that
      results in an excess accumulation of body fat. Its increasing prevalence poses a
      major public health concern because it is a risk factor for a host of additional
      chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular
      disease. Obesity is increasingly recognized as a growing cause of cancer risk. In
      particular excessive adipose expansion during obesity causes adipose dysfunction
      and inflammation that can regulate tumor growth. In obesity, dysregulated
      systemic metabolism and inflammation induce hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia,
      dyslipidemia, and enhance sex hormone production with increased secretion of
      proinflammatory adipokine that impact breast cancer development and progression.
      This review describes how adipose inflammation that characterizes obesity is
      responsible of microenvironment to promote cancer, and discuss how steroid
      hormones, that are essential for the maintenance of the normal development,
      growth and differentiation of the cells, influence the induction and progression
      of breast cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 69-77, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 27363537
TI  - Protective effects of allicin on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in
      rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies in animal models have shown that allicin, a major
      biologically active component of garlic, can play a role in the prevention of
      tissue fibrosis in the liver, lung and heart, mainly related to the inhibition of
      fibroblast proliferation, fibrogenic cytokine secretion and extracellular matrix
      synthesis. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of allicin on
      renal damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. STZ-induced diabetic
      rats were administered allicin (15, 30 and 45 mg . kg-1  . day-1 ) via daily
      intra-gastric gavage for 12 weeks. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG),
      blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (sCr), lipid and 24 h urine albumin
      excretion (UAE) were measured at the end of weeks 4, 8 and 12. The renal
      histopathology and the expression levels of collagen I, transforming growth
      factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      1/2 (p-ERK1/2) were measured using immunohistochemistry and/or western blotting.
      RESULTS: In 12 week STZ-induced diabetic rats, severe hyperglycemia and
      albuminuria were markedly developed. Treatment with allicin for 12 weeks
      ameliorated diabetes-induced morphological alterations of the kidney and
      decreased FBG, BUN, sCr, triglyceride (TG) and 24 h UAE in diabetic rats. The
      expression levels of collagen I, TGF-beta1 and p-ERK1/2 were significantly
      decreased by allicin treatment. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that allicin
      may play a protective role in diabetic nephropathy via the TGF-beta1/ERK pathway
      in diabetic rats. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27363539
TI  - Comorbidities in difficult asthma are independent risk factors for frequent
      exacerbations, poor control and diminished quality of life.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Little is known about how comorbidities affect
      difficult asthma patients across different domains of asthma outcomes. We
      hypothesized that comorbidities in difficult asthma significantly influence
      asthma outcomes. METHODS: We analysed 90 consecutive patients who underwent
      systematic assessment at our hospital's difficult asthma clinic. Eight
      comorbidities were assessed in all patients. They were allergic rhinitis, chronic
      rhinosinusitis (CRS), gastroesophageal reflux disease, obesity, obstructive sleep
      apnoea, anxiety or depression, dysfunctional breathing (DB) and vocal cord
      dysfunction (VCD). Asthma outcomes examined were exacerbation frequency (>=3/year
      vs <3/year), asthma control using the Asthma Control Test (ACT) and quality of
      life using the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ). Multivariate logistic
      regression was performed for dichotomous outcomes and linear regression for
      continuous outcomes. Analyses were adjusted for lung function and absolute blood
      eosinophils. RESULTS: Increasing BMI was an independent risk factor for
      exacerbations (OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1-1.1, P = 0.042), lower ACT score (beta
      coefficient: -0.25, 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.12, P < 0.001) and poorer AQLQ (beta
      coefficient: -0.05, 95% CI: -0.09 to -0.02, P = 0.006). DB predicted lower ACT
      (beta coefficient: -2.85, 95% CI: -5 to -0.7, P = 0.01) and AQLQ scores (beta
      coefficient: -0.73, 95% CI: -1.34 to -0.12, P = 0.02). Patients with CRS had more
      exacerbations (OR: 4, 95% CI: 1.5-10.9, P = 0.006). Patients with VCD had lower
      AQLQ scores (beta coefficient: -0.78, 95% CI: -1.38 to -0.18, P = 0.012).
      CONCLUSION: Comorbidities independently impact a broad spectrum of outcomes in
      difficult asthma. Systematic evaluation of these conditions is essential in
      difficult asthma.

PMID- 27363540
TI  - Technical Skills Required in Split Liver Transplantation.
AB  - The number of liver grafts obtained from a cadaver can be greatly increased with
      the application of split liver transplantation. In the last 10 years, pediatric
      waiting list mortality has been reduced significantly with the use of this form
      of liver transplantation, which has 2 major forms. In its most commonly used
      form, the liver can be transplanted into 1 adult and 1 child by splitting it into
      a right extended and a left lateral graft. For adult and pediatric recipients,
      the results of this procedure are comparable to those of whole-organ techniques.
      In another form, 2 hemi-grafts are obtained by splitting the liver, which can be
      transplanted into a medium-sized adult (the right side) and a large child/small
      adult (the left side). The adult liver graft pool is expanded through the process
      of full right/full left splitting; but it is also a critical technique when one
      considers the knowledge required of the potential anatomic variations and the
      high technical skill level needed. In this review, we provide some basic insights
      into the technical and anatomical aspects of these 2 forms of split liver
      transplantation and present an updated summary of both forms. 

PMID- 27363542
TI  - Cunning metal core: efficiency/stability dilemma in metallated porphyrin based
      light-emitting electrochemical cells.
AB  - The syntheses, photophysical/electrochemical characterizations of different
      metallated porphyrins -i.e., Zn(2+), Pt(2+), Pd(2+), and Sn(4+) porphyrins - as
      well as their first application in light-emitting electrochemical cells are
      provided. A direct comparison demonstrates that depending on the metallation
      either efficient (Pt-por) or stable (Zn-por) devices are achieved, demonstrating
      that the choice of the metal core is a key aspect for future developments. 

PMID- 27363541
TI  - Realized niche shift associated with the Eurasian charophyte Nitellopsis obtusa
      becoming invasive in North America.
AB  - Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) is a dioecious green alga native to Europe
      and Asia that has emerged as an aquatic invasive species in North America.
      Nitellopsis obtusa is rare across large portions of its native range, but has
      spread rapidly in northern-tier lakes in the United States, where it can
      interfere with recreation and may displace native species. Little is known about
      the invasion ecology of N. obtusa, making it difficult to forecast future
      expansion. Using ecological niche modeling we investigated environmental
      variables associated with invasion risk. We used species records, climate data,
      and remotely sensed environmental variables to characterize the species'
      multidimensional distribution. We found that N. obtusa is exploiting novel
      ecological niche space in its introduced range, which may help explain its
      invasiveness. While the fundamental niche of N. obtusa may be stable, there
      appears to have been a shift in its realized niche associated with invasion in
      North America. Large portions of the United States are predicted to constitute
      highly suitable habitat for N. obtusa. Our results can inform early detection and
      rapid response efforts targeting N. obtusa and provide testable estimates of the
      physiological tolerances of this species as a baseline for future empirical
      research.

PMID- 27363543
TI  - Effect of hydrogen on dynamic charge transport in amorphous oxide thin film
      transistors.
AB  - Hydrogen in zinc oxide based semiconductors functions as a donor or a defect de
      activator depending on its concentration, greatly affecting the device
      characteristics of oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs). Thus, controlling the
      hydrogen concentration in oxide semiconductors is very important for achieving
      high mobility and minimizing device instability. In this study, we investigated
      the charge transport dynamics of the amorphous semiconductor InGaZnO at various
      hydrogen concentrations as a function of the deposition temperature of the gate
      insulator. To examine the nature of dynamic charge trapping, we employed short
      pulse current-voltage and transient current-time measurements. Among various
      examined oxide devices, that with a high hydrogen concentration exhibits the best
      performance characteristics, such as high saturation mobility (10.9 cm(2) v(-1)
      s(-1)), low subthreshold slope (0.12 V/dec), and negligible hysteresis, which
      stem from low defect densities and negligible transient charge trapping. Our
      finding indicates that hydrogen atoms effectively passivate the defects in subgap
      states of the bulk semiconductor, minimizing the mobility degradation and
      threshold voltage instability. This study indicates that hydrogen plays a useful
      role in TFTs by improving the device performance and stability. 

PMID- 27363544
TI  - Anderson-like alkoxo-polyoxovanadate clusters serving as unprecedented second
      building units to construct metal-organic polyhedra.
AB  - Unprecedented Anderson-like alkoxo-polyoxovanadate [V6O6(OCH3)9(MU6-SO4)(COO)3](2
      ) polyanions can serve as 3-connected second building units (SBUs) that assemble
      with dicarboxylate or tricarboxylate ligands to form a new family of metal
      organic tetrahedrons of V4E6 and V4F4 type (V = vertex, E = edge, and F = face).
      To our knowledge, this alkoxo-polyoxovanadate-based SBU is the first ever
      reported. 

PMID- 27363545
TI  - The Value of Repeated Clinical Observation Over Time.

PMID- 27363546
TI  - Mechanisms Distinguishing Irritability in Children and Adolescents.

PMID- 27363547
TI  - Stress, the Placenta, and Fetal Programming of Behavior: Genes' First Encounter
      With the Environment.

PMID- 27363548
TI  - A Framework for Extending Psychiatrists' Roles in Treating General Health
      Conditions.

PMID- 27363549
TI  - Sips of Conflict.

PMID- 27363550
TI  - Claiming Our Future.

PMID- 27363551
TI  - Response to the Presidential Address.

PMID- 27363552
TI  - Renee Binder, M.D., 142nd President, 2015-2016.

PMID- 27363553
TI  - The Role of Bilateral ECT When Right Unilateral ECT Is Inferior.

PMID- 27363554
TI  - Response to Kellner and Farber: Addressing Crossover of High-Dose Right
      Unilateral ECT to Bitemporal ECT.

PMID- 27363556
TI  - Response to Sarpal et al.: Importance of Neuroimaging Biomarkers for Treatment
      Development and Clinical Practice.

PMID- 27363555
TI  - In Support of Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Treatment Response in First-Episode
      Schizophrenia.

PMID- 27363557
TI  - Response to de la Fuente-Sandoval: Challenges Measuring GABA Levels in Patients
      With Psychosis.

PMID- 27363558
TI  - Potential Regional Differences in GABA Levels in Patients With Psychosis Compared
      With Control Subjects.

PMID- 27363564
TI  - Reports to the Membership.
AB  - The following are edited/abbreviated versions of the annual reports of the APA
      Secretary, Treasurer, CEO and Medical Director, Speaker, and Speaker-Elect and
      the chairpersons of the APA Committee on Bylaws, Membership Committee, Committee
      of Tellers, and Elections Committee. The full reports were presented at the APA
      Annual Business Meeting in Atlanta, May 15th, 2016. 

PMID- 27363559
TI  - CORRECTION.

PMID- 27363565
TI  - Volumetric Light-Field Excitation.
AB  - We explain how to concentrate light simultaneously at multiple selected
      volumetric positions by means of a 4D illumination light field. First, to select
      target objects, a 4D imaging light field is captured. A light field mask is then
      computed automatically for this selection to avoid illumination of the remaining
      areas. With one-photon illumination, simultaneous generation of complex
      volumetric light patterns becomes possible. As a full light-field can be captured
      and projected simultaneously at the desired exposure and excitation times, short
      readout and lighting durations are supported.

PMID- 27363566
TI  - Unbreakable distributed storage with quantum key distribution network and
      password-authenticated secret sharing.
AB  - Distributed storage plays an essential role in realizing robust and secure data
      storage in a network over long periods of time. A distributed storage system
      consists of a data owner machine, multiple storage servers and channels to link
      them. In such a system, secret sharing scheme is widely adopted, in which secret
      data are split into multiple pieces and stored in each server. To reconstruct
      them, the data owner should gather plural pieces. Shamir's (k, n)-threshold
      scheme, in which the data are split into n pieces (shares) for storage and at
      least k pieces of them must be gathered for reconstruction, furnishes information
      theoretic security, that is, even if attackers could collect shares of less than
      the threshold k, they cannot get any information about the data, even with
      unlimited computing power. Behind this scenario, however, assumed is that data
      transmission and authentication must be perfectly secure, which is not trivial in
      practice. Here we propose a totally information theoretically secure distributed
      storage system based on a user-friendly single-password-authenticated secret
      sharing scheme and secure transmission using quantum key distribution, and
      demonstrate it in the Tokyo metropolitan area (<=90 km).

PMID- 27363568
TI  - AMPA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators: Potential for the Treatment of
      Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Disorders.
AB  - The neurotransmitter glutamate and its receptors have long been of interest to
      scientists involved in pharmaceutical research since dysfunction of the
      glutamatergic signalling pathway has been associated with the pathophysiology of
      several psychiatric and neurological disorders. The research on AMPAR positive
      allosteric modulators offers opportunities to modulate fast excitatory synaptic
      transmission and identify new potential therapeutic agents for a range of
      neurodiseases. The field of AMPAR modulators continues to be a dynamic area of
      drug discovery with a pronounced diversification of the chemotypes explored in
      recent years. This article reviews literature published in this area in the last
      6 years, focusing on the new core templates, some derived from high-throughput
      screens, with an emphasis on structure-activity relationships, drug metabolism
      and pharmacokinetics properties, and pharmacological profiles of these series.

PMID- 27363567
TI  - Micronutrient intake and food sources in the very old: analysis of the Newcastle
      85+ Study.
AB  - A number of socio-economic, biological and lifestyle characteristics change with
      advancing age and place very old adults at increased risk of micronutrient
      deficiencies. The aim of this study was to assess vitamin and mineral intakes and
      respective food sources in 793 75-year-olds (302 men and 491 women) in the North
      East of England, participating in the Newcastle 85+ Study. Micronutrient intakes
      were estimated using a multiple-pass recall tool (2*24 h recalls). Determinants
      of micronutrient intake were assessed with multinomial logistic regression.
      Median vitamin D, Ca and Mg intakes were 2.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 1.2-6.5)
      ug/d, 731 (IQR 554-916) mg/d and 215 (IQR 166-266) mg/d, respectively. Fe intake
      was 8.7 (IQR 6.7-11.6) mg/d, and Se intake was 39.0 (IQR 27.3-55.5) ug/d. Cereals
      and cereal products were the top contributors to intakes of folate (31.5 %), Fe
      (49.2 %) and Se (46.7 %) and the second highest contributors to intakes of
      vitamin D (23.8 %), Ca (27.5 %) and K (15.8 %). More than 95 % (n 756) of the
      participants had vitamin D intakes below the UK's Reference Nutrient Intake (10
      ug/d). In all, >20 % of the participants were below the Lower Reference Nutrient
      Intake for Mg (n 175), K (n 238) and Se (n 418) (comparisons with dietary
      reference values (DRV) do not include supplements). As most DRV are not age
      specific and have been extrapolated from younger populations, results should be
      interpreted with caution. Participants with higher education, from higher social
      class and who were more physically active had more nutrient-dense diets. More
      studies are needed to inform the development of age-specific DRV for
      micronutrients for the very old.

PMID- 27363569
TI  - Increasing the Impact of Peer-Reviewed Publications Through Tailored
      Dissemination Strategies: Perspectives for Practice Feature in JOSPT.
AB  - Peer-reviewed research manuscripts published by JOSPT and similar journals are a
      cornerstone of the health research "system." They are a critical mechanism
      through which researchers share their findings with interested readers. A
      limitation of peer-reviewed publications, however, is their ability to convey
      important findings to nonresearcher readers in a way that is meaningful and
      practical to them. In recognition of these persisting "research-to-action gaps,"
      the field of knowledge translation has emerged. To optimize knowledge transfer, a
      more active dissemination approach that tailors the message and format to each
      specific audience is required. It is with this focus that JOSPT has launched a
      new feature targeted at rehabilitation clinicians, titled Perspectives for
      Practice. We look forward to continuing to develop and evaluate this feature in
      forthcoming issues. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(7):500-501.
      doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0110. 

PMID- 27363570
TI  - Clinical Prediction Rules That Don't Hold Up-Where to Go From Here?
AB  - Clinical prediction rules (CPRs) are created to help guide clinical decision
      making. To do this, they use the presence or absence of certain factors that have
      been shown to meaningfully predict a patient's prognosis, diagnosis, or response
      to treatment. While representing a seminal methodological step forward in
      individualized care, one of the main drawbacks of CPRs continues to be validation
      studies that do not support the initially derived CPR. This is particularly
      important because validation of CPRs in an independent patient population prior
      to clinical implementation is essential. Why is it quite common for existing CPRs
      to fall down at the validation stage? And what does this mean for research that
      aims to individualize treatment? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(7):502-505.
      doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0606. 

PMID- 27363571
TI  - Physical Agents for Soft Tissue Injury.
AB  - The clinical management of soft tissue injuries of the lower limb commonly
      includes physical agents such as electrotherapy or ultrasound. However, the
      evidence about the effectiveness of physical agents varies, and their use remains
      controversial. A systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCTs),
      published in the July 2016 issue of JOSPT, examined the benefits and safety risks
      of various physical agents for soft tissue injuries of the lower limb.
      Importantly, the review looked closely at the quality of the RCTs and focused on
      studies with low risk of bias. In this Perspectives for Practice, the authors
      explain the impact of their findings for clinicians treating patients with such
      musculoskeletal conditions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(7):555.
      doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0503. 

PMID- 27363572
TI  - Behavior of the Linea Alba During a Curl-up Task in Diastasis Rectus Abdominis:
      An Observational Study.
AB  - Study Design Cross-sectional repeated measures. Background Rehabilitation of
      diastasis rectus abdominis (DRA) generally aims to reduce the inter-rectus
      distance (IRD). We tested the hypothesis that activation of the transversus
      abdominis (TrA) before a curl-up would reduce IRD narrowing, with less linea alba
      (LA) distortion/deformation, which may allow better force transfer between sides
      of the abdominal wall. Objectives This study investigated behavior of the LA and
      IRD during curl-ups performed naturally and with preactivation of the TrA.
      Methods Curl-ups were performed by 26 women with DRA and 17 healthy control
      participants using a natural strategy (automatic curl-up) and with TrA
      preactivation (TrA curl-up). Ultrasound images were recorded at 2 points above
      the umbilicus (U point and UX point). Ultrasound measures of IRD and a novel
      measure of LA distortion (distortion index: average deviation of the LA from the
      shortest path between the recti) were compared between 3 tasks (rest, automatic
      curl-up, TrA curl-up), between groups, and between measurement points (analysis
      of variance). Results Automatic curl-up by women with DRA narrowed the IRD from
      resting values (mean U-point between-task difference, -1.19 cm; 95% confidence
      interval [CI]: -1.45, -0.93; P<.001 and mean UX-point between-task difference, 
      0.51 cm; 95% CI: -0.69, -0.34; P<.001), but LA distortion increased (mean U-point
      between-task difference, 0.018; 95% CI: 0.0003, 0.041; P = .046 and mean UX-point
      between-task difference, 0.025; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.045; P = .02). Although TrA curl
      up induced no narrowing or less IRD narrowing than automatic curl-up (mean U
      point difference between TrA curl-up versus rest, -0.56 cm; 95% CI: -0.82, -0.31;
      P<.001 and mean UX-point between-task difference, 0.02 cm; 95% CI: -0.22, 0.19; P
      = .86), LA distortion was less (mean U-point between-task difference, -0.025; 95%
      CI: -0.037, -0.012; P<.001 and mean UX-point between-task difference, -0.021; 95%
      CI: -0.038, -0.005; P = .01). Inter-rectus distance and the distortion index did
      not change from rest or differ between tasks for controls (P>=.55). Conclusion
      Narrowing of the IRD during automatic curl-up in DRA distorts the LA. The
      distortion index requires further validation, but findings imply that less IRD
      narrowing with TrA preactivation might improve force transfer between sides of
      the abdomen. The clinical implication is that reduced IRD narrowing by TrA
      contraction, which has been discouraged, may positively impact abdominal
      mechanics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(7):580-589.
      doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6536. 

PMID- 27363573
TI  - Bunion: Strengthening Foot Muscles to Reduce Pain and Improve Mobility.
AB  - Foot pain discourages physical activity, and less activity harms overall health.
      Bunion, extra bone and tissue at the base of the big toe, is a frequent cause of
      foot pain. More than 64 million Americans have bunions that can lead to painful
      walking. Bunions affect some 35% of women over the age of 65. Bunions can be
      removed by surgery, which can reduce pain and improve your ability to walk and
      exercise, but up to 15% of bunions return. Weak muscles may play a role in bunion
      related pain and movement problems. In a review of prior research and commentary
      on this topic published in the July 2016 issue of JOSPT, the author identifies
      muscle-strengthening exercises that may help people with bunions. J Orthop Sports
      Phys Ther 2016;46(7):606. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0504. 

PMID- 27363574
TI  - Benign Vascular Malformation at the Ischial Tuberosity.
AB  - A 31-year-old female student was referred to physical therapy with a chief
      complaint of proximal, posterior left thigh pain that began insidiously 12 months
      prior, and progressively worsened while training for a half-marathon. A mobile,
      soft mass was identified just inferior to the ischial tuberosity that was tender
      and painful to palpation, recreating the patient's chief complaint. Radiographic
      findings were negative for a suspected avulsion fracture at the ischial
      tuberosity. Therefore, the physician performed musculoskeletal ultrasonography,
      which revealed a superficial hypoechoic mass with vascular flow. Magnetic
      resonance imaging and a subsequent biopsy led to the diagnosis of a benign
      vascular malformation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(7):607.
      doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0410. 

PMID- 27363575
TI  - Fibular Fracture in a Female Rugby Player.
AB  - A 20-year-old female rugby player was injured when an opponent landed on her leg
      during a match. Twelve days after injury, the team's certified athletic trainer
      referred the patient to a physical therapist due to continued pain. Following
      fluoroscopic imaging, which was utilized by the physical therapist because
      standard radiographs were unavailable in close proximity, she was referred for
      radiographs, which demonstrated a midfibular diaphyseal fracture. J Orthop Sports
      Phys Ther 2016;46(7):608. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0411. 

PMID- 27363577
TI  - Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma by Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: Study
      Design and Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Multicenter Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), has become a major
      health care problem. The limitations of a punch biopsy (at present the gold
      standard) as diagnostic method together with the increasing incidence of skin
      cancer point out the need for more accurate, cost-effective, and patient friendly
      diagnostic tools. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive
      imaging technique that has great potential for skin cancer diagnosis. OBJECTIVE:
      To investigate whether in vivo RCM can correctly identify the subtype of BCC and
      to determine the cost-effectiveness of RCM compared with punch biopsy (usual
      care). STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled multicenter trial. METHODS: On the
      basis of 80% power and an alpha of 0.05, 329 patients with lesions clinically
      suspicious for BCC will be included in this study. Patients will be randomized
      for RCM or for a punch biopsy (usual care). When a BCC is diagnosed, surgical
      excision will follow and a follow-up visit will be planned 3 months later.
      Several questionnaires will be filled in (EQ-5D, EQ-5D VAS, iMTA PCQ, and TSQM
      9). We will perform statistical analysis, cost-effectiveness, and patient outcome
      analysis after data collection. RESULTS: This research started in January 2016
      and is ethically approved. We expect to finish this study at the end of 2018.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we will investigate whether RCM is at least as good
      in identifying BCC subtypes as conventional pathological investigation of skin
      biopsies. Anticipating that RCM is found to be a cost-effective alternative, it
      saves on direct medical consumption like labor of the pathologist and other
      medical personnel as well as materials related to treatment failure with at least
      equal effectiveness. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02623101;
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02623101 (Archived by WebCite at
      http://www.webcitation.org/6id54WQa2).

PMID- 27363576
TI  - Transmission of alpha-synucleinopathy from olfactory structures deep into the
      temporal lobe.
AB  - BACKGROUND: alpha-synucleinopathy emerges quite early in olfactory structures
      such as the olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus (OB/AON) in Parkinson's
      disease. This may contribute to smell impairments years before the commencement
      of motor symptoms. We tested whether alpha-synucleinopathy can spread from the
      OB/AON to regions of the limbic telencephalon that harbor connections with
      olfactory structures. FINDINGS: alpha-synuclein fibrils were infused into the
      OB/AON. Inclusions containing pathologically phosphorylated alpha-synuclein
      (pSer129) were observed three months later in the piriform and entorhinal
      cortices, amygdala, and hippocampal formation. The retrograde tract-tracer
      FluoroGold confirmed the existence of first-order afferents at these sites. Some
      sites harbored FluoroGold(+) neurons but no inclusions, suggestive of selective
      vulnerabilities. Multiple areas close to the injection site but not connected
      with the OB/AON remained free of inclusions, suggesting a lack of widespread
      uptake of fibrils from interstitial diffusion. Two independent pSer129 antibodies
      revealed the same labeling patterns and preadsorption control experiments
      confirmed a loss of pSer129 staining. Dense total alpha-synuclein (but not
      pSer129) staining was apparent in the OB/AON 1.5 h following fibril infusions,
      suggesting that pSer129(+) staining did not reflect exogenously infused material.
      Waterbath sonication of fibrils for 1 h improved alpha-synucleinopathy
      transmission relative to 1 min-long probe sonication. Electron microscopy
      revealed that longer sonication durations reduced fibril size. The Thioflavin
      stain labeled cells at the infusion site and some, but not all inclusions
      contained ubiquitin. Three-dimensional confocal analyses revealed that many
      inclusions ensconced NeuN(+) neuronal nuclei. Young and aged mice exhibited
      similar topographical spread of alpha-synucleinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: 1) alpha
      synucleinopathy in this model is transmitted through some, but not all
      neuroanatomical connections, 2) pathology is largely confined to first-order
      afferent sites at three months and this is most parsimoniously explained by
      retrograde transport, and 3) transmission in aged animals is largely similar to
      that in young control animals at three months post-infusion.

PMID- 27363578
TI  - Efficacy and safety of using a warming needle for persistent allergic rhinitis:
      study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many previous studies have shown the potential therapeutic effect of
      acupuncture for allergic rhinitis. Most of these studies, however, were limited
      by the short duration of observations and lack of sham acupuncture as the control
      group. Our preliminary experiments showed that the use of a warm needling
      achieved a much more persistent effect in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR)
      compared with simple acupuncture therapy. Hence, we have designed a multicenter,
      randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which the first-line medication loratadine
      will be used as the control group, and the effect of warm needling therapy will
      be evaluated through long-term observation. METHODS/DESIGN: The trial is designed
      as a multicenter, parallel-group, randomized, single-blinded (outcome assessors),
      non-inferiority trial. A total of 98 patients with persistent AR will be randomly
      assigned into two groups. Patients in the treatment group will be treated with
      warm needling at GV14 and acupuncture at EX-HN3, ST2, LI20, EX-HN8, GV23, LU7,
      LU5 and LI4 three times a week, for a total of 4 weeks. Patients in the control
      group will be treated with oral loratadine 10 mg/day for 4 weeks. The primary
      outcome will be the change in the Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) from baseline
      to that at 6 months after treatment during the follow-up period. The secondary
      outcomes will include the Total Non-nasal Symptom Score and the
      Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire, changes in the TNSS from
      baseline to that at 2 and 4 weeks during treatment, and 3 months after treatment
      during the follow-up period. Outcomes will be measured at 2 and 4 weeks, and 3
      and 6 months after treatment. Any side effects of treatment will be observed and
      recorded. DISCUSSION: We expect that the study results will provide evidence to
      determine the effects of warm needling compared with loratadine. Our final goal
      of the study is to evaluate the difference in the short-term and long-term
      effects between the two therapeutic methods, especially the long-term effect of
      warm needling. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02339714 . Registered on
      14 January 2015.

PMID- 27363579
TI  - Enhanced excitability and suppression of A-type K(+) currents in joint sensory
      neurons in a murine model of antigen-induced arthritis.
AB  - Pain is a dominant symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its adequate
      treatment represents a major unmet need. However, the cellular mechanisms that
      drive arthritis pain are largely unexplored. Here, we examined the changes in the
      activity of joint sensory neurons and the associated ionic mechanisms using an
      animal model of antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Methylated-bovine serum albumin
      (mBSA), but not vehicle challenge, in the ankle of previously immunized mice
      produced time-dependent symptoms of arthritis, including joint inflammation,
      primary mechanical hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral ankle, and secondary
      mechanical and heat hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hindpaw. In vivo
      electrophysiological recordings revealed that Dil-labeled joint sensory neurons
      in AIA mice exhibited a greater incidence of spontaneous activity, mechanically
      evoked after-discharges, and/or increased responses to mechanical stimulation of
      their receptive fields, compared to control animals. Whole-cell recordings in
      vitro showed that AIA enhanced the excitability of joint sensory neurons. These
      signs of neuronal hyperexcitability were associated with a significant reduction
      in the density of A-type K(+) currents. Thus, our data suggest that neuronal
      hyperexcitability, brought about in part by reduced A-type K(+) currents, may
      contribute to pain-related behaviors that accompany antigen-induced arthritis
      and/or other antigen-mediated diseases.

PMID- 27363580
TI  - Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha attenuates abdominal aortic
      aneurysm progression through the down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases.
AB  - Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) pathway is associated with many
      vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, arterial aneurysms, pulmonary
      hypertension and chronic venous diseases. Significant HIF-1alpha expression could
      be found at the rupture edge at human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) tissues.
      While our initial in vitro experiments had shown that deferoxamine (DFO) could
      attenuate angiotensin II (AngII) induced endothelial activations; we unexpectedly
      found that DFO augmented the severity of AngII-induced AAA, at least partly
      through increased accumulation of HIF-1alpha. The findings promoted us to test
      whether aneurysmal prone factors could up-regulate the expression of MMP-2 and
      MMP-9 through aberrantly increased HIF-1alpha and promote AAA development. AngII
      induced AAA in hyperlipidemic mice model was used. DFO, as a prolyl hydroxylase
      inhibitor, stabilized HIF-1alpha and augmented MMPs activities. Aneurysmal-prone
      factors induced HIF-1alpha can cause overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and
      promote aneurysmal progression. Pharmacological HIF-1alpha inhibitors, digoxin
      and 2-ME could ameliorate AngII induced AAA in vivo. HIF-1alpha is pivotal for
      the development of AAA. Our study provides a rationale for using HIF-1alpha
      inhibitors as an adjunctive medical therapy in addition to current cardiovascular
      risk-reducing regimens.

PMID- 27363582
TI  - Nanoscale electrical properties of epitaxial Cu3Ge film.
AB  - Cu3Ge has been pursued as next-generation interconnection/contact material due to
      its high thermal stability, low bulk resistivity and diffusion barrier property.
      Improvements in electrical performance and structure of Cu3Ge have attracted
      great attention in the past decades. Despite the remarkable progress in Cu3Ge
      fabrication on various substrates by different deposition methods,
      polycrystalline films with excess Ge were frequently obtained. Moreover, the
      characterization of nanoscale electrical properties remains challenging. Here we
      show the fabrication of epitaxial Cu3Ge thin film and its nanoscale electrical
      properties, which are directly correlated with localized film microstructures and
      supported by HRTEM observations. The average resistivity and work function of
      epitaxial Cu3Ge thin film are measured to be 6 +/- 1 MUOmega cm and ~4.47 +/-
      0.02 eV respectively, qualifying it as a good alternative to Cu.

PMID- 27363581
TI  - Ligand-binding domains of nuclear receptors facilitate tight control of split
      CRISPR activity.
AB  - Cas9-based RNA-guided nuclease (RGN) has emerged to be a versatile method for
      genome editing due to the ease of construction of RGN reagents to target specific
      genomic sequences. The ability to control the activity of Cas9 with a high
      temporal resolution will facilitate tight regulation of genome editing processes
      for studying the dynamics of transcriptional regulation or epigenetic
      modifications in complex biological systems. Here we show that fusing ligand
      binding domains of nuclear receptors to split Cas9 protein fragments can provide
      chemical control over split Cas9 activity. The method has allowed us to control
      Cas9 activity in a tunable manner with no significant background, which has been
      challenging for other inducible Cas9 constructs. We anticipate that our design
      will provide opportunities through the use of different ligand-binding domains to
      enable multiplexed genome regulation of endogenous genes in distinct loci through
      simultaneous chemical regulation of orthogonal Cas9 variants.

PMID- 27363583
TI  - Active surveillance scheme in three Romanian hospitals reveals a high prevalence
      and variety of carbapenamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria: a pilot study,
      December 2014 to May 2015.
AB  - We report the findings of an active surveillance scheme for detection of
      asymptomatic carriers with carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria (CP
      GNB) in Romanian hospitals. During a pilot study from December 2014 to May 2015,
      faecal cultures were screened in three hospitals (two large, one medium-size) for
      patients newly admitted to selected wards or inpatients transferred from other
      wards to an intensive-care unit. The study revealed a high prevalence of CP-GNB
      detected in 22/27 and 28/38 of the carbapenem non-susceptible isolates from
      Hospitals 1 and 3, respectively. CP-GNB identified through faecal screening
      included NDM-1-producing Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae, OXA-48
      producing K. pneumoniae and OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter baumannii. The
      distribution of the CP-GNB varied between the hospitals, with NDM-1-producing S.
      marcescens and K. pneumoniae being prevalent in the north-central part of the
      country and OXA-23/24-producing A. baumannii, OXA-48-producing K.pneumoniae,
      Morganella morganii and VIM-2-producing Escherichia coli/Pseudomonas aeruginosa
      detected in the north-east of the country. Conjugation studies showed that
      carbapenem resistance was transferable and PCR-based replicon typing identified
      blaNDM-1 on IncFIIs in S. marcescens and K. pneumoniae from Hospital 1 and blaOXA
      48 on IncL plasmids in all Klebsiella spp. isolates from Hospitals 1 and 3. Our
      findings underline the importance of active surveillance for detection of CP-GNB
      asymptomatic faecal carriers and suggest a likely endemic spread of CP-GNB in
      Romania. 

PMID- 27363584
TI  - Treatment of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw using platelet-rich
      fibrin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed antiresorptive agents for the
      management of patients with osteoporosis, Paget's disease, multiple myeloma, and
      metastatic tumors. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second generation platelet
      concentrate, and has the ability of regulating the inflammation and stimulation
      of chemotactic agents. The aim of this report is to present the treatment of
      Stage-3 bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) by PRF. CLINICAL
      PRESENTATION: A 77-year-old male patient with Stage-3 BRONJ was treated with
      minimal surgical operations and PRF membrane. The patient was followed up for 18
      months, and there was no recurrence or exposure. CONCLUSION: PRF may promote the
      healing of both bone and soft tissues even in Stage-3 patients. This technique is
      an alternative treatment modality for the closure of bone exposure and tissue
      healing in BRONJ patients.

PMID- 27363586
TI  - 'Now it is about me having to learn something ....' Partners' experiences with a
      Dutch conversation partner training programme (PACT).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The increase in the number of reported conversation partner
      programmes for conversation partners of people with aphasia demonstrates
      increased awareness of partner needs and the positive effect of trained partners
      on the communicative abilities of the person with aphasia. Predominantly small
      scale studies describe the effectiveness of conversation partner training (CPT)
      and how partners perceive this training. The view of partners on this service
      commission remains largely unknown. AIMS: To explore the experiences of partners
      of people with aphasia with a CPT programme when it was newly introduced into
      rehabilitation settings. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Seventeen partners of people with
      aphasia were interviewed using a semi-structured format about their experience
      with Partners of Aphasic Clients Conversation Training (PACT). Transcribed
      interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. OUTCOMES & RESULTS:
      Four categories representative of the practical nature and individual tailoring
      of PACT were identified: engaging with PACT; learning from PACT; reflecting on
      behaviour and emotions; and experiences with earlier speech and language therapy
      (SLT). Two themes were identified cutting across all categories: the nature of
      communication is difficult to grasp; and balancing roles as partner, carer and
      client. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Partners appreciated the training programme
      once their initial lack of awareness of the interactive nature of communication
      had been addressed. SLTs need to be clear about the collaborative nature of
      conversations and what can be offered within the rehabilitation trajectory to
      address conversation alongside language training.

PMID- 27363585
TI  - De novo frameshift mutation in COUP-TFII (NR2F2) in human congenital
      diaphragmatic hernia.
AB  - COUP-TFII (NR2F2) is mapped to the 15q26 deletion hotspot associated with the
      common and highly morbid congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Conditional
      homozygous deletions of COUP-TFII in mice result in diaphragmatic defects
      analogous to the human Bochdalek-type hernia phenotype. Despite evidence from
      animal models however, mutations in the coding sequence of COUP-TFII have not
      been reported in patients, prompting the speculation that additional coding or
      non-coding sequences in the 15q26 locus are necessary for diaphragmatic hernias
      to develop. In this report, we describe a case of a patient with a heterozygous
      de novo COUP-TFII frameshift mutation, presenting with CDH and an atrial septal
      defect. The p.Pro33AlafsTer77 mutation specifically disrupts protein isoform 1
      which contains the DNA binding domain. In addition, we review other COUP-TFII
      sequence variations and deletions that have been described in cases of CDH. We
      conclude that COUP-TFII mutations can cause diaphragmatic hernias, and should be
      included in the differential diagnosis of CDH patients, particularly those with
      comorbid congenital heart defects. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27363588
TI  - Chemically Non-Innocent Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes: Ligand Rearrangement, C-H
      and C-F Bond Activation.
AB  - A cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) was found to undergo unprecedented
      rearrangements and transformations of its core structure in the presence of Group
      1 and 2 metals. Although the carbene was also found to be prone to intramolecular
      C-H activation, it was competent for intermolecular activation of a variety of sp
      , sp(2) -, and sp(3) -hybridized C-H bonds. Double C-F activation of
      hexafluorobenzene was also observed in this work. These processes all hold
      relevance to the role of these carbenes in catalysis, as well as to their use in
      the synthesis of new and unusual main group or transition metal complexes. 

PMID- 27363587
TI  - Liver stiffness measurement reliability and main determinants of point shear-wave
      elastography in patients with chronic liver disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Liver stiffness (LS) measured by transient elastography (TE)
      accurately predicts the severity of chronic liver diseases (CLD). Point
      quantification shear-wave elastography (pSWE) is a new technique incorporated
      into a conventional ultrasound system for measuring LS. We evaluated pSWE
      feasibility, reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy in consecutively recruited
      CLD patients who concomitantly underwent TE and liver biopsy. AIM: To evaluate
      pSWE feasibility, reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy in consecutively
      recruited CLD patients who concomitantly underwent TE and liver biopsy. METHODS:
      Over 2 years 186 CLD patients (116 males, 132 viral hepatitis) consecutively
      underwent pSWE (10 valid measurements by ElastPQ) blindly performed by two
      raters. A further operator performed TE. Inter-observer agreement for pSWE was
      analysed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and correlated with
      histological liver fibrosis (METAVIR). Main determinants of pSWE were
      investigated by linear regression model. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy-two
      (100%) reliable measurements were obtained by pSWE and 184 by TE (99%). LS was
      8.1 +/- 4.5 kPa for pSWE with the first rater and 8.0 +/- 4.2 kPa with the second
      one vs. 8.8 +/- 3.6 kPa for TE. pSWE ICC was 0.89 (95% CI 0.85-0.91), not
      influenced by age, sex, BMI, liver enzymes, liver aetiology. ICC increased over
      time with year 1 at 0.86 and 95% CI 0.81-0.90 vs. year 2 at 0.92 and 95% CI 0.87
      0.95. Liver fibrosis was the only independent determinant of LS on pSWE. The
      AUROCs for diagnosing F >= 2, F >= 3 and F = 4 were 0.77, 0.85 and 0.88 for pSWE
      vs. 0.81, 0.88 and 0.94 for TE. After 1-year training they were 0.86, 0.94 and
      0.91. CONCLUSION: Point quantification shear-wave elastography reliably and
      reproducibly evaluates liver stiffness, matching transient elastography for
      accuracy after a 1-year learning curve or 130 examinations.

PMID- 27363589
TI  - Longitudinal follow-up of levator ani muscle avulsion: does a second delivery
      affect it?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the morphological outcome of levator ani muscle (LAM)
      avulsion 3-5 years after a first delivery and to assess the effect of a second
      delivery on this condition. The impact of LAM avulsion on pelvic floor disorders
      was also studied. METHODS: Six hundred and sixty-six women who had been assessed
      for LAM avulsion 8 weeks after their first delivery were invited for a follow-up
      examination 3-5 years later. Women completed the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory
      including the Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI) and Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress
      Inventory (POPDI) questionnaires to explore symptoms of pelvic floor disorders,
      and the pelvic floor was examined using three-dimensional translabial ultrasound
      and assessed using the pelvic organ prolapse quantification system. RESULTS:
      Three hundred and ninety-nine women completed the study, of whom 151 were
      multiparous. Mean interval between first delivery and follow-up was 42.3 +/- 7.6
      months. Among 69 women who had LAM avulsion 8 weeks after their first delivery,
      nine (13.0%) had no LAM avulsion at follow-up. One (0.9%) woman had a new LAM
      avulsion after her second vaginal delivery. A greater proportion of women with
      LAM avulsion reported symptoms of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) (adjusted
      odds ratio, 2.09 (95% CI, 1.18-3.70); P = 0.01) and symptoms of prolapse than did
      women without avulsion; however, this difference did not reach statistical
      significance (P = 0.61). Women with LAM avulsion had higher UDI and POPDI scores
      than did women without avulsion (median UDI score, 17.7 (interquartile range
      (IQR), 5.0-32.4) vs 9.2 (IQR, 0.0-22.1); P = 0.045 and median POPDI score, 20.8
      (IQR, 8.8-40.5) vs 10.7 (IQR, 0.0-32.8); P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of
      developing new LAM avulsion after a second vaginal delivery is low (0.9%).
      Healing of LAM avulsion was observed in 13% of women who had at least one vaginal
      delivery. At 3-5 years after delivery, women with LAM avulsion reported symptoms
      of SUI more often than did those without, and had higher UDI and POPDI scores,
      implying more bothersome symptoms. Copyright (c) 2016 ISUOG. Published by John
      Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27363590
TI  - UK government should fund stop smoking media campaigns not give tax breaks to
      films with smoking imagery.

PMID- 27363591
TI  - Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture
      associated laminitis in the United Kingdom.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Certain individuals appear to be predisposed to recurrent pasture
      associated laminitis. Previous studies have predominantly investigated risk
      factors only after disease occurrence. OBJECTIVES: To investigate risk factors
      for pasture-associated laminitis prior to disease occurrence. STUDY DESIGN:
      Prospective cohort study. METHODS: Non-laminitic ponies aged >=7 years were
      recruited. Body condition score (BCS), height, weight, crest height and thickness
      were measured and an overnight dexamethasone suppression test performed. Plasma
      or serum adiponectin, leptin, triglyceride, basal insulin, insulin post
      dexamethasone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP
      1), IGFBP-3, C-reactive protein, von Willebrand's factor, soluble E-selectin and
      P-selectin concentrations were assayed. Follow-up data were obtained from owners
      annually for 3 years to ascertain occurrences of veterinarian-diagnosed pasture
      associated laminitis. Data were analysed by multivariate logistic regression.
      Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was performed for
      significant risk factors and cut-off values determined. RESULTS: A total of 446
      animals with a median (interquartile range) age of 15 (10-20) years were
      recruited. Of these, 50.4% were mares and 49.6% were geldings. The most common
      breeds were Welsh (36.4%), Shetland (17.0%) and cob (9.4%). Overall, 72.2% of
      animals were overweight/obese (BCS 7-9/9), 27.3% were of ideal weight (BCS 4-6/9)
      and 0.5% were underweight (BCS 1-3/9). After 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively, 18
      (4.0%), 30 (6.7%) and 44 (9.9%) animals were reported to have had laminitis.
      Plasma adiponectin, and serum basal (insulin) and (insulin) post-dexamethasone
      levels were significantly (P <= 0.05) associated with laminitis occurrence
      cumulatively after 1, 2 and 3 years. Use of the area under the ROC curves to
      distinguish animals that did and did not develop laminitis showed good (basal
      [insulin] after 1 year), fair (all others) or poor ([insulin] post-dexamethasone)
      levels of accuracy. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Animals were evaluated at a single time
      point and biomarkers were assayed using single assays. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors
      for future laminitis prior to disease occurrence include low plasma adiponectin
      and high serum basal insulin or insulin post-dexamethasone concentrations.

PMID- 27363592
TI  - Variations in the Genome: The Mutation Detection 2015 Meeting on Detection,
      Genome Sequencing, and Interpretation.
AB  - The content of the 13th Mutation Detection meeting (Leiden, April 2015) is
      summarized in this report. Topics discussed at the meeting included current
      challenges of clinical NGS, advances in bioinformatics, data quality control,
      single cell analysis and RNA sequencing, among others. Social, ethical and
      regulatory challenges of genomic data handling and data sharing were the focus of
      an expert panel debate. The 14th International Symposium on Variants in the
      Genome will take place in Santiago de Compostela, June 5-8, 2017.
      http://isv.variome.org.

PMID- 27363594
TI  - Controlled Aqueous Growth of Hematite Nanoplate Arrays Directly on Transparent
      Conductive Substrates and Their Photoelectrochemical Properties.
AB  - Two-dimensional (2D) hematite nanoplate arrays were synthesized directly on
      fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)-coated glass by using a facile and novel
      hydrothermal method. High-temperature annealing retained the morphology of the
      nanoplate arrays while simultaneously introducing porosity. The thickness and
      length of the nanoplates could be tailored by adjusting the precursor
      composition. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements showed that the photocurrent
      generated with bare hematite nanoplate photoelectrode under backside illumination
      was about four times of that under frontside illumination in the entire bias
      range used, which suggested that slow electron transport was a limiting factor
      for its PEC performance. Upon Sn doping and Co-Pi co-catalyst addition, the
      photocurrent increased significantly owing to the enhancement of electron
      conductivity and oxidation kinetics. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
      measurements were conducted to understand the surface properties of the nanoplate
      arrays. Since this strategy is simple, cost-effective, and highly reproducible,
      it provides exciting opportunities for the large-scale growth of porous 2D metal
      oxide photoelectrodes for a variety of photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic
      applications. 

PMID- 27363593
TI  - A pleiotropic interaction between vision loss and hypermelanism in Astyanax
      mexicanus cave x surface hybrids.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cave-dwelling animals evolve various traits as a consequence of life
      in darkness. Constructive traits (e.g., enhanced non-visual sensory systems)
      presumably arise under strong selective pressures. The mechanism(s) driving
      regression of features, however, are not well understood. Quantitative trait
      locus (QTL) analyses in Astyanax mexicanus Pachon cave x surface hybrids revealed
      phenotypic effects associated with vision and pigmentation loss. Vision QTL were
      uniformly associated with reductions in the homozygous cave condition, however
      pigmentation QTL demonstrated mixed phenotypic effects. This implied pigmentation
      might be lost through both selective and neutral forces. Alternatively, in this
      report, we examined if a pleiotropic interaction may exist between vision and
      pigmentation since vision loss has been shown to result in darker skin in other
      fish and amphibian model systems. RESULTS: We discovered that certain members of
      Pachon x surface pedigrees are significantly darker than surface-dwelling fish.
      All of these "hypermelanic" individuals demonstrated severe visual system
      malformations suggesting they may be blind. A vision-mediated behavioral assay
      revealed that these fish, in stark contrast to surface fish, behaved the same as
      blind cavefish. Further, hypermelanic melanophores were larger and more dendritic
      in morphology compared to surface fish melanophores. However, hypermelanic
      melanophores responded normally to melanin-concentrating hormone suggesting
      darkening stemmed from vision loss, rather than a defect in pigment cell
      function. Finally, a number of genomic regions were coordinately associated with
      both reduced vision and increased pigmentation. CONCLUSIONS: This work suggests
      hypermelanism in hybrid Astyanax results from blindness. This finding provides an
      alternative explanation for phenotypic effect studies of pigmentation QTL as
      stemming (at least in part) from environmental, rather than exclusively genetic,
      interactions between two regressive phenotypes. Further, this analysis reveals
      persistence of background adaptation in Astyanax. As the eye was lost in cave
      dwelling forms, enhanced pigmentation resulted. Given the extreme cave
      environment, which is often devoid of nutrition, enhanced pigmentation may impose
      an energetic cost. Such an energetic cost would be selected against, as a means
      of energy conservation. Thus, the pleiotropic interaction between vision loss and
      pigmentation may reveal an additional selective pressure favoring the loss of
      pigmentation in cave-dwelling animals.

PMID- 27363596
TI  - Corrigendum: Mutations Closer to the Active Site Improve the Promiscuous Aldolase
      Activity of 4-Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase More Effectively than Distant Mutations.

PMID- 27363597
TI  - The social meaning of disability: a reflection on categorisation, stigma and
      identity.
AB  - As disability becomes an ever more salient concept in international political and
      legal discourse, its social meaning must be better understood. Traditionally
      defined in medical terms and as an individual problem, it has for the last
      several decades increasingly become a socio-politically defined phenomenon.
      Disability pride has emerged as a social movement patterned after ethnic minority
      and sexual orientation movements. The one billion people who count as disabled
      nevertheless have illnesses and impairments that are largely understood as
      medical problems. Medicine continues to exert great influence on the social
      meaning of disability in general and the social valuation of various illnesses
      and impairments in particular. Whereas specific conditions may be socially
      valued, the overall category and label of disability connotes marginality and
      stigma. Under these conditions, disability policy, which ought to be a universal
      concern, risks being construed as a marginal and special-interest issue rather
      than a broadly relevant topic; this has potentially negative consequences for the
      majority of disabled people.

PMID- 27363598
TI  - The benefits of respectful interactions: fluid alliancing and inter-occupational
      information sharing in primary care.
AB  - Though inter-occupational interactions in health care have been the focus of
      increasing attention, we still know little about how such interactions shape
      information sharing in clinical settings. This is particularly true in primary
      care where research on teams and collaboration has been based on individual
      perceptions of work (using surveys and interviews) rather than observing the
      interactions that directly mediate the inter-occupational flow of information. To
      explore how interactions shape information sharing, we conducted a secondary
      analysis of ethnographic data from 27 primary care practices. Ease of information
      sharing among nurses and doctors is linked to the degree to which practices
      feature respectful interactions, with practices in the sample falling into one of
      three categories (those with low, uneven, and high degrees of respectful
      interactions). Those practices with the highest degree of respectful interactions
      demonstrate what we describe as fluid-alliancing: flexible interactions between
      individuals from different occupational groups in which bidirectional information
      sharing occurs for the benefit of patients and the efficacy of the practice
      community. We conclude by arguing that this process unlocks the strengths of all
      practice members, and that leadership should encourage respectful interactions to
      augment organisational efficacy and the ability of individual practice members to
      provide quality patient care.

PMID- 27363599
TI  - Do overeducated individuals have increased risks of ill health?: a Swedish
      population-based cohort study.
AB  - Previous studies indicate that the increasing educational level in many post
      industrial nations may imply that subgroups of the population work in occupations
      for which they are overeducated. We aimed to investigate whether overeducation is
      associated with future self-rated health and psychological distress. The
      analytical sample consisted of 21,159 participants from the Stockholm Public
      Health Cohort. Individuals with upper secondary or university education, who in
      2006 or 2007 had occupations requiring less education, were considered
      overeducated. The outcomes were self-rated health (SRH) and psychological
      distress in 2010. Overeducated women had an increased risk of less than good SRH,
      compared to university-educated women in matching occupations (adjusted odds
      ratios (OR): 2.44 confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-4.51 for overeducated women
      with secondary school education), but not compared to less educated women in the
      same occupational class (adjusted OR: 0.87 CI:0.32-2.38 for overeducated women
      with secondary school education). We found no increased risk of less than good
      SRH for overeducated men, and no association between overeducation and
      psychological distress for either sex. The results indicate that overeducation is
      not per se associated with onset of less than good SRH or psychological distress
      in a short-term perspective, and the findings support education expansion as a
      means of improving public health.

PMID- 27363600
TI  - Screening for anxiety and depression in people with psoriasis: a cross-sectional
      study in a tertiary referral setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance recommends
      assessment of psychological and social well-being in people with psoriasis.
      OBJECTIVES: To screen systematically for depression and anxiety in patients with
      psoriasis in routine clinical practice and to identify at-risk groups for
      psychiatric morbidity. METHODS: Consecutive patients attending a single, tertiary
      centre over a 10-month period were invited to complete the Patient Health
      Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD
      7) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) as part of IMPARTS: Integrating
      Mental and Physical Healthcare: Research, Training and Services. Information on
      demographics, treatment and clinical disease severity was collated from
      electronic patient records. Regression models were used to identify at-risk
      groups for psychiatric morbidity. RESULTS: Of 607 patients included (56.2% on
      biologics), 9.9% (95% confidence interval 7.5-12.3%) screened positive for major
      depressive disorder (MDD) and 13.1% (79/604) (95% confidence interval 10.4-15.8%)
      for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; GAD-7 score > 9). Suicidal ideation was
      reported in 35% of those with MDD; DLQI was < 10 in 38.3% and 45.6% cases of MDD
      and GAD, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, the risk of MDD or GAD was
      significantly higher in women and those with severe clinical disease, psoriatic
      arthritis and previous depression/anxiety. The risk of GAD was significantly
      increased with Asian ethnicity and use of topical treatments only. CONCLUSIONS:
      Systematic screening for anxiety and depression identifies clinically important
      levels of depression and anxiety that may be missed using DLQI data alone. Women
      and those with severe disease, psoriatic arthritis and/or a prior history of
      psychiatric morbidity may be at particular risk.

PMID- 27363601
TI  - Burden of respiratory tract infections at post mortem in Zambian children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autopsy studies are the gold standard for determining cause-of-death
      and can inform on improved diagnostic strategies and algorithms to improve
      patient care. We conducted a cross-sectional observational autopsy study to
      describe the burden of respiratory tract infections in inpatient children who
      died at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. METHODS: Gross
      pathology was recorded and lung tissue was analysed by histopathology and
      molecular diagnostics. Recruitment bias was estimated by comparing recruited and
      non-recruited cases. RESULTS: Of 121 children autopsied, 64 % were male, median
      age was 19 months (IQR, 12-45 months). HIV status was available for 97 children,
      of whom 34 % were HIV infected. Lung pathology was observed in 92 % of cases.
      Bacterial bronchopneumonia was the most common pathology (50 %) undiagnosed ante
      mortem in 69 % of cases. Other pathologies included interstitial pneumonitis (17
      %), tuberculosis (TB; 8 %), cytomegalovirus pneumonia (7 %) and pneumocystis
      Jirovecii pneumonia (5 %). Comorbidity between lung pathology and other
      communicable and non-communicable diseases was observed in 80 % of cases. Lung
      tissue from 70 % of TB cases was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by
      molecular diagnostic tests. A total of 80 % of TB cases were comorbid with
      malnutrition and only 10 % of TB cases were on anti-TB therapy when they died.
      CONCLUSIONS: More proactive testing for bacterial pneumonia and TB in paediatric
      inpatient settings is needed.

PMID- 27363603
TI  - Motorized versus manual instrumented spasticity assessment in children with
      cerebral palsy.
AB  - AIM: We compared the outcomes of manual and motorized instrumented ankle
      spasticity assessments in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: Ten children
      with spastic CP (three males, seven females; mean age 11y [standard deviation
      3y], range 6-14y; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-III) were
      included. During motorized assessments, fast (100 degrees /s) rotations were
      imposed around the ankle joint by a motor-driven footplate; during manual
      assessments, rotations of comparable speed were applied by a therapist using a
      foot orthotic. Angular range of motion, maximum velocity, acceleration, work, and
      muscle activity (electromyography [EMG]) of the triceps surae and tibialis
      anterior were compared during passive muscle stretch between motorized and manual
      assessments. Both movement profiles were also compared to CP gait ankle movement
      profile. RESULTS: The imposed movement profile differed between methods, with the
      motorized assessment reaching higher maximum acceleration. Despite equal maximum
      velocity, the triceps surae were more often activated in motorized assessments,
      with low agreement of 44% to 72% (kappa<=0) for EMG onset occurrence between
      methods. The manually applied ankle velocity profile matched more closely with
      the gait profile. INTERPRETATION: The differences in acceleration possibly
      account for the different muscle responses, which may suggest acceleration,
      rather than velocity-dependency of the stretch reflex. Future prototypes of
      instrumented spasticity assessments should standardize movement profiles,
      preferably by developing profiles that mimic functional tasks such as walking.

PMID- 27363602
TI  - Changes in the expression of splicing factor transcripts and variations in
      alternative splicing are associated with lifespan in mice and humans.
AB  - Dysregulation of splicing factor expression and altered alternative splicing are
      associated with aging in humans and other species, and also with replicative
      senescence in cultured cells. Here, we assess whether expression changes of key
      splicing regulator genes and consequent effects on alternative splicing are also
      associated with strain longevity in old and young mice, across 6 different mouse
      strains with varying lifespan (A/J, NOD.B10Sn-H2(b) /J, PWD.Phj, 129S1/SvlmJ,
      C57BL/6J and WSB/EiJ). Splicing factor expression and changes to alternative
      splicing were associated with strain lifespan in spleen and to a lesser extent in
      muscle. These changes mainly involved hnRNP splicing inhibitor transcripts with
      most changes more marked in spleens of young animals from long-lived strains.
      Changes in spleen isoform expression were suggestive of reduced cellular
      senescence and retained cellular proliferative capacity in long-lived strains.
      Changes in muscle isoform expression were consistent with reduced pro
      inflammatory signalling in longer-lived strains. Two splicing regulators, HNRNPA1
      and HNRNPA2B1, were also associated with parental longevity in humans, in the
      InCHIANTI aging study. Splicing factors may represent a driver, mediator or early
      marker of lifespan in mouse, as expression differences were present in the young
      animals of long-lived strains. Changes to alternative splicing patterns of key
      senescence genes in spleen and key remodelling genes in muscle suggest that
      correct regulation of alternative splicing may enhance lifespan in mice.
      Expression of some splicing factors in humans was also associated with parental
      longevity, suggesting that splicing regulation may also influence lifespan in
      humans.

PMID- 27363604
TI  - Sedative choice in drug-induced sleep endoscopy: A neuropharmacology-based
      review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the suitability of commonly used agents for drug-induced
      sleep endoscopy (DISE) based on agent-specific neuropharmacology. DATA SOURCES:
      PubMed. REVIEW METHODS: A literature search of the PubMed database was performed
      on January 1, 2016. A two-layered search strategy was performed to identify
      relevant pharmacologic agents and articles related to neuropharmacology for these
      agents. The first search identified relevant pharmacologic agents; the second
      search examined agents with greater than five results from search 1, along with
      medical subject headings "respiration," "sleep," "pharmacology," and/or
      "[respective agent] (e.g., propofol)." Articles not in English were excluded.
      Bibliographies of pertinent articles were hand-searched for additional articles.
      RESULTS: Three agents were commonly identified from search 1: propofol,
      midazolam, and dexmedetomidine with 44, 13, and 6 results, respectively. Of note,
      11 results utilized coinduction with midazolam and propofol. Search 2 for
      propofol, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine retrieved 219, 220, and 26 results,
      respectively. Eleven results for propofol, 4 for midazolam, and 9 for
      dexmedetomidine were found to be related to their neuropharmacology. CONCLUSION:
      The current review demonstrates relatively few investigations seeking to
      characterize the neuropharmacologic suitability of DISE agents. Compared to
      propofol and midazolam, dexmedetomidine's mechanism of action appears most likely
      to induce natural sleep pathways. Further study of its effect on upper airway
      collapsibility (critical closing pressure) and pharyngeal muscle tone
      (genioglossus electrode electromyography) are needed. Laryngoscope, 2016
      Laryngoscope, 127:273-279, 2017.

PMID- 27363605
TI  - Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of antibacterial activity of (E)-N'
      (substituted benzylidene)-2-(2-fluorobenzyl)-5-ethyl-2H-1,2,3-triazole-4
      carbohydrazides.
AB  - Triazoles and their derivatives are important precursors in the pharmacological
      field due to their broad diversity of medicinal and biological deed. In this
      article, the exploration is to put an effort to produce some novel biologically
      active triazole 4-carbohydrazide derivatives. The structures of the newly
      synthesized compounds were characterized and confirmed by spectral data and were
      screened for anti-bacterial activity. Compounds 5(d-i), 5l and 5m were observed
      to possess potent anti-microbial activity. 

PMID- 27363606
TI  - Structural and functional characterization of the microtubule interacting and
      trafficking domains of two oomycete chitin synthases.
AB  - Chitin synthases (Chs) are responsible for the synthesis of chitin, a key
      structural cell wall polysaccharide in many organisms. They are essential for
      growth in certain oomycete species, some of which are pathogenic to diverse
      higher organisms. Recently, a microtubule interacting and trafficking (MIT)
      domain, which is not found in any fungal Chs, has been identified in some
      oomycete Chs proteins. Based on experimental data relating to the binding
      specificity of other eukaryotic MIT domains, there was speculation that this
      domain may be involved in the intracellular trafficking of Chs proteins. However,
      there is currently no evidence for this or any other function for the MIT domain
      in these enzymes. To attempt to elucidate their function, MIT domains from two
      Chs enzymes from the oomycete Saprolegnia monoica were cloned, expressed, and
      characterized. Both were shown to interact strongly with the plasma membrane
      component, phosphatidic acid, and to have additional putative interactions with
      proteins thought to be involved in protein transport and localization. Aiding our
      understanding of these data, the structure of the first MIT domain from a
      carbohydrate-active enzyme (MIT1) was solved by NMR, and a model structure of a
      second MIT domain (MIT2) was built by homology modeling. Our results suggest a
      potential function for these MIT domains in the intracellular transport and/or
      regulation of Chs enzymes in the oomycetes. DATABASE: Structural data are
      available in the Biological Magnetic Resonance Bank (BMRB) database under the
      accession number 19987 and the PDB database under the accession number 2MPK.

PMID- 27363607
TI  - Callous-unemotional traits affect adolescents' perception of collaboration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: How is the perception of collaboration influenced by individual
      characteristics, in particular high levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits? CU
      traits are associated with low empathy and endorsement of negative social goals
      such as dominance and forced respect. Thus, it is possible that they could relate
      to difficulties in interpreting that others are collaborating based on a shared
      goal. METHODS: In the current study, a community sample of 15- to 16-year olds
      participated in an eye tracking task measuring whether they expect that others
      engaged in an action sequence are collaborating, depending on the emotion they
      display toward each other. Positive emotion would indicate that they share a
      goal, while negative emotion would indicate that they hold individual goals.
      RESULTS: When the actors showed positive emotion toward each other, expectations
      of collaboration varied with CU traits. The higher adolescents were on CU traits,
      the less likely they were to expect collaboration. When the actors showed
      negative emotion toward each other, CU traits did not influence expectations of
      collaboration. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that CU traits are associated
      with difficulty in perceiving positive social interactions, which could further
      contribute to the behavioral and emotional problems common to those with high CU
      traits.

PMID- 27363608
TI  - Determining the Turnover of Glycosphingolipid Species by Stable-Isotope Tracer
      Lipidomics.
AB  - In this study, we used water-soluble stable mass isotope precursors to measure
      the turnover of endogenous ceramide (Cer) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in HEp-2
      cells. Cells incubated in the presence of [13C-U]glucose showed rapid
      incorporation of hexose residues with an increased mass of 6Da into GSLs.
      Different turnover rates of GSL classes and their molecular species were
      observed. Approximately 30% of the glucosylceramide, 50% of the lactosylceramide,
      and 50% of the globotriaosylceramide species showed a much slower turnover than
      the rest. This demonstrates the existence of different lipid pools, where a
      certain fraction of species survived for a long time in the cells. The species
      with the shortest N-amidated fatty acyl groups (C16:0 and C18:0) showed a more
      rapid turnover than those with the longest N-amidated fatty acids (C24:0 and
      C24:1). Experiments with addition of [13C-U]serine were performed to study de
      novo synthesis of Cer from serine and palmitoyl-CoA. These experiments revealed
      that de novo synthesis contributes to a minor extent to the total synthesis of
      new sphingolipids and showed that there is a more rapid formation of the longest
      Cer species (C24:0 and C24:1) than of the shortest species (C16:0), that is, the
      opposite as observed for the GSLs in the experiments with [13C-U]glucose. In
      conclusion, this FLUX lipidomics experimental approach with the addition of [13C
      U]glucose to cells allows us to not only study the total turnover but also permit
      observations of lipid intermediates and metabolic flow of endogenous GSL species
      at the molecular lipid level.

PMID- 27363610
TI  - [Benefits of spironolactone as the optimal treatment for drug resistant
      hypertension. Pathway-2 trial review].
AB  - Pathway-2 is the first randomised, double-blind and crossover trial that compares
      spironolactone as a fourth drug with alfa-blocker, beta-blocker and placebo. This
      study shows that spironolactone is the drug with more possibilities of success
      for the management of patients with difficult-to-treat hypertension in patients
      with a combination of three drugs and poor control. The results validate the
      widespread treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in resistant
      hypertension.

PMID- 27363611
TI  - Forced oscillation: A poorly exploited tool for simply assessing respiratory
      function in children.

PMID- 27363609
TI  - Noncanonical Myo9b-RhoGAP Accelerates RhoA GTP Hydrolysis by a Dual-Arginine
      Finger Mechanism.
AB  - The GTP hydrolysis activities of Rho GTPases are stimulated by GTPase-activating
      proteins (GAPs), which contain a RhoGAP domain equipped with a characteristic
      arginine finger and an auxiliary asparagine for catalysis. However, the auxiliary
      asparagine is missing in the RhoGAP domain of Myo9b (Myo9b-RhoGAP), a unique
      motorized RhoGAP that specifically targets RhoA for controlling cell motility.
      Here, we determined the structure of Myo9b-RhoGAP in complex with GDP-bound RhoA
      and magnesium fluoride. Unexpectedly, Myo9b-RhoGAP contains two arginine fingers
      at its catalytic site. The first arginine finger resembles the one within the
      canonical RhoGAP domains and inserts into the nucleotide-binding pocket of RhoA,
      whereas the second arginine finger anchors the Switch I loop of RhoA and
      interacts with the nucleotide, stabilizing the transition state of GTP hydrolysis
      and compensating for the lack of the asparagine. Mutating either of the two
      arginine fingers impaired the catalytic activity of Myo9b-RhoGAP and affected the
      Myo9b-mediated cell migration. Our data indicate that Myo9b-RhoGAP accelerates
      RhoA GTP hydrolysis by a previously unknown dual-arginine-finger mechanism, which
      may be shared by other noncanonical RhoGAP domains lacking the auxiliary
      asparagine.

PMID- 27363612
TI  - [Current controversies regarding power morcellation and future directions].
AB  - Modern surgery tends to the improvement of minimally invasive strategies.
      Laparoscopy, rooted in practices for years, supplanted laparotomy in many
      directions. Regarding the extraction of large uterus, morcellation is currently
      the only way to externalize surgical specimens (myomas, uterine), without
      increasing the skin opening while allowing to reduce postoperative complications
      compared to laparotomy. However, in 2014, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
      discourages the use of uterine morcellation because of oncological risk. This
      recommendation has been challenged by a part of the profession. Our review has
      sought to identify the evidence for and against the use of morcellation. We also
      tried to quantify surgical risk and the current means of prevention. The
      incidence of uterine sarcomas is still poorly identified and preoperative
      diagnostic facilities remain inadequate. The small number of retrospective
      studies currently available could not enable any recommendation. The evaluation
      of morcellation devices and the improvement of preoperative diagnosis modalities
      (imaging, preoperative biopsy) are to continue to minimize the oncological risk. 

PMID- 27363613
TI  - [Breast cancer and Big Data: Evolution or revolution?].

PMID- 27363614
TI  - [Screening of aneuploidies in twin pregnancies in 2016: We may miss the boat if
      we fail to take action].

PMID- 27363615
TI  - [Current surgical practice of prophylactic and opportunistic salpingectomy in
      France].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Since the recent evidence of a tubal origin of most ovarian cancers,
      opportunistic salpingectomy could be discussed as a prophylactic strategy in the
      general population and with hereditary predisposition. We aimed to survey French
      gynecological surgeons about their current surgical practice of prophylactic
      salpingectomy. METHODS: An anonymous online survey was sent to French
      obstetrician-gynaecologists and gynecological surgeons. There were 13 questions
      about their current clinical practice and techniques of salpingectomy during a
      benign hysterectomy or as a tubal sterilization method, salpingectomy versus
      salpingo-oophorectomy in the population with genetic risk, salpingectomy in
      relationship with endometriosis and questions including histopathological
      considerations. RESULTS: Among the 569 respondents, opportunistic salpingectomy
      was always performed between 42.48% and 43.44% during laparoscopic, laparoscopic
      assisted vaginal or laparotomic hysterectomy and only 12.26% in case of vaginal
      route. In the genetic population, salpingo-oophorectomy was mainly performed.
      Tubal sterilization was often practiced by the hysteroscopic route. More than 90%
      of respondents didn't perform salpingectomy in case of endometriosis. There was
      not any specific tubal histopathological protocol in 71.54% of cases.
      CONCLUSIONS: Salpingectomy may be a preventing strategy in the low- and high-risk
      population. The survey's responses show that salpingectomy seems to be a current
      practice during benign hysterectomy for more than 40% doctors. However, there is
      not any change with no more salpingectomy in the population with genetic risk, or
      in case of endometriosis or tubal sterilization.

PMID- 27363616
TI  - Effects of mix ratio, moisture content and aeration rate on sulfur odor emissions
      during pig manure composting.
AB  - Sulfur compounds in swine manure can cause odor emissions during composting if
      conditions are not conducive to their rapid oxidation and degradation. In this
      study, the effects of controllable composting process variables on sulfur odor
      emissions were investigated. These included pig manure to corn stalk mix ratio
      (0.7:1, 1.5:1 and 2.2:1dw basis), initial moisture content (60%, 65%, 70% and
      75%) and aeration rate (1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0m(3)m(-3)h(-1)). The compounds
      measured were carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, methyl
      mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, diethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide (Me2S) and dimethyl
      disulfide (Me2SS). The results showed that total sulfur losses ranged from 3.9%
      to 18.3% after 26days of composting. Me2S and Me2SS were the primary (>59.61%)
      sulfur compounds released during this period. After turning, emission rates of
      both Me2S and Me2SS increased. Emissions of the other six sulfur compounds were
      low and inconsistent during composting. Within the compost, feedstock mix ratio
      significantly influenced the concentration of Me2SS, while aeration rate
      significantly affected Me2S concentration (p<0.05). Moisture content did not have
      a significant effect on the concentrations of either of these two compounds.
      Concentrations of sulfur odor compounds were the lowest at the highest aeration
      rate. Therefore, high aeration rates during the thermophilic phase, especially
      after turning, are recommended to minimize sulfur odors produced during swine
      manure composting. 

PMID- 27363617
TI  - Characterisation of foot clearance during gait in people with early Parkinson's
      disease: Deficits associated with a dual task.
AB  - Tripping is a common cause of falls in older adults and people with Parkinson's
      disease (PD). Foot clearance during gait may be impaired when distracted by a
      dual task and thus inform trip risk. This study aimed to evaluate whether foot
      clearance is impaired in PD and is adversely affected by a dual task. 81 older
      adults and 76 PD walked at a comfortable pace for two minutes under single and
      dual task conditions (digit recall). Temporal spatial gait was measured using an
      instrumented walkway. Heel and toe trajectories were obtained bilaterally using 3
      dimensional motion capture. Foot clearance was reduced in PD (p<.001) and under
      dual task (p<.027). The take-off (toe) gradient was reduced under dual task
      irrespective of group and the landing (heel) gradient was reduced in PD
      irrespective of task (p<.001). An increased proportion of unimodal toe
      distributions were observed for PD, particularly under dual task. Group
      differences were retained when controlling for step length (landing gradient and
      peak toe clearance in late swing) and gait velocity (landing gradient). Distinct
      differences in foot clearance were observed even in the early clinical stages of
      PD. Dual tasking may increase trip risk due to insufficient toe clearance (early
      swing) for both older adults and PD. Inadequate heel clearance (late swing) may
      increase falls risk in PD. Clearance deficits in PD are partially related to a
      reduced gait velocity and step length which may be targeted in tailored
      therapies. Further work is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying this
      pathology-associated deficit.

PMID- 27363618
TI  - Postoperative follow-up practice of phyllodes tumour in the UK: Results from a
      national survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Resected phyllodes tumours (PT) of the breast carry a small but
      significant risk of recurrence. Nevertheless, there are no national guidelines on
      the postoperative follow-up of these tumours potentially resulting in a wide
      variation in practice among breast surgeons in the UK. METHODS: A web-based
      questionnaire was sent to breast surgeons across the UK to assess individual
      follow-up practices including availability of local guidelines, methods of follow
      up and influence of risk factors. RESULTS: Only 38% of 121 responses indicated
      the availability of local guidelines on PT follow-up. Modal follow-up duration
      for borderline and malignant disease was 5 years (53.7% and 79.3% of responses
      respectively), compared to 1 year for benign disease (43%) although 28% of
      respondents continue to review benign cases for 5 years. Immediate post-operative
      discharge and self-directed aftercare for benign and borderline cases remains
      uncommon practice in the UK. Within hospitals represented by more than one
      respondent in this survey, only around 30% demonstrated consistent practices
      pertaining to length and frequency of postoperative PT follow-up. Recurrent
      disease and margin status influenced the follow-up practice of 60% of respondents
      in our survey. More than 75% indicated that they combine clinical examination
      with radiological investigations (mammography and/or ultrasound) to follow up PT
      postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This survey highlights the wide variation in follow
      up practice for resected PT. This may affect the detection of disease relapse or,
      conversely, result in wasted clinical resources and unnecessary patient distress.
      Evidence-based national guidelines are necessary to resolve this issue and inform
      best follow-up practice.

PMID- 27363619
TI  - CXCR4 signaling in health and disease.
AB  - Chemokines and chemokine receptors regulate multiple processes such
      morphogenesis, angiogenesis and immune responses. Among the chemokine receptors,
      CXCR4 stands out for its pleiotropic roles as well as for its involvement in
      several pathological conditions, including immune diseases, viral infections and
      cancer. For these reasons, CXCR4 represents a crucial target in drug development.
      In this review, we discuss of CXCR4 receptor properties and signaling in health
      and diseases, focusing on the WHIM syndrome, an inherited immunodeficiency caused
      by mutations of the CXCR4 gene.

PMID- 27363620
TI  - N-Acetyl-l-cysteine exacerbates generation of IL-10 in cells stimulated with
      endotoxin in vitro and produces antipyresis via IL-10 dependent pathway in vivo.
AB  - N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) is a well-known medication, primarily used as a
      mucolytic agent in pulmonary disease. Recently, we have found that NAC possesses
      antipyretic properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the
      mechanism by which NAC attenuates fever. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-10
      and prostaglandin (PG) E2 were measured using ELISA kit in the supernatants
      aspirated after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1MUg/mL) and NAC (10mM). The body temperature of the
      Wistar rats was measured using biotelemetry system. To inhibit endotoxic fever,
      NAC (200mg/kg; i.p.) was injected into the rats one hour prior to the LPS
      administration (50MUg/kg; i.p.). The pre-treatment of LPS-stimulated PBMCs with
      NAC resulted in a significant decrease in PGE2 concentration in comparison to the
      cells treated with LPS alone (PGE2 level was 386.1+/-61.9pg/mL vs. 2078.9+/
      157.9pg/mL, respectively, p<0.001). Furthermore, in these cells we observed a
      significant increase in IL-10 level (142.1+/-2.62pg/mL in NAC+LPS stimulated
      cells vs. 54.4+/-0.6pg/mL in LPS stimulated cells, p<0.001). The injection of
      anti-IL-10 antibody into the rats abolished antipyretic properties of NAC. Body
      temperature in animals treated with anti-IL-10+NAC/LPS was 38.28+/-0.12 degrees C
      vs. 37.73+/-0.06 degrees C in IgG+NAC/LPS rats (p<0.001) and 38.31+/-0.20 degrees
      C in NaCl/LPS-treated animals (n.s.). Based on these data, we conclude that NAC
      acts as an antipyretic via IL-10 stimulation. This finding provides a new insight
      into the immunopharmacology of NAC, and we believe that in a future it will
      contribute to the new and/or more accurate application of NAC in medicine.

PMID- 27363621
TI  - Quality of Life in Physical and Psychological Health and Social Environment at
      Posthospitalization Period in Patients with Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interaction of quality of life (QOL) in physical and psychological
      health and social environment has not been tested in stroke during a
      posthospitalization period, and a better understanding of the components of QOL
      would lead to a more integrated and person-centered approach to health management
      and outcome optimization. We investigated how QOL emerges from the sequelae of
      stroke and interacts with each other during the posthospitalization period.
      METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in 53 outpatients of stroke
      survivors (39 men and 14 women with a mean age of 66 years, 46 infarctions, and 7
      hemorrhages). RESULTS: Eight QOL domains of psychological health were scored by
      interview, and 2 of them ("desire to distend what they can do" or "desire to do
      rehabilitation") were associated with the improvement of physical health during
      the posthospitalization period (P < .05 and P = .08, respectively). These
      patients were characterized by the items like "I need to succeed for health
      improvement, to go home, to go back to work, and to see grandchildren" as goals
      to achieve their desire (P < .05). In interaction of QOL in psychological health
      and social environment, another psychological domain "to gain satisfaction from
      the experience" was closely related to the presence of hobby or work before
      stroke attack (P < .05). CONCLUSION: During the posthospitalization period, QOL
      of psychological health may support that of physical health, being associated
      with the presence of hobby or work before stroke attack.

PMID- 27363622
TI  - Sex-Related Differences in the Risk of Hospital-Acquired Sepsis and Pneumonia
      Post Acute Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Infectious complications after ischemic stroke are
      frequent and lead to neurological deterioration, poor functional outcomes, and
      higher mortality. Local and systemic inflammatory responses to brain ischemia
      differ between males and females, but little is known about differences in
      poststroke susceptibility to infection by sex. The purpose of this study was to
      compare sex-related differences in the risk of hospital-acquired sepsis and
      pneumonia after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a
      retrospective, secondary analysis of the 2010-2011 California State Inpatient
      Database. Previously validated International Classification of Disease, Ninth
      Revision (ICD-9) codes were used to identify adult hospitalizations for AIS. The
      primary outcome was hospital-acquired sepsis or pneumonia, also identified using
      ICD-9 codes. Associations between sex and hospital-acquired sepsis or pneumonia
      were adjusted for baseline characteristics and comorbidities using multivariable
      logistic regression. RESULTS: There were 91,643 hospitalizations for AIS included
      in this analysis, of which 1027 had hospital-acquired sepsis and 1225 had
      hospital-acquired pneumonia. The in-hospital mortality without infection was
      4.6%; the presence of hospital-acquired infections was associated with higher
      mortality for sepsis (32.7%) and pneumonia (21.9%). Female (versus male) sex was
      associated with lower adjusted odds of hospital-acquired sepsis (odds ratio [OR]
      .74, 95% confidence interval [CI] .65-.84) and pneumonia (OR .69, 95% CI .62
      .78). This difference was similar across age strata. Among hospitalizations with
      either hospital-acquired sepsis or pneumonia, sex did not influence mortality.
      CONCLUSIONS: Female sex was associated with a lower risk of hospital-acquired
      sepsis and pneumonia after AIS. Further investigation is needed to determine the
      mechanisms underlying this clinical observation.

PMID- 27363623
TI  - Influence of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene -765G/C and -1195G/A Polymorphisms on
      Development of Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many studies have investigated the association between the
      cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene polymorphism and ischemic stroke. However, results
      of these studies still remain controversial. To better explain the association
      between COX-2 polymorphisms (-765G/C and -1195G/A) and ischemic stroke risk, a
      meta-analysis was performed. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified from 4
      Chinese databases (Chinese Biological Medical Literature database, Chinese
      National Knowledge Infrastructure database, Chongqing VIP database, and Chinese
      WANFANG database), PUBMED and EMBASE prior to December 2015. The strength of
      association between COX-2 polymorphism and ischemic stroke was evaluated by the
      odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Inconsistency index (I(2)) and
      the Cochran's Q statistic were used to check heterogeneity. Publication bias was
      evaluated by funnel plots and Egger's regression test. RESULTS: A total of 4086
      ischemic stroke cases and 4747 controls were identified. Significant association
      between COX-2 -765G/C polymorphism and the risk of ischemic stroke was found in
      Brazilians and the African-Americans. The OR of (CC+GC versus GG) for the
      Brazilians and African-Americans were (6.328, 95% CI = 2.295-17.448) and (1.644,
      95% CI = 1.060-2.551). In addition, the recessive model of the Brazilians gave an
      OR of 3.621 (95% CI: 1.519-8.630). Furthermore, the (GC versus GG) and the allele
      model of the African-Americans were (OR: 1.615, 95% CI = 1.015-2.572) and (OR:
      1.422, 95% CI = 1.033-1.957). Significant association was also observed for COX-2
      -1195G/A polymorphism in the subtypes of small vessel disease (SVD) of ischemic
      stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that COX-2 -765G/C and -1195G/A
      polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility of ischemic stroke, specifically
      in Brazilians and the African-Americans, and those of SVD.

PMID- 27363624
TI  - Safe bridging to warfarin in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 27363625
TI  - Organelle acidification negatively regulates vacuole membrane fusion in vivo.
AB  - The V-ATPase is a proton pump consisting of a membrane-integral V0 sector and a
      peripheral V1 sector, which carries the ATPase activity. In vitro studies of
      yeast vacuole fusion and evidence from worms, flies, zebrafish and mice suggested
      that V0 interacts with the SNARE machinery for membrane fusion, that it promotes
      the induction of hemifusion and that this activity requires physical presence of
      V0 rather than its proton pump activity. A recent in vivo study in yeast has
      challenged these interpretations, concluding that fusion required solely lumenal
      acidification but not the V0 sector itself. Here, we identify the reasons for
      this discrepancy and reconcile it. We find that acute pharmacological or
      physiological inhibition of V-ATPase pump activity de-acidifies the vacuole lumen
      in living yeast cells within minutes. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that de
      acidification induces vacuole fusion rather than inhibiting it. Cells expressing
      mutated V0 subunits that maintain vacuolar acidity were blocked in this fusion.
      Thus, proton pump activity of the V-ATPase negatively regulates vacuole fusion in
      vivo. Vacuole fusion in vivo does, however, require physical presence of a fusion
      competent V0 sector.

PMID- 27363627
TI  - Empathy Predicts an Experimental Pain Reduction During Touch.
AB  - Previous studies have provided evidence for pain-alleviating effects of segmental
      tactile stimulation, yet the effect of social touch and its underlying mechanism
      is still unexplored. Considering that the soma affects the way we think, feel,
      and interact with others, it has been proposed that touch may communicate
      emotions, including empathy, interacting with the identity of the toucher. Thus,
      the goal of the current study was to examine the analgesic effects of social
      touch, and to test the moderating role of the toucher's empathy in analgesia
      using an ecological paradigm. Tonic heat stimuli were administered to women.
      Concurrently, their partners either watched or touched their hands, a stranger
      touched their hands, or no one interacted with them. The results revealed
      diminished levels of pain during partners' touch compared with all other control
      conditions. Furthermore, taking into account the dyadic interaction, only during
      the touch condition we found 1) a significant relationship between the partners'
      pain ratings, and 2) a significant negative relationship between the male
      touchers' empathy and the pain experience of their female partners. The findings
      highlight the powerful analgesic effect of social touch and suggest that empathy
      between romantic partners may explain the pain-alleviating effects of social
      touch. PERSPECTIVE: Pain research mostly concentrates on different factors around
      a single pain target, without taking into account various social interactions
      with the observers. Our findings support the idea that pain perception models
      should be extended, taking into account some psychological characteristics of
      observers. Our conclusions are on the basis of advanced statistical methods.

PMID- 27363626
TI  - Pediatric Pain Beliefs Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of the Short Form.
AB  - Cognitive appraisals inform and shape individuals' pain experiences. As
      researchers examine mechanisms of cognitive-behavioral interventions for chronic
      pain, psychometrically sound measures based in cognitive theory are needed to
      directly assess pain beliefs. The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ), a 32-item
      self-report measure informed by coping and appraisal theory, was designed to
      assess children's pain threat appraisals, problem-focused pain coping efficacy,
      and emotion-focused pain coping efficacy. The present study aimed to: 1) create a
      short form of the PBQ, and 2) evaluate the psychometric properties of the reduced
      measure in a large database of pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain
      (n = 871). Item reduction analyses identified an 18-item short form of the PBQ
      (PBQ-SF) that exhibited psychometric properties similar to the original measure.
      All 3 subscales of the PBQ-SF exhibited strong internal consistency (alpha levels
      ranged from .79 to .80) and adequate test-retest reliability at 2 weeks. Evidence
      for construct validity was provided by examining patterns of partial correlations
      for each subscale. The PBQ-SF represents a valid and reliable measure for
      evaluating children's pain beliefs. Future studies should investigate the
      treatment sensitivity of the PBQ-SF to evaluate its appropriateness for use in
      clinical trials. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents the psychometric properties
      of a reduced 18-item version of a measure used to assess children's pain beliefs
      in a large sample of children with functional abdominal pain. This measure could
      help identify processes and individual differences underlying children's
      responses to psychological treatments for chronic pain.

PMID- 27363628
TI  - Two Obese Patients with Presumptive Diagnosis of Anaphylactoid Syndrome of
      Pregnancy Presenting at a Community Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy (ASP) is a rare but extremely
      serious complication, with an estimated incidence in North America of 1 in 15 200
      deliveries. Despite its rarity, ASP is responsible for approximately 10% of all
      childbirth-associated deaths in the United States. At present, there is no
      validated biomarker or specific set of risk factors sufficiently predictive of
      ASP risk to incorporate into clinical practice. Toward the goal of developing a
      methodology predictive of an impending ASP event for use by obstetricians,
      anesthesiologists, and other practitioners participating in infant deliveries,
      physicians encountering an ASP event have been encouraged to report the
      occurrence of a case and its biologically plausible risk factors. CASE REPORT:
      Herein, we report on 2 patients who presented with a presumptive diagnosis of ASP
      to the delivery unit of a community hospital. Patient One was a 21-year-old,
      obese (5'11" tall, 250 lbs., BMI 34.9) white female, 1 pregnancy, no live births
      (G1P0), estimated gestational age (EGA) 40.2 weeks. Patient Two was a 29-year
      old, obese (5'7" tall, 307 lbs., BMI 48.1) Hispanic female, second pregnancy,
      with 1 previous live birth via C-section (G2P1-0-0-1). Her pregnancy was at
      gestational age 38 weeks plus 2 days. CONCLUSIONS: Patient One had 2 possible
      risk factors: administration of Pitocin to induce labor and post-coital spotting
      from recent intercourse. Patient Two suffered premature rupture of the placental
      membranes. Both Patient One and Patient Two had very high body mass indices
      (BMIs), at the 97th and 99th percentiles, respectively. In the relatively few
      cases of anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy described to date, this is the first
      report of a possible association with high BMI.

PMID- 27363629
TI  - A cost and outcome analysis of pediatric single-incision appendectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For appendicitis, single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy (SIA) has
      been proposed as an alternative to 3-port appendectomy (3PA). However, there
      remains controversy regarding outcomes and cost of SIA. We sought to review our
      experience with these two techniques to identify differences in these factors.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The charts of children (0-17 y) who underwent appendectomy
      at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2011-2014 were retrospectively reviewed.
      Appendectomy was either performed through traditional 3PA or SIA
      (laparoscopically assisted via externalization through an umbilical incision).
      Demographic data including age, body mass index, comorbidities, and gender were
      examined. Information on perforation, operative time and cost, length of stay,
      and infectious complications for both SIA and 3PA was identified. Data were
      analyzed using student t tests and chi square analysis. RESULTS: A total of 337
      patients underwent appendectomy (141 SIA and 197 3PA), 35.6% of whom (40 SIA, 80
      3PA) had perforated appendicitis. For nonperforated appendicitis, SIA had
      significantly shorter operative times, decreased operative costs, and length of
      stay. However, these differences were not found for perforated appendicitis.
      Regardless of appendicitis severity, there was no difference in rates of wound
      infection, abscess, or readmission between the two techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      study suggests that SIA is a faster, more cost effective alternative than 3PA for
      acute appendicitis. SIA did not result in increased infection rates for acute or
      perforated appendicitis and can be considered an equivalent alternative to 3PA in
      the surgical management of appendicitis.

PMID- 27363630
TI  - Borrmann type IV gastric cancer should be classified as pT4b disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of macroscopic pathologic features of primary tumor that
      could be obtained preoperatively on pT classification has not been reported so
      far. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of incorporation of
      Borrmann type IV gastric cancer into the pT classification. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Clinicopathologic and prognostic data of 1622 patients with advanced
      gastric cancer who underwent radical surgery were retrospectively studied.
      RESULTS: Of 1622 patients, 135 (8.32%) patients were classified as having
      Borrmann type IV gastric cancer. We first confirmed that Borrmann type IV gastric
      cancer was one of the independent prognostic factors for patients with advanced
      gastric cancer who underwent radical surgery. Interestingly, we found that
      overall survival of patients with Borrmann type IV gastric cancer could be
      clearly distinguished by pN classification and pathological TNM stage but not by
      pT classification. Importantly, further analysis demonstrated that the prognosis
      of Borrmann type IV gastric cancers was homogeneous with that of pT4b cancers but
      poorer than pT2, pT3, pT4a cancers. Therefore, we proposed a novel pT
      classification in which pT4b disease was defined as cancers that were Borrmann
      type IV or those that had invaded adjacent structures. Two-step multivariate
      analysis demonstrated that the novel pT classification was more suitable for
      prognostic assessment than the original classification. CONCLUSIONS: Classifying
      Borrmann type IV gastric cancer as pT4b disease improves pT classification
      prediction of prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer after radical
      surgery.

PMID- 27363631
TI  - Effect of breviscapine against hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breviscapine is an active ingredient extracted from traditional
      Chinese medicine Erigeron breviscapus. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate the effect of breviscapine injection on hepatic ischemia and/or
      reperfusion injury. METHODS: Forty rats were randomly divided into five groups (n
      = 8): Sham group, Ischemia reperfusion 1 (I/R1) + normal saline (NS) group, I/R1
      + breviscapine (Bre), I/R2 + NS group, and I/R2 + Bre group. Group1 and group2
      represent ischemia time for 10 min and 30 min, respectively. Breviscapine or
      normal saline was administered to rats (single dose of 10 mg/Kg, intravenously)
      30 min before hepatic ischemia. Serum transaminases, histopathologic changes,
      malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissues were
      evaluated. The expression level of mitochondrial fusion 2 (Mfn2) was also
      investigated. RESULTS: After 24-h reperfusion, based on the histopathologic
      analysis, compared with NS control group, the liver function was improved in
      breviscapine group. Liver enzymes aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels
      were significantly lower in the I/R + Bre group, when compared with the I/R + NS
      group. Pretreatment with breviscapine reduced MDA level (P < 0.05) and increased
      SOD activity significantly in I/R + Bre compared with I/R + NS group. Western
      blot and RT-q polymerase chain reaction showed that Mfn2 was significantly
      downregulated in breviscapine preconditioning group as compared to normal saline
      control group. CONCLUSIONS: Breviscapine preconditioning attenuates liver
      ischemia reperfusion injury via inhibiting liver oxidative stress reaction. The
      protective mechanism probably inhibits Mfn2 protein and mRNA expression.

PMID- 27363632
TI  - Differentiation of benign and malignant hilar bile duct stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Failure to differentiate benign and malignant hilar bile duct
      stenosis may lead to inappropriate treatment. We retrospectively analyzed the
      methods for differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 53 patients with
      hilar bile duct stenosis were included, comprising 41 malignant cases (hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma) and 12 benign cases (six primary sclerosing cholangitis and
      six IgG4-associated sclerosing cholangitis). Data of clinical histories,
      laboratory tests, imaging studies, and liver pathologies were collected, and
      comparison was made between benign and malignant groups. RESULTS: Compared with
      malignant group, patients in the benign group were more likely to have multiorgan
      involvement of clinical histories (P < 0.001). There was no difference on
      bilirubin, liver enzyme, and serum tumor marker between the two groups, whereas
      serum IgG4 levels were higher in the benign group (P = 0.003). Patients in the
      benign group were more likely to have pancreatic changes (P < 0.001) and multiple
      segmental bile duct stenosis (P < 0.001) on imaging. Compared with the malignant
      group, patients in the benign group were more likely to show severe periportal
      inflammation in noninvolved liver (P < 0.001), fibrosis around intrahepatic bile
      duct (P < 0.001), and more IgG4-positive plasma cells (P < 0.001) on liver
      pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Benign lesion should be considered for patients with
      history of multiorgan involvement, pancreas changes, or multiple-segmental bile
      duct stenosis on imaging. Liver biopsy could be helpful for differential
      diagnosis before surgery.

PMID- 27363633
TI  - Obesity and single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy (SILA) has emerged as a
      less-invasive alternative to conventional laparoscopy. The purpose of this study
      was to assess the impact of body habitus on outcomes after SILA in the pediatric
      population. METHODS: A retrospective review of 413 patients who underwent SILA
      from 2012 to 2015 was performed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and the
      BMI percentile was obtained per Center for Disease Control guidelines. Standard
      definitions for overweight (BMI 85th-94th percentile) and obese (BMI > 95th
      percentile) were used. General demographic and outcome data were analyzed.
      RESULTS: SILA was performed in 413 patients during the study period, of which
      66.3% were normal weight, 16% were overweight, and 17.7% were obese. There were
      no significant differences in age at presentation, time to diagnosis, or
      intraoperative classification of appendicitis. There were no significant
      differences in operative time (27.0 +/- 9.1 versus 27 +/- 9.8 versus 28.4 +/- 9.4
      min, P = 0.514), postoperative length of stay (0.97 +/- 1.65 versus 1.53 +/- 4.15
      versus 1.14 +/- 2.27 d, P = 0.214), 30-d surgical site infections (6.9% versus
      12.1% versus 8.2%, P = 0.377), emergency department visits (8.4% versus 10.6%
      versus 11%, P = 0.726), or readmissions (4.7% versus 4.1% versus 4.5%, P = 0.967)
      among normal, overweight, and obese groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate
      that obesity does not significantly impact outcomes after SILA. SILA can be
      performed in overweight and obese children with no significant difference in
      operative time, length of stay, or incidence of surgical site infection. SILA
      should continue to be offered to overweight and obese children.

PMID- 27363634
TI  - Implementation of national practice guidelines to reduce waste and optimize
      patient value.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The financial health care crisis has provided the platform to drive
      operational improvements at US health care facilities. This has led to adoption
      of lean operation principles by many health care organizations as a means of
      eliminating waste and improving operational efficiencies and overall value to
      patients. We believe that standardized implementation of national practice
      guidelines can provide the framework to help to reduce financial waste. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We analyzed our institutional preoperative electrocardiogram (ECG)
      ordering practices for patients undergoing elective surgery at our institution
      from February-March, 2012 to identify utilization and review compliance with
      American Heart Association guidelines. We then implemented an ECG ordering
      algorithm based on these guidelines and studied changes in ordering patterns,
      associated cost savings and hospital billing for the same period in 2013.
      RESULTS: From February-March 2012, 677 noncardiac surgical procedures were
      performed at our institution, and 312 (46.1%) had a preoperative ECG. After
      implementation of our evidence-based ECG ordering algorithm for the same period
      in 2013, 707 noncardiac surgical cases were performed, and 120 (16.9%) had a
      preoperative ECG. Preoperative ECG utilization dropped 63% with an annual
      institutional cost savings of $72,906 and $291,618 in total annual health care
      savings. Based on our data, US-wide implementation of our evidence-based ECG
      ordering algorithm could save the US health care system >$1,868,800,000 per year.
      CONCLUSIONS: Here, we demonstrate that standardized application of a national
      practice guideline can be used to eliminate nearly $2 billion per year in waste
      from the US health care system.

PMID- 27363635
TI  - Risk factors for survival and recurrence after lung metastasectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide,
      with up to 25% of patients who will develop metastases. Pulmonary metastases
      (PMs) resection for CRC might improve long-term survival, but the selection
      criteria for patients who would benefit remain unclear. The aim of this study was
      to identify preoperative predictive factors in patients eligible for this
      surgical strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data of
      patients from five thoracic surgery departments who underwent PM resection for
      CRC with intent to cure between 2005 and 2010. Univariate and multivariate
      analyses were performed to identify predictive factors influencing long-term
      survival and recurrence after pulmonary resection. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty
      four patients were eligible. Forty-eight patients had pulmonary recurrence
      (13.5%). Thirty-day postoperative mortality was 0.3% (n = 1). Five- and 8-y
      overall survival (OS) were 64.3 +/- 3.99% and 60.72 +/- 4.5%, respectively. In
      univariate analysis, 5-y OS was significantly associated with an American Society
      of Anesthesiologists score of 1 (P = 0.02), a low number of PM (P = 0.001), and
      single wedge resection (P = 0.00001). In multivariate analysis, an American
      Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 or higher (P = 0.05), two or more PMs (P
      = 0.034) and pneumonectomy (P = 0.021) were significant predictors of a poor
      outcome. In univariate analysis, 5-y cumulative recurrence was significantly
      associated with the absence of mediastinal lymph node dissection (P = 0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Given its high 5-y OS with low postoperative morbidity, thus
      allowing repeat surgical management, resection of PM could be performed.
      Resection of PM could improve long-term survival.

PMID- 27363636
TI  - Ergonomic analysis of primary and assistant surgical roles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery is associated with a high degree of ergonomic
      stress. However, the stress associated with surgical assisting is not known. In
      this study, we compare the ergonomic stress associated with primary and assistant
      surgical roles during laparoscopic surgery. We hypothesize that higher ergonomic
      stress will be detected in the primary operating surgeon when compared with the
      surgical assistant. METHODS: One right-hand dominant attending surgeon performed
      698 min of laparoscopic surgery over 13 procedures (222 min primary and 476 min
      assisting), whereas electromyography data were collected from bilateral biceps,
      triceps, deltoids, and trapezius muscles. Data were analyzed in 1-min segments.
      Average muscle activation as quantified by maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC)
      was calculated for each muscle group during primary surgery and assisting. We
      compared mean %MVC values with unpaired t-tests. RESULTS: Activation of right (R)
      biceps and triceps muscle groups is significantly elevated while operating when
      compared with assisting (R biceps primary: 5.47 +/- 0.21 %MVC, assistant: 3.93 +/
      0.11, P < 0.001; R triceps primary: 6.53 +/- 0.33 %MVC, assistant: 5.48 +/-
      0.18, P = 0.002). Mean activation of the left trapezius muscle group is elevated
      during assisting (primary: 4.33 +/- 0.26 %MVC, assistant: 5.70 +/- 0.40, P =
      0.024). No significance difference was noted in the other muscle groups (R
      deltoid, R trapezius, left [L] biceps, L triceps, and L deltoid). CONCLUSIONS: We
      used surface electromyography to quantify ergonomic differences between operating
      and assisting. Surgical assisting was associated with similar and occasionally
      higher levels of muscle activation compared with primary operating. These
      findings suggest that surgical assistants face significant ergonomic stress, just
      as operating surgeons do. Steps must be taken to recognize and mitigate this
      stress in both operating surgeons and assistants.

PMID- 27363637
TI  - Morphine and ketamine inhibit immune function of gastric cancer patients by
      increasing percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is conflicting evidence regarding effects of anesthetic and
      analgesic drugs on immune function of cancer patients. This study was designed to
      observe changes of T cell subpopulations in the gastric cancer (GC) patients and
      to assess effects of morphine and ketamine on the CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells,
      and regulatory T cells (Tregs) populations obtained from the GC patients in
      vitro. METHODS: The peripheral blood samples from 20 GC patients and 20 healthy
      volunteers were obtained. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated
      and incubated in a solution containing phorbol-myristate-acetate and ionomycin (2
      MUL/mL) in the presence or absence of morphine (50 ng/mL) or different
      concentration ketamine (25, 50, and 100 MUM). The CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells,
      and Tregs were determined using the flow cytometric assay. RESULTS: The
      percentages of CD8(+) T cells were significantly decreased, but the ratio of
      CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells and Tregs populations was significantly increased in the GC
      control group compared with the normal control group (P < 0.05). The ratio of
      CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells was significantly increased in the groups M and K3 compared
      with the control group (P < 0.05) but was significantly decreased in the group K1
      compared with the group K3. The percentage of Tregs was significantly increased
      in the groups M, K1, K2, and K3 compared with the control group. With the
      increased concentrations, ketamine increased the number of Tregs. CONCLUSIONS: GC
      shifts the balance of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells toward CD4(+) T cells and increases
      the Tregs populations by inducing immune responses. Morphine increases the ratio
      of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells and Tregs populations. Ketamine affects the ratio of
      CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells and Tregs populations in a dose-dependent model.

PMID- 27363638
TI  - Cost and radiation exposure in the workup of febrile pediatric urinary tract
      infections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scans are often used in
      the evaluation of pediatric patients with febrile urinary tract infections
      (UTIs). Given the prevalence of febrile UTIs, we sought to quantify the cost,
      radiation exposure, and clinical utility of DMSA scans when compared with
      dedicated pediatric renal ultrasounds (RUSs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An
      institutional review board approved retrospective study of children under the age
      of 18 years evaluated at our institution for febrile UTIs between the years 2004
      2013 was conducted. The patients had to meet all of the following inclusion
      criteria: a diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux, a fever >38 degrees C, a positive
      urine culture, and evaluation with a DMSA scan and RUS. A chart review was used
      to construct a cost analysis of technical and professional fees, radiographic
      results, and radiation dose equivalents. RESULTS: Overall, 104 children met the
      inclusion criteria. A total of 122 RUS and 135 DMSA scans were performed. The
      technical costs of a DMSA scan incurred a 35% cost premium as compared to an RUS.
      The average effective radiation dose of a single DMSA scan was 2.84 mSv. New
      radiographic findings were only identified on 7% of those patients who underwent
      greater than 1 DMSA scan. CONCLUSIONS: The utility of the unique information
      acquired from a DMSA scan as compared to a RUS in the evaluation of febrile UTI
      must be evaluated on an individual case-by-case basis given the increased direct
      costs and radiation exposure to the patient.

PMID- 27363639
TI  - Humanitarian skill set acquisition trends among graduating US surgical residents,
      2004-2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although interest in practicing surgery in resource-constrained
      settings is on the rise among graduating US surgical residents, there is ongoing
      debate about an optimal humanitarian skill set for surgeons who chose to work in
      such settings. In addition, increased emphasis on general surgery case exposure
      at the cost of specialty surgery case exposure has been documented and may have a
      negative impact on the breadth of resident training. Review of general surgery
      resident case logs to gauge experience in specialty surgery may provide insight
      into residents' readiness for work in resource-limited settings. METHODS: We
      compared Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education general surgery
      resident case logs from 2004 to 2014 for operations thought to be essential for
      working in resource-constrained settings. These operations were chosen from
      published literature on this topic and authors' personal experience. Case numbers
      for specialty operations were compared by unpaired t-test analysis between the
      two periods. RESULTS: Case averages in pediatric, genitourinary, and gynecologic
      surgery decreased significantly from 2004 to 2014 (range, 27%-46%). Orthopedic
      surgery case averages were unchanged, and plastic and general abdominal surgery
      case averages increased (range, 47%-50%). CONCLUSIONS: Case mix among graduating
      US surgical residents has narrowed over the past 10 y. Resident experience in a
      variety of specialty fields, thought to be essential in resource-constrained
      settings, decreased markedly over the study period. Residents who intend to work
      in resource-constrained settings may need to craft individualized residency
      experiences or pursue postgraduate training in specialty surgery courses to best
      prepare for such work.

PMID- 27363640
TI  - Estrogen attenuates renal IRI through PPAR-gamma agonism in rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Estrogen is reported to be renoprotective agent in various
      preclinical studies, attributing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
      potential. The aim of present study was to investigate the involvement of
      peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) in estrogen
      mediated protection against renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The renal damage induced by IRI (40-min ischemia and 24-h
      reperfusion) was assessed by measuring serum creatinine, creatinine clearance,
      blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, electrolytes, and microproteinuria in rats.
      The myeloperoxidase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, superoxide
      anion generation, and reduced glutathione levels were measured to assess
      oxidative stress in renal tissues. Hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid schiff
      staining of renal tissues were done to demonstrate histopathologic changes.
      Estrogen (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 1 h before subjecting
      rats to renal IRI. Separately, bisphenol A diglycyl ether (BADGE, 30 mg/kg,
      i.p.), a PPAR-gamma receptor antagonist, was given before estrogen administration
      followed by IRI in rats. RESULTS: The ischemia reperfusion demonstrated renal
      damage in rats with significant changes in serum and urinary parameters, enhanced
      oxidative stress, and histopathologic changes in renal tissues. Estrogen
      administration demonstrated marked renoprotection that was attenuated by BADGE
      pretreatment in rats. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that PPAR-gamma agonism serves
      as one of the mechanisms in estrogen-mediated renoprotection.

PMID- 27363641
TI  - Rutin attenuates neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammatory responses involve the activation of the interleukin
      (IL) -1beta and IL-18. Processing and activation of the pro-inflammatory IL
      require NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Rutin can protect spinal cord against
      damage, but the potential mechanisms underlying remain unknown. Here, we
      investigated the molecular mechanisms of rutin-mediated neuroprotection in a rat
      model of spinal cord injury (SCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty
      female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham group, SCI
      group, SCI + Rutin50 group, and the SCI + Rutin100 group. The influences of rutin
      on inflammatory marker levels, histologic alterations, and locomotion scale were
      analyzed. RESULTS: SCI significantly increased the expression of the NLRP3, ASC,
      IL-1beta, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Rutin significantly reduced the
      levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL
      1beta, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, rutin administration
      significantly attenuated histologic alteration and improved locomotion recovery.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data provide clear evidence that rutin attenuates tissue damage
      and improves locomotion recovery, and the mechanism may be related to the
      alleviation of inflammation and oxidative stress.

PMID- 27363642
TI  - Variation in intensive care unit utilization and mortality after blunt splenic
      injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although trauma patients are frequently cared for in the intensive
      care unit (ICU), admission triage criteria are unclear and may vary among
      providers and institutions. The benefits of close monitoring must be weighed
      against the economic and opportunity costs of an ICU admission. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients treated for blunt
      splenic injuries from 2011-2014 at 30 level I and II Pennsylvania trauma centers.
      We used multivariable logistic regression to assess the relationship between ICU
      admission and mortality, adjusting for patient characteristics, injury
      characteristics, and physiology. We calculated center-level observed-to-expected
      ratios for ICU utilization and mortality and evaluated correlations with
      Spearman's rho. We compared the proportion of patients receiving critical care
      procedures, such as mechanical ventilation or central line placement between high
      and low-ICU-utilization centers. RESULTS: Of 2587 patients with blunt splenic
      injuries, 63.9% (1654) were admitted to the ICU. Median injury severity score was
      17 overall, 13 for non-ICU patients and 17 for ICU patients (P < 0.001). In
      multivariable logistic regression, ICU admission was not significantly associated
      with mortality. Center-level risk-adjusted ICU admission rates ranged from 17.9%
      87.3%. Risk-adjusted mortality rates ranged from 1.2%-9.6%. There was no
      correlation between observed-to-expected ratios for ICU utilization and mortality
      (Spearman's rho = -0.2595, P = 0.2103). Proportionately fewer ICU patients
      received critical care procedures at high-utilization centers than at low
      utilization centers. CONCLUSIONS: Risk-adjusted ICU utilization rates for splenic
      trauma varied widely among trauma centers, with no clear relationship to
      mortality. Standardizing ICU admission criteria could improve resource
      utilization without increasing mortality.

PMID- 27363644
TI  - Equal distribution of mesenchymal stem cells after hepatic ischemia-reperfusion
      injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Liver ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the major causes of
      hepatocellular injury-related mortality and morbidity after liver
      transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to reduce liver
      I/R injury and improve regeneration. The purpose of the present study was to
      investigate the difference in the distribution of systemically delivered MSCs in
      the recipient's liver between the ischemic injury area and nonischemic area.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fishers' rats (7-8 week of age) were used as donors of MSCs
      and recipients. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were isolated from the donor's femur.
      Before systemic administration, MSCs were labeled with the fluorescent dye PKH26.
      The rats were divided into four groups: (1) I/R injury + MSC group, (2) MSC only,
      without I/R injury, (3) I/R injury + saline group, and (4) the Sham group. I/R
      injury was performed by clamping the inflow vascular structures of the left and
      middle lobes of the recipient's liver for 60 min. The right lobe was considered
      as a nonischemic part. Subsequently, 1.5 * 10(6) of MSCs or saline (NaCl, 0.9%)
      was administrated via the rat's tail vein. Thereafter, the rats were killed after
      days one, three, or seven for the analyses. RESULTS: A fluorescent microscopy
      assay for labeled MSCs showed positive cells in both ischemic and nonischemic
      parts of the recipient's liver. The number of cells was significantly higher in
      the I/R injury + MSC group compared with the only MSC, without I/R injury group.
      Immunohistochemical staining showed that there was no significant difference in
      the proliferation of Ki-67-positive cells between the I/R + MSCs and I/R + saline
      groups. In addition, the serum transaminase levels were not different between the
      I/R + MSCs and I/R + saline groups. CONCLUSIONS: After partial liver I/R injury,
      transplanted MSCs migrate equally to the ischemic and nonischemic parts of the
      recipient's liver. Considering the unique ability of the liver to regenerate,
      both parts of the liver presumably receive signals for regeneration.

PMID- 27363643
TI  - Gastroprotective effects of sulforaphane and thymoquinone against acetylsalicylic
      acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly cause gastric
      ulcers (GUs). We investigated the effects of sulforaphane (SF) and thymoquinone
      (TQ) in rats with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)-induced GUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Thirty-five male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into five groups: control; ASA;
      ASA with vehicle; ASA + SF; and ASA + TQ. Compounds were administered by oral
      gavage before GU induction. GUs were induced by intragastric administration of
      ASA. Four hours after GU induction, rats were killed and stomachs excised. Total
      oxidant status, total antioxidant status, total thiol, nitric oxide, asymmetric
      dimethylarginine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, superoxide dismutase
      activity, and glutathione peroxidase activity in tissue were measured. Messenger
      RNA expression of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases, heme oxygenase-1 (HO
      1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and nuclear factor kappa-light
      chain-enhancer of activated B cells were analyzed. Renal tissues were evaluated
      by histopathologic and immunohistochemical means. RESULTS: SF and TQ reduced GU
      indices, apoptosis, total oxidant status, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha levels, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of
      activated B cells, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressions (P < 0.001, P
      = 0.001). Both examined compounds increased superoxide dismutase activity,
      glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant status, total thiol, nitric
      oxide levels, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, dimethylarginine
      dimethylaminohydrolases, HO-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and
      HO-1 expressions (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that
      pretreatment with SF or TQ can reduce ASA-induced GUs via anti-inflammatory,
      antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects. These compounds may be useful therapeutic
      strategies to prevent the gastrointestinal adverse effects that limit
      nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use.

PMID- 27363645
TI  - Variation in crystalloid administration: an analysis of 6248 patients undergoing
      major elective surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Large variations exist regarding the type and volume of fluid to be
      administered to patients. This study aimed to quantitate variations in the
      administration of crystalloid fluids at the level of the patient, provider, and
      procedure at a large, tertiary care center. METHOD: Patients who underwent major
      cardiac, thoracic, or abdominal procedures between 2011 and 2014 were identified.
      Variations in crystalloid administration were compared by procedure and provider
      using a coefficient of variation (CV). Multivariable hierarchical linear modeling
      was performed to identify factors predictive of fluid administration and
      quantitate variation at the level of the patient and provider. RESULTS: Among
      6248 patients who met inclusion criteria, the average crystalloid volume was 25.8
      mL kg(-1) m(2) h(-1), corresponding to a CV of 55%. Patients who underwent
      pancreatectomy received the highest corrected crystalloid volume (32.7 mL kg(-1)
      m(2) h(-1)), whereas those who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting received
      the lowest corrected crystalloid volume (14.7 mL kg(-1) m(2) h(-1)). Variations
      in fluid practices were noted between providers (corrected CV; 14.7%-97.1%) and
      within the practices of the same provider (corrected CV range; 24.1%-87.9%). On
      multivariable analysis, age and changes in hemoglobin concentration were
      associated with a higher crystalloid volume (both P < 0.05). Although over 90% of
      the variation was attributed to patient-level factors, approximately 10% was due
      to factors at level of the provider (surgeon: 5.8% versus anesthesiologist:
      3.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Wide variations were noted in crystalloid administration
      between procedures, providers, and within providers. Evidence-based practices and
      goal-directed therapies should be incorporated to avoid unwanted variations.

PMID- 27363646
TI  - Patient reported outcome measurements in the diagnosis of incisional hernia:
      PROMIS questionnaire, a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incisional hernia (IH) is the most frequent complication after
      abdominal surgery. Long-term follow-up is crucial. Patient-reported outcome
      measurements (PROMs) are able to monitor patients' disease progression after
      treatment. Until now, there are no PROMs that assess patients after abdominal
      surgery or that detects patients with IH. We aimed to develop a reliable
      questionnaire to assist in diagnosing IH, called the "PROMIS questionnaire":
      Patient-Reported Outcome Measurements in the Diagnosis of Incisional Hernias. In
      this pilot study, the reliability of this questionnaire is being determined.
      METHODS: Patients diagnosed with IH between 2013 and 2014 were included. A
      questionnaire with seven questions was developed. Patients were asked whether
      they thought they had IH, whether they felt any pain at the site of the scar, and
      whether they saw or felt a lump or a bulge. Furthermore, smoking history and
      patients' weight and height were taken into account. Patients were approached
      three times by telephone, with an interval of 1 week. Test-retest reliability,
      internal consistency, and sensitivity were measured. RESULTS: Forty-three
      patients were included. Test-retest reliability was 1.0, and internal consistency
      was 0.56. The question regarding patients' pain was least consistent with other
      questions. The overall sensitivity of the questionnaire was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: The
      PROMIS questionnaire is a highly reliable questionnaire, but the internal
      consistency is modest. The clinical relevancy of pain in IH patients is
      essential. Therefore, this question will be kept in the current PROMIS
      questionnaire. It needs further validation in a prospective cohort study, to use
      it as a diagnostic tool in the future to detect IH.

PMID- 27363647
TI  - N-acetylcysteine amid reduces pancreatic damage in a rat model of acute
      necrotizing pancreatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory explosion and oxidative stress are important mechanisms
      of injury in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). This study investigated the
      effects of N-acetylcysteine amid (NACA), a novel cell-permeant antioxidant with
      anti-inflammatory activity, on experimental ANP in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Fifty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and ANP was induced by
      cerulein. The animals were divided into four groups which were sham + saline,
      sham + NACA, ANP + saline, and ANP + NACA. NACA (2.2 mg/kg, i.p) was administered
      for 6 h, after the induction of ANP. The extent of acinar cell injury, mortality,
      systemic cardiorespiratory variables, functional capillary density, renal/hepatic
      functions, and changes in some enzyme markers for pancreas and lung tissues were
      investigated. RESULTS: Induction of ANP increased mortality from 0% in the sham
      group to 43.75% in the ANP + saline group (P < 0.05), and administration of NACA
      significantly reduced mortality to 12.5% (P < 0.05). Induction of ANP also caused
      increases in pancreatic necrosis, serum amylase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
      interleukin-6, LDH in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum urea, tissue
      myeloperoxidase in pancreas and lung tissues and malondialdehyde. There was less
      pronounced increase in these parameters in NACA treated group. Compared with ANP
      group, ANP + NACA group had lower levels of pancreatic necrosis (0.5 +/- 0.2
      versus 1.45 +/- 0.2, P < 0.05) and inflammation (0.6 +/- 0.2 versus 1.29 +/-
      00.3, P < 0.05) scores. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of NACA significantly
      decreased the ANP-induced mortality and also provided significant improvements in
      hemodynamic changes. The obtained positive effects of NACA on the course of
      pancreatitis indicates its potential usefulness in the management of ANP.

PMID- 27363648
TI  - Outpatient air leak management after lobectomy: a CMS cost analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Air leaks after lobectomy are associated with increased length of
      stay (LOS) and protracted resource utilization. Portable drainage systems (PDS)
      allow for outpatient management of air leaks in patients otherwise meeting
      discharge criteria. We evaluated the safety and cost efficiency of a protocol for
      outpatient management of air leaks with a PDS. METHODS: We retrospectively
      assessed patients who underwent lobectomy for non-small-cell lung cancer at our
      institution between 2004 and 2014. All patients discharged with a PDS for air
      leak were included in the analysis. The study group was compared to an internally
      matched cohort of patients undergoing lobectomy for non-small-cell lung cancer
      managed without the need for outpatient PDS. Study end points included resource
      utilization, postoperative complications, and readmission. RESULTS: A total of
      739 lobectomies were performed during the study period, 73 (10%) patients with
      air leaks were discharged with a PDS after fulfilling postoperative milestones.
      Shorter LOS was observed in the study group (3.88 +/- 2.4 versus 5.68 +/- 5.7 d,
      P = 0.014) without significant differences in 30-d readmission (11.7% versus
      9.0%, P = 0.615). PDS-related complications occurred in 6.8% of study patients
      (5/73), and 2.7% (2/73) required overnight readmission. PDSs were used for 8.30
      +/- 4.5 outpatient days. A CMS-based cost analysis predicted an overall savings
      of $686.72/patient (4.9% of Medicare reimbursement for a major thoracic
      procedure), associated with significantly fewer hospital days and resources used.
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients otherwise meeting discharge criteria, outpatient
      management of air leaks is safe and effective. This strategy is associated with
      improved efficiency of postoperative care and a modest reduction in hospital
      costs. This model may be applicable to other thoracic procedures associated with
      protracted LOS.

PMID- 27363649
TI  - Low vertebral ano-rectal cardiac tracheo-esophageal renal limb screening rates in
      children with anorectal malformations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to establish the rate of screening for
      associated cardiac, vertebral, spinal cord, urologic, and limb anomalies
      vertebral ano-rectal cardiac tracheo-esophageal renal limb (VACTERL) in children
      with anorectal malformation (ARM). METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort
      study using the Medicaid Analytic eXtract database which contains enrollment and
      utilization claims and demographic information from all Medicaid enrollees.
      Patients born between January 2005 and December 2008 with International
      Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for a diagnosis of ARM within 30
      days of life, an ARM procedure code during the first year of life, and a minimum
      of 12 months of continuous enrollment were included. VACTERL screening was
      determined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and
      Current Procedural Terminology codes for diagnostic tests used to detect these
      anomalies. RESULTS: A total of 406 patients were identified (231 males).
      Evaluation of the spinal vertebrae was performed in 94% of patients (381 of 406).
      Spinal cord evaluation was performed in 57% (231 of 406): 52% (121 of 231)
      received spinal ultrasound (US), 24% (56 of 231) received spinal magnetic
      resonance imaging, and 23% (54 of 231) received both. Sacral radiographs were
      performed in 8% (32 of 406) and 77% (313 of 406) underwent an echocardiogram.
      Genitourinary evaluation was performed in 84% (341 of 406): 67% (229 of 341)
      received renal US, 8% (27 of 341) received abdominal US, and 25% (85 of 341)
      received both. Limb evaluation was recorded in 19% (76 of 406). Multiple
      screening including an echocardiogram, spinal radiograph, spinal cord evaluation,
      and renal evaluation was performed in 45% (181 of 406); 2% (7 of 406) did not
      receive any screening tests. CONCLUSIONS: Low VACTERL screening in children with
      ARM suggests that associated anomalies may be undiagnosed which may lead to
      increased long-term morbidity.

PMID- 27363650
TI  - Immunohistochemistry as a reliable method for detection of BRAF-V600E mutation in
      melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current published literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The BRAF-V600E mutation is associated with tumor aggressiveness and
      poor prognosis in melanoma patients. Identification of this mutation is
      clinically important as we now have Food and Drug Administration-approved
      targeted therapies, such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors, which have been shown to
      retard disease progression in these patients. Detection of BRAF-V600E by genetic
      analysis using polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard method for melanoma
      cases. However, immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a VE1 antibody is rapidly
      emerging as a trustworthy method for the determination of mutation status in
      patients' specimens. Our objective in this study was to assess the reliability of
      IHC compared with genetic methods for successful identification of BRAF-V600E
      mutation in melanoma tissue specimens. METHODS: A literature search of PubMed,
      Web of Science, and Embase was performed for studies comparing IHC with genetic
      analysis for the detection of BRAF in melanoma patients published through May 28,
      2015. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive, and
      negative likelihood ratios were calculated using a bivariate model. Logit
      estimates of sensitivity and specificity with their respective variances were
      used to plot a hierarchical receiver operating characteristic curve and area
      under the curve. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q- and I-squared
      statistics. RESULTS: An initial literature search resulted in 287 articles. After
      two independent reviews and consensus-based discussion to resolve disparities, 21
      studies involving a total of 1687 cases met the eligibility criteria and were
      included in the analysis. The pooled sensitivity of IHC for BRAF-V600E detection
      was 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI, 0.94-0.98), specificity 1.00; 95% CI (0.97
      1.00), positive likelihood ratio 194.2; 95% CI (37.6-1003.3), negative likelihood
      ratio 0.04; 95% CI (0.02-0.07), and diagnostic odds ratio 5503 (1199-25,263), as
      compared with genetic analysis. A high heterogeneity was observed between these
      studies (Q value of 40.17 & I(2) = 95%; 95% CI (91-99, P < 0.001) which may be
      explained by studies using different cutoff values for labeling IHC as positive.
      High accuracy of IHC was depicted by area under the curve in the receiver
      operating characteristic curve which was 0.99; 95 % CI (0.98-1.00). CONCLUSIONS:
      Meta-analysis demonstrates that IHC is highly sensitive and specific for the
      detection of BRAF-V600E in melanoma cases. IHC is likely to be useful in BRAF
      mutation detection because it is highly comparable with the genetic methods. Any
      negative or low staining cases may be selected to undergo genetic analysis based
      on other clinical and histopathologic features.

PMID- 27363651
TI  - Protective effects of naringenin in cardiorenal syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiorenal syndrome is a complicated and bidirectional
      interrelationship between the heart and kidneys. Naringenin (NG) is a naturally
      occurring flavonoid possessing various biological and pharmacological properties.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We tested whether NG could improve cardiac and renal
      function in a rat model of cardiorenal syndrome. RESULTS: The results showed that
      NG-attenuated cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction in rats with cardiorenal
      syndrome, as evidenced by decrease of left ventricle weight (LVW), increase of
      body weight (BW), decrease of LVW/BW, decrease of concentrations of serum
      creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, type-B natriuretic peptide, aldosterone,
      angiotensin (Ang) II, C-reactive protein, and urine protein, increase of left
      ventricular systolic pressure and falling rates of left ventricular pressure
      (dp/dtmax), and decrease of left ventricular diastolic pressure, left ventricular
      end-diastolic pressure, and -dp/dtmax. NG significantly inhibited the increase of
      lipid profiles including low-density lipoprotein, TC, and TG in rats. In
      addition, NG significantly inhibited the increase of cardiac expression of IL
      1beta, IL-6, and interferon gamma. Moreover, NG decreased malonaldehyde level,
      increased superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content in rats, and
      increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)
      and catalytic subunit of gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase (GCLc) in rats and Ang II
      treated cardiac fibroblasts. Inhibition of Nrf2 and glutathione synthesis
      significantly suppressed NG-induced decrease of ROS level. Inhibition of Nrf2
      markedly suppressed NG-induced increase of GCLc expression in Ang II-treated
      cardiac fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: The data provide novel options for therapy of
      patients and new insights into the cardioprotective effects of NG in cardiorenal
      syndrome.

PMID- 27363652
TI  - Point-of-care thromboelastography/thromboelastometry-based coagulation management
      in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of 8332 patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Severe bleeding related to cardiac surgery is associated with
      increased morbidity and mortality. Thromboelastography (TEG) and
      thromboelastometry (ROTEM) are point-of-care tests (POCT). Bedside ROTEM/TEG can
      rapidly detect changes in blood coagulation and therefore provide a goal
      directed, individualized coagulation therapy. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to
      determine the current evidence for or against POCT-guided algorithm in patients
      with severe bleeding after cardiac surgery. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis
      of randomized controlled trials and observational trials retrieved from a
      literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. Only trials comparing
      transfusion strategy guided by TEG/ROTEM with a standard of care control group
      undergoing cardiac surgery were included. In addition, at least one clinical
      outcome had to be mentioned: mortality, surgical re-exploration rate, sternal
      wound infection, and acute kidney injury (AKI). Also, surrogate parameters such
      as transfusion requirements and amount of blood loss were analyzed. The pooled
      treatment effects (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were
      assessed using a fixed or random-effects model. RESULTS: The literature search
      retrieved a total of 17 trials (nine randomized controlled trial and eight
      observational trials) involving 8332 cardiac surgery patients. POCT-guided
      transfusion management significantly decreased the odds for patients to receive
      allogeneic blood products (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.56-0.71; P < 0.00001) and the re
      exploration rate due to postoperative bleeding (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.45-0.71; P <
      0.00001). Furthermore, the incidence of postoperative AKI (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61
      0.98; P = 0.0278) and thromboembolic events (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.28-0.70; P =
      0.0006) was significantly decreased in the TEG/ROTEM group. No statistical
      differences were found with regard to inhospital mortality, cerebrovascular
      accident, or length of intensive care unit and hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS:
      TEG/ROTEM-based coagulation management decreases the risk of allogeneic blood
      product exposure after cardiac surgery. Furthermore, it results in significantly
      lower re-exploration rate, decreased incidence of postoperative AKI, and
      thromboembolic events in cardiac surgery patients. Results of this meta-analysis
      indicate that POCT-guided transfusion therapy is superior to the current standard
      of care.

PMID- 27363653
TI  - MiR-330-5p regulates tyrosinase and PDIA3 expression and suppresses cell
      proliferation and invasion in cutaneous malignant melanoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence has suggested that miR-330-5p can function as a
      tumor suppressor in different types of cancers. However, the effects and
      underlying mechanisms of miR-330-5p in the development of cutaneous malignant
      melanoma (CMM) remain largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to
      investigate the role of miR-330-5p in CMM and to determine the molecular
      mechanisms underlying its action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression level of
      miR-330-5p was detected in 26 cases of primary CMM tissues and cell lines by real
      time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We also assessed whether
      overexpression of miR-330-5p influences in vitro cell proliferation, invasion,
      and migration. Western blotting analysis was used to detect the influence of miR
      330-5p on the targets, and Pearson analysis was used to calculate the correlation
      between the expression of targets gene and miR-330-5p in CMM tissues. RESULTS:
      Our study showed that miR-330-5p was downregulated in CMM tissues (P = 0.010) and
      cell lines (P < 0.05), and patients with high mitotic activity showed lower miR
      330-5p expression levels (P = 0.002). Enforced expression of miR-330-5p inhibits
      malignant CMM cells proliferation and migration and led to downregulation of the
      TYR and PDIA3 protein. Moreover, the expression level of miR-330-5p in CMM
      tissues showed inverse relationship with the expression level of TYR and PDIA3
      protein. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our findings suggested that miR-330-5p
      represents a potential tumor-suppressive miRNA and plays an important role in CMM
      progression by suppressing TYR and PDIA3 expression.

PMID- 27363654
TI  - Impact of stroma LOXL2 overexpression on the prognosis of intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is associated with a poor
      prognosis related to early recurrence especially in the remnant liver after
      surgery. ICC exhibits a dense desmoplastic stroma which plays a pivotal role in
      ICC aggressiveness. Thus, analyzing gene deregulation in the stroma of ICC may
      help to identify new prognosis biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets. The
      aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of the matrix-remodeling
      enzyme lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) expression in ICC. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      LOXL2 messenger RNA levels were evaluated in microdissected tumoral stroma (TS)
      and in nontumoral fibrous tissue by gene expression profiling (testing set, n =
      10) obtained from gene expression omnibus database and by quantitative real time
      polymerase chain reaction (validating set, n = 6). LOXL2 protein levels were
      evaluated by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing 80
      independent patients. The relationship between LOXL2 expression and survival was
      assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: LOXL2 messenger RNA
      levels were increased in TS, both in the testing and the validating sets (P <
      0.01). These results were confirmed at a protein level, with a significantly
      higher LOXL2 immunostaining in TS (P < 0.01). Univariate analysis revealed that
      LOXL2 expression was correlated with a poor overall survival and disease-free
      survival (P < 0.01). Importantly, high expression of LOXL2 was an independent
      prognostic factor of worst overall survival (hazard ratio = 5.29, confidence
      interval [CI] 95% = 1.71-16.3, P < 0.01) and disease-free survival (hazard ratio
      = 5.55, CI 95% = 2.14-14.37, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides
      additional arguments for a role of extracellular matrix remodeling in ICC
      aggressiveness and identifies LOXL2 as a new prognostic marker and a promising
      therapeutic target in ICC.

PMID- 27363655
TI  - Liver regeneration after different degrees of portal vein ligation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selective portal vein ligation (PVL) is followed by ipsilateral
      atrophy and contralateral hypertrophy of the liver lobes. Although the atrophy
      hypertrophy complex induced by PVL is a well-documented phenomenon, the effect of
      different degrees of extended portal vein occlusion on liver regeneration is not
      known. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of different degrees of
      portal occlusion on portal pressure and liver regeneration. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 96; 220-250 g) were randomized into three groups
      and underwent 70%, 80%, or 90% portal vein ligation, respectively. The portal
      pressure was measured immediately and 24, 48, 72, 120, and 168 h after PVL (n =
      6/group/time point). The hepatic lobes and the spleen were weighed, and liver
      regeneration ratio was calculated. Changes in liver histology and the mitotic
      activity were assessed on hematoxylin-eosin stained slides. RESULTS: Higher
      degree of portal occlusion triggered a stronger regenerative response
      (regeneration ratio of PVL 70%168h = 2.23 +/- 0.13, PVL 80%168h = 3.11 +/- 0.37,
      PVL 90%168h = 4.68 +/- 0.48) PVL led to an immediate increase in portal pressure,
      the value of which changed proportionally to the mass of liver tissue deprived of
      portal perfusion (PVL 70%acute = 17 +/- 2 mm Hg, PVL 80%acute = 19 +/- 1 mm Hg,
      PVL 90%acute = 26 +/- 4 mm Hg). Findings in histology showed necro-apoptotic
      lesions in the atrophic liver lobes and increased mitotic cell count in the
      hypertrophic lobes. The mitotic cell count of PVL 90% peaked earlier and at a
      significantly higher value than of PVL 70% and PVL 80% (PVL 9024h%: 96.0 +/- 3.5
      PVL 70%48h: 64.0 +/- 2.1, PVL 80%48h: 56.3 +/- 4.0). The mitotic index after 24 h
      showed a strong correlation with the acute portal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: A
      higher degree of portal vein occlusion leads to a greater regenerative response,
      presumably triggered by the proportional increase in portal pressure, which
      supports the role of the so-called "blood-flow" theory of PVL-triggered liver
      regeneration.

PMID- 27363656
TI  - Cost of ventral hernia repair using biologic or synthetic mesh.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing ventral hernia repair (VHR) with biologic mesh
      (BioM) have higher hospital costs compared with synthetic mesh (SynM). This study
      compares 90-d pre- and post-VHR hospital costs (180-d) among BioM and SynM based
      on infection risk. METHODS: This retrospective National Surgical Quality
      Improvement Program study matched patient perioperative risk with resource
      utilization cost for a consecutive series of VHR repairs. Patient infection
      risks, clinical and financial outcomes were compared in unmatched SynM (n = 303)
      and BioM (n = 72) groups. Propensity scores were used to match 35 SynM and BioM
      pairs of cases with similar infection risk for outcomes analysis. RESULTS: BioM
      patients in the unmatched group were older with higher American Society of
      Anesthesiologists (ASA) and wound classification, and they more frequently
      underwent open repairs for recurrent hernias. Wound surgical site infections were
      more frequent in unmatched BioM patients (P = 0.001) as were 180-d costs ($43.8k
      versus $14.0k, P < 0.001). Propensity matching resulted in 31 clean cases. In
      these low-risk patients, wound occurrences and readmissions were identical, but
      180-d costs remained higher ($31.8k versus $15.5k, P < 0.001). There were no
      differences in hospital 180-d diagnostic, emergency room, intensive care unit,
      floor, pharmacy, or therapeutic costs. However, 180-d operating room services and
      supply costs were higher in the BioM group ($21.1k versus $7.1k, P < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: BioM is used more commonly in hernia repairs involving higher wound
      class and ASA scores and recurrent hernias. Clinical outcomes after low-risk VHRs
      are similar; SynM utilization in low-risk hernia repairs was more cost-effective.

PMID- 27363657
TI  - Tracheal occlusion and ventilation changes the nitric oxide pathway in congenital
      diaphragmatic hernia model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with lung
      hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Tracheal occlusion (TO) stimulates fetal
      lung growth and maturation and reverse vascular changes responsible for pulmonary
      hypertension, which are related to mechanisms involving nitric oxide (NO) in CDH.
      We aim to evaluate the effect of TO and ventilation on NO pathways. METHODS:
      Eight groups were created: (1) control; (2) control ventilated (CV); (3) CDH
      (CDH); (4) CDH ventilated (CDHV); (5) TO control; (6) TO ventilated; (7) TO +
      CDH; and (8) TO + CDH ventilated (CDHTOV). Fetuses were weighed, and volume
      ventilated for 30 min after harvested. Total lung weight and the ratio of total
      lung weight to body weight, thickness of the middle layer of the pulmonary
      arteriole, and the air space diameter were measured. The NO synthase inducible
      and NO synthase inducible were performed by immunohistochemistry and Western
      blotting. RESULTS: The total lung weight and the ratio of total lung weight to
      body weight decreased in animals with nitrofen and also after ventilation for all
      groups (P < 0.05). The thickness of the middle layer of the pulmonary arteriole
      decreased in all groups with TO when compared with controls (P < 0.001). The air
      space diameter decreased after ventilation in the CDHTOV compared to the TO +
      nitrofen-induced CDH (P < 0.001). Compared to nonventilated cohorts, NO synthase
      inducible increased in CV and TO ventilated (P < 0.001) and decreased in CDHV and
      CDHTOV (P < 0.001). NO synthase inducible increased in CV and CDHV (P < 0.001)
      and decreased in the TO control and CDHTOV (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TO and
      ventilation alter the NO pathway with possible implications in reducing the
      pulmonary hypertension in CDH.

PMID- 27363658
TI  - Survival advantage depends on cecal volume rather than cecal length in a mouse
      model of cecal ligation and puncture.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) is the most commonly used model to
      simulate human polymicrobial sepsis. However, the severity of CLP is difficult to
      be standardized across different laboratories. The aim of the present study was
      to evaluate the influence of ligated cecal volume and length on mortality in
      mouse CLP model. METHODS: Cecal length and volume were measured from 120 Kunming
      mice subjected to CLP or sham operation. According to cecal volume, mice were
      divided into three groups, volume0.0~0.2 (0.0 cm(3)-0.2 cm(3)), volume0.2~0.4
      (0.2 cm(3)-0.4 cm(3)), and volume>0.4 (larger than 0.4 cm(3)). The contents of
      cytokines, including interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and TNF-alpha, were
      measured at 3 h after surgery. The blood bacterial load and oxidative stress
      indicators (including malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase) were measured at
      12 h after surgery. RESULTS: There was no significant difference on 72-h survival
      rate between the mice with cecum longer than 2 cm and shorter than 2 cm. Compared
      to the other volume groups, volume>0.4 group showed significantly increased blood
      bacterial load, malondialdehyde levels in lung and liver, and pro-inflammatory
      cytokines in serum. Surprisingly, the survival rate in volume>0.4 (0%) group
      showed significant difference from those of volume0.0~0.2 group (40%) and
      volume0.2~0.4 group (40%). CONCLUSIONS: The mice in volume>0.4 group have much
      serious inflammatory reaction and are easier to die. As the proportion of
      volume>0.4 mice is near 20%, it can have large influence on most of the related
      studies using this CLP model.

PMID- 27363660
TI  - Negative pressure therapy is effective in abdominal incision closure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: CDC wound classification demonstrates surgical site infection (SSI)
      occurs in 15%-30% of contaminated (class III) and >30% of dirty-infected (class
      IV) wounds. Several techniques have been used to decrease SSI rates in midline
      laparotomy incisions; however, no technique has shown superiority. Evidence
      suggests incisional negative pressure wound therapy (INPWT) can decrease wound
      complications, but no literature exists regarding INPWT for high-risk laparotomy
      incisions. We sought to analyze the efficacy of INPWT in the management of high
      risk midline laparotomy incisions. METHODS: Retrospective review of adult
      patients who underwent laparotomy between January 2013 and June 2014 with midline
      closure using INPWT. Only class III or IV wounds were included. Laparotomy
      incisions were loosely closed. INPWT set at 125 mm Hg is placed over oil emulsion
      impregnated gauze. INPWT is removed after 5 d and the wound left open to air.
      Records were reviewed for immediate and/or delayed surgical site complications.
      Primary end point was 30-d incisional SSI. Secondary end points included other
      surgical site complications. RESULTS: One class III and 12 class IV wounds were
      treated with INPWT for a median of 5 d. The class III wound developed a small
      skin dehiscence with no evidence of superficial or deep SSI. Among class IV
      wounds, the rate of superficial and deep incisional SSI was 25% and 0%,
      respectively. The overall surgical site complication rate was 41.7%. CONCLUSIONS:
      INPWT in closure of high-risk midline laparotomy incisions is a safe, effective
      method of wound closure with equivalent SSI rates to previously described
      methods.

PMID- 27363659
TI  - Hyperglycemia attenuates remifentanil postconditioning-induced cardioprotection
      against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is proposed to be an independent risk factor for
      cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Preclinical studies suggest that diabetes
      mellitus exacerbates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and attenuates the
      effects of cardioprotective strategies. The cardioprotective effects of
      postconditioning with the opioid analgesic remifentanil against
      ischemia/reperfusion injury under the hyperglycemic condition remain
      contradictory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms
      by which hyperglycemia affects cardioprotection induced by remifentanil
      postconditioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were cultured under
      the normoglycemic or hyperglycemic condition. Cells were exposed to
      hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury followed by hypoxia postconditioning (HPC
      group) or remifentanil postconditioning (RPC group). Cell viability, injury, and
      apoptosis were measured after each postconditioning treatment. Activation of
      endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) was analyzed by examining the protein levels
      of GRP78, CHOP, cleaved caspase-12 and cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS: RPC
      significantly increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis in normoglycemic
      cardiomyoblasts, but not in hyperglycemic cardiomyoblasts. HPC and RPC markedly
      decreased the upregulation of GRP78, CHOP, cleaved caspase 12, and cleaved
      caspase 3 in response to H/R injury under the normoglycemic condition.
      Hyperglycemia significantly increased these ERS-associated biomarkers and
      apoptosis, which could not be reduced by HPC or RPC. CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil
      postconditioning protected cardiomyoblasts from H/R injury under normoglycemia,
      at least in part, through inhibiting ERS-induced apoptosis. Hyperglycemia
      attenuated the cardioprotection conferred by remifentanil postconditioning,
      likely as a result of the exacerbated ERS. Inhibiting the ERS response may be an
      attractive strategy to enhance the cardioprotective effects of postconditioning
      in diabetic patients.

PMID- 27363661
TI  - Complication timing impacts 30-d mortality after hepatectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date, no study has specifically focused on the timing of
      complications after hepatectomy relative to patient outcomes. We sought to
      investigate the effect of complication timing on 30-d mortality. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 3064 patients who underwent hepatic resection in 2014 were
      identified from American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality
      Improvement Program database. Cox regression analysis was performed to determine
      the association of complication timing with 30-d mortality. RESULTS: Median
      patient age was 60 y (interquartile range, 50-68). Among all patients who
      experienced a complication, 16.6% had only a postdischarge complication. Wound
      disruption (64%) and surgical site infection (58.1%) occurred frequently after
      discharge. Organ space surgical site infection occurred at a later time after
      surgery among patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery (minimally
      invasive surgery, 16 d versus open 10 d; P = 0.008). Among 47 (1.5%) patients who
      died within 30 d from surgery, 21.3% of deaths occurred postdischarge. After
      adjusting for competing risk factors, patients who had experienced a
      postdischarge complication demonstrated an increased risk of 30-d mortality
      (referent, predischarge, hazard ratio 2.96, 95% confidence intervals 1.07-8.17; P
      = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Postdischarge complications occurred less frequently after
      hepatectomy than predischarge complications; however, late complications were
      associated with a three-fold increased risk of mortality.

PMID- 27363662
TI  - Fabrication of hexagonally patterned flower-like silver particle arrays as
      surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates.
AB  - Hierarchical assembly of plasmonic nanostructures can induce high surface
      enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity. However, it is a challenge to
      uniformly disperse the hierarchical nanostructures onto a planar substrate to
      achieve SERS signal reproducibility. This report presents a facile route to
      fabricate a hexagonally patterned flower-like silver particle array as the SERS
      substrate. First, hexagonally ordered silver hemisphere arrays with smooth
      surface are molded in the pores of an anodic aluminum oxide template. Ag
      nanosheets are then electrodeposited onto the surface of individual silver
      hemispheres. The numerous nano-edges and nano-gaps between adjacent nanosheets
      render a large number of hot spots, leading to high SERS activity over a larger
      area of chip. The silver flower-like array is employed as the SERS substrate,
      which is able to detect 0.1 nM rhodamine 6 G and 1 MUM 3,3',4,4'
      tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77, a persistent organic pollutant). 

PMID- 27363663
TI  - Mechanism of antiproliferative action of a new d-secoestrone-triazole derivative
      in cervical cancer cells and its effect on cancer cell motility.
AB  - Cervical cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed tumor and the fourth
      leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide. Cervical cancer is
      predominantly related with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, with the most
      oncogenic types being HPV-18 and -16. Our previous studies demonstrated that some
      d-secoestrone derivatives exert pronounced antiproliferative activity. The aim of
      the current investigation was to characterize the mechanism of action of d
      secoestrone-triazole (D-SET) on three cervical cancer cell lines with different
      pathological backgrounds. The growth-inhibitory effects of D-SET were determined
      by a standard MTT assay. We have found that D-SET exerts a pronounced growth
      inhibitory effect on HPV 18-positive HeLa and HPV-negative C-33 A cells, but it
      has no substantial inhibitory activity on HPV 16-positive SiHa or on intact
      fibroblast MRC-5 cell lines. After 24h incubation, cells showed the morphological
      and biochemical signs of apoptosis determined by fluorescent double staining,
      flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity assay. Besides the elevation of the ratio
      of cells in the subG1 phase, flow cytometric analysis revealed a cell cycle
      arrest at G2/M in both HeLa and C-33 A cell lines. To distinguish the G2/M cell
      population immunocytochemical flow cytometric analysis was performed on HeLa
      cells. The results show that D-SET significantly increases the ratio of
      phosphorylated histone H3, indicating cell accumulation in the M phase.
      Additionally, D-SET significantly increased the maximum rate of microtube
      formation measured by an in vitro tubulin polymerization assay. Besides its
      direct antiproliferative activity, the antimigratory property of D-SET has been
      investigated. Our results demonstrate that D-SET significantly inhibits the
      migration and invasion of HeLa cells after 24h incubation. These results suggests
      that D-SET is a potent antiproliferative agent against HPV 16+ and HPV-negative
      cervical cancer cell lines, with an efficacious motility-inhibiting activity
      against HPV 16+ cells. Accordingly D-SET can be regarded as a potential drug
      candidate with a promising new mechanism of action among the antiproliferative
      steroids, potentially allowing for the design of novel anticancer agents.

PMID- 27363664
TI  - Selectivity of solid phase extraction of freshwater dissolved organic matter and
      its effect on ultrahigh resolution mass spectra.
AB  - Solid phase extraction (SPE) is often used for enrichment and clean-up prior to
      analysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by electrospray ionization (ESI)
      coupled to ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass
      spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). It is generally accepted that extraction by SPE is not
      quantitative with respect to carbon concentration. However, little information is
      available on the selectivity of different SPE sorbents and the resulting effect
      for the acquired DOM mass spectra. Freshwater samples were extracted by the
      widely used PPL, HLB and C18 sorbents and the molecular composition and size
      distribution of the DOM in the extracts and in the permeates was compared to the
      original sample. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) recoveries ranged between 20% and
      65% for the three tested SPE sorbents. Size-exclusion chromatography coupled to
      organic carbon detection (SEC-OCD) revealed that limited recovery by PPL and HLB
      was primarily due to incomplete elution of a fraction of apparent high molecular
      weight from the solid phase. In contrast, incomplete retention on the solid
      phase, mainly observed for the C18 cartridge, was attributed to a fraction of low
      molecular weight. The FT-ICR mass spectra of the original sample and the SPE
      extracts did not differ significantly in their molecular weight distribution, but
      they showed sorbent specific differences in the degree of oxygenation and
      saturation. We concluded that the selective enrichment of freshwater DOM by SPE
      is less critical for subsequent FT-ICR MS analysis, because those fractions that
      are not sufficiently recovered have comparatively small effects on the mass
      spectra. This was confirmed by the extraction of model compounds, showing that
      very polar and small molecules are poorly extracted, but also have a low response
      in ESI-MS. Of the three tested SPE cartridges the PPL material offered the best
      properties for DOM enrichment for subsequent FT-ICR MS analysis as it minimizes
      too strong and too weak DOM-sorbent interactions. 

PMID- 27363665
TI  - Cationic palladium(ii)-catalyzed dehydrative nucleophilic substitutions of
      benzhydryl alcohols with electron-deficient benzenethiols in water.
AB  - An efficient direct nucleophilic substitution of benzhydryl alcohols with
      electron-deficient benzenethiols using cationic Pd(ii) catalysts as Lewis acids
      in water is reported. Atom economical and environmentally benign protocols afford
      S-benzylated products in moderate to excellent yields. Commercially available
      Pd(MeCN)4(OTf)2, PdCl2(MeCN)2, and Na2PdCl4 are highly efficient catalysts.
      Notably, this simple protocol can be achieved without any other additives such as
      acids, bases, or external ligands. A Hammett study on the rate constants of S
      benzylation by using various substituted benzhydryl alcohols yielded negative rho
      values, suggesting that there is a build-up of positive charge in the transition
      state. 

PMID- 27363666
TI  - [Synergistic activity and clinical efficacy of fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin
      combination treatment for soft tissue infection caused by carbapenemase-producing
      Enterobacter cloacae].

PMID- 27363667
TI  - Snail represses the expression of human phospholipid scramblase 4 gene.
AB  - Human phospholipid scramblases (hPLSCRs) are a group of transmembrane ATP
      independent lipid transporters mediating bi-directional transport of
      phospholipids. There are four homologues hPLSCR1-hPLSCR4 and hPLSCR1 is the
      extensively studied homologue among them. hPLSCR4 shares 48% homology with
      hPLSCR1 and mediates scrambling of PLs similar to hPLSCR1 in Ca(2+) dependent
      manner. Transcriptional regulation helps in better understanding of the function
      and the expression of a protein. Till date there are no reports suggesting the
      transcriptional regulation of hPLSCR4. In this study, we identified Snail to be a
      potent regulator of hPLSCR4. ConSite tool predicted the presence of a putative
      Snail binding site with a consensus sequence of (-1521)CAGGTG(-1516) on hPLSCR4
      promoter. Luciferase assays depicted a dose dependent decrease in hPLSCR4
      promoter activity with an increase in amount of Snail. Deletion analysis revealed
      that the region from -1380 to -2100 to be the regulatory region of hPLSCR4. Knock
      down studies further confirmed Snail mediated downregulation of hPLSCR4, as the
      mRNA and the protein levels of hPLSCR4 considerably increased under knock down
      conditions. The in vivo interaction of Snail with hPLSCR4 promoter was further
      confirmed by ChIP assay. This is the first report on the transcriptional
      regulation of hPLSCR4, where Snail was shown to downregulate the expression of
      hPLSCR4. 

PMID- 27363668
TI  - Pm-miR-133 hosting in one potential lncRNA regulates RhoA expression in pearl
      oyster Pinctada martensii.
AB  - Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) are abundant in the genome of higher forms of
      eukaryotes and implicated in regulating the diversity of biological processes
      partly because they host microRNAs (miRNAs), which are repressors of target gene
      expression. In vertebrates, miR-133 regulates the differentiation and
      proliferation of cardiac and skeletal muscles. Pinctada martensii miR-133 (pm-miR
      133) was identified in our previous research through Solexa deep sequencing. In
      the present study, the precise sequence of mature pm-miR-133 was validated
      through miR-RACE. Stem loop qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that mature pm-miR-133
      was constitutively expressed in the adductor muscle, gonad, hepatopancreas,
      mantle, foot, and gill of P. martensii. Among these tissues, the adductor muscle
      exhibited the highest pm-miR-133 expression. Target analysis indicated that pm
      RhoA was the potential regulatory target of pm-miR-133. Bioinformatics analyses
      revealed that a potential LncRNA (designated as Lnc133) with a mature pm-miR-133
      could generate a hairpin structure that was highly homologous to that of Lottia
      gigantea. Lnc133 was also highly expressed in the adductor muscle, gill,
      hepatopancreas, and gonad. Phylogenetic analysis further showed that the miR-133s
      derived from chordate and achordate were separated into two classes. Therefore,
      Lnc133 hosting pm-miR-133 could be involved in regulating the cell proliferation
      of adductor muscles by targeting pm-RhoA. 

PMID- 27363669
TI  - The study of filaggrin gene mutations and copy number variation in atopic
      dermatitis patients from Volga-Ural region of Russia.
AB  - Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by
      age-specific localization, dryness, itch and hypersensitivity to allergens. In
      our study, we investigated FLG gene mutations and CNVs in AD patients and control
      subjects of different ethnic origin from Volga-Ural region. AD group included 303
      patients (177 Russians, 126 Tatars). Control group consisted of 261 healthy
      individuals (152 Russians, 109 Tatars). The study revealed 66 FLG mutation
      carriers and demonstrated an association between c.2282del4 deletion and AD
      development in Russians and Tatars of Volga-Ural region of Russia. In the
      analysis of the FLG gene CNVs, the most common was 10-repeat allele in both
      Russian and Tatar patients and controls. We were unable to find any significant
      difference in CNV repeats count between AD patients and control individuals. 

PMID- 27363670
TI  - Towards Enhanced Performance Thin-film Composite Membranes via Surface Plasma
      Modification.
AB  - Advancing the design of thin-film composite membrane surfaces is one of the most
      promising pathways to deal with treating varying water qualities and increase
      their long-term stability and permeability. Although plasma technologies have
      been explored for surface modification of bulk micro and ultrafiltration membrane
      materials, the modification of thin film composite membranes is yet to be
      systematically investigated. Here, the performance of commercial thin-film
      composite desalination membranes has been significantly enhanced by rapid and
      facile, low pressure, argon plasma activation. Pressure driven water desalination
      tests showed that at low power density, flux was improved by 22% without
      compromising salt rejection. Various plasma durations and excitation powers have
      been systematically evaluated to assess the impact of plasma glow reactions on
      the physico-chemical properties of these materials associated with permeability.
      With increasing power density, plasma treatment enhanced the hydrophilicity of
      the surfaces, where water contact angles decreasing by 70% were strongly
      correlated with increased negative charge and smooth uniform surface morphology.
      These results highlight a versatile chemical modification technique for post
      treatment of commercial membrane products that provides uniform morphology and
      chemically altered surface properties.

PMID- 27363671
TI  - Limited Quantum Helium Transportation through Nano-channels by Quantum
      Fluctuation.
AB  - Helium at low temperatures has unique quantum properties such as superfluidity,
      which causes it to behave differently from a classical fluid. Despite our deep
      understanding of quantum mechanics, there are many open questions concerning the
      properties of quantum fluids in nanoscale systems. Herein, the quantum behavior
      of helium transportation through one-dimensional nanopores was evaluated by
      measuring the adsorption of quantum helium in the nanopores of single-walled
      carbon nanohorns and AlPO4-5 at 2-5 K. Quantum helium was transported unimpeded
      through nanopores larger than 0.7 nm in diameter, whereas quantum helium
      transportation was significantly restricted through 0.4-nm and 0.6-nm nanopores.
      Conversely, nitrogen molecules diffused through the 0.4-nm nanopores at 77 K.
      Therefore, quantum helium behaved as a fluid comprising atoms larger than 0.4-0.6
      nm. This phenomenon was remarkable, considering that helium is the smallest
      existing element with a (classical) size of approximately 0.27 nm. This finding
      revealed the presence of significant quantum fluctuations. Quantum fluctuation
      determined the behaviors of quantum flux and is essential to understanding unique
      quantum behaviors in nanoscale systems.

PMID- 27363672
TI  - A three-coordinate Fe(ii) center within a [3Fe-(MU3-S)] cluster that provides an
      accessible coordination site.
AB  - A MU3-sulfide bridged triiron cluster(ii,ii,iii) supported by a cyclophane ligand
      undergoes metal-based reduction to yield an all-ferrous species. The latter
      complex incorporates a three-coordinate iron center that provides an accessible
      coordination site to a solvent molecule. 

PMID- 27363673
TI  - Editorial: Centennial Celebration - An Interview with Dr Perrin White on
      Pediatric Endocrinology.

PMID- 27363674
TI  - CORRIGENDUM FOR 10.1210/me.2015-1007.

PMID- 27363677
TI  - Disproportionality in Power Plants' Carbon Emissions: A Cross-National Study.
AB  - Past research on the disproportionality of pollution suggests a small subset of a
      sector's facilities often produces the lion's share of toxic emissions. Here we
      extend this idea to the world's electricity sectors by calculating national-level
      disproportionality Gini coefficients for plant-level carbon emissions in 161
      nations based on data from 19,941 fossil-fuel burning power plants. We also
      evaluate if disproportionalities in plant-level emissions are associated with
      increased national carbon emissions from fossil-fuel based electricity
      production, while accounting for other well-established human drivers of
      greenhouse gas emissions. Results suggest that one potential pathway to
      decreasing nations' greenhouse gas emissions could involve reducing
      disproportionality among fossil-fuel power plants by targeting those plants in
      the upper end of the distribution that burn fuels more inefficiently to produce
      electricity.

PMID- 27363678
TI  - Potential role of nuclear PD-L1 expression in cell-surface vimentin positive
      circulating tumor cells as a prognostic marker in cancer patients.
AB  - Although circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have potential as diagnostic biomarkers
      for cancer, determining their prognostic role in cancer patients undergoing
      treatment is a challenge. We evaluated the prognostic value of programmed death
      ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in CTCs in colorectal and prostate cancer patients
      undergoing treatment. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 62 metastatic
      colorectal cancer patients and 30 metastatic prostate cancer patients. CTCs were
      isolated from the samples using magnetic separation with the cell-surface
      vimentin(CSV)-specific 84-1 monoclonal antibody that detects epithelial
      mesenchymal transitioned (EMT) CTCs. CTCs were enumerated and analyzed for PD-L1
      expression using confocal microscopy. PD-L1 expression was detectable in CTCs and
      was localized in the membrane and/or cytoplasm and nucleus. CTC detection alone
      was not associated with poor progression-free or overall survival in colorectal
      cancer or prostate cancer patients, but nuclear PD-L1 (nPD-L1) expression in
      these patients was significantly associated with short survival durations. These
      results demonstrated that nPD-L1 has potential as a clinically relevant
      prognostic biomarker for colorectal and prostate cancer. Our data thus suggested
      that use of CTC-based models of cancer for risk assessment can improve the
      standard cancer staging criteria and supported the incorporation of nPD-L1
      expression detection in CTCs detection in such models.

PMID- 27363680
TI  - Critical Slowing of Density Fluctuations Approaching the Isotropic-Nematic
      Transition in Liquid Crystals: 2D IR Measurements and Mode Coupling Theory.
AB  - Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) data are presented for a vibrational probe in
      three nematogens: 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl, 4-cyano-4'-octylbiphenyl, and 4
      (trans-4-amylcyclohexyl)-benzonitrile. The spectral diffusion time constants in
      all three liquids in the isotropic phase are proportional to [T*/(T - T*)](1/2),
      where T* is 0.5-1 K below the isotropic-nematic phase transition temperature
      (TNI). Rescaling to a reduced temperature shows that the decays of the frequency
      frequency correlation function (FFCF) for all three nematogens fall on the same
      curve, suggesting a universal dynamic behavior of nematogens above TNI. Spectral
      diffusion is complete before significant orientational relaxation in the liquid,
      as measured by optically heterodyne detected-optical Kerr effect (OHD-OKE)
      spectroscopy, and before any significant orientational randomization of the probe
      measured by polarization selective IR pump-probe experiments. To interpret the
      OHD-OKE and FFCF data, we constructed a mode coupling theory (MCT) schematic
      model for the relationships among three correlation functions: phi1, a correlator
      for large wave vector density fluctuations; phi2, the orientational correlation
      function whose time derivative is the observable in the OHD-OKE experiment; and
      phi3, the FFCF for the 2D IR experiment. The equations for phi1 and phi2 match
      those in the previous MCT schematic model for nematogens, and phi3 is coupled to
      the first two correlators in a straightforward manner. Resulting models fit the
      data very well. Across liquid crystals, the temperature dependences of the
      coupling constants show consistent, nonmonotonic behavior. A remarkable change in
      coupling occurs at ~5 K above TNI, precisely where the rate of spectral diffusion
      in 5CB was observed to deviate from that of a similar nonmesogenic liquid.

PMID- 27363679
TI  - Dairy cheese consumption ameliorates single-meal sodium-induced cutaneous
      microvascular dysfunction by reducing ascorbate-sensitive oxidants in healthy
      older adults.
AB  - Chronic dairy product intake is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes,
      whereas high dietary Na impairs endothelial function through increased oxidative
      stress and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The purpose of this study
      was to compare the effect of acute cheese consumption with consumption of Na from
      non-dairy sources on microvascular function. We hypothesised that dairy cheese
      ingestion would augment NO-dependent vasodilation compared with Na from non-dairy
      sources. On five visits, fourteen subjects (61 (sem 2) years, eight male/six
      female) consumed either 85 g dairy cheese (560 mg Na), 85 g soya cheese (560 mg
      Na), 65 g pretzels (560 mg Na), 170 g dairy cheese (1120 mg Na) or 130 g pretzels
      (1120 mg Na). Two intradermal microdialysis fibres were inserted in the ventral
      forearm for delivery of lactated Ringer's solution or 10 mm-ascorbate
      (antioxidant) during local skin heating (approximately 50 min). Erythrocyte flux
      was measured continuously by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and cutaneous
      vascular conductance (CVC=LDF/mean arterial pressure) was normalised as %CVCmax
      (28 mm-sodium nitroprusside). Following a plateau in CVC, 15 mm-N G -nitro-l
      arginine-methyl-ester was perfused to quantify NO-dependent vasodilation
      (approximately 45 min). NO-dependent vasodilation was greater following
      consumption of dairy products (560 mg Na 57 (sem 3) %) (1120 mg Na 55 (sem 5) %)
      compared with soya (560 mg Na 42 (sem 3) %; P=0.002) or pretzels (560 mg Na 43
      (sem 4) %; P=0.004) (1120 mg Na 46 (sem 3) %; P=0.04). Ascorbate augmented NO
      dependent vasodilation following intake of soya (control: 42 (sem 3) v.
      ascorbate: 54 (sem 3) %; P=0.01) or pretzels (560 mg Na; control: 43 (sem 4) v.
      ascorbate: 56 (sem 3) %; P=0.006) (1120 mg Na; control: 46 (sem 5) v. ascorbate:
      56 (sem 3) %; P=0.02), but not dairy products. Na ingestion via dairy products
      was associated with greater NO-dependent vasodilation compared with non-dairy
      products, a difference that was ameliorated with ascorbate perfusion. The
      antioxidant properties of dairy proteins may protect against Na-induced
      reductions in NO-dependent dilation.

PMID- 27363681
TI  - Involvement of the pagR gene of pXO2 in anthrax pathogenesis.
AB  - Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. Specifically, the anthrax
      toxins and capsules encoded by the pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids, respectively, are the
      major virulence factors. We previously reported that the pXO1 plasmid was
      retained in the attenuated strain of B. anthracis vaccine strains even after
      subculturing at high temperatures. In the present study, we reinvestigate the
      attenuation mechanism of Pasteur II. Sequencing of pXO1 and pXO2 from Pasteur II
      strain revealed mutations in these plasmids as compared to the reference
      sequences. Two deletions on these plasmids, one each on pXO1 and pXO2, were
      confirmed to be unique to the Pasteur II strain as compared to the wild-type
      strains. Gene replacement with homologous recombination revealed that the
      mutation in the promoter region of the pagR gene on pXO2, but not the mutation on
      pXO1, contributes to lethal levels of toxin production. This result was further
      confirmed by RT-PCR, western blot, and animal toxicity assays. Taken together,
      our results signify that the attenuation of the Pasteur II vaccine strain is
      caused by a mutation in the pagR gene on its pXO2 plasmid. Moreover, these data
      suggest that pXO2 plasmid encoded proteins are involved in the virulence of B.
      anthracis.

PMID- 27363683
TI  - Meeting report: Pre-exposure Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prophylaxis in the
      EU/EEA: Challenges and Opportunities, Stockholm April 2016.

PMID- 27363684
TI  - Validation of Immunomonitoring Methods for Application in Clinical Studies: The
      HLA-Peptide Multimer Staining Assay.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Validated assays are essential to generate data with defined
      specificity, consistency, and reliability. Although the process of validation is
      required for applying immunoassays in the context of clinical studies, reports on
      systematic validation of in vitro T cell assays are scarce so far. We recently
      validated our HLA-peptide multimer staining assay in a systematic manner so as to
      qualify the method for monitoring antigen-specific T cell responses after
      immunotherapy. METHODS: Parameters of the assay, specificity, precision,
      linearity, sensitivity, and robustness were assessed systematically. Experiments
      were designed to address specifically each parameter and are detailed. RESULTS:
      Nonspecific multimer staining was below the acceptance limit of 0.02% multimer(+)
      CD8(+) cells. The assay showed acceptable precision in all dimensions it was
      repeated (CV < 10%) and also demonstrated a linear detection (R2  > 0.99) of
      antigen specific cells. CONCLUSIONS: We succeeded in validating the HLA-multimer
      staining assay in a systematic manner. Additionally, we propose a technical
      framework and recommendations that can be applied for validating other T cell
      assessment methods. (c) 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.

PMID- 27363685
TI  - Role of Interleukin-10 (-1082A/G) gene polymorphism with the risk of ischemic
      stroke: a meta-analysis.
AB  - The role of anti-inflammatory Interleukin-10 (IL-10) cytokine gene polymorphism
      with the risk of ischemic stroke (IS) remains controversial. The aim of present
      meta-analysis was to investigate the association of IL-10 (-1082 A/G) gene
      polymorphism with the risk of IS. A literature search for candidate gene
      association studies published before 29 February 2016 was conducted in the
      PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and TRIP database. The following search terms
      were used: 'Interleukin-10' or 'IL-10' and 'Ischemic stroke' or 'IS' and
      'Cerebral Infarction' or 'CI' and 'genetic polymorphism' or 'single nucleotide
      polymorphisms' or 'SNP'. Fixed or random effects models were used to estimate the
      pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Begg's funnel plot
      was used to assess the potential for publication bias. In our meta-analysis, five
      case-control studies involving 1209 IS cases and 1139 controls were included.
      Overall, there was no significant association between IL-10 (-1082 A/G)
      [rs1800896] and risk of IS under dominant [AA + AG vs. GG], recessive [AA vs. AG
      + GG], and allelic [G vs.A] models. However, based on Trial of Org 10172 in Acute
      Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, we observed significant association of
      IL-10 (-1082 A/G) gene polymorphism with the risk of IS for Large Vessel Disease
      (LVD), Small Vessel Disease (SVD), and other (others due to determined and
      undetermined etiology) subtypes of IS. This is the first meta-analysis to
      conclude that IL-10-1082A/G gene polymorphism is associated with the risk of LVD,
      SVD, and other subtypes of IS. Further well-designed large sample size studies
      based on TOAST classification are needed to validate these findings. 

PMID- 27363686
TI  - Characterizing social communication changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Speech and language impairments are well-established in individuals
      with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, knowledge about particular
      aspects of social communication and everyday conversational abilities is limited.
      AIMS: To investigate self- and informant-report ratings of social communicative
      abilities in ALS participants and matched healthy controls. METHODS & PROCEDURES:
      Thirty-two participants with ALS and 24 controls completed the La Trobe
      Communication Questionnaire (LCQ). Participants nominated a close other to
      provide an informant report on the LCQ. Demographic and clinical information was
      also collected. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Informant ratings indicated greater
      difficulties in conversational initiation, effectiveness and partner sensitivity
      for ALS participants compared with controls. ALS participants did not rate their
      social communicative abilities as poorer than controls and self-reports only
      differed from informant ratings in the control group. LCQ scores were not
      significantly correlated with clinical/functional variables. CONCLUSIONS &
      IMPLICATIONS: Social communication can be reduced in ALS and individuals may lack
      insight into these difficulties. In order to understand and provide targeted
      interventions for such difficulties, clinical speech and language assessment
      should incorporate social communication assessment, including both a self- and
      informant-report format.

PMID- 27363687
TI  - Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of levofloxacin triple therapy
      as the first- or second-line treatments of Helicobacter pylori infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Levofloxacin triple therapy has been used for the first-line and
      second-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection for more than 10 years.
      AIMS: To systematically review the efficacy of levofloxacin triple therapy in the
      first- and second-line treatment, and to assess the time trend and factors that
      might affect its efficacy. METHODS: Prospective trials reporting the efficacy of
      levofloxacin triple therapy in either the first-line or second-line treatment of
      H. pylori infection in adults were searched from the PubMed and Cochrane database
      from January 2000 to September 2015. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate the
      cumulative eradication rate and the efficacies in subgroups. RESULTS: Of the 322
      articles identified, a total of 4574 patients from 41 trials, including 16 trials
      in the first-line treatment and 25 trials in the second-line treatment were
      eligible for analysis. The cumulative eradication rate was 77.3% (95% confidence
      intervals, CI: 74.7-79.6) and was 80.7% (95% CI 77.1-83.7) in the first-line
      treatment and 74.5% (95% CI: 70.9-77.8) in the second-line treatment. The
      efficacies of levofloxacin triple therapy before 2008, between 2009 and 2011, and
      after 2012 were 77.4%, 79.6% and 74.8% respectively. The eradication rate was
      higher when levofloxacin was given once daily (80.6%, 95% CI: 77.1-83.7) than
      twice daily (73.6%, 95% CI: 69.7-77.2). The efficacy was significantly higher in
      levofloxacin-susceptible strains than resistant strains (81.1% vs. 36.3%, risk
      ratio 2.18, 95% CI: 1.6-3, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The efficacy of levofloxacin
      triple therapy has been lower than 80% in many countries and it is not
      recommended when the levofloxacin resistance is higher than 5-10%.

PMID- 27363682
TI  - Genome-wide association study identifies multiple susceptibility loci for
      multiple myeloma.
AB  - Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy with a significant heritable
      basis. Genome-wide association studies have transformed our understanding of MM
      predisposition, but individual studies have had limited power to discover risk
      loci. Here we perform a meta-analysis of these GWAS, add a new GWAS and perform
      replication analyses resulting in 9,866 cases and 239,188 controls. We confirm
      all nine known risk loci and discover eight new loci at 6p22.3 (rs34229995,
      P=1.31 * 10(-8)), 6q21 (rs9372120, P=9.09 * 10(-15)), 7q36.1 (rs7781265, P=9.71 *
      10(-9)), 8q24.21 (rs1948915, P=4.20 * 10(-11)), 9p21.3 (rs2811710, P=1.72 * 10(
      13)), 10p12.1 (rs2790457, P=1.77 * 10(-8)), 16q23.1 (rs7193541, P=5.00 * 10(-12))
      and 20q13.13 (rs6066835, P=1.36 * 10(-13)), which localize in or near to JARID2,
      ATG5, SMARCD3, CCAT1, CDKN2A, WAC, RFWD3 and PREX1. These findings provide
      additional support for a polygenic model of MM and insight into the biological
      basis of tumour development.

PMID- 27363688
TI  - The eyes have it: Eye movements and anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 27363689
TI  - Domino Radical Addition/Oxidation Sequence with Photocatalysis: One-Pot Synthesis
      of Polysubstituted Furans from alpha-Chloro-Alkyl Ketones and Styrenes.
AB  - A new domino reaction has been developed that allows the combination of styrenes
      and alpha-alkyl ketone radicals to afford a wide array of polysubstituted furans
      in good to excellent yields under mild and simple reaction conditions. The key to
      success of this novel protocol is the use of photocatalyst fac-Ir(ppy)3 and
      oxidant K2 S2 O8 . Mechanistic studies by a radical scavenger and
      photoluminescence quenching suggest that a radical addition/oxidation pathway is
      operable.

PMID- 27363690
TI  - Who Spends Money to Play for Free? Identifying Who Makes Micro-transactions on
      Social Casino Games (and Why).
AB  - Social casino games are online gambling-like games found on social networking
      sites. They are initially free to play, however, players are encouraged to make
      micro-transactions (i.e., in-game purchases) for additional game credits or
      functionality. As a result, they generate billions of dollars in revenue. Yet,
      little is known as to who purchases virtual credits, let alone why. In the
      present research, we assessed whether there are individual differences
      (impulsivity, reward sensitivity, competitiveness, and problem gambling severity)
      between who is and who is not likely to make micro-transactions during social
      casino game play. Moreover, we examined possible motivations for making micro
      transactions (e.g., extend play, win back lost credits) and whether the
      individual difference variables of interest predict reported motivation(s) for
      making micro-transactions. Results showed that social casino gamers who engaged
      in micro-transactions reported significantly higher levels of impulsivity, reward
      sensitivity and problem gambling severity, but not competitiveness. In terms of
      motivation to make micro-transactions, desire to extend play was endorsed most
      frequently, followed by a desire to access additional features, chasing lost
      credits, and to speed up play. Lastly, among participants who made micro
      transactions, reward sensitivity predicted making micro-transactions to chase
      lost credits. These results suggest the personality make-up of social casino
      gamers is important to understand who is likely to make micro-transactions as
      well as their motivation to do so-information that could prove useful for
      regulation of the industry.

PMID- 27363691
TI  - Ten-year follow-up of health-related quality of life among ambulatory persons
      with multiple sclerosis at baseline.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this 10-year follow-up study was to determine changes in
      health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over time among ambulatory persons with MS
      (PwMS) at the baseline using generic and disease-specific instruments. METHODS:
      Of 109 independently walking PwMS included in a population-based study in 2002,
      77 (70.6 %) were re-assessed in 2012. HRQoL was captured using the 36-Item Short
      Form Survey Instrument (RAND-36), 15D instrument (15D), and the Multiple
      Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54). Repeated-measures ANOVA and effect size
      (ES) calculations (Cohen's d) were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The
      RAND-36 physical health composite score (p = 0.003, ES = 0.26) and 15D total
      score (p = 0.012, ES = 0.25) declined from the baseline levels. In particular,
      lower scores were observed on the RAND-36 scales of physical functioning (p =
      0.001, ES = 0.27), pain (p = 0.020, ES = 0.25), and general health perceptions (p
      = 0.002, ES = 0.36), on the MSQOL-54 scales of physical functioning (p = 0.001,
      ES = 0.27), pain (p = 0.040, ES = 0.21), sexual functioning (p = 0.003, ES =
      0.43), and satisfaction with sexual functioning (p = 0.012, ES = 0.38), and in
      the 15D dimensions of mobility (p = 0.004, ES = 0.31) and sexual functioning (p
      <= 0.001, ES = 0.59). Improvement was observed on the RAND-36 scale of social
      functioning (p = 0.049, ES = 0.25). The other composite scores, scales, and
      dimensions remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that
      ambulatory PwMS at baseline reported reduced HRQoL in physical functioning after
      a 10-year follow-up period, while emotional well-being was maintained and social
      functioning improved. The scores in the other HRQoL dimensions and scales
      remained unchanged. More long-term population-based studies are needed to
      precisely determine the development of HRQoL among PwMS.

PMID- 27363692
TI  - Associations between daily physical activity, handgrip strength, muscle mass,
      physical performance and quality of life in prefrail and frail community-dwelling
      older adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the associations between daily
      physical activity (DPA), handgrip strength, appendicular skeletal muscle mass
      (ASMM) and physical performance (balance, gait speed, chair stands) with quality
      of life in prefrail and frail community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Prefrail
      and frail individuals were included, as determined by SHARE-FI. Quality of life
      (QoL) was measured with WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD, DPA with PASE, handgrip
      strength with a dynamometer, ASMM with bioelectrical impedance analysis and
      physical performance with the SPPB test. Linear regression models adjusted for
      sex and age were developed: In model 1, the associations between each independent
      variable and QoL were assessed separately; in model 2, all the independent
      variables were included simultaneously. RESULTS: Eighty-three participants with a
      mean age of 83 (SD: 8) years were analysed. Model 1: DPA (beta = 0.315), handgrip
      strength (beta = 0.292) and balance (beta = 0.178) were significantly associated
      with 'overall QoL'. Balance was related to the QoL domains of 'physical health'
      (beta = 0.371), 'psychological health' (beta = 0.236), 'environment' (beta =
      0.253), 'autonomy' (beta = 0.276) and 'social participation' (beta = 0.518). Gait
      speed (beta = 0.381) and chair stands (beta = 0.282) were associated with 'social
      participation' only. ASMM was not related to QoL. Model 2: independent variables
      explained 'overall QoL' (R 2 = 0.309), 'physical health' (R 2 = 0.200),
      'autonomy' (R 2 = 0.247) and 'social participation' (R 2 = 0.356), among which
      balance was the strongest indicator. CONCLUSION: ASMM did not play a role in the
      QoL context of the prefrail and frail older adults, whereas balance and DPA were
      relevant. These parameters were particularly associated with 'social
      participation' and 'autonomy'.

PMID- 27363693
TI  - Asymmetric responsiveness of disability and health-related quality of life to
      improvement versus decline in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: Clinical trials in Parkinson's disease commonly employ outcome measures
      of disability and quality of life. Responsiveness of these outcomes measures to
      symptomatic decline versus improvement has not been studied. We wanted to study
      the responsiveness of Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Scale (SE) and
      Short Form-12 (SF-12) to symptomatic decline versus improvement in Parkinson's
      disease over a 4-year period among a naturalistic cohort of patients. METHODS:
      Parkinson's disease patients (N = 228, disease duration 6.1 years) were followed
      for 4 years with assessments of disease severity, Unified Parkinson's Disease
      Rating Scale (UPDRS), health-related quality of life (SF-12 physical/mental
      health), and disability (SE). The sample was subdivided into those who declined
      (N = 118) or improved (N = 102) on total-UPDRS. Responsiveness was assessed with
      Cohen's effect size and standardized response mean. RESULTS: At baseline,
      patients who improved over 4 years had greater disease severity and worse quality
      of life than decliners (p < .05). Decliners had a 13.5-point worsening on total
      UPDRS, 26.3-39.8; p < .001) associated with concomitant decline on the SF-12
      (physical health 42.9-39.2, mental health 50.0-46.6; both p < .001) and the SE
      (85-74 %; p < .001). Improvers had a 13.0-point improvement on total-UPDRS (39.8
      26.8; p < .001) associated with minimal change on the SF-12 (physical health 40.8
      39.5, mental health 47.1-46.3) and SE (79-79 %). Based on effect size, the rank
      order of responsiveness of measures for decliners from high to low was SE (
      0.78), Short Form-12 mental health (-0.45), and SF-12 physical health (-0.34).
      Rank order of responsiveness for improvers was Short Form-12 physical health (
      0.11), SF-12 mental health (-0.10), and SE (-0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Among decliners,
      measures of disability and quality of life were moderate to highly responsive to
      change in disease severity. Among improvers, both disability and quality of life
      were poorly responsive despite UPDRS improvement of comparable magnitude.

PMID- 27363694
TI  - Polymorphisms in the Pattern Recognition Receptor Mincle Gene (CLEC4E) and
      Association with Tuberculosis.
AB  - The mechanisms involved in interactions between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
      host innate immune cells determine outcome. Antigen-presenting cells, including
      macrophages and dendritic cells, express many pattern recognition receptors to
      identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns, thereby initiating an immune
      response. A major mycobacterial virulence factor, trehalose-6',6-dimycolate, is
      recognised by the macrophage-inducible C-type lectin, Mincle, which leads to the
      activation of the Syk-Card9 signalling pathway in macrophages. Mincle is encoded
      by CLEC4E, and we investigated polymorphisms in this gene to assess its role in
      tuberculosis susceptibility. Four tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
      (rs10841845, rs10841847, rs10841856 and rs4620776) were genotyped using
      TaqMan((r)) SNP assays in 416 tuberculosis cases and 405 healthy controls.
      Logistic regression models were used for analysis. No association was detected
      with any of the SNPs analysed. This research highlights tuberculosis disease
      complexity where recognition proteins which specifically bind mycobacterial
      glycolipids cannot be conclusively associated with the disease in genetic
      studies.

PMID- 27363695
TI  - Effects of Environmental Pollutants on MCF-7 Cells: A Metabolic Approach.
AB  - Several environmental pollutants (EPs) have been associated with biological and
      molecular processes leading to adverse human health effects, including different
      types of cancer. Nevertheless, the effects exerted on tumor glucose metabolism
      are unclear. To evaluate the effects on cellular and molecular mechanisms, namely
      glucose metabolism, MCF-7 cells were exposed to EPs during short- and long-term
      exposures. The effect of both, organochlorine pesticides and plasticizing agents,
      on glucose uptake by MCF-7 cells was not dose-dependent and was affected by time
      of exposure. The SigmaHCH and BPA increased glucose uptake after 20 min. Long
      term exposure to 250 nM of organochlorine pesticides (p,p'-DDE and SigmaHCH) and
      BPA increased cell proliferation. However, only the organochlorine pesticides
      were able to increase lactate production, without a concomitant higher glucose
      uptake or glycolytic enzymes transcription. Given their distinct persistent
      profiles, the biological significance of their exposure should be considered
      accordingly. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 366-375, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 27363696
TI  - Alteplase Treatment in Acute Stroke: Incorporating Food and Drug Administration
      Prescribing Information into Existing Acute Stroke Management Guide.
AB  - Despite strong evidence that intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
      improves outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients, its use in clinical practice
      remains modest. Complex eligibility criteria have been postulated as barriers to
      greater utilization. Further complicating this has been multiple guidelines and
      prescribing labels that have been published since first being approved for use in
      1996. In this review, several warning and exclusion criteria for tPA in acute
      ischemic stroke are reviewed with the goal of providing readers a nuanced
      understanding of historical context and available evidence to make informed
      decision. 

PMID- 27363698
TI  - The next generation of clinical leaders; future proofing preparation.

PMID- 27363697
TI  - Immunotherapy targeting pyroglutamate-3 Abeta: prospects and challenges.
AB  - Immunization against amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides deposited in Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) has shown considerable therapeutic effect in animal models however,
      the translation into human Alzheimer's patients is challenging. In recent years,
      a number of promising Abeta immunotherapy trials failed to reach primary study
      endpoints. Aside from uncertainties in the selection of patients and the start
      and duration of treatment, these results also suggest that the mechanisms
      underlying AD are still not fully understood. Thorough characterizations of
      protein aggregates in AD brain have revealed a conspicuous heterogeneity of Abeta
      peptides enabling the study of the toxic potential of each of the major forms.
      One such form, amino-terminally truncated and modified pyroglutamate (pGlu)-3
      Abeta peptide appears to play a seminal role for disease initiation, qualifying
      it as novel target for immunotherapy approaches.

PMID- 27363699
TI  - Negative correlation between tumour size and cortisol/ACTH ratios in patients
      with Cushing's disease harbouring microadenomas or macroadenomas.
AB  - PURPOSE: Pituitary macroadenomas (MACs) represent 10-30 % of Cushing's disease
      (CD) cases. The aim of this study was to report the clinical, laboratorial and
      imaging features and postsurgical outcomes of microadenoma (MIC) and MAC
      patients. METHODS: Retrospective study with 317 CD patients (median 32 years old,
      range 9-71 years) admitted between 1990 and 2014, 74 (23.3 %) of whom had MAC.
      RESULTS: Hirsutism, plethora facial, muscular weakness and muscular atrophy were
      more frequent in the MIC patients. Nephrolithiasis, osteopenia,
      hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhoea were more prevalent in MAC patients. The
      morning serum cortisol (Fs), nocturnal salivary cortisol (NSC), nocturnal Fs (Fs
      2400 h), low- and high-dose dexamethasone suppression test results and CRH and
      desmopressin test results were similar between the subgroups. MIC patients showed
      higher urinary cortisol at 24 h (UC), and MAC patients presented higher ACTH
      levels but lower Fs/ACTH, Fs 2400 h/ACTH, NSC/ACTH and UC/ACTH ratios. There were
      negative correlations of tumour size with Fs/ACTH, Fs 2400 h/ACTH, NSC/ACTH and
      UC/ACTH ratios. Overall, the postsurgical remission and recurrence rates were
      similar between MIC and MAC. However, patients in remission (MIC + MAC) showed
      smaller tumour diameters and a lower prevalence of invasion and extension on MRI.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite exhibiting higher plasma ACTH levels, CD patients with MAC
      presented lower cortisol/ACTH ratios than did patients with MIC, with a negative
      correlation between tumour size and cortisol/ACTH ratios. The overall
      postsurgical remission and recurrence rates were similar between MIC and MAC
      patients, with those with larger and/or invasive tumours showing a lower
      remission rate.

PMID- 27363700
TI  - HER2 Status in Gastric Cancer: Comparison between Primary and Distant Metastatic
      Disease.
AB  - HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) assessment in histological
      samples of gastric cancer is essential to determine which patients might benefit
      from trastuzumab therapy. HER2 is often evaluated in primary tumor even if
      trastuzumab therapy is used to treat metastatic disease. However, the exact
      relationship in terms of HER2 status between primary and metastatic tumors has
      not been fully clarified. We aimed to evaluate the HER2 status concordance
      between primary gastric cancer and corresponding distant metastasis. HER2 status
      was evaluated by IHC (immunohistochemistry) and/or FISH ( fluorescence in situ
      hybridization) in 41 patients in primary gastric cancer and in paired metastasis.
      HER2 was assessed according scoring criteria applied in clinical approach. HER2
      positivity was found in 14,6 % primary tumors and in 24,4%corresponding
      metastasis. HER2 concordance rate between primary and metastasis was 80,5 % (K
      value = 0,388). Eight/41 (19,5 %)cases resulted discordant: 6 patients with
      metastatic HER2 positive lesions were found HER2 negative in primary cancers
      while 2 patient HER2 positive in primary lesion showed a negative conversion in
      metastasis. Our results showed a good concordance in terms of HER2 status between
      primary and metastatic lesions, as well as in biopsy and surgical removed
      specimens. However, the higher rate of HER2 positive status found in metastatic
      lesions underlined the importance of HER2 assessment in all samples obtained from
      different sites of gastric cancer disease.

PMID- 27363701
TI  - Dosimetric advantages of proton therapy over conventional radiotherapy with
      photons in young patients and adults with low-grade glioma.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Low-grade glioma (LGG) is a very common brain tumor in
      pediatric patients typically associated with a very good prognosis. This
      prognosis makes it imperative that the risk of long-term treatment-related side
      effects be kept at an absolute minimum. Proton therapy (PRT) provides a radiation
      technique that has the potential to further reduce the genesis of radiogenic
      impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 74 patients with
      LGG who underwent PRT. Conventional three-dimensional photon and PRT plans were
      generated after contouring structures of neurogenesis, crucial neuronal
      structures, and areas susceptible to secondary malignancies. Target volume
      coverage was evaluated using the homogeneity index (HI) and inhomogeneity
      coefficient (IC). Results were compared using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test, with
      p < 0.05 being statistically significant. RESULTS: Target volume coverage was
      comparable for the photon and proton plans. Overall, we could show an essential
      reduction in maximal, mean, and integral doses in critical neurologic structures,
      areas of neurogenesis, and structures of neurocognitive function. The study
      indicated specifically how contralaterally located structures could be spared
      with PRT. CONCLUSION: PRT is a highly conformal radiation technique offering
      superior dosimetric advantages over conventional radiotherapy by allowing
      significant dose reduction for organs at risk (OAR) that are essential for
      neurologic function, neurocognition, and quality of life, thus demonstrating the
      potential of this technique for minimizing long-term sequelae.

PMID- 27363702
TI  - Betaine enhances antidepressant-like, but blocks psychotomimetic effects of
      ketamine in mice.
AB  - Ketamine is emerging as a new hope against depression, but ketamine-associated
      psychotomimetic effects limit its clinical use. An adjunct therapy along with
      ketamine to alleviate its adverse effects and even potentiate the antidepressant
      effects might be an alternative strategy. Betaine, a methyl derivative of glycine
      and a dietary supplement, has been shown to have antidepressant-like effects and
      to act like a partial agonist at the glycine site of N-methyl-D-aspartate
      receptors (NMDARs). Accordingly, betaine might have potential to be an adjunct to
      ketamine treatment for depression. The antidepressant-like effects of ketamine
      and betaine were evaluated by forced swimming test and novelty suppressed feeding
      test in mice. Both betaine and ketamine produced antidepressant-like effects.
      Furthermore, we determined the effects of betaine on ketamine-induced
      antidepressant-like and psychotomimetic behaviors, motor incoordination,
      hyperlocomotor activity, and anesthesia. The antidepressant-like responses to
      betaine combined with ketamine were stronger than their individual effects. In
      contrast, ketamine-induced impairments in prepulse inhibition, novel object
      recognition test, social interaction, and rotarod test were remarkably
      attenuated, whereas ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion and loss of righting reflex
      were not affected by betaine. These findings revealed that betaine could enhance
      the antidepressant-like effects, yet block the psychotomimetic effects of
      ketamine, suggesting that betaine can be considered as an add-on therapy to
      ketamine for treatment-resistant depression and suitable for the treatment of
      depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.

PMID- 27363703
TI  - Evaluation of an FDA approved library against laboratory models of human
      intestinal nematode infections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment options for infections with soil-transmitted helminths
      (STH) - Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and the two hookworm species,
      Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus - are limited despite their
      considerable global health burden. The aim of the present study was to test the
      activity of an openly available FDA library against laboratory models of human
      intestinal nematode infections. METHODS: All 1,600 drugs were first screened
      against Ancylostoma ceylanicum third-stage larvae (L3). Active compounds were
      scrutinized and toxic compounds, drugs indicated solely for topical use, and
      already well-studied anthelmintics were excluded. The remaining hit compounds
      were tested in parallel against Trichuris muris first-stage larvae (L1),
      Heligmosomoides polygyrus third-stage larvae (L3), and adult stages of the three
      species in vitro. In vivo studies were performed in the H. polygyrus and T. muris
      mice models. RESULTS: Fifty-four of the 1,600 compounds tested revealed an
      activity of > 60 % against A. ceylanicum L3 (hit rate of 3.4 %), following
      incubation at 200 MUM for 72 h. Twelve compounds progressed into further screens.
      Adult A. ceylanicum were the least affected (1/12 compounds active at 50 MUM),
      while eight of the 12 test compounds revealed activity against T. muris L1 (100
      MUM) and adults (50 MUM), and H. polygyrus L3 (200 MUM). Trichlorfon was the only
      compound active against all stages of A. ceylanicum, H. polygyrus and T. muris.
      In addition, trichlorfon achieved high worm burden reductions of 80.1 and 98.9 %,
      following a single oral dose of 200 mg/kg in the T. muris and H. polygyrus mouse
      model, respectively. CONCLUSION: Drug screening on the larval stages of
      intestinal parasitic nematodes is feasible using small libraries and important
      given the empty drug discovery and development pipeline for STH infections.
      Differences and commonalities in drug activities across the different STH species
      and stages were confirmed. Hits identified might serve as a starting point for
      drug discovery for STH.

PMID- 27363705
TI  - Mortality After Atrioventricular Nodal Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation With
      Permanent Ventricular Pacing in Atrial Fibrillation: Outcomes From a Controlled
      Nonrandomized Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrioventricular nodal radiofrequency ablation (AVNA) with permanent
      ventricular pacing can be used to control rate in patients with atrial
      fibrillation (AF). However, long-term outcomes after AVNA are uncertain,
      especially in light of irreversible pacemaker dependence. METHODS AND RESULTS: We
      examined 9122 consecutive patients with AF. The outcomes in 453 patients with
      AVNA (26% of whom underwent an implantable cardiac defibrillator implant and 37%
      underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy implant) were compared with AF
      patients without AVNA after propensity score 1:1 matching. During follow-up in
      the propensity-matched cohort (2.41+/-3.23 years, median 1.23, quartiles 0.33
      3.12), 100 patients died (yearly rate of death 6.6%). Mode of death was available
      in 86% of patients, which was cardiovascular in 67% of the patients (related to
      heart failure in 38%, sudden death in 5%, and other cardiovascular reason in 24%)
      and noncardiovascular in 33%. AVNA in patients with AF was associated with a
      lower risk of mortality (odds ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.77;
      P=0.003), a lower risk of cardiovascular mortality (odds ratio =0.41, 95%
      confidence interval 0.23-0.73; P=0.003), and nonsignificant lower risk of stroke
      and thromboembolic events (odds ratio =0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.36-1.06;
      P=0.08). CONCLUSIONS: In sick AF patients with multiple comorbidities, AVNA with
      permanent ventricular pacing for rate control seems safe during follow-up and may
      be associated with lower mortality.

PMID- 27363704
TI  - Gene expression analysis of metallothionein and mineral elements uptake in tomato
      (Solanum lycopersicum) exposed to cadmium.
AB  - Heavy metals such as Cd are considered to be the most important pollutants in
      soil contamination. Cd is a non-essential element adversely affecting plant
      growth and development, and it has caused some physiological and molecular
      changes. Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight, cysteine-rich, and
      metal binding proteins. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the MT gene
      expression levels and minerals uptake in the tissues of Solanum lycopersicum
      exposed to Cd. The transcriptional expression of the MT genes was determined by
      real-time quantitative PCR. The MT genes were regulated by the Cd and the mineral
      elements uptake changed tissue type and applied doses. The MT1 and MT2 transcript
      levels increased in the roots, the leaves and the fruits of the tomato. The MT3
      and MT4 transcript pattern changed according to the tissue types. The Cd
      treatment on the growth medium increased the Mg, Ca, and Fe content in both the
      leaves and fruits of the tomato. However, the Cd affected the mineral levels in
      the roots depending on the mineral types and doses. Also, the Cd content
      increased in the roots, the leaves, and the fruits of the tomato, respectively.
      The results presented in this study show that Cd has synergistic and/or
      antagonistic effects on minerals depending on the tissue types. These results
      indicate that the MT1 and MT2 expression pattern increased together with the Mg,
      Ca, and Fe content in both the leaves and the fruits of the tomato. 

PMID- 27363706
TI  - Validation of combinatorial probe-anchor ligation-based sequencing as non
      invasive prenatal test for trisomy at a central laboratory.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical validity of a new ultrahigh-throughput non
      invasive prenatal test (NIPT) based on combinatorial probe-anchor ligation (cPAL)
      sequencing of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) using centralized testing. METHODS:
      Maternal plasma samples were obtained from 10 594 singleton pregnancies in high
      risk populations at 20 centers in China, including 8155 that were collected
      retrospectively and 2439 prospectively. Fetal outcome data and karyotyping
      results were documented as gold standard and were double blinded during NIPT. The
      clinical performance of the ultrahigh-throughput sequencing method, cPAL, for
      NIPT was validated by evaluating its sensitivity, specificity and positive
      predictive value (PPV) in detecting trisomies 21, 18 and 13 as the centralized
      testing mode in the reference laboratory. To ensure stable and reproducible
      performance of centralized cPAL-based NIPT in detecting trisomies, a series of
      quality-control systems, including sequencing of two sets of artificial samples,
      were employed and evaluated. RESULTS: Ten prospective cases were excluded from
      the study because of incomplete clinical data. Four prospective samples failed to
      generate a NIPT result due to assay failure, presenting a failure rate of 0.16%
      (4/2429). A total of 168 retrospective cases and 47 prospective cases had a
      positive NIPT result for trisomy, giving respective positive rates of 2.06% and
      1.94%. Four false-positive and no false-positive cases were observed in the
      retrospective and prospective groups, respectively, resulting in PPV of 97.62%
      (95% CI, 94.02-99.35%) and 100% (95% CI, 92.45-100%), respectively. In the
      retrospective group, sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 100% (95%
      CI, 97.07-100%) and 99.98% (95% CI, 99.94-100%) for trisomy 21, 100% (95% CI,
      97.75-100%) and 99.98% (95% CI, 99.94-100%) for trisomy 18, and 100% (95% CI,
      15.81-100%) and 100% (95% CI, 99.95-100%) for trisomy 13. In the prospective
      group, sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 100% (95% CI, 90.75-100%)
      and 100% (95% CI, 99.85-100%) for trisomy 21, 100% (95% CI, 63.06-100%) and 100%
      (95% CI, 99.85-100%) for trisomy 18, and 100% (95% CI, 2.50-100%) and 100% (95%
      CI, 99.85-100%) for trisomy 13. CONCLUSION: In this multicenter study with a full
      quality-control system, NIPT by centralized cPAL-based testing showed high
      stability and performance comparable to those of previous validation studies in
      high-risk populations. Copyright (c) 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons
      Ltd.

PMID- 27363707
TI  - Differential free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1/GPR40) signalling is associated
      with gene expression or gelatinase granule release in bovine neutrophils.
AB  - Fatty acids have been recognized as regulators of immune function in addition to
      their known metabolic role. Long-chain fatty acids bind free fatty acid receptor
      (FFAR)-1/GPR40, which is expressed on bovine neutrophils, and increase responses
      such as granule release and gene expression. In this study, we investigated the
      molecular mechanisms governing the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and
      IL-8, as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 granule release in FFAR1/GPR40
      agonist-stimulated neutrophils. Our results showed that natural (oleic and
      linoleic acid) and synthetic (GW9508) FFAR1/GPR40 agonists increased ERK1/2, p38
      MAPK and Akt phosphorylation, and that the FFAR1/GPR40 antagonist GW1100 reduced
      these responses. We evaluated the levels of IkappaBalpha, a component of the
      classical activation pathway of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and we
      observed IkappaBalpha reduction after stimulation with FFAR1/GPR40 agonists, an
      effect that was inhibited by GW1100 or the inhibitors UO126, SB203580 or
      LY294002. FFAR1/GPR40 agonists increased COX-2 and IL-8 expression, which was
      inhibited by GW1100 and an NF-kappaB inhibitor. Finally, the FFAR1/GPR40 agonist
      induced MMP-9 granule release was reduced by GW1100 and UO126. In conclusion,
      FFAR1/GPR40 agonists differentially stimulate neutrophil functions; COX-2 and IL
      8 are expressed after FFAR1/GPR40 activation via NF-kappaB, IkappaBalpha
      reduction is FFAR1/GPR40- and PI3K/MAPK-dependent, and MMP-9 granule release is
      FFAR1/GPR40- and ERK1/2-dependent.

PMID- 27363708
TI  - [Histological grading of breast cancer].
AB  - From a historical perspective, histological grading was the earliest cell-based
      method for assessing tumor biology and the prognosis of breast cancer. This
      review article provides detailed and practical instructions for grading of breast
      cancer in routine diagnostics. Furthermore, the increasing relevance of precise
      histological grading in the era of molecular pathology is discussed. 

PMID- 27363709
TI  - Comment on: World Kidney Day 2016: averting the legacy of kidney disease-focus on
      childhood.

PMID- 27363710
TI  - Occurrence of neutrophil dysplasia in the course of severe nephrotic syndrome in
      a 12-year-old boy on immunosuppressive therapy: Questions.

PMID- 27363711
TI  - Occurrence of neutrophil dysplasia in the course of severe nephrotic syndrome in
      a 12-year-old boy on immunosuppressive therapy: Answers.

PMID- 27363712
TI  - Reply to comment on World Kidney Day 2016: averting the legacy of kidney disease
      focus on childhood.

PMID- 27363713
TI  - Inhibition in motor imagery: a novel action mode switching paradigm.
AB  - Motor imagery requires that actual movements are prevented (i.e., inhibited) from
      execution. To investigate at what level inhibition takes place in motor imagery,
      we developed a novel action mode switching paradigm. Participants imagined
      (indicating only start and end) and executed movements from start buttons to
      target buttons, and we analyzed trial sequence effects. Trial sequences depended
      on current action mode (imagination or execution), previous action mode (pure
      blocks/same mode, mixed blocks/same mode, or mixed blocks/other mode), and
      movement sequence (action repetition, hand repetition, or hand alternation).
      Results provided evidence for global inhibition (indicated by switch benefits in
      execution-imagination (E-I)-sequences in comparison to I-I-sequences), effector
      specific inhibition (indicated by hand repetition costs after an imagination
      trial), and target inhibition (indicated by target repetition benefits in I-I
      sequences). No evidence for subthreshold motor activation or action-specific
      inhibition (inhibition of the movement of an effector to a specific target) was
      obtained. Two (global inhibition and effector-specific inhibition) of the three
      observed mechanisms are active inhibition mechanisms. In conclusion, motor
      imagery is not simply a weaker form of execution, which often is implied in views
      focusing on similarities between imagination and execution.

PMID- 27363714
TI  - Effects of Within-Talker Variability on Speech Intelligibility in Mandarin
      Speaking Adult and Pediatric Cochlear Implant Patients.
AB  - Cochlear implant (CI) speech performance is typically evaluated using well
      enunciated speech produced at a normal rate by a single talker. CI users often
      have greater difficulty with variations in speech production encountered in
      everyday listening. Within a single talker, speaking rate, amplitude, duration,
      and voice pitch information may be quite variable, depending on the production
      context. The coarse spectral resolution afforded by the CI limits perception of
      voice pitch, which is an important cue for speech prosody and for tonal languages
      such as Mandarin Chinese. In this study, sentence recognition from the Mandarin
      speech perception database was measured in adult and pediatric Mandarin-speaking
      CI listeners for a variety of speaking styles: voiced speech produced at slow,
      normal, and fast speaking rates; whispered speech; voiced emotional speech; and
      voiced shouted speech. Recognition of Mandarin Hearing in Noise Test sentences
      was also measured. Results showed that performance was significantly poorer with
      whispered speech relative to the other speaking styles and that performance was
      significantly better with slow speech than with fast or emotional speech. Results
      also showed that adult and pediatric performance was significantly poorer with
      Mandarin Hearing in Noise Test than with Mandarin speech perception sentences at
      the normal rate. The results suggest that adult and pediatric Mandarin-speaking
      CI patients are highly susceptible to whispered speech, due to the lack of
      lexically important voice pitch cues and perhaps other qualities associated with
      whispered speech. The results also suggest that test materials may contribute to
      differences in performance observed between adult and pediatric CI users.

PMID- 27363715
TI  - The Effect of Nicotine and Tobacco on Aortic Matrix Metalloproteinases in the
      Production of Aortic Aneurysm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aortic aneurysms (AAs) are without effective pharmacologic therapy,
      in clinical usage, in part because of the limited understanding of factors
      leading to AA development. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to
      examine the evidence that cigarette smoking induces AAs through altering matrix
      metalloproteinases (MMP) and the molecular biology/pharmacology that maybe
      involved in this effect. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted to identify
      studies that examined the links between cigarette smoke, MMP and AAs. RESULTS:
      Eleven studies were identified. There was consistency, between studies. They
      found that cigarette smoke, nicotine or tobacco products increased aortic
      dimension and the proportion of AAs. Nicotine and tobacco constituents induced
      MMPs: MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9 and MMP-12 but with different levels of
      consistency. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cigarette
      induced AA formation, ranked according to the consistency of evidence include
      JNK, AMPK-alpha2, Jak Stat, and mTOR/p70Sk and PTEN pathways. CONCLUSION:
      Nicotine and tobacco constituents translate the exposure to cigarette smoke into
      increased MMP expression through various molecular mechanisms whose interruption
      can form the basis for pharmacologic management of AAs.

PMID- 27363717
TI  - Nurofen advertisement was misleading, says watchdog.

PMID- 27363716
TI  - Mutational Spectrum in Holoprosencephaly Shows That FGF is a New Major Signaling
      Pathway.
AB  - Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common congenital cerebral malformation in
      humans, characterized by impaired forebrain cleavage and midline facial
      anomalies. It presents a high heterogeneity, both in clinics and genetics. We
      have developed a novel targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay and
      screened a cohort of 257 HPE patients. Mutations with high confidence in their
      deleterious effect were identified in approximately 24% of the cases and were
      held for diagnosis, whereas variants of uncertain significance were identified in
      10% of cases. This study provides a new classification of genes that are involved
      in HPE. SHH, ZIC2, and SIX3 remain the top genes in term of frequency with GLI2,
      and are followed by FGF8 and FGFR1. The three minor HPE genes identified by our
      study are DLL1, DISP1, and SUFU. Here, we demonstrate that fibroblast growth
      factor signaling must now be considered a major pathway involved in HPE.
      Interestingly, several cases of double mutations were found and argue for a
      polygenic inheritance of HPE. Altogether, it supports that the implementation of
      NGS in HPE diagnosis is required to improve genetic counseling.

PMID- 27363718
TI  - GFRA Global Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Update and Gap Analysis.

PMID- 27363719
TI  - Ovarian function suppression is beneficial in some premenopausal women with early
      breast cancer.

PMID- 27363721
TI  - The effects of prenatal "psychological" stressor exposure on lung inflammation
      and hyperresponsiveness in adult rat offspring.
AB  - The aim of this study was to establish whether exposure of pregnant rats to
      uncontrollable (psychological) stressors might change the likelihood of their
      offspring to exhibit functional and histopathological abnormalities suggestive of
      asthma in adulthood. Pregnant rats (n = 16) underwent one of three treatments:
      electric shocks of a maximum duration of 10 s that could be escaped (controllable
      group; C) those that could not be escaped (uncontrollable group; U) or no shocks
      (control group; N). The offspring (n = 54) were kept in animal house under
      standard conditions until 3 months of age, when lung hyperresponsiveness,
      histopathology, immunohistochemical measurements of the cytokines interleukin
      (IL) 2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and actin as well as oxidative stress based on iNOS
      positive cell counts and isoprostane PGF2alpha contents were assessed. The
      results showed that prenatal exposure to physical stressors (shocks) caused lung
      hyperresponsiveness and increased cytokine expression; exposure to uncontrollable
      shock (group U) had a differential effect on the expression of IL-2, IL-5, and IL
      13 in inflammatory cells compared to exposure to controllable shock (group C),
      which characterizes the "psychological" aspect of stress. The results show that
      not only stress but also its uncontrollability during gestation might increase
      the likelihood that the offspring will exhibit functional and histopathological
      abnormalities suggestive of asthma. These findings strengthen the importance of
      psychological control with regard to environmental stimuli for the occurrence of
      several illnesses, suggesting the desirability of integration among various
      fields of science.

PMID- 27363722
TI  - Influence of Metals on the Cyanobacterial Community in a Water Supply System in a
      Tropical Region.
AB  - This work aimed to study the influence of metals on the temporal dynamics of
      cyanobacteria community in Carpina Dam (7 degrees  53' 22'' S and 35 degrees  20'
      34'' W). Samples were collected from Raw Water Pumping Station at the Water
      Treatment Station Feira Nova in the city of Feira Nova (Pernambuco, Brazil), from
      January 2011 to December 2013. The concentration of metals in water (aluminum,
      antimony, barium, lead, copper, chromium, cadmium, iron, manganese) was
      determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in the laboratory. For the
      identification and counting of cyanobacteria, an inverted optical microscope and
      Sedgewick-Rafter counting chambers were used. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
      was used for recognition of cluster patterns between the studied points. There
      were variations in abiotic and biotic components in the different years of study.
      The metals iron, aluminum, barium and manganese had the greatest influence on the
      temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria in the reservoir.

PMID- 27363720
TI  - KCa 3.1 upregulation preserves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation during aging
      and oxidative stress.
AB  - Endothelial oxidative stress develops with aging and reactive oxygen species
      impair endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) by decreasing nitric oxide (NO)
      availability. Endothelial KCa 3.1, which contributes to EDR, is upregulated by H2
      O2 . We investigated whether KCa 3.1 upregulation compensates for diminished EDR
      to NO during aging-related oxidative stress. Previous studies identified that the
      levels of ceramide synthase 5 (CerS5), sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate
      were increased in aged wild-type and CerS2 mice. In primary mouse aortic
      endothelial cells (MAECs) from aged wild-type and CerS2 null mice, superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) was upregulated, and catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1)
      were downregulated, when compared to MAECs from young and age-matched wild-type
      mice. Increased H2 O2 levels induced Fyn and extracellular signal-regulated
      kinases (ERKs) phosphorylation and KCa 3.1 upregulation. Catalase/GPX1 double
      knockout (catalase(-/-) /GPX1(-/-) ) upregulated KCa 3.1 in MAECs. NO production
      was decreased in aged wild-type, CerS2 null, and catalase(-/-) /GPX1(-/-) MAECs.
      However, KCa 3.1 activation-induced, N(G) -nitro-l-arginine-, and indomethacin
      resistant EDR was increased without a change in acetylcholine-induced EDR in
      aortic rings from aged wild-type, CerS2 null, and catalase(-/-) /GPX1(-/-) mice.
      CerS5 transfection or exogenous application of sphingosine or sphingosine 1
      phosphate induced similar changes in levels of the antioxidant enzymes and
      upregulated KCa 3.1. Our findings suggest that, during aging-related oxidative
      stress, SOD upregulation and downregulation of catalase and GPX1, which occur
      upon altering the sphingolipid composition or acyl chain length, generate H2 O2
      and thereby upregulate KCa 3.1 expression and function via a H2 O2 /Fyn-mediated
      pathway. Altogether, enhanced KCa 3.1 activity may compensate for decreased NO
      signaling during vascular aging.

PMID- 27363723
TI  - Randomized controlled trial of a bioabsorbable steroid-releasing implant in the
      frontal sinus opening.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To assess safety and efficacy of a steroid-releasing
      implant in improving surgical outcomes when placed in the frontal sinus opening
      (FSO) following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic
      rhinosinusitis (CRS). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, randomized, blinded
      trial using an intrapatient control design. METHODS: Eighty adult (>= 18 years)
      CRS patients who underwent successful bilateral frontal sinusotomy were
      randomized to receive a steroid-releasing implant in one FSO, whereas the
      contralateral control side received no implant. All patients received standard
      postoperative care. Endoscopic evaluations recorded at 30-days postendoscopic
      sinus surgery (ESS) were graded real time by clinical investigators and by an
      independent, blinded sinus surgeon to assess the need for postoperative
      interventions in the FSO. RESULTS: Implants were successfully placed in all 80
      frontal sinuses, resulting in 100% implant delivery success. At 30-days post-ESS,
      steroid-releasing implants provided a statistically significant (P = 0.0070)
      reduction in the need for postoperative interventions compared to surgery alone
      by an independent reviewer, representing 38% relative reduction. Clinical
      investigators reported statistically significant reduction in this measure at 30
      days (P < 0.0001) and 90 days (P = 0.0129). Clinical investigators also reported
      a 55.6% reduction in the need for oral steroid interventions (P = 0.0015), 75%
      reduction in the need for surgical interventions (P = 0.0225), 16.7% reduction in
      inflammation score, 54.3% reduction in restenosis rate (P = 0.0002), and 32.2%
      greater diameter of FSO (P < 0.0001) on treated sides compared to control at 30
      days. No implant-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: This study
      demonstrates the efficacy of steroid-releasing implants in improving outcomes of
      frontal sinus surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1b. Laryngoscope, 126:2659-2664, 2016.

PMID- 27363724
TI  - Determinants of self-esteem in early psychosis: The role of perceived social
      dominance.
AB  - Self-esteem plays a role in the formation and maintenance of symptoms and in the
      recovery from psychotic illness. This study examines the relative contribution of
      perceived social dominance and other known predictors in determining self-esteem
      in 102 individuals in an early intervention program for psychosis. Regression
      analysis demonstrated that scores on the Perceived Relational Evaluation Scale
      (PRES), depressed mood, social dominance, gender and positive symptoms
      significantly contributed to the prediction of scores on the Rosenberg Self
      esteem Scale (RSES), whereas self-stigma and negative symptoms did not. Our study
      suggests that low self-esteem in early psychosis can be understood in part as a
      reflection of low levels of perceived social value and status.

PMID- 27363725
TI  - Progressive Temporal Change in Serum SHBG, But Not in Serum Testosterone or
      Estradiol, Is Associated With Bone Loss and Incident Fractures in Older Men: The
      Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project.
AB  - This study aimed to examine progressive temporal relationships between changes in
      major reproductive hormones across three waves of a cohort study of older men and
      (1) changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and (2) incident fractures (any, hip or
      non-vertebral) over an average of 6 years of follow-up. The CHAMP cohort of men
      aged 70 years and older were assessed at baseline (2005 to 2007, n = 1705), 2
      year follow-up (n = 1367), and 5-year follow-up (n = 958). Serum testosterone
      (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol (E2), and estrone (E1) (by liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [LC-MS/MS]), and sex hormone-binding
      globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
      (by immunoassay) were measured at all time-points, whereas free testosterone
      (cFT) was calculated using a well-validated formula. Hip BMD was measured by dual
      energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at all three time-points, and fracture data
      were verified radiographically. Statistical modeling was done using general
      estimating equations (GEEs). For total hip BMD, univariable analyses revealed
      inverse associations with temporal changes in serum SHBG, FSH, and LH and
      positive associations for serum E1 and cFT across the three time-points. In
      models adjusted for multiple covariables, serum SHBG (beta = -0.029), FSH (beta =
      -0.065), LH (beta = -0.049), E1 (beta = 0.019), and cFT (beta = 0.033) remained
      significantly associated with hip BMD. However for femoral neck BMD, only FSH
      (beta = -0.048) and LH (beta = -0.036) remained associated in multivariable
      adjusted models. Temporal change in serum SHBG, but not T, E2, or other hormonal
      variables, was significantly associated with any, nonvertebral or hip fracture
      incidence in univariable analyses. In multivariable-adjusted models, temporal
      increase in serum SHBG over time remained associated with any fracture (beta =
      0.060) and hip fracture (beta = 0.041) incidence, but not nonvertebral fracture
      incidence. These data indicate that a progressive increase in circulating SHBG
      over time predicts bone loss and fracture risk in older men. Further studies are
      warranted to further characterize changes in circulating SHBG as a mechanism
      and/or biomarker of bone health during male ageing. (c) 2016 American Society for
      Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 27363726
TI  - Classification of genetic variants in genes associated with Lynch syndrome using
      a clinical history weighting algorithm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lynch syndrome is a hereditary cancer syndrome associated with high
      risks of colorectal and endometrial cancer that is caused by pathogenic variants
      in the mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM). Accurate
      classification of variants identified in these genes as pathogenic or benign
      enables informed medical management decisions. Previously, we developed a
      clinical History Weighting Algorithm (HWA) for the classification of variants of
      uncertain significance (VUSs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2. The BRCA1/2 HWA is based on the
      premise that pathogenic variants in these genes will be identified more often in
      individuals with strong personal and/or family histories of breast and/or ovarian
      cancer, while the identification of benign variants should be independent of
      cancer history. Here we report the development of a similar HWA to allow for
      classification of VUSs in genes associated with Lynch syndrome using data
      collected through both syndrome-specific and pan-cancer panel testing. METHODS:
      Upon completion of algorithm development, the HWA was tested using simulated
      variants constructed from 79,214 probands, as well as 379 true variants. Positive
      (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated on a per gene basis.
      RESULTS: 25,500 pathogenic and 50,500 benign simulated variants were analyzed
      using the HWA and the PPVs and NPVs for each gene were greater than 0.997 and
      0.999, respectively. The HWA was also evaluated using 100 trials for each of the
      379 true variants. PPVs of >0.998 and NPVs of >0.999 were obtained for all genes.
      CONCLUSIONS: We have developed and implemented a HWA to aid in the classification
      of VUSs in genes associated with Lynch syndrome. The work presented here
      demonstrates that this HWA is able to classify MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 VUSs as
      either benign or pathogenic with high accuracy.

PMID- 27363728
TI  - The steady-state assumption in oscillating and growing systems.
AB  - The steady-state assumption, which states that the production and consumption of
      metabolites inside the cell are balanced, is one of the key aspects that makes an
      efficient analysis of genome-scale metabolic networks possible. It can be
      motivated from two different perspectives. In the time-scales perspective, we use
      the fact that metabolism is much faster than other cellular processes such as
      gene expression. Hence, the steady-state assumption is derived as a quasi-steady
      state approximation of the metabolism that adapts to the changing cellular
      conditions. In this article we focus on the second perspective, stating that on
      the long run no metabolite can accumulate or deplete. In contrast to the first
      perspective it is not immediately clear how this perspective can be captured
      mathematically and what assumptions are required to obtain the steady-state
      condition. By presenting a mathematical framework based on the second perspective
      we demonstrate that the assumption of steady-state also applies to oscillating
      and growing systems without requiring quasi-steady-state at any time point.
      However, we also show that the average concentrations may not be compatible with
      the average fluxes. In summary, we establish a mathematical foundation for the
      steady-state assumption for long time periods that justifies its successful use
      in many applications. Furthermore, this mathematical foundation also pinpoints
      unintuitive effects in the integration of metabolite concentrations using
      nonlinear constraints into steady-state models for long time periods.

PMID- 27363727
TI  - Site-specific recombinatorics: in situ cellular barcoding with the Cre Lox
      system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cellular barcoding is a recently developed biotechnology tool that
      enables the familial identification of progeny of individual cells in vivo. In
      immunology, it has been used to track the burst-sizes of multiple distinct
      responding T cells over several adaptive immune responses. In the study of
      hematopoiesis, it revealed fate heterogeneity amongst phenotypically identical
      multipotent cells. Most existing approaches rely on ex vivo viral transduction of
      cells with barcodes followed by adoptive transfer into an animal, which works
      well for some systems, but precludes barcoding cells in their native environment
      such as those inside solid tissues. RESULTS: With a view to overcoming this
      limitation, we propose a new design for a genetic barcoding construct based on
      the Cre Lox system that induces randomly created stable barcodes in cells in situ
      by exploiting inherent sequence distance constraints during site-specific
      recombination. We identify the cassette whose provably maximal code diversity is
      several orders of magnitude higher than what is attainable with previously
      considered Cre Lox barcoding approaches, exceeding the number of lymphocytes or
      hematopoietic progenitor cells in mice. CONCLUSIONS: Its high diversity and in
      situ applicability, make the proposed Cre Lox based tagging system suitable for
      whole tissue or even whole animal barcoding. Moreover, it can be built using
      established technology.

PMID- 27363729
TI  - Diabetes may affect the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their
      inhibitors more than smoking in chronic periodontitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: No previous study has directly compared the levels of
      matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
      (TIMPs) between smokers and individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) with
      periodontitis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the gene
      expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in tissues with
      chronic periodontitis (ChP) of smokers and individuals with type 2 DM. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Gingival biopsies were harvested from: non-smokers and non-diabetic
      individuals with ChP (n = 18) (ChP group); non-diabetic smokers (>= 10 cigarettes
      per day for at least the past 5 years) with ChP (n = 18) (SChP group); non
      smoking individuals with type 2 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin levels >= 7.5%) and
      ChP (n = 18) (DMChP group). The tissue levels of mRNA of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP
      9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain
      reaction. RESULTS: The MMP-8 expression was the lowest in the ChP group (p <
      0.05). The DMChP group presented increased mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9, when
      compared to the SChP group (p < 0.05). MMP-1 expression and the MMP-1/TIMP-1, MMP
      2/TIMP-1, MMP-8/TIMP-1, MMP-9/TIMP-1, MMP-1/TIMP-2 and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratios were
      higher in the DMChP group than in the ChP and SChP groups (p < 0.05). The DMChP
      group presented lower mRNA levels of TIMP-1 than the ChP group (p < 0.05). The
      MMP-8/TIMP-2 ratio was the highest in the SChP group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Uncontrolled type 2 DM upregulates the ratio of MMP/TIMPs in sites with ChP more
      than smoking, which may contribute to a greater extracellular matrix degradation
      and periodontal breakdown in DM-related periodontitis.

PMID- 27363730
TI  - Trends in diabetes incidence from 1992 to 2015 and projections for 2024: A
      Portuguese General Practitioner's Network study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes is known as a major cause of morbidity and mortality
      worldwide. Portugal is known as the European country with the highest prevalence
      of this disease. While diabetes prevalence data is updated annually in Portugal,
      the General Practitioner's (GP) Sentinel Network represents the only data source
      on diabetes incidence. This study describes the trends in Diabetes incidence,
      between 1992 and 2015, and estimate projections for the future incidence rates in
      Portugal until 2024. METHODS: An ecological time-series study was conducted using
      data from GP Sentinel Network between 1992 and 2015. Family doctors reported all
      new cases of Diabetes in their patients' lists. Annual trends were estimated
      through Poisson regression models as well as the future incidence rates (until
      2024), sex and age group stratified. Incidence rate projections were adjusted to
      the distribution of the resident Portuguese population given Statistics Portugal
      projections. RESULTS: The average increase in Diabetes incidence rate was in
      total 4.29% (CI95% 3.80-4.80) per year under study. Until 1998-2000, the annual
      incidence rate was higher in women, and from 1998-2000 to 2013-2015 turn out to
      be higher in men. The incidence rate projected for 2022-2024 was 972.77/10(5)
      inhabitants in total, and 846.74/10(5) and 1114.42/10(5), respectively, in women
      and men. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in Portugal to estimate diabetes
      incidence rate projections. The disturbing reported projections seem realistic if
      things continue as in the past. Actually, effective public health policies will
      need to be undertaken to minimize this alarming future scenario.

PMID- 27363731
TI  - Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to loperamide: An intriguing case report with
      positive challenge test.

PMID- 27363732
TI  - Predicting peak oxygen uptake from submaximal exercise after spinal cord injury.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the 6-min arm
      ergometry test (6MAT) in predicting peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) in
      individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Fifty-two individuals with
      chronic SCI (age, 38 +/- 10 years; American Spinal Injury Association Impairment
      Scale (AIS), A-D; neurological level of injury (NLI), C1-L2; years post-injury
      (YPI), 13 +/- 10 years) completed an incremental arm ergometry VO2peak test and a
      submaximal 6MAT. Oxygen consumption (VO2) data from both tests were used to
      create a predictive equation with regression analysis. Subsequently, a cross
      validation group comprising an additional 10 individuals with SCI (age, 39 +/- 13
      years; AIS, A-D; NLI, C3-L3; YPI, 9 +/- 9 years) were used to determine the
      predictive power of the equation. All participants were able to complete both the
      VO2peak and 6MAT assessments. Regression analysis yielded the following equation
      to predict VO2peak from end-stage 6MAT VO2: VO2peak (mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) =
      1.501(6MAT VO2) - 0.940. Correlation between measured and predicted VO2peak was
      excellent (r = 0.89). No significant difference was found between measured (17.41
      +/- 7.44 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) and predicted (17.42 +/- 6.61 mL.kg(-1).min(-1))
      VO2peak (p = 0.97). When cross-validated with a sample of 10 individuals with
      SCI, correlation between measured and predicted VO2peak remained high (r = 0.89),
      with no differences between measured (18.81 +/- 8.35 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) and
      predicted (18.73 +/- 7.27 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) VO2peak (p = 0.75). Results suggest
      that 6MAT VO2 can be used to predict VO2peak among individuals with chronic SCI.
      The 6MAT should be used as a clinical tool for assessing aerobic capacity when
      peak exercise testing is not feasible. 

PMID- 27363733
TI  - Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti L10 supplementation reduces respiratory infection
      duration in a cohort of elite athletes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled trial.
AB  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate if
      Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti L10 (Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, Que.,
      Canada) supplementation during 14 weeks in winter can influence the duration,
      severity, and incidence of upper respiratory tract illness (URTI), as well as to
      monitor different immune parameters in the population of elite athletes. Before
      and after the treatment, cardiopulmonary testing and self-rated state of moods
      evaluation (by Profile of Mood States questionnaire) were performed and blood
      samples were collected. Thirty-nine elite athletes were randomized either to the
      placebo (n = 19) or the probiotic (n = 20) group. The probiotic group received L.
      helveticus Lafti L10, 2 * 10(10) Colony Forming Units. Lafti L10 significantly
      shortened the URTI episode duration (7.25 +/- 2.90 vs. 10.64 +/- 4.67 days, p =
      0.047) and decreased the number of symptoms in the probiotic group (4.92 +/- 1.96
      vs. 6.91 +/- 1.22, p = 0.035). Severity and incidence of URTI did not differ
      between the treatments. There were no significant changes in leukocyte
      subpopulation abundance, transforming growth factor-beta serum levels, level of
      interleukin-10 secreted from peptidoglican stimulated peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMCs), interferon-gamma level secreted from concanavalin A
      stimulated PBMCs or viability/proliferation of PBMCs upon antigen stimulation.
      Group effect for CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significant (F[1,37] = 6.99, p = 0.020,
      eta(2) = 0.350); this difference was not significant at baseline, but was evident
      after 14 weeks (p = 0.02). A significant interaction effect was noted for self
      rated sense of vigor (F[1,37] = 11.76, p = 0.009, eta(2) = 0.595). Self-rated
      sense of vigor increased in the probiotic group (18.5 +/- 4.1 vs. 21.0 +/- 2.6, p
      = 0.012). Probiotic strain Lafti L10 can be a beneficial nutritional supplement
      for the reduction of URTI length in elite athletes. 

PMID- 27363734
TI  - Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Relieving Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding
      Women: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial.
AB  - Pain accruing from nipple lesions caused by inadequate latching by the baby is a
      common complaint among breastfeeding women and an important obstacle to
      successful breastfeeding. Nipple pain occurs during the first days after delivery
      and is considered one of the main causes for early weaning. To investigate the
      efficacy of low-level laser therapy as a treatment for nipple pain due to
      breastfeeding. A triple-blind, randomized, clinical study. A university
      affiliated hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Fifty-nine women with nipple lesions at
      the time of their admission. Thirty women (intervention group) received three
      sessions of laser therapy (InGaAIP laser, 660 nanometer, 40 milliwatts of power,
      5 Joules per square centimeter of energy density for 5 seconds each, total energy
      = 0.6 Joules) in the region of the nipples at three different points in time (0
      hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after diagnosis of nipple lesion). Twenty-nine women
      with similar clinical conditions were randomly assigned to the control group.
      Self-reported pain was recorded before and after laser therapy using a visual
      analogue scale. The intervention group experienced a decrease of 2.0 centimeters
      in intensity of pain (p = .016) 24 hours after the first intervention and also
      presented lower levels of pain compared with the control group. Low-level laser
      therapy was considered effective for treating nipple lesions in breastfeeding
      women with pain, providing relief and prolonging exclusive breastfeeding. More
      clinical trials with different laser dosimetry and parameters are necessary to
      optimize laser therapy protocols for breastfeeding women. 

PMID- 27363735
TI  - Separation of mono- and di-PEGylate of exenatide and resolution of positional
      isomers of mono-PEGylates by preparative ion exchange chromatography.
AB  - Exenatide is a synthetic version of the 39-mer peptide of Exendin-4, which is an
      FDA-approved therapeutic against Type II diabetes mellitus. However, exenatide
      has a very short in-serum half-life and PEGylation have been performed to improve
      its in-serum stability. PEGylation often yields multivalent binding to non
      specific residues, and the desired species should be carefully separated by
      chromatographies. In this study, we first devised an aqueous-phase, two-step
      PEGylation process. This consists of thiolation of Lys 12 and 27 residues
      followed by attachment of PEG-maleimide (10kD) to thiol groups. This process
      yields various species: mono-PEGylates with positional isomers, di-PEGylate, and
      other higher MW substances. A prep-grade cationic exchange chromatography (HiTrap
      SP) at pH 3.0 partially separated mono- and di-PEGylates based on the molar ratio
      of conjugated PEG and peptide and thus molecular weight of the conjugates. To
      further investigate the chromatographic separation of positional isomers of mono
      PEGylates, we prepared two kinds of exenatide analogs by point mutation; K12C and
      K27C. Each analog was mono-PEGylated with very high yield (>95%). When a mixture
      of the two positional isomers of mono-PEGylates was applied to HiTrap SP
      chromatography, K12C-PEGylate and K27C-PEGylate eluted separately at 0.22M and
      0.33M NaCl, respectively. When the proportions of acid and its conjugate base of
      the amino acid residues adjacent to the PEGylation site at pH 3.0 were analyzed,
      K27C-PEGylate shows stronger positive charge than K12C-PEGylate, and we propose
      the residence time difference between the two mono-PEGylates could be due to the
      charge difference. ELISA result shows that the immuno-binding activity of both
      analogs and their mono-PEGylates are well maintained. Furthermore, both mono
      PEGylates of the analogs show higher than 50-fold improved anti-trypsin
      stability. We expect that mono-PEGylates of the exenatide analogs are
      alternatives to the conventional C40-PEG. 

PMID- 27363736
TI  - Simultaneous determination of rare earth elements in ore and anti-corrosion
      coating samples using a portable capillary electrophoresis instrument with
      contactless conductivity detection.
AB  - The employment of an in-house-made capillary electrophoresis (CE) instrument with
      capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4)D) as a simple and
      inexpensive solution for simultaneous determination of many rare earth elements
      (REEs) in ore samples from Vietnam, as well as in anti-corrosion coating samples
      is reported. 14 REEs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu)
      were determined using an electrolyte composed of 20mM arginine and 10mM alpha
      hydroxyisobutyric acid adjusted to pH 4.2 with acetic acid. The best detection
      limit achieved was 0.24mg/L using the developed CE-C(4)D method. Good agreement
      between results from CE-C(4)D and the confirmation method (ICP-MS) was achieved,
      with a coefficient of determination (r(2)) for the two pairs of data of 0.998. 

PMID- 27363737
TI  - Quantitative real-time PCR assays for detection and type-specific identification
      of the endemic species C human adenoviruses.
AB  - Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are medically important respiratory pathogens. Among
      the 7 recognized species (A-G), species C HAdVs (serotypes 1, 2, 5 and 6) are
      globally endemic and infect most people early in life. Species C HAdV infections
      are most often subclinical or mild and can lead to persistent shedding from the
      gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts. They can also cause severe
      disseminated disease in newborn and immunocompromised persons, where rapid and
      quantitative detection and identification of the virus would help guide
      therapeutic intervention. To this end, we developed quantitative type-specific
      real-time PCR (qPCR) assays for HAdV-1, -2, -5 and -6 targeting the HAdV hexon
      gene. All type-specific qPCR assays reproducibly detected as few as 5
      copies/reaction of quantified hexon recombinant plasmids with a linear dynamic
      range of 8 log units (5-5*107 copies). No non-specific amplifications were
      observed with concentrated nucleic acid from other HAdV types or other common
      respiratory pathogens. Of 199 previously typed HAdV field isolates and positive
      clinical specimens, all were detected and correctly identified to type by the
      qPCR assays; 10 samples had 2 HAdV types and 1 sample had 3 types identified
      which were confirmed by amplicon sequencing. The species C HAdV qPCR assays
      permit rapid, sensitive, specific and quantitative detection and identification
      of four recognized endemic HAdVs. Together with our previously developed qPCR
      assays for the epidemic respiratory HAdVs, these assays provide a convenient
      alternative to classical typing methods.

PMID- 27363738
TI  - Donation after circulatory death in pediatric patients: Current utilization in
      the United States.

PMID- 27363741
TI  - Information provision in post-reproductive healthcare.

PMID- 27363739
TI  - The upper respiratory tract microbiome and its potential role in bovine
      respiratory disease and otitis media.
AB  - The upper respiratory tract (URT) hosts a complex microbial community of
      commensal microorganisms and potential pathogens. Analyzing the composition and
      nature of the healthy URT microbiota and how it changes over time will contribute
      to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of pneumonia and otitis. A
      longitudinal study was conducted including 174 Holstein calves that were divided
      in four groups: healthy calves, calves diagnosed with pneumonia, otitis or both
      diseases. Deep pharyngeal swabs were collected on days 3, 14, 28, and 35 of life,
      and next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene as well as quantitative PCR
      was performed. The URT of Holstein dairy calves aged 3 to 35 days revealed to
      host a highly diverse bacterial community. The relative abundances of the
      bacterial genera Mannheimia, Moraxella, and Mycoplasma were significantly higher
      in diseased versus healthy animals, and the total bacterial load of newborn
      calves at day 3 was higher for animals that developed pneumonia than for healthy
      animals. Our results corroborate the existing knowledge that species of
      Mannheimia and Mycoplasma are important pathogens in pneumonia and otitis.
      Furthermore, they suggest that species of Moraxella can potentially cause the
      same disorders (pneumonia and otitis), and that high neonatal bacterial load is a
      key contributor to the development of pneumonia.

PMID- 27363740
TI  - Determination of CSF 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in children and its application for
      defects of folate transport and metabolism.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe an assay of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF) in the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children, to determine reference values, and to
      report the clinical significance of this assay in metabolic disorders affecting
      folate transport and metabolism. METHODS: CSF 5MTHF was determined by high
      performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection in pediatric
      patients including one with FOLR1 gene mutation and one with
      methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency. CSF total folate was
      measured using an automated analyzer. RESULTS: 5MTHF and total folate were
      determined in 188 and 93 CSF samples, respectively. CSF 5MTHF was high throughout
      the first six months of life and subsequently declined with age. Reference values
      of CSF 5MTHF and total folate were determined from 162 and 82 samples,
      respectively. The patient with FOLR1 gene mutation had extremely low CSF 5MTHF
      and total folate, though these values normalized after folinic acid
      supplementation. The patient with MTHFR deficiency had extremely low 5MTHF and
      moderately low total folate; these values were not associated and showed no
      significant change after folic acid supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: This 5MTHF
      assay is simple, rapid, sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective. It will aid in
      the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of metabolic disorders affecting folate
      transport and metabolism.

PMID- 27363743
TI  - Diagnosis of perimenopause and menopause (Section 5).

PMID- 27363744
TI  - Information and advice (Section 7).

PMID- 27363745
TI  - Managing short-term menopausal symptoms (Section 8).

PMID- 27363746
TI  - Alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (Sections 1 and 8).

PMID- 27363747
TI  - Review and referral (Section 9).

PMID- 27363748
TI  - Starting and stopping HRT (Section 10).

PMID- 27363749
TI  - Long-term benefits and risks of HRT (Section 11): Venous thromboembolism.

PMID- 27363750
TI  - Long-term benefits and risks of HRT (Section 11): Cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 27363751
TI  - Long-term benefits and risks of HRT (Section 11): Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 27363752
TI  - Long-term benefits and risks of HRT (Section 11): Breast cancer.

PMID- 27363753
TI  - Long-term benefits and risks of HRT (Section 11): Osteoporosis.

PMID- 27363754
TI  - Long-term benefits and risks of HRT (Section 11): Dementia.

PMID- 27363755
TI  - Long-term benefits and risks of HRT (Section 11): Loss of muscle mass
      (Sarcopenia).

PMID- 27363756
TI  - Practice observed.

PMID- 27363757
TI  - Patient-reported outcome of surgical treatment for lumbar spinal epidural
      lipomatosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) is a rare condition
      characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat tissue in the spinal canal that
      can have a compressive effect, leading to clinical symptoms. This condition has a
      distinct pathology from spinal stenosis associated with degeneration of the
      intervertebral discs, ligaments, and facet joints. Several different conservative
      and surgical treatment strategies have been proposed for SEL, but its treatment
      remains controversial. There is a lack of evidence documenting the success of
      surgical decompression in SEL, and no previous studies have reported the
      postoperative outcome from the patient's perspective. PURPOSE: The aim of the
      present study was to evaluate patient-rated outcome after surgical decompression
      in SEL. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data
      was carried out. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 22 patients (19 males; age: 68.2+/
      9.9 years) who had undergone spine surgery for SEL were identified from our local
      Spine Surgery Outcomes Database, which includes a total of 10,028 spine surgeries
      recorded between 2005 and 2012. Inclusion criteria were epidural lipomatosis
      confirmed by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and subsequent
      decompression surgery without spinal fusion. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Core Outcome
      Measures Index (COMI) was used to assess patient-rated outcome. The COMI includes
      the domains pain (separate 0-10 scales for back and leg pain), back-specific
      function, symptom-specific well-being, general quality of life (QOL), work
      disability, and social disability. METHODS: The questionnaires were completed
      preoperatively and at 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Surgical data were
      retrieved from the patient charts and from our local Spine Surgery Outcomes
      Database, which we operate in connection with the International Spine Tango
      Registry. Differences between pre- and postoperative scores were analyzed using
      paired t tests and repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: At 3-months
      follow-up, the COMI score and scores for leg pain and back pain had improved
      significantly compared with their preoperative values (p<.005). The mean decrease
      in COMI score after 3 months was 2.6+/-2.4 (range: -1.3 to 6.5) points: from
      7.5+/-1.7 (range: 3.5-10) to 4.9+/-2.5 (range: 0.5-9.6). A total of 11 patients
      (50%) had an improvement of the COMI of more than the minimal clinically
      important change (MCIC) score of 2.2 points. The mean decrease in leg pain after
      3 months was 2.4+/-3.5 (-5 to 10) points. Overall, 17 patients (77.3%) reported a
      reduced leg pain, 12 (54.6%) of whom by at least the MCIC score of 2 points. The
      significant reductions from baseline in COMI and leg and back pain scores were
      retained up to 2 years postoperatively (p<.02). The general QOL item of the COMI
      improved significantly after surgery (p<.0001). Over 80% of the cohort rated
      their preoperative QOL as bad (n=13) or very bad (n=5), whereas 3 months after
      surgery, only 7 patients rated their QOL as bad, and one as very bad (36%).
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to demonstrate that surgical
      decompression is associated with a statistically significant improvement in
      patient-rated outcome scores in patients with symptomatic SEL, with a clinically
      relevant change occurring in approximately half of them. Surgical decompression
      hence represents a reasonable treatment option for SEL, although the reason
      behind the less good response in some patients needs further investigation.

PMID- 27363758
TI  - Pulsatile Support Mode of BJUT-II Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) has Better
      Hemodynamic Effects on the Aorta than Constant Speed Mode: A Primary Numerical
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND BJUT-II VAD is a novel left ventricular assist device (LVADs),
      directly implanted into the ascending aorta. The pulsatile support mode is
      proposed to achieve better unloading performance than constant speed mode.
      However, the hemodynamic effects of this support mode on the aorta are still
      unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the hemodynamic effects BJUT-II VAD
      under pulsatile support mode on the aorta. MATERIAL AND METHODS Computational
      fluid dynamics (CFD) studies, based on a patient-specific aortic geometric model,
      were conducted. Wall shear stress (WSS), averaged WSS (avWSS), oscillatory shear
      index (OSI), and averaged helicity density (Ha) were calculated to compare the
      differences in hemodynamic effects between pulsatile support mode and constant
      speed mode. RESULTS The results show that avWSS under pulsatile support mode is
      significantly higher than that under constant speed mode (0.955Pa vs. 0.675Pa).
      Similarly, the OSI value under pulsatile mode is higher than that under constant
      speed mode (0.104 vs. 0.057). In addition, Ha under pulsatile mode for all
      selected cross-sections is larger than that under constant mode. CONCLUSIONS BJUT
      II VAD, under pulsatile control mode, may prevent atherosclerosis lesions and
      aortic remodeling. The precise effects of pulsatile support mode on
      atherosclerosis and aortic remodeling need to be further studied in animal
      experiments. 

PMID- 27363759
TI  - Incorporating Minimally Invasive Procedures into an Aesthetic Surgery Practice.
AB  - Minimally invasive procedures in an aesthetic practice have grown over the past
      decade. Plastic surgery practices are embracing the incorporation of injectables
      and lasers as adjuncts to their surgical procedures. The use of botulinum toxin,
      hyaluronic acid fillers, and lasers has made a significant impact on the authors'
      practice. The authors describe the important considerations, consultation goals,
      and procedural steps with injectables and fillers. The novel use of deoxycholic
      acid injections is also described. The authors strongly think that as options
      continue to expand, plastic surgeons will benefit from taking an active role in
      adopting these new innovations. 

PMID- 27363760
TI  - Overview of Botulinum Toxins for Aesthetic Uses.
AB  - Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) can be used for facial aesthetics. The 3 currently
      available BTA types include onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox; Botox Cosmetic, Allergan,
      Irvine, CA), abobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport; Ipsen, Ltd, Berkshire, UK), and
      incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin; Merz Pharmaceuticals, Frankfurt, Germany). The
      mechanism of action and clinical uses for treatment of dynamic lines of the
      forehead, brow, glabella, lateral orbit, nose, and lips are presented, as well as
      treatment of masseter hypertrophy, platysmal bands, and improvements of the
      perioral region. Specific BTA injection sites and suggested doses are presented. 

PMID- 27363761
TI  - Fat, Stem Cells, and Platelet-Rich Plasma.
AB  - The ideal filler for aesthetic surgery is inexpensive and easy to obtain, natural
      in appearance and texture, immunologically compatible, and long lasting without
      risk of infection. By most metrics, autologous fat grafts meet these criteria
      perfectly. Although facial fat grafting is now a commonly accepted surgical
      procedure, there has been a wave of activity applying stem cells and platelet
      rich plasma (PRP) therapies to aesthetic practice. This article addresses
      technical considerations in the use of autologous fat transfer for facial
      rejuvenation, and also explores the current evidence for these stem cell and PRP
      therapies in aesthetic practice. 

PMID- 27363762
TI  - Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Science and Clinical Uses.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid soft tissue fillers include a range of products (Juvederm Ultra,
      Juvederm Ultra Plus, Voluma, Restylane Silk, Restylane, Restylane Lyft, and
      Belotero Balance) that are used commonly for facial rejuvenation and enhancement
      of facial features. Although these products are similar in many ways, they are
      not interchangeable and have unique characteristics that need to be considered.
      Injection sites and techniques for facial rejuvenation are discussed. 

PMID- 27363763
TI  - Synthetic Fillers for Facial Rejuvenation.
AB  - Soft tissue filler procedures have increased dramatically in popularity in the
      United States. Synthetic fillers such as calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA),
      polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA), and silicone
      provide initial volume replacement but have an additional biostimulatory effect
      to supplement facial volumization. Indications include human immunodeficiency
      virus lipoatrophy and nasolabial folds for CaHA and PLLA and atrophic acne scars
      for PMMA. Most clinical use of these synthetic fillers is in an off-label
      fashion. Beyond the proper choice of a synthetic filler, careful consideration of
      dilution, injection method, and postprocedural care allows for successful and
      consistent results. 

PMID- 27363764
TI  - Basics of Lasers: History, Physics, and Clinical Applications.
AB  - Lasers are increasingly used by plastic surgeons to address issues such as
      wrinkles and textural changes, skin laxity, hyperpigmentation, vascularity, and
      excess fat accumulation. A fundamental understanding of the underlying science
      and physics of laser technology is important for the safe and efficacious use of
      laser in medical settings. The purpose of this article was to give clinicians
      with limited exposure to lasers a basic understanding of the underlying science.
      In that manner, they can confidently make appropriate decisions as to the best
      device to use on a patient (or the best device to purchase for a practice). 

PMID- 27363765
TI  - Laser Resurfacing: Full Field and Fractional.
AB  - Laser resurfacing is a very popular procedure worldwide. Full field and
      fractional lasers are used in many aesthetic practices. There have been
      significant advances in laser resurfacing in the past few years, which make
      patient treatments more efficacious and with less downtime. Erbium and carbon
      dioxide and ablative, nonablative, and hybrid fractional lasers are all extremely
      effective and popular tools that have a place in plastic surgery and dermatology
      offices. 

PMID- 27363766
TI  - Subsurface Laser and Radiofrequency for Face and Body Rejuvenation.
AB  - Minimally invasive devices are a departure from standard laser therapies, because
      energy is delivered directly below the skin through a 1-mm incision. Lasers can
      affect such tissues as fat for enhanced disruption, coagulation of small blood
      vessels, and skin tightening at the right temperatures. Minimally invasive
      radiofrequency devices can tighten skin but can also improve neck muscle laxity.
      These devices can achieve results not possible with traditional external devices
      and, because the skin is not penetrated with energy, a much improved healing
      profile is seen as well. 

PMID- 27363767
TI  - Intense Pulsed Light Therapy for Skin Rejuvenation.
AB  - Intense pulsed light (IPL), also known as pulsed light and broad band light, is a
      nonlaser light source used to treat a variety of vascular and pigmented lesions,
      photo damage, active acne, and unwanted hair. Current IPL systems are much
      improved from older-generation devices with better calibration, integrated
      cooling, and improved tuning. These devices are extremely popular because of
      their versatility and are often the first devices recommended and purchased in
      many offices. 

PMID- 27363768
TI  - Low Level Light Therapy with Light-Emitting Diodes for the Aging Face.
AB  - Low level light therapy (LLLT) with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is emerging from
      the mists of black magic as a solid medico-scientific modality, with a
      substantial buildup of corroborative bodies of evidence for its efficacy and
      elucidation of the modes of action. Reports are appearing from many different
      specialties; however, of particular interest to plastic surgeons treating the
      aging face is the proven action of LED-LLLT on skin cells in both the epidermis
      and dermis and enhanced blood flow. Thus, LED-LLLT is a safe and effective stand
      alone therapy for patients who are prepared to wait until the final effect is
      perceived. 

PMID- 27363769
TI  - Radiofrequency Physics for Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Surgery.
AB  - Radiofrequency energy has a wide range of medical applications, including
      noninvasive treatment of wrinkles and body contouring. This technology works by
      differential heating of skin and soft tissue layers causing dermal remodeling or
      adipolysis, ultimately leading to observable effects. This article reviews the
      physics of radiofrequency as applied clinically. 

PMID- 27363770
TI  - Aesthetic Applications of Radiofrequency Devices.
AB  - Radiofrequency (RF)-based devices are used to improve face and neck laxity, a
      major feature of aging that until recently could only be addressed with surgery.
      Although these treatments are not meant to replace surgical procedures, patient
      satisfaction studies have been consistently high. For physicians offering these
      skin rejuvenation procedures, it is essential to have intimate knowledge of how
      the devices work, select appropriate candidates, set realistic expectations, and
      combine treatments to optimize outcomes. This article discusses the various
      noninvasive RF technologies currently in use and reviews pertinent clinical
      studies evaluating their efficacy and safety. 

PMID- 27363771
TI  - Minimally Invasive Radiofrequency Devices.
AB  - This article reviews minimally invasive radiofrequency options for skin
      tightening, focusing on describing their mechanism of action and clinical profile
      in terms of safety and efficacy and presenting peer-reviewed articles associated
      with the specific technologies. Treatments offered by minimally invasive
      radiofrequency devices (fractional, microneedling, temperature-controlled) are
      increasing in popularity due to the dramatic effects they can have without
      requiring skin excision, downtime, or even extreme financial burden from the
      patient's perspective. Clinical applications thus far have yielded impressive
      results in treating signs of the aging face and neck, either as stand-alone or as
      postoperative maintenance treatments. 

PMID- 27363772
TI  - Microfocused Ultrasound for Skin Tightening.
AB  - Microfocused ultrasound (MFU) generates tissue heating, which can be used for
      facial skin tightening as well as other areas of skin laxity. Unlike
      radiofrequency energy, MFU can penetrate deep into tissue without heating the
      superficial skin structures, allowing for higher treatment temperatures.
      Depending on patient factors and treatment protocols, 60% to 90% of patients can
      expect to see facial improvement 6 months after treatment. 

PMID- 27363773
TI  - Mesotherapy, Microneedling, and Chemical Peels.
AB  - Mesotherapy, microneedling, and chemical peels are minimally invasive techniques
      used to combat facial aging. Chemical peeling is one of the oldest methods of
      facial rejuvenation. By using different chemicals in various combinations,
      strengths, and application techniques, plastic surgeons can tailor a patient's
      treatment for optimal, safe, and consistent results. Mesotherapy and
      microneedling have emerged in the plastic surgery literature with increasingly
      complex indications. Both techniques have increased in popularity although
      research into efficacy and long-term results is lagging. With a thorough
      understanding of patients and the modalities available, plastic surgeons can use
      the appropriate minimally invasive technique to provide patients with desired
      skin changes. 

PMID- 27363774
TI  - Topical Products for the Aging Face.
AB  - This article focuses on nonprescription home-use topical treatment technologies
      for the aging face and is intended to serve as a guide for the core cosmeceutical
      technologies currently used and to help educate and assist the selection of
      topical antiaging products by the professional staff and their patients.
      Antiaging topical treatments for patient home use should be nonirritating,
      compatible with the patient skin type, effective, and complementary to surgical
      and minimally invasive office procedures, and aesthetically elegant. New topical
      antiaging technologies, formulated as monotherapy or as combinations with well
      known cosmeceuticals, should present adequate clinical studies to support their
      selection for use. 

PMID- 27363775
TI  - Sun Protection: Current Management Strategies Addressing UV Exposure.
AB  - The use of sunscreen is essential for protection against photoaging and skin
      cancer. There is no global consensus on rating systems for sunscreens but it is
      essential to understand what makes a product broad-spectrum. In addition,
      physicians should have a general understanding that high-quality successful
      sunscreens should not only provide broad-spectrum ultraviolet A/B protection but
      should also be formulated so that they are easy to apply, are water resistant,
      and are photostable in order to increase user compliance. 

PMID- 27363776
TI  - Minimally Invasive Procedures: Essential Tools for the Aesthetic Surgeon.

PMID- 27363777
TI  - Piezo-generator integrating a vertical array of GaN nanowires.
AB  - We demonstrate the first piezo-generator integrating a vertical array of GaN
      nanowires (NWs). We perform a systematic multi-scale analysis, going from single
      wire properties to macroscopic device fabrication and characterization, which
      allows us to establish for GaN NWs the relationship between the material
      properties and the piezo-generation, and to propose an efficient piezo-generator
      design. The piezo-conversion of individual MBE-grown p-doped GaN NWs in a dense
      array is assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) equipped with a Resiscope
      module yielding an average output voltage of 228 +/- 120 mV and a maximum value
      of 350 mV generated per NW. In the case of p-doped GaN NWs, the piezo-generation
      is achieved when a positive piezo-potential is created inside the nanostructures,
      i.e. when the NWs are submitted to compressive deformation. The understanding of
      the piezo-generation mechanism in our GaN NWs, gained from AFM analyses, is
      applied to design a piezo-generator operated under compressive strain. The device
      consists of NW arrays of several square millimeters in size embedded into spin-on
      glass with a Schottky contact for rectification and collection of piezo-generated
      carriers. The generator delivers a maximum power density of ~12.7 mW cm(-3). This
      value sets the new state of the art for piezo-generators based on GaN NWs and
      more generally on nitride NWs, and offers promising prospects for the use of GaN
      NWs as high-efficiency ultra-compact energy harvesters. 

PMID- 27363779
TI  - Concluding remarks: Faraday Discussion on chemistry in the urban atmosphere.
AB  - This article summarises the Concluding remarks from the Faraday Discussion on
      Chemistry in the Urban Atmosphere. The following themes are addressed: (a) new
      results that inform our understanding of the evolving sources and composition of
      the urban atmosphere ("News"); (b) results that identify gaps in our
      understanding that necessitate further work ("Gaps"); 

PMID- 27363778
TI  - Dynamin 1 isoform roles in a mouse model of severe childhood epileptic
      encephalopathy.
AB  - Dynamin 1 is a large neuron-specific GTPase involved in the endocytosis and
      recycling of pre-synaptic membranes and synaptic vesicles. Mutations in the gene
      encoding dynamin 1 (DNM1) underlie two epileptic encephalopathy syndromes, Lennox
      Gastaut Syndrome and Infantile Spasms. Mice homozygous for the Dnm1 "fitful"
      mutation, a non-synonymous coding variant in an alternatively spliced exon of
      Dnm1 (exon 10a; isoform designation: Dnm1a(Ftfl)) have an epileptic
      encephalopathy-like disorder including lethal early onset seizures, locomotor and
      neurosensory deficits. Although fitful heterozygotes have milder recurrent
      seizures later in life, suggesting an additive or semi-dominant mechanism, the
      molecular etiology must also consider the fact that Dnm1a(Ftfl) exerts a dominant
      negative effect on endocytosis in vitro. Another complication is that the fitful
      mutation induces alterations in the relative abundance of Dnm1 splice variants;
      mutants have a downregulation of Dnm1a and an upregulation of Dnm1b, changes
      which may contribute to the epileptic pathology. To examine whether Dnm1a loss of
      function, Dnm1a(Ftfl) dominance or compensation by Dnm1b is the most critical for
      severe seizures, we studied alternate isoform-specific mutant mice. Mice lacking
      Dnm1 exon 10a or Dnm1 exon 10b have neither spontaneous seizures nor other overt
      abnormalities, suggesting that in normal conditions the major role of each
      isoform is redundant. However, in the presence of Dnm1a(Ftfl) only exon 10a
      deleted mice experience severe seizures. These results reveal functional
      differences between Dnm1a and Dnm1b isoforms in the presence of a challenge, i.e.
      toxic Dnm1(Ftfl), while reinforcing its effect explicitly in this model of severe
      pediatric epilepsy. 

PMID- 27363780
TI  - The interplay of aggregation, fibrillization and gelation of an unexpected low
      molecular weight gelator: glycylalanylglycine in ethanol/water.
AB  - Hydrogels formed by polypeptides could be much-favored tools for drug delivery
      because their main ingredients are generally biodegradable. However, the gelation
      of peptides in aqueous solution generally requires a minimal length of the
      peptide as well as distinct sequences of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues.
      The aggregation of short peptides like tripeptides, which are relatively cheap
      and offer a high degree of biodegradability, are generally thought to require a
      high hydrophobicity of their residues. We found that contrary to this expectation
      cationic glycylalanylglycine in 55 mol% ethanol/45 mol% water forms a gel below a
      melting temperature of ca. 36  degrees C. A pure hydrogel state can be obtained
      after allowing the ethanol component to evaporate. The gel phase consists of
      crystalline fibrils of several 100 MUm, which form a sample-spanning network.
      Rheological data reveal a soft elastic solid gel. We investigated the kinetics of
      the various processes that lead to the final gel state of the ternary mixture by
      a unique combination of UV circular dichroism, infrared, vibrational circular
      dichroism (VCD) and rheological measurements. A mathematical analysis of our data
      show that gelation is preceded by the formation of peptide beta-sheet like tapes
      or ribbons, which give rise to a significant enhancement of the amide I' VCD
      signal, and the subsequent formation of rather thick and long fibrils. The VCD
      signals indicate that the tapes exhibit a right-handed helicity at temperatures
      above 16  degrees C and a left-handed helicity below. The tapes'/ribbons'
      helicity change occurs at a temperature where the UVCD data reflect a relatively
      long nucleation process. The kinetics of gel formation probed by the storage and
      loss moduli are composed of a fast process that follows tape/ribbon/fibril
      formation and is clearly identifiable in a movie that shows the gelation process
      and a slow process that causes an additional gel stabilization. The rheological
      data indicate that left-handed fibrils observed at low temperatures form a more
      solid-like structure than their right-handed counterparts formed at higher
      temperatures. Taken together our data reveal GAG as an unexpected gelator, the
      formation of which is underlied by a set of distinguishable kinetic processes. 

PMID- 27363781
TI  - microRNA expression profile in human coronary smooth muscle cell-derived
      microparticles is a source of biomarkers.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: microRNA (miRNA) expression profile of extracellular vesicles is a
      potential tool for clinical practice. Despite the key role of vascular smooth
      muscle cells (VSMC) in cardiovascular pathology, there is limited information
      about the presence of miRNAs in microparticles secreted by this cell type,
      including human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC). Here, we tested
      whether HCASMC-derived microparticles contain miRNAs and the value of these
      miRNAs as biomarkers. METHODS: HCASMC and explants from atherosclerotic or non
      atherosclerotic areas were obtained from coronary arteries of patients undergoing
      heart transplant. Plasma samples were collected from: normocholesterolemic
      controls (N=12) and familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients (N=12). Both
      groups were strictly matched for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors.
      Microparticle (0.1-1MUm) isolation and characterization was performed using
      standard techniques. VSMC-enriched miRNAs expression (miR-21-5p, -143-3p, -145
      5p, -221-3p and -222-3p) was analyzed using RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Total RNA isolated
      from HCASMC-derived microparticles contained small RNAs, including VSMC-enriched
      miRNAs. Exposition of HCASMC to pathophysiological conditions, such as
      hypercholesterolemia, induced a decrease in the expression level of miR-143-3p
      and miR-222-3p in microparticles, not in cells. Expression levels of miR-222-3p
      were lower in circulating microparticles from FH patients compared to
      normocholesterolemic controls. Microparticles derived from atherosclerotic plaque
      areas showed a decreased level of miR-143-3p and miR-222-3p compared to non
      atherosclerotic areas. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated for the first time that
      microparticles secreted by HCASMC contain microRNAs. Hypercholesterolemia alters
      the microRNA profile of HCASMC-derived microparticles. The miRNA signature of
      HCASMC-derived microparticles is a source of cardiovascular biomarkers.

PMID- 27363782
TI  - Construction of local gene network for revealing different liver function of rats
      fed deep-fried oil with or without resistant starch.
AB  - To study the mechanism underlying the liver damage induced by deep-fried oil (DO)
      consumption and the beneficial effects from resistant starch (RS) supplement,
      differential gene expression and pathway network were analyzed based on RNA
      sequencing data from rats. The up/down regulated genes and corresponding
      signaling pathways were used to construct a novel local gene network (LGN). The
      topology of the network showed characteristics of small-world network, with some
      pathways demonstrating a high degree. Some changes in genes led to a larger
      probability occurrence of disease or infection with DO intake. More importantly,
      the main pathways were found to be almost the same between the two LGNs (30
      pathways overlapped in total 48) with gene expression profile. This finding may
      indicate that RS supplement in DO-containing diet may mainly regulate the genes
      that related to DO damage, and RS in the diet may provide direct signals to the
      liver cells and modulate its effect through a network involving complex gene
      regulatory events. It is the first attempt to reveal the mechanism of the
      attenuation of liver dysfunction from RS supplement in the DO-containing diet
      using differential gene expression and pathway network. 

PMID- 27363783
TI  - Cucurbitacin E ameliorates hepatic fibrosis in vivo and in vitro through
      activation of AMPK and blocking mTOR-dependent signaling pathway.
AB  - The study evaluated the potential protective effect and underlying mechanism of
      Cucurbitacin E (CuE) in both thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis and activated
      HSCs. CuE inhibited the proliferation of activated HSC/T-6 cells in a
      concentration- and time-dependent manner; triggered the activation of caspase-3,
      cleaved PARP, altered ratio of bcl-2-to-bax, and affected cytochrome C protein in
      a time- and concentration-dependent manner. CuE arrested activated HSCs at the
      G2/M phase. Furthermore, CuE reduced levels of p-Erk/MAPK and also inhibited the
      protein and mRNA expressions of alpha-SMA, TIMP-1 and collagen I in activated HSC
      T6 cells. CuE inhibited PI3K and Akt phosphorylation, and reduced the levels of p
      mTOR and p-P70S6K and increased the expression of p-AMPK, which is similar with
      AICAR and metformin. C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with
      thioacetamide (TAA) for five continuous weeks (100 or 200mg/kg, three times per
      week) along with daily administration of CuE (5 or 10mg/kg/d) and curcumin (Cur,
      20mg/kg). CuE treatments significantly reduced serum ALT/AST levels, alpha-SMA,
      TIMP-1, and collagen I protein expressions. HE, Masson trichrome, Sirius red and
      immunohistochemical staining also suggested that CuE could ameliorate hepatic
      fibrosis. Our findings suggest that CuE induces apoptosis of activated HSC and
      ameliorates TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis through activation of AMPK and blocking
      mTOR-dependent signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27363784
TI  - T-2 toxin inhibits murine ES cells cardiac differentiation and mitochondrial
      biogenesis by ROS and p-38 MAPK-mediated pathway.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of T-2 toxin on murine embryonic stem cells
      (ESCs) cardiac differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in vitro. METHODS:
      Cardiac differentiation of the mouse ESCs was initiated by embryoid bodies (EBs)
      formation in hanging drops. EBs were exposed to 0.5ng/ml T-2 toxin for 24, 72 and
      120h. Cultures were observed daily for the appearance of contracting clusters,
      and cardiac-specific protein (alpha-actiniin) were measured by Western blot and
      immunocytochemistry. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was observed by confocal laser
      scanning microscopy and transmission EM photography. Reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) was monitored by H2-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate (H2DCF-DA). The
      phosphorylation of the p38 (p-p38) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
      (MAPK) and the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins, including
      peroxisome proliferator activated receptor coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1alpha),
      nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A
      (mtTFA), and mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (COXIV) were analyzed
      using Western blot. In some experiments, mESCs were pre-treated with the
      antioxidant Trolox (200MUM) for 30min, then exposed to Trolox (200MUM) and T-2
      toxin (0.5ng/ml) for 72h. RESULTS: Contracting clusters were observed under the
      microscope light and cardiac-specific protein (alpha-actinin) expressed
      positively indicated mESCs directly differentiated in cardiomyocytes. However,
      the cardiac differentiation was inhibited by T-2 toxin treatment 72 and 120h. ROS
      accumulated in murine ES cells in a time-dependent manner. The expression of p
      p38 significantly increased in 24h group and decrease in 72 and 120h groups. The
      decrease of mitochondrial number and the mitochondrial biogenesis-related
      proteins expression, including PGC-1alpha, NRF-1, mtTFA, and COXIV decreased in a
      time-dependent manner with T-2 toxin treatment. However, the inhibition of
      mitochondrial biogenesis by T-2 toxin in differentiated mESCs was recovered
      significantly in the presence of the antioxidant Trolox. CONCLUSION: Taken
      together, T-2 toxin decreased the expression of PGC-1alpha, NRF-1, and mtTFA,
      inhibited mitochondrial biogenesis, and then inhibited the cardiac
      differentiation of murine ES cells, and the effect was partly responsible for the
      p38 MAPK mediated by ROS.

PMID- 27363785
TI  - Cytotoxicity evaluation using cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes in various
      culture formats.
AB  - Sixteen training compounds selected in the IMI MIP-DILI consortium, 12 drug
      induced liver injury (DILI) positive compounds and 4 non-DILI compounds, were
      assessed in cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes. When a ten-fold safety
      margin threshold was applied, the non-DILI-compounds were correctly identified 2h
      following a single exposure to pooled human hepatocytes (n=13 donors) in
      suspension and 14-days following repeat dose exposure (3 treatments) to an
      established 3D-microtissue co-culture (3D-MT co-culture, n=1 donor) consisting of
      human hepatocytes co-cultured with non-parenchymal cells (NPC). In contrast, only
      5/12 DILI-compounds were correctly identified 2h following a single exposure to
      pooled human hepatocytes in suspension. Exposure of the 2D-sandwich culture human
      hepatocyte monocultures (2D-sw) for 3days resulted in the correct identification
      of 11/12 DILI-positive compounds, whereas exposure of the human 3D-MT co-cultures
      for 14days resulted in identification of 9/12 DILI-compounds; in addition to
      ximelagatran (also not identified by 2D-sw monocultures, Sison-Young et al.,
      2016), the 3D-MT co-cultures failed to detect amiodarone and bosentan. The
      sensitivity of the 2D human hepatocytes co-cultured with NPC to ximelagatran was
      increased in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but only at high
      concentrations, therefore preventing its classification as a DILI positive
      compound. In conclusion (1) despite suspension human hepatocytes having the
      greatest metabolic capacity in the short term, they are the least predictive of
      clinical DILI across the MIP-DILI test compounds, (2) longer exposure periods
      than 72h of human hepatocytes do not allow to increase DILI-prediction rate, (3)
      co-cultures of human hepatocytes with NPC, in the presence of LPS during the 72h
      exposure period allow the assessment of innate immune system involvement of a
      given drug. 

PMID- 27363786
TI  - The Maternal Legacy: Female Identity Predicts Offspring Sex Ratio in the
      Loggerhead Sea Turtle.
AB  - In organisms with temperature-dependent sex determination, the incubation
      environment plays a key role in determining offspring sex ratios. Given that
      global temperatures have warmed approximately 0.6  degrees C in the last century,
      it is necessary to consider how organisms will adjust to climate change. To
      better understand the degree to which mothers influence the sex ratios of their
      offspring, we use 24 years of nesting data for individual female loggerhead sea
      turtles (Caretta caretta) observed on Bald Head Island, North Carolina. We find
      that maternal identity is the best predictor of nest sex ratio in univariate and
      multivariate predictive models. We find significant variability in estimated nest
      sex ratios among mothers, but a high degree of consistency within mothers,
      despite substantial spatial and temporal thermal variation. Our results suggest
      that individual differences in nesting preferences are the main driver behind
      divergences in nest sex ratios. As such, a female's ability to plastically adjust
      her nest sex ratios in response to environmental conditions is constrained,
      potentially limiting how individuals behaviorally mitigate the effects of
      environmental change. Given that many loggerhead populations already show female
      biased offspring sex ratios, understanding maternal behavioral responses is
      critical for predicting the future of long-lived species vulnerable to
      extinction.

PMID- 27363787
TI  - Effects of neonatal stress on gamma oscillations in hippocampus.
AB  - Chronic early life stress increases adult risk for depression, bipolar disorder
      and schizophrenia, illnesses characterized by aberrant functions of cognition and
      memory. We asked whether chronic early life stress disrupts maturation of gamma
      oscillations, on which these functions depend. Lifelong impairment of the stress
      response results from separation of rat pups from the dam for three hours per day
      during a critical period of hippocampal development (PNDs 2-14). Parvalbumin
      expressing interneurons, including the basket cell network which is fundamental
      to gamma oscillations, are reduced in number in post mortem studies of bipolar
      disorder and schizophrenia, and in chronically-stressed adult rats. To determine
      effects of chronic early life stress on gamma oscillations, we separated pups
      from dams once each day on PNDs 2-14 and recorded in vitro at PNDs 15-21. In
      control pups, separated for 15 minutes per day, gamma power had highly
      significant correlations with both age (p = 0.0022) and weight (p = 0.0024);
      gamma in pups separated for 180 minutes per day was not correlated with either
      factor. ANCOVA indicated significant differences between the groups in both
      measures. These findings indicate that chronic early life stress can disrupt
      maturation of the gamma oscillation network.

PMID- 27363788
TI  - Azaindole synthesis through dual activation catalysis with N-heterocyclic
      carbenes.
AB  - A convergent, transition-metal-free synthesis of 2-aryl-azaindoles has been
      developed. The interception of a reactive aza-ortho-azaquinone methide
      intermediate by an acyl anion equivalent generated through carbene catalysis
      provides high yields, a wide substrate scope, and the synthesis of previously
      inaccessible azaindoles. 

PMID- 27363808
TI  - Indexing Effects of Copy Number Variation on Genes Involved in Developmental
      Delay.
AB  - A challenge in clinical genomics is to predict whether copy number variation
      (CNV) affecting a gene or multiple genes will manifest as disease. Increasing
      recognition of gene dosage effects in neurodevelopmental disorders prompted us to
      develop a computational approach based on critical-exon (highly expressed in
      brain, highly conserved) examination for potential etiologic effects. Using a
      large CNV dataset, our updated analyses revealed significant (P < 1.64 * 10(-15))
      enrichment of critical-exons within rare CNVs in cases compared to controls.
      Separately, we used a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to
      construct an unbiased protein module from prenatal and adult tissues and found it
      significantly enriched for critical exons in prenatal (P < 1.15 * 10(-50), OR =
      2.11) and adult (P < 6.03 * 10(-18), OR = 1.55) tissues. WGCNA yielded 1,206
      proteins for which we prioritized the corresponding genes as likely to have a
      role in neurodevelopmental disorders. We compared the gene lists obtained from
      critical-exon and WGCNA analysis and found 438 candidate genes associated with
      CNVs annotated as pathogenic, or as variants of uncertain significance (VOUS),
      from among 10,619 developmental delay cases. We identified genes containing CNVs
      previously considered to be VOUS to be new candidate genes for neurodevelopmental
      disorders (GIT1, MVB12B and PPP1R9A) demonstrating the utility of this strategy
      to index the clinical effects of CNVs.

PMID- 27363809
TI  - Alzheimer's disease Advax(CpG)- adjuvanted MultiTEP-based dual and single
      vaccines induce high-titer antibodies against various forms of tau and Abeta
      pathological molecules.
AB  - Although beta-amyloid (Abeta) may be the primary driver of Alzheimer's disease
      (AD) pathology, accumulation of pathological tau correlates with dementia in AD
      patients. Thus, the prevention/inhibition of AD may require vaccine/s targeting
      Abeta and tau simultaneously or sequentially. Since high antibody titers are
      required for AD vaccine efficacy, we have decided to generate vaccines, targeting
      Abeta (AV-1959R), Tau (AV-1980R) or Abeta/tau (AV-1953R) B cell epitopes, based
      on immunogenic MultiTEP platform and evaluate the immunogenicity of these
      vaccines formulated with Advax(CpG), delta inulin, Alhydrogel((r)), Montanide
      ISA51, Montanide-ISA720, MPLA-SM pharmaceutical grade adjuvants. Formulation of
      AV-1959R in Advax(CpG) induced the highest cellular and humoral immune responses
      in mice. The dual-epitope vaccine, AV-1953R, or the combination of AV-1959R and
      AV-1980R vaccines formulated with Advax(CpG) induced robust antibody responses
      against various forms of both, Abeta and tau pathological molecules. While anti
      Abeta antibody titers after AV-1953R immunization were similar to that in mice
      vaccinated with AV-1959R or AV-1959R/AV-1980R combination, anti-tau titers were
      significantly lower after AV-1953R injection when compared to the AV-1980R or AV
      1959R/AV-1980R. In silico 3D-modeling provided insight into the differences in
      immunogenicity of these vaccine constructs. In sum, AV-1959R and AV-1980R
      formulated with Advax(CpG) adjuvant were identified as promising immunogenic
      vaccines for ongoing pre-clinical assessment and future human clinical trials.

PMID- 27363810
TI  - A centenary of Robert T. Leiper's lasting legacy on schistosomiasis and a
      COUNTDOWN on control of neglected tropical diseases.
AB  - Part of Robert T. Leiper's (1881-1969) lasting legacy in medical helminthology is
      grounded on his pioneering work on schistosomiasis (Bilharzia). Having undertaken
      many expeditions to the tropics, his fascination with parasite life cycles
      typically allowed him to devise simple preventive measures that curtailed
      transmission. Building on his formative work with others in Africa and Asia, and
      again in Egypt in 1915, he elucidated the life cycles of African schistosomes.
      His mandate, then commissioned by the British War Office, was to prevent and
      break transmission of this disease in British troops. This he did by raising
      standing orders based on simple water hygiene measures. Whilst feasible in
      military camp settings, today their routine implementation is sadly out of reach
      for millions of Africans living in poverty. Whilst we celebrate the centenary of
      Leiper's research we draw attention to some of his lesser known colleagues, then
      focus on schistosomiasis in Uganda discussing why expanded access to treatment
      with praziquantel is needed now. Looking to WHO 2020 targets for neglected
      tropical diseases, we introduce COUNTDOWN, an implementation research consortium
      funded by DFID, UK, which fosters the scale-up of interventions and confirm the
      current relevance of Leiper's original research.

PMID- 27363813
TI  - Sensitivity, Prediction Uncertainty, and Detection Limit for Artificial Neural
      Network Calibrations.
AB  - With the proliferation of multivariate calibration methods based on artificial
      neural networks, expressions for the estimation of figures of merit such as
      sensitivity, prediction uncertainty, and detection limit are urgently needed.
      This would bring nonlinear multivariate calibration methodologies to the same
      status as the linear counterparts in terms of comparability. Currently only the
      average prediction error or the ratio of performance to deviation for a test
      sample set is employed to characterize and promote neural network calibrations.
      It is clear that additional information is required. We report for the first time
      expressions that easily allow one to compute three relevant figures: (1) the
      sensitivity, which turns out to be sample-dependent, as expected, (2) the
      prediction uncertainty, and (3) the detection limit. The approach resembles that
      employed for linear multivariate calibration, i.e., partial least-squares
      regression, specifically adapted to neural network calibration scenarios. As
      usual, both simulated and real (near-infrared) spectral data sets serve to
      illustrate the proposal.

PMID- 27363811
TI  - Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Efficient siRNA Targeting in Cancer Cells by
      Supramolecular pKa Shift.
AB  - Biomacromolecular pKa shifting is considered as one of the most ubiquitous
      processes in biochemical events, e.g., the enzyme-catalyzed reaction and protein
      conformational stabilization. In this paper, we report on the construction of
      biocompatible polysaccharide nanoparticle with targeting ability and lower
      toxicity by supramolecular pKa shift strategy. This was realized through a
      ternary assembly constructed by the dual host-guest interactions of an adamantane
      bis(diamine) conjugate (ADA) with cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) and a polysaccharide.
      The potential application of such biocompatible nanostructure was further
      implemented by the selective transportation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in a
      controlled manner. It is demonstrated that the strong encapsulation of the ADA's
      diammonium tail by CB[6] not only reduced the cytotoxicity of the nano-scaled
      vehicle but also dramatically enhanced cation density through an obvious positive
      macrocycle-induced pKa shift, which eventually facilitated the subsequent siRNA
      binding. With a targeted polysaccharide shell containing a cyclodextrin
      hyaluronic acid conjugate, macrocycle-incorporated siRNA polyplexes were
      specifically delivered into malignant human prostate PC-3 cells. The
      supramolecular polysaccharide nanoparticles, the formation of which was enabled
      and promoted by the complexation-assisted pKa shift, may be used as a versatile
      tool for controlled capture and release of biofunctional substrates.

PMID- 27363814
TI  - Report of the results of the International Clinical Cytometry Society and
      American Society for Clinical Pathology workload survey of clinical flow
      cytometry laboratories.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thorough review of current workload, staffing, and testing practices
      in clinical laboratories allows for optimization of laboratory efficiency and
      quality. This information is largely missing with regard to clinical flow
      cytometry laboratories. The purpose of this survey is to provide comprehensive,
      current, and accurate data on testing practices and laboratory staffing in
      clinical laboratories performing flow cytometric studies. METHODS: Survey data
      was collected from flow cytometry laboratories through the ASCP website. Data was
      collected on the workload during a 1-year time period of full-time and part-time
      technical and professional (M.D./D.O./Ph.D. or equivalent) flow cytometry
      employees. Workload was examined as number of specimens and tubes per full time
      equivalent (FTE) technical and professional staff. Test complexity, test result
      interpretation, and reporting practices were also evaluated. RESULTS: There were
      205 respondent laboratories affiliated predominantly with academic and health
      system institutions. Overall, 1,132 FTE employees were reported with 29%
      professional FTE employees and 71% technical. Fifty-one percent of the testing
      performed was considered high complexity and 49% was low complexity. The average
      number of tubes per FTE technologist was 1,194 per year and the average number of
      specimens per FTE professional was 1,659 per year. The flow cytometry reports
      were predominantly written by pathologists (57%) and were typically written as a
      separate report (58%). CONCLUSIONS: This survey evaluates the overall status of
      the current practice of clinical flow cytometry and provides a comprehensive
      dataset as a framework to help laboratory departments, directors, and managers
      make appropriate, cost-effective staffing decisions. (c) 2016 International
      Clinical Cytometry Society.

PMID- 27363812
TI  - Neutrophils mediate Salmonella Typhimurium clearance through the GBP4
      inflammasome-dependent production of prostaglandins.
AB  - Inflammasomes are cytosolic molecular platforms that alert the immune system
      about the presence of infection. Here we report that zebrafish guanylate-binding
      protein 4 (Gbp4), an IFNgamma-inducible GTPase protein harbouring a C-terminal
      CARD domain, is required for the inflammasome-dependent clearance of Salmonella
      Typhimurium (ST) by neutrophils in vivo. Despite the presence of the CARD domain,
      Gbp4 requires the universal inflammasome adaptor Asc for mediating its
      antibacterial function. In addition, the GTPase activity of Gbp4 is indispensable
      for inflammasome activation and ST clearance. Mechanistically, neutrophils are
      recruited to the infection site through the inflammasome-independent production
      of the chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 8 and leukotriene B4, and then mediate
      bacterial clearance through the Gbp4 inflammasome-dependent biosynthesis of
      prostaglandin D2. Our results point to GBPs as key inflammasome adaptors required
      for prostaglandin biosynthesis and bacterial clearance by neutrophils and suggest
      that transient activation of the inflammasome may be used to treat bacterial
      infections.

PMID- 27363815
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27363816
TI  - Submaximal fitness and mortality risk reduction in coronary heart disease: a
      retrospective cohort study of community-based exercise rehabilitation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between submaximal cardiorespiratory
      fitness (sCRF) and all-cause mortality in a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) cohort.
      DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of participants entering CR between 26 May
      1993 and 16 October 2006, followed up to 1 November 2013 (median 14 years, range
      1.2-19.4 years). SETTING: A community-based CR exercise programme in Leeds, West
      Yorkshire, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 534 men (76%) and 136 women with a
      clinical diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD), aged 22-82 years, attending
      CR were evaluated for the association between baseline sCRF and all-cause
      mortality. 416 participants with an exercise test following CR (median 14 weeks)
      were examined for changes in sCRF and all-cause mortality. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      All-cause mortality and change in sCRF expressed in estimated metabolic
      equivalents (METs). RESULTS: Baseline sCRF was a strong predictor of all-cause
      mortality; compared to the lowest sCRF group (<5 METs for women and <6 METs for
      men), mortality risk was 41% lower in those with moderate sCRF (HR 0.59; 95% CI
      0.42 to 0.83) and 60% lower (HR 0.40; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.64) in those with higher
      sCRF levels (>=7 METs women and >=8 METs for men). Although improvement in sCRF
      at 14 weeks was not associated with a significant mortality risk reduction (HR
      0.91; 95% CI 0.79 to 1.06) for the whole cohort, in those with the lowest sCRF
      (and highest all-cause mortality) at baseline, each 1-MET improvement was
      associated with a 27% age-adjusted reduction in mortality risk (HR 0.73; 95% CI
      0.57 to 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Higher baseline sCRF is associated with a reduced
      risk of all-cause mortality over 14 years in adults with CHD. Improving fitness
      through exercise-based CR is associated with significant risk reduction for the
      least fit.

PMID- 27363817
TI  - Validation of the Compassion Fatigue Short Scale among Chinese medical workers
      and firefighters: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the
      C-Compassion Fatigue (CF)-Short Scale among 4 independent samples of Chinese
      emergency workers (medical workers and firefighters). DESIGN: Cross-sectional.
      SETTING: 6 hospitals in Zhejiang Province and 12 fire stations in Shanghai.
      PARTICIPANTS: Emergency workers (medical and firefighters) were consecutively
      recruited and divided into 4 groups: the MW1 group (medical workers, n=167), the
      FF1 group (firefighters, n=157), the MW2 group (medical workers, n=265) and the
      FF2 group (firefighters, n=231). INTERVENTIONS: All patients completed the C-CF
      Short Scale to identify factors associated with compassion fatigue. The MW1 and
      FF1 groups were used for the exploratory analyses. The MW2 and FF2 groups were
      used for the confirmatory factor analyses. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Factor loading, correlations with previously validated questionnaires
      (the Ego-Resiliency Scale, the Social Support Questionnaire and the Job Pressure
      Scale) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were tested for each factor. RESULTS: The
      C-CF-Short Scale demonstrated excellent construct validity and good internal
      consistency. Specifically, the results of exploratory factor analyses in the MW1
      and FF1 groups showed that secondary trauma and job burnout were associated with
      compassion fatigue in these emergency workers. The confirmatory factor analyses
      in the MW2 and FF2 groups indicated that all the fit indices of the 2-factor
      model were satisfactory. Finally, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of each factor
      was excellent. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the C-CF-Short Scale has
      good psychometric properties and can be applied to study Chinese emergency
      workers.

PMID- 27363818
TI  - Regulatory approval of pharmaceuticals without a randomised controlled study:
      analysis of EMA and FDA approvals 1999-2014.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The efficacy of pharmaceuticals is most often demonstrated by
      randomised controlled trials (RCTs); however, in some cases, regulatory
      applications lack RCT evidence. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the number and type of
      these approvals over the past 15 years by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and
      the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). METHODS: Drug approval data were
      downloaded from the EMA website and the 'Drugs@FDA' database for all decisions on
      pharmaceuticals published from 1 January 1999 to 8 May 2014. The details of
      eligible applications were extracted, including the therapeutic area, type of
      approval and review period. RESULTS: Over the period of the study, 76 unique
      indications were granted without RCT results (44 by the EMA and 60 by the FDA),
      demonstrating that a substantial number of treatments reach the market without
      undergoing an RCT. The majority was for haematological malignancies (34), with
      the next most common areas being oncology (15) and metabolic conditions (15). Of
      the applications made to both agencies with a comparable data package, the FDA
      granted more approvals (43/44 vs 35/44) and took less time to review products
      (8.7 vs 15.5 months). Products reached the market first in the USA in 30 of 34
      cases (mean 13.1 months) due to companies making FDA submission before EMA
      submissions and faster FDA review time. DISCUSSION: Despite the frequency with
      which approvals are granted without RCT results, there is no systematic
      monitoring of such treatments to confirm their effectiveness or consistency
      regarding when this form of evidence is appropriate. We recommend a more open
      debate on the role of marketing authorisations granted without RCT results, and
      the development of guidelines on what constitutes an acceptable data package for
      regulators.

PMID- 27363819
TI  - Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab plus erlotinib versus bevacizumab or erlotinib
      alone in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and
      meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Bevacizumab and erlotinib inhibit different tumour growth pathways,
      and both exhibit beneficial effects in the treatment of non-small-cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC). However, the efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with
      erlotinib remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to
      compare combination treatment with bevacizumab and erlotinib to bevacizumab or
      erlotinib monotherapy in the treatment of NSCLC. METHODS: Randomised controlled
      trials (RCTs) published in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE were systematically
      reviewed. The main outcome measures included overall survival (OS), progression
      free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR) and adverse events. Results were
      expressed as HRs or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs. RESULTS: 5 RCTs involving a
      total of 1736 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The combination of
      bevacizumab and erlotinib significantly improved PFS (HR=0.63, 95% CI 0.53 to
      0.75; p=0.000) and the ORR (RR=1.91, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.06; p=0.007) in the second
      line treatment of NSCLC compared with bevacizumab or erlotinib alone. However, no
      significant difference in OS was observed between the combination and monotherapy
      groups (HR=0.96, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.11; p=0.573). A subgroup analysis has shown
      that the greatest PFS benefit was associated with an age of <65 years(HR=0.74,
      95% CI 0.57 to 0.96; p=0.026), Asian/Pacific Islander ethnicity (HR=0.23, 95% CI
      0.10 to 0.54; p=0.001), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status
      (ECOG PS) 1 (HR=0.82, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.98; p=0.033), stage IIIB or IV disease
      (HR=0.68, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.82; p=0.000) and no history of smoking (HR=0.48, 95%
      CI 0.32 to 0.71; p=0.000). The incidence of grade 3/4 adverse events such as rash
      and diarrhoea was higher in the combination group than in the monotherapy group.
      CONCLUSIONS: The addition of bevacizumab to erlotinib can significantly improve
      PFS and the ORR in the second-line treatment of NSCLC with an acceptable and
      manageable risk of rash and diarrhoea. Further well-conducted, large-scale trials
      are needed to validate these findings.

PMID- 27363821
TI  - Cytomegalovirus Ocular Involvement in a Kidney Transplant Recipient.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus remains the most common infection after kidney transplant. We
      report cytomegalovirus retinitis and anterior uveitis, which developed
      consecutively within 1 year in a kidney transplant recipient. A 25-year-old man
      presented 5 months after transplant with decreased visual acuity in his left eye.
      Fundus examination revealed bilateral areas of necrotizing retinitis with
      intraretinal hemorrhages. The confirmation of cytomegalovirus disease was based
      on clinical findings and positive polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus
      in plasma and in aqueous humor. The patient was treated with intravenous
      ganciclovir for 21 days and then with valacyclovir for 3 months. The patient's
      symptoms improved, and fundus examination revealed resolution of retinitis with
      appearance of retinal scarring. One year later, the patient presented with
      cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis associated with increased intraocular pressure,
      which was treated with antiviral agents, antiglaucomatous eye drops, and
      trabeculectomy. Cytomegalovirus ocular involvement for our immunocompromised
      patient presented in 2 consecutive forms: bilateral retinitis and anterior
      uveitis. Early diagnosis and treatment of active cytomegalovirus retinitis and
      uveitis remain crucial to prevent their progression to irreversible visual
      impairment.

PMID- 27363820
TI  - Investigating the relationship between substance use and sexual behaviour in
      young people in Britain: findings from a national probability survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health risk behaviours are prominent in late adolescence and young
      adulthood, yet UK population-level research examining the relationship between
      drug or alcohol use and sexual health and behaviour among young people is scarce,
      despite public health calls for an integrated approach to health improvement. Our
      objective was to further our understanding of the scale of and nature of any such
      relationship, using contemporary data from Britain's third National Survey of
      Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3). METHODS: Analyses of data from Natsal
      3, a stratified probability survey of 15 162 men and women (3869 aged 16-24
      years), undertaken in 2010-2012, using computer-assisted personal interviewing,
      were carried out. Logistic regression was used to explore associations between
      reporting (1) frequent binge drinking (>=weekly), (2) recent drug use (within
      past 4 weeks) or (3) multiple (both types of) substance use, and key sexual risk
      behaviours and adverse sexual health outcomes. We then examined the
      sociodemographic profile, health behaviours and attitudes reported by 'risky'
      young people, defined as those reporting >=1 type of substance use plus non
      condom use at first sex with >=1 new partner(s), last year. RESULTS: Men and
      women reporting frequent binge drinking or recent drug use were more likely to
      report: unprotected first sex with >=1 new partner(s), last year; first sex with
      their last partner after only recently meeting; emergency contraception use (last
      year) and sexually transmitted infection diagnosis/es (past 5 years).
      Associations with sexual risk were frequently stronger for those reporting
      multiple substance use, particularly among men. The profile of 'risky' young
      people differed from that of other 16-24 years old. CONCLUSIONS: In this
      nationally representative study, substance use was strongly associated with
      sexual risk and adverse sexual health outcomes among young people. Qualitative or
      event-level research is needed to examine the context and motivations behind
      these associations to inform joined-up interventions to address these inter
      related behaviours.

PMID- 27363822
TI  - A substudy evaluating treatment intensification on medication adherence among
      hypertensive patients receiving home blood pressure telemonitoring and pharmacist
      management.
AB  - WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Hypertension is a leading cause of death and major
      contributor to heart attacks, strokes, heart and kidney failure. Antihypertensive
      (HTN medication) non-adherence contributes to uncontrolled hypertension.
      Effective initiatives to improve uncontrolled hypertension include a team-based
      approach with home blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Our study objective was to
      evaluate whether objectively measured medication adherence was influenced by home
      BP telemonitoring and pharmacist management. METHODS: We analysed HTN medication
      adherence in 240 patients who received home BP telemonitoring and pharmacist
      intervention (TI). Adherence was measured based on prescription fills and the
      proportion of days covered (PDC). HTN medications continued pre- to post-baseline
      were similar for telemonitoring intervention (TI) and usual care (UC) patients
      (rate ratio = 1.00, P = 0.90). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: More HTN medications were
      discontinued pre- to post-baseline in TI patients (rate ratio = 1.38, P = 0.04).
      Similarly, more HTN medications were added in TI patients (rate ratio = 2.46, P <
      0.001). The proportion with a mean PDC >= 0.8 for HTN medications added after
      baseline and overall adherence did not differ between groups. WHAT IS NEW AND
      CONCLUSION: Medication adherence was high in both groups; however, medication
      adherence was not significantly altered by the intervention. There were more
      medication modifications and greater medication intensification among TI
      patients.

PMID- 27363823
TI  - The Impact of Cocoa Flavanols on Cardiovascular Health.
AB  - The aim of the study was to review the effect of cocoa flavanols on
      cardiovascular health, with emphasis on the doses ingested, and to analyze a
      range of cocoa products for content of these compounds. PubMed was searched from
      2010 to locate systematic reviews (SR) on clinical effects of chocolate
      consumption. Thirteen SRs were identified and reviewed, and provided strong
      evidence that dark chocolate did not reduce blood pressure. The evidence was
      however strong for an association with increased flow-mediated vasodilatation
      (FMD) and moderate for an improvement in blood glucose and lipid metabolism. Our
      analysis showed that cocoa products with around 100 mg epicatechin can reliably
      increase FMD, and that cocoa flavanol doses of around 900 mg or above may
      decrease blood pressure in specific individuals and/or if consumed over longer
      periods. Out of 32 cocoa product samples analyzed, the two food supplements
      delivered 900 mg of total flavanols and 100 mg epicatechin in doses of 7 g and 20
      g and 3 and 8 g, respectively. To achieve these doses with chocolate, around 100
      to 500 g (for 900 mg flavanols) and 50 to 200 g (for 100 mg epicatechin) would
      need to be consumed. Chocolate products marketed for their purported health
      benefits should therefore declare the amounts of total flavanols and epicatechin.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27363824
TI  - American Heart Association's Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics in Under
      Represented Asian Americans.
AB  - The American Heart Association's ideal cardiovascular health score is based on 7
      cardiovascular health metrics to measure progress toward their Impact Goal of
      reducing cardiovascular disease by 20 % before 2020. This study applied this
      construct to assess cardiovascular health in a sample of Asian Americans.
      Convenience sampling methods were used to enroll self-identified Asian American's
      over the age of 18 years who were attending community health fairs across the
      greater Philadelphia and urban areas of New Jersey. The heart health metrics of
      tobacco use, body mass index, physical activity, diet, blood pressure, and
      glucose were measured. In the greater sample (N = 541), 82 % were female, the
      mean age was 65.1 (SD = 15.5) years, 45 % were Vietnamese, 38 % were Chinese and
      17 % were Korean. Prevalence of ideal heart health for the metrics of tobacco use
      (95 %) was high. Only 19.4 % achieved ideal levels of physical activity, 35.1 %
      for BMI, 28.9 % for glucose and 66 % for blood pressure. Dietary intake was ideal
      for 20.7 % of the sample. More years since migration and Korean race trended
      toward having a higher prevalence of poor health in some metrics. Most Asian
      Americans are not achieving ideal cardiovascular health for several of the
      metrics evaluated, with those residing in the United States for more than 13
      years and Korean Americans being higher-risk groups. Targeted community based
      intervention approaches to improving and monitoring heart health in Asian
      American, and Asian American subgroups, are needed.

PMID- 27363825
TI  - Risk of Developing Diabetes Among Refugees and Immigrants: A Longitudinal
      Analysis.
AB  - To determine the difference in risk of developing diabetes for refugees,
      immigrants, and American-born participants living in the same communities, and to
      explore potential mediators of that difference. Retrospective longitudinal cohort
      from January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2013. Refugees aged >=18 years were matched
      in a 1:3 ratio by age, gender, and date of care initiation to (1) Spanish
      speaking non-refugee immigrants, and (2) English-speaking controls receiving care
      in the same community health center. We used proportional hazards regression to
      estimate the risk of incident diabetes. We tested whether differences in
      education or baseline obesity mediated diabetes risk using counterfactual
      mediation analysis. We included 3174 participants. Among refugee participants,
      the most common countries of origin were Somalia (17.8 %), Iraq (16.7 %) and
      Bhutan (8.8 %). Diabetes incidence rate was 1.94, 1.91, and 1.22 cases per 100
      person-years follow-up for refugees, immigrants, and controls, respectively. In
      adjusted models, both refugee (HR 2.08 95 % CI 1.32-3.30) and immigrant (HR 1.51
      95 % CI 1.01-2.24) statuses were associated with increased diabetes risk compared
      with controls. Risk between refugees and immigrants did not differ (adjusted HR
      for refugees 1.37 95 % CI 0.91-2.06). In mediation analyses, educational
      attainment mediated 36 % (p = 0.007) of the difference in diabetes risk between
      refugees/immigrants and controls. Baseline obesity did not mediate difference in
      diabetes risk (proportion mediated 1 %, p = 0.84). Refugees and immigrants had
      significantly increased risk for diabetes, partially mediated by education.
      Education-based lifestyle interventions may be a promising strategy to prevent
      diabetes for these vulnerable patients.

PMID- 27363826
TI  - Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and skin manifestations.
AB  - Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous compounds that have the
      ability to disrupt the production and actions of hormones through direct or
      indirect interaction with hormone receptors, thus acting as agonists or
      antagonists. Human health is affected after either individual occupation or
      dietary and environmental exposure to EDCs. On the other hand, skin is one of the
      largest organs of the body and its main function is protection from noxious
      substances. EDCs perturb the endocrine system, and they are also carcinogenic,
      immunotoxic, and hepatotoxic to human skin. In addition, their effects on
      keratinocytes, melanocytes, sebocytes, inflammatory and immunological cells, and
      skin stem cells produce inflammatory and allergic skin diseases, chloracne,
      disorders of skin pigmentation, skin cancer, and skin aging. Mechanisms, which
      EDCs use to induce these skin disorders are complicated, and involve the
      interference of endogenous hormones and most importantly the activation of the
      aryl hydrocarbon receptor signal pathway. Further studies on EDCs and skin
      diseases are necessary to elucidate these mechanisms.

PMID- 27363827
TI  - New approach to age estimation of male and female adult skeletons based on the
      morphological characteristics of the acetabulum.
AB  - Age estimation is essential to the human identification process, both in forensic
      and archeological contexts. Based on the previous male-specific method of Rissech
      et al. (J Forensic Sci, 2006, 51:213-229), a new approach to age estimation based
      on the acetabulum has been described and evaluated in 611 individuals from the
      Lisbon Collection (Lisbon, Portugal). This paper has two main goals: (1) to
      revise and better define the variables of Rissech's method related to the
      acetabular fossa, namely, variables 5, 6, and 7, and (2) to extend the
      applicability of this new approach to both sexes while analyzing age-related sex
      differences in the acetabular aging process. The results demonstrate the
      suitability of combining acetabulum traits and a Bayesian approach to estimating
      age in adults of both sexes. This study has confirmed the usefulness of the
      redefined variables of the acetabular fossa when age-related changes are
      considered. Furthermore, the newly defined variables have good to excellent
      values of repeatability. The study has also extended the method's applicability
      to females. The revised method has absolute error averages of 7.28 years for
      males and 7.09 years for females, based on a sex-specific reference sample. In
      addition, approximately 74 % of the individuals estimated had an absolute error
      less than 10 years. Interestingly, the acetabular aging process follows similar
      trends in both sexes, but the aging rate seems to be different between males and
      females, especially in middle-aged individuals. Despite the fact that the age
      estimates, on average, did not improve significantly with the use of a sex
      specific reference sample, it is recommended that the sexes be analyzed
      separately due to the differences in aging rates and inaccuracy values.

PMID- 27363829
TI  - Abdominal Sepsis.
AB  - Abdominal infections are an important challenge for the intensive care physician.
      In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, selecting the appropriate
      regimen is important and, with new drugs coming to the market, correct use is
      important more than ever before and abdominal infections are an excellent target
      for antimicrobial stewardship programs. Biomarkers may be helpful, but their
      exact role in managing abdominal infections remains incompletely understood.
      Source control also remains an ongoing conundrum, and evidence is increasing that
      its importance supersedes the impact of antibiotic therapy. New strategies such
      as open abdomen management may offer added benefit in severely ill patients, but
      more data are needed to identify its exact role. The role of fungi and the need
      for antifungal coverage, on the other hand, have been investigated extensively in
      recent years, but at this point, it remains unclear who requires empirical as
      well as directed therapy. 

PMID- 27363828
TI  - Thiol oxidation of hemolymph proteins in oysters Crassostrea brasiliana as
      markers of oxidative damage induced by urban sewage exposure.
AB  - Urban sewage is a concerning issue worldwide, threatening both wildlife and human
      health. The present study investigated protein oxidation in mangrove oysters
      (Crassostrea brasiliana) exposed to seawater from Balneario Camboriu, an
      important tourist destination in Brazil that is affected by urban sewage. Oysters
      were exposed for 24 h to seawater collected close to the Camboriu River (CAM1) or
      1 km away (CAM2). Seawater from an aquaculture laboratory was used as a
      reference. Local sewage input was marked by higher levels of coliforms, nitrogen,
      and phosphorus in seawater, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),
      polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), and fecal steroid
      in sediments at CAM1. Exposure of oysters to CAM1 caused marked bioaccumulation
      of LABs and decreased PAH and PCB concentrations after exposure to both CAM1 and
      CAM2. Protein thiol oxidation in gills, digestive gland, and hemolymph was
      evaluated. Lower levels of reduced protein thiols were detected in hemolymph from
      CAM1, and actin, segon, and dominin were identified as targets of protein thiol
      oxidation. Dominin susceptibility to oxidation was confirmed in vitro by exposure
      to peroxides and hypochlorous acid, and 2 cysteine residues were identified as
      potential sites of oxidation. Overall, these data indicate that urban sewage
      contamination in local waters has a toxic potential and that protein thiol
      oxidation in hemolymph could be a useful biomarker of oxidative stress in
      bivalves exposed to contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1833-1845. (c)
      2016 SETAC.

PMID- 27363830
TI  - Is Vitamin C Beneficial to Patients with CAP?
AB  - Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common causes of morbidity
      and mortality in elderly and children. Vitamin C is known as a physiological
      antioxidant, regulating innate immune system in the lung. Vitamin C has been used
      to prevent and treat CAP. However, the use of vitamin C for preventing and
      treating CAP has been a subject of controversy. We aim to review the most
      significant findings about vitamin C supplementation in patients with pneumonia
      based on literature from the PubMed. First, we reviewed recent advances about the
      role of oxidative stress in CAP. Oxidative stress is a crucial component of the
      host defense system and inflammatory response. However, excessive oxidative
      stress can cause a systemic inflammatory response leading to tissue damage. The
      degree of oxidative stress has been associated with the severity of CAP. Vitamin
      C is beneficial to the host defense system by regulating the innate immunity in
      the lungs. We also discuss the prophylactic use of vitamin C for pneumonia.
      Vitamin C supplementation decreased the pneumonia risk in patients with vitamin C
      deficiency. However, it is not beneficial for prophylactic use of vitamin C to
      prevent pneumonia in the well-nourished population. Finally, we summarize the
      effect of vitamin C on mechanical ventilation used during respiratory failure.
      Administration of vitamin C decreases the duration of mechanical ventilation by
      decreasing oxidative stress. 

PMID- 27363831
TI  - Gastrointestinal Health in Classic Galactosemia.
AB  - Classic galactosemia (CG) is an autosomal recessive disorder of galactose
      metabolism that affects approximately 1/50,000 live births in the USA. Following
      exposure to milk, which contains large quantities of galactose, affected infants
      may become seriously ill. Early identification by newborn screening with
      immediate dietary galactose restriction minimizes or prevents the potentially
      lethal acute symptoms of CG. However, more than half of individuals with CG still
      experience long-term complications including cognitive disability, behavioral
      problems, and speech impairment. Anecdotal reports have also suggested frequent
      gastrointestinal (GI) problems, but this outcome has not been systematically
      addressed. In this study we explored the prevalence of GI symptoms among 183
      children and adults with CG (cases) and 190 controls. Cases reported 4.5 times
      more frequent constipation (95% CI 1.8-11.5) and 4.2 times more frequent nausea
      (95% CI 1.2-15.5) than controls. Cases with genotypes predicting residual GALT
      activity reported less frequent constipation than cases without predicted GALT
      activity but this difference was not statistically significant. Because the rigor
      of dietary galactose restriction varies among individuals with galactosemia, we
      further tested whether GI symptoms associated with diet in infancy. Though
      constipation was almost four times as common among cases reporting a more
      restrictive diet in infancy, this difference was not statistically significant.
      These data confirm that certain GI symptoms are more common in classic
      galactosemia compared to controls and suggest that future studies should
      investigate associations with residual GALT activity and dietary galactose
      restriction in early life.

PMID- 27363833
TI  - Upregulation of Key Molecules for Targeted Imaging and Therapy.
AB  - : Targeted diagnosis and therapy enable precise tumor detection and treatment.
      Successful examples for precise tumor targeting are diagnostic and therapeutic
      radioligands. However, patients with tumors expressing low levels of the relevant
      molecular targets are deemed ineligible for such targeted approaches. METHODS: We
      performed a screen for drugs that upregulate the somatostatin receptor subtype 2
      (sstr2). Then, we characterized the effects of these drugs on transcriptional,
      translational, and functional levels in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: We identified
      9 drugs that act as epigenetic modifiers, including the inhibitor of DNA
      methyltransferase decitabine as well as the inhibitors of histone deacetylase
      tacedinaline and romidepsin. In vitro, these drugs upregulated sstr2 on
      transcriptional, translational, and functional levels in a time- and dose
      dependent manner. Thereby, their combinations revealed synergistic effects. In
      vivo, drug-based sstr2 upregulation improved the tumor-to-background and tumor-to
      kidney ratios, which are the key determinants of successful sstr2-targeted
      imaging and radiopeptide therapy. CONCLUSION: We present an approach that uses
      epigenetic modifiers to improve sstr2 targeting in vitro and in vivo. Translation
      of this method into the clinic may potentially convert patients ineligible for
      targeted imaging and therapy to eligible candidates.

PMID- 27363832
TI  - Novel agents in the treatment of multiple myeloma: a review about the future.
AB  - Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease that affects plasma cells and can lead to
      devastating clinical features such as anemia, lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia,
      and renal disease. An enhanced understanding of MM disease mechanisms has led to
      new more targeted treatments. There is now a plethora of treatments available for
      MM. In this review article, our aim is to discuss many of the novel agents that
      are being studied or have recently been approved for the treatment of MM. These
      agents include the following: immunomodulators (pomalidomide), proteasome
      inhibitors (carfilzomib, marizomib, ixazomib, oprozomib), alkylating agents
      (bendamustine), AKT inhibitors (afuresertib), BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib), CDK
      inhibitors (dinaciclib), histone deacetylase inhibitors (panobinostat,
      rocilinostat, vorinostat), IL-6 inhibitors (siltuximab), kinesin spindle protein
      inhibitors (filanesib), monoclonal antibodies (daratumumab, elotuzumab,
      indatuximab, SAR650984), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors.

PMID- 27363835
TI  - Reply: Somatostatin Receptor-Targeted Radiopeptide Therapy in Patients with
      Progressive Unresectable Meningioma.

PMID- 27363834
TI  - Absolute Myocardial Blood Flow and Flow Reserve Assessed by Gated SPECT with
      Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride Detectors Using 99mTc-Tetrofosmin: Head-to-Head Comparison
      with 13N-Ammonia PET.
AB  - : Recent advances in SPECT technology including cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT)
      semiconductor detector material may pave the way for absolute myocardial blood
      flow (MBF) measurements by SPECT. The aim of the present study was to compare K1
      uptake rate constants as surrogates of absolute MBF and myocardial flow reserve
      index (MFRi) in humans as assessed with a CZT SPECT camera versus PET. METHODS:
      Absolute MBF was assessed in 28 consecutive patients undergoing adenosine stress
      rest myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) by 99mTc-tetrofosmin CZT SPECT and 13N
      ammonia PET, and MFR was calculated as a ratio of hyperemic over resting MBF.
      Results from both MPI methods were compared, and correlation coefficients were
      calculated. The diagnostic accuracy of CZT MFRi to predict an abnormal MFR
      defined as PET MFR less than 2 was assessed using a receiver-operator
      characteristic curve. RESULTS: Median MBF at rest was comparable between CZT and
      PET (0.89 [interquartile range (IQR), 0.77-1.00] vs. 0.92 [IQR, 0.78-1.06]
      mL/g/min; P = not significant) whereas it was significantly lower at stress in
      CZT than PET (1.11 [IQR, 1.00-1.26] vs. 2.06 [IQR, 1.48-2.56] mL/g/min; P <
      0.001). This resulted in median MFRi values of 1.32 (IQR, 1.13-1.52) by CZT and
      2.36 (IQR, 1.57-2.71) by PET (P < 0.001). The receiver-operator-characteristic
      curve revealed a cutoff for CZT MFRi at 1.26 to predict an abnormal PET MFR
      yielding an accuracy of 75%. CONCLUSION: The estimation of absolute MBF index
      values by CZT SPECT MPI with 99mTc-tetrofosmin is technically feasible, although
      hyperemic values are significantly lower than from PET with 13N-ammonia,
      resulting in a substantial underestimation of MFR. Nevertheless, CZT MFRi may
      confer diagnostic value.

PMID- 27363837
TI  - Reply: High Impact of Preferential Flow on 99mTc-MAA and 90Y-Loaded Microsphere
      Uptake Correlation.

PMID- 27363836
TI  - Cerebellar Amyloid-beta Plaques: How Frequent Are They, and Do They Influence 18F
      Florbetaben SUV Ratios?
AB  - : SUV ratios (SUVRs) are used for relative quantification of 18F-florbetaben
      scans. The cerebellar cortex can be used as a reference region for
      quantification. However, cerebellar amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques may be present
      in Alzheimer disease (AD). The aim of this study was to assess the influence of
      Abeta pathology, including neuritic plaques, diffuse plaques, and vascular
      deposits, in 18F-florbetaben SUVR when cerebellum is used as the reference.
      METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry to demonstrate Abeta plaques and vascular
      deposits, and using the Bielschowsky method to demonstrate neuritic plaques, we
      performed a neuropathologic assessment of the frontal, occipital, anterior
      cingulate, and posterior cingulate cerebral cortices and the cerebellar cortex of
      87 end-of-life patients (64 with AD, 14 with other types of dementia, and 9
      nondemented aged volunteers; mean age +/- SD, 80.4 +/- 10.2 y) who had undergone
      18F-florbetaben PET before death. The lesions were rated as absent (none or
      sparse) or present (moderate or frequent). Mean cortical SUVRs were compared
      among cases with different cerebellar Abeta loads. RESULTS: None of the 83
      evaluable cerebellar samples showed frequent diffuse Abeta or neuritic plaques; 8
      samples showed frequent vascular Abeta deposits. Diffuse Abeta plaques were rated
      as absent in 78 samples (94%) and present in 5 samples (6%). Vascular Abeta was
      rated as absent in 62 samples (74.7%) and present in 21 samples (25.3%). No
      significant differences in cerebellar SUVs were found among cases with different
      amounts or types of Abeta deposits in the cerebral cortex. Both diffuse and
      neuritic plaques were found in the cerebral cortex of 26-44 cases. No significant
      SUVR differences were found between these brains with different cerebellar Abeta
      loads. CONCLUSION: The effect of cerebellar plaques on cortical 18F-florbetaben
      SUVRs appears to be negligible even in advanced stages of AD with a higher
      cerebellar Abeta load.

PMID- 27363838
TI  - A Continuously Infused Microfluidic Radioassay System for the Characterization of
      Cellular Pharmacokinetics.
AB  - : Measurement of cellular tracer uptake is widely applied to learn the
      physiologic status of cells and their interactions with imaging agents and
      pharmaceuticals. In-culture measurements have the advantage of less stress to
      cells. However, the tracer solution still needs to be loaded, unloaded, and
      purged from the cell culture during the measurements. Here, we propose a
      continuously infused microfluidic radioassay (CIMR) system for continuous in
      culture measurement of cellular uptake. The system was tested to investigate the
      influence of the glucose concentration in cell culture media on 18F-FDG uptake
      kinetics. METHODS: The CIMR system consists of a microfluidic chip integrated
      with a flow-control unit and a positron camera. Medium diluted with radioactive
      tracer flows through a cell chamber continuously at low speed. Positrons emitted
      from the cells and from tracer in the medium are measured with the positron
      camera. The human cell lines SkBr3 and Capan-1 were incubated with media of 3
      different glucose concentrations and then measured with 18F-FDG on the CIMR
      system. In addition, a conventional uptake experiment was performed. The relative
      uptake ratios between different medium conditions were compared. A cellular 2
      compartment model was applied to estimate the cellular pharmacokinetics on CIMR
      data. The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with expressions of
      glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) and hexokinase-2 measured by quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The relative uptake ratios obtained from CIMR
      measurements correlated significantly with those from the conventional uptake
      experiments. The relative SDs of the relative uptake ratios obtained from the
      CIMR uptake experiments were significantly lower than those from the conventional
      uptake experiments. The fit of the cellular 2-compartment model to the 18F-FDG
      CIMR measurements was of high quality. For SkBr3, the estimated pharmacokinetic
      parameters k1 and k3 were consistent with the messenger RNA expression of GLUT1
      and hexokinase-2: culturing with low glucose concentrations led to higher GLUT1
      and hexokinase-2 expression as well as higher estimated k1 and k3 For Capan-1,
      the estimated k1 and k3 increased as the glucose concentration in the culture
      medium decreased, and this finding did not match the corresponding messenger RNA
      expression. CONCLUSION: The CIMR system captures dynamic uptake within the cell
      culture and enables estimation of the cellular pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 27363839
TI  - Cholangiolocellular carcinoma with rapid progression initially showing abnormally
      elevated serum alfa-fetoprotein.
AB  - Cholangiolocellular carcinoma (CoCC) is a rare malignant liver tumor derived from
      hepatic progenitor cells, which exist in the canals of Hering. We encountered a
      case of CoCC with an extremely poor clinical course, initially showing abnormally
      elevated serum alfa-fetoprotein (AFP). A 72-year-old male presented with a liver
      tumor and abnormally elevated serum AFP levels (16,399 ng/ml). We preoperatively
      diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma and performed extended right hepatectomy,
      after which the serum AFP levels remarkably decreased to 97 ng/ml.
      Postoperatively, the disease was pathologically diagnosed as CoCC. Furthermore,
      immunohistochemical pathological findings were alcian blue negative, cytokeratin
      (CK) 7 partially positive, CK19 positive, hepatocyte paraffin-1 negative,
      membranous negative for epithelial membrane antigen, and AFP negative. Fifty-five
      days later, intra- and extrahepatic recurrence developed, and the patient died 65
      days after surgery. Although CoCCs show favorable outcomes, these characteristics
      of our case were not previously reported. It is necessary to accumulate more
      information on CoCC. 

PMID- 27363840
TI  - Predicting serious complications and high cost of treatment of tooth-knuckle
      injuries: a systematic literature review.
AB  - PURPOSE: The tooth-knuckle injury (TKI) is a serious and potentially costly
      injury seen in orthopaedic practice. The aim was to conduct a systematic
      literature review on the factors associated with serious complications and high
      treatment costs in tooth-knuckle injuries. METHODS: MEDLINE, Scopus and CINAHL
      were used as the literature sources. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Original research papers
      that reported on factors predicting serious complications and high treatment
      costs in TKIs were included. There were no restrictions placed on study size,
      language, study design or date of publication. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Case studies,
      case series and review articles were not included. RESULTS: After duplicates were
      removed, 403 unique studies remained; after titles and abstracts were screened,
      48 titles remained and were retrieved in full text. Of these, 14 titles met the
      inclusion criteria and were included in the data synthesis. Tenosynovitis, septic
      arthritis, osteomyelitis and residual stiffness were common serious complications
      occurring in up to 36.3, 70.0, 47.6 and 65.3 % of cases, respectively. Amputation
      was also common in up to 18.0 % of injuries. Treatment costs were measured by
      length of hospital stay and the number of debridements required. On average,
      patients required 3.8-8 days of admission and 1.3-2.7 debridements each.
      CONCLUSION: Increased time delay from injury to treatment, deeply penetrating
      injuries, proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) injuries and, possibly, E.
      corrodens infections were associated with serious complications in TKIs. Delayed
      treatment, inadequate treatment, PIPJ injuries and deeply penetrating injuries
      predicted higher treatment costs. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO
      CRD42016029949 (
      http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42016029949 ).

PMID- 27363841
TI  - Self-aliquoting micro-grooves in combination with laser ablation-ICP-mass
      spectrometry for the analysis of challenging liquids: quantification of lead in
      whole blood.
AB  - We present a technique for the fast screening of the lead concentration in whole
      blood samples using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
      (LA-ICP-MS). The whole blood sample is deposited on a polymeric surface and wiped
      across a set of micro-grooves previously engraved into the surface. The engraving
      of the micro-grooves was accomplished with the same laser system used for LA-ICP
      MS analysis. In each groove, a part of the liquid blood is trapped, and thus, the
      sample is divided into sub-aliquots. These aliquots dry quasi instantly and are
      then investigated by means of LA-ICP-MS. For quantification, external calibration
      against aqueous standard solutions was relied on, with iron as an internal
      standard to account for varying volumes of the sample aliquots. The
      (208)Pb/(57)Fe nuclide ratio used for quantification was obtained via a data
      treatment protocol so far only used in the context of isotope ratio determination
      involving transient signals. The method presented here was shown to provide
      reliable results for Recipe ClinChek(r) Whole Blood Control levels I-III (nos.
      8840-8842), with a repeatability of typically 3 % relative standard deviation (n
      = 6, for Pb at 442 MUg L(-1)). Spiked and non-spiked real whole blood was
      analysed as well, and the results were compared with those obtained via dilution
      and sectorfield ICP-MS. A good agreement between both methods was observed. The
      detection limit (3 s) for lead in whole blood was established to be 10 MUg L(-1)
      for the laser ablation method presented here. Graphical Abstract Micro-grooves
      are filled with whole blood, dried, and analyzed by laser ablation ICP-mass
      spectrometry. Notice that the laser moves in perpendicular direction with regard
      to the micro-grooves. 

PMID- 27363842
TI  - Gut bacteria differentially affect egg production in the anautogenous mosquito
      Aedes aegypti and facultatively autogenous mosquito Aedes atropalpus (Diptera:
      Culicidae).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti and A. atropalpus are related mosquitoes that differ
      reproductively. Aedes aegypti must blood-feed to produce eggs (anautogenous)
      while A. atropalpus always produces a first clutch of eggs without blood-feeding
      (facultatively autogenous). We recently characterized the gut microbiota of A.
      aegypti and A. atropalpus that were reared identically in the laboratory. Here,
      we assessed the effects of specific members of the gut microbiota in A. aegypti
      and A. atropalpus on female fitness including egg production. METHODS:
      Gnotobiotic A. aegypti and A. atropalpus larvae were colonized by specific
      members of the gut microbiota. Survival, development time, size and egg
      production for each treatment was then compared to axenic and conventionally
      reared larvae. RESULTS: Most species of bacteria we tested supported normal
      development and egg production by A. aegypti but only one betaproteobacterium, a
      Comamonas, supported development and egg production by A. atropalpus to
      equivalent levels as conventionally reared females. Aedes atropalpus females
      colonized by Comamonas contained similar stores of glycogen and protein as
      conventionally reared females, whereas females colonized by Aquitalea did not.
      Small differences in bacterial loads were detected between gnotobiotic and
      conventionally reared A. aegypti and A. atropalpus, but this variation did not
      correlate with the beneficial effects of Comamonas in A. atropalpus. CONCLUSIONS:
      Specific members of the gut microbiota more strongly affected survival, size and
      egg production by A. atropalpus than A. aegypti.

PMID- 27363843
TI  - Phase I dose-finding study of monotherapy with atezolizumab, an engineered
      immunoglobulin monoclonal antibody targeting PD-L1, in Japanese patients with
      advanced solid tumors.
AB  - Background Atezolizumab is an engineered immunoglobulin monoclonal antibody that
      targets the programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 pathway. Methods In this
      phase I dose-finding study, we assessed the safety, feasibility, pharmacokinetics
      (PK), and exploratory anti-tumor activity of atezolizumab monotherapy up to 20
      mg/kg in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors who had failed standard
      therapy or for whom there is no standard therapy. Results Six patients were
      enrolled and received intravenous atezolizumab every 3 weeks (q3w) at doses of 10
      or 20 mg/kg. Tumor types were non-small cell lung cancer (n = 3), melanoma (n =
      1), pancreatic cancer (n = 1), and thymic cancer (n = 1). No dose-limiting
      toxicities were observed. All adverse events (AEs) were grade 1 or 2 in severity.
      No discontinuations or deaths due to AEs were observed. As of the data cutoff, no
      partial responses were observed; however, stable disease was observed in all six
      patients. The maximum mean serum atezolizumab concentration was 220 MUg/mL (SD +/
      21.9), with 10-mg/kg dosing and 536 MUg/mL (SD +/- 49.4) with 20-mg/kg dosing.
      Three patients were still on treatment, and three of the six had achieved a
      progression-free survival of >12 months. Conclusions Atezolizumab was well
      tolerated in Japanese patients at doses up to 20 mg/kg q3w. The safety profile
      and Cycle 1 serum atezolizumab concentrations were similar to those previously
      observed in non-Japanese patients. These data support the participation of
      Japanese patients in ongoing pivotal global studies of atezolizumab.

PMID- 27363844
TI  - Increased levels of interleukin-33 in gingival crevicular fluids of patients with
      chronic periodontitis.
AB  - The purpose of this clinical study is to comparatively investigate the
      interleukin-33 (IL-33) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and
      plasma of patients with periodontal disease as well as periodontally healthy
      subjects and the association between these levels and clinical parameters. GCF,
      saliva and plasma samples were collected from systemically healthy, non-smoker
      chronic periodontitis patients (CP group, n = 20), gingivitis patients (G group,
      n = 20) and periodontally healthy control groups (H group, n = 20). Full-mouth
      clinical periodontal parameters were also recorded. IL-33 levels were determined
      by ELISA. The total amount of GCF IL-33 was greater in the G and CP groups
      compared to the H group (p < 0.05). The GCF IL-33 concentration was significantly
      lower in the CP group than in the H and G groups (p < 0.001). Salivary or plasma
      IL-33 levels were similar in the study groups. The total amount of GCF IL-33 was
      positively correlated with the GI, PI and BOP (%) (p < 0.05). Considering the
      present findings, the increase in total amounts of GCF IL-33 may have a role in
      the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

PMID- 27363845
TI  - Evaluation of Enoxaparin Dosing as a Risk Factor for Bleeding in Lung Transplant
      Recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lung transplant recipients commonly develop complications that lead
      to anticoagulation. Standard FDA-approved enoxaparin dosing in this population
      results in a high incidence of above-goal anti-Xa levels, but its association
      with bleeding remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between
      enoxaparin dosing and bleeding in lung transplant recipients and assess the
      relationship between dosing and anti-Xa levels. METHODS: We conducted a single
      center retrospective cohort study of adult lung transplant recipients who
      received therapeutic enoxaparin between 2000 and 2012 at a tertiary academic
      center. We dichotomized enoxaparin dosing regimens into standard dose (FDA
      approved doses with a 10% rounding margin) and reduced dose. Clinicians ordered
      anti-Xa levels as deemed clinically appropriate. The primary outcome was major
      bleeding or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. RESULTS: Of 222 patients
      treated with enoxaparin, 33 (14.9%) had bleeding events, of which half (17/33)
      were major. Bleeding occurred in 25/146 (17.1%) patients who received standard
      dose enoxaparin versus 8/76 (10.5%) patients who received reduced-dose enoxaparin
      (P = 0.190). Multiple logistic regression demonstrated an independent association
      between standard-dose enoxaparin and bleeding, after adjusting for confounders
      (adjusted odds ratio = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.14-8.10). The median enoxaparin dose in
      patients with above-goal versus at-goal anti-Xa levels was 0.89 versus 0.76 mg/kg
      every 12 hours; P = 0.006. However, doses yielding at-goal anti-Xa levels had an
      interquartile range of 0.67 to 0.90 mg/kg, which overlapped with doses yielding
      above- and below-goal anti-Xa levels. CONCLUSIONS: Enoxaparin dose reduction and
      anti-Xa level monitoring can improve drug safety and facilitate individualized
      dose optimization in lung transplant recipients.

PMID- 27363846
TI  - Impact of Pharmaceutical Care Interventions on Health-Related Quality-of-Life
      Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care (PC) interventions on
      health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and determine sensitivity of HRQoL
      measures to PC services. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, International
      Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PubMed, Global Health, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Web of
      Science (January 2005 to September 2015) were searched. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA
      EXTRACTION: Original English-language articles were included if PC impact on
      HRQoL was evaluated and reported using validated HRQoL measures. DATA SYNTHESIS:
      A total of 31 randomized controlled trials, 9 nonrandomized studies with
      comparison groups, and 8 before-after studies were included. PC interventions
      resulted in significant improvement in 1 domain and >=3 domains of HRQoL measures
      in 66.7% and 27.1% of the studies, respectively. There was a significant
      improvement in at least 1 domain in 18 of 32 studies using generic and 16 of 21
      studies using disease-specific measures. When the Short Form 36 Items Health
      Survey (SF-36) measure was used, PC interventions had a moderate impact on social
      functioning (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.14, 1.04),
      general health (SMD = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.59), and physical functioning (SMD =
      0.30; 95% CI = 0.11, 0.48). The pooled data on heart failure-specific (SMD = 
      0.17; 95% CI = -0.43, 0.09), asthma-specific (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.03, 0.36),
      and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-specific (SMD = -0.09; 95% CI = -0.37,
      0.19) measures indicated no significant impact of PC on HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: PC
      interventions can significantly improve at least 1 domain of HRQoL. Existing
      measures may have minimal to moderate sensitivity to PC interventions, with
      evidence pointing more toward social functioning, general health, and physical
      functioning of the SF-36 measure. However, evidence generated from current non-PC
      specific HRQoL measures is insufficient to judge the impact of PC interventions
      on HRQoL. The development of a suitable HRQoL measure for PC interventions may
      help generate better evidence for the contribution of pharmacist services to
      improving HRQoL.

PMID- 27363848
TI  - Engagement in Play Activities as a Means for Youth in Detention to Acquire Life
      Skills.
AB  - This study describes how occupational therapists in a community-based programme,
      Occupational Therapy Training Program (OTTP), use play activities to facilitate
      the acquisition of life skills by youth in detention. This pilot study explored
      the extent of engagement of male and female inmates aged 14 to 18 years old in
      structured play activities on topics such as interpersonal relationships, self
      awareness, cultural celebrations and the transition to community. Retrospective
      analysis of data collected from surveys using the Engagement in OTTP Activities
      Questionnaire (EOAQ), completed by youth participants at the end of each group
      session, was used to measure the extent of occupational engagement. Worksheets
      and artworks produced by OTTP participants during those group sessions were also
      analysed. The participants reported very high engagement in OTTP. Engagement
      scores for male participants were higher than those for female participants, and
      male and female participants had higher engagement scores for different
      activities. Over 90% of the worksheets and artworks were found to be complete and
      relevant to the topic of the session. Play activities could be an appropriate way
      for occupational therapists to encourage youth in detention to acquire life
      skills. Demographic information and the actual number of participants are unknown
      because of how the existing data were collected. Future studies examining the
      potential gender-related preferences for specific topics deserve further
      investigation as well as research comparing the youth's engagement in OTTP
      interventions using play activities to other group interventions. Copyright (c)
      2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 27363847
TI  - Deep Genetic Connection Between Cancer and Developmental Disorders.
AB  - Cancer and developmental disorders (DDs) share dysregulated cellular processes
      such as proliferation and differentiation. There are well-known genes implicated
      in both in cancer and DDs. In this study, we aim to quantify this genetic
      connection using publicly available data. We found that among DD patients,
      germline damaging de novo variants are more enriched in cancer driver genes than
      non-drivers. We estimate that cancer driver genes comprise about a third of DD
      risk genes. Additionally, de novo likely-gene-disrupting variants are more
      enriched in tumor suppressors, and about 40% of implicated de novo damaging
      missense variants are located in cancer somatic mutation hotspots, indicating
      that many genes have a similar mode of action in cancer and DDs. Our results
      suggest that we can view tumors as natural laboratories for assessing the
      deleterious effects of mutations that are applicable to germline variants and
      identification of causal genes and variants in DDs.

PMID- 27363849
TI  - Regulation of Neurospora crassa cell wall remodeling via the cot-1 pathway is
      mediated by gul-1.
AB  - Impairment of the Neurospora crassa Nuclear DBF2-related kinase-encoding gene cot
      1 results in pleiotropic effects, including abnormally thick hyphal cell walls
      and septa. An increase in the transcript abundance of genes encoding chitin and
      glucan synthases and the chitinase gh18-5, but not the cell wall integrity
      pathway transcription factor rlm-1, accompany the phenotypic changes observed.
      Deletion of chs-5 or chs-7 in a cot-1 background results in a reduction of
      hyperbranching frequency characteristic of the cot-1 parent. gul-1 (a homologue
      of the yeast SSD1 gene) encodes a translational regulator and has been shown to
      partially suppress cot-1. We demonstrate that the high expression levels of the
      cell wall remodeling genes analyzed is curbed, and reaches near wild type levels,
      when gul-1 is inactivated. This is accompanied by morphological changes that
      include reduced cell wall thickness and restoration of normal chitin levels. We
      conclude that gul-1 is a mediator of cell wall remodeling within the cot-1
      pathway.

PMID- 27363850
TI  - [On the anthropological relevance of pain].
AB  - Medicine is increasingly being confronted with expectations that it provide more
      permanent and comprehensive freedom from pain - and the prospect of being pain
      free is partially even being held out by medical science itself. In our cultural
      context, there is now the established idea that pain is something that medical
      science and technology can - and must - "get rid of." This idea is particularly
      problematic when it comes to chronic pain. Furthermore, it obscures the fact that
      pain is a significant element of life and one that can have existential meaning.
      Therefore, it is crucial to reflect on the scope of this wish for medicine to
      relieve and eliminate pain. 

PMID- 27363851
TI  - Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Nipple-Areola Complex: A Comprehensive Review of the
      World Literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) usually occur in sun-exposed areas.
      However, they may also occur-albeit infrequently-in unusual locations, such as
      the nipple-areola complex. METHODS: Using the PubMed database, an extensive
      literature search was performed for the following keywords: areola, basal cell
      carcinoma, and nipple. Papers and references cited in those papers were reviewed
      to accumulate reports of patients with BCC of the areola and nipple. RESULTS: BCC
      of the areola and nipple has been described in 55 individuals: 35 males and 20
      females. The onset age ranged from 35 to 86 years. The median onset age in males
      was 61 years, whereas the median onset age in females was 66 years. BCC of the
      NAC predominantly occurred in Caucasians (75.7%). BCC of the nipple-areola
      complex (NAC) was observed on the left (54.9%) more frequently than the right
      (45.1%). Clinical presentation was variable and commonly included scaly or
      ulcerated plaques and nodules. This tumor was typically associated with the
      nodular (42.9%) or superficial (30.9%) subtype of BCC. The most common treatment
      was excision. There were three reported patients who had metastatic disease to
      their lymph nodes; one of the patients died from his tumor. CONCLUSION: The
      nipple and areola are uncommon sites of BCC. BCC of the nipple-areola complex is
      less frequently observed in females (36.4%), as this is more commonly a photo
      protected site. BCC of the NAC has been considered to behave more aggressively
      than BCCs at other anatomical sites; however, the BCCs are frequently associated
      with a non-aggressive histologic subtype. Treatment usually involves complete
      excision of the BCC. Tumor recurrence was uncommon following successful treatment
      of the primary neoplasm.

PMID- 27363852
TI  - Delivery of neoadjuvant chemoradiation for patients with stage II and III rectal
      cancer is suboptimal.

PMID- 27363853
TI  - Signing on for dirty work: Taking stock of a public psychiatry project from the
      inside.
AB  - As applied anthropologists used to working at arm's length from public
      psychiatry, we step out of the daily grind to take stock of the challenges of
      taking on ethnography entrained-harnessed to the implementation of a new program.
      These include the loss of critical distance, the struggles to negotiate locally
      viable forms of authority and relevance, the necessity of sustaining a Janus
      faced relation with principal players, the urgency of seeing time-sensitive
      information converted into corrective feedback, and the undeniable attraction of
      being part of "committed work" with game-changing potential. In so doing, we
      rework the terms of witnessing and revive an old alternative: that documentary
      dirty work be reclaimed as a variant of public anthropology, one that transforms
      the work of application from mere afterthought to integral part of the original
      inquiry.

PMID- 27363854
TI  - Fetal laser ablation of feeding artery of cystic lung lesions with systemic
      arterial blood supply.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of laser surgery in fetuses with a cystic
      lung lesion with systemic arterial blood supply (hybrid lung lesion) at risk of
      perinatal death. METHODS: A cohort of five consecutive fetuses with a large
      hybrid lung lesion associated with hydrops and/or pleural effusion with severe
      lung compression was selected for percutaneous ultrasound-guided fetal laser
      ablation of the feeding artery (FLAFA) before 32 weeks' gestation in a single
      tertiary national referral center in Queretaro, Mexico. The primary outcomes were
      survival and need for postnatal surgery. RESULTS: FLAFA was performed
      successfully in all cases at a median gestational age of 24.9 (range, 24.4-31.7)
      weeks. After fetal intervention, dimensions in both lungs increased and fluid
      effusions resolved in all cases. All cases were delivered liveborn at term at a
      median gestational age of 39.6 (range, 38.0-39.7) weeks, without respiratory
      morbidity or need for oxygen support, resulting in perinatal survival of 100%.
      During follow-up, three (60%) cases showed progressive regression of the entire
      lung mass and did not require postnatal surgery, whereas in two (40%) cases a
      progressive decrease in size of the mass was observed but a cystic portion of the
      lung mass persisted and postnatal lobectomy was required. CONCLUSION: In fetuses
      with large hybrid lung lesions at risk of perinatal death, FLAFA is feasible and
      could improve survival and decrease the need for postnatal surgery. Copyright (c)
      2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27363855
TI  - Health professionals cast doubts over personal budgets for pregnant women.

PMID- 27363856
TI  - Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and the risk for diabetes: a community-based
      prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the
      occurrence of type II diabetes remains controversial. Prospective studies are
      needed to assess its causal temporality. METHODS: A cohort of 21 559 adults
      enrolled from seven townships in Taiwan during 1991-1992 and followed till the
      end of 2010. Incident diabetes over a study time period from 2000 to 2010 was
      ascertained through computerized linkage with the National Health Insurance
      database and the National Death Certification profiles. Cox's proportional
      hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence
      intervals (CIs). Antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) were tested for all
      participants, and serum HCV RNA levels were measured for anti-HCV seropositives.
      RESULTS: During 180 244 person-years of follow-up, there were 1917 incident
      diabetes cases recorded. The cumulative risk for diabetes was 10.9% for anti-HCV
      seronegatives and 16.7% for anti-HCV seropositives respectively. The HR for
      diabetes of anti-HCV seropositivity was 1.53 (95% CI: 1.29-1.81) compared with
      anti-HCV seronegatives after adjustment for risk predictors. The adjusted HRs
      were 1.63 (1.31-2.02) for anti-HCV seropositives with positive HCV RNA compared
      to anti-HCV seronegatives (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Chronic HCV infection was
      associated with an increased risk for diabetes after adjustment for other risk
      predictors.

PMID- 27363857
TI  - Cardiac Involvement in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 2 Patients With Preserved Ejection
      Fraction: Detection by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a genetic disorder characterized
      by skeletal muscle symptoms, metabolic changes, and cardiac involvement.
      Histopathologic alterations of the skeletal muscle include fibrosis and fatty
      infiltration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether subclinical
      cardiac involvement in DM2 is already detectable in preserved left ventricular
      function by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-seven
      patients (mean age, 54+/-10 years; 20 females) with a genetically confirmed
      diagnosis of DM2 were compared with 17 healthy age- and sex-matched controls
      using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging. For myocardial tissue differentiation,
      T1 and T2 mapping, fat/water-separated imaging, focal fibrosis imaging (late
      gadolinium enhancement [LGE]), and (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy were
      performed. Extracellular volume fraction was calculated. Conduction abnormalities
      were diagnosed based on Groh criteria. LGE located subepicardial basal
      inferolateral was detectable in 22% of the patients. Extracellular volume was
      increased in this region and in the adjacent medial inferolateral segment (P=0.03
      compared with healthy controls). In 21% of patients with DM2, fat deposits were
      detectable (all women). The control group showed no abnormalities. Myocardial
      triglycerides were not different in LGE-positive and LGE-negative subjects
      (P=0.47). Six patients had indicators for conduction disease (60% of LGE-positive
      patients and 12.5% of LGE-negative patients). CONCLUSIONS: In DM2, subclinical
      myocardial injury was already detectable in preserved left ventricular ejection
      fraction. Extracellular volume was also increased in regions with no focal
      fibrosis. Myocardial fibrosis was related to conduction abnormalities.

PMID- 27363858
TI  - Targeting the Heart for Risk Assessment in Myotonic Dystrophy: An Application for
      Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.

PMID- 27363859
TI  - Depressive symptoms of house-poor persons: Korean panel data evidence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are no studies researching the relationship between house-poor
      persons and mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the
      relationship between house-poor status and depressive symptoms. AIM: To examine
      the relationship between the house-poor and depressive symptoms according to
      household income. METHODS: Data from the Korean Welfare Panel Study were used.
      House-poor were defined as people having possession with over 10% house-related
      interest in disposable income. About 7,565 participants over the age of 19 years
      were followed up from 2011 to 2013. The generalized estimating equations were
      used for analysis. RESULTS: Individuals with more house-related debt showed
      increasingly higher depression scores (possession with under 5% related debt to
      disposable income beta = 0.2024, p = .1544; under 10% beta = 0.7030, p = .0008;
      over 10% beta = 1.3207, p < .0001). Individuals possessing houses with over 10%
      ratio of house-related debts to disposable income had higher depression scores
      than individuals without house ownership (no possession beta = 0.8927, p <
      .0001). CONCLUSION: Individuals without houses and individuals owning houses with
      higher percentages of house-related interests showed higher levels of depressive
      symptoms. Therefore, this study affirmed that the importance of considering the
      most vulnerable groups in addressing the mental health of individual.

PMID- 27363860
TI  - Building capacity for community mental health care in rural Malawi: Findings from
      a district-wide task-sharing intervention with village-based health workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mental health 'treatment gap' is at its widest in low-resource
      countries where the vast majority of its people have no access to mental health
      services and where developing effective models of primary mental health care that
      can expand from research pilot sites to large-scale population-based services is
      a major research and practice imperative. AIM: The Mental Health in Zomba
      initiative builds upon an earlier pilot project to establish and sustain a
      district-wide scale-up of a village-based health workers' mental health task
      sharing intervention in Southern Malawi across a population of more than 600,000
      people. METHODS: The article describes the development, implementation and
      structured evaluation of the impact of this task-sharing initiative. RESULTS:
      Results from an examination of the care for 240 consecutive attendees show how
      the village-based workers recognised and responded to the needs of people
      experiencing both common and severe mental health problems and how they
      facilitated 850 mental health promotion events to more than 40,000 people within
      their communities. CONCLUSION: A new and essential district-wide tier of mental
      health service was established at the crucial intersection between health centre
      and the community. Within the socio-cultural context of rural Malawi with its
      diverse explanatory models for psychological distress, the approach of the
      village-based health worker was found to be both credible and practical in
      meeting the needs of the population and therefore responding to both the 'supply'
      and 'demand' elements of the mental health treatment gap.

PMID- 27363861
TI  - Dissection of the qTGW1.1 region into two tightly-linked minor QTLs having stable
      effects for grain weight in rice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most agronomical traits of crop species are complex traits controlled
      by multiple genes and affected by environmental factors. While considerable
      efforts have been made to fine-map and clone major quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
      for yield-related traits in rice, it is not until recently that the attention has
      been paid to minor QTLs. Following previous dissection of QTLs for grain weight
      and grain size in a 12-Mb interval on the long arm of chromosome 1 in rice, this
      study targeted at one putative QTL region for a more precise mapping and for
      analyzing the genotype-by-environment interaction of minor QTLs. RESULTS: Four
      BC2F10 plants of the indica rice cross ZS97///ZS97//ZS97/MY46 were selected. They
      carried overlapped heterozygous segments that jointly covered the entire putative
      region for qTGW1.1 detected previously. Four sets of near isogenic lines (NILs)
      were developed from selfing progenies of the four plants. Each NIL set consisted
      of 32 ZS97 homozygous lines and 32 MY46 homozygous lines that differed in the
      corresponding heterozygous region. They were grown in two locations having
      distinct ecological conditions and measured for 1000-grain weight, grain length
      and grain width. Two QTLs were separated in an 835.2-kb interval flanked by DNA
      markers Wn28447 and RM11569. They both showed consistent effects across the two
      environments. The qTGW1.1a located within the 120.4-kb interval Wn28447 - RM11543
      significantly affect all the three traits with the enhancing allele derived from
      ZS97, showing a stronger influence on grain weight than on grain length and
      width. The qTGW1.1b located in the 521.8-kb interval RM11554 - RM11569
      significantly affect grain weight and length with the enhancing allele derived
      from MY46, having a stronger influence on grain length than on grain weight.
      Consistent performance of the two QTLs was confirmed in a validation experiment
      using five NIL-F2 populations segregated for either qTGW1.1a or qTGW1.1b.
      CONCLUSION: Separation of closely-linked QTLs having small effects is achievable
      in the absence of major-QTL segregation. Minor QTLs for complex traits could act
      consistently in diverse environments, offering the potential of pyramiding
      beneficial alleles of multiple minor QTLs through marker-assisted selection.

PMID- 27363863
TI  - Associations between bedtime and nighttime parenting and infant cortisol in the
      first year.
AB  - We examined how maternal care within the bedtime and nighttime contexts
      influences infant cortisol levels and patterning. Eighty-two mothers (Mage  =
      29.4 years) and infants participated in a longitudinal study when infants were 3,
      6, and 9 months old. At each time point, bedtime and nighttime parenting were
      recorded and infant cortisol at bedtime and the following morning was analyzed.
      Multilevel model analyses showed that infants had lower cortisol levels when
      mothers were more emotionally available at bedtime, and infants whose mothers
      responded more often to their non-distressed cues had lower cortisol levels on
      average. Less co-sleeping and more maternal responses to infant distress were
      linked to healthier cortisol patterning. By shedding light on parenting qualities
      and behaviors that influence infant cortisol, these results indicate avenues for
      intervention and suggest the utility of studying parenting in infant sleep
      contexts.

PMID- 27363862
TI  - Inflammation and emphysema in cigarette smoke-exposed mice when instilled with
      poly (I:C) or infected with influenza A or respiratory syncytial viruses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The length of time for cigarette smoke (CS) exposure to cause
      emphysema in mice is drastically reduced when CS exposure is combined with viral
      infection. However, the extent of inflammatory responses and lung pathologies of
      mice exposed to CS and infected with influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory
      syncytial virus (RSV), or treated with the viral derivative dsRNA (polyinosine
      polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] have not been compared. METHODS: Mice were
      exposed to CS or filtered air for 4 weeks and received a single dose of vehicle,
      AV, or RSV infection and extent of inflammation and emphysema was evaluated 14 d
      later. In another set of experiments, mice were instilled with poly (I:C) twice a
      week during the third and fourth weeks of CS exposure and immediately analyzed
      for extent of inflammation and lung pathologies. RESULTS: In CS-exposed mice,
      inflammation was characterized mainly by macrophages, lymphocytes, and
      neutrophils after IAV infection, mainly by lymphocytes, and neutrophils after RSV
      infection, and mainly by lymphocytes and neutrophils after poly (I:C)
      instillations. Despite increased inflammation, extent of emphysema by poly (I:C)
      was very mild; but was robust and similar for both IAV and RSV infections with
      enhanced MMP-12 mRNA expression and TUNEL positivity. Both IAV and RSV infections
      increased the levels of IL-17, IL-1beta, IL-12b, IL-18, IL-23a, Ccl-2, Ccl-7
      mRNAs in the lungs of CS-exposed mice with IAV causing more increases than RSV.
      CONCLUSION: CS-induced inflammatory responses and extent of emphysematous changes
      differ depending on the type of viral infection. These animal models may be
      useful to study the mechanisms by which different viruses exacerbate CS-induced
      inflammation and emphysema.

PMID- 27363865
TI  - Pediatric coronary CTA using phenylephrine to lower heart rate.

PMID- 27363864
TI  - Outcomes after resection of occupational cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cholangiocarcinoma caused by exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane and/or
      dichloromethane is recognized as occupational cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this
      study was to investigate the outcomes after resection of occupational
      cholangiocarcinoma to establish a treatment strategy for this disease. METHODS:
      Clinicopathological findings and outcomes after surgical intervention in 20
      patients with occupational cholangiocarcinoma were investigated. RESULTS: Of 20
      the patients, curative resection was performed in 16 patients. Three patients
      underwent radiation at the stump of the bile ducts. Adjuvant chemotherapy was
      performed in 12 patients. Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal
      papillary neoplasm of the bile duct, and/or chronic bile duct injury was detected
      in most subjects. Intraabdominal infection developed after surgery in nine
      patients. Cholangiocarcinoma recurred in 12 of the 20 patients. The recurrent
      tumors in five patients developed at a different part of the bile duct from the
      primary tumor and a second resection was performed in four of these five
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of postoperative complications including
      intraabdominal infection was high in patients with occupational
      cholangiocarcinoma. Multicentric recurrence occurred not infrequently after
      surgery because the bile ducts had a high potential for the development of
      carcinoma. The aggressive treatment including second resection for the
      multicentric recurrence appeared to be effective.

PMID- 27363866
TI  - Impact of comorbid mental health needs on racial/ethnic disparities in general
      medical care utilization among older adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective is to apply the Institute of Medicine definition of
      healthcare disparities in order to compare (1) racial/ethnic disparities in
      general medical care use among older adults with and without comorbid mental
      health need and (2) racial/ethnic disparities in general medical care use within
      the group with comorbid mental health need. METHODS: Data were obtained from the
      Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (years 2004-2012). The sample included 21,263
      participants aged 65+ years (14,973 non-Latino Caucasians, 3530 African
      Americans, and 2760 Latinos). Physical illness was determined by having one of
      the 11 priority chronic health illnesses. Comorbid mental health need was defined
      as having one of the chronic illnesses plus a Kessler-6 Scale >12, or two-item
      Patient Health Questionnaire >2. General medical care use refers to receipt of
      non-mental health specialty care. Two-part generalized linear models were used to
      estimate and compare general medical care use and expenditures among older adults
      with and without a comorbid mental health need. RESULTS: Racial/ethnic
      disparities in general medical care expenditures were greater among those with
      comorbid mental health need compared with those without. Among those with
      comorbid mental health need, non-Latino Caucasians had significantly greater
      expenditures on prescription drug use than African-Americans and Latinos.
      CONCLUSIONS: Expenditure disparities reflect differences in the amount of
      resources provided to African-Americans and Latinos compared with non-Latino
      Caucasians. This is not equivalent to disparities in quality of care.
      Interventions and policies are needed to ensure that racial/ethnic minority older
      adults receive equitable services that enable them to manage effectively their
      comorbid mental and physical health needs. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 27363867
TI  - Prevalence and Risk Factors of Voice Problems Among Primary School Teachers in
      India.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Teachers are more prone to develop voice problems (VPs) when compared
      with other professional voice users. The aim of present study was to investigate
      the prevalence and risk factors of VPs among primary school teachers in India.
      STUDY DESIGN: Epidemiological cross-sectional survey. METHODS: Self-reporting
      questionnaire data were collected from 1082 teachers. RESULTS: Out of 1082
      teachers who participated in the present study, 188 teachers reported VPs that
      account for a prevalence rate of 17.4%. Tired voice after long hours of talking
      was the most frequently reported symptom, followed by sore/dry throat, strain in
      voice, neck muscle tension, and difficulty in projecting voice. The adjusted odds
      ratio values showed number of years of teaching, high background noise levels in
      the classroom, experiencing psychological stress while teaching classes, improper
      breath management (holding breath while speaking), poor focus of the tone
      (clenching jaw/teeth while speaking), upper respiratory tract infection, thyroid
      problems, and acid reflux as significant risk factors for the development of VPs
      in the current cohort of teachers. CONCLUSIONS: Current results suggest that
      teachers develop VPs due to multiple risk factors. These factors may be either
      biological, psychomotor, or environment-related factors. A holistic approach
      (which could include educating teachers about voice care during their training,
      and if they develop VP during their career, then managing the VP by taking into
      consideration different risk factors) addressing all these factors needs to be
      adopted to prevent VPs in primary school teachers.

PMID- 27363868
TI  - Is There a Dirty Side to Personal Care Products?

PMID- 27363869
TI  - Endocrine Affairs of the Heart.

PMID- 27363870
TI  - Disinhibiting an Inhibitor: Genetic Engineering Leads to Improvements in
      Recombinant Inhibin A Production.

PMID- 27363873
TI  - First report of severe acute otitis media caused by Campylobacter rectus and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Campylobacter rectus is a member of the human oral flora and is associated with
      periodontal disease. We report the first case of severe acute otitis media (AOM)
      due to C. rectus in a previous healthy 15-year-old boy, which was confirmed by
      16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. C. rectus is a possible causative pathogen of
      AOM.

PMID- 27363874
TI  - Diagnostic aids: the Surgical Sieve revisited.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diagnostic errors are well documented in the literature and emphasise
      the need to teach diagnostic skills at an early stage in medical school to create
      effective and safe clinicians. Hence, there may be a place for diagnostic aids
      (such as the Surgical Sieve) that provide a framework for generating ideas about
      diagnoses. With repeated use of the Surgical Sieve in teaching sessions with
      students, and prompted by the traditional handheld wheels used in antenatal
      clinics, we developed the Compass Medicine, a handheld diagnostic wheel
      comprising three concentric discs attached at the centre. We report a preliminary
      study comparing the Surgical Sieve and the Compass Medicine in generating
      differential diagnoses. METHODS: A total of 48 third-year medical students from
      Cardiff University participated in a study aimed at measuring the efficacy of
      diagnostic aids (Surgical Sieve and Compass Medicine) in generating diagnoses. We
      quantified the effect each aid had on the number of diagnoses generated, and
      compared the size of the effect between the two diagnostic aids. There may be a
      place for diagnostic aids that provide a framework for generating ideas about
      diagnoses RESULTS: The study suggests that both diagnostic aids prompted users to
      generate a greater number of diagnoses, but there was no significant difference
      in the size of effect between the two diagnostic aids. DISCUSSION: We hope that
      our study with diagnostic aids will encourage the use of robust tools to teach
      medical students an easily visualised framework for diagnostic thinking.

PMID- 27363875
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27363876
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27363877
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27363878
TI  - Psoriasis Trends and Practice Gaps.
AB  - The present article addresses several high-impact practice gaps affecting
      psoriatic patients, current practices, the barriers that prevent the delivery of
      optimal care, and recommendations to improve patient outcomes. Discussions of
      treatment, cardiovascular risk factor screening, psoriatic arthritis screening,
      and biologics are included. Finally, an overview of current resident exposure to
      psoriatic care and recommendations for improvements in resident education are
      made. 

PMID- 27363879
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Lupus, Dermatomyositis, and Morphea.
AB  - Patients with skin-predominant lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, and morphea
      should be evaluated, treated, and followed by dermatologists who can take primary
      responsibility for their care. Many academic centers have specialized centers
      with dermatologists who care for these patients. Patients with skin-predominant
      lupus erythematosus should be followed regularly with laboratory tests to detect
      significant systemic disease. Antibody tests can help determine the risks for
      individual patients. Patients with morphea rarely progress to systemic disease,
      but therapies can be helpful in treating and preventing progression of disease. 

PMID- 27363880
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Blistering Disease.
AB  - Treatment of autoimmune patients can be challenging and rewarding. These patients
      often remain undiagnosed for prolonged periods of time or underdiagnosed without
      immunologic confirmation, resulting in significant morbidity. The most important
      principle in management of autoimmune bullous disease is to halt blistering
      activity while minimizing side effects of medications, especially those caused by
      corticosteroids. Judicious use of systemic steroids and steroid-sparing agents
      are essential tools in the management of these patients. Rituximab and
      intravenous immunoglobulin are playing increasingly important and earlier roles
      in management. Understanding of and surveillance for drug side effects are
      critical in long-term management. 

PMID- 27363881
TI  - Practice Gaps in Pruritus.
AB  - There are several practice gaps in the evaluation and management of itch. These
      gaps include a dearth of objective measures of itch, infrequent use of validated
      patient-reported outcomes for itch, non-evidence-based treatment, and lack of
      consensus about the ideal workup for generalized itch. The present article
      reviews these gaps and presents potential solutions. 

PMID- 27363882
TI  - Contact Dermatitis: Practice Gaps and Challenges.
AB  - Patch testing remains the criterion standard for diagnosing allergic contact
      dermatitis. A thorough and detailed history, proper selection of allergens and
      testing procedure, as well as education of patients are all key parts of this
      procedure and important in the successful management of those suspected of having
      allergic contact dermatitis. Physicians must also be aware of the continual
      introduction of new chemicals that are potential new allergens and adjust
      screening allergens appropriately. 

PMID- 27363883
TI  - Clinical and Educational Gaps in Diagnosis of Nail Disorders.
AB  - Dermatologists care for skin, hair, and nails, yet many dermatologists find nail
      disorders challenging. Practice gaps in knowledge, skill, and attitude in
      clinical practice and resident education are sometimes impediments to timely
      medical and surgical diagnosis of nail disorders. Limited resident exposure to
      diagnosis and management of complicated nail disorders and lack of experience
      performing diagnostic and surgical procedures impairs progress toward surmounting
      these gaps. 

PMID- 27363884
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Dermatology: Disorders of the Hair.
AB  - Clinical practice gaps exist in the care of hair patients. Attitude gaps include
      a relative lack of dermatologists interested in caring for patients with hair
      complaints, a potential underestimation of the effect of hair disorders on the
      quality of patients' lives, and potential failure to recognize the presentation
      of body dysmorphic disorder among patients with hair complaints. Knowledge gaps
      regarding the prevalence and presentation of hair loss disorders may lead to a
      delay in diagnosis and treatment of hair patients. Skill gaps in physical
      examination, particularly with dermoscopy of the scalp and hair, may affect the
      care of hair patients. 

PMID- 27363885
TI  - Infectious Disease Practice Gaps in Dermatology.
AB  - The article highlights different educational and practice gaps in infectious
      diseases as they pertain to dermatology. These gaps include the use of
      antibiotics in relation to atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris, treatment of skin
      and soft tissue infection, and diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis. In
      addition, practice gaps related to use of imiquimod for molluscum contagiosum,
      risk of infections related to immunosuppressive medications and rates of
      vaccination, and the use of bedside diagnostics for diagnosing common infections
      were discussed. 

PMID- 27363886
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Abnormal Pigmentation.
AB  - Dyschromia refers to abnormal pigmentation and is one of the most common
      diagnoses in dermatology. However, there are many educational and practice gaps
      in this area, specifically in melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, and
      vitiligo. This article aims to review the gold standard of care for these
      conditions as well as highlight common educational and practice gaps in these
      areas. Finally, possible solutions to these gaps are addressed. 

PMID- 27363887
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Genodermatoses.
AB  - In the past 2 decades, there has been enormous progress in determining the
      molecular bases of genodermatoses. This progress has expanded the interface
      between dermatology and genetics. Integration of clinical and molecular data has
      simplified disease classification and highlighted relationships among conditions.
      However, the recent explosion in genetic knowledge has not yet been fully
      incorporated into clinical dermatology practice or dermatology resident
      education. This article highlights strategies to overcome barriers and correct
      practice and educational gaps, enhancing the ability of dermatologists to
      diagnose, counsel, evaluate, and treat patients and families affected by
      genodermatoses. 

PMID- 27363888
TI  - Practice Gaps: Drug Reactions.
AB  - The term "drug reactions" is relevant to dermatology in three categories of
      reactions: cutaneous drug reactions without systemic features, cutaneous drug
      reactions with systemic features, and systemic drugs prescribed by the
      dermatologist with systematic adverse effects. This article uses examples from
      each of these categories to illustrate several important principles central to
      drug reaction diagnosis and management. The information presented will help
      clinicians attain the highest possible level of certainty before making clinical
      decisions. 

PMID- 27363889
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Radiation Therapy in Dermatology.
AB  - Guidelines for appropriate use of superficial radiation therapy are based on
      decades of research; although no formal appropriate use criteria have been
      developed, they are warranted. Superficial radiation in the outpatient
      dermatologic setting is the least expensive form of radiation treatment. Although
      higher cure rates may be possible with Mohs surgery, this should never argue
      against dermatologists retaining and refining a modality, nor should we limit its
      use by our successors. Most important, our elderly and infirm patients should
      continue to benefit from superficial radiation therapy in outpatient dermatologic
      settings. 

PMID- 27363890
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Surgery for Skin Cancer.
AB  - Surgery for skin cancer is a major part of clinical dermatology, and the largest
      single component of dermatologic surgery practice. In general, residency training
      in dermatology provides comprehensive training in the theory and practice of skin
      cancer surgery. Practicing dermatologists are similarly expert in this area, and
      frequently assist other medical and surgical services by managing and
      coordinating the care of patients with skin cancer. However, there are minor gaps
      in training and practice that bear scrutiny and are amenable to rectification.
      This article defines the current practice in surgical treatment of skin cancers
      by dermatologists, gaps in practice, and mechanisms to improve current surgical
      practice. 

PMID- 27363891
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Cosmetic Dermatologic Surgery.
AB  - This article identifies gaps in the practice of cosmetic dermatology and
      cosmetics education, and how to overcome these limitations. There is a rapid
      development of new devices and procedures, with limited data, patient-reported
      outcomes, and comparative effectiveness research from which to develop best
      cosmetic practice. There is a need for increased research and funding dedicated
      to these goals, improved and convenient training for staff to adopt new
      devices/procedures, and continuous evolution of databases to pool outcome data
      and develop outcome sets. Resident education can be improved by dedicated
      resident cosmetic clinics, didactic teaching from visiting professors, attendance
      of cosmetic dermatology courses and meetings, and encouraging postresidency
      training. 

PMID- 27363892
TI  - Practice and Educational Gaps in Light, Laser, and Energy Treatments.
AB  - This article discusses current practice in laser dermatology, the gaps in
      practice, and recommendations for improvement. As is the case with other areas of
      cosmetic dermatology, there is a rapid development of new laser and light devices
      with limited epidemiologic data available to inform best practice. The high fixed
      cost associated with new laser devices, limited space available in some
      practices, and inconsistent training may limit the adoption of needed therapies.
      Improving research in this area; training opportunities for physicians,
      residents, and staff; and cost-effective laser/light device rentals programs
      could improve quality of current practice. 

PMID- 27363893
TI  - Practice Gaps in Dermatology: Melanocytic Lesions and Melanoma.
AB  - Early detection remains the most important strategy to reduce melanoma mortality.
      The identification and evaluation of new or changing skin lesions are important
      components of melanoma screening and are best performed today using complementary
      noninvasive imaging technologies, such as total body photography (TBP),
      dermoscopy, sequential digital dermoscopic imaging (SDDI), and reflectance
      confocal microscopy (RCM). Despite strong evidence showing that these screening
      techniques improve diagnostic accuracy for melanoma, they are not widely used by
      dermatologists. In this practice gaps review, the authors highlight the use,
      evidence, and rationale for TBP, dermoscopy, SDDI, and RCM. 

PMID- 27363894
TI  - Practice Gaps and Training Gaps: Delineating What We Need to Fix.

PMID- 27363895
TI  - Wnt activity is associated with cementum-type transition.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cellular and acellular cementum and the cells that form
      them are postulated to have different characteristics, and the relationship
      between these two tissues is not well understood. Based on the hypothesis that
      Wnt signaling is involved in the determination of cementum type, we examined Wnt
      activity along the tooth root and analyzed cementum formation in genetic mutant
      models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We generated mutant models with Wnt signaling
      upregulation (OC Catnblox(ex3)/+ ), downregulation (OC Wlsfl/fl ), and a compound
      mutant (Enpp1asj/asj ;OC Catnblox(ex3)/+ ) to compare cementum apposition
      patterns of ectonucleotide diphosphatase/phosphodiesterase (Enpp1) mutant
      (Enpp1asj/asj ). The analysis of structural morphology and histology was
      performed with hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining and
      scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The cementum type of upper apical region
      of tooth roots in the molar is altered from the cellular form at the initial
      stage to the acellular form at the late stage of cementum formation. However, the
      basal part of this apical region is not altered and retains cellular cementum
      characters with strong Wnt activity. In the genetic mutant models for Wnt
      upregulation, cellular cementum is formed at the cervical region instead of
      acellular cementum. However, Enpp1 mutant mice have clearly different
      characteristics with cellular-type cementum even with dramatically increased
      cervical cementum matrix. In addition, we found that acellular-type formation
      could be altered into cellular-type formation by analyzing Wnt upregulation and
      compound mutant models. CONCLUSIONS: Cementum type is not determined by its
      specific location and could be transformed with Wnt activity during cementum
      formation.

PMID- 27363896
TI  - Quantification of probe-sample interactions of a scanning thermal microscope
      using a nanofabricated calibration sample having programmable size.
AB  - We report a method for quantifying scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) probe
      sample thermal interactions in air using a novel temperature calibration device.
      This new device has been designed, fabricated and characterised using SThM to
      provide an accurate and spatially variable temperature distribution that can be
      used as a temperature reference due to its unique design. The device was
      characterised by means of a microfabricated SThM probe operating in passive mode.
      This data was interpreted using a heat transfer model, built to describe the
      thermal interactions during a SThM thermal scan. This permitted the thermal
      contact resistance between the SThM tip and the device to be determined as 8.33 *
      10(5) K W(-1). It also permitted the probe-sample contact radius to be clarified
      as being the same size as the probe's tip radius of curvature. Finally, the data
      were used in the construction of a lumped-system steady state model for the SThM
      probe and its potential applications were addressed. 

PMID- 27363898
TI  - Neointimal coverage on acute vessel wall injuries after stenting: 6-month follow
      up study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stent implantation often creates local vessel wall injuries which can
      be characterized in detail by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Little is known
      about the neointimal coverage at these areas. We aimed to evaluate neointimal
      coverage of vessel wall injuries area associated with stent implantation.
      METHODS: We retrospectively selected patients implanted with sirolimus-eluting
      stents (SES) having excellent OCT images immediately after stent implantation and
      at the 6-month follow-up. All OCT cross-sectional images were divided into three
      groups: intra-stent tissue prolapse (ISTP) areas, intra-stent dissection flaps
      (ISDF) areas, and non-injuried areas. The neointimal coverage in included
      sections was evaluated at 6 months follow-up. RESULTS: Finally, 1690 cross
      sectional images in 74 stents were analyzed totally. Among which, 240 images
      (14.20%) involved ISTP areas, 124 images (7.34%) at ISDF areas, and 1326 images
      (78.46%) at non-injuried areas. All ISTP and ISDF were disappeared at six months
      follow-up, Neointimal thickness at ISTP and ISDF areas increased significantly
      compared to the one in non-injuried areas (97.4+/-40.3MUm vs. 68.4+/-47.6MUm,
      P<0.001; 92.7+/-49.8MUm vs. 68.4+/-47.6MUm, P<0.001). Mean neointimal area of
      ISTP and ISDF areas was almost the same (0.8+/-0.3 mm2), which both had a
      significant difference compared to mean neointimal area (0.6+/-0.4mm2) at non
      injuried areas (p1<0.001, p2=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Intra-stent tissue prolapse and
      intra-stent dissection flaps have benign clinical course up to 6 months. The
      areas with these local complications, however, have greater neointimal
      hyperplasia compared to the non-injuried areas.

PMID- 27363897
TI  - Novel role of cortactin in G protein-coupled receptor agonist-induced nuclear
      export and degradation of p21Cip1.
AB  - Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1) stimulates phosphorylation of cortactin on
      Y421 and Y446 residues in a time-dependent manner and phosphorylation at Y446 but
      not Y421 residue is required for MCP1-induced CDK-interacting protein 1 (p21Cip1)
      nuclear export and degradation in facilitating human aortic smooth muscle cell
      (HASMC) proliferation. In addition, MCP1-induced cortactin tyrosine
      phosphorylation, p21Cip1 degradation and HASMC proliferation are dependent on Fyn
      activation. Upstream to Fyn, MCP1 stimulated C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)
      and Gi/o and inhibition of either one of these molecules using their specific
      antagonists or inhibitors attenuated MCP1-induced cortactin tyrosine
      phosphorylation, p21Cip1 degradation and HASMC proliferation. Cortactin
      phosphorylation at Y446 residue is also required for another G protein-coupled
      receptor (GPCR) agonist, thrombin-induced p21Cip1 nuclear export and its
      degradation in promoting HASMC proliferation. Quite interestingly, the receptor
      tyrosine kinase (RTK) agonist, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)
      induced p21Cip1 degradation and HASMC proliferation do not require cortactin
      tyrosine phosphorylation. Together, these findings demonstrate that tyrosine
      phosphorylation of cortactin at Y446 residue is selective for only GPCR but not
      RTK agonist-induced nuclear export and proteolytic degradation of p21Cip1 in
      HASMC proliferation.

PMID- 27363899
TI  - Optimal stimulation during monitored thyroid surgery: EMG response
      characteristics in a porcine model.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare electromyography (EMG) characteristics of the external
      branch of superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN), recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and
      vagus nerve (VN) evoked with different stimulation probes/dissectors during
      monitored thyroid surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental porcine model. METHODS: In
      five piglets (10 EBSLNs/RLNs/VNs), laryngeal EMG was recorded by endotracheal
      tube surface electrodes with stimulation using five monopolar probes (group I),
      three bipolar probes (group II), and two stimulation dissectors (group III). The
      detectable EMG response (DER) was defined as > 100 MUV and was obtained with
      these different probes/dissectors. Electromyography parameters, stimulus-response
      curve, and distance-sensitivity results were compared. RESULTS: All stimulation
      probes/dissectors evoked typical EMG waveforms from the EBSLN/RLN/VN with 1 mA
      current. A stimulus-response curve with increasing EMG amplitude with increase in
      stimulating current was noted, with the maximum EMG elicited by group I/III
      probes/dissectors at < 1 mA and at a higher current for group II probes. All
      groups recorded lower evoked EMG amplitudes when the nerve was stimulated with
      overlying fascia or when probe/dissector to nerve distance was greater. The mean
      amplitude decreased by 11%/33%/13% in group I/II/III probes/dissectors when
      stimulating nerves covered by fascia versus nerves dissected free of overlying
      fascia. The rate of obtaining DER at 1- or 2-mm distance was significantly higher
      in group I than in group II/III probes/dissectors (P < 0.001). Latency did not
      change with any of the stimulation probes/dissectors or trials. CONCLUSION:
      Monopolar, bipolar probes, and newer stimulation dissectors all provided valid
      evoked VN/RLN/EBSLN waveforms. They have different functional sensitivity
      profiles and vary when stimulating with fascia and at a distance from the nerve.
      Selection of a stimulation probe/dissector for nerve monitoring can be based on
      the stimulation characteristics, the intended nerve monitoring application, and
      the surgeon's preference. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A. Laryngoscope, 127:998-1005,
      2017.

PMID- 27363900
TI  - Protolichesterinic acid enhances doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells in
      vitro.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of protolichesterinic
      acid, a lichen secondary metabolite, on anti-proliferative activity of
      doxorubicin in three human cancer cell lines, HeLa, SH-SY5Y and K562 cells. MAIN
      METHODS: The data obtained from MTT assays, performed on cells treated with
      protolichesterinic acid and doxorubicin alone and in combination, were analysed
      by the median-effect method as proposed by Chou and Talalay and the Bliss
      independence model. Apoptosis rate was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy,
      caspase-3, 8 and 9 activities were detected by spectrofluorimetric analysis and
      protein expression of Bim, Bid, Bax and Mcl-2 was analysed by Western blotting.
      The interaction of protolichesterinic acid with thioesterase domain of human
      fatty acid synthase (hFAS) was investigated by a molecular docking study. KEY
      FINDINGS: The in vitro activity of doxorubicin against HeLa cancer cell line, but
      not against SH-SY5Y and K562 cells, was synergically increased by
      protolichesterinic acid. The increased cytotoxicity caused by protolichesterinic
      acid in HeLa cells was due to a pro-apoptotic effect and was associated to
      caspase-3, 8 and 9 activation. The simultaneous treatment for 24h with
      protolichesterinic acid plus doxorubicin caused an increase of Bim protein
      expression and the appearance of cleaved form of Bid protein. The molecular
      modelling analysis showed that protolichesterinic acid seemed to behave as a
      competitive inhibitor of hFAS. SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that
      protolichesterinic acid could be envisaged as an useful tool against certain
      types of tumor cells in combination with anticancer drugs.

PMID- 27363901
TI  - Analysis of the effect of sentiment analysis on extracting adverse drug reactions
      from tweets and forum posts.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The abundance of text available in social media and health related
      forums along with the rich expression of public opinion have recently attracted
      the interest of the public health community to use these sources for
      pharmacovigilance. Based on the intuition that patients post about Adverse Drug
      Reactions (ADRs) expressing negative sentiments, we investigate the effect of
      sentiment analysis features in locating ADR mentions. METHODS: We enrich the
      feature space of a state-of-the-art ADR identification method with sentiment
      analysis features. Using a corpus of posts from the DailyStrength forum and
      tweets annotated for ADR and indication mentions, we evaluate the extent to which
      sentiment analysis features help in locating ADR mentions and distinguishing them
      from indication mentions. RESULTS: Evaluation results show that sentiment
      analysis features marginally improve ADR identification in tweets and health
      related forum posts. Adding sentiment analysis features achieved a statistically
      significant F-measure increase from 72.14% to 73.22% in the Twitter part of an
      existing corpus using its original train/test split. Using stratified 10*10-fold
      cross-validation, statistically significant F-measure increases were shown in the
      DailyStrength part of the corpus, from 79.57% to 80.14%, and in the Twitter part
      of the corpus, from 66.91% to 69.16%. Moreover, sentiment analysis features are
      shown to reduce the number of ADRs being recognized as indications. CONCLUSION:
      This study shows that adding sentiment analysis features can marginally improve
      the performance of even a state-of-the-art ADR identification method. This
      improvement can be of use to pharmacovigilance practice, due to the rapidly
      increasing popularity of social media and health forums.

PMID- 27363902
TI  - Cancer Stem Cells, Epithelial to Mesenchymal Markers, and Circulating Tumor Cells
      in Small Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has a poor prognosis, and even with
      localized (limited) disease, the 5-year survival has only been around 20%.
      Elevated levels of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been associated with a
      worse prognosis, and markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and epithelial to
      mesenchymal transition have been associated with increased chemoresistance and
      metastatic spread in SCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The biopsy specimens of 38 SCLC
      patients were used for marker evaluation by immunohistochemistry. The markers for
      CSCs were CD44 and SOX2. The markers for epithelial to mesenchymal transition
      were E-cadherin, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19,
      vimentin, and c-MET. Staining was scored as low (weak) or high (strong) intensity
      for SOX2, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, cytokeratins 8, 18, and 19, and c
      MET and using the immunoreactive score for CD44, E-cadherin, and vimentin,
      expressed as low or high expression. RESULTS: High expression of c-MET (c-METH)
      and low expression of E-cadherin (E-cadL) showed a trend toward a better
      prognosis (P = .07 and P = .09, respectively). The combination of c-METH and E
      cadL resulted in significantly better survival (P = .007). The tested markers
      were not associated with CTCs, although a trend was seen for c-METHE-cadL (P =
      .09) with low CTCs. The CSC markers SOX2 and CD44 were not associated with
      overall survival in this patient cohort. CONCLUSION: SCLC with a mesenchymal-like
      phenotype (c-METHE-cadL) is associated with longer survival and showed a trend
      toward lower CTCs.

PMID- 27363903
TI  - Bioactive packaging using antioxidant extracts for the prevention of microbial
      food-spoilage.
AB  - Bioactive food packaging is an innovative approach for the prevention of the
      growth of food-spoilage microorganisms. Four active extracts from agroindustrial
      subproducts (Eucalyptus wood, almond shells, corn cobs and grape pomace) with
      demonstrated antioxidant activity have been investigated for bestowing
      antimicrobial activity to bioactive packaging. To carry out this evaluation, the
      antioxidant extracts were tested against five food pathogenic bacteria, namely,
      Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus
      aureus and Salmonella spp. The results obtained showed that all the tested
      extracts inhibited the growth of all five pathogenic bacteria. From the analysis
      of the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), the Eucalyptus wood extract
      was the most active, being necessary only 2% (v/v) to inhibit Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus, whereas almond
      shells extract were less active requiring 4% (w/v) to inhibit the growth of
      Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the extract from corn cobs was
      bactericidal against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at a
      concentration of 4% (w/v). After checking their antimicrobial activity, the
      antioxidant extracts have been incorporated into sodium alginate films and the
      maintenance of their antimicrobial properties was confirmed. This work showed
      that the antioxidant extracts from agroindustrial byproducts exhibited
      antimicrobial activity and were suitable for incorporation into edible films that
      could be used in bioactive packaging systems. 

PMID- 27363904
TI  - Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis in a Capybara (Hydrochoerus
      hydrochaeris).
AB  - Tuberculosis, associated with Mycobacterium bovis, was diagnosed post mortem in
      an adult female capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), kept at the Pampulha
      Ecological Park, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in a large metropolitan area. On post
      mortem examination, there were numerous firm white nodules scattered throughout
      all lobes of both lungs. Tissue samples were collected for histological and
      microbiological examination. Microscopically, the pulmonary nodules were
      multifocal to coalescing granulomas and intralesional acid-fast bacilli were
      evident in Ziehl-Neelsen-stained sections of the lung and spleen. Colonies with
      morphological features of Mycobacterium spp. were isolated from lung samples and
      conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with genomic DNA from the isolates
      was positive for M. bovis; sequencing indicated 100% identity with the region of
      difference 4 (RD4) of M. bovis. In addition, M. bovis DNA was detected in the
      lung by quantitative PCR. The finding of M. bovis in a capybara indicates a
      potential public health risk in a zoological collection. 

PMID- 27363905
TI  - First physical evidence for forested environment in the Arctic during MIS 3.
AB  - Old sedimentological and geochronological records can be preserved underneath the
      central parts of the continental ice sheets under non-erosive, cold-based
      subglacial conditions. Organic deposits that predate the last deglaciation are of
      particular value for the information held on glacial-time climate and
      environmental conditions. In this study, we present multiproxy data derived from
      a well-preserved MIS 3 interstadial (55-25 ka ago) organic layer from inside the
      Arctic Circle in the Finnish Lapland. Biological proxy evidence, namely coming
      from aquatic plant species, indicates July temperatures as high as 14.4  degrees
      C, i.e. higher than those of today for the study site. Macrofossil evidence
      demonstrates for the first time the presence of pines accompanied by tree birch
      during the MIS 3 interstadial in northern Fennoscandia. These results concur with
      contemporary insolation model outcomes but contradict with the previous proxy
      based view of open tundra conditions during the MIS 3. The data suggest that
      there are highly dynamic interstadial continental ice-sheet dynamics following
      changes in orbital forcing. Warm climate enabled the establishment of forests on
      exposed landscape. Moreover, we suggest that in the light of these new data,
      previous MIS 3 pollen data could be re-interpreted.

PMID- 27363921
TI  - Alcohol risk drinking, quality of life and health state among patients treated at
      the Sobering Unit in the emergency department - One year follow-up study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate impacts of brief intervention on patients' alcohol risk
      drinking, quality of life and health state after treatment at the Sobering Unit
      in the emergency department at three months, six months, and one year follow-up.
      METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study without control group (one-year
      follow-up). Alcohol use of patients in emergency department (Sobering Unit) in
      specialized care in Finland (AUDIT-test), quality of life (EQ-5D-3L) and health
      state (EQ VAS) at baseline, three months, six months and one year following the
      brief intervention were analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. RESULTS: The
      patients' alcohol risk use decreased statistically significantly after the
      treatment period at the Sobering Unit. The patients' health-related quality of
      life did not change statistically significantly during three months following the
      treatment period, whereas a statistically significant increase took place after
      six months. Self-perceived health status improved statistically significantly
      between the treatment period and three- and six-month follow up time points.
      CONCLUSIONS: The study gave some suggestive evidence that a brief intervention
      could be effective for harmful drinkers or alcohol-dependent patients when used
      in an emergency department. The Sobering Unit in the emergency department is one
      solution to encourage patients to pay attention to their alcohol risk drinking.

PMID- 27363922
TI  - Parameters for abolishing conditioned place preference for cocaine from running
      and environmental enrichment in male C57BL/6J mice.
AB  - RATIONALE: Evidence suggests that 4 weeks of voluntary wheel running abolishes
      conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine in male C57BL/6J mice. OBJECTIVES:
      To determine the duration and timing of exposure to running wheels necessary to
      reduce CPP, and the extent to which the running per se influences CPP as compared
      to environmental enrichment without running. METHODS: A total of 239 males were
      conditioned for 4days twice daily with cocaine (10mg/kg) and then split into 7
      intervention groups prior to 4days of CPP testing. Experiment 1 consisted of two
      groups housed as follows: short sedentary group (SS; n=20) in normal cages for 1
      week; the short running group (SR; n=20) with running wheels for 1 week.
      Experiment 2 consisted of five groups housed as follows; short 1 week of running
      followed by a 3 week sedentary period (SRS; n=20); a 3 week sedentary period
      followed by 1 week of running (SSR; n=20); long sedentary group (LS; n=66) in
      normal cages for 4 weeks; long running group (LR; n=66) with running wheels for 4
      weeks; and long environmental enrichment group (EE; n=27) with toys for 4 weeks.
      RESULTS: Levels of running were similar in all running groups. Both running and
      environmental enrichment reduced CPP relative to sedentary groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      Results suggest that the abolishment of cocaine CPP from running is robust and
      occurs with as low as 1 week of intervention but may be related to enrichment
      component of running rather than physical activity.

PMID- 27363923
TI  - Histamine H3 receptor as a potential target for cognitive symptoms in
      neuropsychiatric diseases.
AB  - The potential contributions of the brain histaminergic system in
      neurodegenerative diseases, and the possiblity of histamine-targeting treatments
      is attracting considerable interests. The histamine H3 receptor (H3R) is
      expressed mainly in the central nervous system, and is, consequently, an
      attractive pharmacological target. Although recently described clinical trials
      have been disappointing in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and
      schizophrenia (SCH), numerous H3R antagonists, including pitolisant, demonstrate
      potential in the treatment of narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness associated
      with cognitive impairment, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review
      focuses on the recent preclinical as well as clinical results that support the
      relevance of H3R antagonists for the treatment of cognitive symptoms in
      neuropsychiatric diseases, namely AD, epilepsy and SCH. The review summarizes the
      role of histaminergic neurotransmission with focus on these brain disorders, as
      well as the effects of numerous H3R antagonists on animal models and humans.

PMID- 27363924
TI  - DBI/ACBP loss-of-function does not affect anxiety-like behaviour but reduces
      anxiolytic responses to diazepam in mice.
AB  - Diazepam is well known for its anxiolytic properties, which are mediated via
      activation of the GABAA receptor. Diazepam Binding Inhibitor (DBI), also called
      acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP), is a ubiquitously expressed protein originally
      identified based on its ability to displace diazepam from its binding site on the
      GABAA receptor. Central administration of ACBP or its cleaved fragment, commonly
      referred to as endozepines, induces proconflict and anxiety-like behaviour in
      rodents. For this reason, ACBP is known as an anxiogenic peptide. However, the
      role of endogenous ACBP in anxiety-like behaviour and anxiolytic responses to
      diazepam has not been investigated. To address this question, we assessed anxiety
      behaviour and anxiolytic responses to diazepam in two complementary loss-of
      function mouse models including astrocyte-specific ACBP KO (ACBP(GFAP) KO) and
      whole-body KO (ACBP KO) mice. Male and female ACBP(GFAP) KO and ACBP KO mice do
      not show significant changes in anxiety-like behaviour compared to control
      littermates during elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests.
      Surprisingly, ACBP(GFAP) KO and ACBP KO mice were unresponsive to the anxiolytic
      effect of a low dose of diazepam during EPM tests. In conclusion, our experiments
      using genetic ACBP loss-of-function models suggest that endozepines deficiency
      does not affect anxiety-like behaviour in mice and impairs the anxiolytic action
      of diazepam.

PMID- 27363926
TI  - Differential effects of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid antagonism on
      anxiety behavior in mild traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) comprise three-quarters of all TBIs
      occurring in the United States annually, and psychological symptoms arising from
      them can last years after injury. One commonly observed symptom following mild
      TBI is generalized anxiety. Most mild TBIs happen in stressful situations
      (sports, war, domestic violence, etc.) when glucocorticoids are elevated in the
      brain at the time of impact, and glucocorticoids have negative effects on
      neuronal health following TBI. Therefore, blocking glucocorticoid receptors might
      prevent emergence of anxiety symptoms post-injury. Adult male rats received
      mifepristone (20mg/kg) or spironolactone (50mg/kg) to block glucocorticoid and
      mineralocorticoid receptors, respectively, 40min prior to being exposed to acute
      social defeat stress followed immediately by mild TBI. In defeated rats with
      concomitant mild TBI, mifepristone restored time spent in the open arms of an
      elevated plus maze to control levels, demonstrating for the first time that
      glucocorticoid receptors play a critical role in the development of anxiety after
      mild TBI. Future treatments could target these receptors, alleviating anxiety as
      a major side effect in victims of mild TBI sustained in stressful situations.

PMID- 27363925
TI  - Nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization in an adult rat model of attention
      deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
AB  - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased risk
      of tobacco dependence. Nicotine, the main psychoactive component of tobacco,
      appears to be implicated in ADHD-related tobacco dependence. However, the
      behavioral responsiveness to nicotine of the prevalent animal model of ADHD, the
      spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), is currently underinvestigated. The present
      study examined the activational effects of acute and chronic nicotine on the
      behavior of adult male SHRs, relative to Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls. Experiment
      1 verified baseline strain differences in open-field locomotor activity.
      Experiment 2 tested for baseline strain differences in rotational behavior using
      a Rotorat apparatus. Adult SHR and WKY rats were then exposed to a 7-day regimen
      of 0.6mg/kg/d s.c. nicotine, or saline, prior to each assessment. A separate
      group of SHRs underwent similar training, but was pre-treated with mecamylamine,
      a cholinergic antagonist. Nicotine sensitization, context conditioning, and
      mecamylamine effects were then tested. Baseline strain differences were observed
      in open-field performance and in the number of full rotations in the Rotorat
      apparatus, but not in the number of 90 degrees  rotations or direction changes.
      In these latter measures, SHRs displayed weaker nicotine-induced rotational
      suppression than WKYs. Both strains expressed nicotine-induced sensitization of
      rotational activity, but evidence for strain differences in sensitization was
      ambiguous; context conditioning was not observed. Mecamylamine reversed the
      effects of nicotine on SHR performance. These findings are consistent with the
      hypothesis that a reduced aversion to nicotine (expressed in rats as robust
      locomotion) may facilitate smoking among adults with ADHD.

PMID- 27363927
TI  - Sexual dimorphisms in swimming behavior, cerebral metabolic activity and
      adrenoceptors in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).
AB  - Sexually dimorphic behaviors and brain sex differences, not only restricted to
      reproduction, are considered to be evolutionary preserved. Specifically, anxiety
      related behavioral repertoire is suggested to exhibit sex-specific
      characteristics in rodents and primates. The present study investigated whether
      behavioral responses to novelty, have sex-specific characteristics in the
      neurogenetic model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio), lacking chromosomal sex
      determination. For this, aspects of anxiety-like behavior (including reduced
      exploration, increased freezing behavior and erratic movement) of male and female
      adult zebrafish were tested in a novel tank paradigm and after habituation. Male
      and female zebrafish showed significant differences in their swimming activity in
      response to novelty, with females showing less anxiety spending more time in the
      upper tank level. When fish have habituated, regional cerebral glucose uptake, an
      index of neuronal activity, and brain adrenoceptors' (ARs) expression (alpha2-ARs
      and beta-ARs) were determined using in vivo 2-[(14)C]-deoxyglucose methodology
      and in vitro neurotransmitter receptors quantitative autoradiography,
      respectively. Intriguingly, females exhibited higher glucose utilization than
      males in hypothalamic brain areas. Adrenoceptor's expression pattern was
      dimorphic in zebrafish telencephalic, preoptic, hypothalamic nuclei, central
      gray, and cerebellum, similarly to birds and mammals. Specifically, the lateral
      zone of dorsal telencephalon (Dl), an area related to spatial cognition,
      homologous to the mammalian hippocampus, showed higher alpha2-AR densities in
      females. In contrast, male cerebellum included higher densities of beta-ARs in
      comparison to female. Taken together, our data demonstrate a well-defined sex
      discriminant cerebral metabolic activity and ARs' pattern in zebrafish, possibly
      contributing to male-female differences in the swimming behavior.

PMID- 27363928
TI  - Hysteroscopic-guided local endometrial injury does not improve natural cycle
      pregnancy rate in women with unexplained infertility: Randomized controlled
      trial.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of a hysteroscopic site-specific local endometrial
      injury (LEI) in a group of women with unexplained infertility (UI) undergoing
      expectant management with no fertility treatment versus no intervention. METHODS:
      This open-label, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted between June
      2013 and July 2015. Hysteroscopic site-specific LEI was determined by patient
      identification number, and 120 women were included. Eligible participants were
      randomly assigned to receive either a single, site-specific LEI guided by
      hysteroscopy (study group, n = 60) or no intervention (control group, n = 60).
      Natural cycle folliculometry and timed intercourse were carried out for all
      participants for 3 months. Successful clinical pregnancy confirmed on ultrasound
      was the primary outcome measure, and first trimester miscarriage rate was the
      secondary outcome. RESULTS: After identification, baseline clinical demographics
      were similar in the two groups. No statistically significant differences were
      noted in cumulative pregnancy rates in women with LEI compared with those without
      (16.7% and 11.7 %, respectively; OR, 2.83; 95%CI: 1.07-7.48; P = 0.4). One first
      trimester miscarriage was reported in the control group (14.3%). CONCLUSION:
      Local endometrial injury for natural cycle conception in women with UI is not
      justified. Further RCT are warranted to prove or disprove this.

PMID- 27363929
TI  - The effects of vitamin D supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in
      patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
      trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin D
      supplementation on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic
      foot ulcer (DFU). METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
      trial was performed among 60 patients with grade 3 DFU according to "Wagner
      Meggitt's" criteria. Participants were randomly divided into two groups (each 30
      participants) and received either 50,000IU vitamin D supplements every 2weeks for
      12weeks (group A) or placebo (group B). Fasting blood samples were taken at study
      baseline and after 12-week intervention to determine related markers. RESULTS:
      After 12weeks of intervention, compared with the placebo, vitamin D
      supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in ulcer length (-2.1+/-1.1
      vs. -1.1+/-1.1cm, P=0.001), width (-2.0+/-1.2 vs. -1.1+/-1.0cm, P=0.02) and depth
      (-1.0+/-0.5 vs. -0.5+/-0.5cm, P<0.001), and erythema rate (100% vs. 80%, P=0.01).
      In addition, in supplemented patients changes in serum insulin concentration (
      3.4+/-9.2 vs. +2.8+/-9.3 MUIU/mL, P=0.01), homeostasis model of assessment
      estimated insulin resistance (-1.5+/-4.1 vs. +1.7+/-5.1, P=0.01), the
      quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0.006+/-0.02 vs. -0.006+/-0.02,
      P=0.03) and HbA1c (-0.6+/-0.6 vs. -0.1+/-0.5%, P=0.004) were significantly
      different from those of patients in the placebo group. Additionally, following
      supplementation with vitamin D, significant reductions in serum total- (-15.8+/
      18.9 vs. +5.3+/-31.8mg/dL, P=0.003), LDL- (-17.2+/-19.8 vs. +2.2+/-28.6mg/dL,
      P=0.003), total-/HDL-cholesterol ratio (-1.1+/-0.8 vs. -0.2+/-1.1, P=0.001), high
      sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (-0.4+/-2.5 vs. +1.9+/-4.2MUg/mL,
      P=0.01), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (-34.7+/-32.4 vs. -18.0+/-26.6mm/h,
      P=0.03) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (-0.7+/-0.9 vs. -0.2+/
      0.5MUmol/L, P=0.008) were seen compared with the placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Overall,
      vitamin D supplementation for 12weeks among patients with DFU had beneficial
      effects on glucose homeostasis, total-, LDL-, total-/HDL-cholesterol, ESR, hs-CRP
      and MDA levels. In addition, vitamin D may have played an indirect role in wound
      healing due to its effect on improved glycemic control.

PMID- 27363930
TI  - Optical gain in GaAsBi/GaAs quantum well diode lasers.
AB  - Electrically pumped GaAsBi/GaAs quantum well lasers are a promising new class of
      near-infrared devices where, by use of the unusual band structure properties of
      GaAsBi alloys, it is possible to suppress the dominant energy-consuming Auger
      recombination and inter-valence band absorption loss mechanisms, which greatly
      impact upon the device performance. Suppression of these loss mechanisms promises
      to lead to highly efficient, uncooled operation of telecommunications lasers,
      making GaAsBi system a strong candidate for the development of next-generation
      semiconductor lasers. In this report we present the first experimentally measured
      optical gain, absorption and spontaneous emission spectra for GaAsBi-based
      quantum well laser structures. We determine internal optical losses of 10-15 cm(
      1) and a peak modal gain of 24 cm(-1), corresponding to a material gain of
      approximately 1500 cm(-1) at a current density of 2 kA cm(-2). To complement the
      experimental studies, a theoretical analysis of the spontaneous emission and
      optical gain spectra is presented, using a model based upon a 12-band k.p
      Hamiltonian for GaAsBi alloys. The results of our theoretical calculations are in
      excellent quantitative agreement with the experimental data, and together provide
      a powerful predictive capability for use in the design and optimisation of high
      efficiency lasers in the infrared.

PMID- 27363931
TI  - [Endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) for the internist].
AB  - Endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) is a recent mini-invasive technique allowing
      transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) of mediastinal lymph nodes as well as
      peribronchial lesions. EBUS was initially developed for lung cancer mediastinal
      staging. Over the years, indications for EBUS have been progressively extended to
      the scope of inflammatory disorders, mediastinal lymphomas, and infectious
      diseases. Particularly in immunosuppressed patients, including HIV-infected
      patients, EBUS allows the diagnosis of several diseases that involve the
      mediastinum, avoiding invasive surgical explorations such as mediastinoscopy or
      thoracoscopy. This review aims at discussing the technical aspects, and specifies
      indications, results, and limits of EBUS for the internist.

PMID- 27363932
TI  - [Central nervous system lymphoma revealed by lymphocytic meningitis in a patient
      with systemic lupus erythematosus: An unusual association].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We report an unusual observation of central nervous system (CNS)
      lymphoma in a 60-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and fatal
      outcome. OBSERVATION: The patient had systemic erythematosus lupus for 7 years,
      treated with mycophenolate mofetil and developed lymphocytic meningitis in 2015
      associated to the presence of EBV in the cerebrospinal fluid and a necrotic
      vermis' lesion. Diagnosis of large B-cell lymphoma was histologically confirmed
      from stereotaxic biopsy, shortly before she died from neurological complications.
      CONCLUSION: Even though the current association is unusual, lymphocytic
      meningitis with hypoglycorrachia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
      may reveal CNS lymphoma and diagnosis confirmation requires stereotaxic biopsy in
      order not to delay specific therapeutic management.

PMID- 27363933
TI  - [The clinician: The first of all essential drugs. A defense for clinician
      medicine and the patient-physician relationship].

PMID- 27363934
TI  - Design and syntheses of mono and multivalent mannosyl-lipoconjugates for targeted
      liposomal drug delivery.
AB  - Multivalent mannosyl-lipoconjugates may be of interest for glycosylation of
      liposomes and targeted drug delivery because the mannose specifically binds to C
      type lectin receptors on the particular cells. In this paper syntheses of two
      types of novel O-mannosides are presented. Conjugates 1 and 2 with a COOH- and
      NH2-functionalized spacer and the connection to a lysine and FmocNH-PEG-COOH, are
      described. The coupling reactions of prepared intermediates 6 and 4 with a
      PEGylated-DSPE or palmitic acid, respectively, are presented. Compounds 5, mono-,
      8, di- and 12, tetravalent mannosyl-lipoconjugates, were synthesized. The
      synthesized compounds were incorporated into liposomes and liposomal preparations
      featuring exposed mannose units were characterized. Carbohydrate liposomal quartz
      crystal microbalance based assay has been established for studying carbohydrate
      lectin binding. It was demonstrated that liposomes with incorporated mannosyl
      lipoconjugates were effectively recognized by Con A and have great potential to
      be used for targeted liposomal drug delivery systems. 

PMID- 27363935
TI  - Effect of aqueous and particulate silk fibroin in a rat model of experimental
      colitis.
AB  - Silk fibroin (SF) has anti-inflammatory properties and promotes wound healing.
      Moreover, SF particles act as carriers of active drugs against intestinal
      inflammation due to their capacity to deliver the compound to the damaged colonic
      tissue. The present work assesses the effect of SF in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic
      acid model of rat colitis that resembles human intestinal inflammation. SF
      (8mg/kg) was administered in aqueous solution orally and in two particulate
      formats by intrarectal route, following two technologies: spray drying to make
      microparticles and desolvation in organic solvent to produce nanoparticles. SF
      treatments ameliorated the colonic damage, reduced neutrophil infiltration and
      improved the compromised oxidative status of the colon. They also reduced the
      gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1beta and the anti
      inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Moreover, they improved the intestinal wall
      integrity by increasing the gene expression of some of its markers (villin,
      trefoil factor-3 and mucins), thus accelerating the healing. The immunomodulatory
      properties of SF particles were also tested in vitro in macrophages: they
      activated the immune response in basal conditions without increasing it after a
      pro-inflammatory insult. In conclusion, SF particles could be useful as carriers
      to deliver active drugs to the damaged intestinal colon with additional anti
      inflammatory and healing properties. 

PMID- 27363936
TI  - Non-covalent modification of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) by
      coiled-coil technology.
AB  - We present here an approach to non-covalently combine an engineered model protein
      with a PEGylated peptide via coiled-coil binding. To this end a fusion protein of
      G-CSF and the peptide sequence (JunB) was created-one sequence of JunB was
      expressed at the N-terminal of GCSF. JunB is able to bind to the peptide sequence
      cFos, which was in turn covalently linked to a chain of poly(ethylene glycol)
      (PEG). The selected peptide sequences are leucine zipper motives from
      transcription factors and are known to bind to each other specifically by
      formation of a super secondary structure called coiled-coil. The binding between
      PEGylated peptides of various molecular weights and the modified protein was
      assessed by isothermal calorimetry (ITC), dynamic light scattering (DLS),
      circular dichroism (CD), and fluorescence anisotropy. Our findings show that the
      attachment of 2 and 5kDa PEG does not interfere with coiled-coil formation and
      thus binding of peptide to fusion protein. With this work we successfully
      demonstrate the non-covalent binding of a model moiety (PEG) to a protein through
      coiled-coil interaction. 

PMID- 27363937
TI  - Tat peptide and hexadecylphosphocholine introduction into pegylated liposomal
      doxorubicin: An in vitro and in vivo study on drug cellular delivery, release,
      biodistribution and antitumor activity.
AB  - We have investigated the co-addition of hexadecylphosphocholine (HePC) and a Tat
      derived peptide (Tat), coupled to Maleimide-PEG2000-DSPE pegylated liposomal
      doxorubicin (PLD) in many respects, including drug and liposome cellular
      delivery, drug release, biodistribution, in vivo cell delivery and antitumor
      activity. The liposomes were HePC-free and -containing liposomes, from which
      liposomes with 25, 50, 100 and 200 numbers of Tat/liposome were prepared.
      Similarly, DiI-C18 (3)-model liposomes (DiI-L and DiI-HePC-L) were prepared. HePC
      and Tat increased cellular delivery of Dox and cytotoxicity in B16F0 melanoma and
      C26 colon carcinoma cells. Tat enhanced liposome-cell interaction and caused Dox
      burst release. HePC and Tat reduced the serum retention time of liposomal Dox,
      slightly and dramatically, respectively. In comparison, Tat-liposomes enhanced
      Dox delivery to liver and spleen cells 3h post-injection. Likewise, Dox content
      of these tissues and tumor was lower at 24h. The naive liposomes retarded tumor
      growth more effectively and their related median survival time of the treated C26
      bearing BALB/c mice was longer than those of Tat-liposomes (MST>45days versus
      MST<38days). Overall liposomes exhibiting sustained drug release and negligible
      cell interaction were more suitable delivery systems in targeting cancerous
      tumors and suppressing their growth. 

PMID- 27363938
TI  - A chromatography-free isolation of rohitukine from leaves of Dysoxylum
      binectariferum: Evaluation for in vitro cytotoxicity, Cdk inhibition and
      physicochemical properties.
AB  - Rohitukine is a chromone alkaloid isolated from an Indian medicinal plant
      Dysoxylum binectariferum. This natural product has led to the discovery of two
      clinical candidates (flavopiridol and P276-00) for the treatment of cancer.
      Herein, for the first time we report an efficient protocol for isolation and
      purification of this precious natural product in a bulk-quantity from leaves (a
      renewable source) of D. binectariferum (>98% purity) without use of
      chromatography or any acid-base treatment. Despite of the fact that this scaffold
      has reached up to clinical stage, particularly for leukemia; however the
      antileukemic activity of a parent natural product has never been investigated.
      Furthermore, rohitukine has never been studied for cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
      inhibition, kinase profiling and for its experimental physicochemical properties.
      Thus, herein, we report in vitro cytotoxicity of rohitukine in a panel of 20
      cancer cell lines (including leukemia, pancreatic, prostate, breast and CNS) and
      2 normal cell lines; kinase profiling, Cdk2/9 inhibition, and physicochemical
      properties (solubility and stability in biological medias, pKa, LogP, LogD). In
      cytotoxicity screening, rohitukine displayed promising activity in HL-60 and Molt
      4 (leukemia) cell lines with GI50 of 10 and 12MUM, respectively. It showed
      inhibition of Cdk2/A and Cdk9/T1 with IC50 values of 7.3 and 0.3MUM,
      respectively. The key interactions of rohitukine with Cdk9 was also studied by
      molecular modeling. Rohitukine was found to be highly water soluble
      (Swater=10.3mg/mL) and its LogP value was -0.55. The ionization constant of
      rohitukine was found to be 5.83. Rohitukine was stable in various biological
      media's including rat plasma. The data presented herein will help in designing
      better anticancer agents in future.

PMID- 27363939
TI  - New insights into 3-(aminomethyl)naphthoquinones: Evaluation of cytotoxicity,
      electrochemical behavior and search for structure-activity correlation.
AB  - Herein we describe the structure-activity relationship of a large library of
      Mannich bases (MBs) synthesized from 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. In general,
      the compounds have shown high to moderate activity against the HL-60
      (promyelocytic leukaemia) cell line with IC50=1.1-19.2MUM. Our results suggest
      that the nature of the aryl moiety introduced in the structure of MBs by the
      aldehyde component is crucial to the cytotoxicity, and although the group
      originated from the primary amine has a lesser influence, aromatic ones were
      found to suppress the activity. Thus, MBs derived from salicylaldehydes or 2
      pyridinecarboxaldehyde and aliphatic amines are the most active compounds. A
      satisfactory correlation of the EpIIc versus IC50 (MUM) in dimethylsulfoxide was
      observed. The most cytotoxic MBs (Series a-c, derived from salicylaldehydes)
      showed the least negative EpIIc values. Noteworthy, however, Series d (derived
      from 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde) did not follow this correlation. They exhibited
      both the lowest IC50 and the most negative EpIIc values, thus suggesting that
      other factors also influence the cytotoxicity of the MBs, such as lipophilicity,
      electronic distribution and hydrogen bonding.

PMID- 27363940
TI  - Kinetic investigation of human 5-lipoxygenase with arachidonic acid.
AB  - Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is responsible for the formation of leukotriene
      (LT)A4, a pivotal intermediate in the biosynthesis of the leukotrienes, a family
      of proinflammatory lipid mediators. 5-LOX has thus gained attention as a
      potential drug target. However, details of the kinetic mechanism of 5-LOX are
      still obscure. In this Letter, we investigated the kinetic isotope effect (KIE)
      of 5-LOX with its physiological substrate, arachidonic acid (AA). The observed
      KIE is 20+/-4 on kcat and 17+/-2 on kcat/KM at 25 degrees C indicating a non
      classical reaction mechanism. The observed rates show slight temperature
      dependence at ambient temperatures ranging from 4 to 35 degrees C. Also, we
      observed low Arrhenius prefactor ratio (AH/AD=0.21) and a small change in
      activation energy (Ea(D)-Ea(H)=3.6J/mol) which suggests that 5-LOX catalysis
      involves tunneling as a mechanism of H-transfer. The measured KIE for 5-LOX
      involves a change in regioselectivity in response to deuteration at position C7,
      resulting in H-abstraction form C10 and formation of 8-HETE. The viscosity
      experiments influence the (H)kcat, but not (D)kcat. However the overall kcat/KM
      is not affected for labeled or unlabeled AA, suggesting that either the product
      release or conformational rearrangement might be involved in dictating kinetics
      of 5-LOX at saturating conditions. Investigation of available crystal structures
      suggests the role of active site residues (F421, Q363 and L368) in regulating the
      donor-acceptor distances, thus affecting H-transfer as well as regiospecificity.
      In summary, our study shows that that the H-abstraction is the rate limiting step
      for 5-LOX and that the observed KIE of 5-LOX is masked by a change in
      regioselectivity.

PMID- 27363941
TI  - Zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies assessment in daily practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) is specifically expressed in the pancreatic
      beta-cell and is more restricted in its tissue distribution than other auto
      antigens as glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and insulinoma-associated
      antigen-2 (IA2). ZnT8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) assessment allows identifying rapid
      progression to clinical onset of the disease. We evaluated the prevalence of
      ZnT8A in adults of different ethnic and phenotypic groups and analyzed its
      potential utility as additional marker of autoimmunity in daily practice.
      METHODS: ZnT8A, GADA and IA2A were assessed using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent
      assay (ELISA) in 160 controls and 216 diabetic subjects. 105 were of type 1
      diabetes (T1D), 17 had Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA), 38 were type
      2 diabetic (T2D) and 56 had ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD). 82 patients were newly
      diagnosed cases. RESULTS: ZnT8A were detected in 1% of controls and were not
      found in any of our 38 T2D subjects or 56 KPD subjects. In contrast, ZnT8A were
      detected in 18% of LADA subjects and in 38% of T1D subjects. A slight difference
      of percentage of ZnT8A positivity was found among our T1D ethnic groups. ZnT8A
      were positive in 41% of patients positive for GADA and 67% of patients positive
      for IA2A. The percentage of stratification achieved 91% when GADA, IA2A and ZnT8A
      were assessed simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained for ZnT8A measurement
      using ELISA were consistent with previous data. Such investigation could improve
      the risk stratification and would be integrated in our daily practice.

PMID- 27363942
TI  - The interobserver reliability of a novel qualitative point of care assay for
      heart-type fatty acid binding protein.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (h-FABP) may help to improve
      the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting to the
      Emergency Department (ED) with chest pain. A novel qualitative point of care h
      FABP lateral flow immunoassay (True Rapid, FABPulous BV) could provide results to
      clinicians within just 5min. Given the qualitative nature of this test and prior
      to evaluation in a large diagnostic study, we aimed to determine inter-observer
      reliability when interpreted contemporaneously by staff in the ED. METHODS: In a
      nested prospective cohort study including adult patients with suspected cardiac
      chest pain, venous blood samples were tested for h-FABP (FABPulous BV) on arrival
      and 3h later. Each test result was independently interpreted by two different
      investigators after 5min. The investigators were blinded to each other's
      interpretation and recorded their findings on separate case report forms. We
      determined interobserver reliability by calculating the Cohen's kappa score and
      95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 43 test results (from 31 patients)
      were each interpreted by two independent investigators. Absolute agreement
      between investigators was 93.0%, with a Cohen's kappa of 0.81 (95% CI 0.6-1.0),
      indicating near perfect agreement. In total there were three (7.0%)
      disagreements. In each case one investigator reported a 'weak positive' result
      while the other interpreted the result as 'negative'. CONCLUSIONS: These findings
      demonstrate the interobserver reliability of a qualitative point of care h-FABP
      assay. Further work must evaluate diagnostic accuracy and determine the clinical
      implications of the small rate of disagreement.

PMID- 27363943
TI  - Development and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for
      detection of Plasmopara viticola.
AB  - A rapid LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) detection method was
      developed on the basis of the ITS sequence of P. viticola, the major causal agent
      of grape downy mildew. Among the 38 fungal and oomycete species tested, DNA
      isolated exclusively from P. viticola resulted in a specific product after LAMP
      amplification. This assay had high sensitivity and was able to detect the
      presence of less than 33 fg of genomic DNA per 25-MUL reaction within 30 min. The
      infected leaves may produce sporangia that serve as a secondary inoculum. The
      developed LAMP assay is efficient for estimating the latent infection of grape
      leaves by P. viticola. When combined with the rapid and simple DNA extraction
      method, this assay's total detection time is shortened to approximately one hour;
      therefore it is suitable for on-site detection of latent infection in the field.
      The sporangia levels in the air are strongly associated with disease severity.
      The LAMP method was also demonstrated to be able to estimate the level of
      sporangia released in the air in a certain period. This assay should make disease
      forecasting more accurate and rapid and should be helpful in decision-making
      regarding the control of grape downy mildew.

PMID- 27363944
TI  - Gas-solid interfacial modification of oxygen activity in layered oxide cathodes
      for lithium-ion batteries.
AB  - Lattice oxygen can play an intriguing role in electrochemical processes, not only
      maintaining structural stability, but also influencing electron and ion transport
      properties in high-capacity oxide cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. Here,
      we report the design of a gas-solid interface reaction to achieve delicate
      control of oxygen activity through uniformly creating oxygen vacancies without
      affecting structural integrity of Li-rich layered oxides. Theoretical
      calculations and experimental characterizations demonstrate that oxygen vacancies
      provide a favourable ionic diffusion environment in the bulk and significantly
      suppress gas release from the surface. The target material is achievable in
      delivering a discharge capacity as high as 301 mAh g(-1) with initial Coulombic
      efficiency of 93.2%. After 100 cycles, a reversible capacity of 300 mAh g(-1)
      still remains without any obvious decay in voltage. This study sheds light on the
      comprehensive design and control of oxygen activity in transition-metal-oxide
      systems for next-generation Li-ion batteries.

PMID- 27363945
TI  - Preparation and unique dielectric properties of nanoporous materials with well
      controlled closed-nanopores.
AB  - Although general porous materials have a low dielectric constant, their
      uncontrollable opened porous structure results in high dielectric loss and poor
      barrier properties, thus limiting their application as interconnect dielectrics.
      In this study, polymeric nanoporous materials with well-controlled closed pores
      were prepared by incorporating polystyrene (PS) hollow nanoparticles into
      polyethylene (PE/HoPS). SEM images suggested a closed porous structure for
      PE/HoPS. In order to show the effect of the porous structure on dielectric
      properties, nanoporous materials with an opened or uncontrollable porous
      structure were prepared by etching SiO2/PE or PE/PS@SiO2 composites. PE/HoPSs
      composites showed an apparently lower dielectric constant and loss compared with
      the opened porous PE, demonstrating the advantages of a closed porous structure
      upon enhancing low-dielectric performance. The low dielectric performance of the
      PE/HoPS composites is linked with high water resistance owing to their closed
      porous characteristics. When incorporating 15.3 wt% HoPS (porosity: ~6.9%), the
      dielectric constant reached 2.08. This value is lower than that calculated from
      the serial model. Our work revealed that the incorporation of HoPS not only
      reduces the porosity, but also alters the intrinsic properties of PE, as a
      result, leading to a greatly reduced dielectric constant. 

PMID- 27363946
TI  - Anger and stroke: a potential association that deserves serious consideration.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between states of anger and stroke.
      METHODS: Systematic review of the literature. RESULTS: In total, 21 papers were
      selected for the systematic review of data published on the subject of anger and
      stroke. A state of anger may be a risk factor for stroke, as well as a
      consequence of brain lesions affecting specific areas that are caused by a
      stroke. Scales to assess anger varied among authors. There was no consensus
      regarding the area of brain lesions that might lead to a state of anger. Although
      some authors agreed that lesions on the right side led to angrier behaviour,
      others found that lesions on the left side were more relevant to anger. Likewise,
      there was no consensus regarding the prevalence of anger pre or post-stroke. Some
      authors did not even find that these two conditions were related. CONCLUSION:
      Although most authors have accepted that there is a relationship between anger
      and stroke, studies with uniform methodology need to be conducted if this
      association is to be properly evaluated and understood.

PMID- 27363947
TI  - Classification of fracture and non-fracture groups by analysis of coherent X-ray
      scatter.
AB  - Osteoporotic fractures present a significant social and economic burden, which is
      set to rise commensurately with the aging population. Greater understanding of
      the physicochemical differences between osteoporotic and normal conditions will
      facilitate the development of diagnostic technologies with increased performance
      and treatments with increased efficacy. Using coherent X-ray scattering we have
      evaluated a population of 108 ex vivo human bone samples comprised of non
      fracture and fracture groups. Principal component fed linear discriminant
      analysis was used to develop a classification model to discern each condition
      resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 93% and 91%, respectively.
      Evaluating the coherent X-ray scatter differences from each condition supports
      the hypothesis that a causal physicochemical change has occurred in the fracture
      group. This work is a critical step along the path towards developing an in vivo
      diagnostic tool for fracture risk prediction.

PMID- 27363948
TI  - Adverse vascular remodelling is more sensitive than endothelial dysfunction to
      hyperglycaemia in diabetic rat mesenteric arteries.
AB  - Increased vascular stiffness and reduced endothelial nitric oxide (NO)
      bioavailability are characteristic of diabetes. Whether these are evident at a
      more moderate levels of hyperglycaemia has not been investigated. The objectives
      of this study were to examine the association between the level of glycaemia and
      resistance vasculature phenotype, incorporating both arterial stiffness and
      endothelial function. Diabetes was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats with
      streptozotocin (STZ; 55mg/kg i.v.) and followed for 8 weeks. One week post STZ,
      diabetic rats were allocated to either moderate (~20mM blood glucose, 6
      7U/insulins.c. daily) or severe hyperglycaemia (~30mM blood glucose, 1
      2U/insulins.c. daily as required). At study end, rats were anesthetized, and the
      mesenteric arcade was collected. Passive mechanical wall properties were assessed
      by pressure myography. Responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator
      acetylcholine (ACh) were assessed using wire myography. Our results demonstrated
      for the first time that mesenteric arteries from both moderate and severely
      hyperglycaemic diabetic rats exhibited outward hypertrophic remodelling and
      increased axial stiffness compared to arteries from non-diabetic rats. Secondly,
      mesenteric arteries from severely (~30mM blood glucose), but not moderately
      hyperglycaemic (~20mM blood glucose) rats exhibit a significant reduction to ACh
      sensitivity compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. This endothelial
      dysfunction was associated with significant reduction in endothelium-derived
      hyperpolarisation and endothelium-dependent NO-mediated relaxation.
      Interestingly, endothelium-derived nitroxyl (HNO)-mediated relaxation was intact.
      Therefore, moderate hyperglycaemia is sufficient to induce adverse structural
      changes in the mesenteric vasculature, but more severe hyperglycaemia is
      essential to cause endothelial dysfunction.

PMID- 27363950
TI  - Analog Computation by DNA Strand Displacement Circuits.
AB  - DNA circuits have been widely used to develop biological computing devices
      because of their high programmability and versatility. Here, we propose an
      architecture for the systematic construction of DNA circuits for analog
      computation based on DNA strand displacement. The elementary gates in our
      architecture include addition, subtraction, and multiplication gates. The input
      and output of these gates are analog, which means that they are directly
      represented by the concentrations of the input and output DNA strands,
      respectively, without requiring a threshold for converting to Boolean signals. We
      provide detailed domain designs and kinetic simulations of the gates to
      demonstrate their expected performance. On the basis of these gates, we describe
      how DNA circuits to compute polynomial functions of inputs can be built. Using
      Taylor Series and Newton Iteration methods, functions beyond the scope of
      polynomials can also be computed by DNA circuits built upon our architecture.

PMID- 27363949
TI  - mTOR-Independent autophagy inducer trehalose rescues against insulin resistance
      induced myocardial contractile anomalies: Role of p38 MAPK and Foxo1.
AB  - Insulin resistance is associated with cardiovascular diseases although the
      precise mechanisms remain elusive. Akt2, a critical member of the Akt family,
      plays an essential role in insulin signaling. This study was designed to examine
      the effect of trehalose, an mTOR-independent autophagy inducer, on myocardial
      function in an Akt2 knockout-induced insulin resistance model. Adult WT and Akt2
      knockout (Akt2(-/-)) mice were administered trehalose (1mg/g/day, i.p.) for two
      days and were then given 2% trehalose in drinking water for two more months.
      Echocardiographic and myocardial mechanics, intracellular Ca(2+) properties,
      glucose tolerance, and autophagy were assessed. Apoptosis and ER stress were
      evaluated using TUNEL staining, Caspase 3 assay and Western blot. Autophagy and
      autophagy flux were examined with a focus on p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
      (MAPK), Forkhead box O (Foxo1) and Akt. Akt2 ablation impaired glucose tolerance,
      myocardial geometry and function accompanied with pronounced apoptosis, ER stress
      and dampened autophagy, the effects of which were ameliorated by trehalose
      treatment. Inhibition of lysosomal activity using bafilomycin A1 negated
      trehalose-induced induction of autophagy (LC3B-II and p62). Moreover,
      phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Foxo1 were upregulated in Akt2(-/-) mice, the
      effect of which was attenuated by trehalose. Phosphorylation of Akt was
      suppressed in Akt2(-/-) mice and was unaffected by trehalose. In vitro findings
      revealed that the p38 MAPK activator anisomycin and the Foxo1 inhibitor (through
      phosphorylation) AS1842856 effectively masked trehalose-offered beneficial
      cardiomyocyte contractile response against Akt2 ablation. These data suggest that
      trehalose may rescue against insulin resistance-induced myocardial contractile
      defect and apoptosis, via autophagy associated with dephosphorylation of p38 MAPK
      and Foxo1 without affecting phosphorylation of Akt.

PMID- 27363951
TI  - Sanguinarine Induces Apoptosis of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma KB Cells via
      Inactivation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.
AB  - Preclinical Research Sanguinarine, an alkaloid isolated from the root of
      Sanguinaria canadensis and other plants of the Papaveraceae family, selectively
      induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of human cancer cells, but its
      mechanism of action requires further elaboration. The present study investigated
      the pro-apoptotic effects of sanguinarine in human oral squamous cell carcinoma
      KB cells. Sanguinarine treatment increased DR5/TRAILR2 (death receptor 5/TRAIL
      receptor 2) expression and enhanced the activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of
      its substrate, Bid. Sanguinarine also induced the mitochondrial translocation of
      pro-apoptotic Bax, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release to the
      cytosol, and activation of caspase-9 and -3. However, a pan-caspase inhibitor, z
      VAD-fmk, reversed the growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by sanguinarine.
      Sanguinarine also suppressed the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase
      (PI3K) and Akt in KB cells, while co-treatment of cells with sanguinarine and a
      PI3K inhibitor revealed synergistic apoptotic effects. However, pharmacological
      inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinases
      did not reduce or enhance sanguinarine-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis.
      Collectively, these findings indicate that the pro-apoptotic effects of
      sanguinarine in KB cells may be regulated by a caspase-dependent cascade via
      activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways and inactivation of
      PI3K/Akt signaling. Drug Dev Res 77 : 227-240, 2016.   (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27363952
TI  - Long-term Treatment with Hesperidin Improves Endothelium-dependent Vasodilation
      in Femoral Artery of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: The Involvement of NO
      synthase and Kv Channels.
AB  - Hesperidin is the most common flavonoid found in citrus fruits and is expected to
      exert vasodilation action relevant to its health benefits. The present study
      aimed to explore the effect of hesperidin on the vascular responses in
      normotensive and hypertensive rats and the involvement of NO-synthase and Kv
      channels. The 15-week-old Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were
      randomized to orally receive either hesperidin (50 mg/kg/day) or a corresponding
      volume of the water for 4 weeks. Vascular responses of isolated femoral arteries
      were studied with myograph in control conditions and during inhibition of NO
      synthase with l-NNA and Kv channels with 4-AP. Hesperidin had no effect on blood
      pressure. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in Wistar and SHR was significantly
      improved by the treatment with hesperidin. The contraction responses after l-NNA
      were increased in all groups of rats to similar extent, but relaxatory responses
      were significantly attenuated only in SHR. The inhibition of Kv channels
      significantly reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses in only in SHR
      administered with hesperidin. The results of our experiment indicate that
      hesperidin might improve the endothelium-dependent vasodilation during
      hypertension, possibly through the enhancement of Kv channels function. Copyright
      (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27363953
TI  - Neovascular AMD: Where do we go from here?

PMID- 27363954
TI  - Diabetic macular edema.

PMID- 27363955
TI  - Comparing biometry in normal eyes of children with unilateral cataract/corneal
      disease to age-matched controls.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare ocular biometry and central corneal thickness of unaffected
      healthy eyes of pediatric patients with monocular cataracts/corneal opacities and
      age- matched controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 329 eyes of 329 children
      who were between 1 and 12 years old. The study group (n: 164) consisted of
      healthy fellow eyes of children operated for unilateral congenital/traumatic
      cataract and corneal laceration. Axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens
      thickness, vitreous chamber depth, and central corneal thickness were measured by
      ultrasound biometry/ pachymetry. RESULTS: Axial length was 22.16 mm in the study
      group and 21.99 mm in the control group. Anterior chamber depth, lens thickness,
      and vitreous chamber depth results were 3.35; 3.64 and 15.20 in the treatment
      group and 3.20; 3.63, and 15.15 mm in the control group, respectively. The axial
      length and all the components, i.e. anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and
      vitreous chamber depth are higher in the unaffected healthy eyes of the pediatric
      patients than that of the control group but only the difference in the anterior
      chamber depth was statistically significant. The central corneal thickness was
      548 microns and 559 microns in the study and the control groups, respectively,
      and the difference was found to be significant. CONCLUSION: Greater anterior
      chamber depth was chiefly responsible for the overall increase in the axial
      length in the study group. The central corneal thickness was significantly
      thinner in the study group than that of the control group. Keywords Ocular
      biometry; central corneal thickness; anterior chamber depth; lens thickness;
      vitreous chamber depth.

PMID- 27363956
TI  - Ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and albumin adjusted-IMA (AAIMA) as biomarkers
      for diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress has important role in the pathophysiology of
      diabetic retinopathy (DR). Ischemia modified albumin (IMA) has been recently
      considered as a marker of oxidative damage in diabetes. However, there is
      scarcity of published information about both IMA and albumin adjusted-IMA (AAIMA)
      in DR patients. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the serum levels of IMA and AAIMA in
      patients with DR and in healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross
      sectional study. Serum was obtained to measure lipids, albumin and IMA from the
      the patients with DR and non-diabetic subjects. The IMA level was measured by a
      colorimetric albumin cobalt binding (ACB) assay and the values were presented as
      absorbance units (ABSU). The IMA levels were adjusted for albumin interference
      and the AAIMA by using a formula [Individual serum albumin/median albumin
      concentration of the population X IMA]. RESULTS: This study was done on 18 DR and
      20 non- diabetic patients. The mean Serum IMA values in DR group and controls
      were 0.50+/-0.17 and 0.32+/-0.17, respectively (P=0.002). The mean serum AAIMA
      values in DR group and controls were 0.48+/-0.20 and 0.32+/-0.17, respectively
      (P=0.01). The albumin and HDL- Cholesterol levels were significantly lower in DR
      patients compared to controls (p=0.004 and p=0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:
      The level of IMA and AAIMA were higher in cases of DR compared to that of non
      diabetic subjects. The levels of albumin and HDL-Cholesterol were lower in DR
      patients compared to controls.

PMID- 27363957
TI  - Comparison of endothelial cell loss and complications between phacoemulsification
      and manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) in uveitic cataract.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Endothelial cell loss and complications after cataract surgery may
      be higher when cataract is complicated by uveitis. OBJECTIVE: To compare
      endothelial cell damage and complication rates after phacoemulsification and
      manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) in patients with uveitis. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Patients with uveitic cataract were randomly allocated for
      phacoemulsification (n=75) or manual SICS (n=80) in a double blind prospective
      study. In the bag implantation of a hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lens was
      aimed in all cases. Patients with follow up of less than six months were
      excluded. Main outcome measures were alteration in endothelial cell counts (ECC)
      and morphology, improvement in vision and complication rates. ECC was measured
      preoperatively and at 1 week, 3 months and six months, postoperatively. RESULTS:
      Six patients were lost to follow up and another three due inability to implant
      IOL. There were no significant difference in endothelial cell counts (P= 0.032),
      the variance of endothelial cell size (CV) and percentage of hexagonal cells
      between both the groups at six months (Mann-Whitney test, P=0.283). Endothelial
      cell density was significantly less in the group in which vitrectomy and/or pupil
      dilatation procedures were performed (2290+/-31.5 cells/mm2) versus (2385+/-50.3
      cells/mm2), respectively (t test, P less than0.001). Incidence of postoperative
      complications that were observed like persistent uveitis (P=0.591), macular edema
      (P=0.671) and PCO (P=0.678) and visual outcome (P=0.974) were comparable between
      the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Manual SICS and phacoemulsification do not differ
      significantly in endothelial cell loss and complication rates in uveitic eyes.
      However, increased anterior chamber manoeuvring due to additional procedures may
      lead to significantly higher endothelial cell loss.

PMID- 27363958
TI  - Neurocysticercosis - A Window to Intraocular Involvement.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyse the clinical characteristics of intraocular cysticercosis
      and the association of neurocysticercosis with intraocular involvement in these
      patients Materials and methods: Retrospective case series of records of patients
      managed at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. Case records of patients
      managed at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India over two years (October 2012 -
      October 2014) were reviewed and cases reported with intraocular cysticercosis
      were included in the study and results analyzed. RESULTS: Five (5) patients of
      intraocular cysticercosis were diagnosed in a two year period at our centre, 60%
      being bilateral. Eight (8) eyes of five (5) patients had intraocular cysts
      documented by clinical examination and B mode ultrasonography (75% eyes with
      active cysts, 25% eyes inactive) .Visual acuity at presentation of eyes with
      active cysts ranged from perception of light to counting finger 4m. The 75% eyes
      had tractional retinal detachment at presentation. Neurocysticercosis was
      documented in 80% of the cases oncomputed tomography / magnetic resonance imaging
      . Six (6) eyes with active cysts underwent parsplanavitrectomy with cyst removal
      using vitreous cutter with concurrent management of tractional retinal detachment
      in five (5) eyes. Postoperative visual recovery was poor in eyes with associated
      tractional retinal detachment while good anatomical outcome was achieved in all
      six (6) cases. CONCLUSION: Intraocular cysticercosis can be associated with cysts
      in other areas. High number of patients with neurocysticercosis (80%) in those
      with intraocular cysticercosis in our study may indicate positive association
      between the two which needs further investigation.

PMID- 27363959
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy with or without clinically significant macular edema: The
      influencing factors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy is the commonest micro vascular complication
      in patients with diabetes and remains a leading cause of blindness in people of
      working age group. OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence of clinically
      significant macular edema (CSME) and the influence of systemic risk factors
      Materials and methods: It is a hospital based comparative study conducted in 220
      eyes of 110 diabetic patients. DR was graded according to International Clinical
      Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale and CSME was defined according to Early
      Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) system. The patients were grouped as
      1) CSME group (DR and CSME in one or both eyes) and 2) Non- CSME group(CSME in
      none of the eyes but with any grade of DR).Level of glycosylated hemoglobin
      (HbA1C), serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein
      (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and urine for albumin were studied in both
      groups. RESULTS: CSME was present in 36% of 110 patients. Poor glycemic control
      and high total cholesterol level showed positive association with CSME (p LESS
      THAN 0.05). LDL and TG levels were higher and HDL lower in CSME group. However,
      no statistical significance was found. CONCLUSION: The CSME is significantly
      associated with poorer glycemic control and elevated total cholesterol level.

PMID- 27363960
TI  - Cycloplegic influence on the accuracy of autorefractometer in myopic and
      hyperopic children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cycloplegic effect on the accuracy of TOPCON AR RM
      8000B autorefractometer in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included
      219 children of age 3 to 16 years. Topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride was
      instilled for attaining cycloplegia. The children with the refractive error of 
      0.75 Diopter or more were grouped as myopic and more than +1.00 Diopter as
      hyperopic. Autorefraction was performed in addition to manual refraction. We used
      the XLSTAT and Medcalc statistics software. RESULTS: Out of 219 children, 149
      (68%) were emmetropic, 48 (22%) hyperopic and 22 (10%) myopic (n=70). Males and
      females constituted 29 (60.42%) and 19 (39.58%) respectively in hyperopic group
      where as 11 (54.55%) and 9 (45.45%) children were myopic. The means of ages of
      the children were 10.29 (+/- 2.96) and 13.14 (+/- 2.36) years in hyperopic and
      myopic groups respectively. Cycloplegic hyperopic and myopic autorefraction
      revealed mean sphere of +1.45 and -4.06 diopter with correlation coefficient of
      0.95 and 0.99 respectively. Non-cycloplegic hyperopic autorefraction showed 74.2%
      sensitivity and 8.3% specificity at >-1 diopter with area under curve of 0.517 (p
      LESS THAN 0.0001). Cycloplegic hyperopic autorefraction showed 100% sensitivity
      and 97.1% specificity at >+1.85 diopter with accuracy of 0.616. Non-cycloplegic
      myopic autorefraction showed 100% sensitivity and 0.91% specificity at >-0.75
      diopter with accuracy of 0.889. Cycloplegic myopic autorefraction showed 100%
      sensitivity and specificity at >-1.25 diopter with perfect accuracy. CONCLUSION:
      Non-cycloplegic hyperopic autorefraction failed to identify true negative cases.
      Cycloplegic autorefraction identified true positive cases and myopic
      autorefraction was relatively unaffected by cycloplegia.

PMID- 27363961
TI  - The indications for and the diagnostic yield of imaging in neuro-ophthalmic and
      orbital disorders.
AB  - Correction: On 7th June, the first author's name was changed FROM Eli Ranjitkar
      Pradan TO Eli Pradhan Introduction: Neuro-imaging is an important method of
      investigation in neuro- ophthalmic and orbital conditions. These investigations
      are expensive and time consuming. This study describes the diagnostic yield of
      neuroimaging in patients referred from neuro-ophthalmic services. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate the diagnostic yield of neuroimaging in patients with neuro-ophthalmic
      and orbital disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of records of
      188 patients referred to radiology department for imaging by the neuro-ophthalmic
      servicesat University Hospital Coventry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Imaging findings
      were defined to be significant, if it led to changes in patient management, and
      as relevant, if the abnormal imaging finding related to the patient's neuro
      ophthalmic complaint, examination finding or condition. The imaging findings were
      categorized into five groups based on significance and relevance as (a)
      significant and relevant, (b) significant and not relevant, (c) relevant and not
      significant, (d) not significant and not relevant, or (e) normal. The percentage
      of tests with a significant and relevant finding was defined as the diagnostic
      yield. The yield of the imaging test ordered was also analyzed based on neuro
      ophthalmic examination findings and indication for imaging. RESULTS: One hundred
      and eighty eight neuro-imaging studies were analyzed. The majority of this
      referral was made for evaluation of the orbit (30%) and the anterior visual
      pathway (22%), followed by motility disorder (16%) and cerebro vascular accidents
      (11%). Hemifacial spasm, nystagmus and headache were less common indications for
      imaging referral. Sixty-one (32.4%) had significant and relevant findings to the
      patient's neuro- ophthalmic condition. In the majority (33/61, 54%), imaging was
      done to evaluate the orbit. CONCLUSION: Among the imaging referral from neuro
      ophthalmic practice, request for evaluation of the orbit provides a higher
      diagnostic yield.

PMID- 27363962
TI  - Outcomes of implantable collamer lens V4 and V4c for correction of high myopia -
      a case series.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the visual outcomes and intraocular pressure changes after
      Visian Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) implantation V4b and V4c (with centraflow
      technology) for correction of myopia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective,
      consecutive, comparative interventional case series of V4b and V4c ICL
      implantation done for correction of high myopia (>-6 diopter D) in patients
      unsuitable for laser vision correction. The outcome measures that were evaluated
      included preoperative and postoperative uncorrected distant visual acuity (UDVA),
      best spectacle corrected distant visual acuity (CDVA), endothelial cell count
      (ECC), presence of lens opacification, intraocular pressure (IOP) and ICL
      vaulting. A follow-up of upto 1 year was done. A questionnaire was given at the
      end of follow-up period. RESULTS: A total of 30 eyes (24.56+/-4.8 years)
      underwent V4b ICL implantation (10 non-toric, 20 toric ICL-TICL) with
      intraoperative peripheral iridectomy (PI) and 34 eyes (26.13+/-3.8 years) had
      implantation of V4c ICL with centraflow (12 non-toric, 22 TICL). The mean
      preoperative manifest spherical equivalent (MSE) was 8.98+/-2.8 D and 9.24+/-2.4
      D in the V4b and V4c groups respectively which reduced to postoperative values of
      -0.28+/-1.3 D and -0.19+/-1.18 D respectively. The mean preoperative astigmatism
      was -1.8+/-1.2 diopter cylinder (Dcyl) and -1.9+/-1.6 Dcyl which respectively
      reduced to -0.8+/-0.8 Dcyl and -0.9+/-0.3 Dcyl. At the end of 1 year follow up,
      mean ECC loss was 7.6% and 7.1%, mean vault was 583.12+/-231.12 MU and 602+/
      241.24MU respectively in the V4b and V4c groups. Anterior subcapsular opacities
      were present in 6.66% and 2.94% of eyes with V4b and V4c groups respectively. Two
      eyes from both V4b (10%) and V4c (8.33%) had rotation of more than 30 degrees and
      required re-rotation surgery done successfully. Two eyes (6.66%) with V4b ICL
      implantation had high postoperative IOP (>35 mm Hg) and required Nd:Yag laser
      iridotomy later done with successful control of IOP. The safety indices were 1.12
      and 1.15 and efficacy indices were 1.5 and 1.6 in the V4b and V4c groups
      respectively at the end of 1 year. The most common visual complaint was glare and
      haloes in 24% and 27% in the two groups respectively. However, they were not
      annoying enough to cause visual disability. CONCLUSIONS: Both V4b and V4c Visian
      ICL implantations are comparable in terms of visual outcome and safety profile
      for correction of high myopia. However, V4c ICL offers these advantages without
      the requirement of an additional PI.

PMID- 27363963
TI  - Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) without the use of sutures/fibrin glue.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) has been used for a wide
      variety of ocular surface problems. Current techniques for the AMT involve
      suturing of the graft or patch over the ocular surface or use of fibrin glue.
      OBJECTIVE: To describe a new sutureless technique of amniotic membrane
      transplantation (AMT) without the use of sutures/fibrin glue. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Amniotic membrane transplantation as overlay or patch was done in
      fourteen eyes of eight patients with severe dry eye due to Stevens Johnson
      syndrome for ocular surface reconstruction, promotion of epithelization,
      reduction of inflammation and symptomatic relief from dry eye. In this new
      technique of amniotic membrane transplantation, we mount the amniotic membrane
      with its epithelial side up on a conformer and place it on the ocular surface
      without applying any sutures. CONCLUSION: In all the fourteen eyes of eight
      patients operated at our centre, the amniotic membrane take up was satisfactory,
      with significant reduction of inflammation and symptomatic relief from dry eye.
      This is a simple, fast effective technique with surgical outcomes comparable to
      amniotic membrane transplantation using sutures/ fibrin glue.

PMID- 27363964
TI  - Occult intraocular foreign body presenting as squint.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We report a case of an occult retained intraocular foreign body
      detected four years after "forgotten" trauma. CASE: A 23-year-old male presented
      with exodeviation and was referred as a case of epiretinal membrane. The anterior
      segment and adnexa were normal. Fundus examination revealed macular epiretinal
      membrane. An occult foreign body was localized in the retinal periphery. Imaging
      confirmed the diagnosis. OBSERVATION: Squint and epiretinal membrane may develop
      in cases of occult foreign bodies and may be the presenting sign years after
      trauma. CONCLUSION: A careful history of ocular trauma and thorough examination,
      complemented by radio imaging when needed, should be done in atypical cases.

PMID- 27363965
TI  - Isolated rectus muscle rupture following trauma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Isolated rectus muscle ruptures are rare ophthalmic emergencies which
      may result in permanent diplopia. OBJECTIVE: To highlight updates on clinical
      features, surgical treatment options and potential complications for isolated
      inferior rectus ruptures. CASE: A 39-year-old man came to our emergency
      department complaining of diplopia and upward deviation of the right eye after
      experiencing an animal injury. Extraocular movements were limited in the right
      eye in the downgaze position. The alternate prism and cover test, both at
      distance and near testing, showed hypertropia of 40 prism diopters (PD) of the
      right eye. The right eye had periorbital swelling and conjunctival haematoma. An
      inferior rectus rupture repair was performed under local anesthesia and monitored
      sedation. Follow-up examination revealed a 20 PD hypertropia, causing diplopia in
      all gazes. A second surgical intervention was planned six months after the
      initial surgery, an inferior rectus 6 mm resection was performed, after which
      orthophoria was achieved in the primary position both at distance and near
      testing.

PMID- 27363966
TI  - A case of transorbital intracranial injury presenting with subtle neurological
      deficit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ocular trauma is a major cause of visual morbidity. OBJECTIVE: To
      present a rare case of transorbital intracranial injury extending up to the left
      internal carotid artery (ICA) with no other systemic neural deficit except for
      the ocular manifestations. CASE: A 14-year-old female presented to our out
      patient department (OPD) with the history of trauma to her left eye with stumps
      of bamboo shoots secondary to a fall injury. Examination and investigations
      revealed a foreign body extending from left inferior conjunctival fornix into the
      intracranial cavity, occluding the various segments of left ICA. The patient
      subsquently underwent craniotomy and foreign body removal by a combined team of
      neurosurgeons and ophthalmologists. On discharge, the patient had slight
      improvement in extraocular motility of her left eye. However the trauma rendered
      the affected eye, non-seeing. CONCLUSION: The intracranial extent of a foreign
      body entering the cranium via the transorbital route cannot be judged merely by
      the clinical findings of the nervous system and ocular examination. These
      patients need timely management by the combined effort of ophthalmologists,
      neurosurgeons and radiologists.

PMID- 27363967
TI  - Unilateral visual loss due to central retinal artery occlusion with total
      ophthalmoplegia following cervical spine surgery in prone position.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blindness after spinal surgery is a rare complication, but it is
      serious, irreversible and incurable. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is
      rare after spinal surgery and ophthalmoplegia is even rarer. CASE: A 52-year-old
      male patient complained of loss of vision in right eye immediately after cervical
      spine surgery. On examination, the patient's visual acuity in right eye was
      absent perception of light. Right eye pupil was dialated and relative afferent
      pupillary defect (RAPD) was present. Extraocular movements were absent in all
      gazes in right eye. Intra-ocular pressure (IOP) was 26 mmHg in right eye and 16
      mmHg in the left. Posterior segment examination revealed blurred disc margin with
      ischemic whitening of retina, thin and attenuated retinal arterioles and a
      central cherry red spot in right eye. Left eye was essentially normal.
      OBSERVATIONS: The causal factors of blindness in the patient were likely ischemia
      of the retina after venous congestion or temporary arterial occlusion resulting
      from changes in pressure to the tissues of the orbit. Factors including prolonged
      prone positioning with head end dependent position and possibility of orbital
      compression by the headrest could have contributed to impaired venous drainage,
      increase in IOP and reduction in perfusion pressure. CONCLUSION: Loss of vision
      post spinal surgery is a rarest of complication yet grave and irreversible.
      Because the problem involves mainly prone positioning of the patient, an
      appropriate position should be found so that facial and ocular compression can be
      avoided.

PMID- 27363968
TI  - Management of childhood glaucoma in Sturge Weber Syndrome: A challenge.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare congenital neuro- oculo-
      cutaneous disorder. Glaucoma is one of the ocular abnormalities associated with
      it. Management of glaucoma in SWS is challenging. OBJECTIVE: To report surgical
      and visual outcome of trabeculectomy in bilateral glaucoma in Sturge-Weber
      syndrome and the challenges encountered in its management. CASE DESCRIPTION: A
      six-year-old girl presented with gradually progressive increase in size of both
      the eyes associated with watering, photophobia and diminution of vision since
      birth. On examination she was diagnosed to have bilateral SWS with glaucoma,
      refractive to antiglaucoma medications. She underwent trabeculectomy with
      intraoperative use of 5- FU. The post operative period was complicated with
      choroidal effusion in both the eyes with shallow anterior chamber. In the second
      post operative day, the right eye anterior chamber re- formation was done with
      ringer lactate solution. There was spontaneous resolution of choroidal effusion
      with normalization of intraocular pressure with no adverse effect on visual
      acuity within one week. CONCLUSION: Treatment of glaucoma associated with Sturge
      Weber syndrome is challenging. When planning surgical intervention an increased
      risk of choroidal effusion associated with it, should be kept in mind.

PMID- 27363969
TI  - Penetrating ocular fish hook injury: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fishing is a popular rural recreational activity. Fortunately,
      penetrating ocular injuries with fish hooks are rare. These injuries are usually
      caused by fish hook prongs penetrating the ocular tissues. We report a rare case
      of penetrating fish hook injury to the globe and its successful surgical
      management. CASE: A 12- year-old female child was referred to the causality with
      a fish hook embedded in her right eye. She sustained the injury while fishing
      with her father. The fish hook had penetrated the globe obliquely. The hook was
      removed via its entrance wound under general anesthesia. Subsequently the child
      developed traumatic cataract which was operated with a final visual outcome of
      6/12. CONCLUSION: Visual prognosis can be profoundly affected by the initial
      management. Prompt surgical intervention as done in our case is recommended to
      prevent significant visual loss. Keywords Fishhook; penetrating ocular injury;
      traumatic cataract.

PMID- 27363970
TI  - Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging- a sensitive tool in managing consecutive
      exotropia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proper evaluation and accurate diagnosis are crucial in managing a
      case of strabismus. OBJECTIVE: Report a case of prolonged large angle complicated
      consecutive exotropia where dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging helped us to
      diagnose and simplify the management plan. CASE: A 19-year-old male presented
      with outward deviation of both eyes for last 16 years with right face turn,
      without diplopia and trauma. However, he had history of two consecutive squint
      surgeries, a month apart, at the age of 3 years. OBSERVATION: Visual acuity (best
      corrected) in the right and left eye was 6/36 and 6/6 respectively. Extraocular
      movements revealed minus (-) 4 adduction deficits in the left eye with right eye
      suppression. Prism Alternate Cover Test (PACT) showed 65 prism diopter (PD) base
      in (BI), for primary and near gazes with lateral incommitance and without any
      pattern. Forced Duction Test (FDT) showed restriction of the left lateral rectus.
      Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging revealed posterior insertion of the left
      medial rectus with thinning of the tendinous insertion of the left lateral and
      medial rectus in neutral position. On adduction of left eye, there was slight
      increased bulk of the left medial rectus. Medial Rectus (MR) advancement 5.5 mm
      and Lateral Rectus (LR) recession 9mm was done. Repeat FDT showed improvement in
      resistance. After 3 month, the patient had excellent outcome with 5 PD primary
      position exotropia and 2 units of improvement in left eye adduction. CONCLUSION:
      Precise workup and appropriate investigation decreases the undue interventions
      with excellent outcome in a case of large angle consecutive XT. Keywords
      Consecutive exotropia; dynamic MRI; esotropia; medial rectus advancement; slipped
      muscle.

PMID- 27363971
TI  - Orbital Cysticercosis - masquerading as preseptal cellulitis with ptosis.
AB  - We are sharing a case of orbital cysticercosis,which presented to us initially
      with simple ptosis and later on with upper lid inflammation and restricted ocular
      motility in upgaze. Human cysticercosis, a parasitic infection caused by
      Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of the cestode, Taenia solium, is a
      benign infection of the subcutaneous tissues, inter-muscular fascia, muscles and
      other organs. Though it exists worldwide, it is more prevalent in the developing
      countries of Latin America, Asia and Africa, especially in areas where under
      cooked pork is consumed regularly (Pushker et al, 2001). However, 5 year study of
      33 cases of Ocular/Adnexal cysticercosis showed seventy percent of patients were
      of low socioeconomic group and 70% were strictly vegetarians (Atul et al, 1995).
      The clinical manifestation of orbital cysticercosis is entirely different from
      neuro-cysticercosis or cysticercosis of other parts of body. Diagnosis of
      cysticercosis is mainly based on highly specific radiological signs and history
      of exposure in endemic areas. 

PMID- 27363972
TI  - By how much could screening by primary human papillomavirus testing reduce
      cervical cancer incidence in England?
AB  - Objective The replacement of cytology with human papillomavirus testing as the
      primary cervical screening test in England is imminent. In light of newly
      available evidence, we revised our previous estimates of the likely impact of
      primary human papillomavirus testing on incidence of cervical cancer. Method and
      results Using screening data on women aged 25-64 diagnosed with cervical cancer
      in England between 1988 and 2012, we previously reported that 38.8% had a
      negative test six months to six years prior to diagnosis. However, not all of
      these cancers would be prevented by human papillomavirus testing: for 1.0% the
      human papillomavirus positive test would come too late (within 18 months of
      diagnosis) to make a difference; 7.6% will have a negative human papillomavirus
      test (based on 79.9% sensitivity of human papillomavirus testing in cytology
      negative women); and 2.0% will develop cancer despite a positive human
      papillomavirus test. Additionally, we estimate that some women (equivalent to
      4.3% of current incidence) whose cancers are currently prevented by cytology
      based screening will have a false-negative human papillomavirus test. Conclusion
      Overall, we estimate that 23.9% (95% CI: 19.3-27.6%) of current cases in women
      invited for screening could be prevented. Based on 2013 cancer incidence
      statistics, absolute numbers could be reduced by 487 (95% CI 394 to 563) or 3.4
      (95% CI 2.8 to 4.0) per 100,000 women per year.

PMID- 27363973
TI  - An outbreak of a possibly new Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar
      with the antigenic formula 11:z41:e,n,z15, Greece, March to May 2016: preliminary
      results.
AB  - Eleven Salmonella spp. isolates with the antigenic type 11:z41:e,n,z15 - not
      referred to in the 9th edition of the White-Kauffman-Le Minor Scheme - were
      identified at the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella in Greece. Their
      pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles were indistinguishable. No apparent
      epidemiological link has yet been identified; the results of a case-case study
      are pending. 

PMID- 27363974
TI  - Treatment for cirrhotic ascites.
AB  - Common complications of decompensated liver cirrhosis are esophageal varices,
      hepatic encephalopathy and ascites. After the onset of complications, the
      prognosis worsens. In patients with ascites, the 5-year mortality rate is 44%.
      Furthermore, hyponatremia, spontaneous bacterial translocation and hepatorenal
      syndrome also greatly worsen the prognosis. Effective treatment of cirrhotic
      ascites improves the quality of life and survival rate. Recently, the newly
      produced diuretic, tolvaptan (vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist), was reported
      to be effective in the treatment of refractory ascites in liver cirrhosis;
      however, there has not been an associated positive effect on the prognosis. There
      are various types of treatment for ascites, such as large-volume paracenteses, a
      cell-free and concentrated ascites reinfusion therapy, a transjugular
      intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and a peritoneo-venous shunt. Although they
      improve the prognosis, liver transplantation remains the ultimate form of
      treatment. The present article discusses the therapeutic management of cirrhotic
      ascites.

PMID- 27363975
TI  - Pancreatic Cancer Survival Increases with Chemo Combo.
AB  - For patients able to have surgery for pancreatic cancer, the adjuvant use of
      gemcitabine plus capecitabine, instead of gemcitabine alone, leads to a
      significant improvement in 5-year survival, according to results of the ESPAC-4
      trial. The finding will likely change the standard of care for these patients.

PMID- 27363976
TI  - A Rare Cause of a Cerebrovascular Accident in a Renal Transplant Recipient:
      Corpus Callosum Infarction.
AB  - Renal transplantation is a life-saving procedure in patients with end-stage renal
      failure. Advanced surgical procedures and enhanced perioperative care favorably
      affect the progression of the disease. Despite these advances, neurological
      complications are important sources of mortality and morbidity. The rate of
      neurological complications after renal transplantation has been reported as 10
      21% by various studies. Here we report a case with corpus callosum infarction in
      a 39-year-old renal transplant recipient.

PMID- 27363977
TI  - Hexokinase 2 in colorectal cancer: a potent prognostic factor associated with
      glycolysis, proliferation and migration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is well known that proliferating carcinoma cells preferentially
      use aerobic glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation for energy
      production. Hexokinase 2 (HK2) plays a pivotal role in the glycolytic pathway.
      Previous studies have demonstrated that HK2 activity is markedly increased in
      various malignant neoplasms, but the clinical and biological significance of HK2
      remain largely unclear in the colorectal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We
      performed immunohistochemistry for HK2 in 195 colorectal carcinoma tissues. We
      also used HCT8 and HT29 colon carcinoma cells in in vitro studies. RESULTS: HK2
      immunoreactivity was detected in 100 out of 195 (51%) colorectal carcinoma
      tissues, and the immunohistochemical HK2 status was significantly associated with
      tumor size, depth of invasion, liver metastasis and TNM stage in these cases.
      Moreover, the HK2 status was significantly associated with increased incidence of
      recurrence and overall mortality of the patients, and multivariate analyses
      demonstrated that HK2 status was an independent prognostic factor for both
      disease-free and overall survival. Subsequent in vitro experiments revealed that
      both HCT8 and HT29 colon carcinoma cells transfected with specific siRNA for HK2
      significantly decreased the lactate production, proliferation activity and
      migration property. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that HK2 plays important
      roles in the glycolytic, proliferation and migration properties of colorectal
      carcinoma and, therefore, HK2 status is a potent worse prognostic factor in
      colorectal cancer patients.

PMID- 27363978
TI  - Interventional Pain Management Approaches for Control of Chronic Pancreatic Pain.
AB  - OPINION STATEMENT: Treatment of persistent pain from chronic pancreatitis
      historically was difficult to treat. For years, focus was on opioid and other
      analgesics and psychological treatments. Recent studies provided evidence for
      decrease in analgesic intake and pain scores after properly conducted sympathetic
      blocks (celiac, splanchnic nerve blocks). These therapies should be considered as
      parts of a multimodal analgesic strategy. Animal studies suggest that spinal cord
      stimulation suppresses visceral hyperalgesia. Large case series of spinal cord
      stimulation demonstrated a significant pain relief in patients with chronic
      pancreatitis. Given the limitations of conservative and surgical treatments for
      chronic visceral pain, spinal cord stimulation may be a very useful therapeutic
      option.

PMID- 27363979
TI  - Endoscopy in the Elderly: a Cautionary Approach, When to Stop.
AB  - OPINION STATEMENT: Performing endoscopic procedures in the elderly carries known
      enhanced risk compared to the general population. Weighing the benefits against
      the risks is easy when a patient is in immediate danger, but a gray area arises
      in screening protocols in an elderly patient of average risk. In this review, we
      compare national and international guidelines in average risk screening
      procedures (colonoscopic colorectal screening, Barrett's surveillance) to find
      consensus for screening practice in the elderly. With minor differences between
      societal guidelines, it is widely agreed that 75 years is the appropriate age to
      begin to weigh risks and benefits according to a patient's state of health and
      comorbidities. For colorectal screening, most guidelines advocate complete
      cessation of screening after the age of 85 years. Such consensus must take into
      account an aging population where patients are living healthier for longer and
      thus may be appropriate candidates for screening procedures even if beyond
      designated ages of screening cessation.

PMID- 27363980
TI  - It is unnecessary to completely mobilize the kidney in retroperitoneoscopic renal
      pedicle lymphatic disconnection for intractable chyluria.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of two approaches in
      retroperitoneoscopic renal pedicle lymphatic disconnection (RRPLD) for
      intractable chyluria: completely or partly mobilize the kidney. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 77 patients, who underwent
      RRPLD because of intractable chyluria in our institution. We mobilized the whole
      affected kidney in 22 patients during the operation, but only dissected the lower
      part in other 55 patients. Operative time, blood loss, visual analog scale (VAS)
      score, postoperative bed rest, postoperative hospital stay, recurrence,
      intraoperative and postoperative complications were compared between the two
      groups. RESULTS: All operation was successful, and none convert to open. The
      chyluria was resolved immediately after surgery. Compared with completely
      mobilized RRPLD (CMR), partly mobilized RRPLD (PMR) was superior in terms of
      operative time (132.91 +/- 35.65 vs. 91.73 +/- 24.14 min), blood loss (35.68 +/-
      8.21 vs. 25.09 +/- 7.41 ml), VAS score (4.63 +/- 0.44 vs. 2.34 +/- 0.80),
      postoperative bed rest (3.36 +/- 0.49 vs. 1.80 +/- 0.85 days) and hospital stay
      (6.77 +/- 1.57 vs. 4.98 +/- 1.89 days). Compilations occurred in three patients
      in CMR group and two in PMR. Recurrence was confirmed by cystoscopy in three
      patients during 3-103-month follow-up, CMR group with 1 and PMR with 2.
      CONCLUSION: In our study, we found PMR was equally effective and safe as CMR.
      Moreover, it is more minimally invasive, painless and economical. Therefore, we
      believe it is unnecessary to completely mobilize the kidney in RRPLD for
      intractable chyluria.

PMID- 27363982
TI  - Methods used to measure postoperative insulin resistance.

PMID- 27363981
TI  - Varicocele percutaneous embolization outcomes in a pediatric group: 7-year
      retrospective study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Percutaneous embolization and surgical repair are the current treatment
      options for varicocele, but determining method superiority remains controversial.
      In this retrospective study, we evaluate the technical success, complication and
      recurrence rates following percutaneous embolization in a pediatric group, which
      were compared to reported outcomes for surgical repairs. METHODS: Thirty children
      treated for percutaneous varicocele embolization were recruited. The side and
      grade of varicocele, symptoms, testicular asymmetry, mean recurrence time, total
      radiation dose and complications were evaluated. Recurrence and follow-up
      complications due to embolization were also reviewed. RESULTS: The venography
      showed retrograde filling of the internal spermatic vein with the identification
      of aberrantly fed vessels in 23 % of patients. None of the patients suffered from
      procedure complications except one who had venous injury which was treated with a
      sclerosing agent. The technical success rate was 93 % (28 patients) with a
      recurrence rate of 13 % (4 patients). Interestingly, the mean radiation dose used
      was 862.5 uGy m(2), 3 times lower than abdominal CT. CONCLUSION: Considering the
      intravascular nature of embolization, which aims to avoid testicular artery and
      spermatic cord damage (difficult to avoid with the surgical method), and
      consequently a lower complication rate, along with the same success rate and
      recurrence rate, our study supports that embolization is a superior method to
      surgical interventions.

PMID- 27363983
TI  - Daratumumab: a first-in-class CD38 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of
      multiple myeloma.
AB  - Daratumumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets CD38, a cell surface
      protein that is overexpressed on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Preclinical studies
      have shown that daratumumab induces MM cell death through several mechanisms,
      including complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell
      mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP),
      and apoptosis. Given the encouraging efficacy and acceptable safety profile of
      daratumumab demonstrated in clinical trials, daratumumab has emerged as a novel
      treatment option for myeloma and became the first monoclonal antibody approved by
      the FDA for the treatment of MM.

PMID- 27363984
TI  - Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms are associated with
      sensitization to seasonal aeroallergens in asthmatic children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood asthma phenotype is the consequence of interaction between
      environment and genetic factors. Nitric oxide (NO) formation is affected by
      polymorphisms in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, which play a significant
      role as inflammatory factors in the airways. This study was undertaken to
      estimate the correlation of -786C>T and 894G>T polymorphisms of the eNOS gene
      with the sensitization of asthmatic children to common aeroallergens. METHODS: A
      total of 193 asthmatic children and 96 healthy controls, who were of
      Mediterranean origin, living in the same geographical area, were enrolled in the
      study. 894G>T and -786T/C polymorphisms of the eNOS gene were analyzed using a
      PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: The 894GG genotype was more frequent (68.6%) in
      children with asthma sensitized to Oleaeuropaea than in those with asthma non
      sensitized (43.0%) (P=0.004). Likewise, -786TT genotype frequency was higher in
      children with asthma sensitized to Oleaeuropaea (51.0%) than in those with asthma
      nonsensitized (31.7%) to this allergen (P=0.035). For the aeroallergens
      Parietariajudaica and mixed grass, the frequency of -786C allele carriage was
      associated with protection from sensitization to Parietariajudaica and mixed
      grass in asthmatic children (P=0.021 and P=0.017, respectively). In the healthy
      control group, the genotype frequencies for these polymorphisms were similar to
      genotype frequencies of children with asthma non-sensitized to these three
      specific aeroallergens. CONCLUSION: In children with asthma, 894G>T and -786T/C
      polymorphisms of the eNOS gene were correlated with sensitization to common
      seasonal aeroallergens.

PMID- 27363985
TI  - Non-pharmacological management of abdominal pain-related functional
      gastrointestinal disorders in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abdominal pain-related functional gastrointestinal disorder (AP-FGID)
      comprises of 4 main conditions: functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome,
      abdominal migraine and functional abdominal pain. AP-FGIDs are diagnosed
      clinically based on the Rome IV criteria for FGIDs of childhood. There is limited
      evidence for pharmacological therapies. DATA SOURCES: This review article
      discusses nonpharmacological management of AP-FGID based on the current
      literature including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, cohort and
      case control studies. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the available
      evidence for the pediatricians and pediatric gastroenterologists involved in
      managing children with AP-FGID. RESULTS: Managing AP-FGIDs can be challenging.
      This should follow a stepwise approach with focused history, identification of
      "red flag" signs and symptoms, physical examination and investigations done
      following initial consultation. Family needs explaining that there is nothing
      seriously wrong with the child's abdomen. This explanation and reassurance can
      achieve symptom control in large number of cases. Non-pharmacological
      interventions are delivered through lifestyle and dietary changes and bio
      psychosocial therapies. Dietary interventions vary depending on the type of AP
      FGID. Bio-psychosocial therapies such as hypnotherapy, cognitive behavioral
      therapy and yoga aim at stress reduction. CONCLUSION: There is increasing
      evidence for use of non-pharmacological interventions in children with APFGID.

PMID- 27363986
TI  - A high-fat high-energy diet influences hepatic CYP3A expression and activity in
      low-birth-weight developing female rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a high
      fat, high-energy (HFHE) diet on the hepatic expression of CYP3A in low
      birthweight developing female rats. METHODS: Pregnant rats were divided into
      nourished and undernourished groups. The offspring of the nourished rats were
      defined as the normal-birth-weight (NBW) group, and those of undernourished rats
      were defined as the low-birth-weight (LBW) group. According to their birth
      weights and diets, the rats were subdivided into the following four groups: NBW
      normal diet (NN) group; NBW-HFHE (NH) group; LBW-normal diet (LN) group; and LBW
      HFHE (LH) group. Liver samples were isolated on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 56 and 84
      after birth. RESULTS: The CYP3A1 mRNA levels in the LH group on days 3, 56 and 84
      were significantly higher than those of the NN group (P<0.05). CYP3A1 expression
      was significantly higher in the LH group than that in the NH group on days 21, 28
      and 84 (P<0.05). CYP3A1 mRNA expression was higher in the LH group than that in
      the LN group on days 3 and 21 (P<0.05). No zonal CYP3A1 expression pattern was
      observed in the LH developmental group. The LH group had significantly higher
      mean activity than the LN group on days 7, 14, 28 and 56. CONCLUSION: Our results
      indicated that an HFHE diet can result in alterations of CYP3A expression in a
      developmental LBW rat model.

PMID- 27363987
TI  - [Employment, family and health in men of working age in Germany : Results of the
      GEDA studies 2009-2012].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Today's men want to participate in their children's upbringing more
      than in the past, but they are heavily involved in their occupation at the same
      time. This article describes the significance of parenthood, partnership and
      occupation in relation to health and health behaviours among men of working age
      in Germany. DATA: We summarised data from the "German Health Update" (GEDA)
      studies conducted in 2009, 2010 and 2012. Data on 18,465 men aged 18-64 years
      were available, 11,429 of which were living with children. We included mental
      health problems, general health awareness, sports activity and smoking as
      outcomes. RESULTS: Full-time employees working more than 48 h per week and
      unemployed persons had mental health problems more frequently (OR 1.44 and 2.35,
      p < 0.05) than full-time employees working 48 h or fewer. Similar associations
      can be shown for health awareness, physical activity and smoking. Concerning
      partnership and parenthood, the associations were considerably weaker: men living
      together with children and a partner in the household were overall less burdened
      and their behaviour was also healthier than single men without children. After
      simultaneous consideration of employment status, parenthood and partnership, our
      results show that the unemployed and employees with long working hours were the
      most burdened. DISCUSSION: The results provide supporting evidence regarding
      health problems of men in Germany due to unemployment and long working hours that
      are of importance for their health whether they are living with a partner and/or
      with children or not. The association between health and occupation was stronger
      than between health and fatherhood or partnership.

PMID- 27363988
TI  - Influences of Aerobic Dance on Cognitive Performance in Adults with
      Schizophrenia.
AB  - Cognitive impairment is one of the core features of schizophrenia. This study
      examined the influences of an aerobic dance programme on the cognitive functions
      of people with schizophrenia. A quasi-experimental matched-control design was
      applied. The experimental group (n = 17) participated in a 60-minute aerobic
      dance group class three times a week for 3 months. The control group (n = 19)
      participated in colouring and handwriting activities. Cognitive functions were
      measured before and after the interventions for both groups. The intervention
      group experienced significant improvements in processing speed, memory and
      executive function, whereas no significant changes were noted in any measures in
      the control group. While there were no significant between-group differences, the
      data showed approximately medium effect sizes that favoured the intervention
      group in regard to processing speed (Cohen's d = 0.51), memory (d = 0.35-0.41)
      and the spontaneity and fluency aspects of executive function (d = 0.51). While
      the small sample size and lack of randomization were the primary methodological
      shortcomings, this study provides preliminary results supporting aerobic dance as
      an adjunct activity-based intervention to improve cognitive functions in people
      with schizophrenia. More rigorous studies are needed to validate the findings.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27363989
TI  - Coagulation Factor XIIIA Subunit Missense Mutations Affect Structure and Function
      at the Various Steps of Factor XIII Action.
AB  - Inherited defects of coagulation Factor XIII (FXIII) can be categorized into
      severe and mild forms based on their genotype and phenotype. Heterozygous
      mutations occurring in F13A1 and F13B genes causing mild FXIII deficiency have
      been reported only in the last few years primarily because the mild FXIII
      deficiency patients are often asymptomatic unless exposed to some kind of a
      physical trauma. However, unlike mutations causing severe FXIII deficiency, many
      of these mutations have not been comprehensively characterized based on
      expression studies. In our current article, we have transiently expressed 16
      previously reported missense mutations detected in the F13A1 gene of patients
      with mild FXIII deficiency and analyzed their respective expression phenotype.
      Complimentary to expression analysis, we have used in silico analysis to
      understand and explain some of the in vitro findings. The expression phenotype
      has been evaluated with a number of expression phenotype determining assays. We
      observe that the mutations influence different aspects of FXIII function and can
      be functionally categorized on the basis of their expression phenotype. We
      identified mutations which even in heterozygous form would have strong impact on
      the functional status of the protein (namely mutations p.Arg716Gly, p.Arg704Gln,
      p.Gln602Lys, p.Leu530Pro, p.His343Tyr, p.Pro290Arg, and p.Arg172Gln).

PMID- 27363990
TI  - The cytostome-cytopharynx complex of Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes disassembles
      during cell division.
AB  - The cytostome-cytopharynx complex is the main site for endocytosis in
      epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi It consists of an opening at the plasma
      membrane surface - the cytostome - followed by a membrane invagination - the
      cytopharynx. In G1/S cells, this structure is associated with two specific sets
      of microtubules, a quartet and a triplet. Here, we used electron microscopy and
      electron tomography to build 3D models of the complex at different stages of the
      cell cycle. The cytostome-cytopharynx is absent in late G2 and M phase cells,
      whereas early G2 cells have either a short cytopharynx or no visible complex,
      with numerous vesicles aligned to the cytostome-cytopharynx microtubules. The
      microtubule quartet remains visible throughout cell division (albeit in a shorter
      form), and is duplicated during G2/M. In contrast, the microtubule triplet is
      absent during late G2/M. Cells in cytokinesis have an invagination of the
      flagellar pocket membrane likely to represent early stages in cytostome
      cytopharynx assembly. Cells in late cytokinesis have two fully developed
      cytostome-cytopharynx complexes. Our data suggest that the microtubule quartet
      serves as a guide for new cytostome-cytopharynx assembly.

PMID- 27363991
TI  - Inhibiting High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Attenuates Inflammatory Cytokine
      Expression and Neurological Deficit in Ischemic Brain Injury Following Cardiac
      Arrest in Rats.
AB  - Cardiac arrest (CA), if untreated for more than 5 min, can induce severe brain
      damage, the underlying mechanism of which is still unclear. Previous studies have
      indicated that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear protein implicated in
      several inflammatory disorders, is involved in the inflammatory processes
      following brain ischemia. However, the role of HMGB1 in brain dysfunction after
      CA is yet to be determined. In a rat CA model, HMGB1 protein expression was
      higher at 1, 3, and 7 days post-CA, compared to that in naive and sham-treated
      rats. Following injection of HMGB1 antibody (anti-HMGB1) into the cerebral
      ventricles, neurological deficit scores were significantly decreased in the CA
      group as compared to that in the naive and sham group. Nissl staining showed
      significant neuronal loss in the hippocampal CA1 region following CA, which was
      significantly attenuated by anti-HMGB1-treatment (10 and 50 MUg) in comparison
      with the vehicle-injected control. CA induced a significant increase in the
      levels of the cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) in the hippocampus as revealed by real-time polymerase chain
      reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Treatment with anti-HMGB1
      significantly inhibited IL-1beta and TNF-alpha expression. Our study suggests
      that HMGB1 contributes significantly to CA-induced brain dysfunction and that
      inhibiting HMGB1 function and expression may be an effective therapeutic approach
      to CA-induced ischemic brain injury. 

PMID- 27363992
TI  - Capturing the diversity of the human gut microbiota through culture-enriched
      molecular profiling.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The human gut microbiota has been implicated in most aspects of
      health and disease; however, most of the bacteria in this community are
      considered unculturable, so studies have relied on molecular-based methods. These
      methods generally do not permit the isolation of organisms, which is required to
      fully explore the functional roles of bacteria for definitive association with
      host phenotypes. Using a combination of culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing,
      referred to as culture-enriched molecular profiling, we show that the majority of
      the bacteria identified by 16S sequencing of the human gut microbiota can be
      cultured. METHODS: Five fresh, anaerobic fecal samples were cultured using 33
      media and incubation of plates anaerobically and aerobically resulted in 66
      culture conditions for culture-enriched molecular profiling. The cultivable
      portion of the fecal microbiota was determined by comparing the operational
      taxonomic units (OTUs) recovered by 16S sequencing of the culture plates to OTUs
      from culture-independent sequencing of the fecal sample. Targeted isolation of
      Lachnospiraceae strains using conditions defined by culture-enriched molecular
      profiling was carried out on two fresh stool samples. RESULTS: We show that
      culture-enriched molecular profiling, utilizing 66 culture conditions combined
      with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, allowed for the culturing of an average of 95 % of
      the OTUs present at greater than 0.1 % abundance in fecal samples. Uncultured
      OTUs were low abundance in stool. Importantly, comparing culture-enrichment to
      culture-independent sequencing revealed that the majority of OTUs were detected
      only by culture, highlighting the advantage of culture for studying the diversity
      of the gut microbiota. Applying culture-enriched molecular profiling to target
      Lachnospiraceae strains resulted in the recovery of 79 isolates, 12 of which are
      on the Human Microbiome Project's "Most Wanted" list. CONCLUSIONS: We show that,
      through culture-enriched molecular profiling, the majority of the bacteria in the
      human gut microbiota can be cultured and this method revealed greater bacterial
      diversity compared to culture-independent sequencing. Additionally, this method
      could be applied for the targeted recovery of a specific bacterial group. This
      approach allows for the isolation of bacteria of interest from the gut
      microbiota, providing new opportunities to explore mechanisms of microbiota-host
      interactions and the diversity of the human microbiota.

PMID- 27363993
TI  - Gland and Zonal Segmentation of Prostate on T2W MR Images.
AB  - For many years, prostate segmentation on MR images concerned only the extraction
      of the entire gland. Currently, in the focal treatment era, there is a
      continuously increasing need for the separation of the different parts of the
      organ. In this paper, we propose an automatic segmentation method based on the
      use of T2W images and atlas images to segment the prostate and to isolate the
      peripheral and transition zones. The algorithm consists of two stages. First, the
      target image is registered with each zonal atlas image then the segmentation is
      obtained by the application of an evidential C-Means clustering. The method was
      evaluated on a representative and multi-centric image base and yielded mean Dice
      accuracy values of 0.81, 0.70, and 0.62 for the prostate, the transition zone,
      and peripheral zone, respectively.

PMID- 27363994
TI  - Clinical-Pathological Conference Series from the Medical University of Graz :
      Case No 159: 52-year-old patient with psoriasis and arthralgia of the finger
      joints.

PMID- 27363995
TI  - Portal vein resection in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: is it worth the
      risk?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Portal vein resection represents a viable add-on option in standard
      pancreaticoduodenectomy for locally advanced ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma,
      but is often underused as it may set patients at additional risk for
      perioperative and postoperative morbidity and mortality. We aimed to review our
      long-term experience to determine the additive value of this intervention for
      locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Single,
      university surgical center audit over a 13-year period; cohort comprised 221
      consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic resection; in 47 (21 %) including
      portal vein resection. Predictors for short- and long-term survival were assessed
      via multivariate logistic and Cox regression. RESULTS: Baseline and perioperative
      characteristics were similar between the two groups. However, overall skin-to
      skin times, intraoperative transfusion requirements as the need for medical
      inotropic support were higher in patients undergoing additional portal vein
      resection (p < 0.0001; p = 0.001 and p = 0.03). Postoperative complication rates
      were 34 vs. 35 % (p = 0.89), 14 patients (5 % vs. 11 %; p = 0.18) died in
      hospital. An American Society of Anesthesiologists Score >2 was the only
      independent predictor for in-hospital mortality (OR 10.66, 95 % CI 1.24-91.30).
      Follow-up was complete in 99.5 %, one-year survival was 59 % vs. 70 % and five
      year overall survival 15 % vs. 12 % with and without portal vein resection,
      respectively (Log rank: p = 0.25). For long-term outcome, microvascular invasion
      (HR 2.03, 95 % CI 1.10-3.76) and preoperative weight loss (HR 2.17, 95 % CI 1.31
      3.58) were independent predictors. CONCLUSION: Despite locally advanced disease,
      patients who underwent portal vein resection had no worse perioperative and
      overall survival than patients with lower staging and standard
      pancreaticoduodenectomy only. Therefore, the feasibility of portal vein resection
      should be evaluated in every potential candidate at risk.

PMID- 27363996
TI  - Bone microarchitecture deteriorations and a fragility fracture in a patient with
      beta and alpha heterozygous thalassemia: a case report.
AB  - To date there are few studies that have investigated bone mineral density (BMD)
      and markers of bone metabolism in patients with thalassemia minor form. None of
      the previous trials presented bone structure analysis in the patient populations.
      We present the case of a 24-year-old Turkish woman with heterozygous beta and
      alpha thalassemia who sustained a low-trauma fracture of the inferior pubic
      ramus. Despite normal markers of bone metabolism, the dual X-ray absorptiometry
      (DXA) showed decreased areal bone mineral density. Furthermore, severely reduced
      bone structure parameters and reduced volumetric bone mineral density was
      assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR
      pQCT). Due to these diagnostic findings at time of peak bone mass, an
      osteoanabolic therapy with teriparatide for 24 months was initiated. The findings
      concerning BMD and bone structure in this patient can be seen as caused by the
      beta and alpha thalassemia.

PMID- 27363997
TI  - Identification of two new keratinolytic proteases from a Bacillus pumilus strain
      using protein analysis and gene sequencing.
AB  - The Bacillus strain (CCUG 66887) has a high capacity to excrete keratinase with
      the ability to degrade both alpha- and beta keratin. In this study we aimed to
      show the characteristics of the keratinolytic protease and to identify its gene
      by using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
      methods (nanoHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) followed by Mascot data base search. The results
      showed that the enzyme in fact consists of two different keratinases, both with a
      molecular mass of 38 kDa. Further, DNA sequencing generated the open reading
      frame (ORF) of one of the genes (Ker1), and de novo genome sequencing identified
      the ORF of the second gene (Ker2). The two keratinase genes contain 1153 base
      pairs each and have a gene similarity of 67 %. In addition, the Bacillus strain
      was classified as Bacillus pumilus and its genes were annotated in the GeneBank
      at NCBI (accession: CP011109.1). Amino acid sequences alignment with known B.
      pumilus proteases indicated that the two keratinases of B. pumilus strain C4 are
      subtilisin-like serine proteases belonging to the Protease S8 family. Taken
      together, these result suggest the two keratinases as promising candidates for
      enzymatic processing of keratinous wastes in waste refinery. 

PMID- 27363998
TI  - What does Brexit mean for doctors working in the UK?

PMID- 27364000
TI  - Recent Advances in Antischistosomal Drugs and Agents.
AB  - Schistosomiasis is a notable neglected tropical disease caused by trematodes that
      inflame mainly the intestines, bladder, and liver. Because of the unavailability
      of a schistosomiasis vaccine, control of the disease depends mainly on
      chemotherapy. Praziquantel (PZQ), which is active against all schistosome species
      and the recommended drug by the World Health Organization for schistosomiasis
      treatment at either the community or individual level, has become the exclusive
      drug because of its low cost and efficacy against the adult form of all
      schistosome species. In view of rapid re-infection following treatment and
      concern about the development of tolerance and/or resistance to praziquantel,
      there is an urgent need for research and development of novel drugs for the
      prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis. This comprehensive review shall
      attempt to briefly review the recent advances in the chemotherapy of
      schistosomiasis in the literature from 1990s to now, particularly focusing on the
      context of potential development of antischistosomal agents. Their
      antischistosomal properties, advantages, and disadvantages as well as structure
      activity relationships are reviewed in a simple manner. It shall be of interest
      for both the synthetic chemist as well as the pharmacologist.

PMID- 27363999
TI  - A next generation sequencing-based method to study the intra-host genetic
      diversity of norovirus in patients with acute and chronic infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunocompromised individuals with chronic norovirus (NoV) infection
      and elderly patients are hypothesized to be reservoirs where NoV might accumulate
      mutations and evolve into pandemic strains. Next generation sequencing (NGS)
      methods can monitor the intra-host diversity of NoV and its evolution but low
      abundance of viral RNA results in sub-optimal efficiency. In this study, we: 1)
      established a next generation sequencing-based method for NoV using bacterial
      rRNA depletion as a viral RNA enrichment strategy, and 2) measured the intra-host
      genetic diversity of NoV in specimens of patients with acute NoV infection (n =
      4) and in longitudinal specimens of an immunocompromised patient with chronic NoV
      infection (n = 2). RESULTS: A single Illumina MiSeq dataset resulted in near full
      length genome sequences for 5 out of 6 multiplexed samples. Experimental
      depletion of bacterial rRNA in stool RNA provided up to 1.9 % of NoV reads. The
      intra-host viral population in patients with acute NoV infection was homogenous
      and no single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were detected. In contrast, the NoV
      population from the immunocompromised patient was highly diverse and accumulated
      SNVs over time (51 SNVs in the first sample and 122 SNVs in the second sample
      collected 4 months later). The percentages of SNVs causing non-synonymous
      mutations were 27.5 % and 20.5 % for the first and second samples, respectively.
      The majority of non-synonymous mutations occurred, in increasing order of
      frequency, in p22, the major capsid (VP1) and minor capsid (VP2) genes.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results provide data useful for the selection and improvement of
      NoV RNA enrichment strategies for NGS. Whole genome analysis using next
      generation sequencing confirmed that the within-host population of NoV in an
      immunocompromised individual with chronic NoV infection was more diverse compared
      to that in individuals with acute infection. We also observed an accumulation of
      non-synonymous mutations at the minor capsid gene that has not been reported in
      previous studies and might have a role in NoV adaptation.

PMID- 27364002
TI  - Comparing Social Anxiety Between Asian Americans and European Americans: An
      Examination of Measurement Invariance.
AB  - There have been over 30 studies and two meta-analyses comparing social anxiety
      between Asian Americans and European Americans. However, few have investigated
      the invariance of social anxiety measures that would make these comparisons
      appropriate. In the current study, we systematically examined psychometric
      properties and configural, metric, and scalar invariance of five social anxiety
      measures and four short forms that have been used more than once to compare Asian
      Americans ( n = 232) and European Americans ( n = 193). We found that four (i.e.,
      SPS-6, SIAS-6, SPS, and SPAI-18) of the nine scales were scalar invariant, three
      scales (i.e., SIAS, SPAI, and B-FNES) only achieved configural invariance, and
      two scales (i.e., FNES and SADS) failed to achieve configural invariance. Latent
      mean comparisons based on the scalar invariant measures revealed higher social
      anxiety scores for Asian Americans than European Americans. The findings are
      discussed with regard to the issues and challenges when comparing social anxiety
      among different cultural and ethnic groups.

PMID- 27364001
TI  - Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound assessment of
      cerebrospinal venous flow in multiple sclerosis patients and controls.
AB  - A possibly causal relationship between multiple sclerosis and chronic
      cerebrospinal venous insufficiency has recently been hypothesized. Studies
      investigating chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency have reported
      conflicting results and few have employed multiple diagnostic imaging modalities
      across a large patient and control population. In this study, three complementary
      imaging modalities were used to investigate the chronic cerebrospinal venous
      insufficiency hypothesis in patients with multiple sclerosis and two age- and sex
      matched control groups: healthy volunteers and patients with other neurological
      diseases. Strictly blinded Doppler ultrasound according to the original chronic
      cerebrospinal venous insufficiency hypothesis; four-dimensional flow magnetic
      resonance imaging of venous flow in the head, neck, and chest; and contrast
      enhanced magnetic resonance venography for neck and chest venous luminography
      were acquired. An internal jugular vein stenosis evaluation was also performed
      across modalities. Percentage of subjects meeting ultrasound-based chronic
      cerebrospinal venous insufficiency criteria was small and similar between groups.
      In group-wise and pairwise testing, no four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance
      imaging variables were statistically significantly different, for any measurement
      location. In contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography of the internal
      jugular and azygos veins, no statistically significant differences were observed
      in stenosis scores between groups. These results represent compelling evidence
      against the chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency hypothesis in multiple
      sclerosis.

PMID- 27364003
TI  - Rates of Abnormally Low TOPF Word Reading Scores in Individuals Failing Versus
      Passing Performance Validity Testing.
AB  - The present study examined the impact of performance validity test (PVT) failure
      on the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF) in a sample of 252 neuropsychological
      patients. Word reading performance differed significantly according to PVT
      failure status, and number of PVTs failed accounted for 7.4% of the variance in
      word reading performance, even after controlling for education. Furthermore,
      individuals failing >=2 PVTs were twice as likely as individuals passing all PVTs
      (33% vs. 16%) to have abnormally low obtained word reading scores relative to
      demographically predicted scores when using a normative base rate of 10% to
      define abnormality. When compared with standardization study clinical groups,
      those failing >=2 PVTs were twice as likely as patients with moderate to severe
      traumatic brain injury and as likely as patients with Alzheimer's dementia to
      obtain abnormally low TOPF word reading scores. Findings indicate that TOPF word
      reading based estimates of premorbid functioning should not be interpreted in
      individuals invalidating cognitive testing.

PMID- 27364004
TI  - Women's Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence in Ethiopia: The Role of
      Social Norms in the Interview Context.
AB  - This study draws on a social norms framework to examine the influence of
      interview context-specifically the presence of other women and men-on women's
      reported attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) in Ethiopia, where IPV
      rates are among the highest in the world. The sample (16,515 women, ages 15-49)
      was taken from Ethiopia's 2011 Demographic and Health Survey. Results showed the
      odds of women "justifying" IPV to be nearly twice as great when other women were
      present during the interview, and nearly half in the presence of men.
      Implications for more sensitive interview methodology are discussed.

PMID- 27364005
TI  - An Exploratory Case Study of a Sexual Assault Telephone Hotline: Training and
      Practice Implications.
AB  - Using archival data, this case study systematically examines telephone calls
      received by a regional sexual assault hotline in the Southeastern United States
      over a 5-year period. A stratified random sample ( n = 383) reveals that hotline
      staff require diversity and depth in knowledge and skills, demonstrated by the
      hotline's primary use as a crisis service, combined with notable use by long-term
      survivors. Findings include the utility of the hotline by survivors and community
      stakeholders, categories of assault, the time gap between incidents occurring and
      contacting the hotline, call severity and urgency, and services and referrals
      provided. Implications for training, practice, and future research are discussed.

PMID- 27364006
TI  - Application of a delta-6 desaturase with alpha-linolenic acid preference on
      eicosapentaenoic acid production in Mortierella alpina.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delta-6 desaturase (FADS6) is a key bifunctional enzyme desaturating
      linoleic acid (LA) or alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in the biosynthesis of
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In previous work, we analyzed the substrate
      specificity of two FADS6 enzymes from Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222 (MaFADS6) and
      Micromonas pusilla CCMP1545 (MpFADS6), which showed preference for LA and ALA,
      respectively. We also clarified the PUFA profiles in M. alpina, where these
      lipids were synthesized mainly via the omega6 pathway and rarely via the omega3
      pathway and as a result contained low ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels.
      RESULT: To enhance EPA production in M. alpina by favoring the omega3 pathway, a
      plasmid harboring the MpFADS6 gene was constructed and overexpressed in a uracil
      auxotrophic strain of M. alpina using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated
      transformation (ATMT) method. Our results revealed that the EPA production
      reached 80.0 +/- 15.0 and 90.4 +/- 9.7 mg/L in MpFADS6 transformants grown at 28
      and at 12  degrees C, respectively. To raise the level of ALA, free form fatty
      acid was used as exogenous substrate, which increased the EPA production up to
      114.5 +/- 12.4 mg/L. To reduce the cost of EPA production in M. alpina, peony
      seed oil (PSO) and peony seed meal (PSM) were used as source of ALA, and EPA
      production was improved to 149.3 +/- 7.8 and 515.29 +/- 32.66 mg/L by
      supplementing with 0.1 % PSO and 50 g/L PSM, respectively. The EPA yield was
      further increased to 588.5 +/- 29.6 mg/L in a 5-L bioreactor, which resulted in a
      26.2-fold increase compared to EPA production in wild-type M. alpina. In this
      work, we have significantly enhanced EPA production through overexpression of a
      FADS6 desaturase with preference for ALA, combined with supplementation of its
      substrate. CONCLUSION: An ALA-preferring FADS6 from M. pusilla CCMP1545 was
      applied to enhance EPA production in M. alpina. By exogenous addition of peony
      seed oil or peony seed meal, EPA production was further increased in flasks and
      fermenters. This research also highlights the value of peony seed meal which can
      be converted to a high value-added product containing EPA, and as a way to
      increase the EPA/AA ratio in M. alpina.

PMID- 27364007
TI  - Inositol pyrophosphates inhibit synaptotagmin-dependent exocytosis.
AB  - Inositol pyrophosphates such as 5-diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (5-IP7) are
      highly energetic inositol metabolites containing phosphoanhydride bonds. Although
      inositol pyrophosphates are known to regulate various biological events,
      including growth, survival, and metabolism, the molecular sites of 5-IP7 action
      in vesicle trafficking have remained largely elusive. We report here that
      elevated 5-IP7 levels, caused by overexpression of inositol hexakisphosphate
      (IP6) kinase 1 (IP6K1), suppressed depolarization-induced neurotransmitter
      release from PC12 cells. Conversely, IP6K1 depletion decreased intracellular 5
      IP7 concentrations, leading to increased neurotransmitter release. Consistently,
      knockdown of IP6K1 in cultured hippocampal neurons augmented action potential
      driven synaptic vesicle exocytosis at synapses. Using a FRET-based in vitro
      vesicle fusion assay, we found that 5-IP7, but not 1-IP7, exhibited significantly
      higher inhibitory activity toward synaptic vesicle exocytosis than IP6
      Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1), a Ca(2+) sensor essential for synaptic membrane fusion,
      was identified as a molecular target of 5-IP7 Notably, 5-IP7 showed a 45-fold
      higher binding affinity for Syt1 compared with IP6 In addition, 5-IP7-dependent
      inhibition of synaptic vesicle fusion was abolished by increasing Ca(2+) levels.
      Thus, 5-IP7 appears to act through Syt1 binding to interfere with the fusogenic
      activity of Ca(2+) These findings reveal a role of 5-IP7 as a potent inhibitor of
      Syt1 in controlling the synaptic exocytotic pathway and expand our understanding
      of the signaling mechanisms of inositol pyrophosphates.

PMID- 27364008
TI  - Dimer interface of bovine cytochrome c oxidase is influenced by local
      posttranslational modifications and lipid binding.
AB  - Bovine cytochrome c oxidase is an integral membrane protein complex comprising 13
      protein subunits and associated lipids. Dimerization of the complex has been
      proposed; however, definitive evidence for the dimer is lacking. We used advanced
      mass spectrometry methods to investigate the oligomeric state of cytochrome c
      oxidase and the potential role of lipids and posttranslational modifications in
      its subunit interfaces. Mass spectrometry of the intact protein complex revealed
      that both the monomer and the dimer are stabilized by large lipid entities. We
      identified these lipid species from the purified protein complex, thus implying
      that they interact specifically with the enzyme. We further identified
      phosphorylation and acetylation sites of cytochrome c oxidase, located in the
      peripheral subunits and in the dimer interface, respectively. Comparing our
      phosphorylation and acetylation sites with those found in previous studies of
      bovine, mouse, rat, and human cytochrome c oxidase, we found that whereas some
      acetylation sites within the dimer interface are conserved, suggesting a role for
      regulation and stabilization of the dimer, phosphorylation sites were less
      conserved and more transient. Our results therefore provide insights into the
      locations and interactions of lipids with acetylated residues within the dimer
      interface of this enzyme, and thereby contribute to a better understanding of its
      structure in the natural membrane. Moreover dimeric cytochrome c oxidase,
      comprising 20 transmembrane, six extramembrane subunits, and associated lipids,
      represents the largest integral membrane protein complex that has been
      transferred via electrospray intact into the gas phase of a mass spectrometer,
      representing a significant technological advance.

PMID- 27364010
TI  - Reply to Walker and Stickgold: Proposed boundary conditions on memory
      reconsolidation will require empirical verification.

PMID- 27364009
TI  - Epithelial Notch signaling regulates lung alveolar morphogenesis and airway
      epithelial integrity.
AB  - Abnormal enlargement of the alveolar spaces is a hallmark of conditions such as
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Notch
      signaling is crucial for differentiation and regeneration and repair of the
      airway epithelium. However, how Notch influences the alveolar compartment and
      integrates this process with airway development remains little understood. Here
      we report a prominent role of Notch signaling in the epithelial-mesenchymal
      interactions that lead to alveolar formation in the developing lung. We found
      that alveolar type II cells are major sites of Notch2 activation and show by
      Notch2-specific epithelial deletion (Notch2(cNull)) a unique contribution of this
      receptor to alveologenesis. Epithelial Notch2 was required for type II cell
      induction of the PDGF-A ligand and subsequent paracrine activation of PDGF
      receptor-alpha signaling in alveolar myofibroblast progenitors. Moreover, Notch2
      was crucial in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial and smooth muscle
      layers of the distal conducting airways. Our data suggest that epithelial Notch
      signaling regulates multiple aspects of postnatal development in the distal lung
      and may represent a potential target for intervention in pulmonary diseases.

PMID- 27364011
TI  - Understanding the boundary conditions of memory reconsolidation.

PMID- 27364012
TI  - Reply to Bistline and Blanford: Letter reaffirms conclusions and highlights flaws
      in previous research.

PMID- 27364013
TI  - More than one arrow in the quiver: Why "100% renewables" misses the mark.

PMID- 27364014
TI  - Early weaning impairs a social contagion of pain-related stretching behavior in
      mice.
AB  - Pain sensitivity in mice can be modulated through exposure to familiar
      individuals. This phenomenon is considered a form of emotional contagion, thought
      to be an evolutionary precursor of empathy in mammals. In particular, mother
      infant interactions early in life can considerably alter empathy development.
      Here, we demonstrated that pairs of mice that were simultaneously administered
      with a noxious stimulus (acetic acid) exhibited more pain-related behaviors than
      when one of the pair was treated with a noxious stimulus. However, these
      differences disappeared when mice were separated from the dam 1 week earlier than
      the typical weaning age. Even when mice were alone, when treated with acetic
      acid, early weaning decreased their pain response. These results suggested that
      the disruption of mother-infant bonding through early weaning impairs pain
      contagion and modulates sensitivity to pain.

PMID- 27364015
TI  - Porous silicon mass spectrometry as an alternative confirmatory assay for
      compliance testing of methadone.
AB  - Porous silicon based surface-assisted laser desorption ionization mass
      spectrometry (pSi SALDI-MS) is an analytical technique well suited for high
      throughput analysis of low molecular weight compounds from biological samples. A
      potential application of this technology is the compliance monitoring of opioid
      addiction programmes, where methadone is used as a pharmacological treatment for
      drugs such as heroin. Here, we present the detection and quantification of
      methadone and 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) from water
      and clinical samples (saliva, urine, and plasma) from opioid dependent
      participants using pSi SALDI-MS. A one-step solvent phase extraction using
      chloroform was developed for the detection of methadone from clinical samples for
      analysis by pSi SALDI-MS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was
      used as a comparative technique for the quantification of methadone from clinical
      saliva and plasma samples. In all cases, we obtained a good correlation of pSi
      SALDI-MS and LC-MS results, suggesting that pSi SALDI-MS may be an alternative
      procedure for high-throughput screening and quantification for application in
      opioid compliance testing. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27364016
TI  - Repeated Administrations of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Are Markedly More Effective
      Than a Single Administration: A New Paradigm in Cell Therapy.
AB  - RATIONALE: The effects of c-kit(POS) cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs, and adult
      cell therapy in general) on left ventricular (LV) function have been regarded as
      modest or inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 3 CPC infusions have
      greater efficacy than 1 infusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats with a 30-day-old
      myocardial infarction received 1 or 3 CPC infusions into the LV cavity, 35 days
      apart. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, the single-dose group exhibited
      improved LV function after the first infusion (consisting of CPCs) but not after
      the second and third (vehicle). In contrast, in the multiple-dose group, regional
      and global LV function improved by a similar degree after each CPC infusion,
      resulting in greater cumulative effects. For example, the total increase in LV
      ejection fraction was approximately triple in the multiple-dose group versus the
      single-dose group (P<0.01). The multiple-dose group also exhibited more viable
      tissue and less scar, less collagen in the risk and noninfarcted regions, and
      greater myocyte density in the risk region. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      demonstration that repeated CPC administrations are markedly more effective than
      a single administration. The concept that the full effects of CPCs require
      repeated doses has significant implications for both preclinical and clinical
      studies; it suggests that the benefits of cell therapy may be underestimated or
      even overlooked if they are measured after a single dose, and that repeated
      administrations are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of a cell product
      properly. In addition, we describe a new method that enables studies of repeated
      cell administrations in rodents.

PMID- 27364017
TI  - Lateral Membrane-Specific MAGUK CASK Down-Regulates NaV1.5 Channel in Cardiac
      Myocytes.
AB  - RATIONALE: Mechanisms underlying membrane protein localization are crucial in the
      proper function of cardiac myocytes. The main cardiac sodium channel, NaV1.5,
      carries the sodium current (INa) that provides a rapid depolarizing current
      during the upstroke of the action potential. Although enriched in the
      intercalated disc, NaV1.5 is present in different membrane domains in myocytes
      and interacts with several partners. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the
      MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein CASK (calcium/calmodulin
      dependent serine protein kinase) interacts with and regulates NaV1.5 in cardiac
      myocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunostaining experiments showed that CASK
      localizes at lateral membranes of cardiac myocytes, in association with
      dystrophin. Whole-cell patch clamp showed that CASK-silencing increases INa in
      vitro. In vivo CASK knockdown similarly increased INa recorded in freshly
      isolated myocytes. Pull-down experiments revealed that CASK directly interacts
      with the C-terminus of NaV1.5. CASK silencing reduces syntrophin expression
      without affecting NaV1.5 and dystrophin expression levels. Total Internal
      Reflection Fluorescence microscopy and biotinylation assays showed that CASK
      silencing increased the surface expression of NaV1.5 without changing mRNA
      levels. Quantification of NaV1.5 expression at the lateral membrane and
      intercalated disc revealed that the lateral membrane pool only was increased upon
      CASK silencing. The protein transport inhibitor brefeldin-A prevented INa
      increase in CASK-silenced myocytes. During atrial dilation/remodeling, CASK
      expression was reduced but its localization remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: This
      study constitutes the first description of an unconventional MAGUK protein, CASK,
      which directly interacts with NaV1.5 channel and controls its surface expression
      at the lateral membrane by regulating ion channel trafficking.

PMID- 27364018
TI  - Where Joy May Find Us.

PMID- 27364019
TI  - Commentary on "Where Joy May Find Us".

PMID- 27364020
TI  - House Staff Participation in Patient Safety Reporting: Identification of
      Predominant Barriers and Implementation of a Pilot Program.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patient safety event (PSE) reporting is a critical element for
      healthcare organizations that are striving for continuous quality improvement.
      Although resident physicians routinely provide the majority of direct patient
      care, the level of their participation in PSE reporting historically has been
      low. In addition, as part of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical
      Education's Next Accreditation System, the Clinical Learning Environment Review
      site visit assesses residents' engagement in PSE reporting at each accredited
      academic institution. The objective of this study was to understand the common
      barriers to PSE reporting and design an intervention to increase the number of
      PSE reports by resident physicians. METHODS: We surveyed 304 residents and
      fellows to assess attitudes toward the PSE reporting system and identify barriers
      to submitting online PSE reports. Based on this analysis of barriers, we piloted
      interventions with the internal medicine residency program and measured their
      effect on resident PSE reporting. RESULTS: Of the survey respondents, 58% had
      never submitted a PSE report. The most commonly identified barriers were too much
      time required to submit a report (38% of all respondents), lack of education on
      how or what to report (37%), lack of feedback or change after reporting (19%),
      and concern for repercussions or lack of anonymity (13%). Based on this analysis
      of barriers, we piloted interventions with the internal medicine residency
      program to educate residents about PSE reporting through a reminder message in
      their orientation e-mail, informational slides at the end of conferences that
      described what and how to report, a pocket card with reporting instructions, and
      leadership encouragement during walk rounds by chief medical residents and the
      program director. Compared with the 10 weeks before the start of the
      intervention, the number of PSE reports submitted by internal medicine residents
      more than doubled, from 16 to 37 reports (P < 0.01). This increase in resident
      PSE reporting was sustained for 20 weeks despite the interventions lasting only 8
      weeks. CONCLUSIONS: A resident-driven intervention that fostered a culture of
      encouragement for PSE reporting through leadership support and targeted education
      increased the number of PSE reports submitted by internal medicine residents at
      our health system. Hospitals and health systems should seek to understand the
      common barriers to PSE reporting from this important group of direct patient care
      providers and administer structured educational programs to encourage their
      participation.

PMID- 27364021
TI  - Commentary on "House Staff Participation in Patient Safety Reporting:
      Identification of Predominant Barriers and Implementation of a Pilot Program".

PMID- 27364023
TI  - Commentary on "Examining Invasive Bedside Procedure Performance at an Academic
      Medical Center".

PMID- 27364022
TI  - Examining Invasive Bedside Procedure Performance at an Academic Medical Center.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Explore the performance patterns of invasive bedside procedures at an
      academic medical center, evaluate whether patient characteristics predict
      referral, and examine procedure outcomes. METHODS: This was a prospective,
      observational, and retrospective chart review of adults admitted to a general
      medicine service who had a paracentesis, thoracentesis, or lumbar puncture
      between February 22, 2013 and February 21, 2014. RESULTS: Of a total of 399
      procedures, 335 (84%) were referred to a service other than the primary team for
      completion. Patient characteristics did not predict referral status. Complication
      rates were low overall and did not differ, either by referral status or location
      of procedure. Model-based results showed a 41% increase in the average length of
      time until procedure completion for those referred to the hospital procedure
      service or radiology (7.9 vs 5.8 hours; P < 0.05) or done in radiology instead of
      at the bedside (9.0 vs 5.8 hours; P < 0.001). The average procedure cost
      increased 38% ($1489.70 vs $1023.30; P < 0.001) for referred procedures and 56%
      ($1625.77 vs $1150.98; P < 0.001) for radiology-performed procedures.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although referral often is the easier option, our study shows its
      shortcomings, specifically pertaining to cost and time until completion.
      Procedure performance remains an important skill for residents and hospitalists
      to learn and use as a part of patient care.

PMID- 27364024
TI  - Estimating the Net Career Income of a Geriatrician and a Nurse Practitioner:
      Still Want to Be a Doctor?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: With a continual shortage of geriatricians, adult-gerontology primary
      care nurse practitioners have assumed a greater role in the delivery of
      outpatient care for older adults. Given the long duration of physician training,
      the high cost of medical school, and the lower salaries compared with
      subspecialists, the financial advantage of a career as a geriatrician as opposed
      to a nurse practitioner is uncertain. This study compares the estimated career
      earnings of a geriatrician and an adult-gerontology primary care nurse
      practitioner. METHODS: We used a synthetic model of estimated net earnings during
      a 43-year career span for a 22-year old person embarking on a career as a
      geriatrician versus a career as an adult-gerontology primary care nurse
      practitioner. We estimated annual net income and net retirement savings using
      different annual compound rates and calculated the financial impact of forgiving
      medical student loans, shortening the duration of physician training, and
      reinstituting the practice pathway for geriatric medicine certification. RESULTS:
      Career net incomes for the geriatrician did not match the nurse practitioner
      until almost age 40. At 65 years of age, the difference between the geriatrician
      and nurse practitioner was 30.6%. A higher annual compound rate was associated
      with an even smaller percentage difference. Combining all three health policy
      interventions lowered the break-even age to 28 and more than doubled the
      difference in career earnings. CONCLUSIONS: Small estimated differences in net
      career earnings exist between geriatricians and adult-gerontology primary care
      nurse practitioners. Health policy interventions had a dramatic positive effect
      on geriatricians' lifetime net earnings in calculated estimates.

PMID- 27364025
TI  - Commentary on "Estimating the Net Career Income of a Geriatrician and a Nurse
      Practitioner: Still Want to Be a Doctor?".

PMID- 27364026
TI  - Pneumococcal Vaccine Eligibility Misconception.

PMID- 27364027
TI  - Authors' Response.

PMID- 27364028
TI  - Health Information Exchange in the ED: What Do ED Clinicians Think?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our regional health information exchange (HIE), known as Carolina
      eHealth Alliance (CeHA)-HIE, serves all major hospital systems in our region and
      is accessible to emergency department (ED) clinicians in those systems. We wanted
      to understand reasons for low CeHA-HIE utilization and explore options for
      improving it. METHODS: We implemented a 24-item user survey among ED clinician
      users of CeHA-HIE to investigate their perceptions of system usability and
      functionality, the quality of the information available through CeHA-HIE, the
      value of clinician time spent using CeHA-HIE, the ease of use of CeHA-HIE, and
      approaches for improving CeHA-HIE. RESULTS: Of the 231 ED clinicians surveyed, 51
      responded, and among those, 48 reported having used CeHA-HIE and completed the
      survey. CONCLUSIONS: Results show most ED clinicians believed that CeHA-HIE was
      easy to use and added value to their work, but they also desired better
      integration of information available from CeHA-HIE into their system's electronic
      medical record.

PMID- 27364029
TI  - When Should ED Physicians Use an HIE? Predicting Presence of Patient Data in an
      HIE.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Health information exchanges (HIEs) make possible the construction of
      databases to characterize patients as multisystem users (MSUs), those visiting
      emergency departments (EDs) of more than one hospital system within a region
      during a 1-year period. HIE data can inform an algorithm highlighting patients
      for whom information is more likely to be present in the HIE, leading to a higher
      yield HIE experience for ED clinicians and incentivizing their adoption of HIE.
      Our objective was to describe patient characteristics that determine which ED
      patients are likely to be MSUs and therefore have information in an HIE, thereby
      improving the efficacy of HIE use and increasing ED clinician perception of HIE
      benefit. METHODS: Data were extracted from a regional HIE involving four hospital
      systems (11 EDs) in the Charleston, South Carolina area. We used univariate and
      multivariable regression analyses to develop a predictive model for MSU status.
      RESULTS: Factors associated with MSUs included younger age groups, dual-payer
      insurance status, living in counties that are more rural, and one of at least six
      specific diagnoses: mental disorders; symptoms, signs, and ill-defined
      conditions; complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium; diseases of
      the musculoskeletal system; injury and poisoning; and diseases of the blood and
      blood-forming organs. For patients with multiple ED visits during 1 year, 43.8%
      of MSUs had >=4 visits, compared with 18.0% of non-MSUs (P < 0.0001).
      CONCLUSIONS: This predictive model accurately identified patients cared for at
      multiple hospital systems and can be used to increase the likelihood that time
      spent logging on to the HIE will be a value-added effort for emergency
      physicians.

PMID- 27364031
TI  - Erratum: Incorporating Patient Satisfaction Metrics in Assessing
      Multidisciplinary Breast Cancer Care Quality: Erratum.

PMID- 27364030
TI  - A Comprehensive View of Frequent Emergency Department Users Based on Data from a
      Regional HIE.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: A small but significant number of patients make frequent emergency
      department (ED) visits to multiple EDs within a region. We have a unique health
      information exchange (HIE) that includes every ED encounter in all hospital
      systems in our region. Using our HIE we were able to characterize all frequent ED
      users in our region, regardless of hospital visited or payer class. The objective
      of our study was to use data from an HIE to characterize patients in a region who
      are frequent ED users (FEDUs). METHODS: We constructed a database from a cohort
      of adult patients (18 years old or older) with information in a regional HIE for
      a 1-year period beginning in April 2012. Patients were defined as FEDUs (those
      who made four or more visits during the study period) and non-FEDUs (those who
      made fewer than four ED visits during the study period). Predictor variables
      included age, race, sex, payer class, county of residence, and International
      Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Bivariate (chi(2)) and
      multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were performed to determine
      associations between predictor variables and the outcome of being a FEDU.
      RESULTS: The database contained 127,672 patients, 12,293 (9.6%) of whom were
      FEDUs. Logistic regression showed the following patient characteristics to be
      significantly associated with the outcome of being a FEDU: age 35 to 44 years;
      African American race; Medicaid, Medicare, and dual-pay payer class; and
      International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 630 to 679
      (complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium), 780 to 799 (ill-defined
      conditions), 280 to 289 (diseases of the blood), 290-319 (mental disorders), 680
      to 709 (diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue), 710 to 739
      (musculoskeletal and connective tissue disease), 460 to 519 (respiratory
      disease), and 520 to 579 (digestive disease). No significant differences were
      noted between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Data from an HIE can be used to
      describe all of the patients within a region who are FEDUs, regardless of the
      hospital system they visited. This information can be used to focus care
      coordination efforts and link appropriate patients to a medical home. Future
      studies can be designed to learn the reasons why patients become FEDUs, and
      interventions can be developed to address deficiencies in health care that result
      in frequent ED visits.

PMID- 27364032
TI  - Poly(epsilon-caprolactone)-based substrates bearing pendant small chemical groups
      as a platform for systemic investigation of chondrogenesis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Physiochemical properties of biomaterials play critical roles in
      dictating types of cell behaviour. In this study, a series of poly(epsilon
      caprolactone) (PCL)-derived polymers bearing different small chemical groups was
      employed as a platform to evaluate chondrogenesis of different cell types.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thin films were prepared by spin-coating PCL derivatives.
      Rabbit articular chondrocytes (rACs) and rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal
      stem cells (rMSCs) were seeded on to the films, and cell adhesion, proliferation,
      extracellular matrix production and gene expression were evaluated. RESULTS: The
      presence of hydrophilic groups (-NH2 , -COOH, -OH and -C=O) promoted adhesion and
      proliferation of primary rACs and rMSCs. On these polymeric films, chondrogenesis
      of primary rACs depended on culture time. For passaged cells, re-differentiation
      was induced on these films by chondrogenic induction, but less for cells of
      passage 5 compared to passage 3. While films with hydrophilic groups favoured
      chondrocytic gene expression of both types of passaged cells, production of
      glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was similar for those of passage 3 on all films, and PCL
      CH3 film better supported GAG production for cells of passage 5. Under
      chondrogenic conditions, rMSCs were more efficient at GAG production on PCL and
      PCL-NH2 films. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that different cells
      displayed distinct responses to substrate surface chemistry, implying that cell
      biomaterial interactions can be developmental stage dependent. This provides a
      novel perspective for developing biomaterials for cartilage regeneration.

PMID- 27364033
TI  - Clinical management roles for junior doctors: an underused resource?

PMID- 27364034
TI  - Comment on Niemela and Colleagues (2016).

PMID- 27364035
TI  - The impact of infection by multidrug-resistant agents in patients with cirrhosis.
      A multicenter prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics are a serious
      clinical challenge. We assessed the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria
      isolated from infections in patients with cirrhosis by a multicentre
      investigation. RESULTS: Three hundred and thirteen culture-positive infections
      (173 community acquired [CA] and 140 hospital acquired [HA]) were identified in
      308 patients. Urinary tract infections, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and
      bacteremias were the most frequent. Quinolone-resistant Gram-negative isolates
      were 48%, 44% were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers and 9% carbapenem
      resistant. In 83/313 culture-positive infections (27%), multidrug-resistant
      agents (MDRA) were isolated. This prevalence did not differ between CA and HA
      infections. MDRA were identified in 17 of 37 patients on quinolone prophylaxis,
      and in 46 of 166 not on prophylaxis (45% vs 27%; P<.03). In 287 cases an empiric
      antibiotic therapy was undertaken, in 37 (12.9%) this therapy failed. The in
      hospital mortality rate of this subset of patients was significantly higher
      compared to patients who received an effective broad(er)-spectrum therapy
      (P=.038). During a 3-month follow-up, 56/203 culture-positive patients (27.6%)
      died, 24/63 who have had MDRA-related infections (38%) and 32/140 who have had
      antibiotic-susceptible infections (22.8%) (P=.025). Multivariate analysis
      disclosed MDRA infection, age, hepatocellular carcinoma, bilirubin, international
      normalized ratio and the occurrence of portal hypertension-related complications
      independent predictors of death. CONCLUSIONS: Infection by MDRA is frequent in
      patients with cirrhosis and the prognosis is severe, especially in patients
      unresponsive to empiric antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 27364036
TI  - Influence of Polygenic Risk Scores on the Association Between Infections and
      Schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies have suggested an important role of infections in the
      etiology of schizophrenia; however, shared genetic liability toward infections
      and schizophrenia could influence the association. We therefore investigated the
      possible effect of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia on the
      association between infections and the risk of schizophrenia. METHODS: We
      conducted a nested case-control study on a Danish population-based sample born
      after 1981 comprising of 1692 cases diagnosed with schizophrenia between 1994 and
      2008 and 1724 matched controls. All individuals were linked utilizing nationwide
      population-based registers with virtually complete registration of all hospital
      contacts for infections. PRSs were calculated using discovery effect size
      estimates weights from an independent meta-analysis (34,600 cases and 45,968
      control individuals). RESULTS: A prior hospital contact with infection had
      occurred in 41% of the individuals with schizophrenia and increased the incidence
      rate ratio (IRR) of schizophrenia by 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22
      1.67). Adding PRS, which was robustly associated with schizophrenia (by an IRR of
      1.46 [95% CI = 1.34-1.60] per standard deviation of the score), did not alter the
      association with infections and the increased risk of schizophrenia remained (IRR
      = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.20-1.66). Furthermore, there were no interactions between PRS
      and infections on the risk of developing schizophrenia (p = .554). Neither did
      PRS affect the risk of acquiring infections among patients with schizophrenia
      (odds ratio = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.89-1.12) nor among controls (odds ratio = 1.09;
      95% CI: 0.96-1.24). CONCLUSIONS: PRS and a history of infections have independent
      effects on the risk for schizophrenia, and the common genetic risk measured by
      PRS did not account for the association with infection in this sample.

PMID- 27364037
TI  - Piezoelectricity and rotostriction through polar and non-polar coupled
      instabilities in bismuth-based piezoceramics.
AB  - Coupling of order parameters provides a means to tune functionality in advanced
      materials including multiferroics, superconductors, and ionic conductors. We
      demonstrate that the response of a frustrated ferroelectric state leads to
      coupling between order parameters under electric field depending on grain
      orientation. The strain of grains oriented along a specific crystallographic
      direction, <h00>, is caused by converse piezoelectricity originating from a
      ferrodistortive tetragonal phase. For <hhh> oriented grains, the strain results
      from converse piezoelectricity and rotostriction, as indicated by an
      antiferrodistortive instability that promotes octahedral tilting in a
      rhombohedral phase. Both strain mechanisms combined lead to a colossal local
      strain of (2.4 +/- 0.1) % and indicate coupling between oxygen octahedral tilting
      and polarization, here termed "rotopolarization". These findings were confirmed
      with electromechanical experiments, in situ neutron diffraction, and in situ
      transmission electron microscopy in 0.75Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-0.25SrTiO3. This work
      demonstrates that polar and non-polar instabilities can cooperate to provide
      colossal functional responses.

PMID- 27364038
TI  - Effect of Amalaki rasayana on DNA damage and repair in randomized aged human
      individuals.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Preparations from Phyllanthus emblica called
      Amalaki rasayana is used in the Indian traditional medicinal system of Ayurveda
      for healthy living in elderly. The biological effects and its mechanisms are not
      fully understood. Since the diminishing DNA repair is the hallmark of ageing, we
      tested the influence of Amalaki rasayana on recognized DNA repair activities in
      healthy aged individuals. METHODS: Amalaki rasayana was prepared fresh and
      healthy aged randomized human volunteers were administrated with either rasayana
      or placebo for 45 days strictly as per the traditional text. The DNA repair was
      analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and after rasayana
      administration and after 45 days post-rasayana treatment regimen. UVC-induced DNA
      strand break repair (DSBR) based on extent of DNA unwinding by fluorometric
      analysis, nucleotide excision repair (NER) by flow cytometry and constitutive
      base excision repair (BER) by gap filling method were analyzed. RESULTS: Amalaki
      rasayana administration stably maintained/enhanced the DSBR in aged individuals.
      There were no adverse side effects. Further, subjects with different body mass
      index showed differential DNA strand break repair capacity. No change in
      unscheduled DNA synthesis during NER and BER was observed between the groups.
      CONCLUSION: Intake of Amalaki rasayana by aged individuals showed stable
      maintenance of DNA strand break repair without toxic effects. However, there was
      no change in nucleotide and base excision repair activities. Results warrant
      further studies on the effects of Amalaki rasayana on DSBR activities.

PMID- 27364039
TI  - Preclinical and clinical effects of Nigella sativa and its constituent,
      thymoquinone: A review.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Nigella sativa (N. sativa) L. (Ranunculaceae),
      well known as black cumin, has been used as a herbal medicine that has a rich
      historical background. It has been traditionally and clinically used in the
      treatment of several diseases. Many reviews have investigated this valuable
      plant, but none of them focused on its clinical effects. Therefore, the aim of
      the present review is to provide a comprehensive report of clinical studies on N.
      sativa and some of its constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies on the
      clinical effects of N. sativa and its main constituent, thymoquinone, which were
      published between 1979 and 2015, were searched using various databases. RESULTS
      AND DISCUSSION: During the last three decades, several in vivo and in vitro
      animal studies revealed the pharmacological properties of the plant, including
      its antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, anti
      inflammatory, and antiepileptic properties, and its effect on improvement in
      atherogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, glucose metabolism, lipid profile
      dysfunction, and prevention of hippocampus pyramidal cell loss. In clinical
      studies, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and
      antidiabetic properties as well as therapeutic effects on metabolic syndrome, and
      gastrointestinal, neuronal, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, and
      reproductive disorders were found in N. sativa and its constituents. CONCLUSION:
      Extensive basic and clinical studies on N. sativa seed powder, oil, extracts
      (aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic), and thymoquinone showed valuable
      therapeutic effects on different disorders with a wide range of safe doses.
      However, there were some confounding factors in the reviewed clinical trials, and
      a few of them presented data about the phytochemical composition of the plant.
      Therefore, a more standard clinical trial with N. sativa supplementation is
      needed for the plant to be used as an inexpensive potential biological adjuvant
      therapy.

PMID- 27364040
TI  - Obsessive compulsive personality disorder in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy,
      Multiple System Atrophy and Essential Tremor.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of the Obsessive
      Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPeD) in Multiple System Atrophy (MSA),
      Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and Essential Tremor (ET) and in a group of
      healthy subjects. METHODS: patients affected by MSA, PSP and ET diagnosed
      according to currently accepted diagnostic criteria and a group of healthy
      controls were enrolled in the study. Patients with cognitive impairment were
      excluded from the study. The Structured Clinical Interview for Personality
      Disorders-II (SCID-II) has been performed to evaluate the presence of personality
      disorders (PeDs). The diagnosis of OCPeD was confirmed by a psychiatric
      interview. RESULTS: fifteen MSA patients (8 men and 7 women; aged 62.9 +/- 7.6
      years), 14 PSP patients (8 men and 6 women; aged 69.8 +/- 4.4 years), 16 ET
      patients (10 men and 6 women; aged 70.4 +/- 6.4 years) and 20 healthy subjects
      (10 men and 10 women; aged 65.5 +/- 6.0 years) were enrolled. OCPeD was recorded
      in 5 (35.7%) PSP patients, 2 (13.3%) MSA patients, 2 (12.5%) ET patient and 2
      (10%) controls. CONCLUSION: a low frequency of OCPeD, close to those recorded in
      healthy subjects, was recorded in both MSA and ET patients. Conversely an higher
      frequency of OCPeD, similar to PD was found among PSP patients, supporting the
      possibility of an impairment of common basal ganglia network possibly involving
      the orbito-frontal circuits.

PMID- 27364041
TI  - Cultural and Intellectual Openness Differentially Relate to Social Judgments of
      Potential Work Partners.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the differential functioning of cultural and
      intellectual openness (the two aspects of Openness to Experience) in relation to
      social cognitive processes by examining how they influence people's perceptions
      and interpretations of social information when deciding to initiate working
      relationships. METHOD: Using a policy-capturing design, 681 adult participants
      were asked to rate their similarity to and preference to work with potential work
      partners characterized by varying nationalities and levels of work-related
      competence. Multilevel moderated mediation was conducted to simultaneously
      evaluate whether the indirect effects of potential work partners' characteristics
      (i.e., nationalities and levels of work-related competence) on work partner
      preference through perceived similarity were moderated by cultural and
      intellectual openness. RESULTS: Perceived similarity mediated the relationships
      between work partner nationality and work-related competence and participants'
      work partner preferences. Furthermore, the negative indirect effect of work
      partner nationality on work partner preference via perceived similarity was
      attenuated by cultural openness, and the positive indirect effect of work partner
      work-related competence on work partner preference via perceived similarity was
      strengthened by intellectual openness. CONCLUSIONS: Cultural and intellectual
      openness may have distinct functions that influence how people perceive,
      evaluate, and appreciate social information when making social judgments.

PMID- 27364042
TI  - Phenolic compounds and biological effects of edible Rumex scutatus and
      Pseudosempervivum sempervivum: potential sources of natural agents with health
      benefits.
AB  - The present study outlines a chemical characterization and further effects
      beneficial to health of edible Rumex scutatus and Pseudosempervivum sempervivum,
      in addition to presenting the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory effects and
      antimicrobial properties of different extracts. The phenolic compounds
      composition of the extracts was assessed by RP-HPLC-DAD, outlining benzoic acid
      and rutin as major constituents in P. sempervivum and rutin and hesperidin in R.
      scutatus. Moreover, further biological effects were tested on key enzymes
      involved in diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease and skin melanogenesis
      revealing an important tyrosinase inhibitory effect of Pseudosempervivum water
      extract. Moreover, both species possessed antimicrobial properties towards
      bacteria and fungi relevant to public health. Accordingly, we find that R.
      scutatus and P. sempervivum can be considered as novel functional foods because
      they are rich sources of biologically active compounds that provide health
      benefits. 

PMID- 27364044
TI  - Finally, a Drug Proves to Be Effective Against Vasovagal Syncope!: But Not in All
      Patients.

PMID- 27364043
TI  - Fludrocortisone for the Prevention of Vasovagal Syncope: A Randomized, Placebo
      Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence whether being on fludrocortisone prevents
      vasovagal syncope. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to determine whether treatment
      with fludrocortisone reduces the proportion of patients with recurrent vasovagal
      syncope by at least 40%, representing a pre-specified minimal clinically
      important relative risk reduction. METHODS: The multicenter POST 2 (Prevention of
      Syncope Trial 2) was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial that
      assessed the effects of fludrocortisone in vasovagal syncope over a 1-year
      treatment period. All patients had >2 syncopal spells and a Calgary Syncope
      Symptom Score >-3. Patients received either fludrocortisone or matching placebo
      at highest tolerated doses from 0.05 mg to 0.2 mg daily. The main outcome measure
      was the first recurrence of syncope. RESULTS: The authors randomized 210 patients
      (71% female, median age 30 years) with a median 15 syncopal spells over a median
      of 9 years equally to fludrocortisone or placebo. Of these, 96 patients had >=1
      syncope recurrences, and only 14 patients were lost to follow-up before syncope
      recurrence. There was a marginally nonsignificant reduction in syncope in the
      fludrocortisone group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.69: 95% confidence interval [CI]:
      0.46 to 1.03; p = 0.069). In a multivariable model, fludrocortisone significantly
      reduced the likelihood of syncope (HR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.42 to 0.94; p = 0.024).
      When the analysis was restricted to outcomes after 2 weeks of dose stabilization,
      there was a significant benefit due to fludrocortisone (HR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.28 to
      0.89; p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The study did not meet its primary objective of
      demonstrating that fludrocortisone reduced the likelihood of vasovagal syncope by
      the specified risk reduction of 40%. The study demonstrated a significant effect
      after dose stabilization, and there were significant findings in post hoc
      multivariable and on-treatment analyses. (A randomised clinical trial of
      fludrocortisone for the prevention of vasovagal syncope; ISRCTN51802652;
      Prevention of Syncope Trial 2 [POST 2]; NCT00118482).

PMID- 27364045
TI  - Cardiac Amyloid Load: A Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker in Patients With
      Light-Chain Amyloidosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac amyloid load has not been analyzed for its effect on
      mortality in patients with amyloid light-chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis.
      OBJECTIVES: This study retrospectively compared histological amyloid load with
      common clinical predictors of mortality. METHODS: This study assessed 216
      patients with histologically confirmed cardiac amyloidosis at a single center
      with electrocardiography, echocardiography, and laboratory testing. RESULTS: AL
      amyloid deposits were usually distributed in a reticular/pericellular pattern,
      whereas transthyretin amyloid (ATTR) more commonly showed patchy deposits. Median
      amyloid load was 30.5%; no amyloid load was above 70%. During follow-up (median
      19.1 months), 112 patients died. Chemotherapy had a significant effect on overall
      survival in AL amyloidosis (16.2 months vs. 1.4 months; p = 0.003). Patients with
      <20% AL amyloid load who responded to chemotherapy showed significantly better
      survival than nonresponders. According to univariate analysis, predictors of
      survival in AL amyloidosis included sex, Karnofsky index, New York Heart
      Association (NYHA) functional class, diastolic blood pressure, estimated
      glomerular filtration rate, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide,
      mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, low voltage, ineligibility for
      chemotherapy, response to chemotherapy, and amyloid load. Independent predictors
      of mortality by multivariate analysis included NYHA functional class (III vs.
      II), estimated glomerular filtration rate, responders to chemotherapy, and
      amyloid load. In ATTR amyloidosis, survival correlated with NYHA functional
      class, diastolic blood pressure, and use of diuretic agents. Following Cox
      regression analysis, NYHA functional class (III vs. II; p < 0.05) remained the
      only independent predictor of patient survival in ATTR amyloidosis. CONCLUSIONS:
      Early identification of subjects with AL amyloid is essential given that in late
      stage disease with extensive amyloid load, our data suggested that outcomes are
      not affected by administration of chemotherapy.

PMID- 27364046
TI  - Amyloid Cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 27364047
TI  - Long-Term Mortality After Coronary Revascularization in Nondiabetic Patients With
      Multivessel Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD),
      the survival difference between coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and
      percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) favors CABG. However, there are few data
      on the mortality difference between the 2 strategies in nondiabetic patients.
      OBJECTIVES: This study performed a patient-level meta-analysis to compare the
      effect of CABG versus PCI with drug-eluting stents on long-term mortality in
      1,275 nondiabetic patients with multivessel CAD. METHODS: Individual patient data
      from the SYNTAX (Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery) and the BEST
      (Randomized Comparison of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery and Everolimus-Eluting
      Stent Implantation in the Treatment of Patients with Multivessel Coronary Artery
      Disease) trials were pooled. The primary outcome was death from any cause.
      RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 61 months (interquartile range: 50 months
      to 62 months). The risk of death from any cause was significantly lower in the
      CABG group than in the PCI group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.65; 95% confidence
      interval [CI]: 0.43 to 0.98; p = 0.039). A similar finding was observed for the
      risk of death from cardiac causes. The superiority of CABG over PCI was
      consistent across the major clinical subgroups. Likewise, the rate of myocardial
      infarction was remarkably lower after CABG than after PCI (HR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.24
      to 0.65; p < 0.001). However, the rate of stroke was not different between the 2
      groups (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.59 to 2.17; p = 0.714). The need for repeat
      revascularization was significantly lower in the CABG group than in the PCI group
      (HR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.75; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CABG, as compared with
      PCI with drug-eluting stents, significantly reduced the long-term risk of
      mortality in nondiabetic patients with multivessel CAD.

PMID- 27364048
TI  - Multivessel CAD in Nondiabetic Patients: To Operate or to Dilate?

PMID- 27364050
TI  - Erythropoietin for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Growing Together or Apart?

PMID- 27364049
TI  - Early High-Dose Erythropoietin Therapy After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A
      Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preliminary data suggested a clinical benefit in treating out-of
      hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients with a high dose of erythropoietin (Epo)
      analogs. OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to evaluate the efficacy of epoetin alfa
      treatment on the outcome of OHCA patients in a phase 3 trial. METHODS: The
      authors performed a multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial.
      Patients still comatose after a witnessed OHCA of presumed cardiac origin were
      eligible. In the intervention group, patients received 5 intravenous injections
      spaced 12 h apart during the first 48 h (40,000 units each, resulting in a
      maximal dose of 200,000 total units), started as soon as possible after
      resuscitation. In the control group, patients received standard care without Epo.
      The main endpoint was the proportion of patients in each group reaching level 1
      on the Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) scale (survival with no or minor
      neurological sequelae) at day 60. Secondary endpoints included all-cause
      mortality rate, distribution of patients in CPC levels at different time points,
      and side effects. RESULTS: In total, 476 patients were included in the primary
      analysis. Baseline characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. At day 60, 32.4%
      of patients (76 of 234) in the intervention group reached a CPC 1 level, as
      compared with 32.1% of patients (78 of 242) in the control group (odds ratio:
      1.01; 95% confidence interval: 0.68 to 1.48). The mortality rate and proportion
      of patients in each CPC level did not differ at any time points. Serious adverse
      events were more frequent in Epo-treated patients as compared with controls
      (22.6% vs. 14.9%; p = 0.03), particularly thrombotic complications (12.4% vs.
      5.8%; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In patients resuscitated from an OHCA of presumed
      cardiac cause, early administration of erythropoietin plus standard therapy did
      not confer a benefit, and was associated with a higher complication rate. (High
      Dose of Erythropoietin Analogue After Cardiac Arrest [Epo-ACR-02]; NCT00999583).

PMID- 27364052
TI  - An MR Spectroscopy-Based Approach to Lean Versus Obese Diabetic Patients.

PMID- 27364053
TI  - The Genesis, Maturation, and Future of Critical Care Cardiology.
AB  - The cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) has changed considerably over time and now
      serves a unique patient population with a high burden of cardiovascular and
      noncardiovascular critical illness. Patient complexity and technological
      evolutions in the CICU have catalyzed the development of critical care
      cardiology, a fledgling discipline that combines specialization in cardiovascular
      diseases with knowledge and experience in critical care medicine. Numerous
      uncertainties and challenges threaten to stymie the growth of this field. A
      multidisciplinary dialogue focused on the best care design for the CICU patient
      is needed as we consider alternative approaches to clinical training, staffing,
      and investigation in this rapidly evolving arena.

PMID- 27364054
TI  - Allograft Vasculopathy: The Achilles' Heel of Heart Transplantation.
AB  - Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains the Achilles' heel of long-term
      survival after heart transplantation. Almost one-third of patients develop CAV by
      5 years post-transplant and 1 in 8 deaths beyond a year are due to CAV. Abnormal
      vascular fibroproliferation in CAV occurs as a result of coronary endothelial
      inflammation, injury, and dysfunction triggered by immune and nonimmune insults.
      Surveillance methods for CAV have significant limitations, particularly for
      detecting early disease. Areas of investigation include myocardial and coronary
      blood flow quantification, and intracoronary imaging to detect early changes in
      the vessel wall and high-risk plaques. Treatment approaches continue to evolve,
      but prevention remains the focus. Newer mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors
      can significantly delay the progression of CAV; however, their optimal use
      remains to be established. Further investigation is needed to understand the
      complex pathophysiology of CAV, improve surveillance techniques, and develop
      therapies to prevent and slow disease progression.

PMID- 27364051
TI  - Ectopic and Visceral Fat Deposition in Lean and Obese Patients With Type 2
      Diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are associated with nonalcoholic
      fatty liver disease, cardiomyopathy, and cardiovascular mortality. Both show
      stronger links between ectopic and visceral fat deposition, and an increased
      cardiometabolic risk compared with subcutaneous fat. OBJECTIVES: This study
      investigated whether lean patients (Ln) with T2D exhibit increased ectopic and
      visceral fat deposition and whether these are linked to cardiac and hepatic
      changes. METHODS: Twenty-seven obese patients (Ob) with T2D, 15 Ln-T2D, and 12
      normal-weight control subjects were studied. Subjects underwent cardiac computed
      tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), proton and phosphorus MR
      spectroscopy, and multiparametric liver MR, including hepatic proton MRS, T1- and
      T2*-mapping yielding "iron-corrected T1" [cT1]. RESULTS: Diabetes, with or
      without obesity, was associated with increased myocardial triglyceride content (p
      = 0.01), increased hepatic triglyceride content (p = 0.04), and impaired
      myocardial energetics (p = 0.04). Although cardiac structural changes, steatosis,
      and energetics were similar between the T2D groups, epicardial fat (p = 0.04),
      hepatic triglyceride (p = 0.01), and insulin resistance (p = 0.03) were higher in
      Ob-T2D. Epicardial fat, hepatic triglyceride, and insulin resistance correlated
      negatively with systolic strain and diastolic strain rates, which were only
      significantly impaired in Ob-T2D (p < 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively).
      Fibroinflammatory liver disease (elevated cT1) was only evident in Ob-T2D
      patients. cT1 correlated with hepatic and epicardial fat (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of body mass index, diabetes is related
      to significant abnormalities in cardiac structure, energetics, and cardiac and
      hepatic steatosis. Obese patients with T2D show a greater propensity for ectopic
      and visceral fat deposition.

PMID- 27364055
TI  - Second Anniversary as JACC's Editor-in-Chief: Maintaining Focus Through
      Simplicity and Insightfulness, With a Look Toward Advocacy.

PMID- 27364056
TI  - Mechanism of Symptomatic Improvement After Percutaneous Therapy for Secondary
      Mitral Regurgitation: Resting and Exercise Hemodynamics.

PMID- 27364057
TI  - Dabigatran Versus Warfarin in Relation to Renal Function in Patients With Atrial
      Fibrillation.

PMID- 27364058
TI  - Pulse Pressure and Cardiovascular Death.

PMID- 27364059
TI  - Reply: Pulse Pressure and Cardiovascular Death.

PMID- 27364060
TI  - Sex-Specific Data for the Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator.

PMID- 27364061
TI  - Factors Affecting Platelet Reactivity and Cardiovascular Outcome in CAD Patients
      Treated With P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors.

PMID- 27364062
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27364063
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27364080
TI  - Understanding the costs of flexible ureteroscopy.
AB  - Ureteroscopy (URS) is the first line treatment for the majority of symptomatic
      renal and ureteral stones. This review summarizes the current literature on the
      costs associated with URS. A high initial investment is required for scope
      acquisition. Once purchased, maintenance and repair costs continue to accrue.
      Durability of the scopes is an important consideration as more durable scopes
      will remain functional for longer and thus have lower overall repair costs.
      Currently available, newer generation scopes appear highly durable compared to
      their predecessors. Ancillary equipment, mostly disposable items represent the
      highest per procedure cost of URS. Despite these costs, URS remains highly
      profitable. However, it is also efficacious demonstrating superior cost
      effectiveness with higher stone free rates at a lower cost relative to shock wave
      lithotripsy.

PMID- 27364082
TI  - Analysis of the synonymous codon usage bias in recently emerged enterovirus D68
      strains.
AB  - Understanding the codon usage pattern of a pathogen and relationship between
      pathogen and host's codon usage patterns has fundamental and applied interests.
      Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging pathogen with a potentially high public
      health significance. In the present study, the synonymous codon usage bias of 27
      recently emerged, and historical EV-D68 strains was analyzed. In contrast to
      previously studied enteroviruses (enterovirus 71 and poliovirus), EV-D68 and
      human host have a high discrepancy between favored codons. Analysis of viral
      synonymous codon usage bias metrics, viral nucleotide/dinucleotide compositional
      parameters, and viral protein properties showed that mutational pressure is more
      involved in shaping the synonymous codon usage bias of EV-D68 than translation
      selection. Computation of codon adaptation indices allowed to estimate expression
      potential of the EV-D68 genome in several commonly used laboratory animals. This
      approach requires experimental validation and may provide an auxiliary tool for
      the rational selection of laboratory animals to model emerging viral diseases.
      Enterovirus D68 genome compositional and codon usage data can be useful for
      further pathogenesis, animal model, and vaccine design studies.

PMID- 27364081
TI  - Antennal transcriptome and differential expression of olfactory genes in the
      yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).
AB  - The yellow peach moth (YPM), Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee), is a multivoltine
      insect pest of crops and fruits. Antennal-expressed receptors are important for
      insects to detect olfactory cues for host finding, mate attraction and
      oviposition site selection. However, few olfactory related genes were reported in
      YPM until now. In the present study, we sequenced and characterized the antennal
      transcriptomes of male and female YPM. In total, 15 putative odorant binding
      proteins (OBPs), 46 putative odorant receptors (ORs) and 7 putative ionotropic
      receptors (IRs) were annotated and identified as olfactory-related genes of C.
      punctiferalis. Further analysis of RT-qPCR revealed that all these olfactory
      genes are primarily or uniquely expressed in male and female antennae. Among
      which, 3 OBPs (OBP4, OBP8 and PBP2) and 4 ORs (OR22, OR26, OR44 and OR46) were
      specially expressed in male antennae, whereas 4 ORs (OR5, OR16, OR25 and OR42)
      were primarily expressed in female antennae. The predicted protein sequences were
      compared with homologs in other lepidopteran species and model insects, which
      showed high sequence homologies between C. punctiferalis and O. furnacalis. Our
      work allows for further functional studies of pheromone and general odorant
      detection genes, which might be meaningful targets for pest management.

PMID- 27364083
TI  - Differentially expressed genes of Chenopodium amaranticolor in response to
      cymbidium mosaic virus infection.
AB  - Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV)-induced expressed sequence tag (EST) clones from
      Chenopodium amaranticolor were identified. CymMV was mechanically inoculated onto
      C. amaranticolor, and local lesion symptoms were observed. Inoculated leaves were
      collected on serial days post inoculation (dpi) to identify activated or
      suppressed genes. mRNA isolation and suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH)
      were then performed to identify differentially expressed genes related to the
      local lesion response. Fifty-three ESTs, including genes related to defense and
      stress responses (e.g., lipoxygenase, jasmonate-induced protein, and heat shock
      protein), were generated. In addition, a large proportion of the ESTs were found
      to be involved in photosynthesis, as determined by their functional categories.
      Expression levels of several EST genes were observed using quantitative real-time
      reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and the evaluated genes showed
      varying levels of expression during the experimental period. In this study,
      differentially expressed sequences via SSH were identified from CymMV-infected C.
      amaranticolor, and profiling and annotation were carried out to determine the
      expression pattern of CymMV and its interaction with C. amaranticolor.

PMID- 27364084
TI  - Factors affecting the success of a large embryo transfer program in Holstein
      cattle in a commercial herd in the southeast region of the United States.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate factors affecting in vivo embryo
      production and pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET) in Holstein cattle in the
      southeast region of the United States. Data from a total of 516 embryo
      collections and 10,297 ETs performed from 2011 to 2014 were available. For embryo
      production, the effects of donor parity (nulliparous [N], primiparous [P],
      multiparous [M]), average temperature-humidity index (THI) at embryo collection,
      days in milk at embryo collection, occurrence of calving problems, and occurrence
      of metritis postpartum were evaluated. For P/ET, the effects of donor parity (N
      or parous), recipient parity (N, P, and M), embryo type (fresh, frozen, IVF, and
      IVF-frozen), embryo developmental stage (4-7), embryo quality (1-3), recipient
      estrous cycle day at ET (6-9), average THI at ET, days in milk at ET, milk yield
      at ET, occurrence of calving problems (abortion, dystocia, twins, fetal death, or
      retained placenta), and occurrence of metritis postpartum were evaluated.
      Pregnancy was diagnosed at 41 +/- 3 days of gestation. Continuous and binary data
      were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS, respectively. Parity
      affected embryo production; M had greater number and percentage of unfertilized
      embryos and lesser percentage of viable embryos than P and N. Recipient parity,
      embryo type, embryo stage, embryo quality, estrous cycle day at ET, and THI at ET
      affected P/ET. There was an interaction between recipient parity and THI at ET.
      P/ET was greater for N than P and greater for P than M, greater for fresh embryos
      than others, greater for stage 7 than others, greater for quality 1 than 2 and
      greater for quality 2 than 3, and greater for ET on estrous cycle Day 7 and 8
      than 6. P/ET was decreased for THI >=80 in N and THI >=72 in P and M. Calving
      problems and metritis also affected P/ET in P and M and was lesser for cows that
      had calving problems and metritis. In conclusion, embryo production was affected
      by donor parity, and P/ET was affected by embryo type, embryo stage, embryo
      quality, recipient estrous cycle day at ET, THI, calving problems, and metritis. 

PMID- 27364086
TI  - Spontaneous formation of three-dimensionally ordered Bi-rich nanostructures
      within GaAs1-x Bi x /GaAs quantum wells.
AB  - In this work, we report on the spontaneous formation of ordered arrays of
      nanometer-sized Bi-rich structures due to lateral composition modulations in
      Ga(As,Bi)/GaAs quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The overall
      microstructure and chemical distribution is investigated using transmission
      electron microscopy. The information is complemented by synchrotron x-ray grazing
      incidence diffraction, which provides insight into the in-plane arrangement. Due
      to the vertical inheritance of the lateral modulation, the Bi-rich nanostructures
      eventually shape into a three-dimensional assembly. Whereas the Bi-rich
      nanostructures are created via two-dimensional phase separation at the growing
      surface, our results suggest that the process is assisted by Bi segregation which
      is demonstrated to be strong and more complex than expected, implying both
      lateral and vertical (surface segregation) mass transport. As demonstrated here,
      the inherent thermodynamic miscibility gap of Ga(As,Bi) alloys can be exploited
      to create highly uniform Bi-rich units embedded in a quantum confinement
      structure. 

PMID- 27364085
TI  - Rotational thyrotracheopexy after cricoidectomy for low-grade laryngeal
      chrondrosarcoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The complex laryngeal functions are fundamentally defined by the
      cricoid cartilage. Thus, lesions requiring subtotal or total resection of the
      cricoid cartilage commonly warrant total laryngectomy. However, from an
      oncological perspective, the resection of the cricoid cartilage would be an
      optimal solution in these cases. The poor functional results of the few reported
      cases of total and subtotal cricoidectomy with different reconstruction
      techniques confirm the need for new approaches to reconstruct the infrastructure
      of the larynx post cricoidectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series review.
      METHODS: Four consecutive patients with low-grade chondrosarcoma were treated by
      cricoidectomy with rotational thyrotracheopexy reconstruction to enable the
      functional creation of a complete cartilaginous ring that can substitute the
      functions of the cricoid cartilage. The glottic structures were stabilized with
      endoscopic arytenoid abduction lateropexy. Patients were evaluated with objective
      and subjective function tests. RESULTS: Tumor-free margins were proven; patients
      were successfully decannulated within 3 weeks. Voice outcomes were adequate for
      social conversation in all cases. Oral feeding was possible in three patients.
      CONCLUSION: Total and subtotal cricoidectomy can be a surgical option to avoid
      total laryngectomy in cases of large chondrosarcomas destroying the cricoid
      cartilage. The thyrotracheopexy rotational advancement technique enables the
      effective reconstruction of the structural deficit of the resected cricoid
      cartilage in cases of total and subtotal cricoidectomy. An adequate airway for
      breathing, swallowing, and voice production can be reconstructed with good
      oncological control. In cases where the pharynx is not involved, good swallowing
      function can also be achieved. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1109-1115,
      2017.

PMID- 27364087
TI  - Evaluation of the effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor,
      alacepril, on drug-induced renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation in
      normal dogs.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To determine if alacepril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme
      inhibitor, has a long duration of action for inhibition of drug-induced renin
      angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation in normal dogs. ANIMALS: Five
      healthy laboratory dogs were used in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each dog
      received amlodipine (0.5 mg/kg, q12h, p.o.) for 14 days, followed by amlodipine
      (0.5 mg/kg, q12h, p.o.) and alacepril (1.5 mg/kg, q12h, p.o.) for 56 days. Blood
      pressure (systolic blood pressure [SBP]; mean blood pressure; and diastolic blood
      pressure), heart rate, and urinary aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio (UAld:Cre), as
      an indicator of RAAS activation, were measured on days -14, 0 (baseline [BL]), 1,
      7, 14, 28, and 56. RESULTS: SBP decreased by 10% (p=0.08), and UAld:Cre increased
      significantly (p=0.04) relative to the BL level after administration of
      amlodipine. SBP increased after 14 days of alacepril administration relative to
      BL (p=0.97), and statistically significant increase was first observed on day 28
      (p=0.02). Heart rate significantly decreased after alacepril administration on
      days 14, 28, and 56 (p=0.02). UAld:Cre significantly decreased after alacepril
      administration on days 14 and 28 (p<=0.03) relative to the BL level but increased
      on day 56 such that the difference was no longer significant (p=0.32).
      DISCUSSION: These incomplete and temporary pharmacological blockade of RAAS
      activation by alacepril suggest that aldosterone breakthrough may have occurred.
      CONCLUSIONS: Alacepril inhibited activation of RAAS in the short term but is not
      expected to have a long duration of action.

PMID- 27364088
TI  - Successful treatment of mitral valve endocarditis in a dog associated with
      'Actinomyces canis-like' infection.
AB  - Infective endocarditis, an inflammation of the endocardial surface due to
      invasion by an infectious agent, is more common in middle sized to large breed
      dogs. We herein report a case of mitral valve endocarditis in a 9-year-old male
      castrated Weimaraner caused by an Actinomyces canis-like bacterium, not
      previously reported in association with infection in dogs. 

PMID- 27364089
TI  - Automated otolith image classification with multiple views: an evaluation on
      Sciaenidae.
AB  - Combined multiple 2D views (proximal, anterior and ventral aspects) of the
      sagittal otolith are proposed here as a method to capture shape information for
      fish classification. Classification performance of single view compared with
      combined 2D views show improved classification accuracy of the latter, for nine
      species of Sciaenidae. The effects of shape description methods (shape indices,
      Procrustes analysis and elliptical Fourier analysis) on classification
      performance were evaluated. Procrustes analysis and elliptical Fourier analysis
      perform better than shape indices when single view is considered, but all perform
      equally well with combined views. A generic content-based image retrieval (CBIR)
      system that ranks dissimilarity (Procrustes distance) of otolith images was built
      to search query images without the need for detailed information of side (left or
      right), aspect (proximal or distal) and direction (positive or negative) of the
      otolith. Methods for the development of this automated classification system are
      discussed. 

PMID- 27364091
TI  - Editorial Comment for Zhong et al.

PMID- 27364090
TI  - Electrical burns in times of economic crisis: A new epidemiologic profile.
AB  - Electrical injuries and especially those of high voltage still remain a source of
      high morbidity. Over the past few years, a change in the epidemiologic profile of
      these lesions was noticed at the Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Burn Unit,
      corresponding to an increase in cases out of the legal framework. It is our aim
      to describe this particular subset, to determine the extent of their injuries and
      to understand the reason for their increased incidence. We think this was
      favoured by the rise in the unemployment rate, along with higher copper prices.

PMID- 27364092
TI  - Phenotypic variability of R117H-CFTR expression within monozygotic twins.
AB  - Whilst cystic fibrosis is a monogenic condition, variation in phenotype exists
      for the same CFTR genotype, which is influenced by multiple genetic and non
      genetic (environmental) factors. The R117H-CFTR mutation has variability directly
      relating to in cis poly-thymidine alleles, producing a differing spectrum of
      disease. This paper provides evidence of extreme phenotype variability -
      including fertility status - in the context of male monogenetic twins, discussing
      mechanisms and highlighting the diagnostic and treatment challenges. 

PMID- 27364093
TI  - Metabolomics reveals differences between three daidzein metabolizing phenotypes
      in adults with cardiometabolic risk factors.
AB  - SCOPE: The soy isoflavone, daidzein, is metabolized by gut microbiota to O
      desmethylangolensin (ODMA) and/or equol. Producing equol is postulated as a
      contributing factor for the beneficial effects of soy. METHODS AND RESULTS: This
      randomized, controlled, cross-over design used an untargeted metabolomic approach
      to assess the metabolic profile of different daidzein metabolizers. Adults (n =
      17) with cardiometabolic risk factors received soy nuts or control food for 4
      weeks, separated by a 2-week washout. No significant differences were detected
      pre- and postintervention and between interventions. Examination of the ability
      to metabolize daidzein revealed three groups: ODMA only producers (n = 4), equol
      + ODMA producers (n = 8), and nonproducers (n = 5). Analysis of the serum
      metabolome revealed nonproducers could be distinguished from ODMA-only and equol
      + ODMA producers. Differences between these phenotypes were related to obesity
      and metabolic risk (methionine, asparagine, and trimethylamine) with equol + ODMA
      producers having lower concentrations, yet paradoxically higher pro-inflammatory
      cytokines. In urine, nonproducers clustered with ODMA producers and were distinct
      from equol + ODMA producers. Urinary metabolite profiles revealed significantly
      higher excretion of fumarate and 2-oxoglutarate, as well as pyroglutamate,
      alanine, and the gut microbial metabolite dimethylamine in equol + ODMA
      producers. CONCLUSION: These results emphasize that the serum and urine
      metabolomes are distinct based on the ability to metabolize isoflavones.

PMID- 27364094
TI  - Experience of integrating vitamin A supplementation into polio campaigns in the
      African Region.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem that affects
      children across the WHO African Region. Countries have integrated vitamin A
      supplementation in different child health interventions, most notably with polio
      campaigns. The integration of vitamin A in polio campaigns was documented as a
      best practice in Angola, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Tanzania, and Togo. There are
      potential risks to vitamin A supplementation associated with the polio endgame
      and certification in the African Region. METHODS: We reviewed the findings from
      the documentation of best practices assessment that was conducted by the WHO
      Regional Office for Africa in 2014 and 2015 in the five countries that noted
      integration of vitamin A with polio as a best practice. In addition, we reviewed
      the coverage rates for oral poliovirus vaccine and vitamin A supplementation in
      Angola, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Tanzania, and Togo in 2014 and 2015. RESULTS:
      Vitamin A deficiency in 2004 ranged from 35% in Togo to as high as 55% in Angola.
      All five countries integrated vitamin A supplementation in at least one campaign
      in 2013-2014 and all achieved over 80% coverage for vitamin A supplementation
      when it was integrated with polio. DISCUSSION: Given the progress of the polio
      program, and decreasing campaigns, there is a risk that fewer children will be
      reached each year with vitamin A supplementation. We recommend that for countries
      strengthen the integration of vitamin A supplementation with routine immunization
      services.

PMID- 27364095
TI  - Enhancing transit polio vaccination in collaboration with targeted stakeholders
      in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Lessons learnt: 2014-2015.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In Kaduna State of Nigeria, the high influx of people from
      neighboring states with eligible children for polio vaccination represents a
      significant proportion of the target population. Many of these children are often
      missed by the vaccination team. The purpose of the study was to determine the
      contribution of targeted stakeholders in transit polio vaccination. METHODS: We
      used the trends of vaccinated children at transit points, motor parks and
      markets, well as total children vaccinated by transit teams in Chikun, Igabi and
      Sabon Gari Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kaduna State, Nigeria, four rounds
      before and after the introduction of transit polio vaccination with targeted
      stakeholders in Kaduna State. RESULTS: A total of 87,502 under-5 children were
      vaccinated by the various transit teams in the three LGAs, which accounted for
      3.2% of the total 2,781,162 children vaccinated by the three LGAs. For transit
      point vaccination, the number of vaccinated children increased from 1026 to
      19,289 (302%), while motor park vaccination increased from 1289 to 4106 (318%)
      and market vaccination increased from 10,488 to 14,511 (138%), four rounds after
      the introduction of transit polio vaccination with targeted stakeholders.
      CONCLUSION: Engagement of targeted stakeholders significantly enhanced transit
      polio vaccination in Kaduna State, Nigeria.

PMID- 27364096
TI  - The predicted persistence and kinetics of antibody decline 9years after pre
      school booster vaccination in UK children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Long term follow-up of vaccine trials is essential to establish the
      duration of protection. In the context of worldwide concern about rising
      pertussis incidence, estimates of antibody persistence after vaccination, which
      do not account for the rise in antibody due to natural boosting or infection, may
      overestimate the degree of protection afforded by pertussis vaccines. METHODS:
      This was a 5year follow up study of a randomised controlled trial of diphtheria,
      tetanus, pertussis and polio booster vaccines in UK children aged 3.5-5years.
      Antibody persistence was measured at 1month, 1, 3, and 5years after vaccination
      and the kinetics of antibody decline were modelled longitudinally. Estimates of
      predicted antibody persistence 9years after the pre-school booster were derived
      from model parameters. RESULTS: Antibody levels 9years after vaccination were
      predicted to be above accepted thresholds for protection for diphtheria, tetanus
      and polio. Antibody responses to pertussis toxoid were undetectable in 49% of
      children at the 5year follow up visit, and responses were predicted to be
      undetectable in 69% (95% CI 45-88%) of children by the time of their teenage
      booster at 13-14years of age. CONCLUSIONS: There is no defined correlate of
      protection for pertussis. However, the large proportion of participants in this
      study with undetectable pertussis antibody levels at both measured and predicted
      timepoints suggests sub-optimal immunity in adolescence. Adding pertussis to the
      teenage booster for UK children as is done in other countries, would enhance
      immunity in adolescence.

PMID- 27364097
TI  - Temperature-mediated recombinant anthrax protective antigen aggregate
      development: Implications for toxin formation and immunogenicity.
AB  - Anthrax vaccines containing recombinant PA (rPA) as the only antigen face a
      stability issue: rPA forms aggregates in solution after exposure to temperatures
      ?40 degrees C, thus losing its ability to form lethal toxin (LeTx) with Lethal
      Factor. To study rPA aggregation's impact on immune response, we subjected rPA to
      several time and temperature combinations. rPA treated at 50 degrees C for 30min
      formed high mass aggregates when analyzed by gel electrophoresis and failed to
      form LeTx as measured by a macrophage lysis assay (MLA). Aggregated rPA-formed
      LeTx was about 30 times less active than LeTx containing native rPA. Mice
      immunized with heat-treated rPA combined with Al(OH)3 developed antibody titers
      about 49 times lower than mice immunized with native rPA, as measured by a
      Toxicity Neutralization Assay (TNA). Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) of
      the same immune sera showed anti-rPA titers only 2-7 times lower than titers
      elicited by native rPA. Thus, rPA's ability to form LeTx correlates with its
      production of neutralizing antibodies, and aggregation significantly impairs the
      protein's antibody response. However, while these findings suggest MLA has some
      value as an in-process quality test for rPA in new anthrax vaccines, they also
      confirm the superiority of TNA for use in vaccine potency.

PMID- 27364098
TI  - Exercise training contributes to H2O2/VEGF signaling in the lung of rats with
      monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.

PMID- 27364099
TI  - Association of baseline bleeding pattern on amenorrhea with levonorgestrel
      intrauterine system use.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effect of baseline bleeding patterns
      on rates of amenorrhea reported at 12 months in levonorgestrel (LNG) 52 mg
      intrauterine system (IUS) users. We also assessed the effect of baseline bleeding
      patterns at 3 and 6 months postinsertion. STUDY DESIGN: In this secondary
      analysis of the Contraceptive CHOICE Project, we included participants who had an
      LNG-IUS inserted within 1 month of enrollment and continued use for 12 months.
      Using 12-month telephone survey data, we defined amenorrhea at 12 months of use
      as no bleeding or spotting during the previous 6 months. We used chi-square and
      multivariable logistic regression to assess the association of baseline bleeding
      pattern with amenorrhea while controlling for confounding variables. RESULTS: Of
      1802 continuous 12-month LNG-IUS users, amenorrhea was reported by 4.9%, 14.8%
      and 15.4% of participants at 3, 6 and 12 months, receptively. Participants with
      light baseline bleeding or short duration of flow reported higher rates of
      amenorrhea at 3 and 6 months postinsertion (p<.03), while LNG-IUS users with
      heavy or prolonged flow were less likely to report amenorrhea at 3 and 6 months
      (p<.03). In a multivariable analysis, participants with self-reported heavy
      bleeding at baseline were less likely to report amenorrhea at 12 months than
      those who reported moderate bleeding (ORadj, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.69).
      CONCLUSION: Women with heavier menstrual bleeding are less likely than women with
      moderate flow to report amenorrhea following 12 months of LNG-IUS use.
      IMPLICATIONS: Baseline heavy menstrual flow reduces the likelihood of amenorrhea
      with LNG-IUS use, information that could impact contraceptive counseling.
      Anticipatory counseling can improve method satisfaction and continuation, an
      important strategy to continue to reduce unintended pregnancy and abortion rates.

PMID- 27364100
TI  - Safety of hormonal contraception and intrauterine devices among women with
      depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Women with depressive or bipolar disorders are at an increased risk
      for unintended pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To examine the safety of hormonal
      contraception among women with depressive and bipolar disorders. METHODS: We
      searched for articles published through January 2016 on the safety of using any
      hormonal contraceptive method among women with depressive or bipolar disorders,
      including those who had been diagnosed clinically or scored above threshold
      levels on a validated screening instrument. Outcomes included changes in
      symptoms, hospitalization, suicide and modifications in medication regimens such
      as increase or decrease in dosage or changes in type of drug. RESULTS: Of 2376
      articles, 6 met the inclusion criteria. Of three studies that examined women
      clinically diagnosed with depressive or bipolar disorder, one found that oral
      contraceptives (OCs) did not significantly change mood across the menstrual cycle
      among women with bipolar disorder, whereas mood did significantly change across
      the menstrual cycle among women not using OCs; one found no significant
      differences in the frequency of psychiatric hospitalizations among women with
      bipolar disorder who used depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), intrauterine
      devices (IUDs) or sterilization; and one found no increase in depression scale
      scores among women with depression using and not using OCs, for both those
      treated with fluoxetine and those receiving placebo. Of three studies that
      examined women who met a threshold for depression on a screening instrument, one
      found that adolescent girls using combined OCs (COCs) had significantly improved
      depression scores after 3 months compared with placebo, one found that OC users
      had similar odds of no longer being depressed at follow-up compared with
      nonusers, and one found that COC users were less frequently classified as
      depressed over 11 months than IUD users. CONCLUSIONS: Limited evidence from six
      studies found that OC, levonorgestrel-releasing IUD and DMPA use among women with
      depressive or bipolar disorders was not associated with worse clinical course of
      disease compared with no hormonal method use.

PMID- 27364101
TI  - An objective Bayesian analysis of a crossover design via model selection and
      model averaging.
AB  - Inference about the treatment effect in a crossover design has received much
      attention over time owing to the uncertainty in the existence of the carryover
      effect and its impact on the estimation of the treatment effect. Adding to this
      uncertainty is that the existence of the carryover effect and its size may depend
      on the presence of the treatment effect and its size. We consider estimation and
      testing hypothesis about the treatment effect in a two-period crossover design,
      assuming normally distributed response variable, and use an objective Bayesian
      approach to test the hypothesis about the treatment effect and to estimate its
      size when it exists while accounting for the uncertainty about the presence of
      the carryover effect as well as the treatment and period effects. We evaluate and
      compare the performance of the proposed approach with a standard frequentist
      approach using simulated data, and real data. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27364102
TI  - LRRK2 interferes with aggresome formation for autophagic clearance.
AB  - Autosomal-dominant mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2
      (LRRK2) account for the most common monogenic form of Parkinson's disease (PD). A
      link between autophagy dysregulation and LRRK2 has consistently been reported,
      but it remains poorly defined which step is targeted by LRRK2. Here, we sought to
      examine the effect of LRRK2 on the sequestration and degradation of aggregated
      protein complexes for autophagic clearance. Because two major intracellular
      protein degradation systems, the ubiquitin proteasome system and the autophagy,
      are functionally coupled, proteasome inhibition is suggested to activate
      autophagy. So, we induced protein quality control-associated autophagy using the
      proteasome inhibitor MG132 in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and mice expressing
      G2019S mutant LRRK2 to uncover how the autophagy pathway is affected by LRRK2. We
      found that LRRK2 disrupted aggresome formation for autophagic clearance of
      accumulated protein aggregates. Specifically, we observed the following in
      differentiated SH-SY5Y cells with overexpressed wild-type and G2019S LRRK2: 1)
      large, clear, perinuclear aggresomes were not detected under MG132, instead, much
      smaller aggregates were broadly distributed in the cytosol; 2) enhanced
      accumulation of LC3-II and p62/ubiquitin-positive protein inclusions were noted;
      and 3) protein aggregates were not cleared even after a recovery period, which
      exacerbated the MG132-induced cytotoxicity. Notably, higher protein accumulation
      was detected in the brains of G2019S transgenic mice than in the brains of
      littermate control mice under proteasome inhibition. Our present findings provide
      insight into the precise mechanisms that underlie autophagy dysregulation in the
      brains of patients with PD with LRRK2 mutations.

PMID- 27364103
TI  - Production lost due to cervical cancer in Poland in 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Poland has one of the highest cervical cancer mortality rates in
      Europe. It is related to the problem of late diagnosis and low attendance rate in
      screening programs. The objective of the study has been to assess the annual
      production loss due to the cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in Poland in
      2012. The outcomes have been to provide comprehensive information on cervical
      cancer's influence on population's ability to work and its overall economic
      burden for the society. The study has also provided the methodological framework
      for disease-related production losses in Polish settings. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      The human capital method was used. The production losses were calculated in both
      monetary and quantitative terms (working days lost) due to 4 following reasons:
      1) temporary disability to work, 2) permanent disability, 3) informal care, and
      4) mortality. RESULTS: Cervical cancer resulted in approx. 702 964 working days
      lost in 2012 due to absence at work for both patients and care givers and a total
      number of 957 678 working days lost due to patients' mortality. The total value
      of production lost was assessed at 111.4 million euros. More than 66% of this
      value was attributed to women's mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The calculation of
      production lost due to cervical cancer burden provides strong evidence to support
      adequate health promotion and disease prevention actions. Actions promoting
      cervical cancer screening should be intensified including workplace health
      promotion activities. Med Pr 2016;67(3):289-299.

PMID- 27364104
TI  - Risk of occupational exposure to the HBV infection in non-clinical healthcare
      personnel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Occupational risk of blood-borne infections is investigated mostly
      among nurses and doctors, studies concerning non-clinical health personnel (nCHP)
      being rare. The analysis of the occupational exposure to the hepatitis B virus
      (HBV) infection and the history of vaccination against the HBV in the nCHP group
      has been the aim of the study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of
      458 cases of the occupational exposure to biological agents was conducted: group
      I - doctors (N = 121, 28%), group II - nursing staff (N = 251, 55%), group III -
      nCHP (N = 86, 19%). RESULTS: In the group III the source was usually unknown
      (group: I - 0.83%, II - 11.16%, III - 86.05%, p < 0.001), and the proportion of
      individuals vaccinated against hepatitis B before the exposure was the lowest
      (group: I - 98.35%, II - 97.19%, III - 77.91%, p < 0.001). In this group most
      exposures resulted from injuries caused by needles/sharps deposited in waste
      sacks (60%) or anywhere outside of the medical waste container (5%). The
      possibility of the HBV infection risk during the exposure was found in 25 cases
      and was significantly more frequent in the group III. The qualification for the
      HBV post-exposure prophylaxis was also significantly more frequent in the group
      III. CONCLUSIONS: The exposure to the occupational risk of the HBV infection also
      concerns the non-clinical healthcare personnel. The non-clinical healthcare
      personnel comprises one of the main groups of the HBV post-exposure recipients.
      It is essential to determine the causes of the low hepatitis B vaccination
      coverage in the nCHP and consider introduction of mandatory vaccination in this
      group in Poland. Med Pr 2016;67(3):301-310.

PMID- 27364105
TI  - Concomitant sensitization to glutaraldehyde and methacrylic monomers among
      dentists and their patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A multitude of methacrylic monomers is used in dentistry.
      Glutaraldehyde (G) is used in dental practice and consumer products as a broad
      spectrum antimicrobial agent. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the
      frequency and the risk of concomitant sensitization to some methacrylic monomers
      (methyl methacrylate (MMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA),
      ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), 2,2-bis-[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacrylo
      xypropoxy)phenyl]-propane (Bis-GMA), 2-hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) and
      tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (THFMA)) and glutaraldehyde in students of
      dentistry, students from the dental technician school, dental professionals and
      dental patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 262 participants were included
      in the study: students of dentistry, students from the dental technician school,
      dental professionals, and dental patients as a control group. All were patch
      tested with methacrylic monomers and glutaraldehyde. The results were subject to
      the statistical analysis (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Among the group of dental students,
      the highest frequency of concomitant sensitization was to TEGDMA and G (15.5%).
      In the group of patients the highest frequency of concomitant sensitization was
      to EGDMA and G (16.4%). The frequency of concomitant sensitization among dental
      professionals was much lower, with the highest rate to TEGDMA and G (7.7%), too.
      We consider the students from the dental technician school, where the exposure to
      glutaraldehyde is less likely, to be the group at a lesser risk of concomitant
      sensitization. CONCLUSIONS: Dental students and dental patients could be outlined
      as groups at the risk of concomitant sensitization to glutaraldehyde and
      methacrylic monomers. For dental professionals, we assumed an increased risk for
      concomitant sensitization to TEGDMA and aldehydes that are commonly used in
      dentistry. We consider the students from the dental technician school to be the
      group at a lesser risk of concomitant sensitization to glutaraldehyde and
      methacrylic monomers. Med Pr 2016;67(3):311-320.

PMID- 27364106
TI  - Dosages of ionizing radiation during limb diagnostic X-ray examinations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: X-ray examination is associated with the patient's exposure to
      ionizing radiation. The dose values depend on the type of the medical procedure
      used, the X-ray unit technical condition and exposure conditions selected by X
      ray technicians. The aim of this study has been to assess the entrance surface
      dose (ESD) values received by patients during the limb X-ray examination. The
      results should help doctors in making the decision about sending patients for X
      ray examination. At the same time the X-ray unit condition and examination method
      performance are important for the radiological protection of the medical staff.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study covered the total number of 118 X-ray units
      located in 56 public healthcare entities and private medical centers in the
      Masovian Voivodeship. The measurement of the radiation dose rate received by
      patients was based on our own research procedures. RESULTS: The research has
      found that there are even more than 10-fold differences in the dose values
      received by adult patients with several-fold differences in the case of children
      patients. The broadest dose value range for adult patients was related to femur
      radiography. The ESD values for this procedure ranged 70.9-765.2 MUGy (with the
      average value of 319.7 MUGy). The broadest dose value range for children was
      related to the knee radiography. The range for children aged 5 years old was 11.8
      95.8 MUGy (with the average value of 48.9 MUGy). CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to
      immediately implement X-ray room working procedures for the purpose of performing
      diagnostic examinations based on the existing model procedures. Med Pr
      2016;67(3):321-326.

PMID- 27364107
TI  - [Occurrence of occupational diseases in Poland, 2014].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the annual analysis of the incidence of occupational
      diseases in Poland is to evaluate the extent of the incidence and to identify its
      causes as well as activities involving factors that are harmful or annoying to
      such an extent that they result in occupational diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Occupational diseases reporting forms supplied to the Central Register of
      Occupational Diseases were used as the study material. RESULTS: In 2014, there
      were 2351 cases of occupational diseases recorded, i.e., 16.5 cases per 100
      thousand of employees. The most numerous categories comprised infectious or
      parasitic diseases (borreliosis), pneumoconiosis, voice disorders and hearing
      loss (in total 79.7% of cases). The main causative factors of occupational
      diseases were as follows: industrial dust containing free silica, tick
      transmitted Borrelia spirochete, and the way the work is done, including
      excessive vocal effort, and noise. The highest incidence per 100 thousand workers
      were recorded in mining and quarrying (296), manufacturing (24.9), education
      (24.6), agriculture and forestry (24.2) sectors. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the
      previous year, there was a slight increase in the number of cases of certified
      occupational diseases (6.2%), primarily due to the increased incidence of Lyme
      disease. The incidence of voice disorders among teachers continues to vary
      considerably in individual provinces (0-11.3/10 000), reflecting the use of non
      uniform diagnostic and certification methods. Med Pr 2016;67(3):327-335.

PMID- 27364108
TI  - [Do hearing threshold levels in workers of the furniture industry reflect their
      exposure to noise?].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to analyze the hearing status of employees
      of a furniture factory with respect to their exposure to noise and the presence
      of additional risk factors of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: Noise measurements, questionnaire survey and assessment of hearing,
      using pure tone audiometry, were carried out in 50 male workers, aged 20-57
      years, directly employed in the manufacture of furniture. The actual workers'
      hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were compared with the predictions calculated
      according to PN-ISO 1999:2000 based on age, gender and noise exposure. RESULTS:
      Workers under study were exposed to noise at daily noise exposure levels of 82.7
      94.8 dB (mean: 90.9 dB) for a period of 3-14 years. In all subjects, mean HTL at
      500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz did not exceed 25 dB. Nevertheless, high
      frequency notches were found in 11% of audiograms. The actual workers' HTLs at
      3000-6000 Hz were similar to those predicted using PN-ISO 1999:2000. There were
      statistical significant differences between HTLs in subgroups of people with
      higher (> 78 mm Hg) and lower (<= 78 mm Hg) diastolic blood pressure, smokers and
      non-smokers, and those working with organic solvents. Hearing loss was more
      evident in subjects affected by the additional risk factors specified above.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the need to consider, in addition to noise, also
      some other NIHL risk factors, such as tobacco smoking, elevated blood pressure,
      and co-exposure to organic solvents when estimating the risk of NIHL and
      developing the hearing conservation programs for workers. Med Pr 2016;67(3):337
      351.

PMID- 27364109
TI  - [Spread of nano-objects in the air as a result of switching-on a microwave].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Switching-on a microwave results in the creation of nano-sized
      particles, which can spread through the air of a given premise, e.g., room.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out to determine the number and
      surface concentrations as well as the mean particles size using a DiscMini
      measurement device distributed in 6 measuring points to track changes of particle
      parameters, primarily at the source of particle creation and in the area of local
      ventilation (fume cupboard), and also in other places, e.g., near the window or
      in the middle of the room. RESULTS: Where the fume cupboard was switched-off,
      i.e., normal pressure ventilation in the room, switching-on the microwave caused
      a 9.42-14.14-fold increase in the number concentration of nano-sized particles
      relative to the background and a 3.51-4.81-fold increase in the surface
      concentration. Where the fume cupboard was switched-on, i.e., negative pressure
      ventilation in the room switching-on the microwave caused a 3.20-4.43-fold
      increase in the number concentration of nano-size particles relative to the
      background and a 1.61-1.89-fold increase in the surface concentration.
      CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of the data shows that switching-on a microwave for 5
      min results in the creation of nano-objects already after about 3 min with the
      maximum concentration values after 12 min since switching-on the microwave in all
      6 measurement points distributed in the test room. This applies to both
      situations, i.e., when the fume cupboard was switchedoff or switched-on. Med Pr
      2016;67(3):353-363.

PMID- 27364110
TI  - [The way the quality of health services is perceived and treated by the
      managerial personnel of public hospitals].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Managerial knowledge and skills as well as profound understanding of
      goals and objectives of management determine the effectiveness and efficiency in
      all areas of managerial activities. In particular, this applies to the quality of
      healthcare services, perceived as a compliance between the effects (of medical
      treatment) and the assumed relevant objectives (defined/desired health
      condition). The aim of the research was to distinguish and define the way the
      health service quality is perceived by the hospital managerial personnel.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The questionnaire was mailed to 836 members of the
      managerial personnel of public hospitals in the Lodz province. Of this number 122
      questionnaires were returned. RESULTS: Only 22 (18.49%) of respondents presented
      the definition of quality. Attempts to meet patients' expectations and to satisfy
      them were found to be the prevailing perception of the healthcare quality and
      96.64% of respondents considered competences of medical staff contributory.
      Almost 64% of respondents disagree with the opinion that the number of medical
      staff does not affect the service quality. According to the respondents, a 46%
      increase in financial resources on average could significantly improve the
      quality of healthcare services. More than half (66.76%) of respondents claim that
      healthcare services that are available cover 82% of patients' needs. Almost 57%
      (56.52%) of respondents consider that the subordinate- superior relationship
      influences their work involvement. According to 42.61% of respondents, the
      offered incentives encourage actions for the quality improvement. CONCLUSIONS:
      The results of the research indicate the need to develop a clear cut definition
      of the health service quality by the managerial personnel of public hospitals and
      to change their understanding, perception and treatment of the discussed issue,
      which provides a basis for the effective and efficient hospital management. Med
      Pr 2016;67(3):365-373.

PMID- 27364111
TI  - [Physicians' knowledge on the work-related chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be induced by the
      work environment conditions. According to the estimates, 10-20% of all COPD cases
      are associated with occupational exposure to dusts and irritant gases. However,
      in 2014, only 11 cases of work-related COPD were recognized in Poland. The aim of
      the study was to analyze the reasons for the low incidence of work-related COPD
      in the context of pulmonologists' knowledge about occupational risk factors and
      procedures on reporting suspected occupational diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A
      survey included 94 pulmonologists randomly selected out of 225 specialists
      registered at the Local Physicians Chamber in Lodz. The study was performed
      anonymously with the use of original questionnaire. RESULTS: More than a half of
      the surveyed pulmonologists identified environmental risk factors for COPD
      correctly, while only 23.4% properly identified the main occupational risk
      factors as the cause of COPD. Only 58.5% of the pulmonologists always asked their
      patients suffering from COPD about their job/profession and 60.6% of them did not
      have any knowledge about procedures on reporting suspected occupational diseases.
      CONCLUSIONS: The physicians rarely ask patients suffering from COPD about their
      job/profession and the relationship between their ailments and occupational
      exposure. What is more, they do not know legal regulations on proper referral of
      a patient with a suspected case of occupational disease. The results of the study
      clearly indicate that there is an urgent need for increasing pulmonologists'
      knowledge on work-related COPD. Med Pr 2016;67(3):375-384.

PMID- 27364112
TI  - [Multiwork and satisfaction with various life domains: Analysis of sex, gender,
      occupational and age differences].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Contemporary multiwork definitely changes its face, and statistics
      show that Poland is in the forefront of European countries in terms of the number
      of multiworkers. The question arises whether the provision of work for more than
      one employer can influence personal and professional satisfaction, and whether
      job satisfaction, satisfaction with marriage and satisfaction with life are
      differentiated by sex, gender, age and a job position. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      study involved 218 multiworkers and 218 monoworkers. The subjects completed the
      following research tools: a survey, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Job
      Description Questionnaire, the Job Affect Scale, the Scale of Masculinity and
      Femininity. RESULTS: The research shows that multiwork differentiates
      satisfaction with organization and management. Sex, gender, age and job position
      affect the whole system of satisfaction dimensions, especially satisfaction with
      work and with life. Interaction of multiwork and age, sex, and job position
      differentiate satisfaction with certain aspects of job. CONCLUSIONS: The results
      of the study contribute to the deepening of knowledge about psychosocial
      functioning of multiworkers and the phenomenon of multiwork. Med Pr
      2016;67(3):385-395.

PMID- 27364113
TI  - [Fullerenes: Characteristics of the substance, biological effects and
      occupational exposure levels].
AB  - Fullerenes are molecules composed of an even number of carbon atoms of a
      spherical or an ellipsoidal, closed spatial structure. The most common fullerene
      is the C60 molecule with a spherical structure - a truncated icosahedron,
      compared to a football. Fullerenes are widely used in the diagnostics and
      medicine, but also in the electronics and energy industry. Occupational exposure
      to fullerene may occur during its production. The occupational concentrations of
      fullerenes reached 0.12-1.2 MU/m3 for nanoparticles fraction (< 100 nm), which
      may evidence low exposure levels. However, fullerene mostly agglomerates into
      larger particles. Absorption of fullerene by oral and respiratory routes is low,
      and it is not absorbed by skin. After intravenous administration, fullerene
      accumulates mainly in the liver but also in the spleen and the kidneys. In animal
      experiments there was no irritation or skin sensitization caused by fullerene,
      and only mild irritation to the eyes. Fullerene induced transient inflammation in
      the lungs in inhalation studies in rodents. Oral exposure does not lead to major
      adverse effects. Fullerene was not mutagenic, genotoxic or carcinogenic in
      experimental research. However, fullerene may cause harmful effects on the mice
      fetus when administered intraperitoneally or intravenously. Pristine C60
      fullerene is characterized by poor absorption and low toxicity, and it does not
      pose a risk in the occupational environment. The authors of this study are of the
      opinion that there is no ground for estimating the maximum allowable
      concentration (NDS) of pristine fullerene C60. Fullerene derivatives, due to
      different characteristics, require separate analysis in terms of occupational
      risk assessment. Med Pr 2016;67(3):397-410. 

PMID- 27364114
TI  - [Effects of radio- and microwaves emitted by wireless communication devices on
      the functions of the nervous system selected elements].
AB  - Nervous system is the most "electric" system in the human body. The research of
      the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of different frequencies on its
      functioning have been carried out for years. This paper presents the results of
      the scientific literature review on the EMF influence on the functioning of the
      human nervous system with a particular emphasis on the recent studies of the
      modern wireless communication and data transmission systems. In the majority of
      the analyzed areas the published research results do not show EMF effects on the
      nervous system, except for the influence of GSM telephony signal on resting EEG
      and EEG during patients' sleep and the influence of radiofrequency EMF on the
      cardiovascular regulation. In other analyzed areas (EMF impact on sleep, the
      evoked potentials and cognitive processes), there are no consistent results
      supporting any influence of electromagnetic fields. Neurophysiological studies of
      the effect of radio- and microwaves on the brain functions in humans are still
      considered inconclusive. This is among others due to, different exposure
      conditions, a large number of variables tested, deficiencies in repeatability of
      research and statistical uncertainties. However, methodological guidelines are
      already available giving a chance of unifying research that definitely needs to
      be continued in order to identify biophysical mechanisms of interaction between
      EMFs and the nervous system. One of the EMF research aspects, on which more and
      more attention is paid, are inter-individual differences. Med Pr 2016;67(3):411
      421. 

PMID- 27364115
TI  - Recurrence of Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Without Uveitis, in a Patient with
      Previous Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome After Transplant.
AB  - We report a case of recurrent tubulointerstitial nephritis without uveitis in a
      patient with previous tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome after
      transplant. A 26-year-old male patient who had been diagnosed with
      tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome at 8 years of age developed end
      stage renal failure and subsequently underwent living-donor related renal
      transplant at 17 years old. The 1st recurrence of tubulointerstitial nephritis
      and uveitis occurred 36 months after transplant, which was treated with increased
      immunosuppressive drugs. Graft function worsened again to estimated glomerular
      filtration rate of 25 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 76 months after transplant. Transplant
      ultrasonography was unremarkable. Virology tests (including cytomegalovirus, BK
      virus, and Epstein-Barr virus tests) were all negative, with negative donor
      specific antibodies. Urine protein creatinine ratio was unremarkable. A biopsy
      showed chronic allograft rejection and graft sclerosis, and immunosuppressive
      medications were subsequently decreased. The patient's renal function continued
      to decline over the next 3 months, with estimated glomerular filtration rate
      showing 18 mL/min/1.73 m2, prompting a further renal biopsy that showed
      granulomatous interstitial nephritis and moderate interstitial fibrosis. This was
      consistent with a further relapse of tubulointerstitial nephritis but without
      uveitis. His renal function improved over the next few months after tacrolimus
      was reintroduced.

PMID- 27364116
TI  - Band-like transport in highly crystalline graphene films from defective graphene
      oxides.
AB  - The electrical transport property of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin-films
      synthesized from defective GO through thermal treatment in a reactive ethanol
      environment at high temperature above 1000  degrees C shows a band-like transport
      with small thermal activation energy (Ea~10 meV) that occurs during high carrier
      mobility (~210 cm(2)/Vs). Electrical and structural analysis using X-ray
      absorption fine structure, the valence band photo-electron, Raman spectra and
      transmission electron microscopy indicate that a high temperature process above
      1000  degrees C in the ethanol environment leads to an extraordinary expansion of
      the conjugated pi-electron system in rGO due to the efficient restoration of the
      graphitic structure. We reveal that Ea decreases with the increasing density of
      states near the Fermi level due to the expansion of the conjugated pi-electron
      system in the rGO. This means that Ea corresponds to the energy gap between the
      top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band. The origin of the
      band-like transport can be explained by the carriers, which are more easily
      excited into the conduction band due to the decreasing energy gap with the
      expansion of the conjugated pi-electron system in the rGO.

PMID- 27364117
TI  - Reply to: Accuracy and reproducibility of the ETDRS visual acuity chart:
      methodological issues.

PMID- 27364118
TI  - Is Helicobacter pylori the culprit behind central serous chorioretinopathy?

PMID- 27364119
TI  - Helicobacter pylori is the culprit behind central serous chorioretinopathy.

PMID- 27364120
TI  - En face Integrated Central Avascular Zone (EFICAZ): a noninvasive tool for
      correlating morphological and functional damage in central diabetic macular
      edema.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As numerous factors account for diabetic maculopathy, retinal
      thickness alone is poorly correlated to visual function in diabetic macular
      edema. En face optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables assessing retinal
      changes at specific layers. By averaging several planes, overall changes can be
      better appreciated. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a consecutive group of 16
      patients (30 eyes) with diabetic macular edema in at least one eye, was compared
      to a control group of 17 healthy subjects (34 eyes). Healthy volunteers and
      diabetic patients being seen as part of their regular care underwent swept source
      OCT fundus imaging. En face Integrated Central Avascular Zone (EFICAZ) was
      manually determined and measured on images obtained by swept-source optical
      coherence tomography (OCT). EFICAZ was then compared between both populations
      and, for diabetic patients, correlated with best corrected visual acuity, as
      measured by the Snellen chart. RESULTS: In healthy subjects, a moderate
      correlation was found between age and EFICAZ (Pearson's coefficient = 0.45, P =
      0.01). In age-matched populations (mean age of 63 +/- 3.8 years for eight healthy
      subjects and 62.7 +/- 8.9 years for diabetic patients; P = 0.9), EFICAZ was
      significantly higher in diabetic than non-diabetic eyes (2.92 +/- 1.10 mm2 versus
      1.86 +/- 0.53 mm2; P < 0.01). In diabetic patients, correlation between the size
      of EFICAZ and visual acuity (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0 .72, P <
      0.001) was stronger than between OCT measured central subfield retinal thickness
      and visual acuity (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.02, N.S). CONCLUSIONS:
      EFICAZ increases with age in normal subjects. It is significantly larger in
      diabetic than in non-diabetic subjects. It offers a better way to determine
      visual acuity than OCT measurement of central retinal thickness. This new
      approach, which takes into account several factors involved in diabetic
      maculopathy, could be useful in monitoring response to therapy. It can easily be
      combined with other modalities.

PMID- 27364122
TI  - Gp96-Ig/Costimulator (OX40L, ICOSL, or 4-1BBL) Combination Vaccine Improves T
      cell Priming and Enhances Immunity, Memory, and Tumor Elimination.
AB  - T-cell costimulation typically occurs in a defined microenvironment that is not
      recapitulated by agonistic antibody therapy. To deliver such stimulation under
      more favorable conditions, we investigated whether an allogeneic cell-based
      vaccine that secreted Fc-OX40L, Fc-ICOSL, or Fc-4-1BBL would activate and expand
      T cells comparably with systemically administered agonist antibodies. Among these
      costimulators, locally secreted Fc-OX40L provided superior priming of antigen
      specific CD8(+) T cells, compared with combinations with OX40 antibodies or
      vaccine alone. Vaccine-expressed Fc-OX40L also stimulated IFNgamma, TNFalpha,
      granzyme B, and IL2 by antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells similarly to OX40
      antibodies, without off-target consequences such as proinflammatory cytokine
      induction. Vaccine-secreted Fc-OX40L increased CD127(+)KLRG-1(-) memory precursor
      cells during the contraction phase, resulting in improved proliferation upon
      secondary antigen challenge, as compared with OX40 antibody. A cell-based vaccine
      cosecreting gp96-Ig and Fc-OX40L led to even more pronounced tumor control,
      complete tumor rejection, and increased tumor antigen-specific T-cell
      proliferation, including in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, as compared with
      combinations of gp96-Ig vaccine and OX40 antibodies, in mice with established
      melanoma or colorectal carcinoma. These data suggest that local modulation of the
      vaccine microenvironment has unexpected advantages over systemic costimulation
      with agonistic antibodies, which may simplify the clinical translation of such
      combination immunotherapies into humans. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(9); 766-78.
      (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364121
TI  - Hard-Wired Control of Bacterial Processes by Chromosomal Gene Location.
AB  - Bacterial processes, such as stress responses and cell differentiation, are
      controlled at many different levels. While some factors, such as transcriptional
      regulation, are well appreciated, the importance of chromosomal gene location is
      often underestimated or even completely neglected. A combination of environmental
      parameters and the chromosomal location of a gene determine how many copies of
      its DNA are present at a given time during the cell cycle. Here, we review
      bacterial processes that rely, completely or partially, on the chromosomal
      location of involved genes and their fluctuating copy numbers. Special attention
      will be given to the several different ways in which these copy-number
      fluctuations can be used for bacterial cell fate determination or coordination of
      interdependent processes in a bacterial cell.

PMID- 27364123
TI  - Environments Associated with Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary
      Behavior of Colorectal Cancer Survivors.
AB  - PURPOSE: Physical activity (PA) is an effective intervention for improving the
      quality of life of colorectal cancer survivors (CRC) and may reduce the risk of
      cancer recurrence and cancer specific and all-cause mortality. However, most CRC
      survivors are not sufficiently active to receive these benefits. Sedentary
      behavior (SB) has also been linked to morbidity and mortality risk independent of
      activity level, thereby presenting an additional opportunity to improve health
      outcomes of CRC survivors. The built environment is known to influence PA and SB;
      however, little is known about where CRC survivors engage in PA and SB. The
      objective of this exploratory study was to objectively identify locations where
      CRC survivors engage in PA and SB in order to inform health promoting
      interventions. METHOD: Activity and location of CRC survivors (n = 31) was
      monitored for 1 week between January 2014 and April 2015 in Nova Scotia, Canada.
      Bouts of PA and SB were time-matched with GPS data to attribute bouts to specific
      geographic locations. RESULTS: Participants' home environment was the main
      location for both time spent in PA bouts (73.7 %) and time spent in SB bouts
      (90.5 %). CONCLUSION: This study is the first to objectively identify
      environments where CRC survivors are active and sedentary. These findings
      highlight the importance of considering the home environment when developing
      intervention strategies to increase PA and reduce SB in CRC survivors.

PMID- 27364124
TI  - Interleukin-9 promotes cell survival and drug resistance in diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interleukin-9 (IL-9) was discovered as a helper T cell growth factor.
      It has long been recognized as an important regulator in allergic inflammation.
      Recent years it was discovered to induce cell growth and differentiation of
      multiple transformed cells. However, its oncogenic activities in B-cell lymphomas
      have not been reported in detail. METHODS: Serum levels of IL-9 in DLBCL patients
      were quantified by ELISA, and its clinical significance was analysed. The
      expression of IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) was investigated in lymphoma cell lines by RT
      PCR and western blot, respectively. In DLBCL cell lines LY1 and LY8, IL-9R genes
      were knocked down by RNA interference and stable transfected cells were selected
      with puromycin. Normal and final siIL-9R (and siControl) LY1 and LY8 cells were
      treated with IL-9 alone and in synergy with chemotherapeutic drugs. Cell
      proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by Brdu incorporation and flow
      cytometric analysis. The mRNA of apoptosis regulation genes were measured with
      real-time PCR. RESULTS: Elevated serum levels of IL-9 were detected in DLBCL
      patients (24/30) compared to healthy controls (0/15). Positive expression of IL-9
      (defined as a serum level >=1 pg/ml) was correlated with lower serum albumin
      levels and high international prognostic index (IPI) scores. IL-9R was expressed
      in both mRNA and protein levels in the five lymphoma cell lines, including LY1,
      LY8, MINO, SP53 and Jurkat. In vitro studies showed that IL-9 directly induced
      proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in LY1 and LY8 cells. It protects LY1 and
      LY8 cells from prednisolone induced apoptosis, and promotes their proliferation
      that were inhibited by rituximab, vincristine and prednisolone. Its molecular
      mechanism may be concerned with upregulating expression of p21CIP1 gene. Knock
      down of IL-9R gene could reverse the effects of IL-9 on LY1 and LY8 cells.
      CONCLUSIONS: IL-9 is associated with clinical features of DLBCL patients. It
      promotes survival of DLBCL cells and reduces the sensitivities of tumor cells to
      chemotherapeutic drugs via upregulation of p21CIP1 genes.

PMID- 27364125
TI  - Valence and Conduction Band Densities of States of Metal Halide Perovskites: A
      Combined Experimental-Theoretical Study.
AB  - We report valence and conduction band densities of states measured via
      ultraviolet and inverse photoemission spectroscopies on three metal halide
      perovskites, specifically methylammonium lead iodide and bromide and cesium lead
      bromide (MAPbI3, MAPbBr3, CsPbBr3), grown at two different institutions on
      different substrates. These are compared with theoretical densities of states
      (DOS) calculated via density functional theory. The qualitative agreement
      achieved between experiment and theory leads to the identification of valence and
      conduction band spectral features, and allows a precise determination of the
      position of the band edges, ionization energy and electron affinity of the
      materials. The comparison reveals an unusually low DOS at the valence band
      maximum (VBM) of these compounds, which confirms and generalizes previous
      predictions of strong band dispersion and low DOS at the MAPbI3 VBM. This low DOS
      calls for special attention when using electron spectroscopy to determine the
      frontier electronic states of lead halide perovskites. 

PMID- 27364126
TI  - Climate change impacts on pollination.

PMID- 27364127
TI  - Development: A new function of plant trichomes.

PMID- 27364128
TI  - Is modern wheat bad for health?

PMID- 27364129
TI  - Organic farming and deforestation.

PMID- 27364130
TI  - Are the claimed benefits of organic agriculture justified?

PMID- 27364131
TI  - Reply to 'Are the claimed benefits of organic agriculture justified?'.

PMID- 27364132
TI  - Reply to 'Organic farming and deforestation'.

PMID- 27364133
TI  - Plasma membrane: Negative attraction.

PMID- 27364138
TI  - Speed reading.

PMID- 27364139
TI  - Charge storage in oxygen deficient phases of TiO2: defect Physics without
      defects.
AB  - Defects in semiconductors can exhibit multiple charge states, which can be used
      for charge storage applications. Here we consider such charge storage in a series
      of oxygen deficient phases of TiO2, known as Magneli phases. These Magneli phases
      (TinO2n-1) present well-defined crystalline structures, i.e., their deviation
      from stoichiometry is accommodated by changes in space group as opposed to point
      defects. We show that these phases exhibit intermediate bands with an electronic
      quadruple donor transitions akin to interstitial Ti defect levels in rutile TiO2.
      Thus, the Magneli phases behave as if they contained a very large pseudo-defect
      density: 1/2 per formula unit TinO2n-1. Depending on the Fermi Energy the whole
      material will become charged. These crystals are natural charge storage materials
      with a storage capacity that rivals the best known supercapacitors.

PMID- 27364140
TI  - Cooperativity Has Empirical and Ultimate Levels of Explanation.
AB  - Controversy over the meaning of pharmacological parameters often arises because
      of a lack of appreciation of different hierarchical levels of analysis. In a
      recent letter in Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, Zhang and Kavana [1]
      concluded that my two-state model for allosterism lacks cooperativity, even
      though Figures 5 and 6 in my review [2] illustrate examples of how the two-state
      model yields specific cooperativity values. Here, I explain how the two-state
      model (receptor-state analysis) gives rise to the cooperativity parameter (alpha)
      of the allosteric ternary complex model (receptor-population analysis).

PMID- 27364141
TI  - [Laparoscopic versus open rectal cancer resection: oncologically equal?].
AB  - The oncological equivalence of laparoscopic and open rectal cancer resection was
      evaluated in four multicenter randomized controlled trials. The COLOR II and the
      COREAN trials demonstrated oncological equivalence; however, the ACOSOG and the
      ALaCaRT studies came to a different conclusion. In the latter two studies a
      composite endpoint that assessed the quality of the mesorectal specimen, the
      completeness of tumor-free circumferential and distal resection margins was
      chosen. In both trials a higher success rate for open surgery was shown;
      nevertheless, the validity of this composite endpoint has not been proven and no
      conclusions on solid oncological endpoints can be drawn. The COLOR II and the
      COREAN trial therefore remain the only available studies which investigated solid
      oncological endpoints, such as local recurrence and disease-free survival over an
      adequate follow-up time period of 3 years; however, the comparability of the
      study groups at least of the COLOR II trial needs to be called into question as
      only the experience of the laparoscopic surgeons was assessed. With a local
      recurrence rate of 5 % in both groups the oncological quality seems nevertheless
      to be good; therefore, a systematically inadequate control group should not be
      assumed. At this point it can be concluded that a good oncological outcome can be
      achieved with laparoscopic rectal resection in the hands of experts. For a final
      assessment the long-term results of the on-going trials needs to be awaited. If
      the promising results for laparoscopic surgery of the COLOR II trial are
      confirmed laparoscopic rectal resection should be preferred to open resection in
      the future. This conclusion is based on the generally known perioperative
      benefits of minimally invasive surgery. 

PMID- 27364142
TI  - Opioid America: Two Heroes and Two Culprits.

PMID- 27364143
TI  - Steady-state visually evoked potential correlates of human body perception.
AB  - In cognitive neuroscience, interest in the neuronal basis underlying the
      processing of human bodies is steadily increasing. Based on functional magnetic
      resonance imaging studies, it is assumed that the processing of pictures of human
      bodies is anchored in a network of specialized brain areas comprising the
      extrastriate and the fusiform body area (EBA, FBA). An alternative to examine the
      dynamics within these networks is electroencephalography, more specifically so
      called steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEPs). In SSVEP tasks, a visual
      stimulus is presented repetitively at a predefined flickering rate and typically
      elicits a continuous oscillatory brain response at this frequency. This brain
      response is characterized by an excellent signal-to-noise ratio-a major advantage
      for source reconstructions. The main goal of present study was to demonstrate the
      feasibility of this method to study human body perception. To that end, we
      presented pictures of bodies and contrasted the resulting SSVEPs to two control
      conditions, i.e., non-objects and pictures of everyday objects (chairs). We found
      specific SSVEPs amplitude differences between bodies and both control conditions.
      Source reconstructions localized the SSVEP generators to a network of temporal,
      occipital and parietal areas. Interestingly, only body perception resulted in
      activity differences in middle temporal and lateral occipitotemporal areas, most
      likely reflecting the EBA/FBA.

PMID- 27364144
TI  - Assessment of autonomic function in a cohort of patients with ANCA-associated
      vasculitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess symptoms and objective parameters of autonomic dysfunction
      (AD) in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitides. METHODS: Symptoms and
      objective parameters of AD were assessed in patients with ANCA-associated
      vasculitis and in age-matched healthy controls. Autonomic symptoms were explored
      by COMPASS31, a validated questionnaire addressing symptoms of six autonomic
      domains (orthostatic, vasomotor, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, pupillomotor,
      and bladder dysfunction). Objective autonomic parameters consisted of
      expiratory/inspiratory (E/I) ratio during the deep breathing test (DBT), blood
      pressure response to cold pressor test (CPT), and skin conductance changes during
      mental arithmetic. RESULTS: 27 patients and 27 healthy controls have been
      enrolled. 27 patients and 27 controls completed COMPASS31. 21 patients and 18
      controls underwent objective autonomic testing. Vasculitis patients had
      significantly higher COMPASS31 total scores than controls (median 10.4 vs 3.0; p
      = 0.005). In the sub-domain analysis, significant differences were seen in the
      vasomotor and the bladder domain (p = 0.004; p < 0.001, respectively). No
      correlation was found between COMPASS31 score and disease duration, number of
      affected organs, or Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS). There was no
      significant difference in any of the objective autonomic parameters between
      patients and controls. In a subgroup analysis, no difference in objective
      autonomic parameters was found between patients with active disease (n = 12) and
      patients in remission (n = 7). CONCLUSION: Patients with ANCA-associated
      vasculitides commonly have symptoms of autonomic dysfunction that are independent
      of disease duration and disease severity. However, at least in this single-centre
      observation, there was no evidence of impaired autonomic regulation in three
      autonomic function tests in vasculitis patients.

PMID- 27364145
TI  - Articular shear injuries of the capitellum in adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fractures of the capitellum are rare and are commonly classified into
      4 types. Type II variants involve a shear injury with a mostly articular
      cartilage component and little subchondral bone. Symptoms upon presentation after
      these injuries are variable, and the diagnosis can be difficult to make in the
      immature skeleton. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 3 cases of type II
      capitellar fractures in adolescent athletes who presented for evaluation with the
      senior author. RESULTS: All patients were initially treated conservatively,
      without identification or treatment of the capitellar shear component of their
      injury. Unfortunately, radiocapitellar arthrosis rapidly developed in all 3 and
      required surgical intervention at our institution. At an average postoperative
      follow-up of 49 months from the index procedure, patients ultimately had positive
      outcomes despite advanced degenerative changes on imaging. One patient required 2
      subsequent operations for mechanical symptoms and pain. DISCUSSION: The 3
      reported cases represent adolescent, athletic patients with missed shear injuries
      to the capitellum. These patients exhibited low Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and
      Hand scores and high Mayo Elbow Performance Scores at final follow-up, but each
      patient demonstrated advanced degenerative changes on imaging, and 1 patient
      required 2 subsequent operations for mechanical symptoms and pain. A high index
      of suspicion is necessary to identify this injury pattern, and proper plain
      radiographic imaging with a low threshold for advanced imaging is necessary.
      Although the overall long-term prognosis is unknown for these patients, early
      recognition likely would have changed the initial conservative management
      decision in each and, theoretically, might have altered the outcome for these
      patients.

PMID- 27364146
TI  - Intraoperative fluoroscopic assessment of proper prosthetic radial head height.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selecting a properly sized radial head prosthesis is imperative
      during radial head replacement. Although there has been much emphasis on avoiding
      overlengthening of the radius, little has been studied about how to avoid
      shortening. The purpose of this study was to characterize how a radial head
      replacement appears on intraoperative fluoroscopy depending on the height of the
      prosthetic radial head. METHODS: Articular cartilage thickness of the radial head
      was measured in 9 cadaveric elbows. Radial head replacement was performed in each
      specimen with 4 different prosthetic head heights: 4 mm and 2 mm shortening,
      anatomic, and 2 mm overlengthening. Anteroposterior fluoroscopic images were
      obtained for each head height, and the prosthetic radial head height was measured
      at 3 forearm positions (supination, neutral, and pronation) using the subchondral
      bone of the lateral edge of the coronoid at the reference point. RESULTS: The
      mean cartilage thickness of the radial head was 1.3 +/- 0.4 mm. The prosthetic
      radial head appeared 2.2 +/- 0.4 mm more proximal than the subchondral bone of
      the coronoid lateral edge in anteroposterior radiographs when the articular
      surface of the prosthesis was completely even with the coronoid articular
      surface. Unlike the native radial head, a prosthetic radial head showed a
      significant change of height with different forearm rotation (P < .001).
      DISCUSSION: This study found that a perfectly anatomic radial head replacement
      appears overlengthened by approximately 2 mm in intraoperative radiographs. This
      finding can be useful in guiding the appropriate height of a prosthetic radial
      head.

PMID- 27364147
TI  - Acquiring Foreign Language Vocabulary Through Meaningful Linguistic Context:
      Where is the Limit to Vocabulary Learning?
AB  - The present studies examined the effects of varying degrees of unfamiliar
      vocabulary within written discourse on individuals' abilities to use linguistic
      context for the purposes of translation and comprehension (i.e., lexical
      inferencing). Prose varied in the number of foreign words introduced into each
      sentence (e.g., 0 through 7 content words per sentence). Furthermore, Krashen's
      Input Hypothesis and the Evaluation component of the Involvement Load Hypothesis
      were tested to determine the degree at which non-comprehensible input hinders the
      ability of a learner to successfully use linguistic context for translation and
      comprehension. Results indicated that, as the number of foreign words per
      sentence, i.e., non-comprehensible input, increased the ability to successfully
      translate foreign words and create situational models for comprehension begins to
      decrease especially beyond five unfamiliar words per sentence. This result
      suggests that there is an optimal level of effectiveness in the use of a
      linguistic context strategy for learning foreign language vocabulary, but also
      that there is a limit to the strategy's effectiveness. Implications and
      applications to the field of foreign language learning are discussed.

PMID- 27364148
TI  - An outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis associated with raw goat milk and cheese
      consumption, Croatia, 2015.
AB  - The aim of this report is to emphasize the risk of acquiring TBE by the
      consumption of raw milk and dairy products. In April-May 2015, we registered the
      first outbreak of tick-borne encephalitis in Croatia in seven members out of ten
      exposed persons who consumed raw goat milk or cheese from the same supplier.
      Infection was confirmed by TBEV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all
      patients. None had been vaccinated nor had observed a tick bite. 

PMID- 27364149
TI  - The impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment on employment, income, treatment
      decisions and financial assistance and their relationship to socioeconomic and
      disease factors.
AB  - PURPOSE: The financial impact of cancer diagnosis and treatment can be
      considerable to individuals and their households, leading to changes in treatment
      decision making. This study aimed to quantify effects on income and employment;
      describe how cost-related factors influence treatment decision making and need
      for financial assistance; and to identify patient sociodemographic factors
      associated with treatment decision making, use of financial assistance and
      financial effects. METHODS: A cross-sectional self-report questionnaire was
      administered to oncology outpatients from two hospitals in Australia: one
      regional and one metropolitan. RESULTS: Of 255 participants, 67 % indicated a
      change in employment and 63 % of those reported reduced household income since
      their diagnosis. Travel (15 %), loss of income (14 %) and cost of treatments (11
      %) were commonly cited factors influencing treatment decision making. Seventy
      four percent of participants reported that they did not access financial
      assistance, with more than a third (37 %) of those being unaware that financial
      assistance was available. Being currently not employed and more recent diagnosis
      were associated with a reduced income since diagnosis. After adjusting for
      employment status and age, patients with private health insurance had higher odds
      of reporting that financial factors had influenced treatment decision making (OR
      = 2.5). CONCLUSION: Unemployment is a major driver of the financial impact of
      cancer. The costs of treatment may be particularly challenging for those with
      private health insurance who are more likely to be treated in the private health
      system where out-of-pocket costs are greater. Improved access to financial
      assistance is required to better avoid potential inequities.

PMID- 27364150
TI  - Evaluation of sarcopenia in small-cell lung cancer patients by routine chest CT.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Single cross-sectional area of muscle at the third lumbar vertebra
      (L3MA) is gold standard to estimate skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and L3 muscle
      index (L3MI, L3MA/height(2)) is used to determine sarcopenia. The purposes of
      this study were to evaluate the relationship between SMM indices determined by
      routine chest CT and L3MI in patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and to
      suggest chest CT-derived diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. METHODS: Area of
      pectoralis muscles at the aortic arch (PMA) and at L1 (L1MA) was retrospectively
      measured on chest CT images of 90 consecutive SCLC patients. Pearson's
      correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to assess
      relationships between L3MI determined by PET/CT and pectoralis muscle index (PMI)
      and L1 muscle index (L1MI) determined by chest CT. RESULTS: The correlation
      between L1MI and L3MI was stronger than that between PMI and L3MI (r = 0.851 vs.
      r = 0.447, p < 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis showed that L1MI was the
      only significant predictor of L3MI; L3MI = 0.963 * L1MI + 10.336 (R (2)  = 0.689,
      p < 0.001) for male and L3MI = 0.772 * L1MI + 16.518 (R (2)  = 0.777, p < 0.001)
      for female. Using this relationship, estimated cutoffs of L1MI for sarcopenia
      were 46 cm(2)/m(2) for male and 29 cm(2)/m(2) for female (L3MI cutoffs for
      sarcopenia are 55 cm(2)/m(2) for male and 39 cm(2)/m(2) for female). The
      sensitivity and specificity of L1MI cutoffs to determine sarcopenia were 98.2 and
      100 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Chest CT-determined L1MI is highly correlated
      with L3MI in SCLC patients. L1MI, as determined by chest CT, could be used to
      determine the presence of sarcopenia with suggested cutoffs of 46 cm(2)/m(2) for
      men and 29 cm(2)/m(2) for women.

PMID- 27364151
TI  - The impact of cancer and quality of life among long-term survivors of breast
      cancer in Austria.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study explores the relationship between the perceived impact of
      cancer among long-term breast cancer survivors, sociodemographic and clinical
      variables, and mental and physical health-related quality of life outcomes in
      Austria. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-two long-term survivors of breast cancer
      (on average 13 years after initial diagnosis) completed three mailed surveys,
      including the Short Form-36 (SF-36), the Impact of Cancer (version 2) to assess
      the perceived positive and negative aspects of cancer survivorship, and a general
      sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire. Linear regression models were
      constructed to determine the effects of the perceived positive and negative
      impact of cancer on mental and physical health-related quality of life. RESULTS:
      Respondents reported a physical health status that centered on population norms
      for Austria, but scored lower on mental health status. After controlling for age,
      chemotherapy, exercise, and BMI, the positive impact of cancer was associated
      with improved physical functioning (p = 0.0014) and the negative impact of cancer
      was associated with poorer physical functioning (p < 0.0001). After controlling
      for age, marital status, the belief in emotional distress as a cause of cancer,
      and high stress levels, the negative impact of cancer was associated with poorer
      mental functioning (p < 0.0001). Higher perceived positive impact of cancer was
      not associated with improved mental functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term survivors
      of breast cancer in Austria perceive both positive and negative impacts of breast
      cancer. These perceptions, in particular the negative impact of cancer, appear to
      influence, or are potentially influenced by, physical and mental health-related
      quality of life.

PMID- 27364152
TI  - Diagnostic efficacy and therapeutic impact of computed tomography in the
      evaluation of clinically suspected otosclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic efficacy and therapeutic impact of CT in
      evaluating patients with clinically suspected otosclerosis. METHODS: CT scans
      performed over a 5-year period for clinically suspected otosclerosis were
      retrospectively reviewed. CT diagnoses were correlated with subsequent surgical
      management. For otosclerosis positive cases, clinically significant extensions of
      otosclerosis were correlated with audiometry and the diagnosis was correlated
      with surgical findings. RESULTS: Of 259 CT studies, 46 % of patients were
      positive, 49 % negative and 5 % equivocal for otosclerosis. A relevant
      alternative CT diagnosis was evident in 33 % of the negative studies. One
      targeted surgery was performed for every four CT studies. CT outcome influenced
      the decision to perform stapedectomy in 41 % CT-positive versus 4 % CT-negative
      patients. CT-positive ears for otosclerosis could not be predicted from baseline
      clinical or audiometric criteria. Those with endosteal extension demonstrated
      lower bone conduction thresholds presurgically. The positive predictive value of
      CT diagnosis of otosclerosis was 100 %. CONCLUSIONS: CT demonstrated a high rate
      of clinically relevant diagnoses in both CT-positive and -negative for
      otosclerosis patients, and this frequently influenced surgical management. CT
      also added value by demonstrating relevant extensions of the otosclerotic foci,
      some of which were predictive of audiometric parameters. KEY POINTS: * CT
      demonstrates a high rate of alternative diagnoses in suspected otosclerosis, 1:3.
      * CT results in a high rate of targeted surgery in suspected otosclerosis, 1:4. *
      CT prevents exploratory surgery in suspected otosclerosis. * Endosteal extension
      of otosclerosis is predictive of lower bone conduction tresholds presurgically. *
      The PPV of CT diagnosis of otosclerosis was 100 %.

PMID- 27364153
TI  - Cytotoxicity of the Roots of Trillium govanianum Against Breast (MCF7), Liver
      (HepG2), Lung (A549) and Urinary Bladder (EJ138) Carcinoma Cells.
AB  - Trillium govanianum Wall. (Melanthiaceae alt. Trilliaceae), commonly known as
      'nag chhatri' or 'teen patra', is a native species of the Himalayas. It is used
      in various traditional medicines containing both steroids and sex hormones. In
      folk medicine, the rhizomes of T. govanianum are used to treat boils, dysentery,
      inflammation, menstrual and sexual disorders, as an antiseptic and in wound
      healing. With the only exception of the recent report on the isolation of a new
      steroidal saponin, govanoside A, together with three known steroidal compounds
      with antifungal property from this plant, there has been no systematic
      pharmacological and phytochemical work performed on T. govanianum. This paper
      reports, for the first time, on the cytotoxicity of the methanol extract of the
      roots of T. govanianum and its solid-phase extraction (SPE) fractions against
      four human carcinoma cell lines: breast (MCF7), liver (HEPG2), lung (A549) and
      urinary bladder (EJ138), using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5
      diphenyltetrazoliumbromide cytotoxicity assay and liquid chromatography and
      electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of
      the SPE fractions. The methanol extract and all SPE fractions exhibited
      considerable levels of cytotoxicity against all cell lines, with the IC50 values
      ranging between 5 and 16 ug/mL. Like other Trillium species, presence of saponins
      and sapogenins in the SPE fractions was evident in the liquid chromatography mass
      spectrometry data. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27364154
TI  - Beyond the referendum.

PMID- 27364155
TI  - Structural characterization suggests models for monomeric and dimeric forms of
      full-length ezrin.
AB  - Ezrin is a member of the ERM (ezrin-radixin-moesin) family of proteins that have
      been conserved through metazoan evolution. These proteins have dormant and active
      forms, where the latter links the actin cytoskeleton to membranes. ERM proteins
      have three domains: an N-terminal FERM [band Four-point-one (4.1) ERM] domain
      comprising three subdomains (F1, F2, and F3); a helical domain; and a C-terminal
      actin-binding domain. In the dormant form, FERM and C-terminal domains form a
      stable complex. We have determined crystal structures of the active FERM domain
      and the dormant FERM:C-terminal domain complex of human ezrin. We observe a
      bistable array of phenylalanine residues in the core of subdomain F3 that is
      mobile in the active form and locked in the dormant form. As subdomain F3 is
      pivotal in binding membrane proteins and phospholipids, these transitions may
      facilitate activation and signaling. Full-length ezrin forms stable monomers and
      dimers. We used small-angle X-ray scattering to determine the solution structures
      of these species. As expected, the monomer shows a globular domain with a
      protruding helical coiled coil. The dimer shows an elongated dumbbell structure
      that is twice as long as the monomer. By aligning ERM sequences spanning metazoan
      evolution, we show that the central helical region is conserved, preserving the
      heptad repeat. Using this, we have built a dimer model where each monomer forms
      half of an elongated antiparallel coiled coil with domain-swapped FERM:C-terminal
      domain complexes at each end. The model suggests that ERM dimers may bind to
      actin in a parallel fashion.

PMID- 27364156
TI  - A CHRNB1 frameshift mutation is associated with familial arthrogryposis multiplex
      congenita in Red dairy cattle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bovine arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a syndromic term
      for a congenital condition characterized by multiple joint contractures. Rare
      inherited forms of bovine AMC have been reported in different breeds. For AMC in
      Angus cattle a causative genomic deletion encompassing the agrin (AGRN) gene,
      encoding an essential neural regulator that induces the aggregation of
      acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), is known. In 2015, three genetically related
      cases of generalized AMC affecting Red dairy calves were diagnosed in Denmark.
      RESULTS: The family history of three affected calves suggested an autosomal
      recessive inheritance. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping showed a
      single genomic region of extended homozygosity of 21.5 Mb on chromosome 19.
      Linkage analysis revealed a maximal parametric LOD score of 1.8 at this region.
      By whole genome re-sequencing of the three cases, two private homozygous non
      synonymous variants were detected in the critical interval. Both variants,
      located in the myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein (MPRIP) and the
      cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 1 subunit gene (CHRNB1), were perfectly
      associated with the AMC phenotype. Previously described CHRNB1 variants in humans
      lead to a congenital myasthenic syndrome with impaired neuromuscular
      transmission. The cattle variant represents a single base deletion in the first
      exon of CHRNB1 (c.55delG) introducing a premature stop codon (p.Ala19Profs47*) in
      the second exon, truncating 96 % of the protein. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides
      the first phenotypically and genetically characterized example of a bovine AMC
      phenotype that represents an inherited neuromuscular disorder corresponding to
      human congenital myasthenic syndrome. The identified CHRNB1 loss of function
      variant is predicted to have a deleterious effect on fetal AChR function, which
      could explain the lethal phenotype reported in this study. The identification of
      this candidate causative mutation thus widens the known phenotypic spectrum of
      CHRNB1 mutations and enables selection against this pathogenic variant in Red
      dairy cattle.

PMID- 27364157
TI  - A Human Lectin Microarray for Sperm Surface Glycosylation Analysis.
AB  - Glycosylation is one of the most abundant and functionally important protein post
      translational modifications. As such, technology for efficient glycosylation
      analysis is in high demand. Lectin microarrays are a powerful tool for such
      investigations and have been successfully applied for a variety of
      glycobiological studies. However, most of the current lectin microarrays are
      primarily constructed from plant lectins, which are not well suited for studies
      of human glycosylation because of the extreme complexity of human glycans.
      Herein, we constructed a human lectin microarray with 60 human lectin and lectin
      like proteins. All of the lectins and lectin-like proteins were purified from
      yeast, and most showed binding to human glycans. To demonstrate the applicability
      of the human lectin microarray, human sperm were probed on the microarray and
      strong bindings were observed for several lectins, including galectin-1, 7, 8,
      GalNAc-T6, and ERGIC-53 (LMAN1). These bindings were validated by flow cytometry
      and fluorescence immunostaining. Further, mass spectrometry analysis showed that
      galectin-1 binds several membrane-associated proteins including heat shock
      protein 90. Finally, functional assays showed that binding of galectin-8 could
      significantly enhance the acrosome reaction within human sperms. To our
      knowledge, this is the first construction of a human lectin microarray, and we
      anticipate it will find wide use for a range of human or mammalian studies, alone
      or in combination with plant lectin microarrays.

PMID- 27364159
TI  - How does the B,F-monodoping and B/F-codoping affect the photocatalytic water
      splitting performance of g-C3N4?
AB  - By means of density functional theory (DFT) computations, we investigated the
      electronic and optical properties of B,F-monodoped and B/F-codoped graphitic
      carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to explore the doping effects on the photocatalytic
      performance of g-C3N4. It is found that F atom addition plays a key role in
      stabilizing the surface of g-C3N4 and facilitating B atom substitution into g
      C3N4. Among the different doping strategies, only B/F-codoping does not have
      localized states in the midgap, which act as recombination centers for the
      photogenerated electron-hole pairs. All the doping strategies in this study can
      improve the utilization ratio of visible light for the g-C3N4 photocatalyst.
      Considering the relationship of overpotential of water redox reaction over g-C3N4
      and band edge positions with respect to the water redox potentials, only the F
      doped and B/F-codoped g-C3N4 satisfy the criterion for overall water splitting.
      In other words, the B/F-codoping strategy not only meets the demands of no
      recombination centers and enhances the visible light utilization ratio, but also
      satisfies the need of overpotential. Thus, B/F-codoped g-C3N4 is expected to be a
      promising photocatalyst for overall water splitting under visible light. 

PMID- 27364158
TI  - Coordination of Metabolism and Virulence Factors Expression of Extraintestinal
      Pathogenic Escherichia coli Purified from Blood Cultures of Patients with Sepsis.
AB  - One of the trademarks of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli is
      adaptation of metabolism and basic physiology to diverse host sites. However,
      little is known how this common human pathogen adapts to permit survival and
      growth in blood. We used label-free quantitative proteomics to characterize five
      E. coli strains purified from clinical blood cultures associated with sepsis and
      urinary tract infections. Further comparison of proteome profiles of the clinical
      strains and a reference uropathogenic E. coli strain 536 cultivated in blood
      culture and on two different solid media distinguished cellular features altered
      in response to the pathogenically relevant condition. The analysis covered nearly
      60% of the strains predicted proteomes, and included quantitative description
      based on label-free intensity scores for 90% of the detected proteins.
      Statistical comparison of anaerobic and aerobic blood cultures revealed 32
      differentially expressed proteins (1.5% of the shared proteins), mostly
      associated with acquisition and utilization of metal ions critical for anaerobic
      or aerobic respiration. Analysis of variance identified significantly altered
      amounts of 47 proteins shared by the strains (2.7%), including proteins involved
      in vitamin B6 metabolism and virulence. Although the proteomes derived from blood
      cultures were fairly similar for the investigated strains, quantitative proteomic
      comparison to the growth on solid media identified 200 proteins with
      substantially changed levels (11% of the shared proteins). Blood culture was
      characterized by up-regulation of anaerobic fermentative metabolism and multiple
      virulence traits, including cell motility and iron acquisition. In a response to
      the growth on solid media there were increased levels of proteins functional in
      aerobic respiration, catabolism of medium-specific carbon sources and protection
      against oxidative and osmotic stresses. These results demonstrate on the
      expressed proteome level that expression of extraintestinal virulence factors and
      overall cellular metabolism closely reflects specific growth conditions. Data are
      available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002912.

PMID- 27364160
TI  - Modulating adult neurogenesis through dietary interventions.
AB  - Three areas in the brain continuously generate new neurons throughout life: the
      subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles, the dentate gyrus in the
      hippocampus and the median eminence in the hypothalamus. These areas harbour
      neural stem cells, which contribute to neural repair by generating daughter cells
      that then become functional neurons or glia. Impaired neurogenesis leads to
      detrimental consequences, such as depression, decline of cognitive abilities and
      obesity. Adult neurogenesis is a versatile process that can be modulated either
      positively or negatively by many effectors, external or endogenous. Diet can
      modify neurogenesis both ways, either directly by ways of food-borne molecules,
      or possibly by the modifications induced on gut microbiota composition. It is
      therefore critical to define dietary strategies optimal for the maintenance of
      the stem cell pools.

PMID- 27364161
TI  - Expression, Purification and Characterization of Recombinant Canine FGF21 in
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - The canine metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, have become a
      worldwide problem. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a potent regulator
      which has many biological functions relative to metabolism regulation. It
      suggests that FGF21 plays important roles in regulating canine metabolic
      diseases. To acquire the recombinant canine FGF21 (rcFGF21) in Escherichia coli,
      the recombinant bacteria were induced by 0.5 mM IPTG for 16 hours at 16  degrees
      C, and the rcFGF21 protein was purified by Ni-NTA. 8 mg rcFGF21 was acquired from
      one liter bacteria. The rcFGF21 protein has specific immunoblot reactivity
      against anti-FGF21 and anti-His antibody. The in vivo experimental result showed
      that rcFGF21 can significantly reduce plasma glucose of STZ-induced diabetic
      mice. 

PMID- 27364162
TI  - Cellular Functions of RNA-Binding Motif Protein 3 (RBM3): Clues in Hypothermia,
      Cancer Biology and Apoptosis.
AB  - Cell rapidly adapts to the harsh environment under certain conditions such as
      hypothermia and stress via activity of certain specific cold-shock proteins. Two
      cold shock proteins, RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) and coldinducible RNA
      binding proteins (CIRP), have been unveiled in human cells. RBM3, which is able
      to regulate their expression at the level of translation by binding to different
      transcripts, allows the cell to respond rapidly to environmental signals.
      Additionally, expression of RBM3 is induced under mild to moderate hypothermia,
      and stress. Stress-response pathways play an essential role in cancer. In
      different types of cancer, RBM3 is up regulated and correlated with favourable
      clinic- pathological features. RBM3 plays certain functions such as anti
      apoptotic, cell proliferation enhancement, and a proto-oncogene function.
      Furthermore, Hypothermia-induced neuroprotection up- regulates RBM3 in neuronal
      cells. In this review, the multifunctional nature of RMB3 is outlined through
      summarizing the evidences from in vitro and in vivo studies. 

PMID- 27364163
TI  - Susceptibility status of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) commonly used
      as biological materials for evaluations of malaria vector control tools in
      Madagascar.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Madagascar is a malaria-endemic country with an increase in cases in
      recent years. In vector control using insecticide, a susceptible strain is
      necessary to evaluate insecticide efficacy, either for spraying or on nets. The
      susceptibility of Anopheles arabiensis from Antananarivo, Madagascar to two
      organophosphate, three pyrethroid, two carbamate, and one organochlorine
      insecticides was investigated. Since 2010, An. arabiensis strain has been
      maintained away from insecticide source during 110 generations with optimal
      insectarium conditions. METHODS: Bioassay were performed on adult mosquitoes to
      assess the susceptibility of An. arabiensis to insecticide-impregnated papers
      (malathion 5 %, fenitrothion 1 %, deltamethrin 0.05 %, permethrin 0.75 %,
      alphacypermethrin 0.05 %, bendiocarb 0.1 %, propoxur 0.01 %, and DDT 4 %)
      following World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines.
      Bioassay using Center for Disease Control bottle tests were also used to detect
      mortality. Molecular assay were carried out to detect the presence of knock down
      resistance (kdr) mutation using PCR techniques. RESULTS: Anopheles arabiensis is
      fully susceptible with 100 % mortality to malathion, fenitrothion, deltamethrin,
      permethrin, alphacypermethrin, bendiocarb, propoxur, and DDT. No kdr gene was
      detected using PCR method. CONCLUSION: The strain An. arabiensis maintained in
      the insectarium of Institut Pasteur de Madagascar is a fully susceptible strain
      and can be used for insecticide evaluation.

PMID- 27364164
TI  - Leukocyte-Expressed beta2-Adrenergic Receptors Are Essential for Survival After
      Acute Myocardial Injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immune cell-mediated inflammation is an essential process for
      mounting a repair response after myocardial infarction (MI). The sympathetic
      nervous system is known to regulate immune system function through beta
      adrenergic receptors (betaARs); however, their role in regulating immune cell
      responses to acute cardiac injury is unknown. METHODS: Wild-type (WT) mice were
      irradiated followed by isoform-specific betaAR knockout (betaARKO) or WT bone
      marrow transplantation (BMT) and after full reconstitution underwent MI surgery.
      Survival was monitored over time, and alterations in immune cell infiltration
      after MI were examined through immunohistochemistry. Alterations in splenic
      function were identified through the investigation of altered adhesion receptor
      expression. RESULTS: beta2ARKO BMT mice displayed 100% mortality resulting from
      cardiac rupture within 12 days after MI compared with ~20% mortality in WT BMT
      mice. beta2ARKO BMT mice displayed severely reduced post-MI cardiac infiltration
      of leukocytes with reciprocally enhanced splenic retention of the same immune
      cell populations. Splenic retention of the leukocytes was associated with an
      increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, which itself was
      regulated via beta-arrestin-dependent beta2AR signaling. Furthermore, vascular
      cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in both mouse and human macrophages was
      sensitive to beta2AR activity, and spleens from human tissue donors treated with
      beta-blocker showed enhanced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. The
      impairments in splenic retention and cardiac infiltration of leukocytes after MI
      were restored to WT levels via lentiviral-mediated re-expression of beta2AR in
      beta2ARKO bone marrow before transplantation, which also resulted in post-MI
      survival rates comparable to those in WT BMT mice. CONCLUSIONS: Immune cell
      expressed beta2AR plays an essential role in regulating the early inflammatory
      repair response to acute myocardial injury by facilitating cardiac leukocyte
      infiltration.

PMID- 27364166
TI  - Persistent sciatic artery associated with solitary kidney and maldevelopment of
      mesonephric duct and urogenital sinus.

PMID- 27364167
TI  - Fusion angle affects intervertebral adjacent spinal segment joint forces-Model
      based analysis of patient specific alignment.
AB  - This study addresses the hypothesis that adjacent segment intervertebral joint
      loads are sensitive to the degree of lordosis that is surgically imposed during
      vertebral fusion. Adjacent segment degeneration is often observed after lumbar
      fusion, but a causative mechanism is not yet clearly evident. Altered kinematics
      of the adjacent segments and potentially nonphysiological mechanical joint loads
      have been implicated in this process. However, little is known of how altered
      alignment and kinematics influence loading of the adjacent intervertebral joints
      under consideration of active muscle forces. This study investigated these
      effects by simulating L4/5 fusions using kinematics-driven musculoskeletal models
      of one generic and eight sagittal alignment-specific models. Models featured
      different spinopelvic configurations but were normalized by body height, masses,
      and muscle properties. Fusion of the L4/5 segment was implemented in an in situ
      (22 degrees ), hyperlordotic (32 degrees ), and hypolordotic (8 degrees ) fashion
      and kinematic input parameters were changed accordingly based on findings of an
      in vitro investigation. Bending motion from upright standing to 45 degrees 
      forward flexion and back was simulated for all models in intact and fused
      conditions. Joint loads at adjacent levels and moment arms of spinal muscles
      experienced changes after all types of fusion. Hypolordotic configuration led to
      an increase of adjacent segment (L3/4) shear forces of 29% on average, whereas
      hyperlordotic fusion reduced shear by 39%. Overall, L4/5 in situ fusion resulted
      in intervertebral joint forces closest to intact loading conditions. An
      artificial decrease in lumbar lordosis (minus 14 degrees  on average) caused by
      an L4/5 fusion lead to adverse loading conditions, particularly at the cranial
      adjacent levels, and altered muscle moment arms, in particular for muscles in the
      vicinity of the fusion. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:131-139, 2017.

PMID- 27364165
TI  - A Complex Interaction Between Reduced Reelin Expression and Prenatal
      Organophosphate Exposure Alters Neuronal Cell Morphology.
AB  - Genetic and environmental factors are both likely to contribute to
      neurodevelopmental disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders,
      and major depressive disorders. Prior studies from our laboratory and others have
      demonstrated that the combinatorial effect of two factors-reduced expression of
      reelin protein and prenatal exposure to the organophosphate pesticide
      chlorpyrifos oxon-gives rise to acute biochemical effects and to morphological
      and behavioral phenotypes in adolescent and young adult mice. In the current
      study, we examine the consequences of these factors on reelin protein expression
      and neuronal cell morphology in adult mice. While the cell populations that
      express reelin in the adult brain appear unchanged in location and distribution,
      the levels of full length and cleaved reelin protein show persistent reductions
      following prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos oxon. Cell positioning and
      organization in the hippocampus and cerebellum are largely normal in animals with
      either reduced reelin expression or prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos oxon, but
      cellular complexity and dendritic spine organization is altered, with a skewed
      distribution of immature dendritic spines in adult animals. Paradoxically,
      combinatorial exposure to both factors appears to generate a rescue of the
      dendritic spine phenotypes, similar to the mitigation of behavioral and
      morphological changes observed in our prior study. Together, our observations
      support an interaction between reelin expression and chlorpyrifos oxon exposure
      that is not simply additive, suggesting a complex interplay between genetic and
      environmental factors in regulating brain morphology.

PMID- 27364168
TI  - Shapes of minimal-energy DNA ropes condensed in confinement.
AB  - Shapes of a single, long DNA molecule condensed in a confinement of a virus
      capsid are described as conformations optimizing a model free energy functional
      accounting for the interplay between the bending energy of the DNA and the
      surface energy of the DNA bundled in a "rope". The rope is formed by bundled DNA
      brought together by (self-)attractive interactions. The conformations predicted
      by the model depend on the shape of the confinement, the total amount of the
      packed DNA but also on the relative contributions of the bending and surface
      energies. Some of the conformations found were not predicted previously, but many
      previously proposed DNA conformations, some of which are seemingly contradictory,
      were found as the solutions of the model. The results show that there are many
      possible packing conformations of the DNA and that the one which realizes in a
      particular virus depends on the capsid geometry and the nature of condensing
      agents.

PMID- 27364169
TI  - Prevalence and associated factors of cardio-metabolic risk factors in Iranian
      seafarers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since Iran's economy is based on the sale of petroleum products,
      seafaring is considered a crucial job. Little research has been done on issues
      related to seafarers' health in Iranian maritime industry. The present study
      investigated the prevalence and associated factors of cardio-metabolic risk
      factors in seafarers of National Iranian Tanker Company (NITC). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 234 Iranian male seafarers of
      NITC in 2015. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was diagnosed according to the reports of
      National Committee of Obesity. Three main blood parameters (of elevated total
      cholesterol, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and elevated very low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol) and general obesity were included as additional
      cardio-metabolic risk factors. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 36.0
      +/- 10.3 years. The prevalence of MetS was 14.9%. The common cardio-metabolic
      risk factors were excess weight (51.1%), abdominal obesity (38.5%), and smoking
      (27.8%) among Iranian seafarers. In multivariate analysis, age (OR: 1.05, 95% CI:
      1.01-1.09) and body mass index (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01-1.27) were associated with
      the increase in hypertension risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding showed that the
      current prevalence of MetS among Iranian male seafarers working on tankers can
      affect negatively their health and career at sea.

PMID- 27364170
TI  - Air travel-related symptomatic deep venous thrombosis in cruise ship passengers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Long air travel is a risk factor for deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
      The aim of the study was to report the occurrence of symptomatic DVT cases in
      cruise ship passengers after long haul flights and to discuss applied diagnostic
      methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of medical records of
      adult patients diagnosed with DVT in medical facility of the passenger ship was
      performed. On the basis of clinical examinations, B-mode ultrasound scans of the
      lower extremity venous systems, international normalised ratio (INR) tests,
      working diagnoses of DVT were established. The Wells score was used for
      stratification. Within 4-48 h of the diagnosis, D-dimer tests in blood,
      ultrasound Duplex examinations and specialists' consultations of DVT suspected
      patients were performed ashore. RESULTS: A study showed 3 (0.15%) patients
      suspected of DVT of a total number of 2,007 passengers who have completed a
      flight > 8 h in the analysed period. The medial time from the embarkation to the
      onset of symptoms was 68.7 h. Based on the Wells DVT score, in 2 (0.1%) patients
      the probability of DVT was determined to be likely. Both the ultrasound
      examinations and D-dimer tests were positive. Those patients were diagnosed by
      shore specialists as DVT. One (0.05%) patient determined as DVT unlikely
      according to the Wells scale, her INR indicated hypercoagulable state, but Duplex
      scan as well D-dimer test were negative and DVT suspicion was excluded.
      CONCLUSIONS: A clinical suspicion of DVT among passengers who joined the ship
      after their long haul flights could be an important diagnostic problem for ship's
      doctors. The Wells scale allows to stratify the risk, but to rule out suspicion
      of DVT, a negative result of D-dimer test must be demonstrated. A portable
      ultrasound device helps in onboard clinical evaluation of DVT suspected patients.
      Due to possible fatal complications of DVT which can lead to pulmonary embolism
      and cause medico-legal issues, a definitive diagnosis should only be obtained in
      cooperation with land-based health care providers.

PMID- 27364171
TI  - Development of software for handling ship's pharmacy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ships are required to carry a given amount of medicinal products and
      medications depending on the flag and the type of vessel. These medicines are
      stored in the so called ship's "medicine chest" or more properly - a ship
      pharmacy. Owing to the progress of medical sciences and to the increase in the
      mean age of seafarers employed on board ships, the number of pharmaceutical
      products and medical devices required by regulations to be carried on board ships
      is increasing. This may make handling of the ship's medicine chest a problem
      primarily on large ships sailing on intercontinental routes due to the difficulty
      in identifying the correspondence between medicines obtained abroad with those
      available at the national market. To minimise these problems a tool named
      Pharmacy Ship (acronym: PARSI) has been developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      application PARSI is based on a database containing the information about
      medicines and medical devices required by different countries regulations. In the
      first application the system was standardised to comply with the Italian
      regulations issued on the 1st October, 2015 which entered into force on the 18
      January 2016. RESULTS: Thanks to PARSI it was possible to standardize the
      inventory procedures, facilitate the work of maritime health authorities and make
      it easier for the crew, not professional in the field, to handle the 'medicine
      chest' correctly by automating the procedures for medicines management. As far as
      we know there are no other similar tools available at the moment. The application
      of the software, as well as the automation of different activities, currently
      carried out manually, will help manage (qualitatively and quantitatively) the
      ship's pharmacy. CONCLUSIONS: The system developed in this study has proved to be
      an effective tool which serves to guarantee the compliance of the ship pharmacy
      with regulations of the flag state in terms of medicinal products and
      medications. Sharing the system with the Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service
      may result in avoiding mistakes in drug administration. Last but not least the
      availability of PARSI could help reduce/ avoid problems with maritime health
      authorities in case any of the required medicinal products are missing.

PMID- 27364172
TI  - Bleeding management in remote environment: the use of fresh whole blood
      transfusion and lyophilised plasma.
AB  - To mitigate medical risks in remote environments, the authors have implemented an
      innovative integrated medical support solution for bleeding management on board
      ships since 2013. Fresh whole blood transfusion (FWBT) and lyophilised plasma
      were put in place to address life threatening haemorrhages in maritime operations
      in the Arctic and Antarctica. The authors are illustrating the bleeding risks
      with an actual case occurring in Antarctica prior to the implementation of these
      procedures. They are presenting the different steps involved in the complex
      process of FWBT, from blood donors' qualifications to actual transfusions. The
      pros and cons of blood transfusion in extreme remote environment are discussed,
      including the training of health care professionals, equipment requirements,
      legal and ethical issues, decision making in complex blood group matching,
      medical benefits and risks. 

PMID- 27364173
TI  - Benefits of photograph transmission for trauma management in isolated areas:
      cases from the French tele-medical assistance service.
AB  - French maritime tele-medical assistance is currently performed by a telephone
      consultation associated with complementary transmission of data (photographs,
      electrocardiograms, etc.) over the internet. Five case reports are presented to
      illustrate how photo transmission is useful to managing initial care and
      monitoring isolated patients. Case reports included: Case 1: management of a hand
      burn; Case 2: management of a finger wound; Case 3: management of an ocular
      foreign body; Case 4: management of a subungual haematoma; Case 5: management of
      phlegmon. In conclusions, photo transmission improves our practice of maritime
      tele-medical medicine. New high-definition technologies will help in the
      development of videoconferences on ships. 

PMID- 27364174
TI  - Prevalence of cannabis and cocaine consumption in French fishermen in South
      Atlantic region in 2012-2013 and its policy consequences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of cannabis and cocaine
      among fishermen followed in occupational medicine in the ports of Aquitaine and
      Charente-Maritime (Direction interregionale de la mer Sud-Atlantique [DIRM-SA]).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thousand fishermen could be recruited during medical
      regulatory examination by the occupational physicians and nurses of Occupational
      Health Department for Seamen. RESULTS: About 20% of fishermen were former
      smokers. A third of the fishermen are at risk for excessive drinking according to
      the AUDIT-C. The prevalence of cannabis experimentation was estimated at 58%. The
      prevalence of positive urine test for cannabis was 28%. The prevalence of
      experimentation with cocaine was about 16%. The prevalence of positive urine test
      for cocaine was 4.5%. CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with its objectives, this study
      allows objectifying cannabis and cocaine consumption among fishermen. The
      national rules for fitness at sea have to be modified by introducing the use of
      urinary tests by occupational physician.

PMID- 27364175
TI  - The workload of fishermen: a cross sectional survey among Danish commercial
      fishermen.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fishery has always been perceived as a physically demanding industry
      of a manual character. In recent years the physical work environment has
      developed positively and consequently the current situation in not fully
      described in the existing literature. This study aims to describe the work
      environment of Danish fishermen with regard to their physical workload and
      ergonomic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was performed
      on a random sample of active Danish commercial fishermen (response rate: 28%) by
      means of a questionnaire on demographic and self-reported occupational and health
      data. Questions covering the physical workload were related to seven different
      work situations and a score summing up the workload was developed for the
      analysis of the relative impact on different groups of fishermen. RESULTS: Almost
      all fishermen (96.2%) were familiar to proper lifting techniques but only 55.4%
      used them in their daily work. Standing work was the most applied work position
      (81.8%), while repetitive hand and finger movements and twisting and bending in
      the back were other frequent work situations. Deckhands had higher workload
      scores than skippers, while crew on Danish seiners had higher workload scores
      than fishermen in other vessel types. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improved work
      environment in the Danish fishing industry, fishermen still experience high
      levels of workload and suboptimal ergonomic conditions, which are known to cause
      pain and impair musculoskeletal health. To address the specific areas of fishing
      with the highest workload, future investments in assistive devices to ease the
      demanding work and reduce the workload, should particularly address deckhands and
      less mechanized vessels.

PMID- 27364176
TI  - Thermophysiological responses and work strain in fishermen on deep-sea fishing
      vessels.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fishermen working on deep-sea vessels in the Barents and Norwegian
      Sea are exposed to low air temperatures, strong winds, high humidity, rain, snow
      and work at different intensities. Few studies have investigated the effect of
      environmental work factors on the physiology of this occupational group. The aim
      of the study was to investigate work strain and thermophysiological responses of
      fishermen on the trawl and factory decks of deep-sea vessels. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Twenty-five professional male fishermen (age 39 +/- 13 years) were
      recruited to the study which was performed on three trawlers in the Norwegian Sea
      in April, June and August 2014. During a six-hour shift, heart rate (HR), core
      (Tc) and mean skin (Ts) temperatures were recorded, and questions about
      subjective thermal sensation and comfort were answered. RESULTS: Short periods of
      hard (above 86% of HRmax) work raised Tc by 0.8 degrees C to 37.8 degrees C and
      decreased Ts by 2.3 degrees C to 29.8 degrees C during work on the trawl deck,
      and subjects reported being warm and sweaty. On the factory deck long periods of
      fairly light (between 52% and 66% HRmax) work, Tc of 37.4 degrees C and Ts of
      30.9 degrees C were measured. CONCLUSIONS: Fishermen experience intermittent
      periods of heavy work on the trawl deck shown with elevated core temperature and
      HR. Work on the factory deck includes long periods of repetitive work with light
      to moderate work strain. A better understanding of work strain and environmental
      challenges during work on Norwegian deep-sea vessels will help identify exposure
      risks during work in the cold and heat.

PMID- 27364177
TI  - Environmental and health impact assessment for ports in Thailand.
AB  - Port development in Thailand is an essential part of the national maritime
      interest in connection with ship and shore activities. The growth of maritime
      industry and transportation has led to the expansion of ports' areas and
      capacity. Each port type causes different environmental impacts. Therefore, the
      Port Authority of Thailand has set up guidelines on ports' environmental
      management. This is divided into 3 major phases; namely, planning, construction
      and operation commencement periods. The Report of Environmental and Health Impact
      Assessment (EIA, HIA and EHIA) is regarded as the environmental management
      process in the planning period. It is a key tool to anticipate and prevent any
      adverse effects that might occur on the environment as well as community health
      resulting from the project implementation. This measure, in turn, creates advance
      preparation on both the preventive and problem-solving means before the project
      gets off the ground. At present, the majority of new projects on port development
      have still been in the process of information gathering for EHIA submission. Some
      cannot start to operate due to their EHIA failure. For example, the Tha-sala port
      which did not pass EHIA, mainly because emphasis had been focused on adhering to
      legal regulations without taking into consideration the in-depth analysis of data
      being conducted by community entities in the area. Thus caused the project to be
      finally abolished. Impact assessment on environment and health should be aimed at
      detailed understanding of the community in each particular area so that effective
      data of objective achievement in preventing environmental problems could actually
      be carried out and welcomed by the concerned society. 

PMID- 27364178
TI  - "Christ offered salvation, and not an easy life": How do port chaplains make
      sense of providing welfare for seafarers? An idiographic, phenomenological
      approach analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The shipping industry has historically leaned towards a biomedical
      model of health when assessing, treating and caring for seafarers. In recent
      years there has been more concern for the mental health of seafarers in both the
      academic literature and the commercial world, however, the psychological and
      emotional well-being of seafarers still largely falls on the shoulders of the
      port chaplains. The aim of the study was to explore how port chaplains make sense
      of providing welfare for seafarers by taking an idiographic, phenomenological
      approach (IPA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six male participants working as chaplains
      in United Kingdom ports took part in recorded face-to-face, semi-structured
      interviews covering three areas of questioning: role, identity and coping.
      Interviews were transcribed verbatim, and data analysed using interpretative
      phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: Three super-ordinate themes were identified
      from participants accounts; "We walk a very strange and middle path", "Exploited"
      and "Patching up". Rich data emerged in relation to the personal impact chaplains
      felt they made, which was facilitated by the historical role of the Church; this
      led to the second super-ordinate theme of how chaplains felt towards seafarers.
      Lastly, the analysis demonstrates how chaplains adapt to the limitations forced
      upon them to provide welfare, and a degree of acceptance at the injustice.
      CONCLUSIONS: Results were discussed in reference to theoretical models, including
      self-efficacy, empathic responding and the transactional model of stress and
      coping. Chaplains in ports perform their role autonomously with no input from
      healthcare professionals. Recommendations are made for a biopsychosocial model of
      health involving primary care, benefiting the health and well-being of seafarers
      and providing support and guidance for port chaplains at the frontline of welfare
      for seafarers.

PMID- 27364181
TI  - ?

PMID- 27364179
TI  - Zika virus infection: what should we not forget?

PMID- 27364182
TI  - Combined neprilysin and renin-angiotensin system inhibition in heart failure with
      reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis.
AB  - AIMS: The combined neprilysin/renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor
      sacubitril/valsartan reduced cardiovascular death or heart failure
      hospitalization, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality in a large
      outcomes trial. While sacubitril/valsartan is the only currently available drug
      in its class, there are two prior clinical trials in heart failure with
      omapatrilat, another combined neprilysin/RAS inhibitor. Using all available
      evidence can inform clinicians and policy-makers. METHODS AND RESULTS: We
      performed a meta-analysis using data from three trials in heart failure with
      reduced EF that compared combined neprilysin/RAS inhibition with RAS inhibition
      alone and reported clinical outcomes: IMPRESS (n = 573), OVERTURE (n = 5770), and
      PARADIGM-HF (n = 8399). We assessed the pooled hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause
      death or heart failure hospitalization, and for all-cause mortality in random
      effects models, comparing combined neprilysin/RAS inhibition with ACE inhibition
      alone. The composite outcome of death or heart failure hospitalization was
      reduced numerically in patients receiving combined neprilysin/RAS inhibition in
      all three trials, with a pooled HR of 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76
      0.97, P = 0.013. For the endpoint of all-cause mortality, the pooled HR was 0.88,
      95% CI 0.80-0.98, P = 0.021. Combined neprilysin/RAS inhibition compared with ACE
      inhibition was associated with more hypotension, but less renal dysfunction and
      hyperkalaemia in all three trials. CONCLUSIONS: Pooled estimates from three
      trials with two separate drugs of combined neprilysin/RAS inhibition support the
      use of combined neprilysin/RAS inhibition in heart failure with reduced EF.

PMID- 27364183
TI  - Cognitive Development Trajectories of Very Preterm and Typically Developing
      Children.
AB  - Cognitive impairment is common among children born very preterm (VPT), yet little
      is known about how this risk changes over time. To examine this issue, a regional
      cohort of 110 VPT (<= 32 weeks gestation) and 113 full-term (FT) born children
      was prospectively assessed at ages 4, 6, 9, and 12 years using the Wechsler
      Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised and then Wechsler
      Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th ed. At all ages, VPT children obtained lower
      scores than their FT born peers (p < .001). Growth curve modeling revealed stable
      cognitive trajectories across both groups. Neonatal white matter abnormalities
      and family socioeconomic adversity additively predicted cognitive risk. Despite
      some intraindividual variability, cognitive functioning of typically developing
      and high-risk VPT children was stable and influenced by early neurological
      development and family rearing context.

PMID- 27364185
TI  - Adrenal ganglioneuroma in a pregnant woman.

PMID- 27364184
TI  - Haptic contents of a movie dynamically engage the spectator's sensorimotor
      cortex.
AB  - Observation of another person's actions and feelings activates brain areas that
      support similar functions in the observer, thereby facilitating inferences about
      the other's mental and bodily states. In real life, events eliciting this kind of
      vicarious brain activations are intermingled with other complex, ever-changing
      stimuli in the environment. One practical approach to study the neural
      underpinnings of real-life vicarious perception is to image brain activity during
      movie viewing. Here the goal was to find out how observed haptic events in a
      silent movie would affect the spectator's sensorimotor cortex. The functional
      state of the sensorimotor cortex was monitored by analyzing, in 16 healthy
      subjects, magnetoencephalographic (MEG) responses to tactile finger stimuli that
      were presented once per second throughout the session. Using canonical
      correlation analysis and spatial filtering, consistent single-trial responses
      across subjects were uncovered, and their waveform changes throughout the movie
      were quantified. The long-latency (85-175 ms) parts of the responses were
      modulated in concordance with the participants' average moment-by-moment ratings
      of own engagement in the haptic content of the movie (correlation r = 0.49;
      ratings collected after the MEG session). The results, obtained by using novel
      signal-analysis approaches, demonstrate that the functional state of the human
      sensorimotor cortex fluctuates in a fine-grained manner even during passive
      observation of temporally varying haptic events. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4061-4068,
      2016. (c) 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 27364186
TI  - SPECT/CT lymphogammagraphy of a contralateral axillary drainage in a patient with
      breast cancer.

PMID- 27364187
TI  - Magnetic domain wall tweezers: a new tool for mechanobiology studies on
      individual target cells.
AB  - In vitro tests are of fundamental importance for investigating cell mechanisms in
      response to mechanical stimuli or the impact of the genotype on cell mechanical
      properties. In particular, the application of controlled forces to activate
      specific bio-pathways and investigate their effects, mimicking the role of the
      cellular environment, is becoming a prominent approach in the emerging field of
      mechanobiology. Here, we present an on-chip device based on magnetic domain wall
      manipulators, which allows the application of finely controlled and localized
      forces on target living cells. In particular, we demonstrate the application of a
      magnetic force in the order of hundreds of pN on the membrane of HeLa cells
      cultured on-chip, via manipulation of 1 MUm superparamagnetic beads. Such a
      mechanical stimulus produces a sizable local indentation of the cellular membrane
      of about 2 MUm. Upon evaluation of the beads' position within the magnetic field
      originated by the domain wall, the force applied during the experiments is
      accurately quantified via micromagnetic simulations. The obtained value is in
      good agreement with that calculated by the application of an elastic model to the
      cellular membrane.

PMID- 27364188
TI  - Check the guide wire after catheter placement.

PMID- 27364189
TI  - Potential role of costimulatory pathways in immune dysfunction in hemodialysis
      patients.

PMID- 27364191
TI  - The effects of shear and particle shape on the physical adsorption of polyvinyl
      pyrrolidone on carbon nanoparticles.
AB  - The effects of shear and particle shape on the physical adsorption of a polymer
      (polyvinyl pyrrolidone, PVP) on carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were studied with
      dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) methods. It was found that the conformation
      of the polymer during adsorption and desorption from the nanoparticle can be
      classified into three possible types, i.e. adsorbed, shear-affected and
      separated, depending on the magnitude of the shear rate in the flow. Spherical
      and graphene sheet-shaped particles with adsorbed PVP were manipulated in a
      Couette flow to determine the threshold shear rates leading to changes in the
      polymer adsorption state. It was found that the polymer was stably adsorbed under
      higher shear conditions for graphene sheets. In addition, the end-to-end distance
      and the radius of gyration of the polymer adsorbate was clearly related to the
      adsorption state, as the polymer underwent a transition from adsorbed to the
      separated state when the shear rate increased. The critical shear rate at which
      the polymer desorbed from the surface could be useful in applications where
      nanoparticles can be used as a molecular delivery system. The physical adsorption
      and desorption of the same polymer molecules on a flat surface were also
      investigated. The desorption of the polymer from the flat surface occurred when
      the shearing force was stronger than the attraction between the PVP and the
      surface. 

PMID- 27364190
TI  - Computational exploration of the binding mode of heme-dependent stimulators into
      the active catalytic domain of soluble guanylate cyclase.
AB  - Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the main target of nitric oxide (NO), has been
      proven to have a significant role in coronary artery disease, pulmonary
      hypertension, erectile dysfunction, and myocardial infarction. One of its
      agonists, BAY 41-2272 (Riociguat), has been recently approved for treatment of
      pulmonary arterial hypertension (PHA), while some others are in clinical phases
      of development. However, the location of the binding sites for the two known
      types of agonists, heme-dependent stimulators and heme-independent activators, is
      a matter of debate, particularly for the first group where both a location on the
      regulatory (H-NOX) and on the catalytic domain have been suggested by different
      authors. Here, we address its potential location on the catalytic domain, the
      unique well characterized at the structural level, by an "in silico" approach.
      Homology models of the catalytic domain of sGC in "inactive" or "active"
      conformations were constructed using the structure of previously described
      crystals of the catalytic domains of "inactive" sGCs (2WZ1, 3ET6) and of "active"
      adenylate cyclase (1CJU). Each model was submitted to six independent molecular
      dynamics simulations of about 1 MUs. Docking of YC-1, a classic heme-dependent
      stimulator, to all frames of representative trajectories of "inactive" and
      "active" conformations, followed by calculation of absolute binding free energies
      with the linear interaction energy (LIE) method, revealed a potential high
      affinity binding site on the "active" structure. The site, located between the
      pseudo-symmetric and the catalytic site just over the loop beta2 -beta3 , does
      not overlap with the forskolin binding site on adenylate cyclases. Proteins 2016;
      84:1534-1548. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27364193
TI  - How ideas are spread and used.

PMID- 27364192
TI  - Effects of fluctuating temperature and food availability on reproduction and
      lifespan.
AB  - Experimental studies on energetics and aging often remove two major factors that
      in part regulate the energy budget in a normal healthy individual: reproduction
      and fluctuating environmental conditions that challenge homeostasis. Here we use
      the cyclical parthenogenetic Daphnia pulex to evaluate the role of a fluctuating
      thermal environment on both reproduction and lifespan across six food
      concentrations. We test the hypotheses that (1) caloric restriction extends
      lifespan; (2) maximal reproduction will come with a cost of shortened lifespan;
      and (3) at a given food concentration, relative to a metabolically equivalent
      constant temperature environment a diel fluctuating thermal environment will
      alter the allocation of energy to reproduction and lifespan to maintain
      homeostasis. We did not identify a level of food concentration that extended
      lifespan in response to caloric restriction, and we found no cost of reproduction
      in terms of lifespan. Rather, the individuals at the highest food levels
      generally had the highest reproductive output and the longest lifespans, the
      individuals at the intermediate food level decreased reproduction and maintained
      lifespan, and the individuals at the three lower food concentrations had a
      decrease in reproduction and lifespan as would be predicted with increasing
      levels of starvation. Fluctuating temperature had no effect on lifespan at any
      food concentration, but delayed time to reproductive maturity and decreased early
      reproductive output at all food concentrations. This suggests that a fluctuating
      temperature regimen activates molecular pathways that alter energy allocation.
      The costs of fluctuating temperature on reproduction were not consistent across
      the lifespan. Statistical interactions for age of peak reproduction and lifetime
      fecundity suggest that senescence of the reproductive system may vary between
      temperature regimens at the different food concentrations.

PMID- 27364194
TI  - Authors' response.

PMID- 27364195
TI  - Miniscrew anchorage.

PMID- 27364196
TI  - Dental maturation is not a reliable indicator of the pubertal growth spurt.

PMID- 27364197
TI  - Authors' response.

PMID- 27364198
TI  - Validity of the CVM method to determine mandibular length.

PMID- 27364199
TI  - Authors' response.

PMID- 27364200
TI  - Posttreatment evaluation of maxillary canine positions in 15-year-old subjects.

PMID- 27364202
TI  - Well begun, half done.

PMID- 27364203
TI  - Comparative effectiveness of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions for
      orthodontic pain relief at peak pain intensity: A Bayesian network meta-analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The objective of this network meta-analysis was to synthesize the
      evidence of the comparative effectiveness for various interventions used for
      orthodontic pain relief during peak pain intensity. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched to
      December 31, 2014, to identify relevant studies. Additional studies were found by
      hand searching of journals and reference lists. Unpublished articles were also
      searched. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials evaluating the
      effectiveness of pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic interventions for pain relief
      after placement of separators or an initial aligning archwire. A covariate
      adjusted arm-based 3-level hierarchical Bayesian random-effects model was used
      for this network meta-analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials
      (2273 participants; 997 male, 1276 female; mean age, 18.2 years; SD, 4.4 years)
      were included in this network meta-analysis. A total of 26 interventions were
      identified and classified into 6 classes based on their mechanism of action.
      Compared with placebo-class, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug analgesics and
      lasers were the most effective intervention classes with a shared median rank of
      2 (95% credible interval [CrI], 1-3), followed by "other" analgesics (median
      rank, 3; 95% CrI, 1-4), behavior therapy (median rank, 4; 95% CrI, 3-6), and
      miscellaneous (median rank, 5; 95% CrI 3-6). The most effective individual
      interventions in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug analgesics and lasers
      classes were etoricoxib (median rank, 1; 95% CrI, 1-3) and gallium-arsenide
      superpulsed lasers (median rank, 3; 95% CrI, 1-13), respectively. Assessment of
      transitivity and consistency assumption showed no threat to the network meta
      analysis estimates. There was no evidence of significant publication bias.
      Heterogeneity was mild to moderate (tau-square, 0.044; 95% CrI, 0.040-0.055).
      CONCLUSIONS: The results show that analgesics and lasers are effective in the
      management of orthodontic pain at its peak intensity. Further research is
      required to improve the quality of evidence, especially for analgesic
      interventions.

PMID- 27364204
TI  - Effectiveness of biologic methods of inhibiting orthodontic tooth movement in
      animal studies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A number of biologic methods leading to decreased rates of
      orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) can be found in the recent literature. The aim
      of this systematic review was to provide an overview of biologic methods and
      their effects on OTM inhibition. METHODS: An electronic search was performed up
      to January 2016. Two researchers independently selected the studies (kappa index,
      0.8) using the selection criteria established in the PRISMA statement. The
      methodologic quality of the articles was assessed objectively according to the
      Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies scale. RESULTS: We retrieved 861
      articles in the initial electronic search, and 57 were finally analyzed. Three
      biologic techniques were identified as reducing the rate of OTM: chemical
      methods, low-level laser therapy, and gene therapy. When the experimental
      objective was to slow down OTM, pharmacologic modulation was the most frequently
      described method (53 articles). Rats were the most frequent model (38 of 57
      articles), followed by mice (9 of 57), rabbits (4 of 57), guinea pigs (2 of 57),
      dogs (2 of 57), cats (1 of 57), and monkeys (1 of 57). The sample sizes seldom
      exceeded 25 subjects per group (6 of 57 articles). The application protocols,
      quality, and effectiveness of the different biologic methods in reducing OTM
      varied widely. CONCLUSIONS: OTM inhibition was experimentally tested with various
      biologic methods that were notably effective at bench scale, although their
      clinical applicability to humans was rarely tested further. Rigorous randomized
      clinical trials are therefore needed to allow the orthodontist to improve the
      effect of translating them from bench to clinic.

PMID- 27364205
TI  - Qualitative evaluation of pretreatment patient concerns in orthodontics.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A discrepancy exists between objective and subjective measures of
      orthodontic treatment need, highlighting the importance of patients' perceptions.
      Limited qualitative information is available regarding patients' perceptions and
      orthodontic concerns. For the first time, patient facial images and qualitative
      methodology were used to assess patients' orthodontic concerns, which are
      incorporated into and are important in treatment planning and consent. METHODS:
      An interview-based, cross-sectional study of adolescent patients eligible to
      receive orthodontic treatment in a public dental hospital was conducted with 105
      adolescents (42 boys, 63 girls) aged between 12 and 17 years. Each patient's face
      was video recorded, and 3 images were selected from each recording to assess the
      patient's orthodontic concerns. The initial chief concerns were compared with
      concerns articulated after the patients assessed their facial images. In
      addition, patient concerns were compared with occlusal features visible on
      smiling using the Dental Aesthetic Index and patient study casts. RESULTS: For
      37% of the adolescent patients, smiling images helped to identify additional
      concerns. For 87%, their smiling images helped them to describe their concerns in
      more detail. In addition, a few patients did not articulate any concern about
      features measurable on the Dental Aesthetic Index that were visible on smiling.
      CONCLUSIONS: Showing adolescent patients images of their face and smile helped
      them to identify and better describe their concerns. Adolescents are not always
      overly concerned about visible and quantifiable malocclusion features. This might
      influence orthodontic treatment planning and consent.

PMID- 27364207
TI  - Three-dimensional photographs for determining the Index of Orthodontic Treatment
      Need in scientific studies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Plaster casts as the medium for data collection in orthodontic
      studies pose disadvantages. In this study, we aimed to assess the validity and
      reliability of using 3-dimensional (3D) photographs instead of plaster casts to
      determine the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) score. METHODS: Data
      were collected retrospectively from the clinical records of 91 subjects. The IOTN
      grades were independently determined first from plaster casts, then from 2
      dimensional (2D) and 3D photographs only, and then from 2D and 3D photographs
      combined with radiographs. IOTN grade agreement was assessed using kappa
      statistics and percentages of agreement. RESULTS: The percentages of agreement
      between both photographic sets and the plaster casts varied among the different
      occlusal traits from 63.7% to 93.4%. Agreement between the IOTN grades obtained
      from 2D and 3D photographs only and the IOTN grades obtained from plaster casts
      was fair (K = 0.35). The reliability of using 2D and 3D photographs instead of
      plaster casts was improved when those were combined with radiographs.
      CONCLUSIONS: In general terms, orthodontic treatment need can be assessed from 2D
      and 3D pictures; however, the individual occlusal traits are sufficiently
      assessed only when these pictures are combined with radiographs. Plaster casts
      remain the preferred method compared with 3D pictures for assessment of the IOTN.

PMID- 27364206
TI  - Association between malocclusion and the contextual factors of quality of life
      and socioeconomic status.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine associations among
      malocclusion and the contextual factors of quality of life and socioeconomic
      status. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a population-based
      sample of 1256 children from 7 to 10 years old. Malocclusion was assessed
      clinically; oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed using the
      Brazilian version of the child perceptions questionnaire; socioeconomic status
      was determined from data made available by the Research and Planning Institute of
      Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Initially, bivariate analyses were performed;
      after this, starting with variables with P <=0.20, multilevel multiple logistic
      regression models were estimated, in which the binomial distribution, function of
      the logistic connection, and criteria for remaining in the model at P <=0.05 were
      considered. RESULTS: Of the children, 82.1% had some type of malocclusion.
      Increased age associated with low socioeconomic status was the determinant for
      occlusal problems. The determination of low OHRQoL appears to be associated with
      the socioeconomic status in the individual factors, and increased overjet appears
      to be associated with factors at the contextual level. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic
      status and age are risk factors for malocclusion. Of the malocclusions evaluated,
      increased overjet had the most negative influence on the OHRQoL.

PMID- 27364208
TI  - Posterior tooth angulations in patients with anterior open bite and normal
      occlusion.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the posterior tooth
      angulations in patients with open-bite malocclusion and normal occlusion.
      METHODS: Lateral cephalometric headfilms of 45 untreated open-bite subjects were
      compared with the lateral headfilms of 45 subjects with normal occlusion in the
      permanent dentition. The groups were matched for age and sex distribution and
      compared with t tests. RESULTS: The maxillary and mandibular premolars were more
      mesially angulated in relation to the bisected occlusal plane, and the first and
      second molars were significantly more distally angulated in the open-bite group
      in relation to the palatal and mandibular planes. CONCLUSIONS: The maxillary and
      mandibular premolars were more mesially angulated in relation to the bisected
      occlusal plane and therefore do not compensate for the divergence of the palatal
      and mandibular planes as the molars do.

PMID- 27364209
TI  - Evaluation of long-term stability of skeletal anterior open bite correction in
      adults treated with maxillary posterior segment intrusion using zygomatic
      miniplates.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the long-term stability of maxillary molar
      intrusion and anterior open-bite correction in adults treated by maxillary
      posterior teeth intrusion with zygomatic miniplates. METHODS: The sample included
      26 skeletal anterior open-bite patients, who had maxillary posterior segment
      intrusion with zygomatic miniplates. Lateral cephalograms were taken at
      pretreatment, posttreatment, 1 year posttreatment, and 4 years posttreatment.
      RESULTS: The mean maxillary molar intrusion was 3.04 mm (P <=0.01), and the mean
      bite closure was 6.93 mm (P <=0.01). The intruded maxillary molars relapsed by
      10.20% in the first year after treatment and by 13.37% by 4 years after
      treatment. Overbite relapsed by 8.19% and 11.18% after 1 year and 4 years
      posttreatment, respectively. The first year after treatment accounted for 76.29%
      and 73.2% of the total relapses of molar intrusion and overbite, respectively.
      The 4-year posttreatment relapse amounts of maxillary molar intrusion and
      overbite were positively correlated with the amount of pretreatment maxillary
      molar height and the initial open-bite severity, respectively, but negatively
      correlated with the amounts of maxillary molar intrusion and open-bite correction
      gained by treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Molar intrusion with zygomatic miniplates
      appears to be stable 4 years after treatment.

PMID- 27364210
TI  - Surface analysis of 2 orthodontic mini-implants after clinical use.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to analyze the design and surface
      morphology of 2 brands of mini-implants before and after 12 to 18 months of
      clinical use. METHODS: We studied 22 mini-implants sold in the Brazilian market
      by 2 companies (Forestadent, Pforzheim, Germany; and Dental Morelli, Sorocaba,
      Sao Paulo, Brazil). The surface morphology of the mini-implants was analyzed by
      scanning electron microscopy before and after insertion in the oral environment
      to aid orthodontic movement. RESULTS: The Forestadent and the Morelli mini
      implants showed different shapes (size, screw thread design), and the surface
      morphology changed after clinical use. The most important surface morphology
      alterations after clinical use were strain in several parts and fracture of the
      active thread part of some mini-implants. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the
      analyses showed that the screw threads of the mini-implants differ in pitch,
      angle, and length. The mini-implants also showed differences in body design,
      active tip, and taper. These differences affect the performance of the mini
      implants. After clinical use, all mini-implants showed surface degradation,
      plastic deformation, and some fractures.

PMID- 27364211
TI  - Reliability of cervical vertebral maturation staging.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Growth and its prediction are important for the success of many
      orthodontic treatments. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of
      the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of mandibular
      growth. METHODS: A group of 20 orthodontic clinicians, inexperienced in CVM
      staging, was trained to use the improved version of the CVM method for the
      assessment of mandibular growth with a teaching program. They independently
      assessed 72 consecutive lateral cephalograms, taken at Liverpool University
      Dental Hospital, on 2 occasions. The cephalograms were presented in 2 different
      random orders and interspersed with 11 additional images for standardization. The
      intraobserver and interobserver agreement values were evaluated using the
      weighted kappa statistic. RESULTS: The intraobserver and interobserver agreement
      values were substantial (weighted kappa, 0.6-0.8). The overall intraobserver
      agreement was 0.70 (SE, 0.01), with average agreement of 89%. The interobserver
      agreement values were 0.68 (SE, 0.03) for phase 1 and 0.66 (SE, 0.03) for phase
      2, with average interobserver agreement of 88%. CONCLUSIONS: The intraobserver
      and interobserver agreement values of classifying the vertebral stages with the
      CVM method were substantial. These findings demonstrate that this method of CVM
      classification is reproducible and reliable.

PMID- 27364212
TI  - Preliminary biometric analysis of mesiodistal tooth dimensions in subjects with
      normal occlusion.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study were to confirm the efficacy of the Bolton
      index in a group of natural Class I white Italian patients with complete
      dentition, minimal crowding, and no previous orthodontic treatment, and to
      evaluate the mesiodistal tooth dimensions with multivariate cluster analysis.
      METHODS: Tooth measurements were obtained from a sample of 56 patients with
      normal occlusion, with a normal Bolton index (22 men, 34 women; mean age, 27.8
      years), without previous orthodontic treatment or prosthetic or Class II
      restorations. Maxillary and mandibular measurements were analyzed separately in
      the sexes. Clustering was performed using the partitioning around medoid
      algorithm and principal component analysis-based transformed data. Statistical
      analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The multivariate analysis showed 3 distinct
      clusters of both maxillary and mandibular tooth measurements in the male and
      female subjects. Statistically significant differences were found between the
      sexes in terms of average tooth measurements, and there was significant
      proportionality between the maxillary and mandibular arch clusters. CONCLUSION:
      Although the Bolton index is useful for identifying dentodental discrepancies in
      most patients, cluster analysis enabled the mandibular and maxillary tooth
      dimensions of the male and female subjects to be divided into 3 general classes
      (clusters) and the precise location of the discrepancies to be pinpointed.

PMID- 27364213
TI  - Malocclusion and its relationship to speech sound production: Redefining the
      effect of malocclusal traits on sound production.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to identify variables of dental
      malocclusion with the greatest effect on sound production that can be easily
      identified during an orthodontic assessment. METHODS: One hundred fifteen
      patients (8.2-36 years of age) seeking orthodontic evaluation were assessed for
      speech sound production abnormalities. An orthodontic clinical examination
      assessed Angle classification, overjet, overbite, crowding, spacing, and
      crossbites. A standard speech sample was elicited from each subject. RESULTS: The
      results indicated that 71 (62%) of the subjects made a production error,
      particularly with the /s/ and /t/ sounds. However, auditory distortions occurred
      in 12 subjects (20%), and 56 (80%) subjects had visual distortions of the sound.
      An open bite (>2 mm) was the key malocclusal factor underlying speech sound
      errors. There was statistical significance between the Orthodontic Treatment
      Priority Index and the sound errors of /s / and /t/ (mean score of 9.54 vs 6.29
      for subjects without sound errors). CONCLUSIONS: Predictive malocclusal traits
      are associated with speech sound production errors. The more severe or
      handicapping the malocclusion, the more likely that a speech sound error will
      occur. Open bites of 2 mm are associated with sound production errors. Visual
      inaccuracy of the sound occurs with more frequency than auditory inaccuracy and
      is the most common articulation error noted with occlusal irregularities.

PMID- 27364214
TI  - Are assessments of damping capacity and placement torque useful in estimating
      root proximity of orthodontic anchor screws?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Placement torque and damping capacity may increase when the
      orthodontic anchor screws make contact with an adjacent root. If this is the
      case, root contact can be inferred from the placement torque and damping
      capacity. The purpose of this study was to verify the detectability of root
      proximity of the screws by placement torque and damping capacity. For this
      purpose, we investigated the relationship among placement torque, damping
      capacity, and screw-root proximity. METHODS: The placement torque, damping
      capacity, and root proximity of 202 screws (diameter, 1.6 mm; length, 8.0 mm)
      were evaluated in 110 patients (31 male, 79 female; mean age, 21.3 +/- 6.9
      years). Placement torque was measured using a digital torque tester, damping
      capacity was measured with a Periotest device (Medizintechnik Gulden, Modautal,
      Germany), and root contact was judged using cone-beam computed tomography images.
      RESULTS: The rate of root contact was 18.3%. Placement torque and damping
      capacity were 7.8 N.cm and 3.8, respectively. The placement torque of screws with
      root contact was greater than that of screws with no root contact (P <0.05;
      effect size, 0.44; power, <0.8). Damping capacity of screws with root contact was
      significantly greater than that of screws with no root contact (P <0.01; effect
      size, >0.5; power, >0.95). CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that the damping
      capacity is related to root contact.

PMID- 27364215
TI  - Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography with multislice computed tomography
      in detection of small osseous condylar defects.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have indicated that orthodontic-grade cone-beam
      computed tomography (CBCT) images are limited when displaying small defects at
      the mandibular condyles for diagnosis. In this study, we investigated whether
      this limitation was inherent to CBCT by comparing CBCT with multislice computed
      tomography (CT), and whether image segmentation and color mapping could overcome
      this limitation. METHODS: Nine fresh pig heads (18 condyles, 36 medial and
      lateral condylar regions) were used. Small osseous defects (diameter and depth,
      1.5 mm) were created at the medial and lateral regions of the condyles shown by
      gutta percha markers. After the overlying soft tissues were restored, the pig
      heads underwent orthodontic-grade CBCT scans (0.4-mm voxel size; i-CAT; Imaging
      Sciences International, Hatfield, Pa) and medical-grade CT scans (0.625-mm voxel
      size; LightSpeed; GE, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom).
      Subsequently, 2 calibrated and blinded raters diagnosed the defect numbers in
      each condylar region from CBCT and CT images using Dolphin 3D software (Patterson
      Supply, St Paul, Minn) without image segmentation, and then 1 week later with the
      proprietary image segmentation and color mapping tools of Dolphin 3D. Condylar
      polyvinyl siloxane impressions were collected and evaluated by the same raters to
      obtain physical diagnoses. Rediagnoses were made on randomly selected subsamples
      to assess reliability. Using the physical diagnoses as references, the accuracy
      of imaging diagnosis was assessed and statistically compared among the varied
      imaging and analysis methods. RESULTS: Image diagnoses of all imaging and
      analysis methods showed good or excellent intrarater and interrater reliability
      values, except for those of the segmented CBCT images, which were substantially
      lower. The numbers of overdiagnoses and underdiagnoses per condylar region were
      not significantly different among the varied imaging and analysis methods
      (Wilcoxon tests, P >0.05), but classification functions demonstrated
      substantially lower sensitivity and accuracy with CBCT than with CT. Logistic
      regression also showed that CT had a significantly higher probability (odds
      ratio, 2.4) than CBCT in reaching the correct diagnosis, whereas use of the image
      segmentation and color mapping tool proprietary to Dolphin 3D did not improve the
      diagnostic accuracy from CBCT images. CONCLUSIONS: Even at a lower voxel size
      than medical CT images, orthodontic-grade CBCT images of mandibular condyles may
      be inherently less reliable and less accurate for the diagnosis of small condylar
      defects.

PMID- 27364216
TI  - Relationship of maxillary 3-dimensional posterior occlusal plane to mandibular
      spatial position and morphology.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the 3
      dimensional (3D) posterior occlusal plane (POP) and the mandibular 3D spatial
      position. The relationship of the POP to mandibular morphology was also
      investigated. METHODS: Retrospective data from a convenience sample of
      pretreatment diagnostic cone-beam computed tomography scans were rendered using
      InVivo software (Anatomage, San Jose, Calif). The sample consisted of 111
      subjects (51 male, 60 female) and included growing and nongrowing subjects of
      different races and ethnicities. The 3D maxillary POP was defined by selecting
      the cusp tips of the second premolars and the second molars on the rendered
      images of the subjects. The angles made by this plane, in reference to the
      Frankfort horizontal plane, were measured against variables that described the
      mandibular position in the coronal, sagittal, and axial views. The POP was also
      compared with bilateral variables that described mandibular morphology. RESULTS:
      There were significant differences of the POP among the different skeletal
      malocclusions (P <0.0001). The POP showed significant correlations with
      mandibular position in the sagittal (P <0.0001), coronal (P <0.05), and axial (P
      <0.05) planes. The POP also showed a significant correlation with mandibular
      morphology (P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that there is a
      distinct and significant relationship between the 3D POP and the mandibular
      spatial position and its morphology.

PMID- 27364217
TI  - Severe Class II Division 1 malocclusion in an adolescent patient, treated with a
      novel sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance.
AB  - Class II malocclusion is a challenging anomaly in orthodontic practice. Various
      types of functional appliances are used to correct Class II skeletal and occlusal
      disharmonies in growing patients, including the Twin-block. We used a modified
      sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance combined with a fixed appliance and
      microimplant anchorage to treat a 13-year-old Chinese boy with a severe skeletal
      Class II malocclusion and mandibular retrognathia. Normal overjet and a Class I
      molar relationship were achieved because of the advancement of mandibular
      development, the restriction of maxillary growth, and dentoalveolar modifications
      in both the maxilla and the mandible. Favorable skeletal, dental, and soft tissue
      relationships were accomplished after 24 months of treatment. After 2 years of
      retention, the results remained stable. 

PMID- 27364218
TI  - Orthodontic treatment of a patient with unilateral orofacial muscle dysfunction:
      The efficacy of myofunctional therapy on the treatment outcome.
AB  - The orofacial muscle is an important factor in the harmony of the occlusion, and
      its dysfunction significantly influences a patient's occlusion after craniofacial
      growth and development. In this case report, we describe the successful
      orthodontic treatment of a patient with unilateral orofacial muscle dysfunction.
      A boy, 10 years 0 months of age, with a chief complaint of anterior open bite,
      was diagnosed with a Class III malocclusion with facial musculoskeletal
      asymmetry. His maxillomandibular relationships were unstable, and he was unable
      to lift the right corner of his mouth upon smiling because of weak right
      orofacial muscles. A satisfactory occlusion and a balanced smile were achieved
      after orthodontic treatment combined with orofacial myofunctional therapy,
      including muscle exercises. An acceptable occlusion and facial proportion were
      maintained after a 2-year retention period. These results suggest that
      orthodontic treatment with orofacial myofunctional therapy is an effective option
      for a patient with orofacial muscle dysfunction. 

PMID- 27364219
TI  - Conservative orthodontic fixed appliance management of pediatric mandibular
      bilateral condylar fracture.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Management of mandibular condylar fractures is difficult in
      children with their inherently dynamic and unstable deciduous and mixed
      dentitions. We present a variation of the conservative fixed orthodontic approach
      that was used as an adjunct to aid in the reduction of a bilateral condylar
      fracture in a pediatric patient. METHODS: A boy, aged 10 years 9 months, came
      with clinical signs and symptoms of mandibular fracture after being involved in a
      motor vehicle accident. A computed tomography scan showed a vertical fracture on
      the left condylar head, a displaced fracture of the right condylar neck, and a
      mandibular symphysis fracture. The patient was treated with an orthodontic fixed
      appliance instead of an arch bar splint, followed by elastic traction to achieve
      a proper occlusion and condylar remodeling. Follow-up appointments were made 2
      weeks and 1, 2, 20, 37, and 49 months after treatment. RESULTS: Clinical recovery
      was observed 2 months after treatment. At the follow-up appointments at 20, 37,
      and 49 months, jaw function and occlusal relationship remained stable, and no
      ankylosis was observed. The computed tomography scans showed that the right
      condyle had remodeled, and the left condyle exhibited a slight curve in the head
      at 49 months posttreatment. The patient's satisfaction with these treatment
      results was high. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative treatment of a mandibular fracture by
      fixed orthodontic means is a viable treatment option that is relatively
      straightforward and cost-effective and has a high level of patient acceptance and
      comfort.

PMID- 27364221
TI  - Loose lips.

PMID- 27364220
TI  - Three-dimensional analysis of tooth movements after palatal miniscrew-supported
      molar distalization.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the
      dentoalveolar effects of a palatal miniscrew-supported molar distalization
      appliance using a 3-dimensional reverse engineering method. METHODS: This study
      sample comprised 21 patients at an average age of 13.6 years with a bilateral
      Class II molar relationship. Distalization was performed using skeletal
      anchorage. Dental casts were obtained just before treatment and after appliance
      removal, and they were scanned with a 3-dimensional dental scanner. The digital
      dental cast images were aligned. Four points and 2 lines were determined on each
      tooth, and the correlations between tooth movements and the linear and angular
      changes were analyzed 3 dimensionally. RESULTS: In the sagittal direction, the
      first molars showed a mean linear movement of 4.10 +/- 1.57 mm, with distal
      tipping of 11.02 degrees ; the central incisors showed a mean distal movement of
      0.95 +/- 0.40 mm, with retroclination of 1.59 +/- 0.59 degrees . In the vertical
      direction, only the first molars showed intrusion, with a mean value of -0.59 +/-
      0.50 mm. Rotation of the first molars was 4.92 degrees  +/- 3.09 degrees . The
      second molars had the greatest rotation. The highest correlation among tooth
      movements was found between the first and second molars. CONCLUSIONS: Through
      support from the anterior palatal region, the maxillary first molars were
      distalized without anchorage loss. Furthermore, movement was observed in all 3
      planes of space with reduction from the posterior to the anterior in the
      maxillary arch.

PMID- 27364222
TI  - Analysis of covariance.

PMID- 27364223
TI  - Nutritional status as a predictor of duration of mechanical ventilation in
      critically ill children.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Critically ill children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit
      (PICU) often are malnourished. The aim of this study was to determine the role of
      nutritional status on admission as a predictor of the duration of mechanical
      ventilation in critically ill children. METHODS: This was a single-center,
      prospective cohort study, including consecutive children (ages 1 mo to 15 y)
      admitted to a PICU. Demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and
      nutritional status were recorded and patients were followed up until hospital
      discharge. Nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometric parameters and
      malnutrition was considered if the Z-scores for the parameters were <=-2.
      Adjusted Cox's regression analysis was used to determine the association between
      nutritional status and duration of mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: In all, 72
      patients were included. The prevalence of malnutrition was 41.2%, according to
      height-for-age Z-score, 18.6% according to weight-for-height Z-score, and 22.1%
      according body mass index-for-age Z-score. Anthropometrical parameters that
      predicted the duration of mechanical ventilation were weight-for-age (hazard
      ratio [HR], 2.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-5.18); height-for-age (HR,
      2.49; 95% CI, 1.44-4.28); and upper arm muscle area-for-age (HR, 5.22; 95% CI,
      1.19-22.76). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition, based on a variety of anthropometric
      variables, was associated with the duration of mechanical ventilation in this
      cohort of critically ill children. Assessment of nutritional status by
      anthropometry should be performed on admission to the PICU to allow targeted
      nutritional rehabilitation for the subset of children with existing malnutrition.

PMID- 27364224
TI  - Brain-derived neurotrophic factor of the cerebral microvasculature: a forgotten
      and nitric oxide-dependent contributor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in
      the brain.
AB  - AIM: Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin
      largely involved in cognition, is expressed by cerebral endothelial cells led us
      to explore in rats the contribution of the cerebral microvasculature to BDNF
      found in brain tissue and the link between cerebrovascular nitric oxide (NO) and
      BDNF production. METHODS: Brain BDNF protein levels were measured before and
      after in situ removal of the cerebral endothelium that was achieved by brain
      perfusion with a 0.2% CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propane
      sulphonate) solution. BDNF protein and mRNA levels as well as levels of
      endothelial NO synthase phosphorylated at serine 1177 (P-eNOSser1177 ) were
      measured in cerebral microvessel-enriched fractions. These fractions were also
      exposed to glycerol trinitrate. Hypertension (spontaneously hypertensive rats)
      and physical exercise training were used as experimental approaches to modulate
      cerebrovascular endothelial NO production. RESULTS: CHAPS perfusion resulted in a
      marked decrease in brain BDNF levels. Hypertension decreased and exercise
      increased P-eNOSser1177 and BDNF protein levels. However, BDNF mRNA levels that
      were increased by exercise did not change after hypertension. Finally, in vitro
      exposure of cerebral microvessel-enriched fractions to glycerol trinitrate
      enhanced BDNF production. CONCLUSION: These data reveal that BDNF levels measured
      in brain homogenates correspond for a large part to BDNF present in cerebral
      endothelial cells and that cerebrovascular BDNF production is dependent on
      cerebrovascular endothelial eNOS activity. They provide a paradigm shift in the
      cellular source of brain BDNF and suggest a new approach to improve our
      understanding of the link between endothelial function and cognition.

PMID- 27364225
TI  - Microbiota and Alcoholic Liver Disease.

PMID- 27364227
TI  - Surrogate MRI markers for hyperthermia-induced release of doxorubicin from
      thermosensitive liposomes in tumors.
AB  - The efficacy of systemically applied, classical anti-cancer drugs is limited by
      insufficient selectivity to the tumor and the applicable dose is limited by side
      effects. Efficacy could be further improved by targeting of the drug to the
      tumor. Using thermosensitive liposomes (TSL) as a drug carrier, targeting is
      achieved by control of temperature in the target volume. In such an approach,
      effective local hyperthermia (40-43 degrees C) (HT) of the tumor is considered
      essential but technically challenging. Thus, visualization of local heating and
      drug release using TSL is considered an important tool for further improvement.
      Visualization and feasibility of chemodosimetry by magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) has previously been demonstrated using TSL encapsulating both, contrast
      agent (CA) and doxorubicin (DOX) simultaneously in the same TSL. Dosimetry has
      been facilitated using T1-relaxation time change as a surrogate marker for DOX
      deposition in the tumor. To allow higher loading of the TSL and to simplify
      clinical development of new TSL formulations a new approach using a mixture of
      TSL either loaded with DOX or MRI-CA is suggested. This was successfully tested
      using phosphatidyldiglycerol-based TSL (DPPG2-TSL) in Brown Norway rats with
      syngeneic soft tissue sarcomas (BN175) implanted at both hind legs. After
      intravenous application of DOX-TSL and CA-TSL, heating of one tumor above 40
      degrees C for 1h using laser light resulted in highly selective DOX uptake. The
      DOX-concentration in the heated tumor tissue compared to the non-heated tumor
      showed an almost 10-fold increase. T1 and additional MRI surrogate parameters
      such as signal phase change were correlated to intratumoral DOX concentration.
      Visualization of DOX delivery in the sense of a chemodosimetry was demonstrated.
      Although phase-based MR-thermometry was affected by CA-TSL, phase information was
      found suitable for DOX concentration assessment. Local differences of DOX
      concentration in the tumors indicated the need for visualization of drug release
      for further improvement of targeting.

PMID- 27364226
TI  - Beyond the brain-Peripheral kisspeptin signaling is essential for promoting
      endometrial gland development and function.
AB  - Uterine growth and endometrial gland formation (adenogenesis) and function, are
      essential for fertility and are controlled by estrogens and other regulators,
      whose nature and physiological relevance are yet to be elucidated. Kisspeptin,
      which signals via Kiss1r, is essential for fertility, primarily through its
      central control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, but also likely
      through peripheral actions. Using genetically modified mice, we addressed the
      contributions of central and peripheral kisspeptin signaling in regulating
      uterine growth and adenogenesis. Global ablation of Kiss1 or Kiss1r dramatically
      suppressed uterine growth and almost fully prevented adenogenesis. However, while
      uterine growth was fully rescued by E2 treatment of Kiss1(-/-) mice and by
      genetic restoration of kisspeptin signaling in GnRH neurons in Kiss1r(-/-) mice,
      functional adenogenesis was only marginally restored. Thus, while uterine growth
      is largely dependent on ovarian E2-output via central kisspeptin signaling,
      peripheral kisspeptin signaling is indispensable for endometrial adenogenesis and
      function, essential aspects of reproductive competence.

PMID- 27364228
TI  - Effect of aspirin in addition to oral anticoagulants in stable coronary artery
      disease outpatients with an indication for anticoagulation.
AB  - Antithrombotic management of outpatients with stable coronary artery disease
      (CAD) who also have an indication for long-term oral anticoagulation (OAC) is
      critical in daily practice, firstly because these patients are frequently seen,
      and secondly because they have shown a high risk of both ischemic events and
      bleeding as compared to patients without OAC. The current guidelines recommend
      that most of such patients should be treated with OAC alone (without any
      antiplatelet therapy) after 12 months of stability even when a stent has been
      implanted. Robust data are however very sparse and level of evidence very low to
      support such a strategy. The goal of the present manuscript is to review all
      available evidences to help the physician's choices in this specific context and
      to highlight the unsolved issues that should be addressed by new studies in the
      near future.

PMID- 27364230
TI  - The Influence of Agreeableness and Ego Depletion on Emotional Responding.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Agreeable individuals report more intense withdrawal-oriented negative
      emotions across aversive situations. Two studies tested the hypothesis that self
      regulatory depletion (i.e., ego depletion) moderates the relationship between
      trait Agreeableness and negative emotional responding. METHOD: Ego depletion was
      manipulated using a writing task. Emotional responding was measured with startle
      eye-blink responses (Study 1, N = 71) and self-reported valence, arousal, and
      empathic concern (Study 2, N = 256) during emotional picture viewing. Trait
      Agreeableness was measured using a questionnaire. RESULTS: In Study 1,
      Agreeableness predicted especially large startle responses during aversive images
      and especially small startles during appetitive images. After exercising self
      control, the relationship between startle magnitudes and Agreeableness decreased.
      In Study 2, Agreeableness predicted more empathic concern for aversive images,
      which in turn predicted heightened self-reported negative emotions. After
      exercising self-control, the relationship between Agreeableness and empathic
      concern decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Agreeable individuals exhibit heightened negative
      emotional responding. Ego depletion reduced the link between Agreeableness and
      negative emotional responding in Study 1 and moderated the indirect effect of
      Agreeableness on negative emotional responding via empathic concern in Study 2.
      Empathic concern appears to be a resource-intensive process underlying heightened
      responding to aversive stimuli among agreeable persons.

PMID- 27364229
TI  - Deep tissue volume imaging of birefringence through fibre-optic needle probes for
      the delineation of breast tumour.
AB  - Identifying tumour margins during breast-conserving surgeries is a persistent
      challenge. We have previously developed miniature needle probes that could enable
      intraoperative volume imaging with optical coherence tomography. In many
      situations, however, scattering contrast alone is insufficient to clearly
      identify and delineate malignant regions. Additional polarization-sensitive
      measurements provide the means to assess birefringence, which is elevated in
      oriented collagen fibres and may offer an intrinsic biomarker to differentiate
      tumour from benign tissue. Here, we performed polarization-sensitive optical
      coherence tomography through miniature imaging needles and developed an algorithm
      to efficiently reconstruct images of the depth-resolved tissue birefringence free
      of artefacts. First ex vivo imaging of breast tumour samples revealed excellent
      contrast between lowly birefringent malignant regions, and stromal tissue, which
      is rich in oriented collagen and exhibits higher birefringence, as confirmed with
      co-located histology. The ability to clearly differentiate between tumour and
      uninvolved stroma based on intrinsic contrast could prove decisive for the
      intraoperative assessment of tumour margins.

PMID- 27364231
TI  - Back to the Future - Tapping into Ancient Grains for Food Diversity.
AB  - Einkorn, emmer, and spelt are old wheat species that have fed the world for
      centuries before they have nearly completely been replaced by modern bread wheat.
      Nowadays, the diversity of these old species lies frozen in gene banks and rare
      attempts aim to exploit them as a source for genetic diversity in modern wheat
      breeding. Here, we want to raise a debate on a more holistic exploitation of
      ancient species via their direct introduction to the consumer market as high
      quality products. Although exemplified only for ancient wheat species, this
      innovative self-financing strategy can be directly extended to other species. A
      central requirement for this concept is intensive communication, coordination,
      and interdisciplinary research along the entire production chain from farm to
      fork.

PMID- 27364232
TI  - Phasic alertness enhances processing of face and non-face stimuli in congenital
      prosopagnosia.
AB  - Congenital prosopagnosia (CP) is a severe face processing impairment that occurs
      in the absence of any obvious brain damage and has often been associated with a
      more general deficit in deriving holistic relations between facial features or
      even between non-face shape dimensions. Here we further characterized this
      deficit and examined a potential way to ameliorate it. To this end we manipulated
      phasic alertness using alerting cues previously shown to modulate attention and
      enhance global processing of visual stimuli in normal observers. Specifically, we
      first examined whether individuals with CP, similarly to controls, would show
      greater global processing when exposed to an alerting cue in the context of a non
      facial task (Navon global/local task). We then explored the effect of an alerting
      cue on face processing (upright/inverted face discrimination). Confirming
      previous findings, in the absence of alerting cues, controls showed a typical
      global bias in the Navon task and an inversion effect indexing holistic
      processing in the upright/inverted task, while CP failed to show these effects.
      Critically, when alerting cues preceded the experimental trials, both groups
      showed enhanced global interference and a larger inversion effect. These results
      suggest that phasic alertness may modulate visual processing and consequently,
      affect global/holistic perception. Hence, these findings further reinforce the
      notion that global/holistic processing may serve as a possible mechanism
      underlying the face processing deficit in CP. Moreover, they imply a possible
      route for enhancing face processing in individuals with CP and thus shed new
      light on potential amelioration of this disorder.

PMID- 27364233
TI  - Down-regulation of the glucan synthase-like 6 gene (HvGsl6) in barley leads to
      decreased callose accumulation and increased cell wall penetration by Blumeria
      graminis f. sp. hordei.
AB  - The recent characterization of the polysaccharide composition of papillae
      deposited at the barley cell wall during infection by the powdery mildew
      pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), has provided new targets for the
      generation of enhanced disease resistance. The role of callose in papilla-based
      penetration resistance of crop species is largely unknown because the genes
      involved in the observed callose accumulation have not been identified
      unequivocally. We have employed both comparative and functional genomics
      approaches to identify the functional orthologue of AtGsl5 in the barley genome.
      HvGsl6 (the barley glucan synthase-like 6 gene), which has the highest sequence
      identity to AtGsl5, is the only Bgh-induced gene among the HvGsls examined in
      this study. Through double-stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi)-mediated silencing
      of HvGsl6, we have shown that the down-regulation of HvGsl6 is associated with a
      lower accumulation of papillary and wound callose and a higher susceptibility to
      penetration of the papillae by Bgh, compared with control lines. The results
      indicate that the HvGsl6 gene is a functional orthologue of AtGsl5 and is
      involved in papillary callose accumulation in barley. The increased
      susceptibility of HvGsl6 dsRNAi transgenic lines to infection indicates that
      callose positively contributes to the barley fungal penetration resistance
      mechanism. 

PMID- 27364234
TI  - Body mass index and waist circumference as predictors of all-cause mortality in
      an Aboriginal Australian community.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although elevated body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)
      have been identified as risk factors for mortality, data from the Australian
      Aboriginal communities are scarce. This study examined the associations of BMI
      and WC with all-cause mortality in an Australian Aboriginal community. METHODS: A
      total of 934 Aboriginal adults, aged 18-76 years, who participated in a community
      wide screening programme in Australia's Northern Territory from 1992 to 1998,
      were followed-up prospectively for up to 18 years for death outcomes. The hazard
      ratios for mortality were estimated by baseline BMI and WC. Age, sex, smoking and
      alcohol consumption status were adjusted for in multivariable analysis. RESULTS:
      In 14,750 person-years of follow-up, 216 deaths were recorded. For each standard
      deviation increase in BMI, the risk of all-cause death decreased by 9% (95% CI:
      0.80-1.05); whereas for each SD increase in WC, the risk of all-cause mortality
      increased by 17% (95% CI: 1.03-1.33). The risk of mortality was lower in the 3rd
      BMI tertile compared to the 1st tertile for mortality after adjusting for WC,
      age, sex, smoking and alcohol consumption. Risk of death was higher in WC tertile
      3 compared to tertile 1 after adjusting for BMI, age, sex, smoking and alcohol
      consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of all-cause mortality among participants
      increased with higher WC, while participants with relatively higher BMI had a
      lower mortality risk. WC had stronger association with mortality than did BMI.
      The results indicate the importance of assessing WC measures in studies conducted
      in Aboriginal Australia.

PMID- 27364235
TI  - Brown adipose tissue transplantation ameliorates male fertility impairment caused
      by diet-induced obesity.
AB  - Populations with obesity or overweight have a high incidence of infertility. We
      hypothesised that brown adipose tissue (BAT) transplantation can attenuate the
      impairment of male fertility caused by diet-induced obesity. BATs were
      transplanted from male donor mice into age and sex matched recipient mice fed
      high-fat diets (HFD). Sperm motility experiment was conducted after surgical
      procedure. X-ray computed tomography scanning, biochemical assay, real-time PCR
      and western blot analysis were performed. BAT transplantation reduced body fat
      and epididymal fat mass, as well as triglycerides (TG) content in testis and
      epididymis and total cholesterol (TCHO) contents in epididymis compared with the
      HFD group. Sperm motility and progressiveness were recovered and mRNA and protein
      levels of genes related to sperm motility such as cullin 3 (Cul3), peroxisome
      proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and its down-stream genes were
      significantly down-regulated post BAT transplantation. BAT transplantation
      partially ameliorated impairment of male fertility caused by diet-induced
      obesity.

PMID- 27364251
TI  - Introduction: (In)famous neurological injuries and disease: cases and events of
      historical, political, cultural, and scientific impact: Part 2.

PMID- 27364254
TI  - Deep brain stimulation for autism spectrum disorders.

PMID- 27364253
TI  - Chen Jingrun, China's famous mathematician: devastated by brain injuries on the
      doorstep to solving a fundamental mathematical puzzle.
AB  - Chen Jingrun (1933-1996), perhaps the most prodigious mathematician of his time,
      focused on the field of analytical number theory. His work on Waring's problem,
      Legendre's conjecture, and Goldbach's conjecture led to progress in analytical
      number theory in the form of "Chen's Theorem," which he published in 1966 and
      1973. His early life was ravaged by the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese
      Cultural Revolution. On the verge of solving Goldbach's conjecture in 1984, Chen
      was struck by a bicyclist while also bicycling and suffered severe brain trauma.
      During his hospitalization, he was also found to have Parkinson's disease. Chen
      suffered another serious brain concussion after a fall only a few months after
      recovering from the bicycle crash. With significant deficits, he remained
      hospitalized for several years without making progress while receiving modern
      Western medical therapies. In 1988 traditional Chinese medicine experts were
      called in to assist with his treatment. After a year of acupuncture and oxygen
      therapy, Chen could control his basic bowel and bladder functions, he could walk
      slowly, and his swallowing and speech improved. When Chen was unable to produce
      complex work or finish his final work on Goldbach's conjecture, his mathematical
      pursuits were taken up vigorously by his dedicated students. He was able to
      publish Youth Math, a mathematics book that became an inspiration in Chinese
      education. Although he died in 1996 at the age of 63 after surviving brutal
      political repression, being deprived of neurological function at the very peak of
      his genius, and having to be supported by his wife, Chen ironically became a
      symbol of dedication, perseverance, and motivation to his students and
      associates, to Chinese youth, to a nation, and to mathematicians and scientists
      worldwide. 

PMID- 27364252
TI  - Human prion diseases: surgical lessons learned from iatrogenic prion
      transmission.
AB  - The human prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, have
      captivated our imaginations since their discovery in the Fore linguistic group in
      Papua New Guinea in the 1950s. The mysterious and poorly understood "infectious
      protein" has become somewhat of a household name in many regions across the
      globe. From bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly identified as mad
      cow disease, to endocannibalism, media outlets have capitalized on these
      devastatingly fatal neurological conditions. Interestingly, since their
      discovery, there have been more than 492 incidents of iatrogenic transmission of
      prion diseases, largely resulting from prion-contaminated growth hormone and dura
      mater grafts. Although fewer than 9 cases of probable iatrogenic neurosurgical
      cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) have been reported worldwide, the
      likelihood of some missed cases and the potential for prion transmission by
      neurosurgery create considerable concern. Laboratory studies indicate that
      standard decontamination and sterilization procedures may be insufficient to
      completely remove infectivity from prion-contaminated instruments. In this
      unfortunate event, the instruments may transmit the prion disease to others. Much
      caution therefore should be taken in the absence of strong evidence against the
      presence of a prion disease in a neurosurgical patient. While the Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) have
      devised risk assessment and decontamination protocols for the prevention of
      iatrogenic transmission of the prion diseases, incidents of possible exposure to
      prions have unfortunately occurred in the United States. In this article, the
      authors outline the historical discoveries that led from kuru to the
      identification and isolation of the pathological prion proteins in addition to
      providing a brief description of human prion diseases and iatrogenic forms of
      CJD, a brief history of prion disease nosocomial transmission, and a summary of
      the CDC and WHO guidelines for prevention of prion disease transmission and
      decontamination of prion-contaminated neurosurgical instruments. 

PMID- 27364255
TI  - Two cases of 16th century head injuries managed in royal European families.
AB  - In Europe, during the 16th century, there were a number of prominent general
      surgeons adventurous enough to consider operating on the brain for head injuries.
      From the time of Hippocrates, operating on the skull and brain was considered
      both treacherous and too dangerous to be undertaken except on rare occasions.
      Operating on a member of a royal court was considered even more exceptional
      because if the outcome was poor, the surgeon could lose a hand or limb, or, even
      worse, be beheaded. The authors present two interesting cases of royal family
      members who underwent surgery for head injuries that were quite severe. The
      surgeons involved, Ambroise Pare, Andreas Vesalius, and Berengario da Carpi, were
      among the most prominent surgeons in Europe. Despite very challenging political
      situations, all were willing to undertake a complex surgical intervention on the
      member of a prominent royal family. The individuals involved, both royal and
      medical, plus the neurosurgical injuries are discussed. 

PMID- 27364256
TI  - Monsters and the case of L. Joseph: Andre Feil's thesis on the origin of the
      Klippel-Feil syndrome and a social transformation of medicine.
AB  - Andre Feil (1884-1955) was a French physician best recognized for his
      description, coauthored with Maurice Klippel, of patients with congenital fusion
      of cervical vertebrae, a condition currently known as Klippel-Feil syndrome.
      However, little is known about his background aside from the fact that he was a
      student of Klippel and a physician who took a keen interest in describing
      congenital anomalies. Despite the relative lack of information on Feil, his
      contributions to the fields of spinal disease and teratology extended far beyond
      science to play an integral role in changing the misguided perception shrouding
      patients with disfigurements, defects, deformities, and so-called monstrous
      births. In particular, Feil's 1919 medical school thesis on cervical
      abnormalities was a critical publication in defying long-held theory and opinion
      that human "monstrosities," anomalies, developmental abnormalities, and altered
      congenital physicality were a consequence of sinful behavior or a reversion to a
      primitive state. Indeed, his thesis on a spinal deformity centering on his
      patient, L. Joseph, was at the vanguard for a new view of a patient as nothing
      less than fully human, no matter his or her physicality or appearance. 

PMID- 27364257
TI  - Head injury in heroes of the Civil War and its lasting influence.
AB  - The Civil War era was an age-defining period in the history of the United States
      of America, the effects of which are still seen in the nation today. In this era,
      the issue of head injury pervaded society. From the president of the United
      States, Abraham Lincoln, to the officers and soldiers of the Union and
      Confederate armies, and to the population at large, head injury and its
      ramifications gripped the nation. This article focuses on 3 individuals: Major
      General John Sedgwick, First Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing, and Harriet Tubman, as
      examples of the impact that head injury had during this era. These 3 individuals
      were chosen for this article because of their lasting legacies, contributions to
      society, and interesting connections to one another. 

PMID- 27364258
TI  - Silas Weir Mitchell and "The Strange Case of George Dedlow".
AB  - It has been said of Silas Weir Mitchell (1829-1914) that as a young man he was
      first among the physiologists of his day, in middle age first among physicians,
      and as an older man, one of the most noted novelists of his country. Mitchell's
      novels were written in his later life as a means to avoid boredom during lengthy
      summer vacations that were the norm for that time among the affluent members of
      Philadelphia society. These novels were criticized by some because of poor plots,
      which in some instances failed to move along, or for text that offered a
      stereotyped depiction of genteel society and the effects that war or personal
      disaster had on the characters' behavior The criticism came despite the fact that
      all critics agreed that Mitchell's portrayals of psychopathology in his fictional
      characters was unique and accurate. However, in his 30s, Mitchell had written and
      by chance had published a fictional short story that not only transcended such
      criticisms but became immensely popular. "The Strange Case of George Dedlow"
      portrays a union officer who was not a physician but who had some medical
      background and who sustained a series of war wounds leading to severe nerve pain,
      the author's first description of causalgia, multiple amputations, and the
      psychological as well as physical symptoms of phantom limb syndrome. The
      protagonist tells of his torments in the first person in a very engaging fashion.
      Thus, long before he began writing his, at that time, acclaimed novels in the
      1880s, Mitchell wrote a piece of fiction that combines accurate and very
      important medical observations with fiction of great historical interest. The
      following rendering of this now classic short story includes selected quotes and
      some interpretation and is perhaps appropriate for this year, 2 years after the
      centenary year of his death in 1914. 

PMID- 27364259
TI  - Harvey Cushing and pituitary Case Number 3 (Mary D.): the origin of this most
      baffling problem in neurosurgery.
AB  - From the very beginning of his career, Harvey Williams Cushing (1869-1939)
      harbored a deep interest in a complex group of neoplasms that usually developed
      at the infundibulum. These were initially known as "interpeduncular" or
      "suprasellar" cysts. Cushing introduced the term "craniopharyngioma" for these
      lesions, which he believed represented one of the most baffling problems faced by
      neurosurgeons. The patient who most influenced Cushing's thinking was a 16-year
      old seamstress named "Mary D.," whom he attended in December 1901, exactly the
      same month that Alfred Frohlich published his seminal article describing an
      adiposogenital syndrome in a young boy with a pituitary cyst. Both Cushing's and
      Frohlich's patients showed similar symptoms caused by the same type of tumor.
      Notably, Cushing and Frohlich had met one another and became good friends in
      Liverpool the summer before these events took place. Their fortunate relationship
      led Cushing to realize that Frohlich's syndrome represented a state of
      hypopituitarism and provided a useful method of diagnosing interpeduncular cysts.
      It is noteworthy that Cushing's very first neurosurgical procedure on a pituitary
      tumor was performed in the case of Mary D.'s "interpeduncular cyst," on February
      21, 1902. Cushing failed to remove this lesion, which was later found during the
      patient's autopsy. This case was documented as Pituitary Case Number 3 in
      Cushing's masterpiece, The Pituitary Body and Its Disorders, published in 1912.
      This tumor was considered "a teratoma"; however, multiple sources of evidence
      suggest that this lesion actually corresponded to an adamantinomatous
      craniopharyngioma. Unfortunately, the pathological specimens of this lesion were
      misplaced, and this prompted Cushing's decision to retain all specimens and
      documents of the cases he would operate on throughout his career. Accordingly,
      Mary D.'s case crystallized the genesis of the Cushing Brain Tumor Registry, one
      of Cushing's major legacies to neurosurgery. In this paper the authors analyze
      the case of Mary D. and the great influence it had on Cushing's conceptions of
      the pituitary gland and its afflictions, and on the history of pituitary surgery.

PMID- 27364260
TI  - The strokes that killed Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin.
AB  - From February 4 to 11, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United
      States, Soviet Union Premier Joseph Stalin, and British Prime Minister Winston
      Churchill met near Yalta in Crimea to discuss how post-World War II (WWII) Europe
      should be organized. Within 2 decades of this conference, all 3 men had died.
      President Roosevelt died 2 months after the Yalta Conference due to a hemorrhagic
      stroke. Premier Stalin died 8 years later, also due to a hemorrhagic stroke.
      Finally, Prime Minister Churchill died 20 years after the conference because of
      complications due to stroke. At the time of Yalta, these 3 men were the leaders
      of the most powerful countries in the world. The subsequent deterioration of
      their health and eventual death had varying degrees of historical significance.
      Churchill's illness forced him to resign as British prime minister, and the
      events that unfolded immediately after his resignation included Britain's
      mismanagement of the Egyptian Suez Crisis and also a period of mistrust with the
      United States. Furthermore, Roosevelt was still president and Stalin was still
      premier at their times of passing, so their deaths carried huge political
      ramifications not only for their respective countries but also for international
      relations. The early death of Roosevelt, in particular, may have exacerbated post
      WWII miscommunication between America and the Soviet Union-miscommunication that
      may have helped precipitate the Cold War. 

PMID- 27364261
TI  - Field Marshal Erwin Rommel: the head injury that may have prolonged the Second
      World War.
AB  - War-related head injury, indeed neurological injury in general, has been a part
      of the history of humankind for as long as there has been warfare. Such injuries
      can result in the removal of the individual from combat, thus eliminating any
      subsequent contribution that he or she might have made to the battle. However, at
      times, the injuries can have more wide-reaching effects. In the case of
      commanders or leaders, the impact of their injuries may include the loss of their
      influence, planning, and leadership, and thus have a disproportionate effect on
      the battle, or indeed the war. Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was a talented military
      strategist and leader who was respected by friends and foes alike. He held an
      honored reputation by the German people and the military leadership. His head
      injury on July 17, 1944, resulted in his being removed from the field of battle
      in northern France, but also meant that he was not able to lend his stature to
      the assassination attempt of Adolph Hitler on July 20. It is possible that, had
      he been able to lend his stature to the events, Hitler's hold on the nation's
      government might have been loosened, and the war might have been brought to an
      end a year earlier. The authors review Rommel's career, his injury, the
      subsequent medical treatment, and his subsequent death. 

PMID- 27364262
TI  - Beyond the game: the legacy of Bill Masterton.
AB  - Bill Masterton is the only man to die of injuries sustained in a National Hockey
      League (NHL) game. He remains the last fatality in any professional team sport
      involving a direct in-game injury in North America. While Masterton was
      originally thought to have suffered a fatal brain injury while being checked on
      the ice, later analysis of the case revealed evidence of second-impact syndrome
      and the effects of prior concussions. Masterton's death sparked both an immediate
      debate in the NHL on whether helmets should be compulsory and the NHL's first
      vote on mandatory helmet use. Although the subject of mandated helmet use met
      with resistance in the 10 years after Masterton's death, especially from hockey
      owners and coaches, the NHL finally legislated helmet use by all players entering
      the league beginning in the 1979-1980 season. Several awards, including one
      recognizing the NHL player who best exemplifies the qualities of perseverance,
      sportsmanship, and dedication to hockey, have been created in memory of
      Masterton. However, his legacy extends far beyond the awards that bear his name.
      His death was the seminal event bringing head safety to the forefront of a game
      that was both unready and unwilling to accept change. An increase in mainstream
      media attention in recent years has led to unprecedented public awareness of
      brain injury and concussion in hockey and other sports. Advances in the diagnosis
      and treatment of head injury in sports have occurred recently, the impetus for
      which started over 45 years ago, when Bill Masterton died. 

PMID- 27364263
TI  - What to Do With Success? The Optimist's Creed in Relapsed Hodgkin Lymphoma.
AB  - Checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in patients with
      chemotherapy-resistant Hodgkin lymphoma. However, it remains unclear whether
      these impressive agents have curative potential or whether relapse and death will
      eventually occur. In the present review, we discuss the options for a therapeutic
      dilemma that is likely to occur with increasing frequency, what to do for a
      patient with Hodgkin lymphoma who is responding to the checkpoint inhibitors? We
      discuss the 4 most likely considered options: continuation of checkpoint
      blockade, cessation of therapy with potential retreatment, transplantation, and
      chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. These options will require evaluation
      in future clinical trials; however, we propose a decision strategy that could be
      of use to practicing clinicians until robust data are available.

PMID- 27364264
TI  - Vaccination in Multiple Myeloma: Review of Current Literature.
AB  - Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the immune system. Infection is a major cause of
      morbidity and mortality in patients with multiple myeloma. Some of these
      infections are preventable by vaccines available to the general population.
      However, little is known about the clinical effectiveness of these vaccines in
      patients with multiple myeloma, and the cellular and humoral immune response to
      vaccination has not been well characterized, especially in conjunction with
      modern myeloma therapies. The present report reviews the basics of multiple
      myeloma and the immune system, the available evidence on the immunologic response
      of patients with multiple myeloma after vaccination, and current practice
      recommendations regarding specific vaccines. Understanding the immune response to
      vaccines could help us understand how immuno-oncology-based therapies work in
      multiple myeloma and provide future directions for research.

PMID- 27364266
TI  - Investigating Residential History Using Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes of
      Human Hair and Drinking Water.
AB  - The relationship between isotopic signals in human hair and geographic region has
      potential forensic applications for identifying unknown individuals' place of
      recent residence. This study analyzes delta(2) H and delta(18) O isotopes in
      residential tap water and bulk hair samples from 17 volunteers representing 12
      locations in Ontario, Canada. There is a strong correlation (R(2) = 0.9) between
      delta(2) H and delta(18) O values of the water samples. In contrast, the delta(2)
      H and delta(18) O values of the hair samples are weakly correlated (R(2) = 0.3),
      and the greater variability in the data is linked to dietary factors. This study
      demonstrates that the delta(2) H and delta(18) O values of hair and drinking
      water can be used to help identify potential place of residence in forensic
      cases, particularly in relation to proximity to large bodies of water such as the
      Great Lakes, but interpretations are complicated by the contribution of both
      water and diet to delta(2) H and delta(18) O values in hair.

PMID- 27364267
TI  - Ancestry Estimation in Forensic Anthropology: Geometric Morphometric versus
      Standard and Nonstandard Interlandmark Distances.
AB  - Standard cranial measurements are commonly used for ancestry estimation; however,
      3D digitizers have made cranial landmark data collection and geometric
      morphometric (GM) analyses more popular within forensic anthropology. Yet there
      has been little focus on which data type works best. The goal of the present
      research is to test the discrimination ability of standard and nonstandard
      craniometric measurements and data derived from GM analysis. A total of 31
      cranial landmarks were used to generate 465 interlandmark distances, including a
      subset of 20 commonly used measurements, and to generate principal component
      scores from procrustes coordinates. All were subjected to discriminant function
      analysis to ascertain which type of data performed best for ancestry estimation
      of American Black and White and Hispanic males and females. The nonstandard
      interlandmark distances generated the highest classification rates for females
      (90.5%) and males (88.2%). Using nonstandard interlandmark distances over more
      commonly used measurements leads to better ancestry estimates for our current
      population structure.

PMID- 27364268
TI  - DNA Profiling Success Rates from Degraded Skeletal Remains in Guatemala.
AB  - No data are available regarding the success of DNA Short Tandem Repeat (STR)
      profiling from degraded skeletal remains in Guatemala. Therefore, DNA profiling
      success rates relating to 2595 skeletons from eleven cases at the Forensic
      Anthropology Foundation of Guatemala (FAFG) are presented. The typical postmortem
      interval was 30 years. DNA was extracted from bone powder and amplified using
      Identifiler and Minifler. DNA profiling success rates differed between cases,
      ranging from 50.8% to 7.0%, the overall success rate for samples was 36.3%. The
      best DNA profiling success rates were obtained from femur (36.2%) and tooth
      (33.7%) samples. DNA profiles were significantly better from lower body bones
      than upper body bones (p = <0.0001). Bone samples from males gave significantly
      better profiles than samples from females (p = <0.0001). These results are
      believed to be related to bone density. The findings are important for designing
      forensic DNA sampling strategies in future victim recovery investigations.

PMID- 27364269
TI  - Application of mRNA Expression Analysis to Human Blood Identification in
      Degenerated Samples that were False-negative by Immunochromatography.
AB  - Forensic laboratories are often faced with cases in which methamphetamine
      hydrochloride-mixed blood is unable to be identified as human blood by
      immunochromatography against human hemoglobin A0. The application of mRNA
      expression analysis to samples that showed a false-negative with
      immunochromatography was investigated as an alternative approach that did not
      depend on the antigen-antibody reaction. Real-time PCR was used to examine the
      expression levels of blood markers such as glycophorin A, spectrin beta, and
      hemoglobin beta. Hemoglobin beta was the only marker that was specifically
      detected in blood, while glycophorin A was useful for determining human
      specificity. Hemoglobin beta showed good detection sensitivity and was detectable
      in 37-year-old blood stains. Hemoglobin beta was exclusively detectable in
      methamphetamine hydrochloride-mixed blood stains. Detergents and disinfectants
      did not significantly influence mRNA markers. The proposed mRNA expression
      analysis was suitable for human blood identification as an alternative method to
      immunochromatography.

PMID- 27364270
TI  - Forensic Analysis of Cigarette Ash-Brand Determination Through Trace-metal
      Analysis.
AB  - The information inherent in cigarette ash in the form of trace-metal
      concentrations may be of use in a forensic context as it can indicate the brand
      from which the ash originated. This knowledge might help place suspects at crime
      scenes or determine how many people may have been present. To develop and test
      statistical models capable of classifying ash samples according to brand,
      commercial cigarettes procured in the U.S. and overseas were "smoked" using a
      peristaltic pump, mimicking the range of human smoking habits. Ash samples were
      digested in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid applying microwave
      digestion and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
      Principal component analysis of the elemental data showed intrinsic differences
      between brands. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis demonstrated that
      brand classification yields good sensitivity and specificity for a number of
      models tested. Varying smoking parameters did not impact the classification of
      ash samples.

PMID- 27364271
TI  - A Study of the Presence of Gunshot Residue in Pittsburgh Police Stations using
      SEM/EDS and LC-MS/MS.
AB  - Due to possible secondary transfer of gunshot residue (GSR) onto a suspect in
      police custody prior to sampling, a baseline must be created for the amount of
      GSR present. With an increase of "lead free" ammunition, testing for both
      gunpowder and primer GSR is relevant. Seventy samples were collected using carbon
      coated adhesive stubs from four Pittsburgh Police Stations and vehicles to
      investigate these locations as sources of secondary GSR contamination. These
      seventy samples were analyzed for primer GSR using scanning electron microscopy
      energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. One primer GSR particle was detected; no
      sample was classified as positive for primer GSR. These same samples were then
      analyzed for gunpowder GSR using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass
      spectrometry to test for akardite II, ethylcentralite, diphenylamine, N
      nitrosodiphenylamine, 2-nitrodiphenylamine, and 4-nitrodiphenylamine.
      Ethylcentralite was quantifiable in two test samples. These results suggest there
      is a negligible potential for secondary transfer of primer and gunpowder GSR.

PMID- 27364272
TI  - Latent Fingermark Aging Patterns (Part II): Color Contrast Between Ridges and
      Furrows as One Indicator of Degradation.
AB  - Currently, no established methodology exists to determine degradation patterns of
      latent fingermarks by visual means. This article is the second in a series of
      reports exploring quantifiable degradation-related parameters, which focuses on
      color contrast changes between fingermark ridges and furrows over time.
      Experiment variables included type of secretion (eccrine and sebaceous),
      substrate (glass and plastic), and exposure to natural light (dark, shade, and
      direct light). Fingermarks were sequentially visualized with titanium dioxide
      powder and photographed. Image histogram profiles were evaluated and combined
      with statistical analysis of color data values. Results indicate that sebaceous
      depositions on glass were generally less degraded by the effect of environmental
      conditions compared with those on plastic. In addition, aging in darkness was not
      always the best condition for preservation, and direct exposure to light seemed
      to inhibit visual degradation under certain conditions. Overall, the technique
      provided sufficient sensitivity to discern degradation patterns of fingermarks.

PMID- 27364273
TI  - Two Simple Formulas for Evaluating the Lower Bound of the Impact Velocity in
      Vehicle-pedestrian Accidents.
AB  - Formulas for evaluating the lower bound of the impact velocity are valuable in
      vehicle-pedestrian accident reconstruction. The theory of classical mechanics and
      four hypotheses were employed to derive formulas; the research results and
      simulation/accident tests were employed to validate their feasibility. Then, two
      simple formulas were developed according to the distance between the rest
      positions of the vehicle and the pedestrian and the flight-phase distance. The
      results showed that the evaluated results by the two proposed formulas are
      inferior to the existing results. The influence of a roadside step on the impact
      velocity, which decreased with an increase in the flight-phase distance and a
      reduction in the road slope, was evaluated. Based on a real accident, the study
      concludes that the lower bound can be easily obtained with the proposed formulas,
      which can be used to determine the evaluated impact velocity during simulations.

PMID- 27364274
TI  - Unintentional Nonhunting Firearm Deaths in Sweden, 1983-2012.
AB  - We examined the association between unintentional nonhunting firearm deaths and
      changes in firearm legislation in Sweden. There were 43 fatalities during the
      study time frame 1983-2012, representing 46% of all unintentional firearm deaths
      during the same period. The victims were predominantly young males (mean age 25
      years). Slightly more than half of the deaths were caused by another person and
      were inflicted at close range. The main cause of the incidents was human error.
      The majority of the involved firearms were legal; however, most victims killed
      with illegal firearms were under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs at the
      time. The death rate decreased significantly following the introduction of the
      hunter's examination in 1985. Education and training associated with the hunter's
      examination was at least partially responsible for the decline in fatalities
      after 1985. Future prevention should target the availability of illegal firearms.

PMID- 27364275
TI  - Forensic Pathologist Consensus in the Interpretation of Photographs of Patterned
      Injuries of the Skin.
AB  - Forensic pathologists are commonly asked to evaluate injuries on the basis of
      photographs. Members of the National Association of Medical Examiners were asked
      to participate in an online survey in which they were presented with 68 patterned
      injuries of the skin and asked to make a diagnosis ranging from very general
      (e.g., "blunt" vs. "sharp") to specific (e.g., "baton blow"). This was not the
      case. Consensus for general diagnosis averaged 0.77 and 0.72 for specific
      diagnosis. While there was a strong correlation between consensus and confidence
      in aggregate, individual correlations were poor. Consensus diagnosis was
      inversely correlated with age, and positively correlated with jurisdictional
      size, medical degree, and whether or not the respondent was actively performing
      autopsies as a job function. A subsequent survey is exploring possible reasons
      for lack of consensus in low-consensus questions. The high correlation between
      confidence and consensus at the aggregate level and low correlation at the
      individual level may have implications for quality assurance protocols.

PMID- 27364276
TI  - The Corpus Callosum and Forensic Issues-An Overview.
AB  - The corpus callosum is a large central white matter tract that connects the right
      and left cerebral hemispheres. It permits placental mammals to have a more
      sophisticated interhemispheric integration of sensory cortices and allows
      communication between cortical and subcortical neurons. Search of the literature
      and the pathology archives at The University of Adelaide was undertaken to
      identify lesions and injuries within the corpus callosum that may have forensic
      significance. These include developmental/congenital lesions with
      agenesis/dysgenesis, vascular malformations, and lipomas; inherited syndromes
      such as neurofibromatosis; and acquired lesions involving trauma, neoplasia,
      demyelination, vascular conditions, infections, fat embolism, aging/dementia, and
      the effects of toxins. The finding of lesions within the corpus callosum should
      initiate careful examination of the adjacent brain and other organ systems for
      related phenomena as this may shed some light on the nature of the underlying
      condition, and also help to determine whether there are any forensic
      implications.

PMID- 27364277
TI  - A Study of Fatal and Nonfatal Hangings.
AB  - Approximately 50% of all suicides performed worldwide are strangulations. This
      article presents options for the medicolegal examination of hanging. The
      pathogenetic mechanisms and clinical pictures of victims are discussed. Examples
      of the process of diagnosis and expert conclusions are given. This article is
      intended for physicians and forensic pathologists. The literature focusing on
      asphyxia by strangulation is reviewed. Data from Vilnius Hospitals and the State
      Forensic Medicine Service concerning strangulations performed between 2012 and
      2014 are analyzed and include the findings of 5650 autopsies (36% asphyxia) and 4
      survived victims. The predominant symptoms were neurological, cardiovascular, and
      respiratory symptoms. After asphyxia, patients should consult by a psychiatrist,
      ophthalmologist, gastroenterologist, and endocrinologist. A ligature mark was the
      most observable sign of asphyxia by neck strangulation. Only complications in the
      poststrangulation period were treated. Mechanical asphyxia must be identified as
      the main injury in the clinical diagnosis and encoded as ICD-10.

PMID- 27364278
TI  - Why We Need Postmortem Analysis of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices.
AB  - The prevalence of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), pacemakers and
      implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) is increasing. However, postmortem
      analysis of CIEDs is not performed routinely. Fourteen consecutive CIEDs were
      analyzed. The indication for and date of implantation, technical data, CIED
      reprogramming, heart rhythm disturbances, patient demographics and medical
      consultations were investigated. Death during the first year after implantation
      was seen in 54%, whereof 71% consulted a physician within 10 days before death.
      The time of death was attributed to a particular day in 29%. There was a
      relationship between CIEDs and cause/manner of death in 50%. Although limited by
      a small sample size, this study advocates the routine postmortem CIED analysis
      for forensic and clinical purposes in selected cases. Patients with CIEDs seem to
      show an increased risk of death during the first year after implantation. The
      analysis of CIEDs can be helpful in evaluating the time/cause/manner of death.

PMID- 27364279
TI  - Characterization and Comparison of Injuries Caused by Accidental and Non
      accidental Blunt Force Trauma in Dogs and Cats.
AB  - Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are often difficult to distinguish from non
      accidental injury (NAI). This retrospective case-control study compared animals
      with known MVA trauma against those with known NAI. Medical records of 426 dogs
      and cats treated after MVA and 50 after NAI were evaluated. Injuries
      significantly associated with MVA were pelvic fractures, pneumothorax, pulmonary
      contusion, abrasions, and degloving wounds. Injuries associated with NAI were
      fractures of the skull, teeth, vertebrae, and ribs, scleral hemorrhage, damage to
      claws, and evidence of older fractures. Odds ratios are reported for these
      injuries. MVA rib fractures were found to occur in clusters on one side of the
      body, with cranial ribs more likely to fracture, while NAI rib fractures were
      found to occur bilaterally with no cranial-caudal pattern. Establishing evidence
      based patterns of injury may help clinicians differentiate causes of trauma and
      may aid in the documentation and prosecution of animal abuse.

PMID- 27364280
TI  - Evaluation of Virulence Factors and Antifungal Susceptibility in Yeast Isolates
      from Postmortem Specimens.
AB  - Invasive fungal infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
      immunocompromised patients, especially in cases requiring a prolonged stay in the
      intensive care unit. A total of 99 yeast strains were isolated from 42 postmortem
      cases. In this study, virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility of these
      species were evaluated. The isolates were identified as Candida albicans (54), C.
      tropicalis (15), C. glabrata (12), C. parapsilosis (6), C. lipolytica (3), C.
      utilis (3), C. krusei (2), C. kefyr (1), and Cryptococcus neoformans (3). The
      most commonly isolated species was C. albicans, and no resistant species were
      determined. Despite the equal number of specimens, no secretion of significant
      virulence factors was associated with the postmortem specimen in the Candida
      species. Postmortem fungal investigations in forensic autopsies are useful in
      explaining cause of death in such cases, also may lead to protocols for the
      treatment of fungal infections and contribute to fungal pathogenesis and
      epidemiological data.

PMID- 27364281
TI  - Cutaneous (tPA) and Skeletal (TnI) mRNA as Markers of Aging in Contused Wound.
AB  - Wound age estimation is one of the most important forensic aspects. Troponin I
      (TnI) and many cytokines, for example, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), are
      involved in wound inflammation and healing. Skeletal (TnI) and cutaneous (tPA)
      mRNA was detected using real-time PCR in 25 female albino rats. They were divided
      into 5 groups: control and 4 injured groups. Injured groups were sacrificed 1, 6,
      24, and 30 h after inflicting contused wound. The expression levels of cutaneous
      (tPA) were decreased significantly at 1, 6, and 30 h after contusion (71.7%, 30.7
      and 16.9%), while the expression levels of skeletal (TnI) were increased
      significantly at 1 and 6 h post-traumatic, then they gradually decreased until
      reaching normal levels at 24 h and assumed significantly lower levels at 30 h
      postcontusion. These results suggested that the determination of cutaneous (tPA)
      and skeletal (TnI) mRNA levels was useful for wound age estimation.

PMID- 27364282
TI  - Best Interest of the Child and Parental Alienation: A Survey of State Statutes.
AB  - State statutes regarding the best interests of the child (BIC) in deciding
      disputed custody were reviewed and independently coded with respect to three
      issues (i) the child's preference and any limits (ii) parental alienation and
      (iii) psychological maltreatment. Results revealed that many states allowed for
      the child's preferences to be considered and none qualified that preference when
      undue influence has occurred; parental alienation as a term was not found in any
      state statutes but 70% of the states included at least one BIC factor relevant to
      its core construct of the parent supporting the child's relationship to the other
      parent; and many states included a history of domestic violence or child abuse
      but only three states explicitly mentioned psychological maltreatment. These
      findings highlight yet another way in which the BICS factors lack specificity in
      ways that could negatively impact children caught in their parents' conflict.

PMID- 27364283
TI  - Popliteal Vein Blood Sampling and the Postmortem Redistribution of Diazepam,
      Methadone, and Morphine.
AB  - Postmortem redistribution (PMR) refers to the site- and time-related blood drug
      concentration variations after death. We compared central blood (cardiac and
      subclavian) with peripheral blood (femoral and popliteal) concentrations of
      diazepam, methadone, and morphine. To our knowledge, popliteal blood has never
      been compared with other sites. Intracardiac blood (ICB), subclavian blood (SB),
      femoral blood (FB), and popliteal blood (PB) were sampled in 30 cases. To assess
      PMR, mean concentrations and ratios were compared. Influence of postmortem
      interval on mean ratios was also assessed. Results show that popliteal mean
      concentrations were lower than those for other sites for all three drugs, even
      lower than femoral blood; mean ratios suggested that the popliteal site was less
      subject to PMR, and estimated postmortem interval did not influence ratios except
      for diazepam and methadone FB/PB. In conclusion, our study is the first to
      explore the popliteal site and suggests that popliteal blood is less prone to
      postmortem redistribution.

PMID- 27364284
TI  - Evaluation of Mastoid Process as Sex Indicator in Modern White Americans using
      Geometric Morphometrics.
AB  - Conventional methods for evaluating the mastoid as a sex indicator cannot
      determine whether mastoid shape is an independent and reliable sex indicator.
      Here, shape differences between the mastoids of 100 male and 100 female modern
      white Americans were statistically analyzed and visualized using the geometric
      morphometric method. Discriminant analysis was performed on mastoid size and
      shape. The relation between size and shape was analyzed to examine the effect of
      size on shape. In the results, mastoid size and shape were statistically
      significant sex indicators, while size factor explained 87.3% of the total
      variance of the shape variables. Nevertheless, females had relatively broader and
      shorter mastoid shape than males regardless of size, reflecting 12.7% of the
      total variance of the shape variables. In conclusion, mastoid size and shape were
      statistically significant sex indicators, while size may matter more in the
      mastoid than in other cranial parts in terms of sexual dimorphism.

PMID- 27364285
TI  - Effects of Parturition on Pelvic Age Indicators.
AB  - This research assessed whether parity has a differential effect on age indicators
      of the pelvis. The data were collected from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal
      Collection. Age indicators of the pubic symphysis and auricular surface were
      assessed using the Todd, Suchey-Brooks, Lovejoy et al., and Buckberry and
      Chamberlain scoring systems. A transition analysis was conducted, and scoring
      systems of the pubic symphysis showed the parous female group transitioning
      between eight and 14 years earlier than the nulliparous female and male groups,
      and 1 and 7 years earlier using the auricular surface methods. A likelihood ratio
      test produced significantly different results between parous and nulliparous
      females using the pubic symphysis (p < 0.01) but not the auricular surface (p >
      0.05). Although parous females were inaccurately assessed more often than
      nulliparous females, no correction of methods is necessary at this time as
      current standards take parity into account by utilizing a lumped female sample.

PMID- 27364286
TI  - Vertical Lip Position and Thickness in Facial Reconstruction: A Validation of
      Commonly Used Methods for Predicting the Position and Size of Lips.
AB  - This study examined several methods used to estimate oral fissure position, lip
      margin position, and lip thickness recommended by Angel, George, Lebedinskaya,
      Taylor, Wilkinson et al., Balueva and Veselovskaya. A sample of 86 lateral head
      cephalograms of adult subjects from central Europe were measured and the actual
      and predicted dimensions were compared. The best estimation for oral fissure
      position was "opposite the lower 3/4 mark of maxillary incisors" (error of 1.3
      mm). Upper lip margin was predicted best by "upper 1/4 mark of maxillary
      incisors" (error of 1.7 mm), and lower lip margin by "cementum-enamel junction of
      mandibular incisors" (error of 2.3 mm). The regression equations of Wilkinson et
      al. displayed least error (1.3 mm and 1.8 mm, respectively) for upper and lower
      lip thickness, and method of George (error of 3.4 mm) for total lip thickness.

PMID- 27364287
TI  - Knowledge on DNA Success Rates to Optimize the DNA Analysis Process: From Crime
      Scene to Laboratory.
AB  - DNA analysis has become an essential intelligence tool in the criminal justice
      system for the identification of possible offenders. However, it appears that
      about half of the processed DNA samples contains too little DNA for analysis.
      This study looks at DNA success rates within 28 different categories of trace
      exhibits and relates the DNA concentration to the characteristics of the DNA
      profile. Data from 2260 analyzed crime samples show that cigarettes, bloodstains,
      and headwear have relatively high success rates. Cartridge cases, crowbars, and
      tie-wraps are on the other end of the spectrum. These objective data can assist
      forensics in their selection process.The DNA success probability shows a positive
      relation with the DNA concentration. This finding enables the laboratory to set
      an evidence-based threshold value in the DNA analysis process. For instance, 958
      DNA extracts had a concentration value of 6 pg/MUL or less. Only 46 of the 958
      low-level extracts provided meaningful DNA profiling data.

PMID- 27364288
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA Profiling of Illegal Tortoiseshell Products Derived from
      Hawksbill Sea Turtles.
AB  - The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a highly endangered species,
      commonly poached for its ornate shell. "Tortoiseshell" products made from the
      shell are widely, although illegally, available in many countries. Hawksbills
      have a circumglobal distribution; thus, determining their origin is difficult,
      although genetic differences exist geographically. In the research presented, a
      procedure was developed to extract and amplify mitochondrial DNA from
      tortoiseshell items, in an effort to better understand where the species is being
      poached. Confiscated tortoiseshell items were obtained from the U.S. Fish and
      Wildlife Service, and DNA from 56 of them was analyzed. Multiple mitochondrial
      haplotypes were identified, including five not previously reported. Only one
      tortoiseshell item proved to be of Atlantic origin, while all others corresponded
      to genetic stocks in the Indo-Pacific region. The developed methodology allows
      for unique, and previously unattainable, genetic information on the illegal
      poaching of sea turtles for the decorative tortoiseshell trade.

PMID- 27364289
TI  - The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Delta(9) -THC for the Reduction of
      False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter.
AB  - The development of methodologies using inexpensive, fast, and reliable
      instrumention is desirable in illicit drug analysis. The purpose of this study
      was based on cyclic voltammetry technique to differentiate the electrochemical
      behavior of ?(9) -THC, the psychoactive substance in marijuana, and five
      different extract plants to yield false positive results after analysis protocol
      for cannabinoids using thin-layer chromatography and Fast Blue B salt. After
      applying a deposition potential of -0.5 V in a glassy carbon working electrode,
      the results indicated an anodic peak current at 0.0 V versus Ag/AgCl after
      addition of ?(9) -THC solution in the electrochemical cell, and limits of
      detection and quantification were 1.0 ng mL(-1) and 3.5 ng mL(-1) , respectively.
      Other interfering plants showed distinct amperometric responses. This methodology
      was useful to detect ?(9) -THC even in the presence of the Fast Blue B salt,
      which avoided false positive results for all the studied extract plants.

PMID- 27364290
TI  - Multivariate Classification of Original and Fake Perfumes by Ion Analysis and
      Ethanol Content.
AB  - The increased marketing of fake perfumes has encouraged us to investigate how to
      identify such products by their chemical characteristics and multivariate
      analysis. The aim of this study was to present an alternative approach to
      distinguish original from fake perfumes by means of the investigation of sodium,
      potassium, chloride ions, and ethanol contents by chemometric tools. For this, 50
      perfumes were used (25 original and 25 counterfeit) for the analysis of ions (ion
      chromatography) and ethanol (gas chromatography). The results demonstrated that
      the fake perfume had low levels of ethanol and high levels of chloride compared
      to the original product. The data were treated by chemometric tools such as
      principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. This study proved
      that the analysis of ethanol is an effective method of distinguishing original
      from the fake products, and it may potentially be used to assist legal
      authorities in such cases.

PMID- 27364291
TI  - The Critical Angle for Perforation versus Ricochet of a .38 CAL. LRN Bullet on a
      Windshield.
AB  - From forensic point of view, it is important to clarify the condition whether
      ricochet or perforate for a bullet fired toward the automobile windshield. The
      purpose of this study was to specify the critical angle at which the ricochet of
      the fired bullet takes place. To estimate the result of firing, a rigid-body
      dynamics simulation of the bullet together with the test-firing using .38 CAL.
      LRN bullet was examined. It was found both from numerical simulation and firing
      test that when the incidence angle is <45 degrees , a complete perforation of the
      windshield was observed, whereas the bullet ricocheted remaining a characteristic
      damage on the windshield when the incidence angle is >60 degrees . To measure the
      static failure resistance of various windshields, static indentation test was
      also examined.

PMID- 27364292
TI  - The Effects of Burning and Mold Growth on the Chemical Composition of Firelog
      Fuels.
AB  - Firelogs consist of a cellulosic material, such as sawdust or wood particles, and
      a combustible binder (fuel). Historically, the fuel typically consisted of a
      petroleum-based (paraffin) wax; however, some manufacturers now include vegetable
      oils in their firelog fuels. To determine fuel composition, fuels from various
      brands of firelogs were extracted and analyzed by high-temperature gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (HTGC-MS) and a GC-MS with a polar column
      specific for the analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Firelogs were also
      burned, allowed to grow mold, and analyzed by GC-MS to determine the effects that
      burning and mold growth have on firelog fuel composition. Mold did not tend to
      preferentially degrade any of the fatty acids. Burning caused a decrease in the
      relative amount of all of the fatty acids present in the vegetable oil fuel, with
      a greater effect on unsaturated fatty acids than saturated ones.

PMID- 27364293
TI  - Contactless Visualization of Latent Fingerprints on Nonporous Curved Surfaces of
      Circular Cross Section.
AB  - Nondestructive techniques for gathering evidence are important in the field of
      forensics. Due to the geometry of the substrates, nondestructive visualization of
      fingermarks on curved surfaces remains challenging. A novel contactless technique
      was developed for visualizing and recording fingermark patterns on nonporous
      curved surfaces of circular cross section. The technique utilizes a plane mirror
      to transmit rays from a light source to illuminate the area of interest for
      fingermark visualization. The fingermark acquisition system consists of a digital
      single-lens reflex (SLR) camera, a plane mirror, and a white light source.
      Mathematical equations are used to calculate the mirror size. Experiments were
      performed on various curved surfaces to determine the feasibility and
      effectiveness of the technique. Spectral Image Validation and Verification (SIVV)
      was used to analyze the captured images. The results of this study indicate that
      the technique described here is able to reveal fingermark patterns on curved
      surfaces of circular cross section.

PMID- 27364294
TI  - Enhancement of Latent Fingerprints on Fabric Using the Cyanoacrylate Fuming
      Method Followed by Infrared Spectral Mapping.
AB  - A method has been developed for the visualization of latent fingerprints on
      fabrics, which is based upon cyanoacrylate (superglue) fuming followed by imaging
      using an infrared microscope. Results show that imaging on smooth, shiny fabrics
      such as polyester, silk, nylon, and acetate of different colors and patterns can
      give an improvement over existing enhancement methods. Results for cotton and
      polycotton were less successful and it is thought this may be due a combination
      of the presence of the carbonyl functional group in these fabrics as well as
      their absorbency to fingerprint sweat. The carbonyl peak (1700 cm(-1) ) provided
      the optimum spectroscopic feature to map and image a fingerprint. Comparisons
      between infrared mapping at a specific frequency range and principal component
      analysis showed that improved imaging was obtained with principal component
      analysis.

PMID- 27364295
TI  - How Much Can a Forensic Laboratory Do to Discriminate Questioned Ink Entries?
AB  - Questioned document examiners are frequently required to determine whether the
      questioned ink entries on a document are written with the same ink, either for
      forged document identification or relative ink dating. How many methods are
      sufficient to discriminate potentially different inks? In this paper, 18 blue
      ballpoint inks were first nondestructively examined with a video spectral
      comparator. The ink entries were subsequently extracted with organic solvents for
      analysis of the volatile solvents and dyes by GC/MS, TLC, and LC-MS/MS. The 18
      ink samples were divided into 10, 9, 12, and 14 categories by these four methods,
      respectively. With the combined results, there were only two inks that remained
      indistinguishable, but they were further differentiated by microscopy. Therefore,
      to achieve effective discrimination of ballpoint ink entries, the authors suggest
      that a complete examination should include an analysis of their optical features,
      volatile solvents, and dyes as well as the ink quality.

PMID- 27364296
TI  - Forensic Investigation of Formaldehyde in Illicit Products for Hair Treatment by
      DAD-HPLC: A Case Study.
AB  - The illegal use of formalin (commercial formaldehyde) in cosmetic products harms
      the health of individuals exposed to this substance. Over the last years, the
      commercial availability of these products, especially those containing irregular
      dosage of formaldehyde, has increased in Brazil. This work analyzes some products
      for hair treatment available in the Brazilian market and verifies their safety.
      The adopted analytical methodology involved sample derivatization with 2,4
      dinitrophenylhydrazine, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with
      ultraviolet detection (UV-VIS) at lambda = 365 nm. The limit of quantification is
      2.5 * 10-3% w/w, and the recovery tests were around 93%. Some of the samples
      contained high and illegal formaldehyde levels ranging from 9% to 19% (w/w) and
      others presented suitable concentrations of the analyte. On the basis of the
      results, this work discusses the efficiency and practicality of this analytical
      method for forensic purposes.

PMID- 27364297
TI  - Counterfeit Adderall Containing Aceclofenac from Internet Pharmacies.
AB  - A nontargeted approach based on liquid chromatography equipped with a quadrupole
      time-of-flight mass detector (LC-MS Q-TOF) joined to nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) analysis allowed rapid identification and quantification of the anti
      inflammatory drug aceclofenac in illegal Adderall tablets. The largest
      chromatographic peak had m/z = 354.030 and m/z = 376.012 matching, respectively,
      the ionic structures (M + H)+ and (M + Na)+ of a molecule M. The accurate mass
      data generated the molecular formula C16 H13 Cl2 NO4 . A screening of the
      pharmaceutical active substances having that molecular formula together with the
      MS/MS fragmentation pattern suggested aceclofenac. Aceclofenac structure was
      unambiguously confirmed by 1 H and 13 C NMR experiments. The aceclofenac content
      was 90 mg/tablet (RSD 2%) as detected by quantitative NMR. Information on the
      identity and content of illegal drugs is required for legal purposes; it supports
      in evaluating the effective impact on users safety, and it is useful for control
      laboratories using a targeted approach in their analytical activities.

PMID- 27364298
TI  - Determination of Both Fetus' and Mother's Blood Type from an Autopsy Case
      Immersed in Formalin for Over 50 Years.
AB  - A female fetus which had been immersed in formalin for more than 50 years was
      found in Japan. Because no liquid blood could be obtained, we tried to use
      immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods to tissue samples obtained at autopsy to
      identify both the fetal and mother's blood type. We detected B antigens on
      endothelial cells in paraffin sections of the fetal organs. Furthermore, we
      observed both anti-A- and anti-B-positive red blood cells in the intervillous
      space, which is indicative of the mother's blood type. To our knowledge, this is
      the first case report on determining the blood type of both the fetus and the
      mother from tissue immersed in formalin for such a long time. The results suggest
      that IHC is valuable for the determination of ABO blood type in circumstances of
      long postmortem duration and unfavorable storage conditions.

PMID- 27364299
TI  - Left Diaphragm Laceration Due to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.
AB  - External cardiac massage is the essential life-saving gesture for the management
      of any cardiac arrest. Since the 1960s, many recommendations have been published
      to improve the effectiveness of chest compressions alongside the development of
      automated systems intended to maximize the chances of survival. The use of these
      manual and/or instrumental techniques can cause secondary injuries, of which rib
      fractures are the most commonly observed by forensic pathologists. However, a
      comprehensive review of the literature seldom highlights reports of injuries to
      the abdomen, even less so to the diaphragm. In this observation, an iatrogenic
      left diaphragmatic laceration for the first time is described, as a result of
      manual and instrumental cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in a victim from an
      intrathoracic wound caused by a bladed weapon.

PMID- 27364300
TI  - A Case of Lethal Idiopathic Plasmacytic Lymphadenopathy with Polyclonal
      Hypergammaglobulinemia: A Medical Challenge for the Forensic Pathologist.
AB  - A rare case of lethal idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy (IPL) with
      polyclonal hyperimmunoglobulinemia with chronic renal failure is described. A 40
      year-old woman who had suffered from upper airways disease was admitted to the
      Emergency Room with acute renal failure and hypergammaglobulinemia. She developed
      pericardial effusion, a pruritic rash, splenomegaly and fell into a coma after 6
      days. Multiple myeloma, infection, collagenopathy, and coagulopathy were ruled
      out. Finally, a form of malignant hypergammapathy was suspected. At autopsy,
      lymph nodes were infiltrated by polyclonal plasma cells and lymphocytes, with
      erythrophagocytosis features; immunohistochemistry confirmed the plasma cells
      (CD138+), with a prevalence of kappa-positive cells, B (CD20+) and T (CD3+)
      cells. Kidneys showed advanced glomerulosclerosis containing similar infiltrates.
      The cause of death was IPL with polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and advanced
      renal failure. Similar cases are unusual, and possible medical liability
      associated with failure to diagnose and treat idiopathic plasmacytic
      lymphadenopathy deserves discussion and further studies.

PMID- 27364301
TI  - Fatal Phenol Toxicity Following Attempted Tattoo Removal.
AB  - Tattoo removal is increasingly required as the number of, particularly young,
      people acquiring tattoos is increasing. A 21-year-old man is reported who
      underwent attempted removal of large dragon tattoo utilizing a tattoo machine
      that injected a phenol-containing solution. At the end of the 3-h procedure, he
      collapsed and died. At autopsy, large areas of white skin discoloration with
      focal necrosis and sloughing were present overlying areas of previous tattooing.
      Histological examination showed collections of eosinophilic fluid with a minimal
      chronic inflammatory infiltrate in better preserved areas, with focal areas of
      dermal necrosis. Toxicology was positive for phenol in cardiac blood and liver
      tissue. There were no underlying organic disease or injuries present which could
      have caused or contributed to death. This idiosyncratic method of tattoo removal
      involving subcutaneous injection of phenol had resulted in death most likely from
      cardiotoxicity.

PMID- 27364302
TI  - The Decipherment of Latent White Board Entries.
AB  - This case involves an incriminating message written on a white board and erased
      before the investigators seized the evidence. Investigators inquired about the
      possibility of recovering the entries and subsequently submitted the board to the
      Documents and Digital Evidence Branch for examination. In an attempt to recover
      latent handwritten entries, examinations were conducted utilizing the Foster and
      Freeman Video Spectral Comparator 6000/Hyper Spectral (VSC 6000/HS). Latent
      handwritten entries were observed with the use of an excitation band-pass filter
      in the range of 485 nm-610 nm with a longpass barrier filter at 645 nm in front
      of the camera lens of the VSC 6000/HS. Entries were also recovered and imaged
      using an alternate light source with the Phase One (P65) imaging system. Multiple
      latent handwritten entries were recovered utilizing various instruments and
      lighting techniques. This report discusses the details concerning the examination
      and the results.

PMID- 27364303
TI  - Survival of Very High Blood Alcohol Concentration Without Consequential Damage in
      a Patient Without a Previous Substance Use Disorder.
AB  - Intoxications with alcohol may lead to death depending on (maximum) blood alcohol
      concentration (BAC) and accompanying factors such as liver function, tolerance,
      and comedication. Death may occur due to ethanol-induced respiratory depression
      and/or aspiration of gastric content (due to an impaired gag reflex); thus,
      securing of the airway and ventilation is occasionally necessary. A case of a 58
      year-old female patient with depression who demonstrated a very high BAC of 8.68
      gm/L (0.868%) following ingestion of large amounts of alcohol with suicidal
      intent is presented. Intubation and ventilation were life-saving, and the patient
      did not develop any physical or consequential damage. As the patient had not
      regularly used alcohol or any other psychotropic agent, tolerance could be ruled
      out. This case emphasizes the necessity of rapid securing of the airway in
      patients with alcohol intoxication and respiratory depression and, furthermore,
      illustrates the large interindividual differences regarding ethanol
      susceptibility.

PMID- 27364305
TI  - Outcomes of infants with abdominal wall defects over 18years.
AB  - BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Infants with abdominal wall defects (AWD) are at risk of poor
      outcomes including prolonged hospitalization, infections and mortality. Our
      objective was to describe and compare the outcomes of infants admitted with
      gastroschisis and omphalocele over 18years. METHODS: Population-based study of
      clinical data and outcomes of live-born infants with AWD admitted to all tertiary
      level neonatal intensive care units in New South Wales and Australian Capital
      Territory from 1992 to 2009. RESULT: There were 502 infants with AWD - 336
      gastroschisis, 166 omphalocele. Infants with gastroschisis required a longer
      duration of total parenteral nutrition (19 vs 4days, p<0.05), longer
      hospitalization (28 vs 15days, p<0.05) and had a higher rate of systemic
      infection [23.5% vs 13.3%, OR 1.77 (1.15-2.74), p<0.05] compared to infants with
      omphalocele. Overall, omphalocele infants had higher mortality rate compared to
      gastroschisis infants [OR 2.77 (1.53, 5.04), p<0.05]. Gastroschisis mortality
      rates increased from epoch 1 to epoch 3 (4.2% to 8.8%). CONCLUSION: Compared to
      infants with omphalocele, infants with gastroschisis required significantly
      longer hospitalization and parenteral nutrition with higher rates of infection.
      Infants with omphalocele had higher overall mortality rates. However, there has
      been an increase in the gastroschisis mortality rates but the cause for this is
      unclear.

PMID- 27364306
TI  - Submucosal nerve diameter of greater than 40 MUm is not a valid diagnostic index
      of transition zone pull-through.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Submucosal nerve hypertrophy is a feature of the transition zone in
      Hirschsprung disease and has been used as a primary diagnostic feature of
      transition zone pull-through for patients with persistent obstructive symptoms
      after their initial surgery. Most published criteria for identification of
      hypertrophy rely on a nerve diameter of greater than 40MUm, based primarily on
      data from a relatively small number of infants with Hirschsprung disease and
      controls. The validity of these objective measures has not been validated in
      appropriate controls for post-pull-through patients. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH: The
      primary pull-through specimens and post pull-through biopsies +/- redo pull
      through resections from a series of 9 patients with Hirschsprung disease were
      reviewed to assess the prevalence of submucosal nerves >40MUm in diameter and
      400* microscopic fields containing two or more such nerves. Similar data from
      multiple colonic locations were collected from a series of 40 non-Hirschsprung
      autopsy and surgical controls. RESULTS: The overwhelming majority of Hirschsprung
      patients harbored submucosal nerves >40MUm in their post-pull-through specimens
      independent of other features of transition zone pathology, and despite normal
      innervation at the proximal margins of their initial resections. Measurement of
      submucosal nerve diameters in autopsy and surgical non-Hirschsprung control
      samples indicated that nerves >40MUm are normal in the distal rectum after 1year
      of age and are found in more proximal colon at older ages. CONCLUSIONS: These
      results suggest that diagnostic criteria currently used to recognize submucosal
      nerve hypertrophy in the neorectum after a pull-through for Hirschsprung disease
      are not justified and should not be regarded as definitive evidence for
      transition zone pull-through.

PMID- 27364307
TI  - Effects of Quilting Suture Interval on Donor Site Seromas After Breast
      Reconstruction With Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Flap: A Randomized Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although breast reconstruction using a deep inferior artery
      perforator flap has been increasing, using a latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle flap is
      still the favored method for Asian female patients with breast cancer. However,
      because the incidence of donor site seromas has been relatively high, a quilting
      method on the donor cavity or insertion of drainage tube has been used to reduce
      the incidence and/or severity of postoperative seroma. We evaluated the effects
      of different intervals of quilting sutures on the postoperative drainage volume
      and components of seroma fluid. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 36 patients with
      breast cancer underwent partial or total mastectomy with LD flap reconstruction.
      They were randomized into 3 groups according to the interval of quilting sutures:
      nonquilting (n = 10), 6-cm quilting (n = 14), and 3-cm quilting (n = 12). The
      clinicopathologic factors and time to drain removal, drainage volume, frequency
      of aspiration, and serous fluid components were investigated. RESULTS: No
      statistically significant differences were found in the clinicopathologic factors
      among the 3 groups. The time to drain removal was significantly shorter in the 6
      cm quilting and 3-cm quilting groups than in the nonquilting group (P = .039 and
      P = .041, respectively). The total volume of drainage from the donor site was
      also decreased in the quilting groups (6-cm group, P = .046; 3-cm group, P =
      .021). The seroma components were not different among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION:
      Performing quilting sutures on LD flap donor sites is an effective method to
      reduce the volume of postoperative seroma. The present findings showed that a 6
      cm suture interval is appropriate.

PMID- 27364309
TI  - Photonic Crystals: Tunable Design of Structural Colors Produced by Pseudo-1D
      Photonic Crystals of Graphene Oxide (Small 25/2016).
AB  - The production of structural colors based on graphene oxide (GO) pseudo-one
      dimensional photonic crystals (p1D-PhCs) in the visible spectrum is reported on
      page 3433 by W. Qi and co-workers. The structural colors could be tuned by simply
      changing either the volume or concentration of the aqueous GO dispersion.
      Moreover, GO p1D-PhCs exhibit visible and rapid responsiveness to humidity. 

PMID- 27364312
TI  - Reformed smokers have survival benefits after head and neck cancer.
AB  - Smoking tobacco is the main risk factor for head and neck cancer, is proportional
      to the number of pack years (number of packs smoked/day x number of years of
      smoking), and is reduced when the patient stops smoking. Current molecular
      evidence has suggested that tobacco-related cancers could be clinically more
      aggressive than cancers in non-smokers, particularly in the head and neck.
      However, clinical studies have not uniformly reproduced the relation between
      survival and tobacco, possibly because they ignore the health benefit that
      reformed smokers obtain during the period between giving up smoking and the
      diagnosis of cancer, which is not shared by those who continue to smoke and
      develop cancer. We have investigated the survival of reformed smokers, non
      smokers, and continuing smokers after a diagnosis of head and neck cancer. The
      data of patients with head and neck cancer from 1992 -2013 from the Cancer Genome
      Atlas database were analysed using a multivariate Cox's regression model for
      survival, and Kaplan-Meier curves were produced for smoking history. A total of
      521 patients were treated for head and neck cancer, and there was a significant
      difference in survival between reformed and non-smokers on the one hand, and
      current smokers on the other (p=0.02). The significance increased when reformed
      smokers were grouped according to their duration of abstinence and time of
      diagnosis of cancer (>15 and <=15 years, p<0.01). Smoking history was a
      significant prognostic factor in the multivariate Cox's regression model when
      analysed with age, stage, grade, and site. We conclude that reformed smokers have
      a survival benefit in head and neck cancer. 

PMID- 27364313
TI  - Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation in maternal diets on milk
      quality and serum bone status markers of sows and bone quality of piglets.
AB  - Twenty primiparous sows were allocated to two treatments to evaluate the effects
      of maternal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3 ) supplementation during gestation
      and lactation on milk quality and serum bone status markers of sows and bone
      quality of piglets. Immediately after mating, sows were randomly allotted to one
      of two diets supplemented with 50 ug/kg 25OHD3 or basal diets without 25OHD3 .
      Blood and milk samples were obtained. At birth and weaning, 10 piglets from each
      treatment were killed for bone quality analysis. 25OHD3 -fed sows provided one
      more piglet at farrowing and 1.17 more piglets at weaning than sows fed basal
      diets. The contents of solids not-fat, protein, fat or lactose were increased in
      milk from days 7 and 14 of lactation in 25OHD3 -supplemented sows and 25OHD3
      concentrations in milk were increased by dietary 25OHD3 supplementation. Dietary
      25OHD3 supplementation increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity but had no
      effect on serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity of sows. Maternal
      25OHD3 supplementation improved bone strength, density and ash content of newborn
      piglets rather than those of weaning piglets. In conclusion, 25OHD3
      supplementation in maternal diets improved reproductive performance, milk quality
      and bone status of sows as well as bone quality of newborn piglets.

PMID- 27364314
TI  - The contribution of apoptosis and necrosis in freezing injury of sea urchin
      embryonic cells.
AB  - Sea urchins have recently been reported to be a promising tool for investigations
      of oxidative stress, UV light perturbations and senescence. However, few
      available data describe the pathway of cell death that occurs in sea urchin
      embryonic cells after cryopreservation. Our study is focused on the morphological
      and functional alterations that occur in cells of these animals during the
      induction of different cell death pathways in response to cold injury. To
      estimate the effect of cryopreservation on sea urchin cell cultures and identify
      the involved cell death pathways, we analyzed cell viability (via trypan blue
      exclusion test, MTT assay and DAPI staining), caspase activity (via flow
      cytometry and spectrophotometry), the level of apoptosis (via annexin V-FITC
      staining), and cell ultrastructure alterations (via transmission electron
      microscopy). Using general caspase detection, we found that the level of caspase
      activity was low in unfrozen control cells, whereas the number of apoptotic cells
      with activated caspases rose after freezing-thawing depending on cryoprotectants
      used, also as the number of dead cells and cells in a late apoptosis. The data
      using annexin V-binding assay revealed a very high apoptosis level in all tested
      samples, even in unfrozen cells (about 66%). Thus, annexin V assay appears to be
      unsuitable for sea urchin embryonic cells. Typical necrotic cells with damaged
      mitochondria were not detected after freezing in sea urchin cell cultures. Our
      results assume that physical cell disruption but not freezing-induced apoptosis
      or necrosis is the predominant reason of cell death in sea urchin cultures after
      freezing-thawing with any cryoprotectant combination.

PMID- 27364316
TI  - Evaluation of predictive capacities of biomarkers based on research synthesis.
AB  - The objective of diagnostic studies or prognostic studies is to evaluate and
      compare predictive capacities of biomarkers. Suppose we are interested in
      evaluation and comparison of predictive capacities of continuous biomarkers for a
      binary outcome based on research synthesis. In analysis of each study, subjects
      are often classified into two groups of the high-expression and low-expression
      groups according to a cut-off value, and statistical analysis is based on a 2 * 2
      table defined by the response and the high expression or low expression of the
      biomarker. Because the cut-off is study specific, it is difficult to interpret a
      combined summary measure such as an odds ratio based on the standard meta
      analysis techniques. The summary receiver operating characteristic curve is a
      useful method for meta-analysis of diagnostic studies in the presence of
      heterogeneity of cut-off values to examine discriminative capacities of
      biomarkers. We develop a method to estimate positive or negative predictive
      curves, which are alternative to the receiver operating characteristic curve
      based on information reported in published papers of each study. These predictive
      curves provide a useful graphical presentation of pairs of positive and negative
      predictive values and allow us to compare predictive capacities of biomarkers of
      different scales in the presence of heterogeneity in cut-off values among
      studies. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27364317
TI  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prognostic score: A new index.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has
      been shifting from spirometry to focus on the patients' overall health. Despite
      the existence of many COPD prognostic scales, there remains a large gap for
      improvement, in particular a scale that incorporates the current focus on overall
      health. METHODS: We proposed a new prognostic scale (the COPD Prognostic Score)
      through discussion among the authors based on published studies. Validation was
      retrospective, using data from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial. RESULTS:
      The scores ranged from 0-16, where 16 indicated the poorest prognosis. We
      assigned 4 points each for forced expiratory volume in one second (%predicted),
      the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, and age; 2 points for the
      hemoglobin level; and one point each for decreased activity and respiratory
      emergency admission in the last two years. The validation cohort included 607
      patients and consisted of 388 men (73.9%) and 219 women (36.1%), mean age 67 +/-
      6 years and an average forced expiratory volume in one second (% predicted) of 27
      +/- 7%. A one-point increase in the score was associated with increased all-cause
      death, with a hazard ratio of 1.28 (95%CI: 1.21-1.36. P < 0.001). The areas under
      the receiver operating characteristic curves for two-year and five-year all-cause
      death for the new scale were 0.72 and 0.66, respectively. These values were
      higher than those given by the body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and
      exercise capacity (BODE) index and age, dyspnea, airway obstruction (ADO) index.
      CONCLUSION: The preliminary validation for a new COPD prognostic scale: the COPD
      Prognostic Score was developed with promising results thus far. Above mentioned
      16-point score accurately predicted 2-year and 5-year all-cause mortality among
      subjects who suffered from severe and very severe COPD.

PMID- 27364315
TI  - The International Epidemiology of Lung Cancer: Latest Trends, Disparities, and
      Tumor Characteristics.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to update global lung cancer epidemiology and describe
      changing trends and disparities. METHODS: We presented country-specific incidence
      and mortality from GLOBOCAN 2012 by region and socioeconomic factors via the
      Human Development Index (HDI). Between- and within-country incidence by
      histological type was analyzed by using International Agency for Research on
      Cancer data on cancer incidence on five continents. Trend analyses including data
      from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, cancer registries, and the
      WHO mortality database were conducted using joinpoint regression. Survival was
      compared between and within countries and by histological type. RESULTS: In 2012,
      there were 1.82 and 1.59 million new lung cancer cases and deaths worldwide,
      respectively. Incidence was highest in countries with a very high HDI and lowest
      in countries with a low HDI (42.2 versus 7.9 in 100,000 for males and 21.8 versus
      3.1 in 100,000 for females, respectively). In most countries with a very high
      HDI, as incidence in males decreased gradually (ranging from -0.3% in Spain to 
      2.5% in the United States each year), incidence in females continued to increase
      (with the increase ranging from 1.4% each year in Australia to 6.1% in recent
      years in Spain). Although histological type varied between countries,
      adenocarcinoma was more common than squamous cell carcinoma, particularly among
      females (e.g., in Chinese females, the adenocarcinoma-to-squamous cell carcinoma
      ratio was 6.6). Five-year relative survival varied from 2% (Libya) to 30%
      (Japan), with substantial within-country differences. CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer
      will continue to be a major health problem well through the first half of this
      century. Preventive strategies, particularly tobacco control, tailored to
      populations at highest risk are key to reducing the global burden of lung cancer.

PMID- 27364319
TI  - Effect of intraoperative navigation on operative time in 1-level lumbar fusion
      surgery.
AB  - The use of intraoperative image guided navigation (NAV) in spine surgery is
      increasing. NAV is purported to improve the accuracy of pedicle screw placement
      but has been criticized for potentially increasing surgical cost, a component of
      which may be prolongation of total operative time due to time required for setup
      and intra-operative imaging and registration. In this study, we examine the
      effect of the introduction of O-Arm conical CT spinal navigation on surgical
      duration. We retrospectively analyzed consecutive freehand (FH) (n=63) and NAV
      (n=70) 1-level lumbar transpedicular instrumentation cases at a single
      institution by a single surgeon. We recorded setup and procedure time for each
      case. NAV was associated with significantly shorter total operative time for 1
      level lumbar fusions compared to FH (4:30+/-0:42 hours vs. 4:53+/-0:39hours,
      p=0.0013). This shortening of total operative time was realized despite a trend
      toward slightly longer setup times with NAV. We also found a significant decrease
      in operative length over time in NAV but not FH cases, indicative of a "learning
      curve" associated with NAV. The use of NAV in 1-level lumbar transpedicular
      instrumentation surgery is associated with significantly shorter total operative
      time compared to the FH technique, and its efficiency improves over time. These
      data should factor into cost-effectiveness analyses of the use of NAV for these
      cases. 

PMID- 27364320
TI  - Spinal epidural abscess with a rapid course in young healthy infantry recruits
      with multiple skin lacerations.
AB  - In recent years, there has been high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (S.
      aureus) infection among soldiers in the Israeli military, with devastating
      sequelae in several cases. Emergency department physicians have developed a high
      level of suspicion for spinal epidural abscess (SEA) in patients presenting known
      risk factors; however, SEA is a particularly elusive diagnosis in young healthy
      adults with no history of drug abuse. We review three cases of SEA secondary to
      methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) infection in young healthy soldiers
      without known risk factors. We retrospectively reviewed clinical files of
      soldiers treated at our Medical Center from 2004-2015 to identify patients
      diagnosed with SEA. Those aged less than 30years with no history of intravenous
      drug use, spine surgery or spine trauma were included in the study. Three young
      army recruits met the inclusion criteria. These young men developed SEA through
      extension of MSSA infection to proximal skin and soft tissue from impetigo
      secondary to skin scratches sustained during "basic" training. All presented with
      mild nuchal rigidity and severe persistent unremitting lancinating radicular
      pain. Although healthy at baseline, they had a severe, rapidly progressive
      course. Following urgent surgery, two patients recovered after rehabilitation;
      one remained with paraparesis at late follow-up. Neurological deficits and
      systemic evidence of S. aureus infection progressed rapidly in these young
      healthy SEA patients with no history of drug abuse, emphasizing the critical role
      of timely MRI, diagnosis, and surgery. 

PMID- 27364318
TI  - Oxidative DNA damage stalls the human mitochondrial replisome.
AB  - Oxidative stress is capable of causing damage to various cellular constituents,
      including DNA. There is however limited knowledge on how oxidative stress
      influences mitochondrial DNA and its replication. Here, we have used purified
      mtDNA replication proteins, i.e. DNA polymerase gamma holoenzyme, the
      mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein mtSSB, the replicative helicase
      Twinkle and the proposed mitochondrial translesion synthesis polymerase PrimPol
      to study lesion bypass synthesis on oxidative damage-containing DNA templates.
      Our studies were carried out at dNTP levels representative of those prevailing
      either in cycling or in non-dividing cells. At dNTP concentrations that mimic
      those in cycling cells, the replication machinery showed substantial stalling at
      sites of damage, and these problems were further exacerbated at the lower dNTP
      concentrations present in resting cells. PrimPol, the translesion synthesis
      polymerase identified inside mammalian mitochondria, did not promote mtDNA
      replication fork bypass of the damage. This argues against a conventional role
      for PrimPol as a mitochondrial translesion synthesis DNA polymerase for oxidative
      DNA damage; however, we show that Twinkle, the mtDNA replicative helicase, is
      able to stimulate PrimPol DNA synthesis in vitro, suggestive of an as yet
      unidentified role of PrimPol in mtDNA metabolism.

PMID- 27364321
TI  - Lactate recovery kinetics in response to high-intensity exercises.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate lactate recovery kinetics after
      high-intensity exercises. METHODS: Six competitive middle-distance runners
      performed 500-, 1000-, and 1500-m trials at 90 % of their current maximal speed
      over 1500 m. Each event was followed by a passive recovery to obtain blood
      lactate recovery curves (BLRC). BLRC were fitted by the bi-exponential time
      function: La(t) = La(0) + A 1(1-e (-gamma1t) ) + A 2(1-e (-gamma2t) ), where
      La(0) is the blood lactate concentration at exercise completion, and gamma 1 and
      gamma 2 enlighten the lactate exchange ability between the previously active
      muscles and the blood and the overall lactate removal ability, respectively.
      Applications of the model provided parameters related to lactate release, removal
      and accumulation rates at exercise completion, and net amount of lactate released
      during recovery. RESULTS: The increase of running distance was accompanied by (1)
      a continuous decrease in gamma 1 (p < 0.05), (2) a primary decrease (p < 0.05)
      and then a stabilization of gamma 2, and (3) a constant increase in blood
      concentrations (p < 0.05) and whole body accumulation of lactate (p < 0.05).
      Estimated net lactate release, removal and accumulation rates at exercise
      completion, as well as the net amount of lactate released during recovery were
      not significantly altered by distance. CONCLUSION: Alterations of lactate
      exchange and removal abilities have presumably been compensated by an increase in
      muscle-to-blood lactate gradient and blood lactate concentrations, respectively,
      so that estimated lactate release, removal and accumulation rates remained almost
      stable as distance increased.

PMID- 27364323
TI  - Neurofilament in CSF-A biomarker of disease activity and long-term prognosis in
      multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 27364322
TI  - Measuring treatment satisfaction in MS: Is the Treatment Satisfaction
      Questionnaire for Medication fit for purpose?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) was
      designed to assess patient treatment satisfaction in chronic diseases. Its
      performance has not been examined in multiple sclerosis (MS). The 14 items of the
      TSQM cover four domains: Effectiveness, Side Effects, Convenience, and Global
      Satisfaction. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate performance of the TSQM in patients with
      relapsing MS, using data collected from the TENERE study (NCT00883337), in which
      324 patients received oral teriflunomide or subcutaneous interferon beta-1a for
      ?48 weeks. METHODS: Five measurement properties were examined using traditional
      psychometric methods: data completeness, scale-to-sample targeting, scaling
      assumptions, reliability (including test-retest), and construct validity
      (internal: item-level scaling success, confirmatory factor analysis, and
      exploratory factor analysis; external: convergence, discrimination, and group
      differences). RESULTS: There were few (<2%) missing item data; domain scores
      could be computed for all patients. Score distributions were skewed toward higher
      satisfaction; two domains had marked ceiling effects. Scaling assumptions were
      supported. Internal consistency reliability was high (Cronbach's alpha > 0.90).
      Internal validity tests supported item groupings. Correlations supported
      convergent and discriminant construct validity; hypothesis testing supported
      group differences validity. CONCLUSION: This investigation found the TSQM to be a
      useful tool, exhibiting good psychometric measurement properties in patients with
      relapsing MS in the TENERE study.

PMID- 27364324
TI  - The use of laboratory gait analysis for understanding gait deterioration in
      people with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Laboratory gait analysis or three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA), which uses
      motion capture, force plates and electromyography (EMG), has allowed a better
      understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gait deterioration in patients with
      multiple sclerosis (PwMS). This review will summarize the current knowledge on
      multiple sclerosis (MS)-related changes in kinematics (angles), kinetics (forces)
      and electromyographic (muscle activation) patterns and how these measures can be
      used as markers of disease progression. We will also discuss the potential causes
      of slower walking in PwMS and the implications for 3DGA. Finally, we will
      describe new technologies and methods that will increase precision and clinical
      utilization of 3DGA in PwMS. Overall, 3DGA studies have shown that functionality
      of the ankle joint is the most affected during walking and that compensatory
      actions to maintain a functional speed may be insufficient in PwMS. However,
      altered gait patterns may be a strategy to increase stability as balance is also
      affected in PwMS.

PMID- 27364325
TI  - Neurostatus e-Scoring improves consistency of Expanded Disability Status Scale
      assessments: A proof of concept study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To improve the consistency of standardized Expanded Disability Status
      Scale (EDSS) assessments, an electronic data capture tool and analysis tool was
      developed, Neurostatus e-Scoring (NESC). This tool allows real-time feedback by
      comparing entries with established scoring rules. OBJECTIVE: To test whether
      using NESC reduces inconsistencies as compared to the paper-and-pencil version of
      the Expanded Disability Status Scale (pEDSS). METHODS: In all, 100 multiple
      sclerosis (MS) patients were assessed in random order on the same day by pairs of
      neurologists, one using pEDSS and one NESC. We compared inter-rater reliability
      and frequency of inconsistencies in Neurostatus subscores, functional system (FS)
      scores, ambulation and EDSS steps. RESULTS: Inconsistencies of any type were more
      likely to occur when using pEDSS (mean odds ratio (95% confidence interval (CI))
      = 2.93 (1.62; 5.29)). This was also the case for FS score inconsistencies (2.54
      (1.40; 4.61)) and more likely for patients in the lower EDSS range (?3.5 vs >3.5)
      (5.32 (1.19; 23.77)). Overall, inter-rater agreement for the assessed Neurostatus
      subscores was high (median and inter-quartile range = 0.84 (0.73, 0.81)).
      CONCLUSION: Our data provide class II evidence that the use of NESC increases
      consistency of standardized EDSS assessments, and may thus have the potential to
      decrease noise and increase power of MS clinical trials.

PMID- 27364326
TI  - Trajectory of MS disease course for men and women over three eras.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity in disease course exists within multiple sclerosis (MS)
      subtypes. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to estimate disease course heterogeneity
      over three distinct onset periods (pre-1995, 1995-2004, and 2005-present) for men
      and women. METHODS: Group-based trajectory model (GBTM) was used to estimate
      clusters of patients following stable or unstable disease progression
      trajectories based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Inception
      cohorts were generated from the Montreal Neurological Institute MS Clinic
      registry. Stable trajectories were defined as an EDSS ?3.0 and change ?1 point
      over the study period. Annualized relapse rate (ARR) based on the first 5 years
      of disease was an explanatory variable. RESULTS: Proportion of women classified
      as stable was 0% for pre-1995, 69.0% for 1995-2004, and 83.9% post-2005; for men,
      these proportions were 18.4%, 41.4%, and 53.8%, respectively. Men had lower
      percentage of stable disease than women in both post-1995 cohorts (chi-square p <
      0.0001). ARR was associated with higher disability trajectories in both post-1995
      cohort (odds ratios >1.0) but not in the pre-1995 cohort. CONCLUSION: Large
      proportions of patients remain stable at their initial disability level for at
      least 15 years. Higher ARR increases the odds of patients being in a higher
      disability trajectory in the latter cohorts.

PMID- 27364327
TI  - Low-Activity Kidney Transplant Center, A Single-Center Experience: Early Care as
      a Major Challenge.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In many countries, some kidney transplants are performed in small
      centers, from which clinical data are rarely specifically reported. The aim of
      this study was to describe patient and graft survival rates and their correlates
      in a low-activity kidney transplant center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent transplant between
      January 2002 and May 2012 at a university hospital. Patient, graft, and death
      censored graft survival rates were assessed with Kaplan-Meier analyses and
      compared by log-rank test, with associated factors analyzed by Cox proportional
      hazards modeling. RESULTS: Among a total of 162 patients, the mean age was 41.8
      +/- 13.5 years, and 92% received a living-donor graft. At 1, 3, and 5 years,
      patient survival was 88.6%, 86%, and 82.9%. Graft survival was 86.9%, 83%, and
      77%, and death-censored graft survival was 98.1%, 96.6%, and 92.9% at the same
      time points. Most graft losses were due to patient death from infection and
      occurred within the first year after transplant. After adjustment, age over 42
      years (hazard ratio of 3.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.39-11.13), deceased donor
      graft (hazard ratio of 11.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-108.35), and higher
      average education (hazard ratio of 4.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-24.32)
      were independently associated with graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: The observed patient
      and graft survival rates were similar to those described in large databases;
      however, early mortality remains a major challenge. Improving posttransplant care
      is a key issue to increasing survival in small transplant centers.

PMID- 27364328
TI  - Visualization of Neuregulin 1 ectodomain shedding reveals its local processing in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Neuregulin1 (NRG1) plays diverse developmental roles and is likely involved in
      several neurological disorders including schizophrenia. The transmembrane NRG1
      protein is proteolytically cleaved and released as a soluble ligand for ErbB
      receptors. Such post-translational processing, referred to as 'ectodomain
      shedding', is thought to be crucial for NRG1 function. However, little is known
      regarding the regulatory mechanism of NRG1 cleavage in vivo. Here, we developed a
      fluorescent probe, NRG1 Cleavage Indicating SenSOR (N-CISSOR), by fusing mCherry
      and GFP to the extracellular and intracellular domains of NRG1, respectively. N
      CISSOR mimicked the subcellular localization and biochemical properties of NRG1
      including cleavage dynamics and ErbB phosphorylation in cultured cells.
      mCherry/GFP ratio imaging of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated N-CISSOR
      expressing HEK293T cells enabled to monitor rapid ectodomain shedding of NRG1 at
      the subcellular level. Utilizing N-CISSOR in zebrafish embryos revealed
      preferential axonal NRG1 ectodomain shedding in developing motor neurons,
      demonstrating that NRG1 ectodomain shedding is spatially regulated at the
      subcellular level. Thus, N-CISSOR will be a valuable tool for elucidating the
      spatiotemporal regulation of NRG1 ectodomain shedding, both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 27364330
TI  - RAPD and ISSR Marker-Based Comparative Evaluation of Genetic Diversity Among
      Indian Germplasms of Euryale ferox: an Aquatic Food Plant.
AB  - Euryale ferox Salisbury is an important aquatic food plant cultivated largely in
      eastern India. E. ferox is a monotypic genus, and breeding programmes have mostly
      relied on the variability present in the primary gene pool. Knowledge of the
      genetic structure of the population is limited, and there are very few reports
      available on the genetic diversity of E. ferox. In this study, comprehensive
      research on the genetic diversity of 16 germplasms of E. ferox was carried out
      using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat
      (ISSR) markers. Out of 320 RAPD and 95 ISSR primers screened initially, 61
      primers (40 RAPD and 21 ISSR) gave reproducible bands and were selected for
      further work. Amplification of the 40 RAPD primers gave 533 polymorphic bands
      with an average of 13.32 polymorphic bands per primer. The percentage of
      polymorphism ranged from 37.5 to 100, with an average of 88.3 %. The 21 ISSR
      primers produced 259 bands, of which 214 were polymorphic, with an average of
      10.19 polymorphic bands per primer. The percentage of polymorphism using ISSR
      primers ranged from 50 to 100, with a mean of 82.6 %. Jaccard's coefficient
      ranged from 0.45 to 0.69 (RAPD), 0.50 to 0.77 (ISSR) and 0.48 to 0.71 (RAPD and
      ISSR). Molecular characterization of different germplasms of E. ferox not only is
      essential for its conservation but also can be used in further breeding
      programmes.

PMID- 27364329
TI  - Functional Impact of An ADHD-Associated DIRAS2 Promoter Polymorphism.
AB  - The DIRAS2 gene is coding for a small Ras GTPase with so far unknown function. In
      a previous study, we described the association of DIRAS2 rs1412005, as well as a
      haplotype containing this polymorphism and located in the promoter region of this
      gene with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In the present study,
      we searched for rare variants within or near the DIRAS2 gene that might be
      associated with ADHD using next-generation sequencing. As we were not able to
      detect any rare variants associated with the disease, we sought to establish a
      functional role of DIRAS2 rs1412005 on the molecular or systems level. First, we
      investigated whether it has an influence on gene expression by means of a
      luciferase-based promoter assay. We could demonstrate that the minor risk allele
      goes along with the increased expression of the reporter gene. Next, we aimed to
      identify differences in response inhibition between risk-allele and non-risk
      allele carriers in children suffering from ADHD and healthy control individuals
      by analyzing event-related potentials in the electroencephalogram during a
      Go/NoGo task. Risk-allele carriers showed a changed NoGo anteriorization.
      Therefore, our results suggest an impact of the investigated polymorphism on the
      prefrontal response control in children with ADHD. These results imply that the
      promoter polymorphism is indeed the associated as well as in itself a causal
      variant. Further research is thus warranted to clarify the mechanisms linking
      DIRAS2 to ADHD.

PMID- 27364331
TI  - Functional Characterization of a Marine Bacillus Esterase and its Utilization in
      the Stereo-Selective Production of D-Methyl Lactate.
AB  - Chiral lactic acid and its ester derivatives are crucial building blocks and
      platforms in the generation of high value-added drugs, fine chemicals and
      functional materials. Optically pure D-lactic acid and its ester derivatives
      cannot be directly generated from fermentation and are quite expensive. Herein,
      we identified, heterologously expressed and functionally characterized one
      Bacillus esterase BSE01701 from the deep sea of the Indian Ocean. Esterase
      BSE01701 could enzymatically resolve inexpensive racemic methyl lactate and
      generate chiral D-methyl lactate. The enantiomeric excess of desired chiral D
      methyl lactate and the substrate conversion could reach over 99 % and 60 %,
      respectively, after process optimization. Notably, the addition of 60 % (v/v)
      organic co-solvent heptane could greatly improve both the enantiomeric excess of
      D-methyl lactate and the conversion. BSE01701 was a very promising marine
      microbial esterase in the generation of chiral chemicals in industry.

PMID- 27364332
TI  - Technical, Economical, and Microbiological Aspects of the Microaerobic Process on
      H2S Removal for Low Sulfate Concentration Wastewaters.
AB  - We studied the feasibility of the microaerobic process, in comparison with the
      traditional chemical absorption process (NaOH), on H2S removal in order to
      improve the biogas quality. The experiment consisted of two systems: R1, biogas
      from an anaerobic reactor was washed in a NaOH solution, and R2, headspace
      microaeration with atmospheric air in a former anaerobic reactor. The
      microaeration used for low sulfate concentration wastewater did not affect the
      anaerobic digestion, but even increased system stability. Methane production in
      the R2 was 14 % lower compared to R1, due to biogas dilution by the atmospheric
      air used. The presence of oxygen in the biogas reveals that not all the oxygen
      was consumed for sulfide oxidation in the liquid phase indicating mass transfer
      limitations. The reactor was able to rapidly recover its capacity on H2S removal
      after an operational failure. Bacterial and archaeal richness shifted due to
      changes in operational parameters, which match with the system functioning.
      Finally, the microaerobic system seems to be more advantageous for both technical
      and economical reasons, in which the payback of microaerobic process for H2S
      removal was 4.7 months.

PMID- 27364333
TI  - Raw Data Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Common Principal Component Models: A
      State Space Approach.
AB  - The specifications of state space model for some principal component-related
      models are described, including the independent-group common principal component
      (CPC) model, the dependent-group CPC model, and principal component-based
      multivariate analysis of variance. Some derivations are provided to show the
      equivalence of the state space approach and the existing Wishart-likelihood
      approach. For each model, a numeric example is used to illustrate the state space
      approach. In addition, a simulation study is conducted to evaluate the standard
      error estimates under the normality and nonnormality conditions. In order to cope
      with the nonnormality conditions, the robust standard errors are also computed.
      Finally, other possible applications of the state space approach are discussed at
      the end.

PMID- 27364334
TI  - Comparison of the amount of bioaccessible fumonisin B1 and B2 in maize and rice
      inoculated with Fusarium verticillioides (MRC 826) and determined by in vitro
      digestion-preliminary results.
AB  - In this study the occurrence of hidden fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2)
      was analysed, on two cereal substrates (maize and rice), inoculated with Fusarium
      verticillioides (MRC 826), in order to determine the ratio of hidden FB1 and FB2.
      Two parallel methods were applied: an in vitro human digestion sample pre
      treatment and the routine extraction procedure, in both cases with subsequent LC
      MS analysis. It was found that all samples showed higher concentration of total
      fumonisin B1 after digestion, as compared to that of free fumonisin analysed only
      after extraction. The percentage of the hidden form by maize was 18.8 % (+/-2.4)
      for FB1 and 36.8 % (+/-3.8) for FB2, while for rice it was 32.3 % (+/-11.3) and
      58.0 (+/-6.8), respectively, expressed as the proportion to total fumonisin B1,
      for the total dataset. Significant differences were found in the FB1 and FB2
      concentration measured after the different digestion phases (saliva, gastric and
      duodenal) in case of both matrixes. The results are useful for human risk
      assessment, since both humans and animals may be exposed to markedly higher toxin
      load, as determined merely by conventional analytical methods. 

PMID- 27364335
TI  - MicroRNA-130b promotes lung cancer progression via PPARgamma/VEGF-A/BCL-2
      mediated suppression of apoptosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poor yet
      mechanistic understanding and therapeutic options remain limited. We investigated
      the biological and clinical significance of microRNA-130b and its relationship
      with apoptosis in NSCLC. METHODS: The level of microRNA-130b in relationship with
      the expression of PPARgamma, VEGF-A, BCL-2 and apoptosis were analyzed in 91 lung
      cancer patient samples using immunohistochemistry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl
      transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay on tissue microarrays. Gain and
      loss-of-function studies were performed to investigate the effects of microRNA
      130b, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) or vascular
      endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) on biological functions of lung cancer cells
      using in vitro and in vivo approaches. RESULTS: MicroRNA-130b up-regulation
      conferred unfavorable prognosis of lung cancer patients. Notably, microRNA-130b
      targeted PPARgamma and inhibiting microRNA-130b markedly repressed proliferation,
      invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells, leading to increased apoptosis.
      MicroRNA-130b-dependent biologic effects were due to suppression of PPARgamma
      that in turn activated BCL-2, the key mediator of anti-apoptosis. Administration
      of microRNA-130b mimic to mouse xenografts promoted tumor growth. In vitro and in
      vivo, miR-130b enrichment associated with down-regulation of PPARgamma, up
      regulation of VEGF-A and BCL-2, and decreased apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The present
      study demonstrates that microRNA-130b promotes lung cancer progression via
      PPARgamma/VEGF-A/BCL-2-mediated suppression of apoptosis. Targeting microRNA-130b
      might have remarkable therapeutic potential for lung cancer therapy.

PMID- 27364336
TI  - Invasive seizure monitoring in the critically-Ill brain injury patient: Current
      practices and a review of the literature.
AB  - Seizures commonly occur in a variety of serious neurological illnesses, and lead
      to additional morbidity and worsened outcomes. Recently, it has become clear that
      not all seizures in the acute brain injury setting are evident on scalp EEG. To
      address this, we have developed a protocol for depth electrode placement in the
      neuro-intensive care unit for patients in whom the clinical suspicion of occult
      seizures is high. In the current manuscript, we review the literature on depth
      EEG monitoring for ictal events in critically-ill, unconscious patients, focusing
      on the incidence of seizures not detected with scalp EEG in various conditions.
      We critically discuss evidence in support of and against treating these events
      that are only detectable on depth recordings. We describe additional specific
      scenarios in which depth EEG recordings may be helpful, including for the
      detection of delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage. We then
      describe current techniques for bedside electrode placement. Finally, we outline
      potential avenues for future investigations, including the use of depth
      electrodes to describe circuit abnormalities in acute brain injury. 

PMID- 27364337
TI  - [Erratum to: Multicenter trial for sudden hearing loss therapy : Planning and
      concept].

PMID- 27364338
TI  - [Erratum to: Balloon dilatation of the Eustachian tube during middle ear surgery
      : Study planning and first experiences during recruitment].

PMID- 27364340
TI  - In memory of Silvano Adami.

PMID- 27364339
TI  - [Olfactory dysfunction : Update on diagnosis and treatment].
AB  - Olfactory dysfunction is a common disorder, particularly in elderly people. From
      the etiologic point of view, we distinguish between sinunasal and non-sinunasal
      causes of dysosmia. As an important early symptom of neurodegenerative disease,
      dysosmia is particularly relevant in the diagnosis of Parkinson's or Alzheimer's
      disease. In addition to complete ENT examination and olfactory testing, e.g.,
      with "Sniffin' Sticks", modern imaging procedures, e. g. MRI, are becoming more
      and more important for diagnostics, prognosis, and treatment decisions. Olfactory
      testing in children needs to be adapted to their shorter concentration span and
      limited range of known olfactory stimuli. Depending on the etiology, olfactory
      training, antiphlogistic measures, and surgical procedures are most promising. In
      cases of intracranial causes of dysosmia, neurosurgeons should know and respect
      anatomic structures of the olfactory signal pathway, not least for long-term
      prognosis. 

PMID- 27364341
TI  - Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the CYP27B1 Gene Lead to Pseudovitamin D
      Deficient Rickets.
AB  - Pseudovitamin D deficiency is the consequence of a genetic defect in the CYP27B1
      gene resulting in diminished or absent conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25
      (OH)D3) into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and leads to growth
      retardation and rickets, usually in the first 2 years of life. DNA obtained from
      human leucocytes from a patient suspected of pseudovitamin D deficiency and her
      healthy parents was sequenced for a genetic defect in the CYP27B1 gene. In silico
      analyses on the mutations were performed using online available software. The
      1alpha-hydroxylase activity of the patient, her parents, and a sample derived
      from a mixed buffy coat of healthy blood donors was measured by culturing
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells with 25-(OH)D3 and measuring 1,25-(OH)2D3
      production. DNA sequencing of the patient suspected of pseudovitamin D deficiency
      revealed compound heterozygosity in the CYP27B1 gene for a (c413G>T) mutation in
      exon 3 (R138L) and a (c1232G>A) mutation in exon 8 (C411Y). In silico analyses
      confirmed that mutations at these positions are probably damaging for the protein
      since the amino acids are situated in a highly conserved region. In vitro
      analyses showed a nearly absent 1alpha-hydroxylase activity in the patient
      compared to the healthy blood donors. Her healthy parents each of whom carried
      one of the mutations also had compromised conversion of 25-(OH)D3 into 1,25
      (OH)2D3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, being only marginally higher than
      in the patient. We discovered novel compound heterozygous mutations in the
      CYP27B1 gene in a young girl presenting with pseudovitamin D-deficient rickets,
      leading to severely decreased 1,25-(OH)2D3 production. Furthermore, both
      heterozygous parents showed a diminished 1alpha-hydroxylase activity.

PMID- 27364343
TI  - First Crystal Structure for a Gold Carbene-Protein Adduct.
AB  - The X-ray structure of the adduct formed in the reaction between the gold N
      heterocyclic carbene compound Au(NHC)Cl (with NHC = 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazole-2
      ylidene) and the model protein thaumatin is reported here. The structure reveals
      binding of Au(NHC)(+) fragments to distinct protein sites. Notably, binding of
      the gold compound occurs at lysine side chains and at the N-terminal tail; the
      metal binds the protein after releasing Cl(-) ligand, but retaining NHC fragment.

PMID- 27364342
TI  - Evolution of the Marrow Adipose Tissue Microenvironment.
AB  - Adipocytes of the marrow adipose tissue (MAT) are distributed throughout the
      skeleton, are embedded in extracellular matrix, and are surrounded by cells of
      the hematopoietic and osteogenic lineages. MAT is a persistent component of the
      skeletal microenvironment and has the potential to impact local processes
      including bone accrual and hematopoietic function. In this review, we discuss the
      initial evolution of MAT in vertebrate lineages while emphasizing comparisons to
      the development of peripheral adipose, hematopoietic, and skeletal tissues. We
      then apply these evolutionary clues to define putative functions of MAT. Lastly,
      we explore the regulation of MAT by two major components of its microenvironment,
      the extracellular matrix and the nerves embedded within. The extracellular matrix
      and nerves contribute to both rapid and continuous modification of the MAT niche
      and may help to explain evolutionary conserved mechanisms underlying the
      coordinated regulation of blood, bone, and MAT within the skeleton.

PMID- 27364344
TI  - Modified Hughes procedure for reconstruction of large full-thickness lower eyelid
      defects following tumor resection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tarsoconjunctival flap advancement, or the Hughes procedure, is among
      the techniques of choice for reconstructing full-thickness lower eyelid defects
      so as to restore normal anatomy and function with the best possible cosmetic
      outcome. The purpose of this study is to report the outcome of a series of
      patients treated with a modified Hughes procedure following malignant tumor
      removal. METHODS: This retrospective study included 45 consecutive cases of
      modified Hughes procedures performed between January 2013 and October 2015.
      During Hughes flap creation an incisional plane was chosen in all cases, which
      left Muller's muscle attached to the superior tarsal margin, while disinserting
      the levator aponeurosis. All cases were grouped according to the horizontal
      length of the lower lid defect to be reconstructed, as well as to the type of
      anterior lamella reconstruction (free graft vs. inferiorly based advancement
      flap). Grouped data were compared for the rate of surgical success, defined as
      achievement of normal lid function and satisfactory cosmesis without needing
      further surgical interventions, and for the frequency of specific complications.
      RESULTS: Surgical success was achieved in 39 cases (87 %). The remaining cases
      required additional surgery for minor complications including lower-lid ectropion
      (4 %), pyogenic granuloma (4 %), or lower lid margin hypertrophy (2 %). Donor
      site complications were not detected apart from one case of mild entropion with
      focal trichiasis. No case of premature flap rupture was seen. Neither the
      horizontal length of the lower lid defect (p = 0.489), nor the type of anterior
      lamella reconstruction (p = 0.349) significantly affected the surgical success.
      Particularly, there was no increased onset of lower-lid ectropion among patients
      receiving an advancement flap. CONCLUSIONS: The modified Hughes procedure remains
      a well-suited technique for reconstructing lower eyelid defects involving up to
      100 % of the horizontal lid length. Leaving Muller's muscle attached to the
      Hughes flap might prevent premature flap dehiscence without increasing the
      frequency of upper lid retractions in turn. Whether using a free skin graft or a
      skin-muscle advancement flap for anterior lamella reconstruction, seems to be
      insignificant for the functional-aesthetical outcome.

PMID- 27364345
TI  - The Moderating Role of Anxiety in the Associations of Callous-Unemotional Traits
      with Self-Report and Laboratory Measures of Affective and Cognitive Empathy.
AB  - In a sample of detained male adolescents (n = 107; Mean age = 15.50; SD = 1.30),
      we tested whether anxiety moderated the association of CU traits with self-report
      and computerized measures of affective (emotional reactivity) and cognitive
      (affective facial recognition and Theory of Mind [ToM]) empathy. Hierarchical
      regression analyses revealed that CU traits were negatively associated with self
      reports of affective empathy and this association was not moderated by level of
      anxiety. Significant interactions revealed that CU traits were negatively
      associated with cognitive empathy (self-report) only at high levels of anxiety,
      whereas CU traits were positively associated with cognitive empathy on the ToM
      task only at low levels of anxiety. CU traits were also associated with greater
      fear recognition accuracy at low levels of anxiety. Implications for
      understanding and treating different variants of CU traits (i.e., primary and
      secondary) are discussed.

PMID- 27364347
TI  - Abortion in Islamic Ethics, and How it is Perceived in Turkey: A Secular, Muslim
      Country.
AB  - Abortion is among the most widely discussed concepts of medical ethics. Since the
      well-known ethical theories have emerged from Western world, the position of
      Islamic ethics regarding main issues of medical ethics has been overlooked.
      Muslims constitute a considerable amount of world population. Turkish Republic is
      the only Muslim country ruled with secular democracy and one of the three Muslim
      countries where abortion is legalized. The first aim of this paper is to present
      discussions on abortion in Islamic ethics in the context of major ethical
      concepts; the legal status of the fetus, respect for life and the right not to be
      born. The second aim is to put forth Turkey's present legislation about abortion
      in the context of Islamic ethical and religious aspects.

PMID- 27364346
TI  - Comparing the CASI-4R and the PGBI-10 M for Differentiating Bipolar Spectrum
      Disorders from Other Outpatient Diagnoses in Youth.
AB  - We compared 2 rating scales with different manic symptom items on diagnostic
      accuracy for detecting pediatric bipolar spectrum disorder (BPSDs) in outpatient
      mental health clinics. Participants were 681 parents/guardians of eligible
      children (465 male, mean age = 9.34) who completed the Parent General Behavior
      Inventory-10-item Mania (PGBI-10 M) and mania subscale of the Child and
      Adolescent Symptom Inventory-Revised (CASI-4R). Diagnoses were based on KSADS
      interviews with parent and youth. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
      analyses and diagnostic likelihood ratios (DLRs) determined discriminative
      validity and provided clinical utility, respectively. Logistic regressions tested
      for incremental validity in the CASI-4R mania subscale and PGBI-10 M in
      predicting youth BPSD status above and beyond demographic and common diagnostic
      comorbidities. Both CASI-4R and PGBI-10 M scales significantly distinguished BPSD
      (N = 160) from other disorders (CASI-4R: Area under curve (AUC) = .80, p <
      0.0005; PGBI-10 M: AUC = 0.79, p < 0.0005) even though scale items differed. Both
      scales performed equally well in differentiating BPSDs (Venkatraman test p >
      0.05). Diagnostic likelihood ratios indicated low scores on either scale (CASI: 0
      5; PGBI-10 M: 0-6) cut BPSD odds to 1/5 of those with high scores (CASI DLR- =
      0.17; PGBI-10 M DLR- = 0.18). High scores on either scale (CASI: 14+; PGBI-10 M:
      20+) increased BPSD odds about fourfold (CASI DLR+ = 4.53; PGBI-10 M DLR+ =
      3.97). Logistic regressions indicated the CASI-4R mania subscale and PGBI-10 M
      each provided incremental validity in predicting youth BPSD status. The CASI-4R
      is at least as valid as the PGBI-10 M to help identify BPSDs, and can be
      considered as part of an assessment battery to screen for pediatric BPSDs.

PMID- 27364348
TI  - Bone morphogenetic protein-binding endothelial regulator of liver sinusoidal
      endothelial cells induces iron overload in a fatty liver mouse model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently accompanied
      by iron overload. However, because of the complex hepcidin-regulating molecules,
      the molecular mechanism underlying iron overload remains unknown. To identify the
      key molecule involved in NAFLD-associated iron dysregulation, we performed whole
      RNA sequencing on the livers of obese mice. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a
      regular or high-fat diet for 16 or 48 weeks. Internal iron was evaluated by
      plasma iron, ferritin or hepatic iron content. Whole-RNA sequencing was performed
      by transcriptome analysis using semiconductor high-throughput sequencer. Mouse
      liver tissues or isolated hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells were used
      to assess the expression of iron-regulating molecules. RESULTS: Mice fed a high
      fat diet for 16 weeks showed excess iron accumulation. Longer exposure to a high
      fat diet increased hepatic fibrosis and intrahepatic iron accumulation. A pathway
      analysis of the sequencing data showed that several inflammatory pathways,
      including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD signaling, were significantly
      affected. Sequencing analysis showed 2314 altered genes, including decreased mRNA
      expression of the hepcidin-coding gene Hamp. Hepcidin protein expression and SMAD
      phosphorylation, which induces Hamp, were found to be reduced. The expression of
      BMP-binding endothelial regulator (BMPER), which inhibits BMP-SMAD signaling by
      binding BMP extracellularly, was up-regulated in fatty livers. In addition,
      immunohistochemical and cell isolation analyses showed that BMPER was primarily
      expressed in the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) rather than
      hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS: BMPER secretion by LSECs inhibits BMP-SMAD signaling in
      hepatocytes and further reduces hepcidin protein expression. These intrahepatic
      molecular interactions suggest a novel molecular basis of iron overload in NAFLD.

PMID- 27364351
TI  - A full-dimensional model of ozone forming reaction: the absolute value of the
      recombination rate coefficient, its pressure and temperature dependencies.
AB  - Rigorous calculations of scattering resonances in ozone are carried out for a
      broad range of rotational excitations. The accurate potential energy surface of
      Dawes is adopted, and a new efficient method for calculations of ro-vibrational
      energies, wave functions and resonance lifetimes is employed (which uses hyper
      spherical coordinates, the sequential diagonalization/truncation approach, grid
      optimization and complex absorbing potential). A detailed analysis is carried out
      to characterize distributions of resonance energies and lifetimes, their
      rotational/vibrational content and their positions with respect to the
      centrifugal barrier. Emphasis is on the contribution of these resonances to the
      recombination process that forms ozone. It is found that major contributions come
      from localized resonances at energies near the top of the barrier. Delocalized
      resonances at higher energies should also be taken into account, while very
      narrow resonances at low energies (trapped far behind the centrifugal barrier)
      should be treated as bound states. The absolute value of the recombination rate
      coefficient, its pressure and temperature dependencies are obtained using the
      energy-transfer model developed in the earlier work. Good agreement with
      experimental data is obtained if one follows the suggestion of Troe, who argued
      that the energy transfer mechanism of recombination is responsible only for 55%
      of the recombination rate (with the remaining 45% coming from the competing
      chaperon mechanism). 

PMID- 27364350
TI  - A novel spontaneous mutation of BCAR3 results in extrusion cataracts in CF#1
      mouse strain.
AB  - A substrain of mice originating from the CF#1 strain (an outbred colony) reared
      at Osaka Prefecture University (CF#1/lr mice) develops cataracts beginning at 4
      weeks of age. Affected mice were fully viable and fertile and developed cataracts
      by 14 weeks of age. Histologically, CF#1/lr mice showed vacuolation of the lens
      cortex, swollen lens fibers, lens rupture and nuclear extrusion. To elucidate the
      mode of inheritance, we analyzed heterozygous mutant hybrids generated from
      CF#1/lr mice and wild-type BALB/c mice. None of the heterozygous mutants were
      affected, and the ratio of affected to unaffected mice was 1:3 among the
      offspring of the heterozygous mutants. For the initial genome-wide screening and
      further mapping, we used affected progeny of CF#1/lr * (CF#1/lr * BALB/c) mice.
      We concluded that the cataracts in CF#1/lr mice are inherited through an
      autosomal recessive mutation and that the mutant gene is located on mouse
      chromosome 3 between D3Mit79 and D3Mit216. In this region, we identified 8 genes
      associated with ocular disease. All 8 genes were sequenced and a novel point
      mutation (1 bp insertion of cytosine) in exon 7 of the Bcar3 gene was identified.
      This mutation produced a premature stop codon and a truncated protein. In
      conclusion, we have identified the first spontaneous mutation in the Bcar3 gene
      associated with lens extrusion cataracts. This novel cataract model may provide
      further knowledge of the molecular biology of cataractogenesis and the function
      of the BCAR3 protein.

PMID- 27364352
TI  - When to eat? The influence of circadian rhythms on metabolic health: are animal
      studies providing the evidence?
AB  - As obesity and metabolic diseases rise, there is need to investigate
      physiological and behavioural aspects associated with their development.
      Circadian rhythms have a profound influence on metabolic processes, as they
      prepare the body to optimise energy use and storage. Moreover, food-related
      signals confer temporal order to organs involved in metabolic regulation.
      Therefore food intake should be synchronised with the suprachiasmatic nucleus
      (SCN) to elaborate efficient responses to environmental challenges. Human studies
      suggest that a loss of synchrony between mealtime and the SCN promotes obesity
      and metabolic disturbances. Animal research using different paradigms has been
      performed to characterise the effects of timing of food intake on metabolic
      profiles. Therefore the purpose of the present review is to critically examine
      the evidence of animal studies, to provide a state of the art on metabolic
      findings and to assess whether the paradigms used in rodent models give the
      evidence to support a 'best time' for food intake. First we analyse and compare
      the current findings of studies where mealtime has been shifted out of phase from
      the light-dark cycle. Then, we analyse studies restricting meal times to
      different moments within the active period. So far animal studies correlate well
      with human studies, demonstrating that restricting food intake to the active
      phase limits metabolic disturbances produced by high-energy diets and that eating
      during the inactive/sleep phase leads to a worse metabolic outcome. Based on the
      latter we discuss the missing elements and possible mechanisms leading to the
      metabolic consequences, as these are still lacking.

PMID- 27364349
TI  - Unraveling the message: insights into comparative genomics of the naked mole-rat.
AB  - Animals have evolved to survive, and even thrive, in different environments.
      Genetic adaptations may have indirectly created phenotypes that also resulted in
      a longer lifespan. One example of this phenomenon is the preternaturally long
      lived naked mole-rat. This strictly subterranean rodent tolerates hypoxia,
      hypercapnia, and soil-based toxins. Naked mole-rats also exhibit pronounced
      resistance to cancer and an attenuated decline of many physiological
      characteristics that often decline as mammals age. Elucidating mechanisms that
      give rise to their unique phenotypes will lead to better understanding of
      subterranean ecophysiology and biology of aging. Comparative genomics could be a
      useful tool in this regard. Since the publication of a naked mole-rat genome
      assembly in 2011, analyses of genomic and transcriptomic data have enabled a
      clearer understanding of mole-rat evolutionary history and suggested molecular
      pathways (e.g., NRF2-signaling activation and DNA damage repair mechanisms) that
      may explain the extraordinarily longevity and unique health traits of this
      species. However, careful scrutiny and re-analysis suggest that some identified
      features result from incorrect or imprecise annotation and assembly of the naked
      mole-rat genome: in addition, some of these conclusions (e.g., genes involved in
      cancer resistance and hairlessness) are rejected when the analysis includes
      additional, more closely related species. We describe how the combination of
      better study design, improved genomic sequencing techniques, and new
      bioinformatic and data analytical tools will improve comparative genomics and
      ultimately bridge the gap between traditional model and nonmodel organisms.

PMID- 27364354
TI  - BMJ Awards South Asia 2016: Nominate a healthcare champion today.

PMID- 27364353
TI  - Long-term production of BDNF and NT-3 induced by A91-immunization after spinal
      cord injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: After spinal cord (SC)-injury, a non-modulated immune response
      contributes to the damage of neural tissue. Protective autoimmunity (PA) is a T
      cell mediated, neuroprotective response induced after SC-injury. Immunization
      with neural-derived peptides (INDP), such as A91, has shown to promote-in vitro
      the production of neurotrophic factors. However, the production of these
      molecules has not been studied at the site of injury. RESULTS: In order to
      evaluate these issues, we performed four experiments in adult female Sprague
      Dawley rats. In the first one, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and
      neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) concentrations were evaluated at the site of lesion 21 days
      after SC-injury. BDNF and NT-3 were significantly increased in INDP-treated
      animals. In the second experiment, proliferation of anti-A91 T cells was assessed
      at chronic stages of injury. In this case, we found a significant proliferation
      of these cells in animals subjected to SC-injury + INDP. In the third experiment,
      we explored the amount of BDNF and NT3 at the site of injury in the chronic phase
      of rats subjected to either SC-contusion (SCC; moderate or severe) or SC
      transection (SCT; complete or incomplete). The animals were treated with INDP
      immediately after injury. Rats subjected to moderate contusion or incomplete SCT
      showed significantly higher levels of BDNF and NT-3 as compared to PBS-immunized
      ones. In rats with severe SCC and complete SCT, BDNF and NT-3 concentrations were
      barely detected. Finally, in the fourth experiment we assessed motor function
      recovery in INDP-treated rats with moderate SC-injury. Rats immunized with A91
      showed a significantly higher motor recovery from the first week and up to 4
      months after SC-injury. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that PA
      boosted by immunization with A91 after moderate SC-injury can exert its benefits
      even at chronic stages, as shown by long-term production of BDNF and NT-3 and a
      substantial improvement in motor recovery.

PMID- 27364356
TI  - Fibula flap harvest: How leg selection impacts inset for mandible defects.

PMID- 27364355
TI  - High glucose-induced cytoplasmic translocation of Dnmt3a contributes to CTGF hypo
      methylation in mesangial cells.
AB  - Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays an essential role in the
      pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and we have previously identified that high
      glucose induced the expression of CTGF by decreasing DNA methylation. The aim of
      the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the high
      glucose-induced CTGF hypo-methylation. Human glomerular mesangial cells (hMSCs)
      were treated with low glucose (5 mM), mannitol (30 mM) or high glucose (30 mM)
      respectively. Immunofluorescence staining, real-time quantitative PCR and western
      blotting were performed to determine the subcellular distribution and expression
      of CTGF and Dnmt3a. ChIP-PCR assay was applied to investigate the capability of
      Dnmt3a to bind the CpG island of CTGF. Our results showed that high glucose
      induced both mRNA and protein expressions of CTGF, and led to increased
      cytoplasmic translocation of Dnmt3a in cultured hMSCs. The nuclear Dnmt3a protein
      was significantly reduced after high glucose treatment, although the expression
      of total Dnmt3a protein was not altered. We further discovered that ERK/MAPK
      signalling contributed to the high glucose-induced cytoplasmic translocation of
      Dnmt3a. Consequently, less Dnmt3a protein was bound to the CpG island of CTGF
      promoter, which induced an increase in CTGF expression by epigenetic regulation
      in the presence of high glucose. In conclusion, high glucose induces cytoplasmic
      translocation of Dnmt3a, possibly through activating ERK/MAPK signalling pathway,
      which contributes to the decreased binding of Dnmt3a on CTGF promoter and the
      subsequent CTGF hypo-methylation in diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 27364357
TI  - Ultrasensitive multiplex optical quantification of bacteria in large samples of
      biofluids.
AB  - Efficient treatments in bacterial infections require the fast and accurate
      recognition of pathogens, with concentrations as low as one per milliliter in the
      case of septicemia. Detecting and quantifying bacteria in such low concentrations
      is challenging and typically demands cultures of large samples of blood (~1
      milliliter) extending over 24-72 hours. This delay seriously compromises the
      health of patients. Here we demonstrate a fast microorganism optical detection
      system for the exhaustive identification and quantification of pathogens in
      volumes of biofluids with clinical relevance (~1 milliliter) in minutes. We drive
      each type of bacteria to accumulate antibody functionalized SERS-labelled silver
      nanoparticles. Particle aggregation on the bacteria membranes renders dense
      arrays of inter-particle gaps in which the Raman signal is exponentially
      amplified by several orders of magnitude relative to the dispersed particles.
      This enables a multiplex identification of the microorganisms through the
      molecule-specific spectral fingerprints.

PMID- 27364359
TI  - Plant growth promotion, metabolite production and metal tolerance of dark septate
      endophytes isolated from metal-polluted poplar phytomanagement sites.
AB  - Numerous studies address the distribution and the diversity of dark septate
      endophytes (DSEs) in the literature, but little is known about their ecological
      role and their effect on host plants, especially in metal-polluted soils. Seven
      DSE strains belonging to Cadophora, Leptodontidium, Phialophora and Phialocephala
      were isolated from roots of poplar trees from metal-polluted sites. All strains
      developed on a wide range of carbohydrates, including cell-wall-related
      compounds. The strains evenly colonized birch, eucalyptus and ryegrass roots in
      re-synthesis experiments. Root and shoot growth promotion was observed and was
      both plant and strain dependent. Two Phialophora and Leptodontidium strains
      particularly improved plant growth. However, there was no correlation between the
      level of root colonization by DSEs and the intensity of growth promotion. All
      strains produced auxin and six also stimulated plant growth through the release
      of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). SPME-GC/MS analyses revealed four major
      VOCs emitted by Cadophora and Leptodontidium The strains exhibited growth at high
      concentrations of several metals. The ability of metal-resistant DSE strains to
      produce both soluble and volatile compounds for plant growth promotion indicates
      interesting microbial resources with high potential to support sustainable
      production of bioenergy crops within the context of the phytomanagement of metal
      contaminated sites.

PMID- 27364360
TI  - Effects of endophytic fungi on the ash dieback pathogen.
AB  - While Hymenoscyphus fraxineus causes dieback of the European ash (Fraxinus
      excelsior), flowering ash (F. ornus) appears resistant to the pathogen. To date,
      contributions of endophytic fungi to host resistance are unknown. The following
      hypotheses were tested: (i) endophytic fungi enhance the resistance of F.
      excelsior to the pathogen; (ii) resistance of F. ornus relies on its community of
      endophytic fungi. Two experiments were performed. (i) The effect of exudates of
      ash endophytes on the germination rate of H. fraxineus ascospores was studied in
      vitro Isolates of abundant Fraxinus leaf endophytes, such as Venturia fraxini,
      Paraconiothyrium sp., Boeremia exigua, Kretzschmaria deusta and Neofabraea alba
      inhibited ascospore germination. (ii) Ash seedlings inoculated in a climate
      chamber, with fungi sporulating on the previous year's leaf litter, were exposed
      to natural infections by the pathogen present in the forest. Non-inoculated
      seedlings were used as controls. Venturia spp. dominated the inoculated endophyte
      'communities'. Subsequent exposure to H. fraxineus led to infection of F.
      excelsior leaves by the pathogen, but no differences in health status between pre
      inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings were detected. Fraxinus ornus leaves
      experienced a low infection rate, independent of their colonization by endophytic
      fungi. These results did not support either hypothesis.

PMID- 27364358
TI  - Proteomic Screening and Lasso Regression Reveal Differential Signaling in Insulin
      and Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF1) Pathways.
AB  - Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) influence cancer risk and
      progression through poorly understood mechanisms. To better understand the roles
      of insulin and IGF1 signaling in breast cancer, we combined proteomic screening
      with computational network inference to uncover differences in IGF1 and insulin
      induced signaling. Using reverse phase protein array, we measured the levels of
      134 proteins in 21 breast cancer cell lines stimulated with IGF1 or insulin for
      up to 48 h. We then constructed directed protein expression networks using three
      separate methods: (i) lasso regression, (ii) conventional matrix inversion, and
      (iii) entropy maximization. These networks, named here as the time translation
      models, were analyzed and the inferred interactions were ranked by differential
      magnitude to identify pathway differences. The two top candidates, chosen for
      experimental validation, were shown to regulate IGF1/insulin induced
      phosphorylation events. First, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) knock-down was shown
      to increase the level of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation.
      Second, stable knock-down of E-Cadherin increased the phospho-Akt protein levels.
      Both of the knock-down perturbations incurred phosphorylation responses stronger
      in IGF1 stimulated cells compared with insulin. Overall, the time-translation
      modeling coupled to wet-lab experiments has proven to be powerful in inferring
      differential interactions downstream of IGF1 and insulin signaling, in vitro.

PMID- 27364361
TI  - Granuloma faciale successfully treated with ingenol mebutate.
AB  - Granuloma faciale (GF) is a rare chronic inflammatory dermatosis of unknown
      etiology, characterized by leukocitoclastic vasculitis usually occurring on the
      face. We report a case of 60-years-old man with 3 year history of multiple
      actinic keratoses (AK) and persistent asymptomatic erythematous papules and
      plaques located over his left temporal region and the cheek: histopathology was
      consistent with GF. Herein we describe the successful treatment of the lesion
      with ingenol mebutate 0.015% gel focusing on the clinical, dermoscopic and
      histopathological findings of GF both before and after treatment.

PMID- 27364363
TI  - Endocannabinoid System in Neurological Disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies support the evidence that the endocannabinoid system
      and cannabimimetic drugs might have therapeutic potential in numerous
      pathologies. These pathologies range from neurological disorders,
      atherosclerosis, stroke, cancer to obesity/metabolic syndrome and others.
      METHODS: In this paper we review the endocannabinoid system signaling and its
      alteration in neurodegenerative disorders like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's
      disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease and discuss the main
      findings about the use of cannabinoids in the therapy of these pathologies.
      RESULTS: Despite different etiologies, neurodegenerative disorders exhibit
      similar mechanisms like neuro-inflammation, excitotoxicity, deregulation of
      intercellular communication, mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of brain
      tissue homeostasis. Current treatments ameliorate the symptoms but are not
      curative. Interfering with the endocannabinoid signaling might be a valid
      therapeutic option in neuro-degeneration. To this aim, pharmacological
      intervention to modulate the endocannabinoid system and the use of natural and
      synthetic cannabimimetic drugs have been assessed. CB1 and CB2 receptor signaling
      contributes to the control of Ca2+ homeostasis, trophic support, mitochondrial
      activity, and inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSION: Several studies and patents
      suggest that the endocannabinoid system has neuro-protective properties and might
      be a target in neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 27364362
TI  - Propofol attenuated liver transplantation-induced acute lung injury via
      connexin43 gap junction inhibition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postoperative acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe complication after
      liver transplantation, which influences patient survival rate obviously. However,
      its mechanisms are unclear and effective therapies are still lacking. The current
      study focused on effects of propofol on liver transplantation-induced ALI and
      whether its underlying mechanism was relative with connexin43 (Cx43) alternation.
      The authors postulated that endotoxin induced enhancement of Cx43 gap junction
      (GJ) plays a critical role in mediating post liver transplantation ALI and that
      pretreatment with the anesthetic propofol, known to inhibit gap junction, can
      confer effective protection. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent
      autologous orthotopic liver transplantation (AOLT) in the absence or presence of
      treatments with the selective Cx43 inhibitor, enanthol (0.1 mg/kg) and propofol
      (50 mg/kg), a commonly used anesthetic in clinical anesthesia. In vitro study,
      BEAS-2B cells, a kind of lung epithelial cell line expressing Cx43, exposed to
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mainly contributed to ALI. Function of Cx43 GJ
      was regulated by Cx43 specific inhibitors, gap26 (300 MUM) or enhancer, retinoic
      acid (10 MUM) and two specific siRNAs. RESULTS: Compared with the sham group,
      AOLT results in ALI obviously with plasma endotoxin increase. Cx43 inhibition
      decreased ALI through inflammatory reaction reduction. In vitro studies, LPS
      induced BEAS-2B cells damage was attenuated by Cx43 function inhibition, but
      amplified by enhancement. Another important finding was propofol reduced Cx43
      function and protected against LPS-mediated BEAS-2B cells damage or AOLT-induced
      ALI, mechanisms of which were also associated with inflammatory reaction
      decrease. CONCLUSION: Cx43 plays a vital role in liver transplantation-induced
      ALI. Propofol decreased Cx43 function and protected against ALI in vivo and in
      vitro. This finding provide a new basis for targeted intervention of organ
      protection in liver transplantation, even in other kinds of operations.

PMID- 27364364
TI  - Divergence of gastropod life history in contrasting thermal environments in a
      geothermal lake.
AB  - Experiments using natural populations have provided mixed support for thermal
      adaptation models, probably because the conditions are often confounded with
      additional environmental factors like seasonality. The contrasting geothermal
      environments within Lake Myvatn, northern Iceland, provide a unique opportunity
      to evaluate thermal adaptation models using closely located natural populations.
      We conducted laboratory common garden and field reciprocal transplant experiments
      to investigate how thermal origin influences the life history of Radix balthica
      snails originating from stable cold (6  degrees C), stable warm (23  degrees C)
      thermal environments or from areas with seasonal temperature variation.
      Supporting thermal optimality models, warm-origin snails survived poorly at 6 
      degrees C in the common garden experiment and better than cold-origin and
      seasonal-origin snails in the warm habitat in the reciprocal transplant
      experiment. Contrary to thermal adaptation models, growth rate in both
      experiments was highest in the warm populations irrespective of temperature,
      indicating cogradient variation. The optimal temperatures for growth and
      reproduction were similar irrespective of origin, but cold-origin snails always
      had the lowest performance, and seasonal-origin snails often performed at an
      intermediate level compared to snails originating in either stable environment.
      Our results indicate that central life-history traits can differ in their mode of
      evolution, with survival following the predictions of thermal optimality models,
      whereas ecological constraints have shaped the evolution of growth rates in local
      populations.

PMID- 27364365
TI  - Instrumentation for Reliably Determining Porous Silicon Photoluminescence
      Responses to Gaseous Analyte Vapors.
AB  - We report new instrumentation for rapidly and reliably measuring the temperature
      dependent photoluminescence response from porous silicon as a function of analyte
      vapor concentration. The new system maintains the porous silicon under inert
      conditions and it allows on-the-fly steady-state and time-resolved
      photoluminescence intensity and hyper-spectral measurements between 293 K and 450
      K. The new system yields reliable data at least 100-fold faster in comparison to
      previous instrument platforms.

PMID- 27364366
TI  - Transmission Raman Measurements Using a Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer
      (SHRS).
AB  - A spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS) was used to measure transmission
      Raman spectra of highly scattering compounds. Transmission Raman spectral
      intensities of ibuprofen were only 2.4 times lower in intensity than backscatter
      Raman spectra. The throughput was about eight times higher than an f/1.8
      dispersive spectrometer, and the width of the area viewed was found to be seven
      to nine times higher, using 50.8 mm and 250 mm focal length collection lenses.
      However, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio was two times lower for the SHRS than
      the f/1.8 dispersive spectrometer, apparently due to high levels of stray light.

PMID- 27364367
TI  - Cavity Ring-Down Absorption of O2 in Air as a Temperature Sensor for an Open and
      a Cryogenic Optical Cavity.
AB  - The A-band of oxygen has been measured at low resolution at temperatures between
      90 K and 373 K using the phase shift cavity ring down (PS-CRD) technique. For
      temperatures between 90 K and 295 K, the PS-CRD technique presented here involves
      an optical cavity attached to a cryostat. The static cell and mirrors of the
      optical cavity are all inside a vacuum chamber at the same temperature of the
      cryostat. The temperature of the cell can be changed between 77 K and 295 K. For
      temperatures above 295 K, a hollow glass cylindrical tube without windows has
      been inserted inside an optical cavity to measure the temperature of air flowing
      through the tube. The cavity consists of two highly reflective mirrors which are
      mounted parallel to each other and separated by a distance of 93 cm. In this
      experiment, air is passed through a heated tube. The temperature of the air
      flowing through the tube is determined by measuring the intensity of the oxygen
      absorption as a function of the wavenumber. The A-band of oxygen is measured
      between 298 K and 373 K, with several air flow rates. To obtain the temperature,
      the energy of the lower rotational state for seven selected rotational
      transitions is linearly fitted to a logarithmic function that contains the
      relative intensity of the rotational transition, the initial and final rotational
      quantum numbers, and the energy of the transition. Accuracy of the temperature
      measurement is determined by comparing the calculated temperature from the
      spectra with the temperature obtained from a calibrated thermocouple inserted at
      the center of the tube. This flowing air temperature sensor will be used to
      measure the temperatures of cooling air at the input (cold air) and output (hot
      air) after cooling the blades of a laboratory gas turbine. The results could
      contribute to improvements in turbine blade cooling design.

PMID- 27364368
TI  - Three-dimensional fracture pattern analysis of the Obwegeser and Dal Pont
      bilateral sagittal split osteotomy.
AB  - The Obwegeser and Dal Pont modification of the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy
      (BSSO) is a well-established procedure in orthognathic surgery. The purpose of
      this retrospective study was to analyze the actual fracture patterns achieved
      with BSSO by Obwegeser and Dal Pont modification using postoperative cone beam
      computed tomography (CBCT) datasets from 100 patients. A total of 200 split
      osteotomies were assessed, which could be categorized into nine different split
      patterns. Only one of the observed split fractures (0.5%) followed exactly the
      fracture line described by Obwegeser and Dal Pont, whereas 40% followed the
      fracture line according to the Hunsuck and Epker modification and 13.5% were seen
      as unfavourable splits mainly running over the buccal plate. A significant
      correlation was found between unfavourable buccal splits and both horizontal
      osteotomies reaching the buccal surface at the dorsal ramus (P=0.001) and a
      vertical caudal bone cut end at the corpus with a buccal position (P<0.001).
      These results show that a complete antero-posterior horizontal osteotomy at the
      mandibular ramus does not lead to the intended fracture pattern, which rebuts the
      argument of a greater amount of bony overlap using the Obwegeser and Dal Pont
      modification.

PMID- 27364369
TI  - Guided bone regeneration using individualized ceramic sheets.
AB  - Guided bone regeneration (GBR) describes the use of membranes to regenerate bony
      defects. A membrane for GBR needs to be biocompatible, cell-occlusive, non-toxic,
      and mouldable, and possess space-maintaining properties including stability. The
      purpose of this pilot study was to describe a new method of GBR using
      individualized ceramic sheets to perfect bone regeneration prior to implant
      placement; bone regeneration was assessed using traditional histology and three
      dimensional (3D) volumetric changes in the bone and soft tissue. Three patients
      were included. After full-thickness flap reflection, the individualized ceramic
      sheets were fixed. The sites were left to heal for 7 months. All patients were
      evaluated preoperatively and at 7 months postoperative using cone beam computed
      tomography and 3D optical equipment. Samples of the regenerated bone and soft
      tissue were collected and analyzed. The bone regenerated in the entire interior
      volume of all sheets. Bone biopsies revealed newly formed trabecular bone with a
      lamellar structure. Soft tissue biopsies showed connective tissue with no signs
      of an inflammatory response. This was considered to be newly formed periosteum.
      Thus ceramic individualized sheets can be used to regenerate large volumes of
      bone in both vertical and horizontal directions independent of the bone defect
      and with good biological acceptance of the material. 

PMID- 27364370
TI  - Maternal biomarkers of methylation status and non-syndromic orofacial cleft risk:
      a meta-analysis.
AB  - Animal models have shown evidence of the role of maternal methyl donor status and
      its metabolism (one-carbon metabolism) in normal embryonic maxillofacial
      development. Nevertheless, studies in humans have shown conflicting results for
      the association of maternal methylation status biomarkers in the aetiology of the
      main craniofacial birth defects: non-syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFCs). The aim
      of this study was to perform a meta-analysis assessing the relationship between
      maternal levels of methylation status biomarkers (plasma and erythrocyte folates
      and plasma vitamin B12 and homocysteine) and the risk of NSOFCs. A literature
      search of the conventional and grey medical-scientific databases identified 12
      studies considering these variables. Based on standardized differences between
      means among cases and controls (Cohen's d test), evidence was found of an
      association only with high plasma homocysteine (d=0.37; P=0.026) when single
      effects were pooled. In addition to its usefulness as a marker of poor methyl
      donor intake and/or metabolism, homocysteine appears to have a teratogenic
      effect. Although the results are based on a relatively small number of reports
      and/or studies of small sample sizes showing between-study heterogeneity, these
      problems were resolved by including an additional analysis. Therefore these
      findings constitute a real contribution towards explaining the complex aetiology
      of orofacial clefts.

PMID- 27364371
TI  - Modified alar base cinch suture fixation at the bilateral lower border of the
      piriform rim after a maxillary Le Fort I osteotomy.
AB  - Classic cinch suture narrowing of the nasal alar base by medially suturing the
      bilateral nasolabial soft tissue with one long suture has a limited effect. The
      modified cinch method described in the present study anchors non-absorbable
      sutures to the bilateral lower border of the piriform rim and provides optimal
      direction, position, and stability. The sutures can be shortened and the strength
      kept stable while the surgical wounds heal. Separate bilateral sutures can also
      reduce interference and distortion from nasotracheal intubation and make the
      nasolabial profile more symmetrical. Seventeen consecutive cases of maxillary Le
      Fort I osteotomy were analyzed. The nasal and alar base width changes were 0.4+/
      1.2mm and 0.1+/-1.1mm, respectively, and the widening rate was only 1.1%.
      Compared with the results of other studies, postoperative nasal flaring was well
      controlled using the modified cinch suture anchored to the bilateral lower border
      of the piriform rim described in this study.

PMID- 27364372
TI  - Is arthrocentesis plus platelet-rich plasma superior to arthrocentesis plus
      hyaluronic acid for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: a
      randomized clinical trial.
AB  - A randomized clinical trial was implemented in adult patients with
      temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA). The sample comprised 49
      osteoarthritic joints in 31 consecutive patients. Patients were divided randomly
      into two groups according to the treatment technique applied: the platelet-rich
      plasma (PRP) group patients underwent initial arthrocentesis plus PRP injection
      and then four consecutive PRP injections; the hyaluronic acid (HA) group patients
      underwent one session of arthrocentesis plus HA injection. The predictor variable
      was the treatment technique. The outcome variables included visual analogue scale
      (VAS) evaluations and maximum inter-incisal opening (MIO) measurements. Outcome
      variables were recorded preoperatively and at 12 months postoperative.
      Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed and significance was set at
      P<0.05. The PRP group included 32 joints in 18 subjects, and the HA group
      included 17 joints in 13 subjects. No statistically significant difference was
      observed between the groups for any of the changes in VAS parameters or MIO
      measurements. Both treatment techniques resulted in significant clinical
      improvements in all VAS parameters and painless MIO. These findings suggest that
      arthrocentesis plus PRP injections is not superior to arthrocentesis plus a
      single HA injection; thus PRP injection should not be considered as the first
      line treatment. Arthrocentesis plus HA injection would appear to be more
      acceptable for patients.

PMID- 27364373
TI  - Serotonin and melatonin secretion in postmenopausal women with eating disorders.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Postmenopausal women manifest emotional disorders associated with
      an increase in appetite. The aim of the study was to assess the serotonin and
      melatonin secretion and metabolism in postmenopausal women in relation to eating
      disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty postmenopausal women and 30 women without
      hormonal disturbances were enrolled into the study and divided into three groups:
      group I (control) - women without menstrual disorders, group II - postmenopausal
      women without appetite disorders and change in body weight, and group III -
      postmenopausal women with increased appetite and weight gain. Serum melatonin,
      serotonin, urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
      (5-HIAA) excretion were measured. RESULTS: Serum serotonin and melatonin levels
      in groups II and III were lower compared to group I. Urinary 5-HIAA and aMT6s
      excretion was lower in overweight women. In group III the correlation between the
      serum level of serotonin, melatonin, and BMI was negative; a high statistical
      significance was found between BMI and urinary aMT6s excretion. CONCLUSIONS:
      Melatonin supplementation and use of drugs modulating the serotonin homeostasis
      together with female hormones have a beneficial effect in complex treatment of
      disorders of eating in postmenopausal women. (Endokrynol Pol 2016; 67 (3): 299
      304).

PMID- 27364374
TI  - Insulin therapy - new directions of research.
AB  - Insulin therapy is the most effective method of lowering blood glucose. Over 100
      years have passed the studies for the optimisation of insulin action. To date,
      subcutaneous insulin administration has been the basic route of insulin delivery.
      The search for insulin therapy is simultaneously conducted in the following
      directions: the optimisation of insulin action, automatisation, and the decrease
      in the invasiveness of insulin delivery methods. The optimisation of insulin
      action has led to the discovery of ultra-rapid-acting human insulin analogues,
      ultra-long-acting human insulin analogues, and biosimilar insulin. Automatisation
      referred to the "artificial pancreas" and closing the loop system in insulin pump
      therapy. The decrease in the invasiveness of insulin delivery methods is focused
      on alternative routes of insulin administration. (Endokrynol Pol 2016; 67 (3):
      314-324). 

PMID- 27364375
TI  - Low versus high dialysate calcium concentration in alternate night nocturnal
      hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Higher calcium dialysate is recommended for quotidian nocturnal
      hemodialysis (NHD) (>=6 nights/week) to maintain bone health. It is unclear what
      the optimal calcium dialysate concentration should be for alternate night NHD. We
      aimed to determine the effect of low calcium (LC) versus high calcium (HC)
      dialysate on cardiovascular and bone parameters in this population. METHODS: A
      randomized controlled trial where participants were randomized to LC (1.3 mmol/L,
      n = 24) or HC dialysate (1.6 or 1.75 mmol/L, n = 26). Primary outcome was change
      in mineral metabolism markers. Secondary outcomes included change in vascular
      calcification (VC) scores [CT abdominal aorta (AA) and superficial femoral
      arteries (SFA)), pulse wave velocity (PWV), bone mineral density (BMD) and left
      ventricular mass index (LVMI) over 12 months. FINDINGS: In the LC group, pre
      dialysis ionised calcium decreased -0.12 mmol/L (-0.18-0.06, P = 0.0001) and PTH
      increased 16 pmol/L (3.5-28.5, p = 0.01) from baseline to 12 months with no
      significant change in the HC group. In both groups, there was no progression of
      VC in AA or SFA and no change in PWV, LVMI or BMD. At 12 months, calcimimetics
      were prescribed in a higher percentage in the LC vs. HC groups (45.5% vs. 10.5%)
      with a lower proportion of the HC group being prescribed calcitriol (31.5% vs.
      72%). DISCUSSION: Although dialysate calcium prescription influenced biochemical
      parameters it was not associated with difference in progression of VC between HC
      and LC groups. An important finding was the potential impact of alternate night
      NHD in attenuating progression of VC and inducing stabilisation of LVMI and PWV.

PMID- 27364377
TI  - Anabolic steroid use and body image psychopathology in men: Delineating between
      appearance- versus performance-driven motivations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use has been robustly associated
      with negative body image, and eating- and muscularity-oriented psychopathology.
      However, with AAS being increasingly utilized for both appearance and athletic
      performance-related purposes, we investigated whether comorbid body image
      psychopathology varies as a function of motivation for usage. METHOD: Self
      reported motivation for current and initial AAS use was recorded amongst 122 AAS
      using males, alongside measures of current disordered eating and muscle
      dysmorphia psychopathology. RESULTS: Those reporting AAS for appearance purposes
      reported greater overall eating disorder psychopathology, F(2, 118)=7.45,
      p=0.001, etap(2)=0.11, and muscle dysmorphia psychopathology, F(2, 118)=7.22,
      p<0.001, etap(2)=0.11, than those using AAS primarily for performance purposes.
      Additionally, greater dietary restraint, F(2, 116)=3.61, p=0.030, etap(2)=0.06,
      functional impairment, F(2, 118)=3.26, p=0.042, etap(2)=0.05, and drive for size,
      F(2, 118)=10.76, p<0.001, etap(2)=0.15, was demonstrated in those using ASS for
      appearance purposes. DISCUSSION: Motivation for AAS use may be important in
      accounting for differential profiles of body image psychopathology amongst users.
      Men whose AAS use is driven primarily by appearance-related concerns may be a
      particularly dysfunctional subgroup.

PMID- 27364376
TI  - "Cre/loxP plus BAC": a strategy for direct cloning of large DNA fragment and its
      applications in Photorhabdus luminescens and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
AB  - Heterologous expression has been proven to be a valid strategy for elucidating
      the natural products produced by gene clusters uncovered by genome sequencing
      projects. Efforts have been made to efficiently clone gene clusters directly from
      genomic DNA and several approaches have been developed. Here, we present an
      alternative strategy based on the site-specific recombinase system Cre/loxP for
      direct cloning gene clusters. A type three secretion system (T3SS) gene cluster
      (~32 kb) from Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 and DNA fragment (~78 kb) containing
      the siderophore biosynthetic gene cluster from Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 have
      been successfully cloned into pBeloBAC11 with "Cre/loxP plus BAC" strategy. Based
      on the fact that Cre/loxP system has successfully used for genomic engineering in
      a wide range of organisms, we believe that this strategy could be widely used for
      direct cloning of large DNA fragment.

PMID- 27364378
TI  - Quantification of EtG in hair, EtG and EtS in urine and PEth species in capillary
      dried blood spots to assess the alcohol consumption in driver's licence
      regranting cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Belgium, the analysis of indirect biomarkers such as carbohydrate
      deficient transferrin (CDT%), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate
      aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and mean corpuscular volume
      (MCV), is currently used to monitor the alcohol consumption in cases of fitness
      to drive assessment. We evaluated the use of direct ethanol markers for this
      purpose, exclusively determined in matrices obtained via non- or minimally
      invasive sampling. METHODS: Three validated quantitative methods
      (ethylglucuronide (EtG) in hair and urine, ethylsulfate (EtS) in urine, and
      phosphatidylethanol species (PEth 16:0/18:1, PEth 18:1/18:1 and PEth 16:0/16:0)
      in capillary dried blood spots (C-DBS)) were used. Fifty volunteers, for whom
      fitness to drive had to be assessed and for whom a blood analysis for indirect
      biomarkers was requested, were included in the study. The sampling and analysis
      of hair, urine and C-DBS were added to the process currently used. RESULTS: Hair
      EtG (24/50) and C-DBS PEths (29/50) are more sensitive than the currently used
      indirect biomarkers (13/50 for CDT%) to detect excessive and chronic alcohol
      consumption and allow to disprove an abstinence period. Urinary EtG and EtS are
      useful parameters to determine recent alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: The
      combined use of the three strategies allows better inference about the evolution
      of the alcohol consumption prior to the sampling. Moreover, the exclusive use of
      non- or minimally invasive sampling (hair, urine and C-DBS) allows this to be
      performed directly during the fitness to drive assessment by regular staff
      members. This approach offers the potential to improve the Belgian driver's
      licence regranting process.

PMID- 27364379
TI  - Interpreting habits in a new place: Migrants' descriptions of geophagia during
      pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION: Previous studies of soil eating, or geophagia, among
      pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa indicate the practice is widespread. Various
      explanations have been explored to explain the global phenomenon of soil eating,
      with the most compelling explanation focused on clay's ability to prevent or
      treat intestinal infection. The urban South African context for clay eating is
      not well understood. This paper explores clay consumption amongst pregnant
      migrants who are nationals of countries where clay consumption may be common.
      METHODS: I conducted in-depth interviews with a purposively selected group of
      Somali, Congolese, and Zimbabwean women (n = 23). Interviews included questions
      broadly related to maternal and infant nutrition. In addition, I conducted nine
      focus group discussions (n = 48) with adult Somali, Congolese (DRC), and
      Zimbabwean men (N = 3) and women (N = 6), segregated by country of origin and
      gender. This paper focuses specifically on responses related to geophagia.
      RESULTS: While Somali women did not report consuming clay or charcoal, Congolese
      and Zimbabwean participants self-reported commonly consuming clay during
      pregnancy, and at times also when not pregnant. Despite having heard public
      health messaging that discouraged the practice, participants largely did not
      describe this consumption in terms of health, but rather in terms of craving and
      habit. Participants described continued consumption of clay in South Africa, and
      the only reason for ceasing consumption was in cases of severe constipation.
      DISCUSSION: The widespread consumption of clay soil by Congolese and Zimbabwean
      women during pregnancy may be a mechanism through which identity was reasserted
      and reproduced in a foreign country. Participants' emphasis on clay consumption
      seemed related to the absence or expense of other craved foods, and perhaps also
      to feelings of loss in Cape Town.

PMID- 27364380
TI  - Cultural Orientation Trajectories and Substance Use: Findings From a Longitudinal
      Study of Mexican-Origin Youth.
AB  - Cultural adaptation may influence Latino youth substance use (SU) development,
      yet few longitudinal studies have examined cultural change over time and
      adolescent SU outcomes. Using longitudinal data collected annually across ages 10
      16 from 674 Mexican-origin youth (50% female), the authors characterized cultural
      adaptation patterns for language use (English and Spanish use), values (American
      values and familism values), and identity (ethnic pride), and examined whether
      these cultural adaptation patterns were associated with differential SU risk.
      Youth with increasing bilingualism and high/stable family values had lower SU
      risk compared to youth who primarily spoke English and endorsed decreasing family
      values, respectively. Ethnic pride trajectories were not associated with SU.
      Findings highlight the importance of considering cultural change related to
      Latino youth SU.

PMID- 27364381
TI  - State of the art of biological processes for coal gasification wastewater
      treatment.
AB  - The treatment of coal gasification wastewater (CGW) poses a serious challenge on
      the sustainable development of the global coal industry. The CGW contains a broad
      spectrum of high-strength recalcitrant substances, including phenolic, monocyclic
      and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds and long
      chain aliphatic hydrocarbon. So far, biological treatment of CGW has been
      considered as an environment-friendly and cost-effective method compared to
      physiochemical approaches. Thus, this reviews aims to provide a comprehensive
      picture of state of the art of biological processes for treating CGW wastewater,
      while the possible biodegradation mechanisms of toxic and refractory organic
      substances were also elaborated together with microbial community involved.
      Discussion was further extended to advanced bioprocesses to tackle high
      concentration ammonia and possible options towards in-plant zero liquid
      discharge.

PMID- 27364383
TI  - Stiffness of uncured resin-composites assessed via cavity-packing forces.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the stiffness and packability of unset resin-composites
      at different temperatures, taking into account the cavity wall effect. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Six representative commercial resin-composites were selected. Each
      material was placed in mould of different sizes for example (phi=7, depth=5mm; or
      phi=3, depth=5mm) held at 26 or 37 degrees C. Maximum packing force (Fp) of the
      resin-composite was measured. A flat-ended stainless-steel probe with a diameter
      of either 6mm or 3mm was mechanically lowered onto and into the surface of each
      unset sample with a speed of 0.50mm/s to a depth of 2mm, which was held constant
      for 10s. The compressive force produced on the probe by the unset resin
      composites was plotted against time and the maximum value was identified (Fp).
      Peak stress Sp was calculated by dividing the Fp by area of the probe used. Data
      were analyzed by univariate ANOVA and multiple pair wise comparisons were
      performed using a Tukey post-hoc test to establish homogenous subsets (at
      p=0.05). RESULTS: Sp was taken as potential measure of stiffness. It ranged from
      0.12 to 4.21MPa and from 0.07 to 3.08MPa at 26 and 37 degrees C, respectively.
      Univariate ANOVA showed significant influence of the plunger cavity ratios,
      temperature and materials on Sp (p<0.001). A strong interaction was also found
      between plunger cavity ratios, temperature and materials for Sp (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Peak stress Sp is a useful parameter for characterizing the stiffness
      of uncured resin-composite materials, additionally resin-composite formulation,
      temperature and wall effect did effect the packability of resin-composite.

PMID- 27364384
TI  - Scaling-up innovation as a means of tackling health inequalities. Commentary.
AB  - ISSUE: The introduction of inclusive healthcare innovations as a means of
      improving the welfare of marginalized groups is now being witnessed in developing
      countries as a crucial process of modernization and industrialization. In this
      respect, there has been much discussion regarding the most effective strategies
      of scaling up innovative healthcare interventions in these parts of the world.
      EVIDENCE: The topics of discussion have included accessibility and cost
      effectiveness; sustainability; infrastructure to support implementation;
      political will; advocacy; strong leadership; tailoring the scaled-up approach to
      the local context; and various potential models of funding. IMPLICATIONS: Given
      that policy advocacy plays a critical role in creating a favourable environment
      for inclusive healthcare innovations, intensive lobbying will be necessary as a
      means to achieve effective scaling-up in addition to tackling the respective
      development challenges more efficiently. With this in mind, funders will need to
      mobilize substantial investment for innovations that respond to the most pressing
      global public health issues.

PMID- 27364382
TI  - Rv2074 is a novel F420 H2 -dependent biliverdin reductase in Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis.
AB  - Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant that is produced from the reduction of the heme
      degradation product biliverdin. In mammalian cells and Cyanobacteria, NADH/NADPH
      dependent biliverdin reductases (BVRs) of the Rossmann-fold have been shown to
      catalyze this reaction. Here, we describe the characterization of Rv2074 from
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which belongs to a structurally and mechanistically
      distinct family of F420 H2 -dependent BVRs (F-BVRs) that are exclusively found in
      Actinobacteria. We have solved the crystal structure of Rv2074 bound to its
      cofactor, F420 , and used this alongside molecular dynamics simulations, site
      directed mutagenesis and NMR spectroscopy to elucidate its catalytic mechanism.
      The production of bilirubin by Rv2074 could exploit the anti-oxidative properties
      of bilirubin and contribute to the range of immuno-evasive mechanisms that have
      evolved in M. tuberculosis to allow persistent infection.

PMID- 27364385
TI  - A sex and gender perspective in medicine: a new mandatory challenge for human
      health. Preface.

PMID- 27364386
TI  - Why the study of the effects of biological sex is important. Commentary.
AB  - Biological sex significantly affects the presentation, outcome of treatment and
      progression of disease. However, the role of sex has yet underestimated
      consequences for physiology and pathology. We put forward that a better
      understanding of the effects of sex in pathophysiology and the underlying
      mechanisms is necessary. This may facilitate the identification of targets that
      respond to specific therapies, thereby contributing towards a more appropriate
      and individualised medical care for both men and women. 

PMID- 27364387
TI  - Health status of the Italian people: gender inequalities. Commentary.
AB  - Differences between male and female affect diseases onset, evolution and
      prognosis. In terms of survival, women have a higher life expectancy at birth
      than men, with strong differences at regional level (the highest values in Trento
      AP and the lowest in Campania). Smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight and
      obesity and physical activities indicators are analyzed among men and woman. A
      reduction in smokers and number of smoked cigarettes is observed, especially
      among men. Men also show a higher number of ex-smokers than woman. Also for
      alcohol consumption, the prevalence of consumers at risk is higher among men than
      women. Overweight and obesity are more prevalent among men than women, the same
      as physical activity played continuously and occasionally. Gender differences are
      also shown in hospitalization rate and mortality rate for ischemic heart disease,
      affecting men twice more than women. The analysis shows a good health status
      condition of Italian people, but it is important to be aware that gender is one
      of essential characteristics in health care field, independently of people age. 

PMID- 27364388
TI  - Sex And Gender Equity in Research (SAGER): reporting guidelines as a framework of
      innovation for an equitable approach to gender medicine. Commentary.
AB  - Sex and gender are important determinants of health and influence research
      findings in a variety of ways, yet they are often overlooked and underreported.
      This oversight limits the generalizability of research findings and their
      applicability to clinical practice. The objective of this paper is to point out
      how journal editors can influence better reporting of sex and gender in research
      by establishing a methodological framework directly addressing authors of
      scientific publications, as well as referees, and indirectly affecting all the
      stakeholders in the research cycle, from funders to policy-makers and citizens.
      Such a framework is represented by the Sex And Gender Equity in Research (SAGER)
      guidelines, developed by the European Association of Science Editors (EASE) to
      encourage a more systematic approach to the reporting of sex and gender in
      research across disciplines. The paper includes the rationale and basic
      principles of the SAGER guidelines. 

PMID- 27364389
TI  - Gender-related differences in lifestyle may affect health status.
AB  - Consistent epidemiological and clinical evidence strongly indicates that chronic
      non-communicable diseases are largely associated with four lifestyle risk
      factors: inadequate diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol
      use. Notably, obesity, a worldwide-growing pathological condition determined by
      the combination between inadequate diet and insufficient physical activity, is
      now considered a main risk factor for most chronic diseases. Dietary habits and
      physical activity are strongly influenced by gender attitudes and behaviors that
      promote different patterns of healthy or unhealthy lifestyles among women and
      men. Furthermore, different roles and unequal relations between genders strongly
      interact with differences in social and economic aspects as well as cultural and
      societal environment. Because of the complex network of factors involved in
      determining the risk for chronic diseases, it has been promoting a systemic
      approach that, by integrating sex and gender analysis, explores how sex-specific
      biological factors and gender-related social factors can interact to influence
      the health status. 

PMID- 27364390
TI  - Sex-driven vulnerability in stress and drug abuse.
AB  - A growing body of literature shows that a link exists between substance abuse and
      stress and that the crosstalk of sex hormones with the neuroendocrine system
      might differently prime vulnerability to drug addiction in male and female
      subjects. Thus, understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of addiction and the
      identification of sex-driven determinants in vulnerability to drug abuse may help
      to better devise and/or implement strategic (pharmacological, behavioural,
      social) interventions to prevent or face the issue of addiction. Differences
      between sexes can be found at all stages of life (in both the animal model and
      human studies) and may account for genetic, epigenetic and environmental/hormonal
      factors that in turn affect the functionality of the whole organism leading also
      to a sex-driven differential vulnerability or resilience to non-communicable
      pathologies. These include the onset and precipitation of stress-related
      psychiatric disorders as well as "substance-related and addictive disorders" (as
      defined in the DSM-V). This paper reviews the scientific literature highlighting
      significant differences in male and female subjects in stress and neuroendocrine
      function and the implications for sex-dependent differential vulnerability to
      drug addiction. 

PMID- 27364391
TI  - Gender disparity in addiction: an Italian epidemiological sketch.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Gender disparity in different fields of addiction such as tobacco
      smoking, alcohol use, drugs of abuse consumption and doping practice has been
      investigated in Italian population. METHODS: We used the surveys and studies
      carried out for the above reported issues in recent years as revised by the
      "National Observatory on Tobacco smoke, Drugs of abuse, Alcohol and Doping" at
      Istituto Superiore di Sanita. RESULTS: Concerning tobacco habit, the trend of
      smoking women has been in constant decrease from a 19.7% in 2010 to a 16.9% in
      2015, differently from men who passed from a 23.9% in 2010 to a 25.1% in 2015
      with a slight increase in the habit. With respect to alcohol, in the last five
      years an increasing trend of consumption has been observed in 18-24 years old
      women, with 53% drinking women in the age range of 18-19 years overcoming the
      50.4% general female population. Generally speaking, a one to four ratio can be
      underlined in the percentage of elderly women with a risky alcohol consumption
      with respect to men, while in case of adolescents and young adults gender
      disparity is not so pronounced. Drug abuse still remains a prevalent male
      phenomenon. However, an increase in cannabis users for both genders has been
      reported with a prevalence of "once in the life" around 20%, although more
      pronounced in females (+2.66 percentage points for females vs +0.93 percentage
      points in male). With respect to cocaine, the second most consumed drug, a
      reduction in consumption has been recently observed mainly in female population (
      42.1%) than in men one (-27.5%). Finally, there are significant gender
      differences in doping attitude and/or in doping profiling. First of all, males
      seem to be more exposed to doping than females The prohibited substances most
      frequently used by females athletes are "Diuretics and Masking Agents" (38.3%
      positive female vs 14% males) compared to males athletes who use mostly anabolic
      agents (20.1% males vs 11.2% females). CONCLUSIONS: Results presented for the
      different fields of addiction show that a gender disparity is apparent and that
      females are less prone in having an addiction behaviour, although the young
      generation seems to increase that tendency.

PMID- 27364393
TI  - Gender issues on occupational safety and health.
AB  - The increasing proportion of women in the workforce raises a range of gender
      related questions about the different effects of work-related risks on men and
      women. Few studies have characterized gender differences across occupations and
      industries, although at this time, the gender sensitive approach is starting to
      acquire relevance in the field of human preventive medicine. The European Agency
      for Safety and Health at Work has encouraged a policy of gender equality in all
      European member states. Italy has adopted European provisions with new specific
      legislation that integrates the previous laws and introduces the gender
      differences into the workplace. Despite the fact that gender equal legislation
      opportunities have been enacted in Italy, their application is delayed by some
      difficulties. This review examines some of these critical aspects. 

PMID- 27364392
TI  - Gender differences in pain and its relief.
AB  - There is much evidence to suggest that gender is an important factor in the
      modulation of pain. Literature data strongly suggest that men and women differ in
      their responses to pain: they are more variable in women than men, with increased
      pain sensitivity and many more painful diseases commonly reported among women.
      Gender differences in pharmacological therapy and non-pharmacological pain
      interventions have also been reported, but these effects appear to depend on the
      treatment type and characteristics. It is becoming very evident that gender
      differences in pain and its relief arise from an interaction of genetic,
      anatomical, physiological, neuronal, hormonal, psychological and social factors
      which modulate pain differently in the sexes. Experimental data indicate that
      both a different modulation of the endogenous opioid system and sex hormones are
      factors influencing pain sensitivity in males and females. This brief review will
      examine the literature on sex differences in experimental and clinical pain,
      focusing on several biological mechanisms implicated in the observed gender
      related differences. 

PMID- 27364394
TI  - The influence of sex and gender on immunity, infection and vaccination.
AB  - Sex/gender significantly contribute to shape the immune responses, contributing
      to differences in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in males and females,
      the response to viral vaccines and the prevalence of autoimmune diseases. Females
      typically develop higher innate, humoral and cellular immune responses to viral
      infections and in response to vaccine. At the same time, women are more prone to
      autoimmune diseases and experience more adverse reactions to vaccination.
      Hormonal, genetic and environmental factors between males and females may affect
      the immune responses and the sex-related outcome of vaccination. Knowledge of the
      mechanisms involved in sex disparity in immune responses will contribute to
      identify the ways to reduce adverse reactions in females and to improve the
      immune responses in males. This is necessary to adequately protect both sexes
      against the immune-mediated and infectious diseases with the long-term goal of
      personalizing the therapies for males and females. 

PMID- 27364395
TI  - Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases.
AB  - Autoimmune diseases are characterized by an exaggerated immune response leading
      to damage and dysfunction of specific or multiple organs and tissues. Most
      autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in women than in men. Symptom severity,
      disease course, response to therapy and overall survival may also differ between
      males and females with autoimmune diseases. Sex hormones have a crucial role in
      this sex bias, with estrogens being potent stimulators of autoimmunity and
      androgens playing a protective role. Accumulating evidence indicates that
      genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors may also contribute to sex-related
      differences in risk and clinical course of autoimmune diseases. In this review,
      we discuss possible mechanisms for sex specific differences in autoimmunity with
      a special focus on three paradigmatic diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus,
      rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. 

PMID- 27364396
TI  - The gender perspective in cancer research and therapy: novel insights and on
      going hypotheses.
AB  - Cancer represents a leading cause of death whose incidence is steadily increasing
      worldwide due to the population aging. The Global Health Observatory of the World
      Health Organization reported that approximately 13% of all deaths are caused by
      cancer. In the 2012 the estimated total number of cancer deaths was 1.75 million,
      56% in men and 44% in women. Gender is recognized to play a role in cancer
      incidence, progression and response to therapy. Besides anatomical and hormonal
      disparities, genetic differences should be considered when assessing the effects
      of gender on cancer. Accumulating evidence also support the existence of sex
      driven differences in immune responses. Until today clinical trials and research
      in animal models have been gender unbalanced. In consideration of the differences
      between sexes observed in cancer, sex should represent an important
      stratification factor to be included in all randomized clinical trials for a
      better understanding of biological differences between men and women, which may
      yield improved targeted therapies. 

PMID- 27364397
TI  - Gender differences in cardiac hypertrophic remodeling.
AB  - Cardiac remodeling is a complex process that occurs in response to different
      types of cardiac injury such as ischemia and hypertension, and that involves
      cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial
      cells, and inflammatory cells. The end result is cardiomyocyte hypertrophy,
      fibrosis, inflammation, vascular, and electrophysiological remodeling. This paper
      reviews a large number of studies on the influence of gender on pathological
      cardiac remodeling and shows how sex differences result in different clinical
      outcomes and therapeutic responses, with males which generally develop greater
      cardiac remodeling responses than females. Although estrogens appear to have an
      important role in attenuating adverse cardiac remodeling, the mechanisms through
      which gender modulates myocardial remodeling remain to be identified. 

PMID- 27364398
TI  - Sex-related biomarkers in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
AB  - Despite considerable advances in the treatment of human inflammatory diseases,
      such as cardiovascular and neurological disorders, they remain the leading cause
      of death in developed countries. From a clinical perspective, an active area of
      investigation focuses on the identification of diagnostic and prognostic
      biomarkers, because preventing events in those at risk of chronic inflammatory
      disease is likely to have a substantial impact on the overall public-health
      burden. The sex difference has not been considered previously as important in the
      evaluation of biomarkers of human diseases, notwithstanding it is now ascertained
      that the severity of these disorders is correlated with sex hormones which
      modulate the inflammatory response. The aim of the present brief review is to
      report and comment the state of art regarding the sex-related biomarkers in
      cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on those compounds
      showing potential prognostic- and diagnostic values, and/or acting as indicators
      of the therapeutic treatment efficacy. 

PMID- 27364399
TI  - Mild cognitive impairment, from theory to practical intervention: "Camminando e
      leggendo... ricordo" (Walking and reading... I remember), an action plan. The
      Treviso Dementia (TREDEM) Registry.
AB  - Dementia is one of the most disabling health conditions in older people.
      Increasing attention is paid to the preclinical phase of dementia and to the
      prevention programs to reduce the number of patients in the future. Aims of the
      current study are: a) to present Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) as a
      heterogeneous risk factor and to expose the relationship between cognitive
      impairment and lifestyles such as physical activity, Mediterranean diet, reading
      and socialization; b) to present a model, called "Camminando e leggendo...
      ricordo" (CLR), as a practical experience of secondary prevention aimed at MCI
      older people. The CLR model is composed of a program of physical and reading
      activities in group to promote healthy lifestyles. Here we present a protocol to
      evaluate the effectiveness of our intervention model. A multidimensional
      geriatric assessment will be carried out. A questionnaire for the detection of
      frailty, disability and for the adherence to the Mediterranean diet will be
      administered. The Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI) will be used to
      assess the quality of life. CLR is an intervention model for secondary prevention
      in MCI subjects. It is the description of a practical proposal aimed at improving
      lifestyles and reducing the risk of dementia. 

PMID- 27364400
TI  - Validation of the Italian version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-I) in
      institutionalized geriatric patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Apathy is a very common symptom in the institutionalized elderly and
      represents a condition of both clinical and public health importance. The Apathy
      Evaluation Scale (AES) has been shown to be a valid and reliable tool for
      characterizing, quantifying and differentiating apathy in various health
      conditions. The aims of this study were to establish the validity and reliability
      of the Italian version of the AES, and to assess the severity of apathy in a
      sample of Italian institutionalized geriatric patients. METHOD: Data were
      collected from clinical interviews using the AES informant version (AES-I).
      Associations between measures of apathy and depression, cognitive functioning and
      perceived quality of life were evaluated, as well as the effects of the living
      environment on apathetic symptoms. RESULTS: Multiple forms of reliability and
      validity (i.e. test-retest, internal consistency, discriminability of apathy
      rating from a standard measure of depression) were satisfied. Our results also
      show that the characteristics of the care setting may affect the severity of
      apathetic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The AES-I Italian version is a reliable and
      valid instrument for measuring apathy in Italian patients, also allowing a direct
      comparison with data gathered in other countries.

PMID- 27364401
TI  - A computational tool for evaluating HIFU safety.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a noninvasive treatment
      for therapeutic applications, in particular the treatment of either benign or
      malignant tumor lesions. HIFU treatment is based on the power of a focused
      ultrasound beam to locally heat biological tissues over a necrotic level with
      minimal impact on the surrounding tissues. Therapies based on HIFU are becoming
      widely spread in the panorama of options offered by the Health Care System.
      Consequently, there is an ever increasing need to standardise quality assurance
      protocols and to develop computational tools to evaluate the output of clinical
      HIFU devices and ensuring safe delivery of HIFU treatment. AIMS: Goal of this
      study is the development of a computational tool for HIFU ablation therapy to
      assure safety of the patient and effectiveness of the treatment. RESULTS: The
      simulated results provide information about the behaviour of the focalized
      ultrasound in their interaction with different biological tissues. CONCLUSIONS:
      Numerical simulation represents a useful approach to predict the heath deposition
      and, consequently, to assess the safety and effectiveness of HIFU devices.

PMID- 27364402
TI  - Break with tradition: donating cadavers for scientific purposes and reducing the
      use of sentient beings.
AB  - In recent years, the development of research and the increased awareness of our
      moral duties beyond the human species have pushed the scientific community to
      revise widely-accepted ontological reductionist views that regard non-human
      animals as mere things. The new horizons offered by the development of advanced
      research methods therefore require an on-going commitment to new perspectives
      able to find the right balance between the need for scientific knowledge on one
      hand and the respect for animal life on the other. This is in line with
      increasing attention to animal welfare and expansion of the "3Rs model":
      replacement, reduction, refinement.With the view of promoting the adoption of
      alternative methods, human body donation for research can contribute not only to
      the acquisition of important information for human health and for doctors'
      training, but also can reduce significantly the number of animals sacrificed.By
      investigating the scientific and ethical reasons that may encourage cadaver
      donation, the authors aim to promote the adoption of the practice in Italy
      following other European experiences. 

PMID- 27364403
TI  - Black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) as ecological indicators of stream ecosystem
      health in an urbanizing area (Rome, Italy).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera) as indicators
      of stream health was tested in the urbanizing area of Rome, Central Italy.
      METHODS: 108 sampling sites were investigated in the spring to acquire data on
      environmental variables and black fly species. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The
      comparison of sampling and literature data highlighted the disappearance of some
      species (Simulium reptans, S. vernum, S. liriense), possibly due to water
      pollution and land use changes. Correspondence analysis confirms altitude as the
      main factor influencing black fly species' distribution. However, water quality
      becomes predominant when considering exclusively plain sites: "ornatum" and
      "equinum" species groups show the greatest tolerance to chemical pollution. The
      high course of the Aniene river and its tributaries were sampled bimonthly,
      confirming the spatial-temporal black fly successions previously observed in
      central Apennines. The results also indicate that S. ornatum may supplant all
      other species in areas where the rural use is substituted by urban landscape.
      CONCLUSION: In conclusion, black flies can be considered good environmental
      indicators to assess ecological health of both watercourses and surrounding
      landscapes.

PMID- 27364404
TI  - Prevalence of Salmonella strains in wild animals from a highly populated area of
      north-eastern Italy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Salmonella is a ubiquitous pathogen that can infect host species,
      like wild birds, rodents, and/or arthropods, which may transmit infection to
      domestic animals and human population. AIM: In order to assess the related risk,
      a cross-sectional study was performed on 1114 carcasses of wild animals from a
      north-eastern area of the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      During post mortem examination, intestine samples were cultured. A statistical
      analysis demonstrated that there is no correlation between the presence of sub
      clinically infected animals and greater human population density. In contrast, a
      significant correlation between the number of carcasses positive for Salmonella
      spp. and greater spatial density of pig, poultry, and cattle farms was observed
      (p < 0.01). RESULTS: The results of the present study show that wild animals with
      omnivorous feeding habits are particularly exposed to Salmonella colonization
      and, consequently, to spreading the organism. Regarding drug resistance, this
      study confirms the resistance to antimicrobials is increasing in commensal and
      environmental isolates.

PMID- 27364405
TI  - "Wind of change": the role of human centered healthcare factors in the
      implementation of clinical governance in an Italian University teaching hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical governance (CG) is an approach to quality improvement in
      healthcare aimed at achieving a patient-centered health care system. The main
      objective of this study was to highlight human centered healthcare latent factors
      underlying the results of a CG assessment performed in the teaching hospital "A.
      Gemelli" of Rome, Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CG implementation levels were
      assessed through OPTIGOV(c) (OPTimizing healthcare GOVernance), a CG scorecard
      methodology. In order to identify the variables generating latent factors that
      can influence the governance of the Hospital, the multiple correspondence
      analysis (MCA) was applied. RESULTS: The application of OPTIGOV(c) showed a good
      CG implementation level in the Gemelli Hospital. By applying MCA, the variables
      aggregated so as to define 3 latent factors (F1: assessment for people oriented
      improvement strategy; F2: assessment for people targeted management; F3: tracking
      for timely accountable people) explaining as a whole 82.68% of the total variance
      and respectively 48.09% (F1), 24.95% (F2) and 9.64% (F3). CONCLUSIONS: The
      heuristic interpretation of the three latent factors could bring back to the
      concept of humanization in healthcare. This study shows that in the teaching
      hospital "A. Gemelli" humanization in healthcare is the driver of health care
      quality improvement.

PMID- 27364406
TI  - Information needs of young Italians accessing the AIDS/STI Helpline at the
      Italian National Institute of Health.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI) have a relevant
      impact on health and sexual behavior of adolescents and young adults (range of
      age between 13 and 19 years). The AIDS and sexual transmitted infections (STI)
      Helpline of the Italian Istituto Superiore di Sanita (National Institute of
      Health), and also funded by the Italian Ministry of Health, has been active since
      1987 providing personalized counselling interventions on HIV/AIDS and STI. AIM
      AND METHODS: The present study gathered data and questions issues from calls at
      AIDS/STI Helpline in the period 1987-2014, with the specific aim of assessing the
      level of awareness and information needs on HIV/AIDS and STI among people aged
      under 25 years, in relation to potential risky behavior. RESULTS: Data show that
      young subjects who called the helpline in the period considered are about the 26%
      of the total users, with a decreasing trend over the years. The 28% of young
      users reported a "risky behavior" for STI, with a chance statistically higher in
      the age range 15-19 years and in the MSM (men who have sex with men)/bisexuals
      users, which tended to decrease in the last years. Of note, a marked increase of
      the amount of young users not displaying behaviors at risk for HIV or STI has
      been observed in the years.

PMID- 27364407
TI  - Efficacy and safety of spinning exercise in middle-aged and older adults with
      metabolic syndrome: randomized control trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of
      spinning exercise on cardio-vascular weal. AIM: To assess whether a 6 months
      spinning training, combined with proper diet, is more effective than standard
      training programs and diet alone in improving metabolic abnormalities in middle
      aged and older adults. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Rehabilitation
      Unit of our Department. POPULATION: Patients with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
      according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III
      diagnostic criteria. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive
      treatment with diet (group A, n = 10), with diet and general gymnastics program
      (group B, n = 10), with diet and spinning physical training program (group C, n =
      10). RESULTS: During the study period we observed a significant reduction in
      blood pressure (group C: systolic blood pressure p = 0.03; diastolic blood
      pressure p = 0.004 / group B: systolic blood pressure p = 0.001), in lipid
      profile (group B: plasma total cholesterol p = 0.001; triglycerides p = 0.001 /
      group C: plasma total cholesterol p = 0.04); in fasting blood glucose (group B: p
      = 0.01; group C: p = 0.008); in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin
      Resistance (group B: p = 0.01; group C: p = 0.001); in waist circumference (group
      C: p = 0.005; group A: p = 0.02; group B: p = 0.04). No patients reported adverse
      events during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm the effectiveness of
      spinning training combined with diet in the management of MetS. CLINICAL
      REHABILITATION IMPACT: The findings provide a preliminary evidence to support
      that spinning training may represent a useful and safe intervention also in
      middle-aged and older adults geriatric with multiple CV risk factors.

PMID- 27364408
TI  - A new treatment in the rehabilitation of the paretic upper limb after stroke: the
      ARAMIS prototype and treatment protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In recent years, as part of the rehabilitation of post stroke
      patients, the use of robotic technologies to improve recovery of upper limb has
      become more widespread. The Automatic Recovery Arm Motility Integrated System
      (ARAMIS) is a concept robot and prototype designed to promote the functional
      interaction of the arms in the neurorehabilitation of the paretic upper limb. Two
      computer-controlled, symmetric and interacting exoskeletons compensate for the
      inadequate strength and accuracy of the paretic arm and the effect of gravity
      during rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is possible in 3 different modalities;
      asynchronous, synchronous and active-assisted. OBJECTIVES: To compare the
      effectiveness of robotic rehabilitation by an exoskeleton prototype system with
      traditional rehabilitation in motor and functional recovery of the upper limb
      after stroke. METHODS: Case-control study, 52 patients enrolled in the study, 28
      cases (women: 8, age: 65 +/- 10 yrs) treated with ARAMIS and 24 controls (women:
      11, age: 69 +/- 7 yrs) with conventional rehabilitation. Motor impairment
      assessed before and after treatment with Fugl-Meyer scale and Motricity Index,
      level of disability assessed with the Functional Independence Measure. A
      questionnaire was also administered to assess the patient's tolerance to robotic
      therapy. RESULTS: After 28 +/- 4 sessions over a 54 +/- 3.6-day period, the
      patients treated by ARAMIS had an improvement on the Fugl-Meyer scale (global
      score from 43 +/- 18 to 73 +/- 29; p < 0.00001), Motricity Index scale (p <
      0.004) and Functional Independence Measure (p < 0.001). A lesser degree of
      improvement was achieved using conventional rehabilitation, the Fugl-Meyer global
      score of the control group improved from 41 +/- 13 to 58 +/- 16 (p < 0.006) and
      the motor function item from 9.4 +/- 4.1 to 14.9 +/- 5.8 (p < 0.023).
      CONCLUSIONS: Motor improvement was greater at the wrist and hand than at shoulder
      and elbow level in patients treated by ARAMIS and controls, but it was
      significantly greater in ARAMIS-treated patients than in controls. The results
      indicate a greater efficacy of ARAMIS compared to conventional rehabilitation.

PMID- 27364409
TI  - sodC genes expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: E. coli O157:H7 has three sodC genes encoding for Cu,Zn superoxide
      dismutase. We evaluated the expression of chromosomal sodC in distinct phases of
      growth in different strains, and we examined the mutual capability of chromosomal
      and prophagic genes to influence their expression. METHODS: We used One Step real
      time RT-PCR technology to study the expression of sodC genes in several E. coli
      strains. RESULTS: In three of four analysed E. coli O157:H7 strains the
      chromosomal sodC gene was more expressed in exponential phase than in stationary
      phase, unlike it occurs in the E. coli K12 strain. The expression of the
      chromosomal gene was always higher than that of the prophagic copies. Deletion of
      prophagic or chromosomal sodC genes had no effect on the expression of the
      residual gene. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights an inherent variability in number
      and level of expression of sodC genes in E. coli O157:H7 strain.

PMID- 27364410
TI  - Virus reactivations after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
      detected by multiplex PCR assay.
AB  - Several studies have indicated that viral reactivations following allogeneic
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are frequent, but viral
      reactivations after autologous HSCT (auto-HSCT) have not been investigated in
      detail. We performed multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to examine
      multiple viral reactivations simultaneously in 24 patients undergoing auto-HSCT
      between September 2010 and December 2012. Weekly whole blood samples were
      collected from pre- to 42 days post-HSCT, and tested for the following 13
      viruses; herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV),
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), HHV
      7, HHV-8, adeno virus (ADV), BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), parvovirus B19
      (B19V), and hepatitis B virus (HBV).  Fifteen (63%) patients had at least one
      type of viral reactivation. HHV6 (n = 10; 41.7%) was most frequently detected
      followed by EBV (n = 7; 29.2%). HHV-6 peaked on day 21 after HSCT and promptly
      declined. In addition, HBV, CMV, HHV7, and B19V were each detected in one
      patient. HHV6 reactivation was detected in almost half the auto-HSCT patients,
      which was similar to the incidence in allo-HSCT patients. The incidence of EBV
      was unexpectedly high. Viral infections in patients undergoing auto-HSCT were
      higher than previously reported in other studies. Although there were no
      particular complications of viral infection, we should pay attention to possible
      viral reactivations in auto-HSCT patients. J. Med. Virol. 89:358-362, 2017. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27364411
TI  - Aging and frailty or frailty and aging?

PMID- 27364412
TI  - Comorbidities in elderly patients with pulmonary disease.

PMID- 27364413
TI  - Thrombolysis in older adults: To do or not to do, this is the question!

PMID- 27364414
TI  - A rare cause of chronic diarrhoea in an elderly patient.

PMID- 27364415
TI  - "Oldest old" man with odynophagia and generalized asthenia: It could be tetanus!

PMID- 27364416
TI  - Do Serum Creatinine Levels Show Clinically Significant Fluctuations on Serial
      Determinations on the Siemens Advia 1800 Analyzer?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The goal of this work was to determine whether there are clinically
      significant fluctuations in the level of serum creatinine on serial
      determinations, especially in the borderline range (1.1-1.3 mg/dl), after
      specimen storage. METHODS: Sixty-one serum samples were analyzed. They were
      divided into three categories based on the initial serum creatinine measurement:
      low (<=1.0 mg/dl), borderline (1.1-1.3 mg/dl), and high (>=1.4 mg/dl). The
      specimens were stored at 4 degrees C and run on the Siemens Advia 1800 chemistry
      analyzer on days 1, 3, and 11. RESULTS: Statistical comparisons of the three
      groups were made using the unpaired t-test, yielding a two-tailed P-value for
      each group comparison. The P-values ranged from 0.0829 to 0.3892, indicating no
      statistically significant difference between the standard deviations of each
      group. CONCLUSIONS: Mild-to-moderate fluctuations in precision occur in
      successive serum creatinine determinations. The overwhelming majority of these
      fluctuations should not affect clinical decision making.

PMID- 27364417
TI  - Learning whilst on-call: a vital part of radiology training?

PMID- 27364418
TI  - Remembering a Pioneer of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing.

PMID- 27364419
TI  - Racial disparities in birth care: Exploring the perceived role of African
      American women providing midwifery care and birth support in the United States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Midwifery care has been linked to positive birth outcomes. Despite
      the broad racial disparities in maternal and infant outcomes in the United States
      (US), little is known about the role of minority women in either providing or
      receiving this type of care. A vibrant community of minority women, who self
      identify as providing these services, exists online. In this exploratory study we
      ask how they describe their role; view their practice; and position themselves in
      the broader discussions of racial health disparities in the US. METHODS: Using an
      internet mediated qualitative design we analyse online narratives from self
      described African-American nurse-midwives, lay midwives and birth assistants; we
      found 28 unique websites. We collected and analysed narrative material from each
      site. We used a thematic analysis approach to identify recurrent and emergent
      themes in relation to the study question. RESULTS: Narratives identified a strong
      link to the past, as providers viewed their practice in a historical perspective
      linking African roots, to the diaspora, and to current African-American
      struggles. Providers engaged both in direct clinical work, and in activist roles.
      Advocacy efforts sought to expand numbers of minority birth care workers and to
      extend the benefits of woman-centred birth care to underserved communities.
      CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate the continued existence and important role of
      diverse types of African-American birth care providers in minority communities in
      the US. Recognition, support, and increasing the number of midwives of colour is
      important in tackling racial inequalities in health. Further research should
      explore minority access to woman-centred care.

PMID- 27364422
TI  - Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with percutaneous
      navigated guidewireless lumbosacral pedicle screw fixation.
AB  - This video details the minimally invasive approach for treatment of a symptomatic
      Grade II lytic spondylolisthesis with high-grade foraminal stenosis. In this
      procedure, the use of a navigated, guidewireless technique for percutaneous
      pedicle screw placement at the lumbosacral junction is highlighted following
      initial decompression and transforaminal interbody fusion. Key steps of the
      procedure are delineated that include positioning, exposure, technique for
      interbody fusion, intraoperative image acquisition, and use of a concise 2-step
      process for navigated screw placement without using guidewires. The video can be
      found here: https://youtu.be/2u6H4Pc_8To . 

PMID- 27364420
TI  - Ellagic acid confers protection against gentamicin-induced oxidative damage,
      mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis-related nephrotoxicity.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective
      effect of ellagic acid (EA) against gentamicin (GEN)-induced nephrotoxicity using
      biochemical, molecular and histopathological approaches. METHODS: Rats (n = 24)
      were divided into four groups: control, GEN (100 mg/kg, i.p.), EA (10 mg/kg,
      p.o.) and GEN plus EA. The regimes were administered for 10 successive days. 24 h
      after last treatment, kidney and blood samples were collected. KEY FINDINGS:
      Ellagic acid treatment significantly reduced plasma creatinine and urea levels,
      which were initially increased due to GEN administration. Also, EA significantly
      ameliorated oxidative stress markers including lipid peroxidation, catalase (CAT)
      and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity as well as glutathione (GSH)
      content in kidney tissue. Activation of caspase-3 and increase in the ratio of
      Bcl-2/Bax expression observed in GEN-treated group were significantly ameliorated
      by EA treatment. EA also protected GEN-induced mitochondrial damages as indicated
      by decreasing the mitochondrial ROS content, preventing of mitochondrial membrane
      potential (MMP) loss, reducing mitochondrial swelling and decreasing cytochrome c
      release. In addition, histopathological findings revealed that EA ameliorates GEN
      induced kidney injury. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that EA treatment
      attenuates GEN-induced nephrotoxicity, which may be ascribed to its antioxidant
      and anti-apoptotic properties.

PMID- 27364421
TI  - Development of quantitative radioactive methodologies on paper to determine
      important lateral-flow immunoassay parameters.
AB  - The lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA) is a well-established diagnostic technology
      that has recently seen significant advancements due in part to the rapidly
      expanding fields of paper diagnostics and paper-fluidics. As LFA-based
      diagnostics become more complex, it becomes increasingly important to
      quantitatively determine important parameters during the design and evaluation
      process. However, current experimental methods for determining these parameters
      have certain limitations when applied to LFA systems. In this work, we describe
      our novel methods of combining paper and radioactive measurements to determine
      nanoprobe molarity, the number of antibodies per nanoprobe, and the forward and
      reverse rate constants for nanoprobe binding to immobilized target on the LFA
      test line. Using a model LFA system that detects for the presence of the protein
      transferrin (Tf), we demonstrate the application of our methods, which involve
      quantitative experimentation and mathematical modeling. We also compare the
      results of our rate constant experiments with traditional experiments to
      demonstrate how our methods more appropriately capture the influence of the LFA
      environment on the binding interaction. Our novel experimental approaches can
      therefore more efficiently guide the research process for LFA design, leading to
      more rapid advancement of the field of paper-based diagnostics.

PMID- 27364423
TI  - Biplanar x-ray fluoroscopy for sacroiliac joint fusion.
AB  - Chronic pain originating from the sacroiliac joint (SI) can cause severe
      dysfunction. Although many patients respond to conservative management with
      NSAIDs, some do need further treatment in the form of SI joint fusion (SIJF). To
      achieve safe and successful SIJF, intraoperative x-ray fluoroscopy is mandatory
      to avoid serious damages to nearby vascular and neural structures. Each step of
      the procedure has to be confirmed by anteroposterior (AP) and lateral
      projections. With a single-arm x-ray, the arch has to be moved back and forth for
      the AP and lateral projections, and this lengthens the procedure. To achieve the
      same results in less time, the authors introduced simultaneous biplanar
      fluoroscopy with 2 x-ray arches. After the patient is positioned prone with the
      legs spread apart in the so-called Da Vinci position, one x-ray arch for the
      lateral projection is placed at a right angle to the patient, and a second x-ray
      machine is placed with its arch between the legs of the patient. This allows
      simultaneous AP and lateral x-ray projections and, in the authors' hands,
      markedly speeds up the procedure. Biplanar fluoroscopy allows excellent AP and
      lateral projections to be made quickly at any time during the surgical procedure.
      This is particularly useful in cases of bilateral SI joint fusion if both sides
      are done at the same time. The video can be found here:
      https://youtu.be/TX5gz8c765M . 

PMID- 27364424
TI  - Mini-open anterior lumbar interbody fusion.
AB  - In deformity surgery, anterior lumbar interbody fusion provides excellent
      biomechanical support, creates a broad surface area for arthrodesis, and induces
      lordosis in the lower lumbar spine. Preoperative MRI, plain radiographs, and,
      when available, CT scan should be carefully assessed for sacral slope as it
      relates to pubic symphysis, position of the great vessels (especially at L4/5),
      disc space height, or contraindication to an anterior approach. This video
      demonstrates the steps in an anterior surgical procedure with minimal open
      exposure. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/r3bC4_vu1hQ . 

PMID- 27364425
TI  - Introduction to Lumbosacral and Sacropelvic Fixation Strategies.
AB  - We are pleased to present this Neurosurgical Focus video supplement on
      lumbosacral and sacropelvic fixation strategies. Despite advancement in surgical
      techniques and technologies in spine, achieving consistent solid fusion across
      the lumbosacral junction remains a major challenge. The anatomy of the
      lumbosacral junction allows for a higher range of motion compared to other areas
      of the thoracolumbar spine. The L5-S1 interspace is exposed to significant shear
      forces. As a result, complications such as pseudoarthrosis, screw pull-out,
      implant fracture, or sacral fractures can occur. Complications are particularly
      seen in long fusion constructs ending across the lumbosacral junction. To reduce
      these complications, various lumbosacral and sacropelvic fixation techniques have
      been developed and utilized. The current supplement is intended to provide
      instructional videos that illustrate several current techniques for lumbosacral
      and sacropelvic fixation. The collection includes techniques for anterior L5-S1
      interbody fusion, minimally invasive L5-S1 interbody fusions, lumbosacral pedicle
      screw placement, sacroiliac fusion, and sacro-alar-iliac screw placement. The
      authors of the videos in the supplement have provided detailed narration and
      video illustration to describe the nuances of the various open and minimally
      invasive techniques for lumbosacral and sacral-pelvic fixation. We are pleased to
      have such a collection of quality video illustration from experts in the field.
      It's been our privilege to serve as guest editors for this supplement and we
      believe that you will enjoy the contents of this supplement. 

PMID- 27364426
TI  - Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbosacral interbody fusion.
AB  - In minimally invasive spinal fusion surgery, transforaminal lumbar (sacral)
      interbody fusion (TLIF) is one of the most common procedures that provides both
      anterior and posterior column support without retraction or violation to the
      neural structure. Direct and indirect decompression can be done through this
      single approach. Preoperative plain radiographs and MR scan should be carefully
      evaluated. This video demonstrates a standard approach for how to perform a
      minimally invasive transforaminal lumbosacral interbody fusion. The video can be
      found here: https://youtu.be/bhEeafKJ370 . 

PMID- 27364427
TI  - S-1 and S-2-alar-iliac screw fixation via intraoperative navigation.
AB  - Adult deformity patients often require fixation to the sacrum and pelvis for
      construct stability and improved fusion rates. Although certain sacropelvic
      fixation techniques can be challenging, the availability of intraoperative
      navigation has made many of these techniques more feasible. In this video case
      presentation, the authors demonstrate the techniques of S-1 bicortical screw and
      S-2-alar-iliac screw fixation under intraoperative navigation in a 67-year-old
      female. This instrumentation placement was part of an overall T-10-pelvis
      construct for the correction of adult spinal deformity. The video can be found
      here: https://youtu.be/3HZo-80jQr8 . 

PMID- 27364428
TI  - Minimally invasive L5-S1 oblique lumbar interbody fusion with anterior plate.
AB  - Lumbar interbody fusion is an important technique for the treatment of
      degenerative disc disease and degenerative scoliosis. The oblique lumbar
      interbody fusion (OLIF) establishes a minimally invasive retroperitoneal exposure
      anterior to the psoas and lumbar plexus. In this video case presentation, the
      authors demonstrate the techniques of the OLIF at L5-S1 performed on a 69-year
      old female with degenerative scoliosis as one component of an overall strategy
      for her deformity correction. The video can be found here:
      https://youtu.be/VMUYWKLAl0g . 

PMID- 27364429
TI  - Technique and nuances of an S-2 alar iliac screw for lumbosacral fixation in
      patients with transitional and normal anatomy.
AB  - S-2 alar iliac (S2AI) screw fixation has recently been recognized as a useful
      technique for pelvic fixation. The authors demonstrate two cases where S2AI
      fixation was indicated: one case was a sacral insufficiency fracture following a
      long-segment fusion in a patient with a transitional S-1 vertebra; the other case
      involved pseudarthrosis following lumbosacral fixation. S2AI screws offer rigid
      fixation, low profile, and allow easy connection to the lumbosacral rod. The
      authors describe and demonstrate the surgical technique and nuances for the S2AI
      screw in a case with transitional S-1 anatomy and in a case with normal S-1
      anatomy. The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/Sj21lk13_aw . 

PMID- 27364430
TI  - Advances and challenges in deformable image registration: From image fusion to
      complex motion modelling.
AB  - Over the past 20 years, the field of medical image registration has significantly
      advanced from multi-modal image fusion to highly non-linear, deformable image
      registration for a wide range of medical applications and imaging modalities,
      involving the compensation and analysis of physiological organ motion or of
      tissue changes due to growth or disease patterns. While the original focus of
      image registration has predominantly been on correcting for rigid-body motion of
      brain image volumes acquired at different scanning sessions, often with different
      modalities, the advent of dedicated longitudinal and cross-sectional brain
      studies soon necessitated the development of more sophisticated methods that are
      able to detect and measure local structural or functional changes, or group
      differences. Moving outside of the brain, cine imaging and dynamic imaging
      required the development of deformable image registration to directly measure or
      compensate for local tissue motion. Since then, deformable image registration has
      become a general enabling technology. In this work we will present our own
      contributions to the state-of-the-art in deformable multi-modal fusion and
      complex motion modelling, and then discuss remaining challenges and provide
      future perspectives to the field.

PMID- 27364431
TI  - Oncological image analysis.
AB  - Cancer is one of the world's major healthcare challenges and, as such, an
      important application of medical image analysis. After a brief introduction to
      cancer, we summarise some of the major developments in oncological image analysis
      over the past 20 years, but concentrating those in the authors' laboratories, and
      then outline opportunities and challenges for the next decade.

PMID- 27364432
TI  - ?

PMID- 27364433
TI  - Effects of perinatal protein malnutrition and fenfluramine action on food intake
      and neuronal activation in the hypothalamus and raphe nuclei of neonate rats.
AB  - In neonatal rats, hunger and satiety responses occur particularly via dehydration
      and gastric distention, respectively. The control of food intake in newborns is
      yet to be fully consolidated, particularly with respect to the participation of
      the hypothalamic nuclei and their relationship with the serotonergic pathway.
      Moreover, it is unclear how the environmental stressors in early life, like
      undernutrition, interfere in these events. Therefore, this study examined the
      serotonin-system's impact on food intake in rat neonates at postnatal day (P) 10
      and P18 and the manner in which protein undernutrition during pregnancy and
      lactation interferes in this behavior. To accomplish this, Wistar rats were used,
      nutritionally manipulated by a diet having two protein levels, (8% and 17%)
      during pregnancy and lactation, to form the Control (n=10) and Low protein groups
      (n=10). At 10 and 18 postnatal days pups received an acute dose of fenfluramine
      (3mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) and subjected to milk consumption testing and then
      perfused to obtain the brains for the analysis of cell activation of the
      immunoreactive c-Fos in the hypothalamic and raphe nuclei. At 10days a reduction
      in weight gain was observed in both groups. On comparison of the neuronal
      activation for the paraventricular nucleus, an increased activation in response
      to fenfluramine was observed. At 18days, the weight gain percentage differed
      between the groups according to the nutritional manipulation, in which the
      control animals had no significant change while the undernourished presented
      increased weight gain with the use of fenfluramine. The marking of c-Fos in
      response to fenfluramine in the hypothalamic and raphe nuclei revealed, an
      especially lower activation of the PVN, MnR and DR compared intra-group. However
      when evaluating the effect of undernutrition, marking activation was observed to
      increase in all the nuclei analyzed, in the hypothalamus and raphe. Data from
      this study indicate that the action of serotonin via food intake in the neonates
      may have been delayed by early protein undernutrition.

PMID- 27364458
TI  - The wheat R2R3-MYB transcription factor TaRIM1 participates in resistance
      response against the pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis infection through regulating
      defense genes.
AB  - The necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis is a major pathogen of sharp eyespot
      that is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Little is known about
      roles of MYB genes in wheat defense response to R. cerealis. In this study,
      TaRIM1, a R. cerealis-induced wheat MYB gene, was identified by transcriptome
      analysis, then cloned from resistant wheat CI12633, and its function and
      preliminary mechanism were studied. Sequence analysis showed that TaRIM1 encodes
      a R2R3-MYB transcription factor with transcription-activation activity. The
      molecular-biological assays revealed that the TaRIM1 protein localizes to nuclear
      and can bind to five MYB-binding site cis-elements. Functional dissection results
      showed that following R. cerealis inoculation, TaRIM1 silencing impaired the
      resistance of wheat CI12633, whereas TaRIM1 overexpression significantly
      increased resistance of transgenic wheat compared with susceptible recipient.
      TaRIM1 positively regulated the expression of five defense genes (Defensin, PR10,
      PR17c, nsLTP1, and chitinase1) possibly through binding to MYB-binding sites in
      their promoters. These results suggest that the R2R3-MYB transcription factor
      TaRIM1 positively regulates resistance response to R. cerealis infection through
      modulating the expression of a range of defense genes, and that TaRIM1 is a
      candidate gene to improve sharp eyespot resistance in wheat.

PMID- 27364460
TI  - In Vivo Performance of Fenofibrate Formulated With Ordered Mesoporous Silica
      Versus 2-Marketed Formulations: A Comparative Bioavailability Study in Beagle
      Dogs.
AB  - The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo performance of
      ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) as a carrier for the poorly water-soluble
      compound fenofibrate. Fenofibrate was loaded into OMS via incipient wetness
      impregnation to obtain a 29% drug load and formulated into capsules. Two capsule
      dosage forms (containing 33.5 and 16.75 mg fenofibrate, respectively) were
      compared with the commercially available forms-Lipanthyl((r)) (fenofibrate
      microcrystals) and Tricor((r)) (fenofibrate nanocrystals). In vitro dissolution
      tests showed that the amount of fenofibrate released from Lipanthyl((r)) and
      Tricor((r)) was approximately 30%, whereas approximately 66% and 60% of the drug
      was released from OMS capsules containing 33.5 and 16.75 mg of fenofibrate,
      respectively. Storage of OMS capsules loaded with 33.5 mg of fenofibrate at 25
      degrees C/60% relative humidity (RH) or 40 degrees C/75% RH did not alter the
      release kinetics, nor the physical state of the compound, pointing the stability
      of the present formulation. The in vivo study in dogs confirmed satisfying level
      of safety and tolerability of fenofibrate-OMS formulation (eq. 33.5 mg) with the
      potential to improve the absorption of fenofibrate. Though some variability in
      the data, this formulation is promising to be further investigated in a clinical
      trial setting.

PMID- 27364459
TI  - The translationally relevant mouse model of the 15q13.3 microdeletion syndrome
      reveals deficits in neuronal spike firing matching clinical neurophysiological
      biomarkers seen in schizophrenia.
AB  - AIM: To date, the understanding and development of novel treatments for mental
      illness is hampered by inadequate animal models. For instance, it is unclear to
      what extent commonly used behavioural tests in animals can inform us on the
      mental and affective aspects of schizophrenia. METHODS: To link
      pathophysiological processes in an animal model to clinical findings, we have
      here utilized the recently developed Df(h15q13)/+ mouse model for detailed
      investigations of cortical neuronal engagement during pre-attentive processing of
      auditory information from two back-translational auditory paradigms. We also
      investigate if compromised putative fast-spiking interneurone (FSI) function can
      be restored through pharmacological intervention using the Kv3.1 channel opener
      RE1. Chronic multi-array electrodes in primary auditory cortex were used to
      record single cell firing from putative pyramidal and FSI in awake animals during
      processing of auditory sensory information. RESULTS: We find a decreased
      amplitude in the response to auditory stimuli and reduced recruitment of neurones
      to fast steady-state gamma oscillatory activity. These results resemble
      encephalography recordings in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, the
      probability of interneurones to fire with low interspike intervals during 80 Hz
      auditory stimulation was reduced in Df(h15q13)/+ mice, an effect that was
      partially reversed by the Kv3.1 channel modulator, RE1. CONCLUSION: This study
      offers insight into the consequences on a neuronal level of carrying the 15q13.3
      microdeletion. Furthermore, it points to deficient functioning of interneurones
      as a potential pathophysiological mechanism in schizophrenia and suggests a
      therapeutic potential of Kv3.1 channel openers.

PMID- 27364461
TI  - Characterizing Reversible Protein Association at Moderately High Concentration
      Via Composition-Gradient Static Light Scattering.
AB  - Analysis of weakly self-associating macromolecules at concentrations beyond a few
      g/L is challenging on account of the confounding effect of thermodynamic
      nonideality on the association signal. When the reversible association comprises
      only 1 or 2 oligomeric species in equilibrium with the monomer, the nonideality
      may be accounted for in a relatively rigorous manner, but if more association
      states are involved, the analysis becomes quite complex. We show that under
      reasonable assumptions, the nonideality in a composition-gradient static light
      scattering measurement may be accounted for in a simple fashion. The correction
      is applied to determining the stoichiometry and binding affinity of a protein
      previously characterized via sedimentation equilibrium and dynamic light
      scattering. The results of the new analysis are remarkably self-consistent and in
      line with the expectations for the form of self-association predicted previously
      from analysis of the surface residuals, establishing composition-gradient multi
      angle static light scattering with nonideality corrections as a critical
      technology for characterizing associative interactions in concentrated solutions.

PMID- 27364462
TI  - Water Determination in Solid Pharmaceutical Products Utilizing Ionic Liquids and
      Headspace Gas Chromatography.
AB  - A rapid, accurate, and precise headspace gas chromatographic (HSGC) analytical
      method was developed for the detection and quantification of water in drug
      products. The analysis is able to be performed in 10 min and automated. The HSGC
      method used an ionic liquid (IL) based open tubular capillary gas chromatographic
      column to increase the ruggedness of this method and provide improved peak shapes
      for water. Due to the ionic liquids low vapor pressure, unique physiochemical
      properties, and high thermal stability, they also make idea solvents for HSGC.
      Unlike Karl Fischer titration methods, this HSGC method is not affected by side
      reactions. The developed method was shown to be broadly applicable. The water
      content in 12 different samples was found to range from 1%-7% water. The use of
      HSGC was highly sensitive and only required 10 mg of sample. In addition, it was
      found to have greater precision and accuracy than Karl Fischer titration and
      greater precision and speed than loss on drying.

PMID- 27364464
TI  - Multifaceted toxicity assessment of catalyst composites in transgenic zebrafish
      embryos.
AB  - Recent development in the field of nanomaterials has given rise into the
      inquiries regarding the toxicological characteristics of the nanomaterials. While
      many individual nanomaterials have been screened for their toxicological effects,
      composites that accompany nanomaterials are not common subjects to such screening
      through toxicological assessment. One of the widely used composites that
      accompany nanomaterials is catalyst composite used to reduce air pollution, which
      was selected as a target composite with nanomaterials for the multifaceted
      toxicological assessment. As existing studies did not possess any significant
      data regarding such catalyst composites, this study focuses on investigating
      toxicological characteristics of catalyst composites from various angles in both
      in-vitro and in-vivo settings. Initial toxicological assessment on catalyst
      composites was conducted using HUVECs for cell viability assays, and subsequent
      in-vivo assay regarding their direct influence on living organisms was done. The
      zebrafish embryo and its transgenic lines were used in the in-vivo assays to
      obtain multifaceted analytic results. Data obtained from the in-vivo assays
      include blood vessel formation, mutated heart morphology, and heart functionality
      change. Our multifaceted toxicological assessment pointed out that chemical
      composites augmented with nanomaterials can too have toxicological threat as much
      as individual nanomaterials do and alarms us with their danger. This manuscript
      provides a multifaceted assessment for composites augmented with nanomaterials,
      of which their toxicological threats have been overlooked. 

PMID- 27364463
TI  - Nanocomposite Hydrogels as Platform for Cells Growth, Proliferation, and
      Chemotaxis.
AB  - The challenge of mimicking the extracellular matrix with artificial scaffolds
      that are able to reduce immunoresponse is still unmet. Recent findings have shown
      that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) infiltrating into the implanted scaffold have
      effects on the implant integration by improving the healing process. Toward this
      aim, a novel polyamidoamine-based nanocomposite hydrogel is synthesized, cross
      linked with porous nanomaterials (i.e., mesoporous silica nanoparticles), able to
      release chemokine proteins. A comprehensive viscoelasticity study confirms that
      the hydrogel provides optimal structural support for MSC infiltration and
      proliferation. The efficiency of this hydrogel, containing the chemoattractant
      stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha), in promoting MSC migration in
      vitro is demonstrated. Finally, subcutaneous implantation of SDF-1alpha-releasing
      hydrogels in mice results in a modulation of the inflammatory reaction. Overall,
      the proposed SDF-1alpha-nanocomposite hydrogel proves to have potential for
      applications in tissue engineering.

PMID- 27364465
TI  - Carbon species in PM10 particle fraction at different monitoring sites.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine and compare the levels of elemental carbon
      (EC), organic carbon (OC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mass
      concentrations in PM10 particles (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than
      10 MUm) between seasons (winter and summer) and at different monitoring sites
      (urban background and rural industrial). Daily samples of airborne particles were
      collected on pre-fired quartz fibre filters. PM10 mass concentrations were
      determined gravimetrically. Samples were analysed for OC and EC with the
      thermal/optical transmittance method (TOT) and for PAHs by high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. Measurements showed
      seasonal and spatial variations of mass concentrations for carbon species and for
      all of the measured PAHs (Flu, Pyr, Chry, BaA, BbF, BaP, BkF, BghiP and IP) in
      PM10 at the urban site and rural monitoring site described here. Diagnostic PAH
      ratios (Flu/(Flu + Pyr), BaA/(BaA + Cry), IP/(IP + BghiP), BaP/BghiP, IP/BghiP
      and BaP/(BaP + Chry)) make it possible to assess the sources of pollution, and
      these showed that diesel vehicles accounted for most pollution at the rural
      industrial (RI) site in the summer, whereas coal and wood combustion were the
      causes of winter pollution. This difference between winter and summer PAH ratios
      were more expressed at the RI site than at the UB site because at the UB site the
      predominant heating fuel was gas. The OC/EC ratio yielded the same conclusion.
      Factor analysis showed that EC and OC originated from traffic at both sites, PAHs
      with 5 or more benzene rings originated from wood pellets industry or biomass
      burning, while Pyr and Flu originated from diesel combustion or as a consequence
      of different atmospheric behaviour - evaporation and participation in oxidation
      and photo oxidation processes. 

PMID- 27364466
TI  - Changes in the concentrations of somatic cell counts, lingual antimicrobial
      peptide and lactoperoxidase activity in milk at periovulatory period in dairy
      cows.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to examine the changes in innate immune
      factors in milk during the estrous cycle in dairy cows. Milk was collected from
      cows with a normal ovulatory cycle and cows subjected to the OVSYNCH protocol,
      and somatic cell counts (SCC), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) concentrations
      and lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity in milk were measured. In cows with a normal
      ovulatory cycle, there was no significant change in LAP concentrations and SCC
      during the ovulatory cycle. However, LPO activity at days 0 and 19 (day 0 = day
      of ovulation) were significantly higher than those at days 10, 12 and 15. In cows
      subjected to the OVSYNCH protocol, a significant increase in SCC was observed at
      day 9 (2 days after prostaglandin treatment) compared with that at day 11 (2 days
      after second administration of gonadotropin). There were no significant changes
      in LAP concentrations and LPO activity during the OVSYNCH protocol. These results
      indicate that LPO activity, an innate immune factor, was enhanced in the
      preovulatory period.

PMID- 27364467
TI  - The Wnt pathway limits BMP signaling outside of the germline stem cell niche in
      Drosophila ovaries.
AB  - The mechanisms that modulate and limit the signaling output of adult stem cell
      niches remain poorly understood. To gain further insights into how these
      microenvironments are regulated in vivo, we performed a candidate gene screen
      designed to identify factors that restrict BMP signal production to the cap cells
      that comprise the germline stem cell (GSC) niche of Drosophila ovaries. Through
      these efforts, we found that disruption of Wnt4 and components of the canonical
      Wnt pathway results in a complex germ cell phenotype marked by an expansion of
      GSC-like cells, pre-cystoblasts and cystoblasts in young females. This phenotype
      correlates with an increase of decapentaplegic (dpp) mRNA levels within escort
      cells and varying levels of BMP responsiveness in the germline. Further genetic
      experiments show that Wnt4, which exhibits graded expression in somatic cells of
      germaria, activates the Wnt pathway in posteriorly positioned escort cells. The
      activation of the Wnt pathway appears to be limited by the BMP pathway itself, as
      loss of Mad in escort cells results in the expansion of Wnt pathway activation.
      Wnt pathway activity changes within germaria during the course of aging,
      coincident with changes in dpp production. These data suggest that mutual
      antagonism between the BMP and Wnt pathways in somatic cells helps to regulate
      germ cell differentiation.

PMID- 27364469
TI  - Organoids from adult liver and pancreas: Stem cell biology and biomedical
      utility.
AB  - The liver and pancreas are critical organs maintaining whole body metabolism.
      Historically, the expansion of adult-derived cells from these organs in vitro has
      proven challenging and this in turn has hampered studies of liver and pancreas
      stem cell biology, as well as being a roadblock to disease modelling and cell
      replacement therapies for pathologies in these organs. Recently, defined culture
      conditions have been described which allow the in vitro culture and manipulation
      of adult-derived liver and pancreatic material. Here we review these systems and
      assess their physiological relevance, as well as their potential utility in
      biomedicine.

PMID- 27364468
TI  - Noggin is required for first pharyngeal arch differentiation in the frog Xenopus
      tropicalis.
AB  - The dorsal ventral axis of vertebrates requires high BMP activity for ventral
      development and inhibition of BMP activity for dorsal development. Presumptive
      dorsal regions of the embryo are protected from the ventralizing activity of BMPs
      by the secretion of BMP antagonists from the mesoderm. Noggin, one such
      antagonist, binds BMP ligands and prevents them from binding their receptors,
      however, a unique role for Noggin in amphibian development has remained unclear.
      Previously, we used zinc-finger nucleases to mutagenize the noggin locus in
      Xenopus tropicalis. Here, we report on the phenotype of noggin mutant frogs as a
      result of breeding null mutations to homozygosity. Early homozygous noggin mutant
      embryos are indistinguishable from wildtype siblings, with normal neural
      induction and neural tube closure. However, in late tadpole stages mutants
      present severe ventral craniofacial defects, notably a fusion of Meckel's
      cartilage to the palatoquadrate cartilage. Consistent with a noggin loss-of
      function, mutants show expansions of BMP target gene expression and the mutant
      phenotype can be rescued with transient BMP inhibition. These results demonstrate
      that in amphibians, Noggin is dispensable for early embryonic patterning but is
      critical for cranial skeletogenesis.

PMID- 27364470
TI  - Reverse engineering liver buds through self-driven condensation and organization
      towards medical application.
AB  - The self-organizing tissue-based approach coupled with induced pluripotent stem
      (iPS) cell technology is evolving as a promising field for designing organoids in
      culture and is expected to achieve valuable practical outcomes in regenerative
      medicine and drug development. Organoids show properties of functional organs and
      represent an alternative to cell models in conventional two-dimensional
      differentiation platforms; moreover, organoids can be used to investigate
      mechanisms of development and disease, drug discovery and toxicity assessment.
      Towards a more complex and advanced organoid model, it is essential to
      incorporate multiple cell lineages including developing vessels. Using a self
      condensation method, we recently demonstrated self-organizing "organ buds" of
      diverse systems together with human mesenchymal and endothelial progenitors,
      proposing a new reverse engineering method to generate a more complex organoid
      structure. In this section, we review characters of organ bud technology based on
      two important principles: self-condensation and self-organization focusing on
      liver bud as an example, and discuss their practicality in regenerative medicine
      and potential as research tools for developmental biology and drug discovery.

PMID- 27364472
TI  - Connectome sensitivity or specificity: which is more important?
AB  - Connectomes with high sensitivity and high specificity are unattainable with
      current axonal fiber reconstruction methods, particularly at the macro-scale
      afforded by magnetic resonance imaging. Tensor-guided deterministic tractography
      yields sparse connectomes that are incomplete and contain false negatives (FNs),
      whereas probabilistic methods steered by crossing-fiber models yield dense
      connectomes, often with low specificity due to false positives (FPs). Densely
      reconstructed probabilistic connectomes are typically thresholded to improve
      specificity at the cost of a reduction in sensitivity. What is the optimal
      tradeoff between connectome sensitivity and specificity? We show empirically and
      theoretically that specificity is paramount. Our evaluations of the impact of FPs
      and FNs on empirical connectomes indicate that specificity is at least twice as
      important as sensitivity when estimating key properties of brain networks,
      including topological measures of network clustering, network efficiency and
      network modularity. Our asymptotic analysis of small-world networks with
      idealized modular structure reveals that as the number of nodes grows,
      specificity becomes exactly twice as important as sensitivity to the estimation
      of the clustering coefficient. For the estimation of network efficiency, the
      relative importance of specificity grows linearly with the number of nodes. The
      greater importance of specificity is due to FPs occurring more prevalently
      between network modules rather than within them. These spurious inter-modular
      connections have a dramatic impact on network topology. We argue that efforts to
      maximize the sensitivity of connectome reconstruction should be realigned with
      the need to map brain networks with high specificity.

PMID- 27364471
TI  - Krupple-like factors 7 and 6a mRNA expression in adult zebrafish central nervous
      system.
AB  - Krupple-like factors (KLFs) are transcription factors with zinc finger DNA
      binding domains known to play important roles in brain development and central
      nervous system (CNS) regeneration. There is little information on KLFs expression
      in adult vertebrate CNS. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to examine
      Klf7 mRNA (klf7) and Klf6a mRNA (klf6a) expression in adult zebrafish CNS. Both
      klfs exhibit wide and similar expression in the zebrafish CNS. Brain areas
      containing strongly labeled cells include the ventricular regions of the
      dorsomedial telencephalon, the ventromedial telencephalon, periventricular
      regions of the thalamus and hypothalamus, torus longitudinalis, stratum
      periventriculare of the optic tectum, granular regions of the cerebellar body and
      valvula, and superficial layers of the facial and vagal lobes. In the spinal
      cord, klf7- and klf6a-expressing cells are found in both the dorsal and ventral
      horns. Numerous sensory structures (e.g. auditory, lateral line, olfactory and
      visual) and several motor nuclei (e.g. oculomotor, trigeminal, and vagal motor
      nuclei) contain klf7- and/or klf6a-expressing cells. Our results may provide
      useful information for determining these Klfs in maintenance and/or function in
      adult CNS.

PMID- 27364473
TI  - Lamina-dependent calibrated BOLD response in human primary motor cortex.
AB  - Disentangling neural activity at different cortical depths during a functional
      task has recently generated growing interest, since this would allow to separate
      feedforward and feedback activity. The majority of layer-dependent studies have,
      so far, relied on gradient-recalled echo (GRE) blood-oxygenation-level dependent
      (BOLD) acquisitions, which are weighted towards the large draining veins at the
      cortical surface. The current study aims to obtain quantitative brain activity
      responses in the primary motor cortex on a laminar scale without the
      contamination due to accompanying secondary vascular effects. Evoked oxidative
      metabolism was evaluated using the Davis model, to investigate its applicability,
      advantages, and limits in lamina-dependent fMRI. Average values for the
      calibration parameter, M, and for changes in the cerebral metabolic rate of
      oxygen consumption (CMRO2) during a unilateral finger-tapping task were (11+/-2)%
      and (30+/-7)%, respectively, with distinct variation features across the cortical
      depth. The results presented here showed an uncoupling between BOLD-based
      functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and metabolic changes across
      cortical depth, while the tight coupling between CMRO2 and CBV was conserved
      across cortical layers. We conclude that the Davis model can help to obtain
      estimates of lamina-dependent metabolic changes without contamination from large
      draining veins, with high consistency and reproducibility across participants. 

PMID- 27364474
TI  - A regularized full reference tissue model for PET neuroreceptor mapping.
AB  - The full reference tissue model (FRTM) is a PET analysis framework that includes
      both free and specifically bound compartments within tissues, together with rate
      constants defining association and dissociation from the specifically bound
      compartment. The simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) assumes instantaneous
      exchange between tissue compartments, and this "1-tissue" approximation reduces
      the number of parameters and enables more robust mapping of non-displaceable
      binding potentials. Simulations based upon FRTM have shown that SRTM exhibits
      biases that are spatially dependent, because biases depend upon binding
      potentials. In this work, we describe a regularized model (rFRTM) that employs a
      global estimate of the dissociation rate constant from the specifically bound
      compartment (k4). The model provides an internal calibration for optimizing k4
      through the reference-region outflow rate k2', a model parameter that should be a
      global constant but varies regionally in SRTM. Estimates of k4 by rFRTM are
      presented for four PET radioligands. We show that SRTM introduces bias in
      parameter estimates by assuming an infinite value for k4, and that rFRTM
      ameliorates bias with an appropriate choice of k4. Theoretical considerations and
      simulations demonstrate that rFRTM reduces bias in non-displaceable binding
      potentials. A two-parameter reduction of the model (rFRTM2) provides robust
      mapping at a voxel-wise level. With a structure similar to SRTM, the model is
      easily implemented and can be applied as a PET reference region analysis that
      reduces parameter bias without substantially altering parameter variance.

PMID- 27364475
TI  - Super-Resonant Intracavity Coherent Absorption.
AB  - The capability of optical resonators to extend the effective radiation-matter
      interaction length originates from a multipass effect, hence is intrinsically
      limited by the resonator's quality factor. Here, we show that this constraint can
      be overcome by combining the concepts of resonant interaction and coherent
      perfect absorption (CPA). We demonstrate and investigate super-resonant coherent
      absorption in a coupled Fabry-Perot (FP)/ring cavity structure. At the FP
      resonant wavelengths, the described phenomenon gives rise to split modes with a
      nearly-transparent peak and a peak whose transmission is exceptionally sensitive
      to the intracavity loss. For small losses, the effective interaction pathlength
      of these modes is proportional respectively to the ratio and the product of the
      individual finesse coefficients of the two resonators. The results presented
      extend the conventional definition of resonant absorption and point to a way of
      circumventing the technological limitations of ultrahigh-quality resonators in
      spectroscopy and optical sensing schemes.

PMID- 27364476
TI  - Endocytic Control of Cellular Signaling at the Primary Cilium.
AB  - Primary cilia are dynamic signaling organelles that project from the cell surface
      to sense diverse chemical, physical and morphogenetic cues. Ciliary defects
      therefore cause diseases (ciliopathies) that affect multiple organs in developing
      and adult organisms. Cilia-mediated signaling involves the orchestrated movement
      of signaling proteins in and out of the ciliary compartment, including movement
      of receptors such as the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) receptor Patched 1 (PTCH1),
      Smoothened (SMO), and various other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as well
      as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptors I and II (TGF-beta
      RI/II). We provide here a current understanding of trafficking events associated
      with cilia-mediated signaling, with emphasis on the involvement of clathrin
      dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis in regulating ciliary Shh and TGF-beta
      signaling.

PMID- 27364477
TI  - Role of Ionic Strength in Staphylococcal Cell Aggregation.
AB  - Cell aggregation plays a key role in biofilm formation and pathogenesis of
      Staphylococcus species. Although the molecular basis of aggregation in
      Staphylococci has already been extensively investigated, the influence of
      environmental factors, such as ionic strength, remains poorly understood. In this
      paper, we report a new type of cellular aggregation of Staphylococci that depends
      solely on ionic strength. Seven strains out of 14, all belonging to
      staphylococcal species, formed large cell clusters within minutes in buffers of
      ionic strength ranging from 1.5 to 50 mM, whereas isolates belonging to other
      Gram-positive species did not display this phenotype. Atomic force microscopy
      (AFM) with chemically functionalized tips provided direct evidence that ionic
      strength modulates cell surface adhesive properties through changes in cell
      surface charge. The optimal ionic strength for aggregation was found to be strain
      dependent, but in all cases, bacterial aggregates formed at an ionic strength of
      1.5-50 mM were rapidly dispersed in a solution of higher ionic strength,
      indicating a reversibility of the cell aggregation process. These findings
      suggest that some staphylococcal isolates can respond to ionic strength as an
      external stimulus to trigger rapid cell aggregation in a way that has not yet
      been reported.

PMID- 27364478
TI  - TRPV4 is associated with central rather than nephrogenic osmoregulation.
AB  - TRPV4 is a polymodal cation channel expressed in osmosensitive neurons of the
      hypothalamus and in the mammalian nephron. The segmental distribution and role(s)
      of TRPV4 in osmoregulation remain debated. We investigated the renal distribution
      pattern of TRPV4 and the functional consequences of its disruption in mouse
      models. Using qPCR on microdissected segments, immunohistochemistry, and a LacZ
      reporter mouse, we found that TRPV4 is abundantly expressed in the proximal
      tubule, the late distal convoluted tubule, and throughout the connecting tubule
      and collecting duct, including principal and intercalated cells. TRPV4 was
      undetectable in the glomeruli and thick ascending limb and weakly abundant in the
      early distal convoluted tubule. Metabolic studies in Trpv4 (+/+) and Trpv4 (-/-)
      littermates revealed that the lack of TRPV4 did not influence activity, food and
      water intake, renal function, and urinary concentration at baseline. The mice
      showed a similar response to furosemide, water loading and deprivation, acid
      loading, and dietary NaCl restriction. However, Trpv4 (-/-) mice showed a
      significantly lower vasopressin synthesis and release after water deprivation,
      with a loss of the positive correlation between plasma osmolality and plasma
      vasopressin levels, and a delayed water intake upon acute administration of
      hypertonic saline. Specific activation of TRPV4 in primary cultures of proximal
      tubule cells increased albumin uptake, whereas no effect of TRPV4 deletion could
      be observed at baseline. These data reveal that, despite its abundant expression
      in tubular segments, TRPV4 does not play a major role in the kidney or is
      efficiently compensated when deleted. Instead, TRPV4 is critical for the release
      of vasopressin, the sensation of thirst, and the central osmoregulation.

PMID- 27364480
TI  - Hypomagnesemia in Pediatric Heart Transplant Patients Treated with Tacrolimus.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the frequency of hypomagnesemia and urinary
      magnesium excretion in pediatric heart transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: In this study, 22 pediatric patients who underwent heart transplanted at
      a single center between March 2014 and April 2015 and who were treated with oral
      tacrolimus were analyzed prospectively. Serum magnesium, creatinine, and
      tacrolimus levels and total amount of urinary magnesium excretion were measured.
      Serum tacrolimus levels were measured 12 hours after the last dose of tacrolimus.
      RESULTS: Our patient group included 11 boys (50%) and 11 girls (50%) with a mean
      age of 16.72 +/- 4.78 years. Serum tacrolimus levels were in the therapeutic
      range, with a mean of 1.48 +/- 0.13 ng/mL (range, 1.2-1.69 ng /mL), mean
      fractional magnesium excretion was 8.59 +/- 5.9% (range, 3%-22%), and 24-hour
      urinary magnesium excretion was 90.2 +/- 62.95 mg/d. Hypermagnesuria was assessed
      in 80% of patients. We found 24-hour urinary magnesium excretion to be higher
      than normal in 27% of patients. There was no association between serum tacrolimus
      levels and serum magnesium levels or urinary magnesium excretion. CONCLUSIONS:
      Serum magnesium levels should be periodically measured in pediatric heart
      transplant patients treated with tacrolimus.

PMID- 27364479
TI  - Negative regulation and developmental competence in Aspergillus.
AB  - Asexual development (conidiation) in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans
      is governed by orchestrated gene expression. The three key negative regulators of
      conidiation SfgA, VosA, and NsdD act at different control point in the
      developmental genetic cascade. Here, we have revealed that NsdD is a key
      repressor affecting the quantity of asexual spores in Aspergillus. Moreover,
      nullifying both nsdD and vosA results in abundant formation of the development
      specific structure conidiophores even at 12 h of liquid culture, and near
      constitutive activation of conidiation, indicating that acquisition of
      developmental competence involves the removal of negative regulation exerted by
      both NsdD and VosA. NsdD's role in repressing conidiation is conserved in other
      aspergilli, as deleting nsdD causes enhanced and precocious activation of
      conidiation in Aspergillus fumigatus or Aspergillus flavus. In vivo NsdD-DNA
      interaction analyses identify three NsdD binding regions in the promoter of the
      essential activator of conidiation brlA, indicating a direct repressive role of
      NsdD in conidiation. Importantly, loss of flbC or flbD encoding upstream
      activators of brlA in the absence of nsdD results in delayed activation of brlA,
      suggesting distinct positive roles of FlbC and FlbD in conidiation. A genetic
      model depicting regulation of conidiation in A. nidulans is presented.

PMID- 27364481
TI  - The role of enhancers in cancer.
AB  - Enhancer elements function as the logic gates of the genetic regulatory
      circuitry. One of their most important functions is the integration of
      extracellular signals with intracellular cell fate information to generate cell
      type-specific transcriptional responses. Mutations occurring in cancer often
      misregulate enhancers that normally control the signal-dependent expression of
      growth-related genes. This misregulation can result from trans-acting mechanisms,
      such as activation of the transcription factors or epigenetic regulators that
      control enhancer activity, or can be caused in cis by direct mutations that alter
      the activity of the enhancer or its target gene specificity. These processes can
      generate tumour type-specific super-enhancers and establish a 'locked' gene
      regulatory state that drives the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells.
      Here, we review the role of enhancers in cancer, and their potential as
      therapeutic targets.

PMID- 27364482
TI  - A fate worse than death: apoptosis as an oncogenic process.
AB  - Apoptotic cell death is widely considered a positive process that both prevents
      and treats cancer. Although undoubtedly having a beneficial role, paradoxically,
      apoptosis can also cause unwanted effects that may even promote cancer. In this
      Opinion article we highlight some of the ways by which apoptosis can exert
      oncogenic functions. We argue that fully understanding this dark side will be
      required to optimally engage apoptosis, thereby maximizing tumour cell kill while
      minimizing unwanted pro-tumorigenic effects.

PMID- 27364483
TI  - Altered Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Markers of Affective Processing
      During Treatment of Late-Life Depression.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated neural substrate changes in affective
      processing among late-life depression (LLD) patients undergoing antidepressant
      treatment and determined if these changes correlated with remission status.
      METHODS: Thirty-three LLD patients were enrolled in a 12-week venlafaxine
      treatment course. During treatment functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
      scans, paired with an affective task that assessed emotional reactivity and
      regulation, were performed on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 and at week 12. Following
      treatment patients were classified as remitters or non-remitters. A voxel-wise
      two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to assess the fMRI data at a
      significance level of alpha = 0.05, corrected. RESULTS: The emotional reactivity
      contrast demonstrated a significant interaction between remission status and scan
      time in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) (F = 24.1, df = 1,112, k = 102).
      Further analysis showed increased emotional reactivity-induced activity among non
      remitters, and decreased activity among remitters, which significantly differed
      from baseline at day 7 (95% CI: 0.027, 0.540; Cohen's d = -1.35) and week 12 (95%
      CI: -0.171, -0.052; Cohen's d = 0.68), respectively. No significant interaction
      was observed with the emotional regulation contrast, but multiple regions had
      significant main effects of scan time, including the cuneus, occipital lobe,
      insula, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, and MTG. CONCLUSIONS: During
      treatment of LLD patients, affective processing-induced activity in the right MTG
      shows changes based on remission status. This alteration becomes evident early
      during the course of treatment, suggesting that antidepressant pharmacotherapy
      may acutely affect the neural basis of emotional reactivity in a differential
      manner that is relevant to illness remission.

PMID- 27364484
TI  - The effect of the UV photon flux on the photoelectrocatalytic degradation of
      endocrine-disrupting alkylphenolic chemicals.
AB  - The photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of 4-nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP4EO)
      using a low, moderate, or high UV photon flux in different treatment times was
      investigated. The byproducts were verified using gas chromatography with flame
      ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography with quadrupole mass
      analyzer (GC-qMS). The GC results showed that the use of a low (2.89 MUmol m(
      2)s(-1)) or a high (36.16 MUmol m(-2)s(-1)) UV photon flux reaching the anode
      surface was associated to the production of alcohols and the toxic byproduct
      nonylphenol (NP), leading to the same degradation pathway. Meanwhile, the use of
      a moderate UV photon flux (14.19 MUmol m(-2)s(-1)) reaching the anode surface did
      not produce alcohols or the NP toxic byproduct. This study demonstrates that
      different UV photon fluxes will have an influence in the degradation of NP4EO
      with or without generation of toxic byproducts. Furthermore, it is concluded
      that, after the determination of the UV photon flux able to degrade NP4EO without
      NP formation, the treatment time is essential in removal of NP4EO, since
      increasing the treatment time of 4 to 10 h, when using the PEC best conditions
      (moderate UV photon flux), implies in a higher treatment efficiency. 

PMID- 27364485
TI  - Occurrence and fate of PBDEs and novel brominated flame retardants in a
      wastewater treatment plant in Harbin, China.
AB  - Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is considered to be an important medium for the
      transport and transformation of organic pollutants. This study attempted to
      comprehensively investigate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel
      brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in a WWTP in Harbin, one of the main "Old
      Industrial Base" in China. The mean concentrations of the total PBDEs in the
      influent, effluent, and sludge were 152 ng/L, 16.2 ng/L, and 503 g/g dw,
      respectively, which were at the low end of the global range. BDE-209 was the most
      abundant congener, with contributions to the total PBDE ranging from 90.5 to 98.5
      %. The level of the total NBFRs ranged from 24.5 to 107 ng/L, 0.95 to 20.3 ng/L,
      and 305 to 1202 ng/g dw in the influent, effluent, and sludge, respectively. For
      NBFRs, DBDPE was the most abundant congener (38.8-50.5 %), followed by BEHTBP
      (11.0-35.0 %). The ratio for DBDPE/BDE-209 (0.62 +/- 0.42) was found less than 1
      in sludge, which indicated that Deca-BDE is still the major BFR product in this
      city. Source identification suggested that indoor dust should be an important
      source of BFRs in the WWTP. Approximately 20.8 and 7.79 kg of PBDEs and NBFRs on
      annual basis were removed with the sludge. Biodegradation could play an important
      role on the fate of BFRs in the WWTP, which is required for future research. 

PMID- 27364486
TI  - Sympodial bamboo species differ in carbon bio-sequestration and stocks within
      phytoliths of leaf litters and living leaves.
AB  - Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) with high resistance against decomposition is
      an important carbon (C) sink in many ecosystems. This study compared
      concentrations of phytolith in plants and the PhytOC production of seven
      sympodial bamboo species in southern China, aiming to provide the information for
      the managed bamboo plantation and selection of bamboo species to maximize
      phytolith C sequestration. Leaf litters and living leaves of seven sympodial
      bamboo species were collected from the field sites. Concentrations of phytoliths,
      silicon (Si), and PhytOC in leaf litters and living leaves were measured. Carbon
      sequestration as PhytOC was estimated. There was a considerable variation in the
      PhytOC concentrations in the leaf litters and living leaves among the seven
      bamboo species. The mean concentrations of PhytOC ranged from 3.4 to 6.9 g kg(-1)
      in leaf litters and from 1.6 to 5.9 g kg(-1) in living leaves, with the PhytOC
      production rates ranging from 5.7 to 52.3 kg e-CO2 ha(-1) year(-1) as leaf
      litters. Dendrocalamopsis oldhami (Munro) Keng f. had the highest PhytOC
      production rate. Based on a bio-sequestration rate of 52.3 kg e-CO2 ha(-1) year(
      1), we estimated that the current 8 * 10(5) ha of sympodial bamboo stands in
      China could potentially acquire 4.2 * 10(4) t e-CO2 yearly via phytolith carbon.
      Furthermore, the seven sympodial bamboo species stored 5.38 * 10(5) t e-CO2 as
      PhytOC in living leaves and leaf litters in China. It is concluded that sympodial
      bamboos make a significant contribution to C sequestration and that to maximize
      the PhytOC accumulation, the bamboo species with the highest PhytOC production
      rate should be selected for plantation. 

PMID- 27364487
TI  - Sorption of chlorophenols on microporous minerals: mechanism and influence of
      metal cations, solution pH, and humic acid.
AB  - Sorption of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and 2,4,6
      trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) on a range of dealuminated zeolites were investigated
      to understand the mechanism of their sorption on microporous minerals, while the
      influence of common metal cations, solution pH, and humic acid was also studied.
      Sorption of chlorophenols was found to increase with the hydrophobicity of the
      sorbates and that of the microporous minerals, indicating the important role of
      hydrophobic interactions, while sorption was also stronger in the micropores of
      narrower sizes because of greater enhancement of the dispersion interactions. The
      presence of metal cations could enhance chlorophenol sorption due to the
      additional electrostatic attraction between metal cations exchanged into the
      mineral micropores and the chlorophenolates, and this effect was apparent on the
      mineral sorbent with a high density of surface cations (2.62 sites/nm(2)) in its
      micropores. Under circum-neutral or acidic conditions, neutral chlorophenol
      molecules adsorbed into the hydrophobic micropores through displacing the
      "loosely bound" water molecules, while their sorption was negligible under
      moderately alkaline conditions due to electrostatic repulsion between the
      negatively charged zeolite framework and anionic chlorophenolates. The influence
      of humic acid on sorption of chlorophenols on dealuminated Y zeolites suggests
      that its molecules did not block the micropores but created a secondary sorption
      sites by forming a "coating layer" on the external surface of the zeolites. These
      mechanistic insights could help better understand the interactions of ionizable
      chlorophenols and metal cations in mineral micropores and guide the selection and
      design of reusable microporous mineral sorbents for sorptive removal of
      chlorophenols from aqueous stream. 

PMID- 27364488
TI  - Effect of deflocculation on the efficiency of sludge reduction by Fenton process.
AB  - A novel approach to improve the efficiency of Fenton treatment for sludge
      reduction through the implication of a deflocculating agent citric acid, for the
      exclusion of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from waste-activated sludge
      (WAS), was investigated. Deflocculation was achieved with 0.06 g/g suspended
      solids (SS) of citric acid dosage. Fenton optimization studies using response
      surface methodology (RSM) revealed that 0.5 and 0.0055 g/g SS were the optimal
      dosages of H2O2 and Fe(2+). The addition of a cation-binding agent set the pH
      value of sludge to 5 which did not affect the Fenton efficiency. The results
      presented in this study shows the advantage of deflocculating the sludge as SS
      and volatile suspended solids (VSS) reductions were found to be higher in the
      deflocculated (53 and 63 %, respectively) than in the flocculated (22 and 34 %,
      respectively) sludges. Kinetic investigation of the treatment showed that the
      rate of the reaction was four times higher in the deflocculated sludge than
      control. The methodology reported in this manuscript was successfully applied to
      a real case were the deflocculated mediated Fenton process reduced the sludge
      disposal cost from 297.8 to 61.9 US dollars/ton of sludge. 

PMID- 27364489
TI  - Photo-assisted electrochemical degradation of simulated textile effluent coupled
      with simultaneous chlorine photolysis.
AB  - The influence of chloride ion concentration during the photo-assisted
      electrochemical degradation of simulated textile effluent, using a commercial
      Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 anode, was evaluated. Initially, the effect of applied current
      and supporting electrolyte concentration on the conversion of chloride ions to
      form reactive chlorine species in 90 min of experiment was analyzed in order to
      determine the maximum production of reactive chlorine species. The optimum
      conditions encountered (1.5 A and 0.3 mol dm(-3) NaCl) were subsequently employed
      for the degradation of simulated textile effluent. The efficiency of the process
      was determined through the analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total
      organic carbon (TOC), of the presence of organochlorine products and
      phytotoxicity. Photo-assisted electrochemical degradation was more efficient for
      COD and TOC removal than the electrochemical technique alone. With simultaneous
      UV irradiation, a reduced quantity of reactive chlorine was produced, indicating
      that photolysis of the chlorine species led to the formation of hydroxyl
      radicals. This fact turns a simple electrochemical process into an advanced
      oxidation process. 

PMID- 27364490
TI  - Evaluation of an innovative approach based on prototype engineered wetland to
      control and manage boron (B) mine effluent pollution.
AB  - A major environmental problem associated with boron (B) mining in many parts of
      the world is B pollution, which can become a point source of B mine effluent
      pollution to aquatic habitats. In this study, a cost-effective, environment
      friendly, and sustainable prototype engineered wetland was evaluated and tested
      to prevent B mine effluent from spilling into adjoining waterways in the largest
      B reserve in the world. According to the results, average B concentrations in
      mine effluent significantly decreased from 17.5 to 5.7 mg l(-1) after passing
      through the prototype with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days. The results of
      the present experiment, in which different doses of B had been introduced into
      the prototype, also demonstrated that Typha latifolia (selected as donor species
      in the prototype) showed a good resistance to alterations against B mine effluent
      loading rates. Moreover, we found that soil enzymes activities gradually
      decreased with increasing B dosages during the experiment. Boron mass balance
      model further showed that 60 % of total B was stored in the filtration media, and
      only 7 % of B was removed by plant uptake. Consequently, we suggested that
      application of the prototype in the vicinity of mining site may potentially
      become an innovative model and integral part of the overall landscape plan of B
      mine reserve areas worldwide. Graphical Abstract ?. 

PMID- 27364491
TI  - G5, a Phage Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein, Fused with a Nuclear
      Localization Signal, Attenuates Symptoms and Reduces Begomovirus-Betasatellite
      Accumulation in Transgenic Plants.
AB  - Cotton leaf curl disease is caused by several monopartite begomoviruses and is
      the major threat to cotton production in the Indian subcontinent. The disease has
      been shown to be associated with four distinct species, including Cotton leaf
      curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV), and a specific betasatellite-Cotton leaf curl
      Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB). Transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants were
      produced which constitutively express the Escherichia coli phage M13 encoded,
      sequence nonspecific single-stranded (ss) DNA-binding protein, G5 alone and fused
      with the maize opaque-2 nuclear localization signal (NLS), to evaluate resistance
      against CLCuKoV-CLCuMuB. Transgenic plants expressing only G5 performed poorly
      exhibiting symptoms of infection and high virus DNA levels upon inoculation with
      CLCuKoV and CLCuKoV with CLCuMuB. In contrast, plants transformed with G5 fused
      to the NLS developed mild symptoms and showed a reduction in virus and
      betasatellite DNA levels in comparison to nontransformed plants. The results show
      that G5 may be useful in developing broad-spectrum resistance against ssDNA
      viruses. 

PMID- 27364492
TI  - Carotid atherosclerosis is associated with left ventricular diastolic function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been reported that carotid intima-media thickness (IMT)
      correlates with the risk of stroke or cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this
      study was to analyze the relationships between echocardiographic findings and
      carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS: A total of 234 patients (62 +/- 15 years) were
      referred for echocardiography to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) function. The
      LV ejection fraction, the ratio of the peak velocity of early rapid filling and
      the peak velocity of atrial filling (E/A), and the peak early diastolic mitral
      annular velocity (e') were obtained by echocardiography. The maximum IMT (Max
      IMT) and plaque score (PS) were measured by carotid ultrasonography within 1
      month of the echocardiographic examination. RESULTS: The mean values of Max-IMT
      and carotid PS were 2.41 +/- 1.23 mm and 8.5 +/- 6.3, respectively. The decreased
      mean E/A (0.94 +/- 0.39) and mitral e' (5.5 +/- 1.9 cm/s) indicated LV diastolic
      dysfunction. A good correlation was observed between Max-IMT and PS (r = 0.83, p
      < 0.0001). It was shown that 2.8 mm of Max-IMT was equivalent to 10.1 of carotid
      PS, which indicated severe carotid atherosclerosis. In multiple logistic stepwise
      regression analysis, among the echocardiographic parameters, only e' was
      independently associated with severe carotid atherosclerosis (Max-IMT >= 2.8 mm
      or PS >= 10.1). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that decreased early
      diastolic mitral annular velocity relates to the parameter reflecting carotid
      atherosclerosis. Therefore, the presence of severe carotid atherosclerosis may
      affect LV diastolic dysfunction.

PMID- 27364493
TI  - Shock in the emergency department; a 12 year population based cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The knowledge of the frequency and associated mortality of shock in
      the emergency department (ED) is limited. The aim of this study was to describe
      the incidence, all-cause mortality and factors associated with death among
      patients suffering shock in the ED. METHODS: Population-based cohort study at an
      University Hospital ED in Denmark from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2011. All
      patients aged >=18 years living in the hospital catchment area with a first time
      ED presentation with shock (n = 1646) defined as hypotension (systolic blood
      pressure (SBP) <=100 mmHg)) and >=1 organ failures. Outcomes were annual
      incidence per 100,000 person-years at risk (pyar), all-cause mortality at 0-7,
      and 8-90 days and risk factors associated with death. RESULTS: We identified 1646
      of 438,191 (0.4 %) ED patients with shock at arrival. Incidence of shock
      increased from 53.8 to 80.6 cases per 100,000 pyar. The 7-day, and 90-day
      mortality was 23.1 % (95 % CI: 21.1-25.1) and 40.7 % (95 % CI: 38.3-43.1),
      respectively. Independent predictors of 7-day mortality were: age (adjusted HR
      1.03 (95 % CI: 1.03-1.04), and number of organ failures (>=3 organ failures;
      adjusted HR 3.13 95 % CI: 2.28-4.30). Age, comorbidity level and number of organ
      failure were associated with 90-day mortality. CONCLUSION: Shock is a frequent
      and critical finding in the ED, carrying a 7- and, 90- day mortality of 23.1 and
      40.7 %, respectively. Age and number of organ failures are independent prognostic
      factors for death within 7 days, whereas age, comorbidity and organ failures are
      of significance within 8-90 days.

PMID- 27364494
TI  - Coordinative Amphiphiles as Tunable siRNA Transporters.
AB  - In this study, we developed coordinative amphiphiles for use as novel siRNA
      transporters. As a modification of a conventional cationic lipid structure, we
      replaced the cationic head with zinc(II)-dipicolylamine complex (Zn/DPA) as a
      phosphate-directing group, and used various membrane-directing groups in the
      place of the hydrophobic tails. These simple amphiphiles are readily synthesized
      and easy to modify. The Zn/DPA head groups bind to the phosphate backbones of
      siRNAs, and to our surprise, they prevented the enzymatic degradation of siRNAs
      by RNase A. Interestingly, the Zn/DPA head itself exhibited moderate transfection
      efficiency, and its combination with a membrane-directing group-oleoyl (CA1),
      pyrenebutyryl (CA2), or biotin (CA3)-enhanced the delivery efficiency without
      imparting significant cytotoxicity. Notably, the uptake pathway was tunable
      depending on the nature of the membrane-directing group. CA1 delivered siRNAs
      mainly through caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and CA2 through clathrin- and
      caveolin-independent endocytosis; CA3 recruited siRNAs specifically into biotin
      receptor-positive HepG2 cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Thus, it
      appears possible to develop tunable siRNA transporters simply by changing the
      membrane-directing parts. These are the first examples of amphiphilic siRNA
      transporters accompanying coordinative interactions between the amphiphiles and
      siRNAs.

PMID- 27364495
TI  - [From myxomas of the skin to LVAD implantation : A 28-year-old female patient
      with Carney complex].
AB  - Multiple skin lesions, endocrine dysfunction and cardiac myxomas are
      characteristic symptoms of Carney complex. This case report gives an overview
      about the major and minor criteria of Carney complex and presents the course of a
      female patient who developed severe cardiac insufficiency with multiple organ
      failure because of recurring heart operations leading to implantation of a left
      ventricular assist device (LVAD). 

PMID- 27364496
TI  - Diversification of R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors in the Tomato Family
      Solanaceae.
AB  - MYB transcription factors play an important role in regulating key plant
      developmental processes involving defense, cell shape, pigmentation, and root
      formation. Within this gene family, sequences containing an R2R3 MYB domain are
      the most abundant type and exhibit a wide diversity of functions. In this study,
      we identify 559 R2R3 MYB genes using whole genome data from four species of
      Solanaceae and reconstruct their evolutionary relationships. We compare the
      Solanaceae R2R3 MYBs to the well-characterized Arabidopsis thaliana sequences to
      estimate functional diversity and to identify gains and losses of MYB clades in
      the Solanaceae. We identify numerous R2R3 MYBs that do not appear closely related
      to Arabidopsis MYBs, and thus may represent clades of genes that have been lost
      along the Arabidopsis lineage or gained after the divergence of Rosid and Asterid
      lineages. Despite differences in the distribution of R2R3 MYBs across functional
      subgroups and species, the overall size of the R2R3 subfamily has changed
      relatively little over the roughly 50 million-year history of Solanaceae. We
      added our information regarding R2R3 MYBs in Solanaceae to other data and
      performed a meta-analysis to trace the evolution of subfamily size across land
      plants. The results reveal many shifts in the number of R2R3 genes, including a
      54 % increase along the angiosperm stem lineage. The variation in R2R3 subfamily
      size across land plants is weakly positively correlated with genome size and
      strongly positively correlated with total number of genes. The retention of such
      a large number of R2R3 copies over long evolutionary time periods suggests that
      they have acquired new functions and been maintained by selection. Discovering
      the nature of this functional diversity will require integrating forward and
      reverse genetic approaches on an -omics scale.

PMID- 27364497
TI  - Nasopharyngeal microbiota composition of children is related to the frequency of
      upper respiratory infection and acute sinusitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Upper respiratory infections (URI) and their complications are a
      major healthcare burden for pediatric populations. Although the microbiology of
      the nasopharynx is an important determinant of the complications of URI, little
      is known of the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiota of children, the factors that
      affect its composition, and its precise relationship with URI. RESULTS: Healthy
      children (n = 47) aged 49-84 months from a prospective cohort study based in
      Wisconsin, USA, were examined. Demographic and clinical data and NP swab samples
      were obtained from participants upon entry to the study. All NP samples were
      profiled for bacterial microbiota using a phylogenetic microarray, and these data
      were related to demographic characteristics and upper respiratory health
      outcomes. The composition of the NP bacterial community of children was
      significantly related prior to the history of acute sinusitis (R (2) = 0.070, P <
      0.009). History of acute sinusitis was associated with significant depletion in
      relative abundance of taxa including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Akkermansia
      spp. and enrichment of Moraxella nonliquefaciens. Enrichment of M.
      nonliquefaciens was also a characteristic of baseline NP samples of children who
      subsequently developed acute sinusitis over the 1-year study period. Time to
      develop URI was significantly positively correlated with NP diversity, and
      children who experienced more frequent URIs exhibited significantly diminished NP
      microbiota diversity (P <= 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data suggest
      that previous history of acute sinusitis influences the composition of the NP
      microbiota, characterized by a depletion in relative abundance of specific taxa.
      Diminished diversity was associated with more frequent URIs.

PMID- 27364498
TI  - Mucocele-Like Lesions of the Breast: Rate of Upstaging and Cancer Development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast mucocele-like lesions (MLLs) are rare breast lesions. There is
      a paucity of literature on the rate of pathologic upstaging of MLL to in situ or
      invasive breast cancer. We sought to review our experience with MLL at a tertiary
      care center and review published literature. METHODS: A retrospective review was
      undertaken of all patients with breast MLL at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, from
      1998 to 2016. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS: Overall, 30
      patients were diagnosed with MLL, with a mean age of 54.6 years (range 51-58).
      Calcifications on screening mammogram were the most common method of MLL
      detection (n = 26, 86.7 %), with core needle biopsy (CNB) being performed in
      29/30 patients. MLL with atypia was identified in 14 patients (48 %), and
      surgical excision was performed in 26 patients. Disease was upstaged to invasive
      disease in one patient (3.8 %) who presented with a palpable mass. With a median
      duration of follow up of 3.5 years [interquartile range 1-7.1], two patients
      developed contralateral invasive breast cancer (both patients had a remote
      history of invasive breast cancer on that side), and one patient developed
      contralateral in situ disease. Review of the literature demonstrates a 2.9 %
      upgrade rate of MLL without atypia on excisional biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The upstage
      rate of MLL identified on CNB to invasive disease at surgical excision in this
      series was 3.8 %. In cases with MLL presenting as calcifications, no cases were
      upstaged in this series. Across the literature, upstage rates of MLL without
      atypia on CNB are low, indicating excisional biopsy may be avoided in these
      cases.

PMID- 27364499
TI  - High Absolute Monocyte Count Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in Patients with
      Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated with Docetaxel Chemotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association of peripheral monocyte count and prostate cancer
      progression is not well characterized. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the
      prognostic value of absolute monocyte count (AMC), which is thought to modulate
      immune response in the tumor microenvironment, in castration-resistant prostate
      cancer (CRPC) patients treated with docetaxel chemotherapy. METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 214 CRPC patients who received
      docetaxel therapy and were used as the training and validation set. Docetaxel at
      a dose of 75 mg/m2 was administered every 3 or 4 weeks. Clinicopathological
      factors and laboratory data were collected to assess the prognostic factors for
      overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: In the
      training set, the median age was 73.0 years, and the median prostate-specific
      antigen (PSA) value was 31.7 ng/ml at initial treatment. The median OS and PFS
      were 23.0 months (range 1.20-84.0) and 11.2 months (range 3.6-78.0),
      respectively. According to multivariable Cox regression analysis, AMC >=400/uL,
      PSA level >=20 ng/ml, and Hb <10 mg/dL were associated with increased risk of PSA
      progression [hazard ratio (HR) 2.06, p = 0.005; HR 2.39, p = 0.002; and HR 2.38,
      p = 0.024, respectively]. Moreover, multivariate analysis for OS indicated that
      AMC >=400/uL, pretreatment PSA level >=20 ng/ml, presence of visceral metastasis,
      and alkaline phosphatase >=284 U/L were independent prognostic factors for
      shortened OS (HR 2.07, p = 0.004; HR 2.18, p = 0.007; HR 2.11, p = 0.011; and HR
      1.67, p = 0.048, respectively). According to the validation set, high AMC
      remained an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS (HR 2.26, p = 0.001; and
      HR 3.10, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated monocyte counts were
      associated with aggressive tumor features and poor survival outcomes of patients
      with CRPC treated with docetaxel chemotherapy.

PMID- 27364500
TI  - Pylorus-Preserving Surgery Based on the Sentinel Node Concept in Early Gastric
      Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients with early stage gastric cancer in the middle third of
      the stomach, pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) can be an option as function
      preserving surgery, although its oncologic safety is not definitively defined.
      This issues may be overcome using the sentinel node (SN) concept. The aim of this
      study was to investigate the effectiveness of the SN concept in early gastric
      cancer patients who are candidates for PPG. METHODS: One hundred fifty-six
      patients with middle-third location of cT1N0 gastric cancer (single lesion, <4
      cm) underwent distal gastrectomy with SN mapping. As a tracer, technetium-99 tin
      colloid solution and blue dye were endoscopically injected into the submucosal
      layer surrounding the primary tumor. RESULTS: SN detection rate was 100 % (156 of
      156), and the accuracy of the nodal evaluation of metastasis was 99 % (155 of
      156). Suprapyloric lymph node (LN; LN No. 5) and infrapyloric LN (LN No. 6) were
      detected as SNs in 6 and 14 % of the patients, respectively. We also found two
      cases with metastasis to LN No. 5 or LN No. 6. DISCUSSION: When performing PPG,
      the possibility of LN metastasis, especially to LN No. 5 and LN No. 6, cannot be
      underestimated. SN mapping can play an important role to predict the possibility
      of metastasis to LN No. 5 and LN No. 6.

PMID- 27364501
TI  - Increased RhoA Activity Predicts Worse Overall Survival in Patients Undergoing
      Surgical Resection for Lauren Diffuse-Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported a high rate of RHOA mutations in the
      Lauren diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) but not in intestinal-type GA.
      The aim of this study was to determine if RhoA activity is prognostic for overall
      survival (OS) in patients with resectable GA. METHODS: Retrospective review was
      performed on a prospective database of GA patients who underwent potentially
      curative resection between 2003 and 2012 at a single institution. Tissue
      microarrays were constructed from surgical specimens and analyzed for
      phosphorylated RhoA, a marker of inactive RhoA signaling. OS was estimated by the
      Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariate analysis was performed by Cox proportional
      hazards regression modeling. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-six patients with
      diffuse-type GA and 129 patients with intestinal-type GA were examined. Compared
      to intestinal-type GA, diffuse-type GA tumors were significantly associated with
      increased tumor size and advanced tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification
      system stage. In patients with diffuse-type GA, high RhoA activity was associated
      with significantly worse OS when compared to low RhoA activity (5-year OS 52.5
      vs. 81.0 %, p = 0.017). This difference in OS was not observed in patients with
      intestinal-type GA (5-year OS 83.9 vs. 81.6 %, p = 0.766). On multivariate
      analysis of diffuse-type GA patients, high RhoA activity was an independent
      negative prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio 2.38, 95 % confidence interval
      1.07-5.28). CONCLUSIONS: Increased RhoA activity is predictive of worse OS in
      patients with diffuse-type GA who undergo potentially curative surgical
      resection. Along with findings from genomic studies, these results suggest RhoA
      may be a novel therapeutic target in diffuse-type GA.

PMID- 27364502
TI  - Current Practices and Barriers to the Integration of Oncoplastic Breast Surgery:
      A Canadian Perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the safety and popularity of oncoplastic surgery, there is
      limited data examining utilization and barriers associated with its incorporation
      into practice. This study examines the use of oncoplastic techniques in breast
      conserving surgery and determines the barriers associated with their
      implementation. METHODS: A 13-item survey was mailed to all registered general
      surgeons in Ontario, Canada. The survey assessed surgeon demographics,
      utilization of specific oncoplastic techniques, and perceived barriers. RESULTS:
      A total of 234 survey responses were received, representing a response rate of
      32.2 % (234 of 725). Of the respondents, 166 surgeons (70.9 %) reported a
      practice volume of at least 25 % breast surgery. Comparison was made between
      general surgeons performing oncoplastic breast surgery (N = 79) and those who did
      not use these techniques (N = 87). Surgeon gender, years in practice, fellowship
      training, and access to plastic surgery were similar across groups. Both groups
      rated the importance of breast cosmesis similarly. General surgeons with a
      practice volume involving >50 % breast surgery were more likely to use
      oncoplastic techniques (OR 8.82, p < .001) and involve plastic surgeons in breast
      conserving surgery (OR 2.21, p = .02). For surgeons not performing oncoplastic
      surgery, a lack of training and access to plastic surgeons were identified as
      significant barriers. For those using oncoplastic techniques, the absence of
      specific billing codes was identified as a limiting factor. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of
      training, access to plastic surgeons, and absence of appropriate reimbursement
      for these cases are significant barriers to the adoption of oncoplastic
      techniques.

PMID- 27364503
TI  - Breast Cancer Clinical Trials: Past Half Century Moving Forward Advancing Patient
      Outcomes.
AB  - Clinical trials in breast cancer have contributed immensely to the advancements
      of modern multimodal breast cancer treatment. Due to improved screening methods
      and more effective biologic-based tailored systemic therapies, the extent of
      surgery necessary for local and systemic control of disease is decreasing.
      Sequential trials for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) have changed the management
      of this disease and are culminating in randomized active surveillance studies in
      an effort potentially to prevent overtreatment of low- and intermediate-grade
      disease. For patients with initial node-positive disease, clipping and marking of
      the biopsy-proven nodal metastases before the start of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
      can allow for selective node dissection based on the axillary response. With the
      current advances in primary systemic therapy, feasibility trials are beginning to
      investigate the potential of nonoperative therapy for invasive cancers with
      percutaneously documented pathologic complete response. This article presents a
      review and update on landmark clinical trials related to DCIS, the extent of
      axillary surgery in node-positive disease, and the integration of systemic
      therapy with local therapy.

PMID- 27364504
TI  - Pediatric and Adolescent Melanoma: A National Cancer Data Base Update.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that the biology of pediatric and adolescent melanoma
      differs from that of adult disease. We report the largest series to date
      examining the natural history of pediatric and adolescent melanoma. We aim to
      elucidate the natural history of pediatric and adolescent melanoma and to examine
      the appropriateness of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities developed for adults
      and that are currently being used in children. METHODS: A retrospective cohort
      study was conducted of patients with an index diagnosis of cutaneous non
      metastatic melanoma from 1998 to 2011 using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB;
      n = 420,416). Three age-based cohorts were analyzed: 1-10 years (pediatric), 11
      20 years (adolescent), and >=21 years (adult). Multivariate analyses were used to
      identify factors associated with overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Pediatric
      melanoma patients have longer OS than their adolescent (hazard ratio [HR] 0.50,
      95 % CI 0.25-0.98) and adult counterparts (HR 0.11, 95 % CI 0.06-0.21).
      Adolescents have longer OS than adults. No difference was found in OS in
      pediatric patients who are node-positive versus node-negative. In pediatric
      patients, sentinel lymph node biopsy and completion lymph node dissection are not
      associated with increased OS. In adolescents, nodal positivity is a significant
      negative prognostic indicator (HR 4.82, 95 % CI 3.38-6.87). CONCLUSIONS: Age
      based differences in melanoma outcomes warrant different considerations for
      diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in each group in order to maximize quality
      of life while minimizing complications and costs. Prospective, multicenter
      studies should evaluate the role of diagnostic procedures for pediatric patients.

PMID- 27364505
TI  - The Impact of Neoadjuvant Treatment on Surgical Options and Outcomes.
AB  - Neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) has become a well-established treatment method
      for patients with breast cancer, not only for those with large tumors, but also
      for patients with early high-risk cancers. In earlier times, the clinical
      advantage of NST was seen in improvement of tumor shrinkage for better
      operability, conversion of mastectomy candidates to breast conservation, and
      optimization of cosmetic results. Over the decades, therapy regimens were
      optimized, resulting in significantly higher response rates. Rates for breast
      conservation and for conversion from mastectomy to breast conservation,
      especially for patients with advanced breast cancers, rose significantly for
      patients undergoing NST. A multidisciplinary approach with close and accurate
      diagnostic assessment of the breast, axillary tumor, or both during NST and
      individual-response-guided surgery is mandatory. To reduce unnecessary surgery
      and prevent mastectomies, more conclusive prediction models and minimally
      invasive methods for selection of patients with pathologic complete remission
      after NST are needed. Furthermore, prospective studies demonstrate that sentinel
      node biopsy for patients with initial clinically node-positive axillary nodes
      converting to clinically node-negative axillary nodes is oncologically safe and
      offers less morbidity, avoiding complete axillary node dissection. Initial
      concerns regarding surgical complications and morbidity due to potential immune
      frailty of patients with NST were not observed.

PMID- 27364506
TI  - Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy for Women with T4 Locally Advanced Breast
      Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) for women with
      unilateral breast cancer is increasing. The authors were interested in assessing
      whether this trend extended to patients with T4 disease. METHODS: We identified
      92 patients from our prospective breast surgery registry with unilateral clinical
      T4 M0 disease who underwent mastectomy at our institution from October 2008 to
      July 2015. Patient, tumor, and treatment variables were compared between patients
      who did and those who did not undergo CPM, and the reasons patients elected CPM
      were ascertained. RESULTS: Of the 92 patients, 33 (36 %) underwent a CPM,
      including 25 of 55 patients (45 %) with inflammatory breast cancer. Immediate
      breast reconstruction was performed for 11 of the 92 patients (12 %), including 4
      CPM patients. Pathology showed benign findings in all 33 CPM cases, including 3
      patients with atypical hyperplasia. The primary reason for CPM reported by the
      patients included fear of occult current or future breast cancer in 12 cases (36
      %), symmetry in 11 cases (33 %), avoidance of future chemotherapy in 5 cases (15
      %), deleterious BRCA mutation in 2 cases (6 %), contralateral benign breast
      disease in 2 cases (6 %), and medical oncologist recommendation in 1 cases (3 %).
      Patients selecting CPM were younger and more likely to have undergone BRCA
      testing. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial rate of CPM was observed among women
      undergoing mastectomy for unilateral T4 breast cancer despite the considerable
      risk of mortality from their index cancer. The reasons for selection of CPM
      paralleled those reported for patients with early-stage disease. The most common
      motivation was fear of occult current or future breast cancer and included the
      desire to avoid further chemotherapy.

PMID- 27364508
TI  - Influential Forces in Breast Cancer Surgical Decision Making and the Impact on
      Body Image and Sexual Function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Shared decision making with one's partner and body image satisfaction
      may affect surgical choices of breast cancer patients. This study analyzed
      whether partner opinion was associated with choice of operation and whether
      comfort level with one's partner was altered postoperatively. METHODS: A
      prospective anonymous survey was administered to breast cancer patients who
      underwent breast surgery between 2000 and 2014. Categorical variables were
      compared by chi (2) or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Women who elected to undergo
      mastectomy with reconstruction (MR) placed greater emphasis on their own decision
      making than on input from their partner, surgeon, or others (56.5 vs. 8.3 vs.
      23.2 vs. 12, respectively), whereas those who chose lumpectomy (L) placed similar
      weight on surgeon input and self-input (44.2 vs. 42.7 %). Only 7.5 % of all
      patients identified their partner as the greatest influence on their surgical
      choice. Preoperatively, the L group was the most comfortable with their partner
      seeing their chest (91.9 % L vs. 83.9 % MR vs. 75.9 % mastectomy alone (M); p =
      0.01), and postoperatively, the comfort levels for all were remarkably decreased.
      Furthermore, if a patient was a candidate for L but chose MR, the role her chest
      played in intimacy dropped more compared with those who chose L (83.8 % L vs.
      91.7 % MR; p = 0.3 preoperatively to 65.1 % L vs. 42.9 % MR; p = 0.01
      postoperatively). CONCLUSIONS: When making surgical decisions, most patients
      indicate that they value their own opinion over that of others. Mastectomy,
      regardless of reconstruction, leads to a significant reduction in comfort with
      one's partner postoperatively compared with lumpectomy. This information may be
      helpful in counseling couples at the time of consultation for breast cancer
      treatment.

PMID- 27364507
TI  - Early-Stage Breast Cancer in the Octogenarian: Tumor Characteristics, Treatment
      Choices, and Clinical Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nodal staging with sentinel node biopsy (SLNB), post-lumpectomy
      radiotherapy (RT), and endocrine therapy (ET) for estrogen receptor-positive
      (ER+) tumors is valuable in the treatment of early-stage (stages 1 or 2) breast
      cancer but used less often for elderly women. METHODS: This retrospective study
      investigated women referred for surgical evaluation of biopsy-proven primary
      early-stage invasive breast cancer from January 2001 to December 2010.
      Clinicopathologic features, treatment course, and outcomes for women ages 80-89
      years and 50-59 years were compared. RESULTS: The study identified 178 eligible
      women ages 80-89 years and 169 women ages 50-59 years. The elderly women more
      often had grade 1 or 2 disease (p = 0.003) and ER+ tumors (p = 0.007) and less
      frequently had undergone adjuvant therapies (all p <= 0.001). Lumpectomy was
      performed more commonly for the elderly (92 vs. 83 %, p = 0.02), and axillary
      surgery was less commonly performed (46 vs. 96 %; p < 0.001). Fewer elderly women
      had undergone post-lumpectomy RT (42 vs. 89 %; p < 0.001) and ET for ER+ tumors
      (72 vs. 95 %; p < 0.001). During the median follow-up period of 56 months for the
      80- to 89-year old group and 98 months for the 50- to 59-year-old group, death
      from breast cancer was similar (4 vs. 5 %; p = 0.5). The two groups respectively
      experienced 7 versus 6 locoregional recurrences and 11 versus 13 distant
      recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: The octogenarians had disease survivorship similar to
      that of the younger women despite less frequent use of adjuvant therapies, likely
      reflecting lower-risk disease features. Whether increased use of axillary
      surgery, post-lumpectomy RT, and/or ET for ER+ tumors would further improve
      outcomes is an important area for further study, but treatment should not be
      deferred solely on the basis of age.

PMID- 27364509
TI  - Perioperative Adiponectin Measurement is Useful for Prediction of Postoperative
      Infection in Patients with Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adiponectin (ADN) is a key molecule associated with obesity and
      metabolic syndrome, and functions as an immunomodulator. We have shown that the
      ADN ratio (i.e., postoperative ADN/preoperative ADN) can predict infection after
      gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer . In the present study, we evaluated
      whether the ADN ratio could reliably predict the incidence of postoperative
      infection in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed 131 consecutive patients who underwent colorectal cancer
      surgery and measured their preoperative and postoperative ADN values. The outcome
      was postoperative infection, including surgical site and remote infections. The
      association between the ADN ratio and postoperative infection was assessed using
      logistic regression models. For the ADN ratio and other significant predictors,
      we conducted receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses. RESULTS: Forty
      nine patients (37.4 %) experienced postoperative infections. Logistic regression
      analysis indicated that the ADN ratio was most significantly associated with
      postoperative infection [odds ratio per one standard deviation (1 SD) decrease
      0.36; 95 % confidence interval 0.18-0.71] even after adjustment for diabetes,
      type of surgery, blood loss, C-reactive protein level, and preoperative ADN
      level. History of type 2 diabetes mellitus also significantly predicted
      postoperative infection (odds ratio per 1 SD increase 2.93; 95 % confidence
      interval 1.03-8.38). When predicting postoperative infection, the area under the
      ROC curve for the ADN ratio (0.707) was comparable to that for blood loss (0.698;
      p = 0.975). CONCLUSIONS: ADN ratio is a clinically useful predictor of
      postoperative infection in patients undergoing colorectal cancer.

PMID- 27364510
TI  - Neurotrophin Receptor-Interacting Melanoma Antigen-Encoding Gene Homolog is
      Associated with Malignant Phenotype of Gastric Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Identification of novel molecules implicated in the malignancy of
      gastric cancer (GC) is key to the development of personalized treatments and the
      improvement of patient outcome. Neurotrophin receptor-interacting melanoma
      antigen-encoding protein (NRAGE) regulates apoptosis and metastasis via
      interactions with various genes. This study aimed to evaluate the function and
      clinical significance of NRAGE in GC. METHODS: The expression of NRAGE and its
      putative interacting genes apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor (AATF),
      p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)
      were determined in GC cell lines using reverse transcription-polymerase chain
      reaction (RT-PCR). The effect of NRAGE knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA)
      on GC cell behavior also was evaluated. In addition, NRAGE expression was
      determined in 179 pairs of resected gastric tissues. RESULTS: Expression of NRAGE
      mRNA positively correlated with that of AATF, and NRAGE knockdown significantly
      decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells. The mean level
      of NRAGE mRNA expression was significantly higher in GC tissues than in
      corresponding adjacent normal tissues. The expression patterns of NRAGE mRNA and
      protein were closely correlated. A stepwise elevation in NRAGE mRNA expression in
      GC tissues was observed with increasing Union for International Cancer Control
      (UICC) stage. High NRAGE expression in GCs was associated with shortened
      recurrence-free survival and identified as an independent prognostic factor
      (hazard ratio, 1.83; 95 % CI, 1.12-3.02, p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: The results
      indicate that NRAGE represents a putative oncogene associated with a malignant
      phenotype of GC. In GC, NRAGE may serve as a predictive biomarker and a target of
      molecular therapy.

PMID- 27364511
TI  - FIB-4 Index is a Predictor of Background Liver Fibrosis and Long-Term Outcomes
      After Curative Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The FIB-4 index is a simple formula for predicting the degree of
      liver fibrosis. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the
      preoperative FIB-4 index and liver fibrosis in non-tumor regions of surgical
      specimens and to investigate whether the FIB-4 index is a useful predictor for
      long-term outcomes experienced by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after
      curative resection. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed 493 HCC patients
      treated with curative resection. The utility of the FIB-4 index as a predictor of
      advanced liver fibrosis (F3 or F4) was assessed. The cutoff value for the FIB-4
      index was determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis,
      and the impact of the FIB-4 index on overall and recurrence-free survival after
      surgery was evaluated. RESULTS: Advanced liver fibrosis was found in 236 patients
      (47.9 %). The FIB-4 index was significantly higher for the patients with advanced
      liver fibrosis than for those without this condition (P < 0.001). An FIB-4 index
      of 2.87 was the optimal cutoff point for predicting advanced liver fibrosis. The
      multivariate analysis showed the FIB-4 index to be an independent prognostic
      factor for recurrence-free and overall survival after curative resection only for
      patients who underwent hepatectomy as initial treatment (hazard ratio, 1.47 and
      1.59; 95 % confidence interval, 1.12-1.93 and 1.09-2.32; P = 0.006 and 0.016,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed the FIB4-index to be a predictor of
      background liver fibrosis and long-term outcomes for HCC patients who underwent
      hepatectomy as their initial treatment.

PMID- 27364512
TI  - Sucrose diffusion in aqueous solution.
AB  - The diffusion of sugar in aqueous solution is important both in nature and in
      technological applications, yet measurements of diffusion coefficients at low
      water content are scarce. We report directly measured sucrose diffusion
      coefficients in aqueous solution. Our technique utilises a Raman isotope tracer
      method to monitor the diffusion of non-deuterated and deuterated sucrose across a
      boundary between the two aqueous solutions. At a water activity of 0.4
      (equivalent to 90 wt% sucrose) at room temperature, the diffusion coefficient of
      sucrose was determined to be approximately four orders of magnitude smaller than
      that of water in the same material. Using literature viscosity data, we show
      that, although inappropriate for the prediction of water diffusion, the Stokes
      Einstein equation works well for predicting sucrose diffusion under the
      conditions studied. As well as providing information of importance to the
      fundamental understanding of diffusion in binary solutions, these data have
      technological, pharmaceutical and medical implications, for example in
      cryopreservation. Moreover, in the atmosphere, slow organic diffusion may have
      important implications for aerosol growth, chemistry and evaporation, where
      processes may be limited by the inability of a molecule to diffuse between the
      bulk and the surface of a particle. 

PMID- 27364513
TI  - Sensory Processing in Low-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder:
      Distinct Sensory Profiles and Their Relationships with Behavioral Dysfunction.
AB  - Sensory processing abnormalities are relatively universal in individuals with
      autism spectrum disorder, and can be very disabling. Surprisingly, very few
      studies have investigated these abnormalities in low-functioning adults with
      autism. The goals of the present study were (a) to characterize distinct profiles
      of sensory dysfunction, and (b) to understand how sensory dysfunction relates to
      behavioral disorders in this population. Data were collected for a representative
      sample of inpatients in autism care centers (N = 148) and a non-clinical control
      group. Results demonstrated that sensory dysfunction (a) is highly prevalent in
      low-functioning adults with ASD and differentiates at least four sub-profiles of
      patients, and (b) predicts specific patterns of behavioral disorders.
      Implications for care are discussed.

PMID- 27364514
TI  - Operationalisation of the European Protocol for Autism Prevalence (EPAP) for
      Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence Measurement in Ireland.
AB  - The European Autism Information System project highlighted the lack of systematic
      and reliable data relating to the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in
      Europe. A protocol for the study of ASD prevalence at European level was
      developed to facilitate a common format for screening and diagnosing children
      across the EU. This is the first study to operationalise and screen national
      school children for ASDs using this protocol. National school children 6-11 years
      (N = 7951) were screened males 54 % (N = 4268) females 46 % (N = 3683). Screening
      children for ASD implementing the EAIS protocol using the Social Communication
      Questionnaire (Rutter et al. in Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ). Western
      Psychological Services, Los Angeles, ) as a first level screening instrument in a
      non-clinical setting of Irish national schools was demonstrated.

PMID- 27364515
TI  - Neurodevelopmental Disorders (ASD and ADHD): DSM-5, ICD-10, and ICD-11.
AB  - Neurodevelopmental disorders, specifically autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and
      attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have undergone considerable
      diagnostic evolution in the past decade. In the United States, the current system
      in place is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth
      Edition (DSM-5), whereas worldwide, the International Statistical Classification
      of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) serves as a
      general medical system. This review will examine the differences in
      neurodevelopmental disorders between these two systems. First, we will review the
      important revisions made from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
      Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) to the DSM-5, with respect
      to ASD and ADHD. Next, we will cover the similarities and differences between ASD
      and ADHD classification in the DSM-5 and the ICD-10, and how these differences
      may have an effect on neurodevelopmental disorder diagnostics and classification.
      By examining the changes made for the DSM-5 in 2013, and critiquing the current
      ICD-10 system, we can help to anticipate and advise on the upcoming ICD-11, due
      to come online in 2017. Overall, this review serves to highlight the importance
      of progress towards complementary diagnostic classification systems, keeping in
      mind the difference in tradition and purpose of the DSM and the ICD, and that
      these systems are dynamic and changing as more is learned about
      neurodevelopmental disorders and their underlying etiology. Finally this review
      will discuss alternative diagnostic approaches, such as the Research Domain
      Criteria (RDoC) initiative, which links symptom domains to underlying biological
      and neurological mechanisms. The incorporation of new diagnostic directions could
      have a great effect on treatment development and insurance coverage for
      neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide. 

PMID- 27364516
TI  - Identification with Multiple Groups in Multiethnic Middle Schools: What Predicts
      Social Ingroup Overlap?
AB  - Self-definition becomes a central task during early adolescence, as youth
      identify with multiple social groups. Focusing on ethnic identification and
      identification with other salient social ingroups (e.g., those based on
      extracurricular activities), we examined predictors of perceived ingroup
      membership overlap among ethnically diverse adolescents (n = 1264; M age = 12.51;
      53 % female). Social ingroup overlap remained relatively stable, but decreased,
      across the seventh to eighth grade. The number of cross-ethnic classmates in
      seventh grade predicted lower overlap in the eighth grade, and cross-ethnic
      friendships by eighth grade mediated this association. Findings underscore the
      opportunities provided by multiethnic middle schools for youth to connect and
      befriend one another across ethnic lines, as well as to foster divergent social
      identities that are associated with positive intergroup attitudes.

PMID- 27364517
TI  - Impact of Formulation on the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Dutasteride.

PMID- 27364518
TI  - Effects of hydroxyethyl starch 6 % (130/0.4) on blood loss during cesarean
      delivery: a propensity-matched analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hydroxyethyl starch is commonly used in the obstetric patient
      population to prevent hypotension during cesarean delivery. Evidence suggests
      hetastarch is associated with a dysfunction in coagulation cascade. We
      hypothesized that hetastarch use to prevent spinal hypotension during cesarean
      delivery would be associated with an increase in blood loss when compared to
      crystalloid use. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who
      underwent elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia at the University of
      Virginia between 2011 and 2014. Data from 819 patients was used. Blood loss was
      the primary outcome. Propensity score-matching was used to match patients who
      received hetastarch (treatment group) with those who did not receive hetastarch
      (control group). RESULTS: Genetic matching resulted in 196 patients in the
      hetastarch group and 182 patients in the control group. There was no difference
      in estimated blood loss (p = 0.068), calculated blood loss (p = 0.720), total
      intraoperative fluid intake (p = 0.289), urine output (p = 0.421), Apgar 1 min (p
      = 0.830), Apgar 5 min (p = 0.138), phenylephrine consumption (p = 0.742),
      postoperative day 1 (POD1) hematocrit (p = 0.070) and POD1 platelets (p = 0.233).
      However, there was a statistically significant difference (but clinically
      irrelevant) in hematocrit difference between the day of admission and POD1 (mean
      difference 0.47, p = 0.024), and ephedrine consumption (mean difference 2 mg, p =
      0.017) in favor of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not find an
      association between increased perioperative blood loss and hetastarch use in
      patients presenting for elective cesarean delivery.

PMID- 27364519
TI  - Distinguishing ischaemic optic neuropathy from optic neuritis by ganglion cell
      analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine whether a pattern of altitudinal ganglion cell loss, as
      detected and measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), can be used to
      distinguish non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) from optic neuritis
      (ON) during the acute phase, and whether the rate or severity of ganglion cell
      loss differs between the two diseases. METHODS: We performed a retrospective,
      case-control study of 44 patients (50 eyes) with ON or NAION and 44 age-matched
      controls. Non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy and ON patients had OCT at
      presentation and four consecutive follow-up visits. Controls had OCT at one point
      in time. The ganglion cell complex (GCC) was evaluated in the macula, and the
      retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) was evaluated in the peripapillary region.
      Ganglion cell complex thickness, RNFL thickness and GCC mean superior and
      inferior hemispheric difference were compared between NAION and ON patients at
      each time-point using unpaired t-tests and between disease and control subjects
      at first measurement using paired t-tests. RESULTS: Mean time from onset of
      symptoms to initial presentation was 10.7 +/- 6.6 days in NAION and 11.7 +/- 8.6
      days in ON (p = 0.67). There was a significantly greater vertical hemispheric
      difference in GCC thickness in NAION patients than ON patients at all time-points
      (5.5-10.7 MUm versus 3.1-3.6 MUm, p = 0.01-0.049). Mean GCC thickness was
      significantly decreased at less than 2 weeks after onset in NAION compared to age
      matched controls (72.1 MUm versus 82.1 MUm, p < 0.001), as well as in ON compared
      to age-matched controls (74.3 MUm versus 84.5 MUm, p < 0.001). Progression and
      severity of GCC and RNFL loss did not differ significantly between NAION and ON.
      CONCLUSION: A quantitative comparison of mean superior and inferior hemispheric
      GCC thickness with OCT may be used to distinguish NAION from ON.

PMID- 27364520
TI  - The rationale and the role of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although the role of lymph node dissection (LND) is well defined in many
      urological settings, uncertainty regarding need for LND still exists for patients
      with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of the current review is to highlight
      the rationale for performing or omitting LND at the time of renal surgery.
      METHODS: Data were identified through a search of PubMed and Web of Science,
      including studies published in the last 20 years in core clinical journals. The
      review is based on evidence synthesis from a peer-review process of the two
      authors after a structured data search. RESULTS: Neither imaging, nor predictive
      tools or molecular/genetic markers accurately identify which patients may warrant
      a LND. In patients with clinical T1abN0 and absence of unfavorable clinical and
      pathological characteristics, LND does not appear to offer benefit in terms of
      staging and cancer control. Conversely, LND can be considered in selected cases
      (larger tumors, locally advanced diseases or when unfavorable pathological
      characteristics are likely, as high Fuhrman grade, sarcomatoid features or tumor
      necrosis) due to the non-negligible risk of associated nodal metastases and
      possible benefit in terms of cancer control. CONCLUSIONS: Although LND does not
      provide any benefit in the majority of RCC cases (mainly T1abN0M0 cases), it
      remains an important consideration in intermediate-/high-risk patients for
      staging purposes, given an increased risk of LNI, and for potential benefit in
      terms of cancer control. Additional data are urgently needed to improve the
      accuracy of nodal staging tools and to evaluate the potential role of salvage
      LND.

PMID- 27364521
TI  - Feasibility of conductivity imaging using subject eddy currents induced by
      switching of MRI gradients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of low-frequency conductivity imaging
      based on measuring the magnetic field due to subject eddy currents induced by
      switching of MRI z-gradients. METHODS: We developed a simulation model for
      calculating subject eddy currents and the magnetic fields they generate (subject
      eddy fields). The inverse problem of obtaining conductivity distribution from
      subject eddy fields was formulated as a convection-reaction partial differential
      equation. For measuring subject eddy fields, a modified spin-echo pulse sequence
      was used to determine the contribution of subject eddy fields to MR phase images.
      RESULTS: In the simulations, successful conductivity reconstructions were
      obtained by solving the derived convection-reaction equation, suggesting that the
      proposed reconstruction algorithm performs well under ideal conditions. However,
      the level of the calculated phase due to the subject eddy field in a
      representative object indicates that this phase is below the noise level and
      cannot be measured with an uncertainty sufficiently low for accurate conductivity
      reconstruction. Furthermore, some artifacts other than random noise were observed
      in the measured phases, which are discussed in relation to the effects of system
      imperfections during readout. CONCLUSION: Low-frequency conductivity imaging does
      not seem feasible using basic pulse sequences such as spin-echo on a clinical MRI
      scanner. Magn Reson Med 77:1926-1937, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for
      Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27364522
TI  - In vivo assessment of behavioral recovery and circulatory exchange in the
      peritoneal parabiosis model.
AB  - The sharing of circulation between two animals using a surgical procedure known
      as parabiosis has created a wealth of information towards our understanding of
      physiology, most recently in the neuroscience arena. The systemic milieu is a
      complex reservoir of tissues, immune cells, and circulating molecules that is
      surprisingly not well understood in terms of its communication across organ
      systems. While the model has been used to probe complex physiological questions
      for many years, critical parameters of recovery and exchange kinetics remain
      incompletely characterized, limiting the ability to design experiments and
      interpret results for complex questions. Here we provide evidence that mice
      joined by parabiosis gradually recover much physiology relevant to the study of
      brain function. Specifically, we describe the timecourse for a variety of
      recovery parameters, including those for general health and metabolism, motor
      coordination, activity, and sleep behavior. Finally, we describe the kinetics of
      chimerism for several lymphocyte populations as well as the uptake of small
      molecules into the brains of mice following parabiosis. Our characterization
      provides an important resource to those attempting to understand the complex
      interplay between the immune system and the brain as well as other organ systems.

PMID- 27364523
TI  - Histological characterization of orphan transporter MCT14 (SLC16A14) shows
      abundant expression in mouse CNS and kidney.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MCT14 (SLC16A14) is an orphan member of the monocarboxylate
      transporter (MCT) family, also known as the SLC16 family of secondary active
      transmembrane transporters. Available expression data for this transporter is
      limited, and in this paper we aim to characterize MCT14 with respect to tissue
      distribution and cellular localization in mouse brain. RESULTS: Using qPCR, we
      found that Slc16a14 mRNA was highly abundant in mouse kidney and moderately in
      central nervous system, testis, uterus and liver. Using immunohistochemistry and
      in situ hybridization, we determined that MCT14 was highly expressed in
      excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as epithelial cells in the mouse brain.
      The expression was exclusively localized to the soma of neurons. Furthermore, we
      showed with our phylogenetic analysis that MCT14 most closely relate to the
      aromatic amino acid- and thyroid-hormone transporters MCT8 (SLC16A2) and MCT10
      (SLC16A10), in addition to the carnitine transporter MCT9 (SLC16A9). CONCLUSIONS:
      We provide here the first histological mapping of MCT14 in the brain and our data
      are consistent with the hypothesis that MCT14 is a neuronal aromatic-amino-acid
      transporter.

PMID- 27364525
TI  - Media coverage of statins may have led to 2000 cardiovascular events.

PMID- 27364524
TI  - Phosphatidic Acid Sequesters Sec18p from cis-SNARE Complexes to Inhibit Priming.
AB  - Yeast vacuole fusion requires the activation of cis-SNARE complexes through
      priming carried out by Sec18p/N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor and Sec17p/alpha
      SNAP. The association of Sec18p with vacuolar cis-SNAREs is regulated in part by
      phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphatase production of diacylglycerol (DAG). Inhibition
      of PA phosphatase activity blocks the transfer of membrane-associated Sec18p to
      SNAREs. Thus, we hypothesized that Sec18p associates with PA-rich membrane
      microdomains before transferring to cis-SNARE complexes upon PA phosphatase
      activity. Here, we examined the direct binding of Sec18p to liposomes containing
      PA or DAG. We found that Sec18p preferentially bound to liposomes containing PA
      compared with those containing DAG by approximately fivefold. Additionally, using
      a specific PA-binding domain blocked Sec18p binding to PA-liposomes and displaced
      endogenous Sec18p from isolated vacuoles. Moreover, the direct addition of excess
      PA blocked the priming activity of isolated vacuoles in a manner similar to
      chemically inhibiting PA phosphatase activity. These data suggest that the
      conversion of PA to DAG facilitates the recruitment of Sec18p to cis-SNAREs.
      Purified vacuoles from yeast lacking the PA phosphatase Pah1p showed reduced
      Sec18p association with cis-SNAREs and complementation with plasmid-encoded PAH1
      or recombinant Pah1p restored the interaction. Taken together, this demonstrates
      that regulating PA concentrations by Pah1p activity controls SNARE priming by
      Sec18p.

PMID- 27364526
TI  - Letter by Du et al Regarding Article, "Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts
      the Outcome of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage".

PMID- 27364527
TI  - Response by Lattanzi and Silvestrini to Letter Regarding Article, "Neutrophil-to
      Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts the Outcome of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage".

PMID- 27364528
TI  - Safety of Computed Tomographic Angiography in the Evaluation of Patients With
      Acute Stroke: A Single-Center Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Noncontrasted head computed tomography (NCHCT) has long
      been the standard of care for acute stroke imaging. New guidelines recommending
      advanced vascular imaging to identify eligible patients for endovascular therapy
      have renewed safety concerns on the use of contrast in the emergent setting
      without laboratory confirmation of renal function. METHODS: We compared computed
      tomographic angiography (CTA) versus NCHCT alone during acute stroke evaluation
      with focus on renal safety and timeliness of therapy delivery. We reviewed data
      on all emergency department patients for whom the Acute Stroke Intervention Team
      was activated between December 2013 and September 2014. Primary outcomes included
      acute kidney injury and change in serum creatinine from presentation to 24 to 48
      hours (Delta serum creatinine [Cr]). We assessed therapy delay using door-to-CT
      and door-to-needle times. RESULTS: Of 289 patients requiring Acute Stroke
      Intervention Team activation, 157 received CTA and 132 NCHCT only. There was no
      difference between groups in mean Cr at 24 to 48 hours (1.06 CTA; 1.40 NCHCT;
      P=0.059), DeltaCr (-0.07 CTA, -0.11 NCHCT, P=0.489), or rates of acute kidney
      injury (5 CTA, 7 NCHCT, P=0.422). There was no significant difference in mean
      intravenous tissue plasminogen activator treatment times (68.11 minutes CTA,
      81.36 minutes NCHCT; P=0.577). In the 157 patients who underwent CTA, 16 (10.2%)
      vascular anomalies and 55 (35.0%) high-grade stenoses or occlusions were
      identified. CONCLUSIONS: CTA acquisition during acute stroke evaluation was safe
      with regards to renal function and did not delay appropriate therapy delivery.
      Acute CTA acquisition offers additional clinical value in rapid identification of
      vascular abnormalities.

PMID- 27364529
TI  - Letter by Guo et al Regarding Article, "Lymphocytopenia Is an Independent
      Predictor of Unfavorable Functional Outcome in Spontaneous Intracerebral
      Hemorrhage".

PMID- 27364530
TI  - Repeated Intravenous Thrombolysis for Early Recurrent Stroke: Challenging the
      Exclusion Criterion.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) within 4.5 hours from
      symptom onset improves functional outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
      Its use in patients with previous stroke within the preceding 3 months is
      contraindicated because of the assumed higher risk of intracranial hemorrhage. In
      addition, tissue-type plasminogen activator may itself promote neurotoxicity and
      blood-brain barrier disruption. However, safety and effectiveness of repeated IVT
      is essentially unknown in patients with early (<3 months) recurrent stroke (ERS),
      because they were excluded from thrombolysis trials. This article reports the
      largest case series of repeated IVT in ERS. METHODS: We reviewed databases of
      prospectively collected patient data of 8 European stroke centers for the
      presence of patients with ERS, who received IVT for both the index stroke and
      ERS. Demographics, clinical and radiological data, bleeding complications, and
      functional outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: We identified 19 subjects with
      repeated IVT in ERS. Mean age was 68+/-12 years, and 37% of them were female.
      Median interthrombolysis interval was 30 days (interquartile range, 13-50).
      Functional independence (modified Rankin scale score <=2) was achieved in 79% of
      patients after the first and in 47.4% after repeated IV tissue-type plasminogen
      activator, respectively. There was no symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. Median
      final infarct volume after the first IVT was 1.5 cm(3) (interquartile range, 0.5
      3.1). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with small infarct volumes and robust clinical
      improvement might be considered for repeated IVT within 3 months. Studies
      following strict protocols and larger registries incorporating these patients
      might serve to identify selection criteria for the safe use of repeated IVT in
      ERS.

PMID- 27364531
TI  - Field Assessment Stroke Triage for Emergency Destination: A Simple and Accurate
      Prehospital Scale to Detect Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with large vessel occlusion strokes (LVOS) may
      be better served by direct transfer to endovascular capable centers avoiding
      hazardous delays between primary and comprehensive stroke centers. However,
      accurate stroke field triage remains challenging. We aimed to develop a simple
      field scale to identify LVOS. METHODS: The Field Assessment Stroke Triage for
      Emergency Destination (FAST-ED) scale was based on items of the National
      Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) with higher predictive value for LVOS
      and tested in the Screening Technology and Outcomes Project in Stroke
      (STOPStroke) cohort, in which patients underwent computed tomographic angiography
      within the first 24 hours of stroke onset. LVOS were defined by total occlusions
      involving the intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery-M1,
      middle cerebral artery-2, or basilar arteries. Patients with partial,
      bihemispheric, and anterior+posterior circulation occlusions were excluded.
      Receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive
      predictive value, and negative predictive value of FAST-ED were compared with the
      NIHSS, Rapid Arterial Occlusion Evaluation (RACE) scale, and Cincinnati
      Prehospital Stroke Severity (CPSS) scale. RESULTS: LVO was detected in 240 of the
      727 qualifying patients (33%). FAST-ED had comparable accuracy to predict LVO to
      the NIHSS and higher accuracy than RACE and CPSS (area under the receiver
      operating characteristic curve: FAST-ED=0.81 as reference; NIHSS=0.80, P=0.28;
      RACE=0.77, P=0.02; and CPSS=0.75, P=0.002). A FAST-ED >=4 had sensitivity of
      0.60, specificity of 0.89, positive predictive value of 0.72, and negative
      predictive value of 0.82 versus RACE >=5 of 0.55, 0.87, 0.68, and 0.79, and CPSS
      >=2 of 0.56, 0.85, 0.65, and 0.78, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: FAST-ED is a simple
      scale that if successfully validated in the field, it may be used by medical
      emergency professionals to identify LVOS in the prehospital setting enabling
      rapid triage of patients.

PMID- 27364532
TI  - How Patient Demographics, Imaging, and Beliefs Influence Tissue-Type Plasminogen
      Activator Use: A Survey of North American Neurologists.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Understanding physician decision making is increasingly
      recognized as an important topic of study, especially in stroke care. We sought
      to characterize the process of acute stroke decision making among neurologists in
      the United States and Canada from clinical and epistemological perspectives.
      METHODS: Using a factorial design online survey, respondents were presented with
      clinical data to mimic an acute stroke encounter. The history, examination,
      computed tomographic (CT) scan, CT angiogram, and CT perfusion were presented in
      sequence, and respondents rated their diagnostic confidence and likelihood of
      treatment with tissue-type plasminogen activator after each element. Patient age,
      race, sex, and CT perfusion imaging results were randomized, whereas the rest of
      the clinical presentation was held constant. RESULTS: We collected 715 responses,
      of which 473 (66%) were complete. Diagnostic certainty and likelihood of
      treatment with tissue-type plasminogen activator rose incrementally as additional
      clinical data were provided. Diagnostic certainty and treatment likelihood were
      strongly influenced by the clinical history and the CT scan. Other factors such
      as physicians' personal beliefs or biases were not influential. Respondents'
      accuracy in interpreting CT angiographic and CT perfusion images was variable and
      generally low. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic certainty and likelihood of treatment with
      tissue-type plasminogen activator increase with additional clinical data, with
      the history being the most important factor for diagnostic and treatment
      decisions. Respondents had difficulty in interpreting the results of CT perfusion
      scans although they had little impact on treatment decisions. We did not identify
      treatment bias based on patient age, race, or sex.

PMID- 27364534
TI  - Trends in nursing ethics research: Mapping the literature production.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There have been a number of debates in the field of nursing ethics.
      Researchers have focused on various aspects of nursing ethics, such as
      professional ethics, professional, nursing and ethical values. Within this
      research, a variety of literature reviews have been conducted, but to the best of
      our knowledge, bibliometric mapping has not yet been used. OBJECTIVE: This
      article aims to analyse the production of literature within nursing ethics
      research. RESEARCH DESIGN: In order to examine publishing patterns, we focused on
      publishing dynamics, prolific research entities and the most-cited articles. We
      additionally visualised the content of the literature using a novel mixed-method
      approach, combining bibliometric analysis and mapping with thematic analysis.
      Ethical considerations: In our study, ethical review was not required. FINDINGS:
      A total of 1416 information sources were found in the Scopus database. Overall,
      literature production has increased; however, in recent years, the quantity of
      published material has begun to decrease. The most prolific countries are the
      United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, and the most prolific source titles
      are Nursing Ethics, Journal of Advanced Nursing and Nursing Times. Lately,
      research in the field of nursing ethics has been focused more on life care
      (providing for the basic needs of older residents), moral distress and community
      nursing. DISCUSSION: The dynamics of research literature production showed an
      exponential rise in the number of published information sources - a rise which
      started in the period between 1974 and 1998. Since that period, the trend has
      stabilised, which might indicate that nursing ethics research is starting a
      transition to a mature phase. CONCLUSION: The innovative use of bibliometric
      analysis and mapping, together with thematic analysis, is a useful tool for
      analysis of research production in the field of nursing ethics. The results
      presented can be an excellent starting point for literature reviews and more
      exhaustive data, information and knowledge seeking.

PMID- 27364533
TI  - Transcriptome-wide based identification of miRs in congenital anomalies of the
      kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) in children: the significant upregulation of
      tissue miR-144 expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The genetic cause of most congenital anomalies of the kidney and
      urinary tract (CAKUT) cases remains unknown, therefore the novel approaches in
      searching for the common disease denominators are required. miRs regulate gene
      expression in humans and therefore have potentially therapeutic and biomarker
      properties. No studies thus far have attempted to explore the miRs in human
      CAKUT. We applied a new strategy to identify most specific miRs associated with
      CAKUT, in pediatric patients. METHODS: Data from the whole genome expression,
      gathered from ureter tissue samples of 19 patients and 7 controls, were used for
      the bioinformatic prediction of miRs activity in CAKUT. We integrated microarray
      gene expression data and miR target predictions from multiple prediction
      algorithms using Co-inertia analysis (CIA) in conjunction with correspondence
      analysis and between group analysis, to produce a ranked list of miRs associated
      with CAKUT. The CIA included five different sequence based miR target prediction
      algorithms and the Co-expression Meta-analysis of miR Targets. For the
      experimental validation of expression of miRs identified by the CIA we used
      tissue from 36 CAKUT patients and 9 controls. The results of gene ontology (GO)
      analysis on co-expressed targets of miRs associated with CAKUT were used for the
      selection of putative biological processes relevant to CAKUT. RESULTS: We
      identified 7 miRs with a potential role in CAKUT. The top ranked miRs from miRCos
      communities 4, 1 and 7 were chosen for experimental validation of expression in
      CAKUT tissue. The 5.7 fold increase of hsa-miR-144 expression in human tissue
      from CAKUT patients compared to controls (p = 0.005) was observed. From the GO we
      selected 7 biological processes that could contribute to CAKUT, which genes are
      potentially influenced by hsa-miR-144. The hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-183 and hsa-miR
      375 weren't differentially expressed in CAKUT. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that
      integrative approach applied here was useful in identification of the miRs
      associated with CAKUT. The hsa-miR-144, first time identified in CAKUT, could be
      connected with biological processes crucial for normal development of kidney and
      urinary tract. Further functional analysis must follow to reveal the impact of
      hsa-miR-144 on CAKUT occurrence.

PMID- 27364535
TI  - Threats to nurses' dignity and intent to leave the profession.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is essential to pay attention to and respect the dignity of nurses
      to maintain them in their profession while they deliver skilled nursing care.
      Little is known, however, about how a sense of dignity influences the
      practitioner. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to describe nurses'
      experiences of threats to their dignity occurring within clinical settings, which
      generates an intention to leave clinical practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD:
      The study was performed using qualitative content analysis. The participants were
      21 clinical nurses with work experience who were employed across a range of
      clinical posts. Data obtained from the semi-structured interviews were analyzed
      and interpreted using a content analysis approach. Ethical considerations: The
      study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical
      Sciences and was guided by the ethical principles of voluntary enrolment,
      anonymity, privacy, and confidentiality. FINDINGS: Within data analysis, three
      main themes and nine categories were extracted as follows: (1) lack of
      professional pride (physician's dominance, intangible nature of nursing, and
      negative attitude toward clinical nurses); (2) oppressive work environment (high
      workload, disrespect, discrimination, and lack of support); and (3) suppression
      of progressivism (lack of appreciation and attention to meritocracy). DISCUSSION:
      Almost all of the participants have experienced some degree of disrespect and
      violation of dignity. In general, attempts made by the participants to show their
      objection to the threats and to support and protect their dignity have not been
      effective and in fact made them more inclined to leave the clinical work.
      CONCLUSION: According to the views of nurses themselves, identification of the
      factors threatening nurses' dignity can be one of the appropriate solutions for
      the broader and deeper investigation of this phenomenon and can help promote and
      support nurses' dignity and their retention within the profession.

PMID- 27364536
TI  - Moral sensitivity, moral distress, and moral courage among baccalaureate Filipino
      nursing students.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Moral distress, moral sensitivity, and moral courage among healthcare
      professionals have been explored considerably in recent years. However, there is
      a paucity of studies exploring these topics among baccalaureate nursing students.
      AIM/OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between
      and among moral distress, moral sensitivity, and moral courage of undergraduate
      baccalaureate nursing students. RESEARCH DESIGN: The research employed a
      descriptive-correlational design to explore the relationships between and among
      moral distress, moral sensitivity, and moral courage of undergraduate nursing
      students. Participants and research context: A total of 293 baccalaureate
      Filipino nursing students who have been exposed to various clinical areas
      participated in the study. Ethical considerations: Institutional review board
      approval was sought prior to the conduct of the study. Self-determination was
      assured and anonymity and confidentiality were guaranteed to all participants.
      FINDINGS: Results indicate that a majority of the nursing students in the
      clinical areas encounter morally distressing situations that compromise quality
      patient care. However, despite the fact that they want to do what is in the best
      interest of their patients, their perception of being the inexperienced among the
      healthcare team drives the majority of them to ignore morally distressing
      situations to avoid conflict and confrontation. Another interesting finding is
      that 79.20% of the respondents hardly consider quitting the nursing profession
      even if they frequently encounter morally distressing situations. Analysis also
      shows associations between moral distress intensity and frequency ( r = 0.13, p <
      0.05) and moral distress intensity and moral sensitivity ( r = 0.25, p < 0.05).
      The dimensions of moral courage are also related to both moral distress and moral
      sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Results of the study imply that moral distress is a
      reality among all healthcare professionals including nursing students and
      requires more consideration by nurse educators.

PMID- 27364537
TI  - Why high-risk, non-expected-utility-maximising gambles can be rational and
      beneficial: the case of HIV cure studies.
AB  - Some early phase clinical studies of candidate HIV cure and remission
      interventions appear to have adverse medical risk-benefit ratios for
      participants. Why, then, do people participate? And is it ethically permissible
      to allow them to participate? Recent work in decision theory sheds light on both
      of these questions, by casting doubt on the idea that rational individuals prefer
      choices that maximise expected utility, and therefore by casting doubt on the
      idea that researchers have an ethical obligation not to enrol participants in
      studies with high risk-benefit ratios. This work supports the view that
      researchers should instead defer to the considered preferences of the
      participants themselves. This essay briefly explains this recent work, and then
      explores its application to these two questions in more detail.

PMID- 27364538
TI  - Analysis of propionate-degrading consortia from agricultural biogas plants.
AB  - In order to investigate the propionate-degrading community of agricultural biogas
      plants, four propionate-degrading consortia (Ap1a, N12, G12, and Wp2a) were
      established from different biogas plants which were fed with renewable resources.
      The consortia were cultivated in a batch for a period of 2-4 years and then
      analyzed in an 8-week batch experiment for microbial succession during propionate
      degradation. Community shifts showed considerable propagation of Syntrophobacter
      sulfatireducens, Cryptanaerobacter sp./Pelotomaculum sp., and "Candidatus
      Cloacamonas sp." in the course of decreasing propionate concentration.
      Methanogenic species belonged mainly to the genera Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta,
      and Methanoculleus. Due to the prevalent presence of the syntrophic acetate
      oxidizing species Tepidanaerobacter acetatoxydans and potentially autotrophic
      homoacetogenic bacteria (Moorella sp., Thermacetogenium sp.), a theoretical
      involvement of syntrophic acetate oxidation and autotrophic homoacetogenesis in
      stable and efficient propionate degradation was indicated. Considering
      theoretical Gibbs free energy values at different hydrogen partial pressures, it
      is noticeable that syntrophic acetate oxidation and autotrophic homoacetogenesis
      have the potential to counterbalance adverse hydrogen partial pressure
      fluctuations, stabilizing most probably continuous and stable propionate
      degradation.

PMID- 27364539
TI  - Hybrid dynamics in a species group of swallowtail butterflies.
AB  - Hybrid zones provide unique natural laboratories for studying mechanisms of
      evolution. But identification and classification of hybrid individuals (F1, F2,
      backcross, etc.) can be complicated by real population changes over time as well
      as by use of different marker types, both of which challenge documentation of
      hybrid dynamics. Here, we use multiple genetic markers (mitochondrial DNA,
      microsatellites and genomewide single nucleotide polymorphisms) to re-examine
      population structure in a hybrid zone between two species of swallowtail
      butterflies in western Canada, Papilio machaon and P. zelicaon. Our aim was to
      test whether their hybrid dynamics remain the same as found 30 years ago using
      morphology and allozymes, and we compared different genetic data sets as well as
      alternative hybrid identification and classification methods. Overall, we found
      high differentiation between the two parental species, corroborating previous
      research from the 1980s. We identified fewer hybrid individuals in the main zone
      of hybridization in recent years, but this finding depended on the genetic
      markers considered. Comparison of methods with simulated data sets generated from
      our data showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms were more powerful than
      microsatellites for both hybrid identification and classification. Moreover,
      substantial variation among comparisons underlined the value of multiple markers
      and methods for documenting evolutionarily dynamic systems.

PMID- 27364540
TI  - Emotional and Sexual Correlates of Child Sexual Abuse as a Function of Self
      Definition Status.
AB  - Among individuals defined as having been sexually abused based on legal criteria,
      some will self-report having been abused and some will not. Yet, the empirical
      correlates of self-definition status are not well studied. Different definitions
      of abuse may lead to varying prevalence rates and contradictory findings
      regarding psychological outcomes. The present study examined whether, among
      legally defined sexual abuse survivors, identifying oneself as having experienced
      childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was associated with more severe abuse, negative
      emotional reactions toward the abuse, and current sexual reactions. A convenience
      sample of 1,021 French-speaking Canadians completed self-report questionnaires
      online. The prevalence of legally defined CSA was 21.3% in women and 19.6% in
      men, as compared to 7.1% in women and 3.8% in men for self-defined CSA. Among
      legally defined sexual abuse survivors, those who identified themselves as CSA
      survivors had been abused more frequently, were more likely to report a male
      aggressor, and more often described abuse by a parental figure than those who did
      not self-identify as abused. Further, self-defined CSA was associated with more
      negative postabuse reactions and sexual avoidance, whereas those not identifying
      as sexually abused were more likely to report sexual compulsion.

PMID- 27364541
TI  - 2016 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With Atrial
      Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter: A Report of the American College of
      Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures.

PMID- 27364542
TI  - Prevalence of hypothyroidism and thyroid nodule in chronic hemodialysis Iranian
      patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: End stage renal disease (ESRD) reasons several changes in the
      function of thyroid gland as; lower levels of thyroid hormones, altered hormone
      metabolism, and increased iodine storage. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      the prevalence of nodular goiter and hypothyroidism in hemodialysis (HD) patients
      compared with normal population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was
      conducted among HD patients and healthy people as the control group for thyroid
      function evaluation. Thyroid gland was evaluated by physical examination and
      ultrasonography. Blood level of FT3, FT4, TSH, TPO Ab, and urinary iodine
      excretion were checked in both groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17 and P
      value less than 0.05 was considered as the significance level. FINDINGS: Eighty
      six HD patients (57.2 +/- 17.2 mean age, 48 men) and 86 healthy people (56.6 +/-
      16.8 mean age, 48 men) were enrolled in this study. Goiter was confirmed by
      physical examination in 29.0% of the HD patients and 12.8% of the control group
      (P = 0.04). Nodular goiter that was shown by ultrasonography was found in 27.9%
      and 3.5% of the HD and control groups, respectively (P = 0.01). HD patients had a
      higher frequency of reduced FT3 (40.9% vs. 4.6%, P < 0.01) and increased TSH
      (18.6% vs. 8.1%, P < 0.03(. TPO Ab was positive in 15.1% of the HD and 11.6% of
      the control groups (P = 0.14). DISCUSSION: The high incidence of nodular goiter
      and hypothyroidism in ESRD patients shows that screening for thyroid dysfunction
      and goiter, using appropriate laboratory tests, should be considered in
      evaluations of ESRD patients.

PMID- 27364543
TI  - A model for the interaction of the G3-subdomain of Geobacillus stearothermophilus
      IF2 with the 30S ribosomal subunit.
AB  - Bacterial translation initiation factor IF2 complexed with GTP binds to the 30S
      ribosomal subunit, promotes ribosomal binding of fMet-tRNA, and favors the
      joining of the small and large ribosomal subunits yielding a 70S initiation
      complex ready to enter the translation elongation phase. Within the IF2 molecule
      subdomain G3, which is believed to play an important role in the IF2-30S
      interaction, is positioned between the GTP-binding G2 and the fMet-tRNA binding C
      terminal subdomains. In this study the solution structure of subdomain G3 of
      Geobacillus stearothermophilus IF2 has been elucidated. G3 forms a core structure
      consisting of two beta-sheets with each four anti-parallel strands, followed by a
      C-terminal alpha-helix. In line with its role as linker between G3 and subdomain
      C1, this helix has no well-defined orientation but is endowed with a dynamic
      nature. The structure of the G3 core is that of a typical OB-fold module, similar
      to that of the corresponding subdomain of Thermus thermophilus IF2, and to that
      of other known RNA-binding modules such as IF2-C2, IF1 and subdomains II of
      elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-G. Structural comparisons have resulted in a
      model that describes the interaction between IF2-G3 and the 30S ribosomal
      subunit.

PMID- 27364544
TI  - Plasma miRNA expression profile in the diagnosis of late-onset hypogonadism.

PMID- 27364546
TI  - Early Maternal Employment and Children's Academic and Behavioral Skills in
      Australia and the United Kingdom.
AB  - This study assessed the links between early maternal employment and children's
      later academic and behavioral skills in Australia and the United Kingdom. Using
      representative samples of children born in each country from 2000 to 2004
      (Australia N = 5,093, U.K. N = 18,497), OLS regression models weighted with
      propensity scores assessed links between maternal employment in the 2 years after
      childbearing and children's skills in first grade. There were neutral
      associations between maternal employment and children's first-grade skills in
      both countries. However, there was a slight indication that more time away from
      parenting was negatively linked to children's behavioral functioning in Australia
      and employment begun between 9 and 24 months was positively linked to cognitive
      skills for U.K. children of low-wage mothers.

PMID- 27364545
TI  - Steroid hormone receptors and prostate cancer: role of structural dynamics in
      therapeutic targeting.
AB  - Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) act in cell type- and gene-specific manner
      through interactions with coregulatory proteins to regulate numerous
      physiological and pathological processes at the level of gene regulation. Binding
      of steroid receptor modulator (SRM) ligand leads to allosteric changes in SHR to
      exert positive or negative effects on the expression of target genes. Due, in
      part, to the fact that current SRMs generally target ligand binding domain
      (LBD)/AF2 and neglect intrinsically disordered (ID) N-terminal domain (NTD)/AF1,
      clinically relevant SRMs lack selectivity and are also prone to the development
      of resistance over time. Therefore, to maximize the efficacy of SHR-based
      therapeutics, the possibility of developing unique modulators that act to control
      AF1 activity must be considered. Recent studies targeting androgen receptor's
      (AR's) ID AF1 domain for the castration-resistant prostate cancer has provided
      the possibility of therapeutically targeting ID NTD/AF1 surfaces by allosteric
      modulations to achieve desired effects. In this review article, we discuss how
      inter- and intra- molecular allosteric regulations controlled by AR's structural
      flexibility and dynamics particularly the ID NTD/AF1 is an emerging area of
      investigation, which could be exploited for drug development and therapeutic
      targeting of prostate cancer. 

PMID- 27364547
TI  - The contribution of toll-like receptor 2 on Helicobacter pylori activation of the
      nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway in gastric epithelial cells.
AB  - Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral shaped gram-negative bacterium that
      induces immune responses in the gastric mucosa. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play
      important roles in mediating inflammatory cytokines by recognition of conserved
      molecular patterns on bacteria. Changes in the expression of toll-like receptor
      (TLR) 2, TLR4 and the relative inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in normal
      gastric epithelial GES-1 cells following treatment with H. pylori or Escherichia
      coli lipopolysaccharide (E. coli LPS) in order to investigate the contribution of
      TLRs in recognizing and mediating the inflammatory response to H. pylori, and
      study the differences in TLRs' performance between H. pylori and E. coli.
      Specific inhibitors for the declines in TLR2 and TLR4 were also employed. The
      results showed that H. pylori infection increased TLR2 expression in GES-1 cells,
      but TLR4 remained unchanged regardless of H. pylori or TLR2 small interfering RNA
      treatment. Furthermore, the secretion of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induced by H.
      pylori was inhibited by declines in TLR2, but not in TLR4. In conclusion, TLR2
      plays an even more important role than TLR4 not only in recognizing H. pylori,
      but also in the induction of inflammatory cytokines initiated by H. pylori.
      However, both TLR2 and TLR4 are necessary in mediating the inflammatory response
      to E. coli LPS. 

PMID- 27364548
TI  - Contribution of the outer membrane protein OmpW in Escherichia coli to complement
      resistance from binding to factor H.
AB  - The serum complement system is essential for innate immune defense against
      invading pathogenic bacteria. Some of the 8-stranded beta-barrel outer membrane
      proteins confer bacterial resistance to the innate host immunity. We have
      previously demonstrated that OmpW, also an 8-stranded beta-barrel protein that
      was identified a decade ago, protects bacteria against host phagocytosis. In this
      study, we investigated the complement resistance of OmpW. Our results indicate
      that the upregulation of OmpW is associated with increased survival when bacteria
      are exposed to normal human sera (NHS). Mutant bacteria lacking OmpW in NHS
      exhibited significantly lower survival rates in comparison to wild-type and ompW
      complemented bacteria. Furthermore, the bacterial survival significantly
      decreased in NHS that was supplemented with EGTA-Mg(2+) compared to that in NHS
      supplemented with EDTA. These results suggest that OmpW confer resistance to
      alternative complement pathway-mediated killing. Moreover, the binding of OmpW to
      factor H, a major inhibitor of alternative pathway, was found, indicating that
      OmpW recruitment of factor H is a mechanism for bacterial evasion of complement
      attack. 

PMID- 27364549
TI  - Heart rate control by carvedilol in Japanese patients with chronic atrial
      fibrillation: The AF Carvedilol study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: beta-Blockers are used to control heart rate (HR) in patients with
      atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the appropriate dosage and efficacy of
      carvedilol in Japanese AF patients are yet to be clarified. METHODS: In this
      multicenter, randomized, double-blind study, Japanese patients with persistent or
      permanent AF received carvedilol for 6 weeks in the following three dosage
      regimen groups: 5-mg fixed-dose (n=42), 10-mg dose-escalation (n=42), or 20-mg
      dose-escalation (n=43). To evaluate the efficacy of each dosage regimen and the
      dose-response relationship, changes in 24-h mean HR (mHR) on Holter
      electrocardiograms from baseline to weeks 2, 4, and 6 were determined as primary
      endpoints. The effects on circadian changes in HR, the proportion of patients
      achieving target HR, clinical symptoms, and adverse events were also examined.
      RESULTS: After 2 weeks, carvedilol 5mg decreased 24-h mHR significantly [6.6 (95%
      CI: 5.2-8.0)beats/min, p<0.0001]. After 6 weeks, carvedilol showed a trend of
      dose-dependent HR reduction (p=0.0638): 7.6 (5.4-9.8) in the 5-mg fixed-dose
      group; 8.9 (6.7-11.1) in the 10-mg dose-escalation group; and 10.6 (8.4
      12.8)beats/min in the 20-mg dose-escalation group. There were no serious adverse
      events related to carvedilol. CONCLUSIONS: In Japanese patients with persistent
      or permanent AF, carvedilol at 5mg once daily demonstrated a significant HR
      reduction, and step-wise dose escalation from 5mg to 20mg showed a trend of dose
      dependent HR reduction.

PMID- 27364550
TI  - Imaging of Esophageal Lymph Node Metastases by Desorption Electrospray Ionization
      Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Histopathological assessment of lymph node metastases (LNM) depends on subjective
      analysis of cellular morphology with inter-/intraobserver variability. In this
      study, LNM from esophageal adenocarcinoma was objectively detected using
      desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI). Ninety
      lymph nodes (LN) and their primary tumor biopsies from 11 esophago-gastrectomy
      specimens were examined and analyzed by DESI-MSI. Images from mass spectrometry
      and corresponding histology were coregistered and analyzed using multivariate
      statistical tools. The MSIs revealed consistent lipidomic profiles of individual
      tissue types found within LNs. Spatial mapping of the profiles showed identical
      distribution patterns as per the tissue types in matched IHC images. Lipidomic
      profile comparisons of LNM versus the primary tumor revealed a close association
      in contrast to benign LN tissue types. This similarity was used for the objective
      prediction of LNM in mass spectrometry images utilizing the average lipidomic
      profile of esophageal adenocarcinoma. The multivariate statistical algorithm
      developed for LNM identification demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity,
      positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 89.5%, 100%, 100%,
      and 97.2%, respectively, when compared with gold-standard IHC. DESI-MSI has the
      potential to be a diagnostic tool for perioperative identification of LNM and
      compares favorably with techniques currently used by histopathology experts.
      Cancer Res; 76(19); 5647-56. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364551
TI  - Tyrosine Phosphatase PTPRJ/DEP-1 Is an Essential Promoter of Vascular
      Permeability, Angiogenesis, and Tumor Progression.
AB  - The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPRJ/DEP-1 has been implicated in negative
      growth regulation in endothelial cells, where its expression varies at
      transitions between proliferation and contact inhibition. However, in the same
      cells, DEP-1 has also been implicated in VEGF-dependent Src activation,
      permeability, and capillary formation, suggesting a positive role in regulating
      these functions. To resolve this dichotomy in vivo, we investigated postnatal
      angiogenesis and vascular permeability in a DEP-1-deficient mouse. In this study,
      we report that DEP-1 is required for Src activation and phosphorylation of its
      endothelial cell-specific substrate, VE-cadherin, after systemic injection of
      VEGF. Accordingly, VEGF-induced vascular leakage was abrogated in the DEP-1
      deficient mice. Furthermore, capillary formation was impaired in murine aortic
      tissue rings or Matrigel plugs infused with VEGF. In the absence of DEP-1,
      angiogenesis triggered by ischemia or during tumor formation was defective, which
      in the latter case was associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation and
      increased apoptosis. Macrophage infiltration was also impaired, reflecting
      reduced vascular permeability in the tumors or a possible cell autonomous effect
      of DEP-1. Consequently, the formation of spontaneous and experimental lung
      metastases was strongly decreased in DEP-1-deficient mice. In clinical specimens
      of cancer, less vascularized tumors exhibited lower microvascular expression of
      DEP-1. Altogether, our results established DEP-1 as an essential driver of VEGF
      dependent permeability, angiogenesis, and metastasis, suggesting a novel
      therapeutic route to cancer treatment. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5080-91. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364552
TI  - Rapid Reprogramming of Primary Human Astrocytes into Potent Tumor-Initiating
      Cells with Defined Genetic Factors.
AB  - Cancer stem-like cells (CSC) are thought to drive brain cancer, but their
      cellular and molecular origins remain uncertain. Here, we report the successful
      generation of induced CSC (iCSC) from primary human astrocytes through the
      expression of defined genetic factors. Combined transduction of four factors,
      Myc, Oct-4, p53DD, and Ras, induced efficient transformation of primary human
      astrocytes into malignant cells with powerful tumor-initiating capabilities.
      Notably, transplantation of 100 transduced cells into nude mice was sufficient
      for tumor formation. The cells showed unlimited self-renewal ability with robust
      telomerase activities. In addition, they expressed typical glioma stem-like cell
      markers, such as CD133, CD15, and CD90. Moreover, these cells could form spheres
      in culture and differentiate into neuron-like, astrocyte-like, and
      oligodendrocyte-like cells. Finally, they also displayed resistance to the widely
      used brain cancer drug temozolomide. These iCSCs could provide important tools
      for studies of glioma biology and therapeutics development. Cancer Res; 76(17);
      5143-50. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364553
TI  - Rebound Effects Caused by Withdrawal of MET Kinase Inhibitor Are Quenched by a
      MET Therapeutic Antibody.
AB  - MET oncogene amplification is emerging as a major mechanism of acquired
      resistance to EGFR-directed therapy in lung and colorectal cancers. Furthermore,
      MET amplification predicts responsiveness to MET inhibitors currently in clinical
      trials. Among the anti-MET drugs available, ATP-competitive small-molecule kinase
      inhibitors abrogate receptor autophosphorylation and downstream activation of
      ERK1/2 and AKT, resulting in cell-cycle arrest. However, this antiproliferative
      effect allows persistence of a pool of cancer cells that are quiescent but alive.
      Once the inhibition is removed, rebound activation of MET-driven cell
      proliferative pathways and tumor growth may occur, an adverse event observed
      frequently in clinical settings after drug discontinuation. Here we show that
      inhibitor withdrawal prompts receptor phosphorylation to levels higher than those
      displayed at steady-state and generates a rebound effect pushing quiescent cancer
      cells back into the cell cycle, both in vitro and in experimental tumor models in
      vivo Mechanistically, we found that inhibitor treatment blocks MET endocytosis,
      causing a local increase in the number of receptors at the plasma membrane. Upon
      inhibitor washout, the receptor is readily rephosphorylated. The initial
      phosphorylation is not only increased but also prolonged in duration due to
      downmodulation of a phosphatase-mediated MET-negative feedback loop, which
      accompanies receptor internalization. Notably, treatment with a MET therapeutic
      antibody that induces proteolytic cleavage of the receptor at the cell surface
      substantially prevents this rebound effect, providing a rationale to combine or
      alternate these mechanistically different types of MET-targeted therapy. Cancer
      Res; 76(17); 5019-29. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364554
TI  - BAFF and APRIL from Activin A-Treated Dendritic Cells Upregulate the Antitumor
      Efficacy of Dendritic Cells In Vivo.
AB  - The members of the TGFbeta superfamily play a key role in regulating
      developmental and homeostasis programs by controlling differentiation,
      proliferation, polarization, and survival of different cell types. Although the
      role of TGFbeta1 in inflammation and immunity is well evident, the contribution
      of other TGFbeta family cytokines in the modulation of the antitumor immune
      response remains less documented. Here we show that activin A triggers SMAD2 and
      ERK1/2 pathways in dendritic cells (DC) expressing type I and II activin
      receptors, and upregulates production of the TNFalpha family cytokines BAFF (TALL
      1, TNFSF13B) and APRIL (TALL-2, TNFSF13A), which is blocked by SMAD2 and ERK1/2
      inhibitors, respectively. BAFF and APRIL derived from activin A-treated DCs
      upregulate proliferation and survival of T cells expressing the corresponding
      receptors, BAFF-R and TACI. In vivo, activin A-stimulated DCs demonstrate a
      significantly increased ability to induce tumor-specific CTLs and inhibit the
      growth of melanoma and lung carcinoma, which relies on DC-derived BAFF and APRIL,
      as knockdown of the BAFF and APRIL gene expression in activin A-treated DCs
      blocks augmentation of their antitumor potential. Although systemic
      administration of activin A, BAFF, or APRIL for the therapeutic purposes is not
      likely due to the pluripotent effects on malignant and nonmalignant cells, our
      data open a novel opportunity for improving the efficacy of DC vaccines. In fact,
      a significant augmentation of the antitumor activity of DC pretreated with
      activin A and the proven role of DC-derived BAFF and APRIL in the induction of
      antitumor immunity in vivo support this direction. Cancer Res; 76(17); 4959-69.
      (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364555
TI  - Metabolic Stress-Induced Phosphorylation of KAP1 Ser473 Blocks Mitochondrial
      Fusion in Breast Cancer Cells.
AB  - Mitochondrial dynamics during nutrient starvation of cancer cells likely exert
      profound effects on their capability for metastatic progression. Here, we report
      that KAP1 (TRIM28), a transcriptional coadaptor protein implicated in metastatic
      progression in breast cancer, is a pivotal regulator of mitochondrial fusion in
      glucose-starved cancer cells. Diverse metabolic stresses induced Ser473
      phosphorylation of KAP1 (pS473-KAP1) in a ROS- and p38-dependent manner. Results
      from live-cell imaging and molecular studies revealed that during the first 6 to
      8 hours of glucose starvation, mitochondria initially underwent extensive fusion,
      but then subsequently fragmented in a pS473-KAP1-dependent manner. Mechanistic
      investigations using phosphorylation-defective mutants revealed that KAP1 Ser473
      phosphorylation limited mitochondrial hyperfusion in glucose-starved breast
      cancer cells, as driven by downregulation of the mitofusin protein MFN2, leading
      to reduced oxidative phosphorylation and ROS production. In clinical specimens of
      breast cancer, reduced expression of MFN2 corresponded to poor prognosis in
      patients. In a mouse xenograft model of human breast cancer, there was an
      association in the core region of tumors between MFN2 downregulation and the
      presence of highly fragmented mitochondria. Collectively, our results suggest
      that KAP1 Ser473 phosphorylation acts through MFN2 reduction to restrict
      mitochondrial hyperfusion, thereby contributing to cancer cell survival under
      conditions of sustained metabolic stress. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5006-18. (c)2016
      AACR.

PMID- 27364556
TI  - Activation of the c-Met Pathway Mobilizes an Inflammatory Network in the Brain
      Microenvironment to Promote Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer.
AB  - Brain metastasis is one of the chief causes of mortality in breast cancer
      patients, but the mechanisms that drive this process remain poorly understood.
      Here, we report that brain metastatic cells expressing high levels of c-Met
      promote the metastatic process via inflammatory cytokine upregulation and
      vascular reprogramming. Activated c-Met signaling promoted adhesion of tumor
      cells to brain endothelial cells and enhanced neovascularization by inducing the
      secretion of IL8 and CXCL1. Additionally, stimulation of IL1beta secretion by
      activation of c-Met induced tumor-associated astrocytes to secrete the c-Met
      ligand HGF. Thus, a feed-forward mechanism of cytokine release initiated and
      sustained by c-Met fed a vicious cycle that generated a favorable
      microenvironment for metastatic cells. Reinforcing our results, we found that
      pterostilbene, a compound that penetrates the blood-brain barrier, could suppress
      brain metastasis by targeting c-Met signaling. These findings suggest a potential
      utility of this natural compound for chemoprevention. Cancer Res; 76(17); 4970
      80. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364557
TI  - Activation of Wnt/beta-Catenin in Ewing Sarcoma Cells Antagonizes EWS/ETS
      Function and Promotes Phenotypic Transition to More Metastatic Cell States.
AB  - Ewing sarcomas are characterized by the presence of EWS/ETS fusion genes in the
      absence of other recurrent genetic alterations and mechanisms of tumor
      heterogeneity that contribute to disease progression remain unclear. Mutations in
      the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway are rare in Ewing sarcoma but the Wnt pathway
      modulator LGR5 is often highly expressed, suggesting a potential role for the
      axis in tumor pathogenesis. We evaluated beta-catenin and LGR5 expression in
      Ewing sarcoma cell lines and tumors and noted marked intra- and inter-tumor
      heterogeneity. Tumors with evidence of active Wnt/beta-catenin signaling were
      associated with increased incidence of tumor relapse and worse overall survival.
      Paradoxically, RNA sequencing revealed a marked antagonism of EWS/ETS
      transcriptional activity in Wnt/beta-catenin-activated tumor cells. Consistent
      with this, Wnt/beta-catenin-activated cells displayed a phenotype that was
      reminiscent of Ewing sarcoma cells with partial EWS/ETS loss of function.
      Specifically, activation of Wnt/beta-catenin induced alterations to the actin
      cytoskeleton, acquisition of a migratory phenotype, and upregulation of EWS/ETS
      repressed genes. Notably, activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling led to marked
      induction of tenascin C (TNC), an established promoter of cancer metastasis, and
      an EWS/ETS-repressed target gene. Loss of TNC function in Ewing sarcoma cells
      profoundly inhibited their migratory and metastatic potential. Our studies reveal
      that heterogeneous activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in subpopulations of
      tumor cells contributes to phenotypic heterogeneity and disease progression in
      Ewing sarcoma. Significantly, this is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition
      of EWS/ETS fusion protein function that results in derepression of metastasis
      associated gene programs. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5040-53. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364558
TI  - Syndecan-1 (CD138) Suppresses Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma by Activating IGF1
      Receptor: Prevention by SynstatinIGF1R Inhibits Tumor Growth.
AB  - Syndecan-1 (Sdc1/CD138) expression is linked to disease severity in multiple
      myeloma, although the causal basis for this link remains unclear. Here we report
      that capture of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) by Sdc1 suppresses ASK1-dependent
      apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Sdc1 binds two different fractions of IGF1R,
      one that is constitutively active and a second that is activated by IGF1 ligand.
      Notably, IGF1R kinase activity in both fractions is blocked by synstatinIGF1R
      (SSTNIGF1R), a peptide that inhibits IGF1R capture by Sdc1, as well as by a
      truncated peptide (SSTNIGF1R-T) that appears to be specific for multiple myeloma
      cells. Mechanistically, we show that ASK1 is bound to active IGF1R and inhibited
      by Tyr and Ser83/Ser966 phosphorylation. When IGF1R engagement with Sdc1 is
      blocked by SSTNIGF1R, ASK1 becomes activated, and initiates JNK- and caspase-3
      mediated apoptosis. In pharmacologic tests, we find SSTNIGF1R is highly stable in
      human plasma and displays a half-life of 27 hours in mice, wherein it
      significantly reduces both the size and neovascularization of CAG myeloma tumor
      xenografts. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept and
      mechanistic rationale for the exploration of SSTNIGF1R as an experimental
      therapeutic to dually attack multiple myeloma tumor cell survival and tumor
      angiogenesis. Cancer Res; 76(17); 4981-93. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364559
TI  - MEF2D Transduces Microenvironment Stimuli to ZEB1 to Promote Epithelial
      Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential mechanism of metastasis,
      including in colorectal cancer. Although EMT processes are often triggered in
      cancer cells by their surrounding microenvironment, how EMT-relevant genes
      control these processes is not well understood. In multiple types of cancers, the
      transcription factor MEF2D has been implicated in cell proliferation, but its
      contributions to metastasis have not been addressed. Here, we show MEF2D is
      overexpressed in clinical colorectal cancer tissues where its high expression
      correlates with metastatic process. Functional investigations showed that MEF2D
      promoted cancer cell invasion and EMT and that it was essential for certain
      microenvironment signals to induce EMT and metastasis in vivo Mechanistically,
      MEF2D directly regulated transcription of the EMT driver gene ZEB1 and
      facilitated histone acetylation at the ZEB1 promoter. More importantly, MEF2D
      responded to various tumor microenvironment signals and acted as a central
      integrator transducing multiple signals to activate ZEB1 transcription. Overall,
      our results define a critical function for MEF2D in upregulating EMT and the
      metastatic capacity of colorectal cancer cells. Further, they offer new insights
      into how microenvironment signals activate EMT-relevant genes and deepen the
      pathophysiologic significance of MEF2D, with potential implications for the
      prevention and treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Res; 76(17);
      5054-67. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364560
TI  - Trends of contact lens prescribing in Jordan.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate contact lens prescribing trends among optometrists in
      Jordan. METHODS: Optometrists from 173 practices in Jordan were surveyed about
      prescribing contact lenses in their practice. Practitioners were required to
      record information for the last 10 patients that visited their practice.
      Demographic data such as age and gender was obtained for each patient. In
      addition, data relating to lens type, lens design, replacement methods and the
      care regime advised to each patient were recorded. Practitioners were required to
      provide information relating to their education and years of experience. The
      influence of education and experience with respect to lens prescribing trends was
      explored using linear regression models for the proportions of lens types fitted
      for patients. RESULTS: A total of 1730 contact lens fits were analyzed. The mean
      (+/-SD) age of lens wearers was 26.6 (+/-7.9) years, of whom 65% were female.
      Conventional hydrogel lenses were the most prescribed lenses, accounting for
      60.3% of the fits, followed by silicone hydrogel lenses (31.3%), and rigid lenses
      (8.4%). In terms of lens design, spherical lenses appeared to be most commonly
      prescribed on monthly basis. Daily disposable lenses were second most prescribed
      lens modality, accounting for 20.4% of the study sample. Multi-purpose solution
      (MPS) was the preferred care regimen, with a prevalence of 88.1% reported in the
      study sample, compared to hydrogen peroxide (1-step and 2-step), which
      represented only 2.8% of the patients in this study. A relationship was
      established between the two educational groups for rigid lens prescribing
      (F=17.4, p<0.0001), while the experience of the optometrist was not a significant
      factor (F=0.4, p=0.54). CONCLUSION: This work has provides an up-to-date analysis
      of contact lens prescribing trends among optometrists in Jordan. Contact lens
      prescribing in terms of lens type, lens design, modality of wear and care regimen
      agree with global market trends with small variations. This report will help
      practitioners and the industry to detect any deficiencies in the contact lens
      market in Jordan, which will ease implementing current and future plans in
      developing contact lens practice and patient eye care in the region.

PMID- 27364561
TI  - gammaH2AX and p53 responses in TK6 cells discriminate promutagens and
      nongenotoxicants in the presence of rat liver S9.
AB  - Previous work with a diverse set of reference chemicals suggests that an in vitro
      multiplexed flow cytometry-based assay (MultiFlowTM DNA Damage Kit-p53,
      gammaH2AX, Phospho-Histone H3) can distinguish direct-acting clastogens and
      aneugens from nongenotoxicants (Bryce SM et al. []: Environ Mol Mutagen 57:171
      189). This work extends this line of investigation to include compounds that
      require metabolic activation to form reactive electrophiles. For these
      experiments, TK6 cells were exposed to 11 promutagens and 37 presumed
      nongenotoxicants in 96 well plates. Unless precipitation or foreknowledge about
      cytotoxicity suggested otherwise, the highest concentration was 1 mM. Exposure
      occurred for 4 hr after which time cells were washed to remove S9 and test
      article. Immediately following the wash and again at 24 hr, cell aliquots were
      added to wells of a microtiter plate containing the working
      detergent/stain/antibody cocktail. After a brief incubation, robotic sampling was
      employed for walk-away flow cytometric data acquisition. Univariate logistic
      regression analyses indicated that gammaH2AX induction and p53 activation provide
      the greatest degree of discrimination between clastogens and nongenotoxicants.
      Multivariate prediction algorithms that incorporated both of these endpoints, in
      each combination of time points, were evaluated. The best performing models
      correctly predicted 9 clastogens out of 11 and 36 nongenotoxicants out of 37.
      These results are encouraging as they suggest that an efficient and highly
      scalable multiplexed assay can effectively identify clastogenic chemicals that
      require bioactivation. More work is planned with a broader range of chemicals,
      additional cell lines, and other laboratories to further evaluate the merits and
      limitations of this approach. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:546-558, 2016. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27364562
TI  - Facilitation through altered resource availability in a mixed-species rodent
      malaria infection.
AB  - A major challenge in disease ecology is to understand how co-infecting parasite
      species interact. We manipulate in vivo resources and immunity to explain
      interactions between two rodent malaria parasites, Plasmodium chabaudi and P.
      yoelii. These species have analogous resource-use strategies to the human
      parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax: P. chabaudi and P. falciparum
      infect red blood cells (RBC) of all ages (RBC generalist); P. yoelii and P. vivax
      preferentially infect young RBCs (RBC specialist). We find that: (1) recent
      infection with the RBC generalist facilitates the RBC specialist (P. yoelii
      density is enhanced ~10 fold). This occurs because the RBC generalist increases
      availability of the RBC specialist's preferred resource; (2) co-infections with
      the RBC generalist and RBC specialist are highly virulent; (3) and the presence
      of an RBC generalist in a host population can increase the prevalence of an RBC
      specialist. Thus, we show that resources shape how parasite species interact and
      have epidemiological consequences.

PMID- 27364563
TI  - Synergistic Effect of H2O2 and NO2 in Cell Death Induced by Cold Atmospheric He
      Plasma.
AB  - Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPPs) have emerged over the last decade as a
      new promising therapy to fight cancer. CAPPs' antitumor activity is primarily due
      to the delivery of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), but the precise
      determination of the constituents linked to this anticancer process remains to be
      done. In the present study, using a micro-plasma jet produced in helium (He), we
      demonstrate that the concentration of H2O2, NO2(-) and NO3(-) can fully account
      for the majority of RONS produced in plasma-activated buffer. The role of these
      species on the viability of normal and tumour cell lines was investigated.
      Although the degree of sensitivity to H2O2 is cell-type dependent, we show that
      H2O2 alone cannot account for the toxicity of He plasma. Indeed, NO2(-), but not
      NO3(-), acts in synergy with H2O2 to enhance cell death in normal and tumour cell
      lines to a level similar to that observed after plasma treatment. Our findings
      suggest that the efficiency of plasma treatment strongly depends on the
      combination of H2O2 and NO2(-) in determined concentrations. We also show that
      the interaction of the He plasma jet with the ambient air is required to generate
      NO2(-) and NO3(-) in solution.

PMID- 27364564
TI  - Molecular detection and characterization through analysis of the hexon and fiber
      genes of Adenoviruses causing conjunctivitis in Tunisia, North Africa.
AB  - Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common causes of conjunctivitis. This study
      describes the epidemiological features and characterizes by phylogenetic analysis
      HAdVs isolated from patients with conjunctivitis in Tunisia, North Africa. Data
      on out-patients presenting with conjunctivitis during 2 years (2012-2013) were
      analyzed. Conjunctival swabs obtained from 240 patients were assessed for the
      presence of HAdVs by PCR amplification on the fiber and hexon genes. Positive PCR
      products, together with those of nine viral isolates from previous years, were
      sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. Conjunctivitis represented 11.5% of all
      reasons of consultations with a slight increase between mid-March and mid-June.
      Sixty-five percent of samples (n = 156) revealed positive by at least one PCR
      test. PCR amplification in the hexon gene was slightly more sensitive as compared
      to the fiber gene. Genotyping in the two genomic regions gave concordant results
      for almost all isolates. HAdV-D8 was the most predominant genotype (87.6%) and
      was detected continuously from 2000 to 2013. Minor co-circulating genotypes
      including HAdV-E4, HAdV-B3, HAdV-B55, and HAdV-D37 were identified; most of them
      were detected by amplification in the hexon gene. In conclusion, this work
      reports molecular data on adenoviral conjunctivitis from a region where such
      information is scarce and contributes to a better knowledge of the worldwide
      distribution of causative genotypes. It revealed a predominance and endemic
      circulation of HAdV-D8, a genotype that was mainly reported from epidemic
      keratoconjunctivitis. It shows that PCR amplification in two different genomic
      regions enhances the sensitivity of HAdV detection in clinical samples and the
      identification of minor genotypes. J. Med. Virol. 89:304-312, 2017. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27364565
TI  - Erythropoietin-regulated oxidative stress negatively affects enucleation during
      terminal erythropoiesis.
AB  - Differentiating erythroblasts are exposed to an oxidative environment. The
      dynamics of oxidative status during terminal erythropoiesis and how they affect
      cell differentiation in response to erythropoietin (Epo) are unclear. Here, we
      show that Epo induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the early
      stages of terminal erythropoiesis. The levels of ROS correlate with CD71 surface
      expression and the uptake of iron and transferrin. ROS decreases in the late
      stages of terminal erythropoiesis, when the cells are preparing for enucleation.
      Consistently, treatment of erythroblasts with a low dose (5 mM) of N-acetyl
      cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, promotes enucleation. However, a high dose (20
      mM) of NAC leads to significant cell death. Our study reveals an important
      function of Epo in regulating the dynamics of oxidative status and enucleation.

PMID- 27364567
TI  - Eye tracking reveals the cost of switching between self and other perspectives in
      a visual perspective-taking task.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that while people can rapidly and accurately compute
      their own and other people's visual perspectives, they experience difficulty
      ignoring the irrelevant perspective when the two perspectives differ. We used the
      "avatar" perspective-taking task to examine the mechanisms that underlie these
      egocentric (i.e., interference from their own perspective) and altercentric
      (i.e., interference from the other person's perspective) tendencies. Participants
      were eye-tracked as they verified the number of discs in a visual scene according
      to either their own or an on-screen avatar's perspective. Crucially in some
      trials the two perspectives were inconsistent (i.e., each saw a different number
      of discs), while in others they were consistent. To examine the effect of
      perspective switching, performance was compared for trials that were preceded
      with the same versus a different perspective cue. We found that altercentric
      interference can be reduced or eliminated when participants stick with their own
      perspective across consecutive trials. Our eye-tracking analyses revealed
      distinct fixation patterns for self and other perspective taking, suggesting that
      consistency effects in this paradigm are driven by implicit mentalizing of what
      others can see, and not automatic directional cues from the avatar.

PMID- 27364566
TI  - Clinical pharmacology of analgosedatives in neonates: ways to improve their safe
      and effective use.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To propose approaches tailored to the specific needs of neonates,
      such as structured product development programmes, with the ultimate goal to
      improve the safe and effective use of analgosedatives in these fragile patients.
      KEY FINDINGS: The feasibility and relevance of a structured product development
      programme in neonates (optimal study design based on preliminary data; model
      development; internal, external and prospective evaluation; an individualized
      dosing regimen; long-term safety; pharmacogenetics) are illustrated for the use
      of morphine. Based on changes in clinical practices, similar development plans
      are in progress for short-acting analgosedatives such as propofol, but are in
      need of tailored pharmacodynamic tools to assess and quantify effects.
      Furthermore, for drugs like paracetamol where there is already sufficient
      clinical pharmacology knowledge, attention needs to be given to long-term safety
      aspects. Finally, new covariates such as pharmacogenetics might further improve
      neonatal pain management, but clearly need to be integrated with other well
      established covariates like age or weight. SUMMARY: Product development
      programmes for analgosedatives in neonates are needed. These programmes should be
      tailored to their specific needs (short-acting sedation, pain relief), should
      include long-term safety and should incorporate the exploration of newer
      covariates like pharmacogenetics.

PMID- 27364568
TI  - Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated poliovirus vaccine when given with
      measles-rubella combined vaccine and yellow fever vaccine and when given via
      different administration routes: a phase 4, randomised, non-inferiority trial in
      The Gambia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The introduction of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
      represents a crucial step in the polio eradication endgame. This trial examined
      the safety and immunogenicity of IPV given alongside the measles-rubella and
      yellow fever vaccines at 9 months and when given as a full or fractional dose
      using needle and syringe or disposable-syringe jet injector. METHODS: We did a
      phase 4, randomised, non-inferiority trial at three periurban government clinics
      in west Gambia. Infants aged 9-10 months who had already received oral poliovirus
      vaccine were randomly assigned to receive the IPV, measles-rubella, and yellow
      fever vaccines, singularly or in combination. Separately, IPV was given as a full
      intramuscular or fractional intradermal dose by needle and syringe or disposable
      syringe jet injector at a second visit. The primary outcomes were seroprevalence
      rates for poliovirus 4-6 weeks post-vaccination and the rate of seroconversion
      between baseline and post-vaccination serum samples for measles, rubella, and
      yellow fever; and the post-vaccination antibody titres generated against each
      component of the vaccines. We did a per-protocol analysis with a non-inferiority
      margin of 10% for poliovirus seroprevalence and measles, rubella, and yellow
      fever seroconversion, and (1/3) log2 for log2-transformed antibody titres. This
      trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01847872. FINDINGS:
      Between July 10, 2013, and May 8, 2014, we assessed 1662 infants for eligibility,
      of whom 1504 were enrolled into one of seven groups for vaccine interference and
      one of four groups for fractional dosing and alternative route of administration.
      The rubella and yellow fever antibody titres were reduced by co-administration
      but the seroconversion rates achieved non-inferiority in both cases (rubella, 
      4.5% [95% CI -9.5 to -0.1]; yellow fever, 1.2% [-2.9 to 5.5]). Measles and
      poliovirus responses were unaffected (measles, 6.8% [95% CI -1.4 to 14.9];
      poliovirus serotype 1, 1.6% [-6.7 to 4.7]; serotype 2, 0.0% [-2.1 to 2.1];
      serotype 3, 0.0% [-3.8 to 3.9]). Poliovirus seroprevalence was universally high
      (>97%) after vaccination, but the antibody titres generated by fractional
      intradermal doses of IPV did not achieve non-inferiority compared with full dose.
      The number of infants who seroconverted or had a four-fold rise in titres was
      also lower by the intradermal route. There were no safety concerns.
      INTERPRETATION: The data support the future co-administration of IPV, measles
      rubella, and yellow fever vaccines within the Expanded Programme on Immunization
      schedule at 9 months. The administration of single fractional intradermal doses
      of IPV by needle and syringe or disposable-syringe jet injector compromises the
      immunity generated, although it results in a high post-vaccination poliovirus
      seroprevalence. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

PMID- 27364569
TI  - Correction: Acute inhibition of neurosteroid estrogen synthesis suppresses status
      epilepticus in an animal model.

PMID- 27364570
TI  - Serum lactate levels and perfusion index: are these prognostic factors on
      mortality and morbidity in very low-birth weight infants?
AB  - AIM: Early hemodynamic assessment of global parameters in critically ill newborns
      fails and requires mostly invasive measurements in neonatal intensive care unit.
      Clinical signs are frequently used for assessment of peripheral perfusion.
      Perfusion index (PI) is a new noninvasive numerical value of peripheral
      perfusion. Serum lactate levels and PI are the indicators that are important in
      determining prognosis of preterm infants. In this study, we aimed to investigate
      the relationship of serum lactate levels and PI with mortality and morbidity in
      very low-birth weight infants (VLBW). STUDY DESIGN: This study was conducted
      between July 2014 and July 2015 in a Level III NICU. The study enrolled preterm
      infants with a gestational age <= 32 weeks, birth weight <= 1500 g. Serum lactate
      levels from blood gases and PI, SpO2 measurements were recorded at 1st, 12th and
      24th hours by using a new generation pulse-oximeter. Morbidities and mortalities
      were documented. RESULTS: A total of 60 VLBW infants were enrolled the study.
      Mean birth weight and gestational age were 991 +/- 288 g and 27.5 +/- 2.5 w,
      respectively. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was significantly higher in the
      patients with high lactate levels (>4 mg/dl) at 1st hour and low-PI levels (<0.5)
      at 12th hour of life (p = 0.042, p = 0.015), respectively. Bronchopulmonary
      displasia (BPD) was significantly higher in the patients with low PI (< 0.5) at
      1st hour. Lactate and PI values were not significantly correlated with
      necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus,
      sepsis and mortality. CONCLUSION: High lactate levels (> 4 mg/dl) and low PI (<
      0.5) could be used as early parameters for prediction of ROP and BPD. This data
      suggests that in VLBW infants lactate levels and PI parameters during the first
      24 h will be effective in determining the prognosis of the disease. We believe
      that larger, randomized controlled clinical trials are likely to establish the
      true benefit.

PMID- 27364571
TI  - Dual gradients of light intensity and nutrient concentration for full-factorial
      mapping of photosynthetic productivity.
AB  - Optimizing bioproduct generation from microalgae is complicated by the myriad of
      coupled parameters affecting photosynthetic productivity. Quantifying the effect
      of multiple coupled parameters in full-factorial fashion requires a prohibitively
      high number of experiments. We present a simple hydrogel-based platform for the
      rapid, full-factorial mapping of light and nutrient availability on the growth
      and lipid accumulation of microalgae. We accomplish this without microfabrication
      using thin sheets of cell-laden hydrogels. By immobilizing the algae in a
      hydrogel matrix we are able to take full advantage of the continuous spatial
      chemical gradient produced by a diffusion-based gradient generator while
      eliminating the need for chambers. We map the effect of light intensities between
      0 MUmol m(-2) s(-1) and 130 MUmol m(-2) s(-1) (~28 W m(-2)) coupled with ammonium
      concentrations between 0 mM and 7 mM on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Our data set,
      verified with bulk experiments, clarifies the role of ammonium availability on
      the photosynthetic productivity Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, demonstrating the
      dependence of ammonium inhibition on light intensity. Specifically, a sharp
      optimal growth peak emerges at approximately 2 mM only for light intensities
      between 80 and 100 MUmol m(-2) s(-1)- suggesting that ammonium inhibition is
      insignificant at lower light intensities. We speculate that this phenomenon is
      due to the regulation of the high affinity ammonium transport system in
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as well as free ammonia toxicity. The complexity of
      this photosynthetic biological response highlights the importance of full
      factorial data sets as enabled here.

PMID- 27364572
TI  - MicroRNA-145 functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting matrix
      metalloproteinase 11 and Rab GTPase family 27a in triple-negative breast cancer.
AB  - Although increasing evidence has documented that microRNA-145 (miR-145) acts as a
      tumor suppressor in breast cancer, its exact role in triple-negative breast
      cancer (TNBC) remains poorly defined. In this study, the expression of miR-145 in
      human TNBC cells and samples from 30 patients was analyzed by stem-loop real-time
      PCR. We found that miR-145 was significantly downregulated in TNBC tissues and
      cells. Upregulating miR-145 in HCC1937 cells dramatically suppressed cell
      proliferation and induced G1-phase arrest, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells did not show
      growth inhibition. MiR-145 exhibited an inhibitory role in cell invasion through
      the post-transcriptional regulation of the novel targets MMP11 and Rab27a in TNBC
      cells. Additionally, miR-145 silencing could be reversed by 5-aza-2'
      deoxycytidine (DAC). These results demonstrated that miR-145 has an inhibitory
      role in TNBC malignancy by targeting MMP11 and Rab27a, which might be potential
      therapeutic and diagnostic targets for TNBC.

PMID- 27364573
TI  - Antiproliferative effect of a synthetic aptamer mimicking androgen response
      elements in the LNCaP cell line.
AB  - Prostate cancer usually develops to a hormone-refractory state that is
      irresponsive to conventional therapeutic approaches. Therefore, new methods for
      treating aggressive prostate cancer are under development. Because of the
      importance of androgen receptors (ARs) in the development of the hormone
      refractory state and AR mechanism of action, this study was designed. A single
      stranded DNA as an aptamer was designed that could mimic the hormone response
      element (HRE). The LNCaP cells as an AR-rich model were divided into three sets
      of triplicate groups: the test group was transfected with Aptamer Mimicking HRE
      (AMH), Mock received only transfection reagents (mock) and a negative control.
      All three sets received 0, 10 and 100 nM of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
      separately. Data analysis showed hormone dependency of LNCaP cells in the
      negative control group upon treatment with 10 and 100 nM DHEA (compared with
      cells left untreated (P=0.001)). Transfection of AMH resulted in significant
      reduction of proliferation in the test group when compared with the negative
      control group with 10 (P=0.001) or 100 nM DHEA (P=0.02). AMH can form a hairpin
      structure at 37  degrees C and mimic the genomic HRE. Hence, it is capable of
      effectively competing with genomic HRE and interrupting the androgen signaling
      pathway in a prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP).

PMID- 27364575
TI  - Mesorectal Invasion Depth in Rectal Carcinoma Is Associated With Low Survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most cases of rectal cancer (RC) in our institution are in pathologic
      stage T3. They are a heterogeneous group but have been classified in a single
      stage category. We performed the present study to validate the prognostic
      significance of the mesorectal extension depth (MED) in T3 RC measured in
      millimeters beyond the muscularis propria plane. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective analysis of 104 patients with T3 RC who had undergone
      curative surgery after a course of preoperative chemoradiotherapy at a tertiary
      referral cancer hospital. The patients were grouped by MED (T3a, < 1 mm; T3b, 1-5
      mm; T3c > 5-10 mm; and T3d > 10 mm). The clinicopathologic data and disease-free
      survival were analyzed. RESULTS: The 5-year disease-free survival rate according
      to the T3 subclassification was 87.5% for those with T3a, 57.9% for T3b, 38.7%
      for T3c, and 40.3% for those with T3d tumors (P = .050). On univariate and
      multivariate analysis, the prognostic factors affecting survival were overall
      recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 3.670; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.710-7.837;
      P = .001), histologic grade (HR, 2.204; 95% CI, 1.156-4.199; P = .016),
      mesorectal invasion depth (HR, 1.885; 95% CI, 1.164-3.052; P = .010), and lymph
      node metastasis (HR, 1.211; 95% CI, 1.015-1.444; P = .033). CONCLUSION: MED is a
      significant prognostic factor in patients with T3 RC who have undergone
      neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, especially when the MED is > 5 mm. The MED could
      be as important as other clinicopathologic factors in predicting disease-specific
      survival.

PMID- 27364574
TI  - Locked nucleic acid anti-miR-21 inhibits cell growth and invasive behaviors of a
      colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line: LNA-anti-miR as a novel approach.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death and
      has an extremely poor prognosis. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been
      shown to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of many malignancies.
      Recent data suggest that microRNA-21 (miR-21) is significantly elevated in
      different types of cancer, especially colon adenocarcinoma. Against this
      background, locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified oligonucleotides have recently
      been suggested as a novel approach for targeting miRNAs as antisense-based gene
      silencing. The aim of the current study was to explore the functional role of LNA
      anti-miR-21 in a colon adenocarcinoma LS174T cell line. LS174T cells were
      transfected with LNA-anti-miR-21 for 24, 48 and 72 h. Quantitative real-time
      reverse transcriptase-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to assess miR-21 expression by
      LNA-anti-miR-21. The viability of the cells was evaluated by MTT (3-[4, 5
      dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and Annexin
      V/propidium iodide staining assay was used to detect apoptosis. Moreover,
      invasive behavior of the cells was evaluated before and after therapy by
      transwell assay. LNA-anti-miR-21 was successfully transfected in human LS174T
      cells and suppressed the endogenous miR-21. LNA-anti-miR-21 inhibited the cells'
      growth followed by induction of apoptosis. LNA-anti-miR-21 (50 pmol/MUl) reduced
      the invasive behaviors of LS174T cells after 24 h, compared with untreated cells
      and scrambled LNA-transfected cells. However, this effect was more pronounced
      after 72 h. Our findings suggest the therapeutic potential of LNA-anti-miR-21 in
      a colon adenocarcinoma for targeting miR-21 expression. Further studies are
      warranted to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying this novel inhibitor
      in colorectal cancer to establish its potential value for treatment of CRC
      patients with high miR-21 expression.

PMID- 27364594
TI  - Molecular Transport Junctions Created By Self-Contacting Gapped Nanowires.
AB  - Molecular transport junctions (MTJs) are important components in molecular
      electronic devices. However, the synthesis of MTJs remains a significant
      challenge, as the dimensions of the junction must be tailored for each
      experiment, based on the molecular lengths. A novel methodology is reported for
      forming MTJs, taking advantage of capillary and van der Waals forces. 

PMID- 27364593
TI  - Paraoxonase 2 modulates a proapoptotic function in LS174T cells in response to
      quorum sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone.
AB  - A mucus layer coats the gastrointestinal tract and serves as the first line of
      intestinal defense against infection. N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum
      sensing molecules produced by gram-negative bacteria in the gut can influence the
      homeostasis of intestinal epithelium. In this study, we investigated the effects
      of two representative long- and short-chain AHLs, N-3-(oxododecanoyl)-homoserine
      lactone (C12-HSL) and N-butyryl homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), on cell viability
      and mucus secretion in LS174T cells. C12-HSL but not C4-HSL significantly
      decreased cell viability by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and activating
      cell apoptosis which led to a decrease in mucin expression. Pretreatment with
      lipid raft disruptor (Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, MbetaCD) and oxidative stress
      inhibitor (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC) slightly rescued the viability of cells
      damaged by C12-HSL exposure, while the paraoxonase 2 (PON2) inhibitor
      (Triazolo[4,3-a]quinolone, TQ416) significantly affected recovering cells
      viability and mucin secretion. When LS174T cells were treated with C12-HSL and
      TQ416 simultaneously, TQ416 showed the maximal positive effect on cells
      viability. However, if cells were first treated with C12-HSL for 40 mins, and
      then TQ46 was added, the TQ416 had no effect on cell viability. These results
      suggest that the C12-HSL-acid process acts at an early step to activate apoptosis
      as part of C12-HSL's effect on intestinal mucus barrier function.

PMID- 27364595
TI  - Chondro-protective effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cartilage is a highly mechano-responsive tissue. Chondrocytes undergo
      a series of complex changes, including proliferation and metabolic alteration as
      the target of external biomechanical and biochemical stimuli. IL-1beta is known
      to regulate chondrocyte metabolism and plays an important role in the
      pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The objective of this study was to employ
      low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) as a localized mechanical stimulus and
      assess its effects on chondrocyte migration, proliferation, metabolism, and
      differentiation, as well as its ability to suppress IL-1beta mediated catabolism
      in cartilage. METHODS: Human cartilage explants and chondrocytes were stimulated
      by LIPUS in the presence and absence of IL-1beta to asses cartilage degradation,
      chondrocytes metabolism, migration, and proliferation. Western blot analyses were
      conducted to study IL-1beta the associated NFkappaB pathway in chondrocytes.
      RESULTS: LIPUS stimulation increased the proteoglycan content in human cartilage
      explants and inhibited IL-1beta induced loss of proteoglycans. LIPUS stimulation
      increased rates of chondrocyte migration and proliferation, and promoted
      chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Further, LIPUS suppressed IL
      1beta induced activation of phosphorylation of NFkappaB-p65 and IKBalpha leading
      to reduced expression of MMP13 and ADAMT5 in chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Collectively, these data demonstrate the potential therapeutic effects of LIPUS
      in preventing cartilage degradation and treating OA via a mechanical stimulation
      that inhibits the catabolic action of IL-1beta and stimulates chondrocyte
      migration, proliferation, and differentiation.

PMID- 27364597
TI  - Obesity: Inheritance via mitochondria.

PMID- 27364596
TI  - Targeting ID2 expression triggers a more differentiated phenotype and reduces
      aggressiveness in human salivary gland cancer cells.
AB  - Inhibitors of DNA-binding (ID) proteins are negative regulators of basic helix
      loop-helix transcription factors and generally stimulate cell proliferation and
      inhibit differentiation. We previously determined that ID1 was highly expressed
      in aggressive salivary gland cancer (SGC) cells in culture. Here, we show that
      ID2 is also expressed in aggressive SGC cells. ID2 knockdown triggers important
      changes in cell behavior, that is, it significantly reduces the expression of N
      cadherin, vimentin and Snail, induces E-cadherin expression and leads to a more
      differentiated phenotype exemplified by changes in cell shape. Moreover, ID2
      knockdown almost completely suppresses invasion and the expression of matrix
      metalloproteinase 9. In conclusion, ID2 expression maintains an aggressive
      phenotype in SGC cells, and ID2 repression triggers a reduction in cell
      aggressiveness. ID2 therefore represents a potential therapeutic target during
      SGC progression. ID proteins are negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix
      transcription factors and generally stimulate cell proliferation and inhibit
      differentiation. ID2 knockdown triggers important changes in cell behavior, that
      is, it significantly reduces the expression of N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail,
      induces E-cadherin expression and leads to a more differentiated phenotype
      exemplified by changes in cell shape. ID2 therefore represents a potential
      therapeutic target during SGC progression. 

PMID- 27364599
TI  - Adipose tissue: Sex differences in adipogenesis.

PMID- 27364598
TI  - Subclinical hypothyroidism in childhood - current knowledge and open issues.
AB  - Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as serum levels of TSH above the upper
      limit of the reference range, in the presence of normal concentrations of total
      T4 or free T4. This biochemical profile might be an indication of mild
      hypothyroidism, with a potential increased risk of metabolic abnormalities and
      cardiovascular disease recorded among adults. Whether subclinical hypothyroidism
      results in adverse health outcomes among children is a matter of debate and so
      management of this condition remains challenging. Mild forms of untreated
      subclinical hypothyroidism do not seem to be associated with impairments in
      growth, bone health or neurocognitive outcome. However, ongoing scientific
      investigations have highlighted the presence of subtle proatherogenic
      abnormalities among children with modest elevations in their TSH levels. Although
      current findings are insufficient to recommend levothyroxine treatment for all
      children with mild asymptomatic forms of subclinical hypothyroidism, they
      highlight the potential need for assessment of cardiovascular risk among children
      with this condition. Increased understanding of the early metabolic risk factors
      associated with subclinical hypothyroidism in childhood will help to improve the
      management of affected individuals.

PMID- 27364600
TI  - Capturing tumor complexity in vitro: Comparative analysis of 2D and 3D tumor
      models for drug discovery.
AB  - Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures growing on plastic do not recapitulate the
      three dimensional (3D) architecture and complexity of human tumors. More
      representative models are required for drug discovery and validation. Here, 2D
      culture and 3D mono- and stromal co-culture models of increasing complexity have
      been established and cross-comparisons made using three standard cell carcinoma
      lines: MCF7, LNCaP, NCI-H1437. Fluorescence-based growth curves, 3D image
      analysis, immunohistochemistry and treatment responses showed that end points
      differed according to cell type, stromal co-culture and culture format. The
      adaptable methodologies described here should guide the choice of appropriate
      simple and complex in vitro models.

PMID- 27364601
TI  - Effect of diastolic dysfunction on postoperative outcomes after cardiovascular
      surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of
      preoperative diastolic dysfunction on postoperative mortality and morbidity after
      cardiovascular surgery. METHODS: We systematically searched for articles that
      assessed the prognostic role of diastolic dysfunction on cardiovascular surgery
      in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus until February
      2016. Twelve studies (n = 8224) met our inclusion criteria. Because of the
      scarcity of outcome events, fixed-effects meta-analysis was performed via the
      Mantel-Haenszel method. RESULTS: Preoperative diagnosis of diastolic dysfunction
      was associated with greater postoperative mortality (odds ratio [OR], 2.41; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 1.54-3.71; P < .0001), major adverse cardiac events
      (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.55-2.78; P <= .0001), and prolonged mechanical ventilation
      (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.04-4.16; P = .04) compared with patients without diastolic
      dysfunction among patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery. The odds of
      postoperative myocardial infarction (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.82-2.05; P = .28) and
      atrial fibrillation (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 0.49-14.43; P = .25) did not significantly
      differ between the 2 groups. Severity of preoperative diastolic dysfunction was
      associated with increased postoperative mortality (OR, 21.22; 95% CI, 3.74
      120.33; P = .0006) for Grade 3 diastolic dysfunction compared with patients with
      normal diastolic function. Inclusion of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)
      <40% accompanying diastolic dysfunction did not further impact postoperative
      mortality (P = .27; I(2) = 18%) compared with patients with normal LVEF and
      diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of preoperative diastolic
      dysfunction was associated with greater postoperative mortality and major adverse
      cardiac events, regardless of LVEF. Mortality was significantly greater in grade
      III diastolic dysfunction.

PMID- 27364602
TI  - Hypometabolism as the ultimate defence in stress response: how the comparative
      approach helps understanding of medically relevant questions.
AB  - First conceptualized from breath-hold diving mammals, later recognized as the
      ultimate cell autonomous survival strategy in anoxia-tolerant vertebrates and
      burrowing or hibernating rodents, hypometabolism is typically recruited by
      resilient organisms to withstand and recover from otherwise life-threatening
      hazards. Through the coordinated down-regulation of biosynthetic, proliferative
      and electrogenic expenditures at times when little ATP can be generated, a
      metabolism turned 'down to the pilot light' allows the re-balancing of energy
      demand with supply at a greatly suppressed level in response to noxious exogenous
      stimuli or seasonal endogenous cues. A unifying hallmark of stress-tolerant
      organisms, the adaptation effectively prevents lethal depletion of ATP, thus
      delineating a marked contrast with susceptible species. Along with disengaged
      macromolecular syntheses, attenuated transmembrane ion shuttling and PO2 
      conforming respiration rates, the metabolic slowdown in tolerant species usually
      culminates in a non-cycling, quiescent phenotype. However, such a reprogramming
      also occurs in leading human pathophysiologies. Ranging from microbial infections
      through ischaemia-driven infarcts to solid malignancies, cells involved in these
      disorders may again invoke hypometabolism to endure conditions non-permissive for
      growth. At the same time, their reduced activities underlie the frequent
      development of a general resistance to therapeutic interventions. On the other
      hand, a controlled induction of hypometabolic and/or hypothermic states by
      pharmacological means has recently stimulated intense research aimed at improved
      organ preservation and patient survival in situations requiring acutely
      administered critical care. The current review article therefore presents an up
      to-date survey of concepts and applications of a coordinated and reversibly down
      regulated metabolic rate as the ultimate defence in stress responses.

PMID- 27364604
TI  - A realistic fabrication and design concept for quantum gates based on single
      emitters integrated in plasmonic-dielectric waveguide structures.
AB  - Tremendous enhancement of light-matter interaction in plasmonic-dielectric hybrid
      devices allows for non-linearities at the level of single emitters and few
      photons, such as single photon transistors. However, constructing integrated
      components for such devices is technologically extremely challenging. We tackle
      this task by lithographically fabricating an on-chip plasmonic waveguide
      structure connected to far-field in- and out-coupling ports via low-loss
      dielectric waveguides. We precisely describe our lithographic approach and
      characterize the fabricated integrated chip. We find excellent agreement with
      rigorous numerical simulations. Based on these findings we perform a numerical
      optimization and calculate concrete numbers for a plasmonic single-photon
      transistor.

PMID- 27364606
TI  - Reputation in an economic game modulates premotor cortex activity during action
      observation.
AB  - Our interactions with other people - and our processing of their actions - are
      shaped by their reputation. Research has identified an Action Observation Network
      (AON) which is engaged when observing other people's actions. Yet, little is
      known about how the processing of others' actions is influenced by another's
      reputation. Is the response of the AON modulated by the reputation of the actor?
      We developed a variant of the ultimatum game in which participants watched either
      the visible or occluded actions of two 'proposers'. These actions were tied to
      decisions of how to split a pot of money although the proposers' decisions on
      each trial were not known to participants when observing the actions. One
      proposer made fair offers on the majority of trials, establishing a positive
      reputation, whereas the other made predominantly, unfair offers resulting in a
      negative reputation. We found significant activations in two regions of the left
      dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC). The first of these showed a main effect of
      reputation with greater activation for the negative reputation proposer than the
      positive reputation proposer. Furthermore individual differences in trust ratings
      of the two proposers covaried with activation in the right primary motor cortex
      (M1). The second showed an interaction between visibility and reputation driven
      by a greater effect of reputation when participants were observing an occluded
      action. Our findings show that the processing of others' actions in the AON is
      modulated by an actor's reputation, and suggest a predictive role for the PMC
      during action observation.

PMID- 27364603
TI  - The COPD Assessment Test: Can It Discriminate Across COPD Subpopulations?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The COPD Assessment Test (CAT) is a valid disease-specific
      questionnaire measuring health status. However, knowledge concerning its use
      regarding patient and disease characteristics remains limited. Our main objective
      was to assess the degree to which the CAT score varies and can discriminate
      between specific patient population groups. METHODS: The Canadian Cohort
      Obstructive Lung Disease (CanCOLD) is a random-sampled, population-based,
      multicenter, prospective cohort that includes subjects with COPD (Global
      Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] classifications 1 to 3).
      The CAT questionnaire was administered at three visits (baseline, 1.5 years, and
      3 years). The CAT total score was determined for sex, age groups, smoking status,
      GOLD classification, exacerbations, and comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 716
      subjects with COPD were included in the analysis. The majority of subjects
      (72.5%) were not previously diagnosed with COPD. The mean FEV1/FVC ratio was 61.1
      +/- 8.1%, with a mean FEV1 % predicted of 82.3 +/- 19.3%. The mean CAT scores
      were 5.8 +/- 5.0, 9.6 +/- 6.7, and 16.1 +/- 10.0 for GOLD 1, 2, and 3+
      classifications, respectively. Higher CAT scores were observed in women, current
      smokers, ever-smokers, and subjects with a previous diagnosis of COPD. The CAT
      was also able to distinguish between subjects who experience exacerbations vs
      those who had no exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the CAT,
      originally designed for use in clinically symptomatic patients with COPD, can
      also be used in individuals with mild airflow obstruction and newly diagnosed
      COPD. In addition, the CAT was able to discriminate between sexes and subjects
      who experience frequent and infrequent exacerbations. TRIAL REGISTRY:
      ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00920348; Study ID No.: IRO-93326.

PMID- 27364607
TI  - Sum Frequency Generation of Interfacial Lipid Monolayers Shows Polarization
      Dependence on Experimental Geometries.
AB  - Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been widely employed
      to investigate molecular structures of biological surfaces and interfaces
      including model cell membranes. A variety of lipid monolayers or bilayers serving
      as model cell membranes and their interactions with many different molecules have
      been extensively studied using SFG. Here, we conducted an in-depth investigation
      on polarization-dependent SFG signals collected from interfacial lipid monolayers
      using different experimental geometries, i.e., the prism geometry (total internal
      reflection) and the window geometry (external reflection). The different SFG
      spectral features of interfacial lipid monolayers detected using different
      experimental geometries are due to the interplay between the varied Fresnel
      coefficients and second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor terms of different
      vibrational modes (i.e., ss and as modes of methyl groups), which were analyzed
      in detail in this study. Therefore, understanding the interplay between the
      interfacial Fresnel coefficients and chi((2)) tensors is a prerequisite for
      correctly understanding the SFG spectral features with respect to different
      experimental geometries. More importantly, the derived information in this paper
      should not be limited to the methyl groups with a C3v symmetry; valid extension
      to interfacial functional groups with different molecular symmetries and even
      chiral interfaces could be expected.

PMID- 27364608
TI  - Structural effects of modified ribonucleotides and magnesium in transfer RNAs.
AB  - Modified nucleotides are ubiquitous and important to tRNA structure and function.
      To understand their effect on tRNA conformation, we performed a series of
      molecular dynamics simulations on yeast tRNAPhe and tRNAinit, Escherichia coli
      tRNAinit and HIV tRNALys. Simulations were performed with the wild type modified
      nucleotides, using the recently developed CHARMM compatible force field parameter
      set for modified nucleotides (J. Comput. Chem.2016, 37, 896), or with the
      corresponding unmodified nucleotides, and in the presence or absence of Mg2+.
      Results showed a stabilizing effect associated with the presence of the
      modifications and Mg2+ for some important positions, such as modified guanosine
      in position 37 and dihydrouridines in 16/17 including both structural properties
      and base interactions. Some other modifications were also found to make subtle
      contributions to the structural properties of local domains. While we were not
      able to investigate the effect of adenosine 37 in tRNAinit and limitations were
      observed in the conformation of E. coli tRNAinit, the presence of the modified
      nucleotides and of Mg2+ better maintained the structural features and base
      interactions of the tRNA systems than in their absence indicating the utility of
      incorporating the modified nucleotides in simulations of tRNA and other RNAs.

PMID- 27364610
TI  - Doxifluridine-conjugated 2-5A analog shows strong RNase L activation ability and
      tumor suppressive effect.
AB  - RNase L is activated by 2',5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A) at subnanomolar levels to
      cleave single-stranded RNA. We previously reported the hypothesis that the
      introduction of an 8-methyladenosine residue at the 2'-terminus of the 2-5A
      tetramer shifts the 2-5A binding site of RNase L. In this study, we synthesized
      various 5'-modified 2-5A analogs with 8-methyladenosine at the 2'-terminus. The
      doxifluridine-conjugated 8-methyladenosine-substituted 2-5A analog was
      significantly more effective as an activator of RNase L than the parent 5'
      monophophorylated 2-5A tetramer and showed a tumor suppressive effect against
      human cervical cancer cells.

PMID- 27364609
TI  - Development of CNS multi-receptor ligands: Modification of known D2
      pharmacophores.
AB  - Several known D2 pharmacophores have been explored as templates for identifying
      ligands with multiple binding affinities at dopamine and serotonin receptors
      considered as clinically relevant receptors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric
      diseases. This approach has resulted in the identification of ligands that target
      multiple CNS receptors while avoiding others associated with deleterious effects.
      In particular, compounds 11, 15 and 22 may have potential for further development
      as antipsychotic agents as they favorably interact with the clinically relevant
      receptors including D2R, 5-HT1AR, and 5-HT7R. We have also identified the pair of
      compounds 11 and 10 as high affinity D2R ligands with and without SERT binding
      affinities, respectively. These differential binding profiles endow the pair with
      the potential for evaluating SERT contributions to antipsychotic drug activity in
      animal behavioral models. In addition, compound 11 has no significant affinity
      for 5-HT2CR and binds only moderately to the H1R, suggesting it may not induce
      weight gain or sedation when used clinically. Taken together, compound 11
      displays an interesting pharmacological profile that necessitates the evaluation
      of its functional and in vivo effects in animal models which are currently
      ongoing.

PMID- 27364611
TI  - Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of JDTic analogs to examine the
      significance of replacement of the 3-hydroxyphenyl group with pyridine or
      thiophene bioisosteres.
AB  - The potent and selective KOR antagonist JDTic was derived from the N-substituted
      trans-3,4-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine class of pure opioid
      antagonists. In previous studies we reported that compounds that did not have a
      hydroxyl on the 3-hydroxyphenyl group and did not have methyl groups at the 3-
      and 4-position of the piperidine ring were still potent and selective KOR
      antagonists. In this study we report JDTic analogs 2, 3a-b, 4a-b, and 5, where
      the 3-hydroxyphenyl ring has been replaced by a 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl or 3-thienyl
      group and do not have the 3-methyl or 3,4-dimethyl groups, remain potent and
      selective KOR antagonists. Of these, (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-(1S)-2-methyl-[4-methyl-4
      pyridine-3-yl-carboxamide (3b) had the best overall binding potency and
      selectivity in a [(35)S]GTPgammaS functional assay, with a Ke=0.18nM at the KOR
      and 273- and 16,700-fold selectivity for the KOR relative to the MOR and DOR,
      respectively. Calculated physiochemical properties for 3b suggest that it will
      cross the blood-brain barrier.

PMID- 27364612
TI  - Keeping you at arm's length: modifying peripersonal space influences
      interpersonal distance.
AB  - Peripersonal space represents the area around the body where objects are coded in
      motor terms for the purpose of voluntary goal-directed actions. Previous studies
      have suggested that peripersonal space is also a safe space linked with our
      private area, influencing interpersonal space in social contexts. However,
      whether these two spaces rely on similar embodied processes remains an open
      issue. In the present study, participants observed a point-light walker (PLW)
      approaching them from different directions and passing near them at different
      distances from their right or left shoulder. While approaching, the PLW
      disappeared at a distance of 2 m and the task for the participants was to
      estimate if the interpersonal distance, at the time the PLW would have reached
      their level, was comfortable or not. Between two sessions of comfort judgments,
      the participants manipulated a 70 cm tool entailing an extension of peripersonal
      space, or a 10 cm tool entailing no extension of peripersonal space. The results
      revealed that the comfortable interpersonal distance was larger when the PLW
      crossed the mid-sagittal plane of the participants than when it approached them
      laterally, with a concomitant increase of response time. After participants
      manipulated the long tool, comfortable interpersonal distance increased, but
      predominantly when the PLW trajectory implied crossing the participants' mid
      sagittal plane. This effect was not observed when participants manipulated the
      short tool. Two control tasks showed that using the long tool modified the
      reachability (control 1), but not the time to passage (control 2) estimates of
      PLW stimuli, suggesting that tool use extended peripersonal space without
      changing perceived visual distances. Overall, the data show that comfortable
      interpersonal distance is linked to the representation of peripersonal space. As
      a consequence, increasing peripersonal space through tool use has the immediate
      consequence that comfortable interpersonal distance from another person also
      increases, suggesting that interpersonal-comfort space and peripersonal-reaching
      space share a common motor nature.

PMID- 27364614
TI  - Editorial: Getting the Whole Picture, Seeing the Trees and the Forest.

PMID- 27364613
TI  - GM-CSF and GM-CSF receptor have regulatory role in transforming rat mesenteric
      mesothelial cells into macrophage-like cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: During peritonitis, mesothelial cells assume macrophage
      characteristics, expressing macrophage markers, indicating that they might
      differentiate into macrophage-like cells. MATERIALS AND SUBJECTS: Twenty-five
      male rats were used for in vivo experiments. For in vitro experiments, a primary
      mesentery culture model was developed. The mesothelial cell to macrophage-like
      cell transition was followed by studying ED1 expression. TREATMENTS: In vitro
      primary mesenteric culture was treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor (GM-CSF, 1 ng/ml). Blocking internalization of receptor-ligand
      complex, Dynasore (80 uM) was used. Acute peritonitis was induced by Freund's
      adjuvant's (1 ml) intraperitoneal injection. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry: GM
      CSF in vitro treatment resulted in a prominent ED1 expression in transformed
      mesothelial cells. Blocking the internalization, ED1 expression could not be
      detected. GM-CSF receptor (both alpha and beta) was expressed in mesothelial
      cells in vitro (even if the GM-CSF was not present) and in vivo. Inflammation
      resulted in an increasing GM-CSF and GM-CSF-receptor level in the lysate of
      mesothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: Mesothelial cells can differentiate into
      macrophage-like cells, and GM-CSF, produced by the mesothelial cells, has
      probably an autocrine regulatory role in this transition. Our results provide new
      data about the plasticity of mesothelial cell and support the idea that during
      inflammation macrophages can derive from non-hematopoietic sources as well.

PMID- 27364615
TI  - Loss of Hippocampal Oligodendrocytes Contributes to the Deficit of Contextual
      Fear Learning in Adult Rats Experiencing Early Bisphenol A Exposure.
AB  - During early development, continuous exposure to environmental contaminants such
      as bisphenol A (BPA) is known to alter neuronal development, resulting in
      aberrant brain structure and predisposing individuals to developing
      neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. While the altered oligodendrocyte (OL)
      structure and function have been casually linked to the occurrence of numerous
      psychiatric diseases, it remains open whether early BPA exposure (EBE) also
      recruits OLs to mediate its toxicity in the brain. Here, we observed that EBE
      from birth to postnatal day 21 caused a substantial loss of hippocampal OLs in
      rat pups. The OL loss was enduring and manifested even when the affected pups
      spanned into their adulthood. In parallel, the expression of two key proteins in
      mature OLs, myelin basic protein (MBP), and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1)
      was markedly downregulated in adult hippocampus with a considerable reduction in
      the number of myelinated axons. By contrast, the myelination of individual axons
      remained intact. The altered hippocampal OLs were related to EBE-mediated
      disruption of estrogen receptor (ER) signaling in developing OLs and could be
      readily prevented by treatment with low level of ICI 182780, an ER antagonist.
      Importantly, the adult rats subject to EBE exhibited clear deficit in contextual
      fear memory, which highly correlated with OL loss and decreased MBP and MCT1
      expression in hippocampus. The OL loss may thus represent an alternative route
      through which EBE has its adversity on the brain and contributes to the
      development of neuropsychiatric illness.

PMID- 27364616
TI  - Acute Rejection Rates and Graft Outcomes According to Induction Regimen among
      Recipients of Kidneys from Deceased Donors Treated with Tacrolimus and
      Mycophenolate.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: IL-2 receptor antagonist (IL2-RA) is recommended as a
      first-line agent for induction therapy in renal transplantation. However, this
      remains controversial in deceased donor renal transplantation (DDRT) maintained
      on tacrolimus (TAC)/mycophenolic acid (MPA) with or without steroids. DESIGN,
      SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: We studied the United Network for Organ
      Sharing Registry for patients receiving DDRT from 2000 to 2012 maintained on
      TAC/MPA at transplantation hospital discharge (n=74,627) to compare outcomes of
      IL2-RA and other induction agents. We initially divided the cohort into two
      groups on the basis of steroid use at the time of discharge: steroid (n=59,010)
      versus no steroid (n=15,617). Each group was stratified into induction
      categories: IL2-RA, rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG), alemtuzumab, and no
      induction. The main outcomes were incidence of acute rejection within the first
      year and overall graft failure (defined as graft failure and/or death) post
      transplantation. Propensity score (PS), specifically inverse probability of
      treatment weight, analysis was used to minimize selection bias caused by
      nonrandom assignment of induction therapies. RESULTS: Median (25th, 75th
      percentiles) follow-up times were 3.9 (1.1, 5.9) and 3.2 (1.1, 4.9) years for
      steroid and no steroid groups, respectively. Acute rejection within the first
      year and overall graft failure within 5 years of transplantation were more common
      in the no induction category (13.3%; P<0.001 and 28%; P=0.01, respectively) in
      the steroid group and the IL2-RA category (11.1%; P=0.16 and 27.4%; P<0.001,
      respectively) in the no steroid group. Compared with IL2-RA, PS-weighted and
      covariate-adjusted multivariable logistic and Cox analyses showed that outcomes
      in the steroid group were similar among induction categories, except that acute
      rejection was significantly lower with r-ATG (odds ratio [OR], 0.68; 95%
      confidence interval [95% CI], 0.62 to 0.74). In the no steroid group, compared
      with IL2-RA, odds of acute rejection with r-ATG (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.00)
      and alemtuzumab (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.88) were lower, and r-ATG was
      associated with better graft survival (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99).
      CONCLUSIONS: In DDRT, compared with IL2-RA induction, no induction was associated
      with similar outcomes when TAC/MPA/steroids were used. r-ATG seems to offer
      better graft survival over IL2-RA in steroid avoidance protocols.

PMID- 27364617
TI  - Effect of water-immersion restraint stress on tryptophan catabolism through the
      kynurenine pathway in rat tissues.
AB  - The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of water-immersion restraint
      stress (WIRS) on tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway
      in rat tissues. The tissues of rats subjected to 6 h of WIRS (+WIRS) had
      increased tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)
      activities and increased TDO and IDO1 (one of two IDO isozymes in mammals) mRNA
      expression levels, with decreased Trp and increased Kyn contents in the liver.
      +WIRS rats had unchanged TDO and IDO activities in the kidney, decreased TDO
      activity and unchanged IDO activity in the brain, and unchanged IDO activity in
      the lung and spleen, with increased Kyn content in all of these tissues.
      Pretreatment of stressed rats with RU486, a glucocorticoid antagonist, attenuated
      the increased TOD activity, but not the increased IDO activity, with partial
      recoveries of the decreased Trp and increased Kyn contents in the liver. These
      results indicate that WIRS enhances hepatic Trp catabolism by inducing both IDO1
      and TDO in rats.

PMID- 27364618
TI  - A comparison of four techniques to measure anterior and posterior vertebral body
      heights and sagittal plane wedge angles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional (3D) spinal
      deformity of unknown aetiology. Increased growth of the anterior part of the
      vertebrae known as anterior overgrowth has been proposed as a potential driver
      for AIS initiation and progression. To date, there has been no objective
      evaluation of the 3D measurement techniques used to identify this phenomenon and
      the majority of previous studies use 2D planar assessments which contain inherent
      projection errors due to the vertebral rotation which is part of the AIS
      deformity. In this study, vertebral body (VB) heights and wedge angles were
      measured in a test group of AIS patients and healthy controls using four
      different image analysis and measurement techniques. Significant differences were
      seen between the techniques in terms of VB heights and VB wedge angles. The low
      variability, and the fact that the rotation and tilt of the deformed VBs are
      taken into account, suggests that the proposed technique using the full 3D
      orientation of the vertebrae is the most reliable method to measure anterior and
      posterior VB heights and sagittal plane wedge angles in 3D image data sets. These
      results have relevance for future investigations that aim to quantify anterior
      overgrowth in AIS patients for comparison with healthy controls.

PMID- 27364619
TI  - An evaluation of the accuracy and precision of methane prediction equations for
      beef cattle fed high-forage and high-grain diets.
AB  - The study determined the performance of equations to predict enteric methane
      (CH4) from beef cattle fed forage- and grain-based diets. Many equations are
      available to predict CH4 from beef cattle and the predictions vary substantially
      among equations. The aims were to (1) construct a database of CH4 emissions for
      beef cattle from published literature, and (2) identify the most precise and
      accurate extant CH4 prediction models for beef cattle fed diets varying in forage
      content. The database was comprised of treatment means of CH4 production from in
      vivo beef studies published from 2000 to 2015. Criteria to include data in the
      database were as follows: animal description, intakes, diet composition and CH4
      production. In all, 54 published equations that predict CH4 production from diet
      composition were evaluated. Precision and accuracy of the equations were
      evaluated using the concordance correlation coefficient (r c ), root mean square
      prediction error (RMSPE), model efficiency and analysis of errors. Equations were
      ranked using a combined index of the various statistical assessments based on
      principal component analysis. The final database contained 53 studies and 207
      treatment means that were divided into two data sets: diets containing ?400 g/kg
      dry matter (DM) forage (n=116) and diets containing ?200 g/kg DM forage (n=42).
      Diets containing between ?400 and ?200 g/kg DM forage were not included in the
      analysis because of their limited numbers (n=6). Outliers, treatment means where
      feed was fed restrictively and diets with CH4 mitigation additives were omitted
      (n=43). Using the high-forage dataset the best-fit equations were the
      International Panel on Climate Change Tier 2 method, 3 equations for steers that
      considered gross energy intake (GEI) and body weight and an equation that
      considered dry matter intake and starch:neutral detergent fiber with r c ranging
      from 0.60 to 0.73 and RMSPE from 35.6 to 45.9 g/day. For the high-grain diets,
      the 5 best-fit equations considered intakes of metabolisable energy, cellulose,
      hemicellulose and fat, or for steers GEI and body weight, with r c ranging from
      0.35 to 0.52 and RMSPE from 47.4 to 62.9 g/day. Ranking of extant CH4 prediction
      equations for their accuracy and precision differed with forage content of the
      diet. When used for cattle fed high-grain diets, extant CH4 prediction models
      were generally imprecise and lacked accuracy.

PMID- 27364621
TI  - [Literature search is not a minor matter].

PMID- 27364622
TI  - [German neurology and neurologists during the Third Reich: Preconditions and
      general framework before and after 1933].
AB  - This article focuses on the institutional development of neurology in Germany up
      to the rise to power of the National Socialists and the radical sociopolitical
      changes after 1933. A wide range of scattered secondary literature was assessed
      and evaluated. Additionally, some original sources are literally quoted and
      interpreted according to the context. Since the end of the nineteenth century a
      complicated process of separation from internal medicine and psychiatry led to
      the formation of a self-conscious discipline of neurology. The first generation
      of German neurologists succeeded in founding the German Journal for Neurology
      ("Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Nervenheilkunde") in 1890 and their own neurological
      association, the Society of German Neurologists ("Gesellschaft Deutscher
      Nervenarzte", GDN) in 1907. On an international scale, however, the institutional
      implementation of neurology with only a small number of chairs and few neurology
      departments remained more than modest. The ambitions for autonomy ended 2 years
      after the change of power in 1933. Regulatory interventions by the government and
      psychiatric interests led to the fusion of the GDN with the psychiatric
      specialist society, the new association being called the Society of German
      Neurologists and Psychiatrists ("Gesellschaft Deutscher Neurologen und
      Psychiater", GDNP) in 1935. In this group psychiatrists dominated the discourse.
      The expulsion, imprisonment and murder of physicians declared as non-Aryan or
      Jewish along with the forced consolidation ("Gleichschaltung") at the
      universities prompted profound changes in medical and academic life. It remains
      an ongoing challenge of neurological historical research to measure the impact of
      this upheaval on the few neurology departments in hospitals and private
      practices. 

PMID- 27364624
TI  - Generation of a novel chimeric PALFn antigen of Bacillus anthracis and its
      immunological characterization in mouse model.
AB  - Bacillus anthracis chimeric molecule PALFn, comprising the immunodominant domains
      of protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF), has been developed in the past
      and has been shown to confer enhanced protection against anthrax in mouse model
      when challenged with anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx). However, the immunological
      correlates for this chimeric antigen, both in terms of humoral as well as cell
      mediated immune responses, have not been described in detail. To address this
      gap, we have determined the immunological responses both at humoral as well as
      cellular levels for the protection conferred by the novel chimeric antigen PALFn
      constructed in our laboratory in comparison to PA antigen. The biological
      functionality of the chimeric antigen was ascertained by the trypsin digestion
      assay. The trypsin cleavage activated the functionality of PALFn and rendered it
      to interact and bind with the LF molecule. Similarly, the LFn component in the
      chimera could independently interact and bind to the trypsin-activated wild-type
      PA. Further, it was observed that the PALFn-immunized mice sera could readily
      react to both PA and LF antigens while PA-immunized mice sera showed reaction to
      PA and PALFn alone and not to the individual LF antigen. The in vitro toxin
      neutralizing ability of PALFn antisera on macrophage cell line J774.1 was robust
      but with 1.3-fold lesser titer than PA-immunized antisera. PALFn-immunized mouse
      splenocytes showed a significant lymphocyte proliferation when stimulated with
      PALFn. There was a remarkable increase in the level of interleukin-2 (IL-2),
      interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon-gamma (IFN- gamma), and
      tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) from PALFn- and PA-stimulated splenocytes.
      In addition, there was a significant increase in antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T
      cell counts from both PALFn- and PA-immunized mouse splenocytes. The results
      clearly demonstrate the ability of chimeric molecule PALFn in eliciting robust
      humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mouse model that is parallel to the
      wild-type PA but has additional anti-LF antibody response. Considering the
      enhanced protection offered by the chimera PALFn, we can conclude that it can be
      a better alternative to the wild-type PA-based recombinant vaccine against
      anthrax. 

PMID- 27364625
TI  - Conversion of apple pomace waste to ethanol at industrial relevant conditions.
AB  - Apple pomace samples were evaluated for conversion to ethanol at industrial
      relevant conditions. Biomass degradation efficiency by commercial enzymes was
      evaluated at 20 % solid loading for dilute sulfuric acid, calcium oxide, and
      autoclave without any chemical (control) apple pomace samples. The control and
      calcium oxide-pretreated pomace provided similar sugar yields, while dilute
      sulfuric acid pretreatment resulted in reduced sugar yields. The control and
      calcium oxide-pretreated pomace hydrolysate were fermented to ethanol using a
      native Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain, producing 38.8 and 36.9 g/L of
      ethanol, respectively. When control apple pomace sample loading was increased
      from 20 to 30 %, 57.5 and 50.1 g/L of glucose and fructose was produced,
      respectively. Lastly, we found that unhydrolyzed solids (UHS) present during
      fermentation had little effect on ethanol yield, as 53.6 and 53.8 g/L of ethanol
      were produced with and without UHS, respectively. Overall, ethanol yields were
      134 g per kg of dry apple pomace. A complete process mass balance for enzyme
      hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation is provided in this manuscript. These results
      show that apple pomace is an excellent feedstock for producing ethanol that could
      be either used as biofuel or as beverage. 

PMID- 27364620
TI  - Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: insights and
      comparisons to ProCESS, ProMISe, and ARISE.
AB  - Prior to 2001 there was no standard for early management of severe sepsis and
      septic shock in the emergency department. In the presence of standard or usual
      care, the prevailing mortality was over 40-50 %. In response, a systems-based
      approach, similar to that in acute myocardial infarction, stroke and trauma,
      called early goal-directed therapy was compared to standard care and this
      clinical trial resulted in a significant mortality reduction. Since the
      publication of that trial, similar outcome benefits have been reported in over 70
      observational and randomized controlled studies comprising over 70,000 patients.
      As a result, early goal-directed therapy was largely incorporated into the first
      6 hours of sepsis management (resuscitation bundle) adopted by the Surviving
      Sepsis Campaign and disseminated internationally as the standard of care for
      early sepsis management. Recently a trio of trials (ProCESS, ARISE, and ProMISe),
      while reporting an all-time low sepsis mortality, question the continued need for
      all of the elements of early goal-directed therapy or the need for protocolized
      care for patients with severe and septic shock. A review of the early hemodynamic
      pathogenesis, historical development, and definition of early goal-directed
      therapy, comparing trial conduction methodology and the changing landscape of
      sepsis mortality, are essential for an appropriate interpretation of these trials
      and their conclusions. 

PMID- 27364626
TI  - Fungi as a source of natural coumarins production.
AB  - Natural coumarins and derivatives are compounds that occur naturally in several
      organisms (plant, bacteria, and fungi) consisting of fused benzene and alpha
      pyrone rings. These compounds show high technological potential applications in
      agrochemical, food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Therefore, the
      need for bulk production of coumarins and the advancement of the chemical and
      pharmaceutical industries led to the development of synthetic coumarin. However,
      biotransformation process, synthetic bioengineering, metabolic engineering, and
      bioinformatics have proven effective in the production of natural products.
      Today, these biological systems are recognized as green chemistry innovation and
      business strategy. This review article aims to report the potential of fungi for
      synthesis of coumarin. These microorganisms are described as a source of natural
      products capable of synthesizing many bioactive metabolites. The features,
      classification, properties, and industrial applications of natural coumarins as
      well as new molecules obtained by basidiomycetes and ascomycetes fungi are
      reported in order to explore a topic not yet discussed in the scientific
      literature. 

PMID- 27364623
TI  - Assessing stool quantities generated by three specific Kato-Katz thick smear
      templates employed in different settings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Kato-Katz technique is recommended for the diagnosis of helminth
      infections in epidemiological surveys, drug efficacy studies and monitoring of
      control interventions. We assessed the comparability of the average amount of
      faeces generated by three Kato-Katz templates included in test kits from two
      different providers. METHODS: Nine hundred Kato-Katz thick smear preparations
      were done; 300 per kit. Empty slides, slides plus Kato-Katz template filled with
      stool and slides plus stool after careful removal of the template were weighed to
      the nearest 0.1 mg. The average amount of stool that was generated on the slide
      was calculated for each template, stratified by standard categories of stool
      consistency (i.e. mushy, soft, sausage-shaped, hard and clumpy). RESULTS: The
      average amount of stool generated on slides was 40.7 mg (95 % confidence interval
      (CI): 40.0-41.4 mg), 40.3 mg (95 % CI: 39.7-40.9 mg) and 42.8 mg (95 % CI: 42.2
      43.3 mg) for the standard Vestergaard Frandsen template, and two different
      templates from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC),
      respectively. Mushy stool resulted in considerably lower average weights when the
      Vestergaard Frandsen (37.0 mg; 95 % CI: 34.9-39.0 mg) or new China CDC templates
      (37.4 mg; 95 % CI: 35.9-38.9 mg) were used, compared to the old China CDC
      template (42.2 mg; 95 % CI: 40.7-43.7 mg) and compared to other stool consistency
      categories. CONCLUSION: The average amount of stool generated by three specific
      Kato-Katz templates was similar (40.3-42.8 mg). Since the multiplication factor
      is somewhat arbitrary and small changes only have little effect on infection
      intensity categories, it is suggested that the standard multiplication factor of
      24 should be kept for the calculation of eggs per gram of faeces for all
      investigated templates.

PMID- 27364627
TI  - Improving Bioengineering Student Leadership Identity Via Training and Practice
      within the Core-Course.
AB  - The development of a leadership identity has become significant in bioengineering
      education as a result of an increasing emphasis on teamwork within the profession
      and corresponding shifts in accreditation criteria. Unsurprisingly, placing
      bioengineering students in teams to complete classroom-based projects has become
      a dominant pedagogical tool. However, recent research indicates that engineering
      students may not develop a leadership identity, much less increased leadership
      capacity, as a result of such efforts. Within this study, we assessed two similar
      sections of an introductory course in bioengineering; each placed students in
      teams, while one also included leadership training and leadership practice.
      Results suggest that students in the leadership intervention section developed a
      strong self-image of themselves as leaders compared to students in the control
      section. These data suggest that creating mechanisms for bioengineering students
      to be trained in leadership and to practice leadership behaviors within a
      classroom team may be keys for unlocking leadership development.

PMID- 27364629
TI  - Differences in aqueous concentrations of cytokines in paediatric and adult
      patients with Coats' disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the differential aqueous concentrations of vascular
      endothelia growth factor (VEGF) and inflammatory cytokines in paediatric and
      adult patients with Coats' disease. METHODS: A total of 20 eyes of 20 patients
      with Coats' disease, 12 eyes of 12 paediatric patients, and eight eyes of eight
      adult patients, six patients (six eyes) with congenital cataract as the
      paediatric control group and 10 patients (10 eyes) with senile cataract as the
      adult control group were examined. Aqueous humour samples were assessed for
      interleukin-6, -8, -1beta (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1beta, respectively), basic fibroblast
      growth factor, monocyte chemo-attractant protein 1, tumour necrosis factor alpha
      and VEGF by multiplex bead assay. RESULTS: Significantly, higher concentrations
      of VEGF, IL-6 and IL-1beta were found in the paediatric patients with Coats'
      disease (p = 0.001, p = 0.004 and p = 0.006). Concentration of VEGF in the
      paediatric patients with Stage 3B of Coats' disease was significantly higher than
      that of Stage 3A (p = 0.010). In the adult patients with Coats' disease, the
      aqueous levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta were significantly higher than that of the
      controls (p = 0.012, and p = 0.005). The concentration of IL-6 was significantly
      linearly associated with the extent of exudative retinal detachment (p = 0.003, R
      = 0.892). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing severity of Coats' disease is significantly
      associated with intraocular VEGF concentration in the paediatric patients. And IL
      6 may be involved with the inflammatory process in the adult patients with Coats'
      disease.

PMID- 27364628
TI  - Association of semen cytokines with reactive oxygen species and histone
      transition abnormalities.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships among reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) elevation, histone transition, and seminal cytokine
      concentrations. METHODS: Total levels of ROS in semen samples from 6560 men were
      measured. From this sample, 118 cases with high ROS and 106 controls were
      recruited. Basic semen parameters and histone-to-protamine ratios were analyzed,
      400 semen cytokine and receptor alterations were assayed by protein chip, and
      finally 18 cytokines were validated in each sample using a Bio-Plex Cytokine
      assay. RESULTS: The results showed that the seminal ROS concentration was
      associated with abnormalities in the sperm histone transition. Compared with
      controls, 93 cytokines had significant alterations in the high ROS cases, with 14
      of them further verified in individual samples. The concentrations of CXCL5,
      CXCL16, CXCL8, IL-1b, IL-10, CSF3, CCL3, and TNF-alpha were significantly
      correlated with the histone transition ratio. In addition, IL-16 showed
      significantly different concentrations in controls, normal semen with high ROS
      levels, and abnormal semen with high ROS levels. CONCLUSIONS: Semen ROS are
      associated with abnormalities in sperm histone transition. CXCL5, CXCL8, IL-16,
      CCL8, CCL22, CCL20, CXCL16, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, CSF3, CCL3, CCL4, and TNF
      alpha all have elevated concentrations in semen with high ROS levels. These data
      might help to explain the mechanisms behind the increase in the levels of ROS and
      seminal cytokines and their relationship with defective spermatogenesis.

PMID- 27364630
TI  - Anti-cancer efficacy of nonthermal plasma dissolved in a liquid, liquid plasma in
      heterogeneous cancer cells.
AB  - The therapeutic potential of nonthermal plasma for cancer treatment has been
      reported recently. The heterogeneity of cancer cells need to be addressed to
      design effective anticancer treatments. Here, we show that treatment with
      nonthermal atmospheric-pressure plasma dissolved in a liquid (liquid plasma)
      induces oxidative stress in heterogeneous populations of cancer cells and
      ultimately kills these cells via apoptosis, regardless of genetic status, e.g.,
      mutations in p53 and other DNA-damage-response genes. We found that liquid plasma
      markedly increased the concentration of intracellular and mitochondrial reactive
      oxygen species (ROS), reflecting an influx from the extracellular milieu. Liquid
      plasma contributed to mitochondrial accumulation of ROS and depolarization of
      mitochondrial membrane potential with consequent cell death. Healthy normal
      cells, however, were hardly affected by the liquid-plasma treatment. The
      antioxidant N-acetylcysteine blocked liquid-plasma-induced cell death. A
      knockdown of CuZn-superoxide dismutase or Mn-SOD enhanced the plasma-induced cell
      death, whereas expression of exogenous CuZn-SOD, Mn-SOD, or catalase blocked the
      cell death. These results suggest that the mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by
      ROS production is a key contributor to liquid-plasma-induced apoptotic cell
      death, regardless of genetic variation. Thus, liquid plasma may have clinical
      applications, e.g., the development of therapeutic strategies and prevention of
      disease progression despite tumor heterogeneity.

PMID- 27364632
TI  - Pacific Island Pharmacovigilance: The Need for a Different Approach.
AB  - Many Pacific Island countries (PICs) are recipients of funding support from the
      Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund). However, most
      of these countries cannot be expected to meet Global Fund and World Health
      Organization (WHO) minimum requirements for a functioning pharmacovigilance (PV)
      system. We argue that a different approach is required to move PV forward in such
      countries. Although the long-term aim is to build adequate national PV capacity,
      we propose an approach in which resources are focused initially towards ensuring
      a proper system for the reporting of "problems with medicines" such as
      substandard and counterfeit products. The limited health system resources in
      these countries require that PV will be supported by some of the organizations
      also giving funding aid for the supply of medicines.

PMID- 27364631
TI  - Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging with fast variably
      accelerated sensitivity encoding (vSENSE).
AB  - PURPOSE: The widespread clinical use of chemical exchange saturation transfer
      (CEST) imaging is hampered by relatively long scan times due to its requirement
      that multiple saturation-offset image frames be acquired. Here, a novel variably
      accelerated sensitivity encoding (vSENSE) method is proposed that provides faster
      CEST acquisition than conventional SENSE. THEORY AND METHODS: The vSENSE method
      fully samples one CEST saturation frame, then undersamples the other frames
      variably. The fully-sampled frame, in conjunction with newly proposed incoherence
      absorption and artifact suppression strategies, improves the accuracy of
      sensitivity maps and permits higher acceleration factors for the other
      undersampled frames than regular SENSE. vSENSE is validated in a phantom, a
      normal volunteer and eight brain tumor patients at 3 Tesla. RESULTS: vSENSE with
      an acceleration factor of four generated a 3-6 times smaller error on average
      than conventional SENSE (P <= 0.02), with acceleration factors of 2-4, as
      compared with full k-space reconstruction. vSENSE permitted four-fold
      acceleration for amide proton transfer-weighted images, while regular SENSE could
      only provide a factor of two. When conventional SENSE is used with vSENSE's
      variable undersampling pattern, erroneous (~9%) z-spectra result. CONCLUSION: The
      vSENSE method enabled twice the acceleration and generated more accurate images
      than conventional SENSE. Magn Reson Med 77:2225-2238, 2017. (c) 2016
      International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27364634
TI  - [POEMS syndrome as a rare cause of bilateral optic disc edema].
AB  - The POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal
      protein, skin changes) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome based on a clonal plasma
      cell disorder. Optic disc edema (ODE) is a frequent ocular sign in POEMS
      syndrome. The cause of the ODE has not yet been entirely clarified. This article
      reports the case of a 62-year-old male suffering from POEMS syndrome with a
      bilateral ODE.

PMID- 27364635
TI  - [Sympathetic ophthalmia following repeated pars plana vitrectomy : Clinical
      findings and spectral domain OCT follow-up].
AB  - Sympathetic ophthalmia is a rare form of bilateral granulomatous panuveitis,
      occurring after penetrating trauma. Hitherto, sympathetic ophthalmia after
      vitrectomy has only occasionally been described in the literature. This case
      report presents a female patient with sympathetic ophthalmia after repeated pars
      plana vitrectomy on the basis of clinical findings and follow-up with fluorescein
      angiography, spectral domain OCT, and histopathology.

PMID- 27364636
TI  - [Visual acuity in anti-VEGF therapy for AMD : Can specific characteristics in the
      SD-OCT help?]
AB  - BACKGROUND: The efficacy of anti-VEGF therapy in exudative AMD has been
      established in several large clinical trials using a fixed injection regimen as
      well as a SD-OCT-based PRN regimen. In these studies, after the first three
      injections, an increase of the mean visual acuity was observed, which could be
      stabilized with constant treatment for up to 24 months. However, the specific
      course of the visual acuity is very different between individuals. The aim of the
      present study was to correlate specific initial SD-OCT parameters with the course
      of visual acuity in order to characterize factors that may be important for the
      individual visual prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective case study,
      the visual course and SD-OCT changes of 156 patients with minimum follow-up of 12
      months (mean 80.1 months) were analysed. Visual acuity (LogMar) was investigated
      at regular intervals and correlated with specific SD-OCT parameters (foveal
      thickness, height of sub-retinal fluid or presence of associated PED, presence of
      intra-retinal cysts, length of IS/OS break, choroidal thickness). RESULTS: The
      initial increase in visual acuity could be stabilized over time. This effect was
      associated with a decrease in foveal retinal thickness, which also persisted over
      time. While sub-retinal fluid, presence of PED, and choroidal thickness showed no
      prognostic relevance for the change in visual acuity, the presence of more
      advanced central retinal thickness, of intra-retinal cysts or a longer break in
      the IS/OS junction were associated with a less favourable development of visual
      acuity. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the presence of more advanced central
      retinal thickness, of intra-retinal cysts or a larger IS/OS break correlated
      significantly with a worse visual prognosis. These might be clinical signs for
      more extensive pre-existing intra-retinal changes. Further analysis and new
      diagnostic tools may prove this and may result in specific additive
      neuroprotective or regenerative therapeutic approaches in exudative AMD.

PMID- 27364637
TI  - [Atrophy of the macula in the context of its wet, age-related degeneration : An
      inescapable consequence of anti-VEGF therapy?]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the long-term
      consequences of anti-VEGF therapy in wet, age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
      is poor. Here, the impact of this treatment on the development of macular atrophy
      (MA) is discussed based on our current pathophysiological understanding. METHODS:
      This review is based on a PubMed literature survey using the MeSH terms "wet AMD"
      and "macular atrophy" (151 hits) and limited to publications since 2013 (n = 90).
      Publications focussing on diagnostics and clinical course not in the context of
      therapy were excluded. Macular atrophy is defined herein as atrophy affecting the
      functionally relevant complex of photoreceptors, retinal pigmented epithelium
      (RPE), Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris. RESULTS: Experimentally, a primary
      complete suppression of local VEGF leads to evident changes in the
      choriocapillaris, whereas its incomplete suppression exacerbates cell death of
      RPE and photoreceptors. Since pre-existing atrophic changes are already present
      at diagnosis, the role of anti-VEGF treatment cannot be separated from the
      spontaneous progression of AMD. The progression of MA appears to be faster under
      ranibizumab than bevacizumab, and likewise on a monthly rather than as-needed
      basis. Although MA progresses more rapidly under consequent therapy, visual
      function remains better. Hence, a functionally relevant progression of atrophy
      during the first five years of treatment would only be expected in pre-existing
      advanced MA. CONCLUSIONS: Despite doubts regarding the long-term safety of anti
      VEGF therapy, it is the author's view that this is the only option to stabilise
      visual function. The impact of therapy-induced damage on the spontaneous
      progression of AMD and the biological status of the aging individual cannot be
      unequivocally assessed.

PMID- 27364638
TI  - Integrated analysis of gene expression from carbon metabolism, proteome and
      metabolome, reveals altered primary metabolism in Eucalyptus grandis bark, in
      response to seasonal variation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Seasonal variation is presumed to play an important role in the
      regulation of tree growth, especially for Eucalyptus grandis, a fast-growing
      tree. This variation may induce changes in the whole tree at transcriptional,
      protein and metabolite levels. Bark represents an important group of tissues that
      protect trees from desiccation and pathogen attack, and it has been identified as
      potential feedstock for lignocellulosic derived biofuels. Despite the growing
      interest, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulates bark
      metabolism, particularly in tropical countries. RESULTS: In this study we report
      the changes observed in the primary metabolism of E. grandis bark during two
      contrasting seasons in Brazil, summer (wet) and winter (dry), through the
      combination of transcripts (RT-qPCR), proteome (2-DE gels) and metabolome (GC-MS)
      analysis, in an integrated manner. Twenty-four genes, involved in carbon
      metabolism, were analyzed in the two seasons. Eleven were up-regulated in summer,
      three were up-regulated in winter and ten did not show statistical differences in
      the expression pattern. The proteomic analysis using 2-DE gels showed 77 proteins
      expressing differences in abundance, with 38 spots up-regulated in summer and 37
      in winter. Different metabolites significantly accumulated during winter.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a metabolic reconfiguration in the primary
      metabolism of E. grandis bark, triggered by seasonal variation. Transcripts and
      protein data suggests that during winter carbohydrate formation seems to be
      favored by tree metabolism. Glucose, fructose and sucrose accumulated at
      significant levels during the winter.

PMID- 27364639
TI  - Distribution of MEFV gene mutations and R202Q polymorphism in the Serbian
      population and their influence on oxidative stress and clinical manifestations of
      inflammation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene codes for protein pyrin, one of
      the regulators of inflammasome activity in innate immune cells. Mutations in this
      gene are considered the primary cause of Familial Mediterranean fever, but are
      also found in other monogenic and multifactorial autoinflammatory diseases. The
      aim of the study was to determine if healthy carriers of MEFV gene mutations and
      R202Q polymorphism have clinical manifestations of inflammation and impaired
      oxidative stress parameters. METHODS: One hundred DNA samples from healthy
      volunteers (13.3 +/- 8.87 years of age (mean +/- SD); range 2-35) were sequenced
      by ABI PRISM 310 automated sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems, Norwalk, USA). The
      Eurofever questionnaire was used to collect retrospectively medical history data.
      Oxidative stress was determined by measuring spectrophotometrically
      thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in plasma and erythrocytes, as
      well as advanced oxidation protein products in plasma. Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
      activity was determined by McCord and Fridovich method in plasma and
      erythrocytes, while the catalase erythrocyte activity was assessed using a
      catalase ELISA kit. RESULTS: We found heterozygous carriers of K695R/N mutations
      in 5 %, E148Q/N mutations in 6 %, R202Q homozygous polymorphism in 10 % and
      heterozygous R202Q alterations in 45 % of healthy volunteers. The MEFV mutation
      carriers and R202Q polymorphism homozygotes reported significantly more often
      recurrent febrile episodes (p = 0.009), diffuse abdominal pain (p = 0.025), and
      malaise (p = 0.012) compared to non-carriers. Erythrocyte TBARS levels and plasma
      SOD activity were higher in persons with MEFV mutations and R202Q/R202Q (p = 0.03
      and p = 0.049, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Healthy individuals may bear E148Q and
      K695R MEFV gene mutations, as well as R202Q polymorphism in homozygous state. The
      determined gene alterations contribute to a subtle oxidative stress and may be
      associated with more frequent episodes of fever and unspecific inflammatory
      manifestations. An incomplete penetrance or variable expressivity of R202Q in
      populations of different ethnicity could influence the expression of
      autoinflammatory diseases phenotype.

PMID- 27364640
TI  - Final screening round of the NELSON lung cancer screening trial: the effect of a
      2.5-year screening interval.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the USA annual lung cancer screening is recommended. However, the
      optimal screening strategy (eg, screening interval, screening rounds) is unknown.
      This study provides results of the fourth screening round after a 2.5-year
      interval in the Dutch-Belgian Lung Cancer Screening trial (NELSON). METHODS:
      Europe's largest, sufficiently powered randomised lung cancer screening trial was
      designed to determine whether low-dose CT screening reduces lung cancer mortality
      by >=25% compared with no screening after 10 years of follow-up. The screening
      arm (n=7915) received screening at baseline, after 1 year, 2 years and 2.5 years.
      Performance of the NELSON screening strategy in the final fourth round was
      evaluated. Comparisons were made between lung cancers detected in the first three
      rounds, in the final round and during the 2.5-year interval. RESULTS: In round 4,
      46 cancers were screen-detected and there were 28 interval cancers between the
      third and fourth screenings. Compared with the second round screening (1-year
      interval), in round 4 a higher proportion of stage IIIb/IV cancers (17.3% vs
      6.8%, p=0.02) and higher proportions of squamous-cell, bronchoalveolar and small
      cell carcinomas (p=0.001) were detected. Compared with a 2-year interval, the 2.5
      year interval showed a higher non-significant stage distribution (stage IIIb/IV
      17.3% vs 5.2%, p=0.10). Additionally, more interval cancers manifested in the 2.5
      year interval than in the intervals of previous rounds (28 vs 5 and 28 vs 19).
      CONCLUSIONS: A 2.5-year interval reduced the effect of screening: the interval
      cancer rate was higher compared with the 1-year and 2-year intervals, and
      proportion of advanced disease stage in the final round was higher compared with
      the previous rounds. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN63545820.

PMID- 27364642
TI  - Use existing staff to drive integrated care, says report.

PMID- 27364641
TI  - Performance of MALDI biotyper compared with VitekTM 2 compact system for fast
      identification and discrimination of Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine
      mastitis.
AB  - : This study was designed to evaluate the ability of MALDI Biotyper (MBT)
      compared with VitekTM 2 compact system for accurate identification of
      Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS)
      strains and discriminate methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) from methicillin
      resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Throughout Al-Qassim region, Saudi Arabia, a total of
      198 isolates of S. aureus (132 MSSA and 66 MRSA) and 44 CNS were collected from
      five dairy farms where the prevalence of staphylococcal mastitis was reported.
      The results produced by VitekTM 2 compact system demonstrated that 123/132 MSSA
      isolates (93.18%), 61/66 MRSA (92.42%), and 37/44 CNS species (84.09%) were
      correctly identified. However; 130/132 MSSA (98.48%), 64/66 MRSA (96.96%), and
      44/44 CNS (100%) were correctly identified by MBT with score >=2. 00. The
      principal component analysis (PCA) dendrogram generated by MBT illustrated that
      the tested isolates were classified into two groups of Staphylococcus species at
      the distance level of 600. S. aureus isolates were found to be closely related
      with higher peak intensities in the mass of 3,993 Da, 4,121 Da and 5,845 Da were
      detected in MRSA, whereas, that were lost in MSSA. CONCLUSION: This study
      verified that MBT is an alternative powerful tool for precise identification and
      discrimination of Staphylococcus species.

PMID- 27364643
TI  - Otolith shape lends support to the sensory drive hypothesis in rockfishes.
AB  - The sensory drive hypothesis proposes that environmental factors affect both
      signalling dynamics and the evolution of signals and receivers. Sound detection
      and equilibrium in marine fishes are senses dependent on the sagittae otoliths,
      whose morphological variability appears intrinsically linked to the environment.
      The aim of this study was to understand if and which environmental factors could
      be conditioning the evolution of this sensory structure, therefore lending
      support to the sensory drive hypothesis. Thus, we analysed the otolith shape of
      42 rockfish species (Sebastes spp.) to test the potential associations with the
      phylogeny, biological (age), ecological (feeding habit and depth distribution)
      and biogeographical factors. The results showed strong differences in the otolith
      shapes of some species, noticeably influenced by ecological and biogeographical
      factors. Moreover, otolith shape was clearly conditioned by phylogeny, but with a
      strong environmental effect, cautioning about the use of this structure for the
      systematics of rockfishes or other marine fishes. However, our most relevant
      finding is that the data supported the sensory drive hypothesis as a force
      promoting the radiation of the genus Sebastes. This hypothesis holds that
      adaptive divergence in communication has significant influence relative to other
      life history traits. It has already been established in Sebastes for visual
      characters and organs; our results showed that it applies to otolith
      transformations as well (despite the clear influence of feeding and depth),
      expanding the scope of the hypothesis to other sensory structures.

PMID- 27364644
TI  - Antibiotics for treating septic abortion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A septic abortion refers to any abortion (spontaneous or induced)
      complicated by upper genital tract infection including endometritis or
      parametritis. The mainstay of treatment of septic abortion is antibiotic therapy
      alone or in combination with evacuation of retained products of conception.
      Regimens including broad-spectrum antibiotics are routinely recommended for
      treatment. However, there is no consensus on the most effective antibiotics alone
      or in combination to treat septic abortion. This review aimed to bridge this gap
      in knowledge to inform policy and practice. OBJECTIVES: To review the
      effectiveness of various individual antibiotics or antibiotic regimens in the
      treatment of septic abortion. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central
      Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and POPLINE
      using the following keywords: 'Abortion', 'septic abortion', 'Antibiotics',
      'Infected abortion', 'postabortion infection'. We also searched the World Health
      Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and
      ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing trials on 19 April, 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: We
      considered for inclusion randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs that
      compared antibiotic(s) to another antibiotic(s), irrespective of route of
      administration, dosage, and duration as well as studies comparing antibiotics
      alone with antibiotics in combination with other interventions such as dilation
      and curettage (D&C). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors
      independently extracted data from included trials. We resolved disagreements
      through consultation with a third author. One review author entered extracted
      data into Review Manager 5.3, and a second review author cross-checked the entry
      for accuracy. MAIN RESULTS: We included 3 small RCTs involving 233 women that
      were conducted over 3 decades ago.Clindamycin did not differ significantly from
      penicillin plus chloramphenicol in reducing fever in all women (mean difference
      (MD) -12.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) -25.12 to 0.52; women = 77; studies =
      1). The evidence for this was of moderate quality. "Response to treatment was
      evaluated by the patient's 'fever index' expressed in degree-hour and defined as
      the total quantity of fever under the daily temperature curve with 99 degrees F
      (37.2 degrees C) as the baseline".There was no difference in duration of
      hospitalisation between clindamycin and penicillin plus chloramphenicol. The mean
      duration of hospital stay for women in each group was 5 days (MD 0.00, 95% CI 
      0.54 to 0.54; women = 77; studies = 1).One study evaluated the effect of
      penicillin plus chloramphenicol versus cephalothin plus kanamycin before and
      after D&C. Response to therapy was evaluated by "the time from start of
      antibiotics until fever lysis and time from D&C until patients become afebrile".
      Low-quality evidence suggested that the effect of penicillin plus chloramphenicol
      on fever did not differ from that of cephalothin plus kanamycin (MD -2.30, 95% CI
      -17.31 to 12.71; women = 56; studies = 1). There was no significant difference
      between penicillin plus chloramphenicol versus cephalothin plus kanamycin when
      D&C was performed during antibiotic therapy (MD -1.00, 95% CI -13.84 to 11.84;
      women = 56; studies = 1). The quality of evidence was low.A study with unclear
      risk of bias showed that the time for fever resolution (MD -5.03, 95% CI -5.77 to
      -4.29; women = 100; studies = 1) as well as time for resolution of leukocytosis
      (MD -4.88, 95% CI -5.98 to -3.78; women = 100; studies = 1) was significantly
      lower with tetracycline plus enzymes compared with intravenous penicillin
      G.Treatment failure and adverse events occurred infrequently, and the difference
      between groups was not statistically significant. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found
      no strong evidence that intravenous clindamycin alone was better than penicillin
      plus chloramphenicol for treating women with septic abortion. Similarly,
      available evidence did not suggest that penicillin plus chloramphenicol was
      better than cephalothin plus kanamycin for the treatment of women with septic
      abortion. Tetracyline enzyme antibiotic appeared to be more effective than
      intravenous penicillin G in reducing the time to fever defervescence, but this
      evidence was provided by only one study at low risk of bias.There is a need for
      high-quality RCTs providing reliable evidence for treatments of septic abortion
      with antibiotics that are currently in use. The three included studies were
      carried out over 30 years ago. There is also a need to include institutions in
      low-resource settings, such as sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the
      Caribbean, and South Asia, with a high burden of abortion and health systems
      challenges.

PMID- 27364645
TI  - Spot urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is not an ideal diagnostic test for acute
      appendicitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: There is growing evidence to suggest the use
      of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) test to help with the diagnosis of
      appendicitis. The aim of our study was to establish whether urinary 5-HIAA could
      be used as an effective diagnostic test for acute appendicitis. DESIGN AND
      METHODS: A prospective double-blinded study was carried out from December 2014 to
      October 2015. Patients admitted to the emergency surgical ward of a teaching
      hospital with suspected appendicitis were included in the study. The diagnostic
      accuracy of the test was measured by receiver operating characteristic curve.
      RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were divided into 2 groups: acute appendicitis
      (n=38) and other diagnosis (n=59). The median value of urinary 5-HIAA was
      24.19MUmol/L (range, 5.39-138.27) for acute appendicitis vs 18.87MUmol/L (range,
      2.27-120.59) for other diagnosis group (P=.038). The sensitivity and specificity
      of urinary 5-HIAA at a cutoff value of 19MUmol/L were 71% and 50%, respectively.
      Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under curve was
      0.64 (confidence interval [CI], 0.513-0.737) for urinary 5-HIAA, which was lower
      than white blood cell count (0.69; CI, 0.574-0.797), neutrophil count (0.68; CI,
      0.565-0.792), and C-reactive protein (0.76; CI, 0.657-0.857). There was no
      significant difference in the median values of 5-HIAA between different grades of
      severity of appendicitis (P=.704). CONCLUSION: Urinary 5-HIAA is not an ideal
      test for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

PMID- 27364646
TI  - Serum albumin level is associated with the recurrence of acute ischemic stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have confirmed that low serum albumin levels in
      acute ischemic stroke patients increased the risk for poor outcome and death,
      demonstrating the neuroprotective role of albumin. However, there are few studies
      investigating the relationship between albumin levels and recurrence of stroke.
      The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of serum albumin level on the
      risk of recurrence in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Seven hundred
      fifty-three consecutive patients with acute first-ever ischemic stroke were
      recruited in this study. Recurrent outcome was measured 1 year after stroke
      through home interviews (n = 692). RESULTS: Patients with recurrence had
      significantly lower serum albumin level than those without recurrence (37.07 +/-
      4.21 vs 38.91 +/- 3.25). The multiple logistic regression adjustment for
      confounding factors showed that the association remained significant for patients
      in the second albumin quartile, the third quartile, and the fourth quartile
      compared with patients in the first quartile (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.543,
      95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.307-0.959, P= .036; aOR = 0.449, 95% CI: 0.249
      0.812, P= .008; and aOR = 0.290, 95% CI: 0.148-0.570, P < .001). CONCLUSION:
      Lower serum albumin level increases the risk of recurrence in patients with acute
      ischemic stroke, suggesting that serum albumin level might be used as an
      indicator for stroke recurrence.

PMID- 27364647
TI  - Erratum to "Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks for intracapsular and extracapsular
      hip fractures" [Am J Emerg Med 34(3) (2016), 586-589].

PMID- 27364648
TI  - Depression, Type 2 Diabetes, and Poststroke Cognitive Impairment.
AB  - Background Ten percent of stroke survivors develop dementia, which increases to
      more than a third after recurrent stroke. Other survivors develop less severe
      vascular cognitive impairment. In the general population, depression, and
      diabetes interact in predicting dementia risk, and they are both prevalent in
      stroke. Objective To assess the cumulative association of comorbid depressive
      symptoms and type 2 diabetes with cognitive outcomes among stroke survivors.
      Methods Multicenter observational cohort study of people within 6 months of
      stroke. Depression and cognitive status were screened using the Center for
      Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and the Montreal Cognitive
      Assessment (MoCA), respectively. Processing speed, executive function and memory
      were assessed using the Trail Making Test parts A and B, and the 5 Word Delayed
      Free Recall task. Results Among 342 participants (age 67.0 +/- 13.5 years, 43.3%
      female, 46 +/- 35 days poststroke), the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 32.2%
      and depressive symptoms (CES-D >=16) were found in 40.6%. Diabetes and depressive
      symptoms increased the risk of severe cognitive impairment (MoCA <20) with
      adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.12 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-3.74, P = .010)
      for 1 comorbidity and OR 3.18 (95% CI 1.26-8.02, P = .014) for both
      comorbidities. Associated cognitive deficits included executive function (F1, 168
      = 3.43, P = .035) but not processing speed (F1, 168 = 1.86, P = .16) or memory
      (F1, 168 = 0.82, P = .44). Conclusions Diabetes and depressive symptoms were
      associated cumulatively with poorer cognitive screening outcomes poststroke,
      particularly deficits in executive function. Having 1 comorbidity doubled the
      odds of screening for severe cognitive impairment, having both tripled the odds.

PMID- 27364649
TI  - Fungal epidemiology and diversity in cystic fibrosis patients over a 5-year
      period in a national reference center.
AB  - The knowledge on prevalence rates of yeasts and moulds in patients with cystic
      fibrosis (CF) in Germany is scarce. The aim of this report is to give an overview
      of the diversity and epidemiology of fungal species in CF patients. Over a 5-year
      period, all fungal isolates cultured from microbiological specimen from CF
      patients were recorded. Beside standard bacteriological culture media two fungal
      media were used for cultivation. Species were identified by microscopy,
      biochemical profiling, MALDI-TOF analysis or DNA sequencing methods. In sum,
      25,975 clinical samples from CF patients were analyzed. About 75% of CF patients
      were colonized by yeasts, mainly Candida albicans (38%) and Candida dubliniensis
      (12%). In 35% of the patients Aspergillus spp. (Aspergillus fumigatus: 29%) were
      detected, followed by Exophiala dermatitidis and Scedosporium/Lomentospora
      complex isolates (4% each). Data for other fungal species are shown. Over a 5
      year period, the epidemiology of fungal species detected in CF patients was
      relatively constant. Clinical microbiology laboratories should carefully monitor
      samples from CF patients for newly occurring fungal pathogens. 

PMID- 27364651
TI  - Lines of Communication.

PMID- 27364650
TI  - Molecular characterization of strains of the Trichophyton verrucosum complex from
      Tunisia.
AB  - Trichophyton verrucosum is the most frequent etiologic agent of cattle
      dermatophytosis. Throughout the world, it was the second most common agent of
      zoophilic dermatophytes in human. The aim of our study was to evaluate the
      efficacy of the PCR- RFLP and PCR-sequencing methods for the identification and
      differentiation of T. verrucosum strains.Thirty-six clinical strains identified
      by morphological characteristics as T. verrucosum were isolated from patients
      referred to parasitology-mycology laboratory of Sfax University Hospital.
      Identification of our strains by conventional methods was confirmed by molecular
      methods in 94.4% of cases. Two strains were reclassified as T. violaceum PCR
      products digested with HinfI produced three profiles and two patterns with MvaI.
      Sequence analysis revealed a polymorphism in the ITS1and 5.8S regions. Analysis
      and alignment of consensus sequences has distinguished two types of genotypes
      among our T. verrucosum strains. The ITS type I was the dominant genotype
      (93.7%). Phylogenetic study showed that one cluster comprised T. verrucosum
      strains with ITS type I and species of T. mentagrophytes complex. It was related
      to Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii complex. The other cluster contained the two T.
      verrucosum strains with ITS type II, and was related to Arthroderma benhamiae
      complex. In this study, most of T. verrucosum isolates were type I, dissimilar to
      others rare studies where type II has been the most common. Specie and strain
      differentiation is relevant because it helps in prescribing the correct treatment
      and determining the source of the infection. 

PMID- 27364652
TI  - Enhancing compassion in general practice: it's not all about the doctor.

PMID- 27364653
TI  - Are patient relationships the driver for information governance?

PMID- 27364654
TI  - Who cares for the clinicians? The mental health crisis in the GP workforce.

PMID- 27364655
TI  - Incidental findings discovered during imaging: implications for general practice.

PMID- 27364656
TI  - Managing the consequences of cancer in primary care.

PMID- 27364657
TI  - Child health training: why does the College not act?

PMID- 27364658
TI  - Proton pump inhibitors may cause elevation in faecal calprotectin levels.

PMID- 27364659
TI  - Good practice in shared care for inflammatory arthritis.

PMID- 27364660
TI  - Economies of scale.

PMID- 27364661
TI  - The Roundhouse model.

PMID- 27364663
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27364662
TI  - Learning disability registers in primary care.

PMID- 27364664
TI  - Letter from Nepal.

PMID- 27364665
TI  - General practice: finding a future from the past.

PMID- 27364666
TI  - QOF's post-mortem.

PMID- 27364667
TI  - From Balint to square-bashing: 50 years' experience of general practice.

PMID- 27364668
TI  - Yonder: Workplace violence, childhood obesity, somatoform disorders and
      'selfies'.

PMID- 27364669
TI  - The Kieran Sweeney Prize 2016: a national UK prize for medical writing by GPs.

PMID- 27364670
TI  - Increasing emotional support for healthcare workers can rebalance clinical
      detachment and empathy.

PMID- 27364671
TI  - Books: Hamburgers in Paradise: The Stories Behind the Food We Eat: Fascinating
      Food.

PMID- 27364672
TI  - Books: The Diet Myth: The Real Science Behind What We Eat: Cherish Your Germs.

PMID- 27364673
TI  - Books: The Novel Cure: Books as Therapy.

PMID- 27364674
TI  - Insight: A Light Bulb Moment: A Light Bulb Moment.

PMID- 27364675
TI  - BJGP Library: The Little Prince: Escaping into Childhood.

PMID- 27364676
TI  - Vicious cycle.

PMID- 27364677
TI  - Bowlby, Balint, and the doctor-patient relationship: towards a theory of human
      relationships in medical practice.

PMID- 27364679
TI  - Compassion and the science of kindness: Harvard Davis Lecture 2015.

PMID- 27364678
TI  - Nappy pad urine samples for investigation and treatment of UTI in young children:
      the 'DUTY' prospective diagnostic cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The added diagnostic utility of nappy pad urine samples and the
      proportion that are contaminated is unknown. AIM: To develop a clinical
      prediction rule for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) based on
      sampling using the nappy pad method. DESIGN AND SETTING: Acutely unwell children
      <5 years presenting to 233 UK primary care sites. METHOD: Logistic regression to
      identify independent associations of symptoms, signs, and urine dipstick test
      results with UTI; diagnostic utility quantified as area under the receiver
      operator curves (AUROC). Nappy pad rule characteristics, AUROC, and
      contamination, compared with findings from clean-catch samples. RESULTS: Nappy
      pad samples were obtained from 3205 children (82% aged <2 years; 48% female),
      culture results were available for 2277 (71.0%) and 30 (1.3%) had a UTI on
      culture. Female sex, smelly urine, darker urine, and the absence of nappy rash
      were independently associated with a UTI, with an internally-validated,
      coefficient model AUROC of 0.81 (0.87 for clean-catch), which increased to 0.87
      (0.90 for clean-catch) with the addition of dipstick results. GPs' 'working
      diagnosis' had an AUROC 0.63 (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.53 to 0.72). A
      total of 12.2% of nappy pad and 1.8% of clean-catch samples were 'frankly
      contaminated' (risk ratio 6.66; 95% CI = 4.95 to 8.96; P<0.001). CONCLUSION:
      Nappy pad urine culture results, with features that can be reported by parents
      and dipstick tests, can be clinically useful, but are less accurate and more
      often contaminated compared with clean-catch urine culture.

PMID- 27364680
TI  - Syphilis on the face in primary care: a rare sign of an increasingly common
      problem.

PMID- 27364681
TI  - Epigenomic maintenance through dietary intervention can facilitate DNA repair
      process to slow down the progress of premature aging.
AB  - DNA damage caused by various sources remains one of the most researched topics in
      the area of aging and neurodegeneration. Increased DNA damage causes premature
      aging. Aging is plastic and is characterised by the decline in the ability of a
      cell/organism to maintain genomic stability. Lifespan can be modulated by various
      interventions like calorie restriction, a balanced diet of macro and
      micronutrients or supplementation with nutrients/nutrient formulations such as
      Amalaki rasayana, docosahexaenoic acid, resveratrol, curcumin, etc. Increased
      levels of DNA damage in the form of double stranded and single stranded breaks
      are associated with decreased longevity in animal models like WNIN/Ob obese rats.
      Erroneous DNA repair can result in accumulation of DNA damage products, which in
      turn result in premature aging disorders such as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria
      syndrome. Epigenomic studies of the aging process have opened a completely new
      arena for research and development of drugs and therapeutic agents. We propose
      here that agents or interventions that can maintain epigenomic stability and
      facilitate the DNA repair process can slow down the progress of premature aging,
      if not completely prevent it. (c) 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(9):717-721, 2016.

PMID- 27364682
TI  - Stimulated emission of Cooper pairs in a high-temperature cuprate superconductor.
AB  - The concept of stimulated emission of bosons has played an important role in
      modern science and technology, and constitutes the working principle for lasers.
      In a stimulated emission process, an incoming photon enhances the probability
      that an excited atomic state will transition to a lower energy state and generate
      a second photon of the same energy. It is expected, but not experimentally shown,
      that stimulated emission contributes significantly to the zero resistance current
      in a superconductor by enhancing the probability that scattered Cooper pairs will
      return to the macroscopically occupied condensate instead of entering any other
      state. Here, we use time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study
      the initial rise of the non-equilibrium quasiparticle population in a
      Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta cuprate superconductor induced by an ultrashort laser pulse.
      Our finding reveals significantly slower buildup of quasiparticles in the
      superconducting state than in the normal state. The slower buildup only occurs
      when the pump pulse is too weak to deplete the superconducting condensate, and
      for cuts inside the Fermi arc region. We propose this is a manifestation of
      stimulated recombination of broken Cooper pairs, and signals an important
      momentum space dichotomy in the formation of Cooper pairs inside and outside the
      Fermi arc region.

PMID- 27364683
TI  - Australian general practice nurse's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding
      influenza vaccination: a cross-sectional survey.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the knowledge,
      attitudes and practices of Australian general practice nurses (GPNs) regarding
      influenza vaccination. BACKGROUND: Despite the evidence for the benefits of
      influenza vaccination, vaccination rates remain sub-optimal. The knowledge,
      attitudes and practices of nurses both affects vaccination rates and the advice
      given to consumers. Given their significant role in opportunistic and planned
      vaccinations, GPNs are in an optimal position to positively influence vaccination
      rates. DESIGN: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used. METHODS: GPNs were
      recruited by email to complete an online survey. The survey tool comprised the
      King's College Nurses' Influenza Vaccination Questionnaire and adapted
      demographic items. Data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics.
      Open-ended questions were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Most of the
      85 respondents had received the seasonal influenza vaccination in the last year
      (n = 67; 78.8%); fewer received the H1N1 vaccination (n = 54; 63.5%). Intention
      to receive vaccination was affected by previous vaccination. Those who had
      received the seasonal influenza vaccine in the last year had a higher total
      knowledge score. The seasonal and total influenza knowledge score was high, with
      lower scores on the H1N1 sub-scale. A positive correlation was identified between
      influenza knowledge and risk perception. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted the
      high level of knowledge amongst GPNs related to seasonal influenza, whilst
      identifying a knowledge deficit around the H1N1 items. It demonstrated that GPN's
      knowledge of seasonal influenza was related to vaccination status and risk
      perception. Further research is required to explore how this translates into the
      advice GPNs give to consumers. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Influenza
      vaccination should be considered as a key topic for GPNs ongoing professional
      development. The evidence for links between education and vaccination uptake
      should encourage employers to facilitate opportunities for this training. Future
      efforts to increase vaccination uptake in nurses should promote the benefits of
      vaccination in protecting the individual rather than as a professional
      responsibility.

PMID- 27364684
TI  - A high-resolution transcriptome map of cell cycle reveals novel connections
      between periodic genes and cancer.
AB  - Progression through the cell cycle is largely dependent on waves of periodic gene
      expression, and the regulatory networks for these transcriptome dynamics have
      emerged as critical points of vulnerability in various aspects of tumor biology.
      Through RNA-sequencing of human cells during two continuous cell cycles (>2.3
      billion paired reads), we identified over 1 000 mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and
      pseudogenes with periodic expression. Periodic transcripts are enriched in
      functions related to DNA metabolism, mitosis, and DNA damage response, indicating
      these genes likely represent putative cell cycle regulators. Using our set of
      periodic genes, we developed a new approach termed "mitotic trait" that can
      classify primary tumors and normal tissues by their transcriptome similarity to
      different cell cycle stages. By analyzing >4 000 tumor samples in The Cancer
      Genome Atlas (TCGA) and other expression data sets, we found that mitotic trait
      significantly correlates with genetic alterations, tumor subtype and, notably,
      patient survival. We further defined a core set of 67 genes with robust periodic
      expression in multiple cell types. Proteins encoded by these genes function as
      major hubs of protein-protein interaction and are mostly required for cell cycle
      progression. The core genes also have unique chromatin features including
      increased levels of CTCF/RAD21 binding and H3K36me3. Loss of these features in
      uterine and kidney cancers is associated with altered expression of the core 67
      genes. Our study suggests new chromatin-associated mechanisms for periodic gene
      regulation and offers a predictor of cancer patient outcomes.

PMID- 27364686
TI  - Distribution of IgG galactosylation as a promising biomarker for cancer screening
      in multiple cancer types.

PMID- 27364685
TI  - Identification of blood vascular endothelial stem cells by the expression of
      protein C receptor.
AB  - Vascular growth and remodeling are dependent on the generation of new endothelial
      cells from stem cells and the involvement of perivascular cells to maintain
      vessel integrity and function. The existence and cellular identity of vascular
      endothelial stem cells (VESCs) remain unclear. The perivascular pericytes in
      adult tissues are thought to arise from the recruitment and differentiation of
      mesenchymal progenitors during early development. In this study, we identified
      Protein C receptor-expressing (Procr+) endothelial cells as VESCs in multiple
      tissues. Procr+ VESCs exhibit robust clonogenicity in culture, high vessel
      reconstitution efficiency in transplantation, long-term clonal expansion in
      lineage tracing, and EndMT characteristics. Moreover, Procr+ VESCs are bipotent,
      giving rise to de novo formation of endothelial cells and pericytes. This
      represents a novel origin of pericytes in adult angiogenesis, reshaping our
      understanding of blood vessel development and homeostatic process. Our study may
      also provide a more precise therapeutic target to inhibit pathological
      angiogenesis and tumor growth.

PMID- 27364687
TI  - Nitrate reduction in sulfate-reducing bacteria.
AB  - Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) gain their energy by coupling the oxidation of
      organic substrate to the reduction of sulfate to sulfide. Several SRBs are able
      to use alternative terminal electron acceptors to sulfate such as nitrate.
      Nitrate-reducing SRBs have been isolated from a diverse range of environments. In
      order to be able to understand the significance of nitrate reduction in SRBs, we
      need to examine the ecology and physiology of the nitrate-reducing SRB isolates.

PMID- 27364688
TI  - SOHPRED: a new bioinformatics tool for the characterization and prediction of
      human S-sulfenylation sites.
AB  - Protein S-sulfenylation (SOH) is a type of post-translational modification
      through the oxidation of cysteine thiols to sulfenic acids. It acts as a redox
      switch to modulate versatile cellular processes and plays important roles in
      signal transduction, protein folding and enzymatic catalysis. Reversible SOH is
      also a key component for maintaining redox homeostasis and has been implicated in
      a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, due
      to redox imbalance. Despite its significance, the in situ trapping of the entire
      'sulfenome' remains a major challenge. Yang et al. have recently experimentally
      identified about 1000 SOH sites, providing an enriched benchmark SOH dataset. In
      this work, we developed a new ensemble learning tool SOHPRED for identifying
      protein SOH sites based on the compositions of enriched amino acids and the
      physicochemical properties of residues surrounding SOH sites. SOHPRED was built
      based on four complementary predictors, i.e. a naive Bayesian predictor, a random
      forest predictor and two support vector machine predictors, whose training
      features are, respectively, amino acid occurrences, physicochemical properties,
      frequencies of k-spaced amino acid pairs and sequence profiles. Benchmarking
      experiments on the 5-fold cross validation and independent tests show that
      SOHPRED achieved AUC values of 0.784 and 0.799, respectively, which outperforms
      several previously developed tools. As a real application of SOHPRED, we
      predicted potential SOH sites for 193 S-sulfenylated substrates, which had been
      experimentally detected through a global sulfenome profiling in living cells,
      though the actual SOH sites were not determined. The web server of SOHPRED has
      been made publicly available at for the wider research community. The source
      codes and the benchmark datasets can be downloaded from the website.

PMID- 27364689
TI  - Comparison of effect of kangaroo mother care, breastfeeding and swaddling on
      Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination pain score in healthy term neonates by a
      clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The purpose of this research was to compare the analgesic effect
      of kangaroo mother care (KMC), breastfeeding and swaddling in Bacillus Calmette
      Guerin (BCG) vaccination in term neonates. METHODS: In a randomized 120 healthy
      term neonates who received routine BCG vaccination in the first day of their life
      are distributed into three groups. In group 1, neonates breastfed two minutes
      before, during and one minute after BCG vaccination. In group 2, neonates
      received KMC 10 minutes before, during and one minute after vaccination and in
      group 3, they were swaddled 10 minutes before, during and one minute after
      vaccination. Primary outcomes included pain score during, one minute and two
      minutes after BCG vaccination and obtaining pain score of less than three during
      vaccination . RESULTS: Pain scores during, one minute and two minutes after
      vaccination in group 1 were lower than in groups 2 and 3. Group 1 had higher
      success rate in painless vaccination and had lower crying duration in comparison
      to another groups (p < 0.05) Conclusion: Breastfeeding was more effective than
      KMC and swaddling in reduction of BCG vaccination pain in healthy term neonates.

PMID- 27364691
TI  - Medical marijuana and pain management.

PMID- 27364690
TI  - Intracellular signalling pathways: targets to reverse immunosenescence.
AB  - Ageing is a very complex process, the result of the dysregulation of multiple
      systems interacting in many ways. A prominent change occurring with ageing is
      related to the architecture and functioning of the immune system, viewed commonly
      as detrimental and termed 'immunosenescence'. However, age-associated changes may
      also lead to increased function in certain respects, which can be viewed as
      adaptive. None the less, on balance it is well-recognized that immunosenescence
      is accompanied by the low-grade inflammation observed commonly in elderly people,
      which has been dubbed 'inflamm-ageing'. The exact cause and significance of all
      these changes is not clear, but there is a consensus that they are related to the
      occurrence of chronic non-infectious age-associated disease, as well as increased
      susceptibility to infections. Alterations to immune cell signalling may be a
      prominent cause of malfunctioning immunity. Emerging attempts to reverse
      immunosenescence have recently targeted the signalling pathways in various
      different cell types of the immune system. Here, we review and discuss
      alterations in the signalling pathways of immune cells with ageing and consider
      current targets and means to modulate altered functions. We discuss the potential
      dangers as well as the benefits of these interventions, and consider future
      approaches to this problem.

PMID- 27364692
TI  - Lick of death: Capnocytophaga canimorsus is an important cause of sepsis in the
      elderly.
AB  - A 70-year-old Caucasian woman was treated for Capnocytophaga canimorsus
      septicaemia. The source of bacteraemia was very likely to be her household pet,
      an Italian greyhound. The patient presented with a presumed complex partial
      seizure but deteriorated rapidly with sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction. Neither
      scratch nor bite was established, although close petting including licks was
      reported. Blood cultures grew Gram-negative rods, identified by molecular
      techniques as C. canimorsus-a bacterium frequently isolated in the oral cavities
      of dogs and cats. A full recovery was made following 2 weeks of intensive care
      support and broad-spectrum antibiotics. No underlying immune dysfunction was
      found. 

PMID- 27364694
TI  - Mean diffusivity of basal ganglia and thalamus specifically associated with
      motivational states among mood states.
AB  - Previously, we proposed that the mean diffusivity (MD), a measure of diffusion
      tensor imaging (DTI) in areas of the dopaminergic system (MDDS), is associated
      with motivation. In this study, we tested if and how the motivational state is
      associated with MD in comparison with other mood states. We also tested the
      associations of these mood states with multiple cognitive functions. We examined
      these issues in 766 right-handed healthy young adults. We employed analyses of MD
      and a psychological measure of the profile of mood states (POMS) as well as
      multiple cognitive functions. We detected associations between the higher Vigor
      subscale of POMS and lower MD in the right globus pallidum, right putamen to
      right posterior insula, right caudate body, and right thalamus, and these
      associations were highly specific to the Vigor subscale. Similarly, the
      association of the motivational state with creativity measured by divergent
      thinking (CMDT) was rather specific and prominent compared with that of the other
      mood states and cognitive functions. In conclusion, when affective states are
      finely divided, only the motivational state is associated with MD in the areas
      related to the dopaminergic system, and psychological mechanisms that had been
      associated with dopaminergic system (CMDT). These results suggest that these
      mechanisms specifically contribute to the motivational state and not to the other
      states, such as depression and anxiety.

PMID- 27364693
TI  - Enforced DNA repair enzymes rescue neurons from apoptosis induced by target
      deprivation and axotomy in mouse models of neurodegeneration.
AB  - It is unknown whether DNA damage accumulation is an upstream instigator or
      secondary effect of the cell death process in different populations of adult
      postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system. In two different mouse models
      of injury-induced neurodegeneration characterized by relatively synchronous
      accumulation of mitochondria, oxidative stress, and DNA damage prior to neuronal
      apoptosis, we enforced the expression of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase
      (hOGG1) and human apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/Ref1 (hAPE) using
      recombinant adenoviruses (Ad). Thalamic lateral geniculate neurons and lumbar
      spinal cord motor neurons were transduced by Ad-hOGG1 and Ad-hAPE injections into
      the occipital cortex and skeletal muscle, respectively, prior to their target
      deprivation- and axotomy-induced retrograde apoptosis. Enforced expression of
      hOGG1 and hAPE in thalamus and spinal cord was confirmed by western blotting and
      immunohistochemistry. In injured populations of neurons in thalamus and spinal
      cord, a DNA damage response (DDR) was registered, as shown by localization of
      phospho-activated p53, Rad17, and replication protein A-32 immunoreactivities,
      and this DDR was attenuated more effectively by enforced hAPE expression than by
      hOGG1 expression. Enforced expression of hOGG1 and hAPE significantly protected
      thalamic neurons and motor neurons from retrograde apoptosis induced by target
      deprivation and axotomy. We conclude that a DDR response is engaged pre
      apoptotically in different types of injured mature CNS neurons and that DNA
      repair enzymes can regulate the survival of retrogradely dying neurons,
      suggesting that DNA damage and activation of DDR are upstream mechanisms for this
      form of adult neurodegeneration in vivo, thus identifying DNA repair as a
      therapeutic target for neuroprotection.

PMID- 27364695
TI  - Multiparametric evaluation of preoperative MRI in early stage breast cancer:
      prognostic impact of peri-tumoral fat.
AB  - PURPOSE: Obesity is associated with adverse outcomes in breast cancer patients.
      Fat-specific cytokines (adipokines) have been proposed as key drivers of breast
      cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. We aimed at assessing correlations
      between peri-tumoral fat, quantified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and
      pathologic factors potentially impacting therapy recommendations. METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed records of 63 patients with early stage breast cancer
      who underwent preoperative MRI imaging using appropriately weighted series for
      breast and tumor contouring. Fat volumes were generated through voxel intensity
      filtering. The peri-tumoral region was defined as the intersection of a 1-cm
      spherical extension around the tumor and the breast contour. Peri-tumoral fat was
      defined as the fraction of a fat content in this volume. Surgical pathology
      records were used to extract clinical data. Statistical analyses were conducted
      using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Among reviewed
      patients, 45 had T1 tumors (1.22 +/- 0.85 cm diameter) and 18 had T2 tumors (2.08
      +/- 1.06 cm). Axillary lymph nodes were dissected in 31 and positive in 17
      patients analyzed. Peri-tumoral fat ratio ranged between 25 and 99 %. Peri
      tumoral fat ratio significantly correlated with the nodal-positive ratio of
      positive axillary lymph nodes (r = 0.532). Peri-tumoral fat ratio demonstrated
      optimally prominent correlation among obese patients upon body mass index
      categorical stratification. CONCLUSIONS: In women with early stage breast cancer,
      peri-tumoral fat correlates positively with the ratio of pathologically involved
      axillary nodes. This work highlights a novel method for quantitating peri-tumoral
      fat content. Preoperative breast MRI may be utilized to predict extent of
      axillary disease.

PMID- 27364696
TI  - Ulinastatin to prevent acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery:
      does serum creatinine tell the whole story?

PMID- 27364697
TI  - Interference of alpha-Synuclein Uptake by Monomeric beta-Amyloid1-40 and
      Potential Core Acting Site of the Interference.
AB  - Increasing evidence suggests an important role of alpha-synuclein (alpha-Syn) in
      the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The inter-neuronal spread of alpha
      Syn via exocytosis and endocytosis has been proposed as an explanation for the
      neuropathological findings of PD in sub-clinical and clinical phases. Therefore,
      interfering the uptake of alpha-Syn by neurons may be an important step in
      slowing or modifying the propagation of the disease. The purposes of our study
      were to investigate if the uptake of alpha-Syn fibrils can be specifically
      interfered with monomeric beta-Amyloid1-40 (Abeta40) and to characterise the core
      acting site of interference. Using a radioisotope-labelled uptake assay, we found
      an 80 % uptake reduction of alpha-Syn fibrils in neurons interfered with
      monomeric Abeta40, but not beta-Amyloid1-42 (Abeta42) as compared to controls.
      This finding was further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
      with alpha-Syn uptake reduced from about 80 % (Abeta42) to about 20 % (Abeta40)
      relative to controls. To define the region of Abeta40 peptide capable of the
      interference, we explored shorter peptides with less amino acid residues from
      both the C-terminus and N-terminus. We found that the interference effect was
      preserved if amino acid residue was trimmed to position 11 (from N-terminus) and
      36 (from C-terminus), but dropped off significantly if residues were trimmed
      beyond these positions. We therefore deduced that the "core acting site" lies
      between amino acid residue positions 12-36. These findings suggest alpha-Syn
      uptake can be interfered with monomeric Abeta40 and that the core acting site of
      interference might lie between amino acid residue positions 12-36.

PMID- 27364699
TI  - AMSIG annual scientific meeting - Sydney April 30 2016.

PMID- 27364700
TI  - Gene regulation at a distance: From remote enhancers to 3D regulatory ensembles.
AB  - Large-scale identification of elements associated with gene expression revealed
      that many of them are located extremely far from gene transcriptional start
      sites. We review here the growing evidence that show that distal cis-acting
      elements provide key instructions to genes, as genetic variation affecting them
      is growingly identified as an importance source of phenotypic diversity and
      disease. We discuss the different mechanisms that allow these elements to exert
      their regulatory functions, in a robust and specific manner, despite the large
      genomic distances separating them from their target genes. We particularly focus
      on the role of the structural organization of the genome in guiding such
      regulatory interactions.

PMID- 27364701
TI  - Mefloquine and its oxazolidine derivative compound are active against drug
      resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and in a murine model of
      tuberculosis infection.
AB  - Repurposing of drugs to treat tuberculosis (TB) has been considered an
      alternative to overcome the global TB epidemic, especially to combat drug
      resistant forms of the disease. Mefloquine has been reported as a potent drug to
      kill drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition,
      mefloquine-derived molecules have been synthesised and their effectiveness
      against mycobacteria has been assessed. In this work, we demonstrate for the
      first time the activities of mefloquine and its oxazolidine derivative compound
      1E in a murine model of TB infection following administration of both drugs by
      the oral route. The effects of associations between mefloquine or 1E with the
      clinically used antituberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol,
      moxifloxacin and streptomycin were also investigated. Importantly, combination of
      mefloquine with isoniazid and of 1E with streptomycin showed a two-fold decrease
      in their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Moreover, no tested
      combinations demonstrated antagonist interactions. Here we describe novel
      evidence on the activity of mefloquine and 1E against a series of quinolone
      resistant M. tuberculosis strains. These data show MICs against quinolone
      resistant strains (0.5-8 ug/mL) similar to or lower than those previously
      reported for multidrug-resistant strains. Taking these results together, we can
      suggest the use of mefloquine or 1E in combination with clinically available
      drugs, especially in the case of resistant forms of TB. 

PMID- 27364702
TI  - Tropical Medicine & International Health.

PMID- 27364698
TI  - Neurotoxicity in the Post-HAART Era: Caution for the Antiretroviral Therapeutics.
AB  - Despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV
      associated neurological disorders (HAND) remain a major challenge in human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment. The early implementation of HAART in the
      infected individuals helps suppress the viral replication in the plasma and other
      compartments. Several studies also report the beneficial effect of drugs that
      successfully penetrate central nervous system (CNS). However, recent data in both
      clinical setup and in in vitro studies indicate CNS toxicity of the
      antiretrovirals (ARVs). Although the evidence is limited, correlation between
      prolonged use of ARVs and neurotoxicity strongly suggests that it is essential to
      study the underlying mechanisms responsible for such toxicity. Furthermore,
      closer attention toward clinical outcomes is required to screen various ARV
      regimens for their association with HAND and other comorbidities. A growing body
      of literature also indicates a possible role of accelerated aging in the
      antiretroviral therapy-associated neurotoxicity. Lastly, owing to high pill
      burden, multiple drugs in the HIV treatment also invite a possible role of drug
      drug interaction via various cytochrome P450 enzymes. The particular emphasis of
      this review is to highlight the need to identify alternative approaches in
      reducing the CNS toxicity of the ARV drugs in HIV-infected individuals.

PMID- 27364703
TI  - Image Quality Ranking Method for Microscopy.
AB  - Automated analysis of microscope images is necessitated by the increased need for
      high-resolution follow up of events in time. Manually finding the right images to
      be analyzed, or eliminated from data analysis are common day-to-day problems in
      microscopy research today, and the constantly growing size of image datasets does
      not help the matter. We propose a simple method and a software tool for sorting
      images within a dataset, according to their relative quality. We demonstrate the
      applicability of our method in finding good quality images in a STED microscope
      sample preparation optimization image dataset. The results are validated by
      comparisons to subjective opinion scores, as well as five state-of-the-art blind
      image quality assessment methods. We also show how our method can be applied to
      eliminate useless out-of-focus images in a High-Content-Screening experiment. We
      further evaluate the ability of our image quality ranking method to detect out-of
      focus images, by extensive simulations, and by comparing its performance against
      previously published, well-established microscopy autofocus metrics.

PMID- 27364704
TI  - Questionable oncologic benefits of degarelix.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LhRh) antagonist degarelix
      has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of
      advanced prostate cancer in 2008. However, the studies that followed such initial
      approval have several limitations. OBJECTIVE: To make a critical review of those
      publications. METHODS: Literature search on degarelix. RESULTS: The studies
      supporting the use of degarelix are criticized on the basis of selection bias in
      regards to the heterogeneous populations described, ad hoc analyses with low
      statistical merit, and the presentation of selected data that would appear to be
      favorable to the evaluated medication. In addition, those studies still have not
      shown that any of the data that they point out have any association with clinical
      benefit. CONCLUSION: The flawed methodology of these publications makes the
      evidence to support the use of degarelix rather weak.

PMID- 27364705
TI  - What is the malignant potential of clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma?

PMID- 27364706
TI  - [Analysis of cerebrovascular disease mortality in Costa Rica between the years
      1920-2009].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend in mortality from cerebrovascular diseases in
      Costa Rica and its impact on overall mortality from 1920 to 2009. METHODS: Crude
      rates by triennium and quinquennium were obtained. We also obtanied age
      standardized rates in the age group 35-74 years during the period 1970-2009.
      Finally we got the death percentage from stroke in relation to overall mortality.
      RESULTS: The trend for the period 1920-1969 was to the upside (r=0.82, r2=0.67,
      betha 0.30; P<=0.00) whereas for the period 1970 occurred otherwise (r=0.42,
      r2=0.18, betha -0064; P=0.01). Adjusted for the group 35-74 years between 1970
      2009 rates decreased by 58.03% was statistically significant trend for both
      sexes; men r2=0.94, betha: -0.73; women: r2=0.97, betha: 0.95. The maximum
      percentage of mortality from stroke in relation to the overall mortality was 7.22
      in the period 1985-1989 reached down to 5.92% in 2005-2009. CONCLUSIONS: In the
      Latin American context, stroke mortality rates in Costa Rica are low but still
      represent a serious public health problem by the high mortality, morbidity and
      disability that they cause, despite a downward trend.

PMID- 27364707
TI  - [Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis treated with slow infusion fibrinolytic
      therapy in patient with acute isquemic stroke].

PMID- 27364708
TI  - [Septic paradoxical pulmonary embolisms in a patient with aortic valve
      endocarditis and interventricular communication: the backdoor].

PMID- 27364725
TI  - Postoperative Gastroesophageal Reflux After Laparoscopic Heller-Dor for
      Achalasia: True Incidence with an Objective Evaluation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The most common complication after laparoscopic Heller-Dor (LHD) is
      gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The present study aimed (a) to analyze
      the true incidence of postoperative reflux by objectively assessing a large group
      of LHD patients and (b) to see whether the presence of typical GERD symptoms
      correlates with the real incidence of postoperative reflux. METHODS: After LHD,
      patients were assessed by means of a symptom score, endoscopy, esophageal
      manometry, and 24-h pH monitoring. Patients were assigned to three groups: those
      did not accept to perform 24-h pH monitoring (group NP); those with normal
      postoperative pH findings (group A); and those with pathological postoperative
      acid exposure (group B). RESULTS: Four hundred sixty-three of the 806 LHD
      patients agreed to undergo follow-up 24-h pH monitoring. Normal pH findings were
      seen in 423 patients (group A, 91.4 %), while 40 (8.6 %) had a pathological acid
      exposure (group B). The median symptom scores were similar: 3.0 (IQR 0-8) in
      group A and 6.0 (IQR 0-10) in group B (p = 0.29). At endoscopy, the percentage of
      esophagitis was also similar (11 % in group A, 19 % in group B; p = 0.28).
      CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that, after LHD was performed by experienced
      surgeons, the true incidence of postoperative GERD is very low. The incidence of
      this possible complication should be assessed by pH monitoring because endoscopic
      findings and symptoms may be misleading.

PMID- 27364726
TI  - Morbidity and Mortality After Gastrectomy: Identification of Modifiable Risk
      Factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Morbidity after gastrectomy remains high. The potentially modifiable
      risk factors have not been well described. This study considers a series of
      potentially modifiable patient-specific and perioperative characteristics that
      could be considered to reduce morbidity and mortality after gastrectomy. METHODS:
      This retrospective cohort study includes adults in the ACS NSQIP PUF dataset who
      underwent gastrectomy between 2011 and 2013. Sequential multivariable models were
      used to estimate effects of clinical covariates on study outcomes including
      morbidity, mortality, readmission, and reoperation. RESULTS: Three thousand six
      hundred and seventy-eight patients underwent gastrectomy. A majority of patients
      had distal gastrectomy (N = 2,799, 76.1 %) and had resection for malignancy (N =
      2,316, 63.0 %). Seven hundred and ninety-eight patients (21.7 %) experienced a
      major complication. Reoperation was required in 290 patients (7.9 %). Thirty-day
      mortality was 5.2 %. Age (OR = 1.01, 95 % CI = 1.01-1.02, p = 0.001),
      preoperative malnutrition (OR = 1.65, 95 % CI = 1.35-2.02, p < 0.001), total
      gastrectomy (OR = 1.63, 95 % CI = 1.31-2.03, p < 0.001), benign indication for
      resection (OR = 1.60, 95 % CI = 1.29-1.97, p < 0.001), blood transfusion (OR =
      2.57, 95 % CI = 2.10-3.13, p < 0.001), and intraoperative placement of a feeding
      tubes (OR = 1.28, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.62, p = 0.047) were independently associated
      with increased risk of morbidity. Association between tobacco use and morbidity
      was statistically marginal (OR = 1.23, 95 % CI = 0.99-1.53, p = 0.064). All-cause
      postoperative morbidity had significant associations with reoperation,
      readmission, and mortality (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mitigation of
      perioperative risk factors including smoking and malnutrition as well as
      identified operative considerations may improve outcomes after gastrectomy.
      Postoperative morbidity has the strongest association with other measures of poor
      outcome: reoperation, readmission, and mortality.

PMID- 27364728
TI  - A five years study of antiviral effect of entecavir in Chinese chronic hepatitis
      B patients.
AB  - Entecavir (ETV) is a potent viral replication inhibitor for chronic hepatitis B
      (CHB) patients. To investigate the efficacy of ETV in Chinese nucleos(t)ide(NA)
      experienced CHB patients. Among 89 CHB patients with ETV monotherapy for >=6
      months, 33/89 (37%) or 56/89 (73%) were NA-naive or NA-experienced. During a
      median follow-up of 5.75 years, all NA-naive CHB patients achieved VR without
      genotypic ETV-resistance. However, VR was observed in 50/56 (~90%) of NA
      experienced CHB patients during a median follow-up of 4.75 years. Antiviral
      efficacy was not reduced in patients with previous lamivudine (LAM) with/without
      LAM-resistance (HR 0.465; 95% CI 0.196-1.100; p > 0.05) (HR 0.472; 95% CI 0.205
      1.091; p > 0.05). Patients with a primary treatment failure to adefovir (ADV) had
      a reduced probability of achieving VR compared to NA-naive (HR 0.496; 95% CI
      0.287-0.857; p < 0.01). Previous ADV-experienced patients with a partial VR (HR
      1.253; 95% CI 0.429-3.665; p > 0.05) did not influence antiviral response to ETV.
      The antiviral efficacy of ETV is not influenced by previous treatment LAM
      with/without LAM-resistance. ETV may still be an option in ADV-experienced
      patients with a partial VR, but not advised in patients with a primary treatment
      failure to ADV.

PMID- 27364729
TI  - Recreational scuba diving in patients with congenital heart disease: Time for new
      guidelines.
AB  - The number of recreational scuba divers is steadily increasing. In its latest
      recommendations, the French Federation of Undersea Studies and Sports listed
      congenital heart disease as a formal and final contraindication to scuba diving.
      On the other hand, with the progress made in their management, the prognosis and
      quality of life of patients with congenital heart diseases have improved
      considerably, enabling them to engage in physical and sports endeavours, which
      are known to confer general health and psychological benefits. As a consequence,
      the ability of these patients to dive has become a regular and recurrent issue.
      We review the various types of scuba diving, the physical performance required
      for its practice, its effects on cardiovascular function and the elements that
      need to be considered before recommending whether it can be practiced safely at
      various levels of difficulty. Because of the diversity and broad heterogeneity of
      congenital heart diseases, a detailed evaluation of each patient's performance
      based on clinical criteria common to all congenital heart diseases is
      recommended. 

PMID- 27364727
TI  - [Multiparametric and molecular imaging of breast tumors with MRI and PET/MRI].
AB  - CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast is an
      indispensable tool in breast imaging for many indications. Several functional
      parameters with MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) have been assessed for
      imaging of breast tumors and their combined application is defined as
      multiparametric imaging. Available data suggest that multiparametric imaging
      using different functional MRI and PET parameters can provide detailed
      information about the hallmarks of cancer and may provide additional specificity.
      STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS: Multiparametric and molecular imaging of the
      breast comprises established MRI parameters, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced
      MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), MR proton spectroscopy ((1)H-MRSI) as well
      as combinations of radiological and MRI techniques (e. g. PET/CT and PET/MRI)
      using radiotracers, such as fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). METHODICAL INNOVATIONS:
      Multiparametric and molecular imaging of the breast can be performed at different
      field-strengths (range 1.5-7 T). Emerging parameters comprise novel promising
      techniques, such as sodium imaging ((23)Na MRI), phosphorus spectroscopy ((31)P
      MRSI), chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging, blood oxygen level
      dependent (BOLD) and hyperpolarized MRI as well as various specific radiotracers.
      ACHIEVEMENTS: Multiparametric and molecular imaging has multiple applications in
      breast imaging. Multiparametric and molecular imaging of the breast is an
      evolving field that will enable improved detection, characterization, staging and
      monitoring for personalized medicine in breast cancer.

PMID- 27364730
TI  - Visible-Light-Promoted Direct Amination of Phenols via Oxidative Cross
      Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction.
AB  - A transition-metal-free approach was disclosed for intermolecular aryl C-N bonds
      formation between phenols and cyclic anilines via cross-dehydrogenative coupling
      (CDC) amination that was mediated by visible light, wherein K2S2O8 served as an
      external oxidant. The salient features of this protocol include circumventing the
      requirement for prefunctionalized starting materials and achieving single
      regioselectivity of amination adducts at room temperature.

PMID- 27364732
TI  - New Preparative Approaches for Micro and Nano Drug Delivery Carriers.
AB  - The full success of pharmacological therapies is strongly depending on the use of
      suitable, efficient and smart drug delivery systems (DDSs). Thus DDSs development
      is one of the main challenges in pharmaceutical industry both to achieve tailored
      carrier systems based on drug features and to promote manufacturing innovations
      to reduce energetic resources, emissions, wastes and risks. Main functions of an
      ideal DDS are: to protect loaded active molecules from degradation in
      physiological environments; to deliver them in a controlled manner and towards
      specific organs or tissues, to allow the maintenance of drug concentration within
      therapeutic window. Smart features, such as those able to induce active molecule
      release upon the occurrence of specific physiological stimuli, are also
      desirable. Under the manufacturing point of view, the current industrial scenery
      is obliged to respond to the increasing market requirements and to the mandatory
      rules in sustainable productions such as raw material and energy savings. In this
      work a general framework on drug delivery systems preparation techniques is
      presented. In particular two sections on innovation in preparative approaches
      carried out are detailed. These latter involve the use of microwave and
      ultrasonic energy applied in the production of polymeric and lipidic delivery
      systems on micro- and nanometric scale. The novelties of these preparative
      approaches are emphasized and examples of developed drug delivery carriers,
      loaded with vitamins and drug mimicking siRNA, are shown.

PMID- 27364731
TI  - Single-Cell Transcriptomics of the Human Endocrine Pancreas.
AB  - Human pancreatic islets consist of multiple endocrine cell types. To facilitate
      the detection of rare cellular states and uncover population heterogeneity, we
      performed single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on islets from multiple deceased
      organ donors, including children, healthy adults, and individuals with type 1 or
      type 2 diabetes. We developed a robust computational biology framework for cell
      type annotation. Using this framework, we show that alpha- and beta-cells from
      children exhibit less well-defined gene signatures than those in adults.
      Remarkably, alpha- and beta-cells from donors with type 2 diabetes have
      expression profiles with features seen in children, indicating a partial
      dedifferentiation process. We also examined a naturally proliferating alpha-cell
      from a healthy adult, for which pathway analysis indicated activation of the cell
      cycle and repression of checkpoint control pathways. Importantly, this
      replicating alpha-cell exhibited activated Sonic hedgehog signaling, a pathway
      not previously known to contribute to human alpha-cell proliferation. Our study
      highlights the power of single-cell RNA-seq and provides a stepping stone for
      future explorations of cellular heterogeneity in pancreatic endocrine cells.

PMID- 27364733
TI  - In vivo EPR extracellular pH-metry in tumors using a triphosphonated trityl
      radical.
AB  - PURPOSE: The ability to assess the extracellular pH (pHe) is an important issue
      in oncology, because extracellular acidification is associated with tumor
      aggressiveness and resistance to cytotoxic therapies. In this study, a stable
      triphosphonated triarylmethyl (TPTAM) radical was qualified as a pHe electron
      paramagnetic resonance (EPR) molecular reporter. METHODS: Calibration of
      hyperfine splitting as a function of pH was performed using a 1.2-GHz EPR
      spectrometer. Gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) was used
      as an extracellular paramagnetic broadening agent to assess the localization of
      TPTAM when incubated with cells. In vivo EPR pH-metry was performed in MDA, SiHa,
      and TLT tumor models and in muscle. Bicarbonate therapy was used to modulate the
      tumor pHe. EPR measurements were compared with microelectrode readouts. RESULTS:
      The hyperfine splitting of TPTAM was strongly pH-dependent around the pKa of the
      probe (pKa = 6.99). Experiments with Gd-DTPA demonstrated that TPTAM remained in
      the extracellular compartment. pHe was found to be more acidic in the MDA, SiHa,
      and TLT tumor models compared with muscle. Treatment of animals by bicarbonate
      induced an increase in pHe in tumors: similar variations in pHe were found when
      using in vivo EPR or invasive microelectrodes measurements. CONCLUSION: This
      study demonstrates the potential usefulness of TPTAM for monitoring pHe in
      tumors. Magn Reson Med 77:2438-2443, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for
      Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27364734
TI  - Endovascular Treatment of Thoracoabdominal Aorta Aneurysm by the Combination of a
      Stent Graft with Multiple Overlapping Bare Stents.
AB  - A 41-year-old male diagnosed with Crawford III thoracoabdominal aorta aneurysm
      (TAAA) was treated using a completely endovascular approach. After the combined
      implementation of 4 overlapping bare stents and a stent graft, TAAA was excluded
      while the 4 visceral arteries were reserved. Follow-up computed tomography scans
      at 3 and 6 months showed that the aneurysm had almost disappeared, while the
      vital branches remained open. This case may provide an acceptable alternative
      choice for treating TAAA in selected patients.

PMID- 27364735
TI  - Extending Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Detection to Older Age Groups: Preliminary
      Results from the Liege Screening Programme.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is evident benefit in terms of reduced aneurysm-related
      mortality from screening programs of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in men aged
      65 years and more. Recent studies in the United Kingdom and Sweden have shown a
      decline of the prevalence of AAA in the general population. Current screening
      policies (e.g., men aged 65-74 years), however, do not account for aging and
      increased life expectancy of Western populations. This study investigated AAA
      detection by extending the target population to older age groups (75-85 years).
      METHODS: AAA screening was conducted in the County of Chaudfontaine (Liege,
      Belgium) on the population of elderly (n = 3,054). The participation rate was
      36%. The 1,101 participants (722 men aged 65-85 years and 379 women aged 74-85
      years) were examined by ultrasound scan. AAA was defined as an infrarenal aortic
      outer-outer diameter of at least 3 cm. Demographics, clinical parameters, and
      risk factors were also recorded. AAA prevalence was estimated, and patients with
      and without AAA were compared by logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall AAA
      prevalence was 3.6% (n = 40). In female participants, AAA prevalence was low
      (1.3%). In men, it amounted 2.7% in the 65-74 age group but rose to 7.3% in the
      age-extended group (75-85 years). Further in addition to age, height, current
      smoking, history of coronary artery disease, hypercholesterolemia, peripheral
      artery disease of the lower limbs, and varicose veins were significantly
      associated with the presence of AAA. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings,
      based on a representative sample of the elderly population of the Liege region,
      support the idea that current AAA screening policies should be updated to cover
      an increasingly aging population. The presence of varicose veins as a potential
      risk factor for AAA should also be considered during screening.

PMID- 27364736
TI  - Open Versus Endovascular Treatment for Patients with Post-Carotid Endarterectomy
      Restenosis: Early and Long-term Results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to assess and compare the short- and long
      term results of carotid artery stenting (CAS) and redo surgery in patients with
      restenosis after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS: From January 1988 to
      December 2014, 44 consecutive patients were treated for carotid restenosis (CR):
      23 redo-CEA (52.3%) and 21 CAS (47.7%). Data from these patients were
      prospectively collected in a dedicated database. Early results and 3-year end
      points were analyzed and compared between groups with chi2 test, Kaplan-Meier
      curves, and Breslow test. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics and comorbidity
      were similar in both groups, except for arterial hypertension and chronic renal
      insufficiency which were higher in the CAS group. CR was symptomatic in 7
      patients in the redo-CEA group (30.4%) and 1 (4.8%) in CAS (P = 0.04). No
      differences were found in the time period between primary CEA and reintervention,
      critical carotid stenosis, or contralateral carotid occlusion. Median follow-up
      was 61.5 months. In the redo-CEA group, 1 patient (4.3%) had a perioperative
      transient ischemic attack and 3 (13%) experienced cranial nerve injury with
      complete regression at 30 days. No differences were found between groups in terms
      of early and long-term mortality, neurologic morbidity, and overall morbidity.
      The rate of secondary restenosis and freedom from reintervention was similar in
      both groups during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Both CAS and redo-CEA are suitable
      options for patients with CR. CAS might be the treatment of choice due to the
      risk of cranial nerve injuries in redo-CEA. When CAS is contraindicated, redo-CEA
      remains a safe and effective treatment option.

PMID- 27364737
TI  - Treatment of Infected Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta and Iliac Artery with
      Endovascular Aneurysm Repair and Percutaneous Drainage.
AB  - Infected aneurysm remains one of the most challenging diseases for vascular
      surgeons. We describe the successful treatment of 2 cases of infected aneurysms
      with endovascular aneurysm repair and percutaneous computed tomography-guided
      drainage. This strategy may be an effective alternative to open surgical repair
      in selected patients.

PMID- 27364738
TI  - The Influence of Neurodevelopmental Treatment on Transforming Growth Factor-beta1
      Levels and Neurological Remodeling in Children With Cerebral Palsy.
AB  - Neurodevelopmental treatment is an advanced therapeutic approach for the neural
      rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy represents a
      spectrum of neurological disorders primarily affecting gross motor function. The
      authors investigated the effects of neurodevelopmental treatment on serum levels
      of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a neuroprotective cytokine, and
      improvements to motor skills. Serum TGF-beta1 levels and total score of the Gross
      Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) were significantly higher in children with
      cerebral palsy who underwent neurodevelopmental treatment compared to untreated
      patients (P < .01). Furthermore, the improved GMFM-88 total scores after
      neurodevelopmental treatment were significantly higher in children under the age
      of 3 with cerebral palsy than in older patients (P < .01). The authors
      demonstrate that the integration of TGF-beta1 levels and GMFM-88 total score
      could be used to assess the efficacy of neurodevelopmental treatment. Moreover,
      the findings provide further scientific support for the early intervention and
      neurological rehabilitation of young children with cerebral palsy.

PMID- 27364739
TI  - Differences in Metabolite Concentrations Between the Hemispheres of the Brain in
      Healthy Children: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study (1HMRS).
AB  - The aim of this (1)HMRS study was to identify hemispheric asymmetries in
      metabolismus in healthy children. The study group consisted of children of both
      sexes aged 6 to 15. Concentrations of 6 metabolites occurring in the brain were
      determined for 6 locations: hippocampus, frontal lobe, and basal ganglia in the
      left and right hemispheres. There were no hemispheric differences in the
      metabolites' concentrations in the brain in children when the variable of sex was
      disregarded. Only in the group of boys and in the group of girls did the findings
      show few discrepancies. In none of these groups, relative concentrations to
      creatine concentration were found to be significantly different between
      hemispheres. In clinical practice, concentrations of specific metabolites are
      most frequently determined relative to the concentration of creatine.
      Consequently, the analysis of standard (1)HMRS examinations in children does not
      need to take into account interhemispheric differences.

PMID- 27364740
TI  - OLDER PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: DEFINITION, AND INFLUENCE OF BIOMARKERS
      AND MEDICATIONS UPON CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL OUTCOMES.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global problem. With an ageing
      population the burden on the health services has increased due to the growing
      number of older people with CKD. This group of individuals is far different to
      the younger CKD population and their risk of cardiovascular death is far greater
      than the risk of progressing to end stage kidney disease (ESKD). OBJECTIVE: In
      this review we explore the role of certain biomarkers and medications in
      predicting the risk of progression to ESKD and death in old people with CKD.
      METHODS: An electronic literature search of EMBASE and MEDLINE databases was
      performed using Healthcare Databases Advanced Search (HDAS) in December 2014.
      RESULTS: Albuminuria is a key biomarker in predicting the risk of death and
      progression to ESKD. Cystatin C appears to be superior in predicting the risk of
      cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular death compared to GFR or creatinine.
      Several inflammatory biomarkers can be used to predict the risk of death and
      progression to CKD but measuring and monitoring them in routine clinical practice
      will be expensive and impractical. The effects of long-term RAAS inhibition in
      older people are not well established. Older people especially those with CKD
      receive suboptimal secondary preventive measures. Due to multiple comorbidities
      older people with CKD are usually receiving a number of medications. This can
      potentially lead to significant adverse drug events (ADE) due to drug
      interactions. CONCLUSION: Novel non-traditional risk factors like albuminuria,
      Cystatin C and inflammatory biomarkers play an important role in predicting their
      risk of death and progression to ESKD. The efficacy and safety of medications in
      older people with CKD is not well established and requires more extensive,
      focused study.

PMID- 27364741
TI  - Loss of oocytes due to conditional ablation of Murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) gene
      is p53-dependent and results in female sterility.
AB  - Murine double minute 2 and 4 (Mdm2, Mdm4) are major p53-negative regulators,
      preventing thus uncontrolled apoptosis induction in numerous cell types, although
      their function in the female germ line has received little attention. In the
      present work, we have generated mice with specific invalidation of Mdm2 and Mdm4
      genes in the mouse oocyte (Mdm2(Ocko) and Mdm4(Ocko) mice), to test their
      implication in survival of these germ cells. Most of the Mdm2(Ocko) but not
      Mdm4(Ocko) mice were sterile, with a dramatic reduction of the weight of ovaries
      and genital tract, a strong increase in follicle-stimulating hormone and
      luteinizing hormone serum levels, and a reduction of anti-mullerian hormone serum
      levels. Histological analyses revealed an obvious decrease of the number of
      growing follicles beyond the primary stage in Mdm2(Ocko) ovaries in comparison to
      controls, with a pronounced increase in the apparition of primary atretic
      follicles, most being devoid of oocyte. Similar phenotypes were observed with
      Mdm2(Ocko) Mdm4(Ocko) ovaries, with no worsening of the phenotype. However, we
      failed to detect any increase in p53 level in mutant oocytes, nor any other
      apoptotic marker, introgression of this targeted invalidation in p53-/- mice
      restored the fertility of females. This study is the first to show that Mdm2, but
      not Mdm4, has a critical role in oocyte survival and would be involved in
      premature ovarian insufficiency phenotype.

PMID- 27364744
TI  - Neurodevelopmental disorders: Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders may have a
      shared aetiology.

PMID- 27364742
TI  - Notch1 hallmarks fibrillary depositions in sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Notch1 signaling is a cellular cascade with a fundamental role from
      brain development to adult brain function. Reduction in Notch1 affects synaptic
      plasticity, memory and olfaction. On the other hand, Notch1 overactivation after
      brain injury is detrimental for neuronal survival. Some familial Alzheimer's
      disease (FAD) mutations in Presenilins can affect Notch1 processing/activation.
      Others report that Notch1 is overexpressed in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD).
      These works indicate that imbalances in Notch1 may be implicated in AD
      pathophysiology. In this study, we addressed whether Notch1 alteration can be
      considered a hallmark of AD. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical analysis of Notch1 on
      cortical and hippocampal tissue from post-mortem patients indicates an
      accumulation of Notch1 in plaque-like structures in the brain parenchyma of
      subjects with sporadic AD. Further analysis shows that displaced Notch1 is
      associated with fibrillary tangles/plaques. Biochemical validation confirms an
      accumulation of Notch1 in cytosolic brain fractions. This increase in protein is
      not accompanied with a raise in the Notch1 targets Hes1 and Hey1. Examination of
      the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicates that the full length and truncations of
      the Notch1 protein are reduced in AD patients hinting at an accumulation in the
      brain parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS: Our research indicates that Notch1 is
      significantly displaced and accumulated in fibrillary structures in the
      susceptible hippocampal and cortical regions of sporadic AD patients. The
      dominant deposition of Notch1 in the brain parenchyma and its general signal
      reduction in neurons is consistent in all the AD patients analyzed and suggests
      that Notch1 may potentially be considered a novel hallmark of AD.

PMID- 27364745
TI  - Neuromuscular disease: Methotrexate has no steroid-sparing effect in patients
      with generalized myasthenia gravis.

PMID- 27364746
TI  - Parkinson disease: No diagnostic value of alpha-synuclein staining of the colon
      mucosa in idiopathic Parkinson disease.

PMID- 27364747
TI  - Alzheimer disease: Elevated neurogranin levels reveal early synaptic damage in
      APOE* E4 carriers.

PMID- 27364743
TI  - Vascular endothelial growth factor: a neurovascular target in neurological
      diseases.
AB  - Brain function critically relies on blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients,
      to establish a barrier for neurotoxic substances, and to clear waste products.
      The archetypal vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF, arose in evolution as a
      signal affecting neural cells, but was later co-opted by blood vessels to
      regulate vascular function. Consequently, VEGF represents an attractive target to
      modulate brain function at the neurovascular interface. On the one hand, VEGF is
      neuroprotective, through direct effects on neural cells and their progenitors and
      indirect effects on brain perfusion. In accordance, preclinical studies show
      beneficial effects of VEGF administration in neurodegenerative diseases,
      peripheral neuropathies and epilepsy. On the other hand, pathologically elevated
      VEGF levels enhance vessel permeability and leakage, and disrupt blood-brain
      barrier integrity, as in demyelinating diseases, for which blockade of VEGF may
      be beneficial. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the role and therapeutic
      potential of VEGF in neurological diseases.

PMID- 27364748
TI  - Sports-related concussions - media, science and policy.
AB  - Although growing awareness about the potential long-term deleterious effects of
      sport-related concussion has led to increased attention to the risks of collision
      sports, calls to ban these sports, such as American football, might be premature.
      Collision sports have a relatively high incidence of concussions, but
      participation in these sports also confers a host of benefits. In addition, the
      associated risks of participation, including concussion, have not been
      definitively shown to outweigh the benefits they provide, and the risk-benefit
      ratio might vary among individuals. The risks of concussion and repetitive
      concussions associated with collision sports are unknown in the general
      population and not well characterized even in elite athlete populations. In this
      article, we discuss current knowledge on sports-related concussion, its
      neurological consequences, and implications for regulation of the practice of
      collision sports.

PMID- 27364749
TI  - Cardiac power parameters during hypovolemia, induced by the lower body negative
      pressure technique, in healthy volunteers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Changes in cardiac power parameters incorporate changes in both
      aortic flow and blood pressure. We hypothesized that dynamic and non-dynamic
      cardiac power parameters would track hypovolemia better than equivalent flow- and
      pressure parameters, both during spontaneous breathing and non-invasive positive
      pressure ventilation (NPPV). METHODS: Fourteen healthy volunteers underwent lower
      body negative pressure (LBNP) of 0, -20, -40, -60 and -80 mmHg to simulate
      hypovolemia, both during spontaneous breathing and during NPPV. We recorded
      aortic flow using suprasternal ultrasound Doppler and blood pressure using
      Finometer, and calculated dynamic and non-dynamic parameters of cardiac power,
      flow and blood pressure. These were assessed on their association with LBNP
      levels. RESULTS: Respiratory variation in peak aortic flow was the dynamic
      parameter most affected during spontaneous breathing increasing 103 % (p < 0.001)
      from baseline to LBNP -80 mmHg. Respiratory variation in pulse pressure was the
      most affected dynamic parameter during NPPV, increasing 119 % (p < 0.001) from
      baseline to LBNP -80 mmHg. The cardiac power integral was the most affected non
      dynamic parameter falling 59 % (p < 0.001) from baseline to LBNP -80 mmHg during
      spontaneous breathing, and 68 % (p < 0.001) during NPPV. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic
      cardiac power parameters were not better than dynamic flow- and pressure
      parameters at tracking hypovolemia, seemingly due to previously unknown variation
      in peripheral vascular resistance matching respiratory changes in hemodynamics.
      Of non-dynamic parameters, the power parameters track hypovolemia slightly better
      than equivalent flow parameters, and far better than equivalent pressure
      parameters.

PMID- 27364750
TI  - Pancreatic surgery for tumors in children and adolescents.
AB  - PURPOSE: Pancreatic neoplasms are uncommon in children. This study sought to
      analyze the clinical and pathological features of surgically resected pancreatic
      tumors in children and discuss management strategies. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective review of patients <=21 years with pancreatic neoplasms who
      underwent surgery at a single institution between 1995 and 2015. RESULTS:
      Nineteen patients were identified with a median age at operation of 16.6 years
      (IQR 13.5-18.9). The most common histology was solid pseudopapillary neoplasm
      (SPN) (n = 13), followed by pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (n = 3), serous
      cystadenoma (n = 2) and pancreatoblastoma (n = 1). Operative procedures included
      formal pancreatectomy (n = 17), enucleation (n = 1) and central pancreatectomy (n
      = 1). SPNs were noninvasive in all but one case with perineural, vascular and
      lymph node involvement. Seventeen patients (89.5 %) are currently alive and
      disease free at a median follow-up of 5.7 (IQR 3.7-10.9) years. Two patients
      died: one with metastatic insulinoma and another with SPN who developed
      peritoneal carcinomatosis secondary to a concurrent rectal adenocarcinoma.
      CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric pancreatic tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplastic
      lesions for which surgery can be curative. SPN is the most common histology, is
      characterized by low malignant potential and in selected cases can be safely and
      effectively treated with a tissue-sparing resection and minimally invasive
      approach.

PMID- 27364751
TI  - From Correlation to Causation: What Do We Need in the Historical Sciences?
AB  - Changes in the methodology of the historical sciences make them more vulnerable
      to unjustifiable speculations being passed off as scientific results. The
      integrity of historical science is in peril due the way speculative and often
      unexamined causal assumptions are being used to generate data and underpin the
      identification of correlations in such data. A step toward a solution is to
      distinguish between plausible and speculative assumptions that facilitate the
      inference from measured and observed data to causal claims. One way to do that is
      by comparing these assumptions against a well-attested set of aspects of
      causation, such as the so-called "Bradford Hill Criteria" (BHC). The BHC do not
      provide a test for causation or necessary and sufficient conditions for causation
      but do indicate grounds for further investigation. By revising the BHC to reflect
      the needs and focus of historical sciences, it will be possible to assess the
      cogency of methods of investigation. These will be the Historical Sciences
      Bradford Hill Criteria (HSBHC). An application to one area in historical science
      is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the HSBHC, namely biogeography. Four
      methods are assessed in order to show how the HSBHC can be used to examine the
      assumptions between our data and the causal biogeographical processes we infer. 

PMID- 27364752
TI  - Targeting Select Cellular Stress Pathways to Prevent Hyperglycemia-Related
      Complications: Shifting the Paradigm.
AB  - Despite the advances made in preventing complications of diabetes, there is still
      substantial residual risk. Hence the need for developing new therapeutic agents
      that target the various facets of the pathogenesis of complications in people
      with diabetes. Traditionally four general biochemical pathways had been
      recognized as major contributors to glucotoxicity. These include the polyol
      pathway, the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, glycosylation pathway, and oxidative
      stress. The latter has been proposed as a common impetus of the other pathways of
      glucotoxicity. More recently, the cross talk between oxidative stress and other
      recognized cellular stresses such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER), inflammatory,
      and mitochondrial stresses has emerged as an important additional mechanism of
      glucotoxicity. The observation that targeting oxidative stress with antioxidants
      has been associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and the recognition that
      in cell cultures antioxidants may aggravate ER stress, suggests that selective
      targeting of individual cellular stresses may not be sufficient for preventing
      glucotoxicity. Future efforts should focus on developing therapeutic agents that
      can ameliorate cellular stress globally by simultaneously targeting the
      oxidative, ER, mitochondrial, and inflammatory stresses. 

PMID- 27364754
TI  - Learning to live with Parkinson's disease in the family unit: an interpretative
      phenomenological analysis of well-being.
AB  - We investigated family members' lived experience of Parkinson's disease (PD)
      aiming to investigate opportunities for well-being. A lifeworld-led approach to
      healthcare was adopted. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to
      explore in-depth interviews with people living with PD and their partners. The
      analysis generated four themes: It's more than just an illness revealed the
      existential challenge of diagnosis; Like a bird with a broken wing emphasizing
      the need to adapt to increasing immobility through embodied agency; Being
      together with PD exploring the kinship within couples and belonging experienced
      through support groups; and Carpe diem! illuminated the significance of time and
      fractured future orientation created by diagnosis. Findings were interpreted
      using an existential-phenomenological theory of well-being. We highlighted how
      partners shared the impact of PD in their own ontological challenges. Further
      research with different types of families and in different situations is required
      to identify services required to facilitate the process of learning to live with
      PD. Care and support for the family unit needs to provide emotional support to
      manage threats to identity and agency alongside problem-solving for bodily
      changes. Adopting a lifeworld-led healthcare approach would increase
      opportunities for well-being within the PD illness journey.

PMID- 27364753
TI  - Management of Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization: Focus on Anti-VEGF Therapy.
AB  - Myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) is the second most common form of CNV
      after age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is a sight-threatening
      complication of pathologic myopia (PM) and often affects patients in their
      working years causing significant impact on quality of life. Previous therapies
      such as photodynamic therapy with verteporfin have shown limited success. Due to
      the similarities in pathogenesis of mCNV and AMD CNV, anti-vascular endothelial
      growth factor therapy (anti-VEGF), which has so far been the mainstay of
      treatment for AMD CNV, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of mCNV
      and has become the first-line treatment of choice. This article aims to examine
      briefly the epidemiology and pathophysiology of mCNV, as well as review the
      evidence for efficacy, safety, and clinical use of anti-VEGF treatment for mCNV. 

PMID- 27364755
TI  - Factors Associated With Ineligibility for PCI Differ Between Inpatient and
      Outpatient ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Without early revascularization, both inpatient and outpatient STEMIs
      have poor outcomes. Reasons for denying PCI for STEMI, however, remain uncertain.
      This single-center retrospective cohort study compares factors and outcomes
      associated with ineligibility for PCI between inpatients and outpatients
      following ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS: A total of 1,759
      STEMI patients between June 2009 and January 2015 were assessed. Individual
      medical records were reviewed to obtain reasons for PCI ineligibility for STEMI
      patients who did not receive reperfusion therapy. RESULTS: Compared to
      outpatients with STEMI (n = 1,688), inpatients (n = 71) were less likely to
      receive coronary angiography (60.6% vs 95.9%; P < 0.001) or PCI (50.7% vs 80.9%;
      P < 0.001), with longer ECG/door to first device activation times (97 [78, 131]
      vs 63 [49, 78] minutes; P < 0.001). When coronary angiography was performed,
      however, similar rates of PCI and procedural success were seen in both groups.
      Principal contraindication for PCI was risk of bleeding within the inpatient
      population and complex coronary artery disease within the outpatient population.
      Total in-hospital mortality was higher in inpatient STEMIs compared to
      outpatients (42.2% vs 10.0%; P < 0.001), but lower for patients eligible for PCI
      in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Reasons for PCI ineligibility differ between
      inpatient and outpatient STEMIs. Inpatients have increased risks of bleeding,
      lower coronary angiography and PCI use, and higher in-hospital mortality.
      Especially for inpatients, specific PCI STEMI protocols that anticipate and
      overcome types of ineligibility and delay for cardiac catheterization may improve
      outcomes.

PMID- 27364757
TI  - Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) constitutes the end stage of a broad range of
      heterogeneous interstitial lung diseases, characterized by the destruction of the
      pulmonary parenchyma, deposition of extracellular matrix and dramatic changes in
      the phenotype of both fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells. More than 200
      causes of pulmonary fibrosis have been identified so far, yet the most common
      form is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). IPF is a lethal lung disorder of
      unknown etiology with a gradually increasing worldwide incidence and a median
      survival of 3-5 years from the time of diagnosis. Despite intense research
      efforts, the pathogenesis remains elusive and no effective treatment is
      available. Accumulating body of evidence suggests an abnormal wound healing
      response followed by extracellular matrix deposition, destruction of lung
      architecture, ultimately leading to respiratory failure. The contribution of
      immune system in lung fibrogenesis had been largely underscored due to the
      absence of response to immunosuppressive agents; however, the premise that lung
      fibrosis has an immunologic background has been recently revived. Toll-like
      receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which link innate and
      adaptive immune response and regulate wound healing. TLRs promote tissue repair
      or fibrosis in many disease settings including lung fibrosis, albeit with
      profound differences depending on the cellular microenvironment. This review
      summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanistic implications
      between TLRs and lung fibrosis and highlights the therapeutic potential of
      targeting TLR signaling at the ligand or receptor level.

PMID- 27364756
TI  - Interleukin-1beta has trophic effects in microglia and its release is mediated by
      P2X7R pore.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enhanced expression of the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) occurs in
      several neuroinflammatory conditions where increased microglial activation is a
      co-existing feature. P2X7 receptors can function either as a cation channel or,
      upon continued stimulation, a large pore. P2X7R-over-expression alone is
      sufficient to drive microglial activation and proliferation in a process that is
      P2X7R pore dependent, although the biological signaling pathway through which
      this occurs remains unclear. Once activated, microglia are known to release a
      number of bioactive substances that include the proinflammatory cytokine
      interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Previous studies have linked P2X7R stimulation to
      the processing and release of IL-1beta, but whether the channel or pore state of
      P2X7R is predominant in driving IL-1beta release is unknown and is a major aim of
      this study. In addition, we will determine whether IL-1beta has trophic effects
      on surrounding microglia. METHODS: Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry
      were used to delineate the sub-cellular localization of P2X7R and IL-1beta in
      primary hippocampal rat cultures. FM1-43 fluorescent dye and confocal microscopy
      were used to quantify vesicular exocytosis from microglia expressing the pore
      forming P2X7R versus a non-pore-forming point mutant, P2X7RG345Y. IL-1beta in
      culture was quantified with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL
      1beta intracellular processing was blocked with inhibition of caspase 1 (with a
      synthetic peptide antagonist), and its extracellular form was neutralized with an
      IL-1beta neutralizing antibody. Microglial activation and proliferation was
      quantified immunohistochemically with confocal microscopy. RESULTS: P2X7R and IL
      1beta were co-localized in lysosomes. Vesicular exocytosis was higher in
      microglia expressing the pore-forming P2X7R compared to those expressing the non
      pore-forming mutant. There was increased IL-1beta in cultures expressing the pore
      forming P2X7R, and this proinflammatory cytokine was found to mediate the trophic
      effects of P2X7R pore in microglia. Inhibition of IL-1beta production and
      function resulted in a significant decrease in P2X7R-mediated microglial
      activation and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: IL-1beta is a mediator of microglial
      activation and proliferation, and its release/production is P2X7R pore dependent.
      Blockade of P2X7R pore could serve as a therapeutic target in alleviating the
      degree of inflammation seen in neurodegenerative and neoplastic conditions.

PMID- 27364758
TI  - Interactions between calcium channels and SK channels in midbrain dopamine
      neurons and their impact on pacemaker regularity: Contrasting roles of N- and L
      type channels.
AB  - Although small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK) channels and various types
      of voltage-gated Ca(2+) (Cav) channels have been described in midbrain
      dopaminergic neurons, the nature of their interactions is unclear. More
      particularly, the role of various Cav channel types in either promoting
      irregularity of firing (by generating an inward current during SK channel
      blockade) or promoting regularity of firing (by providing the source of Ca(2+)
      for the activation of SK channels) has not been systematically explored. We
      addressed this question using intracellular and extracellular recordings from
      substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNc), dopaminergic neurons in rat midbrain
      slices. Neurons were pharmacologically isolated from their differences. When
      examining the ability of various Cav channel blockers to inhibit the SK-mediated
      afterhyperpolarization (AHP), we found that only the N-type Cav channel blocker
      omega-conotoxin-GVIA was able to reduce the apamin-sensitive AHP, but only
      partially (~40%). Specific blockers of L, P/Q, T or R channels had no effect on
      this AHP. Combining omega-conotoxin-GVIA and other specific blockers did not
      yield greater block and even the broad Cav blocker Cd(2+) induced a submaximal
      (~75%) effect. Extracellular recordings examining firing regularity yielded
      congruent results: none of the specific blockers was able to increase firing
      irregularity to the extent that the specific SK blocker apamin did. The
      irregularity of firing observed with apamin could only be reversed by blocking L
      type Ca(2+) channels. Thus various sources of Ca(2+) appear to be required for SK
      channel activation in SNc neurons (some of them still unidentified), ensuring
      robustness of pacemaking regularity. 

PMID- 27364759
TI  - Two-Dimensional-Material Membranes: A New Family of High-Performance Separation
      Membranes.
AB  - Two-dimensional (2D) materials of atomic thickness have emerged as nano-building
      blocks to develop high-performance separation membranes that feature unique
      nanopores and/or nanochannels. These 2D-material membranes exhibit extraordinary
      permeation properties, opening a new avenue to ultra-fast and highly selective
      membranes for water and gas separation. Summarized in this Minireview are the
      latest ground-breaking studies in 2D-material membranes as nanosheet and laminar
      membranes, with a focus on starting materials, nanostructures, and transport
      properties. Challenges and future directions of 2D-material membranes for wide
      implementation are discussed briefly.

PMID- 27364760
TI  - Prediction of self-care behaviour on the basis of knowledge about chronic kidney
      disease using self-efficacy as a mediator.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study was to investigate: (1) the important factors in
      the self-care of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and (2) the mediating
      effects of self-efficacy on knowledge and self-care. BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney
      disease has become a major global health issue and is one of the top 10 leading
      causes of death in Taiwan where the dialysis population ranks first in the world.
      The number of patients with poor self-care behaviours continues to rise despite
      ongoing health education. Knowledge and self-efficacy are important factors that
      influence self-care behaviour; however, very few articles have examined the
      relationships among them. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and correlational design.
      METHODS: Subject recruitment was conducted by purposive sampling in the renal
      outpatient clinics and dialysis centres of two teaching hospitals in northern
      Taiwan. A total of 247 patients with chronic kidney disease (stages 1-5) were
      enrolled. RESULTS: (1) Knowledge was positively correlated with self-efficacy (r
      = 0.41, p < 0.01) and with self-care (r = 0.18, p < 0.01). Self-efficacy (r =
      0.44, p < 0.01) as well as age (r = 0.15, p < 0.01) were positively correlated
      with self-care. (2) The relationship between knowledge and self-care was fully
      mediated by self-efficacy (z = 4.82, p < 0.001) and the effect was 50%.
      CONCLUSION: The results showed that self-efficacy was a crucial mediator between
      knowledge and self-care. In addition to providing knowledge to chronic kidney
      disease patients, healthcare professionals should also offer strategies that can
      enhance self-efficacy to increase self-care behaviours in chronic kidney disease
      patients and implement effective disease management. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL
      PRACTICE: Incorporate self-efficacy strategies into the process of health
      education to improve knowledge and the effectiveness of self-care. The findings
      of this study provide evidence of effectiveness of the use of group activity
      through self-management and self-efficacy enhancement programmes and may
      influence the policy makers to consider adding or modifying the reimbursement
      criteria.

PMID- 27364761
TI  - Physician health programs under fire.

PMID- 27364762
TI  - Review: welfare of dairy cows in continuously housed and pasture-based production
      systems.
AB  - There is increasing interest in the use of continuous housing systems for dairy
      cows, with various reasons put forward to advocate such systems. However, the
      welfare of dairy cows is typically perceived to be better within pasture-based
      systems, although such judgements are often not scientifically based. The aim of
      this review was to interrogate the existing scientific literature to compare the
      welfare, including health, of dairy cows in continuously housed and pasture-based
      systems. Although summarising existing work, knowledge gaps and directions for
      future research are also identified. The scope of the review is broad, examining
      relevant topics under three main headings; health, behaviour and physiology.
      Regarding health, cows on pasture-based systems had lower levels of lameness,
      hoof pathologies, hock lesions, mastitis, uterine disease and mortality compared
      with cows on continuously housed systems. Pasture access also had benefits for
      dairy cow behaviour, in terms of grazing, improved lying/resting times and lower
      levels of aggression. Moreover, when given the choice between pasture and indoor
      housing, cows showed an overall preference for pasture, particularly at night.
      However, the review highlighted the need for a deeper understanding of cow
      preference and behaviour. Potential areas for concern within pasture-based
      systems included physiological indicators of more severe negative energy balance,
      and in some situations, the potential for compromised welfare with exposure to
      unpredictable weather conditions. In summary, the results from this review
      highlight that there remain considerable animal welfare benefits from
      incorporating pasture access into dairy production systems.

PMID- 27364764
TI  - [The approach to active and passive smoking in the Paediatric Clinic].

PMID- 27364763
TI  - Antacid attenuates the laxative action of magnesia in cancer patients receiving
      opioid analgesic.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate pharmacological interaction
      between magnesium laxative and antacid in patients receiving opioid analgesic.
      METHODS: Data obtained from a total of 441 eligible patients receiving opioid
      analgesic for the first time were retrospectively analysed. The incidence of
      constipation, defined as stool-free interval of 3 days and more within the first
      week of opioid intake, was compared between patients who took laxative alone and
      those who received laxative in combination with antacid. KEY FINDINGS: Laxatives
      were prescribed in 74% of patients, among them 61% received antacids such as
      proton pump inhibitor and H2 receptor blocker. Magnesia was the most commonly
      used laxative (89%). Constipation occurred in 21% and 55% of patients with and
      without laxatives, respectively. Antacids reversed the laxative action of lower
      doses (<2000 mg/day) but not higher doses (>2000 mg/day) of magnesia without
      affecting the effects of other laxatives. Therefore, it is suggested that both
      acid-dependent and acid-independent mechanisms may operate in the laxative action
      of magnesia, in which the former may be involved in the action of lower doses of
      magnesia. CONCLUSION: Care should be taken to avoid the unfavourable
      pharmacological interaction between low doses of magnesia and antacid.

PMID- 27364766
TI  - Complement resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
AB  - The current emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria causes major problems in
      hospitals worldwide. To survive within the host, bacterial pathogens exploit
      several escape mechanisms to prevent detection and killing by the immune system.
      As a major player in immune defense, the complement system recognizes and
      destroys bacteria via different effector mechanisms. The complement system can
      label bacteria for phagocytosis or directly kill Gram-negative bacteria via
      insertion of a pore-forming complex in the bacterial membrane. The multi-drug
      resistant pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae exploits several mechanisms to resist
      complement. In this review, we present an overview of strategies used by K.
      pneumoniae to prevent recognition and killing by the complement system.
      Understanding these complement evasion strategies is crucial for the development
      of innovative strategies to combat K. pneumoniae.

PMID- 27364765
TI  - A novel AhR ligand, 2AI, protects the retina from environmental stress.
AB  - Various retinal degenerative diseases including dry and neovascular age-related
      macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy are
      associated with the degeneration of the retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) layer
      of the retina. This consequently results in the death of rod and cone
      photoreceptors that they support, structurally and functionally leading to legal
      or complete blindness. Therefore, developing therapeutic strategies to preserve
      cellular homeostasis in the RPE would be a favorable asset in the clinic. The
      aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a conserved, environmental ligand-dependent,
      per ARNT-sim (PAS) domain containing bHLH transcription factor that mediates
      adaptive response to stress via its downstream transcriptional targets. Using in
      silico, in vitro and in vivo assays, we identified 2,2'-aminophenyl indole (2AI)
      as a potent synthetic ligand of AhR that protects RPE cells in vitro from lipid
      peroxidation cytotoxicity mediated by 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) as well as the
      retina in vivo from light-damage. Additionally, metabolic characterization of
      this molecule by LC-MS suggests that 2AI alters the lipid metabolism of RPE
      cells, enhancing the intracellular levels of palmitoleic acid. Finally, we show
      that, as a downstream effector of 2AI-mediated AhR activation, palmitoleic acid
      protects RPE cells from 4HNE-mediated stress, and light mediated retinal
      degeneration in mice.

PMID- 27364768
TI  - SnO2 as a high-efficiency polysulfide trap in lithium-sulfur batteries.
AB  - The ithium-sulfur battery stands as one of the most promising successors of
      traditional lithium-ion batteries due to its super high theoretical energy
      density, but practical application still suffers from the shuttle effect arising
      from soluble intermediate polysulfides. Here, we report SnO2 as a chemical
      adsorbent for polysulfides. As an interlayer between the cathode and separator,
      SnO2 gives better results to prevent the polysulfides from diffusing to the
      lithium anode than as a modifier of the carbon matrix directly. The lithium
      sulfur battery with an SnO2 interlayer delivers an initial reversible capacity of
      996 mA h g(-1) and retains 832 mA h g(-1) at the 100(th) discharge at 0.5 C, with
      a fading rate of only 0.19% per cycle. The improvements benefit from the quasi
      open space provided by the interlayer configuration for the diffused sulfur
      species, which can largely relieve the loss of active substances caused by the
      volume effect during the lithiation/delithiation process. 

PMID- 27364767
TI  - First Person Perspective of Seated Participants Over a Walking Virtual Body Leads
      to Illusory Agency Over the Walking.
AB  - Agency, the attribution of authorship to an action of our body, requires the
      intention to carry out the action, and subsequently a match between its predicted
      and actual sensory consequences. However, illusory agency can be generated
      through priming of the action together with perception of bodily action, even
      when there has been no actual corresponding action. Here we show that
      participants can have the illusion of agency over the walking of a virtual body
      even though in reality they are seated and only allowed head movements. The
      experiment (n = 28) had two factors: Perspective (1PP or 3PP) and Head Sway (Sway
      or NoSway). Participants in 1PP saw a life-sized virtual body spatially
      coincident with their own from a first person perspective, or the virtual body
      from third person perspective (3PP). In the Sway condition the viewpoint included
      a walking animation, but not in NoSway. The results show strong illusions of body
      ownership, agency and walking, in the 1PP compared to the 3PP condition, and an
      enhanced level of arousal while the walking was up a virtual hill. Sway reduced
      the level of agency. We conclude with a discussion of the results in the light of
      current theories of agency.

PMID- 27364769
TI  - Molecular design of light-harvesting photosensitizers: effect of varied linker
      conjugation on interfacial electron transfer.
AB  - Interfacial electron transfer dynamics of a series of photosensitizers bound to
      TiO2via linkers of varying conjugation strength are explored by spectroscopic and
      computational techniques. Injection and recombination depend on the extent of
      conjugation in the linker, where the LUMO delocalization determines the injection
      dynamics but both the HOMO and HOMO-1 are involved in recombination. 

PMID- 27364771
TI  - Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Veledimex, a Small-Molecule Activator Ligand for a
      Proprietary Gene Therapy Promoter System, in Healthy Subjects.
AB  - Major obstacles to developing effective immunotherapy are the ability of tumors
      to escape the immune system and the toxicity associated with systemic
      administration. To overcome these challenges, a gene delivery platform
      technology, RheoSwitch Therapeutic System (RTS), has been developed to enable the
      regulated expression of a target gene, Ad-RTS-IL-12, administered intratumorally,
      where IL-12 expression is controlled via the administration of an oral activator
      ligand, veledimex. Pharmacokinetics in healthy human subjects indicated that
      veledimex plasma exposure increased with increasing dose after single- and
      multiple-dose administration in Labrasol slurry and F-22 capsule formulations. No
      apparent formulation or sex-related difference in veledimex pharmacokinetics (PK)
      was observed. Minimal or no plasma accumulation of veledimex was observed after
      once-daily oral administration for 14 days. Veledimex steady state in plasma was
      reached after 5 daily doses. Food consumption prior to veledimex administration
      prolonged and enhanced absorption with no impact on the elimination rate and
      extent of metabolism of veledimex, resulting in significantly increased systemic
      exposure to veledimex and its 2 major circulating metabolites. Overall, veledimex
      was well tolerated and exhibited a PK profile supportive of once-daily dosing.
      For enhanced efficacy, veledimex should be taken under fed conditions to ensure
      optimal absorption and sufficient systemic exposure.

PMID- 27364772
TI  - New insights into the clinical neurophysiological assessment of ALS.

PMID- 27364770
TI  - MNK Inhibition Disrupts Mesenchymal Glioma Stem Cells and Prolongs Survival in a
      Mouse Model of Glioblastoma.
AB  - : Glioblastoma multiforme remains the deadliest malignant brain tumor, with
      glioma stem cells (GSC) contributing to treatment resistance and tumor
      recurrence. We have identified MAPK-interacting kinases (MNK) as potential
      targets for the GSC population in glioblastoma multiforme. Isoform-level
      subtyping using The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that both MNK genes (MKNK1 and
      MKNK2) are upregulated in mesenchymal glioblastoma multiforme as compared with
      other subtypes. Expression of MKNK1 is associated with increased glioma grade and
      correlated with the mesenchymal GSC marker, CD44, and coexpression of MKNK1 and
      CD44 predicts poor survival in glioblastoma multiforme. In established and
      patient-derived cell lines, pharmacologic MNK inhibition using LY2801653
      (merestinib) inhibited phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation
      factor 4E, a crucial effector for MNK-induced mRNA translation in cancer cells
      and a marker of transformation. Importantly, merestinib inhibited growth of GSCs
      grown as neurospheres as determined by extreme limiting dilution analysis. When
      the effects of merestinib were assessed in vivo using an intracranial xenograft
      mouse model, improved overall survival was observed in merestinib-treated mice.
      Taken together, these data provide strong preclinical evidence that pharmacologic
      MNK inhibition targets mesenchymal glioblastoma multiforme and its GSC
      population. IMPLICATIONS: These findings raise the possibility of MNK inhibition
      as a viable therapeutic approach to target the mesenchymal subtype of
      glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Cancer Res; 14(10); 984-93. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364773
TI  - Outcome of two-muscle surgery for large-angle intermittent exotropia in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate the surgical outcomes of two-muscle surgery for
      childhood intermittent exotropia comparing large angles with moderate angles.
      METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 178 children who had
      undergone bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR) or unilateral recess-resect
      (RR) for large-angle (>=40 prism dioptres (PD); group A) or moderate-angle (>=20
      and <30 PD; group B) intermittent exotropia with a postoperative follow-up period
      of 6 months or more. The main outcome measures were postoperative deviation angle
      and surgical success rate, and the secondary outcome measure was effect/dose
      ratio. The effect/dose ratio was defined as the corrected angle of deviation at
      postoperative 6 months divided by the sum of the amount of lateral rectus
      recession in each eye in BLR and by the sum of the amount of lateral rectus
      recession and medial rectus resection in RR. Surgical success was defined as
      alignment between 10 PD of exodeviation and 5 PD of esodeviation both at distance
      and at near. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in mean angle of
      deviation at distance throughout the postoperative period (p<0.05). The final
      surgical success rate was significantly lower in group A than in group B
      (p<0.05). The effect/dose ratio for both BLR and unilateral RR was significantly
      greater in group A than in group B (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The patients with
      childhood intermittent exotropia with large angles showed significantly higher
      rates of undercorrection, though they also showed greater effects of BLR or RR
      per millimetre (the effect/dose ratio), compared with moderate-angle exotropia.

PMID- 27364774
TI  - Association between personal basic information, sleep quality, mental disorders
      and erectile function: a cross-sectional study among 334 Chinese outpatients.
AB  - Male erectile dysfunction (ED) may cause anxiety and depression, while mental
      disorders and sleep disturbances may also be closely related to ED. However, the
      exact nature of their relationship remains unclear, and whether personal basic
      background data affect erectile function is unknown. We conducted a cross
      sectional study among Chinese outpatients with ED from January 2012 to December
      2014. All the men answered a questionnaire collecting information about mental
      health status, sleep disturbances and personal data, underwent a physical
      examination and had a blood sample drawn. Sleep disturbances were assessed on the
      basis of a 19-item version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, which includes
      questions on sleep patterns during the past month. Among the 462 patients, 128
      patients with alcohol abuse, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, psychiatric
      drugs, neurologic injury or abnormal hormones were excluded from the study;
      86.27% and 68.66% of the patients suffered from anxiety and depression
      respectively. Sleep quality and anxiety symptoms significantly affected erectile
      function, whereas personal income and education level had no significant effects.
      Our study suggested that it is necessary to pay attention to the psychological
      status of patients with ED, especially anxiety disorder. Sleep quality may be an
      important factor affecting erectile function according to the personal data.

PMID- 27364775
TI  - A comprehensive capacity assessment tool for non-communicable diseases in low- to
      middle-income countries: development and results of pilot testing.
AB  - Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of death worldwide, with
      higher rates of premature mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
      This places a high economic burden on these countries, which usually have limited
      capacity to address this public health problem. We developed a guided self
      assessment tool for describing national capacity for NCD prevention and control.
      The purpose of this tool was to assist countries in identifying key opportunities
      and gaps in NCD capacity. It was piloted in three countries between 2012 and
      2013: Mozambique, Colombia, and the Dominican Republic. The tool includes details
      about NCD burden; health system infrastructure and primary care services;
      workforce capacity; surveillance; planning, policy, and program management; and
      partnerships. In the three pilot countries, the tool helped to identify
      differences in capacity needs pertaining to staff, training, and surveillance,
      but similarities were also found related to NCD challenges and opportunities. The
      NCD tool increased our understanding of needs and critical capacity elements for
      addressing NCDs in the three pilot countries. This tool can be used by other
      LMICs to map their efforts toward addressing NCD goals and defining priorities.

PMID- 27364776
TI  - Individual, social-environmental, and physical-environmental factors that
      underlie sense of coherence in Dutch adults.
AB  - Antonovsky's salutogenesis is a theoretical perspective on health development
      that explores physical, mental, and social factors that contribute to a 'healthy
      life orientation' and also a theoretical approach to behavior change. Previous
      studies applying salutogenesis show that a high sense of coherence (SOC), a
      composite measure from salutogenesis indicating one's capacity to cope with
      stress, is associated with a healthy life orientation and lifestyle behaviors,
      including healthy eating patterns. However, limited evidence exists on the
      factors that underlie SOC, which could be used to strengthen this capacity as a
      means to enable healthier eating. Dutch adults ( N = 781) participated in a cross
      sectional study examining the relationship between SOC and a set of individual,
      social-environmental, and physical-environmental factors. The main findings
      indicate that high SOC was associated with a diverse set of factors including
      lower doctor-oriented health locus of control; higher satisfaction with weight;
      higher perceived levels of neighborhood collective efficacy; higher situational
      self-efficacy for healthy eating; lower social discouragement for healthy eating;
      and higher neighborhood affordability, accessibility and availability of healthy
      foods. These findings can inform the design of nutrition interventions that
      target these factors that strengthen SOC and provide the building blocks for a
      healthier life orientation.

PMID- 27364777
TI  - Acquired Mutism and Hypertonia in a Toddler.

PMID- 27364778
TI  - On Pins and Needles: Complex Pain and Malnutrition.

PMID- 27364779
TI  - Setting-based interventions to promote mental health at the university: a
      systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Universities are dynamic environments. But university life presents
      challenges that may affect the mental health of its community. Higher education
      institutions provide opportunities to promote public health. Our objective is to
      summarise the current evidence on strategies to promote mental health at the
      university, following a setting-based model. METHODS: We conducted a systematic
      literature review following standard methods. Published literature that evaluated
      structural and organizations strategies to promote mental health at the
      university was selected. RESULTS: 19 papers were included. The majority of the
      studies were targeting the students, with only four aiming to promote employees'
      mental health. The most promising strategies to promote mental wellbeing included
      changes in the way students are taught and assessed. On the other hand, social
      marketing strategies had not impact on mental health. There is inconclusive
      evidence related to the effectiveness of policies to promote mental health.
      CONCLUSIONS: Universities should invest in creating supportive physical, social
      and academic environments that promote student and staff mental wellbeing.
      However, the current body of evidence is scarce and more research is needed to
      recommend what are the best strategies.

PMID- 27364781
TI  - Comparison of PI-RADS 2, ADC histogram-derived parameters, and their combination
      for the diagnosis of peripheral zone prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the PI-RADS V2 scores, ADC
      histogram-derived parameters, and their combination for the diagnosis of
      clinically significant peripheral zone prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The IRB approved this retrospective study of 47 men who underwent 1.5
      Tesla endorectal prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Informed consent was
      waived. Two readers identified and scored MRI lesions using PI-RADS V2. Their
      mean, median, 10th, 25th, 75th percentile ADC values, and normalized ratio were
      also calculated. Multilevel logistic regression and receiver-operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve analyses assessed their diagnostic performance.
      Clinically significant PCa was defined as tumor volume over 0.5 cc and Gleason
      grade of 4 or 5 on prostatectomy. RESULTS: The area under the ROC curve (A z) of
      the overall and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) PI-RADS V2 scores were 0.69 and
      0.84 (reader-1), and 0.68 and 0.73 (reader-2). The A z of ADC parameters ranged
      from 0.68 to 0.75 for both readers. Compared to other predictors, DWI PI-RADS V2
      yielded the highest A z for identification of significant cancer; but, except for
      reader-1 75th percentile ADC, the differences were not statistically significant
      (P > 0.05). Adding ADC parameters to PI-RADS V2 scores did not improve their
      diagnostic ability. CONCLUSION: DWI PI-RADS V2 score may a better predictor of
      clinically significant PCa than the overall PI-RADS V2 score, but its diagnostic
      performance was not significantly improved by the addition of objective ADC value
      measurements.

PMID- 27364780
TI  - Decreased CX3CR1 messenger RNA expression is an independent molecular biomarker
      of early and late mortality in critically ill patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1 (CX3CR1) was identified as the
      most differentially expressed gene between survivors and non-survivors in two
      independent cohorts of septic shock patients and was proposed as a marker of
      sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Whether such a biomarker is associated with
      mortality in the heterogeneous group of critically ill patients is unknown. The
      primary objective of this study was to evaluate the association between CX3CR1
      messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and mortality in intensive care unit (ICU)
      patients. The secondary objective was to evaluate similar endpoints in the
      subgroup of septic shock patients. METHODS: We performed a prospective,
      multicentre, non-interventional study in six ICUs of university hospitals in
      Lyon, France. Every consecutive adult patient with systemic inflammatory response
      syndrome and an expected length of stay in the ICU over 2 days was included.
      Whole-blood CX3CR1 mRNA expression was measured by quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction at day 1 (D1) and D3 after inclusion. RESULTS: In ICU
      patients (n = 725), decreased CX3CR1 mRNA expression at D1 was associated with
      high D7 mortality (AUC 0.70, adjusted OR [aOR] 2.03, 95 % CI 1.19-3.46), while
      decreased expression at D3 was associated with increased D28 mortality (AUC 0.64,
      aOR 2.34, 95 % CI 1.45-3.77). In septic shock patients (n = 279), similar
      associations were observed between decreased D1 CX3CR1 mRNA expression and D7
      mortality (AUC 0.69, aOR 2.76, 95 % CI 1.32-5.75) as well as decreased D3
      expression and D28 mortality (AUC 0.72, aOR 3.98, 95 % CI 1.72-9.23). These
      associations were independent of lactacidaemia, Simplified Acute Physiology Score
      II, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score and Charlson comorbidity index.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the largest evaluation of such an mRNA marker
      in a heterogeneous cohort of severely injured patients. Our results show that
      decreased CX3CR1 mRNA expression is associated with increased mortality in ICU
      patients. This suggests a link between injury-induced immunosuppression and
      mortality in critically ill patients. In this context, the monitoring of such a
      host response molecular biomarker could prove very helpful for the identification
      of patients at high risk of death in the ICU.

PMID- 27364782
TI  - Case of acute lead toxicity associated with Ayurvedic supplements.
AB  - Use of traditional folkloric remedies not disclosed to the physician may be
      difficult to identify as a source of lead toxicity. This report illustrates the
      presentation of a 26-year-old man who, during his 1 month vacation in India, was
      treated for low back pain with Ayurvedic herbal medicine. On his return to the
      USA, he presented to the emergency department with epigastric pain, weight loss,
      dark stools, nausea and vomiting. He was admitted and noted to be anaemic with a
      blood lead level (BLL) of 94.8 ug/dL. Peripheral blood smear demonstrated
      basophilic stippling. Chelation therapy with succimer was initiated. The patient
      became asymptomatic within months. Three years later, he remained asymptomatic
      with BLL <20 ug/dL. Physicians should be cognisant of potential toxicity from
      these Ayurvedic medications and have a heightened level of suspicion for lead
      toxicity in the face of anaemia and abdominal pain without obvious cause. 

PMID- 27364783
TI  - Red blood cell antigen alloimmunization: Mysteries still unsolved.

PMID- 27364784
TI  - Infectivity of Immature Neurons to Zika Virus: A Link to Congenital Zika
      Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data strongly suggest that microcephaly cases in
      Brazil are associated with the ongoing epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV). In order to
      further solidify the possible link, we investigated the infectivity of ZIKV using
      various neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines. METHODS: Six undifferentiated, two
      terminally differentiated and two retinoic acid (RA) -induced, partially
      differentiated cell lines were exposed to ZIKV strain PRVABC59, which is
      genetically similar to the French Polynesia strain, with 97-100% genetic homology
      to the current ZIKV strain found in Brazil. All infections were confirmed by real
      time PCR (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA) probing with anti-flavivirus E
      antibody, and evaluation of cytopathic effects. FINDINGS: ZIKV infected all six
      undifferentiated NB cell lines. In five out of six NB cell lines, between 90 and
      70% cells were positive by IFA whereas for one cell line, CCL-127, ~80% of cells
      were positive for ZIKV as determined by IFA but showed persistent infection. Two
      differentiated cell lines, JFEN and T-268, were highly resistant to ZIKV with <1%
      of the cells being susceptible, as determined by IFA and confirmed by qRT-PCR.
      Two retinoic acid (RA)-induced NB partially differentiated cell lines showed no
      difference in permissiveness as compared to their undifferentiated mother cell
      lines. INTERPRETATION: These findings strengthen the reported association between
      high incidences of microcephaly and ZIKV infection in newborns in Brazil. Our
      results suggest that the undifferentiated neurons are highly permissive to ZIKV
      infection, as one would expect during the early stages of neurogenesis in fetal
      brains; whereas differentiated neurons, representative of adult brain neurons,
      are relatively resistant to the virus, which explains the rare occurrence of
      neurological complications in adults infected with ZIKV. Our studies confirm the
      neurotropism of the ZIKV strain closely related to the current epidemic in Latin
      America.

PMID- 27364785
TI  - Association of Different Human Rhinovirus Species with Asthma in Children: A
      Preliminary Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are divided into three genetic species: HRV
      A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The association of different HRV species with asthma in
      children in China has not yet been evaluated. This preliminary study aimed to
      assess the associations between different HRV species, particularly HRV-C, and
      asthma in young children in China. METHODS: A total of 702 nasopharyngeal
      aspirates were obtained from 155 children with asthma (asthma group), 461
      children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) without asthma (nonasthma ARI
      group), and 86 children from the control group. Semi-nested polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) was used to detect HRVs, and PCR products were sequenced for
      species identification. Epidemiological characteristics of HRV-positive cases
      were analyzed. RESULTS: HRVs were the most common pathogen (15.4%; 108/702) in
      the patients in this study. The prevalence of HRV was significantly different (F
      = 20.633, P = 0.000) between the asthma (25.8%) and nonasthma ARI groups (11.1%).
      Phylogenetic analysis indicated that in the 108 cases positive for HRVs, 41 were
      identified as HRV-A, 8 as HRV-B, and 56 as HRV-C. Comparing the asthma with the
      nonasthma ARI group, Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed an association
      between HRV-A (P < 0.05) and C (P < 0.01) and asthma, confirmed by regression
      analysis, with odds ratios of 2.2 (HRV-A) and 4.2 (HRV-C). CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      revealed a high prevalence of HRVs in children in China, regardless of clinical
      status. HRV-C was the dominant species and may be one of the key factors in the
      association of HRVs with asthma.

PMID- 27364786
TI  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Induced Protein 3 Interacting Protein 1 Gene
      Polymorphisms and Pustular Psoriasis in Chinese Han Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis.
      Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is the severe and rare type of psoriasis.
      The association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced protein 3 interacting
      protein 1 (TNIP1) gene and psoriasis was confirmed in people with multiple
      ethnicities. This study was to investigate the association between TNIP1 gene
      polymorphisms and pustular psoriasis in Chinese Han population. METHODS: Seventy
      three patients with GPP, 67 patients with palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP), and 476
      healthy controls were collected from Chinese Han population. Six single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TNIP1 gene, namely rs3805435, rs3792798,
      rs3792797, rs869976, rs17728338, and rs999011 were genotyped by using polymerase
      chain reaction-ligase detection reaction. Statistical analyses were performed
      using the PLINK 1.07 package. Allele frequencies and genotyping frequencies for
      six SNPs were compared by using Chi-square test, odd ratio (OR) (including 95%
      confidence interval) were calculated. The haplotype analysis was conducted by
      Haploview software. RESULTS: The frequencies of alleles of five SNPs were
      significantly different between the GPP group and the control group (P <= 7.22 *
      10-3), especially in the GPP patients without psoriasis vulgaris (PsV). In the
      haplotype analysis, the most significantly different haplotype was H4: ACGAAC,
      with 13.1% frequency in the GPP group but only 3.4% in the control group (OR =
      4.16, P = 4.459 * 10-7). However, no significant difference in the allele
      frequencies was found between the PPP group and control group for each of the six
      SNPs (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms in TNIP1 are associated with GPP in
      Chinese Han population. However, no association with PPP was found. These
      findings suggest that TNIP1 might be a susceptibility gene for GPP.

PMID- 27364787
TI  - Types of Organ Involvement in Patients with Immunoglobulin G4-related Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a newly recognized
      systemic disease that can involve multiple organs and various clinical
      phenotypes. The purpose of this study was to analyze different types of organ
      involvement in IgG4-RD patients in China. METHODS: We conducted a prospective
      cohort study on IgG4-RD patients to analyze the clinical manifestations and rare
      features of IgG4-RD. Patients were grouped into different types according to
      organ involvement regarding organ number and organ site. The constituent ratio in
      different types was also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 200 IgG4-RD patients, with
      a male:female ratio of 2.08:1, were grouped into different types. Cases having
      involvement of two or three organs were the most common whereas the fewest number
      of patients had multi-organ (>=4) involvement. Serum IgG4 and IgE levels,
      IgG4/IgG ratio, and percentage of eosinophils increased as the number of involved
      organs increased. In addition, constituent ratio analysis revealed that patients
      with salivary gland/lacrimal gland swelling, who also constituted the largest
      number of IgG4-RD patients, had higher serum IgG4 concentrations and IgG4/IgG
      values, had higher percentage of Eos, and were more likely to have had a history
      of allergies relative to patients with internal organ involvement. CONCLUSIONS:
      The characteristic feature of IgG4-RD is multiple organ involvement with various
      clinical manifestations and different types. Although serum IgG4 levels increased
      with the number of involved organs, serum IgG4 levels were higher for those
      patients with salivary gland/lacrimal gland swelling compared with those with
      internal organ involvement. Thus, valuable clues to the differential diagnosis of
      IgG4-RD could be obtained by examining the clinical patterns of organ
      involvement.

PMID- 27364788
TI  - "Onion Skin-liked Sign" in Thyroid Ultrasonography: A Characteristic Feature of
      Benign Thyroid Nodules.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some ultrasonographic (US) signs overlap between benign and malignant
      nodules. The purpose of this study was to raise a special US sign of benign
      thyroid nodules, termed the "onion skin-liked sign." METHODS: Twenty-seven
      patients with 27 nodules who shrank naturally and the "onion skin-liked sign"
      appeared on the final US images were enrolled in the study. The ultrasound
      characters and risk stratifications at the start and end of observation were
      compared. Then, thirty goiters with fibrosis and thirty papillary thyroid
      carcinomas (PTC) were randomly selected from the database of our hospital,
      matched the sizes of 27 nodules at the end point of observation. The differences
      of "onion skin-liked sign" between the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: The
      average duration of follow-up of 27 nodules was 24.0 +/- 12.2 months (range, 12
      65 months). At the end of the follow-up, the size of the nodules decreased on
      average by 1.26 +/- 0.82 cm (range, 0.3-3.4 cm) and calcification was found in 21
      nodules, compared with only 2 nodules with calcification at the start of the
      follow-up. In addition, only negligible or no blood flow signal could be detected
      at the periphery of all the nodules and 100% (27/27) were high suspicion at the
      end of observation. In matched groups, all PTC showed high suspicion of
      malignancy, 18/30 (60%) goiters with fibrosis were high suspicion and 11/30 (37%)
      were intermediate suspicion. Twenty-two patients in the group of nodular fibrosis
      presented "onion skin-liked sign," which was not shown in any patient of PTC
      group. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative
      predictive value of "onion skin-liked sign" in predicting nodular goiter with
      fibrosis were 73.3%, 100%, 100%, and 78.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The "onion
      skin-liked sign" was a characteristic US feature of benign thyroid nodules
      detected in the follow-up of thyroid nodules. It is useful to differentiate PTCs
      and nodular goiters with fibrosis.

PMID- 27364789
TI  - Intravascular Ultrasound Classification of Plaque in Angiographic True
      Bifurcation Lesions of the Left Main Coronary Artery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurately, characterizing plaques is critical for selecting the
      optimal intervention strategy for the left main coronary artery (LMCA)
      bifurcation. Coronary angiography cannot precisely assess the location or nature
      of plaques in bifurcation lesions. Few intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
      classification scheme has been reported for angiographic imaging of true
      bifurcation lesions of the unprotected LMCA thus far. In addition, the plaque
      composition at the bifurcation has not been elucidated. This study aimed to
      detect plaque composition at LMCA bifurcation lesions by IVUS. METHODS: Fifty
      eight patients were recruited. The location, concentricity or eccentricity, site
      of maximum thickness, and composition of plaques of the distal LMCA, ostial left
      anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and, left circumflex (LCX) coronary
      artery were assessed using IVUS and described using illustrative diagrams.
      RESULTS: True bifurcation lesions of the unprotected LMCA were classified into
      four types: Type A, with continuous involvement from the distal LMCA to the
      ostial LAD and the ostial LCX with eccentric plaques; Type B, with concentric
      plaques at the distal LMCA, eccentric plaques at the ostial LAD, and no plaques
      at the LCX; Type C, with continuous involvement from the distal LMCA to the
      ostial LCX, with eccentric plaques, and to the ostial LAD, with eccentric
      plaques; and Type D, with continuous involvement from the distal LMCA to the
      ostial LAD, with eccentric plaques, and to the ostial LCX, with concentric
      plaques. The carina was involved in only 3.5% of the plaques. A total of 51.7% of
      the plaques at the ostium of the LAD were soft, while 44.8% and 44.6% were
      fibrous in the distal LMCA and in the ostial LCX, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We
      classified LMCA true bifurcation lesions into four types. The carina was always
      free from disease. Plaques at the ostial LAD tended to be soft, whereas those at
      the ostial LCX and the distal LMCA tended to be fibrous.

PMID- 27364790
TI  - Downregulation of Notch-regulated Ankyrin Repeat Protein Exerts Antitumor
      Activities against Growth of Thyroid Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Notch-regulated ankyrin repeat protein (NRARP) is recently found
      to promote proliferation of breast cancer cells. The role of NRARP in
      carcinogenesis deserves extensive investigations. This study attempted to
      investigate the expression of NRARP in thyroid cancer tissues and assess the
      influence of NRARP on cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and invasion in
      thyroid cancer. METHODS: Thirty-four cases with thyroid cancer were collected
      from the Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong
      University School of Medicine between 2011 and 2012. Immunohistochemistry was
      used to detect the level of NRARP in cancer tissues. Lentivirus carrying NRARP
      shRNA (Lenti-NRARP-shRNA) was applied to down-regulate NRARP expression. Cell
      viability was tested after treatment with Lenti-NRARP-shRNA using 3-(4,5
      dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Apoptosis and cell
      cycle distribution were determined by flow cytometry. Cell invasion was tested
      using Transwell invasion assay. In addition, expressions of several cell cycle
      associated and apoptosis-associated proteins were examined using Western blotting
      after transfection. Student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), or
      Kaplan-Meier were used to analyze the differences between two group or three
      groups. RESULTS: NRARP was highly expressed in thyroid cancer tissues. Lenti
      NRARP-shRNA showed significantly inhibitory activities against cell growth at a
      multiplicity of infection of 10 or higher (P < 0.05). Lenti-NRARP-shRNA-induced
      G1 arrest (BHT101: 72.57% +/- 5.32%; 8305C: 75.45% +/- 5.26%) by promoting p21
      expression, induced apoptosis by promoting bax expression and suppressing bcl-2
      expression, and inhibited cell invasion by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9
      expression. CONCLUSION: Downregulation of NRARP expression exerts significant
      antitumor activities against cell growth and invasion of thyroid cancer, that
      suggests a potential role of NRARP in thyroid cancer targeted therapy.

PMID- 27364791
TI  - Characteristics of Agraphia in Chinese Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and
      Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifest progressive decline
      in writing abilities. Most studies on agraphia in AD have been performed in the
      alphabetic system, such as English. However, these findings may not be applicable
      to other written language systems. The unique features of the Chinese written
      script could affect the patterns of agraphia in Chinese AD patients. The aim of
      this study was to explore the features of writing errors in Chinese patients with
      AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI), as well as to study the
      relationship between their writing errors and neuropsychological functions.
      METHODS: In this study, we performed an observational study in a group of
      subjects including 17 AD patients, 14 patients with a-MCI, and 16 elderly healthy
      controls. We analyzed the writing errors in these subjects and also studied the
      relationship between their writing errors and neuropsychological functions.
      RESULTS: Our study showed that in patients whose mother tongue is Chinese,
      writing ability was comparatively well preserved in the MCI phase but
      significantly impaired when the disease progressed to the stage of AD. The
      writing errors showed corresponding increase with the severity of cognition
      decline, both in the types of errors and rate of occurrence. Analysis of the
      writing errors showed that word substitution and unintelligible words were the
      most frequent error types that occurred in all the three study groups. The
      occurrence rate of unintelligible words was significantly higher in the AD group
      compared with the a-MCI group (P = 0.024) and control group (P = 0.018). In
      addition, the occurrence rates of word substitution were also significantly
      higher in AD (P = 0.013) and a-MCI groups (P = 0.037) than that of control group.
      However, errors such as totally no response, visuospatial impairment, paragraph
      agraphia, ideograph, and perseverative writing errors were only seen in AD group.
      Besides, we also found a high occurrence rate of visuoconstructional errors
      (13.3%) in our AD group. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed that agraphia is an
      important feature in patients with AD. The writing error profile in patients
      whose native language is Chinese was unique compared to patients using the
      alphabetic language system.

PMID- 27364792
TI  - Frontolateral Approach Applied to Sellar Region Lesions: A Retrospective Study in
      79 Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Various surgical approaches for the removal of sellar region lesions
      have previously been described. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and
      safety of the frontolateral approach (FLA) to remove sellar region lesions.
      METHODS: We presented a retrospective study of 79 patients with sellar region
      lesions who were admitted and operated by the FLA approach from August 2011 to
      August 2015 in Department of Neurosurgery of Beijing Tian Tan Hospital. We
      classified FLA into three types, compared the FLA types to the areas of lesion
      invasion, and analyzed operation bleeding volume, gross total resection (GTR)
      rate, visual outcome, and mortality. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients were followed
      up from 2.9 to 50.3 months with a mean follow-up of 20.5 months. There were 42
      cases of meningiomas, 25 cases of craniopharyngiomas, and 12 cases of pituitary
      adenomas. The mean follow-up Karnofsky Performance Scale was 90.4. GTR was
      achieved in 75 patients (94.9%). Two patients (2.5%) had tumor recurrence. No
      patients died perioperatively or during short-term follow-up. Three patients
      (3.8%) with craniopharyngioma died 10, 12, and 23 months, respectively, after
      surgery. The operative bleeding volume of this study was no more than that of the
      other approaches in the sellar region (P = 0.783). In this study, 35 patients
      (44.3%) had visual improvement after surgery, 38 patients (48.1%) remained
      unchanged, and three patients' visual outcome (3.8%) worsened. CONCLUSIONS: FLA
      was an effective approach in the treatment of sellar region lesions with good
      preservation of visual function. FLA classification enabled tailored craniotomies
      for each patient according to the anatomic site of tumor invasion. This study
      found that FLA had similar outcomes to other surgical approaches of sellar region
      lesions.

PMID- 27364793
TI  - A Polysomnography Study of Kleine-Levin Syndrome in a Single Center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare sleep disorder characterized by
      recurrent episodes of hypersomnia. Polysomnographic (PSG) researches of KLS have
      been reported only in few publications in the past decades. This study aimed to
      investigate the characteristics of PSG of KLS. METHODS: This study, which was
      conducted from March 2010 to July 2014, included seven patients diagnosed with
      KLS in the Sleep and Wake Disorder Center of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
      (Shanghai, China). PSG and multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) were performed
      during their episodes and the results were evaluated. RESULTS: Five of the seven
      patients were males. The mean age at KLS onset was 15.6 +/- 3.6 years. The number
      of episodes ranged from 2 to 7. The duration of episodes lasted from 4 to 11
      days. The sleep architecture and proportion were normal in most of the patients.
      The average value of mean sleep latency was 6.9 +/- 4.1 min. No sleep-onset rapid
      eye movement (SOREM) was detected in three of the patients, whereas one patient
      experienced one period of SOREM, and such episodes occurred twice in other two
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: We found that sleep architecture and proportion were
      normal in most KLS patients. However, the results of PSG and MSLT had no
      specificity for KLS patients.

PMID- 27364794
TI  - Study of Cardiac Arrest Caused by Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism and
      Thrombolytic Resuscitation in a Porcine Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The success rate of resuscitation in cardiac arrest (CA) caused by
      pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is low. Furthermore, there are no large animal
      models that simulate clinical CA. The aim of this study was to establish a
      porcine CA model caused by PTE and to investigate the pathophysiology of CA and
      postresuscitation. METHODS: This model was induced in castrated male pigs (30 +/-
      2 kg; n = 21) by injecting thrombi (10-15 ml) via the left external jugular vein.
      Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) was performed at baseline, CA,
      and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). After CTPA during CA,
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with thrombolysis (recombinant tissue
      plasminogen activator 50 mg) was initiated. Hemodynamic, respiratory, and blood
      gas data were monitored. Cardiac troponins T, cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase
      MB, myoglobin, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. Data were compared between baseline and CA with paired
      sample t-test and compared among different time points for survival animals with
      repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Seventeen animals achieved CA
      after emboli injection, while four achieved CA after 5-8 ml more thrombi. Nine
      animals survived 6 h after CPR. CTPA showed obstruction of the pulmonary
      arteries. Mean aortic pressure data showed occurrence of CA caused by PTE (Z = 
      2.803, P = 0.002). The maximal rate of mean increase of left ventricular pressure
      (dp/dtmax) was statistically decreased (t = 6.315, P = 0.000, variation
      coefficient = 0.25), and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (PetCO2)
      decreased to the lowest value (t = 27.240, P = 0.000). After ROSC (n = 9), heart
      rate (HR) and mean right ventricular pressure (MRVP) remained different versus
      baseline until 2 h after ROSC (HR, P = 0.036; MRVP, P = 0.027). Myoglobin was
      statistically increased from CA to 1 h after ROSC (P = 0.036, 0.026, 0.009,
      respectively), and BNP was increased from 2 h to 6 h after ROSC (P = 0.012,
      0.014, 0.039, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We established a porcine model of CA
      caused by PTE. The dp/dtmaxand PetCO2may be important for the occurrence of CA,
      while MRVP may be more important in postresuscitation.

PMID- 27364795
TI  - Effect of Splenic Regulatory T-cell Apoptosis on the Postresuscitation Immune
      Dysfunction in a Porcine Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postresuscitation immune dysfunction contributes to the low survival
      rate after successful resuscitation, but its mechanism remains poorly understood.
      The purpose of this study was to investigate whether splenic regulatory T-cell
      (Treg) apoptosis was involved in the postresuscitation immune dysfunction.
      METHODS: Thirty-eight pigs were randomly divided into sham-operated group (SHAM
      group, n = 8), 12 h post return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) group, 24 h
      post-ROSC group, and 48 h post-ROSC group (n = 10 per group). A Wuzhishan
      miniature porcine model of 8-min ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest (CA) was
      established. The apoptosis rates of Treg in the spleen were tested by flow
      cytometry; the expressions of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3)
      of Treg in the spleen were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction; and
      the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) of
      Treg in the spleen were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS:
      The apoptosis rates of Treg in all post-ROSC groups were significantly lower than
      that of SHAM group (7.7% +/- 1.9%, 7.1% +/- 1.8%, 6.2% +/- 0.4% vs. 13.1% +/-
      1.6%; P < 0.05); the expression levels of Foxp3 and IL-10 were also decreased
      with the increase of apoptosis rates of Treg. Helper T-cells CD4+ lymphocyte
      subsets were significantly lower in the post-ROSC groups compared with SHAM group
      (29.1% +/- 2.2%, 24.3% +/- 2.2%, 24.1% +/- 2.5% vs. 43.8% +/- 4.5%; P < 0.01) at
      12, 24, and 48 h after ROSC. Compared with SHAM group, the levels of IFN-gamma
      (161.0 +/- 12.9, 167.7 +/- 10.5, 191.2 +/- 7.7 vs. 7.6 +/- 0.9 ng/L) and IL-4
      (27.7 +/- 6.2, 35.9 +/- 3.5, 50.6 +/- 6.1 vs. 13.3 +/- 2.3 ng/L) and the ratio of
      IFN-gamma/IL-4 (8.6 +/- 2.3, 4.9 +/- 0.4, 4.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.2) were all
      greatly elevated in all post-ROSC groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Apoptosis rate
      of Treg was significantly decreased after CA, and thus the proportion of Treg was
      increased and the inhibitory effects were enhanced, which further led to the
      decrease of the amount of CD4+ T-cells. In addition, the T helper type 2/T helper
      type 1 (Th2/Th1) cell drift of Treg in the spleen caused postresuscitation immune
      dysfunction.

PMID- 27364796
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Three-dimensional Cube Technique in the Measurement of Piglet
      Femoral Anteversion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The accurate measurement of the femoral anteversion (FA) angle is
      always a topic of much debate in the orthopedic surgery and radiology research.
      We aimed to explore a new FA measurement method to acquire accurate results
      without radiation damage using piglet model. METHODS: A total of thirty piglets
      were assigned to two groups based on the age. Bilateral femora were imaged with
      3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) and 64-slice computed tomography (CT) examinations
      on all piglets. FA was measured on MR-three-dimensional (3D) postprocessing
      software with a four-step method: initial validation of the femoral condylar
      axis, validation of the condylar plane, validation of the femoral neck axis, and
      line-plane angle measurement of FA. After MR and CT examinations, all piglets
      were sacrificed and their degree of FA was measured using their excised, dried
      femora. MR, CT, and dried-femur measurement results were analyzed statistically;
      MR and CT measurements were compared for accuracy against each other and against
      the gold standard dried femur measurement. RESULTS: In both groups, the mean FA
      value measured by MR was lower than that measured by CT. A statistically
      significant difference was observed between CT- and dried-femur measurements but
      not between MR- and dried-femur measurements. A higher correlation (0.783 vs.
      0.408) and a higher consistency (0.863 vs. 0.578) with dried-femur measurement
      results were seen for MR measurements than CT measurements in the 1-week age
      group. However, in the 8-week age group, similar correlations (0.707 vs. 0.669)
      and consistencies (0.864 vs. 0.821) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive MR-3D
      Cube reconstruction was able to accurately measure FA in piglets. Particularly in
      the 1-week age group with a larger proportion of cartilaginous structures, the
      correlation and consistency between MR- and dried-femur measurement results were
      higher than those between CT- and dried-femur measurements, suggesting that MR
      may be a new useful examination tool for FA-related diseases in children.

PMID- 27364797
TI  - Migration of Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stably Expressing
      Chondroitinase ABC In vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies have revealed that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem
      cells (ADSCs) can be used as seed cells for the treatment of spinal cord injury
      (SCI). Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) decomposes chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in
      the glial scar that forms following SCI, allowing stem cells to penetrate through
      the scar and promote recovery of nerve function. This study aimed to establish
      ADSCs that stably express ChABC (ChABC-ADSCs) and evaluate the migratory
      capability of ChABC-ADSCs in vitro. METHODS: ADSCs were obtained from Sprague
      Dawley rats using secondary collagenase digestion. Their phenotypes were
      characterized using flow cytometry detection of cell surface antigens and their
      stem cell properties were confirmed by induction of differentiation. After
      successful culture, ADSCs were transfected with lentiviral vectors and ChABC
      ADSCs were obtained. Proliferation curves of ChABC-ADSCs were determined using
      the Cell Counting Kit-8 method, ChABC expression was verified using Western
      blotting, and the migration of ChABC-ADSCs was analyzed using the transwell
      assay. RESULTS: Secondary collagenase digestion increased the isolation
      efficiency of primary ADSCs. Following transfection using lentiviral vectors, the
      proliferation of ChABC-ADSCs was reduced in comparison with control ADSCs at 48 h
      (P < 0.05). And the level of ChABC expression in the ChABC-ADSC group was
      significantly higher than that of the ADSC group (P < 0.05). Moreover, ChABC-ADSC
      migration in matrigel was significantly enhanced in comparison with the control
      (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Secondary collagenase digestion can be used to
      effectively isolate ADSCs. ChABC-ADSCs constructed using lentiviral vector
      transfection stably express ChABC, and ChABC expression significantly enhances
      the migratory capacity of ADSCs.

PMID- 27364798
TI  - Effects of Low-dose Triamcinolone Acetonide on Rat Retinal Progenitor Cells under
      Hypoxia Condition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Retinal degenerative diseases are the leading causes of blindness in
      developed world. Retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) play a key role in retina
      restoration. Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is widely used for the treatment of
      retinal degenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of TA on
      RPCs in hypoxia condition. METHODS: RPCs were primary cultured and identified by
      immunofluorescence staining. Cells were cultured under normoxia, hypoxia 6 h, and
      hypoxia 6 h with TA treatment conditions. For the TA treatment groups, after
      being cultured under hypoxia condition for 6 h, RPCs were treated with different
      concentrations of TA for 48-72 h. Cell viability was measured by cell counting
      kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting
      was employed to examine the expression of cyclin D1, Akt, p-Akt, nuclear factor
      (NF)-kappaB p65, and caspase-3. RESULTS: CCK-8 assays indicated that the
      viability of RPCs treated with 0.01 mg/ml TA in hypoxia group was improved after
      48 h, comparing with control group (P < 0.05). After 72 h, the cell viability was
      enhanced in both 0.01 mg/ml and 0.02 mg/ml TA groups compared with control group
      (all P < 0.05). Flow cytometry revealed that there were more cells in S-phase in
      hypoxia 6 h group than in normoxia control group (P < 0.05). RPCs in S and G2/M
      phases decreased in groups given TA, comparing with other groups (all P < 0.05).
      There was no significant difference in the total Akt protein expression among
      different groups, whereas upregulation of p-Akt and NF-kappaB p65 protein
      expression and downregulation of caspase-3 and cyclin D1 protein expression were
      observed in 0.01 mg/ml TA group, comparing with hypoxia 6 h group and control
      group (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Low-dose TA has anti-apoptosis effect on RPCs
      while it has no stimulatory effect on cell proliferation.

PMID- 27364799
TI  - Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration versus Standard
      Bronchoscopic Modalities for Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis: A Meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration
      (EBUS-TBNA) is an effective technique used to precisely detect enlarged
      mediastinal lymph nodes. The efficacy of EBUS-TBNA versus standard modalities for
      the diagnosis of sarcoidosis remains to be elucidated. In this meta-analysis, we
      compared the efficacies of these methods. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase,
      The Cochrane Library, Wanfang, Cpvip, CNKI, and the bibliographies of the
      relevant references. We analyzed the data obtained with Revman 5.2 (Nordic
      Cochrane Center, Copenhagen, Denmark) and Stata 12.0 software (Stata Corporation,
      College Station, TX, USA). The Mantel-Haenszel method was used to calculate the
      pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Sixteen
      studies with a total of 1823 participants met the inclusion criteria, and data
      were extracted regarding the diagnostic yield of each approach. The ORs for EBUS
      TBNA versus transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis
      ranged from 0.26 to 126.58, and the pooled OR was 5.89 (95% CI, 2.20-15.79, P =
      0.0004). These findings indicated that EBUS-TBNA provided a much higher
      diagnostic yield than TBLB. The pooled OR for EBUS-TBNA + TBLB + endobronchial
      biopsy (EBB) versus TBNA + TBLB + EBB was 1.54 (95% CI, 0.61-3.93, P = 0.36),
      implying that there was no significant difference between their diagnostic
      yields. However, clinical heterogeneity was reflected in the nature of the
      studies and in the operative variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this meta
      analysis suggest that EBUS-TBNA + TBLB + EBB could be used for the diagnosis of
      sarcoidosis, if available. At medical centers without EBUS-TBNA, TBNA + TBLB +
      EBB could be used instead.

PMID- 27364800
TI  - Perioperative Evaluation of Cerebral Blood Flow Using (123)I-labeled N-isopropyl
      p-iodoamphetamine Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography without Blood
      Sampling in Patients Who Underwent Carotid Artery Stenting.

PMID- 27364801
TI  - Internal Pallidum and Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation for
      Oromandibular Dystonia.

PMID- 27364802
TI  - Error Analysis and Some Suggestions on Animal Stereotactic Experiment from
      Inaccuracy of Rhesus Macaques Atlas.

PMID- 27364803
TI  - Primary Torsion of Lesser Omentum Presented with Acute Abdomen and Successfully
      Managed with Laparoscopic Surgery.

PMID- 27364804
TI  - Primary Paraganglioma of Seminal Vesicle.

PMID- 27364805
TI  - Structure-editing: A New Branch?

PMID- 27364806
TI  - Self-reported Barriers to Adherence and Persistence to Treatment With Injectable
      Medications for Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study explored the barriers that adult Americans experience when
      taking injectable medications for type 2 diabetes, from the time of filling the
      initial prescription through the decision to discontinue the medication. METHODS:
      An Internet-based survey was conducted in 2 waves among adult patients (N = 2000)
      who had received a physician prescription for insulin, liraglutide, or exenatide
      once weekly (QW), regardless of whether the prescription was filled by a
      pharmacy. In wave 1, patients were surveyed on their medication history and
      experience and, if relevant, the medication discontinuation process. Those still
      taking their injectable medication at the time of wave 1 were contacted 6 months
      later (wave 2, n = 585) to assess any changes in their medication experience.
      FINDINGS: Among patients who delayed filling their prescription by >=1 week, cost
      was a common reason for delay for refilling of liraglutide (63%) and exenatide QW
      (49%). The most commonly reported barrier to maintaining injectable medication
      was injection concerns (42%) such as aversion to needles, pain, or needle size.
      Lack of perceived need was the most common reason for discontinuation for basal
      (47%) and prandial/premixed (44%) insulin. For liraglutide, the most common
      reason for discontinuation was experiencing an adverse event (33%); for exenatide
      QW, it was injection concerns (38%). IMPLICATIONS: The diverse barriers we
      identified underscore the need for better patient-prescriber communication to
      ensure that newly prescribed injectable medications are consistent with a
      patient's ability or willingness to manage them, to appropriately set
      expectations about medications, and to address new barriers that arise during the
      course of treatment.

PMID- 27364807
TI  - Exposure Matching of Pediatric Anti-infective Drugs: Review of Drugs Submitted to
      the Food and Drug Administration for Pediatric Approval.
AB  - PURPOSE: Over the last decade, few new antibiotics have been approved by the Food
      and Drug Administration (FDA) for pediatric use. For most anti-infective agents,
      including antibiotics, extrapolation of efficacy from adults to children is
      possible if the disease and therapeutic exposures are similar between the 2
      populations. This approach reduces the number of studies required in children,
      but relies heavily on exposure matching between children and adults. Failures in
      exposure matching can lead to delays in pediatric approvals of new anti-infective
      agents. We sought to determine the extent of exposure matching, defined by a
      comparison of area under the concentration-time curve, between children and
      adults, for anti-infective drug products submitted to the FDA for approval.
      METHODS: We reviewed anti-infective submissions to the FDA (2002-2014) for
      pediatric indication. We included drug products administered via oral,
      intravenous, or intramuscular administration routes, and those with AUC estimates
      for children in available FDA reports. Our main outcome of interest was the
      proportion of drugs with median (or mean) pediatric AUC within 20% of the median
      (or mean) reported adult value. FINDINGS: We identified 29 drug products that met
      inclusion criteria, 14 (48%) of which had mean (or median) AUCs of all submitted
      age groups within 20% of that in adults. Only route of administration and drug
      class were associated with pediatric AUC within 20% of adult AUC. IMPLICATIONS:
      Future research is needed to define criteria for and predictors of successful
      exposure matching of anti-infectives between children and adults.

PMID- 27364808
TI  - Collaborative Care for Depression in Chronic Hepatitis C Clinics.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Depression is highly prevalent yet underdiagnosed and undertreated
      among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Collaborative care
      models have improved depression outcomes in primary care settings, and this study
      aimed to provide more information on testing such methods in specialty HCV care.
      METHODS: Hepatitis C Translating Initiatives for Depression Into Effective
      Solutions (HEPTIDES) was a randomized controlled trial that tested a
      collaborative depression care model in HCV clinics at four Veterans Affairs
      facilities. The HEPTIDES intervention consisted of an offsite depression care
      team (depression care manager, pharmacist, and psychiatrist) that delivered
      collaborative care. Participant interview data were collected at baseline and at
      six months. The outcome was depression severity measured with the Hopkins Symptom
      Checklist (SCL-20) and reported as treatment response (>=50% decrease in SCL-20
      item score), remission (mean SCL-20 item score <.5), and depression-free days
      (DFDs). RESULTS: Baseline screening identified 263 HCV-infected patients with
      depression. In unadjusted analyses, intervention participants' reports trended
      toward more treatment response (19% versus 13%) and remission (12% versus 6%),
      but total number of DFDs (50.9) was similar to that of usual care participants
      (50.7). These trends did not reach statistical significance for the overall
      sample in the adjusted analyses: response (odds ratio [OR]=2.02, 95% confidence
      interval [CI]=.98-4.20), remission (OR=2.63, CI=1.00-6.94), and DFDs (beta=7.6
      days, CI=-.99 to 16.2). However, the intervention was effective in improving all
      three outcomes for patients who did not meet criteria for remission at baseline
      (SCL-20 score >.5, N=245). CONCLUSIONS: Depression collaborative care resulted in
      modest improvements in HCV patient depression outcomes. Future research should
      investigate intervention modifications to improve outcomes in specialty HCV
      clinics.

PMID- 27364809
TI  - Correlates of Length of Stay and Boarding in Florida Emergency Departments for
      Patients With Psychiatric Diagnoses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Length of stay (LOS) and boarding in the emergency department (ED) for
      psychiatric patients have been the subject of concern, given the problems with
      crowding and excessive wait times in EDs. This investigation examined correlates
      of LOS and boarding in Florida EDs for patients presenting with psychiatric
      complaints from 2010 to 2013. METHODS: Utilizing the Florida ED discharge
      database, the authors examined the association of LOS and boarding with hospital
      and encounter factors for adult patients presenting with a primary psychiatric
      diagnosis (N=597,541). RESULTS: The mean LOS was 7.77 hours. Anxiety disorders
      were the most frequent psychiatric complaint and were associated with the lowest
      mean LOS compared with other diagnoses (p<.05). Patient encounters resulting in a
      presentation of intentional self-harm and suicidality or schizophrenia were
      associated with significantly longer stays compared with other psychiatric
      diagnoses. Commercial insurance was associated with the shortest average LOS.
      African Americans, Hispanics, and patients age 45 and older were associated with
      a longer average LOS. Smaller hospital size, for-profit ownership, and rural
      designation were associated with a shorter average LOS. Teaching status was not
      associated with LOS. Furthermore, 73% of encounters resulting in transfers
      qualified as episodes of boarding (a stay of more than six or more hours in the
      ED). CONCLUSIONS: Extended LOS was endemic for psychiatric patients in Florida
      EDs.

PMID- 27364810
TI  - Stigma by Any Other Name.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Some advocates argue that the word "stigma" is itself stigmatizing and
      contributes to further denigration of people with mental illness. This brief
      report presents results of a nationwide survey comparing terminology related to
      stigma in regard to mental illness. METHODS: A total of 340 Amazon Mechanical
      Turk survey takers read variations of a vignette depicting an individual with
      schizophrenia and then completed a brief stigma measure. The vignette varied in a
      single sentence in which three different words-"stigma," "prejudice," and
      "reactions"-were used to describe coworkers' possible attitudes toward the
      depicted individual. RESULTS: Stigma ratings did not differ by vignette group.
      "Reactions" was viewed as significantly less disrespectful than both "stigma" and
      "prejudice" (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to support
      replacing the word "stigma" in public arenas. Current efforts to remove the word
      may unnecessarily distract advocates and policy makers from the primary mission
      of erasing stigma.

PMID- 27364811
TI  - Prevalence and Predictors of Obesity-Related Counseling Provided by Outpatient
      Psychiatrists in the United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study sought to identify rates and predictors of obesity
      counseling performed by outpatient psychiatrists in the United States. METHODS:
      The 2005-2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys provided data from 7,309
      outpatient psychiatry visits. Logistic regression was used to examine
      associations between patient, visit, and practice characteristics and outcomes.
      RESULTS: Most (81%) visits occurred in a private practice setting. Nine percent
      (N=657) of visits included measurement of patient body mass index (BMI); 30% of
      these visits were with patients who met the obesity criterion (BMI >=30.0 kg/m2).
      Among visits with obese patients, 16% included exercise counseling, 22% included
      weight reduction counseling, and 24% included diet or nutrition counseling.
      Patients with obesity were more likely than patients without obesity to receive
      diet or nutrition counseling (p<.05) and weight reduction counseling (p<.05), but
      not exercise counseling. Black patients were significantly less likely to receive
      any form of counseling (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant need to
      improve psychiatrists' obesity counseling.

PMID- 27364812
TI  - General Medical Outcomes From the Primary and Behavioral Health Care Integration
      Grant Program.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Primary and Behavioral Health Care Integration (PBHCI) grants aim to
      improve the health of people with serious mental illness by integrating primary
      and preventive general medical services into behavioral health settings. This
      report describes the general medical outcomes of persons served by early cohorts
      of programs, funded in 2009 or 2010, that participated in this national
      demonstration project. METHODS: A quasi-experimental, difference-in-differences
      design was used to compare changes in general medical health among consumers
      served at three PBHCI clinics (N=322) and three clinics that were selected as
      matched control sites (N=469). Propensity-score weighting was used to adjust for
      baseline differences between PBHCI and control clinic populations. Baseline data
      were collected between 2010 and 2012; follow-up data were collected approximately
      one year later. General medical outcomes included blood pressure; body mass
      index; cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood glucose or HbA1c levels; and self
      reported tobacco smoking. RESULTS: Compared with consumers served at control
      clinics, PBHCI consumers had better outcomes for cholesterol: mean reductions in
      total cholesterol were greater by 36 mg/dL (p<.01), mean reductions in low
      density lipoprotein cholesterol were greater by 35 mg/dL (p<.001), and mean
      increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were greater by 3 mg/dL
      (p<.05). No significant PBHCI effects were observed for the other health
      indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one year of PBHCI treatment resulted in
      statistically and potentially clinically significant improvements in cholesterol
      but not in other general medical outcomes examined. More rigorous implementation
      of integrated care in community behavioral health settings may be needed to
      further improve the health of adults with serious mental illness.

PMID- 27364813
TI  - Use of Mental Health Care and Unmet Needs for Health Care Among Lesbian and
      Bisexual Chinese-, Korean-, and Vietnamese-American Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined associations between sexual orientation of Asian
      American women and receipt of mental health care and unmet need for health care.
      METHODS: Computer-assisted self-interviews were conducted with 701 unmarried
      Chinese-, Korean-, and Vietnamese-American women ages 18 to 35. Multivariate
      regression models examined whether lesbian and bisexual participants differed
      from exclusively heterosexual participants in use of mental health care and unmet
      need for health care. RESULTS: After the analyses controlled for mental health
      status and other covariates, lesbian and bisexual women were more likely than
      exclusively heterosexual women to have received any past-year mental health
      services and reported a greater unmet need for health care. Sexual-minority women
      were no more likely to have received minimally adequate care. CONCLUSIONS: Given
      the high rates of mental health problems among Asian-American sexual-minority
      women, efforts are needed to identify and overcome barriers to receipt of
      adequate mental health care and minimize unmet health care needs.

PMID- 27364814
TI  - Seclusion Reduction in Dutch Mental Health Care: Did Hospitals Meet Goals?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In 2006, a goal of reducing seclusion in Dutch hospitals by at least
      10% each year was set. More than 100 reduction projects in 55 hospitals have been
      conducted, with ?35 million in funding. This study evaluated the results.
      METHODS: Data (2008 to 2013) were from a national register. Multilevel logistic
      regression examined determinants of seclusion. RESULTS: Hospital participation in
      the register ranged from eight in 2008 to 66 in 2013, and admissions ranged from
      11,300 to 113,290. The average yearly nationwide reduction of secluded patients
      was about 9%. Reduction was achieved in half of the hospitals. Some hospitals saw
      increased rates. In some hospitals where seclusion decreased, use of forced
      medication increased. Higher seclusion rates were associated with psychotic and
      bipolar disorders, male gender, and several ward types. CONCLUSIONS: Seclusion
      decreased significantly, and forced medication increased. Rates varied widely
      between hospitals. For many hospitals, more efforts to reduce seclusion are
      needed.

PMID- 27364815
TI  - Integrating Primary Care Into Community Mental Health Centers: Impact on
      Utilization and Costs of Health Care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This evaluation was designed to assess the impact of providing
      integrated primary and mental health care on utilization and costs for outpatient
      medical, inpatient hospital, and emergency department treatment among persons
      with serious mental illness. METHODS: Two safety-net, community mental health
      centers that received a Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
      Primary and Behavioral Health Care Integration (PBHCI) grant were the focus of
      this study. Clinic 1 had a ten-year history of providing integrated services
      whereas clinic 2 began integrated services with the PBHCI grant. Difference-in
      differences (DID) analyses were used to compare individuals enrolled in the PBHCI
      programs (N=373, clinic 1; N=389, clinic 2) with propensity score-matched
      comparison groups of equal size at each site by using data obtained from medical
      records. RESULTS: Relative to the comparison groups, a higher proportion of PBHCI
      clients used outpatient medical services at both sites following program
      enrollment (p<.003, clinic 1; p<.001, clinic 2). At clinic 1, PBHCI was also
      associated with a reduction in the proportion of clients with an inpatient
      hospital admission (p=.04) and a trend for a reduction in inpatient hospital
      costs per member per month of $217.68 (p=.06). Hospital-related cost savings were
      not observed for PBHCI clients at clinic 2 nor were there significant differences
      between emergency department use or costs for PBHCI and comparison groups at
      either clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Investments in PBHCI can improve access to outpatient
      medical care for persons with severe mental illness and may also curb
      hospitalizations and associated costs in more established programs.

PMID- 27364816
TI  - The RAISE Connection Program: Psychopharmacological Treatment of People With a
      First Episode of Schizophrenia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examined the adherence of psychiatrists to the Schedule of
      Recommended First and Second Line Antipsychotic Medications ("Antipsychotic
      Schedule"), which was implemented in two Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia
      Episode (RAISE) Connection Program Implementation and Evaluation Study clinics.
      METHODS: Sixty-five individuals with a first episode of psychosis were enrolled
      in the RAISE Connection Program clinics. Two psychiatrists received training and
      ongoing consultation on use of a shared decision-making approach to prescribing
      antipsychotic medications according to the Antipsychotic Schedule. Information
      about participants, prescribed antipsychotic medications, and completion of side
      effect assessments were obtained from standardized research assessments and chart
      extractions. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the extent to which
      patterns of antipsychotic prescribing and side-effect monitoring were consistent
      with the Antipsychotic Schedule. RESULTS: Ninety-two percent of participants were
      prescribed an antipsychotic medication and received the medication on 76%+/-35%
      of the days they were in treatment. Seventy-seven percent of participants were
      prescribed at least one Antipsychotic Schedule first-line antipsychotic, 20% were
      prescribed olanzapine, and 10% received a trial of clozapine. Regarding
      monitoring for metabolic side effects, 92% of participants had at least one
      weight recorded, 72% had at least one blood glucose measure recorded, and 62% had
      at least one lipid profile recorded. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of a study in
      which training and ongoing clinical supervision by experts was provided to
      psychiatrists and shared decision making was encouraged, antipsychotic
      prescribing patterns closely adhered to recommendations established by the RAISE
      Connection Program.

PMID- 27364817
TI  - Uses of Research Evidence by State Legislators Who Prioritize Behavioral Health
      Issues.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Disseminating behavioral health (BH) research to elected policy makers
      is a priority, but little is known about how they use and seek research evidence.
      This exploratory study aimed to identify research dissemination preferences and
      research-seeking practices of legislators who prioritize BH issues and to
      describe the role of research in determining policy priorities. The study also
      assessed whether these legislators differ from those who do not prioritize BH
      issues. METHODS: A telephone-based survey was conducted with 862 state
      legislators (response rate, 46%). A validated survey instrument assessed
      priorities and the factors that determined them, research dissemination
      preferences, and research-seeking practices. Bivariate analyses were used to
      characterize and compare the two groups. RESULTS: Legislators who prioritized BH
      issues (N=125) were significantly more likely than those who did not to identify
      research evidence as a factor that determined policy priorities (odds ratio=1.91,
      95% confidence interval=1.25-2.90, p=.002). Those who prioritized BH issues also
      attributed more importance to ten of 12 features of research, and the difference
      was significant for four features (unbiased, p=.014; presented in a concise way,
      p=.044; delivered by someone known or respected, p=.033; and tells a story,
      p=.030). Those who prioritized BH issues also engaged more often in eight of 11
      research-seeking and utilization practices, and a significance difference was
      found for one (attending research presentations, p=.012). CONCLUSIONS:
      Legislators who prioritized BH issues actively sought, had distinct preferences
      for, and were particularly influenced by research evidence. Testing legislator
      focused BH research dissemination strategies is an area for future research.

PMID- 27364818
TI  - [Dermatological diseases of the external male genitalia : Part 2: Infectious and
      malignant dermatological].
AB  - The urological and andrological examination of male patients should include
      inspection of the genital skin in order to detect malignant neoplasms, such as
      erythroplasia of Queyrat and infectious diseases, such as genital warts
      (condylomata acuminata). Independent of the incidental finding of relevant
      dermatological alterations in the genital area, sexually transmitted diseases
      such as syphilis must again be considered more often as the incidence has greatly
      increased in Germany during the last few years. In addition, urologists should be
      able to adequately advise patients on all aspects of diseases caused by human
      papillomavirus. As patients are often alarmed by genital skin lesions and worried
      that the sex life can be impaired, the initiation of adequate therapy is of great
      importance. 

PMID- 27364819
TI  - [What do prostate cancer patients know about smoking? : Results of a bicentric
      questionnaire study (KRAUT study)].
AB  - BACKGROUND: According to the results of a recent meta-analysis, cancer-specific
      mortality of prostate cancer (PCA) patients is enhanced by 24 % in case of a
      positive smoking history with a dose-dependent impact of smoking. Until now it is
      unknown whether this information actually reaches the patients and how
      extensively an informational discussion about this topic is pursued by
      physicians. OBJECTIVE: Three study hypotheses were defined: (1) the knowledge of
      PCA patients about the potential relationship between tumor progression and
      cigarette consumption is low, (2) only in rare cases has a clear statement been
      provided by treating physicians including the explicit advice to stop smoking,
      and (3) there was a direct association between tumor stage and the extent of
      cigarette consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire comprising 23 items
      was developed and validated with 25 uro-oncological patients prior to study
      start. Between September 2013 and December 2014 a total of 124 PCA patients
      (median age 65 years) from two urology departments were included in this
      questionnaire-based survey. RESULTS: The study population comprised 43 % (n =
      54), 39 % (n = 48), and 18 % (n = 22) nonsmokers, former smokers and active
      smokers, respectively. Active and former smokers differed insignificantly in the
      number of pack-years only (24.8 vs. 23.7 years, p = 0.995). Of the patients, 56 %
      regarded an influence of cigarette consumption on the PCA-specific prognosis as
      possible. However, because a significant (p < 0.001) number of patients wrongly
      suspected smoking to be causative for PCA development, their knowledge about PCA
      prognosis is supposedly not based on adequate knowledge. Two of 22 active smokers
      (9.1 %), 5 of 48 former smokers (10.4 %), and 2 of 54 nonsmokers (3.7 %) had an
      informational discussion with their urologist about the association of cigarette
      consumption and PCA-related prognosis (a further 9.1, 4.2 and 3.7 %,
      respectively, received this information solely from other medical specialties).
      Only 1 of 22 active smokers (4.5 %) was offered medical aids for smoking
      cessation by the general practitioner; none of the patients received such support
      by an urologist. There was no association between a positive smoking history or
      number of pack-years and PCA tumor stage. CONCLUSIONS: Education of PCA patients
      about the relationship between cigarette consumption and cancer-related prognosis
      is currently inadequate. Following the latest findings on this topic, urologists
      should pursue informational discussions with their patients, thereby
      strengthening their position as the primary contact person for decision making in
      PCA management.

PMID- 27364820
TI  - [Is urolithiasis a contradiction for vitamin D and calcium supplementation?]

PMID- 27364821
TI  - [Causes of hospital readmission after urologic cancer surgery].

PMID- 27364822
TI  - Caffey's Disease: Two Cases Presenting with Unexplained Fever.

PMID- 27364824
TI  - Intestinal Necrosis with Midgut Malrotation and Intermittent Volvulus:
      Presentation as Acute Abdominal Pain in an Adult.

PMID- 27364823
TI  - The Severity of Bleeding and Mortality in Trauma Patients Taking Dabigatran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, has been shown to be more
      effective than warfarin in the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial
      fibrillation. Until recently, it lacked a reversal agent, and its contribution to
      the risk of transfusion in injured patients is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We sought to
      determine whether patients who sustain traumatic injuries while taking dabigatran
      receive more blood transfusions than matched patients taking warfarin, aspirin,
      clopidogrel, or controls. METHODS: This retrospective, single-center cohort
      consisted of injured patients who were taking dabigatran before admission to a
      major trauma center (January 2010-December 2013) who were compared with cohorts
      of patients taking warfarin, clopidogrel, or aspirin and a control group. The
      outcome was bleeding risk as measured by the use of blood products, with
      mortality as a secondary outcome. Outcomes were controlled for by age, sex,
      injury severity, and blunt mechanism. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were taking
      dabigatran. Compared with the general trauma population, patients taking
      dabigatran were more likely to be male, older, and to have higher injury
      severity. Patients taking dabigatran received transfusions (odds ratio [OR] 1.31
      [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.56-3.04]), packed red blood cells (OR 1.43 [95%
      CI 0.54-3.77]), frozen plasma (OR 1.20 [95% CI 0.42-3.49]), and platelets (OR
      2.01 [95% CI 0.63-6.37]) as often as matched controls. The mortality rate among
      patients on dabigatran was 12.5% (OR 1.51 [95% CI 0.39-5.89]) compared with 9.1%
      in matched controls. None of these results was statistically significant.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this small study, injured patients taking dabigatran were
      transfused as often and had similar in-hospital mortality as matched controls who
      were not taking anticoagulants.

PMID- 27364825
TI  - Extreme Hyperpyrexia of Uncertain Origin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The definition of hyperpyrexia is currently limited to temperatures
      reaching 106.7 degrees F. A wide range of etiologies have been identified in the
      literature for an insidious onset of hyperpryexia, however a rapid ascent higher
      than temperatures of 106.7 degrees F has never been reported nor evaluated. We
      present the case of a young paraplegic who developed an extreme hyperpyrexia,
      which to our knowledge is the highest occurring temperature reported in
      contemporary medical literature. He had a number of medical conditions, none of
      which are known to produce fever. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF
      THIS?: Fever, although a common presentation in the ER in the presence of various
      symptoms and comorbidities can obscure the diagnosis and lead to unwarranted
      evaluations. As such this patients case identifies a diagnosis of a fatal
      ascension of fever.

PMID- 27364827
TI  - The effect of linoleic acid on the Sauvignon blanc fermentation by different wine
      yeast strains.
AB  - The level of linoleic acid in the Sauvignon blanc (SB) grape juice affects the
      development of different aroma compounds during fermentation by Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae EC1118, including key varietal thiols such as 3-mercaptohexanol (3MH)
      and 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA). However, it is still unknown if linoleic acid
      would affect in a similar way other commonly used S. cerevisiae wine strains.
      Here we investigated the effect of grape juice linoleic acid on the development
      of aroma compounds and other metabolites of SB wines using different wine yeast
      strains: EC1118, AWRI796 and VIN13. Linoleic acid clearly affected the levels of
      acetylated aroma compounds, several amino acids, and antioxidant molecules,
      independent of yeast strain, but the production of 3MH was affected by linoleic
      acid in a strain-specific manner. Moreover, the supplementation of deuterium
      labelled 3MH also affected the production of varietal thiols in a strain-specific
      way. Linoleic acid reduced the acetylation process probably by inhibiting an
      acetyltransferase, an effect that was independent of the yeast strain. However,
      regulation of the 3MH biosynthesis is strain-specific, which suggests a mindful
      consideration not only towards the wine yeast but also to the linoleic acid
      concentration in the grape juice in order to obtain the desired wine aroma
      characteristics.

PMID- 27364826
TI  - Maltose and maltotriose utilisation by group I strains of the hybrid lager yeast
      Saccharomyces pastorianus.
AB  - Brewer's wort is a challenging environment for yeast as it contains predominantly
      alpha-glucoside sugars. There exist two subgroups of the lager yeast
      Saccharomyces pastorianus which differ in sugar utilisation. We performed wort
      fermentations and compared representative strains from both groups with respect
      to their ability to transport and ferment maltose and maltotriose. Additionally,
      we mapped the transporters MALx1, AGT1, MPHx and MTT1 by Southern blotting.
      Contrary to previous observations, group I comprises a diverse set of strains,
      with varying ability to transport and ferment maltotriose. Of the eight group I
      strains, three efficiently utilised maltotriose, a property enabled by the
      presence of transmembrane transporters SeAGT1 and MTT1 A58, a variant of the
      group I type strain (CBS1513) performed particularly well, taking up maltotriose
      at a higher rate than maltose and retaining significant transport activity at
      temperatures as low as 0 degrees C. Analysis of transporter distribution in this
      strain revealed an increased copy number of the MTT1 gene, which encodes the only
      permease known with higher affinity for maltotriose than maltose and low
      temperature dependence for transport. We propose that much of the variation in
      lager yeast fermentation behaviour is determined by the presence or absence of
      specific transmembrane transporters.

PMID- 27364829
TI  - Factors Affecting the Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution and Toxicity of Gold
      Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery.
AB  - Owing to the straightforward synthesis, good biological compatibility, and ease
      of surface functionalization, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown great
      potential in various biomedical applications, including diagnostic imaging,
      photothermal therapy (PTT), and drug delivery. Physicochemical properties (e.g.
      shape, size and surface chemistry) may potentially affect the interaction of
      AuNPs with biological systems, thus ultimately influencing their cell uptake,
      pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, drug delivery efficiency, and biological
      effects. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the relation
      between physicochemical characteristics of AuNPs and their navigation through
      different biological processes, including biodistribution, penetration of
      biological barriers (e.g. blood-brain barrier), clearance, and metabolism.
      Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo toxicological effects of AuNPs and their
      possible mechanisms were discussed. A thorough understanding of these influencing
      factors will be crucial for the rational design, customized functionalization,
      and clinical translation of AuNPs in drug delivery.

PMID- 27364830
TI  - The Role of Drug Transporters in the Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Various transporters, including efflux transporters and uptake
      transporters, play an important role in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Currently,
      studies suggest that several antibiotics also serve as substrates for
      transporters. In addition, these antibiotics are usually combined with other
      drugs to treat diseases, more effectively. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on
      the role of transporters in pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of
      antibiotics. METHODS: This review summarizes the findings of recent studies as
      well as information retrieved from several databases (until June 2015): ISI Web
      of KnowledgeSM (ISI WoK), SciFinder (Caplus, Medline, Registry, Casreact,
      Chrmlist, and Chemcasts) and PubMed (indexed for Medline). RESULTS: The present
      review provides useful information for the study of transporters in the
      pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of antibiotics, and should assist
      researchers investigating these topics. CONCLUSION: The drug transporters mediate
      intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and kidney or biliary excretion. It is
      necessary to focus on drug-drug interactions when these antibiotics are combined
      with other chemical substances that are also the substrates for transporters.

PMID- 27364831
TI  - Salusins in Hypertension and Related Cardiovascular Diseases.
AB  - The salusins are bioactive peptides with hemodynamic effects. They play a role in
      hypertension, atherogenesis and cardiovascular diseases. In this review we focus
      on new actions, which are related to the regulation of blood pressure. Decrease
      in salusin- and the increase in salusin- concentrations are known to contribute
      to the development of the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. Microinjections
      of salusin-. in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) increases the plasma
      argininevasopressin (AVP) and norepinephrine levels, which contribute to
      hypertension. It also increases the AVP release from the rostral ventrolateral
      medulla (RVLM) via the projection from PVN to RVLM. Increased activity of the
      RVLM neurons is transmitted to the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) cell column of
      the spinal cord, where peripheral sympathetic nerves to the heart, arterioles and
      kidneys are activated, thus increasing blood pressure. Microinjection of salusin-
      into the RVLM increased renal sympathetic nerve activity, median arterial
      pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). There was no significant effect on the AVP
      level in the RVLM and plasma. Microinjection of salusin-. in the nucleus tractus
      solitarii (NTS) produces a dose dependent hypotension and bradycardia.
      Intravenous injection of salusin-. significant increased MAP, but did not have a
      meaningful outcome on HR. Nevertheless, intravenous injection of a very high dose
      of salusin-. caused instantaneous decrease in both MAP and HR. Salusin-.
      overexpression provoked severe and prolonged hypertension accompanied by
      tachycardia in rats. It is clear that more research needs to be done to evaluate
      the function of salusin- in the mechanism of essential hypertension,
      atherosclerosis, and the metabolic syndrome.

PMID- 27364832
TI  - P-gp Inhibition-Based Strategies for Modulating Pharmacokinetics of Anticancer
      Drugs: An Update.
AB  - BACKGROUND: P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a well known ATP dependent efflux membrane
      transporter, has been attracting considerable interests of medical researchers
      due to its efflux pump effect being a primary cause of multidrug resistance (MDR)
      and poor bioavailability (BA) of anticancer agents. How to resolve the aforesaid
      problems has become the research hot-points in the medical and pharmaceutical
      fields. The past three decades have witnessed rapid development of the P-gp
      inhibition-based strategies used for modulating pharmacokinetics (PK) and thus
      overcoming MDR and improving BA of anticancer drugs. METHODS: An electronic
      search of PubMed database from inception to April, 2016 was conducted.
      Additionally, we searched the reference lists of included studies and carried out
      a citation search for the included studies via Web of Science to find other
      potentially relevant studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Lots of the studies of the
      P-gp inhibition-based strategies are under preclinical phase and the obtained
      results are exciting and may represent great promise in the clinical application
      potential. In order to provide useful information for the development of novel
      strategies for improving BA of anticancer drugs, this article aims to review the
      research progress in the P-gp inhibition-based strategies that has been acquired
      over the last three decades, with focus on the P-gp inhibitors, herbal
      constituents and pharmaceutical excipients as well as novel P-gp-linked drug
      delivery systems (DDSs). Additionally, the fundamental knowledge on P-gp also is
      briefly discussed.

PMID- 27364833
TI  - Uncoupling protein 2 protects mice from aging.
AB  - Uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 is a mitochondrial transporter protein that plays
      various roles in cellular metabolism, including the glucose and lipid metabolism.
      Polymorphisms in UCP2 are associated with longevity in humans. In line with this,
      mice carrying the UCP2 transgene under the control of hypocretin promoter were
      reported to have an extended lifespan, while, conversely, mice deficient in Ucp2
      demonstrated a significantly shorter lifespan. In this study, we examined the
      phenotype of aging in a large colony of Ucp2-deficient (Ucp2(-/-)) mice on the
      molecular level. We have found that the significantly shorter lives of Ucp2(-/-)
      mice is the result of an accelerated aging process throughout their entire
      lifespan. Thus, Ucp2(-/-) mice not only earlier gained sexual maturity, but also
      earlier progressed into an aging phenotype, reflected by a decrease in body
      weight, increased neutrophil numbers, and earlier emergence of spontaneous
      ulcerative dermatitis. Intriguingly, on the molecular level this acceleration in
      aging predominantly driven by increased levels of circulating IGF-1 in Ucp2(-/-)
      mice, hinting at a crosstalk between UCP2 and the classical Insulin/IGF-1
      signaling aging pathway.

PMID- 27364849
TI  - Erratum for Salipante et al., Performance Comparison of Illumina and Ion Torrent
      Next-Generation Sequencing Platforms for 16S rRNA-Based Bacterial Community
      Profiling.

PMID- 27364834
TI  - Receipt of Cancer Screening Is a Predictor of Life Expectancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obtaining cancer screening on patients with limited life expectancy
      has been proposed as a measure for low quality care for primary care physicians
      (PCPs). However, administrative data may underestimate life expectancy in
      patients who undergo screening. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between
      receipt of screening mammography or PSA and overall survival. DESIGN:
      Retrospective cohort study from 1/1/1999 to 12/31/2012. Receipt of screening was
      assessed for 2001-2002 and survival from 1/1/2003 to 12/31/2012. Life expectancy
      was estimated as of 1/1/03 using a validated algorithm, and was compared to
      actual survival for men and women, stratified by receipt of cancer screening.
      PARTICIPANTS: A 5 % sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 69-90 years as of
      1/1/2003 (n = 906,723). INTERVENTIONS: Receipt of screening mammography in 2001
      2002 for women, or a screening PSA test in 2002 for men. MAIN MEASURES: Survival
      from 1/1/2003 through 12/31/2012. KEY RESULTS: Subjects were stratified by life
      expectancy based on age and comorbidity. Within each stratum, the subjects with
      prior cancer screening had actual median survivals higher than those who were not
      screened, with differences ranging from 1.7 to 2.1 years for women and 0.9 to 1.1
      years for men. In a Cox model, non-receipt of screening in women had an impact on
      survival (HR = 1.52; 95 % CI = 1.51, 1.54) similar in magnitude to a diagnosis of
      complicated diabetes or heart failure, and was comparable to uncomplicated
      diabetes or liver disease in men (HR = 1.23; 1.22, 1.25). CONCLUSIONS: Receipt of
      cancer screening is a powerful marker of health status that is not captured by
      comorbidity measures in administrative data. Because life expectancy algorithms
      using administrative data underestimate the life expectancy of patients who
      undergo screening, they can overestimate the problem of cancer screening in
      patients with limited life expectancy.

PMID- 27364851
TI  - Technological aids for the rehabilitation of memory and executive functioning in
      children and adolescents with acquired brain injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of technology in healthcare settings is on the increase and
      may represent a cost-effective means of delivering rehabilitation. Reductions in
      treatment time, and delivery in the home, are also thought to be benefits of this
      approach. Children and adolescents with brain injury often experience deficits in
      memory and executive functioning that can negatively affect their school work,
      social lives, and future occupations. Effective interventions that can be
      delivered at home, without the need for high-cost clinical involvement, could
      provide a means to address a current lack of provision.We have systematically
      reviewed studies examining the effects of technology-based interventions for the
      rehabilitation of deficits in memory and executive functioning in children and
      adolescents with acquired brain injury. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of
      technology-based interventions compared to placebo intervention, no treatment, or
      other types of intervention, on the executive functioning and memory of children
      and adolescents with acquired brain injury. SEARCH METHODS: We ran the search on
      the 30 September 2015. We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised
      Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid
      MEDLINE(R), Ovid MEDLINE(R) In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid
      MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid OLDMEDLINE(R), EMBASE Classic + EMBASE (OvidSP), ISI
      Web of Science (SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, CPCI-S, and CPSI-SSH), CINAHL Plus (EBSCO),
      two other databases, and clinical trials registers. We also searched the
      internet, screened reference lists, and contacted authors of included studies.
      SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing the use of a
      technological aid for the rehabilitation of children and adolescents with memory
      or executive-functioning deficits with placebo, no treatment, or another
      intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently
      reviewed titles and abstracts identified by the search strategy. Following
      retrieval of full-text manuscripts, two review authors independently performed
      data extraction and assessed the risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS: Four studies
      (involving 206 participants) met the inclusion criteria for this review.Three
      studies, involving 194 participants, assessed the effects of online interventions
      to target executive functioning (that is monitoring and changing behaviour,
      problem solving, planning, etc.). These studies, which were all conducted by the
      same research team, compared online interventions against a 'placebo'
      (participants were given internet resources on brain injury). The interventions
      were delivered in the family home with additional support or training, or both,
      from a psychologist or doctoral student. The fourth study investigated the use of
      a computer program to target memory in addition to components of executive
      functioning (that is attention, organisation, and problem solving). No
      information on the study setting was provided, however a speech-language
      pathologist, teacher, or occupational therapist accompanied participants.Two
      studies assessed adolescents and young adults with mild to severe traumatic brain
      injury (TBI), while the remaining two studies assessed children and adolescents
      with moderate to severe TBI. Risk of biasWe assessed the risk of selection bias
      as low for three studies and unclear for one study. Allocation bias was high in
      two studies, unclear in one study, and low in one study. Only one study (n = 120)
      was able to conceal allocation from participants, therefore overall selection
      bias was assessed as high.One study took steps to conceal assessors from
      allocation (low risk of detection bias), while the other three did not do so
      (high risk of detection bias). Primary outcome 1: Executive functioning:
      Technology-based intervention versus placeboResults from meta-analysis of three
      studies (n = 194) comparing online interventions with a placebo for children and
      adolescents with TBI, favoured the intervention immediately post-treatment
      (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.66 to 
      0.09; P = 0.62; I(2) = 0%). (As there is no 'gold standard' measure in the field,
      we have not translated the SMD back to any particular scale.) This result is
      thought to represent only a small to medium effect size (using Cohen's rule of
      thumb, where 0.2 is a small effect, 0.5 a medium one, and 0.8 or above is a large
      effect); this is unlikely to have a clinically important effect on the
      participant.The fourth study (n = 12) reported differences between the
      intervention and control groups on problem solving (an important component of
      executive functioning). No means or standard deviations were presented for this
      outcome, therefore an effect size could not be calculated.The quality of evidence
      for this outcome according to GRADE was very low. This means future research is
      highly likely to change the estimate of effect. Primary outcome 2: MemoryOne
      small study (n = 12) reported a statistically significant difference in
      improvement in sentence recall between the intervention and control group
      following an eight-week remediation programme. No means or standard deviations
      were presented for this outcome, therefore an effect size could not be
      calculated. Secondary outcomesTwo studies (n = 158) reported on
      anxiety/depression as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and were
      included in a meta-analysis. We found no evidence of an effect with the
      intervention (mean difference -5.59, 95% CI -11.46 to 0.28; I(2) = 53%). The
      GRADE quality of evidence for this outcome was very low, meaning future research
      is likely to change the estimate of effect.A single study sought to record
      adverse events and reported none. Two studies reported on use of the intervention
      (range 0 to 13 and 1 to 24 sessions). One study reported on social
      functioning/social competence and found no effect. The included studies reported
      no data for other secondary outcomes (that is quality of life and academic
      achievement). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This review provides low-quality evidence for
      the use of technology-based interventions in the rehabilitation of executive
      functions and memory for children and adolescents with TBI. As all of the
      included studies contained relatively small numbers of participants (12 to 120),
      our findings should be interpreted with caution. The involvement of a clinician
      or therapist, rather than use of the technology, may have led to the success of
      these interventions. Future research should seek to replicate these findings with
      larger samples, in other regions, using ecologically valid outcome measures, and
      reduced clinician involvement.

PMID- 27364853
TI  - Decarboxylative Anti-Michael Addition to Olefins Mediated by Photoredox
      Catalysis.
AB  - Decarboxylative coupling of carboxylic acids with activated olefins has been
      accomplished using visible light photoredox catalysis. The strategic placement of
      a radical-stabilizing aromatic group at the beta-position of the olefin component
      biases the regioselectivity of the addition, allowing reliable, facile access to
      anti-Michael-type products from readily available precursors. The scope of this
      methodology was demonstrated with a range of carboxylic acids and appropriately
      substituted olefins and was applied toward a two-step synthesis of the
      antiarrhythmic agent encainide.

PMID- 27364852
TI  - High post-movement parietal low-beta power during rhythmic tapping facilitates
      performance in a stop task.
AB  - Voluntary movements are followed by a post-movement electroencephalography (EEG)
      beta rebound, which increases with practice and confidence in a task. We
      hypothesized that greater beta modulation reflects less load on cognitive
      resources and may thus be associated with faster reactions to new stimuli. EEG
      was recorded in 17 healthy subjects during rhythmically paced index finger
      tapping. In a STOP condition, participants had to interrupt the upcoming tap in
      response to an auditory cue, which was timed such that stopping was successful
      only in ~ 50% of all trials. In a second condition, participants carried on
      tapping twice after the stop signal (CONTINUE condition). Thus the conditions
      were distinct in whether abrupt stopping was required as a second task.
      Modulation of 12-20 Hz power over motor and parietal areas developed with time on
      each trial and more so in the CONTINUE condition. Reduced modulation in the STOP
      condition went along with reduced negative mean asynchronies suggesting less
      confident anticipation of the timing of the next tap. Yet participants were more
      likely to stop when beta modulation prior to the stop cue was more pronounced. In
      the STOP condition, expectancy of the stop signal may have increased cognitive
      load during movement execution given that the task might have to be stopped
      abruptly. However, within this condition, stopping ability was increased if the
      preceding tap was followed by a relatively larger beta increase. Significant,
      albeit weak, correlations confirmed that increased post-movement beta power was
      associated with faster reactions to new stimuli, consistent with reduced
      cognitive load.

PMID- 27364854
TI  - Sex Difference in the Association Between Brachial Pulse Pressure and Coronary
      Artery Disease: The Korean Women's Chest Pain Registry (KoROSE).
AB  - This study was performed to investigate the association between brachial pulse
      pressure (PP) and the presence/extent of obstructive coronary artery disease
      (CAD) in men and women. Study data were obtained from a nation-wide registry
      composed of 632 patients (173 men and 459 women, 58.1+/-10.5 years) with
      suspected CAD who underwent invasive coronary angiography. PP was higher in
      patients with obstructive CAD (>=50% stenosis) than those without CAD in both
      sexes (P=.032 in men; P<.001 in women). However, PP increased proportionally with
      the increasing number of obstructed coronary arteries in women (P<.001) but not
      in men (P=.070). Multiple logistic-regression analyses demonstrated that higher
      PP (>=50.5 mm Hg) was an independent factor for determining obstructive CAD even
      after controlling for potential confounders in women (odds ratio, 2.83; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.40-5.73; P=.004). These results were consistent in 173
      selected women matched with 173 men based on age and CAD severity. In conclusion,
      the association between brachial PP and obstructive CAD was more pronounced in
      women than in men. Brachial PP can be a simple and useful indicator of CAD
      especially in women.

PMID- 27364855
TI  - Stimulatory effect of CSE-generated H2S on hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis and
      the underlying mechanisms.
AB  - We previously showed that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) upregulates peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha in primary
      hepatocytes. PGC-1alpha is a crucial regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, a
      process required to maintain cellular energy homeostasis. We investigated the
      regulation of hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis by cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE)
      generated H2S under physiological conditions. Primary hepatocytes isolated from
      CSE knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were used in all experiments.
      Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mRNA levels were measured via real-time PCR.
      Protein S-sulfhydration was determined via a modified biotin switch assay.
      MitoTracker Green was used to quantify mitochondrial content and distribution.
      CSE-KO hepatocytes produced less mtDNA compared to WT hepatocytes. Mitochondrial
      content was reduced in CSE-KO hepatocytes compared to WT hepatocytes, which was
      restored with NaHS (an H2S donor) treatment. CSE-KO hepatocytes exhibited lower
      levels of mitochondrial transcription factors and the mitochondrial transcription
      coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-related
      protein (PPRC) compared to WT hepatocytes. NaHS administration upregulated PPRC,
      yet downregulated PGC-1beta protein level in mouse hepatocytes. Exogenous H2S
      induced the S-sulfhydration of PPRC, which was lower in untreated CSE-KO
      hepatocytes, but not that of PGC-1beta. Finally, knockdown of either PGC-1alpha
      or PPRC significantly decreased NaHS-stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in
      hepatocytes, where knockdown of both genes were required to abolish NaHS-induced
      mitochondrial biogenesis. Endogenous H2S-induced liver mitochondrial biogenesis
      is dependent upon PGC-1alpha and PPRC signaling in primary hepatocytes. This
      study may offer clues to the regulation of energy homeostasis under physiological
      conditions as well as mitochondrial dysregulation.

PMID- 27364856
TI  - Integration scheme of nanoscale resistive switching memory using bottom-up
      processes at room temperature for high-density memory applications.
AB  - A facile and versatile scheme is demonstrated to fabricate nanoscale resistive
      switching memory devices that exhibit reliable bipolar switching behavior. A
      solution process is used to synthesize the copper oxide layer into 250-nm via
      holes that had been patterned in Si wafers. Direct bottom-up filling of copper
      oxide can facilitate fabrication of nanoscale memory devices without using vacuum
      deposition and etching processes. In addition, all materials and processes are
      CMOS compatible, and especially, the devices can be fabricated at room
      temperature. Nanoscale memory devices synthesized on wafers having 250-nm via
      holes showed reproducible resistive switching programmable memory characteristics
      with reasonable endurance and data retention properties. This integration
      strategy provides a solution to overcome the scaling limit of current memory
      device fabrication methods.

PMID- 27364857
TI  - Editor's Choice - Delays to Surgery and Procedural Risks Following Carotid
      Endarterectomy in the UK National Vascular Registry.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Guidelines recommend that patients suffering an ischaemic transient
      ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke caused by carotid artery stenosis should undergo
      carotid endarterectomy (CEA) within 14 days. METHOD: The degree to which UK
      vascular units met this standard was examined and whether rapid interventions
      were associated with procedural risks. The study analysed patients undergoing CEA
      between January 2009 and December 2014 from 100 UK NHS hospitals. Data were
      collected on patient characteristics, intervals of time from symptoms to surgery,
      and 30-day postoperative outcomes. The relationship between outcomes and time
      from symptom to surgery was evaluated using multilevel multivariable logistic
      regression. RESULTS: In 23,235 patients, the median time from TIA/stroke to CEA
      decreased over time, from 22 days (IQR 10-56) in 2009 to 12 days (IQR 7-26) in
      2014. The proportion of patients treated within 14 days increased from 37% to
      58%. This improvement was produced by shorter times across the care pathway:
      symptoms to referral, from medical review to being seen by a vascular surgeon,
      and then to surgery. The spread of the median time from symptom to surgery among
      NHS hospitals shrank between 2009 and 2013 but then grew slightly. Low-, medium-,
      and high-volume NHS hospitals all improved their performance similarly.
      Performing CEA within 48 h of symptom onset was associated with a small increase
      in the 30-day stroke and death rate: 3.1% (0-2 days) compared with 2.0% (3-7
      days); adjusted odds ratio 1.64 (95% CI 1.04-2.59) but not with longer delays.
      CONCLUSIONS: The delay from symptom to CEA in symptomatic patients with
      ipsilateral 50-99% carotid stenoses has reduced substantially, although 42% of
      patients underwent CEA after the recommended 14 days. The risk of stroke after
      CEA was low, but there may be a small increase in risk during the first 48 h
      after symptoms.

PMID- 27364858
TI  - The impact of Bakri balloon tamponade on the rate of postpartum hysterectomy for
      uterine atony.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the impact of uterine tamponade with a
      Bakri balloon on the rate of postpartum hysterectomy due to uterine atony.
      METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all deliveries >20 weeks
      gestation from January 2002 to March 2013 at Baystate Medical Center. Charts were
      reviewed to determine incidence of postpartum hysterectomy, Bakri balloon
      placement, uterine artery embolization (UAE) and the B-Lynch procedure. Patients
      with evidence of placenta accreta were excluded. The primary outcome was the
      change in rates of postpartum hysterectomy for uterine atony before and after the
      introduction of Bakri balloon tamponade, using chi-square testing. RESULTS: There
      were 48 767 deliveries during the study period, with 17 950 before and 30 817
      after the introduction of the Bakri balloon. A total of 43 Bakri balloons were
      placed during the study period and 21 hysterectomies were performed for
      postpartum hemorrhage secondary to uterine atony, 14 before and 7 after the
      introduction of the Bakri balloon. This was consistent with a decrease in the
      rate of postpartum hysterectomy from 7.8/10 000 deliveries to 2.3/10 000
      deliveries (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that utilization of the
      Bakri balloon is associated with a decreased rate of postpartum hysterectomy.

PMID- 27364859
TI  - Factors Determining Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Biliary Atresia after a
      Successful Kasai Operation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatic osteodystrophy is a common complication in patients with
      chronic liver disease, however, bone mineral status in patients with biliary
      atresia has rarely been investigated. METHODS: Twenty-nine children with biliary
      atresia were enrolled in our study and their demographic data, bone mineral
      density (BMD) of lumbar spine and bilateral femoral neck, and biochemical
      parameters were measured and analyzed. RESULTS: The majority of our patients had
      osteopenia or osteoporosis over at least one part of the skeleton although none
      had jaundice. Instead of T helper 1 cell cytokine, interleukin (IL)-4 had a
      significant negative correlation with BMD of the right femoral neck (beta = 
      0.251, p = 0.027) and left femoral neck (beta = -0.299, p = 0.012) independently
      by multiple linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION: We conclude that chronic
      inflammation with increased expression of IL-4 may be an important factor for
      compromised bone health in patients with biliary atresia.

PMID- 27364860
TI  - Rebound Thymic Hyperplasia after Chemotherapy in Children with Lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Development of mediastinal masses after completion of chemotherapy in
      pediatric patients with malignant lymphoma is worrisome and challenging to
      clinicians. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of 67 patients with
      lymphoma treated at our hospital from January 1, 2001 to June 1, 2013. Patients
      who received at least two chest computed tomography (CT) examinations after
      complete remission (CR) was achieved were further analyzed. Gallium-67 scans and
      positron emission tomography (PET) were recorded and compared between these
      patients. RESULTS: Sixty-two of 67 patients reached CR, of whom 31 (22 male, 9
      female) were patients that received at least two chest CT examinations after CR.
      Rebound thymic hyperplasia (RTH) was diagnosed in 21/31 patients (67.7%),
      including 14/23 (60.9%) and seven out of eight (87.5%) with non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma, respectively. Ages ranged from 3 years to 18
      years (median 10 years). Increased radioactivity uptake of the anterior
      mediastinum in gallium scans was found in nine out of 20 patients (45%) with
      thymic rebound. PET was performed in six out of 21 patients. Increased
      fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid uptake in the anterior mediastinum was observed in
      four of six patients (66.7%) by PET. One patient received thymectomy. No patients
      with RTH had lymphoma relapse within the median follow-up period (5 years).
      Relapse was statistically significantly different (p = 0.001) between patients
      with and without RTH. CONCLUSION: RTH developed in 67.7% of pediatric patients
      with lymphoma in CR after chemotherapy. The association of RTH development and
      lowered relapse rates has yet to be determined. Awareness of this phenomenon is
      important in the prevention of unnecessary surgical intervention or chemotherapy.

PMID- 27364861
TI  - Risk Factors and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Children Aged 3 Months
      to 2 Years.

PMID- 27364862
TI  - Source function and plane waves: Toward complete bader analysis.
AB  - The source function (SF) is a topological descriptor that was introduced and
      developed by C. Gatti and R.W. Bader in 1998. The SF describes the contribution
      of each atom to the total electron density at a given point. To date, this
      descriptor has only been calculable from electron densities generated by all
      electron (AE) methods for the investigation of single molecules or periodic
      systems. This study broadens the accessibility of the SF, offering its
      calculation from electron densities generated by plane wave (PW) methods. The new
      algorithm has been implemented in the open source code, CRITIC2. Our novel
      approach has been validated on a series of test systems, comparing the results
      obtained at PW level with those previously obtained through AE methods. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27364863
TI  - Optimal numbers of residues in linkers of DNA polymerase I, T7 primase and DNA
      polymerase IV.
AB  - DNA polymerase I (PolI), T7 primase and DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) have a common
      feature in their structures that the two main domains are connected by an
      unstructured polypeptide linker. To perform their specific enzymatic activities,
      the enzymes are required to rearrange the position and orientation of one domain
      relative to the other into an active mode. Here, we show that the three enzymes
      share the same mechanism of the transition from the inert to active modes and use
      the minimum numbers of residues in their linkers to achieve the most efficient
      transitions. The transition time to the finally active mode is sensitively
      dependent on the stretched length of the linker in the finally active mode while
      is insensitive to the position and orientation in the initially inert state.
      Moreover, we find that for any enzyme whose two domains are connected by an
      unstructured flexible linker, the stretched length (L) of the linker in the
      finally active mode and the optimal number (Nopt) of the residues in the linker
      satisfy relation L ~ alphaNopt, with alpha = 0.24-0.27 nm being a constant
      insensitive to the system.

PMID- 27364864
TI  - Bioaccumulation and persistence of faecal bacterial and viral indicators in
      Mytilus edulis and Crassostrea gigas.
AB  - This study investigated the response of two shellfish species - mussels (Mytilus
      edulis) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) to microbial contamination in order to
      gain a better understanding of the bioaccumulation and persistence of
      microorganisms under controlled conditions. M. edulis and C. gigas were placed in
      sterile laboratory-prepared artificial seawater and initial tests were carried
      out to ensure both faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and bacteriophages were below
      detection limits. FIB and phages were isolated, purified and dosed into
      experimental tanks containing the shellfish species. The GB124 phages were
      bioaccumulated to the highest concentration in M. edulis (1.88Log10) and C. gigas
      (1.27Log10) after 24h. Somatic coliphages were bioaccumulated to the highest
      concentration in both M. edulis (4.84log10) and C. gigas (1.73log10) after 48h. F
      RNA phages were bioaccumulated to the highest concentration in M. edulis
      (3.51log10) after 6h but were below detection limit in C. gigas throughout the
      exposure period. Escherichia coli, faecal coliforms and intestinal enterococci
      were bioaccumulated to the highest concentrations in M. edulis (5.05log10,
      5.06log10 and 3.98log10, respectively) after 48h. In C. gigas, E. coli reached a
      maximum concentration (5.47log10) after 6h, faecal coliforms (5.19log10) after
      12h and intestinal enterococci (3.23log10) after 24h.M. edulis bioaccumulated
      phages to a greater extent than the faecal bacteria, and in both shellfish
      species, faecal bacteria persisted for longer periods over 48h than the phages.
      This study highlights significant variation in the levels and rate of
      accumulation and persistence with respect to both shellfish species and the
      indicators used to assess risk. The results suggest that phage-based indicators
      could help elucidate risks to human health associated with pathogenic organisms.

PMID- 27364865
TI  - Evaluation of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the Treatment of Radiation-induced
      Hemorrhagic Cystitis.

PMID- 27364866
TI  - Re: Romain et al.: Delayed-onset Ureteral Obstruction and Calcification
      Masquerading as Renal Colic Following Deflux Injection (Urology 2016;94:218-220).

PMID- 27364867
TI  - Urological Follow-up in Adult Spina Bifida Patients: Is There an Ideal Interval?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish the time to development of urological issues over time in
      adult spina bifida (SB) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective
      study of adult patients attending a multidisciplinary adult SB clinic from 2000
      to 2013. Patient age, sex, number of clinic visits, and length of follow-up were
      recorded. For each unique visit, presence of symptoms, type of urological issue
      (if any), and time lapsed since last appointment were obtained. The interval
      between the development of urological issues was assessed using a time-to-event
      analysis. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three patients (46% male, 54% female,
      median age 26.8years) were followed for a median of 48 months, contributing to
      586 unique clinic visits. Urological issues were identified in 109 patients
      (88.5%) during 267 visits (46%), and of those 21% were asymptomatic. In
      symptomatic patients, the median time to present with a urological issue was 12
      months. Among the asymptomatic cases, 12%, 23%, and 34% had developed a
      urological issue at 12, 24, and 36 months of follow-up, respectively. Eighty-one
      percent of the urological issues seen in the clinic required some form of
      treatment or intervention. The treatment or intervention in 56% of asymptomatic
      urological issues was surgery. CONCLUSION: Most adult SB patients with urological
      issues are symptomatic by 2 years of follow-up; however, over time the proportion
      of asymptomatic patients with urological issues rises steadily, reaching a
      worrisome 34% at 3 years. Closer follow-up seems warranted.

PMID- 27364868
TI  - Motor planning of goal-directed action is tuned by the emotional valence of the
      stimulus: a kinematic study.
AB  - The basic underpinnings of homeostatic behavior include interacting with positive
      items and avoiding negative ones. As the planning aspects of goal-directed
      actions can be inferred from their movement features, we investigated the
      kinematics of interacting with emotion-laden stimuli. Participants were
      instructed to grasp emotion-laden stimuli and bring them toward their bodies
      while the kinematics of their wrist movement was measured. The results showed
      that the time to peak velocity increased for bringing pleasant stimuli towards
      the body compared to unpleasant and neutral ones, suggesting higher easiness in
      undertaking the task with pleasant stimuli. Furthermore, bringing unpleasant
      stimuli towards the body increased movement time in comparison with both pleasant
      and neutral ones while the time to peak velocity for unpleasant stimuli was the
      same as for that of neutral stimuli. There was no change in the trajectory length
      among emotional categories. We conclude that during the "reach-to-grasp" and
      "bring-to-the-body" movements, the valence of the stimuli affects the temporal
      but not the spatial kinematic features of motion. To the best of our knowledge,
      we show for the first time that the kinematic features of a goal-directed action
      are tuned by the emotional valence of the stimuli.

PMID- 27364869
TI  - Family Caregiving in Japan: The Influence of Cultural Constructs in the Care of
      Adults With Cancer.
AB  - Caring culture is a concept embodying the perceptions and caring practices of
      caregivers, acknowledging the unique role of cultural beliefs in shaping
      behavior. A qualitative descriptive study with 13 caregivers of adult family
      members with a cancer diagnosis in Japan was conducted to gain insight into
      perceptions and experiences surrounding caregiving. Several major categories were
      identified, representing rarely reported cultural constructs of high cultural
      value for the Japanese: On-repayment for what the patient has given, Caregiving
      as performing a socially expected role, Enryo/meiwaku-restraint in asking for
      help, Family decision making reflecting strong bonds, Omoiyari-empathizing with
      the patient's feelings, and Inori-praying to myriad gods and ancestors. The
      Japanese cultural construct of ie (the strong relationship to family lineage and
      spiritual connection to past and future generations) is helpful in understanding
      these categories. Invisible yet powerful cultural constructs permeated caregiving
      practices. Insights from Japanese cultural concepts and beliefs may foster
      sensitivity and individualized care in diverse settings, cultures, and societies.

PMID- 27364870
TI  - A pilot study of intraluminal brachytherapy using 125I seed strand for locally
      advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with obstructive jaundice.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and feasibility of intraluminal brachytherapy
      using 125I seed strand for locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with
      obstructive jaundice. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From January 2010 to February 2015,
      18 consecutive patients diagnosed with locally advanced, nonmetastatic,
      inoperable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with obstructive jaundice were
      enrolled and underwent intraluminal brachytherapy using 125I seed strand. Dose
      calculation was performed using a software. The procedure-related and radiation
      complications were assessed. Obstruction-free survival and overall survival were
      calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The technique successful rate
      of 125I seed strand implantation was 100%. Successful bile drainage was achieved
      in all patients. The estimated mean accumulating dose (R = 5 mm, z = 0, 240 days)
      was 167.2 Gy, from 164.19 to 170.05 Gy. Two patients had adverse event of Grade
      3, one of Grade 4. Stent dysfunction occurred in 1/18 (5.6%) patients. The mean
      and median obstruction-free survival time were 10.61 months (95% confidence
      interval [CI]: 7.04, 14.18) and 7.26 months (95% CI: 2.14, 12.38). The mean and
      median overall survival time were 11.91 months (95% CI: 7.39, 16.43) and 7.26
      months (95% CI: 2.14, 12.38). CONCLUSIONS: Intraluminal brachytherapy using 125I
      seed strand may be consider as a safe treatment option for the therapy of locally
      advanced pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma complicated by obstructive jaundice with
      acceptable complication rates.

PMID- 27364871
TI  - Fractionated high-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy in prostate cancer: Does
      implant displacement and its correction influence acute and late toxicity?
AB  - PURPOSE: In fractionated high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) for prostate
      cancer (PCa) with one implant for several fractions, dose delivery relies on
      reproducibility of catheter positions. However, caudal displacement of implanted
      catheters does occur between fractions and needs to be corrected. Our protocol
      prescribes correction of displacements > 3 mm. We investigated whether
      displacement and its corrections influence acute and late toxicity incidences.
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: We analyzed 162 PCa patients treated with HDR-BT
      monotherapy between 2007 and 2013. The implant remained in situ between the 4
      fractions. Catheter displacement was assessed before each fraction using lateral
      X-ray images and corrected if needed. Genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal
      (GI) acute and late toxicities were assessed using clinical record forms and
      patient self-assessment questionnaires. RESULTS: Implant displacement corrections
      (DC) were needed in 71 patients (43.8%) whereas no DCs were needed in 91 patients
      (56.2%). No statistically significant differences were seen in acute and late
      grade >= 2 GU and GI toxicity incidences between DC and no DC groups. The maximum
      displacement nor the number of corrections had any influence on toxicity.
      CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence and subsequent correction of implant displacements
      exceeding 3 mm during fractionated HDR-BT monotherapy for PCa did not lead to
      increased incidences of acute or late GU and GI toxicity. This indicates that our
      clinical protocol to correct displacements > 3 mm results in safe treatment
      regarding organ at risk toxicity.

PMID- 27364872
TI  - The "decay" of brachytherapy use in tumors of the oral cavity: A population-based
      patterns of care and outcomes analysis from 1973 to 2012.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate if use of brachytherapy (BT) is associated with
      improved survival in patients with oral cavity cancer who do not receive surgery
      and to analyze patterns of care. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We queried the
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for patients who received
      radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity between 1973 and
      2012. Patients were grouped by treatment modality: external beam radiotherapy
      alone vs. external beam radiotherapy + BT. Surgical patients were excluded.
      Trends in BT utilization over the study period and patterns of care were
      analyzed. Propensity scores were generated, and a nearest-neighbor matching
      algorithm was used to balance the 2 groups. Cox regression modeling was used to
      estimate the effect of BT on overall survival. Sensitivity analysis was conducted
      to estimate the effect of unmeasured confounders on the analysis. RESULTS: Of
      5,161 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity who received
      radiotherapy, 12% of patients received BT. The rate of BT use has decreased by
      0.58% per year (p < 0.001). Factors that predicted for omission of radiation
      therapy included age >= 65 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.56; p < 0.001),
      regional nodal disease (aOR, 0.57; p < 0.001), and black race (aOR, 0.45; p <
      0.001). Use of BT was associated with a decreased risk of death (hazard ratio,
      0.75; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of BT is associated with improved survival
      in oral cavity tumors treated with definitive radiotherapy. Rates of BT
      utilization have declined by 0.58% per year and are currently very low.

PMID- 27364873
TI  - A consensus-based, process commissioning template for high-dose-rate gynecologic
      treatments.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is a lack of prescriptive, practical information for those doing
      the work of commissioning high-dose-rate (HDR) gynecologic (GYN) treatment
      equipment. The purpose of this work is to develop a vendor-neutral, consensus
      based, commissioning template to improve standardization of the commissioning
      process. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A series of commissioning procedures and tests
      specific to HDR GYN treatments were compiled within one institution. The list of
      procedures and tests was then sent to five external reviewers at clinics engaged
      in HDR GYN treatments. External reviewers were asked to (1) suggest deletions,
      additions, and improvements/modifications to descriptions, (2) link the
      procedures and tests to common, severe failure modes based on their effectiveness
      at mitigating those failure modes, and (3) rank the procedures and tests based on
      perceived level of importance. RESULTS: External reviewers suggested the addition
      of 14 procedures and tests. The final template consists of 67 procedures and
      tests. "Treatment process" and "staff training" sections were identified as
      mitigating the highest number of commonly reported failure modes. The mean
      perceived importance for all procedures and tests was 4.4 of 5, and the mean for
      each section ranged from 3.6 to 4.8. Sections of the template that were
      identified as mitigating the highest number of commonly reported failure modes
      were not assigned the highest perceived importance. CONCLUSION: The commissioning
      template developed here provides a standardized approach to process and equipment
      commissioning. The discord between perceived importance and mitigation of the
      highest number of failure modes suggests that increased focus should be placed on
      procedures and tests in "treatment process" and "staff training" sections.

PMID- 27364874
TI  - The nuances of brachytherapy taught by teachers from beyond: Questionnaire-based
      assessment of the first cadaveric hands-on brachytherapy workshop in India.
AB  - PURPOSE: A questionnaire-based assessment of a cohort of young radiation
      oncologists attending the first human cadaveric hands-on brachytherapy workshop
      in India. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The cadaveric workshop for hands-on training in
      head/neck and gynecologic cancers was a novel process conducted at M.S. Ramaiah
      Medical College and Hospital, for which 30 attendees from all regions of India
      took part with an opportunity to interact with experienced resource persons,
      individually perform the procedure, and indulge in all aspects of brachytherapy
      process. The questionnaire was part of the workshop and enquired on common
      practices for head/neck and gynecologic brachytherapy followed by the attendees
      at their hospitals and their opinion on avenues for learning the skill of
      brachytherapy and its future as a therapeutic modality. RESULTS: Twenty-seven of
      thirty attendees were practicing brachytherapy at their centers out of which only
      14 (46%) were doing head/neck brachytherapy. In gynecologic procedures, 89% were
      performing only intracavitary brachytherapy. Twenty attendees (66%) felt lack of
      expertise was the primary reason for dwindling brachytherapy practice in India.
      Ten (33%) of them felt that advancements in external radiotherapy were the second
      major cause for it. Some less important reasons given were lack of suitable
      cases, fear of toxicity, and reduced remuneration. CONCLUSIONS: Cadaveric
      brachytherapy workshops may be a practical and cost-effective method to inculcate
      this unique skill set in the next generation of radiation oncologists. This
      questionnaire-based assessment has tried to validate this opinion.

PMID- 27364875
TI  - Measurement of extracellular volume and transit time heterogeneity using contrast
      enhanced myocardial perfusion MRI in patients after acute myocardial infarction.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the ability of dynamic contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion
      MRI to measure extracellular volume (ECV) and to investigate the possibility of
      estimating capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH) in patients after
      myocardial infarction and successful revascularization. METHODS: Twenty-four
      perfusion data sets were acquired on a 3 Tesla positron emission tomography
      (PET)/MRI scanner. Three perfusion models of different complexity were
      implemented in a hierarchical fashion with an Akaike information criterion being
      used to determine the number of fit parameters supported by the data. Results
      were compared sector-wise to ECV from an equilibrium T1 mapping method (modified
      look-locker inversion recovery (MOLLI)). RESULTS: ECV derived from the perfusion
      analysis correlated well with equilibrium measurements (R2 = 0.76). Estimation of
      CTH was supported in 16% of sectors (mostly remote). Inclusion of a nonzero CTH
      parameter usually led to lower estimates of first-pass extraction and slightly
      higher estimates of blood volume and flow. Estimation of the capillary
      permeability-surface area product was feasible in 81% of sectors. CONCLUSION:
      Transit time heterogeneity has a measurable effect on the kinetic analysis of
      myocardial perfusion MRI data, and Gd-DTPA extravasation in the myocardium is
      usually not flow-limited in infarct-related pathology. Measurement of myocardial
      ECV using perfusion imaging could provide a scan-time efficient alternative to
      methods based on T1 mapping. Magn Reson Med 77:2320-2330, 2017. (c) 2016
      International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27364877
TI  - Erratum to: 'Purkinje cell injury, structural plasticity and fusion in patients
      with Friedreich's ataxia'.

PMID- 27364878
TI  - Assessing the performance of multiplexed tandem PCR for the diagnosis of
      pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis using pooled blood samples from
      cattle.
AB  - Oriental theileriosis caused by multiple genotypes of Theileria orientalis is an
      important tick-borne disease of bovines. Here, we assessed the performance of an
      established multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR) for the diagnosis of the two
      recognized, pathogenic genotypes (chitose and ikeda) of T. orientalis in cattle
      using pooled blood samples. We used a total of 265 cattle blood samples, which
      were divided into two groups according to previous MT-PCR results for individual
      samples. Samples in group 1 (n = 155) were from a herd with a relatively high
      prevalence of T. orientalis infection; and those in group 2 (n = 110) were from
      four herds with a low prevalence. For group 1, 31 and 15 batches of five- and ten
      pooled samples (selected at random), respectively, were formed. For group 2, 22
      and 11 batches of five- and ten-pooled samples (selected at random),
      respectively, were formed. DNAs from individual pooled samples in each batch and
      group were then tested by MT-PCR. For group 1, the apparent prevalences estimated
      using the 31 batches of five-pooled samples (97%) and 15 batches of ten-pooled
      samples (100%) were significantly higher compared with individual samples (75%).
      For group 2, higher apparent prevalences (9% and 36%) were also recorded for the
      22 and 11 batches of pooled samples, respectively, compared with individual
      samples (7%). Overall, the average infection intensity recorded for the genotypes
      of chitose and ikeda were considerably lower in pooled compared with individual
      samples. The diagnostic specificities of MT-PCR were estimated at 95% and 94%,
      respectively, when batches of five- and ten-pooled samples were tested, and 94%
      for individual samples. The diagnostic sensitivity of this assay was estimated at
      98% same for all individual, five- and ten-pooled samples. This study shows that
      screening batches of five- and ten-pooled blood samples from cattle herds are
      similar to those obtained for individual samples, and, importantly, that the
      reduced cost for the testing of pooled samples represents a considerable saving
      to herd managers.

PMID- 27364879
TI  - Imported Thai patient with Zika virus to Taiwan: What else should be known and
      discussed?

PMID- 27364876
TI  - Association of anemia with functional and nutritional status in the German
      multicenter study "GeriAnaemie2013".
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Anemia and malnutrition are risk factors for frailty in older people
      but data from multicenter studies among German geriatric inpatients are lacking.
      This analysis evaluated data from the multicenter study "GerAnaemie2013"
      commissioned by the German Geriatric Society. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study
      involved an analysis of the 579 geriatric inpatients recruited in the context of
      the German multicenter study "GeriAnaemie2013". Study parameters: Barthel index
      (BI), handgrip strength, nutritional data (e.g. loss of appetite, loss of weight
      and decreased food intake). INCLUSION CRITERIA: in-patient age >=70 years,
      exclusion criteria: current cancer disease or cancer-associated treatment. Anemia
      was defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. RESULTS:
      The mean age of patients was 81.9 years, overall prevalence of anemia 55.1 %,
      mean hemoglobin (Hb) level 11.9 g/dl, average BI 50.8 points and 30.3 % of all
      patients were at risk of malnutrition. While univariate analysis revealed a
      significantly lower BI in anemic patients, this association was no longer seen in
      multivariate analysis. Regression analysis revealed that a drug intake of > 5
      drugs/day doubles the chance of suffering from anemia with an adjusted odds ratio
      (OR) of 2.17 (confidence interval (CI) 1.28-3.68, p = 0.004) as well as a serum
      albumin level below 3.5 g/dl with an adjusted OR of 2.11 (range 1.40-3.19, p <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Polymedication and low serum albumin were independent risk
      factors for anemia in geriatric patients, probably reflecting disease severity.

PMID- 27364880
TI  - Three episodes of Kawasaki disease including one after the Pneumo 23 vaccine in a
      child with a family history of Kawasaki disease.

PMID- 27364881
TI  - Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Young Children 2 Years After the
      Great East Japan Earthquake.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of post
      traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its association with each traumatic
      experience among 5- to 8-year-old children 2 years after the Great East Japan
      Earthquake. METHOD: Children ages 5-8 years who were in selected preschool
      classes on March 11, 2011, in 3 prefectures affected by the earthquake and 1
      prefecture that was unaffected, participated in the study (N=280). PTSD symptoms
      were assessed through questionnaires completed by caregivers and interviews by
      psychiatrists or psychologists conducted between September 2012 and May 2013 (ie,
      1.5-2 years after the earthquake). RESULTS: Among children who experienced the
      earthquake, 33.8% exhibited PTSD symptoms. Of the different traumatic
      experiences, experiencing the earthquake and the loss of distant relatives or
      friends were independently associated with PTSD symptoms; prevalence ratios: 6.88
      (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.06-23.0) and 2.48 (95% CI: 1.21-5.08),
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Approximately 1 in 3 young children in the affected
      communities exhibited PTSD symptoms, even 2 years after the Great East Japan
      Earthquake. These data may be useful for preventing PTSD symptoms after natural
      disasters and suggest the importance of providing appropriate mental health
      services for children. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:207
      215).

PMID- 27364882
TI  - Iron oxide nanozyme catalyzed synthesis of fluorescent polydopamine for light-up
      Zn(2+) detection.
AB  - Fluorescent polydopamine (FPD) is an interesting material with excellent
      biocompatibility. However, its preparation is currently a lengthy and potentially
      dangerous process. We herein employ magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles as
      a peroxidase-mimicking nanozyme to produce FPD under mild conditions. Different
      from previous protocols using multiple steps with up to 6% (~2 M) H2O2, this
      preparation takes place in a single step with just 5 mM H2O2 at room temperature.
      The oxidized product shows excitation-wavelength-dependent emission peaks,
      similar to previous reports. The reaction kinetics, pH, temperature, and ionic
      strength are individually optimized. Among a diverse range of other nanomaterials
      tested, including Fe2O3, CeO2, CoO, Co3O4, NiO, TiO2, gold nanoparticles, and
      graphene oxide, Fe2O3 and graphene oxide yielded relatively weak emission, while
      the rest of the materials failed to produce FPD. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles retained
      ~90% catalytic activity even after ten cycles of synthesis. Finally, Zn(2+) can
      enhance the fluorescence of FPD under 360 nm excitation but not under 480 nm
      excitation, leading to a sensitive light-up sensor with a detection limit of 60
      nM Zn(2+). Therefore, this work has demonstrated not only a novel use of
      nanozymes, but also an interesting application of FPD. 

PMID- 27364883
TI  - Influence of robotic-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy on vaginal cuff healing
      and brachytherapy initiation in endometrial carcinoma patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of robotic-assisted
      laparoscopic hysterectomy (RALH) compared with total abdominal hysterectomy by
      laparotomy (TAH) on vaginal cuff healing in early-stage endometrial carcinoma
      patients receiving adjuvant intravaginal brachytherapy (IVBT). METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: We included 137 consecutive patients who underwent adjuvant IVBT
      without external beam radiation therapy or chemotherapy for stage I-II
      endometrial carcinoma. All patients underwent either RALH or TAH. Vaginal cuff
      healing status as assessed by inspection and palpation at initial evaluation by
      radiation oncology (VC1) was the primary outcome, with secondary outcomes
      including vaginal cuff healing status at first scheduled IVBT (VC2), time
      interval from hysterectomy to initiation of IVBT, and local recurrence. RESULTS:
      Among 137 patients, 74 (54.0%) underwent RALH and 63 (46.0%) underwent TAH. There
      was no significant difference in mean time from hysterectomy to initial radiation
      oncology evaluation between RALH and TAH patients (approximately 30 days in both
      groups). RALH was the only covariate associated with protracted vaginal cuff
      healing time at both VC1 (P = .003) and VC2 (P = .038). There was a significantly
      increased mean interval between hysterectomy and start of IVBT for patients
      undergoing RALH from 47.7 to 55.0 days (P < .001). Vaginal cuff healing was more
      likely to contribute to delay in delivery of IVBT in RALH patients, whereas
      abdominal or other nonvaginal wound healing was more likely to contribute to
      delay in TAH patients. There were no vaginal cuff recurrences detected after 16
      months median follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: RALH for early-stage endometrial carcinoma
      was associated with longer vaginal cuff healing time and a mean increase in
      interval from hysterectomy to IVBT of 1 week compared with TAH.

PMID- 27364884
TI  - ROS signalling in a destabilised world: A molecular understanding of climate
      change.
AB  - Climate change results in increased intensity and frequency of extreme abiotic
      and biotic stress events. In plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate in
      proportion to the level of stress and are major signalling and regulatory
      metabolites coordinating growth, defence, acclimation and cell death. Our
      knowledge of ROS homeostasis, sensing, and signalling is therefore key to
      understanding the impacts of climate change at the molecular level. Current
      research is uncovering new insights into temporal-spatial, cell-to-cell and
      systemic ROS signalling pathways, particularly how these affect plant growth,
      defence, and more recently acclimation mechanisms behind stress priming and long
      term stress memory. Understanding the stabilising and destabilising factors of
      ROS homeostasis and signalling in plants exposed to extreme and fluctuating
      stress will concomitantly reveal how to address future climate change challenges
      in global food security and biodiversity management.

PMID- 27364885
TI  - A prospective multicenter evaluation of direct molecular detection of blood
      stream infection from a clinical perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rapid diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are of major
      importance to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with blood stream
      infections (BSI). Blood culture, the current gold standard for detecting bacteria
      in blood, requires at least 24-48 hours and has limited sensitivity if obtained
      during antibiotic treatment of the patient. The aim of this prospective
      multicenter study was to clinically evaluate the application of a commercial
      universal 16S/18S rDNA PCR, SepsiTestTM (PCR-ST), directly on whole blood.
      METHODS: In total 236 samples from 166 patients with suspected sepsis were
      included in the study. PCR-ST results were compared to blood culture, the current
      gold standard for detecting BSI. Because blood cultures can give false-negative
      results, we performed an additional analysis to interpret the likelihood of
      bloodstream infection by using an evaluation based on clinical diagnosis, other
      diagnostic tests and laboratory parameters. RESULTS: Clinical interpretation of
      results defined the detected organism to be contaminants in 22 of 43 positive
      blood cultures (51.2 %) and 21 of 47 positive PCR-ST results (44.7 %). Excluding
      these contaminants resulted in an overall sensitivity and specificity of the PCR
      ST of 66.7 and 94.4 % respectively. Of the 36 clinically relevant samples, 11 BSI
      were detected with both techniques, 15 BSI were detected with PCR-ST only and 10
      with blood culture only. Therefore, in this study, SepsiTestTM detected an
      additional 71 % BSI compared to blood culture alone. CONCLUSIONS: More clinically
      relevant BSI were diagnosed by molecular detection, which might influence patient
      treatment. An improved SepsiTestTM assay suited for routine use can have
      additional value to blood culture in diagnosing bacteremia in septic patients.

PMID- 27364887
TI  - Reporting Guidelines for the Use of Expert Judgement in Model-Based Economic
      Evaluations.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Expert judgement has a role in model-based economic evaluations
      (EEs) of healthcare interventions. This study aimed to produce reporting criteria
      for two types of study design to use expert judgement in model-based EE: (i) an
      expert elicitation (quantitative) study; and (ii) a Delphi study to collate
      (qualitative) expert opinion. METHODS: A two-round online Delphi process
      identified the degree of consensus for four core definitions (expert; expert
      parameter values; expert elicitation study; expert opinion) and two sets of
      reporting criteria in a purposive sample of experts. The initial set of reporting
      criteria comprised 17 statements for reporting a study to elicit parameter values
      and/or distributions and 11 statements for reporting a Delphi survey to obtain
      expert opinion. Fifty experts were invited to become members of the Delphi
      process panel by e-mail. Data analysis summarised the extent of agreement (using
      a pre-defined 75 % 'consensus' threshold) on the definitions and suggested
      reporting criteria. Free-text comments were analysed using thematic analysis.
      RESULTS: The final panel comprised 12 experts. Consensus was achieved for the
      definitions of expert (88 %); expert parameter values (83 %); and expert
      elicitation study (83 %). The panel recommended criteria to use when reporting an
      expert elicitation study (16 criteria) and a Delphi study to collate expert
      opinion (11 criteria). CONCLUSION: This study has produced guidelines for
      reporting two types of study design to use expert judgement in model-based EE:
      (i) an expert elicitation study requiring 16 reporting criteria; and (ii) a
      Delphi study to collate expert opinion requiring 11 reporting criteria.

PMID- 27364888
TI  - The role of kisspeptin and RFRP in the circadian control of female reproduction.
AB  - In female mammals, reproduction shows ovarian and daily rhythms ensuring that the
      timing of the greatest fertility coincides with maximal activity and arousal. The
      ovarian cycle, which lasts from a few days to a few weeks, depends on the rhythm
      of follicle maturation and ovarian hormone production, whereas the daily cycle
      depends on a network of circadian clocks of which the main one is located in the
      suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). In the last ten years, major progress has been made
      in the understanding of the neuronal mechanisms governing mammalian reproduction
      with the finding that two hypothalamic Arg-Phe-amide peptides, kisspeptin (Kp)
      and RFRP, regulate GnRH neurons. In this review we discuss the pivotal role of Kp
      and RFRP neurons at the interface between the SCN clock signal and GnRH neurons
      to properly time gonadotropin-induced ovulation. We also report recent findings
      indicating that these neurons may be part of the multi-oscillatory circadian
      system that times female fertility. Finally, we will discuss recent
      investigations indicating a role, and putative therapeutic use, of these
      neuropeptides in human reproduction.

PMID- 27364889
TI  - Betulinic acid ameliorates experimental diabetic-induced renal inflammation and
      fibrosis via inhibiting the activation of NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
AB  - Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure and is
      characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such
      as fibronectin (FN), in the glomerular mesangium and tubulointerstitium.
      Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene derived from the bark of the white
      birch tree, has been demonstrated to have many pharmacological activities.
      However, the effect of BA on DN has not been fully elucidated. To explore the
      possible anti-inflammatory effects of BA and their underlying mechanisms, we used
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat kidneys and high glucose-treated glomerular
      mesangial cells. Our study showed BA could inhibit the degradation of
      IkappaBalpha and the activity of NF-kappaB in diabetic rat kidneys and high
      glucose-induced mesangial cells, resulting in reduction of FN expression. In
      addition, BA suppressed the DNA binding activity and transcriptional activity of
      NF-kappaB in high glucose-induced glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs). Furthermore,
      BA enhanced the interaction between IkappaBalpha and beta-arrestin2 in mesangial
      cells. Taken together, our data suggest BA inhibits NF-kappaB activation through
      stabilizing NF-kappaB inhibitory protein IkappaBalpha, thereby preventing
      diabetic renal fibrosis.

PMID- 27364890
TI  - Infiltrating T lymphocytes reduce myeloid phagocytosis activity in
      synucleinopathy model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Synucleinopathies comprise a group of neurodegenerative diseases
      associated with abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein. One of the key factors
      that contribute to the progression of synucleinopathies is neuroinflammation.
      However, the role of lymphocytes in synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease
      (PD) remains largely unclear. METHODS: To investigate how lymphocytes impact
      synucleinopathies, human wild-type alpha-synuclein (WTS) transgenic mice were
      crossed with mice lacking mature lymphocytes (Rag2(-/-)). In this in vivo model,
      we quantified alpha-synuclein aggregation in the substantia nigra (SN) and
      striatum and determined the numbers of innate and adaptive immune cells in the
      central nervous system (CNS). The activation state of resident and infiltrated
      CNS myeloid cells (M1 vs. M2) was further classified by gene and protein
      expression analyses. The impact of T and B lymphocytes on the phagocytic activity
      of microglia in the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates was addressed in BV2
      microglia in vitro. RESULTS: Compared to WTS(+) Rag2(+/+) mice, where T but not B
      lymphocytes infiltrated the CNS, decreased amounts of alpha-synuclein aggregates
      were found in WTS(+) Rag2(-/-) mice devoid of mature lymphocytes. The presence of
      T lymphocytes did not alter the number of Iba1(+) microglia but increased the
      frequency of the CD11b(+) CD45(hi) population in the CNS, indicative of an
      increased number of infiltrated macrophages. Moreover, the M1 phenotype was more
      prominent in WTS(+) Rag2(+/+) mice, whereas the M2 activation state was
      dominating in the absence of lymphocytes in WTS(+) Rag2(-/-) mice. In vitro, in
      the presence of T but not B lymphocytes, significantly less alpha-synuclein was
      phagocytosed by BV2 microglia, further supporting the prevalence of the M1
      phenotype in the presence of T lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral T lymphocytes
      strongly contribute to increased alpha-synuclein pathology via modulation of CNS
      myeloid cell function. In the presence of T lymphocytes, microglia phagocytosis
      of aggregated alpha-synuclein is reduced, which increases the severity of
      synucleinopathy.

PMID- 27364891
TI  - Robust Multiple-Range Coherent Quantum State Transfer.
AB  - We propose a multiple-range quantum communication channel to realize coherent two
      way quantum state transport with high fidelity. In our scheme, an information
      carrier (a qubit) and its remote partner are both adiabatically coupled to the
      same data bus, i.e., an N-site tight-binding chain that has a single defect at
      the center. At the weak interaction regime, our system is effectively equivalent
      to a three level system of which a coherent superposition of the two carrier
      states constitutes a dark state. The adiabatic coupling allows a well
      controllable information exchange timing via the dark state between the two
      carriers. Numerical results show that our scheme is robust and efficient under
      practically inevitable perturbative defects of the data bus as well as
      environmental dephasing noise.

PMID- 27364892
TI  - Stimulatory versus suppressive effects of GM-CSF on tumor progression in multiple
      cancer types.
AB  - Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, also called CSF-2) is
      best known for its critical role in immune modulation and hematopoiesis. A large
      body of experimental evidence indicates that GM-CSF, which is frequently
      upregulated in multiple types of human cancers, effectively marks cancer cells
      with a 'danger flag' for the immune system. In this context, most studies have
      focused on its function as an immunomodulator, namely its ability to stimulate
      dendritic cell (DC) maturation and monocyte/macrophage activity. However, recent
      studies have suggested that GM-CSF also promotes immune-independent tumor
      progression by supporting tumor microenvironments and stimulating tumor growth
      and metastasis. Although some studies have suggested that GM-CSF has inhibitory
      effects on tumor growth and metastasis, an even greater number of studies show
      that GM-CSF exerts stimulatory effects on tumor progression. In this review, we
      summarize a number of findings to provide the currently available information
      regarding the anticancer immune response of GM-CSG. We then discuss the potential
      roles of GM-CSF in the progression of multiple types of cancer to provide
      insights into some of the complexities of its clinical applications.

PMID- 27364894
TI  - Pushing the limits of the Leksell stereotactic frame for spinal lesions up to C3:
      fixation at the maxilla.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spinal radiosurgery is not considered in the domain of traditional
      Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) setup. The major obstacles in GKRS for upper
      cervical spine lesions remain in difficulty of frame fixation, avoiding collision
      and maintaining the integrity of the relative position of the lesion from image
      acquisition to treatment. METHODOLOGY: The supraorbital margin remains the
      standard lowest fixation point for Leksell stereotactic frame. We describe
      fixation at the maxilla to target and treat upper cervical spine lesions (up to
      C3 vertebra) with measures to ensure cervical immobilisation and precision of the
      GKRS treatment. RESULTS: We have treated two patients at the upper cervical spine
      up to C3 vertebra by fixing anterior pillars of the Leksell stereotactic frame at
      the maxilla. To ensure cervical immobilisation and precision of treatment, the
      neck was immobilised with a Philadelphia collar. The relative position between
      the head and sternum with the couch from image acquisition to the radiation
      delivery was kept constant. Docking angle was kept neutral (90 degrees)
      throughout the treatment (from image acquisition to actual treatment).
      CONCLUSIONS: The maxilla is a potential alternative for stereotactic frame
      fixation. Measures to ensure cervical immobilisation with lower-down frame
      position permits treatment of lesions as low as C3 vertebra.

PMID- 27364893
TI  - The role of autophagy in allergic inflammation: a new target for severe asthma.
AB  - Autophagy has been investigated for its involvement in inflammatory diseases, but
      its role in asthma has been little studied. This study aimed to explore the
      possible role of autophagy and its therapeutic potential in severe allergic
      asthma. BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14,
      followed by primary OVA challenge on days 28-30. The mice received a secondary 1
      or 2% OVA challenge on days 44-46. After the final OVA challenge, the mice were
      assessed for airway responsiveness (AHR), cell composition and cytokine levels in
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). LC3 expression in lung tissue was measured
      by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Autophagosomes were detected by
      electron microscopy. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) treatment and Atg5 knockdown were
      applied to investigate the potential role of autophagy in allergic asthma mice.
      AHR, inflammation in BALF and LC3 expression in lung tissue were significantly
      increased in the 2% OVA-challenged mice compared with the 1% OVA-challenged mice
      (P<0.05). In addition, eosinophils showed prominent formation of autophagosomes
      and increased LC3 expression compared with other inflammatory cells in BALF and
      lung tissue. After autophagy was inhibited by 3-MA and Atg5 shRNA treatment, AHR,
      eosinophilia, interleukin (IL)-5 levels in BALF and histological inflammatory
      findings were much improved. Finally, treatment with an anti-IL-5 antibody
      considerably reduced LC3 II expression in lung homogenates. Our findings suggest
      that autophagy is closely correlated with the severity of asthma through
      eosinophilic inflammation, and its modulation may provide novel therapeutic
      approaches for severe allergic asthma.

PMID- 27364895
TI  - Subarachnoid haemorrhage secondary to traumatic intracranial aneurysm of the
      posterior cerebral circulation: case series and literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To identify the clinical features, rebleed risk, timing and method of
      diagnosis, complications and outcome for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) from
      traumatic intracranial aneurysm (TICA) of the posterior circulation. Subjects
      included 26 patients aged 3-54 (mean 24.8). METHODS: Case series and literature
      search to identify all reported cases. RESULTS: In our series, two of three cases
      were fatal as a result of rebleed, and one case had a good outcome with no
      deficit, following prompt diagnosis and embolisation. Our key findings from the
      literature review were: 30.7 % of patients were age 16 and under; 88 % had an
      acute drop in consciousness, 46 % in a delayed manner; the mean time to diagnosis
      was 7.5 days; initial cerebrovascular imaging was normal in 23 %; the rebleed
      rate was 23 %; 61 % required emergency diversion of cerebrospinal fluid; 11 %
      developed vasospasm requiring treatment; 19.2 % had deficits that rendered them
      unable to live independently. The mortality rate was 27 %. CONCLUSIONS: SAH from
      ruptured posterior circulation TICA is associated with significant morbidity and
      mortality. A high index of suspicion as well as prompt diagnosis, repeat imaging
      in selected cases, and treatment of any associated TICA can be crucial to a
      favourable outcome.

PMID- 27364896
TI  - Severe Paracoccidioidomycosis in a 14-Year-Old Boy.
AB  - Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most important systemic mycoses in Latin
      America. We describe a severe case of paracoccidioidomycosis in a 14-year-old
      boy, with a rapid disease progression. The fungal strain was isolated and
      inoculated into a T and/or B cell immunocompromised mice, which revealed a highly
      virulent strain. The case report presented herein emphasizes the importance of
      considering PCM in the differential diagnosis of patients with other infectious
      diseases in endemic areas and highlights a novel isolate.

PMID- 27364897
TI  - [Items that justify a day-care hospital stay for the management of skin cancer.
      Guidelines from the Oncodermatology Group of the Societe Francaise de
      Dermatologie].

PMID- 27364898
TI  - [Criteria of the French bullous study group for day-care hospitalization billing
      for a patient with autoimmune bullous disease].

PMID- 27364899
TI  - [The role of reflectance confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography in
      the diagnosis of epithelial-cystic conjunctival nevus].

PMID- 27364900
TI  - Single- and Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Immediate-Release/Extended-Release
      Ibuprofen Tablets.
AB  - A single-dose, randomized, open-label, crossover study (study 1; n = 35) and a
      multiple-dose, randomized, open-label, crossover study (study 2; n = 28) compared
      the pharmacokinetics of a new immediate-release/extended-release (IR/ER) bilayer
      tablet formulation of ibuprofen 600 mg every 12 hours with standard ibuprofen 200
      mg IR every 4 hours. In both studies, the 2 formulations were bioequivalent to
      each other for the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from
      time 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUCL), to infinity (AUCinfinity ),
      and to 12 hours (AUC0-12 ) and maximum concentration (Cmax ). In study 1, food
      slowed the absorption of ibuprofen from ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER (lower Cmax )
      compared with the fasted state but did not affect the overall extent (AUC) of
      ibuprofen absorption. In study 2, there was no evidence of drug accumulation with
      multiple doses of ibuprofen IR/ER. In conclusion, ibuprofen 600 mg IR/ER provides
      a twice-daily over-the-counter analgesic option that is bioequivalent to standard
      ibuprofen 200 mg IR (every 4 hours) with regard to both the rate (Cmax ) and the
      extent (AUC) of absorption.

PMID- 27364901
TI  - Off the Beaten Track-A Hitchhiker's Guide to Beryllium Chemistry.
AB  - This Minireview aims to give an introduction to beryllium chemistry for all less
      experienced scientists in this field of research. Up to date information on the
      toxicity of beryllium and its compounds are reviewed and several basic and
      necessary guidelines for a safe and proper handling in modern chemical research
      laboratories are presented. Interesting phenomenological observations are
      described that are related directly to the uniqueness of this element, which are
      also put into historical context. Herein we combine the contributions and
      experiences of many scientist that work passionately in this field. We want to
      encourage fellow scientists to reconcile the long-standing reservations about
      beryllium and its compounds and motivate intense research on this spurned
      element. Who on earth should be able to deal with beryllium and its compounds if
      not chemists?

PMID- 27364902
TI  - Tissue microarray profiling in human heart failure.
AB  - Tissue MicroArrays (TMAs) are a versatile tool for high-throughput protein
      screening, allowing qualitative analysis of a large number of samples on a single
      slide. We have developed a customizable TMA system that uniquely utilizes
      cryopreserved human cardiac samples from both heart failure and donor patients to
      produce formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. Confirmatory upstream or
      downstream molecular studies can then be performed on the same (biobanked)
      cryopreserved tissue. In a pilot study, we applied our TMAs to screen for the
      expression of four-and-a-half LIM-domain 2 (FHL2), a member of the four-and-a
      half LIM family. This protein has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart
      failure in a variety of animal models. While FHL2 is abundant in the heart, not
      much is known about its expression in human heart failure. For this purpose, we
      generated an affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal anti-human FHL2 antibody. Our
      TMAs allowed high-throughput profiling of FHL2 protein using qualitative and
      semiquantitative immunohistochemistry that proved complementary to Western blot
      analysis. We demonstrated a significant relative reduction in FHL2 protein
      expression across different forms of human heart failure.

PMID- 27364903
TI  - Differences in cytocompatibility, dynamics of the oxide layers' formation, and
      nickel release between superelastic and thermo-activated nickel-titanium
      archwires.
AB  - Superelastic (SE) and thermo-activated (TA) nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires are
      used in everyday orthodontic practice, based on their acceptable biocompatibility
      and well-defined shape memory properties. However, the differences in their
      surface microstructure and cytotoxicity have not been clearly defined, and the
      standard cytotoxicity tests are too robust to detect small differences in the
      cytotoxicity of these alloys, all of which can lead to unexpected adverse
      reactions in some patients. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the
      differences in manufacture and microstructure of commercially available SE and TA
      archwires may influence their biocompatibility. The archwires were studied as
      received and after conditioning for 24 h or 35 days in a cell culture medium
      under static conditions. All of the tested archwires, including their conditioned
      medium (CM), were non-cytotoxic for L929 cells, but Rematitan SE (both as
      received and conditioned) induced the apoptosis of rat thymocytes in a direct
      contact. In contrast, TruFlex SE and Equire TA increased the proliferation of
      thymocytes. The cytotoxic effect of Rematitan SE correlated with the higher
      release of Ni ions in CM, higher concentration of surface Ni and an increased
      oxygen layer thickness after the conditioning. In conclusion, the apoptosis assay
      on rat thymocytes, in contrast to the less sensitive standard assay on L929
      cells, revealed that Rematitan SE was less cytocompatible compared to other
      archwires and the effect was most probably associated with a higher exposition of
      the cells to Ni on the surface of the archwire, due to the formation of unstable
      oxide layer. 

PMID- 27364904
TI  - Synthetic Lethal Targeting of ARID1A-Mutant Ovarian Clear Cell Tumors with
      Dasatinib.
AB  - New targeted approaches to ovarian clear cell carcinomas (OCCC) are needed, given
      the limited treatment options in this disease and the poor response to standard
      chemotherapy. Using a series of high-throughput cell-based drug screens in OCCC
      tumor cell models, we have identified a synthetic lethal (SL) interaction between
      the kinase inhibitor dasatinib and a key driver in OCCC, ARID1A mutation.
      Imposing ARID1A deficiency upon a variety of human or mouse cells induced
      dasatinib sensitivity, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this is a
      robust synthetic lethal interaction. The sensitivity of ARID1A-deficient cells to
      dasatinib was associated with G1-S cell-cycle arrest and was dependent upon both
      p21 and Rb. Using focused siRNA screens and kinase profiling, we showed that
      ARID1A-mutant OCCC tumor cells are addicted to the dasatinib target YES1. This
      suggests that dasatinib merits investigation for the treatment of patients with
      ARID1A-mutant OCCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1472-84. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27364905
TI  - Developing a Peer-to-Peer mHealth Application to Connect Hispanic Cancer
      Patients.
AB  - Cancer and its treatment can significantly impact health-related quality of life
      (HRQOL) (J Pain Symptom Manag 9 (3):186-192, 1994; Soc Sci Med 46:1569-1584,
      1998), particularly for Hispanics (Healthcare Financ Rev 29 (4):23-40, 2008;
      Psycho-Oncology 21 (2):115-124, 2012). Moreover, providers of cancer support for
      this population may encounter unique challenges. Grounded in social capital
      theory, this study identified Spanish-speaking, Hispanic breast cancer survivor
      support needs and preferences for a mHealth intervention. A user-centered,
      community-engaged research design was employed, consisting of focus groups made
      up of constituents from a local Hispanic-serving, cancer support organization.
      Focus group audio-recordings, translated into English, were coded using a
      grounded theory analytic approach. First, lead researchers read the complete
      transcripts to obtain a general sense of the discussion. Next, coding rules were
      established (e.g., code at the most granular level; double and triple code if
      necessary, code exhaustively) and initial codebook was created through open
      coding. Three new coders were trained to establish requisite kappa statistic
      levels (>=.70) for inter-rater reliability. With training and discussion, kappa
      estimates reached .81-.88. Focus group (n = 31) results revealed a mHealth
      intervention targeting Hispanic cancer patients should not only offer information
      and support on disease/treatment effects but also respond to the individual's
      HRQOL, particularly emotional and social challenges. Specifically, participants
      expressed a strong desire for Spanish content and to connect with others who had
      gone through a similar experience. Overall, participants indicated they would
      have access to and would use such an intervention. Findings indicate positive
      support for a mHealth tool, which is culturally tailored to Spanish speakers, is
      available in Spanish, and connects cancer patients with survivors.

PMID- 27364907
TI  - Injuries sustained in National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's
      basketball, 2009/2010-2014/2015.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Recent rule changes regarding the safety of basketball athletes
      necessitate up-to-date reports of injury incidence. This study describes the
      epidemiology of injuries in men's and women's National Collegiate Athletic
      Association (NCAA) basketball during the 2009/2010-2014/2015 seasons. METHODS:
      Basketball injury data originate from the 2009/2010-2014/2015 academic years from
      the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) from 78 men's and 74 women's NCAA
      basketball programmes which provided 176 and 181 team-seasons, respectively. A
      reportable injury occurred during organised practice or competition and required
      attention from an athletic trainer (AT) or physician. Injury rates, injury
      proportions and rate ratios (RRs) were calculated. All 95% CIs not containing 1.0
      were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 2308 and 1631
      injuries were reported in men's and women's basketball, respectively, for injury
      rates of 7.97 and 6.54/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs). The rate was higher in men
      than women (RR=1.22; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.30). Non-time-loss (NTL) injuries
      (resulting in participation restriction time under 24 hours) accounted for 64.8%
      and 53.6% of men's competition and practice injuries, respectively, and 53.9% and
      51.3% of women's competition and practice injuries, respectively. Injuries to the
      lower extremity were the most common in competitions (men: 54.9%; women: 59.0%)
      and practices (men: 62.4%; women: 67.3%). The most common injury in men's and
      women's basketball was ankle sprain (17.9% and 16.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:
      NTL injuries account for over half of all injuries in basketball. Most injuries
      were lower extremity injuries, specifically ankle sprains. While rule changes
      have been implemented to make basketball safer, continued research is needed to
      assess the effectiveness of these changes.

PMID- 27364906
TI  - Rituximab is not a "magic drug" in post-transplant recurrence of nephrotic
      syndrome.
AB  - Pediatric patients with end-stage renal failure due to severe drug-resistant
      nephrotic syndrome are at risk of rapid recurrence after renal transplantation.
      Treatment options include plasmapheresis, high-dose of cyclosporine
      A/methylprednisolone and more recently-rituximab (anti-B CD20 monoclonal
      depleting antibody). We report five patients with immediate (1-2 days) post
      transplant recurrence of nephrotic syndrome, treated with this kind of combined
      therapy including 2-4 weekly doses of 375 mg/m(2) of rituximab. Only two (of
      five) patients have showed full long-term remission, while the partial remission
      was seen in two cases, and no clinical effect at all was achieved in one patient.
      The correlation between B CD19 cells depletion and clinical effect was present in
      two cases only. Severe adverse events were present in two patients, including one
      fatal rituximab-related acute lung injury. CONCLUSION: The anti-CD20 monoclonal
      antibody may be not effective in all pediatric cases of rapid post-transplant
      recurrence of nephrotic syndrome, and benefit/risk ratio must be carefully
      balanced on individual basis before taking the decision to use this protocol.
      WHAT IS KNOWN: * nephrotic syndrome may recur immediately after renal
      transplantation * plasmapheresis combined with pharmacotherapy is used as rescue
      management * rituximab was reported as effective drug both in primary and post
      transplant nephrotic syndrome What is New: * rituximab may not be effective is
      several cases of post-transplant nephrotic syndrome due to variety of underlying
      mechanisms of the disease, which may be or not be responsive to this drug * there
      may be no correlation between drug-induced depletion of specific B cells and
      clinical effect; this might suggest B-cell independent manner of rituximab
      action.

PMID- 27364908
TI  - Guidelines on venous ulceration: A mess.

PMID- 27364909
TI  - [Fasciae latae perforator flap for breast reconstruction: An attractive
      alternative in case of DIEP contraindication].
AB  - The musculocutaneous tensor fascia latae flap was one of the first free flaps
      described. It is possible to harvest a flap with the same skin paddle,
      vascularized by a septo-cutaneous perforator running through the tensor fascia
      lata muscle septum and coming from the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex
      femoral artery. The DIEP is currently the workhorse of autologous breast
      reconstruction, but there are some contraindications. The septo-cutaneous tensor
      fascia latae perforator flap may be an alternative for women with lateral upper
      thigh lipodystrophy. Between 2010 and 2014, three flaps have been performed in
      two patients for delayed breast reconstruction (one case of unilateral
      reconstruction, and one bilateral). Perforators were identified by preoperative
      angiography. The intervention was performed in a two-team approach, in only one
      operative position. Perforators were located in the horizontal axis of the upper
      rim of the pubis bone. One perforator artery was dissected for each flap. The
      mean caliber of the pedicle was 2.8mm, and the mean length was 6.4cm. The
      operative time was 240minutes for unilateral flap, 375minutes for bilateral flap.
      There was no case of total or partial necrosis, or complications on the donor
      site. Cosmetic results were considered satisfying by patients and surgeons with
      the reconstructed breast as well as the donor site. Septo-cutaneous fascia lata
      perforator flap is an attractive flap for breast reconstruction in patients with
      DIEP contraindication and lateral upper thigh lipodystrophy. It has many
      advantages: easy to harvest, length and calibre of the pedicle, double team
      approach, only one operating position, quality of reconstruction. It is necessary
      to carry out a larger series of cases to study the complication rate in the donor
      site.

PMID- 27364910
TI  - Unusual case of appendicitis.
AB  - A teenage girl was admitted to the paediatric assessment unit with non-specific
      abdominal pain that gradually localised to the right iliac fossa (RIF). She
      remained systemically well; investigations including blood tests, urine sample
      and abdominal ultrasound were inconclusive. Surgical opinion was sought and the
      decision was made to perform a diagnostic laparoscopy due to the ongoing pain.
      Laparoscopy showed no evidence of any significant pathology, and appendicectomy
      was performed following the routine practice. Numerous pinworms came out while
      the appendix was resected. The RIF pain resolved and the patient made a full post
      operative recovery. A stat dose of mebendazole and amoxicillin were given and the
      immediate family was also treated. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) causes
      significant morbidity worldwide and has a high prevalence among children in the
      UK. It can be easily treated and prompt recognition based on clinical symptoms
      can potentially prevent unnecessary surgery. 

PMID- 27364911
TI  - FGF21 represses cerebrovascular aging via improving mitochondrial biogenesis and
      inhibiting p53 signaling pathway in an AMPK-dependent manner.
AB  - Cerebrovascular aging has a high relationship with stroke and neurodegenerative
      disease. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of fibroblast growth
      factor 21 (FGF21) on angiotensin (Ang II)-mediated cerebrovascular aging in human
      brain vascular smooth muscle cells (hBVSMCs). Ang II induced remarkable aging
      phenotypes in hBVSMCs, including enhanced SA-beta-gal staining and NBS1 protein
      expression. First, we used immunoblotting assay to confirm protein expression of
      FGF21 receptor (FGFR1) and the co-receptor beta-Klotho in cultured hBVSMCs.
      Second, we found that FGF21 treatment partly prevented the aging-related changes
      induced by Ang II. FGF21 inhibited Ang II-enhanced ROS production/superoxide
      anion levels, rescued the Ang II-reduced Complex IV and citrate synthase
      activities, and suppressed the Ang II-induced meprin protein expression. Third,
      we showed that FGF21 not only inhibited the Ang II-induced p53 activation, but
      also blocked the action of Ang II on Siah-1-TRF signaling pathway which is
      upstream factors for p53 activation. At last, either chemical inhibition of AMPK
      signaling pathway by a specific antagonist Compound C or knockdown of
      AMPKalpha1/2 isoform using siRNA, successfully abolished the anti-aging action of
      FGF21 in hBVSMCs. These results indicate that FGF21 protects against Ang II
      induced cerebrovascular aging via improving mitochondrial biogenesis and
      inhibiting p53 activation in an AMPK-dependent manner, and highlight the
      therapeutic value of FGF21 in cerebrovascular aging-related diseases such as
      stroke and neurodegenerative disease.

PMID- 27364912
TI  - Vitamin D prevents glycation of proteins: an in vitro study.
AB  - Human serum albumin (HSA) is an important protein involved in the transport of
      hormones, fatty acids, drugs, and other macromolecules. Under hyperglycemic
      conditions, this molecule undergoes irreversible modification that affects its
      structure and function. In this study, we explored the effect of two forms of
      vitamin D, a nutraceutical, on glycation modification in HSA. The protein was
      incubated with a physiologically high concentration of glucose in the presence of
      vitamin D metabolites. After 21 days, samples were tested for secondary
      structural changes, side chain modification, and the presence of advanced
      glycation end products. Vitamin D metabolites could reduce glycation
      modification, albeit only to a small extent. Interaction studies reveal that
      Vitamin D interaction with HSA can prevent protein glycation.

PMID- 27364913
TI  - Implementation of an educational program for nursing students amidst the Ebola
      virus disease epidemic.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The global Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic of 2014/2015 prompted
      faculty at Emory University to develop an educational program for nursing
      students to increase EVD knowledge and confidence and decrease concerns about
      exposure risk. PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to describe the
      development, implementation, and evaluation of the EVD Just-in-Time Teaching
      (JiTT) educational program. METHODS: Informational sessions, online course links,
      and a targeted, self-directed slide presentation were developed and implemented
      for the EVD educational program. Three student surveys administered at different
      time points were used to evaluate the program and change in students' EVD
      knowledge, confidence in knowledge, and risk concern. DISCUSSION: Implementation
      of a JiTT educational program effectively achieved our goals to increase EVD
      knowledge, decrease fear, and enhance student confidence in the ability to
      discuss EVD risk. These achievements were sustained over time. CONCLUSION: JiTT
      methodology is an effective strategy for schools of nursing to respond quickly
      and comprehensively during an unanticipated infectious disease outbreak.

PMID- 27364916
TI  - A Developmental and Process Approach to "Choice Categories": Imagination and
      "Tacit Knowledge".
AB  - A developmental process approach is proposed in order to contribute to reflect
      upon "choice categories" as the phenomena of human individuation (Mammen and
      Mironenko, Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 49:681-713, 2015;
      Mammen, 2016). Firstly we contrapose this perspective to the results referred by
      Krojgaard (Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 50(2), 264-276, 2016)
      regarding infant development. Subsequently, we discuss the role of imagination
      and the role of Polanyi's "tacit knowledge" as contributing to complement the
      concept of "choice categories". By this way we aim to highlight the heuristic
      value of focusing on the quality of the dynamics that guide developmental changes
      and its embeddedness in sociocultural milieu. 

PMID- 27364915
TI  - A high-density SNP genotyping array for Brassica napus and its ancestral diploid
      species based on optimised selection of single-locus markers in the
      allotetraploid genome.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: The Brassica napus Illumina array provides genome-wide markers
      linked to the available genome sequence, a significant tool for genetic analyses
      of the allotetraploid B. napus and its progenitor diploid genomes. A high-density
      single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Illumina Infinium array, containing 52,157
      markers, was developed for the allotetraploid Brassica napus. A stringent
      selection process employing the short probe sequence for each SNP assay was used
      to limit the majority of the selected markers to those represented a minimum
      number of times across the highly replicated genome. As a result approximately 60
      % of the SNP assays display genome-specificity, resolving as three clearly
      separated clusters (AA, AB, and BB) when tested with a diverse range of B. napus
      material. This genome specificity was supported by the analysis of the diploid
      ancestors of B. napus, whereby 26,504 and 29,720 markers were scorable in B.
      oleracea and B. rapa, respectively. Forty-four percent of the assayed loci on the
      array were genetically mapped in a single doubled-haploid B. napus population
      allowing alignment of their physical and genetic coordinates. Although strong
      conservation of the two positions was shown, at least 3 % of the loci were
      genetically mapped to a homoeologous position compared to their presumed physical
      position in the respective genome, underlying the importance of genetic
      corroboration of locus identity. In addition, the alignments identified multiple
      rearrangements between the diploid and tetraploid Brassica genomes. Although
      mostly attributed to genome assembly errors, some are likely evidence of
      rearrangements that occurred since the hybridisation of the progenitor genomes in
      the B. napus nucleus. Based on estimates for linkage disequilibrium decay, the
      array is a valuable tool for genetic fine mapping and genome-wide association
      studies in B. napus and its progenitor genomes.

PMID- 27364917
TI  - Correction: Sparse sampling methods in multidimensional NMR.
AB  - Correction for 'Sparse sampling methods in multidimensional NMR' by Mehdi Mobli
      et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14, 10835-10843. 

PMID- 27364918
TI  - NURSE STAFFING AND RENAL ANAEMIA OUTCOMES IN HAEMODIALYSIS CARE.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current trends in renal anaemia management place greater emphasis,
      and thus increased workload, on the role of the nurse in haemodialysis settings.
      However, there is little evidence that demonstrates the relationship between
      nurse staffing and patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES: To describe nurse staffing in
      haemodialysis settings, its relationship with target levels of renal anaemia
      management and to describe target level achievement for different ways of
      organising anaemia management. DESIGN: Cross-sectional audit. PARTICIPANTS: Forty
      (out of 78) haemodialysis centres in Sweden reported quality assurance data.
      MEASUREMENTS: The numbers of bedside registered nurses, licensed nurse assistants
      and patients undergoing haemodialysis during a predefined morning shift; type of
      anaemia management and achieved target levels of anaemia management. RESULTS: The
      mean patient:registered nurse ratio was 2.4 and the mean patient:nurse assistant
      ratio was 12.8. There were no significant relationships between registered nurse
      staffing and target level achievement. On average, 45.6% of the patients had
      haemoglobin within the target levels at centres applying nurse-driven anaemia
      management, compared with 47.3% at physician-driven centres. CONCLUSIONS: These
      cross-sectional data suggest that renal anaemia outcomes are unrelated to the
      patient:registered nurse ratio. There is, however, room for improvement in renal
      anaemia management in the units included in this study, particularly the
      achievement of target levels of haemoglobin and transferrin saturation.

PMID- 27364919
TI  - Expression of pluripotency markers in Arbas Cashmere goat hair follicle stem
      cells.
AB  - In our previous work, we found that the Inner Mongolia Arbas Cashmere goat hair
      follicle stem cells (gHFSCs) can be successfully differentiated into adipocyte,
      chondrocyte, and osteocyte lineages. In this study, we further examined the
      expression of the pluripotency and stemness markers Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, AKP, and
      TERT in gHFSCs by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and Western
      blot. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the gHFSCs were positive for all
      five markers. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) further analyzed the
      positive expression of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 in the gHFSCs. Compared with Arbas
      Cashmere goat adipose-derived stem cells (gADSCs) at the mRNA expression level,
      Oct4 was relatively highly expressed in gHFSCs, 41.36 times of the gADSCs, and
      Nanog was 5.61, AKP was 2.74, and TERT was 2.10 times, respectively (p < 0.01).
      Western blot indicated that all markers are expressed at the protein level in the
      gHFSCs. When compared with gADSCs, using alpha-tubulin as a reference protein,
      gray intensity analysis showed that the expression of Oct4, Nanog, AKP, and TERT
      were, respectively, 5.94, 10.78, 1.33, and 1.39 times of gADSCs. Additionally,
      mRNA and protein expression of Sox2 were detected in the gHFSCs but not in the
      gADSCs. The protein expression pattern of these markers was consistent with the
      mRNA results. 

PMID- 27364921
TI  - Mapping intra-urban transmission risk of dengue fever with big hourly cellphone
      data.
AB  - Cellphone tracking has been recently integrated into risk assessment of disease
      transmission, because travel behavior of disease carriers can be depicted in
      unprecedented details. Still in its infancy, such an integration has been limited
      to: 1) risk assessment only at national and provincial scales, where intra-urban
      human movements are neglected, and 2) using irregularly logged cellphone data
      that miss numerous user movements. Furthermore, few risk assessments have
      considered positional uncertainty of cellphone data. This study proposed a new
      framework for mapping intra-urban disease risk with regularly logged cellphone
      tracking data, taking the dengue fever in Shenzhen city as an example. Hourly
      tracking records of 5.85 million cellphone users, combined with the random forest
      classification and mosquito activities, were utilized to estimate the local
      transmission risk of dengue fever and the importation risk through travels.
      Stochastic simulations were further employed to quantify the uncertainty of risk.
      The resultant maps suggest targeted interventions to maximally reduce dengue
      cases exported to other places, as well as appropriate interventions to contain
      risk in places that import them. Given the popularity of cellphone use in
      urbanized areas, this framework can be adopted by other cities to design spatio
      temporally resolved programs for disease control. 

PMID- 27364920
TI  - Haptoglobin increases the vulnerability of CD163-expressing neurons to
      hemoglobin.
AB  - Haptoglobin (Hp) binds hemoglobin (Hb) with high affinity and provides the
      primary defense against its toxicity after intravascular hemolysis. Neurons are
      exposed to extracellular Hb after CNS hemorrhage, and a therapeutic effect of Hp
      via Hb sequestration has been hypothesized. In this study, we tested the
      hypothesis that Hp protects neurons from Hb in primary mixed cortical cell
      cultures. Treatment with low micromolar concentrations of human Hb for 24 h
      resulted in loss of 10-20% of neurons without injuring glia. Concomitant
      treatment with Hp surprisingly increased neuronal loss five-sevenfold, with
      similar results produced by Hp 1-1 and 2-2 phenotypes. Consistent with a recent
      in vivo observation, neurons expressed the CD163 receptor for Hb and the Hb-Hp
      complex in these cultures. Hp reduced overall Hb uptake, directed it away from
      the astrocyte-rich CD163-negative glial monolayer, and decreased induction of the
      iron-binding protein ferritin. Hb-Hp complex neuronal toxicity, like that of Hb
      per se, was iron-dependent and reduced by deferoxamine and 2,2' bipyridyl. These
      results suggest that Hp increases the vulnerability of CD163+ neurons to Hb by
      permitting Hb uptake while attenuating the protective response of ferritin
      induction by glial cells. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13342.

PMID- 27364922
TI  - Oral delivery of insulin for treatment of diabetes: status quo, challenges and
      opportunities.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus is characterised by progressive beta-cell
      destruction and loss of function, or loss of ability of tissues to respond to
      insulin. Daily subcutaneous insulin injection is standard management for people
      with diabetes, although patient compliance is hard to achieve due to the
      inconvenience of injections, so other forms of delivery are being tested,
      including oral administration. This review summarises the developments in oral
      insulin administration. METHODS: The PubMed database was consulted to compile
      this review comparing conventional subcutaneous injection of insulin to the
      desired oral delivery. KEY FINDINGS: Oral administration of insulin has potential
      benefits in reducing pain and chances of skin infection, improving the portal
      levels of insulin and avoiding side effects such as hyperinsulinemia, weight gain
      and hypoglycaemia. Although oral delivery of insulin is an ideal administration
      route for patients with diabetes, several physiological barriers have to be
      overcome. An expected low oral bioavailability can be attributed to its high
      molecular weight, susceptibility to enzymatic proteolysis and low diffusion rate
      across the mucin barrier. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for increasing the
      bioavailability of oral insulin include the use of enzyme inhibitors, absorption
      enhancers, mucoadhesive polymers and chemical modification for endogenous
      receptor-mediated absorption. These may help significantly increase patient
      compliance and disease management.

PMID- 27364924
TI  - Lengthening temporalis myoplasty versus free muscle transfer with the gracilis
      flap for long-standing facial paralysis: A systematic review of outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our aim was to compare the outcomes of reconstructive surgery for
      long-standing facial paralysis by gracilis free flap transfer versus lengthening
      temporalis myoplasty (LTM) according to Daniel Labbe. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane Library, Directory of Open
      Access Journals, and SAGE Premier 2011 database were electronically searched.
      Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), and case
      series with a sample size > 5 were sought. Data were extracted by a single
      investigator. RESULTS: Sixteen articles met the selection criteria. All of these
      studies were retrospective case series. Efficacy outcomes were analyzed by
      assessing mouth symmetry both at rest and upon smiling, as well as the quality
      and the spontaneanity of the smile. Commissural displacement in patients operated
      by the gracilis flap was greater after surgery involving masseteric nerve
      reinnervation than a cross-facial nerve graft reinnervation. Patients with double
      innervation had similar results to those who had surgery involving only
      masseteric nerve reinnervation. These results are in accordance with the
      subjective evaluations. Patients operated by the lengthening temporalis myoplasty
      achieve less lateral movement of the commissure, with controversial evidence of
      spontaneity (only "automatic"). CONCLUSIONS: There are currently no published
      RCTs or CCTs regarding facial reanimation surgery. Thus, only very weak evidence
      is available to support the use of one type of surgery over another. However, our
      review suggests that LTM achieves results that are at least equal to those
      obtained with gracilis transfer, but LTM is a less extensive procedure that
      provides quicker results without the need for more than one operation. LTM,
      therefore, seems a good alternative to free muscle flap. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

PMID- 27364923
TI  - TRPV1-mediated presynaptic transmission in basolateral amygdala contributes to
      visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats with neonatal maternal deprivation.
AB  - The central mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity remain largely unknown. It's
      reported that there are highest densities of TRPV1 labeled neurons within
      basolateral amygdala (BLA). The aim of this study was to explore the role and
      mechanisms of TRPV1 in BLA in development of visceral hypersensitivity. Visceral
      hypersensitivity was induced by neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD) and was
      quantified by abdominal withdrawal reflex. Expression of TRPV1 was determined by
      Western blot. The synaptic transmission of neurons in BLA was recorded by patch
      clamping. It was found that the expression of TRPV1 in BLA was significantly
      upregulated in NMD rats; glutamatergic synaptic activities in BLA were increased
      in NMD rats; application of capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonist) decreased
      glutamatergic synaptic activities of BLA neurons in NMD slices through a
      presynaptic mechanism; application of capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) increased
      glutamatergic synaptic activities of BLA neurons in control slices through
      presynaptic mechanism without affecting GABAergic synaptic activities;
      microinjecting capsazepine into BLA significantly increased colonic distension
      threshold both in control and NMD rats. Our data suggested that upregulation of
      TRPV1 in BLA contributes to visceral hypersensitivity of NMD rats through
      enhancing excitation of BLA, thus identifying a potential target for treatment of
      chronic visceral pain.

PMID- 27364925
TI  - Clinical characteristics of adverse events associated with therapeutic monoclonal
      antibodies in Korea.
AB  - PURPOSE: The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is increasing in various
      clinical fields. Although mAb safety must be demonstrated prior to approval,
      targeted pharmacovigilance is essential for the recognition and assessment of
      adverse reactions. The purpose of this study was to identify the major clinical
      features of adverse reactions to mAbs in Korea. METHODS: Spontaneous reports of
      adverse reactions attributed to 18 mAbs from January 2005 to December 2014 were
      extracted from the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System. We analyzed these
      reports for information relating to patient characteristics and the types of
      adverse reactions. RESULTS: In total, 11 492 adverse reactions were reported in
      7569 patients. Almost 19% of total study population showed suspected
      hypersensitivity reactions. Leukocyte abnormalities were reported frequently
      (10.0%), as well as infections (9.5%), drug eruptions (7.5%), and pruritus
      (5.0%). Furthermore, 3716 of the adverse reactions in 2538 patients were
      classified as serious; these included severe infections (18.2%), neutropenia
      (12.1%), visual dysfunctions (6.6%), and anaphylaxis (4.8%). The mAbs with the
      highest number of adverse reaction reports were rituximab (27.6%), adalimumab
      (17.5%), cetuximab (11.9%), and infliximab (10.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Hypersensitivity
      reactions were observed more frequently than expected, although no previously
      unrecognized reactions were observed. Adverse reactions occurred more frequently
      in children and in elderly patients. Close monitoring of adverse reactions to
      therapeutic mAbs is therefore warranted because these can potentially cause
      serious medical conditions or death. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27364927
TI  - H syndrome with histological features of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

PMID- 27364926
TI  - miR-2861 acts as a tumor suppressor via targeting EGFR/AKT2/CCND1 pathway in
      cervical cancer induced by human papillomavirus virus 16 E6.
AB  - Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus viruses (HPVs) is a
      casual factor for cervical cancer and its precursors, and the abnormal
      constitutive expression of viral oncoprotein E6 is a key event during the
      malignant transformation. Here, we performed miRNA microarray to identify changes
      of miRNAs following ectopic HPV16 E6 overexpression in HEK293T cells and found
      miR-2861 was greatly decreased in both HEK293T and HaCaT cells expressing HPV16
      E6 compared to vector control. Further, we demonstrated a biological link among
      HPV16 E6, miR-2861, EGFR, AKT2, and CCND1 in cervical cancer cells. We showed
      that miR-2861 was downregulated in cervical cancer tissues and negatively
      correlated with advanced tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of
      miR-2861 suppressed cervical cancer cell proliferation and invasion and enhanced
      apoptosis. Subsequent investigation revealed that EGFR, AKT2, and CCND1 were all
      the direct targets of miR-2861. Importantly, silencing EGFR, AKT2, and/or CCND1
      recapitulated the cellular effects seen upon miR-2861 overexpression. Restoration
      of EGFR, AKT2, and/or CCND1 counteracted the effects of miR-2861 expression.
      Thus, we identified a new pathway employing miR-2861, EGFR, AKT2, and CCND1 that
      may mediate HPV16 E6 induced initiation and progression of cervical cancer.

PMID- 27364928
TI  - Subungual angioleiomyoma.

PMID- 27364929
TI  - Using transparent adhesive tape to prevent cross infection during contact
      dermoscopy.

PMID- 27364930
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27364931
TI  - Commentary on the Future of Community Psychology: Perspective of a Research
      Community Psychologist.
AB  - Community psychology is commented upon from the perspective of a community
      psychologist who was trained in the Community Psychology Program at the
      University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Her background and training are reviewed. A
      brief survey of research on homelessness as a frame for community psychology
      research is presented. Concluding remarks are provided on the future of research
      in community psychology.

PMID- 27364932
TI  - Optimal Distribution and Utilization of Donated Human Breast Milk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The nutritional content of donated expressed breast milk (DEBM) is
      variable. Using DEBM to provide for the energy requirements of neonates is
      challenging. OBJECTIVE: The authors hypothesized that a system of DEBM energy
      content categorization and distribution would improve energy intake from DEBM.
      METHODS: We compared infants' actual cumulative energy intake with projected
      energy intake, had they been fed using our proposed system. Eighty-five milk
      samples were ranked by energy content. The bottom, middle, and top tertiles were
      classified as red, amber, and green energy content categories, respectively. Data
      on 378 feeding days from 20 babies who received this milk were analyzed. Total
      daily intake of DEBM was calculated in mL/kg/day and similarly ranked. Infants
      received red energy content milk, with DEBM intake in the bottom daily volume
      intake tertile; amber energy content milk, with intake in the middle daily volume
      intake tertile; and green energy content milk when intake reached the top daily
      volume intake tertile. RESULTS: Actual median cumulative energy intake from DEBM
      was 1612 (range, 15-11 182) kcal. Using DEBM with the minimum energy content from
      the 3 DEBM energy content categories, median projected cumulative intake was 1670
      (range 13-11 077) kcal, which was not statistically significant ( P = .418).
      Statistical significance was achieved using DEBM with the median and maximum
      energy content from each energy content category, giving median projected
      cumulative intakes of 1859 kcal ( P = .0006) and 2280 kcal ( P = .0001),
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Cumulative energy intake from DEBM can be improved by
      categorizing and distributing milk according to energy content.

PMID- 27364933
TI  - Calling rate, corticosterone plasma levels and immunocompetence of Hypsiboas
      albopunctatus.
AB  - During the breeding season, male anuran amphibians produce advertisement calls.
      Androgens play a permissive role in the activation of calling activity, which is
      often positively correlated to androgen plasma levels and testes mass.
      Additionally, calling effort is also correlated to corticosterone plasma levels
      (hereinafter referred to as CORT), which is associated with the mobilization of
      energy substrates to sustain the high energy flux associated with this activity.
      However, high CORT also has many immunosuppressive effects and might interfere
      with reproduction. Consequently, CORT might mediate a compromise between
      reproductive effort and immunocompetence in anurans. In the present study, we
      investigated the relationship between calling rate, immunocompetence, and CORT in
      Hypsiboas albopunctatus, a midsize anuran occurring in South America. To
      understand these relationships, we conducted focal observations of calling
      behavior, followed by blood collection for CORT measurements and evaluation of
      some immune parameters. Our results showed that individuals with larger testes
      had higher calling rates, and those with higher calling rates showed lower cell
      mediated immune response (swelling response to phytohaemagglutinin), although
      these relationships were not mediated by CORT. Furthermore, males calling early
      in the evening showed high CORT, and individuals with lower body condition index
      had higher CORT. We conclude that calling activity shows a cost in terms of
      cellular immune response in H. albopunctatus, but this compromise does not appear
      to be mediated by glucocorticoid plasma levels.

PMID- 27364934
TI  - Associations between active living-oriented zoning and no adult leisure-time
      physical activity in the U.S.
AB  - Nearly one-third of adults report no leisure-time physical activity (LTPA).
      Governmental and authoritative bodies recognize the role that community design
      through zoning code changes can play in enabling LTPA. This study examined the
      association between zoning and no adult LTPA in the U.S. This study was conducted
      between 2012 and 2016, with analyses occurring in 2015-2016. Zoning codes
      effective as of 2010 were compiled for jurisdictions located in the 495 most
      populous U.S. counties and were evaluated for pedestrian-oriented code reform
      zoning, 11 active living-oriented provisions (e.g., sidewalks, bike-pedestrian
      connectivity, mixed use, bike lanes) and a summated zoning scale (max=12).
      Individual-level LTPA data were obtained from the 2012 CDC Behavioral Risk Factor
      Surveillance System (BRFSS). County-aggregated, population-weighted zoning
      variables were constructed for linking to BRFSS. Log-log multivariate regressions
      (N=147,517 adults), controlling for individual and county characteristics and
      with robust standard errors clustered on county, were conducted to examine
      associations between zoning and no LTPA. Relative risks (RR) compared predicted
      lack of LTPA at 0% and 100% county-level population exposure to each zoning
      predictor. Zoning code reforms were associated with a 13% lower probability of no
      LTPA (RR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.82-0.92). Except for crosswalks, all zoning provisions
      were associated with an 11-16% lower probability of no LTPA. Having all 12 zoning
      provisions was associated with a 22% lower probability of no LTPA (RR: 0.78, 95%
      CI: 0.72-0.83). The results suggest that active living-oriented zoning is a
      policy lever available to communities seeking to reduce rates of no LTPA.

PMID- 27364936
TI  - SPRINT: The Study Nephrologists Might Take With a Grain of Salt.
AB  - Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience several comorbidities, one
      of the most important being cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). For example,
      patients with stage IIIa/b CKD are more likely to die from CVD than to survive to
      reach end-stage renal disease. Management of hypertension, a major determinant of
      CV outcomes and progressive renal dysfunction, remains elusively controversial in
      the CKD population. In an effort to clarify this, the National Institutes of
      Health-funded Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) compared the
      traditional systolic 140 mm Hg goal with a more aggressive systolic goal of 120
      mm Hg in a cohort of nondiabetic patients at elevated CV risk. SPRINT showed
      statistically significant reductions in combined CV events across all
      prespecified subgroups, including patients with CKD. However, SPRINT did not
      systematically include CKD patients, and the CKD data are merely offered as a
      convenience sampling. This directly limits external generalizability to CKD
      patients since only approximately 30% of SPRINT patients in the 120 mm Hg arm had
      CKD. SPRINT reaffirms the need for blood pressure control, especially in CKD
      patients, but is not a sufficient standalone guideline for nephrologists treating
      CKD in the community. A SPRINT-style study dedicated to the CKD population would
      be more appropriate if traditional CKD guidelines are to be challenged
      conclusively.

PMID- 27364935
TI  - The wMel strain of Wolbachia Reduces Transmission of Zika virus by Aedes aegypti.
AB  - Zika virus (ZIKV) is causing an explosive outbreak of febrile disease in the
      Americas. There are no effective antiviral therapies or licensed vaccines for
      this virus, and mosquito control strategies have not been adequate to contain the
      virus. A promising candidate for arbovirus control and prevention relies on the
      introduction of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia into Aedes aegypti
      mosquitoes. This primarily has been proposed as a tool to control dengue virus
      (DENV) transmission; however, evidence suggests Wolbachia infections confer
      protection for Ae. aegypti against other arboviruses. At present, it is unknown
      whether or not ZIKV can infect, disseminate, and be transmitted by Wolbachia
      infected Ae. aegypti. Using Ae. aegypti infected with the wMel strain of
      Wolbachia that are being released in Medellin, Colombia, we report that these
      mosquitoes have reduced vector competence for ZIKV. These results support the use
      of Wolbachia biocontrol as a multivalent strategy against Ae. aegypti-transmitted
      viruses.

PMID- 27364937
TI  - The World Health Organization Global Health Emergency Workforce: What Role Will
      the United States Play?
AB  - During the May 2016 World Health Assembly of 194 member states, the World Health
      Organization (WHO) announced the process of developing and launching emergency
      medical teams as a critical component of the global health workforce concept.
      Over 64 countries have either launched or are in the development stages of
      vetting accredited teams, both international and national, to provide surge
      support to national health systems through WHO Regional Organizations and the
      delivery of emergency clinical care to sudden-onset disasters and outbreak
      affected populations. To date, the United States has not yet committed to
      adopting the emergency medical team concept in funding and registering an
      international field hospital level team. This article discusses future options
      available for health-related nongovernmental organizations and the required
      educational and training requirements for health care provider accreditation.
      (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:531-535).

PMID- 27364938
TI  - [Newborn and infant fractures secondary to traditional massage].
AB  - The traditional massage of the newborn and young infant is an ancient practice in
      Africa and other regions. It has many benefits that are currently recognized,
      even in Western societies. However, it can be dangerous. We report two cases of
      fractures of the femur and clavicle that occurred in a 17-day-old newborn and a 1
      month-old infant secondary to a traditional massage. In both cases, there was no
      concept of trauma or a history of osteogenesis imperfecta in the family or the
      presence of other fractures suggesting abuse. We concluded in a fracture caused
      by traditional massage in both cases. Given its many benefits as described in the
      literature, the traditional massage of young infants cannot be considered a
      harmful practice. However, it should be practiced with care to prevent the
      occurrence of such complications. 

PMID- 27364939
TI  - [Fungal colonization in preterm neonates weighing less than 1500g admitted to the
      neonatal intensive care unit].
AB  - Fungal colonization is a common occurrence in preterm neonates. Our objective was
      to describe the profile and characteristics of fungal colonization in preterm
      infants admitted to the Martinique NICU. From March 2012 to January 2013, an
      epidemiological prospective cohort study was conducted with 57 very low-birth
      weight infants. Cutaneous, rectal, gastric, respiratory, and urinary swabs were
      collected on admission, then every week for 4 weeks. The prevalence of fungal
      colonization was 68% (39/57): 46% by Malassezia species, 28% by Candida
      parapsilosis, 19% by C. albicans, 5% by C. glabrata, and 2% by C. guilliermondii.
      The colonized patients had a duration of parenteral nutrition and antibiotic
      therapy longer than the others (P<0.05). Nosocomial colonization (after 2 days of
      life) occurred in 52% of cases: Malassezia species and C. parapsilosis were the
      commensal skin yeasts most frequently implicated. Forty-nine percent (28/57) had
      suspected invasive fungal infections that received probabilistic treatment. Only
      one case of invasive fungal infection with C. glabrata was diagnosed. This study
      highlights the important role played by nosocomial transmission in the
      colonization of preterm newborns. Mycological surveillance cultures in the NICU
      are very useful for monitoring fungal ecology and can improve the prevention of
      fungal colonization in preterm infants at risk of invasive fungal infection. 

PMID- 27364941
TI  - SYNTAX score-0 patients: risk stratification in nonobstructive coronary artery
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is a predictor of
      cardiovascular events in patients with >50 % diameter stenosis as determined by
      SYNTAX score. Here, we compare the Gensini score to SYNTAX in patients with CAD
      as well as apply the Gensini score in patients with nonobstructive CAD (NOB-CAD),
      defined by <=50 % diameter stenosis, were the SYNTAX score cannot be utilized to
      define future risk. METHODS: The AtheroGene study enrolled 2316 patients
      [861/37.2 % with acute cardiovascular syndrome (ACS) and 1500/62.8 % with stable
      CAD (SCAD)]. Of these, 1966 had obstructive CAD (OB-CAD) with SYNTAX and Gensini
      scores available and 291 events with either cardiovascular mortality or non-fatal
      myocardial infarction were recorded. Furthermore, 350 patients had NOB-CAD with
      only Gensini score and 36 events. Median follow-up time was 4.9 years. RESULTS:
      In the OB-CAD cohort the SYNTAX and the Gensini score predicted outcome. Kaplan
      Meier curve analysis with the dichotomized Gensini score showed a significant
      result (p = 0.04) in the NOB-CAD cohort. Cox Regression analysis after adjustment
      showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.33 and p = 0.04 for the Gensini score in the NOB
      CAD cohort. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis provided the
      highest area under the curve (AUC) regarding the outcome for the Gensini score
      with 0.65 (p = 0.004). Comparing the SYNTAX and Gensini score in this cohort
      showed improved discrimination of patients with events by the Gensini score (p =
      0.02). CONCLUSION: The Gensini score predicted events in patients with <=50 %
      diameter lesions. Utilization of this score is useful to define risk in NOB-CAD
      patients.

PMID- 27364942
TI  - Cefotaxime-induced drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome in
      a 7-year-old boy.

PMID- 27364940
TI  - Renal denervation for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias: data from an
      International Multicenter Registry.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in patients with chronic heart
      failure (CHF) are sometimes refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs and cardiac
      ablation. This study aimed to investigate catheter-based renal sympathetic
      denervation (RDN) as antiarrhythmic strategy in refractory VA. METHODS: These are
      the first data from a pooled analysis of 13 cases from five large international
      centers (age 59.2 +/- 14.4 years, all male) with CHF (ejection fraction 25.8 +/-
      10.1 %, NYHA class 2.6 +/- 1) presented with refractory VA who underwent RDN.
      Ventricular arrhythmias, ICD therapies, clinical status, and blood pressure (BP)
      were evaluated before and 1-12 months after RDN. RESULTS: Within 4 weeks prior
      RDN, a median of 21 (interquartile range 10-30) ventricular tachycardia (VT) or
      fibrillation (VF) episodes occurred despite antiarrhythmic drugs and prior
      cardiac ablation. RDN was performed bilaterally with a total number of 12.5 +/-
      3.5 ablations and without peri-procedural complications. One and 3 months after
      RDN, VT/VF episodes were reduced to 2 (0-7) (p = 0.004) and 0 (p = 0.006),
      respectively. Four (31 %) and 11 (85 %) patients of these 13 patients were free
      from VA at 1 and 3 months. Although BP was low at baseline (116 +/- 18/73 +/- 13
      mmHg), no significant changes of BP or NYHA class were observed after RDN. During
      follow-up, three patients died from non-rhythm-related causes. CONCLUSIONS: In
      patients with CHF and refractory VA, RDN appears to be safe concerning peri
      procedural complications and blood pressure changes, and is associated with a
      reduced arrhythmic burden.

PMID- 27364943
TI  - Thyroid hormones and complement parameters in hereditary angioedema with C1
      inhibitor deficiency.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thyroid hormones control and up-regulate the synthesis of many plasma
      proteins. OBJECTIVE: To explore possible associations between thyroid hormone and
      complement levels in patients with hereditary angioedema resulting from the
      deficiency of the C1-inhibitor (C1-INH-HAE). METHODS: In this case-control study,
      serum thyrotropin, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels,
      anti-thyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibody titers, and C1-INH
      concentrations were measured in 117 euthyroid patients with C1-INH-HAE and
      compared with their clinical properties. The control group comprised 150 healthy,
      age- and sex-matched, euthyroid individuals. RESULTS: The thyrotropin and
      antithyroglobulin levels were similar between the patients and the controls.
      Significantly lower FT3 (P < .001) and FT4 (P = .002) levels, as well as higher
      anti-thyroid peroxidase titers (P < .001), were seen in the patients with C1-INH
      HAE. The proportion of patients with reduced C1-INH activity was greater among
      those with below-median FT4 levels than among those with above-median values (P =
      .02). Patients who experienced more edematous attacks per year had lower FT4
      levels (within the normal range) than those afflicted by fewer episodes (P =
      .01). The FT3 and FT4 levels were significantly higher in patients undergoing
      long-term danazol therapy than in those who did not receive this drug (P = .01
      and P = .02, respectively). The proportion of patients with FT4 levels in the
      below-median range was higher in the subset with increased d-dimer concentration
      (P = .009). CONCLUSION: Minor variations of the thyroid hormone levels (within
      the reference range) can influence the function of C1-INH in C1-INH-HAE. Our
      findings suggest a role for the endocrine system in the pathophysiology of C1-INH
      HAE.

PMID- 27364945
TI  - Discussion.

PMID- 27364944
TI  - Postoperative autotransfusion drain after total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis
      of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - The use of a postoperative autotransfusion drain (PATD) to reduce allogenic blood
      transfusions in total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains controversial. Therefore, we
      conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this technique.
      Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from PubMed, Embase, and the
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Thirteen RCTs (1,424
      participants) were included in our meta-analysis. The results showed that PATD
      reduced the rate of allogenic transfusions (RR = 0.56; 95% CI [0.40, 0.77]) and
      total blood loss (MD = -196.04; 95% CI [-311.01, -81.07]). Haemoglobin (Hb)
      levels were higher in the PATD group on postoperative day 1 (MD = 0.28; 95% CI
      [0.06, 0.49]), but no significant differences on postoperative days 2 or 3 (MD =
      0.29; 95% CI [-0.02, 0.60]; MD = 0.26; 95% CI [-0.04, 0.56]; respectively). There
      were no differences in length of hospital stay (MD = -0.18; 95% CI [-0.61,
      0.25]), febrile reaction (RR = 1.26; 95% CI [0.95, 1.67]), infection (RR = 0.95;
      95% CI [0.54, 1.65]), wound problems (RR = 1.07; 95% CI [0.87, 1.33]), or serious
      adverse events (RR = 0.59; 95% CI [0.10, 3.58]). Our findings suggest that PATD
      is effective in reducing the rate of allogenic transfusion. However, the included
      studies are inadequately powered to conclusively determine the safety of this
      technique.

PMID- 27364946
TI  - Abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in octogenarians is associated with higher
      mortality compared with nonoctogenarians.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Age is a well-known independent risk factor for death after abdominal
      aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. However, there is significant debate about the
      utility of AAA repair in older patients. In this study, mortality outcomes after
      endovascular AAA repair (EVAR) and open AAA repair (OAR) in octogenarians (aged
      >=80 years) were compared with younger patients (aged <80 years). METHODS: All
      patients recorded in the Vascular Quality Initiative database (2002-2012) who
      underwent infrarenal AAA repair were included. Univariable and multivariable
      statistics were used to compare perioperative (30-day) and 1-year mortality
      outcomes between octogenarians vs nonoctogenarians for OAR and EVAR. RESULTS:
      During the study period, 21,874 patients underwent AAA repair (OAR, 5765; EVAR,
      16,109), including 4839 octogenarians (OAR, 765; EVAR, 4074) and 17,035
      nonoctogenarians (OAR, 5000; EVAR, 12,035). Octogenarians (mean age, 83.0 +/- 0.1
      years) were less frequently male (66% vs 75%) and had a higher prevalence of
      congestive heart failure (9.9% vs 7.1%), chronic renal insufficiency (12.2% vs
      7.5%), and a history of aortic surgery (14.3% vs 7.7%) compared with
      nonoctogenarians (P < .01 for all). Intraoperative use of blood transfusions and
      vasopressors was more common in octogenarians for OAR (blood: 3.3 +/- 4.4 vs 1.8
      +/- 3.7 units; vasopressors: 45.2% vs 32.8%) and EVAR (blood: 0.43 +/- 1.7 vs
      0.31 +/- 1.6 units; vasopressors: 7.6% vs 5.7%; P < .01 for all). Contrast dye
      volumes used during EVAR were similar in octogenarians and nonoctogenarians (108
      +/- 71 vs 107 +/- 68 mL; P = .18). Perioperative mortality after OAR was 20.1% in
      octogenarians compared with 7.1% in nonoctogenarians (P < .01). Perioperative
      mortality after EVAR was 3.8% in the octogenarians compared with 1.6% in
      nonoctogenarians (P < .01). One-year mortality among octogenarians vs
      nonoctogenarians was 26% vs 9.7% for OAR and 8.9% vs 4.3% for EVAR (log-rank
      test, P < .01 for both). Multivariable analysis controlling for baseline and
      intraoperative differences between groups demonstrated that age >=80 years
      increased the risk of 30-day and 1-year mortality after AAA repair by 223% and
      187%, respectively (P < .01 for both). CONCLUSIONS: AAA repair should be
      approached with extreme caution in octogenarians. Perioperative and 1-year
      mortality rates after OAR are particularly high in the older population,
      suggesting that the appropriate aneurysm size threshold for OAR might be larger
      due to the greater operative risk in octogenarian patients.

PMID- 27364948
TI  - Gut Inflammation in Mice Triggers Proliferation and Function of Mucosal Foxp3+
      Regulatory T Cells but Impairs Their Conversion from CD4+ T Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Regulatory Foxp3+CD4+ T cells [Tregs] have been implicated
      in the control of colitis in T-cell transfer models, yet their ability to
      regulate colitis induced by innate immunity and the impact of gut inflammation on
      their fate and function have been poorly documented. METHODS: Colitis was induced
      by dextran sodium sulphate in DEREG transgenic mice. Tregs ablation and transfer
      experiments showd that Tregs could limit the severity of colitis in B6 mice.
      RESULTS: Gut inflammation resulted in increased number of Tregs in mesenteric
      lymph nodes [MLN] and colon lamina propria [LP], although their frequency
      decreased due to massive concomitant leukocyte infiltration. This coincided at
      both sites with a dramatic increase in Ki67+ Tregs which retained proliferative
      capacity. Gut inflammation resulted in enhanced suppressive function of Tregs in
      colon lamina propria and neuropillin-1- [NRP1-] Treg in MLN. Real-time polymerase
      chain reaction analysis and flow cytometry [using IL10-egfp-reporter mice] showed
      that compared with NRP1+ Treg, NRP1- Treg express higher levels of IL-10
      transcripts and were enriched in IL10-expressing cells both in the steady state
      and during colitis. Moreover, Treg conversion in vivo from from naive CD4+ T
      cells or Treg precursors was impaired in colitic mice. Finally, gut inflammation
      caused a decrease in intestinal dendritic cells, affecting both CD103+CD11b+ and
      CD103+CD11b- subsets and affected their Treg conversion capacity. CONCLUSIONS:
      Together, our data indicate that non-specific colon inflammation triggers
      proliferation and suppressive function of Tregs in the lamina propria and MLN,
      but impairs their de novo conversion from CD4+ T cells by intestinal dendritic
      cells.

PMID- 27364947
TI  - Slug inhibits pancreatic cancer initiation by blocking Kras-induced acinar-ductal
      metaplasia.
AB  - Cells in the pancreas that have undergone acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) can
      transform into premalignant cells that can eventually become cancerous. Although
      the epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulator Snail (Snai1) can cooperate with
      Kras in acinar cells to enhance ADM development, the contribution of Snail
      related protein Slug (Snai2) to ADM development is not known. Thus, transgenic
      mice expressing Slug and Kras in acinar cells were generated. Surprisingly, Slug
      attenuated Kras-induced ADM development, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and
      proliferation. Co-expression of Slug with Kras also attenuated chronic
      pancreatitis-induced changes in ADM development and fibrosis. In addition, Slug
      attenuated TGF-alpha-induced acinar cell metaplasia to ductal structures and TGF
      alpha-induced expression of ductal markers in ex vivo acinar explant cultures.
      Significantly, blocking the Rho-associated protein kinase ROCK1/2 in the ex vivo
      cultures induced expression of ductal markers and reversed the effects of Slug by
      inducing ductal structures. In addition, blocking ROCK1/2 activity in Slug
      expressing Kras mice reversed the inhibitory effects of Slug on ADM, ERK1/2
      phosphorylation, proliferation and fibrosis. Overall, these results increase our
      understanding of the role of Slug in ADM, an early event that can eventually lead
      to pancreatic cancer development.

PMID- 27364949
TI  - Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia/Hypertrophy is the Most Prominent Histological Change
      in Crohn's Fibrostenosing Bowel Strictures: A Semiquantitative Analysis by Using
      a Novel Histological Grading Scheme.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The simplistically and ambiguously termed 'fibrostenosis' of bowel is
      a hallmark of severe Crohn's disease [CD] and a major contributor to medical
      treatment failure. Non-invasive imaging assessment and novel medical therapy
      targeting this condition are under investigation, which particularly requires a
      better understanding of the underlying histological basis. METHODS: We analysed
      48 patients with stricturing Crohn's ileitis or/and colitis that required
      surgical resection. The most representative sections of the fibrostenotic, non
      stenotic and uninvolved regions were reviewed for histological analysis. For each
      layer of bowel wall (mucosa including muscularis mucosae [MU], submucosa [SM],
      muscularis propria [MP], subserosal adventitia [SS]), histological abnormalities
      were evaluated individually, including active and chronic inflammation, fibrosis,
      smooth muscle hyperplasia or hypertrophy, neuronal hypertrophy and adipocyte
      proliferation. A novel semiquantitative histological grading scheme was created.
      RESULTS: The most significant histopathological features characterizing the
      stricturing intestines were smooth muscle hyperplasia of SM, hypertrophy of MP
      and chronic inflammation. The muscular alteration was predominant in all layers.
      The overall muscular hyperplasia/hypertrophy was positively correlated with
      chronic inflammation and negatively correlated with fibrosis, whereas SM muscular
      hyperplasia was also associated with MU active inflammation. Similar changes, to
      a lesser extent, occurred in the adjacent non-stenotic inflamed bowel as well.
      CONCLUSIONS: In CD-associated 'fibrostenosis', it is the smooth muscle
      hyperplasia/hypertrophy that contributes most to the stricturing phenotype,
      whereas fibrosis is less significant. The 'inflammation-smooth muscle hyperplasia
      axis' may be the most important in the pathogenesis of Crohn's strictures.

PMID- 27364950
TI  - Heparin exerts anti-apoptotic effects on uterine explants by targeting the
      endocannabinoid system.
AB  - Miscarriage caused by Gram-negative bacteria infecting the female genital tract
      is one of the most common complications of human pregnancy. Intraperitoneal
      administration of LPS to 7-days pregnant mice induces embryo resorption after 24
      h. Here, we show that LPS induced apoptosis on uterine explants from 7-days
      pregnant mice and that CB1 receptor was involved in this effect. On the other
      hand, heparin has been widely used for the prevention of pregnancy loss in women
      with frequent miscarriage with or without thrombophilia. Besides its
      anticoagulant properties, heparin exerts anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and
      anti-apoptotic effects. Here, we sought to investigate whether the administration
      of heparin prevented LPS-induced apoptosis in uterine explants from 7-days
      pregnant mice. We found that heparin enhanced cell survival in LPS-treated
      uterine explants and that this effect was mediated by increasing uterine FAAH
      activity. Taken together, our results point towards a novel mechanism involved in
      the protective effects of heparin.

PMID- 27364951
TI  - Vitamin E synthetic derivate-TPGS-selectively induces apoptosis in jurkat t cells
      via oxidative stress signaling pathways: implications for acute lymphoblastic
      leukemia.
AB  - D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) is a water-soluble
      derivative of natural vitamin E commonly used as a drug delivery agent. Recently,
      TPGS alone has been reported to induce cell death in lung, breast and prostate
      cancer. However, the effect of TPGS on cancer cell viability remains unclear.
      Thus, this study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of TPGS on human
      periphral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and on T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
      Jurkat clone E6-1 cells and its possible mechanism of action. PBL and Jurkat
      cells were treated with TPGS (10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 MUM), and morphological
      changes in the cell nucleus, mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), and
      intracellular reactive oxygen species levels were determined by immune
      fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Cellular apoptosis markers were also
      evaluated by immunocytochemistry. In this study, TPGS induced apoptotic cell
      death in Jurkat cells, but not in PBL, in a dose-response manner with increasing
      nuclear DNA fragmentation, increasing cell cycle arrest, and decreasing
      DeltaPsim. Additionally, TPGS increased dichlorofluorescein fluorescence
      intensity, indicative of H2O2 production, in a dose-independent fashion. TPGS
      increased DJ-1 Cys(106)-sulfonate, as a marker of intracellular stress and
      induced the activation of NF-kappaB, p53 and c-Jun transcription factors.
      Additionally, it increased the expression of apoptotic markers Bcl-2 related pro
      apoptotic proteins Bax and PUMAand activated caspase-3. The antioxidant N-acetyl
      L-cysteine and known pharmacological inhibitors protected the cells from the TPGS
      induced effects. In conclusion, TPGS selectively induces apoptosis in Jurkat
      cells through two independent but complementary H2O2-mediated signaling pathways.
      Our findings support the use of TPGS as a potential treatment for ALL.

PMID- 27364952
TI  - Dihydroceramide-desaturase-1-mediated caspase 9 activation through ceramide plays
      a pivotal role in palmitic acid-induced HepG2 cell apoptosis.
AB  - In this study, results showed that the inhibition of PA-induced HepG2 cell growth
      takes place in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, that activation of
      caspase 9 is necessary for PA-induced HepG2 cell apoptosis, that dihydroceramide
      desaturase 1 (DES1) plays a key role in PA-mediated caspase 9 and caspase 3
      activation, and that palmitoleic acid (POA), an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty
      acid, reverses PA-induced apoptosis through DES1 -> Ceramide -> Caspase 9 ->
      Caspase 3 signaling.

PMID- 27364954
TI  - Age at Death in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We aimed to ascertain the average age at death (AD) in the
      intellectual disability population for each gender and compare them to those of
      the general population during 1970-2012. METHODS: By analysing medical records,
      we calculated the ADs of all deceased clients (N = 1236) of two district
      organizations responsible for intellectual disability services. Statistics
      Finland's database generated data regarding ADs of all inhabitants who had died
      after having resided in same district. RESULTS: During the follow-up, average ADs
      for the intellectual disability population and general population increased, and
      simultaneously the AD difference between these populations decreased. In the
      2000s, the AD difference between the intellectual disability population and the
      whole population was 22 years for men (95% CI: -24 to -20) and 30 years for women
      (95% CI: -33 to -27). In 2000s, the mean AD of those with mild-to-moderate
      intellectual disability (IQ 50-69) for women and men was 56 (SD17) and 54 (SD18),
      and those with severe to profound intellectual disability (IQ<50), 44 (SD23) and
      43 (SD21). CONCLUSIONS: Intellectual disability is still a considerable risk
      factor for early death. Among the intellectual disability population, unlike in
      general population, the lifespans of women and men are equal.

PMID- 27364953
TI  - Partial inactivation of GABAA receptors containing the alpha5 subunit affects the
      development of adult-born dentate gyrus granule cells.
AB  - Alterations of neuronal activity due to changes in GABAA receptors (GABAA R)
      mediating tonic inhibition influence different hippocampal functions. Gabra5-null
      mice and alpha5 subunit((H105R)) knock-in mice exhibit signs of hippocampal
      dysfunction, but are capable of improved performance in several learning and
      memory tasks. Accordingly, alleviating abnormal GABAergic tonic inhibition in the
      hippocampal formation by selective alpha5-GABAA R modulators represents a
      possible therapeutic approach for several intellectual deficit disorders. Adult
      neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus is an important facet of hippocampal
      plasticity; it is regulated by tonic GABAergic transmission, as shown by deficits
      in proliferation, migration and dendritic development of adult-born neurons in
      Gabra4-null mice. Here, we investigated the contribution of alpha5-GABAA Rs to
      granule cell development, using retroviral vectors expressing eGFP for labeling
      precursor cells in the subgranular zone. Global alpha5-GABAA R knockout (alpha5
      KO) mice showed no alterations in migration and morphological development of eGFP
      positive granule cells. However, upregulation of alpha1 subunit-immunoreactivity
      was observed in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex. In contrast,
      partial gene inactivation in alpha5-heterozygous (alpha5-het) mice, as well as
      single-cell deletion of Gabra5 in newborn granule cells from alpha5-floxed mice,
      caused severe alterations of migration and dendrite development. In alpha5-het
      mice, retrovirally mediated overexpression of Cdk5 resulted in normal migration
      and dendritic branching, suggesting that Cdk5 cooperates with alpha5-GABAA Rs to
      regulate neuronal development. These results show that minor imbalance of alpha5
      GABAA R-mediated transmission may have major consequences for neuronal
      plasticity; and call for caution upon chronic therapeutic use of negative
      allosteric modulators acting at these receptors.

PMID- 27364955
TI  - Dose-Dependent Effect of Piragliatin, a Glucokinase Activator, on the QT Interval
      Following Short-Term Multiple Doses in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - To determine the effect of piragliatin on the QTcS (QT-corrected study-specific)
      interval, a double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, active-comparator, 4
      period, 4-treatment, 4-sequence randomized crossover trial was performed in 42
      patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received 100 and 200 mg piragliatin
      twice daily, placebo, and 400 mg moxifloxacin (on day 1 and day 5 only) for 5
      days. In the categorical analyses, piragliatin did not have a clinically
      significant effect on the QTcS interval at either dose, and the majority of
      patients were categorized with low risk for maximum change from baseline (<=30
      milliseconds) and a maximum postbaseline QTcS interval as normal (<=450
      milliseconds). However, in the analysis of variance model, both piragliatin doses
      crossed the 10-millisecond threshold (100 mg twice daily on day 5, hour 1; 200 mg
      twice daily on days 1 and 5, hours 1 and 2) with P values indicating statistical
      significance. Headache and mild hypoglycemia were the most frequent adverse
      events associated with piragliatin treatment. There appeared that the effect of
      piragliatin treatment on the QTc interval was dose/exposure dependent following
      short-term multiple doses. Longer-term monitoring of electrocardiograms with
      pharmacokinetic exposure should continue, especially at conditions for
      potentially higher pharmacokinetic exposure.

PMID- 27364956
TI  - Contact dermatitis.

PMID- 27364957
TI  - molSimplify: A toolkit for automating discovery in inorganic chemistry.
AB  - We present an automated, open source toolkit for the first-principles screening
      and discovery of new inorganic molecules and intermolecular complexes. Challenges
      remain in the automatic generation of candidate inorganic molecule structures due
      to the high variability in coordination and bonding, which we overcome through a
      divide-and-conquer tactic that flexibly combines force-field preoptimization of
      organic fragments with alignment to first-principles-trained metal-ligand
      distances. Exploration of chemical space is enabled through random generation of
      ligands and intermolecular complexes from large chemical databases. We validate
      the generated structures with the root mean squared (RMS) gradients evaluated
      from density functional theory (DFT), which are around 0.02 Ha/au across a large
      150 molecule test set. Comparison of molSimplify results to full optimization
      with the universal force field reveals that RMS DFT gradients are improved by
      40%. Seamless generation of input files, preparation and execution of electronic
      structure calculations, and post-processing for each generated structure aids
      interpretation of underlying chemical and energetic trends. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27364958
TI  - Protein effects in non-heme iron enzyme catalysis: insights from multiscale
      models.
AB  - Many non-heme iron enzymes have similar sets of ligands but still catalyze widely
      different reactions. A key question is, therefore, the role of the protein in
      controlling reactivity and selectivity. Examples from multiscale simulations,
      primarily QM/MM, of both mono- and binuclear non-heme iron enzymes are used to
      analyze the stability of these models and what they reveal about the protein
      effects. Consistent results from QM/MM modeling are the importance of the
      hydrogen bond network to control reactivity and electrostatic stabilization of
      electron transfer from second-sphere residues. The long-range electrostatic
      effects on reaction barriers are small for many systems. In the systems where
      large electrostatic effects have been reported, these lead to higher barriers.
      There is thus no evidence of any significant long-range electrostatic effects
      contributing to the catalytic efficiency of non-heme iron enzymes. However, the
      correct evaluation of electrostatic contributions is challenging, and the
      correlation between calculated residue contributions and the effects of mutation
      experiments is not very strong. The largest benefits of QM/MM models are thus the
      improved active-site geometries, rather than the calculation of accurate
      energies. Reported differences in mechanistic predictions between QM and QM/MM
      models can be explained by differences in hydrogen bonding patterns in and around
      the active site. Correctly constructed cluster models can give results with
      similar accuracy as those from multiscale models, but the latter reduces the risk
      of drawing the wrong mechanistic conclusions based on incorrect geometries and
      are preferable for all types of modeling, even when using very large QM parts.

PMID- 27364959
TI  - The mechanisms of sudden-onset type adverse reactions to oseltamivir.
AB  - Oseltamivir is contraindicated for people aged 10-19 in principle in Japan, due
      to concern about abnormal behaviours. Sudden death is another concern. This
      review examines growing evidence of their association and discusses underlying
      mechanisms of these sudden-onset type reactions to oseltamivir. First, the
      importance of animal models and the concept of human equivalent dose (HED) is
      summarized. Second, the specific condition for oseltamivir use, influenza
      infection, is reviewed. Third, findings from toxicity studies conducted prior to
      and after the marketing of oseltamivir are reported on to provide context on the
      observation of a possible causal association. Fourth, similarity and consistency
      of toxicity in humans with that in other animals is described. Finally, coherence
      of toxicokinetic and molecular level of evidence (channels, receptors and
      enzymes), including differences from the toxicity of other neuraminidase
      inhibitors, is reviewed. It is concluded that unchanged oseltamivir has various
      effects on the central nervous system (CNS) that may be related to clinical
      findings including hypothermia, abnormal behaviours including with fatal outcome,
      and sudden death. Among receptors and enzymes related to CNS action, it is known
      that oseltamivir inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are closely
      related to hypothermia, as well as human monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), which is
      closely related to abnormal or excitatory behaviours. Receptors such as GABAA ,
      GABAB and NMDA and their related receptors/channels including Na+ and Ca2+
      channels are thought to be other candidates for investigation related to
      respiratory suppression followed by sudden death and psychotic reactions (both
      acute and chronic), respectively.

PMID- 27364960
TI  - What Scales the T Cell Response?
AB  - T cells are known to scale their clonal expansion and effector cytokine response
      according to the dose and strength of antigenic signal so as to balance their
      role of affecting protection with the intertwined and immunologically driven
      tissue damage. How T cells achieve this is now beginning to be understood. We
      underscore temporal integration of digital T cell receptor (TCR) signaling as the
      basis for achieving scaled response by means of accumulating crucial mediators
      over time. We also discuss the role of temporally integrated crosstalk between
      TCR and IL2 signaling in mediating a scaled, coherent, collective response by T
      cells. Finally, we highlight numerous known and putative regulatory interactions
      in the transcriptional program that are expected to quantitatively scale the T
      cell response, and also offer new mechanisms to hitherto unexplained
      observations.

PMID- 27364961
TI  - Depression-Like Adult Behaviors may be a Long-Term Result of Experimental
      Pneumococcal Meningitis in Wistar Rats Infants.
AB  - Pneumococcal meningitis is a life-threatening infection of the central nervous
      system (CNS) with a high mortality rate. In addition to causing severe
      neurological sequelae infectious diseases of the CNS can play a significant role
      in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study infant Wistar
      rats, postnatal day 11, received intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) either
      artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or a Streptococcus pneumoniae suspension to
      a concentration of 1 * 106 colony-forming units (CFU). 18 h later animals
      received antibiotic treatment as usual during 7 days. On postnatal day 46, the
      animals received imipramine intraperitoneal (i.p.) or sterile NaCl during 14 days
      (postnatal days 46-60). Then, on postnatal days 59-60 we evaluated the
      consumption of sweet food (an index of anhedonia). On postnatal day 60 the
      animals were submitted to the forced swimming task. 60 min after this task the
      animals were decapitated and the blood was collected to evaluate
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Immediately after blood
      collection the hippocampus was removed to evaluate brain-derived neurotropic
      factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The
      meningitis group exhibited depressive-like behavior as evidenced by decreased
      sucrose intake and increased immobility time in the forced swimming task, and
      BDNF and GDNF decrease in the hippocampus. ACTH levels were increased in the
      blood. Imipramine treatment reversed depressive-like behaviors, re-established
      hippocampal BDNF and GDNF expression, and normalized ACTH levels in the blood.
      Here we demonstrate that meningitis during early life period can trigger
      depressive-like behavior in adult life of rats.

PMID- 27364962
TI  - Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Inhibits Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation: A Potential
      Agent for Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Protein aggregation is a prominent feature of many neurodegenerative disorders
      including Parkinson's disease (PD). Aggregation of alpha-synuclein (SNCA) may
      underlie the pathology of PD. They are the main components of Lewy bodies and
      dystrophic neurites that are the intraneuronal inclusions characteristic of the
      disease. We have demonstrated that the polyphenol (-)-epi-gallocatechine gallate
      (EGCG) inhibited SNCA aggregation, which made it a candidate for therapeutic
      intervention in PD. Three methods were used: SNCA fibril formation inhibition by
      EGCG in incubates; inhibition of the SNCA fluorophore A-Syn-HiLyte488 binding to
      plated SNCA in microwells; and inhibition of the A-Syn-HiLyte488 probe binding to
      aggregated SNCA in postmortem PD tissue. Recombinant human SNCA was incubated
      under conditions that result in fibril formation. The aggregation was blocked by
      100 nM EGCG in a concentration-dependent manner, as shown by an absence of
      thioflavin T binding. In the microplate assay system, the ED50 of EGCG inhibition
      of A-Syn-HiLyte488 binding to coated SNCA was 250 nM. In the PD tissue based
      assay, SNCA aggregates were recognized by incubation with 7 nM of A-Syn
      HiLyte488. This binding was blocked by EGCG in a concentration dependent manner.
      The SNCA amino acid sites, which potentially interacted with EGCG, were detected
      on peptide membranes. It was implicated that EGCG binds to SNCA by instable
      hydrophobic interactions. In this study, we suggested that EGCG could be a potent
      remodeling agent of SNCA aggregates and a potential disease modifying drug for
      the treatment of PD and other alpha-synucleinopathies.

PMID- 27364963
TI  - Neuronal expression of c-Fos after epicortical and intracortical electric
      stimulation of the primary visual cortex.
AB  - Electrical stimulation of the primary visual cortex (V1) is an experimental
      approach for visual prostheses. We here compared the response to intracortical
      and epicortical stimulation of the primary visual cortex by using c-Fos
      immunoreactivity as a marker for neuronal activation. The primary visual cortex
      of male Sprague Dawley rats was unilaterally stimulated for four hours using
      bipolar electrodes placed either intracortically in layer IV (n=26) or
      epicortically (n=20). Four different current intensities with a constant pulse
      width of 200MUs and a constant frequency of 10Hz were used, for intracortical
      stimulation with an intensity of 0MUA (sham-stimulation), 10MUA, 20MUA and 40MUA,
      and for epicortical stimulation 0MUA, 400MUA, 600MUA and 800MUA. Subsequently all
      animals underwent c-Fos immunostaining and c-Fos expression was assessed in layer
      I-VI of the primary visual cortex within 200MUm and 400MUm distance to the
      stimulation site. C-Fos expression was higher after intracortical stimulation
      compared to epicortical stimulation, even though ten times lower current
      intensities were applied. Furthermore intracortical stimulation resulted in more
      focal neuronal activation than epicortical stimulation. C-Fos expression was
      highest after intracortical stimulation with 20MUA compared to all other
      intensities. Epicortical stimulation showed a linear increase of c-Fos expression
      with the highest expression at 800MUA. Sham stimulation showed similar expression
      of c-Fos in both hemispheres. The contralateral hemisphere was not affected by
      intracortical or epicortical stimulation of either intensities. In summary,
      intracortical stimulation resulted in more focal neuronal activation with less
      current than epicortical stimulation. This model may be used as a simple but
      reliable model to evaluate electrodes for microstimulation of the primary visual
      cortex before testing in more complex settings.

PMID- 27364964
TI  - Reproducibility of low-dose stereography measurements of femoral torsion after IM
      nailing of femoral shaft fractures and in intact femurs.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Rotational malunion is a complication of intramedullary (IM)
      nailing for femur fractures. Symptoms can appear with 15 degrees  or more of
      axial deformity. None of the currently available measurement methods have a
      satisfactory reliability/irradiation ratio. The purpose of this study was to
      study the reproducibility of measuring femoral torsion with an EOS((r)) low-dose
      stereography (LDX) system. HYPOTHESIS: LDX is a reproducible method for measuring
      post-traumatic femoral torsion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The intra- and inter
      observer reproducibility was studied in 45 patients who had a femoral fracture
      treated by IM nailing. Both the injured and contralateral healthy femurs were
      modelled. Bland-Altman plots were used to analyze the measurements made by three
      different observers (two orthopedic surgeons and one radiologist). For a given
      comparison, the interval between the upper limit of agreement (ULA) and lower
      limit of agreement (LLA) had to be within [-5 degrees ; 5 degrees ] for the
      examination to qualify as reproducible. Measurements were made by three observers
      (A, B, C) on the injured and healthy femur. RESULTS: With the fractured femurs
      (n=39), the intra-observer [LLA; ULA] interval was [-16.295; 12.977]; it was [
      18.475; 16.744] for the A-B pairing, [-13.316; 13.532] for the B-C pairing and [
      17.839; 19.355] for the A-C pairing. With the healthy femurs (n=37), the intra
      observer [LLA; ULA] interval was [-7.909; 7.88]; it was [-11.924; 11.639] for the
      A-B pairing, [-12.654; 11.93] for the B-C pairing and [-11; 12.009] for the A-C
      pairing. DISCUSSION: The [LLA; ULA] intervals were greater than the [-5; +5]
      interval in all cases. LDX reproducibility is not sufficient for measuring
      femoral torsion after fracture or in healthy femurs. Observer experience, cohort
      size and the perfectible image quality are likely sources of bias. Conversely,
      the use of Bland-Altman plots and the multidisciplinary training of observers are
      major strengths of this study. Reproducibility will likely improve as the
      software is developed further and the image acquisition improves.

PMID- 27364965
TI  - Mid-term survivorship of Mini-keelTM versus Standard keel in total knee
      replacements: Differences in the rate of revision for aseptic loosening.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To reduce the size of the surgical incision, modular mini-keel
      tibial components have been developed with or without extensions for the NexgenTM
      MIS Tibial Component. Although a smaller component could theoretically result in
      defective fixation, this has never been evaluated in a large comparative series.
      Thus, we performed the following case control study to: (1) evaluate intermediate
      term survival of a modular "mini-keel" tibial component compared to a reference
      standard keel component from the same line of products (Nexgen LPS-Flex Tibial
      Component, Zimmer); (2) to identify any eventual associated factors if the
      frequency of loosening was increased. HYPOTHESIS: The rate of revision for
      aseptic tibial loosening is comparable for both components. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: This comparative, retrospective, single center series of 459 consecutive
      total knee arthroplasties (TKA) was performed between 2007 and 2010: with 212
      modular "mini-keel" (MK) tibial components and 247 "standard" (S) components.
      Survival, rate of revision for aseptic tibial loosening and identification of a
      radiolucent line were analyzed at the final follow-up. RESULTS: After a median
      follow-up of 5years, the rate of revision for tibial aseptic loosing was
      significantly higher in the MK group with 12 cases (5.7%) and 4 cases in the S
      group (1.6%) (P=0.036). The use of the MK component appears to be a prognostic
      factor for surgical revision (hazard ratio=3.86 (1.23-11.88), P=0.02) but not for
      the development of a radiolucent line (HR=1.75 (0.9-3.4), P=0.097). The mean
      delay before revision was 38months (8-64) in the MK group and 15.2months (8-22)
      in the S group (P=0.006). Individual factors, such as gender, body mass index
      (BMI) and pre- or postoperative alignment were not prognostic factors for
      revision or radiolucent lines. CONCLUSION: The modular "mini-keel" tibial
      component was associated with a greater risk of revision for tibial component
      loosening. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case control study, III.

PMID- 27364966
TI  - Mid-term results of arthroscopic Bankart repair: A review of 31 cases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The goal of this study was to assess the overall function (Walch
      Duplay score), stability, time and because it is time of return to sport and
      level of return to sport, and satisfaction of patients who underwent an
      arthroscopic Bankart repair for chronic anterior shoulder instability at 5 years'
      follow-up. In addition, the potential correlation between the postoperative Walch
      Duplay score and the presence of risk factors for recurrence, the ISIS score,
      associated labral lesions discovered intraoperatively and clinical presentation
      was determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-centre
      study of 30 patients (31 arthroscopic Bankart procedures) operated between
      January 2003 and December 2012. The Walch-Duplay score, recurrence rate
      (dislocation or subluxation), return to sports and subjective satisfaction were
      evaluated. RESULTS: The mean postoperative Duplay score was 77.4 points (100
      15)+/-30.6. At review, 25.8% of patients had recurrence of the preoperative
      symptoms, including 16.1% glenohumeral dislocation and 9.7% subluxation. Patients
      requiring revision surgery (Bristow-Latarjet procedure) had no additional
      instability episodes. Among the athletes, 16 (66.6%) returned to their pre-injury
      level, four (16.6%) changed to a different sport and four stopped participating
      (16.6%). The subjective evaluation of the procedure was satisfactory in 75% of
      cases. No risk factors for recurrence were significantly related to the Walch
      Duplay score. CONCLUSION: Despite satisfactory Walch-Duplay scores and subjective
      results, this mid-term follow-up study revealed a significant number of patients
      with recurrent instability after arthroscopic Bankart repair, confirming
      published data. Careful patient selection is essential prior to proposing this
      procedure and patients should be informed of the potential risk of revision
      surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective study.

PMID- 27364967
TI  - Nutritional Assessment.
AB  - Nutritional assessment focuses on evaluation of animal-specific, diet-specific,
      feeding management, and environmental factors. Assessment includes evaluation of
      a patient's medical history, comprehensive diet history, and physical examination
      including body weight, body condition, and muscle condition. Diagnostic testing
      may identify comorbidities associated with obesity or concurrent health
      conditions that need to be considered when developing a nutrition plan. When
      obesity is diagnosed during the nutritional assessment this finding along with
      health implications must be clearly communicated to the pet owner. Careful
      consideration of animal-specific, diet-specific, owner-specific, and
      environmental factors allows the clinician to develop a specific nutrition plan
      tailored to the needs of pet and owner. 

PMID- 27364968
TI  - Decongestion in Acute Heart Failure: Does the End Justify the Means?

PMID- 27364969
TI  - The Year in Heart Failure Review 2015 to 2016.

PMID- 27364970
TI  - BMI Is a Potential Confounder of Postpartum Relaxin-2 and Short-Term Left
      Ventricular Function Following Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 27364971
TI  - Reply: BMI Is a Potential Confounder of Post-Partum Relaxin-2 and Short-Term Left
      Ventricular Function Following Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 27364972
TI  - Medicare Trends of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Outcomes: Is it Just the Tip of an
      Iceberg?

PMID- 27364973
TI  - Hafnia (HfO2) nanoparticles as an X-ray contrast agent and mid-infrared
      biosensor.
AB  - The interaction of hafnium oxide (HfO2) nanoparticles (NPs) with X-ray and mid
      infrared radiation was investigated to assess the potential as a multifunctional
      diagnostic probe for X-ray computed tomography (CT) and/or mid-infrared
      biosensing. HfO2 NPs of controlled size were prepared by a sol-gel process and
      surface functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone, resulting in relatively
      spherical and monodispersed NPs with a tunable mean diameter in the range of ~7
      31 nm. The X-ray attenuation of HfO2 NPs was measured over 0.5-50 mM
      concentration and compared with Au NPs and iodine, which are the most prominent X
      ray contrast agents currently used in research and clinical diagnostic imaging,
      respectively. At clinical CT tube potentials >80 kVp, HfO2 NPs exhibited superior
      or similar X-ray contrast compared to Au NPs, while both exhibited significantly
      greater X-ray contrast compared to iodine, due to the favorable location of the k
      shell absorption edge for hafnium and gold. Moreover, energy-dependent
      differences in X-ray attenuation enabled simultaneous quantitative molecular
      imaging of each agent using photon-counting spectral (multi-energy) CT. HfO2 NPs
      also exhibited a strong mid-infrared absorption in the Reststrahlen band from
      ~250-800 cm(-1) and negative permittivity below 695 cm(-1), which can enable
      development of mid-infrared biosensors and contrast agents, leveraging surface
      enhanced mid-infrared and/or phonon polariton absorption. 

PMID- 27364974
TI  - Expression of transforming growth factor beta1 promotes cholangiocarcinoma
      development and progression.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The role of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) in
      cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) initiation and growth requires further definition.
      METHODS: We employed pharmacological and genetic approaches to inhibit or enhance
      TGFbeta1 signaling, respectively, and determine the cellular mechanisms involved.
      RESULTS: It was observed that inhibiting TGFbeta1 activity with short hairpin RNA
      (shRNA) or pharmaceutical agents suppressed CCA development and growth, whereas
      overexpression of TGFbeta1 enhanced CCA tumor size and promoted intrahepatic
      metastasis in a rat model. Suppression of TGFbeta1 activity inhibits downstream
      target gene expression mediated by miR-34a that includes cyclin D1, CDK6, and c
      Met. In addition, "knockdown" of TGFbeta1 expression revealed a miR-34a positive
      feedback mechanism for enhanced p21 expression in CCAs. A miR-34a inhibitor
      reversed the effects of "knocking down" TGFbeta1 on cell growth, migration,
      cyclin D1, CDK6 and c-Met expression, suggesting that TGFbeta1 mediated effects
      occur, in part, through this miR-34a signaling pathway. Overexpression of
      TGFbeta1 was associated with CCA tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      suggests that TGFbeta1 is involved in CCA tumor progression and participates
      through miR-34a mediated downstream cascades, and is a target to inhibit CCA
      development and growth.

PMID- 27364975
TI  - Disrupting VEGF-A paracrine and autocrine loops by targeting SHP-1 suppresses
      triple negative breast cancer metastasis.
AB  - Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) had an increased likelihood of
      distant recurrence and death, as compared with those with non-TNBC subtype.
      Regorafenib is a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor targeting
      oncogenesis and has been approved for metastatic colorectal cancer and advanced
      gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Recent studies suggest regorafenib acts as a SHP
      1 phosphatase agonist. Here, we investigated the potential of regorafenib to
      suppress metastasis of TNBC cells through targeting SHP-1/p-STAT3/VEGF-A axis. We
      found a significant correlation between cancer cell migration and SHP-1/p
      STAT3/VEGF-A expression in human TNBC cells. Clinically, high VEGF-A expression
      is associated with worse disease-free and distant metastasis-free survival.
      Regorafenib induced significant anti-migratory effects, in association with
      downregulation of p-STAT3 and VEGF-A. To exclude the role of RTK inhibition in
      regorafenib-induced anti-metastasis, we synthesized a regorafenib derivative, SC
      78, that had minimal effect on VEGFR2 and PDGFR kinase inhibition, while having
      more potent effects on SHP-1 activation. SC-78 demonstrated superior in vitro and
      in vivo anti-migration to regorafenib. Furthermore, VEGF-A dependent
      autocrine/paracrine loops were disrupted by regorafenib and SC-78. This study
      implies that SHP-1/p-STAT3/VEGF-A axis is a potential therapeutic target for
      metastatic TNBC, and the more potent SC-78 may be a promising lead for
      suppressing metastasis of TNBC.

PMID- 27364977
TI  - Tracheomalacia Due to Esophageal Achalasia.

PMID- 27364978
TI  - The pregnancy "super-utilizer": how does a high-risk depression screen affect
      medical utilization?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether a score of  >11 on the
      Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) at the initial prenatal visit was
      associated with an increased use of acute medical visits when compared to
      pregnant women with an initial EPDS score of <=11. METHODS: This was a
      retrospective cohort study comparing the utilization of acute medical care during
      pregnancy and the first eight weeks after delivery amongst 200 women with an EPDS
      score >11 at their initial prenatal visit compared with 200 women with an EPDS
      score <=11. "Super-utilization" was defined as >=4 acute or unscheduled medical
      visits during pregnancy and the first eight weeks after delivery (90th
      percentile). Logistic regression was used to control for confounders. RESULTS:
      Women with an initial EPDS score >11 were significantly more likely to engage in
      super-utilization of acute medical care compared with those women scoring <=11
      (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53-3.90).
      CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women scoring >11 on the EPDS at their initial prenatal
      visit are more likely to super-utilize acute medical care in the perinatal
      period. This subset of patients at-risk for increased utilization can be
      identified early during prenatal care. Interventions to better meet the medical
      and psychosocial needs of these women warrant future research.

PMID- 27364976
TI  - A suite of pulse sequences based on multiple sequential acquisitions at one and
      two radiofrequency channels for solid-state magic-angle spinning NMR studies of
      proteins.
AB  - One of the fundamental challenges in the application of solid-state NMR is its
      limited sensitivity, yet a majority of experiments do not make efficient use of
      the limited polarization available. The loss in polarization in a single
      acquisition experiment is mandated by the need to select out a single coherence
      pathway. In contrast, sequential acquisition strategies can encode more than one
      pathway in the same experiment or recover unused polarization to supplement a
      standard experiment. In this article, we present pulse sequences that implement
      sequential acquisition strategies on one and two radiofrequency channels with a
      combination of proton and carbon detection to record multiple experiments under
      magic-angle spinning. We show that complementary 2D experiments such as [Formula:
      see text] and [Formula: see text] or DARR and [Formula: see text], and 3D
      experiments such as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], or [Formula: see
      text] and [Formula: see text]  can be combined in a single experiment to ensure
      time savings of at least 40 %. These experiments can be done under fast or slow
      moderate magic-angle spinning frequencies aided by windowed [Formula: see text]
      acquisition and homonulcear decoupling. The pulse sequence suite is further
      expanded by including pathways that allow the recovery of residual polarization,
      the so-called 'afterglow' pathways, to encode a number of pulse sequences to aid
      in assignments and chemical-shift mapping.

PMID- 27364979
TI  - ATP sensitive potassium channel openers: A new class of ocular hypotensive
      agents.

PMID- 27364980
TI  - Two wavelength-dependent mechanisms of sensitisation of light-induced quenching
      in the isolated light-harvesting complex II.
AB  - The efficiency of visible light in inducing fluorescence quenching in the
      isolated light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) of higher plants is investigated by
      action spectroscopy in the visible portion of photosynthetic active radiation.
      The efficiency spectrum displays a relatively homogenous quenching yield across
      the most intense electronic transitions of the chlorophyll a and carotenoid
      pigments, indicating that quenching proceeds from the equilibrated state of the
      complex. Larger yields are observed in the 510-640-nm window, where weak
      transitions of LHCII-bound chromophores occur. This observation is interpreted in
      terms of an additional quenching sensitisation process mediated by these
      electronic transitions.

PMID- 27364981
TI  - Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia: an unexpected diagnosis in an adult
      referred with elevated serum ferritin.

PMID- 27364982
TI  - Low Pretreatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts for Good Outcomes in
      Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Before Radical Cystectomy for Muscle
      Invasive Bladder Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been
      associated with cancer prognosis, influencing progression and chemosensitivity.
      We aimed to define the role of the NLR in predicting the outcomes to neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data from patients treated with NAC and radical
      cystectomy for MIBC from 2007 to 2015 at a tertiary care center were reviewed.
      The clinicopathologic pretreatment, including the NLR, and post-treatment
      predictors were documented. The NLR was evaluated as a continuous variable on uni
      and multivariate analysis and dichotomized in Kaplan-Meier curves. The
      relationships with outcomes (progression-free survival [PFS], cancer-specific
      survival [CSS], and overall survival [OS]) were analyzed using Cox regression
      analysis and log-rank tests. The pathologic response (PR) included any
      downstaging from the baseline clinical stage to the final pathologic stage.
      RESULTS: Of 205 patients with MIBC, 75 underwent NAC (median follow-up, 31
      months) with a 5-year PFS, CSS, and OS rate of 56%, 60%, and 52%, respectively,
      and a PR of 38.6%. On multivariate analysis, the PR, PFS, CSS, and OS were
      predicted by the NLR (hazard ratio > 0.8, 1.25, 1.27, and 1.12, respectively; P <
      .05 for all). The NLR with age and clinical stage predicted the PR. A NLR
      threshold of 2.26 better predicted CSS (P < .05) and OS (P = .055). The
      limitations included the retrospective design and modest number of cases.
      CONCLUSION: We have provided initial evidence that a low NLR helps understand the
      value of the underlying immune system in predicting a good outcome to NAC. The
      NLR is a simple and accessible biomarker that is easy to implement in clinical
      practice. In addition to established prognosticators and newer genomic
      predictors, the NLR could improve therapeutic algorithms and help in decision
      making regarding the need for NAC, which is currently underused, in MIBC
      patients.

PMID- 27364984
TI  - Mechanistic examination of aerobic Pt oxidation: insertion of molecular oxygen
      into Pt-H bonds through a radical chain mechanism.
AB  - DFT calculations were performed in an effort to evaluate the mechanism of O2
      insertion into the Pt-H bond of Tp(Me2)Pt(IV)Me2H catalyzed by AIBN or light.
      Results are consistent with a radical chain mechanism involving H loss to form a
      Pt(III) species followed by addition of O2 to form Pt(III)OO. Subsequent radical
      propagation involving this Pt(III)OO species and an additional equivalent of the
      Pt(IV) starting material result in the formation of the observed Pt(IV)OOH and
      regeneration of the Pt(III). In addition examination of the reaction between AIBN
      and the Pt(IV) hydroperoxo product demonstrates that radical initiation reactions
      involving the product occur with a lower barrier than with the initial starting
      material supporting the idea of autoacceleration in this reaction. Other possible
      mechanisms were examined in an effort to understand the limited reactivity
      reported in the absence of light or radical initiators. TDDFT calculations were
      performed in an effort to understand the reported parallel photo-induced
      reaction. These calculations found the reactant to be transparent in the relevant
      light range. An experimental UV-Vis spectrum was obtained and is in agreement
      with the calculations. 

PMID- 27364983
TI  - [2](1,3)Adamantano[2](2,7)pyrenophane: A Hydrocarbon with a Large Dipole Moment.
AB  - The fusion of the sp(3) -hybridized parent diamondoid adamantane with the sp(2) 
      hybridized pyrene results in a hybrid structure with a very large dipole moment
      which arises from bending the pyrene moiety. Presented herein is the synthesis,
      study of the electronic and optical properties, as well as the dynamic behavior
      of this new hydrocarbon.

PMID- 27364985
TI  - Fibrin Association at Hybrid Biointerfaces Made of Clot-Binding Peptides and
      Polythiophene.
AB  - The properties as biointerfaces of electroactive conducting polymer-peptide
      biocomposites formed by poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and CREKA or
      CR(NMe)EKA peptide sequences (where Glu has been replaced by N-methyl-Glu in the
      latter) have been compared. CREKA is a linear pentapeptide that recognizes
      clotted plasma proteins and selectively homes to tumors, while CR(NMe)EKA is an
      engineer to improve such properties by altering peptide-fibrin interactions.
      Differences between PEDOT-CREKA and PEDOT-CR(NMe)EKA reflect dissemblance in the
      organization of the peptides into the polymeric matrix. Both peptides affect
      fibrinogen thrombin-catalyzed polymerization causing the immediate formation of
      fibrin, whereas in the absence of thrombin this phenomenon is only observed for
      CR(NMe)EKA. Consistently, the fibrin-adsorption capacity is higher for PEDOT
      CR(NMe)EKA than for PEDOT-CREKA, even though in both cases adsorbed fibrin
      exhibits round-like morphologies rather than the characteristic fibrous
      structure. PEDOT-peptide films coated with fibrin are selective in terms of cell
      adhesion, promoting the attachment of metastatic cells with respect to normal
      cells.

PMID- 27364986
TI  - Prediction of RF-EMF exposure levels in large outdoor areas through car-mounted
      measurements on the enveloping roads.
AB  - Knowledge of spatial and temporal trends in the environmental exposure to
      radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is a key prerequisite for RF-EMF
      risk assessment studies attempting to establish a link between RF-EMF and
      potential effects on human health as well as on fauna and flora. In this paper,
      we determined the validity of RF exposure modelling based on inner-area kriging
      interpolation of measurements on the surrounding streets. The results vary
      depending on area size and shape and structural factors; a Spearman coefficient
      of 0.8 and a relative error of less than 3.5dB are achieved on a data set
      featuring a closed measurement ring around a decently sized area (1km(2), with an
      average minimum distance of the encircled area to the ring of less than 100m),
      containing mainly low, detached buildings. In larger areas, additional inner-area
      sampling is advised, lowering the average minimum distance between sampled and
      interpolated locations to 100m, to achieve the same level of accuracy.

PMID- 27364987
TI  - An approach to comprehensive genome and proteome expression analyses in Schwann
      cells and neurons during peripheral nerve myelin formation.
AB  - Peripheral nerve myelination is a complex event resulting from spatially and
      temporally regulated reciprocal interactions between the neuron and myelin
      forming Schwann cells. The dynamic process and the protein functional modules and
      networks that operate throughout the myelination process are poorly understood
      because of a lack of methodologies suitable for observing specific changes in the
      Schwann cell/neuron-unit. The identification of the precise roles for the
      proteins participating in the functional modules and networks that participate in
      the myelination process is hindered by the cellular and molecular complexity of
      the nervous tissue itself. We have developed an approach based on a myelinating
      dorsal root ganglion explant model that allows distinguishing clear, reproducible
      and predictable differences between the biochemical properties and the genomic
      and proteomic expression profiles of both cellular components of the Schwann
      cell/neuron unit at different stages of the myelination process. This model,
      derived from E13.5 C57BL/6J mouse embryos, is sufficiently robust for use in
      identifying the protein functional networks and modules related to peripheral
      nerve myelin formation. The genomic expression profiles of the selected neuronal,
      Schwann cell and myelin-specific proteins in the cultures reflect in vivo
      profiles reported in the literature, and the structural and ultrastructural
      properties of the myelin, as well as the myelination schedule of the cultures,
      closely resemble those observed in peripheral nerves in situ. The RNA expression
      data set is available through NCBI gene expression omnibus accession GSE60345. We
      have developed a reproducible and robust cell culture-based approach, accompanied
      by a genome-wide expression data set, which allows studying myelination in the
      peripheral nervous system at the proteomic and transcriptomic levels in Schwann
      cells and neurons. Myelinating dorsal root explant cultures, prepared from
      C57BL/6J mouse embryos, present distinct developmental stages comparable to those
      observed in a peripheral nerve in situ. This model can be used for identifying
      the protein functional networks and modules related to peripheral nerve myelin
      formation.

PMID- 27364988
TI  - Effect of Varying Hemodynamic and Vascular Conditions on Fractional Flow Reserve:
      An In Vitro Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of varying
      hemodynamic conditions on fractional flow reserve (ratio of pressure distal [Pd]
      and proximal [Pa] to stenosis under hyperemia) in an in vitro setting. Failure to
      achieve maximal hyperemia and the choice of hyperemic agents may have
      differential effects on coronary hemodynamics and, consequently, on the
      determination of fractional flow reserve. METHODS AND RESULTS: An in vitro flow
      system was developed to experimentally model the physiological coronary
      circulation as flow-dependent stenosis resistance in series with variable
      downstream resistance. Five idealized models with 30% to 70% diameter stenosis
      severity were fabricated using VeroClear rigid material in an Objet260 Connex
      printer. Mean aortic pressure was maintained at 7 levels (60-140 mm Hg) from
      hypotension to hypertension using a needle valve that mimicked adjustable
      microcirculatory resistance. A range of physiological flow rates was applied by a
      steady flow pump and titrated by a flow sensor. The pressure drop and the
      pressure ratio (Pd/Pa) were assessed for the 7 levels of aortic pressure and
      differing flow rates. The in vitro experimental data were coupled with pressure
      flow relationships from clinical data for populations with and without myocardial
      infarction, respectively, to evaluate fractional flow reserve. The curve for
      pressure ratio and flow rate demonstrated a quadratic relationship with a
      decreasing slope. The absolute decrease in fractional flow reserve in the group
      without myocardial infarction (with myocardial infarction) was on the order of
      0.03 (0.02), 0.05 (0.02), 0.07 (0.05), 0.17 (0.13) and 0.20 (0.24), respectively,
      for 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% diameter stenosis, for an increase in aortic
      pressure from 60 to 140 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: The fractional flow reserve value, an
      index of physiological stenosis significance, was observed to decrease with
      increasing aortic pressure for a given stenosis in this idealized in vitro
      experiment for vascular groups with and without myocardial infarction.

PMID- 27364989
TI  - Natural History of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The long-term progression of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
      in pediatric patients compared with adult patients has not been previously
      characterized. In this study, we compared outcome and long-term progression of
      pediatric and adult DCM populations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 1988 and 2014,
      927 DCM patients were consecutively enrolled. The pediatric population (aged <18
      years at enrollment) included 47 participants (5.1%). At presentation, the
      pediatric population compared with adult patients had a significantly increased
      occurrence of familial forms (P=0.03), shorter duration of heart failure
      (P=0.04), lower systolic blood pressure (P=0.01), decreased presence of left
      bundle-branch block (P=0.001), and increased left ventricular ejection fraction
      (P=0.03). Despite these baseline differences, long-term longitudinal trends of
      New York Heart Association class III to IV, left ventricular dimensions, left
      ventricular ejection fraction, and restrictive filling pattern were similar
      between the 2 populations. Regarding survival analysis, because of the size
      difference between the 2 populations, we compared the pediatric population with a
      sample of adult patients randomly matched using the above-mentioned baseline
      differences in a 3:1 ratio (141 adult versus 47 pediatric patients). During a
      median follow-up of 110 months, survival free from heart transplantation was
      significantly lower among pediatric patients compared with adults (P<0.001).
      Furthermore, pediatric age (ie, <18 years) was found to be associated with an
      increasing risk of both death from pump failure and life-threatening arrhythmias.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite the pediatric DCM population having higher baseline left
      ventricular ejection fraction and similar long-term echocardiographic progression
      compared with the adult DCM population, the pediatric DCM patients had worse
      cardiovascular prognosis.

PMID- 27364990
TI  - Providing Cardiology Care in Rural Areas Through Visiting Consultant Clinics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Workforce experts predict a future shortage of cardiologists that is
      expected to impact rural areas more severely than urban areas. However, there is
      little research on how rural patients are currently served through clinical
      outreach. This study examines the impact of cardiology outreach in Iowa, a state
      with a large rural population, on participating cardiologists and on patient
      access. METHODS AND RESULTS: Outreach clinics are tracked annually in the Office
      of Statewide Clinical Education Programs Visiting Medical Consultant Database
      (University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine). Data from 2014 were analyzed. In
      2014, an estimated 5460 visiting consultant clinic days were provided in 96
      predominantly rural cities by 167 cardiologists from Iowa and adjoining states.
      Forty-five percent of Iowa cardiologists participated in rural outreach. Visiting
      cardiologists from Iowa and adjoining states drive an estimated 45 000 miles per
      month. Because of monthly outreach clinics, the average driving time to the
      nearest cardiologist falls from 42.2+/-20.0 to 14.7+/-11.0 minutes for rural
      Iowans. Cardiology outreach improves geographic access to office-based cardiology
      care for more than 1 million Iowans out of a total population of 3 million.
      Direct travel costs and opportunity costs associated with physician travel are
      estimated to be more than $2.1 million per year. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiologists in
      Iowa and adjoining states have expanded access to office-based cardiology care
      from 18 to 89 of the 99 counties in Iowa. In these 71 counties without a full
      time cardiologist, visiting consultant clinics can accommodate more than 50% of
      office visits in the patients' home county.

PMID- 27364991
TI  - Transglutaminase is a Critical Link Between Inflammation and Hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is multifactorial with
      different underlying mechanisms contributing to disease. We have recently shown
      that TNF superfamily member 14 LIGHT (an acronym for homologous to lymphotoxins,
      exhibits inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus
      glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T
      lymphocytes, also known as TNFSF14) induces hypertension when injected into mice.
      Research reported here was undertaken to examine the role of transglutaminase
      (TGase) in LIGHT-induced hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS: Initial experiments
      showed that plasma and kidney TGase activity was induced by LIGHT infusion
      (13.91+/-2.92 versus 6.75+/-1.92 mU/mL and 19.86+/-3.55 versus 12.00+/-0.97 mU/10
      MUg) and was accompanied with hypertension (169+/-7.16 versus 117.17+/-11.57 mm
      Hg at day 14) and renal impairment (proteinuria, 61.33+/-23.21 versus 20.38+/
      9.01 MUg/mg; osmolality, 879.57+/-93.02 versus 1407.2+/-308.04 mmol/kg). The
      increase in renal TGase activity corresponded to an increase in RNA for the
      tissue TGase isoform, termed TG2. Pharmacologically, we showed that LIGHT-induced
      hypertension and renal impairment did not occur in the presence of cystamine, a
      well-known competitive inhibitor of TGase activity. Genetically, we showed that
      LIGHT-mediated induction of TGase, along with hypertension and renal impairment,
      was dependent on interleukin-6 and endothelial hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha.
      We also demonstrated that interleukin-6, endothelial hypoxia inducible factor
      1alpha, and TGase are required for LIGHT-induced production of angiotensin
      receptor agonistic autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, LIGHT-induced hypertension,
      renal impairment, and production of angiotensin receptor agonistic autoantibodies
      require TGase, most likely the TG2 isoform. Our findings establish TGase as a
      critical link between inflammation, hypertension, and autoimmunity.

PMID- 27364993
TI  - Seasonal and decadal patterns in Discostella (Bacillariophyceae) species from bi
      weekly records of two boreal lakes (Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario, Canada).
AB  - A recent rise in the relative abundance of Discostella species (D. stelligera and
      D. pseudostelligera) has been well documented from sedimentary diatom assemblages
      across the Northern Hemisphere. This unprecedented change over the last ~150
      years has been linked to rises in atmospheric temperatures, changes in ice cover,
      and/or increases in thermal stability, among other factors. The bi-weekly
      monitoring data from two boreal lakes at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in
      northwestern Ontario were analyzed across seasons (spring, summer, and fall) and
      decades (1970s-2000s). We found that Discostella species are primarily
      spring/early summer bloomers (i.e., late April to June) in these lakes and
      changes in concentrations of Discostella over time were most pronounced in the
      spring or early summer months. Increases in Discostella abundance over time may
      be linked to earlier ice-off and a longer period of spring turnover, resulting
      from increased winter and spring temperatures. It is also possible that a trophic
      mismatch between the spring diatom bloom and zooplankton is occurring, thus
      reducing diatom loss rates, and resulting in greater overall abundance. Moreover,
      the spring dominance of Discostella in our study lakes occurred at a time of the
      year when nutrient concentrations were at their highest seasonally, suggesting
      that these taxa are neither limited directly by nutrients, nor responding to
      enhanced stratification during the summer months in these lakes.

PMID- 27364992
TI  - Plasma Macrophage Migration Inhibitor Factor Is Elevated in Response to
      Myocardial Ischemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key regulator of
      inflammatory responses, including in the heart. Plasma MIF is elevated early in
      the course of acute myocardial infarction. In this study, we hypothesized that
      plasma MIF may also be increased in acute myocardial ischemia. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: Patients undergoing cardiac stress test (stress nuclear myocardial
      perfusion scan or stress echocardiography) were recruited. Twenty-two patients
      had a stress test indicative of myocardial ischemia and were compared with 62
      patients who had a negative stress test. Plasma MIF was measured by ELISA before
      and after the stress test. MIF was also measured in patients with peripheral
      arterial occlusive disease before and after exercise causing claudication. Gene
      and protein expression of MIF was measured in mouse cardiac and skeletal muscle
      tissue by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively.
      Plasma MIF was elevated at 5 and 15 minutes after stress (relative to before
      stress) in patients with a positive test, compared with those with a negative
      test. In contrast, high-sensitivity troponin T and C-reactive protein were not
      altered after stress in either group. MIF was not altered after exercise in PAOD
      patients, despite the occurrence of claudication, suggesting that plasma MIF is
      not a marker for skeletal muscle ischemia. This may be explained by a lower gene
      and protein expression of MIF in skeletal muscle than the heart. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results suggest that plasma MIF is an early marker for acute myocardial ischemia.

PMID- 27364994
TI  - Naphthoquinone glycosides for bioelectroanalytical enumeration of the faecal
      indicator Escherichia coli.
AB  - Microbial water quality monitoring for the presence of faecal indicator bacteria
      (FIB) is a mandatory activity in many countries and is key in public health
      protection. Despite technological advances and a need for methodological
      improvements, chromogenic and fluorogenic enzymatic techniques remain the
      mainstays of water quality monitoring for both public health agencies and
      regulated utilities. We demonstrated that bioelectroanalytical approaches to FIB
      enumeration are possible and can be achieved using commercially available enzyme
      specific resorufin glycosides, although these are expensive, not widely available
      or designed for purpose. Following this, we designed two naphthoquinone
      glycosides which performed better, achieving Escherichia coli detection in the
      range 5.0 * 102 to 5.0 * 105 CFU ml-1 22-54% quicker than commercially available
      resorufin glycosides. The molecular design of the naphthoquinone glycosides
      requires fewer synthetic steps allowing them to be produced for as little as
      US$50 per kg. Tests with environmental samples demonstrated the low tendency for
      abiotic interference and that, despite specificity being maintained between beta
      glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase, accurate enumeration of E. coli in
      environmental samples necessitates development of a selective medium. In
      comparison to a commercially available detection method, which has U.S.
      Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approval, our approach performed better at
      high organism concentrations, detecting 500 organisms in 9 h compared with 13.5 h
      for the commercial method. Bioelectroanalytical detection is comparable to
      current approved methods and with further development could result in improved
      detection times. A recent trend for low-cost open-source hardware means that
      automated, potentiostatically controlled E. coli detection systems could be
      constructed for less than US$100 per channel.

PMID- 27364995
TI  - Characterizing the Status (Disturbed, Hybrid or Novel) of Swamp Forest Fragments
      in a Caribbean Ramsar Wetland: The Impact of Anthropogenic Degradation and
      Invasive Plant Species.
AB  - The last remaining Amazonian-type swamp forest fragments in Black River Lower
      Morass, Jamaica, have been subjected to a myriad of anthropogenic disturbances,
      compounded by the establishment and spread of several invasive plant species. We
      established 44 permanent sample plots (covering 3.92 ha) across 10 of these swamp
      forest fragments and sampled all non-woody plants and all trees >=2 cm DBH found
      in the plots. These data were used to (1) identify thresholds of hybridity and
      novelty, (2) derive several diversity and structural descriptors used to
      characterize the swamp forest fragments and (3) identify possible indicators of
      anthropogenic degradation. These were incorporated into a framework and used to
      determine the status of the swamp forest fragments so that appropriate management
      and conservation measures can be implemented. We recorded 43 woody plant species
      (9 endemic, 28 native and 4 non-native) and 21 non-tree species. The composition
      and structure of all the patches differed significantly due to the impact of the
      herbaceous invasive plant Alpinia allughas, the presence and diversity of other
      non-native plants, and differing intensities of anthropogenic disturbance (e.g.,
      burning, cutting and harvesting of non-timber forest products). We ranked forest
      patches along a continuum representing deviations from a historical proxy (least
      disturbed) swamp forest to those with dramatically altered structural and
      floristic attributes (=novel swamp forests). Only one fragment overrun with A.
      allughas was classified as novel. If effective conservation and management does
      not come to the BRLM, the remaining swamp forest fragments appear doomed to
      further degradation and will soon disappear altogether.

PMID- 27364996
TI  - Erratum to: A cohort study of the usefulness of primary prophylaxis in patients
      with severe haemophilia A.

PMID- 27364998
TI  - Diffraction response of photorefractive polymers over nine orders of magnitude of
      pulse duration.
AB  - The development of a single mode fiber-based pulsed laser with variable pulse
      duration, energy, and repetition rate has enabled the characterization of
      photorefractive polymer (PRP) in a previously inaccessible regime located between
      millisecond and microsecond single pulse illumination. With the addition of CW
      and nanosecond pulse lasers, four wave mixing measurements covering 9 orders of
      magnitudes in pulse duration are reported. Reciprocity failure of the diffraction
      efficiency according to the pulse duration for a constant energy density is
      observed and attributed to multiple excitation, transport and trapping events of
      the charge carriers. However, for pulses shorter than 30 MUs, the efficiency
      reaches a plateau where an increase in energy density no longer affects the
      efficiency. This plateau is due to the saturation of the charge generation at
      high peak power given the limited number of sensitizer sites. The same behavior
      is observed in two different types of devices composed of the same material but
      with or without a buffer layer covering one electrode, which confirm the origin
      of these mechanisms. This new type of measurement is especially important to
      optimize PRP for applications using short pulse duration.

PMID- 27364999
TI  - ZnO-Based Microcavities Sculpted by Focus Ion Beam Milling.
AB  - We reported an easy fabrication method to realize ZnO-based microcavities with
      various cavity shapes by focused ion beam (FIB) milling. The optical
      characteristics of different shaped microcavities have been systematically
      carried out and analyzed. Through comprehensive studies of cathodoluminescence
      and photoluminescence spectra, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) was observed in
      different shaped microcavities. Up further increasing excitation, the lasing
      action was dominated by these WGMs and matched very well to the simulated
      results. Our experiment shows that ZnO microcavities with different shapes can be
      made with high quality by FIB milling for specific applications of microlight
      sources and optical devices. 

PMID- 27364997
TI  - Coming of age: the artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes.
AB  - The artificial pancreas (closed-loop system) addresses the unmet clinical need
      for improved glucose control whilst reducing the burden of diabetes self-care in
      type 1 diabetes. Glucose-responsive insulin delivery above and below a preset
      insulin amount informed by sensor glucose readings differentiates closed-loop
      systems from conventional, threshold-suspend and predictive-suspend insulin pump
      therapy. Insulin requirements in type 1 diabetes can vary between one-third
      threefold on a daily basis. Closed-loop systems accommodate these variations and
      mitigate the risk of hypoglycaemia associated with tight glucose control. In this
      review we focus on the progress being made in the development and evaluation of
      closed-loop systems in outpatient settings. Randomised transitional studies have
      shown feasibility and efficacy of closed-loop systems under supervision or remote
      monitoring. Closed-loop application during free-living, unsupervised conditions
      by children, adolescents and adults compared with sensor-augmented pumps have
      shown improved glucose outcomes, reduced hypoglycaemia and positive user
      acceptance. Innovative approaches to enhance closed-loop performance are
      discussed and we also present the outlook and strategies used to ease clinical
      adoption of closed-loop systems.

PMID- 27365000
TI  - High-Hall-Mobility Al-Doped ZnO Films Having Textured Polycrystalline Structure
      with a Well-Defined (0001) Orientation.
AB  - Five hundred-nanometer-thick ZnO-based textured polycrystalline films consisting
      of 490-nm-thick Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films deposited on 10-nm-thick Ga-doped ZnO
      (GZO) films exhibited a high Hall mobility (MU H) of 50.1 cm(2)/Vs with a carrier
      concentration (N) of 2.55 * 10(20) cm(-3). Firstly, the GZO films were prepared
      on glass substrates by ion plating with dc arc discharge, and the AZO films were
      then deposited on the GZO films by direct current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS).
      The GZO interface layers with a preferential c-axis orientation play a critical
      role in producing AZO films with texture development of a well-defined (0001)
      orientation, whereas 500-nm-thick AZO films deposited by only DC-MS showed a
      mixture of the c-plane and the other plane orientation, to exhibit a MU H of 38.7
      cm(2)/Vs with an N of 2.22 * 10(20) cm(-3). 

PMID- 27365001
TI  - Porous polymers bearing functional quaternary ammonium salts as efficient solid
      catalysts for the fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates.
AB  - A series of porous polymers bearing functional quaternary ammonium salts were
      solvothermally synthesized through the free radical copolymerization of
      divinylbenzene (DVB) and functionalized quaternary ammonium salts. The obtained
      polymers feature highly cross-linked matrices, large surface areas, and abundant
      halogen anions. These polymers were evaluated as heterogeneous catalysts for the
      synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2 in the absence of co
      catalysts and solvents. The results revealed that the synergistic effect between
      the functional hydroxyl groups and the halide anion Br(-) afforded excellent
      catalytic activity to cyclic carbonates. In addition, the catalyst can be easily
      recovered and reused for at least five cycles without significant loss in
      activity. 

PMID- 27365002
TI  - The effect of healing in the medial collateral ligament of human knee joint: A
      three-dimensional finite element analysis.
AB  - The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the main ligaments that provide
      knee joint with major restraints against valgus, internal, and external torque
      loads. The MCL injury most frequently occurs near its femoral attachment but can
      be healed spontaneously. Hence, the usual clinical treatment for MCL injury is
      conservative therapy with early controlled rehabilitation motion. However, the
      effect of the variations in the healing conditions of the MCL portion (i.e. near
      the femoral insertion) is still unclear. In this study, finite element
      tibiofemoral joint models with three different MCL healing conditions were
      analyzed under six kinds of joint loads, such as 10 and 20 N.m valgus tibial
      torques, 5 and 10 N.m internal tibial torques, and 5 and 10 N.m external tibial
      torques. The three healing conditions corresponded to the early, medium, and
      final (i.e. healthy) stages of the healing period, respectively. It was found
      that different MCL healing conditions greatly affected the main joint kinematics
      under valgus tibial torques, but neither the reaction force nor stress results of
      the MCL. The peak strain values in the MCL healing portion changed greatly under
      all the six loads. Moreover, all the joint kinematics, strain results, and
      reaction force of the MCL at the medium stage were similar to those in the
      healthy joint, that is, at the final healing stage. These imply that the
      partially healed MCL might be enough for providing the restraints for knee joints
      and would not lead to some high strains occurring in the MCL.

PMID- 27365004
TI  - Crowdsourcing: a valid alternative to expert evaluation of robotic surgery
      skills.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Robotic-assisted gynecologic surgery is common, but requires unique
      training. A validated assessment tool for evaluating trainees' robotic surgery
      skills is Robotic-Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills.
      OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess whether crowdsourcing can be used as an
      alternative to expert surgical evaluators in scoring Robotic-Objective Structured
      Assessments of Technical Skills. STUDY DESIGN: The Robotic Training Network
      produced the Robotic-Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills, which
      evaluate trainees across 5 dry lab robotic surgical drills. Robotic-Objective
      Structured Assessments of Technical Skills were previously validated in a study
      of 105 participants, where dry lab surgical drills were recorded, de-identified,
      and scored by 3 expert surgeons using the Robotic-Objective Structured
      Assessments of Technical Skills checklist. Our methods-comparison study uses
      these previously obtained recordings and expert surgeon scores. Mean scores per
      participant from each drill were separated into quartiles. Crowdworkers were
      trained and calibrated on Robotic-Objective Structured Assessments of Technical
      Skills scoring using a representative recording of a skilled and novice surgeon.
      Following this, 3 recordings from each scoring quartile for each drill were
      randomly selected. Crowdworkers evaluated the randomly selected recordings using
      Robotic-Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills. Linear mixed
      effects models were used to derive mean crowdsourced ratings for each drill.
      Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the correlation
      between crowdsourced and expert surgeons' ratings. RESULTS: In all, 448
      crowdworkers reviewed videos from 60 dry lab drills, and completed a total of
      2517 Robotic-Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills assessments
      within 16 hours. Crowdsourced Robotic-Objective Structured Assessments of
      Technical Skills ratings were highly correlated with expert surgeon ratings
      across each of the 5 dry lab drills (r ranging from 0.75-0.91). CONCLUSION:
      Crowdsourced assessments of recorded dry lab surgical drills using a validated
      assessment tool are a rapid and suitable alternative to expert surgeon
      evaluation.

PMID- 27365005
TI  - Suprasternal innominate artery cannulation for reoperative aortic surgery: a
      technical note.
AB  - Suprasternal cannulation of the innominate artery in aortic reoperations may be
      useful in specific situations. Over a period of 3.5 years, 9 patients (6 males,
      average age = 49.2 +/- 16.1 years) underwent suprasternal cannulation prior to
      resternotomy. Cannulation was performed using a side graft. All operations were
      successfully completed. Two patients died after surgery because of coagulopathy
      and multiorgan failure. There were no complications related to access or
      technique, and no site complications were detected during follow-up. Suprasternal
      cannulation of the innominate artery may play a role in selected reoperations.

PMID- 27365003
TI  - Do serial measurements of cervical length improve the prediction of preterm birth
      in asymptomatic women with twin gestations?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cervical length at midtrimester is a powerful predictor of preterm
      birth in twin gestations. However, given the fact that, in some cases, cervical
      shortening may become evident only later during the second trimester, it seems
      reasonable that serial monitoring of cervical length may improve the detection of
      preterm birth in women with twins. However, data in support of such a practice
      are limited and conflicting. The contradictory results may be related to the fact
      that in most of these studies, the analysis of the predictive value of serial
      measurements of cervical length was limited to data derived from only two
      sequential measurements of cervical length, while data on the predictive value of
      multiple (>2) measurements are scarce. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether
      serial measurements of cervical length can improve the prediction of preterm
      birth in asymptomatic women with twin gestations compared with a single
      measurement of cervical length at midgestation. STUDY DESIGN: This was a
      retrospective cohort study of women with twin pregnancies followed up in a
      tertiary medical center from 2012 through 2014. All participants underwent
      routine measurement of cervical length at midgestation and every 2-3 weeks
      thereafter until 28-32 weeks. For each patient, cervical length was determined at
      the following time periods: 18+0 to 21+6 weeks (period 1, routine exam), 22+0 to
      24+6 weeks (period 2), 25+0 to 27+6 weeks (period 3), and 28+0 to 32+0 weeks
      (period 4). Measurements of cervical length at periods 2-4 were analyzed in the
      form of either absolute length (in millimeters) or percent shortening relative to
      cervical length at period 1. The performance of a stepwise algorithm that
      incorporated serial measurements of cervical length for the prediction of preterm
      birth was compared to that achieved with a single measurement of cervical length
      at period 1. RESULTS: Overall, 441 women with twin pregnancies who were eligible
      for the study underwent a total of 2374 cervical length measurements. The
      association of a short cervix (<10th percentile) with preterm birth at <32 weeks
      persisted in each of the 4 periods of gestation [odds ratio (95% confidence
      interval): 7.2 (3.1-16.5), 15.3 (6.4-36.7), 10.3 (4.4-24.3), and 23.1(8.3-64.1),
      respectively]. Compared with a single measurement of cervical length at
      midgestation (period 1), a stepwise algorithm integrating serial cervical length
      measurements from all 4 successive gestational age periods resulted in a
      significant increase in the area under the receiver operating characteristic
      curve (0.917 vs 0.613, P < .001). Similarly, when a target false-positive rate of
      5% was used, the same stepwise algorithm was associated with a higher detection
      rate (69% vs 28%, P < .001), higher positive likelihood ratio (14.54 vs 5.12),
      and lower negative likelihood ratio (0.32 vs 0.76) for preterm birth at <32 weeks
      compared with a single measurement of cervical length at period 1. CONCLUSION:
      Integration of serial measurements of cervical length using a stepwise algorithm
      in asymptomatic women with twin gestations can improve the detection of women at
      risk of preterm birth. Prospective studies are needed to validate these findings,
      and to investigate whether improved risk assessment performance is sufficient to
      offset the additional costs associated with serial cervical length measurements.

PMID- 27365006
TI  - Giant dissecting ventricular septal haematoma associated with critical congenital
      heart disease.
AB  - The occurrence of an haematoma in the interventricular septum is very rare. We
      report a case of a giant interventricular septal haematoma after surgical
      correction of a critical pulmonary valve stenosis in a newborn with intact
      ventricular septum. Control echocardiography showed complete resolution of the
      haematoma at 6-month follow-up.

PMID- 27365007
TI  - How safe is it to train residents to perform mitral valve surgery?
AB  - A best evidence topic was constructed according to a structured protocol. The
      enquiry: In [patients undergoing mitral valve surgery] are [postoperative
      morbidity and mortality outcomes] acceptable when patients are operated on by
      [residents]? Four hundred and twenty-three were identified from the search
      strategy. Six articles selected as best evidence were tabulated. All current
      published evidence, encompassing open and minimally invasive mitral valve repair
      in addition to mitral valve replacement, supports the involvement of trainees in
      mitral procedures. Although trainees may experience longer aortic cross-clamp and
      cardiopulmonary bypass times than specialist surgeons, they are not associated
      with significantly worse perioperative or postoperative outcomes in comparable
      mitral procedures. Important factors in the viability of mitral valve training
      and its quality include the volume of cases per institution and the expertise of
      the supervising surgeon, and these remain largely unexplored. Overall, mitral
      valve surgery remains a valuable potential training opportunity, one which is
      perhaps underexploited.

PMID- 27365008
TI  - Determinants of late outcomes in women undergoing mitral repair of myxomatous
      degeneration.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Studies have consistently shown that women have worse perioperative
      outcomes following mitral surgery compared with men. Few data are available that
      explain these divergent outcomes. This study was conducted to determine whether
      women with degenerative mitral valve disease present to surgery with more
      advanced disease than men, and to determine whether these differences influence
      long-term clinical outcomes. METHODS: Seven hundred and forty-three patients
      underwent repair of mitral regurgitation due to myxomatous degeneration between
      2001 and 2014. Of these, 208 (28%) were females and concomitant coronary bypass
      grafting was performed in 103 (14%). The mean clinical follow-up was for 3.1
      years, and extended to 11.9 years. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality was 0.1%.
      Preoperatively, women had a larger indexed left atrial diameter (27.9 +/- 5.7 vs
      25.3 +/- 4.7 mm/m2, P = 0.0001), larger indexed left ventricle end-systolic
      dimension (20.6 +/- 5.5 vs 18.7 +/- 5.1 mm/m2, P = 0.028) and higher right
      ventricular systolic pressure (44.4 +/- 14.4 vs 41.7 +/- 13.3 mmHg, P = 0.026)
      compared with men. Five-year survival and freedom from recurrent MR >=2+ were
      88.7 +/- 1.8 and 90.7 +/- 1.6%, respectively. Although gender was not associated
      with survival (hazard ratio: 1.04 +/- 0.4, P = 0.91), women were more likely to
      develop recurrent MR >=2+ at follow-up compared with men (hazard ratio: 1.9 +/-
      0.5, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: In this large series, women with degenerative
      mitral valve disease presented with echocardiographic markers suggestive of more
      advanced disease at the time of surgery. Although there was no difference in
      early or late survival between groups, women were more likely to develop
      recurrent MR >=2+ over the course of follow-up. Earlier surgical referral of
      women may, therefore, be advised.

PMID- 27365009
TI  - Does induction chemoradiotherapy increase survival in patients with Pancoast
      tumour?
AB  - A best evidence topic in cardiothoracic surgery was written according to a
      structured protocol. The question addressed was whether induction (neoadjuvant)
      chemoradiotherapy (iCRT) compared with other therapeutic strategies improves
      survival in patients with Pancoast tumours. Altogether 248 papers were identified
      using the below-mentioned search. Ten of them represented the best evidence to
      answer the clinical question. The author, journal, date and country of
      publication, patient group, relevant outcomes and weaknesses were tabulated. Four
      studies were retrospective comparative studies of induction chemoradiotherapy and
      surgery (trimodal therapy) versus other therapeutic strategies. Two studies were
      retrospective and four were prospective investigating trimodal therapy. These
      papers comprised a total of 550 patients. The overall survival was better with
      trimodal therapy compared with RT (radiotherapy) followed by surgery group in all
      three comparative studies. The 2-year survival varied in the trimodal therapy
      group from 70 to 93%, in comparison to RT group where variation was from 22 to
      49%. Five-year survival for trimodal therapy varied between 36.4 and 84% in the
      results of two comparative studies, compared with 11 and 49% for RT and surgery,
      respectively. One paper looked at survival in patients who underwent surgery
      alone [30% at 2-year and 20% at 4-year overall survival (OS)]. The 5-year OS in
      the retrospective group varied between 38 and 59%. Similar results were reported
      for the prospective group with 5-year OS between 44 and 56%. Despite a large
      variation in pCR (complete pathological response) (15-93%) and R0 (77-100%)
      reported, both represented a positive prognostic factor for survival. Three
      papers looked at the impact of staging following induction chemoradiotherapy. The
      majority of patients had T3 disease. An advantage in survival was seen in
      patients with early disease compared with advanced stage. No randomized
      controlled trials were identified. All the 10 articles suggested there was a
      benefit in trimodal therapy with improvement in overall survival. We conclude
      that combining induction chemoradiotherapy with surgery for Pancoast tumour may
      offer a survival benefit compared with radiotherapy with surgery or surgery
      alone.

PMID- 27365011
TI  - The pragmatic clinical trial in a learning health care system.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: A learning health care system ideally incorporates the ability
      to adapt to the pace of change, the incorporation of new clinical research
      paradigms, and leverages electronic health record systems and clinical decision
      support systems to narrow the divide between research and clinical practice.
      METHODS: An adaptive clinical trial can be embedded into the sites and practice
      of clinical care in a highly pragmatic way to simultaneously generate high
      quality data on treatment efficacy and improve the care of patients. This
      approach can be expanded into a pragmatic platform trial, meaning a trial that is
      intended to evaluate multiple treatments for a disease or diseases, possibly in
      combination, and with the available treatments potentially changing over time.
      This strategy is illustrated using a trial currently being implemented in Europe
      and funded by the European Union, evaluating three different "domains" of
      treatments for patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia requiring
      intensive care. RESULTS: Simulation studies demonstrate that this approach has
      the potential to save lives while identifying the best treatment strategies for
      this critically ill population. CONCLUSION: Patients are likely to benefit if we
      can merge clinical trials and decision support into a single continuous learning
      process.

PMID- 27365010
TI  - A framework for analysis of research risks and benefits to participants in
      standard of care pragmatic clinical trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Standard of care pragmatic clinical trials that compare
      treatments already in use could improve care and reduce costs, but there is
      considerable debate about the research risks of standard of care pragmatic
      clinical trials and how to apply informed consent regulations to such trials. We
      sought to develop a framework integrating the insights from opposing sides of the
      debate. METHODS: We developed a formal risk-benefit analysis framework for
      standard of care pragmatic clinical trials and then applied it to key provisions
      of the US federal regulations. RESULTS: Our formal framework for standard of care
      pragmatic clinical trial risk-benefit analysis takes into account three key
      considerations: the ex ante estimates of risks and benefits of the treatments to
      be compared in a standard of care pragmatic clinical trial, the allocation ratios
      of treatments inside and outside such a trial, and the significance of some
      participants receiving a different treatment inside a trial than outside the
      trial. The framework provides practical guidance on how the research ethics
      regulations on informed consent should be applied to standard of care pragmatic
      clinical trials. CONCLUSION: Our proposed formal model makes explicit the
      relationship between the concepts used by opposing sides of the debate about the
      research risks of standard of care pragmatic clinical trials and can be used to
      clarify the implications for informed consent.

PMID- 27365012
TI  - Patient-reported outcomes questionnaire compliance in Cancer Cooperative Group
      Trials (Alliance N0992).
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The use of patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials is a
      focal point for research and policy. Non-compliance with planned questionnaires
      and missing data can threaten both internal validity and generalizability. This
      retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the extent of, and
      characteristics associated with, missing patient-reported outcomes. METHODS:
      Study characteristics, patient characteristics and adverse events, and reasons
      for non-compliance were compiled from 14 closed Alliance for Clinical Trials in
      Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, or Mayo Clinic Cancer Research Consortium
      clinical trials. Compliance rates were calculated for each patient using the
      number of booklets completed while the patient was on trial divided by the number
      of booklets the patient was expected to complete. Frequency counts and summary
      statistics were compiled. Logistic regression techniques were employed. RESULTS:
      The 1640 included patients had a median age of 58 years and were mostly White
      (90.8%) and female (73.8%). Compliance rates per study ranged from 84.7% to
      97.2%. The primary endpoint of overall compliance rate was 93.1%. A total of 1267
      patients were compliant. Those non-compliant were slightly older (mean = 58.6 vs
      57.5, p = 0.03) and had different types of cancers (p < 0.01). There were no
      differences in compliance according to tumor status (p = 0.66), clinical stage (p
      = 0.81), baseline quality of life (p = 0.42 for >=8 vs <8 and p = 0.12 for >=6 vs
      <6), or maximum adverse event grade incidence (p = 0.33 for grade 2+ incidence
      and p = 0.36 for grade 3+ incidence). Reasons for non-compliance included patient
      refusal (N = 136), booklet not administered to patient (N = 199), no clinic visit
      at the scheduled time for booklet completion (N = 40), and at-home-completed
      booklet not returned (N = 224). Logistic regression indicates gender (p < 0.01),
      race (p < 0.01), performance score (p = 0.02), dose delay status (p = 0.01), and
      incidence of grade 3 or higher adverse event (p = 0.03) were correlates of
      compliance. CONCLUSION: Patient-reported outcomes have successfully been
      implemented into Alliance and Mayo Clinic trials with high rates of patient
      compliance. Further improvement in compliance can be made with staff commitment
      and education. Patients are typically non-compliant only when the task at hand is
      burdensome, unclear, or logistically challenging. Existing tracking systems used
      for the other trial outcomes should be utilized to ensure successful capture of
      patient-reported outcomes.

PMID- 27365014
TI  - Statistical issues in the design, conduct and analysis of two large safety
      studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The emergence, post approval, of serious medical events, which
      may be associated with the use of a particular drug or class of drugs, is an
      important public health and regulatory issue. The best method to address this
      issue is through a large, rigorously designed safety study. Therefore, it is
      important to elucidate the statistical issues involved in these large safety
      studies. METHODS: Two such studies are PRECISION and EAGLES. PRECISION is the
      primary focus of this article. PRECISION is a non-inferiority design with a
      clinically relevant non-inferiority margin. Statistical issues in the design,
      conduct and analysis of PRECISION are discussed. RESULTS: Quantitative and
      clinical aspects of the selection of the composite primary endpoint, the
      determination and role of the non-inferiority margin in a large safety study and
      the intent-to-treat and modified intent-to-treat analyses in a non-inferiority
      safety study are shown. Protocol changes that were necessary during the conduct
      of PRECISION are discussed from a statistical perspective. Issues regarding the
      complex analysis and interpretation of the results of PRECISION are outlined.
      EAGLES is presented as a large, rigorously designed safety study when a non
      inferiority margin was not able to be determined by a strong clinical/scientific
      method. In general, when a non-inferiority margin is not able to be determined,
      the width of the 95% confidence interval is a way to size the study and to assess
      the cost-benefit of relative trial size. CONCLUSION: A non-inferiority margin,
      when able to be determined by a strong scientific method, should be included in a
      large safety study. Although these studies could not be called "pragmatic," they
      are examples of best real-world designs to address safety and regulatory
      concerns.

PMID- 27365013
TI  - Use of administrative data to increase the practicality of clinical trials:
      Insights from the Women's Health Initiative.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To reduce research costs in the context of pragmatic trials,
      consideration is given to using administrative data (Medicare claims) to
      ascertain clinical outcomes. METHODS: In the historical context of the Women's
      Health Initiative, the correspondence between selected cardiovascular events
      derived from Medicare claims was compared to those documented and adjudicated in
      this large-scale prevention trial. RESULTS: Classification performance varies
      somewhat by type of outcome, but hazard ratios and confidence intervals derived
      from the two data sources were quite comparable. CONCLUSION: These encouraging
      results provided the needed support to launch a new embedded pragmatic trial of
      physical activity that will rely heavily on Medicare claims to ascertain
      cardiovascular disease incidence in the majority of those randomized.

PMID- 27365015
TI  - Statistical issues in pragmatic trials of behavioral economic interventions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Randomized clinical trials provide gold-standard evidence for the
      efficacy of interventions, but have limitations, including highly selected
      populations that make inference on effectiveness difficult and a lack of ability
      to adapt and change midstream. METHODS: We propose two innovations for pragmatic
      trial design. RESULTS: Evidence-based evolutionary testing, a framework that
      allows adaptation of interventions and rapid-cycle innovation, preserves the
      power of randomization while acknowledging the need for adaptation and learning.
      An opt-out consent framework increases the fraction of the target population who
      participate in trials, but may lead to dampening of effect sizes. CONCLUSION:
      Pragmatic trials offer numerous advantages in the evaluation of behavioral
      interventions in health. Statistical innovations, including evidence-based
      evolutionary testing and opt-out framing of consent and enrollment processes, can
      enhance the power of pragmatic trials and lead to more rapid progress.

PMID- 27365016
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27365017
TI  - Comments on Berry et al.'s response-adaptive randomization platform trial for
      Ebola.

PMID- 27365018
TI  - Unforeseen rib fracture findings in infant chest radiographs: evidence of non
      accidental injury or simply a case of birth trauma?

PMID- 27365019
TI  - PET monitoring of liver directed selective internal radionuclide therapy for
      metastatic gastro-oesophageal cancer.

PMID- 27365020
TI  - Atretic parietal encephalocoele.

PMID- 27365021
TI  - Ultra-wide field imaging of bilateral idiopathic retinal dialysis.

PMID- 27365022
TI  - [German Rheumatism Research Center in Berlin : A Leibniz institute].

PMID- 27365023
TI  - [Update on kinase inhibitors].

PMID- 27365024
TI  - [Biologics].

PMID- 27365025
TI  - [Classification criteria for rheumatic diseases].

PMID- 27365026
TI  - [Treat to target and personalized medicine (precision medicine)].

PMID- 27365027
TI  - [Methotrexate].

PMID- 27365028
TI  - [Molecular physical medicine in rheumatic disease patterns].

PMID- 27365029
TI  - Definitions, Foundations and Associations of Physical Literacy: A Systematic
      Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The concept of physical literacy has stimulated increased research
      attention in recent years-being deployed in physical education, sport
      participation, and the promotion of physical activity. Independent research
      groups currently operationalize the construct differently. OBJECTIVE: The purpose
      of this systematic review was to conduct a systematic review of the physical
      literacy construct, as reflected in contemporary research literature. METHODS:
      Five databases were searched using the preferred reporting items for systematic
      reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews. Inclusion
      criteria were English language, peer reviewed, published by March 2016, and
      seeking to conceptualize physical literacy. Articles that met these criteria were
      analyzed in relation to three core areas: properties/attributes, philosophical
      foundations and theoretical associations with other constructs. A total of 50
      published articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed qualitatively
      using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: The thematic analysis addressed the
      three core areas. Under definitions, core attributes that define physical
      literacy were identified, as well as areas of conflict between different
      approaches currently being adopted. One relatively clear philosophical approach
      was prominent in approximately half of the papers, based on a monist/holistic
      ontology and phenomenological epistemology. Finally, the analysis identified a
      number of theoretical associations, including health, physical activity and
      academic performance. CONCLUSIONS: Current literature contains different
      representations of the physical literacy construct. The costs and benefits of
      adopting an exclusive approach versus pluralism are considered. Recommendations
      for both researchers and practitioners focus on identifying and clearly
      articulating the definitions, philosophical assumptions and expected outcomes
      prior to evaluating the effectiveness of this emerging concept.

PMID- 27365030
TI  - Introduction to biosensors.
AB  - Biosensors are nowadays ubiquitous in biomedical diagnosis as well as a wide
      range of other areas such as point-of-care monitoring of treatment and disease
      progression, environmental monitoring, food control, drug discovery, forensics
      and biomedical research. A wide range of techniques can be used for the
      development of biosensors. Their coupling with high-affinity biomolecules allows
      the sensitive and selective detection of a range of analytes. We give a general
      introduction to biosensors and biosensing technologies, including a brief
      historical overview, introducing key developments in the field and illustrating
      the breadth of biomolecular sensing strategies and the expansion of
      nanotechnological approaches that are now available.

PMID- 27365031
TI  - Antibodies and antibody-derived analytical biosensors.
AB  - The rapid diagnosis of many diseases and timely initiation of appropriate
      treatment are critical determinants that promote optimal clinical outcomes and
      general public health. Biosensors are now being applied for rapid diagnostics due
      to their capacity for point-of-care use with minimum need for operator input.
      Antibody-based biosensors or immunosensors have revolutionized diagnostics for
      the detection of a plethora of analytes such as disease markers, food and
      environmental contaminants, biological warfare agents and illicit drugs.
      Antibodies are ideal biorecognition elements that provide sensors with high
      specificity and sensitivity. This review describes monoclonal and recombinant
      antibodies and different immobilization approaches crucial for antibody
      utilization in biosensors. Examples of applications of a variety of antibody
      based sensor formats are also described.

PMID- 27365032
TI  - Non-antibody protein-based biosensors.
AB  - Biosensors that depend on a physical or chemical measurement can be adversely
      affected by non-specific interactions. For example, a biosensor designed to
      measure specifically the levels of a rare analyte can give false positive results
      if there is even a small amount of interaction with a highly abundant but
      irrelevant molecule. To overcome this limitation, the biosensor community has
      frequently turned to antibody molecules as recognition elements because they are
      renowned for their exquisite specificity. Unfortunately antibodies can often fail
      when immobilised on inorganic surfaces, and alternative biological recognition
      elements are needed. This article reviews the available non-antibody-binding
      proteins that have been successfully used in electrical and micro-mechanical
      biosensor platforms.

PMID- 27365033
TI  - Oligonucleotide-based systems: DNA, microRNAs, DNA/RNA aptamers.
AB  - There are an increasing number of applications that have been developed for
      oligonucleotide-based biosensing systems in genetics and biomedicine.
      Oligonucleotide-based biosensors are those where the probe to capture the analyte
      is a strand of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) or a synthetic
      analogue of naturally occurring nucleic acids. This review will shed light on
      various types of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA (particularly microRNAs),
      their role and their application in biosensing. It will also cover DNA/RNA
      aptamers, which can be used as bioreceptors for a wide range of targets such as
      proteins, small molecules, bacteria and even cells. It will also highlight how
      the invention of synthetic oligonucleotides such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA) or
      locked nucleic acid (LNA) has pushed the limits of molecular biology and
      biosensor development to new perspectives. These technologies are very promising
      albeit still in need of development in order to bridge the gap between the
      laboratory-based status and the reality of biomedical applications.

PMID- 27365034
TI  - Glycan and lectin biosensors.
AB  - A short description about the importance of glycan biorecognition in
      physiological (blood cell type) and pathological processes (infections by human
      and avian influenza viruses) is provided in this review. Glycans are described as
      much better information storage media, compared to proteins or DNA, due to the
      extensive variability of glycan structures. Techniques able to detect an exact
      glycan structure are briefly discussed with the main focus on the application of
      lectins (glycan-recognising proteins) in the specific analysis of glycans still
      attached to proteins or cells/viruses. Optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric
      and micromechanical biosensors with immobilised lectins or glycans able to detect
      a wide range of analytes including whole cells/viruses are also discussed.

PMID- 27365035
TI  - Use of biosensors for the detection of marine toxins.
AB  - Increasing occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the ocean are a major
      concern for countries around the globe, and with strong links between HABs and
      climate change and eutrophication, the occurrences are only set to increase. Of
      particular concern with regard to HABs is the presence of toxin-producing algae.
      Six major marine biotoxin groups are associated with HABs. Ingestion of such
      toxins via contaminated shellfish, fish, or other potential vectors, can lead to
      intoxication syndromes with moderate to severe symptoms, including death in
      extreme cases. There are also major economic implications associated with the
      diverse effects of marine biotoxins and HABs. Thus, effective monitoring
      programmes are required to manage and mitigate their detrimental global effect.
      However, currently legislated detection methods are labour-intensive, expensive
      and relatively slow. The growing field of biosensor diagnostic devices is an
      exciting area that has the potential to produce robust, easy-to-use, cost
      effective, rapid and accurate detection methods for marine biotoxins and HABs.
      This review discusses recently developed biosensor assays that target marine
      biotoxins and their microbial producers, both in harvested fish/shellfish samples
      and in the open ocean. The effective deployment of such biosensor platforms could
      address the pressing need for improved monitoring of HABs and marine biotoxins,
      and could help to reduce their global economic impact.

PMID- 27365036
TI  - Bioconjugation and stabilisation of biomolecules in biosensors.
AB  - Suitable bioconjugation strategies and stabilisation of biomolecules on
      electrodes is essential for the development of novel and commercially viable
      biosensors. In the present review, the functional groups that comprise the
      selectable targets for practical bioconjugation methods are discussed. We focus
      on describing the most common immobilisation techniques used in biosensor
      construction, which are classified into irreversible and reversible methods.
      Concerning the stability of proteins, the two main types of stability may be
      defined as (i) storage or shelf stability, and (ii) operational stability. Both
      types of stability are explained, as well as the introduction of an
      electrophoretic technique for predicting protein-polymer interactions. In
      addition, solution and dry stabilisation as well as stabilisation using the
      covalent immobilisation of proteins are discussed including possible factors that
      influence stability. Finally, the integration of nanomaterials, such as magnetic
      particles, with protein immobilisation is discussed in relation to protein
      stability studies.

PMID- 27365037
TI  - Electrochemical biosensors and nanobiosensors.
AB  - Electrochemical techniques have great promise for low-cost miniaturised easy-to
      use portable devices for a wide range of applications-in particular, medical
      diagnosis and environmental monitoring. Different techniques can be used for
      biosensing, with amperometric devices taking the central role due to their
      widespread application in glucose monitoring. In fact, glucose biosensing takes
      an approximately 70% share of the biosensor market due to the need for diabetic
      patients to monitor their sugar levels several times a day, making it an
      appealing commercial market.In this review, we present the basic principles of
      electrochemical biosensor devices. A description of the different generations of
      glucose sensors is used to describe in some detail the operation of amperometric
      sensors and how the introduction of mediators can enhance the performance of the
      sensors. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a technique being increasingly
      used in devices due to its ability to detect variations in resistance and
      capacitance upon binding events. Novel advances in electrochemical sensors, due
      to the use of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, are presented
      as well as future directions that the field is taking.

PMID- 27365038
TI  - Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors: from ISFETs to NanoFETs.
AB  - Biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs) are one of the most
      abundant classes of electronic sensors for biomolecular detection. Most of the
      time these sensors are realized as classical ion-sensitive field-effect
      transistors (ISFETs) having non-metallized gate dielectrics facing an electrolyte
      solution. In ISFETs, a semiconductor material is used as the active transducer
      element covered by a gate dielectric layer which is electronically sensitive to
      the (bio-)chemical changes that occur on its surface. This review will provide a
      brief overview of the history of ISFET biosensors with general operation concepts
      and sensing mechanisms. We also discuss silicon nanowire-based ISFETs (SiNW FETs)
      as the modern nanoscale version of classical ISFETs, as well as strategies to
      functionalize them with biologically sensitive layers. We include in our
      discussion other ISFET types based on nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes,
      metal oxides and so on. The latest examples of highly sensitive label-free
      detection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules using SiNW FETs and single
      cell recordings for drug screening and other applications of ISFETs will be
      highlighted. Finally, we suggest new device platforms and newly developed,
      miniaturized read-out tools with multichannel potentiometric and impedimetric
      measurement capabilities for future biomedical applications.

PMID- 27365039
TI  - Optical biosensors.
AB  - Optical biosensors represent the most common type of biosensor. Here we provide a
      brief classification, a description of underlying principles of operation and
      their bioanalytical applications. The main focus is placed on the most widely
      used optical biosensors which are surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based
      biosensors including SPR imaging and localized SPR. In addition, other optical
      biosensor systems are described, such as evanescent wave fluorescence and
      bioluminescent optical fibre biosensors, as well as interferometric,
      ellipsometric and reflectometric interference spectroscopy and surface-enhanced
      Raman scattering biosensors. The optical biosensors discussed here allow the
      sensitive and selective detection of a wide range of analytes including viruses,
      toxins, drugs, antibodies, tumour biomarkers and tumour cells.

PMID- 27365040
TI  - Acoustic biosensors.
AB  - Resonant and acoustic wave devices have been researched for several decades for
      application in the gravimetric sensing of a variety of biological and chemical
      analytes. These devices operate by coupling the measurand (e.g. analyte
      adsorption) as a modulation in the physical properties of the acoustic wave (e.g.
      resonant frequency, acoustic velocity, dissipation) that can then be correlated
      with the amount of adsorbed analyte. These devices can also be miniaturized with
      advantages in terms of cost, size and scalability, as well as potential
      additional features including integration with microfluidics and electronics,
      scaled sensitivities associated with smaller dimensions and higher operational
      frequencies, the ability to multiplex detection across arrays of hundreds of
      devices embedded in a single chip, increased throughput and the ability to
      interrogate a wider range of modes including within the same device.
      Additionally, device fabrication is often compatible with semiconductor volume
      batch manufacturing techniques enabling cost scalability and a high degree of
      precision and reproducibility in the manufacturing process. Integration with
      microfluidics handling also enables suitable sample pre
      processing/separation/purification/amplification steps that could improve
      selectivity and the overall signal-to-noise ratio. Three device types are
      reviewed here: (i) bulk acoustic wave sensors, (ii) surface acoustic wave
      sensors, and (iii) micro/nano-electromechanical system (MEMS/NEMS) sensors.

PMID- 27365041
TI  - Lateral flow assays.
AB  - Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the technology behind low-cost, simple, rapid and
      portable detection devices popular in biomedicine, agriculture, food and
      environmental sciences. This review presents an overview of the principle of the
      method and the critical components of the assay, focusing on lateral flow
      immunoassays. This type of assay has recently attracted considerable interest
      because of its potential to provide instantaneous diagnosis directly to patients.
      The range and interpretation of results and parameters used for evaluation of the
      assay will also be discussed. The main advantages and disadvantages of LFAs will
      be summarized and relevant future improvements to testing devices and strategies
      will be proposed. Finally, the major recent advances and future diagnostic
      applications in the LFA field will be explored.

PMID- 27365042
TI  - Lab-on-chip systems for integrated bioanalyses.
AB  - Biomolecular detection systems based on microfluidics are often called lab-on
      chip systems. To fully benefit from the miniaturization resulting from
      microfluidics, one aims to develop 'from sample-to-answer' analytical systems, in
      which the input is a raw or minimally processed biological, food/feed or
      environmental sample and the output is a quantitative or qualitative assessment
      of one or more analytes of interest. In general, such systems will require the
      integration of several steps or operations to perform their function. This review
      will discuss these stages of operation, including fluidic handling, which assures
      that the desired fluid arrives at a specific location at the right time and under
      the appropriate flow conditions; molecular recognition, which allows the capture
      of specific analytes at precise locations on the chip; transduction of the
      molecular recognition event into a measurable signal; sample preparation upstream
      from analyte capture; and signal amplification procedures to increase
      sensitivity. Seamless integration of the different stages is required to achieve
      a point-of-care/point-of-use lab-on-chip device that allows analyte detection at
      the relevant sensitivity ranges, with a competitive analysis time and cost.

PMID- 27365043
TI  - Protective Effects of Intralipid and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) on
      Hepatotoxicity and Pancreatic Injury Caused by Dichlorvos in Rats.
AB  - The present study was aimed to the investigate the protective effects of caffeic
      acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and intralipid (IL) on hepatotoxicity and pancreatic
      injury caused by acute dichlorvos (D) intoxication in rats. Forty-eight Wistar
      rats were randomly divided into seven groups each containing seven rats except
      control groups. The groups included control, D, CAPE, IL, D + CAPE, D + IL, and D
      + CAPE + IL. Total antioxidant status and total oxidative stress levels were
      measured by automated colorimetric assay. Tissues were evaluated using
      hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Tissues were analyzed with hematoxylin and
      eosin by using standard protocols. Also, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 were evaluated
      by immunohistochemical method in liver tissue. Total oxidant status in control,
      CAPE, and IL groups were significantly lower, and total antioxidant status in the
      D + CAPE, D + IL, and D + IL + CAPE groups were significantly higher compared to
      the D group. CAPE and IL treatment decreased the apoptotic and mitotic cell count
      in liver tissue. Parenchymal necrosis caused by dichlorvos is observed in
      pancreas tissues of rats. Mild congestion and edema formation occurred in
      pancreas tissues following D + CAPE and D + IL therapies. These results indicate
      that CAPE and IL have the potential to decrease oxidative stress and hepatic and
      pancreatic injuries caused by acute dichlorvos intoxication. These drugs can be
      considered as a new method for supportive and protective therapy against
      pesticide intoxication.

PMID- 27365044
TI  - Evaluation of Local CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 Expression Levels as Prognostic Factors
      in Postmenopausal Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer Cases.
AB  - There is growing attention focused on local estrogen production in the breast
      tissue and its possible role in breast cancer initiation and progression.
      Understanding the underlying mechanisms for estrogen synthesis and the
      microenvironment consisting of tumor and its surrounding adipose tissue might
      open new avenues in breast cancer prevention, prognosis and treatment. In order
      to obtain insight, we compared peritumoral and tumor tissue expressions of
      CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 genes, which play an important role in estrogen biosynthesis.
      The paired tissue samples of 20 postmenopausal ER+/PR+ patients diagnosed with
      invasive ductal breast cancer were studied. In addition, 12 breast tissue samples
      obtained from premenopausal women without a history of breast cancer were also
      investigated as representative of normal conditions. Peritumoral adipose tissues
      expressed CYP19A1 approximately threefold higher than tumor itself (p = 0.001). A
      nonsignificant trend toward low expression of CYP17A1 was observed in peritumoral
      compared to tumor tissue (p = 0.687). Clinicopathological parameters and patient
      characteristics which are accepted as risk factors for breast cancer were also
      associated with individual and combined expressions of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1. This
      study offers that evaluation of CYP17A1 and CYP19A1 local expression levels might
      be useful for deciding on personalized treatment approaches and more accurate
      diagnosis, when evaluated together with several clinicopathological and disease
      risk factors. Considering the key role of these CYPs in estrogen synthesis,
      determining their expression levels may be useful as a postdiagnostic marker and
      for choosing the right treatment method in addition to the conventional approach.

PMID- 27365045
TI  - Set a low bar for starting palliative care.

PMID- 27365046
TI  - Extensive ceRNA-ceRNA interaction networks mediated by miRNAs regulate
      development in multiple rhesus tissues.
AB  - Crosstalk between RNAs mediated by shared microRNAs (miRNAs) represents a novel
      layer of gene regulation, which plays important roles in development. In this
      study, we analyzed time series expression data for coding genes and long non
      coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to identify thousands of interactions among competitive
      endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) in four rhesus tissues. The ceRNAs exhibited dynamic
      expression and regulatory patterns during each tissue development process, which
      suggests that ceRNAs might work synergistically during different developmental
      stages or tissues to control specific functions. In addition, lncRNAs exhibit
      higher specificity as ceRNAs than coding-genes and their functions were predicted
      based on their competitive coding-gene partners to discover their important
      developmental roles. In addition to the specificity of tissue development,
      functional analyses demonstrated that the combined effects of multiple ceRNAs can
      have major impacts on general developmental and metabolic processes in multiple
      tissues, especially transcription-related functions where competitive
      interactions. Moreover, ceRNA interactions could sequentially and/or
      synergistically mediate the crosstalk among different signaling pathways during
      brain development. Analyzing ceRNA interactions during the development of
      multiple tissues will provideinsights in the regulation of normal development and
      the dysregulation of key mechanisms during pathogenesis.

PMID- 27365047
TI  - Sam68 functions as a transcriptional coactivator of the p53 tumor suppressor.
AB  - Sam68 is a known sequence-specific RNA binding protein that regulates alternative
      splicing events during the cell cycle and apoptosis. Sam68 has also been shown to
      influence transcription, but the molecular mechanism remains undefined. Herein we
      identify Sam68 as a transcriptional coactivator of the p53 tumor suppressor in
      response to DNA damage. Using CRISPR/Cas9 generated isogenic HCT116 Sam68-/- cell
      lines wild type or deficient for p53, we show that Sam68 is required for the
      efficient transactivation of p53 target genes. Consistently, Sam68 depletion
      caused defects in DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis mediated by
      p53. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Sam68 physically interacted with p53 in
      an RNA-dependent manner, and that this interaction was essential for the
      coactivator function of Sam68. Furthermore, we show that both Sam68 and p53 were
      recruited to promoters of p53-responsive genes, suggesting interdependence.
      Finally, Sam68 acted in concert with the p53 long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) target
      PR-lncRNA-1 for p53 recruitment, implicating a positive-feedback mechanism in
      which lncRNAs induced by the Sam68/p53 complex can enhance p53 transcriptional
      activity. These findings define a hitherto novel mechanism of action for Sam68 in
      governing p53 transcriptional activation, and represent the first report of Sam68
      in the regulation of tumor suppressor activities.

PMID- 27365049
TI  - The role of sequence context, nucleotide pool balance and stress in 2'
      deoxynucleotide misincorporation in viral, bacterial and mammalian RNA.
AB  - The misincorporation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides (dNs) into RNA has important
      implications for the function of non-coding RNAs, the translational fidelity of
      coding RNAs and the mutagenic evolution of viral RNA genomes. However,
      quantitative appreciation for the degree to which dN misincorporation occurs is
      limited by the lack of analytical tools. Here, we report a method to hydrolyze
      RNA to release 2'-deoxyribonucleotide-ribonucleotide pairs (dNrN) that are then
      quantified by chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Using this
      platform, we found misincorporated dNs occurring at 1 per 103 to 105
      ribonucleotide (nt) in mRNA, rRNAs and tRNA in human cells, Escherichia coli,
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, most abundantly, in the RNA genome of dengue virus.
      The frequency of dNs varied widely among organisms and sequence contexts, and
      partly reflected the in vitro discrimination efficiencies of different RNA
      polymerases against 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs). Further, we
      demonstrate a strong link between dN frequencies in RNA and the balance of dNTPs
      and ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (rNTPs) in the cellular pool, with
      significant stress-induced variation of dN incorporation. Potential implications
      of dNs in RNA are discussed, including the possibilities of dN incorporation in
      RNA as a contributing factor in viral evolution and human disease, and as a host
      immune defense mechanism against viral infections.

PMID- 27365050
TI  - Chromatin structure-dependent conformations of the H1 CTD.
AB  - Linker histones are an integral component of chromatin but how these proteins
      promote assembly of chromatin fibers and higher order structures and regulate
      gene expression remains an open question. Using Forster resonance energy transfer
      (FRET) approaches we find that association of a linker histone with
      oligonucleosomal arrays induces condensation of the intrinsically disordered H1
      CTD in a manner consistent with adoption of a defined fold or ensemble of folds
      in the bound state. However, H1 CTD structure when bound to nucleosomes in arrays
      is distinct from that induced upon H1 association with mononucleosomes or bare
      double stranded DNA. Moreover, the H1 CTD becomes more condensed upon
      condensation of extended nucleosome arrays to the contacting zig-zag form found
      in moderate salts, but does not detectably change during folding to fully
      compacted chromatin fibers. We provide evidence that linker DNA conformation is a
      key determinant of H1 CTD structure and that constraints imposed by neighboring
      nucleosomes cause linker DNAs to adopt distinct trajectories in oligonucleosomes
      compared to H1-bound mononucleosomes. Finally, inter-molecular FRET between H1s
      within fully condensed nucleosome arrays suggests a regular spatial arrangement
      for the H1 CTD within the 30 nm chromatin fiber.

PMID- 27365048
TI  - Chromosome territory relocation during DNA repair requires nuclear myosin 1
      recruitment to chromatin mediated by Upsilon-H2AX signaling.
AB  - During DNA damage response (DDR), certain gene rich chromosome territories (CTs)
      relocate to newer positions within interphase nuclei and revert to their native
      locations following repair. Such dynamic relocation of CTs has been observed
      under various cellular conditions, however, the underlying mechanistic basis of
      the same has remained largely elusive. In this study, we aim to understand the
      temporal and molecular details of such crosstalk between DDR signaling and CT
      relocation dynamics. We demonstrate that signaling at DNA double strand breaks
      (DSBs) by the phosphorylated histone variant (Upsilon-H2AX) is a pre-requisite
      for damage induced CT relocation, as cells deficient in Upsilon-H2AX signaling
      fail to exhibit such a response. Inhibition of Rad51 or DNA Ligase IV mediated
      late steps of double strand break repair does not seem to abrogate CT relocation
      completely. Upon DNA damage, an increase in the levels of chromatin bound motor
      protein nuclear myosin 1 (NM1) ensues, which appears to be functionally linked to
      Upsilon-H2AX signaling. Importantly, the motor function of NM1 is essential for
      its recruitment to chromatin and CT relocation following damage. Taking these
      observations together, we propose that early DDR sensing and signaling result in
      NM1 recruitment to chromosomes which in turn guides DNA damage induced CT
      relocation.

PMID- 27365051
TI  - A method for fast safety screening of explosives in terms of crystal packing and
      molecular stability.
AB  - Safety prediction is crucial to the molecular design or the material design of
      explosives, and the predictions based on any single factor alone will cause much
      inaccuracy, leading to a desire for a method on multi-bases. The presented
      proposes an improved method for fast screening explosive safety by combining a
      crystal packing factor and a molecular one, that is, steric hindrance against
      shear slide in crystal and molecular stability, denoted by intermolecular
      friction symbol (IFS) and bond dissociation energy (BDE) of trigger linkage
      respectively. Employing this BDE-IFS combined method, we understand the impact
      sensitivities of 24 existing explosives, and predict those of two energetic
      energetic cocrystals of the observed CL-20/BTF and the supposed HMX/TATB. As a
      result, a better understanding is implemented by the combined method relative to
      molecular stability alone, verifying its improvement of more accurate predictions
      and the feasibility of IFS to graphically reflect molecular stacking in crystals.
      Also, this work verifies that the explosive safety is strongly related with its
      crystal stacking, which determines steric hindrance and influences shear slide.

PMID- 27365052
TI  - Optimal cytoreduction, depth of myometrial invasion, and age are independent
      prognostic factors for survival in women with uterine papillary serous and clear
      cell carcinomas.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological
      characteristics, treatment methods, and prognostic factors in women with uterine
      papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) and uterine clear-cell carcinoma (UCCC). STUDY
      DESIGN: All patients who had undergone surgery for UPCS and UCCC between January
      1995 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with missing data,
      who did not undergo surgical staging and patients with mixed tumor histology were
      excluded. Multivariate regression models were used to identify the risk factors
      for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS: A total
      of 49 UPSC and 22 UCCC women were included. The majority of the patients were at
      stage I [IA, 22 (31%) and IB, 18 (25.4%)]. Stages II, III, and IV were identified
      in 9 (12.7%), 13 (18.3%), and 9 (12.7%) of cases, respectively. Optimal
      cytoreduction was achieved in 71.8% of cases. Recurrences occurred in 16 patients
      (22.5%). The 5-year OS rates were 67% for UPSC; 76% for UCCC; 68% for both
      histology, respectively. Multivariate analysis pointed out that age>67 years
      (odds ratio (OR): 3.85, p = 0.009 and OR: 3.35, p = 0.014), >50% myometrial
      invasion (MI) (OR: 2.87, p = 0.037 and OR: 2.46, p = 0.046) and optimal
      cytoreduction (OR: 3.26, p = 0.006 and OR: 2.77, p = 0.015) were the independent
      prognostic factors for both PFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that
      optimal cytoreduction, >50% MI, and age >67 years are the most significant
      factors affecting survival in women with UPSC and UCCC.

PMID- 27365053
TI  - An 8-hydroxyquinoline-containing polymeric micelle system is effective for the
      treatment of murine tegumentary leishmaniasis.
AB  - The current treatment of leishmaniasis has been hampered due to the high toxicity
      of the available drugs and long duration protocols, which often lead to its
      abandonment. In the present study, a poloxamer 407-based delivery system was
      developed, and a molecule, 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQN), was incorporated with it,
      leading to an 8-HQN/micelle (8-HQN/M) composition. Assays were performed to
      evaluate the in vitro antileishmanial activity of 8-HQN/M against Leishmania
      amazonensis stationary promastigotes. The cytotoxicity in murine macrophages and
      in human red cells, as well as the efficacy of the treatment in macrophages
      infected by parasites, was also assessed. This product was also evaluated for the
      treatment of murine tegumentary leishmaniasis, using L. amazonensis-infected
      BALB/c mice. To evaluate the in vivo efficacy of the treatment, the average
      lesion diameter (area) in the infected tissue, as well as the parasite load at
      the site of infection (skin), spleen, liver and draining lymph nodes were
      examined. Non-incorporated micelle (B-8-HQN/M) and the free molecule (8-HQN) were
      used as controls, besides animals that received only saline. The parasite burden
      was evaluated by limiting dilution and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)
      techniques, and immunological parameters associated with the treatments were also
      investigated. In the results, the 8-HQN/M group, when compared to the others,
      presented more significant reductions in the average lesion diameter and in the
      parasite burden in the skin and all evaluated organs. These animals also showed
      significantly higher levels of parasite-specific IFN-gamma, IL-12, and GM-CSF,
      associated with low levels of IL-4 and IL-10, when compared to the saline, 8
      HQN/M, and B-8-HQN groups. A predominant IL-12-driven IFN-gamma production,
      against parasite proteins, mainly produced by CD4+ T cells, was observed in the
      treated animals, post-infection. In conclusion, 8-HQN/M was highly effective in
      treating L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice and can be considered alone, or
      combined with other drugs, as an alternative treatment for tegumentary
      leishmaniasis. Graphical Abstract Therapeutic scheme and immunological and
      parasitological parameters developed in the present study.

PMID- 27365055
TI  - Hypoxic inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta promotes gastric tumor
      growth and angiogenesis by facilitating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling.
AB  - Since the molecular mechanism of hypoxic adaptation in cancer cells is cell-type
      specific, we investigated whether glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)
      activation is involved in hypoxia-induced gastric tumor promotion. Stable gastric
      cancer cell lines (SNU-638, SNU-484, MKN1, and MKN45) were cultured under hypoxic
      conditions. Cells overexpressing wild-type GSK-3beta (WT-GSK-3beta) or kinase
      dead mutant of GSK-3beta (KD-GSK-3beta) were generated and used for cell culture
      and animal studies. In cell culture experiments, hypoxia decreased GSK-3beta
      activation in gastric cancer cells. Cell viability and the expressions of HIF
      1alpha protein and VEGF mRNA in gastric cancer cells were higher in KD-GSK-3beta
      transfectants than in WT-GSK-3beta transfectants under hypoxic conditions, but
      not under normoxic conditions. Gastric cancer xenografts showed that tumor
      growth, microvessel area, HIF-1alpha activation, and VEGF expression were higher
      in KD-GSK-3beta tumors than in WT-GSK-3beta tumors in vivo. In addition, the
      expression of hypoxia-induced HIF-1alpha protein was regulated by GSK-3beta at
      the translational level. Our data suggest that GSK-3beta is involved in hypoxic
      adaptation of gastric cancer cells as an inhibitory upstream regulator of the HIF
      1alpha/VEGF signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27365054
TI  - Comparison of norovirus genogroup I, II and IV seroprevalence among children in
      the Netherlands, 1963, 1983 and 2006.
AB  - Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide and are a
      genetically diverse group of viruses. Since 2002, an increasing number of
      norovirus outbreaks have been reported globally, but it is not clear whether this
      increase has been caused by a higher awareness or reflects the emergence of new
      genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) variants. The hypothesis that norovirus
      prevalence has increased post-2002 and is related to the emergence of GII.4 is
      tested in this study. Sera collected from children aged <5 years of three Dutch
      cross-sectional population based cohorts in 1963, 1983 and 2006/2007 (n=143,
      n=130 and n=376, respectively) were tested for specific serum IgG by protein
      array using antigens to GII.4 and a range of other antigens representing
      norovirus GI, GII and GIV genotypes. The protein array was validated by paired
      sera of norovirus infected patients and supernatants of B-cell cultures with
      single epitope specificity. Evidence for norovirus infection was found to be
      common among Dutch children in each cohort, but the prevalence towards different
      genotypes changed over time. At the genogroup level, GI seroprevalence decreased
      significantly between 1963 and 2006/2007, while a significant increase of GII
      and, in particular, specific antibodies of the genotype GII.4 was detected in the
      2006/2007 cohort. There were no children with only GII.4 antibodies in the 1963
      cohort. This study shows that the high GII.4 norovirus incidence in very young
      children is a recent phenomenon. These findings are of importance for vaccine
      development and trials that are currently focusing mostly on GII.4 viruses.

PMID- 27365056
TI  - Preparing tomorrow's behavioral medicine scientists and practitioners: a survey
      of future directions for education and training.
AB  - Behavioral medicine training is due for an overhaul given the rapid evolution of
      the field, including a tight funding climate, changing job prospects, and new
      research and industry collaborations. The purpose of the present study was to
      collect responses from trainee and practicing members of a multidisciplinary
      professional society about their perceptions of behavioral medicine training and
      their suggestions for changes to training for future behavioral medicine
      scientists and practitioners. A total of 162 faculty and 110 students (total n =
      272) completed a web-based survey on strengths of their current training programs
      and ideas for changes. Using a mixed-methods approach, the survey findings are
      used to highlight seven key areas for improved preparation of the next generation
      of behavioral medicine scientists and practitioners, which are grant writing,
      interdisciplinary teamwork, advanced statistics and methods, evolving research
      program, publishable products from coursework, evolution and use of theory, and
      non-traditional career paths.

PMID- 27365057
TI  - [Echographic Examination for Leg Vein Thromboembolism in Thoracic Surgery].
AB  - Echographic examination for leg vein thromboembolism was carried out in 123
      patients scheduled for thoracic surgery. Preventive measures for thromboembolism
      were conducted after the risk assessment. Echography was done after surgery in 72
      cases, most of which were cases of lung malignant tumors, and thromboembolism was
      detected in 4 cases. Thus, the incidence rate of venous thromboembolism was 5.6%(
      4/72). There was no patients who developed pulmonary thromboembolism during the
      examination period, suggesting reasonable risk assessment and preventive measures
      in our procedure. 

PMID- 27365058
TI  - [Clinical Study of Nine Surgical Cases of Thymic Carcinoma].
AB  - Several reports are available on the effectiveness of multimodal therapies, such
      as chemotherapy and radiotherapy before and after surgery, in addition to
      surgical resection, as the treatment for thymic carcinoma. However, the
      sensitivity of each treatment modality varies according to the histological
      subtype of the carcinoma. Nine patients with thymic carcinoma treated at our
      hospital were reviewed retrospectively for staging( based on Masaoka's
      classification), histological findings, surgical method, preoperative and
      postoperative adjuvant therapy, and prognosis. Differences in the prognosis and
      treatment response of same-stage thymic carcinomas may be attributable to a
      difference in histological subtype. The choice of treatment may depend on the
      histological subtype. 

PMID- 27365059
TI  - [Complete Resection of Non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor with Plastron Approach].
AB  - A 17-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for the abnormal chest shadow.
      Chest computed tomography(CT) demonstrated mediastinal tumor, measuring 13 cm in
      diameter with high serum level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic
      gonadotropin (hCG). The lesions were diagnosed as mixed germ cell tumors
      including a non-seminomatous malignant component by CT guided needle biopsy.
      After 5 courses of chemotherapy, the serum AFP and hCG were decreased almost
      normal level but the tumor size was not changed. Because it seemed to be
      difficult to get sufficient operating field with standard median sternotomy and
      patient wanted to treat funnel chest, we selected tumor resection with plastron
      approach. The tumor was completely resected with a good operation field by this
      procedure. 

PMID- 27365060
TI  - [Ventricular Septal Perforation after Inferior Myocardial Infarction].
AB  - We report a rare case of ventricular septal perforation (VSP) after inferior
      myocardial infarction. Surgical repair of VSP after inferior infarction is
      technically difficult because of its anatomical location. An 81-year-old female
      presented with dyspnea on the 8th day after percutaneous coronary intervention
      for acute inferior myocardial infarction. Echocardiography revealed a ventricular
      septal perforation. Urgent operation was performed. There was a VSP around the
      base of the ventricular septum. The myocardial infarction extended to the
      adjacent muscle of the mitral valve annulus. Two bovine pericardial patches were
      used in the left ventricular cavity. The patches were sewn on the mitral valve
      annulus which was the only normal tissue in the region. The 1st patch was used to
      close the VSP directly, and the 2nd patch was sutured to the normal myocardium to
      exclude the infracted area. No residual shunt flow was observed. The
      postoperative course was uneventful. 

PMID- 27365061
TI  - [Atrial Septal Defect with Hereditary Deficiency of Antithrombin III].
AB  - A 41-year-old female with hereditary deficiency of antithrombin III (ATIII) was
      diagnosed with atrial septal defect( ASD) and scheduled for the closure of ASD.
      She had been taking warfarin since she suffered from deep vein thrombosis 10
      years ago. Preoperative management of anticoagulation included discontinuation of
      warfarin, and supplementation of antithrombin with heparin infusion. On the day
      of operation, antithrombin activity was maintained above 80% by administering
      antithrombin, and closure of ASD was carried out under standard cardiopulmonary
      bypass support using heparin. Heparin infusion was continued with antithrombin
      supplementation until prothrombin time-international normalized ratio(PT-INR)
      recovered to around 2.5 with warfarin. Her intra-and postoperative courses did
      not show any thromboembolic events, and she was discharged 20 days after the
      surgery. 

PMID- 27365062
TI  - [Chest Wall Reconstruction Using Titanium Plates Sandwiched Between Sheets after
      Resection of Chest Wall Chondrosarcoma].
AB  - Extensive chest wall resection carries the risk of difficult reconstruction and
      surgical complications. We report our experience on chest wall reconstruction
      using titanium plates for a wide thoracic defect after tumor resection. A 74-year
      old man was diagnosed with chondrosarcoma of the 6th rib on the right. He needed
      extensive chest wall resection because of skip lesions on 4th rib noted on
      operative inspection, leaving a defect measuring 33 * 20 cm. Reconstruction using
      5 transverse titanium plates sandwiched between an expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene patch and a polypropylene mesh sheet stabilized the chest
      wall. This reconstruction allowed successful separation from ventilatory support
      after operation. The postoperative course was uneventful, and he was discharged
      on postoperative day 20. The advantages of this form of reconstruction over
      conventional prostheses are rigidity, and stability and usability. 

PMID- 27365063
TI  - [Displaced B1+2 Found at Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery for Lung Cancer of Left
      Upper Lobe].
AB  - We report the case of an 83-year-old woman who presented with an abnormal
      pulmonary nodule suspected to be lung cancer in the left S3 segment. Bronchoscopy
      showed that the left main bronchus branched off into the B1+2, B3 plus lingular
      bronchus, and lower bronchus. Video-assisted thoracic surgery was performed, and
      the nodule was pathologically diagnosed as a primary lung cancer. Subsequently,
      left upper lobectomy was performed, and an abnormal bronchus was observed behind
      the main pulmonary artery. Intraoperative bronchoscopy indicated that the
      bronchus was the displaced B1+2. The B3 plus lingular bronchus existed at the
      common place of the upper bronchus. The displaced B1+2 and the other upper
      bronchus were transected separately. No other abnormalities were observed in the
      pulmonary arteries, veins, or bronchi. Preoperative examination is the best way
      to detect this bronchial abnormality;identification with intraoperative
      bronchoscopy can play a crucial role in determining the perioperative strategy. 

PMID- 27365064
TI  - [Lung Segmentectomy Using Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery for Lung Cancer in a
      Patient with Situs Inversus Totalis].
AB  - The case was 83-year-old man who had complete situs inversus, and was pointed out
      to have peripheral adenocarcinoma with the size of 1.8 cm at the left upper lobe(
      S3). Because of severe emphysema and other multiple comorbidities, left S3
      segmentectomy with hilar lymph node sampling was performed using video-assisted
      thoracic surgery (VATS). Preoperatively, the simulation of operation was
      performed using the 3 dimension computed tomography images of pulmonary
      arteriovenous and bronchus (3DCTAB). Postoperative course was uneventful. 3DCTAB
      was thought to be useful in understanding the anatomical location of pulmonary
      arteriovenous and bronchus directly, and in performing segmentectomy in the case
      of situs inversus like this. 

PMID- 27365065
TI  - [Esophageal Injury Treated with a Covered Expandable Metallic Stent].
AB  - We report a case of iatrogenic esophageal injury treated with a covered
      expandable metallic stent after thoracoscopic chest drainage. A 70-year-old man
      who had stricture of the esophagus after endoscopic submucosal dissection
      underwent balloon dilation. Chest computed tomography revealed esophageal
      rupture. Initially, continuous intra-esophageal drainage was carried out,
      however, due to the development of mediastinitis with enlarged abscess around the
      descending aorta and the left pneumothorax, thoracoscopic chest drainage was
      performed. Since direct closure was thought to be in appropriate, an intra
      esophageal approach was chosen and a covered expandable metallic stent was
      mounted under fluorography on the next day. After the treatment, the patient was
      able to eat, and was able to discharge 42 days later. Intra-esophageal covered
      expandable metallic stent can be an alternative treatment for esophageal rupture.

PMID- 27365066
TI  - [Caseous Calcification of Mitral Valve Annulus;Report of a Case].
AB  - We report a case of an 80-year-old female presenting with a mitral valve tumor.
      Postoperatively, pathologic diagnosis was caseous calcification of the mitral
      annulus. In surgery, she successfully underwent a mitral valve replacement with a
      20 mm mechanical valve. The importance of correctly making a preoperative
      diagnosis cannot be over-emphasized. Technical discussion on possibility of
      mitral valve repair and patient-prosthesis mismatch after mitral valve
      replacement is also made. 

PMID- 27365067
TI  - [Isolated Pulmonary Valve Endocarditis in a Patient with Aortic Regurgitation and
      Patent Foramen Ovale;Report of a Case].
AB  - Isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis is an extremely rare clinical condition.
      Here, we report a case of pulmonary valve endocarditis caused by methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). An 84-year-old man with a history of
      aortic regurgitation and patent foramen ovale was admitted to our hospital due to
      fever of unknown origin for 4 weeks' duration. MRSA was detected in his blood
      cultures. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a mobile vegetation
      attached to the pulmonary valve, moderate to severe aortic regurgitation, and
      patent foramen ovale with left-to-right shunt. After 30-days' treatment with
      vancomycin, gentamicin and rifampicin, he defervesced and blood cultures became
      negative. At surgery, a large vegetation was still attached to the pulmonary
      valve, but the leaflets remained with minimum damage. Aortic valve replacement,
      direct closure of the patent foramen ovale, and simple resection of the
      vegetation were performed. The postoperative course was uneventful. 

PMID- 27365068
TI  - [Treatment of Right Atrial Myxoma Complicated with Pulmonary Embolism;Report of a
      Case].
AB  - Myxomas are account for approximately half of primary cardiac tumors, 75% of
      which originate in the left atrium. We report a case of a right atrial myxoma
      complicated with bilateral pulmonary embolism. A 54-year-old woman was admitted
      to the hospital with a complaint of dyspnea. Echocardiography and computed
      tomography angiography showed a right atrial tumor and bilateral pulmonary
      embolism. We performed an emergency surgery to remove both the right atrial tumor
      and the pulmonary emboli. Histopathologically, the tumor was revealed to be
      myxoma. The postoperative course was uneventful. She is now doing well without
      any symptoms. 

PMID- 27365069
TI  - [Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for In-stent Restenosis Probably Caused by
      Allergic Response;Report of a Case].
AB  - A 58-year-old female presented to our hospital with recurrence of chest pain. She
      had undergone coronary intervention using biolimus-eluting-stent for total
      occlusion of the left anterior descending artery(LAD) 3 years before. Since then
      in-stent restenosis had repeated 4 times in 3 years. In the interim, another
      everolimus-eluting-stent had been placed on the same lesion. The contact metal
      allergic patch test revealed the existence of allergic response to nickel and
      cobalt which were the structural components of these stents. She underwent off
      pump coronary artery bypass grafting, and these stents were removed. The
      invasions of macrophages and eosinophils around the stent-s were pathologically
      proven. One year after surgery she is doing well without angina or allergic
      symptom. These observations suggested the allergic reaction of the coronary
      artery against the stents. 

PMID- 27365070
TI  - [Coronary Embolism Probably Caused by Surgical Glue after Operation for Acute
      Aortic Dissection;Report of a Case].
AB  - A 70-year-old female underwent an emergency replacement of the ascending aorta
      for acute aortic dissection. We used surgical adhesive BioGlue and teflon felt
      strips to reinforce the dissected aortic wall. On the 5th post operative day,
      electrocardiogram showed ischemic inverted T wave and the serum creatine
      phosphokinase level elevated without any symptoms such as chest pain or low blood
      pressure. By coronary angiography, severe stenosis was detected of the left
      descending coronary artery, and percutaneous coronary intervention was performed.
      Intravascular ultrasound images revealed that no atherosclerotic components were
      present in the embolic materials. As a result of in vitro examination, that
      material was probably a fragment of the BioGlue. The patient was discharged on
      foot 23 days after surgery. 

PMID- 27365071
TI  - [Myxoma Originating from the Tricuspid Annulus Requiring Annular Reconstruction
      and Valve Replacement;Report of a Case].
AB  - A 66-year-old woman who had had coughing and worsening dyspnea for 3 weeks was
      admitted to our hospital. Echocardiography showed a solid round mass (72*49 mm in
      diameter) attached to the tricuspid septal annulus with a short stalk. A right
      atrial myxoma was suspected and operation was performed under cardiopulmonary
      bypass after heart failure symptoms subsided. The tumor was extirpated along with
      the tricuspid valve annulus. We performed reconstruction of the tricuspid
      annulus, tricuspid valve replacement with a bioprosthetic valve and pacemaker
      implantation. The histopathologic diagnosis was myxoma. The postoperative course
      was uneventful, and no recurrence has been noted for 1 year after surgery. 

PMID- 27365072
TI  - [Spindle Cell Sarcoma Originated in the Anterior Mediastinum;Report of a Case].
AB  - An anterior mediastinal sarcoma is a very rare type of mediastinal tumor. A 45
      year-old female visited our hospital with swelling in the right anterior chest
      wall. Radiographically, the tumor was found to originate from the thymus and to
      infiltrate to the major pectoral muscle through the 1st intercostal space.
      Positron emission tomography revealed fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation at a
      standardized uptake maximum value of 16.1. Percutaneous needle biopsy showed the
      pathological findings of sarcoma. The tumor was resected along with the thymus
      and chest wall tissues including the right hemi-manubrium of the sternum,
      clavicle head, 1st and second ribs, and major pectoral muscle. After 4 months,
      tumor relapse occurred at the site of needle biopsy and additional resection was
      performed. At 10 months after the 2nd surgery, the patient was free from disease.
      From histologic and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as
      spindle cell sarcoma. 

PMID- 27365073
TI  - [Left Lower Lobectomy for an Elderly Patient with Anomalous Systemic Arterial
      Supply to the Basal Segment of the Left Lung;Report of a Case].
AB  - A 76-year-old man was referred to our department for an abnormal shadow on a
      chest X-ray. Computed tomography showed an aberrant artery arising from the
      descending thoracic aorta to the basal segment of the left lung. The aberrant
      artery was dilated and tortuous, and its wall had remarkable calcifications.
      Bronchial branching to the basal segment of the left lung were normal. The
      diagnosis of anomalous systemic arterial supply to normal basal segment was
      established, and division of the aberrant artery and left lower lobectomy were
      performed successfully. His postoperative course was uneventful, and he was
      discharged on the 14th postoperative day. We describe herein a rare case of the
      elderly patient surgically treated for this disease along with a brief review of
      the literatures. 

PMID- 27365074
TI  - [Venous Thromboembolism during the Cisplatin-based Adjuvant Chemotherapy;Report
      of a Case].
AB  - We report a case of venous thromboembolism during the cisplatin-based adjuvant
      chemotherapy. A 49-year-old woman who was undergone left lower lobectomy for the
      lung cancer received adjuvant chemotherapy of cisplatin + vinorelbine ditartrate
      regimen. On day 11 after starting the chemotherapy, she presented a left lower
      leg pain and readmitted. Computed tomography revealed a deep venous thrombosis of
      the left lower leg and peripheral pulmonary embolism. The symptom and
      thromboembolism were successfully treated by anticoagulant drug and thrombolytic
      therapy. Although cisplatin-based chemotherapy is a risk factor of venous
      thromboembolism in patients with advanced malignancy, it should be also
      recognized as a complication of the adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. 

PMID- 27365076
TI  - Reply to Chiappetta et al.

PMID- 27365075
TI  - Frequency of RNF213 p.R4810K, a susceptibility variant for moyamoya disease, and
      health characteristics of carriers in the Japanese population.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: RNF213 p.R4810K is a founder polymorphism that confers genetic
      susceptibility to moyamoya disease in East Asia. Only a few studies have
      investigated the symptoms and disease histories of RNF213 p.R4810K carriers in
      Japan. This study investigated the frequency of RNF213 p.R4810K in the general
      Japanese population and the health characteristics of the carriers. METHODS:
      Through a health-promotion campaign in the city of Uji, Japan, 519 subjects (120
      males and 399 females) of the general Japanese population were genotyped for
      RNF213 p.R4810K and interviewed to determine health characteristics. RESULTS:
      Nine RNF213 p.R4810K heterozygous carriers (GA genotype) and no RNF213 p.R4810K
      homozygous carriers (AA genotype) were found among the 519 individuals. The
      estimates of the genotypes and allele frequencies for RNF213 p.R4810K were 1.73
      and 0.87 %, respectively. There were no obvious differences in age, gender ratio,
      body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, kidney disease, liver
      disease, heart disease, or drinking or smoking habits between carriers and non
      carriers. Interestingly, one patient with moyamoya disease was found among the
      nine RNF213 p.R4810K carriers. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the genotypes and
      allele frequencies of RNF213 p.R4810K in the general Japanese population to be
      similar to results of previous reports.

PMID- 27365077
TI  - Prevention of surgical site sternal infections in cardiac surgery: a two-centre
      prospective randomized controlled study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Surgical site infection (SSI) of the sternum is a devastating
      complication in cardiac surgery. The aim of this prospective randomized
      controlled two-centre clinical study was to compare the use of a gentamicin
      collagen sponge (Genta-Coll(r) resorb) and of a cyanoacrylate-based microbial
      skin sealant (InteguSeal(r)) on the SSI rate of the sternum. METHODS: We analysed
      data from 996 consecutive patients following isolated coronary artery bypass
      grafting between 2012 and 2014. The patients were randomized into three groups:
      standard group (S-group), Genta-Coll group (G-group) and InteguSeal group (I
      group). The primary study end-point was to analyse the incidence of superficial
      and deep sternal SSI. The secondary study end-point was to determine independent
      risk factors for an increased SSI rate. RESULTS: Of the 996 patients
      investigated, 332 patients were in S-group, 336 patients in G-group and 328
      patients in I-group. The mean age was 67.7 +/- 9.4 years, 18.6% were women and
      the overall SSI rate was 6.2% with 2.2% deep sternal wound infections. SSI rates
      were 8.3% (S-group), 5.4% (G-group) and 4.9% (I-group) (P 0.16). Multiple
      regression analysis demonstrated a preoperative body mass index (BMI) of >30
      kg/m2 (P 0.047), re-thoracotomy for postoperative bleeding (P < 0.001) and
      sternum instability (P < 0.001) as independent predictors for an increased SSI
      rate. CONCLUSIONS: The application of InteguSeal(r) or Genta-Coll(r) resorb had
      no significant influence on the incidence of the sternal SSI rate in 996
      consecutive cardiac surgery patients but demonstrated a trend towards a benefit
      from using these prophylactic approaches. Multiple regression analysis
      demonstrated a preoperative BMI of >30 kg/m2, re-thoracotomy for bleeding and
      sternum instability as independent predictors for an increased sternal SSI rate.

PMID- 27365078
TI  - What determines the complication rate in high-risk chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease patients: surgery or pulmonary function?

PMID- 27365080
TI  - Axillary evaluation and lymphedema in women with ductal carcinoma in situ.
AB  - Axillary evaluation in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is increasing;
      however, this may introduce additional morbidity with unclear benefit. Our
      objective was to examine the morbidity and mortality associated with axillary
      evaluation in DCIS. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 10,504 women
      aged 65-90 years with DCIS who underwent breast conserving surgery between 2002
      and 2012 using SEER-Medicare database. Patients were categorized by receipt of
      axillary evaluation with either sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) or axillary
      node dissection (ALND). We determined the incidence of lymphedema treatment as
      defined by diagnostic and procedural codes, as well as 10-year breast cancer
      specific and all-cause mortality. 18.3 % of those treated with BCS and 69.4 % of
      those treated with mastectomy had an axillary evaluation. One year after
      treatment, 8.2 % of women who had an axillary evaluation developed lymphedema,
      compared to 5.9 % of those who did not. In a multivariable Cox proportional
      hazard model, the incidence of lymphedema was higher among those who underwent
      axillary evaluation (HR 1.22, 95 % CI 1.04-1.45). Overall 10-year breast cancer
      specific survival was similar between both groups (HR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.40-1.74).
      Only 44 (0.40 %) women died of breast cancer; receipt of axillary evaluation did
      not alter overall survival. Axillary evaluation is commonly performed in women
      with DCIS, especially those undergoing mastectomy. However, women who receive an
      axillary evaluation have higher rates of lymphedema, without breast cancer
      specific or overall survival benefit. Efforts should be made to determine the
      population of women with DCIS who benefit from this procedure.

PMID- 27365079
TI  - Comparison of Blood Pressure Control Rates Among Recommended Drug Selection
      Strategies for Initial Therapy of Hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several approaches to initiation of antihypertensive therapy have
      been suggested. These include thiazide diuretics (TDs) as the first drug in all
      patients, initial drug selection based on age and race criteria, or therapy
      selection based on measures of plasma renin activity (PRA). It is uncertain which
      of these strategies achieves the highest control rate with monotherapy in Stage-I
      hypertension. We sought to compare control rates among these strategies. METHODS:
      We used data from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses
      study (PEAR) to estimate control rates for each strategy: (i) TD for all, (ii)
      age- and race-based strategy: Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) for all blacks and for
      whites >=50 years and a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor (atenolol) for whites
      <50 years) or (iii) a PRA based strategy: HCTZ for suppressed PRA (<0.6ng/ml/h)
      and atenolol for non-suppressed PRA (>=0.6ng/ml/h) despite age or race.
      Hypertension was confirmed prior to treatment with HCTZ (148 blacks and 218
      whites) or with atenolol (146 blacks and 221 whites). RESULTS: In the overall
      sample, using clinic blood pressure (BP) response, the renin-based strategy was
      associated with the greatest control rate (48.9% vs. 40.8% with the age and race
      based strategy (P = 0.0004) and 31.7% with the TD for all strategy (P < 0.0001)).
      The findings were similar using home or by 24-hour ambulatory BP responses and
      within each racial subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: A strategy for selection of initial
      antihypertensive drug therapy based on PRA was associated with greater BP control
      rates compared to a thiazide-for-all or an age and race-based strategy.

PMID- 27365081
TI  - The fate of fibular osteotomies performed during high tibial osteotomy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is an important treatment alternative
      in isolated single compartment knee osteoarthritis. To achieve adequate
      mechanical axis corrections in the lower extremity fibula is also osteotomized
      concomitantly. The aim of this study was to compare the union rates of proximal
      and diaphyseal fibular osteotomies accompanying high tibial osteotomies. METHOD:
      Sixty-seven knees of sixty-three patients who had undergone HTO were
      retrospectively evaluated. The patients were grouped according to the level of
      the fibular osteotomy (FO). In group I, the level of FO was proximal, and in
      group II, it was at the level of junction of middle and distal third of
      diaphysis. The union rates of FOs at two different levels were compared. The
      influence of the presence of displacement at the osteotomy site and apposition
      between bone ends on union was also evaluated. RESULTS: Fifty-nine of sixty-seven
      FOs (88.06 %) were united. The union rate of proximal FOs was significantly
      greater than diaphyseal osteotomies (p < 0.0001); 97.9 % of proximal FOs were
      united, whereas this ratio was 65 % for the diaphyseal FOs. The presence of
      displacement at the FO and apposition between bone ends significantly influenced
      the bony union rate (p values 0.035 and <0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Union
      rates and nonunion characteristics of FO might differ according to its level,
      apposition of bone ends, and contact area. The fate of FO might also affect the
      union of HTO.

PMID- 27365082
TI  - The value of CT compared to radiographs in the classification and treatment plan
      of trochanteric fractures.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The clinical relevance of classification for trochanteric fractures
      is limited and little agreement exists on what type of implant should be used. It
      is unknown whether more advanced radio-diagnostics, such as CT, result in better
      agreement on the treatment. We assessed the effect of CT on agreement of
      classification and subsequent treatment for trochanteric fractures. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Eleven observers (five radiologists, four trauma surgeons and two
      orthopedic residents) assessed 30 radiographs and CTs of trochanteric fractures.
      Each rating included an assessment according to the AO classification and of the
      preferred type of implant. The inter-observer agreement of the AO classification
      and on the choice of implant was calculated. RESULTS: The inter-observer
      agreement was kappa0.70 (SE 0.03) for radiographic assessment of the main groups
      of the AO classification and kappa0.68 (SE 0.03) for CT assessment. The agreement
      on choice of implant was kappa0.63 (SE 0.05) if the choice was made with
      radiographs and kappa0.69 (SE 0.05) with CTs. Six out of the 13 fractures were
      classified differently after assessment of the CT. Most corrections in choice of
      implant occurred for the assessment of A3 fractures. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      confirmed that trochanteric fractures can be reliably classified on both
      radiographs and CT, according to the main groups of the AO classification. The
      implementation of CT for trochanteric fractures does not lead to higher agreement
      on fracture classification or choice of treatment. Therefore, the clinical
      relevance of CT for classification of trochanteric fractures seems low. For
      specific subgroups such as A3 fractures, CT may be of value for adequate fracture
      classification and subsequent treatment strategies.

PMID- 27365083
TI  - Genetic Biomarkers to Identify the Risk of Osteonecrosis in Children with Acute
      Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
AB  - Osteonecrosis is a disabling complication of treatment for pediatric acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia, and much effort has been made to predict which patients
      are prone to develop this disease. Multiple clinical and genetic factors have
      already been identified as being associated with osteonecrosis; however, a
      prediction model that combines pretreatment genetic biomarkers and clinical
      factors has not yet been designed. Such a prediction model can only be developed
      with continuing international collaborations and research efforts, including
      large genome-wide association studies.

PMID- 27365084
TI  - Dedication to Dr. Richard T. Johnson.

PMID- 27365085
TI  - Vaccinations for Neuroinfectious Disease: A Global Health Priority.
AB  - Vaccines for neuroinfectious diseases are becoming an ever-increasing global
      health priority, as neurologic manifestations and sequelae from existing and
      emerging central nervous system infections account for significant worldwide
      morbidity and mortality. The prevention of neurotropic infections can be achieved
      through globally coordinated vaccination campaigns, which have successfully
      eradicated nonzoonotic agents such as the variola viruses and, hopefully soon,
      poliovirus. This review discusses vaccines that are currently available or under
      development for zoonotic flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including Japanese and
      tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever, West Nile, dengue, Zika, encephalitic
      equine viruses, and chikungunya. Also discussed are nonzoonotic agents, including
      measles and human herpesviruses, as well as select bacterial, fungal, and
      protozoal pathogens. While therapeutic vaccines will be required to treat a
      multitude of ongoing infections of the nervous system, the ideal vaccination
      strategy is pre-exposure vaccination, with the ultimate goals of minimizing
      disease associated with zoonotic viruses and the total eradication of nonzoonotic
      agents.

PMID- 27365087
TI  - Long noncoding RNAs in cell differentiation and pluripotency.
AB  - Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were once regarded as nonfunctional by-products of
      transcription but their effects are now gradually being elucidated. Evidence
      suggests that lncRNAs play crucial roles in cell biology, especially in
      regulating gene expression. However, because of the diversity and complexity of
      their regulatory mechanisms, our knowledge of the function of lncRNAs represents
      only the tip of the iceberg. Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs are capable
      of regulating cell differentiation and pluripotency. Thus, we consider it to be
      an appropriate time to review the progress in understanding the role of lncRNAs
      in these two biological processes. In this review, the biological characteristics
      and regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs at the chromatin remodeling level,
      transcriptional level and post-transcriptional level are described and recent
      advances in our comprehension of the role of lncRNAs in cell differentiation and
      pluripotency are discussed.

PMID- 27365086
TI  - Italian symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis study (ISIDE) : A multicenter
      transcranial ultrasound evaluation.
AB  - There are currently no data available on the prevalence of symptomatic
      intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) in Italy. The aim of this prospective,
      multicenter, hospital-based, transcranial ultrasound study was to establish the
      prevalence of ICAS among patients hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke. At 11
      stroke centers across Italy, patients consecutively admitted for their first ever
      acute ischemic stroke were assessed prospectively over a 24-month period either
      with transcranial color-coded Doppler sonography (TCCS) or transcranial Doppler
      (TCD) according to validated criteria. ICAS was diagnosed when there was an
      evidence of a cerebral infarction in the territory of a >=50 % stenosis detected
      by TCCS/TCD and confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography or computed
      tomography angiography. A total of 1134 patients were enrolled, 665 of them (58.6
      %) men, with a mean age of 71.2 +/- 13.3 years. ICAS was recorded in 99 patients
      (8.7 % of the whole sample, 8.9 % among Caucasians), most commonly located in the
      anterior circulation (63 of 99, 5.5 %). After adjusting for potential
      confounders, multivariate analysis identified carotid/vertebral >=50 % stenosis
      [odds ratio (OR) 2.59, 95 % (confidence interval) CI 1.77-6.33; P = 0.02] and
      hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.02-1.89; P = 0.02) as being
      independently associated with ICAS. ICAS is a surprisingly relevant cause of
      ischemic stroke in Italy, identified in almost 9 % of first-ever stroke patients.
      It is more prevalent in the anterior circulation and independently associated
      with hemodynamically significant cervical vessel atherosclerosis and
      hypercholesterolemia. These findings support the systematic use of transcranial
      ultrasound to identify ICAS in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke and
      in cases with >=50 % cervical vessel stenoses. 

PMID- 27365088
TI  - Shed proteoglycans in tumor stroma.
AB  - Cancer cell behavior is not only governed by tumor cell-autonomous properties but
      also by the surrounding tumor stroma. Cancer-associated fibroblasts, blood
      vessels, immune cells and the extracellular matrix of the tumor microenvironment
      have a profound influence on tumor progression. Proteoglycans control various
      normal and pathological processes, modulating cell proliferation and motility,
      cell-matrix interactions, immune cell recruitment and angiogenesis. They are
      major mediators of cancer cell behavior though a dynamic interplay with
      extracellular matrix components. During cancer progression, their altered
      expression can promote the activation of several signaling cascades regulating
      crucial functional properties of cancer cells. Notably, the function of cell
      surface proteoglycans can be altered by ectodomain shedding, which converts
      membrane-bound coreceptors into soluble paracrine effector molecules. In this
      review, we highlight the importance of proteoglycans and their soluble
      counterparts in cancer progression and the consequences of their interactions
      with the adjacent stroma. The dynamic interplay among shed proteoglycans and
      proteolytic enzymes has a significant impact both on tumor cells and their
      surrounding stroma, with important implications for the diagnosis of this disease
      and for novel therapeutic approaches. Graphical Abstract Syndecan shedding. The
      mechanism of shedding involves the proteolytic cleavage of their ectodomain near
      the plasma membrane by metzincin enzymes, such as metalloproteinases. N
      acetylglucosamine-alpha-L-iduronic acid/beta-D-glucuronic acid (HS) chains can be
      additionally cleaved by heparanase. Syndecan core protein can be further
      processed by intramembrane enzymatic cleavage. Syndecans are in a dynamic
      interplay with the extracellular matrix and several receptor-tyrosine-kinases
      (RTKs) and various growth factors, for which they act as co-receptors, thus
      mediating numerous signaling pathways.

PMID- 27365090
TI  - Potential drug-drug interactions in medical intensive care unit of a tertiary
      care hospital in Pakistan.
AB  - Background Patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) present with severe and
      life-threatening illnesses. Most of them suffer from various comorbidities. They
      usually receive complex pharmacotherapy with large number of medicines which
      increase the risk of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Objective The present report
      aimed to investigate prevalence and levels of potential DDIs (pDDIs) in medical
      ICU. Methods Medications profiles of 416 patients were checked for pDDIs using
      Micromedex Drug-Reax((r)). Prevalence, levels of severity and levels of
      documentation were reported. Results Of total 416 patients, 310 were exposed to
      pDDIs (overall prevalence = 74.5 %). Likewise, a prevalence rate of 13.9 % was
      recorded for contraindicated pDDIs, 52.2 % for major pDDI and 58.4 % for moderate
      pDDI. This study reported 740 interacting drug pairs that were presented in total
      1686 pDDIs. Of 1686 pDDIs, 4.3 % were of contraindicated severity, 33.8 % of
      major severity and 49.6 % of moderate severity, whereas 45.5 % were of fair
      scientific evidence and 41.4 % of good scientific evidence. Conclusion In this
      study, pDDIs were found highly prevalent in ICU patients at a rate of 74.5 %.
      Most of the pDDIs had moderate severity; however, substantial number of
      interactions (38.1 %) had major and contraindicated severity. 

PMID- 27365089
TI  - Filamentous influenza viruses.
AB  - Clinical isolates of influenza virus produce pleomorphic virus particles,
      including extremely long filamentous virions. In contrast, strains of influenza
      that have adapted to laboratory growth typically produce only spherical virions.
      As a result, the filamentous phenotype has been overlooked in most influenza
      virus research. Recent advances in imaging and improved animal models have
      highlighted the distinct structure and functional relevance of filamentous
      virions. In this review we summarize what is currently known about these
      strikingly elongated virus particles and discuss their possible roles in clinical
      infections. 

PMID- 27365091
TI  - Clinical and economic impact of pharmacists' intervention in a large volume
      chemotherapy preparation unit.
AB  - Background Even though pharmacists have devoted considerable time to ensuring
      patient safety during the process of preparing and dispensing chemotherapy, only
      a few studies have evaluated their efforts. Objective To evaluate the clinical
      and economic impact of pharmacists' interventions in a large volume chemotherapy
      preparation unit. Setting A 1600-bed tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Method
      Pharmacist intervention records from May 2012 to April 2013 were retrospectively
      reviewed. The clinical significance of interventions was rated by one physician
      and one pharmacist. A cost-benefit analysis was conducted. The benefit from
      interventions was estimated through both cost avoidance based on the potential to
      avoid an adverse drug event (ADE) and cost savings related to reducing discarded
      products. Cost was estimated from the pharmacists' salary corresponding to the
      time spent in reviewing chemotherapy prescriptions. Main outcome measure
      Acceptance rate, clinical significance, net cost-benefit, and cost-benefit ratio
      of pharmacist interventions. Results Among 39,649 cancer chemotherapy
      prescriptions in 6364 patients, 631 interventions were performed for 435
      patients. The acceptance rate was 72.1 %. Most cases of declined interventions
      were related to dosage adjustment within the range of <10 % of the prescribed
      dosage. More than half of the interventions were considered as clinically more
      than "significant" (50.4 %). The cost-benefit analysis showed a clear cost
      benefit with a net cost-benefit of $116,493 and a cost-benefit ratio of 3.64:1.
      Conclusion Pharmacists' interventions in a large volume ambulatory-based
      chemotherapy preparation unit provided a positive economic impact on health care
      budget and were effective in preventing clinically significant ADEs. 

PMID- 27365092
TI  - Study of warfarin utilization in hospitalized patients: analysis of possible drug
      interactions.
AB  - Background Drug-drug interactions in patients taking warfarin may contribute to a
      higher risk of adverse events. Objective To identify and evaluate the prevalence
      and characteristics of potential DDIs with warfarin. Methods A cross-sectional
      study was performed in a Brazilian tertiary hospital. The electronic
      prescriptions of the patients receiving warfarin between January 2004 and
      December 2010 were analyzed. Socio-demographic, clinical, and therapeutic
      variables were collected. Warfarin drug-drug interactions were classified as
      either risk A, B, C, D, or X according to the Lexi-InteractTM Online database.
      Results A total of 3048 patients were identified who were prescribed warfarin. Of
      the 154,161 total drug prescriptions issued, 42,120 (27.3 %) were for warfarin.
      Evaluation of the prescriptions showed that 63.1 and 0.1 % of patients received
      concomitant drugs classified as having class D or X risk. It was found that
      20,539 (48.7 %) prescriptions had at least one drug with a D or X risk. Patients
      were prescribed an average of 1.4 (+/-0.4) concomitant medications with a class D
      or X warfarin-DDI risk, the most frequent being acetylsalicylic acid and
      amiodarone. Conclusion The results demonstrate a high prevalence of concomitant
      drug prescriptions with the potential for clinically relevant DDIs with warfarin,
      the most frequent being acetylsalicylic acid and amiodarone. 

PMID- 27365093
TI  - Medication dispensing errors in Palestinian community pharmacy practice: a formal
      consensus using the Delphi technique.
AB  - Background Medication dispensing errors (MDEs) are frequent in community pharmacy
      practice. A definition of MDEs and scenarios representing MDE situations in
      Palestinian community pharmacy practice were not previously approached using
      formal consensus techniques. Objective This study was conducted to achieve
      consensus on a definition of MDEs and a wide range of scenarios that should or
      should not be considered as MDEs in Palestinian community pharmacy practice by a
      panel of community pharmacists. Setting Community pharmacy practice in Palestine.
      Method This was a descriptive study using the Delphi technique. A panel of fifty
      community pharmacists was recruited from different geographical locations of the
      West Bank of Palestine. A three round Delphi technique was followed to achieve
      consensus on a proposed definition of MDEs and 83 different scenarios
      representing potential MDEs using a nine-point scale. Main outcome measure
      Agreement or disagreement of a panel of community pharmacists on a proposed
      definition of MDEs and a series of scenarios representing potential MDEs. Results
      In the first Delphi round, views of key contact community pharmacists on MDEs
      were explored and situations representing potential MDEs were collected. In the
      second Delphi round, consensus was achieved to accept the proposed definition and
      to include 49 (59 %) of the 83 proposed scenarios as MDEs. In the third Delphi
      round, consensus was achieved to include further 13 (15.7 %) scenarios as MDEs,
      exclude 9 (10.8 %) scenarios and the rest of 12 (14.5 %) scenarios were
      considered equivocal based on the opinions of the panelists. Conclusion Consensus
      on a definition of MDEs and scenarios representing MDE situations in Palestinian
      community pharmacy practice was achieved using a formal consensus technique. The
      use of consensual definitions and scenarios representing MDE situations in
      community pharmacy practice might minimize methodological variations and their
      significant effects on the number and rate of MDEs reported in different studies.

PMID- 27365094
TI  - Consensus of recommendations guiding comparative effectiveness research methods.
AB  - PURPOSE: Because of an increasing demand for quality comparative effectiveness
      research (CER), methods guidance documents have been published, such as those
      from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the Patient
      Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). Our objective was to identify CER
      methods guidance documents and compare them to produce a summary of important
      recommendations which could serve as a consensus of CER method recommendations.
      METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review to identify CER methods
      guidance documents published through 2014. Identified documents were analyzed for
      methods guidance recommendations. Individual recommendations were categorized to
      determine the degree of overlap. RESULTS: We identified nine methods guidance
      documents, which contained a total of 312 recommendations, 97% of which were
      present in two or more documents. All nine documents recommended transparency and
      adaptation for relevant stakeholders in the interpretation and dissemination of
      results. Other frequently shared CER methods recommendations included: study
      design and operational definitions should be developed a priori and allow for
      replication (n = 8 documents); focus on areas with gaps in current clinical
      knowledge that are relevant to decision-makers (n = 7); validity of measures,
      instruments, and data should be assessed and discussed (n = 7); outcomes,
      including benefits and harms, should be clinically meaningful, and objectively
      measured (n = 7). Assessment for and strategies to minimize bias (n = 6
      documents), confounding (n = 6), and heterogeneity (n = 4) were also commonly
      shared recommendations between documents. CONCLUSIONS: We offer a field-consensus
      guide based on nine CER methods guidance documents that will aid researchers in
      designing CER studies and applying CER methods. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27365095
TI  - Satisfaction with the Health Care Provider and Regimen Adherence in Minority
      Youth with Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - To assess whether satisfaction with the health-care provider is related to
      regimen adherence among primarily minority youth with type 1 diabetes. Youth with
      type 1 diabetes (n = 169; M age = 13.88; 52 % female; 70 % Hispanic) and their
      parents completed questionnaires that assessed their own satisfaction with the
      health-care provider and youths' adherence to diabetes self-care behaviors.
      Higher youth and parent patient-provider relationship satisfaction was associated
      with higher regimen adherence. Gender affected the relationship between
      satisfaction and regimen adherence, such that for girls, greater satisfaction was
      associated with better adherence; this was not the case for boys. Patient
      satisfaction with the health care provider is important for regimen adherence
      among primarily minority youth with type 1 diabetes, particularly for girls.
      Future research might focus on improving youths' relationships with their health
      care providers as a potential pathway to improve regimen adherence.

PMID- 27365097
TI  - Fatty acid oxidation is required for the respiration and proliferation of
      malignant glioma cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glioma is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor in
      adults, with approximately 4 cases per 100 000 people each year. Gliomas, like
      many tumors, are thought to primarily metabolize glucose for energy production;
      however, the reliance upon glycolysis has recently been called into question. In
      this study, we aimed to identify the metabolic fuel requirements of human glioma
      cells. METHODS: We used database searches and tissue culture resources to
      evaluate genotype and protein expression, tracked oxygen consumption rates to
      study metabolic responses to various substrates, performed histochemical
      techniques and fluorescence-activated cell sorting-based mitotic profiling to
      study cellular proliferation rates, and employed an animal model of malignant
      glioma to evaluate a new therapeutic intervention. RESULTS: We observed the
      presence of enzymes required for fatty acid oxidation within human glioma
      tissues. In addition, we demonstrated that this metabolic pathway is a major
      contributor to aerobic respiration in primary-cultured cells isolated from human
      glioma and grown under serum-free conditions. Moreover, inhibiting fatty acid
      oxidation reduces proliferative activity in these primary-cultured cells and
      prolongs survival in a syngeneic mouse model of malignant glioma. CONCLUSIONS:
      Fatty acid oxidation enzymes are present and active within glioma tissues.
      Targeting this metabolic pathway reduces energy production and cellular
      proliferation in glioma cells. The drug etomoxir may provide therapeutic benefit
      to patients with malignant glioma. In addition, the expression of fatty acid
      oxidation enzymes may provide prognostic indicators for clinical practice.

PMID- 27365096
TI  - Key to Opening Kidney for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation Entrance in Health and
      Disease: Part I: In Vitro Systems and Physiological Data.
AB  - The programme for the 2015 AAPS Annual Meeting and Exhibition (Orlando, FL; 25-29
      October 2015) included a sunrise session presenting an overview of the state-of
      the-art tools for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and mechanistic
      prediction of renal drug disposition. These concepts are based on approaches
      developed for prediction of hepatic clearance, with consideration of scaling
      factors physiologically relevant to kidney and the unique and complex structural
      organisation of this organ. Physiologically relevant kidney models require a
      number of parameters for mechanistic description of processes, supported by
      quantitative information on renal physiology (system parameters) and in vitro/in
      silico drug-related data. This review expands upon the themes raised during the
      session and highlights the importance of high quality in vitro drug data
      generated in appropriate experimental setup and robust system-related information
      for successful IVIVE of renal drug disposition. The different in vitro systems
      available for studying renal drug metabolism and transport are summarised and
      recent developments involving state-of-the-art technologies highlighted. Current
      gaps and uncertainties associated with system parameters related to human kidney
      for the development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and
      quantitative prediction of renal drug disposition, excretion, and/or metabolism
      are identified.

PMID- 27365100
TI  - How Do Family-Focused Prevention Programs Work? A Review of Mediating Mechanisms
      Associated with Reductions in Youth Antisocial Behaviors.
AB  - The development and evaluation of family-focused preventive interventions has
      grown significantly in recent decades, but the degree to which these
      interventions produce anticipated improvements in the family environment, and the
      extent to which such changes are associated with reductions in youth antisocial
      behaviors (ASB), is unclear. This article seeks to answer these questions by
      reviewing evidence from tests of mediation conducted in evaluations of family
      focused interventions. Interventions are drawn from family-focused interventions
      rated as Model Plus, Model, or Promising on the Blueprints for Healthy Youth
      Development Web site ( http://www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ ) based on
      evidence of their effectiveness in reducing child externalizing behaviors,
      substance use, and/or delinquency. Of the 19 such interventions listed on
      Blueprints, seven programs (37 %) were evaluated using mediation analyses which
      met study criteria. Two-thirds (67 %) of these analyses indicated significant
      improvements in the targeted family processes for intervention versus control
      group participants. Over half (62 %) of all tests of mediation were statistically
      significant and indicated that improvements in the family environment were
      associated with reductions in ASB. The results support prior theoretical and
      empirical literature identifying the family as an important context for
      preventing ASB and promoting healthy youth development. The findings also provide
      information that can be used to refine current family-focused interventions in
      order to increase their efficiency and potency, and to develop new interventions
      in order to expand the number and types of families who can benefit from such
      services.

PMID- 27365099
TI  - Service user experiences of REFOCUS: a process evaluation of a pro-recovery
      complex intervention.
AB  - PURPOSE: Policy is increasingly focused on implementing a recovery-orientation
      within mental health services, yet the subjective experience of individuals
      receiving a pro-recovery intervention is under-studied. The aim of this study was
      to explore the service user experience of receiving a complex, pro-recovery
      intervention (REFOCUS), which aimed to encourage the use of recovery-supporting
      tools and support recovery-promoting relationships. METHODS: Interviews (n = 24)
      and two focus groups (n = 13) were conducted as part of a process evaluation and
      included a purposive sample of service users who received the complex, pro
      recovery intervention within the REFOCUS randomised controlled trial
      (ISRCTN02507940). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS:
      Participants reported that the intervention supported the development of an open
      and collaborative relationship with staff, with new conversations around values,
      strengths and goals. This was experienced as hope-inspiring and empowering.
      However, others described how the recovery tools were used without context,
      meaning participants were unclear of their purpose and did not see their benefit.
      During the interviews, some individuals struggled to report any new tasks or
      conversations occurring during the intervention. CONCLUSION: Recovery-supporting
      tools can support the development of a recovery-promoting relationship, which can
      contribute to positive outcomes for individuals. The tools should be used in a
      collaborative and flexible manner. Information exchanged around values, strengths
      and goals should be used in care-planning. As some service users struggled to
      report their experience of the intervention, alternative evaluation approaches
      need to be considered if the service user experience is to be fully captured.

PMID- 27365101
TI  - Determining a Child's Best Interests when Parents Refuse Medical Treatment-CAHS v
      Kiszko & Anor [2016] FCWA 19.

PMID- 27365098
TI  - The Outcomes of a Limited Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on
      Differences in Pathology.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A precise preoperative diagnosis of in situ or minimally invasive
      carcinoma may identify patients who can be treated by limited resection. Although
      some clinical trials of limited resection for lung cancer have started, it will
      take a long time before the results will be published. We have already reported a
      large-scale study of limited resection. We herein report the data for a subclass
      analysis according to differences in pathology. METHODS: Data from multiple
      institutions were collected on 1710 patients who had undergone limited resection
      (segmentectomy or wedge resection) for cT1N0M0 non-small cell carcinoma. The
      disease-free survival (DFS) and recurrence-free proportion (RFP) were analyzed.
      Small cell carcinomas and carcinoid tumors were excluded from this analysis.
      Adenocarcinomas were sub-classified into four groups using two factors, the ratio
      of consolidation to the tumor diameter (C/T) and the tumor diameter alone.
      RESULTS: The median patient age was 64 (20-75) years old. The mean maximal
      diameter of the tumors was 1.5 +/- 0.5 cm. The DFS and RFP at 5 years based on
      the pathology were 92.2 and 94.7 % in adenocarcinoma (n = 1575), 76.3 and 82.4 %
      in squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) (n = 100), and 73.6 and 75.9 % in patients with
      other tumors (n = 35). The prognosis of adenocarcinoma in both groups A (C/T
      <=0.25 and tumor diameter <=2.0 cm) and B (C/T <=0.25 and tumor diameter >2.0 cm)
      was good. In SqCC, only segmentectomy was a favorable prognostic factor. In the
      groups with other pathologies, large cell carcinomas were worse in prognosis (the
      both DFS and RFP: 46.3 %). CONCLUSION: Knowing the pathological diagnosis is
      important to determine the indications for limited resection. Measurement of the
      tumor diameter and C/T was useful to determine the indications for limited
      resection for adenocarcinoma. Limited resection for adenocarcinomas is similar
      with a larger resection, while the technique should be performed with caution in
      squamous cell carcinoma and other pathologies.

PMID- 27365102
TI  - Religious Scholars' Attitudes and Views on Ethical Issues Pertaining to Pre
      Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) in Malaysia.
AB  - Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) represents the first fusion of genomics
      and assisted reproduction and the first reproductive technology that allows
      prospective parents to screen and select the genetic characteristics of their
      potential offspring. However, for some, the idea that we can intervene in the
      mechanisms of human existence at such a fundamental level can be, at a minimum,
      worrying and, at most, repugnant. Religious doctrines particularly are likely to
      collide with the rapidly advancing capability for science to make such
      interventions. This paper focuses on opinions and arguments of selected religious
      scholars regarding ethical issues pertaining to PGD. In-depth interviews were
      conducted with religious scholars from three different religious organizations in
      the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Findings showed that Christian scholars are very
      sceptical of the long-term use of PGD because of its possible effect on the value
      of humanity and the parent-children relationship. This differs from Islamic
      scholars, who view PGD as God-given knowledge in medical science to further help
      humans understand medical genetics. For Buddhist scholars, PGD is considered to
      be new medical technology that can be used to save lives, avoid suffering, and
      bring happiness to those who need it. Our results suggest that it is important to
      include the opinions and views of religious scholars when it comes to new medical
      technologies such as PGD, as their opinions will have a significant impact on
      people from various faiths, particularly in a multi-religious country like
      Malaysia where society places high value on marital relationships and on the
      traditional concepts of family. 

PMID- 27365103
TI  - Open-Identity Sperm Donation: How Does Offering Donor-Identifying Information
      Relate to Donor-Conceived Offspring's Wishes and Needs?

PMID- 27365104
TI  - Relational Capacity: Broadening the Notion of Decision-Making Capacity in
      Paediatric Healthcare.
AB  - Problems arise when applying the current procedural conceptualization of decision
      making capacity to paediatric healthcare: Its emphasis on content-neutrality and
      rational cognition as well as its implicit assumption that capacity is an ability
      that resides within a person jeopardizes children's position in decision-making.
      The purpose of the paper is to challenge this dominant account of capacity and
      provide an alternative for how capacity should be understood in paediatric care.
      First, the influence of developmental psychologist Jean Piaget upon the notion of
      capacity is discussed, followed by an examination of Vygostky's contextualist
      view on children's development, which emphasizes social interactions and learning
      for decision-making capacity. In drawing parallels between autonomy and capacity,
      substantive approaches to relational autonomy are presented that underline the
      importance of the content of a decision. The authors then provide a relational
      reconceptualization of capacity that leads the focus away from the individual to
      include important social others such as parents and physicians. Within this new
      approach, the outcome of adults' decision-making processes is accepted as a
      guiding factor for a good decision for the child. If the child makes a choice
      that is not approved by adults, the new conceptualization emphasizes mutual
      exchange and engagement by both parties.

PMID- 27365105
TI  - Genital melanoma: prognosis factors and treatment modality.
AB  - PURPOSE: Genital melanoma is a rare pathology. We present the experience of two
      comprehensive cancer centers in Lyon (France) in the management of genital
      melanoma in order to identify prognostic factors and optimal treatments. METHODS:
      Between April 1992 and Mars 2014, 16 patients with a primary genital melanoma
      were referred to our department. Nine patients presented a vaginal melanoma, six
      vulvar melanomas and only one cervical melanoma. The median dimension of the
      lesion was 33.7 mm (5-100 mm). The AJCC stage ranged from IB to IIIC. 12 cases
      were the classic dark-blue flat melanoma and the other 4 cases were an atypical
      amelanotic tumor. Wide local surgery was performed in nine patients. A radical
      surgery was performed in six patients. In the large cervical melanoma,
      radiotherapy was performed as first-line treatment. In all the patients regional
      lymph node staging was performed. Adjuvant treatment was realized in nine
      patients. RESULTS: Two patients are alive without recurrence. Only one patient
      was lost to the first follow-up. The other 13 patients experienced a rapid
      recurrence. The median disease-free survival and the median overall survival were
      11.8 months (2-49 m) and of 30.4 m (11-144 m), respectively. The disease-free
      survival and overall survival could be linked to a clinical presentation (Breslow
      thickness and morphology of lesion) associated to the early diagnosis.
      CONCLUSIONS: In our small series, the most important prognosis factor remains the
      tumor thickness. These rare lesions should be treated in experienced centers in
      order to improve their prognostic.

PMID- 27365106
TI  - Identification of featured biomarkers in breast cancer with microRNA microarray.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aimed to screen possible biomarkers associated with the molecular
      mechanism of breast cancer using microRNA (miRNA) microarray. METHODS: The miRNAs
      expression profile GSE45666 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database,
      which included 101 genechips from breast tumor samples and 15 from adjacent
      breast normal tissue samples. Limma package in R language was used to screen and
      identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) which were classified as up
      regulated and down-regulated groups. Then, target genes regulated by the two
      groups of DE-miRNA were predicted, followed by the functional and pathway
      enrichment analysis using the DAVID system. RESULTS: Totally, 130 DE-miRNAs were
      screened out, including 59 up-regulated DE-miRNAs and 71 down-regulated DE
      miRNAs. The functional enrichment indicated that target genes of up- and down
      regulated DE-miRNA may be most highly associated with positive regulation of gene
      expression and regulation of cellular metabolic process, respectively. Target
      genes regulated by the up- and down-regulated DE-miRNAs were mainly enriched in
      13 and 14 pathways, respectively, and both were most significant in subcategories
      in cancer. In addition, we identified three important miRNAs (miR-142-3p, miR-483
      5p and miR-483-3p) pivotal for the initiation and progression of this malignant
      tumor. CONCLUSIONS: MiR-142-3p, miR-483-5p and miR-483-3p are potential key
      factors for further understanding the molecular mechanism of breast cancer by
      affecting the normal physiological function of cell.

PMID- 27365107
TI  - Reporting quality of randomized controlled trial abstracts published in leading
      laser medicine journals: an assessment using the CONSORT for abstracts
      guidelines.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to assess the reporting quality of randomized
      controlled trial (RCT) abstracts published in leading laser medicine journals and
      investigate the association between potential predictors and reporting quality.
      The official online archives of four leading laser medicine journals were hand
      searched to identify RCTs published in 2014 and 2015. A reporting quality
      assessment was carried out using the original 16-item CONsolidated Standards Of
      Reporting Trials (CONSORT) for Abstracts checklist. For each abstract, an overall
      CONSORT score (OCS) was calculated (score range, 0 to 16). Univariable and
      multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify significant
      predictors of reporting quality. Chi-square (or Fisher's exact) tests were used
      to analyze the adequate reporting rate of each quality item by specialty area. A
      total of 129 RCT abstracts were included and assessed. The mean OCS was 4.5
      (standard deviation, 1.3). Only three quality items (interventions, objective,
      conclusions) were reported adequately in most abstracts (>80 %). No abstract
      adequately reported results for the primary outcome, source of funding, and
      status of the trial. In addition, sufficient reporting of participants, outcome
      in the methods section, randomization, and trial registration was rare (<5 %).
      According to multivariable linear regression analysis, the specialty area of RCT
      abstracts was significantly associated with their reporting quality (P = 0.008).
      The reporting quality of RCT abstracts published in leading laser medicine
      journals is suboptimal. Joint efforts by authors, editors, and other stakeholders
      in the field to improve trial abstract reporting are needed.

PMID- 27365108
TI  - A comparison of incidences of bladder neck contracture of 80- versus 180-W
      GreenLight laser photoselective vaporization of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
AB  - Bladder neck contracture (BNC) after GreenLight laser photoselective vaporization
      (PVP) of benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common complication. In the present
      study, data of patients received 80 or 180 W PVP were collected. Perioperative
      parameters, including applied energy, irradiation time, catheter removal time,
      and hospital stay, were recorded. Postoperative parameters, including maximum
      urinary flow rate, International Prostate Symptom Score, post-void residual
      volume, and incidences of BNC, were recorded at 3 and 12 months after operations.
      Bladder neck tissues were taken at 3 months after operations for
      immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis to examine the expressions
      of collagen I, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and transforming growth factor
      beta (TGF-beta). Sample size of patients was calculated with a power of 80 %. Chi
      square test and one-way analysis of variance were performed as statistical
      methods. Three hundred twenty-six patients who received potassium titanyl
      phosphate (KTP) laser and 256 who received X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
      laser entered into the study. Perioperative parameters were comparable, except
      for shorter irradiation time in 180 W group (P = 0.032). Postoperative parameters
      were also similar, except for higher incidence of BNC in 80 W group at 3 months
      after operations (P = 0.022). Immunohistochemical staining and western blot
      analysis showed higher expressions of collagen I, MMP-3, and TGF-beta in 80 W
      group than in 180 W group. In conclusion, 80 W GreenLight laser showed a
      comparable efficacy with 180-W laser in PVP but showed a higher incidence of BNC
      in short term, which might be the result of up-regulated fibrotic factors in
      bladder neck triggered by lasers.

PMID- 27365109
TI  - Temperature evaluation of dental implant surface irradiated with high-power diode
      laser.
AB  - The prevalence of peri-implantitis and the absence of a standard approach for
      decontamination of the dental implant surface have led to searches for effective
      therapies. Since the source of diode lasers is portable, has reduced cost, and
      does not cause damage to the titanium surface of the implant, high-power diode
      lasers have been used for this purpose. The effect of laser irradiation on the
      implants is the elevation of the temperature surface. If this elevation exceeds
      47  degrees C, the bone tissue is irreversibly damaged, so for a safety therapy,
      the laser parameters should be controlled. In this study, a diode laser of GaAsAl
      was used to irradiate titanium dental implants, for powers 1.32 to 2.64 W (real)
      or 2.00 to 4.00 W (nominal), in continuous/pulsed mode DC/AC, with exposure time
      of 5/10 s, with/without air flow for cooling. The elevation of the temperature
      was monitored in real time in two positions: cervical and apical. The best
      results for decontamination using a 968-nm diode laser were obtained for a power
      of 1.65 and 1.98 W (real) for 10 s, in DC or AC mode, with an air flow of 2.5
      l/min. In our perspective in this article, we determine a suggested approach for
      decontamination of the dental implant surface using a 968-nm diode laser. 

PMID- 27365110
TI  - Effects of combination of melatonin and laser irradiation on ovarian cancer cells
      and endothelial lineage viability.
AB  - The main goal of anti-cancer therapeutic approaches is to induce apoptosis in
      tumor masses but not in the normal tissues. Nevertheless, the combination of
      photodynamic irradiation with complementary oncostatic agents contributes to
      better therapeutic performance. Here, we applied two different cell lines; SKOV3
      ovarian carcinoma cells and HUVECs umbilical cord cells as in vitro models to
      pinpoint whether pharmacological concentration of melatonin in combination with
      photodynamic therapy induces cell cytotoxicity. The cells were separately treated
      with various concentrations of melatonin (0 to 10 mM) and photodynamic
      irradiation alone or in combination. Cells were preliminary exposed to increasing
      concentrations of melatonin for 24 h and subsequently underwent laser irradiation
      for 60 s with an output power of 80 mW in continuous mode at 675 nm wavelength
      and a total light dose of 13.22 J/cm2. Cell viability, apoptosis/necrosis rates,
      and reactive oxygen species levels as well as heat shock protein 70 expression
      were monitored after single and combined treatments. A statistical analysis was
      performed by applying one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey's
      test. Combination treatment of both cell lines caused a marked increase in
      apoptosis/necrosis rate, reactive oxygen species generation, and heat shock
      protein 70 expression compared to incubation of the cells with each agent alone
      (p < 0.05). SKOV3 cancer cells expressed higher level of heat shock protein 70
      under experimental procedure as compared to HUVECs (p < 0.05). Our results
      introduce melatonin as a potent stimulus for enhancing the efficacy of laser on
      induction of apoptosis in tumor cells.

PMID- 27365112
TI  - Mutations in MSX1, PAX9 and MMP20 genes in Saudi Arabian patients with tooth
      agenesis.
AB  - Tooth agenesis in human being is the most common congenital anomaly associated
      with dental development. Mutations in many genes such as MSH homeobox 1 (MSX1),
      paired box gene 9 (PAX9), ectodysplasin A (EDA) and EDA receptor (EDAR) have been
      associated with familial form of this condition. However, in large majority of
      patients, genetic cause could not be identified. The primary aim of present study
      was to identify the causative mutation(s) in these genes in Saudi Arabian
      families diagnosed with non-syndromic form of disease. Direct sequencing of
      coding regions, including exon-intron boundaries of these genes was carried out.
      All identified nucleotide variations were also tested to exclude possibility of
      being rare polymorphisms. The sequence analysis of exons and exon-intronic
      regions of these genes revealed five new mutations that include four in MSX1, one
      in PAX9 and one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in majority of the patients
      in MMP20. One novel mutation in exon 1 of MSX1 gene (5354C > G; A40G) was found
      in three patients. In addition, another novel mutation was detected in two
      patients in exon 3 (PAX9) as g.10672A > T which changes asparagine to isoleucine
      at position 40. These mutations were not found in any of the control subjects. A
      single SNP in MMP20 genes (g.5066A > C) that changes lysine to threonine at
      position 18 was found in 10% controls as well. Our results for the first time
      demonstrates that mutations in MSX1 gene might play an important role in
      hypodontia cases involving pre-molars and is a risk factor for this ethnic
      population mainly of Arabs and is first report linking these mutations with tooth
      agenesis. 

PMID- 27365111
TI  - Altered Expression Pattern of Clock Genes in a Rat Model of Depression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in circadian rhythms may be causal factors in
      development of major depressive disorder. The biology underlying a causal
      relationship between circadian rhythm disturbances and depression is slowly being
      unraveled. Although there is no direct evidence of dysregulation of clock gene
      expression in depressive patients, many studies have reported single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms in clock genes in these patients. METHODS: In the present study we
      investigated whether a depression-like state in rats is associated with
      alternations of the diurnal expression of clock genes. The validated chronic mild
      stress (CMS) animal model of depression was used to investigate rhythmic
      expression of three clock genes: period genes 1 and 2 (Per1 and Per2) and Bmal1.
      Brain and liver tissue was collected from 96 animals after 3.5 weeks of CMS (48
      control and 48 depression-like rats) at a 4h sampling interval within 24h. We
      quantified expression of clock genes on brain sections in the prefrontal cortex,
      nucleus accumbens, pineal gland, suprachiasmatic nucleus, substantia nigra,
      amygdala, ventral tegmental area, subfields of the hippocampus, and the lateral
      habenula using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Expression of clock genes in
      the liver was monitored by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
      (PCR). RESULTS: We found that the effect of CMS on clock gene expression was
      selective and region specific. Per1 exhibits a robust diurnal rhythm in most
      regions of interest, whereas Bmal1 and in particular Per2 were susceptible to
      CMS. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that altered expression of
      investigated clock genes is likely associated with the induction of a depression
      like state in the CMS model.

PMID- 27365113
TI  - Development and persistence of depressive symptoms in adolescents with CHD.
AB  - Patients with CHD are vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. The present study
      compared baseline depressive symptoms between adolescents with CHD and community
      adolescents, and also assessed the development and persistence of depressive
      symptoms in patients. We examined the implications of persistent depressive
      symptoms towards quality of life and patient-reported health. In total, 296
      adolescents with CHD participated in a four-wave longitudinal study, with 9-month
      intervals, and completed measures of depressive symptoms - Center for
      Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) - at time points one to four and
      of quality of life - linear analogue scale (LAS) - and patient-reported health -
      LAS and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory - at T (time) 4. Information about
      diagnosis, disease complexity, and previous heart surgery was collected from
      medical records. At T1, 278 patients were matched 1:1 with community adolescents,
      based on sex and age. The findings of this study indicate that patients scored
      significantly lower on depressive symptoms compared with community adolescents.
      Depressive symptoms in the total patient sample were stable over time and were
      unrelated to disease complexity. Based on conventional cut-off scores of the CES
      D, substantial individual differences existed in the extent to which depressive
      symptoms persisted over time: 12.2% of the patients reported elevated depressive
      symptoms at minimally three out of the four time points. Especially physical
      functioning, cardiac symptoms, and patient-reported health at T4 were predicted
      by persistent depressive symptoms, even when controlling for the level of
      depressive symptoms at T4. Our findings indicate that those involved in the care
      of adolescents with CHD should remain vigilant to persistent depressive symptoms
      and arrange timely referral to mental healthcare services. 

PMID- 27365115
TI  - The effect of a sonographic estimated fetal weight on the risk of cesarean
      delivery in macrosomic and small for gestational-age infants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of a sonographic estimated fetal weight
      (sonoEFW) with the risk of cesarean delivery in women with macrosomic or small
      for gestational age (SGA) infants. METHODS: Retrospective cohort of singleton
      deliveries >24 weeks by one MFM practice from 2005 to 2014. We included all
      patients who delivered an infant with macrosomia (birth weight >=4000 g) or SGA
      (birth weight <10th percentile). We compared the risk of cesarean delivery
      between patients who did and did not have a sonoEFW within four weeks of
      delivery. Regression analysis was performed to control for any differences in
      baseline characteristics. RESULTS: In patients with macrosomic infants (n = 352),
      the risk of cesarean delivery was significantly higher in the sonoEFW group
      (45.3% versus 17.6%, aOR 2.144, 95% CI: 1.06-4.34). When we restricted the
      analysis to the subgroup of 265 patients who attempted vaginal delivery, our
      results were similar (22.3% versus 9.1%, aOR 2.73, 95% CI: 1.15-6.48). In
      patients with an SGA infant (n = 614), the risk of cesarean delivery was not
      higher in the sonoEFW group (37.4% versus 24.1%, aOR 1.23, 95% CI: 0.80-2.07),
      nor in those who attempted vaginal delivery (19.8% versus 13.7%, aOR 1.17, 95%
      CI: 0.62-2.21). CONCLUSIONS: A sonoEFW prior to delivery is independently
      associated with cesarean delivery in women with macrosomic infants, but not those
      with SGA infants. This should be considered when deciding to obtain a sonoEFW at
      the end of pregnancy, particularly if not for an accepted indication.

PMID- 27365116
TI  - Whole genome microarray data of chronic wound debridement prior to application of
      dermal skin substitutes.
AB  - Clinical consensus is that debridement is necessary for successful application of
      dermal skin substitutes (DSS) to chronic wounds. The aim here was to identify
      commonly expressed genes associated with wound healing in untreated acute wounds
      and chronic wounds treated with wound debridement followed by DSS. Cutaneous
      biopsies were taken at two time points from untreated acute and chronic wounds
      and from chronic wounds treated with DSS following debridement. Microarray
      analysis identified significant differences (p < 0.05) related to proliferation
      (HIPK2, LGR4, FGFR1, SRRT), migration (RHOC, PRPF40A, FGFR1), differentiation
      (TCF4, COL13A1, GNPTAB, HUWE1, FGFR1), angiogenesis (HIPK2, CASP8), extracellular
      matrix organization (VWA1), and apoptosis (BBC3, HIPK2, KLF11, PSME3, MSFD10,
      TOP2A, MLH1, CASP8, PDIA3, XAF1) when comparing untreated chronic wounds to
      chronic wounds treated with DSS, with similar expression levels compared to
      untreated acute wounds. Chronic wounds treated with debridement followed by DSS
      resemble untreated acute wounds at a genomic level. These novel findings, albeit
      with limited clinical specimen numbers, strengthen the recommendation to
      transform chronic into acute wounds prior to application of DSS.

PMID- 27365114
TI  - Perturbed proteostasis in autism spectrum disorders.
AB  - Dynamic changes in synaptic strength rely on de novo protein synthesis and
      protein degradation by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Disruption of
      either of these cellular processes will result in significant impairments in
      synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Mutations in several genes encoding
      regulators of mRNA translation and members of the UPS have been associated with
      an increased risk for the development of autism spectrum disorders. It is
      possible that these mutations result in a similar imbalance in protein
      homeostasis (proteostasis) at the synapse. This review will summarize recent work
      investigating the role of the UPS in synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic
      synapses, and propose that dysfunctional proteostasis is a common consequence of
      several genetic mutations linked to autism spectrum disorders. Dynamic changes in
      synaptic strength rely on de novo protein synthesis and protein degradation by
      the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Disruption of either of these cellular
      processes will result in significant impairments in synaptic plasticity and
      memory formation. Mutations in several genes encoding regulators of mRNA
      translation (i.e. FMR1) and protein degradation (i.e. UBE3A) have been associated
      with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability
      (ASD/ID). These mutations similarly disrupt protein homeostasis (proteostasis).
      Compensatory changes that reset the rate of proteostasis may contribute to the
      neurological symptoms of ASD/ID. This review summarizes recent work investigating
      the role of the UPS in synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses, and
      proposes that dysfunctional proteostasis is a common consequence of several
      genetic mutations linked to ASD. This article is part of a mini review series:
      "Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases".

PMID- 27365117
TI  - Tumor suppression effect of Solanum nigrum polysaccharide fraction on Breast
      cancer via immunomodulation.
AB  - A polysaccharide fraction from Solanum nigrum, SN-ppF3 was shown previously to
      have an immunomodulatory activity where it could possibly be used to enhance the
      host immune response in fighting cancer. The non-toxic SN-ppF3 was fed orally to
      breast tumor bearing-mice with concentrations of 250 and 500mg/kg for 10days.
      During the treatment period, size of the tumor and weight of the mice were
      monitored. At the end of the treatment, blood, tumor, spleen and thymus were
      harvested for physiological and immunological analyses. After the treatment, the
      tumor volume and tumor weight were significantly inhibited by 65% and 40%,
      respectively. Based on the histological observation, the treatment of SN-ppF3
      resulted in the disruption of tumor cells morphology. The increase in
      infiltrating T cells, NK cells and macrophages were observed in tumor tissues of
      the treated mice, which partly explained the higher apoptosis tumor cells
      observed in the treated mice. Moreover, the level of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL
      4 were elevated, while the level of IL-6 was decreased significantly, in serum of
      the treated mice. These results suggested that tumor suppression mechanisms
      observed in SN-ppF3-treated mice were most probably due through enhancing the
      host immune response.

PMID- 27365118
TI  - GdnHCl-induced unfolding intermediate in the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase VA.
AB  - Carbonic anhydrase VA (CAVA) is a mitochondrial enzyme belonging to the alpha
      family of CAs, which is involved in several physiological processes including
      ureagenesis, lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and neuronal transmission. Here, we
      have tried to understand the folding mechanism of CAVA using guanidine
      hydrochloride (GdnHCl)-induced denaturation at pH 8.0 and 25 degrees C. The
      conformational stability was measured from the GdnHCl-induced denaturation study
      of CAVA monitored by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence measurements. On
      increasing the concentration of GdnHCl up to 5.0, a stable intermediate was
      observed between the concentrations 3.25M to 3.40M of the denaturant. However,
      CAVA gets completely denatured at 4.0M GdnHCl. The existence of a stable
      intermediate state was validated by 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS
      binding) fluorescence and near-UV CD measurements. In silico studies were also
      performed to analyse the effect of GdnHCl on the structure and stability of CAVA
      under explicit conditions. Molecular dynamics simulations for 40ns were carried
      out and a well-defined correlation was established for both in vitro and in
      silico studies. 

PMID- 27365119
TI  - The anti-diabetic activity of oat beta-d-glucan in streptozotocin-nicotinamide
      induced diabetic mice.
AB  - This study was initiated to investigate the mechanism by which oat beta-d-glucan
      (OBG) can control blood sugar levels and improve hepatogenic glycometabolism in
      streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced mice. After administration of different
      concentrations and molecular weights of beta-d-glucan by oral gavage for 28 days,
      the body weight, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, hepatic glycogen, glucose
      kinase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity of the diabetic mice were measured. In
      comparison with a negative control group (saline), beta-d-glucan, especially
      medium or high doses of high-molecular-weight beta-d-glucan, had a strong
      hypoglycaemic effect in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced mice. The mechanism
      of this effect may be associated with the high viscosity of the solution, an
      increase in insulin secretion, a decline in insulin resistance, and especially an
      improvement in hepatogenic glycometabolism. Moreover, beta-d-glucan also markedly
      repaired and improved the integrity of pancreatic islet beta-cell and tissue
      structures. 

PMID- 27365120
TI  - Hydrophobic starch nanocrystals preparations through crosslinking modification
      using citric acid.
AB  - Biodegradable starch nanocrystals prepared by an acid treatment process were
      modified through crosslinking modification using citric acid as reactant by a dry
      reaction method. The occurrence of crosslinking modification was evaluated by
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and swelling degree. X-ray diffraction,
      wettability tests and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the
      modified starch nanocrystals. It was found that the crosslinked starch
      nanocrystals displayed a higher affinity for low polar solvents such as
      dichloromethane. The surface of starch nanocrystals became more roughness after
      crosslinking modification with citric acid and the size decreased as revealed by
      scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering results. XRD analysis
      showed that the crystalline structure of starch nanocrystals was basically not
      changed after the crosslinking modification with shorter heating time. The
      resulting hydrophobic starch nanocrystals are versatile precursors to the
      development of nanocomposites. 

PMID- 27365121
TI  - Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) of Pencilluim notatum lipase enzyme with
      improved activity, stability and reusability characteristics.
AB  - Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) are considered as an effective tool for
      the immobilization of enzyme. In this study, Pencillium notatum lipase (PNL) was
      immobilized as carrier free cross-linked enzyme aggregates using glutaraldehyde
      (GLA) and Ethylene glycol-bis [succinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide] (EG-NHS) as
      cross-linking agents. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of an efficient
      lipase CLEAs such as precipitant type, the nature and amount of cross-linking
      reagent, and cross-linking time were optimized. The recovered activities of CLEAs
      were considerably dependent on the concentration of GLA; however, the activity
      recovery was not severely affected by EG-NHS as a mild cross-linker. The EG-NHS
      aggregates displayed superior hydrolytic (52.08+/-2.52%) and esterification
      (64.42%) activities as compared to GLA aggregates which showed 23.8+/-1.86 and
      34.54% of hydrolytic and esterification activity, respectively. Morphological
      analysis by fluorescence and scanning electron microscope revealed that EG-NHS
      aggregates were smaller in size with larger surface area compared to GLA
      aggregates. The pH optima of both types of CLEAs were displaced to slightly
      alkaline region and higher temperature as compared to native enzyme. Highest
      enzyme activity of CLEAs was achieved at the pH of 9.0 and 42 degrees C
      temperature. Moreover, a significant improvement in the thermal resistance was
      also recorded after immobilization. After ten reusability cycles in aqueous
      medium, GLA and EG-NHS cross-linked lipase CLEAs preserved 63.62% and 70.9% of
      their original activities, respectively. The results suggest that this novel CLEA
      lipase is potentially usable in many industrial applications. 

PMID- 27365122
TI  - Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma of the head and neck.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a tumor of intermediate
      malignant potential derived from vascular endothelial cells. Due to rarity of
      head neck KHE (HN-KHE) this comprehensive review aims to compile, analyze and
      present details to develop a consensus and augment available literature on HN
      KHE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed on
      PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Science Citation Index for HN-KHE using MeSH
      words. Statistical analysis was performed using a variety of tests. RESULTS:
      Common sites of involvement were neck 41.5%, face and scalp 32.0% and
      tympanomastoid region in 13.2% patients. Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon was seen in
      58.5% patients. Surgical excision was performed in 37.7% patients while 39.6%
      patients underwent medical management/chemotherapy (CT). Significantly better
      disease free survival (DFS) was seen in patients undergoing surgical excision vs.
      CT (p=0.001), without recurrence vs. with recurrence (p=0.001) and those
      presenting within 0-1year of life vs. 1-5 years (p=0.021). CONCLUSION: Recurrence
      and metastasis were seen in 35.8% and 20.0% patients respectively. Complete
      surgical excision with clear margins remains the treatment of choice.

PMID- 27365125
TI  - A near-Infrared Fluorescent Chemodosimeter for Ratiometric Detecting Fluoride
      Based on Desilylation Reaction.
AB  - A new chemodosimeter based on dicyanomethylene-4H-chromene chromophore (probe 1)
      was developed as a ratiometric fluorescent probe in near-infrared range for F(-)
      with good selectivity in acetonitrile. Probe 1 could be used to directly
      visualize F(-) by the naked eye and showed more than 621-fold fluorescence
      enhancement at 715 nm upon reaction with F(-) upon excitation at 625 nm. The
      recognition of probe 1 to fluoride was featured by F(-)-induced red-shifts of
      both absorption (185 nm) and fluorescence peaks (132 nm) based on internal charge
      transfer (ICT) in acetonitrile. The desilylation reaction of 1 by F(-) was
      proposed for its dual absorption and emission ratiometric detection of fluoride. 

PMID- 27365123
TI  - Adaptive regulation of the brain's antioxidant defences by neurons and
      astrocytes.
AB  - The human brain generally remains structurally and functionally sound for many
      decades, despite the post-mitotic and non-regenerative nature of neurons. This is
      testament to the brain's profound capacity for homeostasis: both neurons and glia
      have in-built mechanisms that enable them to mount adaptive or protective
      responses to potentially challenging situations, ensuring that cellular viability
      and functionality is maintained. The high and variable metabolic and
      mitochondrial activity of neurons places several demands on the brain, including
      the task of neutralizing the associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced,
      to limit the accumulation of oxidative damage. Astrocytes play a key role in
      providing antioxidant support to nearby neurons, and redox regulation of the
      astrocytic Nrf2 pathway represents a powerful homeostatic regulator of the large
      cohort of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant genes that they express. In contrast, the
      Nrf2 pathway is weak in neurons, robbing them of this particular homeostatic
      device. However, many neuronal antioxidant genes are controlled by synaptic
      activity, enabling activity-dependent increases in ROS production to be offset by
      enhanced antioxidant capacity of both glutathione and thioredoxin-peroxiredoxin
      systems. These distinct homeostatic mechanisms in neurons and astrocytes together
      combine to promote neuronal resistance to oxidative insults. Future
      investigations into signaling between distinct cell types within the neuro-glial
      unit are likely to uncover further mechanisms underlying redox homeostasis in the
      brain.

PMID- 27365124
TI  - Multiple Locus Variable number of tandem repeat Analysis: A molecular genotyping
      tool for Paenibacillus larvae.
AB  - American Foulbrood, caused by Paenibacillus larvae, is the most severe bacterial
      disease of honey bees (Apis mellifera). To perform genotyping of P. larvae in an
      epidemiological context, there is a need of a fast and cheap method with a high
      resolution. Here, we propose Multiple Locus Variable number of tandem repeat
      Analysis (MLVA). MLVA has been used for typing a collection of 209 P. larvae
      strains from which 23 different MLVA types could be identified. Moreover, the
      developed methodology not only permits the identification of the four
      Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) genotypes, but allows also
      a discriminatory subdivision of the most dominant ERIC type I and ERIC type II
      genotypes. A biogeographical study has been conducted showing a significant
      correlation between MLVA genotype and the geographical region where it was
      isolated.

PMID- 27365126
TI  - 2,6-Bis(2-Benzimidazolyl)Pyridine Fluorescent Red-Shifted Sensor for Recognition
      of Zinc(II) and a Calorimetric Sensor for Iron Ions.
AB  - The ability of 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine (bbp) as an optical sensor was
      studied by fluorescence spectroscopy, colorimetric and UV-visible techniques. The
      fluorescence spectra of bbp demonstrated a red-shifted upon addition of Zn(2+)
      ion, whereas rest of the cations did not induce any shift. Selectivity of the
      sensor was examined toward Zn(2+) in the presence of a wide range of cations, as
      interfering agents, that showed no disruption in its function. In addition, the
      pH effect was tested on the fluorescence response of bbp; which showed the
      efficiency of the sensor in a wide pH range. The limit of detection for Zn(2+)
      was estimated as 2.1 MUM. Furthermore, the colorimetric studies were carried out
      and the observations showed a color change from colorless to purple by the
      addition of Fe(2+) ion and from colorless to yellow by the addition of Fe(3+).
      The UV-visible studies were carried out to confirm the colorimetric observations.
      The color changes occurred when Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) were added to the sensors
      solution, respectively. The detection limits were calculated as 2.8 * 10(-7) M
      and 3.5 * 10(-6) M for Fe(2+) and Fe(3+), respectively. Hence, bbp can be used as
      a dual mode optical sensor for detection of Zn(2+) by fluorescence and
      discriminately detection of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) visually. 

PMID- 27365127
TI  - Exploring the Transition of Human alpha-Synuclein from Native to the Fibrillar
      State: Insights into the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - The etiology of Parkinson's disease involves the interplay between the
      environmental and genetic factors. Here in this study human alpha-synuclein upon
      exposure to 100 MUM pendimethalin for 12 h in vitro passes through a partially
      folded state which proceeds to the aggregated state and terminally ends in the
      fibrillar phase. Variations in the ANS fluorescence intensities led to the
      detection of intermediate and aggregated states at 6 and 10 h respectively. Far
      UV CD analysis depicted significant alpha-helical content for intermediate state
      at 6 h in presence of 100 MUM pendimethalin. Further increasing the incubation
      time to 12 h resulted in a predominant beta-sheet content which was confirmed to
      be fibrillar by TEM. Turbidity, Rayleigh scattering analysis, Congo red assay and
      ThT measurements supported the TEM data i.e. the formation of fibrillar structure
      of human alpha-synuclein upon 12 h incubation. Thus, our observation could
      suggest a possible underlying molecular basis for Parkinson's disease. Graphical
      Abstract Schematic elucidation of the factors involved in the fibrillation of
      alpha-Synuclein during Parkinson's pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27365129
TI  - Total anomalous systemic venous drainage in an adult.

PMID- 27365130
TI  - HIT initiative: discussion with the seniors.

PMID- 27365131
TI  - Response to: 'Interpreting the guidelines for cleaning up after carbapenemase
      producing organisms: the devil's in the dilution'.

PMID- 27365132
TI  - Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups may influence Fabry disease phenotype.
AB  - While the genetic origin of Fabry disease (FD) is well known, it is still unclear
      why the disease presents a wide heterogeneity of clinical presentation and
      progression, even within the same family. Emerging observations reveal that
      mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress may be implicated in the
      pathogenesis of FD. To investigate if specific genetic polymorphisms within the
      mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) could act as susceptibility factors and contribute
      to the clinical expression of FD, we have genotyped European mtDNA haplogroups in
      77 Italian FD patients and 151 healthy controls. Haplogroups H and I, and
      haplogroup cluster HV were significantly more frequent in patients than controls.
      However, no correlation with gender, age of onset, organ involvement was
      observed. Our study seems to provide some evidence of a contribution of
      mitochondrial variation in FD pathogenesis, at least in Italy.

PMID- 27365133
TI  - Aberrant topographical organization of the default mode network underlying the
      cognitive impairment of remitted late-onset depression.
AB  - To investigate the alteration of resting-state functional connectivity (FC) and
      topological organization of the default mode network (DMN), and their
      contribution to the cognitive impairment in remitted late-onset depression (rLOD)
      patients. Thirty-three rLOD patients and thirty-one healthy controls underwent
      clinical and cognitive evaluations as well as resting-state functional magnetic
      resonance imaging (R-fMRI) scans. The FC networks were constructed by
      thresholding Pearson correlation metrics of the DMN regions, and their
      topological properties were analyzed using graph theory-based approaches.
      Nonparametric permutation tests were further used for group comparisons of
      topological metrics. Finally, multiple linear regression analyses were performed
      to examine the relationships between the network measures and cognitive
      performances. Patients displayed universally decreased FC of DMN and abnormal
      global topology of the DMN (i.e., increased characteristic path length Lp and
      reduced global efficiency Eglob) compared with healthy controls. According to the
      distance-dependent FC results, the long-distance connections were mainly involved
      in the connectivity between anterior and posterior hubs, and the short-distance
      connections were primarily located in the frontal lobe. There were significant
      correlations between the global topology and the episodic memory performance in
      rLOD patients. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the disrupted
      topological organization of the DMN might be considered as a potential biomarker
      of the episodic memory deficits in rLOD patients.

PMID- 27365134
TI  - Add-on high frequency deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) to bilateral
      prefrontal cortex reduces cocaine craving in patients with cocaine use disorder.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cocaine dependence is a substantial public health problem. The aim
      of this study is to evaluate the effect of high frequency deep transcranial
      magnetic stimulation (dTMS) on craving in patients with cocaine use disorder
      (CUD). METHODS: Seven men (mean age, 48.71 years; standard deviation [SD], 9.45;
      range 32-60 years) with CUD and no concurrent axis 1 or 2 disorder save nicotine
      abuse, underwent three sessions of alternate day 20Hz dTMS in 20 trains delivered
      to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) preferentially to the left
      hemisphere, for 12 sessions spread over one month, added to unchanged prior drug
      treatment. We used a visual analogue scale (VAS) to measure cocaine craving the
      week before, each week during, and one month after dTMS treatment. RESULTS: DLPFC
      stimulation significantly reduced craving over time: within-subjects main effect
      of time of treatment (ANOVA, F[3,18]=46.154; p<0.001; eta(2)=0.88). The reduction
      of craving from baseline was significant at two weeks (p<0.001), and four weeks
      (p<0.001) of treatment, and at the week eight, four weeks after treatment
      interruption (p=0.003), although the increase of craving was significant from
      week four and eight (p=0.014). CONCLUSION: dTMS over left DLPFC reduced craving
      in CUD patients in a small sample that is to be considered preliminary. However,
      maintenance sessions would be needed to maintain the achieved results. Our
      findings highlight the potential of noninvasive neuromodulation as a therapeutic
      tool for cocaine addiction.

PMID- 27365135
TI  - Kinetic-Based Reactivity for Michael Acceptors: Structural Activity Relationships
      and Its Relationship to Excess Acute Fish Toxicity.
AB  - Acute aquatic toxicity is divided into the "physical" mode governed by weak, non
      covalent interactions and the "chemical" mode governed by covalent reactions. The
      potency of chemical interactions is typically expected to be greater than that
      for physical ones. This enhanced potency is called "excess" toxicity. As
      databases have become complex, substances thought to elicit a chemical mode
      reveal a lack of excess toxicity. One mechanism where the latter is prevalent is
      Michael-type addition. A series of alpha-beta-unsaturated substances were
      evaluated for reactivity. Second order rate constants (k') were calculated (M-1 s
      1) and found to vary from >4000 to <0.0003. The electron-withdrawing capacity of
      the polar group impacts k' values; the sequence is nitro > carbonyl or sulfone ?
      sulfoxide, nitrile or amide. When the alpha-carbon and/or the beta-carbon of the
      pi-system are substituted, the k' value is sharply reduced. Excess toxicity is
      associated with k' values >0.01 (M-1 s-1).

PMID- 27365136
TI  - Potential for Phytoremediation of PCDD/PCDF-Contaminated Sludge and Sediments
      Using Cucurbitaceae Plants: A Pilot Study.
AB  - The current study evaluates the impact of sewage sludge and urban reservoir
      sediment on changes in total and Toxic Equivalency (TEQ) PCDD/PCDF concentration
      in soil and phytotoxicity measured using three test species: Lepidium sativum,
      Sinapis alba, and Sorghum saccharatum, during 5 weeks of Cucurbita pepo L. cv
      'Atena Polka' (zucchini) cultivation. 'Atena Polka' was found to reduce total
      PCDD/PCDF concentration by 37 % in soil amended with sludge and 32 % in soil
      treated with sediment from an urban reservoir. The TEQ reduction was almost
      twofold greater: 68 % in soil amended with sludge and 52 % with urban sediment.
      Addition of sludge increased root growth inhibition of L. sativum, S. alba and S.
      saccharatum, from 44 % to 90 %. Observed inhibitions were, however, reduced by
      'Atena Polka' cultivation, and as high as 32 % promotion in root length was
      noted. Amendment with urban sediment, in turn, resulted in an initial 1 %-36 %
      promotion of root growth, while 'Atena Polka' cultivation reduced this positive
      effect by inhibition as high as 26 %. Results demonstrated positive influence of
      'Atena Polka' on the phytotoxicity alleviation and mitigation of total and TEQ
      PCDD/PCDF concentrations in soil treated with bio-solids from sewage sludge and
      an urban reservoir. 

PMID- 27365137
TI  - The Presence of Stimulant Drugs in Wastewater from Krakow (Poland): A Snapshot.
AB  - An analysis of wastewater from Krakow (Poland) for the presence of controlled and
      uncontrolled stimulant drugs of abuse was performed. Samples were collected from
      the Plaszow wastewater treatment plant, Krakow, Poland, and prepared by solid
      phase extraction. The LC-QTOFMS method was applied for identification and
      quantification of popular stimulants: MDMA, mephedrone, 4-MEC, MDPV and mCPP.
      Environmental loads of illicit drugs were calculated; the WWTP discharged loads
      ranging from 3.6 to 6.7 mg day(-1) 1000 inhabitants(-1) of MDMA, 3.6 to 7.1 mg
      day(-1) 1000 inhabitants(-1) of mephedrone and 4.8 to 5.8 mg day(-1) 1000
      inhabitants(-1) of 4-MEC. The results confirmed the growing popularity of new
      psychoactive substances in Poland. 

PMID- 27365138
TI  - Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of lymphoblastic lymphomas of the
      mediastinum.

PMID- 27365139
TI  - Coexistent adrenal diffuse large B cell lymphoma in a patient with Waldenstrom's
      macrogloblinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.

PMID- 27365140
TI  - Droplet digital PCR assay for quantifying of CALR mutant allelic burden in
      myeloproliferative neoplasms.

PMID- 27365141
TI  - Retrospective evaluation of the MEAM regimen as a conditioning regimen before
      autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for lymphoma in two centers
      with different dosing schedules of melphalan.
AB  - The BEAM regimen consisting of carmustine (BCNU), etoposide, cytarabine, and
      melphalan (MEL) is widely used before autologous hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation (auto-HSCT) for lymphoma. However, intravenous BCNU is not
      available in Japan, and therefore, ranimustine (MCNU) has been used instead of
      BCNU (the MEAM regimen). We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of 79 adult
      patients who underwent auto-HSCT for lymphoma using this regimen in two centers,
      with 1- and 2-day dosing of MEL, respectively. Three-year overall survival (OS)
      and progression-free survival (PFS) probabilities were 77.3 and 56.5 % in the
      entire population and 71.7 and 58.0 % in patients with diffuse large B cell
      lymphoma. These outcomes were at least equivalent to those with the BEAM regimen.
      There was no regimen-related pulmonary toxicity. In a multivariate analysis,
      older age was the only factor that was significantly associated with for OS. In a
      comparison of the two MEL dosing schedules, while there was no significant
      differences in either OS or PFS, diarrhea was observed more frequently with 1-day
      dosing of MEL. In conclusion, the MEAM regimen appeared to be a promising
      conditioning regimen in auto-HSCT for lymphoma. A large prospective study is
      warranted to confirm the current findings. 

PMID- 27365142
TI  - Thalidomide-based induction regimens are as effective as bortezomib-based
      regimens in elderly patients with multiple myeloma with cereblon expression.
AB  - Cereblon (CRBN) has been identified as a primary target of immunomodulatory drugs
      and is considered a biomarker for the prediction of outcomes after thalidomide-
      or lenalidomide-based treatments. In this study, we evaluated CRBN expression in
      bone marrow (BM) tissue at diagnosis and investigated the relationship between
      CRBN expression and treatment outcomes after thalidomide- or bortezomib-based
      front-line therapies in 89 elderly patients with multiple myeloma (MM). CRBN
      expression at the time of diagnosis was evaluated with immunohistochemical (IHC)
      staining for myeloma cells in paraffin wax-embedded BM tissue. CRBN-immunostained
      slides were scored by intensity and diffuseness, and a total score of >6 was
      defined as CRBN-positive (CRBN(+)). Thirty-eight patients (45.2 %) were CRBN(+).
      Among patients treated with thalidomide-based regimens, CRBN(+) patients showed a
      better treatment response than did CRBN-negative patients (35.0 vs. 11.8 %
      complete response rate, respectively; HR = 4.038, P = 0.137). During a median
      follow-up of 31.8 months, patients treated with bortezomib-based regimens had a
      longer time to progression (TTP) than did patients treated with thalidomide-based
      regimens (15.6 vs. 13.2 months, respectively; P = 0.047), but early mortality
      occurred frequently in patients treated with bortezomib-based regimens.
      Additionally, there was no significant difference in survival outcomes between
      thalidomide- and bortezomib-based regimens in CRBN(+) patients (median TTP, 13.8
      vs. 15.6 months, respectively; P = 0.842 and median OS, 39.3 vs. 30.1 months,
      respectively; P = 0.074). These data suggest that thalidomide-based regimens are
      as effective as bortezomib-based regimens in elderly patients with MM who are
      CRBN(+). Thus, CRBN positivity, by IHC staining, may be useful in deciding
      appropriate treatment options in elderly patients with MM. 

PMID- 27365143
TI  - Low prevalence of fetal-type posterior cerebral artery in patients with basilar
      tip aneurysms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Basilar tip aneurysms (BTA) are multifactorial in origin, with
      luminal forces playing a major role in their formation. Considering the reduced
      hemodynamic stress on the basilar apex in the fetal-type posterior cerebral
      artery (fPCA), we hypothesize that BTA should be less common in patients with
      this variant. OBJECTIVE: To investigate, in a retrospective case-control study,
      the frequency of fPCA in patients with and without BTA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      collected clinical and imaging data from consecutive patients with BTA undergoing
      catheter angiography between July 2010 and July 2015, and from a randomly
      selected, age- and sex-matched non-BTA control population from our prospective
      database. Anatomical variants of the distal basilar artery region were assessed
      in the two groups and compared using parametric and non-parametric tests.
      RESULTS: Fifty-nine BTA cases and 337 controls were included. fPCA was present in
      3% of patients with BTA and 23% in the control group (p<0.001; OR=0.11, 95% CI
      0.03 to 0.48). Basilar tip disposition was cranial in 49% of BTA and 63% of non
      BTA cases (p=0.04; OR=0.57, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.99); a caudal disposition was found
      in 24% and 6% of cases, respectively (p<0.001; OR=4.65, 95% CI 2.21 to 9.80).
      CONCLUSIONS: We found a statistically significant association between the absence
      of fPCA and BTA. Our findings underline the importance of hemodynamic stress in
      the formation of intracranial aneurysms, and suggest that fPCA is a protective
      variant for formation of BTA.

PMID- 27365144
TI  - How do generic statements impact performance? Evidence for entity beliefs.
AB  - Generic statements about the abilities of children's social groups (e.g.
      'Girls/Boys are good at this game') negatively impact children's performance -
      even if the statements are favorable towards children's own social groups. We
      explored the mechanism by which generic language impairs children's performance.
      Across three studies, our findings suggest that generic statements influence
      children's performance by creating an entity belief (i.e. a belief that a fixed
      ability determines performance). Children who were exposed to a generic statement
      about their social group's ability performed worse than children in control
      conditions. This effect hurt children's performance even when the person who made
      the generic statement was no longer present and a new person not privy to the
      statement replaced them. However, when children heard a generic statement paired
      with an effort explanation (i.e. 'Girls/Boys are good at this game because they
      try really hard when they draw') they performed better than children who heard
      the generic statement with no explanation (i.e. just 'Girls/Boys are good at this
      game') and children who heard the generic statement paired with a trait
      explanation (i.e. 'Girls/Boys are good at this game because they are smart and
      really good at drawing'). This work uncovers when and how generic statements that
      refer to the ability of one's social group hinder performance, informing the
      development of practices to improve student motivation and learning.

PMID- 27365145
TI  - Revisiting the diagnostic criteria of clinical chorioamnionitis in preterm birth.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To re-evaluate the utility of the conventional criteria for clinical
      chorioamnionitis in the prediction of early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) in
      preterm birth. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Seoul, Republic of
      Korea. SAMPLE: A total of 1468 singleton births between 24 and 34 weeks due to
      preterm labour (n = 713) or preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (n = 755).
      METHOD: We evaluated three diagnostic categories of clinical chorioamnionitis:
      Criteria 1, conventional criteria; Criteria 2, combination of any three
      conventional parameters without prerequisite fever; Criteria 3, Criteria 1 plus
      positive maternal C-reactive protein and neutrophil left-shift into minor
      criteria. EONS included proven or suspected sepsis within 7 days following birth.
      Neonatal morbidity and mortality of EONS were also reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Diagnostic performance of three combinations. RESULTS: The prevalence
      of EONS was 13.8%. Among 203 cases of EONS, maternal manifestation of clinical
      chorioamnionitis by criteria 1 was evident in only one out of seven, indicating
      15.3% sensitivity for EONS prediction. However, with application of criteria 2,
      sensitivity significantly increased to 34.0%, while compromising specificity from
      92.3% to 78.7%. Criteria 3 showed similar diagnostic performance compared with
      criteria 1 (sensitivity 16.7%, specificity 91.6%). Overall, neonatal mortality
      and neonatal composite morbidity in EONS were 14.9% and 67.8%, respectively, and
      there was no difference in neonatal morbidity and mortality between neonates
      whose mothers showed fever as a sign of clinical chorioamnionitis and those whose
      mothers did not. CONCLUSION: The renouncement of fever as a prerequisite for the
      criteria of clinical chorioamnionitis could increase sensitivity for the
      identification of EONS, a serious outcome of preterm birth. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT:
      The renouncement of fever as an essential can increase sensitivity for prediction
      of neonatal sepsis.

PMID- 27365146
TI  - Characteristics of Peripapillary Staphylomas Associated With High Myopia
      Determined by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the morphologic features of peripapillary staphylomas
      associated with high myopia by swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT).
      DESIGN: Validity analysis. METHODS: Highly myopic patients (refractive error >8.0
      diopters or axial length >26.5 mm) with a peripapillary staphyloma who had
      undergone swept-source OCT were studied. The non-highly myopic fellow eyes in
      patients with unilateral high myopia were also studied. The presence of a
      peripapillary staphyloma was determined by stereoscopic ophthalmoscopic
      examinations. The OCT features of the peripapillary staphylomas and other
      peripapillary lesions were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-five eyes of 16 patients
      were studied. Twenty-two eyes were highly myopic and the remaining 3 eyes of the
      patients with unilateral high myopia were non-highly myopic. A peripapillary
      staphyloma was seen in the swept-source OCT images as a gently sloping excavation
      around the optic disc in all 25 eyes. The posterior sclera in the area of a
      peripapillary staphyloma was observed to bow posteriorly, with the local
      curvature steeper than the curvature of the adjacent scleral regions. The sclera
      at the edge of a peripapillary staphyloma appeared to be elevated inward from the
      surrounding sclera, and the choroid at the staphyloma edge appeared to be
      compressed and thinned. A peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation was a frequent
      complication and was found in 13 eyes with a peripapillary staphyloma (52.5%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Swept-source OCT can detect the slight changes of the sclera and
      choroid in the area of a peripapillary staphyloma, and we recommend its use in
      determining the presence of a peripapillary staphyloma.

PMID- 27365147
TI  - Internal Hernia Following Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Prevention and
      Tips for Intra-operative Management.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is considered the
      golden standard for bariatric surgery. However, the potential risk for internal
      hernia after LRYGB remains a significant concern to both patients and surgeons.
      In addition, patients presenting with abdominal pain after LRYGB warrant careful
      attention to avoid missing or delaying the diagnosis of internal hernia. The aim
      of this study was to describe our technique to prevent internal hernia after
      LRYGB, intra-operative findings, and our management strategies for patients with
      internal hernia after LRYGB. METHODS: In this video, we review different
      technical tips and tricks to explore patients with suspected internal hernia
      after RYGB, how to reduce obstructed small bowel, and effectively close
      mesenteric defects to prevent internal hernia after LRYGB. RESULTS: A high index
      of suspicion and evaluation of the CT scan of the patient by an experienced
      bariatric surgeon is essential to avoid missing cases of internal hernia after
      LRYGB. In addition, patients presenting with incarcerated small bowel due to an
      internal hernia are best managed by standing on the left side of the patient with
      the left arm tucked and starting at the ileocecal valve and running the small
      bowel backwards towards the ligament of Treitz. Furthermore, patients with bowel
      obstruction due to internal hernia may need to have a gastrostomy placed at the
      remnant of the stomach. CONCLUSION: Recurrent abdominal pain is not uncommon
      after LRYGB. Systematic closure of mesenteric defects, the use of diagnostic
      laparoscopy, and high index of suspicion are all necessary to avoid delay in
      diagnosis.

PMID- 27365148
TI  - How does adenosine control neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration?
AB  - The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1 R) and
      facilitatory A2A receptors (A2A R) in the brain. The activity-dependent release
      of adenosine acts as a brake of excitatory transmission through A1 R, which are
      enriched in glutamatergic terminals. Adenosine sharpens salience of information
      encoding in neuronal circuits: high-frequency stimulation triggers ATP release in
      the 'activated' synapse, which is locally converted by ecto-nucleotidases into
      adenosine to selectively activate A2A R; A2A R switch off A1 R and CB1 receptors,
      bolster glutamate release and NMDA receptors to assist increasing synaptic
      plasticity in the 'activated' synapse; the parallel engagement of the astrocytic
      syncytium releases adenosine further inhibiting neighboring synapses, thus
      sharpening the encoded plastic change. Brain insults trigger a large outflow of
      adenosine and ATP, as a danger signal. A1 R are a hurdle for damage initiation,
      but they desensitize upon prolonged activation. However, if the insult is near
      threshold and/or of short-duration, A1 R trigger preconditioning, which may limit
      the spread of damage. Brain insults also up-regulate A2A R, probably to bolster
      adaptive changes, but this heightens brain damage since A2A R blockade affords
      neuroprotection in models of epilepsy, depression, Alzheimer's, or Parkinson's
      disease. This initially involves a control of synaptotoxicity by neuronal A2A R,
      whereas astrocytic and microglia A2A R might control the spread of damage. The
      A2A R signaling mechanisms are largely unknown since A2A R are pleiotropic,
      coupling to different G proteins and non-canonical pathways to control the
      viability of glutamatergic synapses, neuroinflammation, mitochondria function,
      and cytoskeleton dynamics. Thus, simultaneously bolstering A1 R preconditioning
      and preventing excessive A2A R function might afford maximal neuroprotection. The
      main physiological role of the adenosine modulation system is to sharp the
      salience of information encoding through a combined action of adenosine A2A
      receptors (A2A R) in the synapse undergoing an alteration of synaptic efficiency
      with an increased inhibitory action of A1 R in all surrounding synapses. Brain
      insults trigger an up-regulation of A2A R in an attempt to bolster adaptive
      plasticity together with adenosine release and A1 R desensitization; this favors
      synaptotocity (increased A2A R) and decreases the hurdle to undergo degeneration
      (decreased A1 R). Maximal neuroprotection is expected to result from a combined
      A2A R blockade and increased A1 R activation. This article is part of a mini
      review series: "Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases".

PMID- 27365149
TI  - Absence of Basal Cell Carcinoma in Irradiated Childhood Cancer Survivors of Black
      Race: A Report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors exposed to therapeutic radiation are at increased
      risk for basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Despite the notable influence of race on
      rates of BCC in the general population, the same is not clearly defined in
      previously irradiated cancer survivors. We investigated the influence of race on
      the development of BCC in adult survivors of childhood cancer. METHODS: Using a
      retrospective cohort study, outcomes were collected through June 30, 2015, for
      1,746 irradiated childhood cancer survivors participating in the St. Jude
      Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE), comprising a total of 33,147 person-years of
      follow-up. Subsequent neoplasms identified in survivors through self-report and
      prospective clinical assessment were validated by pathology reports. Expected
      numbers of each type of radiation-associated neoplasm, including BCC, were
      calculated for irradiated black survivors based on rates in irradiated white
      survivors, accounting for primary cancer diagnosis, diagnosis year, attained age,
      and sex. RESULTS: On the basis of the rate of BCC in previously irradiated white
      survivors, 56.1 BCCs were expected among 237 black survivors, yet none observed.
      In contrast, the observed-to-expected ratio of non-BCC radiation-associated
      neoplasms (melanoma, brain, breast, thyroid cancer) was 0.88 (30 observed/34.2
      expected, 95% confidence interval, 0.59-1.25). CONCLUSIONS: We identified an
      unexpected absence of BCC in irradiated black survivors in SJLIFE. We observe a
      similar absence of BCC in black individuals among two additional cohorts treated
      with irradiation for childhood cancer. IMPACT: Black survivors are at a
      substantially reduced or absent risk for BCC from therapeutic radiation for
      reasons not yet fully understood. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1356
      60. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27365150
TI  - Pet Ownership and Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pet ownership and cancer are both highly prevalent in the United
      States. Evidence suggests that associations may exist between this potentially
      modifiable factor and cancer prevention, though studies are sparse. The present
      report examined whether pet ownership (dog, cat, or bird) is associated with
      lower risk for total cancer and site-specific obesity-related cancers. METHODS:
      This was a prospective analysis of 123,560 participants (20,981 dog owners;
      19,288 cat owners; 1,338 bird owners; and 81,953 non-pet owners) enrolled in the
      Women's Health Initiative observational study and clinical trials. Cox
      proportional hazards models were used to estimate HR and 95% confidence intervals
      for the association between pet ownership and cancer, adjusted for potential
      confounders. RESULTS: There were no significant relationships between ownership
      of a dog, cat, or bird and incidence of cancer overall. When site-specific
      cancers were examined, no associations were observed after adjustment for
      multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION: Pet ownership had no association with overall
      cancer incidence. IMPACT: This is the first large epidemiologic study to date to
      explore relationships between pet ownership and cancer risk, as well as
      associated risks for individual cancer types. This study requires replication in
      other sizable, diverse cohorts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1311-6.
      (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27365151
TI  - Utility of Model-Based Approaches for Informing Dosing Recommendations in
      Specific Populations: Report From the Public AAPS Workshop.
AB  - This report summarizes the discussions and recommendations of the workshop titled
      "Specific Population Drug Dosing Recommendations: Shifting from Clinical Studies
      to Predict and Confirm," which preceded the 2015 American Association of
      Pharmaceutical Scientists annual meeting. Participants from the pharmaceutical
      industry, regulatory agencies (FDA and EMA), and academia discussed the current
      state, challenges, opportunities, and future direction of utilizing model-based
      approaches to inform dosing recommendations in specific populations.

PMID- 27365152
TI  - Network architectures and operating principles: Reply to comments on "Drivers of
      structural features in gene regulatory networks: From biophysical constraints to
      biological function".

PMID- 27365153
TI  - Drivers of structural features in gene regulatory networks: From biophysical
      constraints to biological function.
AB  - Living cells can maintain their internal states, react to changing environments,
      grow, differentiate, divide, etc. All these processes are tightly controlled by
      what can be called a regulatory program. The logic of the underlying control can
      sometimes be guessed at by examining the network of influences amongst genetic
      components. Some associated gene regulatory networks have been studied in
      prokaryotes and eukaryotes, unveiling various structural features ranging from
      broad distributions of out-degrees to recurrent "motifs", that is small subgraphs
      having a specific pattern of interactions. To understand what factors may be
      driving such structuring, a number of groups have introduced frameworks to model
      the dynamics of gene regulatory networks. In that context, we review here such in
      silico approaches and show how selection for phenotypes, i.e., network function,
      can shape network structure.

PMID- 27365154
TI  - Reconstructing the past: The late posterior negativity (LPN) in episodic memory
      studies.
AB  - The late posterior negativity (LPN) is an ERP effect frequently reported in
      episodic memory tasks. In 2003, we proposed that both non-mnemonic action
      monitoring processes and reconstructive mnemonic processes contribute to the LPN.
      Here, we review more recent studies and provide additional evidence that the LPN
      reflects dissociable (though not mutually exclusive) mnemonic and non-mnemonic
      processes. The idea that the LPN is related to the modality-specific reactivation
      of brain regions activated during encoding is critically evaluated. We suggest
      that the LPN is modulated by the amount of information actually used to
      reconstruct prior episodes and in parts mediated by source specifying factors,
      like the amount and overlap of memory bound attributes. We propose that the LPN
      reflects domain general mechanisms recruited not just during episodic but also
      during semantic memory tasks, in particular in situations that require highly
      specific reconstructive processing or continued evaluation of retrieval outcomes.
      Finally, we relate these ideas to recent accounts of the role of the parietal
      cortex in allocating attention for the inspection of memory contents.

PMID- 27365155
TI  - Molecular detection and characterization of spotted fever group rickettsiae in
      ticks from Central Italy.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of rickettsial pathogens in
      ticks from Central Italy. A total of 113 ticks hailed from Latium and Tuscany
      regions were identified and tested by PCR to detect gltA, ompA, ompB genes of
      Rickettsia. Positive amplicons were sequenced and identified at species level.
      Ticks were analyzed individually or in pools. The percentage of positivity for
      SFG rickettsiae was 12.4%, expressed as minimum infection rate (MIR) assuming
      that one tick was positive in each positive pool. Rickettsia aeschlimannii was
      detected in Hyalomma marginatum, Rickettsia monacensis in Ixodes ricinus and
      Rickettsia massiliae and Rickettsia conorii in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu
      lato. These findings confirm the circulation of pathogenic rickettsiae in Latium
      and Tuscany regions. To our knowledge this is the first report of R. massiliae in
      Latium region.

PMID- 27365156
TI  - Reverse engineering inhibitory circuits in hippocampal CA3.

PMID- 27365157
TI  - Local field potentials get funny.

PMID- 27365158
TI  - Nerve regeneration in the peripheral and central nervous systems.

PMID- 27365159
TI  - Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 27365160
TI  - Reply from Peter A. Watterson and Graham M. Nicholson.

PMID- 27365161
TI  - Limitations of the F-wave test in monitoring spinal motoneurone excitability.

PMID- 27365162
TI  - Reply from S. C. Gandevia, S. L. Khan and J. L. Taylor.

PMID- 27365163
TI  - Regulation and Functions of Autophagic Lipolysis.
AB  - The selective breakdown by autophagy of lipid droplet (LD)-stored lipids, termed
      lipophagy, is a lysosomal lipolytic pathway that complements the actions of
      cytosolic neutral lipases. The physiological importance of lipophagy has been
      demonstrated in multiple mammalian cell types, as well as in lower organisms, and
      this pathway has many functions in addition to supplying free fatty acids to
      maintain cellular energy stores. Recent studies have begun to delineate the
      molecular mechanisms of the selective recognition of LDs by the autophagic
      machinery, as well as the intricate crosstalk between the different forms of
      autophagy and neutral lipases. These studies have led to increased interest in
      the role of lipophagy in both human disease pathogenesis and therapy.

PMID- 27365164
TI  - Comparison of Capillary and Venous Drug Concentrations After Administration of a
      Single Dose of Risperidone, Paliperidone, Quetiapine, Olanzapine, or
      Aripiprazole.
AB  - Risperidone, paliperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, and aripiprazole are
      antipsychotic drugs approved for treating various psychiatric disorders,
      including schizophrenia. The objective of this randomized, parallel-group, open
      label study was to compare finger-stick-based capillary with corresponding venous
      whole-blood and plasma concentrations for these drugs after administration of a
      single dose to healthy volunteers. All whole-blood and plasma drug concentrations
      were measured with validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
      methods. Capillary and venous concentrations (both in plasma and whole blood)
      were in close agreement, although a time-dependent difference was observed, most
      obviously for olanzapine and paliperidone, with slightly higher capillary versus
      venous drug concentrations during the first hours after administering a single
      dose. The observed difference between capillary and venous plasma drug
      concentrations is expected not to be relevant in clinical practice, considering
      the wide window of therapeutic concentrations and the wide range of drug
      concentrations in the patient population for a given dose. Based on these
      results, finger-stick-based capillary drug concentrations have been shown to
      approximate venous drug concentrations.

PMID- 27365165
TI  - Understanding the structure and function of bacterial expansins: a prerequisite
      towards practical applications for the bioenergy and agricultural industries.
AB  - Since the publication of a landmark article on the structure of EXLX1 from
      Bacillus subtilis in 2011, our knowledge of bacterial expansins has steadily
      increased and our view and understanding of these enigmatic proteins has advanced
      with relation to their structure, phylogenetic relationships and substrate
      interaction, although the molecular basis for their mechanism of action remains
      to be determined. Lignocellulosic material represents a source of fermentable
      sugars for the production of biofuels, and cell-wall degrading activities are
      essential to efficiently release such sugars from their polymeric structures.
      Because expansins from fungi and bacteria seem to be required to properly
      colonize or cause disease to plant tissues, and because they share some
      characteristics with their plant counterparts for loosening the cell wall they
      have been seen as a promising tool to overcome the recalcitrance of these
      materials. However, microbial expansins activity is at best, very low compared
      with plant expansins activity. This revision analyses recent work on bacterial
      expansins structure, function and biological role, emphasizing our need to focus
      on their mechanism of action as a means to design better strategies for their
      use, in both in the energy and agricultural industries.

PMID- 27365166
TI  - Integrated fabrication-conjugation methods for polymeric and hybrid
      microparticles for programmable drug delivery and biosensing applications.
AB  - Functionalized polymeric microparticles possess significant potential for
      controlled drug delivery and biosensing applications, yet current fabrication
      techniques face challenges in simple and scalable fabrication and
      biofunctionalization. For programmable manufacture of biofunctional
      microparticles in a simple manner, we have developed robust micromolding methods
      combined with biopolymeric conjugation handles and bioorthogonal click reactions.
      In this focused minireview, we present detailed methods for our integrated
      approaches for fabrication of microparticles with controlled 2D and 3D shapes and
      dimensions toward controlled release, and for biomacromolecular conjugation via
      strain promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) and tetrazine-trans
      cyclooctene (Tz-TCO) ligation reactions utilizing a potent aminopolysaccharide
      chitosan as an efficient conjugation handle. We believe that the fabrication
      conjugation methods reported here from a range of our recent reports illustrate
      the simple, robust and readily reproducible nature of our approaches to creating
      multifaceted microparticles in a programmable, cost-efficient and scalable manner
      toward a wide range of medical and biotechnological application areas.

PMID- 27365167
TI  - Advances in technology and business potential of new drug delivery systems.

PMID- 27365169
TI  - Magnetically recoverable catalysts based on mono- or bis-(NHC) complexes of
      palladium for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction in aqueous media: two NHC-Pd linkages
      are better than one.
AB  - Pre-synthesized mono- and bis(NHC) palladium complexes have been grafted onto
      magnetic core/shell gamma-Fe2O3/silica particles and tested as catalysts in model
      Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. The bis(NHC) immobilized complex was found to
      be a robust catalyst that can operate under mild conditions in aqueous media,
      even for the activation of chloroarene, whereas the mono(NHC) counterpart rapidly
      deactivates. Moreover, it can be readily recovered by magnetic separation and
      reused many times, providing very high productivities, and with so low leaching
      of palladium that the crude products obtained contain <=10 ppm Pd. 

PMID- 27365168
TI  - External root resorption with the self-ligating Damon system-a retrospective
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the degree of external apical
      root resorption (EARR) in patients treated with self-ligating Damon appliances
      and with conventional preadjusted appliances. METHODS: The sample comprised 52
      patients, divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 25 patients treated with
      self-ligating Damon appliances, with an initial age of 16.04 years, final age of
      18.06 years, and treatment time of 2.02 years. Group 2 consisted of 27 patients,
      treated with conventional preadjusted appliances, with an initial age of 16.77
      years, final age of 18.47 years and treatment time of 1.70 years. The groups were
      matched regarding the initial and final ages, treatment time, type of
      malocclusion, and treatment protocol without extractions. Root resorption was
      evaluated on periapical radiographs of the maxillary and mandibular incisors at
      the end of orthodontic treatment with the scores of Levander and Malmgren.
      Intergroup comparisons of root resorption were performed with Mann-Whitney tests.
      RESULTS: No significant difference in the degree of root resorption between the
      two groups was found. CONCLUSIONS: Similar degrees of resorption can be expected
      after non-extraction treatment with Damon self-ligating or conventional
      preadjusted appliances.

PMID- 27365170
TI  - The T-type calcium channel antagonist Z944 disrupts prepulse inhibition in both
      epileptic and non-epileptic rats.
AB  - The role of T-type calcium channels in brain diseases such as absence epilepsy
      and neuropathic pain has been studied extensively. However, less is known
      regarding the involvement of T-type channels in cognition and behavior. Prepulse
      inhibition (PPI) is a measure of sensorimotor gating which is a basic process
      whereby the brain filters incoming stimuli to enable appropriate responding in
      sensory rich environments. The regulation of PPI involves a network of limbic,
      cortical, striatal, pallidal and pontine brain areas, many of which show high
      levels of T-type calcium channel expression. Therefore, we tested the effects of
      blocking T-type calcium channels on PPI with the potent and selective T-type
      antagonist Z944 (0.3, 1, 3, 10mg/kg; i.p.) in adult Wistar rats and two related
      strains, the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and Non
      Epileptic Control (NEC). PPI was tested using a protocol that varied prepulse
      intensity (3, 6, and 12dB above background) and prepulse-pulse interval (30, 50,
      80, 140ms). Z944 decreased startle in the Wistar strain at the highest dose
      relative to lower doses. Z944 dose-dependently disrupted PPI in the Wistar and
      GAERS strains with the most potent effect observed with the higher doses. These
      findings suggest that T-type calcium channels contribute to normal patterns of
      brain activity that regulate PPI. Given that PPI is disrupted in psychiatric
      disorders, future experiments that test the specific brain regions involved in
      the regulation of PPI by T-type calcium channels may help inform therapeutic
      development for those suffering from sensorimotor gating impairments.

PMID- 27365171
TI  - Dorsomedial striatum lesions affect adjustment to reward uncertainty, but not to
      reward devaluation or omission.
AB  - The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) has been implicated in the acquisition of reward
      representations, a proposal leading to the hypothesis that it should play a role
      in situations involving reward loss. We report the results of an experiment in
      which the effects of DMS excitotoxic lesions were tested in consummatory
      successive negative contrast (reward devaluation), autoshaping training with
      partial vs. continuous reinforcement (reward uncertainty), and appetitive
      extinction (reward omission). Animals with DMS lesions exhibited reduced lever
      pressing responding, but enhanced goal entries, during partial reinforcement
      training in autoshaping. However, they showed normal negative contrast,
      acquisition under continuous reinforcement (CR), appetitive extinction, and
      response facilitation in early extinction trials. Open-field testing also
      indicated normal motor behavior. Thus, DMS lesions selectively affected the
      behavioral adjustment to a situation involving reward uncertainty, producing a
      behavioral reorganization according to which goal tracking (goal entries) became
      predominant at the expense of sign tracking (lever pressing). This pattern of
      results shows that the function of the DMS in situations involving reward loss is
      not general, but restricted to reward uncertainty. We suggest that a
      nonassociative, drive-related process induced by reward uncertainty requires
      normal output from DMS neurons.

PMID- 27365172
TI  - Sensitivity of the prefrontal GABAergic system to chronic stress in male and
      female mice: Relevance for sex differences in stress-related disorders.
AB  - Stress-induced modifications of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are believed to
      contribute to the onset of mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, which
      are more prevalent in women. In depression, the PFC is hypoactive; however the
      origin of this hypoactivity remains unclear. Possibly, stress could impact the
      prefrontal GABAergic inhibitory system that, as a result, impairs the functioning
      of downstream limbic structures controlling emotions. Preclinical evidence
      indicates that the female PFC is more sensitive to the effects of stress. These
      findings suggest that exposure to stress could lead to sex-specific alterations
      in prefrontal GABAergic signaling, which contribute to sex-specific abnormal
      functioning of limbic regions. These limbic changes could promote the onset of
      depressive and anxiety behaviors in a sex-specific manner, providing a possible
      mechanism mediating sex differences in the clinical presentation of stress
      related mood disorders. We addressed this hypothesis using a mouse model of
      stress-induced depressive-like behaviors: the unpredictable chronic mild stress
      (UCMS) paradigm. We observed changes in prefrontal GABAergic signaling after
      exposure to UCMS most predominantly in females. Increased parvalbumin (PV)
      expression and decreased prefrontal neuronal activity were correlated in females
      with severe emotionality deficit following UCMS, and with altered activity of the
      amygdala. In males, small changes in emotionality following UCMS were associated
      with minor changes in prefrontal PV expression, and with hypoactivity of the
      nucleus accumbens. Our data suggest that prefrontal hypoactivity observed in
      stress-related mood disorders could result from stress-induced increases in PV
      expression, particularly in females. This increased vulnerability of the female
      prefrontal PV system to stress could underlie sex differences in the prevalence
      and symptomatology of stress-related mood disorders.

PMID- 27365173
TI  - Imipramine and amitriptyline ameliorate the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease
      in rats.
AB  - Amitriptyline (AMI), a commonly prescribed tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) to
      parkinsonian patients, specifically showed a significant delay in dopaminergic
      therapy initiation and improvement in motor disability in parkinsonian patients.
      Moreover, it was recently shown that AMI has neuroprotective properties; however,
      the mechanisms underlying this effect in Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully
      understood. The current study aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective
      mechanisms afforded by AMI in the rotenone model of PD and to assess whether
      another TCA member, imipramine (IMI), shows a corresponding effect. Rats were
      allocated into seven groups. Four groups were given either saline, dimethyl
      sulfoxide, AMI or IMI. Three rotenone groups were either untreated or treated
      with AMI or IMI. Rats receiving rotenone exhibited motor impairment in open field
      and rotarod tests. Additionally, immunohistochemical examination revealed
      dopaminergic neuronal damage in substantia nigra. Besides, striatal monoamines
      and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels were declined. Furthermore,
      oxidative stress, microglial activation and inflammation were evident in the
      striata. Pretreatment of rotenone groups with AMI or IMI prevented rotenone
      induced neuronal degeneration and increased striatal dopamine level with motor
      recovery. These effects were accompanied by restoring striatal monoamines and
      brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, as well as reducing oxidative damage,
      microglial activation and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible
      nitric oxide synthase. The present results suggest that modulation of
      noradrenaline and serotonin levels, up-regulation of neurotrophin, inhibition of
      glial activation, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities could serve as
      important mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of the used drugs in
      the rotenone model of PD.

PMID- 27365174
TI  - alpha2A adrenergic receptors highly expressed in mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons.
AB  - alpha2 adrenoreceptors (alpha2-ARs) play a key role in the control of
      noradrenaline and dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here,
      using UV-laser microdissection-based quantitative mRNA expression in individual
      neurons we show that in hTH-GFP rats, a transgenic line exhibiting intense and
      specific fluorescence in dopaminergic (DA) neurons, alpha2A adrenoreceptor
      (alpha2A-AR) mRNA is expressed at high and low levels in DA cells in the ventral
      tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra compacta (SNc), respectively. Confocal
      microscopy fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed that alpha2A-AR
      immunoreactivity colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in nearly all DA
      cells in the VTA and SNc, both in hTH-GFP rats and their wild-type Sprague-Dawley
      (SD) counterparts. alpha2A-AR immunoreactivity was also found in DA axonal
      projections to the mPFC and dorsal caudate in the hTH-GFP and in the
      anterogradely labeled DA axonal projections from VTA to mPFC in SD rats.
      Importantly, the alpha2A-AR immunoreactivity localized in the DA cells of VTA and
      in their fibers in the mPFC was much higher than that in DA cells of SNc and
      their fibers in dorsal caudate, respectively. The finding that alpha2A-ARs are
      highly expressed in the cell bodies and axons of mesoprefrontal dopaminergic
      neurons provides a morphological basis to the vast functional evidence that
      somatodendritic and nerve-terminal alpha2A-AR receptors control dopaminergic
      activity and dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. This finding raises the
      question whether alpha2A-ARs might function as autoreceptors in the
      mesoprefrontal dopaminergic neurons, replacing the lack of D2 autoreceptors.

PMID- 27365175
TI  - Nicotine-induced acute hyperactivity is mediated by dopaminergic system in a
      sexually dimorphic manner.
AB  - Short-term exposure to nicotine induces positive effects in mice, monkeys and
      humans, including mild euphoria, hyperactivity, and enhanced cognition. However,
      the underlying neural basis and molecular mechanisms for these effects remain
      poorly understood. Here, using a video recording system, we find that acute
      nicotine administration induces locomotor hyperactivity in Drosophila, similar to
      observations made in higher model organisms. Suppressing dopaminergic neurons or
      down-regulating dopamine 1-like receptor (DopR) abolishes this acute nicotine
      response, but surprisingly, does so only in male flies. Using a GFP
      reconstitution across synaptic partners (GRASP) approach, we show that
      dopaminergic neurons possess potential synaptic connections with
      acetylcholinergic neurons in wide regions of the brain. Furthermore, dopaminergic
      neurons are widely activated upon nicotine perfusion in both sexes, while the
      response curve differs significantly between the sexes. Moreover, knockdown of
      the beta1 nicotine acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in dopaminergic neurons
      abolishes the acute nicotine response only in male flies, while panneural knock
      down occurs in both sexes. Taken together, our results reveal that in fruit
      flies, dopaminergic neurons mediate nicotine-induced acute locomotor
      hyperactivity in a sexually dimorphic manner, and Drosophila beta1 nAChR subunit
      plays a crucial role in this nicotine response. These findings provide important
      insights into the molecular and neural basis of acute nicotine effects, and the
      underlying mechanisms may play conserved roles across species.

PMID- 27365176
TI  - Paternal age and diet: The contributions of a father's experience to
      susceptibility for post-concussion symptomology.
AB  - In an attempt to improve current understanding of risk factors that influence
      individual susceptibility to poor outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury
      (mTBI) or concussion, this project investigated whether modifications to paternal
      experiences (Advanced Age (AA) or High-Fat Diet (HFD)) affected offspring
      susceptibility to behavioral symptomology and changes in gene expression
      following pediatric concussion in a rodent model. The study demonstrated that
      paternal treatment prior to conception altered behavioral outcomes and molecular
      characterization of offspring. Offspring of AA fathers demonstrated abnormal
      behavioral performance when compared to offspring of control fathers. Similarly,
      paternal HFD altered pathophysiological outcomes for offspring, contributing to
      the heterogeneity in post-concussion syndrome. Additionally, this study provided
      insight into the mechanisms that mediate non-genetic paternal inheritance.
      Paternal treatment and the mTBI significantly influenced expression of a majority
      of the genes under examination in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and nucleus
      accumbens, with changes being dependent upon sex and the brain region examined.
      These epigenetic changes may have contributed to the differences in offspring
      susceptibility to concussion.

PMID- 27365177
TI  - The Development of a Nystagmus-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a nystagmus-specific quality-of-life (QOL) questionnaire
      derived from patient concerns based on eudaimonic aspects of well-being. DESIGN:
      Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 206 participants with nystagmus
      for factor analysis phase and an additional 42 participants with nystagmus for
      construct validity phase. METHODS: Questionnaire items were written on the basis
      of the 6 domains of everyday living affected by nystagmus that were elicited by
      previous semistructured interviews conducted with 21 people with nystagmus. After
      consultation with 8 nystagmus experts, 37 items were administered to 206 people
      with nystagmus. Factor analysis was used to identify latent factors among the
      items and identify items to propose new nystagmus QOL scales. Cronbach's alpha
      was used to assess the internal reliability of the new scales. To assess for
      discriminate and concurrent validity between the new nystagmus scales and an
      existing vision-related QOL tool, the Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25)
      was administered to 42 additional participants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Questionnaire response scores on nystagmus-specific QOL items. RESULTS: The
      factor analysis revealed the retention of 29 items to form a measure comprising 2
      distinct subscales reflecting "personal and social" and "physical and
      environmental" functioning as relating to nystagmus-specific QOL. The Cronbach's
      alpha coefficients for the "personal and social" functioning scale and "physical
      and environmental" functioning were 0.95 and 0.93, respectively. Tests for
      validity of the measure, consistent with a priori predictions, when compared with
      the VFQ-25, revealed the "physical and environmental" subscale showed concurrent
      validity (0.88), whereas the "personal and social" subscale was demonstrated to
      have discriminative validity (0.81). CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a 29-item,
      nystagmus-specific QOL questionnaire (NYS-29) based on eudaimonic aspects of well
      being with subscales that address not only physical functioning but also psycho
      social issues. The NYS-29 is grounded in the perspectives and concerns of those
      who have nystagmus and can be used to determine the impact of nystagmus on daily
      living in terms of both physical and psychosocial aspects.

PMID- 27365179
TI  - You get what you give: children's karmic bargaining.
AB  - Do children believe in karma - the notion that life events occur to punish or
      reward our moral behavior? In three experiments, we investigate 4-6-year-old
      children's willingness to endorse and engage in the practice of performing good
      acts in order to secure an unrelated future desired outcome, so-called 'karmic
      bargaining'. Most children agreed that performing a morally good social behavior,
      but not a morally negative or morally neutral non-social behavior, would increase
      the chances that future desired outcomes would occur, in both first-party and
      third-party contexts. About half of children also engaged in karmic bargaining
      behavior themselves. We conclude that a belief in karma may therefore reflect a
      broad, early-emerging teleological bias to interpret life events in terms of
      agency, purpose, and design.

PMID- 27365178
TI  - Stress and Protists: No life without stress.
AB  - We report a summary of the symposium "Stress and Protists: No life without
      stress", which was held in September 2015 on the VII European Congress of
      Protistology in partnership with the International Society of Protistologists
      (Seville, Spain). We present an overview on general comments and concepts on
      cellular stress which can be also applied to any protist. Generally, various
      environmental stressors may induce similar cell responses in very different
      protists. Two main topics are reported in this manuscript: (i) metallic
      nanoparticles as environmental pollutants and stressors for aquatic protists, and
      (ii) ultraviolet radiation - induced stress and photoprotective strategies in
      ciliates. Model protists such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Tetrahymena
      thermophila were used to assess stress caused by nanoparticles while stress
      caused by ultraviolet radiation was tested with free living planktonic ciliates
      as well as with the symbiont-bearing model ciliate Paramecium bursaria. For
      future studies, we suggest more intensive analyses on protist stress responses to
      specific environmental abiotic and/or biotic stressors at molecular and genetic
      levels up to ecological consequences and food web dynamics. 

PMID- 27365180
TI  - Hereditary haemochromatosis.

PMID- 27365183
TI  - Correlation between the modified Huddart and Bodenham index and the GOSLON
      yardstick for assessing occlusal characteristics at 5 and 10 years of age in
      individuals born with unilateral cleft lip and palate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Great Ormond Street, London and Oslo, Norway (GOSLON) yardstick
      and the modified Huddart and Bodenham (MHB) index are two indices for evaluating
      study models to discern the effects of treatment in individuals born with
      unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). GOSLON is a tool for ranking study models
      based on their sagittal, vertical, and transversal planes that requires
      calibration of the examiners. MHB is a tool for scoring the arch constriction
      between the jaws for each tooth pair, with scores ranging from +1 to -3. AIM: Our
      study aimed to identify the degree of correlation between the GOSLON and MHB
      indices and to compare inter- and intra-examiner reliability. MATERIAL: The study
      scored 107 study models of 76 children aged 5 (n = 50) and 10 (n = 57) years
      using the MHB and GOSLON indices. RESULTS: We found a very high intra- and inter
      examiner reliability (>0.90) for the MHB and the GOSLON indices as well as a
      moderate to high negative correlation between the two. Among 5-year-olds, the
      relationship between the MHB and the GOSLON was linear, while among 10-year-olds,
      GOSLON Groups 2 and 4 occurred most frequently, with a corresponding wide range
      in MHB. CONCLUSION: Standardization of maxillary arch constriction measurements
      following CLP treatment would help evaluation of treatment outcome and make
      comparability between studies possible. We found a moderate to high correlation
      between GOSLON and MHB. Both indices showed very good intra- and inter-examiner
      reliability. MHB is a more sensitive system compared to GOSLON, with a greater
      range of scoring (40 grades) than GOSLON (five categories).

PMID- 27365181
TI  - Breath-taking jobs: a case-control study of respiratory work disability by
      occupation in Norway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current knowledge on respiratory work disability is based on
      studies that used crude categories of exposure. This may lead to a loss of power,
      and does not provide sufficient information to allow targeted workplace
      interventions and follow-up of patients with respiratory symptoms. OBJECTIVES:
      The aim of this study was to identify occupations and specific exposures
      associated with respiratory work disability. METHODS: In 2013, a self
      administered questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of the general
      population, aged 16-50, in Telemark County, Norway. We defined respiratory work
      disability as a positive response to the survey question: 'Have you ever had to
      change or leave your job because it affected your breathing?' Occupational
      exposures were assessed using an asthma-specific job-exposure matrix, and
      comparison of risks was made for cases and a median of 50 controls per case.
      RESULTS: 247 workers had changed their work because of respiratory symptoms,
      accounting for 1.7% of the respondents ever employed. The 'breath-taking jobs'
      were cooks/chefs: adjusted OR 3.6 (95% CI 1.6 to 8.0); welders: 5.2 (2.0 to 14);
      gardeners: 4.5 (1.3 to 15); sheet metal workers: 5.4 (2.0 to 14); cleaners: 5.0
      (2.2 to 11); hairdressers: 6.4 (2.5 to 17); and agricultural labourers: 7.4 (2.5
      to 22). Job changes were also associated with a variety of occupational
      exposures, with some differences between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Self-report
      and job-exposure matrix data showed similar findings. For the occupations and
      exposures associated with job change, preventive measures should be implemented.

PMID- 27365182
TI  - Determination of the mesio-distal tooth width via 3D imaging techniques with and
      without ionizing radiation: CBCT, MSCT, and uCT versus MRI.
AB  - Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the feasibility and accuracy
      of mesio-distal width measurements with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in
      comparison to conventional 3D imaging techniques [multi-slice CT (MSCT), cone
      beam CT (CBCT), and uCT]. The measured values of the tooth widths were compared
      to each other to estimate the amount of radiation necessary to enable orthodontic
      diagnostics. Material and Methods: Two pig skulls were measured with MSCT, CBCT,
      uCT, and MRI. Three different judges were asked to determine the mesio-distal
      tooth width of 14 teeth in 2D tomographic images and in 3D segmented images via a
      virtual ruler in every imaging dataset. Results: Approximately 19% (27/140) of
      all test points in 2D tomographic slice images and 12% (17/140) of the test
      points in 3D segmented images showed a significant difference (P <= 0.05). The
      largest significant difference was 1.6mm (P < 0.001). There were fewer
      significant differences in the measurement of the tooth germs than in erupted
      teeth. Conclusions: Measurement of tooth width by MRI seems to be clinically
      equivalent to the conventional techniques (CBCT and MSCT). Tooth germs are better
      illustrated than erupted teeth on MRI. Three-dimensional segmented images offer
      only a slight advantage over 2D tomographic slice images. MRI, which avoids
      radiation, is particularly appealing in adolescents if these data can be
      corroborated in further studies.

PMID- 27365185
TI  - Comment on: Pristinamycin in the treatment of MSSA bone and joint infection.

PMID- 27365184
TI  - Association between statins and infections among patients with diabetes: a cohort
      and prescription sequence symmetry analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: A previous meta-analysis of randomized trials did not confirm findings
      from observational studies that suggested that statins reduce the risk of
      infection. However, animal experiments indicate that statins may be more
      effective in reducing the risk and/or the severity of infection among patients
      with diabetes. Hence, we evaluated the effect of statins on antibiotic
      prescriptions (a proxy for infections) among patients with drug-treated type 2
      diabetes using two confounding-reducing observational designs. METHODS: We
      conducted a prescription sequence symmetry analysis and a cohort study using the
      IADB.nl pharmacy prescription database. For the prescription sequence symmetry
      analysis, a sequence ratio was calculated. The matched cohort study, comparing
      the time to first antibiotic prescription between periods that statins are
      initiated and non-use periods, was analyzed using stratified Cox regression.
      RESULTS: Prescription sequence symmetry analysis of 4684 patients with drug
      treated type 2 diabetes resulted in an adjusted sequence ratio of 0.86 (95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 0.81 to 0.91). Corresponding figures for the cohort
      analysis comparing 9852 statin-initiation with 4928 non-use periods showed
      similar results (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.83 to 0.95). CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings suggest that statins are associated with a reduced risk of
      infections among patients with drug-treated type 2 diabetes. (c) 2016 The
      Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27365186
TI  - Benchmarking of methods for identification of antimicrobial resistance genes in
      bacterial whole genome data.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Next generation sequencing (NGS) may be an alternative to phenotypic
      susceptibility testing for surveillance and clinical diagnosis. However, current
      bioinformatics methods may be associated with false positives and negatives. In
      this study, a novel mapping method was developed and benchmarked to two different
      methods in current use for identification of antibiotic resistance genes in
      bacterial WGS data. METHODS: A novel method, KmerResistance, which examines the
      co-occurrence of k-mers between the WGS data and a database of resistance genes,
      was developed. The performance of this method was compared with two previously
      described methods; ResFinder and SRST2, which use an assembly/BLAST method and
      BWA, respectively, using two datasets with a total of 339 isolates, covering five
      species, originating from the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust and Danish
      pig farms. The predicted resistance was compared with the observed phenotypes for
      all isolates. To challenge further the sensitivity of the in silico methods, the
      datasets were also down-sampled to 1% of the reads and reanalysed. RESULTS: The
      best results were obtained by identification of resistance genes by mapping
      directly against the raw reads. This indicates that information might be lost
      during assembly. KmerResistance performed significantly better than the other
      methods, when data were contaminated or only contained few sequence reads.
      CONCLUSIONS: Read mapping is superior to assembly-based methods and the new
      KmerResistance seemingly outperforms currently available methods particularly
      when including datasets with few reads.

PMID- 27365187
TI  - Activation of type II NADH dehydrogenase by quinolinequinones mediates
      antitubercular cell death.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Quinolinequinones (QQ) have been shown to inhibit the growth of
      mycobacterial species, but their mode(s) of action and molecular target(s) remain
      unknown. To facilitate further development of QQ as antimycobacterial drugs, we
      investigated the molecular mechanism and target of QQ in mycobacteria. METHODS:
      Cell viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis bacillus
      Calmette-Guerin was determined in the presence of QQ8c, a representative QQ
      compound, and isoniazid, a frontline antitubercular drug. The effect of QQ8c on
      mycobacterial energetics was studied using inverted membrane vesicles. NADH
      oxidation and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured in the
      presence and absence of KCN. Generation of ROS was measured via oxygen
      consumption in an oxygen electrode. The effects of QQ8c were compared with the
      antimycobacterial drug clofazimine in side-by-side experiments. RESULTS: QQ8c
      challenge resulted in complete sterilization of cultures with no refractory
      resistant population observed. QQ8c stimulated NADH oxidation by type II NADH
      dehydrogenase (NDH-2) and oxygen consumption in inverted membrane vesicles. Large
      quantities of ROS were produced in the presence of QQ8. Even when oxygen
      consumption was blocked with KCN, activation of NDH-2 by QQ8c occurred suggesting
      QQ8c was redox cycling. CONCLUSIONS: QQ8c targets NDH-2 of the mycobacterial
      respiratory chain leading to activation of NADH oxidation and generating
      bactericidal levels of ROS in a manner similar to, but more effectively than, the
      antimycobacterial drug clofazimine. Our results validate respiratory-generated
      ROS as an avenue for antimycobacterial drug development.

PMID- 27365188
TI  - True incidence of tigecycline-induced pancreatitis: how many cases are we
      missing?

PMID- 27365189
TI  - Optimising cervical cancer screening programs: how to evaluate incremental
      changes?

PMID- 27365190
TI  - The modulating role of group stability on fitness effects of group size is
      different in females and males of a communally rearing rodent.
AB  - Group size may influence fitness benefits and costs that emerge from cooperative
      and competitive interactions in social species. However, evidence from plural
      breeding mammals indicates that group size is insufficient to explain variation
      in direct fitness, implying other attributes of social groups were overlooked. We
      studied the natural population of a social rodent during 5 years to test the
      hypothesis that social stability - in terms of group composition - modulates the
      effects of increasing number of breeding females (a proxy of communal rearing)
      and males on the number of offspring weaned (sired) and on the number of
      offspring weaned (sired) surviving to breeding age (two proxies of direct
      fitness). We quantified the effects of social stability (measured as changes in
      female or male group members between mating and the onset of lactation) on these
      fitness measures. We used live trapping, telemetry and DNA markers to determine
      social and fitness measures. Social stability in degus was variable in terms of
      the number of changes in group composition across groups. Low stability was
      mostly due to mortality and emigration of group members. Results supported a
      modulating role of social stability on the relationship between group size and
      the number of offspring weaned (sired). Stability in female and male group
      composition were both modulators of fitness to females and males. The modulatory
      role of stability was sex specific, where high social stability was often fitness
      beneficial to the females. Instead, low social stability was fitness enhancing to
      the males.

PMID- 27365191
TI  - Microsporidia-Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain (Trends in Parasitology
      32, 336-348; April 2, 2016).

PMID- 27365194
TI  - Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Nipple Reconstruction.

PMID- 27365192
TI  - Sequence-Defined Oligomers from Hydroxyproline Building Blocks for Parallel
      Synthesis Applications.
AB  - The functionality of natural biopolymers has inspired significant effort to
      develop sequence-defined synthetic polymers for applications including molecular
      recognition, self-assembly, and catalysis. Conjugation of synthetic materials to
      biomacromolecules has played an increasingly important role in drug delivery and
      biomaterials. We developed a controlled synthesis of novel oligomers from
      hydroxyproline-based building blocks and conjugated these materials to siRNA.
      Hydroxyproline-based monomers enable the incorporation of broad structural
      diversity into defined polymer chains. Using a perfluorocarbon purification
      handle, we were able to purify diverse oligomers through a single solid-phase
      extraction method. The efficiency of synthesis was demonstrated by building 14
      unique trimers and 4 hexamers from 6 diverse building blocks. We then adapted
      this method to the parallel synthesis of hundreds of materials in 96-well plates.
      This strategy provides a platform for the screening of libraries of modified
      biomolecules.

PMID- 27365195
TI  - Intramammary Aneurysm Presenting as a Breast Mass.

PMID- 27365196
TI  - Breast Cancer with Metastasis to the Nasopharynx and Paranasal Sinuses.

PMID- 27365197
TI  - Better predictive value of axillary lymph node (ALN) status after systemic
      therapy for operable HER2-overexpressing breast cancer: A single-institution
      retrospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thresholds for using Preoperative Systemic Therapy (PreST) have
      decreased to include early breast cancer. This study investigates the predictive
      value of axillary lymph node (ALN) status before and after systemic therapy and
      discusses whether it is better to receive PreST first in operable HER2
      overexpressing breast cancer patients. METHODS: From January 2008 to June 2013 at
      Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, we identified 406 eligible female
      patients with stage II-IIIa, operable and pathologically confirmed HER2
      overexpressing invasive ductal carcinoma. Of these patients, 269 underwent
      surgery first followed by chemotherapy plus trastuzumab (chemo-trastuzumab)
      (SurgFirst group), whereas 137 received systemic chemo-trastuzumab therapy first
      followed by surgery (STFirst group). Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall
      survival (OS) were evaluated according to different ALN statuses using the Kaplan
      Meier method. Multivariate COX model analyses were also conducted. RESULTS: The
      median follow-up time was 47 months (IQR: 37-60). Both ALN status and overall
      pathological complete remission (pCR) status were shown to be significant for the
      prediction of DFS (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively) and OS (p = 0.009 and p
      = 0.027, respectively) in the STFirst group. However, patients with positive
      ALN(s) did not experience significantly poorer survival compared with those with
      negative ALN in the SurgFirst group. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for
      positive ALN status in the STFirst and SurgFirst groups were 6.66 (p = 0.001,
      95%CI: 2.18-20.38) and 2.40 (p = 0.126, 95%CI: 0.78-7.34), respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The ALN status after systemic chemo-trastuzumab therapy better
      predicts the survival outcome. We recommend the application of PreST followed by
      surgery in patients with operable HER2-overexpressing breast cancer.

PMID- 27365193
TI  - Colonization and effector functions of innate lymphoid cells in mucosal tissues.
AB  - Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) protect mucosal barrier tissues to fight infection
      and maintain tissue integrity. ILCs and their progenitors are developmentally
      programmed to migrate, differentiate and populate various mucosal tissues and
      associated lymphoid tissues. Functionally mature ILC subsets respond to diverse
      pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites in subset-specific
      manners. In this review, we will discuss how ILCs populate mucosal tissues and
      regulate immune responses to distinct pathogens to protect the host and maintain
      tissue integrity.

PMID- 27365198
TI  - Improved survival associated with a balanced structure between adenomatous and
      squamous components in patients with adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) of the lung is rare and its
      biological behavior has not yet been thoroughly described. The aim of this study
      was to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors
      associated with ASC. MATERIALS: Clinical records of patients with ASC of the lung
      who underwent surgery between October 2008 and December 2014 in a single
      institution were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 205 patients were
      identified. Patients with balanced structural components had significantly better
      prognosis than those with squamous (p = 0.014) or adenomatous (p < 0.001)
      predominance, and those with N0, N1, and N2 ASC (N0 vs. N1 [ p = 0.031] and N1
      vs. N2 [p = 0.037], respectively), or stage I, II and IIIA ASC (stage I vs. II [p
      = 0.021] and stage II vs. IIIA [p = 0.007], respectively) had significant
      differences with respect to overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis
      identified structural components (p = 0.011), tumor, node and metastasis (TNM)
      status (p < 0.001), and adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.008) as significantly
      prognostic factors for OS, and structural components (p = 0.030), TNM stage (p <
      0.001) and adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.005) as the corresponding variables for
      disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: A balanced structure between adenomatous and
      squamous components in patients with primary ASC of the lung was associated with
      better prognosis.

PMID- 27365199
TI  - The utility of the MELD score in predicting mortality following liver resection
      for metastasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The MELD score has been demonstrated to be predictive of hepatectomy
      outcomes in mixed patient samples of primary and secondary liver cancers. Because
      MELD is a measure of hepatic dysfunction, prior conclusions may rely on the high
      prevalence of cirrhosis observed with primary lesions. This study aims to
      evaluate MELD score as a predictor of mortality and develop a risk prediction
      model for patients specifically undergoing hepatic metastasectomy. METHODS: ACS
      NSQIP 2005-2013 was analyzed to select patients who had undergone liver
      resections for metastases. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis
      determined the MELD score most associated with 30-day mortality. A literature
      review identified variables that impact hepatectomy outcomes. Significant factors
      were included in a multivariable analysis (MVA). A risk calculator was derived
      from the final multivariable model. RESULTS: Among the 14,919 patients assessed,
      the mortality rate was 2.7%, and the median MELD was 7.3 (range = 34.4). A MELD
      of 7.24 was identified by ROC (sensitivity = 81%, specificity = 51%, c-statistic
      = 0.71). Of all patients above this threshold, 4.4% died at 30 days vs. 1.1% in
      the group <=7.24. This faction represented 50.1% of the population but accounted
      for 80.3% of all deaths (p < 0.001). The MVA revealed mortality to be increased
      2.6-times (OR = 2.55, 95%CI 1.69-3.84, p < 0.001). A risk calculator was
      successfully developed and validated. CONCLUSIONS: MELD>7.24 is an important
      predictor of death following hepatectomy for metastasis and may prompt a detailed
      assessment with the provided risk calculator. Attention to MELD in the
      preoperative setting will improve treatment planning and patient education prior
      to oncologic liver resection.

PMID- 27365200
TI  - The prevention issue.

PMID- 27365201
TI  - We neglect primary HIV prevention at our peril.

PMID- 27365202
TI  - The HIV prevention cascade: more smoke than thunder?

PMID- 27365203
TI  - Maximising HIV prevention by balancing the opportunities of today with the
      promises of tomorrow: a modelling study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many ways of preventing HIV infection have been proposed and more are
      being developed. We sought to construct a strategic approach to HIV prevention
      that would use limited resources to achieve the greatest possible prevention
      impact through the use of interventions available today and in the coming years.
      METHODS: We developed a deterministic compartmental model of heterosexual HIV
      transmission in South Africa and formed assumptions about the costs and effects
      of a range of interventions, encompassing the further scale-up of existing
      interventions (promoting condom use, male circumcision, early antiretroviral
      therapy [ART] initiation for all [including increased HIV testing and counselling
      activities], and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis [PrEP]), the introduction of new
      interventions in the medium term (offering intravaginal rings, long-acting
      injectable antiretroviral drugs) and long term (vaccine, broadly neutralising
      antibodies [bNAbs]). We examined how available resources could be allocated
      across these interventions to achieve maximum impact, and assessed how this would
      be affected by the failure of the interventions to be developed or scaled up.
      FINDINGS: If all interventions are available, the optimum mix would place great
      emphasis on the following: scale-up of male circumcision and early ART initiation
      with outreach testing, as these are available immediately and assumed to be low
      cost and highly efficacious; intravaginal rings targeted to sex workers; and
      vaccines, as these can achieve a large effect if scaled up even if imperfectly
      efficacious. The optimum mix would rely less on longer term developments, such as
      long-acting antiretroviral drugs and bNAbs, unless the costs of these reduced.
      However, if impossible to scale up existing interventions to the extent assumed,
      emphasis on oral PrEP, intravaginal rings, and long-acting antiretroviral drugs
      would increase. The long-term effect on the epidemic is most affected by scale-up
      of existing interventions and the successful development of a vaccine.
      INTERPRETATION: With current information, a strategic approach in which limited
      resources are used to maximise prevention impact would focus on strengthening the
      scale-up of existing interventions, while pursuing a workable vaccine and
      developing other approaches that can be used if further scale-up of existing
      interventions is limited. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

PMID- 27365204
TI  - Providing a conceptual framework for HIV prevention cascades and assessing
      feasibility of empirical measurement with data from east Zimbabwe: a case study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The HIV treatment cascade illustrates the steps required for
      successful treatment and is a powerful advocacy and monitoring tool. Similar
      cascades for people susceptible to infection could improve HIV prevention
      programming. We aim to show the feasibility of using cascade models to monitor
      prevention programmes. METHODS: Conceptual prevention cascades are described
      taking intervention-centric and client-centric perspectives to look at supply,
      demand, and efficacy of interventions. Data from two rounds of a population-based
      study in east Zimbabwe are used to derive the values of steps for cascades for
      voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) and for partner reduction or condom
      use driven by HIV testing and counselling (HTC). FINDINGS: In 2009 to 2011 the
      availability of circumcision services was negligible, but by 2012 to 2013 about a
      third of the population had access. However, where it was available only 12% of
      eligible men sought to be circumcised leading to an increase in circumcision
      prevalence from 3.1% to 6.9%. Of uninfected men, 85.3% did not perceive
      themselves to be at risk of acquiring HIV. The proportions of men and women
      tested for HIV increased from 27.5% to 56.6% and from 61.1% to 79.6%,
      respectively, with 30.4% of men tested self-reporting reduced sexual partner
      numbers and 12.8% reporting increased condom use. INTERPRETATION: Prevention
      cascades can be populated to inform HIV prevention programmes. In eastern
      Zimbabwe programmes need to provide greater access to circumcision services and
      the design and implementation of associated demand creation activities. Whereas,
      HTC services need to consider how to increase reductions in partner numbers or
      increased condom use or should not be considered as contributing to prevention
      services for the HIV-negative adults. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust and Bill & Melinda
      Gates Foundation.

PMID- 27365205
TI  - Interventions to strengthen the HIV prevention cascade: a systematic review of
      reviews.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Much progress has been made in interventions to prevent HIV
      infection. However, development of evidence-informed prevention programmes that
      translate the efficacy of these strategies into population effect remain a
      challenge. In this systematic review, we map current evidence for HIV prevention
      against a new classification system, the HIV prevention cascade. METHODS: We
      searched for systematic reviews on the effectiveness of HIV prevention
      interventions published in English from Jan 1, 1995, to July, 2015. From eligible
      reviews, we identified primary studies that assessed at least one of: HIV
      incidence, HIV prevalence, condom use, and uptake of HIV testing. We categorised
      interventions as those seeking to increase demand for HIV prevention, improve
      supply of HIV prevention methods, support adherence to prevention behaviours, or
      directly prevent HIV. For each specific intervention, we assigned a rating based
      on the number of randomised trials and the strength of evidence. FINDINGS: From
      88 eligible reviews, we identified 1964 primary studies, of which 292 were
      eligible for inclusion. Primary studies of direct prevention mechanisms showed
      strong evidence for the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and voluntary
      medical male circumcision. Evidence suggests that interventions to increase
      supply of prevention methods such as condoms or clean needles can be effective.
      Evidence arising from demand-side interventions and interventions to promote use
      of or adherence to prevention tools was less clear, with some strategies likely
      to be effective and others showing no effect. The quality of the evidence varied
      across categories. INTERPRETATION: There is growing evidence to support a number
      of efficacious HIV prevention behaviours, products, and procedures. Translating
      this evidence into population impact will require interventions that strengthen
      demand for HIV prevention, supply of HIV prevention technologies, and use of and
      adherence to HIV prevention methods. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

PMID- 27365206
TI  - The HIV prevention cascade: integrating theories of epidemiological, behavioural,
      and social science into programme design and monitoring.
AB  - Theories of epidemiology, health behaviour, and social science have changed the
      understanding of HIV prevention in the past three decades. The HIV prevention
      cascade is emerging as a new approach to guide the design and monitoring of HIV
      prevention programmes in a way that integrates these multiple perspectives. This
      approach recognises that translating the efficacy of direct mechanisms that
      mediate HIV prevention (including prevention products, procedures, and risk
      reduction behaviours) into population-level effects requires interventions that
      increase coverage. An HIV prevention cascade approach suggests that high coverage
      can be achieved by targeting three key components: demand-side interventions that
      improve risk perception and awareness and acceptability of prevention approaches;
      supply-side interventions that make prevention products and procedures more
      accessible and available; and adherence interventions that support ongoing
      adoption of prevention behaviours, including those that do and do not involve
      prevention products. Programmes need to develop delivery platforms that ensure
      these interventions reach target populations, to shape the policy environment so
      that it facilitates implementation at scale with high quality and intensity, and
      to monitor the programme with indicators along the cascade.

PMID- 27365207
TI  - HIV Prevention 2020: a framework for delivery and a call for action.
AB  - Although effective programmes are available and several countries have seen
      substantial declines in new HIV infections, progress in the reduction of adult
      HIV incidence has been slower than expected worldwide and many countries have not
      had large decreases in new infections in adults despite large reductions in
      paediatric infections. Reasons for slow progress include inadequate commitment,
      investment, focus, scale, and quality of implementation of prevention and
      treatment interventions. The UNAIDS-Lancet Commission on Defeating AIDS-Advancing
      Global Health reported that the provision of large-scale, effective HIV
      prevention programmes has failed and called on stakeholders to "get serious about
      HIV prevention". An ambitious worldwide target has been set by UNAIDS to reduce
      new infections below 500 000 by 2020-a 75% reduction from 2010. Models show that
      such a reduction requires a combination of primary prevention interventions and
      preventative effects of treatment. Achievement of the target will require more
      effective delivery of HIV prevention for sufficient coverage in populations at
      greatest risk of infection ensuring that interventions that have proved effective
      are made available, barriers to their uptake are overcome, demand is created, and
      use is consistent and occurs at the right scale with high coverage. This paper
      discusses how programmatic targets for prevention in a worldwide plan could be
      used to re-energise the HIV prevention approach. A management framework is
      proposed outlining global, regional, national, and subnational actions and is
      summarised in a call for action on HIV prevention for 2020.

PMID- 27365208
TI  - Regulated expression of the prostacyclin receptor (IP) gene by androgens within
      the vasculature: Combined role for androgens and serum cholesterol.
AB  - The prostanoid prostacyclin plays a key cardioprotective role within the
      vasculature. There is increasing evidence that androgens may also confer
      cardioprotection but through unknown mechanisms. This study investigated whether
      the androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) may regulate expression of the
      prostacyclin/I prostanoid receptor or, in short, the IP in platelet-progenitor
      megakaryoblastic and vascular endothelial cells. DHT significantly increased IP
      mRNA and protein expression, IP-induced cAMP generation and promoter (PrmIP)
      directed gene expression in all cell types examined. The androgen-responsive
      region was localised to a cis-acting androgen response element (ARE), which lies
      in close proximity to a functional sterol response element (SRE) within the core
      promoter. In normal serum conditions, DHT increased IP expression through classic
      androgen receptor (AR) binding to the functional ARE within the PrmIP. However,
      under conditions of low-cholesterol, DHT led to further increases in IP
      expression through an indirect mechanism involving AR-dependent upregulation of
      SCAP expression and enhanced SREBP1 processing & binding to the SRE within the
      PrmIP. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed DHT-induced AR binding to
      the ARE in vivo in cells cultured in normal serum while, in conditions of low
      cholesterol, DHT led to increased AR and SREBP1 binding to the functional ARE and
      SRE cis-acting elements, respectively, within the core PrmIP resulting in further
      increases in IP expression. Collectively, these data establish that the human IP
      gene is under the transcriptional regulation of DHT, where this regulation is
      further influenced by serum-cholesterol levels. This may explain, in part, some
      of the protective actions of androgens within the vasculature.

PMID- 27365209
TI  - The RNA-binding profile of Acinus, a peripheral component of the exon junction
      complex, reveals its role in splicing regulation.
AB  - Acinus (apoptotic chromatin condensation inducer in the nucleus) is an RNA
      binding protein (RBP) originally identified for its role in apoptosis. It was
      later found to be an auxiliary component of the exon junction complex (EJC),
      which is deposited at exon junctions as a consequence of pre-mRNA splicing. To
      uncover the cellular functions of Acinus and investigate its role in splicing, we
      mapped its endogenous RNA targets using the cross-linking immunoprecipitation
      protocol (iCLIP). We observed that Acinus binds to pre-mRNAs, associating
      specifically to a subset of suboptimal introns, but also to spliced mRNAs. We
      also confirmed the presence of Acinus as a peripheral factor of the EJC. RNA-seq
      was used to investigate changes in gene expression and alternative splicing
      following siRNA-mediated depletion of Acinus in HeLa cells. This analysis
      revealed that Acinus is preferentially required for the inclusion of specific
      alternative cassette exons and also controls the faithful splicing of a subset of
      introns. Moreover, a large number of splicing changes can be related to Acinus
      binding, suggesting a direct role of Acinus in exon and intron definition. In
      particular, Acinus regulates the splicing of DFFA/ICAD transcript, a major
      regulator of DNA fragmentation. Globally, the genome-wide identification of RNA
      targets of Acinus revealed its role in splicing regulation as well as its
      involvement in other cellular pathways, including cell cycle progression.
      Altogether, this study uncovers new cellular functions of an RBP transiently
      associated with the EJC.

PMID- 27365211
TI  - Cognitive and Affective Representations of Active Surveillance as a Treatment
      Option for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer.
AB  - Benefits of early diagnosis and treatment remain debatable for men with low-risk
      prostate cancer. Active surveillance (AS) is an alternative to treatment. The
      goal of AS is to identify patients whose cancer is progressing rapidly while
      avoiding treatment in the majority of patients. The purpose of this study was to
      explore cognitive and affective representations of AS within a clinical
      environment that promotes AS a viable option for men with low-risk prostate
      cancer. Participants included patients for whom AS and active treatment were
      equally viable options, as well as practitioners who were involved in
      consultations for prostate cancer. Data were generated from semistructured
      interviews and audits of consultation notes and were analyzed using thematic
      analysis. Nineteen patients and 16 practitioners completed a semistructured
      interview. Patients generally viewed AS as a temporary strategy that was largely
      equated with inaction. There was variation in the degree to which inaction was
      viewed as warranted or favorable. Patient perceptions of AS were generally
      malleable and able to be influenced by information from trusted sources.
      Encouraging slow deliberation and multiple consultations may facilitate greater
      understanding and acceptance of AS as a viable treatment option for low-risk
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 27365210
TI  - The fission yeast MTREC and EJC orthologs ensure the maturation of meiotic
      transcripts during meiosis.
AB  - Meiosis is a highly regulated process by which genetic information is transmitted
      through sexual reproduction. It encompasses unique mechanisms that do not occur
      in vegetative cells, producing a distinct, well-regulated meiotic transcriptome.
      During vegetative growth, many meiotic genes are constitutively transcribed, but
      most of the resulting mRNAs are rapidly eliminated by the Mmi1-MTREC (Mtl1-Red1
      core) complex. While Mmi1-MTREC targets premature meiotic RNAs for degradation by
      the nuclear 3'-5' exoribonuclease exosome during mitotic growth, its role in
      meiotic gene expression during meiosis is not known. Here, we report that Red5,
      an essential MTREC component, interacts with pFal1, an ortholog of eukaryotic
      translation initiation factor eIF4aIII in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces
      pombe In mammals, together with MAGO (Mnh1), Rnps1, and Y14, elF4AIII (pFal1)
      forms the core of the exon junction complex (EJC), which is essential for
      transcriptional surveillance and localization of mature mRNAs. In fission yeast,
      two EJC orthologs, pFal1 and Mnh1, are functionally connected with MTREC,
      specifically in the process of meiotic gene expression during meiosis. Although
      pFal1 interacts with Mnh1, Y14, and Rnps1, its association with Mnh1 is not
      disrupted upon loss of Y14 or Rnps1. Mutations of Red1, Red5, pFal1, or Mnh1
      produce severe meiotic defects; the abundance of meiotic transcripts during
      meiosis decreases; and mRNA maturation processes such as splicing are impaired.
      Since studying meiosis in mammalian germline cells is difficult, our findings in
      fission yeast may help to define the general mechanisms involved in accurate
      meiotic gene expression in higher eukaryotes.

PMID- 27365212
TI  - Young Men, Help-Seeking, and Mental Health Services: Exploring Barriers and
      Solutions.
AB  - International research has identified young men as reluctant to seek help for
      mental health problems. This research explored barriers and solutions to
      professional help seeking for mental health problems among young men living in
      the North West of Ireland. A qualitative approach, using two focus groups with
      six participants each and five face-to-face interviews, was conducted with men
      aged 18 to 24 years (total N = 17). Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
      Seven key themes of barriers to professional help seeking were identified:
      "acceptance from peers," "personal challenges," "cultural and environmental
      influences," "self-medicating with alcohol," "perspectives around seeking
      professional help," "fear of homophobic responses," and "traditional masculine
      ideals." Five key themes of solutions to these barriers included "tailored mental
      health advertising," "integrating mental health into formal education,"
      "education through semiformal support services," "accessible mental health care,"
      and "making new meaning." Interesting findings on barriers include fear of
      psychiatric medication, fear of homophobic responses from professionals, the
      legacy of Catholic attitudes, and the genuine need for care. This study offers an
      in-depth exploration of how young men experience barriers and uniquely offers
      solutions identified by participants themselves. Youth work settings were
      identified as a resource for engaging young men in mental health work. Young men
      can be encouraged to seek help if services and professionals actively address
      barriers, combining advertising, services, and education, with particular
      attention and respect to how and when young men seek help and with whom they want
      to share their problems.

PMID- 27365213
TI  - Severity of Alopecia Predicts Coronary Changes and Arterial Stiffness in
      Untreated Hypertensive Men.
AB  - An association between androgenic alopecia (AGA), coronary artery disease, and
      hypertension has been reported in previous epidemiological studies. The authors
      evaluated the relationship of target organ damage caused by hypertension with AGA
      in 101 newly diagnosed and untreated hypertension men with mild to moderate AGA
      (AGAm ), severe AGA (AGAs ), and non-AGA. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), office and
      24-hour pulse pressure (PP), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), left
      ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), coronary flow reserve (CFRd), and AGA severity by
      Hamilton-Norwood scale were estimated. CFRd was significantly impaired in AGAs
      patients compared with AGAm (P=.007) and non-AGA patients (P=.02). No differences
      were found within groups regarding PWV, PP, IMT, and LVH. AGA severity was
      related to CFRd (independently) and PP while AGA duration and age of onset were
      related to CFRd and PP, respectively. The authors conclude that impaired coronary
      microcirculation and aortic stiffness might precede the appearance of significant
      stenotic coronary lesions in hypertensive patients with severe AGA. In addition,
      hypertensive patients with severe and early AGA onset seem to be exposed to an
      augmented cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 27365214
TI  - Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Vemurafenib in BRAF-Mutated Melanoma Patients.

PMID- 27365215
TI  - Vaginal fibroepithelial polyp in a neonate: a rare case.

PMID- 27365216
TI  - Clusterin expression is upregulated following acute head injury and localizes to
      astrocytes in old head injury.
AB  - There is mounting evidence linking traumatic brain injury (TBI) to
      neurodegeneration. Clusterin (apolipoprotein J or ApoJ) is a complement inhibitor
      that appears to have a neuroprotective effect in response to tissue damage and
      has been reported to be upregulated in Alzheimer's disease. Here we investigated
      the time course and cellular expression pattern of clusterin in human TBI. Tissue
      from 32 patients with TBI of varying survival times (from under 30 min to 10
      months) was examined using immunohistochemistry for clusterin alongside other
      markers of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. TBI cases were compared to
      ischemic brain damage, Alzheimer's disease and controls. Double
      immunofluorescence was carried out in order to examine cellular expression.
      Clusterin was initially expressed in an axonal location less than 30 min
      following TBI and increased in intensity and the frequency of deposits with
      increasing survival time up to 24 h, after which it appeared to reduce in
      intensity but was still evident several weeks after injury. Clusterin was first
      evident in astrocytes after 45 min, being increasingly seen up to 48 h but
      remaining intense in TBI cases with long survival times. Our results suggest
      clusterin plays a role in modulating the inflammatory response of acute and
      chronic TBI and that it is a useful marker for TBI, particularly in cases with
      short survival times. Its prominent accumulation in astrocytes, alongside a
      mounting inflammatory response and activation of microglial cells supports a
      potential role in the neurodegenerative changes that occur as a result of TBI.

PMID- 27365217
TI  - Increasing Children's Voluntary Physical Activity Outside of School Hours Through
      Targeting Social Cognitive Theory Variables.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Volume of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity completed during
      the elementary school day is insufficient, and associated with health risks.
      Improvements in theory-based psychosocial factors might facilitate increased out
      of-school physical activity. METHODS: A behaviorally based after-school care
      protocol, Youth Fit 4 Life, was tested for its association with increased
      voluntary, out-of-school physical activity and improvements in its theory-based
      psychosocial predictors in 9- to 12-year-olds. RESULTS: Increases over 12 weeks
      in out-of-school physical activity, and improvements in self-regulation for
      physical activity, exercise self-efficacy, and mood, were significantly greater
      in the Youth Fit 4 Life group (n = 88) when contrasted with a typical care
      control group (n = 57). Changes in the 3 psychosocial variables significantly
      mediated the group-physical activity change relationship (R(2) = .31, P < .001).
      Change in self-regulation was a significant independent mediator, and had a
      reciprocal relationship with change in out-of-school physical activity. In the
      Youth Fit 4 Life group, occurrence of 300 min/wk of overall physical activity
      increased from 41% to 71%. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting theory-based psychosocial
      changes within a structured after-school care physical activity program was
      associated with increases in children's overall time being physically active.
      After replication, large scale application will be warranted.

PMID- 27365219
TI  - Spotlights on our sister journals: Chem. Eur. J. 28/2016.

PMID- 27365218
TI  - Distinctive gut microbial community structure in both the wild and farmed Swan
      goose (Anser cygnoides).
AB  - Swan goose (Anser cygnoides) is currently one of the most popular economic
      wildfowl for rare birds breeding industries in several provinces of China.
      However, the farmed Swan geese, reared in artificial environment and fed on both
      natural and artificial diets, display a reduced reproductive rate compared to
      wild species. Little is known about the gut microbiota of this species, which
      could play a role in nutrient and energy metabolism, immune homeostasis and
      reproduction. The present comparative study was designed to provide a first
      characterization of gut microbial communities related to both wild and farmed
      Swan geese by 16 S rRNA sequences using the Illumina HiSeq platform. The results
      showed that dominant microbial components in both groups consisted of Firmicutes,
      Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The abundances of these four
      phyla were not statistically different between the groups. At the genus level,
      significantly decreased abundance of Clostridium and increased abundance of
      SMB53, Enterococcus and Paenibacillus were observed in farmed group compared to
      wild group. The marked differences of genus level group-specific microbes create
      a baseline for future Swan goose microbiology research and make a valuable
      contribution to forming relationships between gut microbiota and domestic bird
      reproduction.

PMID- 27365220
TI  - Comparison of biosensor platforms in the evaluation of high affinity antibody
      antigen binding kinetics.
AB  - The acquisition of reliable kinetic parameters for the characterization of
      biomolecular interactions is an important component of the drug discovery and
      development process. While several benchmark studies have explored the
      variability of kinetic rate constants obtained from multiple laboratories and
      biosensors, a direct comparison of these instruments' performance has not been
      undertaken, and systematic factors contributing to data variability from these
      systems have not been discussed. To address these questions, a panel of ten high
      affinity monoclonal antibodies was simultaneously evaluated for their binding
      kinetics against the same antigen on four biosensor platforms: GE Healthcare's
      Biacore T100, Bio-Rad's ProteOn XPR36, ForteBio's Octet RED384, and Wasatch
      Microfluidics's IBIS MX96. We compared the strengths and weaknesses of these
      systems and found that despite certain inherent systematic limitations in
      instrumentation, the rank orders of both the association and dissociation rate
      constants were highly correlated between these instruments. Our results also
      revealed a trade-off between data reliability and sample throughput. Biacore
      T100, followed by ProteOn XPR36, exhibited excellent data quality and
      consistency, whereas Octet RED384 and IBIS MX96 demonstrated high flexibility and
      throughput with compromises in data accuracy and reproducibility. Our results
      support the need for a "fit-for-purpose" approach in instrument selection for
      biosensor studies.

PMID- 27365221
TI  - Determination of half-maximal inhibitory concentration using biosensor-based
      protein interaction analysis.
AB  - Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is the most widely used and
      informative measure of a drug's efficacy. It indicates how much drug is needed to
      inhibit a biological process by half, thus providing a measure of potency of an
      antagonist drug in pharmacological research. Most approaches to determine IC50 of
      a pharmacological compound are based on assays that utilize whole cell systems.
      While they generally provide outstanding potency information, results can depend
      on the experimental cell line used and may not differentiate a compound's ability
      to inhibit specific interactions. Here we show using the secreted Transforming
      Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) family ligand BMP-4 and its receptors as example
      that surface plasmon resonance can be used to accurately determine IC50 values of
      individual ligand-receptor pairings. The molecular resolution achievable wih this
      approach can help distinguish inhibitors that specifically target individual
      complexes, or that can inhibit multiple functional interactions at the same time.

PMID- 27365222
TI  - Evaluation of the route dependency of the pharmacokinetics and neuro
      pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its main metabolites in rats.
AB  - Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic used for the treatment of
      moderate-to-severe pain. It has three main metabolites: O-desmethyltramadol (M1),
      N-desmethyltramadol (M2), and N,O-didesmethyltramadol (M5). Because of the
      frequent use of tramadol by patients and drug abusers, the ability to determine
      the parent drug and its metabolites in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid is of great
      importance. In the present study, a pharmacokinetic approach was applied using
      two groups of five male Wistar rats administered a 20mg/kg dose of tramadol via
      intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes. Plasma and CSF samples were
      collected at 5-360min following tramadol administration. Our results demonstrate
      that the plasma values of Cmax (C0 in i.v. group) and area under the curve (AUC)0
      t for tramadol were 23,314.40+/-6944.85 vs. 3187.39+/-760.25ng/mL (Cmax) and
      871.15+/-165.98 vs. 414.04+/-149.25MUg.min/mL in the i.v. and i.p. groups,
      respectively (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between
      i.v. and i.p. plasma values for tramadol metabolites (p>0.05). Tramadol rapidly
      penetrated the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
      (BCSFB) (5.00+/-0.00 vs. 10.00+/-5.77min in i.v. and i.p. groups, respectively).
      Tramadol and its metabolites (M1 and M2) were present to a lesser extent in the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in the plasma. M5 hardly penetrated the CSF, owing
      to its high polarity. There was no significant difference between the AUC0-t of
      tramadol in plasma (414.04+/-149.25MUg.min/mL) and CSF (221.81+/-83.02MUg.min/mL)
      in the i.p. group. In addition, the amounts of metabolites (M1 and M2) in the CSF
      showed no significant differences following both routes of administration. There
      were also no significant differences among the Kp,uu,CSF(0-360) (0.51+/-0.12 vs.
      0.63+/-0.04) and Kp,uu,CSF(0-infinity) (0.61+/-0.10 vs. 0.62+/-0.02) for i.v. and
      i.p. pathways, respectively (p>0.05). Drug targeting efficiency (DTE) values of
      tramadol after i.p. injection were more than unity for all scheduled time points.
      Considering the main analgesic effect of M1, it is hypothesized that both routes
      of administration may produce the same amount of analgesia. 

PMID- 27365223
TI  - Biologics and the lung: TSLP and other epithelial cell-derived cytokines in
      asthma.
AB  - Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disorder with characteristic symptoms of
      dyspnea, wheeze, chest tightness and cough, and physiological abnormalities of
      variable airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and in some patients
      with chronic long standing disease reduced lung function. The physiological
      abnormalities are due to chronic airway inflammation and underlying structural
      changes to the airway wall. The interaction between the airway epithelium and the
      environment is crucial to the pathobiology of asthma. Several recent discoveries
      have highlighted a crucial role of airway epithelial derived cytokines such as
      interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). These
      cytokines are collectively known as epithelial "alarmins", which act solely or in
      concert to activate and potentiate the innate and humoral arms of the immune
      system in the presence of actual or perceive damage. Understanding the role of
      alarmins and how they are activated and released may allow the development of
      novel new therapeutics to treat asthma. This review describes the interactions
      between inhaled air, the pulmonary microbiome, airway epithelial cell layer and
      the alarmins, IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP. There is already compelling evidence for a
      role of TSLP in the airway responses to environmental allergens in allergic
      asthmatics, as well as in maintaining airway eosinophilic inflammation in these
      subjects. Further work is required to develop human monoclonal antibodies (hMabs)
      directed against IL-25 and IL-33 or their receptors, to help understand their
      role in the initiation and/or persistence of asthma.

PMID- 27365224
TI  - Iodine-125 implantation plus transarterial chemoembolization for the treatment of
      hepatocellular carcinoma of 3-5cm: A propensity score matching study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Both iodine-125 implantation and transarterial chemoembolization
      (TACE) are feasible options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the
      research is to investigate whether iodine-125 implantation combined with TACE
      could improve the overall survival of patients with HCC of 3-5cm. METHODS: 144
      patients with HCC of 3-5cm who underwent iodine-125 implantation plus TACE and
      TACE alone were retrospectively enrolled in this study. To reduce the selection
      bias, 55 matched pairs of patients were generated by propensity score matching
      (PSM). Their overall survival was compared by the Kaplan-Meier method.
      Independent prognostic factors were identified by Cox proportional hazards
      regression model. RESULTS: patients receiving iodine-125 implantation plus TACE
      have significantly better overall survival than patients receiving TACE alone
      (P<0.001). After PSM, treatment of iodine-125 plus TACE still provide better
      survival (1-year, 89.1% vs. 65.5%; 3-year, 51.0% vs. 7.4%; P<0.001). In
      multivariate analysis, BCLC stage, vascular invasion and treatment modality
      independently predicted the prognosis. No severe adverse events occurred in both
      groups. CONCLUSION: for HCC patients of 3-5cm for whom surgical intervention is
      not an option, iodine-125 implantation combined with TACE might be an effective
      and viable alternative to provide better overall survival.

PMID- 27365225
TI  - [Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT): Two presentations. Two
      approaches].

PMID- 27365226
TI  - The feasibility of a randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy for adults with
      joint hypermobility syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is a heritable disorder associated
      with laxity and pain in multiple joints. Physiotherapy is the mainstay of
      treatment, but there is little research investigating its clinical effectiveness.
      OBJECTIVES: To develop a comprehensive physiotherapy intervention for adults with
      JHS; to pilot the intervention; and to conduct a pilot randomised controlled
      trial (RCT) to determine the feasibility of conducting a future definitive RCT.
      DESIGN: Patients' and health professionals' perspectives on physiotherapy for JHS
      were explored in focus groups (stage 1). A working group of patient research
      partners, clinicians and researchers used this information to develop the
      physiotherapy intervention. This was piloted and refined on the basis of
      patients' and physiotherapists' feedback (stage 2). A parallel two-arm pilot RCT
      compared 'advice' with 'advice and physiotherapy' (stage 3). Random allocation
      was via an automated randomisation service, devised specifically for the study.
      Owing to the nature of the interventions, it was not possible to blind clinicians
      or patients to treatment allocation. SETTING: Stage 1 - focus groups were
      conducted in four UK locations. Stages 2 and 3 - piloting of the intervention and
      the pilot RCT were conducted in two UK secondary care NHS trusts. PARTICIPANTS:
      Stage 1 - patient focus group participants (n = 25, three men) were aged > 18
      years, had a JHS diagnosis and had received physiotherapy within the preceding 12
      months. The health professional focus group participants (n = 16, three men; 14
      physiotherapists, two podiatrists) had experience of managing JHS. Stage 2 -
      patient participants (n = 8) were aged > 18 years, had a JHS diagnosis and no
      other musculoskeletal conditions causing pain. Stage 3 - patient participants for
      the pilot RCT (n = 29) were as for stage 2 but the lower age limit was 16 years.
      INTERVENTION: For the pilot RCT (stage 3) the advice intervention was a one-off
      session, supplemented by advice booklets. All participants could ask questions
      specific to their circumstances and receive tailored advice. Participants were
      randomly allocated to 'advice' (no further advice or physiotherapy) or 'advice
      and physiotherapy' (an additional six 30-minute sessions over 4 months). The
      physiotherapy intervention was supported by a patient handbook and was delivered
      on a one-to-one patient-therapist basis. It aimed to increase patients' physical
      activity through developing knowledge, understanding and skills to better manage
      their condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data from patient and health professional
      focus groups formed the main outcome from stage 1. Patient and physiotherapist
      interview data also formed a major component of stages 2 and 3. The primary
      outcome in stage 3 related to the feasibility of a future definitive RCT [number
      of referrals, recruitment and retention rates, and an estimate of the value of
      information (VOI) of a future RCT]. Secondary outcomes included clinical measures
      (physical function, pain, global status, self-reported joint count, quality of
      life, exercise self-efficacy and adverse events) and resource use (to estimate
      cost-effectiveness). Outcomes were recorded at baseline, 4 months and 7 months.
      RESULTS: Stage 1 - JHS is complex and unpredictable. Physiotherapists should take
      a long-term holistic approach rather than treating acutely painful joints in
      isolation. Stage 2 - a user-informed physiotherapy intervention was developed and
      evaluated positively. Stage 3 - recruitment to the pilot RCT was challenging,
      primarily because of a perceived lack of equipoise between advice and
      physiotherapy. The qualitative evaluation provided very clear guidance to inform
      a future RCT, including enhancement of the advice intervention. Some patients
      reported that the advice intervention was useful and the physiotherapy
      intervention was again evaluated very positively. The rate of return of
      questionnaires was low in the advice group but reasonable in the physiotherapy
      group. The physiotherapy intervention showed evidence of promise in terms of
      primary and secondary clinical outcomes. The advice arm experienced more adverse
      events. The VOI analysis indicated the potential for high value from a future
      RCT. Such a trial should form the basis of future research efforts. CONCLUSION: A
      future definitive RCT of physiotherapy for JHS seems feasible, although the
      advice intervention should be made more robust to address perceived equipoise and
      subsequent attrition. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials
      ISRCTN29874209. FUNDING: This project was funded by the National Institute for
      Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be
      published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 47. See the NIHR
      Journals Library website for further project information.

PMID- 27365227
TI  - How matching may impact interpretation: Comments on "A matched-cohort analysis of
      192 pancreatic anaplastic carcinomas and 960 pancreatic adenocarcinomas: A 13
      year North American experience using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB)".

PMID- 27365228
TI  - Incidence, reasons, and risk factors for readmission after surgery for benign
      distal esophageal disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our aim was to ascertain the incidence of, reasons for, and risk
      factors associated with hospital readmission after an operation for benign distal
      esophageal disease. METHODS: Using the American College of Surgeons National
      Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2012-2014), patients with a
      primary diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease, paraesophageal hiatal
      hernia, or achalasia who underwent fundoplication, paraesophageal hernia repair,
      or Heller myotomy were identified. The primary outcome was hospital readmission.
      Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors
      associated with hospital readmission. RESULTS: Of the 14,478 patients included in
      this study, 801 (5.5%) were readmitted at a median of 11 days (interquartile
      range 6-17) postprocedure. Intolerance of oral intake (21.8%), respiratory
      complications (11.6%), abdominal pain (6.0%), and venous thromboembolic events
      (4.7%) were some of the most common reasons for readmission. Open operative
      approach (odds ratio 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.71), chronic steroid
      use (odds ratio 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.10-2.00), emergency admission
      (odds ratio 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.01-2.21), and predischarge
      complication (odds ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval 1.42-2.59) were associated
      most strongly with hospital readmission. CONCLUSION: Implementing standardized
      perioperative strategies, such as nutritional counseling, early ambulation,
      intensive pulmonary toilet, and deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, may help
      decrease the number of preventable readmissions and enhance the overall quality
      of care in this patient population.

PMID- 27365229
TI  - The role of the drebrin/EB3/Cdk5 pathway in dendritic spine plasticity,
      implications for Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The drebrin/EB3/Cdk5 intracellular signalling pathway couples actin filaments to
      dynamic microtubules in cellular settings where cells are changing shape. The
      pathway has been most intensively studied in neuronal development, particularly
      neuritogenesis and neuronal migration, and in synaptic plasticity at dendritic
      spines in mature neurons. Drebrin is an actin filament side-binding and bundling
      protein that stabilises actin filaments. The end-binding (EB) proteins are
      microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) that localise to the growing plus
      ends of dynamic microtubules and regulate their behavior and the binding of other
      +TIP proteins. EB3 binds specifically to drebrin when drebrin is bound to actin
      filaments, for example at the base of a growth cone filopodium, and EB3 is
      located at the plus-end of a growing microtubule inserting into the filopodium.
      This interaction therefore forms the basis for coupling dynamic microtubules to
      actin filaments in growth cones of developing neurons. Appropriate responses to
      growth cone guidance cues depend on actin filament/microtubule co-ordination in
      the growth cone, although the role of the drebrin/EB3/Cdk5 pathway in this
      context has not been directly tested. A similar cytoskeleton coupling pathway
      operates in dendritic spines in mature neurons where the activity-dependent
      insertion of dynamic microtubules into dendritic spines is facilitated by drebrin
      binding to EB3. Microtubule insertion into dendritic spines drives spine
      maturation during long-term potentiation and therefore has a role in synaptic
      plasticity and memory formation. In Alzheimer's disease and related chronic
      neurodegenerative diseases, there is an early and dramatic loss of drebrin from
      dendritic spines that precedes synapse loss and neurodegeneration and might
      contribute to a failure of synaptic plasticity and hence to cognitive decline.

PMID- 27365238
TI  - Veterinary medicines update.
AB  - The following information has been produced for Veterinary Record by the
      Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) to provide an update for veterinary
      surgeons on recent changes to marketing authorisations for veterinary medicines
      in the UK and on other relevant issues. 

PMID- 27365239
TI  - Disease surveillance in England and Wales, June 2016.
AB  - Targeted surveillance for bluetongue virus beginsHighlights from the scanning
      surveillance networkUpdate on international disease threatsMonitoring of colistin
      resistance in pigs in scanning surveillance submissions These are among matters
      discussed in the Animal and Plant Health Agency's (APHA's) June disease
      surveillance report. 

PMID- 27365240
TI  - Monitoring of colistin resistance in pigs in scanning surveillance submissions.
AB  - This article, prepared by the APHA Pig Expert Group, summarises how scanning
      surveillance activities have highlighted colistin resistance in pigs. 

PMID- 27365230
TI  - Microtubules in health and degenerative disease of the nervous system.
AB  - Microtubules are essential for the development and maintenance of axons and
      dendrites throughout the life of the neuron, and are vulnerable to degradation
      and disorganization in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Microtubules,
      polymers of tubulin heterodimers, are intrinsically polar structures with a plus
      end favored for assembly and disassembly and a minus end less favored for these
      dynamics. In the axon, microtubules are nearly uniformly oriented with plus ends
      out, whereas in dendrites, microtubules have mixed orientations. Microtubules in
      developing neurons typically have a stable domain toward the minus end and a
      labile domain toward the plus end. This domain structure becomes more complex
      during neuronal maturation when especially stable patches of polyaminated tubulin
      become more prominent within the microtubule. Microtubules are the substrates for
      molecular motor proteins that transport cargoes toward the plus or minus end of
      the microtubule, with motor-driven forces also responsible for organizing
      microtubules into their distinctive polarity patterns in axons and dendrites. A
      vast array of microtubule-regulatory proteins impart direct and indirect changes
      upon the microtubule arrays of the neuron, and these include microtubule-severing
      proteins as well as proteins responsible for the stability properties of the
      microtubules. During neurodegenerative diseases, microtubule mass is commonly
      diminished, and the potential exists for corruption of the microtubule polarity
      patterns and microtubule-mediated transport. These ill effects may be a primary
      causative factor in the disease or may be secondary effects, but regardless,
      therapeutics capable of correcting these microtubule abnormalities have great
      potential to improve the status of the degenerating nervous system.

PMID- 27365241
TI  - Patent ductus arteriosus in cats.

PMID- 27365242
TI  - Transient agalactia in ewes.

PMID- 27365243
TI  - Effect of Brexit on EU graduates working in the UK.

PMID- 27365244
TI  - Elastic band injuries in cattle and sheep.

PMID- 27365246
TI  - BVA Members' Day heads to Bristol.
AB  - BVA Members' Day will be held in Bristol on September 22 at the eco-friendly
      @Bristol Science Centre. All BVA members are invited to join us for free. 

PMID- 27365245
TI  - Lipid infusion in the management of poisoning.

PMID- 27365247
TI  - Get involved in the Young Vet Network.
AB  - BVA's Young Vet Network (YVN) supports members from their final year at vet
      school to eight years after graduation. It is during this period that graduates
      particularly benefit from access to peer support. Here Tim Keen, BVA marketing
      manager, provides an update on what's happening. 

PMID- 27365248
TI  - Why EMS matters.
AB  - Becky Marr, one of the recent graduate reps on BVA Council, reminisces about her
      experiences of EMS and explains why EMS matters. 

PMID- 27365250
TI  - BVA Scottish Branch AGM.
AB  - Ofordi Nabokei, BVA's head of policy and governance, reports from the Scottish
      Branch AGM. 

PMID- 27365249
TI  - BVA and AWF hold parliamentary reception.
AB  - After another successful Animal Welfare Foundation (AWF) Discussion Forum, BVA
      honorary member Neil Parish MP hosted an evening reception in the House of
      Commons' terrace pavilion on behalf of BVA and AWF. Felicity Quick, BVA media
      officer, reports on the event. 

PMID- 27365251
TI  - Looking to the future at BVA Congress.
AB  - BVA Congress is well known for tackling the big issues of the day with fantastic
      speakers, and this year is no different. Sally Burnell, BVA director of policy,
      media and strategy, sets out some of the highlights of the 2016 programme. 

PMID- 27365252
TI  - Getting on with a PhD in a changing political landscape.
AB  - Myfanwy Hill wrote this on June 24, just after the result of the EU referendum
      was announced. Almost exactly a year after she started her PhD in Cambridge, she
      reflects on how far she has come and where she is going. 

PMID- 27365253
TI  - Ten-minute chat.
AB  - Liz Edmondson Day is the practice manager at Stanley House Veterinary Group,
      which recently won the Employer of the Year category in the 2016 Pendle Business
      Awards, which are intended to recognise high achieving businesses in the area. 

PMID- 27365255
TI  - Corrigendum.
AB  - Jenkins, C., Arulogun, O. S., Singh, A., Mande, A. T., Ajayi, E., Calys-Tagoe,
      B., . . . the SIREN Team (2016). Stroke Investigative Research and Education
      Network: Community engagement and outreach within phenomics core. Health
      Education & Behavior, 43(1 Suppl.), 82S-92S. (Original DOI:
      10.1177/1090198116634082).

PMID- 27365257
TI  - Prospective Evaluation of Ultrasound Accuracy in the Detection of Pelvic
      Carcinomatosis in Patients with Ovarian Cancer.
AB  - We analyzed the accuracy of transvaginal sonography in detection of pelvic
      carcinomatosis in ovarian cancer patients and factors (age, body mass index,
      performance status, ascites, stage, histotype, tumor grade) influencing the
      performance of ultrasound. In this prospective study, all 191 consecutively
      included patients underwent a pre-operative ultrasound staging examination
      according to institutional protocol. Peritoneal spread was assessed on the basis
      of peri-operative findings or histology. The area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve for the detection of carcinomatosis was 0.90 (0.84-0.93);
      the sensitivity was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 75%-%90), specificity 96%
      (95% CI: 89%-99%), positive predictive value 96% (95% CI: 89%-99%), negative
      predictive value 83% (95% CI: 74%-90%) and overall accuracy 89% (95% CI: 84%
      93%). We report that transvaginal sonography is clinically useful in the
      detection of pelvic carcinomatosis.

PMID- 27365256
TI  - Preventive aerobic training exerts a cardioprotective effect on rats treated with
      monocrotaline.
AB  - Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease which causes overload
      to the right ventricle. The effect of preventive training on cardiac remodelling
      in this condition is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of
      preventive training on hypertrophy, heart function and gene expression of calcium
      transport proteins in rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH. Thirty-two male Wistar
      rats were randomly divided into four groups: S, sedentary control; T, trained
      control; SM, sedentary monocrotaline; and TM, trained monocrotaline. The
      preventive training protocol was performed on a treadmill for 13 weeks, five
      times/week. The first two weeks were adopted for adaptation to training with
      gradual increases in speed/time. The speed of the physical training from the
      third to tenth weeks was gradually increased from 0.9 to 1.1 km/h for 60 min.
      Next, monocrotaline was applied (60 mg/kg) to induce PAH and lactate threshold
      analysis performed to determine the training speeds. The training speed of the TM
      group in the following two weeks was 0.8 km/h for 60 min and the T = 0.9 km/h for
      60 min; in the final two weeks, both groups trained at the same speed and
      duration 0.9 km/h, 60 min. Cardiac function was assessed through
      echocardiography, ventricular hypertrophy through histomorphometric analysis and
      gene expression through RT-qPCR. Right cardiac function assessed through the peak
      flow velocity was SM = 75.5 cm/s vs. TM = 92.0 cm/s (P = 0.001), and ventricular
      hypertrophy was SM = 106.4 MUm2 vs. TM = 77.7 MUm2 (P = 0.004). There was a
      decrease in the gene expression of ryanodine S = 1.12 au vs. SM = 0.60 au (P =
      0.02) without alterations due to training. Thus, we conclude that prior physical
      training exerts a cardioprotective effect on the right ventricle in the
      monocrotaline rat model.

PMID- 27365258
TI  - Impact of Corticosteroid Injection Site on the Treatment Success Rate of Trigger
      Finger: A Prospective Study Comparing Ultrasound-Guided True Intra-Sheath and
      True Extra-Sheath Injections.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in corticosteroid
      injection site influence the therapeutic effect on trigger finger and thickness
      of local structures such as the A1 pulley and flexor tendons. Previously
      untreated trigger fingers were randomly assigned to receive either a true intra
      sheath (group I) or an extra-sheath (group E) injection under ultrasonographic
      guidance. Symptom remission and recurrence rates and recurrence timing did not
      significantly differ between the groups. Ultrasonography revealed mean (standard
      deviation) pre-injection A1 pulley thicknesses of 1.1 (0.3) and 1.1 (0.2) mm in
      groups I and E, respectively. One month after injection, these decreased to 0.7
      (0.2) and 0.8 (0.2) mm, respectively (p < 0.05). Furthermore, mean (standard) pre
      injection flexor digitorum tendon thickness was 4.1 (0.4) and 4.0 (0.5) mm in
      groups I and E, respectively, and, 1 mo after injection, decreased to 3.9 (0.3)
      and 3.8 (0.5) mm, respectively (p < 0.05). However, the difference at each time
      point between the two groups was not statistically significant. True intra-sheath
      injection offers no apparent advantage over extra-sheath injection for treating
      trigger fingers because both have the same effect on local structures.

PMID- 27365259
TI  - Can registry data be used as a proxy for perceived stress? A cross-sectional
      study.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study explores the applicability of registry data as a proxy for
      perceived stress by examining the association between perceived stress measured
      in health surveys and registry data. METHODS: Of 35,700 randomly invited
      participants from the 2010 Health Survey in the North Denmark Region (age 16-99
      years), 21,842 answered 10 items from Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale. Respondents
      were divided into quartiles based on their stress score. Survey information was
      individually linked to national registries containing information on prescribed
      psychiatric medication and consultations with psychologists or psychiatrists from
      2009 to 2011. RESULTS: The percentage of persons with prescriptions or
      consultations was higher (37.6%) in the highest stress score group, compared with
      the lowest stress score group (7.7%). Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for
      the highest score compared with the lowest score was 7.3 (6.5-8.1). Different
      combinations of treatment showed low sensitivity (8.7%-37.6%), positive
      predictive value (49.4%-56.8%), and positive agreement (16.2%-42.7%) were found,
      whereas specificity (88.5%-98.0%) and negative agreement (85.5%-87.2%) were
      higher. Kappa measure showed slight to fair agreement (0.104-0.285). CONCLUSIONS:
      Participants reporting high perceived stress were more often prescribed
      medications and referred for consultations with psychologists or psychiatrists.
      However, due to low predictive values, registry data may not be suitable as a
      proxy for perceived stress.

PMID- 27365260
TI  - Virtual reality versus reality in post-stroke rehabilitation.

PMID- 27365262
TI  - Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Adverse Drug Reactions in Older People Using
      Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescriptions and Screening Tool to Alert to
      Right Treatment Criteria: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether use of the Screening Tool of Older Persons'
      Prescriptions (STOPP) and Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment (START)
      criteria reduces incident hospital-acquired adverse drug reactions (ADRs), 28-day
      medication costs, and median length of hospital stay in older adults admitted
      with acute illness. DESIGN: Single-blind cluster randomized controlled trial
      (RCT) of unselected older adults hospitalized over a 13-month period. SETTING:
      Tertiary referral hospital in southern Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutively
      admitted individuals aged 65 and older (N = 732). INTERVENTION: Single time point
      presentation to attending physicians of potentially inappropriate medications
      according to the STOPP/START criteria. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was the
      proportion of participants experiencing one or more ADRs during the index
      hospitalization. Secondary outcomes were median length of stay (LOS) and 28-day
      total medication cost. RESULTS: One or more ADRs occurred in 78 of the 372
      control participants (21.0%; median age 78, interquartile range (IQR) 72-84) and
      in 42 of the 360 intervention participants (11.7%; median age 80, IQR 73-85)
      (absolute risk reduction = 9.3%, number needed to treat = 11). The median LOS in
      the hospital was 8 days (IQR 4-14 days) in both groups. At discharge, median
      medication cost was significantly lower in the intervention group (?73.16, IQR
      ?38.68-121.72) than in the control group (?90.62, IQR ?49.38-162.53) (Wilcoxon
      rank test Z statistic = -3.274, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Application of STOPP/START
      criteria resulted in significant reductions in ADR incidence and medication costs
      in acutely ill older adults but did not affect median LOS.

PMID- 27365261
TI  - Efficacy and safety of non-immersive virtual reality exercising in stroke
      rehabilitation (EVREST): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, controlled
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-immersive virtual reality is an emerging strategy to enhance
      motor performance for stroke rehabilitation. There has been rapid adoption of non
      immersive virtual reality as a rehabilitation strategy despite the limited
      evidence about its safety and effectiveness. Our aim was to compare the safety
      and efficacy of virtual reality with recreational therapy on motor recovery in
      patients after an acute ischaemic stroke. METHODS: In this randomised,
      controlled, single-blind, parallel-group trial we enrolled adults (aged 18-85
      years) who had a first-ever ischaemic stroke and a motor deficit of the upper
      extremity score of 3 or more (measured with the Chedoke-McMaster scale) within 3
      months of randomisation from 14 in-patient stroke rehabilitation units from four
      countries (Canada [11], Argentina [1], Peru [1], and Thailand [1]). Participants
      were randomly allocated (1:1) by a computer-generated assignment at enrolment to
      receive a programme of structured, task-oriented, upper extremity sessions (ten
      sessions, 60 min each) of either non-immersive virtual reality using the Nintendo
      Wii gaming system (VRWii) or simple recreational activities (playing cards,
      bingo, Jenga, or ball game) as add-on therapies to conventional rehabilitation
      over a 2 week period. All investigators assessing outcomes were masked to
      treatment assignment. The primary outcome was upper extremity motor performance
      measured by total time to complete the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) at the end
      of the 2 week intervention period, analysed in the intention-to-treat population.
      This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NTC01406912. FINDINGS:
      The study was done between May 12, 2012, and Oct 1, 2015. We randomly assigned
      141 patients: 71 received VRWii therapy and 70 received recreational activity.
      121 (86%) patients (59 in the VRWii group and 62 in the recreational activity
      group) completed the final assessment and were included in the primary analysis.
      Each group improved WMFT performance time relative to baseline (decrease in
      median time from 43.7 s [IQR 26.1-68.0] to 29.7 s [21.4-45.2], 32.0% reduction
      for VRWii vs 38.0 s [IQR 28.0-64.1] to 27.1 s [21.2-45.5], 28.7% reduction for
      recreational activity). Mean time of conventional rehabilitation during the trial
      was similar between groups (VRWii, 373 min [SD 322] vs recreational activity, 397
      min [345]; p=0.70) as was the total duration of study intervention (VRWii, 528
      min [SD 155] vs recreational activity, 541 min [142]; p=0.60). Multivariable
      analysis adjusted for baseline WMFT score, age, sex, baseline Chedoke-McMaster,
      and stroke severity revealed no significant difference between groups in the
      primary outcome (adjusted mean estimate of difference in WMFT: 4.1 s, 95% CI 
      14.4 to 22.6). There were three serious adverse events during the trial, all
      deemed to be unrelated to the interventions (seizure after discharge and
      intracerebral haemorrhage in the recreational activity group and heart attack in
      the VRWii group). Overall incidences of adverse events and serious adverse events
      were similar between treatment groups. INTERPRETATION: In patients who had a
      stroke within the 3 months before enrolment and had mild-to-moderate upper
      extremity motor impairment, non-immersive virtual reality as an add-on therapy to
      conventional rehabilitation was not superior to a recreational activity
      intervention in improving motor function, as measured by WMFT. Our study suggests
      that the type of task used in motor rehabilitation post-stroke might be less
      relevant, as long as it is intensive enough and task-specific. Simple, low-cost,
      and widely available recreational activities might be as effective as innovative
      non-immersive virtual reality technologies. FUNDING: Heart and Stroke Foundation
      of Canada and Ontario Ministry of Health.

PMID- 27365263
TI  - A case series on the use of circumferential radiofrequency ablation for early
      esophageal squamous neoplasias in patients with esophageal varices.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a rapidly
      evolving therapeutic modality for early esophageal squamous cell neoplasias
      (ESCNs). However, the feasibility of RFA for ESCNs in the setting of esophageal
      varices has not been reported. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 8 consecutive
      patients with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh score <=6) with early flat-type ESCNs (high
      grade intraepithelial neoplasia/intramucosal cancer, and Lugol unstained lesion
      [USL] length >=3 cm extending >=1/2 the circumference) on or adjacent to
      esophageal varices, for which circumferential RFA was applied as the initial
      treatment. The primary endpoint was a complete response at 12 months, and the
      secondary endpoints were adverse events and procedure-related mortality. RESULTS:
      The mean USL length was 5.3 cm (range, 3-10 cm), and the average length of the
      treatment area was 7.5 cm (range, 5-12 cm), with an average procedure time of
      31.9 min (range, 25-40 min). After circumferential RFA, 3 adverse events were
      recorded, including 2 intramucosal hematomas and 1 mucosal laceration, all of
      which spontaneously resolved without further management. No massive bleeding,
      perforation, stricture, or hepatic failure occurred after the procedure. Six of
      the 8 patients achieved a complete response after single circumferential RFA, but
      2 had residual squamous neoplasias. After additional focal-type RFA treatment,
      all achieved a complete response at 12 months. No neoplastic progression or
      recurrence occurred during a median follow-up period of 21.6 months (range, 13-42
      months). CONCLUSIONS: RFA was associated with good treatment results, no
      neoplastic progression, and an acceptable adverse event profile for the treatment
      of early ESCNs in patients with well-compensated cirrhosis and esophageal
      varices.

PMID- 27365264
TI  - Endoscopic puncture-suture device to close gastric wall defects after full
      thickness resection: a porcine study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Closure of gastric wall defects after endoscopic full
      thickness resection remains a clinical challenge. We aimed to introduce an
      endoscopic puncture-suture device (EPSD) for the closure of such defects. We
      evaluated the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of the EPSD for closure of gastric
      wall defects after endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), compared with the
      metallic clips closure method. METHODS: Twenty-four Bama mini pigs (20-25 kg)
      were randomly divided into 2 groups. The EPSD was used in the experimental group
      and metallic clips were used in the control group. Twelve pigs were randomly
      assigned to each group. Six pigs underwent EFTR on the anterior wall of the
      gastric body, whereas the other 6 pigs underwent the same procedure on the
      posterior wall. The diameter of the resection margin was 2 cm. Either EPSD or
      metallic clips were applied to close the defects. The duration of the resection
      and closure, incidence of operative adverse events, and wound recovery were
      compared and analyzed according to the method of closure. RESULTS: For defects at
      the same sites, EPSD significantly reduced closure time compared with the
      metallic clips method (anterior wall, 8 min vs 27.5 min; posterior wall, 7.8 min
      vs 26.8 min). CONCLUSION: EPSD is a quick, simple, safe, and effective method to
      close gastric wall defects after EFTR.

PMID- 27365265
TI  - Long-term prognosis of expanded-indication differentiated-type early gastric
      cancer treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection or surgery using propensity
      score analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for expanded
      indication lesions of differentiated-type early gastric cancer (EGC) has been
      widely accepted, no prospective randomized study has been conducted on this
      subject. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of ESD and surgery
      for expanded-indication lesions of differentiated-type EGC. METHODS: Between 1997
      and 2012, 1500 consecutive patients with EGC were treated in Osaka City
      University Hospital. Using propensity score matching and inverse probability of
      treatment weighting (IPTW), we retrospectively evaluated the long-term outcomes,
      risk factors for mortality, and adverse events for patients with expanded
      indication lesions of differentiated-type EGC who underwent ESD or surgical
      treatments. RESULTS: A total of 308 patients with expanded-indication lesions of
      differentiated-type EGC confirmed by pathologic examination after ESD or surgery
      met the eligibility criteria. After matching, the 5-year overall survival rate
      was higher in the ESD group than in the surgery group (97.1% vs 85.8%; P = .01).
      We also found that surgery was significantly associated with mortality using both
      the IPTW method (hazard ratio [HR], 10.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37
      86.6; P < .01), and Cox analysis (HR, 8.60; 95% CI, 1.11-66.52; P = .04) after
      matching. Significantly fewer adverse events were associated with ESD than with
      surgery (6.8% vs 28.4%; P < .01). No cause-specific mortality was observed in
      either group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that ESD might be an alternative
      treatment modality for expanded-indication lesions of differentiated-type EGC.

PMID- 27365266
TI  - Triolimus: A Multi-Drug Loaded Polymeric Micelle Containing Paclitaxel, 17-AAG,
      and Rapamycin as a Novel Radiosensitizer.
AB  - Triolimus is a multi-drug loaded polymeric micelle containing paclitaxel (PTX),
      17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), and rapamycin (RAP). This study
      examines the radiosensitizing effect of Triolimus in vitro and in vivo.
      Radiosensitizing effects of Triolimus on A549 cells are dose dependent and at 2 *
      10-9 m, Triolimus shows significant radiosensitization even at low radiation
      doses (2 Gy). By sensitivity enhancement ratio, PTX alone, dual drug
      combinations, and Triolimus treatment at 2 * 10-9 m have radiosensitizing effects
      with potency as follows: PTX alone (PTX) > PTX and RAP (P/R) > Triolimus (TRIO) >
      PTX and 17-AAG (P/17) >17-AAG and RAP (17/R). In vivo, fractionated radiation of
      15 Gy preceded by infusion of PTX alone, dual drug combinations, or an
      intermediate dose of Triolimus (Int. TRIO: PTX/17-AAG/RAP at 15/15/7.5 mg kg-1 )
      strongly inhibits A549 tumor growth. Notably, pretreatment with high dose of
      Triolimus (High TRIO: PTX/17-AAG/RAP at 60/60/30 mg kg-1 ) before the
      fractionated radiation leads to tumor control for up to 24 weeks. An enhanced
      radiosensitizing effect is observed without an increase in acute toxicity
      compared to PTX alone or radiation alone. These results suggest that further
      investigations of Triolimus in combination with radiation therapy are merited.

PMID- 27365268
TI  - Vascular accident code: A security system in massive bleeding in laparoscopic
      urologic surgery.

PMID- 27365267
TI  - Comparative study of multiport laparoscopy and umbilical laparoendoscopic single
      site surgery with reusable platform for treating renal masses.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery is an
      increasingly used modality for treating renal masses. We present a prospective
      comparison between LESS renal surgery and conventional laparoscopy. MATERIAL AND
      METHOD: A comparative paired study was conducted that evaluated the surgical
      results and complications of patients with renal neoplasia treated with LESS
      surgery (n=49) or multiport laparoscopy (n=53). The LESS approach was performed
      with reusable material placed in the navel and double-rotation curved
      instruments. An additional 3.5-mm port was employed in 69.4% of the cases. We
      assessed demographic data, the type of technique (nephrectomy, partial
      nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy), surgical time, blood loss, haemoglobin, need
      for transfusion, number and severity of complications (Clavien-Dindo), hospital
      stay, histological data and prognosis. RESULTS: There were no differences in
      follow-up, age, sex, body mass index, preoperative haemoglobin levels or type of
      surgery. Conversion occurred in 2 cases (1 in each group). The surgical time was
      equivalent (P=.6). Intraoperative transfusion (P=.03) and blood loss (P<.0001)
      was lower with LESS, postoperative haemoglobin levels were higher (P<.0001) and
      haemostatic agents were used more frequently (P<.0001). There were no differences
      in the number (P=.6) or severity (P=.47) of complications. The length of stay
      (P<.0001), the proportion of patients with drainage (P=.04) and the number of
      days with drainage (P=.0004) were lower in LESS. Twenty-five percent of the
      lesions operated on with LESS were benign, but the mean size was similar in the 2
      groups (P=.5). Tumour recurrence and/or progression were more frequent in
      multiport laparoscopy (P=.0013). CONCLUSIONS: Umbilical LESS surgery with
      reusable platform enables various surgical techniques to be performed when
      treating renal masses, with time consumption and safety comparable to
      conventional laparoscopy. The LESS approach is advantageous in terms of blood
      loss and hospital stay.

PMID- 27365269
TI  - [Lung neuroendocrine large cell carcinoma in young women. An unusual
      presentation].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Lung neuroendocrine large cell carcinoma is a rare tumor with a
      poor prognosis. There are very few guidelines for treating this cancer but a
      better knowledge of its markers could improve the treatment and the prognosis.
      OBSERVATIONS: We report two patients who presented initially with an early stage
      carcinoid tumor treated with surgery. Both patients had further new
      neuroendocrine disease diagnosed because of intermittent carcinoid syndrome,
      predominantly occurring at the same time as menstruation. They were then
      diagnosed with metastatic lung neuroendocrine large cell carcinoma and treated
      with first-line cisplatin-etoposide and second-line octreotide with estrogen plus
      progestin. They both had a good prognosis with no disease progression to date.
      CONCLUSIONS: The clinical characteristics of these cases raise several questions
      about the pathophysiology of lung neuroendocrine large cell carcinoma and may
      suggest potential new treatment options. The unusual clinical presentation and
      good prognosis may be explained either by the second-line treatment choice or by
      potential molecular or hormonal biomarkers. There is a need to investigate these
      potential biomarkers further since they could be new therapeutic targets.

PMID- 27365270
TI  - ?

PMID- 27365271
TI  - Drug repositioning approaches to parasitic diseases: a medicinal chemistry
      perspective.
AB  - Identifying new indications for clinically useful drugs is a worthwhile approach
      for neglected tropical diseases. The number of successful repurposing cases in
      the field is growing as not-for-profit organizations, in association with
      academia and pharmaceutical companies, enable screening campaigns for the
      identification of new repositioning candidates. Current programs have delivered
      encouraging results as the use of state-of-the-art technologies, such as genomic
      and structural biology tools, and high-throughput screening platforms have become
      increasingly common in infectious disease research. Drug repositioning has played
      a key part in improving the lives of those suffering from these conditions, as
      evidenced by successful precedents and recent studies on preeminent parasitic
      disorders.

PMID- 27365272
TI  - Bacoside-A, an anti-amyloid natural substance, inhibits membrane disruption by
      the amyloidogenic determinant of prion protein through accelerating fibril
      formation.
AB  - Bacosides, class of compounds extracted from the Bacopa monniera plant, exhibit
      interesting therapeutic properties, particularly enhancing cognitive functions
      and putative anti-amyloid activity. We show that bacoside-A exerted significant
      effects upon fibrillation and membrane interactions of the amyloidogenic fragment
      of the prion protein [PrP(106-126)]. Specifically, when co-incubated with PrP(106
      126), bacoside-A accelerated fibril formation in the presence of lipid bilayers
      and in parallel inhibited bilayer interactions of the peptide aggregates formed
      in solution. These interesting phenomena were studied by spectroscopic and
      microscopic techniques, which suggest that bacoside A-promoted fibrillation
      reduced the concentration of membrane-active pre-fibrillar species of the prion
      fragment. This study suggests that induction of fibril formation and
      corresponding inhibition of membrane interactions are likely the underlying
      factors for ameliorating amyloid protein toxicity by bacoside-A.

PMID- 27365273
TI  - Chemical features of in use and in progress chelators for iron overload.
AB  - An excessive amount of iron may become extremely toxic both for its ability to
      generate reactive oxygen species, and for the lack of regulatory mechanisms for
      iron excretion in humans. Chelation therapy has been introduced in clinical
      practice in the 1970's to defend thalassemia patients from the effects of iron
      overload and it has dramatically changed both life expectancy and quality of
      life. The disadvantages of the drugs in clinical use make the research for new,
      more suitable iron chelating agents, urgent. This review defines the requirements
      of an iron chelator, then points out the principal chemical features of the iron
      chelators in use. Finally, a survey on the last ten years of the literature
      relative to iron chelators is done, and the most interesting ligands are
      presented, with particular emphasis to those that reached clinical trials.

PMID- 27365274
TI  - Response to: Uveitis due to bisphosphonates: A rare side effect?

PMID- 27365275
TI  - Hindfoot pain: Baxter neuropathy.

PMID- 27365276
TI  - A case report of pseudoxanthoma elasticum and systemic lupus erythematosus: An
      uncommon association?

PMID- 27365278
TI  - Abstracts from the International Patellofemoral Pain Resesarch Retreat.

PMID- 27365277
TI  - Patellofemoral pain during adolescence: much more prevalent than appreciated.

PMID- 27365279
TI  - Leukocytoclastic vasculitis related to cocaine-adulterated levamisole.

PMID- 27365280
TI  - Spectroscopic characterization of genotoxic chromium(V) peptide complexes:
      Oxidation of Chromium(III) triglycine, tetraglycine and pentaglycine complexes.
AB  - Evidence is growing that metabolites of Cr(III) dietary supplements are partially
      oxidized to carcinogenic Cr(VI) and Cr(V) in vivo. Hence, we examined oxidations
      of Cr(III) peptide (triglycine, tetraglycine and pentaglycine) complexes to
      Cr(VI) and Cr(V) by PbO2 at 37 degrees C and physiological pH values between 3.85
      and 7.4. The products were characterized by EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopies and
      electrospray mass spectrometry. At pH3.85, the monomeric Cr(V) complexes produced
      were relatively unstable and degraded over min to hr under the acidic conditions.
      The triglycine and tetraglycine Cr(V) complexes had five-line 14N-superhyperfine
      coupled EPR signals; giso, (AN) values 1.9824 (2.44*10-4cm-1) and 1.9825 (2.43*10
      4cm-1), respectively. The pentaglycine Cr(V) complex had a seven-line 14N
      superhyperfine-coupled EPR signal: giso=1.9844; AN=2.27*10-4cm-1. In phosphate
      buffer (pH7.4 and 5.85), several Cr(V) intermediates were produced, but Cr(VI)
      was the end product. For the triglycine, tetraglycine and pentaglycine Cr(V)
      complexes, the giso (AN, 10-4cm-1) values were 1.9831 (2.17), 1.9843 (2.27) and
      1.9844 (2.30), respectively. A second EPR signal with unresolved superhyperfine
      structure was observed at giso~1.966. At 1min, the tetraglycine and pentaglycine
      Cr(V) complexes, had another signal at giso~1.978, which decayed relative to the
      other signals with time. This chemistry has relevance to: (i) certain types of
      DNA damage produced by Cr carcinogens; (ii) the intracellular oxidation of
      Cr(III) to Cr(VI); and (iii) redox recycling of Cr(III) metabolites formed from
      both the intracellular reduction of carcinogenic Cr(VI) and from Cr(III)
      supplements.

PMID- 27365281
TI  - Regional activation within the vastus medialis in stimulated and voluntary
      contractions.
AB  - This study examined the contribution of muscle fiber orientation at different
      knee angles to regional activation identified with high-density surface
      electromyography (HDsEMG). Monopolar HDsEMG signals were collected using a grid
      of 13 * 5 electrodes placed over the vastus medialis (VM). Intramuscular
      electrical stimulation was used to selectively activate two regions within VM.
      The distribution of EMG responses to stimulation was obtained by calculating the
      amplitude of the compound action potential for each channel; the position of the
      peak amplitude was tracked across knee angles to describe shifts of the active
      muscle regions under the electrodes. In a separate experiment, regional
      activation was investigated in 10 knee flexion-extension movements against a
      fixed resistance. Intramuscular stimulation of different VM regions resulted in
      clear differences in amplitude distribution along the columns of the electrode
      grid (P < 0.001); changes in knee angle resulted in consistent shifts along the
      rows (P < 0.01) and negligible shifts along the columns of the electrode grid.
      Regional VM activation was identified in dynamic movement, with distal shifts of
      the EMG distribution in the eccentric phase of the movement (P < 0.05) and at
      more flexed knee angles (P < 0.05). HDsEMG was used to describe regional
      activation across the VM that was not attributable to anatomic factors. Changes
      in muscle fiber orientation associated with knee joint angle mainly influence the
      amplitude distribution along the fiber direction. Future studies are needed to
      understand possible functional roles for regional activation within the VM in
      dynamic tasks.

PMID- 27365282
TI  - Effect of 23-day muscle disuse on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ properties and
      contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers.
AB  - Inactivity negatively impacts on skeletal muscle function mainly through muscle
      atrophy. However, recent evidence suggests that the quality of individual muscle
      fibers is also altered. This study examined the effects of 23 days of unilateral
      lower limb suspension (ULLS) on specific force and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
      Ca(2+) content in individual skinned muscle fibers. Muscle biopsies of the vastus
      lateralis were taken from six young healthy adults prior to and following ULLS.
      After disuse, the endogenous SR Ca(2+) content was ~8% lower in type I fibers and
      maximal SR Ca(2+) capacity was lower in both type I and type II fibers (-11 and 
      5%, respectively). The specific force, measured in single skinned fibers from
      three subjects, decreased significantly after ULLS in type II fibers (-23%) but
      not in type I fibers (-9%). Western blot analyses showed no significant change in
      the amounts of myosin heavy chain (MHC) I and MHC IIa following the disuse,
      whereas the amounts of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 1 (SERCA1) and
      calsequestrin increased by ~120 and ~20%, respectively, and the amount of
      troponin I decreased by ~21%. These findings suggest that the decline in force
      and power occurring with muscle disuse is likely to be exacerbated in part by
      reductions in maximum specific force in type II fibers, and in the amount of
      releasable SR Ca(2+) in both fiber types, the latter not being attributable to a
      reduced calsequestrin level. Furthermore, the ~3-wk disuse in human elicits
      change in SR properties, in particular a more than twofold upregulation in SERCA1
      density, before any fiber-type shift.

PMID- 27365283
TI  - A methodological approach for quantifying and characterizing the stability of
      agitated saline contrast: implications for quantifying intrapulmonary shunt.
AB  - Agitated saline contrast echocardiography is often used to determine blood flow
      through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (QIPAVA). We applied indicator
      dilution theory to time-acoustic intensity curves obtained from a bolus injection
      of hand-agitated saline contrast to acquire a quantitative index of contrast
      mass. Using this methodology and an in vitro model of the pulmonary circulation,
      the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of transit time and gas
      composition [air vs. sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)] on contrast conservation between
      two detection sites separated by a convoluted network of vessels. We hypothesized
      that the contrast lost between the detection sites would increase with transit
      times and be reduced by using contrast bubbles composed of SF6 Changing the flow
      and/or reducing the volume of the circulatory network manipulated transit time.
      Contrast conservation was measured as the ratio of outflow and inflow contrast
      masses. For air, 53.2 +/- 3.4% (SE) of contrast was conserved at a transit time
      of 9.25 +/- 0.02 s but dropped to 16.0 +/- 1.0% at a transit time of 10.17 +/-
      0.06 s. Compared with air, SF6 contrast conservation was significantly greater (P
      < 0.05) with 114.3 +/- 2.9% and 73.7 +/- 3.3% of contrast conserved at a transit
      time of 10.39 +/- 0.02 s and 13.46 +/- 0.04 s, respectively. In summary, time
      acoustic intensity curves can quantify agitated saline contrast, but loss of
      contrast due to bubble dissolution makes measuring QIPAVA across varying transit
      time difficult. Agitated saline composed of SF6 is stabilized and may be a
      suitable alternative for QIPAVA measurement.

PMID- 27365284
TI  - Sex Differences in Weight Loss among Veterans with Serious Mental Illness:
      Observational Study of a National Weight Management Program.
AB  - PURPOSE: Obesity disproportionately burdens individuals with serious mental
      illness (SMI), especially women. This observational study investigated whether
      there were sex differences in weight loss and program participation among
      veterans with SMI enrolled in the Veterans Health Administration's (VHA) MOVE!
      weight management program. PROCEDURES: Participants were identified from a
      national cohort of 148,254 veterans enrolled in MOVE! during fiscal years 2008
      through 2012 who attended two or more sessions within 12 months of enrollment.
      The cohort included those with International Classification of Disease, 9th
      Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnoses for SMI, age less than 70
      years, and weight data at baseline and one or more follow-up timepoints within
      approximately 1 year of enrollment (n = 8,943 men; n = 2,245 women). Linear mixed
      models assessed associations of sex with 6- and 12-month weight change from
      baseline, adjusting for demographic- and site-level variables. FINDINGS: Both
      sexes averaged 6.4 (standard deviation, 4.6) sessions within 12 months; however,
      women with and without SMI participated at rates double their respective
      proportion rates among all VHA users. Participants averaged statistically
      significant weight loss at 6 months (men, -2.5 lb [95% CI, -2.8 to -2.1]; women, 
      2.4 lb [95% CI, -3.1 to -1.7]) and 12 months (men, -2.5 lb [95% CI, -2.8 to 
      2.2]; women, -2.9 lb [95% CI, -3.6 to -2.2]), but no sex-based difference in
      absolute weight loss at either timepoint. Slightly more women achieved 5% or
      greater (clinically significant) weight loss at the 12-month follow-up than did
      men (25.7% vs. 23.0%; p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Women with SMI participated in MOVE!
      at rates equivalent to or greater than men with SMI, with comparable weight loss.
      More women were Black, single, had bipolar and posttraumatic stress disorder, and
      higher service-connected disability, suggesting areas for program customization.

PMID- 27365285
TI  - Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to Increase Provider
      Screening for Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Health Clinics.
AB  - PURPOSE: To demonstrate the utility of the Consolidated Framework for
      Implementation Research as a tool for conceptualizing and overcoming obstacles to
      the implementation of universal screening practices for intimate partner violence
      (IPV), with a particular focus on rural family practice settings. This article
      uses data from a 2014 statewide survey of rural primary care providers to
      identify potential leverage points for policy and practice changes. METHODS: The
      Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence was administered to 134
      physicians and nurses at rural health clinics in a Midwestern state. Six scales
      measuring knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were computed and analyzed with
      bivariate and logistic regression models to ascertain links between
      knowledge/attitudes and screening/response behaviors. FINDINGS: Knowledge and
      attitudes did not predict screening; rather, the number of hours of previous
      training on abuse and the organizational protocols of the clinics where providers
      were employed significantly increased the likelihood of frequent IPV screening.
      CONCLUSIONS: Guided by Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research
      principles, the author concludes that external factors, that is, state or
      national policies mandating IPV screening in clinics, may be an effective way to
      increase provider identification of a major public health problem affecting
      women. Rural women may benefit especially from IPV screening during health care
      encounters, because there are few other supportive services for abuse survivors
      in rural areas.

PMID- 27365286
TI  - Use of Hematopoietic Growth Factors and Risk of Thromboembolic and Pulmonary
      Toxicities in Elderly Patients with Advanced Ovarian Cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of thromboembolic and pulmonary toxicities
      associated with hematopoietic growth factor (HGF) use (i.e., erythropoietin
      stimulating agent [ESA] and/or colony-stimulating factor [CSF]) in a community
      dwelling cohort of elderly patients with advanced ovarian cancer. METHODS: We
      studied 8,188 women, 65 years and older from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and
      End Results-Medicare linked database, diagnosed from January 1, 2000 to December
      31, 2009. Patients were categorized into five groups: no chemotherapy and no
      ESA/CSF (n = 2,616), chemotherapy but no ESA/CSF (n = 1,854), ESA only (n =
      1,313), CSF only (n = 743), and ESA + CSF (n = 1,662). We reported the cumulative
      incidence of toxicities for 2, 6, and greater than 6 months, and the incidence
      density for the overall follow-up. Cox-proportional hazards regression was
      performed to determine risk of toxicities. RESULTS: Of the 5,572 patients
      receiving chemotherapy, 66.7% (n = 3,718) received HGF supportive treatment,
      29.8% received ESA + CSF, 23.6% received ESA only, and 13.3% received CSF only.
      Patients who received chemotherapy and also ESA + CSF had a 14.1% cumulative
      incidence of thromboembolic event (TEE) at 6 months of follow-up compared with
      8.0% in those who received chemotherapy without growth factor and 3.2% in those
      with neither chemotherapy nor growth factor. Those with chemotherapy who received
      ESA + CSF had a significantly higher risk of TEE (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.22;
      95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.47) as compared with patients with chemotherapy
      and no ESA/CSF, although patients aged 85 years and older may experience up to a
      five-fold increased risk. The risk of pulmonary toxicities did not significantly
      differ by HGF use. CONCLUSIONS: An increased risk of TEEs was observed in elderly
      patients with ovarian cancer who received ESA + CSF. The risk-benefit ratio for
      administering HGF should be carefully evaluated, especially among those 85 years
      and older.

PMID- 27365288
TI  - Locally advanced head and neck cancer in either the older or the vulnerable
      adult: Making the case for a team-based, "gero-centric" approach.
AB  - Multidisciplinary, team-based care goes hand in hand with geriatric oncology
      paradigms for caring for older adults with cancer. Team-based care was the
      central theme for the 2015 SIOG Annual Meeting. Team-based approaches to the
      evaluation and management of older adults with different cancer types, including
      head and neck cancer, were presented. This review aims to summarize the salient
      points of that presentation, including a synthesis of recent multidisciplinary,
      "gero-centric" research efforts to improve the care for older adults with more
      advanced stages of head and neck cancer.

PMID- 27365287
TI  - Role of Marital Status in the Association between Prepregnancy Body Mass Index
      and Breastfeeding Duration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the United States, breastfeeding rates fail to meet national
      guidelines. Given the rising prevalence of obesity and births to unmarried women,
      this study explores if the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI)
      and breastfeeding duration differs by marital status. METHODS: Data from the 2009
      2011 Pregnancy Assessment Monitoring System were analyzed. The sample included
      women who had live singleton births in the United States and who reported
      information to calculate BMI and breastfeeding duration (n = 93,106).
      Breastfeeding duration was categorized as never breastfed, breastfed for 8 weeks
      or less, and breastfed for more than 8 weeks. BMI was categorized as underweight
      (<18.5 kg/m(2)), normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)), overweight (25.0-29.9
      (kg/m(2)), or obese (30.0 + kg/m(2)). Marital status was categorized as married
      or not married. There was a significant interaction between marital status and
      prepregnancy BMI (p = .028). Data were stratified by marital status and
      multinomial logistic regression was conducted adjusting for confounding factors.
      RESULTS: Approximately one-half of women were of normal weight before pregnancy
      (50.4%); 24.1% were overweight, 21.2% were obese, and 4.3% were underweight.
      Among married women, the odds of never breastfeeding and breastfeeding for 8
      weeks or less was greater among overweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.23 [95%
      confidence interval {CI}, 1.10-1.38]; AOR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.24-1.49]) and obese
      women (AOR, 1.72 [95% CI, 1.53-1.93]; AOR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.77-2.15]) compared
      with normal weight women who breastfed for more than 8 weeks. In contrast, among
      unmarried women, no association was observed among overweight women and the
      association was attenuated among obese women (AOR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.21-1.58]; AOR,
      1.43 [95% CI, 1.27-1.62]). CONCLUSION: Providers and public health practitioners
      should be aware of the influence of marital status in the association between
      prepregnancy BMI and breastfeeding duration. The role of obesity and marital
      status should be considered in designing breastfeeding promotion interventions.

PMID- 27365289
TI  - Fetal and neonatal outcomes after term and preterm delivery following
      betamethasone administration in twin pregnancies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of betamethasone on fetal growth and neonatal
      outcomes in twins. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of twins
      delivered at one center in Berlin, Germany, between 1993 and 2011. The
      betamethasone group included twin pregnancies with preterm labor, cervical
      shortening, preterm premature rupture of membranes, or vaginal bleeding, and
      exposure to betamethasone between 23(+5) and 33(+6) weeks. The control group
      included twin pregnancies with no betamethasone exposure matched for length at
      delivery. Fetal growth and neonatal anthropometric data were analyzed by twin
      pair structure, dose, and gestational age (linear mixed model). RESULTS: Overall,
      1922 live-born twin pairs (653 betamethasone group, 1269 controls) were included.
      Compared with controls, late-preterm twins exposed to betamethasone were lighter
      (mean difference -126g), had a smaller head circumference (-0.4cm), and a shorter
      body length (-0.8cm) after adjustment for confounders (P<0.05). Female neonates
      from mixed or same-sex twin pairs had a lower birth weight than controls
      (betamethasone <=16mg: -114g; betamethasone 24mg: -124g; betamethasone >24mg: 
      187g), with no detectable improvement in neonatal morbidity (hyperbilirubinemia,
      respiratory distress, asphyxia) or mortality. CONCLUSION: Betamethasone reduced
      birth weight, head circumference, and length of female preterm neonates in twin
      pairs in a dose-dependent manner. The neonatal mortality and morbidity were not
      improved by betamethasone.

PMID- 27365290
TI  - A retrospective study of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and pregnancy-associated
      hypertension among women in Lusaka, Zambia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between HIV, antiretroviral therapy
      (ART), and pregnancy-associated hypertension (PAH) in an HIV-endemic setting.
      METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken of pregnant women for whom
      information was recorded between February 2006 and December 2012 in the Zambia
      Electronic Perinatal Record System, which captures data from 25 facilities in
      Lusaka, Zambia. PAH was defined as eclampsia, pre-eclampsia, hypertension, or
      elevated blood pressure (>140/80mm Hg) during delivery admission. Logistic
      regression estimated the odds of PAH among women by HIV serostatus, and by most
      recent CD4 T lymphocyte count and ART status among women with HIV infection.
      RESULTS: Among 249 771 women included in the analysis, 5354 (2.1%) had PAH.
      Compared with women without HIV infection, women with HIV infection not receiving
      ART had lower odds of PAH (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.86, 95% confidence
      interval 0.78-0.95), whereas those with HIV infection who had initiated ART had
      higher odds of PAH (AOR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.32). No association was found between
      PAH and timing of ART initiation or CD4 lymphocyte count. CONCLUSION: In a large
      African urban cohort, women with untreated HIV infection had the lowest odds of
      PAH. Treatment with ART could increase PAH risk beyond that of women without HIV
      infection and those with untreated infection.

PMID- 27365291
TI  - Predictors and outcomes of low birth weight in Lusaka, Zambia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) in an
      urban Zambian cohort and investigate risk of adverse outcomes for LBW neonates.
      METHODS: The present retrospective cohort analysis used data recorded between
      February 2006 and December 2012 for singletons and first-born twins delivered in
      the public health system of Lusaka, Zambia. Routine clinical data and generalized
      estimating equations were used to examine covariates associated with LBW (<2500
      g) and describe outcomes of LBW. RESULTS: In total, 200 557 neonates were
      included, 21 125 (10.5%) of whom were LBW. Placental abruption, delivery before
      37 weeks, and twin pregnancy were associated with LBW in multivariable analysis
      (P<0.01 for all). Compared with neonates weighing more than 2500 g, LBW neonates
      were at higher risk of stillbirth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 8.6, 95% confidence
      interval [CI] 6.5-11.5), low Apgar score (AOR 5.7, 95% CI 4.6-7.2), admission to
      the neonatal intensive care unit (AOR 5.4, 95% CI 3.5-8.3), and very early
      neonatal death (AOR 6.2, 95% CI 3.7-10.3). CONCLUSION: LBW neonates are at
      increased risk of adverse outcomes, including stillbirth and neonatal death,
      independent of pregnancy duration at delivery and multiple pregnancy. These
      findings underscore the need for early, comprehensive, and high-quality prenatal
      care.

PMID- 27365292
TI  - Middle paleolithic human deciduous incisor from Grotta del Cavallo, Italy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In this contribution, we present a morphological description and
      comparative morphometric analysis of Cavallo D, a human tooth unearthed from the
      Mousterian FIII sublayer of Grotta del Cavallo (Apulia, Italy). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We used microCT data to provide a detailed morphological description and
      morphometric analysis of the Cavallo D human tooth based on traditional diameter
      measurements and 3D enamel thickness. Moreover, new AMS radiocarbon dating of
      charcoals from layers FII was carried out. RESULTS: Morphological features
      observed in Cavallo D align the tooth to Neandertals. Similarly, the large size
      of the tooth (e.g., BL diameter) and the relatively thinner enamel thickness are
      typical Neandertal traits. 14 C datings of layer FII attribute the tooth to a
      time range of 45,600-42,900 cal BP (at 68% level of probability). DISCUSSION: Up
      to now, the Rdi1 Cavallo D represents the most recent Neandertal human remain in
      southern Italy related to a radiocarbon dated stratigraphy. Moreover, since
      deciduous teeth have been less investigated than the permanent ones, this
      contribution brings new data to increase our knowledge on the variability of the
      Neandertal deciduous dentition.

PMID- 27365293
TI  - The Exonuclease Trex2 Shapes Psoriatic Phenotype.
AB  - Trex2 is a keratinocyte-specific 3'-deoxyribonuclease that participates in the
      maintenance of skin homeostasis after DNA damage. Here, we show that this
      exonuclease is strongly upregulated in human psoriasis, a hyperproliferative and
      inflammatory skin disease. Similarly, the imiquimod (IMQ)- and Il23-induced mouse
      psoriasis was associated with a substantial upregulation of Trex2, which was
      recruited into fragmented chromatin in keratinocytes that were undergoing
      impaired proliferation, differentiation, and cell death, indicating an important
      role in DNA processing. Using Trex2 knockout mice, we have found that Trex2
      deficiency attenuated IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation and enhanced
      IMQ-induced parakeratosis. Also, Il23-induced ear swelling was diminished in
      Trex2 knockout mice in comparison with wild-type (wt) mice. Transcriptome
      analysis identified multiple genes that were deregulated by Trex2 loss after
      treatment with IMQ. Specifically, immune response genes and pathways normally
      associated with inflammation were downregulated, whereas those related to skin
      differentiation and chromatin biology showed increased expression. Interestingly,
      Trex2 deficiency led to decreased IMQ-induced keratinocyte death via both cell
      autonomous and noncell autonomous mechanisms. Hence, our data indicate that Trex2
      acts as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by promoting
      keratinocyte apoptosis and enucleation and thereby influencing skin immune
      responses.

PMID- 27365294
TI  - A Randomized, Clinical Trial of Preadmission Chlorhexidine Skin Preparation for
      Lower Extremity Total Joint Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Periprosthetic infections are devastating postoperative complications
      of total joint arthroplasty (TJA), with native skin flora commonly identified as
      causative organisms. We compared 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloths to
      standard-of-care antiseptic bathing in patients before TJA, to evaluate
      periprosthetic infection risk at 1-year follow-up. METHODS: This was a
      prospective, randomized, controlled trial at a single institution of patients
      undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty. Chlorhexidine-treated patients (275
      arthroplasties) applied 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloths the night
      before and morning of admission. The standard-of-care cohort (279 arthroplasties)
      bathed with soap and water preadmission. Patients were excluded according to the
      following: (1) unable to comply with study requirements, (2) pregnant, (3) <18
      years, (4) medical history of immunosuppression or steroid use, (5) chronic
      hepatitis B/C infection, (6) had infection around joint requiring surgery, or (7)
      chose not to participate. A total of 539 patients (554 arthroplasties) were
      included in the final population. There were no significant differences in
      American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, cut time, risk scores, or diabetes
      and smoking prevalence between cohorts (P > .05). RESULTS: A lower periprosthetic
      infection rate was found in the chlorhexidine cohort (0.4%) when compared to
      standard-of-care cohorts (2.9%). The infection odds ratio was 8.15 (95%
      confidence interval = 1.01-65.6; P = .049) for the standard-of-care cohort
      compared to the chlorhexidine cohort. No differences in assessed risk factors
      were found between groups. No severe adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS:
      Preoperative chlorhexidine cloth use decreased the risk of periprosthetic
      infection. This may be an appropriate antiseptic protocol to implement for
      patients undergoing lower extremity TJA.

PMID- 27365295
TI  - Technical Considerations and Accuracy Improvement of Accelerometer-Based Portable
      Computer Navigation for Performing Distal Femoral Resection in Total Knee
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accelerometer-based computer navigation has been shown to be highly
      accurate for performing distal femoral and proximal tibial component alignment in
      total knee arthroplasty (TKA), although the procedure for the femoral component
      is less accurate than for the tibial component. METHODS: First, 30 knees without
      hip osteoarthritis or proximal femoral surgeries were selected. Sequential hip
      adduction, abduction, and flexion were performed, and the femoral head was
      monitored fluoroscopically in the coronal plane before TKA. Significantly more
      movement was detected during hip adduction than during abduction and flexion.
      Then, postoperative femoral and tibial component alignment was retrospectively
      evaluated in 48 TKAs before fluoroscopic monitoring (early group) and in the next
      61 TKAs with femoral registration using smaller adduction movements to avoid
      large femoral head movements (later group). Another 47 TKAs treated with the
      conventional intramedullary method for the distal femoral component and the
      extramedullary method for the proximal tibial component were also analyzed (IM
      and EM group) for historic control. RESULTS: Significantly large variances in the
      femoral component implantation of the early group were detected in both the
      coronal and sagittal planes. The sagittal femoral implantation angle of the early
      group (4.6 +/- 3.0 degrees ) was significantly larger than that of the later
      group (3.2 +/- 1.8 degrees ) when 3.5 degrees  was the target for both groups. No
      significant difference was detected in the variances of either the coronal or
      sagittal tibial component implantation, although the coronal tibial implantation
      angle was significantly smaller (-1.3 +/- 1.3 degrees valgus) in the early group
      than in the other groups. CONCLUSION: Accelerometer-based navigation sometimes
      has technical issues during registration associated with hip adduction. We showed
      that femoral registration without large adduction movements will enable more
      accurate femoral implantation. Surgeons should also keep in mind that the coronal
      tibial component is likely to be in valgus alignment (about 1 degrees ) even if a
      neutral angle (0 degrees ) is selected with this particular device.

PMID- 27365296
TI  - Dopamine is Required for Activity-Dependent Amplification of Arc mRNA in
      Developing Postnatal Frontal Cortex.
AB  - The activity-regulated gene Arc/Arg3.1 encodes a postsynaptic protein crucially
      involved in glutamatergic synaptic plasticity. Genetic mutations in Arc pathway
      and altered Arc expression in human frontal cortex have been associated with
      schizophrenia. Although Arc expression has been reported to vary with age, what
      mechanisms regulate Arc mRNA levels in frontal cortex during postnatal
      development remains unclear. Using quantitative mRNA analysis of mouse frontal
      cortical tissues, we mapped the developmental profiles of Arc expression and
      found that its mRNA levels are sharply amplified near the end of the second
      postnatal week, when mouse pups open their eyes for the first time after birth.
      Surprisingly, electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex before eye-opening is
      not sufficient to drive the amplification of Arc mRNA. Instead, this
      amplification needs both electrical stimulation and dopamine D1-type receptor
      (D1R) activation. Furthermore, visual stimuli-driven amplification of Arc mRNA is
      also dependent on D1R activation and dopamine neurons located in the ventral
      midbrain. These results indicate that dopamine is required to drive activity
      dependent amplification of Arc mRNA in the developing postnatal frontal cortex
      and suggest that joint electrical and dopaminergic activation is essential to
      establish the normal expression pattern of a schizophrenia-associated gene during
      frontal cortical development.

PMID- 27365297
TI  - Words in Context: The Effects of Length, Frequency, and Predictability on Brain
      Responses During Natural Reading.
AB  - Word length, frequency, and predictability count among the most influential
      variables during reading. Their effects are well-documented in eye movement
      studies, but pertinent evidence from neuroimaging primarily stem from single-word
      presentations. We investigated the effects of these variables during reading of
      whole sentences with simultaneous eye-tracking and functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fixation-related fMRI). Increasing word length was associated with
      increasing activation in occipital areas linked to visual analysis. Additionally,
      length elicited a U-shaped modulation (i.e., least activation for medium-length
      words) within a brain stem region presumably linked to eye movement control.
      These effects, however, were diminished when accounting for multiple fixation
      cases. Increasing frequency was associated with decreasing activation within left
      inferior frontal, superior parietal, and occipito-temporal regions. The function
      of the latter region-hosting the putative visual word form area-was originally
      considered as limited to sublexical processing. An exploratory analysis revealed
      that increasing predictability was associated with decreasing activation within
      middle temporal and inferior frontal regions previously implicated in memory
      access and unification. The findings are discussed with regard to their
      correspondence with findings from single-word presentations and with regard to
      neurocognitive models of visual word recognition, semantic processing, and eye
      movement control during reading.

PMID- 27365299
TI  - Dynamic Changes in Cortical Effective Connectivity Underlie Transsaccadic
      Integration in Humans.
AB  - Due to saccadic eye movements the retinal image is abruptly displaced 2-4 times a
      second, yet we experience a stable and continuous stream of vision. It is known
      that saccades modulate neural processing in various local brain areas, but the
      question of how saccades influence neural communication between different areas
      in the thalamo-cortical system has remained unanswered. By combining transcranial
      magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography, we found that saccades were
      accompanied by dynamic changes in causal communication between different brain
      areas in humans. These changes were anticipatory; they began before the actual
      eye movement. Compared with fixation, communication between posterior cortical
      areas was first briefly enhanced during saccades, but subsequently peri-saccadic
      information did not ignite sustained activity in fronto-parietal cortices. This
      suggests that the brain constructs a spatially stable and temporally continuous
      stream of conscious vision from discrete fixations by restricting the access of
      peri-saccadic visual information to sustained processing in fronto-parietal
      cortices.

PMID- 27365301
TI  - Developing research, policy and practice in palliative care for people with
      intellectual disabilities will benefit everyone.

PMID- 27365298
TI  - Early Activation of Experience-Independent Dendritic Spine Turnover in a Mouse
      Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Synaptic loss is critical in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the dynamics of
      synapse turnover are poorly defined. We imaged dendritic spines in transgenic
      APPswe/PSen1?E9 (APP/PS1) cerebral cortex. Dendritic spine turnover is increased
      far from plaque in aged APP/PS1 mice, and in young APP/PS1 mice prior to plaque
      formation. Dysregulation occurs in the presence of soluble Abeta oligomer and
      requires cellular prion protein (PrPC). APP/PS1 mice lack responsiveness of spine
      turnover to sensory stimulation. Critically, enhanced spine turnover is coupled
      with the loss of persistent spines starting early and continuing with age. To
      evaluate mechanisms of experience-independent supranormal spine turnover, we
      analyzed the transcriptome of young APP/PS1 mouse brain when turnover is altered
      but synapse density and memory are normal, and plaque and inflammation are
      absent. Early PrPC-dependent expression changes occur in synaptic and lipid
      metabolizing genes. Thus, pathologic synaptic dysregulation underlying AD begins
      at a young age prior to Abeta plaque.

PMID- 27365300
TI  - Palmitoylation of cdc42 Promotes Spine Stabilization and Rescues Spine Density
      Deficit in a Mouse Model of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome.
AB  - 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with learning and cognitive
      dysfunctions and a high risk of developing schizophrenia. It has become
      increasingly clear that dendritic spine plasticity is tightly linked to
      cognition. Thus, understanding how genes involved in cognitive disorders affect
      synaptic networks is a major challenge of modern biology. Several studies have
      pointed to a spine density deficit in 22q11DS transgenic mice models. Using the
      LgDel mouse model, we first quantified spine deficit at different stages using
      electron microscopy. Next we performed repetitive confocal imaging over several
      days on hippocampal organotypic cultures of LgDel mice. We show no imbalanced
      ratio between daily spine formation and spine elimination, but a decreased spine
      life expectancy. We corrected this impaired spine stabilization process by
      overexpressing ZDHHC8 palmitoyltransferase, whose gene belongs to the LgDel
      microdeletion. Overexpression of one of its substrates, the cdc42 brain-specific
      variant, under a constitutively active form (cdc42-palm-CA) led to the same
      result. Finally, we could rescue spine density in vivo, in adult LgDel mice, by
      injecting pups with a vector expressing cdc42-palm-CA. This study reveals a new
      role of ZDHHC8-cdc42-palm molecular pathway in postsynaptic structural plasticity
      and provides new evidence in favor of the dysconnectivity hypothesis for
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 27365302
TI  - A Core Outcome Set for Children With Feeding Tubes and Neurologic Impairment: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - CONTEXT: Uncertainty exists about the impacts of feeding tubes on neurologically
      impaired children. Core outcome sets (COS) standardize outcome selection,
      definition, measurement, and reporting. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize an evidence base
      of qualitative data on all outcomes selected and/or reported for neurologically
      impaired children 0 to 18 years living with gastrostomy/gastrojejunostomy tubes.
      DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Register databases searched from
      inception to March 2014. STUDY SELECTION: Articles examining health outcomes of
      neurologically impaired children living with feeding tubes. DATA EXTRACTION:
      Outcomes were extracted and assigned to modified Outcome Measures in Rheumatology
      2.0 Filter core areas; death, life impact, resource use, pathophysiological
      manifestations, growth and development. RESULTS: We identified 120 unique
      outcomes with substantial heterogeneity in definition, measurement, and frequency
      of selection and/or reporting: "pathophysiological manifestation" outcomes (n =
      83) in 79% of articles; "growth and development" outcomes (n = 13) in 55% of
      articles; "death" outcomes (n = 3) and "life impact" outcomes (n = 17) in 39% and
      37% of articles, respectively; "resource use" outcomes (n = 4) in 14%. Weight
      (50%), gastroesophageal reflux (35%), and site infection (25%) were the most
      frequently reported outcomes. LIMITATIONS: We were unable to investigate effect
      size of outcomes because quantitative data were not collected. CONCLUSIONS: The
      paucity of outcomes assessed for life impact, resource use and death hinders
      meaningful evidence synthesis. A COS could help overcome the current wide
      heterogeneity in selection and definition. These results will form the basis of a
      consensus process to produce a final COS.

PMID- 27365303
TI  - Iron-Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia May Not Lead to Neurocognitive
      Dysfunction: A Case Report.
AB  - Iron deficiency is a common cause of anemia (IDA) in infancy and can be
      associated with neurocognitive impairments. Iron-refractory IDA (IRIDA) has
      recently been described as an inherited cause of IDA due to loss-of-function
      mutations in the TMPRSS6 gene. IRIDA is characterized by a lack of response to
      iron replacement. Here we report a new case of IRIDA with its biological
      parameters and its functional consequences, including neuropsychological impact.
      The latter was evaluated by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
      Intelligence-Fourth Edition and subtests. We report a 5-year-old French Canadian
      boy who was incidentally diagnosed with a severe microcytic anemia at 2 years of
      age (hemoglobin 52 g/L, mean corpuscular volume 50 fL). Except mild pallor, he
      was asymptomatic of his anemia. Although he had a slight response to intravenous
      iron therapy, his hemoglobin remained <92 g/L, with persistent microcytosis, low
      serum iron, but normal ferritin levels. Blood hepcidin level was higher than
      those of his parents and control (patient 11.2 nM, father 9.06 nM, mother 4.07
      nM). Compound heterozygosity for TMPRSS6 paternally inherited c.1324G>A and
      maternally inherited c.1807G>C mutations were eventually identified. The patient
      had normal development and growth. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed
      excellent performance, with high Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
      Intelligence-Fourth Edition scores (ie, 82nd percentile for both global
      intelligence and general ability index). In conclusion, TMPRSS6 c.1807G>C in
      conjunction with c.1324G>A results in IRIDA. In contrast to the usual form of
      IDA, IRIDA may not be associated with neuropsychological deficits.

PMID- 27365304
TI  - Author Response to McKean, Vande Voort, and Croarkin (2016).

PMID- 27365305
TI  - Lee et al. Trends in Metabolic Syndrome Severity and Lifestyle Factors Among
      Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;137(3);doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3177.

PMID- 27365306
TI  - Faundez et al. Diabetic Striatopathy in Childhood: A Case Report. Pediatrics.
      2016;137(4);doi:10542/peds.2014-3761.

PMID- 27365307
TI  - Incidence and Outcome of CPAP Failure in Preterm Infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Data from clinical trials support the use of
      continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for initial respiratory management in
      preterm infants, but there is concern regarding the potential failure of CPAP
      support. We aimed to examine the incidence and explore the outcomes of CPAP
      failure in Australian and New Zealand Neonatal Network data from 2007 to 2013.
      METHODS: Data from inborn preterm infants managed on CPAP from the outset were
      analyzed in 2 gestational age ranges (25-28 and 29-32 completed weeks). Outcomes
      after CPAP failure (need for intubation <72 hours) were compared with those
      succeeding on CPAP using adjusted odds ratios (AORs). RESULTS: Within the cohort
      of 19 103 infants, 11 684 were initially managed on CPAP. Failure of CPAP
      occurred in 863 (43%) of 1989 infants commencing on CPAP at 25-28 weeks'
      gestation and 2061 (21%) of 9695 at 29-32 weeks. CPAP failure was associated with
      a substantially higher rate of pneumothorax, and a heightened risk of death,
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and other morbidities compared with those
      managed successfully on CPAP. The incidence of death or BPD was also increased:
      (25-28 weeks: 39% vs 20%, AOR 2.30, 99% confidence interval 1.71-3.10; 29-32
      weeks: 12% vs 3.1%, AOR 3.62 [2.76-4.74]). The CPAP failure group had longer
      durations of respiratory support and hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: CPAP failure
      in preterm infants is associated with increased risk of mortality and major
      morbidities, including BPD. Strategies to promote successful CPAP application
      should be pursued vigorously.

PMID- 27365308
TI  - Lack of Rating Scale Normalization and a Socioeconomically Advantaged Population
      Limits the Generalizability of Preadolescent Transgender Findings.

PMID- 27365309
TI  - Phosphatidylcholine passes through lateral tight junctions for paracellular
      transport to the apical side of the polarized intestinal tumor cell-line CaCo2.
AB  - Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant phospholipid in intestinal mucus,
      indicative of a specific transport system across the mucosal epithelium to the
      intestinal lumen. To elucidate this transport mechanism, we employed a transwell
      tissue culture system with polarized CaCo2 cells. It was shown that PC could not
      substantially be internalized by the cells. However, after basal application of
      increasing PC concentrations, an apical transport of 47.1+/-6.3nmolh(-1)mMPC(-1)
      was observed. Equilibrium distribution studies with PC applied in equal
      concentrations to the basal and apical compartments showed a 1.5-fold
      accumulation on the expense of basal PC. Disruption of tight junctions (TJ) by
      acetaldehyde or PPARgamma inhibitors or by treatment with siRNA to TJ proteins
      suppressed paracellular transport by at least 50%. Transport was specific for the
      choline containing the phospholipids PC, lysoPC and sphingomyelin. We showed that
      translocation is driven by an electrochemical gradient generated by apical
      accumulation of Cl(-) and HCO3(-) through CFTR. Pretreatment with siRNA to mucin
      3 which anchors in the apical plasma membrane of mucosal cells inhibited the
      final step of luminal PC secretion. PC accumulates in intestinal mucus using a
      paracellular, apically directed transport route across TJs.

PMID- 27365310
TI  - MEK1/2 inhibitors activate macrophage ABCG1 expression and reverse cholesterol
      transport-An anti-atherogenic function of ERK1/2 inhibition.
AB  - Expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), a molecule
      facilitating cholesterol efflux to HDL, is activated by liver X receptor (LXR).
      In this study, we investigated if inhibition of ERK1/2 can activate macrophage
      ABCG1 expression and functions. MEK1/2 inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, increased
      ABCG1 mRNA and protein expression, and activated the natural ABCG1 promoter but
      not the promoter with the LXR responsive element (LXRE) deletion. Inhibition of
      ABCG1 expression by ABCG1 siRNA did enhance the formation of macrophage/foam
      cells and it attenuated the inhibitory effect of MEK1/2 inhibitors on foam cell
      formation. MEK1/2 inhibitors activated macrophage cholesterol efflux to HDL in
      vitro, and they enhanced reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vivo. ApoE
      deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice receiving U0126 treatment had reduced sinus lesions in
      the aortic root which was associated with activated macrophage ABCG1 expression
      in the lesion areas. MEK1/2 inhibitors coordinated the RXR agonist, but not the
      LXR agonist, to induce ABCG1 expression. Furthermore, induction of ABCG1
      expression by MEK1/2 inhibitors was associated with activation of SIRT1, a
      positive regulator of LXR activity, and inactivation of SULT2B1 and RIP140, two
      negative regulators of LXR activity. Taken together, our study suggests that
      MEK1/2 inhibitors activate macrophage ABCG1 expression/RCT, and inhibit foam cell
      formation and lesion development by multiple mechanisms, supporting the concept
      that ERK1/2 inhibition is anti-atherogenic.

PMID- 27365311
TI  - Increased plasmid copy number is essential for Yersinia T3SS function and
      virulence.
AB  - Pathogenic bacteria have evolved numerous virulence mechanisms that are essential
      for establishing infections. The enterobacterium Yersinia uses a type III
      secretion system (T3SS) encoded by a 70-kilobase, low-copy, IncFII-class
      virulence plasmid. We report a novel virulence strategy in Y. pseudotuberculosis
      in which this pathogen up-regulates the plasmid copy number during infection. We
      found that an increased dose of plasmid-encoded genes is indispensable for
      virulence and substantially elevates the expression and function of the T3SS.
      Remarkably, we observed direct, tight coupling between plasmid replication and
      T3SS function. This regulatory pathway provides a framework for further
      exploration of the environmental sensing mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria. 

PMID- 27365312
TI  - The communities of Science.

PMID- 27365314
TI  - Emergence of healing in the Antarctic ozone layer.
AB  - Industrial chlorofluorocarbons that cause ozone depletion have been phased out
      under the Montreal Protocol. A chemically driven increase in polar ozone (or
      "healing") is expected in response to this historic agreement. Observations and
      model calculations together indicate that healing of the Antarctic ozone layer
      has now begun to occur during the month of September. Fingerprints of September
      healing since 2000 include (i) increases in ozone column amounts, (ii) changes in
      the vertical profile of ozone concentration, and (iii) decreases in the areal
      extent of the ozone hole. Along with chemistry, dynamical and temperature changes
      have contributed to the healing but could represent feedbacks to chemistry.
      Volcanic eruptions have episodically interfered with healing, particularly during
      2015, when a record October ozone hole occurred after the Calbuco eruption. 

PMID- 27365313
TI  - Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of
      autoimmune disease.
AB  - Ideally, therapy for autoimmune diseases should eliminate pathogenic autoimmune
      cells while sparing protective immunity, but feasible strategies for such an
      approach have been elusive. Here, we show that in the antibody-mediated
      autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), autoantigen-based chimeric
      immunoreceptors can direct T cells to kill autoreactive B lymphocytes through the
      specificity of the B cell receptor (BCR). We engineered human T cells to express
      a chimeric autoantibody receptor (CAAR), consisting of the PV autoantigen,
      desmoglein (Dsg) 3, fused to CD137-CD3zeta signaling domains. Dsg3 CAAR-T cells
      exhibit specific cytotoxicity against cells expressing anti-Dsg3 BCRs in vitro
      and expand, persist, and specifically eliminate Dsg3-specific B cells in vivo.
      CAAR-T cells may provide an effective and universal strategy for specific
      targeting of autoreactive B cells in antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. 

PMID- 27365316
TI  - Evaluation of multiple-channel OFDM based airborne ultrasonic communications.
AB  - Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation has been extensively
      used in both wired and wireless communication systems. The use of OFDM technology
      allows very high spectral efficiency data transmission without using complex
      equalizers to correct the effect of a frequency-selective channel. This work
      investigated OFDM methods in an airborne ultrasonic communication system, using
      commercially available capacitive ultrasonic transducers operating at 50kHz to
      transmit information through the air. Conventional modulation schemes such as
      binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) were
      used to modulate sub-carrier signals, and the performances were evaluated in an
      indoor laboratory environment. Line-of-sight (LOS) transmission range up to 11m
      with no measurable errors was achieved using BPSK at a data rate of 45kb/s and a
      spectral efficiency of 1b/s/Hz. By implementing a higher order modulation scheme
      (16-QAM), the system data transfer rate was increased to 180kb/s with a spectral
      efficiency of 4b/s/Hz at attainable transmission distances up to 6m. Diffraction
      effects were incorporated into a model of the ultrasonic channel that also
      accounted for beam spread and attenuation in air. The simulations were a good
      match to the measured signals and non-LOS signals could be demodulated
      successfully. The effects of multipath interference were also studied in this
      work. By adding cyclic prefix (CP) to the OFDM symbols, the bit error rate (BER)
      performance was significantly improved in a multipath environment.

PMID- 27365315
TI  - North Atlantic ocean circulation and abrupt climate change during the last
      glaciation.
AB  - The most recent ice age was characterized by rapid and hemispherically
      asynchronous climate oscillations, whose origin remains unresolved. Variations in
      oceanic meridional heat transport may contribute to these repeated climate
      changes, which were most pronounced during marine isotope stage 3, the glacial
      interval 25 thousand to 60 thousand years ago. We examined climate and ocean
      circulation proxies throughout this interval at high resolution in a deep North
      Atlantic sediment core, combining the kinematic tracer protactinium/thorium
      (Pa/Th) with the deep water-mass tracer, epibenthic delta(13)C. These indicators
      suggest reduced Atlantic overturning circulation during every cool northern
      stadial, with the greatest reductions during episodic Hudson Strait iceberg
      discharges, while sharp northern warming followed reinvigorated overturning.
      These results provide direct evidence for the ocean's persistent, central role in
      abrupt glacial climate change. 

PMID- 27365317
TI  - Quasi-ordered C60 molecular films grown on the pseudo-ten-fold (1 0 0) surface of
      the Al13Co4 quasicrystalline approximant.
AB  - The growth of C60 films on the pseudo-ten-fold (1 0 0) surface of the
      orthorhombic Al13Co4 quasicrystalline approximant was studied experimentally by
      scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction and photoemission
      spectroscopy. The (1 0 0) surface terminates at bulk-planes presenting local
      atomic configurations with five-fold symmetry-similar to quasicrystalline
      surfaces. While the films deposited at room temperature were found disordered,
      high-temperature growth (up to 693 K) led to quasi-ordered molecular films
      templated on the substrate rectangular unit mesh. The most probable adsorption
      sites and geometries were investigated by density functional theory (DFT)
      calculations. A large range of adsorption energies was determined, influenced by
      both symmetry and size matching at the molecule-substrate interface. The quasi
      ordered structure of the film can be explained by C60 adsorption at the strongest
      adsorption sites which are too far apart compared to the distance minimizing the
      intermolecular interactions, resulting in some disorder in the film structure at
      a local scale. Valence band photoemission indicates a broadening of the molecular
      orbitals resulting from hybridization between the substrate and overlayer
      electronic states. Dosing the film at temperature above 693 K led to molecular
      damage and formation of carbide thin films possessing no azimuthal order with
      respect to the substrate.

PMID- 27365318
TI  - Efficacy of an Internet-based, individually tailored smoking cessation program: A
      randomized-controlled trial.
AB  - Introduction Self-help computer-based programs are easily accessible and cost
      effective interventions with a great recruitment potential. However, each program
      is different and results of meta-analyses may not apply to each new program;
      therefore, evaluations of new programs are warranted. The aim of this study was
      to assess the marginal efficacy of a computer-based, individually tailored
      program (the Coach) over and above the use of a comprehensive Internet smoking
      cessation website. Methods A two-group randomized controlled trial was conducted.
      The control group only accessed the website, whereas the intervention group
      received the Coach in addition. Follow-up was conducted by e-mail after three and
      six months (self-administrated questionnaires). Of 1120 participants, 579 (51.7%)
      responded after three months and 436 (38.9%) after six months. The primary
      outcome was self-reported smoking abstinence over four weeks. Results Counting
      dropouts as smokers, there were no statistically significant differences between
      intervention and control groups in smoking cessation rates after three months
      (20.2% vs. 17.5%, p = 0.25, odds ratio (OR) = 1.20) and six months (17% vs.
      15.5%, p = 0.52, OR = 1.12). Excluding dropouts from the analysis, there were
      statistically significant differences after three months (42% vs. 31.6%, p =
      0.01, OR = 1.57), but not after six months (46.1% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.081, OR =
      1.41). The program also significantly increased motivation to quit after three
      months and self-efficacy after three and six months. Discussion An individually
      tailored program delivered via the Internet and by e-mail in addition to a
      smoking cessation website did not significantly increase smoking cessation rates,
      but it increased motivation to quit and self-efficacy.

PMID- 27365319
TI  - Perceptions of telepractice pedagogy in speech-language pathology: A quantitative
      analysis.
AB  - Introduction Despite the growth of telecommunication applications to provide
      clinical healthcare services, there has been little attention to the pedagogical
      framework needed to train healthcare students to deliver these services. Methods
      In this exploratory investigation, perceptions of speech-language
      pathology/therapy (SLP/SLT) faculty ( n = 31), graduate students ( n = 16), and
      telehealth ("telepractice") clinicians ( n = 16) were examined with a 15-item
      survey regarding the 1) comparative pedagogical importance of four skills common
      to telepractice and face-to-face service (f2f) delivery, and 2) relative
      pedagogical value of seven skills and competencies unique to telepractice.
      Results Statistical analyses revealed nonverbal communication skills and
      knowledge of the literature related to service delivery methods were more
      important in telepractice than in f2f service delivery. Among seven skills unique
      to telepractice, participants believed the most important was solving problems
      related to the Internet and recommended at least two hours of instruction each in
      telepractice technology, patient confidentiality, and role-playing telepractice.
      Results suggest that SLP/SLT students may need additional and/or focused academic
      training in nonverbal communication, telepractice literature, and in solving
      connectivity issues to enter the telepractice marketplace with sufficient
      preparation. Discussion Further study is needed to compare the relative
      importance of additional SLP/SLT skills and competencies, describe components of
      effective healthcare training telepractice programs, and explore effective
      pedagogical strategies for healthcare telepractice instruction.

PMID- 27365320
TI  - Usability and feasibility of a mobile health system to provide comprehensive
      antenatal care in low-income countries: PANDA mHealth pilot study in Madagascar.
AB  - Background Madagascar's maternal health mortality ratio in 2013 was 478 deaths
      per 100,000 live births. Most deaths are related to direct complications during
      pregnancy and childbirth and could be reduced by providing comprehensive
      antenatal care (ANC). Objective The objective of the study was to assess the
      usability and feasibility of a mobile health system (mHealth) to provide high
      quality ANC, according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.
      Methods PANDA (Pregnancy And Newborn Diagnostic Assessment) is an easy-to-use
      mHealth system that uses affordable communications technology to support
      diagnosis and health care worker decision-making regarding ANC. From January to
      March 2015, a cross-sectional pilot study was conducted in Ambanja District,
      Madagascar, in which ANC using PANDA was provided to 100 pregnant women. The
      collected data were transmitted to a database in the referral hospital to create
      individual electronic patient records. Accuracy and completeness of the data were
      closely controlled. The PANDA software was assessed and the number of abnormal
      results, treatments performed, and participants requiring referral to health care
      facilities were monitored. Results The PANDA system facilitated creation of
      individual electronic patient records that included socio-demographic and medical
      data for 100 participants. Duration of ANC visits averaged 29.6 min. Health care
      providers were able to collect all variables (100%) describing personal and
      medical data. No major technical problems were encountered and no data were lost.
      During 17 ANC visits (17%), an alert function was generated to highlight abnormal
      clinical results requiring therapy or referral to an affiliated hospital.
      Participants' acceptability of the system was very high. Conclusion This pilot
      study proved the usability and feasibility of the PANDA mHealth system to conduct
      complete and standardised ANC visits according to WHO guidelines, thus providing
      a promising solution to increase access to high-quality and standardised ANC for
      pregnant women in remote areas.

PMID- 27365321
TI  - Telemedicine coverage for post-operative ICU patients.
AB  - Introduction There is an increased demand for intensive care unit (ICU) beds. We
      sought to determine if we could create a safe surge capacity model to increase
      ICU capacity by treating ICU patients in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU)
      utilizing a collaborative model between an ICU service and a telemedicine service
      during peak ICU bed demand. Methods We evaluated patients managed by the surgical
      critical care service in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) compared to
      patients managed in the virtual intensive care unit (VICU) located within the
      PACU. A retrospective review of all patients seen by the surgical critical care
      service from January 1st 2008 to July 31st 2011 was conducted at an urban,
      academic, tertiary centre and level 1 trauma centre. Results Compared to the SICU
      group ( n = 6652), patients in the VICU group ( n = 1037) were slightly older
      (median age 60 (IQR 47-69) versus 58 (IQR 44-70) years, p = 0.002) and had lower
      acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores (median 10 (IQR
      7-14) versus 15 (IQR 11-21), p < 0.001). The average amount of time patients
      spent in the VICU was 13.7 + /-9.6 hours. In the VICU group, 750 (72%) of
      patients were able to be transferred directly to the floor; 287 (28%) required
      subsequent admission to the surgical intensive care unit. All patients in the
      VICU group were alive upon transfer out of the PACU while mortality in the
      surgical intensive unit cohort was 5.5%. Discussion A collaborative care model
      between a surgical critical care service and a telemedicine ICU service may
      safely provide surge capacity during peak periods of ICU bed demand. The specific
      patient populations for which this approach is most appropriate merits further
      investigation.

PMID- 27365322
TI  - Three-Territory DWI Acute Infarcts: Diagnostic Value in Cancer-Associated
      Hypercoagulation Stroke (Trousseau Syndrome).
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DWI infarcts involving the bilateral anterior and
      posterior circulation suggest an embolic etiology. In the absence of an
      identifiable embolic source, we analyzed DWI lesions involving these 3 cerebral
      territories to determine the diagnostic value for ischemic infarction caused by
      cancer-associated hypercoagulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective
      analysis of all brain MR imaging studies at our institution from July 2014 to
      June 2015 was conducted, yielding 4075 studies. Of those, 17% (n = 709) contained
      the terms "restricted-diffusion" plus either "numerous," "innumerable,"
      "multiple," or "bilateral." Of these 709 reports, 6% (n = 41) of DWI lesions
      involving 3 or more vascular territories of the bilateral anterior and posterior
      circulation were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 41 patients, 19 separate etiologies
      were identified, the most frequent being malignancy-related infarctions (22% [n =
      9]) and hypoxic-ischemic injury (12% [n = 5]). Only 2 patients had an
      indeterminate etiology. The most frequent etiology of infarctions not suspected
      clinically or radiographically was malignancy (P < .001). Infarctions of
      malignancy had a characteristic appearance, being nonenhancing, nonring-appearing
      clusters or single areas of restricted diffusion of 0.5-2 cm with a peripheral
      location or larger vascular territories, uncommonly in a watershed distribution,
      and with absence of diffuse cortical ribbon or deep gray nuclei involvement.
      CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 5 ischemic infarcts in patients with DWI lesions
      involving 3 vessel territories are malignancy related. In the absence of an
      identifiable embolic source, ischemic infarction with cancer-associated
      hypercoagulation accounts for 75% of cases. Cancer-associated hypercoagulation
      infarction should be considered, particularly when no other cause is apparent.

PMID- 27365323
TI  - Orbital Fat Volumetry and Water Fraction Measurements Using T2-Weighted FSE-IDEAL
      Imaging in Patients with Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The quantitative evaluation of orbital fat proliferation
      and edema and the assessment of extraocular muscles are useful for diagnosing and
      monitoring thyroid-associated orbitopathy. To evaluate therapy-induced
      quantitative changes in the orbital fat of patients with thyroid-associated
      orbitopathy, we performed volumetric and water fraction measurements by using T2
      weighted FSE iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and
      least-squares estimation (FSE-IDEAL) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orbital FSE
      IDEAL images of 30 volunteers were acquired twice within 1 week. Nine patients
      with thyroid-associated orbitopathy underwent FSE-IDEAL imaging before and after
      methylprednisolone pulse therapy, and the treatment results were assessed by
      using their pre- and post-methylprednisolone pulse therapy clinical activity
      scores. We performed volumetric and water fraction measurements of orbital fat by
      using FSE-IDEAL imaging and evaluated interscan differences in the volunteers. In
      patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy, we compared pre- and posttherapy
      orbital fat measurements and assessed the correlation between the pretherapy
      values and clinical activity score improvement. RESULTS: The reproducibility of
      results obtained by the quantitative evaluation of orbital fat in volunteers was
      acceptable. After methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the water fraction in the
      orbital fat of patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy was significantly
      decreased (P < .001). There was a significant positive correlation between the
      pretherapy water fraction and clinical activity score improvement (right, r =
      0.82; left, r = 0.79) and a significant negative correlation between the
      pretherapy volume and clinical activity score improvement (bilateral, r = -0.84).
      CONCLUSIONS: Volumetric and water fraction measurements of orbital fat by using
      FSE-IDEAL imaging are feasible and useful for monitoring the effects of therapy
      and for predicting the response of patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy
      to methylprednisolone pulse therapy.

PMID- 27365324
TI  - Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Lower NIHSS
      Scores: Recanalization Rates, Periprocedural Complications, and Clinical Outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mechanical thrombectomy, in addition to intravenous
      thrombolysis, has become standard in acute ischemic stroke treatment in patients
      with large-vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation. However, previous
      randomized controlled stroke trials were not focused on patients with mild-to
      moderate symptoms. Thus, there are limited data for patient selection, prediction
      of clinical outcome, and occurrence of complications in this patient population.
      The purpose of this analysis was to assess clinical and interventional data in
      patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy in case of ischemic stroke with
      mild-to-moderate symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective
      analysis of a prospectively collected stroke data base. Inclusion criteria were
      anterior circulation ischemic stroke treated with mechanical thrombectomy at our
      institution between September 2010 and October 2015 with an NIHSS score of <=8.
      RESULTS: Of 484 patients, we identified 33 (6.8%) with the following
      characteristics: median NIHSS = 5 (interquartile range, 4-7), median onset-to
      groin puncture time = 320 minutes (interquartile range, 237-528 minutes).
      Recanalization (TICI = 2b-3) was achieved in 26 (78.7%) patients. Two cases of
      symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were observed. Favorable (mRS 0-2) and
      moderate (mRS 0-3) clinical outcome at 90 days was achieved in 21 (63.6%) and 30
      (90.9%) patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical outcome of patients
      undergoing mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke with mild stroke due
      to large-vessel occlusion appears to be predominately favorable, even in a
      prolonged time window. However, although infrequent, angiographic complications
      could impair clinical outcome. Future randomized controlled trials should assess
      the benefit compared with the best medical treatment.

PMID- 27365325
TI  - Virtual-versus-Real Implantation of Flow Diverters: Clinical Potential and
      Influence of Vascular Geometry.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial stents have become extremely important in
      the endovascular management of complex intracranial aneurysms. Sizing and landing
      zone predictions are still very challenging steps in the procedure. Virtual stent
      deployment may help therapeutic planning, device choice, and hemodynamic
      simulations. We aimed to assess the predictability of our recently developed
      virtual deployment model by comparing in vivo and virtual stents implanted in a
      consecutive series of patients presenting with intracranial aneurysms. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Virtual stents were implanted in patient-specific geometries of
      intracranial aneurysms treated with the Pipeline Embolization Device. The length
      and cross-section of virtual and real stents measured with conebeam CT were
      compared. The influence of vessel geometry modifications occurring during the
      intervention was analyzed. RESULTS: The virtual deployment based on pre- and
      poststent implantation 3D rotational angiography overestimated (underestimated)
      the device length by 13% +/- 11% (-9% +/- 5%). These differences were highly
      correlated (R2 = 0.67) with the virtual-versus-real stent radius differences of 
      6% +/- 7% (5% +/- 4%) for predictions based on pre- and poststent implantation 3D
      rotational angiography. These mismatches were due principally to implantation
      concerns and vessel-shape modifications. CONCLUSIONS: The recently proposed
      geometric model was shown to predict accurately the deployment of Pipeline
      Embolization Devices when the stent radius was well-assessed. However,
      unpredictable delivery manipulations and variations of vessel geometry occurring
      during the intervention might impact the stent implantation.

PMID- 27365326
TI  - High-Resolution MRI Findings following Trigeminal Rhizotomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with trigeminal neuralgia often undergo
      trigeminal rhizotomy via radiofrequency thermocoagulation or glycerol injection
      for treatment of symptoms. To date, radiologic changes in patients with
      trigeminal neuralgia post-rhizotomy have not been described, to our knowledge.
      The aim of this study was to evaluate patients after trigeminal rhizotomy to
      characterize post-rhizotomy changes on 3D high-resolution MR imaging. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A retrospective review of trigeminal neuralgia protocol studies was
      performed in 26 patients after rhizotomy compared with 54 treatment-naive
      subjects with trigeminal neuralgia. Examinations were reviewed independently by 2
      neuroradiologists blinded to the side of symptoms and treatment history. The
      symmetry of Meckel's cave on constructive interference in steady-state and the
      presence of contrast enhancement within the trigeminal nerves on volumetric
      interpolated breath-hold examination images were assessed subjectively. The
      signal intensity of Meckel's cave was measured on coronal noncontrast
      constructive interference in steady-state imaging on each side. RESULTS: Post
      rhizotomy changes included subjective clumping of nerve roots and/or decreased
      constructive interference in steady-state signal intensity within Meckel's cave,
      which was identified in 17/26 (65%) patients after rhizotomy and 3/54 (6%)
      treatment-naive patients (P < .001). Constructive interference in steady-state
      signal intensity within Meckel's cave was, on average, 13% lower on the side of
      the rhizotomy in patients posttreatment compared with a 1% difference in controls
      (P < .001). Small regions of temporal encephalomalacia were noted in 8/26 (31%)
      patients after rhizotomy and 0/54 (0%) treatment-naive patients (P < .001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Post-trigeminal rhizotomy findings frequently include nerve clumping
      and decreased constructive interference in steady-state signal intensity in
      Meckel's cave. Small areas of temporal lobe encephalomalacia are encountered less
      frequently.

PMID- 27365327
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27365328
TI  - The Clinical Outcome of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.

PMID- 27365329
TI  - High-Convexity Tightness Predicts the Shunt Response in Idiopathic Normal
      Pressure Hydrocephalus.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although neuroimaging plays an important role in the
      diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, its predictive value for
      response to shunt surgery has not been established. The purpose of the current
      study was to identify neuroimaging markers that predict the shunt response of
      idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients
      with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus underwent presurgical brain MR
      imaging and clinical evaluation before and 1 year after shunt surgery. The
      assessed MR imaging features included the Evans index, high-convexity tightness,
      Sylvian fissure dilation, callosal angle, focal enlargement of the cortical
      sulci, bumps in the lateral ventricular roof, and deep white matter and
      periventricular hyperintensities. The idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
      grading scale total score was used as a primary clinical outcome measure. We used
      measures for individual symptoms (ie, the idiopathic normal pressure
      hydrocephalus grading scale subdomain scores, such as gait, cognitive, and
      urinary scores), the Timed Up and Go test, and the Mini-Mental State Examination
      as secondary clinical outcome measures. The relationships between presurgical
      neuroimaging features and postoperative clinical changes were investigated by
      using simple linear regression analysis. To identify the set of presurgical MR
      imaging features that best predict surgical outcomes, we performed multiple
      linear regression analysis by using a bidirectional stepwise method. RESULTS:
      Simple linear regression analyses demonstrated that presurgical high-convexity
      tightness, callosal angle, and Sylvian fissure dilation were significantly
      associated with the 1-year changes in the clinical symptoms. A multiple linear
      regression analysis demonstrated that presurgical high-convexity tightness alone
      predicted the improvement of the clinical symptoms 1 year after surgery.
      CONCLUSIONS: High-convexity tightness is a neuroimaging feature predictive of
      shunt response in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.

PMID- 27365330
TI  - Cervical Spinal Cord DTI Is Improved by Reduced FOV with Specific Balance between
      the Number of Diffusion Gradient Directions and Averages.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Reduced-FOV DTI is promising for exploring the cervical
      spinal cord, but the optimal set of parameters needs to be clarified. We
      hypothesized that the number of excitations should be favored over the number of
      diffusion gradient directions regarding the strong orientation of the cord in a
      single rostrocaudal axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen healthy individuals
      underwent cervical spinal cord MR imaging at 3T, including an anatomic 3D-Multi
      Echo Recombined Gradient Echo, high-resolution full-FOV DTI with a NEX of 3 and
      20 diffusion gradient directions and 5 sets of reduced-FOV DTIs differently
      balanced in terms of NEX/number of diffusion gradient directions: (NEX/number of
      diffusion gradient directions = 3/20, 5/16, 7/12, 9/9, and 12/6). Each DTI
      sequence lasted 4 minutes 30 seconds, an acceptable duration, to cover C1-C4 in
      the axial plane. Fractional anisotropy maps and tractograms were reconstructed.
      Qualitatively, 2 radiologists rated the DTI sets blinded to the sequence.
      Quantitatively, we compared distortions, SNR, variance of fractional anisotropy
      values, and numbers of detected fibers. RESULTS: Qualitatively, reduced-FOV DTI
      sequences with a NEX of >=5 were significantly better rated than the full-FOV DTI
      and the reduced-FOV DTI with low NEX (N = 3) and a high number of diffusion
      gradient directions (D = 20). Quantitatively, the best trade-off was reached by
      the reduced-FOV DTI with a NEX of 9 and 9 diffusion gradient directions, which
      provided significantly fewer artifacts, higher SNR on trace at b = 750 s/mm2 and
      an increased number of fibers tracked while maintaining similar fractional
      anisotropy values and dispersion. CONCLUSIONS: Optimized reduced-FOV DTI improves
      spinal cord imaging. The best compromise was obtained with a NEX of 9 and 9
      diffusion gradient directions, which emphasizes the need for increasing the NEX
      at the expense of the number of diffusion gradient directions for spinal cord DTI
      contrary to brain DTI.

PMID- 27365331
TI  - Magnetic Susceptibility from Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping Can
      Differentiate New Enhancing from Nonenhancing Multiple Sclerosis Lesions without
      Gadolinium Injection.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Magnetic susceptibility values of multiple sclerosis
      lesions increase as they change from gadolinium-enhancing to nonenhancing. Can
      susceptibility values measured on quantitative susceptibility mapping without
      gadolinium injection be used to identify the status of lesion enhancement in
      surveillance MR imaging used to monitor patients with MS? MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      In patients who had prior MR imaging and quantitative susceptibility mapping in a
      current MR imaging, new T2-weighted lesions were evaluated for enhancement on
      conventional T1-weighted imaging with gadolinium, and their susceptibility values
      were measured on quantitative susceptibility mapping. Receiver operating
      characteristic analysis was used to assess the diagnostic accuracy of using
      quantitative susceptibility mapping in distinguishing new gadolinium-enhancing
      from new nonenhancing lesions. A generalized estimating equation was used to
      assess differences in susceptibility values among lesion types. RESULTS: In 54
      patients, we identified 86 of 133 new lesions that were gadolinium-enhancing and
      had relative susceptibility values significantly lower than those of nonenhancing
      lesions (beta = -17.2; 95% CI, -20.2 to -14.2; P < .0001). Using susceptibility
      values to discriminate enhancing from nonenhancing lesions, we performed receiver
      operating characteristic analysis and found that the area under the curve was
      0.95 (95% CI, 0.92-0.99). Sensitivity was measured at 88.4%, and specificity, at
      91.5%, with a cutoff value of 11.2 parts per billion for quantitative
      susceptibility mapping-measured susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS: During routine MR
      imaging monitoring to detect new MS lesion activity, quantitative susceptibility
      mapping can be used without gadolinium injection for accurate identification of
      the BBB leakage status in new T2WI lesions.

PMID- 27365332
TI  - Disrupted Brain Connectivity Patterns in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of
      dementia. This study investigated the global connectivity patterns in the brains
      of patients with type 2 diabetes by using a functional MR imaging technique.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients and 43 age-, sex-, and education-matched
      healthy controls underwent resting-state functional imaging in a 3T MR imaging
      unit. Degree centrality, a commonly used measurement of global connectivity, was
      computed for a full-brain exploration of the regions influenced by type 2
      diabetes. We then examined the functional connectivity of each region by using
      the seed-based approach. Finally, voxelwise correlation analyses were performed
      to explore the relationship among the connectivity changes, cognitive
      performance, and diabetes-related variables. RESULTS: Patients exhibited
      decreased degree centrality in the left lingual gyrus and increased centrality in
      the right insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (corrected P < .05). The
      occipital network anchored in the lingual gyrus showed extensively reduced
      connectivity, while the network connectivity of the insula and cingulate cortex
      (mostly included in the salience network) was significantly elevated (corrected P
      < .05). Correlational analyses revealed that in the diabetic group, impaired
      visual memory and executive function performance were correlated with occipital
      hypoconnectivity, while higher fasting plasma glucose levels and better executive
      functioning were related to anterior cingulate cortex hyperconnectivity (all
      corrected P values < .05). Similar effects were not detected in the controls.
      CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study shows that network connectivity is altered in
      patients with type 2 diabetes, which may provide critical insight into the neural
      substrate of diabetes-related cognitive decline.

PMID- 27365333
TI  - A comparison of mechanical properties between different percentage layups of a
      single-style carbon fibre ankle foot orthosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Currently, a range of 'off-the-shelf' ankle foot orthoses are used in
      clinical practice, of various functions and designs. Their use relates to
      immediate control over mild conditions. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the properties
      of carbon fibre ankle foot orthoses at different percentage layups and provide a
      comparison of these through assessment of the (1) elastic properties, (2)
      deflection about the ankle (including the calculation of stiffness) and (3)
      failure under compressive forces (dorsiflexion). STUDY DESIGN: Experimental,
      bench test. METHODS: Literature was reviewed to derive a suitable bench test for
      mechanical testing of ankle foot orthoses. Two universal Instron machines were
      used to apply the necessary forces. A pilot device was utilised to establish the
      range of forces appropriate to confirm the setup chosen was effective. Each test
      was then carried out on nine ankle foot orthoses (3 * 3 different percentage
      layups). RESULTS: All nine devices had their elastic properties deduced.
      Stiffness exhibited greater resistance in tension, with angular deflection being
      greatest in the 'Lite' set and least in the Rigid. Failure occurred mainly due to
      fracture, proximally on the strut; however, this was not consistent among the
      devices. CONCLUSION: Results confirmed the properties expected of carbon fibre
      ankle foot orthoses were consistent. This can now be related to functionality and
      therefore specific device prescription options. Clinical relevance This article
      attempts to increase the understanding and develop the area of mechanically
      testing ankle foot orthoses. This was achieved by comparing carbon fibre at
      different percentage layups on an identical design and their resultant structural
      properties. This article outlines a clear and simple setup for obtaining
      repeatable results.

PMID- 27365334
TI  - Urethane anesthesia in acute lower urinary tract studies in the male rat.
AB  - Urethane is a widely used anesthetic in animal lower urinary tract research. Our
      objective was to investigate the quality of anesthesia and the correlation
      between bladder (voiding) contractions, micturition pressure, bladder capacity
      and urethane dosage and body weight. Urethane was given subcutaneously and/or
      intraperitoneally (1.0-1.2 g/kg). The bladder was filled with saline and the
      bladder pressure was recorded continuously. Animals in which the
      subcutaneous/intraperitoneal ratio was higher needed less urethane. Heavier
      animals needed less extra urethane. In animals, in which no bladder contractions
      could be evoked, the total amount of urethane given was similar to that in those
      that did show contractions. In the animals that did void, the bladder never
      emptied completely and residual volumes remained. There was no relationship
      between animal weight or total amount of urethane and mean capacity. Anesthesia
      lasted up till 14 h, during which bladder (voiding) contractions could be
      recorded. Considering all results, we conclude that urethane is a well suited
      anesthetic for acute lower urinary tract physiological research in the intact
      rat.

PMID- 27365335
TI  - Effects of Liver Transplantation on Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease in Children
      With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare, inherited, life
      threatening, metabolic disorder of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor
      function characterized by elevated serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and rapidly
      progressive atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). Since LDL receptors
      are predominantly found on hepatocytes, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)
      has emerged as a viable intervention for HoFH because LDL receptor activity is
      restored. This study assessed the effects of OLT on ACVD and ACVD risk factors in
      pediatric patients with HoFH. We analyzed lipids, lipoproteins, body mass index,
      glucose, blood pressure, and cardiovascular imaging in 8 pediatric patients who
      underwent OLT for HoFH. Total serum cholesterol, LDL-C, lipoprotein (a), and
      apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio decreased to normal values in all
      subjects (p values <0.001) at 1 month after OLT and were maintained for the
      length of follow-up (2 to 6 years). There were few complications related to
      surgery or immunosuppressive therapy. Two patients developed mild hypertension.
      In the first 4 subjects monitored for 4 to 6 years after OLT, coronary artery
      disease did not develop or progress except in 1 minor artery in 1 subject and
      actually regressed in 2 subjects with >50% stenosis. However, aortic valve
      stenosis progressed in 2 of 4 subjects. In conclusion, OLT is an effective
      therapeutic option for patients with HoFH with coronary artery disease and
      persistently elevated serum LDL-C despite maximum medical therapy. Aortic
      valvular disease may progress. Long-term data are needed to evaluate the true
      risk-benefit ratio of this surgical approach.

PMID- 27365336
TI  - Crossover between cooperative and fractal relaxation in complex glass-formers.
AB  - Kinetics of physical aging at different temperatures is studied in situ in
      arsenic selenide glasses using high-precision differential scanning calorimetry
      technique. A well-expressed step-like behaviour in the enthalpy recovery kinetics
      is recorded for low aging temperatures. These fine features disappear when the
      aging temperature (T a) approaches the glass transition temperature (T g). The
      overall kinetics is described by stretched exponential function with stretching
      exponent close to 3/5 at T a  >  ~0.95 T g almost independent on glass
      composition, and 3/7 when the aging temperature drops to ~0.9 T g. These values
      are consistent with the prediction of Phillips' diffusion-to-traps model. Further
      decrease in aging temperature to ~0.85 T g leads to the appearance of step-like
      behaviour and stretching exponent of 1/3 for the overall kinetics, which is the
      limiting value predicted by random walk on the fractal model. Such behavior is
      explained as crossover from homogeneous cooperative relaxation of non-percolating
      structural units to high-dimensional fractal relaxation within hierarchically
      arranged two-stage physical aging model.

PMID- 27365337
TI  - Distribution and trafficking of the MU-opioid receptor in enteric neurons of the
      guinea pig.
AB  - The MU-opioid receptor (MOR) is a major regulator of gastrointestinal motility
      and secretion and mediates opiate-induced bowel dysfunction. Although MOR is of
      physiological and therapeutic importance to gut function, the cellular and
      subcellular distribution and regulation of MOR within the enteric nervous system
      are largely undefined. Herein, we defined the neurochemical coding of MOR
      expressing neurons in the guinea pig gut and examined the effects of opioids on
      MOR trafficking and regulation. MOR expression was restricted to subsets of
      enteric neurons. In the stomach MOR was mainly localized to nitrergic neurons
      (~88%), with some overlap with neuropeptide Y (NPY) and no expression by
      cholinergic neurons. These neurons are likely to have inhibitory motor and
      secretomotor functions. MOR was restricted to noncholinergic secretomotor neurons
      (VIP-positive) of the ileum and distal colon submucosal plexus. MOR was mainly
      detected in nitrergic neurons of the colon (nitric oxide synthase positive, 87%),
      with some overlap with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). No expression of MOR by
      intrinsic sensory neurons was detected. [d-Ala(2), MePhe(4),
      Gly(ol)(5)]enkephalin (DAMGO), morphiceptin, and loperamide induced MOR
      endocytosis in myenteric neurons. After stimulation with DAMGO and morphiceptin,
      MOR recycled, whereas MOR was retained within endosomes following loperamide
      treatment. Herkinorin or the delta-opioid receptor agonist [d-Ala(2), d
      Leu(5)]enkephalin (DADLE) did not evoke MOR endocytosis. In summary, we have
      identified the neurochemical coding of MOR-positive enteric neurons and have
      demonstrated differential trafficking of MOR in these neurons in response to
      established and putative MOR agonists.

PMID- 27365338
TI  - GGsTop, a novel and specific gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor, protects
      hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
AB  - Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major clinical problem and is associated
      with numerous adverse effects. GGsTop [2-amino-4{[3
      (carboxymethyl)phenyl](methyl)phosphono}butanoic acid] is a highly specific and
      irreversible gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) inhibitor. We studied the
      protective effects of GGsTop on IR-induced hepatic injury in rats. Ischemia was
      induced by clamping the portal vein and hepatic artery of left lateral and median
      lobes of the liver. Before clamping, saline (IR group) or saline containing 1
      mg/kg body wt of GGsTop (IR-GGsTop group) was injected into the liver through the
      inferior vena cava. At 90 min of ischemia, blood flow was restored. Blood was
      collected before induction of ischemia and prior to restoration of blood flow and
      at 12, 24, and 48 h after reperfusion. All the animals were euthanized at 48 h
      after reperfusion and the livers were harvested. Serum levels of alanine
      transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-GT were significantly lower after
      reperfusion in the IR-GGsTop group compared with the IR group. Massive hepatic
      necrosis was present in the IR group, while only few necroses were present in the
      IR-GGsTop group. Treatment with GGsTop increased hepatic GSH content, which was
      significantly reduced in the IR group. Furthermore, GGsTop prevented increase of
      hepatic gamma-GT, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and TNF-alpha while all
      these molecules significantly increased in the IR group. In conclusion, treatment
      with GGsTop increased glutathione levels and prevented formation of free radicals
      in the hepatic tissue that led to decreased IR-induced liver injury. GGsTop could
      be used as a pharmacological agent to prevent IR-induced liver injury and the
      related adverse events.

PMID- 27365339
TI  - Human Resources for Health Challenges in Nigeria and Nurse Migration.
AB  - The emigration of sub-Saharan African health professionals to developed Western
      nations is an aspect of increasing global mobility. This article focuses on the
      human resources for health challenges in Nigeria and the emigration of nurses
      from Nigeria as the country faces mounting human resources for health challenges.
      Human resources for health issues in Nigeria contribute to poor population health
      in the country, alongside threats from terrorism, infectious disease outbreaks,
      and political corruption. Health inequities within Nigeria mirror the
      geographical disparities in human resources for health distribution and are
      worsened by the emigration of Nigerian nurses to developed countries such as the
      United States and the United Kingdom. Nigerian nurses are motivated to emigrate
      to work in healthier work environments, improve their economic prospects, and
      advance their careers. Like other migrant African nurses, they experience
      barriers to integration, including racism and discrimination, in receiving
      countries. We explore the factors and processes that shape this migration. Given
      the forces of globalization, source countries and destination countries must
      implement policies to more responsibly manage migration of nurses. This can be
      done by implementing measures to retain nurses, promote the return migration of
      expatriate nurses, and ensure the integration of migrant nurses upon arrival in
      destination countries. 

PMID- 27365340
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas sp. Strain BMS12, a Plant Growth-Promoting
      and Protease-Producing Bacterium, Isolated from the Rhizosphere Sediment of
      Phragmites karka of Chilika Lake, India.
AB  - We report the 4.51 Mb draft genome of Pseudomonas sp. strain BMS12, a Gram
      negative bacterium in the class of Gammaproteobacteria, isolated from the
      rhizospheric sediment of Phragmites karka, an invasive weed in Chilika Lake,
      Odisha, India. The Pseudomonas sp. strain BMS12 is capable of producing proteases
      and is also an efficient plant growth promoter that can be useful for various
      phytoremedial and industrial applications. 

PMID- 27365342
TI  - Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing and Annotation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      MTB221/11 Isolated from a Cerebrospinal Fluid Sample in Malaysia.
AB  - Here, we report of the annotated genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      MTB221/11. The organism was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient in
      Malaysia. 

PMID- 27365341
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Halobacillus sp. Strain KGW1, a Moderately Halophilic
      and Alkaline Protease-Producing Bacterium Isolated from the Rhizospheric Region
      of Phragmites karka from Chilika Lake, Odisha, India.
AB  - Halobacillus sp. strain KGW1 is a moderately halophilic, rod shaped, Gram
      positive, yellow pigmented, alkaline protease-producing bacterium isolated from a
      water sample from Chilika Lake, Odisha, India. Sequencing of bacterial DNA
      assembled a 3.68-Mb draft genome. The genome annotation analysis showed various
      gene clusters for tolerance to stress, such as elevated pH, salt concentration,
      and toxic metals. 

PMID- 27365343
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of Acinetobacter sp. Strain BMW17, a Cellulolytic and Plant
      Growth-Promoting Bacterium Isolated from the Rhizospheric Region of Phragmites
      karka of Chilika Lake, India.
AB  - We report the 3.16 Mb draft genome of Acinetobacter sp. strain BMW17, a Gram
      negative bacterium in the class of Gammaproteobacteria, isolated from the
      rhizospheric region of Phragmites karka, an invasive weed in Chilika Lake,
      Odisha, India. The strain BMW17(T) is capable of degrading cellulose and is also
      an efficient plant growth promoter that can be useful for various phytoremedial
      and commercial applications. 

PMID- 27365344
TI  - Use of Multiple Sequencing Technologies To Produce a High-Quality Genome of the
      Fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the Causative Agent of Bat White-Nose
      Syndrome.
AB  - White-nose syndrome has recently emerged as one of the most devastating wildlife
      diseases recorded, causing widespread mortality in numerous bat species
      throughout eastern North America. Here, we present an improved reference genome
      of the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans for use in comparative
      genomic studies. 

PMID- 27365345
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of a New Zealand Rickettsia-Like Organism Isolated from
      Farmed Chinook Salmon.
AB  - We report here the draft genome sequence of a rickettsia-like organism, isolated
      from a New Zealand Chinook salmon farm experiencing high mortality. The genome is
      approximately 3 Mb in size, has a G+C content of approximately 39.2%, and is
      predicted to contain 2,870 coding sequences. 

PMID- 27365346
TI  - Genome Sequence of Gordonia Bacteriophage Lucky10.
AB  - Lucky10 is a newly isolated phage of Gordonia terrae 3612 that was recovered from
      a soil sample in Pittsburgh, PA. Lucky10 has siphoviral morphology and a double
      stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of 42,979 bp, with 70 predicted protein-coding genes.
      Lucky10 shows little similarity to previously reported Gordonia phages. 

PMID- 27365347
TI  - Genome Sequences of Gordonia terrae Phages Attis and SoilAssassin.
AB  - Attis and SoilAssassin are two closely related bacteriophages isolated on
      Gordonia terrae 3612 from separate soil samples in Pittsburgh, PA. The Attis and
      SoilAssassin genomes are 47,881 bp and 47,880 bp, respectively, and have 74
      predicted protein-coding genes, including toxin-antitoxin systems, but no tRNAs. 

PMID- 27365349
TI  - Draft Genome Sequence of 16SrIII-J Phytoplasma, a Plant Pathogenic Bacterium with
      a Broad Spectrum of Hosts.
AB  - Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that can affect different vegetal
      hosts. In South America, a phytoplasma belonging to ribosomal subgroup 16SrIII-J
      has been reported in many crops. Here we report its genomic draft sequence,
      showing a total length of 687,253 bp and a G+C content of 27.72%. 

PMID- 27365348
TI  - Genome Sequences of Gordonia Bacteriophages Obliviate, UmaThurman, and Guacamole.
AB  - We describe three newly isolated phages-Obliviate, UmaThurman, and Guacamole-that
      infect Gordonia terrae 3612. The three genomes are related to one another but are
      not closely related to other previously sequenced phages or prophages. The three
      phages are predicted to use integration-dependent immunity systems as described
      in several mycobacteriophages. 

PMID- 27365350
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Aurantimicrobium minutum Type Strain KNCT, a
      Planktonic Ultramicrobacterium Isolated from River Water.
AB  - Aurantimicrobium minutum type strain KNC(T) is a planktonic ultramicrobacterium
      isolated from river water in western Japan. Strain KNC(T) has an extremely small,
      streamlined genome of 1,622,386 bp comprising 1,575 protein-coding sequences. The
      genome annotation suggests that strain KNC(T) has an actinorhodopsin-based
      photometabolism. 

PMID- 27365351
TI  - Draft Genome Sequences of Gluconobacter cerinus CECT 9110 and Gluconobacter
      japonicus CECT 8443, Acetic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Grape Must.
AB  - We report here the draft genome sequences of Gluconobacter cerinus strain
      CECT9110 and Gluconobacter japonicus CECT8443, acetic acid bacteria isolated from
      grape must. Gluconobacter species are well known for their ability to oxidize
      sugar alcohols into the corresponding acids. Our objective was to select strains
      to oxidize effectively d-glucose. 

PMID- 27365352
TI  - High-Quality Draft Genome Sequences for Five Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing
      Escherichia coli Strains Generated with PacBio Sequencing and Optical Maps.
AB  - Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen. We report
      here the high-quality draft whole-genome sequences of five STEC strains isolated
      from clinical cases in the United States. This report is for STEC of serotypes
      O55:H7, O79:H7, O91:H14, O153:H2, and O156:H25. 

PMID- 27365353
TI  - Genome Sequence of the Red Pigment-Forming Meiothermus taiwanensis Strain RP
      Isolated from Paniphala Hot Spring, India.
AB  - Here we report the draft genome sequence of Meiothermus taiwanensis strain RP
      (MCC 2966), isolated from the Paniphala hot spring of India, which contains genes
      encoding for enzymes of the methyl erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of
      isoprenoid biosynthesis and carotenoid backbone synthesis. 

PMID- 27365354
TI  - Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium stylosanthis Strain BR 446T, a Nitrogen-Fixing
      Symbiont of the Legume Pasture Stylosanthes guianensis.
AB  - Bradyrhizobium stylosanthis BR 446(T) is a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of the
      tropical legume pasture Stylosanthes guianensis Its draft genome contains
      8,801,717 bp and 8,239 coding sequences (CDSs). Several putative genes that might
      confer high competitiveness and saprophytic capacity under the stressful
      conditions of tropical soils were identified in the genome. 

PMID- 27365355
TI  - Complete Genome Sequences of Four Isolates of Plutella xylostella Granulovirus.
AB  - Granuloviruses are widespread pathogens of Plutella xylostella L. (diamondback
      moth) and potential biopesticides for control of this global insect pest. We
      report the complete genomes of four Plutella xylostella granulovirus isolates
      from China, Malaysia, and Taiwan exhibiting pairs of noncoding, homologous repeat
      regions with significant sequence variation but equivalent length. 

PMID- 27365356
TI  - First Draft Genome Sequence of a Mycobacterium gordonae Clinical Isolate.
AB  - Here, we report the first draft genome sequence of the clinically relevant
      species Mycobacterium gordonae The clinical isolate Mycobacterium gordonae 14
      8773 was obtained from the sputum of a patient with mycobacteriosis. 

PMID- 27365357
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica Strain BM-Y,
      Isolated from the Pancreas of a Zebra in China.
AB  - Here, a complete genome sequence of Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica strain BM-Y
      is presented. The whole genome is 2.18-Mb and contains a blaVEB-1 gene cassette
      which endows it with resistance to ceftazidime, ampicillin, tetracycline, etc. To
      our knowledge, this is the first time that an extended spectrum beta-lactamase
      (ESBL) type W. chitiniclastica strain has been found. 

PMID- 27365358
TI  - Genome Sequence of the Psychrophilic Bacterium Tenacibaculum ovolyticum Strain
      da5A-8 Isolated from Deep Seawater.
AB  - Some bacterial species of the genus Tenacibaculum, including Tenacibaculum
      ovolyticum, have been known as fish pathogens in the sea. So far, the only
      published genome sequence for this genus is for Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi, which
      could also be a fish pathogen. Strain da5A-8, showing 100% identity to the 16S
      rRNA gene sequence of T. ovolyticum DSM 18103(T), was isolated from seawater at a
      depth of 344 m in Kochi, Japan, and grew optimally at 10 to 20 degrees C. The
      genome sequence of strain da5A-8 revealed the possible virulence genes commonly
      observed in the genus Tenacibaculum. 

PMID- 27365359
TI  - Complete Genome Sequence of Campylobacter iguaniorum Strain RM11343, Isolated
      from an Alpaca.
AB  - Campylobacter iguaniorum is a member of the C. fetus group of campylobacters and
      is one of two Campylobacter taxa isolated from reptiles. This study describes the
      whole-genome sequence of the C. iguaniorum strain RM11343, which was isolated
      from a California alpaca fecal sample. 

PMID- 27365360
TI  - Genome Sequence of the Historical Clinical Isolate Burkholderia pseudomallei PHLS
      6.
AB  - Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Burkholderia pseudomallei PHLS 6, a
      virulent clinical strain isolated from a melioidosis patient in Bangladesh in
      1960. The draft genome consists of 39 contigs and is 7,322,181 bp long. 

PMID- 27365361
TI  - Charge transport in thin layer Na x CoO2 (x ~ 0.63) studied by terahertz
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Charge transport in Na0.63CoO2 thin film deposited by a spin-coating method was
      investigated experimentally by time-domain terahertz spectroscopy and
      theoretically using Monte Carlo calculations of charge response in nano
      structured materials. The dominating type of transport mechanism over the entire
      investigated range of temperatures (20-300 K) is a metallic-like conductivity of
      charges partly confined in constituting nano-sized grains. Due to the granular
      character of our thin film, the scattering time at low temperatures is limited by
      scattering on grain boundaries and the conductivity is strongly suppressed due to
      capture of a major fraction of charge carriers in deep traps. Nevertheless, our
      experimental setup and the applied model allowed us to distinguish the parameters
      related to the grain interior from those influenced by grain boundaries, and to
      conclude that the metallic type of conductivity is the intrinsic property
      relevant to single crystal materials.

PMID- 27365362
TI  - Thermoelectric signals of state transition in polycrystalline SmB6.
AB  - Topological Kondo insulator SmB6 has attracted quite a lot of attention from the
      condensed matter physics community. A number of unique electronic properties,
      including low-temperature resistivity anomaly, 1D electronic transport and 2D
      Fermi surfaces have been observed in SmB6. Here, we report on thermoelectric
      transport properties of polycrystalline SmB6 over a broad temperature from 300 to
      2 K. An anomalous transition in the temperature-dependent Seebeck coefficient S
      from S(T) [Formula: see text] T (-1) to S(T) [Formula: see text] T was observed
      around 12 K. Such a transition demonstrates a transition of conductivity from 3D
      metallic bulk states to 2D metallic surface states with insulating bulk states.
      Our results suggest that the thermotransport measurements could be used for the
      characterization of state transition in topological insulators.

PMID- 27365363
TI  - Detectable Risks in Studies of the Fetal Benefits of Maternal Influenza
      Vaccination.
AB  - Maternal influenza vaccination prevents influenza illness in both mothers and
      newborns. Results from some recent studies have suggested that influenza
      vaccination might also prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth.
      However, it is challenging to conduct epidemiologic studies to evaluate the
      benefits to the fetus of maternal influenza vaccination because the causal
      benefit of vaccination is likely only experienced by the small fraction of the
      cohort in whom influenza illness is prevented by vaccination. The plausibility of
      detecting true differences in risks between groups under such conditions is
      rarely discussed. We aimed to inform the interpretation of studies in which the
      fetal benefits of maternal influenza vaccination are evaluated by estimating
      detectable risk ratios and necessary sample sizes for different study scenarios.
      Estimates of rates of influenza illness, vaccine effectiveness, vaccine uptake,
      and preterm birth and of the association of influenza illness with preterm birth
      were identified from the published literature. We calculated detectable risk
      ratios for preterm birth in vaccinated versus unvaccinated women and the
      associated sample size requirements. Our results demonstrated that under most
      scenarios, plausible differences between groups will be extremely challenging to
      detect (risk ratios for preterm birth of 0.9 to 1.0) and will require sample
      sizes infeasible for prospective epidemiologic research. This suggests that the
      large fetal benefits from influenza vaccination observed in epidemiologic studies
      are unlikely to be causal.

PMID- 27365364
TI  - Public engagement in Malawi through a health-talk radio programme ' Umoyo
      nkukambirana': A mixed-methods evaluation.
AB  - Radio is an effective source of health information in many resource poor
      countries. In Malawi, 53% of households own radios however few radio programmes
      in Malawi focus on health issues in the context of medical research. An
      interactive health-talk radio programme ' Umoyo nkukambirana' was introduced by
      Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme on a national radio
      station. The aim was to increase awareness of health and medical research, and
      improve engagement between researchers, healthcare workers and the public. The
      content and presentation were developed through participatory community
      consultations. Focus Group Discussions were conducted with established Radio
      Listening Clubs whilst quantitative data was collected using toll free
      FrontlineSMS to explore national response. A total of 277 to 695 SMS (Median:
      477) were received per theme. The majority of SMS were received from men (64%)
      and mainly from rural areas (54%). The programme improved knowledge of medical
      research, health and dispelled misconceptions. This study suggests that the radio
      may be an effective means of increasing the exposure of men to health information
      in resource poor settings.

PMID- 27365366
TI  - Three-dimensional chiral skyrmions with attractive interparticle interactions.
AB  - We introduce a new class of isolated three-dimensional skyrmion that can occur
      within the cone phase of chiral magnetic materials. These novel solitonic states
      consist of an axisymmetric core separated from the host phase by an asymmetric
      shell. These skyrmions attract one another. We derive regular solutions for
      isolated skyrmions arising in the cone phase of cubic helimagnets and investigate
      their bound states.

PMID- 27365365
TI  - Diverse alternative back-splicing and alternative splicing landscape of circular
      RNAs.
AB  - Circular RNAs (circRNAs) derived from back-spliced exons have been widely
      identified as being co-expressed with their linear counterparts. A single gene
      locus can produce multiple circRNAs through alternative back-splice site
      selection and/or alternative splice site selection; however, a detailed map of
      alternative back-splicing/splicing in circRNAs is lacking. Here, with the
      upgraded CIRCexplorer2 pipeline, we systematically annotated different types of
      alternative back-splicing and alternative splicing events in circRNAs from
      various cell lines. Compared with their linear cognate RNAs, circRNAs exhibited
      distinct patterns of alternative back-splicing and alternative splicing.
      Alternative back-splice site selection was correlated with the competition of
      putative RNA pairs across introns that bracket alternative back-splice sites. In
      addition, all four basic types of alternative splicing that have been identified
      in the (linear) mRNA process were found within circRNAs, and many exons were
      predominantly spliced in circRNAs. Unexpectedly, thousands of previously
      unannotated exons were detected in circRNAs from the examined cell lines.
      Although these novel exons had similar splice site strength, they were much less
      conserved than known exons in sequences. Finally, both alternative back-splicing
      and circRNA-predominant alternative splicing were highly diverse among the
      examined cell lines. All of the identified alternative back-splicing and
      alternative splicing in circRNAs are available in the CIRCpedia database
      (http://www.picb.ac.cn/rnomics/circpedia). Collectively, the annotation of
      alternative back-splicing and alternative splicing in circRNAs provides a
      valuable resource for depicting the complexity of circRNA biogenesis and for
      studying the potential functions of circRNAs in different cells.

PMID- 27365367
TI  - The Role of Relaxin in Normal and Abnormal Uterine Function During the Menstrual
      Cycle and Early Pregnancy.
AB  - The hormone relaxin is a 6-kDa peptide with high structural similarity to
      insulin. It is primarily produced by the corpus luteum during pregnancy but is
      also synthesized by other reproductive organs such as the uterus, decidua, and
      placenta. Relaxin binds to its receptor RXFP1, which has been localized to a wide
      variety of reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. The peptide's many
      uterotropic effects include stimulating uterine growth and vascularization,
      remodeling extracellular matrix components, and regulating vascular endothelial
      growth factor in preparation for implantation. Evidence also supports a role for
      relaxin in the systemic maternal vascular adaptations required for a healthy
      pregnancy. Diminished relaxin levels in early pregnancy are linked with increased
      risks of miscarriage and the development of preeclampsia. In addition to
      pregnancy, relaxin may also play a functional role in the uterus during the
      menstrual cycle, and modified relaxin activity may contribute to gynecological
      disorders such as uterine fibrosis and endometriosis. Despite over 75 years of
      research, we still have a limited understanding of relaxin's broad roles in the
      uterus, particularly as there are significant species differences in its
      synthesis and activity, which restricts the use of animal models for human
      centric questions. Here, we review current knowledge regarding relaxin actions in
      the human uterus during the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy, with a focus
      on its potential roles in various gynecological disorders, as well as the
      pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia, recurrent miscarriage, and early
      pregnancy loss.

PMID- 27365368
TI  - Association of Polymorphisms in Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Epidermal
      Growth Factor Receptor Genes With Human Longevity.
AB  - Growth pathways play key roles in longevity. The present study tested single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the connective tissue growth factor gene
      (CTGF) and the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) for association with
      longevity. Comparison of allele and genotype frequencies of 12 CTGF SNPs and 41
      EGFR SNPs between 440 American men of Japanese ancestry aged >=95 years and 374
      men of average life span revealed association with longevity at the p < .05 level
      for 2 SNPs in CTGF and 7 in EGFR. Two in CTGF and two in EGFR remained
      significant after Bonferroni correction. The SNPs of both CTGF and EGFR were in a
      haplotype block in each respective gene. Haplotype analysis confirmed the
      suggestive association found by chi2 analysis. We noted an excess of
      heterozygotes among the longevity cases, consistent with heterozygote advantage
      in living to extreme old age. No associations of the most significant SNPs were
      observed in whites or Koreans. In conclusion, the present findings indicate that
      genetic variation in CTGF and EGFR may contribute to the attainment of extreme
      old age in Japanese. More research is needed to confirm that genetic variation in
      CTGF and EGFR contributes to the attainment of extreme old age across human
      populations.

PMID- 27365369
TI  - Treatment pathways in an inception lupus cohort over the first three years.
AB  - Objective The treatment algorithm for new onset systemic lupus erythematosus
      (SLE) is less well defined than for other rheumatic diseases. We examined the
      treatment patterns in an inception cohort of SLE patients over the first three
      years of disease between 2000 and 2010. Methods Patients fulfilled the American
      College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE within 12 months of
      enrollment and completed three subsequent annual visits. Data collection included
      patient demographics, SLE manifestations, medications, SLE disease activity index
      2K (SLEDAI-2K) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American
      College of Rheumatology damage index. Analysis included descriptive statistics
      and repeated measures mixed models. Results Seventy-nine patients, 83.5% female
      and 91.1% Caucasian were studied. At baseline the mean (SD) age was 40.6 (16.4)
      years, disease duration was 0.36 (0.28) years and SLEDAI-2K was 5.7 (4.6). Over
      three years, cumulative use of corticosteroids, antimalarials and
      immunosuppressants was 53.2%, 77.2% and 40.5% respectively. Corticosteroids were
      usually used in combination with antimalarials and/or immunosuppressants. Between
      baseline and final assessments the use of corticosteroids fell (44.3% vs 15.2%)
      in contrast to antimalarials (55.7% vs 70.9%) and immunosuppressants (26.6% vs
      34.2%). Of 44/79 (55.7%) patients not receiving corticosteroids at baseline 84.1%
      remained off corticosteroids for the study duration. Thirty-seven of 79 (46.8%)
      patients never received corticosteroids and only 5/79 (6.3%) at all four
      assessments. Patients taking corticosteroids at baseline had higher mean (SD)
      daily dose and cumulative dose over three years compared with patients not on
      corticosteroids at baseline (9.0 (0.8) vs 0.3 (1.3) mg; 10.8 (8.5) vs 0.3 (1.2)
      g). As a group, SLE patients who used corticosteroids either at baseline, at any
      time in the three year study or in high cumulative doses had the highest average
      disease activity scores over the same time frame and had a significant fall in
      SLEDAI-2K scores ( p < 0.05) compared with patients not exposed to
      corticosteroids. Conclusion Use of corticosteroids occurred in approximately half
      of new onset SLE, usually in combination with antimalarials and/or
      immunosuppressants. It was associated with both higher disease activity at
      baseline and improvement over time. Patients who did not receive corticosteroids
      at presentation were unlikely to do so over the next three years.

PMID- 27365371
TI  - Adipokines, tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in female patients with
      systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association of adipokines and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNFalpha) and its receptors with characteristics of systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE) and to investigate the correlation between adipokines and the
      TNF system. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-six SLE women, aged >=18 years old,
      were assessed. TNFalpha, soluble TNFalpha receptors 1 (sTNFR1) and 2 (sTNFR2) and
      adipokines were analyzed by ELISA kits. RESULTS: The median (IQR) of age was 41.5
      (33.0-49.7) years old and of disease duration 11.3 (7.8-15.8) years. The median
      (IQR) of disease activity was 0 (0-4) and of damage index was 2 (1-3). Higher
      levels of sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were associated with nephritis (p < 0.001 for both),
      and sTNFR1 (p = 0.025) and TNFalpha (p = 0.014) were positively associated with
      arthritis. Higher sTNFR1 levels were found in participants that were not using
      antimalarial drugs (p = 0.04). Independent correlation was found between sTNFR1
      (beta = 0.253; p = 0.003) and sTNFR2 (beta = 0.297; p < 0.001) levels and disease
      activity and damage index (sTNFR1: beta = 0.367; p < 0.001; sTNFR2: beta = 0.335;
      p < 0.001). Higher adiponectin levels were independently associated with
      nephritis (p = 0.009) and antimalarial drugs use (p = 0.015). There was a
      positive correlation between leptin and sTNFR2 levels (p = 0.002) and between
      resistin levels and sTNFR1 (p < 0.001) and sTNFR2 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The
      correlation between adipokines and TNF system allows a better understanding of
      the role of adipokines in the inflammatory response in SLE patients.

PMID- 27365370
TI  - Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in a population-based cohort using
      revised 1997 American College of Rheumatology and the 2012 Systemic Lupus
      International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria.
AB  - In 2012, the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) group
      published a new set of classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus
      (SLE). Studies applying these criteria to real-life scenarios have found either
      equal or greater sensitivity and equal or lower specificity to the 1997 ACR
      classification criteria (ACR 97). Nonetheless, there are no studies that have
      used the SLICC 12 criteria to investigate the incidence of lupus. We used the
      resource of the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify incident SLE patients
      in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1993 to 2005, who fulfilled the ACR 97 or
      SLICC 12 criteria. A total of 58 patients met criteria by SLICC 12 and 44
      patients met criteria by ACR 97. The adjusted incidence of 4.9 per 100,000 person
      years by SLICC 12 was higher than that by ACR 97 (3.7 per 100,000 person-years, p
      = 0.04). The median duration from the appearance of first criterion to
      fulfillment of the criteria was shorter for the SLICC 12 than for ACR 97 (3.9
      months vs 8.1 months). The higher incidence by SLICC 12 criteria came primarily
      from the ability to classify patients with renal-limited disease, the expansion
      of the immunologic criteria and the expansion of neurologic criteria.

PMID- 27365372
TI  - Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia mimicking hematologic systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - The relationship between primary hematologic disease and rheumatologic
      manifestations is well known, especially acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphomas,
      plasma cell dyscrasias and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Currently, more has
      been described about autoimmune manifestations in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
      (CMML). Many different clinical scenarios may lead a patient with MDS/CMML
      initially to seek a rheumatological unit. Autoimmune features such as polymyalgia
      rheumatic symptoms, myositis, neutrophilic dermatosis, cutaneous vasculitis and
      positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are some examples of clinical presentation
      of MDS/CMML. Moreover, peripheral cytopenias are a common initial presentation
      both for systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and MDS/CMML. The aim of this study
      was to describe a case of an elderly woman with thrombocytopenia and positivity
      of antibodies to anti-extractable nuclear antigens (anti-ENA) as initial
      manifestation of CMML mimicking SLE, and to present some clues that encourage the
      clinician to perform a bone marrow study in such a clinical scenario.

PMID- 27365373
TI  - Outcomes of Anatomic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Bone-Quadriceps
      Tendon Graft Versus Double-Bundle Hamstring Tendon Graft.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The choice of graft type is an important factor to the outcome of
      anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. PURPOSE: To compare knee joint
      stability and functional outcomes of anatomic ACL reconstruction with double
      bundle hamstring tendon (DBHT) and bone-quadriceps tendon (BQT) autografts. STUDY
      DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Ninety-six patients
      underwent ACL reconstruction with either DBHT (hamstring group) or BQT autograft
      (quadriceps group). Each group included 48 patients who were retrospectively
      matched on the basis of age, sex, and body mass index; there were no
      statistically significant differences between the 2 groups (all P > .05). All
      patients had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Outcome evaluations included the
      manual laxity test, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective
      evaluation, Tegner activity score, modified Lysholm score, anterior knee pain
      questionnaire, KT-2000 arthrometer side-to-side difference, Cybex II isokinetic
      testing, and tunnel position evaluation by quadrant method. RESULTS: Manual
      laxity test results were significantly improved in both groups after surgery (all
      P < .05). The maximum KT-2000 arthrometer side-to-side difference improved from
      4.0 to 1.9 mm in the hamstring group and 3.9 to 2.1 mm in the quadriceps group (P
      = .65). Modified Lysholm scores in the hamstring and quadriceps groups improved
      from 69.4 and 70.2 to 88.4 and 92.1 (P = .30), and International Knee
      Documentation Committee subjective evaluation scores improved from 56.0 and 60.3
      to 77.9 and 80.2 (P = .37), respectively. Tegner activity scores for the
      hamstring and quadriceps groups were 4.7 and 4.6 preoperatively and 4.6 and 4.7
      (P = .80) at final follow-up, respectively. There were no between-group
      differences on postoperative anterior knee pain (P > .05 for all questionnaire
      categories), nor were there differences in recovered extensor muscle strength
      during isokinetic testing (82.9% vs 81.0% at 60 deg/s, P = .71; 85.1% vs 83.8% at
      180 deg/s, P = .81). However, flexor muscle strength recovery was better in the
      quadriceps group (86.6% vs 92.2% at 60 deg/s, P = .22; 87.1% vs 99.6% at 180
      deg/s, P = .01). There were no significant differences in tunnel positioning
      between the 2 groups (all P > .05). CONCLUSION: Anatomic ACL reconstruction with
      the BQT autograft showed similar knee stability and functional outcome scores
      when compared with the DBHT autograft. Additionally, better flexor muscle
      strength recovery was found in the quadriceps group, indicating a potential
      advantage of the BQT autograft in ACL reconstruction.

PMID- 27365374
TI  - Surgical Treatment of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome in Pediatric
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a cause of leg pain
      in running athletes and is treated with fasciotomy after failure of nonoperative
      management. CECS is being seen with increased frequency in younger patients. The
      demographics and outcomes of fasciotomy for CECS in pediatric patients, including
      risk factors for treatment failure, have not been described. PURPOSE: To describe
      characteristics of pediatric patients with CECS and determine surgical outcomes
      of the condition in this population. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of
      evidence, 4. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed for patients 18 years
      and younger treated surgically for CECS with compartment release at a single
      institution from 1995 to 2014. Demographic and condition characteristics,
      operative procedure, postoperative course, and clinical outcomes were recorded
      for 286 legs of 155 patients. Compartment pressure testing using the Pedowitz
      criteria confirmed the diagnosis in all patients. RESULTS: A total of 155
      patients were included in the study (average patient age at presentation, 16.4 +/
      1.38 years); 136 (88%) were female. All 155 patients presented with leg pain; of
      these patients, 8 (5%) also had neurologic symptoms, and 131 (85%) presented with
      bilateral symptoms requiring bilateral compartment release. Symptoms were chronic
      in nature, with duration over 1 year in 63% of patients. The primary sport was
      most commonly reported as running (25%), soccer (23%), or field hockey (12%); 50%
      of patients were multisport athletes. Of 286 legs, 138 (48%) had only anterior
      and/or lateral compartments released, while 84 (29.4%) had all 4 compartments
      released. Documented return to sport was seen in 79.5% of patients. Outcomes
      analysis was performed for 250 of 286 legs. Of these 250 legs, 47 (18.8%) had
      recurrent CECS requiring reoperation at a median of 1.3 years (interquartile
      range, 0.8-3.5) after initial compartment release. For each additional month
      between presentation and release, the odds of recurrence decreased by 12% (P =
      .04). Legs with only anterior and/or lateral compartment released had 3.4 times
      (95% CI, 1.29-9.14) the odds of reoperation compared with legs that had all 4
      compartments released (P = .01). Twenty-eight of 250 legs (11.2%) had wound
      issues that resolved with nonoperative management. No wounds required repeat
      surgical management. CONCLUSION: CECS in pediatric patients most commonly occurs
      in adolescent females participating in running sports. Fasciotomy results in a
      79.5% return-to-sports rate. Recurrence occurs in 18.8% of patients, more
      commonly in patients undergoing anterior and lateral release only.

PMID- 27365375
TI  - Dissection of the Process of Brain Metastasis Reveals Targets and Mechanisms for
      Molecular-based Intervention.
AB  - Brain metastases outnumber the incidence of brain tumors by a factor of ten.
      Patients with brain metastases have a dismal prognosis and current treatment
      modalities achieve only a modest clinical benefit. We discuss the process of
      brain metastasis with respect to mechanisms and involved targets to outline
      options for therapeutic intervention and focus on breast and lung cancer, as well
      as melanoma. We describe the process of penetration of the blood-brain-barrier
      (BBB) by disseminated tumor cells, establishment of a metastatic niche,
      colonization and outgrowth in the brain parenchyma. Furthermore, the role of
      angiogenesis in colonization of the brain parenchyma, interactions of
      extravasated tumor cells with microglia and astrocytes, as well as their
      propensity for neuromimicry, is discussed. We outline targets suitable for
      prevention of metastasis and summarize targets suitable for treatment of
      established brain metastases. Finally, we highlight the implications of findings
      revealing druggable mutations in brain metastases that cannot be identified in
      matching primary tumors. 

PMID- 27365376
TI  - Overexpression of HPV16 E6* Alters beta-Integrin and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
      Pathways in Cervical Cancer Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause nearly all cases of
      cervical cancer, as well as many types of oral and anogenital cancer. Alternative
      splicing increases the capacity of the HPV genome to encode the proteins
      necessary for successful completion of its infectious life cycle. However, the
      roles of these splice variants, including E6*, the smaller splice isoform of the
      E6 oncogene, in carcinogenesis are not clear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SiHa
      (HPV16(+)) and C33A (HPV(-)) cells were transfected with the E6* plasmid, and
      tandem mass tag-labeled protein levels were quantified by mass spectrometry.
      Proteomic analyses identified pathways affected by E6* in both HPV(+) and HPV(-)
      cells, and pathways were validated using in vitro methods. RESULTS: A total of
      4,300 proteins were identified and quantified in lysates of SiHa and C33A cells
      with and without HPV16 E6* expression. SiHa and C33A cells expressing E6*
      underwent changes in protein expression affecting integrin signaling and
      mitochondrial dysfunction pathways, respectively. Subsequent experiments were
      performed to validate selected E6*-mediated alterations in protein levels.
      CONCLUSION: E6* modifies the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial
      dysfunction and oxidative phosphorylation in C33A cells, and beta-integrin
      signaling in SiHa cells.

PMID- 27365377
TI  - Gene-expression Profiling in Patients with Plasma Cell Myeloma Treated with Novel
      Agents.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Novel agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide and bortezomib
      have in part anti-angiogenic properties. In this study, we examined gene
      expression of angiogenic molecules in patients with plasma cell myeloma (PCM).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 93 patients with PCM treated with novel agents
      (immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), bortezomib or a combination of both). The mRNA
      levels of angiogenic molecules were measured using the Human Angiogenesis RT2
      Profiler PCR Array. The response evaluation was performed after three cycles.
      RESULTS: Regarding all 93 patients, gene expression of 15 out of 84 genes tested
      (pre- and post-treatment and changes in levels pre-treatment/post-treatment) were
      significantly different in responders compared to non-responders. Responders had
      a lower expression of pro-angiogenic factors and increased expression of
      antiangiogenic factors. CONCLUSION: In the IMiD-treated groups we found
      significant changes of expression of angiogenic genes in responders compared to
      non-responders, whereas in the bortezomib-based group the difference in
      expression of angiogenic genes was not significant.

PMID- 27365378
TI  - Expression of microRNAs of C19MC in Different Histological Types of Testicular
      Germ Cell Tumour.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) are the most common tumours in
      men aged from 20 to 40 years, with a steadily increasing incidence. This study
      aimed to characterize the expression of the miRNA cluster C19MC in TGCT and to
      evaluate the suitability of a C19MC miRNA as a serum biomarker. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: By quantitative reverse transcription PCR, we measured the expression of
      miR-517a-3p, miR-519a-3p, and miR-519c 3p in tissue samples of 25 TGCTs and the
      level of miR-517a-3p in serum samples obtained pre- and postoperatively from the
      same patients. RESULTS: We detected a significantly higher expression of C19MC
      miRNAs in non-seminomas than in seminomas and in clinical stages 2 and 3 than in
      stage 1 in both tissue and serum samples. CONCLUSION: miRNAs of C19MC are
      overexpressed in more aggressive types of TGCT, suggesting they contribute to
      malignancy. Furthermore, they might serve as serum biomarkers for these types of
      TGCT.

PMID- 27365379
TI  - Epigenetic Modifications with DZNep, NaBu and SAHA in Luminal and Mesenchymal
      like Breast Cancer Subtype Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Numerous studies have shown that breast cancer and epigenetic
      mechanisms have a very powerful interactive relation. The MCF7 cell line,
      representative of luminal subtype and the MDA-MB 231 cell line representative of
      mesenchymal-like subtype were treated respectively with a Histone Methyl
      Transferase Inhibitors (HMTi), 3-Deazaneplanocin hydrochloride (DZNep), two
      histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), sodium butyrate (NaBu), and
      suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) for 48 h. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chromatin
      immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to observe HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) and HMTi
      (DZNep) impact on histones and more specifically on H3K27me3, H3K9ac and H3K4ac
      marks with Q-PCR analysis of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes. Furthermore, the HDACi
      and HMTi effects on mRNA and protein expression of BRCA1, SRC3 and P300 genes
      were checked. In addition, statistical analyses were used. RESULTS: In the MCF7
      luminal subtype with positive ER, H3k4ac was significantly increased on BRCA1
      with SAHA. On the contrary, in the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line,
      representative of mesenchymal-like subtype with negative estrogen receptor,
      HDACis had no effect. Also, DZNEP decreased significantly H3K27me3 on BRCA1 in
      MDA-MB 231. Besides, on SRC3, a significant increase for H3K4ac was obtained in
      MCF7 treated with SAHA. And DZNEP had no effect in MCF7. Also, in MDA-MB 231
      treated with DZNEP, H3K27me3 significantly decreased on SRC3 while H3K4ac was
      significantly increased in MDA-MB-231 treated with SAHA or NaBu for P300.
      CONCLUSION: Luminal and mesenchymal-like breast cancer subtype cell lines seemed
      to act differently to HDACis (SAHA and NaBu) or HMTi (DZNEP) treatments.

PMID- 27365380
TI  - Stimulation of the Estrogen Axis Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in
      Human Salivary Cancer cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Salivary gland cancer is a common type of head and neck cancer
      characterized by occasional deep invasion and lung metastasis. The precise role
      of sex steroid hormones in salivary gland cancer is unclear. To address this
      issue, we investigated whether the estrogen axis modulates salivary
      adenocarcinoma (SAC) and whether hormone therapy can be an effective treatment.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The estrogen receptor (ER) was overexpressed in HSG human
      SAC cells that lack endogenous ER and the cells were treated with and without
      17beta-estradiol (E2). RESULTS: E2 enhanced malignant phenotypes. Moreover, E2
      treatment reduced E-cadherin expression, while increasing that of N-cadherin,
      vimentin, and inhibitor of differentiation 1 proteins that are associated with
      the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell invasion was enhanced through
      activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that
      hormone therapy used in breast cancer may also be effective for ER-positive SAC.

PMID- 27365382
TI  - A Message from the Guest Editor.

PMID- 27365381
TI  - Genome-wide microRNA Expression Profiling in Primary Tumors and Matched Liver
      Metastasis of Patients with Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary tumor spread to the liver is the major cause of disease
      progression and death in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). MicroRNAs
      (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are involved in cancer development and
      progression, but their role in metastasis has not been extensively investigated.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Firstly, expression profiling of 752 miRNAs in 20 primary
      tumors and their corresponding liver metastases was performed. Secondly,
      validation of the results was carried out on an independent cohort of 66 patients
      with metastatic CRC using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain (RT
      qPCR) reaction. RESULTS: In total, 33 miRNAs were found to be significantly
      deregulated in liver metastases compared to their primary tumors. Fifteen miRNAs
      were chosen for subsequent validation, which confirmed significantly reduced
      expression of miR-143, miR 10b, and miR-28-5p, and increased expression of miR
      122, miR-122*, and miR 885-5p in the tissue of liver metastases. CONCLUSION:
      These results indicate that miRNAs could serve as new therapeutic targets in
      patients with metastatic CRC.

PMID- 27365383
TI  - One Client, One Team: Health system integration for leaders.
AB  - This article examines the implementation of the strategy and Integrated Client
      Care Program, a multi-level health system strategy to break down the barriers in
      a solid health system and a program to integrate care for populations with the
      most complex needs. Specific reference is made to two specialized programs, older
      adults with complex care needs and a palliative care program whose goal is to
      meet the needs of patients and their families in a community setting. 

PMID- 27365384
TI  - Definir les choix a risque: l'ethique et les effets des decisions
      organisationnelles.
AB  - Les choix de vivre " a risque " sont complexes et difficiles. Ils peuvent etre
      structures par les politiques organisationnelles. Certaines personnes veulent
      vraiment vivre dans des situations a haut risque ou percues comme telles parce
      qu'elles en tirent un avantage important. Cependant, il est probable que ces
      choix dependent en grande partie du contexte et qu'ils ne se soient pas poses
      dans une autre situation. L'article plaide pour la responsabilite d'etre attentif
      aux effets des decisions organisationnelles sur les choix de vivre a risque et
      sur la repartition globale du risque. 

PMID- 27365386
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Where to Place the New Treatments for Clostridium difficile
      Infection?

PMID- 27365385
TI  - Fish-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of natural health products in prostate cancer (PrCa) is high
      despite a lack of evidence with respect to safety and efficacy. Fish-derived
      omega-3 fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory effects and preclinical data
      suggest a protective effect on PrCa incidence and progression; however, human
      studies have yielded conflicting results. METHODS: A search of OVID MEDLINE, Pre
      MEDLINE, Embase, and the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) was
      completed for human interventional or observational data assessing the safety and
      efficacy of fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids in the incidence and progression of
      PrCa. RESULTS: Of 1776 citations screened, 54 publications reporting on 44
      studies were included for review and analysis: 4 reports of 3 randomized
      controlled trials, 1 nonrandomized clinical trial, 20 reports of 14 cohort
      studies, 26 reports of 23 case-control studies, and 3 case-cohort studies. The
      interventional studies using fish oil supplements in patients with PrCa showed no
      impact on prostate-specific antigen levels; however, 2 studies showed a decrease
      in inflammatory or other cancer markers. A small number of mild adverse events
      were reported and interactions with other interventions were not assessed. Cohort
      and case-control studies assessing the relationship between dietary fish intake
      and the risk of PrCa were equivocal. Cohort studies assessing the risk of PrCa
      mortality suggested an association between higher intake of fish and decreased
      risk of prostate cancer-related death. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence is
      insufficient to suggest a relationship between fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid
      and risk of PrCa. An association between higher omega-3 intake and decreased PrCa
      mortality may be present but more research is needed. More intervention trials or
      observational studies with precisely measured exposure are needed to assess the
      impact of fish oil supplements and dietary fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid intake
      on safety, PrCa incidence, treatment, and progression.

PMID- 27365387
TI  - Antibodies to Toxin B Are Protective Against Clostridium difficile Infection
      Recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although newer studies have evaluated risk factors for recurrent
      Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), the vast majority did not measure
      important biomarkers such as endogenous anti-toxin A and anti-toxin B antibody
      levels. METHODS: Data from the placebo group of a phase 2 trial testing
      monoclonal antibodies to C. difficile toxins A and B for preventing CDI
      recurrence (rCDI) were analyzed to assess risk factors associated with rCDI.
      Patients with symptomatic CDI taking metronidazole or vancomycin were enrolled.
      The primary outcome was rCDI within 84 days of treatment start. Univariate and
      multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations between
      potential risk factors and rCDI. At baseline, demographic and clinical
      characteristics were recorded; endogenous antibody levels were assessed using 2
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: A predictor of recurrence was age
      >=65 years, and an antibody-mediated immune response to toxin B appears to be
      protective against rCDI. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate the importance of
      clinical as well as immunological risk factors in rCDI and provide more robust
      evidence for the protective effects of antibody to toxin B in the prevention of
      rCDI. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00350298.

PMID- 27365389
TI  - August 2016 Update.

PMID- 27365390
TI  - MicroRNA-30c Mimic Mitigates Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in Mice.
AB  - High plasma cholesterol levels are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.
      Plasma cholesterol can be reduced by inhibiting lipoprotein production; however,
      this is associated with steatosis. Previously we showed that lentivirally
      mediated hepatic expression of microRNA-30c (miR-30c) reduced hyperlipidemia and
      atherosclerosis in mice without causing hepatosteatosis. Because viral therapy
      would be formidable, we examined whether a miR-30c mimic can be used to mitigate
      hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis without inducing steatosis. Delivery of a miR
      30c mimic to the liver diminished diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in C57BL/6J
      mice. Reductions in plasma cholesterol levels were significantly correlated with
      increases in hepatic miR-30c levels. Long term dose escalation studies showed
      that miR-30c mimic caused sustained reductions in plasma cholesterol with no
      obvious side effects. Furthermore, miR-30c mimic significantly reduced
      hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Apoe(-/-) mice. Mechanistic studies
      showed that miR-30c mimic had no effect on LDL clearance but reduced lipoprotein
      production by down-regulating microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
      expression. MiR-30c had no effect on fatty acid oxidation but reduced lipid
      synthesis. Additionally, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that miR-30c mimic
      significantly down-regulated hepatic lipid synthesis pathways. Therefore, miR-30c
      lowers plasma cholesterol and mitigates atherosclerosis by reducing microsomal
      triglyceride transfer protein expression and lipoprotein production and avoids
      steatosis by diminishing lipid syntheses. It mitigates atherosclerosis most
      likely by reducing lipoprotein production and plasma cholesterol. These findings
      establish that increasing hepatic miR-30c levels is a viable treatment option for
      reducing hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27365391
TI  - A Conserved Ectodomain-Transmembrane Domain Linker Motif Tunes the Allosteric
      Regulation of Cell Surface Receptors.
AB  - In many families of cell surface receptors, a single transmembrane (TM) alpha
      helix separates ecto- and cytosolic domains. A defined coupling of ecto- and TM
      domains must be essential to allosteric receptor regulation but remains little
      understood. Here, we characterize the linker structure, dynamics, and resulting
      ecto-TM domain coupling of integrin alphaIIb in model constructs and relate it to
      other integrin alpha subunits by mutagenesis. Cellular integrin activation assays
      subsequently validate the findings in intact receptors. Our results indicate a
      flexible yet carefully tuned ecto-TM coupling that modulates the signaling
      threshold of integrin receptors. Interestingly, a proline at the N-terminal TM
      helix border, termed NBP, is critical to linker flexibility in integrins. NBP is
      further predicted in 21% of human single-pass TM proteins and validated in
      cytokine receptors by the TM domain structure of the cytokine receptor common
      subunit beta and its P441A-substituted variant. Thus, NBP is a conserved
      uncoupling motif of the ecto-TM domain transition and the degree of ecto-TM
      domain coupling represents an important parameter in the allosteric regulation of
      diverse cell surface receptors.

PMID- 27365392
TI  - Escherichia coli Topoisomerase IV E Subunit and an Inhibitor Binding Mode
      Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy.
AB  - Bacterial topoisomerases are attractive antibacterial drug targets because of
      their importance in bacterial growth and low homology with other human
      topoisomerases. Structure-based drug design has been a proven approach of
      efficiently developing new antibiotics against these targets. Past studies have
      focused on developing lead compounds against the ATP binding pockets of both DNA
      gyrase and topoisomerase IV. A detailed understanding of the interactions between
      ligand and target in a solution state will provide valuable information for
      further developing drugs against topoisomerase IV targets. Here we describe a
      detailed characterization of a known potent inhibitor containing a 9H
      pyrimido[4,5-b]indole scaffold against the N-terminal domain of the topoisomerase
      IV E subunit from Escherichia coli (eParE). Using a series of biophysical and
      biochemical experiments, it has been demonstrated that this inhibitor forms a
      tight complex with eParE. NMR studies revealed the exact protein residues
      responsible for inhibitor binding. Through comparative studies of two inhibitors
      of markedly varied potencies, it is hypothesized that gaining molecular
      interactions with residues in the alpha4 and residues close to the loop of beta1
      alpha2 and residues in the loop of beta3-beta4 might improve the inhibitor
      potency.

PMID- 27365393
TI  - Phosphorylation of Leukotriene C4 Synthase at Serine 36 Impairs Catalytic
      Activity.
AB  - Leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S) catalyzes the formation of the proinflammatory
      lipid mediator leukotriene C4 (LTC4). LTC4 is the parent molecule of the
      cysteinyl leukotrienes, which are recognized for their pathogenic role in asthma
      and allergic diseases. Cellular LTC4S activity is suppressed by PKC-mediated
      phosphorylation, and recently a downstream p70S6k was shown to play an important
      role in this process. Here, we identified Ser(36) as the major p70S6k
      phosphorylation site, along with a low frequency site at Thr(40), using an in
      vitro phosphorylation assay combined with mass spectrometry. The functional
      consequences of p70S6k phosphorylation were tested with the phosphomimetic mutant
      S36E, which displayed only about 20% (20 MUmol/min/mg) of the activity of WT
      enzyme (95 MUmol/min/mg), whereas the enzyme activity of T40E was not
      significantly affected. The enzyme activity of S36E increased linearly with
      increasing LTA4 concentrations during the steady-state kinetics analysis,
      indicating poor lipid substrate binding. The Ser(36) is located in a loop region
      close to the entrance of the proposed substrate binding pocket. Comparative
      molecular dynamics indicated that Ser(36) upon phosphorylation will pull the
      first luminal loop of LTC4S toward the neighboring subunit of the functional
      homotrimer, thereby forming hydrogen bonds with Arg(104) in the adjacent subunit.
      Because Arg(104) is a key catalytic residue responsible for stabilization of the
      glutathione thiolate anion, this phosphorylation-induced interaction leads to a
      reduction of the catalytic activity. In addition, the positional shift of the
      loop and its interaction with the neighboring subunit affect active site access.
      Thus, our mutational and kinetic data, together with molecular simulations,
      suggest that phosphorylation of Ser(36) inhibits the catalytic function of LTC4S
      by interference with the catalytic machinery.

PMID- 27365394
TI  - The Central Polybasic Region of the Soluble SNARE (Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide
      sensitive Factor Attachment Protein Receptor) Vam7 Affects Binding to
      Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate by the PX (Phox Homology) Domain.
AB  - The yeast vacuole requires four SNAREs to trigger membrane fusion including the
      soluble Qc-SNARE Vam7. The N-terminal PX domain of Vam7 binds to the lipid
      phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P) and the tethering complex HOPS (homotypic
      fusion and vacuole protein sorting complex), whereas the C-terminal SNARE motif
      forms SNARE complexes. Vam7 also contains an uncharacterized middle domain that
      is predicted to be a coiled-coil domain with multiple helices. One helix contains
      a polybasic region (PBR) composed of Arg-164, Arg-168, Lys-172, Lys-175, Arg-179,
      and Lys-186. Polybasic regions are often associated with nonspecific binding to
      acidic phospholipids including phosphoinositides. Although the PX (phox homology)
      domain alone binds PI3P, we theorized that the Vam7 PBR could bind to additional
      acidic phospholipids enriched at fusion sites. Mutating each of the basic
      residues in the PBR to an alanine (Vam7-6A) led to attenuated vacuole fusion. The
      defective fusion of Vam7-6A was due in part to inefficient association with its
      cognate SNAREs and HOPS, yet the overall vacuole association of Vam7-6A was
      similar to wild type. Experiments testing the binding of Vam7 to specific
      signaling lipids showed that mutating the PBR to alanines augmented binding to
      PI3P. The increased binding to PI3P by Vam7-6A likely contributed to the observed
      wild type levels of vacuole association, whereas protein-protein interactions
      were diminished. PI3P binding was inhibited when the PX domain mutant Y42A was
      introduced into Vam7-6A to make Vam7-7A. Thus the Vam7 PBR affects PI3P binding
      by the PX domain and in turn affects binding to SNAREs and HOPS to support
      efficient fusion.

PMID- 27365395
TI  - Heme-dependent Metabolite Switching Regulates H2S Synthesis in Response to
      Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress.
AB  - Substrate ambiguity and relaxed reaction specificity underlie the diversity of
      reactions catalyzed by the transsulfuration pathway enzymes, cystathionine beta
      synthase (CBS) and gamma-cystathionase (CSE). These enzymes either commit sulfur
      metabolism to cysteine synthesis from homocysteine or utilize cysteine and/or
      homocysteine for synthesis of H2S, a signaling molecule. We demonstrate that a
      kinetically controlled heme-dependent metabolite switch in CBS regulates these
      competing reactions where by cystathionine, the product of CBS, inhibits H2S
      synthesis by the second enzyme, CSE. Under endoplasmic reticulum stress
      conditions, induction of CSE and up-regulation of the CBS inhibitor, CO, a
      product of heme oxygenase-1, flip the operating preference of CSE from
      cystathionine to cysteine, transiently stimulating H2S production. In contrast,
      genetic deficiency of CBS leads to chronic stimulation of H2S production. This
      metabolite switch from cystathionine to cysteine and/or homocysteine renders H2S
      synthesis by CSE responsive to the known modulators of CBS: S-adenosylmethionine,
      NO, and CO. Used acutely, it regulates H2S synthesis; used chronically, it might
      contribute to disease pathology.

PMID- 27365396
TI  - Structural Mechanism for Light-driven Transport by a New Type of Chloride Ion
      Pump, Nonlabens marinus Rhodopsin-3.
AB  - The light-driven inward chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin Nonlabens marinus
      rhodopsin-3 (NM-R3), from a marine flavobacterium, belongs to a phylogenetic
      lineage distinct from the halorhodopsins known as archaeal inward chloride ion
      pumping rhodopsins. NM-R3 and halorhodopsin have distinct motif sequences that
      are important for chloride ion binding and transport. In this study, we present
      the crystal structure of a new type of light-driven chloride ion pump, NM-R3, at
      1.58 A resolution. The structure revealed the chloride ion translocation pathway
      and showed that a single chloride ion resides near the Schiff base. The overall
      structure, chloride ion-binding site, and translocation pathway of NM-R3 are
      different from those of halorhodopsin. Unexpectedly, this NM-R3 structure is
      similar to the crystal structure of the light-driven outward sodium ion pump,
      Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2. Structural and mutational analyses of NM-R3
      revealed that most of the important amino acid residues for chloride ion pumping
      exist in the ion influx region, located on the extracellular side of NM-R3. In
      contrast, on the opposite side, the cytoplasmic regions of K. eikastus rhodopsin
      2 were reportedly important for sodium ion pumping. These results provide new
      insight into ion selection mechanisms in ion pumping rhodopsins, in which the ion
      influx regions of both the inward and outward pumps are important for their ion
      selectivities.

PMID- 27365397
TI  - The Molecular Chaperone Hsc70 Interacts with Tyrosine Hydroxylase to Regulate
      Enzyme Activity and Synaptic Vesicle Localization.
AB  - We previously reported that the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is
      physically and functionally coupled with Hsc70 as well as with the dopamine
      synthesis enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid
      decarboxylase, providing a novel mechanism for dopamine homeostasis regulation.
      Here we expand those findings to demonstrate that Hsc70 physically and
      functionally interacts with TH to regulate the enzyme activity and synaptic
      vesicle targeting. Co-immunoprecipitation assays performed in brain tissue and
      heterologous cells demonstrated that Hsc70 interacts with TH and aromatic amino
      acid decarboxylase. Furthermore, in vitro binding assays showed that TH directly
      binds the substrate binding and carboxyl-terminal domains of Hsc70.
      Immunocytochemical studies indicated that Hsc70 and TH co-localize in midbrain
      dopaminergic neurons. The functional significance of the Hsc70-TH interaction was
      then investigated using TH activity assays. In both dopaminergic MN9D cells and
      mouse brain synaptic vesicles, purified Hsc70 facilitated an increase in TH
      activity. Neither the closely related protein Hsp70 nor the unrelated Hsp60
      altered TH activity, confirming the specificity of the Hsc70 effect.
      Overexpression of Hsc70 in dopaminergic MN9D cells consistently resulted in
      increased TH activity whereas knockdown of Hsc70 by short hairpin RNA resulted in
      decreased TH activity and dopamine levels. Finally, in cells with reduced levels
      of Hsc70, the amount of TH associated with synaptic vesicles was decreased. This
      effect was rescued by addition of purified Hsc70. Together, these data
      demonstrate a novel interaction between Hsc70 and TH that regulates the activity
      and localization of the enzyme to synaptic vesicles, suggesting an important role
      for Hsc70 in dopamine homeostasis.

PMID- 27365388
TI  - Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016
      Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
AB  - It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual
      variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment
      with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. IDSA
      considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate
      determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the
      light of each patient's individual circumstances.

PMID- 27365398
TI  - FBXO3 Protein Promotes Ubiquitylation and Transcriptional Activity of AIRE
      (Autoimmune Regulator).
AB  - The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a transcription factor which is expressed in
      medullary thymic epithelial cells. It directs the expression of otherwise tissue
      specific antigens, which leads to the elimination of autoreactive T cells during
      development. AIRE is modified post-translationally by phosphorylation and
      ubiquitylation. In this report we connected these modifications. AIRE, which is
      phosphorylated on two specific residues near its N terminus, then binds to the F
      box protein 3 (FBXO3) E3 ubiquitin ligase. In turn, this SCF(FBXO3) (SKP1-CUL1-F
      box) complex ubiquitylates AIRE, increases its binding to the positive
      transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), and potentiates its transcriptional
      activity. Because P-TEFb is required for the transition from initiation to
      elongation of transcription, this interaction ensures proper expression of AIRE
      responsive tissue-specific antigens in the thymus.

PMID- 27365399
TI  - 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) Primary Response Gene E75 Isoforms Mediate
      Steroidogenesis Autoregulation and Regulate Developmental Timing in Bombyx.
AB  - The temporal control mechanisms that precisely control animal development remain
      largely elusive. The timing of major developmental transitions in insects,
      including molting and metamorphosis, is coordinated by the steroid hormone 20
      hydroxyecdysone (20E). 20E involves feedback loops to maintain pulses of
      ecdysteroid biosynthesis leading to its upsurge, whereas the underpinning
      molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Using the silkworm Bombyx mori as a
      model, we demonstrated that E75, the 20E primary response gene, mediates a
      regulatory loop between ecdysteroid biosynthesis and 20E signaling. E75 isoforms
      A and C directly bind to retinoic acid receptor-related response elements in
      Halloween gene promoter regions to induce gene expression thus promoting
      ecdysteroid biosynthesis and developmental transition, whereas isoform B
      antagonizes the transcriptional activity of isoform A/C through physical
      interaction. As the expression of E75 isoforms is differentially induced by 20E,
      the E75-mediated regulatory loop represents a fine autoregulation of
      steroidogenesis, which contributes to the precise control of developmental
      timing.

PMID- 27365400
TI  - Discovery Proteomics Identifies a Molecular Link between the Coatomer Protein
      Complex I and Androgen Receptor-dependent Transcription.
AB  - Aberrant androgen receptor (AR)-dependent transcription is a hallmark of human
      prostate cancers. At the molecular level, ligand-mediated AR activation is
      coordinated through spatial and temporal protein-protein interactions involving
      AR-interacting proteins, which we designate the "AR-interactome." Despite many
      years of research, the ligand-sensitive protein complexes involved in ligand
      mediated AR activation in prostate tumor cells have not been clearly defined.
      Here, we describe the development, characterization, and utilization of a novel
      human LNCaP prostate tumor cell line, N-AR, which stably expresses wild-type AR
      tagged at its N terminus with the streptavidin-binding peptide epitope
      (streptavidin-binding peptide-tagged wild-type androgen receptor; SBP-AR). A
      bioanalytical workflow involving streptavidin chromatography and label-free
      quantitative mass spectrometry was used to identify SBP-AR and associated ligand
      sensitive cytosolic proteins/protein complexes linked to AR activation in
      prostate tumor cells. Functional studies verified that ligand-sensitive proteins
      identified in the proteomic screen encoded modulators of AR-mediated
      transcription, suggesting that these novel proteins were putative SBP-AR
      interacting proteins in N-AR cells. This was supported by biochemical
      associations between recombinant SBP-AR and the ligand-sensitive coatomer protein
      complex I (COPI) retrograde trafficking complex in vitro Extensive biochemical
      and molecular experiments showed that the COPI retrograde complex regulates
      ligand-mediated AR transcriptional activation, which correlated with the
      mobilization of the Golgi-localized ARA160 coactivator to the nuclear compartment
      of prostate tumor cells. Collectively, this study provides a bioanalytical
      strategy to validate the AR-interactome and define novel AR-interacting proteins
      involved in ligand-mediated AR activation in prostate tumor cells. Moreover, we
      describe a cellular system to study how compartment-specific AR-interacting
      proteins influence AR activation and contribute to aberrant AR-dependent
      transcription that underlies the majority of human prostate cancers.

PMID- 27365401
TI  - Hook Adaptors Induce Unidirectional Processive Motility by Enhancing the Dynein
      Dynactin Interaction.
AB  - Cytoplasmic dynein drives the majority of minus end-directed vesicular and
      organelle motility in the cell. However, it remains unclear how dynein is
      spatially and temporally regulated given the variety of cargo that must be
      properly localized to maintain cellular function. Recent work has suggested that
      adaptor proteins provide a mechanism for cargo-specific regulation of motors. Of
      particular interest, studies in fungal systems have implicated Hook proteins in
      the regulation of microtubule motors. Here we investigate the role of mammalian
      Hook proteins, Hook1 and Hook3, as potential motor adaptors. We used optogenetic
      approaches to specifically recruit Hook proteins to organelles and observed rapid
      transport of peroxisomes to the perinuclear region of the cell. This rapid and
      efficient translocation of peroxisomes to microtubule minus ends indicates that
      mammalian Hook proteins activate dynein rather than kinesin motors. Biochemical
      studies indicate that Hook proteins interact with both dynein and dynactin,
      stabilizing the formation of a supramolecular complex. Complex formation requires
      the N-terminal domain of Hook proteins, which resembles the calponin-homology
      domain of end-binding (EB) proteins but cannot bind directly to microtubules.
      Single-molecule motility assays using total internal reflection fluorescence
      microscopy indicate that both Hook1 and Hook3 effectively activate cytoplasmic
      dynein, inducing longer run lengths and higher velocities than the previously
      characterized dynein activator bicaudal D2 (BICD2). Together, these results
      suggest that dynein adaptors can differentially regulate dynein to allow for
      organelle-specific tuning of the motor for precise intracellular trafficking.

PMID- 27365402
TI  - Loss of Macrophage Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 Confers
      Resistance to the Antiatherogenic Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
      Inhibition.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Antiatherosclerotic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
      blockade in patients with systemic inflammatory states are not conclusively
      demonstrated, which suggests that effects depend on the cause of inflammation.
      Macrophage LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and apoE
      contribute to inflammation through different pathways. We studied the
      antiatherosclerosis effects of TNF-alpha blockade in hyperlipidemic mice lacking
      either LRP1 (MPhiLRP1(-/-)) or apoE from macrophages. APPROACH AND RESULTS:
      Lethally irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)(-/-) mice were
      reconstituted with bone marrow from either wild-type, MPhiLRP1(-/-), apoE(-/-) or
      apoE(-/-)/MPhiLRP1(-/-)(DKO) mice, and then treated with the TNF-alpha inhibitor
      adalimumab while fed a Western-type diet. Adalimumab reduced plasma TNF-alpha
      concentration, suppressed blood ly6C(hi) monocyte levels and their migration into
      the lesion, and reduced lesion cellularity and inflammation in both wild-type
      >LDLR(-/-) and apoE(-/-)->LDLR(-/-) mice. Overall, adalimumab reduced lesion
      burden by 52% to 57% in these mice. Adalimumab reduced TNF-alpha and blood
      ly6C(hi) monocyte levels in MPhiLRP1(-/-)->LDLR(-/-) and DKO->LDLR(-/-) mice, but
      it did not suppress ly6C(hi) monocyte migration into the lesion or
      atherosclerosis progression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that TNF-alpha
      blockade exerts antiatherosclerotic effects that are dependent on the presence of
      macrophage LRP1.

PMID- 27365403
TI  - Serum Angiopoietin-Like Protein 2 Is a Novel Risk Factor for Cardiovascular
      Disease in the Community: The Hisayama Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2), a proinflammatory mediator, has
      been reported to accelerate the development of insulin resistance, endothelial
      dysfunction, and atherosclerosis in mice. However, no cohort studies have
      examined the relationship between serum ANGPTL2 levels and the development of
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a general population. APPROACH AND RESULTS: A
      total of 3005 community-dwelling Japanese aged >=40 years without a history of
      CVD were divided into 4 groups according to the quartiles of serum ANGPTL2
      concentrations (Q1, lowest and Q4, highest) and followed up for 10 years. The
      hazards ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for the development of CVD
      (coronary heart disease or stroke) were estimated using a Cox proportional
      hazards model. During the follow-up, 219 first-ever CVD events were observed. The
      risk of CVD increased significantly with elevating ANGPTL2 levels after
      adjustment for age, sex, serum total cholesterol, use of lipid-lowering agents,
      ECG abnormalities, smoking habits, alcohol intake, and regular exercise (hazards
      ratios [95% confidence interval], Q1, 1.00 [reference]; Q2, 1.27 [0.80-2.04]; Q3,
      1.48 [0.95-2.32]; and Q4, 1.85 [1.20-2.85]; P=0.003 for trend). After additional
      adjustment for metabolic syndrome components and serum high-sensitivity C
      reactive protein levels as an inflammatory marker, the association was attenuated
      but remained significant (hazards ratios [95% confidence interval], Q1, 1.00
      [reference]; Q2, 1.21 [0.76-1.94]; Q3, 1.38 [0.87-2.17]; and Q4, 1.66 [1.05
      2.60]; P=0.02 for trend). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that elevated serum
      ANGPTL2 levels are a novel risk factor for the development of CVD in the general
      population. This association is partially mediated by metabolic disorders and
      inflammation.

PMID- 27365404
TI  - Role of Axl in T-Lymphocyte Survival in Salt-Dependent Hypertension.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Survival of immune and nonimmune cells relies on Axl, a receptor
      tyrosine kinase, which is implicated in hypertension. Activated T lymphocytes are
      involved in regulation of high blood pressure. The goal of the study was to
      investigate the role of Axl in T-lymphocyte functions and its contribution to
      salt-dependent hypertension. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We report increased apoptosis
      in peripheral blood from Axl(-/-) mice because of lower numbers of white blood
      cells mostly lymphocytes. In vitro studies showed modest reduction in interferon
      gamma production in Axl(-/-) type 1 T helper cells. Axl did not affect basic
      proliferation capacity or production of interleukin 4 in Axl(-/-) type 2 T helper
      cells. However, competitive repopulation of Axl(-/-) bone marrow or adoptive
      transfer of Axl(-/-) CD4(+) T cells to Rag1(-/-) mice showed robust effect of Axl
      on T lymphocyte expansion in vivo. Adoptive transfer of Axl(-/-) CD4(+) T cells
      was protective in a later phase of deoxycorticosterone-acetate and salt
      hypertension. Reduced numbers of CD4(+) T cells in circulation and in
      perivascular adventitia decreased vascular remodeling and increased vascular
      apoptosis in the late phase of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest
      that Axl is critical for survival of T lymphocytes, especially during vascular
      remodeling in hypertension.

PMID- 27365405
TI  - Smooth Muscle Cell-Derived Interleukin-17C Plays an Atherogenic Role via the
      Recruitment of Proinflammatory Interleukin-17A+ T Cells to the Aorta.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Atherosclerosis is characterized by frequent communication between
      infiltrating leukocytes and vascular cells, through chemokine and cytokine
      networks. Interleukin-17C (IL-17C) is detectable within atherosclerotic lesions;
      however, the potential involvement of this cytokine has not been examined. Thus,
      we sought to investigate the role of IL-17C in atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND
      RESULTS: The expression of IL-17 cytokines was profiled within aortas of
      apolipoprotein E double knockout (Apoe(-/-)) mice, and Il17c expression was
      elevated. Flow cytometry experiments revealed a major population of aortic IL-17C
      producing smooth muscle cells. Next, we generated Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice and
      demonstrated that atherosclerotic lesion and collagen content was diminished
      within Western diet-fed Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) aortas and aortic roots in comparison
      to Apoe(-/-) controls. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts were mainly
      responsible for the reduced Col1A1 expression in the aorta of Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-)
      mice. Importantly, IL-17C-treated Apoe(-/-) aortas showed upregulated Col1A1
      expression ex vivo. Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice displayed a proportional reduction
      in aortic macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, T helper 1 cells, and T regulatory
      cells, without corresponding changes in the peripheral immune composition.
      Examination of aortic IL-17A(+) T-cell receptor gammadelta T cells and Th17 cells
      demonstrated a stark reduction in the percentage and number of these subsets
      within Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) versus Apoe(-/-) mice. Explanted 12-week Western diet
      fed Apoe(-/-) aortas treated with IL-17C resulted in the induction of multiple
      vascular chemokines and cytokines. Th17 cells demonstrated attenuated migration
      toward supernatants from cultures of Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) smooth muscle cells, and
      short-term homing experiments revealed diminished recruitment of Th17 cells to
      the aorta of Il17c(-/-)Apoe(-/-) recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Smooth muscle cell
      derived IL-17C plays a proatherogenic role by supporting the recruitment of Th17
      cells to atherosclerotic lesions.

PMID- 27365407
TI  - Association of Skin Autofluorescence Levels With Kidney Function Decline in
      Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Skin autofluorescence (SAF), a measure of advanced glycation end
      product accumulation, is associated with kidney function. We investigated the
      association of SAF with rate of kidney function decline in a cohort of patients
      with peripheral artery disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed a post hoc
      analysis of an observational longitudinal cohort study. We included 471 patients
      with peripheral artery disease, and SAF was measured at baseline. Primary end
      point was rate of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline. Secondary
      end points were incidence of eGFR <60 and <45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and rapid eGFR
      decline, defined as a decrease in eGFR of >5 mL/min/1.73 m(2)/y. During a median
      follow-up of 3 years, the mean change in eGFR per year was -1.8+/-4.4 mL/min/1.73
      m(2)/y. No significant difference in rate of eGFR decline was observed per 1
      arbitrary unit increase in SAF (-0.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2)/y; 95% confidence interval,
      -0.7 to 0.5; P=0.8). Analyses of the secondary end points showed that there was
      an association of SAF with incidence of eGFR <60 and <45 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (hazard
      ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-2.10; P=0.006 and hazard ratio, 1.76;
      95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.59; P=0.004, respectively), but after adjustment
      for age and sex, significance was lost. There was no association of SAF with
      rapid eGFR decline. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, in this cohort of patients with
      peripheral artery disease, elevated SAF was associated with lower baseline eGFR.
      Although SAF has previously been established as a predictor for cardiovascular
      disease and mortality, it did not predict the rate of kidney function decline
      during follow-up in this study.

PMID- 27365408
TI  - Whang J, Frei E III, Tjio JH, Carbone PP, Brecher G. The distribution of the
      Philadelphia chromosome in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood.
      1963;22(6):664-673.

PMID- 27365406
TI  - Cathepsin S Activity Controls Injury-Related Vascular Repair in Mice via the TLR2
      Mediated p38MAPK and PI3K-Akt/p-HDAC6 Signaling Pathway.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cathepsin S (CatS) participates in atherogenesis through several
      putative mechanisms. The ability of cathepsins to modify histone tail is likely
      to contribute to stem cell development. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is required
      in modulating the proliferation and migration of various types of cancer cells.
      Here, we investigated the cross talk between CatS and HADC6 in injury-related
      vascular repair in mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Ligation injury to the carotid
      artery in mice increased the CatS expression, and CatS-deficient mice showed
      reduced neointimal formation in injured arteries. CatS deficiency decreased the
      phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6
      and toll-like receptor 2 expression in ligated arteries. The genetic or
      pharmacological inhibition of CatS also alleviated the increased phosphorylation
      of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and HDAC6 induced by platelet
      derived growth factor BB in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and
      p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition and Akt inhibition decreased the
      phospho-HDAC6 levels. Moreover, CatS inhibition caused decrease in the levels of
      the HDAC6 activity in VSMCs in response to platelet-derived growth factor BB. The
      HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A downregulated platelet-derived growth factor-induced
      VSMC proliferation and migration, whereas HDAC6 overexpression exerted the
      opposite effect. Tubastatin A also decreased the intimal VSMC proliferation and
      neointimal hyperplasia in response to injury. Toll-like receptor 2 silencing
      decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,
      Akt, and HDAC6 and VSMC migration and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: This is the
      first report detailing cross-interaction between toll-like receptor 2-mediated
      CatS and HDAC6 during injury-related vascular repair. These data suggest that
      CatS/HDAC6 could be a potential therapeutic target for the control of vascular
      diseases that are involved in neointimal lesion formation.

PMID- 27365409
TI  - EZH2: a molecular switch of the MPN phenotype.

PMID- 27365410
TI  - One giant leap for pediatric AMKL.

PMID- 27365411
TI  - Tracers for tracing neutrophils.

PMID- 27365412
TI  - The power of cord blood cells.

PMID- 27365413
TI  - Metabolic Cost of Protein Synthesis in Larvae of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea
      gigas) Is Fixed Across Genotype, Phenotype, and Environmental Temperature.
AB  - The energy made available through catabolism of specific biochemical reserves is
      constant using standard thermodynamic conversion equivalents (e.g., 24.0 J mg
      protein(-1)). In contrast, measurements reported for the energy cost of synthesis
      of specific biochemical constituents are highly variable. In this study, we
      measured the metabolic cost of protein synthesis and determined whether this cost
      was influenced by genotype, phenotype, or environment. We focused on larval
      stages of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, a species that offers several
      experimental advantages: availability of genetically pedigreed lines,
      manipulation of ploidy, and tractability of larval forms for in vivo studies of
      physiological processes. The cost of protein synthesis was measured in larvae of
      C. gigas for 1) multiple genotypes, 2) phenotypes with different growth rates,
      and 3) different environmental temperatures. For all treatments, the cost of
      protein synthesis was within a narrow range--near the theoretical minimum--with a
      fixed cost (mean +/- one standard error, n = 21) of 2.1 +/- 0.2 J (mg protein
      synthesized)(-1) We conclude that there is no genetic variation in the metabolic
      cost of protein synthesis, thereby simplifying bioenergetic models. Protein
      synthesis is a major component of larval metabolism in C. gigas, accounting for
      more than half the metabolic rate in diploid (59%) and triploid larvae (54%).
      These results provide measurements of metabolic cost of protein synthesis in
      larvae of C. gigas, an indicator species for impacts of ocean change, and provide
      a quantitative basis for evaluating the cost of resilience.

PMID- 27365414
TI  - Maternal Lipid Provisioning Mirrors Evolution of Reproductive Strategies in
      Direct-Developing Whelks.
AB  - The energetic input that offspring receive from their mothers is a well-studied
      maternal effect that can influence the evolution of life histories. Using the
      offspring of three sympatric whelks: Cominella virgata (one embryo per capsule);
      Cominella maculosa (multiple embryos per capsule); and Haustrum scobina (multiple
      embryos per capsule and nurse-embryo consumption), we examined how contrasting
      reproductive strategies mediate inter- and intraspecific differences in hatchling
      provisioning. Total lipid content (as measured in MUg hatchling(-1) +/- SE) was
      unrelated to size among the 3 species; the hatchlings of H. scobina were the
      smallest but had the highest lipid content (33.8 +/- 8.1 MUg hatchling(-1)). In
      offspring of C. maculosa, lipid content was 6.6 +/- 0.4 MUg hatchling(-1), and in
      offspring of C. virgata, it was 21.7 +/- 3.2 MUg hatchling(-1) The multi
      encapsulated hatchlings of C. maculosa and H. scobina were the only species that
      contained the energetic lipids, wax ester (WE) and methyl ester (ME). However,
      the overall composition of energetic lipid between hatchlings of the two
      Cominella species reflected strong affinities of taxonomy, suggesting a
      phylogenetic evolution of the non-adelphophagic development strategy. Inter- and
      intracapsular variability in sibling provisioning was highest in H. scobina, a
      finding that implies less control of allocation to individual hatchlings in this
      adelphophagic developer. We suggest that interspecific variability of lipids
      offers a useful approach to understanding the evolution of maternal provisioning
      in direct-developing species.

PMID- 27365415
TI  - Sex Determination in Bluegill Sunfish Lepomis macrochirus: Effect of Temperature
      on Sex Ratio of Four Geographic Strains.
AB  - There is increasing evidence that temperature effects on sex ratio in fish
      species are ubiquitous. Temperature effects on sex ratio could be influenced by
      parent, strain, and population, whether in fish species with temperature
      dependent sex determination or genetic sex determination plus temperature
      effects. In the present study, effects of genotype-temperature interactions on
      sex determination in bluegill sunfish were further investigated, based on our
      previous results, using four geographic strains: Hebron, Jones, Hocking, and
      Missouri. In the Hebron strain, the two higher-temperature treatment groups (24 
      degrees C and 32  degrees C) produced more males than the low-temperature
      treatment group (17  degrees C) from 6 days post-hatching (dph) to 90 dph. In
      contrast, the low-temperature treatment produced more males than the other two
      higher-temperature treatments in the Jones strain. No significant effects of
      temperature on sex ratio were detected in the other two strains. Our results from
      sex ratio variance in different treatment times suggest that the thermosensitive
      period of sex differentiation occurs prior to 40 dph. Our results further
      confirmed that genotype-temperature interactions influence sex determination in
      bluegill. Therefore, to significantly increase the proportion of males, which
      grow faster and larger than females, a consumer- and environment-friendly
      approach may be achieved through selection of temperature sensitivity in
      bluegill.

PMID- 27365416
TI  - Complexity of Yolk Proteins and Their Dynamics in the Sea Star Patiria miniata.
AB  - Oviparous animals store yolk proteins within the developing oocyte. These
      proteins are used in gametogenesis and as a nutritional source for embryogenesis.
      Vitellogenin and the major yolk protein are two of the most important yolk
      proteins among diverse species of invertebrates and vertebrates. Among the
      echinoderms, members of the subphyla Echinozoa (sea urchins and sea cucumbers)
      express the major yolk protein (MYP) but not vitellogenin (Vtg), while an initial
      report has documented that two Asterozoa (sea stars) express a vitellogenin. Our
      results show that sea stars contain two vitellogenins, Vtg 1 and Vtg 2, and MYP.
      In Patiria miniata, these genes are differentially expressed in the somatic and
      germ cells of the ovary: Vtg 1 is enriched in the somatic cells of the ovary but
      not in the oocytes, and Vtg 2 accumulates in both oocytes and somatic cells; MYP
      is not robustly present in either. Remarkably, Vtg 2 and MYP mRNA reappear in
      larvae; Vtg 2 is detected within cells of the ectoderm, and MYP accumulates in
      the coelomic pouches, the intestine, and the posterior enterocoel (PE), the site
      of germ line formation in this animal. Additionally, the Vtg 2 protein is present
      in oocytes, follicle cells, and developing embryos, but becomes undetectable
      following gastrulation. These results help elucidate the mechanisms involved in
      yolk dynamics, and provide molecular information that allows for greater
      understanding of the evolution of these important gene products.

PMID- 27365417
TI  - Aquaporin in Chondrosia reniformis Nardo, 1847 and Its Possible Role in the
      Interaction Between Cells and Engulfed Siliceous Particles.
AB  - The sponge Chondrosia reniformis selectively engulfs siliceous particles that,
      when in crystalline form, become quickly dissolved in its ectosome. The molecular
      mechanism, identity, and physiological significance of the cells involved in this
      process are not completely understood. In the present study, we applied light and
      electronic microscopic techniques to show how the quartz particles in C.
      reniformis are enveloped through collagen fibers and host cells near the surface
      of these organisms. As various aquaporins from bacteria, animals, and plants
      bidirectionally conduct metalloids-including silicon ions--through the cell
      membrane, the presence and potential involvement of aquaporins in quartz
      dissolution in C. reniformis have been investigated. An aquaporin-like transcript
      (CrAQP) was isolated according to the transcriptome sequencing results in C.
      reniformis The full-length CrAQP cDNA is 907 nucleotides long, with a 795-base
      pair (bp), open reading frame encoding a protein of 265 amino acids, a 29-bp, 5'
      non-coding region, and a 83-bp, 3'-untranslated region. The Bayesian phylogenetic
      inference suggests that CrAqp is closely related to the Aqp8L grade, which is
      also implicated in H2O2 transport. Quantification of CrAQP mRNA through qPCR
      indicated that the transcript level was higher in the ectosome than in the
      choanosome. Immunofluorescence of a mammalian AQP8 in C. reniformis showed
      positivity in some cells near the quartz particles, a finding that may support
      the initial hypothesis of the potential involvement of CrAQP in quartz erosion.
      However, the features of the primary structure of this protein offer a new
      viewpoint about the functional role of these molecules in this process: that
      CrAQP may be involved in the permeation of H2O2 released during silica erosion.

PMID- 27365418
TI  - Localization of Phosphoproteins within the Barnacle Adhesive Interface.
AB  - Barnacles permanently adhere to nearly any inert substrate using proteinaceous
      glue. The glue consists of at least ten major proteins, some of which have been
      isolated and sequenced. Questions still remain about the chemical mechanisms
      involved in adhesion and the potential of the glue to serve as a platform for
      mineralization of the calcified base plate. We tested the hypothesis that
      barnacle glue contains phosphoproteins, which have the potential to play a role
      in both adhesion and mineralization. Using a combination of phosphoprotein
      specific gel staining and Western blotting with anti-phosphoserine antibody, we
      identified multiple phosphorylated proteins in uncured glue secretions from the
      barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite The protein composition of the glue and the
      quantity and abundance of phosphoproteins varied distinctly among individual
      barnacles, possibly due to cyclical changes in the glue secretion over time. We
      assessed the location of the phosphoproteins within the barnacle glue layer using
      decalcified barnacle base plates and residual glue deposited by reattached
      barnacles. Phosphoproteins were found throughout the organic matrix of the base
      plate and within the residual glue. Staining within the residual glue appeared
      most intensely in regions where capillary glue ducts, which are involved in
      cyclical release of glue, had been laid down. Lastly, mineralization studies of
      glue proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that proteins identified as phosphorylated
      possibly induce mineralization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). These results
      contribute to our understanding of the protein composition of barnacle glue, and
      provide new insights into the potential roles of phosphoproteins in underwater
      bioadhesives.

PMID- 27365419
TI  - Material Properties of Hagfish Skin, with Insights into Knotting Behaviors.
AB  - Hagfishes (Myxinidae) often integrate whole-body knotting movements with jawless
      biting motions when reducing large marine carcasses to ingestible items.
      Adaptations for these behaviors include complex arrangements of axial muscles and
      flexible, elongate bodies without vertebrae. Between the axial muscles and the
      hagfish skin is a large, blood-filled subcutaneous sinus devoid of the intricate,
      myoseptal tendon networks characteristic of the taut skins of other fishes. We
      propose that the loose-fitting skin of the hagfish facilitates the formation and
      manipulation of body knots, even if it is of little functional significance to
      steady swimming. Hagfish skin is a relatively thick, anisotropic, multilayered
      composite material comprising a superficial, thin, and slimy epidermis, a middle
      dermal layer densely packed with fibrous tissues, and a deep subdermal layer
      comprised of adipose tissue. Hagfish skin is stiffer when pulled longitudinally
      than circumferentially. Stress-strain data from uniaxial tensile tests show that
      hagfish skins are comparable in tensile strength and stiffness to the taut skins
      of elongate fishes that do not engage in knotting behaviors (e.g., sea lamprey
      and penpoint gunnel). Sheath-core-constructed ropes, which serve as more accurate
      models for hagfish bodies, demonstrate that loose skin (extra sheathing) enhances
      flexibility of the body (rope). Along with a loose-fitting skin, the morphologies
      of hagfish skin parallel those of moray eels, which are also known for generating
      and manipulating figure-eight-style body knots when struggling with prey.

PMID- 27365420
TI  - Long-term Cultivation of the Deep-Sea Clam Calyptogena okutanii: Changes in the
      Abundance of Chemoautotrophic Symbiont, Elemental Sulfur, and Mucus.
AB  - Survival of deep-sea Calyptogena clams depends on organic carbon produced by
      symbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing, autotrophic bacteria present in the epithelial cells
      of the gill. To understand the mechanism underlying this symbiosis, the
      development of a long-term cultivation system is essential. We cultivated
      specimens of Calyptogena okutanii in an artificial chemosynthetic aquarium with a
      hydrogen sulfide (H2S) supply system provided by the sulfate reduction of dog
      food buried in the sediment. We studied morphological and histochemical changes
      in the clams' gills by immunohistochemical and energy-dispersive X-ray analyses.
      The freshly collected clams contained a high amount of elemental sulfur in the
      gill epithelial cells, as well as densely packed symbiotic bacteria. Neither
      elemental sulfur nor symbiotic bacteria was detected in any other organs except
      the ovaries, where symbiotic bacteria, but not sulfur, was detected. The longest
      survival of an individual clam in this aquarium was 151 days. In the 3 clams
      dissected on Days 57 and 91 of the experiment, no elemental sulfur was detected
      in the gills. The symbiotic bacteria content had significantly decreased by Day
      57, and was absent by Day 91. For comparison, we also studied the deep-sea mussel
      Bathymodiolus septemdierum, which harbors a phylogenetically close, sulfur
      oxidizing, symbiotic bacterium with similar sulfur oxidation pathways. Sulfur
      particles were not detected, even in the gills of the freshly collected mussels.
      We discuss the importance of the proportion of available H2S and oxygen to the
      bivalves for elemental sulfur accumulation. Storage of nontoxic elemental sulfur,
      an energy source, seems to be an adaptive strategy of C. okutanii.

PMID- 27365423
TI  - Identification of factors promoting ex vivo maintenance of mouse hematopoietic
      stem cells by long-term single-cell quantification.
AB  - The maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during ex vivo culture is an
      important prerequisite for their therapeutic manipulation. However, despite
      intense research, culture conditions for robust maintenance of HSCs are still
      missing. Cultured HSCs are quickly lost, preventing their improved analysis and
      manipulation. Identification of novel factors supporting HSC ex vivo maintenance
      is therefore necessary. Coculture with the AFT024 stroma cell line is capable of
      maintaining HSCs ex vivo long-term, but the responsible molecular players remain
      unknown. Here, we use continuous long-term single-cell observation to identify
      the HSC behavioral signature under supportive or nonsupportive stroma cocultures.
      We report early HSC survival as a major characteristic of HSC-maintaining
      conditions. Behavioral screening after manipulation of candidate molecules
      revealed that the extracellular matrix protein dermatopontin (Dpt) is involved in
      HSC maintenance. DPT knockdown in supportive stroma impaired HSC survival,
      whereas ectopic expression of the Dpt gene or protein in nonsupportive conditions
      restored HSC survival. Supplementing defined stroma- and serum-free culture
      conditions with recombinant DPT protein improved HSC clonogenicity. These
      findings illustrate a previously uncharacterized role of Dpt in maintaining HSCs
      ex vivo.

PMID- 27365422
TI  - Phosphoproteomic profiling of mouse primary HSPCs reveals new regulators of HSPC
      mobilization.
AB  - Protein phosphorylation is a central mechanism of signal transduction that both
      positively and negatively regulates protein function. Large-scale studies of the
      dynamic phosphorylation states of cell signaling systems have been applied
      extensively in cell lines and whole tissues to reveal critical regulatory
      networks, and candidate-based evaluations of phosphorylation in rare cell
      populations have also been informative. However, application of comprehensive
      profiling technologies to adult stem cell and progenitor populations has been
      challenging, due in large part to the scarcity of such cells in adult tissues.
      Here, we combine multicolor flow cytometry with highly efficient 3-dimensional
      high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to enable quantitative
      phosphoproteomic analysis from 200 000 highly purified primary mouse
      hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Using this platform, we identify
      ARHGAP25 as a novel regulator of HSPC mobilization and demonstrate that ARHGAP25
      phosphorylation at serine 363 is an important modulator of its function. Our
      approach provides a robust platform for large-scale phosphoproteomic analyses
      performed with limited numbers of rare progenitor cells. Data from our study
      comprises a new resource for understanding the molecular signaling networks that
      underlie hematopoietic stem cell mobilization.

PMID- 27365424
TI  - TNF-alpha priming enhances CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cell suppressive function in
      murine GVHD prevention and treatment.
AB  - CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to effectively
      prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) when adoptively transferred in murine
      models of hematopoietic cell transplantation and in phase 1/2 clinical trials.
      Critical limitations to Treg clinical application are the paucity of cells and
      limited knowledge of the mechanisms of in vivo function. We hypothesized that
      inflammatory conditions in GVHD modify Treg characteristics and activity. We
      found that peripheral blood of recipient animals during acute GVHD (aGVHD)
      induces Treg activation and enhances their function. The serum contains high
      levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) that selectively activates
      Tregs without impacting CD4(+)FoxP3(-) T cells. TNF-alpha priming induces Treg in
      vivo proliferation, whereas it limits the ability of CD4 and CD8 conventional T
      cells (Tcons) to proliferate and induce GVHD. TNF-alpha-primed Tregs prolong
      animal survival as compared with unprimed Tregs when used at an unfavorable
      Treg:Tcon ratio, demonstrating enhanced in vivo efficacy of TNF-alpha-primed
      Tregs. Because TNF-alpha is produced by several immune cells during inflammation,
      our work elucidates aspects of the physiologic mechanisms of Treg function.
      Furthermore, TNF-alpha priming of Tregs provides a new tool to optimize Treg
      cellular therapies for GVHD prevention and treatment.

PMID- 27365425
TI  - A single-cell resolution map of mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell
      differentiation.
AB  - Maintenance of the blood system requires balanced cell fate decisions by
      hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Because cell fate choices are
      executed at the individual cell level, new single-cell profiling technologies
      offer exciting possibilities for mapping the dynamic molecular changes underlying
      HSPC differentiation. Here, we have used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile
      more than 1600 single HSPCs, and deep sequencing has enabled detection of an
      average of 6558 protein-coding genes per cell. Index sorting, in combination with
      broad sorting gates, allowed us to retrospectively assign cells to 12 commonly
      sorted HSPC phenotypes while also capturing intermediate cells typically excluded
      by conventional gating. We further show that independently generated single-cell
      data sets can be projected onto the single-cell resolution expression map to
      directly compare data from multiple groups and to build and refine new
      hypotheses. Reconstruction of differentiation trajectories reveals dynamic
      expression changes associated with early lymphoid, erythroid, and granulocyte
      macrophage differentiation. The latter two trajectories were characterized by
      common upregulation of cell cycle and oxidative phosphorylation transcriptional
      programs. By using external spike-in controls, we estimate absolute messenger RNA
      (mRNA) levels per cell, showing for the first time that despite a general
      reduction in total mRNA, a subset of genes shows higher expression levels in
      immature stem cells consistent with active maintenance of the stem-cell state.
      Finally, we report the development of an intuitive Web interface as a new
      community resource to permit visualization of gene expression in HSPCs at single
      cell resolution for any gene of choice.

PMID- 27365429
TI  - EUROPE. 'Brexit' casts pall on future of U.K. science.

PMID- 27365427
TI  - Adsorptive depletion of blood monocytes reduces the levels of circulating
      interleukin-17A in Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

PMID- 27365426
TI  - Germ line variants predispose to both JAK2 V617F clonal hematopoiesis and
      myeloproliferative neoplasms.
AB  - We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel
      predisposition alleles associated with Philadelphia chromosome-negative
      myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and JAK2 V617F clonal hematopoiesis in the
      general population. We recruited a web-based cohort of 726 individuals with
      polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis and 252 637
      population controls unselected for hematologic phenotypes. Using a single
      nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array platform with custom probes for the JAK2
      V617F mutation (V617F), we identified 497 individuals (0.2%) among the population
      controls who were V617F carriers. We performed a combined GWAS of the MPN cases
      plus V617F carriers in the control population (n = 1223) vs the remaining
      controls who were noncarriers for V617F (n = 252 140). For these MPN cases plus
      V617F carriers, we replicated the germ line JAK2 46/1 haplotype (rs59384377: odds
      ratio [OR] = 2.4, P = 6.6 * 10(-89)), previously associated with V617F-positive
      MPN. We also identified genome-wide significant associations in the TERT gene
      (rs7705526: OR = 1.8, P = 1.1 * 10(-32)), in SH2B3 (rs7310615: OR = 1.4, P = 3.1
      * 10(-14)), and upstream of TET2 (rs1548483: OR = 2.0, P = 2.0 * 10(-9)). These
      associations were confirmed in a separate replication cohort of 446 V617F
      carriers vs 169 021 noncarriers. In a joint analysis of the combined GWAS and
      replication results, we identified additional genome-wide significant
      predisposition alleles associated with CHEK2, ATM, PINT, and GFI1B All SNP ORs
      were similar for MPN patients and controls who were V617F carriers. These data
      indicate that the same germ line variants endow individuals with a predisposition
      not only to MPN, but also to JAK2 V617F clonal hematopoiesis, a more common
      phenomenon that may foreshadow the development of an overt neoplasm.

PMID- 27365431
TI  - PHYSICAL SCIENCE. Researchers rise to challenge of replacing helium-3.

PMID- 27365430
TI  - IMMUNOLOGY. Fighting autoimmunity with immune cells.

PMID- 27365433
TI  - U.S. SCIENCE POLICY. Scientists cheer Senate bill.

PMID- 27365432
TI  - ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE. CFC bans pay off as Antarctic ozone layer starts to mend.

PMID- 27365434
TI  - South Africa's bid to end AIDS.

PMID- 27365436
TI  - ECOLOGY. How frigate birds soar around the doldrums.

PMID- 27365437
TI  - PHYSICS. Timing photoemission--Final state matters.

PMID- 27365438
TI  - ANTHROPOLOGY. The evolutionary path of least resistance.

PMID- 27365439
TI  - NEUROREGENERATION. Promoting CNS repair.

PMID- 27365440
TI  - ECOLOGY. How climate change affects plants' sex lives.

PMID- 27365441
TI  - SEX DETERMINATION. Yob makes mosquitoes male.

PMID- 27365442
TI  - GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY. Reforms to improve U.S. government accountability.

PMID- 27365443
TI  - Catalytic, asymmetric difluorination of alkenes to generate difluoromethylated
      stereocenters.
AB  - Difluoromethyl groups possess specific steric and electronic properties that
      invite their use as chemically inert surrogates of alcohols, thiols, and other
      polar functional groups important in a wide assortment of molecular recognition
      processes. We report here a method for the catalytic, asymmetric, migratory
      geminal difluorination of beta-substituted styrenes to access a variety of
      products bearing difluoromethylated tertiary or quaternary stereocenters. The
      reaction uses commercially available reagents (m-chloroperbenzoic acid and
      hydrogen fluoride pyridine) and a simple chiral aryl iodide catalyst and is
      carried out readily on a gram scale. Substituent effects and temperature
      dependent variations in enantioselectivity suggest that cation-pi interactions
      play an important role in stereodifferentiation by the catalyst. 

PMID- 27365444
TI  - Large wind ripples on Mars: A record of atmospheric evolution.
AB  - Wind blowing over sand on Earth produces decimeter-wavelength ripples and hundred
      meter- to kilometer-wavelength dunes: bedforms of two distinct size modes.
      Observations from the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover and the Mars
      Reconnaissance Orbiter reveal that Mars hosts a third stable wind-driven bedform,
      with meter-scale wavelengths. These bedforms are spatially uniform in size and
      typically have asymmetric profiles with angle-of-repose lee slopes and sinuous
      crest lines, making them unlike terrestrial wind ripples. Rather, these
      structures resemble fluid-drag ripples, which on Earth include water-worked
      current ripples, but on Mars instead form by wind because of the higher kinematic
      viscosity of the low-density atmosphere. A reevaluation of the wind-deposited
      strata in the Burns formation (about 3.7 billion years old or younger) identifies
      potential wind-drag ripple stratification formed under a thin atmosphere.

PMID- 27365445
TI  - A maleness gene in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
AB  - The molecular pathways controlling gender are highly variable and have been
      identified in only a few nonmammalian model species. In many insects, maleness is
      conferred by a Y chromosome-linked M factor of unknown nature. We have isolated
      and characterized a gene, Yob, for the M factor in the malaria mosquito Anopheles
      gambiae Yob, activated at the beginning of zygotic transcription and expressed
      throughout a male's life, controls male-specific splicing of the doublesex gene.
      Silencing embryonic Yob expression is male-lethal, whereas ectopic embryonic
      delivery of Yob transcripts yields male-only broods. This female-killing property
      may be an invaluable tool for creation of conditional male-only transgenic
      Anopheles strains for malaria control programs. 

PMID- 27365446
TI  - Sex-specific responses to climate change in plants alter population sex ratio and
      performance.
AB  - Males and females are ecologically distinct in many species, but whether
      responses to climate change are sex-specific is unknown. We document sex-specific
      responses to climate change in the plant Valeriana edulis (valerian) over four
      decades and across its 1800-meter elevation range. Increased elevation was
      associated with increased water availability and female frequency, likely owing
      to sex-specific water use efficiency and survival. Recent aridification caused
      male frequency to move upslope at 175 meters per decade, a rate of trait shift
      outpacing reported species' range shifts by an order of magnitude. This increase
      in male frequency reduced pollen limitation and increased seedset. Coupled with
      previous studies reporting sex-specific arthropod communities, these results
      underscore the importance of ecological differences between the sexes in
      mediating biological responses to climate change.

PMID- 27365447
TI  - Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO2 fertilization effect.
AB  - Plants buffer increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations through
      enhanced growth, but the question whether nitrogen availability constrains the
      magnitude of this ecosystem service remains unresolved. Synthesizing experiments
      from around the world, we show that CO2 fertilization is best explained by a
      simple interaction between nitrogen availability and mycorrhizal association.
      Plant species that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi show a strong biomass
      increase (30 +/- 3%, P < 0.001) in response to elevated CO2 regardless of
      nitrogen availability, whereas low nitrogen availability limits CO2 fertilization
      (0 +/- 5%, P = 0.946) in plants that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
      The incorporation of mycorrhizae in global carbon cycle models is feasible, and
      crucial if we are to accurately project ecosystem responses and feedbacks to
      climate change. 

PMID- 27365448
TI  - Frigate birds track atmospheric conditions over months-long transoceanic flights.
AB  - Understanding how animals respond to atmospheric conditions across space is
      critical for understanding the evolution of flight strategies and long-distance
      migrations. We studied the three-dimensional movements and energetics of great
      frigate birds (Fregata minor) and showed that they can stay aloft for months
      during transoceanic flights. To do this, birds track the edge of the doldrums to
      take advantage of favorable winds and strong convection. Locally, they use a
      roller-coaster flight, relying on thermals and wind to soar within a 50- to 600
      meter altitude band under cumulus clouds and then glide over kilometers at low
      energy costs. To deal with the local scarcity of clouds and gain longer gliding
      distances, birds regularly soar inside cumulus clouds to use their strong
      updraft, and they can reach altitudes of 4000 meters, where freezing conditions
      occur. 

PMID- 27365449
TI  - Visualization and analysis of gene expression in tissue sections by spatial
      transcriptomics.
AB  - Analysis of the pattern of proteins or messengerRNAs (mRNAs) in histological
      tissue sections is a cornerstone in biomedical research and diagnostics. This
      typically involves the visualization of a few proteins or expressed genes at a
      time. We have devised a strategy, which we call "spatial transcriptomics," that
      allows visualization and quantitative analysis of the transcriptome with spatial
      resolution in individual tissue sections. By positioning histological sections on
      arrayed reverse transcription primers with unique positional barcodes, we
      demonstrate high-quality RNA-sequencing data with maintained two-dimensional
      positional information from the mouse brain and human breast cancer. Spatial
      transcriptomics provides quantitative gene expression data and visualization of
      the distribution of mRNAs within tissue sections and enables novel types of
      bioinformatics analyses, valuable in research and diagnostics. 

PMID- 27365451
TI  - The measure of success.

PMID- 27365450
TI  - Elucidation of AMPA receptor-stargazin complexes by cryo-electron microscopy.
AB  - AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory
      neurotransmission and contribute to high cognitive processes such as learning and
      memory. In the brain, AMPAR trafficking, gating, and pharmacology is tightly
      controlled by transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs). Here, we used cryo
      electron microscopy to elucidate the structural basis of AMPAR regulation by one
      of these auxiliary proteins, TARP gamma2, or stargazin (STZ). Our structures
      illuminate the variable interaction stoichiometry of the AMPAR-TARP complex, with
      one or two TARP molecules binding one tetrameric AMPAR. Analysis of the AMPAR-STZ
      binding interfaces suggests that electrostatic interactions between the
      extracellular domains of AMPAR and STZ play an important role in modulating AMPAR
      function through contact surfaces that are conserved across AMPARs and TARPs. We
      propose a model explaining how TARPs stabilize the activated state of AMPARs and
      how the interactions between AMPARs and their auxiliary proteins control fast
      excitatory synaptic transmission. 

PMID- 27365453
TI  - In vivo aspects of protein folding and quality control.
AB  - Most proteins must fold into unique three-dimensional structures to perform their
      biological functions. In the crowded cellular environment, newly synthesized
      proteins are at risk of misfolding and forming toxic aggregate species. To ensure
      efficient folding, different classes of molecular chaperones receive the nascent
      protein chain emerging from the ribosome and guide it along a productive folding
      pathway. Because proteins are structurally dynamic, constant surveillance of the
      proteome by an integrated network of chaperones and protein degradation
      machineries is required to maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis). The
      capacity of this proteostasis network declines during aging, facilitating
      neurodegeneration and other chronic diseases associated with protein aggregation.
      Understanding the proteostasis network holds the promise of identifying targets
      for pharmacological intervention in these pathologies. 

PMID- 27365452
TI  - Immune modulation by MANF promotes tissue repair and regenerative success in the
      retina.
AB  - Regenerative therapies are limited by unfavorable environments in aging and
      diseased tissues. A promising strategy to improve success is to balance
      inflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals and enhance endogenous tissue repair
      mechanisms. Here, we identified a conserved immune modulatory mechanism that
      governs the interaction between damaged retinal cells and immune cells to promote
      tissue repair. In damaged retina of flies and mice, platelet-derived growth
      factor (PDGF)-like signaling induced mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic
      factor (MANF) in innate immune cells. MANF promoted alternative activation of
      innate immune cells, enhanced neuroprotection and tissue repair, and improved the
      success of photoreceptor replacement therapies. Thus, immune modulation is
      required during tissue repair and regeneration. This approach may improve the
      efficacy of stem-cell-based regenerative therapies. 

PMID- 27365454
TI  - Heart failure-potential new targets for therapy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Heart failure is a major cause of cardiovascular
      morbidity and mortality. This review covers current heart failure treatment
      guidelines, emerging therapies that are undergoing clinical trial, and potential
      new therapeutic targets arising from basic science advances. SOURCES OF DATA: A
      non-systematic search of MEDLINE was carried out. International guidelines and
      relevant reviews were searched for additional articles. AREAS OF AGREEMENT:
      Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers are first line
      treatments for chronic heart failure with reduced left ventricular function.
      AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: Treatment strategies to improve mortality in heart failure
      with preserved left ventricular function are unclear. GROWING POINTS: Many novel
      therapies are being tested for clinical efficacy in heart failure, including
      those that target natriuretic peptides and myosin activators. A large number of
      completely novel targets are also emerging from laboratory-based research. Better
      understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms driving heart failure in different
      settings (e.g. hypertension, post-myocardial infarction, metabolic dysfunction)
      may allow for targeted therapies. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH:
      Therapeutic targets directed towards modifying the extracellular environment,
      angiogenesis, cell viability, contractile function and microRNA-based therapies.

PMID- 27365455
TI  - The effectiveness of home hand exercise programmes in rheumatoid arthritis: a
      systematic review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) commonly reduces hand function. We
      systematically reviewed trials to investigate effects of home hand exercise
      programmes on hand symptoms and function in RA. SOURCES OF DATA: We searched:
      Medline (1946-), AMED, CINAHL, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, OT Seeker, the
      Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science from inception to January 2016. AREAS OF
      AGREEMENT: Nineteen trials were evaluated. Only three were randomized controlled
      trials with a low risk of bias (n = 665). Significant short-term improvements
      occurred in hand function, pain and grip strength, with long-term improvements in
      hand and upper limb function and pinch strength. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY:
      Heterogeneity of outcome measures meant meta-analysis was not possible. GROWING
      POINTS: Evaluation of low and moderate risk of bias trials indicated high
      intensity home hand exercise programmes led to better short-term outcomes than
      low-intensity programmes. Such programmes are cost-effective. AREAS TIMELY FOR
      DEVELOPING RESEARCH: Further research is required to evaluate methods of helping
      people with RA maintain long-term home hand exercise.

PMID- 27365457
TI  - Old and new faces of neutropenia in children.

PMID- 27365458
TI  - Patient-centered research and practice in the era of genomics: a novel approach.

PMID- 27365459
TI  - The immune microenvironment in Hodgkin lymphoma: T cells, B cells, and immune
      checkpoints.
AB  - Classical Hodgkin lymphoma is curable in the majority of cases with chemotherapy
      and/or radiation. However, 15-20% of patients ultimately relapse and succumb to
      their disease. Pathologically, classical Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by
      rare tumor-initiating Reed-Sternberg cells surrounded by a dense immune
      microenvironment. However, the role of the immune microenvironment, particularly
      T and B cells, in either promoting or restricting Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
      growth remains undefined. Recent dramatic clinical responses seen using
      monoclonal antibodies against PD-1, a cell surface receptor whose primary
      function is to restrict T cell activation, have reignited questions regarding the
      function of the adaptive immune system in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. This review
      summarizes what is known regarding T cells, B cells, and immune checkpoints in
      classical Hodgkin lymphoma.

PMID- 27365460
TI  - Management of Epstein-Barr Virus infections and post-transplant
      lymphoproliferative disorders in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem
      cell transplantation: Sixth European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL
      6) guidelines.
AB  - Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders are
      recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients
      undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To better define current
      understanding of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in stem cell
      transplant patients, and to improve its diagnosis and management, a working group
      of the Sixth European Conference on Infections in Leukemia 2015 reviewed the
      literature, graded the available quality of evidence, and developed evidence
      based recommendations for diagnosis, prevention, prophylaxis and therapy of post
      transplant lymphoproliferative disorders exclusively in the stem cell transplant
      setting. The key elements in diagnosis include non-invasive and invasive methods.
      The former are based on quantitative viral load measurement and imaging with
      positron emission tomography; the latter with tissue biopsy for histopathology
      and detection of Epstein-Barr virus. The diagnosis of post-transplant
      lymphoproliferative disorder can be established on a proven or probable level.
      Therapeutic strategies include prophylaxis, preemptive therapy and targeted
      therapy. Rituximab, reduction of immunosuppression and Epstein-Barr virus
      specific cytotoxic T-cell therapy are recommended as first-line therapy, whilst
      unselected donor lymphocyte infusions or chemotherapy are options as second-line
      therapy; other methods including antiviral drugs are discouraged.

PMID- 27365462
TI  - Debate is healthy: more data are needed.

PMID- 27365463
TI  - Cementless total knee arthroplasty: current concepts review.
AB  - As the number of younger and more active patients treated with total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA) continues to increase, consideration of better fixation as a
      means of improving implant longevity is required. Cemented TKA remains the
      reference standard with the largest body of evidence and the longest follow-up to
      support its use. However, cementless TKA, may offer the opportunity of a more
      bone-sparing procedure with long lasting biological fixation to the bone. We
      undertook a review of the literature examining advances of cementless TKA and the
      reported results. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:867-73. 

PMID- 27365464
TI  - Management of sports injuries of the foot and ankle: an update.
AB  - Sporting injuries around the ankle vary from simple sprains that will resolve
      spontaneously within a few days to severe injuries which may never fully recover
      and may threaten the career of a professional athlete. Some of these injuries can
      be easily overlooked altogether or misdiagnosed with potentially devastating
      effects on future performance. In this review article, we cover some of the
      common and important sporting injuries involving the ankle including updates on
      their management and outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:874-83. 

PMID- 27365461
TI  - Whole exome sequencing in families at high risk for Hodgkin lymphoma:
      identification of a predisposing mutation in the KDR gene.
AB  - Hodgkin lymphoma shows strong familial aggregation but no major susceptibility
      genes have been identified to date. The goal of this study was to identify high
      penetrance variants using whole exome sequencing in 17 Hodgkin lymphoma prone
      families with three or more affected cases or obligate carriers (69 individuals),
      followed by targeted sequencing in an additional 48 smaller HL families (80
      individuals). Alignment and variant calling were performed using standard
      methods. Dominantly segregating, rare, coding or potentially functional variants
      were further prioritized based on predicted deleteriousness, conservation, and
      potential importance in lymphoid malignancy pathways. We selected 23 genes for
      targeted sequencing. Only the p.A1065T variant in KDR (kinase insert domain
      receptor) also known as VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2)
      was replicated in two independent Hodgkin lymphoma families. KDR is a type III
      receptor tyrosine kinase, the main mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor
      induced proliferation, survival, and migration. Its activity is associated with
      several diseases including lymphoma. Functional experiments have shown that
      p.A1065T, located in the activation loop, can promote constitutive
      autophosphorylation on tyrosine in the absence of vascular endothelial growth
      factor and that the kinase activity was abrogated after exposure to kinase
      inhibitors. A few other promising mutations were identified but appear to be
      "private". In conclusion, in the largest sequenced cohort of Hodgkin lymphoma
      families to date, we identified a causal mutation in the KDR gene. While
      independent validation is needed, this mutation may increase downstream tumor
      cell proliferation activity and might be a candidate for targeted therapy.

PMID- 27365465
TI  - A unified theory of bone healing and nonunion: BHN theory.
AB  - This article presents a unified clinical theory that links established facts
      about the physiology of bone and homeostasis, with those involved in the healing
      of fractures and the development of nonunion. The key to this theory is the
      concept that the tissue that forms in and around a fracture should be considered
      a specific functional entity. This 'bone-healing unit' produces a physiological
      response to its biological and mechanical environment, which leads to the normal
      healing of bone. This tissue responds to mechanical forces and functions
      according to Wolff's law, Perren's strain theory and Frost's concept of the
      "mechanostat". In response to the local mechanical environment, the bone-healing
      unit normally changes with time, producing different tissues that can tolerate
      various levels of strain. The normal result is the formation of bone that bridges
      the fracture - healing by callus. Nonunion occurs when the bone-healing unit
      fails either due to mechanical or biological problems or a combination of both.
      In clinical practice, the majority of nonunions are due to mechanical problems
      with instability, resulting in too much strain at the fracture site. In most
      nonunions, there is an intact bone-healing unit. We suggest that this maintains
      its biological potential to heal, but fails to function due to the mechanical
      conditions. The theory predicts the healing pattern of multifragmentary fractures
      and the observed morphological characteristics of different nonunions. It
      suggests that the majority of nonunions will heal if the correct mechanical
      environment is produced by surgery, without the need for biological adjuncts such
      as autologous bone graft. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:884-91. 

PMID- 27365466
TI  - The manufacture of generic replicas of implants for arthroplasty of the hip and
      knee: is it regulated and will it save money?
AB  - Joint replacement of the hip and knee remain very satisfactory operations. They
      are, however, expensive. The actual manufacturing of the implant represents only
      30% of the final cost, while sales and marketing represent 40%. Recently, the
      patents on many well established and successful implants have expired. Companies
      have started producing and distributing implants that purport to replicate
      existing implants with good long-term results. The aims of this paper are to
      assess the legality, the monitoring and cost saving implications of such generic
      implants. We also assess how this might affect the traditional orthopaedic
      implant companies. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:892-900. 

PMID- 27365467
TI  - Hip resurfacing for osteonecrosis: two- to 18-year results of the Conserve Plus
      design and technique.
AB  - AIMS: Hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) is an alternative to conventional total
      hip arthroplasty for patients with osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head. Our
      aim was to report the long-term outcome of HRA, which is not currently known.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Long-term survivorship, clinical scores and radiographic
      results for 82 patients (99 hips) treated with HRA for ON over a period of 18
      years were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age of the 67 men and 15 women at
      the time of surgery was 40.8 years (14 to 64). Patients were resurfaced
      regardless of the size of the osteonecrotic lesion. RESULTS: The mean clinical
      follow-up was 10.8 years (2 to 18). The mean University of California, Los
      Angeles hip scores at the last follow-up were 9.3, 9.4, 9.2 and 6.8 for pain,
      walking, function and activity, respectively. A total of six hips underwent
      revision surgery, four for loosening of the femoral component and two for
      loosening of the acetabular component. Using any revision as an end point, the 15
      year Kaplan-Meier survivorship was 90.3%. There were no wear-related failures.
      There were no femoral failures among the hips reconstructed with a cemented
      metaphyseal stem. A total of five hips showed narrowing of the femoral neck; all
      stabilised and remain asymptomatic, 21 showed signs of femoral neck impingement.
      CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a series of HRA
      performed for ON with 15-year survivorship. Our data confirm that patients with
      advanced stages of ON of the femoral head are excellent candidates for HRA. Cite
      this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:901-9.

PMID- 27365468
TI  - Functional orientation of the acetabular component in ceramic-on-ceramic total
      hip arthroplasty and its relevance to squeaking.
AB  - AIMS: Long-term clinical outcomes for ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings are
      encouraging. However, there is a risk of squeaking. Guidelines for the
      orientation of the acetabular component are defined from static imaging, but the
      position of the pelvis and thus the acetabular component during activities
      associated with edge-loading are likely to be very different from those measured
      when the patient is supine. We assessed the functional orientation of the
      acetabular component. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 18 patients with
      reproducible squeaking in their CoC hips during deep flexion were investigated
      with a control group of 36 non-squeaking CoC hips. The two groups were matched
      for the type of implant, the orientation of the acetabular component when supine,
      the size of the femoral head, ligament laxity, maximum hip flexion and body mass
      index. RESULTS: The mean functional anteversion of the acetabular component at
      the point when patients initiated rising from a seated position was significantly
      less in the squeaking group than in the control group, 8.1 degrees  (-10.5
      degrees  to 36.0 degrees ) and 21.1 degrees  (-1.9 degrees  to 38.4 degrees )
      respectively (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The functional orientation of the
      acetabular component during activities associated with posterior edge-loading are
      different from those measured when supine due to patient-specific pelvic
      kinematics. Individuals with a large anterior pelvic tilt during deep flexion
      might be more susceptible to posterior edge-loading and squeaking as a
      consequence of a significant decrease in the functional anteversion of the
      acetabular component. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:910-16.

PMID- 27365469
TI  - The effect of using components from different manufacturers on the rate of wear
      and corrosion of the head-stem taper junction of metal-on-metal hip
      arthroplasties.
AB  - AIMS: Surgeons have commonly used modular femoral heads and stems from different
      manufacturers, although this is not recommended by orthopaedic companies due to
      the different manufacturing processes. We compared the rate of corrosion and rate
      of wear at the trunnion/head taper junction in two groups of retrieved hips;
      those with mixed manufacturers (MM) and those from the same manufacturer (SM).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified 151 retrieved hips with large-diameter
      cobalt-chromium heads; 51 of two designs that had been paired with stems from
      different manufacturers (MM) and 100 of seven designs paired with stems from the
      same manufacturer (SM). We determined the severity of corrosion with the Goldberg
      corrosion score and the volume of material loss at the head/stem junction. We
      used multivariable statistical analysis to determine if there was a significant
      difference between the two groups. RESULTS: We found no significant difference in
      the corrosion scores of the two groups. The median rate of material loss at the
      head/stem junction for the MM and SM groups were 0.39 mm(3)/year (0.00 to 4.73)
      and 0.46 mm(3)/year (0.00 to 6.71) respectively; this difference was not
      significant after controlling for confounding factors (p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: The
      use of stems with heads of another manufacturer does not appear to affect the
      amount of metal lost from the surfaces between these two components at total hip
      arthroplasty. Other surgical, implant and patient factors should be considered
      when determining the mechanisms of failure of large diameter metal-on-metal hip
      arthroplasties. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:917-24.

PMID- 27365470
TI  - The clinical implications of metal debris release from the taper junctions and
      bearing surfaces of metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty: joint fluid and blood metal
      ion concentrations.
AB  - AIMS: We wished to investigate the influence of metal debris exposure on the
      subsequent immune response and resulting soft-tissue injury following metal-on
      metal (MoM) hip arthroplasty. Some reports have suggested that debris generated
      from the head-neck taper junction is more destructive than equivalent doses from
      metal bearing surfaces. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We investigated the influence of
      the source and volume of metal debris on chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co)
      concentrations in corresponding blood and hip synovial fluid samples and the
      observed agglomerated particle sizes in excised tissues using multiple regression
      analysis of prospectively collected data. A total of 199 explanted MoM hips (177
      patients; 132 hips female) were analysed to determine rates of volumetric wear at
      the bearing surfaces and taper junctions. RESULTS: The statistical modelling
      suggested that a greater source contribution of metal debris from the taper
      junction was associated with smaller aggregated particle sizes in the local
      tissues and a relative reduction of Cr ion concentrations in the corresponding
      synovial fluid and blood samples. Metal debris generated from taper junctions
      appears to be of a different morphology, composition and therefore, potentially,
      immunogenicity to that generated from bearing surfaces. CONCLUSION: The
      differences in debris arising from the taper and the articulating surfaces may
      provide some understanding of the increased incidence of soft-tissue reactions
      reported in patients implanted with MoM total hip arthroplasties compared with
      patients with hip resurfacings. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:925-33.

PMID- 27365471
TI  - The role for arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in knees with degenerative
      changes: a systematic review.
AB  - AIMS: Patients with osteoarthritis of the knee commonly have degenerative
      meniscal tears. Arthroscopic meniscectomy is frequently performed, although the
      benefits are debatable. Recent studies have concluded that there is no role for
      arthroscopic washout in osteoarthritis of the knee. Our aim was to perform a
      systematic review to assess the evidence for the efficacy of arthroscopic
      meniscectomy in patients with meniscal tears and degenerative changes in the
      knee. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A literature search was performed, using the
      PubMed/MEDLINE database, for relevant articles published between 1975 and 2015. A
      total of six studies, including five randomised controlled trials and one cross
      sectional study of a prospective cohort, met the inclusion criteria. Relevant
      information including study design, operations, the characteristics of the
      patients, outcomes, adverse events and further operations were extracted.
      RESULTS: The degree of osteoarthritis in the patients who were included and the
      rate of cross over from one form of treatment to another varied in the studies.
      Two randomised controlled trials showed a benefit of arthroscopic surgery in
      patients with limited degenerative joint disease, compared with conservative
      treatment. One cross-sectional study showed that patients with less severe
      degenerative changes had better outcomes. CONCLUSION: Patients with symptomatic
      meniscal tears and degenerative changes in the knee can benefit from arthroscopic
      meniscectomy, particularly if the osteoarthritis is mild. A trial of conservative
      management may be effective and should be considered, especially in patients with
      moderate osteoarthritis. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:934-8.

PMID- 27365472
TI  - No difference in clinical outcome between patient-matched positioning guides and
      conventional instrumented total knee arthroplasty two years post-operatively: a
      multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.
AB  - AIMS: We wished to compare the clinical outcome, as assessed by questionnaires
      and the rate of complications, in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) undertaken with
      patient-matched positioning guides (PMPGs) or conventional instruments. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: A total of 180 patients (74 men, 106 women; mean age 67 years) were
      included in a multicentre, adequately powered, double-blind, randomised
      controlled trial. The mean follow-up was 44 months (24 to 57). RESULTS: There
      were no significant or clinically relevant differences between the two groups for
      all outcome measures (Knee Society Score, p = 0.807; Oxford Knee Score, p =
      0.304; Western Ontario and McMaster osteoarthritis index, p = 0.753; visual
      analogue scale for pain, p = 0.227; EuroQol-5D-3L index score, p = 0.610; EuroQol
      5D-3L VAS health, p = 0.968.) There was no difference in the rate of
      complications (p = 0.291). CONCLUSION: PMPGs are already in relatively common use
      and their short-term clinical results are equal to conventional instrumented TKA.
      Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:939-44.

PMID- 27365473
TI  - Metallic hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of end-stage hallux rigidus: mid-term
      implant survival, functional outcome and cost analysis.
AB  - AIMS: To examine the mid-term outcome and cost utility of the BioPro metallic
      hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of hallux rigidius. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We
      reviewed 97 consecutive BioPro metallic hemiarthroplasties performed in 80
      patients for end-stage hallux rigidus, with a minimum follow-up of five years.
      There were 19 men and 61 women; their mean age was 55 years (22 to 74). No
      patient was lost to follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 12 patients (15 first
      metatarso-phalangeal joints (MTPJs)) required a revision; one for infection, two
      for osteolysis and 12 for pain. The all cause rate of survival at five years was
      85.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 83.5 to 87.9). Younger age was a significant
      predictor of revision (odds ratio 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17, p = 0.014) on
      excluding infection and adjusting for confounding variables (Cox regression).
      Significant improvements were demonstrated at five years in the Manchester Oxford
      Foot Questionnaire (13.9, 95% CI 10.5 to 17.2) and in the physical component of
      the Short Form-12 score (6.5, 95% CI 4.1 to 8.9). The overall rate of
      satisfaction was 75%. The cost per quality adjusted life year at five years,
      accounting for a 14% rate of revision was between L4431 and L6361 depending on
      the complexity and morbidity of the patient. CONCLUSION: The BioPro
      hemiarthroplasty offers good short to mid-term functional outcome and is a cost
      effective intervention. The relatively high revision rate is associated with
      younger age and perhaps the use of this implant should be limited to older
      patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:945-51.

PMID- 27365474
TI  - The Osseointegration Group of Australia Accelerated Protocol (OGAAP-1) for two
      stage osseointegrated reconstruction of amputated limbs.
AB  - AIMS: This study describes the Osseointegration Group of Australia's Accelerated
      Protocol two-stage strategy (OGAAP-1) for the osseointegrated reconstruction of
      amputated limbs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report clinical outcomes in 50
      unilateral trans-femoral amputees with a mean age of 49.4 years (24 to 73), with
      a minimum one-year follow-up. Outcome measures included the Questionnaire for
      persons with a Trans-Femoral Amputation, the health assessment questionnaire
      Short-Form-36 Health Survey, the Amputation Mobility Predictor scores presented
      as K-levels, 6 Minute Walk Test and timed up and go tests. Adverse events
      included soft-tissue problems, infection, fractures and failure of the implant.
      RESULTS: Our results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all
      five outcome measures. A total of 27 patients experienced adverse events but at
      the conclusion of the study, all 50 were walking on osseointegrated prostheses.
      CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that osseointegrated prostheses are a
      suitable alternative to socket-fit devices for amputees experiencing socket
      related discomfort and that our strategy offers more rapid progress to walking
      than other similar protocols. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:952-60.

PMID- 27365475
TI  - Effects of depression and inflammatory factors on chronic conditions of the
      wrist.
AB  - AIMS: Chronic conditions of the wrist may be difficult to manage because pain and
      psychiatric conditions are correlated with abnormal function of the hand.
      Additionally, intra-articular inflammatory cytokines may cause pain. We aimed to
      validate the measurement of inflammatory cytokines in these conditions and
      identify features associated with symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study
      included 38 patients (18 men, 20 women, mean age 43 years) with a chronic
      condition of the wrist who underwent arthroscopy. Before surgery, the Self-Rating
      Depression Scale (SDS), Hand20 questionnaire and a visual analogue scale (VAS)
      for pain were used. Cytokine and chemokine levels in the synovial fluid of the
      wrist were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and correlations
      between the levels with pain were analysed. Gene expression profiles of the
      synovial membranes were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
      RESULTS: Older patients had high pre-operative Hand20 scores. One-year post
      operative Hand20 and VAS scores and pre-operative VAS scores correlated with SDS
      scores. Post-operative VAS scores negatively correlated with the expression of
      nerve growth factor and SDS scores positively correlated with the expression of
      tumour necrosis factor-alpha and negatively correlated with the expression of
      tumour necrosis factor-converting enzyme. CONCLUSION: There was a positive
      correlation between depression and chronic conditions of the wrist. Levels of
      some cytokines correlate with pain and depression. Additionally, cytokines may be
      important in the assessment and treatment of chronic conditions of the wrist and
      depression. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:961-8.

PMID- 27365476
TI  - Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty using a trabecular metal glenoid base plate:
      functional and radiological outcomes at two to five years.
AB  - AIM: We present the medium-term clinical results of a reverse total shoulder
      arthroplasty with a trabecular metal glenoid base plate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We
      reviewed 125 consecutive primary reverse total shoulder arthroplasties (RTSA)
      implanted in 124 patients for rotator cuff arthropathy. There were 100 women and
      24 men in the study group with a mean age of 76 years (58 to 89). The mean follow
      up was 32 months (24 to 60). No patient was lost to follow-up. RESULTS: There
      were statistically significant improvements in the mean range of movement and
      Oxford Shoulder Score (p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survivorship at five years was
      96.7% (95% confidence interval 91.5 to 98.7) with aseptic glenoid failure as the
      end point. Radiologically, 63 shoulders (50.4%) showed no evidence of notching,
      51 (40.8%) had grade 1 notching, ten (8.0%) had grade 2 notching and one (0.8%)
      had grade 4 notching. Radiolucency around the glenoid base plate was found in one
      patient (0.8%) and around the humeral stem in five (4.0%). In all, three RTSA
      (2.4%) underwent revision surgery for aseptic mechanical failure of the glenoid
      within 11 months of surgery due to malseating of the glenosphere. CONCLUSION: The
      clinical results of this large independent single unit series are comparable to
      those from previous series of RTSA reported in the literature. A trabecular metal
      base plate is safe and effective in the medium-term. Cite this article: Bone
      Joint J 2016;98-B:969-75.

PMID- 27365477
TI  - Infection in total elbow arthroplasty with stable components: outcomes of a
      staged surgical protocol with retention of the components.
AB  - AIMS: We describe the use of a protocol of irrigation and debridement (I&D) with
      retention of the implant for the treatment of periprosthetic infection of a total
      elbow arthroplasty (TEA). This may be an attractive alternative to staged re
      implantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 2010, 23 consecutive
      patients were treated in this way. Three were lost to follow-up leaving 20
      patients (21 TEAs) in the study. There were six men and 14 women. Their mean age
      was 58 years (23 to 76). The protocol involved: component unlinking, irrigation
      and debridement (I&D), and the introduction of antibiotic laden cement beads;
      organism-specific intravenous antibiotics; repeat I&D and re-linkage of the
      implant if appropriate; long-term oral antibiotic therapy. RESULTS: The mean
      follow-up was 7.1 years (2 to 16). The infecting micro-organisms were
      Staphylococcus aureus in nine, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in 13,
      Corynebacterium in three and other in six cases. Re-operations included three
      repeat staged I&Ds, two repeat superficial I&Ds and one fasciocutaneous forearm
      flap. One patient required removal of the implant due to persistent infection.
      All except three patients rated their pain as absent or mild. Outcome was rated
      as good or excellent in 15 patients (mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score 78 points,
      (5 to 100) with a mean flexion-extension arc of 103 degrees  (40 degrees  to 150
      degrees )). CONCLUSION: A staged protocol can be successful in retaining stable
      components of an infected TEA. Function of the elbow may compare unfavourably to
      that after an uncomplicated TEA. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:976
      83.

PMID- 27365478
TI  - Wound drains in non-complex lumbar surgery: a systematic review.
AB  - AIMS: Our aim was to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the
      incidence of post-operative epidural haematomas and wound infections after one-,
      or two-level, non-complex, lumbar surgery for degenerative disease in patients
      with, or without post-operative wound drainage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Studies
      were identified from PubMed and EMBASE, up to and including 27 August 2015, for
      papers describing one- or two-level lumbar discectomy and/or laminectomy for
      degenerative disease in adults which reported any form of subcutaneous or
      subfascial drainage. RESULTS: Eight papers describing 1333 patients were
      included. Clinically relevant post-operative epidural haematomas occurred in two
      (0.15%), and wound infections in ten (0.75%) patients. Epidural haematomas
      occurred in two (0.47%) patients who had wound drainage (n = 423) and in none of
      those without wound drainage (n = 910). Wound infections occurred in two (0.47%)
      patients with wound drainage and in eight (0.88%) patients without wound
      drainage. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the routine use of a wound drain in
      non-complex lumbar surgery does not prevent post-operative epidural haematomas
      and that the absence of a drain does not lead to a significant change in the
      incidence of wound infection. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:984-9.

PMID- 27365479
TI  - Correlations and time-dependent changes of upper arm performance tests, the
      Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, and a newly developed patient-based
      outcome measure : the Japanese Orthopaedic Cervical Myelopathy Questionnaire.
AB  - AIMS: In this prospective observational study, we investigated the time-dependent
      changes and correlations of upper arm performance tests (ten-second test and
      Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Function (STEF), the Japanese Orthopaedic
      Association (JOA) score, and the JOA Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire
      (JOACMEQ) in 31 patients with cervical myelopathy who had undergone surgery.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We hypothesised that all the indices correlate with each
      other, but show slightly different recovery patterns, and that the newly
      described JOACMEQ is a sensitive outcome measure. RESULTS: Peak recoveries were
      achieved one month post-operatively in the ten-second test and JOACMEQ upper
      extremity function (UEF) subscale, and at three months in the JOA and STEF
      scores. The recoveries of all indices were maintained until six months post
      operatively. The upper extremity function (UEF) subscale in the JOACMEQ showed
      the strongest correlation with STEF although all the indices correlated with each
      other. Patients with >= 20 and < 20 acquired points in the UEF subscale were
      classified into the UEF-improved and UEF-unimproved groups. Comparisons between
      the groups showed that pre-operative evaluation of "coordinated motion" of the
      STEF was significantly low in the UEF-unimproved group. CONCLUSION: These results
      indicate that the JOACMEQ is a concise, sensitive, patient-based outcome measure
      for evaluating functional recovery in patients with cervical myelopathy who have
      undergone surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:990-6.

PMID- 27365480
TI  - Maintenance of spontaneous lumbar curve correction following thoracic fusion of
      main thoracic curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - AIMS: The aims of our study were to provide long-term information on the
      behaviour of the thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curve after thoracic anterior
      correction and fusion (ASF) and to determine the impact of ASF on pulmonary
      function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 41 patients (four males, 37 females)
      with main thoracic (MT) adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treated with ASF
      were included. Mean age at surgery was 15.2 years (11 to 27). Mean follow-up
      period was 13.5 years (10 to 18). RESULTS: For the TL/L curve, the mean curve
      flexibility evaluated with supine pre-operative bending radiographs was 78.6%
      (standard deviation 16.5%), with no significant loss of correction observed. On
      comparing patients with an increase of the TL/L curve increase (> 4o, n = 9, 22%)
      to those without, significant differences were observed in the correction rate of
      the MT curve at the final follow-up (p = 0.011), correction loss of the MT curve
      (p = 0.003) and the proportion of patients who had semi-rigid instrumentation (p
      = 0.003). Pre-operative percentage predicted forced vital capacity (%FVC) was
      80%, dropping to 72% at final follow-up (p < 0.001). The Scoliosis Research
      Society questionnaire score was not significantly different between patients with
      and without a TL/L curve increase (p = 0.606). Spontaneous lumbar curve
      correction (SLCC) was maintained up to 18 years following selective ASF in most
      patients and demonstrated significant correlation with maintenance of MT curve
      correction. CONCLUSION: Maintenance of MT curve correction using rigid
      instrumentation provided stable SLCC over time. An observed 8% decrease in %FVC
      indicates that ASF should be reserved for patients with no or only mild pulmonary
      impairment. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:997-1002.

PMID- 27365481
TI  - The patterns of injury and management of cuboid fractures: a retrospective case
      series.
AB  - AIMS: Although infrequent, a fracture of the cuboid can lead to significant
      disruption of the integrity of the midfoot and its function. The purpose of this
      study was to classify the pattern of fractures of the cuboid, relate them to the
      mechanism of injury and suggest methods of managing them. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      We performed a retrospective review of patients with radiologically reported
      cuboid fractures. Fractures were grouped according to commonly occurring patterns
      of injury. A total of 192 fractures in 188 patients were included. They were
      classified into five patterns of injury. RESULTS: Type 1 fractures (93 fractures,
      48.4%) are simple avulsion injuries involving the capsule of the calcaneo-cuboid
      joint. Type 2 fractures (25 fractures, 13%) are isolated extra-articular injuries
      involving the body of the cuboid. Type 3 injuries (13 factures, 6.8%) are intra
      articular fractures solely within the body of the cuboid. Type 4 fractures (35
      fractures, 18.2%) are associated with disruption of the midfoot and
      tarsometatarsal injuries. Type 5 fractures (26 fractures, 13.5%) occur in
      conjunction with disruption of the mid-tarsal joint and either crushing of the
      lateral column alone or of both medial and lateral columns. Fractures with
      significant articular disruption or with loss of length of the lateral column
      underwent fixation. This involved either internal fixation to restore the anatomy
      of the cuboid and/or restoration of the length of the columns with bridging
      constructs using internal or external fixation. CONCLUSION: A classification
      system for fractures of the cuboid is proposed in relation to the mechanism of
      injury. The treatment of these fractures is described. Cite this article: Bone
      Joint J 2016;98-B:1003-8.

PMID- 27365482
TI  - Children under 5 dying from preventable diseases, says UN.

PMID- 27365483
TI  - Global helium crisis deflates after discovery of African reserve.

PMID- 27365484
TI  - Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids Retain Osteogenic Phenotype Through alpha2beta1
      Signaling.
AB  - : The induction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) toward the osteoblastic lineage
      using osteogenic supplements prior to implantation is one approach under
      examination to enhance their bone-forming potential. MSCs rapidly lose their
      induced phenotype upon removal of the soluble stimuli; however, their bone
      forming potential can be sustained when provided with continued instruction via
      extracellular matrix (ECM) cues. In comparison with dissociated cells, MSC
      spheroids exhibit improved survival and secretion of trophic factors while
      maintaining their osteogenic potential. We hypothesized that entrapment of MSC
      spheroids formed from osteogenically induced cells would exhibit better
      preservation of their bone-forming potential than would dissociated cells from
      monolayer culture. Spheroids exhibited comparable osteogenic potential and
      increased proangiogenic potential with or without osteogenic preconditioning
      versus monolayer-cultured MSCs. Spheroids were then entrapped in collagen
      hydrogels, and the osteogenic stimulus was removed. In comparison with entrapped
      dissociated MSCs, spheroids exhibited significantly increased markers of
      osteogenic differentiation. The capacity of MSC spheroids to retain their
      osteogenic phenotype upon withdrawal of inductive cues was mediated by
      alpha2beta1 integrin binding to cell-secreted ECM. These results demonstrate the
      capacity of spheroidal culture to sustain the mineral-producing phenotype of
      MSCs, thus enhancing their contribution toward bone formation and repair.
      SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the promise of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cell-based
      therapies for tissue repair and regeneration, there is little evidence that
      transplanted MSCs directly contribute to new bone formation, suggesting that
      induced cells rapidly lose their osteogenic phenotype or undergo apoptosis. In
      comparison with dissociated cells, MSC spheroids exhibit increased trophic factor
      secretion and improved cell survival. The loss of phenotype represents a
      significant clinical challenge for cell therapies, yet there is no evidence for
      whether MSC spheroids retain their osteogenic phenotype upon entrapment in a
      clinically relevant biomaterial. These findings demonstrate that MSC spheroids
      retain their osteogenic phenotype better than do dissociated MSCs, and this is
      due to integrin engagement with the cell-secreted extracellular matrix. These
      data provide evidence for a novel approach for potentiating the use of MSCs in
      bone repair.

PMID- 27365485
TI  - Preischemic Administration of Nonexpanded Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction
      Attenuates Acute Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Fibrosis.
AB  - : Ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common
      clinical syndrome. Stem/progenitor cell therapy is a promising option to foster
      the intrinsic capacity for kidney regeneration. However, there are still several
      challenges to be resolved, including the potential risks during cell culture, low
      retention rate after transplantation, and unclear effect on the progression of
      chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, nonexpanded adipose stromal vascular
      fraction (SVF) has been regarded as an attractive cell source for cell-based
      therapy. Preconditioning with ischemia has been suggested as a useful method to
      promote the retention and survival of transplanted cells in vivo. In this study,
      freshly isolated autologous SVF was transplanted to the kidney of rats before
      ischemia, and then an IR-induced AKI model was established. Postischemic
      administration of SVF to the kidney was performed after renal IR injury was
      induced. A higher cell retention rate was detected in the preischemic group.
      Preischemic administration of SVF showed stronger functional and morphologic
      protection from renal IR injury than postischemic administration, through
      enhancing tubular cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis. Progression of
      kidney fibrosis was also significantly delayed by preischemic administration of
      SVF, which exhibited stronger inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta1
      induced epithelia-mesenchymal transition and microvascular rarefaction. In
      addition, in vitro study showed that prehypoxic administration of SVF could
      significantly promote the proliferation, migration, and survival of hypoxic renal
      tubular epithelial cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that preischemic
      administration of nonexpanded adipose SVF protected the kidney from both acute IR
      injury and long-term risk of developing CKD. SIGNIFICANCE: Renal
      ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury is a common clinical syndrome. Cell-based
      therapy provides a promising option to promote renal repair after IR injury.
      However, several challenges still remain because of the potential risks during
      cell culture, low retention rate after transplantation, and unclear effect on the
      progression of chronic kidney disease. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is
      considered as an attractive cell source. This study demonstrated that preischemic
      administration of uncultured SVF could increase cell retention and then improve
      renal function and structure at both early and long-term stage after IR, which
      may provide a novel therapeutic approach for IR injury.

PMID- 27365486
TI  - Effect of Function-Enhanced Mesenchymal Stem Cells Infected With Decorin
      Expressing Adenovirus on Hepatic Fibrosis.
AB  - : Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are known to have an
      antifibrotic effect and could be used as vehicles for targeted gene delivery.
      Decorin plays a protective role against fibrogenesis by modulating the
      degradation of the extracellular matrix. The aim of this study was to determine
      whether the antifibrotic effect of a combination treatment consisting of BM-MSCs
      and decorin on hepatic fibrosis is superior to BM-MSCs alone. The effects of BM
      MSCs infected with decorin-expressing adenovirus (DCN-MSCs) on hepatic fibrosis
      were examined in a rat model of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced cirrhosis. The
      effects of infection with decorin-expressing adenovirus and of incubation with
      the conditioned medium of DCN-MSCs on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)
      signaling were analyzed in immortalized human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).
      According to the Laennec fibrosis scoring system, cirrhotic livers from rats
      treated with DCN-MSCs exhibited histological improvement compared with cirrhotic
      livers from rats treated with control adenovirus-infected MSCs (CA-MSCs). DCN-MSC
      treatment reduced hepatic collagen distribution, lowered the hydroxyproline
      content, and rescued liver function impairment in rats with TAA-induced
      cirrhosis. These protective effects were more potent with DCN-MSCs than with CA
      MSCs. The upregulation of collagen-1, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), TGF
      beta1, and Smad3 phosphorylation in cirrhotic livers was prevented by DCN-MSC
      administration. Intriguingly, medium from cultured DCN-MSCs blocked both Smad3
      phosphorylation and exogenous TGF-beta1 stimulated alpha-SMA synthesis in HSCs.
      DCN-MSCs exert strong protective effects against hepatic fibrosis by suppressing
      TGF-beta/Smad signaling. Thus, treatment with DCN-MSCs is a potentially novel and
      efficient therapeutic approach for patients with intractable cirrhosis.
      SIGNIFICANCE: A combination treatment consisting of bone marrow-derived
      mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and decorin strongly inhibited the progression
      of thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, compared with BM-MSCs alone.
      Furthermore, the significant inhibitory effect of BM-MSCs infected with decorin
      expressing adenovirus was attributed to suppressing transforming growth factor
      beta (TGF-beta)/Smad signaling pathway, supported by attenuation of TGF-beta1
      expression and inhibition of Smad3 phosphorylation. Therefore, treatment with BM
      MSCs infected with decorin-expressing adenovirus could constitute a novel and
      efficient therapeutic approach for patients with intractable cirrhosis.

PMID- 27365487
TI  - Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Promotes Osteoblastogenesis and Prevents
      Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis.
AB  - : Gene-modified mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells with enhanced bone marrow
      homing and osteogenesis have been used in treating glucocorticoid-induced murine
      osteoporosis (GIOP). Recent preclinical studies have further demonstrated the
      immunomodulatory and anticatabolic potential of allogeneic MSCs in treating
      osteoporosis under inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. In this study, we
      investigated whether systemic infusion of allogeneic MSCs without genetic
      manipulation could prevent GIOP, whether anabolic and anticatabolic effects
      existed, and whether homing or immunomodulation underlay the putative therapeutic
      effects. Allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSCs) were isolated, identified,
      and systemically infused into mice treated with excessive dexamethasone. We
      revealed that allogeneic MSC transplantation prevented the reduction of bone mass
      and strength in GIOP. Bone histomorphometric analyses of bone remodeling
      demonstrated the maintenance of bone formation and osteoblast survival after MSC
      therapy. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled BMMSCs, we showed that
      donor BMMSCs(GFP) homed and inhabited recipient bone marrow for at least 4 weeks
      and prevented recipient bone marrow cell apoptosis, as shown by terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. Furthermore, donor
      BMMSCs(GFP) committed to Osterix (Osx)(+) osteoblast progenitors and induced
      recipient osteoblastogenesis, as exhibited by GFP-Osx double-labeling
      immunofluorescence analysis. No anticatabolic effects or systemic
      immunomodulatory effects of infused BMMSCs were detected. These findings
      demonstrated that allogeneic MSC therapy prevented GIOP by inhabiting and
      functioning in recipient bone marrow, which promoted osteoblastogenesis, which in
      turn maintained bone formation. Our findings provide important information
      regarding cell-based anabolic therapy for GIOP and uncover MSC behaviors
      following the homing event. SIGNIFICANCE: This study revealed the therapeutic
      potential of systemically infused, genetically unmodified allogeneic MSCs in
      glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. The donor MSCs inhabited recipient bone
      marrow and promoted osteoblastogenesis. The therapeutic effects were based on
      maintenance of bone formation. These results provide important information
      regarding cell-based anabolic therapy for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and
      uncover previously unrecognized mesenchymal stem cell behaviors following a
      homing event. The current study also indicates that minimizing the time of cell
      culture confers an advantage for increasing transplanted mesenchymal stem cells
      to the targeted organ to promote therapeutic effects.

PMID- 27365488
TI  - Clinical and pathogenic features of ETV6-related thrombocytopenia with
      predisposition to acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - ETV6-related thrombocytopenia is an autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia that has
      been recently identified in a few families and has been suspected to predispose
      to hematologic malignancies. To gain further information on this disorder, we
      searched for ETV6 mutations in the 130 families with inherited thrombocytopenia
      of unknown origin from our cohort of 274 consecutive pedigrees with familial
      thrombocytopenia. We identified 20 patients with ETV6-related thrombocytopenia
      from seven pedigrees. They have five different ETV6 variants, including three
      novel mutations affecting the highly conserved E26 transformation-specific
      domain. The relative frequency of ETV6-related thrombocytopenia was 2.6% in the
      whole case series and 4.6% among the families with known forms of inherited
      thrombocytopenia. The degree of thrombocytopenia and bleeding tendency of the
      patients with ETV6-related thrombocytopenia were mild, but four subjects
      developed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia during childhood, resulting in a
      significantly higher incidence of this condition compared to that in the general
      population. Clinical and laboratory findings did not identify any particular
      defects that could lead to the suspicion of this disorder from the routine
      diagnostic workup. However, at variance with most inherited thrombocytopenias,
      platelets were not enlarged. In vitro studies revealed that the maturation of the
      patients' megakaryocytes was defective and that the patients have impaired
      proplatelet formation. Moreover, platelets from patients with ETV6-related
      thrombocytopenia have reduced ability to spread on fibrinogen. Since the dominant
      thrombocytopenias due to mutations in RUNX1 and ANKRD26 are also characterized by
      normal platelet size and predispose to hematologic malignancies, we suggest that
      screening for ETV6, RUNX1 and ANKRD26 mutations should be performed in all
      subjects with autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia and normal platelet size.

PMID- 27365489
TI  - Specific antibody deficiency and autoinflammatory disease extend the clinical and
      immunological spectrum of heterozygous NFKB1 loss-of-function mutations in
      humans.

PMID- 27365490
TI  - Bone healing in multiple myeloma: a prospective evaluation of the impact of first
      line anti-myeloma treatment.

PMID- 27365491
TI  - A third of British describe NHS funding crisis as "severe".

PMID- 27365492
TI  - Decline in genital warts diagnoses among young women and young men since the
      introduction of the bivalent HPV (16/18) vaccination programme in England: an
      ecological analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For several decades, diagnoses of genital warts at genitourinary
      medicine (GUM) clinics in England had been increasing. In 2008, a national human
      papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced using the bivalent
      vaccine (types 16 and 18 only). A decrease in genital warts was not anticipated.
      However, rates of genital warts in GUM clinics have declined significantly since
      the introduction of the vaccine. METHODS: Using data from GUM clinics across
      England, we analysed rates of genital warts by age, gender, sexual orientation
      and estimated vaccine coverage. RESULTS: The reduction in rates of genital warts
      diagnoses at GUM clinics between 2009 and 2014 was 30.6% among young women aged
      15-19 years and 25.4% among same age heterosexual young men. Overall there was an
      association showing higher warts reduction with increasing vaccination coverage
      with the largest declines in warts diagnoses observed in young women aged 15
      years (50.9%) with the highest vaccination coverage. No such declines were
      observed in men who have sex with men (MSM) of the same age. CONCLUSION: The
      results of these ecological analyses are strongly in keeping with the bivalent
      HPV vaccine providing modest protection against genital warts.

PMID- 27365494
TI  - GRADE Evidence to Decision (EtD) frameworks: a systematic and transparent
      approach to making well informed healthcare choices. 2: Clinical practice
      guidelines.

PMID- 27365493
TI  - Marginal role for 53 common genetic variants in cardiovascular disease
      prediction.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated discrimination and calibration of cardiovascular
      disease (CVD) risk scores when genotypic was added to phenotypic information. The
      potential of genetic information for those at intermediate risk by a phenotype
      based risk score was assessed. METHODS: Data were from seven prospective studies
      including 11 851 individuals initially free of CVD or diabetes, with 1444
      incident CVD events over 10 years' follow-up. We calculated a score from 53 CVD
      related single nucleotide polymorphisms and an established CVD risk equation
      'QRISK-2' comprising phenotypic measures. The area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve (AUROC), detection rate for given false-positive rate (FPR)
      and net reclassification improvement (NRI) index were estimated for gene scores
      alone and in addition to the QRISK-2 CVD risk score. We also evaluated use of
      genetic information only for those at intermediate risk according to QRISK-2.
      RESULTS: The AUROC was 0.635 for QRISK-2 alone and 0.623 with addition of the
      gene score. The detection rate for 5% FPR improved from 11.9% to 12.0% when the
      gene score was added. For a 10-year CVD risk cut-off point of 10%, the NRI was
      0.25% when the gene score was added to QRISK-2. Applying the genetic risk score
      only to those with QRISK-2 risk of 10%-<20% and prescribing statins where risk
      exceeded 20% suggested that genetic information could prevent one additional
      event for every 462 people screened. CONCLUSION: The gene score produced minimal
      incremental population-wide utility over phenotypic risk prediction of CVD.
      Tailored prediction using genetic information for those at intermediate risk may
      have clinical utility.

PMID- 27365495
TI  - Environmental Contamination and Persistence of Ebola Virus RNA in an Ebola
      Treatment Center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ebola viruses (EBOVs) are primarily transmitted by contact with
      infected body fluids. Ebola treatment centers (ETCs) contain areas that are
      exposed to body fluids through the care of patients suspected or confirmed to
      have EBOV disease. There are limited data documenting which areas/fomites within
      ETCs pose a risk for potential transmission. This study conducted environmental
      surveillance in 2 ETCs in Freetown, Sierra Leone, during the 2014-2016 West
      African Ebola outbreak. METHODS: ETCs were surveyed over a 3-week period. Sites
      to be swabbed were identified with input from field personnel. Swab samples were
      collected and tested for the presence of EBOV RNA. Ebola-positive body fluid
      impregnated cotton pads were serially sampled. RESULTS: General areas of both
      ETCs were negative for EBOV RNA. The immediate vicinity of patients was the area
      most likely to be positive for EBOV RNA. Personal protective equipment became
      positive during patient care, but chlorine solution washes rendered them
      negative. CONCLUSIONS: Personal protective equipment and patient environs do
      become positive for EBOV RNA, but careful attention to decontamination seems to
      remove it. EBOV RNA was not detected in general ward spaces. Careful attention to
      decontamination protocols seems to be important in minimizing the presence of
      EBOV RNA within ETC wards.

PMID- 27365496
TI  - Smoking status and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing pulmonary resections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Smoking status has not been shown to have a significant effect on 30
      day mortality after potentially curative resectional surgery for non-small-cell
      lung cancer, and this is reflected in the guidelines of the National Institute
      for Health and Care Excellence in the United Kingdom. METHODS: A validated
      prospective thoracic surgery database of consecutive patients undergoing
      potentially curative resection at a single institution was analyzed. Univariate
      and propensity analyses of 30-day mortality were performed. RESULTS: Univariate
      analysis identified 30-day mortality as significantly lower in current smokers (n
      = 852, 2.6%) than ex-smokers (n = 1587, 4.9%; p < 0.001). Propensity 1:1 matching
      of male patients resulted in 727 current smokers being matched to 727 ex-smokers.
      The overall balance test (chi(2 )= 6.1, degrees of freedom = 8, p = 0.6),
      indicated a good match. After propensity matching, the mortality rate was
      significantly higher in current smokers (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Current smokers
      and ex-smokers are statistically different with regard to risk factors for death.
      This results in a skewed population of current and ex-smokers undergoing
      resection for non-small-cell lung cancer. Development of a risk model for 30-day
      mortality revealed that current smokers have a lower predicted 30-day mortality
      than ex-smokers, a finding that is counterintuitive. Propensity matching balanced
      the current and ex-smoker groups to correct for group differences. Analysis after
      propensity matching identified current smoking as a significant factor
      determining 30-day mortality.

PMID- 27365497
TI  - Medical data of 655 000 Americans put up for sale by hacker.

PMID- 27365500
TI  - Oxygen desaturation during a 6-min walk identifies a COPD phenotype with an
      increased risk of morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 27365499
TI  - The K153Del PRPH2 mutation differentially impacts photoreceptor structure and
      function.
AB  - Peripherin 2 (Prph2) is a photoreceptor tetraspanin, and deletion of codon 153
      (K153Delta) leads to retinitis pigmentosa, pattern dystrophy, and fundus
      flavimaculatus in the same family. To study this variability, we generated a
      K153Delta-Prph2 knockin mouse. K153Delta-Prph2 cannot form the complexes required
      for outer segment formation, and in cones cannot interact with its binding
      partner rod outer segment membrane protein 1. K153Delta causes dominant defects
      in rod and cone function; however, rod but not cone ultrastructure is improved by
      the presence of K153Delta-Prph2. Likewise, supplementation of K153Delta
      heterozygotes with WT-Prph2 results in structural but not functional
      improvements. These results support the idea that mutations may differentially
      affect Prph2's role as a structural component, and its role as a functional
      protein key for organizing membrane domains for cellular signalling. These roles
      may be different in rods and cones, thus contributing to the phenotypic
      heterogeneity that characterizes diseases associated with Prph2 mutations.

PMID- 27365501
TI  - Maternal passive smoking and the risk of developing wheeze in children: how
      should we deal with it?

PMID- 27365498
TI  - Loss of MeCP2 in the rat models regression, impaired sociability and
      transcriptional deficits of Rett syndrome.
AB  - Mouse models of the transcriptional modulator Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2
      (MeCP2) have advanced our understanding of Rett syndrome (RTT). RTT is a
      'prototypical' neurodevelopmental disorder with many clinical features
      overlapping with other intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD).
      Therapeutic interventions for RTT may therefore have broader applications.
      However, the reliance on the laboratory mouse to identify viable therapies for
      the human condition may present challenges in translating findings from the bench
      to the clinic. In addition, the need to identify outcome measures in well-chosen
      animal models is critical for preclinical trials. Here, we report that a novel
      Mecp2 rat model displays high face validity for modelling psychomotor regression
      of a learned skill, a deficit that has not been shown in Mecp2 mice. Juvenile
      play, a behavioural feature that is uniquely present in rats and not mice, is
      also impaired in female Mecp2 rats. Finally, we demonstrate that evaluating the
      molecular consequences of the loss of MeCP2 in both mouse and rat may result in
      higher predictive validity with respect to transcriptional changes in the human
      RTT brain. These data underscore the similarities and differences caused by the
      loss of MeCP2 among divergent rodent species which may have important
      implications for the treatment of individuals with disease-causing MECP2
      mutations. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the Mecp2 rat model is
      a complementary tool with unique features for the study of RTT and highlight the
      potential benefit of cross-species analyses in identifying potential disease
      relevant preclinical outcome measures.

PMID- 27365502
TI  - Supported self-management for COPD: making progress, but there are still
      challenges.

PMID- 27365503
TI  - Computed tomography-derived pathological phenotypes in COPD.

PMID- 27365504
TI  - Interventions to modify physical activity in patients with COPD: where do we go
      from here?

PMID- 27365505
TI  - Provocative testing of the pulmonary circulation: advances and unresolved issues.

PMID- 27365506
TI  - Perioperative screening for obstructive sleep apnoea and treatment outcomes:
      where are the data?

PMID- 27365507
TI  - Exercise: shifting fluid and sleep apnoea away.

PMID- 27365508
TI  - Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: another step in understanding the burden of this
      disease.

PMID- 27365509
TI  - Preventing and controlling tuberculosis among refugees in Europe: more is needed.

PMID- 27365510
TI  - Preventing and controlling tuberculosis among refugees in Europe: more needed for
      high-risk populations.

PMID- 27365511
TI  - Treatment options for isolated locoregional recurrences of nonsmall cell lung
      cancer after surgery: yes, radiation therapy too!

PMID- 27365512
TI  - Radiation therapy for post-operative recurrence: yes, but only for limited
      indications.

PMID- 27365513
TI  - Readmission in COPD patients: should we consider it a marker of quality of care
      or a marker of a more severe disease with a worse prognosis?

PMID- 27365514
TI  - Readmission in COPD patients: should we consider it a marker of quality of care
      or a marker of a more severe disease with a worse prognosis?

PMID- 27365515
TI  - European idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Patient Charter: a missed opportunity.

PMID- 27365516
TI  - European idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Patient Charter: a missed opportunity.

PMID- 27365517
TI  - "Exercise pulmonary haemodynamics: a test in search of purpose." J. Gerry Coghlan
      and Harm Jan Bogaard. Eur Respir J 2016; 47: 1315-1317.

PMID- 27365519
TI  - ERJ July Podcast: tuberculosis prevention and control in refugees.

PMID- 27365518
TI  - "Tidal flow variability measured by impedance pneumography relates to childhood
      asthma risk." Ville-Pekka Seppa, Anna S. Pelkonen, Anne Kotaniemi-Syrjanen, Jari
      Viik, Mika J. Makela and L. Pekka Malmberg. Eur Respir J 2016; 47: 1687-1696.

PMID- 27365520
TI  - Schroeder and Roberts. Is Tradition Trumping Evidence in the Treatment of Young,
      Febrile Infants? Hospital Pediatrics. 2016;6(4):252-253.

PMID- 27365522
TI  - SonoTip Pro EBUS-TBNA needle - the need for comparative studies with the Vizishot
      21 guage needle.

PMID- 27365521
TI  - Evaluation of oral care to prevent oral mucositis in estrogen receptor-positive
      metastatic breast cancer patients treated with everolimus (Oral Care-BC):
      randomized controlled phase III trial.
AB  - This is a randomized, multi-center, open-label, phase III study to evaluate the
      efficacy of professional oral care in preventing oral mucositis induced by
      everolimus in postmenopausal estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer.
      Patients will be randomized into professional oral care and control groups (1:1
      ratio). All patients will receive everolimus with exemestane and will continue
      everolimus until disease progression. In the professional oral care group,
      patients will receive teeth surface cleaning, scaling and tongue cleaning before
      starting everolimus, and will continue to receive professional oral care weekly
      from oral surgeons throughout the 8 week treatment. In the control group,
      patients will brush their own teeth and gargle with 0.9% sodium chloride solution
      or water. The primary endpoint is the incidence of all grades of oral mucositis.
      Target accrual is 200 patients with a two-sided type I error rate of 5% and 80%
      power to detect 25% risk reduction. 

PMID- 27365523
TI  - Editorial for Urologic Cancer in Asia Series'.

PMID- 27365524
TI  - Combination chemotherapy with methotrexate and vinblastine for surgically
      unresectable, aggressive fibromatosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the clinical benefit and safety of low-dose chemotherapy
      using methotrexate and vinblastine in patients (mostly adults) with progressive
      and/or symptomatic fibromatosis. METHODS: Patients were enrolled if they were
      treated with methotrexate and vinblastine chemotherapy for recurrences after
      surgical excision or newly diagnosed aggressive fibromatosis that was not
      amenable to surgical resection at the Korea University Medical Center from May
      2008 to February 2016. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were treated with this
      regimen, and 21 were eligible for safety and efficacy analysis. Eleven (52%) of
      21 patients showed a documented partial response (PR), and 11 showed stable
      disease (SD) by the end of treatment. All the patients who achieved PR reported a
      significant reduction in pain and improvement in the function of the affected
      lesions. Median progression-free survival was not reached at the time of
      analysis. The most common adverse event was abnormalities of the liver
      transaminases (overall 84.2%). The most common grade 3 or higher toxicity was
      neutropenia (36.8%), but no febrile neutropenic event was observed. The elevated
      levels of transaminases were normalized by reducing the dose of methotrexate or
      delaying treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose chemotherapy with methotrexate and
      vinblastine for 1 year was effective and well tolerated by adult patients with
      aggressive, recurrent fibromatosis.

PMID- 27365526
TI  - Editorial: Treg potency and the importance of being fit.

PMID- 27365525
TI  - Prevalence of infertility and help seeking among 15 000 women and men.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: What is the prevalence of infertility and of help seeking among
      women and men in Britain? SUMMARY ANSWER: One in eight women and one in ten men
      aged 16-74 years had experienced infertility, defined by unsuccessfully
      attempting pregnancy for a year or longer, and little more than half of these
      people sought medical or professional help. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Estimates of
      infertility and help seeking in Britain vary widely and are not easily comparable
      because of different definitions and study populations. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE,
      DURATION: A cross-sectional population survey was conducted between 2010 and 2012
      with a sample of 15 162 women and men aged 16-74 years. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS,
      SETTING, METHODS: Participants completed the Natsal-3 questionnaire, using
      computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) and computer-assisted self
      interview (CASI). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The reported prevalence of
      infertility was 12.5% (CI 95% 11.7-13.3) among women and 10.1% (CI 95% 9.2-11.1)
      among men. Increased prevalence was associated with later cohabitation with a
      partner, higher socio-economic status and, for those who had a child, becoming
      parents at older ages. The reported prevalence of help seeking was 57.3% (CI 95%
      53.6-61.0) among women and 53.2% (CI 95% 48.1-58.1) among men. Help seekers were
      more likely to be better educated and in higher status occupations and, among
      those who had a child, to have become parents later in life. LIMITATIONS, REASONS
      FOR CAUTION: These data are cross-sectional so it is not possible to establish
      temporality or infer causality. Self-reported data may be subject to recall bias.
      WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The study provides estimates of infertility
      and help seeking in Britain and the results indicate that the prevalence of
      infertility is higher among those delaying parenthood. Those with higher
      educational qualifications and occupational status are more likely to consult
      with medical professionals for fertility problems than others and these
      inequalities in help seeking should be considered by clinical practice and public
      health. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: Funding was provided by grants from
      the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust, with support from the
      Economic and Social Research Council and the Department of Health. AMJ is a
      Governor of the Wellcome Trust. Other authors have no competing interests.

PMID- 27365527
TI  - Editorial: Decoding the macrophage phagosomal environment: the hunt for key
      reductases is on.

PMID- 27365528
TI  - The microenvironment of visceral adipose tissue and liver alter natural killer
      cell viability and function.
AB  - The role of NK cells in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and liver inflammation in
      obesity is not fully understood. This study investigated the frequency, cytokine
      expression, chemokine receptor, and cytotoxicity receptor profile of NK cells in
      the blood, omentum, and liver of patients with the obesity-associated cancer,
      oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). The effect of chronically inflamed tissue
      microenvironments on NK cell viability and function was also examined. We
      identified significantly lower NK cell frequencies in the liver of OAC patients
      compared with healthy controls and within the omentum and liver of OAC patients
      compared with blood, whereas IL-10-producing populations were significantly
      higher. Interestingly, our data suggest that reduced frequencies of NK cells in
      omentum and liver of OAC patients are not a result of impaired NK cell chemotaxis
      to these tissues. In fact, our functional data revealed that secreted factors
      from omentum and liver of OAC patients induce significant levels of NK cell death
      and lead to reduced percentages of TNF-alpha+ and NKP46+ NK cells and higher
      frequencies of IL-10-producing NK cells. Together, these data suggest that the
      omental and hepatic microenvironments of OAC patients alter the NK cell phenotype
      to a more anti-inflammatory homeostatic role.

PMID- 27365529
TI  - A novel bacterial transport mechanism of Acinetobacter baumannii via activated
      human neutrophils through interleukin-8.
AB  - Hospital-acquired infections as a result of Acinetobacter baumannii have become
      problematic because of high rates of drug resistance. Although neutrophils play a
      critical role in early protection against bacterial infection, their interactions
      with A. baumannii remain largely unknown. To elucidate the interactions between
      A. baumannii and human neutrophils, we cocultured these cells and analyzed them
      by microscopy and flow cytometry. We found that A. baumannii adhered to
      neutrophils. We next examined neutrophil and A. baumannii infiltration into
      Matrigel basement membranes by an in vitro transmigration assay. Neutrophils were
      activated by A. baumannii, and invasion was enhanced. More interestingly, A.
      baumannii was transported together by infiltrating neutrophils. Furthermore, we
      observed by live cell imaging that A. baumannii and neutrophils moved together.
      In addition, A. baumannii-activated neutrophils showed increased IL-8 production.
      The transport of A. baumannii was suppressed by inhibiting neutrophil
      infiltration by blocking the effect of IL-8. A. baumannii appears to use
      neutrophils for transport by activating these cells via IL-8. In this study, we
      revealed a novel bacterial transport mechanism that A. baumannii exploits human
      neutrophils by adhering to and inducing IL-8 release for bacterial portage. This
      mechanism might be a new treatment target.

PMID- 27365530
TI  - Lessons from a double-transgenic neutrophil approach to induce antiproteinase 3
      antibody-mediated vasculitis in mice.
AB  - ANCA to either PR3 or MPO are found in patients with necrotizing vasculitis and
      glomerulonephritis. ANCA binding to their target antigens on neutrophils and
      subsequent neutrophil activation are pivotal disease mechanisms that lead to
      vascular inflammation and necrosis. ANCA interaction with PR3 is more complex
      than with MPO as the neutrophil-specific CD177 receptor is involved in PR3
      surface expression and PR3-ANCA-induced neutrophil activation. Modeling human
      disease is important to clinical research. Highly successful mouse models of MPO
      ANCA vasculitis exist; however, recapitulating PR3-ANCA vasculitis has not been
      successful. We generated double-transgenic (DT) mice that expressed human PR3 and
      CD177 under a myeloid-specific huMRP8 promoter in an attempt to model PR3-ANCA
      vasculitis. DT mice strongly expressed the human transgenes in and on murine
      neutrophils and bound murine and human anti-PR3 antibodies. Nevertheless, passive
      transfer of these antibodies into LPS-primed DT mice or immunization of C57BL/6
      mice with human PR3 followed by irradiation and transplantation of DT bone marrow
      failed to induce glomerulonephritis. Further analyses revealed that anti-PR3
      antibodies did not activate DT neutrophils as shown by superoxide generation.
      Moreover, we found that mice did not properly process human pro-PR3 into mature
      PR3 and, consequently, the signaling complex between PR3, CD177, and CD11b, which
      promotes neutrophil activation by anti-PR3 antibodies, failed to form. We
      conclude that important species differences in PR3 and CD177 exist between men
      and mice that prevented successful generation of a murine anti-PR3 antibody
      model.

PMID- 27365532
TI  - Analysis of the HLA-DR peptidome from human dendritic cells reveals high affinity
      repertoires and nonconventional pathways of peptide generation.
AB  - Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major professional APCs of the immune system;
      however, their MHC-II-associated peptide repertoires have been hard to analyze,
      mostly because of their scarce presence in blood and tissues. In vitro matured
      human monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) are widely used as professional APCs in
      experimental systems. In this work, we have applied mass spectrometry to identify
      the HLA-DR-associated self-peptide repertoires from small numbers of mature MoDCs
      (~5 * 106 cells), derived from 7 different donors. Repertoires of 9 different HLA
      DR alleles were defined from analysis of 1319 peptides, showing the expected
      characteristics of MHC-II-associated peptides. Most peptides identified were
      predicted high binders for their respective allele, formed nested sets, and
      belonged to endo-lysosomal pathway-degraded proteins. Approximately 20% of the
      peptides were derived from cytosolic and nuclear proteins, a recurrent finding in
      HLA-DR peptide repertoires. Of interest, most of these peptides corresponded to
      single sequences, did not form nested sets, and were located at the C terminus of
      the parental protein, which suggested alternative processing. Analysis of
      cleavage patterns for terminal peptides predominantly showed aspartic acid before
      the cleavage site of both C- and N-terminal peptides and proline immediately
      after the cleavage site in C-terminal peptides. Proline was also frequent next to
      the cut sites of internal peptides. These data provide new insights into the Ag
      processing capabilities of DCs. The relevance of these processing pathways and
      their contribution to response to infection, tolerance induction, or autoimmunity
      deserve further analysis.

PMID- 27365533
TI  - Plastic restriction of HIV-1 replication in human macrophages derived from M1/M2
      polarized monocytes.
AB  - M1/M2 cytokine-dependent polarization of primary human MDMs has been shown to
      contain CCR5-dependent (R5) HIV-1 replication. In this study, a similar effect
      was achieved when monocytes were first polarized toward M1 or M2 and were
      infected 7 d after their differentiation into MDMs, regardless of whether the
      cytokines were removed 18 h after cell stimulation or were left in culture.
      Unlike polarized MDMs, no significant down-regulation of CD4 from the cell
      surface was observed in MDMs derived from M1/M2-polarized monocytes. A second
      stimulation of MDMs differentiated from M1/M2 monocytes with the opposite
      polarizing cytokines converted the virus replication profile according to the new
      stimuli. The expression of M1 and M2 markers (i.e., APOBEC3A and DC-SIGN,
      respectively) was induced by MDM stimulation with the opposite cytokines,
      although it also persisted in cells according to their first stimulatory
      condition. Thus, stimulation of monocytes with M1- and M2-inducing cytokines
      leads to a restriction of HIV-1 replication when these cells are infected several
      days later as differentiated MDMs. These observations imply that activation of
      circulating monocytes significantly influences their capacity to either support
      or restrict HIV-1 replication, once extravasated, and eventually to become
      infected as tissue macrophages.

PMID- 27365531
TI  - FcgammaR mediates TLR2- and Syk-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation by
      inactivated Francisella tularensis LVS immune complexes.
AB  - IgG (mAb)-opsonized, inactivated Francisella tularensis LVS (iFt-mAb) enhances
      TLR2-dependent IL-6 production by macrophages via Fcgamma receptors (FcgammaR).
      In mice, vaccination with iFt-mAb provides IgA-dependent protection against
      lethal challenge with Ft LVS. Because inflammasome maturation of IL-1beta is
      thought important for antibody-mediated immunity, we considered the possibility
      that iFt-mAb elicits an FcgammaR-dependent myeloid cell inflammasome response.
      Herein, we find that iFt-mAb enhances macrophage and dendritic cell IL-1beta
      responses in a TLR2- and FcgammaR-dependent fashion. Although iFt-mAb complexes
      bind FcgammaR and are internalized, sensing of cytosolic DNA by absent in
      melanoma 2 (AIM2) is not required for the IL-1beta response. In contrast, ASC,
      caspase-1, and NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) are indispensable.
      Further, FcgammaR-mediated spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling is required for
      this NLRP3-dependent IL-1beta response, but the alternative IL-1beta convertase
      caspase-8 is insufficient. Finally, iFt-mAb-vaccinated wild-type mice exhibit a
      significant delay in time to death, but IL-1R1- or Nlrp3-deficient mice
      vaccinated in this way are not protected and lack appreciable Francisella
      specific antibodies. This study demonstrates that FcgammaR-mediated Syk
      activation leads to NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1beta production in
      macrophages and suggests that an Nlrp3- and IL-1R-dependent process contributes
      to the IgA response important for protection against Ft LVS. These findings
      extend our understanding of cellular responses to inactivated pathogen-opsonized
      vaccine, establish FcgammaR-elicited Syk kinase-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome
      activation, and provide additional insight toward understanding crosstalk between
      TLR and FcgammaR signals.

PMID- 27365536
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27365534
TI  - A tale of two sites: how inflammation can reshape the microbiomes of the gut and
      lungs.
AB  - Inflammation can directly and indirectly modulate the bacterial composition of
      the microbiome. Although studies of inflammation primarily focus on its function
      to negatively select against potential pathogens, some bacterial species have the
      ability to exploit inflammatory byproducts for their benefit. Inflammatory cells
      release reactive nitrogen species as antimicrobial effectors against infection,
      but some facultative anaerobes can also utilize the increase in extracellular
      nitrate in their environment for anaerobic respiration and growth. This
      phenomenon has been studied in the gastrointestinal tract, where blooms of
      facultative anaerobic Gammaproteobacteria, primarily Escherichia coli, often
      occur during colonic inflammation. In cystic fibrosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
      another Gammaproteobacteria facultative anaerobe, can reduce nitrogen for
      anaerobic respiration and it blooms in the airways of the chronically inflamed
      cystic fibrosis lung. This review focuses on the evidence that inflammation can
      provide terminal electron acceptors for anaerobic respiration and can support
      blooms of facultative anaerobes, such as E. coli and P. aeruginosa in distinct,
      but similar, environments of the inflamed gastrointestinal and respiratory
      tracts.

PMID- 27365535
TI  - Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Increased Risk of Membranous Nephropathy
      in China.
AB  - The effect of air pollution on the changing pattern of glomerulopathy has not
      been studied. We estimated the profile of and temporal change in glomerular
      diseases in an 11-year renal biopsy series including 71,151 native biopsies at
      938 hospitals spanning 282 cities in China from 2004 to 2014, and examined the
      association of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter of <2.5 MUm (PM2.5)
      with glomerulopathy. After age and region standardization, we identified IgA
      nephropathy as the leading type of glomerulopathy, with a frequency of 28.1%,
      followed by membranous nephropathy (MN), with a frequency of 23.4%. Notably, the
      adjusted odds for MN increased 13% annually over the 11-year study period,
      whereas the proportions of other major glomerulopathies remained stable. During
      the study period, 3-year average PM2.5 exposure varied among the 282 cities,
      ranging from 6 to 114 MUg/m3 (mean, 52.6 MUg/m3). Each 10 MUg/m3 increase in
      PM2.5 concentration associated with 14% higher odds for MN (odds ratio, 1.14; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.18) in regions with PM2.5 concentration >70 MUg/m3
      We also found that higher 3-year average air quality index was associated with
      increased risk of MN. In conclusion, in this large renal biopsy series, the
      frequency of MN increased over the study period, and long-term exposure to high
      levels of PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of MN.

PMID- 27365537
TI  - Voltammetric Determination of Dinonyl Diphenylamine and Butylated Hydroxytoluene
      in Mineral and Synthetic Oil.
AB  - A method is reported for the determination of diphenylamine and butylated
      hydroxytoluene in mineral and synthetic oil. The procedure used differential
      pulse voltammetry with a glassy carbon electrode. This method was then used for
      determining these antioxidants in supporting electrolyte consisting of dilute
      sulfuric acid and sodium dodecyl sulfonate in ethanol. Anodic peaks were obtained
      for both analytes. Oxidation peaks at 250 mV were observed from a mixture of
      butylated hydroxytoluene and dinonyl diphenylamine, allowing their simultaneous
      determination. This approach was successfully used for the determination of
      dinonyl diphenylamine and butylated hydroxytoluene in fortified mineral and
      synthetic oils with good accuracy and precision.

PMID- 27365538
TI  - The German IVF Register as an Instrument to Document Assisted Reproductive
      Technologies.
AB  - The German IVF Register (Deutsches IVF-Register [D.I.R]) has been collecting and
      publishing data on the use of IVF and related methods in Germany since 1982. It
      is the only institution which provides information for all of Germany on
      procedures and their success rates. For this reason it plays an important role in
      the provision of information to the public, to patients, political decision
      makers and the scientific community. However, the register does not have the data
      of all centers offering treatment in Germany nor does it have complete datasets
      on all reported treatments. The register accepts retrospective data entries, it
      does not publish the success rates of individual centers and up until 2015 it did
      not provide a summary of information which was suitable for non-specialists. The
      D.I.R has been the focus of criticism in the past. Even today, the information it
      provides to the scientific community, the public, political decision-makers and
      potential patients on the outcomes of assisted reproduction is insufficient. The
      documentation of reproductive medicine procedures in other countries is much more
      meaningful.

PMID- 27365539
TI  - The German Middleway as Precursor for Single Embryo Transfer. A Retrospective
      Data-analysis of the Dusseldorf University Hospital's Interdisciplinary Fertility
      Centre - UniKiD.
AB  - Introduction: Patients receiving fertility treatment in Germany appear to be
      disadvantaged in comparison to those in other countries due to the restrictive
      Embryo Protection Act ("Embryonenschutzgesetz, ESchG"), which prohibits the
      selection of a "top" embryo. The so-called German Middleway ("Deutscher
      Mittelweg, DMW") now provides for a liberal interpretation of the ESchG by
      allowing the culture of numerous pronuclear stages (2PN stage). Materials and
      Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 2 assisted reproduction treatment cycles
      in n = 400 patients between the ages of 21 and 45 years, either treated 2*
      conservatively or 1* conservatively and 1* liberally according to DMW. Results:
      Pregnancy was achieved in 35 % of patients in the DMW group and 31 % of controls.
      The birth rate among controls was 28.5 % and 30.5 % in the DMW group. Most
      pregnancies resulted from the culture of 4 * 2PN stages. Conclusion: Patients in
      the DMW group had significantly higher pregnancy and birth rates compared to
      their previous cycles despite significantly increased age and significantly fewer
      transferred embryos. Key factors were the number of 2PNs generated and the
      quality of embryos transferred. Thus it can be assumed that particularly older
      patients with adequate ovarian reserves will benefit from DMW, i.e. the transfer
      of fewer embryos of the best possible quality.

PMID- 27365540
TI  - Diagnosis of Endometrial-Factor Infertility: Current Approaches and New Avenues
      for Research.
AB  - Over the last decade, research to improve success rates in reproductive medicine
      has focused predominantly on the understanding and optimization of embryo
      quality. However, the emergence of personalized medicine in ovulation induction
      and embryology has shifted the focus to assessing the individual status of the
      endometrium. The endometrium is considered receptive during an individually
      defined period, the window of implantation (WOI), when the mother permits a
      blastocyst to attach and implant. This individual receptivity status can now be
      objectively diagnosed using the endometrial receptivity array (ERA) developed in
      2011. The ERA, together with a computational algorithm, detects the unique
      transcriptomic signature of endometrial receptivity by analyzing 238
      differentially expressed genes and reliably predicting the WOI. We and others
      have illustrated the utility of this personalized diagnostic approach to
      discriminate between individual physiological variation in endometrial
      receptivity and unknown endometrial pathology, deemed as causal in recurrent
      implantation failure (RIF). An international randomized controlled trial ("The
      ERA as a diagnostic guide for personalized embryo transfer." ClinicalTrials.gov
      Identifier: NCT01954758) is underway to determine the clinical value of this
      endometrial diagnostic intervention in the work-up for reproductive care. In this
      review, we analyse the current clinical practice in the diagnosis of the
      endometrial factor together with new avenues of research.

PMID- 27365541
TI  - MicroRNA Profile of Granulosa Cells after Ovarian Stimulation Differs According
      to Maturity of Retrieved Oocytes.
AB  - Background: Recent animal studies demonstrated that regulating the microRNA
      (miRNA) in granulosa cells (GCs) modulates the meiotic competence of oocytes.
      However, the difference in expression profiles of miRNAs in human GCs according
      to the maturity of the oocyte still remains to be elucidated. Objective: This
      observational study investigated whether the miRNA profile of human GCs differs
      according to the maturity of the retrieved oocyte after controlled ovarian
      stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: Ten women who underwent
      ovarian stimulation cycles with GnRH agonist long protocols were recruited. The
      follicular fluid (FF) from dominant follicles was individually aspirated at
      oocyte retrieval. Oocytes were divided into two groups according to oocyte
      maturity ("mature group" vs. "immature group"). GCs were collected from the FF
      and miRNA was analyzed using real-time PCR. Results: Mean number of MII oocytes
      in the mature group was 1.6 +/- 0.9 with none in the immature group (p = 0.008).
      Mean number of MI oocytes was 5.6 +/- 2.1 in the mature group and 1.0 +/- 0.0 in
      the immature group (p = 0.008). The total number of retrieved oocytes was 8.8 +/-
      1.9 in the mature group and 2.0 +/- 1.2 in the immature group (p = 0.008). The
      GCs of the mature group showed a significantly lower expression of hsa-let-7b
      compared to the GCs of the immature group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Taken
      together, the miRNA expression profiles of human GCs obtained from dominant
      follicles are associated with maturity of the adjacent oocyte and may be useful
      as a prognosticator of IVF outcome.

PMID- 27365542
TI  - Osteopontin and Integrin alphavbeta3 Expression during the Implantation Window in
      IVF Patients with Elevated Serum Progesterone and Oestradiol Level.
AB  - Background: To explore whether endometrial receptivity is determined by
      osteopontin (OPN) and integrin alphavbeta3 expression in women with elevated
      serum progesterone (P) and/or oestradiol (E2) who are undergoing in vitro
      fertilisation (IVF). Methods: According to serum hormone levels on the day of HCG
      administration, 33 infertile women were divided into 3 groups: the high E2, high
      P, and high E2 and P groups. The control group included 11 fertile, healthy
      women. Endometrial biopsy was performed on ovulation day + 7 to + 8 for all study
      participants, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of OPN and integrin
      alphavbeta3 were analyzed. Result: No statistically significant differences
      regarding OPN and integrin alphavbeta3 expression were found between infertile
      patients in the high P, high E2, high E2 and P and control groups. There was no
      significant correlation between OPN and integrin alphavbeta3 staining intensity
      during the implantation window biopsy in any of the groups studied. Conclusion:
      Endometrial OPN and integrant alphavbeta3 expression/co-expression is not
      impaired during the window of implantation in patients with high P, high E2, or
      high E2 and P levels. The clinical value of assessing endometrial receptivity
      with OPN and integrin alphavbeta3 seems to be uncertain.

PMID- 27365543
TI  - Avoiding OHSS: Controlled Ovarian Low-Dose Stimulation in Women with PCOS.
AB  - The polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder which influences
      outcome and potential risks involved with controlled ovarian stimulation for
      artificial reproductive techniques (ART). Concrete practical recommendations for
      the dosage of gonadotropins, the preferred protocol and preventive methods to
      avoid ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) are lacking. We present
      retrospective data of 235 individually calculated gonadotropin low-dose
      stimulations for ART in a single center from 2012 to 2014. Clinical data and
      outcome parameter of patients diagnosed with PCOS according to Rotterdam criteria
      (n = 39) were compared with patients without PCOS (n = 196). The starting dose of
      gonadotropins was individually calculated depending on patients' age, BMI,
      ovarian reserve, ovarian response in previous cycles, and diagnostic criteria of
      PCOS. Mean age and duration of infertility did not differ between the groups,
      whereas mean BMI (p = 0.007) and AMH (p < 0.001) were higher in the PCOS-group. A
      lower mean FSH-starting and maximum dose was administered to women with PCOS (p <
      0.001). The biochemical pregnancy rate of 42.4 % and the clinical pregnancy rate
      of 32.2 % for PCOS-patients did not differ from those of the control group (42.2
      % and 34.4 % respectively). Neither mild, nor moderate or severe manifestation of
      OHSS occurred significantly more often in patients with PCOS. Our study supports
      the use of a calculated low-dose FSH-stimulation strategy in ART for patients
      with PCOS. Further randomized clinical trials should confirm this strategy and
      lead to define individual risk factors for OHSS, which can be used for
      recommendation of safer ART-techniques like in vitro maturation.

PMID- 27365544
TI  - Antenatal Diagnosis of Dizygotic, Monochorionic Twins Following IVF/ICSI.
AB  - Monochorionic twins are usually monozygotic and thus usually have the same sex. A
      case of monochorionic diamniotic twins following IVF/ICSI and laser treatment of
      the zona pellucida ("assisted hatching") is presented in which partial embryo
      amalgamation appears to have occurred. Discordant sex between the twins was
      suspected on detailed antenatal ultrasound at 13 + 3 weeks gestation and was
      confirmed on subsequent examinations. The sexual phenotype at birth was female
      for one twin and male for the other. Placental histology confirmed the
      monochorionic, diamniotic situation. Cytogenetic analysis of both twins was
      carried out postpartum on various tissues. On karyotyping of blood lymphocytes
      the male and female twins each had one mosaic of male and female cells. Oral
      mucosal cells showed normal male and female karyotypes respectively. Analysis of
      urothelium showed a normal result for the male infant, and a weak gonosomal
      mosaic with an XX and XY constellation for the female infant. At least for blood
      lymphocytes, a diagnosis of chimerism was proven.

PMID- 27365545
TI  - Enhanced removal of nickel(II) ions from aqueous solutions by SDS-functionalized
      graphene oxide.
AB  - In this paper, a one-pot and easy-to-handle method at room temperature without
      additional chemicals for the modification of graphene oxide (GO) with surfactant
      is found. Removal of nickel (II) ions from aqueous solutions by GO and surfactant
      (sodium dodecyl sulphate) modified graphene oxide (SDS-GO) was studied
      spectrophotometrically at room temperature as a function of time, initial
      concentration and pH. Adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was increased
      dramatically (from 20.19 to 55.16 mg/g found by Langmuir model) due to the
      functionalization of the surface by SDS. The driving force of the adsorption of
      Ni(II) ions is electrostatic attraction and Ni(II) ions adsorbed on the GO
      surface chemically besides ion exchange.

PMID- 27365546
TI  - Determinants of Quality of Life in the Caregivers of Iranian War Survivors with
      Bilateral Lower-Limb Amputation after More than Two Decades.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Providing care to a disable relative at home exposes the caregiver to
      a potentially higher risk of physical and mental problems. We measured health
      related quality of life (HRQOL) and its determinants among the caregivers of the
      Iranian survivors of the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) with bilateral lower-limb
      amputation. METHODS: Data were collected from 464 individuals comprising war
      related bilateral lower-limb amputees (n=232) and their caregivers (n=232) in
      January 2015 in Shiraz, Iran. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)
      questionnaire was used to evaluate the caregivers' QOL. Logistic regression
      analysis was performed to determine the most significant contributing factors.
      RESULTS: The mean age of the caregivers and the amputees was 39.4+/-6.2 and
      42.5+/-6.2 years, respectively. The mean duration of disability was 22.8+/-3.9
      years in the amputees. Most of the caregivers were reported to be in their first
      marriage. The highest and lowest mean scores of the SF-36 domains in the sample
      population were observed for physical function (76.65+/-21.97) and bodily pain
      (53.54+/-24.95). QOL in the caregivers was significantly lower than that in a
      sample of the general Iranian female population (P<0.05). History of
      hospitalization during the preceding year of the study (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.08 to
      4.57, P=0.02) and mental health problems (OR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.02 to 3.15, P=0.04)
      in the amputees constituted the most important predicting factors in the
      caregivers' QOL. CONCLUSION: The caregivers of the bilateral lower-limb amputees
      in the current study suffered from a poor QOL. Hospitalization and mental
      problems were the most significant contributing factors vis-a-vis the caregivers'
      HRQOL. Health care and services should, therefore, be provided to both amputees
      and their caregivers.

PMID- 27365547
TI  - Cardioprotective Effect of Extended Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Patients
      Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Undergoing: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning has been
      known for many years. Since the temporary ischemia in the heart may cause lethal
      cardiac effects, the idea of creating ischemia in organs far from the heart such
      as limbs was raised as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). We hypothesized
      that the extension of RIPC has more cardioprotective effect in patients
      undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries. METHODS: In this triple
      blind randomized clinical trial study, 96 patients were randomly divided into 3
      groups and two blood pressure cuffs were placed on both upper and lower
      extremities. In group A, only upper extremity cuff and in group B upper limb and
      lower limb cuff was inflated intermittently and group C was the control group.
      RIPC was induced with three 5-min cycles of cuff inflation about 100 mmHg over
      the initial systolic blood pressure before starting cardiopulmonary bypass. The
      primary endpoints were troponin I and creatine phosphokinase-myoglobin isoenzyme
      (CK-MB). RESULTS: Six hours after the termination of CPB, there was a peak
      release of the troponin I level in all groups (group A=4.90 ng/ml, group B=4.40
      ng/ml, and group C=4.50 ng/ml). There was a rise in plasma CK-MB in all groups
      postoperatively and there were not any significant differences in troponin I and
      CK-MB release between the three groups. CONCLUSION: RIPC induced by upper and
      lower limb ischemia does not reduce postoperative myocardial enzyme elevation in
      adult patients undergoing CABG. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT2012071710311N1.

PMID- 27365548
TI  - Effects of Ketamine on Neuronal Spontaneous Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents and
      Miniature Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents in the Somatosensory Cortex of Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ketamine is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic which produces
      dissociation anesthesia, analgesia, and amnesia. The mechanism of ketamine
      induced synaptic inhibition in high-level cortical areas is still unknown. We
      aimed to elucidate the effects of different concentrations of ketamine on the
      glutamatergic synaptic transmission of the neurons in the primary somatosensory
      cortex by using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats
      (11-19 postnatal days, n=36) were used to obtain brain slices (300 MUM).
      Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (data from 40 neurons) were recorded
      at a command potential of -70 mV in the presence of bicuculline (a competitive
      antagonist of GABAA receptors, 30 MUM) and strychnine (glycine receptor
      antagonist, 30 MUM). Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (data from 40
      neurons) were also recorded when 1 MUM of tetrodotoxin was added into the
      artificial cerebrospinal fluid. We used GraphPad Prism5for statistical analysis.
      Significant differences in the mean amplitude and frequency were tested using the
      Student paired 2-tailed t test. Values of P<0.05 were considered significant.
      RESULTS: Different concentrations of ketamine inhibited the frequency and
      amplitude of the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents as well as the
      amplitude of the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in a concentration
      dependent manner, but they exerted no significant effect on the frequency of the
      miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. CONCLUSION: Ketamine inhibited the
      excitatory synaptic transmission of the neurons in the primary somatosensory
      cortex. The inhibition may have been mediated by a reduction in the sensitivity
      of the postsynaptic glutamatergic receptors.

PMID- 27365549
TI  - Diagnostic Value of the Urine Mucus Test in Childhood Masturbation among Children
      below 12 Years of Age: A Cross-Sectional Study from Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood masturbation (CM) is considered a variant of normal sexual
      behavior; however, it is commonly misdiagnosed as epilepsy and movement
      disorders. As the first study from Iran, we analyzed a large population of
      infants and children with CM in a case-control study and evaluated the value of
      mucus in urine analysis as an alternative diagnostic tool for CM. METHODS: A
      total of 623 children referred to the Pediatric Neurology Clinic of Imam Khomeini
      Hospital for an evaluation of seizure or movement disorders were studied between
      2008 and 2011. Totally, 359 children were found to have masturbatory behaviors
      (Group A) and the rest (264) were assigned to Group B. CM was diagnosed by direct
      observation. Collected data comprised demographic characteristics, clinical and
      neurodevelopmental examinations, laboratory findings (particularly urine
      analysis), and electrocardiography. RESULTS: The age of the children with CM was
      below 12 years old, and the girl-to-boy ratio was 7:1. Mucus in urine was
      positive in 357 (99.44%) children in Group A and 22 (8.3%) in Group B (P<0.001).
      A significant correlation was found between the presence of mucus in urine and
      masturbatory behaviors (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the
      presence of mucus in urine can be used as an alternative laboratory test in
      children with CM below 12 years old and even in infants (<=24 months old).
      Further studies are needed to confirm the results.

PMID- 27365550
TI  - The Accuracy of Body Mass Index and Gallagher's Classification in Detecting
      Obesity among Iranians.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to examine the comparability of the BMI and
      Gallagher's classification in diagnosing obesity based on the cutoff points of
      the gold standards and to estimate suitable cutoff points for detecting obesity
      among Iranians. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was comparative in nature. The
      sample consisted of 20,163 adults. The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was
      used to measure the variables of interest. Sensitivity, specificity, positive
      predictive power (PPV), and negative predictive power (NPV) were used to evaluate
      the comparability of the two classification methods in detecting obesity.
      RESULTS: The BMI wrongly classified 29% of the obese persons as overweight. In
      both classifications, as age increased, the accuracy of detecting obesity
      decreased. The Gallagher's classification is better than MBI in detecting obesity
      in men with the exception of those older than 59 years. In females, the BMI was
      better in determining sensitivity. In both classifications, either female or
      male, an increase in age was associated with a decrease in sensitivity and NPV
      with the exception of the BMI for the 18 year olds. Gallagher can correctly
      classify males and females who are less than 40 and 19 years old, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Gallagher's classification is recommended for non-obese in both sexes
      and in obese males younger than 40 years old. The BMI is recommended for obese
      females. The suitable cutoff points for the BMI to detect obesity are 27.70
      kg/m(2) for females and males, 27.70 kg/m(2) for females, and 27.30 kg/m(2) for
      males.

PMID- 27365551
TI  - Macrophage Immune Response Suppression by Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      Antigens, the ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10 Fusion Proteins.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Macrophage immune responses are affected by the secretory proteins of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). This study aimed to examine the immune
      responses of macrophages to Mtb secretory antigens, namely ESAT-6, CFP-10, and
      ESAT-6/CFP-10. METHODS: THP-1 cells (a human monocytic cell line) were cultured
      and differentiated to macrophages by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The
      cytotoxicity of the recombinant Mtb proteins was assessed using the MTT assay.
      Two important immune responses of macrophages, namely NO and ROS production, were
      measured in response to the ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10 antigens. The data
      were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with SPSS, version 16, and considered
      significant at P<0.05. RESULTS: The results showed that the ESAT-6, CFP-10, and
      ESAT-6/CFP-10 proteins markedly reduced macrophage immune response. The treatment
      of the THP-1-differentiated cells with ESAT-6, CFP-10, and ESAT-6/CFP-10 reduced
      NO and ROS production. The treated THP-1-differentiated cells exhibited less
      inducible NO synthase activity than did the untreated cells. No toxic effect on
      macrophage viability was observed for the applied proteins at the different
      concentrations. CONCLUSION: It seems that the decline in macrophage immune
      response is due to the suppression of NO and ROS production pathways without any
      effect on cell viability.

PMID- 27365552
TI  - Melatonin Reduces Cataract Formation and Aldose Reductase Activity in Lenses of
      Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rat.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The relationship between the high activity of aldose reductase (AR)
      and diabetic cataract formation has been previously investigated. The purpose of
      the present study was to determine the preventing effect of melatonin on
      streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic cataract in rats. METHODS: 34 adult healthy
      male Sprague-Dawely rats were divided into four groups. Diabetic control and
      diabetic+melatonin received a single dose of STZ (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally),
      whereas the normal control and normal+melatonin received vehicle. The melatonin
      groups were gavaged with melatonin (5 mg/kg) daily for a period of 8 weeks,
      whereas the rats in the normal control and diabetic control groups received only
      the vehicle. The rats' eyes were examined every week and cataract formation
      scores (0-4) were determined by slit-lamp microscope. At the end of the eighth
      week, the rats were sacrificed and markers of the polyol pathway and
      antioxidative (Glutathione, GSH) in their lens were determined. The levels of
      blood glucose, HbA1c and plasma malondialdhyde (MDA), as a marker of lipid
      peroxidation, were also measured. RESULTS: Melatonin prevented STZ-induced
      hyperglycemia by decreased blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Slit lamp examination
      indicated that melatonin delayed cataract progression in diabetic rats. The
      results revealed that melatonin feeding increased the GSH levels, decreased the
      activities of AR and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) and sorbitol formation in
      catractous lenses as well as plasma MDA content. CONCLUSION: In summary, for the
      first time we demonstrated that melatonin delayed the formation and progression
      of cataract in diabetic rat lenses.

PMID- 27365553
TI  - Effect of Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia on Implanted Melanoma in Mouse Models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nowadays, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have received much attention
      because of their enormous potentials in many fields such as magnetic fluid
      hyperthermia (MFH). The goal of hyperthermia is to increase the temperature of
      malignant cells to destroy them without any lethal effect on normal tissues. To
      investigate the effectiveness of cancer therapy by magnetic fluid hyperthermia,
      Fe0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles (FNPs) were used to undergo external magnetic field
      (f=515 kHz, H=100 G) in mice bearing implanted tumor. METHODS: FNPs were
      synthesized via precipitation and characterized using transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer, and Fourier transform infrared.
      For in vivo study, the mice bearing implanted tumor were divided into four groups
      (two mice per group), namely, control group, AMF group, MNPs group, and MNPs&AMF
      group. After 24 hours, the mice were sacrificed and each tumor specimen was
      prepared for histological analyses. The necrotic surface area was estimated by
      using graticule (Olympus, Japan) on tumor slides. RESULTS: The mean diameter of
      FNPs was estimated around 9 nm by TEM image and M versus H curve indicates that
      this particle is among superparamagnetic materials. According to histological
      analyses, no significant difference in necrosis extent was observed among the
      four groups. CONCLUSION: FNPs are biocompatible and have a good size for
      biomedical applications. However, for MFH approach, larger diameters especially
      in the range of ferromagnetic particles due to hysteresis loss can induce
      efficient heat in the target region.

PMID- 27365554
TI  - Status of Exudative Pleural Effusion in Adults of South Khorasan Province,
      Northeast Iran: Pleural Tuberculosis Tending toward Elderly.
AB  - The causes and situation of exudative pleural effusion vary from one area to
      another. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 327 patients with exudative
      pleural effusion in South Khorasan province (Iran). The patients were older than
      12 years and comprised 172 (52.6%) males and 155 (47.4%) females. The study
      commenced in 2007 with seven years duration. The Light's criteria were used to
      define exudative effusion. Procedures including pleural fluid analysis,
      microbiological study, pleural biopsy, and systemic investigations were conducted
      to determine the special cause of pleural effusion. The mean age of the patients
      was 63.4+/-18.4 years. Malignancies, tuberculosis, and parapneumonia pleural
      exudation were diagnosed in 125 (38.2%), 48 (14.7%), and 45 (13.8%) cases,
      respectively. Among malignant effusions, metastasis from lung cancer made 48
      (38.4%) of the cases. The origin of metastasis was not determined in 44 (35.2%)
      patients. The mean age of patients was not significantly different between
      malignant (66.9+/-14.3 years) and tuberculosis (63.9+/-19.7 years) cases
      (P=0.16). The older age of tuberculosis patients could be a new discussion point
      on the overall impression created on the subject of tuberculosis pleural
      exudation (TB-PLE) occurring in young people. 

PMID- 27365555
TI  - Aqueous Extract of Anethum Graveolens L. has Potential Antioxidant and
      Antiglycation Effects.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the antiglycation and antioxidant properties
      of aqueous extract of Anethum graveolens (dill). In the in vivo and in vitro
      experiments, antioxidant properties, blood glucose, and AGEs formation were
      determined. Dill extract was given orally to healthy and diabetic rats. Our
      results illustrated that different concentrations of dill extract (0.125, 0.25,
      0.5, and 1 mg/ml) have potential antiradical and antioxidant activity. Aqueous
      extract of dill significantly reduced AGEs formation and fructosamine levels,
      protein carbonyl and also thiol group's oxidation, amyloid cross-beta and
      fragmentation. After 2 months, blood glucose levels (P=0.006) and AGEs formation
      (P=0.003) significantly reduced in dill treated group compared with untreated
      diabetic animals. In conclusion, dill can be recommended as herbal medicine for
      the control and prevention of diabetic complications. 

PMID- 27365556
TI  - miR-4284 and miR-4484 as Putative Biomarkers for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.
AB  - Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
      MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNA, which can regulate gene expression
      at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNA profiling has shown a great potential as
      novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The present study was performed at
      the Nemazee Teaching Hospital (Shiraz, Iran) from 2011 to 2013. The aim of this
      study was to assess the deregulation of miRNAs profiles in DLBL against
      hyperplasic reactive lymph node as a normal. This could serve as a biomarker for
      DLBL. The miRCURY LNATM microarray was used on the total RNA, which was extracted
      from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of 24 de novo diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma patients and 14 normal lymph nodes. The greatest changes were detected
      in miR-4284 and miR-4484 level in patient's lymphoma samples. These miRNAs can
      act as a diagnostic biomarker for DLBL. 

PMID- 27365557
TI  - Hybrid Ameloblastoma of the Maxilla: A Puzzling Pathology.
AB  - Ameloblastomas are slow growing, locally invasive, benign odontogenic tumors of
      an epithelial origin, accounting for approximately 1% of all oral tumors. A 40
      year-old man presented with a chief complaint of a swelling over the left side of
      his face of 4 years' duration. On examination, gross facial asymmetry was
      detected, and a well-defined swelling was noted intraorally involving the left
      maxilla medially from the mid palatal raphe and obliterating the buccal vestibule
      laterally. The swelling was non-tender and exhibited dual consistencies: firm in
      the palate and cystic in the vestibular region. Computed tomography revealed a
      multilocular radiolucency, which involved the left maxilla, encroached into the
      left maxillary sinus and the nasal complex, and caused bony erosion. Early
      diagnosis and treatment are the key tools in managing ameloblastomas, failure of
      which may lead to a significant deterioration of the prognosis and an increased
      recurrence rate. Uncommon variants of ameloblastomas have been gaining interest
      recently. To date, 25 cases of hybrid ameloblastomas have been documented in the
      scientific literature. We present an extremely rare hybrid type of the
      ameloblastoma with combined follicular, cystic, acanthomatous, and desmoplastic
      variants, which render it the first of its kind to have ever been reported. 

PMID- 27365558
TI  - Preoperative Emboli in a Pregnant Woman with Myxoma.
AB  - The left atrium is the most common location of myxomas, which are benign tumors.
      Only a few cases of myxomas in pregnancies have been reported. Our thorough
      medical literature search showed only 17 reported cases in the course of
      pregnancy. Myxomas during pregnancy and in the preterm period constitute a
      serious phenomenon that can mimic an early sign of a life-threatening pathology
      like severe mitral stenosis. We describe a 33-year-old woman, who presented with
      acute dyspnea to a gynecology center and was referred to our hospital for further
      evaluation of pulmonary embolism. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a huge
      left atrial myxoma, and computed tomography scan illustrated paradoxical
      pulmonary embolism in the left upper lung lobe via a large patent foramen ovale.
      The tumor required urgent cardiac surgery. In this article, we review causes of
      dyspnea in pregnancy and the cardiovascular effects of myxomas in pregnancy. We
      also describe the pathophysiological effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the
      mother, fetus, and the feto-placental system during open-heart surgery. We
      performed a successful surgical resection of a myxoma in a pregnant woman. Given
      the rarity of such cases, individual multidisciplinary assessment and management
      strategies are essential. 

PMID- 27365559
TI  - An Aortoenteric Fistula Arising after Endovascular Management of a Mycotic
      Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Complicated with a Psoas Abscess.
AB  - Mycotic aortic aneurysms account for 1-3% of all aortic aneurysms. The management
      of this disease is controversial. Since open surgical repair is associated with
      high morbidity and mortality rates, endovascular aneurysm repair is an
      alternative treatment method with promising early and midterm outcomes, although
      its long-term durability is unknown. Secondary aortoenteric fistulas may occur
      iatrogenically after either aortic reconstructive surgery or endovascular repair.
      As the number of aneurysms managed with endovascular aneurysm repair has
      substantially increased, cases of aortoenteric fistulas referred for endovascular
      repair are augmented. We report the case of an aortoduodenal fistula manifested
      with duodenal perforation after staged endovascular and surgical treatment of a
      mycotic aortic aneurysm. 

PMID- 27365560
TI  - Superior Vena Cava Syndrome due to Thrombosis: A Rare Paraneoplastic Presentation
      of Bronchogenic Carcinoma.
AB  - Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome is not an uncommon occurrence in patients with
      malignancy and it is often described as a medical emergency. In majority of the
      cases, SVC syndrome occurs due to mechanical obstruction of the SVC by
      extraluminal compression with primary intrathoracic malignancies. However,
      intraluminal obstruction due to thrombosis can also produce symptoms and signs of
      SVC syndrome. Clot-related SVC obstruction is mostly associated with indwelling
      central venous catheter and pacemaker leads, although such thrombosis can occur
      spontaneously in a background of a hypercoagulable state, e.g., malignancy. Here,
      an unusual case of sudden onset SVC syndrome has been reported, which on initial
      radiologic evaluation was found to have a lung nodule without any significant
      mediastinal mass or adenopathy compressing SVC. Subsequent investigation with
      Doppler ultrasonography of the neck showed thrombosis in the right internal
      jugular, right subclavian and right brachiocephalic vein, which was responsible
      for SVC syndrome. Histopathological evaluation of lung nodule confirmed presence
      of an adenocarcinoma. Therefore, venous thromboembolism as a paraneoplastic
      syndrome should be kept in mind while evaluating a case of SVC obstruction in a
      cancer patient. Management of the underlying disease is of prime importance in
      such cases and anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy. Ability to identify
      paraneoplastic syndrome may have a significant effect on clinical outcome,
      ranging from early diagnosis to improved quality of life of the patient. 

PMID- 27365561
TI  - A Rare Complication with the Concomitant use of Warfarin and Nonsteroidal Anti
      Inflammatory Drugs: Hemoperitoneum and Intramural Small Bowel Hematoma.

PMID- 27365562
TI  - Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis: A Diagnostic Clue to Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 27365563
TI  - 'Software and Scholarship' - Editorial.

PMID- 27365564
TI  - Trusting Others to 'Do the Math'.
AB  - Researchers effectively trust the work of others anytime they use software tools
      or custom software. In this article I explore this notion of trusting others,
      using Digital Humanities as a focus, and drawing on my own experience. Software
      is inherently flawed and limited, so when its use in scholarship demands better
      practices and terminology, to review research software and describe development
      processes. It is also important to make research software engineers and their
      work more visible, both for the purposes of review and credit.

PMID- 27365565
TI  - Imagining the Unimaginable: Parricide in Early Modern England and Wales, c.1600
      c.1760.
AB  - This article explores the ways in which parricide was comprehended in England and
      Wales, c.1600-1760, and shows that while some parallels exist with modern
      explanatory models of parricide offenders, they had very different meanings in
      the early modern context. While both lunacy and the cruelty of parents were
      understood as possible contexts for parricide, neither were common. The dominant
      explanation was the gratuitous violence of a selfish individual who lacked
      compassion and who saw the parent as an obstacle-to an inheritance, riches,
      marriage, and freedom-to be removed. The article explores these three categories
      and suggests ways in which this began to change in the mid-eighteenth century.

PMID- 27365566
TI  - ROLE OF SURGICAL MANAGEMENT IN INJURIES OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINE.

PMID- 27365567
TI  - STABILIZATION OF THORACOLUMBAR SPINAL INJURIES.
AB  - Spinal Cord injury cases are being managed in Base Hospital Delhi Cantt since
      Oct. 97. 27 cases of thoracolumbar injuries were admitted in this hospital during
      the period Oct 97 to Aug 99. 20 patients underwent surgical treatment (9 thoracic
      and 11 lumbar) and 7 were treated conservatively. All these operations were done
      within 3 weeks following trauma, and methylprednisolone therapy was instituted in
      those who reached the hospital early. Contraindications to surgery included
      stable fracture, bed sores, any focus of sepsis and generalized bone disorders.
      Transpedicular fixation with Dyna-lok system was done in 10 cases, universal
      spinal system was applied in 6 cases and Harrington instrumentation was carried
      out in 4 cases. Decompression laminectomy was done in all cases. Patients with
      incomplete cord injury showed neurological improvement and early rehabilitation
      was possible after surgery. 

PMID- 27365568
TI  - HEIGHT AND WEIGHT PATTERNS AS INDICATORS OF GROWTH AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN AN
      AIR FORCE STATION : A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.
AB  - A cross sectional study of school children between 6-17 years of age was carried
      out in an Air Force Station to determine their growth patterns as indicated by
      weight and height with a view to detect gender bias, if any, and compare the
      findings with those of affluent Indian children and National Centre for Health
      Statistics (NCHS), USA, standards. A total of 763 boys and 605 girls were
      examined. There was no gender bias in growth. Though the children compared almost
      favourably, with affluent Indian children, particularly in respect to stature,
      they were lagging far behind the NCHS standard. Goal for achieving the NCHS
      standards in the long run has been discussed. 

PMID- 27365569
TI  - DNA AMPLIFICATION OF A REPETITIVE SEQUENCE - IS 6110 IN THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF
      EXTRA PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.
AB  - DNA amplification by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of a repetitive sequence
      specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, from clinical samples of extra pulmonary
      origin were evaluated. The 123 base pair fragment of the insertion element IS
      6110 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis was amplified. A total of 50 samples were
      analysed by PCR and compared with culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium (LJ) and
      the clinical findings of the patient. Out of the total 26 samples were positive
      by PCR, while only seven grew the bacilli in culture. 24 samples were negative by
      PCR and culture. All the seven samples that grew the bacilli on culture were
      positive by PCR. In remaining 19 cases that were positive by PCR but did not grow
      the bacilli clinical features, radiological findings and Mantoux test were
      strongly suggestive of M. tuberculosis. All the amplification negative cases had
      no positive evidence of tuberculosis but were being followed up. When correlated
      with culture and clinical history the sensitivity of PCR for the diagnosis of
      active tuberculosis was 100%. However, the specifity was only 55.8% as culture on
      LJ (Gold Standard) was positive in only 7 samples out of 26 samples that were
      positive by PCR. 

PMID- 27365570
TI  - PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY IN HIGH RISK CASES.
AB  - Penetrating Keratoplasty in high risk cases like paediatric patients, complicated
      cases of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, or in patients with highly
      vascularized corneal opacities have been a challenge for opthalmologists because
      of the poor outcome. 101 patients with such high risk indications underwent
      penetrating keratoplasty. Some of them also underwent concurrent procedures like
      PC IOL implantation or vitrectomy. The patients' follow up period ranged from six
      months to four years. The results were evaluated. Good quality donor material,
      good intraoperative tissue handling, aggressive and meticulous postoperative
      management contributed to gratifying results. However chemical injuries and
      patients with dry eyes continued to have a bad prognosis and keratoplasty in
      these cases proved to be unrewarding. 

PMID- 27365571
TI  - AN EPIDEMIC OF PLEURISY AMONGST MILITARY RECRUITS.
AB  - An epidemic amongst recruits who presented with acute viral exudative pleural
      effusion with lymphocytic pleocytosis is analysed. Histologic and bacteriologic
      proof of tuberculosis was lacking in majority. Most of them recovered without
      pleural thickening. Overcrowding, inadequate clothing protection, stress and
      strain of vigorous recruit training could be important precipitating factors.
      None reported with parenchymal tuberculosis in two year follow up. 

PMID- 27365572
TI  - BABY FRIENDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE EXPERIENCES FROM A SERVICE HOSPITAL.
AB  - All pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinic, mothers delivering at Command
      Hospital (Air Force) and parents of infants attending immunization clinic at
      Command Hospital (Air Force) from the period June 1998 to July 1999 are included
      in this retrospective and prospective cross sectional study. A preformatted
      questionnaire was designed to assess the practices related to breast feeding
      during antenatal, in labour room and postnatal ward both for the period pre
      BFHIand post BFH1 Programme initiated at Command Hospital (Air Force). 225
      mothers were included in the study with 90 belonging to pre BFHI group (A) and
      135 to post BFHI group (B). Significant changes in the breast feeding practices
      including antenatal advice on breast feeding and breast examination in group A &
      B were observed (22.3% vs 82.9% and 13.3% vs 74.8%), rooming in with mother and
      first feed within 1/2 hr (64.4% vs 92.5% and 35.5% vs 96.5%), teaching skill of
      breast feeding and manual expression (55.5% vs 91.8% vs 24.4% vs 74.0%). Other
      important changes included total discontinuation of formula feeds, exclusive
      breast milk in all preterm infants and avoiding all forms of prelacteal feeds.
      This study strengthens the fact that appropriate education and training of health
      care givers can result in reversing practices which are 'inappropriately baby
      friendly' to become 'appropriately baby and mother friendly'. Command Hospital
      (Air Force) happens to be first service hospital to be recognized as baby
      friendly. The experience could be applied to achieve the target of all service
      hospitals becoming baby friendly. 

PMID- 27365573
TI  - DENTAL CARIES AND PERIODONTAL DISORDERS IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE.
AB  - Bacterial infections are frequent complications in patients with chronic liver
      disease (CLD). A potential source of infection may be dental foci. This study was
      carried out to assess the association of CLD with dental caries and periodontal
      disease. Dental caries and periodontal examinations were performed prospectively
      in patients with CLD (group A) and controls without any liver disease (group B).
      Similar examination was also carried out in alcoholics without liver disease
      (group C) as well as in cases with portal hypertension but no liver disease
      (group D) i.e. patients with Non Cirrhotic Portal Fibrosis and Extrahepatic
      portal obstruction. A total of 231 subjects (Group A:83, group B: 75, group C:46
      and group D:27) were studied. Group A included 32 cases with chronic hepatitis
      B&C, 26 with alcoholic cirrhosis, 14 with postnecrotic cirrhosis, and 11 with
      cryptogenic cirrhosis. Measures of oral hygiene (p < 0.01), dental care (p <
      0.001), and periodontal parameters were worse and the number of teeth requiring
      treatment (p < 0.05) was higher in alcoholics with or without cirrhosis than in
      healthy subjects and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis. Alcoholics had a
      lower, total number of teeth than patients without alcohol abuse and healthy
      controls (p < 0.01). The dental caries and periodontal status of patients with
      nonalcoholic cirrhosis did not differ significantly from group B. The severity
      and duration of liver disease had no influence on dental caries and periodontal
      disease. The presence of chronic alcohol abuse rather than cirrhosis or portal
      hypertension is a major predisposing factor for dental caries and periodontal
      diseases. In alcoholics, these diseases appear to be caused primarily by bad oral
      hygiene and poor dental care. 

PMID- 27365574
TI  - POST OPERATIVE PAIN RELIEF IN CAESAREAN SECTION.
AB  - Eighty female patients in the age group of 20-40 years, weighing 40 +/- 15 Kg, in
      ASA physical status I and II, awaiting either elective or emergency caesarean
      delivery were selected for this study. Patients with cardiovascular disorders and
      those with significant systemic ailments were excluded from the study. They were
      randomly divided into two equal groups of 40 patients each. Group I was
      subdivided randomly into two equal sub-groups (1A and 1B) of 20 patients each and
      was selected for administration of epidural narcotics. Patients in sub-group 1A
      were given epidural morphine in the dose of 3-5 mg and those in subgroup 1B were
      given buprenorphine in the dose of 0.1-0.15 mg. Group II consisting of 40
      patients, were again subdivided randomly into two equal subgroups (2A and 2B) of
      20 patients each and were selected for administration of parenteral (intravenous)
      narcotics. Patients in subgroup 2A were given morphine in the dose of 5-7.5 mg
      I.V., and those in subgroup 2B were given 0.15-0.3 mg of buprenorphine
      intravenously. The degree of pain relief was assessed by applying numerical
      rating scale (NRS) and resulting complications were observed and recorded. It was
      found that 60-80% of patients with epidural narcotics, with various dosage
      schedules, experienced good to excellent analgesia as compared to 30-40% of
      patients with parenteral use of narcotics. 

PMID- 27365575
TI  - AUDIT OF BLOOD REQUISITION.
AB  - A total of 2793 requisition forms received by the blood banks of a Service zonal
      hospital, between June 1995 and December 1999, were analysed. 1697 (60.71%) forms
      were demand for single unit blood. Blood was collected against only 1099 forms
      (39.34%) out of which 713 (64.88%) were single unit issue. Urgency of requirement
      and blood group of patients was omitted in 56% cases. 104 forms were received
      without mention of the indications for transfusion. History of previous
      transfusion and pregnancy/HDN were omitted in 25.1% and 37.38% cases
      respectively. At an average 14.61% of the total collection was discarded. Of the
      292 units discarded, 242 units were due to non utilisation. A transfusion
      committee should be established in all hospitals with a licensed blood bank. It
      should constitute definite objectives and conduct regular audits (prospective
      audit, concurrent review or retrospective review), in order to achieve utmost
      efficiency and numerous benefits, in terms of workload, cost, errors, risks of
      transfusion and ultimately increased customer satisfaction. It should strive to
      abolish single unit and inappropriate transfusion, and advocate autologous
      transfusion. 

PMID- 27365576
TI  - HARTMANN'S PROCEDURE REVISITED.
AB  - Between July 1991 and June 1999 out of 176 patients undergoing colonic surgery
      (elective and emergency), Hartmann's procedure was performed in 63. There were 39
      males and 24 females. Mean age was 43 years (range 12 to 81). To assess the
      utility of Hartmann's procedure the documents of all these 63 patients were
      retrospectively analysed. In 47 bowel continuity was reestablished. The over all
      mortality in first stage operation (Hartmann's procedure) was 12.7% and mortality
      in the second stage procedure (reestablishing bowel continuity) was nil.
      Complication rate was drastically less in second operation. The authors conclude
      that Hartmann's procedure is safe and effective while dealing with colorectal
      pathologies as resection and primary anastomosis is fraught with danger. 

PMID- 27365577
TI  - SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME IN CHILDREN.
AB  - Short bowel syndrome, a devastating outcome after major intestinal resection,
      manifests as malabsorption and diarrhoea. Improved outcome in recent years has
      come about with better understanding of the disease and its sequelae. Medical
      therapy using H2 receptor antagonists, loperamide and growth hormone analogues
      has been found useful. Total parenteral nutrition has revolutionized the outcome
      of this crippling disorder. Diverse spectrums of surgical procedures aimed at
      deceleration of intestinal transit and intestinal lengthening have not found
      favour in clinical practice. Intestinal transplantation remains the only viable
      option when intestinal adaptation is inadequate and complications of total
      parenteral nutrition ensue. 

PMID- 27365578
TI  - VIAGRA : IS IT A WONDER DRUG ?
AB  - Male erectile dysfunction is common and frustrating after the age of forty years.
      Erectile dysfunction is a cause of misery, relationship difficulties, and
      significantly reduced quality of life. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) has shown
      promising results in recently published clinical trials. Sildenafil is a potent
      and competitive inhibitor of cGMp specific phosphodiesterase-5, predominant
      isoenzyme in the human corpus cavernosum. It is effective in erectile dysfunction
      of diverse origin, however it requires a patent vascular system to be effective.
      It is not effective in patients with endocrinal impotence, loss of libido,
      premature ejaculation or infertility. Its main adverse effects are headache,
      flushing, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, nasal congestion, indigestion, visual
      disturbances, dizziness and rash. Ventricular tachycardia and acute myocardial
      infraction have been reported in patients of ischaemic heart disease after
      consumption of sildenafil. Six deaths have been reported in patients taking
      nitrates. In India it is likely to be prescribed by a primary care physician
      without complete evaluation of patient on complaint of impotence. Hence the
      ethical question of who should prescribe this drug should be addressed by medical
      fraternity and proper guidelines formulated to avoid misuse of sildenafil.
      Phosphodiesterase is distributed in nerve, central nervous system, and systemic
      vasculature, hence long-term effects of drug on these tissues has to be
      ascertained. It should be made mandatory to report all adverse drug reactions to
      ADR monitoring centres. It is a wonder for those who require it, but has
      potentially dangerous adverse effects and drug interactions and hence is and not
      a wonder pill for all kinds of impotence. 

PMID- 27365579
TI  - PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.

PMID- 27365580
TI  - FOR WHOM DO WE TOIL?
AB  - Indoor workload of a zonal service hospital for one month was studied. Service
      personnel and their dependents form the bulk of workload. Though the absolute
      number of ex-servicemen and their dependents is small, the resources spent on
      them are quite high. The average stay in hospital is 15 days. Rapid turnover of
      the patients reveals appropriate utilization of resources. Optimization of
      resources is possible by reducing the number of admissions for administrative
      purposes. 

PMID- 27365581
TI  - CONGENITAL ANOMALY PRESENTING AS LUMP ABDOMEN IN ADOLESCENT GIRL.

PMID- 27365582
TI  - NASAL ANGIOFIBROMA : An Unusual Presentation.

PMID- 27365583
TI  - RECURRENT RETROPERITONEAL HYDATIDOSIS.

PMID- 27365584
TI  - MALAKOPLAKIA OF LUNG IN AN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT.

PMID- 27365585
TI  - TRIPLETS - A Rare Case Report.

PMID- 27365586
TI  - ENDOBRONCHIAL TUBERCUCLOSIS PRESENTING AS A BRONCHOCELE.

PMID- 27365587
TI  - INTERNAL JUGULAR PHLEBECTASIA.

PMID- 27365588
TI  - A CASE OF FACIAL DIPLEGIA.

PMID- 27365589
TI  - CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS : MANAGEMENT IN INFANCY.

PMID- 27365590
TI  - REGIONAL BLOCKS IN EXTREMITY TRAUMA.

PMID- 27365591
TI  - AEROBIC PYOGENIC LIVER ABSCESS.

PMID- 27365592
TI  - ANOREXIA NERVOSA : A CAUCASIAN SYNDROME RARE IN ASIA.

PMID- 27365593
TI  - INTERMEDIATE UVEITIS PARS PLANITIS.

PMID- 27365594
TI  - INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN NEWBORN.

PMID- 27365595
TI  - CONGENITAL TORTICOLLIS: Reply.

PMID- 27365596
TI  - CONGENITAL TORTICOLLIS.

PMID- 27365598
TI  - INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN NEWBORN: Reply.

PMID- 27365597
TI  - DESIGN MODIFICATION OF THE BACKREST OF HOSPITAL BEDS IN THE ARMED FORCES : A
      PROPOSAL.

PMID- 27365599
TI  - MALARIA - DIAGNOSTICS TODAY.

PMID- 27365600
TI  - IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC TEST: A NEW DIMENSION IN DIAGNOSIS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
      MALARIA.
AB  - 75 patients with clinical features suggestive of malaria were studied to evaluate
      the efficacy of immunochromatographic test (ICT), which detects histidine rich
      protein-2 antigen secreted by Plasmodium falciparum (Pfhrp-2), as against direct
      microscopy. There were 40 cases of P falciparum malaria, 14 cases of P vivax
      malaria and 21 cases of non-malarial fevers. Direct microscopy could detect
      27(67.5%) P falciparum cases but failed to detect 13 cases (32.5%) whereas ICT
      could detect 35(87.5%) P falciparum cases out of 40 but failed to detect 5(12.5%)
      cases. All the P vivax cases and non-malarial fever cases were negative for ICT.
      The sensitivity and specificity of ICT is 87.5% and 100% respectively where as
      the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of the test is
      100% and 87.5% respectively. It is concluded that ICT test is a good adjunct to
      blood smear studies in fever cases with neurological and multiorgan dysfunction
      and in antenatal ladies. 

PMID- 27365601
TI  - EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL CORRELATION OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN AN AIR
      FORCE STATION.
AB  - An epidemio-entomological study was carried out at an Air Force Station located
      in a semi-hilly, forested, highly malarious, tribal belt in Central India.
      Malaria incidence for the period 1995-1998 showed highest incidence among DSC
      personnel. Entomological studies identified exophilic vectors (A culicifacies),
      whose bionomics coincided with outdoor nature of occupation of the DSC personnel.
      Active surveillance among neighbouring villages showed high endemicity
      particularly in the tribal villages. Heavy rainfall in 1997 had a slight
      inhibiting effect on transmission. Because of exophilism of the vectors and
      occupational hazard of malaria faced by the DSC personnel, personal protective
      measures hold the key to malaria control in this group. 

PMID- 27365602
TI  - COMPARISON OF RAPID METHOD OF DNA EXTRACTION USING MICROWAVE IRRADIATION WITH
      CONVENTIONAL PHENOL CHLOROFORM TECHNIQUE FOR USE IN MULTIPLEX PCR FOR mec A AND
      fem B GENES TO IDENTIFY GENOTYPES OF MRSA FROM CULTURES.
AB  - Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a major cause of
      morbidity and mortality in hospitalised patients and requires vancomycin for
      effective therapy. Rapid identification of MRSA is vital to control MRSA
      outbreaks in hospitals. Identification of MRSA is a time consuming process
      requiring more than 48 hours and is labour intensive involving culture,
      biochemical tests and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In this study we have
      used microwave irradiation of the bacterium obtained from cultures which was then
      directly subjected to a multiplex PCR technique to accurately and rapidly
      identify the presence of mec A and fem B genes which characterise MRSA. This has
      been compared with the standard method of lysing the bacterium and DNA extraction
      using phenol chloroform method followed by multiplex PCR. The microwave lysis
      method followed by direct PCR has been found to be less time consuming, 5 hours,
      as compared to 9 hours by conventional technique. Use of this strategy would
      enable early identification and early implementation of control measures. 

PMID- 27365603
TI  - TO STUDY INCIDENCE OF CHLAMYDIAL GENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS USING ENZYME IMMUNO
      ASSAY-ANTIGEN DETECTION AND CELL CULTURE METHODS.
AB  - Endocervical swabs from 315 patients were screened for chlamydial infection by
      using Enzyme Immuno Assay technique for antigen detection. Of these, 190 patients
      were of infertility and 125 patients were with history suggestive of pelvic
      inflammatory disease (PID). 100 age matched controls were also screened for the
      detection of chlamydial antigen by using EIA. The overall incidence of chlamydial
      infection in this study group was 15.2%. 21 (11.05%) of the infertility patients
      and 27 (21.6%) of the pelvic inflammatory disease cases were found to be positive
      for chlamydial antigen. The prevalence rate was found to be high in the age group
      of 31-40 years in both study groups i.e. infertility group (14.7%) and PID group
      (50%). All the ELISA positive cases (48) and randomly selected (10) age matched
      controls were screened by tissue culture using McCoy cell line. In the tissue
      culture, 44 of the 48 samples were found to be positive and none of the controls
      groups were found positive. 4 samples showed discordant results possibly due to
      the presence of non-viable organism or inhibitory material present at the sample
      site. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA with respect to tissue culture are
      100% and 71% respectively. The positive predictive value and the negative
      predictive value of the ELISA are 91.6% and 100% respectively. The efficiency of
      the test was found to be 93.1%. 

PMID- 27365604
TI  - COMPARISON OF MIDAZOLAM AND THIOPENTONE AS INDUCTION AGENTS IN GENERAL
      ANAESTHESIA.
AB  - A single blind parallel group study was performed in 137 patients undergoing
      elective surgery under general anaesthesia to compare the efficacy and
      tolerability of midazolam 0.15 to 0.25 mg/kg or thiopentone 6 mg/kg. Induction
      time was 45.0+/-17.1 secs in midazolam group in comparison to 32.0+/-9.5 secs in
      thiopentone group and the frequency of apnoea was 11.5% and 17.1% respectively.
      There was no difference in the duration of apnoea in the two groups. No venous
      intolerance was experienced during the study. It appears that midazolam is a
      suitable alternative to thiopentone and would be of value where the latter is
      contraindicated. 

PMID- 27365605
TI  - TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT - THE NEW PARADIGM IN HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT.
AB  - Hospitals are by nature complex organisations and the complexity is compounded in
      service hospitals with perceived notion of service deficiencies. Quality has
      emerged as a major issue in health care sector and TQM has been accepted as a
      major long-term strategic initiative towards continuously improving quality of
      health care. Key concepts of TQM start with top management leadership with
      emphasis on process and customer focus. Implementation of TQM in service
      hospitals will require Quality Management awareness, training and framework
      development as well as development of customer awareness. TQM has been widely
      applied in clinical field with successful outcome. TQM is not a short-term
      solution, it has to be understood and practised as a long-term strategic
      commitment. 

PMID- 27365606
TI  - COSTING A HOSPITAL SERVICE PRODUCT: MARGINAL Vs ABSORPTION COSTING.
AB  - Costing a service product is a challenging but important tool for cost control.
      Different methods used for costing may provide varying costs and the choice of
      the method used becomes important. Use of absorption costing and marginal costing
      method and treatment of labour cost as variable and fixed cost provided different
      results in the present study of the cost of below knee patellar tendon bearing
      prosthesis. The study shows that marginal costing should also be done along with
      the absorption cost as it provides better indicator for cost control. 

PMID- 27365607
TI  - ISOLATED RADIAL NERVE INVOLVEMENT IN LEPROSY.

PMID- 27365608
TI  - 1% PROPOFOL IN ANAESTHESIA FOR EMERGENCY NON CARDIAC SURGERY IN HEART FAILURE: A
      REPORT OF TWO CASES.

PMID- 27365609
TI  - KIKUCHIS DISEASE.

PMID- 27365610
TI  - GIANT EPIDERMOID CYST OF THE FLOOR OF MOUTH.

PMID- 27365611
TI  - MYOCARDIAL INJURY IN ELECTRICAL BURNS.

PMID- 27365612
TI  - STENT IN ACUTE NON-Q WAVE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

PMID- 27365614
TI  - HOMOLOGOUS BLOOD TRANSFUSION: DO WE HAVE ANY ALTERNATIVE?

PMID- 27365613
TI  - FURAZOLIDINE INDUCED ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME.

PMID- 27365615
TI  - HOMOLOGOUS BLOOD TRANSFUSION: DO WE HAVE ANY ALTERNATIVE?: REPLY.

PMID- 27365616
TI  - MITRAL STENOSIS: HAS BALLOON DILATATION REPLACED SURGERY?

PMID- 27365617
TI  - CHANGING PATTERN OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES IN THE ARMED FORCES.

PMID- 27365618
TI  - NURSES IN THE OLIVE GREEN: WHAT NEXT?

PMID- 27365619
TI  - "DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS" AN EMERGING CONCEPT IN THE CORRECTION OF CRANIOFACIAL
      DEFORMITIES.

PMID- 27365620
TI  - LASER INTERVENTION IN MACULAR OEDEMA DUE TO BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION.
AB  - 20 out of 25 patients of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO), with macular
      oedema of more than six months duration and less than one year, with visual
      acuity (VA) less than 6/18 corrected and without retinal neovascularisation (NVE)
      or capillary non-perfusion (CNP) were subjected to argon-green laser
      photocoagulation applied in a macular grid fashion. At the end of two years 14/20
      (70%) laser treated eyes in comparison to 2/5 (40%) of the non-laser group had
      corrected visual acuity of 6/12. 

PMID- 27365621
TI  - MANAGEMENT OF CONGENITAL ATRESIA EAR.
AB  - A total of 3 out of 5 cases of major congenital ear malformation seen in out
      patient department in two years in 1997 and 1998 were operated for functional
      reconstruction of external auditory canal, middle ear and ossicular chain. 2
      cases of bilateral malformation of auricle grade 2 were advised otoplastic repair
      prior to tympanoplasty. Out of the 3 cases operated by anterior transatretic bone
      approach, 2 cases had good hearing improvement in air conduction threshold of up
      to 30 db hearing level (averages of 0.5,1.2 and 3 khz). One case developed
      external canal stenosis by six months post operatively and drop in hearing. There
      was no facial nerve injury in any of the cases. This paper analyses the
      importance of facial nerve delineation preoperatively based on its embryological
      development and its relationship with temporal bone and membranous labyrinth. It
      also focuses on the various parameters like timing of surgery, importance of (CT)
      scanning, use of facial nerve monitor and surgical expertise and experience which
      govern the surgical intervention and its results in congenital ear atresia. 

PMID- 27365622
TI  - CLINICO-RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF XENOGRAFTS IN MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY.
AB  - An endeavour to find a suitable substitute for autogenous bone graft in
      corrections of maxillofacial deformities has been going on. Evaluation of
      commercially processed xenograft (SURGIBONE) has been carried out as a substitute
      for autogenous grafts in various maxillofacial surgical procedures in the
      Department of Dental Surgery at Armed Forces Medical College. Clinical and
      radiographic evaluation in 15 patients revealed highly satisfactory result with
      complete integration of the graft without any adverse host tissue reaction within
      the follow-up period lasting from 12-18 months. 

PMID- 27365623
TI  - TRIBAL MALARIA AND ITS EFFECTS ON AIR FORCE STATION AMLA AND SURROUNDING AREAS :
      AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY.
AB  - An epidemiological study on the transmission of malaria was carried out in an Air
      Force (AF) station located in a densely forested, highly malarious tribal belt in
      Central India. Among the AF station population, Defence Service Corps (DSC)
      personnel, whose occupation involved night patrolling in densely forested locales
      on the perimeter of the AF station, with the tribal villages within flight range
      of the vector mosquitoes, were the group most affected in terms of both overall
      malaria incidence and high falciparum rates. Among the neighbouring villages, the
      tribal villages had significantly higher rates of malaria as compared to the non
      tribal villages. Vector identification revealed the presence of malaria vectors
      Anopheles culicifacies and A fluviatilis. Heavy breeding was noted in the
      surrounding villages, both in natural water channels and man made projects, such
      as installation of village hand pumps without proper drainage. A rising trend of
      malaria was obvious in these villages. Incidence among the service population
      could be controlled to some extent by specifically targeted measures inside the
      camp area. Strategy for controlling malaria in such endemic pockets has been
      discussed. 

PMID- 27365624
TI  - MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN INTRACRANIAL TUBERCULOSIS.
AB  - Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major cause of serious illness in many parts of the
      world. Intracranially, TB manifests itself variably as meningitis, tuberculoma
      and tubercular abscess [1]. Although its appearance on MR is not absolutely
      specific, it is important in the proper clinical setting to recognize the range
      of possible patterns that can be observed on images [2]. Magnetic Resonance
      Imaging (MRI) has emerged as a quality imaging tool aiding in the diagnostic
      evaluation of intracranial TB variably displaying meningeal, parenchymal, osseous
      and craniovertebral lesions. The MRI characteristics of 18 cases of intracranial
      TB were reviewed. RESULTS: Multiple lesions occured with a slightly higher
      incidence at 61%. In all, 11 patients (61%) presented with meningitis. Meningeal
      lesions without parenchymal or vascular involvement were seen in 16% of cases. 2
      patients had extension of enhancing exudates into the spinal subarachnoid spaces.
      While 6 patients had focal intra-axial tuberculomas, representing 33% cases, 3
      patients presented with infarcts. 1 patient presented with haemorrhagic infarct
      at right middle cerebral artery territory while two other showed multiple small
      infarcts. Hydrocephalus was identified in 4 patients and epidural lesions were
      noted in 2 cases. MRI should be considered as the imaging modality of choice for
      patients with suspected intracranial TB.

PMID- 27365625
TI  - SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN VARIOUS PATIENT
      POPULATION IN THE ARMED FORCES.
AB  - The study included 200 healthy age and sex matched controls (120 healthy
      volunteers and 80 healthy antenatal cases without any bad obstetric history) and
      300 cases comprising patients with bad obstetric history (BOH) 80 cases, seizure
      or encephalitis 50 cases, cervical lymphadenopathy 30 cases, congenital deformity
      30 cases, HIV infected 80 cases and patients on long term immunosuppression 30
      cases. Anti-toxoplasma IgG & IgM were measured by ELISA and individuals found
      positive for anti Toxoplasma gondii IgM or with high titre of IgG were subjected
      to repeat testing after 3 weeks for rise in titre. True sero-prevalence of T
      gondii infection was found to be 19% and it increased with increasing age in the
      population. 2.33% patients were found to have acute toxoplasma infection.
      Statistical significance was seen only in patients with BOH and children born
      with congenital abnormality. 

PMID- 27365626
TI  - EXPERIENCE FROM A COMMUNITY PSYCHIATRIC EDUCATION VENTURE IN THE NAVY.
AB  - Naval Headquarters had directed the psychiatrists in the three commands of the
      Navy to conduct a series of lectures followed by question-answer sessions to the
      divisional officers and senior sailors. The purported reason was to reduce the
      incidence of various psychiatric illnesses, drug abuse, alcoholism and suicide
      among service personnel and their families. A power point presentation was
      prepared and six interactive sessions conducted with divisional officers and
      senior sailors. The logic followed in the preparation of the presentation is
      explained. The audience was requested to fill in a questionnaire to evaluate
      their demographic profile, their understanding and attitude to psychiatry and
      efficacy and their suggestions to improve upon the current presentation.
      Psychiatric awareness among the targeted population was low but receptivity to
      the presentation was enthusiastic. This effort is preliminary and further studies
      are called for in this important field of health education. 

PMID- 27365627
TI  - INGUINAL HERNIA IN FEMALES.
AB  - 9 patients of inguinal hernia in females were diagnosed in a total of 50 patients
      who presented with congenital groin problems, 8 of these were managed surgically.
      There were 6 small children, 1 young girl and 2 elderly ladies. All children were
      managed by herniotomy and herniorrhaphy was done in women. 2 patients under one
      year presented with irreducible hernia, one of them on exploration was found to
      be having sliding hernia with incarcerated ovary and tube as contents while other
      one had incarcerated loop of small intestine. Contents were reduced in both the
      patients after division of external ring as there was no sign of strangulation.
      One of our patients never turned up for surgery. All the operated patients were
      asymptomatic during the follow up period of 6 months to one year with no
      recurrence or wound infection. None presented on the contralateral side on follow
      up. Repair of inguinal hernia in females should be carried out at the earliest
      after a diagnosis is made, because incarceration occurs more frequently in the
      first year of life, as seen in this study. 

PMID- 27365628
TI  - ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION AMONG CHILDREN IN AN AIR FORCE COMMUNITY.
AB  - 984 children of 745 families were studied for occurrence of Acute Respiratory
      Infection (ARI). Incidence of ARI was 3.5 episodes per year among infants and 1.8
      episodes per child per year among under-five children. 88.8% episodes of ARI were
      mild while 11.2% episodes were moderate to severe, which mostly occurred in
      winter. Parental smoking habit, decline in duration of breast feeding, bedroom
      smoke pollution and over crowding were found to increase the risk of ARI among
      children. An effective preventive strategy has been highlighted. 

PMID- 27365629
TI  - A STUDY OF HYPERINSULINAEMIA AND DYSLIPIDAEMIA IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS OF ARMED
      FORCES.
AB  - All patients attending the outpatient department were screened for hypertension.
      An attempt was made to correlate presence of hyperinsulinaemia (HI),
      dyslipidaemia and anthropometric characteristics in these hypertensives. Effect
      of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and beta blockers on serum
      insulin was also studied. 85 patients with blood pressure (BP) >= 160/90 mm Hg
      and 94 controls with a BP of < 130/85 mm Hg were studied. All underwent clinical
      examination, anthropometric measurements (body mass index (BMI), waist hip ratio
      (WHR), skin fold thickness (SFT) and laboratory investigation (serum insulin,
      glucose, lipid profile) and post oral glucose load (POGL) for insulin and
      glucose. Serum insulin was estimated by I(125) radio immuno assay. Patients were
      randomly divided into group A (Tab enalapril) and group B (Tab atenolol). In 51
      patients who completed the study, fasting and POGL insulin and fasting lipid
      profile were estimated two months after treatment. Mean age of cases was 38.91
      years. 50% of patients had stage II hypertension. BMI was increased in 36 cases
      (42.35%) as compared to 9 in (9.57%) controls. Increased WHR was found in 40
      cases as compared to 26 in controls. The SFT was more in cases compared to
      controls. 47 (55.29%) of 85 cases had abnormal lipid profile as compared to 25
      (26.60%) in 94 controls. The fasting and POGL insulin levels (13.85 and 60.05
      micro u/ml respectively) in cases were significantly higher than in controls
      (6.87 and 16.16 micro u/ml respectively). The mean POGL insulin values were much
      higher in obese compared to non-obese hypertensives. The decrease in mean fasting
      and POGL insulin values in patients taking ACEI and beta blockers were similar.
      Abnormal lipid profile was significantly more in cases than controls. Increased
      total cholesterol (TC), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and total
      cholesterol (TC)/high density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio were the most frequent
      abnormality. The mean insulin (both fasting and POGL) levels were higher in obese
      hypertensives and those with abnormal lipid profile. Both drugs had equal
      efficacy in reducing the insulin values. 

PMID- 27365630
TI  - MANAGEMENT OF CEREBRAL MALARIA IN THE YEAR 2001.

PMID- 27365631
TI  - CURRENT STATUS OF DISULFIRAM THERAPY.
AB  - The effectiveness of disulfiram is linked to the disulfiram-ethanol reaction in
      the treatment of Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. However disulfiram therapy is
      associated with various adverse effects and needs a structured and supervised
      after care program. Relapse rate is very high once disulfiram therapy is
      discontinued. Keeping these factors in mind disulfiram therapy is used less often
      today than previously. 

PMID- 27365632
TI  - HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE OF MILITARY PERSONNEL IN COLD CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE
      WESTERN HIMALAYAS.
AB  - Indian Armed Forces are constrained to deploy a large number of troops in the
      western Himalayas in the interest of national security and territorial integrity.
      The region represents extremely rugged, arid and cold climatic conditions. The
      altitude ranges from 8000 to 23000 feet with winter temperatures ranging from -35
      degrees C to - 55 degrees C in some regions. Low environmental humidity, hypo
      baric hypoxia and high solar ultra-violet radiation with its attendant problems
      further compound the hardships faced by the troops in these climatic conditions.
      The role of the Armed Forces medical personnel is extremely challenging, as they
      have to ensure maintenance of health and physical fitness of the troops to ensure
      optimal performance during peace and during operations. These considerations
      include nutrition, physical fitness programmes suitable for the terrain and
      climatic conditions, protection against cold and hypoxia induced health problems,
      clothing and shelter taking into consideration the ergonomic factors, human waste
      disposal and prompt medical attention and evacuation in case of illness. An
      overview of the effects of cold hypoxic environment on health and performance of
      Indian troops, measures employed by the Armed Forces to maintain health of troops
      including psychological factors and the incidence of various cold induced health
      problems during peace time compared to operational period over the last 10 years
      is presented in this paper. 

PMID- 27365633
TI  - TO ERR IS HUMAN, NEGLIGENCE IS SIN.
AB  - There is often a fine line between medical malpractice and wrong doing.
      Physicians need to develop techniques and skills that enhance the patient
      physician relationship and promote clientele satisfaction based on honesty and
      prudency. Proficiency of writing prescriptions accurately and fluently requires
      practice. Failure to follow programmes which maintain the integrity of patients'
      records often has negative influence. 

PMID- 27365634
TI  - AN IMPROVISED ORAL MUCUS EXTRACTOR FOR NEONATES A SIMPLE LOW COSTING METHOD.

PMID- 27365635
TI  - TUBERCULOSIS OF STERNUM.

PMID- 27365636
TI  - ODONTOAMELOBLASTOMA : A RARE ODONTOGENIC TUMOUR.

PMID- 27365637
TI  - KLEINE LEVIN SYNDROME.

PMID- 27365638
TI  - FRONTAL MUCOCELE AS A CAUSE OF GROSS UNILATERAL PROPTOSIS.

PMID- 27365639
TI  - BONDED RAPID PALATAL EXPANSION AN IMPORTANT ADJUVANT IN MULTIPHASIC ORTHODONTIC
      THERAPY.

PMID- 27365641
TI  - SELF PROCUREMENT OF DRUGS.

PMID- 27365640
TI  - AN UNUSUAL CAUSE OF EPISTAXIS.

PMID- 27365642
TI  - DAILY COST OF MEDICINES ISSUED TO PATIENTS IN A MEDICAL INSTITUTION.

PMID- 27365643
TI  - PROBLEM OF NON DEFLATABLE FOLEY'S CATHETER BALLOON.

PMID- 27365644
TI  - NECROTIZING FASCITIS.

PMID- 27365645
TI  - NECROTIZING FASCITIS: Reply.

PMID- 27365646
TI  - CRUSH SYNDROME REVISITED.

PMID- 27365647
TI  - SURGEON AND HIV INFECTION, POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS: NEED OF THE HOUR.

PMID- 27365648
TI  - DOPPLER ULTRASOUND.

PMID- 27365649
TI  - DELTAMETHRIN IMPREGNATED MOSQUITO NETS : AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN AN AIR FORCE
      STATION IN CENTRAL INDIA (DELTAMETHRIN TRIAL).
AB  - An experimental study was carried out to determine the efficacy of deltamethrin
      impregnated mosquito nets in reducing malaria incidence under field conditions in
      an Air Force Station. Out of the total study population of 748 airmen and DSC
      personnel, 320 got their mosquito nets impregnated with deltamethrin, while 428
      used unimpregnated mosquito nets. During the three months observation period,
      there was no significant difference in malaria incidence among the two groups
      (Yates Chi Sq=0.05, p=0.829405, Relative risk = 0.96 with 95% CI between 031 and
      2.98). In view of study findings, it was concluded that in the station, use of
      deltamethrin impregnated mosquito nets will not reduce incidence of malaria
      appreciably, the stress has to be on outdoor personal protective measures. 

PMID- 27365650
TI  - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHEST RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES BETWEEN HIV SEROPOSITIVE AND
      HIV SERONEGATIVE PATIENTS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.
AB  - Chest radiographic appearance of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Human
      Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive patients was reviewed. A study group of 50
      HIV +ve cases and a control group of 100 HIV -ve cases were analysed. The chest
      radiographs of HIV seropositive group showed significantly higher incidence of
      thoracic lymphadenopathy (36% vs 8%, P<.001), pleural effusion (28% vs 10%,
      P<.01) and miliary pattern (12% vs 2%, P<.05) as compared to the seronegative
      group. Cavitation was less common in the seropositive group (8% vs 35%, P<.001)
      than the seronegative group. Upper zone involvement was significantly less common
      in the study group (38% vs 77%, P<.001) as compared to the control group. 

PMID- 27365651
TI  - NEED FOR PRECISE PROTOCOL IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE POST OPERATIVE
      SPINE.
AB  - Gadolinium enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of the
      post operative lumbo-sacral spine is a sensitive and specific imaging technique.
      A need for establishing a specific protocol for Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
      (FBSS) for use in the service hospitals is highlighted for convenience of patient
      management and preservation of active manpower. The MR scan of 50 patients
      performed over a span of six months, who complained of persistent low backache
      even after surgery, were retrospectively analysed. The specificity of this series
      using MRI in indicating the exact cause of FBSS was clocked at only 30%. The
      conditions diagnosed were rectifiable. The balance of the patients who could not
      be offered any specific diagnosis towards the cause, were being managed
      conservatively / placed in low medical category for a considerable period. It was
      noted with concern that there was non prevalence of sequence like the fast spin
      echo with gadolinium enhancement as a routine. 

PMID- 27365652
TI  - DIAGNOSING DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION IN ACUTE INFECTION : CAN WE DO
      WITHOUT FDP & D-DIMER.
AB  - Alterations in coagulation profile viz. platelet count, prothrombin time (PT),
      partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen
      were studied in 96 patients (73 males and 23 females) of acute infections.
      Fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) level >25ug fibrinogen equivalent
      unit (FEU)/ml along-with D-dimer >1.0ug FEU/ml was considered criteria for
      diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Normal values were
      established using plasma from 12 healthy voluntary blood donors. Out of these 96
      patients, 15 had infection with Gram positive bacteria, 23 with Gram negative
      bacteria and 38 with Dengue. In 20 patients, nature of infection was not defined.
      Mean platelet count per cubic millimetre was 2.14 lac in Gram positive infection
      and 1.74 lac in Gram negative infection (p=0.07). There was no significant
      difference in other coagulation parameters in Gram positive and Gram negative
      infection. Platelet counts were low in 71% of Dengue patients but there was no
      significant alteration in PT, PTTK and TT. None of the Dengue patients had
      hypofibrinogenemia or DIC though hyperfibrinogenemia was present in 21% of Dengue
      patients. 20 patients had features of septicemia (Gram +ve 7, Gram -ve 8,
      undefined 5); 10 had concomitant DIC. DIC was present in additional 4 patients of
      acute infection without septicemia. PTTK was raised in 60% of the septicemia
      patients. 20 out of 82 non-DIC acute infection patients had subnormal PTTK.
      Commonest alteration in 14 DIC patients was raised PTTK with a sensitivity of
      78.6% and specificity of 81.7%. Low fibrinogen levels though specific for DIC,
      were present in only 21.4% of the DIC patients. Combinations of PTTK >38 sec with
      PT >15 sec or platelet count < 1.5 lac/mmm(3) were good screening tests for DIC
      and detected 11 and 10 patients out of 14 with three and two false positives
      respectively. 

PMID- 27365653
TI  - COMPREHENSIVE SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ARTHRITIC KNEE.
AB  - Total knee arthroplasty is not the only available surgical option for arthritic
      knees. It varies according to patient's age and severity of the disease. 105
      arthritic knees were surgically treated at the Joint Replacement Centre of Army
      Hospital (R&R) in last 4 years. 77 knees were osteoarthritic and 28 were
      rheumatoid. 24 of these were treated by arthroscopic debridement, 7 underwent
      unicondylar knee replacement and 74 underwent total knee replacement using
      Freeman Samuelsun (F/S) or Low Contact Stress (LCS) implants. The indications,
      contraindications, results and complications of these procedures are discussed. 

PMID- 27365654
TI  - COMPUTERISED TOMOGRAPHY GUIDED TRANSTHORACIC ASPIRATION BIOPSY.
AB  - We report our experience of 32 patients, which were subjected to Computerised
      tomography (CT) guided transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy (T-FNAB) with
      particular reference to technique, sensitivity and complication rate following
      the procedure. The biopsy aspirate was obtained either using a spinal or a Chiba
      needle. Pneumothorax occurred in 7 patients and transient postbiopsy haemoptysis
      in 2 patients. None of the patients with pneumothorax or haemoptysis required any
      treatment. 

PMID- 27365655
TI  - THE CD 10 MARKER IN THE INVESTIGATION OF ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA.
AB  - Immunophenotyping of leukaemias is presently well established. It is invaluable
      for proper case management [1]. The most useful information on the management of
      cases of Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia (ALL) is provided by the detection of the CD
      10 marker on the leukaemic cell. The CD 10 positive ALL has since long been
      associated with a favourable prognosis as compared to the CD 10 negative ALL [1,
      2]. As immunophenotyping is resource intensive, the monoclonal antibodies (MO
      ABS), are not in widespread use in our country. The expenses involved make this
      procedure prohibitive in most institutions. For this reason, a limited panel of
      MO ABS has been used in this study, with a special emphasis on the CD 10 marker.
      A total of 25 cases of ALL were studied. 17 cases were found to be positive for
      the CD 10 marker (68%). These cases were associated with a favourable prognosis
      as compared to the CD 10 negative group. Although, the diagnosis of ALL and
      leukaemias in general, is essentially based on the study of Romanowsky stained
      smears [3, 4], the additional information provided by the cell surface marker
      study results in better case management [1]. 

PMID- 27365656
TI  - DEVELOPING A COMPUTER AIDED EVALUATION TOOL TO MEASURE THE QUANTITY OF NURSING
      CARE, BASED ON NURSING DIAGNOSIS, FOR UNDERGRADUATE NURSING CADETS.
AB  - In order to find out the indicators for quality, it is necessary to define a
      scale, which permits us to measure the outcome of health care in relationship to
      the hospital activities. A descriptive survey method developmental in nature was
      undertaken on a purposive sample of 100 Nursing Cadets, working in the Medical
      Surgical Wards. The Nursing Process Approach Model was used with the objectives
      of first reviewing the existing system of evaluation of nursing care rendered,
      then a computerized evaluation tool was designed and developed in Foxpro 2.5
      pogramming language and its effectiveness was tested on the student sample.
      Findings suggested that 57.14% of the faculty members felt that there was no
      standardized tool to measure the quality of the nursing care rendered in the
      wards. 64.29% stated the absence of set criteria for measuring quality. While 89%
      of the students expressed that the computerized tool directed them to render
      basic nursing care in a systematic manner, 70%of them expressed that competent,
      accountable and compassionate nursing care could be rendered using the tool. It
      also gave impartial evaluation of the quality of nursing care rendered based on
      nursing diagnosis (p<0.01). Results could serve as an initiative for ongoing
      research on information feedback system as well as recording action taken to keep
      performance in line with the standards of patient care. 

PMID- 27365657
TI  - FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY OF LYMPH NODES IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS.
AB  - Lymphadenopathy is the commonest presentation in HIV positive individuals. Fine
      needle aspiration cytology of 196 HIV positive patients was studied during six
      monthly review. 75% paients in this study who were asymptomatic were detected to
      have lymphadenopathy during the surveillance. 82% had lymph nodes smaller than
      1cm size. Lymphadenopathy at more than one site was observed in 46.8% cases.
      Commonest opportunistic infection noticed was tuberculosis (TB) in 34.2%. Cyto
      morphologically reactive pattern with Add fast bacilli (AFB) positivity was
      observed in 16.4% of TB cases. In 2.9% cases AFB were detected even in the tissue
      fluid. Negative images of AFB were observed in the macrophages in 3 cases. TB was
      detected with equal frequency in both asymptomatic and symptomatic groups.
      Axillary nodes pose problem due to deeper location. False positives were a case
      of dermatopathic lymphadenopathy and a case of Kimura's disease. False negatives
      include two cases of TB lymphadenitis. Pathogens should be looked for
      irrespective of cyto-morphology. Biopsy should be done to confirm cases of
      lymphomas. Fine needle aspiration cytology should be included in the protocol of
      six monthly review of HIV infected cases. 

PMID- 27365658
TI  - IMPACT OF EDUCATION OF PARENTS ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN.
AB  - In a cross-sectional study the nutritional status of 2585 school children,
      including 1253 boys and 1332 girls, aged between 5 and 15 years was correlated
      with the levels of literacy of their parents. The study showed a direct
      relationship between the levels of literacy of parents and the nutritional status
      of children. When the same was tested separately for mothers and fathers in
      relation to the sex of the child, it was noted that nutritional status of boys
      and girls was not different irrespective of mother's literacy level. However, in
      case of fathers it was noticed that with the Increase in the literacy level of
      fathers, the nutritional status of boys was better than that of girls. 

PMID- 27365659
TI  - MILITARY ENVIRONMENT AND FECUNDITY : A STUDY OF WOMEN IN UNIFORM.
AB  - Fecundity is an area where individual experiences, community belief and anecdotes
      cloud scientific evidence. It has been a common belief that working women
      experience various types of subfecundity like infertility, abortion and prolonged
      waiting time for pregnancy. Work environment may be contributing to this end,
      besides the delay in starting a reproductive career. Since working women in
      military environment are exposed to factors like mobility, shift duty,
      anaesthetic gases etc, it was decided to study their fecundity vis-a-vis
      housewives of same sodo economic status. In this study 204 subjects returned the
      questionnaire with a response rate of 68%. It was found that higher shades of
      subfecundity exist among women engaged in military service but does not reach the
      level of statistical significance (p=>0.05) to attribute it to the work
      environment. 

PMID- 27365660
TI  - CORONARY RISK ANALYSIS - A STITCH IN TIME.
AB  - Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the major cause of sudden death amongst adults
      throughout the globe. Though the prevalence of CHD is increasing steadily all
      over, CHD amongst Indians is peculiar in the sense that it is more prevalent,
      more severe and appears at younger age. Development of CHD depends upon the
      status of various coronary risk factors in one's body. It has been observed that
      to measure the impact of risk factors for the cardiac health of a person,
      collective impact of all the known risk factors taken together should be
      calculated rather than individual risk factors. DEBEL (Defence Bio-Engineering
      and Electro-Medical Laboratory) is developing a cardiac risk analyser to
      calculate the absolute coronary risk of an individual in next 2,5 or 10 years and
      help in managing his coronary risk status. 

PMID- 27365661
TI  - MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES (NIDDM).

PMID- 27365662
TI  - OBESITY : A MODERN DAY PLAGUE.
AB  - Obesity is the presence of excess body fat. Unfortunately obesity is taken as a
      mere cosmetic problem and not a medical one. Today obesity is being 'dealt' with
      more by the self-proclaimed fitness experts running the rapidly mushrooming
      fitness centres rather than by medical professionals. But rather than merely a
      cosmetic problem, obesity should be viewed as a disease because there are
      multiple biologic hazards at surprisingly low levels of excess fat With the rapid
      pace of industrialisation and economic progress, today more and more jobs are
      becoming sedentary and dietary patterns are also changing with a decline in the
      cereal intake and increase in the intake of sugar and fats. However, inherited
      physiologic differences in response to eating and exercise are also important
      factors. Treating obesity can often be a frustrating experience for both the
      physician and the patient because of the great difficulty in maintaining weight
      loss over the long term. However, a clear understanding of the causes of obesity
      and a treatment strategy based on a combination of diet, nutrition, education,
      exercise, behaviour modification and social support can go a long way in
      containing this 'modern day plague' before it acquires epidemic proportions. 

PMID- 27365663
TI  - HIV - 1 SUBTYPES, ITS IMPLICATIONS AND VIRAL DYNAMICS.
AB  - Subtyping of HIV has important implications for developing candidate vaccine and
      understanding the biological behaviour and dynamics of HIV transmission in
      various populations. The third variable region (V3) in the envelope gene of HIV-1
      has been shown to be a major determinant influencing a number of biological
      characteristics of the virus. HIV-1 evolves by rapid mutation and by
      recombination, both processes actively contributing to its genetic diversity.
      Most of the multiple genetic subtypes and intersubtype recombination of HIV-1
      that comprise the global pandemic have not been characterized by full genome
      sequencing. The development of an effective human immunodeficiency virus type-1
      (HIV-1) vaccine is likely to depend on knowledge of circulating variants of genes
      other than the commonly sequenced gag and env genes. 

PMID- 27365664
TI  - ORTHODONTIC ANCHORAGE ENHANCEMENT WITH LINGUAL ARCH.
AB  - In orthodontic treatment planning, involving the key question of preservation of
      the anchorage, lingual arch in association with the present day labial appliances
      provides a viable solution to the orthodontist The continuous wire lingual arch
      auxiliary, addresses the important aspect of anchorage conservation by enhancing
      the buildup of forces in the posterior region. It also facilitates the retraction
      of the anterior segments and the resultant correction of the soft tissues. 

PMID- 27365665
TI  - FORGOTTEN FOREIGN BODIES IN BRONCHIAL TREE IN ADULT (A REPORT OF TWO CASES AND
      REVIEW OF LITERATURE).

PMID- 27365666
TI  - SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOUR OF PLEURA.

PMID- 27365667
TI  - VIRAL ASSOCIATED HAEMOPHAGOCYTIC SYNDROME - A POST MORTEM DIAGNOSIS.

PMID- 27365668
TI  - ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS POISONING WITH INTERMEDIATE SYNDROME.

PMID- 27365669
TI  - MALIGNANT MIXED MULLERIAN TUMOURS.

PMID- 27365670
TI  - RIFAMPICIN INDUCED PLATELET DYSFUNCTION.

PMID- 27365671
TI  - KARTAGENER SYNDROME.

PMID- 27365672
TI  - AEROSOL ANTISEPSIS : AN EFFECTIVE AND USER FRIENDLY METHOD OF SKIN PREPARATION.

PMID- 27365673
TI  - RECURRENT ANTERIOR SHOULDER INSTABILITY.

PMID- 27365675
TI  - UNIVERSAL TONGUE BLADE FOR TONSILLECTOMY.

PMID- 27365674
TI  - ANTIHISTAMINES IN ALLERGIC RHINITIS - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

PMID- 27365676
TI  - UTILITY OF PARANASAL SINUS RADIOGRAPHY.

PMID- 27365677
TI  - NEWER CONCEPTS AND MANAGEMENT OF NEONATAL SEPSIS.
AB  - Despite extensive research into its patho-physiology, investigations and
      treatment, sepsis remains an important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
      The incidence in developing countries is 10 times that in the developed world. A
      large number of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukins, eicosanoids,
      tumour necrosis factor-alpha, nitric oxide) have been identified, the interplay
      of which leads to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) which can
      have devastating consequences on all systems of the body. In India the common
      organisms include Staphylococcus, E coli, Klebsiella and Candida. A number of
      maternal and neonatal risk factors have been identified. The initial signs and
      symptoms are subtle and can easily be missed. Early investigations and screening
      tests are important and a promising number of new tests are being studied. The
      gold standard for diagnosis is a positive culture from a body fluid or local
      source in the presence of SIRS. The threshold for starting antibiotics should be
      low in high-risk neonates and broad spectrum antibiotics covering the likely
      organisms should be given intravenously in all suspected cases in a hospital
      setting. This should be continued for at least 24-48 hours (till negative reports
      are available) in suspected cases and for 2-3 weeks in proven cases. Prophylaxis
      is aimed at preventing nosocomial and cross infections. Strict hand-washing,
      meticulous asepsis protocols, identification of high risk groups and prompt and
      better screening tests are essential in controlling this problem. 

PMID- 27365678
TI  - SEVOFLURANE - A NEW ERA IN INHALATION ANAESTHESIA.

PMID- 27365679
TI  - Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery: Experience at a Military Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Small incision cataract surgery came into practice with the advent of
      phacoemulsification. However, manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) is a
      useful alternative for those who do not have access to phacoemulsification
      machine. METHOD: A total of 69 cases of cataract were undertaken for manual
      incision cataract surgery and intra ocular lens (IOL) implantation using 6mm
      straight incision. The surgical technique and postoperative results are compared
      with the results of phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. RESULT: Average
      postoperative astigmatism was +/- 0.75 dioptres. Postoperative uncorrected visual
      acuity (UCVA) of 6/18 or better was observed in 51(71.9%) cases after first week
      of the surgery. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that both phacoemulsification and
      small incision cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation are
      effective methods. However SICS with IOL implantation is a useful alternative in
      the absence of phacoemulsification machine.

PMID- 27365680
TI  - Idiopathic Hypertrophie Pyloric Stenosis : Our Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A typical infant with idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is
      described as a male child, first in the order of birth with a positive family
      history. However our experience suggests otherwise which is presented in this
      report. Methods : A retrospective analysis of medical records of 8 infants, who
      were diagnosed to be suffering from idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and
      subjected to surgical treatment, was undertaken. RESULTS: There were 5 (62.5%)
      males and 3 (37.5%) females. There was no family history and only one child
      (12.5%) was first born in the order of birth. One infant was preterm and one case
      (12.5%) had associated congenital anomaly (single kidney). Definitive diagnosis
      was established in 6 (75%) babies at admission whereas, other 2 cases (25%)
      required further evaluation. All the infants were in a state of moderate
      dehydration and in a varying state of hypochloremic alkalosis. The pH and serum
      chloride levels ranged from 7.52 to 7.67 and 86-94 mmol/L respectively. All were
      subjected to traditional Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy after having undergone vigorous
      correction of fluids and electrolytes for 24-48 hours. Intraoperatively, there
      was one iatrogenic mucosal perforation, which was closed with an omental patch.
      Postoperative feeding was initiated 12 hrs after surgery in 6 (75%) babies.
      CONCLUSION: Our series suggests a clinical profile of hypertrophic pyloric
      stenosis in our subset of patients which is different from what is described in
      literature.

PMID- 27365681
TI  - Psychological Correlates of Outcome after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psychological effects of Coronary Artery Bypass graft (CABG) have
      been of interest all over the world but there is a paucity of Indian work.
      METHODS: 30 patients undergoing CABG at a service hospital were included. All
      patients filled a specially designed proforma. Mini Mental Status Examination,
      Hospital anxiety and depression scale, Coronary scale, Seattle angina
      questionnaire and Euro-QOL 5D were performed before and seven days after CABG.
      RESULTS: 43.3% had significant anxiety and 30% had significant depression before
      CABG. Following CABG, 36.67% of the patients had significant anxiety while 40%
      had significant depression. On the Seattle angina questionnaire, physical
      limitation reduced from 71.6 +/- 7.9 to 53.1 +/- 14.6. There was significant
      improvement in treatment satisfaction from 37.8 +/- 6.1 to 59.4 +/- 4.2 following
      CABG. On th euro quality of life scale (EQ5D) health status improved from 38.17
      +/- 9.51 before CABG to 68.5 +/- 5.28 after CABG. CONCLUSION: There is a
      significant incidence of anxiety and depression in patients undergoing CABG, both
      before and after surgery.

PMID- 27365682
TI  - Butorphanol-bupivacaine versus Fentanyl-bupivacaine for Extradural Analgesia
      during Labour.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidural injection of a combination of local anaesthetic drugs and
      opioids, is known to provide good analgesia for the first and second stages of
      labour, with minimal risk to the mother and the foetus. METHOD: 64 pregnant women
      were allocated to one of two groups in a double blind, randomised, prospective
      study design. The first group (n=32) received 15ml of 0.1% bupivacaine with 0.1
      nignil (-1) butorphanol (1.5mg) and the second group (n=32) received 15ml of 0.1%
      bupivacaine with 2MUgml(-1) of fentanyl. RESULTS: The times of onset and offset
      of analgesia were comparable. More patients of the butorphanol group were sedated
      but arousable. The patient satisfaction levels were good in both groups and APGAR
      scores were comparable. CONCLUSION: Butorphanol and fentanyl when used in
      combination with 0.1% bupivacaine are effective, offer good patient satisfaction
      and are comparable in labour analgesia. Though more patients were sedated in the
      butorphanol group there was no maternal, foetal or neonatal adverse outcome and
      the drug appears to be a safe alternative to fentanyl in labour epidural
      analgesia.

PMID- 27365683
TI  - Comparative Analysis of Laser Assisted Endoscopie and Conventional Endoscopie
      Dacryocystorhinostomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is the standard surgical treatment for
      epiphora caused by obstructions distal to the common canaliculus. Endoscopic DCR
      (EDCR) and laser assisted DCR (LAEDCR) are becoming increasingly popular
      alternatives. METHOD: 69 cases of EDCR were compared with 18 cases of LAEDCR. The
      success rates were noted at 01 week, 01, 03 and 06 months. The operating time
      required, incidence of adjuvant procedures, complications and post operative
      morbidity were recorded. RESULTS: At the end of 06 months, 100% and 95% success
      was achieved with LAEDCR and EDCR respectively. Operating time, complication
      rates and the incidence of adjuvant procedures required were lesser in the LAEDCR
      group. CONCLUSION: In our study both the procedures have comparable success
      rates, though LAEDCR has an edge over EDCR in terms of decreased duration of
      surgery, decreased post operative morbidity and lesser complications.

PMID- 27365684
TI  - Secondary and Delayed Bone Grafting in Alveolar and Anterior Palatal Clefts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical repair with suitable bone graft / substitutes plays an
      important role in rehabilitation of individuals with residual anterior palatal or
      alveolar defects associated with an oronasal fistula. METHODS: 52 cases were
      treated by secondary or delayed bone grafting of the alveolar defects in
      isolation or associated with defects of the anterior palate from July 2002 - Nov
      2004. Dimension and the extent of the defects were assessed with the help of
      radiographs & maxillofacial CT. Cephalometric analysis, presurgical orthodontics
      and dentofacial orthopedics preceded surgical repair with cancellous graft from
      the iliac crest, followed by post surgical orthodontics and prosthetic
      rehabilitation. RESULT: Satisfactory results were achieved in 49 cases with three
      cases showing failure of graft acceptance. Postoperative clinical and
      radiological evaluation for all the patients was done at an interval of one,
      three and six months. Bone density and trabeculation was comparable to the
      adjacent bone within six months. CONCLUSION: Recreating the bony continuity of
      the maxillary arch followed by orthodontic correction of dental discrepancies
      achieves a comprehensive orthosurgical correction.

PMID- 27365685
TI  - A Comparative Study of Laparoscopic with Conventional Open Donor Nephrectomy in
      Renal Transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) has been gaining popularity
      among kidney donors. There have been concerns about the safety and efficacy of
      the procedure as compared to open donor nephrectomy (ODN). We compare our results
      on LDN with ODN. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed our data of LDN and ODN.
      Duration of surgery, blood loss, period of hospitalisation, per oral intake and
      analgesic requirements. RESULT: 22 LDNs were done, the operation time ranged from
      220-300 minutes, and blood loss from 100-150ml. In the first 10 laparoscopic
      operations four cases required conversion to open surgical dissection. Only one
      case was converted to open surgery in the subsequent 12 laparoscopic cases. Oral
      intake was started on the first postoperative day. Analgesic requirement in
      laparoscopy cases was less. Patients were mobilised on the first day after
      surgery. Patients were discharged by seventh day. There was no significant
      difference in the functioning of the graft after revascularisation in the
      recipient. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is a safe and effective
      technique of donor nephrectomy.

PMID- 27365686
TI  - Furlow's Palatoplasty for Cleft Palate Repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The major drawbacks of standard procedures of palatoplasty have been
      inadequate palatal lengthening, velopharyngeal incompetence, impaired maxillary
      growth with mid-face retrusion and high fistula rates. The Furlow's double
      opposing Z-plasty is accepted as one of the better procedures for treating cleft
      palates. METHODS: This paper compared Furlow's procedure to Veau Kilner Wardill's
      procedure performed on 63 patients from July 2000 till February 2005. RESULTS:
      The results were compared in terms of the fistula rates, palatal lengthening,
      nasal regurgitation, velopharyngeal incompetence, improvement in speech, hearing
      and maxillary growth. CONCLUSIONS: The Furlow's technique offered better results
      irrespective of the age, type and extent of the cleft in the palate.

PMID- 27365687
TI  - Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure Monitoring in Peripheral Hospitals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An improvised monitor was designed in a peripheral hospital to
      measure the tracheal tube cuff pressures in patients intubated under anaesthesia.
      The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of assessment of cuff pressure by
      the traditional palpatory method and to compare the improvised monitor with the
      standard monitor commercially available. The effect of nitrous oxide on the cuff
      pressure was also studied. METHODS: The tracheal tube cuff pressure of 80
      patients undergoing general anaesthesia was assessed by palpation and measured
      with an improvised and standard monitor. RESULTS: The study showed that the
      tracheal cuff pressure recorded were higher than normal tracheal perfusion
      pressure in 40% of the cases with satisfactory palpatory assessment. The
      pressures recorded by the improvised monitor were comparable to that of the
      standard monitor. The use of nitrous oxide resulted in increase in cuff pressures
      over a period of time. CONCLUSION: An objective measurement by any equipment is
      superior to assessment of cuff pressure by palpation. The improvised monitor can
      be used to give a fair idea of the cuff pressures, in places where a standard
      monitor is not available.

PMID- 27365689
TI  - Multidetector CT Evaluation in Arterial Stenting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multidetector CT (MDCT) represents breakthrough in CT technology,
      significantly improving CT Angiography applications. METHODS: Twenty one patients
      with aortoiliac & branch aneurysms or stenosis were evaluated by Digital
      Subtraction Angiography (DSA) and Multidetector CT (MDCT) before and after
      endovascular repair. RESULTS: There were eight cases of aortic & branch aneurysms
      and 13 with stenosis. Four cases had aortic aneurysms, while one case had left
      subclavian artery aneurysm, thoracic aneurysm, femoral and popliteal artery
      pseudoaneurysms. Of the 13 cases with stenotic lesions, iliac stenosis was seen
      in eight patients. The others included carotid, vertebral, aortic, renal and
      aortic bifurcation stenotic. MDCT offered accurate information on shape and size
      of aneurysm, shape and patency of graft, the presence or absence of perigraft
      thrombosis or endoleaks, while in stenotic lesions it provided useful information
      on shape of graft, its location, its patency and the presence and quantity of
      distal flow. CONCLUSION: MDCT was found to be a potentially useful modality
      during initial evaluation and follow up of patient undergoing endovascular
      repair.

PMID- 27365688
TI  - Management of Vascular Injuries in a Forward Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Management of vascular injuries poses a challenging problem under
      warlike conditions. Several authorities recommend limb revascularisation only
      within first 6-8 hours, as the outcome after delayed revascularisation is poor.
      METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 61 consecutive patients with vascular injury
      in a forward hospital over a 25- month period was carried out. RESULTS: Vascular
      injuries constituted 3.1% of all injuries. The mean injury to treatment delay
      (lag time) was 11 hours, and 10 patients received treatment after 12 hours. The
      overall amputation rate was 15%, but only 6.5% for those revascularised within 12
      hours and 44% for those undergoing surgery after 12 hours (Chi-square 4.59, p <
      0.05). Presence of associated fractures was associated with an adverse outcome
      (Chi-square 4.24, p < 0.05), as was ligation in comparison to revascularisation
      (Chi-square 7.86, p < 0.005). Popliteal injuries were associated with a high
      amputation rate. CONCLUSIONS: Failure to revascularise (ligation of artery),
      presence of associated fracture, and restoration of circulation beyond 12 hours
      are associated with a high amputation rate.

PMID- 27365690
TI  - Nanotechnology - The New Frontier of Medicine.
AB  - Molecular nanotechnology is destined to become the core technology in 21(st)
      century medicine. Nanotechnology mean, controlling biologically relevant
      structures with molecular precision. Nanomedicine is exploring how to use carbon
      buckyballs, dendrimers and other cleverly engineered nanoparticles in novel drugs
      to combat viruses, bacteria, cancer and delivery of drugs. Medical nanorobots
      will be of the size of a microbe, capable of self-replication, containing onboard
      sensors, computers, manipulators, pumps, pressure tanks and power supplies.
      Building such sophisticated molecular machine systems will require molecular
      manufacturing to using massively parallel assembly lines in nanofactories. 

PMID- 27365691
TI  - Second Trimester Uterine Rupture - An Unusual Case.

PMID- 27365692
TI  - Perfusion CT and Catheter Delivered Thrombolytics in Management of Acute Stroke.

PMID- 27365693
TI  - Meningococcal Vaccine: Which, When and for Whom?

PMID- 27365694
TI  - Outbreak of Meningococcal Infection amongst Soldiers Deployed in Operations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Meningococcal infection may lead to life threatening meningitis and
      fulminant meningococcal sepsis. Sporadic cases of meningococcal infection have
      been reported in soldiers but no outbreak in soldiers has been reported earlier
      from India. This outbreak in soldiers serving in counter insurgency role under
      field setting was effectively controlled without compromising their operational
      commitment. METHODS: This is an epidemiological investigation and control of an
      outbreak of meningococcal infection, bringing out the predisposing factors and
      highlighting the role of early diagnosis and management of cases. Mass
      chemoprophylaxis in contacts was used as an effective control measure in the
      absence of vaccine in this institution based outbreak. RESULT: Out of a total of
      17 cases reported, 14 presented as meningitis and three as meningococcemia. Two
      cases of meningococcemia ended fatally. Serogroup A of Neisseria meningitidis was
      responsible for this outbreak. Gross over- crowding was the predisposing factor.
      CONCLUSION: An outbreak of meningococcal infection in soldiers deployed in
      counter- insurgency role was effectively contained using mass chemoprophylaxis in
      the absence of meningococcal vaccine.

PMID- 27365695
TI  - Comparision of Nebulised Salbutamol and L-epinephrine in First Time Wheezy
      Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Salbutamol is the standard recommendation in bronchial asthma.
      However, the use of bronchodilators in wheeze associated respiratory infections
      including bronchiolitis continues to be controversial. The aim of this study was
      to compare the efficacy of nebulised salbutamol versus epinephrine in 'first
      time' wheezy children using clinical parameters and airway resistance. METHODS:
      Sixty children between two months to 60 months were recruited, 30 in each
      treatment group. Children received periodic (0, 20, 40 minutes) doses of either
      salbutamol (0.15mg/kg with 3ml saline subject to a minimum of 2.5mg) or laevo-
      epinephrine (1:1000, 0.5ml/kg subject to a max of 2.5ml with 3ml saline) via
      nebuliser along with oxygen. Changes in heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation
      (SpO2), respiratory rate (RR) and respiratory distress assessment instrument
      (RDAI) were assessed along with measurement of airway resistance using
      interrupter method (Hand held spirometer-Microloop with MicroRint module).
      RESULT: The respiratory status was better in the epinephrine group with
      significant improvement in RR, RDAI score, SpO2 and fall of airway resistance.
      There were no significant side effects noted in either group. CONCLUSION:
      Nebulised epinephrine is a useful and safe drug for wheezy children and is
      superior to salbutamol. This needs validation by large multicentric randomized
      blinded studies.

PMID- 27365696
TI  - Fractures in the Maxillofacial Region: A Four Year Retrospective Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The incidence of maxillofacial injuries is on the rise due to motor
      vehicle accidents and increased incidence of violence in recent times. The aim of
      this retrospective study was to determine the incidence, aetiology, the pattern
      of fractures, their management with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)
      and complications, if any. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 621 fractures in
      361 patients managed by ORIF over a four year period was carried out. RESULT: The
      average age of patients was 24.3 years with a male to female ratio of 21.2:1.
      Panfacial fractures comprised 4.7%, frontal bone fractures 8.9%, orbital
      fractures 0.7%, naso-orbito-ethmoid complex (NOE) fractures 0.7%, zygomatic
      complex fractures 23.5%, fracture maxilla 11.5% and mandibular fractures 52.2% of
      all facial fractures. All the cases were successfully managed by ORIF under
      general anaesthesia (GA). Complications were noticed in 6.8% of cases in the form
      of reactive implants in 3.6%, deranged occlusion in 1% and infection at operated
      site in 1% cases which were managed satisfactorily. CONCLUSION: The findings of
      this study reveal sharp annual increase in the number of cases of maxillofacial
      trauma. Road traffic accidents (RTA) were the commonest cause and the age group
      most affected was between 20-25 years. ORIF of these fractures was chosen for its
      obvious advantages of direct anatomical reduction, early return to function and
      minimal complications.

PMID- 27365697
TI  - Profile of Live-born Infants of In-vitro Fertilisation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Army Hospital (R&R) is the only service hospital providing in
      vitro fertilisation (IVF) facility. Neonatal characteristics of live-born infants
      at this centre over a two-year period are analyzed in this study. METHODS: Data
      on 504 consecutive live-born IVF infants over a two-year period (01 Feb 2007 to
      31 Jan 2009) were analysed. RESULT: Of the 504 neonates, 190 (37.7%) were born by
      vaginal delivery, 156 (30.9%) by elective lower segment cesarean section (LSCS)
      and 127 (25.19%) following emergency LSCS. Maternal illness posing specific risk
      to the neonate was present in 165 out of 504 (32.7%). There were 239 (47.4%)
      preterm neonates. Males formed 51.8% of the cohort. Singletons accounted for
      51.2%, while the rest (48.8%) were products of twin pregnancies. Small for
      gestational age neonates formed 22.6% (n = 114). A total of 20 (3.9%) infants had
      congenital malformations. There were 242 (48.1%) low birth weight neonates. A
      total of 128 (25.4%) neonates needed neonatal intensive care. Of the 504, there
      were 474 (94.1%) survivors while 30 (5.9%) did not survive. Twenty-nine (6.1%)
      neonates required readmission during the neonatal period. CONCLUSION: In our
      setting, neonates born following IVF appeared to be at increased risk of
      prematurity, multiple births and low birth weight. Proper obstetric and neonatal
      management can result in good neonatal outcomes.

PMID- 27365698
TI  - Verapamil as an Adjunct to Local Anaesthetic for Brachial Plexus Blocks.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Calcium channel blockers potentiate the effects of local
      anaesthetics. We examined the effect of adding verapamil to local anaesthetic
      solution on anaesthetic duration in patients undergoing surgery under brachial
      plexus block. METHODS: This study was a prospective, randomized, controlled,
      double blind study. Sixty patients undergoing elective upper limb surgery were
      divided into two groups of 30 each. Group A received 40 ml of 1% lignocaine with
      0.25% bupivacaine, while Group B patients had 2.5 mg verapamil added. RESULT:
      Onset of sensory blockade time was marginally faster in Group B (23.2 +/- 3.94
      minutes) as compared to Group A (23.9 +/- 4.13 minutes). However this difference
      was statistically not significant. The increase in duration of sensory blockade
      in Group B (185 +/- 46.52 minutes) as compared to Group A (157 +/- 44.28 minutes)
      was statistically significant (p= 0.011). Increase in duration of motor blockade
      in Group B (161 +/- 46.14 minutes) as compared to Group A (149 +/- 42,76 minutes)
      was statistically not significant (p = 0.15). Similarly prolongation of analgesic
      duration in Group B (318 +/- 69.54minutes) as compared to Group A (302 +/- 0.69
      minutes) was statistically not significant (p=0.18). CONCLUSION: We conclude that
      adding verapamil to brachial plexus block can prolong sensory anaesthesia without
      any effect on analgesic duration.

PMID- 27365699
TI  - Early Cognitive Impairment: Role of Clock Drawing Test.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Folstein's Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) often fails to
      identify executive dysfunction even if quite severe. Detailed neuropsychological
      tests and extensive bedside tests are available to evaluate executive function,
      but most of them are time consuming. This study was done to determine the value
      of a Clock Drawing Test (CDT) as a simple tool to identify cognitive dysfunction
      in various neurological disorders and to assess its utility as an adjunct to MMSE
      in identifying executive dysfunction in a a busy out patient department (OPD).
      METHODS: A total of 81 patients suffering from neurological disorders and 81
      controls were studied. All subjects received the MMSE and the CDT. The CDT is
      divided into an unprompted task that is sensitive to executive control (CDT 1)
      and a copying task which is not (CDT 2). RESULT: All the three tests (CDT 1, CDT
      2 and MMSE) could recognize cognitive and executive function deficits, when
      compared with age and sex matched controls (p < 0. 001). CDT scores correlated
      strongly with the level of executive function deficits. CDT+MMSE detected 95%
      cases as abnormal as compared to 47% detected by MMSE alone. CONCLUSION: CDT
      along with MMSE can detect executive control deficits and cognitive deficits. The
      CDT 1 tests executive control performance, while CDT 2 tests posterior cortical
      deficits.

PMID- 27365700
TI  - Bullet and Blast ENT Injuries in Counter-Insurgency Area.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many ENT injuries are not recognized easily, but they have the
      potential of increasing the morbidity. METHODS: ENT injuries managed in two
      tertiary care Level-IV hospitals between 2006 and 2007 were studied with a view
      to formulate strategy in efficient management of these cases. RESULT: Emergency
      bags did not carry readymade packs to control nasal bleeds. Routinely screening
      of ears in all blast injury cases in the 'Blast Injury Program' helped in early
      identification of hearing loss. Lack of sufficient stenting of nasal cavities
      resulted in severe nasal stenosis which was difficult to repair. Splinters lodged
      in pharyngeal wall escaped detection, resulting in concealed haemorrhage and
      shock. CONCLUSION: Nasal packs and epistaxis catheters must be included in
      emergency bags to minimize blood loss at first contact. Screening for ear trauma
      in all blast injuries increases detection rate and is beneficial to the soldier.
      Stenting of injured nasal cavities and early transfer to a tertiary care hospital
      could reduce morbidity. Plain radiography of head and neck areas could help
      detect splinters in vital areas and guide management.

PMID- 27365701
TI  - Pompe's Disease in Childhood: A Metabolic Myopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myopathy of metabolic origin in childhood occurs due to a variety of
      conditions. Pompe's Disease also known as Glycogen storage disease Type II, is a
      rare storage disorder with clinical presentation akin to spinal muscular atrophy.
      METHODS: A series of patients with suspected metabolic myopathy were reviewed at
      a tertiary care service hospital over a period of three years. The diagnosis was
      confirmed by estimation of acid alpha glucosidase activity. RESULT: At our
      centre, these cases presented with generalized hypotonia, organomegaly
      (hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly) and congestive cardiac failure. Infantile onset, the
      most severe form of Pompe's disease, was the commonest form accounting for 75% of
      the cases. Four of the babies with infantile onset Pompe's disease expired, three
      due to refractory heart failure and one to fulminant respiratory infection before
      15 months of age. CONCLUSION: Pompe's Disease is now being increasingly
      diagnosed, due to definitive enzyme estimation facilities. With the recent
      availability of enzyme replacement therapy with Myozyme, the prognosis is likely
      to change for the better.

PMID- 27365702
TI  - Evaluation of Aerosol and Water Contamination and Control of Cross Infection in
      Dental Clinics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The oral cavity is an unique environment which provides an ideal
      medium for bacterial growth. As a result of repeated exposure to the
      microorganisms present in blood and saliva, the dental health professionals and
      the patients are at a higher risk for developing many infectious diseases. A
      pilot study was carried out in the Dept of Dental Surgery, Armed Forces Medical
      College to assess the risk of cross infection in dental clinics. METHODS: Samples
      were collected from different dental surgeries of the Dept of Dental Surgery,
      Armed Forces Medical College and sent for microbiological culture and
      identification to the Dept of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College. The
      sampling was carried out in two stages, before and after implementing a set
      protocol. RESULT: All dental unit waterlines were coated with a well established
      biofilm made up of filamentous and bacillus-like microorganisms in first stage of
      study. There was marked reduction in the number of colonies from the samples
      collected during second stage. Same findings were observed in the samples of
      aerosol produced by ultrasonic scalers. CONCLUSION: The present study concluded
      that the new set protocol followed is significantly effective in reducing the
      microbial load in the water tubing, container and aerosol production. It is an
      effective measure for reducing the chances of cross infection in the dental
      surgery.

PMID- 27365703
TI  - Impact of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery on Symptom Manifestation of Chronic
      Rhinosinusitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rhinosinusitis is a significant health problem which results in large
      financial burden on society. The study evaluated the prevalence and severity of
      individual symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and the impact of endoscopic
      sinus surgery (ESS) on the symptoms and medication used in patients with CRS.
      METHODS: Patients with refractory CRS were assessed prospectively with ESS
      intervention. We studied the symptoms, change in medical therapy, complications
      of surgery and effect of other factors like smoking, polyposis and asthma on
      endoscopy and computed tomography scan scores. RESULT: A total of 81 patients
      underwent ESS for CRS. Post nasal drip (95%), headache (91%), nasal discharge
      (90%) and nasal obstruction (86%) were the commonest symptoms. Postoperatively,
      the highest improvement was seen in nasal blockage (87.2%), postnasal drip
      (84.4%) and headache (82.4%). Endoscopy scores were significantly worse in
      patients with polyps, asthma and smoking. A significant reduction in use of
      antibiotic and antihistaminics was seen post surgery. Seven patients who had
      extensive polyposis preoperatively, had recurrence and required revision surgery.
      Nasal synechiae formation and mild bleeding were the minor complications.
      CONCLUSION: Endoscopic sinus surgery results in significant improvement in the
      symptoms of patients with CRS alongwith a definitive decrease in antibiotic and
      antihistaminic requirement. We conclude that ESS is an effective treatment for
      CRS in those who fail to respond to medical treatment.

PMID- 27365704
TI  - Crown Cementing Strategy for Naval Divers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large number of personnel working in hyperbaric environment such as
      divers and submariners during escape drills report to the out patient department
      with split teeth, displacement of restoration and pain during ascent after
      diving. These symptoms are probably attributable to dental barotraumas.
      Therefore, a need was felt to undertake a study in this area, with a specific
      interest for treating these patients. METHODS: Sixty extracted single rooted
      premolar teeth were prepared and full cast crowns were cemented. Out of these, 20
      were prepared with zinc phosphate, 20 with glassionomer and 20 with resin cement.
      After seven days of storage, each of the teeth in experimental group was pressure
      cycled 15 times to 3 atmospheres after which the force required to dislodge the
      crowns was tested on an Instron testing machine. RESULT: A significant difference
      was found (student's t test p value < 0.01) between the force required to
      dislodge the crowns with zinc phosphate cemented control group (141.70 +/- 38.62)
      and experimental group (16.92 +/- 10.13). Similarly a significant difference was
      observed in the glassionomer cemented control group (184.33 +/- 25.33) and
      experimental group (90.50 +/- 34.07). On the other hand, no difference was found
      between the resin cemented control group (289.15 +/- 81.48) and experimental
      (279.43+/-87.48) group. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study and
      based on the results, it was concluded that environmental pressure cycling
      affected the retention of crowns cemented with zinc phosphate and glassionomer
      cement. Panavia resin cement used in this study appeared to be unaffected by
      environmental pressure cycling. On the basis of the results of this study, dental
      surgeons should consider cementing fixed prosthesis with resin cements for
      patients who are exposed to marked variations in environmental pressure, such as
      divers and submariners during escape drills.

PMID- 27365705
TI  - Sero-Epidemiological and Behavioural Survey of HIV, HBV and HCV amongst Indian
      Armed Forces Trainees.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Information on the emerging epidemics of Human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV), Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses in younger age groups in India is
      scanty due to paucity of representative, population based surveys and varied
      estimation methodology. This study was done to assess the point prevalence of
      HIV, HBV and HCV infections alongwith the epidemiological factors associated with
      these infections. Attitudes, beliefs and behaviour related to sexual and
      injecting drug practices, with a view to assess the need for introduction of
      screening program for the new entrants of the armed forces was also studied.
      METHODS: A multi-centric cross sectional serological and behavioural survey was
      carried out amongst newly enrolled trainees of the Armed Forces in 2004. The
      group was selected by multistage random sampling giving equal representation to
      all regions of India. Study subjects were interviewed using a pretested,
      validated questionnaire and screened for HIV, HBV and HCV infections by rapid
      tests. Standard confirmatory tests were carried out for trainees testing
      positive. Quality assurance measures were integral part of each activity. A
      database was created in MS Access and SPSS ver 11.0.1 was used for analysis.
      RESULT: Out of the 23,000 trainees included in the study, 22666 (98.55%) were
      included in the analysis. The age, formal education and age at first sexual
      intercourse of participants ranged from 16-25 years (median 20), 8-17 years
      (median 10) and 12-25 years, respectively. Partial knowledge about routes of
      spread of HIV was highly prevalent but complete knowledge was extremely low. Per
      thousand point prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.34-10.3,
      poisson), 9.31 (8.1-10.65) and 4.44 (3.61-5.39), respectively. Clustering of HIV
      (4.56 per 1000, 2.19-8.38) and HCV (30.54 per 1000, 23.67-38.78) and a higher
      number of HCV as compared to HBV was found amongst trainees from northeast. A
      statistically significant association was found between history of injecting drug
      use (other than medical) and HCV (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Self-exclusion for
      recruitment as military trainees might have resulted in underestimation of
      general population figures but results provide region wise estimates unavailable
      till now. Concerted efforts are required in the current HIV/AIDS program
      activities to bring about knowledge and behaviour change amongst teenagers and
      young adults.

PMID- 27365706
TI  - Adult Stem Cell Plasticity: Dream or Reality?

PMID- 27365707
TI  - Surgical Management of Epilepsy: Emerging Paradigms.

PMID- 27365708
TI  - Aero-medical Considerations in Casualty Air Evacuation (CASAEVAC).

PMID- 27365709
TI  - Combined Periodontal and Orthodontic Treatment of Pathologic Migration of
      Anterior Teeth.

PMID- 27365710
TI  - Villar's Nodule: A Rare Presentation of External Endometriosis.

PMID- 27365711
TI  - Primary Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma: Two Rare Presentations.

PMID- 27365712
TI  - Lead Toxicity due to Quack Remedies.

PMID- 27365713
TI  - A Case of Dysphonia.

PMID- 27365714
TI  - Jatropha Poisoning in Children.

PMID- 27365715
TI  - Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum Complicating Pneumonia in Children.

PMID- 27365716
TI  - Haemorrhagic Disease of Newborn presenting as Subdural Hematoma.

PMID- 27365717
TI  - Case of Toluene Abuse.

PMID- 27365718
TI  - Tramadol Dependence: A Case Report.

PMID- 27365719
TI  - Recurrent Bell's Palsy.

PMID- 27365720
TI  - A Case of Quinine Induced Blindness.

PMID- 27365721
TI  - Correlation between Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, C3, C4
      and Anti-dsDNA Antibodies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Therapeutic decisions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are based
      on the disease activity and nature of organ involvement. There are various
      clinical and laboratory methods to assess the lupus flares. METHODS: Fifty one
      SLE patients with active disease (lupus flare) were studied. Systemic lupus
      erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI), C3, C4 and anti-double stranded
      DNA levels were estimated and repeated monthly till remission. After remission
      these tests were done three monthly. Values of serological parameters were then
      correlated with SLEDAI score. RESULT: Thirteen (25.4%) patients had predominantly
      renal involvement while 38 (74.6%) patients had non-renal affliction.
      Musculoskeletal and mucocutaneous symptoms were the commonest features of lupus
      flare (90%). It was observed that 12 out of 13 (92.3%) patients with active renal
      involvement had low C3 levels and 11 (84.6%) had low C4 levels. The anti-dsDNA
      levels were elevated in all patients with predominant renal flare. In non-renal
      flare anti-dsDNA titre was raised only in 35% cases. Low C3 and C4 levels were
      noticed in 43% and 53% of non-renal flares respectively. Significant positive
      correlation was noticed between SLEDAI score and anti-dsDNA levels (0.01 level
      two-tailed prediction) and a significant negative correlation was observed with
      SLEDAI and C3, C4 levels (0.01 and 0.05 levels, two-tailed prediction) in our
      patients. On subgroup analysis it was noticed that this correlation is stronger
      for renal lupus. Negative correlation of SLEDAI and complement levels was not
      observed in non-renal flares. CONCLUSION: Calculation of SLEDAI is a vital
      clinical tool for assessment of SLE patients. Serial estimation of anti-dsDNA
      titre, C3 and C4 levels help us diagnose lupus flare and make appropriate
      therapeutic decisions in patients with high SLEDAI score.

PMID- 27365722
TI  - Laparoscopic Suture Rectopexy: An Effective Treatment for Complete Rectal
      Prolapse.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The study was undertaken to validate the efficacy of laparoscopic
      suture rectopexy as the treatment modality of choice for complete prolapse of
      rectum. METHODS: Data was prospectively collected and analyzed on 36 patients who
      underwent laparoscopic suture rectopexy for full thickness rectal prolapse
      between May 2006 to May 2008. There were 10 male and 26 female patients in this
      study with a mean age of 43.5 years. The pre and postoperative course of each
      patient was followed up with attention paid to ano-rectal manometery pressures,
      first bowel movement, hospital stay, duration of surgery, faecal incontinence,
      constipation, recurrence and morbidity. Mean follow up period was 12 months
      (range 1-24 months). RESULT: One patient had conversion from laparoscopic to open
      surgery. while another had recurrence of prolapse in the follow up period. Mean
      duration of surgery was 115 (range 100-150) minutes. Postoperatively, the mean
      time for the first bowel movement was 40 (range 24-64) hours. Mean hospital stay
      was five (range 4-7) days. There was no significant postoperative complication
      except for one port site infection and one pelvic collection. Of the 20 patients
      who had varying degree of incontinence preoperatively, 16 (80%) showed
      improvement after surgery. Constipation was present in 15 (41%) patients
      preoperatively. Nine of these 15 patients (60%) improved as regards constipation
      after surgery. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic suture rectopexy is both safe and
      effective operation for the management of complete prolapse rectum. The procedure
      carries minimal morbidity and helps improve the problems of incontinence and
      constipation.

PMID- 27365723
TI  - Bad Obstetric History: A Prospective Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Death of an infant in utero or at birth has always been a devastating
      experience for the mother and of concern in clinical practice. Perinatal
      mortality remains a challenge in the care of pregnant women worldwide,
      particularly for those who had history of adverse outcome in previous
      pregnancies. To assess the risk factors and outcome of pregnancies in cases of
      bad obstetric history (BOH) and compare the results with control group, this
      study was undertaken. METHODS: A prospective study from 2003 to 2007 was carried
      out in 79 pregnancies having BOH (history of unexplained stillbirth/neonatal
      death, three or more consecutive abortions etc). Test group was analyzed in terms
      of age, gravida, parity, risk factors and outcome in terms of preterm delivery,
      stillbirth, mode of delivery, birth weight, pregnancy complications and fetal
      distress. These parameters were compared with a systematic, randomly selected
      sample from rest of the deliveries. Necessary advice and treatment was given in
      cases of hypothyroidism, hypertension, antiphospholipid antibody (APLA) syndrome,
      gestational diabetes and other risk factors. RESULT: There was significantly
      higher incidence of malpresentations, hypertension, APLA, cervical incompetence,
      preterm deliveries and caesarean section in test group (p< 0.05). In this study,
      only 47 (59.49%) women out of 79 in BOH group were identified to have possible
      factor responsible for pregnancy losses. In 32 (40.51%), no probable causes could
      be identified. Nine (11.39%) patients were identified with more than one risk
      factor. CONCLUSION: APLA, hypertension, malpresentation, cervical incompetence,
      preterm deliveries and caesarean section were found significantly more in BOH
      group. In a large percentage of pregnancies with BOH, the risk factors for
      adverse outcome were not identified but pregnancy outcome was generally good in
      subsequent pregnancies with optimal antenatal care and advice.

PMID- 27365724
TI  - Newer versus Conventional Methods in the Diagnosis of Malaria: A Comparison.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study attempts to evaluate and compare the efficacy of
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative buffy coat (QBC) assay with
      conventional Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear (PBS) examination in the
      diagnosis of malaria. METHODS: The study was conducted on 50 cases of smear
      positive malaria (group 1), 50 cases of clinically suspected malaria (group 2)
      and 15 healthy controls. All were subjected to Giemsa stain slide examination
      both thick and thin smear, QBC assay and PCR. PBS examination by Giemsa stain was
      taken as gold standard. RESULT: In this study the overall sensitivity and
      positive predictive value (PPV) of QBC assay in group 1 was 100% and that of PCR
      was 60% and 100% respectively. In group 2 the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and
      NPV of QBC assay was 100% and that of PCR was 71%, 100%, 100% and 73%
      respectively as compared to the gold standard. All the 15 healthy controls were
      negative by all the three assays showing 100% specificity. CONCLUSION: QBC assay
      was an excellent alternative to the conventional method as it is rapid and less
      time consuming and can directly demonstrate the parasite. Utility of PCR lies in
      species-specific diagnosis of falciparum malaria especially when there is a high
      degree of clinical suspicion and the report is negative by the other two methods.

PMID- 27365725
TI  - Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Children with Unexplained Failure to Thrive.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gluten sensitive enteropathy or celiac disease (CD) is a disorder of
      small bowel that occurs upon exposure to gluten. A total of 67 children of either
      sex in the age group of 1-12 years with unexplained failure to thrive were
      studied for the prevalence of CD. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. It
      included detailed history, clinical assessment, estimation of anti gliadin (AGA),
      tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) and duodenal biopsy. Treatment with
      gluten free diet and follow-up of diagnosed cases was done for one year. RESULT:
      Sixteen cases (23.88%) had villous atrophy and positive serology, essential
      criteria for the diagnosis of CD. Forty six (69%) children were between 4-12
      years of age. Male to female ratio was 2.3:1. Main symptoms were irritability
      (63%), diarrhea (56%) and weight loss (56%). Thirty seven (56%) children had
      weight less than 3(rd) percentile. tTGA was 100% sensitive and 90.2% specific.
      Duodenal biopsy showed decreased villious-crypt ratio in 81.25% and intra
      epithelial lymphocytosis in 81% children (p<0.000001). All the confirmed cases
      were advised strict gluten free diet for one year. On follow-up at six months,
      all children showed improvement in their symptoms and weight gain. CONCLUSION: CD
      is an important cause of unexplained failure to thrive in children.

PMID- 27365726
TI  - Modalities of Empowerment and Strengthening of Ex-servicemen.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Older people including ex-servicemen (ESM) in India are left to fend
      for themselves due to nuclear family system. Most children are not staying with
      them due to reasons such as acquiring of education or employment at distant
      places. These factors, coupled with deteriorating health with advancing age,
      change in value system and attitude amongst children who give more importance to
      materialism, it was felt necessary to find modalities to empower and strengthen
      ESM by available methods of including progressive weight training, yoga and
      meditation. METHODS: An interventional "Before and After" study was planned for a
      period of three months for in-patient ESM of a military hospital for common
      lifestyle diseases namely stroke, diabetes, senile depression, acute myocardial
      infarction and hypertension. Data of anthropometry, laboratory investigations and
      Hamilton rating scale for depression (HRSD) were taken before the study. These
      cases were then subjected to interventions (progressive weight training and
      spiritual health enhancement by yoga with meditation for three months) followed
      by same measurements again. RESULT: Statistically significant differences were
      observed before and after study with respect to pulse, respiratory rate, blood
      pressure, blood glucose, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), very
      low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and Hamilton depression score (p<0.05). The sleep
      pattern, sense of well being and posture while sitting to standing and walking
      with degree of support (stick/other person's help) improved considerably after
      the interventions. CONCLUSION: ESM are recommended to be trained much before
      retirement on progressive weight training and yoga in regimental centre/station
      institute. Provision to be made in existing ex-servicemen contributory health
      scheme (ECHS) polyclinics for employment of part time trainers for weight
      training and yoga. The physical and spiritual strengthening results in better
      capability to deal with old age and its problems.

PMID- 27365727
TI  - God made Capsulorrhexis.

PMID- 27365728
TI  - Infantile Tremor Syndrome.

PMID- 27365729
TI  - Combat Casualty Care.

PMID- 27365730
TI  - Warfare Injuries: History, Triage, Transport and Field Hospital Setup in the
      Armed Forces.
AB  - The treatment of war wounds has been an ancient art, constantly refined and
      adapted to reflect improvements in warfare strategies, weapons technology,
      transportation and damage control surgical practices. Throughout history, more
      soldiers died from disease than combat wounds, and misconceptions regarding the
      best timing and mode of treatment for injuries often resulted in more harm than
      good. Since the 19th century, mortality from war wounds steadily decreased as
      surgeons developed systems for rapidly moving the wounded from the battlefield to
      frontline hospitals. This article reviews the trends in military trauma
      management including triage, evacuation and field hospital setup in the Armed
      Forces. 

PMID- 27365731
TI  - Blast Injuries.
AB  - Blasts injuries are responsible for about two-thirds of the conventional combat
      injuries during any military operation and account for a sizeable number during
      terrorist activities. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation and urgency of
      management vary significantly in primary blast injuries. These can lead to a wide
      range of overt and covert injuries, making diagnosis and management difficult.
      The clinical picture varies from acute respiratory distress to deafness with
      absence of any external injuries. Such patients are best identified and dealt
      with by a team of health care professionals well acquainted with battle field
      injuries. 

PMID- 27365732
TI  - Fluid Therapy in Trauma.
AB  - Advances in shock resuscitation have occurred as a result of various military
      conflicts. Primary objective of trauma care is to minimize or reverse shock,
      avoiding the lethal triad of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy. The concept
      of Damage Control Resuscitation has evolved along with "damage control surgery"
      which includes hypotensive and haemostatic resuscitation, where small aliquots of
      fluid are infused, with hypovolaemia and hypotension tolerated as a necessary
      evil until definitive haemorrhage control can be achieved. In the initial stages
      of trauma resuscitation the precise fluid, crystalloid or colloid, used is
      probably not important as long as an appropriate volume is given. Haemostatic
      resuscitation includes early use of fresh frozen plasma in a 1:1 ratio with
      packed red cells with emphasis on whole blood, frequent cryo precipitates and
      platelets and the use of recombinant Factor VII for control of bleeding. 

PMID- 27365733
TI  - Crush Injuries and the Crush Syndrome.
AB  - Combat related injuries bring untold misery to the victims and their loved ones.
      While injuries to vital organs cause immediate death, delayed mortality after
      reaching a hospital may occur due to several reasons, rhabdomyolysis or the crush
      syndrome being the most important. Crush syndrome predominantly affects the
      kidneys leading to renal failure, but the clinical picture may include acute
      respiratory distress syndrome, dyselectrolytaemia, disseminated intravascular
      coagulation, hypovolemic shock, arrhythmias and psychological trauma. Rescue,
      resuscitation and rehabilitation are onerous tasks and so a coordinated strategy
      with well trained team of professionals through various chains of evacuation is
      advocated. This article addresses these issues drawing upon the experience of the
      writer in combat casualty care in active operations. 

PMID- 27365734
TI  - Head Injuries.
AB  - A combination of multiple injury types are typically involved in combat-related
      head injuries. Innovations in firearms, has led to new types of brain injuries
      from which we are able to learn much about how the brain responds to trauma.
      Traumatic brain injury is physical injury to brain tissue that temporarily or
      permanently impairs brain function. Initial treatment consists of ensuring a
      reliable airway and maintaining adequate ventilation, oxygenation, and blood
      pressure. Neurosurgical damage control includes early intracranial pressure
      control; cerebral blood flow preservation; and prevention of secondary cerebral
      injury from hypoxia, hypotension, and hyperthemia. Evacuation to the nearest
      neurosurgeon, avoiding diagnostic delays, and initiating cerebral resuscitation
      allow for the best chance for ultimate functional recovery. 

PMID- 27365735
TI  - Spinal Cord Injuries.
AB  - Spinal Cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating and demoralizing ailment
      for both the patient and the medical practitioner. However, with the better
      understanding of the pathophysiology, better imaging modalities and emphasis on
      immobilization and rehabilitation has provided a ray of hope to such patients.
      The initial care aims at immobilization and evacuation by the classical log roll
      method and focuses on life-saving procedures. Basic imaging should be augmented
      with an MRI in doubtful cases. Immobilization either external or internal should
      be followed by early efforts for rehabilitation. The use of steroids during the
      acute phase has become controversial. The focus of latest studies has shifted to
      neuroprotective and regenerative agents. 

PMID- 27365736
TI  - Management of Warfare Chest Injuries.
AB  - About 15 % of war injuries involve the chest. Fortunately 85% of patients
      sustaining chest injuries that reach medical facility will require clinical
      observation or a simple procedure like tube thoracostomy. Only one in six
      patients has life-threatening injuries that necessitate urgent operative repair.
      Early deaths are caused by airway obstruction, major respiratory problems such as
      tension pneumothorax or massive hemothorax, and cardiac tamponade. These
      conditions are easily managed if recognized promptly. Diagnosis and management of
      various components of chest injury requires clear judgment and indepth knowledge
      of pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The therapeutic goal in the war
      scenario is to restore normal physiology and thereby to restore cardiac and
      pulmonary function and evacuate the patient after stabilization. 

PMID- 27365737
TI  - Abdominal Trauma in Combat.
AB  - Evaluating and managing patients with abdominal trauma remains one of the most
      challenging, resource-intensive and satisfying aspects of combat care. It demands
      a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of trauma and shock, excellent
      clinical acumen and the ability to think and operate rationally in a chaotic
      milieu. 

PMID- 27365738
TI  - Warfare Vascular Injuries.
AB  - Vascular injuries as a part of combat injuries have been recorded since times
      immemorial. Responsible for death due to exsanguination, the management of
      vascular injuries was ligation or amputation till the landmark Vietnam
      experience. The present day management has evolved with advances in modern
      technology and may start at the battlefield with the application of a tourniquet
      with the definitive treatment continuing beyond the combat operation theatres. A
      basic understanding of both blunt and penetrating vascular injuries will help
      minimize mortality and morbidity. 

PMID- 27365740
TI  - Damage Control Philosophy in Polytrauma.
AB  - Severe traumatic injury is a public health care problem; with injuries accounting
      for 12% of the global mortality. Continued improvement in the survival of
      severely injured trauma patients is a paramount goal. Bailout/damage control
      surgery following trauma has developed as a major advance in surgical practice in
      the last twenty years. The principles of damage control surgery defied the
      traditional surgical teaching of definitive operative intervention and were slow
      to be adopted. Currently, damage control surgery has been successfully utilized
      to manage traumatic thoracic, abdominal, extremity, and peripheral vascular
      injuries. In addition, damage control surgery has been extrapolated for use in
      general, vascular, cardiac, urologic, and orthopaedic surgery. Stone et al were
      the first to describe the "bailout" approach of staged surgical procedures for
      severely injured patients. This approach emerged after their observation that
      early death following trauma was associated with severe metabolic and physiologic
      derangements following severe exsanguinating injuries. Profound shock along with
      major blood loss initiates the cycle of hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy.
      During the 1980s, hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy were described as the
      "trauma triangle of death" which makes the prolonged and definitive operative
      management of trauma patients dangerous. The management technique, now described
      as "damage control" by Rotondo et al, involves a multiphase approach, in which
      reoperation occurs after correction of physiologic abnormalities. 

PMID- 27365739
TI  - Extremity and Orthopaedic Injuries.
AB  - The extremities remain the most common sites of wounding in combat, and are often
      a combination of injures to soft tissues, bones, vessels and nerves. While these
      injuries are managed only after life threatening injuries are tackled first,
      precise evaluation and prompt management strategies to attain optimal outcome
      remain the goals of treatment. With advancements in tourniquet science, broader
      spectrum antibiotics, use of negative pressure wound therapy, easier options for
      fracture stabilization and continuously evolving reconstructive procedures have
      all increased the tools available to the surgeon to salvage severely damaged
      limbs. 

PMID- 27365741
TI  - Reconstruction in Warfare Injuries.
AB  - Traumatic injuries, especially in the combat setting, stress the surgical team
      that may be sited in a remote forward area, battling against paucity of time,
      resources and infrastructure. The lone surgeon may be faced with the arduous
      challenge of saving life. There is seldom thought given to reconstruction in this
      high-pressure situation. If the patient survives, morbidity for want of
      reconstruction can be severe and quality of life can suffer significantly.
      Reconstruction after 3 to 5 days is fraught with complications and usually does
      compromise outcome in the post-operative phase. The reconstructive surgeon should
      be involved early in the management as he can provide coverage for large soft
      tissue defects after aggressive debridement with panache. If the patient is
      haemodynamically stable, he should be transferred urgently, preferrably by air,
      to a higher centre with multi-specialty care, especially being equipped with an
      orthopaedic and trauma reconstructive surgeon. It has been proved beyond doubt
      that the healing improves significantly and there is marked decrease in morbidity
      if coverage of wounds is provided early, before colonized wounds get infected. 

PMID- 27365742
TI  - Training in Trauma Management.
AB  - Considerable improvements have occurred in the care of injured patients since the
      times of World War I and II. This has been brought about not only by
      technological advances but also due to improved training of doctors and nurses in
      providing trauma care. Important elements of combat trauma training are realism,
      human-specific injuries and treatments, volume of trauma exposure, and team
      building. In all modern armies training is imparted using human simulators and
      mannequins, human cadavers, occasionally live animals but more often using animal
      tissues. Worldwide trauma training courses are mandatory for both paramedics and
      medical officers. There is a need to set up an organised system of trauma
      training in India and we, in the Armed Forces have to capitalize on the wealth of
      combat and non-combat trauma experience, in setting up such courses. 

PMID- 27365743
TI  - Beating Heart versus Conventional Coronary Bypass Surgery: Our Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) has become the standard
      surgical treatment of Coronary Artery Disease in most centres in India. It is
      clear from the current evidence that, in certain patients, OPCAB offers
      advantages over conventional Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). Experience
      of this procedure in the Armed Forces is highlighted. METHODS: Retrospective
      analysis of 200 nonrandomized consecutive patients taken up for OPCAB and 200
      conventional CABG between Jan 2005 and Dec 2007 was done. The European system for
      cardiac operative risk evaluation (euroSCORE) was used in all patients.
      Perioperative morbidity and mortality was compared in the two groups. RESULT:
      OPCAB was possible in 192 (96 %) out of 200 patients taken up for this procedure.
      Eight patients required cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to complete the
      revascularization. Incidence of reoperation for bleeding was 2.5% in OPCAB and 6%
      in CABG In the CABG group 2% patients developed severe bleeding complications, 3%
      required ventilation for more than 24 hour, 1% required renal replacement
      therapy, 1% had acute respiratory distress syndrome and 3.5% had neuro
      psychiatric manifestations. Incidence of these complications in OPCAB patients
      was lower or NIL. Overall mortality in the OPCAB group was 1.5% and 2% in the
      CABG group. However only one patient out of 192 (0.5%) who underwent successful
      OPCAB died, while two patients out of eight who required conversion to CPB in
      this group died. Incidence of stroke, deep sternal infection and mortality was
      similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: OPCAB is safe, effective and can be offered
      to more than 90% patients as the primary strategy for surgical myocardial
      revascularization. It has lower overall morbidity than conventional CABG Its main
      limitations are hemodynamic instability and inability to find a deeply embedded
      target vessel. Both these factors affect the outcome adversely making
      conventional CABG a better option in these situations.

PMID- 27365744
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of Two Techniques in Achieving Balanced Occlusion in
      Complete Dentures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to evaluate new technique, which claims to
      reduce treatment time while retaining the quality of treatment. The aim of this
      study was to compare complete dentures made by two techniques: with the use of
      face bow and without the use of face bow. METHODS: Twenty edentulous subjects
      were selected and each one received two pairs of complete dentures. Dentures were
      made from duplicated casts and each one followed different techniques. One
      technique used face-bow. Teeth were set using individualized wax rims as guides.
      In other technique an articulator was used, which avoids face-bow and teeth were
      set by the cast-analysis method. The number of occlusal contacts in centric
      relation and excursive movements were registered, in addition to this the opinion
      of patients regarding denture bearing during oral functions were taken. RESULT:
      Both groups had dentures with balanced occlusion, but the technique that avoids
      face-bow presented better results in regard to time taken, esthetics, comfort and
      stability. Balanced occlusion was provided even without face-bow and could be an
      alternative to obtain adequate complete dentures with a better prognosis.
      CONCLUSION: For achieving better quality of denture in the form of esthetics,
      phonetics and function in short duration of time; a new technique was used to
      establish balanced occlusion in complete denture prostheses.

PMID- 27365745
TI  - A Study of Psychological Correlates after Amputation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amputation of a limb affects almost all aspects of an individual's
      life. Psychological aspects are important factors for adjustment with the
      disability. METHODS: The present study was carried out on 50 consecutive male
      patients admitted to the Artificial Limb Centre. Base line and post therapy
      psychological assessment was carried out on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      (HADS). Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI) was administered along with Millon Index
      of personality styles (MIPS). Psychological intervention was given to them on a
      therapy module proposed by authors. Data was analyzed with the help of SPSS.
      RESULT: Findings revealed significant differences in scores on HADS, before and
      after therapy (p<0.05). On Trauma symptom Inventory defensive avoidance and
      depression were noted to be above cut off level of (>65). Predominant personality
      styles were self indulgence and internally focused in motivating styles (mean
      prevalence score <50) and thought guided in thinking styles, dominating and
      controlling in behaving styles. The analysis of prevalence score of above 50 and
      less than 50 indicated Confident/Asserting (9B), Submissive / Yielding (11A),
      having significant change after therapy on score of anxiety (P<0.05). The
      personality dimension of dutiful and conforming had shown significant influence
      after therapy (P<0.05) on score of depression. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated
      psychological assessment and intervention is to be included as a part of the
      management after amputation.

PMID- 27365746
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluation of Periventricular Leukomalacia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Improvements in perinatal care have resulted in increased survival of
      infants born prematurely, however neurological damage due to ischaemic infarction
      of the periventricular white matter is a problem of enormous medical, social and
      economic importance. Such vascular insult leads to destruction of the
      periventricular white matter, termed periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). This
      abnormality is the leading cause of significant morbidity in the survivors of
      premature birth. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is perhaps the only imaging
      modality, which can accurately detect and quantify periventricular leukomalacia.
      METHODS: Magnetic Resonance Imaging was carried out in 45 children in the age
      group of 4 weeks to 8 years, with history of premature birth and perinatal
      hypoxia. These children had neurological deficits ranging from cortical
      blindness, spastic diplegia, spastic quadriplegia to severe mental retardation.
      The procedure was carried out on a 1.5 Tesla (Siemens Magnetom Avanto) MR system
      using available protocols for imaging the paediatric brain. RESULT: The study
      revealed that MR imaging could accurately identify areas of ischaemic infarction
      of the periventricular white matter both in the early as well as in the late
      stages. The pattern of abnormalities detected on MRI of the brain in these
      patients can be considered specific for PVL in the clinical background of
      premature birth and perinatal hypoxia. CONCLUSION: MRI is the ideal imaging
      modality to detect, quantify and accurately map the areas of brain affected by
      this hypoxic-ischaemic process. It is presently the gold standard for evaluating
      the neuroparenchyma in those with perinatal hypoxia. Advanced MR techniques like
      Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI), Proton MR Spectroscopy and DTI have shown great
      promise in our understanding of the pathophysiology and anatomic considerations
      of this disease process.

PMID- 27365747
TI  - Visual Inspection using Acetic Acid for Cervical Cancer in Low Resource Settings.

PMID- 27365748
TI  - Hypercalcemia Related Pancreatitis.

PMID- 27365749
TI  - Pachydermoperiostosis.

PMID- 27365750
TI  - Beyond Beauty: Botulinum Toxin Use in Anal Fissure: Reply.

PMID- 27365751
TI  - Beyond Beauty: Botulinum Toxin Use in Anal Fissure.

PMID- 27365752
TI  - Professional Conferences, Unprofessional Conduct.

PMID- 27365753
TI  - Infection Control in Health Care Facilities.

PMID- 27365754
TI  - Prevalence of Early Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease in Healthy Army Personnel.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with significant
      morbidity and mortality. Screening and detection of early stages of CKD can help
      institute interventions that may delay the progression of the disease. One aim
      was to study the prevalence of early stages of CKD in the Army. METHODS: A cross
      sectional study of Army Personnel in an Army cantt in Central India was carried
      out. All participants filled a structured questionnaire and anthropometric data
      was collected. Investigative profile included routine urine exam, semi
      quantitative microalbuminuria (MAU), serum creatinine, lipid profile and fasting
      blood glucose. Glomerular Filteration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the
      Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases (MDRD) study equation. RESULT: A total of
      1920 subjects were examined with 731 (38.07%) from Arms and 1189 (61.93%) from
      Services. 348 were excluded and of the remaining 1572 subjects, 141 (8.97 %) had
      MAU and 157 (9.99 %) had deranged Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR). Mean eGFR by
      MDRD equation was 102 +/- 25.84 ml/min/1.73m (2) . Early CKD was seen in 150
      (9.54 %) with 84 (5.34 %) in stage I CKD, 55 (3.5%) in stage II and 11 (0.7%) in
      stage III. Multiple logistic regression showed BMI > 23, the presence of DM and
      HTN were independent risk factors for CKD. CONCLUSION: 9.54% of healthy army
      personnel were found to have early stages of CKD. Institution of screening
      programs can result in early detection of CKD.

PMID- 27365755
TI  - Correlation of CD4+ T cell Count with Total Lymphocyte Count, Haemoglobin and
      Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1
      Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected adults have
      demonstrated association of total lymphocyte count (TLC) <1200/mm (3) and
      subsequent disease progression or mortality. The association of other surrogate
      makers such as haemoglobin (Hb), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) with
      CD4 count and disease progression has also been suggested. This study was carried
      out to determine the relationship of CD4-positive T lymphocyte counts with TLC,
      Hb and ESR in HIV-infected individuals. METHODS: The study population comprised
      of 215 antiretroviral treatment naive HIV-1 infected adults. The CD4 positive T
      cell counts, TLC, Hb and ESR of study participants were measured. Spearman's rank
      order correlation and Receiver Operating Characteristic were used for statistical
      analyses. RESULT: The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood
      ratios for cut-off value of TLC <1200/mm (3) for predicting CD4 counts <200
      cells/mm (3) and <350 cells/mm (3) were 9.4 %, 100 %, not measurable and 1.1, and
      6.1 %, 98.8 %, 5.13 and 0.95, respectively. The association of Hb (<10,11,12 g/dl
      and <10,12,14 g/dl for CD4 counts <200 cells/mm (3) and <350 cells/mm (3) ,
      respectively), and ESR (<10, 20 and 30 mm fall after 1 hour) with these two CD4
      counts cut-off values were suboptimal. CONCLUSION: This study reveals the poor
      association of TLC, Hb, and ESR with CD4 counts in HIV infected adults, thus
      highlighting the need to review the utility of these surrogate markers, for
      predicting CD4 counts in people living with HIV/AIDS.

PMID- 27365756
TI  - Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluids amongst Health Care Workers in a
      Teaching Hospital of the Armed Forces.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) are at risk of infection with blood-borne
      viruses in the course of their work. Over 90% of these infections are occurring
      in low-income countries and most are preventable. However, the situation in the
      Armed Forces hospitals has always been thought to be much better than the public
      health facilities in India. The focus of the study was on assessing the exposure
      frequency amongst HCWs in a teaching hospital in the Armed Forces. METHODS: A
      cross-sectional survey amongst HCWs involved in collecting blood samples and
      administering injections in all wards of the hospital was conducted. Selection of
      study participants was by simple random sampling. A pre-tested questionnaire was
      administered by unlinked, anonymous method. RESULT: Total sample studied was 70.
      The proportion of HCWs experiencing exposure to blood body fluid splash (BBF) and
      needlestick injury (NSI) during last one week was 47.1 % and 31.43 %,
      respectively. The incidence density of BBF exposure was 537.14 per 100 person
      years and that of NSI episodes was 228.57 per 100 person years. The reasons for
      not using personal protective equipment (PPE) ranged from busy schedule (37.14%),
      non use of PPE by co-workers (67.14%), emergencies (91.43%) risk that patients
      may get offended by PPE use by HCWs (27.14%) to discomfort while using PPE
      (24.29%). All components of PPE were available as per only 34.29 percent.
      CONCLUSION: The high level of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids and
      consequent risk of infection amongst a group of HCWs in the Armed Forces
      highlights the urgent need for interventions to enhance the occupational safety
      of workers.

PMID- 27365757
TI  - A Randomized Clinical Trial of Three Different Steroid Agents for Treatment of
      Low Backache through the Caudal Route.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although epidural steroids are commonly used for conservative
      management of sciatica, controversies exist regarding optimal approach, type and
      dose of steroids, volume of injectate and frequency of administration. This
      randomized comparative blinded study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of
      caudal methylprednisolone acetate with triamcinolone acetonide and dexamethasone
      acetate, for pain relief for sciatica associated with lumbar-disk herniations.
      METHODS: A Total of 163 patients with radicular pain due to lumbar-disk
      herniations, between 27-70 years of age were randomly divided into four groups:
      three were given epidural steroid injection therapy (methylprednisolone acetate,
      triamcinolone acetonide and betamethasone acetate) with bupivacaine; one group
      received bupivacaine alone via caudal approach. Injections were repeated every
      three weeks till a total of 210 mg of methylprednisolone (and equivalent) or
      three injections. Pain relief, disability and activity levels were assessed at 3,
      6, 9 and 12 weeks interval. RESULT: Pain relief was present in all four groups by
      three weeks with no difference between the groups (p=0.006; 0.005; 0.0045; 0.005
      respectively to baseline). By the 6 and 12 week, the three steroid groups had
      significant pain relief (p<0.001). Among these, both methylprednisolone and
      triamcinolone groups showed greater improvement in the finger-to-floor distance
      (p=0.006). A smaller proportion of patients in this group had residual sensory
      deficits (p=0.03) as compared to dexamethasone but difference was statistically
      insignificant. Overall pain relief was significantly better at all follow-up
      evaluations in the steroid group than in the control group (p<0.001 at all
      evaluations). CONCLUSION: Short-term improvement in leg pain and sensory deficits
      was observed in patients with sciatica due to a herniated nucleus pulposus with
      both epidural bupivacaine and steroids. All long-acting steroids had no
      statistically significant difference between their efficacy in pain relief but
      methylprednisolone and triamcinolone were more effective by the second injection
      as compared to dexamethasone which required a third injection in a significant
      number of cases. Differences between methylprednisolone and triamcinolone were
      insignificant. Complications were negligible and temporary.

PMID- 27365758
TI  - Red Cell Alloantibodies in Multiple Transfused Thalassaemia Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thalassaemia major patients require lifelong transfusion support due
      to which they are prone for alloimmunization to foreign RBCs. Alloimmunization
      can be prevented by extended phenotype match blood transfusion. The study was
      conducted to know the extent of problem of alloimmunization and to find important
      red cell antibodies in thalassaemia patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study
      was conducted. A total of 32 thalassaemia patients were enrolled. The specimen
      was subjected to red cell alloantibody and autoantibody by column gel
      agglutination technique. R 1 (w) R 1 , R 2 R 2 , rr (papaine and non papain) and
      11 cell panel reagent cells were used in screening and identification of
      alloantibodies respectively. RESULT: Six (18.8 %) subjects were alloimmunized.
      All alloimmunized subjects were recipient of more than 20 units of transfusion.
      Total seven clinically significant alloantibodies were identified. Anti E and
      anti c were commonest antibodies in four (12.5%) patients. CONCLUSION: Red cell
      alloimmunization is an important risk in thalassaemia patient. 71.4% of
      alloantibodies were anti E and anti c type. Extended phenotype match blood
      transfusion for Rh-c and Rh-E antigens or level 2 antigen matching stringency
      needs to be explored in preventing alloimmunization in thalassaemia patients.

PMID- 27365759
TI  - Changes in BiSpecteral Index (BiS) Values During Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB).
AB  - BACKGROUND: BiSpecteral Index (BiS) monitoring is standard monitoring regimen in
      anaesthesia practice. It has also been used in cardiac surgery. It is especially
      important due to the high incidence of neurological injury or dysfunction that
      occurs following CPB. This is a retrospective study of 33 cases that were
      monitored with BiS during the course of coronary artery or valvular surgery,
      including the period of CPB. METHODS: Thirty three cases monitored with BiS were
      studied retrospectively. RESULT: From the recordings it was determined that the
      value of BiS which was ranging between 40 to 60 after induction, dropped below 25
      at the onset of CPB. This change was statistically significant (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: This decrease in the BiS value is probably a result of hypo-perfusion
      and due to clear, oxygen - poor priming fluid reaching the brain. Other periods
      of hypotension also correlated with the low values of BiS. This cerebral hypoxia
      which would occur at this time could be the cause of the incidence of
      neurological dysfunction that is known to occur following CPB.

PMID- 27365761
TI  - Dimensional Accuracy of Castings Fabricated with Ring-less and Metal Ring
      Investment Systems for Implant Supported Fixed Dental Prosthesis: An In-vitro
      Comparative Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ring-less investment system is in use for dental casting,
      although there was no adequate scientific data to support its use either for
      conventional fixed dental prosthesis or implant retained fixed dental prosthesis.
      METHODS: An in-vitro study was undertaken to compare the vertical marginal
      accuracy of single full coverage metal restorations, between ring-less and metal
      ring investment techniques, using two different investment materials, for implant
      supported fixed dental prosthesis. Three groups were made of ten samples each.
      Group I consisted of metal ring with PCT(r) FlexVest (phosphate bonded investment
      material). Group II consisted of metal ring with Bellasun(r) investment material.
      Group III and the final group consisted of ring-less investment system and
      Bellasun(r) investment material. The wax patterns were prepared on a metal die,
      cast and finished. The cast restorations (samples) were again seated on the metal
      die and the accuracy of fit was evaluated by measuring the gap between the finish
      line on the die and the margins of the sample at four specific sites using a
      profile projector (Helios-350H, Microtecnica, LTF, Italy) having accuracy of 1um.
      RESULT: Mean marginal accuracy for Group-III was found to be the least (58.87
      +17.87 um) followed by Group-II (97.23 + 16.37 um), and Group-I (109 + 7.55 um).
      However, Group I showed the least variability among the readings (SD=7.55).
      CONCLUSION: Ring-less system of casting can be recommended for use in fabricating
      implant supported fixed dental restorations.

PMID- 27365760
TI  - A Study of the Newer Prognostic Markers in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphomas.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) encompass a pathogenetically
      heterogeneous group of aggressive tumours that are rapidly fatal if untreated.
      Gene expression profiling studies have identified distinct molecular subtypes of
      DLBCL, one with an expression profile similar to normal germinal centre B cells
      (GCB subtype) and a second mimicking activated peripheral blood B cells (ABC
      subtype) having different prognostic significance allowing risk stratification of
      lymphoma patients and development of specific therapeutic strategies. METHODS:
      Twenty cases of DLBCL were included in the study and categorized into germinal
      centre and non germinal centre subtypes using the following antibody panel. CD10,
      Bcl-6, MUM1 and CD138. The germinal centre and non germinal centre subtypes were
      defined as under Germinal centre (DLBCL) CD10 + and/or Bcl-6 +, MUM1 -, CD138 -
      and Non germinal centre (DLBCL) CD10, Bcl-6 +/-, MUM1 +/-, CD138 +/-. RESULT: In
      our study of twenty cases thirteen were germinal centre DLBCL while seven of the
      twenty cases were non germinal centre type of DLBCL. 75% of the nodal cases and
      62.5% of extra nodal cases were germinal centre B cell type. Overall survival in
      the GCB and non GCB groups was 91% and 14% respectively and the difference was
      highly significant statistically. CONCLUSION: This study validates the existence
      of prognostic subgroups of DLBCL in the Indian population.

PMID- 27365762
TI  - Management of Hyperglycemia in Critical Illness: Review of Targets and
      Strategies.

PMID- 27365763
TI  - The Woes of Waiting Wives: Psychosocial Battle at Homefront.
AB  - Few studies on stress have been carried out in soldiers and other paramilitary
      forces deployed in operational situations because of the security concerns,
      practical difficulties of conducting combat psychiatric studies and various other
      reasons. Studies on their families, who safeguard the family interests, during
      the period of absence of soldiers, have been even fewer. Significant
      contributions of researchers in this field were reviewed and suitably
      interpreted. Analysis revealed various types of stress and the multiple coping
      methods being practiced. It also highlighted various preventive and remedial
      measures being undertaken by waiting wives and their children. There is a need to
      understand and address the psychosocial issues of these families. 

PMID- 27365764
TI  - Performing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy using Diagnostic Laparoscope : Our
      Adaptations.

PMID- 27365765
TI  - Nitazoxanide : A Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial.

PMID- 27365766
TI  - Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency.

PMID- 27365767
TI  - Fetal Reduction in Patient with Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis following
      Ovarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome (OHSS).

PMID- 27365768
TI  - Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma in Breast : An Exotic
      Rarity.

PMID- 27365769
TI  - Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Young Patient of Rheumatic Heart Disease.

PMID- 27365770
TI  - Carcinoma Buccal Mucosa with Metastasis to Left Adrenal.

PMID- 27365771
TI  - Cranioplasty in Children with Split Rib Graft.

PMID- 27365772
TI  - Iron Overload : A Cause of Primary Amenorrhea.

PMID- 27365773
TI  - Harlequin Baby.

PMID- 27365774
TI  - Full Blown Case of Lipoid Proteinosis.

PMID- 27365775
TI  - An Unusual Cause of Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome in a Young Boy.

PMID- 27365776
TI  - Pneumorrhachis Associated with Bronchial Asthma.

PMID- 27365777
TI  - A Case of Interferon Induced Hypothyroidism.

PMID- 27365778
TI  - Preterm infants: is prophylactic surfactant therapy and early vitamin A
      supplementation the way ahead?

PMID- 27365779
TI  - Newborn care in India: a crying need of the hour.

PMID- 27365780
TI  - E-Medicine: transforming healthcare with information and communication
      technology.

PMID- 27365781
TI  - Biomarkers of malignant ascites-a myth or reality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ascitic fluid aspirate cytology, although reasonably specific is not
      a good screening tool for malignant ascites due to poor sensitivity. Simple
      test(s) on ascitic fluid or serum which can help differentiate between benign and
      malignant causes of ascites will be a boon. Ascitic fluid lactate dehydrogenase,
      cholesterol, and ferritin are the candidate markers evaluated in this study.
      METHODS: Ascitic fluid cytology was done on 30 patients of malignant ascites. The
      modalities used for diagnosing malignant ascites were positive peritoneal biopsy
      or CT scan evidence of hepatic metastases. Ascitic fluid biochemistry was done in
      all these 30 patients as well as 30 cases of non-malignant ascites. The
      parameters analysed were cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and ferritin. The
      biochemical parameters were estimated in serum as well. RESULTS: Cytology had a
      sensitivity of 40% for the diagnosis of malignant ascites. Ascitic fluid
      cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and ferritin had sensitivities of 70%, 74%,
      and 100%, respectively. Serum cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and ferritin
      had sensitivities of 57%, and 91%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Hence, these
      biochemical markers in ascitic fluid as well as serum can be good screening tools
      for the diagnosis of malignant ascites.

PMID- 27365782
TI  - Effect of 0.5 mm larger donor corneal size on intraocular pressure following
      penetrating keratoplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glaucoma can develop after penetrating keratoplasty resulting in
      irreversible loss of vision. The incidence of post-penetrating keratoplasty
      glaucoma varies from 31% in the early postoperative period to 29% after three
      months. Various factors are responsible for the rise of intraocular pressure
      (IOP). This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of 0.5 mm larger donor
      corneal size on IOP following penetrating keratoplasty. METHODS: Patients were
      divided into two groups: group I was phakic and group II consisted of aphakic and
      pseudophakic patients. The same surgical technique was used for obtaining and
      suturing the donor graft. The viscoelastics and the postoperative regime also
      remained the same in all cases. IOP was measured by the rebound tonometer.
      RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative raised IOP in the first seven days in the
      phakic group was found to range from 16 mmHg to 25 mmHg and IOP in the
      aphakic/pseudophakic group ranged from 16 mmHg to 42 mmHg. The IOP in the phakic
      group after three weeks of surgery was around 12.3 mmHg and that in the
      pseudophakic/aphakic group was 14.8 mmHg-16.2 mmHg. In aphakic patients, IOP was
      controlled in the first six months with eyedrops Timolol 0.5% and tablet
      acetazolamide which was given only for short periods. IOP settled to < 12 mmHg
      with timolol 0.5% after six months. In the pseudophakic patients, IOP became
      normal by six months. These were inclusive of patients who had undergone anterior
      reconstruction and/or vitrectomy. CONCLUSION: The study proves that keeping the
      donor corneal size 0.5 mm larger does not affect IOP and that aphakia itself is a
      factor responsible for rise of IOP due to anterior chamber angle compression.

PMID- 27365783
TI  - BK polyoma viral infection in renal allograft recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: BK polyoma viral nephropathy (BKVAN) has emerged as a significant
      cause of renal allograft loss. The literature on BK viral infection from India is
      scarce. The study was therefore undertaken to evaluate impact of BK polyoma viral
      (BKV) infection on renal allograft recipients in Indian scenario from a service
      renal transplantation centre. METHODS: Renal allograft recipients who underwent
      graft biopsy formed the part of this descriptive cross-sectional study group. The
      clinicopathological profile of the patients was analysed. The diagnostic
      modalities employed were histopathology, immunohistochemistry using antibody for
      Simian virus 40 large T antigen along with real time quantification of the BK
      viral DNA load in the urine and the serum. RESULTS: One hundred forty seven renal
      allograft recipients were evaluated. 73.47 percent (108/147) patients presented
      with graft dysfunction and rest were protocol biopsies. There were 53 cases of
      rejection related diagnosis, 8 cases of graft pyelonephritis, 64 cases showed
      normal histology and rest exhibited miscellaneous causes. Nineteen percent
      (28/147) cases were positive for BKV DNA (viruria 26/147, 17.6% and viraemia
      8/147, 5.44%. 3.4 percent (5/147) exhibited histological and immunohistochemical
      evidence of BKVAN. Nuclear enlargement, smudging and intranuclear inclusions
      along with plasma cell rich interstitial nephritis were important features
      observed on histopathology. Concomitant acute rejection was seen in 4/5 cases of
      BKVAN. All cases of BKVAN exhibited viraemia (> 2500 copies/mL), though cut-off
      values could not be defined statistically due to small sample size. Positive
      statistical correlation was observed between use of anti-thymocyte globulin
      (induction therapy and/or treatment of steroid resistant rejection, Pearson *(2)
      value 6.9, P=0.008) and rejection episodes (Pearson *(2) value 9.8, P = 0.007)
      with BKV infection. CONCLUSION: BK polyoma nephropathy should be added to the
      list of differential diagnosis considered for a renal allograft dysfunction.
      Renal biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis supplemented by non-invasive
      molecular techniques for screening and monitoring of BKV infection.

PMID- 27365784
TI  - Role of prophylactic surfactant in preterm infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm neonates is caused by
      a deficiency or dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant. The physiological function
      of surfactant includes the ability to lower surface tension, as well as the
      ability to rapidly adsorb and spread. A wide variety of surfactant products have
      been formulated and studied in clinical trials. The present study was designed to
      find out whether prophylactic administration of surfactant leads to a significant
      decrease in the risk of neonatal mortality and neonatal morbidity. METHODS: This
      was an experimental study in which a total of 125 preterm newborns less than 34
      weeks gestation were studied. One hundred preterm newborns (controls) less than
      34 weeks gestation were managed in the conventional manner as per the existing
      protocols in the neonatal intensive care unit. Twenty-five consecutively
      delivered preterm newborns less than 34 weeks gestation were administered
      surfactant. Data regarding clinical outcomes including mortality and morbidity
      profile was collected and analysed. RESULTS: The mean duration of ventilation in
      the ventilated babies in the control group and the surfactant group was 129.8 +/-
      43 hours and 85.7 +/- 46 hours, respectively; the difference being statistically
      significant. In the surfactant group, four babies (16%) died and in the control
      group, 27 babies (27%) died. The difference was not statistically significant.
      The number of babies developing retinopathy of prematurity and needing laser
      treatment for retinopathy of prematurity was greater in the surfactant group.
      CONCLUSION: Prophylactic administration of surfactant in preterm newborns of
      gestational age < 34 weeks is associated with a significant decrease in mean
      duration of ventilation and an increase in the incidence of retinopathy of
      prematurity.

PMID- 27365785
TI  - Umbilical cord blood plasma vitamin A levels in low birth weight (LBW) babies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Role of vitamin A in reducing the mortality in infants more than six
      months of age is well known. Supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A within
      48 hours of birth reduces infant mortality by almost a quarter, with the greatest
      benefit to those of low birth weight (LBW). Studies that could highlight
      deficiency states in neonates, particularly LBW babies by objective measurement
      of vitamin A levels would help in formulating the recommendations to supplement
      these babies with vitamin A. METHODS: Cord blood plasma vitamin A levels of 154
      LBW babies with birth weight in the range of 1505-2455 were analysed for plasma
      vitamin A (retinol) levels by HPLC method. Samples of 55 babies with normal birth
      weight were also analysed. LBW babies were divided into two subgroups of preterm
      LBW and LBW-term small for gestational age (SGA). RESULTS: Of the 154 babies with
      LBW, 92 were preterm LBW and 52 were LBW-term SGA. Mean cord blood plasma vitamin
      A levels were significantly lower in the preterm LBW group (n = 92) compared to
      levels observed in babies with normal birth weight (n = 55) and LBW-term SGA
      subgroups (n = 62). There was no significant difference in the mean vitamin A
      values between the normal birth weight babies and LBW-term SGA group. There was
      significant positive correlation of cord blood vitamin A levels with birth weight
      in the entire set of (n = 154) LBW babies (r=0.37, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: This
      study revealed significantly lower cord blood vitamin A levels in the preterm LBW
      babies. The level of vitamin A in LBW babies also correlated with their birth
      weight. There are enough evidence to support causative association between
      vitamin A deficiency state and neonatal morbidity. Simple interventions like
      vitamin A supplementation during a crucial stage of an infant's life may be
      beneficial in the long run. There is a need to establish norms for vitamin A
      levels and seriously examine the role of vitamin A supplementation for LBW babies
      during the immediate postnatal period.

PMID- 27365786
TI  - Port exteriorisation appendectomy-our experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic appendectomy is conventionally performed using 3 ports,
      with division of appendicular base and artery using staples/endoloops/clips.
      Paucity of surgical laparoscope and laparoscopic disposables necessitated
      adoption of laparoscopic technique obviating the need for the above. We document
      our experience with the port exteriorisation appendectomy performed predominantly
      using two ports. METHODS: Between July 2008 and April 2009, 65 appendectomies
      were performed at a zonal hospital, of which 26 were performed using the
      contemplated technique. Technical challenges, conversions, operative time,
      complications, postoperative recovery, and cosmesis were analysed. RESULTS:
      Twenty-six patients (13 males and 13 females), with a mean age of 22.88 +/- 11.94
      years, underwent port exteriorisation appendectomy. The median operative time was
      20 minutes. Two cases (7.7%) needed conversion to open appendectomy. Dense
      adhesions necessitated addition of a working instrument/port in two cases (7.7%).
      Postoperative pain was < 25 by verbal response score. Visceral component
      predominated on the operative day, which got confined to port sites subsequently.
      One patient (3.85%) developed surgical site infection. Friable, gangrenous, short
      fibrosed appendix on a fixed caecum and very thick abdominal wall were its
      limitations. Postoperative recovery and cosmesis were excellent. CONCLUSION: Port
      exteriorisation appendectomy proves simple, safe, economical, and efficacious,
      when conditions favour its performance. However, difficult appendices warrant
      conversion to three ports technique or to open procedure.

PMID- 27365787
TI  - A comparative evaluation of rate of space closure after extraction using E-chain
      and stretched modules in bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aim of this study was to compare the rate of space closure between E
      chain mechanics in one side of upper arch and by elastomeric module with ligature
      wire on the contralateral side in same patient. METHODS: Thirty bimaxillary
      dentoalveolar protrusion cases were taken up for comprehensive fixed orthodontic
      treatment after extraction of all first premolars to retract both upper and lower
      anterior teeth. After initial alignment and levelling, alginate impressions were
      made for upper and lower arches and models constructed. In the upper arch model a
      vernier caliper was used to measure the extraction space in both sides from
      middle point of distal surface of canine to the middle most point of mesial
      surface of second premolar. This is the amount of space present before the onset
      of retraction mechanics. During space closure procedure two different retracting
      components were applied in right and left sides of each case. On right side
      elastic chain (E-chain) applied in both upper and lower arches and on left side
      elastomeric module with steel ligature (0.010") stretched double its diameter
      fixed in both arches. Both the mechanisms produced approximately 250-300 g of
      force as measured by a tension gauge. After onset of retraction mechanism all
      patients were recalled after every six weeks for three visits. In all these three
      visits modules and E-chains were changed. In all three visits impression was
      made, models constructed, and the remaining available space was measured by a
      vernier caliper up to 0.1 mm level variations. RESULTS: Mean value for total
      space closure in case of E-chain was 2.777 mm whereas in case of module with
      ligature wire the value increased to 3.017 mm. Mean value for rate of space
      closure in case of E-chain was 0.2143 mm, whereas in case of module with ligature
      wire the value increased to 0.2343 mm with a standard deviation of 0.001104 and
      0.001194, respectively. The standard deviation for total space closure was 0.1305
      for E-chain and 0.1487 for module with ligature wire. CONCLUSION: Space closure
      by elastomeric module with ligature wire is better than the E-chain.

PMID- 27365788
TI  - An interesting case of lump abdomen-gossypiboma.

PMID- 27365789
TI  - Fahr's syndrome: a rare clinico-radiologic entity.

PMID- 27365790
TI  - Macrodystrophia lipomatosa.

PMID- 27365791
TI  - Epidermolysis bullosae.

PMID- 27365792
TI  - Ophthalmia nodosa with intraocular caterpillar setae.

PMID- 27365793
TI  - Gastroschisis-antenatal diagnosis.

PMID- 27365794
TI  - Stent implantation of patent ductus arteriosus in a newborn baby.

PMID- 27365795
TI  - Varied presentations of hypothyroidism in children.

PMID- 27365796
TI  - Mystery of the missing loop.

PMID- 27365797
TI  - Endometriosis with salpingitis simulating acute appendicitis.

PMID- 27365798
TI  - Non-immune hydrops foetalis due to foetal tachyarrhythmia-management with
      transplacental amiodarone.

PMID- 27365799
TI  - Bilateral first rib fractures with pseudoarthrosis in a weight lifter.

PMID- 27365800
TI  - Recent advances in the role of non-invasive ventilation in acute respiratory
      failure.
AB  - Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is the technique of delivering
      mechanical ventilation without endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. This is
      increasingly being utilised in both acute and chronic conditions. Strong evidence
      supports the use of NIPPV for acute respiratory failure (ARF) to prevent
      endotracheal intubation (ETI) and to facilitate extubation in patients with acute
      exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to avoid ETI in acute
      cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (ACPO), and in immunocompromised patients. Weaker
      evidence supports the use of NIPPV for patients with ARF due to asthma
      exacerbations, with postoperative ARF, pneumonia and acute lung injury/acute
      respiratory distress syndrome. NIPPV should be applied under close monitoring for
      signs of treatment failure and, in such cases, ETI should be promptly available.
      A trained team, at an appropriate location, with careful patient selection and
      optimal choice of devices can optimise the outcome of NIPPV. 

PMID- 27365801
TI  - Flightless Aedes mosquitoes in dengue control.

PMID- 27365802
TI  - Supplemental oxygen therapy in bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity: REPLY.

PMID- 27365803
TI  - Supplemental oxygen therapy in bleomycin-induced pulmonary toxicity.

PMID- 27365804
TI  - Detection of TB antigen by rapid test kit.

PMID- 27365805
TI  - Why quality in healthcare.

PMID- 27365806
TI  - Stress in the Indian Armed Forces: how true and what to do?

PMID- 27365807
TI  - Approach to neonatal thrombocytopenia: immature platelet fraction has a major
      role.

PMID- 27365808
TI  - The idea of research!

PMID- 27365809
TI  - Efficacy of flexible fibreoptic ureteroscopy and Holmium laser in retrograde
      intrarenal surgery for calyceal calculi.

PMID- 27365810
TI  - Evaluation of service quality of hospital outpatient department services.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has become essential for hospital managers to understand and
      measure consumer perspectives and service quality gaps, so that any perceived gap
      in delivery of service is identified and suitably addressed. A study was
      conducted at a peripheral service hospital to ascertain any service gap between
      consumer expectations and perceptions in respect of the hospital outpatient
      department (OPD) services. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted using
      SERVQUAL as the survey instrument, the instrument being validated for use in the
      hospital environment. Consumer ratings across 22 items of the survey instrument
      were collected in paired expectation and perception scores and then service
      quality gaps were identified and statistically analysed. RESULTS: Service quality
      gaps were identified to exist across all the five dimensions of the survey
      instrument, with statistically significant gaps across the dimensions of
      'tangibles' and 'responsiveness.' The quality gaps were further validated by a
      total unweighted SERVQUAL score of (-) 1.63. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that
      significant service quality gaps existed in the delivery of the hospital OPD
      services, which need to be addressed by focused improvement efforts by the
      hospital management.

PMID- 27365811
TI  - Evaluation of mannitol as an osmotherapeutic agent in traumatic brain injuries by
      measuring serum osmolality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of mannitol as an osmotherapeutic agent has never
      been subjected to a controlled clinical trial against placebo. Excessive use of
      mannitol in brain trauma patients can result in hyperosmolar states,
      hypernatremia and renal failure. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate
      the institutional protocol of using mannitol and assess its effects on serum
      osmolality. METHOD: Thirty patients with brain injury were included in the study.
      All the patients were given 100 mL of 20% mannitol three times a day as bolus
      infusion over 20-30 minutes. Serum osmolality was measured at 12 hourly intervals
      using Fiske osmometer. Mannitol administration was stopped whenever serum
      osmolality reached >= 320 mOsmol/Kg H2O. The total dose and duration of mannitol
      used to reach target osmolality of >= 320 mOsmol/Kg H2O was recorded. RESULTS: On
      33% of all occasions, the patients had a serum osmolality which was in excess of
      the desired values (i.e. >= 320 mOsmol/Kg H2O). This indicates that the standard
      protocol of administering 20% mannitol 100 mL three times a day for more than 48
      hours is perhaps excessive. CONCLUSION: The mannitol therapy should be guided by
      12 hourly measurement of serum osmolality. Mannitol should be used for 48 hours
      only if facilities for measuring serum osmolality are not available.

PMID- 27365812
TI  - Incidence of thrombocytopenia in the neonatal intensive care unit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thrombocytopenia is the commonest haematological abnormality
      encountered in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The incidence in neonates
      varies greatly, depending upon the population studied. The aim of the present
      study was to study the incidence of thrombocytopenia in the neonates admitted to
      the NICU. METHOD: The study was carried out in 258 consecutive eligible neonates
      from August 2007 to August 2009. Neonates were placed in two risk groups for
      thrombocytopenia, viz. high risk and low risk, depending upon the presentation,
      maternal history and any antenatal/perinatal events. Platelet counts were done on
      the first, third and fifth day of admission and thereafter every 72 hours till
      counts were normal. Low counts were collaborated with a peripheral blood smear.
      RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of thrombocytopenia in the study
      group was 70% (182/258). The incidence in the high-risk group was 93.7% cases
      (134/143) and in the low-risk group was 41.7% (48/115). This difference was
      statistically significant. Factors associated with thrombocytopenia were sepsis,
      extreme low birth weight, intra-uterine growth restriction, birth asphyxia and
      pre-eclampsia in mothers. The most common severe bleeding manifestation was
      pulmonary haemorrhage. The overall mortality in babies with thrombocytopenia was
      33% despite > 90% of these cases having received platelet transfusion. Of these
      pulmonary haemorrhage was the main cause of death in five cases. It is concluded
      that thrombocytopenia is very common in the NICU and should be actively looked
      for so that it can be managed appropriately.

PMID- 27365813
TI  - Effect of water temperature and duration of immersion on the marginal accuracy of
      provisional crowns.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fabrication of fixed restorations is time consuming. It is vital that
      the prepared teeth be protected by means of an interim restoration till the time
      definitive prostheses can be delivered. Marginal adaptation is one of the most
      important requirements for an interim restoration. METHOD: This study was done to
      investigate the effect of water temperature and duration of immersion on the
      marginal accuracy of provisional restoration fabricated in autopolymerizing
      resin. The experimental model simulating a clinical situation was made. The test
      material was autopolymerizing methyl methacrylate. Specimens were subjected to
      different water temperatures for 5 and 10 minutes', duration for continuing the
      polymerization. Marginal accuracy was determined by a travelling microscope under
      100 * magnification. RESULTS: The measurements were tabulated and statistically
      analyzed using two way ANOVA technique. Results showed significant difference at
      all water temperatures. Marginal gaps were least when crowns were polymerized at
      20 degrees C for 5 minutes. CONCLUSION: Study concluded that polymerizing the
      polymethyl methacrylate resin provisional crowns by direct technique in the water
      maintained at 20-30 degrees C temperature for 10 minutes resulted in better
      marginal fit and this method can be utilized in clinical conditions for better
      results.

PMID- 27365814
TI  - Embryo reduction: our experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The transvaginal ultrasound-guided embryo reduction technique is a
      feasible option for the prevention and management of the medical and obstetric
      risks associated with high-order multiple pregnancy resulting from assisted
      reproductive treatment. METHOD: Multifoetal pregnancy reduction was carried out
      in 51 in vitro fertilisation pregnancies (IVF) and one intrauterine quintuplet
      pregnancy resulting from intrauterine insemination (IUI) using transvaginal
      approach under ultrasonographic guidance. RESULTS: Of the 52 embryo reduction
      procedures, 48 (92%) were performed between the seventh and eighth weeks of
      gestation, three between eighth and ninth weeks and one in the 10th week of
      gestation. Forty-nine patients (94%) underwent reduction from triplets to twins,
      two from quadruplet to twins, and one from quintuplet to twin pregnancy. The
      average time required for the embryo reduction was 5.0 +/- 0.5 minutes per sac in
      early gestation (6th-9th weeks), increasing to 8.5 minutes per sac for later
      procedures, due to technical difficulties brought about by increased embryo size
      and mobility. All embryo reduction procedures were successfully performed in a
      single session. CONCLUSION: Transvaginal ultrasound guided embryo reduction
      technique performed between seventh and eighth-weeks of gestation is an effective
      and safe procedure for embryo reduction.

PMID- 27365815
TI  - A clinical evaluation of midface advancement using intraoral distractors in
      management of bone stock deficiencies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cleft lip and palate patients present large osseous defects of the
      alveolus and midface hypoplasia. Traditional orthognathic surgery has limitations
      of relapse and limited age group. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) as a modality for
      midface advancement is relatively new. Modular internal distractor (MID) offers
      the advantage of patient compliance and minimal discomfort. The purpose of this
      study was to evaluate the versatility of intraoral distractors in midface
      advancement. METHOD: Nineteen patients with midface bone stock deficiency were
      selected for maxillary advancement. At the first surgery under general
      anaesthesia, after the osteotomy (Le Fort I/II), MID system was used. After
      distraction, evaluation was done for ease of the procedure, stability, and
      complications. Lateral cephalograms were evaluated at three stages: T1, pre
      distraction; T2, post-distraction; and T3, one year post-distraction. RESULTS:
      Significant changes showed 13.3 mm mean midface advancement bone formation at the
      pterygomaxillary region. The results were stable even at one year follow-up.
      CONCLUSION: Maxillary position improved in relation to the cranial base. This
      study showed that the MID was versatile in midface advancement in stability and
      patient compliance with minimal complications.

PMID- 27365816
TI  - Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in free flap surgery: is it meaningful?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a recognised modality of treatment with
      applications in plastic surgery. This modality of treatment works by providing
      higher oxygen delivery to tissues. The benefits of this modality of treatment in
      free flap surgery were studied. METHOD: A randomised prospective study was done.
      Ten patients undergoing free tissue transfer by microvascular technique were
      studied. These patients were randomised into two groups. In Group 1 the patients
      were subjected to hyperbaric oxygen therapy postoperatively for seven days. Group
      2 served as the control group. Patients in this group were not subjected to
      hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Patients were evaluated up to 14 days postoperatively.
      The flaps were evaluated for any flap loss, presence of venous congestion in the
      flap, flap oedema, and completeness of healing at the flap site. RESULTS: No
      significant difference was found in terms of flap survival, time to resolution of
      venous congestion, resolution of oedema, and period of postoperative recovery.
      CONCLUSION: Routine use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy does not result in better
      survival of free flaps.

PMID- 27365817
TI  - A study of seroprevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among troops in Armed
      Forces.

PMID- 27365818
TI  - Visceral leishmaniasis co-infection in people living with HIV/AIDS.

PMID- 27365819
TI  - Branchial fistula: an imaging perspective.

PMID- 27365820
TI  - Appendiculo-caecal intussusception.

PMID- 27365821
TI  - Foetus-in-foetu.

PMID- 27365822
TI  - Clitoral reduction by ventral approach.

PMID- 27365823
TI  - Giant serous papillary cystadenoma.

PMID- 27365824
TI  - Portal vein embolisation.

PMID- 27365825
TI  - Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease-a rare extranodal marginal zone
      lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue in the Indian subcontinent.

PMID- 27365826
TI  - Mirizzi syndrome.

PMID- 27365827
TI  - Orbital emphysema after sneezing: a case report.

PMID- 27365828
TI  - Anaesthetic management of a patient with Lown Ganong Levine syndrome-a case
      report.

PMID- 27365829
TI  - Sotos syndrome.

PMID- 27365830
TI  - Pentalogy of Cantrell: case report.

PMID- 27365831
TI  - Microsurgical treatment of gingival recession by subepithelial connective tissue
      graft: a case report.

PMID- 27365832
TI  - Rehabilitation strategies for partially edentulous-prosthodontic principles and
      current trends.
AB  - The prosthetic considerations for treatment of partially edentulous patients
      involve evaluation of important aspects such as presence of certain functional or
      skeletal deficits, orientation of the occlusal plane, free-way space, size and
      location of edentulous areas, number, strategic location and quality of the
      likely abutment teeth, vertical dimension, and the type of occlusion. A
      comprehensive evaluation, multidisciplinary approach and a sequential treatment
      plan, worked out in harmony with the patient's perceptions are important factors
      to ensure a successful outcome. This article discusses the principles, current
      trends and importance of clinical decisions in designing a treatment strategy
      when confronted with complex situations of partial edentulism. 

PMID- 27365833
TI  - Working hand in glove with the orthopaedic surgeon: the era of the aggressive
      trauma reconstructive surgeon.

PMID- 27365834
TI  - Child with ventricular septal defect, absent left upper limb pulses and
      dysmorphism.

PMID- 27365835
TI  - Ether day: an intriguing history.

PMID- 27365836
TI  - Biomedical waste disposal: the way forward.

PMID- 27365837
TI  - Does catheter choice during embryo transfer alter the pregnancy rate?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although every step in the in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedure is
      important, the impact of embryo transfer (ET) on pregnancy rate (PR) is
      significant. Of all the crucial aspects of ET the type of catheter used and the
      technique of transfer on the PR has drawn the maximum attention and controversy.
      We aimed to compare the outcome of two different ET catheters on the PR. METHOD:
      A prospective analysis comparing the classical Frydman (Laboratoire CCD, France)
      and the soft Cook (Cook Medical, Indiana, USA) ET catheters was performed.
      Primary end-point was clinical pregnancy rate (CPR); secondary end-points were
      rates of difficult transfer. A total of 1,446 ETs were performed in women
      undergoing IVF treatment, of which 723 cycles were randomised to the Cook
      catheter and 723 to the Frydman catheter. RESULTS: It was observed that, although
      the Cook catheter was related to a slightly higher PR, the overall comparison
      failed to indicate a significant difference in CPR. It was also seen that the
      ease of transfer did not significantly affect the PRs. CONCLUSION: Individual
      variables during ET may not contribute significantly to the success of an IVF
      programme; however, a holistic approach encompassing all the factors is
      quintessential to improve the PR.

PMID- 27365838
TI  - Early predictors of success of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in
      hypercapnic respiratory failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) has emerged as a
      significant advancement in the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory
      failure. METHOD: Patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure requiring
      ventilation therapy (respiratory rate [RR] of > 30 breaths per minutes, PaCO2 >
      55 mmHg and arterial pH < 7.35) were included in the study. Baseline clinical
      parameters and arterial blood gas (ABG) were recorded before initiating NIPPV.
      Clinical parameters including heart rate (HR), RR, oxygen saturation and ABG were
      revaluated at 1, 4, and 24 hours after initiation of NIPPV. Change in these
      parameters and need for intubation was evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 100 patients,
      76 (76%) showed improvement in clinical parameters and ABG. There was improvement
      in HR and RR, pH, and PCO2 within the first hour in the success group and these
      parameters continued to improve even after four and 24 hours of NIPPV treatment.
      Out of 24 (24%) patients who failed to respond, 13 (54%) needed endotracheal
      intubation within one hour. The failure group had higher baseline HR than the
      success group. CONCLUSION: Improvement in HR, RR, pH, and PCO2 one hour after
      putting the patient on NIPPV predicts success of non-invasive positive pressure
      ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure.

PMID- 27365839
TI  - Role of CD34, vascular endothelial growth factor, and p53 in neoangiogenesis as
      correlated with stage of disease in colorectal carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is critical for the growth of colorectal carcinoma
      (CRC). Vascular endothelial growth factor is the most important angiogenic growth
      factor. METHOD: Fifty cases of CRC operated at INHS Asvini were studied by using
      immunohistochemical labelling of the tumours by using CD34, p53, and vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RESULTS: Out of the 50 cases, 31 (62%) were
      positive for p53; of which 80.7% showed high expression. Significant staining (>
      20% tumour cells showing positivity) was seen in 33 patients (66%), while 34%
      were negative. Of the 33 positive cases, 57.58% showed high-grade VEGF
      positivity. CONCLUSION: Vascular endothelial growth factor correlated
      significantly with the stage and grade of disease. Intra tumours microvessel
      density as calculated from CD34 expression increased with the stage and grade of
      the CRC.

PMID- 27365840
TI  - To determine the frequency of subtelomeric abnormalities in children with
      idiopathic mental retardation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the frequency of
      subtelomeric abnormalities in children with idiopathic mental retardation (MR).
      METHOD: Multiplex ligation-dependant probe amplification technique was used to
      detect subtelomeric abnormalities. RESULTS: Out of 35 children, 21 (60%) were
      males. Family history of MR was present in 23%. Main clinical features included
      speech delay in all motor delay cases (83%) and non-specific dysmorphic features
      (77%). CONCLUSION: Associated clinical features were more in children with
      intelligence quotient (IQ) < 50 (P < 0.05). Subtelomeric deletion (4q35) was
      observed in one child.

PMID- 27365841
TI  - Incidence of thrombocytopenia following phototherapy in hyperbilirubinemic
      neonates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thrombocytopenia has not been conclusively reported as a complication
      of phototherapy in any of the standard paediatric textbooks. MATERIALS AND
      METHOD: A prospective study in consecutively enrolled cohort of apparently
      healthy neonates, who developed indirect hyperbilirubinaemia and required
      phototherapy. Neonates having a base line platelet count of more than
      150,000/mm(3) were included. Neonates having features suggestive of haemolysis,
      direct hyperbilirubinaemia, sepsis, anti-platelet drugs given to baby or mother,
      haemangioma, and other congenital anomalies were excluded. Platelet counts were
      performed at admission, 24 hours, 48 hours, and before discontinuing
      phototherapy. RESULTS: Out of 100 neonates included in study 35 (35%) had
      thrombocytopenia and a majority of neonates had mild thrombocytopenia (74%). The
      thrombocytopenia was seen in 26 (74%) cases during the first 24 hours of
      phototherapy and usually was not associated with clinical bleed. CONCLUSION: This
      study establishes an association of phototherapy as a cause of thrombocytopenia
      in hyperbilirubinaemic neonates. Though the incidence of thrombocytopenia is
      substantial yet it is clinically insignificant. This study helps the practitioner
      to be aware of this association and avoid unnecessary investigations, as
      thrombocytopenia was transient.

PMID- 27365842
TI  - Ultrasonic pachymeter: a little different role.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ultrasonic pachymeter, though primarily used in refractive surgery
      and in glaucoma evaluation, can evaluate and compare the change in corneal
      thickness following extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), small incision
      cataract surgery (SICS) and phacoemulsification. METHOD: Six hundred patients
      were included in study. Patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 (200
      eyes), group 2 (200 eyes) and group 3 (200 eyes) underwent ECCE, SICS, and
      phacoemulsification, respectively. Corneal thickness was evaluated pre
      operatively and postoperatively on day 1, day 2, day 7, day 15, and day 30 by
      ultrasonic pachymetry. RESULTS: Mean pre-operative corneal thickness in central,
      superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants is 525.35 +/- 32.34 MUm, 592.23
      +/- 35.39 MUm, 595.66 +/- 31.68 MUm, 589.29 +/- 38.07 MUm, and 581.19 +/- 42.31
      MUm, respectively. Postoperatively, a highly significant (P<0.01) increase in
      central corneal thickness was observed up to day 15 in ECCE, day 7 in SICS
      whereas it was up to day 2 in phacoemulsification. In superior quadrant, it is up
      to day 15 in ECCE and SICS whereas it is up to day 7 in phacoemulsification. In
      inferior quadrant, it was up to day 2 in all three techniques. In temporal
      quadrant, it is up to day 7 in ECCE and up to day 2 in SICS and
      phacoemulsification. In nasal quadrant, a highly significant (P<0.01) increase in
      corneal thickness was observed up to day 7 in ECCE and SICS whereas it was up to
      day 2 in phacoemulsification. CONCLUSION: Normal central corneal thickness is
      525.35 +/- 32.44 MUm. At midperiphery, inferior cornea has maximum corneal
      thickness followed by superior, temporal, and nasal cornea. Postoperatively, pre
      operative value of corneal thickness and visual rehabilitation is achieved
      earliest in phacoemulsifiaction followed by SICS and ECCE.

PMID- 27365843
TI  - Markers for differentiation of tubercular pleural effusion from non-tubercular
      effusion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The limitations of the conventional methods for diagnosing
      tuberculosis (TB) have spurred multi-faceted research activities throughout the
      world. This study aims to explore the levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and
      interleukins in pleural effusion of tuberculous, malignant, and miscellaneous
      origin for differential diagnosis of tubercular and non-tubercular effusion.
      METHOD: Adenosine deaminase was estimated by kinetic method employing xanthine
      oxidase while interleukins were measured using commercially available ELISA kits
      in pleural fluids of tubercular and non-tubercular origin. RESULTS: Pleural
      fluids INF-gamma, sIL-2R, TNF-alpha and ADA were significantly higher in TB group
      (n = 48) as compared to the non-TB group (n = 33) (mean +/- SD: INF-gamma;
      1,958.7 +/- 896.5 pg/mL vs 356.9 +/- 733.6 pg/mL, sIL-2R; 6,101 +/- 1,753.8 pg/mL
      vs 3,166 +/- 2,611.1 +/- pg/mL, TNF-alpha; 195.5 +/- 292.1 pg/mL vs 59.7 +/-
      128.9 pg/mL, ADA; 123.6 +/- 81.8 IU/L vs 48 +/- 48.5 IU/L, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION:
      INF-(is more sensitive and specific than ADA for the diagnosis of TB and should
      be added to the armamentarium of the diagnostic workup of pleural fluids for
      timely and accurate diagnosis of TB and differentiation of tubercular pleural
      effusion from non-tubercular effusion.

PMID- 27365844
TI  - An evaluation of fracture resistance of interim fixed partial denture fabricated
      using polymethylmethacrylate and reinforced by different fibres for its optimal
      placement: an in vitro study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is the most common material used to
      fabricate interim fixed partial denture (FPD). Several attempts have been made to
      improve fracture strength of this material with various methods of reinforcement,
      but its effect on the fracture resistance of interim FPD was not evaluated.
      METHOD: The study was designed in two stages. In the first stage various methods
      of reinforcement (glass fibre, polyethylene, combination of glass and
      polyethylene, and stainless steel) for interim FPD of PMMA were used and its
      effect on the fracture resistance of interim FPD was evaluated by three point
      bending test using universal testing machine. In the second stage, fibres which
      showed the highest fracture resistance value was used to ascertain the most
      appropriate site of placement for reinforcing interim FPD. Comparisons were made
      with analysis of variance. RESULTS: Stainless steel and glass fibres showed
      significantly higher fracture resistance value than polyethylene alone or mixed
      with glass fibres (P < 0.001). Fibre placement in the occlusal third region of
      the pontic resulted in higher fracture resistance than the other locations (P <
      0.05). CONCLUSION: There was a definite improvement in the fracture resistance
      after reinforcement with fibres and stainless steel. The occlusal third region of
      the pontic is the most appropriate site of placement for reinforcement in interim
      FPD.

PMID- 27365845
TI  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a review.
AB  - Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a serious medical
      emergency in the neonatal period which occurs because of failure of transition of
      the foetal circulation into the normal circulation. The condition is
      characterised by persistently elevated pulmonary vascular pressures and despite
      numerous modalities of treatment available, the condition carries with it a high
      rate of mortality and morbidity. Early awareness of predisposing conditions and
      early diagnosis leads to better outcomes in PPHN. 

PMID- 27365846
TI  - CD4 counts: a strong indicator of retinal and ocular lesions in HIV disease.

PMID- 27365847
TI  - What is your diagnosis?

PMID- 27365848
TI  - Growth hormone treatment in a child with X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets.

PMID- 27365849
TI  - Primary obturator internus pyomyositis.

PMID- 27365850
TI  - Internal resorption: an unusual form of tooth resorption.

PMID- 27365851
TI  - Percutaneous removal of intracardiac and intravascular foreign bodies.

PMID- 27365852
TI  - Extragenital lichen sclerosus with aetiological link to Borrelia.

PMID- 27365853
TI  - Symptomatic intestinal lipomas: our experience.

PMID- 27365854
TI  - Endodontic treatment for mandibular molars using ProTaper.

PMID- 27365855
TI  - An elusive case of acute abdomen.

PMID- 27365856
TI  - Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.

PMID- 27365857
TI  - Critical care management of molar pregnancy in a peripheral set-up.

PMID- 27365858
TI  - Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

PMID- 27365860
TI  - Epidural steroids for low backache: is this a valid trial?

PMID- 27365859
TI  - Recombinant activated factor VIIa in a case of pregnancy with acute hepatic
      failure and massive blood loss.

PMID- 27365862
TI  - Medicolegal aspects-gossypiboma.

PMID- 27365861
TI  - Epidural steroids for low backache: is this a valid trial?: Reply.

PMID- 27365863
TI  - Biomarkers of malignant ascites-a myth or reality: Reply.

PMID- 27365864
TI  - Biomarkers of malignant ascites-a myth or reality.

PMID- 27365865
TI  - Ophthalmia nodosa with intraocular caterpillar setae.

PMID- 27365866
TI  - Numerical Treatment of Stokes Solvent Flow and Solute-Solvent Interfacial
      Dynamics for Nonpolar Molecules.
AB  - We design and implement numerical methods for the incompressible Stokes solvent
      flow and solute-solvent interface motion for nonpolar molecules in aqueous
      solvent. The balance of viscous force, surface tension, and van der Waals type
      dispersive force leads to a traction boundary condition on the solute-solvent
      interface. To allow the change of solute volume, we design special numerical
      boundary conditions on the boundary of a computational domain through a
      consistency condition. We use a finite difference ghost fluid scheme to
      discretize the Stokes equation with such boundary conditions. The method is
      tested to have a second-order accuracy. We combine this ghost fluid method with
      the level-set method to simulate the motion of the solute-solvent interface that
      is governed by the solvent fluid velocity. Numerical examples show that our
      method can predict accurately the blow up time for a test example of curvature
      flow and reproduce the polymodal (e.g., dry and wet) states of hydration of some
      simple model molecular systems.

PMID- 27365867
TI  - Early experience with digital advance care planning and directives, a novel
      consumer-driven program.
AB  - Barriers to traditional advance care planning (ACP) and advance directive (AD)
      creation have limited the promise of ACP/AD for individuals and families, the
      healthcare team, and society. Our objectives were to determine the results of a
      digital ACP/AD through which consumers create, store, locate, and retrieve their
      ACP/AD at no charge and with minimal physician involvement, and the ACP/AD can be
      integrated into the electronic health record. The authors chose 900 users of
      MyDirectives, a digital ACP/AD tool, to achieve proportional representation of
      all 50 states by population size and then reviewed their responses. The 900
      participants had an average age of 50.8 years (SD = 16.6); 84% of the men and 91%
      of the women were in self-reported good health when signing their ADs. Among the
      respondents, 94% wanted their physicians to consult a supportive and palliative
      care team if they were seriously ill; nearly 85% preferred cessation of life
      sustaining treatments during their final days; 76% preferred to spend their final
      days at home or in a hospice; and 70% would accept attempted cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation in limited circumstances. Most respondents wanted an autopsy under
      certain conditions, and 62% wished to donate their organs. In conclusion,
      analysis of early experience with this ACP/AD platform demonstrates that
      individuals of different ages and conditions can engage in an interrogatory
      process about values, develop ADs that are more nuanced than traditional paper
      based ADs in reflecting those values, and easily make changes to their ADs.
      Online ADs have the potential to remove barriers to ACP/AD and thus further
      improve patient-centered end-of-life care. 

PMID- 27365868
TI  - Change in prescription habits after federal rescheduling of hydrocodone
      combination products.
AB  - Nationally, health care providers wrote 259 million prescriptions for narcotic
      analgesics in 2012, or roughly one bottle of narcotics per US adult (1). In an
      effort to combat this ever-growing problem, the Drug Enforcement Administration
      changed the schedule of hydrocodone combination products from schedule III to
      schedule II on October 6, 2014. Fourteen Baylor Scott & White pharmacies
      encompassing a 200-mile radius in Central Texas were queried for prescription
      information on hydrocodone/acetaminophen, morphine, codeine/acetaminophen, and
      tramadol before and after the rescheduling to evaluate trends in prescription
      drug usage. While the rescheduling of hydrocodone combination products resulted
      in a reduced number of prescriptions and the total quantity dispensed of both the
      hydrocodone/acetaminophen 5/325 mg (Norco 5/325) and 10/325 mg (Norco 10/325)
      formulations, this was offset by a dramatic increase in alternative narcotic
      analgesics such as tramadol, codeine/acetaminophen 30/300 mg (Tylenol #3), and
      codeine/acetaminophen 60/300 mg (Tylenol #4), which do not have schedule II
      requirements. Additionally, there was no significant reduction in total pain
      medication prescribed after converting all agents to morphine equivalents. 

PMID- 27365869
TI  - The impact of preexisting illness and substance use on functional and
      neuropsychological outcomes following traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health problem in the US.
      Specific preexisting medical illnesses delay recovery after TBI and increase
      mortality or risk of repeat TBI. This study examined the impact of preexisting
      illness and substance use on patient rehabilitation outcomes following TBI. The
      Functional Independence Measure total score and Disability Rating Scale score
      measured functional outcomes at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation, while
      the Trail Making Test A and B and Total Trials 1-5 of the California Verbal
      Learning Test-II measured neuropsychological outcomes in 128 TBI survivors with
      moderate or severe TBI. Results showed that the presence of a heart condition or
      diabetes/high blood sugar was associated with lower functional outcomes by
      discharge. A history of a heart condition, stroke, or respiratory condition prior
      to TBI was associated with reduced cognitive flexibility. Those with preexisting
      diabetes/high blood sugar demonstrated poorer visual attention, visuomotor
      processing speed, and ability to learn and recall verbal information. Those with
      pre-TBI cancer also had greater auditory-verbal memory deficits. The findings
      showed that specific preexisting medical conditions are independently associated
      with lower functional and cognitive outcomes for patients with TBI. By screening
      patients for preexisting medical conditions, multidisciplinary TBI rehabilitation
      teams can identify patients who require more aggressive treatments or greater
      length of stay. 

PMID- 27365870
TI  - Is nursing preceptor behavior changed by attending a preceptor class?
AB  - Nursing preceptors initiate new staff to the professional environment. To be
      successful, preceptors must be willing and knowledgeable in their role, both
      clinically and as an instructor. This study evaluated the effects of a 4-hour
      preceptor class to change preceptor behavior. Twenty-seven class participants
      commented on the class and their goals, and 18 completed a follow-up survey 2
      months later. Among those 18, 90% had achieved at least one of their goals. One
      barrier to achieving planned changes was having the opportunity to precept over
      the time period. Participants indicated that improved listening skills,
      application of content, and team building all supported their improvement as a
      preceptor. 

PMID- 27365871
TI  - Electronic cigarettes in the media.
AB  - Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are an increasingly popular source of
      nicotine and an increasingly popular topic in the media. Concerns about potential
      hazards associated with e-cigarette use and advertising, especially to
      adolescents, have led to studies on e-cigarettes in both traditional media (TV,
      mail, print, and outdoor advertising) and social media (websites, social
      networking sites, blogs, and e-mails). This review presents a narrative
      description of available studies related to e-cigarettes in the media. These
      articles have focused on promotion in both traditional and social media across a
      broad range of topics and have concentrated on target audiences, smoking
      cessation, harm reduction, and advertising. E-cigarette advertising is the most
      frequent topic in the published articles. Identifying the target audience also is
      a common objective in articles. The representation of e-cigarettes as a
      "healthier alternative" to traditional cigarettes and their use as a "smoking
      cessation aid" are main themes presented through all types of media. 

PMID- 27365872
TI  - Tricyclic antidepressant overdose treated with adjunctive lipid rescue and
      plasmapheresis.
AB  - Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning remains a major cause of morbidity and
      mortality, particularly in the setting of suicidal attempts. The current standard
      of care for treatment is the administration of sodium bicarbonate infusion.
      Adjunctive lipid emulsion therapy and plasmapheresis have received attention
      recently. We report an 18-year-old patient who was successfully managed with
      lipid emulsion and plasmapheresis as adjuncts to sodium bicarbonate treatment and
      review some of the recent literature. 

PMID- 27365873
TI  - Hydrocodone snorting leading to hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
AB  - We present a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by intranasal abuse of
      the prescription narcotic hydrocodone. The patient's clinical course was
      complicated by acute respiratory failure. A chest radiograph showed diffuse
      bilateral opacities. The patient was treated with noninvasive ventilation, a high
      dose of intravenous steroids, and bronchodilators, resulting in improvement of
      symptoms and radiographic appearance. 

PMID- 27365874
TI  - Streptococcus agalactiae pyomyositis in diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Pyomyositis is an acute infectious disorder affecting the skeletal muscle.
      Although seen more commonly in the tropics, cases are being reported in temperate
      countries, including the United States. We report a case of nontropical
      pyomyositis in a 58-year-old diabetic man who presented with a vague chest wall
      swelling. His initial clinical presentation and imaging findings suggested an
      intramuscular hematoma. He later developed fever with increased swelling, and
      pyomyositis was diagnosed after an aspiration of the swelling yielded
      Streptococcus agalactiae. Aspiration of the abscess and the use of appropriate
      antibiotics led to complete resolution of the disease. We discuss possible
      factors in diabetics that might predispose them to pyomyositis. 

PMID- 27365875
TI  - Inferior vena cava filter removal after prolonged dwell time of 2310 days.
AB  - Inferior vena cava filters are commonly placed for a variety of indications,
      often when anticoagulation is contraindicated. Although technical success is high
      and complication rates low, there are complications that are important to be
      aware of. We present the case of a 29-year-old woman with a prolonged filter
      dwell time resulting in complications. 

PMID- 27365876
TI  - Isolated left posterior insular infarction and convergent roles in verbal
      fluency, language, memory, and executive function.
AB  - The posterior insular cortex-a complex structure interconnecting various brain
      regions for different functions-is a rare location for ischemic stroke. We report
      a patient with isolated left posterior insular infarction who presented with
      multiple cognitive impairment, including impairment in semantic and phonemic
      verbal fluency. 

PMID- 27365877
TI  - Multiple bee stings resulting in ST elevation myocardial infarction (the Kounis
      syndrome).
AB  - Kounis syndrome consists of angina pectoris or myocardial infarction that is
      triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators in the setting of an allergic
      reaction. We present the case of a 61-year-old man who presented to the emergency
      department with anaphylaxis after being stung by >100 bees. During resuscitation,
      he subsequently developed ST elevation myocardial infarction. 

PMID- 27365878
TI  - Using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support preoperatively and
      postoperatively as a successful bridge to recovery in a patient with a large
      infarct-induced ventricular septal defect.
AB  - Rupture of the ventricular septum during acute myocardial infarction usually
      occurs within the first week. The event is usually followed by low cardiac
      output, heart failure, and multiorgan failure. Despite the many advances in the
      nonoperative treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock, including the
      intra-aortic balloon pump and a multitude of new inotropic agents and
      vasodilators, these do not supplant the need for operative intervention in these
      critically ill patients. This article describes the successful use of
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support as a bridge to recovery
      postoperatively in a patient with a large infarct-produced ventricular septal
      defect. 

PMID- 27365879
TI  - Headache and abdominal pain in a young woman.

PMID- 27365880
TI  - Diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and osteosclerotic myeloma with
      features of POEMS syndrome.
AB  - Multiple myeloma is a clonal hematopoietic neoplasm characterized by the
      proliferation of malignant plasma cells and associated end-organ damage, most
      notably lytic lesions in the bones. Osteosclerotic myeloma is an unusual variant
      of the disease in which the skeletal involvement is characterized by sclerotic
      lesions instead of classical lytic lesions. The disease can be associated with
      paraneoplastic symptoms, which have been given the acronym POEMS syndrome
      (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, skin changes). In
      addition to clonal plasma cell dyscrasias, some cases of POEMS syndrome are
      associated with Castleman's disease, and in 11% to 30% of the cases both
      Castleman's disease and clonal plasma cell proliferation are present. POEMS
      syndrome has rarely been described in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 

PMID- 27365881
TI  - Unrecognized hemoglobin SE disease as microcytosis.
AB  - Hemoglobin SE disease was first described during the 1950s as a relatively benign
      microcytosis, but increasing prevalence has revealed a predisposition towards
      vasoocclusive sickling. Recognition of SE hemoglobinopathies' potential
      complications is crucial so medical measures can be utilized to avoid multiorgan
      injury. 

PMID- 27365882
TI  - A case of erythropoietic protoporphyria.
AB  - A 53-year-old Texas rancher developed a blistering skin rash that was sensitive
      to exposure to sunlight. He was referred to hematology with a presumptive
      diagnosis of porphyria. His peripheral blood counts were within normal limits,
      and a bone marrow examination revealed erythroid dyspoiesis and ringed
      sideroblasts. Serum, plasma, and erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels were elevated,
      the findings of which are consistent with a diagnosis of erythropoietic
      protoporphyria. This paper discusses the diagnosis and etiology of the
      porphyrias. 

PMID- 27365883
TI  - Lactate levels with glioblastoma multiforme.
AB  - A 37-year-old woman with known glioblastoma multiforme was admitted for treatment
      of new deep vein thrombosis. Anion gap and plasma lactate levels were found to be
      elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a stable, advanced
      glioblastoma multiforme. All causes of lactic acidosis, including infections and
      medications, were ruled out. Aggressive tumors have been shown to produce lactate
      levels in minute quantities in their microenvironment, which helps them
      metastasize and evade immune response and even radiation. 

PMID- 27365884
TI  - Operative management of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the breast.
AB  - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare cutaneous tumor with a tendency
      towards local recurrence. A 26-year-old woman presented with a 3 * 2 cm raised,
      purple-hued lesion on her left breast. Excisional biopsy identified the lesion as
      a DFSP. She underwent two additional operations to achieve widely clear margins.
      Operative excision is the primary treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of
      the breast. 

PMID- 27365885
TI  - Mammary-type myofibroblastoma with the nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - We describe a 23-year-old white man who presented with anasarca and a new
      periumbilical mass. He had preserved kidney function and laboratory findings
      consistent with nephrotic syndrome, including 9.7 g/day albuminuria. Serum
      serologies were positive for anti-SSa and anti-SSb and low complements but were
      negative for antinuclear antibody. Pathologic findings of the abdominal mass
      showed a mammary-type myofibroblastoma. A kidney biopsy revealed a diffuse
      proliferative and membranous immune-mediated glomerulonephritis with 10%
      interstitial fibrosis. This is a novel case of mammary-type myofibroblastoma
      associated with nephrotic syndrome mimicking a proliferative lupus pattern. 

PMID- 27365886
TI  - Radiologic and histologic presentation of male mammary myofibroblastoma.
AB  - Mammary myofibroblastoma is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm that typically presents
      in older men and women. Less commonly, these benign tumors may also occur in soft
      tissues located outside of the breast, in which case they are referred to as
      mammary-type myofibroblastomas. The histologic composition of this benign spindle
      cell tumor can be markedly varied. We present a case of a large mammary
      myofibroblastoma in a male patient and discuss the typical imaging and histologic
      makeup of these tumors. 

PMID- 27365887
TI  - An atypical presentation of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome.
AB  - A 69-year-old white man presented with several episodes of hematochezia.
      Colonoscopy demonstrated multiple colonic blebs localized mainly in the distal
      transverse colon. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, capsule endoscopy, and computed
      tomography of the abdomen did not reveal any abnormalities. The patient required
      several blood transfusions and eventually required a subtotal colectomy with
      ileosigmoid anastomosis for definitive bleeding control. Pathology was remarkable
      for multifocal vascular ectasia, consistent with the diagnosis of blue rubber
      bleb nevus syndrome. 

PMID- 27365888
TI  - Amphetamine-related ischemic colitis causing gastrointestinal bleeding.
AB  - A 43-year-old woman presented with acute lower intestinal bleeding requiring
      blood transfusion. Multiple initial investigations did not reveal the cause of
      the bleeding. Colonoscopy performed 2 days later showed features suggestive of
      ischemic colitis. On detailed history, the patient admitted to using
      amphetamines, and her urine drug screen was positive for them. She was managed
      conservatively and advised not to use amphetamines again. She did not have any
      recurrence on 2-year follow-up. 

PMID- 27365889
TI  - Syphilitic proctitis.
AB  - Syphilitic proctitis is a rare disease that usually presents as proctitis, ulcer,
      and neoplasm but lacks pathognomonic clinical symptoms. It is thus difficult to
      diagnose and may be treated inappropriately. We report a 31-year-old man who had
      a hard, ulcerated mass that occupied the rectal and sigmoid colon wall and
      mimicked a tumor. Fortunately, a biopsy of the mass demonstrated Treponema
      pallidum organisms consistent with syphilitic proctitis. The patient was
      successfully treated with intravenous benzyl penicillin, resulting in improvement
      in his proctitis. 

PMID- 27365890
TI  - Pulmonary embolism following celiac plexus block and neurolysis.
AB  - Treatment of acute pain in chronic disease requires the physician to choose from
      an arsenal of pain management techniques tailored to the individual patient.
      Celiac plexus block and neurolysis are commonly employed for the management of
      chronic abdominal pain, especially in debilitating conditions such as cancer or
      chronic pancreatitis. The procedure is safe, well tolerated, and produces few
      complications. We present a case of pulmonary embolism following a celiac plexus
      block and neurolysis procedure. Further study is required to determine if celiac
      plexus ablation, alone or in combination with other risk factors, may contribute
      to increased risk for pulmonary embolism in patients seeking treatment for
      chronic upper abdominal pain conditions. 

PMID- 27365891
TI  - Alcohol neurolysis of digital nerves.
AB  - Alcohol neurolysis is a well-established treatment in chronic pain management,
      often used in cases of intractable cancer-related pain that is refractory to
      other management therapies. We describe a 76-year-old woman with chronic toe
      neuritis who failed multiple treatments, including oral and topical analgesics,
      nerve blocks, and radiofrequency ablations. Alcohol neurolysis was performed via
      digit block of the toe resulting in 100% pain relief. 

PMID- 27365892
TI  - Complex regional pain syndrome.
AB  - Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a neurologic disorder that often results
      in debilitating chronic pain, but the diagnosis may elude providers as it is one
      of exclusion. A history of trauma may be elucidated. We report a case of CRPS and
      review the clinical findings, appropriate workup, and treatment options for the
      patient. The patient we describe went through an extensive workup before
      receiving the correct diagnosis. Delay in diagnosis leads to prolonged suffering
      for the patient and, at times, unnecessary invasive debridement procedures.
      Raising awareness of this entity may help physicians make the correct diagnosis
      early, as well as initiate a collaborative effort between neurology,
      anesthesiology, and dermatology to provide the patient the most favorable
      outcome. 

PMID- 27365893
TI  - Bevacizumab-induced pityriasis rubra pilaris-like eruption.
AB  - Pityriasis rubra pilaris is a rare inflammatory disorder characterized by
      follicular papules on an erythematous base often exhibiting islands of unaffected
      skin, follicular plugging, and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. While vitamin A
      deficiency and autoimmune reactions have been hypothesized as possible etiologies
      of this condition, pityriasis rubra pilaris-like eruptions secondary to
      medications are extremely rare. To our knowledge, only three other cases have
      been reported, and pityriasis rubra pilaris has never been reported in
      association with bevacizumab. We present a 70-year-old man who developed
      erythroderma both clinically and histologically consistent with pityriasis rubra
      pilaris 10 days after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab for age-related
      macular degeneration. As immune-modulating drugs grow in their application for a
      host of diseases, recognition of associated medication complications is
      important. 

PMID- 27365894
TI  - William Osler and Seymour Thomas, "the boy artist of Texas".
AB  - Critics consider the 1908-1909 portrait of William Osler by S. Seymour Thomas the
      best of six oil-on-canvas portraits of Osler done from life, including those by
      the more acclaimed US artists John Singer Sargent and William Merritt Chase.
      Osler called it "the best pictorial diagnosis I have ever seen" and told Thomas
      "I am at your service." A reappraisal of Seymour Thomas explains why his portrait
      makes us feel much as the artist did in Osler's presence, which is the original
      English-language definition of "empathy." Thomas told his subject that "I feel
      that you can look clear through me and see the wall on the other side." The
      intensity of Osler's gaze affects us similarly. The portrait satisfied Osler, but
      his wife, Grace Revere Osler, never warmed to it, perhaps because it depicts so
      clearly a highly focused, agenda-driven man. Helen Thomas used the portrait to
      promote her husband's business, and, after a tortuous history, the portrait
      eventually returned to Oxford University, where it now hangs inconspicuously in
      the Radcliffe Science Library. 

PMID- 27365895
TI  - Facts and ideas from anywhere.

PMID- 27365896
TI  - Effects of Anthocyanin and Flavanol Compounds on Lipid Metabolism and Adipose
      Tissue Associated Systemic Inflammation in Diet-Induced Obesity.
AB  - Background. Naturally occurring substances from the flavanol and anthocyanin
      family of polyphenols have been proposed to exert beneficial effects in the
      course of obesity. We hypothesized that their effects on attenuating obesity
      induced dyslipidemia as well as the associated inflammatory sequelae especially
      have health-promoting potential. Methods. Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 52) received a
      control low-fat diet (LFD; 10 kcal% fat) for 6 weeks followed by 24 weeks of
      either LFD (n = 13) or high-fat diet (HFD; 45 kcal% fat; n = 13) or HFD
      supplemented with 0.1% w/w of the flavanol compound epicatechin (HFD+E; n = 13)
      or an anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (HFD+B; n = 13). Energy substrate
      utilization was determined by indirect calorimetry in a subset of mice following
      the dietary switch and at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were collected
      at baseline and at 3 days and 4, 12, and 20 weeks after dietary switch and
      analyzed for systemic lipids and proinflammatory cytokines. Adipose tissue (AT)
      histopathology and inflammatory gene expression as well as hepatic lipid content
      were analyzed after sacrifice. Results. The switch from a LFD to a HFD lowered
      the respiratory exchange ratio and increased plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipid
      content. These changes were not attenuated by HFD+E or HFD+B. Furthermore, the
      polyphenol compounds could not prevent HFD-induced systemic rise of TNF-alpha
      levels. Interestingly, a significant reduction in Tnf gene expression in HFD+B
      mice was observed in the AT. Furthermore, HFD+B, but not HFD+E, significantly
      prevented the early upregulation of circulating neutrophil chemoattractant mKC.
      However, no differences in AT histopathology were observed between the HFD types.
      Conclusion. Supplementation of HFD with an anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract but
      not with the flavanol epicatechin may exert beneficial effects on the systemic
      early inflammatory response associated with diet-induced obesity. These systemic
      effects were transient and not observed after prolongation of HFD-feeding (24
      weeks). On the tissue level, long-term treatment with bilberry attenuated TNF
      alpha expression in adipose tissue. 

PMID- 27365898
TI  - Increasing our understanding of dying of breast cancer: Comorbidities and care.
AB  - Background: Screening and treatment for breast cancer have improved. However,
      attention to palliative support and non-cancer co-morbidities has been limited.
      This study identified types of care for and co-morbidities of persons dying of
      breast cancer compared to persons dying from all cancers and from non-cancer
      causes. Methods: Linked administrative data from population-based registries were
      used to examine 121,458 deaths in Nova Scotia from 1995 to 2009. Results: Breast
      cancer decedents' mean age was similar to that of all cancer decedents (72.0
      versus 72.1 years), but their age spread was greater (20-59 years: 23.1% versus
      16.7%; 90+ years: 11.2% versus 6.5%). Among women dying of breast cancer, 15.6%
      were enrolled in the diabetes registry and 15.1% in the cardiovascular registry,
      indicating that they had these non-cancer conditions prior to their death.
      Compared to all cancer decedents, breast cancer decedents were twice as likely to
      have dementia as a cause of death, and were less likely to die in hospital but
      more likely to die in a nursing home. Breast cancer decedents had place of death
      rates more similar to non-cancer than cancer decedents. Conclusions: Rates of
      dementia and diabetes among the breast cancer decedents were particularly note
      worthy in this novel study given that these comorbidities have not received much
      attention in the breast cancer research literature. Further collaboration with
      non-cancer disease programs is advised. The extent of adequate comprehensive
      palliative support for the 20% of the breast cancer decedents who are nursing
      home residents requires investigation.

PMID- 27365897
TI  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-Like Weak Inducer of Apoptosis Accelerates the Progression
      of Renal Fibrosis in Lupus Nephritis by Activating SMAD and p38 MAPK in TGF-beta1
      Signaling Pathway.
AB  - This study aim was to explore the effects of tumor necrosis factor-like weak
      inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) in lupus nephritis and its potential underlying
      mechanisms. MRL/lpr mice were used for in vivo experiments and human proximal
      tubular cells (HK2 cells) were used for in vitro experiments. Results showed that
      MRL/lpr mice treated with vehicle solution or LV-Control shRNA displayed
      significant proteinuria and severe renal histopathological changes. LV-TWEAK
      shRNA treatment reversed these changes and decreased renal expressions of TWEAK,
      TGF-beta1, p-p38 MAPK, p-Smad2, COL-1, and alpha-SMA proteins. In vitro, hTWEAK
      treatment upregulated the expressions of TGF-beta1, p-p38 MAPK, p-SMAD2, alpha
      SMA, and COL-1 proteins in HK2 cells and downregulated the expressions of E
      cadherin protein, which were reversed by cotreatment with anti-TWEAK mAb or
      SB431542 treatment. These findings suggest that TWEAK may contribute to chronic
      renal changes and renal fibrosis by activating TGF-beta1 signaling pathway, and
      phosphorylation of Smad2 and p38 MAPK proteins was also involved in this
      signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27365899
TI  - Surgical diseases of the esophagus in children.

PMID- 27365900
TI  - Esophageal replacement in children: Challenges and long-term outcomes.
AB  - Replacement of a nonexistent or damaged esophagus continues to pose a significant
      challenge to pediatric surgeons. Various esophageal replacement grafts and
      techniques have not produced consistently good outcomes to emulate normal
      esophagus. Therefore, many techniques are still being practiced and recommended
      with no clear consensus. We present a concise literature review of the currently
      used techniques and with discussions on the advantages and anticipated morbidity.
      There are no randomized controlled pediatric studies to compare different types
      of esophageal replacements. Management and graft choice are based on geographical
      and personal predilections rather than on any discernible objective data. The
      biggest series with long-term outcome are reported for gastric transposition and
      colonic replacement. Comparison of different studies shows no significant
      difference in early (graft necrosis and anastomotic leaks) or late complications
      (strictures, poor feeding, gastro-esophageal reflux, tortuosity of the graft, and
      Barrett's esophagus). The biggest series seem to have lower complications than
      small series reflecting the decennials experience in their respective centers.
      Long-term follow-up is recommended following esophageal replacement for the
      development of late strictures, excessive tortuosity, and Barrett's changes
      within the graft. Once child overcomes initial morbidity and establishes oral
      feeding, long-term consequences and complications of pediatric esophageal
      replacement should be monitored and managed in adult life. 

PMID- 27365901
TI  - Clinical profile and management options of children with congenital esophageal
      stenosis: A single center experience.
AB  - AIM: The aim of the study is to review 7 patients with congenital esophageal
      stenosis treated in our institution from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of
      view. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 7 patients
      treated in Christian Medical College, Vellore from 2008 to 2014. The data were
      analyzed with regards to age at onset of symptoms, investigative findings, age at
      definitive treatment, pathology, modalities of treatment, and outcomes. RESULTS:
      Symptoms started within the 1(st) year of life in all children with a median age
      of 4 months. The time of delay in diagnosis ranged from 8 months to 81 months
      with a mean period of 37 months. About 6 patients had a lower esophageal stenosis
      and 1 patient had a mid-esophageal stenosis. About 4 of the 7 children underwent
      endoscopic balloon dilatation from elsewhere, with 2 of the above 4 undergoing a
      myotomy for a wrongly diagnosed achalasia. The number of dilatations ranged from
      2 to 7 with a mean of 4 dilatations. Resection of the stenotic segment with end
      to end anastomosis was employed in 6 of the 7 patients, and a transverse colon
      interpositioning was done in 1 patient. An antireflux procedure was performed in
      one patient. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed
      tracheobronchial remnant in 3 patients, fibromuscular thickening in 3 patients,
      and membranous web in 1 patient. Postoperatively, 2 of the 7 patients had
      asymptomatic gastroesophageal reflux and 1 patient had postoperative stricture
      requiring one session of endoscopic balloon dilatation. The mean follow-up period
      was 42 months (range 18-72 months). At the time of the last follow-up, all 7
      patients were able to eat solid food, and none of the children were found to have
      symptoms suggestive of obstruction or gastroesophageal reflux. There was a
      statistically significant increase in the weight for age after the operation.
      CONCLUSION: Congenital esophageal stenosis is rare and often confused with other
      causes of esophageal obstruction. Although endoscopic balloon dilatation offers
      an effective temporary relief, we feel that definitive surgery is curative. Long
      term results following definitive surgery have been good, especially with respect
      to symptoms and weight gain.

PMID- 27365902
TI  - Pediatric esophageal substitution by gastric pull-up and gastric tube.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to report the results of pediatric esophageal
      substitution by gastric pull-up (GPU) and gastric tube (GT) from a tertiary care
      pediatric center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the surgical
      techniques, results, complications, and final outcome of all pediatric patients
      who underwent esophageal substitution in a single institution was performed.
      RESULTS: Twenty-four esophageal substitutions were performed over 15-year period.
      The indications were pure esophageal atresia (EA)-19, EA with distal trachea
      esophageal fistula-2, EA with proximal pouch fistula-1, and esophageal stricture
      in two patients. Mean age and weight at operation were 17 months and 9.5 kg,
      respectively. GPU was the most common procedure (19) followed by reverse GT (4)
      and gastric fundal tube (1). Posterior mediastinal and retrosternal routes were
      used in 17 and 7 cases, respectively. Major complications included three deaths
      in GPU cases resulting from postoperative tachyarrhythmias leading to cardiac
      arrest, cervical anastomotic leak-17, and anastomotic stricture in six cases.
      Perioperative tachyarrhythmias (10/19) and transient hypertension (2/19) were
      observed in GPU patients, and they were managed with beta blocker drugs.
      Postoperative ventilation in Intensive Care Unit was performed for all GPU, but
      none of the GT patients. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 15 years that showed
      short-term feeding difficulties and no major growth-related problems.
      CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative tachyarrhythmias are common following GPU which
      mandates close intensive care monitoring with ventilation and judicious use of
      beta blocking drugs. Retrosternal GT with a staged neck anastomosis can be
      performed without postoperative ventilation.

PMID- 27365904
TI  - The use of ileocolic segment for esophageal replacement in children.
AB  - AIMS: To evaluate and describe the procedure and outcome of ileocolic replacement
      of esophagus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We review 7 children with esophageal
      injuries, who underwent esophageal replacement using ileocolic segment in
      Christian Medical College, Vellore, India between 2006 and 2014. RESULTS: The
      ileocolic segment was used in 7 children with scarred or inadequate esophagus.
      There were 4 girls and 3 boys, who underwent esophageal replacement using
      isoperistaltic ileocolic segment in this period. Age at presentation varied from
      1 month to 14 years with an average of 4.6 years. The indications for ileocolic
      replacements were corrosive strictures in 5, failed esophageal atresia repair in
      one and gastric volvulus related esophageal stricture in another. The average
      follow-up duration was 37 months. One child with corrosive stricture lost to
      follow-up and died 2 years later in another center. Other 6 children were free of
      dysphagia till the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although the ileocolic segment is
      not commonly used for esophageal substitution, it can be useful in special
      situations where the substitution needs to reach the high cervical esophagus and
      also where the stomach is scarred and not suitable for gastric pull-up.

PMID- 27365906
TI  - TREAT FOR EA-TEF.

PMID- 27365905
TI  - Thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: Basics
      of technique and its nuances.
AB  - AIM: To review the technique of thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia with
      tracheoesophageal fistula (TREAT) and results reported in literature and with
      authors' experience. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The technique of TREAT was reviewed in
      detail with evaluation in patients treated at authors' institution. The patients
      were selected based on selection criteria and were followed postoperatively. The
      results available in literature were also reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 29
      patients (8 females) were operated by TREAT. Mean age was 2.8 days (range 2-6
      days). Mean weight was 2.6 kg (range 1.8-3.2 kg). There was a leak in four
      patients, and two patients had to be diverted. They are now awaiting definitive
      repair. Twenty-one patients have completed a mean follow-up of 1.5 years and are
      doing well except for two patients who had a stricture and underwent serial
      esophageal dilatations. The results from current literature are provided in
      tabulated form. CONCLUSIONS: TREAT is now a well-established procedure and
      currently is the preferred approach wherever feasible. The avoidance of
      thoracotomy is a major advantage to the newborn and is proven to benefit the
      recovery in the postoperative patient. The technique demonstrated, and the tweaks
      reported make the procedure easy and is helpful to beginners. The outcome is very
      much comparable to the open repair as proven by various series. Various
      parameters like leak rate, anastomotic stricture are the same. The outcome is
      comparable if you TREAT these babies well.

PMID- 27365907
TI  - Determinants of gap length in esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula
      and the impact of gap length on outcome.
AB  - AIM: This study was aimed at identifying factors which may affect the gap length
      in cases of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) and
      whether gap length plays any role in determining the outcome. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: All consecutive cases of EA-TEF were included and different patient
      parameters were recorded. Plain radiographs with a nasogastric tube in the upper
      esophagus were taken. Patients were grouped into T1-T2; T2-T3; T3-T4; and T4
      depending on the thoracic vertebral level of the arrest of the tube. During
      surgery, the gap length between the pouches was measured using a Vernier caliper
      and the patients were grouped into A, B, and C (gap length >2.1 cm; >1-<=2 cm and
      <=1 cm). The operative gap groups were compared with the radiography groups and
      the other recorded parameters. RESULTS: Total numbers of cases were 69. Birth
      weight was found to be significantly lower in Group A (mean = 2.14 kg) as
      compared to Group B (mean = 2.38 kg) and Group C patients (mean = 2.49 kg) (P =
      0.016). The radiographic groups compared favorably with the intraoperative gap
      length groups (P < 0.001). The need for postoperative ventilation (70.83% in
      Group A vs. 36.84% in Group C, P = 0.032) and mortality (62.5%, 26.9% and 15.8%
      in Group A, B, and C, respectively, P = 0.003) co-related significantly with the
      gap length. CONCLUSION: Birth weight had a direct reciprocal relationship with
      the gap length. Radiographic assessment correlated with intraoperative gap
      length. Higher gap length was associated with increased need for postoperative
      ventilation and poor outcome.

PMID- 27365908
TI  - An assessment of quality of life of operated cases of esophageal atresia in the
      community.
AB  - AIMS: To evaluate the outcome of the operated children of esophageal atresia (EA)
      focusing on their early and late morbidity and mortality and quality of life
      (QoL) of survivors. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional follow-up with
      retrospective analysis of available medical and surgical records of children who
      underwent repair for EA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of the
      children who underwent repair for EA during the period from 2000 to 2011 at the
      Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, were collected retrospectively.
      Patients with parents were invited to visit the hospital for follow-up and
      nutritional status, digestive and respiratory symptoms, status of associated
      anomalies and QoL assessment of children done. QoL assessment was done using the
      PedsQLTM 4.0 generic core scales questionnaire comprising 4 scale scores:
      physical, emotional, social functioning, and school functioning. Mean scores are
      calculated based on a 5-point response scale for each item and transformed to a 0
      100 scale with a higher score representing better QoL. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:
      Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 using Chi-square or
      Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Of 79 patients operated during the said period,
      there were 10 deaths and a total of 69 (87%) children survived. Of the 66
      patients available for follow-up, we interviewed 30 parents and children while
      for the remaining 36 children, out-patients charts were reviewed retrospectively.
      Mean follow-up duration was 3.56 years. The height and weight for age measurement
      showed 47% and 56% of children respectively as below the 5(th) percentile. Main
      problems faced by operated EA children were of the respiratory (26%) and
      gastroesophageal (36%) tracts. In spite of the mentioned problems faced, the
      overall QoL of this group appeared good. In 23 of 30 patients, who answered
      PedsQLTM, more than 70% had scores >85 out of 100 in QoL scoring. CONCLUSIONS:
      While survivals of the children born with EA have improved, these children still
      face nutritional, respiratory, and gastroesophageal problems during their early
      childhood. In spite of this, the overall QoL of this patient group appears good.

PMID- 27365909
TI  - Review of esophageal injuries and stenosis: Lessons learn and current concepts of
      management.
AB  - AIM: To review the patients with esophageal injuries and stenosis with respect to
      their etiology, clinical course, management, and the lessons learnt from these.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive observation review of children
      with esophageal injuries and stenosis admitted between January 2009 and April
      2015. RESULTS: Eighteen children with esophageal injuries of varied etiology were
      managed and included, seven with corrosive injury, five with perforation due to
      various causes, three with mucosal erosion, two with trachea esophageal fistula
      (TEF), and one wall erosion. The five children who had perforation were due to
      poststricture dilatation in a child with esophageal atresia and secondary to
      foreign body impaction or its attempted retrieval in four. Alkaline button cell
      had caused TEF in two. Three congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) had presented
      with dysphagia and respiratory tract infection. Six corrosive stricture and two
      CES responded to dilatation alone and one each of them required surgery. Four of
      the children with esophageal perforation were detected early and required
      drainage procedure (1), diversion (1), and medical management (2). Pseudo
      diverticulum was managed expectantly. Among TEF, one had spontaneous closure and
      other one was lost to follow-up. All the remaining nineteen children have
      recovered well except one CES had mortality. CONCLUSION: Esophageal injuries
      though rare can be potentially devastating and life-threatening.

PMID- 27365910
TI  - A new approach for the management of esophageal atresia without tracheo
      esophageal fistula.
AB  - Long gap esophageal atresia (OA) is a challenging condition. While discussing the
      various methods of management available to us, we report the use of magnetic
      resonance imaging in a case of pure OA to judge the gap between two ends of the
      esophagus. 

PMID- 27365911
TI  - Thoracoscopic excision of foregut duplication cyst: A case report and review of
      literature.
AB  - Thoracoscopy has major advantages over thoracotomy. We report a successful
      management of foregut duplication cyst thoracoscopically in a child with review
      of literature. 

PMID- 27365912
TI  - Management of long segment congenital esophageal stenosis: A novel technique.
AB  - Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare cause of dysphagia in children.
      Diagnosis is often apparent on esophagogram. Surgical treatment for the subtype
      with tracheobronchial remnants (TBR) includes resection and anastomosis of the
      stenosed segment, myectomy, enucleation of cartilage, etc., These procedures are
      not suitable if the stenosed segment is long. We present a case of a 5-year-old
      boy who was diagnosed as CES and was successfully managed with stricturoplasty
      with some innovative modifications. 

PMID- 27365913
TI  - Unusual postoperative complication of minimally invasive transhiatal
      esophagectomy and esophageal substitution for absolute dysphagia in a child with
      corrosive esophageal stricture.
AB  - Esophageal substitution in children is a rare and challenging surgery. The
      minimally invasive approach for esophageal substitution is novel and reported
      from a few centers worldwide. While detailed report on the various complications
      of this approach has been discussed in adult literature, the pediatric experience
      is rather limited. We report the laparoscopic management of a rare complication
      which developed after laparoscopic esophagectomy and esophageal substitution. The
      timely recognition and management by the minimally invasive approach have been
      highlighted. 

PMID- 27365914
TI  - Comparison Between Measured and Calculated Free Calcium Values at Different Serum
      Albumin Concentrations.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Free ionic calcium is the metabolically active component of total
      calcium (TCa) in blood. However, most laboratories report TCa levels that are
      dependent on serum albumin concentration. Hence, several formulae have evolved to
      calculate free calcium levels from TCa after adjustment for albumin. However,
      free calcium can directly be measured using direction selective electrodes rather
      than spectrophotometric methods used in autoanalyzers. OBJECTIVES: This study
      compares the levels of free calcium obtained by measurement by direct ion
      selective electrode (ISE) and the one calculated as a function of TCa by
      formulae. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 254 serum samples submitted to
      clinical biochemistry laboratory of a tertiary care hospital were analyzed for
      total protein, albumin, and TCa by standard spectrophotometric methods and for
      free calcium by direct ISE. Three commonly used formulae viz. Orrell, Berry et
      al. and Payne et al. were used to calculate adjusted TCa. Calculated free calcium
      was obtained by taking 50% of these values. RESULTS: A significant difference (P
      < 0.05) was observed between calculated free calcium by all the three formulae
      and measured free calcium estimated by direct ISE using paired t-test and Bland
      Altman plots. CONCLUSION: Formulae for predicting free calcium by estimating TCa
      and albumin lacks consistency in prediction and free calcium should be evaluated
      by direct measurement.

PMID- 27365915
TI  - Advanced Atherogenic Index for the Assessment of Consolidated Lipid Risk in
      Premature Coronary Artery Disease Patients in India.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The high prevalence, severity, and prematurity of coronary artery
      disease (CAD) in the Indian population cannot be completely explained by the
      conventional lipid parameters and the existing lipid indices. AIMS AND
      OBJECTIVES: To calculate newly defined advanced atherogenic index (AAI) in
      premature CAD patients and compare it between cases and controls and Correlate
      its values with the existing indices. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and
      twenty premature CAD patients and an equal number of age and sex matched healthy
      individuals were included in this study. Lipid profile and nonconventional lipid
      parameters like oxidized Low density lipoprotein (OX LDL), small dense LDL (SD
      LDL), lipoprotein (a) apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1)
      were estimated and their values were used to define AAI and existing lipid
      indices like AI, lipid tetrad index (LTI) and lipid pentad index (LPI). RESULTS:
      The mean age of cases and controls was 37.29 + 4.50 and 36.13 + 3.53 years,
      respectively. The value of AAI was highly significant in cases (3461.22 +/-
      45.20) as compared to controls (305.84 +/- 21.80). AAI has shown better
      statistical significance and correlation (P < 0.0001, r = 0.737) as compared to
      the earlier indices such as AI (P < 0.01, r = 0.52), LTI (P < 0.001, r = 0.677)
      and LPI (P < 0.001, r = 0.622) in premature CAD. Kolmogorov D statistic and
      cumulative distribution function plot has shown that AAI can discriminate cases
      and controls more accurately as compared to the earlier indices. CONCLUSION:
      Statistically AAI appears to be a better marker of consolidated lipid risk in
      premature CAD patients as compared to the earlier indices.

PMID- 27365916
TI  - Chikungunya Fever Among Patients with Acute Febrile Illness Attending a Tertiary
      Care Hospital in Mumbai.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chikungunya fever (CHIK) is an arboviral disease. Dengue fever (DENG)
      and CHIK are indistinguishable clinically and need to be differentiated by
      laboratory investigations. PURPOSE: This study aimed at estimating the
      seroprevalence of CHIK mono-infection and CHIK and DENG dual infection in
      suspected patients. We also analyzed the age, sex distribution, joint
      involvement, and relation of joint movement restriction with visual analog scale
      (VAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred patients clinically suspected with DENG
      and CHIK were enrolled from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mumbai from April 2012 to
      October 2013. The detailed history and examination findings were recorded. Serum
      samples were subjected to DENG and CHIK immunoglobulin G (IgM) enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The seroprevalence of CHIK was 12.5%. Mono
      infection of CHIK was 3%, and CHIK and DENG dual infection was 9.5%. Most
      affected age group in CHIK cases was 46-60 years wherein female preponderance was
      seen. All 6 patients with CHIK mono-infection had fever and joint involvement;
      knee and elbow were the most commonly affected joints. All CHIK patients had VAS
      score of 6-10 with restricted joint movement. Of the patients with dual
      infection, the majorities were from 31 to 45 years with male preponderance; all
      had fever and joint pain mainly affecting knee and elbow. Of patients who had VAS
      score 6-10 in patients with dual infection, only 5.26% had restricted joint
      movement. CONCLUSION: IgM ELISA for Chikungunya infection should be included in
      the routine laboratory tests for acute febrile illness.

PMID- 27365917
TI  - Induced Sputum Nitrite Levels Correlate with Clinical Asthma Parameters in
      Children Aged 7-18 Years with Mild to Moderate Persistent Asthma.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to measure levels of nitrites in induced
      sputum in children with asthma and correlate it with clinical asthma parameters.
      METHOD: This prospective observational study was done in PGIMER, Dr. Ram Manohar
      Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, on 91 children aged 7-18 years with mild and moderate
      persistent asthma. Patients were specifically evaluated for five clinical
      parameters of asthma (i.e. Days of acute exacerbations, use of salbutamol as
      rescue medication, emergency visits, nights with cough, days of school absence)
      and induced sputum nitrite levels was done at the time of enrollment and 3 months
      after treatment with inhaled budesonide. RESULTS: The mean age of subjects was
      10.79 +/- 2.563yrs. Six (6.59%) patients were not able to perform induced sputum,
      eighty five (93.41%) patients were suitable for data analysis. There was
      significant reduction in sputum nitrite levels from 33.42 +/- 22.04nmol/ml at
      enrollment to 11.72 +/- 5.61 nmol/ml (P < 0.0005) after 3 months of inhaled
      budesonide therapy. Significant positive correlation was found between reduction
      in sputum nitrite level and control of asthma symptoms: Days of acute
      exacerbations(r value = 0.548, P value = 0.0001), Days of salbutamol use as
      rescue medication (r value = 0.431, P value =< 0.0001), Number of emergency
      visits(r value = 0.414, P value = 0.0001), Nights with cough (r value = 0.259, P
      value = 0.0169), Days of school absence(r value = 0.411, P value = 0.0001).
      Sputum nitrite levels were significantly higher in moderate persistent asthmatics
      as compared to mild at the time of enrollment (P < 0.0005), which shows that
      induced sputum nitrite levels correlate with asthma severity. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study confirms that nitrites in induced sputum correlate well with clinical
      asthma parameters and asthma severity in children and is a simple, non invasive,
      and cheap method which can be used as a parameter for monitoring of asthma.

PMID- 27365918
TI  - Epidemiology of Rifampicin Resistant Tuberculosis and Common Mutations in rpoB
      Gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Retrospective Study from Six Districts of
      Punjab (India) Using Xpert MTB/RIF Assay.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Xpert MTB/RIF assay has revolutionized the diagnosis of tuberculosis
      (TB) by simultaneously detecting the bacteria and resistance to rifampicin (RIF),
      a surrogate marker for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in <2 h. The RIF
      resistance pattern in Malwa region of Punjab, India, is not documented. Here, we
      report the epidemiology of RIF-resistant TB and mutations in rpoB gene of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1612
      specimens received between October 2013 and February 2015 were tested by Xpert
      MTB/RIF assay following manufacturer's instructions. The results thus obtained
      were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical
      software. RESULT: RIF resistance was statistically higher in previously treated
      patients in comparison to the new patients (P = 0.006) and in patients with acid
      fast-Bacilli (AFB) positive smears to AFB-negative smears (P = 0.048). RIF
      resistance mutations in 130 specimens revealed frequency of E 73/130 (56%), B
      28/130 (21.5%), D 18/130 (13.8%), A 11/130 (8.4%), and C 1/130 (0.7%) while in
      one specimen, mutation combination, i.e., mutations associated with more than one
      probe (A and B both) was present. CONCLUSION: Xpert MTB/RIF assay is a user
      friendly screening tool for detection of MTB and RIF resistance from suspected
      TB/MDR cases in a shorter period of time. It could also serve as a useful
      technique to have simultaneous preliminary information regarding the mutation
      pattern of RIF resistance in MTB isolates.

PMID- 27365919
TI  - Is There a Tendency for Thrombosis in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?
AB  - CONTEXT: Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on the coagulation system,
      dynamics involved at a pathophysiological level and the exact mechanism remain
      unclear. AIMS: To evaluate the association between diabetes-related parameters
      and hemostatic factors to search for a tendency of thrombosis in GDM. SETTINGS
      AND DESIGN: Nineteen pregnant women who had GDM, 16 healthy pregnant and 13
      healthy nonpregnant controls admitted to the Endocrinology outpatient clinics
      were enrolled in the study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fasting and postprandial
      glucose, hemoglobin A1c and insulin levels, and insulin resistance; fructosamine,
      thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), tissue factor pathway
      inhibitor (TFPI), plasminogen activator inhibitor Type-1 (PAI-1), tissue-type
      plasminogen activator (t-PA), fibrinogen, plasminogen and hemoglobin levels,
      platelet counts, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time
      (aPTT) were studied. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: One-way analysis of variance,
      Kruskal-Wallis, and post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference or Conover's
      nonparametric multiple comparison tests for comparison of the study groups.
      RESULTS: PT and aPTT were significantly lower in GDM patients compared to
      controls (P < 0.05), whereas fibrinogen and plasminogen levels were significantly
      higher in this group compared to both nonpregnant and healthy pregnant controls
      (P < 0.05 for each). TAFI, TFPI, PAI-1, and tissue t-PA levels were not
      significantly different among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate tendency
      to develop thrombosis in GDM similar to diabetes mellitus; but more comprehensive
      studies with larger sample size are needed to determine the relationship between
      GDM and hemostasis.

PMID- 27365920
TI  - Comparison of Microwave Versus Conventional Decalcification of Teeth Using Three
      Different Decalcifying Solutions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In routine histopathology, decalcification of teeth is an essential
      and important step during tissue processing. The present study was attempted to
      decalcify teeth using microwave method and to compare it with conventional
      decalcification method. AIM: To compare microwave decalcification with
      conventional decalcification method with respect to the speed of decalcification,
      preservation of tissue structure, and efficacy of staining. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 72 single-rooted premolars were used for both conventional
      and microwave decalcification methods. Three different types of decalcifying
      agents at 5% and 7% were used. Decalcifying agents included nitric acid, formic
      acid, and trichloroacetic acid, each at 5% and 7%. About 6 teeth were included in
      each category and were decalcified by both conventional and microwave method.
      After decalcification, all the teeth were examined macroscopically and
      microscopically. Cramer's V-test was used to determine the statistical
      significance. RESULTS: The results have shown that microwave method using 5% and
      7% nitric acid were the fastest. Structural details and good staining
      characteristics were better in teeth decalcified by 5% nitric acid and 5%
      trichloroacetic acid by both the methods. CONCLUSIONS: 5% nitric acid by
      microwave method proved to be the best decalcifying agent as it was fast and gave
      good structural details and staining characteristics.

PMID- 27365921
TI  - Sertoliform Endometrioid Tumor of Ovary Presenting as Torsion.
AB  - Sertoliform endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary (SEC) is an uncommon variant that
      bears histologic similarity to sertoli and sertoli-leydig cell tumors. We report
      an interesting case of SEC in a 55-year-old female with a left ovarian mass with
      torsion. Histology revealed an SEC, featuring foci of typical endometrioid
      carcinoma, and areas composed of uniform, small, hollow tubules lined by columnar
      cells with apical cytoplasm. Tumor cells were strongly immunoreactive for EMA and
      cytokeratin but negative for inhibin; thus, confirming the diagnosis of SEC
      ovary. Recognition of this tumor is important as it is a well-differentiated, low
      grade malignancy that displays good prognosis when confined to the ovary. 

PMID- 27365922
TI  - Hemoglobin E Hemoglobinopathy in an Adult from Assam with Unusual Presentation: A
      Diagnostic Dilemma.
AB  - Hemoglobin E (HbE) is estimated to affect at least one million people around the
      world. Carrier frequency of hemoglobin E/beta-thalassemia (HbE/beta-thalassemia)
      is highest in Southeast Asia, reaching as high as 60% in parts of Thailand, Laos,
      and Cambodia. In the Indian subcontinent, highest frequency is observed in The
      Northeast regions, but relatively rare in rest of the country. Increasing
      migration of population from highly affected areas is resulting in rising
      prevalence in The South and other parts of India. HbE/beta-thalassemia is
      characterized by marked clinical diversity, phenotypic instability, and age
      related changes in adaptation to anemia. This paper reports a case of HbE disease
      in an adult immigrant from Assam and documents the difficulties encountered in
      the definitive subtyping of HbE hemoglobinopathy. Distinguishing between
      homozygous HbE disease and HbE/beta-thalassemia is a challenge to
      hematopathologist as both are clinically and hematologically similar. 

PMID- 27365923
TI  - Sharma's Python Sign: A New Tubal Sign in Female Genital Tuberculosis.
AB  - Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is an important cause of infertility in
      developing countries. Various type of TB salpingitis can be endosalpingitis,
      exosalpingitis, interstitial TB salpingitis, and salpingitis isthmica nodosa. The
      fallopian tubes are thickened enlarged and tortuous. Unilateral or bilateral
      hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx may be formed. A new sign python sign is presented in
      which fallopian tube looks like a blue python on dye testing in FGTB. 

PMID- 27365924
TI  - Xp11.2 Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma Diagnosed by Immunohistochemistry and
      Cytogenetics.
AB  - Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinomas (TRCCs) are a group of neoplasms with
      distinct clinical, histopathological appearance, immunohistochemical, and
      cytogenetic profile. We report a case of Xp11.2 translocation TRCC in an 11-year
      old male diagnosed based on immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ
      hybridization. 

PMID- 27365925
TI  - Cholecystitis Associated with Heterotopic Pancreas, Pseudopyloric Metaplasia, and
      Adenomyomatous Hyperplasia: A Rare Combination.
AB  - Heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the gall bladder is an uncommon incidental
      finding in most cases. We hereby describe the case of a 45-year-old woman who
      presented with symptoms of acalculous cholecystitis. Pathological examination
      detected heterotopic pancreatic tissue, pseudopyloric metaplasia, and
      adenomyomatous hyperplasia in the gall bladder. This is a rare combination of
      three entities which is being reported for the first time. This case emphasizes
      that heterotopic pancreas might be the causative factor for cholecystitis. 

PMID- 27365926
TI  - Disseminated Histoplasmosis: A Fatal Opportunistic Infection in Disguise.
AB  - Histoplasma capsulatum is no longer confined to certain geographic areas and
      should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy and
      organomegaly in HIV-positive patients. We present an unusual case of a 20-year
      old immunocompromised male of African origin presenting with fever, jaundice,
      hepatosplenomegaly, and retroperitoneal and cervical lymphadenopathy. Fine needle
      aspiration (FNA) smears from the cervical lymph node revealed numerous yeast
      forms of histoplasma in macrophages. The patient succumbed to the fulminant
      infection. Postmortem liver biopsy also revealed infiltration by histoplasma,
      confirming the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. This case highlights the
      variable nature of the clinical presentation of disseminated histoplasmosis which
      can mimic tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, or lymphoma. FNA cytology is a rapid, cost
      effective, and reliable diagnostic tool for early detection and prompt management
      of histoplasmosis. 

PMID- 27365927
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of Glass Ionomer Cements
      with and without Chlorhexidine Gluconate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine gluconate is a widely used antimicrobial agent. Adding
      chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds to filling materials, such as
      composite resins, acrylic resins, and glass ionomer cements increases the
      antibacterial property of restorative materials. This study includes
      antibacterial property of glass ionomer restorative cements with chlorhexidine
      gluconate. AIM: The primary objective of our study was to compare the
      antimicrobial properties of two commercially available glass ionomer cements with
      and without chlorhexidine gluconate on strains of mutans streptococci. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Two glass ionomers (Fuji II Conventional and Fuji IX) were used.
      Chlorhexidine gluconate was mixed with glass ionomer cements, and antimicrobial
      properties against mutans streptococci were assessed by agar diffusion. The
      tested bacterial strain was inhibited and the antimicrobial properties decreased
      with time. RESULTS: The highest amount of antimicrobial activity with mean
      inhibitory zone was found in Fuji II with chlorhexidine gluconate followed by
      Fuji IX with chlorhexidine gluconate, Fuji II without chlorhexidine gluconate,
      and Fuji IX without chlorhexidine gluconate. CONCLUSION: The results of the study
      confirmed that the addition of 5% chlorhexidine gluconate to Fuji II and Fuji IX
      glass ionomer cements resulted in a restorative material that had increased
      antimicrobial properties over the conventional glass ionomer cements alone for
      Streptococcus mutans. How to cite this article: Yadiki JV, Jampanapalli SR ,
      Konda S, Inguva HC, Chimata VK. Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial
      Properties of Glass Ionomer Cements with and without Chlorhexidine Gluconate. Int
      J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):99-103.

PMID- 27365928
TI  - Prevalence of Gingival Biotypes among Young Dentate North Indian Population: A
      Biometric Approach.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of various gingival biotypes and to corroborate
      gingival thickness and gingival biotypes across tooth type, site, and gender.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted across systemically
      healthy subjects. A systematic clinical evaluation for gingival biotypes and
      gingival thicknesses was recorded by modified Iwanson's gauge, to the nearest 0.1
      mm, probing the gingival sulcus at the midfacial aspect of maxillary and
      mandibular central incisors and first molars. All measurements were made across a
      total of 920 sites in 115 subjects (69 female and 46 male) based on gingival
      transparency and were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A significant agreement on
      the reproducibility of the measurements was noted. The median overall gingival
      thickness was recorded at 0.75 mm with interquantile difference of 0.39 mm. The
      thin biotype variant showed across the ranges of 0.3 to 0.6 mm of gingival
      thicknesses and thick biotype variant across the ranges of 1.0 to 1.2 mm, with
      more prevalence in anterior and posterior site respectively. Moreover, for gingi
      val thickness of 0.7 mm, the probe visibility showed tendency toward both
      thin/thick biotype variant in both anterior and posterior segments. The
      disposition of male participants toward thick biotype and female participants
      toward the thin biotype variant has been noted. CONCLUSION: Within the
      limitations of the current study, our data support the traditional hypothesis of
      two main gingival biotypes as distinguishable by gingival transparency. In
      addition, we provide evidence of existence of intermediate biotypes with respect
      to gingival thickness. These findings can be utilized as objective guidelines for
      determination of biotype and can be implicated in many dental operative
      procedures. How to cite this article: Rathee M, Rao PL, Bhoria M. Prevalence of
      Gingival Biotypes among Young Dentate North Indian Population: A Biometric
      Approach. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):104-108.

PMID- 27365930
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Type II Glass lonomer
      Cement, Type IX Glass lonomer Cement, and AMALGOMERTM Ceramic Reinforcement by
      Modified "Direct Contact Test": An in vitro Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Streptococcus mutans (ATCC25175) has a profound effect on the
      incidence of dental decay in the human population. Many studies have been
      performed to assess the antimicrobial activity of different cements. However,
      little or no information is available about the antibacterial properties of Type
      II glass ionomer cement (GIC), Type IX GIC, and AMALGOMERTM ceramic reinforcement
      (CR). AIM: To comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of Type II GIC,
      Type IX GIC, and AMALGOMERTM CR by modified direct contact test. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The total sample size was 72 which was divided into four study groups.
      Six wells were coated by each: Type II GIC, Type IX GIC, AMALGOMERTM CR, and
      control group (only S. mutans). Statistical analysis was done using analysis of
      variance and the intergroup comparison was done using post hoc Tukey test.
      RESULTS: AMALGOMERTM CR was found to have a better antibacterial effect as
      compared with Type II and IX GIC. CONCLUSION: AMALGOMERTM CR can serve as a
      valuable cement in pediatric dentistry due to its anticariogenic property. How to
      cite this article: Hugar SM, Assudani HG, Patil V, Kukreja P, Uppin C, Thakkar P.
      Comparative Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Type II Glass lonomer
      Cement, Type IX Glass Ionomer Cement, and AMALGOMERTM Ceramic Reinforcement by
      Modified "Direct Contact Test": An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent
      2016;9(2):114-117.

PMID- 27365929
TI  - Survival of Composite Resin Restorations of severely Decayed Primary Anterior
      Teeth retained by Glass Fiber Posts or Reversed-orientated Metal Posts.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the survival of composite resin
      restorations retained by glass fiber posts or reversed-orientated (upside-down)
      metal posts in severely decayed primary anterior teeth after 6, 12, and 18
      months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of forty-four 3- to 5-year-old children
      with bilateral severely decayed primary maxillary canines were included. Patients
      were treated under general anesthesia. After pulpectomy, an intracanal post was
      seated in the primary maxillary canine on each side: either a glass fiber post or
      a metallic post in reversed orientation and teeth restored with light-cured
      composite. Survival rate of each technique was evaluated at predetermined follow
      ups and data were analyzed with McNemar's test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The
      difference in survival of restorations retained by two types of posts was not
      statistically significant in clinical and radiographical evaluations after 6, 12,
      and 18 months. The survival rate of reversed-orientated metal and glass fiber
      posts after 18 months was 81.1 and 67.6% respectively (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION:
      Reversed-orientated metal post did not show lower clinical survival compared with
      glass fiber posts in 18-month follow-up. Hence, reversed-orientated metal post
      can be considered as a potential method to obtain retention for composite
      restorations in severely decayed primary anterior teeth. How to cite this
      article: Vafaei A, Ranjkesh B, L0vschall H, Erfanparast L, Jafarabadi MA, Oskouei
      SG, Isidor F. Survival of Composite Resin Restorations of severely Decayed
      Primary Anterior Teeth retained by Glass Fiber Posts or Reversed-orientated Metal
      Posts. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):109-113.

PMID- 27365931
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of Electronic Apex Locators and Radiovisiography for
      Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth in vivo.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different
      varieties of electronic apex locators and radiovisiography (RVG) for working
      length determination in primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30
      primary teeth indicated for pulpectomy in children aged 3 to 8 years were
      randomly selected and subjected to working length determination using two
      varieties of electronic apex locators and RVG separately. The data were then
      subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: A very strong correlation between
      electronic measurement methods and RVG length was observed. CONCLUSION:
      Radiovisiography and apex locators are equally effective in determining working
      length in primary teeth. How to cite this article: Abdullah A, Singh N, Rathore
      MS, Tandon S, Rajkumar B. Comparative Evaluation of Electronic Apex Locators and
      Radiovisiography for Working Length Determination in Primary Teeth in vivo. Int J
      Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):118-123.

PMID- 27365933
TI  - Psychosocial Effects of Fractured Anterior Teeth among Rural Children.
AB  - AIM: The aim of the study is to determine how rural children view children with
      visible incisor fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class 7 (aged 11-12 years) and
      class 10 (aged 14-15 years) schoolchildren (the participants) were invited to
      make a social judgment about the color photograph of two children (the subjects).
      Participants were randomly allocated either (i) pictures of children without
      incisor fracture or (ii) pictures of the same children whose photographs had been
      digitally modified to visible incisor fracture. Using a child-centered
      questionnaire, participants rated subjects using a four-point Likert scale for
      three negative and six positive attributes. Total attribute scores were tested
      for significant differences, according to whether the subject had visible incisor
      fracture or not, using multivariate analysis of variance (p < 0.05). RESULTS:
      Both class 7 and 10 children rated subjects with visible incisor fracture more
      negatively than the subjects without incisor fracture. Female participants of
      class 10 have rated the male subject with incisor fracture significantly
      negatively (p < 0.01) than male subject without incisor fracture. How to cite
      this article: Venkatesan R, Naveen M, Teja R, Paulindraraj S, Vallabhaneni SK,
      Arumugam SB. Psychosocial Effects of Fractured Anterior Teeth among Rural
      Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):128-130.

PMID- 27365932
TI  - Comparison of cleaning Efficacy and Instrumentation Time between Rotary and
      Manual Instrumentation Techniques in Primary Teeth: An in vitro Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the cleaning efficacy and
      instrumentation time between manual Hedstrom files (H-files) and rotary Mtwo
      files in primary molar root canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 primary
      root canals were selected using standardized radiographs. The canals were
      injected with India ink with 30 gauge insulin syringe and divided into three
      groups. Group I-30 root canals instrumented with H-files, group II-30 root canals
      instrumented with Mtwo files, and group III-control group in which no canal
      instrumentation was done. The teeth were cleared in various solutions and then
      observed under a stereomicroscope. RESULTS: No significant difference was seen in
      cleaning efficacy between H-files and Mtwo files in coronal, middle, and apical
      thirds of the root canal. The instrumentation time recorded for H-files (3.41 +/-
      0.38 minutes) was significantly less than that of Mtwo files (4.81 +/- 0.52).
      CONCLUSION: Although there was no significant difference in cleaning capacity,
      further studies should be carried out using the single file systems. How to cite
      this article: Katge F, Chimata VK, Poojari M, Shetty S, Rusawat B. Comparison of
      cleaning Efficacy and Instrumentation Time between Rotary and Manual
      Instrumentation Techniques in Primary Teeth: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin
      Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):124-127.

PMID- 27365934
TI  - Oral Lesions in Neonates.
AB  - Oral lesions in neonates represent a wide range of diseases often creating
      apprehension and anxiety among parents. Early examination and prompt diagnosis
      can aid in prudent management and serve as baseline against the future course of
      the disease. The present review aims to enlist and describe the diagnostic
      features of commonly encountered oral lesions in neonates. How to cite this
      article: Patil S, Rao RS, Majumdar B, Jafer M, Maralingannavar M, Sukumaran A.
      Oral Lesions in Neonates. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):131-138. 

PMID- 27365935
TI  - Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Disorder of Self-mutilating Behavior.
AB  - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS), a rare inborn error of metabolism, is characterized
      by self-injurious behavior, which results in partial or total destruction of oral
      and perioral tissues and/ or fingers. Persistent self-injurious behavior (biting
      the fingers, hands, lips, and cheeks; banging the head or limbs) is a hallmark of
      the disease. Prevention of self-mutilation raises significant difficulties. A
      case of a 10-month-old boy with aggressive behavior and severe lower lip injuries
      is presented. How to cite this article: Jathar P, Panse AM, Jathar M, Gawali PN.
      Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Disorder of Self-mutilating Behavior. Int J Clin Pediatr
      Dent 2016;9(2):139-142. 

PMID- 27365936
TI  - Management of feeding Problem in a Patient with Cleft Lip/Palate.
AB  - In a child with cleft lip and/or palate, nutrition is the first priority as for
      any other child. These children have specific physical limitations. To fulfill
      their nutritional requirement, these children need modifications in order to
      thrive and grow. Failure to adjust to these needs could place the children into a
      potential life-threatening situation. One of the immediate problems to be
      addressed in a newborn with cleft lip/palate is difficulty in feeding. Nasal
      regurgitation and choking are common because of inability of the palate to
      separate the nasal and oral cavities. The case presented here discusses the
      management of feeding problem in the infant with cleft lip/palate. How to cite
      this article: Goswami M, Jangra B, Bhushan U. Management of feeding Problem in a
      Patient with Cleft Lip/ Palate. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):143-145. 

PMID- 27365937
TI  - Cheek Plumper: An Innovative Anti-cheek Biting Appliance.
AB  - One of the most challenging tasks for a pediatric dentist is the management of
      deleterious oral habits which adversely affect the dentofacial complex. However,
      if these habits can be intercepted and diagnosed well in time, they can save the
      patient from the psychological impact of undergoing long treatment therapies. One
      such rare deleterious oral habit is cheek biting that affects the buccal mucosa.
      Presented here is a case report which describes the interception of this
      deleterious habit in a 15-year-old female child who was a bilateral cheek biter
      with the help of an innovative intraoral appliance: The cheek plumper. How to
      cite this article: Rana V, Srivastava N, Kaushik N, Panthri P. Cheek Plumper: An
      Innovative Anti-cheek Biting Appliance. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):146
      148. 

PMID- 27365938
TI  - Lipoid Proteinosis.
AB  - A case report of a 6-year-old male child who reported with recurrent oral and
      skin ulcerations since childhood and was diagnosed as lipoid proteinosis
      manifesting with generalized thickening, hardening, and scarring of the skin and
      hoarseness of voice; is presented here. How to cite this article: Mittal HC,
      Yadav S, Malik S, Singh G. Lipoid Proteinosis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent
      2016;9(2):149-151. 

PMID- 27365939
TI  - A Novel approach of Esthetic Management and preserving Vitality of Dilacerated
      Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisor.
AB  - Dilaceration of the permanent tooth usually is a consequence of traumatic
      injuries to the primary teeth. Although it may appear anywhere in the long axis
      of the tooth, i.e., crown, cementoenamel junction, or root, most often the root
      is involved. However, crown dilaceration is a rare condition representing 3% of
      the total injuries. Maxillary incisors are more susceptible to such injury and
      affected tooth may either erupt buccally or lingually or remain impacted.
      Hitherto, the treatment options also differ as per the clinical scenario. This
      article proposes a novel technique of restoring esthetic function of the affected
      permanent maxillary lateral incisor with crown-root dilaceration while preserving
      the vitality of tooth. How to cite this article: Achary RC, Ravi GR. A Novel
      approach of Esthetic Management and preserving Vitality of Dilacerated Permanent
      Maxillary Lateral Incisor. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):152-155. 

PMID- 27365940
TI  - Oral Cysticercosis in a Pediatric Patient: A Rare Case Report with Review.
AB  - Cysticercosis is a condition in which a human acts as the intermediate host of
      the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. Although cysticercosis is a common disease in
      some regions of the world and can occur in any body site, oral lesions are rare.
      In this report, we document the case of oral cysticercosis in a 10-year-old boy
      who sought treatment for an asymptomatic nodule on the dorsal surface of the
      tongue. A detailed history, thorough clinical examination, morphological
      appearance and the histopathologic findings of the excised cyst formed the basis
      for the diagnosis of the lesion. How to cite this article: Goenka P, Sarawgi A,
      Asopa K, Gumber P, Dutta S. Oral Cysticercosis in a Pediatric Patient: A Rare
      Case Report with Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):156-161. 

PMID- 27365941
TI  - Validation of Association between Breastfeeding Duration, Facial Profile,
      Occlusion, and Spacing: A Cross-sectional Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional retrospective study was designed to assess the
      relationships among breastfeeding duration, nonnutritive sucking habits, convex
      facial profile, nonspaced dentition, and distoclusion in the deciduous dentition.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 415 children (228 males, 187 females) aged 4
      to 6 years from a mixed Indian population was clinically examined by two
      orthodontists. Information about breastfeeding duration and nonnutritive sucking
      habits was obtained by written questionnaire which was answered by the parents.
      RESULTS: Chi-square test did not indicate any significant association among
      breastfeeding duration, convex facial profile, and distoclusion. Statistically
      significant association was observed between breastfeeding duration and nonspaced
      dentition and also between breastfeeding duration and nonnutritive sucking
      habits. Nonnutritive sucking habits had a statistically significant association
      with distoclusion and convex facial profile (odds ratio 7.04 and 4.03
      respectively). Nonnutritive sucking habits did not have a statistically
      significant association with nonspaced dentition. CONCLUSION: The children
      breastfed < 6 months had almost twofold increased probability for developing
      sucking habits and nonspaced dentition, respectively, than the children who had
      breastfeeding > 6 months duration. It can also be hypothesized that nonnutritive
      sucking habits may act as a dominant variable in the relationship between
      breastfeeding duration and occurrence of convex facial profile and distoclusion
      in deciduous dentition. How to cite this article: Agarwal SS, Sharma M, Nehra K,
      Jayan B, Poonia A, Bhattal H. Validation of Association between Breastfeeding
      Duration, Facial Profile, Occlusion, and Spacing: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J
      Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):162-166.

PMID- 27365942
TI  - Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An Epidemiological Study with Prevalence and
      Etiological Factors in Indian Pediatric Population.
AB  - AIMS: To determine the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in
      Indian children and to analyze the possible etiological factors. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: First permanent molars and all permanent incisors were examined in 1,369
      children aged 8 to 12 years. Examinations were performed by two calibrated
      observers. The subjects were evaluated using judgment criteria proposed by
      Weerheijm et al in 2003. The parents accompanying children were given a
      questionnaire regarding pre- and postnatal history of the children. RESULTS: A
      total of 191 children were diagnosed with MIH with a prevalence of 13.9%. Chi
      square/Fisher exact test was used to compare the dichotomous variables. The
      relative risk with its 95% confidence interval was calculated to find the risk of
      clinical infections, such as chicken pox, jaundice, renal disorders, cardiac
      disorders, and affected molars with sex and type of delivery. Pre- and postnatal
      history of infection in a child was significantly correlated with the prevalence
      of MIH. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of MIH was 13.9% in the age group of 8 to 12
      years. Prenatal and postnatal infections play an important role in
      hypomineralization of molars and incisors. How to cite this article: Mishra A,
      Pandey RK. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An Epidemiological Study with
      Prevalence and Etiological Factors in Indian Pediatric Population. Int J Clin
      Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):167-171.

PMID- 27365943
TI  - Knowledge, Attitudes, and Oral Health Practices of School Children in Davangere.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and behavior
      of school children towards oral health. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Descriptive study.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: School children (n=700) aged between 10 to 14 years in a
      Davangere school were recruited into this study. The subjects completed a
      questionnaire that aimed to evaluate young school children's behavior, knowledge,
      and perception of their oral health and dental treatment. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
      The results were statistically analysed and percentage was calculated. RESULTS
      AND CONCLUSION: The participant oral hygiene habits (such as tooth brushing) were
      found to be irregular, and parent role in the oral hygiene habits of their
      children was limited. The study population showed higher awareness of caries than
      periodontal conditions. The children in this study also recognized the importance
      of oral health. The results of this study indicate that Comprehensive oral health
      educational programs for both children and their parents are required to achieve
      this goal. How to cite this article: Vishwanathaiah S. Knowledge, Attitudes, and
      Oral Health Practices of School Children in Davangere. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent
      2016;9(2):172-176.

PMID- 27365945
TI  - Guest Editorial.

PMID- 27365944
TI  - Knowledge and Awareness among Parents and General Dental Practitioners regarding
      Rehabilitation with Full Coverage Restoration in Children: A Multi-centric Trial.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness among
      parents and general dental practitioners regarding rehabilitation with full
      coverage restoration in children following pulp therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      multiple choice questionnaire was given to 1,000 parents and 400 general
      practitioners in this multicentric trial. The questionnaire assessed their
      beliefs, knowledge regarding care of primary teeth, assessment of treating
      children, and knowledge regarding importance of primary teeth. All the
      questionnaires were then compiled and statistically analyzed using Statistical
      Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 53% parents
      did not know the importance of primary teeth and 73% parents also thought that no
      treatment is possible for pulpally involved primary teeth. 20% parents believed
      that root canal treatment can be possible for children and only 10% knew about
      full coverage restorations. 40% of the general dentists felt that the best
      treatment in the case of primary necrotic teeth is extraction and only 13% knew
      about stainless steel crowns. 62% of general dental practitioners pointed out
      patients' noninterest in providing crowns whereas 68% parents reported non
      information by dentists. CONCLUSION: Both parents and general dental
      practitioners have incomplete and inadequate knowledge regarding full coverage
      restorations, and we need to improve the knowledge and dental awareness of the
      parents and the general dental practitioners. How to cite this article: Moda A,
      Saroj G, Sharma S, Gupta B. Knowledge and Awareness among Parents and General
      Dental Practitioners regarding Rehabilitation with Full Coverage Restoration in
      Children: A Multi-centric Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):177-180.

PMID- 27365946
TI  - Temozolomide therapy: Focus on patients with pituitary carcinoma.

PMID- 27365947
TI  - Importance of medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve anatomical variations in upper
      arm surgery.

PMID- 27365948
TI  - Knowledge, attitude, and practice of people toward epilepsy in a South Indian
      village.

PMID- 27365949
TI  - Malnutrition as a cause of mental retardation: A population-based study from Sub
      Himalayan India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mental retardation is one of the most common disabilities of
      childhood. The research on childhood malnutrition and its relationship with
      cognitive functioning suggests that malnutrition alone does not cause mental
      retardation. OBJECTIVE: To identify the relation between malnutrition and
      cognition among children from a Sub-Himalayan state in North India. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A two-phase cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural, urban, and
      slum area of district Kangra. A 30-cluster sampling technique was used to screen
      a population of children 1-10 years of age from five randomly selected panchayats
      (village government units) of district Kangra. The screening was based on a
      modified version of the ten questions screen, adapted to the local population. In
      the first phase, a door-to-door survey was done to identify suspects of mental
      retardation. In the second phase, the children found positive in the first phase
      were called for clinical examination to confirm mental retardation.
      Anthropometric assessment of all study children was done by measuring weight and
      height. The nutritional assessment was done by categorizing them according to
      Waterlow classification for malnutrition. RESULTS: Out of the total 5300
      children, 1.7% were diagnosed as mentally retarded. No positive association was
      reported with different types of malnutrition and mental retardation. A weakly
      positive association existed between nutritional status and mental retardation
      (correlation coefficient-0.04). Children who were both wasted and stunted had the
      highest risk (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval - 5.57, 2.29-10.36) of mental
      retardation as compared to normal. CONCLUSION: Malnutrition may be one of the
      causes but certainly not the only cause of mental retardation. Other causes may
      be contributing more significantly toward it.

PMID- 27365950
TI  - Morphological spectrum of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: An insight into World
      Health Organization 2013 classification.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are neuroectodermal in
      origin. Now these tumors are classified under World Health Organization (WHO)
      classification of tumors of soft tissue and bone 2013. OBJECTIVE: To study the
      morphological spectrum of PNST and to study the secondary degenerative changes
      associated with it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted from January
      2010 to June 2015. The gross details of tumor and patient's demographic profiles
      were reviewed. The hematoxylin and eosin stained slides were reassessed and the
      lesions were categorized and classified as per the WHO 2013 classification. The
      tumors were also assessed for secondary degenerative changes. RESULTS: Our study
      comprised 143 cases of PNST. Age of the patients ranged from 5 to 75 years. 21-30
      years is the most common age of occurrence with head and neck being the most
      common site. The PNSTs observed in the present study were neurofibroma (NF)
      (61.5%), schwannoma (36%), malignant PNST (2%), and granular cell tumor (0.5%).
      Nearly 10% of NF fulfilled the criteria for neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). Rare
      tumors such as plexiform schwannoma and granular cell tumor were also observed.
      Malignant tumors were larger in dimension than benign. Myxoid, cystic, and
      hyaline changes were commonly associated with benign tumors while necrosis,
      hemorrhage, and mitotic activity were seen with malignant tumors. CONCLUSION:
      This series highlights the pathological variants of PNST along with their
      morphological changes and NF1 association. It is essential to be familiar with
      all these variants of PNST for accurate diagnosis as they have varied biological
      behavior.

PMID- 27365951
TI  - Quality of life of cerebral palsy patients and their caregivers: A cross
      sectional study in a rehabilitation center Khartoum-Sudan (2014 - 2015).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy (CP) is group of disorders characterized by long-term
      disabilities that affect the quality of life (QoL) of both patients and those
      caring for them. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to measure the QoL of
      CP patients and their caregivers and determine the factors affecting both of
      them. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional facility-based study. 65 caregivers of
      children with CP aged 4-18 years completed a self-structured questionnaire.
      Descriptives of the samples were displayed, and logistic regression was used in
      the analysis. RESULTS: The scores of overall QoL of both children and caregivers
      were low, however, variations were observed among different domains. Both health
      related and sociodemographic factors were found to affect the QoL of children and
      caregivers. The increase in the degree of disability and presence of
      complications decreased the children QoL while the availability of health
      insurance improved it. Whereas the QoL of the caregiver was affected by his/her
      occupation, the degree of child disability did not affect it. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study showed that many feasible changes can be adopted to improve the QoL of CP
      patients and their caregivers.

PMID- 27365952
TI  - Effect of Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation on neuropsychiatric symptoms
      and immune response in HIV-positive patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Micronutrients such as B12 and folic acid deficiencies are found in
      higher number in HIV-infected patients. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a study to
      examine the effect of Vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation on
      neuropsychiatric manifestations, CD4 count, and anthropometric measurements in
      HIV-positive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three different groups of HIV
      patients, namely, HIV patients with tuberculosis, HIV patients with
      neuropsychiatric manifestations, and asymptomatic HIV patients with 50 patients
      in each group were included in the study. Baseline and follow-up CD4 count,
      anthropometric measurements, neuropsychiatric assessments, Vitamin B12, and folic
      acid estimation were done. RESULTS: The prevalence of folic acid deficiency was
      27.1% in Group I, 31.9% in Group II, and 23.4% in Group III. The prevalence of
      Vitamin B12 deficiency was 8.16% in Group I, 6.12% in Group II, and 4.16% in
      Group III. HIV patients with neuropsychiatric manifestations were noted to have
      the lowest mean mini-mental score. After the supplementation of vitamins,
      anthropometric measurements, MMSE as well as Hamilton depression scores, improved
      in all the three groups whereas Hamilton anxiety scores improved only in Group
      III. The CD4 count also improved in Groups I and II after the supplementation of
      vitamins. CONCLUSION: Folic acid deficiency was highest among neuropsychiatric
      patients. The majority of people who had a folic acid deficiency have shown
      improvement in their neuropsychiatric assessment scores as well as CD4 count
      after its supplementation.

PMID- 27365953
TI  - Evaluation of low back pain with low field open magnetic resonance imaging
      scanner in rural hospital of Southern India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is the most common symptom which is associated
      with limitation of normal activities and work-related disability. Imaging
      techniques are often essential in making the correct diagnosis for prompt
      management. Plain Radiography though remain a first imaging modality, magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) due to its inherent softtissue contrast resolution and
      lack of ionizing radiation remains invaluable modality in the evaluation of LBP.
      AIM: To find the common causes of LBP in different age groups and the role of MRI
      in detecting the spectrum of various pathological findings. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: This is a prospective study done in the Department of Radiodiagnosis
      during a period of 2 years from July 2013 to July 2015. The study population
      includes all the cases referred to our department with complaints of LBP.
      Patients with ferromagnetic metallic implants and uncooperative cases were
      excluded. HITACHI 0.4 Tesla open MRI machine was used for imaging. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: This study involved a total of 235 cases. There were 121 males and
      114 females. The age of the patient ranged from 21 to 68 years with an average of
      41.3 years. Back pain was commonly observed in the third to fifth decade. The
      common causes for back pain are disc herniations (disc bulge - 35.3%, disc
      protrusion - 39.6%, disc extrusion - 7.2%) accounting to 82.1%, followed by
      normal study (10.2%), vertebral collapse (traumatic - 2.1%, osteoporotic - 1.7%),
      infections (2.1%), and neoplasm (1.7%). MRI provides valuable information
      regarding the underlying causes of LBP, especially in disc and marrow pathology.

PMID- 27365954
TI  - Knowledge, attitude, and practice of people toward epilepsy in a South Indian
      village.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: People living with epilepsy continue to suffer from enacted or
      perceived stigma that is based on myths, misconceptions, and misunderstandings
      that have persisted for many years. In the last decade, there has been an
      increase in individual literacy rate and increased access to technology in rural
      population. However, it is unclear if this has any effect on knowledge, attitude,
      and practice (KAP) attitude toward epilepsy. OBJECTIVE: Our primary aim is to
      evaluate KAP toward epilepsy. In addition, we also estimated the prevalence of
      stroke and epilepsy in rural South India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a 14-item
      questionnaire, we assessed KAP toward epilepsy and identified determinants of
      inappropriate attitudes toward people with epilepsy and 10-item questionnaires to
      assess the prevalence of epilepsy and stroke among 500 randomly selected
      populations in a Pattaravakkam village (Tamil Nadu, India). RESULTS: About 87.7%
      of the people had heard or read about epilepsy. Negative attitudes appeared to be
      reinforced by beliefs that epilepsy is hereditary (23.1%), kind of insanity
      (22.6%), or as contagious (12.0%). The knowledge about the clinical
      characteristics and first aid to a person during a seizure was 25.8%. About 36.5%
      of people think that society discriminates people with epilepsy. Moreover, our
      prevalence study showed that 8.7% people are suffering from epilepsy and 3.7% had
      stroke previously and at the day of survey, the stroke prevalence is 3.3%.
      CONCLUSION: Even with increased literacy, technology, and communication devices,
      the KAP of people toward epilepsy is relatively low. General public education
      campaigns and specific school education campaigns children should be encouraged
      to increase the KAP toward epilepsy. The prevalence and pattern of epilepsy and
      stroke is on the higher side in the village of Pattaravakkam. Future research
      regarding the value of targeted education in improving KAP will be worthwhile.

PMID- 27365956
TI  - Commentary.

PMID- 27365955
TI  - Incidence, histopathology, and surgical outcome of tumors of spinal cord, nerve
      roots, meninges, and vertebral column - Data based on single institutional (Sher
      i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) experience.
AB  - CONTEXT: In the absence of a community-based study on the spinal tumors in the
      Valley, medical records of the only Regional Neurosurgical Center are available.
      AIM: The aim of this study is to establish a hospital-based regional epidemiology
      of spinal tumors in the Valley since the data are derived from a single
      institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 531 malignant and
      nonmalignant tumors of spinal cord, its coverings and vertebrae, which were
      managed in a Regional Neurosurgical Center under a standard and uniform medical
      protocol over 30-year period from 1983 to 2014. RESULTS: The hospital-based
      incidence for all spinal tumors was 0.24/100,000 persons per year. The malignant
      spinal cord and vertebral tumors comprised 32.58% (173/531) of all tumors, and
      benign spinal cord and vertebral tumors comprised 67.42% (358/531). The
      extradural-intradural tumors such as metastatic lesions and primary malignant
      vertebral tumors were on rise with 16.38% (87/531) cases. The children below 18
      years were 5.46% (29/531), of which 55.17% (16/29) were below 9 years. The most
      common primary bone malignancy was multiple myeloma (54.54% =12/22).
      Histopathologically, the most common metastatic deposit in the spinal canal was
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (24.61% =16/65). A mortality of 3.20% (17/531) was noted.
      Recurrences were noted in 4.90% (26/531), and adjuvant therapies were given to
      16.38% (87/531) patients. CONCLUSION: The malignant spinal cord and vertebral
      tumors, especially metastatic deposits, are on rise in elderly population. The
      surgical outcome, in terms of recovery and spinal stability, of benign tumors, is
      comparatively better than malignant ones. The study reveals a low regional
      incidence (hospital-based) of spinal tumors.

PMID- 27365957
TI  - A clinical study of neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Neurological soft signs (NSSs) are "objectively measured,
      nonlocalizing abnormalities, not related to impairment of a specific brain
      region, reflecting improper cortical-subcortical and intercortical connections."
      The possibility of NSS as an endophenotype in schizophrenia has been studied
      across the globe. We aimed at finding the prevalence of NSS among patients with
      schizophrenia as well as the associations of NSS between various sociodemographic
      and illness variables. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred patients between the age
      group of 16 and 60 years were serially selected from the inpatient department of
      a tertiary care hospital who have been diagnosed as a case of schizophrenia
      according to the International Classification of Diseases version 10 during 1
      year period. A semi-structured pro forma was used to collect various demographic
      as well as illness data, and subjects were clinically evaluated for NSS using
      neurological evaluation scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of NSSs was found to be
      67%, significant association was found between NSS and age, occupation, and
      duration of illness. A statistically significant correlation was found between
      NSS and age, NSS and duration of illness. CONCLUSION: The validity of NSS as an
      endophenotype lies in the fact that it should be independent of all
      sociodemographic and illness variables. However, our study evaluated some
      statistically significant findings between them. Hence, further researches are
      required with properly adjusted controls to find if the associations obtained
      between NSS and different variables here are true or whether there are some
      confounding factors included.

PMID- 27365958
TI  - Tubercular meningitis in children: Clinical, pathological, and radiological
      profile and factors associated with mortality.
AB  - CONTEXT: Childhood tuberculosis is a major public health problem in developing
      countries with tubercular meningitis being a serious complication with high
      mortality and morbidity. AIM: To study the clinicopathological as well as
      radiological profile of childhood tuberculous meningitis (TBM) cases. SETTINGS
      AND DESIGN: Prospective, observational study including children <14 years of age
      with TBM admitted in a tertiary care hospital from Western India. SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: TBM was diagnosed based on predefined criteria. Glassgow coma scale
      (GCS) and intracranial pressure (ICP) was recorded. Staging was done as per
      British Medical Council Staging System. Mantoux test, chest X-ray, cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) examination, neuroimaging, and other investigations were done to
      confirm TB. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: STATA software (version 9.0) was used for
      data analysis. Various risk factors were determined using Chi-square tests, and a
      P< 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Forty-seven children were included,
      of which 11 (24.3%) died. Fever was the most common presenting symptom, and
      meningismus was the most common sign. Twenty-nine (62%) children presented with
      Stage III disease. Stage III disease, low GCS, and raised ICP were predictors of
      mortality. Findings on neuroimaging or CSF examination did not predict mortality.
      CONCLUSIONS: Childhood TBM presents with nonspecific clinical features. Stage III
      disease, low GCS, lack of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination at birth and
      raised ICP seem to the most important adverse prognostic factors.

PMID- 27365959
TI  - A community-based case-control study of prevalence and pattern of cognitive
      impairments in patients with epilepsy residing in South-Eastern Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epilepsy is the commonest neurological disorder encountered in Sub
      Saharan Africa. The quality of life of patients with epilepsy (PWEs) is adversely
      affected by cognitive impairments. AIM: This study investigated the prevalence
      and pattern of cognitive impairments in PWE in Ukpo community located in a South
      Eastern state in Nigeria using Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSID)
      and a computer-assisted cognitive test battery (FePsy). METHODS AND PATIENTS:
      Fifty-one PWEs were studied and compared with 51 age-, sex-and level of education
      matched healthy controls. Diagnosis of epilepsy was confirmed clinically with eye
      witness corroboration. Sociodemographic data and information on epilepsy
      variables were obtained with the aid of a questionnaire. Cognitive domains
      assessed include language, memory, orientation, attention, psychomotor speed and
      constructional praxis. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of cognitive impairment using
      total CSID score was 19.6%. Analysis of CSID scores revealed significant
      impairment in language (17.6%), memory (29.4%), orientation (15.7%), attention
      (7.8%) and constructional praxis (15.7%) compared to healthy controls. A similar
      pattern was observed with FePsy but with better sensitivity indices for detecting
      cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: This study indicated significant prevalence
      rate of cognitive impairment among treatment-naive PWE with profound affectation
      of memory, mental speed and language. In addition, the FePsy was found to be more
      sensitive and specific in assessment of cognitive function in PWE.

PMID- 27365961
TI  - Dementia in a tribal landlocked elderly population at high altitude: What
      explains the lower prevalence?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Studies across the populations have suggested that dementia is
      differentially distributed with a lower prevalence in developing regions than the
      developed ones. A comparison in the prevalence of dementia across populations may
      provide an insight into its risk factors. Earlier, we reported on the prevalence
      of dementia in elderly population in migrant, urban, rural, and tribal
      populations. The present study was conducted with a view to estimating the
      prevalence of dementia in Tribal Landlocked Elderly Population at high altitude
      and therefore to draw some conclusions on the differential distribution of
      dementia across populations. METHODS: A cross-sectional comprehensive two-phase
      survey of all residents aged 60 years and older was conducted. Phase 1 involved
      screening of all individuals aged 60 and above with the help of a cognitive
      screen specifically developed for the tribal population. Phase 2 involved
      clinical examination of individuals who were suspected of dementia as per the
      developed cognitive screening test. RESULTS: The results revealed that six
      individuals out of a total of 481 studied above 60 years of age in the studied
      population scored between 17 and 23, thus qualifying as suffering from mild
      cognitive impairment. Importantly, none of the individuals above 60 years of age
      scored <17. DISCUSSION: The current study is in conformity with our previous
      study conducted on urban, rural, and migrant areas of the state of Himachal
      Pradesh again emphasizing on dementia being rare in tribal populations and
      thereby pointing to the presence of some protective factors among tribal people.

PMID- 27365960
TI  - Current understandings about cognition and the neurobiological correlates in
      schizophrenia.
AB  - Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder. Cognitive deficits are one of the core
      features of schizophrenia. Multiple domains of cognition (executive function,
      attention/vigilance, working memory, verbal fluency, visuospatial skills,
      processing speed, and social cognition) are affected in patients with
      schizophrenia. Deficits in cognition led to impairment in the real world
      functioning. Identifying the cognitive deficits and early intervention is
      required for better functional outcome. This review focuses on conceptual
      understanding of cognition with its neurobiological correlates in schizophrenia
      and its different clinical implications. 

PMID- 27365962
TI  - Deadly intracranial bleed in patients with dengue fever: A series of nine
      patients and review of literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Dengue fever is a global pandemic threat with increasing incidence.
      To date, there are no cures and the effectiveness of dengue vaccines is still
      uncertain. World Heath Organization introduced expanded dengue syndrome to
      include unusual presentations of dengue fever including severe neurologic
      complications. One of the deadly complications is intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).
      METHODOLOGY: We collected data of patients with ICH diagnosed via a plain
      computed tomography of the brain (CT brain) with thrombocytopenia and positive
      Dengue virus type 1 nonstructural protein (NS1) antigen test or positive dengue
      serology IgM from January 2014 till June 2015 at our center. Nine patients were
      included and all 20 other remaining patients reported in literature so far are
      discussed. DISCUSSION: We found that all patients in our center requiring
      neurosurgical intervention died. Another interesting observation is that
      detection of Dengue IgG usually meant more severe ICH and poorer outcomes. From
      our series, platelet levels did not seem to influence the outcome. CONCLUSION: We
      recommend that for early detection of ICH, Dengue IgG should be routinely
      screened and a high index of suspicion be maintained. Future research should be
      focused on determining predictors of ICH in patients with dengue fever so that
      preventive steps can be taken as mortality is high and no treatment seems
      beneficial at the moment once severe ICH occurs.

PMID- 27365963
TI  - Assessment of intracranial metastases from neuroendocrine tumors/carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The most common sites of origin for neuroendocrine carcinoma are
      gastrointestinal tract and its accessory glands, and lungs. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: One-hundred fifty cases diagnosed with metastatic brain lesions were
      retrieved from hospital records within 5 years. For these cases, the primary
      neoplasm, histopathological classification, metastasis, treatment, and fate all
      were studied. RESULTS: Intracranial deposits were detected in 10%. The primary
      lesion was in the lungs in 87% of patients, and 1 patient in the breast and 1 in
      esophagus. Pathological classification of the primary lesion was Grade 2 (MIB-1:
      3-20%) in 1 patient and neuroendocrine carcinoma (MIB-1: >=21%) in 14 patients.
      The median period from onset of the primary lesion up to diagnosis of brain
      metastasis was 12.8 months. About 33% of patients had a single metastasis whereas
      67% patients had multiple metastases. Brain metastasis was extirpated in 33% of
      patients. Stereotactic radiotherapy alone was administered in 20% of patients,
      and brain metastasis was favorably controlled in most of the patients with
      coadministration of cranial irradiation as appropriate. The median survival
      period from diagnosis of brain metastasis was 8.1 months. CONCLUSION: Most of
      patients with brain metastasis from neuroendocrine carcinoma showed the primary
      lesion in the lungs, and they had multiple metastases to the liver, lymph nodes,
      bones, and so forth at the time of diagnosis of brain metastasis. The guidelines
      for accurate diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine carcinoma should be
      immediately established based on further analyses of those patients with brain
      metastasis.

PMID- 27365964
TI  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm following posterior
      reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
AB  - Although posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is rarely associated
      with subarachnoid hemorrhage, to our knowledge, rupture of a concomitant cerebral
      aneurysm following PRES has not been reported. We describe a patient with
      atypical PRES involving the brainstem, thalamus, and periventricular white matter
      without cortical or subcortical edema of the parietooccipital lobe on magnetic
      resonance imaging, with rupture of a concomitant cerebral aneurysm. Preexisting
      extremely high blood pressure may trigger atypical PRES, and failure to lower
      blood pressure may lead to a concomitant aneurysm rupture. In the future
      treatment of hypertensive urgency with a recurrence of symptoms and mean arterial
      blood pressure >150 mmHg, it is advisable to immediately hospitalize the patient
      for aggressive blood pressure management, especially if PRES is suspected based
      on clinical and radiological features. 

PMID- 27365965
TI  - Brachial branches of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve: A case report with
      its clinical significance and a short review of the literature.
AB  - The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MACN) is a branch of the brachial plexus
      with a great variation within its branches. Knowledge of these variations is
      critical to neurologists, hand surgeons, plastic surgeons, and vascular surgeons.
      The aim of this study was to search for variations of the MACN and to discuss
      their clinical significance. For this study, six arm cadavers from three fresh
      cadavers were dissected and examined to find and study possible anatomical
      variations of the MACN. The authors report a rare case of a variation of the
      MACN, in which there are four brachial cutaneous branches, before the separation
      to anterior (volar) and posterior (ulnar) branch, that provide sensory
      innervation to the medial, inferior half of the arm, in the area that is commonly
      innervated from the medial brachial cutaneous nerve. To our knowledge, this is
      the first documented case of this nerve variation. This variation should be taken
      into serious consideration for the differential diagnosis of patients with
      complaints of hypoesthesia, pain, and paresthesia and for the surgical operations
      in the medial part of the arm. 

PMID- 27365966
TI  - White matter changes in Wilson's disease: A radiological enigma.
AB  - Wilson's disease is a metabolic disorder which presents with hepatitis or hepatic
      decompensation commonly. Neurologic manifestations are late and include movement
      disorders, personality changes, and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      brain shows high signal changes in putamen, lentiform nucleus, thalamus, and
      brainstem. White matter lesions are rare. We report a child of Wilson's disease
      who presented to us with dystonia, rigidity, myoclonus and had symmetrical white
      matter changes in the fronto-parietooccipital region. Diffusion restriction in
      bilateral frontoparietal areas was also seen which is rare in chronic cases like
      ours. Atypical MRI characteristics should be considered in patients with clinical
      signs of neurological involvement in Wilson's disease as it is a devastating but
      treatable disease. 

PMID- 27365968
TI  - High-voltage electrocution causing bulbar dysfunction.
AB  - Electrical shock can result in neurological complications, involving both
      peripheral and central nervous systems, which may present immediately or later
      on. High-voltage electrical injuries are uncommonly reported and may predispose
      to both immediate and delayed neurologic complications. We report the case of a
      68-year-old man who experienced a high-voltage electrocution injury, subsequently
      developed bulbar dysfunction and spontaneously recovered. We describe the
      development of bulbar palsy following a significant electrical injury, which
      showed no evidence of this on magnetic resonance imaging. High-voltage
      electrocution injuries are a serious problem with potential for both immediate
      and delayed neurologic sequelae. The existing literature has no reports on bulbar
      dysfunction following electrocution, apart from motor neuron disease. 

PMID- 27365967
TI  - Colistin and tigecycline for management of external ventricular device-related
      ventriculitis due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
AB  - Acinetobacter baumannii is an important cause of nosocomial ventriculitis
      associated with external ventricular device (EVD). It is frequently multidrug
      resistant (MDR), carries a poor outcome, and is difficult to treat. We report a
      case of MDR Acinetobacter ventriculitis treated with intravenous and
      intraventricular colistin together with intravenous tigecycline. The patient
      developed nephrotoxicity and poor neurological outcome despite microbiological
      cure. Careful implementation of bundle of measures to minimize EVD-associated
      ventriculitis is valuable. 

PMID- 27365969
TI  - A rare case of parietal bone hemangioma.

PMID- 27365970
TI  - Infantile desmoplastic astrocytoma: Magnetic resonance imaging suggestive of
      pathology.

PMID- 27365971
TI  - Pineal region pilocytic astrocytoma; an unusual site with variable radiological,
      clinical, and histological features: A report of two cases.

PMID- 27365972
TI  - A single center study of epidemiology of neural tube defects.

PMID- 27365973
TI  - Neuroimaging and clinical presentation of stroke developing concurrently with
      herpes zoster.

PMID- 27365974
TI  - Spinal extradural arachnoid cyst: A rare cause of neurogenic bladder.

PMID- 27365975
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging of brain findings in hyperammonemic encephalopathy.

PMID- 27365976
TI  - Responding to the challenge of autism spectrum disorder in low-resource settings.

PMID- 27365977
TI  - Classical case of late-infantile form of metachromatic leukodystrophy.

PMID- 27365978
TI  - Bridging the epilepsy treatment gap in low- and middle-income nations.

PMID- 27365979
TI  - Meningoencephalitis, myositis, and rash-neurological presentation of Indian tick
      typhus.

PMID- 27365980
TI  - Acute hemichorea-hemiballism as a sole manifestation of acute thalamic infarct:
      An unusual occurrence.

PMID- 27365981
TI  - Efficacy of Oral Curcuminoid Fraction from Curcuma xanthorrhiza and Curcuminoid
      Cider in High-cholesterol Fed Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most important risk factors for
      atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: The present
      work was aimed to study the efficacy of curcuminoid fraction from Curcuma
      xanthorrhiza and its curcuminoid cider in reducing blood cholesterol level and
      four genes related to oxidative stress, including cluster of differentiation 44
      (CD44), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), inducible nitric oxide
      synthase (iNOS), and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX
      1) in high-cholesterol fed rats in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four male
      Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups, namely normal group diet, high
      cholesterol diet (HCD) 2%, HCD + 100 mg/kg b.w. curcuminoid fraction, HCD + 300
      mg/kg b.w. curcuminoid fraction, HCD + cider 1% v/v, and HCD + curcuminoid cider
      2% v/v for 4 weeks. Total cholesterol levels were measured at day 1, 14, and 28.
      Vascular tissues and organs from lung and liver were collected for RNA
      extraction, followed by quantitative analysis using real-time polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Our results demonstrated that among all the treatment
      groups, curcuminoid cider at 2% v/v significantly lowered total cholesterol level
      compared to those of positive control. Real-time PCR data showed both curcuminoid
      fractions (100 and 300 mg/kg) and curcuminoid cider (1 and 2% v/v) inhibited the
      gene expression of CD44, ICAM-1, iNOS, and LOX-1, indicating their
      hypocholesterolemic effects via attenuating genes related to oxidative stress in
      rats in vivo. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of curcuminoid fraction and its
      cider product may exert potential inhibitory effects on oxidative stress related
      genes for preventing hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis in vivo.
      SUMMARY: Curcuminoid and its cider significantly inhibited the gene expression of
      CD44, ICAM-1, iNOS, and LOX-1 in rats in vivoCurcuminoid and its cider suppressed
      oxidative stress-related genes inducing formation of atherosclerosisCurcuminoid
      and its cider may offer cardioprotective effect for preventing
      hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis Abbreviations Used: ROS: Reactive
      oxygen species, NO: Nitric oxide, NOS: NO synthase, NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate, CD44: Cluster of differentiation 44, ICAM-1:
      Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, iNOS: inducible NOS, LOX-1: lectin-like
      oxidized LDL receptor-1, HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A, 5-HMF: 5
      hydroxymethylfurfural, HCD: High-cholesterol diet.

PMID- 27365982
TI  - Evaluation of Skin Anti-aging Potential of Citrus reticulata Blanco Peel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco is traditionally used as tonic,
      stomachic, astringent, and carminative. It is also useful in skin care.
      OBJECTIVE: To study the anti-aging potential of alcoholic extracts of C.
      reticulata Blanco peel using in vitro antioxidant and anti-enzyme assays.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plant extracts were obtained by Soxhlation (CR HAE- Hot
      Alcoholic Extract of Citrus reticulata) and maceration method (CR CAE- Cold
      Alcoholic Extract of Citrus reticulata). Qualitative and quantitative
      phytochemical analysis was performed. Further, in vitro antioxidant, anti-enzyme,
      and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were performed.
      RESULTS: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of CR HAE were found to be higher
      than CR CAE. EC50 value of CR HAE and CR CAE for 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,
      Superoxide anion, and 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
      assays were 250.33 +/- 40.16 MUg/ml and 254.73 +/- 15.78 MUg/ml, 221.27 +/- 11.25
      MUg/ml and 354.20 +/- 23.79 MUg/ml, and 59.16 +/- 2.17 MUg/ml and 59.12 +/- 6.21
      MUg/ml, respectively. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity values for CR HAE and CR
      CAE were found to be 1243 and 1063 MUmoles 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetra methylchromane
      2-carboxylic acid equivalent/g of substance, respectively. Anti-collagenase and
      anti-elastase activities were evaluated for both CR HAE and CR CAE. EC50 values
      of CR HAE and CR CAE for anti-collagenase and anti-elastase were 329.33 +/- 6.38
      MUg/ml, 466.93 +/- 8.04 MUg/ml and 3.22 +/- 0.24 mg/ml, 5.09 +/- 0.30 mg/ml,
      respectively. CR HAE exhibited stronger anti-collagenase and anti-elastase
      activity than CR CAE. GC-MS analysis of CR HAE was carried out because CR HAE
      exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-enzyme potential than CR CAE. CONCLUSION:
      C. reticulata peel can be utilized in anti-wrinkle skin care formulations.
      SUMMARY: Skin anti-aging potential of Citrus reticulata Blanco peel was evaluated
      throughIn vitro antioxidant and anti-enzyme assaysTwo types of extraction were
      performed and extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative
      phytochemical analysis. Extract obtained by Soxhlation (CR HAE) showed higher
      total phenolic and flavonoid contents than extract obtained by maceration (CR
      CAE)CR HAE demonstrated strong DPPH and Superoxide free radical scavenging
      activity whereas, ABTS scavenging activity of both the extracts were found to be
      similar. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of CR HAE was found to be
      more; indicating its strong antioxidant potentialIn vitro collagenase and
      elastase enzyme inhibition activities were evaluated for both the extracts and CR
      HAE showed strong anti-collagenase and antielastase potential indicating its anti
      aging abilityGC-MS analysis of CR HAE revealed the presence of various compounds
      mainly including Polymethoxyflavones. CR HAE exhibited promising antioxidant and
      anti-enzymatic activity and can be used as a potent antiwrinkle agent in anti
      aging skin care formulations. Abbreviation Used: ECM: Extracellular matrix, UV:
      Ultra violet, ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species, MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase, Chc:
      Clostridium histolyticum collagenase, DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, GC
      MS: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy, RT: Room Temperature, MUg GAE/ mg:
      Microgram Gallic acid equivalent / milligram, W/V: Weight by Volume, MUg QE/ mg:
      Microgram Quercetin equivalent / milligram, CR HAE: Hot Alcoholic Extract of
      Citrus reticulata Blanco, CR CAE: Cold Alcoholic Extract of Citrus reticulata
      Blanco, EC50: Half Maximal Effective Concentration, PMS NADH: Phenazine
      methosulfate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NBT: Nitroblue tetrazolium, DMSO:
      Dimethyl sulfoxide, APS: Ammonium Persulphate, AAPH: 2,2 -azobis(2-amidino
      propane) dihydrochloride, TROLOX: (+/-) 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl chromane-2
      carboxylic acid, ORAC: Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity, FALGPA: N-[3-(2-Furyl)
      acryloyl)]-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala, SANA: Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide, Rf:
      Retardation Factor, MSD: Mass Selective Detector.

PMID- 27365983
TI  - Assessment of Effectiveness of Barleria prionitis on Oral Health.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of Barleria prionitis extract mouthwash in
      comparison with gold standard chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on the oral health.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 subjects were randomly divided into two
      groups, B. prionitis group and the CHX gluconate mouthwash group. The data were
      collected at the baseline and 3 days. The plaque was disclosed using erythrosine
      disclosing agent and their scores were recorded using the Quigley and Hein plaque
      index modified by Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman. Statistical analysis was performed to
      compare the effect of the two drug regime. RESULTS: Our result showed that the
      CHX and the B. prionitis were statistically equally effective against dental
      plaque. Although the action of CHX was more pronounced. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      has confirmed antimicrobial potential of the plant B. prionitis, thus supporting
      its folklore application as preventive remedy against oral microbial diseases.
      SUMMARY: Within the limitation of this trial, herbal mouthwash has been shown to
      demonstrate similar effects on plaque as compared to the standard drug CHX.
      Further long term research needs to be done to check the efficacy and
      effectiveness of herbal products over standard drug regime.

PMID- 27365984
TI  - Evaluation of Efficacy of Herbal Intrauterine Infusion Uterofix Liquid in
      Treatment of Various Reproductive Disorders in Cows: A Field Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of herbal intrauterine infusion Uterofix
      liquid in the treatment of various reproductive disorders in cows. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Based on symptoms of endometritis, anestrous, metritis, and repeat
      breeders, 28 cows were selected to study the efficacy of herbal intrauterine
      infusion Uterofix liquid (M/S Ayurvet Limited) in uterine infections study. Group
      T0 (n = 8) cows served as control group, no treatment was given to this group,
      Group T1 (n = 5) repeat breeder cows, Group T2 (n = 5) endometritis effected
      cows, Group T3 (n = 5) anoestrus cows, and Group T4 (n = 5) metritis suffered
      cows were treated with Uterofix liquid (25 ml as intrauterine infusion once a day
      for 3-5 days). Total observational period was 60 days. Number of treatments
      needed, nature of discharge in first posttreatment estrus (physical examination),
      after treatment number of animal showing heat/estrus out of total treated, and
      posttreatment conception rate were used as criteria to judge the success or
      failure of treatment. RESULTS: Results revealed that 18 out of 20 animals (90%)
      showed signs of heat with clear discharge, recovered completely without causing
      any irritation, or severe irritation/sloughing of genital mucous membrane after
      Uterofix liquid treatment. CONCLUSION: Herbal intrauterine infusion Uterofix
      liquid significantly treated the uterine infections in cows. SUMMARY: Uterine
      infection is a major problem in reproductive management. A wide variety of
      genital tract diseases of female domestic animals are known to produce
      significant losses and responsible for poor fertility. Amongst these highly
      prevalent are metritis and repeat breeding in high-producing dairy cows which if
      remains untreated are associated with low conception rate per artificial
      insemination (AI), extended interval to pregnancy, increased culling, and
      economic losses. As herbal remedy the Uterofix liquid (Ayurvet Limited, India)
      was highly efficacious as an intrauterine infusion to treat different
      reproductive disorders.

PMID- 27365986
TI  - Analgesic and Antioxidant Activities of Stem Bark Extract and Fractions of
      Petersianthus macrocarpus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Petersianthus macrocarpus (Lecythidaceae) is widely used in the folk
      medicine in Nigeria to relieve pain and fever associated with malaria. This study
      evaluated the analgesic and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract and
      fractions of the stem bark of the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The analgesic
      activity was determined in mice using hotplate and acetic acid-induced writhing
      models. Morphine sulphate (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and aspirin (100 mg/ml, p.o.) were used
      as reference analgesic agents. The antioxidant potential was evaluated using 1,1
      diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical; reducing power, iron chelating
      properties and determination of total phenolic content. RESULTS: The extract at
      200 and 500 mg/kg, produced an insignificant (P > 0.05) increase in pain
      threshold in hotplate but a significant (P < 0.05) increase at 1000 mg/kg. The
      extract significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the writhing induced by acetic acid in
      mice in a dose dependent manner. Fractionation increased the analgesic activities
      significantly (P < 0.05) in ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions (200 mg/kg). The
      extract demonstrated strong DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 0.05
      mg/ml, good reducing power and weak iron chelating activities. The total phenol
      content was 142.32 mg/gin term of gallic acid. The antioxidant effects were more
      pronounced in ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. CONCLUSION: The findings of
      the study suggested that the extract has strong analgesic and antioxidant
      activities which reside mainly in the polar fractions thus confirming the
      traditional use of the plant to alleviate pains. SUMMARY: Analgesic and
      antioxidant activities of extract and solvent fractions of Petersianthus
      macrocarpus investigated indicated that extract has analgesic and antioxidant
      properties that reside mainly in the polar fractions. Abbreviations Used: DMSO:
      Dimethyl sulphoxide, ANOVA: analysis of variance, EDTA: ethylene diamne
      tetraacetic acid, SDM: standard deviation of mean, PGE: prostaglandins E, PDF:
      prostaglandins F.

PMID- 27365985
TI  - Effects of Five Bangladeshi Plant Extracts on In vitro Thrombolysis and
      Cytotoxicity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Piper Betle, Pterospermum acerifolium, Saraca indica, Argyreia
      speciosa, and Rhaphidophora glauca are medicinal plants commonly used as
      traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. To examine, whether
      organic extracts of these plants possess thrombolytic properties with minimal or
      no toxicity is our main aim of the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In vitro
      thrombolytic model was used to check the clot lysis effects using streptokinase
      (SK) as a positive control and water as a negative control. Cytotoxicity was
      screened by brine shrimp lethality bioassay using vincristine sulfate (VS) as
      positive control. RESULTS: Among herbal drugs, different organic extracts of P.
      betle, P. acerifolium, S. indica, A. speciosa, and R. glauca showed significant
      (P < 0.05 and P < 0.0001) clot lysis activity viz., 31.58% +/-0.76%, 40.50% +/
      0.94%, 49.70% +/-1.69%, 35.81% +/-0.86%, and 43.80% +/-0.91%, respectively,
      compared to reference drug SK (79.32% +/-1.629%). In brine shrimp cytotoxic
      assay, mortality achieved by the extracts showed lethal concentration 50 (LC50)
      values 274.64 +/- 3.46, 215.60 +/- 4.59, 478.40 +/- 6.98, 233.37 +/- 2.56, and
      209.32 +/- 1.98 MUg/ml, respectively, with reference to VS (LC50, 0.05 +/- 0.34).
      CONCLUSION: In this study, S. indica, R. glauca, and P. acerifolium possessed
      effective thrombolytic activity. Further studies can be undertaken to identify
      certain structure of the ingredients in the extracts and to elucidate the precise
      mechanism of action. SUMMARY: Five Bangladesh medicinal plants, named Piper
      betle, Pterospermum acerifolium, Saraca indica, Argyreia speciosa, and
      Rhaphidophora glauca were subjected to comparative antithrombotic and toxicity
      based analysis. In comparative study, Saraca indica showed highest clot lysis
      (49.70 +/- 1.69%) activity among the other plant with lowest toxicity (LC50:
      478.40 +/- 6.98) Abbreviations Used: h: Hour; min: Minutes; sec: Second; kg:
      Kilogram; g: Gram; MUg: Microgram; L: Liter; mL: Millilitre; MUL: Micro liter;
      MUg/mL: Microgram per Milliliter; mg/kg: Milligram per kilogram; %: Percent; 
      degrees C: Degree Celsius; et al.: et alliori (and others); w/w: Weight by
      Weight; v/v: Volume by Volume; SEM: Standard Error Mean; LC50: lethal
      concentration at 50.

PMID- 27365987
TI  - UP1306, a Botanical Composition with Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Effect.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pain, one of the cardinal signs of inflammation, is the most common
      clinical manifestations of arthritis. Conventional pain relief therapy heavily
      relies on the use of prescription and over the counter nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs as the first line of defense where their long-term usage
      causes deleterious gastrointestinal and cardiovascular-related side-effects.
      Hence, there is an equivocal need for evidence-based safer and efficacious
      alternatives from natural sources to overcome the most prominent and disabling
      symptoms of arthritis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema
      and abdominal constriction (writhing's) assays in mouse were used to evaluate the
      anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of UP1306, a composition that contains a
      standardized blend of extracts from the heartwood of Acacia catechu and the root
      bark of Morus alba administered orally at dose ranges of 100-300 mg/kg.
      Cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assays were carried out to
      determine the IC50 of Acacia and Morus extracts. The merit of combining these two
      extracts was also assessed. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvement in
      pain resistance and suppression of edema were observed in animals treated with
      UP1306, when compared to vehicle-treated diseased rats and mice. Results from the
      high dose of UP1306 (300 mg/kg) were similar to those achieved by ibuprofen
      treatment at a dose of 200 mg/kg in early hours of treatment. In vitro, UP1306
      showed dose-dependent inhibition of the enzymatic activities of COX and LO with
      IC50 values of 20.9 MUg/mL, 49.2 MUg/mL, and 11.1 MUg/mL in COX-1, COX-2, and 5'
      LO, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that UP1306, analgesic, and
      anti-inflammatory agent of botanical origin with dual COX-LO inhibition activity,
      could potentially be used to alleviate symptom associated to osteoarthritis.
      SUMMARY: Pain is the most common clinical manifestations of arthritisCarrageenan
      induced rat paw edema and abdominal constriction (writhing's) assays in mouse are
      among the widely used models to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic
      effects of nutraceuticalsCyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase (LO) inhibition assays
      were carried out to determine the IC50 of Acacia and Morus extracts.Efficacy of
      UP1306, a composition containing a blend of two standardized extracts from the
      heartwood of Acacia catechu and root bark of Morus alba, was evaluated in the
      above models.UP1306 demonstrated its enhanced significance by improving the major
      cardinal signs of arthritis in vivo and inflammation markers in vitro.UP1306
      could potentially be considered as a dietary supplement product for the
      management of arthritis.

PMID- 27365988
TI  - Enhanced Synthesis of Curculigoside by Stress and Amino Acids in Static Culture
      of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Kali Musli).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn (Kali musli; Family: Hypoxidaceae) is an
      endangered medicinal plant used for many medicinal purposes such as impotency,
      aphrodisiac, tonic, jaundice, and skin ailments. Its hepatoprotective,
      antioxidant, and anti-cancerous potential have also been evaluated by many
      scientists. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to enhance the
      curculigoside content in tissue culture of C. orchioides. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The present study deals with the enhancement of an active compound of C.
      orchioides by incorporating various concentration of phenylalanine (Phe),
      tyrosine, (20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/100 ml), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) (1, 2, 3,
      4, and 5 ppm) into Zenk media in controlled and aseptic conditions. RESULTS:
      Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals, food
      additives, flavors, and industrially important biochemicals. Accumulation of such
      metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various
      elicitors or signal molecules. A significantly remarkable enhancement in all
      induced samples was noted. Curculigoside content was maximum in the 6-week-old
      tissue induced with 3 ppm of Cr (7.63%) followed by 4 weeks tissue of tissue fed
      with 4 ppm of Ni (5.66%) and 4-week-old tissue fed with tyrosine 7.5 mg/100 ml
      (2.38%) among all samples used. These results suggest that tyrosine is better
      enhancer than Phe in the biosynthetic pathway of curculigoside. The presence of
      curculigoside in all extracts was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy, high-performance thin layer chromatography analysis with standard
      compound of curculigoside and histology of treated samples. CONCLUSION: This
      investigation was carried out for the 1(st) time, and it is a significant step in
      understanding the biochemistry of curculigoside. The developed protocol will be
      beneficial for marketing in pharmaceutical industries. SUMMARY: Curculigo
      orchioides Gaertn (Kali musli; Family: Hypoxidaceae) is an endangered medicinal
      plant used for many medicinal purposes such as impotency, aphrodisiac, tonic,
      jaundice, and skin ailments.It was observed that dry matter % was maximum in 6
      week-old tissue fed with 2.5 mg/100 ml of tyrosine and diminished beyond this
      concentration among all samples usedThe nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) stress has
      enhanced the curculigoside in considerable amount in nontoxic range, in tissue
      culture of C. orchioides.Curculigoside content was maximum in 6-week-old tissue
      induced with 3 ppm of Cr (7.63%; 11-fold enhancement) followed by 4 weeks tissue
      of tissue fed with 4 ppm of Ni (5.66%) and 4-week-old tissue fed with tyrosine
      7.5 mg/100 ml (2.38%) among all samples used. Histological studies confirmed the
      enhanced production of curculigoside. Abbreviations Used: Phe: Phenylalanine,
      PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, mM: mille Molar, Cr: Chromium, Ni: Nickel,
      HPTLC: High-performance thin layer chromatography.

PMID- 27365989
TI  - In vivo Toxicity Studies on Gall Extracts of Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) Retz.
      (Combretaceae).
AB  - The galls of Terminala chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Combretaceae) are used for the
      treatment of various diseases in folk medicine and has been found to posses anti
      inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-helmintic, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-aging
      activities. Considering the ethano-botanical and diverse pharmacological
      applications of galls of T. chebula, in this study, we investigate the possible
      toxic effects of different gall extracts of T. chebula by Brine shrimp (Artemia
      salina) toxicity assay. The cytotoxicity test of leaf gall extracts (petroleum
      ether, chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous) of T. chebula was evaluated by Brine
      shrimp (A. salina) toxicity assay, which is based on the ability to kill
      laboratory cultured Artemia nauplii (animals eggs) and also total content of
      polyphenols, flavonoids with other qualitative phytochemical analysis of the
      extract were determined. It was observed that the petroleum ether extract was
      virtually nontoxic on the shrimps, and exhibited very low toxicity with LC50
      value of 4356.76 MUg/ml. Furthermore, the chloroform extract exhibited very low
      toxicity, giving LC50 value of 1462.2 MUg/ml. On the other hand, the ethanol
      extract was very toxic to brine shrimps with LC50 value of 68.64 MUg/ml. The
      ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content of 136 +/-
      1.5 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g d.w and 113 +/- 1.6 mg of quercetin
      equivalent/g d.w, respectively. The higher toxicity effect was positively
      correlated to the high content of total polyphenols/flavonoids in the extract.
      This significant lethality of different extracts to brine shrimp is an indicative
      of the presence of potent cytotoxic components which warrants further
      investigation. SUMMARY: The present study investigates the toxicity effect of
      different extracts of galls of T. chebulla, which would serve as an index for
      formulation of drugs for treatment of various diseases. Presumably, these
      activities could be attributed in part to the polyphenolic features of the
      extract, as there was a strong correlation of higher toxic effect with that of
      high total phenolic and flavonoids content in the ethanolic leaf gall extracts of
      T. chebula.

PMID- 27365990
TI  - Croton grewioides Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) Shows Antidiarrheal Activity in Mice.
AB  - Based on chemotaxonomy, we decided to investigate the possible antidiarrheal
      activity in mice of a crude ethanolic extract obtained from aerial parts of
      Croton grewioides (CG-EtOH). We tested for any possible toxicity in rat
      erythrocytes and acute toxicity in mice. Antidiarrheal activity was assessed by
      determining the effect of CG-EtOH on defecation frequency, liquid stool,
      intestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation. CG-EtOH showed no in vitro
      cytotoxicity and was not orally lethal. In contrast, the extract given
      intraperitoneally (at 2000 mg/kg) was lethal, but only in females. CG-EtOH
      produced a significant and equipotent antidiarrheal activity, both in defecation
      frequency (ED50 = 106.0 +/- 8.1 mg/kg) and liquid stools (ED50 = 105.0 +/- 9.2
      mg/kg). However, CG-EtOH (125 mg/kg) decreased intestinal motility by only 22.7%
      +/- 4.4%. Moreover, extract markedly inhibited the castor oil-induced intestinal
      contents (ED50 = 34.6 +/- 5.4 mg/kg). We thus conclude that CG-EtOH is not orally
      lethal and contains active principles with antidiarrheal activity, and this
      effect seems to involve mostly changes in intestinal secretion. SUMMARY: CG-EtOH
      showed no in vitro cytotoxicity and was not orally lethal. In contrast, the
      extract given intraperitoneally (at 2000 mg/kg) was lethal, but only in
      females.CG-EtOH probably contains active metabolites with antidiarrheal
      activity.CG-EtOH reduced the frequency and number of liquid stools.Metabolites
      presents in the CG-EtOH act mainly by reducing intestinal fluid and, to a lesser
      extent, reducing intestinal motility. Abbreviations Used: CG-EtOH: crude
      ethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of C. grewioides; WHO: World
      Health Organization; ED50: dose of a drug that produces 50% of its maximum
      effect; Emax: maximum effect.

PMID- 27365991
TI  - Hepatoprotective and Cytotoxic Activities of Abietic Acid from Isodon wightii
      (Bentham) H. Hara.
AB  - Isodon (Lamiaceae) is a known source of bioactive terpenoids. Diterpenoids
      isolated from Isodon wightii (Bentham) H. Hara showed antibacterial,
      antiacetylcholinesterase, antioxidant, anticancer, and anticarcinogenic
      activities, etc., Hepatoprotective activity of ABA against lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) induced liver injury in BALB/c mice was studied. Cytotoxic activity of ABA
      was tested against cervical cancer cells (HeLa) using MTT assay followed by
      propidium iodide (PI) staining to identify apoptosis. Histopathological analysis
      revealed that 1.5 ?g/mL LPS induced liver damage was attenuated by ABA in a dose
      dependent manner. ABA showed cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 176.28 +/- 0.02
      ?g/mL and PI staining of treated cells showed apoptosis. This study proves that
      ABA would be a promising natural compound for herbal drug preparation. SUMMARY:
      In the present study, abietic acid isolated from I. wightii had potent
      hepatoprotective effect on LPS induced liver damage in BALB/c mice. Abietic acid
      also showed cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells followed by apoptosis induction
      confirmed by PI staining. Abbreviation Used: ABA: Abietic acid; LPS:
      Lipopolysacharride; PBS: Phosphate buffer saline; PI: Propidium iodide; NMR:
      Nuclear magnetic resonance; COSY: Correlation spectroscopy; HSQC: Heteronuclear
      single quantum correlation; HMBC: Heteronuclear multi - bond correlation; MTT: 3
      (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide.

PMID- 27365992
TI  - Evaluating the Anticancer Potential of Ethanolic Gall Extract of Terminalia
      chebula (Gaertn.) Retz. (Combretaceae).
AB  - Plants have been an important source for discovery of anticancer compounds. With
      the current decline in the number of new molecular entities from the
      pharmaceutical industry, novel anticancer agents are being sought from
      traditional medicines; therefore the anticancer efficacy of many plants that are
      used in traditional medicine is yet to be verified. The objective of the study
      was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of ethanolic leaf gall extract of
      Terminalia chebula are evaluated against buffalo rat liver 3A, MCF-7 (Human
      mammary gland adenocarcinoma) and A-549 (Human lung cancer) cell lines. The
      cytotoxic effect of the ethanolic extract was evaluated by MTT assay. The extract
      was potent and effective in inducing cytotoxic effects in all the cell lines with
      an IC50 value of 305.18 +/- 1.7 MUg/mL, 643.13 +/- 4.2 MUg/mL, and 208.16 +/- 3.7
      MU/mL, respectively. The extract was more effective against A549 cell lines when
      compared to others. The presences of phenolics, triterpenoids, and flavonoids
      were identified in the extract. The extract showed total phenolic and flavonoid
      content of 478 +/- 2.2 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g d.w and 538 +/- 1.4 mg of
      quercetinequivalent/g d.w, respectively. This higher content of total phenolics
      and flavonoids found in the ethanolic extract was directly associated to higher
      cytotoxicity activity. CONCLUSION: The ethanolic leaf gall extract of T. chebula
      showed effective cytotoxic activities; which might be attributed to the
      phenolics/flavonoids present in higher concentration. Future work will be
      interesting to know the chemical composition of the extract and also better
      understand the mechanism of action of the constituents present in the extract to
      develop it as drug for therapeutic application. SUMMARY: The present
      investigation establishes the anticancer activities of T. chebula leaf gall
      extracts on BRL3A, MCF-7, and A-549 cells. Presumably, these activities could be
      attributed in part to the phenolics/flavanoids features of the extract that has
      been demonstrated to act as cytotoxic agents. The experimental evidence obtained
      in the laboratory model could provide a rationale for the traditional use of
      plant as a source of easily available effective anticancer agents to the people,
      particularly in developing countries.

PMID- 27365994
TI  - Homeopathy in Dentistry: Is There a Role?

PMID- 27365993
TI  - Inhibition of Group IIA Secretory Phospholipase A2 and its Inflammatory Reactions
      in Mice by Ethanolic Extract of Andrographis paniculata, a Well-known Medicinal
      Food.
AB  - Andrographis paniculata Nees is an important medicinal plant found in the
      tropical regions of the world, which has been traditionally used in Indian and
      Chinese medicinal systems. It is also used as medicinal food. A. paniculata is
      found to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities; however, its inhibitory potential
      on inflammatory Group IIA phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and its associated
      inflammatory reactions are not clearly understood. The aim of the present study
      is to evaluate the inhibitory/neutralizing potential of ethanolic extract of A.
      paniculata on the isolated inflammatory PLA2 (VRV-PL-VIIIa) from Daboii rusellii
      pulchella (belonging to Group IIA inflammatory secretory PLA2 [sPLA2]) and its
      associated edema-induced activities in Swiss albino mice. A. paniculata extract
      dose dependently inhibited the Group IIA sPLA2 enzymatic activity with an IC50
      value of 10.3 +/- 0.5 MUg/ml. Further, the extract dose dependently inhibited the
      edema formation, when co-injected with enzyme indicating that a strong
      correlation exists between lipolytic and pro-inflammatory activities of the
      enzyme. In conclusion, results of this study shows that the ethanolic extract of
      A. paniculata effectively inhibits Group IIA sPLA2 and its associated
      inflammatory activities, which substantiate its anti-inflammatory properties. The
      results of the present study warranted further studies to develop bioactive
      compound (s) in ethanolic extract of A. paniculata as potent therapeutic agent
      (s) for inflammatory diseases. SUMMARY: This study emphasis the anti-inflammatory
      effect of A. paniculata by inhibiting the inflammatory Group IIA sPLA2 and its
      associated inflammatory activities such as edema. It was found that there is a
      strong correlation between lipolytic activity and pro-inflammatory activity
      inhibition. Therefore, the study suggests that the extract processes potent anti
      inflammatory agents, which could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent
      against inflammatory and related diseases.

PMID- 27365995
TI  - Beef from the United States: Is It Safe?

PMID- 27365996
TI  - Rheumatology in India: a Bird's Eye View on Organization, Epidemiology, Training
      Programs and Publications.
AB  - India is home to the world's second largest population. Rheumatology is an
      emerging specialty in India. We reviewed organization, epidemiology and training
      facilities for Rheumatology in India. Also, we also looked at publications in the
      field of rheumatology from India from over the past six years using Scopus and
      Medline databases. Despite rheumatologic disorders affecting 6%-24% of the
      population, rheumatology in India is still in its infancy. Till recently, there
      were as few as two centers in the country training less than five fellows per
      year. However, acute shortage of specialists and increasing patient numbers led
      to heightened awareness regarding the need to train rheumatologists.
      Subsequently, six new centers have now started 3-year training programs in
      rheumatology. The epidemiology of rheumatic diseases in India is being actively
      studies under the Community Oriented Programme for Control of Rheumatic Diseases
      (COPCORD) initiative. The most number of publications on rheumatic diseases from
      India are on rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and osteoporosis, many of which have
      been widely cited. Major collaborators worldwide are USA, UK and France, whereas
      those from Asia are Japan, Saudi Arabia and Singapore. The Indian Rheumatology
      Association (IRA) is the national organization of rheumatologists. The flagship
      publication of the IRA, the Indian Journal of Rheumatology, is indexed in Scopus
      and Embase. To conclude, rheumatology in India is an actively expanding and
      productive field with significant contributions to world literature. There is a
      need to train more personnel in the subject in India. 

PMID- 27365997
TI  - Influence of Social Engagement on Mortality in Korea: Analysis of the Korean
      Longitudinal Study of Aging (2006-2012).
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of social engagement
      and patterns of change in social engagement over time on mortality in a large
      population, aged 45 years or older. Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of
      Aging from 2006 and 2012 were assessed using longitudinal data analysis. We
      included 8,234 research subjects at baseline (2006). The primary analysis was
      based on Cox proportional hazards models to examine our hypothesis. The hazard
      ratio of all-cause mortality for the lowest level of social engagement was 1.841
      times higher (P < 0.001) compared with the highest level of social engagement.
      Subgroup analysis results by gender showed a similar trend. A six-class linear
      solution fit the data best, and class 1 (the lowest level of social engagement
      class, 7.6% of the sample) was significantly related to the highest mortality
      (HR: 4.780, P < 0.001). Our results provide scientific insight on the effects of
      the specificity of the level of social engagement and changes in social
      engagement on all-cause mortality in current practice, which are important for
      all-cause mortality risk. Therefore, protection from all-cause mortality may
      depend on avoidance of constant low-levels of social engagement. 

PMID- 27365998
TI  - Quasi-Experiment Study on Effectiveness Evaluation of Health Communication
      Strategies.
AB  - This experimental study examined differences in doctor-patient relationships
      according to the health communication strategies during cases of medical
      malpractices occurred at primary medical institution. A total of 116 subjects
      aged in their 20s-50s was sampled. The first medical malpractice scenario chosen
      was the medical malpractice case most frequently registered at the Korean Medical
      Association Mutual Aid and the second scenario was associated with materials and
      devices as the cause of malpractice. Four types of crisis communication strategy
      messages were utilized, consisting of denial, denial + ingratiation, apology, and
      apology + ingratiation. Subjects were classified into four research groups by
      crisis communication strategy to measure levels of trust, control mutuality,
      commitment, and satisfaction, before and after the occurrence of medical
      malpractice and application of communication strategies. The findings of this
      study revealed that the apology strategy, compared with the denial strategy,
      showed a smaller difference before and after the application of communication
      strategies in all variables of trust (F = 8.080, F = 5.768), control mutuality (F
      = 8.824, F = 9.081), commitment (F = 9.815, F = 8.301), and satisfaction (F =
      8.723, F = 5.638). Further, a significant interaction effect was shown between
      variables. The apology strategy, compared with the denial strategy, was effective
      in the improvement of doctor-patient relationships in both Scenarios I and II.
      For Scenario I, the apology strategy without ingratiation boosted commitment and
      satisfaction, but for Scenario II, utilizing the apology strategy with
      ingratiation boosted the effectiveness of trust and commitment. 

PMID- 27365999
TI  - The Poisoning Information Database Covers a Large Proportion of Real Poisoning
      Cases in Korea.
AB  - The poisoning information database (PIDB) provides clinical toxicological
      information on commonly encountered toxic substances in Korea. The aim of this
      study was to estimate the coverage rate of the PIDB by comparing the database
      with the distribution of toxic substances that real poisoning patients presented
      to 20 emergency departments. Development of the PIDB started in 2007, and the
      number of toxic substances increased annually from 50 to 470 substances in 2014.
      We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with toxic exposure
      who visited 20 emergency departments in Korea from January to December 2013.
      Identified toxic substances were classified as prescription drug, agricultural
      chemical, household product, animal or plant, herbal drug, or other. We
      calculated the coverage rate of the PIDB for both the number of poisoning cases
      and the kinds of toxic substances. A total of 10,887 cases of intoxication among
      8,145 patients was collected. The 470 substances registered in the PIDB covered
      89.3% of 8,891 identified cases related to poisoning, while the same substances
      only covered 45.3% of the 671 kinds of identified toxic substances. According to
      category, 211 prescription drugs, 58 agricultural chemicals, 28 household
      products, and 32 animals or plants were not covered by the PIDB. This study
      suggested that the PIDB covered a large proportion of real poisoning cases in
      Korea. However, the database should be continuously extended to provide
      information for even rare toxic substances. 

PMID- 27366000
TI  - Does High Emotional Demand with Low Job Control Relate to Suicidal Ideation among
      Service and Sales Workers in Korea?
AB  - We examined the relationship of high emotional demands and low job control to
      suicidal ideation among service and sales workers in Korea. A total of 1,995
      service and sales workers participated in this study. Suicidal ideation and level
      of emotional demand and job control were assessed by self-reported questionnaire
      in 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Gender-specific
      odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for suicidal ideation were
      calculated using logistic regression analysis. The results show that workers who
      suffered from high emotional demands (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.24-3.45 in men, OR,
      1.97; 95% CI, 1.42-2.75 in women) or low job control (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.42-2.75
      in men, OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.91-1.93 in women) were more likely to experience
      suicidal ideation after controlling for age, household income, and employment
      characteristics. The interaction model of emotional demands and job control
      revealed that workers with high emotional demands and high job control (OR, 1.93;
      95% CI, 1.08-3.45 in men, OR, 1.60; 95% CI,1.06-2.42 in women) and high emotional
      demands and low job control (OR; 4.60, 95% CI;1.88-11.29 in men, OR; 2.78, 95%
      CI;1.64-4.44 in women) had a higher risk for suicidal ideation compared to those
      with low emotional demands and high job control after controlling for age,
      household income, employment characteristics, smoking, alcohol drinking and
      physical activity habit. These results suggest that high emotional demands in
      both genders and low job control in men might play a crucial role in developing
      suicidal ideation among sales and service workers in Korea. 

PMID- 27366001
TI  - Peri-Transplant Change in AFP Level: a Useful Predictor of Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma Recurrence Following Liver Transplantation.
AB  - Pretransplant alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a useful tumor marker predicting
      recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Little is known, however, about the
      relationship between changes in AFP concentration and prognosis. This study
      investigated the clinical significance of change in peri-transplant AFP level as
      a predictor of HCC recurrence. Data from 125 HCC patients with elevated
      pretransplant AFP level who underwent liver transplantation (LT) between February
      2000 and December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with AFP
      normalization within 1 month after LT were classified into the rapid
      normalization group (n = 97), with all other patients classified into the non
      rapid normalization group (n = 28). Tumor recurrence was observed in 17 of the 97
      patients (17.5%) with rapid normalization; of these, 11 patients had high AFP
      levels and six had normal levels at recurrence. In contrast, tumor recurrence was
      observed in 24 of the 28 patients (85.7%) without rapid normalization, with all
      24 having high AFP levels at recurrence. Multivariate analysis showed that non
      rapid normalization (harzard ratio [HR], 4.41, P < 0.001), sex (HR, 3.26, P =
      0.03), tumor size (HR, 1.15, P = 0.001), and microvascular invasion (HR, 2.65, P
      = 0.005) were independent risk factors for recurrence. In conclusion, rapid
      normalization of post-LT AFP level at 1 month is a useful clinical marker for HCC
      recurrence. Therefore, an adjuvant strategy and/or intensive screening are needed
      for patients who do not show rapid normalization. 

PMID- 27366002
TI  - High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Children with
      High-Risk or Recurrent Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas.
AB  - Despite increasing evidence that high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell
      transplantation (HDCT/auto-SCT) might improve the survival of patients with high
      risk or recurrent solid tumors, therapy effectiveness for bone and soft tissue
      sarcoma treatment remains unclear. This study retrospectively investigated the
      feasibility and effectiveness of HDCT/auto-SCT for high-risk or recurrent bone
      and soft tissue sarcoma. A total of 28 patients (18 high-risk and 10 recurrent)
      underwent single or tandem HDCT/auto-SCT between October 2004 and September 2014.
      During follow-up of a median 15.3 months, 18 patients exhibited disease
      progression and 2 died of treatment-related toxicities (1 veno-occlusive disease
      and 1 sepsis). Overall, 8 patients remained alive and progression-free. The 3
      year overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates for all 28
      patients were 28.7% and 26.3%, respectively. In the subgroup analysis, OS and EFS
      rates were higher in patients with complete or partial remission prior to
      HDCT/auto-SCT than in those with worse responses (OS, 39.1% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.002;
      EFS, 36.8% vs. 0.0%, P < 0.001). Therefore, careful selection of patients who can
      benefit from HDCT/auto-SCT and maximal effort to reduce tumor burden prior to
      treatment will be important to achieve favorable outcomes in patients with high
      risk or recurrent bone and soft tissue sarcomas. 

PMID- 27366003
TI  - Perception and Attitudes of Korean Obstetricians about Maternal Influenza
      Vaccination.
AB  - Pregnant women are prioritized to receive influenza vaccination. However, the
      maternal influenza vaccination rate has been low in Korea. To identify potential
      barriers for the vaccination of pregnant women against influenza, a survey using
      a questionnaire on the perceptions and attitudes about maternal influenza
      vaccination was applied to Korean obstetricians between May and August of 2014. A
      total of 473 respondents participated in the survey. Most respondents (94.8%,
      442/466) recognized that influenza vaccination was required for pregnant women.
      In addition, 92.8% (410/442) respondents knew that the incidence of adverse
      events following influenza vaccination is not different between pregnant and non
      pregnant women. However, 26.5% (124/468) obstetricians strongly recommended
      influenza vaccination to pregnant women. The concern about adverse events
      following influenza vaccination was considered as a major barrier for the
      promotion of maternal influenza vaccination by healthcare providers. Providing
      professional information and education about maternal influenza vaccination will
      enhance the perception of obstetricians about influenza vaccination to pregnant
      women and will be helpful to improve maternal influenza vaccination coverage in
      Korea. 

PMID- 27366004
TI  - Effects of Educational Interventions for Chronic Airway Disease on Primary Care.
AB  - Education has been known to essential for management of chronic airway diseases.
      However the real benefits remain unclear. We evaluated the effectiveness of an
      organized educational intervention for chronic airway diseases directed at
      primary care physicians and patients. The intervention was a 1-month education
      program of three visits, during which subjects were taught about their disease,
      an action plan in acute exacerbation and inhaler technique. Asthma control tests
      (ACT) for asthma and, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) assessment
      tests (CAT) for COPD subjects were compared before and after education as an
      index of quality of life. Educational effectiveness was also measured associated
      with improvement of their knowledge for chronic airway disease itself, proper use
      of inhaler technique, and satisfaction of the subjects and clinicians before and
      after education. Among the 285 participants, 60.7% (n = 173) were men and the
      mean age was 62.2 +/- 14.7. ACT for asthma and CAT in COPD patients were
      significantly improved by 49.7% (n = 79) and 51.2% (n = 65) more than MCID
      respectively after education (P < 0.05). In all individual items, knowledge about
      their disease, inhaler use and satisfaction of the patients and clinicians were
      also improved after education (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates the well
      organized education program for primary care physicians and patients is a crucial
      process for management of chronic airway diseases. 

PMID- 27366005
TI  - Management of Suspicious Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma in Gastric
      Biopsy Specimens Obtained during Screening Endoscopy.
AB  - It is often difficult to differentiate gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
      (MALT) lymphoma from Helicobacter pylori-associated follicular gastritis, and
      thus, it becomes unclear how to manage these diseases. This study aimed to
      explore the management strategy for and the long-term outcomes of suspicious
      gastric MALT lymphoma detected by forceps biopsy during screening upper
      endoscopy. Between October 2003 and May 2013, consecutive subjects who were
      diagnosed with suspicious gastric MALT lymphomas by screening endoscopy in a
      health checkup program in Korea were retrospectively enrolled. Suspicious MALT
      lymphoma was defined as a Wotherspoon score of 3 or 4 upon pathological
      evaluation of the biopsy specimen. Of 105,164 subjects who underwent screening
      endoscopies, 49 patients with suspicious MALT lymphomas who underwent subsequent
      endoscopy were enrolled. Eight patients received a subsequent endoscopy without
      H. pylori eradication (subsequent endoscopy only group), and 41 patients received
      H. pylori eradication first followed by endoscopy (eradication first group). MALT
      lymphoma development was significantly lower in the eradication first group
      (2/41, 4.9%) than in the subsequent endoscopy only group (3/8, 37.5%, P = 0.026).
      Notably, among 35 patients with successful H. pylori eradication, there was only
      one MALT lymphoma patient (2.9%) in whom complete remission was achieved, and
      there was no recurrence during a median 45 months of endoscopic follow-up. H.
      pylori eradication with subsequent endoscopy would be a practical management
      option for suspicious MALT lymphoma detected in a forceps biopsy specimen
      obtained during screening upper endoscopy. 

PMID- 27366007
TI  - Sonographic Growth Charts for Kidney Length in Normal Korean Children: a
      Prospective Observational Study.
AB  - Kidney length is the most useful parameter for clinical measurement of kidney
      size, and is useful to distinguish acute kidney injury from chronic kidney
      disease. In this prospective observational study of 437 normal children aged
      between 0 and < 13 years, kidney length was measured using sonography. There were
      good correlations between kidney length and somatic values, including age,
      weight, height, and body surface area. The rapid growth of height during the
      first 2 years of life was intimately associated with a similar increase in kidney
      length, suggesting that height should be considered an important factor
      correlating with kidney length. Based on our findings, the following regression
      equation for the reference values of bilateral kidney length for Korean children
      was obtained: kidney length of the right kidney (cm) = 0.051 * height (cm) +
      2.102; kidney length of the left kidney (cm) = 0.051 * height (cm) + 2.280. This
      equation may aid in the diagnosis of various kidney disorders. 

PMID- 27366006
TI  - Early Changes in the Serotype Distribution of Invasive Pneumococcal Isolates from
      Children after the Introduction of Extended-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate
      Vaccines in Korea, 2011-2013.
AB  - This study was performed to measure early changes in the serotype distribution of
      pneumococci isolated from children with invasive disease during the 3-year period
      following the introduction of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
      (PCVs) in Korea. From January 2011 to December 2013 at 25 hospitals located
      throughout Korea, pneumococci were isolated among children who had invasive
      pneumococcal disease (IPD). Serotypes were determined using the Quellung
      reaction, and the change in serotype distribution was analyzed. Seventy-five
      cases of IPD were included. Eighty percent of patients were aged 3-59 months, and
      32% had a comorbidity that increased the risk of pneumococcal infection. The most
      common serotypes were 19A (32.0%), 10A (8.0%), and 15C (6.7%). The PCV7 serotypes
      (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F, and 6A) accounted for 14.7% of the total isolates
      and the PCV13 minus PCV7 types (1, 3, 5, 7F and 19A) accounted for 32.0% of the
      total isolates. Serotype 19A was the only serotype in the PCV13 minus PCV7 group.
      The proportion of serotype 19A showed decreasing tendency from 37.5% in 2011 to
      22.2% in 2013 (P = 0.309), while the proportion of non-PCV13 types showed
      increasing tendency from 45.8% in 2011 to 72.2% in 2013 (P = 0.108). Shortly
      after the introduction of extended-valent PCVs in Korea, serotype 19A continued
      to be the most common serotype causing IPD in children. Subsequently, the
      proportion of 19A decreased, and non-vaccine serotypes emerged as an important
      cause of IPD. The impact of extended-valent vaccines must be continuously
      monitored. 

PMID- 27366008
TI  - The Risk Factors and Pregnancy Outcomes of 48 Cases of Heterotopic Pregnancy from
      a Single Center.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors that are associated
      with heterotopic pregnancy (HP) following in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo
      transfer (ET) and to demonstrate the outcomes of HP after the surgical treatment
      of ectopic pregnancies. Forty-eight patients from a single center, who were
      diagnosed with HP between 1998 and 2012 were included. All of the patients had
      received infertility treatments, such as Clomid with timed coitus (n = 1, 2.1%),
      superovulation with intrauterine insemination (n = 7, 14.6%), fresh non-donor IVF
      ET (n = 33, 68.8%), and frozen-thawed cycles (n = 7, 14.6%). Eighty-four
      additional patients were randomly selected as controls from the IVF registry
      database. HP was diagnosed at 7.5 +/- 1.2 weeks (range 5.4-10.3) gestational age.
      In six cases (12.5%), the diagnosis was made three weeks after the patients
      underwent treatment for abortion. There were significant differences in the
      history of ectopic pregnancy (22.5% vs. 3.6%, P = 0.002). There were no
      significant differences in either group between the rates of first trimester
      intrauterine fetal loss (15.0% vs. 13.1%) or live birth (80.0% vs. 84.1%) after
      the surgical treatment for ectopic pregnancy. The risk factors for HP include a
      history of ectopic pregnancy (OR 7.191 [1.591-32.513], P = 0.010), abortion (OR
      3.948 [1.574-9.902], P = 0.003), and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) (OR
      10.773 [2.415-48.060], P = 0.002). In patients undergoing IVF-ET, history of
      ectopic pregnancy, abortion, and OHSS may be risk factors for HP as compared to
      the control group of other IVF patients. The surgical treatment of HP does not
      appear to affect the rates of first trimester fetal loss or live birth. 

PMID- 27366009
TI  - Febrile Urinary Tract Infection after Radical Cystectomy and Ileal Neobladder in
      Patients with Bladder Cancer.
AB  - Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common complications after
      radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. This study
      investigated the incidence and implicated pathogen of febrile UTI after ileal
      neobladder reconstruction and identify clinical and urodynamic parameters
      associated with febrile UTI. From January 2001 to May 2015, 236 patients who
      underwent radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder were included in this study.
      Fifty-five episodes of febrile UTI were identified in 46 patients (19.4%). The
      probability of febrile UTI was 17.6% and 19.8% at 6 months and 24 months after
      surgery, respectively. While, Escherichia coli was the most common implicated
      pathogen (22/55, 40.0%), Enterococcus spp. were the most common pathogen during
      the first month after surgery (18/33, 54.5%). In multivariate logistic regression
      analysis, ureteral stricture was an independent risk factor associated with
      febrile UTI (OR 5.93, P = 0.023). However, ureteral stricture accounted for only
      6 episodes (10.9%, 6/55) of febrile UTI. Most episodes of febrile UTI occurred
      within 6 months after surgery. Thus, to identify risk factors associated with
      febrile UTI in the initial postoperative period, we assessed videourodynamics
      within 6 months after surgery in 38 patients. On videourodyamic examination,
      vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was identified in 16 patients (42.1%). The rate of
      VUR presence in patients who had febrile UTI was not significantly different from
      those in patients without febrile UTI (50% vs. 39.3%, P = 0.556). Patients with
      febrile UTI had significantly larger residual urine volume (212.0 +/- 193.7 vs.
      90.5 +/- 148.2, P = 0.048) than those without. E. coli and Enterococcus spp. are
      common pathogens and ureteral stricture and residual urine are risk factors for
      UTI after ileal neobladder reconstruction. 

PMID- 27366010
TI  - Psychological Status and Associated Factors among Korean Cancer Survivors: a
      Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Fourth & Fifth Korea National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Surveys.
AB  - It is important to assess psychological distress after a diagnosis for cancer
      survivors, a population with a high risk for psychological distress. The aim of
      this study is to assess psychological distress among cancer survivors and to
      clarify the associated factors. In this cross-sectional analysis, data were
      obtained from standardized questionnaires administered to 1,163 cancer survivors
      and 49,243 non-cancer survivors who participated in the Fourth and Fifth Korea
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2012). We identified the
      adjusted rates for psychological distress and assessed factors associated with
      this kind of distress using multivariate logistic regression. Cancer survivors
      tended to have a higher adjusted rate of psychological distress than the general
      population. The current depressive symptom rate for cancer survivors was 16.69%,
      and the adjusted rate for history of depression in cancer survivors was 15.61%.
      The adjusted rate for higher level of stress was 25.51% in cancer survivors.
      Among the cancer survivors, younger subjects, female subjects, and those with
      limited social support were more prone to psychological distress. In addition,
      current smokers or risky drinkers, those with chronic diseases, and those with a
      poor self-perception of their health status were also identified as a high-risk
      group for psychological distress. As the number of cancer survivors has
      increased, the importance of assessing psychological distress after a cancer
      diagnosis should be emphasized among all cancer survivors. Further, psychological
      supportive care interventions for cancer survivors are needed to improve the
      survival rate and improve their quality of life. 

PMID- 27366011
TI  - Validation of the Korean-Version of the Clinical Assessment Interview for
      Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (CAINS).
AB  - The Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) was developed to
      overcome the limitations of existing instruments and reflect the current view of
      negative symptoms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability
      and validity of the Korean version of the Clinical Assessment Interview for
      Negative Symptoms (K-CAINS). Inpatients (n = 49) and outpatients (n = 70) with
      schizophrenia were recruited from three institutions. The confirmative factor
      analysis, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, convergent validity,
      and discriminant validity were assessed. The study group consisted of 71 males
      (59.7%) and 48 females (40.3%). Their mean age was 42.15 years (SD = 12.2). The K
      CAINS was confirmed to be divided into two subscales of 9 items related to
      "motivation/pleasure" and 4 items related to "expression" in concordance with the
      original version of the CAINS. The results showed that the K-CAINS had a good
      inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.84-0.94), test-retest reliability (r = 0.90, P <
      0.001). Convergent validity was proven by demonstrating a significant correlation
      with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) negative subscale, and the
      Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Discriminant validity was
      proven by the lack of a significant correlation with the PANSS positive subscale,
      the Korean version of the Beck depression inventory (BDI), the Korean version of
      the Calgary depression scale for schizophrenia (K-CDSS), and the Modified Simpson
      Angus scale (MSAS). The K-CAINS could be a reliable and valid tool to assess the
      negative symptoms of Korean schizophrenia patients. 

PMID- 27366012
TI  - The Association between Symptoms of Dry Eye Syndrome and Metabolic Outcome in a
      General Population in Korea.
AB  - Dry eye syndrome (DES) is recognized as a public health concern. One of the
      pathophysiologies in the development of DES is inflammation, and metabolic
      syndrome (MetS), which is highly prevalent in the general population, is a well
      known chronic and systemic inflammatory condition. Despite the increasing
      interest regarding a relationship between DES and MetS, information is lacking on
      the association between DES and MetS and its individual components. We
      investigated the association between DES symptoms and MetS and its components
      among adults aged >= 19 years using population-based data from the Korea National
      Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V. A sample group of 15,294 adults
      (42.67% men and 57.33% women) completed household interviews in which they
      provided blood (for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and
      glucose) and anthropometric measurements (including waist circumference, weight,
      and height) to define MetS. We also collected information regarding
      sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors. The survey results showed that
      11.50% of men and 22.35% of women experienced DES and 5.30% of patients had both
      DES and diagnosis of MetS, including 204 men and 606 women. Thus, no significant
      difference was observed between DES and the diagnosis of MetS according to sex (P
      = 0.4008 in men; P = 0.0804 in women); however, a significant association was
      observed between DES and hypertriglyceridemia in women (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01
      1.29). Therefore, hypertriglyceridemia might be an important factor in the
      association between DES and MetS. Further longitudinal research is needed to
      evaluate this relationship. 

PMID- 27366013
TI  - Effect of Hydroxychloroquine Treatment on Dry Eyes in Subjects with Primary
      Sjogren's Syndrome: a Double-Blind Randomized Control Study.
AB  - The effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on dry eye has not been fully determined.
      This study aimed to compare the 12-week efficacy of HCQ medication with that of a
      placebo in the management of dry eye in primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). A
      double-blind, randomized control study was conducted in 39 pSS subjects from May
      2011 through August 2013. pSS was diagnosed based on the classification criteria
      of the American-European Consensus Group. Subjects received 300 mg of HCQ or
      placebo once daily for 12 weeks and were evaluated at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks,
      with a re-visit at 16 weeks after drug discontinuance. The fluorescein staining
      score, Schirmer test score, tear film break-up time (TBUT), and ocular surface
      disease index (OSDI) were measured, and tears and blood were collected for ESR,
      IL-6, IL-17, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), and Th17 cell analysis. Color
      testing was performed and the fundus was examined to monitor HCQ complications.
      Twenty-six subjects completed the follow-up. The fluorescein staining score and
      Schirmer test score did not differ significantly. The OSDI improved with
      medication in the HCQ group but was not significantly different between the
      groups. TBUT, serum IL-6, ESR, serum and tear BAFF, and the proportion of Th17
      cells did not change in either group. HCQ at 300 mg daily for 12 weeks has no
      apparent clinical benefit for dry eye and systemic inflammation in pSS
      (ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT01601028). 

PMID- 27366014
TI  - An Analysis of the Filaggrin Gene Polymorphism in Korean Atopic Dermatitis
      Patients.
AB  - Research of the FLG mutation in various ethnic groups revealed non-overlapping
      mutation patterns. In addition, Japanese and Chinese atopic patients showed
      somewhat different mutations. These ethnic differences make the research on
      Korean patients mandatory; however, no systematic research on Korean atopic
      dermatitis (AD) patients has been performed. This study aims to investigate the
      genetic polymorphism of FLG in Korean atopic dermatitis patients. The study was
      made up of three groups including 9 Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) patients, 50 AD
      patients and 55 normal controls: the ichthyosis group was incorporated due to the
      reported association between the FLG mutation and IV. In comparison to other
      sequencing methods, the overlapping long-range PCR was used. We revealed the
      genetic polymorphism of filaggrin in Koreans, and at the same time, we discovered
      nonsense mutations in p.Y1767X and p.K4022X in Korean AD patients. By using FLG
      sequencing techniques confirmed in this study, new mutations or genetic
      polymorphisms with ethnic characteristics would be detected and further larger
      studies of repeat number polymorphisms could be performed. 

PMID- 27366015
TI  - Progression of Hip Displacement during Radiographic Surveillance in Patients with
      Cerebral Palsy.
AB  - Progression of hip displacement is common in patients with cerebral palsy (CP).
      We aimed to investigate the rate of progression of hip displacement in patients
      with CP by assessing changes in radiographic indices according to Gross Motor
      Function Classification System (GMFCS) level during hip surveillance. We analyzed
      the medical records of patients with CP aged < 20 years who underwent at least 6
      months interval of serial hip radiographs before any surgical hip intervention,
      including reconstructive surgery. After panel consensus and reliability testing,
      radiographic measurements of migration percentage (MP), neck-shaft angle (NSA),
      acetabular index (AI), and pelvic obliquity (PO) were obtained during hip
      surveillance. For each GMFCS level, annual changes in radiographic indices were
      analyzed and adjusted for affecting factors, such as sex, laterality, and type of
      CP. A total of 197 patients were included in this study, and 1,097 radiographs
      were evaluated. GMFCS classifications were as follows: 100 patients were level I
      III, 48 were level IV, and 49 were level V. MP increased significantly over the
      duration of hip surveillance in patients with GMFCS levels I-III, IV, and V by
      0.3%/year (P < 0.001), 1.9%/year (P < 0.001), and 6.2%/year (P < 0.001),
      respectively. In patients with GMFCS level IV, NSA increased significantly by 3.4
      degrees /year (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that periodic monitoring and
      radiographic hip surveillance is warranted for patients with CP, especially those
      with GMFCS level IV or V. Furthermore, physicians can predict and inform parents
      or caregivers regarding the progression of hip displacement in patients with CP. 

PMID- 27366016
TI  - The Anion Gap is a Predictive Clinical Marker for Death in Patients with Acute
      Pesticide Intoxication.
AB  - Pesticide formulation includes solvents (methanol and xylene) and antifreeze
      (ethylene glycol) whose metabolites are anions such as formic acid, hippuric
      acid, and oxalate. However, the effect of the anion gap on clinical outcome in
      acute pesticide intoxication requires clarification. In this prospective study,
      we compared the anion gap and other parameters between surviving versus deceased
      patients with acute pesticide intoxication. The following parameters were
      assessed in 1,058 patients with acute pesticide intoxication: blood chemistry
      (blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, lactic acid, liver enzymes, albumin,
      globulin, and urate), urinalysis (ketone bodies), arterial blood gas analysis,
      electrolytes (Na(+), K(+), Cl(-) HCO3 (-), Ca(++)), pesticide field of use,
      class, and ingestion amount, clinical outcome (death rate, length of hospital
      stay, length of intensive care unit stay, and seriousness of toxic symptoms), and
      the calculated anion gap. Among the 481 patients with a high anion gap, 52.2% had
      a blood pH in the physiologic range, 35.8% had metabolic acidosis, and 12.1% had
      acidemia. Age, anion gap, pesticide field of use, pesticide class, seriousness of
      symptoms (all P < 0.001), and time lag after ingestion (P = 0.048) were
      significant risk factors for death in univariate analyses. Among these, age,
      anion gap, and pesticide class were significant risk factors for death in a
      multiple logistic regression analysis (P < 0.001). In conclusions, high anion gap
      is a significant risk factor for death, regardless of the accompanying acid-base
      balance status in patients with acute pesticide intoxication. 

PMID- 27366017
TI  - Pralatrexate in Combination with Bortezomib for Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral
      T Cell Lymphoma in 5 Elderly Patients.
AB  - Peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive
      lymphomas with poor prognosis. Elderly (age >= 65years) patients generally have
      impaired bone marrow function, altered drug metabolism, comorbidities, and poor
      functional status. Thus, treatment of elderly patients with relapsed or
      refractory PTCL remains a challenge for clinicians. A recent study disclosed that
      pralatrexate has a synergistic effect in combination with bortezomib. Weekly
      pralatrexate and bortezomib were administered intravenously for 3 weeks in a 4
      week cycle. Of 5 patients, one achieved complete response after 4 cycles which
      has lasted 12 months until now. Another patient attained partial response after 2
      cycles. Only 1 patient experienced grade 3 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Two
      patients suffered from grade 3 mucositis. Combination therapy with pralatrexate
      and bortezomib may be used as a salvage therapy for relapsed or refractory PTCL
      in the elderly with a favorable safety profile. 

PMID- 27366018
TI  - A Case of Mushroom Poisoning with Russula subnigricans: Development of
      Rhabdomyolysis, Acute Kidney Injury, Cardiogenic Shock, and Death.
AB  - Mushroom exposures are increasing worldwide. The incidence and fatality of
      mushroom poisoning are reported to be increasing. Several new syndromes in
      mushroom poisoning have been described. Rhabdomyolytic mushroom poisoning is one
      of new syndromes. Russula subnigricans mushroom can cause delayed-onset
      rhabdomyolysis with acute kidney injury in the severely poisoned patient. There
      are few reports on the toxicity of R. subnigricans. This report represents the
      first record of R. subnigricans poisoning with rhabdomyolysis in Korea,
      describing a 51-year-old man who suffered from rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney
      injury, severe hypocalcemia, respiratory failure, ventricular tachycardia,
      cardiogenic shock, and death. Mushroom poisoning should be considered in the
      evaluation of rhabdomyolysis of unknown cause. Furthermore, R. subnigricans
      should be considered in the mushroom poisoning with rhabdomyolysis. 

PMID- 27366019
TI  - Two Siblings with Adolescent/Adult Onset Niemann-Pick Disease Type C in Korea.
AB  - Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NP-C), is caused by NPC1 or NPC2 gene mutations.
      Progressive neurological, psychiatric, and visceral symptoms are characteristic.
      Here, we present cases of a brother (Case 1) and sister (Case 2) in their mid-20s
      with gait disturbance and psychosis. For the Case 1, neurological examination
      revealed dystonia, ataxia, vertical supranuclear-gaze palsy (VSGP), and global
      cognitive impairment. Case 2 showed milder, but similar symptoms, with cortical
      atrophy. Abdominal computed tomography showed hepatosplenomegaly in both cases.
      NPC1 gene sequencing revealed compound heterozygote for exon 9 (c.1552C>T
      [R518W]) and exon 18 (c.2780C>T [A927V]). Filipin-staining tests were also
      positive. When a young patient with ataxia or dystonia shows VSGP, NP-C should be
      considered. 

PMID- 27366020
TI  - First Imported Case of Zika Virus Infection into Korea.
AB  - Since Zika virus has been spreading rapidly in the Americas from 2015, the
      outbreak of Zika virus infection becomes a global health emergency because it can
      cause neurological complications and adverse fetal outcome including
      microcephaly. Here, we report clinical manifestations and virus isolation
      findings from a case of Zika virus infection imported from Brazil. The patient,
      43-year-old Korean man, developed fever, myalgia, eyeball pain, and maculopapular
      rash, but not neurological manifestations. Zika virus was isolated from his
      semen, and reverse-transcriptase PCR was positive for the virus in the blood,
      urine, and saliva on the 7th day of the illness but was negative on the 21st day.
      He recovered spontaneously without any neurological complications. He is the
      first case of Zika virus infection in Korea imported from Brazil. 

PMID- 27366022
TI  - Simultaneous quantitative analysis of main components in linderae reflexae radix
      with one single marker.
AB  - Establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components by the single marker (QAMS)
      method for quality evaluation and validate its feasibilities by the simultaneous
      quantitative assay of four main components in Linderae Reflexae Radix. Four main
      components of pinostrobin, pinosylvin, pinocembrin, and 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(1-p
      mentheneyl)-trans-stilbene were selected as analytes to evaluate the quality by
      RP-HPLC coupled with a UV-detector. The method was evaluated by a comparison of
      the quantitative results between the external standard method and QAMS with a
      different HPLC system. The results showed that no significant differences were
      found in the quantitative results of the four contents of Linderae Reflexae Radix
      determined by the external standard method and QAMS (RSD <3%). The contents of
      four analytes (pinosylvin, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, and Reflexanbene I) in
      Linderae Reflexae Radix were determined by the single marker of pinosylvin. This
      fingerprint was the spectra determined by Shimadzu LC-20AT and Waters e2695 HPLC
      that were equipped with three different columns.

PMID- 27366023
TI  - Celiac-associated pancreatic disease.

PMID- 27366021
TI  - Extragenital Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria
      gonorrhoeae: A Review of the Literature.
AB  - In the United States, sexually transmitted diseases due to Chlamydia trachomatis
      and Neisseria gonorrhoeae continue to be a major public health burden. Screening
      of extragenital sites including the oropharynx and rectum is an emerging practice
      based on recent studies highlighting the prevalence of infection at these sites.
      We reviewed studies reporting the prevalence of extragenital infections in women,
      men who have sex with men (MSM), and men who have sex only with women (MSW),
      including distribution by anatomical site. Among women, prevalence was found to
      be 0.6-35.8% for rectal gonorrhea (median reported prevalence 1.9%), 0-29.6% for
      pharyngeal gonorrhea (median 2.1%), 2.0-77.3% for rectal chlamydia (median 8.7%),
      and 0.2-3.2% for pharyngeal chlamydia (median 1.7%). Among MSM, prevalence was
      found to be 0.2-24.0% for rectal gonorrhea (median 5.9%), 0.5-16.5% for
      pharyngeal gonorrhea (median 4.6%), 2.1-23.0% for rectal chlamydia (median 8.9%),
      and 0-3.6% for pharyngeal chlamydia (median 1.7%). Among MSW, the prevalence was
      found to be 0-5.7% for rectal gonorrhea (median 3.4%), 0.4-15.5% for pharyngeal
      gonorrhea (median 2.2%), 0-11.8% for rectal chlamydia (median 7.7%), and 0-22.0%
      for pharyngeal chlamydia (median 1.6%). Extragenital infections are often
      asymptomatic and found in the absence of reported risk behaviors, such as
      receptive anal and oral intercourse. We discuss current clinical recommendations
      and future directions for research.

PMID- 27366024
TI  - Advances in the development of new biologics in inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Biologics have revolutionized the therapeutic approach in inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents infliximab and
      adalimumab currently constitute the major biological therapy in IBD. Additional
      anti-TNFs such as golimumab and other new biologics are currently being developed
      for both anti-TNF-naive and -resistant patients. These include anti-integrins
      (vedolizumab and etrolizumab), a JAK inhibitor (tofacitinib) and an anti-anti
      interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-12 antibody (ustekinumab), among additional drugs in
      development. The following review discusses the indications, efficacy and safety
      issues for these novel medications. 

PMID- 27366025
TI  - Endoscopy after bariatric surgery.
AB  - Obesity is a global epidemic with significant morbidity and mortality. Weight
      loss results in reduction of health risks and improvement in quality of life,
      thus representing a goal of paramount importance. Bariatric surgery is the most
      efficacious choice compared to conservative alternatives including diet,
      exercise, drugs and behavioral modification to treat obese patients. Following
      bariatric operations, patients may present with upper gastrointestinal tract
      complaints that warrant endoscopic evaluation and the various bariatric surgery
      types are often linked to complications. A subset of these complications
      necessitates endoscopic interventions for accurate diagnosis and effective,
      minimal invasive treatment. This review aims to highlight the role of upper
      gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery to
      evaluate and potentially treat surgery-related complications and upper
      gastrointestinal symptoms. 

PMID- 27366026
TI  - Neutrophil anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody proteins: bactericidal
      increasing protein, lactoferrin, cathepsin, and elastase as serological markers
      of inflammatory bowel and other diseases.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the
      gastrointestinal tract comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
      Although the pathogenesis of the disease is not clearly defined yet,
      environmental, genetic and other factors contribute to the onset of the disease.
      Apart from the clinical and histopathological findings, several serological
      biomarkers are also employed to detect IBD. One of the most thoroughly studied
      biomarker is anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA). We herein provide
      an overview of the current knowledge on the use of ANCA and certain ANCA
      proteins, such as bactericidal increasing protein, lactoferrin, cathepsin G and
      elastase, as serological markers for IBD and other diseases. 

PMID- 27366027
TI  - Favorable results from the use of herbal and plant products in inflammatory bowel
      disease: evidence from experimental animal studies.
AB  - The use of herbal therapy for inflammatory bowel disease is increasing worldwide.
      The aim of this study was to review the available literature on the efficacy of
      herbal therapy in experimental colitis. All relevant studies published in Medline
      and Embase up to June 2015 have been reviewed. The results of bowel histology and
      serum parameters have been recorded. A satisfactory number of published
      experimental studies, and a quite large one of both herbal and plant products
      tested in different studies have been reported. The results showed that in the
      majority of the studies, herbal therapy reduced the inflammatory activity of
      experimental colitis and diminished the levels of many inflammatory indices,
      including serum cytokines and indices of oxidative stress. The most promising
      plant and herbal products were tormentil extracts, wormwoodherb, Aloe vera,
      germinated barley foodstuff, curcumin, Boswellia serrata, Panax notoginseng,
      Ixeris dentata, green tea, Cordia dichotoma, Plantago lanceolata,
      Iridoidglycosides, and mastic gum. Herbal therapies exert their therapeutic
      benefit via various mechanisms, including immune regulation, anti-oxidant
      activity, inhibition of leukotriene B4 and nuclear factor-kappaB, and
      antiplatelet activity. Large, double-blind clinical studies assessing these
      natural substances should be urgently conducted. 

PMID- 27366028
TI  - Safety and efficacy of daclatasvir in the management of patients with chronic
      hepatitis C.
AB  - Daclatasvir (DaklinzaTM), a new oral direct-acting antiviral, is an inhibitor of
      hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and has recently been approved in the United
      States, Europe and Japan in chronic hepatitis C. It shows potent pangenotypic
      activity and moderately high genetic barrier to resistance improving the
      sustained virological response (SVR) rates. In COMMAND phase 2 trials,
      daclatasvir demonstrated high SVR rates in HCV genotype 1-4 chronically infected
      patients treated with peginterferon-a (pegIFNalpha) plus ribavirin (RBV).
      Furthermore, it produced even higher response rates in all-oral combination with
      sofosbuvir, an interferon-free regimen, with or without ribavirin, in patients
      with advanced liver disease, HCV/HIV coinfection, liver transplantation in ALLY
      studies and other real-world studies. This narrative review provides information
      on the pharmacological properties, role, efficacy and safety of daclatasvir
      containing regimens in chronic hepatitis C patients. Daclatasvir administered
      once-daily in combination with sofosbuvir is an effective 12-week treatment in
      adult patients with chronic hepatitis C and is generally safe and well tolerated.

PMID- 27366029
TI  - Vitamin D deficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis.
AB  - There is ongoing evidence that vitamin D is related to the pathophysiology of
      cirrhosis. Although the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver
      diseases and cirrhosis is strongly documented, its pathogenic association with
      advanced liver fibrosis remains controversial. There is evidence of a significant
      relation of 25(OH)D levels with the degree of liver dysfunction, considering that
      an inverse correlation of 25(OH)D levels with both Child-Pugh score and Model for
      End-Stage Liver Disease has been reported. In addition, vitamin D deficiency has
      been shown to increase the risk for overall mortality and infections in patients
      with cirrhosis. Vitamin D deficiency has been also associated with advanced
      stages of hepatocellular carcinoma and poor prognosis. Finally, there are studies
      suggesting that patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal vitamin D levels
      have higher virological response to treatment. However, there are not enough
      studies conducted in cirrhotic-only populations. The association between vitamin
      D and cirrhosis demonstrates a great potential for clinical application. The
      relation between vitamin D deficiency and the degree of liver function, degree of
      fibrosis and infectious complications could support its use as a prognostic index
      and a diagnostic tool. 

PMID- 27366030
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of adrenal
      lesions.
AB  - The use of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) appears
      to be a safe and feasible means of confirming or excluding malignancy in the
      adrenal glands. EUS-FNA with biopsy of suspicious masses in either adrenal gland
      allows for assessment of these lesions while keeping complications relatively
      rare. The main advantages of EUS-FNA are that it can be done as an outpatient
      procedure, with good results, minimal morbidity, and a short hospital stay.
      Nevertheless, EUS-FNA of adrenal masses should be indicated only in selected
      cases, in which there is potential to either decrease unnecessary treatment or
      guide therapy in cancer patients by aiding in either staging of malignancy or
      treatment of recurrence.v. 

PMID- 27366031
TI  - Pre-endoscopic erythromycin administration in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: an
      updated meta-analysis and systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients suffering from upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB),
      adequate visualization is essential during endoscopy. Prior to endoscopy,
      erythromycin administration has been shown to enhance visualization in these
      patients; however, guidelines have not fully adopted this practice. Thus, we
      performed a comprehensive, up-to-date meta-analysis on the issue of erythromycin
      administration in this patient population. METHODS: After searching multiple
      databases (November 2015), randomized controlled trials on adult subjects
      comparing administration of erythromycin before endoscopy in UGIB patients to no
      erythromycin or placebo were included. Pooled estimates of adequacy of gastric
      mucosa visualized, need for second endoscopy, duration of procedure, length of
      hospital stay, units of blood transfused, and need for emergent surgery using
      odds ratio (OR) or mean difference (MD) were calculated. Heterogeneity and
      publication bias were assessed. RESULTS: Eight studies (n=598) were found to meet
      the inclusion criteria. Erythromycin administration showed statistically
      significant improvement in adequate gastric mucosa visualization (OR 4.14; 95%
      CI: 2.01-8.53, P<0.01) while reduced the need for a second-look endoscopy (OR
      0.51; 95% CI: 0.34-0.77, P<0.01) and length of hospital stay (MD -1.75; 95% CI: 
      2.43 to -1.06, P<0.01). Duration of procedure (P=0.2), units of blood transfused
      (P=0.08), and need for emergent surgery (P=0.88) showed no significant
      differences. CONCLUSION: Pre-endoscopic erythromycin administration in UGIB
      patients significantly improves gastric mucosa visualization while reducing
      length of hospital stay and the need for second-look endoscopy.

PMID- 27366032
TI  - Importance of colonoscopy in patients undergoing endoscopic resection for
      superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to clarify the frequency of colorectal
      neoplasm (CRN) complicating superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC)
      and the need for colonoscopy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 101 patients
      who had undergone initial endoscopic resection (ER) for superficial ESCC. Control
      group participants were age- and sex-matched asymptomatic subjects screened at
      our hospital over the same period of time. Advanced adenoma was defined as an
      adenoma >=10 mm, with villous features, or high-grade dysplasia. Advanced CRN
      referred to advanced adenoma or cancer. We measured the incidence of advanced CRN
      in superficial ESCC and controls, and we compared the characteristics of
      superficial ESCC patients with and without advanced CRN. RESULTS: In the
      superficial ESCC group, advanced CRNs were found in 17 patients (16.8%). A
      history of smoking alone was found to be a significant risk factor of advanced
      CRN [odds ratio 6.02 (95% CI 1.30-27.8), P=0.005]. CONCLUSION: The frequency of
      synchronous advanced CRN is high in superficial ESCC patients subjected to ER.
      Colonoscopy should be highly considered for most patients who undergo ER for
      superficial ESCC with a history of smoking, and is recommended even in
      superficial ESCC patients.

PMID- 27366033
TI  - Gastric adenocarcinoma: clinicopathologic differences among Hispanics and non
      Hispanic whites. A single Institution's experience over 14 years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastriccancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide and has
      significant ethnic and socioeconomic differences in distribution. The aim of this
      study was to compare clinicopathologic characteristics and survival between
      Hispanics (H) and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) with gastric cancer. METHODS: We
      reviewed the records of all patients diagnosed with gastric cancer between 1999
      and 2013 at our institution. A total of 638 patients were studied. Demographics,
      tumor characteristics and survival rate were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier was used for
      survival analysis. RESULTS: There were 101 H and 537 NHW. The median age at
      diagnosis was 63 years in H and 69 years in NHW. At diagnosis, 48 (48%) of H
      patients had stage IV disease compared with 195 (36%) of NHW (P<0.03). H were
      more likely to have distal cancers and poorly differentiated tumors compared to
      NHW (44% vs. 15%, P<0.0001; 70% vs. 50%, P<0.0002, respectively). There was a
      significant difference in median overall survival between the two groups, being
      51 months for H (95% CI: 34.6-66.9) and 99 months for NHW (95% CI: 77.3-120.7)
      P<0.0001. In multivariate analysis, age (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.02-1.03, P<0.0001),
      poor differentiation (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02-1.43, P<0.02), ethnicity (OR: 1.69,
      95% CI: 1.07-2.55, P<0.02), and stage (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.77-2.15, P<0.0001)
      were independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: H patients were diagnosed
      with gastric cancer at a younger age, to present with advanced disease at
      diagnosis, and had shorter overall survival compared to NHW.

PMID- 27366035
TI  - Place of birth, cancer beliefs and being current with colon cancer screening
      among US adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Historically, studies suggested that immigrants acquire the risk of
      colorectal cancer (CRC) as US-born persons within the same generation. CRC risk
      of immigrants is largely unknown in this era of cancer screening and widespread
      immigration. We investigated the association of place of birth and cancer beliefs
      with uptake of CRC screening. METHODS: The 2007 Health Information National
      Trends Survey was used and 4,299 respondents (weighted population
      size=81,896,392) who were 50 years and older (3,960 US-born and 339 foreign-born)
      were identified. We defined being current with CRC screening guidelines as the
      use of fecal occult blood test within 1 year, sigmoidoscopy within 5 years, or
      colonoscopy within 10 years. We compared being up-to-date with CRC screening
      among foreign-born versus US-born respondents. Logistic regression models were
      used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS:
      Overall, 2,594 (63.3%) US-born and 208 (52.8%) foreign-born respondents were
      current with CRC screening. Foreign-born respondents were less current in
      unadjusted model (OR 0.65; 95% CI: 0.50-0.85) but became non-statistically
      significant after adjustment (OR 0.79; 95% CI: 0.51-1.24). Respondents who
      believed that screening finds cancer when it is easy to treat (OR 2.85; 95% CI:
      1.44-3.61), those who believed that cancer can be cured when detected early (OR
      1.56; 95% CI: 1.20-2.00), and those who worry about getting cancer (OR 1.34; 95%
      CI: 1.10-1.61) were likely to be current with CRC screening. However, respondents
      with fatalistic beliefs were borderline less likely to be current (OR 0.82; 95%
      CI: 0.65-1.04). CONCLUSION: There is a need to improve education on CRC
      screening, particularly among foreign-born adults.

PMID- 27366034
TI  - Impact of glycemic control on colonoscopy outcomes: bowel preparation and polyp
      detection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The negative effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the colonoscopy
      preparation has been previously established. Metabolic syndrome has been shown to
      increase risk for malignancy and possibly for premalignant lesions. This study
      aimed to investigate the impact of DM control on colonoscopy outcomes including
      bowel preparation and adenoma detection rate (ADR). METHODS: We included patients
      with DM who underwent colonoscopy in our hospital and had a documented glycated
      hemoglobin (HbA1C) within 3 months. Patients were categorized into three groups
      based on their HbA1C level. The clinical and endoscopic data were collected and
      analyzed. RESULTS: Our cohort included 352 DM patients. The mean age was 63.5
      years. When patients were analyzed based on HBA1C, bowel preparation was poor in
      46.7% of patients with good glycemic control, 52.1% of patients with fair control
      and 50% of patients with poor control. ADR was 24.3% in patients with good
      glycemic control, 20.2% in patients with fair glycemic control and 27.1% in
      patients with poor glycemic control. There was no statistically significant
      difference in the quality of preparation or adenoma detection amongst the groups.
      CONCLUSION: The degree of glycemic control did not impact the quality of bowel
      preparation or ADR.

PMID- 27366036
TI  - Systematic review and meta-analysis of third-line salvage therapy with infliximab
      or cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients with ulcerative colitis who fail corticosteroids and are
      treated with rescue therapy (e.g. infliximab or cyclosporine) but fail to
      respond, salvage therapy with infliximab or cyclosporine can be considered. We
      sought to assess the efficacy and safety of this third-line salvage therapy.
      METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of trials published in PubMed up to January
      2015 relating to the use of third-line salvage therapy following failure of
      intravenous corticosteroids and infliximab or cyclosporine. Pooled outcome rates
      for each salvage strategy and pooled odds ratio comparing the two strategies were
      calculated using the random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed by the Q
      and I(2) statistics. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 40 articles of which 4
      were eligible for inclusion. Four articles assessed patients who were treated
      with infliximab after failure of cyclosporine and 2 articles assessed the use of
      cyclosporine after failure of infliximab. There were 138 patients using
      infliximab as a third-line salvage therapy and 30 patients using cyclosporine.
      When comparing these two strategies, there was no significant difference in
      clinical response (RR 1.03, 95%CI 0.7-1.46 P=0.87), clinical remission (RR 0.69,
      95%CI 0.30-1.57 P=0.37), or colectomy at 12 months (RR 1.14, 95%CI 0.79-1.67
      P=0.48). Similarly, there was no significant difference in total (RR 1.91, 95%
      CI0.38-9.64 p=0.43) or serious adverse events (RR 1.18, 95%CI 0.34-4.07 P=0.80).
      CONCLUSION: While third-line salvage therapy may be efficacious in achieving
      short-term clinical response/remission, there remains a significant risk of
      colectomy and adverse events.

PMID- 27366037
TI  - Hepatitis B viral replication influences the expression of natural killer cell
      ligands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is accounting for over one million deaths
      annually due to immune-mediated chronic liver damage. Natural killer (NK) cells
      are abundant in the liver and contribute in HBV persistence. NK cytotoxic effects
      are controlled by signals from activating and inhibitory receptors. HBV may
      circumvent host antiviral immunity via the regulation of NK receptors and their
      ligands. We investigated the effect of viral replication and HBeAg mutations on
      NK mediators expression in the livers of chronic HBV (CHB) patients and in cell
      cultures. METHODS: HBV monomers bearing hotspot mutations in the basal core
      promoter and precore region were transfected into HepG2 cells using a plasmid
      free assay. Serum viremia and liver HBV RNA were measured in 19 CHB patients. The
      expression of HBV RNA and of NKG2D ligands, B7H6, DNAX accessory molecule-1,
      lectin-like transcript 1 (LLT1), LFA-1 and TRAIL was measured in the livers of
      CHB patients and transfected cells. RESULTS: In general, high HBV replication in
      CHB patients and cell lines upregulated the mRNA of all NK cell ligands and
      particularly the inhibitory NK cell ligand, LLT1. The exception was the NKG2D
      ligand, MICA, that was significantly decreased in patients with high serum
      viremia and intrahepatic HBV RNA levels. CONCLUSIONS: HBV replication has
      differential effects on NK cell ligands suggesting a potential escape mechanisms
      through up-regulation of LLT1 and down-regulation of MICA. A general trend
      towards upregulating NK cell ligands can be counteracted by decreasing MICA and
      hence weakening NK surveillance.

PMID- 27366038
TI  - Real-time elastography as a noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic
      hepatitis C Egyptian patients: a prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus is a worldwide problem. Noninvasive methods for
      liver fibrosis assessment as ultrasound-based approaches have emerged to replace
      liver biopsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of
      real-time elastography (RTE) in the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with
      chronic hepatitis C (CHC), compared with transient elastography and liver biopsy.
      METHODS: RTE, FibroScan and liver biopsy were performed in 50 CHC patients. In
      addition, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and routine
      laboratory values were included in the analysis. RESULTS: RTE was able to
      diagnose significant hepatic fibrosis (F >=2) according to METAVIR scoring system
      at cut-off value of 2.49 with sensitivity 100%, specificity 66%, and area under
      the receiver-operating characteristics (AUROC) 0.8. FibroScan was able to predict
      significant fibrosis at cut-off value 7.5 KPa with sensitivity 88%, specificity
      100%, and AUROC 0.94.APRI was able to predict significant hepatic fibrosis (F
      >=2) with sensitivity 54%, specificity 80%, and AUROC 0.69. There was a
      significant positive correlation between the FibroScan score and RTE score
      (r=0.6, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although FibroScan is superior in determining
      significant hepatic fibrosis, our data suggest that RTE may be a useful and
      promising noninvasive method for liver fibrosis assessment in CHC patients
      especially in cases with technical limitations for FibroScan.

PMID- 27366039
TI  - Is pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in celiac disease related to structural
      alterations in pancreatic parenchyma?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) has been reported in
      a number of patients with celiac disease (CD), it is not clear if this is
      primarily a functional or a structural defect. We studied pancreatic structural
      abnormalities by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in adult CD patients with EPI.
      METHODS: Pancreatic exocrine function was prospectively assessed in 36 recently
      diagnosed CD patients (mean age: 29.8 years) by measuring fecal elastase.
      Pancreatic structural changes were assessed in CD patients with EPI by EUS and
      elastography. Exocrine functions were reassessed after 3 months of gluten-free
      diet. RESULTS: Of the 36 CD patients included, 30 (83%) had anemia, 21 (58%)
      diarrhea, and 7 (19%) hypothyroidism. Ten (28%) patients had EPI with mean
      elastase levels of 141.6 MUg/g of stool, of whom only one had a history of
      recurrent acute pancreatitis while the rest 9 patients had no history of acute or
      chronic pancreatitis. Of these 10 patients, 8 (80%) had diarrhea, 8 (80%) anemia,
      and 2 (20%) hypothyroidism. EUS was done in 8 patients which showed: normal
      pancreas in 5 (50%), hyperechoic strands in 3 (30%), and hyperechoic foci without
      shadowing in 2 (20%) patients. None had lobularity or parenchymal calcification.
      All patients except the patient with recurrent pancreatitis had normal strain
      ratio. Follow-up fecal elastase was within normal range in 6 of 7 (86%) patients.
      CONCLUSION: EPI, assessed by fecal elastase levels in adult CD patients, possibly
      does not relate to structural alterations in the pancreatic parenchyma and may be
      reversible by following a gluten-free diet.

PMID- 27366040
TI  - Diagnostic yield of secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
      in the investigation of patients with acalculous biliary pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (S
      MRCP) facilitates better visualization of the pancreaticobiliary ductal system
      but its role in patients with acalculous biliary pain (ABP) is yet to be
      established. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic yield and the
      role of S-MRCP in the investigation of ABP patients. METHODS: This is a
      retrospective analysis of patients who had S-MRCP to investigate ABP over a 5
      year period from June 2008 to May 2013. The findings and diagnosis as reported in
      the S-MRCP were compared with the findings on MRCP. The primary endpoint was the
      diagnostic yield of S-MRCP in ABP patients. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients with
      ABP [28 (24%) male] had S-MRCP during the study period. The most common
      abnormality identified was obstruction at the level of ampulla or in the proximal
      pancreatic duct. S-MRCP was able to identify significant pathological findings in
      8 of 34 (22%) patients in whom MRCP did not detect any abnormality. Endoscopic
      ultrasound (EUS) was performed in 67% of patients. S-MRCP identified
      abnormalities in 21 of 41 (54%) patients who had a normal EUS. CONCLUSIONS: We
      conclude that the diagnostic yield of S-MRCP for recognizing anatomical variants
      of the pancreatic ductal system, in particular ampullary or proximal pancreatic
      duct stricture, is better than MRCP and EUS. These findings reflect the dynamic
      nature of S-MRCP and its complementary role alongside MRCP, EUS and endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography in ABP patients.

PMID- 27366041
TI  - Endoscopic management of splenic pseudocysts associated with acute and chronic
      pancreatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Splenic pseudocysts (SP) are a rare consequence of both acute and
      chronic pancreatitis. Surgery has been conventional treatment for SP and
      literature on role of endoscopic treatment is scant. In this study, we
      retrospectively evaluated SP clinical and radiological characteristics as well as
      the outcome following endoscopic drainage. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of SP
      patients seen at our unit from January 2002 to June 2015. All patients were
      treated with attempted endoscopic transpapillary drainage with a nasopancreatic
      drain or stent. Patients not responding underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided
      transmural or percutaneous radiological drainage. RESULTS: Eleven patients with
      SP (all male; mean age: 40.5+/-8.8 years) were studied. Seven patients had
      chronic pancreatitis and 4 patients had SP following acute pancreatitis. The
      majority (10/11; 91%) had alcohol-related acute or chronic pancreatitis with one
      patient having coexistent pancreas divisum. Seven (64%) patients were treated
      successfully with transpapillary drainage only; one (9%) patient needed combined
      transpapillary and transmural drainage; and 3 (27%) patients needed surgery.
      CONCLUSION: Endoscopic transpapillary drainage is an effective treatment for SP
      especially when it is not infected and with clear contents, and is associated
      with partial ductal disruption that can be bridged by an endoprosthesis.

PMID- 27366042
TI  - A bleeding gastric ulcer caused by anisakiasis.

PMID- 27366043
TI  - Duodenal siderosis: a rare clinical finding in a patient with duodenal
      inflammation.

PMID- 27366044
TI  - Resection of a gastric fibroid inflammatory polyp by means of endoscopic
      submucosal dissection: how deep is deep enough?

PMID- 27366045
TI  - An isolated colonic neurofibroma.

PMID- 27366046
TI  - Direct colonoscopic visualization of intrahepatic bile ducts in a post
      pancreaticoduodenectomy patient.

PMID- 27366047
TI  - A very unusual cause of dysphagia: mantle cell lymphoma.
AB  - Dysphagia is an alarm symptom requiring a prompt investigation. Different benign
      and malignant diseases may present such a symptom. We describe a case of a 79
      year-old patient who complained of fluctuating dysphagia episodes following solid
      food ingestion in the previous 5 months with mild weight loss. No other
      gastrointestinal symptoms were present. The patient was referred by the General
      Practitioner for a videofluoroscopic swallow examination which revealed
      nodularity of mucosa surface in the oropharynx, esophagus, fundus, and gastric
      body. Upper endoscopy confirmed the feature, also showing a normal mucosa of the
      antrum and duodenum. The histological examination revealed a mantle cell lymphoma
      (MCL). A stage III, MCL involving the esophagus and proximal stomach was
      eventually diagnosed. Esophageal MCL localization is extremely rare, and this is
      the first report showing a clinical onset with dysphagia. 

PMID- 27366048
TI  - Prospective small bowel mucosal assessment immediately after chemoradiotherapy of
      unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer using capsule endoscopy: a case
      series.
AB  - In this case series, three consecutive patients with unresectable locally
      advanced pancreatic cancer (ULAPC) underwent capsule endoscopy (CE) before and
      after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) to evaluate duodenal and jejunal mucosa, and to
      examine the relationship between CE findings and dose distribution. CE after CRT
      showed duodenitis and proximal jejunitis in all three patients. The most inflamed
      region was the third part of the duodenum, and in dose distribution, this was the
      closest region to the center of irradiation. This case series shows that CE can
      safely diagnose acute duodenitis and proximal jejunitis caused by CRT for ULAPC,
      and that dose distribution is possible to predict the degree of duodenal and
      jejunal mucosal injuries. 

PMID- 27366049
TI  - Baseline visual acuity strongly predicts visual acuity gain in patients with
      diabetic macular edema following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
      treatment across trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate the correlation of baseline visual
      acuity (VA) with VA outcome in response to anti-vascular endothelial growth
      factor (VEGF) in diabetic macular edema using a retrospective analysis of nine
      clinical trials. The result will help assess the relevance of VA gain comparisons
      across trials. METHODS: A correlation analysis was performed between mean
      baseline VA and VA gain at month 12 for 1,616 diabetic macular edema patients
      across nine randomized clinical trials (RESOLVE, RISE, RIDE, RESTORE, RETAIN,
      DRCR.net Protocol I, DA VINCI, VIVID, VISTA) with anti-VEGF treatment regimens
      ranibizumab 0.5 mg and aflibercept 2 mg. RESULTS: The mean baseline VA ranged
      from 56.9 to 64.8 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters. The
      mean VA gain at month 12 ranged from 6.8 to 13.1 ETDRS letters across trials.
      There was a strong inverse correlation between mean baseline VA and VA gain at
      month 12 (r=-0.85). The mean VA at 12 months plateaued at ~70 (68.5-73.0) ETDRS
      letters (20/40 Snellen VA equivalent) for the anti-VEGF treatment groups from all
      trials, regardless of dosing regimens and agents. CONCLUSION: Cross-trial
      comparisons based on changes in best-corrected visual acuity should be done
      cautiously and only after adjusting for best-corrected visual acuity at baseline.
      Furthermore, the total VA afforded by treatment appears to be subject to a
      plateau effect, which warrants further exploration.

PMID- 27366050
TI  - Survey of intravitreal injection techniques among retina specialists in Israel.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe antivascular endothelial
      growth factor intravitreal injection techniques of retinal specialists in order
      to establish a cornerstone for future practice guidelines. METHODS: All members
      of the Israeli Retina Society were contacted by email to complete an anonymous,
      19-question, Internet-based survey regarding their intravitreal injection
      techniques. RESULTS: Overall, 66% (52/79) completed the survey. Most (98%) do not
      instruct patients to discontinue anticoagulant therapy and 92% prescribe
      treatment for patients in the waiting room. Three quarters wear sterile gloves
      and prepare the patient in the supine position. A majority (71%) use sterile
      surgical draping. All respondents apply topical analgesics and a majority (69%)
      measure the distance from the limbus to the injection site. A minority (21%)
      displace the conjunctiva prior to injection. A majority of the survey
      participants use a 30-gauge needle and the most common quadrant for injection is
      superotemporal (33%). Less than half routinely assess postinjection optic nerve
      perfusion (44%). A majority (92%) apply prophylactic antibiotics immediately
      after the injection. CONCLUSION: The majority of retina specialists perform
      intravitreal injections similarly. However, a relatively large minority performs
      this procedure differently. Due to the extremely low percentage of complications,
      it seems as though such differences do not increase the risk. However, more
      evidence-based medicine, a cornerstone for practice guidelines, is required in
      order to identify the intravitreal injection techniques that combine safety and
      efficacy while causing as little discomfort to the patients as possible.

PMID- 27366051
TI  - Macular morphology and response to ranibizumab treatment in patients with wet age
      related macular degeneration.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether specific characteristics
      of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) affect structural and
      functional outcomes and number of injections needed in ranibizumab (0.05 mL of 10
      mg/mL Lucentis solution)-treated wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
      patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective case series included 62 newly
      diagnosed wet AMD patients treated with three monthly intravitreal ranibizumab
      injections followed by monthly follow-up and pro re nata retreatment. The
      presence of dome-shaped pigment epithelial detachment (PED), disruption of the
      retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and subretinal and intraretinal fluid was
      associated with changes in Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual
      acuity, central macular thickness (CMT), and number of injections needed during
      the 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: The presence of PED was associated with lower
      values of CMT at presentation (399 MUm [+/-132 MUm] vs 310 MUm [+/-51 MUm],
      P=0.005). The presence of RPE disruption was associated with worse visual acuity
      in month 6 (0.36 [+/-0.22] vs 0.61 [0.45], P=0.027) and fewer injections (4.23
      [+/-0.92] vs 3.55 [+/-0.60], P=0.007). The presence of intraretinal fluid at
      presentation was associated with worse visual acuity outcomes in month 4
      (P=0.045) but not in month 6. CONCLUSION: The dome-shaped PED was associated with
      lower CMT at presentation, but it did not affect response to treatment. RPE
      disruption was associated with worse functional outcomes with fewer injections.
      Intraretinal fluid at presentation may suggest delayed response to treatment.
      Individualized SD-OCT analysis could lead to individualized approach to wet AMD
      patients. SD-OCT can offer imaging biomarkers to assess the prognosis of anti
      VEGF treatment in AMD patients.

PMID- 27366052
TI  - Prophylactic effects of Clausena excavata Burum. f. leaf extract in ethanol
      induced gastric ulcers.
AB  - Clausena excavata is a natural herb with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
      properties. It has been used for decades in folkloric practice for the
      amelioration of various ailments. In this study, the gastroprotective activity of
      methanolic extract of C. excavata leaves (MECE) was determined in the Sprague
      Dawley rat ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model. Rats were pretreated with a
      single dose of vehicle (5% Tween 20), 20 mg/mL omeprazole, 400 and 200 mg/mL of
      MECE dissolved in 5% Tween 20. Ulcer was induced with 5 mL/kg of ethanol and
      stomach tissue was obtained after 1 hour. Histological examination was done on
      hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and immunochemically stained gastric
      mucosal tissues. Prostaglandin E2, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione
      peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation levels of the gastric tissue homogenates were
      also determined. Significantly (P<0.05) smaller ulcer areas, less intense edema,
      and fewer leukocytes' infiltration were observed in MECE- and omeprazole-treated
      than in untreated gastric mucosa with ulcer. The gastric pH, mucus production,
      superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase contents increased,
      while the lipid peroxidation content decreased as a result of MECE treatment. Bcl
      2-associated X protein was underexpressed, while heat shock protein 70 and
      transforming growth factor-beta protein were overexpressed in the ulcerated
      gastric mucosa tissues treated with omeprazole and MECE. Similarly, there was a
      reduction in the levels of tumor necrotic factor-alpha and interleukin-6, while
      the level of interleukin-10 was increased. This study showed that the
      gastroprotective effect of MECE is achieved through inhibition of gastric juice
      secretion and ulcer lesion development, stimulation of mucus secretion, elevation
      of gastric pH, reduction of reactive oxygen species production, inhibition of
      apoptosis in the gastric mucosa, and modulation of inflammatory cytokines. 

PMID- 27366053
TI  - The association between comorbidities and the quality of life among colorectal
      cancer survivors in the People's Republic of China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors with certain comorbidities had lower quality of life
      (QOL). This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of comorbidities
      and the association between comorbidities and the QOL among Chinese colorectal
      cancer survivors (CCS). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among
      1,398 CCS between April and July 2013 in Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
      All the participants were asked to complete a simplified Chinese version of the
      European Organization for Research and Treatment quality of life version 3
      questionnaire and questions on sociodemographic characteristics and
      comorbidities. In order to mitigate the bias caused by confounding factors,
      multiple linear regression models were employed to calculate the adjusted means
      of QOL scores. RESULTS: The proportion of participants without any comorbidity
      was only 20.2%. The CCS with comorbidities except hypertension scored
      significantly lower on the European Organization for Research and Treatment
      quality of life version 3 questionnaire global health and functioning scales and
      Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General scales but higher on the European
      Organization for Research and Treatment quality of life version 3 questionnaire
      symptom scores, indicating that they had poorer QOL, particularly for
      cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and musculoskeletal diseases. CONCLUSION:
      There exists a significant association between comorbidities and QOL among
      Chinese CCS, and participants with comorbidities generally reported lower QOL
      scores. These findings suggested comprehensive care for CCS.

PMID- 27366054
TI  - The impact of using musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging and other influencing
      factors on medication adherence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medication can ease symptoms and limit disease progression in
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Despite this, nonadherence to medication is common in
      RA. We explored the determinants of high and low adherence to disease-modifying
      antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in patients with RA and provide suggestions on
      approaches to improving adherence to DMARDs. METHODS: Patients with RA were
      identified from those who had previously participated in a questionnaire
      measuring levels of medication adherence. Twenty patients participated (ten high
      and ten low adherers, as determined by responses to the Medication Adherence
      Report Scale). In-depth individual semistructured interviews were undertaken
      until data saturation was reached. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using
      a constant comparative method. RESULTS: Four main themes related to adherence
      were identified: 1) symptom severity; 2) illness perception; 3) perceived
      benefits and risks of DMARDs; and 4) the quality and quantity of information
      about RA and DMARDs. In addition, patients' suggestions about strategies to
      optimize adherence to DMARDs were captured and they fell within the following
      themes: 1) musculoskeletal ultrasound to explain the disease process and to
      provide objective feedback about the extent to which their disease activity is
      being effectively controlled; 2) better explanations of the consequences of
      poorly controlled RA; and 3) a good relationship with the health professional.
      CONCLUSION: Patients' beliefs about medicines, perceptions about RA, and level of
      satisfaction with information about DMARDs influenced their adherence to DMARDs.
      The use of musculoskeletal ultrasound to image the inflamed joint may help to
      improve patient adherence to DMARDs.

PMID- 27366055
TI  - The development and standardization of Self-assessment for Hearing Screening of
      the Elderly.
AB  - PURPOSE: The present study aimed to develop and standardize a screening tool for
      elderly people who wish to check for themselves their level of hearing loss.
      METHODS: The Self-assessment for Hearing Screening of the Elderly (SHSE)
      consisted of 20 questions based on the characteristics of presbycusis using a
      five-point scale: seven questions covered general issues related to sensorineural
      hearing loss, seven covered hearing difficulty under distracting listening
      conditions, two covered hearing difficulty with fast-rated speech, and four
      covered the working memory function during communication. To standardize SHSE, 83
      elderly participants took part in the study: 25 with normal hearing, and 22, 23,
      and 13 with mild, moderate, and moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss,
      respectively, according to their hearing sensitivity. All were retested 3 weeks
      later using the same questionnaire to confirm its reliability. In addition,
      validity was assessed using various hearing tests such as a sentence test with
      background noise, a time-compressed speech test, and a digit span test. RESULTS:
      SHSE and its subcategories showed good internal consistency. SHSE and its
      subcategories demonstrated high test-retest reliability. A high correlation was
      observed between the total scores and pure-tone thresholds, which indicated
      gradually increased SHSE scores of 42.24%, 55.27%, 66.61%, and 78.15% for normal
      hearing, mild, moderate, and moderate-to-severe groups, respectively. With regard
      to construct validity, SHSE showed a high negative correlation with speech
      perception scores in noise and a moderate negative correlation with scores of
      time-compressed speech perception. However, there was no statistical correlation
      between digit span results and either the SHSE total or its subcategories. A
      confirmatory factor analysis supported three factors in SHSE. CONCLUSION: We
      found that the developed SHSE had valuable internal consistency, test-retest
      reliability, and convergent and construct validity. These results suggest that
      SHSE is a reliable and valid measure to represent the degree of hearing loss in
      the elderly.

PMID- 27366056
TI  - The association between gastric acid inhibitors and delirium in geriatric
      inpatients: implications for clinical practice and research.

PMID- 27366057
TI  - The asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: do we really need another syndrome in the
      already complex matrix of airway disease?
AB  - The term asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) is one of multiple terms used to
      describe patients with characteristics of both COPD and asthma, representing ~20%
      of patients with obstructive airway diseases. The recognition of both sets of
      morbidities in patients is important to guide practical treatment decisions. It
      is widely recognized that patients with COPD and coexisting asthma present with a
      higher disease burden, despite the conceptual expectation that the "reversible"
      or "treatable" component of asthma would allow for more effective management and
      better outcomes. However, subcategorization into terms such as ACOS is
      complicated by the vast spectrum of heterogeneity that is encapsulated by asthma
      and COPD, resulting in different clinical clusters. In this review, we discuss
      the possibility that these different clusters are suboptimally described by the
      umbrella term "ACOS", as this additional categorization may lead to clinical
      confusion and potential inappropriate use of resources. We suggest that a more
      clinically relevant approach would be to recognize the extreme variability and
      the numerous phenotypes encompassed within obstructive airway diseases, with
      various degrees of overlapping in individual patients. In addition, we discuss
      some of the evidence to be considered when making practical decisions on the
      treatment of patients with overlapping characteristics between COPD and asthma,
      as well as the potential options for phenotype and biomarker-driven management of
      airway disease with the aim of providing more personalized treatment for
      patients. Finally, we highlight the need for more evidence in patients with
      overlapping disease characteristics and to facilitate better characterization of
      potential treatment responders. 

PMID- 27366058
TI  - Changes in respiratory function impairment following the treatment of severe
      pulmonary tuberculosis - limitations for the underlying COPD detection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During the treatment phase of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB),
      respiratory function impairment is usually restrictive. This may become
      obstructive, as a PTB-associated airflow obstruction (AFO) or as a later
      manifestation of underlying COPD. PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to examine
      the potential causes and risks for AFO development in PTB by exploring the
      aspects of spirometry limitations and clinical implications for the underlying
      COPD detection, taking into account various confounding factors. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Prospective, nest case-control study on 40 new cases of PTB with initial
      restrictive respiratory function impairment, diagnosed and treated according to
      the directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) strategy. RESULTS: From all
      observed patients, 37.5% of them developed AFO upon the completion of PTB
      treatment, with significantly increased average of forced vital capacity (%)
      (P<0.01). Their changes in forced expiratory volume in the first second (%)
      during the PTB treatment were strongly associated with the air pollution exposure
      in living (0.474%-20.971% for 95% confidence interval [CI]; P=0.041) and working
      environments (3.928%-20.379% for 95% CI; P=0.005), initial radiological extent of
      PTB lesions (0.018%-0.700% for 95% CI; P=0.047), leukocyte count (0.020%-1.328%
      for 95% CI; P=0.043), and C-reactive protein serum level (0.046%-0.205% for 95%
      CI; P=0.003) compared to the other patients. The multivariate logistic regression
      analysis model shows initial radiological extent of pulmonary tuberculosis
      lesions (OR 1.01-1.05 for 95% CI; P=0.02) and sputum conversion rate on culture
      (OR 1.02-1.68 for 95% CI; P=0.04) as the most significant predictors for the risk
      of AFO development. CONCLUSION: AFO upon PTB treatment is a common manifestation
      of underlying COPD, which mostly occurs later, during the reparative processes in
      active PTB, even in the absence of major risk factors, such as cigarette smoking
      and biomass fuel dust exposure. Initial spirometry testing in patients with
      active PTB is not a sufficient and accurate approach in the detection of
      underlying COPD, which may lead to their further potential health deterioration.

PMID- 27366059
TI  - Prevalence of and risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications after
      lung cancer surgery in patients with early-stage COPD.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate whether the prevalence of postoperative
      pulmonary complications (PPCs) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC) is even higher in the early stages of COPD than in such patients with
      normal lung function and to verify the usefulness of symptom- or quality of life
      (QoL)-based scores in predicting risk for PPCs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients
      undergoing pulmonary resection for NSCLC between July 2012 and October 2014 were
      prospectively enrolled. Preoperative measurements of lung function, dyspnea, and
      QoL, operative characteristics, PPCs, duration of postoperative hospitalization,
      and in-hospital mortality were assessed. RESULTS: Among 351 consecutive patients
      with NSCLC, 343 patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) >=70%
      of predicted value were enrolled. At least one PPC occurred in 57 (16.6%)
      patients. Prevalence of PPC was higher in patients with COPD (30.1%) than in
      those with normal spirometry (10.0%; P<0.001). However, in patients with COPD,
      the prevalence of PPC was not different in patients with FEV1 >=70% compared to
      those with FEV1 <70% and between group A (low risk and less symptoms) and group B
      (low risk and more symptoms) patients with COPD, based on the new Global
      initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2011 guidelines. In patients with
      COPD, body mass index (odds ratio [OR]: 0.80, P=0.007), carbon monoxide diffusing
      capacity of the lung (DLCO), % predicted value (OR: 0.97, P=0.024), and operation
      time (OR: 1.01, P=0.003), but not COPD assessment test or St George Respiratory
      Questionnaire scores, were significantly associated with PPCs. CONCLUSION: Even
      in patients with early-stage COPD, the prevalence of PPCs is higher than in
      patients with NSCLC with normal spirometry. However, this rate is not different
      between group A and group B patients with COPD. In accordance with this, scores
      based on symptoms or QoL are not predictors of risk of PPCs in patients with
      early-stage COPD.

PMID- 27366060
TI  - Factors associated with exacerbation in mild- to-moderate COPD patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: COPD exacerbation negatively impacts the patient's quality of life
      and lung function, increases mortality, and increases socioeconomic costs. In a
      real-world setting, the majority of patients with COPD have mild-to-moderate
      airflow limitation. Therefore, it is important to evaluate COPD exacerbation in
      patients with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation, although most studies have
      focused on the patients with moderate or severe COPD. The objective of this study
      was to evaluate factors associated with COPD exacerbation in patients with mild
      to-moderate airflow limitation. METHODS: Patients registered in the Korean COPD
      Subtype Study cohort were recruited from 37 tertiary referral hospitals in Korea.
      We obtained their clinical data including demographic characteristics, past
      medical history, and comorbidities from medical records. Patients were required
      to visit the hospital to document their COPD status using self-administered
      questionnaires every 6 months. RESULTS: A total of 570 patients with mild-to
      moderate airflow limitation were enrolled. During the first year of follow-up,
      30.5% patients experienced acute exacerbation, with exacerbations being more
      common in patients with poor lung function. Assessed factors associated with COPD
      exacerbation included COPD assessment test scores, modified Medical Research
      Council dyspnea assessment test scores, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire for
      COPD scores, a previous history of exacerbation, and histories of pneumonia and
      allergic rhinitis. Logistic regression tests revealed St George's Respiratory
      Questionnaire for COPD scores (odds ratio [OR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval
      [CI], 1.00-1.04; P=0.034), a previous history of exacerbation (OR, 3.12; 95% CI,
      1.35-7.23; P=0.008), and a history of pneumonia (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.06-3.25;
      P=0.032) as risk factors for COPD exacerbation. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest
      that COPD exacerbation in patients with mild-to-moderate airflow limitation is
      associated with the patient's quality of life, previous history of exacerbation,
      and history of pneumonia.

PMID- 27366061
TI  - Amphiphilic core-shell nanoparticles containing dense polyethyleneimine shells
      for efficient delivery of microRNA to Kupffer cells.
AB  - Efficient and targeted delivery approach to transfer exogenous genes into
      macrophages is still a great challenge. Current gene delivery methods often
      result in low cellular uptake efficiency in vivo in some types of cells,
      especially for the Kupffer cells (KCs). In this article, we demonstrate that
      amphiphilic core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) consisting of well-defined hydrophobic
      poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cores and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI)
      shells (denoted as PEI@PMMA NPs) are efficient nanocarriers to deliver microRNA
      (miRNA)-loaded plasmid to the KCs. Average hydrodynamic diameter of PEI@ PMMA NPs
      was 279 nm with a narrow size distribution. The NPs also possessed positive
      surface charges up to +30 mV in water, thus enabling effective condensation of
      negatively charged plasmid DNA. Gel electrophoresis assay showed that the
      resultant PEI@PMMA NPs were able to completely condense miRNA plasmid at a weight
      ratio of 25:1 (N/P ratio equal to 45:1). The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow
      cytometry results showed that the PEI@PMMA/miRNA NPs displayed low cytotoxicity
      and cell apoptosis activity against the KCs. The maximum cell transfection
      efficiency reached 34.7% after 48 hours, which is much higher than that obtained
      by using the commercial LipofectamineTM 2000 (1.7%). Bio-transmission electron
      microscope observation revealed that the PEI@PMMA NPs were mainly distributed in
      the cytoplasm of the KCs. Furthermore, when compared to the control groups, the
      protein expression of target nuclear factor kappaB P65 was considerably inhibited
      (P<0.05) both in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that the PEI@PMMA
      NPs with a unique amphiphilic core-shell nanostructure are promising nanocarriers
      for delivering miRNA plasmid to KCs. 

PMID- 27366062
TI  - Phytosome-hyaluronic acid systems for ocular delivery of L-carnosine.
AB  - This study reports on L-carnosine phytosomes as an alternative for the prodrug N
      acetyl-L-carnosine as a novel delivery system to the lens. L-carnosine was loaded
      into lipid-based phytosomes and hyaluronic acid (HA)-dispersed phytosomes. L
      carnosine-phospholipid complexes (PC) of different molar ratios, 1:1 and 1:2,
      were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. These complexes were
      characterized with thermal and spectral analyses. PC were dispersed in either
      phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 or HA (0.1% w/v) in phosphate buffered saline to
      form phytosomes PC1:1, PC1:2, and PC1:2 HA, respectively. These phytosomal
      formulations were studied for size, zeta potential, morphology, contact angle,
      spreading coefficient, viscosity, ex vivo transcorneal permeation, and
      cytotoxicity using primary human corneal cells. L-carnosine-phospholipid formed a
      complex at a 1:2 molar ratio and phytosomes were in the size range of 380-450 nm,
      polydispersity index of 0.12-0.2. The viscosity of PC1:2 HA increased by 2.4 to 5
      fold compared with HA solution and PC 1:2, respectively; significantly lower
      surface tension, contact angle, and greater spreading ability for phytosomes were
      also recorded. Ex vivo transcorneal permeation parameters showed significantly
      controlled corneal permeation of L-carnosine with the novel carrier systems
      without any significant impact on primary human corneal cell viability. Ex vivo
      porcine lenses incubated in high sugar media without and with L-carnosine showed
      concentration-dependent marked inhibition of lens brunescence indicative of the
      potential for delaying changes that underlie cataractogenesis that may be linked
      to diabetic processes. 

PMID- 27366063
TI  - Development of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems for the enhancement of
      solubility and oral bioavailability of fenofibrate, a poorly water-soluble drug.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have become a
      popular formulation option as nanocarriers for poorly water-soluble drugs. The
      objective of this study was to investigate the factor that can influence the
      design of successful lipid formulation classification system (LFCS) Type III
      SNEDDS formulation and improve the oral bioavailability (BA) of fenofibrate.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: LFCS Type III SNEDDS were designed using various oils,
      water-soluble surfactants, and/or cosolvents (in considering the polarity of the
      lipids) for the model anticholesterol drug, fenofibrate. The developed SNEDDS
      were assessed visually and by measurement of the droplet size. Equilibrium
      solubility of fenofibrate in the SNEDDS was conducted to find out the maximum
      drug loading. Dynamic dispersion studies were carried out (1/100 dilution) in
      water to investigate how much drug stays in solution after aqueous dispersion of
      the formulation. The BA of SNEDDS formulation was evaluated in the rat. RESULTS:
      The results from the characterization and solubility studies showed that
      formulations containing mixed glycerides were highly efficient SNEDDS as they had
      higher solubility of the drug and produced nanosized droplets. The dispersion
      studies confirmed that SNEDDS (containing polar mixed glycerides) can retain >98%
      drug in solution for >24 hours in aqueous media. The in vivo pharmacokinetics
      parameters of SNEDDS formulation in comparison with pure drug showed significant
      increase in C max and AUC0- t , ~78% and 67%, respectively. The oral BA of
      fenofibrate from SNEDDS in rats was ~1.7-fold enhanced as compared with the BA
      from pure drug. CONCLUSION: Fenofibrate-loaded LFCS Type III SNEDDS formulations
      could be a potential oral pharmaceutical product for administering the poorly
      water-soluble drug, fenofibrate, with an enhanced oral BA.

PMID- 27366064
TI  - Transformation of eutectic emulsion to nanosuspension fabricating with solvent
      evaporation and ultrasonication technique.
AB  - Eutectic solvent can solubilize high amount of some therapeutic compounds.
      Volatile eutectic solvent is interesting to be used as solvent in the preparation
      of nanosuspension with emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The mechanism of
      transformation from the eutectic emulsion to nanosuspension was investigated in
      this study. The 30% w/w ibuprofen eutectic solution was used as the internal
      phase, and the external phase is composed of Tween 80 as emulsifier. Ibuprofen
      nanosuspension was prepared by eutectic emulsion solvent evaporating method
      followed with ultrasonication. During evaporation process, the ibuprofen
      concentration in emulsion droplets was increased leading to a drug
      supersaturation but did not immediately recrystallize because of low glass
      transition temperature (T g) of ibuprofen. The contact angle of the internal
      phase on ibuprofen was apparently lower than that of the external phase at all
      times of evaporation, indicating that the ibuprofen crystals were preferentially
      wetted by the internal phase than the external phase. From calculated dewetting
      value ibuprofen crystallization occurred in the droplet. Crystallization of the
      drug was initiated with external mechanical force, and the particle size of the
      drug was larger due to Ostwald ripening. Cavitation force from ultrasonication
      minimized the ibuprofen crystals to the nanoscale. Particle size and zeta
      potential of formulated ibuprofen nanosuspension were 330.87+/-51.49 nm and 
      31.1+/-1.6 mV, respectively, and exhibited a fast dissolution. Therefore, the
      combination of eutectic emulsion solvent evaporation method with ultrasonication
      was favorable for fabricating an ibuprofen nanosuspension, and the transformation
      mechanism was attained successfully. 

PMID- 27366065
TI  - A brief perspective on the diverging theories of lymphatic targeting with
      colloids.
AB  - For targeted delivery of colloids to the lymphatic system, the colloids should
      efficiently reach and remain in the lymphatics for a considerable period of time.
      As per the current knowledge, diffusion and phagocytosis are the two mechanisms
      through which colloids reach the lymphatic system. Several parameters including
      particle size and charge have been shown to affect the direct uptake of colloids
      by the lymphatic system. Although many researchers attached ligands on the
      surface of colloids to promote phagocytosis-mediated lymphatic delivery, another
      school of thought suggests avoidance of phagocytosis by use of carriers like
      polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated colloids to impart stealth attributes and evade
      phagocytosis. In this perspective, we weigh up the paradoxical theories and
      approaches available in the literature to draw conclusions on the conditions
      favorable for achieving efficient lymphatic targeting of colloids. 

PMID- 27366066
TI  - Comparative toxicity and biodistribution of copper nanoparticles and cupric ions
      in rats.
AB  - Despite widespread use and prospective biomedical applications of copper
      nanoparticles (Cu NPs), their biosafety issues and kinetics remain unclear. Thus,
      the aim of this study was to compare the detailed in vivo toxicity of Cu NPs and
      cupric ions (CuCl2; Cu ions) after a single oral dose. We determined the
      physicochemical characteristics of Cu NPs, including morphology, hydrodynamic
      size, zeta potential, and dissolution in gastric (pH 1.5), vehicle (pH 6.5), and
      intestinal (pH 7.8) conditions. We also evaluated the kinetics of Cu following a
      single equivalent dose (500 mg/kg) of Cu NPs and Cu ions. Cu NPs had highest
      dissolution (84.5%) only in gastric conditions when compared with complete
      dissolution of Cu ions under various physiological milieus. Kinetic analysis
      revealed that highest Cu levels in blood and tested organs of Cu NP-treated rats
      were 15%-25% lower than that of Cu ions. Similar to the case of Cu ions, Cu
      levels in the tested organs (especially liver, kidney, and spleen) of Cu NP
      treated rats increased significantly when compared with the vehicle control.
      However, delay in reaching the highest level and biopersistence of Cu were
      observed in the blood and tested organs of Cu NP-treated rats compared with Cu
      ions. Extremely high levels of Cu in feces indicated that unabsorbed Cu NPs or
      absorbed Cu ions were predominantly eliminated through liver/feces. Cu NPs
      exerted apparent toxicological effects at higher dose levels compared with Cu
      ions and showed sex-dependent differences in mortality, biochemistry, and
      histopathology. Liver, kidney, and spleen were the major organs affected by Cu
      NPs. Collectively, the toxicity and kinetics of Cu NPs are most likely influenced
      by the release of Cu dissociated from Cu NPs under physiological conditions. 

PMID- 27366067
TI  - The effect of ApoE e4 on blood pressure in patients with and without depression.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Depression is considered an independent risk factor for
      hypertension, particularly for people with recurrent episodes or a long history
      of depression. Another risk factor for cardiovascular disease is the
      Apolipoprotein E e4 allele (ApoE e4). The aim of this study was to examine how
      ApoE e4 was related to blood pressure (BP) in patients with depression and a
      control group. METHODS: A total of 78 patients, 49 with depression and 29
      without, all recruited from the same hospital, underwent ApoE e genotyping (24
      had at least one ApoE e4 allele) and examination of BP. RESULTS: In the
      depression group, but not in the control group, both systolic and diastolic BP
      were significantly higher in patients with ApoE e4 than in those without. The
      effect of ApoE e4 on BP differed significantly between the two groups.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that the effect of ApoE e4 on BP differed between
      the patients with depression and the control group. In patients with depression,
      ApoE e4 was associated with an increase in BP. We suggest that patients with
      depression and ApoE e4-positive status are particularly prone to develop BP
      elevation.

PMID- 27366068
TI  - Abnormal spontaneous regional brain activity in primary insomnia: a resting-state
      functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Investigating functional specialization is crucial for a complete
      understanding of the neural mechanisms of primary insomnia (PI). Resting-state
      functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a useful tool to explore the
      functional specialization of PI. However, only a few studies have focused on the
      functional specialization of PI using resting-state fMRI and results of these
      studies were far from consistent. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate
      functional specialization of PI using resting-state fMRI with amplitude of low
      frequency fluctuations (ALFFs) algorithm. METHODS: In this study, 55 PI patients
      and 44 healthy controls were included. ALFF values were compared between the two
      groups using two-sample t-test. The relationship of abnormal ALFF values with
      clinical characteristics and duration of insomnia was investigated using
      Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS: PI patients showed lower ALFF values in
      the left orbitofrontal cortex/inferior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus,
      left inferior parietal lobule, and bilateral cerebellum posterior lobes, while
      higher ALFF values in the right middle/inferior temporal that extended to the
      right occipital lobe. In addition, we found that the duration of PI negatively
      correlated with ALFF values in the left orbitofrontal cortex/inferior frontal
      gyrus, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score negatively correlated with
      ALFF values in the left inferior parietal lobule. CONCLUSION: The present study
      added information to limited studies on functional specialization and provided
      evidence for hyperarousal hypothesis in PI.

PMID- 27366069
TI  - Early diagnosis and Early Start Denver Model intervention in autism spectrum
      disorders delivered in an Italian Public Health System service.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis combined with an early intervention program, such as
      the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), can positively influence the early natural
      history of autism spectrum disorders. This study evaluated the effectiveness of
      an early ESDM-inspired intervention, in a small group of toddlers, delivered at
      low intensity by the Italian Public Health System. METHODS: Twenty-one toddlers
      at risk for autism spectrum disorders, aged 20-36 months, received 3 hours/wk of
      one-to-one ESDM-inspired intervention by trained therapists, combined with
      parents' and teachers' active engagement in ecological implementation of
      treatment. The mean duration of treatment was 15 months. Cognitive and
      communication skills, as well as severity of autism symptoms, were assessed by
      using standardized measures at pre-intervention (Time 0 [T0]; mean age =27
      months) and post-intervention (Time 1 [T1]; mean age =42 months). RESULTS:
      Children made statistically significant improvements in the language and
      cognitive domains, as demonstrated by a series of nonparametric Wilcoxon tests
      for paired data. Regarding severity of autism symptoms, younger age at diagnosis
      was positively associated with greater improvement at post-assessment.
      CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with the literature that underlines the
      importance of early diagnosis and early intervention, since prompt diagnosis can
      reduce the severity of autism symptoms and improve cognitive and language skills
      in younger children. Particularly in toddlers, it seems that an intervention
      model based on the ESDM principles, involving the active engagement of parents
      and nursery school teachers, may be effective even when the individual treatment
      is delivered at low intensity. Furthermore, our study supports the adaptation and
      the positive impact of the ESDM entirely sustained by the Italian Public Health
      System.

PMID- 27366070
TI  - Recognized homonymous hemianopsia and delirium during the admission examination
      leading to diagnosis and appropriate treatment of a new stroke.
AB  - This case report describes the detection of homonymous hemianopsia and delirium
      during the admission physical examination of a patient with esophageal
      adenocarcinoma, resulting in the new diagnosis of subacute hemorrhagic stroke.
      The poststroke visual field defect can result in significant disability and
      reduction in quality of life. Patients with visual field cut show a severely
      reduced quality of life and require additional neuropsychological and visual
      rehabilitation. Only thorough physical examination is able to challenge prior
      negative positron emission tomography scan, leading to the diagnosis of subacute
      stroke and, following appropriate treatment, secondary stroke prophylaxis and
      rehabilitation, instead of brain radiation and chemotherapy. 

PMID- 27366071
TI  - Levels of serum immunomodulators and alterations with electroconvulsive therapy
      in treatment-resistant major depression.
AB  - Studies in recent years have indicated that neuroimmunological events and immune
      activation may have a place in the etiology of depression. It has been suggested
      from data that there is a causal relationship between activation of the immune
      system and excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1
      (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the etiology of
      depression. Although the mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
      is unclear, there is evidence that it can reduce cytokines and immune system
      changes. In our study, we aimed to determine how levels of serum immunomodulators
      were affected by ECT in major depression patients. This study was conducted on 50
      patients with treatment-resistant major depression. The data of the patients were
      compared with 30 healthy individuals with similar demographic characteristics. A
      clinical response occurred in the patients and at the end of therapy, IL-1, IL-6,
      TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-4, and interferon-gamma levels were measured. The disease
      severity was assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Data
      analysis was performed using SPSS Version 15. Significant differences were
      determined between the patients with major depression and control group with
      respect to basal serum IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-4, and interferon-gamma
      levels. ECT treatment was shown to reduce these differences. ECT may cause
      significant changes in the activity of the immune system. The consideration of
      the relationship between the immune endocrine neurotransmitter systems could
      contribute to new theories regarding the mechanism of antidepressant treatment
      and biology of depression. 

PMID- 27366072
TI  - Anterior cingulate hyperactivations during negative emotion processing among men
      with schizophrenia and a history of violent behavior.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests a 2.1-4.6 times increase in the risk of violent
      behavior in schizophrenia compared to the general population. Current theories
      propose that the processing of negative emotions is defective in violent
      individuals and that dysfunctions within the neural circuits involved in emotion
      processing are implicated in violence. Although schizophrenia patients show
      enhanced sensitivity to negative stimuli, there are only few functional
      neuroimaging studies that have examined emotion processing among men with
      schizophrenia and a history of violence. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to
      identify the brain regions with greater neurofunctional alterations, as detected
      by functional magnetic resonance imaging during an emotion processing task, of
      men with schizophrenia who had engaged in violent behavior compared with those
      who had not. METHODS: Sixty men were studied; 20 with schizophrenia and a history
      of violence, 19 with schizophrenia and no violence, and 21 healthy men were
      scanned while viewing positive, negative, and neutral images. RESULTS: Negative
      images elicited hyperactivations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left and
      right lingual gyrus, and the left precentral gyrus in violent men with
      schizophrenia, compared to nonviolent men with schizophrenia and healthy men.
      Neutral images elicited hyperactivations in the right and left middle occipital
      gyrus, left lingual gyrus, and the left fusiform gyrus in violent men with
      schizophrenia, compared to the other two groups. DISCUSSION: Violent men with
      schizophrenia displayed specific increases in ACC in response to negative images.
      Given the role of the ACC in information integration, these results indicate a
      specific dysfunction in the processing of negative emotions that may trigger
      violent behavior in men with schizophrenia.

PMID- 27366073
TI  - Self-perceived cognitive deficits and their relationship with internalized stigma
      and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We investigated self-perceived cognitive deficits and their
      relationship with internalized stigma and quality of life in patients with
      schizophrenia in order to shed light on the clinical correlates of subjective
      cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. METHODS: Seventy outpatients with
      schizophrenia were evaluated. Patients' self-perceived cognitive deficits,
      internalized stigma, and subjective quality of life were assessed using the Scale
      to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia (SSTICS), the Internalized Stigma of
      Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), and the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision
      4 (SQLS-R4), respectively. Correlation and regression analyses controlling for
      the severity of symptoms of schizophrenia were performed, and a mediation
      analysis was conducted to examine the hypothesis that internalized stigma
      mediates the relationship between self-perceived cognitive deficits and
      subjective quality of life. RESULTS: Pearson's partial correlation analysis
      showed significant correlations among the SSTICS, ISMI, and SQLS-R4 scores
      (P<0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that the SSTICS and ISMI scores
      significantly predicted the SQLS-R4 score (P<0.01). Mediation analysis revealed
      that the strength of the association between the SSTICS and SQLS-R4 scores
      decreased from beta=0.74 (P<0.01) to beta=0.56 (P<0.01), when the ISMI score was
      statistically controlled. The Sobel test revealed that this difference was
      significant (P<0.01), indicating that internalized stigma partially mediated the
      relationship between self-perceived cognitive deficits and quality of life.
      CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that self-perceived cognitive deficits
      are significantly associated with internalized stigma and quality of life.
      Furthermore, internalized stigma was identified as a partial mediator of the
      relationship between self-perceived cognitive deficits and quality of life. These
      findings suggest that clinicians should be aware that patients with schizophrenia
      experience significantly greater self-stigma when they suffer subjective
      cognitive deficits, and that this may further compromise their quality of life.

PMID- 27366074
TI  - Body integrity identity disorder crosses culture: case reports in the Japanese
      and Chinese literature.
AB  - Body integrity identity disorder (BIID) is a condition in which people do not
      perceive a part of their body as their own, which results in a strong desire for
      amputation or paralyzation. The disorder is likely to be congenital due to its
      very early onset. The English literature describes only Western patients with
      BIID, suggesting that the disorder might be merely prevalent in the West. To
      scrutinize this assumption, and to extend our knowledge of the etiology of BIID,
      it is important to trace cases with BIID in non-Western populations. Our
      objective was to review Chinese and Japanese literature on BIID to learn about
      its presence in populations with a different genetic background. A systematic
      literature search was performed in databases containing Japanese and Chinese
      research, published in the respective languages. Five Japanese articles of BIID
      were identified which described two cases of BIID, whereas in the Chinese
      databases only BIID-related conditions were found. This article reports some
      preliminary evidence that BIID is also present in non-Western countries. However,
      making general statements about the biological background of the disorder is
      hampered by the extremely low number of cases found. This low number possibly
      resulted from the extreme secrecy associated with the disorder, perhaps even more
      so in Asian countries. 

PMID- 27366075
TI  - Mesalazine-induced eosinophilic pneumonia with bone marrow infiltration: a case
      report and literature review.
AB  - Mesalazine-induced eosinophilic pneumonia has been rarely reported. We reported a
      case of mesalazine-induced eosinophilic pneumonia in a 56-year-old female who
      took mesalazine without a prescription for suspected ulcerative colitis. She had
      an elevated eosinophil count in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage
      fluid. Eosinophil infiltration was also noted in bone marrow aspirates. Chest
      radiograph and computed tomography demonstrated bilateral upper lung predominant
      infiltrates and spirometry showed a restrictive ventilatory defect with a reduced
      diffusion capacity. The patient recovered after cessation of mesalazine therapy.
      Mesalazine-induced lung damage should be considered in patients who develop
      unexplained respiratory symptoms while taking this agent. 

PMID- 27366076
TI  - Prescription of antibiotics in community-acquired pneumonia in children: are we
      following the recommendations?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the adequacy of antibiotic prescription in children
      hospitalized for pneumonia in a reference pediatric hospital in Brazil. METHODS:
      This was a cross-sectional study involving children aged between 1 month and 5
      years who were hospitalized between October 2010 and September 2013. The
      classification of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was based on the clinical
      and radiological criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). The analysis of
      antibiotic adequacy was performed according to the main guidelines on CAP
      treatment, which include the WHO guidelines, Brazilian Society of Pediatrics
      guidelines, and international guidelines (Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Society,
      the Infectious Disease Society of America, British Thoracic Society, and Consenso
      de la Sociedad latinoamericana de Infectologia). A multivariate analysis was
      performed including variables that have statistical significance of P<=0.25 in
      the bivariate analysis. RESULTS: The majority of the 452 hospitalized children
      were classified as having severe or very severe CAP (85.18%), and inadequate
      empiric antimicrobial therapy was started in 26.10% (118/452) of them. Ampicillin
      was the most used empiric antibiotic therapy (62.17%) for pneumonia, followed by
      a combination of ampicillin and associated with gentamicin. The initially
      proposed regimen was modified in 29.6% of the patients, and the most frequent
      change was the replacement of ampicillin by oxacillin combined with
      chloramphenicol. The median hospitalization time was 8.5 days, and the lethality
      rate was 1.55%. There was no statistical difference in adequacy in relation to
      the severity of pneumonia or degree of malnutrition. In the bivariate analysis,
      inadequacy of antibiotic therapy regimen was higher in patients undergoing oxygen
      therapy (P<0.05), which was given to 219 patients (48.45%). Pleural effusion was
      observed in 118 patients (26.11%) and was associated with higher prescription
      inadequacy, and it was the only factor that remained in the multivariate analysis
      (odds ratio =8.89; 95% confidence interval 5.20-15.01). CONCLUSION: Adherence to
      the main guidelines for antimicrobial therapy according to the childhood CAP was
      unsatisfactory. Compliance with the guidelines is essential for both the
      management of pneumonia cases and the decrease in bacterial resistance and it is
      one of the cornerstone of WHO police of controlling antibiotic resistance.

PMID- 27366077
TI  - Occupational HIV risk for health care workers: risk factor and the risk of
      infection in the course of professional activities.
AB  - Virtually created panic among health care workers about pandemic acquired immune
      deficiency syndrome prompted us to review the scientific literature to
      investigate the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in the
      daily works of health care workers, especially surgeons and anesthesiologists. In
      this review, we report worldwide valuations of the number of HIV infections that
      may occur from unsafe daily work in health care. We also present how to minimize
      the risk of infection by taking precautions and how to utilize postexposure
      prophylaxis in accordance with the latest reports of the Centers for Disease
      Control and Prevention. HIV-infected patients will be aging, and most of them
      will become the candidates for procedures such as major vascular reconstruction
      and artery bypass grafting, where the risks of blood contact and staff injury are
      high. For these reasons, all health care workers need to know how to prevent, and
      fight following the accidental exposure to HIV. 

PMID- 27366078
TI  - Value of cyst localization to predict cystobiliary communication in patients
      undergoing conservative surgery with hydatid cyst.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship
      between the segmental localization of liver hydatid cyst by computed tomography
      (CT) and the presence of cystobiliary communication (CBC) and to identify the
      risk factors for CBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and eleven of 163
      patients who underwent liver hydatid surgery between January 2011 and September
      2014 were included in this study and analyzed retrospectively. The size, number,
      stage, and segmental and lobar localization of the cysts were investigated by CT.
      The presence of CBC and preoperative laboratory findings were recorded from
      operation notes. RESULTS: CBC was more frequent in single large cysts. CBC was
      most commonly detected in segment 1 (50%), 8 (48.3%), 7 (41.2%), and 4 (40%). CBC
      was more frequent in the right lobe (40.4%) and Gharbi stage 3 (41.8%) and 4
      (55.6%) lesions. There were no differences in CBC according to distance from the
      hilus. In addition, preoperative total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alkaline
      phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) elevations were
      associated with higher CBC frequency (P<0.05). Cyst diameter, number of cysts,
      and ALP and GGT elevations were independent predictors of CBC presence.
      CONCLUSION: The evaluation of hydatid cyst diameter, morphological stage, and
      segmental and lobar localization by abdominal CT and measurement of preoperative
      cyst diameter, number of cysts, and ALP and GGT values may predict the presence
      of CBC.

PMID- 27366079
TI  - Direct thrombolysis of multiple thrombi in both right and left heart atrium in a
      patient on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support following urgent double
      lung transplantation: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lung transplantation is considered an established treatment for
      patients with end-stage chronic respiratory failure. Patients with acute
      respiratory failure requiring respiratory support with invasive mechanical
      ventilation while awaiting lung transplantation are at high risk of death.
      Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been proposed as an alternative
      bridging strategy to mechanical ventilation. The shear stress created by the
      mechanical pumps causes changes in the hematological system in almost all
      patients treated with ECMO. An antithrombotic strategy to mitigate ECMO bleeding
      and thrombotic complications is necessary. The use of thrombolytic therapy is
      recommended for patients with acute symptomatic embolism with associated
      hypotension or shock. In this setting, the hemodynamic benefits of thrombolytic
      treatment far outweigh its bleeding risk. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report
      describes a 32-year-old woman suffering from lymphangioleiomyomatosis, who
      underwent urgent double-lung transplantation. This patient was maintained on ECMO
      preoperatively, perioperatively, and postoperatively due to life-threatening
      hypoxemia caused by the progression of her pulmonary tissue damage. Multiple
      thrombi developed in the early postoperative period, in both right and left heart
      atria. Direct thrombolysis was successfully performed on the first postoperative
      day. CONCLUSION: According to the current published literature, direct
      thrombolysis of thrombi in both right and left atria in a patient supported on
      ECMO following urgent double-lung transplantation is an extremely rare treatment
      method. Even when taking into account all of the risks associated with
      thrombolysis and arteriovenous ECMO support, we found that this technique is very
      effective and, without a doubt, it saved the life of our patient.

PMID- 27366080
TI  - Men with testosterone deficiency and a history of cardiovascular diseases benefit
      from long-term testosterone therapy: observational, real-life data from a
      registry study.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Long-term testosterone therapy (TTh) in men with
      hypogonadism has been shown to improve all components of the metabolic syndrome.
      In this study, we investigated the effects of long-term TTh up to 8 years in
      hypogonadal men with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: In two urological clinics observational registries, we identified 77
      hypogonadal men receiving TTh who also had a history of CVD. The effects of TTh
      on anthropometric and metabolic parameters were investigated for a maximum
      duration of 8 years. Any occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events was
      reported. All men received long-acting injections of testosterone undecanoate at
      3-monthly intervals. RESULTS: In 77 hypogonadal men with a history of CVD who
      received TTh, we observed a significant weight loss and a decrease in waist
      circumference and body mass index. Mean weight decreased from 114+/-13 kg to 91+/
      9 kg, change from baseline: -24+/-1 kg and -20.2%+/-0.5%. Waist circumference
      decreased from 112+/-8 cm to 99+/-6 cm, change from baseline: -13+/-0.3 cm. Body
      mass index decreased from 37+/-4 to 29+/-3, change from baseline: -8+/-0.2
      kg/m(2). Cardio-metabolic parameters such as lipid pattern, glycemic control,
      blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse pressure all improved significantly and
      sustainably. No patient suffered a major adverse cardiovascular event during the
      full observation time. CONCLUSION: In men with hypogonadism, TTh appears to be
      effective in achieving sustained improvements in all cardiometabolic risk factors
      and may be effective as an add-on measure in the secondary prevention of
      cardiovascular events in hypogonadal men with a history of CVD.

PMID- 27366081
TI  - Impact of selective platelet inhibition in reducing cardiovascular risk - role of
      vorapaxar.
AB  - This article reviews the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety of vorapaxar
      in reducing cardiovascular risk. Vorapaxar is a tricyclic himbacine-derived
      reversible inhibitor of platelet surface protease activator receptor-1, which
      prevents thrombin from activating platelets. Two Phase III clinical trials and
      multiple subanalyses from the two trials with vorapaxar have been published. In
      patients with recent acute coronary syndrome, vorapaxar, when added to standard
      therapy, did not reduce the composite cardiovascular end point. In contrary, in a
      study of secondary prevention for patients with cardiovascular diseases,
      vorapaxar reduced the risk of cardiovascular death or ischemic events (myocardial
      infarction, stroke) in patients with stable atherosclerosis who were receiving
      standard therapy. Vorapaxar is approved in the US for use with aspirin and/or
      clopidogrel in the secondary prevention of thrombogenic cardiovascular events in
      stable patients with peripheral arterial disease or a history of myocardial
      infarction. Vorapaxar increases risk of bleeding and is contraindicated in
      patients with previous cerebrovascular events. It is essential to balance
      individual patient's bleeding risk to any further cardiovascular benefits that
      they may get. Future investigation is also needed to evaluate use of vorapaxar
      with newer antiplatelet agents such as ticagrelor and cangrelor, as well as its
      role as monotherapy. 

PMID- 27366082
TI  - Transcription factor activity of estrogen receptor alpha activation upon
      nonylphenol or bisphenol A treatment enhances the in vitro proliferation,
      invasion, and migration of neuroblastoma cells.
AB  - Many kinds of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), for example, the
      environmental estrogens bisphenol A and nonylphenol, may regulate the activity of
      estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and therefore induce potential disruption of
      normal endocrine function. However, the involvement of EDCs in human cancers,
      especially in endocrine-related cancer neuroblastoma regulation, is not very
      clear. In this work, results showed that upon bisphenol A or nonylphenol
      treatment, the transcription factor activity of ERalpha was significantly
      increased in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Bisphenol A and nonylphenol could
      enhance ERalpha activity via recruiting it to the target gene promoter.
      Furthermore, treatment of bisphenol A and nonylphenol enhanced the in vitro
      proliferation, invasion, and migration ability of neuroblastoma cells. By
      investigating the role of EDC-induced ERalpha upregulation, our data extend the
      understanding of the function of EDCs and further suggest that ERalpha might be a
      potential therapeutic target in human neuroblastoma treatment. 

PMID- 27366083
TI  - The expression of ERCC1 and BRCA1 predicts prognosis of platinum-based
      chemotherapy in urothelial cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of ERCC1 and
      BRCA1 genes in urothelial cancer patients. METHODS: Forty-two urothelial cancer
      patients who did not receive platinum-based chemotherapy during January 2009 to
      May 2013 were enrolled. The expression levels of ERCC1 and BRCA1 were determined
      by immunohistochemistry and the median survival time (MST) for these patients was
      calculated. RESULTS: ERCC1-positive patients who received oxaliplatin-based
      chemotherapy had a shorter MST than ERCC1-negative patients (P<0.05), whereas
      there is no difference of MST between BRCA1-positive and -negative patients.
      Furthermore, MST in ERCC1 and BRCA1 double-positive patients was shorter than
      ERCC1 and BRCA1 double-negative patients (P<0.05). The positive expression of
      ERCC1 had a significant positive correlation with BRCA1 (r=0.313, P=0.044).
      CONCLUSION: The expression level of ERCC1 may be used as a prognostic marker for
      urothelial cancer patients who received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.

PMID- 27366084
TI  - Function of AURKA protein kinase in the formation of vasculogenic mimicry in
      triple-negative breast cancer stem cells.
AB  - Tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry (VM), a newly defined pattern of tumor blood
      supply, signifies the functional plasticity of aggressive cancer cells forming
      vascular networks. VM and cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be
      associated with tumor growth, local invasion, and distant metastasis. In our
      previous study, CSCs in triple-negative breast cancer were potential to
      participate in VM formation. In this study, breast CSCs were isolated from the
      triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by using mammosphere culture.
      Western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that
      mammosphere cells displayed an increased expression of AURKA protein kinase and
      stem cell marker c-myc and sox2. The VM formation by mammosphere cells was
      inhibited by AURKA knockdown or the addition of AURKA inhibitor MLN8237. In the
      meantime, MLN8237 induced the increased E-cadherin and decreased c-myc, sox2, and
      beta-catenin expressions. The function of AURKA in VM formation was further
      confirmed using a xenograft-murine model. The results suggested that AURKA
      protein kinase is involved in VM formation of CSCs and may become a new treatment
      target in suppressing VM and metastasis of breast cancer. 

PMID- 27366085
TI  - PTEN gene mutations correlate to poor prognosis in glioma patients: a meta
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We conducted this meta-analysis based on eligible trials to
      investigate the relationship between phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)
      genetic mutation and glioma patients' survival. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science,
      and EMBASE were searched for eligible studies regarding the relationship between
      PTEN genetic mutation and glioma patients' survival. The primary outcome was the
      overall survival of glioma patient with or without PTEN genetic mutation, and
      second outcome was prognostic factors for the survival of glioma patient. A fixed
      effects or random-effects model was used to pool the estimates according to the
      heterogeneity among the included studies. RESULTS: Nine cohort studies, involving
      1,173 patients, were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results suggested
      that glioma patients with PTEN genetic mutation had a significant shorter overall
      survival than those without PTEN genetic mutation (hazard ratio [HR] =2.23, 95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 1.35, 3.67; P=0.002). Furthermore, subgroup analysis
      indicated that this association was only observed in American patients (HR =2.19,
      95% CI: 1.23, 3.89; P=0.008), but not in Chinese patients (HR =1.44, 95% CI:
      0.29, 7.26; P=0.657). Histopathological grade (HR =1.42, 95% CI: 0.07, 28.41;
      P=0.818), age (HR =0.94, 95% CI: 0.43, 2.04; P=0.877), and sex (HR =1.28, 95% CI:
      0.55, 2.98; P=0.564) were not significant prognostic factors for the survival of
      patients with glioma. CONCLUSION: Current evidence indicates that PTEN genetic
      mutation is associated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. However, this
      finding is derived from data in observational studies, potentially subject to
      selection bias, and hence well conducted, high-quality randomized controlled
      trials are warranted.

PMID- 27366086
TI  - Positive association between CD44 gene rs13347 C>T polymorphism and risk of
      cancer in Asians: a systemic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) is an important surface marker
      of cancer stem cells in a variety of tumors. A number of previous studies have
      been conducted to investigate the association between CD44 gene rs13347 C>T
      polymorphism and cancer risk in humans; nevertheless, the results remain
      controversial. We therefore performed this meta-analysis to confirm the role of
      this polymorphism in susceptibility to human cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      studies published up to December 2015 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science,
      and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Twelve eligible case
      control studies were identified, involving a total of 6,982 cases and 7,430
      controls. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI)
      were calculated using a fixed or random-effect model to estimate the strength of
      the association. RESULTS: The results of the overall analyses indicated that CD44
      gene rs13347 polymorphism was significantly associated with cancer risk in Asians
      (CT vs CC: OR =1.35, 95% CI =1.12-1.62; TT vs CC: OR =1.99, 95% CI =1.52-2.60; TT
      + CT vs CC: OR =1.41, 95% CI =1.16-1.71; and TT vs CC + CT: OR =1.74, 95% CI
      =1.41-2.14), especially in Chinese population (CT vs CC: OR =1.42, 95% CI =1.16
      1.75; TT vs CC: OR =2.13, 95% CI =1.58-2.86; TT + CT vs CC: OR =1.50, 95% CI
      =1.21-1.87; and TT vs CC + CT: OR =1.80, 95% CI =1.43-2.26). In stratified
      analyses by cancer types, there was evidence for an association between this
      polymorphism and nasopharyngeal cancer and breast cancer, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the CD44 gene rs13347
      C>T polymorphism is associated with elevated risk of human cancer in Asians,
      especially in Chinese population. Further well-designed studies on a larger
      population covering other ethnicities should be carried out to validate our
      results.

PMID- 27366087
TI  - Knockdown of long noncoding RNA H19 sensitizes human glioma cells to temozolomide
      therapy.
AB  - Temozolomide (TMZ) is commonly used in glioma chemotherapy. However, a great
      clinical challenge for TMZ is chemoresistance. H19 transcripts are recognized as
      long noncoding RNAs, which potentially interact with chromatin-modifying
      complexes to regulate gene expression via epigenetic changes. Our data based on
      glioma patients showed that the expression of H19 was significantly upregulated
      in TMZ-resistant tumors compared with the TMZ-sensitive tumors. To determine the
      function of H19 in glioma, cell lines U87 and U251 were exposed to TMZ to
      establish TMZ-resistant clones U87(TMZ) and U251(TMZ). In U87(TMZ) and U251(TMZ),
      the expression level of H19 transcripts was increased compared to wild-type or
      nonresistant clones, as determined by real-time quantitative reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction. Concomitant treatment with small
      interfering RNA specifically targeting H19 and TMZ in resistant glioma clones
      resulted in decreased IC50 values for TMZ, and increased apoptotic rates than
      control small interfering RNA-treated cells. This was also evident by the
      increased PARP cleavage in resistant cells exposed to TMZ + si-H19. Furthermore,
      the reduced expression of H19 altered major drug resistance genes, such as MDR,
      MRP, and ABCG2, both at the mRNA and protein levels. Taken together, these
      findings suggest that H19 plays an important role in the development of TMZ
      resistance, and may represent a novel therapeutic target for TMZ-resistant
      gliomas. 

PMID- 27366089
TI  - Decreased FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs to neoadjuvant chemotherapy associated with
      favorable prognosis in advanced gastric cancer.
AB  - Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has been an increasingly used therapeutic
      strategy to improve the outcome of advanced gastric cancer (GC) over the past few
      decades. Lymphocytic infiltration has been reported to be associated with
      response to NACT, but the immune cell subpopulation and its prognosis
      contributing to response in GC have not been clarified yet. In the current study,
      the tumor infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs, marked by
      FOXP3 and GARP) response to NACT in advanced GC and their correlation with
      prognosis were evaluated. The infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs in 102
      patients with advanced GC who were treated with or without NACT was measured
      using immunohistochemical method. The infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs was
      significantly decreased in the NACT group than in the non-NACT group (P=0.023 and
      P=0.012, respectively) and significantly associated with tumor, node, metastasis
      stage (P=0.019 and P=0.011, respectively). There was no significant difference in
      patient's overall survival between the NACT and non-NACT groups (P=0.166);
      however, patients in the NACT group with decreased infiltration of FOXP3+ and
      GARP+ Tregs had longer overall survival (P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively).
      Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the infiltration of GARP+
      Tregs and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors (P=0.038 and
      P=0.013, respectively). The results demonstrated that NACT could decrease the
      infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs, and that the infiltration of GARP+ Tregs
      may serve as a new prognostic factor of human GC response to NACT. 

PMID- 27366088
TI  - Cigarette smoking and risk of adult glioma: a meta-analysis of 24 observational
      studies involving more than 2.3 million individuals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking has been shown to be a risk factor for adult glioma
      by some but not all studies. We conducted a meta-analysis to systematically
      assess the potential association. METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched from
      the date of their inception to October 1, 2015, to identify relevant articles.
      Reference lists from these articles were reviewed to identify additional studies.
      Both cohort and case-control studies were included. Fixed-effects models were
      used to calculate the overall relative risk (RR) with corresponding 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The final analysis included 24 studies
      (seven cohort and 17 case-control studies), involving more than 2.3 million
      individuals. The combined RR was 1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.09; P=0.073) for ever
      smokers, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.07; P=0.574) for current-smokers, and 1.07 (95%
      CI: 0.98, 1.16; P=0.130) for past smokers, with little evidence of heterogeneity.
      Omission of any single study from the analysis had little effect on the result.
      No evidence of publication bias was found. A small but statistically significant
      increase was found in past smokers in females (RR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.28;
      P=0.046) but not in males. CONCLUSION: In general, there was no association
      between cigarette smoking and adult glioma. The small but statistically
      significant association in females requires further investigation.

PMID- 27366090
TI  - MiR-503 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth via inhibition of insulin
      like growth factor 1 receptor.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRs) have been demonstrated to play key roles in the development and
      progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the regulatory mechanism
      of miR-503 in HCC has not been fully uncovered. In this study, we found that miR
      503 was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues compared to nontumorous liver
      tissues. Moreover, lower miR-503 levels were associated with the malignant
      progression of HCC, and the expression of miR-503 was also decreased in several
      common HCC cell lines compared to normal human liver cell line THLE-3.
      Overexpression of miR-503 inhibited proliferation but induced apoptosis of LM3
      and HepG2 cells. Bioinformatical analysis and luciferase reporter assay further
      identified insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) as a novel target of
      miR-503 in 293T cells. Moreover, overexpression of miR-503 led to a significant
      decrease in the protein levels of IGF-1R, while knockdown of miR-503 enhanced its
      protein levels in LM3 and HepG2 cells. Besides, overexpression of IGF-1R reversed
      the effects of miR-503-mediated HCC cell proliferation and apoptosis, indicating
      that IGF-1R acts as a downstream effector of miR-503 in HCC cells. Furthermore,
      IGF-1R was found to be significantly upregulated in HCC tissues compared to
      nontumorous liver tissues. In addition, the mRNA levels of IGF-1R were inversely
      correlated to the miR-503 levels in the HCC tissues. Thus, we demonstrate that
      miR-503 inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of HCC cells, partly
      at least, by directly targeting IGF-1R, and suggest that IGF-1R may serve as a
      promising target for the treatment of HCC. 

PMID- 27366091
TI  - Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for gliomas:dosimetric effects of changes in
      gross tumor volume on organs at risk and healthy brain tissue.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of changes in the gross
      tumor volume (GTV) on dose distribution in organs at risk (OARs) and healthy
      brain tissue in patients with gliomas. METHODS: Eleven patients suffering from
      gliomas with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans treated with a
      simultaneous integrated boost technique planned before therapy (initial plans)
      were prospectively enrolled. At the end of radiotherapy, patients underwent
      repeat computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and IMRT was
      replanned. The GTV and dosimetric parameters between the initial and replanned
      IMRT were compared using the Wilcoxon two-related-sample test, and correlations
      between the initial GTV and the replanned target volumes were assessed using the
      bivariate correlation test. RESULTS: The volume of the residual tumor did not
      change significantly (P>0.05), the volume of the surgical cavity decreased
      significantly (P<0.05), and the GTV and target volumes decreased significantly at
      the end of IMRT (all P<0.05). The near-maximum dose to OARs and volumes of
      healthy brain tissue receiving total doses of 10-50 Gy were lower in the
      replanned IMRT than in the initial IMRT (all P<0.05). The GTV in the initial plan
      was significantly positively correlated with the changes in the GTV and planning
      target volume 1 that occurred during IMRT (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The reduction
      in the GTV in patients with gliomas resulted from shrinkage of the surgical
      cavity during IMRT, leading to decreased doses to the OARs and healthy brain
      tissue. Such changes appeared to be most meaningful in patients with large
      initial GTV values.

PMID- 27366092
TI  - miR-135a acts as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer in part by targeting KIFC1.
AB  - miR-135a was downregulated in the majority of human primary gastric cancer (GC)
      tissues and GC cell lines. Kinesin family member C1 (KIFC1) was significantly
      upregulated in GC tissues and cell lines and promoted GC development and
      progression. We searched for miR-135a targets by using MiRanda, TargetScan, and
      PicTar tools, and found that KIFC1 was a potential target of miR-135a. Based on
      these findings, we speculated that miR-135a might target KIFC1 to inhibit GC
      growth. We determined the expression of miR-135a and KIFC1 by quantitative real
      time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot assays, respectively, and found
      downregulation of miR-135a and upregulation of KIFC1 in GC tissues and cell
      lines. Cell proliferation and apoptosis assays showed that knockdown of KIFC1
      inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of GC cells, and miR-135a mimics
      had similar effects on GC cell proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, we
      verified that KIFC1 was a direct target of miR-135a, which confirmed our
      speculation that the functional effect of miR-135a on GC cells, at least, in
      part, depends on KIFC1. These findings suggest that miR-135a has an important
      role in the suppression of GC and presents a novel mechanism of miRNA-mediated
      KIFC1 expression in cancer cells. 

PMID- 27366093
TI  - Association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and urinary system cancer risk:
      evidence from 51 studies.
AB  - The GSTP1 gene plays an important role in detoxification of carcinogens. GSTP1
      gene polymorphisms may alter the susceptibility of urinary system cancer.
      Numerous studies have been performed to investigate the association between GSTP1
      Ile105Val (rs1695 A>G) polymorphism and urinary system cancer risk. Nevertheless,
      the results remain controversial and only prostate cancer and bladder cancer are
      covered. We identified eligible studies from PubMed, Elsevier, and three
      equivalent Chinese databases including the Chinese National Knowledge
      Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Weipu. Pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence
      intervals were used to assess the strength of the association between GSTP1
      Ile105Val polymorphism and urinary system cancer risk. In total, 11,762 cases and
      15,150 controls from 51 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The
      pooled results from all included studies showed a statistically significant
      association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and urinary system cancer. In
      the subgroup analyses, the GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism was found to be
      significantly associated with prostate cancer risk and also a risk factor for
      urinary system cancer among Asians. In conclusion, our meta-analysis indicated
      that GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism was associated with urinary system cancer
      susceptibility, which needs to be validated by more rigorous data from further
      large-scale population studies with different ethnicities. 

PMID- 27366094
TI  - 1p/19q codeletion and RET rearrangements in small-cell lung cancer.
AB  - The prognosis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is poor despite reports suggesting
      modest improvement in survival. To date, chemotherapy remains the cornerstone
      treatment for SCLC patients, and many studies have focused on identifying the
      molecular characteristics of SCLC, which serve as the basis for precision
      treatments that improve the prognosis of SCLC. For instance, the therapeutic
      effect of temozolomide, recommended for patients with relapsed SCLC, is linked to
      1p/19q codeletion in anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors. A subpopulation of SCLC
      patients may derive benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting RET. In
      order to identify 1p/19q codeletion and RET rearrangement in SCLC patients, 32
      SCLC resected specimens were retrospectively collected between 2008 and 2014 from
      the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital in People's Republic of China. Fluorescence in situ
      hybridization was used to detect 1p/19q codeletion and RET rearrangement in the
      specimens. A 1p single deletion was detected in eight specimens, 19q single
      deletion was detected in three specimens, and only three specimens had a 1p/19q
      codeletion. None of the specimens had a RET rearrangement. The three patients
      whose specimens had a 1p/19q codeletion were alive after 58, 50, and 30 months of
      follow-up care. There was a trend toward prolonged overall survival for the
      patients with codeletion compared to no codeletion, 1p single deletion, 19q
      single deletion, and without 1p and 19q deletion (P=0.113, 0.168, 0.116, and
      0.122, respectively). Our data showed that RET rearrangement may be not an ideal
      molecular target for SCLC therapies in People's Republic of China. Instead,
      1p/19q codeletion is a promising marker for a good prognosis and treatment with
      temozolomide in SCLC. 

PMID- 27366095
TI  - MicroRNA-92a promotes metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting the
      PTEN/AKT pathway.
AB  - MicroRNAs have been confirmed to be a group of important regulators during the
      pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study confirmed that the
      expression of microRNA-92a (miR-92a) was significantly upregulated in NPC as
      compared to noncancerous nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues. Furthermore, high
      expression of miR-92a was observed in all NPC cell lines, especially in high
      metastatic cell lines. Clinical analysis indicated that high expression of miR
      92a was associated with adverse clinicopathological features including the
      advanced tumor-node-metastasis stage and distant metastasis, and conferred poor
      prognosis of patients. In vitro assays showed that miR-92a overexpression
      potentiated the migration and invasion of 6-10B cells, and miR-92a silencing
      reduced the number of migrated and invaded 5-8F cells. Phosphatase and tensin
      homolog (PTEN) was confirmed as a direct downstream target of miR-92a in NPC
      cells. Otherwise, alteration of miR-92a expression regulated PTEN/AKT pathway in
      NPC cells. Mechanistically, miR-92a exerted its promoting effects on the
      metastatic behaviors of NPC cells through suppressing PTEN/AKT pathway. Taken
      together, this study demonstrates that miR-92a is a promising prognostic
      biomarker for patients with NPC, and may be a potential therapeutic target to
      prevent the metastasis of NPC. 

PMID- 27366096
TI  - Bilateral breast adenocarcinomas with EML4-ALK fusion in a patient with multiple
      metastases successfully treated with crizotinib: is lung the primary site?
AB  - Breast metastases from non-mammary cancers are rare, especially when they appear
      synchronously. Clinically, it is vitally important to accurately diagnose these
      patients, as this will directly influence their treatment and survival. We
      present a very rare and complex case of bilateral breast adenocarcinomas with an
      EML4-ALK fusion, which was diagnosed as bilateral breast metastases of non-small
      cell lung cancer by immunohistochemistry and comprehensive genomic investigation.
      The patient was successfully treated with an ALK inhibitor (crizotinib); symptoms
      improved quickly after initiation of crizotinib therapy, and a partial response
      was observed after 3 months. The experience of diagnosis and treatment of this
      case indicates the importance and necessity of genomic investigations in such
      patients, and suggests that we need to consider the rare possibility of this kind
      of metastasis in order to provide optimal treatment. 

PMID- 27366097
TI  - High expression of substance P and its receptor neurokinin-1 receptor in
      colorectal cancer is associated with tumor progression and prognosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence suggests that chronic inflammation and/or
      chronic infection is associated with cancer development, and the inflammatory
      process may play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and prognosis of colorectal
      cancer (CRC). Substance P (SP) belongs to the family of tachykinins and acts as
      an immunomodulator, binding to the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) to initiate tumor
      cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration, steps that are critical for
      tumor cell invasion and metastasis. It is suggested that SP/NK1R signaling may
      play an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. However, the exact
      involvement and significance of SP and NK1R in CRC pathologies remain to be
      adequately deciphered. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed immunohistochemistry
      staining on tissue microarrays containing 267 pairs of CRC and adjacent normal
      tissues to evaluate the clinical significance of SP or NK1R in the progression
      and prognosis of CRC. We also explored the potential correlation between SP and
      NK1R in CRC development. RESULTS: Expression levels of SP and NK1R were
      upregulated in CRC compared with their expressions in adjacent normal tissues
      (P<0.001). High expression of SP in CRC was significantly associated with lymph
      node metastasis (P<0.001). We also found that high expression of NK1R in CRC was
      significantly related to TNM (tumor node metastasis) stage (P=0.010) and lymph
      node metastasis (P=0.019). A high correlation between SP and NK1R expression was
      also observed (r=0.419, P<0.001). Survival analysis showed that CRC patients with
      high expression of SP or NK1R have a poor prognosis when compared to patients
      with low SP or NK1R expression (log rank test, P<0.05). Multivariate analysis
      using Cox regression model showed that survival was independently correlated with
      lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and SP expression (P<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Upregulation of SP-NK1R may play a crucial role in CRC progression.
      Moreover, SP-NK1R expression may also be used as a predictor for CRC prognosis.

PMID- 27366098
TI  - Savings associated with high-dose hypoallergenic house dust mite immunotherapy in
      rhinitis and/or asthma patients in Spain.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To quantify the cost difference between conventional symptomatic
      treatment of mite allergy and specific subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT).
      METHODS: Observational, retrospective, and multicenter study was carried out in
      Spain in 2013. The medical records of 419 patients diagnosed with rhinitis and/or
      bronchial asthma for mite allergy were retrieved. Mean age was 24.9 years
      (standard deviation 14.4). The use of symptomatic medication (rescue and daily),
      diagnostic tests, unscheduled medical care, and sick leave days associated with
      SCIT treatment versus no-SCIT treatment was compared. Also measured was the SCIT
      treatment to no-SCIT treatment costs ratio: used resources (symptomatic
      medication, unscheduled medical care, diagnostic tests, and 3 years SCIT
      treatment and sick leave days) were quantified in euros. Efficacy (decreased
      resource usage) of first-year treatment was assumed during the remaining 2 years
      and also during the 3-year follow-up period. RESULTS: After a single year of
      SCIT, all quantified resources diminished significantly (P<0.05) from baseline.
      Estimated reduction in cost items included hospital resources (100% in
      hospitalizations, 82% in visits to the allergist, and 79% in emergency room
      visits), therapies (56% in rescue medication and 63% in daily medication),
      diagnostic tests (77%), and sick leave days (94%). Ratio of comparative
      calculation described as SCIT treatment versus non-SCIT treatment (or
      conventional symptomatic treatment) is 0.8. CONCLUSION: Direct costs are reduced
      by 64% and indirect costs by 94%. SCIT of hypoallergenic preparation of dust mite
      (Acaroid((r))) allows cost savings versus conventional treatment. Estimated
      savings for the public National Health System are 5.7 times the cost of
      immunotherapy.

PMID- 27366099
TI  - Economic analysis of empiric versus diagnostic-driven strategies for
      immunocompromised patients with suspected fungal infections in the People's
      Republic of China.
AB  - Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) require rapid diagnosis and treatment. A
      decision-analytic model was used to estimate total costs and survival associated
      with a diagnostic-driven (DD) or an empiric treatment approach in neutropenic
      patients with hematological malignancies receiving chemotherapy or
      autologous/allogeneic stem cell transplants in Shanghai, Beijing, Chengdu, and
      Guangzhou, the People's Republic of China. Treatment initiation for the empiric
      approach occurred after clinical suspicion of an IFI; treatment initiation for
      the DD approach occurred after clinical suspicion and a positive IFI diagnostic
      test result. Model inputs were obtained from the literature; treatment patterns
      and resource use were based on clinical opinion. Total costs were lower for the
      DD versus the empiric approach in Shanghai (Y3,232 vs Y4,331), Beijing (Y3,894 vs
      Y4,864), Chengdu, (Y4,632 vs Y5,795), and Guangzhou (Y8,489 vs Y9,795).
      Antifungal administration was lower using the DD (5.7%) than empiric (9.8%)
      approach, with similar survival rates. Results from one-way and probabilistic
      sensitivity analyses were most sensitive to changes in diagnostic test
      sensitivity and IFI incidence; the DD approach dominated the empiric approach in
      88% of scenarios. These results suggest that a DD compared to an empiric
      treatment approach in the People's Republic of China may be cost saving, with
      similar overall survival in immunocompromised patients with suspected IFIs. 

PMID- 27366100
TI  - TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand deficiency enhances survival in murine
      colon ascendens stent peritonitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Apart from inducing apoptosis in tumor cells, tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) influences inflammatory
      reactions. Murine colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) represents a model of
      diffuse peritonitis. Recently, it has been demonstrated that administration of
      exogenous TRAIL not only induces apoptosis in neutrophils but also enhances
      survival in this model. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of
      genetic TRAIL deficiency on the course of CASP. METHODS: Peritonitis was induced
      in 6- to 8-week-old female TRAIL (-/-) mice as well as in wild-type mice. The
      sepsis severity score and survival of mice were monitored. Bacterial loads in
      blood as well as in the lymphoid organs were examined. Additionally, the number
      of apoptotic cells within the lymphoid organs was determined. RESULTS: As early
      as 8 hours postinduction of CASP, TRAIL (-/-) mice were significantly more
      affected by sepsis than wild-type mice, as measured by the sepsis severity score.
      However, during the further course of sepsis, TRAIL deficiency led to
      significantly decreased sepsis severity scores, resulting in an enhanced overall
      survival in TRAIL (-/-) mice. The better survival of TRAIL (-/-) mice was
      accompanied by a decreased bacterial load within the blood. In marked contrast,
      the number of apoptotic cells within the lymphoid organs was highly increased in
      TRAIL (-/-) mice 20 hours after induction of CASP. CONCLUSION: Hence, exogenous
      and endogenous TRAIL is protective during the early phase of sepsis, while
      endogenous TRAIL appears to be detrimental in the later course of this disease.

PMID- 27366101
TI  - Vitamin D and the immunomodulation of rotator cuff injury.
AB  - Tendon-to-bone healing after rotator cuff repair surgery has a failure rate of
      20%-94%. There has been a recent interest to determine the factors that act as
      determinants between successful and unsuccessful rotator cuff repair. Vitamin D
      level in patients is one of the factors that have been linked to bone and muscle
      proliferation and healing, and it may have an effect on tendon-to-bone healing.
      The purpose of this article is to critically review relevant published research
      that relates to the effect of vitamin D on rotator cuff tears and subsequent
      healing. A review of the literature was conducted to identify all studies that
      investigate the relationship between vitamin D and tendon healing, in addition to
      its mechanism of action. The data were then analyzed in order to summarize what
      is currently known about vitamin D, rotator cuff pathology, and tendon-to-bone
      healing. The activated metabolite of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3,
      affects osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Likewise, vitamin D plays a
      significant role in the tendon-to-bone healing process by increasing the bone
      mineral density and strengthening the skeletal muscles. The 1alpha,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D3 binds to vitamin D receptors on myocytes to stimulate growth
      and proliferation. The form of vitamin D produced by the liver, calcifediol, is a
      key initiator of the myocyte healing process by moving phosphate into myocytes,
      which improves function and metabolism. Investigation into the effect of vitamin
      D on tendons has been sparse, but limited studies have been promising. Matrix
      metalloproteinases play an active role in remodeling the extracellular matrix
      (ECM) of tendons, particularly deleterious remodeling of the collagen fibers.
      Also, the levels of transforming growth factor-beta3 positively influence the
      success of the surgery for rotator cuff repair. In the tendon-to-bone healing
      process, vitamin D has been shown to successfully influence bone and muscle
      healing, but more research is needed to delve into the mechanisms of vitamin D as
      a factor in skeletal tendon health and healing. 

PMID- 27366102
TI  - Role of elosulfase alfa in mucopolysaccharidosis IVA.
AB  - Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA or Morquio A) is an autosomal recessive
      lysosomal storage disease which results in a striking skeletal phenotype, but
      does not negatively impact the intellect of the patient. MPS IVA has a phenotypic
      continuum that ranges from a severe and rapidly progressing form to a slowly
      progressive form. The clinical diagnosis is often made in the preschool years
      based on abnormal bone findings on physical examination and dysplasia on
      radiographic imaging. Supportive care has been the mainstay in caring for
      patients. Orthopedic physicians often form the core of the care team due to the
      early and severe skeletal abnormalities; however, systemic disease is common and
      requires aggressive monitoring and management. Interdisciplinary care teams often
      consist of medical geneticists, cardiologists, pulmonary specialists,
      gastroenterologists, otolaryngologists, audiologists, and ophthalmologists. With
      the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of elosulfase alfa, patients >5
      years of age now have access to this medication from the time of diagnosis. The
      clinical trial with once weekly intravenous dosing (2.0 mg/kg per week) showed
      improvement in the 6-minute walk test. The composite end point analysis to
      evaluate the combining changes from baseline in 6-minute walk test, 3-minute
      stair climb test, and respiratory function showed that at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg per
      week, subjects performed better when compared to placebo. This indication was
      clinically meaningful in the treatment group. The treatment was generally well
      tolerated, and the uncommon infusion reactions responded well to traditional
      enzyme replacement therapy infusion reaction management algorithms. Currently,
      clinical trials are underway to determine the efficacy and safety in MPS IVA
      patients <5 years of age. 

PMID- 27366103
TI  - Pain relief and functional improvement in patients with neuropathic pain
      associated with spinal cord injury: an exploratory analysis of pregabalin
      clinical trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Characterizing relationships between pain relief and function can
      inform patient management decisions. This analysis explored graphically the
      relationship between pain relief and functional improvement in patients with
      neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury in two clinical trials of
      pregabalin. METHODS: This was a post hoc analysis of two randomized, double
      blind, clinical trials in patients who were treated with pregabalin (n=181) or
      placebo (n=172) for neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury. The
      bivariate relationship between percent pain relief and absolute change in the
      functional outcomes with placebo and pregabalin was evaluated graphically using
      scatter plots, and loess curves illustrated the extent of the relationship
      between pain and function. Linear trend analysis evaluated the statistical
      significance of these relationships using Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and
      Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT)-based thresholds of pain reduction
      (<15%, 15% <30%, 30% to <50%, and >=50%). Outcome measures included modified
      Brief Pain Inventory pain interference with function in one of the studies and
      the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (an 11-point Numeric Rating Scale) and the
      Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for the pooled studies. RESULTS:
      Data ellipses showed a shift with pregabalin relative to placebo toward greater
      improvement with increasing pain relief for all outcome measures except HADS.
      Loess curves suggested a relationship between increased pain relief and improved
      function except for HADS, with the clearest relationship observed for sleep.
      Linear trend analysis showed significant relationships between pain and Medical
      Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (P<0.0001) and between pain and function on the
      modified Brief Pain Inventory Interference Index and most individual items
      (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Greater functional improvements were generally achieved at
      higher levels of clinically significant pain reduction. Pregabalin resulted in
      shifts from placebo toward greater functional improvement with greater pain
      relief.

PMID- 27366104
TI  - Successful treatment of Raynaud's syndrome in a lupus patient with continuous
      bilateral popliteal sciatic nerve blocks: a case report.
AB  - Raynaud's syndrome has been treated medically and invasively, sometimes with
      regional anesthesia leading up to sympathectomy. We demonstrate that regional
      anesthesia was in this case a useful technique that can allow some patients to
      find temporary but significant relief from symptoms of Raynaud's syndrome
      exacerbation. We present a 43-year-old woman with Raynaud's syndrome secondary to
      lupus who was treated with bilateral popliteal nerve block catheters for ischemic
      pain and necrosis of her feet; this led to almost immediate resolution of her
      pain and return of color and function of her feet. While medical management
      should continue to be a front-line treatment for Raynaud's syndrome, regional
      anesthesia can be useful in providing rapid dissipation of symptoms and may thus
      serve as a viable option for short-term management of this syndrome. 

PMID- 27366105
TI  - Effects of group sexual counseling on the traditional perceptions and attitudes
      of Iranian pregnant women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Marital relationships may fluctuate due to physical and psychological
      changes during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of group
      sexual counseling on the traditional perceptions and attitudes of pregnant women.
      METHODS: This was a quasiexperimental intervention study. Among the pregnant
      women who were referred to health care centers in Zahedan, Iran, in 2015 for
      routine care during pregnancy, 100 individuals were chosen and randomly
      categorized into two groups: intervention (n=50) and control (n=50). Variables
      were the participant's attitudes and beliefs on sexual activity during pregnancy.
      The data were collected during pregnancy using the Sexual Activities and
      Attitudes Questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed before and 6 weeks after
      five sessions of group sexual counseling. Data were analyzed using SPSS software
      (Version 20) with descriptive and analytical statistics. RESULTS: The mean of
      score changes for sexual attitudes and traditional perceptions in the
      intervention group was significantly higher than that in the control group
      (P<0.0001). Analysis of covariance also showed that the mean score of the
      participant's traditional perceptions and sexual attitudes in both groups was
      significantly different after the group sexual counseling. DISCUSSION: Due to the
      positive effect of group sexual counseling on improving the attitudes of pregnant
      women about sexual issues and reframing the traditional perceptions over sexual
      activities during pregnancy, it is recommended that this educational intervention
      should be integrated into counseling and prenatal care for pregnant women.

PMID- 27366106
TI  - Can theoretical intervention improve hand hygiene behavior among nurses?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hand washing is the best strategy to prevent known nosocomial
      infections but the nurses' hand hygiene is estimated to be poor in Iran.
      OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of BASNEF (Behavior,
      Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Enabling Factors) model on hand hygiene adherence
      education. METHODS: This controlled quasi-experimental study was conducted on 70
      hemodialysis unit nurses (35 case and 35 control) in the health and educational
      centers of the University of Medical Sciences of Urmia, Iran. To collect the
      data, a six-part validated and reliable questionnaire was used. The data were
      analyzed using SPSS version18, using Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, chi-square, and
      Fisher's exact tests. The significance level was considered P<0.05. RESULTS: The
      mean age was 38.4+/-8.1 years for the intervention group and 40.2+/-8.0 years for
      the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups for
      any demographic variables. Also, before the intervention, there was no
      significant difference between the two groups for any components of the BASNEF
      model. Post-intervention, the attitude, subjective norms, enabling factors, and
      intention improved significantly in the intervention group (P<0.001), but hand
      hygiene behavior did not show any significant change in the intervention group
      (P=0.16). CONCLUSION: Despite the improving attitudes and intention, the
      intervention had no significant effect on hand hygiene behavior among the studied
      nurses.

PMID- 27366107
TI  - Longitudinal burnout-collaboration patterns in Japanese medical care workers at
      special needs schools: a latent class growth analysis.
AB  - The present study aimed to identify and characterize potential burnout types and
      the relationship between burnout and collaboration over time. Latent class growth
      analysis and the growth mixture model were used to identify and characterize
      heterogeneous patterns of longitudinal stability and change in burnout, and the
      relationship between burnout and collaboration. We collected longitudinal data at
      three time points based on Japanese academic terms. The 396 study participants
      included academic teachers, yogo teachers, and registered nurses in Japanese
      special needs schools. The best model included four types of both burnout and
      collaboration in latent class growth analysis with intercept, slope, and
      quadratic terms. The four types of burnout were as follows: low stable, moderate
      unstable, high unstable, and high decreasing. They were identified as involving
      inverse collaboration function. The results indicated that there could be dynamic
      burnout types, namely moderate unstable, high unstable, and high decreasing, when
      focusing on growth trajectories in latent class analyses. The finding that
      collaboration was dynamic for dynamic burnout types and stable for stable burnout
      types is of great interest. This was probably related to the inverse relationship
      between the two constructs. 

PMID- 27366108
TI  - Validation of the Oxford Participation and Activities Questionnaire.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is growing interest in the management of long-term conditions and
      in keeping people active and participating in the community. Testing the
      effectiveness of interventions that aim to affect activities and participation
      can be challenging without a well-developed, valid, and reliable instrument. This
      study therefore aims to develop a patient-reported outcome measure, the Oxford
      Participation and Activities Questionnaire (Ox-PAQ), which is theoretically
      grounded in the World Health Organization's International Classification of
      Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) and fully compliant with current best
      practice guidelines. METHODS: Questionnaire items generated from patient
      interviews and based on the nine chapters of the ICF were administered by postal
      survey to 386 people with three neurological conditions: motor neuron disease,
      multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Participants also completed the
      Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and EQ-5D
      5L. RESULTS: Thus, 334 participants completed the survey, a response rate of
      86.5%. Factor analysis techniques identified three Ox-PAQ domains, consisting of
      23 items, accounting for 72.8% of variance. Internal reliability for the three
      domains was high (Cronbach's alpha: 0.81-0.96), as was test-retest reliability
      (intraclass correlation: 0.83-0.92). Concurrent validity was demonstrated through
      highly significant relationships with relevant domains of the MOS SF-36 and the
      EQ- 5D-5L. Assessment of known-groups validity identified significant differences
      in Ox-PAQ scores among the three conditions included in the survey. CONCLUSION:
      Results suggest that the Ox-PAQ is a valid and reliable measure of participation
      and activity. The measure will now be validated in a range of further conditions,
      and additional properties, such as responsiveness, will also be assessed in the
      next phase of the instrument's development.

PMID- 27366110
TI  - Curious afterlives: the enduring appeal of the criminal corpse.
AB  - Not only did the criminal corpse have actual medicinal and magical power for
      Europeans, it also had social and cultural meaning as an object, a curio or
      secular relic. This paper considers the appeal of notorious bodies. From books
      bound in the skin of a criminal, to preserved and exhibited heads, from fragments
      of the hangman's rope to the exhibition of the skeleton, the story of the
      afterlife of criminal bodies and the material culture most immediately associated
      with them begins with the collection and exchange of bodies and moves into
      contemporary preoccupations with authenticity. This paper considers the bodies of
      three notorious criminals of the eighteenth century: Eugene Aram, William Burke
      and William Corder. It ends with some reflections on the glamour of the authentic
      body of a notorious or celebrated individual - using the response to the
      discovery of the body of Richard III as an example.

PMID- 27366109
TI  - Opioid-induced constipation: rationale for the role of norbuprenorphine in
      buprenorphine-treated individuals.
AB  - Buprenorphine and buprenorphine-naloxone fixed combinations are effective for
      managing patients with opioid dependence, but constipation is one of the most
      common side effects. Evidence indicates that the rate of constipation is lower
      when patients are switched from sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone tablets or
      films to a bilayered bioerodible mucoadhesive buccal film formulation, and while
      the bilayered buccal film promotes unidirectional drug flow across the buccal
      mucosa, the mechanism for the reduced constipation is unclear. Pharmacokinetic
      simulations indicate that chronic dosing of sublingually administered
      buprenorphine may expose patients to higher concentrations of norbuprenorphine
      than buprenorphine, while chronic dosing of the buccal formulation results in
      higher buprenorphine concentrations than norbuprenorphine. Because
      norbuprenorphine is a potent full agonist at mu-opioid receptors, the differences
      in norbuprenorphine exposure may explain the observed differences in treatment
      emergent constipation between the sublingual formulation and the buccal film
      formulation of buprenorphine-naloxone. To facilitate the understanding and
      management of opioid-dependent patients at risk of developing opioid-induced
      constipation, the clinical profiles of these formulations of buprenorphine and
      buprenorphine-naloxone are summarized, and the incidence of treatment-emergent
      constipation in clinical trials is reviewed. These data are used to propose a
      potential role for exposure to norbuprenorphine, an active metabolite of
      buprenorphine, in the pathophysiology of opioid-induced constipation. 

PMID- 27366111
TI  - The experience of meaning in circle dance.
AB  - Circle dance, which derives from the tradition of folk dances, is practised
      worldwide. This article explores the meanings participants attribute to it. In
      depth interviews with 39 participants, teachers and coordinators of teacher
      training programmes from the circle dance network in the United Kingdom were
      undertaken. Applying a constructivist grounded theory approach, major categories,
      representing respectively the experiences of circle dance participants, teachers
      and coordinators, were developed. This article specifically focuses on the first
      major category, termed "I can't imagine life without it", which relates to the
      experience of 22 dancers. From an occupational perspective, the study reveals how
      participants realise a sense of meaning and satisfaction through engagement in
      circle dance and the potential contribution of this occupation to well-being.

PMID- 27366112
TI  - Diabetes knowledge in nursing homes and home-based care services: a validation
      study of the Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test adapted for use among nursing
      personnel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Providing high-quality diabetes care in nursing homes and home-based
      care facilities requires suitable instruments to evaluate the level of diabetes
      knowledge among the health-care providers. Thus, the aim of this study was to
      examine the psychometric properties of the Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test
      adapted for use among nursing personnel. METHODS: The study included 127 nursing
      personnel (32 registered nurses, 69 nursing aides and 26 nursing assistants) at
      three nursing homes and one home-based care facility in Norway. We examined the
      reliability and content and construct validity of the Michigan Diabetes Knowledge
      Test. RESULTS: The items in both the general diabetes subscale and the insulin
      use subscale were considered relevant and appropriate. The instrument showed
      satisfactory properties for distinguishing between groups. Item response theory
      based measurements and item information curves indicate maximum information at
      average or lower knowledge scores. Internal consistency and the item-total
      correlations were quite weak, indicating that the Michigan Diabetes Knowledge
      Test measures a set of items related to various relevant knowledge topics but not
      necessarily related to each other. CONCLUSIONS: The Michigan Diabetes Knowledge
      Test measures a broad range of topics relevant to diabetes care. It is an
      appropriate instrument for identifying individual and distinct needs for diabetes
      education among nursing personnel. The knowledge gaps identified by the Michigan
      Diabetes Knowledge Test could also provide useful input for the content of
      educational activities. However, some revision of the test should be considered.

PMID- 27366113
TI  - A microalga, Euglena tuba induces apoptosis and suppresses metastasis in human
      lung and breast carcinoma cells through ROS-mediated regulation of MAPKs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Euglena tuba, a microalga, is known for its excellent antioxidant and
      iron-chelation activities; however its anticancer efficacies have not been
      reported yet. This study investigates the antitumor and antimetastatic activities
      of 70 % methanolic extract of Euglena tuba (ETME) against human lung (A549) and
      breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro. Moreover, we had examined ETME's role in
      inducing intracellular ROS with the regulation of antioxidants and MAPK pathway.
      METHODS: Anticancer activity of ETME was thoroughly studied using flow cytometry,
      confocal microscopy and western blotting; along with various biochemical assays
      for analysing ROS-induced regulation of antioxidant enzymes. Inhibition of
      invasion and migration of malignant cells by ETME were investigated by wound
      healing and zymographic studies. DNA-Protein interaction with ETME was also
      studied. RESULTS: ETME inhibited the growth of both A549 (IC50 92.14 ug/ml) and
      MCF-7 cells (IC50 50.27 ug/ml) by inducing apoptosis, while remained non-toxic
      against nomral WI-38 cells (IC50 911.43 ug/ml). ETME treatment resulted in
      increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, BID truncation and activation of caspase cascade.
      This ultimately leads to PARP degradation and apoptosis through the intrinsic and
      extrinsic pathway in both A549 and MCF-7 cells. Wound healing and gelatin
      zymography studies revealed that ETME significantly inhibited the invasion and
      migration of both A549 and MCF-7 cells dose-dependently through the
      downregulation of MMP-9. Further investigations showed that ETME selectively
      induces intracellular ROS, regulated the levels of intracellular antioxidants and
      suppresses the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
      pathways in both type of malignant cells. Further DNA and protein binding studies
      revealed that ETME strongly interact with DNA as well as protein attributing the
      possibilities of presence of components which are targeting the macromolecules in
      cancer cells. Moreover, when the identified compounds from ETME were examined for
      their cytotoxicities individually, it was found that they lost their
      specificities towards cancer cells and also attacked normal cells. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our study suggests that ETME retards the growth of both lung and breast cancer
      cells, in vitro, through multivariate mechanisms, proving its candidature for the
      development of better and safer drugs against these cancers.

PMID- 27366114
TI  - Laparoscopic spleen-preserving hilar lymph node dissection through pre-pancreatic
      and retro-pancreatic approach in patients with gastric cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The conventional radical resection of proximal gastric cancer is even
      more risky when performed laparoscopically, though this technique is widely used
      in gastrointestinal surgery and is accepted as the superior method. This paper
      explores the feasibility of laparoscopic spleen-preserving hilar lymph node
      dissection using a retro-pancreatic approach for the treatment of proximal
      gastric cancer. METHODS: Two cadavers were dissected for examination of and the
      pre-pancreatic and retro-pancreatic spaces. Following the dissection of the
      cadavers, ten live patients with proximal gastric cancer from May 2008 to May
      2013 at Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou, China, were given total gastrectomy and
      adjuvant splenic hilar lymph node clearance through pre-pancreatic and retro
      pancreatic approach on the precondition of preserving the pancreas and spleen.
      The clinicopathologic characteristics, as well as the intraoperative and
      postoperative variables affecting the procedure, were observed and analyzed.
      RESULTS: Anatomy of the space anterior and posterior to the pancreas in the two
      cadavers demonstrated the feasibility of pre-pancreatic and retro-pancreatic
      approach. The surgeries were all successfully performed laparoscopically;
      conversion to laparotomy was not necessary for any of the ten patients. The
      overall mean operative time was 243.6 +/- 45 min. The mean estimated blood loss
      was 232 +/- 80 ml. At the time of follow-up (median 12 months post-surgery),
      there had been neither local recurrence nor mortality in any of the patients.
      CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic spleen- and pancreas-preserving splenic hilar lymph node
      dissection during total gastrectomy, using both pre-pancreatic and retro
      pancreatic approaches, is indicated as a safe and feasible method for the
      treatment of proximal gastric cancer.

PMID- 27366115
TI  - Who are the Gatekeepers? Predictors of Maternal Gatekeeping.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to identify determinants of maternal
      gatekeeping at the transition to parenthood. DESIGN: Participants included 182
      different-gender dual-earner couples. During pregnancy, expectant parents
      completed questionnaires regarding their psychological functioning, attitudes,
      and expectations, and at 3 months postpartum questionnaires regarding maternal
      gatekeeping behavior and gate closing attitudes. RESULTS: SEM analyses revealed
      that mothers were more likely to close the gate to fathers when mothers held
      greater perfectionistic expectations for fathers' parenting, had poorer
      psychological functioning, perceived their romantic relationship as less stable,
      and had higher levels of parenting self-efficacy. In contrast, fathers with lower
      parenting self-efficacy appeared to elicit greater maternal gate closing
      behavior. Mothers who engaged in greater gate opening behavior were more
      religious. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal gatekeeping may be more strongly associated with
      maternal expectations and psychological functioning than with maternal
      traditional gender attitudes. Fathers' characteristics are less predictive of
      maternal gatekeeping than mothers' characteristics.

PMID- 27366117
TI  - Take us to the beach.

PMID- 27366116
TI  - Longitudinal Associations Between Substance Use and Violence in Adolescence
      Through Adulthood.
AB  - Substance use and violence are interrelated behaviors during adolescence and
      early adulthood. Using National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health
      data, this study examined the longitudinal relationships between (a) alcohol and
      violence perpetration, (b) marijuana and perpetration, (c) alcohol and
      victimization, and (d) marijuana and victimization. Cross-lagged structural
      equation models showed that longitudinal patterns of violence and substance use
      vary somewhat and that the ways preceding stages of violence and substance use
      are associated with subsequent violence, and substance use differ by violence,
      substance type, and transitional stage. Our findings call for primary and
      secondary prevention strategies targeting early adulthood.

PMID- 27366118
TI  - Teresa L. Knott, AHIP, Medical Library Association President, 2016-2017.

PMID- 27366119
TI  - Resource format preferences across the medical curriculum.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This research study sought to determine the formats (print or
      electronic) of articles and book chapters most-preferred by first-year medical
      students, third-year medical students entering clinical clerkships, and incoming
      residents and to determine if these preferences change during the course of the
      medical curriculum. These trends will enable academic health sciences libraries
      to make appropriate collection development decisions to best cater to their user
      populations. METHODS: First-year medical students, third-year medical students,
      and incoming medical residents were asked to complete a paper survey from
      September 2014 to June 2015. The survey consisted of five multiple-choice
      questions, with two questions given space for optional short answers.
      Quantitative and qualitative responses were collected and calculated using
      Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: First-year students, third-year students, and incoming
      residents all preferred to read journal articles and book chapters in print,
      except in cases where the article or book chapter is under ten pages in length.
      Although print is preferred, demand for electronic articles and book chapters
      increases as students progress from undergraduate medical education into
      residency. The only category where a majority of incoming residents chose an
      electronic resource was which format they would give to a colleague, if the
      article or book chapter was critical to the care of an individual patient.
      CONCLUSIONS: The preference for print resources is strong across the medical
      curriculum, although residents show an increased preference for electronic
      materials when compared to first- and third-year students. Academic health
      sciences libraries should take these preferences into account when making
      decisions regarding collection development.

PMID- 27366120
TI  - Instructional methods used by health sciences librarians to teach evidence-based
      practice (EBP): a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Librarians often teach evidence-based practice (EBP) within health
      sciences curricula. It is not known what teaching methods are most effective.
      METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted searching CINAHL,
      EMBASE, ERIC, LISTA, PubMed, Scopus, and others. Searches were completed through
      December 2014. No limits were applied. Hand searching of Medical Library
      Association annual meeting abstracts from 2009-2014 was also completed. Studies
      must be about EBP instruction by a librarian within undergraduate or graduate
      health sciences curricula and include skills assessment. Studies with no
      assessment, letters and comments, and veterinary education studies were excluded.
      Data extraction and critical appraisal were performed to determine the risk of
      bias of each study. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included for analysis.
      Studies occurred in the United States (20), Canada (3), the United Kingdom (1),
      and Italy (1), with 22 in medicine and 5 in allied health. Teaching methods
      included lecture (20), small group or one-on-one instruction (16), computer lab
      practice (15), and online learning (6). Assessments were quizzes or tests,
      pretests and posttests, peer-review, search strategy evaluations, clinical
      scenario assignments, or a hybrid. Due to large variability across studies, meta
      analysis was not conducted. DISCUSSION: Findings were weakly significant for
      positive change in search performance for most studies. Only one study compared
      teaching methods, and no one teaching method proved more effective. Future
      studies could conduct multisite interventions using randomized or quasi
      randomized controlled trial study design and standardized assessment tools to
      measure outcomes.

PMID- 27366121
TI  - Norming a VALUE rubric to assess graduate information literacy skills.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated whether a modified version of the information
      literacy Valid Assessment of Learning in Undergraduate Education (VALUE) rubric
      would be useful for assessing the information literacy skills of graduate health
      sciences students. METHODS: Through facilitated calibration workshops, an
      interdepartmental six-person team of librarians and faculty engaged in guided
      discussion about the meaning of the rubric criteria. They applied the rubric to
      score student work for a peer-review essay assignment in the "Information
      Literacy for Evidence-Based Practice" course. To determine inter-rater
      reliability, the raters participated in a follow-up exercise in which they
      independently applied the rubric to ten samples of work from a research project
      in the doctor of physical therapy program: the patient case report assignment.
      RESULTS: For the peer-review essay, a high level of consistency in scoring was
      achieved for the second workshop, with statistically significant intra-class
      correlation coefficients above 0.8 for 3 criteria: "Determine the extent of
      evidence needed," "Use evidence effectively to accomplish a specific purpose,"
      and "Access the needed evidence." Participants concurred that the essay prompt
      and rubric criteria adequately discriminated the quality of student work for the
      peer-review essay assignment. When raters independently scored the patient case
      report assignment, inter-rater agreement was low and statistically insignificant
      for all rubric criteria (kappa=-0.16, p>0.05-kappa=0.12, p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      While the peer-review essay assignment lent itself well to rubric calibration,
      scorers had a difficult time with the patient case report. Lack of familiarity
      among some raters with the specifics of the patient case report assignment and
      subject matter might have accounted for low inter-rater reliability. When
      norming, it is important to hold conversations about search strategies and
      expectations of performance. Overall, the authors found the rubric to be
      appropriate for assessing information literacy skills of graduate health sciences
      students.

PMID- 27366122
TI  - How do early career health sciences information professionals gain competencies?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe early career health sciences
      information professionals' self-reported attainment of the Medical Library
      Association (MLA) Competencies for Lifelong Learning and Professional Success and
      to investigate the various methods by which participants developed these
      competencies. METHODS: A SurveyMonkey survey was designed to ascertain
      participants' demographic information and their competency attainment. "Early
      career" health information professionals were defined as those with less than
      five years of professional experience. Participants were asked to rate each of
      the seven competencies on a five-point Likert scale regarding their level of
      agreement with the statement, "I have demonstrated this competency." Participants
      who responded positively were then asked to indicate how they acquired the
      competency on a multiple-choice, multiple-answer list. Free-text fields were
      provided for general comments and for participants to elaborate on their answers.
      The survey was distributed through the MLA email discussion list and other
      related email discussion lists. Participation was anonymous. RESULTS: One hundred
      eighty-seven responses were received. Out of those 187 respondents, 95 completed
      the entire survey. The majority of early career health sciences information
      professionals agreed that they had attained all 7 competencies. Of the various
      methods used to develop competencies, the most selected method was formal library
      and information studies education. Participants were least likely to report
      attaining competencies via mentoring, volunteering, or internships. Participants
      reported the highest level of confidence in having attained the "Health Sciences
      Information Services" competency, and the lowest level of confidence in having
      attained the "Research, Analysis, and Interpretation" competency. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results contribute to the ongoing discussions regarding proposed changes to
      the MLA competencies. The results may also inform the development of educational
      and professional development opportunities for prospective or early career health
      information professionals.

PMID- 27366123
TI  - Effectiveness of adverse effects search filters: drugs versus medical devices.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study tested the performance of adverse effects search filters
      when searching for safety information on medical devices, procedures, and
      diagnostic tests in MEDLINE and Embase. METHODS: The sensitivity of 3 filters was
      determined using a sample of 631 references from 131 rapid reviews related to the
      safety of health technologies. The references were divided into 2 sets by type of
      intervention: drugs and nondrug health technologies. Keyword and indexing
      analysis were performed on references from the nondrug testing set that 1 or more
      of the filters did not retrieve. RESULTS: For all 3 filters, sensitivity was
      lower for nondrug health technologies (ranging from 53%-87%) than for drugs (88%
      93%) in both databases. When tested on the nondrug health technologies set,
      sensitivity was lower in Embase (ranging from 53%-81%) than in MEDLINE (67%-87%)
      for all filters. Of the nondrug records that 1 or more of the filters missed, 39%
      of the missed MEDLINE records and 18% of the missed Embase records did not
      contain any indexing terms related to adverse events. Analyzing the titles and
      abstracts of nondrug records that were missed by any 1 filter, the most commonly
      used keywords related to adverse effects were: risk, complications, mortality,
      contamination, hemorrhage, and failure. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, adverse
      effects filters were less effective at finding information about the safety of
      medical devices, procedures, and tests compared to information about the safety
      of drugs.

PMID- 27366124
TI  - Patron perception and utilization of an embedded librarian program.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study measured the perceived value of an academic library's
      embedded librarian service model. SETTING: The study took place at the health
      sciences campuses of a research institution. METHODS: A web-based survey was
      distributed that asked respondents a series of questions about their utilization
      of and satisfaction with embedded librarians and services. RESULTS: Over 58% of
      respondents reported being aware of their embedded librarians, and 95% of these
      were satisfied with provided services. CONCLUSIONS: The overall satisfaction with
      services was encouraging, but awareness of the embedded program was low,
      suggesting an overall need for marketing of services.

PMID- 27366125
TI  - Librarians help high school students improve research skills.

PMID- 27366126
TI  - Virtual embedded librarianship program: a personal view.

PMID- 27366127
TI  - What's new in abstracts of science articles.

PMID- 27366128
TI  - Health sciences librarians off the radar.

PMID- 27366129
TI  - An elemental strategy.

PMID- 27366130
TI  - De-duplication of database search results for systematic reviews in EndNote.

PMID- 27366131
TI  - Corrections.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 3 in vol. 104, PMID: 26807047.].

PMID- 27366132
TI  - Effects of thirty and sixty minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on
      postprandial lipemia and inflammation in overweight men: a randomized cross-over
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The transient rise in blood lipids following a high-fat meal (HFM),
      known as postprandial lipemia, is linked to systemic inflammation and
      cardiovascular disease, but can be blunted by exercise. However, minimal research
      has investigated the effects of realistic exercise bouts on postprandial lipemia
      and inflammation in at-risk individuals. The purpose of this study was to assess
      the effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise lasting 30 or 60 min performed
      the evening before a HFM, on postprandial lipemia and inflammation in overweight,
      insufficiently active men. METHODS: In this randomized-crossover study, twelve
      participants remained sedentary (CON), or performed a brisk walk on a treadmill
      at 60 % VO2peak for either 30 min (EX-30) or 60 min (EX-60), after which they
      consumed a small snack (270 kcal) to partially replace exercise energy
      expenditure. Following a 12-h overnight fast, participants consumed a standard
      HFM (1 g fat/kg; 1 g CHO/kg; 1117.8 +/- 117.0 kcal). Blood draws were performed
      at baseline (pre-HFM) and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h post-HFM to assess glucose,
      insulin, lipids, and systemic inflammation. RESULTS: There were no significant
      differences (p > 0.05) in fasting triglycerides between EX-60 (118.7 +/- 68.3
      mg/dL), CON (134.8 +/- 66.2 mg/dL) or EX-30 (135.5 +/- 85.4 mg/dL). There were no
      differences in peak, time-to-peak, total or incremental area-under-the-curve
      between trials for triglyceride response (p > 0.05). There was no significant
      main effect of time (p > 0.05) in IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 or TNF-alpha
      from baseline to 8 h post-HFM in any trial. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we found
      that in overweight, insufficiently active men, neither 30 nor 60 min of moderate
      intensity exercise performed 12 h prior to a HFM attenuated postprandial lipemia
      or inflammation, which could potentially be explained by the partial caloric
      replacement of exercise energy expenditure.

PMID- 27366133
TI  - Protective effect of crocin against reperfusion-induced cardiac arrhythmias in
      anaesthetized rats.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of crocin - a natural
      antioxidant derived from saffron - on cardiac reperfusion-induced arrhythmia and
      antioxidant systems such as catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme
      activities, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA, as a marker of lipid
      peroxidation) levels. Rats in 4 experimental groups were administered crocin (20
      mg/kg/day) or vehicle (i.p.) for 21 days with or without cardiac ischemia
      reperfusion (IR). At the end of this period, hearts of anaesthetized animals in
      IR and "Cr + IR" groups were subjected to 10 min occlusion of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery and thereafter reperfused for 30 min. The results
      suggest that crocin is partially capable of suppressing reperfusion-induced
      arrhythmias. Compared to control group, ischemic-reperfusion injury significantly
      decreased SOD activity and GSH level and increased MDA level of heart muscle. "Cr
      + IR" group showed remarkably increased catalase activity in heart tissue (28.7
      +/- 6.6 vs. 23.6 +/- 4.1 U/mg protein, P < 0.05) compared to the IR group. The
      level of cardiac tissue SOD activity in the "Cr + IR" group animals did not
      decline significantly compared to rats that were administered crocin alone with
      no ischemia. The results suggest a protective role of crocin on cardiac
      reperfusion arrhythmias which may at least partially be related to stability or
      even amplification of antioxidant systems. Crocin may potentially be useful for
      treatment or prevention of arrhythmias in patients with ischemic heart disease
      and this issue remains to be investigated in future clinical studies. 

PMID- 27366135
TI  - Effect of cranberry dietary supplements with different brands on human CYP3A4
      enzyme.
AB  - The use of dietary supplements has increased dramatically, making drug
      interactions with those supplements a major concern. Because dietary supplements
      are not subject to the same regulations as prescription drugs, we hypothesize
      that the content of their active ingredients may vary among manufacturers,
      potentially causing a large variation in therapeutic outcome. The current study
      aimed to test this hypothesis on commonly used cranberry dietary supplements.
      Activity of human CYP3A4 enzyme was used as a parameter to determine the effect
      of cranberry supplement from nine manufacturers. The content of a cranberry
      product, equivalent to one capsule, was extracted with methanol. Aliquots of the
      extract were tested for their ability to inhibit the metabolism of the human
      CYP3A4 substrate quinine, using an in vitro liver microsomal technique. Human
      liver microsomes and quinine were incubated with or without (i.e. as control)
      cranberry extract. Formation of quinine's metabolite 3-hydroxyquinine, generated
      by the CYP3A4-mediated reaction was measured by a HPLC method. Of nine cranberry
      products tested, eight products had little or no effect but only one brand
      (Nature's Herbs 600 mg) caused very strong inhibition (67.2 %) of CYP3A4. The
      reason for this inhibition is unknown. The effect of cranberry was varied and
      ranged from 4.4 % activation by Ride Aid 800 mg to 67.2 % inhibition by Nature's
      Herbs 600 mg. Lack of effect on human CYP3A4 activity suggests that use of
      cranberry dietary supplement is unlikely to cause significant interactions with
      drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. 

PMID- 27366134
TI  - Effects of Cannabis sativa extract on haloperidol-induced catalepsy and oxidative
      stress in the mice.
AB  - Haloperidol is a classic antipsychotic drug known for its propensity to cause
      extrapyramidal symptoms due to blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum.
      Interest in medicinal uses of cannabis is growing. Cannabis sativa has been
      suggested as a possible adjunctive in treatment of Parkinson's disease. The
      present study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated administration of an
      extract of Cannabis sativa on catalepsy and brain oxidative stress induced by
      haloperidol administration in mice. Cannabis extract was given by subcutaneous
      route at 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg (expressed as Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol) once
      daily for 18 days and the effect on haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced catalepsy
      was examined at selected time intervals using the bar test. Mice were euthanized
      18 days after starting cannabis injection when biochemical assays were carried
      out. Malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (the
      concentrations of nitrite/nitrate) were determined in brain and liver. In saline
      treated mice, no catalepsy was observed at doses of cannabis up to 20 mg/kg. Mice
      treated with haloperidol at the dose of 1 mg/kg, exhibited significant cataleptic
      response. Mice treated with cannabis and haloperidol showed significant decrease
      in catalepsy duration, compared with the haloperidol only treated group. This
      decrease in catalepsy duration was evident on days 1-12 after starting cannabis
      injection. Later the effect of cannabis was not apparent. The administration of
      only cannabis (10 or 20 mg/kg) decreased brain MDA by 17.5 and 21.8 %,
      respectively. The level of nitric oxide decreased by 18 % after cannabis at 20
      mg/kg. Glucose in brain decreased by 20.1 % after 20 mg/kg of cannabis extract.
      The administration of only haloperidol increased MDA (22.2 %), decreased GSH
      (25.7 %) and increased brain nitric oxide by 44.1 %. The administration of
      cannabis (10 or 20 mg/kg) to haloperidol-treated mice resulted in a significant
      decrease in brain MDA and nitric oxide as well as a significant increase in GSH
      and glucose compared with the haloperidol-control group. Cannabis had no
      significant effects on liver MDA, GSH, nitric oxide in saline or haloperidol
      treated mice. It is concluded that cannabis improves catalepsy induced by
      haloperidol though the effect is not maintained on repeated cannabis
      administration. Cannabis alters the oxidative status of the brain in favor of
      reducing lipid peroxidation, but reduces brain glucose, which would impair brain
      energetics. 

PMID- 27366136
TI  - Blood pressure profile in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular mortality is the leading cause of death in end stage
      renal disease. Despite being on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD),
      blood pressure (BP) remains poorly controlled. A higher pulse pressure and non
      dipping are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. We studied BP
      control and the prevalence of non dipping in CAPD patients. METHODS: All patients
      undergoing CAPD at our institution who met the inclusion criteria were recruited.
      We compared BP control and dipping status in diabetic and non diabetic patients
      on CAPD. We also determined whether BP and peritoneal membrane permeability were
      associated. RESULTS: Forty six patients with a mean age 45 +/- 13 years were
      enrolled. Diabetic patients were older (mean age 54 +/- 13 vs. 40 +/- 11 yrs, p
      <0.001), had a lower mean diastolic BP (80 +/- 14 vs. 90 +/- 14 mmHg, p = 0.025)
      and a higher mean pulse pressure (59 +/- 17 vs. 49 +/- 14 mmHg, p = 0.035). They
      were also non dippers (n = 15 vs. n = 1, p = 0.007). The low and low average
      transporters tended to have a higher systolic BP (p = 0.054) and a higher pulse
      pressure (p = 0.058). On multivariate analysis, age was the main predictor of
      pulse pressure. CONCLUSION: Despite being on chronic maintenance PD, BP was not
      well controlled. Diabetic patients had a higher pulse pressure and were non
      dippers thereby increasing their cardiovascular risk. We should therefore
      optimize BP control and aim to restore the nocturnal dip in these patients.

PMID- 27366137
TI  - The anti-infarct, antistunning and antiarrhythmic effects of oleuropein in
      isolated rat heart.
AB  - Previous studies have reported that oleuropein, the major constituent of olive
      leaves, has cardioprotective effects. There is no report related to oleuropein
      and ischemic-reperfusion injuries (cardiac dysfunction and myocardial infarction)
      as well as preconditioning in rat hearts. 56 male Wistar rats were divided into 7
      groups (n=8). Group 1 as the control group and groups 2 to 7 as the treatment
      groups that received a single dose of oleuropein (100 mg/kg, i.p.) 1, 3, 6, 12,
      24 and 48 hours before the excision of the heart, respectively. After these
      times, their hearts were excised and subjected to 30 min regional ischemia and
      120 min reperfusion under Langendorff apparatus. Electrocardiogram and
      intraventricular pressures were monitored and recorded throughout the procedure.
      Finally, infarct size was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining.
      Compared to the control group, oleuropein significantly reduced infarct size and
      reperfusion-induced cardiac dysfunction in groups 2 and 3. Oleuropein markedly
      attenuated both ischemic and reperfusion arrhythmias in groups 2 and 3. There was
      no significant difference between other groups (4 to 7) than the control group.
      Heart rate had no significant difference among all of the groups. These results
      indicate that pretreatment of rats with a single dose of intraperitoneal
      oleuropein could protect their heart against ischemic-reperfusion injury for at
      least 3 hours. However, it has no preconditioning effect, since oleuropein had
      not cardioprotective effects 24 hour later. 

PMID- 27366138
TI  - Toxicity evaluation of crankcase oil in rats.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crankcase oil on the
      cellular and functional integrity of rat skin. Thirty (30) rats were randomly
      grouped into six viz groups A-F. Group A (base-line control) received 2 ml of
      distilled water. 2.5 %, 5.0 %, 7.5 %, and 10.0 % v/v of the crankcase oil were
      prepared using unused oil as solvent and 2 ml of the concentrations were
      topically administered to groups C-F respectively for seven consecutive days.
      Group B served as positive control and received 2 ml of the unused oil. The rats
      were sacrificed 24 hours after the last administration, and blood and part of the
      skin were collected. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP),
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde level in the blood and skin
      samples collected were evaluated. Elemental analysis of the crankcase oil was
      also carried out. The result revealed high lead, iron and chromium levels. Blood
      lead concentration of rats was significantly (P<0.05) high after seven days of
      administration. ALP level in skin and serum increased significantly (P<0.05) with
      the concentration of crankcase oil. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in
      skin ACP activity while it increased significantly (P<0.05) in the serum. Similar
      results were observed in the SOD levels of the serum and the skin. The level
      increased significantly (P<0.05) in groups D-F when compared with controls. The
      MDA concentration of both serum and skin were significantly (P<0.05) elevated.
      This suggests toxic potential of used lubricating oil and its potential
      predisposition to cancer. 

PMID- 27366139
TI  - Protective effect of curcumin on experimentally induced arthritic rats: detailed
      histopathological study of the joints and white blood cell count.
AB  - Curcuma longa (turmeric) rhizomes contains curcumin, an active compound which
      possesses anti-inflammatory effects. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an
      accepted experimental animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. The present study
      aimed to observe the histological changes in the joints of experimental arthritic
      rats treated with curcumin. Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley (approximately 7
      weeks-old) rats were randomly divided into four groups. Three groups were
      immunized with 150 ug collagen. All rats with established CIA, with arthritis
      scores exceeding 1, were orally treated with betamethasone (0.5 mg/ml/kg body
      weight), curcumin (110 mg/ml/kg body weight) or olive oil (1.0 ml/kg body weight)
      daily, for two weeks. One remaining group was kept as normal control. Treatment
      with 110 mg/ml/kg curcumin showed significant mean differences in the average
      white blood cell (WBC) count (p<0.05), cell infiltration, bone and cartilage
      erosion scores (p<0.05) compared to the olive oil treated group. Pannus formation
      scores showed that curcumin supplementation successfully suppressed the pannus
      formation process that occurred in the articular cartilage of the CIA joints. The
      mean difference for histological scores for the curcumin group was insignificant
      compared to the betamethasone treated group. It is concluded that supplementation
      of curcumin has protective effect on the histopathological and degenerative
      changes in the joints of CIA rats which was at par with betamethasone. 

PMID- 27366140
TI  - Effect of methanolic extract of Piper sarmentosum leaves on neointimal foam cell
      infiltration in rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet.
AB  - Previous research has shown the beneficial effects of aqueous extract of Piper
      sarmentosum (P.s) on atherosclerosis. The first stage in atherosclerosis is the
      formation of foam cell. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of
      the methanol extract of P.s on fatty streaks by calculating neointimal foam cell
      infiltration in rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet. Thirty six male New
      Zealand white rabbits were divided equally into six groups: (i) C: control group
      fed normal rabbit chow; (ii) CH: cholesterol diet (1 % cholesterol); (iii) PM1: 1
      % cholesterol with methanol extract of P.s (62.5 mg/kg); (iv) PM2: 1 %
      cholesterol with methanol extract of P.s (125 mg/kg); (v) PM3: 1 % cholesterol
      with methanol extract of P.s (250 mg/kg); (vi) SMV group fed 1 % cholesterol
      supplemented with Simvistatin drug (1.2 mg/kg). All animals were treated for 10
      weeks. At the end of the treatment, the rabbits were fasted and sacrificed and
      the aortic tissues were collected for histological studies to measure the area of
      the neointimal foam cell infiltration using software. The thickening of intima
      ratio of atherosclerosis and morphological changes by scanning electron
      microscope were measured. The results showed that the atherosclerotic group had
      significantly bigger area of fatty streak compared to the control group. The area
      of fatty streak in the abdominal aorta was significantly reduced in the treatment
      groups which were similar with the SMV group. Similarly, there was a reduction in
      the number of foam cell in the treatment groups compared to the atherosclerotic
      group as seen under scanning microscope. In conclusion, histological study
      demonstrated that the methanol extract of the P.s could reduce the neointimal
      foam cell infiltration in the lumen of the aorta and the atherosclerotic lesion. 

PMID- 27366141
TI  - Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from
      Hallabong flower.
AB  - A number of essential oils derived from plants are claimed to have several
      medicinal functions, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammation effects.
      However, the chemical composition and biological activities of flower-derived
      components have not been sufficiently characterized. Therefore, we investigated
      the composition of essential oils from Hallabong flower [(Citrus unshiu Marcov *
      Citrus sinensis Osbeck) * Citrus reticulata Blanco] and their anti-inflammatory
      effects. Hydro-distilled essential oils (HEOs) were analyzed using gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In total, 21 components were
      identified, representing more than 98 % of the oils, with sabinene (34.75 %),
      linalool (14.77 %), beta-ocimene (11.07 %), 4-terpineol (9.63 %), l-limonene
      (5.88 %), and gamma-terpinene (4.67 %) as the main components. In the present
      study, we also investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of HEOs on
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. HEOs were found
      to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and to
      suppress the LPS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein. In
      addition, HEOs downregulated the production of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor
      necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1beta (IC50 values are
      0.05 %, 0.02 %, and 0.01 %, respectively). On the basis of these results, we
      suggest that HEOs can be considered potential anti-inflammatory candidates for
      therapeutic use in humans. 

PMID- 27366142
TI  - Recent developments on potential new applications of emetine as anti-cancer
      agent.

PMID- 27366143
TI  - Separation of glycine-rich proteins from sea hare eggs and their anti-cancer
      activity against U937 leukemia cell line.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the anti-cancer effects of Sea hare
      eggs (SE) in U937 cells and its major active components. The aqueous extract of
      SE (ASE), which contained the highest protein content, dose-dependently inhibited
      the cancer cell's growth (IC50 value, 10.42 +/- 0.5 ug/mL). Additionally, ASE
      markedly caused DNA damage by inducing apoptotic body formation, DNA
      fragmentation, and accumulation of sub-G1 DNA contents. ASE induced apoptosis by
      activating caspase-3 and 9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) by regulating
      the expression of Bcl-2/Bax. Moreover, among its molecular weight fractions, the
      > 30 kDa fraction showed the highest cell-growth-inhibitory effects, which was
      inhibited by heat treatment. Furthermore, the > 30 kDa fraction had markedly
      higher glycine content than the ASE. The presence of two protein bands at around
      16 and 32 kDa was identified. In addition, two fractions, F1 and F2, were
      obtained using anion-exchange chromatography, with the F1 having an improved cell
      growth-inhibitory effect than the > 30 kDa fraction. Taken together, these
      results suggest that the ASE contains glycine-rich proteins, including the active
      16 and 32 kDa proteins, which account for its anti-cancer effects by inducing
      apoptosis via regulation of the mitochondrial pathway. 

PMID- 27366144
TI  - The relationship between serology of hepatitis E virus with liver and kidney
      function in kidney transplant patients.
AB  - Although hepatitis E virus (HEV) is well known to cause acute hepatitis, there
      are reports showing that HEV may also be responsible for progression of acute to
      chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in patients receiving organ
      transplantation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HEV in
      patients with kidney transplantation. In this study, 110 patients with kidney
      transplantation were recruited, and anti-HEV IgG, creatinine, alanine
      transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
      and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in the first, third and sixth
      months after renal transplantation were measured. The mean serum anti-HEV IgG
      titers in the study participants was 1.36 (range 0.23 to 6.3). Twenty-three
      patients were found to be seropositive for HEV Ab defined as anti-HEV IgG titer >
      1.1. The difference in liver and renal function tests (creatinine, eGFR, AST, ALT
      and ALP) at different intervals was not significant between patients with HEV Ab
      titers higher and lower than 1.1 (p > 0.05). However, an inverse correlation was
      observed between HEV Ab and eGFR values in the first (p = 0.047, r = -0.21),
      third (p = 0.04, r = -0.20) and sixth (p = 0.04, r = -0.22) months after renal
      transplantation in patients with HEV Ab < 1.1 but not in the subgroup with HEV Ab
      > 1.1. Also, a significant correlation between age and HEV Ab levels was found in
      the entire study population (p = 0.001, r = 0.33). Our findings showed a high
      prevalence of seropositivity for anti-HEV IgG in patients receiving renal
      transplants. However, liver and renal functions were not found to be
      significantly different seropositive and seronegative patients by up to 6 months
      post-transplantation. 

PMID- 27366146
TI  - Neural Net Gains Estimation Based on an Equivalent Model.
AB  - A model of an Equivalent Artificial Neural Net (EANN) describes the gains set,
      viewed as parameters in a layer, and this consideration is a reproducible
      process, applicable to a neuron in a neural net (NN). The EANN helps to estimate
      the NN gains or parameters, so we propose two methods to determine them. The
      first considers a fuzzy inference combined with the traditional Kalman filter,
      obtaining the equivalent model and estimating in a fuzzy sense the gains matrix A
      and the proper gain K into the traditional filter identification. The second
      develops a direct estimation in state space, describing an EANN using the
      expected value and the recursive description of the gains estimation. Finally, a
      comparison of both descriptions is performed; highlighting the analytical method
      describes the neural net coefficients in a direct form, whereas the other
      technique requires selecting into the Knowledge Base (KB) the factors based on
      the functional error and the reference signal built with the past information of
      the system. 

PMID- 27366145
TI  - Daily Activity Abilities in MCI, Alzheimer's Disease, and Healthy Controls.
AB  - Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a risk state for dementia. The present study
      assessed daily functioning in MCI individuals (amnestic [aMCI] and nonamnestic
      [naMCI]) relative to those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy controls
      (NC). Twenty AD participants, 14 aMCI, 12 naMCI, and 30 healthy controls were
      administered the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS). The AD group
      performed poorer than all groups on all DAFS subscales. The aMCI group performed
      poorer than controls on the shopping subtests, while the naMCI group performed
      poorer than controls on only the free recall shopping. Finally, DAFS subscales
      discriminated the AD and aMCI groups well, but only recognition shopping
      discriminated between naMCI and aMCI individuals. These findings suggest that
      circumscribed ADL deficits distinguish subtypes of MCI and AD.

PMID- 27366147
TI  - An Analysis of the Effects of Smartphone Push Notifications on Task Performance
      with regard to Smartphone Overuse Using ERP.
AB  - Smartphones are used ubiquitously worldwide and are essential tools in modern
      society. However, smartphone overuse is an emerging social issue, and limited
      studies have objectively assessed this matter. The majority of previous studies
      have included surveys or behavioral observation studies. Since a previous study
      demonstrated an association between increased push notifications and smartphone
      overuse, we investigated the effects of push notifications on task performance.
      We detected changes in brainwaves generated by smartphone push notifications
      using the N200 and P300 components of event-related potential (ERP) to
      investigate both concentration and cognitive ability. ERP assessment indicated
      that, in both risk and nonrisk groups, the lowest N200 amplitude and the longest
      latency during task performance were found when push notifications were
      delivered. Compared to the nonrisk group, the risk group demonstrated lower P300
      amplitudes and longer latencies. In addition, the risk group featured a higher
      rate of error in the Go-Nogo task, due to the negative influence of smartphone
      push notifications on performance in both risk and nonrisk groups. Furthermore,
      push notifications affected subsequent performance in the risk group. 

PMID- 27366148
TI  - FullSSR: Microsatellite Finder and Primer Designer.
AB  - Microsatellites are genomic sequences comprised of tandem repeats of short
      nucleotide motifs widely used as molecular markers in population genetics.
      FullSSR is a new bioinformatic tool for microsatellite (SSR) loci detection and
      primer design using genomic data from NGS assay. The software was tested with
      2000 sequences of Oryza sativa shotgun sequencing project from the National
      Center of Biotechnology Information Trace Archive and with partial genome
      sequencing with ROCHE 454(r) from Caiman latirostris, Salvator merianae, Aegla
      platensis, and Zilchiopsis collastinensis. FullSSR performance was compared
      against other similar SSR search programs. The results of the use of this kind of
      approach depend on the parameters set by the user. In addition, results can be
      affected by the analyzed sequences because of differences among the genomes.
      FullSSR simplifies the detection of SSRs and primer design on a big data set. The
      command line interface of FullSSR was intended to be used as part of genomic
      analysis tools pipeline; however, it can be used as a stand-alone program because
      the results are easily interpreted for a nonexpert user. 

PMID- 27366150
TI  - The Reinforcement Effect of Nano-Zirconia on the Transverse Strength of Repaired
      Acrylic Denture Base.
AB  - Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporation of
      glass fiber, zirconia, and nano-zirconia on the transverse strength of repaired
      denture base. Materials and Methods. Eighty specimens of heat polymerized acrylic
      resin were prepared and randomly divided into eight groups (n = 10): one intact
      group (control) and seven repaired groups. One group was repaired with
      autopolymerized resin while the other six groups were repaired using
      autopolymerized resin reinforced with 2 wt% or 5 wt% glass fiber, zirconia, or
      nano-zirconia particles. A three-point bending test was used to measure the
      transverse strength. The results were analyzed using SPSS and repeated measure
      ANOVA and post hoc least significance (LSD) test (P <= 0.05). Results. Among
      repaired groups it was found that autopolymerized resin reinforced with 2 or 5
      wt% nano-zirconia showed the highest transverse strength (P <= 0.05). Repairs
      with autopolymerized acrylic resin reinforced with 5 wt% zirconia showed the
      lowest transverse strength value. There was no significant difference between the
      groups repaired with repair resin without reinforcement, 2 wt% zirconia, and
      glass fiber reinforced resin. Conclusion. Reinforcing of repair material with
      nano-zirconia may significantly improve the transverse strength of some fractured
      denture base polymers. 

PMID- 27366151
TI  - Intracavitary Irradiation as a Safe Alternative for Cystic Craniopharyngiomas:
      Case Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Craniopharyngioma treatment remains a challenge for clinicians and patients.
      There are many treatment alternatives; however one of them (intracavitary
      irradiation) seeks to control this type of benign brain tumor using minimally
      invasive techniques, with the specific aim of avoiding causing significant damage
      to important structures surrounding the sellar/suprasellar region. We present the
      case of a 3-year-old patient with a predominantly cystic craniopharyngioma who
      underwent intracavitary irradiation by stereotactic placement. Using this
      approach, the patient showed a successful response with remission of headaches
      and hydrocephalus. A reduction in the size of the cyst was achieved, without
      deterioration of visual fields, with no hormonal supplementation being needed,
      and with no evidence of focal neurological signs. 

PMID- 27366149
TI  - 3D-Printed Scaffolds and Biomaterials: Review of Alveolar Bone Augmentation and
      Periodontal Regeneration Applications.
AB  - To ensure a successful dental implant therapy, the presence of adequate vertical
      and horizontal alveolar bone is fundamental. However, an insufficient amount of
      alveolar ridge in both dimensions is often encountered in dental practice due to
      the consequences of oral diseases and tooth loss. Although postextraction socket
      preservation has been adopted to lessen the need for such invasive approaches, it
      utilizes bone grafting materials, which have limitations that could negatively
      affect the quality of bone formation. To overcome the drawbacks of routinely
      employed grafting materials, bone graft substitutes such as 3D scaffolds have
      been recently investigated in the dental field. In this review, we highlight
      different biomaterials suitable for 3D scaffold fabrication, with a focus on "3D
      printed" ones as bone graft substitutes that might be convenient for various
      applications related to implant therapy. We also briefly discuss their possible
      adoption for periodontal regeneration. 

PMID- 27366152
TI  - Cardiac Arrest and Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case of Medical Heuristics.
AB  - Insufficient clinical data from patients is a major cause of errors in medical
      diagnostics. In an attempt to make a diagnosis, initial clinical information
      provided to the physician may be overly relied on as the only information
      required in making diagnosis leading to anchoring. Failure to rely on
      differential diagnoses in spite of new signs and symptoms or rethinking of
      initial hypothesis may lead to fixation on a certain diagnosis, which may lead to
      significant morbidity and mortality. In the event that there is an anchoring
      heuristic, like in our patient, it is important to consider differential
      diagnoses; however, it is not wrong to rely on some form of anchor. We report a
      case of a 62-year-old male with a history of multiple medical conditions and a
      history of acetaminophen overdose who presented to the hospital with large
      amounts of coffee ground emesis. He was subsequently transferred to the liver
      transplant center on discovery that he was in fulminant hepatic failure and died
      two days later in spite of aggressive medical treatment. 

PMID- 27366154
TI  - Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Deficiency in an Exon 3 Deletion Mouse Model Promotes
      Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation and Impacts Endosteal Niche Cells.
AB  - The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor
      belonging to the Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) family of proteins. The AHR is involved in
      hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions including self-renewal, proliferation,
      quiescence, and differentiation. We hypothesize that AHR impacts HSC functions by
      influencing genes that have roles in HSC maintenance and function and that this
      may occur through regulation of bone marrow (BM) niche cells. We examined BM and
      niche cells harvested from 8-week-old AHR null-allele (KO) mice in which exon 3
      was deleted in the Ahr gene and compared these data to cells from B6 control
      mice; young and old (10 months) animals were also compared. We report changes in
      HSCs and peripheral blood cells in mice lacking AHR. Serial transplantation
      assays revealed a significant increase in long term HSCs. There was a significant
      increase in mesenchymal stem cells constituting the endosteal BM niche. Gene
      expression analyses of HSCs revealed an increase in expression of genes involved
      in proliferation and maintenance of quiescence. Our studies infer that loss of
      AHR results in increased proliferation and self-renewal of long term HSCs, in
      part, by influencing the microenvironment in the niche regulating the balance
      between quiescence and proliferation in HSCs. 

PMID- 27366153
TI  - Osteosarcoma: Cells-of-Origin, Cancer Stem Cells, and Targeted Therapies.
AB  - Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary solid tumor that develops in
      bone. Although standard chemotherapy has significantly improved long-term
      survival over the past few decades, the outcome for those patients with
      metastatic or recurrent OS remains dismally poor and, therefore, novel agents and
      treatment regimens are urgently required. A hypothesis to explain the resistance
      of OS to chemotherapy is the existence of drug resistant CSCs with progenitor
      properties that are responsible of tumor relapses and metastasis. These
      subpopulations of CSCs commonly emerge during tumor evolution from the cell-of
      origin, which are the normal cells that acquire the first cancer-promoting
      mutations to initiate tumor formation. In OS, several cell types along the
      osteogenic lineage have been proposed as cell-of-origin. Both the cell-of-origin
      and their derived CSC subpopulations are highly influenced by environmental and
      epigenetic factors and, therefore, targeting the OS-CSC environment and niche is
      the rationale for many recently postulated therapies. Likewise, some strategies
      for targeting CSC-associated signaling pathways have already been tested in both
      preclinical and clinical settings. This review recapitulates current OS cell-of
      origin models, the properties of the OS-CSC and its niche, and potential new
      therapies able to target OS-CSCs. 

PMID- 27366155
TI  - Outbreak of Norovirus GII.P17-GII.17 in the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia.
AB  - Background. Norovirus is the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, with GII.4
      being the most common circulating genotype. Recently, outbreaks in China revealed
      that norovirus GII.17 GII.P17 had become predominant. Objective. This study aimed
      to characterize the distribution of norovirus genotypes circulating in Nova
      Scotia. Methods. Stool specimens were collected from gastrointestinal outbreaks
      in Nova Scotia between Jan 2014 and June 2015 and subjected to real-time RT-PCR.
      Norovirus-positive specimens were referred to the National Microbiology
      Laboratory for sequence-based genotyping. Results. The first norovirus GII.P17
      GII.17 outbreak in Canada was identified, but no widespread activity was observed
      in Nova Scotia. Discussion. It is unknown whether GII.P17-GII.17 is more
      widespread in Canada since contributions to Canadian surveillance are too sparse
      to effectively monitor the epidemiology of emerging norovirus genotypes.
      Conclusions. Presence of norovirus GII.17:P17 in Canada highlights the need for
      more systematic surveillance to ensure that molecular targets used for laboratory
      detection are effective and help understand norovirus evolution, epidemiology,
      and pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27366156
TI  - Helminthic Infection and Nutritional Studies among Orang Asli Children in Sekolah
      Kebangsaan Pos Legap, Perak.
AB  - Background. Orang Asli (aborigine) children are susceptible to soil-transmitted
      helminth (STH) infections due to their lifestyle and substandard sanitation
      system. Objectives. This study aimed to examine the helminthic and nutritional
      status of Orang Asli school children in Sekolah Kebangsaan Pos Legap, a remote
      primary school at Kuala Kangsar District in the state of Perak, Malaysia. In
      addition, the sensitivities of four STH stool examination techniques were also
      compared. Methods. Demography and anthropometry data were collected by one-to-one
      interview session. Collected stools were examined with four microscopy
      techniques, namely, direct wet mount, formalin ether concentration (FEC), Kato
      Katz (KK), and ParasepTM. Results. Anthropometry analysis showed that 78% (26/33)
      of children in SK Pos Legap were malnourished and 33% (11/33) of them were
      stunted. Stool examinations revealed almost all children (97%) were infected by
      either one of the three commonest STHs. FEC was the most sensitive method in
      detection of the three helminth species. Conclusion. This study revealed that STH
      infections and nutritional status still remain a health concern among the Orang
      Asli children. These communal problems could be effectively controlled by regular
      monitoring of STH infection loads, administration of effective antihelminthic
      drug regimen, and also implementation of effective school nutritional programs. 

PMID- 27366157
TI  - Measles Outbreak among Previously Immunized Adult Healthcare Workers, China,
      2015.
AB  - Measles is caused by measles virus belonging to genus Morbillivirus of the family
      Paramyxoviridae. Vaccination has played a critical role in controlling measles
      infection worldwide. However, in the recent years, outbreaks of measles infection
      still occur in many developing countries. Here, we report an outbreak of measles
      among healthcare workers and among the 60 measles infected patients 50 were
      healthcare workers including doctors, nurses, staff, and medics. Fifty-one
      patients (85%) tested positive for IgM antibodies against the measles virus and
      50 patients (83.3%) tested positive for measles virus RNA. Surprisingly, 73.3% of
      the infected individuals had been previously immunized against measles. Since
      there is no infection division in our hospital, the fever clinics are located in
      the Emergency Division. In addition, the fever and rash were not recognized as
      measles symptoms at the beginning of the outbreak. These factors result in delay
      in isolation and early confirmation of the suspected patients and eventually a
      measles outbreak in the hospital. Our report highlights the importance of
      following a two-dose measles vaccine program in people including the healthcare
      workers. In addition, vigilant attention should be paid to medical staff with
      clinical fever and rash symptoms to avoid a possible nosocomial transmission of
      measles infection. 

PMID- 27366158
TI  - Fosfomycin: A First-Line Oral Therapy for Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis.
AB  - Fosfomycin is a new agent to Canada approved for the treatment of acute
      uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) in adult women infected with susceptible isolates of
      E. coli and Enterococcus faecalis. We reviewed the literature regarding the use
      of oral fosfomycin for the treatment of AUC. All English-language references from
      1975 to October 2015 were reviewed. In Canada, fosfomycin tromethamine is
      manufactured as Monurol(r) and is available as a 3-gram single dose sachet.
      Fosfomycin has a unique chemical structure, inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis at
      an earlier site compared to beta-lactams with no cross-resistance with other
      agents. Fosfomycin displays broad-spectrum activity against ESBL-producing, AmpC
      producing, carbapenem-non-susceptible, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli.
      Resistance to fosfomycin in E. coli is rare (<1%). Fosfomycin is excreted
      unchanged in the urine by glomerular filtration with peak urinary concentration
      ~4000 ug/mL and remains at concentrations >100 ug/mL for 48 hours after a single
      3-gram oral dose. No dosage adjustments are required in elderly patients, in
      pregnant patients, or in either renal or hepatic impairment. Fosfomycin
      demonstrates a favorable safety profile, and clinical trials have demonstrated
      efficacy in AUC that is comparable to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Fosfomycin's in vitro activity against common
      uropathogens, including MDR isolates, its favorable safety profile including
      pregnancy patients, drug interactions, and clinical trials data demonstrating
      efficacy in AUC, has resulted in Canadian, US, and European
      guidelines/authorities recommending fosfomycin as a first line agent for the
      treatment of AUC. 

PMID- 27366159
TI  - Death of a 29-Year-Old Male from Undifferentiated Sepsis.
AB  - Tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors, such as infliximab, and other biologic
      agents are associated with increased risk of opportunistic infection, including
      tuberculosis. Tuberculosis infections associated with infliximab tend to present
      atypically and can be difficult to diagnose, as they are more likely to manifest
      as extrapulmonary or disseminated disease. The authors report a case involving a
      29-year-old male patient who died following 16 days of treatment for
      undifferentiated sepsis and who was found on autopsy to have widespread
      disseminated tuberculosis. Prior to the onset of illness, the patient had
      received infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease. Following discussion of
      the case, the authors review the definition of adverse events, provide a root
      cause analysis of the cognitive errors and breakdowns in the health care system
      that contributed to the reported outcome, and identify opportunities to address
      these breakdowns and improve patient safety measures for future cases. 

PMID- 27366160
TI  - A Cluster of Three Cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome among Canadian Military
      Personnel.
AB  - Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare illness in eastern Canada. We
      present three cases of HPS among military personnel in Quebec. The three cases
      shared a common exposure to mouse excreta while engaged in military training in
      Alberta, a western province of Canada. 

PMID- 27366161
TI  - HIV Prophylaxis in High Risk Newborns: An Examination of Sociodemographic Factors
      in an Inner City Context.
AB  - Background. Perinatal HIV transmission is less than 1% with antiretroviral (ARV)
      prophylaxis. Transmission risk appears higher in "high risk" dyads, yet this is
      not well defined, possibly exposing more infants to combination ARV compared with
      standard care. Objective. To describe characteristics of mother-infant dyads
      where infants received ARVs and how these characteristics relate to specific ARV
      regimens. Methods. Retrospective chart review of ARV-receiving newborns at St.
      Michael's Hospital from 2007 to 2012 (and their mothers). Numerical and
      categorical variables were analyzed using t-tests/ANOVA F-tests and Fisher's
      exact tests, respectively. Results. Maternal HIV status at delivery was as
      follows: 69% positive and 24% unknown. Maternal factors significantly associated
      with newborn-triple therapy are Canadian origin, substance abuse, unstable
      housing, lost custody of previous children, and sex work. Neonatal factors are
      child protective services involvement, NICU, and lengthier admission. Maternal
      factors associated with monotherapy are African origin, HIV-positive, employment,
      and education. Further analysis based on maternal presentation at delivery
      demonstrated unequal distribution of many aforementioned factors. Discussion.
      This cohort revealed associations between particular factors and newborn
      monotherapy or triple therapy that exist, suggesting that sociodemographic
      factors may influence the choice of ARV regimen. Canadian perinatal HIV
      transmission guidelines should qualify how to risk stratify newborns and consider
      use of rapid HIV antibody testing. 

PMID- 27366162
TI  - A Fatal Case of Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by a Highly Virulent Escherichia
      coli Strain.
AB  - Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious disease characterized by the necrosis of the
      subcutaneous tissues and fascia. E. coli as the etiologic agent of necrotizing
      fasciitis is a rare occurrence. A 66-year-old woman underwent total abdominal
      hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. She rapidly developed
      necrotizing fasciitis which led to her death 68 hours following surgery. An E.
      coli strain was isolated from blood and fascia cultures. DNA microarray revealed
      the presence of 20 virulence genes. 

PMID- 27366163
TI  - First Imported Case of Chikungunya Virus Infection in a Travelling Canadian
      Returning from the Caribbean.
AB  - This is the first Canadian case of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection reported
      in a traveller returning from the Caribbean. Following multiple mosquito bites in
      Martinique Island in January 2014, the patient presented with high fever,
      headaches, arthralgia on both hands and feet, and a rash on the trunk upon his
      return to Canada. Initial serological testing for dengue virus infection was
      negative. Support therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was
      administered. The symptoms gradually improved 4 weeks after onset with residual
      arthralgia and morning joint stiffness. This clinical feature prompted the
      clinician to request CHIKV virus serology which was found to be positive for the
      presence of IgM and neutralizing antibodies. In 2014, over four hundred confirmed
      CHIKV infection cases were diagnosed in Canadian travellers returning from the
      Caribbean and Central America. Clinical suspicion of CHIKV or dengue virus
      infections should be considered in febrile patients with arthralgia returning
      from the recently CHIKV endemic countries of the Americas. 

PMID- 27366164
TI  - Human Papilloma Virus Persistence after Cone Excision in Women with Cervical High
      Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion: A Prospective Study.
AB  - Background. Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary event
      in cervical cancer tumorigenesis. Our objectives were to estimate the rate of HPV
      infection persistence after large loop excision of the transformation zone (LEEP)
      in patients with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and to
      investigate if HPV persistence is type related. Methods. We conducted a
      prospective study on 89 patients with HSIL treated with LEEP. DNA HPV was
      performed before surgery and at 6, 12, and 18 months after LEEP. Results. Four
      patients were excluded from the study. The HPV persistence in the remaining 85
      patients was 32.95% (6 months), 14.12% (12 months), and 10.59% (18 months). Type
      16 had the highest persistence rate, 23.5% (6 months), 11.8% (12 months), and
      8.2% (18 months). Coinfection was found to be 54.12% before LEEP and 18.8% (6
      months), 4.7% (12 months), and 3.5% (18 months) after LEEP. The rate of
      coinfections including type 16 was 46.83% of all coinfections. Coinfection
      including type 16 was not correlated with higher persistence rate compared to
      infection with type 16 only. Conclusions. HPV infection is not completely
      eradicated by LEEP in patients with HSIL lesion on PAP smear. HPV persistence
      after LEEP is influenced by HPV type. HPV type 16 has the highest persistence
      rate. 

PMID- 27366165
TI  - Bacillus pumilus Septic Arthritis in a Healthy Child.
AB  - We report a case of septic arthritis caused by a Bacillus species, B. pumilus,
      occurring in a healthy child. This organism rarely causes serious infections and
      has only been described in newborns and immunocompromised individuals or as a
      skin infection. This child developed an indolent joint swelling after a minor
      skin injury, and symptoms were initially thought most consistent with chronic
      arthritis. The case demonstrates that clinicians should consider joint infection
      in children presenting with acute monoarticular swelling, even without prominent
      systemic features. 

PMID- 27366166
TI  - Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Induction due to Infection: A Patient with
      Infective Endocarditis and Chronic Hepatitis C.
AB  - While antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) is often used as a diagnostic
      marker for certain vasculitides, ANCA induction in the setting of infection is
      much less common. In the case of infective endocarditis, patients may present
      with multisystem disturbances resembling an autoimmune process, cases that may be
      rendered even trickier to diagnose in the face of a positive ANCA. Though not
      always straightforward, distinguishing an infective from an inflammatory process
      is pivotal in order to guide appropriate therapy. We describe an encounter with a
      43-year-old male with chronically untreated hepatitis C virus infection who
      featured ANCA positivity while hospitalized with acute bacterial endocarditis.
      His case serves as a reminder of two of the few infections known to uncommonly
      generate ANCA positivity. We also summarize previously reported cases of ANCA
      positivity in the context of endocarditis and hepatitis C infections. 

PMID- 27366167
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of the BD Phoenix Yeast ID Panel and Remel RapID Yeast
      Plus System for Yeast Identification.
AB  - Becton Dickinson Phoenix Yeast ID Panel was compared to the Remel RapID Yeast
      Plus System using 150 recent clinical yeast isolates and the API 20C AUX system
      to resolve discrepant results. The concordance rate between the Yeast ID Panel
      and the RapID Yeast Plus System (without arbitration) was 93.3% with 97.3%
      (146/150) and 95.3% (143/150) of the isolates correctly identified by the Becton
      Dickinson Phoenix and the Remel RapID, respectively, with arbitration. 

PMID- 27366168
TI  - Review of 16S and ITS Direct Sequencing Results for Clinical Specimens Submitted
      to a Reference Laboratory.
AB  - We evaluated the performance of 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region
      amplification and sequencing of rDNA from clinical specimens, for the respective
      detection and identification of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Direct rDNA
      amplification of 16S and ITS targets from clinical samples was performed over a 4
      year period and reviewed. All specimens were from sterile sites and submitted to
      a reference laboratory for evaluation. Results of 16S and ITS were compared to
      histopathology, Gram and/or calcofluor stain microscopy results. A total of 277
      16S tests were performed, with 64 (23%) positive for the presence of bacterial
      DNA. Identification of an organism was more likely in microscopy positive 16S
      samples 14/21 (67%), compared to 35/175 (20%) of microscopy negative samples. A
      total of 110 ITS tests were performed, with 14 (13%) positive. The yield of
      microscopy positive ITS samples, 9/44 (21%), was higher than microscopy negative
      samples 3/50 (6%). Given these findings, 16S and ITS are valuable options for
      culture negative specimens from sterile sites, particularly in the setting of
      positive microscopy findings. Where microscopy results are negative, the limited
      sensitivity of 16S and ITS in detecting and identifying an infectious agent needs
      to be considered. 

PMID- 27366169
TI  - A Case of Polyarticular Pasteurella multocida Septic Arthritis.
AB  - A 76-year-old man with a history of osteoarthritis presents with right leg
      erythema and inability to weight-bear and pain in his right shoulder. Synovial
      fluid cell count of the knee and shoulder showed abundant neutrophils, and
      cultures of the knee showed growth of Pasteurella multocida. The patient owned
      four cats with which he had frequent contact, but history and physical
      examination elicited no evidence of scratches or bites. This case highlights the
      invasive potential of Pasteurella multocida in an immunocompetent individual and
      its capacity to cause septic arthritis in the setting of frequent animal contact.

PMID- 27366170
TI  - Genomic Analysis of a Serotype 5 Streptococcus pneumoniae Outbreak in British
      Columbia, Canada, 2005-2009.
AB  - Background. Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause a wide spectrum of disease,
      including invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). From 2005 to 2009 an outbreak of
      IPD occurred in Western Canada, caused by a S. pneumoniae strain with multilocus
      sequence type (MLST) 289 and serotype 5. We sought to investigate the incidence
      of IPD due to this S. pneumoniae strain and to characterize the outbreak in
      British Columbia using whole-genome sequencing. Methods. IPD was defined
      according to Public Health Agency of Canada guidelines. Two isolates representing
      the beginning and end of the outbreak were whole-genome sequenced. The sequences
      were analyzed for single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and putative genomic islands.
      Results. The peak of the outbreak in British Columbia was in 2006, when 57% of
      invasive S. pneumoniae isolates were serotype 5. Comparison of two whole-genome
      sequenced strains showed only 10 SNVs between them. A 15.5 kb genomic island was
      identified in outbreak strains, allowing the design of a PCR assay to track the
      spread of the outbreak strain. Discussion. We show that the serotype 5 MLST 289
      strain contains a distinguishing genomic island, which remained genetically
      consistent over time. Whole-genome sequencing holds great promise for real-time
      characterization of outbreaks in the future and may allow responses tailored to
      characteristics identified in the genome. 

PMID- 27366171
TI  - Simulating Immune Interference on the Effect of a Bivalent Glycoconjugate Vaccine
      against Haemophilus influenzae Serotypes "a" and "b".
AB  - Objective. We sought to evaluate the immune responses to a bivalent Haemophilus
      influenzae glycoconjugate vaccine against serotypes "a" (Hia) and "b" (Hib) in
      the presence of the preexisting immunity to Hib. Methods. We developed a
      stochastic simulation model of humoral immune response to investigate the
      antigenic challenge of a bivalent combined glycoconjugate vaccine and a bivalent
      unimolecular glycoconjugate vaccine. We compared simulation outcomes in the
      absence of any preexisting immunity with an already primed immune response having
      specific memory B cells and/or anti-Hib antibodies. Results. The simulation
      results show that the preexisting immune responses to Hib or carrier protein (CP)
      may significantly impede the production of anti-Hia antibodies by a unimolecular
      vaccine. In contrast, the production of anti-Hia antibodies using a combined
      vaccine is inhibited only in the presence of CP immune responses. Conclusions.
      Preexisting immunity to Hib and CP may play a critical role in the development of
      immune responses against Hia or Hib using bivalent combined and unimolecular
      vaccine formulations. Our results suggest that a bivalent combined glycoconjugate
      vaccine with a carrier protein not previously used in Hib conjugate vaccines may
      be an effective formulation for generating immune responses to protect against
      both Hib and Hia infections. 

PMID- 27366172
TI  - The Performance of Direct Disk Diffusion for Community Acquired Bacteremia due to
      Gram-Negative Bacilli and Its Impact on Physician Treatment Decisions.
AB  - Background. Direct disk diffusion susceptibility testing provides faster results
      than standard microtitre susceptibility. The direct result may impact patient
      outcome in sepsis if it is accurate and if physicians use the information to
      promptly and appropriately change antibiotic treatment. Objective. To compare the
      performance of direct disk diffusion with standard susceptibility and to consider
      physician decisions in response to these early results, for community acquired
      bacteremia with Gram-negative Bacilli. Methods. Retrospective observational study
      of all positive blood cultures with Gram-negative Bacilli, collected over one
      year. Physician antibiotic treatment decisions were assessed by an infectious
      diseases physician based on information available to the physician at the time of
      the decision. Results. 89 bottles growing Gram-negative Bacilli were included in
      the analysis. Direct disk diffusion agreement with standard susceptibility varied
      widely. In 47 cases (52.8%), the physician should have changed to a narrower
      spectrum but did not, in 18 cases (20.2%), the physician correctly narrowed from
      appropriate broad coverage, and in 8 cases (9.0%), the empiric therapy was
      correct. Discussion. Because inoculum is not standardized, direct susceptibility
      results do not agree with standard susceptibility results for all drugs.
      Physicians do not act on direct susceptibility results. Conclusion. Direct
      susceptibility should be discontinued in clinical microbiology laboratories. 

PMID- 27366173
TI  - Ertapenem Articulating Spacer for the Treatment of Polymicrobial Total Knee
      Arthroplasty Infection.
AB  - Introduction. Periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are the primary cause of
      early failure of the total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Polymicrobial TKA infections
      are often associated with a higher risk of treatment failure. The aim of the
      study was to assess the efficacy of ertapenem loaded spacers in the treatment of
      polymicrobial PJI. Methods. There were 18 patients enrolled; nine patients with
      polymicrobial PJI treated with ertapenem loaded articulating spacers were
      compared to the group of 9 patients treated with vancomycin or ceftazidime loaded
      spacers. Results. Successful reimplantation with revision implants was possible
      in 66.67%. Ertapenem spacers were used in 6 cases in primary two-stage procedure
      and in 3 cases in secondary spacer exchange. Successful infection eradication was
      achieved in all cases; final reimplantation with revision knee arthroplasty
      implants was possible in 6 cases. Conclusion. Ertapenem can be successfully used
      as antimicrobial addition to the cement spacers in two-stage revision treatment
      of polymicrobial PJIs. However, this type of spacer may also be useful in the
      treatment of infections caused by monomicrobial extended spectrum beta-lactamases
      producing gram-negative bacilli. Further clinical studies are required to
      evaluate the efficacy and safety of ertapenem spacers in the treatment of
      polymicrobial and monomicrobial PJIs. 

PMID- 27366174
TI  - Schistosomiasis Presenting as a Case of Acute Appendicitis with Chronic
      Mesenteric Thrombosis.
AB  - The manifestations of schistosomiasis typically result from the host inflammatory
      response to parasitic eggs that are deposited in the mucosa of either the
      gastrointestinal tract or bladder. We present here a case of a 50-year-old
      gentleman with a rare gastrointestinal presentation of both schistosomal
      appendicitis and mesenteric thrombosis. 

PMID- 27366175
TI  - Infections Caused by Actinomyces neuii: A Case Series and Review of an Unusual
      Bacterium.
AB  - Background. Actinomyces neuii is a Gram-positive bacillus rarely implicated in
      human infections. However, its occurrence is being increasingly recognized with
      the use of improved identification systems. Objective. To analyse A. neuii
      infections in Alberta, Canada, and review the literature regarding this unusual
      pathogen. Methods. Cases of A. neuii were identified in 2013-2014 in Alberta.
      Samples were cultured aerobically and anaerobically. A predominant catalase
      positive Gram-positive coryneform bacillus with no branching was isolated in each
      case. Testing was initially done with API-CORYNE(r) (bioMerieux) and isolates
      were sent to the Provincial Laboratory for Public Health for further testing.
      Isolates' identities were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption
      ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry microbial identification system
      (MALDI-TOF MS MIS; bioMerieux) and/or DNA sequencing. Results. Six cases of A.
      neuii infection were identified. All patients had soft tissue infections;
      typically, incision and drainage were done followed by a course of antibiotics.
      Agents used included cephalexin, ertapenem, ciprofloxacin, and clindamycin. All
      had favourable outcomes. Conclusions. While A. neuii is infrequently recognized,
      it can cause a diverse array of infections. Increased use of MALDI-TOF MS MIS is
      leading to increased detection; thus, understanding the pathogenicity of this
      bacterium and its typical susceptibility profile will aid clinical decision
      making. 

PMID- 27366176
TI  - Case Report of Necrotizing Fasciitis Associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - Necrotizing fasciitis, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is an extremely rare
      and life-threatening bacterial soft tissue infection. We report a case of early
      necrotizing fasciitis associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in a 26
      year-old man who was immunocompromised with mixed connective tissue disease. The
      patient presented with acute, painful, erythematous, and edematous skin lesions
      of his right lower back, which rapidly progressed to the right knee. The patient
      underwent surgical exploration, and a diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis was
      confirmed by pathological evidence of necrosis of the fascia and neutrophil
      infiltration in tissue biopsies. Cultures of fascial tissue biopsies and blood
      samples were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. To our knowledge, this is the
      first report of necrotizing fasciitis resulting from Streptococcus pneumoniae
      diagnosed at early phase; the patient recovered well without surgical
      debridement. 

PMID- 27366177
TI  - Rat Bite Fever Resembling Rheumatoid Arthritis.
AB  - Rat bite fever is rare in Western countries. It can be very difficult to diagnose
      as blood cultures are typically negative and a history of rodent exposure is
      often missed. Unless a high index of suspicion is maintained, the associated
      polyarthritis can be mistaken for rheumatoid arthritis. We report a case of
      culture-positive rat bite fever in a 46-year-old female presenting with fever and
      polyarthritis. The clinical presentation mimicked rheumatoid arthritis. Infection
      was complicated by discitis, a rare manifestation. We discuss the diagnosis and
      management of this rare zoonotic infection. We also review nine reported cases of
      rat bite fever, all of which had an initial presumptive diagnosis of a
      rheumatological disorder. Rat bite fever is a potentially curable infection but
      can have a lethal course if left untreated. 

PMID- 27366178
TI  - Chronic Q Fever in Alberta: A Case of Coxiella burnetii Mycotic Aneurysm and
      Concomitant Vertebral Osteomyelitis.
AB  - Chronic Q fever is a potentially life-threatening infection from the
      intracellular, Gram-negative Coxiella burnetii. It presents most commonly as
      endocarditis or vascular infection in people with underlying cardiac or vascular
      disease. We discuss a case of a 67-year-old male with Coxiella burnetii vascular
      infection of a perirenal abdominal aortic graft. The patient had a history of an
      abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair 5 years earlier. He presented with a 12 *
      6 * 8 cm perirenal pseudoaneurysm and concomitant L1, L2, and L3 vertebral body
      discitis. He underwent an open repair which revealed a grossly infected graft
      perioperatively. Q fever serology revealed phase I serological IgG titer of 1 :
      2048 and phase II 1 : 1024 consistent with chronic Q fever. Polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) on infected vascular tissue was positive for C. burnetii. The
      patient was started on doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine with good clinical
      response and decreasing serological titers. Recognizing chronic Q fever is a
      difficult task as symptoms are nonspecific, exposure risk is difficult to
      ascertain, and diagnosis is hidden from conventional microbiological
      investigations. Its recognition, however, is critical as C. burnetii is
      inherently resistant to standard empiric therapies used in cardiovascular
      infections. 

PMID- 27366179
TI  - Fidaxomicin versus Vancomycin in the Treatment of Clostridium difficile
      Infection: Canadian Outcomes.
AB  - Background. This analysis examined the efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin
      in 406 Canadian patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), based on
      data from 2 randomized, clinical trials. Methods. Patients received fidaxomicin
      or vancomycin 1. Patients were assessed for clinical response recurrence of
      infection and sustained clinical response for 28 days after treatment completion.
      Patients at increased risk of recurrence were subjected to subgroup analyses.
      Results. Clinical response rates for fidaxomicin (90.0%) were noninferior to
      those with vancomycin (92.2%; 95% confidence interval for difference: -7.7, 3.5).
      However, fidaxomicin-treated patients had lower recurrence (14.4% versus 28.0%, p
      = 0.001) and higher sustained clinical response (77.1% versus 66.3%, p = 0.016).
      Compared with vancomycin, fidaxomicin was associated with lower recurrence rates
      in all subgroups, reaching statistical significance in patients with age >= 65
      years (16.0% versus 30.9%, p = 0.026), concomitant antibiotic use (16.2% versus
      38.7%, p = 0.036), and non-BI strains (11.8% versus 28.3%, p = 0.004). Higher
      sustained clinical response rates were observed for fidaxomicin compared with
      vancomycin in all subgroups; this was statistically significant in the non-BI
      subgroup (82.8% versus 69.1%, p = 0.021). Conclusions. In Canadian patients,
      fidaxomicin was superior to vancomycin in sustaining clinical response and
      reducing CDI recurrence. 

PMID- 27366180
TI  - Association between Accessory Gene Regulator Polymorphism and Mortality among
      Critically Ill Patients Receiving Vancomycin for Nosocomial MRSA Bacteremia: A
      Cohort Study.
AB  - Background. Polymorphism of the accessory gene regulator group II (agr) in
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is predictive of vancomycin
      failure therapy. Nevertheless, the impact of group II agr expression on mortality
      of patients with severe MRSA infections is not well established. Objective. The
      goal of our study was to evaluate the association between agr polymorphism and
      all-cause in-hospital mortality among critically ill patients receiving
      vancomycin for nosocomial MRSA bacteremia. Methods. All patients with documented
      bacteremia by MRSA requiring treatment in the ICU between May 2009 and November
      2011 were included in the study. Cox proportional hazards regression was
      performed to evaluate whether agr polymorphism was associated with all-cause in
      hospital mortality. Covariates included age, APACHE II score, initial C-reactive
      protein plasma levels, initial serum creatinine levels, vancomycin minimum
      inhibitory concentration, vancomycin serum levels, and time to effective
      antibiotic administration. Results. The prevalence of group I and group II agr
      expression was 52.4% and 47.6%, respectively. Bacteremia by MRSA group III or
      group IV agr was not documented in our patients. The mean APACHE II of the study
      population was 24.3 (standard deviation 8.5). The overall cohort mortality was
      66.6% (14 patients). After multivariate analysis, initial plasma C-reactive
      protein levels (P = 0.01), initial serum creatinine levels (P = 0.008), and
      expression of group II agr (P = 0.006) were positively associated with all-cause
      in-hospital mortality. Patients with bacteremia by MRSA with group II agr
      expression had their risk of death increased by 12.6 times when compared with
      those with bacteremia by MRSA with group I agr expression. Conclusion. Group II
      agr polymorphism is associated with an increase in mortality in critically ill
      patients with bacteremia by MRSA treated with vancomycin. 

PMID- 27366182
TI  - Successful Treatment of Hepatitis C with Simeprevir, Sofosbuvir, and Ribavirin in
      an HIV Coinfected Liver Transplant Patient with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease.
AB  - Although major advances have occurred in treating patients with hepatitis C virus
      (HCV) with the development of new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), treatment of
      liver transplant recipients with HCV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
      coinfection, and renal disease is challenging due to the lack of efficacy and
      safety data in this population. We report a case of successful HCV therapy in a
      postliver transplant HIV coinfected patient, with stage 4 chronic kidney disease,
      using an all-oral regimen of simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and ribavirin. The 51-year
      old male achieved SVR24, and no specific HIV-related or transplant-related
      adverse events were documented during the treatment period. The new DAAs show
      promise for HIV coinfected patients and those with severe to end-stage renal
      disease (ESRD); however, robust clinical trials or large cohort studies will need
      to be conducted to confirm the efficacy and safety of these newer agents in this
      setting. 

PMID- 27366181
TI  - Characterization of Clostridium difficile Strains in British Columbia, Canada: A
      Shift from NAP1 Majority (2008) to Novel Strain Types (2013) in One Region.
AB  - Background. Clostridium difficile is a major cause of gastrointestinal illness.
      Epidemic NAP1 strains contain toxins A and B, a deletion in repressor tcdC, and a
      binary toxin. Objectives. To determine the molecular epidemiology of C. difficile
      in British Columbia and compare between two time points in one region. Methods.
      C. difficile isolates from hospital and community laboratories (2008) and one
      Island Health hospital laboratory (2013) were characterized by pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis, PCR-ribotyping, toxin possession, tcdC genotype, and
      antimicrobial susceptibility. Results. In 2008, 42.7% of isolates had NAP1
      designation. Hospital-collected isolates were associated with older patients and
      more NAP1 types. Unlike other isolates, most NAP1 isolates possessed binary toxin
      and a 19 bp loss in tcdC. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and
      vancomycin. A 2013 follow-up revealed a 28.9% decrease in NAP1 isolates and 20.0%
      increase in isolates without NAP designation in one region. Then, community
      associated cases were seen in younger patients, while NAP types were evenly
      distributed. Isolates without NAP designation did not cluster with a PFGE pattern
      or ribotype. Conclusions. Evaluation of C. difficile infections within British
      Columbia revealed demographic associations, epidemiological shifts, and
      characteristics of strain types. Continuous surveillance of C. difficile will
      enable detection of emerging strains. 

PMID- 27366183
TI  - Patient Characteristics and Outcomes of Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial
      Therapy: A Retrospective Study.
AB  - Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is a safe and effective
      alternative to hospitalization for many patients with infectious diseases. The
      objective of this study was to describe the OPAT experience at a Canadian
      tertiary academic centre in the absence of a formal OPAT program. This was
      achieved through a retrospective chart review of OPAT patients discharged from
      Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre within a one-year period. Between June 2012 and
      May 2013, 104 patients (median age 63 years) were discharged home with parenteral
      antimicrobials. The most commonly treated syndromes included surgical site
      infections (33%), osteoarticular infections (28%), and bacteremia (21%). The most
      frequently prescribed antimicrobials were ceftriaxone (21%) and cefazolin (20%).
      Only 56% of the patients received follow-up care from an infectious diseases
      specialist. In the 60 days following discharge, 43% of the patients returned to
      the emergency department, while 26% required readmission. Forty-eight percent of
      the return visits were due to infection relapse or treatment failure, and 23%
      could be attributed to OPAT-related complications. These results suggest that
      many OPAT patients have unplanned health care encounters because of issues
      related to their infection or treatment, and the creation of a formal OPAT clinic
      may help improve outcomes. 

PMID- 27366184
TI  - Evidence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Cancer and Noncancer Stem Cells
      Associated with Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - Both the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been
      independently implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
      To date, there have been no reports describing HBV infection within CSCs. In this
      report we describe HBV core (HBcAg) and HBx protein expression within CSCs
      associated with human HCC. HBV markers were also identified in nonmalignant stem
      cells present in adjacent nontumor tissue. These findings provide new insights
      into the pathogenesis of HBV-induced HCC and are potentially relevant to the
      treatment of both HCC and chronic HBV. 

PMID- 27366185
TI  - Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates
      from Hospitalized Patients.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is opportunistic human as well as animal pathogen that
      causes a variety of diseases. A total of 100 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were
      obtained from clinical samples derived from hospitalized patients. The
      presumptive Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates were identified
      phenotypically by different biochemical tests. Molecular identification was done
      by PCR using species specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 100 isolates were
      found to be positive as Staphylococcus aureus. Screened isolates were further
      analyzed by several microbiological diagnostics tests including gelatin
      hydrolysis, protease, and lipase tests. It was found that 78%, 81%, and 51%
      isolates were positive for gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase activities,
      respectively. Antibiogram analysis of isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains with
      respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed resistance pattern ranging
      from 57 to 96%. Our study also shows 70% strains to be MRSA, 54.3% as VRSA, and
      54.3% as both MRSA and VRSA. All the identified isolates were subjected to
      detection of mecA, nuc, and hlb genes and 70%, 84%, and 40% were found to harbour
      mecA, nuc, and hlb genes, respectively. The current investigation is highly
      important and informative for the high level multidrug resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus infections inclusive also of methicillin and vancomycin. 

PMID- 27366186
TI  - Delusional Infestation.
AB  - Although the practice of infectious diseases involves a broad range of surgical
      and medical disciplines, interactions with psychiatry are infrequent. Delusional
      infestation is a condition where an individual has a firmly fixed false belief
      that they have an infection. Delusional infestation challenges the infectious
      diseases specialist who must diligently rule out the presence of a true
      infection. However, perhaps, more importantly, we may need to initiate therapy
      with neuroleptic medications for which we may have little specific knowledge and
      experience. In this note we review the diagnosis and management of patients with
      delusional infestation. 

PMID- 27366187
TI  - Primary Nasal Tuberculosis in a 10-Year-Old Girl.
AB  - Nasal tuberculosis is a rare clinical entity which mainly presents in elderly
      people. Nasal tuberculosis has always been considered to be secondary to
      tuberculosis of the lungs, and in rare instances it is a primary infection,
      usually when mycobacteria are inhaled. We describe the case of a 10-year-old girl
      who was successfully treated for primary nasal tuberculosis. This patient is one
      of the very few children who have been reported to have primary nasal
      tuberculosis. 

PMID- 27366188
TI  - Plantar Purpura as the Initial Presentation of Viridians Streptococcal Shock
      Syndrome Secondary to Streptococcus gordonii Bacteremia.
AB  - Viridians streptococcal shock syndrome is a subtype of toxic shock syndrome.
      Frequently, the diagnosis is missed initially because the clinical features are
      nonspecific. However, it is a rapidly progressive disease, manifested by
      hypotension, rash, palmar desquamation, and acute respiratory distress syndrome
      within a short period. The disease course is generally fulminant and rarely
      presents initially as a purpura over the plantar region. We present a case of a
      54-year-old female hospital worker diagnosed with viridians streptococcal shock
      syndrome caused by Streptococcus gordonii. Despite aggressive antibiotic
      treatment, fluid hydration, and use of inotropes and extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation, the patient succumbed to the disease. Early diagnosis of the
      potentially fatal disease followed by a prompt antibiotic regimen and appropriate
      use of steroids are cornerstones in the management of this disease to reduce the
      risk of high morbidity and mortality. 

PMID- 27366189
TI  - Ramsay Hunt Syndrome Associated with Central Nervous System Involvement in an
      Adult.
AB  - Ramsay Hunt syndrome associated with varicella zoster virus reactivation
      affecting the central nervous system is rare. We describe a 55-year-old diabetic
      female who presented with gait ataxia, right peripheral facial palsy, and painful
      vesicular lesions involving her right ear. Later, she developed dysmetria,
      fluctuating diplopia, and dysarthria. Varicella zoster virus was detected in the
      cerebrospinal fluid by polymerase chain reaction. She was diagnosed with Ramsay
      Hunt syndrome associated with spread to the central nervous system. Her facial
      palsy completely resolved within 48 hours of treatment with intravenous acyclovir
      10 mg/kg every 8 hours. However, cerebellar symptoms did not improve until a
      tapering course of steroid therapy was initiated. 

PMID- 27366190
TI  - The impact of contextual family risks on prisoners' children's behavioural
      outcomes and the potential protective role of family functioning moderators.
AB  - Research suggests that children of prisoners have an increased risk for
      behavioural and emotional problems. However, in a resilience approach, one should
      expect heterogeneous outcomes and thus apply a contextualized perspective. As
      this is rarely acknowledged in empirical research, the present study sought to
      fill this gap using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study on
      801 children of imprisoned fathers. We explored the extent to which cumulative
      family risks measured during the first year of life (e.g., poverty and mental
      health problems) predicted behavioural outcomes at age 9 and whether potentially
      protective aspects of family functioning moderated the impact of these risk
      factors. Cumulative risk significantly predicted behavioural outcomes, but the
      associations were weak. No strong evidence of moderation was found. At low risk,
      mother-child closeness moderated behavioural outcomes. There was also some
      evidence of moderation by accumulated protective factors. Potential implications
      for policy and practice and challenges for further research are discussed.

PMID- 27366191
TI  - Tanreqing Injection Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Airway Inflammation
      through MAPK/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathways in Rats Model.
AB  - Background. Tanreqing injection (TRQ) is a commonly used herbal patent medicine
      for treating inflammatory airway diseases in view of its outstanding anti
      inflammatory properties. In this study, we explored the signaling pathways
      involved in contributions of TRQ to LPS-induced airway inflammation in rats.
      Methods/Design. Adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats randomly divided into
      different groups received intratracheal instillation of LPS and/or
      intraperitoneal injection of TRQ. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) and lung
      samples were collected at 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h after TRQ administration. Protein
      and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) alpha, Interleukin- (IL-) 1beta,
      IL-6, and IL-8 in BALF and lung homogenate were observed by ELISA and real-time
      PCR, respectively. Lung sections were stained for p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB
      detection by immunohistochemistry. Phospho-p38 MAPK, phosphor-extracellular
      signal-regulated kinases ERK1/2, phospho-SAPK/JNK, phospho-NF-kappaB p65, phospho
      IKKalpha/beta, and phospho-IkappaB-alpha were measured by western blot analysis.
      Results. The results showed that TRQ significantly counteracted LPS-stimulated
      release of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8, attenuated cells influx in BALF,
      mitigated mucus hypersecretion, suppressed phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65,
      IkappaB-alpha, IotaKKalpha/beta, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK, and inhibited p38
      MAPK and NF-kappaB p65 expression in rat lungs. Conclusions. Results of the
      current research indicate that TRQ possesses potent exhibitory effects in LPS
      induced airway inflammation by, at least partially, suppressing the MAPKs and NF
      kappaB signaling pathways, in a general dose-dependent manner. 

PMID- 27366192
TI  - Icariin Inhibits Pulmonary Hypertension Induced by Monocrotaline through
      Enhancement of NO/cGMP Signaling Pathway in Rats.
AB  - It has been reported that icariin (ICA) increased contents of nitric oxide (NO)
      and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by improving expression of endothelial
      nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5).
      In addition, dysfunction of the NO/cGMP pathway may play a crucial role in the
      pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). In this study, the potential
      protective effects of ICA on PH induced by monocrotaline (MCT, 50 mg/kg) singly
      subcutaneous injection were investigated and the possible mechanisms involved in
      NO/cGMP pathway were explored in male Sprague Dawley rats. The results showed
      that ICA (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/d) treatment by intragastric administration could
      significantly ameliorate PH and upregulate the expression of eNOS gene and
      downregulate the expression of PDE5 gene in MCT-treated rats. Both ICA (40
      mg/kg/d) and L-arginine (200 mg/kg/d), a precursor of NO as positive control,
      notably increased the contents of NO and cGMP in lung tissue homogenate, which
      were inversed by treatment with (N) G-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME), a
      NOS inhibitor, and L-NAME-treatment could also inhibit the protective effects of
      ICA (40 mg/kg/d) on mean pulmonary artery pressure and artery remodeling and
      tends to inhibit right ventricle hypertrophy index. In summary, ICA is effective
      in protecting against MCT-induced PH in rats through enhancement of NO/cGMP
      signaling pathway in rats. 

PMID- 27366193
TI  - Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Intervention Effects of Total Turmeric Extract in
      a Rat Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common forms of
      chronic liver disease. Currently, there are no recognized medical therapies
      effective for NAFLD. Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of total
      turmeric extract on rats with NAFLD induced by high-fat diet. In this study,
      serum metabolomics was employed using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS to elucidate the underlying
      mechanisms of HFD-induced NAFLD and the therapeutic effects of TE. Supervised
      orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis was used to discover
      differentiating metabolites, and pathway enrichment analysis suggested that TE
      had powerful combined effects of regulating lipid metabolism by affecting
      glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and steroid hormone
      biosynthesis signaling pathways. In addition, the significant changes in
      glycerophospholipid metabolism proteins also indicated that glycerophospholipid
      metabolism might be involved in the therapeutic effect of TE on NAFLD. Our
      findings not only supply systematic insight into the mechanisms of NAFLD but also
      provide a theoretical basis for the prevention or treatment of NAFLD. 

PMID- 27366194
TI  - Chinese Herbal Medicine for Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome: From Clinical
      Findings to Basic Understandings.
AB  - Functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS) is one of the less common functional
      gastrointestinal disorders. Conventional therapy has unsatisfactory response to
      it so people turn to Chinese medicine for help. Currently, we reviewed the whole
      picture of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) clinical and basic application in the
      treatment of FAPS, especially the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome,
      the single herb, and Chinese medicine formulae, thus to provide a solid base to
      further develop evidence-based study for this common gastrointestinal complaint
      in the future. We developed the search strategy and set the inclusion and
      exclusion criteria for article search. From the included articles, we totally
      retrieved 586 records according to our searching criteria, of which 16 were
      duplicate records and 291 were excluded for reasons of irrelevance. The full text
      of 279 articles was retrieved for detailed assessment, of which 123 were excluded
      for various reasons. The number one used single herb is Radix Ginseng. The most
      common syndrome was liver qi depression. The most frequently used classic formula
      was Si-Mo-Tang. This reflected the true situation of clinical practice of Chinese
      medicine practitioners and could be further systematically synthesized as key
      points of the therapeutic research for FAPS. 

PMID- 27366195
TI  - Vascular Protective Role of Samul-Tang in HUVECs: Involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 and
      NO.
AB  - Samul-Tang (Si-Wu-Tang, SMT), composed of four medicinal herbs, is a well-known
      herbal formula treating hematological disorder or gynecologic disease. However,
      vascular protective effects of SMT and its molecular mechanisms on the vascular
      endothelium, known as the central spot of vascular inflammatory process, are not
      reported. The aim of this study was to investigate vascular protective effects of
      SMT water extract in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Water
      extract of SMT was prepared and identified by HPLC-PDA analysis. Expression of
      cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and translocation of
      nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor
      2 (Nrf2) were determined by western blot. Nuclear localization of NF-kappaB and
      Nrf2 was visualized by immunofluorescence and DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB
      was measured. ROS production, HL-60 monocyte adhesion, and intracellular nitric
      oxide (NO) were also measured using a fluorescent indicator. SMT suppressed NF
      kappaB translocation and activation as well as expression of CAMs, monocyte
      adhesion, and ROS production induced by TNF-alpha in HUVECs. SMT treated HUVECs
      showed upregulation of HO-1 and NO which are responsible for vascular protective
      action. Our study suggests that SMT, a traditionally used herbal formula,
      protects the vascular endothelium from inflammation and might be used as a
      promising vascular protective drug. 

PMID- 27366196
TI  - Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) Compounds Improve the Biochemical Indices of the
      Patients with Coronary Heart Disease.
AB  - Danshen was able to reduce the risk of the patients with coronary heart disease
      (CHD), but the mechanism is still widely unknown. Biochemical indices (lipid
      profile, markers of renal and liver function, and homocysteine (Hcy)) are closely
      associated with CHD risk. We aimed to investigate whether the medicine reduces
      CHD risk by improving these biochemical indices. The patients received 10 Danshen
      pills (27 mg/pill) in Dashen group, while the control patients received placebo
      pills, three times daily. The duration of follow-up was three months. The serum
      biochemical indices were measured, including lipid profiles (LDL cholesterol (LDL
      C), HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein (Apo) A,
      ApoB, ApoE, and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a))); markers of liver function (gamma
      glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBil), indirect bilirubin (IBil),
      and direct bilirubin (DBil)); marker of renal function (uric acid (UA)) and Hcy.
      After three-month follow-up, Danshen treatment reduced the levels of TG, TC, LDL
      C, Lp(a), GGT, DBil, UA, and Hcy (P < 0.05). In contrast, the treatment increased
      the levels of HDL-C, ApoA, ApoB, ApoE, TBil, and IBil (P < 0.05). Conclusion.
      Danshen can reduce the CHD risk by improving the biochemical indices of CHD
      patients. 

PMID- 27366197
TI  - Dietary specialization drives multiple independent losses and gains in the bitter
      taste gene repertoire of Laurasiatherian Mammals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bitter taste perception is essential for species with selective food
      intake, enabling them to avoid unpalatable or toxic items. Previous studies noted
      a marked variation in the number of TAS2R genes among various vertebrate species,
      but the underlying causes are not well understood. Laurasiatherian mammals have
      highly diversified dietary niche, showing repeated evolution of specialized
      feeding preferences in multiple lineages and offering a unique chance to
      investigate how various feeding niches are associated with copy number variation
      for bitter taste receptor genes. RESULTS: Here we investigated the evolutionary
      trajectories of TAS2Rs and their implications on bitter taste perception in whole
      genome assemblies of 41 Laurasiatherian species. The number of intact TAS2Rs
      copies varied considerably, ranging from 0 to 52. As an extreme example of a
      narrow dietary niche, the Chinese pangolin possessed the lowest number of intact
      TAS2Rs (n = 2) among studied terrestrial vertebrates. Marine mammals (cetacea and
      pinnipedia), which swallow prey whole, presented a reduced copy number of TAS2Rs
      (n = 0-5). In contrast, independent insectivorous lineages, such as the shrew and
      insectivorous bats possessed a higher TAS2R diversity (n = 52 and n = 20-32,
      respectively), exceeding that in herbivores (n = 9-22) and omnivores (n = 18-22).
      CONCLUSIONS: Besides herbivores, insectivores in Laurasiatheria tend to have more
      functional TAS2Rs in comparison to carnivores and omnivores. Furthermore, animals
      swallowing food whole (cetacean, pinnipedia and pangolin) have lost most
      functional TAS2Rs. These findings provide the most comprehensive view of the
      bitter taste gene repertoire in Laurasiatherian mammals to date, casting new
      light on the relationship between losses and gains of TAS2Rs and dietary
      specialization in mammals.

PMID- 27366198
TI  - Levy patterns in seabirds are multifaceted describing both spatial and temporal
      patterning.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The flight patterns of albatrosses and shearwaters have become a
      touchstone for much of Levy flight research, spawning an extensive field of
      enquiry. There is now compelling evidence that the flight patterns of these
      seabirds would have been appreciated by Paul Levy, the mathematician after whom
      Levy flights are named. Here we show that Levy patterns (here taken to mean
      spatial or temporal patterns characterized by distributions with power-law tails)
      are, in fact, multifaceted in shearwaters being evident in both spatial and
      temporal patterns of activity. RESULTS: We tested for Levy patterns in the at-sea
      behaviours of two species of shearwater breeding in the North Atlantic Ocean
      (Calonectris borealis) and the Mediterranean sea (C. diomedea) during their
      incubating and chick-provisioning periods. We found that distributions of flight
      durations, on/in water durations and inter-dive time-intervals have power-law
      tails and so bear the hallmarks of Levy patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of
      these statistical laws is remarkable given that bird behaviours are strongly
      shaped by an individual's motivational state and by complex environmental
      interactions. Our observations could take Levy patterns as models of animal
      behaviour to a new level by going beyond the characterisation of spatial
      movements to characterise how different behaviours are interwoven throughout
      daily animal life.

PMID- 27366199
TI  - Evolution of body morphology and beak shape revealed by a morphometric analysis
      of 14 Paridae species.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Morphological characters of birds reflect their adaptive evolution
      and ecological requirements and are also relevant to phylogenetic relationships
      within a group of related species. The tits (Paridae) are known to be outwardly
      homogeneous in shape, with one aberrant member, the Ground Tit (Pseudopodoces
      humilis), which is quite different from its relatives in both body morphology and
      beak shape. We combined traditional measurements and geometric morphometrics to
      quantify the variation in body morphology and beak shape of 14 Paridae species
      distributed in China. Based on these results, we sought to assess the
      contribution of phylogeny, altitude and species interactions to the evolution of
      morphological traits. RESULTS: The basic features for discriminating among the 14
      species studied here were overall body size, the ratio of body and tail length to
      culmen and tarsus length, and beak shape (long/slender/pointy vs.
      short/robust/blunt). These dimensions clearly separate Ps. humilis and
      Melanochlora sultanea from the other species in shape space. Body length and PC3
      of beak shape (round outline vs. straight outline) show significant phylogenetic
      signals. Across 14 species, altitude is related to tarsus, culmen length and PC1
      of beak shape. Within Parus major, altitude is related to body weight, body
      length, culmen length and PC1 of body morphology. Morphological distances and
      geographic distances among species are positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The
      body morphology of Paridae species shows extensive evolutionary changes, while
      their beak has mainly evolved along the long/slender/pointy vs.
      short/robust/blunt dimension. Only body length and beak curvature show a
      phylogenetic signal. Altitude correlates with multiple traits both across and
      within species, suggesting that altitude is an important factor in promoting
      morphological divergence. The deviant appearance of Ps. humilis corresponds to
      its foraging and feeding adaptations to high-altitude steppe habitats. Our
      results also show a higher level of morphological divergence with greater
      difference in distribution ranges among the Paridae species involved in this
      study.

PMID- 27366200
TI  - Resveratrol improves glycemic control in insulin-treated diabetic rats:
      participation of the hepatic territory.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol that has been proposed to improve
      glycemic control in diabetes, by mechanisms that involve improvement in insulin
      secretion and activity. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), in which insulin therapy is
      obligatory, resveratrol treatment has never been investigated. The present study
      aimed to evaluate resveratrol as an adjunctive agent to insulin therapy in a T1D
      like experimental model. METHODS: Rats were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin
      (STZ) treatment. Twenty days later, four groups of animals were studied: non
      diabetic (ND); diabetic treated with placebo (DP); diabetic treated with insulin
      (DI) and diabetic treated with insulin plus resveratrol (DIR). After 30 days of
      treatment, 24-hour urine was collected; then, blood, soleus muscle, proximal
      small intestine, renal cortex and liver were sampled. Specific glucose
      transporter proteins were analyzed (Western blotting) in each territory of
      interest. Solute carrier family 2 member 2 (Slc2a2), phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxykinase (Pck1) and glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6pc) mRNAs
      (qPCR), glycogen storage and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity were analyzed in liver.
      RESULTS: Diabetes induction increased blood glucose, plasma fructosamine
      concentrations, and glycosuria. Insulin therapy partially recovered the glycemic
      control; however, resveratrol as adjunctive therapy additionally improved
      glycemic control and restored plasma fructosamine concentration to values of non
      diabetic rats. Resveratrol did not alter the expression of the glucose
      transporters GLUT2 and SGLT1 in the intestine, GLUT2 and SGLT2 in kidney and
      GLUT4 in soleus, suggesting that fluxes of glucose in these territories were
      unaltered. Differently, in liver, resveratrol promoted a reduction in Slc2a2,
      Pck1, and G6pc mRNAs, as well as in GLUT2 protein (P < 0.05, DIR vs. DI);
      besides, it increased (P < 0.01, DIR vs. DI) the hepatic glycogen content, and
      SIRT1 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Resveratrol is able to improve glycemic control in
      insulin-treated T1D-like rats. This effect seems not to involve changes in
      glucose fluxes in the small intestine, renal proximal tubule, and soleus skeletal
      muscle; but to be related to several changes in the liver, where downregulation
      of Slc2a2/GLUT2, Pck1, and G6pc expression was observed, favoring reduction of
      glucose production and efflux. Besides, resveratrol increased SIRT1 nuclear
      protein content in liver, which may be related to the observed gene expression
      regulations.

PMID- 27366201
TI  - Ultrasmall dopamine-coated nanogolds: preparation, characteristics, and CT
      imaging.
AB  - Water-dispersible ultrasmall nanogolds (WDU AuNPs) and their dopamine-coated
      nanogolds (WDU AuNPs@DPAs) were prepared by a reduction method with sodium
      borohydride as a reducing agent and a stabilised agent of 2-mercaptosuccinic acid
      in aqueous solution. The effects of these nanoparticles on computed tomography
      (CT) imaging were evaluated. The size distributions and Zeta potential of the
      nanoparticles were measured with a Malvern size analyser, and nanoparticle
      morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. These
      characteristics were confirmed by Fourier transform spectroscopy and
      ultraviolet/visible spectra. It was found that WDU AuNPs@DPAs were 5.4 nm in size
      with clear core-shell structure. The 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5
      diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay results showed that the WDU AuNPs and WDU
      AuNPs@DPAs were hypotoxic to different cells. The WDU AuNPs@DPAs showed a much
      longer circulation time and a larger CT attenuation coefficient than iohexol and
      could be excreted by the kidney and bladder. These nanoparticles showed
      considerable potential for future application in CT imaging.

PMID- 27366202
TI  - Towards Identify Selective Antibacterial Peptides Based on Abstracts Meaning.
AB  - We present an Identify Selective Antibacterial Peptides (ISAP) approach based on
      abstracts meaning. Laboratories and researchers have significantly increased the
      report of their discoveries related to antibacterial peptides in primary
      publications. It is important to find antibacterial peptides that have been
      reported in primary publications because they can produce antibiotics of
      different generations that attack and destroy the bacteria. Unfortunately,
      researchers used heterogeneous forms of natural language to describe their
      discoveries (sometimes without the sequence of the peptides). Thus, we propose
      that learning the words meaning instead of the antibacterial peptides sequence is
      possible to identify and predict antibacterial peptides reported in the PubMed
      engine. The ISAP approach consists of two stages: training and discovering. ISAP
      founds that the 35% of the abstracts sample had antibacterial peptides and we
      tested in the updated Antimicrobial Peptide Database 2 (APD2). ISAP predicted
      that 45% of the abstracts had antibacterial peptides. That is, ISAP found that
      810 antibacterial peptides were not classified like that, so they are not
      reported in APD2. As a result, this new search tool would complement the APD2
      with a set of peptides that are candidates to be antibacterial. Finally, 20% of
      the abstracts were not semantic related to APD2. 

PMID- 27366203
TI  - Synergistic effects of melphalan and Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Simaosong)
      extracts on apoptosis induction in human cancer cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aims to determine the synergistic effects of the
      chemotherapeutic drug melphalan and the phytoconstituents extracted from Pinus
      kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Simaosong) in human cancer cells. METHODS: P. kesiya
      twigs extracted from 50 % ethanol-water were evaluated alone (6-500 ug/mL) and in
      combination with melphalan (0.75-15 ug/mL). The cytotoxic effects of single
      extract or extract and melphalan combination were examined by a neutral red assay
      to investigate their antiproliferative and apoptosis induction effects in the
      U937 and HepG2 cell lines. Nuclei morphological change and DNA fragmentation were
      examined by DNA nuclei staining with 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and
      agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. The chemical constituents of the P.
      kesiya extract were assessed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
      analysis. The synergistic effects of different IC50 ratios of the P. kesiya
      extract and melphalan combination were analyzed in each cancer cell line. The
      dose reduction index (DRI) was calculated to determine the extent of
      concentration reduction in the combination treatment compared with the
      concentration of each single treatment. RESULTS: The IC50 ratios for melphalan to
      P. kesiya extract that caused 75 % antiproliferation could be reduced after
      combination. This response was greater in the U937 cells than in the HepG2 cells
      (all P < 0.001). Melphalan and P. kesiya extract had a similar effect on
      apoptosis induction both singly and in combination. P. kesiya extract synergized
      the antiproliferation and apoptosis induction effects of melphalan. CONCLUSIONS:
      Combining the P. kesiya extract with melphalan reduced toxicity while retaining
      the therapeutic efficacy of melphalan.

PMID- 27366204
TI  - The pattern of prognostic and risk indicators among women with breast cancer
      undergoing modified radical mastectomy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the commonest female malignancy globally and the
      second (after uterine cervix) in sub-Saharan Africa including Tanzania.
      Prognostic indicators reportedly influence post-mastectomy adjuvant therapy by
      predicting risks on survival and recurrence although in Tanzania this data is
      lacking. Here, we evaluate the pattern of prognostic and risk indicators among
      women with breast cancer undergoing modified-radical-mastectomy (MRM) at
      Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH) and Tumaini Hospital (TH), Dar es Salaam,
      Tanzania. METHODS: This hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study included
      female patients undergoing MRM from April 2011 to January 2012. Clinical stage I
      III patients were enrolled after being scheduled for mastectomy. Patients with
      evidence of distant metastasis (stage IV) were excluded. Mastectomy and axillary
      lymph nodes biopsies were submitted to the Histopathology laboratory for grade,
      type, nodal and margins status. Data was collected using a structured
      questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: A total of 348 patients were
      admitted with breast cancer including 86 patients (with 16 from TH having similar
      demography and presentation) meeting inclusion criteria. Age-range at diagnosis
      was 28-79 years, mean 52.1 years. Most (89 %) attained menarche after 11 years.
      About 56 % were postmenopausal. The majority (78 %) were multiparous with
      positive family history in 14.1 and 37.6 % used hormonal contraceptives. About
      27.1 % were social alcohol drinkers. The majority (61 %) had T4b disease, 75.6 %
      had positive axillary nodes including 42.7 % with 4-9 involved nodes (N2). The
      commonest (91.9 %) histological type was invasive ductal carcinoma. Lobular,
      medullary and mucinous carcinomas were rare. Most (83.7 %) of our patients
      presented with stage III and the rest stage II. Intermediate- and high-grade
      tumors accounted for 73.5 %. Following MRM, 25 % of our patients had positive
      surgical margins and similarly for the base. CONCLUSIONS: Most of our breast
      cancer patients present with frequent risks including younger age, multiparity,
      hormonal contraceptives use, alcohol use and family history. Unfavourable
      prognostic indicators including late stages, large primary tumor size, skin
      infiltration, positive surgical margins, positive axillary lymph nodes and a high
      histological grade were associated. A sustainable screening program by self
      examination to allow early diagnosis is needed to reduce morbidity and mortality
      from this cancer.

PMID- 27366205
TI  - Do school teachers and primary contacts in residential youth care institutions
      recognize mental health problems in adolescents?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies show that adolescents living in residential youth care (RYC)
      institutions experience more mental health problems than others. This paper
      studies how well teachers and primary contacts in RYC institutions recognize
      adolescents' mental health problems as classified by The Child and Adolescent
      Psychiatric Assessment diagnostic interviews (CAPA). METHODS: All residents
      between 12 and 23 years of age living in RYC institutions in Norway and enrolled
      in school at the time of data collection were invited to participate in the
      study. Of the 601 available children, 400 participated in the study, namely 230
      girls, mean age = 16.9 years, SD = 1.2 and 170 boys, mean age = 16.5 years, SD =
      1.5. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher's Report Form (TRF) were
      used. The sensitivity and specificity of these instruments were studied. RESULTS:
      We observed a significant gap between the mental health problems diagnosed by the
      CAPA interviews and the problems reported by primary contacts on the CBCL and by
      teachers on the TRF. The CBCL showed a higher sensitivity than the TRF, whereas
      the TRF showed a higher specificity than the CBCL. Both primary contacts and
      teachers classified externalizing problems fairly well such as ADHD in both
      genders and conduct disorder in girls. Both teachers and primary contacts,
      however, had more problems detecting internalizing problems. Teachers may have a
      tendency to view most students as healthy and to underestimate the severity of
      their problems, whereas primary contacts may tend to overestimate the number of
      problems and view adolescents as sicker than they really are. CONCLUSION: The
      Child Welfare System should revise their intake procedures to detect possible
      problems early on and to introduce the necessary treatment. It is important to
      identify factors that increase healthy school adaption in order for these
      adolescents to accomplish school in a proper way since education is important for
      a successful adult life.

PMID- 27366206
TI  - Natural diversity of cellulases, xylanases, and chitinases in bacteria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glycoside hydrolases (GH) targeting cellulose, xylan, and chitin are
      common in the bacterial genomes that have been sequenced. Little is known,
      however, about the architecture of multi-domain and multi-activity glycoside
      hydrolases. In these enzymes, combined catalytic domains act synergistically and
      thus display overall improved catalytic efficiency, making these proteins of high
      interest for the biofuel technology industry. RESULTS: Here, we identify the
      domain organization in 40,946 proteins targeting cellulose, xylan, and chitin
      derived from 11,953 sequenced bacterial genomes. These bacteria are known to be
      capable, or to have the potential, to degrade polysaccharides, or are newly
      identified potential degraders (e.g., Actinospica, Hamadaea, Cystobacter, and
      Microbispora). Most of the proteins we identified contain a single catalytic
      domain that is frequently associated with an accessory non-catalytic domain.
      Regarding multi-domain proteins, we found that many bacterial strains have unique
      GH protein architectures and that the overall protein organization is not
      conserved across most genera. We identified 217 multi-activity proteins with at
      least two GH domains for cellulose, xylan, and chitin. Of these proteins, 211
      have GH domains targeting similar or associated substrates (i.e., cellulose and
      xylan), whereas only six proteins target both cellulose and chitin. Fifty-two
      percent of multi-activity GHs are hetero-GHs. Finally, GH6, -10, -44 and -48
      domains were mostly C-terminal; GH9, -11, -12, and -18 were mostly N-terminal;
      and GH5 domains were either N- or C-terminal. CONCLUSION: We identified 40,946
      multi-domain/multi-activity proteins targeting cellulase, chitinase, and xylanase
      in bacterial genomes and proposed new candidate lineages and protein
      architectures for carbohydrate processing that may play a role in biofuel
      production.

PMID- 27366207
TI  - Microbial synthesis of poly-gamma-glutamic acid: current progress, challenges,
      and future perspectives.
AB  - Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made
      from repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid, or both. Since some
      bacteria are capable of vigorous gamma-PGA biosynthesis from renewable biomass,
      gamma-PGA is considered a promising bio-based chemical and is already widely used
      in the food, medical, and wastewater industries due to its biodegradable, non
      toxic, and non-immunogenic properties. In this review, we consider the
      properties, biosynthetic pathway, production strategies, and applications of
      gamma-PGA. Microbial biosynthesis of gamma-PGA and the molecular mechanisms
      regulating production are covered in particular detail. Genetic engineering and
      optimization of the growth medium, process control, and downstream processing
      have proved to be effective strategies for lowering the cost of production, as
      well as manipulating the molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric
      properties that facilitate screening of competitive gamma-PGA producers. Finally,
      future prospects of microbial gamma-PGA production are discussed in light of
      recent progress, challenges, and trends in this field. 

PMID- 27366208
TI  - Matrix and cell phenotype differences in Dupuytren's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dupuytren's disease is a fibroproliferative disease of the hand and
      fingers, which usually manifests as two different phenotypes within the same
      patient. The disease first causes a nodule in the palm of the hand, while later,
      a cord develops, causing contracture of the fingers. RESULTS: We set out to
      characterize the two phenotypes by comparing matched cord and nodule tissue from
      ten Dupuytren's patients. We found that nodule tissue contained more
      proliferating cells, CD68-positive macrophages and alpha-smooth muscle actin
      (alpha-SMA)-positive myofibroblastic cells. qPCR analysis showed an increased
      expression of COL1A1, COL1A2, COL5A1, and COL6A1 in nodule tissue compared to
      cord tissue. Immunohistochemistry showed less deposition of collagen type I in
      nodules, although they contained more fibronectin, collagen type V, and
      procollagen 1. Lower collagen levels in nodule were confirmed by HPLC
      measurements of the Hyp/Pro ratio. PCOLCE2, an activator of BMP1, the main enzyme
      cleaving the C-terminal pro-peptide from procollagen, was also reduced in nodule.
      Cord tissue not only contained more collagen I, but also higher levels of
      hydroxylysylpyridinoline and lysylpyridinoline residues per triple helix,
      indicating more crosslinks. CONCLUSIONS: Our results clearly show that in
      Dupuytren's disease, the nodule is the active disease unit, although it does not
      have the highest collagen protein levels. The difference in collagen type I
      deposition compared to mRNA levels and procollagen 1 levels may be connected to a
      decrease in procollagen processing.

PMID- 27366209
TI  - Recurrent amplification of RTEL1 and ABCA13 and its synergistic effect associated
      with clinicopathological data of gastric adenocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite progression in treatment of gastric cancer, prognosis of
      patients remains poor, in part due to the low rate of diagnosis during its early
      stages. This paradigm implies the necessity to identify molecular biomarkers for
      early gastric cancer diagnosis, as well as for disease monitoring, thus
      contributing to the development of new therapeutic approaches. In a previous
      study, performed by array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization, we described for the
      first time in literature recurrent amplification of RTEL1 and ABCA13 genes in
      gastric cancer. Thus, the aim of the present study was to validate recurrent
      amplification of RTEL1 and ABCA13 genes and associate CNV status with
      clinicopathological data. FINDINGS: Results showed RTEL1 and ABCA13 amplification
      in 38 % of samples. Statistical analysis demonstrated that RTEL amplification is
      more common in older patients and more associated with intestinal type and ABCA13
      amplification increases the risk of lymph node metastasis and is more common in
      men. Co-amplification of these genes showed a significant association with
      advanced staging. CONCLUSIONS: aCGH is a very useful tool for investigating novel
      genes associated with carcinogenesis and RTEL1 amplification may be important for
      the development of gastric cancer in older patients, besides being a probable
      event contributing for chromosomal instability in intestinal gastric
      carcinogenesis. ABCA13 amplification may have age-specific function and could be
      considered a useful marker for predicting lymph node metastasis in resected
      gastric cancer patients in early stage. Lastly, RTEL1 and ABCA13 synergistic
      effect may be considered as a putative marker for advanced staging in gastric
      cancer patients.

PMID- 27366210
TI  - Principal component analysis based unsupervised feature extraction applied to
      budding yeast temporally periodic gene expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The recently proposed principal component analysis (PCA) based
      unsupervised feature extraction (FE) has successfully been applied to various
      bioinformatics problems ranging from biomarker identification to the screening of
      disease causing genes using gene expression/epigenetic profiles. However, the
      conditions required for its successful use and the mechanisms involved in how it
      outperforms other supervised methods is unknown, because PCA based unsupervised
      FE has only been applied to challenging (i.e. not well known) problems. RESULTS:
      In this study, PCA based unsupervised FE was applied to an extensively studied
      organism, i.e., budding yeast. When applied to two gene expression profiles
      expected to be temporally periodic, yeast metabolic cycle (YMC) and yeast cell
      division cycle (YCDC), PCA based unsupervised FE outperformed simple but powerful
      conventional methods, with sinusoidal fitting with regards to several aspects:
      (i) feasible biological term enrichment without assuming periodicity for YMC;
      (ii) identification of periodic profiles whose period was half as long as the
      cell division cycle for YMC; and (iii) the identification of no more than 37
      genes associated with the enrichment of biological terms related to cell division
      cycle for the integrated analysis of seven YCDC profiles, for which sinusoidal
      fittings failed. The explantation for differences between methods used and the
      necessary conditions required were determined by comparing PCA based unsupervised
      FE with fittings to various periodic (artificial, thus pre-defined) profiles.
      Furthermore, four popular unsupervised clustering algorithms applied to YMC were
      not as successful as PCA based unsupervised FE. CONCLUSIONS: PCA based
      unsupervised FE is a useful and effective unsupervised method to investigate YMC
      and YCDC. This study identified why the unsupervised method without pre-judged
      criteria outperformed supervised methods requiring human defined criteria.

PMID- 27366211
TI  - Neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer: an ongoing debate.

PMID- 27366212
TI  - Systematic review: third-line susceptibility-guided treatment for Helicobacter
      pylori infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Susceptibility-guided therapies (SGTs) have been proposed as
      preferable to empirical rescue treatments after two treatment failures. The aim
      of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the
      effectiveness and efficacy of SGT as third-line therapy. METHODS: A systematic
      search was performed in multiple databases. Studies reporting cure rates of
      Helicobacter pylori with SGT in third-line therapy were selected. A qualitative
      analysis describing the current evidence and a pooled mean analysis summarizing
      the cure rates of SGT in third-line therapy was performed. RESULTS: No randomized
      controlled trials or comparative studies were found. Four observational studies
      reported cure rates with SGT in third-line treatment, and three studies which
      mixed patients with second- and third-line treatment also reported cure rates
      with SGT. The majority of the studies included the patients when culture had been
      already obtained, and so the effectiveness of SGT and empirical therapy has never
      been compared. A pooled mean analysis including four observational studies (283
      patients) showed intention-to-treat and per-protocol eradication rates with SGT
      of 72% (95% confidence interval 56-87%; I(2) : 92%) and 80% (95% confidence
      interval 71-90%; I(2) : 80%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: SGT may be an acceptable
      option as rescue treatment. However, cure rates are, at best, moderate and this
      approach has never been compared with a well-devised empirical therapy. The
      evidence in favor of SGT as rescue therapy is currently insufficient to recommend
      its use.

PMID- 27366213
TI  - Low-dose azathioprine is effective in maintaining remission in steroid-dependent
      ulcerative colitis: results from a territory-wide Chinese population-based IBD
      registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Whether low-dose azathioprine (AZA) is effective in maintaining
      remission in patients with steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis (UC) remains
      unclear. We assessed the efficacy and safety of low-dose AZA in a Chinese
      population with UC. METHODS: We identified steroid-dependent UC patients in
      clinical remission on AZA maintenance therapy from a territory-wide IBD Registry.
      Standard- and low-dose AZA were defined as at least 2 mg/kg/day and less than 2
      mg/kg/day, respectively. Relapse rates were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis and
      compared using log-rank test. RESULTS: Among 1226 UC patients, 128 (53% male,
      median duration on AZA 44 months) were included. Median maintenance AZA dose was
      1.3 mg/kg/day. 97.7% of the patients were on concomitant oral 5-aminosalicylic
      acid. Cumulative relapse-free rates in patients on standard-dose and low-dose AZA
      were 71.2%, 52.8% and 45.2%, and 71.8%, 55.3% and 46.2% at 12, 24 and 36 months,
      respectively (p = 0.871). Relapse rate within 12 months was higher in patients
      who withdrew compared with those who maintained on AZA (52.6% versus 29.4%; p =
      0.045). Mean corpuscular volume increased after AZA therapy in both of the low
      dose [median (interquartile range, IQR): 88.2 (81.4-92.2) versus 95.1 (90.1
      100.9) fl, p < 0.001] and standard-dose subgroups [median (IQR) 86.8 (76.9-89.9)
      versus 94.7 (85.9-99.7) fl, p < 0.001]. Leukopenia occurred in 21.1% of the
      patients. Patients on standard dose had a higher risk for leukopenia than those
      on low-dose AZA [odds ratio (OR) 3.9, 95% CI 1.9-8.2, p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: In
      the Chinese population, low-dose AZA is effective for maintaining remission in
      steroid-dependent UC patients. Standard-dose AZA was associated with more than
      threefold increased risk of leukopenia.

PMID- 27366214
TI  - Ipilimumab-induced colitis: experience from a tertiary referral center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ipilimumab is an anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)
      monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of malignant melanoma. It can cause
      immune-mediated inflammatory adverse events, including diarrhoea and even
      intestinal perforation or death in clinical trials but there is a dearth of data
      on postmarketing outcomes. METHODS: A total of 546 patients attending for
      treatment of metastatic melanoma between 1 January 2009 and 31 August 2015 were
      identified by interrogation of the oncology database. A total of 83 of these
      patients received ipilimumab. Clinical information was extracted from chart
      reviews, endoscopy and radiology reports, and prescription data. RESULTS: A total
      of 83 patients received ipilimumab. Only 19.3% (n = 16) of patients developed a
      diarrhoeal illness not attributable to other causes. The median grade of
      diarrhoea among included patients was 2 (range 1-4). In two cases, diarrhoea
      settled spontaneously without any specific treatment. A total of 87.5% of
      patients received antidiarrhoeal agents such as loperamide or codeine. These
      resolved symptoms in all patients with grade 1 diarrhoea. For other treatment,
      50% patients received systemic glucocorticosteroids and 31.3% required
      infliximab. Infliximab resolved symptoms in 100% of cases compared with 50% for
      systemic glucocorticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of diarrhoea related to
      ipilimumab in real-world practice is substantial, but below the range observed in
      data from RCTs. Grade 1 colitis can usually be managed symptomatically, without
      recourse to stopping ipilimumab. When diarrhoea was grade 2 or above, results
      from glucocorticosteroids use proved disappointing; but infliximab has been shown
      to work well. Further research is required into the earlier use of infliximab as
      an effective treatment for ipilimumab-induced diarrhoea.

PMID- 27366216
TI  - Cost-effectiveness analysis of rifaximin-alpha administration for the reduction
      of episodes of overt hepatic encephalopathy in recurrence compared with standard
      treatment in France.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome
      that occurs most often in a context of acute or chronic liver disease. Despite
      the seriousness of the pathology, only a few treatments have been developed for
      improving its management. Rifaximin-alpha is the first treatment that has been
      clinically developed for overt HE (OHE) episodes. Recent results of clinical
      studies demonstrated its significant improvement in the health-related quality of
      life. The objective of the current study was to estimate the long-term cost
      effectiveness of rifaximin-alpha used in combination with lactulose compared with
      lactulose monotherapy in cirrhotic patients, who have experienced at least two
      prior OHE events. METHODS: A Markov model was used to estimate rifaximin-alpha
      cost-effectiveness, evaluating it from the perspective of all contributors as
      recommended by French health technology assessment guidelines. Costs were based
      on current French treatment practices. The transition between health states was
      based on the reanalysis of the rifaximin-alpha pivotal clinical trials RFHE3001
      and RFHE3002. The main outcome of the model was cost per quality adjusted life
      year (QALY). RESULTS: The results indicate that rifaximin-alpha is a cost
      effective treatment option with an incremental cost per QALY gained of ?19,187
      and ?18,517 over two different time horizons (2 and 5 years). The robustness of
      the model was studied using probabilistic sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSION: For
      the societal willingness to pay threshold of ?27,000 per QALY gained, rifaximin
      alpha in combination with lactulose is a cost-effective and affordable treatment
      for patients who have experienced at least two prior overt HE episodes.

PMID- 27366215
TI  - Probiotics modify tight-junction proteins in an animal model of nonalcoholic
      fatty liver disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We have investigated the effects of a multispecies probiotic
      preparation containing a combination of probiotic bacterial genera that included
      Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli and a Streptococcus in a mouse model of high-fat
      diet or obesity-induced liver steatosis. METHODS: Three groups of C57B1/6J mice
      were fed either a standard chow or a high-fat diet for 20 weeks, while a third
      group was fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks and then concomitantly administered
      probiotics for a further 10 weeks. Serum, liver and large bowel samples were
      collected for analysis. RESULTS: The expression of the tight-junction proteins ZO
      1 and ZO-2 was reduced (p < 0.05) in high-fat diet-fed mice compared to chow-fed
      mice. Probiotic supplementation helped to maintain tight ZO-1 and ZO-2 expression
      compared with the high-fat diet group (p < 0.05), but did not restore ZO-1 or ZO
      2 expression compared with chow-fed mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet +/- probiotics
      had significant steatosis development compared with chow-fed mice (p < 0.05);
      steatosis was less severe in the probiotics group compared with the high-fat diet
      group. Hepatic triglyceride concentration was higher in mice fed a high-fat diet
      +/- probiotics compared with the chow group (p < 0.05), and was lower in the
      probiotics group compared with the high-fat diet group (p < 0.05). Compared with
      chow-fed mice, serum glucose, cholesterol concentration and the activity of
      alanine transaminase were higher (p < 0.05), whereas serum triglyceride
      concentration was lower (p < 0.05) in mice fed a high-fat diet +/- probiotics.
      CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with a multispecies probiotic formulation helped to
      maintain tight-junction proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2, and reduced hepatic triglyceride
      concentration compared with a high-fat diet alone.

PMID- 27366217
TI  - Predictors of pain response in patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasound-guided
      neurolysis for abdominal pain caused by pancreatic cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interventional endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided procedures such as
      EUS-guided celiac ganglia neurolysis (EUS-CGN) and EUS-guided broad plexus
      neurolysis (EUS-BPN) were developed to treat abdominal cancer-associated pain;
      however, these procedures are not always effective. The aim of this study was to
      explore predictors of pain response in EUS-guided neurolysis for pancreatic
      cancer-associated pain. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of
      prospectively collected data of 112 consecutive patients who underwent EUS-BPN in
      our institution. EUS-CGN was added in cases of visible celiac ganglia. The
      neurolytic-spread area was divided into six sections and evaluated by post
      procedural computed tomography scanning. Pain intensity was assessed using a
      visual analog scale (VAS), and a decrease in VAS scores by ?3 points after
      neurolysis was considered a good pain response. Univariable and multivariable
      logistic regression analyses were performed to explore predictors of pain
      response at 1 and 4 weeks, and complications. RESULTS: A good pain response was
      obtained in 77.7% and 67.9% of patients at 1 and 4 weeks, respectively. In the
      multivariable analysis of these patients, the combination method (EUS-BPN plus
      CGN) was a significant positive predictive factor at 1 week (odds ratio = 3.69, p
      = 0.017) and 4 weeks (odds ratio = 6.37, p = 0.043). The numbers of
      neurolytic/contrast spread areas (mean +/- SD) were 4.98 +/- 1.08 and 4.15 +/-
      1.12 in patients treated with the combination method and single method,
      respectively (p < 0.001). There was no significant predictor of complications.
      CONCLUSIONS: EUS-BPN in combination with EUS-CGN was a predictor of a good pain
      response in EUS-guided neurolysis for pancreatic cancer-related pain. The larger
      number of neurolytic/contrast spread areas may lead to better outcomes in
      patients receiving combination treatment.

PMID- 27366218
TI  - The association between socioeconomic status and the symptoms at diagnosis of
      celiac disease: a retrospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are little data on patient factors that impact diagnosis rates
      of celiac disease. This study aims to evaluate the association between patient
      socioeconomic status and the symptoms at diagnosis of celiac disease. METHODS: A
      total of 872 patients with biopsy-proven celiac disease were categorized based on
      the presence or absence of (1) diarrhea and (2) any gastrointestinal symptoms at
      diagnosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the
      association between socioeconomic status and symptoms. RESULTS: Patients without
      diarrhea at presentation had a higher mean per capita income (US$34,469 versus
      US$32,237, p = 0.02), and patients without any gastrointestinal symptoms had a
      higher mean per capita income (US$36,738 versus US$31,758, p < 0.01) compared
      with patients having such symptoms. On multivariable analysis adjusting for sex,
      age, autoimmune or psychiatric comorbidities, and income, per capita income
      remained a significant predictor of diagnosis without gastrointestinal symptoms
      (odds ratio: 1.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.17-2.50, p < 0.01), and it showed a
      trend towards significance in diagnosis without diarrhea (odds ratio: 1.40, 95%
      confidence interval: 0.98-2.02, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with
      nonclassical symptoms of celiac disease are less likely to be diagnosed if they
      are of lower socioeconomic status. Celiac disease may be under-recognized in this
      population due to socioeconomic factors that possibly include lower rates of
      health-seeking behavior and access to healthcare.

PMID- 27366219
TI  - The clinical potential of etrolizumab in ulcerative colitis: hypes and hopes.
AB  - Antiadhesion molecules are effective and safe in patients with ulcerative colitis
      (UC). Etrolizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting both alpha4beta7 and
      alphaEbeta7, represents a promising therapy for patients with UC, since this
      novel mechanism of action may be effective in blocking leukocyte recruitment both
      at the vascular and at the mucosal level. Preliminary studies show that
      etrolizumab is effective in inducing clinical response and remission, and mucosal
      healing. Moreover, new predictors of response have recently been identified,
      opening the way to a tailored therapeutic approach. This review of the literature
      aims to present and discuss the most recent evidence on etrolizumab in UC,
      focusing on the clinical implications of the use of etrolizumab in UC. 

PMID- 27366220
TI  - Predicting durable response or resistance to antitumor necrosis factor therapy in
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have become a mainstay of
      the therapeutic armamentarium in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) over the last
      15 years. Although highly effective, primary and secondary nonresponse are common
      and associated with poor clinical outcomes and significant costs. Multiple
      clinical, genetic and immunopharmacological factors may impact the response to
      anti-TNFs. Early stratification of IBD patients by the expected risk of
      therapeutic failure during the induction and maintenance phases of treatment may
      allow for treatment optimization and potentially optimal short- and long-term
      outcomes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data concerning the
      potential predictors of therapeutic success and failure of anti-TNFs in IBD. 

PMID- 27366221
TI  - Mongersen, an oral Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide, in patients with active
      Crohn's disease.
AB  - In Crohn's disease (CD), the tissue-damaging inflammation is sustained by defects
      of counter-regulatory mechanisms, which normally inhibit immune-inflammatory
      signals and promote repair of mucosal injury. In particular, in inflamed gut of
      CD patients there are elevated levels of Smad7, an intracellular protein that
      inhibits the function of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Knockdown of
      Smad7 with a specific antisense oligonucleotide, named mongersen, restores TGF
      beta1 activity thus leading to suppression of inflammatory pathways and
      resolution of colitis in mice. Consistently, oral administration of mongersen to
      patients with active CD induces clinical remission. In this article, we review
      the available data supporting the pathogenic role of Smad7 in CD and discuss the
      results of recent phase I and II trials assessing the efficacy and safety of
      mongersen in CD patients. 

PMID- 27366222
TI  - Stem cell-based therapies in inflammatory bowel disease: promises and pitfalls.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, often relapsing, condition that
      deeply impacts the quality of life for many patients. Although there have been
      significant advances in medical treatments, a large proportion of patients become
      refractory to available therapeutic options. Stem-cell therapy through
      hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) is a
      promising therapeutic option for severe refractory cases especially when surgery
      is not feasible. In HSC transplantation, the objective is to destroy the
      'autoreactive' immune cells responsible for disease chronicity, and to re
      establish gut tolerance to gut microbes. In perianal Crohn's disease (CD), the
      objective is to deposit MSCs locally in fistulizing tracts to down-regulate the
      local immune response and induce wound healing. Results from upcoming and ongoing
      clinical trials will set the path of these novel therapeutic options that have
      the capability to successfully treat severe refractory Crohn's patients. 

PMID- 27366223
TI  - Current approaches for optimizing the benefit of biologic therapy in ulcerative
      colitis.
AB  - As biologic-based medication options for ulcerative colitis expand, our
      understanding of their optimal use in clinical practice is advancing as well. The
      appropriate use of combination therapy with immunomodulators can reduce the
      immunogenicity of biologic agents and raise serum drug levels of the biologic. A
      treat-to-target strategy with objective assessments of disease activity clearly
      defines the goals of biologic drug treatment. Mucosal healing is an evolving
      treatment goal and is associated with long-term remission and reduced incidence
      of colectomy. Furthermore, regular reassessments and therapeutic drug monitoring
      can allow clinicians to make evidence-based changes in therapy. Biologic drug de
      escalation or re-initiation are less well developed topics, but are emerging
      areas of study. We review the evidence underlying these advances and a modern
      approach to the use of biologic therapy in ulcerative colitis. 

PMID- 27366224
TI  - Epigenetic therapy in gastrointestinal cancer: the right combination.
AB  - Epigenetics is a relatively recent field of molecular biology that has arisen
      over the past 25 years. Cancer is now understood to be a disease of widespread
      epigenetic dysregulation that interacts extensively with underlying genetic
      mutations. The development of drugs targeting these processes has rapidly
      progressed; with several drugs already FDA approved as first-line therapy in
      hematological malignancies. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers possess high degrees of
      epigenetic dysregulation, exemplified by subtypes such as CpG island methylator
      phenotype (CIMP), and the potential benefit of epigenetic therapy in these
      cancers is evident. The application of epigenetic drugs in solid tumors,
      including GI cancers, is just emerging, with increased understanding of the
      cancer epigenome. In this review, we provide a brief overview of cancer
      epigenetics and the epigenetic targets of therapy including deoxyribonucleic acid
      (DNA) methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling. We discuss
      the epigenetic drugs currently in use, with a focus on DNA methyltransferase
      (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and explain the pharmacokinetic
      and mechanistic challenges in their application. We present the strategies
      employed in incorporating these drugs into the treatment of GI cancers, and
      explain the concept of the cancer stem cell in epigenetic reprogramming and
      reversal of chemo resistance. We discuss the most promising combination
      strategies in GI cancers including: (1) epigenetic sensitization to radiotherapy,
      (2) epigenetic sensitization to cytotoxic chemotherapy, and (3) epigenetic immune
      modulation and priming for immune therapy. Finally, we present preclinical and
      clinical trial data employing these strategies thus far in various GI cancers
      including colorectal, esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer. 

PMID- 27366225
TI  - Novel perspectives on therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota.
AB  - The gut microbiota contributes to the maintenance of health and, when disrupted,
      may drive gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal disease. This can occur
      through direct pathways such as interaction with the epithelial barrier and
      mucosal immune system or indirectly via production of metabolites. There is no
      current curative therapy for chronic inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory
      bowel disease, which are complex multifactorial disorders involving genetic
      predisposition, and environmental triggers. Therapies are directed to suppress
      inflammation rather than the driver, and these approaches are not devoid of
      adverse effects. Therefore, there is great interest in modulation of the gut
      microbiota to provide protection from disease. Interventions that modulate the
      microbiota include diet, probiotics and more recently the emergence of
      experimental therapies such as fecal microbiota transplant or phage therapy.
      Emerging data indicate that certain bacteria can induce protective immune
      responses and enhance intestinal barrier function, which could be potential
      therapeutic targets. However, mechanistic links and specific therapeutic
      recommendations are still lacking. Here we provide a pathophysiological overview
      of potential therapeutic applications of the gut microbiota. 

PMID- 27366226
TI  - The interplay between the microbiome and the adaptive immune response in cancer
      development.
AB  - The data from different studies suggest a bacterial role in cancer
      genesis/progression, often modulating the local immune response. This is
      particularly so at the mucosal level where the bacterial presence is strong and
      the immune system is highly reactive. The epithelial surfaces of the body, such
      as the skin and mucosa, are colonized by a vast number of microorganisms, which
      represent the so-called normal microbiome. Normally the microbiome does not cause
      a proinflammatory response because the immune system has developed different
      strategies for the tolerance of commensal bacteria, but when these mechanisms are
      impaired or new pathogenic bacteria are introduced into this balanced system, the
      immune system reacts to the microbiome and can trigger tumor growth in the
      intestine. In this review, we discuss the potential role of the bacterial
      microbiome in carcinogenesis, focusing on the direct and indirect immune adaptive
      mechanisms, that the bacteria can modulate in different ways. 

PMID- 27366228
TI  - Understanding the gastrointestinal manifestations of Fabry disease: promoting
      prompt diagnosis.
AB  - Fabry disease is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disease characterized by the
      dysfunction of multiple systems, including significant gastrointestinal
      involvement such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, early satiety and nausea. The
      gastrointestinal symptoms of Fabry disease are thought to be due to neuropathic
      and myopathic changes leading to symptoms of dysmotility that are encountered in
      many other disorders. The gastrointestinal symptoms can often be one of the
      presenting signs of the disease in childhood, but can be misdiagnosed by
      gastroenterologists for many years due to their nonspecific presentation. As the
      chief treatment for Fabry is enzyme-replacement therapy that has been shown to
      stabilize and possibly reverse disease course, recognition of these symptoms and
      early diagnosis in an attempt to prevent progression with treatment, is critical.

PMID- 27366229
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound-assisted gastrointestinal hemostasis: an evolving
      technique.
AB  - Gastrointestinal bleeding can range from grossly visible blood in stool or
      vomitus to microscopic bleed. However, any kind of bleeding can lead to potential
      life-threatening consequences. A small proportion of patients with
      gastrointestinal bleeding remain refractory to initial endoscopic hemostasis.
      While some are successfully managed by repeat endoscopic intervention, a few fail
      to respond or are not amenable to endoscopic hemostasis. As of now, the next
      level of intervention is passed on to either surgeons or interventional
      radiologists. There is new evidence suggesting the increased utility of
      endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in diagnosis and treatment of culprit vascular
      lesions across the gut. In addition, EUS-assisted technique has also been used in
      the primary prevention of bleeding from gastroesophageal varices. In this review
      article, we have summarized case series and reports describing the use of EUS
      assisted hemostasis. Indications, techniques, complications and success rates
      reported are discussed. While most of the authors describe their experience with
      primary and secondary treatment of gastric varices, treatment of other
      gastrointestinal lesions with EUS assisted hemostatic techniques is also
      discussed. 

PMID- 27366230
TI  - Incidence, characterization, and clinical impact analysis of peginterferon beta1a
      immunogenicity in patients with multiple sclerosis in the ADVANCE trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Efficacy of interferon beta in multiple sclerosis (MS) can be
      dampened in patients who develop neutralizing antidrug antibodies (NAbs).
      Peginterferon beta1a is an interferon conjugated with a polyethylene glycol (PEG)
      moiety. Pegylation increases a drug's half life and exposure, and may also reduce
      immunogenicity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize the
      incidence and impact of immunogenicity to peginterferon beta1a over 2 years in
      patients with MS. METHODS: Patients with relapsing-remitting MS (N = 1512) were
      randomized to subcutaneous peginterferon beta1a 125 MUg every 2 or 4 weeks, or
      placebo, for 1 year; patients in the placebo group were rerandomized to active
      treatment in year 2. The incidence and titers of binding antibodies (BAbs) and
      NAbs to interferon and antibodies to PEG (anti-PEG) were assessed in analytically
      validated assays. The clinical impact of immunogenicity on relapse and magnetic
      resonance imaging endpoints was evaluated. RESULTS: Over 2 years, 6%, less than
      1%, and 7% of patients developed anti-interferon BAbs, NAbs, and anti-PEG
      antibodies, respectively. There was no discernible clinically meaningful effect
      of antibody status on the pharmacodynamic, efficacy, or safety parameters
      evaluated, although these analyses were limited by the low incidence of treatment
      emergent antibodies. CONCLUSION: The treatment effect of peginterferon beta1a in
      patients with relapsing-remitting MS is not expected to be attenuated by
      immunogenicity.

PMID- 27366227
TI  - The intestinal microbiome, barrier function, and immune system in inflammatory
      bowel disease: a tripartite pathophysiological circuit with implications for new
      therapeutic directions.
AB  - We discuss the tripartite pathophysiological circuit of inflammatory bowel
      disease (IBD), involving the intestinal microbiota, barrier function, and immune
      system. Dysfunction in each of these physiological components (dysbiosis, leaky
      gut, and inflammation) contributes in a mutually interdependent manner to IBD
      onset and exacerbation. Genetic and environmental risk factors lead to disruption
      of gut homeostasis: genetic risks predominantly affect the immune system,
      environmental risks predominantly affect the microbiota, and both affect barrier
      function. Multiple genetic and environmental 'hits' are likely necessary to
      establish and exacerbate disease. Most conventional IBD therapies currently
      target only one component of the pathophysiological circuit, inflammation;
      however, many patients with IBD do not respond to immune-modulating therapies.
      Hope lies in new classes of therapies that target the microbiota and barrier
      function. 

PMID- 27366231
TI  - Therapy satisfaction and adherence in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple
      sclerosis: the THEPA-MS survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Improved clinical effectiveness and therefore positive modification
      of multiple sclerosis (MS) with basic therapy can be achieved by long-term
      regular intake of drugs as prescribed but investigations have shown that a high
      percentage of patients do not take their medications as prescribed. OBJECTIVES:
      We assessed the satisfaction and adherence of patients with MS with their current
      disease-modifying treatment under clinical practice conditions. We compared
      different facets of satisfaction as well as their internal relationship and
      identified predictors in an exploratory manner. METHODS: Therapy satisfaction in
      patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (THEPA-MS) was a
      noninterventional, prospective cross-sectional study performed throughout Germany
      in 2013 and 2014, and included patients with clinically isolated syndrome or
      relapsing-remitting MS. We applied a standardized approach to document
      satisfaction and adherence by patient-reported outcomes (Treatment Satisfaction
      Questionnaire for Medication) as well as by physician ratings. RESULTS: Of 3312
      patients with a mean age of 43.7 years, 73.3% were women and the mean level of
      disability according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale was 2.29; 13.3% did
      not receive any medication at the time of documentation, 21.3% received
      interferon beta1a intramuscularly, 20.7% had interferon beta1a subcutaneously,
      17.0% had interferon beta1b subcutaneously and 23.7% had glatiramer acetate.
      Adherence rates varied between 60% (lifetime) and 96.5% (current medication).
      Differences between current medications were found for side effects and
      convenience scores but not for effectiveness, satisfaction and adherence. Higher
      global satisfaction and effectiveness were associated with fewer relapses, longer
      duration of medication, lower disability score and the absence of several side
      effects. CONCLUSION: In a connected model of patient satisfaction, effectiveness,
      side effects, convenience and adherence, patients' individual needs and concerns
      have to be addressed. Most differences were found with respect to side effects
      and convenience of treatment. Therefore, an improvement in these two domains
      seems to be the most promising proximate approach to elevate adherence levels.

PMID- 27366232
TI  - One-time intrathecal triamcinolone acetonide application alters the redox
      potential in cerebrospinal fluid of progressive multiple sclerosis patients: a
      pilot study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cerebrospinal fluid analysis may provide insight into the interplay
      between chronic inflammation and response to treatment. OBJECTIVES: To
      demonstrate the impact of one intrathecal triamcinolone injection on the redox
      potential and on ascorbyl radical appearance in the cerebrospinal fluid of
      chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patients. METHODS: A total of 16 patients
      received 40 mg triamcinolone. Electron-spin resonance spectroscopy measured the
      oxidation range after copper ion [Cu (II)] addition and ascorbyl-radical
      bioavailability. RESULTS: There was an increase of Cu (II) ion absorption, which
      reflects an augmented content of reduced proteins. Ascorbyl radicals were present
      in contrast to healthy controls according to the literature. CONCLUSION:
      Intrathecal steroid application alters the redox potential in cerebrospinal
      fluid. Our findings support the beneficial role of steroids on oxidative stress
      generally demonstrated by ascorbyl radical appearance. Reactive oxygen species
      decline is necessary for an upregulated production of reduced proteins.

PMID- 27366233
TI  - Cognitive functions over the course of 1 year in multiple sclerosis patients
      treated with disease modifying therapies.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are applied to delay or prevent
      disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). While this has mostly been proven
      for physical symptoms, available studies regarding long-term effects of DMTs on
      cognitive functions are rare and sometimes inconsistent due to methodological
      shortcomings. Particularly in the case of fingolimod, comprehensive data on
      cognitive functions are not yet available. Therefore, we set out to reliably
      assess cognitive functions in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) treated
      with DMTs over 1 year. METHODS: Cognitive functions were assessed with eight
      tests at three timepoints: baseline, 6-month follow up and 12-month follow up.
      First, we investigated whether the stability of cognitive functions (i.e. not
      falling below the 5% cut-off in more than one test) over 1 year in RRMS patients
      (n = 41) corresponds to the stability in healthy individuals (n = 40) of a
      previous study. Second, we compared the percentage of declined and improved
      patients in the different tests. Third, we compared patients treated with
      fingolimod (n = 22) with patients treated with natalizumab (n = 11) with regard
      to cognitive stability. Fourth, based on the patient data, the Reliable Change
      Index was applied to compute cut-offs for reliable cognitive change. RESULTS:
      Approximately 75% of RRMS patients treated with DMTs remained stable over the
      course of 1 year. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and the Spatial
      Recall Test (SPART), produced improvements in 12.5% and 30.6%, respectively,
      probably due to practice effects. Patients treated with fingolimod did not differ
      from patients treated with natalizumab with regard to cognitive stability.
      CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive functions remain relatively stable under DMT treatment
      over 1 year, irrespective of the type of medication. Furthermore, the tests PASAT
      and SPART should be interpreted cautiously in studies examining performance
      changes over time. The provided RCI norms may help clinicians to determine
      whether a difference in two measurements observed in a RRMS patient is reliable.

PMID- 27366234
TI  - Immunoadsorption in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a
      neuroinflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, distinct from multiple
      sclerosis by affecting predominantly the optic nerve and the spinal cord, and
      mediated by antibodies directed against aquaporin 4 (AQP4-ab) as a possible
      pathomechanistic hallmark of NMOSD. Therapeutic options include immunosuppression
      with steroids or B-cell-depleting agents as baseline therapies, as well as plasma
      exchange (PLEX) and/or immunoadsorption (IA) during relapses. Until now, data
      concerning the efficacy of IA alone are scarce. METHODS: Visual evoked potentials
      (VEPs), visual acuity and changes of symptoms at relapse leading to admission in
      NMOSD patients (n = 10) treated with IA in a single-centre setting were evaluated
      retrospectively. RESULTS: All patients profited from the procedure and showed an
      amelioration of admission symptoms. Three patients improved in visual acuity,
      another three patients remained stable, whereas five patients showed an
      improvement in VEPs. DISCUSSION: In this small cohort, IA constitutes a valid
      therapeutic option for patients with NMOSD as an equivalent to PLEX. Analysis in
      larger cohorts is warranted.

PMID- 27366235
TI  - Quantitative analysis of multiple sclerosis patients' preferences for drug
      treatment: a best-worst scaling study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With recent developments in drug therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS),
      new treatment options have become available presenting patients with complex
      treatment decisions. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to elicit
      patients' preferences for different attributes of MS drug therapy. METHODS: A
      representative sample of patients with MS across Canada (n=189) participated in a
      best-worst scaling study to quantify preferences for different attributes of MS
      drug therapy, including delaying progression, improving symptoms, preventing
      relapse, minor side effects, rare but serious adverse events (SAEs), and route of
      administration. Conditional logit models were fitted to estimate the relative
      importance of each attribute in influencing patients' preferences. RESULTS: A
      latent-class analysis revealed heterogeneity of preferences across respondents,
      with preferences differing across five classes. The most important attributes of
      drug therapy were the avoidance of SAEs for three classes and the improvement of
      symptoms for two other classes. Only a smaller group of patients demonstrated a
      specific preference for avoiding SAEs, and route of administration. CONCLUSION:
      This study shows that preferences for drug therapy among patients with MS are
      different, some of which can be explained by experiences with their disease and
      treatment. These findings can help to inform the focus of interactions that
      healthcare practitioners have with patients with MS, as well as further drug
      development.

PMID- 27366236
TI  - Immunoadsorption versus plasma exchange versus combination for treatment of
      myasthenic deterioration.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to analyze safety and assess the efficacy
      of standard plasma exchange (PE) compared with immunoadsorption (IA) alone, or an
      alternating combination of both in deteriorating myasthenia gravis (MG). METHODS:
      A total of 72 patients with MG who had received PE procedures for treatment of
      severe deterioration were retrospectively analyzed. They received either five
      cycles of PE (1-1.5 plasma volumes), or five cycles of IA in line with plasma
      separation, or a sequential alternating procedure of one cycle of PE followed by
      two cycles of IA, which was repeated once or more if needed. RESULTS: A total of
      19 patients received PE, 24 patients IA, and 29 the alternating combination
      therapy. All groups were equally distributed by sex and mean MG score before
      treatment. The number of treatment cycles and days on therapy did not differ
      between the groups. Mean MG scores at discharge were 3.0 (PE), 1.8 (IA) and 1.6
      (combination) (p = 0.028 for combination versus PE). Inpatient time was 30.7 days
      (PE), 22.3 days (IA) and 20.0 days in combination therapy (p < 0.05 for
      combination versus PE). Side effects such as allergic reactions or
      hypocoagulability were significantly more frequent in the PE group (37% in PE
      versus 4% in IA and 3.6% in the alternating combination, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Semiselective IA in combination with PE, and to a lesser extent IA alone, was
      associated with a shorter hospital stay and more pronounced reduction of the MG
      score than PE.

PMID- 27366237
TI  - Direct stroke unit admission of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator: safety,
      clinical outcome, and hospital cost savings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the USA, stable intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA)
      patients have traditionally been cared for in an intensive care unit (ICU). We
      examined the safety of using an acuity-adaptable stroke unit (SU) to manage IV
      tPA patients. METHODS: We conducted an observational study of consecutive
      patients admitted to our acuity-adaptable SU over the first 3 years of operation.
      Safety was assessed by symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) rates,
      systemic hemorrhage (SH) rates, tPA-related deaths, and transfers from SU to ICU;
      cost savings and length of stay (LOS) were determined. RESULTS: We admitted 333
      IV tPA patients, of which 302 were admitted directly to the SU. A total of 31
      (10%) patients had concurrent systemic hemodynamic or pulmonary compromise
      warranting direct ICU admission. There were no differences in admission National
      Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores between SU and ICU patients (9.0 versus
      9.5, respectively). Overall sICH rate was 3.3% (n = 10) and SH rate was 2.9 (n =
      9), with no difference between SU and ICU patients. No tPA-related deaths
      occurred, and no SU patients required transfer to the ICU. Estimated hospital
      cost savings were US$362,400 for 'avoided' ICU days, and hospital LOS decreased
      significantly (p = 0.001) from 9.8 +/- 15.6 days (median 5) in year 1, to 5.2 +/-
      4.8 days (median 3) by year 3. CONCLUSIONS: IV tPA patients may be safely cared
      for in a SU when nurses undergo extensive education to ensure clinical
      competence. Use of the ICU solely for monitoring may constitute significant
      overuse of system resources at an expense that is not associated with additional
      safety benefit.

PMID- 27366238
TI  - Clinical efficacy of combined sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate and zinc
      treatment in neurological Wilson's disease with D-penicillamine treatment
      failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There are limited pharmacological treatments for patients with
      neurological Wilson's disease (WD) and a history of copper-chelating treatment
      failure. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the clinical records of 38
      patients with WD who were treated with sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate (DMPS)
      and zinc (group 1) or zinc alone (group 2). All patients had a history of
      neurological deterioration during their previous treatment with D-penicillamine
      (DPA). RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were treated with intravenous DMPS for 4
      weeks, followed by zinc gluconate for 6 months, and the treatment protocol was
      repeated twice. Relative to the baseline, repeated DMPS therapy and zinc
      maintenance therapy decreased neurological scores continuously (p < 0.01).
      Sixteen patients (76.2%) demonstrated neurological improvements after 1 year of
      therapy and four patients (19.0%) exhibited neurological deterioration at the
      follow-up session. In addition, 17 patients were treated with zinc monotherapy
      for 12 months. Two patients (11.8%) demonstrated neurological improvements and
      five patients (29.4%) exhibited neurological deterioration. Compared with the
      patients in group 2, a greater improvement ratio (p < 0.01) and lower
      deterioration ratio (p < 0.01) were observed in the patients in group 1 after 1
      year of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the safety and efficacy
      of combined treatment of DMPS and zinc is superior to those of zinc monotherapy
      in patients with neurological WD with a history of DPA treatment failure.

PMID- 27366239
TI  - The diagnosis and management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension and the
      associated headache.
AB  - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a challenging disorder with a rapid
      increasing incidence due to a close relation to obesity. The onset of symptoms is
      often insidious and patients may see many different specialists before the IIH
      diagnosis is settled. A summary of diagnosis, symptoms, headache characteristics
      and course, as well as existing evidence of treatment strategies is presented and
      strategies for investigations and management are proposed. 

PMID- 27366240
TI  - Web-based interventions in multiple sclerosis: the potential of tele
      rehabilitation.
AB  - The World Wide Web is increasingly used in therapeutic settings. In this regard,
      internet-based interventions have proven effective in ameliorating several health
      behaviors, amongst them physical activity behavior. Internet-delivered
      interventions have shown positive effects on physical activity and physical
      function in persons with MS (pwMS). In this review we give an overview on several
      online exercise programs for pwMS and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of web
      based interventions. Although participants of online exercise programs reported a
      high acceptance and satisfaction with the intervention, decreasing compliance was
      a major issue. A possible remedy might be the implementation of game-design
      elements to increase compliance and long-term adherence to internet-delivered
      interventions. In addition we believe that the integration of social networks
      seems to be a promising strategy. 

PMID- 27366241
TI  - Subcutaneous immunoglobulins in the treatment of chronic immune-mediated
      neuropathies.
AB  - Intravenous immunoglobulins represent an established therapy for the treatment of
      chronic immune-mediated neuropathies, specifically chronic inflammatory
      demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies (CIDPs) as well as multifocal motor
      neuropathies (MMNs). For the treatment of antibody deficiency syndromes,
      subcutaneous immunoglobulins (SCIgs) have represented a mainstay for decades. An
      emerging body of evidence suggests that SCIg might also exhibit clinical efficacy
      in CIDP and MMN. This article reviews the current evidence for clinical
      effectiveness, as well as safety of SCIg for the treatment of immune-mediated
      neuropathies, and addresses remaining open questions in this context. We conclude
      that despite the need for controlled long-term studies to demonstrate long-term
      efficacy of SCIg in immune-mediated neuropathies, SCIg may already represent a
      potential therapeutic alternative for selected patients. 

PMID- 27366242
TI  - Dimethyl fumarate may still have a role in progressive multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 27366243
TI  - Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea.
AB  - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea occurs due to communication between the
      intracranial subarachnoid space and the sinonasal mucosa. It could be due to
      trauma, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), tumors, erosive diseases, and
      congenital skull defects. Some leaks could be spontaneous without any specific
      etiology. The potential leak sites include the cribriform plate, ethmoid,
      sphenoid, and frontal sinus. Glucose estimation, although non-specific, is the
      most popular and readily available method of diagnosis. Glucose concentration of
      > 30 mg/dl without any blood contamination strongly suggests presence and the
      absence of glucose rules out CSF in the fluid. Beta-2 transferrin test confirms
      the diagnosis. High-resolution computed tomography and magnetic resonance
      cisternography are complementary to each other and are the investigation of
      choice. Surgical intervention is indicated, when conservative management fails to
      prevent risk of meningitis. Endoscopic closure has revolutionized the management
      of CSF rhinorrhea due to its less morbidity and better closure rate. It is
      usually best suited for small defects in cribriform plate, sphenoid, and ethmoid
      sinus. Large defects can be repaired when sufficient experience is acquired. Most
      frontal sinus leaks, although difficult, can be successfully closed by modified
      Lothrop procedure. Factors associated with increased recurrences are middle age,
      obese female, raised ICP, diabetes mellitus, lateral sphenoid leaks, superior and
      lateral extension in frontal sinus, multiple leaks, and extensive skull base
      defects. Appropriate treatment for raised ICP, in addition to proper repair,
      should be done to prevent recurrence. Long follow-up is required before leveling
      successful repair as recurrences may occur very late. 

PMID- 27366244
TI  - Brainstem epidermoid cyst: An update.
AB  - The incidence of epidermoid tumors is between 1% and 2% of all intracranial
      tumors. The usual locations of epidermoid tumor are the parasellar region and
      cerebellopontine angle, and it is less commonly located in sylvian fissure,
      suprasellar region, cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, and lateral and fourth
      ventricles. Epidermoid cysts located in the posterior fossa usually arise in the
      lateral subarachnoid cisterns, and those located in the brain stem are rare.
      These epidermoids contain cheesy and flaky white soft putty like contents.
      Epidermoid cysts are very slow growing tumors having a similar growth pattern of
      the epidermal cells of the skin and develop from remnants of epidermal elements
      during closure of the neural groove and disjunction of the surface ectoderm with
      neural ectoderm between the third and fifth weeks of embryonic life. We are
      presenting an interesting case of intrinsic brainstem epidermoid cyst containing
      milky white liquefied material with flakes in a 5-year-old girl. Diffusion
      weighted imaging is definitive for the diagnosis. Ideal treatment of choice is
      removal of cystic components with complete resection of capsule. Although radical
      resection will prevent recurrence, in view of very thin firmly adherent capsule
      to brainstem, it is not always possible to do complete resection of capsule
      without any neurological deficits. 

PMID- 27366245
TI  - A novel equine-derived pericardium membrane for dural repair: A preliminary,
      short-term investigation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large variety of biological and artificial materials are employed
      in dural repair, each of them with major limitations. Autologous grafts have
      limited availability and require an additional incision and surgical time.
      Cadaveric preparations and heterologous materials entail the risk of iatrogenic
      transmission of prions, whereas synthetic substitutes have been reported to cause
      inflammatory reactions and graft rejection. An equine-derived pericardium
      membrane has been developed (Heart((r)), Bioteck, Vicenza, Italy) with mechanical
      and safety-related features that could make it suitable for neurosurgical
      application. AIMS: This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the short-term safety
      and efficacy of the Heart((r)) membrane in dural repair procedures following
      meningioma surgeries. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Medical records of patients who were
      surgically treated for an intracranial meningioma and underwent duraplasty with
      the Heart((r)) membrane were reviewed retrospectively. The occurrence of any
      graft-related complications such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage,
      postoperative hematoma, wound infection, meningitis, and neurological symptoms
      was analyzed. RESULTS: Eight patients were identified as meeting the inclusion
      criteria. A watertight closure was achieved in all of them. Postoperatively, no
      patients exhibited CSF leak, cerebral contusion, hemorrhage, or wound infection.
      The 1-month radiological follow-up revealed no evidence of pseudomeningocele,
      wound breakdown, or meningitis. Neurologic complications were observed in three
      patients but not directly imputable to the dural substitute or its application.
      CONCLUSIONS: In all the patients, the pericardium membrane enabled achievement of
      a watertight dural closure without graft-related adverse events. Further
      investigations should be performed to assess medium- and long-term clinical
      outcomes in a larger set of patients.

PMID- 27366246
TI  - Our technique of midsagittal splitting laminoplasty for compressive cervical
      myelopathy and its short-term results.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to discuss the technique of midsagittal
      splitting laminoplasty and to compare its short-term follow-up results with
      laminectomy in cases of compressive cervical spinal cord myelopathy. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Exclusion criteria were as follows: Intramedullary compressive
      lesions, kyphotic cervical spine, previous spinal surgeries, and defective
      anterior vertebral column. Twenty patients (10 each of laminoplasty and
      laminectomy groups) were prospectively studied from 2005 to 2008. After clinico
      radiological assessment, laminoplasty or laminectomy was performed in patients
      aged <50 years and >50 years, respectively. The laminoplasty was performed by
      splitting the excised lamina in midline up to the tip of spinous process. Follow
      up was done by neurosurgical cervical spine scoring, Nurick's grading, and the
      final outcome was determined by Odom's criteria. RESULTS: The mean operative time
      and blood loss in laminoplasty and laminectomy was 100 +/- 0.87 (range 90-140
      min), 80 +/- 0.67 (range 75-100 min) P = 0.04; and 65 +/- 0.07 (range 60-90 ml)
      and 68 +/- 0.61 (range 65-80 ml) P = 0.09, respectively. There were no
      intraoperative accidents, and no postoperative neurological
      deterioration/recurrence of symptoms. One patient who underwent laminectomy alone
      developed progressive kyphosis of the spine, whereas one having rheumatoid
      arthritis and long symptom duration didn't improve. 85% (17/20 patients) had
      sustained excellent to fair outcome (improvement by at least one Nurick's grade).
      CONCLUSIONS: The technique used by us was simple, effective, and inexpensive.
      There was no minimal postoperative morbidity, although long-term results are
      awaited.

PMID- 27366247
TI  - The role of subgaleal suction drain placement in chronic subdural hematoma
      evacuation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is lack of uniformity about the preferred surgical treatment,
      role of drain, and type of drain among various surgeons in chronic subdural
      hematoma (CSDH). The present study is aimed to evaluate role of subgaleal drain.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study of 260 patients of CSDH
      treated surgically. Burr-hole irrigation with and without suction drain was done
      in 140 and 120 patients, respectively. Out of 120 patients without suction drain
      60 each were managed by single and two burr holes. Pre- and postoperative GCS was
      recorded. Recurrent hematomas, CSDH secondary to tumor, due to intracranial
      hypotension, coagulopathy, children below 18 years, and patients treated by twist
      drill craniostomy or craniotomy were excluded. Subgaleal closed-system drainage
      with low negative pressure was used. RESULTS: Age of the patients ranged from 18
      to 75 years with mean age of 57 years. There were 9, 47, 204 patients in GCS of 3
      8, 9-12, and 13-15, respectively. Both the groups were comparable in terms of
      age, etiology, gender, and neurological status. There was no difference in the
      mortality in both the group. The recurrence and postoperative pneumocephalus was
      significantly less in suction drain group as compared to without drain group.
      There was no infection or any other complication related to suction drainage.
      CONCLUSION: Subgaleal closed suction drainage was safe, simple, and effective in
      the management of CSDH. Recurrence rate was low in the suction drain group.

PMID- 27366248
TI  - Surgical outcome in cystic vestibular schwannomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cystic vestibular schwannomas (VS) form a rare subgroup that differs
      from the solid variant clinically, radiologically, and histopathologically. These
      tumors also vary in their surgical outcome and carry a different risk of post
      operative complications. We analyzed our series of 64 patients with cystic VS and
      discuss the technical difficulties related to total excision of these tumors and
      focus on complication avoidance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of
      cystic VS surgically managed over a span of 11 years. The case records were
      evaluated to record the clinical symptoms and signs, imaging findings, surgical
      procedure, complications, and follow-up data. Post-operative facial nerve palsy
      was analyzed with respect to tumor size and tumor type. RESULTS: Progressive
      hearing impairment was the most common initial symptom (76.6%). Atypical initial
      symptoms were present in 15 patients (23.4%). Preoperatively, 78% patients had
      good facial nerve function (HB grade 1, 2) and 22% had intermediate (HB grade 3,
      4) to poor (HB grade 5 and 6) function. Mean tumor size was 4.1 cm. Complete
      tumor removal was achieved in 53 patients (83%). The facial nerve was
      anatomically intact but thinned out after tumor excision in 38 patients (59.4%).
      Ninety percent patients had either intermediate or poor facial nerve function at
      follow-up. Poor facial nerve outcome was associated with giant tumors and
      peripherally located, thin-walled cystic tumors. CONCLUSION: Resection of cystic
      VS is complicated by peritumoral adhesions of the capsule to the nerve. Extensive
      manipulation of the nerve in order to dissect the tumor-nerve barrier results in
      worse facial nerve outcome. The outcome is worse in peripherally located, thin
      walled cystic VS as compared to centrally located, thick-walled cystic tumors.
      Subtotal excision may be justified, especially in tumors with dense adhesion of
      the cyst wall to the facial nerve in order to preserve nerve integrity.

PMID- 27366249
TI  - Tuberculosis of spine: An experience of 30 cases over two years.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis of spine is still a very common condition in India. Here,
      the results of 30 cases of tuberculosis of spine treated in SSG Hospital,
      Vadodara, Gujarat, in the last two years, are reviewed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      total of 30 patients with tuberculosis of spine were treated in SSG Hospital in
      the last two years. They were classified into three groups, based on the GATA,
      GATA = Gulhane Askeri Tip Akademisi (Gulhane Military Medical Academy)
      classification for spinal tuberculosis, with few modifications. Their neurologic
      status was evaluated by the Frankel's grading. All the patients were started on
      four drug anti-tuberculosis medication given every alternate day as per the DOTS
      and RNTCP program of the Government of India for 6 months. Patients in group 1
      were treated by bed rest, analgesics, and antituberculous drugs after
      confirmation of the diagnosis by CT-guided biopsy. Patients in group 2 were
      treated by surgical of USG-guided aspiration of abscesses followed by full course
      of antituberculous drugs. Twenty-one patients in group 3 underwent surgery. A
      single-stage anterior decompression and anterior fixation was done in all the
      cases. RESULTS: All the nine patients in group I and 2 responded well to medical
      management and were cured of the disease. Out of the 21 operated patients, 19 had
      significant improvement in neurological status and return to their normal
      activities. The first operated patient died. The neurological status of one
      patient did not improve till 1 month after surgery and was lost to follow-up.
      Thus, 100% of group 1 and 2 patients were cured of the disease and 90% of group 3
      patients had good neurological recovery. CONCLUSIONS: If treated timely and
      adequately, the outcome for tuberculosis of spine is relatively good.
      Anterolateral approach to the spine with decompression and fixation gives good
      result with respect to neurological function.

PMID- 27366250
TI  - Primary intracranial lymphomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), a rare form of aggressive extranodal
      non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), has increased in incidence during the last three
      decades and occurs in both immune compromised and immune competent hosts. It has
      an overall poor prognosis. OBJECTIVE: This study attempts to further delineate
      the clinico-pathological, immunohistochemical and radiological profile of PCNSL
      at Jeddah to King Faisal Hospital and Research Center. METHODS: Computerized
      search through the archives of King Faisal Hospital and Research Centre between
      July 2000- December 2012 identified 15 patients with pathologically confirmed
      PCNSL. These were analyzed retrospectively. Their clinico-pathological,
      immunohistochemical and radiological data were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 15 PCNSL
      patients, 8 (53.3%) were females and 7 (46.6%) were males. There was female
      predilection especially in the age group of 40-59 years. Mean age at diagnosis
      for all patients was 50.4 years. There was no patient in the pediatric age group.
      The most common location in the brain was the frontal region in 7 patients
      (46.6%), 7 (46.6%) had multiple intracranial masses; all 15 (100%) were Non
      Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, among which 13 (86.6%) were diffuse large B-cell
      lymphomas. All 15 (100%) cases showed diffuse and strong positivity for CD 45,
      and CD 20. Fourteen patients were immune competent while one was immune
      compromised. CONCLUSIONS: PCNSL often occurs in middle-aged and aged patients.
      There is female predilection especially in the middle age. Frontal region is the
      most common location with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma being the predominant
      subtype.

PMID- 27366251
TI  - The "focus on aneurysm" principle: Classification and surgical principles of
      management of concurrent arterial aneurysm with arteriovenous malformation
      causing intracranial hemorrhage.
AB  - CONTEXT: Concurrent arterial aneurysms (AAs) occurring in 2.7-16.7% patients
      harboring an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) aggravate the risk of intracranial
      hemorrhage. AIM: We evaluate the variations of aneurysms simultaneously
      coexisting with AVMs. A classification-based management strategy and an
      abbreviated nomenclature that describes their radiological features is also
      proposed. SETTING: Tertiary care academic institute. STATISTICS: Test of
      significance applied to determine the factors causing rebleeding in the groups of
      patients with concurrent AVM and aneurysm and those with only AVMs. SUBJECTS AND
      METHODS: Sixteen patients (5 with subarachnoid hemorrhage and 11 with
      intracerebral/intraventricular hemorrhage; 10 with low flow [LF] and 6 with high
      flow [HF] AVMs) underwent radiological assessment of Spetzler Martin (SM) grading
      and flow status of AA + AVM. Their modified Rankin's score (mRS) at admission was
      compared with their follow-up (F/U) score. RESULTS: Pre-operative mRS was 0 in 5,
      2 in 6, 3 in 1, 4 in 3 and 5 in 1; and, SM grade I in 5, II in 3, III in 3, IV in
      4 and V in 1 patients, respectively. AA associated AVMs were classified as: (I)
      Flow-related proximal (n = 2); (II) flow-related distal (n = 3); (III) intranidal
      (n = 5); (IV) extra-intranidal (n = 2); (V) remote major ipsilateral (n = 1);
      (VI) remote major contralateral (n = 1); (VII) deep perforator related (n = 1);
      (VIII) superficial (n = 1); and (IX) distal (n = 0). Their treatment strategy
      included: Flow related AA, SM I-III LF AVM: aneurysm clipping with AVM excision;
      nidal-extranidal AA, SM I-III LF AVM: Excision or embolization of both AA + AVM;
      nidal-extranidal and perforator-related AA, SM IV-V HF AVM: Only endovascular
      embolization or radiosurgery. Surgical decision-making for remote AA took into
      account their ipsilateral/contralateral filling status and vessel dominance; and,
      for AA associated with SM III HF AVM, it varied in each patient based on
      diffuseness of AVM nidus, flow across arteriovenous fistula and eloquence of
      cortex. Follow up (F/U) (23.29 months; range: 1.5-69 months) mRS scores were 0 in
      12, 2 in 2, 3 in 1 and 6 in 1 patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with
      intracranial AVMs should be screened for concurrent AAs. Further grading,
      management protocols and prognostication should particularly "focus on the
      aneurysm."

PMID- 27366252
TI  - Morphometric analysis of posterior fossa in Indian CP angle acoustic schwannoma
      patients.
AB  - AIM: To study the morphometry of posterior fossa in Indian CP angle schwannoma
      patients in order to know its influence on the extent of excision of the CP angle
      acoustic schwannomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred cases of
      cerebellopontine angle schwannomas treated surgically by the senior author and 20
      controls between January 2006 and June 2011 were consecutively investigated with
      computed tomography (CT) using the high-resolution CT bone windows before
      surgery. Evaluation of anatomic parameters of the petrous bone and posterior
      fossa cavity were done in all patients and controls. Data were entered in Excel
      software and were analyzed using NCSS software. All possible regression analysis
      was done to select the important variables to be included in the model to predict
      the excision of tumor with these variables. A prediction model was developed
      defining the binary outcome as total excision or subtotal excision as dependent
      variable and the morphometric data and grading of tumor as independent variables.
      RESULTS: Interpetrous distance (IP) is the distance between the two petrous
      apices. Sigmoid distance (IS) distance is the distance between the two sigmoid
      points. Sigmoid point is the point at which the scalloped impression of the
      sigmoid sinus straightens to join the occipital bone posteriorly. SAG is the
      distance between the mid IP point and the mid-point on the inner wall of the
      occipital bone. The PM angle was 47.8+/-4.14 degrees (38-58), the PA angle was
      42.68+/-4.47 degrees (34-53), the IP distance was 2.07+/-0.13 cm (1.5-2.8), the
      sagittal diameter of posterior fossa was 6.22+/-0.73 cm (5.1-9.8) and the
      intersigmoid distance was 9.45+/-0.73 cm (7.4-11). There was no significant
      gender difference in the posterior fossa morphometry between patients and
      controls. Inter-sigmoid distance and the petrous-apex angle were more in the
      Indians when compared to the European population mentioned in the Mathies and
      Samii study. CONCLUSIONS: The posterior fossa morphological parameters of the
      Indian and European population differ significantly. Inter-sigmoid distance and
      the petrous-apex angle were more in the Indians when compared to the Europeans.
      There is no significant gender difference in the morphometry of the Indians.
      There is no significant difference between the patients and the control groups.
      In our study the adhesions with surrounding structures along with the posterior
      fossa morphometry significantly affect the extent of excision.

PMID- 27366253
TI  - Surgical management of acromegaly: Long term functional outcome analysis and
      assessment of recurrent/residual disease.
AB  - CONTEXT: Functional growth hormone producing adenomas have long-term deleterious
      effects on the visual apparatus, the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems,
      and often predispose to malignancies. Since persistence of acromegaly affects
      outcome and quality of life, therapeutic interventions become mandatory. AIM:
      This study represents an analysis of long-term clinical and endocrinal outcome of
      115 patients of acromegaly after surgical management. SETTING AND DESIGN:
      Tertiary care retrospective study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifteen
      patients (male:female ratio: 1:1.09) with acromegalic features were studied.
      Apart from acromegalic features, their main clinical presentation also included
      headache, diminution of vision, field defects, ptosis, irregular menstruation,
      diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Six of them presented
      with apoplexy. Their preoperative endocrinal evaluation included basal and
      suppressed growth hormone (GH), prolactin and thyroid levels. On the basis of
      axial and coronal CT scan or multiplanar MR imaging or both, the tumors were
      classified according to their suprasellar and parasellar extension (Hardy's
      grade). Transnasal trans-sphenoidal surgery (TSS) (n = 37) and sublabial,
      rhinoseptal TSS (n = 72) were the preferred approaches. Six patients with
      significant parasellar extensions underwent trans-cranial explorations. The
      patients were followed up at 6 and 12 weeks and then at 6 monthly intervals.
      Hormonal and CT/MR evaluation were also done. Attainment of random GH value less
      than 2.5 ug/L, and the nadir GH value after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
      less than 1 ug/L were used as the criteria of cure. FINDINGS: The patients were
      preoperatively in Hardy's tumor grade 0 (29), A (21), A+E (3), B (21), B+E (5), C
      (9), C+E (10), D (1) D+E (11), E (5), respectively. One hundred and one patients
      were available for follow-up (FU; median FU duration: 84 months; range: 6 to 132
      months). Surgical cure was achieved in 73 patients following the first surgery;
      and, in 10 additional patients following a second intervention. No patient with a
      preoperative grade 0, A, B, C had a recurrence after attaining the initial
      remission. Recurrence after an initial cure occurred in 7 patients (overall
      remission rate following surgery: 75.24%). The preoperative grade of the latter
      patients was A+E:1, B+E:1, C+E:1, D:1, D+E:2, E:1, respectively. All these
      patients underwent subsequent radiotherapy (RT). The twelve patients with
      persistent symptoms and high GH levels following surgery underwent RT; six others
      with improved symptoms despite high GH levels were kept under strict observation.
      There was no surgical mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A high remission rate without
      significant morbidity could be achieved following surgical intervention in
      acromegalic patients. Following surgery, tumors with greater than or equal to 3
      cm suprasellar height and without parasellar extension had no clinical recurrence
      at FU. A continuous monitoring is mandatory to pick up relapsed cases as well as
      those who develop delayed signs of hypopituitarism. A subset of patients who show
      clinical improvement following surgery but still have higher GH levels may be
      followed up without additional therapy unless clinical signs reappear or the
      serum GH levels progressively increase.

PMID- 27366254
TI  - Trans aqueductal, third ventricle - Cervical subarachnoid stenting: An adjuvant
      cerebro spinal fluid diversion procedure in midline posterior fossa tumors with
      hydrocephalus: The technical note and case series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Persistent or progressive hydrocephalus is one of the complex
      problems of posterior fossa tumors associated with hydrocephalus. The author
      evaluated the effectiveness of single-stage tumor decompression associated with a
      stent technique (trans aqueductal third ventricle - Cervical subarachnoid
      stenting) as an adjuvant cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedure in
      controlling the midline posterior fossa tumors with hydrocephalus. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Prospective clinical case series of 15 patients was evaluated from July
      2006 to April 2012. Fifteen clinicoradiological diagnosed cases of midline
      posterior fossa tumors with hydrocephalus were included in this study. All the
      tumors were approached through the cerebello medullary (telo velo tonsilar)
      fissure technique. Following the excision of the posterior fossa tumor, a sizable
      stent was placed across the aqueduct from the third ventricle to the cervical
      subarachnoid space. RESULTS: There were nine male and six female patients with an
      average age of 23 years. Complete tumor excision could be achieved in 12 patients
      and subtotal excision with clearance of aqueduct in remaining three patients.
      Hydrocephalus was controlled effectively in all the patients. There were no stent
      related complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the reliability of single
      stage tumor excision followed by placement of aqueductal stent. The success rate
      of this technique is comparable to those of conventional CSF diversion
      procedures. This is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for the management of
      persistent and or progressive hydrocephalus. This technique may be very useful in
      situations where the patient's follow-up is compromised and the patients who are
      from a poor economic background. Long-term results need further evaluation to
      assess the overall functioning of this stent technique.

PMID- 27366255
TI  - Radiological study of C3-C4 level surgical cases of cervical spondylosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pathological
      characteristics of C3-C4 cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) from the
      radiological study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 31 patients with single
      level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) at C3-C4 and 46 patients
      with single level ACDF at C5-C6 were included in this study. We selected C5-C6
      level as a representative of the lower cervical level. The C3-C4 and C5-C6 levels
      were routinely examined to investigate the areas of the vertebral canal,
      subarachnoid space, and spinal cord in the cervical canal. RESULTS: The clinical
      study of C3-C4 ACDF patients showed that as for the C3-C4 area, the area of the
      cervical vertebral canal, the area of the subarachnoid space, and he transverse
      surface area of the spinal cord were all significantly smaller in C3-C4 ACDF
      patients than in C5-C6 ACDF patients. Moreover, as for the C5-C6 area, only the
      area of the subarachnoid space was significantly smaller in C5-C6 ACDF patients
      than in C3-C4 ACDF patients. Spondylotic changes predominated at both the C3-C4
      and C5-C6 levels. However, in the C5-C6 ACDF patients, spondylotic changes tended
      to predominate only at the operation level at C5-C6. CONCLUSIONS: Aging process
      develops from lower cervical to upper cervical level. Moreover, this static
      factor in conjunction with dynamic factor (instability) was the causative factors
      for the CSM in C3-C4 ACDF patients.

PMID- 27366256
TI  - Indocyanine green as an adjunct for resection of insular gliomas.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Many controversies exist regarding the extent of resection for insular
      gliomas and the timing of resection. Several techniques and adjuncts are used to
      maximize safety during resection of these tumors. We describe the use of
      indocyanine green (ICG) to identify the branches of the middle cerebral artery
      and discuss its utility to increase safety for resection for insular gliomas.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five patients with insular gliomas were surgically treated
      by the authors from June 2013 to June 2014. The patients presented with
      complaints of either a headache or recurring episodes of convulsions. All the
      patients were operated with the aid of neuronavigation and tractography. The long
      perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery course through the insula and
      pass onward to supply the corona radiata. It is essential to preserve these
      vessels to prevent postoperative neurological deficits. ICG (Aurogreen) was used
      to identify and preserve the long perforating arteries of the middle cerebral
      artery. RESULTS: ICG dye correctly identified the long perforating branches of
      the middle cerebral artery and easily distinguished these vessels from the short
      perforating branches. All the branches of the middle cerebral artery that coursed
      through the tumor and had an onward course were preserved in all the patients.
      Only one patient developed a transient right sided hemiparesis that had improved
      at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery for insular gliomas is challenging due to its
      location adjacent to eloquent areas, important white fiber tracts and the course
      of the middle cerebral artery within it. ICG is useful to identify and preserve
      the long perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery that course through
      the tumor and traverse onward to supply the corona radiata.

PMID- 27366257
TI  - Outcome of laminoplasty in cervical spinal cord injury with stable spine.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) with a stable spine
      has been increasing as the elderly population is dramatically increasing all over
      the world. In this study, we evaluated the neurological outcome of decompression
      surgery (laminoplasty) for these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-one
      patients with CSCI with stable spine who underwent decompression surgery
      (laminoplasty) were retrospectively studied. Inclusion criteria were as follows:
      CSCI without instability, spinal cord contusion in magnetic resonance image
      (MRI), spinal cord compression rate more than 20%, neurologic deficit American
      Spinal Cord Injury Association ([ASIA] scale from A to D), and follow-up of at
      least 12 months. Preoperative neurological state, clinical outcome, and
      neurological function were measured using the ASIA impairment scale, Japanese
      Orthopaedic Association (JOA) grading scale, and Hirabayashi recovering rate,
      respectively. RESULTS: Thirty-three (80.4%) patients showed improvement in ASIA
      grade at 12-month follow-up. Four (9.7%) patients in ASIA Grade A and 4 (9.7%)
      patients in ASIA Grade D remain unchanged. The mean JOA score improved from 8.4
      +/- 6.1 points preoperatively to 11.2 +/- 5.4 points at 12 months
      postoperatively. Improvement in JOA was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The
      mean Hirabayashi recovery rate was 37.4 +/- 25.3%. CONCLUSION: Surgical
      decompression (laminoplasty) is helpful in relieving cord compromise and
      neurological deficit in CSCI with stable spine.

PMID- 27366258
TI  - Comparison of the frequency of psychiatric disorders among patients with chronic
      low back pain and control group.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common complaints of patients
      referred to the clinics. Studies indicated that psychosocial factors have great
      impact on the patients' complaints and disability. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate a broad range of psychiatric disorders in patients with chronic LBP
      (CLBP) and compare them with those of the control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We
      applied Symptom Checklist 90-R to compare 50 CLBP patients in the case group with
      100 participants without it in the control group. The questionnaire measured
      somatization, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety,
      hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism.
      RESULTS: Average "global severity index" was 1.10 in the case and 0.5 in the
      control group. Average "positive symptom total" was 45.26 in the case and 27.41
      in the control group. Average "positive symptom distress index" was 2.50 in the
      case and 1.50 in the control group. Average scores for all test dimensions were
      significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: All
      dimensions were significantly more common in CLBP patients. Therefore, early
      diagnosis and treatment of these disorders may improve the outcome of CLBP.

PMID- 27366259
TI  - Interhemispheric transcallosal transforaminal approach and its variants to
      colloid cyst of third ventricle: Technical issues based on a single institutional
      experience of 297 cases.
AB  - CONTEXT: Colloid cysts are benign intracranial lesions that usually involve the
      anterior third ventricle with varying appearance on imaging studies. The number
      of articles debating the origin of this tumor is surpassed by papers proposing
      the best modality available for its treatment. AIM: The purpose of this study is
      to analyze the clinical presentation and surgical outcome of colloid cysts
      surgically managed over a period of thirty-two years and evaluate the technical
      issues based on our experience. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective case series
      study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective case series study on 297
      consecutive patients with colloid cysts who were operated. The case records of
      all the patients were evaluated to record the clinical symptoms and signs,
      imaging findings, surgical procedure, complications and follow-up data. RESULTS:
      There were 178 (60%) males and 119 (40%) females, their age ranging from 9 to 66
      years with a mean age of 28 years. The mean duration of symptoms was 1.8 months.
      Raised intracranial pressure headache was the most common initial presenting
      symptom followed by visual blurring, memory disturbance and drop attacks with
      gait unsteadiness. The tumor was an incidental imaging finding in five patients
      (2%). While an interhemispheric transcallosal approach was used in 275 (92.6%)
      patients, it was trans-cortical in 22 (7.4%). Twenty-two patients required
      emergency surgery in view of worsening sensorium. Postoperative complications
      included memory impairment, limb weakness and seizures. Despite documented
      complete excision of the tumor in 6 cases, 8 patients had recurrence of tumor
      during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Colloid cysts are potential life threatening but
      benign lesions that can be removed safely with low morbidity and mortality
      through the interhemispheric transcallosal approach and its variants. The
      possibility for recurrence warrants, close imaging follow-up after surgery. It is
      essential for neurosurgeons to be familiar with the different transcallosal
      approaches to reach the third ventricle especially for a posteriorly situated
      cyst and a narrow foramen of Munro.

PMID- 27366260
TI  - Usefulness of navigated O-arm((r)) in a teaching center for spinal trauma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a relatively high incidence of screw misplacement during
      spinal instrumentation due to distortion of normal anatomy following spinal
      trauma. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and share the initial experience with
      the use of neuro-navigated 3D O-arm((r)) (Medtronic, USA) as compared to
      traditional 2D fluoroscopy in atrauma center in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In
      this retrospective study, consecutive patients of spinal injury who underwent
      screw fixation under O-arm guidance over nine-month period (July 2010 till March
      2011) were evaluated for accuracy of screw placement. An equal number of
      consecutive patients prior to March 2011 who underwent screw fixation in 2D
      fluoroscopy were included for comparison. Patient demographics and radiology were
      reviewed and spinal injury was assessed using the ASIA grading in both the
      groups. Screw placement was assessed by postoperative CT scans of the relevant
      spine and accuracy of screw placement and breach of the medial or lateral cortex
      of the pedicle were recorded for each case. RESULTS: In the O-arm group, there
      were 57 patients in whom 210 screws were inserted. None of the patients had screw
      mal-placement. In 2D fluoroscopy group, 57 patients had 268 screws insertions. 10
      (3.73%) screws were found to be malpositioned in the postoperative CT scans (8 in
      thoracic spine and 2 in odontoid fractures). The malposition rate was highly
      significant in 2D fluoroscopy thoracolumbar (P = 0.0015) subgroup. One patient
      had neurological deterioration and three patients required repositioning of the
      screws. CONCLUSION: In a teaching center with multiple surgeons, the O-arm((r))
      imaging ensures accurate placement of screws as compared to traditional 2D
      fluoroscopy.

PMID- 27366262
TI  - Tectal lipoma presenting with headache: An unusual etiology!

PMID- 27366261
TI  - Fenestrated optic nerve in craniopharyngioma.

PMID- 27366263
TI  - Revealing the hidden: Delight of susceptibility weighted imaging for
      neurosurgeons!

PMID- 27366264
TI  - Decompressive laminectomy for thoracic ossification of the posterior longitudinal
      ligament.

PMID- 27366265
TI  - Good outcome after delayed surgery for orbitocranial non-missile penetrating
      brain injury.
AB  - Nonmissile orbitocranial penetrating brain injuries are uncommonly dealt with in
      a civilian context. Surgical management is controversial, due to the lack of
      widely accepted guidelines. A 52-year-old man was hit in his left eye by a
      metallic foreign body (FB). Head computed tomography (CT) scan showed a left
      subcortical parietal FB with a considerable hemorrhagic trail originating from
      the left orbital roof. Surgical treatment was staged; an exenteratio oculi and a
      left parietal craniotomy to extract the FB under intraoperative CT guidance were
      performed at post trauma day third and sixth, respectively. A postoperative
      infectious complication was treated conservatively. The patient retained a right
      hemiparesis (3/5) and was transferred to rehabilitation in good clinical
      conditions at day 49(th). He had suspended antiepilectic therapy at that time. A
      case-by-case tailored approach is mandatory to achieve the best outcome in such a
      heterogeneous nosological entity. Case reporting is crucial to further understand
      its mechanism and dynamics. 

PMID- 27366266
TI  - Tension pneumocephalus causing brain herniation after endoscopic sinus surgery.
AB  - Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) may rarely be complicated by intracranial
      complications; the most common of them is a cerebrospinal fluid fistula.
      Pneumocephalus as a complication of ESS is quite rare. Here, we presented a
      unique case of tension pneumocephalus causing brain herniation as a complication
      of ESS, to whom emergent craniotomy was performed. 

PMID- 27366267
TI  - Supratentorial endodermal cysts - Report of two cases.
AB  - We describe two rare cases of frontal cystic lesions presenting with symptoms and
      signs of raised intracranial pressure. Both had a preoperative diagnosis of an
      arachnoid cyst and were subjected to a craniotomy with marsupialization of the
      cyst. However, the histology confirmed them to be an endodermal cyst (EC) on both
      occasions. Both the patients have been closely followed with no recurrence of
      symptoms. ECs of the central nervous system are usually reported in the spinal
      canal, mid-line posterior fossa, and the suprasellar regions. Supratentorial and
      non-midline ECs are rare, with only about 22 cases previously reported in
      literature. We discuss both the cases and review the relevant literature. 

PMID- 27366268
TI  - Acute obstructive hydrocephalus complicating decompression surgery of the
      craniovertebral junction.
AB  - Obstructive hydrocephalus has been described as a rare complication following
      foramen magnum decompression for Chiari malformation. However, there are few
      reports of obstructive hydrocephalus after spinal surgery for other pathologies
      of the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). The authors herein report a 52-year-old
      female with achondroplasia presenting with an 8-month history of myelopathy due
      to spinal cord compression at CVJ. She underwent resection of the C1 posterior
      arch and part of the edge of the occipital bone. A computed tomography (CT) scan
      obtained 1-week after the surgery revealed bilateral infratentorial fluid
      collection. The patient was first managed conservatively; however, on the 17(th)
      day, her consciousness level showed sudden deterioration. Emergency CT
      demonstrated marked hydrocephalus due to obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct.
      Acute obstructive hydrocephalus can occur late after decompression surgery at the
      CVJ, and thus should be included in the differential diagnosis of a deteriorating
      mental status. 

PMID- 27366269
TI  - Cerebellospinal hemangioblastoma with bilateral pheochromocytoma and hepatic
      cyst: A rare entity.
AB  - A 45-year-old gentleman presented with headache, dizziness, and unsteadiness of
      gait. On imaging, he was found to have a cerebellar and a spinal intramedullary
      hemangioblastoma. To rule out Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, we did screening
      of the whole abdomen with ultrasonography followed by contrast-enhanced computed
      tomography of the abdomen, and surprisingly, the patient was having bilateral
      adrenal pheochromocytoma and a hepatic cyst. A diagnosis of VHL disease was made
      on this basis. The patient was operated and he made a very good recovery. We are
      reporting this interesting case because of its typical findings and its rarity.
      Disease management and review of literature were also discussed at the end. 

PMID- 27366270
TI  - Aneurysm of azygos anterior cerebral artery: A report of two cases.
AB  - Aneurysms of azygos anterior cerebral artery (ACA) are rare with very few cases
      reported in medical literature. We report here two cases of aneurysm of azygos
      ACA among 105 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The two aneurysms were
      successfully clipped by using the bifrontal basal interhemispheric approach. 

PMID- 27366271
TI  - Transformation of a meningioma with atypical imaging.
AB  - Meningiomas are benign tumors of the central nervous system. They have long term
      curability if they are excised completely. If not, they can recur after a
      prolonged period and can lead to increased morbidity during re-surgery.
      Recurrence is rarely associated with invasiveness. Usually de-differentiation in
      case of meningiomas is uncommon without any predisposing factors including
      different genetic mutations or radiation to the involved region. We report a case
      of a 38-year-old female who was operated for a benign para-sagittal meningioma 8
      years back and subsequently developed an invasive recurrence off late. Also this
      time, the imaging morphology was slightly different for a meningioma and gross as
      well as microscopic findings were very atypical. Awareness for such cases must be
      there while dealing with recurrent meningiomas as invasiveness may not always be
      associated with adverse predisposing factors like radiation. As invasiveness is
      always a histopathological diagnosis, picking up such features on imaging is a
      daunting task and if done, can help neurosurgeons prognosticate such invasive
      recurrences in a better fashion. 

PMID- 27366272
TI  - Esthesioneuroblastoma with intracranial extension: A non-surgical approach.
AB  - Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare tumor arising from the olfactory mucosa of upper
      respiratory tract. The primary modality of treatment has been surgery with
      craniofacial resection followed by post-operative radiotherapy. There are only a
      few reported cases of non-surgical approaches. We report a case of
      esthesioneuroblastoma with intracranial extension treated with Vincristine,
      Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Etoposide protocol followed by
      radiation with 5 years of follow-up. This is the first reported case using this
      chemotherapy schedule. 

PMID- 27366273
TI  - Malignant metastatic carcinoid presenting as brain tumor.
AB  - Carcinoid tumors are rarely known to metastasise to the brain. It is even more
      rare for such patients to present with symptoms related to metastases as the
      initial and only symptom. We present a case of a 60-year-old man who presented
      with hemiparesis and imaging features suggestive of brain tumor. He underwent
      surgery and the histopathology revealed metastatic malignant lesion of
      neuroendocrine origin. A subsequent work up for the primary was negative. Patient
      was treated with adjuvant radiotherapy. We present this case to highlight the
      pathophysiological features, workup and treatment options of this rare disease
      and discuss the methods of differentiating it from more common brain tumors. 

PMID- 27366274
TI  - Delayed supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage following posterior fossa
      surgery.
AB  - Delayed supratentorial intracerebral hematoma after posterior fossa surgery is
      uncommon. Only few cases have been reported in the past. The cause has been
      attributed to sitting position leading to changes in intracranial arterial and
      venous pressures. We report two cases of delayed intracerebral hematoma following
      posterior fossa surgery, none of which were operated in sitting position. MR
      venogram done in one patient showed venous sinus thrombosis. Intracererbal
      hematoma following infratentorial surgery is uncommon and is possibly due to
      venous sinus thrombosis leading to venous hypertension. Control of bleeding from
      venous sinuses due to avulsion of emissary veins during craniotomy/craniectomy
      possibly induces sinus thrombosis that may propagate antegrade or retrograde,
      leading to venous hypertension and parenchymal bleed. 

PMID- 27366275
TI  - Medullomyoblastoma: A rare case in an unusual location in an atypical age group.
AB  - Medullomyoblastoma is a variant of medulloblastoma with an aggressive course. It
      is typically seen in children less than 10 years of age and usually arises from
      the cerebellar vermis. Authors report an unusual case of medullomyoblastoma
      arising from the right middle cerebellar peduncle in an adult patient and
      pertinent literature is reviewed regarding this uncommon entity. 

PMID- 27366276
TI  - 'Subarachnoid cyst' after evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma: Case report of
      an unusual postoperative morbidity.
AB  - Burr-hole drainage of chronic subdural hematomas are routine operative procedures
      done by neurosurgical residents. Common postoperative complications include acute
      epidural and/or subdural bleeding, tension pneumocephalus, intracranial hematomas
      and ischemic cerebral infarction. We report an interesting post-operative
      complication of a 'subarachnoid cyst' after burr-hole evacuation of a chronic
      subdural hematoma. The authors hypothesize that the 'cyst' is likely secondary to
      the splitting of the adjacent neomembrane within its arachnoid-brain interface by
      iatrogenic irrigation of the subdural space. Over time, this 'cyst' develops into
      an area of gliosis which eventually causes long-term scar epilepsy in the
      patient. As far as we are aware, this is the first complication of such a
      'subarachnoid cyst' post burr-hole drainage reported in the literature. 

PMID- 27366277
TI  - Lethal penetrating stab injury to the vertebral artery: A case report with review
      of literature.
AB  - The vertebral arteries are rarely injured in penetrating neck trauma due to their
      deep location in the foramen transversarium. These injuries in isolation are not
      associated with neurological deficits or ischemic changes on radiology as the
      collaterals are usually sufficient. We report a case of fatal unilateral
      vertebral artery stab injury leading to bilateral cerebellar and brainstem
      infarction. The carotid Doppler ruled out the presence of any carotid artery
      injury. Life-threatening injuries are possible in the presence of hypoplastic
      contralateral vertebral artery or inadequate flow from the anterior circulation
      not making up for the deficit. This emphasizes that thorough evaluation and
      timely management of suspected injuries to even a single vertebral artery should
      be undertaken. 

PMID- 27366278
TI  - Non psammomatous melanocytic schwannoma presenting as a subcutaneous nodule: A
      rare presentation of a rare lesion.
AB  - Melanocytic schwannoma (MS) is an extremely rare soft tissue tumor accounting for
      less than 1% of all primitive nerve sheath tumors, with a predilection for spinal
      nerve involvement. To date, only 20 cases of cutaneous/subcutaneous MS have been
      described in literature. Here, we describe a case of MS presenting as a
      subcutaneous nodule in a 22-year-old male in right thigh. On examination, the
      nodule measured 2.5 * 2.0 * 1.5 cm with overlying skin showing a bluish hue and
      an ulcer. With a preoperative diagnosis of hemangioma, the patient was taken up
      for wide local excision and was diagnosed as a case of non psammomatous
      melanocytic schwannoma based on clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical
      studies. Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity with S-100, HMB-45, and Melan A
      with pericellular Laminin positivity. Carney's syndrome was ruled out. MS needs
      to be differentiated from other pigmented lesions like pigmented neurofibroma,
      Bednar tumor, cellular blue neavus, and especially malignant melanoma, which has
      an obvious ominous prognosis. Since MS can show unpredictable behavior especially
      in absence of overt malignant features, a long term follow up with or without
      radiotherapy is recommended. 

PMID- 27366279
TI  - Development of contralateral extradural hematomas after evacuation of primary
      one.
AB  - The occurrence of bilateral extradural hematomas (EDH) is an uncommon consequence
      of closed head injuries. Incidence of bilateral EDH has been reported in various
      studies ranging from 2 to 25%. Bilateral EDH may develop simultaneously or second
      EDH develops few hours after first one. Development of second EDH after
      evacuation of primary one is rarely seen. We are reporting one such case.
      Awareness of this entity is required to detect such cases as timely intervention
      gives an excellent result like an acute EDH. 

PMID- 27366280
TI  - Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features: A rare case report and
      review of literature with reference to current management.
AB  - Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is an uncommon tumor constitutes less than 1%
      of all astrocytic glial neoplasms was first reported in 1979. PXA commonly occurs
      in young patients and manifests itself first as seizures followed by focal
      neurological deficits. The role of radiotherapy or chemotherapy has not yet been
      established because of the relative infrequency of this disease. PXA is
      classified as grade II tumor in the WHO classification of tumors of the CNS. In
      literature 9 to 20 % PXA may undergo malignant change at recurrence or may
      display at the time of initial presentation. Malignant transformation is mainly
      associated with high mitotic activity and necrosis. The criteria for PXA with
      anaplastic features was five or more mitotic activity per 10 high power fields,
      necrosis, microvascular proliferation, marked cellular anaplasia, and high Ki-67
      labeling indices. PXA with anaplastic features management is highly controversial
      as very sparse literature is available. We are reporting a case of PXA with
      anaplastic features with atypical radiology and tried to review the up to date
      literature regarding this rare tumor. 

PMID- 27366282
TI  - Supratentorial metastasis of medulloblastoma in adults.
AB  - Two adults, 31 and 20 years of age, developed supratentorial metastasis 31/2
      years and 11 months, respectively, after gross total removal of their posterior
      fossa medulloblastoma. The first case developed spinal metastasis as well. Both
      had undergone craniospinal irradiation. Case 1 underwent laminectomy and case 2
      underwent craniotomy because their presenting symptoms required so. 

PMID- 27366281
TI  - Glioblastoma with signet ring cell morphology: A diagnostic challenge.
AB  - Glioblastoma (WHO Grade IV), the most frequent malignant brain tumor, can have
      varied morphologic variations like epithelial/glandular structures, granular
      cells, and lipidized cells. Glioblastoma with signet ring cell morphology is very
      unusual and can mimic a metastatic carcinoma. These rare tumors may be just a
      morphological variant or may signify a different carcinogenic pathway. 

PMID- 27366283
TI  - Transorbital penetrating brain injury by a wooden stick: A neuro-ophthalmologic
      emergency.
AB  - Accidental penetrating brain injury through transorbital route is an unusual
      occurrence in emergency practice of civilian cases. At time, it could be
      potentially life threatening. We report an interesting case of transorbital
      penetrating brain injury with a wooden stick in a 44-year-old male epileptic
      patient. The stick was removed successfully through transorbital exploration,
      without any neurovascular complications. The pertinent literature is reviewed and
      emergent management of such cases is discussed. 

PMID- 27366284
TI  - Tiger hide appearance: Impaction and prolapse of brain parenchyma through burr
      holes after evacuation of bilateral chronic subdural hematoma: A rare case
      report.
AB  - Burr hole evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) with or without drainage
      system is the most common surgical method among various techniques. There are
      various complications of burr hole drainage evacuation of chronic SDH, but there
      is no case report regarding impaction and prolapse of brain parenchyma through
      burr hole as a complication. Herewith, we are reporting a case of bilateral
      chronic SDH with prolapse of brain parenchyma through burr holes. Magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) of brain showed a characteristic look and we named it
      "Tiger hide appearance". We failed to find such characteristic appearance in MRI
      brain on reviewing the available literature. 

PMID- 27366285
TI  - Subdural hydatid cyst presenting as recurrent subdural hygroma.
AB  - Intracranial hydatid disease is an uncommon entity that usually is parenchymal in
      location. Presence of hydatid cyst in subdural location is being reported for the
      first time in the literature. A 13-year-old female child with the diagnosis of
      hydatid disease of brain was operated. She was advised to take albendazole which
      she did not take. In postoperative period she developed recurrent subdural
      hygroma for which multiple surgical interventions were done and finally cause of
      recurrent subdural hygroma was found to be hydatid cyst in the subdural space.
      The patient had initially undergone craniotomy for the excision of hydatid cyst.
      Later on she developed subdural hygroma for which the burr hole drainage was done
      twice. At time of third recurrence subduro-peritoneal (SDP) shunt was done. When
      she had recurrence again along with hydrocephalus, than VP shunt and revision of
      the SDP shunt was planned. While doing revision of SDP shunt, hydatid cyst was
      seen emerging from the burr hole site. A craniotomy was done to remove the
      hydatid cyst from the subdural space. Since then there has been no recurrent
      collection. Complete surgical excision is the best treatment modality to treat
      hydatid cyst of brain. Accidental spillage of the contents can have lead to
      recurrence, so every effort must be taken to prevent spillage of contents.
      Postoperatively all the patients must be put on antihelminthics. 

PMID- 27366286
TI  - Intradural teratoma in a neonate with meningomyelocele.
AB  - Meningomyelocele is a common congenital problem. The teratoma is a neoplasm
      composed of tissues foreign to the part in which they arise. An intradural
      teratoma within a meningomyelocele is a very rare association. We report a case
      of intradural teratoma with a brief review of the relevant literature. 

PMID- 27366287
TI  - Parietal pilomyxoid astrocytoma with recurrence in 10 months: A case report and
      review of literature.
AB  - Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is a new entity described in WHO 2007 classification
      of brain tumors. Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) and PMA share many histopathological
      features with a few differences in histopathology and behavior of the tumor. This
      tumor is commonly located in the hypothalamic chiasmatic region. PMA behaves more
      aggressively than PA, with shorter progression-free survival as well as a higher
      rate of recurrence and CNS dissemination. We describe a case of PMA in a 10-year
      old male involving left parietal lobe presenting with raised ICP features along
      with the follow-up. Patient was symptom free after 7 months of postoperative and
      51/2 months of post-radiation. The unusual site and atypical Magnetic resonance
      imaging features are distinctive in this case report. 

PMID- 27366288
TI  - [Simultaneous rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament and the patellar tendon:
      a case report].
AB  - Simultaneous rupture of both the patellar tendon and the anterior cruciate
      ligament is a relatively rare injury. Its diagnosis can easily be missed during
      the initial examination. Treatment options include immediate repair of the
      patellar tendon with either simultaneous or delayed reconstruction of the ACL. We
      present the case of a combined rupture of the patellar tendon, the anterior
      cruciate ligament in a 22-year old footballer. A two-stage treatment approach was
      performed with an excellent functional outcome. 

PMID- 27366289
TI  - An Overview of Zika Virus Disease.

PMID- 27366290
TI  - The Utility of Quantifiable Neurologic Assessments After Stroke: In response to
      Marsh et al, "The NIH Stroke Scale Has Limited Utility in Accurate Daily
      Monitoring of Neurologic Status".

PMID- 27366291
TI  - The NIH Stroke Scale Has Limited Utility in Accurate Daily Monitoring of
      Neurologic Status.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is
      rapid and reproducible, a seemingly attractive metric for the documentation of
      clinical progress in patients presenting with ischemic stroke. Many institutions
      have adopted it into daily clinical practice. Unfortunately, the scale may not
      adequately capture all forms of functional change. We evaluate its utility as a
      measure of recovery in patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen
      activator (IV tPA) for ischemic stroke. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the
      difference in the rate of improvement based on NIHSS (a >=4 point change based on
      previous trials) versus physician-documented subjective and objective measures in
      41 patients' status post IV tPA treatment. The NIHSS 24 hours posttreatment, on
      discharge, and at follow-up were compared to NIHSS on admission using tests of
      proportions and McNemar tests of paired data. Secondary analyses were performed
      defining significant improvement as NIHSS changes of 1 to 3 points. RESULTS: The
      mean NIHSS improved from 9 to 6, 24 hours post-tPA. Of the 41 patients, 29
      improved by physician documentation, although only 11 of the 29 met the NIHSS
      criteria (P < .001; McNemar P < .001). On discharge, 20 of the 41 patients met
      the NIHSS criteria; however, the proportion "better" by physician documentation
      (71%) remained significantly higher (P = .04; McNemar P = .004). The mean
      postdischarge follow-up NIHSS was 2. Twenty of the 21 patients improved by
      documentation versus 16 of the 21 by NIHSS (P = .08, McNemar P = .125). Using
      NIHSS changes of 1 to 3 increased sensitivity for detecting improvement but
      remained lower than physician documentation. CONCLUSION: The NIHSS has many
      advantages; however, it may miss functional changes when used in place of a
      comprehensive neurological examination to measure improvement poststroke.

PMID- 27366292
TI  - The Itemized NIHSS Scores Are Associated With Discharge Disposition in Patients
      With Minor Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The ability of the National Institutes of Health Stroke
      Scale (NIHSS) score to predict functional outcome in minor stroke is
      controversial. In this study, we examined the association of itemized NIHSS score
      with discharge outcome. METHODS: We included all patients with final diagnosis of
      stroke with an NIHSS score of 0 to 5 untreated with thrombolysis enrolled in the
      "Stroke Warning Information and Faster Treatment" trial. Individual components of
      the NIHSS score were the primary predictors. Poor outcome was defined as not
      being discharged home. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of
      outcome. RESULTS: A total of 861 patients met the inclusion criteria; 162 (19%)
      were not discharged home. In multivariable regression, predictors of discharge
      other than home were age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02 per year increase, P < .001) and
      total NIHSS score (OR per unit increase in the NIHSS = 1.51, P < .001). Motor (OR
      = 2.32, P < .001), level of consciousness (LOC; OR = 6.62, P = .004), and ataxia
      (OR = 3.10, P < .001) were also associated with not being discharged home. Motor
      (area under the curve [AUC] 0.623) appeared to be more predictive of poor outcome
      than ataxia (AUC 0.569) and LOC (AUC 0.517). The total NIHSS had a fair
      correlation with discharge outcome (AUC 0.683). CONCLUSION: Total and itemized
      NIHSS components have a fair correlation with outcome in minor stroke
      highlighting the importance of other measures of stroke severity for clinical
      trials.

PMID- 27366293
TI  - The Influence of Language Discordance Between Patient and Physician on Time-to
      Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Reducing door-to-imaging (DIT) time is a major focus of
      acute stroke quality improvement initiatives to promote rapid thrombolysis.
      However, recent data suggest that the imaging-to-needle (ITN) time is a greater
      source of treatment delay. We hypothesized that language discordance between
      physician and patient would contribute to prolonged ITN time, as rapidly taking a
      history and confirming last known well require facile communication between
      physician and patient. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of all patients
      who received tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in our emergency department
      between July 2011 and December 2014. Baseline characteristics and relevant time
      intervals were compared between encounters where the treating neurologist and
      patient spoke the same language (concordant cases) and where they did not
      (discordant cases). RESULTS: A total of 279 patients received tPA during the
      study period. English was the primary language for 51%, Spanish for 46%, and
      other languages for 3%; 59% of cases were classified as language concordant and
      41% as discordant. We found no differences in median DIT (24 vs 25, P = .5), ITN
      time (33 vs 30, P = .3), or door-to-needle time (DTN; 58 vs 55, P = .1) between
      concordant and discordant groups. Similarly, among patients with the fastest and
      slowest ITN times, there were no differences. CONCLUSION: In a high-volume stroke
      center with a large proportion of Spanish speakers, language discordance was not
      associated with changes in DIT, ITN time, or DTN time.

PMID- 27366294
TI  - Magnesium for Treatment of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome: Case
      Series.
AB  - We describe 2 cases of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) with
      refractory headache aborted by intravenous magnesium. Case 1 is a 53-year-old
      woman with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to RCVS presented with refractory headache
      and persistent vasospasm, despite aggressive treatment with calcium channel
      blockers (CCBs) and systemic corticosteroids. Subsequently, she experienced
      dramatic relief of symptoms with intravenous magnesium therapy. She continued
      oral maintenance therapy and remained symptom free. Case 2 is a 71-year-old
      female with bilateral temporo-occipital infarcts due to RCVS, presented with
      refractory headache and persistent vasospasm on transcranial Doppler (TCD),
      despite aggressive treatment with CCBs. She experienced dramatic relief of
      symptoms with intravenous magnesium and resolution of vasospasm on TCD. Magnesium
      may be beneficial for the treatment of refractory headaches in patients with
      RCVS. Future studies are needed to determine whether it should be considered as a
      first-line agent. 

PMID- 27366295
TI  - A Case of Complex PFO Leading to Ischemic Stroke: A Practical Clinical Pearl for
      Neurohospitalists.
AB  - Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been proposed as a mechanism for cardioembolic
      stroke, especially in younger patient populations. Complex PFOs, with tunnel
      lengths exceeding 8 mm, lead to a higher risk of neurological sequelae than
      simple PFOs and may also be harder to detect with transthoracic echocardiography
      (TTE). In this article, we present a 29-year-old woman who, after polypharmacy
      overdose, developed deep venous thrombosis and multiple pulmonary emboli (PE) and
      subsequent cardioembolic stroke. Initial TTE showed intact interatrial septum
      with late appearance of agitated saline in the left atrium after the seventh
      cardiac cycle. Subsequent transesophageal echocardiography, after treatment of PE
      with an intravenous thrombolytic (alteplase) and anticoagulation with heparin,
      showed a complex PFO with a 19-mm overlap of the septum primum and secundum
      without active flow. It is suggested that this PFO allowed for flow only in the
      situation of elevated right heart strain with PE, causing cardioembolic stroke
      and detection of agitated saline in the left atrium on TTE. However, under normal
      physiological situations, which resumed after treatment of PE with alteplase and
      heparin, the PFO did not allow for flow. This case demonstrates the potential
      importance of recognition of complex PFOs in diagnosis and management of
      cardioembolic stroke. 

PMID- 27366296
TI  - Heparin Resistance and Anticoagulation Failure in a Challenging Case of Cerebral
      Venous Sinus Thrombosis.
AB  - We report a challenging case of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (multiple
      etiologic factors) that was complicated by heparin resistance secondary to
      suspected antithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency. A 20-year-old female previously
      healthy and currently 8 weeks pregnant presented with worsening headaches,
      nausea, and decreasing Glasgow Coma Scale/Score (GCS), necessitating mechanical
      ventilatory support. Imaging showed extensive clots in multiple cerebral venous
      sinuses including the superior sagittal sinus, transverse, sigmoid, jugular
      veins, and the straight sinus. She was started on systemic anticoagulation and
      underwent mechanical clot removal and catheter-directed endovascular thrombolysis
      with limited success. Complicating the intensive care unit care was the
      development of heparin resistance, with an inability to reach the target partial
      thomboplastin time (PTT) of 60 to 80 seconds. At her peak heparin dose, she was
      receiving >35 000 units/24 h, and her PTT was subtherapeutic at <50 seconds.
      Deficiency of ATIII was suspected as a possible etiology of her heparin
      resistance. Fresh frozen plasma was administered for ATIII level repletion. Given
      her high thrombogenic risk and challenges with conventional anticoagulation
      regimens, we transitioned to argatroban for systemic anticoagulation. Heparin
      produces its major anticoagulant effect by inactivating thrombin and factor X
      through an AT-dependent mechanism. For inhibition of thrombin, heparin must bind
      to both the coagulation enzyme and the AT. A deficiency of AT leads to a
      hypercoagulable state and decreased efficacy of heparin that places patients at
      high risk of thromboembolism. Heparin resistance, especially in the setting of
      critical illness, should raise the index of suspicion for AT deficiency.
      Argatroban is an alternate agent for systemic anticoagulation in the setting of
      heparin resistance. 

PMID- 27366298
TI  - Chorea as the Neurological Symptom of Delayed Encephalopathy After Carbon
      Monoxide Intoxication in a Child.

PMID- 27366297
TI  - Management of Acute Hypertensive Response in Patients With Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - High blood pressure (BP) >140/90 mm Hg is seen in 75% of patients with acute
      ischemic stroke and in 80% of patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhages and
      is independently associated with poor functional outcome. While BP reduction in
      patients with chronic hypertension remains one of the most important factors in
      primary and secondary stroke prevention, the proper management strategy for acute
      hypertensive response within the first 72 hours of acute ischemic stroke has been
      a matter of debate. Recent guidelines recommend clinical trials to ascertain
      whether antihypertensive therapy in the acute phase of stroke is beneficial. This
      review summarizes the current data on acute hypertensive response or elevated BP
      management during the first 72 hours after an acute ischemic stroke. Based on the
      potential deleterious effect of lowering BP observed in some clinical trials in
      patients with acute ischemic stroke and because of the lack of convincing
      evidence to support acute BP lowering in those situations, aggressive BP
      reduction in patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke is currently not
      recommended. While the early use of angiotensin receptor antagonists may help
      reduce cardiovascular events, this benefit is not necessarily related to BP
      reduction. 

PMID- 27366299
TI  - Thunderclap Headache Secondary to Pneumocephalus Following Epidural Anesthesia.

PMID- 27366300
TI  - Diagnosing RCVS Without the CV: The Evolution of Reversible Cerebral
      Vasoconstriction Syndrome.
AB  - This is a case of a 52-year-old man with a past medical history of 2 episodes of
      coital thunderclap headaches as well as recent cocaine, marijuana, and
      pseudoephedrine use, who presented with sudden, sharp, posterior headache
      associated with photophobia and phonophobia. His initial magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) of the brain, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the head, and
      magnetic resonance venography (MRV) of the head were all normal as well as a
      normal lumbar puncture. Given the multiple risk factors for reversible cerebral
      vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), the patient was treated for suspected RCVS,
      despite the normal imaging. Repeat MRI brain 3 days after hospital admission
      demonstrated confluent white matter T2 hyperintensities most prominent in the
      occipital lobes, typical of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES).
      Repeat MRA of the head 1 day after discharge and 4 days after the abnormal MRI
      brain showed multisegment narrowing of multiple arteries. This case demonstrates
      that RCVS may present with PRES on MRI brain and also exemplifies the need to
      treat suspected RCVS even if imaging is normal, as abnormalities in both the MRI
      and the MRA may be delayed. 

PMID- 27366301
TI  - Quality of life after liver transplantation: State of the art.
AB  - Quality of life (QoL) after deceased donor liver transplantation is increasingly
      recognized as a major outcome parameter. We reviewed recent publications in this
      rapidly evolving field in order to summarize recent achievements in the field and
      to define opportunities and perspectives for research and improvement of patient
      care. QoL does improve after liver transplantation according to a typical
      pattern. During the first year, there is a significant improvement in QoL. After
      one year, the improvement does stabilise and tends to decline slightly. In
      addition to the physical condition, different psychological parameters (such as
      depression, anxiety, sexual function) and sociodemographic elements (professional
      state, sex, marital state) seem to impact QoL. Opportunities for further research
      are the use of dedicated questionnaires and identification of influencing factors
      for QoL. 

PMID- 27366302
TI  - Clinical characteristics and progression of liver abscess caused by toxocara.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and progression of liver abscess
      caused by toxocara. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of
      patients with serum IgG antibody to Toxocara canis and liver abscess diagnosed
      using abdominal computed tomography between February 2010 and February 2015.
      Among 84 patients exhibiting serum IgG antibody to Toxocara canis, 34 patients
      were diagnosed with liver asbscess and treated with albendazole. A follow-up
      period of 1 year was conducted. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 53 (34-79) years,
      with 26 (76.5%) patients being male. Twenty-one (61.7%) patients were moderate or
      heavy drinkers, 23 (67.6%) patients had a history of eating raw meat or liver and
      6 (17.6%) patients owned pet dogs or cats. Main patient symptoms consisted of
      right upper quadrant pain, fever, and fatigue; 18 (52.9%) patients, however,
      presented with no symptoms. Lung involvement was detected in 444 (11.7%)
      patients. The eosinophil count increased in 29 (85.3%) patients at initial
      diagnosis, and decreased in most patients after albendazole treatment. The
      initial serum IgE level increased in 25 (73.5%) patients, but exhibited various
      response levels after albendazole treatment. Liver abscess formation improved in
      all patients. CONCLUSION: The liver abscess was improved with albendazole
      treatment.

PMID- 27366303
TI  - Treating chronic hepatitis B virus: Chinese physicians' awareness of the 2010
      guidelines.
AB  - AIM: To investigate Chinese physicians' awareness of the 2010 guidelines on the
      treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. METHODS: This was a
      quantitative survey that investigated the characteristics and practices of
      physicians who were treating patients with hepatitis B, the profile of their
      patients and physician practices regarding the diagnosis and treatment of HBV at
      the time of the survey. Participants were randomly selected from available
      databases of Chinese physicians and requested to complete either an online or
      paper-based survey. Data from the survey responses were analysed. For data
      validation and interpretation, qualitative indepth interviews were conducted with
      39 of the respondents. RESULTS: Five-hundred completed surveys, from 663
      physicians were available for analysis. A mean of 175 chronic hepatitis B (CHB)
      patients was seen by each physician every month, of whom 85 (49%) were treated in
      line with therapeutic indications stated in the 2010 guidelines. A total of 444
      (89%) physicians often (> 60% of the time) adhered to the guidelines. Most
      physicians used antiviral medications as recommended. For patients with
      compensated and decompensated cirrhosis, 342 (68%) and 336 (67%) of physicians,
      respectively, often followed the recommendation to use potent nucleos(t)ide
      analogues with a high genetic barrier to resistance, using the appropriate
      treatment more than 60% of the time. Physicians from infectious disease or liver
      disease departments were better informed than those from gastrointestinal or
      other departments. CONCLUSION: The majority of Chinese physicians often adhere to
      Chinese 2010 CHB guidelines and are well-informed about the use of antiviral
      medications for hepatitis B.

PMID- 27366304
TI  - Transarterial radioembolization vs chemoembolization for hepatocarcinoma
      patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of yttrium-90 radioembolization (Y90RE)
      and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
      METHODS: Bibliographic research was conducted on main scientific databases. When
      there was no statistically significant heterogeneity, pooled effects were
      calculated using a fixed-effects model by means of Mantel-Haenszel test,
      otherwise, a random-effects model was used with DerSimonian and Laird test.
      Summary estimates were expressed in terms of odds ratios (ORs) and 95%CI. The
      probability of publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and with Begg and
      Mazumdar's test. Sensitivity analysis was finally conducted using the method of
      excluding extreme data. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies were analyzed, of which 2
      randomized controlled trials. Survival rate (SR) assessed at 1 year showed an
      absolute similarity between the two treatment groups (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 0.78
      1.31, P = 0.93). As long as time elapsed since the treatment, ORs for survival
      rate tended to significantly increase, thus meaning better long-term outcomes in
      patients who underwent Y90RE (2-year SR: OR = 1.43, 1.08-1.89, P = 0.01; 3-year
      SR: OR = 1.48, 1.03-2.13, P = 0.04). Meta-analysis of plotted hazard ratios (HRs)
      determined a non-significant overall estimate in favor of Y90RE (HR = 0.91, 0.80
      1.04, P = 0.16). Y90RE showed a statistically significant benefit as compared to
      TACE in terms of higher progression-free survival rate assessed at 1 year (OR =
      1.67; 95%CI: 1.10-2.55; P = 0.02). Pooled analyses do not revealed a
      statistically significant increase in OR for tumor objective responses after
      Y90RE with respect to TACE (OR = 1.22, 95%CI: 0.69-2.16, P = 0.50). A non
      significant trend in favor of Y90RE was observed according to adverse event rate
      (OR = 0.70, 0.38-1.30, P = 0.26). CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis reveals that
      Y90RE and TACE show similar effects in terms of survival, response rate and
      safety profile, although tumor progression is delayed after radioembolization.

PMID- 27366305
TI  - Atypical presentation of a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: A case report and
      review of the literature.
AB  - Classically, hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms (HAPs) arise secondary to trauma or
      iatrogenic causes. With an increasing prevalence of laparoscopic procedures of
      the hepatobiliary system the risk of inadvertent injury to arterial vessels is
      increased. Pseudoaneurysm formation post injury can lead to serious consequences
      of rupture and subsequent hemorrhage, therefore intervention in all identified
      visceral pseudoaneurysms has been advocated. A variety of interventional methods
      have been proposed, with surgical management becoming the last step intervention
      when minimally invasive therapies have failed. The authors present a case of a
      HAP in a 56-year-old female presenting with jaundice and pruritis suggestive of a
      Klatskin's tumor. This presentation of HAP in a patient without any significant
      past medical or surgical intervention is atypical when considering that the
      majority of HAP cases present secondary to iatrogenic causes or trauma. Multiple
      minimally invasive approaches were employed in an attempt to alleviate the
      symptomology which included jaundice and associated inflammatory changes.
      Ultimately, a right hepatic trisegmentectomy was required to adequately relieve
      the mass effect on biliary outflow obstruction and definitively address the HAP.
      The presentation of a HAP masquerading as a malignancy with jaundice and
      pruritis, rather than the classic symptoms of abdominal pain, anemia, and melena,
      is unique. This presentation is only further complicated by the absent history of
      either trauma or instrumentation. It is important to be aware of HAPs as a
      potential cause of jaundice in addition to the more commonly thought of
      etiologies. Furthermore, given the morbidity and mortality associated with
      pseudoaneurysm rupture, intervention in identifiable cases, either by minimally
      invasive or surgical interventions, is recommended. 

PMID- 27366306
TI  - Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma of the Palate: A Rare Case Report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) has been known as a
      comparatively less aggressive malignant tumor that predominantly occurs in the
      minor salivary glands. It has presented as a painless, slow growing tumor in the
      oral cavity. It has been reported to occur rarely in the palate and the prognosis
      of this lesion is far better than adenocarcinoma as the regional metastasis would
      be very minimal. A clear difference between the biologic behaviors of
      adenocarcinoma and PLGA has been reported in literature. CASE PRESENTATION: A 63
      year-old female reported at our institute with a swelling in relation to her
      upper left back region of her jaw for three months, gradual in onset and
      associated with pain. After clinical and radiological examination, the
      differential diagnosis were consolidated abscess or minor salivary gland tumor.
      An incisional biopsy was done and the lesion was diagnosed as PLGA. The lesion
      was treated by wide excision and reconstruction with immediate obturator. The
      post-operative follow up showed no evidence of recurrence and the healing was
      satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The site of predilection of PLGA is more in favor of
      palate (49 - 77.8%) followed by either upper lip or buccal mucosa (7.4 - 13.4%).
      There are sporadic reports of metastasis sometimes even transformation to a high
      grade adenocarcinoma, sometimes ending in mortality. Cervical lymph node
      metastasis is rare with reported incidence of 5 - 15% and is more commonly seen
      in recurrent tumor than the initial diseases. Extra palatal PLGAs present with
      significant papillary growth or arising from ventral surface of tongue frequently
      metastasize to cervical lymph nodes. Distant metastasis is very rare with an
      incidence of 7.5% and the site involved is the lung which is attributed to the
      inadequate control of the disease.

PMID- 27366308
TI  - Pancreatic Lymphangioma as a Rare Pancreatic Mass: A Case Report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cystic lymphangiomas of abdomen has mostly involved mesentery and
      retro peritoneum that should be considered as a differential diagnosis of
      abdominal masses. Pancreatic lymphangiomas were extremely rare that should be
      differentiated from neoplastic pancreatic cysts. Patients have commonly presented
      with epigastric pain and a relevant palpable epigastric mass. CASE PRESENTATION:
      A 65-year-old lady who has presented with epigastric pain, then during
      investigations, a cystic tumor which located in the tail of pancreas, has found.
      Whereas definite diagnosis of tumor with routine procedures was impossible, the
      tumor has completely resected by distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. Pathology
      and IHC was suggestive of benign lymphangioma. CONCLUSIONS: According to this
      presentation diagnosis of cystic lymphangioma of the tail of pancreas should be
      considered as a differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions and complete
      excision has been the treatment of choice.

PMID- 27366307
TI  - XRCC1 and OGG1 Gene Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of
      Literature.
AB  - CONTEXT: Known polymorphisms of DNA repair genes can be associated with the risk
      of many types of cancer. There is no consensus regarding association between
      XRCC1 and OGG1 with breast cancer (BC). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to
      collect relevant published studies systematically. DATA SOURCES: Sixty-two
      publications were identified through searching PubMed, PubMed Central, ISI web of
      knowledge, and reference list of related articles. STUDY SELECTION: We performed
      a systematic review according MOOSE guideline criteria. All longitudinal cohort
      and case-control studies investigating association of any type and grade of
      breast cancer with XRCC1 and OGG1 gene and their polymorphisms were eligible for
      initial inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors screened titles and abstracts and
      extracted all needed information from eligible studies. Four research
      methodological components causing bias for the association between gene
      polymorphisms and breast cancer risk, including source of controls sampling,
      population ethnicity, sample size of studies and menopausal status of cases and
      controls was used for assessment of quality of studies. RESULTS: A total of
      14,793 breast cancer cases and 15,409 controls were included in assessment of
      XRCC1 Arg194Trp. Four studies showed significant association and one study showed
      protective effect of XRCC1 Arg194Trp and BC. A total of 7,716 cases and 7,370
      controls were included for XRCC1 Arg280His. Only one study showed significant
      association of XRCC1 Arg280His and breast cancer (OR = 1.82 (1.06 - 3.15). A
      total of 27,167 cases and 31,998 controls were included to estimate association
      between XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and breast cancer. Seven studies showed
      significant association and one showed protective effect of XRCC1 Arg399Gln and
      BC. A total of 9,417 cases and 11,087 controls were included for OGG1 Ser326Cys.
      Among studies focused on OGG1 Ser326Cys, none showed significant association with
      breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic search of major databases identify many
      studies addressing the relationship between BC and susceptible alleles in the
      base excision repair genes and the fact that there are many variations in the
      magnitude of association depending on inheritance model and the population of the
      study.

PMID- 27366309
TI  - Molecular Detection and Typing of Human Papillomaviruses in Paraffin-Embedded
      Cervical Cancer and Pre-Cancer Tissue Specimens.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the important reasons of mortality among
      females. Prevention, early diagnosis and immediate treatment can affect the rate
      of mortality in this cancer and several epidemiological studies have shown a
      strong relationship between human papilloma viruses (HPVs) and cervical cancer.
      OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to survey HPV infections in a women
      population with cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia/metaplasia in southwest of
      Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 72 paraffin-embedded cervical biopsies which had
      been previously archived from women with cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia
      were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Afterward, the detected HPV
      strains were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of
      PCR amplicons. RESULTS: 60 out of 72 samples had necessary requirements and HPV
      DNA was detected in 43.3% of these samples. Most HPV positive samples belonged to
      women aged from 48 to 63 years. On the other hand, HPV infection among patients
      with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was 48.78% and in women with
      dysplasia/metaplasia was 26.66%. The most prevalent type of the human papilloma
      virus was HPV16 (100%). CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the most prevalent type of the human
      papilloma viruses circulating in the population (HPV16) can be applied in the
      future screening and managing programs of this major disease and also in
      vaccination against the prevalent types of the virus. Meanwhile, it seems that
      more studies should be performed to determine the role of different risk factors
      involved in development of the disease, especially those related with social
      behaviors and traditions with respect to different areas.

PMID- 27366310
TI  - Barriers for Early Detection of Cancer Amongst Urban Indian Women: A Cross
      Sectional Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Every year, millions of
      cancer patients could be saved from premature death and and suffering if they had
      timely access to early detection and treatment. There are two main components of
      early detection: early diagnosis and screening. In India, cancers of cervix,
      breast, mouth/oropharynx are the most frequent cancers in women. These cancers
      are amenable to early detection. More than two third of the cancer patients are
      already in an advanced and incurable stage at the time of diagnosis. OBJECTIVES:
      This study was designed with the aim to know the reasons for non availment of
      cancer screening procedures and early diagnostic facilities. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: This cross-sectional study was planned in Sangli, Miraj and Kupwad
      Corporation area during October 2013 - March 2014 by a pretested questionnaire.
      Women of 25 years and above were study subjects selected randomly from a cluster
      sample of ward with estimated sample size of 559 women. Statistical analysis was
      done with the help of IBM SPSS 22. RESULTS: Nearly 74% of women said that cancer
      is curable. For awareness about signs and symptoms, risk factors and screening
      test 82.3% women scored less than 50% of total score. Only 17.7% women had
      awareness score more than 50%. But their attitude score was > 50% in 85.2% of
      women. For practice score, 24.4% women scored > 50%. Significant association was
      found between awareness, attitude and practice scores and education, occupation
      and history of cancer in family, friends and neighborhood of respondents.
      CONCLUSIONS: Low awareness is the main barrier for undergoing cancer screening
      and early detection. There is a need of effective health education programme.

PMID- 27366311
TI  - Autophagy Gene Activity May Act As a Key Factor for Sensitivity of Tumor Cells to
      Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Beclin1 is an important, primary molecule for autophagy. OBJECTIVES:
      It is suggested that the control of the autophagy path increases the sensitivity
      of tumor cells to VSV. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, the degree of
      Beclin1 gene expression in two cell lines, HeLa and A549, has been examined and
      the percentage of living cells subsequent infection with virus has been evaluated
      by MTT assay method. RESULTS: The results showed that the degree of Beclin1 gene
      expression in HeLa cells in comparison with A549 cells has reduced, and the
      sensitivity of these cells to vesicular stomatits virus (VSV) oncolysis is more
      than A549. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that by using some methods for reducing
      autophagy, it is possible to make tumor cells more sensitive to virotherapy and
      even other treatments.

PMID- 27366313
TI  - Evaluating the Prevalence of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Transitional
      Cell Carcinoma of Bladder and its Relationship With Other Prognostic Factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The most common malignancy in the urinary system has been bladder
      cancer and the most predominant histologic subtype has been transitional cell
      carcinoma (TCC). There were many molecular risk factors, related with poor
      prognosis. One of these factors was expression of epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence
      of the epidermal growth factor receptor in transitional cell carcinoma of bladder
      and its relationship with other prognostic factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This
      analytic descriptive study has performed with 61 patients with TCC of bladder
      after radical cystectomy whom have been hospitalized in Labbafinejad hospital in
      Tehran, Iran between 2007 and 2010. We have used Chi-square and t-test to analyze
      our data samples. RESULTS: Records of 61 patients have studied. Fifty three of
      the total samples were positive for EGFR expression (86.9%). Fifty samples of
      these fifty-three belonged to men and three others were women's samples (P =
      0.46). Among the group with EGFR expression the results were as follows: 25
      patients (47.2%) were 60 years old or less and 28 patients (52.8%) were older
      than 60 (P = 0.023), 16 patients (30.2%) had invasion to lamina properia, and the
      rest of them had invasion to deeper layers (P = 0.56). For most patients we could
      not determine the invasion of tumoral cells into the lymph nodes (Nx) (P =
      0.067). Thirty four patients (64.2%) had not lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.44)
      and in forty three of patients (81.1%), perineural invasion have not seen (P =
      0.23). Finally, 36 patients (67.9%) were grade 3 (P = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: In this
      study we have concluded that most patients had EGFR positive expression. Also,
      except for the age, there was not any significant relation between expression of
      EGFR and the other prognostic factors such as, gender, invasion of the tumor into
      the layers, involving the lymph nodes, lymphovascular or perineural invasion, and
      grading.

PMID- 27366312
TI  - New Developments in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Implications for Therapy.
AB  - CONTEXT: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder
      characterized by overproduction of immature and matured myeloid cells in the
      peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A hallmark of CML
      is the presence of (9; 22) (q34; q11) reciprocal translocation, which is
      cytogenetically visible as Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) and results in the
      formation of BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. This fusion protein is a constitutively
      active tyrosine kinase which is necessary and sufficient for malignant
      transformation. The introduction of imatinib, a BCR-ABL1- targeting tyrosine
      kinase inhibitor (TKI) has revolutionized CML therapy. Subsequently, two other
      TKIs with increased activity against BCR-ABL1, dasatinib and nilotinib, were
      developed and approved for CML patients. Nevertheless, CML therapy faces major
      challenges. RESULTS: The first is the development of resistance to BCR-ABL1
      inhibitors in some patients, which can be due to BCR-ABL1 overexpression,
      differences in cellular drug influx and efflux, activation of alternative
      signaling pathways, or emergence of BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations during TKI
      treatment. The second is the limited efficiency of BCR-ABL1-TKIs in blast crisis
      (BC) CML. The third is the insensitivity of CML stem cells to BCR-ABL1
      inhibitors. Conventional chemotherapeutics and BCR-ABL1 inhibitors which act by
      inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, are ineffective against
      quiescent CML stem cells. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of the mechanisms
      that underlie TKI resistance, progression to BC, genomic instability and stem
      cell quiescence is essential to develop curative strategies for patients with
      CML.

PMID- 27366314
TI  - Effects of Two Common Promoter Polymorphisms of Transforming Growth Factor-beta1
      on Breast Cancer Risks in Ahvaz, West South of Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) has a critical role in
      breast cancer initiation and progression. OBJECTIVES: We have investigated the
      possible differences in two promoter polymorphisms (-509C/T and -800G/A) of TGF
      beta1 gene between breast cancer cases and controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A
      total of 100 patients with confirmed breast cancer and 100 subjects without
      breast cancer was selected. Two promoter polymorphisms (-509C/T and -800G/A) of
      TGF-beta1 gene were genotyped using PCR-based restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP) method. RESULTS: The allele frequencies were 63% for C allele
      and 37% for T allele of SNP -509C/T and 66% for G allele and 34% for A allele of
      SNP -800G/A. Although no significant difference has observed between two groups,
      according to the genotype distribution, However, the TT genotype of -509 and AA
      genotype of -800 was significantly associated with breast cancer risk [odds ratio
      (OR) = 2.409; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.087 - 5.337, P = 0.030; and OR =
      2.383; CI = 1.039 - 5.40, P = 0.040, respectively]. In addition, a multinomial
      logistic regression model shown, homozygous of -800 G/A (OR = 0.570; 95% CI =
      0.362 - 0.896, P = 0.015); and HDL-C (OR = 0.935; 95% CI = 0.906 - 0.965, P <
      0.001) were the selected variables associated with the presence of breast cancer.
      Haplotype analysis has shown no significant association between TGF-beta1
      haplotypes and breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that among
      two promoter polymorphisms of the TGF-beta1gene, -800G/A compared to -509C/T is
      more associated with breast cancer.

PMID- 27366315
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness of Three Rounds of Mammography Breast Cancer Screening in
      Iranian Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iranian women as is
      worldwide. Mammography screening has been introduced as a beneficial method for
      reducing mortality and morbidity of this disease. OBJECTIVES: We developed an
      analytical model to assess the cost effectiveness of an organized mammography
      screening program in Iran for early detection of the breast cancer. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: This study is an economic evaluation of mammography screening program
      among Iranian woman aged 40 - 70 years. A decision tree and Markov model were
      applied to estimate total quality adjusted life years (QALY) and lifetime costs.
      RESULTS: The results revealed that the incremental cost effectiveness ratio
      (ICER) of mammography screening in Iranian women in the first round was Int. $
      37,350 per QALY gained. The model showed that the ICER in the second and third
      rounds of screening program were Int. $ 141,641 and Int. $ 389,148 respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Study results identified that mammography screening program was cost
      effective in 53% of the cases, but incremental cost per QALY in the second and
      third rounds of screening are much higher than the accepted payment threshold of
      Iranian health system. Thus, evaluation of other screening strategies would be
      useful to identify more cost-effective program. Future studies with new national
      data can improve the accuracy of our finding and provide better information for
      health policy makers for decision making.

PMID- 27366316
TI  - Health Manpower Development (HMD) Corner Stone of Improving National Health
      System.

PMID- 27366317
TI  - The new chiropractic.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physical manipulation and manual therapies are thousands of years
      old. The most popular western world iteration of these therapies is delivered by
      chiropractors. It can be argued that the collective public health benefit from
      chiropractic for spinal pain has been very substantial, however as chiropractic
      has transitioned from craft to profession it has encountered many internally and
      externally driven machinations that have retarded its progress to a fully
      accepted allied health profession. This article sets out a ten point plan for a
      new chiropractic that will achieve full acceptance for this troubled profession.
      DISCUSSION: This article is based on a keynote speech known as the FG Roberts
      Memorial Address delivered on October 10, 2015, in Melbourne, Australia at the
      Chiropractic & Osteopathic College of Australasia and Chiropractic Australia
      national conference. The ten point plan consists of the following: improving the
      pre-professional education of chiropractors, establishing a progressive identity,
      developing a special interest for the profession, marginalising the nonsensical
      elements of the profession, being pro-public health, supporting the legitimate
      organised elements of the profession, improving clinical practice, embracing
      evidence based practice, supporting research and showing personal leadership.
      CONCLUSION: Adherence to this fresh ten point plan will, over time, see the
      chiropractic profession gain full legitimacy in the allied health field and
      acceptance by other health providers, policy makers and the public at large.

PMID- 27366318
TI  - Bringing experiential learning into the lecture theatre using 3D printed objects.
AB  - The ability to conceptualize 3D shapes is central to understanding biological
      processes. The concept that the structure of a biological molecule leads to
      function is a core principle of the biochemical field. Conceptual teaching
      usually involves vocal explanations or using two dimensional slides or video
      presentations. A deeper understanding may be obtained by the handling of objects.
      3D printed biological molecules can be used as active learning tools to stimulate
      engagement in large group lectures. These models can be used to build upon
      initial core knowledge which can be delivered in either a flipped form or a more
      didatic manner. Within the teaching session the students are able to learn by
      handling, rotating and viewing the objects to gain an appreciation of an enzyme's
      active site or the structure of DNA for example. Models and other artefacts are
      handled in small groups and act as a focus for talking points to generate
      conversation. Through this approach core knowledge is first established and then
      supplemented with high level problem solving through a "Think-Pair-Share"
      cooperative learning strategy. The teaching delivery is adjusted based around
      experiential learning activities by moving the object from mental cognition and
      into a physical environment leading to student engagement in the lecture theatre
      and a dialog with the lecturer. The use of artefacts in teaching allows the
      lecturer to create interactive sessions that challenge and enable the student.
      This approach can be applied at all levels and across many disciplines. 

PMID- 27366319
TI  - Tripartite genome of all species.
AB  - Neutral theory has dominated the molecular evolution field for more than half a
      century, but it has been severely challenged by the recently emerged Maximum
      Genetic Diversity (MGD) theory. However, based on our recent work of tripartite
      human genome architecture, we found that MGD theory may have overlooked the
      regulatory but variable genomic regions that increase with species complexity.
      Here we propose a new molecular evolution theory named Increasing Functional
      Variation (IFV) hypothesis. According to the IFV hypothesis, the genome of all
      species is divided into three regions that are 'functional and invariable',
      'functional and variable' and 'non-functional and variable'. While the 'non
      functional and variable' region decreases as species become more complex, the
      other two regions increase. 

PMID- 27366320
TI  - Digital methodology to implement the ECOUTER engagement process.
AB  - ECOUTER (Employing COnceptUal schema for policy and Translation Engagement in
      Research) - French for 'to listen' - is a new stakeholder engagement method
      incorporating existing evidence to help participants draw upon their own
      knowledge of cognate issues and interact on a topic of shared concern. The
      results of an ECOUTER can form the basis of recommendations for research,
      governance, practice and/or policy. This paper describes the development of a
      digital methodology for the ECOUTER engagement process based on currently
      available mind mapping freeware software. The implementation of an ECOUTER
      process tailored to applications within health studies are outlined for both
      online and face-to-face scenarios. Limitations of the present digital methodology
      are discussed, highlighting the requirement of a purpose built software for
      ECOUTER research purposes. 

PMID- 27366322
TI  - Coronary artery bypass grafting in South Asian patients: Impact of gender.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Outcomes following Coronary artery bypass grafting (GABG) vary
      between genders, with females having a higher postoperative mortality than males.
      Most of the studies are on Caucasian or mixed population and it is postulated
      that Asian population and in particular women have higher morbidity and
      mortality. In this study we have compared outcomes of elective CABG in men and
      women of South Asian origin in terms of morbidity and mortality. METHODS: From
      January 2006 to December 2012, 1970 patients underwent isolated elective CABG at
      the Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan were selected. The prospectively
      collected data was analyzed retrospectively including univariate and multivariate
      analysis to find the association of morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Among the
      study patients 1664 (85%) were male and 306 (15%) female. Hypertension and
      diabetes were the most common comorbid conditions seen preoperatively in female
      patients. Atrial fibrillation and sepsis were the most common postop
      complications seen in females. In hospital mortality was 3.9% in female underwent
      CABG as against 0.6% in male. Multivariate analysis showed older age, renal
      failure, dyslipidemia and prolonged cross clamp time as predictors of
      postoperative morbidity. Multivariate analysis showed female gender, age and
      renal failure as predictors of in hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Female gender
      is an independent risk factor for postoperative mortality following CABG however,
      female gender is not found to be independent risk factor for morbidity. The trend
      of higher mortality in female patients was comparable to most studies done on
      Caucasian patients.

PMID- 27366321
TI  - The recommendations of Chinese Parkinson's disease and movement disorder society
      consensus on therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive and debilitating
      disease, which affects over 2.5 million people in China. PD is characterized
      clinically by resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural
      instability. As the disease progresses, additional complications can arise such
      as non-motor and neurobehavioral symptoms. Pharmacological treatment and surgical
      intervention for PD have been implemented in China. Until 10 years ago, there was
      lack of standardization for the management of PD in different regions and among
      different physicians, leading to different treatment levels in different regions
      and different physicians. Since then, the Chinese Parkinson's Disease and
      Movement Disorder Society have published three versions of guidelines for the
      management of PD in China, in 2006, 2009 and 2014, respectively. Correspondingly,
      the overall level of treatment for PD in China improved. OBJECTIVES: To update
      the treatment guidelines based on current foreign and domestic practice
      guidelines and clinical evidence, and to improve the treatment options available
      to physicians in the management of PD. SUMMARY: A variety of treatment
      recommendations in the treatment guidelines have been proposed, including
      physical activity and disease-modifying medication, which should be initiated at
      the early-stage of the disease. The principles of dosage titration should be
      followed to avoid acute adverse reactions to the drugs, to achieve a satisfactory
      clinical effect with a low dose and to reduce the incidence of long-term motor
      complications. Moreover, different treatment strategies should be considered at
      different stages of the disease. Importantly, treatment guidelines and
      personalized treatments should be valued equally. A set of treatment
      recommendations has been developed to assist physicians to improve and optimize
      clinical outcomes for patients with PD in China.

PMID- 27366323
TI  - Decreases in cerebral saturation in patients with septic shock are associated
      with increased risk of death: a prospective observational single center study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mortality rate from septic shock has been declining. Cerebral
      hypoxia, measured non-invasively with cerebral oximetry, has been correlated with
      neurologic and non-neurologic sequelae. Whether cerebral desaturations occur in
      septic shock patients and what consequences these may have is untested. METHODS:
      Adult patients with septic shock had cerebral saturation monitoring initiated.
      The primary objective was to determine if the incidence and magnitude of cerebral
      desaturations in septic shock patients correlated with delirium. We also compared
      the incidence and magnitude of cerebral desaturations in patients with septic
      shock with patients undergoing high-risk non-cardiac surgical procedures, a group
      known to be at high risk for cerebral desaturations. RESULTS: Fifteen patients
      were enrolled. Twelve (80 %) patients had a decrease in SctO2 below 65 %.
      Delirium was not associated with the area under the curve of an SctO2 of 65 % (p
      = 0.84). Patients who died of septic shock had more significant decreases in
      SctO2 than those who survived (p = 0.04). Decreased SctO2 was more common in
      patients with septic shock and was of greater magnitude than those undergoing
      high-risk non-cardiac surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral desaturations occur more
      commonly and are of a greater magnitude in septic shock patients compared with
      those undergoing high-risk non-cardiac surgery. There did not appear to be a
      relationship between the incidence or magnitude of decreases in SctO2 and ICU
      delirium. Patients who died of septic shock had more significant decreases in
      SctO2 than patients who survived.

PMID- 27366324
TI  - A comparison of prognostic significance of strong ion gap (SIG) with other acid
      base markers in the critically ill: a cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This cohort study compared the prognostic significance of strong ion
      gap (SIG) with other acid-base markers in the critically ill. METHODS: The
      relationships between SIG, lactate, anion gap (AG), anion gap albumin-corrected
      (AG-corrected), base excess or strong ion difference-effective (SIDe), all
      obtained within the first hour of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and the
      hospital mortality of 6878 patients were analysed. The prognostic significance of
      each acid-base marker, both alone and in combination with the Admission Mortality
      Prediction Model (MPM0 III) predicted mortality, were assessed by the area under
      the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULTS: Of the 6878
      patients included in the study, 924 patients (13.4 %) died after ICU admission.
      Except for plasma chloride concentrations, all acid-base markers were
      significantly different between the survivors and non-survivors. SIG (with
      lactate: AUROC 0.631, confidence interval [CI] 0.611-0.652; without lactate:
      AUROC 0.521, 95 % CI 0.500-0.542) only had a modest ability to predict hospital
      mortality, and this was no better than using lactate concentration alone (AUROC
      0.701, 95 % 0.682-0.721). Adding AG-corrected or SIG to a combination of lactate
      and MPM0 III predicted risks also did not substantially improve the latter's
      ability to differentiate between survivors and non-survivors. Arterial lactate
      concentrations explained about 11 % of the variability in the observed mortality,
      and it was more important than SIG (0.6 %) and SIDe (0.9 %) in predicting
      hospital mortality after adjusting for MPM0 III predicted risks. Lactate remained
      as the strongest predictor for mortality in a sensitivity multivariate analysis,
      allowing for non-linearity of all acid-base markers. CONCLUSIONS: The prognostic
      significance of SIG was modest and inferior to arterial lactate concentration for
      the critically ill. Lactate concentration should always be considered regardless
      whether physiological, base excess or physical-chemical approach is used to
      interpret acid-base disturbances in critically ill patients.

PMID- 27366325
TI  - 'Clostridium massiliodielmoense', a new species isolated from the human gut
      microbiota.
AB  - Herein, we report the main characteristics of 'Clostridium massiliodielmoense'
      strain mt26 (= CSUR P2255), representative of a new species isolated from the
      gastrointestinal tract of a healthy 28-month-old Senegalese boy. 

PMID- 27366326
TI  - Relative quantification of phosphoproteomic changes in grapevine (Vitis vinifera
      L.) leaves in response to abscisic acid.
AB  - In a previous transcriptomic analysis, abscisic acid (ABA) was found to affect
      the abundance of a number of transcripts in leaves of Cabernet Sauvignon
      grapevines with roots that had been exposed to 10 MUm ABA for 2 h. Other work has
      indicated that ABA affects protein abundance and protein phosphorylation as well.
      In this study we investigated changes in protein abundance and phosphorylation of
      Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine leaves. Protein abundance was assessed by both label
      free and isobaric-label quantitive proteomic methods. Each identified common
      proteins, but also additional proteins not found with the other method. Overall,
      several thousand proteins were identified and several hundred were quantified. In
      addition, hundreds of phosphoproteins were identified. Tens of proteins were
      found to be affected in the leaf after the roots had been exposed to ABA for 2 h,
      more than half of them were phosphorylated proteins. Many phosphosites were
      confirmed and several new ones were identified. ABA increased the abundance of
      some proteins, but the majority of the proteins had their protein abundance
      decreased. Many of these proteins were involved in growth and plant organ
      development, including proteins involved in protein synthesis, photosynthesis,
      sugar and amino-acid metabolism. This study provides new insights into how ABA
      regulates plant responses and acclimation to water deficits. 

PMID- 27366327
TI  - Noninvasive Surface Imaging of Breast Cancer in Humans using a Hand-held Optical
      Imager.
AB  - X-ray mammography, the current gold standard for breast cancer detection, has a
      20% false-negative rate (cancer is undetected) and increases in younger women
      with denser breast tissue. Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is a safe (nonionizing),
      and relatively inexpensive method for noninvasive imaging of breast cancer in
      human subjects (including dense breast tissues) by providing physiological
      information (e.g. oxy- and deoxy- hemoglobin concentration). At the Optical
      Imaging Laboratory, a hand-held optical imager has been developed which employs a
      breast contourable probe head to perform simultaneous illumination and detection
      of large surfaces towards near real-time imaging of human breast cancer. Gen-1
      and gen-2 versions of the handheld optical imager have been developed and
      previously demonstrated imaging in tissue phantoms and healthy human subjects.
      Herein, the hand-held optical imagers are applied towards in vivo imaging of
      breast cancer subjects in an attempt to determine the ability of the imager to
      detect breast tumors. Five female human subjects (ages 51-74) diagnosed with
      breast cancer were imaged with the gen-1 optical imager prior to surgical
      intervention. One of the subjects was also imaged with the gen-2 optical imager.
      Both imagers use 785 nm laser diode sources and ICCD camera detectors to generate
      2D surfaces maps of total hemoglobin absorption. The subjects lay in supine
      position and images were collected at various locations on both the ipsilateral
      (tumor-containing) and contralateral (non-tumor containing) breasts. The optical
      images (2D surface maps of optical absorption due to total hemoglobin
      concentration) show regions of higher intensity at the tumor location, which is
      indicative of increased vasculature and higher blood content due to the presence
      of the tumor. Additionally, a preliminary result indicates the potential to image
      lymphatic spread. This study demonstrates the potential of the hand-held optical
      devices to noninvasively image breast cancer in human subjects.

PMID- 27366329
TI  - Fascicular Visual Field Defects in Open-Angle Glaucoma: Evaluation with
      Microperimetry.
AB  - Purpose. Use of microperimetry (Mp-1), correlating with Humphrey perimetry (30-2
      program), in patients affected by primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with
      perimetric defects, in order to obtain an evaluation of the accuracy of the
      results obtained by Mp-1. Materials and Methods. In this study 40 eyes of 25
      patients affected by POAG with perimetric defects were included. All patients
      underwent microperimetry test by Nidek Mp-1 (NAVIS software version 1.7.2, Nidek
      Technologies). Mean sensitivity values expressed in decibel (dB) of all tested
      dots and mean values for each quadrant obtained by microperimetric test were
      correlated with corresponding quadrants obtained by static perimetry analysis.
      Data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. Results.
      Interpolated data showed that mean sensitivity values in all spots tested by Mp-1
      (11.98 dB, SD 4.31) may be significantly correlated with mean total values
      obtained by Humphrey 30-2 perimetry (17.95, SD 4.32), with correlation
      coefficient of 0.556. Conclusions. Topographic visualization of the perimetric
      alteration by microperimetry allows retesting areas with reduced sensitivity
      which are topographically visualized and displayable on the ocular fundus
      examination, avoiding worsening of the functional defect by better modulation of
      the antiglaucoma therapy and therefore it allows better monitoring of the
      pathologic functional damage. 

PMID- 27366328
TI  - Is Floppy Eyelid Syndrome More Prevalent in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
      Patients?
AB  - Controversial findings are reported about the relationship between floppy eyelid
      syndrome (FES) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The main goal of this
      study was to evaluate whether FES is more prevalent in OSAS patients by
      performing a meta-analysis. A comprehensive literature search of Pubmed, Embase,
      and Cochrane databases was performed. Only studies related to the prevalence of
      FES in OSAS were included in the meta-analysis. We estimated a pooled odds ratio
      (OR) for the prevalence of FES in OSAS. In total, 6 studies with 767 participants
      met the inclusion criteria. Using a fixed-effects model, the pooled OR was 4.12.
      The test for the overall effect revealed that FES was statistically prevalent in
      OSAS patients when compared with that in non-OSAS subjects (Z = 4.98, p <
      0.00001). In the subgroup analysis by OSAS severity, the incidence of FES in OSAS
      increased with severity of OSAS as indicated with increased OR values (OR = 2.56,
      4.62, and 7.64 for mild, moderate, and severe OSAS). In conclusion, the results
      indicate that FES is more prevalent in OSAS patients. However, this result was
      based only on unadjusted estimates. Prospective cohort studies are needed to
      determine whether OSAS is an independent risk factor for FES. 

PMID- 27366330
TI  - Recruiting and Engaging Older Men in Evidence-Based Health Promotion Programs:
      Perspectives on Barriers and Strategies.
AB  - Evidence-based health promotion programs are effective at reducing health risks
      and healthcare costs among older adults, but few men participate in the programs.
      This mixed methods study aimed to gain insight into the barriers to recruiting
      and engaging older men in evidence-based health promotion programs offered by the
      Healthy Aging Regional Collaborative of South Florida (HARC). Fourteen program
      coordinators participated in a focus group to identify barriers and strategies to
      improve male participation, and 49 instructors participated in a survey to
      triangulate the findings. Themes among barriers to male participation included
      women outnumbering men in the implementation sites and programs, conflict between
      male gender roles and the programs, and preference for other activities. Themes
      among strategies included public support of programs by male community leaders,
      program advertisements featuring males, and adapting program content. Survey
      results supported themes identified in the focus group. Nearly 78% of the survey
      respondents agreed that the perception of exercise programs as feminine was a
      barrier and over 90% of the survey respondents believed program advertisements
      featuring men would increase male participation. Findings indicate that health
      promotion programs and recruiting strategies need to be tailored to the unique
      needs and preferences of older men to improve participation. 

PMID- 27366331
TI  - PCR-Based Molecular Diagnosis of Hepatitis Virus (HBV and HDV) in HCV Infected
      Patients and Their Biochemical Study.
AB  - Seroprevalence of HCV indicates that HCV is found in more than 10% of HBV- or HDV
      infected patients worldwide leading to liver disease. Here we show HBV and HDV
      coinfection association with HCV infected Pakistani patients, study of disease
      severity, and possible interpretation of associated risk factors in coinfected
      patients. A total of 730 liver diseased patients were included, out of which 501
      were found positive for HCV infection via PCR. 5.1% of patients were coinfected
      with HBV while 1% were coinfected with HBV and HDV both. LFTs were significantly
      altered in dually and triply infected patients as compared to single HCV
      infection. Mean bilirubin, AST, and ALT levels were highest (3.25 mg/dL, 174
      IU/L, and 348 IU/L) in patients with triple infection while dual infection LFTs
      (1.6 mg/dL, 61 IU/L, and 74 IU/L) were not high as in single infection (1.9
      mg/dL, 76 IU/L, and 91 IU/L). The most prominent risk factor in case of single
      (22%) and dual infection (27%) group was "reuse of syringes" while in triple
      infection it was "intravenous drug users" (60%). It is concluded that HBV and HDV
      coinfections are strongly associated with HCV infected Pakistani patients and in
      case of severe liver disease the possibility of double and triple coinfection
      should be kept in consideration. 

PMID- 27366332
TI  - Accidental Entrapment of Electrical Mapping Catheter by Chiari's Network in Right
      Atrium during Catheter Ablation Procedure.
AB  - A 78-year-old male was admitted to our hospital due to frequent palpitation. His
      electrocardiogram (ECG) presented regular narrow QRS tachycardia with 170 bpm,
      and catheter ablation was planned. During electroanatomical mapping of the right
      atrium (RA) with a multiloop mapping catheter, the catheter head was entrapped
      nearby the ostium of inferior vena cava. Rotation and traction of the catheter
      failed to detach the catheter head from the RA wall. Exfoliation of connective
      tissue twined around catheter tip by forceps, which were designed for
      endomyocardial biopsy, succeeded to retract and remove the catheter.
      Postprocedural echocardiography and pathologic examination proved the existence
      of Chiari's network. The handling of complex catheters in the RA has a potential
      risk of entrapment with Chiari's network. 

PMID- 27366333
TI  - A Case of Glucocorticoid Remediable Aldosteronism and Thoracoabdominal Aneurysms.
AB  - Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (GRA) is rare familial form of primary
      aldosteronism characterized by a normalization of hypertension with the
      administration of glucocorticoids. We present a case of GRA and thoracoabdominal
      aneurysm complicated by multiple aortic dissections requiring complex surgical
      and endovascular repairs. Registry studies have shown a high rate of intracranial
      aneurysms in GRA patients with high case fatality rates. The association of
      thoracoabdominal aneurysms with GRA has not been described, thus far, in
      literature. Studies have shown that high tissue aldosterone levels concomitant
      with salt intake have a significant role in the pathogenesis of aneurysms and
      this may explain the formation of aneurysms in the intracranial vasculature and
      aorta. The association of GRA with thoracic aortic aneurysms needs to be further
      studied to develop screening recommendations for early identification and optimal
      treatment. Also, the early use of mineralocorticoid antagonists may have a
      significant preventive and attenuating effect in aneurysm formation, an
      association which needs to be confirmed in future studies. 

PMID- 27366334
TI  - Esophageal Microperforation due to Calcified Mediastinal Lymph Node Leading to
      Tracheoesophageal Fistula.
AB  - A 42-year-old male presented with worsening gastroesophageal reflux disease
      symptoms and cough. The clinical symptoms during the early course of illness were
      striking for aspiration pneumonia. He was given a prescription of proton pump
      inhibitors and antibiotics. Rapid decline in the clinical condition with
      worsening respiratory status was noted. Worsening symptoms of fever, cough, and
      chest pain prompted further diagnostic work-up suggesting esophageal
      microperforation. Esophagogram was found to be suggestive of tracheoesophageal
      fistula. The tracheoesophageal fistula was due to subcarinal lymph node of
      nontuberculous origin. 

PMID- 27366335
TI  - Thrombocytopenia and Postpartum Hemorrhage in a Woman with Chromosome 22q11.2
      Deletion Syndrome.
AB  - Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, also known as DiGeorge or velocardiofacial
      syndrome, is associated with a wide spectrum of phenotypic features. It is known
      to be associated with severe macrothrombocytopenia. Postpartum hemorrhage is a
      leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality globally. Chromosome 22q11.2
      deletion syndrome is rare cause of thrombocytopenia that can be a significant
      risk factor for life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage. We report a case of
      postpartum hemorrhage in a woman with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome causing severe
      macrothrombocytopenia. 

PMID- 27366336
TI  - Dicephalus Parapagus Conjoined Twins Diagnosed by First-Trimester Ultrasound.
AB  - Conjoined twins are a rare phenomenon, occurring in 1% of monochorionic twin
      gestation, with an incidence of 1 : 50 000 to 1 : 100 000. Many conjoined twins
      have abnormalities incompatible with life, so early prenatal diagnosis is very
      important for optimal management of both pregnancy and delivery. We report a case
      of dicephalus parapagus conjoined twins, sharing a single heart, diagnosed at 12
      weeks' gestation. With early ultrasound diagnosis, we were able to provide
      appropriate and timely prenatal counseling to the family. 

PMID- 27366337
TI  - Occult Cranial Cervical Dislocation: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review.
AB  - Study Design. Retrospective case report and review. Objective. Cranial cervical
      dislocation (CCD) is commonly a devastating injury. Delay in diagnosis has been
      found to lead to worse outcomes. Our purpose is to describe a rare case of occult
      cranial cervical dislocation (CCD) and use it to highlight key clinical and
      radiographic findings to ensure expedited diagnosis and proper management
      avoiding delays and subsequent neurologic deterioration. Method. Case report with
      literature review. Results. We describe a unique case of occult cranial cervical
      dislocation where initial imaging of the cervical spine failed to illustrate
      displacement of the occipital-cervical (O-C1) articulation or C1-C2 articulation.
      Careful evaluation of subtle radiographic clues suggested a more severe injury
      than initial review. Additional imaging was obtained due to these subtle clues
      confirming true cranial cervical dislocation allowing subsequent treatment with
      no neurologic sequelae. Conclusion. A high index of suspicion of CCD may prevent
      injury in select patients who present without gross cord compromise. Careful
      consideration of associated fractures, soft tissue injuries, and mechanism of
      injury are essential clues to the correct diagnosis and management of injuries to
      the craniocervical junction (CCJ). 

PMID- 27366338
TI  - Anatomic Locking Plate Fixation for Scaphoid Nonunion.
AB  - Nonunion can occur relatively frequently after scaphoid fracture and appears to
      be associated with severity of injury. There have been a number of techniques
      described for bone grafting with or without screw fixation to facilitate fracture
      healing. However, even with operative fixation of scaphoid fractures with bone
      grafting nonunion or malunion rates of 5 to 10 percent are still reported. This
      is the first report of an anatomic locking plate for scaphoid fracture repair in
      a 25-year-old right hand dominant healthy male. 

PMID- 27366339
TI  - HIV Infection and Osteoarticular Tuberculosis: Strange Bedfellows.
AB  - We report the case of a 47-year-old female patient with rheumatoid arthritis and
      HIV infection presenting with a 3-week history of a painful swollen knee,
      increased serum inflammatory markers, and a low CD4 lymphocyte count. The
      diagnosis of TB arthritis was made by synovial fluid culture, GeneXpert/PCR, and
      confirmed by histopathology of a synovial biopsy. A mini literature review
      suggests that although HIV infection is associated with extrapulmonary TB,
      osteoarticular TB is a relatively unusual presentation in an HIV positive
      patient. The diagnostic utility of the GeneXpert test is explored. We also
      describe the patient's good response to an intra-articular corticosteroid
      injection in combination with standard anti-TB therapy. 

PMID- 27366340
TI  - Undiagnosed Sjogren's Syndrome Presenting as Mesenteric Panniculitis.
AB  - Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare inflammatory and fibrotic process that affects
      the small intestine mesentery. It may occur following abdominal surgery or in
      association with a variety of conditions, including malignancy, infection, and
      certain autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Herein, an unusual case of
      mesenteric panniculitis in a patient with primary Sjogren's syndrome will be
      presented. The patient presented with abdominal pain, weight loss, sicca
      symptoms, fatigue, and arthralgia. An abdominal CT revealed mesenteric fat
      stranding and prominent lymph nodes of the small intestine mesentery. She was
      found on laboratory workup to have positive antinuclear and anti-SSa antibodies.
      Minor salivary gland lip biopsy revealed focal lymphocytic sialadenitis. The
      patient's symptoms and CT findings improved with corticosteroids. This case
      suggests that Sjogren's syndrome should be considered as an underlying disease
      process in the evaluation of patients with mesenteric panniculitis. 

PMID- 27366341
TI  - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting with Massive Ascites: A Case of Pseudo
      Pseudo Meigs Syndrome.
AB  - The case presented is consistent with the phenomenon known as Pseudo-Pseudo Meigs
      Syndrome (PPMS). In it, we describe a young woman with newly diagnosed Systemic
      Lupus Erythematosus presenting with ascites, pleural effusions, and an elevated
      CA-125 level. Although rare, and of uncertain etiology, PPMS is becoming
      increasingly recognized in the literature. It should be considered as a
      differential diagnosis in such patients, along with the search for malignancy. 

PMID- 27366342
TI  - Characteristics of Nonmotor Symptoms in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.
AB  - Objectives. To explore the clinical correlates of nonmotor symptoms (NMS) in
      progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and their differences from healthy controls
      and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods. Twenty-seven PSP patients,
      27 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC), and 27 age- and gender-matched
      PD patients were included for this case-control study. NMS were assessed using
      the Nonmotor Symptoms Scale (NMSS, including 9 domains). Results. All PSP
      patients reported NMS. The frequency and severity of "sleep/fatigue,"
      "mood/apathy," "attention/memory," "gastrointestinal," "sexual dysfunction," and
      "miscellaneous" domains in PSP group were significantly higher than those in HC
      group (P < 0.05). The frequency of "mood/apathy," "attention/memory," and "sexual
      dysfunction" domains and the severity of "attention/memory" and
      "gastrointestinal" domains in PSP group were significantly higher than those in
      PD group (P < 0.05). The "attention/memory" domain in PSP had a significant but
      weak-to-moderate correlation with age (R = 0.387, P = 0.046) and onset age (R =
      0.406, P = 0.036). Conclusions. NMS are common in PSP patients. Patients with PSP
      seem to be subjected to more frequent and severe specific NMS compared to healthy
      aging subjects and PD patients. Older PSP patients and late-onset patients are
      likely to be subjected to cognitive decline. 

PMID- 27366344
TI  - Risk Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Helminths among
      Indigenous Donkeys (Equus asinus) in Northeastern Nigeria.
AB  - Aim. This survey study was conducted from April 2014 through March 2015 in
      Bauchi, Yobe, and Gombe states, northeastern Nigeria, to explore the risk factors
      associated with the occurrence of gastrointestinal helminthosis among indigenous
      donkeys (Equus asinus). Materials and Methods. A total of six hundred fresh
      faecal samples were randomly collected from indigenous donkeys of varying age,
      sex, and settlements. Simple flotation and sedimentation techniques were used for
      the detection of helminths eggs. Results. Three gastrointestinal nematode
      parasites were encountered including Strongyle, Parascaris equorum, and Oxyuris
      equi. An overall prevalence of 98.3% was obtained, of which 78.3%, 40.3%, and
      17.5% were, respectively, from Strongyle, Parascaris equorum, and Oxyuris equi.
      Age, sex, and season were not statistically associated with the risk of helminth
      infection as were the different study areas (p > 0.05). However, body condition
      score, settlement, anthelminthic medication history, and management practices
      were significantly associated with the risk of gastrointestinal helminthosis.
      Statistically high prevalence of helminthic infections was observed in donkeys,
      with poor (thin) body condition, from rural settlements, that were not dewormed
      and raised under poor management systems (p < 0.001). Conclusion. It is concluded
      from the study that gastrointestinal helminths particularly Strongyle were
      endemic among the indigenous donkeys in northeastern Nigeria. Further control and
      preventive measures were discussed. 

PMID- 27366345
TI  - In vitro antimicrobial activity of five essential oils on multidrug resistant
      Gram-negative clinical isolates.
AB  - AIM/BACKGROUND: The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens has drawn attention on
      medicinal plants for potential antimicrobial properties. The objective of the
      present study was the investigation of the antimicrobial activity of five plant
      essential oils on multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Basil, chamomile blue, origanum, thyme, and tea tree oil were tested
      against clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 6), Escherichia coli (n
      = 4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 7), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 5) using the
      broth macrodilution method. RESULTS: The tested essential oils produced variable
      antibacterial effect, while Chamomile blue oil demonstrated no antibacterial
      activity. Origanum, Thyme, and Basil oils were ineffective on P. aeruginosa
      isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal
      concentration values ranged from 0.12% to 1.50% (v/v) for tea tree oil, 0.25-4%
      (v/v) for origanum and thyme oil, 0.50% to >4% for basil oil and >4% for
      chamomile blue oil. Compared to literature data on reference strains, the
      reported MIC values were different by 2SD, denoting less successful antimicrobial
      activity against multidrug resistant isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The antimicrobial
      activities of the essential oils are influenced by the strain origin (wild,
      reference, drug sensitive, or resistant) and it should be taken into
      consideration whenever investigating the plants' potential for developing new
      antimicrobials.

PMID- 27366343
TI  - Pathophysiology of Motor Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease as the Rationale for
      Drug Treatment and Rehabilitation.
AB  - Cardinal motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD) include bradykinesia, rest
      tremor, and rigidity, which appear in the early stages of the disease and largely
      depend on dopaminergic nigrostriatal denervation. Intermediate and advanced PD
      stages are characterized by motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, which depend on
      complex mechanisms secondary to severe nigrostriatal loss and to the problems
      related to oral levodopa absorption, and motor and nonmotor symptoms and signs
      that are secondary to marked dopaminergic loss and multisystem neurodegeneration
      with damage to nondopaminergic pathways. Nondopaminergic dysfunction results in
      motor problems, including posture, balance and gait disturbances, and fatigue,
      and nonmotor problems, encompassing depression, apathy, cognitive impairment,
      sleep disturbances, pain, and autonomic dysfunction. There are a number of
      symptomatic drugs for PD motor signs, but the pharmacological resources for
      nonmotor signs and symptoms are limited, and rehabilitation may contribute to
      their treatment. The present review will focus on classical notions and recent
      insights into the neuropathology, neuropharmacology, and neurophysiology of motor
      dysfunction of PD. These pieces of information represent the basis for the
      pharmacological, neurosurgical, and rehabilitative approaches to PD. 

PMID- 27366346
TI  - An in vitro evaluation of the Native American ethnomedicinal plant Eryngium
      yuccifolium as a treatment for snakebite envenomation.
AB  - AIM: At least seven North American tribes specifically mention the use of
      Eryngium (typically roots) as an anti-snake venom therapy. As snake envenomation
      is an endemic, life-threatening medical risk, is there a scientific basis for the
      Native American ethnomedicine? Could this be demonstrated in an assay amenable to
      mechanistic evaluation and high throughput screening for later isolation and
      possible evaluation as a source for a lead drug? MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Proteases, mainly metalloproteases, are thought to be the main pathological
      agents in most American snake venoms. Water extracts of four plant parts of
      Eryngium yuccifolium were tested for enzyme inhibition in three highly sensitive
      in vitro protease assays, with multiple venoms. RESULTS: Interestingly, activity
      was found in all plant parts, not just the roots, in the general protease assay,
      also in the most specific assay for collagenases, but less so for elastases where
      enzymatic activity was low, and against five species of American snake venoms.
      Inhibition spared the activity of a mammalian elastase, suggesting it has some
      specificity. In dose response assays, inhibitory activity in extracts of Eryngium
      was noticeably more effective than randomly chosen plants and comparable to some
      others. CONCLUSIONS: All data shown here are consistent with pharmacological
      inhibition of proteases in at least selected venoms of common venomous snakes by
      Eryngium extracts. Moreover, as the genus is widely distributed in America, the
      ethnological practice of using this plant as an anti-snake venom treatment is
      supportable, may have been common, and suggests further bioactivity and
      phytochemical studies are warranted.

PMID- 27366347
TI  - Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity properties of the organic solvent fractions of
      Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R. Br. ex Vatke: Kenyan traditional medicinal
      plant.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Clerodendrum myricoides is a Kenyan herbal plant used in the
      management of respiratory diseases. In the current study, we investigated in
      vitro antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and phytochemical screening of C.
      myricoides. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antimicrobial activities of C. myricoides
      organic fractions against array of microorganisms including: (i) Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv, (ii) Staphylococcus aureus, (iii) Klebsiella
      pneumoniae, (iv) Escherichia coli, (v) Candida albicans, (vi) Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, (vii) Cryptococcus neoformans, (viii) Salmonella typhi, (ix) Shigella
      sonnei, and (x) Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were investigated by disc
      diffusion and microdilution techniques. Antituberculous activity was investigated
      using BACTEC MGIT 960 system while cytotoxicity was analyzed by 3-(4,5
      dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on HEp-2 cells.
      Finally, phytochemicals were screened using standard procedures. RESULTS:
      Methanolic fractions exhibited a broad spectrum activity inhibiting 75% of test
      pathogens. It had the highest activity with minimal inhibition concentration
      (MIC) values of <=62.5 ug/ml recorded against 62.5% tested microbes. It yielded
      the highest zone of inhibition of 20.3 mm (S. aureus), lowest MIC of <12.5 ug/ml
      (MTB), and the lowest minimal bactericidal concentration of 62.5 ug/ml (C.
      albicans), within the acceptable toxicity limit (CC50 >90 ug/ml). The
      phytochemicals largely believed to be responsible for the observed activity
      included: Alkaloid, phenols, anthraquinones, terpenoids, and flavonoids.
      CONCLUSION: Methanolic fraction had remarkable activity against MRSA, S. aureus,
      E. coli, S. sonnei, C. albicans, and MTB, which are of public health concerns due
      to drug resistance and as sources of community and nosocomial infections. To the
      best of our knowledge, this is the first report exploring the antituberculous
      activity of C. myricoides and thence a major output in search of novel, safe drug
      leads to mitigate the global tuberculosis threat.

PMID- 27366348
TI  - Nigerian propolis improves blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin A1c, very low
      density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein levels in rat models of
      diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: According to our previous studies, propolis of Nigerian origin showed
      some evidence of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in addition to its
      ability to ameliorate oxidative-stress-induced organ dysfunction. This study was
      carried out to determine whether an ethanolic extract of Nigerian propolis (EENP)
      improves glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose, very low
      density lipoprotein (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations in
      rats that have alloxan diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diabetes was induced with
      alloxan (110 mg/kg). Animals were divided into 5 groups (n = 5); Group 1 was non
      diabetic receiving normal saline and Group 2 was diabetic but also received only
      normal saline. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were diabetic receiving 200 mg/kg propolis, 300
      mg/kg propolis, and 150 mg/kg metformin, respectively, for 42 days. RESULTS:
      Hyperglycemia, elevated serum level of VLDL, elevated plasma level of HbA1c, and
      decreased levels of HDL were observed in the diabetic untreated animals. Nigerian
      propolis decreased blood glucose level and serum level of VLDL but elevated HDL
      level. These changes were significant (P < 0.05). The levels of plasma HbA1c were
      also reduced in the propolis-treated groups, and the reduction was significant (P
      < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Nigerian propolis contains compounds exhibiting
      hypoglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, and HbA1c reducing activities.

PMID- 27366349
TI  - Ethnopharmacological studies on the uses of Euphorbia hirta in the treatment of
      dengue in selected indigenous communities in Pangasinan (Philippines).
AB  - AIM: Euphorbia hirta is the most widely used plant in the folkloric treatment of
      dengue in the Philippines. This study documents the anecdotal uses of E. hirta in
      the treatment of dengue in 3 indigenous communities in Pangasinan from April to
      June of 2015. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The number of use reports pertaining to
      symptoms of dengue and other diseases were tallied from 82 informants living in
      Anda Island, Mt. Colisao and Mt. Balungao. The demographics of the informants as
      well as the corrected major use agreements (cMUAs) and fidelity levels (FLs) of
      each reported symptom of dengue were calculated. The major dosage forms used
      during treatment were also tallied. RESULTS: Respondents, dominated by the age
      group 60-80 and mostly females with at least primary and secondary education,
      provided information on the use reports of E. hirta. High FL values and cMUA of
      at least 35% were obtained for cardinal symptoms of dengue-related to bleeding
      episodes while low cMUAs (i.e. 2-4%) were obtained for symptoms during the
      recovery phase. High FL values were obtained for symptoms observed during the
      febrile phase. The most widely used dosage forms are decoctions of the leaves and
      barks of E. hirta. CONCLUSION: This study was able to qualify the uses of E.
      hirta in the treatment of dengue in the 3 communities surveyed.

PMID- 27366350
TI  - Coconut water of different maturity stages ameliorates inflammatory processes in
      model of inflammation.
AB  - AIM: Coconut water is a natural beverage that is a part of daily diet of many
      people. This study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of
      coconut water of different maturation stages (young and mature) with rat paw
      edema model of inflammation using plethysmometer. METHODOLOGY: For this study,
      albino rats were selected and divided into four equal groups (10 rats in each
      group). Group 1 was set as control and administered distilled water 1 ml orally;
      Groups 2 and 3 were treated with young and mature coconut water, respectively, at
      4 ml/100 g dose orally. Group 4 was treated with the standard drug (ibuprofen) at
      400 mg/70 kg. 0.1 ml of 1% w/v acetic acid was administered in the subplantar
      tissue of rat paw 30 min after oral treatments of groups. Plethysmometer was used
      to measure rat paw edema. RESULTS: Results revealed that both coconut water
      possess significant anti-inflammatory activity (P < 0.001). In comparison to
      control, percent inhibition by young coconut water was 20.22%, 35.13%, 42.52%,
      and 36% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of acetic acid administration, respectively. However,
      maximum percent inhibition (42.52%) was observed in the second phase of the
      inflammatory process. On the other hand, percent inhibition by mature coconut
      water was 18.80%, 25.94%, 24.13%, and 18.66% at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of acetic acid
      administration, respectively. However, maximum percent inhibition (25.94%) was
      observed in the first phase of the inflammatory process. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      strongly suggests the use of young coconut water for potent anti-inflammatory
      effect and mature coconut water for moderate anti-inflammatory effect.

PMID- 27366351
TI  - Investigation the efficiency of various methods of volatile oil extraction from
      Trichodesma africanum and their impact on the antioxidant and antimicrobial
      activities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Currently, there is an increasing interest in developing more
      efficient techniques for the extraction of phytochemicals. Microwaves and
      ultrasonic extraction methods are promising techniques that can be used for this
      purpose. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of
      different extraction methods on yield, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities
      of volatile oil extracted from Trichodesma africanum. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Volatile oil was extracted using microwave, ultrasonic, microwave-ultrasonic, and
      conventional hydrodistillation methods. The extracted oil was evaluated for
      antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant activity was assessed
      by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, whereas the antimicrobial
      activity was assessed by broth microdilution method. The antimicrobial activity
      of the volatile oils was examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
      coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa American type culture collection reference
      strains, as well as against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Candida
      albicans clinical isolates. RESULTS: The volatile oil obtained by the four
      extraction methods in this study exhibited both antioxidant and antimicrobial
      activities. Among the four extraction methods used, the microwave-ultrasonic
      method yielded the largest amount (1.8% v/w) and the yield exhibited the highest
      antioxidant activity in terms of inhibition (91.83% +/- 1.1). The minimum
      inhibitory concentrations for E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, MRSA, and C.
      albicans were 3, 5, 6, 3, and 9, respectively. CONCLUSION: Among the extraction
      techniques used in this study, the microwave-ultrasonic method showed the best
      results. Moreover, this study suggests that T. africanum volatile oils contain
      active substances that could potentially be used both as natural preservatives in
      food and pharmaceutical industries as well as in developing new antimicrobial and
      antioxidant agents.

PMID- 27366352
TI  - Assessment of anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of Acmella
      uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. based on experiments in arthritic rat models and
      qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses.
AB  - AIM: The principle objective of the study was to explore the anti-arthritic
      properties of Acmella uliginosa (AU) (Sw.) Cass. flower in a rat model and to
      identify potential anti-inflammatory compounds derived from flower extracts. The
      synergistic role played by a combination of AU flower and Aloe vera (AV) gel
      crude extracts was also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats
      induced with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) were used as a disease model of
      arthritic paw swelling. There were three experimental and two control groups,
      each consisting of five rats. Paw circumference and serum biochemical parameters
      were evaluated to investigate the role of the flower extracts in disease
      amelioration through a feeding schedule spanning 21 days. Gas chromatography/mass
      spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses were performed to search for the presence of anti
      inflammatory compounds in the ethanolic and n-hexane solvent extracts of the
      flower. RESULTS: As a visual cue to the experimental outcomes, FCA-induced paw
      swelling decreased to the normal level; and hemoglobin, serum protein, and
      albumin levels were significantly increased in the treated animals. The
      creatinine level was estimated to be normal in the experimental rats after the
      treatment. The combination of AU and AV showed the best recovery potential in all
      the studied parameters, confirming the synergistic efficacy of the herbal
      formulation. GC/MS analyses revealed the presence of at least 5 anti-inflammatory
      compounds including 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, phenylmethyl ester, astaxanthin, a
      N-Normethadol, fenretinide that have reported anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic
      properties. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that the crude flower homogenate
      of AU contains potential anti-inflammatory compounds which could be used as an
      anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic medication.

PMID- 27366353
TI  - Cryptolepine, an indoloquinoline alkaloid, in the management of diabetes mellitus
      and its associated complications.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective long-term management is the key to treatment of diabetes
      mellitus (DM) and its complications. AIM: To ascertain the ability of
      cryptolepine (CRP) in managing DM and some associated complications. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Changes in fasting blood sugar (FBS), body weight, response to
      thermally-induced pain, and semen quality were assessed in normal and alloxan
      induced diabetic rats treated with CRP (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg), glibenclamide (10
      mg/kg), or normal saline (2 ml/kg) per os. Hematological profile, liver and
      kidney function tests, lipid profile, as well as liver, kidney, and pancreas
      histopathological examinations were also conducted to establish possible effects
      of CRP treatment. RESULTS: CRP treatment reduced (P <= 0.001) FBS and body
      weight, inhibited (P <= 0.05 - 0.001) the latency to tail flick or withdrawal
      from pain stimulus. It did not alter (P > 0.05): Hematological parameters,
      elevated (P <= 0.05 - 0.001) plasma aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase,
      and gamma-glutamyl transferase, reduced (P <= 0.01) plasma urea, and elevated (P
      <= 0.001) plasma creatinine associated with DM. CRP, however, reversed (P <= 0.05
      - 0.001) DM-associated elevation (P <= 0.05 - 0.001) of plasma cholesterol,
      triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins, and the reduction in high-density
      lipoproteins. CRP (10-30 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent regeneration of beta-islet
      cells but could not repair degenerated liver and kidney tissue. CRP worsens dose
      dependently (P <= 0.001) reduced sperm quality associated with DM. CONCLUSION:
      CRP abolishes hyperglycemia, weight loss, cold allodynia, neuropathic pain, and
      hyperlipidemia as well as pancreatic beta-islet cell damage associated with DM.
      It, however, does not improve liver and kidney damage and lowered semen quality.

PMID- 27366354
TI  - Low dose effects of a Withania somnifera extract on altered marble burying
      behavior in stressed mice.
AB  - AIM: Withania somnifera root (WSR) extracts are often used in traditionally known
      Indian systems of medicine for prevention and cure of psychosomatic disorders.
      The reported experiment was designed to test whether low daily oral doses of such
      extracts are also effective in suppressing marble burying behavior in stressed
      mice or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Groups of mice treated with 10, 20, or 40
      mg/kg daily oral doses of WSR were subjected to a foot shock stress-induced
      hyperthermia test on the 1(st), 5(th), 7(th), and 10(th) day of the experiment.
      On the 11(th) and 12(th) treatment days, they were subjected to marble burying
      tests. Stress response suppressing effects of low dose WSR were estimated by its
      effects on body weight and basal core temperature of animals during the course of
      the experiment. RESULTS: Alterations in bodyweight and basal core temperature
      triggered by repeated exposures to foot shock stress were absent even in the 10
      mg/kg/day WSR treated group, whereas the effectiveness of the extract in foot
      shock stress-induced hyperthermia and marble burying tests increased with its
      increasing daily dose. CONCLUSION: Marble burying test in stressed mice is well
      suited for identifying bioactive constituents of W. somnifera like medicinal
      plants with adaptogenic, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities, or for
      quantifying pharmacological interactions between them.

PMID- 27366357
TI  - The consumption of propolis and royal jelly in preventing upper respiratory tract
      infections and as dietary supplementation in children.
AB  - Propolis and royal jelly (RJ), two important honeybee products, have been used
      commonly all over the world as traditional and ethnopharmacological nutrients
      since ancient times. Both of them have a lot of active ingredients which are
      known to be effective for several medical conditions. In this article, medical
      databases were searched for the usage of RJ and propolis in upper respiratory
      tract infections (URTI) and as a dietary supplementation, together and
      separately. 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid is the most prominent active compound
      showing antimicrobial effect within RJ. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is the most
      famous one that shows antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect within propolis.
      When compared with propolis, RJ was found to have richer content for all three
      main nutrients; proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. More clinical, experimental,
      and basic studies are needed to find out the best standardized mixture to cope
      with URTI in which RJ and propolis will be main ingredients in addition to the
      other secondary compounds that have health-beneficial effects. 

PMID- 27366356
TI  - Therapeutic significance and pharmacological activities of antidiarrheal
      medicinal plants mention in Ayurveda: A review.
AB  - Diarrhea is a serious problem affecting 3-5 billion people per year around the
      world, especially children of below 5 years. 70% of the world population uses
      traditional and indigenous medicine for their primary health care. The facts of
      these indigenous remedies are passed verbally and sometimes as documents. Since
      ancient time, Ayurveda is the main system of healing in South East Asian
      countries. Indian literature from ayurvedic texts and other books claim the
      potency of several plants in the treatment of diarrhea. As the global prospective
      of ayurvedic medicine is increasing, interest regarding the scientific basis of
      their action is parallely increasing. Researchers are doing experiments to
      establish the relation between the claimed action and observed pharmacological
      activities. In the present article, an attempt was made to compile the scientific
      basis of medicinal plants used to cure diarrhea in Ayurveda. Literature was
      collected via electronic search (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, and Google
      Scholar) from published articles that reports antidiarrheal activity of plants
      that were mentioned in Ayurveda classics. A total of 109 plant species belonging
      to 58 families were reported for their antidiarrheal activity. Several Indian
      medicinal plants have demonstrated promising antidiarrheal effects, but the
      studies on the antidiarrheal potentials of these plants are not taken beyond
      proof of concept stage. It is hoped that the article would stimulate future
      clinical studies because of the paucity of knowledge in this area. 

PMID- 27366355
TI  - Anti-fibro-hepatocarcinogenic Chinese herbal medicines: A mechanistic overview.
AB  - Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is an integral component of
      complementary/alternative medicine and it is increasingly becoming the preferred
      therapeutic modality for the treatment of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has
      attested to the popularity and efficacy of indigenous herbal therapies including
      CHM as a first line of treatment for some diseases including liver disorders.
      However, the WHO and drug discovery experts have always recommended that use of
      indigenous herbal remedies must go hand-in-hand with the requisite mechanistic
      elucidation so as to constitute a system of verification of efficacy within the
      ethnobotanical context of use. Although many CHM experts have advanced knowledge
      on CHM, nonetheless, more enlightenment is needed, particularly mechanisms of
      action of CHMs on fibro-hepato-carcinogenesis. We, herein, provide in-depth
      mechanisms of the action of CHMs which have demonstrated anti-fibro
      hepatocarcinogenic effects, in pre-clinical and clinical studies as published in
      PubMed and other major scientific databases. Specifically, the review brings out
      the important signaling pathways, and their downstream targets which are
      modulated at multi-level by various anti-fibro-hepatocarcinogenic CHMs. 

PMID- 27366358
TI  - Trends and challenges toward integration of traditional medicine in formal health
      care system: Historical perspectives and appraisal of education curricula in Sub
      Sahara Africa.
AB  - The population residing Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) continues to suffer from
      communicable health problems such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and various
      neglected tropical as well as non-communicable diseases. The disease burden is
      aggravated by shortage of medical personnel and medical supplies such as medical
      devices and minimal access to essential medicine. For long time, human beings
      through observation and practical experiences learned to use different plant
      species that led to the emergence of traditional medicine (TM) systems. The
      ancient Pharaonic Egyptian TM system is one of the oldest documented forms of TM
      practice in Africa and the pioneer of world's medical science. However, the
      medical practices diffused very fast to other continents being accelerated by
      advancement of technologies while leaving Africa lagging behind in the
      integration of the practice in formal health-care system. Challenging issues that
      drag back integration is the development of education curricula for training TM
      experts as the way of disseminating the traditional medical knowledge and
      practices imbedded in African culture. The few African countries such as Ghana
      managed to integrate TM products in the National Essential Medicine List while
      South Africa, Sierra Leone, and Tanzania have TM products being sold over the
      counters due to the availability of education training programs facilitated by
      research. This paper analyses the contribution of TM practice and products in
      modern medicine and gives recommendations that Africa should take in the
      integration process to safeguard the SSA population from disease burdens. 

PMID- 27366359
TI  - On the use of carnosine and antioxidants: A letter from Russia.

PMID- 27366360
TI  - Perioperative Temperature Monitoring and Patient Warming: A Survey Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hypothermia is defined as the decrease of core body temperature under
      36 degrees C. Hypothermia is observed at a rate of 50-90% in the perioperative
      period. In our study, we aimed to measure the perception of hypothermia in our
      country, to evaluate the measures taken by physicians to intercept hypothermia,
      to determine the frequency and the methods used to monitor body temperature and
      the techniques used in warming the patients. Another aim was to develop a
      guideline for preventing perioperative hypothermia. METHODS: The questionnaire
      consisted of 26 multiple-choice questions. The time needed to answer the
      questions was 8-10 minutes. RESULTS: Of the 1380 individuals, 312 (22.6%)
      answered the questions in the questionnaire. Of these, 148 (47.4%) declared they
      were working in university hospitals, 80 (25.6%) in training and research
      hospitals, 51 (16.4%) in government hospitals and 33 (10.6%) in various private
      hospitals. Of the 312 individuals, 134 (42.9%) were specialists, 107 (34.3%) were
      resident physicians, 71 (22.8%) were academics. In addition, 212 (67.9%) reported
      working in operating rooms, 49 (15.7%) in intensive care units and 42 (13.5%)
      both in operating rooms and intensive care units. In the answers, there was
      variation among the hospital types in applications of body temperature monitoring
      and warming the patient. Another finding was that the individuals had different
      approaches to the concepts on perioperative hypothermia and its consequences.
      CONCLUSION: The perceptions of physicians and the allied health personnel in
      government and private hospitals should be enhanced by informing them about the
      passive and active heating systems to prevent hypothermia. Although the situation
      in university and training and research hospitals seems to be better, defects are
      still observed in practice. Preparation of a national guideline for prevention of
      perioperative hypothermia is needed.

PMID- 27366361
TI  - A Comparison of the Effects of Esmolol and Dexmedetomidine on the Clinical Course
      and Cost for Controlled Hypotensive Anaesthesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of esmolol (beta-blocker) and dexmedetomidine
      (alpha-2-agonist) on patients' clinical course and cost of application of
      controlled hypotension during middle-ear surgery. METHODS: Fifty ASA I-II
      patients scheduled for tympanomastoidectomy were enrolled in the study and were
      randomized into two groups. Bispectral Index (BIS) and neuromuscular monitoring
      (TOF GUARD-SX) were applied to all patients. In group E (n=25), 0.5 mg kg(-1)
      min(-1) esmolol was infused over 1 min before induction and titrated over a range
      of 10-200 MUg kg(-1) min(-1); in group D (n=25), 0.5 MUg kg(-1) dexmedetomidine
      was infused over 10 minutes before induction, and then titrated over a range of
      0.2-0.7 MUg kg(-1) hr(-1) to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 55 and
      65 mmHg and BIS 40-50 after induction. In both groups, 0.25 MUg kg(-1) min(-1)
      remifentanil infusion was used for anaesthesia maintenance. Maintaining end-tidal
      CO2 (EtCO2) at 35-40, using 1 MAC sevoflurane in 50% O2-air mixture, mechanical
      ventilation was started. The effects of both agents on hemodynamic conditions
      [(heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP)], neuromuscular blockage [onset
      of action (OA), duration of clinical action (DCA), recovery index (RI)], amount
      of bleeding, surgeon satisfaction, and total dexmedetomidine and esmolol doses
      used during the intervention were recorded and costs were compared between the
      groups. RESULTS: No significant difference was present in hemodynamic conditions,
      bleeding scores or surgeon satisfaction between groups. Although OA was similar
      in both groups, DCA and RI were significantly higher in group D. Cost was
      significantly higher with esmolol than dexmedetomidine. CONCLUSION: We conclude
      that although both agents are feasible in inducing hypotensive anaesthesia, while
      neuromuscular block time prolonged by using dexmedetomidine, higher costs were
      observed with esmolol.

PMID- 27366362
TI  - Comparison of the Effects of Different Concentrations of Rocuronium on Injection
      Pain and Hemodynamics Using Isolated Forearm Technique.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate Visual-Analogue-Scale (VAS) scores, hand
      withdrawal, rash and skin eruptions after injections of different concentrations
      of rocuronium in intubation doses in alert patients using the isolated-forearm
      technique. METHODS: Eighty ASA I-II patients were included in a randomized,
      controlled, single-blinded study. Two 20 G cannulas were inserted into the dorsum
      of the left and right hand in each patient. A tourniquet was applied to the left
      arm and inflated to 50 mm Hg above the patient's systolic blood pressure. Group 1
      (n=20) received 2.5 mg mL(-1) rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl, Group 2 (n=20)
      received 5 mg mL(-1) rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl, Group 3 (n=20) received
      10 mg mL(-1) rocuronium and 0.4 mg mL(-1) lidocaine mixture, and Group 4 (n=20)
      received 10 mg mL(-1) rocuronium via a cannula on the left hand, provided that a
      dose of 0.6 mg mL(-1) were given to all groups of patients. VAS0-VAS60 values,
      hand-withdrawal, rash and skin eruptions were assessed in patients who were
      administered rocuronium but not under the effects of hypnotic or neuromuscular
      agents. Hemodynamic values were recorded both before and after the administration
      of hypnotic-neuromuscular agents. RESULTS: VAS0 values were significantly higher
      in Group 4 when compared to Groups 1, 2 and 3 (p=0.032). No significant
      difference was observed between VAS0 and VAS60 values in Groups 1, 2 and 3. In
      Group 4, VAS0 values were significantly higher than VAS60 values (p=0.003). No
      significant difference was observed between groups in terms of side effects and
      hemodynamic values. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we determined that using
      rocuronium diluted with 0.9% NaCl was more effective in preventing injection pain
      than using a rocuronium-lidocaine mixture.

PMID- 27366363
TI  - Assessment of the Ability of Anaesthetists to Locate the Internal Jugular Vein by
      the Anatomic Landmark Technique with Ultrasonography: Right or Left, Does it Make
      any Difference?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess senior and junior anaesthetists' ability to locate the right
      and left jugular vein (IJV) using the anatomic landmark technique. METHODS: A
      total of 45 anaesthetists were included in this study. Initially, a questionnaire
      assessing the experiences of the anaesthetists was completed. The anaesthetists
      were grouped into two groups, junior and senior. The anaesthetists, who were
      blind to the screen, were asked to point to the internal jugular vein bilaterally
      on the neck of a healthy volunteer using an ultrasound probe with the midpoint as
      an 'imaginary needle'. The success rates for locating the right and left IJV in
      both junior and senior groups were assessed separately. RESULTS: The success rate
      for locating the right IJV was 88% (n=26, 23/26) in the senior and 68.4% (n=19,
      13/19) in the junior group (p<0.001). The success rate for locating the left IJV
      was 69% (18/26) in the senior and 78% (15/19) in the junior group (p<0.001),
      while the difference in success rates for locating the right and left IJV in the
      senior group was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION:
      Both use of the anatomic landmark technique and experience increased the success
      rate. Especially in the less preferred left IJV catheterization, use of the
      anatomic landmark technique independent of the experience factor could increase
      the success rate.

PMID- 27366364
TI  - Comparison of Parasacral and Posterior Sciatic Nerve Blocks Combined with Lumbar
      Plexus Block.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of parasacral and
      posterior Winnie approaches when combined with the inguinal paravascular approach
      for lumbar plexus block. METHODS: After the approval of the Ethics Committee, 40
      patients scheduled to undergo arthroscopic knee surgery were enrolled. The
      patients were randomly assigned into two groups in a double-blind manner to
      perform sciatic nerve block either by the parasacral technique (Group I) or by
      the posterior approach (Group II). RESULTS: The obturator nerve motor block
      success rate was found to be 80% (16/20) in Group I, whereas it was 10% (2/20) in
      Group II (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Inguinal paravascular block with parasacral
      sciatic nerve block led to a much higher incidence of obturator nerve motor block
      when compared to the inguinal paravascular block with posterior sciatic nerve
      block during knee arthroscopies.

PMID- 27366365
TI  - Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section of Pregnant Women with Idiopathic
      Thrombocytopenic Purpura.
AB  - Women with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) may become pregnant, or the
      disease may occur for the first time during pregnancy. Thrombocytopenia is
      usually noticed in the first months of pregnancy and the platelet count is often
      quite low. In this case report, we described the anaesthetic method for caesarean
      section in a pregnant woman at 38 weeks of gestation with refractory ITP. 

PMID- 27366366
TI  - Anaesthesia for Caesarean Delivery in a Pregnant with Acute Type B Aortic
      Dissection.
AB  - About 50% of aortic dissections in women younger than 40 years occur during
      pregnancy; mostly in the 3rd trimesters and postpartum period. Aortic dissection
      in pregnancy creates a serious mortality risk for both mother and the foetus. The
      ultimate goal is to ensure the safety of both the mother and the foetus. In such
      cases, the best method of anaesthesia for caesarean delivery is still
      controversial. The first aim of anaesthetic management is to reduce the effect of
      cardiovascular instability on the dissected aorta. Here, we report the
      anaesthetic management of a 36 year-old pregnant woman who developed acute type B
      aortic dissection in the 30(th) gestational weeks and scheduled for caesarean
      section. Since hemodynamic stability could not be achieved despite nitro
      glycerine and esmolol infusions, together with invasive arterial monitoring, the
      decision for caesarean delivery was taken. A team of Cardiovascular Surgeons and
      an operating room were prepared because of the risks of aortic rupture and
      hemodynamic collapse during operation. Combined-spinal epidural anaesthesia was
      administered using 5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine and 20 MUg fentanyl given at the
      L3-4 spinal level in the side lying position. After achieving T4 sensory block
      level, the operation proceeded and a baby weighing 1432 grams was delivered in 4
      min with a median subumbilical incision. Epidural patient controlled analgesia
      was applied to the patient during follow-up with medical treatment at
      postoperative period. In pregnant women with acute Type B aortic dissection, if
      adequate sensory block level cannot be achieved despite using a combination of
      low dose local anaesthetic (spinal use) and opioids, we are in the opinion that
      combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia, which allows the use of additional doses
      can be a decent choice. 

PMID- 27366367
TI  - Awake Fibreoptic Intubation for Forearm Injury in a Patient with Occipito
      Cervical Fixator.
AB  - A 23-year-old male patient with occipitocervical fixator was scheduled for
      surgery due to injury to the right forearm. The patient's thyromental distance
      was 5 cm, mouth opening grade II, sternomental distance 10 cm and Mallampati
      score 4. Loss of extension and rotation movements of the head was assessed as
      difficult intubation criteria. Anaesthetic procedures are almost always difficult
      in patients with occipitocervical fixation; the limited cervical extension
      complicated both intubation and ventilation. In this report, application of
      general anaesthesia using awake fibreoptic bronchoscopic intubation (FOB) is
      described. After routine monitoring of vital signs and premedication,
      hypopharyngeal topical anaesthesia was accomplished by instilling 10% lidocaine
      spray twice via the appropriate nostril. Superior laryngeal nerve block was
      performed with local anaesthetic infiltration of tissues 1 cm below the greater
      horns of the hyoid bone. Lingual and pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal
      nerve were blocked. Transtracheal block was performed. Following completion of
      local anaesthesia, the patient was intubated using the awake FOB technique, on 5
      L min(-1) of 100% O2. After muscle relaxation, the patient underwent a
      microsurgical operation to repair eight tendons, one artery, and one nerve.
      Surgery lasted for 5 hours. When the extubation criteria were met, the patient
      was extubated. In cases of occipitocervical fixation, which causes severe
      limitation of neck movements, the use of awake fibreoptic intubation should be
      considered. 

PMID- 27366368
TI  - Anaesthetic Management of a Neonate with Giant Cystic Hygroma.
AB  - Cystic hygroma, which originates from embryonic lymphoid tissue, is a benign
      tumour without any potential for malignancy. It is commonly located in the neck
      area. Anaesthetic management of a large neck mass may be challenging due to
      difficulty in intubation and the severe haemodynamic effects of surgical removal
      of a giant tumour. Serious consequences such as sudden airway occlusion resulting
      in hypoventilation and hypoxemia may arise. We present the anaesthetic management
      of a 15-day-old infant who underwent surgical removal of a cystic hygroma located
      on the left side of the neck. Anaesthesia was induced by mask ventilation with
      sevoflurane in 100% oxygen and intubation was carried out while maintaining
      spontaneous ventilation. The endotracheal tube was sutured to the tip of the
      right lip to avoid movement or extubation. In addition to arterial cannulation
      for invasive blood pressure monitoring, central venous catheterization for
      perioperative fluid management was put in place. After 6 hours of surgery, the
      infant was transported to the neonatal intensive care unit and was extubated
      without difficulty the next day. Facial nerve injury was observed to be
      temporary. 

PMID- 27366369
TI  - The Turkish Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Society Guidelines for the prevention
      of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia.

PMID- 27366370
TI  - Can we Improve Outcome in High Risk Surgery?
AB  - Despite the small number of high-risk surgical patients in comparison to all
      surgical patients, they account for the largest proportion of overall
      perioperative mortality. Goal directed hemodynamic support may result in a lower
      incidence of complications and reduced length of hospital stay in these patients.
      Beyond the standard monitoring of circulation, such as blood pressure and heart
      rate, further parameters and procedures such as pulse pressure/stroke volume
      variation-, stroke volume/cardiac index-, and central venous oxygen saturation
      guided resuscitation may improve the outcome of high-risk surgical patients. The
      aim of this review is to focus on the results of animal and clinical studies
      investigating the usefulness of these indices in the context of goal-directed
      perioperative support. 

PMID- 27366371
TI  - Comparison of Dexmedetomidine and Midazolam in Sedation for Percutaneous Drainage
      of Hepatic Hydatid Cysts.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hydatid cyst still continues to be a public health problem. The basic
      treatment for the disease is surgery, but ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage
      has become an important treatment alternative. Agents preferred for sedation
      during drainage performed under local anaesthesia must also preserve respiration
      and hemodynamic stability while providing adequate sedation. We compared the
      sedative properties of midazolam, which has a short duration of action, and a
      selective alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist, dexmedetomidine, and the
      intraoperative complications. METHODS: After approval by the clinical trials
      ethics committee, 40 patients with similar demographic data were randomized into
      two groups. All patients received 10 mg metoclopramide and 45.5 mg pheniramine
      before the procedure. Then, midazolam (0.07 mg kg(-1) IV bolus followed by 0.01
      mg kg(-1) h(-1) infusion) was administered to Group 1, and dexmedetomidine (1 MUg
      kg(-1) loading dose in 10 minutes, followed by 0.2 MUg kg(-1) h(-1) continuous
      infusion) was administered to Group 2 for sedation. Just before the surgical
      procedure, all patients received IV propofol in a subhypnotic dose of 0.5 mg kg(
      1); the dose was repeated if adequate sedation could not be achieved. Observer's
      assessment of alertness/sedation (OAA/S) scale and Bispectral index (BIS) were
      used to evaluate the sedation level during the procedure. Heart rate (HR), mean
      arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral oxygen saturation
      (SpO2) and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (ETCO2) were monitored before and
      after induction and every 5 minutes thereafter. Propofol requirement was noted
      for each group. RESULTS: Sedation in the dexmedetomidine group was as effective
      and adequate as that observed in the midazolam group. BIS values were
      significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine group, especially after 10 minutes and
      thereafter. RR, SpO2, and ETCO2 were similar in both groups, whereas clinically
      insignificant decreases in HR and MAP were observed in the dexmedetomidine group.
      Propofol requirements were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: We conclude that
      dexmedetomidine, providing adequate sedation without respiratory depression, can
      be considered as an appropriate agent for sedation in surgical procedures
      performed under local anaesthesia.

PMID- 27366372
TI  - The Effect of Different End-tidal Desflurane Concentrations on Bispectral Index
      Values in Normal Children and Children with Cerebral Palsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of different
      intraoperative end-tidal desflurane concentrations on bispectral index (BIS)
      values in normal children and children with cerebral palsy. METHODS: Twenty
      normal children (Group N) and 20 children with non-communicative/nonverbal
      cerebral palsy (Group CP), between 2 and 15 years of age, undergoing elective
      orthopaedic surgery were included in the study. Following premedication with
      midazolam, anaesthesia was induced by infusing 1% propofol at a rate of 200 mL
      hr(-1) until BIS reached 50. Heart rate, blood pressure and BIS values were
      recorded before and after the induction of anaesthesia, at steady-state end-tidal
      concentrations of 4% and 6% desflurane, and after emergence from anaesthesia. A p
      value <0.05 was considered significant in the statistical analyses, including
      Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-test, paired samples t-test and chi-square test. RESULTS:
      The time to extubation and eye opening after discontinuation of anaesthesia was
      longer in Group CP. BIS values before the induction of anaesthesia, at a steady
      state end-tidal desflurane concentration of 4% and after emergence from the
      anaesthetic were significantly lower in Group CP. At a steady-state end-tidal
      desflurane concentration of 6%, BIS values were slightly lower in Group CP but
      this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Based on the data
      obtained, we concluded that BIS monitoring in children with cerebral palsy can be
      useful in terms of decreasing adverse effects and drug interactions due to
      multiple drug usage by reducing the use of anaesthetic agents and improving
      emergence from the anaesthetic.

PMID- 27366373
TI  - Comparison of the Effects of Remifentanil and Dexmedetomidine Infusions on
      Hemodynamic Parameters and Thyroid Hormones.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compared the effects of remifentanil and
      dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic parameters, inhalation agent consumption and
      thyroid hormone levels at the late postoperative period. METHODS: Forty-five
      euthyroid ASA I-II patients between 20 and 75 years of age were randomly assigned
      into three groups: During induction, Group R received 1.0 mcg kg(-1) remifentanil
      as slow bolus in two minutes,Group D received 1.0 mcg kg(-1) dexmedetomidine in
      10 minutes as infusion,Group C received 1.0 mcg kg(-1) fentanyl as bolus.
      Afterwards, all patients received 2.0 mg kg(-1) propofol and 0.2 mg kg(-1)
      cisatracurium for induction.For anaesthesia maintenance during and up to 15
      minutes before the end of the surgery; Group R received 0.05 mcg kg(-1) min(-1)
      remifentanil,Group D received 0.5 mcg kg(-1) h(-1) dexmedetomidine
      infusion.During the surgery, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and end-tidal
      sevoflurane concentrations were recorded for every patient. Venous blood samples
      were taken after the operation, at postoperative 24(th) hour and postoperative
      5(th) day and the variations in fT3, fT4, TSH levels were analyzed. RESULTS: Mean
      arterial pressure values and sevoflurane consumption were lower in Group R and
      Group D in comparison with the control group. In comparison between groups, the
      decrease in fT3 values at postoperative 24(th) hour was more significant in the
      control group than the other two groups. CONCLUSION: We suggest that, both agents
      suppress the hemodynamic response, decrease the consumption of inhalation agents
      and cause less change in the levels of thyroid hormones, which can be considered
      as one of the indicators of endocrine response.

PMID- 27366374
TI  - The Effects of Bispectral Index and Neuromuscular Blockade Monitoring on the
      Depth of Anaesthesia and Recovery in Cardiac Patients Under Desflurane
      Anaesthesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of bispectral index
      (BIS) and neuromuscular blockade monitoring on the depth of anaesthesia and
      recovery in cardiac patients, scheduled to undergo open cholecystectomy operation
      with desflurane anaesthesia. METHODS: After the approval of the Ethics Committee
      and consent from the patients, patients were randomly divided into two groups.
      All patients received standard induction drugs, and 4-6% desflurane was used for
      maintenance of anaesthesia. In Group I, the anaesthesiologist was blind to BIS,
      and end-tidal volatile agent concentration (ETVAC) of desflurane was titrated
      according to the patients' hemodynamic changes. In Group II, ETVAC of desflurane
      was titrated to maintain BIS at 50-60. The hemodynamic data, BIS values, end
      tidal volatile agent concentration (ETVAC) and train of four (TOF) values were
      recorded at pre-induction, post-induction, post-intubation, 1st and 5th minutes
      after surgical incision and then every 15 min. At the end of the operation,
      extubation time and the time to reach an Aldrete recovery score >=9 were recorded
      in each group. Additionally, neuromuscular agent and narcotic agent doses were
      recorded. RESULTS: The BIS values were lower for Group I in all times, except pre
      and post-induction times (p<0.05). ETVAC values of all times were lower for
      Group II (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The requirement of volatile agent, which was given
      according to BIS monitoring, was lower than in the standard technique, but it is
      considered not to affect the early extubation, recovery and neuromuscular agent
      requirement dependent on TOF monitoring.

PMID- 27366375
TI  - Evaluation of Early Warning Scoring System and Nursing Guide Application in Post
      Anaesthesia Care Unit.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of nursing guide application developed for the
      present study and to evaluate the Early Warning Scoring System (EWSS) in post
      anaesthesia care unit (PACU). METHODS: The study was carried out as a randomised
      controlled experimental study. The study sample comprised of 123 adult patients
      having thoracic and abdominal surgery between January 2011 and April 2011 in the
      Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Department of a training and research hospital.
      Patients were randomised during the pre-operative period; the patients who were
      followed-up according to the EWSS and a nursing guide constituted the study group
      (SG=63) and the patients whose EWSS score was calculated but routine follow-up in
      PACU was not intervened constituted the control group (CG=60). RESULTS: During
      the PACU, complications developed in in 34.92% of SG patients and in 30.00% of CG
      patients. Of the SG patients, 95.45% developing complications and of the CG
      patients, 22.22% developing complications were treated in the first 10 minutes,
      and it was determined that in 61.12% of CG patients, complications were not
      treated. There was a significant difference between the SG and CG patients in
      terms of treatment duration against complications (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The EWSS
      and nurse's guide provides early determination and treatment of patients
      developing complications. Thus, it is recommended to use the EWSS and a nursing
      guide in PACU.

PMID- 27366376
TI  - Monitoring Cardiac Output and Transesophageal Echocardiography during Removal of
      a Ventricular Assist Device.
AB  - A ventricular assist device (VAD) is a mechanical pump used to support heart
      function and blood flow in patients with poor heart functions. For selected
      patients who are too ill to wait for a heart transplant or are not eligible for a
      heart transplant because of age or other medical problems, ventricular assist
      devices offer life-saving therapy. This device has also become a life-saving
      approach for patients with acute viral myocarditis. Following the acute illness
      phase, when heart function has improved, the VAD is carefully removed. It is very
      important to continuously monitor myocardial functions during this period. In
      this paper, we present a patient who underwent cardiac output and transesophageal
      echocardiography monitoring during VAD removal. 

PMID- 27366377
TI  - Anticholinergic Toxic Syndrome Caused by Atropa Belladonna Fruit (Deadly
      Nightshade): A Case Report.
AB  - Atropa Belladonna poisoning may lead to anticholinergic syndrome. Ingestion of
      high amounts of the plant may cause lethargy, coma, and even a serious clinical
      picture leading to death. In this case report, we aimed to present a case with
      anticholinergic syndrome that developed after ingestion of the fruit called
      "Deadly Nightshade" in our country. 

PMID- 27366378
TI  - The role of cultural interaction in Tianeptine Abuse and Different Tianeptine
      Application Methods.
AB  - Tianeptine is a selective serotonin reuptake enhancer, possessing strong
      antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. Its relative lack of sedative,
      anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects makes it a highly tolerable
      substance of abuse. However, physical dependence quickly develops and withdrawal
      symptoms are common. Abusers in Georgia and Armenia use tianeptine by intravenous
      injection. Drug abusing behaviour usually starts during puberty, since it stems
      from psychological, social and cultural circumstances. Sociodemographic studies
      show that drug abusing behaviour in Turkey varies according to region and
      substance. This paper investigates differences between Georgian foreigners and
      the local population in the eastern Black Sea region in terms of tianeptine abuse
      and discusses complications resulting from intravenous injection of tiapentine. 

PMID- 27366379
TI  - Submental Orotracheal Intubation in Maxillofacial Fracture Surgery: Report of Two
      Cases.
AB  - Two patients, aged 18 and 28 years, with maxillofacial trauma due to motor
      vehicle accident, were operated upon by a team of plastic surgeons. In this
      report we aimed to present our experience with submental intubation procedure in
      these cases, in which orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation was impossible due
      to panfacial fracture. 

PMID- 27366380
TI  - Teaching Our Students, Our Residents and Ourselves.
AB  - Even though postgraduate medical education has been the focus of interest in
      anaesthesiology education, in a broader sense the entire medical community can be
      considered appropriate learners of anaesthesiology. Anaesthesiologists are
      equipped to teach physiology, pharmacology, resuscitation, pain management,
      perioperative assessment, and medical technology. For residency training, an
      approach based on competencies, skills and professionalism should be used instead
      of the traditional "apprenticeship" model. When teaching ourselves as qualified
      anaesthesiologists, areas of continuing professional development, academic career
      training and continuing medical education should be taken into account. Whereas
      the responsibility for undergraduate medical education rests with university
      medical schools, postgraduate medical education is carried out by universities
      and/or the national health authorities/services. Establishment of partnerships
      between health-care services and universities should be central to the provision
      of postgraduate education so as not to dissociate various stages of education.
      When determining educational strategies, institutional preferences, target
      populations and their learning styles should be taken into account. To this end,
      especially for high risk situations simulation-based approaches, scenarios,
      standardized patients, research, mentoring, journal clubs, seminars, lectures,
      case discussions, bed-side discussions, courses, games and portfolios have been
      and are being used widely. Departments of anaesthesiology should establish and
      maintain a strong presence in undergraduate medical education. Besides being good
      clinicians, anaesthesiologists should understand all aspects of education and
      educational outcome in order to better teach students, residents and themselves.
      Quality of education and the teaching environment should continually be evaluated
      within the context of quality assurance. 

PMID- 27366381
TI  - Comparison of Different Induction Doses of Rocuronium and Vecuronium in
      Neuroanaesthesia Practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of use of rocuronium and vecuronium in
      different dose regimens in neuroanaesthesia practice in terms of intubation time
      and first additional dose requirement. METHODS: Sixty-eight neurosurgery patients
      with intracranial mass that were operated on were included in our study. Patients
      were randomly divided into 4 groups according to the induction dose of
      neuromuscular blocker (NMB) as: Group 1: Vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1), Group 2:
      Priming, 20% of total vecuronium (0.1 mg kg(-1)) needed for induction injected 5
      minutes before induction and then the rest used for induction, Group 3:
      Rocuronium group: 0.6 mg kg(-1), Group 4: Rocuronium with rapid-sequence
      induction dose (RSID) (1.2 mg kg(-1)). TOF (Train of four) test was used to
      decide on intubation and an additional NMB dose during surgery. Intubation
      quality, time from induction to intubation, time until the first additional NMB
      dose and subsequent NMB dose intervals were recorded. RESULTS: The RSID of
      rocuronium provided a significantly shorter time period for intubation against
      the other groups. Also, the time period from induction to first additional NMB
      requirement was significantly longer in the RSID group than the others. There
      were no statistically significant differences between the groups' in terms of
      time period for monitorisation, positioning and start of surgery. CONCLUSION:
      With the use of RSID of rocuronium, it was seen that excellent intubation quality
      is provided at around 1 minute and, with its longer duration of action until a
      first additional dose, it covers the time period for monitorisation, positioning
      and start of surgery. Because of these effects, we think that RSID of rocuronium
      may be a better choice of dose regimen for neuroanaesthesia practice.

PMID- 27366382
TI  - Effects of Ketamine-Propofol Mixture on Intraocular Pressure and Haemodynamics in
      Elderly Patients: A Randomised Double-Blind Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a ketamine
      propofol mixture (ketofol) and propofol on intraocular pressure (IOP) and
      haemodynamics in elderly patients during anaesthetic management at each repeated
      measurement times. METHODS: Forty elderly ASA I and II patients were divided into
      two random groups and received either propofol (1.5 mg kg(-1); group P, n=20) or
      ketofol (1:1 single syringe mixture of 5 mg mL(-1) ketamine and 5 mg mL(-1)
      propofol; group KP, n=20). A proseal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) was inserted 60
      seconds after induction of anaesthesia. IOP, systolic blood pressure (SBP),
      diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) values were recorded at
      preinduction (t0), immediately following induction (t1), and at 1 (t2), 3 (t3),
      and 5 (t4) minutes after induction. Haemodynamic complications and the need for
      ephedrine were also recorded. RESULTS: Patient characteristics at the beginning
      of the procedure were similar between the groups. SBP and HR were significantly
      increased in group KP compared to group P at t1 and t4 (p=0.044). Induction of
      both anaesthetic agents significantly decreased the IOP values from the t0
      (p=0.026). A significant decrease in IOP was found at t1 and t4 in group P
      compared to group KP (p=0.018). The total dose of ephedrine was statistically
      different in group P (p=0.034). CONCLUSION: Ketofol can be an alternative agent
      to provide haemodynamic stability with a moderate decrease in IOP during
      anaesthesia induction in elderly patients.

PMID- 27366383
TI  - Evaluation of a Multimodal Approach to Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing
      Flank Incision in the Urology Operating Room.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated subcutaneous (sc) morphine in combination
      with multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control after radical
      nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision. METHODS: Forty-nine patients
      under The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification
      (ASA) I-III aged 18-85 years undergoing radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with
      flank incision were included in this prospective, randomised study. The patients
      were divided into two groups (Group O [n=25] and Group M [n=24]) and received
      standard general anaesthesia. Tramadol (100 mg) and paracetamol (100 mg) were
      given intravenously before fascia closure and 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine was
      injected locally at surgical incisions in all patients. Patients in Group M also
      received 0.1 mg kg(-1) morphine subcutaneously. Patient-controlled analgesia
      (PCA) with tramadol was used for postoperative pain control in both groups.
      Postoperative pain scores (VAS), vital parameters, side effects, the need for
      rescue analgesia during 24 hours postoperatively, and patient satisfaction were
      recorded. RESULTS: Groups were comparable with respect to demographic data, ASA
      status, and duration of surgery. There were no significant differences between
      the groups in postoperative PCA tramadol consumption, rescue analgesia, side
      effects, or vital parameters. Postoperative pain scores (VAS) in Group M were
      significantly lower at 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes compared to Group O (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank
      incision, subcutaneous morphine in combination with multimodal analgesia
      decreases early postoperative pain scores compared to multimodal analgesia alone.

PMID- 27366384
TI  - Comparison of Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Combined Spinal Epidural
      Anaesthesia in Either the Sitting or Lateral Position During Elective Cesarean
      Section.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to demonstrate which position would be hemodynamically
      and technically better by comparing the effects of combined spinal epidural (CSE)
      in the sitting or lateral decubitus position for elective cesarean deliveries on
      maternal and neonatal parameters and ephedrine requirement. METHODS: Sixty
      parturients were randomly assigned into two groups to perform CSE in the sitting
      (Group I, n=30) or right lateral decubitus position (Group II, n=30) using
      hyperbaric 10 mg bupivacaine and 20 MUg fentanyl. Mean arterial pressure (MAP),
      heart rate (HR), and characteristics of sensory and motor block were recorded
      from intrathecal drug administration until the end of surgery. Ephedrine and
      1(st) analgesic requirement, number of attempts to perform CSE, incidence of
      paresthesia during spinal needle insertion, and Apgar scores were recorded.
      RESULTS: Ephedrine requirements and HR changes were similar in both groups.
      However, MAP values at 45 min in Group II were significantly less than in Group
      I. Maximum sensory block levels in Group II were significantly higher than in
      Group I. Despite similar motor block recovery times in both groups, regression
      times of sensory block and 1st analgesic requirement in Group II were
      significantly longer than in Group I. Incidence of paresthesia due to spinal
      needle (3.3% versus 20% in Groups I and II, respectively) and number of attempts
      to perform CSE (26.7% versus 60% in Groups I and II, respectively) were
      significantly higher in Group II. Apgar scores were similar in both groups.
      CONCLUSION: Performing CSE in the sitting position would be safer and easier
      because higher and earlier onset of sensory block, and a greater number attempts
      at epidural insertion and paresthesia develop to spinal needle insertion in the
      right lateral position.

PMID- 27366385
TI  - Effects of Metastasis on Pain Treatment in Patients with Cancer-Related Pain: A
      Retrospective Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the presence
      of metastases on pain treatment in patients with cancer-related pain. METHODS: Of
      the 1736 patients who were treated in Firat University, Faculty of Medicine,
      Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Algology Section, for cancer
      related pain between January 1997 and December 2010, 1467 with complete medical
      records were evaluated. Patients were grouped as having no metastasis (Group I),
      a single organ metastasis (Group II), or multiple organ metastasis (Group III).
      RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups with regard to age. Visual
      Analog Pain (VAS) scores at admission were higher in Group III compared to the
      other groups, and significantly higher in Group I than in Group II. Analgesic
      ladder treatment was given to 85.5% of patients, and 14.5% were treated using
      additional minimally invasive analgesic intervention (MIAI) methods. In Group II
      and Group III, the rates of treatment in Step I and II were lower compared to
      Group I, while the rates of treatment in Step III were higher. Implementation of
      MIAI was higher in Group III than in the other groups, and higher in Group II
      than in Group I. CONCLUSION: The presence of metastases causes more severe pain,
      which becomes more difficult to treat, and increases the analgesia step and the
      consumption of opioids in patients with cancer-related pain.

PMID- 27366386
TI  - Ultrasound-Guided Bilateral Greater Occipital Nerve Block for the Treatment of
      Postdural Puncture Headache.
AB  - Treatment of postdural puncture headaches involves oral or intravenous (IV) fluid
      or caffeine-containing analgesics, micro-catheterization of spinal space,
      epidural administration of blood obtained from the patient, or epidural blood
      patch and fiberoptic imaging-guided epidural interventional techniques. Epidural
      blood patch is, to date, the most effective treatment, but it is an invasive
      procedure that may result in serious complications. Spinal anaesthesia was
      planned for a 22 year old male patient diagnosed with inguinal hernia and for a
      42 year old female patient diagnosed with venous stasis. On the first post
      operative day, the patients with a postdural puncture headache received
      conservative medical treatment. As medical treatment was ineffective, they
      received ultrasound-guided greater bilateral occipital nerve block. In this case
      report, the effect of the ultrasound-guided bilateral greater occipital nerve
      block on postdural puncture headache is discussed. 

PMID- 27366387
TI  - Total Spinal Block after Thoracic Paravertebral Block.
AB  - Thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) can be performed with or without general
      anaesthesia for various surgical procedures. TPVB is a popular anaesthetic
      technique due to its low side effect profile and high analgesic potency. We used
      20 mL of 0.5% levobupivacaine for a single injection of unilateral TPVB at the T7
      level with neurostimulator in a 63 year old patient with co-morbid disease who
      underwent cholecystectomy. Following the application patient lost consciousness,
      and was intubated. Haemodynamic instability was normalised with rapid volume
      replacement and vasopressors. Anaesthetic drugs were stopped at the end of the
      surgery and muscle relaxant was antagonised. Return of mucle strenght was shown
      with neuromuscular block monitoring. Approximately three hours after TPVB,
      spontaneous breathing started and consciousness returned. A total spinal block is
      a rare and life-threatening complication. A total spinal block is a complication
      of spinal anaesthesia, and it can also occur after peripheral blocks. Clinical
      presentation is characterised by hypotension, bradicardia, apnea, and cardiac
      arrest. An early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is life saving. In this case
      report, we want to present total spinal block after TPVB. 

PMID- 27366388
TI  - Diphenylhydantoin Induced DRESS Syndrome: A Case Report.
AB  - Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms" (DRESS) syndrome is a severe
      adverse drug reaction. The drugs most often implicated are anti-convulsants,
      bupropion, sulfonamides, sulfasalazine, allopurinol, minocycline, abacavir and
      neviparine. There are also immune and infectious causes that can lead to DRESS
      syndrome. A 70-year-old female patient had undergone endovascular coil
      embolization for intracranial aneurysm and experienced a generalised seizure
      postoperatively. She had been given diphenylhidantoin (DPH). Six days after DPH
      therapy, the patient had complained of widespread skin rash. Although DPH was
      replaced with levetiracetam afterwards, the skin rash deteriorated, causing
      facial oedema and swelling of the tongue. She had severe facial oedema with
      swelling of the tongue, causing disturbance of breathing. On the second day in
      the critical care unit, the patient's breathing deteriorated, leading
      successively to intubation and mechanical ventilation. The patient's rash was
      still persistent and the results of a punch biopsy taken from the lesions
      revealed superficial perivascular dermatitis involving spongiotic eosinophils
      compatible with spongiotic drug eruption. As a result, it is important to realise
      that medications we use can be the cause of a range of reactions ranging from
      simple rash to life threatening syndromes. 

PMID- 27366389
TI  - Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in an Eclamptic Patient After
      Cardiac Arrest; Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - Posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES) is a disorder characterized by
      hypertension, headache, seizures and visual impairment. Causes of PRES include;
      severe hypertension, pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, sepsis, history of renal and
      autoimmune diseases and use of immunosuppressive or cytotoxic agents. Diagnosis
      of the syndrome can be difficult. For this reason clinical and radiological
      findings should be evaluated together. In this report, a 19-year old, 32 week
      pregnant eclamptic woman, who had been diagnosed with PRES, is presented with a
      discussion of the relevant literature. 

PMID- 27366390
TI  - Aortic and Venous Cannulation in Coronary Surgery.

PMID- 27366391
TI  - Complication of Interscalene Block: "Subdural Block".

PMID- 27366393
TI  - Survey on Postoperative Hypothermia Incidence In Operating Theatres of Kocaeli
      University.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hypothermia is a common problem in anaesthetized patients and an
      important risk factor for mortality and morbidity. Our aim was to identify the
      incidence of hypothermia in our operating theatres. We also aimed to find the
      circumstances to which hypothermia could be related. METHODS: After obtaining the
      ethics committee approval and informed patient consent, patients with operation
      times longer than 30 minutes were included into the study for a one month period.
      Demographical data of the patients, type and duration of surgeries, temperatures
      measured pre and postoperatively from the tympanic membrane with an infrared
      thermometer were recorded. Temperatures below 35 degrees C were accepted as
      hypothermia. RESULTS: A total number of 564 patients were enrolled to the study
      (305 women and 259 men). The ages of patients varied from 1 month to 84 years
      (mean 38.5+/-20.7). Hypothermia incidence was calculated as 45.7%. When the
      factors related to hypothermia were considered, age, type and duration of surgery
      and amount of fluids administered were found to be significant contributors to
      the development of hypothermia (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Postoperative hypothermia is
      a common problem in our clinic. Therefore, we suggest that temperature monitoring
      and patient warming should be a routine procedure during anaesthesia management.

PMID- 27366394
TI  - Effect of Anaesthesia Methods for Regaining Daily Life Activities in Cesarean
      Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Postpartum period is physically, socially and emotionally a difficult
      time for the parents and the baby to become a family. We tried to investigate how
      the anaesthesia method affects patients who underwent cesarean delivery, as a
      factor which also affects this period. METHODS: Two hundred and six parturients,
      who underwent elective cesarean delivery in Celal Bayar University Hafsa Sultan
      Hospital were recruited for our study. After demographic data and anaesthesia
      methods were noted, an EQ-5D health survey and Katz ADL scale were evaluated face
      to face 24 hours postoperatively, and by telephone on the 5th postoperative day.
      RESULTS: The percentage of patients who had general anaesthesia was 35.2% (n=71),
      while 19.8% (n=40) had epidural anaesthesia and 45% (n=91) had spinal
      anaesthesia. Among -these three methods, the EQ-5D health survey revealed that
      the outcome at postoperative 24 hours was best in epidural anaesthesia and that
      general anaesthesia outcome was the worst (p=0.007). The Katz ADL scale at
      postoperative 24. hours showed that epidural anaesthesia was better than the
      other methods for regaining daily life activities (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study
      showed that epidural anaesthesia had the most effective role among the methods in
      regaining daily life activities after elective cesarean delivery, which was
      demonstrated using the EQ-5D health survey and Katz ADL scale.

PMID- 27366392
TI  - Perioperative Haemodynamic Optimisation.
AB  - During the latest years, a number of studies have confirmed the benefits of
      perioperative haemodynamic optimisation on surgical mortality and postoperative
      complication rate. This process requires the use of advanced haemodynamic
      monitoring with the purpose of guiding therapies to reach predefined goals. This
      review aim to present recent evidence on perioperative goal directed therapy
      (GDT), with an emphasis in some aspects that may merit further investigation. In
      order to maximise the benefits on outcomes, GDT must be implemented as early as
      possible; intravascular volume optimisation should be in accordance with the
      response of the preload-reserve, goals should be individualised and adequacy of
      the intervention must be also assessed; non-invasive or minimally invasive
      monitoring should be used and, finally, side effects of every therapy should be
      taken into account in order to avoid undesired complications. New drugs and
      technologies, particularly those exploring the venous side of the circulation,
      may improve in the future the effectiveness and facilitate the implementation of
      this group of therapeutic interventions. 

PMID- 27366395
TI  - Post-Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Pain: Effects of Preincisional Infiltration and
      Intraperitoneal Levobupivacaine 0.25% on Pain Control-a Randomized Prospective
      Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic
      efficacy of preincisional and intraperitoneal levobupivacaine or normal saline in
      patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Sixty patients who
      participated in the study were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 received
      intraperitoneal levobupivacaine (0.25% 40 mL) immediately after the
      pneumoperitoneum. Group 2 received periportal levobupivacaine (0.25% 5 mL in each
      trochar incision area) before incision and intraperitoneal levobupivacaine (0.25%
      40 mL) immediately after the pneumoperitoneum. Group 3 received for periportal
      and intraperitoneal instillation of normal saline. The visual analog scale (VAS)
      at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours for both shoulder and abdominal pain were
      recorded. Analgesia requirements and incidence of nausea and vomiting were also
      recorded. RESULTS: There were no difference between the groups for demographic
      data. The pain scores were lower in Groups 1 and 2 than Group 3 (control) during
      rest, cough and movement (p<0.05). Rescue analgesic treatment was significantly
      lower in patients of Group 2 (15%) as compared with that of Groups 1 (35%) and 3
      (90%) (p<0.05). The incidence of shoulder pain was significantly lower in Group 2
      (25%) and Group 1 (20%) than in any of the control group patients (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The results indicated that 0.25% levobupivacaine was effective in
      preventing pain and the need for postoperative analgesic when intraperitoneal
      instillation or preincisional local infiltration in combination with
      intraperitoneal instillation. However, levobupivacaine for preincisional local
      infiltration in combination with intraperitoneal instillation is the better
      choice because of its higher efficacy.

PMID- 27366396
TI  - Effects of Esmolol on the Prevention of Haemodynamic Responses to Tracheal
      Extubation after Craniotomy Operations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of esmolol infusion
      on the prevention of haemodynamic responses to tracheal extubation in patients
      undergoing elective craniotomy. METHODS: With approval from the Medical School
      Ethics Committee at Marmara University and the patients' written consent, 30
      patients between 20-65 years of age undergoing elective craniotomy were randomly
      placed in either the Group Esmolol (n=15) or the Group Control (n=15).
      Anaesthesia was induced with 5-7 mg kg(-1) thiopental sodium, 1 MUg kg(-1)
      remifentanil, and 0.1 mg kg(-1) vecuronium bromide iv, and was maintained with 1
      MAC sevoflurane in oxygen-air mixture (50:50) and 0.25 MUg kg(-1) min(-1)
      remifentanil infusion. At the end of the operation, patients inhaled 100% oxygen
      after the discontinuation of the anaesthetic agents. For Group Esmolol, 5 min
      before extubation 2 mg kg(-1) esmolol in 50 mL was infused over 10 min (0.2 MUg
      kg(-1) min(-1)), while for Group Control, 50 mL saline was infused over 10 min.
      The quality of extubation was evaluated with a 5 point scale, recording heat
      rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures before infusion, 1 min
      after infusion, during extubation, and at 1, 3, 5, and 10 min after extubation.
      RESULTS: In the esmolol group, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures,
      as well as heart rate, decreased significantly after esmolol infusion and were
      significantly lower than in the control group after extubation (p<0.05). The
      ratio of patients with an extubation score of one was significantly higher in the
      esmolol group than in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We concluded that 2
      mg kg(-1) esmolol infusion before extubation can prevent hypertension and
      tachycardia caused by extubation in patients undergoing elective craniotomy.

PMID- 27366397
TI  - The Comparison of Automatic Tube Compensation (ATC) and T-piece During Weaning.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Automatic Tube Compensation (ATC) is a newly developed mechanical
      ventilatory support method. The aim of this study was to compare the ATC and the
      T-piece as a weaning method. METHODS: Patients who were treated in ICU with
      mechanical ventilation for longer than 24 hours were included in this prospective
      clinical study. Fifty patients were divided into two groups for weaning, ATC or T
      piece group. Patients tolerating 30 minutes spontaneous breathing trial underwent
      immediate extubation. The following parameters were recorded just before the
      spontaneous breathing trial and every 5 minutes during the 30 minute period;
      PEEP, Pplt, Pmean, FiO2, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood
      pressure, respiratory rate, SaO2, ETCO2. The primary outcome of the study was
      successful extubation defined as the ability to maintain spontaneous breathing
      for 48 hours after extubation. RESULTS: The mean duration of weaning were 4.96
      days and 7.42 days in the ATC and T-piece groups, respectively (p value 0.022).
      There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the
      hemodynamic parameters, mechanical ventilation and gas exchange parameters.
      CONCLUSION: In terms of success for weaning, there was no superiority between the
      ATC and the T-Piece methods for spontaneous breathing and it was concluded that
      each of the methods can be used for weaning. The ATC group were compared in terms
      of successful weaning period but have shown no significant periods of time were
      found to be lower.

PMID- 27366398
TI  - Wernicke's Encephalopathy After Longterm Feeding with Parenteral Nutrition.
AB  - Wernicke's encephalopathy occurs due to thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency which is
      characterized by occulomotor dysfunction, confusion and ataxia. Although it is
      most common with alcoholism, can also be seen due to hyperemesis caused by
      chemotherapy, Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal system surgery, AIDS, bariatric
      surgery and longterm feeding with parenteral nutrition. In this case, a 51-year
      old woman who was treated with longterm total parenteral nutrition due to
      hyperemesis and had the diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy after admission to
      the intensive care unit is presented. 

PMID- 27366399
TI  - Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
AB  - Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute disease characterised by symmetrical
      muscle weakness, loss of sensation and reflex. There is usually a viral infection
      at the beginning of the disease. Here, we report a GBS case which did not respond
      to any treatment strategy at first and was diagnosed as Human Immunodeficiency
      Virus positive (HIV+) during the search for the aetiology. A 32-year-old male
      patient who presented to a medical centre with symptoms of gait disturbance and
      arm and leg numbness was found to have albuminocytologic dissociation upon
      cerebrospinal fluid examination. After the diagnosis of GBS, immunoglobulin G
      (IVIG) therapy (400 mg kg(-1) day(-1) 5 days) was started as a standard therapy.
      This therapy was repeated due to a lack of improvement of symptoms. During this
      therapy, the patient was sent to our clinic with symptoms of respiratory failure
      and tetraplegia. He was conscious, cooperative, haemodynamically stable and his
      arterial blood gas analyses were: pH: 7.28, PaO2: 74.4 mmHg, PCO2: 63.8 mmHg. He
      was intubated, mechanically ventilated and underwent plasmapheresis. After the
      investigation of aetiology, HIV(+), CD4/CD8: 0.17, absolute CD4: 71 cells mL(-1)
      were detected and antiretroviral therapy was started. The patient died from
      multiple organ failure due to sepsis on day 35. In conclusion, HIV infection
      should be kept in mind in GBS patients, especially those not responding to
      routine treatment. As a result, not only could the patient receive early and
      adequate treatment, but also HIV infection transmission would be avoided. 

PMID- 27366400
TI  - Anaesthetic Management of a Child with Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy.
AB  - Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies are a group of disorders with wide genetic and
      clinical heterogeneity. These disorders may lead to an increase in life
      threatening complications related to surgery and anaesthesia. In this case, the
      anaesthetic management of a child with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy is
      presented. 

PMID- 27366401
TI  - Does Low Dose Lidocaine Cause Convulsions?
AB  - In anaesthesiology practice, lidocaine is commonly used for local and regional
      anaesthesia as well as to decrease haemodynamic response to intubation. Lidocain
      usage within the safe dose range is suggested and in case of overdose; systemic
      intoxication, central nervous system and cardiovascular system toxicity may
      occur. Convulsions, cardiac collapse and coma are reported in relation to
      overdoses of lidocain. In this report; the convulsion event, which occurred after
      injection of intravenous 1 mg kg(-1) 1% lidocaine to inhibit intubation-related
      hemodynamic side effects in patients scheduled for vitrectomy under general
      anaesthesia due to retinal detachment, is presented. 

PMID- 27366402
TI  - Comparison Parasacral and Posterior Sciatic Nerve Blocks Combined Anterior Lumbar
      Plexus Block.

PMID- 27366403
TI  - Factors Affecting Tissue Oxygenation in Erythrocyte Transfusions.
AB  - Red blood cell transfusions are used to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of
      blood in anemic states. But, because of the changes during storage of blood
      components and the specifics of preparation, erythrocytes may have controversial
      effects on tissue oxygenation and microcirculation. Also, the patient situation
      may play a role in the differing responses in oxygenation and microcirculation.
      In this review, the studies concerning the effects of banked blood and patient
      characteristics on microcirculation and tissue oxygenation are summarized. 

PMID- 27366404
TI  - The Effect of BIS Usage on Anaesthetic Agent Consumption, Haemodynamics and
      Recovery Time in Supratentorial Mass Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to compare Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring
      with the conventional anaesthesia approach based on haemodynamic changes in terms
      of anaesthetic agent consumption, haemodynamic recordings, recovery time and
      cost. METHODS: This study was performed in 82 patients, aged 20 to 60 years, who
      were operated for supratentorial mass and were graded ASA I or II. Cases were
      randomly divided into two equal groups. In the standard control group
      haemodynamic parameters were used to determine depth of anaesthesia and in the
      BIS group, BIS monitoring was applied. In the BIS group the BIS values were kept
      between 40 and 60; in the control group haemodynamic changes within the range of
      +/-20% of initial values were controlled using appropriate anaesthetic practice.
      Haemodynamic parameters, awakening conditions and drug usage were recorded.
      RESULTS: The difference between the two groups in terms of timing of eye opening
      and initial spontaneous breath was not statistically significant. The 'Aldrete'
      score at the 20(th) postoperative minute for the BIS group was significantly
      higher than the score calculated for the control group (p<0.05). Rocuronium
      consumption (mg kg(-1) hr(-1)) was significantly lower in the BIS group than the
      control group (p<0.05). Although a statistically significant difference (p<0.05)
      was found between the two groups in terms of initial heart rate and SpO2 values,
      there was no clinically significant difference in other haemodynamic parameters.
      CONCLUSION: Although using BIS monitoring to evaluate depth of anaesthesia does
      not bring much benefit versus the use of haemodynamic parameters, it may be
      beneficial for selected surgeries such as awake craniotomy, for patients with a
      history of awareness and in haemodynamically unstable patients.

PMID- 27366405
TI  - The Effect of Flurbiprofen on Postoperative Sore Throat and Hoarseness After LMA
      ProSeal Insertion: A Randomised, Clinical Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that flurbiprofen lozenges reduce the ProSeal
      laryngeal mask airway (LMA) related symptoms of Post Operative Sore Throat
      (POST), hoarseness and dysphagia compared to placebo lozenges. METHODS: Eighty
      American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II patients undergoing general
      anaesthesia with LMA were included in this prospective, randomized, placebo
      controlled clinical and single centre (university hospital) study. Group F
      received an 8.75 mg flurbiprofen lozenge (Strefen((r))) and Group P received a
      placebo lozenge 45 minutes before the induction of anaesthesia. Postoperative
      sore throat, hoarseness and dysphagia were evaluated 30 minutes after removal of
      the LMA in the recovery room and then at 4, 12 and 24 h after surgery using a 4
      point scale. Data were analysed using Student's t test, and Fisher's exact and
      Mann-Whitney U tests. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically
      significant. RESULTS: The 8.75 mg flurbiprofen lozenges reduced the severity of
      early (30 mins) POST and dysphagia. The severity of dysphagia at 4 h and
      hoarseness at 12 h were also significantly reduced in Group F. There were no
      significant differences betweeen the groups regarding incidence of sore throat,
      dysphagia and hoarseness throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: Preoperative
      flurbiprofen lozenges reduce the severity of early postoperative sore throat and
      dysphagia.

PMID- 27366406
TI  - Anaesthesia Techniques for Caesarean Operations: Retrospective Analysis of Last
      Decade.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The technique of anaesthesia in caesarean sections is selected
      according to the patient's clinical presentation, experience of the anaesthesist
      and the patient's wishes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
      anaesthesia methods employed in our clinic in the last decade (2003-2012).
      METHODS: Records of caesarean operations performed between 2003-2012 in the
      Anaesthesia department of Ataturk University Medical Faculty and stored in the
      hospital computer system were examined. The annual distribution of methods of
      anaesthesia in operations was analysed. RESULTS: During 2003-2012, 9049 caesarean
      operations were performed in our clinic. General anaesthesia was used in 45% of
      operations and regional anaesthesia in 54%. Whereas the rate of regional
      anaesthesia in 2003 was 34%, this increased to 69% in 2012. The most commonly
      used method of regional anaesthesia was spinal anaesthesia (34%) in 2003, and
      spinal anaesthesia (41%) and combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia (27%) in 2012.
      CONCLUSION: The most commonly used anaesthesia technique for caesarean operations
      in our clinic between 2003-2012 was spinal anaesthesia. The most widely used
      regional anaesthetic method in our clinic was spinal anaesthesia. A significant
      increase in the use of the combined spinal-epidural anaesthetic technique
      occurred in the last two years of the study period.

PMID- 27366407
TI  - Retrospective Evaluation of Anaesthesia Techniques for Hip Replacement
      Operations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, we evaluated the demographic
      characteristics of patients that underwent hip replacement surgery in our
      orthopedic clinic. Associated diseases, preoperative laboratory findings,
      intraoperative findings, and the effect of admission or refusal to the intensive
      care unit on postoperative mortality and morbidity were recorded. Furthermore, we
      tried to identify surgical and anaesthetic methods applied, intraoperative
      hemodynamic changes, length of stay in the post-anaesthesia care unit, and
      postoperative complications. METHODS: Demographic characteristics, co
      morbidities, preoperative laboratory findings, intraoperative findings, and
      admission or refusal to the intensive care unit of patients who underwent hip
      replacement surgery between January 2008-December 2010 were enrolled. RESULTS:
      Out of 500 patients, 33.4% (n=164) were operated under general anaesthesia, 34%
      (n=170) under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia, 22.2% (n=111) under spinal
      anaesthesia, 6.4% (n=32) under combined lomber plexus block and sciatic nerve
      block, and 4% (n=20) under epidural anaesthesia. Mean hospital stay was 7 days in
      the general anaesthesia group and 5 days in the regional anaesthesia group.
      CONCLUSION: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores and incidence of
      co-morbidities were higher in the partial hip replacement group. Admission to the
      intensive care unit was lower in the total hip replacement group. Hospital stay
      was shorter in the partial hip replacement group. Mortality rates on the 7(th)
      and 30(th) days were higher in the partial hip replacement group.

PMID- 27366408
TI  - Evaluating the Readibility of Informed Consent Forms Available Before
      Anaesthesia: A Comparative Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Informed consent forms that are used prior to administering
      anaesthesia inform patients before any proposed surgical procedure or treatment.
      They should provide patients with sufficient information about the operation and
      treatment. Readibility refers to whether it is easy or hard for a reader to read
      and understand an available text, and this is evaluated via various formulas. The
      aim of this study was to evaluate the readability of different informed consent
      forms commonly used in the anaesthesiology departments of different hospitals in
      our country using different readability formulas. METHODS: After obtaining ethics
      committee approval, the readability of different consent forms used in the
      anaesthesiology departments of university hospitals (n=15), Ministry of Health
      (MOH) education and research hospitals (n=15), and public hospitals (n=15) was
      analysed. Each consent form was displayed electronically in "Microsoft Word" and
      the number of words contained was counted automatically. The first 100 words on
      the first page of the forms were evaluated using the Gunning Fog, Flesch-Kincaid
      and Atesman readability formulations. The rate of medical terms detected within
      these 100 words was determined as a percentage (%). RESULTS: Different consent
      forms obtained from 45 anaesthesia departments were assessed using various
      readability formulas. According to the Gunning Fog index, the readability of the
      consent forms obtained from MOH education and research and public hospitals was
      relatively low. The Flesch-Kincaid index measured very low levels of readability
      in all institutions. The Atesman index displayed very low readability levels for
      the consent forms used in university hospitals, and low levels in other
      institutions. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the readability of the anaesthesia
      informed consent forms is low. The level of education in our country should be
      considered in the preparation of anaesthesia consent forms. We believe that
      physicians should pay more attention to this medical and legal issue.

PMID- 27366409
TI  - Anaesthetic Management in Electroconvulsive Therapy During Early Pregnancy.
AB  - The management of major psychiatric conditions during pregnancy is exceptionally
      difficult. Pharmacoresistant, life-threatening and severe symptoms such as
      catatonia and suicidal behavior affect the health and safety of both mother and
      child. In such cases, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered as an
      alternative to pharmacologic treatment. In this report, we aimed to present
      anaesthetic management of a patient, who was 13 weeks pregnant and needed ECT due
      to major depression. 

PMID- 27366410
TI  - Combined Spinal Epidural Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section and Hysterectomy in a
      Parturient with Placenta Accreta.
AB  - Placenta accreta complicates the anaesthetic and surgical approach in caesarean
      section. In this report, a parturient with placenta accreta and multiple drug
      allergies who was managed using combined spinal epidural anaesthesia for
      caesarean hysterectomy is discussed. 

PMID- 27366411
TI  - Unilateral Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy Following C/S as a Complication of Spinal
      Anaesthesia.
AB  - Cranial nerve palsy (CNP) is a rare complication following lumbar puncture, which
      is a common procedure used most often for diagnostic and anaesthetic purposes.
      The sixth cranial (abducens) nerve is the most commonly affected cranial nerve.
      We report a case of unilateral sixth nerve palsy after spinal anaesthesia that
      improved immediately after an epidural blood patch (EBP). 

PMID- 27366412
TI  - Acute Phase Reaction after Femur Fracture in a Child with Griscelli Syndrome.
AB  - Griscelli syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized
      by partial albinism of the skin and hair shaft. Prompt and early diagnosis is a
      crucial step for the follow up and management of GS, which would otherwise
      dramatically decrease the life expectancy of the patients. This case report
      presents the clinical course of a femoral fracture treated with closed reduction
      and pelvic-pedal cast, and progression of acute phase reaction during the follow
      up period. 

PMID- 27366413
TI  - Difficult Laryngeal Mask Airway Placement.

PMID- 27366414
TI  - Mallampati 'Zero' Airway: Extremely Easy or Not?

PMID- 27366415
TI  - Readmission To Intensive Care Unit After Coronary Bypass Operations in the Short
      Term.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Intensive care unit (ICU) readmissions after coronary bypass (CABG)
      operations occur in a significant number of patients, and the prognosis is poor.
      We analyzed the risk factors for ICU readmissions after CABG operations. METHODS:
      We retrospectively analyzed the prospectively collected data of 679 coronary
      bypass patients operated in a single institution in order to evaluate the risk
      factors for readmittance to the ICU with logistic regression analysis. The
      outcome results of patients readmitted to the ICU (Group R) and others (Group N)
      were compared. RESULTS: Thirty-six (5.3%) patients were readmitted to the ICU.
      Postoperative in-hospital mortality and pulmonary and neurologic morbidity
      occurred in 43 (6.3%), 135 (19.9%), and 46 (6.8%) patients, respectively. The
      comparison of groups showed that mortality and morbidity were significantly
      higher in Group R compared to Group N (mortality 16.7% vs. 5.9, p=0.029;
      pulmonary morbidity 66.7% vs. 17.3%, p=0.0001; neurologic morbidity 38.9% vs.
      5.0%, p=0.0001). Features associated with readmission included presence of left
      ventricular dysfunction preoperatively[odds ratio (OR)=4.1; 95% confidence
      interval (CI)=1.4-12.5; p=0.013], advanced NYHA Class (OR=5.3; 95% CI=1.3-21.7;
      p=0.022), pulmonary complications (OR=7.3; 95% CI=2.1-25.5; p=0.002), and
      neurologic complications (OR=4.6; 95% CI=1.3-16.7; p=0.021). CONCLUSION: Patients
      readmitted to the ICU postoperatively have higher rates of mortality and
      pulmonary and neurologic morbidity after coronary bypass operations. Left
      ventricular dysfunction, advanced NYHA class, and postoperative pulmonary and
      neurologic complications are significant risk factors for readmission to the ICU.

PMID- 27366416
TI  - The Comparison of Pressure (PSV) and Volume Support Ventilation (VSV) as a
      'Weaning' Mode.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study is to compare two different ventilation modes
      pressure support ventilation (PSV) and volume support ventilation (VSV)-as the
      means of weaning. METHODS: Sixty patients were enrolled in our study. Patients
      were randomized in to two groups. For the PSV group, FiO2 and airway pressure
      values were adjusted in order to sustain PaCO2: 35-45 mm Hg, pH>7.32, 6-8 mL kg(
      1) TV (tidal volume), and saturation >92%. For the VSV group, FiO2, TV,
      respiration frequency (f), and peak pressure were adjusted to obtain PaCO2: 35-45
      mm Hg, pH>7.32, 6-8 mL kg(-1) TV, saturation >92%, and PO2>60 mm Hg. Every
      morning, spontaneous breathing was tried in those patients. The patients were
      extubated after 2 hours of T-piece breathing. The patients who failed spontaneous
      respiration with the T-piece were returned to mechanical ventilation. Assisted
      ventilation time (ART), mechanical ventilation time (MRT), total T-piece time
      (TTT), total weaning time (TWT), and sedation need (SN) values were recorded. "T
      test" and "Chi-square" methods were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In
      our study, the mean ART was 82.60 hours for the PSV group and 56.03 hours for the
      VSV group (p<0.041). TWT was 93.30 hours for the PSV group and 56.03 hours for
      the VSV group (p<0.035). The mean TTT was 7.67 hours for the PSV group and 3.83
      hours for the VSV group (p<0.007). Nineteen patients in the PSV group and 9
      patients in the VSV group required sedation during the weaning process (p<0.01).
      CONCLUSION: In the weaning period, VSV seems to be more advantageous than PSV.

PMID- 27366417
TI  - Factors Influencing the Preference of Regional Anaesthesia in the Obstetric
      Population: A Survey Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Most patients in Turkey still prefer general anaesthesia (GA) and are
      somehow afraid of regional blocks. Receiving adequate information is likely to
      increase patients' awareness about regional anaesthesia (RA). We aimed to
      determine the current preferences of parturients, the reasons for refusal of RA
      techniques, and how detailed information about the type of anaesthesia affect a
      patient's preference for anaesthesia among obstetric cases. METHODS: One hundred
      fifty patients, scheduled for elective caesarean section (C/S), were surveyed
      before and after the C/S. The survey included three parts: the first part
      involved demographic features, anaesthesia preferences, prior opinions and
      experiences related to RA, and assessment of preoperative fears and reasons, and
      the second part involved persuasion of patients after reading the information
      sheet about RA. The final part was composed of postoperative satisfaction and
      complications related to the RA or GA depending on the patients' preferences.
      Complications were recorded on the anaesthesia chart. RESULTS: Of all patients,
      42.7% (n=64) approved and 48% (n=72) refused RA at the first preoperative
      anaesthesia visit. The remaining patients (n=14) had no idea of which anaesthesia
      type to choose. After being informed about RA in detail, 48 (66.6%) of the
      patients who previously refused RA and all patients who had no idea approved the
      procedure, and all of them were satisfied with the anaesthesia following the
      procedure. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed exactly that particularly obstetric
      anaesthetists should inform their patients about the advantages and disadvantages
      of all alternative types of anaesthesia. Effective and correct information is the
      major point.

PMID- 27366418
TI  - Comparison of the C-MAC D-Blade, Conventional C-MAC, and Macintosh Laryngoscopes
      in Simulated Easy and Difficult Airways.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Recently, to further enhance the potential in the management of
      difficult airways, the highly angulated D-Blade was added to the C-MAC system.
      The purpose of this study was to investigate the laryngoscopic view and
      intubation parameters using the new C-MAC D-Blade in comparison to the
      conventional C-MAC video laryngoscope and Macintosh direct laryngoscope in
      simulated easy and difficult airways. METHODS: We recruited 26 experienced
      anaesthesia providers into a randomized trial. Each performed tracheal intubation
      of a Laerdal SimMan((r)) manikin with each laryngoscope in the following
      laryngoscopy scenarios: (1) normal airway, (2) cervical spine immobilization, and
      (3) tongue edema. The intubation times, success rates, number of intubation
      attempts, laryngoscopic views, and severity of dental compression were recorded.
      RESULTS: In all scenarios, video laryngoscopes provided better laryngeal exposure
      than the ML and appeared to produce less dental pressure. In the cervical spine
      immobilization scenario, D-Blade caused less dental pressure and showed better
      Cormack-Lehane (CL) classes than the other devices (p<0.001). There were no
      differences between video laryngoscopes in success of tracheal intubation
      (p>0.05). The CMAC provided the most rapid intubation. The rate of failure was
      19% with ML. In the tongue edema scenario, the CMAC provided the most rapid and
      successful intubation (p<0.001). There were no differences between video
      laryngoscopes in laryngoscopic views according to CL classification and dental
      pressure (p>0.05). The rate of failure was 46% with the ML and 7% with the D
      Blade. CONCLUSION: The CMAC D-Blade caused less dental pressure than the
      conventional C-MAC and ML in the cervical immobilization scenario. The
      conventional CMAC performed better than the D-Blade and ML in the tongue edema
      scenario. These two video laryngoscopes may complement each other in various
      difficult airway situations.

PMID- 27366420
TI  - The Attitudes and Behaviors of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation Specialists in
      Anaesthesia Care Applications Outside the Operating Room in Turkey: A Survey
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the attitudes and behaviors of
      anaesthesiologists in "non-operating room anaesthesia" applications, which can be
      described as anaesthesia applications performed outside the operating room, and
      their reflection on practice all over Turkey. METHODS: Our study was conducted
      between November 5, 2012 and January 7, 2013 with the approval of the Research
      Ethics Board. Survey data were obtained through distributing printed
      questionnaires to be completed either by hand or via the web. The questionnaire
      consisted of 38 questions. The data obtained were analyzed with the Statistical
      Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. RESULTS: A total of 500
      anaesthesiologists replied to our survey; 93% of anaesthesia specialists reported
      that there was a request that the anaesthesia and anaesthesia outside the
      operating room was given in their institution. Among anaesthesiologists, 56%
      reported that there were other sections that can provide sedation other than the
      anaesthesiology department in their institutions. Anaesthesia care team members;
      equipment; anaesthetic techniques; monitoring methods; and hypnotic, analgesic,
      and antagonist agents had statistically significant differences according to the
      participants' institutions. Equipment used in the anaesthesia practice outside
      the operating room, anaesthesia, and monitoring methods had statistically
      significant differences according to geographical distribution (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Outside the operating room, anaesthesia practices and security
      measures are compliant with the standards set by the guidelines, the key to the
      prevention of complications. In our study, the current status of anaesthetic
      procedures outside the operating room in our country have been analyzed.

PMID- 27366419
TI  - Spinal Anaesthesia and Perioperative Anxiety.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Anxiety is a pathological condition with a feeling of fear accompanied
      by somatic symptoms due to hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system. In this
      study, we aimed to compare perioperative anxiety status and the effects of age,
      gender, educational status, and The American Society of Anesthesiologists
      physical status classification (ASA) score on perioperative anxiety in patients
      undergoing elective surgery under spinal anaesthesia. METHODS: After IRB approval
      and signed informed consent, 100 healthy patients undergoing elective surgery
      under spinal anaesthesia were enrolled. The demographic data of patients and ASA
      scores were recorded. After spinal anaesthesia, State Trait Anxiety Inventory
      (STAI) and anxiety levels were measured. RESULTS: The mean anxiety score in
      patients undergoing surgery under spinal anaesthesia indicate the presence of an
      intermediate level of anxiety (44.58+/-19.06). A statistically significant
      positive correlation was found between anxiety scores and age of patients with
      increased age (p<0.01). Statistically significant differences were found between
      anxiety scores of patients according to gender, and women's anxiety scores were
      found to be significantly higher than in men (p<0.05). Anxiety scores did not
      differ significantly between education levels. A statistically significant
      difference was found between anxiety scores regarding ASA scores (p<0.05).
      Evaluation of patients revealed that the anxiety score of patients with ASA score
      1 was significantly higher than the anxiety score of patients with ASA score 2.
      There was no significant difference between anxiety score of patients with ASA
      scores 2 and 3. CONCLUSION: There is a mid-level anxiety, associated more with
      advanced age, female gender, and low ASA score, in patients undergoing elective
      surgery under spinal anaesthesia.

PMID- 27366421
TI  - Management of Difficult Airway in a Failed Intubation with Videolaryngoscopy in
      an Infant Patient.
AB  - The videolaryngoscope is a useful alternative airway device for anaesthesia
      management of difficult airways. However videolaryngoscope intubation may fail
      due to lack of experience, incorrect application, inappropriate stylet, prior
      traumatic attempts, restricted cervical movement and limited oropharyngeal
      airspace. Using a stylet and correctly shaped endotracheal tube is important to
      facilitate tracheal intubation with the videolaryngoscope, especially in
      paediatric patients. However, anatomical difficulty in the placement of the
      laryngoscope blade, association with facial deformities such as micrognathia,
      having a short neck, cleft palate and being younger than 1 year increase the
      likelihood of a difficult airway. In this report, we present our approach to
      difficult airway management in a failed intubation with a videolaryngoscope in an
      infant undergoing cleft palate surgery. 

PMID- 27366422
TI  - Anaesthetic Management of a Patient with Hereditary Angioedema.
AB  - Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by
      reduced activity of the C1 esterase inhibitor. Clinically, angioedema most often
      involves the upper extremities, face, neck and larynx. The most common cause of
      death is asphyxia related to laryngeal oedema. Attacks are triggered by many
      factors such as trauma, stress, infections and hormonal fluctuations. C1 esterase
      inhibitor concentrates, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), androgen steroids, quinine
      pathway inhibitors and antifibrinolytics can be used as treatment. In this case
      report, the anaesthetic management of a patient with hereditary angioedema
      undergoing laminectomy surgery is reported. 

PMID- 27366423
TI  - Surgical Excision of Postintubation Granuloma Under Jet Ventilation.
AB  - Following the use of an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube, circumferential
      lesions, stenosis, or granulomatous lesions at the cuff level or tip of the tube
      may be observed on the tracheal wall. This injury mainly occurs due to excessive
      pressure of the cuff on the tracheal wall and may be prevented by a high-volume,
      low-pressure cuff and a carefully monitored tracheostomy tube. Although there is
      an overall improvement in the design of high-volume cuffs, hyperinflation of
      these cuffs may still contribute to tracheal injuries. If the size of the
      granuloma is limited, the lesion is treated by excision (microlaryngeal surgery)
      under general anaesthesia. Using jet ventilation during the operation minimizes
      the trauma caused by intubation and reduces the risk of oedema and the risk of
      barotrauma, as it provides ventilation over a possible stenosis. In addition to
      providing better visualization of the surgical field and superior surgeon
      comfort, jet ventilation also increases the success of the operation. In this
      case report, we aimed to present a successful anaesthesia technique performed by
      jet ventilation in a patient with a postintubation granuloma, which was excised
      by microlaryngeal surgery without the need for reintubation. 

PMID- 27366424
TI  - The Role of Preoperative Evaluation for Congenital Methemoglobinemia.
AB  - Preoperative care includes a clinical examination before invasive or non-invasive
      interventions for anaesthesia/analgesia and is the responsibility of the
      anaesthesiologists. Methemoglobinemia should be considered, as well as cardiac,
      pulmonary, and peripheral circulatory disorders in patients with central cyanosis
      and low oxygen saturation despite treatment with sufficient oxygen during
      anaesthesia. Methemoglobinemia is a serious clinical condition, associated with
      increased blood methemoglobin levels characterized by clinical signs, such as
      cyanosis and hypoxia due to lack of oxygen-carrying capacity. Here, we present
      our anaesthesia management in a patient with unnoticed congenital
      methemoglobinemia during preoperative evaluation, in whom clinical signs of
      methemoglobinemia developed after local anaesthesia administration before the
      surgery. 

PMID- 27366425
TI  - Anaesthetic Management with Thromboelastography in a Patient with Glanzmann
      Thrombasthenia.
AB  - Glanzmann thrombastenia (GT) is a rare disease of an autosomal recessive
      inheritance characterized with fatal bleeding tendency. The anaesthesiologist
      should be cognizant of the risk involved and be prepared with necessary measures.
      In this paper, we present a GT case of a 9-year-old male with hypospadias, which
      was successfully repaired after platelet transfusions according to the
      thromboelastography tracings. 

PMID- 27366426
TI  - Anaesthetic Management in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Syndrome for
      Adenotonsillectomy.
AB  - The anaesthetic management of adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive
      sleep apnoea syndrome is characteristic due to respiratory and cardiac side
      effects. A detailed physical examination in the preoperative period should be
      performed, including children's respiratory and cardiac systems. If they have an
      active infection, surgery should be postponed until the end of medical treatment.
      Preparation for difficult airway management should be done in the preoperative
      period. In this case, we presented a report of two children who had obstructive
      sleep apnoea syndrome, with airway management performed at the right lateral
      position to prevent the pharyngeal collapse and rapid sequence intubation
      performed using a short-acting muscle relaxant. 

PMID- 27366427
TI  - E-Learning Materials are not yet Subject to Peer Review.

PMID- 27366428
TI  - The Professional Experience of Anaesthesiologists in Proper Inflation of
      Laryngeal Mask and Endotracheal Tube Cuff.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cuffs inflated to inappropriately high pressures cause ischemia,
      reducing tracheal mucosal blood flow, while cuffs inflated at lower pressure than
      necessary give rise to inadequate ventilation, aspiration of gastric contents, or
      extubation due to air leakage. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect
      of the experience of anaesthesia staff on endotracheal tube and laryngeal mask
      airway cuff inflation. METHODS: The study included 348 elective patients
      scheduled to undergo surgery under general anaesthesia, with 34 anaesthesia
      technicians, 16 anaesthesia residents, and 12 anaesthesiologists with different
      years of professional experience. The participants were told to inflate the cuff
      balloon with air to the level of the pressure that was appropriate for them. No
      information was provided to the participants about the values of the cuff
      pressure pending the completion of all measurements. After placement of the
      laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal tube, the success of the procedure was
      checked by monitoring square-wave capnograph tracing and thoracoabdominal motion.
      Each participant performed the procedures on three patients, and the mean cuff
      pressures were measured. RESULTS: There was no significant correlation between
      duration of experience of technicians, residents, and experts in using laryngeal
      mask airway pressure (r=-0.192/p=0.278, r=0.225/p=0.402, r=-0.476/p=0.118,
      respectively) and endotracheal tube (r=-0.306/p=0.079, r=-0.060/p=0.826, r=
      0.478/0.116, respectively). CONCLUSION: It has been concluded that professional
      experience does not contribute to achieving normal cuff pressure without
      monitoring. Introduction of the cuff manometer into routine anaesthesia practice
      will be useful, irrespective of anaesthesiologists' experience.

PMID- 27366429
TI  - Rapid Detection of Acute Kidney Injury by Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase
      Associated Lipocalin in Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common following cardiopulmonary bypass
      (CPB). The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of urinary neutrophil
      gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels following cardiac surgery to
      establish the severity of renal impairment as compared to serum creatinine
      levels. METHODS: A total number of 28 patients undergoing elective
      cardiopulmonary bypass were included. Diagnostic criteria of AKI was established
      in case of a percentage increase in serum creatinine concentration of >50%. Serum
      creatinine levels were recorded in the preoperative period before induction and
      in the postoperative period at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Urinary NGAL measurement was
      performed before induction and in the 4(th) postoperative hour. The duration of
      CPB surgery, hospital stay, and cross-clamp time were recorded. RESULTS: Based on
      AKI criteria, subjects were grouped as AKI (n=11) and no AKI (n=19).
      Postoperative urinary NGAL levels were significantly higher in the group with AKI
      (11.8 ng mL(-1) vs. 104.0 ng mL(-1), p=0.003). In the AKI group, CPB time bypass
      (111.9 min vs. 82.7 min) and cross-clamp time (76.9 min vs. 59.1 min) were
      significantly higher. A cut-off of 25.5 ng mL(-1) yielded a sensitivity of 81.82%
      and a specificity of 94.12% at the postoperative 4(th) hour with an AUC of 0.947
      for predication of AKI. CONCLUSION: Urine NGAL rose significantly much earlier as
      compared to serum creatinine levels in the early postoperative period. Although
      larger case series are needed, we are of the opinion that urinary NGAL
      measurements may be used as an early clinical marker of AKI following CPB.

PMID- 27366430
TI  - Effects of High-Dose Rocuronium on the QTc Interval During Anaesthesia Induction
      in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Existing myocardial damage in coronary artery disease patients causes
      prolonged QT syndrome. The primary objective of this trial is to explore the
      effects of different doses of the muscle relaxant agent rocuronium (0.6 mg kg(-1)
      and 1.2 mg kg(-1)) on QTc following anaesthetic induction. The second objective
      is to determine the incidence and kinds of arrhythmias. METHODS: In this
      prospective and randomized trial, patients undergoing elective coronary artery
      revascularization surgery were included in one of two groups. Both groups took
      the same anaesthetic induction agents: midazolam and fentanyl. Rocuronium was
      administered in Group 1 (n=20) with dose of 0.6 mg kg(-1) and in Group 2 (n=20)
      with a dose of 1.2 mg kg(-1) for muscle relaxation. Heart rate, average arterial
      pressure and QTc were recorded before induction (T0), after induction (T1), after
      muscle relaxant (T2), and 2 minutes (T3) and 5 minutes after intubation (T4).
      RESULTS: QTc was significantly longer 2 minutes after intubation (in Group 1 and
      Group 2, respectively, 447.9+/-28.3 and 466.1+/-37.8 ms) than at the beginning
      (respectively, 426.9+/-25.7, 432.0+/-35.5 ms) (p<0.01). In the intergroup
      comparison, average QTc values were similar in all trial periods (p>0.05). The
      prevalence of arrhythmias in between Group 1 (35%, n=7) and Group 2 (15%, n=3)
      was similar (p=0.06). Arrhythmias were recorded 2 minutes after intubation in
      both groups (n=10, 25%). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing coronary artery
      revascularization surgery, rocuronium doses of 0.6 mg kg(-1) and 1.2 mg kg(-1)
      prolong the QTc interval after intubation. Cardiac arrhythmias related to long
      QTc arising after intubation should be taken into consideration.

PMID- 27366431
TI  - Comparison of LMA CTrach and Video Laryngoscope in Endotracheal Intubation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, our objective was to compare the Cormack and Lehane (C
      L) sight scores of direct laryngoscopy in endotracheal intubation with the
      endoscopic sight scores of the LMA CTrach and video laryngoscope. We also
      compared the success of endoscopy with the LMA CTrach and video laryngoscopy,
      intubation time, and its effects on haemodynamic and stress responses. METHODS:
      The study included 100 patients, with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)
      scores I-III and aged 18-65, who will undergo elective surgery. Patients were
      randomly divided into two groups: Group C and Group V. The patients in both
      groups underwent direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh laryngoscope, and their C-L
      scores were recorded. In Group C, the patients were intubated with the LMA
      CTrach, and in Group V, the patients were intubated with a video laryngoscope.
      Patients' haemodynamic parameters, oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbondioxide,
      and endoscopic sight scores were recorded. RESULTS: The demographic
      characteristics and the ASA classifications of the groups were similar. When
      endoscopic sight scores were compared with C-L, better sight was obtained in the
      LMA CTrach group; no significant difference was detected in Group V. Regarding
      the success of the intubation, no significant difference was detected between
      groups. However, when intubation times were compared, there was a significant
      difference between groups. The intubation time was longer in Group C. There was
      no difference between groups in terms of the percentage changes of haemodynamic
      parameters, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal carbondioxide values of the
      patients. CONCLUSION: In this study, when endoscopic sight scores were compared,
      better visualization was obtained in the LMA CTrach group. Therefore, in cases
      where intubation is difficult to apply in patients, the LMA CTrach can be an
      alternative application.

PMID- 27366432
TI  - Comparison of Spinal Anaesthesia and Paravertebral Block in Unilateral Inguinal
      Hernia Repair.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the efficacy of spinal anaesthesia (SA) and
      paravertebral block (PVB) in unilateral inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: Sixty
      American Society of Anesthesia physical status (ASA) I-III patients aged between
      18-64 years with unilateral inguinal hernia were enrolled in this study. Two
      patients in Group SA and 4 patients in Group PVB were excluded, and statistical
      analyses were done on 54 patients. In regard to anaesthetic choice, patients were
      divided into two groups, with 30 patients in each: Group SA, spinal anaesthesia
      and Group PVB, paravertebral block. Standard monitoring was done, and mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the surgical
      procedure. Demographic variables, surgical data, patient satisfaction, the onset
      times to reach T10 dermatome and to reach peak sensory level, and onset time to
      reach modified Bromage 3 motor block were recorded. Postoperative nausea and
      vomiting and pain at postoperative hours 0-24 with the visual analog scale (VAS)
      were also measured. RESULTS: Compared to pre-anaesthesia measurements, the
      decrease in HR and MAP during the 10(th)-90(th) minute period was significant in
      Group SA (p<0.01). In Group PVB, sensory block duration time was higher, whereas
      paralysis rate was higher in Group SA (p<0.01). Bromage scores were significantly
      different between the groups (p<0.01). In Group SA, VAS score at the 24(th)
      postoperative hour, nausea, and vomiting were significantly higher compared to
      Group PVB (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, paravertebral block provides
      acceptable surgical anaesthesia, maintaining good quality and long duration on
      postoperative analgesia in unilateral hernia repair.

PMID- 27366434
TI  - A Venous Catheter Complication: Venous Perforation and Lung Injury.
AB  - Central venous catheters are frequently used for different causes, like fluid
      infusions, haemodialysis, and measurement of central venous pressure.
      Complications that occur at the time or after the placement of these catheters
      can give harm to the patient or can cause need for a new attempt. Complications,
      like malfunction of the catheter, arterial puncture, haemothorax, or
      pneumothorax, can be seen in 5%-26% of the patients, and early detection is very
      important. We want to present a venous perforation and lung injury case according
      to the catheter based upon the literature. 

PMID- 27366433
TI  - The Comparison of Patient-Controlled Remifentanil Administered by Two Different
      Protocols (Bolus and Bolus+Infusion) and Intramuscular Meperidine for Labor
      Analgesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, there are many pain relief methods for reducing the pain and
      stress of labor and delivery. In our study, two different remifentanil protocols
      (bolus and bolus+infusion) administered by patient-controlled analgesia method
      were compared with intramuscular meperidine for labor analgesia. METHODS: Ninety
      parturients who were scheduled for vaginal delivery were included in this study.
      Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 15 primiparous and 15
      multiparous patients in each group. Whenever a patient requested analgesics
      during the labor, Group M was given 1 mg kg(-1) intramuscular meperidine, Group B
      was given intravenous bolus patient-controlled remifentanil, and Group IB was
      given intravenous bolus+infusion patient-controlled remifentanil. Patients'
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pain-comfort and sedation
      scores, remifentanil consumption, side effects, and Apgar scores of the newborns
      were evaluated during the labor and delivery. RESULTS: Patients' mean pain and
      comfort scores were significantly lower in Groups B and IB than in Group M at all
      time intervals except the first minute. Compared with Group IB, mean pain and
      comfort scores at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes were significantly higher in Group
      B. The mean sedation scores were similar among the groups. Total remifentanil
      consumption was lower in Group IB than in Group B, but it was not statistically
      significant. CONCLUSION: Patient-controlled intravenous bolus or bolus+infusion
      remifentanil provided more effective analgesia and patient comfort than
      intramuscular meperidine for labor analgesia. Especially during labor,
      bolus+infusion remifentanil administration provided better pain and patient
      comfort scores than bolus alone, without increasing remifentanil consumption.

PMID- 27366435
TI  - Inadvertent Administration of Neostigmine-Atropine Mixture from Epidural
      Catheter.
AB  - Most of the errors encountered during drug applications of anaesthesia may arise
      from the selection of the wrong syringe and ampule, confusion of epidural and
      intravenous line, or incorrect dose administration. In this case report,
      accidental application of reversal drugs via epidural catheter to a patient who
      was operated on for ureterovesical stenosis is presented. We aimed to indicate
      the drug errors in anaesthesia practices and discuss measures to be taken to
      prevent it. 

PMID- 27366436
TI  - The Decrease of the Duration of Stay in the ICU with Rib Fixation in a Case of
      Multiple Rib Fracture.
AB  - Severe breathing problems arise in multiple rib fractures. As a result, many
      advantages of the surgical stabilization of the chest wall have been reported.
      Especially, shortening mechanical ventilation, along with a decrease in the
      duration of intensive care unit stay, is important for the prevention of possible
      infection complications. In this study, the dramatic improvement of the breathing
      pattern, as well as the reduction in ventilator duration after rib fixation time,
      of a 36-year-old patient with severe respiratory distress who had multiple rib
      fractures due to a road traffic accident was discussed. Due to this fact, it is
      concluded that patients could be discharged from the hospital earlier and
      uncomplicated as a result of fixation of the rib with the right indications. 

PMID- 27366437
TI  - Parkinson's Disease and Spinal Anaesthesia.
AB  - Parkinson's is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by increased activity of
      GABA in basal ganglia and the loss of dopamine in nigrostriatum, associated with
      rigidity, resting tremor, gait with accelerating steps, and fixed inexpressive
      face. Being a neurological disease, spinal anaesthesia is often avoided in
      Parkinson's. Yet, in Parkinsons' patients, general anaesthesia may mask
      neurological symptoms in the intraoperative period and exacerbate them
      postoperatively. Moreover, the drugs administered in general anaesthesia more
      likely interact with anti-Parkinson drugs and may have side effects. With spinal
      anaesthesia, unlike general anaesthesia, because muscle relaxants and opioids are
      avoided, the exacerbation is not going to be masked due to muscle relaxation, and
      neurological symptoms may be distinguished clinically. In addition, the known
      effects of spinal anaesthesia, like suppression of surgical stress, postoperative
      pain relief, and early mobilization, may be advantageous in Parkinson's disease.
      Treated for Parkinson's disease for about 10 years at the age of 77 and with
      American Society of Anesthesiologists physical classification III
      (hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive
      lung disease), a female patient was scheduled for elective surgery for fracture
      of the left distal tibia. In this case, we aimed to report a patient with
      Parkinson's disease who underwent spinal anaesthesia in order to avoid the
      disadvantages of general anaesthesia and reviewed the literature. 

PMID- 27366438
TI  - Postoperative Sudden Hypotension Due to Relative Adrenal Insufficiency.
AB  - Systemic blood pressure is regulated by three mechanisms: the sympathetic nervous
      system, the renin-angiotensin system, and the arginine-vasopressin system.
      Hypotension is a condition that can occur at any stage of management of general
      anaesthesia, including induction, extubation, and maintenance. Many of the
      medications used for anaesthesia produce a mild to moderate decrease in systemic
      vascular resistance (SVR) with a subsequent decrease in arterial blood pressure.
      Profound and sustained hypotension, however, can have a global impact, resulting
      in a failure to adequately perfuse systemic capillary networks. The following
      report describes the case of a 69-year-old man undergoing surgery for total hip
      replacement who had hypotension that was refractory to fluid administration and
      inotropic agents at the end of the surgery. In this case study, the role of
      methylprednisolone therapy in catecholamine-resistant hypotension is also
      discussed. 

PMID- 27366439
TI  - Olanzapine-Induced Malignant Neuroleptic Syndrome.
AB  - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), caused by antipsychotic therapy, shows
      itself with mental status alteration, high fever, autonomic dysfunction, and
      muscle rigidity. It is a rare idiosyncratic reaction with mortality risk. The
      etiology is still unknown. NMS-related mortality and morbidity can be decreased
      by cessation of the used drug and aggressive treatment. Olanzapine is a
      thienobenzodiazepine, a member of atypical antipsychotic drugs; its structure and
      effects on neurotransmitters resemble clozapine. Here we report a case of bipolar
      disorder receiving olanzapine therapy for 10 years, who developed NMS without
      rigidity. We emphasized the importance of early hydration and hemodiafiltration
      therapy. 

PMID- 27366440
TI  - Bispectral Index Guided Sedation in Congenital Pain Insensitivity Syndrome.

PMID- 27366442
TI  - Anaesthesia Management During Interventional Bronchoscopic Procedures: Laryngeal
      Mask Airway or Rigid Bronchoscope.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Interventional bronchoscopy procedures are novel and effective modes
      of diagnosing and treating airway lesions. Airway management and ventilation are
      a major concern, especially when considering the fire hazard of ventilating
      during endobronchial thermal therapies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      usage of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) compared to rigid bronchoscopy for the
      ventilation of patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic interventional
      bronchoscopy procedures. METHODS: During this prospective randomised clinical
      trial study, patients were randomly allocated to two groups for ventilation: LMA
      and rigid bronchoscopy. Vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate and
      percentage of blood O2 saturation before and during the procedure, degree of sore
      throat after recovery and physician's satisfaction, were recorded. RESULTS: A
      total of 83 patients, including 45 in the "LMA" and 38 in the "rigid" groups,
      were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 51+/-17 years, and 59 (71%) were
      male. There was a statically significant difference between "rigid" and "LMA"
      categories regarding the decrease in O2 during the procedure in proportion to
      baseline figures (p=0.028). Haemodynamic parameters were better maintained using
      LMA compared to rigid bronchoscopy. CONCLUSION: Laryngeal mask ventilation
      maintains better oxygenation and haemodynamic stability and ensures physicians'
      and patients' satisfaction regarding ease of use, airway access and fewer
      complications compared to rigid bronchoscopy. Therefore, LMA can be introduced as
      a reliable alternative for ventilation during interventional airway procedures.

PMID- 27366441
TI  - Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury.
AB  - Acute kindney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome which is generally defined as
      an abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate, causing accumulation of
      nitrogenous products and rapid development of fluid, electrolyte and acid base
      disorders. In intensive care unit sepsis and septic shock are leading causes of
      AKI. Sepsis-induced AKI literally acts as a biologic indicator of clinical
      deterioration. AKI triggers variety of immune, inflammatory, metabolic and
      humoral patways; ultimately leading distant organ dysfunction and increases
      morbidity and mortality. Serial mesurements of creatinine and urine volume do not
      make it possible to diagnose AKI at early stages. Serum creatinine influenced by
      age, weight, hydration status and become apparent only when the kidneys have lost
      50% of their function. For that reason we need new markers, and many biomarkers
      in the diagnosis of early AKI activity is assessed. Historically "Risk-Injury
      Failure-Loss-Endstage" (RIFLE), "Acute Kidney Injury Netwok" (AKIN) and "The
      Kidney Disease/ Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) classification systems are
      used for diagnosing easily in clinical practice and research and grading disease.
      Classifications including diagnostic criteria are formed for the identification
      of AKI. Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin-C (Cys-C),
      kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and also "cell cycle arrest" molecules has been
      concerned for clinical use. In this review the pathophysiology of AKI, with the
      relationship of sepsis and the importance of early diagnosis of AKI is evaluated.

PMID- 27366443
TI  - Comparison of the Haemodynamic Effects of Three Different Methods at the
      Induction of Anaesthesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Haemodynamic variations are inevitable during induction of anaesthetic
      drugs. The present study investigates the haemodynamic variations of three
      different drugs (thiopental, propofol, and etomidate) used for induction of
      general anaesthesia together with fentanyl. METHODS: In a randomized, double
      blind study, 45 patients were assigned to one of three groups (n=15 each).
      Fentanyl 1 MUg kg(-1) was injected over 60 sec followed by propofol 2 mg kg(-1)
      (Group P), thiopentone 6 mg kg(-1) (Group T), or etomidate 0.3 mg kg(-1) (Group
      E). Noninvasive measurements of systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic
      arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) was
      performed on admittance, immediately before the induction of anaesthesia, and 1,
      3, and 5 min thereafter. Cardiac output (CO) values were recorded before
      induction, immediately after the injection of the drug, and at 1 min after the
      intubation. RESULTS: In all groups, during the study period, SAP, DAP, MAP, and
      CO values decreased with respect to time before induction. Following the
      administration of the induction dose of propofol (Group P), a significantly
      greater decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed with
      etomidate (Group E) or thiopentone (Group T). Decrease in CO was also more marked
      with propofol (Group P) than with etomidate (Group E) or thiopentone (Group T).
      CONCLUSION: It's concluded that, in this study, the combination of fentanyl
      etomidate is safer than both the groups of fentanyl-propofol and fentanyl
      thiopental in terms of providing haemodynamic stability.

PMID- 27366444
TI  - Predictive Factors Involved in Development of Postoperative Pulmonary
      Complications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we applied the method of the multi-center
      Prospective Evaluation of a Risk Score for postoperative pulmonary Complications
      in Europe (PERISCOPE) study, which was designed to predict postoperative
      complications and funded by the European Society of Anaesthesiology, to patients
      in our institution with the aim of prospectively analyzing the postoperative risk
      factors of pulmonary complications. METHODS: One hundred patients over 18 years
      of age who had emergency or elective non-thoracic or non-obstetric surgery under
      general anaesthesia or neuraxial blocks were included in the study. Collected
      data regarding the preoperative and postoperative period were filled in separate
      forms for all patients. RESULTS: A total of 11 patients developed pulmonary
      complications. We observed respiratory failure in 8 patients, pleural effusion in
      3 patients, atelectasis in 5 patients, bronchospasm in 3 patients, and
      pneumothorax in 1 patient. In the univariate logistic regression model, patient
      age, gender, weight, rate of preoperative respiratory symptoms, cough test
      results, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, and the duration of
      surgery did not significantly increase the complication risk (p>0.05). However,
      in the univariate logistic regression model, the presence of respiratory symptoms
      increased the risk for complications approximately 5.34-fold (p=0.014). There was
      an increase in the possibility of complications in parallel with the increase in
      the duration of postoperative hospital stay (p=0.012). More respiratory symptoms
      (p=0.019) and longer hospital stay (6.5 vs. 3.5 days respectively, p=0.029) were
      recorded in patients with postoperative pulmonary complications. CONCLUSION:
      Considering patients undergoing non-thoracic or non-obstetric surgery, the
      prevalence of postoperative pulmonary complications is higher in patients
      diagnosed with respiratory symptoms in the preoperative period. These
      complications significantly extend the length of hospital stay.

PMID- 27366445
TI  - Does the Method and Timing of Intravenous Ketamine Administration Affect
      Postoperative Morphine Requirement After Major Abdominal Surgery?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Single intravenous bolus administration and postoperative or
      perioperative infusions are the most preferred methods of ketamine. Nevertheless,
      there is no clear explanation on the ideal ketamine administration method. In
      this study, we aimed to compare the effects of the most common ketamine
      administration methods and administration time on postoperative opioid
      consumption. METHODS: Fifty-two patients undergoing colectomy for colon cancer
      were randomly assigned into four groups. Group 1 was the control group. Group 2
      received only a single intravenous bolus dose of 0.5 mg kg(-1) ketamine at
      induction. Group 3 received 0.5 mg kg(-1) intravenous ketamine bolus at induction
      and perioperative ketamine infusion at a rate of 0.25 mg kg(-1) h(-1). Group 4
      received a bolus of 0.5 mg kg(-1) intravenous ketamine at induction and
      perioperative and postoperative ketamine infusion at a rate of 0.25 mg kg(-1) h(
      1). Postoperatively, visual analogue scale pain scores, side effects, and
      morphine consumption were recorded. RESULTS: There was no statistically
      significant difference in postoperative pain scores. Total morphine consumption
      was found to be significantly lower in Group 4 compared to the other groups
      (p=0.03, p=0.004, p=0.03, respectively). During the 1(st), 2(nd), and 4(th) hours
      in the postoperative period, patient-controlled analgesia morphine consumption
      was significantly lower in Group 4 compared to the control group (p<0.01).
      CONCLUSION: Preoperative single-bolus dose or intraoperative low-dose ketamine
      infusion does not decrease postoperative morphine consumption; however, per- and
      postoperative 48-hour ketamine infusion has a significant effect in decreasing
      morphine consumption without decreasing the incidence of side effects in patients
      undergoing major abdominal surgery.

PMID- 27366446
TI  - The Evaluation of Applied Anaesthetic Techniques for Caesarean in Parturients
      with Cardiac Diseases: Retrospective Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, the effects of anaesthetic technique on mother and
      newborn were investigated in a retrospective analysis of parturients with cardiac
      diseases undergoing Caesarean section between 2006-2012. METHODS: Our hospital's
      medical information system records were analyzed, and we found 107 parturients
      with cardiac disease and were undergoing Caesarean section, and their demographic
      data and obstetric, anaesthetic, and neonatal record forms were inspected.
      RESULTS: Fifty-three (49.5%) pregnant women received general anaesthesia, and 54
      (50.5%) received regional anaesthesia (34 spinal, 19 epidural and 1 CSE)
      (p=0.05). Week of pregnancy was lower for the group of general anaesthesia
      (p=0.007). Among cardiac parturients, valvular lesion rates were higher (75.7%).
      The relationship between existing cardiac disease and anaesthetic management was
      not significant (p=0.28). However, we determined that parturients with higher
      NYHA (New York Heart Association) classifications had higher general anaesthesia
      rates. (p=0.001). A rate of 39% of 74 NYHA I patients were undergoing general
      anaesthesia; this rate was 64% for NYHA II and 100% for NYHA III. The patients
      with cardiac surgery or medical treatment history had higher general anaesthesia
      rates (p=0.009). Although the general anaesthesia group newborn weights were
      lower (p=0.03), there was no difference between groups for APGAR scores. With
      regard to postoperative complications and hospital stay, the groups were similar.
      CONCLUSION: We determined that general and epidural rates in parturients with
      cardiac diseases were similar, general anaesthesia was preferred for parturients
      who had higher NYHA classifications and surgical or medical treatment history. We
      considered that general anaesthesia criteria should reduce the anaesthesia
      management of parturients with cardiac disease; epidural or CSE anaesthesia
      applications should increase according to the patient's physical state,
      haemodynamic parameters, and obstetric indications.

PMID- 27366447
TI  - Parental Satisfaction Assessment After Paediatric Procedural Sedation: There Are
      Still Issues to Address.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: As paediatric sedation practices are becoming safer and more feasible
      everyday, they have been widely used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
      This study intended to determine the relation between parental satisfaction and
      the branches applying procedures and demographic data of the patients and their
      families, physicians, nurses, and the healthcare personnel in the room. METHODS:
      In total, 223 successive patients under 18 years of age and ASA I-II undergoing
      diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in paediatric pulmonary disease,
      gastroenterology, cardiology, and invasive radiology units were included in the
      study. The satisfaction level of the patients' parents was determined through a
      questionnaire of 22 questions. RESULTS: Average satisfaction scores for
      paediatric bronchoscopy and endoscopic interventions varied between 8.06 and
      9.30, while the satisfaction scores of the interventions for the cardiovascular
      system, hepatic system, and renal system, as well as the invasive radiologic
      interventions, varied between 7.5 and 9.6. There was a statistically significant
      negative correlation between the age of parents and children and the necessity
      for a playground in the waiting area (p<0.05). A significant correlation was
      found between the age of children and the adequacy of the anaesthetist's
      behaviors (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Satisfaction levels of the parents were high at
      the units where paediatric sedation was applied. However, the expectations of
      young patients and their parents were higher. When the physical conditions and
      communication with patients and their relatives are improved and the process
      schedules are followed more precisely, the clinical results will increase in a
      positive way.

PMID- 27366448
TI  - Technology and Information Tool Preferences of Academics in the Field of
      Anaesthesiology.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Researchers use a large number of information technology tools from
      the beginning until the publication of a scientific study. The aim of the study
      is to investigate the technology and data processing tool usage preferences of
      academics who produce scientific publications in the field of anaesthesiology.
      METHODS: A multiple-choice survey, including 18 questions regarding the use of
      technology to assess the preferences of academicians, was performed. RESULTS:
      PubMed has been the most preferred article search portal, and the second is
      Google Academic. Medscape has become the most preferred medical innovation
      tracking website. Only 12% of academicians obtain a clinical trial registration
      number for their randomized clinical research. In total, 28% of respondents used
      the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist in their clinical
      trials. Of all participants, 21% was using Dropbox and 9% was using Google-Drive
      for sharing files. Google Chrome was the most preferred internet browser (32.25%)
      for academic purposes. English language editing service was obtained from the
      Scribendi (21%) and Textcheck (12%) websites. Half of the academics were getting
      help from their specialist with a personal relationship, 27% was doing it
      themselves, and 24% was obtaining professional assistance for statistical
      requirements. Sixty percent of the participants were not using a reference
      editing program, and 21% was using EndNote. Nine percent of the academics were
      spending money for article writing, and the mean cost was 1287 Turkish
      Liras/year. CONCLUSION: Academics in the field of anaesthesiology significantly
      benefit from technology and informatics tools to produce scientific publications.

PMID- 27366449
TI  - Perioperative Anaesthetic Approach in a Homozygous Sickle Cell Anaemia Patient
      with Frequent Pain Crises.
AB  - Sickle cell disease (HbS) is a haemolytic anaemia characterized by the formation
      of abnormal haemoglobin. In patients with sickle cell disease, high rates of
      erythrocyte generation, degradation, and hyperbilirubinemia increase the risk for
      cholelithiasis. Previous studies have found that the incidence of cholelithiasis
      is 70% in adult patients. In sickle cell disease, decreased oxygen concentration
      leads to the sickling of erythrocytes by causing aggregation and polymerization.
      Sickle erythrocytes can have devastating effects on many vital organs by causing
      microvascular occlusion. In patients with sickle cell anaemia, anaesthetic
      technique, anaesthetic agents, and surgical trauma may cause additional risk. In
      this case report, we present a perioperative anaesthetic approach in the
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy of a patient with HbS, elevated liver function
      tests, and frequent pain crises. 

PMID- 27366450
TI  - Glidescope Video Laryngoscope Use for Tracheal Intubation in a Patient with
      CHARGE Syndrome.
AB  - CHARGE syndrome is an autosomal dominant syndrome in which ocular coloboma (C),
      heart defects (H), choanal atresia (A), growth retardation (R), genital
      hypoplasia (G), ear abnormalities (E), and tracheoesophageal fistula, dysphagia,
      cleft palate, micrognathia, facial paralysis, hypopituitarism, and brain
      abnormalities may be seen in patients. The patients with CHARGE syndrome face
      surgical procedures many times from birth. Especially, the problems we meet in
      the airway may be special. In this case report, we aimed to share our experience
      of endotracheal intubation performed with Glidescope video laryngoscopy for a
      patient at the age of 20 months, weight 7.5 kg and height 70 cm, with CHARGE
      syndrome who was undergoing cochlear implantation. 

PMID- 27366451
TI  - The Anaesthetic Management of a Patient with Maple Syrup Urine Disease.
AB  - Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder
      caused by a deficit of oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain aminoacids. It
      leads to a build-up of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and toxic metabolites in
      blood and urine, progressing to acute and chronic brain dysfunction. The first
      symptoms appear in early childhood and are characterized by sweet-smelling urine,
      with an odor similar to that of maple syrup. At birth, infants seem healthy, but
      if untreated, they may suffer from neurological deterioration, seizures,
      hypertonia, or ataxia. During stressful situations, such as infection or surgery,
      patients may experience severe ketoacidosis, rapid neurological deterioration,
      and hypoglycemia. We report the anaesthetic management in a child patient with
      MSUD, admitted for peritonal dialysis catheter insertion with general
      anaesthesia. 

PMID- 27366452
TI  - Management of the Difficult Paediatric Airway with a Simple Fiberoptic-Assisted
      Laryngoscope: A Report of Two Cases with Pierre Robin and Patau's (Trisomy 13)
      Syndrome.
AB  - Airway management of children with congenital craniofacial anomalies is a
      challenge for paediatric anaesthesiologists. We do not have any video-assisted
      airway device in our department for difficult paediatric intubations. We decided
      to attach a regular fiberoptic (outer diameter; 3.7 mm, Karl Storz, Germany)
      scope to a conventional Macintosh Laryngoscope (size 1). We describe two cases of
      Pierre Robin and Patau's (Trisomy 13) syndrome successfully intubated with a
      fiberoptic-assisted laryngoscope (FOL). A fiberoptic scope and any size of a
      laryngoscope blade can be easily assembled in the operating room. The FOL may be
      a useful device in the setting of difficult paediatric intubation. 

PMID- 27366453
TI  - Anaesthesia Management of a Child with West Syndrome.
AB  - West syndrome (WS) is an epileptic encephalopathy usually occurring during the
      first year of life and is characterized by severe electroencephalography (EEG)
      derangement. Most of these patients may develop cerebral palsy, facial
      malformations, and skeletal deformities. The anaesthesiologist should make the
      preoperative assessment carefully due to epileptic seizures and should consider
      the possibility of difficult intubation because of coexisting anatomic
      malformations during the anaesthesia management of patients with WS. This report
      presents a case of general anaesthesia management in a left femoral fixation
      operation in an 11-year-old, 18 kg male patient. 

PMID- 27366454
TI  - Limited-Form Wegener Granulomatosis Case: Anaesthetic Approach and Literature
      Review.
AB  - Wegener granulomatosis (WG) is a kind of vasculitis that affects small and medium
      sized arteries. Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of the upper and lower
      respiratory tracts and necrotizing glomerulonephritis of the kidneys are present.
      WG affects mainly Caucasian individuals between 15-75 years old, with a mean age
      of onset of 41 years. It affects both males and females equally. Kidney
      involvement is not present in the limited form of WG. Peripheral nerve blocks are
      good alternatives when general anaesthesia is risky. Popliteal block is blockade
      of the sciatic nerve at the popliteal region. Popliteal block is a kind of
      peripheral block for surgeries below the knee level. In this article, we report
      on the anaesthesia management of a 61-year-old limited-form WG patient for whom
      general anaesthesia was risky because of lung involvement. 

PMID- 27366455
TI  - Difficult Airway Management in Osmed Syndrome.

PMID- 27366456
TI  - Intensive Care Treatment in Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Head injury remains a serious public problem, especially in the young population.
      The understanding of the mechanism of secondary injury and the development of
      appropriate monitoring and critical care treatment strategies reduced the
      mortality of head injury. The pathophysiology, monitoring and treatment
      principles of head injury are summarised in this article. 

PMID- 27366457
TI  - Sensitivity of the Combination of Mallampati Scores with Anthropometric
      Measurements and the Presence of Malignancy to Predict Difficult Intubation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the combinations of the
      Mallampati test and anthropometric measurements with the highest selectivity
      value. In addition, we aim to identify a possible correlation between head
      circumference measurement, the presence of malignancy and difficult intubation.
      METHODS: Patients who were scheduled to undergo elective surgery under general
      anaesthesia, who fell into Group 1-2 according to ASA criteria and were between
      the ages of 18-70 years were included in the study. Patients with Cormack-Lehane
      scores of 3-4 were considered to be difficult intubations. Thyromental distance,
      sternomental distance, mandibular distance, neck length, neck circumference and
      head circumference were measured during the anthropometric measurements. RESULTS:
      According to the ROC analysis, there was a significant difference in the
      thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck length, neck circumference and
      head circumference between the easy and difficult intubation groups (p<0.05). The
      incidence of difficult intubation was 8.3% in patients with non-head-neck
      malignancies, whereas the incidence was 7.1% in patients without any
      malignancies. The difference between these groups was not statistically
      significant (chi(2)=0.101; p=0.751). CONCLUSION: To predict the incidence of
      difficult intubation, the test with the highest selectivity and highest positive
      predictive values was the combination of Mallampati-thyromental distance. We
      believe that the head circumference and neck length measurement, in addition to
      the current anthropometric measurements, may be crucial to predict the incidence
      of difficult intubations. In addition, we believe that the anticipation of
      difficult intubations in patients with non-head-neck malignancies is not
      different from the normal population.

PMID- 27366458
TI  - The Effect of Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate Treatment on the Spinal Anaesthesia
      Produced by Bupivacaine in Pre-eclamptic Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In our study, the effect of intravenous magnesium sulphate in normal
      and pre-eclamptic patients on spinal anaesthesia produced by bupivacaine was
      investigated. METHODS: Sixty-four pregnant (32 normal and 32 pre-eclamptic) were
      accepted in this study. Pregnants were divided into four groups as patients given
      intravenous magnesium sulphate and as control. Spinal anaesthesia was induced
      with 12.5 mg 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Intraoperative and postoperative
      haemodynamic variables, sensorial block periods, onset times of sensorial and
      motor block, maximum sensorial block levels, the time to reach maximum block
      level, Bromage scores, consumptions of intraoperative analgesic and ephedrine,
      the quality of anaesthesia, the duration of spinal anaesthesia and magnesium
      levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid were measured and recorded. RESULTS: The
      level of magnesium in blood and cerebrospinal fluid was significantly higher in
      the group given magnesium in pre-eclamptic patients (p<0.01). Onset of sensory
      block times were significantly longer in intravenous magnesium group than in
      groups 1, 2 and 3 (p<0.05). Onset of motor block times were significantly longer
      and the duration of anaesthesia was shorter in groups given magnesium (p<0.05).
      Although the quality of anaesthesia was similar, supplemental analgesic
      consumption was significantly higher in pre-eclamptic pregnants given magnesium
      sulphate than in pre-eclamptic pregnants who were not given magnesium sulphate
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Intravenous magnesium sulphate treatment during the spinal
      anaesthesia produced by bupivacaine extended the onset of sensory and motor block
      times, shortened the duration of spinal anaesthesia and therefore led to early
      analgesic requirement.

PMID- 27366459
TI  - The Effects of Preincisional Levobupivacaine Infiltration on Extubation Comfort,
      Postoperative Recovery and Visual Analogue Scale in Appendectomy Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine the effect of preincisional
      0.25% levobupivacaine infiltration on extubation comfort, postoperative recovery
      and visual analogue scale (VAS) in appendectomy patients. METHODS: Forty 15-60
      year-old patients at American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status
      I-II, scheduled for appendectomy were included in the study. After routine
      monitorisation, anaesthesia induction was performed with propofol, fentanyl and
      rocuronium; later, maintenance was continued with sevoflurane. Patients were
      divided into two groups randomly. A total 20 mL of 0.25% (50 mg) levobupivacaine
      was injected around the incision line as a rectangle in Group 1. Levobupivacaine
      was not administered in Group 2 patients. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen
      saturation, additional fentanyl requirement and mean blood pressure were recorded
      during the operation. All patients were evaluated according to difficulties
      encountered during extubation. RESULTS: Discharge time, necessity of diclofenac
      and postoperative VAS values at 0-1 hours were statistically lower in Group 1
      patients than the Group 2 patients (p<0.05). Difficulties, like straining, cough,
      laryngo-bronchospasm, vomiting and nausea during extubation, were 5% and 25% in
      Group 1 and Group 2, respectively, but these differences were not statistically
      significant (p=0.077). CONCLUSION: Infiltration of 0.25% of levobupivacaine as a
      rectangle which included the incision line before surgery decreases discharge
      time, provides analgesia well in the early postoperative period and diminishes
      the requirement of analgesics in appendectomy patients.

PMID- 27366460
TI  - Comparison of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block and IV Patient-Controlled
      Analgesia after Lower Abdominal Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the first 24-hour postoperative analgesic
      efficiency of ultrasound (USG)-assisted transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block
      to IV morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in patients undergoing lower
      abdominal surgery. METHODS: Fifty ASA I-III patients were included into this
      randomised, prospective clinical study. At end of surgery, Group 1 received 1 mg
      kg(-1) 0.5% bupivacaine and 1 mg kg(-1) 1% lidocaine in a 30-mL volume during TAP
      block. Group 2 received 1 mg kg(-1) tramadol IV 10 minutes before extubation, and
      PCA was started with 1 mL morphine IV at a concentration of 1 mg kg(-1) and a 10
      min lock time. Visual analogue scale (VAS), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate,
      peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), additional analgesic need and nausea
      vomiting at the postoperative 30(th) minute and 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours were
      evaluated. In both groups, when VAS values were >4, patients were given 1 mg kg(
      1) tramadol IV in first evaluation at the 30(th) minute or 15 mg kg(-1)
      paracetamol at other evaluations. RESULTS: No difference was observed between
      groups in terms of VAS values. No difference was observed in terms of HR in the
      within-group comparison, but Group 1 HR values were lower compared to Group 2
      (p<0.01). No difference was observed in additional analgesic need at any times.
      Nausea-vomiting score was higher in Group 2 in the between-group comparison at
      the 30(th) minute (p<0.04), but no difference was observed after the 1(st) hour.
      CONCLUSION: Transversus abdominis plane block is effective as IV morphine-PCA in
      postoperative pain therapy in lower abdominal surgery, when given in a 30-mL
      volume. It may be preferable to IV-PCA, as the analgesic effect starts earlier
      and decreases the systemic effect of the morphine used in PCA.

PMID- 27366461
TI  - Experience of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Under Thoracic Epidural Anaesthesia:
      Retrospective Analysis of 96 Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although the traditional anaesthesia method for laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy has been general anaesthesia, regional anaesthesia techniques are
      also successfully used today. In this paper, we aimed to report our experiences
      with thoracic epidural anaesthesia, including complications, postoperative
      analgesia, technical difficulties and side effects. METHODS: Between December
      2009 and November 2012, 90 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were
      retrospectively analysed. Demographic data, American Society of Anesthesiologists
      (ASA) scores, comorbidities, duration of operations, medications and doses used
      for sedation were reviewed. RESULTS: The gender distribution of patients were
      recorded as 15 males (15%) and 81 females (85%). The patients had an average age
      of 46.74+/-13.28, an average height of 162.50+/-5.57 cm and a mean weight of
      73.57+/-12.48 kg. ASA classifications were distributed as follows: ASA I: 63
      (65%) patients, ASA II 28 (29%) patients and ASA III: 5 patients. We recorded 3
      patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 14 patients with
      diabetes mellitus (DM) and 22 patients with hypertension who got their diagnosis
      in the perioperative visit. During the operation, three patients had bradycardia
      (heart rate 50 min(-1)), and atropine was applied. Ephedrine and fluid
      resuscitation had been applied to 3 patients for the treatment of intraoperative
      hypotension. Midazolam, ketamine hydrochloride and propofol were administered to
      patients for sedation during the operations. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia was
      performed at the level of T7 -9 intervertebral space with the patients in the
      sitting position. Patients were given oxygen by a face mask at a rate of 3-4 L
      min(-1). The pneumoperitoneum was created by giving carbon dioxide at the
      standard pressure of 12 mmHg into the abdominal cavity in all patients. If
      needed, postoperative analgesia was provided by epidural local anaesthetic
      administration. CONCLUSION: Thoracic epidural anaesthesia can be applied as an
      alternative to general anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

PMID- 27366462
TI  - A Retrospective Analysis of Comparison of General Versus Regional Anaesthesia for
      Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare general anaesthesia (GA) versus
      regional anaesthesia (RA) for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). METHODS: We
      analysed the files of 89 patients between August 2010-August 2012 who underwent
      elective EVAR retrospectively. RESULTS: We performed RA for 32 patients (36%) and
      GA for 57 patients (64%). The operations were completed successfully in both
      groups and did not require conventional surgery. The mean age of the patients was
      71.5+/-7 (range 50-88 years). RA was preferred more than GA in the presence of
      advanced-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease statistically (p=0.032). The
      usage of vasodilator drug and atropine was found to be higher in the GA group
      than the RA group in the intraoperative period (p=0.001 and p=0.01,
      respectively). The intensive care unit (ICU) was necessary for 5 patients in the
      RA group (16%) and 13 patients for the GA group (23%) postoperatively (p=0.301).
      The median ICU stay in the RA group was 2 hours and 4.4 hours in the GA group
      (p=0.114). The median hospital stay was 2.63+/-1.91 days in the RA group and
      2.04+/-1.16 days in the GA group, with no statistically significant difference
      between groups (p=0.120). There was no mortality of patients in either group for
      the peroperative period and the 30-day follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Our present
      study suggests that patient characteristics are more important than the
      anaesthetic method on the outcomes of EVAR.

PMID- 27366463
TI  - Anaesthetic Method Preference of Obstetricians for Caesarean Section.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Anaesthesiologists are applying regional anaesthesia for caesarean
      section at an increasing rate compared to previous years. In our study, we tried
      to evaluate the perspective of obstetricians towards this trend. METHODS:
      Questionnaires were sent to e-mail addresses of obstetricians via the internet;
      195 obstetricians replied. Sex, age, work place, employer, working durations as
      consultant, preference of anaesthesia for caesarean section and their bias
      towards regional anaesthesia were asked with these questionnaires. A 5-point
      Likert scale was used to evaluate their bias towards regional anaesthesia.
      RESULTS: While 82.1% of obstetricians (n: 160) preferred regional anaesthesia,
      17.9% of obstetricians (n: 35) favoured general anaesthesia for caesarean section
      for both themselves and their primary relatives. However, 80% of the participants
      opted for regional anaesthesia for their patients; only 20% of the participants
      still preferred general anaesthesia for caesarean section. Chi-square tests that
      were used to evaluate the relationship between demographic data and anaesthesia
      choices of obstetricians for both themselves, their primary relatives and their
      patients did not reveal any statistically significant differences (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: A large portion of Turkish obstetricians consider regional
      anaesthesia a safe procedure and prefer it highly for both themselves and their
      patients.

PMID- 27366464
TI  - Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Occurring in the Postoperative Period.
AB  - Takotsubo cardiomyopathy simulates acute myocardial infarction, and it is
      characterised by reversible left ventricular failure. A case of Takotsubo
      cardiomyopathy diagnosed after emergency angiography performed in a patient with
      evidence of acute myocardial infarction in the postoperative period will be
      described in this report. Transurethral resection of a bladder tumour (TUR-BT)
      was performed in a 92-year-old male patient by the urology clinic. The patient
      was transferred to the post-anaesthesia care unit after the operation. An
      echocardiography was performed because of the sudden onset of dyspnoea,
      tachycardia (140-150 beats per minute, rhythm-atrial fibrillation) and ST-segment
      elevation on electrocardiography (ECG) at the first postoperative hour, and
      midapical dyskinesia was detected at the patient. An immediate angiography was
      performed due to suspicion of acute coronary syndrome. Patent coronary arteries
      and temporary aneurysmatic dilatation of the apex of the heart were revealed by
      angiography. As a result of these findings, the patient was diagnosed with
      Takotsubo cardiomyopathy by the cardiology service. The patient was discharged
      uneventfully following 10 days in the intensive care unit. Aneurysm of the apex
      of the left ventricle and normal anatomy of the coronary arteries in the
      angiography have diagnostic value for Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Diuretics
      (furosemide) and beta-blockers (metoprolol) are commonly used for the treatment
      of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Even though Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a rare and
      benign disease, it should be kept in mind in patients suspected for acute
      myocardial infarction in the postoperative period. 

PMID- 27366465
TI  - Anaesthesia Management of a Patient with Incidentally Diagnosed Diaphragmatic
      Hernia During Laparoscopic Surgery.
AB  - Diaphragmatic hernia is usually congenital. However, it is rarely traumatic and
      can stay asymptomatic. In this report, we aimed to present the anaesthetic
      management of a patient with diaphragmatic hernia due to previous trauma (14
      years ago), which was diagnosed incidentally during surgery for rectal cancer.
      The patient (53 years, 56 kg, 165 cm, American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA)
      II), to whom laparoscopic surgery was planned because of rectal cancer, had a
      history of falling from a height 14 years ago. Preoperatively, the patient did
      not have any sign except small right diaphragmatic elevation on the chest x-ray.
      After induction, maintenance of anaesthesia was continued with sevoflurane and
      O2/N2O. The patient was given a 30 degrees  Trendelenburg position. When the
      trochars were inserted by the surgeon, the diaphragmatic hernia was seen on the
      right part of the diaphragm, which was hidden by the liver. The surgery was
      continued laparoscopically but with low pressure (12 mmHg), because the patient
      did not have any haemodynamic and respiratory instability. The patient, who had
      stable haemodynamic parameters and no respiratory complications during the
      operation, was transferred to the ward for monitorised care. Traumatic
      diaphragmatic hernias can be detected incidentally after a long period of acute
      event. In our case, it was diagnosed during laparoscopic surgery. The surgery was
      completed with appropriate and careful haemodynamic monitoring and low intra
      abdominal pressure under inhalational anaesthesia without any impairment in the
      patient's haemodynamic and respiratory parameters. 

PMID- 27366466
TI  - Continuous Spinal Anaesthesia for Hip Fracture Surgery in a High-Risk Patient.
AB  - Elderly patients have increased risk for perioperative mortality and morbidity
      due to additional comorbidities, such as cardiac diseases. Regional anaesthesia
      techniques are usually preferred in high-risk patients due to some advantages,
      such as the maintenance of cardiovascular stability and early postoperative
      mobilisation. This case presents the anaesthetic approach in a 55-year-old male
      patient with low ejection fraction that underwent hip fracture surgery. In this
      present case, continuous spinal anaesthesia with low-dose hyperbaric bupivacaine
      provided safe and effective anaesthesia during surgery with minimal haemodynamic
      changes and adequate analgesia during the first 24 hours after surgery. 

PMID- 27366467
TI  - Cerebral Vein Thrombosis after Spinal Anaesthesia with Pregnancy.
AB  - Thrombosis of cerebral veins or thrombosis of cortical and deep veins that empty
      into the sinuses can cause serious neurological syndromes. Cerebral vein
      thrombosis is seen, especially between the ages of 20-35. The predisposing
      factors in 80% of patients can be determined. Pregnancy, postpartum period and
      spinal anaesthesia are among the predisposing factors. Diagnosis of the disease
      is difficult due to the variety of clinical signs and symptoms. Headache is the
      most common reason for admission to the hospital. Thromboembolic events in
      pregnancy are an important reason of maternal morbidity and mortality. Most cases
      of cerebral venous thrombosis in pregnancy occur in the postpartum period.
      Confusion, convulsions and respiratory arrest occurred in 37-year-old female
      patient after 3 hours from operation. Cerebral vein thrombosis was diagnosed,
      owing to laboratory and neuroradiological findings. In this article, we have
      emphasised the importance of clinical evaluation of pregnant patients with
      cerebral vein thrombosis after spinal anaesthesia. 

PMID- 27366468
TI  - Endotracheal Tube Obstruction: A Manufacturing Defect.
AB  - Various manufacturing defects of endotracheal tubes are encountered in
      anaesthesia practice. One of the important defects of an endotracheal tube is
      that a partial or complete obstruction can be potentially life-threatening.
      Manufacturing defects may not be ascertainable by routine inspection. In this
      case report, we report a partial airway obstruction caused by a plastic membrane
      in the connector of an endotracheal tube as a manufacturing defect. 

PMID- 27366469
TI  - Sudden Appearance of Water in Flowmeter During Air/Oxygen and Sevoflurane
      Anaesthesia.
AB  - Endotracheal intubation was performed, and a water bubbling sound was heard from
      the anaesthesia device immediately after the release of gases to administer the
      O2-air-sevoflurane mixture. The flowmeter on the anaesthesia device was then
      found to be filled with water. The breakdown of the dryer in the medical air
      compressor system was determined as the source of the problem, since a greasy
      fluid mixture was released from the air-wall outlets in all rooms. Consequently,
      the anaesthesia team should keep in mind that problems as seen in the current
      case might emerge and should be alert. 

PMID- 27366470
TI  - The Effects of Desflurane and Propofol on the Release of Thyroid Hormones in
      Euthyroid Patients Undergoing Elective Lumbar Discectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of desflurane and
      propofol on the release of thyroid hormones in euthyroid patients undergoing
      single-level lumbar discectomy. METHODS: The study group included 21-65-year-old
      American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I-II euthyroid 40 patients undergoing
      elective single-level lumbar discectomy. They were randomly divided into 2 groups
      (n=20). In the maintenance of anaesthesia, Group D received desflurane
      inhalational anaesthesia and remifentanil infusion, and Group P received propofol
      and remifentanil IV infusions. Four blood samples for the determination of plasma
      levels of free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyrotropin (TSH)
      were collected 5 min before and 60 min after the induction of anaesthesia and 60
      min and 24 h after the surgery. RESULTS: Plasma TSH levels in both groups reached
      the highest levels at the first postoperative hour and returned to the
      preoperative levels 24 hours after the surgery. Regarding plasma FT3 levels,
      there were no significant differences within and between groups. There were no
      significant differences in plasma FT4 levels within the patients of Group P, but
      in Group D, FT4 levels reached its peak in the first hour of anaesthesia
      induction and returned back to preoperative levels 24 hours postoperatively
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and
      evaluate patients with thyroid gland pathologies.

PMID- 27366471
TI  - Cardiac and Liver Marker Alterations After Laparoscopic Gynaecologic Operations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In our study, we aimed to investigate the effect of laparoscopic
      procedures in which the abdominal cavity at a Trendelenburg position of 15
      degrees was insufflated with CO2 on cardiac and liver markers. METHODS: Forty
      patients scheduled for laparoscopic gynaecological surgery were included in the
      study. Venous blood samples were taken the day before operation and 6 hours after
      surgery, and later, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatine
      kinase-MB (CK-MB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase
      (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), myoglobin (MY) and d-dimer (d-D) were
      measured. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the
      values of preoperative and postoperative ALT (16.8+/-9.4 and 17.8+/-9.3;
      p=0.579), AST (19.4+/-7 and 20.9+/-7.6; p=0.361) and ALP (65.2+/-16.2 and 63.3+/
      16.9; p=0.609), but LDH (385.1+/-117.3 and 460.6+/-156.3; p=0.003), CK (113.8+/
      138.5 and 247.9+/-283.5; p=0.0001), CK-MB (22.8+/-13.3 and 28.7+/-16; p=0.011),
      MY (28.1+/-12.9 and 138.8+/-129; p=0.0001) and d-D (509.5+/-815: 1026+/-1054;
      p=0.0001) increased significantly. CONCLUSION: After laparoscopic operations in
      the Trendelenburg position, postoperative serum ALT, AST and ALP levels, remained
      unchanged, when compared to preoperative values, but LDH, CK, CK-MB, myoglobin
      and d-dimer values increased significantly.

PMID- 27366472
TI  - The Comparison of the Effects of Epidural Bupivacaine and Levobupivacaine on the
      Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac Arrhythmia Parameters in Inguinal Hernia
      Surgeries.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of bupivacaine and
      levobupivacaine, used to create epidural anaesthesia in inguinal hernia
      operations, on heart rate variability and cardiac arrhythmia parameters. METHODS:
      Sixty male patients of the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I-II group,
      scheduled to be operated on for inguinal hernia surgery with epidural
      anaesthesia, were randomly divided into two groups. The patients, with a 12
      channel Holter recorder (Rozinn RZ153+12-USA) attached 1 hour before the
      operation to record until the end of the surgery, were taken into the preparation
      room and anaesthetised. In group L (n=30), 17 mL of 0.5% levobupivacaine
      (Chirocain 0.5%-Abbot, El-verum, Norway) was given into the epidural space within
      10 minutes, versus 17 mL of 0.5% bupivacaine in (Marcain 0.5%, Astra Zeneca,
      Istanbul, Turkey) group B (n=30). After 30 minutes, when there was enough block,
      the operation had been started. Holter recordings, starting 1 hour before the
      anaesthetic procedure and completed by the end of the operations, were
      transferred to the computer. The records were evaluated by the cardiologists.
      RESULTS: When analysing the frequency effect measurement results of the heart
      rate variability, it was seen that neither of the medications created any
      statistically significant change in or among the groups in total, very-low
      frequency (VLF), low-frequency (LF), high-frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio levels.
      Only normalised low-frequency band was significantly lower in Group L (p=0.013).
      CONCLUSION: In the volumes and concentrations that were used in our study,
      levobupivacaine and bupivacaine created sensory blockade at the same level on
      average and did not reduce heart rate variability at the levels of these
      blockages.

PMID- 27366473
TI  - Comparison of Dexmedetomidine Versus Ketamine-Propofol Combination for Sedation
      in Cataract Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the sedative properties and
      haemodynamic and respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and a ketamine-propofol
      combination (ketofol), which are expected to have minimal effects on spontaneous
      breathing. METHODS: Sixty patients were enrolled in this prospective randomised
      study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the administration of
      dexmedetomidine (Group D) and ketofol (Group K). Target sedation level was
      determined as a Ramsay Sedation Score of 3. In Group D, 0.5 mcg kg(-1)
      dexmedetomidine was administered via intravenous route in 10 minutes versus 0.125
      mL kg(-1) of a solution containing 200 mg propofol and 100 mg ketamine in Group
      K. Haemodynamic and respiratory effects, postoperative awakening time, analgesic
      properties and satisfaction levels of the patients and surgeon were assessed.
      RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in mean arterial
      pressures following drug administration compared to initial measurements in both
      groups. However, there was a statistically significant decrease in heart rate
      only in Group D. There was no significant difference between the two groups
      regarding respiratory rate and protection of spontaneous respiration. Although
      the time for Aldrete score to be 9 was 16.1 minutes for Group K, it was 24.9
      minutes for Group D, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.01).
      There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding adverse
      effects, pain scores and satisfaction levels of the patients and surgeon.
      CONCLUSION: Compared to dexmedetomidine, at similar sedation levels, sedation
      provided by ketofol enables satisfactory analgesia. Moreover, ketofol has a more
      rapid onset of action and a shorter recovery period from anaesthesia without
      causing significant haemodynamic or respiratory adverse effects.

PMID- 27366474
TI  - The Effects of Different Anaesthetic Techniques on Surgical Stress Response
      During Inguinal Hernia Operations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of 3 different kinds
      of anaesthesia on stress response induced by surgery. METHODS: Sixty patients
      aged between 25-70 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II group to
      undergo inguinal herniography were included in this study. Patients were randomly
      divided into 3 groups of 20. Group 1 received general anaesthesia with
      sevoflurane/air/remifentanil, patients in Group 2 received total intravenous
      anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol/air/remifentanil and Group 3 received spinal
      anaesthesia induced by hyperbaric bupivacaine, adjoined by remifentanil sedation.
      Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate and SpO2 values were recorded
      preoperatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively at certain periods.
      Cortisol, leptin and glucose levels were preoperatively detected. Intervals were
      as; 15 minutes prior to the induction of anaesthesia, at intraoperative first
      hour and at the postoperative third and twenty-forth hours. RESULTS: MAP and
      heart rate values were similar in the inhalational anaesthesia and TIVA groups
      but relatively higher in the spinal anaesthesia group. Blood glucose levels were
      elevated, insulin levels were decreased in all groups, at the intraoperative
      first hour. Biphasic variation in blood leptin levels was observed in all groups,
      as the levels were lower than the preoperative control values at the
      intraoperative first and postoperative third hours and significantly higher at
      the postoperative twenty-forth hour. There was a significant decrease in cortisol
      level percentage change in the TIVA group at the intraoperative 1st hour,
      increasing in the other groups. CONCLUSION: We concluded that TIVA supresses the
      stress response induced by surgery better by lowering cortisol levels, leading to
      a lower increase in blood glucose levels and a lower decrease in blood insulin
      levels when compared to others. Furthermore, leptin levels were increased at the
      postoperative twenty-forth hour. The lower increase at the postoperative twenty
      forth hour in the TIVA group can be correlated with the anaesthetic agent.

PMID- 27366475
TI  - Effects of Bowel Preparation and Fluid Restriction in Robot-Assisted Radical
      Prostatectomy Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) patients, preoperative
      bowel preparation and intraoperative fluid restriction may cause dehydration and
      electrolyte imbalance. In these patients, laboratory results that are considered
      "normal" in the pre-anaesthesia clinic may be misleading, and cardiac arrhythmia
      due to hypokalaemia and hypocalcaemia, as well as problems, such as prolonged non
      depolarising blockade and delayed recovery from anaesthesia, may be observed
      during anaesthesia practice. In this study, we aimed to determine these
      disturbances by comparing the preoperative (T1) laboratory values with those at
      the beginning of the operation (T2) and at the 6(th) hour of the operation (T3)
      and values at discharge. METHODS: This prospective study comprised 49 American
      Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II patients. Bowel preparation was made with
      a rectal enema (NaP) twice in 12 hours and with one single dose of oral laxative
      soda (NaP). During surgery, 1 mL kg(-1) h(-1) 0.09% NaCl and 1 mL kg(-1) h(-1) 6%
      HES 200/05 infusions were applied. RESULTS: The potassium level at T2 was
      significantly lower than at T1 and T3. The calcium levels at T2 and T3 were
      significantly lower than at T1, and the level at T3 was significantly lower than
      at T2. The creatinine level at T3 was significantly higher than at T1 and T2.
      CONCLUSION: Although there were no severe increases or decreases in laboratory
      test values due to bowel preparation and fluid restriction in RARP operations,
      which reflected on the clinical outcome in this ASA I-II patient group, these
      changes may be important in critically ill or ASA III-IV patients.

PMID- 27366476
TI  - Comparison of the Effects of Thiopental Sodium and Propofol on Haemodynamics,
      Awareness and Newborns During Caesarean Section Under General Anaesthesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of propofol and thiopental on haemodynamics,
      awareness and newborns in pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section.
      METHODS: Seventy pregnant women were assigned into two equal groups. For
      anaesthesia induction, 2 mg kg(-1) propofol (Group P) and 5 mg kg(-1) thiopental
      (Group T) were administered. Maternal haemodynamic parameters and bispectral
      index (BIS) values were recorded before induction, in 1-minute intervals within
      the first 10 minutes after induction and in 5-minute intervals thereafter, during
      skin incision, uterine incision, removal of infant, uterine sutures, skin
      sutures, eye opening and extubation in all cases. Cord blood gas analysis and 1-
      and 5-minute APGAR scores were recorded. In all cases, a keyword was spelled to
      ear during removal of the infant, and at the first postoperative hour, patients
      were questioned. Important time periods of surgery and anaesthesia and also the
      first postoperative hour haemodynamic values, pain scores, nausea and vomiting
      were noted. RESULTS: The demographic data were similar among cases. In Group T,
      systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) at the first 2 minutes after induction and heart rate
      (HR) at almost all time points were significantly higher. BIS values from
      induction to the eighth minute and skin incision, uterine incision and removal of
      the infant were lower in Group P. No patient remembered the keyword spelled,
      while 4 patients reported dreaming during general anaesthesia. The effects of
      propofol and thiopental sodium on 1- and 5-minute APGAR scores, cord blood gas
      values and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were similar.
      CONCLUSION: Propofol is a more appropriate anaesthetic agent than thiopental in
      anaesthesia for caesareans, since it provides better anaesthestic depth and more
      rapid recovery.

PMID- 27366477
TI  - What Do Current Information and Evidence Suggest to Us for Oxytocin Use During
      Caesarean Section?
AB  - Oxytocin is the first-line agent in the prevention and treatment of uterine atony
      and maintenance of uterine tone. Since there are several different practices
      related to the use of oxytocin during caesarean sections, we would like to
      address the latest information and evidence for rational oxytocin use. 

PMID- 27366478
TI  - Acute Pancreatitis Due to Hypertriglyceridaemia in Pregnancy.
AB  - Acute pancreatitis due to hypertriglyceridaemia during pregnancy is a rare but
      severe clinical condition that may cause fatal results for both the mother and
      the foetus. Acute pancreatitis developed in a 37-year-old pregnant woman with
      familial hypertriglyceridaemia and diabetes mellitus in the 31(st) week of
      pregnancy. As intrauterine foetal death developed, the pregnancy of the patient
      was terminated. Additionally, insulin, octreotide and plasmapheresis with "double
      membrane filtration" were applied, and triglycerides rapidly decreased. After 24
      hours, the level of triglycerides decreased from 9742 mg dL(-1) to 432 mg dL(-1).
      The patient was discharged from the intensive care unit at the end of 5 days and
      was discharged from the hospital after 32 days. The current article presents the
      successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridaemia in a pregnant case. 

PMID- 27366479
TI  - Atypical Presentation of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a
      Patient Diagnosed with Postpartum Gestational Hypertension.
AB  - Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a major cause of maternal mortality and
      morbidity. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are among the most common causes of
      posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Clinically, PRES is
      characterised by visual disturbances, headache, nausea, change in mental status
      and seizure. Although treatment of the underlying cause provides clinical and
      radiological healing, a delay in the diagnosis and treatment can result in
      permanent brain damage and death. The exact incidence of new-onset postpartum
      hypertension is difficult to ascertain. Women with mild hypertension are usually
      asymptomatic; therefore, patients either can not be diagnosed or are diagnosed
      with late complications. With this case, we would like to present a patient who
      had no diagnosis of maternal hypertension or preeclampsia-eclampsia during
      pregnancy but, after a postpartum seizure, was diagnosed with PRES. 

PMID- 27366480
TI  - Continuous Spinal Anaesthesia for Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic
      Aneurysm in High-Risk Patient.
AB  - Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is increasingly being used in abdominal
      aortic aneurysm (AAA) treatment, as it is less invasive than open surgery. A wide
      range of anaesthetic types, such as general anaesthesia, neuroaxial blocks and
      local anaesthesia, have been shown to be appropriate for the EVAR procedure. In
      the continuous spinal anaesthesia (CSA) method, the local anaesthetic may be
      titrated through a catheter placed in the subarachnoid space, allowing better
      control of the anaesthetic level and a reduction in potential haemodynamic side
      effects. Our aim is to present CSA as a successful anaesthetic technique for EVAR
      in an AAA patient with severe co-existing diseases. 

PMID- 27366481
TI  - A Case of Compartment Syndrome in the Hand Secondary to Intravenous Fluid
      Application.
AB  - Compartment syndrome of the extremities is a rare but potentially devastating
      condition. Anaesthetic and analgesic drugs used in the perioperative period may
      cause a delayed diagnosis by preventing the symptoms from appearing, and
      irreversible complications can occur. In this report, a case of compartment
      syndrome secondary to vascular access and its treatment in a morbidly obese
      patient who underwent abdominoplasty was presented. 

PMID- 27366482
TI  - Intraoperative Ephedrine Allergy in a Patient Who Received Chemotherapy and
      Perioperative Hypersensitivity Reactions.
AB  - Anaesthesia represents a specific set-up in respect to pharmacology, and during
      this time, early hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis may occur in patients
      who are exposed to a great number of foreign substances. Intravenous ephedrine (5
      mg) was applied to a 37-year-old patient due to the development of intraoperative
      hypotension in a total abdominal hysterectomy operation. After application,
      hyperaemia was seen in the track of the intravenous catheter of that extremity.
      Approximately 15 minutes later, urticarial plaques were observed extensively in
      the abdomen and in both extremities. Methylprednisolone (100 mg+100 mg) and
      pheniramine (45.5 mg) were given with an increasing infusion rate of intravenous
      crystalloid. The patient was extubated without any problem and removed to the
      recovery unit for observation. After the total disappearance of lesions at
      postoperative 60 minutes and because of the stability of vital signs, the patient
      was removed to the service. In the follow-up of surgery, no complication
      developed, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 2. 

PMID- 27366483
TI  - A Case Report of Toxic Brain Syndrome Caused by Methyl Bromide.
AB  - Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon that may cause
      acute and chronic toxicities. We describe a case of a 44-year-old male patient
      who developed toxic brain syndrome (TBS) and central nervous system (CNS)
      toxicity after exposure to CH3Br by inhalation. Toxicity began with progressive
      nervousness, dysarthria and coordination disorder. The complaints on admission to
      the hospital were speech defect, balance disorder, consciousness disorder and
      involuntary movements. The patient was treated symptomatically in the intensive
      care unit (ICU), and organic reasons were excluded. Findings in the magnetic
      resonance imaging were considered secondary demyelination related to systemic
      intoxication. Because of the CH3Br, alkylates the crucial sulfhydryl-containing
      enzymes, N-acetylcysteine was used as a source of sulfhydryl groups for the
      treatment of the patient. He was hospitalised for nearly 1.5 months in the ICU. 

PMID- 27366484
TI  - Lateral Sagittal Infraclavicular Block Under Sedation in a Four-Year-Old Child.

PMID- 27366485
TI  - A New Threat in Anaesthesia-Bonzai.

PMID- 27366486
TI  - Comparison of Patient Costs in Internal Medicine and Anaesthesiology Intensive
      Care Units in a Tertiary University Hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The allocation of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to health is
      limited, therefore it has made a need for professional management of health
      business. Hospital managers as well as employees are required to have sufficient
      knowledge about the hospital costs. Hospital facilities like intensive care units
      that require specialization and advanced technology have an important part in
      costs. For this purpose, cost analysis studies should be done in the general
      health business and special units separately. METHODS: In this study we aimed to
      compare the costs of anaesthesiology and internal medicine intensive care units
      (ICU) roughly. RESULTS: After approval of this study by Gazi University Faculty
      of Medicine Ethics Committee, the costs of 855 patients that were hospitalized,
      examined and treated for at least 24 hours in internal medicine and
      anaesthesiology ICUs between January 2012-August 2013 (20 months period) were
      taken and analyzed from chief staff of the Department of Information Technology,
      Gazi University Hospital. CONCLUSION: At the end of the study, we observed clear
      differences between internal medicine and anaesthesiology ICUs arising from
      transactions and patient characteristics of units. We stated that these
      differences should be considered by Social Security Institution (SSI) for the
      reimbursement of the services. Further, we revealed that SSI payments do not meet
      the intensive care expenditure.

PMID- 27366487
TI  - Radiological Evaluation of the Line Between the Crista Iliaca (Tuffier's line) in
      Elderly Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Tuffier's line is defined as the line connecting the highest points of
      both iliac crests, which generally passes through either the body of the fourth
      lumbar vertebra or the intervertebral space between fourth and fifth vertebrae.
      In this study, we assessed the radiological correlation of the level of Tuffier's
      line with changes in age and sex. METHODS: In this study, antero-posterior pelvic
      X-rays of 590 patients aged 18 and older were retrospectively analyzed. It is
      revealed that Tuffier's line crosses the vertebral column at one of three levels,
      which are the L4 vertebral body, L4-L5 vertebral interspace and L5 vertebral
      body. Patients' sex, age and vertebral level of the Tuffier's line were recorded.
      Data was analyzed using the chi-square test. RESULTS: The assessment of the X
      rays of 317 female patients showed that Tuffier's Line passes through the L4
      vertebral body in 115 (37.8%), through the L4-L5 intervertebral space in 126
      (40%) and through the L5 vertebral body in 76 (22.2%) patients. A Tuffier's line
      passing through the level of the L5 vertebral body was found to be statistically
      significant in female patients (p=0.00). No significant relevance was found
      between male gender and the level of Tuffier's line in 273 male patients. It is
      found that the height of the vertebral levels that Tuffier's line crosses does
      not correlate with mean age of the groups (p=0.939). CONCLUSION: It should be
      considered that Tuffier's line can cross at vertebral levels other than
      anticipated. The level of Tuffier's line should be precisely determined with
      supplementary radiological methods, such as AP pelvic X-ray in addition to
      physical examination, to reduce the complications in association with regional
      anaeshesia and to achieve sensorial block levels sufficient to sustain a
      comfortable surgery, particularly in female patients who carry higher cardiac and
      respiratory risks.

PMID- 27366488
TI  - Investigation of Effects of Epidural Anaesthesia Combined with General
      Anaesthesia on the Stress Response in Patients Undergoing Hip and Knee
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of general anaesthesia and general+epidural
      anaesthesia on the stress response which was evaluated with the
      adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, insulin, and glucose levels and
      the haemodynamic parameters. METHODS: Forty two, American Society of
      Anesthesiologists physiologic status I-II, patients undergoing hip and knee
      arthroplasty were randomized into two groups; general anaesthesia (Group G) and
      general anaesthesia+epidural anaesthesia (Group E). Epidural anaesthesia:
      patients in Group E received epidural anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine, a lumbar
      epidural catheter was placed and after achieving sensorial block at T10
      dermatome, general anaesthesia was commenced. General anaesthesia was
      standardized in both groups. Further, plasma ACTH, cortisol, insulin and glucose
      levels were determined at preoperative=t1, after the surgical incision=t2,
      postoperative 2(nd) hour=t3 and postoperative 24(th) hour=t4. Perioperative heart
      rate, blood pressures, pain scores and morphine consumption were also determined.
      RESULTS: ACTH levels were higher in Group G than Group E [Group G, t2: 71.4+/
      39.9 pg mL(-1), t3: 578.6+/-566.1 pg mL(-1), Group E, t2: 20.2+/-16.2 pg mL(-1),
      t3: 56.3+/-73.6 pg mL(-1) (p<0.001)]. Cortisol, was higher in Group G compared
      with Group E [Group G, t3: 33.4+/-13.1 MUg dL(-1), t4: 34.1+/-22.5 MUg dL(-1),
      Group E, t3: 19.1+/-10.3 MUg dL(-1), t4: 21.3+/-8.1 MUg dL(-1) (p=0.001 and
      p=0.002)]. The insulin levels were higher compared with the baseline values at
      t3, and glucose was higher at t3 and t4 in both groups. Haemodynamic parameters
      were stable in Group E, and pain scores and morphine consumption were higher in
      Group G than in Group E. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that epidural
      anaesthesia combined with general anaesthesia suppressed the stress response,
      which was evaluated with ACTH, cortisol levels and haemodynamic parameters;
      however, this method was ineffective to attenuate the increase in glucose and
      insulin levels.

PMID- 27366489
TI  - Comparison of Intraoperative and Postoperative Effects of Lateral Epidural and
      Midline Epidural Anaesthesia in Patients Undergoing Unilateral Lower Extremity
      Operation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare lateral and midline epidural anaesthesia using a
      levobupivacaine-fentanyl combination in patients undergoing unilateral lower
      extremity operation for anaesthetic effects and postoperative complications.
      METHODS: The study included 40 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II
      group patients. At the L4-5 space, an epidural catheter was placed in patients in
      Group 1 by directing the tip of the needle at a 45-degree angle to the operation
      side and in Group 2 with the needle tip in the cephalad direction. Patients in
      both groups were administered a combination of 10 mL 0.5% levobupivacaine and 50
      MUg fentanyl via the epidural catheter. Sensorial and motor block levels during
      the perioperative and postoperative periods and postoperative complications were
      recorded. RESULTS: The maximum level of sensory block on the operated side was
      found to be at the T10 (T8-T10) level in both groups, while the level of sensory
      block on the non-operated side was at the L2 (L3-T10) level in Group 1, and at
      the T10 (T8-T10) level in Group 2 (p=0.000). The motor block was more intense on
      the non-operated side in Group 2 than in Group 1. The postoperative motor block
      ended earlier in Group 1. The incidence of complication development was similar
      between the groups. CONCLUSION: With a shorter lasting and lower level sensorial
      and motor block, lateral epidural anaesthesia may be a more advantageous method
      than midline epidural anaesthesia.

PMID- 27366490
TI  - Effects of Systemic Disorders on Postoperative Complications After Simultaneous
      Bilateral Total Knee Replacement.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate the
      association between accompanying systemic disorders and major complications
      developing in the early postoperative period in patients who underwent
      simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty with combined spinal and epidural
      anaesthesia. METHODS: In the present study, the medical records of a total of 456
      patients were analyzed. Preoperative data, including the American Society of
      Anesthesiologists physical status and presence of coronary artery disease (CAD),
      chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension and renal
      insufficiency were recorded. Furthermore, the data related to major
      complications, such as cardiac complications, respiratory complications, acute
      myocardial infarction (AMI), thromboembolism, cerebrovascular accident (CVA),
      confusion, acute renal failure (ARF), shock and cardiopulmonary arrest were
      recorded. RESULTS: We found that the frequency of complications markedly
      increased in the presence of concurrent DM and hypertension, or DM, hypertension
      and CAD, or DM and CAD. Further, 0.2% of the patients developed AMI, 3.3%
      developed cardiac complications, 2.2% developed respiratory complications, 0.9%
      developed thromboembolism, 0.2% developed CVA, 2% developed confusion and 0.4%
      developed cardiac arrest and shock in the first week after the operation. The
      frequency of cardiac and pulmonary complications and confusion was higher in
      patients aged above 65 years compared to patients below 65 years. CONCLUSION: We
      observed that the frequency of cardiac and pulmonary complications and confusion
      in the early postoperative period was markedly higher in patients aged above 65
      years and in patients with concurrent DM and cardiovascular comorbidities.

PMID- 27366491
TI  - A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of IV Dexketoprofen, Lornoxicam, and
      Diclophenac Sodium on Postoperative Analgesia and Tramadol Consumption in
      Patients Receiving Patient-Controlled Tramadol.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to compare the effects of dexketoprofen,
      lornoxicam, and diclophenac sodium on postoperative analgesia and tramadol
      consumption in patients receiving postoperative patient-controlled tramadol after
      a major abdominal surgery. METHODS: Eighty patients were randomized to receive
      one of the four study drugs. Patients in group dexketoprofen (DT) received IV 50
      mg dexketoprofen, group lornoxicam (LR) received IV 8 mg lornoxicam, group
      diclophenac sodium (DS) received 75 mg IV diclophenac sodium and group saline (S)
      received 0.9% saline in 2 mL syringes, 20 min before the end of anaesthesia. A
      standardized (1 mg kg(-1)) dose of tramadol was routinely administered to all
      patients as the loading dose at the end of surgery. Postoperatively, whenever
      patients requested, they were allowed to use a tramadol patient-controlled
      analgesia device giving a bolus dose (0.2 mg kg(-1)) of tramadol. Pain,
      discomfort, and sedation scores, cumulative tramadol consumption, supplemental
      meperidine requirement, and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: Visual rating
      scale and patient discomfort scores were significantly lower in DT, LR and DS
      groups compared to those in in group S (p<0.001). Cumulative tramadol consumption
      was significantly lower in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-treated
      groups at each study period after the second postoperative hour than in group S
      (p<0.001). Supplemental meperidine requirement was significantly higher in group
      S at each study period after postoperative 30 min than in NSAID-treated groups
      (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: After major abdominal surgery, adding IV diclophenac,
      lornoxicam or dexketoprofen to patient-controlled tramadol resulted in lower pain
      scores, smaller tramadol consumption, less rescue supplemental analgesic
      requirement, and fewer side effects compared with the tramadol alone group.

PMID- 27366492
TI  - Comparison of the Macintosh and Airtraq Laryngoscopes in Endotracheal Intubation
      Success.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Endotracheal intubation of patients is an effective method for
      controlling airway and breathing. However, laryngoscopy and endotracheal
      intubation is not easy in every case. There is a recent abundance of equipment
      used for controlling ventilation and intubation. Airtraq is one of those
      equipments. In this study, our main objective is to compare the success rates of
      the Airtraq and Macintosh (direct and classic) laryngoscopes in endotracheal
      intubation. METHODS: In this single-center, prospective, randomized, clinical
      study was performed on 80 patients who were operated under general anesthesia,
      ASA I-II, 18-65 years old. Patients were intubated using two different
      endotracheal intubation tools. Group A was intubated using the Macintosh (direct
      and classic) laryngoscope, meanwhile Group B was intubated using the Airtraq
      laryngoscope. Patients' snoring complaints, modified Mallampati scores,
      sternomental distances, thyromental distances, interincisor distance measurements
      and Cormack-Lehane (C-L) laryngoscopic classification, upper lip bite test
      results, intubation time, number of intubation attempts, maneuvers and techniques
      used for facilitating intubation and complications arising from intubation were
      recorded. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the
      groups in terms of C-L scores (p=0.041). In all, 8 patients in the Macintosh
      group, and 2 patients in the Airtraq group were C-L grade III. In intubation of
      the Airtraq group, only 3 patients required facilitating techniques, meanwhile in
      intubation of the Macintosh group 15 patients we had to use one or more
      facilitating maneuver. The rate of Mallampati scoring "difficult" was 4/6 in the
      Macintosh and 2/11 in Airtraq laryngoscopy groups (p=0.553). CONCLUSION: In cases
      with seemingly difficult intubations, we believe the Airtraq laryngoscope has an
      advantage over the Macintosh laryngoscope, owing to its better view of the
      oropharyngeal and glottic areas in addition to facilitating intubation in
      patients with limited head extension.

PMID- 27366494
TI  - Unilateral Horner Syndrome Following Epidural Anaesthesia in a Morbidly Obese
      Parturient.
AB  - Horner's syndrome is rarely observed in epidural anaesthesia; it is characterized
      by ptosis and enophthalmos on the affected side; miosis, anisocoria, and
      conjunctival hyperemia in the affected eye and anhydrosis, flushing on the
      affected side of the face. It is usually a complication spontaneously resolved
      without permanent neurological deficits. Intraoral anaesthesia, stellate,
      cervical and brachial plexus block, thoracic, lumbar and caudal epidural
      anaesthesia and intrapleural analgesia are the main causes associated with
      Horner's syndrome in anaesthesia. Among the other causes of Horner's syndrome are
      head and neck surgery, trauma and puncture of the internal jugular vein. We aimed
      to present a case with unilateral Horner's syndrome, which appeared in the
      morbidly obese parturient after lumbar epidural anaesthesia. 

PMID- 27366493
TI  - Current Approaches in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Anaesthesia.
AB  - Risk assesment, preoperative drug regulation, the anesthesia and analgesia
      techniques are very important and the effectivity on success of surgery is great.
      So, these topics in arthroplasty were reviewed under current knowledge. 

PMID- 27366495
TI  - Late Local Anaesthetic Toxicity After Infraclavicular Block Procedure.
AB  - Local anaesthetic (LA) toxicity is the most fatal complication of peripheral
      nerve block techniques. Accidental intravascular application or use of doses
      above the safety range are the most common cause of toxicity. Bupivacaine is a
      long-acting LA frequently used for long procedures or those associated with
      significant post-procedural pain. Fatal central nervous system and cardiovascular
      system toxicity are described. In this paper, we reported a young patient who
      showed LA toxicity symptoms 7 h after an infraclavicular peripheral block. 

PMID- 27366496
TI  - Unanticipated Disturbance in Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in a Patient in Park
      Bench Position.
AB  - Perioperative neuropathy is a known complication of malpositioning during
      anaesthesia. Somatosensory evoked potentials are used for detecting such a
      complication in selected surgeries. Most reports of intraoperative nerve injuries
      due to malpositioning are limited to injuries to the peripheral nervous system,
      and there have been no previously reported cases of somatosensory evoked
      potential monitoring disturbance attributable to position-related cerebral
      ischemia in the park-bench position. We present the case of a patient with
      glioblastoma in the park-bench position whose somatosensory evoked potential
      waveforms disappeared after head and neck repositioning. A prompt diagnosis of
      this complication and elimination of the underlying cause led to the return of
      somatosensory evoked potential waveforms, and there was no relevant neurologic
      deficit at the end of the surgery. 

PMID- 27366497
TI  - Anaesthetic Management of a Patient with Synchronous Kartagener Syndrome and
      Biliary Atresia.
AB  - Kartagener syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by primary
      ciliary dyskinesia accompanied by sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus.
      Synchronous extrahepatic biliary atresia and Kartagener syndrome are very rare.
      During the preoperative preparation of patients with Kartagener syndrome, special
      attention is required for the respiratory and cardiovascular system. It is
      important to provide suitable anaesthetic management to avoid problems because of
      ciliary dysfunction in the perioperative period. Further, maintaining an
      effective pain control with regional anaesthetic methods reduces the risk of
      pulmonary complications. Infants with biliary atresia operated earlier have a
      higher chance of survival. Hepatic dysfunction and decrease in plasma proteins
      are important for the kinetics of drugs. In this presentation, the anaesthetic
      management of patients with synchronous Kartagener syndrome and biliary atresia,
      both of which are rare diseases, is evaluated. 

PMID- 27366498
TI  - Delayed Post-Traumatic Anisocoria.
AB  - Post-traumatic carotid artery dissection is one of the major causes of ischemic
      stroke in young patients; its diagnosis remains a challenge for clinicians
      because of its variable clinical presentation. An otherwise healthy 37-year-old
      man was referred to the intensive care unit of our faculty for the management of
      multiple trauma because of a car accident. At 11 days from admission, his doctor
      noticed the advent of anisocoria. A prompt treatment was instituted with anti
      platelet and-coagulant agents. The patient had a complete resolution of symptoms.
      The prognosis was good, and the patient achieved a complete clinical recovery. He
      was discharged without any sequelae. 

PMID- 27366499
TI  - Absence of the Right Internal Jugular Vein During Ultrasound-Guided Cannulation.
AB  - Cannulation of the internal jugular vein (IJV) may be diffucult because of
      anatomical variations. A 66-year-old female patient, who was in the intensive
      care unit, underwent ultrasound-guided cannulation of the right IJV. The right
      IJV could not be visualized by ultrasonography despite positional changes of the
      patient and Valsalva maneuvre. The left IJV was easily determined by
      ultrasonography and cannulated. Although the landmark technique may be sufficient
      for most of the central vein cannulations, the rate of anatomical variations and
      related complications is quite high. We point out that even if ultrasound cannot
      be used in real-time, the ultrasonographic confirmation during the pre-insertion
      period may be crucial for successful central vein cannulation. 

PMID- 27366500
TI  - Effects of Hemodilution and Transfusion on Acute Renal Injury and Neutrophil
      Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin.

PMID- 27366501
TI  - Effects of Hemodilution and Transfusion on Acute Renal Injury and Neutrophil
      Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin-Author's Reply.

PMID- 27366502
TI  - Assessment of Some Public Hospitals in Turkey Regarding Anaesthetist, Anaesthesia
      and Intensive Care Equipment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Every year, 230 million patients undergo major general surgery with
      anaesthesia worldwide, and 7 million resulted with major complications.
      Monitorisation and equipment has a great role in increasing patient safety and
      safe surgery during anaesthesia. METHODS: Turkey is divided into 12 Eurostut-NUTS
      regions and 26 subregions statistically. Totally, 303 hospitals that are included
      in these regions were enrolled in this descriptive trial. The hospitals were
      contacted by telephone between October 2012 and August 2013. Data collecting
      forms were e-mailed to any of the anaesthetists or anaesthesia technicians of the
      hospital and they were requested to fill the forms and forward them to one of the
      investigators. RESULTS: Data were obtained from 221 of 303 hospitals (73%).
      Twenty-three hospitals were tertiary (university and education and research), 21
      were city and 177 were county hospitals. No anaesthetist, operating rooms or
      intensive care units were available in 114 of the county hospitals. Anaesthetists
      were responsible for 61% of these active working theatres. Electrocardiogram,
      heart rate, non-invasive blood pressure and saturation could be monitored in 97%
      of them. End-tidal carbon dioxide could be monitored in 91% of at least one
      operating room in these hospitals. However, if the subject became to end-tidal
      carbon dioxide monitoring in every room, this ratio decreased to 63%.
      Defibrillators were absent in 6% of these rooms. Adult intensive care units were
      available in 33% of the hospitals and paediatric intensive care units were
      available in 32.4%; the responsibility of these intensive care units were carried
      out by anaesthetists at a 91.4% ratio. End-tidal carbon dioxide could be
      monitored in 54% of these units; invasive monitorisation could be applied in
      68.4% if needed. CONCLUSION: It was observed that hospitals have different
      standards according to their infrastructures of anaesthesia and intensive care
      unit equipment. We think that the elimination of these differences is an
      important step with respect to increasing patient safety and enhancement of the
      service quality in hospitals.

PMID- 27366503
TI  - Cardioprotective Effects of Remifentanil in a Sympathetic Hyperactivity Model in
      Rabbits.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, the antiarrhythmic and anti-ischemic effects of a 6 MUg
      kg(-1) min(-1) infusion dose of remifentanil are investigated in a central
      sympathetic hyperactivity model in rabbits. METHODS: In this study, 18 New
      Zealand rabbits were used. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups
      (n=6) and received 10 MUmol L(-1) glutamate intracerebroventricularly to provide
      the central sympathetic hyperactivity. In group 1, 10 MUmol L(-1) glutamate was
      used; in group 2, 1 h before L-glutamate injection, 40 mg kg(-1) N (omega)-nitro
      L-arginine methyl ester was intravenously (iv) administered; and in group 3, also
      1 h before L-glutamate injection, 40 mg kg(-1) N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl
      ester was iv administered. A 6 MUg kg(-1) min(-1) dose of remifentanil infusion
      was administered 5 min before L-glutamate injection. Heart rate, systolic
      arterial pressure and mean arterial pressure were measured and recorded. Within
      15 min of the intracerebroventricular L-glutamate injection, premature
      ventricular complexes, bigeminy ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia,
      ST-segment shift and T-wave inversions were recorded. RESULTS: When incidences of
      heart rate, rate pressure product, premature ventricular complexes and bigeminy
      ventricular arrhythmia were compared between groups, significant differences were
      not determined. Mean arterial pressure was more significantly increased in group
      2 than in the other groups (p<0.05). Ventricular tachycardia, ST-segment shift
      and T-wave inversions were significantly lower in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Remifentanil (6 MUg kg(-1) min(-1) for 5 min of infusion)
      prevented life-threatening ventricular tachycardia and electrocardiographic signs
      of myocardial ischemia in a model of arrhythmia resulting from the association of
      central sympathetic overactivity.

PMID- 27366504
TI  - The Incidence of Delirium at the Postoperative Intensive Care Unit in Adult
      Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to determine the risk factors and the
      incidence of delirium in patients who were followed postoperatively in our
      surgical intensive care unit for 24 h using the confusion assessment method
      (CAM). METHODS: After obtaining approval from the ethics committee, 250 patients
      were included in the study. Patients who were operated under general anaesthesia
      or regional anaesthesia and followed in the surgical intensive care unit were
      evaluated by the Ramsay Sedation Scale on the first postoperative day. CAM was
      applied to the patients who had a Ramsey Sedation Score of <=4. Patients' age,
      gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores, preoperative risk
      factors, type of anaesthesia, operation time, intra-operative procedures, pain
      scores evaluated by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and postoperative analgesia
      methods were recorded. RESULTS: The incidence of delirium was found to be 18.4%.
      The average age of patients who developed delirium was greater than the others
      (68.8+/-12.7 and 57.6+/-12, p=0.001, respectively). It was observed that a one
      unit increase in the ASA score resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in the risk of
      delirium. The incidence of delirium in patients undergoing regional anaesthesia
      was 34.6%, whereas it was 16.5% in patients receiving general anaesthesia
      (p=0.024). The existence of preoperative diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was shown to improve the development of
      delirium (p<0.05). Delirium incidence was significantly higher in patients who
      were administered meperidine for postoperative analgesia (p=0.013). The VAS
      scores of patients who developed delirium were found to be significantly higher
      (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: As a result, we found that older age, high ASA score,
      preoperative DM and COPD are important risk factors for the development of
      delirium. Regional anaesthesia, high postoperative pain scores and meperidine use
      were observed to be associated with the development of delirium. In the
      postoperative period, addition of CAM, a simple measurement technique, to the
      daily follow-up forms can provide the early recognition of delirium, which is
      often underdiagnosed. We think that identification and prevention of effective
      risk factors have the primary importance for postoperative delirium.

PMID- 27366505
TI  - Spectrum and Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in Patients Admitted to the
      Anaesthesiology Outpatient Clinic for Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: An anaesthetic approach and surgery are important treatment strategies
      in patients with thyroid dysfunction due to potential complications. We
      investigated the prevalence of thyroid disorders, the significance of thyroid
      function tests (TFTs) with respect to anaesthesia in the preoperative period and
      the need for routine examinations. METHODS: A total of 10,600 patients who were
      admitted to the anaesthesiology outpatient clinic for surgery were
      retrospectively screened and enrolled between 2011 and 2013. Evident
      hypothyroidism was defined as free tetra-iodothyronine (fT4) <0.7 ng dL(-1) and
      thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) >4 mIU mL(-1), and subclinical hypothyroidism
      was defined as TSH >4 mIU mL(-1) with normal free hormone levels. Evident
      hyperthyroidism was defined as fT4 >1.7 ng dL(-1) and TSH <0.1 mIU mL(-1), and
      subclinical hyperthyroidism was defined as TSH <0.1 mIU mL(-1) with normal free
      hormone levels. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package
      for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. Independent samples t-test and one
      way analysis of variance were used to compare the difference between groups.
      RESULTS: Of the participants, 8.5% were found to have hypothyroidism, 2.5% had
      hyperthyroidism, 3.5% received treatment and 2.5% had their treatment postponed.
      The likelihood of hypothyroidism was greater among females, and no difference was
      found between genders with respect to hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSION: We believe
      that TFTs are important because of regional factors. However, given the high cost
      of TFTs and because thyroid dysfunction risk increases with age, we concluded
      that routine TFTs in young patients with normal physical examination findings are
      not mandatory.

PMID- 27366506
TI  - Comparison and Evaluation of the Effects of Administration of Postoperative Non
      Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Methods (CPAP and BIPAP) on Respiratory Mechanics
      and Gas Exchange in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of two different
      methods of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and bilevel positive airway
      pressure (BIPAP) and oxygen support under spontaneous ventilation on respiration
      mechanics, gas exchange, dry mouth and face mask lesion during an early
      postoperative period in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. METHODS:
      Eighty patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery with laparotomy, between
      the age of 25 and 75 years and American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical
      Status score (ASA) II-III with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      diagnosis were included to the study. Subjects were randomly allocated in to four
      groups. During the first postoperative hour, the first group received BIPAP,
      second group received high-flow CPAP, third group received low-flow CPAP and
      fourth group received deep breathing exercises, respiratory physiotherapy and O2
      therapy. Preoperative, postoperative before and after treatment PaO2, PaCO2,
      SpO2, tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR) levels were recorded. Subjects
      with dry mouth or face mask lesion were recorded. RESULTS: In all groups, PaO2
      and TV measurements were higher at the postoperative first hour than the
      postoperative zero hour. We found that low-flow CPAP increased PaO2 and SpO2
      values more, and TV levels were higher in the postoperative period than the
      preoperative period. PaCO2 levels were elevated at the zero hour postoperatively
      and at the end of the first hour; they decreased approximately to preoperative
      values, except in the fourth group. CONCLUSION: Administration of prophylactic
      respiratory support can prevent the deterioration of pulmonary functions and
      hypoxia in patients with COPD undergoing upper abdominal surgery. In addition, we
      found that low-flow CPAP had better effects on PaO2, SpO2, TV compared to other
      techniques.

PMID- 27366507
TI  - Turkish Anaesthesiologist's Experiences of Anaesthetic Management of Patients
      with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an important health problem that is
      increasing with the increase in the incidence of obesity. For patients with OSA,
      it is reported that preoperative OSA diagnosis is made in only 10%-20% of the
      patients. Therefore, it gains importance that these patients are diagnosed in the
      preoperative period. The aim of this study is to analyze with a survey the
      experiences of anaesthesia experts working in Turkey about the diagnosis of
      patients with OSA, anaesthetic methods and postoperative care. METHODS: The study
      was completed with an online survey form distributed via email. Survey
      participants were sent an email, and those experts who wished to participate
      clicked on the link, answered the questions and returned the survey via email.
      RESULTS: A total of 134 anaesthesia experts participated in this study. While 97%
      of the participating anaesthetists considered diagnosis of patients with OSA to
      be important, only 53% trusted themselves to recognize this patient group. Of the
      total number of participants. 43% did not know the STOP-BANG test used in the
      preoperative period to diagnose patients with OSA. The percentage who thought
      that patients with OSA would increase the incidence of difficult intubation was
      84%. In the intraoperative period, the percentage who chose inhalation
      anaesthetics was 35%, whereas the rate of those who chose total intravenous
      anesthesia (TIVA) was 48%. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the medical
      knowledge of Turkish anaesthetists on the topic of OSA requires updating. In
      addition, we believe a practical guide to standardize the diagnosis and
      preoperative/perioperative management of patients with OSA should be prepared for
      Turkish anaesthetists.

PMID- 27366508
TI  - Does Video Laryngoscopy Offer Advantages over Direct Laryngoscopy during
      Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Interruption of chest compressions should be minimized because of its
      negative effects on survival. This randomized, controlled, cross-over study aimed
      to analyze the effectiveness of Macintosh, Miller, McCoy and McGrath
      laryngoscopes during with or without chest compressions in the scope of a
      simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation scenario. METHODS: The time required for
      successful tracheal intubation, number of attempts, dental trauma severity and
      the need for optimization manoeuvres were recorded during cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation with and without chest compressions. The experience with computer
      games during the last 10 years were asked to the participants and recorded.
      RESULTS: McCoy laryngoscope yielded the shortest time for successful tracheal
      intubation both in the presence of and without chest compressions. During the use
      of McCoy laryngoscopes, fewer tracheal intubation attempts, lower incidence of
      dental trauma and lower visual analogue scale scores on the ease of intubation
      were recorded. Participants who are experienced computer game players using
      Macintosh, McCoy and McGrath achieved successful tracheal intubation in a
      significantly shorter time during resuscitation without chest compressions.
      Dental trauma incidence and number of tracheal intubation attempts did not show
      any significant difference between the four laryngoscopes being related to the
      rate of playing computer games. CONCLUSION: McGrath video laryngoscopes do not
      appear to have advantages over direct laryngoscopes for securing a smooth and
      successful tracheal intubation during rhythmic chest compressions. We believe
      that as McCoy laryngoscope provided tracheal intubation in a shorter time and
      with fewer attempts, this laryngoscope may increase the success rate of
      resuscitation.

PMID- 27366509
TI  - Vitamin D and Anaesthesia.
AB  - Vitamin D is a vitamin not only associated with calcium-phosphorus metabolism but
      also affects many organ systems. Because of its effect on the immune system in
      recent years, it has attracted much attention. Vitamin D deficiency is a clinical
      condition that can be widely observed in the society. Thus, patients with vitamin
      D deficiency are often seen in anaesthesia practice. In the absence of vitamin D,
      prolongation of intensive care unit stay, increase in mortality and morbidity and
      also association of chronic diseases further increase the importance of vitamin D
      deficiency. The results obtained from studies have led to the question of whether
      poor surgical outcome is associated with vitamin D deficiency. We assessed the
      vitamin D deficiency and its negative consequences for the anaesthesiologist. 

PMID- 27366510
TI  - Intraoperative 16-Channel Electroencephalography and Bilateral Near Infrared
      Spectroscopy Monitorization in Aortic Surgery.
AB  - Transient neurologic dysfunction is common after aortic surgery. Major causes of
      postoperative complications followed by cardiac surgery are due to hypoperfusion
      states such as selective cerebral perfusion, embolic debris during
      cardiopulmonary bypass and ulcerated plaque emboli originated from carotid
      arteries. Neurologic complications prolong periods of intensive care unit and
      hospital stay, worsens quality of life and unfortunately they are an important
      cause of morbidity. Anaesthesia during a carotid and aortic surgery constitutes
      of providing adequate brain perfusion pressure, attenuating cerebral metabolism
      by anaesthetic agents and monitoring the cerebral metabolic supply and demand
      relationship during the intraoperative period. We present a monitoring approach
      with an intraoperative 16-channel electroencephalography and bilateral near
      infrared spectroscopy during redo aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva surgery. 

PMID- 27366511
TI  - Popliteal Sciatic Nerve Block in a Pregnant Patient in the Last Trimester.
AB  - Although regional anaesthesia is a commonly preferred anaesthesia technique for
      pregnant patients undergoing non-obstetric surgery, peripheral nerve blocks are
      relatively less administered. The use of popliteal sciatic nerve block for foot
      ankle surgery has been presented for a nulliparous parturient at 32 weeks of
      gestation scheduled to undergo surgical exploration of an arterial pseudoaneurysm
      on her right plantar surface due to a penetrating stab injury. Since surgery did
      not require pneumatic tourniquet, the sciatic nerve was blocked via the popliteal
      approach with a single shot injection of 30 mL of 0.375% levobupivacaine. The
      operation and the anaesthesia course were uneventful. In conclusion, popliteal
      sciatic nerve block was successful and uneventful for a short foot surgery not
      requiring tourniquet application in a parturient in the last trimester. 

PMID- 27366512
TI  - Breakage of an Epidural Catheter Inserted for Labor Analgesia.
AB  - The breakage of an epidural catheter, which is usually not noticed, is a rare but
      important complication encountered while inserting or removing the catheter
      during epidural blockade. While the epidural catheter was being inserted for
      labor analgesia, despite no problem being encountered in advancing the catheter,
      it was drawn back to verify the location; it was observed that 2 cm of the distal
      end of the catheter was missing. A neurosurgical consultation was requested; it
      was reported that the broken piece would not create any problems and
      reintervention could be performed for labor analgesia. An epidural catheter was
      reinserted and was used for analgesia without any problem until delivery.
      Although nine months have passed, no problem was defined by the patient. If
      epidural catheter has to be removed while the Tuohy needle is still in place, we
      recommend that they should be removed together to minimize the risk of a possible
      breakage. We think that the decision for surgery and imaging can be performed
      based on the individual patient's clinical picture. 

PMID- 27366513
TI  - Single Shot Spinal Anaesthesia for Caesarean Delivery of Two Achondroplasic
      Parturients.
AB  - Because of structural defects in achondroplasia, as one of the dwarfism types,
      the choice of an anaesthetic technique and management for caesarean delivery
      presents a challenge. We aimed to discuss our successful single-shot spinal
      anaesthesia approach for caesarean section for one urgent and one elective
      achondroplasic parturient based on the literature. 

PMID- 27366514
TI  - Successful Management of Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning Resulting in Cardiac
      Arrest.
AB  - Aluminum phosphide has high toxicity when it is ingested, and in case of contact
      with moisture, phosphine gas is released. Aluminum phosphide poisoning causes
      metabolic acidosis, arrhythmia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock,
      and there is no specific antidote. A 17-year-old male patient was referred to our
      hospital because of aluminum phosphide poisoning with 1500 mg of aluminum
      phosphide tablets. The patient's consciousness was clear but he was somnolent.
      Vital parameters were as follows: blood pressure: 85/56 mmHg, pulse: 88
      beats/min, SpO2: 94%, temperature: 36.4 degrees C. Because of hypotension,
      noradrenaline and dopamine infusions were started. The patient was intubated
      because of respiratory distress and loss of consciousness. Severe metabolic
      acidosis was determined in the arterial blood gas, and metabolic acidosis was
      corrected by sodium bicarbonate treatment. In addition to supportive therapy of
      the poisoning, haemodialysis was performed. Cardiac arrest occurred during follow
      ups in the intensive care unit, and sinus rhythm was achieved after 10 min of
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The patient was discharged after three sessions of
      haemodialysis on the ninth day. As a result, haemodialysis contributed to
      symptomatic treatment of aluminum phosphide poisoning in this case report. 

PMID- 27366515
TI  - Treatment of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome that Occurred in a
      Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Plasmapheresis.
AB  - Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is characterized by visual and
      mental disturbances, nausea and vomiting and generalized or focal convulsions and
      often represents itself with parietal and occipital oedema formation. We want to
      report the treatment of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with
      plasmapheresis, which developed in a 35-year-old woman with systemic lupus
      erythematosus diagnosed by renal biopsy 3 years ago. She has been followed up in
      the intensive care unit three times. However, she had been transferred to the
      nephrology department of our university hospital because of her uncontrolled
      blood pressure. Oral antihypertensive therapy, corticosteroid 500 mg 1 * 1 and
      cyclophosphamide were started for the activation of lupus. After the detection of
      low complement levels, systemic lupus erythematosus activation was suspected. She
      developed mental deterioration after her first plasmapheresis treatment and was
      then consulted by the neurology and intensive care unit doctors. Diffusion
      cranial magnetic resonance imaging was found compatible with posterior reversible
      encephalopathy syndrome. The patient was transferred to our intensive care unit.
      The patient gained consciousness after her second plasmapheresis. After 5 days of
      follow-up in our intensive care unit and after significant regression was
      observed in the magnetic resonance imaging analysis, the patient was transferred
      to the nephrology service conscious, cooperated and orientated. At the nephrology
      service, after a total of 13 times of plasmapheresis, complement levels were
      increased and she was discharged with corticosteroid therapy. Posterior
      reversible encephalopathy syndrome can be observed in patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus and intensive care unit treatment may be required. To control
      the hypertension, plasmapheresis should be kept in mind in addition to the
      multiple antihypertensive therapy in these patients. 

PMID- 27366516
TI  - Anaesthesia Management of a Patient with Undiagnosed Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 27366517
TI  - Management of Severe Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity Following Hypoxic Brain
      Injury.

PMID- 27366518
TI  - Comparison of I-gel with Classic Laryngeal Mask Airway Regarding the Ease of Use
      and Clinical Performance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: I-gel is a new supraglottic airway device without an inflatable cuff.
      We aimed to compare I-gel and the classic laryngeal mask airway (LMA) regarding
      the ease of use and clinical performance in Turkish population. METHODS: Fifty
      American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II patients were randomly allocated
      into two groups: Group I-gel and Group LMA. Insertion time and success in first
      attempt were recorded. Peak, plato and mean airway pressures, EtCO2, airway
      compliance and leak volume were periodically recorded during the operation. The
      presence of blood on device removal and postoperative sore throat were also
      assessed. RESULTS: The device insertion time in Group I-gel was shorter than that
      in Group LMA (21.00+/-4.15 vs. 30.40+/-12.17 s, p=0.001). The success rate in
      first attempt, peak, plato and mean airway pressures, EtCO2 and airway compliance
      did not differ between the groups. The leak volume was lower in Group I-gel 5 and
      45 min after insertion (p=0.041 and p=0.027). The presence of blood on device
      removal and postoperative sore throat were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: I
      gel may be a more advantageous supraglottic airway device compared with LMA.

PMID- 27366519
TI  - Comparison of Four Different Supraglottic Airway Devices in Terms of Efficacy,
      Intra-ocular Pressure and Haemodynamic Parameters in Children Undergoing
      Ophthalmic Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare insertion parameters of four
      different types of supraglottic airway devices (SGAD) (Classic LMA, I-gel LMA,
      Proseal LMA, Cobra PLA) in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery and to
      determine the effect on intra-ocular pressure (IOP) and haemodynamic responses
      during insertion. METHODS: Sixty American society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-II
      children aged 1-10 years undergoing extra-ocular ophthalmic surgery were randomly
      divided into four groups (Group LMA, Group I-gel LMA, Group PLMA and Group CPLA)
      in this prospective, randomised study. Anaesthesia was induced with decreasing
      sevoflurane concentrations (8%-2%) in a mixture of 50% N2O-O2. All SGADs were
      inserted under deep anaesthesia. The characteristics of insertion (number of
      attempts, ease and time), oropharyngeal leak pressure (OLP) and complications
      were recorded. IOP in both eyes, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      and EtCO2 were measured before and 2 and 5 min after insertion of the SGADs.
      RESULTS: There was no difference between the groups in terms of the
      characteristics of insertion. The mean IOP did not increase significantly in all
      groups. MAP and HR changes were similar among the groups during follow-up. In all
      groups, HR increased 2 min after insertion (statistically insignificant) and
      returned to the baseline value 5 min after insertion. A statistically significant
      correlation was seen between HR increase and IOP values before and after
      insertion of the SGADs (p=0.006, correlation coefficient=0.352). Desaturation was
      seen in one patient in Groups LMA, PLMA and CPLA, and laryngospasm was seen in
      two patients in Group CPLA and in one patient in Group LMA. CONCLUSION: It was
      seen that during insertion of Classic LMA, I-gel LMA, Proseal LMA and Cobra PLA,
      IOP did not increase and haemodynamic stability was maintained in children
      undergoing extra-ocular ophthalmic surgery.

PMID- 27366520
TI  - Effect of Ketamine, Thiopental and Ketamine-Thiopental Combination during
      Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effect of anaesthesia with thiopental (4 mg
      kg(-1)), ketamine (1 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine-thiopental (1 mg kg(-1) and 4 mg kg(
      1), respectively) combination during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on the
      Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)
      and haemodynamic variables in patients with resistant major depression. METHODS:
      Patients with HDRS scores above 17 were included. The patients were randomly
      divided into three groups according to the anaesthesia used. Group 1 was given
      thiopental (4 mg kg(-1)), Group 2 was given ketamine (1 mg kg(-1)) and Group 3
      was given ketamine (1 mg kg(-1)) and thiopental (4 mg kg(-1)). Succinylcholine (1
      mg kg(-1)) was administered in all patients for muscle relaxation. HDRS and HAM-A
      scores were evaluated before ECT, after 3, 6. ECT and after the final ECT.
      Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rates and oxygen saturations were
      recorded before and after anaesthesia induction and after the ECT procedure.
      Seizure duration was recorded. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included in the
      study. Thirty (52%) patients were male and 28 (48%) were female. The mean age was
      42.7+/-15.8 years in Group 1, 44.8+/-11 years in Group 2 and 38.6+/-6.8 years in
      Group 3. In all groups, HDRS scores were reduced compared with the baseline
      values. There was no statistical significant difference between the groups
      regarding HDRS scores. HAM-A scores were higher in Group 2 and Group 3. Systolic
      and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate values were lower in Group 1 and the
      difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In this study, anaesthesia
      induced with thiopental, ketamine and thiopental-ketamine combination was
      observed to not result in a difference in ECT for patients with treatment
      resistant depression. Ketamine at a dose of 1 mg kg(-1) given just before ECT did
      not enhance the antidepressant effect of ECT; however, anxiety scores were
      increased with ketamine application.

PMID- 27366521
TI  - Ultrasound-Guided Rectus Sheath Block in Gynaecological Surgery with Pfannenstiel
      Incision.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ultrasound-guided rectus
      sheath block in gynaecological surgery with Pfannenstiel incision. METHODS: After
      the approval of the ethics committee and the patients' consent, 75 ASA I-II
      patients who were aged between 20 and 70 years and scheduled for a gynaecological
      surgery with Pfannenstiel incision were included in this study. After induction
      of general anaesthesia, patients were randomly divided into three groups. In
      Group UR patients (n=25), ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block with 0.25%
      levobupivacaine (0.2 mL kg(-1)) was performed. In Group SR patients (n=25),
      surgical rectus sheath block with 0.25% levobupivacaine (0.2 mL kg(-1)) was
      applied. In Group T (n=25) patients, tramadol (2 mg kg(-1)) was intravenously
      administered 30 min before the end of surgery. Patient-controlled analgesia
      device was established for postoperative pain relief in all groups. Haemodynamic
      data and inspired sevoflurane concentration were recorded during the operation.
      Pain scores, total tramadol consumption, supplemental analgesic requirement and
      side effects were postoperatively evaluated. RESULTS: Demographic
      characteristics, duration of surgery and haemodynamic parameters were similar
      between the groups. Inspired sevoflurane concentration (%) and VAS scores were
      significantly lower in Group UR than those in Groups SR and T. Total tramadol
      consumption was significantly lower in Groups UR and SR than that in Group T.
      There was no significant difference in the incidence of side effects. CONCLUSION:
      This study demonstrates that ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block helps to
      provide the effective analgesia without any side effects compared with surgical
      rectus sheath block and intravenous tramadol for gynaecological surgery with
      Pfannenstiel incision.

PMID- 27366522
TI  - Use of Succinylcholine by Anaesthetists in Turkey: A National Survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although succinylcholine (SCh) has side effects, it is among the most
      commonly used muscle relaxants for rapid induction because of the faster onset of
      its effects and short effect duration. However, there is no information regarding
      the frequency of use of SCh by anaesthetists in Turkey. This study aims to
      investigate the use of SCh by anaesthetists working in Turkey. METHODS: A web
      based survey form was sent by e-mail to anaesthetists working in Turkey. The form
      comprised a total of 24 questions. RESULTS: E-mails were sent to a total of 1882
      addresses at two separate times. E-mail replies were received from 433 (23%)
      anaesthetists. Based on those who responded to the survey, 54.27% anaesthetists
      routinely used SCh for adult elective cases, 29.33% for paediatric elective cases
      and 74.13% for emergency cases. In adult elective cases, SCh was most frequently
      chosen for caesarean section (20.5%), and in paediatric elective and emergency
      cases, SCh was chosen most frequently because difficult intubation was expected
      (31.3 and 21.4%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our study reveals that SCh is still
      widely used by anaesthetists in Turkey. Majority of physicians who participated
      our survey were aware of the side effects; however, they reported using SCh in
      certain special situations. It is evident that creation of a standard care guide
      for departments is essential. The first stage of creating a standard care guide
      is to analyse and document the current application. With this aim, more wide
      ranging advanced studies should be completed.

PMID- 27366523
TI  - Retrospective Evaluation of Dental Treatment under General Anaesthesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Most dental procedures can be performed with local anaesthesia,
      however noncompliant paediatric patients, patients with mental retardation or
      psychiatric disorders, severe anxiety, severe craniofacial anomalies and
      orofacial trauma may need general anaesthesia. In these patients accompanying
      central nervous system diseases and airway problems increase the risk of
      complications. Anaesthesia records of 467 cases of dental surgery performed under
      general anaesthesia between 2011-2014 is reported with information from the
      recent literature. METHODS: In the study, 467 cases of dental procedures
      performed under general anaesthesia were taken from the Inonu University of
      Medicine, Dentistry Disabled Treatment Centre, after approval of the Inonu
      University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee. Demographic data, ASA
      classification, Mallampati (MP) score, duration of surgery, type of intubation
      and difficulties, comorbid diseases, premedication application, endocarditis
      prophylaxis, recovery time, analgesia and reasons for general anaesthesia were
      recorded as mean+/-standard deviation (SD) or as a number. RESULTS: The mean age
      of the patients was 16.78+/-12 years and the female/male ratio was 277/190
      (59.3%/40.7%). Of the 467 patients, 219 (46.9%) were classified as ASA I, 234
      (50.1%) as ASA II and 14 (3%) as ASA III. Furthermore, 182 (38.9%) patients with
      mental retardation, 33 (7.1%) with cerebral palsy and 28 (6%) with autism were
      identified. The mean operative time was 114.53+/-35.4 min, and the average
      recovery time 40.4+/-6 was min. Of the endotracheal intubations 277 (59.3%) were
      oral, 82 (17.6%) were nasal, and 108 (23.1%) were nasal with the help of
      fibreoptics. Difficult intubation was observed in 20 (4.3%) patients. The MP
      score was 1 in 397 (85%) patients, 2 in 50 (10.7%) patients, 3 in 18 (3.9%)
      patients and 4 in 2 (0.4%) patients. General anaesthesia was applied because of
      cooperation difficulties in 213 (45.6%), mental retardation in 182 (38.9%),
      autism in 28 (5.9%), schizophrenia in 7 (1.7%) and jaw surgery in 37 (7.9%)
      patients. Local infiltration was used for analgesia in 141 (30.2%), morphine in
      12 (2.6%), tramadol in 3 (0.6%) and paracetamol in 311 (66.6%) patients.
      Endocarditis prophylaxis was employed in 36 (7.7%) cases. CONCLUSION: General
      anaesthesia in dental procedures is becoming increasingly common. Anaesthetic
      management is important due to the frequency of genetic syndromes and mental
      retardation. In the anaesthetic management of these patients, strategies for the
      patient should be identified, the process should be implemented in the operating
      room and preparations should be made with risk analyses.

PMID- 27366524
TI  - Neuromuscular Functions on Experimental Acute Methanol Intoxication.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The incidence of accidental or suicidal ingestion of methyl alcohol is
      high and methyl alcohol intoxication has high mortality. Methyl alcohol
      intoxication causes severe neurological sequelae and appears to be a significant
      problem. Methyl alcohol causes acute metabolic acidosis, optic neuropathy leading
      to permanent blindness, respiratory failure, circulatory failure and death. It is
      metabolised in the liver, and its metabolite formic acid has direct toxic
      effects, causing oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and increased lipid
      peroxidation associated with the mechanism of neurotoxicity. Methanol is known to
      cause acute toxicity of the central nervous system; however, the effects on
      peripheral neuromuscular transmission are unknown. In our study, we aimed to
      investigate the electrophysiological effects of experimentally induced acute
      methanol intoxication on neuromuscular transmission in the early period (first 24
      h). METHODS: After approval by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Ege
      University, the study was carried out on 10 Wistar rats, each weighing about 200
      g. During electrophysiological recordings and orogastric tube insertion, the rats
      were anaesthetised using intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of ketamine 100 mg kg(
      1) and IP injection of xylazine 10 mg kg(-1). The rats were given 3 g kg(-1)
      methyl alcohol by the orogastric tube. Electrophysiological measurements from the
      gastrocnemius muscle were compared with baseline. RESULTS: Latency measurements
      before and 24 h after methanol injection were 0.81+/-0.11 ms and 0.76+/-0.12 ms,
      respectively. CMAP amplitude measurements before and 24 h after methanol
      injection were 9.85+/-0.98 mV and 9.99+/-0.40 mV, respectively. CMAP duration
      measurements before and 24 h after methanol injection were 9.86+/-0.03 ms and
      9.86+/-0.045 ms, respectively. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that experimental
      methanol intoxication in the acute phase (first 24 h) did not affect
      neuromuscular function.

PMID- 27366525
TI  - Preoperative Psychological Preparation of Children.
AB  - Surgery and anaesthesia are significant sources of anxiety for children. In the
      preoperative period, reducing anxiety helps in preventing the negative
      consequences that may occur after surgery. The predetermined high-risk children
      in terms of the development of anxiety play an important role in reducing the
      negative consequences. Recently featured approaches are modelling and coping
      techniques, although many techniques are used in the preoperative psychological
      preparation. The use of computer programs in this area may facilitate important
      achievements, and it needs to support new studies to be performed. 

PMID- 27366526
TI  - Synthetic Cannabinoid 'Bonzai' Intoxication: Six Case Series.
AB  - In the language of the streets, 'bonzai', known as '1-naphthalenyl of methanol',
      also known as JWH-18 group, is a drug belonging to the group of synthetic
      cannabinoids. At the beginning of 2004, it started to be sold on the internet and
      it is seen that private markets. It has structurally similar chemical
      characteristics as delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active substance in
      marijuana. In 2013, in a study conducted by the European Monitoring Centre of
      Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 102 varieties of synthetic cannabinoids were
      identified; however, more than 200 substances have been reported since 1997. In
      this study, we report the difficulties in the clinical course, treatment and
      management of six patients that had a use history of bonzai although it was not
      detected in blood in a short period of time in the intensive care unit. 

PMID- 27366527
TI  - Difficult Airway Management in Field Conditions: Somalia Experience.
AB  - Difficult airway is defined as having the patient's mask ventilation or difficult
      tracheal intubation of an experienced anaesthesiologist. A number of reasons,
      such as congenital or acquired anatomical anomalies, can cause difficult
      intubation and difficult ventilation. Keeping all equipment ready for airway
      management of patients will reduce mortality and complications. In this case, it
      is intended that the submission of difficult airway management who encountered in
      mandibular reconstruction for mandible bone defect repairing with reconstruction
      plates before at the field conditions in Somalia. 

PMID- 27366528
TI  - Anaesthesia Management and Use of Sugammadex in a Patient with Ullrich's Disease.
AB  - Here, we report anaesthesia management and the successful use of total
      intravenous anaesthesia and sugammadex in a patient with Ullrich's disease.
      Propofol and remifentanyl infusion was used for anaesthesia. After the end of the
      surgery, when the train-of-four value was 0%, 4 mg kg(-1) sugammadex was
      administered, and the patient was successfully extubated after 36 s. No adverse
      effects or safety concerns were observed. In conclusion, we suggest that the use
      of propofol infusion to avoid the use of inhalation anaesthetics and the use of
      sugammadex for the reversal of the effects of rocuronium is safe in patients with
      Ullrich's disease. 

PMID- 27366529
TI  - Anaesthesia Management in a Patient with Waardenburg Syndrome and Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - Waardenburg syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease that may cause hearing
      loss, pigmentary abnormalities, neurocristopathy and partial albinism. Incidence
      is estimated as 2%-3% among the cases of congenital deafness and 1/42,000 of the
      general population. Children with Waardenburg syndrome usually require
      anaesthesia for the cochlear implant operation in early age. The features of the
      syndrome that may bear importance for anaesthetic management are laryngomalacia,
      multiple muscle contractures, limited neck movements, cyanotic cardiopathy and
      electrolyte imbalance. Patients with Waardenburg syndrome stand for difficult
      airway. We aimed to report anaesthetic management of a child with Waardenburg
      syndrome who underwent surgery for cochlear implantation. 

PMID- 27366530
TI  - Airway Surgery in Tracheostomised Patients with Wegener Granulomatosis Leading to
      Subglottic Stenosis.
AB  - Wegener granulomatosis (WG) is a multisystemic disorder characterised by
      granulomatous inflammation of the respiratory system. The growing of
      proliferative tissue towards the larynx and trachea may cause airway obstruction
      on account of subglottic stenosis. In this situation, the surgical goal is to
      eliminate the airway obstruction by providing natural airway anatomy. While mild
      lesions do not require surgical intervention, in fixed lesions, surgical
      intervention is required, such as tracheostomy, laser resection and dilatation.
      In tracheostomised patients, granuloma formation surrounding the tracheostomy
      cannula may occur in the trachea. Inflammation and newly formed granulation
      tissue result in severe stenosis in the airways. During surgical treatment of
      such patients, airway management is important. In this case report, we will
      discuss gas exchange and airway management with jet ventilation (JV) during
      excision of the granulation tissue with endolaryngeal laser surgery, leading to
      subglottic stenosis in tracheostomised patients in WG. 

PMID- 27366531
TI  - Simultaneous Bilateral Carotid Endarterectomy under Cervical Plexus Blockade.
AB  - In patients with severe carotid artery stenosis who developed transient ischemic
      attack, carotid endarterectomy is one of the most effective treatments. In
      particular, in patients with contralateral carotid artery lesions, there is a
      risk of serious neurologic complications during the intra-operative period.
      Experienced staff can perform simultaneous bilateral carotid endarterectomy
      safely in carefully selected patients. The advantages of regional anaesthesia in
      carotid endarterectomy are evaluation of intra-operative neurological condition
      and defining correct indications for shunt usage. It is a cheap, reliable and
      easy method that reduces the length of stay in the intensive care unit and in the
      hospital and may influence the overall cost of care. However, it is important to
      make dose adjustments to avoid potential complications of nerve involvement
      during bilateral procedure. In this case report, we share our experiences
      regarding bilateral carotid endarterectomy under cervical plexus blockade. 

PMID- 27366532
TI  - Post-Spinal a Rare Complication and Treatment: Tinnitus and Epidural Blood Patch.

PMID- 27366533
TI  - Retrospective Evaluation of Anaesthetic Techniques for Caesarean.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the maternal, foetal and neonatal effects
      of anaesthetic techniques used in caesarean sections (C/S) retrospectively over 6
      years at the Hospital of Medical School of Dokuz Eylul University and to compare
      the results with the literature from Turkey and developed countries. METHODS:
      After obtaining approval from the ethics committee, anaesthetic and gestational
      data from all caesarean operations performed over a 6-year period between 2005
      and 2010 was retrospectively obtained from hospital archives. RESULTS: During
      this period, a total of 10,819 labours was conducted and C/S ratio was 55% with
      5953 patients. General anaesthesia was performed in 1479 patients (24.8%) and
      regional anaesthesia was performed in 4474 patients (75.2%) [Spinal anaesthesia
      for 1203 patients (26.9%), epidural anaesthesia for 830 patients (18.5%) and
      combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia for 2441 patients (54.6%)]. In 2010,
      regional anaesthesia ratio increased to 84.6%, whereas in 2005, it was 63.8%.
      Regional anaesthesia was used significantly more often in both elective and
      urgent patients (82% elective and 65.2% emergency). Because of failed regional
      anaesthesia or surgical complications, anaesthesia was changed to general
      anaesthesia in 215 patients (4.8%). APGAR scores in 1 and 5 min were
      significantly higher with regional anaesthesia when compared with general
      anaesthesia. CONCLUSION: Regional anaesthesia rate for C/S patients in the
      Hospital of Medical School of Dokuz Eylul University is increased and is higher
      than Turkey's average; but these figures are still lower than those in the
      developed countries.

PMID- 27366534
TI  - Pseudocholinesterase Enzyme Deficiency in Adiyaman City Area.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Pseudocholinesterase (PChE) is an enzyme responsible for the
      hydrolysis of succinylcholine. In case of its deficiency, the effect of
      succinylcholine that is approximately 5-10 min is prolonged up to few hours. The
      use of succinylcholine has been declined recently. However, it is still actively
      used in some special conditions and in developing countries. In this study,
      incidence of PChE enzyme deficiency around Adiyaman city was investigated and
      presented with the literature review. METHODS: After obtaining an approval from
      the investigational board of our hospital (Adiyaman University Medical School,
      Biomedical Research Ethics Board, 30.12.2012, Nr: B.30.2.ADY.0.20.00-600/51),
      patients undergoing any elective operation under general anaesthesia in the
      Adiyaman University Medical School Hospital between March and December 2013 were
      recruited for the study. After obtaining the patients' written consents, blood
      PChE, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea,
      creatinine, international normalisation ratio (INR) and activated partial
      thromboplastin time (aPTT) values of the patients were analysed. Possible
      association of the PChE deficiency with other values was also investigated. The
      normal value of PChE was taken as 4260-11250 for females aged 16-40 years and
      5320-12920 U L(-1) for other patients. RESULTS: The study was completed with 964
      patients, 702 (72.8%) of whom were females. PChE enzyme levels were under the
      normal in 7.2% of the patients. There were no correlation between patient group,
      ALT, INR, aPTT and creatinine elevation with PChE deficiency (p>0.05), whereas
      AST and urea level elevation was significantly associated with PChE deficiency
      (p<0.05). The risk of PChE deficiency was 4.5 and 9 times higher in the patients
      with the elevation of AST and urea levels, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pathological
      elevations of AST and urea that are a part of normal pre-operative biochemical
      analysis of blood will indicate the possible deficiency of PChE enzyme.

PMID- 27366535
TI  - Comparison of Sugammadex versus Neostigmine Costs and Respiratory Complications
      in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare sugammadex and neostigmine regarding the efficacy in
      reversing rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block, the incidence of post-operative
      respiratory complications and costs in patients undergoing surgery for the
      treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). METHODS: After obtaining ethical
      approval and patient consent, 74 patients in ASA physical status I or II were
      randomised into two groups to receive 2-mg kg(-1) sugammadex (Group S) or 0.04-mg
      kg(-1) neostigmine+0.5-mg atropine (Group N). Groups were compared regarding time
      to TOF (train-of-four) 0.9, operating room time, post-anaesthesia care unit
      (PACU) stay, post-operative respiratory complications, costs related to
      neuromuscular block reversal, anaesthesia care and complication treatment.
      RESULTS: Patient demographics, anaesthesia, surgical data and total rocuronium
      doses were similar between groups. Time to TOF 0.9 was shorter for group S [Group
      N: 8 (5-18) min; Group S: 2 (1.5-6) min (p<0.001)]. Operating room time [Group S:
      72.4+/-14.3 min; Group N: 96.6+/-22.8 min (p<0.001)] and PACU stay [Group S:
      22.9+/-10.1 dk; Group N: 36.3+/-12.6 dk (p<0.001)] were also shorter in Group S.
      After extubation, desaturation was observed in 12 (32.4%) patients in group N and
      in 4 (8%) patients in group S (p=0.048). In group N, three patients were
      reintubated; there were eight (21.6%) unplanned intensive care unit (ICU)
      admissions. There was one unplanned ICU admission in group S. Negative pressure
      pulmonary oedema was observed in one patient in group N. The results regarding
      costs were as follows. The reversal cost was higher in the sugammadex group (vial
      cost 98.14 TL) than that in the neostigmine group (ampoule cost 0.27 TL; total
      6147.88 TL vs. 3569.5 TL); however, complication treatment cost and total cost
      were lower in group S than those in group N (199.5 TL vs. 3944.6 TL) (staff
      anaesthesia doctor cost was 0.392 TL per min and the cost of nurse anaesthetist
      was 0.244 TL per min). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the efficacy of
      sugammadex over neostigmine for the reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular
      block. Sugammadex decreases the incidence of post-operative respiratory
      complications and related costs in patients with OSA.

PMID- 27366536
TI  - Evaluation of Public Awareness, Knowledge and Attitudes about Cardiopulmonary
      Resuscitation: Report of Izmir.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Early initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by witnesses
      increases survival after cardiac arrest. In Turkey, our country, it is rare that
      basic life support (BLS) is initiated by a layperson. In our study, we aimed to
      use a survey to research awareness, level of knowledge and attitudes of the
      public to CPR and BLS. METHODS: A 21-question survey was administered to
      individuals aged >=18 years on a busy street in a city of a western region of
      Turkey. Topics such as knowledge about cardiac arrest findings, previous
      experience of CPR, knowledge of BLS and concerns related to CPR were questioned.
      RESULTS: The fully completed forms of 533 people were evaluated. There were 40.7%
      who stated that they had received training in CPR. For signs of cardiac arrest,
      40.7% answered loss of consciousness, 49.3% answered cessation of breathing and
      60.7% answered cessation of circulation. It was found that 35.5% could perform
      only chest compressions, 27.6% could perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation and 28.7%
      able to perform both. While 52.0% knew the location for performing chest
      compressions, 34.3% knew the correct depth and 15.6% knew the correct compression
      ventilation rate. Bystander CPR was performed by 3.6%. CONCLUSION: In conclusion,
      40.7% of people living in a highly educated region in the western part of Turkey
      had received CPR training and 3.6% performed bystander CPR. A majority of
      participants stated that they were willing to correct and develop their knowledge
      and skills related to CPR. Effective public CPR training programmes may increase
      the knowledge and awareness of CPR in the adult population.

PMID- 27366537
TI  - Comparison of the Supraglottic Airway Devices Classic, Fastrach and Supreme
      Laryngeal Mask Airway: A Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial of Efficacy,
      Safety and Complications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This prospective randomised study was designed to compare the
      Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) Classic, LMA Fastrach and LMA Supreme regarding ease
      of insertion and insertion time as primary outcomes and reposition, success rate
      of trials, effects on haemodynamic parameters, provision of an adequate and safe
      airway, amount of leakage and oropharyngeal and systemic complications as
      secondary outcomes. METHODS: In this clinical trial, 90 patients aged 18-70 years
      of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) group I-II were randomised into
      three groups as providing airway via LMA Classic, LMA Fastrach or LMA Supreme
      instead of tracheal intubation. No muscle relaxant was used. The allocated LMA
      was inserted by the same anaesthetist; bispectral index (BIS) was between 40% and
      60%. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference among the groups regarding the
      ease of insertion and insertion time as primary outcomes; the incidence of
      repositioning during placement was significantly higher in the LMA Classic group
      than that in other groups (p<0.05) and the rates of bloodstain on the device as
      well as oropharyngeal mucosal oedema were higher in the LMA Fastrach group than
      those in other groups (p<0.05) as secondary outcomes. CONCLUSION: We suggest that
      LMA Classic, LMA Supreme and LMA Fastrach had similar effectiveness regarding
      efficiency and airway safety. However, LMA Supreme seems to be more advantageous
      as it is more appropriate for fewer oropharyngeal complications and there was no
      repositioning.

PMID- 27366538
TI  - Intracranial Pressure Monitoring as a Part of Multimodal Monitoring Management of
      Patients with Critical Polytrauma: Correlation between Optimised Intensive
      Therapy According to Intracranial Pressure Parameters and Clinical Picture.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Trauma patient requires a complex therapeutic management because of
      multiple severe injuries or secondary complications. The most significant injury
      found in patients with trauma is head injury, which has the greatest impact on
      mortality. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is required in severe traumatic
      head injury because it optimises treatment based on ICP values and cerebral
      perfusion pressure (CPP). METHODS: From a total of 64 patients admitted in the
      intensive care unit (ICU) 'Casa Austria', from the Polytraumatology Clinic of the
      Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brinzeu" Timisoara, Romania, between January 2014
      and December 2014; only patients who underwent ICP monitoring (n=10) were
      analysed. The study population was divided into several categories depending on
      the time passed since trauma to the time of installation of ICP monitoring (<18
      h, 19-24 h and >24 h). Comparisons were made in terms of the number of days
      admitted in the ICU and mortality between patients with head injury who benefited
      and those who did not benefit from ICP monitoring. RESULTS: The results show the
      positive influence of ICP monitoring on the number of admission days in ICU
      because of the possibility that the number of admission days to augment
      therapeutic effects in patients who benefited from ICP monitoring reduces by 1.93
      days compared with those who did not undergo ICP monitoring. CONCLUSION: ICP
      monitoring and optimizing therapy according to the ICP and CPP has significant
      influence on the rate of survival. ICP monitoring is necessary in all patients
      with head trauma injury according to recent guidelines. The main therapeutic goal
      in the management of the trauma patient with head injury is to minimize the
      destructive effects of the associated side effects.

PMID- 27366539
TI  - Primary Graft Dysfunction after Lung Transplantation.
AB  - Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a severe form of acute lung injury that is a
      major cause of early morbidity and mortality encountered after lung
      transplantation. PGD is diagnosed by pulmonary oedema with diffuse alveolar
      damage that manifests clinically as progressive hypoxemia with radiographic
      pulmonary infiltrates. Inflammatory and immunological response caused by
      ischaemia and reperfusion is important with regard to pathophysiology. PGD
      affects short- and long-term outcomes, the donor organ is the leading factor
      affecting these adverse ramifications. To minimize the risk of PGD, reduction of
      lung ischaemia time, reperfusion optimisation, prostaglandin level regulation,
      haemodynamic control, hormone replacement therapy, ventilator management are
      carried out; for research regarding donor lung preparation strategies, certain
      procedures are recommended. In this review, recent updates in epidemiology,
      pathophysiology, molecular and genetic biomarkers and technical developments
      affecting PGD are described. 

PMID- 27366540
TI  - Colostomy with Transversus Abdominis Plane Block.
AB  - Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is one of the abdominal field block. The
      TAP block is used for both anaesthetic management and post-operative pain therapy
      in lower abdominal surgery. TAP block is a procedure in which local anaesthetic
      agents are applied to the anatomic neurofacial space between the internal oblique
      and the transversus abdominis muscle. TAP block is a good method for post
      operative pain control as well as allows for short operations involving the
      abdominal area. In this article, a case of colostomy under TAP block is
      presented. 

PMID- 27366541
TI  - Anaesthetic Management in Costello Syndrome.
AB  - Costello syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterised by growth and mental
      retardation, macrocephaly, short neck and macroglossia. Cardiac involvement can
      also occur in Costello syndrome and is presented in the form of hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, tachyarrythmias and valvular dysfunction. Nervous system
      involvement including ventriculomegaly, hydrocephaly and Chiari type 1
      malformation are also common. Predisposition of papillomata and malignant tumours
      are high. General anaesthesia practice in patients with Costello syndrome may be
      complicated by difficult airway because of macrocephaly, short neck, macroglossia
      and oral or laryngeal papillomas. The airway management and cardiac abnormalities
      are the major concerns of an anaesthesiologist in Costello syndrome. We report
      the anaesthetic management of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt replacement for
      hydrocephaly in an 18-month-old child with Costello syndrome. 

PMID- 27366542
TI  - Post-Operative Malignant Hyperthermia in a Child after Colon Interposition.
AB  - Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare and potentially life threatening fatal
      complication of anaesthesia. We present a 2-year-old boy with late onset MH after
      colon interposition to replace the oesophagus under sevoflurane anaesthesia. The
      patient was treated with intravenous dantrolene sodium as well as cooling and
      controlled ventilation. Despite treatment, the patient developed cardiopulmonary
      arrest at 21 hours after the operation and died. It should be kept in mind that
      post-operative MH may develop during these types of operations with ischaemia
      reperfusion injuries. 

PMID- 27366543
TI  - A Case Report of the First Propofol Addiction in Turkey.
AB  - Propofol is a potent anaesthetic drug and also an effective sedative agent. Also,
      propofol may be used for non-anaesthetic purposes such as the treatment of
      seizures, migraine and tension headache in clinical practice. It has been abused,
      particularly among healthcare providers with high mortality rate. This report
      presents the case of a propofol-dependent patient who was an emergency medicine
      doctor with no difficulties in obtaining the drug. He himself visited our clinic
      for the treatment of propofol dependence. We started the patient's treatment with
      pharmacotherapeutic medicines and individual psychotherapy. Fourteen days after
      starting the therapy, the patient was discharged from hospital on his own will
      and he did not attend the follow-up visits in the outpatient clinic. Then, we
      were informed of his death, which was suspected to have occurred owing to drug
      intoxication in the hospital in which he worked. Nevertheless, the reason of
      death was important; the importance of this case report is to provide information
      regarding the drug's dependence profile. This is the first case report indicating
      propofol dependence in Turkey. Because of its easy access, rapid onset time and
      short duration of action, propofol dependence is increasing. We think that adding
      propofol to the controlled drug list and improving the knowledge of the
      clinicians regarding its abuse potential may limit the dependence cases. 

PMID- 27366544
TI  - Ultrasound-Guided Bilateral Greater Occipital Nerve Block for Mass Excision.
AB  - Anaesthesiologists must always prefer the safest method to minimize the risk for
      patients. At present, ultrasound-guided blockage of the greater occipital nerve
      can be performed in a safe manner. In this report, we presented our experience of
      ultrasound-guided blockage of the greater occipital nerve that we performed in a
      patient with a mass at the back of the neck who had risk of general anaesthesia
      because of comorbidities. 

PMID- 27366545
TI  - Can the Endotracheal Tube Become a Threat to Airway Patency?

PMID- 27366546
TI  - Chemotherapy Related Angioedema.

PMID- 27366547
TI  - Release Pattern of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the possible controlled release profile of
      multilamellar liposomal bupivacaine formulations with non-liposomal forms in
      artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under in vitro conditions. METHODS: Liposome
      formulations were prepared using a dry-film hydration method. Then, an artificial
      CSF-buffered solution was prepared. Bupivacaine base with liposomal bupivacaine
      base, bupivacaine HCl with liposomal bupivacaine HCl and bupivacaine HCl were
      added in a Franz diffusion cell. These solutions were kept in a hot water bath
      for 24 h. The samples were taken at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h (1st series of
      experiment). Solutions of bupivacaine base with liposomal bupivacaine base and
      bupivacaine HCl with liposomal bupivacaine HCl were centrifuged to obtain
      liposomal bupivacaine base and liposomal bupivacaine HCl. Afterwards, liposomal
      bupivacaine base and liposomal bupivacaine HCl were added in a Franz diffusion
      cell. After keeping these solutions in a hot water bath for 24 h as well, the
      samples were taken at the same time intervals (2(nd) series of experiment). All
      samples (54 from the 1st experiment and 36 from the 2(nd) experiment) were
      analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-performance liquid
      chromatography and their chromatograms were obtained. RESULTS: After obtaining
      calibration curves for bupivacaine base and HCl, release patterns of these
      formulations were plotted. A markedly controlled slow-release pattern was
      observed for multilamellar liposomal bupivacaine than for non-liposomal
      bupivacaine in artificial CSF. CONCLUSION: Demonstration of controlled slow
      release profile for mutilamellar liposomal bupivacaine in artificial CSF in vitro
      might support intrathecal use of liposomal bupivacaine in vivo in animal studies.

PMID- 27366548
TI  - Acupuncture as an Antiemetic in Children who Underwent Adenoidectomy and/or
      Tonsillectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Postoperative vomiting (POV) is one of the most common problems
      following general anaesthesia, and many factors, either solely or in combination,
      may play a role in aetiology. Acupuncture is a technique that the World Health
      Organization has accepted as a complementary treatment. This study presents our
      experience with acupuncture for POV treatment in a study of paediatric
      tonsillectomy cases. METHODS: The study included ASA I-II patients (n=70) aged 2
      14 years who underwent tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy under general
      anaesthesia. The patients were randomly divided into the following two groups:
      control and study group. In the study group, an acupuncture needle was
      intraoperatively applied to the P6 acupuncture point for 20 min. Antiemetics were
      not administered to either group because of the standard applications in the
      preoperative period. The patients were postoperatively evaluated by nurses who
      were unaware about the techniques used in either group. RESULTS: No statistically
      significant difference was determined between the groups with regard to age, sex,
      nature of the operation, duration of anaesthesia, duration of the operation,
      surgical method and ASA scores. A statistically significant difference was
      determined between the groups with respect to vomiting rates. The acupuncture
      group presented with 0.28-times fewer vomiting episodes than the control group.
      CONCLUSION: The results of the study demonstrate that acupuncture has an apparent
      antiemetic efficacy in POV. Its routine use for POV may improve postoperative
      comfort and reduce drug use for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes.

PMID- 27366549
TI  - Comparison of Clinical Effects of Dexketoprofen and Paracetamol Used for
      Analgesia in Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare 50 mg dexketoprofen vs. 1 g paracetamol
      that were parenterally administered before endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) under sedoanalgesia with comparable anaesthesia
      depth regarding haemodynamic, pain, narcotic analgesic requirement, recovery and
      post-procedural cognitive functions. METHODS: Overall, 80 ASA I-III patients aged
      18-75 years who were undergoing scheduled ERCP were randomly assigned into three
      groups. In all patients, the mini-mental test (MMT) was conducted before the
      procedure. No drug was administered to controls (Group C; n=26); patients were
      transferred to ERCP unite 30 min after parenteral dexketoprofen (50 mg) in group
      D (n=27) and paracetamol (1 g) in group P (n=27). The standard monitoring was
      applied. After intravenously administering loading doses of midazolam (0.02 mgkg)
      and propofol (1 mg kg(-1)), propofol infusion was administered at a dose of 2-4
      mg kg(-1) h(-1) to maintain a bispectral index value of 50-70. Fentanyl (0.05 MUg
      kg(-1)) was intravenously administered when patients experienced pain.
      Haemodynamic effects, additional analgesic requirement, adverse effects during
      procedure, time to reach Aldrete score of 9 and satisfaction of an endoscopist
      and patient were recorded. MMT was repeated 3 h after completing the procedure.
      RESULTS: Fentanyl requirement during the procedure was significantly low in group
      D (p<0.05). Apnoea during the procedure and nausea after the procedure were least
      common in group D while significantly lower than group C (p<0.05). There was no
      significant difference with respect to MMT scores and endoscopist's satisfaction,
      while patient satisfaction was greater in group P. CONCLUSION: Parenterally
      administered dexketoprofen provided better haemodynamic effect and pain control,
      thereby decreasing incidence of adverse events by reducing the requirement for
      narcotic analgesics.

PMID- 27366550
TI  - Perioperative Effects of Different Narcotic Analgesics Used to Improve
      Effectiveness of Total Intravenous Anaesthesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the depth of anaesthesia, perioperative
      haemodynamics, postoperative pain scores, analgesic consumption in patients
      receiving remifentanil- or alfentanil-based total intravenous anaesthesia for
      single-level lumbar discectomy. METHODS: Seventy patients undergoing discectomy
      were enrolled in the study. Patients were intravenously administered an initial
      bolus dose of 2 mg kg(-1) propofol and 10 mcg kg(-1) alfentanil or 1 mcg kg(-1)
      remifentanil, followed by 6 mg kg(-1) h(-1) propofol and either 1 mcg kg(-1) min(
      1) alfentanil or 0.25 mcg kg(-1) min(-1) remifentanil infusion. Bispectral index
      (BIS) values, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide and
      oxygen saturation were recorded. Postoperative pain scores at 0, 30 and 60 min
      were measured and recorded with additional opioid requirements. RESULTS:
      Postoperative pain scores at 0 and 30 min, total analgesic consumption and
      requirement for additional analgesics were significantly high in the remifentanil
      group. After the first hour, the pain scores were not significantly different.
      Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly low at 45 and 60 min
      preoperatively in the remifentanil group. In the remifentanil group, heart rate
      at 15, 30, 45, 60 min were significantly lower than those in the alfentanil
      group. BIS values of the two groups were not significantly different at any
      measurement time point. BIS values of remifentanil group at 30, 45, 60, 90 and
      180 min significantly increased compared with those at 15 min. CONCLUSION:
      Alfentanil provided more stable BIS and haemodynamic values preoperatively and
      less opioid consumption, along with lower pain scores, during the early
      postoperative period compared with remifentanil in patients undergoing single
      level discectomy.

PMID- 27366551
TI  - Influence of Different Doses of Ketamine on Intubating Conditions during a Rapid
      Sequence Induction and Intubation Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study aimed to compare
      the effects of three different doses of ketamine or lidocaine on intubating
      conditions and haemodynamics in a rapid-sequence induction model with 3 mg kg(-1)
      propofol and 0.6 mg kg(-1) rocuronium. METHODS: A total of 128 ASA I-III patients
      who were scheduled for elective surgery were randomized in the following five
      groups: Group 1 (n=24), 1 mg kg(-1) lidocaine+3 mg kg(-1) propofol+0.6 mg kg(-1)
      rocuronium; Group 2 (n=23), 0.1 mg kg(-1) ketamine+3 mg kg(-1) propofol+0.6 mg
      kg(-1) rocuronium; Group 3 (n=29), 0.3 mg kg(-1) ketamine+3 mg kg(-1)
      propofol+0.6 mg kg(-1) rocuronium; Group 4 (n=26), 0.5 mg kg(-1) ketamine+3 mg
      kg(-1) propofol+0.6 mg kg(-1) rocuronium and Group 5 (n=26), 3 mg kg(-1)
      propofol+0.6 mg kg(-1) rocuronium+saline as placebo. After preoxygenation,
      induction was performed with the assigned combination, and intubation was
      initiated after 60 s. The time to intubation, intubation score (Viby-Mogensen
      score) and haemodynamic data were recorded. Postoperative hoarseness, sore throat
      and hallucination incidences were followed up. RESULTS: Demographic, time to
      intubation and haemodynamic data were comparable among groups. Group 4 [13.5 (4
      14)] revealed a higher intubation score then groups 1, 2 and 5 [12 (3-14), 11 (2
      14) and 9.5 (0-13) and p=0.026, p=0.001 and p=0.000001, respectively]. Groups 3
      [13 (4-14)] and 4 [13.5 (4-14)] had similar intubation scores. Side effects were
      comparable among all groups. CONCLUSION: The combination of 0.5 mg kg(-1)
      ketamine and 0.6 mg kg(-1) rocuronium along with propofol improves intubation
      conditions in a stimulated rapid-sequence induction model.

PMID- 27366552
TI  - Comparison of Laryngeal Mask Airway Supreme(TM) Versus Unique(TM) in Edentulous
      Geriatric Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It is more difficult to perform bag-mask ventilation in edentulous
      patients than in patients with intact dentition. The laryngeal mask airway (LMA)
      provides a better alternative to the standard face mask if the facial contours of
      the patient are not suited for the standard face mask. We aimed to compare these
      two different LMAs in edentulous geriatric patients. METHODS: Edentulous patients
      aged >=65 years of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-III
      were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to Supreme group (n=30)
      and Unique group (n=30). Success of first insertion attempt, ease and time of
      insertion and oropharyngeal leak pressure were recorded. RESULTS: The success
      rate of the first insertion attempt was higher in the Supreme group than in the
      Unique group (86.6 and 73.3%, respectively; p=0.04). Time of insertion was
      similar (10.04 s and 11.87 s, respectively) and insertion was easy in 90% and
      100% of patients, respectively. Oropharyngeal leak pressures were measured as
      20.56-cm H2O and 17.10-cm H2O for LMA SupremeTM and LMA UniqueTM, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The efficacy and safety in both groups were comparable in edentulous
      geriatric patients during short surgical procedures. Even the success rate of
      insertion with both was lower than that mentioned in the literature; the success
      of insertion at the first attempt was superior with the LMA SupremeTM in our
      edentulous study group.

PMID- 27366553
TI  - Regional Anaesthesia Management in a Patient with Leprosy: Rare Case with Rare
      Application.
AB  - Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that is caused by Mycobacterium leprae
      and affects the skin and nerves. Patients with leprosy having related peripheral
      neuropathy and involvement of other organs may have cardiac, respiratory
      dysautonomia and autonomic dysfunctions. There are very few studies regarding
      anaesthetic management of patients suffering from leprosy. Moreover, very few
      studies concerning regional anaesthesia in patients with lepromatous leprosy have
      been reported. In this study, we aim to assess regional anaesthesia management
      with combined spinal epidural anaesthesia in a patient who had been followed up
      with a diagnosis of leprosy for a long time and was scheduled for operation
      because of a femoral neck fracture. 

PMID- 27366554
TI  - Management of Neuraxial Anaesthesia for Emergent Caesarean Section for Placenta
      Previa.
AB  - Abnormal placental attachments, such as placenta accreta, increta or percrata,
      can result in increased morbidity and mortality because of the risk of severe
      postpartum haemorrhage. We aimed to present the management of spinal anaesthesia
      and surgical approach for emergent caesarean section because of vaginal bleeding
      in a multiparous pregnant woman with placenta previa at 36 weeks' gestation.
      Hyperbaric bupivacaine 12 mg, fentanyl 10 MUg and morphine 150 MUg were
      intrathecally administered for spinal anaesthesia. Oxytocin, methyl ergonovin and
      tranexamic acid were administered after umbilical cord clamping. Breech delivery
      of the baby was provided by a vertical incision to the uterus for avoiding
      placental harm. Subtotal hysterectomy was performed leaving the placenta in situ.
      Two units of red blood cells were transfused during the operation, lasting
      approximately 40 min. The patient was uneventfully discharged on the
      postoperative fourth day. In conclusion, a single-shot spinal anaesthesia was
      successfully maintained without conversion to general anaesthesia until the end
      of the hysterectomy in the patient in whom placenta increta was observed during
      caesarean delivery. 

PMID- 27366555
TI  - Anaesthetic Management of Laparoscopic Morgagni Hernia Repair in a Patient with
      Coexisting Down Syndrome, Patent Foramen Ovale and Pectus Carinatum.
AB  - Laparoscopic repair has several advantages with a minimally invasive surgical
      option for children with Morgagni hernias; however, a number of physiological
      sequelae results from pneumoperitoneum and insufflation. These physiological
      changes may be more significant in patients with a congenital heart disease.
      Perioperative detailed evaluation, meticulous monitorization and cooperation with
      a surgical team are important in cases with patent foramen ovale for the possible
      risk of the paradoxical gas embolism. We present the anaesthetic management of a
      patient with patent foramen ovale, Down syndrome and pectus carinatus who
      successfully underwent laparoscopic Morgagni hernia repair. Under a well-managed
      anaesthesia that prevented complications because of pneumoperitoneum,
      laparoscopic surgery would be safe enough for patients with Morgagni hernia
      having an associated congenital heart disease. 

PMID- 27366556
TI  - Perioperative Management of Severe Hypertension during Laparoscopic Surgery for
      Pheochromocytoma.
AB  - Phaeochromocytoma is a catecholamine-secreting vascular tumour that is derived
      from chromaffin cell. Lethal cardiovascular complications, such as serious
      hypertension, myocardial infarction and aortic dissection, may occur because of
      uncontrolled catecholamine release. Each stage of anaesthesia management has
      vital importance because of this destructive catecholamine secretion that may
      occur during induction, perioperative stage and surgical manipulation. In this
      study, we report regarding the preoperative preparation and severe, persistent
      hypertension attack management with a combination of alpha-adrenergic blockade,
      beta-adrenergic blockade, sodium nitroprusside and remifentanil in a patient who
      underwent laparoscopic surgery for phaeochromocytoma. 

PMID- 27366557
TI  - Anaesthesia Application for Cardiac Denervation in a Patient with Long QT
      Syndrome and Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Long QT syndrome is a congenital disorder that is characterized by a prolongation
      of the QT interval on electrocardiograms and a propensity to ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias, which may lead to syncope, cardiac arrest or sudden death.
      Cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension diseases have additional risks in
      anaesthesia management. In this study, we emphasize on one lung ventilation,
      pacemaker-implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and the anaesthesia management
      process in a patient with long QT syndrome, cardiomyopathy and pulmonary
      hypertension who underwent thoracic sympathectomy. 

PMID- 27366558
TI  - Massive Blood Transfusion during Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty under Combined
      Spinal Epidural Anaesthesia.
AB  - Revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an orthopaedic surgery that is known to
      be associated with excessive bleeding. The rates of mortality and morbidity are
      high in patients with massive haemorrhage. The patient in this study was
      administered blood products with high fresh frozen plasma/red blood cell (RBC)
      suspension ratio and high platelet/RBC suspension ratio without waiting for
      haemostasis test results. This study suggests that this approach might prove
      beneficial in reducing the incidence of intra- and postoperative complications.
      this study presents our experience with a patient who underwent THA and required
      a transfusion that was three times her estimated total blood volume. The patient
      was successfully managed with close monitoring of haemorrhage and timely
      administration of blood and blood products before hypotension and loss of
      consciousness occurred. 

PMID- 27366559
TI  - Ultrasound-Guided Thoracic Paravertebral Block Experience in a Child.

PMID- 27366560
TI  - Critical Incident Reporting System in Teaching Hospitals in Turkey: A Survey
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Critical incident reporting systems (CIRS) and morbidity-mortality
      meetings (MMMs) offer the advantages of identifying potential risks in patients.
      They are key tools in improving patient safety in healthcare systems by modifying
      the attitudes of clinicians, nurses and staff (human error) and also the system
      (human and/or technical error) according to the analysis and the results of
      incidents. METHODS: One anaesthetist assigned to an administrative and/or
      teaching position from all university hospitals (UHs) and training and research
      hospitals (TRHs) of Turkey (n=114) was contacted. In this survey study, we
      analysed the facilities of anaesthetists in Turkish UHs and TRHs with respect to
      CIRS and MMMs and also the anaesthetists' knowledge, experience and attitudes
      regarding CIs. RESULTS: Anaesthetists from 81 of 114 teaching hospitals replied
      to our survey. Although 96.3% of anaesthetists indicated CI reporting as a
      necessity, only 37% of departments/hospitals were reported to have CIRS. True
      definition of CI as "an unexpected /accidental event" was achieved by 23.3% of
      anaesthetists with CIRS. MMMs were reported in 60.5% of hospitals. Nevertheless,
      96% of anaesthetists believe that CIRS and MMMs decrease the incidence of CI
      occurring. CI occurrence was attributed to human error as 4 [1-5]/10 and 3 [1
      5]/10 in UHs and TRHs, respectively (p=0.005). In both hospital types, technical
      errors were evaluated as 3 [1-5]/10 (p=0.498). CONCLUSION: This first study
      regarding CIRS in the Turkish anaesthesia departments/hospitals highlights the
      lack of CI knowledge and CIRS awareness and use in anaesthesia
      departments/teaching hospitals in Turkey despite a safety reporting system set up
      by the Turkish Ministry of Health.

PMID- 27366561
TI  - Intubation of a Paediatric Manikin in Tongue Oedema and Face-to-Face Simulations
      by Novice Personnel: a Comparison of Glidescope, Airtraq and Direct Laryngoscopy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Glidescope and Airtraq were designed for facilitating intubation and
      for teaching regarding the airway anatomy. We aimed to evaluate their efficacy in
      normal airway, tongue oedema and face-to-face orotracheal intubation models when
      used by novice personnel. METHODS: After the local human research ethics
      committee approval, 36 medical students who were in the beginning of their third
      year were enrolled in this study. After watching a video regarding intubation
      using one of these devices, the students intubated a paediatric manikin with a
      Glidescope or Airtraq via the normal airway, tongue oedema and face-to-face
      approach. RESULTS: Although the insertion and intubation times were similar among
      the groups, the intubation success rate of the Glidescope was higher in the
      normal airway (100% vs 67%) and tongue oedema (89% vs. 50%) compared with the
      Airtraq (p=0.008 and p=0.009). The success rates with the paediatric manikin by
      the face-to-face approach were similar among the groups (50%) (p=0.7). The need
      for manoeuvres in the Glidescope was lower in the normal and tongue oedema models
      (p=0.02 and p=0.002). In addition, oesophageal intubation was low in the control
      and tongue oedema models with the Glidescope (p=0.03 and p<0.001). CONCLUSION:
      Novice personnel could more easily intubate the trachea with the Glidescope than
      with the Airtraq. Intubation with the Glidescope was superior to that with the
      Airtraq in the normal and tongue oedema models. The face-to-face intubation
      success rates were both low with both the Glidescope and Airtraq groups.

PMID- 27366562
TI  - Airtraq, LMA CTrach and Macintosh Laryngoscopes in Tracheal Intubation Training:
      A Randomized Comparative Manikin Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Training students on simulators before allowing their direct contact
      with patients is well accepted. There is no clinical or manikin-based simulation
      study in the literature comparing tracheal intubation with Airtraq, laryngeal
      mask airway (LMA) CTrach and Macintosh laryngoscopes performed by medical
      students having no prior intubation experience. METHODS: After obtaining written
      informed consents, 123 participants were included in the study. The participants
      were asked to intubate the manikin five times with each device randomly. After
      all the participants had completed their fifth intubations, the measurements were
      performed. The primary outcome variables were the first-attempt success rate and
      the time for a successful intubation, while the secondary outcome variables were
      to determine the scores of dental trauma, the difficulty visual analogue scale
      and the optimization manoeuvres. RESULTS: The LMA CTrach group revealed a
      significantly higher number of intubation attempts. The mean time for a
      successful intubation was the longest in the LMA CTrach group (17.66+/-8.22 s,
      p<0.05). Students defined the Airtraq as the easiest to use and the Macintosh
      laryngoscope as the most difficult device to use and learn. Dental trauma
      severity was significantly lower in the Airtraq group than in the other groups
      (p<0.05), and it was found to be 0 in 81.1% in the Airtraq group. The head
      extension optimization manoeuvre rate was significantly higher with the Macintosh
      laryngoscope than with the Airtraq laryngoscope (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study,
      in which different types of laryngoscopes were compared, revealed that the
      Airtraq laryngoscope has advantages, such as shorter intubation duration, less
      additional optimization manoeuvres, less dental trauma intensity and is easier to
      learn compared with the LMA CTrach and Macintosh laryngoscopes.

PMID- 27366563
TI  - Comparing the Laryngeal Mask Airway, Cobra Perilaryngeal Airway and Face Mask in
      Children Airway Management.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We compared the effects of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), face mask
      and Cobra perilaryngeal airway (PLA) in the airway management of spontaneously
      breathing paediatric patients undergoing elective inguinal surgery. METHODS: In
      this study, 90 cases of 1-14-year-old children undergoing elective inguinal
      surgery were scheduled. The patients were randomly divided into three groups.
      Anaesthesia was provided with sevoflurane and 50%-50% nitrous oxide and oxygen.
      After providing an adequate depth of anaesthesia, supraglottic airway devices
      were inserted in the group I and II patients. The duration and number of
      insertion, haemodynamic parameters, plateau and peak inspiratory pressure and
      positive end-expiratory pressure of the patients were recorded preoperatively,
      after induction and at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min peroperatively. RESULTS: There were
      no statistical differences between the groups in terms of haemodynamic parameters
      (p>0.05). In group II, instrumentation success was higher and instrumentation
      time was shorter than group II. The positive end-expiratory pressure and plateau
      and peak inspiratory pressure values were statistically lower in group II
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We concluded that for airway safety and to avoid possible
      complications, LMA and Cobra PLA could be alternatives to face mask and that the
      Cobra PLA provided lower airway pressure and had a faster and more easy placement
      than LMA.

PMID- 27366564
TI  - Prevention of Withdrawal Movement Associated with the Injection of Rocuronium in
      Children: Comparison of Paracetamol and Lidocaine.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Pain from rocuronium injection is observed in 50%-80 % of patients.
      This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of pretreatment with paracetamol
      and lidocaine in preventing pain-induced withdrawal caused by the intravenous
      injection of rocuronium during the induction of general anaesthesia in paediatric
      patients. METHODS: Ninety children were randomized into two groups using a simple
      drawing from the box method: a paracetamol group (Group P, n=45) and a lidocaine
      group (Group L, n=45). After anaesthesia induction, venous occlusion was applied
      by a paediatric cuff inflated to a pressure of 75 mmHg and by 50 mg paracetamol
      and 0.5 mg kg(-1) lidocaine was injected in Groups P and L, respectively. Venous
      occlusion was then released, followed by rocuronium injection (0.6 mg kg(-1)).
      Withdrawal was evaluated using a 4-point scale (1, no response; 2, movement at
      the wrist only; 3, movement/withdrawal involving arm only (elbow/shoulder) and 4,
      generalized response, movement/withdrawal in more than one extremity). RESULTS:
      The incidence of withdrawal movement was 42% and 26% in the Groups P and L,
      respectively (p=0.120). Although no significant differences were noted in the
      number of patients who had no withdrawal movement and mild withdrawal movement in
      Groups P and L, compared with Group L, the incidences of moderate withdrawal
      movement were significantly higher in Group P (p<0.05). No patient in either
      group revealed generalized movement. CONCLUSION: Using a venous occlusion
      technique, pretreatment with 50 mg paracetamol can prevent withdrawal movement
      caused by rocuronium injection in children but is not as effective as lidocaine
      to prevent moderate withdrawal movement.

PMID- 27366565
TI  - The Efficacy of Femoral Block and Unilateral Spinal Anaesthesia on Analgesia,
      Haemodynamics and Mobilization in Patients undergoing Endovenous Ablation in the
      Lower Extremity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of femoral block and
      unilateral spinal anaesthesia on analgesia, haemodynamics and mobilization during
      endovenous ablation in patients with lower extremity venous insufficiency.
      METHODS: Forty patients of ASA physical status I and II, with ages ranging
      between 30 and 45 years, and who were scheduled for endovenous laser ablation for
      varicose veins were prospectively enrolled in this study. Patients were
      randomized into a unilateral spinal anaesthesia group (group HS, n=20) or a
      femoral block group (group F, n=20). Group HS received 7.5-10 mg of heavy
      bupivacaine for unilateral spinal anaesthesia, while group F received 100 mg
      prilocaine for femoral block with ultrasound guidance. The level of motor
      blockage (Bromage score), visual pain score, mean heart rate and mean arterial
      pressures were recorded at postoperative 0, 1, 2, 3d and 6 h, respectively.
      RESULTS: Perioperative visual pain score values in both groups were <4. None of
      the groups required an additional analgesic agent. Bromage scores were
      significantly lower in group F than in group HS during the postoperative period
      (p<0.01). Motor function returned to normal in all patients at 3 h in group F and
      at 6 h in group HS. Postoperative mean heart rate and arterial pressure did not
      differ between the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients with lower extremity
      venous insufficiency who were undergoing endovenous laser ablation, an ultrasound
      guided femoral block provided similar analgesia with that of unilateral spinal
      anaesthesia. In group F, the duration of anaesthesia and mobilization time was
      shorter.

PMID- 27366566
TI  - Anaesthetic Management of a Patient with Brugada Syndrome.
AB  - Brugada Syndrome is a condition with an undetermined aetiology and a tendency for
      malignant arrhythmias, an electrocardiographic pattern of a right bundle branch
      block with persistent ST segment elevation in the right precordial leads (V1-V3)
      and no association with structural heart disease. We aimed to discuss the
      anaesthetic management of an asymptomatic 35-year-old patient with Brugada
      syndrome who had been diagnosed during the pre-anaesthetic assessment because of
      the family history of the early sudden cardiac death of his mother. As a result,
      we believe that detailed patient history and careful examination of laboratory
      tests and electrocardiography are crucial for early diagnosis of some diseases
      and for successful anaesthetic management. 

PMID- 27366567
TI  - Sugammadex in a Patient with Brugada Syndrome.
AB  - Brugada Syndrome was first described in 1992 by Pedro Brugada as a genetic
      syndrome that is characterized by ventricular arrhythmias that may result in
      sudden cardiac arrest. In particular, a right bundle branch block and ST segment
      elevation in the right precordial leads are observed. Many perioperative
      pharmalogical and physiological factors can trigger malignant arrhythmias.
      Although it is a rare condition, the anaesthestic management of Brugada syndrome
      is important because of the potentially fatal complications. Many anaesthetics
      have been administered during the operation of patients with Brugada Syndrome.
      The use of sugammadex instead of the anaesthetic management of patients with
      Brugada syndrome is discussed in this study. 

PMID- 27366568
TI  - Safe Anaesthesia Management in a Child with Congenital Long QT Syndrome.
AB  - Long QT syndrome is a cardiac repolarisation disorder that can occur with
      clinical symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, life-threatening arrhythmias and
      sudden cardiac death, and its incidence is increasing in the general population.
      A careful anaesthetic management is required for patients with this syndrome
      because of the risk of torsades de pointes and malignant arrhythmias. In this
      case report, we discuss the anaesthetic management of a seven-year-old patient
      with congenital long QT syndrome that was diagnosed during the preoperative
      evaluation. 

PMID- 27366569
TI  - Anaesthetic Management for Appendectomy in a Patient with Situs Inversus Totalis.
AB  - Situs inversus totalis is a congenital syndrome, in which all the internal organs
      are in the opposite position, including dextrokardia. Most patients are
      asymptomatic and maintain their normal life. Kartagener syndrome may accompany
      situs inversus totalis. Diagnosis may be overlooked in patients with situs
      inversus totalis in emergency situations. Patients with this syndrome should
      inform the clinician as this will facilitate the diagnosis. Acute appendicitis is
      an emergency situation that would require urgent intervention. Appendicitis
      symptoms can be observed in the left lower quadrant of patients. We present a
      case concerning the anaesthetic management of a patient with situs inversus
      undergoing an emergency appendectomy. 

PMID- 27366570
TI  - Postoperative Respiratory Failure in a Patient with Undiagnosed Myastenia Gravis.
AB  - Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease caused by the development of
      antibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. There is
      hypersensitivity against non-depolarizing muscle relaxants in these patients.
      Sugammadex eliminates the effects of steroid non-depolarizing muscle relaxants,
      such as rocuronium and vecuronium, by selectively encapsulating their molecules.
      In this case report, we present a case of recurarization and respiratory failure
      after the use of sugammadex and rocuronium in a patient with preoperatively
      undiagnosed myasthenia gravis. 

PMID- 27366571
TI  - Whole Lung Lavage in a Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Patient with Severe
      Respiratory Failure.
AB  - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare interstitial lung disease that
      develops as a result of defects in the clearance of surfactant by alveolar
      macrophages. The accumulation of lipid- and protein-rich substances in the
      alveoli constitutes the main pathology of this disease. PAP has three types of
      aetiology: autoimmune (primary), congenital and secondary. The most common form
      in adults is autoimmune PAP. Whole lung lavage is a commonly performed method for
      treatment of this form of disease, especially in more severe cases. Performed
      under general anaesthesia, the material deposited in the alveoli is removed by
      washing. In this paper, we present a whole lung lavage under anaesthesia in a PAP
      patient who had severe respiratory failure. 

PMID- 27366572
TI  - Successful Anaesthetic Management of Elderly Patients with Leprosy.

PMID- 27366573
TI  - The Influence of Oral Carbohydrate Solution Intake on Stress Response before
      Total Hip Replacement Surgery during Epidural and General Anaesthesia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The effects of oral carbohydrate solutions, ingested 2 h prior to
      operation, on stress response were studied in patients undergoing general or
      epidural anaesthesia. METHODS: The study was performed on 80 ASA I-II adult
      patients undergoing elective total hip replacement, which were randomized to four
      groups (n=20). Group G patients undergoing general anaesthesia fasted for 8 h
      preoperatively; Group GN patients undergoing general anaesthesia drank oral
      carbohydrate solutions preoperatively; Group E patients undergoing epidural
      anaesthesia fasted for 8 h and Group EN patients undergoing epidural anaesthesia
      drank oral carbohydrate solutions preoperatively. Groups GN and EN drank 800 mL
      of 12.5% oral carbohydrate solution at 24:00 preoperatively and 400 mL 2 h before
      the operation. Blood samples were taken for measurements of glucose, insulin,
      cortisol and IL-6 levels. RESULTS: The effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate
      ingestion on blood glucose levels was not significant. Insulin levels 24 h prior
      to surgery were similar; however, insulin levels measured just before surgery
      were 2-3 times higher in groups GN and EN than in groups G and E. Insulin levels
      at the 24(th) postoperative hour in epidural groups were increased compared to
      those at basal levels, although general anaesthesia groups showed a decrease.
      From these measurements, only the change in Group EN was statistically
      significant (p<0.05). Plasma cortisol levels at the 2(nd) peroperative hour were
      higher in epidural groups than in general anaesthesia groups. Both anaesthesia
      techniques did not have an effect on IL-6 levels. CONCLUSION: We concluded that
      epidural anaesthesia suppressed stress response, although preoperative oral
      carbohydrate nutrition did not reveal a significant effect on surgical stress
      response.

PMID- 27366574
TI  - Do Urgent Caesarean Sections Have a Circadian Rhythm?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The primary goal of the present study was to demonstrate the existence
      of a possible circadian variation in urgent operative deliveries. METHODS: All
      urgent caesarean sections between 1 January 2014 and 1 January 2015 with known
      exact onset times of operation were included in this retrospective study. Cases
      that were previously scheduled for elective caesarean section were excluded.
      Information regarding age, delivery date, onset time of operation and type of
      anaesthesia was collected from the database. Analyses were completed using the
      Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) version
      20.0 software. The statistical significance for all analyses was set at p<0.05.
      RESULTS: A total of 285 urgent caesarean section deliveries were included in the
      study. There were 126 (44.2%) deliveries during the day shift and 159 (55.8%)
      during the night shift. 80 patients (28.1%) received general anaesthesia and 65
      (22.8%) received spinal anaesthesia in the morning shift, whereas 54 patients
      (18.9%) received general anaesthesia and 86 (30.2%) received spinal anaesthesia
      during the night shift. CONCLUSION: The present study suggested that urgent
      caesarean sections revealed a circadian rhythm during the day.

PMID- 27366575
TI  - Postperfusion Syndrome in Cadaveric Liver Transplantations: A Retrospective
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors that affects the postperfusion syndrome in
      cadaveric liver transplantations and the effect of the postperfusion syndrome on
      discharge from the hospital. METHODS: Patients who underwent cadaveric liver
      transplantations between 2007 and 2013 were scanned retrospectively.
      Intraoperative anaesthesia records, intensive care unit follow-up forms and
      discharge reports were examined from patient files. Overall, 43 patients having
      complete data were included in the study. The postperfusion syndrome is defined
      as asystoli or a decrease in mean arterial pressure of more than 30%, which
      occurred in the first 5 min of reperfusion and continued for 1 min. Patients were
      divided into two groups: those who had the postperfusion syndrome and those who
      did not. RESULTS: The number of patients who had the postperfusion syndrome was
      25 of 43 (58.1%). The MELD score of patients without the postperfusion syndrome
      was calculated as 16.9+/-3.2 and that of patients with the postperfusion syndrome
      was 19.7+/-3.6. A statistically significant relationship was detected between the
      postperfusion syndrome occurrence and a high MELD score (p=0.013). The diastolic
      blood pressure just before reperfusion was statistically lower in the group with
      the postperfusion syndrome than in the other group (p=0.023, 50+/-8 vs. 58+/-11).
      According to the logistic regression analysis, the MELD score and the decrease in
      diastolic blood pressure before reperfusion were defined as independent
      predictive factors. CONCLUSION: According to the study, the ratio for having the
      postperfusion syndrome was found to be 58.1%. The independent predictor factors
      affecting the postperfusion syndrome were detected as the MELD score and the
      decrease in diastolic blood pressure before reperfusion. The postperfusion
      syndrome during orthotropic liver transplantation is an important issue for
      anaesthesiologists. The awareness of the related factors with the postperfusion
      syndrome may help in the development of various preventive strategies.

PMID- 27366577
TI  - Attitudes of Doctors Working in Abant Izzet Baysal University Health Research and
      Application Center on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the attitudes of doctors about cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation (CPR) in this research. METHODS: Overall, 234 doctors who were
      working in Abant Izzet Baysal University Health Research and Application Center
      and who accepted to participate in this research were included. Research data
      were obtained by a questionnaire containing questions about demographic
      characteristics of doctors and their knowledge about CPR. Questionnaires were
      applied between 27.02.2012 and 04.06.2012. The chi-square test was used for
      categorical variables. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically
      significant. RESULTS: It was determined that 90% of the participants included in
      the study applied and/or observed CPR, and 62% of participants did not attend any
      CPR course. In addition, 64.1% of the doctors were found to be aware of
      guidelines prepared every 5 years. Although 65.2% of the doctors who attended a
      course previously gave a correct answer for the question about the number of
      cardiac compressions during adult CPR, 47.6% of the doctors who did not attend a
      course gave the correct answer (p=0.014). Additionally, 71.9% of participants who
      attended a course previously and 51.7% of participants who did not replied
      correctly to the question 'What should be done immediately after defibrillation
      during CPR?' And also the results for the question about how many joules is
      necessary to begin defibrillation with a monophasic defibrillator were
      statistically significant according to the attendance for a CPR course (p<0.005).
      CONCLUSION: In this study, we have identified the lack of knowledge of the
      doctors about resuscitation.

PMID- 27366576
TI  - Evaluation of the Approaches of the Anaesthesiologists on Maintenance of
      Anaesthesia Machines.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to discuss the level of knowledge and approach
      on 'maintenance, calibration and cleaning of anaesthesia devices' among
      anaesthesiologists in Turkey. METHODS: A questionnaire was prepared with 21
      questions based on the Google document system, and these questionnaires were sent
      to the anaesthesiologists via e-mail. RESULTS: Overall, 226 anaesthesiologists
      answered our survey. With respect to the maintenance and calibration,
      anaesthesiologists had sufficient information about the vaporizer and the carbon
      dioxide canister devices; however, information about the vital components, such
      as disassembly of the anaesthesia machine, flow sensor, oxygen sensor, battery
      and exhaust system, was insufficient. The cleaning and sterilization procedures
      were performed when the devices became dirty, and the bacteria filter was used
      only for the protection of the anaesthesia system. There was a lack of knowledge
      about how and which part of the anaesthesia device should be disinfected. In
      total, 85% of the survey participants were thinking of the need of additional
      education on anaesthesia machine maintenance. CONCLUSION: It is observed that
      education about anaesthesia device maintenance, calibration and cleaning issues
      is obviously necessary for the anaesthesiology specialists in our country. We
      believe that it would be useful to highlight this issue to anaesthesia
      educational institutions and anaesthesia associations.

PMID- 27366578
TI  - Anaesthesia Management of a Patient with Factor XI Deficiency.
AB  - Factor XI deficiency is an extremely rare disease presenting no clinical
      symptoms, unless there is an inducing reason such as trauma or surgery. Normally,
      factor levels are in the range of 70-150 U dL-1 in healthy subjects. Although no
      clinical symptoms are seen, only high levels of aPTT can be found. Once a
      prolongation is detected in aPTT, factor XI deficiency should be suspected and
      factor levels should be analysed. With careful preoperative preparations in
      factor-deficient people, preoperative and postoperative complications can be
      decreased. In this case report, management of anaesthesia during total hip
      arthroplasty of a patient with factor XI deficiency is presented. 

PMID- 27366579
TI  - Anaesthetic Management of Children with Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome.
AB  - Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a rare, autosomal dominant syndrome presenting
      with mental retardation and physical abnormalities, including broad thumbs, big
      and broad toes, short stature and craniofacial anomalies. Special attention was
      paid to the possibilities of difficult airway, aspiration pneumonia and
      cardiovascular dysfunction during anaesthesia. Micrognathia, retrognathia, broad
      nasal bridge, abnormally large or 'beak-shaped' nose, hypoplastic maxilla and
      small mouth-typical dysmorphic facial features are one of the biggest causes of
      the difficult airway in this syndrome. Approximately one-third of the affected
      individuals have a variety of congenital heart diseases. Recurrent respiratory
      infections are likely to be the result of microaspiration or gastro-oesophageal
      reflux in this syndrome. In this case report, we discussed the anaesthesia
      management of a child with RTS who underwent right endoscopic
      dacryocystorhinostomy. 

PMID- 27366580
TI  - Unexpected Difficulties in Intubation: Undiagnosed Subglottic Stenosis.

PMID- 27366581
TI  - Anaesthesia Management for Edward's Syndrome (Trisomy 18).

PMID- 27366582
TI  - A Forgotten but Important Drug on Preanaesthetic Evaluation: Amiodarone.

PMID- 27366583
TI  - Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Ebola Virus Disease among Secondary School
      Students in Ondo State, Nigeria, October, 2014.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The first case of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in Nigeria was imported
      on 20th July 2014, by an air traveller. On 8th August, 2014, WHO declared the
      Ebola outbreak in West Africa a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
      (PHEIC). This study aimed at assessing the knowledge, perception and attitude of
      secondary school students towards EVD and adopting disease preventive behaviour.
      METHODS: A descriptive cross sectional study of 440 students from a mixed
      secondary school in Owo, Ondo State was done. Data was collected in October 2014
      when Nigeria was yet to be declared EVD free.Simple random sampling was used to
      select the school while Systematic random sampling was used in the selection of
      participants. A semi-structured, interviewer administered questionnaire was used
      to collect data. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics
      and Chi-square test were done, level of statistical significant was 5%. RESULTS:
      Mean age of respondents was 13.7+/-1.9 years. Females were 48.2%. Most of the
      respondents had heard of Ebola Virus Disease (95.4%). Female respondents (51.3%),
      those who were 15 years and above (51.1%) and in the senior class (54.1%), and
      had good general knowledge of EVD and across all domains. Being in the senior
      secondary class and seeking for health care in the hospital were positively
      associated with good general knowledge (p-value: 0.029, and <0.001 respectively).
      Three commonest modes of spread of EVD mentioned were contact between infected
      animals and men (74.8%), touching body fluids of a person who is sick of EVD
      (57.0%), and contact (55.2%). The top three signs of EVD mentioned were abnormal
      bleeding from any part of the body (56.10%), vomiting (47.0%) and fever (42.3%).
      CONCLUSION: Our results revealed suboptimal EVD-related knowledge, attitude and
      practice among the students. Promotion of health messages and training of
      students on prevention of EVD to effectively control past and future outbreaks of
      EVD in Nigeria was immediately initiated in schools in Ondo State.

PMID- 27366584
TI  - If Numbers Can Speak, Who Listens? Creating Engagement and Learning for Effective
      Uptake of DRR Investment in Developing Countries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: With a renewed emphasis on evidence-based risk sensitive investment
      promoted under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030,
      technical demands for analytical tools such as probabilistic cost-benefit
      analysis (CBA) will likely increase in the foreseeable future. This begs a number
      of pragmatic questions such as whether or not sophisticated quantitative
      appraisal tools are effective in raising policy awareness and what alternatives
      are available. METHOD: This article briefly reviews current practices of
      analytical tools such as probabilistic cost-benefit analysis and identifies
      issues associated with its applications in small scale community based DRR
      interventions. RESULTS: The article illustrate that while best scientific
      knowledge should inform policy and practice in principle, it should not create an
      unrealistic expectation that the state-of-the art methods must be used in all
      cases, especially for small scale DRR interventions in developing countries,
      where data and resource limitations and uncertainty are high, and complex
      interaction and feedback may exist between DRR investment, community response and
      longer-term development outcome.  DISCUSSION: Alternative and more participatory
      approaches for DRR appraisals are suggested which includes participatory serious
      games that are increasingly being used to raise awareness and identify pragmatic
      strategies for change that are needed to bring about successful uptake of DRR
      investment and implementation of DRR mainstreaming.

PMID- 27366585
TI  - Genetically Modified (GM) Mosquito Use to Reduce Mosquito-Transmitted Disease in
      the US: A Community Opinion Survey.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mosquito-borne infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and
      now Zika, pose a public health threat to the US, particularly Florida, the Gulf
      Coast states, and Hawaii. Recent autochthonous transmission of dengue and
      chikungunya in Florida, the recent dengue outbreak in Hawaii, and the potential
      for future local spread of Zika in the US, has led to the consideration of novel
      approaches to mosquito management. One such novel approach, the release of
      sterile genetically modified mosquitoes, has been proposed as a possible
      intervention, and a trial release of GM mosquitoes is being considered in one
      Florida community. However, this proposal has been controversial. The objective
      of this research was to increase understanding of community knowledge, attitudes,
      and beliefs regarding mosquito control and GM mosquitoes.   METHODS: An 18
      question self-administered survey was mailed to all households in the identified
      Key West, Florida neighborhood where a GM mosquito trial has been proposed. This
      survey was fielded between July 20, 2015 and November 1, 2015. The main outcome
      variable was opposition to the use of GM mosquitoes. Measures included
      demographic information and opinions on mosquitoes, mosquito control, and vector
      borne diseases.   RESULTS: A majority of survey respondents did not support use
      of GM mosquitoes as a mosquito control method. DISCUSSION: Reasons for opposition
      included general fears about possible harmful impacts of this intervention,
      specific worries about human and animal health impacts from the GM mosquitoes,
      and environmental concerns about potential negative effects on the ecosystem.
      Residents were more likely to oppose GM mosquito use if they had a low perception
      of the potential risks posed by diseases like dengue and chikungunya, if they
      were female, and if they were less concerned about the need to control mosquitoes
      in general. These findings suggest a need for new approaches to risk
      communication, including educational efforts surrounding mosquito control and
      reciprocal dialogue between residents and public health officials.

PMID- 27366586
TI  - Using Phenomenological Models to Characterize Transmissibility and Forecast
      Patterns and Final Burden of Zika Epidemics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization declared the ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV)
      epidemic in the Americas a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on
      February 1, 2016. ZIKV disease in humans is characterized by a "dengue-like"
      syndrome including febrile illness and rash. However, ZIKV infection in early
      pregnancy has been associated with severe birth defects, including microcephaly
      and other developmental issues. Mechanistic models of disease transmission can be
      used to forecast trajectories and likely disease burden but are currently
      hampered by substantial uncertainty on the epidemiology of the disease (e.g., the
      role of asymptomatic transmission, generation interval, incubation period, and
      key drivers). When insight is limited, phenomenological models provide a starting
      point for estimation of key transmission parameters, such as the reproduction
      number, and forecasts of epidemic impact. METHODS: We obtained daily counts of
      suspected Zika cases by date of symptoms onset from the Secretary of Health of
      Antioquia, Colombia during January-April 2016. We calibrated the generalized
      Richards model, a phenomenological model that accommodates a variety of early
      exponential and sub-exponential growth kinetics, against the early epidemic
      trajectory and generated predictions of epidemic size. The reproduction number
      was estimated by applying the renewal equation to incident cases simulated from
      the fitted generalized-growth model and assuming gamma or exponentially
      distributed generation intervals derived from the literature. We estimated the
      reproduction number for an increasing duration of the epidemic growth phase.
      RESULTS: The reproduction number rapidly declined from 10.3 (95% CI: 8.3, 12.4)
      in the first disease generation to 2.2 (95% CI: 1.9, 2.8) in the second disease
      generation, assuming a gamma-distributed generation interval with the mean of 14
      days and standard deviation of 2 days. The generalized-Richards model
      outperformed the logistic growth model and provided forecasts within 22% of the
      actual epidemic size based on an assessment 30 days into the epidemic, with the
      epidemic peaking on day 36. CONCLUSION: Phenomenological models represent
      promising tools to generate early forecasts of epidemic impact particularly in
      the context of substantial uncertainty in epidemiological parameters. Our
      findings underscore the need to treat the reproduction number as a dynamic
      quantity even during the early growth phase, and emphasize the sensitivity of
      reproduction number estimates to assumptions on the generation interval
      distribution.

PMID- 27366587
TI  - FLIRT-ing with Zika: A Web Application to Predict the Movement of Infected
      Travelers Validated Against the Current Zika Virus Epidemic.
AB  - INTRODUCTION:  Beginning in 2015, Zika virus rapidly spread throughout the
      Americas and has been linked to neurological and autoimmune diseases in adults
      and babies. Developing accurate tools to anticipate Zika spread is one of the
      first steps to mitigate further spread of the disease. When combined, air traffic
      data and network simulations can be used to create tools to predict where
      infectious disease may spread to and aid in the prevention of infectious
      diseases. Specific goals were to: 1) predict where travelers infected with the
      Zika Virus would arrive in the U.S.; and, 2) analyze and validate the open access
      web application's (i.e., FLIRT) predictions using data collected after the
      prediction was made. METHOD: FLIRT was built to predict the flow and likely
      destinations of infected travelers through the air travel network. FLIRT uses a
      database of flight schedules from over 800 airlines, and can display direct
      flight traffic and perform passenger simulations between selected airports. FLIRT
      was used to analyze flights departing from five selected airports in locations
      where sustained Zika Virus transmission was occurring. FLIRT's predictions were
      validated against Zika cases arriving in the U.S. from selected airports during
      the selected time periods.  Kendall's tau and Generalized Linear Models were
      computed for all permutations of FLIRT and case data to test the accuracy of
      FLIRT's predictions. RESULTS: FLIRT was found to be predictive of the final
      destinations of infected travelers in the U.S. from areas with ongoing
      transmission of Zika in the Americas from 01 February 2016 - 01 to April 2016,
      and 11 January 2016 to 11 March 2016 time periods. MIA-FLL, JFK-EWR-LGA, and IAH
      were top ranked at-risk metro areas, and Florida, Texas and New York were top
      ranked states at-risk for the future time period analyzed (11 March 2016 - 11
      June 2016). For the 11 January 2016 to 11 March 2016 time period, the region
      aggregated model indicated 7.24 (95% CI 6.85 - 7.62) imported Zika cases per
      100,000 passengers, and the state-aggregated model suggested 11.33 (95% CI 10.80 
      11.90) imported Zika cases per 100,000 passengers. DISCUSSION: The results from
      01 February 2016 to 01 April 2016 and 11 January 2016 to 11 March 2016 time
      periods support that modeling air travel and passenger movement can be a powerful
      tool in predicting where infectious diseases will spread next. As FLIRT was shown
      to significantly predict distribution of Zika Virus cases in the past, there
      should be heightened biosurveillance and educational campaigns to medical service
      providers and the general public in these states, especially in the large
      metropolitan areas.

PMID- 27366588
TI  - Igg Subclasses Targeting the Flagella of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
      Can Mediate Phagocytosis and Bacterial Killing.
AB  - Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella are a common cause of invasive disease in
      immuno-compromised individuals and in children. Multi-drug resistance poses
      challenges to disease control, with a critical need for effective vaccines.
      Flagellin is an attractive vaccine candidate due to surface exposure and high
      epitope copy number, but its potential as a target for opsonophacytic antibodies
      is unclear. We examined the effect of targeting flagella with different classes
      of IgG on the interaction between Salmonella Typhimurium and a human phagocyte
      like cell line, THP-1. We tagged the FliC flagellar protein with a foreign CD52
      mimotope (TSSPSAD) and bacteria were opsonized with a panel of humanised CD52
      antibodies with the same antigen-binding V-region, but different constant
      regions. We found that IgG binding to flagella increases bacterial phagocytosis
      and reduces viable intracellular bacterial numbers. Opsonisation with IgG3,
      followed by IgG1, IgG4, and IgG2, resulted in the highest level of bacterial
      uptake and in the highest reduction in the intracellular load of viable bacteria.
      Taken together, our data provide proof-of-principle evidence that targeting
      flagella with antibodies can increase the antibacterial function of host cells,
      with IgG3 being the most potent subclass. These data will assist the rational
      design of urgently needed, optimised vaccines against iNTS disease.

PMID- 27366589
TI  - A Predictive Model for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Outcome: The Wound Healing Index.
AB  - Objective: To develop a healing index for patients with diabetic foot ulcers
      (DFUs) for use in clinical practice, research analysis, and clinical trials.
      Approach: U.S. Wound Registry data were examined retrospectively and assigned a
      clear outcome (healed, amputated, etc.). Significant variables were identified
      with bivariate analyses. A multivariable logistic regression model was created
      based on significant factors (p < 0.05) and tested on a hold-out sample of data.
      Out of 13,266 DFUs from the original dataset, 6,440 were eligible for analysis.
      The logistic regression model included 5,239 ulcers, of which 3,462 healed
      (66.1%). The 10% validation sample utilized 555 ulcers, of which 377 healed
      (67.9%). Results: Variables that significantly predicted healing were as follows:
      wound age (duration in days), wound size, number of concurrent wounds of any
      etiology, evidence of bioburden/infection, patient age, Wagner grade, being
      nonambulatory, renal dialysis, renal transplant, peripheral vascular disease, and
      patient hospitalization for any reason. Innovation: We present a validated
      stratification system, previously described as the Wound Healing Index (WHI),
      which predicts healing likelihood of patients with DFUs, incorporating patient-
      and wound-specific variables. Conclusion: The DFU WHI is a comprehensive and user
      friendly validated predictive model for DFU healing. It can risk stratify
      patients enrolled in clinical research trials, stratify patient data for quality
      reporting and benchmarking activities, and identify patients most likely to
      require costly therapy to heal.

PMID- 27366590
TI  - Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cell Therapy for Burn Wound Healing: A Comparison of
      Two Delivery Methods.
AB  - Objective: The use of noncultured autologous stromal vascular fraction or
      clinical grade adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) is a promising strategy
      to promote wound healing and tissue repair. Nevertheless, issues regarding the
      optimal mode of administration remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to
      compare the effects of local injection and topical spray delivery of ADRCs in a
      porcine model of thermal burns. Approach: Full-thickness thermal burns were
      created on the dorsum of 10 Gottingen minipigs. Two days following injury, wounds
      underwent fascial excision and were randomized to receive control vehicle or
      freshly isolated autologous ADRCs delivered by either multiple injections into or
      surrounding the wound bed, or by spray onto the wound surface (0.25 * 106 viable
      cells/cm2). Healing was evaluated by planimetry, histopathology, and
      immunohistochemistry at day 7, 12, 16, 21, and 28 posttreatment. Results:In vitro
      analysis demonstrated that there was no substantial loss of cell number or
      viability attributable to the spray procedure. Planimetric assessment revealed
      that delivery of ADRCs by either local injection or topical spray increased wound
      reepithelialization relative to control at day 14. No significant difference in
      wound reepithelialization was observed between both delivery approaches. In
      addition, on day 7 posttreatment, blood vessel density was greater in wounds
      receiving local or topical spray ADRCs than in the wounds treated with vehicle
      control. Histopathologic analysis suggests that ADRC treatment may modulate the
      inflammatory response by reducing neutrophil infiltration at day 7 and 12
      posttreatment, irrespective of the route of administration. Conclusions: These
      data demonstrate that local injection and spray delivery of ADRCs modulate
      inflammation and improve wound angiogenesis and epithelialization. Importantly,
      both delivery routes exhibited similar effects on wound healing. Given the
      greater ease-of-use associated with topical spray delivery, these data support
      the use of a spray system for autologous ADRC delivery.

PMID- 27366591
TI  - A Novel Nude Mouse Model of Hypertrophic Scarring Using Scratched Full Thickness
      Human Skin Grafts.
AB  - Objective: Hypertrophic scar (HTS) is a dermal form of fibroproliferative
      disorder that develops following deep skin injury. HTS can cause deformities,
      functional disabilities, and aesthetic disfigurements. The pathophysiology of HTS
      is not understood due to, in part, the lack of an ideal animal model. We
      hypothesize that human skin with deep dermal wounds grafted onto athymic nude
      mice will develop a scar similar to HTS. Our aim is to develop a representative
      animal model of human HTS. Approach: Thirty-six nude mice were grafted with full
      thickness human skin with deep dermal scratch wound before or 2 weeks after
      grafting or without scratch. The scratch on the human skin grafts was made using
      a specially designed jig that creates a wound >0.6 mm in depth. The xenografts
      were morphologically analyzed by digital photography. Mice were euthanized at 1,
      2, and 3 months postoperatively for histology and immunohistochemistry analysis.
      Results: The mice developed raised and firm scars in the scratched xenografts
      with more contraction, increased infiltration of macrophage, and myofibroblasts
      compared to the xenografts without deep dermal scratch wound. Scar thickness and
      collagen bundle orientation and morphology resembled HTS. The fibrotic scars in
      the wounded human skin were morphologically and histologically similar to HTS,
      and human skin epithelial cells persisted in the remodeling tissues for 1 year
      postengraftment. Innovation and Conclusions: Deep dermal injury in human skin
      retains its profibrotic nature after transplantation, affording a novel model for
      the assessment of therapies for the treatment of human fibroproliferative
      disorders of the skin.

PMID- 27366592
TI  - Regenerative Medicine: Charting a New Course in Wound Healing.
AB  - Significance: Chronic wounds are a prevalent and costly problem in the United
      States. Improved treatments are needed to heal these wounds and prevent serious
      complications such as infection and amputation. Recent Advances: In wound
      healing, as in other areas of medicine, technologies that have the potential to
      regenerate as opposed to repair tissue are gaining ground. These include
      customizable nanofiber matrices incorporating novel materials; a variety of
      autologous and allogeneic cell types at various stages of differentiation (e.g.,
      pluripotent, terminally differentiated); peptides; proteins; small molecules; RNA
      inhibitors; and gene therapies. Critical Issues: Wound healing is a logical
      target for regenerative medicine due to the accessibility and structure of skin,
      the regenerative nature of healing, the lack of good limb salvage treatments, and
      the current use of cell therapies. However, more extensive knowledge of
      pathophysiologic targets is needed to inform regenerative strategies, and new
      technologies must demonstrate value in terms of outcomes and related health
      economic measures to achieve successful market access and penetration. Future
      Directions: Due to similarities in cell pathways and developmental mechanisms,
      regenerative technologies developed in one therapeutic area may be applicable to
      others. Approaches that proceed from human genomic or other big data sources to
      models are becoming increasingly common and will likely suggest novel therapeutic
      avenues. To fully capitalize on the advances in regenerative medicine, studies
      must demonstrate the value of new therapies in identified patient populations,
      and sponsors must work with regulatory agencies to develop appropriate dossiers
      supporting timely approval.

PMID- 27366593
TI  - p27(KIP1) and PTEN cooperate in myeloproliferative neoplasm tumor suppression in
      mice.
AB  - PTEN acts as a phosphatase for PIP3 and negatively regulates the PI3K/AKT
      pathway, and p27(KIP1) is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that regulates the
      G1 to S-phase transition by binding to and regulating the activity of cyclin
      dependent kinases. Genetic alterations of PTEN or CDKN1B (p27(KIP1)) are common
      in hematological malignancies. To better understand how mutations in these two
      genes might cooperate in leukemogenesis, we inactivated both genes in the
      hematological compartment in mice. Here, we show that the combined inactivation
      of Pten and Cdkn1b results in a more severe myeloproliferative neoplasm phenotype
      associated with lower hemoglobin, enlarged spleen and liver, and shorter lifespan
      compared to inactivation of Pten alone. More severe anemia and increased myeloid
      infiltration and destruction of the spleen contributed to the earlier death of
      these mice, and elevated p-AKT, cyclin D1, and cyclin D3 might contribute to the
      development of this phenotype. In conclusion, PTEN and p27(KIP1) cooperate in
      tumor suppression in the hematological compartment. 

PMID- 27366594
TI  - Fundamental Parameters Line Profile Fitting in Laboratory Diffractometers.
AB  - The fundamental parameters approach to line profile fitting uses physically based
      models to generate the line profile shapes. Fundamental parameters profile
      fitting (FPPF) has been used to synthesize and fit data from both parallel beam
      and divergent beam diffractometers. The refined parameters are determined by the
      diffractometer configuration. In a divergent beam diffractometer these include
      the angular aperture of the divergence slit, the width and axial length of the
      receiving slit, the angular apertures of the axial Soller slits, the length and
      projected width of the x-ray source, the absorption coefficient and axial length
      of the sample. In a parallel beam system the principal parameters are the angular
      aperture of the equatorial analyser/Soller slits and the angular apertures of the
      axial Soller slits. The presence of a monochromator in the beam path is normally
      accommodated by modifying the wavelength spectrum and/or by changing one or more
      of the axial divergence parameters. Flat analyzer crystals have been incorporated
      into FPPF as a Lorentzian shaped angular acceptance function. One of the
      intrinsic benefits of the fundamental parameters approach is its adaptability any
      laboratory diffractometer. Good fits can normally be obtained over the whole 20
      range without refinement using the known properties of the diffractometer, such
      as the slit sizes and diffractometer radius, and emission profile.

PMID- 27366595
TI  - Polycapillary Optics for Materials Science Studies: Instrumental Effects and
      Their Correction.
AB  - The instrumental effects related to the use of a polycapillary x-ray lens as
      primary beam collimator are here studied and the features observed in the
      measurements modelled via Monte-Carlo ray-tracing. Comparison with existing
      procedures is presented and experimental evidence of the accuracy improvements
      due to the use of a correction algorithm is shown.

PMID- 27366596
TI  - Direct Space Structure Solution Applications.
AB  - The crystal structures of 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonamide, 1,2,3
      trihydroxybenzene-hexamethylenetetramine (1/1), 5-bromonicotinic acid and
      chlorothalonil form II have been solved from x-ray powder diffraction data, by
      application of a direct space structure solution approach using the Monte Carlo
      method and confirmed by Rietveld refinement. In the sulfonamide, the molecules
      are linked by N-H?O hydrogen bonds into two-dimensional sheets built from
      alternating eight and twenty-membered rings. In the cocrystal, the molecules are
      linked by O-H?N hydrogen bonds to form puckered molecular ribbons that are in
      turn linked into a continuous 3D framework by C-H?pi (arene) interactions. 5
      bromonicotinic acid also displays atypical hydrogen-bonding behaviour by
      formation of dimers through a self-complementary acid-acid hydrogen-bond motif
      that are connected into antiparallel ribbons by C-H?O and C-H?N hydrogen bonds.
      Structure determination of the cocrystal and the bromonicotinic acid was
      successful despite the presence of preferred orientation in the data, whereas the
      distortion of the chlorothalonil data was so severe that structure solution was
      only possible when the effects of preferred orientation were minimized. Both the
      disordered structure, and an ordered structural approximation of chlorothalonil
      form II have been determined and rationalized.

PMID- 27366597
TI  - Diffraction Line Broadening Analysis if Broadening Is Caused by Both Dislocations
      and Limited Crystallite Size.
AB  - The determination of dislocation distribution parameters is discussed for
      specimens where both strain broadening caused by dislocations and size broadening
      occur. If the strain broadening is well described by a model due to Wilkens,
      several methods are possible for the analysis of the broadening of diffraction
      lines. In sputter deposited nickel layers, three different methods for
      diffraction line broadening analysis yield identical results. The
      recrystallization of the nickel layers was investigated by annealing the layers
      at various temperatures in the range 300 K to 500 K. With increasing annealing
      temperature, the microstructure of the layers changed from a microstructure with
      small grains and high dislocation density, via a microstructure that is a mixture
      of small grains with high dislocation density and large grains with low
      dislocation density, to a microstructure with large grains and low dislocation
      density.

PMID- 27366599
TI  - Multidataset Refinement Resonant Diffraction, and Magnetic Structures.
AB  - The scope of Rietveld and other powder diffraction refinements continues to
      expand, driven by improvements in instrumentation, methodology and software. This
      will be illustrated by examples from our research in recent years. Multidataset
      refinement is now commonplace; the datasets may be from different detectors,
      e.g., in a time-of-flight experiment, or from separate experiments, such as at
      several x-ray energies giving resonant information. The complementary use of x
      rays and neutrons is exemplified by a recent combined refinement of the
      monoclinic superstructure of magnetite, Fe3O4, below the 122 K Verwey transition,
      which reveals evidence for Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) charge ordering. Powder neutron
      diffraction data continue to be used for the solution and Rietveld refinement of
      magnetic structures. Time-of-flight instruments on cold neutron sources can
      produce data that have a high intensity and good resolution at high d-spacings.
      Such profiles have been used to study incommensurate magnetic structures such as
      FeAsO4 and beta-CrPO4. A multiphase, multidataset refinement of the phase
      separated perovskite (Pr0.35Y0.07Th0.04Ca0.04Sr0.5)MnO3 has been used to fit
      three components with different crystal and magnetic structures at low
      temperatures.

PMID- 27366598
TI  - X-Ray Spectrometry of Copper: New Results on an Old Subject.
AB  - We review recent, and some less recent, measurements of several emission spectra
      of copper. The results are discussed with special emphasis on elucidating the
      structure of the Kalpha 1,2 and Kbeta 1,3 diagram lines and their underlying
      transitions. These lines are found to contain ~30 % contribution from 3d
      spectator hole transitions. Other multielectronic transitions, the 2p spectator
      hole (satellites) and 1s spectator hole (hypersatellites) transitions were also
      measured. They are discussed paying special attention to the evolution of the
      lineshapes and intensities from the excitation threshold to saturation. Trends in
      the measured quantities depending on the spectator hole's shell and subshell are
      also discussed.

PMID- 27366600
TI  - Powder Diffraction: Least-Squares and Beyond.
AB  - This paper addresses some of the underlying statistical assumptions and issues in
      the collection and refinement of powder diffraction data. While standard data
      collection and Rietveld analysis have been extremely successful in providing
      structural information on a vast range of materials, there is often uncertainty
      about the true accuracy of the derived structural parameters. In this paper, we
      discuss a number of topics concerning data collection and the statistics of data
      analysis. We present a simple new function, the cumulative chi-squared
      distribution, for assessing regions of misfit in a diffraction pattern and
      introduce a matrix which relates the impact of individual points in a powder
      diffraction pattern with improvements in the estimated standard deviation of
      refined parameters. From an experimental viewpoint, we emphasise the importance
      of not over-counting at low-angles and the routine use of a variable counting
      scheme for data collection. Data analysis issues are discussed within the
      framework of maximum likelihood, which incorporates the current least-squares
      strategies but also enables the impact of systematic uncertainties in both
      observed and calculated data to be reduced.

PMID- 27366601
TI  - Direct Methods Optimised for Solving Crystal Structure by Powder Diffraction
      Data: Limits, Strategies, and Prospects.
AB  - The ab-initio crystal structure solution by powder diffraction data requires
      great efforts because of the collapse of the experimental information onto the
      one dimensional 2theta axis of the pattern. Different strategies will be
      described aiming at improving the process of extraction of the integrated
      intensities from the experimental pattern in order to make more straightforward
      the structure solution process by direct methods. Particular attention will be
      devoted to the EXPO program. Some of its performance will be analysed and results
      will be shown.

PMID- 27366602
TI  - The High Resolution Powder Diffraction Beam Line at ESRF.
AB  - The optical design and performance of the high-resolution powder diffraction beam
      line BM16 at ESRF are discussed and illustrated. Some recent studies carried out
      on BM16 are described, including crystal structure solution and refinement,
      anomalous scattering, in situ measurements, residual strain in engineering
      components, investigation of microstructure, and grazing-incidence diffraction
      from surface layers. The beam line is built on a bending magnet, and operates in
      the energy range from 5 keV to 40 keV. After the move to an undulator source in
      2002, it will benefit from an extented energy range up to 60 keV and increased
      flux and resolution. It is anticipated that enhancements to the data quality will
      be achieved, leading to the solution of larger crystal structures, and
      improvements in the accuracy of refined structures. The systematic exploitation
      of anisotropic thermal expansion will help reduce the effects of peak overlap in
      the analysis of powder diffraction data.

PMID- 27366603
TI  - Global Rietveld Refinement.
AB  - Global optimisation methods of structure determination from powder diffraction
      data have risen to prominence in a relatively short space of time and they now
      constitute a key approach in the examination of polycrystalline molecular organic
      materials. A correctly formulated global optimisation approach may be regarded as
      a "global Rietveld refinement" that is capable of delivering accurate crystal
      structures from high-quality powder diffraction data. This paper focuses on how
      accuracy at all stages of a powder diffraction experiment impacts upon the
      overall structure solution process and particular attention is paid to assessing
      the degree of accuracy with which structures are returned from the global
      optimisation process.

PMID- 27366604
TI  - Bayesian Inference of Nanoparticle-Broadened X-Ray Line Profiles.
AB  - A single-step, self-contained method for determining the crystallite-size
      distribution and shape from experimental x-ray line profile data is presented. It
      is shown that the crystallite-size distribution can be determined without
      invoking a functional form for the size distribution, determining instead the
      size distribution with the least assumptions by applying the Bayesian/MaxEnt
      method. The Bayesian/MaxEnt method is tested using both simulated and
      experimental CeO2 data, the results comparing favourably with experimental CeO2
      data from TEM measurements.

PMID- 27366605
TI  - The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating [II].
AB  - This article traces the metrological history of radiocarbon, from the initial
      breakthrough devised by Libby, to minor (evolutionary) and major (revolutionary)
      advances that have brought (14)C measurement from a crude, bulk [8 g carbon]
      dating tool, to a refined probe for dating tiny amounts of precious artifacts,
      and for "molecular dating" at the 10 ug to 100 ug level. The metrological
      advances led to opportunities and surprises, such as the non-monotonic
      dendrochronological calibration curve and the "bomb effect," that gave rise to
      new multidisciplinary areas of application, ranging from archaeology and
      anthropology to cosmic ray physics to oceanography to apportionment of
      anthropogenic pollutants to the reconstruction of environmental history. Beyond
      the specific topic of natural (14)C, it is hoped that this account may serve as a
      metaphor for young scientists, illustrating that just when a scientific
      discipline may appear to be approaching maturity, unanticipated metrological
      advances in their own chosen fields, and unanticipated anthropogenic or natural
      chemical events in the environment, can spawn new areas of research having
      exciting theoretical and practical implications.

PMID- 27366606
TI  - Characterization of Combinatorial Polymer Blend Composition Gradients by FTIR
      Microspectroscopy.
AB  - A new FTIR technique was developed for characterizing thin polymer films used in
      combinatorial materials science. Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
      mapping technique was used to determine the composition of polymer blend
      gradients. Composition gradients were made from poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and
      poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) in the form of thin films (6 cm * 2 cm) deposited
      on IR reflective substrates. Three composition gradient films were prepared and
      characterized. The results demonstrate the reproducibility and feasibility of a
      new, high-throughput approach for preparing and characterizing polymer
      composition gradients. The combination of composition gradient film technology
      and automated nondestructive FTIR microspectroscopy makes it possible to rapidly
      and quantitatively characterize polymer composition gradients for use in
      combinatorial materials science.

PMID- 27366607
TI  - Spot Weld Analysis With 2D Ultrasonic Arrays.
AB  - This paper describes a threefold method of testing the performance of an array
      based ultrasonic tool for nondestructive testing of spot welds. The tool is
      described in its capabilities, use, and advantages over existing counterparts.
      Performance testing for and the results from carrying out the testing are
      described. The three performance testing methods include 1) the use of calibrated
      samples, 2) comparisons with actual spot-welds, and 3) a performance evaluation
      of the embedded fitting software. The test of the fitting software was carried
      out by a comparison of results with reference fits supplied by the National
      Institute of Standards and Technology.

PMID- 27366608
TI  - Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for the Calibration and Validation of
      Analytical Methods for PCBs (as Aroclor Mixtures).
AB  - Six Standard Reference Materials (SRMs(r)) have been prepared by the National
      Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the determination of PCBs as
      different Aroclor mixtures in methanol. Six additional SRMs of the same Aroclors
      in transformer oil have also been prepared. Specifically, solutions of Aroclors
      1016, 1232, 1242, 1254, and 1260 have been gravimetrically prepared
      (individually) in methanol and transformer oil, mixed, and transferred to amber
      glass ampoules in approximately 1.2 mL aliquots. Gas chromatography with electron
      capture detection (GC-ECD) has been used to verify the gravimetric data for each
      solution and transformer oil SRM. Liquid chromatography was used for the
      isolation of the Aroclors from the transformer oil SRMs prior to GC-ECD analysis.
      Separate calibration solutions and oils were prepared with Aroclor levels similar
      to those in each methanol solution and transformer oil SRM and were processed
      alongside the samples. The GC-ECD response of each Aroclor was monitored relative
      to internal standards that were added to the complex mixtures for quantification.
      The gravimetric concentrations of Aroclors 1242 and 1254 in methanol were also
      examined by the same method of analysis (GC-ECD) using several different sources
      of Aroclors and two different capillary GC columns: a 5 % phenyl
      methylpolysiloxane phase and a relatively non-polar phase. The preparation of the
      materials, the gas chromatographic results, and the certified concentration
      values for each Aroclor SRM are described in this paper.

PMID- 27366609
TI  - Simulation of Sheared Suspensions With a Parallel Implementation of QDPD.
AB  - A parallel quaternion-based dissipative particle dynamics (QDPD) program has been
      developed in Fortran to study the flow properties of complex fluids subject to
      shear. The parallelization allows for simulations of greater size and complexity
      and is accomplished with a parallel link-cell spatial (domain) decomposition
      using MPI. The technique has novel features arising from the DPD formalism, the
      use of rigid body inclusions spread across processors, and a sheared boundary
      condition. A detailed discussion of our implementation is presented, along with
      results on two distributed memory architectures. A parallel speedup of 24.19 was
      obtained for a benchmark calculation on 27 processors of a distributed memory
      cluster.

PMID- 27366610
TI  - Software Architecture for a Virtual Environment for Nano Scale Assembly (VENSA).
AB  - A Virtual Environment (VE) uses multiple computer-generated media to let a user
      experience situations that are temporally and spatially prohibiting. The
      information flow between the user and the VE is bidirectional and the user can
      influence the environment. The software development of a VE requires
      orchestrating multiple peripherals and computers in a synchronized way in real
      time. Although a multitude of useful software components for VEs exists, many of
      these are packaged within a complex framework and can not be used separately. In
      this paper, an architecture is presented which is designed to let multiple
      frameworks work together while being shielded from the application program. This
      architecture, which is called the Virtual Environment for Nano Scale Assembly
      (VENSA), has been constructed for interfacing with an optical tweezers instrument
      for nanotechnology development. However, this approach can be generalized for
      most virtual environments. Through the use of VENSA, the programmer can rely on
      existing solutions and concentrate more on the application software design.

PMID- 27366611
TI  - Intramural Comparison of NIST Laser and Optical Fiber Power Calibrations.
AB  - The responsivity of two optical detectors was determined by the method of direct
      substitution in four different NIST measurement facilities. The measurements were
      intended to demonstrate the determination of absolute responsivity as provided by
      NIST calibration services at laser and optical-communication wavelengths;
      nominally 633 nm, 850 nm, 1060 nm, 1310 nm, and 1550 nm. The optical detectors
      have been designated as checks standards for the purpose of routine intramural
      comparison of our calibration services and to meet requirements of the NIST
      quality system, based on ISO 17025. The check standards are two optical-trap
      detectors, one based on silicon and the other on indium gallium arsenide
      photodiodes. The four measurement services are based on: (1) the laser optimized
      cryogenic radiometer (LOCR) and free field collimated laser light; (2) the C
      series isoperibol calorimeter and free-field collimated laser light; (3) the
      electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer and fiber-coupled laser light;
      (4) the pyroelectric wedge trap detector, which measures light from a lamp source
      and monochromator. The results indicate that the responsivity of the check
      standards, as determined independently using the four services, agree to within
      the published expanded uncertainty ranging from approximately 0.02 % to 1.24 %.

PMID- 27366612
TI  - Erratum: Statistical Interpretation of Key Comparison Reference Value and Degrees
      of Equivalence.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 439 in vol. 108.].

PMID- 27366613
TI  - Erratum: New National Air-Kerma-Strength Standards for (125)I and (103)Pd
      Brachytherapy Seeds.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 337 in vol. 108.].

PMID- 27366614
TI  - Erratum: Determining the Magnetic Properties of 1 kg Mass Standards.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 209 in vol. 100.].

PMID- 27366615
TI  - Uncertainty Propagation for NIST Visible Spectral Standards.
AB  - Uncertainties in the NIST spectral standards for detectors and sources in the
      visible wavelength range are propagated from the high accuracy cryogenic
      radiometer measurements, taking correlations into account at every stage. Partial
      correlations between spectral values at different wavelengths, important for
      subsequent radiometric calculations, are estimated. Uncertainty propagation
      through fitting and through transfer spectral measurements is described in
      detail. Detector uncertainties are propagated through the spectral comparator
      facility for external calibrations and for internal photometric quantities.
      Uncertainties in spectral irradiance are derived for the detector-based
      temperature determination, then propagated through working standards to
      calibrated artifacts. Spectral irradiance calibrations are generally provided at
      a limited number of wavelengths. Interpolation, rather than fitting, is
      recommended for the interpolation of NIST-provided spectral irradiance values.

PMID- 27366616
TI  - Uncertainties in Small-Angle Measurement Systems Used to Calibrate Angle
      Artifacts.
AB  - We have studied a number of effects that can give rise to errors in small-angle
      measurement systems when they are used to calibrate artifacts such as optical
      polygons. Of these sources of uncertainty, the most difficult to quantify are
      errors associated with the measurement of imperfect, non-flat faces of the
      artifact, causing the instrument to misinterpret the average orientation of the
      surface. In an attempt to shed some light on these errors, we have compared
      autocollimator measurements to angle measurements made with a Fizeau phase
      shifting interferometer. These two instruments have very different operating
      principles and implement different definitions of the orientation of a surface,
      but (surprisingly) we have not yet seen any clear differences between results
      obtained with the autocollimator and with the interferometer. The interferometer
      is in some respects an attractive alternative to an autocollimator for small
      angle measurement; it implements an unambiguous and robust definition of surface
      orientation in terms of the tilt of a best-fit plane, and it is easier to
      quantify likely errors of the interferometer measurements than to evaluate
      autocollimator uncertainty.

PMID- 27366617
TI  - Embedded MicroHeating Elements in Polymeric MicroChannels for Temperature Control
      and Fluid Flow Sensing.
AB  - This paper describes the first demonstration of temperature control and flow
      sensing of fluids using integrated circuit (IC)-based microheating elements
      embedded in microchannels molded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Fluid channels
      and connections to capillary tubing are molded in PDMS using a silicon wafer
      template. The PDMS film is then bonded to an IC that contains the micromachined
      microheating elements. Capillary tubes are inserted and fluids are externally
      pumped through the channels. Heating of the fluid is observed by the formation of
      bubbles on the microheating element. Sensing of fluid flow is demonstrated by
      measuring a change in the large signal resistance of the microheater analogous to
      a hot wire anemometer with a detection limit of +/- 320 pL/s.

PMID- 27366618
TI  - Uncertainty and Traceability for the CEESI Iowa Natural Gas Facility.
AB  - This paper analyzes the uncertainty of a secondary flow measurement facility that
      calibrates a significant fraction of United States and foreign flow meters used
      for custody transfer of natural gas. The facility, owned by the Colorado
      Experimental Engineering Station Incorporated (CEESI), is located in Iowa. This
      facility measures flow with nine turbine meter standards, each of which is
      traceable to the NIST primary flow standard. The flow capacity of this facility
      ranges from 0.7 actual m(3)/s to 10.7 actual m(3)/s at nominal pressures of 7174
      kPa and at ambient temperatures. Over this flow range the relative expanded flow
      uncertainty varies from 0.28 % to 0.30 % (depending on flow).

PMID- 27366619
TI  - High-Resolution Observations of the Infrared Spectrum of Neutral Neon.
AB  - We have observed the spectrum of neutral neon (Ne I) emitted by a microwave
      excited electrodeless discharge lamp with the National Institute of Standards and
      Technology 2 m Fourier transform spectrometer. The spectra cover the regions 6929
      A to 11 000 A with a resolution of 0.01 cm(-1) and 11 000 A to 47 589 A with a
      resolution of 0.007 cm(-1). We present a line list that includes more than 650
      classified lines and provides an accurate and comprehensive description of the
      infrared spectrum. The response of the Fourier transform spectrometer was
      determined by using a radiometrically calibrated tungsten strip lamp, providing
      relative intensities that for moderate to strong lines are accurate to
      approximately 10 % over the entire range of the observations. The identities of
      many lines that were previously multiply classified are unambiguously resolved.

PMID- 27366620
TI  - Initial NIST AC QHR Measurements.
AB  - We demonstrate that dc quantized Hall resistance (dc QHR) guideline properties
      and dc and ac QHR values can be measured without changing sample probe lead
      connections at the QHR device, and report ac QHR values that converge to the dc
      QHR value when using four-terminal-pair ac QHR measurements. This was
      accomplished during one cooldown using single-series and quadruple-series
      connections outside the sample probe. The QHR was measured from 0 Hz to 5500 Hz
      in 1:1 ratio at 20 uA to +/-1 part in 10(7) uncertainties with a poor-quality QHR
      device. A good device would allow an order of magnitude smaller uncertainties
      over this frequency range. We exchanged positions of the QHR device and reference
      resistor in the bridge and remeasured the resistance ratios to remove dominant ac
      bridge effects.

PMID- 27366621
TI  - Frequency-Domain Models for Nonlinear Microwave Devices Based on Large-Signal
      Measurements.
AB  - In this paper, we introduce nonlinear large-signal scattering ( [Formula: see
      text]) parameters, a new type of frequency-domain mapping that relates incident
      and reflected signals. We present a general form of nonlinear large-signal
      [Formula: see text]-parameters and show that they reduce to classic [Formula: see
      text]-parameters in the absence of nonlinearities. Nonlinear large-signal
      impedance ( [Formula: see text]) and admittance ( [Formula: see text]) parameters
      are also introduced, and equations relating the different representations are
      derived. We illustrate how nonlinear large-signal [Formula: see text]-parameters
      can be used as a tool in the design process of a nonlinear circuit, specifically
      a single-diode 1 GHz frequency-doubler. For the case where a nonlinear model is
      not readily available, we developed a method of extracting nonlinear large-signal
      [Formula: see text]-parameters obtained with artificial neural network models
      trained with multiple measurements made by a nonlinear vector network analyzer
      equipped with two sources. Finally, nonlinear large-signal [Formula: see text]
      parameters are compared to another form of nonlinear mapping, known as nonlinear
      scattering functions. The nonlinear large-signal [Formula: see text]-parameters
      are shown to be more general.

PMID- 27366622
TI  - Nonlinearity Measurements of High-Power Laser Detectors at NIST.
AB  - We briefly explain the fundamentals of detector nonlinearity applicable to both
      electrical and optical nonlinearity measurements. We specifically discuss the
      attenuation method for optical nonlinearity measurement that the NIST system is
      based upon, and we review the possible sources of nonlinearity inherent to
      thermal detectors used with high-power lasers. We also describe, in detail, the
      NIST nonlinearity measurement system, in which detector responsivity can be
      measured at wavelengths of 1.06 um and 10.6 um, over a power range from 1 W to
      1000 W. We present the data processing method used and show measurement results
      depicting both positive and negative nonlinear behavior. The expanded uncertainty
      of a typical NIST high-power laser detector calibration including nonlinearity
      characterization is about 1.3 %.

PMID- 27366623
TI  - Two Primary Standards for Low Flows of Gases.
AB  - We describe two primary standards for gas flow in the range from 0.1 to 1000
      MUmol/s. (1 MUmol/s ? 1.3 cm(3)/min at 0  degrees C and 1 atmosphere.) The first
      standard is a volumetric technique in which measurements of pressure, volume,
      temperature, and time are recorded while gas flows in or out of a stainless steel
      bellows at constant pressure. The second standard is a gravimetric technique. A
      small aluminum pressure cylinder supplies gas to a laminar flow meter, and the
      integrated throughput of the laminar flow meter is compared to the weight
      decrease of the cylinder. The two standards, which have standard uncertainties of
      0.019 %, agree to within combined uncertainties with each other and with a third
      primary standard at NIST based on pressure measurements at constant volume.

PMID- 27366624
TI  - Evaluation of Handheld Radionuclide Identifiers.
AB  - Characterization of commercially available instruments for measurement and
      identification of unknown radionuclides was carried out in support of the
      development and testing of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
      standard, N42.34, "Performance Criteria for Hand-held Instruments for the
      Detection and Identification of Radionuclides." Measurements were based on the
      performance of the devices, i.e., the capability of the detectors to ensure a
      correct radionuclide identification in a given time interval for various
      radioactive sources.

PMID- 27366625
TI  - Optical Diffraction in Close Proximity to Plane Apertures. III. Modified, Self
      Consistent Theory.
AB  - The classical theory of diffraction at plane apertures illuminated by normally
      incident light is modified so that diffraction on the source side of the screen
      is taken into consideration and the energy transport across the aperture plane is
      described by continuous functions. The modified field expressions involve the
      sums and differences of the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integrals as
      descriptors of a bidirectional flow of energy in the near zones on either side of
      the aperture. The theory is valid for unpolarized fields, and a pragmatic
      argument is presented that it is applicable to metallic as well as black screens.
      The modified field expressions are used for numerical near-field computations of
      the diffraction profiles and transmission coefficients of circular apertures and
      slits. In the mid zone the modified theory is reduced to the Fresnel
      approximation, and here the latter may be used with confidence.

PMID- 27366626
TI  - Development of A High Throughput Method Incorporating Traditional Analytical
      Devices.
AB  - A high-throughput (high throughput is the ability to process large numbers of
      samples) and companion informatics system has been developed and implemented.
      High throughput is defined as the ability to autonomously evaluate large numbers
      of samples, while an informatics system provides the software control of the
      physical devices, in addition to the organization and storage of the generated
      electronic data. This high throughput system includes both an ultra-violet and
      visible light spectrometer (UV-Vis) and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer
      (FTIR) integrated with a multi sample positioning table. This method is designed
      to quantify changes in polymeric materials occurring from controlled temperature,
      humidity and high flux UV exposures. The integration of the software control of
      these analytical instruments within a single computer system is presented.
      Challenges in enhancing the system to include additional analytical devices are
      discussed.

PMID- 27366627
TI  - Determining the Uncertainty of X-Ray Absorption Measurements.
AB  - X-ray absorption (or more properly, x-ray attenuation) techniques have been
      applied to study the moisture movement in and moisture content of materials like
      cement paste, mortar, and wood. An increase in the number of x-ray counts with
      time at a location in a specimen may indicate a decrease in moisture content. The
      uncertainty of measurements from an x-ray absorption system, which must be known
      to properly interpret the data, is often assumed to be the square root of the
      number of counts, as in a Poisson process. No detailed studies have heretofore
      been conducted to determine the uncertainty of x-ray absorption measurements or
      the effect of averaging data on the uncertainty. In this study, the Poisson
      estimate was found to adequately approximate normalized root mean square errors
      (a measure of uncertainty) of counts for point measurements and profile
      measurements of water specimens. The Poisson estimate, however, was not reliable
      in approximating the magnitude of the uncertainty when averaging data from paste
      and mortar specimens. Changes in uncertainty from differing averaging procedures
      were well-approximated by a Poisson process. The normalized root mean square
      errors decreased when the x-ray source intensity, integration time, collimator
      size, and number of scanning repetitions increased. Uncertainties in mean paste
      and mortar count profiles were kept below 2 % by averaging vertical profiles at
      horizontal spacings of 1 mm or larger with counts per point above 4000. Maximum
      normalized root mean square errors did not exceed 10 % in any of the tests
      conducted.

PMID- 27366628
TI  - Analytical Representations of Elastic Moduli Data With Simultaneous Dependence on
      Temperature and Porosity.
AB  - An analytical model providing simultaneous, self-consistent representations of
      the temperature and porosity dependence of the elastic and bulk moduli of
      polycrystalline ceramics is applied to data compiled from the literature for 24
      oxide ceramics.

PMID- 27366629
TI  - Electron-Impact Cross Sections for Ground State to np Excitations of Sodium and
      Potassium.
AB  - Cross sections for electron impact excitation of atoms are important for modeling
      of low temperature plasmas and gases. While there are many experimental and
      theoretical results for excitation to the first excited states, little
      information is available for excitation to higher states. We present here
      calculations of excitations from the ground state to the np levels of sodium (n =
      3 through 11) and potassium (n = 4 through 12). We also present a calculation for
      a transition from the excited sodium level 3p to 3d to show the generality of the
      method. Scaling formulas developed earlier by Kim [Phys. Rev. A 64, 032713
      (2001)] for plane-wave Born cross sections are used. These formulas have been
      shown to be remarkably accurate yet simple to use. We have used a core
      polarization potential in a Dirac-Fock wave function code to calculate target
      atom wave functions and a matching form of the dipole transition operator to
      calculate oscillator strengths and Born cross sections. The scaled Born results
      here for excitation to the first excited levels are in very good agreement with
      experimental and other theoretical data, and the results for excitation to the
      next few levels are in satisfactory agreement with the limited data available.
      The present results for excitation to the higher levels are believed to be the
      only data available.

PMID- 27366630
TI  - Stability Comparison of Recordable Optical Discs-A Study of Error Rates in Harsh
      Conditions.
AB  - The reliability and longevity of any storage medium is a key issue for archivists
      and preservationists as well as for the creators of important information. This
      is particularly true in the case of digital media such as DVD and CD where a
      sufficient number of errors may render the disc unreadable. This paper describes
      an initial stability study of commercially available recordable DVD and CD media
      using accelerated aging tests under conditions of increased temperature and
      humidity. The effect of prolonged exposure to direct light is also investigated
      and shown to have an effect on the error rates of the media. Initial results show
      that high quality optical media have very stable characteristics and may be
      suitable for long-term storage applications. However, results also indicate that
      significant differences exist in the stability of recordable optical media from
      different manufacturers.

PMID- 27366631
TI  - A Small-Volume Apparatus for the Measurement of Phase Equilibria.
AB  - An apparatus has been designed and constructed for the measurement of vapor
      liquid equilibrium properties. The main components of the apparatus consist of an
      equilibrium cell and a vapor circulation pump. The cell and all of the system
      valves are housed inside a temperature controlled, insulated aluminum block. The
      temperature range of the apparatus is 260 K to 380 K to pressures of 6 MPa. The
      uncertainty of the temperature measurement is 0.03 K, and the uncertainty in the
      pressure measurement is 9.8 * 10(-4) MPa. An automated data acquisition system is
      used to measure temperature and pressure at equilibrium. The apparatus has been
      performance tested by measuring the vapor pressures of propane, butane, and a
      standard mixture of propane + butane.

PMID- 27366632
TI  - SRM 2460/2461 Standard Bullets and Casings Project.
AB  - The National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material
      (SRM) 2460/2461 standard bullets and casings project will provide support to
      firearms examiners and to the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network
      (NIBIN) in the United States. The SRM bullet is designed as both a virtual and a
      physical bullet profile signature standard. The virtual standard is a set of six
      digitized bullet profile signatures originally traced from six master bullets
      fired at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) and the Federal Bureau
      of Investigation (FBI). By using the virtual signature standard to control the
      tool path on a numerically controlled diamond turning machine, 40 SRM bullets
      were produced. A profile signature measurement system was established for the SRM
      bullets. The profile signature differences are quantified by the maximum of the
      cross correlation function and by the signature difference between pairs of
      compared profile signatures measured on different SRM bullets. Initial
      measurement results showed high reproducibility for both the measurement system
      and production process of the SRM bullets. A traceability scheme has been
      proposed to establish the measurement traceability for nationwide bullet
      signature measurements to NIST, ATF and FBI. Prototype SRM casings have also been
      developed.

PMID- 27366633
TI  - Properties of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite Prepared by a Spray Drying Technique.
AB  - In previous studies nano sized hydroxyapatite (HA) particles were prepared by
      solgel or precipitation methods, in which the products were washed by aqueous or
      non-aqueous liquids to remove impurities or undesired components. The washing is
      know to modify the surfaces of the cystalline particles. This study evaluated
      properties of nano HA materials prepared by a spray drying method in which the HA
      product was not exposed to any liquid after its formation. The spray drying
      apparatus consisted of a nozzle that sprayed an acidic calcium phosphate solution
      in the form of a fine mist into a stream of filtered air flowing through a heated
      glass column. The water and volatile acid were evaporated by the time the mist
      reached the end of the column, and the fine particles were collected by an
      electrostatic precipitator. Powder x ray diffraction patterns suggested the
      material was amorphous, exhibiting a single broad peak at 30.5 degrees  2theta.
      However, high resolution transmission electron microscopic analysis showed that
      the particles, some of which were 5 nm in size, exhibited well ordered HA lattice
      fringes. Small area diffraction patterns were indicative of HA. Fourier transfer
      infrared spectroscopy showed patterns of typical of HA with small amounts of HPO4
      (2-). The thermodynamic solubility product of the nano HA was 3.3 * 10(-94)
      compared to 1 * 10(-117) for macro scale crystalline HA. These results showed
      that a spray drying technique can be used to prepare nanometer sized crystalline
      HA that have significantly different physicochemical properties than those of its
      bulk-scale counterpart.

PMID- 27366634
TI  - Preparation and Comprehensive Characterization of a Calcium Hydroxyapatite
      Reference Material.
AB  - Numerous biological and chemical studies involve the use of calcium
      hydroxyapatite (HA), Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. In this study detailed physicochemical
      characterization of HA, prepared from an aqueous solution, was carried out
      employing different methods and techniques: chemical and thermal analyses, x-ray
      diffraction, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, scanning and transmission
      microscopies, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface-area method. The
      contents of calcium (Ca(2+)), phosphate (PO4 (3-)), hydroxide (OH(-)),
      hydrogenphosphate (HPO4 (2-)), water (H2O), carbonate (CO3 (2-)), and trace
      constituents, the Ca/P molar ratio, crystal size and morphology, surface area,
      unit-cell parameters, crystallinity, and solubility of this HA were determined.
      This highly pure, homogeneous, and highly crystalline HA is certified as a
      National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference
      material, SRM 2910.

PMID- 27366635
TI  - Ambiguities in Powder Indexing: Conjunction of a Ternary and Binary Lattice
      Metric Singularity in the Cubic System.
AB  - A lattice metric singularity occurs when unit cells defining two (or more)
      lattices yield the identical set of unique calculated d-spacings. The existence
      of such singularities, therefore, has a practical and theoretical impact on the
      indexing of powder patterns. For example, in experimental practice an indexing
      program may find only the lower symmetry member of a singularity. Obviously, it
      is important to recognize such cases and know how to proceed. Recently, we
      described: a binary singularity involving a monoclinic and a rhombohedral lattice
      in a subcell-supercell relationship anda second type of singularity-a ternary
      singularity-in which two of the three lattices are in a derivative composite
      relationship. In this work, we describe a ternary lattice metric singularity
      involving a cubic P, a tetragonal P, and an orthorhombic C lattice. Furthermore,
      there is a binary singularity, involving a hexagonal P and orthorhombic P
      lattice, which is characterized by a set of unique d-spacings very close to that
      of the ternary singularity. The existence of such singularities is more common
      than once thought and requires a paradigm shift in experimental practice. In
      addition singularities provide opportunities in material design as they point to
      highly specialized lattices that may be associated with unusual physical
      properties.

PMID- 27366636
TI  - Potential ecosystem service delivery by endemic plants in New Zealand vineyards:
      successes and prospects.
AB  - Vineyards worldwide occupy over 7 million hectares and are typically virtual
      monocultures, with high and costly inputs of water and agro-chemicals.
      Understanding and enhancing ecosystem services can reduce inputs and their costs
      and help satisfy market demands for evidence of more sustainable practices. In
      this New Zealand work, low-growing, endemic plant species were evaluated for
      their potential benefits as Service Providing Units (SPUs) or Ecosystem Service
      Providers (ESPs). The services provided were weed suppression, conservation of
      beneficial invertebrates, soil moisture retention and microbial activity. The
      potential Ecosystem Dis-services (EDS) from the selected plant species by hosting
      the larvae of a key vine moth pest, the light-brown apple moth (Epiphyas
      postvittana), was also quantified. Questionnaires were used to evaluate
      winegrowers' perceptions of the value of and problems associated with such
      endemic plant species in their vineyards. Growth and survival rates of the 14
      plant species, in eight families, were evaluated, with Leptinella dioica
      (Asteraceae) and Acaena inermis 'purpurea' (Rosaceae) having the highest growth
      rates in terms of area covered and the highest survival rate after 12 months. All
      14 plant species suppressed weeds, with Leptinella squalida, Geranium
      sessiliforum (Geraniaceae), Hebe chathamica (Plantaginaceae), Scleranthus
      uniflorus (Caryophyllaceae) and L. dioica, each reducing weed cover by >95%.
      Plant species also differed in the diversity of arthropods that they supported,
      with the Shannon Wiener diversity index (H') for these taxa ranging from 0 to
      1.3. G. sessiliforum and Muehlenbeckia axillaris (Polygonaceae) had the highest
      invertebrate diversity. Density of spiders was correlated with arthropod
      diversity and G. sessiliflorum and H. chathamica had the highest densities of
      these arthropods. Several plant species associated with higher soil moisture
      content than in control plots. The best performing species in this context were
      A. inermis 'purpurea' and Lobelia angulata (Lobeliaceae). Soil beneath all plant
      species had a higher microbial activity than in control plots, with L. dioica
      being highest in this respect. Survival proportion to the adult stage of the moth
      pest, E. postvittana, on all plant species was poor (<0.3). When judged by a
      ranking combining multiple criteria, the most promising plant species were (in
      decreasing order) G. sessiliflorum, A. inermis 'purpurea', H. chathamica, M.
      axillaris, L. dioica, L. angulata, L. squalida and S. uniflorus. Winegrowers
      surveyed said that they probably would deploy endemic plants around their vines.
      This research demonstrates that enhancing plant diversity in vineyards can
      deliver SPUs, harbour ESPs and therefore deliver ES. The data also shows that
      growers are willing to follow these protocols, with appropriate advice founded on
      sound research. 

PMID- 27366637
TI  - Genetic markers of inflammation may not contribute to metabolic traits in Mexican
      children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low-grade chronic inflammation is a common feature of obesity and its
      cardio-metabolic complications. However, little is known about a possible causal
      role of inflammation in metabolic disorders. Mexico is among the countries with
      the highest obesity rates in the world and the admixed Mexican population is a
      relevant sample due to high levels of genetic diversity. METHODS: Here, we
      studied 1,462 Mexican children recruited from Mexico City. Six genetic variants
      in five inflammation-related genes were genotyped: rs1137101 (leptin receptor
      (LEPR)), rs7305618 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A)), rs1800629 (tumor
      necrosis factor alpha (TNFA)), rs1800896, rs1800871 (interleukin-10 (IL-10)),
      rs1862513 (resistin (RETN)). Ten continuous and eight binary traits were
      assessed. Linear and logistic regression models were used adjusting for age, sex,
      and recruitment centre. RESULTS: We found that one SNP displayed a nominal
      evidence of association with a continuous trait: rs1800871 (IL-10) with LDL (beta
      = -0.068 +/- 1.006, P = 0.01). Subsequently, we found one nominal association
      with a binary trait: rs7305618 (HNF1A) with family history of hypertension (odds
      ratio = 1.389 [1.054-1.829], P = 0.02). However, no P-value passed the Bonferroni
      correction for multiple testing. DISCUSSION: Our data in a Mexican children
      population are consistent with previous reports in European adults in failing to
      demonstrate an association between inflammation-associated single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic traits.

PMID- 27366638
TI  - An exploratory pilot study of mechanisms of action within normative feedback for
      adult drinkers.
AB  - Background. Normative feedback (NF), or receiving information about one's
      drinking compared to peer drinking norms, is one of the most widely used brief
      interventions for prevention and intervention for hazardous alcohol use. NF has
      demonstrated predominantly small but significant effect sizes for intention to
      change and other drinking related outcomes. Identifying mechanisms of action may
      improve the effectiveness of NF; however, few studies have examined NF's
      mechanisms of action, particularly among adults. Objective. This study is an
      exploratory analysis of two theorized mechanisms of NF: discrepancy (specifically
      personal dissonance-the affective response to feedback) and belief in the
      accuracy of feedback. Method. Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk, 87 men (n = 56) and
      women (n = 31) completed an online survey during which they were asked about
      their perceptions about their drinking and actual drinking behaviors. Then
      participants were provided tailored NF and evaluated for their reactions.
      Severity of discrepancy was measured by the difference between one's estimated
      percentile ranking of drinking compared to peers and actual percentile ranking.
      Surprise and worry reported due to the discrepancy were proxies for personal
      dissonance. Participants were also asked if they believed the feedback and if
      they had any plans to change their drinking. Mediation analyses were implemented,
      exploring whether surprise, worry, or belief in the accuracy of feedback mediated
      severity of discrepancy's impact on plan for change. Results. Among this sample
      of adult drinkers, severity of discrepancy did not predict plan for change, and
      personal dissonance did not mediate severity of discrepancy. Severity of
      discrepancy was mediated by belief in the accuracy of feedback. In addition,
      viewing one's drinking as a problem prior to feedback and post-NF worry both
      predicted plan for change independently. Conclusions. Results revealed that NF
      may not work to create personal dissonance through discrepancy, but belief in the
      accuracy of feedback may be important. It appears the more one believes the
      feedback, the more one makes a plan for change, suggesting practitioners should
      be mindful of how information within feedback is presented. Findings also
      indicate NF may work by validating a preexisting perception that drinking is a
      problem instead of creating concern related to discrepancy where none existed.
      Limitations regarding generalizability are discussed. 

PMID- 27366639
TI  - Adaptive changes in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic features to low light
      in Physocarpus amurensis Maxim and Physocarpus opulifolius "Diabolo".
AB  - The present study aims to investigate the differences in leaf pigment content and
      the photosynthetic characteristics under natural and low light intensities
      between the Chinese native Physocarpus amurensis Maxim and the imported
      Physocarpus opulifolius "Diabolo" from North America. We aim to discuss the
      responses and the adaptive mechanism of these two cultivars of Physocarpus to a
      low light environment. The results show that the specific leaf area (SLA) and the
      chlorophyll content were significantly increased in the leaves of both
      Physocarpus cultivars in response to a low light intensity, and the SLA and
      chlorophyll content were higher in the leaves of low light-treated P. opulifolius
      "Diabolo" compared with the leaves of low light-treated P. amurensis Maxim.
      Moreover, the content of anthocyanin was markedly reduced in the leaves of P.
      opulifolius "Diabolo" under low light intensity, which allowed for a greater
      capacity of photon capture under the low light condition. Under natural light,
      the photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity was greater in the leaves of P.
      amurensis Maxim compared with the leaves of P. opulifolius "Diabolo" that were
      rich with anthocyanin. However, in response to low light, AQY, P max, LCP and LSP
      decreased to a lesser extent in the leaves of P. opulifolius "Diabolo" compared
      with the leaves of P. amurensis Maxim. These results suggest that P. opulifolius
      "Diabolo" exhibits a greater ability in adaption to low light, and it is probably
      related to the relatively higher chlorophyll content and the smaller SLA in the
      leaves of P. opulifolius "Diabolo." In addition, the low light intensity resulted
      in a reduced photochemical activity of photosystem (PS) II in the leaves of both
      Physocarpus, as evidenced by increased values of the relative variable
      fluorescence at point J and point I on the OJIP curve. This result suggests that
      the electron acceptor in PS II was the major responsive site to the low light
      stress in the leaves of both Physocarpus cultivars, and that the low light
      intensity significantly inhibited electron transfer on the acceptor side of PS II
      and reduced the activity of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in the leaves of
      both Physocarpus cultivars. The PS II function in P. opulifolius "Diabolo" was
      higher than that in P. amurensis Maxim in response to low light. Under low light,
      the composition of photosynthetic pigments was altered in the leaves of P.
      opulifolius "Diabolo" in order to maintain a relatively high activity of primary
      photochemical reactions, and this is the basis of the greater photosynthetic
      carbon assimilation capacity and one of the main reasons for the better shade
      tolerance in P. opulifolius "Diabolo." 

PMID- 27366640
TI  - The in vitro and in vivo effects of constitutive light expression on a
      bioluminescent strain of the mouse enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium.
AB  - Bioluminescent reporter genes, such as those from fireflies and bacteria, let
      researchers use light production as a non-invasive and non-destructive surrogate
      measure of microbial numbers in a wide variety of environments. As
      bioluminescence needs microbial metabolites, tagging microorganisms with
      luciferases means only live metabolically active cells are detected. Despite the
      wide use of bioluminescent reporter genes, very little is known about the impact
      of continuous (also called constitutive) light expression on tagged bacteria. We
      have previously made a bioluminescent strain of Citrobacter rodentium, a
      bacterium which infects laboratory mice in a similar way to how enteropathogenic
      Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) infect humans. In
      this study, we compared the growth of the bioluminescent C. rodentium strain
      ICC180 with its non-bioluminescent parent (strain ICC169) in a wide variety of
      environments. To understand more about the metabolic burden of expressing light,
      we also compared the growth profiles of the two strains under approximately 2,000
      different conditions. We found that constitutive light expression in ICC180 was
      near-neutral in almost every non-toxic environment tested. However, we also found
      that the non-bioluminescent parent strain has a competitive advantage over ICC180
      during infection of adult mice, although this was not enough for ICC180 to be
      completely outcompeted. In conclusion, our data suggest that constitutive light
      expression is not metabolically costly to C. rodentium and supports the view that
      bioluminescent versions of microbes can be used as a substitute for their non
      bioluminescent parents to study bacterial behaviour in a wide variety of
      environments. 

PMID- 27366641
TI  - The impact of feature selection on one and two-class classification performance
      for plant microRNAs.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short nucleotide sequences that form a typical hairpin
      structure which is recognized by a complex enzyme machinery. It ultimately leads
      to the incorporation of 18-24 nt long mature miRNAs into RISC where they act as
      recognition keys to aid in regulation of target mRNAs. It is involved to
      determine miRNAs experimentally and, therefore, machine learning is used to
      complement such endeavors. The success of machine learning mostly depends on
      proper input data and appropriate features for parameterization of the data.
      Although, in general, two-class classification (TCC) is used in the field;
      because negative examples are hard to come by, one-class classification (OCC) has
      been tried for pre-miRNA detection. Since both positive and negative examples are
      currently somewhat limited, feature selection can prove to be vital for
      furthering the field of pre-miRNA detection. In this study, we compare the
      performance of OCC and TCC using eight feature selection methods and seven
      different plant species providing positive pre-miRNA examples. Feature selection
      was very successful for OCC where the best feature selection method achieved an
      average accuracy of 95.6%, thereby being ~29% better than the worst method which
      achieved 66.9% accuracy. While the performance is comparable to TCC, which
      performs up to 3% better than OCC, TCC is much less affected by feature selection
      and its largest performance gap is ~13% which only occurs for two of the feature
      selection methodologies. We conclude that feature selection is crucially
      important for OCC and that it can perform on par with TCC given the proper set of
      features. 

PMID- 27366642
TI  - Simple approach for ranking structure determining residues.
AB  - Mutating residues has been a common task in order to study structural properties
      of the protein of interest. Here, we propose and validate a simple method that
      allows the identification of structural determinants; i.e., residues essential
      for preservation of the stability of global structure, regardless of the protein
      topology. This method evaluates all of the residues in a 3D structure of a given
      globular protein by ranking them according to their connectivity and movement
      restrictions without topology constraints. Our results matched up with sequence
      based predictors that look up for intrinsically disordered segments, suggesting
      that protein disorder can also be described with the proposed methodology. 

PMID- 27366643
TI  - Biodiversity management of organic orchard enhances both ecological and economic
      profitability.
AB  - Organic farming has been regarded as an alternative solution for both
      agricultural sustainability and human health maintenance. Few researches have
      concentrated on the differences of biodiversity and eco-economic benefits between
      organic and conventional orchards. Organic management (OM) of orchards mainly
      includes taking advantage of natural enemies and beneficial weeds as well as soil
      organisms and controlling harmful pests. Here we conducted a three-year
      experiment on the effects of managing biodiversity in an organic apple orchard,
      using cattle manure to enrich soil biota, propagating native plant to suppress
      weeds and applying ecological pest management to control pests. The effect was
      assessed against the conventional management (CM) model. We found that OM
      enhanced soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and
      nitrogen. The 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing results indicated that the
      dominant bacterial phyla of the top soil were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria,
      and OM had richer bacteria diversity with a 7% higher Shannon's index than the
      CM. In particular, the relative abundance of rhizobium in the OM was higher than
      that of the CM. For OM, Duchesnea indica was an ideal ground-cover plant to
      control weeds through winning the niche competition and thus decreased weeds'
      Simpson, Shannon-Wiener and Pielou index by 38.2%, 53.8% and 16.9% separately.
      The phototactic pests' weight and scarab beetle's population were effectively
      decreased by 35% and 86% respectively through long time control and prevention.
      OM had an average of 20 times more earthworms than CM, and the maximum density
      had reached 369 m(-2) (0-20 cm soil). The dominant earthworm species of the OM
      were detritivores which preferring soil with high organic matter content. Due to
      no synthetic chemicals being used, the OM produced much safer apple fruits which
      were sold at high prices. Economically, up to a 103% increase of output-input
      ratio had been achieved in the OM. Our study clearly demonstrated that
      biodiversity management without chemical pollution increased the biodiversity of
      beneficial organisms, reduced antagonists of the fruit tree, and enhanced
      economic benefits of the apple orchard. 

PMID- 27366644
TI  - The impact of an invasive ambrosia beetle on the riparian habitats of the Tijuana
      River Valley, California.
AB  - The Tijuana River Valley is the first natural habitat in California to be
      substantially invaded by the Kuroshio Shot Hole Borer (KSHB, Euwallacea sp.), an
      ambrosia beetle native to Southeast Asia. This paper documents the distribution
      of the KSHB in the riparian vegetation in the valley and assesses the damage done
      to the vegetation as of early 2016, approximately six months after the beetle was
      first observed in the valley. I divided the riparian habitats into 29 survey
      units so that the vegetation within each unit was relatively homogenous in terms
      of plant species composition, age and density. From a random point within each
      unit, I examined approximately 60 individuals of the dominant plant species for
      evidence of KSHB infestation and evidence of major damage such as limb breakage.
      In the 22 forested units,I examined the dominant arroyo and black willows (Salix
      lasiolepis Benth. and S. gooddingii C.R. Ball), and in the seven scrub units, I
      examined mule fat (Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.). Evidence of KSHB
      infestation was found in 25 of the 29 units. In the forest units, infestation
      rates ranged from 0 to 100% and were high (>60%) in 16 of the units. In the scrub
      units, infestation rates ranged from 0 to 33%. Infestation rates were
      significantly correlated with the wetness of a unit; wetter units had higher
      infestation rates. Evidence of major physical damage was found in 24 units, and
      dense stands of willows were reduced to broken trunks in several areas. Overall,
      I estimated that more than 280,000 (70%) of the willows in the valley were
      infested, and more than 140,000 had suffered major limb damage. In addition, I
      recorded evidence of KSHB infestation in the other common plant species in the
      valley; of the 23 species examined, 14 showed evidence of beetle attack. The four
      species with the highest rates of infestation were native trees in the Salicaceae
      family. The three species considered to be the worst invasive plants in the
      valley, Ricinus communis L., Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. and Arundo donax L., had
      low rates of infestation. Several findings from this study have significance for
      resource managers: (1) the KSHB attack caused extensive mortality of trees soon
      after being first discovered so, if managers are to control the spread of the
      beetle, they will need to develop an effective early detection and rapid response
      program; (2) infestation rates were highest in units that were wet, so resource
      managers trying to detect the beetle in other areas should thoroughly search
      trees near water, particularly nutrient-enriched water; (3) the infestation
      appears to be a novel form of disturbance, and the affected forests may need
      special management actions in order to recover; and (4) the infestation has
      altered the structure of the forest canopy, and this is likely to promote the
      growth of invasive plant species that were relatively inconspicuous in the
      forests prior to the beetle attack but will now need more attention. 

PMID- 27366645
TI  - Diversity of Fusarium species isolated from UK forage maize and the population
      structure of F. graminearum from maize and wheat.
AB  - Pre-harvest contamination of forage maize by mycotoxin producing Fusarium species
      was investigated in the UK in 2011 and 2012. A total of 15 Fusarium species were
      identified from a collection of 1,761 Fusarium isolates recovered from maize
      stalks and kernels. This study characterized the diversity of Fusarium species
      present in forage maize in the UK. The predominant species detected were F.
      graminearum (32.9%) and F. culmorum (34.1%). Along with those species; F.
      avenacem, F. cerealis, F. equiseti, F. langsethiae, F. napiforme, F. oxysporum,
      F. poae, F. proliferatum, F. scripi, F. solani, F. subglutinans, F. tricinctum
      and, F. verticillioides were occasionally isolated. The trichothecene genotypes
      for F. graminearum were determined to be 84.9% deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15.0%
      nivalenol (NIV) while F. culmorum isolates were determined to have 24.9% DON and
      75.1% NIV genotypes. A Bayesian model-based clustering method with nine variable
      number of tandem repeat markers was used to evaluate the population genetic
      structure of 277 F. graminearum isolates from the maize and wheat in the UK.
      There were three genetic clusters detected which were DON in maize, NIV in maize
      and DON in wheat. There were high admixture probabilities for 14.1% of the
      isolates in the populations. In conclusion, increased maize production in the UK
      and the high admixture rates in a significant portion of F. graminearum
      populations in maize and wheat will contribute to a new pathogen population which
      will further complicate breeding strategies for tolerance or resistance to this
      pathogen in both crops. 

PMID- 27366646
TI  - Clinical and prognostic value of preoperative hydronephrosis in upper tract
      urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Background. Epidemiological studies have reported various results relating
      preoperative hydronephrosis to upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). However,
      the clinical significance and prognostic value of preoperative hydronephrosis in
      UTUC remains controversial. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive
      meta-analysis of the extent of the possible association between preoperative
      hydronephrosis and the risk of UTUC. Methods. We searched PubMed, ISI Web of
      Knowledge, and Embase to identify eligible studies written in English. Summary
      odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were
      calculated using fixed-effects or random-effects models. Results. Nineteen
      relevant studies, which had a total of 5,782 UTUC patients enrolled, were
      selected for statistical analysis. The clinicopathological and prognostic
      relevance of preoperative hydronephrosis was evaluated in the UTUC patients. The
      results showed that all tumor stages, lymph node status and tumor location, as
      well as the risk of cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS),
      recurrence-free survival (RFS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) were
      significantly different between UTUC patients with elevated preoperative
      hydronephrosis and those with low preoperative hydronephrosis. High preoperative
      hydronephrosis indicated a poor prognosis. Additionally, significant correlations
      between preoperative hydronephrosis and tumor grade (high grade vs. low grade)
      were observed in UTUC patients; however, no significant difference was observed
      for tumor grading (G1 vs. G2 + G3 and G1 + G2 vs. G3). In contrast, no such
      correlations were evident for recurrence status or gender in UTUC patients.
      Conclusions. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that preoperative
      hydronephrosis is associated with increased risk and poor survival in UTUC
      patients. The presence of preoperative hydronephrosis plays an important role in
      the carcinogenesis and prognosis of UTUC. 

PMID- 27366647
TI  - Interrater reliability of quantitative ultrasound using force feedback among
      examiners with varied levels of experience.
AB  - Background. Quantitative ultrasound measures are influenced by multiple external
      factors including examiner scanning force. Force feedback may foster the
      acquisition of reliable morphometry measures under a variety of scanning
      conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of force
      feedback image acquisition and morphometry over a range of examiner-generated
      forces using a muscle tissue-mimicking ultrasound phantom. Methods. Sixty
      material thickness measures were acquired from a muscle tissue mimicking phantom
      using B-mode ultrasound scanning by six examiners with varied experience levels
      (i.e., experienced, intermediate, and novice). Estimates of interrater
      reliability and measurement error with force feedback scanning were determined
      for the examiners. In addition, criterion-based reliability was determined using
      material deformation values across a range of examiner scanning forces (1-10
      Newtons) via automated and manually acquired image capture methods using force
      feedback. Results. All examiners demonstrated acceptable interrater reliability
      (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = .98, p < .001) for material thickness
      measures obtained using force feedback. Individual examiners exhibited acceptable
      reliability with the criterion-based reference measures (ICC > .90, p < .001),
      independent of their level of experience. The measurement error among all
      examiners was 1.5%-2.9% across all applied stress conditions. Conclusion. Manual
      image capture with force feedback may aid the reliability of morphometry measures
      across a range of examiner scanning forces, and allow for consistent performance
      among examiners with differing levels of experience. 

PMID- 27366648
TI  - In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of monolaurin against Candida albicans
      biofilms.
AB  - Monolaurin (also known as glycerol monolaurate) is a natural compound found in
      coconut oil and is known for its protective biological activities as an
      antimicrobial agent. The nature of oral candidiasis and the increased antifungal
      resistance demand the search for novel antifungal therapeutic agents. In this
      study, we examine the antifungal activity of monolaurin against Candida albicans
      biofilms (strain ATCC:SC5314/MYA2876) in vitro and investigate whether monolaurin
      can alter gene expression of host inflammatory cytokines, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta.
      In a co-culture model, oral fibroblast cells were cultured simultaneously with C.
      albicans for 24 hrs followed by the exposure to treatments of monolaurin (3.9
      2,500 uM), positive control fluconazole (32.2 uM), and vehicle control group (1%
      ethanol), which was a model used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of monolaurin on
      fibroblasts as well as to analyze morphological characteristics of biofilms
      through fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the co-culture model was used for
      RNA extraction of oral fibroblasts to assess gene expression of host inflammatory
      cytokines, using quantitative real-time PCR. Our results showed the MIC and MFC
      of monolaurin were in the range 62.5-125 uM and 125-250 uM, respectively. Biofilm
      antifungal assay showed significant reduction in Log (CFU/ml) of biofilms treated
      with 1,250 and 2,500 uM of 1-monolaurin when compared to the control groups .
      There was also a significant down-regulation of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta in the co
      culture treated with monolaurin. It can be concluded that monolaurin has a
      potential antifungal activity against C. albicans and can modulate the pro
      inflammatory response of the host. 

PMID- 27366649
TI  - First records of Canis dirus and Smilodon fatalis from the late Pleistocene Tule
      Springs local fauna, upper Las Vegas Wash, Nevada.
AB  - Late Pleistocene groundwater discharge deposits (paleowetlands) in the upper Las
      Vegas Wash north of Las Vegas, Nevada, have yielded an abundant and diverse
      vertebrate fossil assemblage, the Tule Springs local fauna (TSLF). The TSLF is
      the largest open-site vertebrate fossil assemblage dating to the Rancholabrean
      North American Land Mammal Age in the southern Great Basin and Mojave Desert.
      Over 600 discrete body fossil localities have been recorded from the wash,
      including an area that now encompasses Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument
      (TUSK). Paleowetland sediments exposed in TUSK named the Las Vegas Formation span
      the last 250 ka, with fossiliferous sediments spanning ~100-13 ka. The recovered
      fauna is dominated by remains of Camelopsand Mammuthus, and also includes
      relatively common remains of extinct Equusand Bisonas well as abundant vertebrate
      microfaunal fossils. Large carnivorans are rare, with only Puma concolor and
      Panthera atrox documented previously. Postcranial remains assigned to the species
      Canis dirus (dire wolf) and Smilodon fatalis (sabre-toothed cat) represent the
      first confirmed records of these species from the TSLF, as well as the first
      documentation of Canis dirus in Nevada and the only known occurrence of
      Smilodonin southern Nevada. The size of the recovered canid fossil precludes
      assignment to other Pleistocene species of Canis. The morphology of the felid
      elements differentiates them from other large predators such as Panthera,
      Homotherium, and Xenosmilus, and the size of the fossils prevents assignment to
      other species of Smilodon. The confirmed presence of S. fatalis in the TSLF is of
      particular interest, indicating that this species inhabited open habitats. In
      turn, this suggests that the presumed preference of S. fatalis for closed-habitat
      environments hunting requires further elucidation. 

PMID- 27366650
TI  - Towards evenly distributed grazing patterns: including social context in sheep
      management strategies.
AB  - Background. A large proportion of natural grasslands around the world is exposed
      to overgrazing resulting in land degradation and biodiversity loss. Although
      there is an increasing effort in the promotion of sustainable livestock
      management, rangeland degradation still occurs because animals' foraging
      behaviour is highly selective at different spatial scales. The assessment of the
      ecological mechanisms modulating the spatial distribution of grazing and how to
      control it has critical implications for long term conservation of resources and
      the sustainability of livestock production. Considering the relevance of social
      interactions on animals' space use patterns, our aim was to explore the potential
      effects of including animals' social context into management strategies using
      domestic sheep grazing in rangelands as case study. Methods. We used GPS data
      from 19 Merino sheep (approximately 10% of the flock) grazing on three different
      paddocks (with sizes from 80 to 1000 Ha) during a year, to estimate resource
      selection functions of sheep grazing in flocks of different levels of
      heterogeneity. We assessed the effects of sheep class (i.e., ewes, wethers, and
      hoggets), age, body condition and time since release on habitat selection
      patterns. Results. We found that social rank was reflected on sheep habitat use,
      where dominant individuals (i.e., reproductive females) used more intensively the
      most preferred areas and low-ranked (i.e., yearlings) used less preferred areas.
      Our results showed that when sheep grazed on more heterogeneous flocks, grazing
      patterns were more evenly distributed at all the paddocks considered in this
      study. On the other hand, when high-ranked individuals were removed from the
      flock, low-ranked sheep shifted their selection patterns by increasing the use of
      the most preferred areas and strongly avoided to use less preferred sites (i.e.,
      a highly selective grazing behaviour). Discussion. Although homogenization and
      segregation of flocks by classes are common practices to increase flock
      productivity, we are proposing an alternative that employs behavioural
      interactions in heterogeneous flocks to generate more evenly distributed grazing
      patterns. This practice can be combined with other practices such as rotational
      grazing and guardian dogs (to decrease mortality levels that may be generated by
      sheep grazing on more risky habitats). This does not imply any modifications of
      livestock stocking rates and densities or any additional investments for labour
      and materials. Considering livestock behaviour is critical for the design of
      sustainable management practices that balance landscape conservation and
      livestock productivity. 

PMID- 27366651
TI  - Does our legal minimum drinking age modulate risk of first heavy drinking episode
      soon after drinking onset? Epidemiological evidence for the United States, 2006
      2014.
AB  - Background. State-level 'age 21' drinking laws conform generally with the United
      States National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (US), and are thought to protect
      young people from adverse drinking experiences such as heavy episodic drinking
      (HED, sometimes called 'binge drinking'). We shed light on this hypothesis while
      estimating the age-specific risk of transitioning from 1st full drink to 1st HED
      among 12-to-23-year-old newly incident drinkers, with challenge to a "gender gap"
      hypothesis and male excess described in HED prevalence reports. Methods. The
      study population consisted of non-institutionalized civilians in the United
      States, with nine independently drawn nationally representative samples of more
      than 40,000 12-to-23-year-olds (2006-2014). Standardized audio computer-assisted
      self-interviews identified 43,000 newly incident drinkers (all with 1st HED
      evaluated within 12 months of drinking onset). Estimated age-specific HED risk
      soon after first full drink is evaluated for males and females. Results. Among 12
      to-23-year-old newly incident drinkers, an estimated 20-30% of females and 35-45%
      of males experienced their 1st HED within 12 months after drinking onset. Before
      mid-adolescence, there is no male excess in such HED risk. Those who postponed
      drinking to age 21 are not spared (27% for 'postponer' females; 95% CI [24-30];
      42% for 'postponer' males; 95% CI [38-45]). An estimated 10-18% females and 10
      28% males experienced their 1st HED in the same month of their 1st drink; peak
      HED risk estimates are 18% for 'postponer' females (95% CI [15-21]) and 28% for
      'postponer' males (95% CI [24-31]). Conclusions. In the US, one in three young
      new drinkers transition into HED within 12 months after first drink. Those who
      postpone the 1st full drink until age 21 are not protected. Furthermore,
      'postponers' have substantial risk for very rapid transition to HED. A male
      excess in this transition to HED is not observed until after age 14. 

PMID- 27366652
TI  - Five new species and one new genus of recent miliolid foraminifera from Raja
      Ampat (West Papua, Indonesia).
AB  - Raja Ampat is an archipelago of about 1,500 small islands located northwest off
      the Bird's Head Peninsula of Indonesia's West Papua province. It is part of the
      Coral Triangle, a region recognized as the "epicenter" of tropical marine
      biodiversity. In the course of a large-scale survey on shallow benthic
      foraminifera we have discovered one new genus and five new species of recent
      miliolid benthic foraminifera from the highly diverse reefal and nearshore
      environments. The new fischerinid genus Dentoplanispirinella is characterized by
      its planispiral coiling and by the presence of a simple tooth, that differentiate
      it from Planispirinella Wiesner. It is represented in our sample material by the
      new species Dentoplanispirinella occulta. The other four species described herein
      are Miliolinella moia, Miliolinella undina, Triloculina kawea and Siphonaperta
      hallocki. All new species are comparatively rare and occur sporadically in the
      sample material. Detailed morphological descriptions, scanning electron
      microscopy pictures of complete and dissected specimens as well as micro-computed
      tomography images are provided. 

PMID- 27366653
TI  - Stochasticity in space, persistence in time: genetic heterogeneity in harbour
      populations of the introduced ascidian Styela plicata.
AB  - Spatio-temporal changes in genetic structure among populations provide crucial
      information on the dynamics of secondary spread for introduced marine species.
      However, temporal components have rarely been taken into consideration when
      studying the population genetics of non-indigenous species. This study analysed
      the genetic structure of Styela plicata, a solitary ascidian introduced in
      harbours and marinas of tropical and temperate waters, across spatial and
      temporal scales. A fragment of the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit
      I (COI) was sequenced from 395 individuals collected at 9 harbours along the NW
      Mediterranean coast and adjacent Atlantic waters (> 1,200 km range) at two time
      points 5 years apart (2009 and 2014). The levels of gene diversity were
      relatively low for all 9 locations in both years. Analyses of genetic
      differentiation and distribution of molecular variance revealed strong genetic
      structure, with significant differences among many populations, but no
      significant differences among years. A weak and marginally significant
      correlation between geographic distance and gene differentiation was found. Our
      results revealed spatial structure and temporal genetic homogeneity in S.
      plicata, suggesting a limited role of recurrent, vessel-mediated transport of
      organisms among small to medium-size harbours. Our study area is representative
      of many highly urbanized coasts with dense harbours. In these environments, the
      episodic chance arrival of colonisers appears to determine the genetic structure
      of harbour populations and the genetic composition of these early colonising
      individuals persists in the respective harbours, at least over moderate time
      frames (five years) that encompass ca. 20 generations of S. plicata. 

PMID- 27366654
TI  - Preserving and vouchering butterflies and moths for large-scale museum-based
      molecular research.
AB  - Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) comprise significant portions of the world's
      natural history collections, but a standardized tissue preservation protocol for
      molecular research is largely lacking. Lepidoptera have traditionally been spread
      on mounting boards to display wing patterns and colors, which are often important
      for species identification. Many molecular phylogenetic studies have used legs
      from pinned specimens as the primary source for DNA in order to preserve a
      morphological voucher, but the amount of available tissue is often limited.
      Preserving an entire specimen in a cryogenic freezer is ideal for DNA
      preservation, but without an easily accessible voucher it can make specimen
      identification, verification, and morphological work difficult. Here we present a
      procedure that creates accessible and easily visualized "wing vouchers" of
      individual Lepidoptera specimens, and preserves the remainder of the insect in a
      cryogenic freezer for molecular research. Wings are preserved in protective
      holders so that both dorsal and ventral patterns and colors can be easily viewed
      without further damage. Our wing vouchering system has been implemented at the
      University of Maryland (AToL Lep Collection) and the University of Florida
      (Florida Museum of Natural History, McGuire Center of Lepidoptera and
      Biodiversity), which are among two of the largest Lepidoptera molecular
      collections in the world. 

PMID- 27366655
TI  - Determinants of acute mortality of Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera:
      Coccinellidae) to ultra-low volume permethrin used for mosquito management.
AB  - There are relatively few experimental studies and risk assessments of the effects
      on non-target insects from ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticides used for
      management of adult mosquitoes. Therefore, we evaluated factors that may
      influence the ability of an insect to intercept the insecticide at the time of
      application by using Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in field
      bioassay experiments in 2011 and 2015. Treatment factors included different
      distances, two cage heights (ground-level and 1.5 m above ground) to the point of
      the application, and covered vs. uncovered cage faces (2015 only). Insecticides
      used included a water-based formulation (Aqua-Reslin(r)) and an oil-based
      formulation (Permanone(r) 30-30) of permethrin. Cage height was highly
      significant both years, with much less acute (i.e., short-term exposure)
      mortality at ground-level compared with 1.5 m. In 2011, acute mortality was less
      at ground-level (mean = 3.2%, median = 0%) compared to 1.5 m (mean = 85.2%,
      median = 100%). Cage type also was highly significant, with less mortality in
      covered cages compared to uncovered cages. Mortality by cage height and cage type
      was as follows: ground level, covered cage (mean = 2.8%, median = 0.1%); ground
      level, uncovered cage (mean = 41.9%, median = 9.6%); 1.5 m, covered cage (mean =
      6.8%, median = 0%); 1.5 m, uncovered cage (mean = 83.7%, median = 100%). Results
      suggest that acute mortality to non-target insects may vary considerably based on
      their height and their ability to directly intercept the insecticide as the
      aerosol passes through the area being sprayed. 

PMID- 27366656
TI  - Local avian density influences risk of mortality from window strikes.
AB  - Up to a billion birds die per year in North America as a result of striking
      windows. Both transparent and reflective glass panes are a cause for concern,
      misleading birds by either acting as invisible, impenetrable barriers to desired
      resources, or reflecting those resources over a large surface area. A high number
      of window strikes occur during migration, but little is known about the factors
      of susceptibility, or whether particular avian taxa are more vulnerable than
      others. We report on a study of window strikes and mist-netting data at the
      Virginia Zoological Park (Norfolk, Virginia, USA), conducted in the autumn of
      2013 and 2014. We focused on three factors likely to contribute to an
      individual's predisposition to collide with windows: (i) taxonomic
      classification, (ii) age, and (iii) migrant vs. resident status. Thrushes,
      dominated by the partial migrant American Robin (Turdus migratorius), were
      significantly less likely to strike glass than be sampled in mist nets (chi(2) =
      9.21, p = 0.002), while wood-warblers (Parulidae) were more likely to strike than
      expected (chi(2) = 13.55, p < 0.001). The proportion of juveniles striking
      windows (45.4%) was not significantly different (chi(2) = 0.05, p = 0.827) than
      the population of juvenile birds naturally occurring at the zoo (48.8%).
      Migrants, however, were significantly more susceptible to window strikes than
      residents (chi(2) = 6.35, p = 0.012). Our results suggest that resident birds are
      able to learn to avoid and thus reduce their likelihood of striking windows; this
      intrinsic risk factor may help explain the apparent susceptibility of certain
      taxa to window strikes. 

PMID- 27366657
TI  - Association Between Lipid Biomarkers, Physical Activity, and Socioeconomic Status
      in a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in the UK.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global death.
      Physical activity can help individuals reduce their CVD risk. However, the
      biological mechanisms explaining the link between physical activity and CVD risk
      and how they may be mediated by socioeconomic status are not well understood.
      METHODS: We use cross-sectional data from 2010/2011 of the Understanding Society
      Survey, UK, to investigate the association between two biomarkers for CVD risk:
      cholesterol ratio and triglyceride levels and four different measures of physical
      activity: moderate, mild, self-reported activity rating, and walking 30 min or
      more a week using multivariate logistic regression. The analysis investigates if
      this association is mediated by socioeconomic status and difficulty accessing
      sports facilities. RESULTS: Results from multivariate regressions show that
      moderate and self-reported activity rating are significantly associated with
      cholesterol ratio and triglycerides for both men and women. A weaker association
      was found for walking 30 min or more a week. No association was found between
      mild physical activity and the two biomarkers. There is some evidence that
      socioeconomic status mediates the relationship between the biomarkers and
      physical activity. A significant association between socioeconomic status
      variables and the biomarkers was found only for women. CONCLUSIONS: We provide
      some evidence of the mechanisms explaining the link between CVD risk and physical
      activity by finding an association with traditional lipid biomarkers. We also
      find that intensity of physical activity matters. Socioeconomic status especially
      for women is important which may explain some of the inequalities in CVD risk.

PMID- 27366658
TI  - Eliciting and Measuring Betrayal Aversion using the BDM Mechanism.
AB  - Betrayal aversion has been operationalized as the evidence that subjects demand a
      higher risk premium to take social risks compared to natural risks. This evidence
      has been first shown by Bohnet and Zeckhauser (2004) using an adaptation of the
      Becker - DeGroot - Marschak mechanism (BDM, Becker et al. (1964)). We compare
      their implementation of the BDM mechanism with a new version designed to
      facilitate subjects' comprehension. We find that, although the two versions
      produce different distributions of values, the size of betrayal aversion,
      measured as an average treatment difference between social and natural risk
      settings, is not different across the two versions. We further show that our
      implementation is preferable to use in practice as it reduces substantially
      subjects' mistakes and the likelihood of noisy valuations.

PMID- 27366659
TI  - Genetic diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: linkage
      analysis versus direct mutation analysis.

PMID- 27366661
TI  - Changes in urinary potassium excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hyperkalemia is one of the more serious complications of chronic
      kidney disease (CKD), and the cause of potassium retention is a reduction in
      urinary potassium excretion. However, few studies have examined the extent of the
      decrease of urinary potassium excretion in detail with respect to decreased renal
      function. METHODS: Nine hundred eighty-nine patients with CKD (CKD stages G1 and
      G2 combined: 135; G3a: 107; G3b: 170; G4: 289; and G5: 288) were evaluated
      retrospectively. Values for urinary potassium excretion were compared between CKD
      stages, and the associations between urinary potassium excretion and clinical
      parameters, including diabetes mellitus status and use of renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system inhibitors, were analyzed using a multivariable linear
      regression analysis. RESULTS: Urinary potassium excretion gradually decreased
      with worsening of CKD (G5: 24.8 +/- 0.8 mEq/d, P < 0.001 vs. earlier CKD stages).
      In contrast, the value of fractional excretion of potassium at CKD G5 was
      significantly higher than that at the other stages (30.63 +/- 0.93%, P < 0.001).
      Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that urinary potassium
      excretion was independently associated with urinary sodium excretion
      (standardized coefficient, 0.499), the estimated glomerular filtration rate
      (0.281), and serum chloride concentration (-0.086). CONCLUSION: This study
      demonstrated that urinary potassium excretion decreased with reductions in renal
      function. Furthermore, urinary potassium excretion was mainly affected by urinary
      sodium excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with CKD,
      whereas the presence of diabetes mellitus and use of renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone system inhibitors were not associated with urinary potassium
      excretion in this study.

PMID- 27366660
TI  - Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in diabetic nephropathy.
AB  - Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, and
      its pathogenesis is complex and has not yet been fully elucidated. Abnormal
      glucose and lipid metabolism is key to understanding the pathogenesis of DN,
      which can develop in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. A hallmark of this disease
      is the accumulation of glucose and lipids in renal cells, resulting in oxidative
      and endoplasmic reticulum stress, intracellular hypoxia, and inflammation,
      eventually leading to glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. There is a
      growing body of evidence demonstrating that dysregulation of 5' adenosine
      monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme that plays a principal
      role in cell growth and cellular energy homeostasis, in relevant tissues is a key
      component of the development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus;
      thus, targeting this enzyme may ameliorate some pathologic features of this
      disease. AMPK regulates the coordination of anabolic processes, with its
      activation proven to improve glucose and lipid homeostasis in insulin-resistant
      animal models, as well as demonstrating mitochondrial biogenesis and antitumor
      activity. In this review, we discuss new findings regarding the role of AMPK in
      the pathogenesis of DN and offer suggestions for feasible clinical use and future
      studies of the role of AMPK activators in this disorder. 

PMID- 27366662
TI  - The successful clinical outcomes of pregnant women with advanced chronic kidney
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Successful pregnancy outcomes in patients with advanced chronic
      kidney disease (CKD) are increasingly common in Western countries. However, in
      Korea, the available literature addressing this clinical issue is scarce.
      METHODS: We reviewed 5 successful parturitions [1 patient with Stage 5 CKD and 4
      with maintenance hemodialysis (HD)] at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital over 3 years and
      investigated changes in dialysis prescription, anemia management, and the
      incidence of maternal and neonatal complications. RESULTS: There were no maternal
      or neonatal deaths in this cohort. The mean age at the time of conception and
      delivery was 35.8 +/- 3.7 and 36.2 +/- 3.5 years, respectively. Dialysis patients
      received more frequent and intensified HD during pregnancy, 20.0 +/- 5.7 h/wk of
      HD over 5 visits with the ultrafiltration dose maintained between 1 and 2 kg per
      session. All patients received erythropoietin-stimulating agents and iron
      replacement therapy during pregnancy. The mean hematocrit was 33.1 +/- 1.9%
      before pregnancy and was well maintained during gestation (33.9 +/- 3.8% at the
      first trimester, 29.2 +/- 4.2% at the second trimester, and 33.6 +/- 8.7% at
      delivery). The mean gestation period was 32.7 +/- 4.7 weeks, with 60% of patients
      experiencing premature delivery. The primary maternal complication was pre
      eclampsia; 3 women developed pre-eclampsia and underwent emergency cesarean
      sections. Most neonatal complications were related to preterm birth. CONCLUSION:
      Dialysis-related care and general clinical management improved the clinical
      outcome of pregnancy for patients with advanced CKD.

PMID- 27366663
TI  - Risk factors and outcomes of acute renal infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal infarction (RI) is an uncommon disease that is difficult to
      diagnose. As little is known about clinical characteristics of this disease, we
      investigated its underlying risk factors and outcomes. METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective single-center study of 89 patients newly diagnosed with acute RI
      between January 2002 and March 2015 using imaging modalities. Clinical features,
      possible etiologies, and long-term renal outcome data were reviewed. RESULTS: The
      patients' mean age was 63.5 +/- 15.42 years; 23.6% had diabetes and 56.2% had
      hypertension. Unilateral and bilateral involvements were shown in 80.9% and 19.1%
      of patients, respectively; proteinuria and hematuria were reported in 40.4% and
      41.6%, respectively. Cardiovascular disease was the most common underlying
      disease, followed by renal vascular injury and hypercoagulability disorder.
      Fourteen patients had no specific underlying disease. At the time of diagnosis,
      acute kidney injury (AKI) was found in 34.8% of patients. Univariate analysis
      revealed diabetes mellitus (DM), leukocytosis, and high C-reactive protein (CRP)
      as significant risk factors for the development of AKI. On multivariate analysis,
      DM and high CRP levels were independent predictors for AKI. During follow-up,
      chronic kidney disease developed in 27.4% of patients. Univariate and
      multivariate Cox regression analyses showed old age to be an independent risk
      factor for this disease, whereas AKI history was a negative risk factor.
      CONCLUSION: DM patients or those with high CRP levels should be observed for
      renal function deterioration. Clinicians should also monitor for RI in elderly
      patients.

PMID- 27366664
TI  - PKD2 mutation in an Iranian autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease family
      with misleading linkage analysis data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most
      common genetic renal disorder caused by mutation in 2 genes PKD1 and PKD2. Thus
      far, no mutation is identified in approximately 10% of ADPKD families, which can
      suggest further locus heterogeneity. Owing to the complexity of direct mutation
      detection, linkage analysis can initially identify the responsible gene in
      appropriate affected families. Here, we evaluated an Iranian ADPKD family
      apparently unlinked to both PKD1 and PKD2 genes. This is one of the pioneer
      studies in genetic analysis of ADPKD in Iranian population. METHODS: Linkage
      reanalysis was performed by regenotyping of flanking microsatellite markers in 8
      individuals of the ADPKD family. Direct mutation analysis was performed by Sanger
      sequencing. RESULTS: Mutation analysis revealed a pathogenic mutation
      (c.1094+1G>A) in the PKD2 gene in the proband. Analyzing 2 healthy and 4
      clinically affected members confirmed the correct segregation of the mutation
      within the family and also ruled out the disease in 1 suspected individual.
      Misinterpretation of the linkage data was due to the occurrence of 1 crossing
      over between the PKD2 intragenic and the nearest downstream marker (D4S2929).
      Homozygosity of upstream markers caused the recombination indistinguishable.
      CONCLUSION: Although analysis of additive informative polymorphic markers can
      overcome the misleading haplotype data, it is limited because of the lack of
      other highly polymorphic microsatellite markers closer to the gene. Direct
      mutation screening can identify the causative mutation in the apparently unlinked
      pedigree; moreover, it is the only approach to achieve the confirmed diagnosis in
      individuals with equivocal imaging results.

PMID- 27366665
TI  - Predicting the probability of survival in acute paraquat poisoning.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Paraquat (PQ) concentration-time data have been used to predict
      prognosis for 3 decades. The aim of this study was to find a more accurate method
      to predict the probability of survival. METHODS: This study included 788 patients
      with PQ poisoning who were diagnosed using plasma PQ concentration between
      January 2005 and August 2012. We divided these patients into 2 groups (survivors
      vs. nonsurvivors), compared their clinical characteristics, and analyzed the
      predictors of survival. RESULTS: The mean age of the included patients was 57
      years (range, 14-95 years). When we compared clinical characteristics between
      survivors (n = 149, 19%) and nonsurvivors (n = 639, 81%), survivors were younger
      (47 +/- 14 years vs. 59 +/- 16 years) and had lower plasma PQ concentrations
      (1.44 +/- 8.77 MUg/mL vs. 80.33 +/- 123.15 MUg/mL) than nonsurvivors. On
      admission, serum creatinine was lower in survivors than in nonsurvivors (0.95 +/-
      0.91 mg/dL vs. 1.88 +/- 1.27 mg/dL). In multivariate logistic regression
      analysis, age and logarithmically converted serum creatinine [ln(Cr)],
      [ln(time)], and [ln(PQ)] were assessed as prognostic factors to predict survival
      in PQ poisoning. The predicted probability of survival using significant
      prognostic factors was exp (logit)/[1 + exp(logit)], where logit = -1.347 +
      [0.212 * sex (male = 1, female = 0)] + (0.032 * age) + [1.551 * ln(Cr)] + [0.391
      * ln(hours since ingestion)] + [1.076 * ln(plasma PQ MUg/mL)]. With this
      equation, the sensitivity and specificity were 86.5% and 98.7%, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Age, ln(Cr), ln(time), and ln(PQ) were important prognostic factors
      in PQ poisoning, and our equation can be helpful to predict the survival in acute
      PQ poisoning patients.

PMID- 27366666
TI  - Comparison of uremic pruritus between patients undergoing hemodialysis and
      peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Uremic pruritus is a common, but unpleasant, complication of end
      stage renal disease. The uremic burden may differ between hemodialysis (HD) and
      peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. This difference may also change the clinical
      characteristics of uremic pruritus between the 2 modalities. In this study, we
      investigated the uremic pruritus between patients on HD and PD. METHODS: A total
      of 425 HD and 223 PD patients from the Clinical Research Center registry in Korea
      were included. Patients were assessed for pruritus intensity, scratching
      activity, pruritus distribution, and frequency of pruritus-related sleep
      disturbance using the visual analog scale and questionnaire. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of uremic pruritus was higher in PD patients than that in HD patients
      (62.6% vs. 48.3%, P = 0.001). In the multivariable logistic analysis, PD
      treatment was significantly associated with the prevalence of uremic pruritus
      (odds ratio, 1.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.57, P = 0.004) after
      adjustment for clinical variables. The visual analog scale score, representing a
      subjective intensity of itchiness, was significantly higher in PD patients (PD
      2.11 +/- 2.32 vs. HD 1.65 +/- 2.28, P = 0.013) compared with HD patients. The
      intensity of uremic pruritus was independently related with serum albumin levels
      (beta = -0.143, P = 0.006) in HD patients and total weekly Kt/V (beta = -0.176, P
      = 0.028) in PD patients. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate the difference in
      prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of uremic pruritus between HD and PD
      patients. These findings suggest that careful consideration for uremic pruritus
      might be needed in end-stage renal disease patients according to the dialysis
      modality.

PMID- 27366667
TI  - Clinical significance of red blood cell distribution width in the prediction of
      mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this study, we assessed whether red blood cell distribution width
      (RDW) was associated with all-cause mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis
      (PD) and evaluated its prognostic value. METHODS: This study included 136
      patients who had RDW levels at PD initiation from January 2007 to January 2014 at
      the Presbyterian Medical Center and Seoul St. Mary's Hospital. We divided these
      patients into 2 groups (survivors vs. nonsurvivors), compared their clinical
      characteristics, and analyzed the predictors of survival. RESULTS: The study
      included 79 men and 57 women, with a mean age of 54 years (range, 15-85 years).
      The mean follow-up duration was 32 months (range, 1-80 months). Of 136 patients,
      14 died during the follow-up period. When clinical characteristics of survivors
      (n = 122) and nonsurvivors (n = 14) were compared, no differences were
      identified, with the exception of serum albumin, total iron-binding capacity
      (TIBC), left ventricular ejection fraction, total leukocyte count, and RDW value.
      Survivors had higher serum albumin (3.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 3.0 +/- 0.5 g/dL, P < 0.001)
      and left ventricular ejection fraction (56.8 +/- 9.8 vs. 48.7 +/- 12.8, P =
      0.040) and lower TIBC (213.4 +/- 40.9 vs. 252.8 +/- 65.6, P = 0.010), total
      leukocyte counts (6.9 * 10(3)/MUL vs. 8.6 * 10(3)/MUL, P = 0.009), and serum RDW
      values (13.9 +/- 1.7 vs. 16.0 +/- 1.8, P < 0.001). Patients with high RDW levels
      (>= 14.8) showed significantly higher all-cause mortality than patients with low
      RDW levels (< 14.8, P < 0.001). In multivariate-adjusted Cox analysis, RDW and
      TIBC at the start of PD were independent risk predictors for all-cause mortality.
      CONCLUSION: RDW could be an additive predictor for all-cause mortality in
      patients on PD.

PMID- 27366668
TI  - Renal artery stenosis presenting with nephrotic-range proteinuria: a case report.
AB  - Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is commonly presented with hypertension and chronic
      kidney disease. We report a rare case of RAS occurring in a 78-year-old man who
      presented with nephrotic-range proteinuria. Renal biopsy on the left side was
      performed, and results showed mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis, which was not
      compatible with the cause of nephrotic-range proteinuria. Proteinuria was
      decreased by angiotensin receptor blocker, but azotemia was aggravated.
      Therefore, angiotensin receptor blocker was discontinued inevitably and thorough
      evaluation for the possibility of RAS was performed. Computed tomography
      angiography revealed significant RAS on the left side and a renal artery stent
      was inserted. After stenting, aortic dissection developed and progressed despite
      tight control of blood pressure. After inserting another stent graft through the
      true lumen of the left renal artery, the patient's renal function and proteinuria
      improved markedly. 

PMID- 27366669
TI  - Successfully treated isolated renal artery pseudoaneurysm in a patient with
      Behcet's disease.
AB  - Renal artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms are an uncommon clinical problem with
      a low incidence rate. They are abnormal dilatations of the vessel lumen with some
      different natures. However, the rupture of an aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm is the
      most dreaded complication because it causes death of the patient. There are many
      causes of renal artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm, including Behcet's disease;
      however, renal involvement in Behcet's disease is less frequent. We report a case
      of renal artery pseudoaneurysm induced by Behcet's disease and treated
      successfully with coil embolization. A 56-year-old woman with Behcet's disease
      presented with an incidental left renal artery pseudoaneurysm measuring 18 mm. We
      successfully performed endovascular treatment with coil embolization instead of
      surgical treatment. 

PMID- 27366670
TI  - Relapsing lupus enteritis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

PMID- 27366671
TI  - Is hypomagnesemia associated with using proton pump inhibitors?

PMID- 27366672
TI  - Erratum: RNA sequencing of the nephron transcriptome: a technical note [Volume
      34, Issue 4, December 2015, Pages 219-227].
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.krcp.2015.08.008.]. 

PMID- 27366673
TI  - Everolimus associated interstitial pneumonitis in a liver transplant patient.
AB  - Drug-induced interstitial lung disease is associated with significant morbidity
      and mortality. Everolimus is an inhibitor of mTOR, a mammalian target of
      rapamycin, used as an immunosuppressant agent in solid organ transplant.
      Everolimus has been associated with interstitial lung disease in solid organ
      transplant patients but has been rarely reported in the liver transplant patient
      population. We report a case of interstitial pneumonitis in a liver transplant
      patient associated with everolimus which completely resolved after
      discontinuation of the medication. 

PMID- 27366674
TI  - Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in white-tailed deer from
      Texas.
AB  - Lyme Disease is caused by the bacterial pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, and is
      transmitted by the tick-vector Ixodes scapularis. It is the most prevalent
      arthropod-borne disease in the United States. To determine the seroprevalence of
      B. burgdorferi antibodies in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from
      Texas, we analyzed serum samples (n = 1493) collected during the 2001-2015
      hunting seasons, using indirect ELISA. Samples with higher sero-reactivity (0.803
      and above) than the negative control group (0.662) were further tested using a
      more specific standardized western immunoblot assay to rule out false positives.
      Using ELISA, 4.7% of the samples were sero-reactive against B. burgdorferi, and
      these originated in two eco-regions in Texas (Edwards Plateau and South Texas
      Plains). However, only 0.5% of the total samples were sero-reactive by
      standardized western immunoblot assay. Additionally, both ELISA and standardized
      western immunoblot assay results correlated with an increased incidence in human
      Lyme Disease cases reported in Texas. This is the first longitudinal study to
      demonstrate fluctuation in sero-reactivity of white-tailed deer to B. burgdorferi
      sensu stricto antigens in southern United States. Future ecological and
      geographical studies are needed to assess the environmental factors governing the
      prevalence of Lyme Disease in non-endemic areas of the southern United States. 

PMID- 27366675
TI  - NGS-based deep bisulfite sequencing.
AB  - We have developed an NGS-based deep bisulfite sequencing protocol for the DNA
      methylation analysis of genomes. This approach allows the rapid and efficient
      construction of NGS-ready libraries with a large number of PCR products that have
      been individually amplified from bisulfite-converted DNA. This approach also
      employs a bioinformatics strategy to sort the raw sequence reads generated from
      NGS platforms and subsequently to derive DNA methylation levels for individual
      loci. The results demonstrated that this NGS-based deep bisulfite sequencing
      approach provide not only DNA methylation levels but also informative DNA
      methylation patterns that have not been seen through other existing methods.*This
      protocol provides an efficient method generating NGS-ready libraries from
      individually amplified PCR products.*This protocol provides a bioinformatics
      strategy sorting NGS-derived raw sequence reads.*This protocol provides deep
      bisulfite sequencing results that can measure DNA methylation levels and patterns
      of individual loci. 

PMID- 27366677
TI  - Endothelial nitric oxide synthase deficiency influences normal cell cycle
      progression and apoptosis in trabecular meshwork cells.
AB  - AIM: To clarify how the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, NOS3) make
      effect on outflow facility through the trabecular meshwork (TM). METHODS:
      Inhibition of NOS3 gene expression in human TM cells were conducted by three
      siRNAs. Then the mRNA and protein levels of NOS3 in siRNA-treated and negative
      control (NC) cells were determined, still were the collagen, type IV, alpha 1
      (COL4A1) and fibronectin 1 by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. In
      addition, NOS3 concentrations in culture supernatant fluids of TM cells were
      measured. Cell cycle and cell apoptosis analysis were performed using flow
      cytometry. RESULTS: The mRNA level of NOS3 was decreased by three different siRNA
      interference, similar results were obtained not only of the relative levels of
      NOS3 protein, but also the expression levels of COL4A1 and fibronectin 1. The
      number of cells in S phase was decreased, while contrary result was obtained in
      G2 phase. The number of apoptotic cells in siRNA-treated groups were significant
      increased compared to the NC samples. CONCLUSION: Abnormal NOS3 expression can
      make effects on the proteins levels of extracellular matrix component (e.g.
      fibronectin 1 and COL4A1). Reduced NOS3 restrains the TM cell cycle progression
      at the G2/M-phase transition and induced cell apoptosis.

PMID- 27366676
TI  - Inclusion of emerging organic contaminants in groundwater monitoring plans.
AB  - Groundwater is essential for human life and its protection is a goal for the
      European policies. All the anthropogenic activities could impact on water
      quality. *Conventional pollutants and more than 700 emerging pollutants,
      resulting from point and diffuse source contamination, threat the aquatic
      ecosystem.*Policy-makers and scientists will have to cooperate to create an
      initial groundwater emerging pollutant priority list, to answer at consumer
      demands for safety and to the lack of conceptual models for emerging pollutants
      in groundwater.*Among the emerging contaminants and pollutants this paper focuses
      on organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) mainly released into the environment by
      domestic households, industry, hospitals and agriculture. This paper starts from
      the current regulatory framework and from the literature overview to explain how
      the missing conceptual model for OWCs could be developed.*A full understanding of
      the mechanisms leading to the contamination and the evidence of the contamination
      must be the foundation of the conceptual model. In this paper carbamazepine,
      galaxolide and sulfamethozale, between the OWCs, are proposed as "environmental
      tracers" to identify sources and pathways ofcontamination/pollution. 

PMID- 27366678
TI  - Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor expression
      change in experimental retinal neovascularization.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the signal transduction mechanism of matrix metalloproteinase
      9 (MMP-9) mediated- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and
      retinal neovascularization (RNV) in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model.
      METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups: control group, OIR group,
      OIR control group (phosphate-buffered saline by intravitreal injection) and
      treated group [tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) by
      intravitreal injection]. OIR model was established in C57BL/6J mice exposed to
      75%+/-2% oxygen for 5d. mRNA level and protein expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1 and
      VEGF were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting,
      and located by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Levels of MMP-9 and VEGF in retina
      were significantly increased in animals with OIR and OIR control group. Levels of
      TIMP-1 in retina was significantly reduced in animals with OIR and OIR control
      group. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between MMP-9 and VEGF.
      Intravitreal injection of TIMP-1 significantly reduced MMP-9 and VEGF expression
      of the OIR mouse model (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that
      MMP-9-mediated up-regulation of VEGF promotes RNV in retinopathy of prematurity
      (ROP). TIMP-1 may be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of ROP.

PMID- 27366679
TI  - Repression of retinal microvascular endothelial cells by transthyretin under
      simulated diabetic retinopathy conditions.
AB  - AIM: To investigate biological effects of transthyretin (TTR) on the development
      of neovascularization under simulated diabetic retinopathy (DR) condition
      associated with high glucose and hypoxia. METHODS: Human retinal microvascular
      endothelial cells (hRECs) were cultured in normal and simulated DR environments
      with high glucose and hypoxia. The normal serum glucose concentration is
      approximately 5.5 mmol/L; thus, hyperglycemia was simulated with 25 mmol/L
      glucose, while hypoxia was induced using 200 umol/L CoCl2. The influence of TTR
      on hRECs and human retinal pigment epithelial cells (hRPECs) was determined by
      incubating the cells with 4 umol/L TTR in normal and abnormal media. A co-culture
      system was then employed to evaluate the effects of hRPECs on hRECs. RESULTS:
      Decreased hRECs and hRPECs were observed under abnormal conditions, including
      high-glucose and hypoxic media. In addition, hRECs were significantly inhibited
      by 4 umol/L exogenous TTR during hyperglycemic culture. During co-culture, hRPECs
      inhibited hRECs in both the normal and abnormal environments. CONCLUSION: hREC
      growth is inhibited by exogenous TTR under simulated DR environments with high
      glucose and hypoxic, particularly in the medium containing 25 mmol/L glucose.
      hRPECs, which manufacture TTR in the eye, also represses hRECs in the same
      environment. TTR is predicted to inhibit the proliferation of hRECs and
      neovascularization.

PMID- 27366680
TI  - Histopathological changes in retinas and F-ERG features of streptozotocin-induced
      diabetic rats treated with ozone.
AB  - AIM: To study the histopathological changes in the retina and flash
      electroretinogram (F-ERG) features of ozone-treated streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
      diabetic rats. METHODS: Seventy male Sprague Dawley rats were grouped as follows:
      blank group (GB, n=10), model control group (GM, n=18), ozone group (GO3, n=19),
      and oxygen group (GO2, n=18). The model was induced by single intraperitoneal
      injection of STZ. Ozone or oxygen enteroclysm was given twice per week for 4wk. F
      ERG and histopathological examinations were performed one month after treatment.
      RESULTS: Under dark adaption, as compared to GB, the other groups each had
      differential decreases in the a-wave amplitudes (P<0.05); the latencies were
      delayed in GM, GO2, and GO3 rats (P<0.05). Similar results were observed under
      light adaption, with the exception that the a-wave of the amplitudes (F=0.28,
      P>0.05). There were significant differences in the apoptosis index among the
      groups (P<0.05). Under ozone treatment, apoptosis was decreased in GO3 as
      compared to GM and GO2. CONCLUSION: Ozone administration alleviates nerve damage
      and reduces pathology and apoptosis in the retinas of diabetic rats.

PMID- 27366681
TI  - Effect of periocular injection of celecoxib and propranolol on ocular level of
      vascular endothelial growth factor in a diabetic mouse model.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the effects of periocular injection of propranolol and
      celecoxib on ocular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a
      diabetic mouse model. METHODS: Forty 4-6wk BALB-C male mice weighing 20-25 g were
      used. The study groups included: non-diabetic control (group 1), diabetic control
      (group 2), diabetic propranolol (group 3), and diabetic celecoxib (group 4).
      After induction of type 1 diabetes by streptozotocin, propranolol (10 ug) and
      celecoxib (200 ug dissolved in carboxymethylcellulose 0.5%) were injected
      periocularly. The ocular level of VEGF was measured in all the study groups using
      enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS: Ocular VEGF level was
      significantly increased (1.25 fold) in the diabetic control group when compared
      to the non-diabetic group one week after induction with streptozotocin (P=0.002).
      Both periocular propranolol and celecoxib significantly reduced ocular VEGF
      levels (P=0.047 and P<0.001, respectively). The effect was more pronounced with
      celecoxib. CONCLUSION: The periocular administration of propranolol and celecoxib
      can significantly reduce ocular VEGF levels in a diabetic mouse model.

PMID- 27366682
TI  - Effect of long-term weightlessness on retina and optic nerve in tail-suspension
      rats.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the effect of long-term weightlessness on retina and optic nerve
      in tail-suspension (TS) rats. METHODS: A stimulated weightlessness model was
      established by suspending rats' tail. After 12wk, the ultrastructure and the
      number of optic nerve axons were observed by transmission electron microscope.
      The number of survival retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was calculated by
      fluorescent gold retrograde labeling. Retina cells apoptosis was detected by
      TUNEL staining. The function of optic nerve and retina was evaluated by the
      visual evoked potential (VEP) and oscillatory potentials (Ops). RESULTS: The
      optic nerve axons were swollen and sparsely aligned, and the lamellar separation
      and myelin disintegration occurred after 12wk in TS rats. The density of optic
      nerve axons was 32.23+/-3.92 (vs 37.43+/-4.13, P=0.0145), the RGCs density was
      1645+/-46 cells/mm(2) (vs 1867+/-54 cells/mm(2) P=0.0000), the incidence rate of
      retinal cells apoptosis was 5.38%+/-0.53% (vs 4.75%+/-0.54%, P=0.0238), the
      amplitude of VEP-P100 was 15.43+/-2.14 uV (vs 17.67+/-2.17 uV, P=0.0424), the
      latency of VEP-P100 was 69.05+/-5.34ms (vs 62.43+/-4.87ms P=0.0143) and the sum
      amplitude of Ops was 81.05+/-8.34 uV (vs 91.67+/-10.21 uV, P=0.0280) in TS group
      and the control group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Long-term weightlessness can
      induce the ultrastructural changes and functional depress of the optic nerve, as
      well as retinal cell damages in TS rats.

PMID- 27366683
TI  - Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in zebrafish retinal neurogenesis and
      myelination.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in
      zebrafish retinal development and myelination. METHODS: Morpholino
      oligonucleotides (MO), which are complementary to the translation start site of
      the wild-type embryonic zebrafish TNF-alpha mRNA sequence, were synthesized and
      injected into one- to four-cell embryos. The translation blocking specificity was
      verified by Western blotting using an anti-TNF-alpha antibody, whole-mount in
      situ hybridization using a hepatocyte-specific mRNA probe ceruloplasmin (cp), and
      co-injection of TNF-alpha MO and TNF-alpha mRNA. An atonal homolog 7 (atoh7) mRNA
      probe was used to detect neurogenesis onset. The retinal neurodifferentiation was
      analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies Zn12, Zpr1, and Zpr3 to label
      ganglion cells, cones, and rods, respectively. Myelin basic protein (mbp) was
      used as a marker to track and observe the myelination using whole-mount in situ
      hybridization. RESULTS: Targeted knockdown of TNF-alpha resulted in specific
      suppression of TNF-alpha expression and a severely underdeveloped liver. The co
      injection of TNF-alpha MO and mRNA rescued the liver development. Retinal
      neurogenesis in TNF-alpha morphants was initiated on time. The retina was fully
      laminated, while ganglion cells, cones, and rods were well differentiated at 72
      hours post-fertilization (hpf). mbp was expressed in Schwann cells in the lateral
      line nerves and cranial nerves from 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) as well as in
      oligodendrocytes linearly along the hindbrain bundles and the spinal cord from 4
      dpf, which closely resembled its endogenous profile. CONCLUSION: TNF-alpha is not
      an essential regulator for retinal neurogenesis and optic myelination.

PMID- 27366684
TI  - Histopathologic effects of a low molecular weight heparin on bone healing in
      rats: a promising adjuvant in dacryocystorhinostomy.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the effect of short-term prophylactic dose of a low molecular
      weight heparin (LMWH) drug on the bone healing process in an animal model
      simulating the osteotomy obtained in dacryocystorhinostomy. METHODS: Forty male
      Wistar albino rats were divided into 2 groups. Subcutaneous injections of
      enoxaparin 1 mg/kg (enoxaparin-treated group) and saline solution (control group)
      were performed once daily for 4d, beginning on the first preoperative day. The
      osteotomy was created at the femoral diaphysis in all animals by using a
      Kirschner wire. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups depending on the
      timing of the second operation, 14 or 21d following initial osteotomy. Patent
      osteotomy area on the second and the third weeks in each group were calculated by
      using a computer software on digital micrographs. RESULTS: The patent osteotomy
      areas at the second and the third weeks were significantly larger in the
      enoxaparin-treated group than those of the control group (P<0.001 for each time
      period). In the control group, the patent osteotomy area at the third week of
      healing was significantly smaller than that of the second week (P=0.003), whereas
      there was no significant difference between these two measurements in the
      enoxaparin-treated group (P=0.185). CONCLUSION: Short-term administration of
      enoxaparin resultes in a significant alteration in bone healing at 14 and 21d
      after injury. LMWHs can be regarded as promising alternative adjuvants in
      dacryocystorhinostomy after being evaluated with further clinical and animal
      studies.

PMID- 27366685
TI  - Long-term outcomes of wedge resection at the limbus for high irregular corneal
      astigmatism after repaired corneal laceration.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the clinical value of wedge resection at corneal limbus in
      patients with traumatic corneal scarring and high irregular astigmatism. METHODS:
      Patients with traumatic corneal astigmatism received wedge resection at least 6mo
      after suture removal from corneal wound. The uncorrected distance visual acuities
      (UCVA) and best corrected distance visual acuities (BCVA), pre- and post
      operation astigmatism, spherical equivalent (SE), safety and complications were
      evaluated. RESULTS: Ten eyes (10 patients) were enrolled in this study. Mean
      follow-up time after wedge resection was 37.8+/-15.4mo (range, 20-61mo). The mean
      UCVA improved from +1.07+/-0.55 logMAR to +0.43+/-0.22 logMAR (P=0.000) and the
      mean BCVA from +0.50+/-0.30 logMAR to +0.15+/-0.17 logMAR (P=0.000). The mean
      astigmatism power measured by retinoscopy was -2.03+/-2.27 D postoperatively and 
      2.83+/-4.52 D preoperatively (P=0.310). The mean SE was -0.74+/-1.61 D
      postoperatively and -0.64+/-1.89 D preoperatively (P=0.601). Two cases developed
      mild pannus near the sutures. No corneal perforation, infectious keratitis or
      wound gape occurred. CONCLUSION: Corneal-scleral limbal wedge resection with
      compression suture is a safe, effective treatment for poor patients with high
      irregular corneal astigmatism after corneal-scleral penetrating injury.
      Retinoscopy can prove particularly useful for high irregular corneal astigmatism
      when other measurements are not amenable.

PMID- 27366686
TI  - Surgical management of fungal endophthalmitis resulting from fungal keratitis.
AB  - AIM: To report the fungal organisms, clinical features, surgical treatment
      strategies, and outcomes of patients with culture-proven exogenous fungal
      endophthalmitis (EFE) secondary to keratitis, and evaluate the role of surgery in
      the treatment. METHODS: The clinical records of 27 patients (27 eyes) with
      culture-proven EFE resulting from fungal keratitis treated at Shandong Eye
      Institute from January 2007 to January 2015 were retrospectively reviewed.
      Information about fungal culture results, clinical features, surgical procedures,
      and final visual acuity was obtained. RESULTS: There were 39 positive culture
      results from samples of cornea, hypopyon, vitreous and lens capsule, accounting
      for 56%, 26%, 15% and 2.5%, respectively. Fusarium was identified in 44% (12/27)
      of the eyes, followed by Aspergillus in 22% (6/27). Posterior segment infection
      was involved in 78% (21/27) of the patients. The corneal infection was larger
      than 3 mm *3 mm in 89% (24/27) of the patients, and 22% (6/27) of them had the
      entire cornea, and even the sclera involved. Three eyes had silicone oil
      tamponade, and two eyes had retinal detachment. Twenty-two eyes (81.5%) underwent
      penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), and over half of them (54.5%) were operated
      within 3d from the onset of antifungal therapy. Fourteen eyes (52%) underwent
      intracameral antifungal drug injection, and three of them required repeated
      injections. Fifteen eyes (55.6%) underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). The rate
      of the eyes undergoing PPV as the initial surgical procedure was 60% (9/15),
      lower than 77% in PKP. Intravitreal injection was given in 59% of the eyes
      (16/27), and 75% of them required repeated injections. The final visual acuity
      was 20/100 or better in 37% of the eyes, and better than counting fingers in
      55.6% of the eyes. Five eyes (18.5%) were eviscerated. In the two eyes with
      concurrent retinal detachment, one achieved retinal reattachment, and the other
      was eviscerated. In the three eyes with silicone oil tamponade, two eyes received
      silicone oil removal, and the other one was eviscerated. CONCLUSION: Fusarium and
      Aspergillus are the dominant pathogens in EFE resulting from keratitis.
      Aggressive antifungal surgeries including multiple intravitreal injections, PKP
      and core vitrectomy (especially in the initial surgery) are helpful procedures to
      improve prognosis of severe EFE secondary to keratitis.

PMID- 27366687
TI  - Effect of biometric characteristics on biomechanical properties of the cornea in
      cataract patient.
AB  - AIM: To determine the impact of biometric characteristics on the biomechanical
      properties of the human cornea using the ocular response analyzer (ORA) and
      standard comprehensive ophthalmic examinations before and after standard
      phacoemulsification. METHODS: This study comprised 54 eyes with cataract with
      significant lens opacification in stages I or II that underwent
      phacoemulsification (2.8 mm incision). Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal
      resistance factor (CRF), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg), and
      corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) were measured by ORA
      preoperatively and at 1mo postoperatively. Biometric characteristics were derived
      from corneal topography [TMS-5, anterior equivalent (EQTMS) and cylindric
      (CYLTMS) power], corneal tomography [Casia, anterior and posterior equivalent
      (EQaCASIC, EQpCASIA) and cylindric (CYLaCASIA, CYLpCASIA) power], keratometry
      [IOLMaster, anterior equivalent (EQIOL) and cylindric (CYLIOL) power] and
      autorefractor [anterior equivalent (EQAR)]. Results from ORA were analyzed and
      correlated with those from all other examinations taken at the same time point.
      RESULTS: Preoperatively, CH correlated with EQpCASIA and CYLpCASIA only (P=0.001,
      P=0.002). Postoperatively, IOPg and IOPcc correlated with all equivalent powers
      (EQTMS, EQIOL, EQAR, EQaCASIA and EQpCASIA) (P=0.001, P=0.007, P=0.001, P=0.015,
      P=0.03 for IOPg and P<0.001, P=0.003, P<0.001, P=0.009, P=0.014 for IOPcc). CH
      correlated postoperatively with EQaCASIA and EQpCASIC only (P=0.021, P=0.022).
      CONCLUSION: Biometric characteristics may significantly affect biomechanical
      properties of the cornea in terms of CH, IOPcc and IOPg before, but even more
      after cataract surgery.

PMID- 27366688
TI  - Peripheral retinal non-perfusion and treatment response in branch retinal vein
      occlusion.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the association between the size of peripheral retinal non
      perfusion and the number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections in patients with
      treatment-naive branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and macular edema. METHODS:
      A total of 53 patients with treatment-naive BRVO and macular edema were included.
      Each patient underwent a full ophthalmologic examination including optical
      coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and ultra wide-field fluorescein angiography
      (UWFA). Monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections were applied according to the
      recommendations of the German Ophthalmological Society. Two independent, masked
      graders quantified the areas of peripheral retinal non-perfusion. RESULTS:
      Intravitreal injections improved best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)
      significantly from 22.23+/-16.33 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study
      (ETDRS) letters to 36.23+/-15.19 letters (P<0.001), and mean central subfield
      thickness significantly reduced from 387+/-115 um to 321+/-115 um (P=0.01). Mean
      number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections was 3.61+/-1.56. The size of
      retinal non-perfusion correlated significantly with the number of intravitreal
      ranibizumab injections (R=0.724, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Peripheral retinal non
      perfusion in patients with BRVO associates significantly with intravitreal
      ranibizumab injections in patients with BRVO and macular edema.

PMID- 27366689
TI  - High frequency of latent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with
      rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
AB  - AIM: To determine the frequency of detection of ocular and extraocular Chlamydia
      trachomatis (CT) infection in non-high myopes with rhegmatogenous retinal
      detachment (RRD). METHODS: This was a single-center, nonrandomized, prospective,
      case-control study. One hundred and four patients were divided into a study group
      with RRD (n=63) and a control group with traumatic retinal detachment (n=41).
      Samples of subretinal fluid (SFR), conjunctival, urethral/cervical swabs, and
      blood were collected. The frequency of detection of CT infection in SRF samples
      was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct fluorescence assay
      (DFA) and cell culture, whereas that in conjunctival swabs was determined by PCR
      and DFA, and those in urethral/cervical swabs and blood were determined by DFA.
      Yates Chi-square test (with Bonferroni correction) and two-tailed Student's t
      test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: SRF CT infection was detected
      more frequently in the study group (50.8%-71.4%) than in the control group (9.8%
      12.2%) by all the methods used (P<0.01). The frequency of detection of
      conjunctival CT infection by DFA was higher in the RRD patients compared with the
      controls (81.0% vs 24.4%, P=0.004). The PCR detected conjunctival CT infection
      more often in the study group than in the controls (46.0% vs 9.8%, P=0.007). The
      DFA detected CT in blood specimens almost as frequently as in urogenital
      specimens, for the RRD patients (61.2% vs 63.5%) and the controls (7.3% vs 9.8%).
      CONCLUSION: CT infection is detected with high frequency in non-high myopes with
      RRD.

PMID- 27366690
TI  - Orbital decompression surgery and horse chestnut seed extract improved superior
      orbital vein blood flow in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of orbital decomposition (OD) surgery in
      combination with horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE), as compared to OD alone, in
      patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). METHODS: Sixty-two orbits
      from 62 TAO patients were randomly assigned to OD or OD+HCSE at 1:1 ratio (31
      received OD alone, 31 received OD+HCSE). Forty-two orbits from 21 healthy
      subjects were used as controls. Complete ophthalmic examination and color Doppler
      flow imaging (CDFI) were performed before surgery and 3mo post-surgery on all 62
      orbits from the TAO patients. CDFI were also performed on the 42 control orbits.
      The effect of OD+HCSE and OD alone on TAO orbits was compared on several
      endpoints, including superior ophthalmic vein blood flow (SOVBF) parameters,
      subjective assessment, soft tissue involvement, lid retraction, diplopia, eye
      movement restriction, degree of exophthalmos, and intraocular pressure. The
      control orbits were used as reference for the SOVBF parameters. RESULTS: OD
      surgery with or without HCSE improved SOVBF, symptoms and soft tissue
      involvement, decreased degree of exophthalmos and intraocular pressure in orbits
      of TAO patients. The OD+HCSE combination led to significantly better improvement
      of SOVBF than OD alone. The differences between the reductions of SOVBF in the
      two groups are 1.26 cm/s in max-volecity and 0.52 cm/s in min-volecity
      (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: SOVBF is significantly reduced in the orbits affected
      with TAO, indicating that congestion may be an important factor contributing to
      TAO pathogenesis. OD surgery improves the SOVBF, and combination of HCSE
      medication and OD surgery further improved venous return than OD surgery alone.

PMID- 27366691
TI  - Comparison axial length measurements from three biometric instruments in high
      myopia.
AB  - AIM: To compare the axial lengths (ALs) measured with Lenstar, IOLMaster and A
      scan contact ultrasound (Ultrasound) in normal and high myopia (HM). METHODS:
      Eighty-four normal eyes and 49 HM eyes were included. Three consecutive
      measurements were performed on each eye in the following order: Lenstar,
      IOLMaster, and Ultrasound. The repeatabilities of the AL measurements for each
      instrument were assessed by calculating the pooled coefficients of variation
      (CVs) of 18 eyes in each group. Comparisons between the HM and normal groups were
      made with independent sample t-tests. The inter-device agreements were evaluated
      with Bland-Altman analyses and paired two-tailed t-tests. RESULTS: For normal
      group, the CVs of the AL measurements taken with the Lenstar, IOLMaster and
      Ultrasound were 0.001%, 0.01% and 0.14%, respectively. The corresponding CVs for
      the HM group were 0.005%, 0.02% and 0.15%, respectively. There was significant
      difference between the Lenstar and the IOLMaster in normal group (P=0.031) but
      not in HM group (P=0.100). In the two groups, the Lenstar and the IOLMaster
      produced higher values than did the Ultrasound (all P<0.001). All three
      instruments exhibited good agreement in terms of AL values. For the intraocular
      lens (IOL) power calculation using SRK II formula, the Lenstar and the IOLMaster
      showed 0.5 D higher than Ultrasound in both groups (all P<0.001). No significant
      difference existed between the Lenstar and the IOLMaster for the IOL power
      calculation in both normal (P=0.474) and HM group (P=0.103). CONCLUSION: The
      three devices exhibited excellent intra-visit repeatabilities in the AL
      measurements. The AL and IOL power difference between partial coherence
      interferometry and ultrasound instruments should be noticed.

PMID- 27366692
TI  - Visual and ocular effects from the use of flat-panel displays.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of eye symptoms in a non-presbyopic population of
      video display unit (VDU) users with flat-panel displays. METHODS: One hundred and
      sixteen VDU users with flat-panel display from an urban population participated
      in the study; their ages ranging from 20 to 34y. There were 60 females and 56
      males. An eye examination to rule out the presence of significant uncorrected
      refractive errors, general binocular dysfunctions and eye conditions was carried
      out. In order to determine and quantify the type and nature of eye symptoms,
      participants were asked to answer written questionnaire and the results were
      grouped by gender, age and number of hours a day spent using a VDU. RESULTS:
      Seventy-two percent of participants reported eye symptoms related to VDU use. Eye
      symptoms from moderate-to-severe were found in 23% of participants. The main
      symptom was moderate-to-severe tired eyes (14%); followed by sensitivity to
      bright lights (12%), blurred vision at far distances (10%), eyestrain or dry eye
      or irritated or burning eyes (9%), difficulty in refocusing from one distance to
      another or headache (8%) and blurred vision at near or intermediate distances
      (<4%). Eye symptoms were greater among females (P=0.005) and increased with VDU
      use, markedly above 6h spent using a VDU in a typical day (P=0.01). CONCLUSION:
      Significant eye symptoms relate to VDU use often occur and should not be
      underestimated. The increasing use of electronic devices with flat-panel display
      should prompt users to take appropriate measures to prevent or to relieve the eye
      symptoms arising from their use.

PMID- 27366693
TI  - Clinical risk factors for the development of consecutive exotropia: a comparative
      clinical study.
AB  - AIM: To compare a group of patients with consecutive exotropia with patients who
      had <=10 prism diopters (PD) esotropia or no deviation postoperatively in terms
      of probable clinical risk factors for the development of consecutive exotropia.
      METHODS: The study recruited fourteen patients who developed consecutive
      exodeviation during follow-up period after the correction of esotropia who were
      categorized as group 1 and thirty-one patients who had still <=10 PD esotropia or
      no deviation at the final visit that were considered as group 2. Clinical risk
      factors leading the development of consecutive deviation were analyzed as the
      main outcome measures. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 4.57+/-3.11y in
      group 1 and 5.10+/-3.52y in group 2 (P=0.634). There was no significant
      difference of preoperative near and distant deviations among two groups (P=0.835,
      0.928 respectively). The mean amount of medial rectus recession and lateral
      rectus resection was similar in both groups (P=0.412, 0.648 respectively).
      Convergence insufficiency and neurological diseases were more frequent in group 1
      (P=0.007, 0.045). Accompanying neurological disease was found to be as a
      significant factor increasing the risk of the development of consecutive
      exotropia significantly [odds ratios (OR): 5.75 (1.04-31.93)]. CONCLUSION:
      Accompanying neurological disease appears to be a significant clinical risk
      factor for the development of consecutive exodeviation during postoperative
      follow-up after the correction of esotropia. However, larger studies are needed
      in order to interpret the results to the clinical practice and to ascertain other
      concurrent risk factors.

PMID- 27366694
TI  - An evaluation of intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of torsional mode
      versus longitudinal ultrasound mode phacoemulsification: a Meta-analysis.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate and compare the intraoperative parameters and postoperative
      outcomes of torsional mode and longitudinal mode of phacoemulsification. METHODS:
      Pertinent studies were identified by a computerized MEDLINE search from January
      2002 to September 2013. The Meta-analysis is composed of two parts. In the first
      part the intraoperative parameters were considered: ultrasound time (UST) and
      cumulative dissipated energy (CDE). The intraoperative values were also
      distinctly considered for two categories (moderate and hard cataract group)
      depending on the nuclear opacity grade. In the second part of the study the
      postoperative outcomes as the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the
      endothelial cell loss (ECL) were taken in consideration. RESULTS: The UST and CDE
      values proved statistically significant in support of torsional mode for both
      moderate and hard cataract group. The analysis of BCVA did not present
      statistically significant difference between the two surgical modalities. The ECL
      count was statistically significant in support of torsional mode (P<0.001).
      CONCLUSION: The Meta-analysis shows the superiority of the torsional mode for
      intraoperative parameters (UST, CDE) and postoperative ECL outcomes.

PMID- 27366695
TI  - Radial optic neurotomy in treating central retinal vein occlusion: a Meta
      analysis.
AB  - AIM: To assess the feasibility of radial optic neurotomy (RON) in central retinal
      vein occlusion (CRVO) treatment with a Meta-analysis. METHODS: Electronic
      databases were searched for comprehensive articles that compared efficacy of RON
      with that of other treatments in CRVO. Study quality was assessed and risk ratio
      (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with fix- or random-effects model were
      calculated according to the heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 200 eyes from 5
      studies were included. The results indicated that no significant differences were
      found between groups with and without RON in improvement of visual acuity (VA) at
      6mo follow-up (pooled RR 0.51, 95%CI 0.22 to 1.18, P=0.117) while improvement of
      VA showed significantly favourable in patients receiving RON treatment at 12mo
      follow-up (pooled RR 2.27, 95%CI 1.31 to 3.95, P=0.004). For complications, RON
      treatment was more effective in reducing neovascular glaucoma (pooled RR 0.45,
      95%CI 0.21 to 0.97, P=0.042) but was comparable in retinal detachment (pooled RR
      2.41, 95%CI 0.51 to 11.39, P=0.267) and vitreous hemorrhage (pooled RR 0.91,
      95%CI 0.33 to 2.46, P=0.847). CONCLUSION: Compared with some certain treatment
      modalities, RON might offer better VA at 12mo and decrease the rate of
      neovascular glaucoma without changing the rate of retinal detachment and vitreous
      hemorrhage. Further studies are required considering the limitation of the
      research.

PMID- 27366696
TI  - Characteristics of corneal dystrophies: a review from clinical, histological and
      genetic perspectives.
AB  - Corneal dystrophy is a common type of hereditary corneal diseases. It includes
      many types, which have varied pathology, histology and clinical manifestations.
      Recently, the examination techniques of ophthalmology and gene sequencing advance
      greatly, which do benefit to our understanding of these diseases. However, many
      aspects remain still unknown. And due to the poor knowledge of these diseases,
      the results of the treatments are not satisfoctory. The purpose of this review
      was to summarize the clinical, histological and genetic characteristics of
      different types of corneal dystrophies. 

PMID- 27366697
TI  - The transcorneal electrical stimulation as a novel therapeutic strategy against
      retinal and optic neuropathy: a review of experimental and clinical trials.
AB  - Transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) is a novel therapeutic approach to
      activate the retina and related downstream structures. TES has multiple
      advantages over traditional treatments, such as being minimally invasive and
      readily applicable in a routine manner. Series of animal experiments have shown
      that TES protects the retinal neuron from traumatic or genetic induced
      degeneration. These laboratory evidences support its utilization in
      ophthalmological therapies against various retinal and optical diseases including
      retinitis pigmentosa (RP), traumatic optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic optic
      neuropathy (AION), and retinal artery occlusions (RAOs). Several pioneering
      explorations sought to clarify the functional mechanism underlying the
      neuroprotective effects of TES. It seems that the neuroprotective effects should
      not be attributed to a solitary pathway, on the contrary, multiple mechanisms
      might contribute collectively to maintain cellular homeostasis and promote cell
      survival in the retina. More precise evaluations via functional and morphological
      techniques would determine the exact mechanism underlying the remarkable
      neuroprotective effect of TES. Further studies to determine the optimal
      parameters and the long-term stability of TES are crucial to justify the clinical
      significance and to establish TES as a popularized therapeutic modality against
      retinal and optic neuropathy. 

PMID- 27366698
TI  - Ophthalmology simulation for undergraduate and postgraduate clinical education.
AB  - This is a review education paper on the current ophthalmology simulators utilized
      worldwide for undergraduate and postgraduate training. At present, various
      simulators such as the EYE Exam Simulator (Kyoto Kagaku Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan),
      Eyesi direct ophthalmoscope simulator (VRmagic, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), Eyesi
      indirect ophthalmoscope simulator (VRmagic, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and Eyesi
      cataract simulators (VRmagic, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). These simulators are
      thought to be able to reduce the initial learning curve for the ophthalmology
      training but further research will need to be conducted to assess the
      effectiveness of the simulation-assisted Ophthalmology training. Future research
      will be of great value to assess the medical students and residents' responses
      and performance regarding the usefulness of the individual eye simulator. 

PMID- 27366699
TI  - Intraocular lens exchange-removing the optic intact.
AB  - Current practice for intraocular lens (IOL) exchange is to cut the optic of the
      posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) prior to removing it. Great care must
      be taken during this maneuver to avoid a posterior capsular tear. Removing the
      haptics from the fibrosed capsule can also be hazardous, as it may result in
      zonular stress and dehiscence. A technique is described for performing foldable
      (one-piece acrylic) IOL removal without cutting the optic. Careful visco
      dissection of the haptics with a low viscosity ophthalmic viscosurgical device
      (OVD) in the fibrosed peripheral capsular tunnel avoids zonular or capsular
      stress. Internal wound enlargement permits foldable IOL removal in one piece,
      whilst preserving a self-sealing sutureless corneal wound. This technique may
      enhance the safety and efficacy of foldable IOL exchange. 

PMID- 27366700
TI  - The short-needle intravitreal injection technique.

PMID- 27366701
TI  - Overexpression of carbonic anhydrase 1 in pterygium.

PMID- 27366702
TI  - Anterior segment optical coherence tomography for identifying muscle status in
      strabismus surgery.

PMID- 27366703
TI  - Comment on concurrent removal of intravitreal lens fragments after
      phacoemulsification with pars plana vitrectomy prevents development of retinal
      detachment.

PMID- 27366704
TI  - Glycemic control in Intensive Care Unit.

PMID- 27366706
TI  - Metabolic state of the nation: Results of the national family health survey-4.

PMID- 27366705
TI  - Triglyceride and cardiovascular risk: A critical appraisal.

PMID- 27366707
TI  - Novel multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 variations in patients with sporadic
      primary hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) can occur either as
      a sporadic case or in association with syndromes such as multiple endocrine
      neoplasia. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare autosomal
      dominant disease resulting from mutations in MEN1 gene encoding a 621 amino acid
      long tumor suppressor protein "menin." We report here the results of MEN1
      screening in 31 patients diagnosed with sporadic PHPT. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Diagnosis of sporadic PHPT was made when blood urea and serum creatinine were
      normal, serum parathyroid hormone was high, and parathyroid enlargement could be
      localized on ultrasound and/or parathyroid scan. A total of 31 patients and 50
      healthy volunteers were recruited for molecular analysis after taking informed
      consent. RESULTS: Major symptoms at presentation were bone pain, fatigue, muscle
      weakness, and renal stones. Molecular genetic analysis revealed the presence of
      two novel intronic variations, c. 913-79T>A and c. 784-129T>A which by human
      splicing finder are predicted to cause potential alteration of splicing by either
      activating an intronic cryptic acceptor site or converting a conserved exonic
      splicing silencer sequence to an exonic splicing enhancer site. Apart from these,
      two reported polymorphisms rs144677807 and rs669976 were seen only in patients
      and none of the controls. Other reported polymorphisms rs2071313 and rs654440
      were identified both in controls and patients. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      study of MEN1 gene screening in sporadic PHPT in India reporting on the clinical
      and genetic findings, wherein two novel intronic variations c. 913-79T>A and c.
      784-129T>A were identified showing their possible role in disease causation.

PMID- 27366708
TI  - Prevalence of colonic polyp and its predictors in patients with acromegaly.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are conflicting data regarding the prevalence of colorectal
      polyp in patients with acromegaly. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Consecutive forty-seven
      acromegalic patients (21 men, 26 women), with a mean age of (40 +/- 12 years)
      attending endocrinology outpatient department underwent full colonoscopy. All the
      patients underwent clinical and biochemical evaluation (glucose suppressed growth
      hormone (GH), Insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], fasting insulin, and
      glucose). The control group (n = 120) for colonoscopy was adult subjects
      undergoing evaluation for symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical and
      biochemical parameters in acromegalic patients with colonic polyp were compared
      to those without a polyp. RESULTS: Patients with acromegaly had significantly
      higher prevalence of colonic polyp as compared to control subjects (10.6% vs.
      0.8%). None of the patients with polyp had skin tags. There was no significant
      difference between subjects with and without colonic polyp in duration of
      illness, basal, and glucose-suppressed GH and most recent IGF-1. Fasting blood
      sugar was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in adenoma group after adjusting for
      age, body mass index (BMI), and insulin levels. Patients in adenoma group showed
      a trend toward male gender and younger age as compared to those without adenoma.
      CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with acromegaly as compared to control have a higher
      prevalence of colonic polyps. There was no association of polyps seen with age,
      BMI, skin tags, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index,
      duration of disease, and basal and glucose-suppressed GH and IGF-1 levels. There
      were no specific predictive factors detected. Screening full colonoscopy is
      recommended in all cases with acromegaly.

PMID- 27366709
TI  - Clinical safety of insulin detemir in patients with Type 2 diabetes in the Gulf
      countries: The multicenter, noninterventional, open-label LevSafe study.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the safety profile of insulin detemir (IDet) in people with Type
      2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Gulf countries in the 32-week,
      noninterventional LevSafe study. METHODS: People with T2DM whose physicians had
      opted to start IDet therapy were included in the study. Safety parameters,
      including serious adverse drug reactions (SADRs) and hypoglycemia, and changes in
      body weight and glycemic control were evaluated at baseline, week 16 and week 32.
      RESULTS: A total of 686 patients were exposed to IDet therapy with a mean (+/
      standard deviation) age, body mass index, and diabetes duration of 51.3 +/- 11.0
      years, 31.3 +/- 5.5 kg/m(2), and 10.2 +/- 6.1 years, respectively. The mean total
      daily dose of IDet was 32.0 +/- 32.8 U at baseline and 44.7 +/- 60.7 U at week
      32. No SADRs were reported during the study. Total hypoglycemia decreased from
      435 events at baseline to 204 events at week 32 (mean change analyzed by Wilcoxon
      signed rank test: -0.34; P = 0.0115), and no major hypoglycemia was reported at
      week 32. Over the 32-week treatment period, the mean body weight decreased from
      85.7 +/- 15.2 kg to 85.4 +/- 14.5 kg (P = 0.0203), glycated hemoglobin A1c from
      9.9 +/- 1.67% to 7.7 +/- 1.36% (P < 0.0001), and fasting plasma glucose from 11.9
      +/- 3.27 mmol/L to 7.4 +/- 1.85 mmol/L (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: IDet therapy was
      well-tolerated and was associated with a decreased number of hypoglycemic events
      and improved glycemic control after 32 weeks in patients with T2DM in the Gulf
      countries.

PMID- 27366711
TI  - Prevalence and severity of disordered mineral metabolism in patients with chronic
      kidney disease: A study from a tertiary care hospital in India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disordered mineral metabolism is common complications of chronic
      kidney disease (CKD). However, there are limited data on the pattern of these
      disturbances in Indian CKD population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a
      prospective observational study of CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) over a
      period of 3 years. The biochemical markers of CKD-MBD, namely, calcium,
      phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and 25
      hydoxyvitamin Vitamin D3 (25OHD), were measured in newly diagnosed CKD Stage 3-5
      and prevalent CKD Stage 5D adult patients. RESULTS: A total of 462 patients of
      CKD Stage 3-5D were studied. The frequency of various biochemical abnormalities
      was hypocalcemia (23.8%), hypercalcemia (5.4%), hypophosphatemia (2.8%),
      hyperphosphatemia (55.4%), raised alkaline phosphatase (56.9%), secondary
      hyperparathyroidism (82.7%), and hypoparathyroidism (1.5%). 25OHD was done in 335
      (72.5%) patients and 90.4% were found to have Vitamin D deficiency. About 70.6%
      of the patients had iPTH levels were above kidney disease outcomes quality
      initiative (KDOQI) target range. Nondiabetic CKD as compared to diabetic CKD had
      a higher alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.016), a higher iPTH (P = 0.001) a higher
      proportion of patients with iPTH above KDOQI target range (P = 0.09), and an
      elevated alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.004). The 25OHD levels were suggestive of
      severe Vitamin D deficiency in 33.7%, Vitamin D deficiency in 45.4%, and Vitamin
      D insufficiency in 11.3% patients. There was a significant positive correlation
      between iPTH with alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.572, P = 0.001), creatinine (r =
      0.424, P = 0.001), and phosphorus (r = 0.241, P = 0.001) and a significant
      negative correlation with hemoglobin (r = -0.325, 0.001), age (r = -0.169, P =
      0.002), and 25OHD (r = -0.126, P = 0.021). On multivariate logistic regression
      analysis, an elevated alkaline phosphatase was a significant predictor of
      hyperparathyroidism (odds ratio 9.7, 95% confidence interval 4.9-19.2, P =
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of CKD-MBD in Indian CKD
      patients. CKD-MBD is more common and more severe and has an early onset as
      compared to the western populations.

PMID- 27366710
TI  - Endocrine profile of beta-thalassemia major patients followed from childhood to
      advanced adulthood in a tertiary care center.
AB  - AIM: Chronic iron overload resulting from frequent transfusions, poor compliance
      to efficient chelation therapy and chronic liver disease is basically responsible
      for the most severe complications of thalassemia major (TM). Before conventional
      treatment, TM was entirely childhood disease with a very short survival. Today,
      survival improved to 40-50 years and becomes a prevalent disease of adulthood and
      in the near future it will be one of senility. Furthermore, clinical phenotype of
      TM is changing with age and appearance of severe complications from the heart and
      endocrine glands that require special health care from well-informed specialists.
      OBJECTIVES: The aims of our study were to: (1) Imprint the clinical profile of
      long-lived TM patients; (2) evaluate retrospectively the cumulative incidence of
      endocrine diseases; (3) identify potential risk factors; and (4) orient the
      physicians in the modified clinical phenotype and the relative patients' health
      needs. DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study followed from childhood to
      adulthood by the same physician in a tertiary thalassemia clinic. PARTICIPANTS:
      Forty-three long-lived TM patients (mean age: 50.3 +/- 10.8 years; range: 45.8
      59.5 years; 23 females) were studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An extensive medical
      history, with detailed clinical and laboratory data, endocrine complications, and
      current treatments, was obtained. RESULTS: The data indicate that 88.4% of adult
      TM patients suffered from at least one endocrine complication. The majority of
      patients developed endocrine complications in the second decade of life when
      serum ferritin level was very high (12/23 TM female and 8/20 TM male patients,
      the serum ferritin levels at the diagnosis were above 5.000 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS:
      These data underline that endocrine and bone complications in adult TM patients
      are highly prevalent and necessitate close monitoring, treatment, and follow-up.
      Physicians' strategies to optimize chelation therapy include identifying patients
      who are at risk for developing organ damage, developing chelation plans,
      promoting compliance, and educating patients. Several clinical aspects remain to
      be elucidated such as growth and impairment of glucose tolerance in relation to
      hepatitis C virus infection. Furthermore, affordable worldwide-established long
      term treatment protocols for hypogonadism and osteoporosis are needed.

PMID- 27366713
TI  - Emphysematous pyelonephritis: A 10-year experience with 26 cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a necrotizing infection which
      results in gas within the renal parenchyma, collecting system, or perinephric
      tissue. A majority of cases occur in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). In
      EPN, early aggressive medical treatment may avoid nephrectomy. AIMS: The aim of
      this study was to analyze the characteristics of patients with EPN with respect
      to patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic investigations,
      microbiological findings, treatment modality and outcome, and the influence of
      prognostic factors on the outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the
      hospital records of 26 patients with EPN for clinical, laboratory, radiological,
      and microbiological findings, treatments given, and outcome. The severity of EPN
      was graded as per the Huang classification. We applied the reported prognostic
      factors to our patients to find out whether these factors correlated with failure
      of conservative treatment. RESULTS: All the study subjects had DM and all but two
      of them were females. The majority of our patients (61.5%) had extensive EPN
      (class 3 or 4) and majority (76.9%) had two or more bad prognostic factors.
      Escherichia coli was the most common causative organism involved in 50% of our
      cases. Twenty-three (88.5%) of our patients responded to conservative treatment,
      two required nephrectomy, and one expired on conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS:
      In this series of patients with EPN, all had DM, nearly all were women, and E.
      coli was the most frequently isolated pathogen. Nearly a third of our patients
      had bilateral disease. Despite the presence of two or more bad prognostic factors
      and extensive EPN (class 3 or 4) in a majority of our patients, conservative
      treatment afforded a striking success rate of 88.5%. We recommend early
      aggressive medical treatment and suggest that nephrectomy should be considered
      only if patients deteriorate or do not improve on conservative treatment.

PMID- 27366712
TI  - Prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms among patients with hypothyroidism.
AB  - CONTEXT: The association between depression and thyroid function is well known.
      Both conditions express many similar symptoms, thus making the diagnosis and
      treatment difficult. AIMS: To find the prevalence of anxiety and depressive
      symptoms among patients with hypothyroid. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Cross-sectional
      study. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: A total of 100 patients diagnosed as
      hypothyroidism were evaluated using Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) and
      Hamilton scale for anxiety (HAM-A). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The data were
      analyzed using the SPSS for Windows version 17.0 software. The quantitative data
      were expressed in number and percentage. The results obtained were compared using
      the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Females constituted 70% of the sample. A total of
      60% reported some degree of depression based on HDRS (males - 56.63% and females 
      64.29%) whereas about 63% out of the total patients screened showed some degree
      of anxiety (males -56.66% and females - 65.72%) based on HAM-A. The most common
      depressive symptom among the males was depressed mood (73.33%) and among females
      was gastrointestinal somatic symptoms (68.54%). The most common anxiety symptom
      among the males was depressed mood (70.0%) and among females was anxious mood
      (92.85%). CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric symptoms/disorders are common in patients with
      thyroid dysfunction.

PMID- 27366714
TI  - Glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in patients with diabetes in pregnancy: A
      retrospective study.
AB  - CONTEXT: Diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) is either pregestational or gestational.
      AIMS: To determine the relationship between glycemic control and pregnancy
      outcomes in a cohort of DIP patients. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: In this 12-month
      retrospective study, a total of 325 Saudi women with DIP who attended the
      outpatient clinics at a tertiary center Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were included.
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The patients were divided into two groups, those with
      glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <=6.5% (48 mmol/mol) and those with glycated
      hemoglobin (HbA1c) above 6.5%. The two groups were compared for differences in
      maternal and fetal outcomes. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Independent Student's t
      test and analysis of variance were performed for comparison of continuous
      variables and Chi-square test for frequencies. Odds ratio and 95% confidence
      intervals were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS: Patients with
      higher HbA1c were older (P = 0.0077), had significantly higher blood pressure,
      proteinuria (P < 0.0001), and were multiparous (P = 0.0269). They had
      significantly shorter gestational periods (P = 0.0002), more preterm labor (P <
      0.0001), more perineal tears (P = 0.0406), more miscarriages (P < 0.0001), and
      more operative deliveries (P < 0.0001). Their babies were significantly of
      greater weight, had more Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admissions,
      hypoglycemia, and macrosomia. CONCLUSIONS: Poor glycemic control during pregnancy
      is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes (shortened gestational
      period, greater risk of miscarriage, increased likelihood of operative delivery,
      hypoglycemia, macrosomia, and increased NICU admission). Especially at risk are
      those with preexisting diabetes, who would benefit from earlier diabetes
      consultation and tighter glycemic control before conception.

PMID- 27366715
TI  - Comparison of maternal and fetal outcomes among Asian Indian pregnant women with
      or without gestational diabetes mellitus: A situational analysis study (WINGS-3).
AB  - AIM: To compare the existing maternal and fetal outcomes in Asian Indian women
      with or without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) before the development of the
      Women in India with GDM Strategy (WINGS) GDM model of care (MOC). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Records of pregnant women were extracted retrospectively from three
      maternity centers in Chennai. GDM was diagnosed using the International
      Association for Pregnancy Study Groups criteria or the Carpenter and Coustan
      criteria. Demographic details, obstetric history, antenatal follow-up, treatment
      for GDM, and outcomes of delivery were collected from the electronic medical
      records. RESULTS: Of the 3642 records analyzed, 799 (21.9%) had GDM, of whom 456
      (57.1%) were treated with insulin and medical nutrition therapy (MNT), 339
      (42.4%) with MNT alone, and 4 (0.5%) with metformin. Women with GDM were older
      than those without (28.5 +/- 4.5 vs. 27.1 +/- 4.5 years; P < 0.001) and had
      higher mean body mass index at first booking (26.4 +/- 5.2 kg/m(2) vs. 25.2 +/-
      5.1 kg/m(2); P < 0.001). Rates of cesarean section (26.2% vs. 18.7%; P < 0.001),
      preeclampsia (1.8% vs. 0.8%; P = 0.04), and macrosomia (13.9% vs. 10.8%; P =
      0.02) were significantly higher among women with GDM. In women with GDM treated
      with insulin and MNT, emergency cesarean section (16.2% vs. 36.6%; P < 0.0001),
      preeclampsia (0.7% vs. 3.2%; P = 0.015), and macrosomia (9.9% vs. 18.6%; P =
      0.0006) were significantly lesser compared to those treated with MNT alone.
      CONCLUSION: Pregnancy outcomes were in general worse in GDM women. Treatment with
      insulin was associated with a significantly lower risk of complications. However,
      in countries with limited access to insulin and other medicines may lead to poor
      follow-up and management of GDM. Data from this retrospective study will form the
      basis for the development of the WINGS GDM MOC, which will address these gaps in
      GDM care in low-resource settings.

PMID- 27366716
TI  - Premature birth and insulin resistance in infancy: A prospective cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was done to determine the role of prematurity and other
      variables to predict insulin sensitivity in infancy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In
      this prospective study, 36 preterm appropriate for gestational age (AGA), 11
      preterm small for gestational age (SGA), and 17 term SGA included as study cohort
      and 36 term AGA as control cohort. Detailed anthropometry assessment was
      performed at birth, 3, 6, and 9 months and at 9 months, fasting plasma glucose
      and serum insulin was done. Insulin resistance was determined by using
      homeostasis model assessment version 2. RESULTS: It is found that preterm AGA
      (mean difference 0.617, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.43-0.80, P = 0.0001),
      preterm SGA (mean difference 0.764, 95% CI; 0.44-1.09, P = 0.0001), and term AGA
      (mean difference 0.725, 95% CI; 0.49-0.96, P = 0.0001) group had significantly
      higher insulin resistance than control. There was no significant difference in
      between preterm SGA and preterm AGA (mean difference 0.147 95% CI; -0.13-0.42, P
      = 0.927). In multiple regression models, SGA status (beta =0.505) was more
      significant predictor of insulin resistance index than gestational age (beta = 
      0.481), weight-for-length (beta =0.315), and ponderal index (beta = -0.194).
      CONCLUSION: Preterm birth is a risk factor for the future development of insulin
      resistance which may develop as early as infancy.

PMID- 27366717
TI  - Impact of insulin pump on quality of life of diabetic patients.
AB  - AIM: Diabetes is an emerging health problem, both in developing and developed
      countries and has an enormous economic and social impact. The objective of our
      study was to find the impact of insulin pump on the quality of life of patients
      with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and compare it to the quality of life of patients with
      T2D using an insulin pen. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This is a case-control study
      which was conducted among patients with T2D presenting between November 2014 and
      November 2015. A total of 83 patients with T2D, using insulin pump were enrolled
      in the study as cases and 322 patients with T2D not using insulin pump but using
      insulin pens were enrolled as controls. Short form-36 quality of life
      questionnaire was used for data collection. RESULTS: Mean age of patients using
      insulin pump was 52.49 +/- 9.28 while the mean age of patients not using insulin
      pump was 54.72 +/- 16.87. Mean score of all domains in the questionnaire was
      found to be higher in patients using insulin pump as compared to patients not
      using insulin pumps (P < 0.05). In 81.1% of the patients, the insulin pump
      decreased the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes. CONCLUSION: Insulin pump has
      significantly improved the quality of life of patients in terms of better self
      esteem, decreased stress, and better mood. It has resulted in improved physical
      health, meal time flexibility, and ease of travel. It allows patient to have more
      active participation in social and recreational activities improving their
      personal and family life.

PMID- 27366718
TI  - Is intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring necessary in symptomatic primary
      hyperparathyroidism with concordant imaging?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is still seen
      frequently in referral centers all over India. These patients require
      parathyroidectomy and this study aimed to assess the roll of intraoperative
      parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay when concordant results of two localization
      studies were available. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed the case records of patients
      who underwent parathyroidectomy for PHPT from January 2005 to June 2015. RESULTS:
      Of 143 patients included in the study, technetium 99m methoxyisobutylisonitrate
      dual phase scintigraphy showed true positive images in 93.7% and high definition
      ultrasonography in 84.6% of patients. Concordance in localization studies was
      observed in 121 (84.6%) patients, successful parathyroidectomy was done in 117
      (96.7%) patients with concordant localization studies. Intraoperative PTH
      monitoring showed 97.84% sensitivity and 75% specificity and predicted failure in
      2 patients with concordant imaging. However, re-exploration was not successful in
      these patients. CONCLUSION: When concordant result is available between
      parathyroid scintigraphy and anatomical imaging surgical cure rate is high in
      trained hands. Re-exploration is unlikely to be successful since these patients
      require higher imaging.

PMID- 27366719
TI  - A community-based case-control study to investigate the role of iron deficiency
      in the persistence of goiter.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To find out the magnitude of iron deficiency anemia in the age group
      of 6-12 years and investigate the role of iron deficiency as a possible
      contributor to endemic goiter in school children in Ambala. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The present study was conducted as a subset of a cross-sectional study
      among 2700 children from 6 to 12 years of age to find out the prevalence of
      goiter. All the subjects who were found to be suffering from goiter in the cross
      sectional study were enrolled in the case-control study as cases and were
      compared with age- and sex-matched controls (children without goiter) from the
      same cohort. The study was conducted from February 2011 to January 2012. RESULTS:
      Out of total, goiter was observed in 12.6% of the subjects. Urinary iodine
      excretion was found to be <100 MUg/L in 57 (10.5%) children. Mean hemoglobin (Hb)
      level of the study population was 11.9 g/dL. It was noted that 71% of the
      goitrous children had anemia (Hb <12 g/dL) as compared to 63.7% of the control
      group. Serum ferritin (SF) was <15 ng/mL in 70% of the children. The mean +/-
      standard deviation of SF in the goitrous and nongoitrous children was 19.65 +/-
      32.51 MUg/L and 27.55 +/- 21.07 MUg/L, respectively (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The
      findings in the study suggest that iron deficiency anemia in children is
      contributing toward the persistence of goiter in the postiodization phase.

PMID- 27366720
TI  - Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Individuals and Correlation with Monocyte
      Chemoattractant Protein1 and Interferon Gamma from Patients Attending a Tertiary
      Care Centre in Chennai, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity are associated with
      changes in gut microbiota and characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation.
      Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) are
      proinflammatory cytokines which play an important role in the development of
      T2DM. We undertook this study to analyze the gut microbiota of T2DM and
      nondiabetic subjects and to determine the profile of MCP 1 and IFNgamma in the
      same subjects attending a tertiary care center in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
      METHODS: The study included 30 subjects with clinical details. Stool and blood
      samples were collected from all the subjects. DNA was extracted from fecal
      samples and polymerase chain reaction was done using fusion primers. Metagenomic
      analysis was performed using ion torrent sequencing. The reads obtained were in
      FASTA format and reported as operational taxonomic units. Human MCP 1 and
      IFNgamma enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed for 23 serum
      samples. RESULTS: The study consisted of 30 subjects; 17 were T2DM and 13 were
      nondiabetics. The gut microbiota among T2DM consisted predominantly of Gram
      negative bacteria; Escherichia and Prevotella, when compared with the nondiabetic
      group with predominantly Gram positive organisms suchas Faecalibacterium,
      Eubacterium, and Bifidobacterium. The mean MCP-1 values in the diabetic group
      were 232.8 pg/ml and in the nondiabetic group 170.84 pg/ml. IFNgamma (mean 385.5
      pg/ml) was raised in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) group of 6.5-7.5% which was
      statistically significant. Association of Escherichia with T2DM and association
      of Bifidobacteria in the nondiabetics were also statistically significant.
      CONCLUSION: Escherichia counts were elevated in T2DM with HbA1c of 6.5-8.5% which
      was statistically significant suggesting that lipopolysaccharides present in the
      cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria may be responsible for low-grade inflammation
      as evidenced by elevated MCP-1 and IFNgamma levels in T2DM with the same HbA1c
      levels.

PMID- 27366721
TI  - Growth status of small for gestational age Indian children from two socioeconomic
      strata.
AB  - AIMS: To assess growth and factors associated with growth in children born small
      for gestational age (SGA) from two socioeconomic strata in comparison to age- and
      sex-matched healthy controls. METHODS: Retrospective study conducted at two
      hospitals in Pune, 0.5-5 years, 618 children: 189-SGA from upper socioeconomic
      strata (USS), 217-SGA from lower socioeconomic strata (LSS), and 212 appropriate
      for gestational age healthy controls were randomly selected. Birth and maternal
      history, socioeconomic status, length/height, and weight of children were
      recorded. Anthropometric data were converted to Z scores (height for age Z-score
      [HAZ], weight for age Z-score [WAZ]) using WHO AnthroPlus software. RESULTS: The
      HAZ and WAZ of the SGA group were significantly lower as compared to the controls
      and that of the LSS SGAs were lower than USS SGAs (P < 0.05). Thirty two percent
      children were stunted (HAZ <-2.0) in USS and 49% in LSS (P < 0.05). Twenty nine
      percent children in the USS SGA group were stunted at 2 years and 17% at 5 years.
      In the LSS SGA group, 54% children were stunted at 2 years and 46% at 5 years.
      Generalized linear model revealed normal vaginal delivery (beta = 0.625) and
      mother's age (beta =0.072) were positively associated and high SES (beta = 
      0.830), absence of major illness (beta = -1.01), higher birth weight (beta = 
      1.34) were negatively associated for risk of stunting (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Children born SGA showed poor growth as compared to controls. Special attention
      to growth is necessary in children from LSS, very low birth weight babies, and
      those with major illnesses during early years of life.

PMID- 27366722
TI  - Gender identity and gender of rearing in 46 XY disorders of sexual development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disorders of sexual development (DSD) may pose a challenge to live as
      a fully-functioning male or female. In this study, we prospectively assessed
      eleven 46 XY DSD patients who were being treated at our center over the last 8
      months for gender dysphoria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine gender
      dysphoria, age-appropriate gender identity (GI) questionnaires were used. For
      patients, 12 years and below, parent report GI questionnaire for children was
      used and for those above 12 years of age, GI/gender dysphoria questionnaire for
      adolescents and adults was administered. RESULTS: Of 11 patients with 46 XY DSD,
      three were diagnosed with 5 alpha reductase deficiency (5aRD), two with partial
      gonadal dysgenesis, three with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, one each
      with ovotesticular, complete gonadal dysgenesis, and complete androgen
      insensitivity. Gender assigned at birth was female in eight and male in three
      patients. Among the eight reared as female, gender had been reassigned as male in
      three patients well before the present study was conducted. None of the eleven
      patients had gender dysphoria at the time of this study. CONCLUSION: Early gender
      of rearing was seen to be a critical indicator of present GI in our patients
      except in cases of 5aRD.

PMID- 27366723
TI  - Pragmatic use of insulin degludec/insulin aspart co-formulation: A multinational
      consensus statement.
AB  - Insulin degludec/insulin aspart (IDegAsp) is a modern coformulation of ultra-long
      acting basal insulin degludec, with rapid-acting insulin aspart. IDegAsp provides
      effective, safe, well-tolerated glycemic control, with a low risk of hypoglycemia
      while allowing flexibility in meal patterns and timing of administration. This
      consensus statement describes a pragmatic framework to identify patients who may
      benefit from IDegAsp therapy. It highlights the utility of IDegAsp in type 2
      diabetic patients who are insulin-naive, suboptimally controlled on basal or
      premixed insulin, or dissatisfied with basal-bolus regimens. It also describes
      potential IDegAsp usage in type 1 diabetic patients. 

PMID- 27366724
TI  - Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or
      continuum?
AB  - Diabetes and related complications are associated with long-term damage and
      failure of various organ systems. The line of demarcation between the pathogenic
      mechanisms of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes and
      differing responses to therapeutic interventions is blurred. Diabetes induces
      changes in the microvasculature, causing extracellular matrix protein synthesis,
      and capillary basement membrane thickening which are the pathognomic features of
      diabetic microangiopathy. These changes in conjunction with advanced glycation
      end products, oxidative stress, low grade inflammation, and neovascularization of
      vasa vasorum can lead to macrovascular complications. Hyperglycemia is the
      principal cause of microvasculopathy but also appears to play an important role
      in causation of macrovasculopathy. There is thought to be an intersection between
      micro and macro vascular complications, but the two disorders seem to be strongly
      interconnected, with micro vascular diseases promoting atherosclerosis through
      processes such as hypoxia and changes in vasa vasorum. It is thus imperative to
      understand whether microvascular complications distinctly precede macrovascular
      complications or do both of them progress simultaneously as a continuum. This
      will allow re-focusing on the clinical issues with a unifying perspective which
      can improve type 2 diabetes mellitus outcomes. 

PMID- 27366725
TI  - Hypothyroidism and obesity: An intriguing link.
AB  - According to common perception, hypothyroidism is held responsible for obesity.
      However, linking them causally is controversial. Overt hypothyroidism is
      associated with modest weight gain, but there is a lack of clarity regarding
      subclinical hypothyroidism. Novel view indicates that changes in thyroid
      stimulating hormone (TSH) could well be secondary to obesity. The increasing
      prevalence of obesity further confounds definition of normal TSH range in
      population studies. Thyroid autoantibody status may help in establishing the
      diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism in obesity. High leptin levels may play a
      role in the hyperthyrotropinemia of obesity and also increase susceptibility to
      thyroid autoimmunity and subsequent hypothyroidism. There is at most a modest
      effect of L-T4 treatment in overt hypothyroidism in inducing weight loss; benefit
      in subclinical hypothyroidism is not established with no data supporting thyroid
      hormone use in euthyroid obese patients. 

PMID- 27366726
TI  - The neuroendocrinology of love.
AB  - Romantic love could be considered as a collection of activities associated with
      the acquisition and retention of emotions needed to survive and reproduce. These
      emotions change the individual's behavioural strategies in a way that will
      increase the likelihood of achieving these goals. Love may be defined as an
      emergent property of an ancient cocktail of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters.
      It appears that lust, attachment and attraction appear to be distinct but
      intertwined processes in the brain each mediated by its own neurotransmitters and
      circuits. These circuits feed on and reinforce each other. Sexual craving is
      mediated by testosterone and oestrogen and has the amygdala as an important
      centre. Attraction is mediated by hormones of stress and reward including
      dopamine, norepinephrine cortisol and the serotinergic system and has the nucleus
      accumbens the ventral tegmental area as key mediators. 

PMID- 27366727
TI  - Insulin degludec and insulin degludec/insulin aspart in Ramadan: A single center
      experience.
AB  - This study aimed to document the utility and safety of insulin degludec (IDeg)
      and insulin degludec aspart (IDegAsp) in persons with type 2 diabetes, observing
      the Ramadan fast. An observational study was conducted at a single center, in the
      real world setting, on six persons who either switched to IDeg or IDegAsp a month
      before Ramadan or changed time of administration of IDegAsp at the onset of
      Ramadan, to keep the fast in a safe manner. Subjects were kept under regular
      monitoring and surveillance before, during, and after Ramadan, and counseled in
      an opposite manner. Four persons, who shifted from premixed insulin to IDegAsp,
      experienced a 12-18% dose reduction after 14 days. At the onset of Ramadan, the
      Suhur dose was reduced by 30%, and this remained unchanged during the fasting
      month. The Iftar dose had to be increased by 4 units. One person who shifted from
      neutral protamine hagedorn to IDeg demonstrated a 25% dose reduction at 20 days,
      without any further change in insulin requirement during Ramadan. One person who
      changed time of injection of IDegAsp from morning to night reported no change in
      dosage. No episode of major hypoglycemia was reported. IDeg and IDegAsp are
      effective, safe, and well-tolerated means of achieving glycemic control in
      persons with type 2 diabetes who wish to fast. 

PMID- 27366728
TI  - Alternate-day dosing of linagliptin in type 2 diabetes patients controlled on
      once daily dose: A case series.
AB  - Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP 4) inhibitor with a long terminal half
      life, significantly inhibits the DPP 4 enzyme at a steady state up to 48 h after
      the last dose. The present case series examined the hypothesis that linagliptin
      retains its efficacy during alternate day dosing in type 2 diabetes patients when
      switched over from once daily (OD) dosing. Eight type 2 diabetes patients
      maintaining stable glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) with acceptable fasting plasma
      glucose and postprandial glucose levels and receiving linagliptin 5 mg OD for at
      least 6 weeks, with a stable dose of concomitant antidiabetic medications were
      given linagliptin 5 mg every alternate day. The median HbA1c while on the OD
      regimen was 6.1% (43 mmol/mol) (range: 5.8-6.9% [40-52 mmol/mol]) and median
      duration of diabetes was 7 years (range: 0.75-16 years). After a median follow-up
      period of 21weeks,the glycemic control was maintained in all patients similar to
      their baseline values (median HbA1c: 6.0% [42 mmol/mol], range: 5.1-7.1% [32-54
      mmol/mol]). The body weight, fasting, and random glucose levels at baseline were
      also well maintained at the end of treatment. Optimal glycemic status maintained
      in our study population favors our hypothesis that linagliptin used alternate
      daily after switching from initial OD dose of the drug in patients on a stable
      background antidiabetic medications retains its efficacy. Paradoxically,
      alternate day dosing may affect compliance if the patient forgets when they took
      the last dose. Further studies including larger cohorts are needed to validate
      this finding and identify patients who can benefit from the alternate day
      regimen. 

PMID- 27366729
TI  - Coexisting Turner's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and growth hormone
      deficiency.

PMID- 27366730
TI  - Biosimilar insulins: An unavoidable option in South-East Asia.

PMID- 27366731
TI  - Ketoacidosis in diabetic subjects treated with inhibitors of Na(+)-glucose co
      transporters type-2: New mechanisms?

PMID- 27366732
TI  - Reply to the editorial - "Only generics (drugs/names): Is India ready?".

PMID- 27366733
TI  - Mighty journals, mega trials, and modest points.

PMID- 27366734
TI  - Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II: Schimidt's syndrome, a unifying
      diagnosis in a case presenting with an uncommon combination of multiple endocrine
      disorders.

PMID- 27366735
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism in dentistry: Issues and challenges!!

PMID- 27366736
TI  - The association between urinary lgM excretion and diabetic retinopathy in
      diabetic patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic Retinopathy is one of the most common causes of blindness
      among adults. Microvascular complications may have common origins. The objective
      of the present study is to analyze the correlation between urinary IgM excretion
      and diabetic retinopathy based on the type of diabetes. METHODS: The present
      study is cross-sectional analytic and was carried out on 140 type2 diabetic
      patients (of which 70 patients diagnosed with retinopathy) and 76 type1 diabetic
      patients (of which 37 patients diagnosed with retinopathy). For every patient in
      each of the test groups, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol,
      creatinin and HbA1c tests were done. The value of IgM, the albumin- to-
      creatinine ratio and the urine analysis test were also used to rule out the
      significant proteinuria of the patients. Then, IgM Index was measured using the
      following equation: Igm Index = Urine IgM/Urine Cr. RESULTS: The level of IgM
      index in the diabetic patients (type1 and type2) had no significant correlation
      with retinopathy. Cut point = 1.49, sensitivity = 0.703 and specificity = 0.308
      in type1 diabetes were used for screen retinopathy. In type1 diabetic patients,
      the duration of diabetes had a significant correlation with urinary protein while
      in type 2 diabetic patients, the diabetes duration and HbA1c were significantly
      correlated with retinopathy. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate
      that the level of urinary IgM in diabetic patients has no difference in those who
      have or lack retinopathy, but the urinary IgM level of more than 1.49 mg/dl can
      be considered as a cut point in type1 diabetic patients to screen retinopathy.

PMID- 27366737
TI  - Genetic Variation of Flavonols Quercetin, Myricetin, and Kaempferol in the Sri
      Lankan Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and Their Health-Promoting Aspects.
AB  - Flavonol glycosides in tea leaves have been quantified as aglycones, quercetin,
      myricetin, and kaempferol. Occurrence of the said compounds was reported in
      fruits and vegetable for a long time in association with the antioxidant
      potential. However, data on flavonols in tea were scanty and, hence, this study
      aims to envisage the flavonol content in a representative pool of accessions
      present in the Sri Lankan tea germplasm. Significant amounts of myricetin,
      quercetin, and kaempferol have been detected in the beverage type tea accessions
      of the Sri Lankan tea germplasm. This study also revealed that tea is a good
      source of flavonol glycosides. The Camellia sinensis var. sinensis showed higher
      content of myricetin, quercetin, and total flavonols than var. assamica and ssp.
      lasiocalyx. Therefore flavonols and their glycosides can potentially be used in
      chemotaxonomic studies of tea germplasm. The nonbeverage type cultivars,
      especially Camellia rosaflora and Camellia japonica Red along with the exotic
      accessions resembling China type, could be useful in future germplasm studies
      because they are rich sources of flavonols, namely, quercetin and kaempferol,
      which are potent antioxidants. The flavonol profiles can be effectively used in
      choosing parents in tea breeding programmes to generate progenies with a wide
      range of flavonol glycosides. 

PMID- 27366738
TI  - Syntaxin 5 Overexpression and beta-Amyloid 1-42 Accumulation in Endoplasmic
      Reticulum of Hippocampal Cells in Rat Brain Induced by Ozone Exposure.
AB  - Oxidative stress is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and it is currently
      accepted that oxidative damage precedes the overproduction of A42 peptide. We
      have reported that ozone causes oxidative stress inducing neurodegeneration in
      the brain of rats. It is associated with A42 overproduction and intracellular
      accumulation in hippocampus. Organelles like mitochondria, intracellular
      membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum have been identified as sites of A42
      production and accumulation affecting cellular metabolism. However whether ozone
      exposure induces overproduction and/or accumulation of A42 in endoplasmic
      reticulum has not been studied. We evaluated this effect in the endoplasmic
      reticulum of hippocampal cells of rats exposed chronically to low doses of ozone
      (0.25 ppm) at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days. The effect of the presence of A42 in
      endoplasmic reticulum was analyzed evaluating the expression of the chaperone
      Syntaxin 5. Our results show an accumulation of A42 peptide in this organelle. It
      was observed by immunofluorescence and by WB in endoplasmic fractions from
      hippocampal cells of rats at 60 and 90 days of treatment. Significant
      overexpression of the chaperone Syntaxin 5 at 60 and 90 days of treatment was
      observed ((*) P < 0.05). These results indicate that the exposure to
      environmental pollutants could be involved as a risk factor for neurodegenerative
      processes. 

PMID- 27366739
TI  - Fibronectin-Grafted Titanium Dental Implants: An In Vivo Study.
AB  - Modification of the physiochemical properties of titanium surfaces using glow
      discharge plasma (GDP) and fibronectin coating has been shown to enhance the
      surface hydrophilicity, surface roughness, cell adhesion, migration, and
      proliferation. This in vivo study aimed to evaluate the bone integration efficacy
      of a biologically modified implant surface. Two different surface-modified
      implants (Ar-GDP and GDP-fib) were placed in the mandibular premolar area of six
      beagle dogs for 2-8 weeks. Three techniques [histologic evaluation, resonance
      frequency analysis (RFA), and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) evaluation]
      were used to detect the implant stability and bone-implant contact. The implant
      stability quotient values of GDP-fib implants were significantly greater than the
      Ar-GDP implants at 2 and 4 weeks (P < 0.01). The bone volume/total volume ratio
      of GDP-fib implants was greater than the Ar-GDP implants in micro-CT evaluation.
      A high positive correlation was observed between RFA and micro-CT measurements.
      At 2 weeks, osteoblasts were seen to line the implant surface, and multinuclear
      osteoclasts could be seen on the surface of old parent bone. After 8 weeks, a
      majority of the space in the wound chamber appeared to be replaced by bone.
      Enhancement of the stability of biologically modified implants was proved by the
      results of RFA, micro-CT, and histological analysis. This enhanced stability may
      help fasten treatment and be clinically beneficial. 

PMID- 27366740
TI  - Effect of High Dietary Tryptophan on Intestinal Morphology and Tight Junction
      Protein of Weaned Pig.
AB  - Tryptophan (Trp) plays an essential role in pig behavior and growth performances.
      However, little is known about Trp's effects on tight junction barrier and
      intestinal health in weaned pigs. In the present study, twenty-four (24) weaned
      pigs were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments with 8
      piglets/treatments. The piglets were fed different amounts of L-tryptophan (L
      Trp) as follows: 0.0%, 0.15, and 0.75%, respectively, named zero Trp (ZTS), low
      Trp (LTS), and high Trp (HTS), respectively. No significant differences were
      observed in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:
      feed (G/F) ratio between the groups. After 21 days of the feeding trial, results
      showed that dietary Trp significantly increased (P < 0.05) crypt depth and
      significantly decreased (P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH/CD) in
      the jejunum of pig fed HTS. In addition, pig fed HTS had higher (P < 0.05) serum
      diamine oxidase (DAO) and D-lactate. Furthermore, pig fed HTS significantly
      decreased mRNA expression of tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 but not
      claudin-1 in the jejunum. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet
      cells were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the groups.
      Collectively, these data suggest that dietary Trp supplementation at a certain
      level (0.75%) may negatively affect the small intestinal structure in weaned pig.

PMID- 27366741
TI  - Soft Tissue Response to Titanium Abutments with Different Surface Treatment:
      Preliminary Histologic Report of a Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - The aim of this preliminary prospective RCT was to histologically evaluate peri
      implant soft tissues around titanium abutments treated using different cleaning
      methods. Sixteen patients were randomized into three groups: laboratory
      customized abutments underwent Plasma of Argon treatment (Plasma Group),
      laboratory customized abutments underwent cleaning by steam (Steam Group), and
      abutments were used as they came from industry (Control Group). Seven days after
      the second surgery, soft tissues around abutments were harvested. Samples were
      histologically analyzed. Soft tissues surrounding Plasma Group abutments
      predominantly showed diffuse chronic infiltrate, almost no acute infiltrate, with
      presence of few polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes, and a diffuse presence
      of collagenization bands. Similarly, in Steam Group, the histological analysis
      showed a high variability of inflammatory expression factors. Tissues harvested
      from Control Group showed presence of few neutrophil granulocytes, moderate
      presence of lymphocytes, and diffuse collagenization bands in some sections,
      while they showed absence of acute infiltrate in 40% of sections. However, no
      statistical difference was found among the tested groups for each parameter (p >
      0.05). Within the limit of the present study, results showed no statistically
      significant difference concerning inflammation and healing tendency between test
      and control groups. 

PMID- 27366742
TI  - The Influence of Irradiation Time and Layer Thickness on Elution of Triethylene
      Glycol Dimethacrylate from SDR(r) Bulk-Fill Composite.
AB  - Objective. This study aimed to evaluate triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
      (TEGDMA) elution from SDR bulk-fill composite. Methods. Three groups of samples
      were prepared, including samples polymerized in a 4 mm layer for 20 s, in a 4 mm
      layer for 40 s, and in a 2 mm layer for 20 s. Elution of TEGDMA into 100%
      ethanol, a 75% ethanol/water solution, and distilled water was studied. The
      TEGDMA concentration was measured using HPLC. Results. The TEGDMA concentration
      decreased in the following order: 100% ethanol > 75% ethanol > distilled water.
      Doubling the energy delivered to the 4 mm thick sample caused decrease (p < 0.05)
      in TEGDMA elution to distilled water. In ethanol solutions, the energy increase
      had no influence on TEGDMA elution. Decreasing the sample thickness resulted in
      decrease (p < 0.05) in TEGDMA elution for all the solutions. Conclusions. The
      concentration of eluted TEGDMA and the elution time were both strongly affected
      by the hydrophobicity of the solvent. Doubling the energy delivered to the 4 mm
      thick sample did not decrease the elution of TEGDMA but did decrease the amount
      of the monomer available to less aggressive solvents. Elution of TEGDMA was also
      correlated with the exposed sample surface area. Clinical Relevance. Decreasing
      the SDR layer thickness decreases TEGDMA elution. 

PMID- 27366743
TI  - Assessment of Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Copeptin in the Clinical Setting
      of Sepsis.
AB  - The diagnostic and prognostic usefulness of copeptin were evaluated in septic
      patients, as compared to procalcitonin assessment. In this single centre and
      observational study 105 patients were enrolled: 24 with sepsis, 25 with severe
      sepsis, 15 with septic shock, and 41 controls, divided in two subgroups (15
      patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and 26 with suspected SIRS secondary to
      trauma, acute coronary syndrome, and pulmonary embolism). Biomarkers were
      determined at the first medical evaluation and thereafter 24, 48, and 72 hours
      after admission. Definitive diagnosis and in-hospital survival rates at 30 days
      were obtained through analysis of medical records. At entry, copeptin proved to
      be able to distinguish cases from controls and also sepsis group from septic
      shock group, while procalcitonin could distinguish also severe sepsis from septic
      shock group. Areas under the ROC curve for copeptin and procalcitonin were 0.845
      and 0.861, respectively. Noteworthy, patients with copeptin concentrations higher
      than the threshold value (23.2 pmol/L), calculated from the ROC curve, at
      admission presented higher 30-day mortality. No significant differences were
      found in copeptin temporal profile among different subgroups. Copeptin showed
      promising diagnostic and prognostic role in the management of sepsis, together
      with its possible role in monitoring the response to treatment. 

PMID- 27366744
TI  - Involvement of Hormone- and ROS-Signaling Pathways in the Beneficial Action of
      Humic Substances on Plants Growing under Normal and Stressing Conditions.
AB  - The importance of soil humus in soil fertility has been well established many
      years ago. However, the knowledge about the whole mechanisms by which humic
      molecules in the rhizosphere improve plant growth remains partial and rather
      fragmentary. In this review we discuss the relationships between two main
      signaling pathway families that are affected by humic substances within the
      plant: one directly related to hormonal action and the other related to reactive
      oxygen species (ROS). In this sense, our aims are to try the integration of all
      these events in a more comprehensive model and underline some points in the model
      that remain unclear and deserve further research. 

PMID- 27366745
TI  - Modulation of Circulating MicroRNAs Levels during the Switch from Clopidogrel to
      Ticagrelor.
AB  - Background. Circulating microRNAs are appealing biomarkers to monitor several
      processes underlying cardiovascular diseases. Platelets are a major source for
      circulating microRNAs. Interestingly, the levels of specific microRNAs were
      reported to correlate with the level of platelet activation. The aim of the
      present study was to test whether the treatment with the novel antiplatelet
      agent, ticagrelor, is associated with modulation in the levels of key platelet
      derived microRNAs. Methods and Results. Patients were randomly selected from
      those participating in the SHIFT-OVER study, in which we had previously evaluated
      the effect of the therapeutic switch from clopidogrel to ticagrelor on platelet
      aggregation. Circulating levels of selected microRNAs were measured before and
      after the therapeutic switch from a dual antiplatelet therapy including
      acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and clopidogrel to the more potent ticagrelor.
      Interestingly, the circulating levels of miR-126 (p = 0.030), miR-223 (p =
      0.044), and miR-150 (p = 0.048) were significantly reduced, while the levels of
      miR-96 were increased (p = 0.038). No substantial differences were observed for
      the remaining microRNAs. Conclusions. Switching from a dual antiplatelet
      treatment with clopidogrel to ticagrelor is associated with significant
      modulation in the circulating levels of specific microRNAs. If confirmed in
      larger, independent cohorts, our results pave the way for the use of circulating
      microRNAs as biomarkers of platelets activity in response to specific
      pharmacological treatments. 

PMID- 27366746
TI  - NLRP3 Activation Was Regulated by DNA Methylation Modification during
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.
AB  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in
      macrophages and dendritic cells. Much attention has been paid to the mechanisms
      for regulation of NLRP3 against Mtb. However, whether epigenetic mechanisms
      participated in NLRP3 activation is still little known. Here we showed that NLRP3
      activation was regulated by DNA methylation modification. Mtb infection promoted
      NLRP3 activation and inflammatory cytokines expression. NLRP3 promoter was cloned
      and subsequently identified by Dual-Luciferase Reporter System. The results
      showed that NLRP3 promoter activity was decreased after methylation by DNA
      methylase Sss I in vitro. Meanwhile, DNA methyltransferases inhibitor DAC could
      upregulate the expression of NLRP3. Furthermore, promoter region of NLRP3 gene
      was demethylated after Mtb H37Rv strain infection. These data revealed that DNA
      methylation was involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation during Mtb infection
      and provided a new insight into the relationship between host and pathogens. 

PMID- 27366748
TI  - Subcritical Water Technology for Enhanced Extraction of Biochemical Compounds
      from Chlorella vulgaris.
AB  - Subcritical water extraction (SWE) technology has been used for the extraction of
      active compounds from different biomass materials with low process cost, mild
      operating conditions, short process times, and environmental sustainability. With
      the limited application of the technology to microalgal biomass, this work
      investigates parametrically the potential of subcritical water for high-yield
      extraction of biochemicals such as carbohydrates and proteins from microalgal
      biomass. The SWE process was optimized using central composite design (CCD) under
      varying process conditions of temperature (180-374 degrees C), extraction time (1
      20 min), biomass particulate size (38-250 MUm), and microalgal biomass loading (5
      40 wt.%). Chlorella vulgaris used in this study shows high volatile matter (83.5
      wt.%) and carbon content (47.11 wt.%), giving advantage as a feedstock for
      biofuel production. The results showed maximum total carbohydrate content and
      protein yields of 14.2 g/100 g and 31.2 g/100 g, respectively, achieved under the
      process conditions of 277 degrees C, 5% of microalgal biomass loading, and 5 min
      extraction time. Statistical analysis revealed that, of all the parameters
      investigated, temperature is the most critical during SWE of microalgal biomass
      for protein and carbohydrate production. 

PMID- 27366747
TI  - Animal Models of Uveal Melanoma: Methods, Applicability, and Limitations.
AB  - Animal models serve as powerful tools for investigating the pathobiology of
      cancer, identifying relevant pathways, and developing novel therapeutic agents.
      They have facilitated rapid scientific progress in many tumor entities. However,
      for establishing a powerful animal model of uveal melanoma fundamental challenges
      remain. To date, no animal model offers specific genetic attributes as well as
      histologic, immunologic, and metastatic features of uveal melanoma. Syngeneic
      models with intraocular injection of cutaneous melanoma cells may suit best for
      investigating immunologic/tumor biology aspects. However, differences between
      cutaneous and uveal melanoma regarding genetics and metastasis remain
      problematic. Human xenograft models are widely used for evaluating novel
      therapeutics but require immunosuppression to allow tumor growth. New approaches
      aim to establish transgenic mouse models of spontaneous uveal melanoma which
      recently provided preliminary promising results. Each model provides certain
      benefits and may render them suitable for answering a respective scientific
      question. However, all existing models also exhibit relevant limitations which
      may have led to delayed research progress. Despite refined therapeutic options
      for the primary ocular tumor, patients' prognosis has not improved since the
      1970s. Basic research needs to further focus on a refinement of a potent animal
      model which mimics uveal melanoma specific mechanisms of progression and
      metastasis. This review will summarise and interpret existing animal models of
      uveal melanoma including recent advances in the field. 

PMID- 27366749
TI  - Plant Growth Biostimulants Based on Different Methods of Seaweed Extraction with
      Water.
AB  - We explored two methods for obtaining aqueous extracts: boiling and soaking of
      Baltic seaweeds (EB and ES, resp.). Algal extracts were characterized in terms of
      polyphenols, micro- and macroelements, lipids content, and antibacterial
      properties. The utilitarian properties were examined in the germination tests on
      Lepidium sativum for three extract dilutions (0.5, 2.5, and 10%). It was found
      that the extracts were similar in micro- and macroelement concentrations. Water
      was proved to be a good solvent to extract phenolic compounds. The algal extract
      produced by soaking biomass did not show inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli
      and Staphylococcus aureus. Only the boiled extract had an inhibitory activity
      against E. coli. Germination tests revealed a positive influence of the
      bioproducts on the cultivated plants. In the group treated with 10% EB, plants
      were 13% longer than in the control group; the content of elements B, Mo, Zn, and
      Na in the group treated with 10% ES was higher by 76%, 48%, 31%, and 59% than in
      the control group, respectively; the content of chlorophyll was 2.5 times higher
      in 0.5% ES than in the control group. Extracts showed the slight impact on the
      morphology of plants. 

PMID- 27366750
TI  - Prevalence of Extended Spectrum beta-Lactamase and Antimicrobial Susceptibility
      Pattern of Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas from Patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
      Pakistan.
AB  - Majority of gram negative pathogenic bacteria are responsible for extended
      spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) production, which show resistance to some newer
      generation of antibiotics. The study was aimed at evaluating the prevalence of
      ESBL and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas isolates collected
      during 2010 to 2014 from tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. Out of
      3450 samples, 334 Pseudomonas spp. isolates comprised of 232 indoor and 102
      outdoor patients were obtained from different specimens and their susceptibility
      pattern was determined against 20 antibiotics. Antimicrobial susceptibility
      testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer agar diffusion method and ESBL
      production was detected by Synergy Disc Diffusion technique. The mean age group
      of the patients was 29.9 + 9.15 years. Meronem showed best activity (91.02%) from
      class carbapenem, beta-lactam and beta-lactamase inhibitors exhibited 69.16%
      activity, and doxycycline had a diminished activity (10.18%) to Pseudomonas spp.
      Outdoor isolates were more resistant than the indoor and during the course of the
      study the sensitivity rate of antibiotics was gradually reducing. ESBL production
      was observed in 44.32% while the remaining was non-ESBL. The moderate active
      antibiotics were amikacin (50.7%), SCF (51.4%), TZP (52.7%), and MXF (54.1%)
      among ESBL producing isolates. Lack of antibiotic policy, irrational uses (3GCs
      particularly), and the emergence of antibiotic resistant organisms in hospitals
      may be causes of high antibiotic resistance. 

PMID- 27366751
TI  - Efficacy of Linezolid and Fosfomycin in Catheter-Related Biofilm Infection Caused
      by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - As long-standing clinical problems, catheter-related infections and other chronic
      biofilm infections are more difficult to treat due to the high antibiotic
      resistance of biofilm. Therefore, new treatments are needed for more effective
      bacteria clearance. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activities of
      several common antibiotics alone and their combinations against biofilm-embedded
      methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, both in vitro and
      in vivo. In brief, fosfomycin, levofloxacin, and rifampin alone or in combination
      with linezolid were tested in vitro against planktonic and biofilm-embedded MRSA
      infection in three MRSA stains. The synergistic effects between linezolid and the
      other three antibiotics were assessed by fractional inhibitory concentration
      index (FICI) and time-kill curves, where the combination of linezolid plus
      fosfomycin showed the best synergistic effect in all strains. For further
      evaluation in vivo, we applied the combination of linezolid and fosfomycin in a
      catheter-related biofilm rat model and found that viable bacteria counts in
      biofilm were significantly reduced after treatment (P < 0.05). In summary, we
      have shown here that the combination of linezolid and fosfomycin treatment had
      improved therapeutic effects on biofilm-embedded MRSA infection both in vitro and
      in vivo, which provided important basis for new clinical therapy development. 

PMID- 27366752
TI  - Influence of a 10-Day Mimic of Our Ancient Lifestyle on Anthropometrics and
      Parameters of Metabolism and Inflammation: The "Study of Origin".
AB  - Chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance are intimately related
      entities that are common to most, if not all, chronic diseases of affluence. We
      hypothesized that a short-term intervention based on "ancient stress factors" may
      improve anthropometrics and clinical chemical indices. We executed a pilot study
      of whether a 10-day mimic of a hunter-gatherer lifestyle favorably affects
      anthropometrics and clinical chemical indices. Fifty-five apparently healthy
      subjects, in 5 groups, engaged in a 10-day trip through the Pyrenees. They walked
      14 km/day on average, carrying an 8-kilo backpack. Raw food was provided and self
      prepared and water was obtained from waterholes. They slept outside in sleeping
      bags and were exposed to temperatures ranging from 12 to 42 degrees C.
      Anthropometric data and fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and the
      study end. We found important significant changes in most outcomes favoring
      better metabolic functioning and improved anthropometrics. Coping with "ancient
      mild stress factors," including physical exercise, thirst, hunger, and climate,
      may influence immune status and improve anthropometrics and metabolic indices in
      healthy subjects and possibly patients suffering from metabolic and immunological
      disorders. 

PMID- 27366753
TI  - Effect of TRPV4-p38 MAPK Pathway on Neuropathic Pain in Rats with Chronic
      Compression of the Dorsal Root Ganglion.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among TRPV4, p38, and
      neuropathic pain in a rat model of chronic compression of the dorsal root
      ganglion. Mechanical allodynia appeared after CCD surgery, enhanced via the
      intrathecal injection of 4alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4alpha-PDD, an agonist
      of TRPV4) and anisomycin (an agonist of p38), but was suppressed by Ruthenium Red
      (RR, an inhibitor of TRPV4) and SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38). The protein
      expressions of p38 and P-p38 were upregulated by 4alpha-PDD and anisomycin
      injection but reduced by RR and SB203580. Moreover, TRPV4 was upregulated by
      4alpha-PDD and SB203580 and downregulated by RR and anisomycin. In DRG tissues,
      the numbers of TRPV4- or p38-positive small neurons were significantly changed in
      CCD rats, increased by the agonists, and decreased by the inhibitors. The
      amplitudes of ectopic discharges were increased by 4alpha-PDD and anisomycin but
      decreased by RR and SB203580. Collectively, these results support the link
      between TRPV4 and p38 and their intermediary role for neuropathic pain in rats
      with chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion. 

PMID- 27366754
TI  - Formation of Aldehydic Phosphatidylcholines during the Anaerobic Decomposition of
      a Phosphatidylcholine Bearing the 9-Hydroperoxide of Linoleic Acid.
AB  - Lipid oxidation-derived carbonyl compounds are associated with the development of
      various physiological disorders. Formation of most of these products has recently
      been suggested to require further reactions of oxygen with lipid hydroperoxides.
      However, in rat and human tissues, the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is
      greatly elevated during hypoxic/ischemic conditions. Furthermore, a previous
      study found an unexpected result that the decomposition of a phosphatidylcholine
      (PC) bearing the 13-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid under a nitrogen atmosphere
      afforded 9-oxononanoyl-PC rather than 13-oxo-9,11-tridecadienoyl-PC as the main
      aldehydic PC. In the present study, products of the anaerobic decomposition of a
      PC bearing the 9-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid were analysed by electrospray
      ionization mass spectrometry. 9-Oxononanoyl-PC (ONA-PC) and several well-known
      bioactive aldehydes including 12-oxo-9-hydroperoxy-(or oxo or hydroxy)-10
      dodecenoyl-PCs were detected. Hydrolysis of the oxidized PC products, methylation
      of the acids obtained thereby, and subsequent gas chromatography-mass
      spectroscopy with electron impact ionization further confirmed structures of some
      of the key aldehydic PCs. Novel, hydroxyl radical-dependent mechanisms of
      formation of ONA-PC and peroxyl-radical dependent mechanisms of formation of the
      rest of the aldehydes are proposed. The latter mechanisms will mainly be relevant
      to tissue injury under hypoxic/anoxic conditions, while the former are relevant
      under both normoxia and hypoxia/anoxia. 

PMID- 27366755
TI  - Combined V-Y Fasciocutaneous Advancement and Gluteus Maximus Muscle Rotational
      Flaps for Treating Sacral Sores.
AB  - The sacral area is the most common site of pressure sore in bed-ridden patients.
      Though many treatment methods have been proposed, a musculocutaneous flap using
      the gluteus muscles or a fasciocutaneous flap is the most popular surgical
      option. Here, we propose a new method that combines the benefits of these 2
      methods: combined V-Y fasciocutaneous advancement and gluteus maximus muscle
      rotational flaps. A retrospective review was performed for 13 patients who
      underwent this new procedure from March 2011 to December 2013. Patients' age,
      sex, accompanying diseases, follow-up duration, surgical details, complications,
      and recurrence were documented. Computed tomography was performed postoperatively
      at 2 to 4 weeks and again at 4 to 6 months to identify the thickness and volume
      of the rotational muscle portion. After surgery, all patients healed within 1
      month; 3 patients experienced minor complications. The average follow-up period
      was 13.6 months, during which time 1 patient had a recurrence (recurrence rate,
      7.7%). Average thickness of the rotated muscle was 9.43 mm at 2 to 4 weeks
      postoperatively and 9.22 mm at 4 to 6 months postoperatively (p = 0.087). Muscle
      thickness had not decreased, and muscle volume was relatively maintained. This
      modified method is relatively simple and easy for reconstructing sacral sores,
      provides sufficient padding, and has little muscle donor-site morbidity. 

PMID- 27366757
TI  - Diabetic Foot: Current Status and Future Prospects.

PMID- 27366756
TI  - Serotonin- and Dopamine-Related Gene Expression in db/db Mice Islets and in MIN6
      beta-Cells Treated with Palmitate and Oleate.
AB  - High circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) concentration, often reported
      in diabetes, leads to impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS)
      through not yet well-defined mechanisms. Serotonin and dopamine might contribute
      to NEFA-dependent beta-cell dysfunction, since extracellular signal of these
      monoamines decreases GSIS. Moreover, palmitate-treated beta-cells may enhance the
      expression of the serotonin receptor Htr2c, affecting insulin secretion.
      Additionally, the expression of monoamine-oxidase type B (Maob) seems to be lower
      in islets from humans and mice with diabetes compared to nondiabetic islets,
      which may lead to increased monoamine concentrations. We assessed the expression
      of serotonin- and dopamine-related genes in islets from db/db and wild-type (WT)
      mice. In addition, the effect of palmitate and oleate on the expression of such
      genes, 5HT content, and GSIS in MIN6 beta-cell was determined. Lower Maob
      expression was found in islets from db/db versus WT mice and in MIN6 beta-cells
      in response to palmitate and oleate treatment compared to vehicle. Reduced 5HT
      content and impaired GSIS in response to palmitate (-25%; p < 0.0001) and oleate
      (-43%; p < 0.0001) were detected in MIN6 beta-cells. In conclusion, known defects
      of GSIS in islets from db/db mice and MIN6 beta-cells treated with NEFAs are
      accompanied by reduced Maob expression and reduced 5HT content. 

PMID- 27366758
TI  - No place for /h/: an ERP investigation of English fricative place features.
AB  - The representational format of speech units in long-term memory is a topic of
      debate. We present novel event-related brain potential evidence from the Mismatch
      Negativity (MMN) paradigm that is compatible with abstract, non-redundant feature
      based models like the Featurally Underspecified Lexicon (FUL). First, we show
      that the fricatives /s/ and /f/ display an asymmetric pattern of MMN responses,
      which is predicted if /f/ has a fully specified place of articulation ([Labial])
      but /s/ does not ([Coronal], which is lexically underspecified). Second, we show
      that when /s/ and /h/ are contrasted, no such asymmetric MMN pattern occurs. The
      lack of asymmetry suggests both that (i) oral and laryngeal articulators are
      represented distinctly and that (ii) /h/ has no oral place of articulation in
      long-term memory. The lack of asymmetry between /s/ and /h/ is also in-line with
      traditional feature-geometric models of lexical representations.

PMID- 27366759
TI  - Aorta Atherosclerosis Lesion Analysis in Hyperlipidemic Mice.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium-sized
      arteries. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice are used as experimental
      models to study human atherosclerosis. ApoE-/- mice are constitutively
      hyperlipidemic and develop intima plaques that resemble human plaques. Various
      issues including experimental design for lesion analysis, dietary conditions,
      isolation of the aorta, staining methods, morphometry, group size, age, the
      location within the arterial tree, and statistical analyses are important
      parameters that need to be addressed to obtain robust data. Here, we provide
      detailed methods to quantify aorta atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27366760
TI  - Zika virus outbreak: an overview of the experimental therapeutics and treatment.
AB  - Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a new emerging threat around the globe which might
      be responsible for microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome in the infants.
      Recently, ZIKV outbreak has caused a public health crisis in Brazil after being
      linked to a sharp increase in birth defects. ZIKV is ssRNA virus belongs to the
      family Flaviviridae. It is mainly transmitted by mosquito bite specifically Aedes
      species and disease symptoms include fever, joint pain, muscle pain, rash,
      conjunctivitis, and headache. The reservoir of ZIKV is still not known.
      Protection at personal level by avoiding mosquito bite would help to reduce the
      incidence of the disease. Control of ZIKV infection by vaccination or antiviral
      drug either from modern, complementary and alternative medicines may be
      considered to be one of the most effective strategies in the long run. Large
      scale immunization of susceptible human population is highly required to prevent
      this deadly disease. Attempts should be made as soon as possible to develop
      effective vaccines or antiviral to prevent ZIKV infection. This article provides
      a current overview of the experimental therapeutics and treatment options based
      on modern, complementary and alternative medicines. 

PMID- 27366761
TI  - Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: a Mozambique overview.
AB  - Human Papillomavirus is agent of the most common sexually transmitted disease
      which is able to infect mucosal and cutaneous membranes of the anogenital region,
      upper aerodigestive tract, and other head and neck mucosal regions. Although
      mainly HPV infection can be asymptomatic and transient, it may persist and give
      rise to various lesions such as warts, condyloma dysplasia and cancers depending
      on low or high risk type of HPV infection. Moreover, growing recent evidence
      suggests a role of this virus in male and female fertility. To date no effective
      prevention, test, treatment and control strategies are provided for people in
      developing countries despite the reported high incidence of HPV both in women and
      men. This paper reviews the more recent literature about HPV infection
      highlighting epidemiology, related pathologies and possible fertility effects of
      HPV in male and female with particular attention to the Mozambique context. 

PMID- 27366762
TI  - Design and evaluation of reverse transcription nested PCR primers for the
      detection of betanodavirus in finfish.
AB  - Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy otherwise known as viral nervous necrosis
      (VNN) is a neuropathological condition affecting more than 50 fish species
      worldwide, mostly marine. Different PCR protocols with specific primers were
      reported from many countries for confirmation of VNN in fishes. In the present
      study, two pairs of primers were designed and evaluated for the diagnosis of
      clinical and subclinical cases of infections from field. These primers designated
      as BARL-F1/BARL-R1 amplified a 902 bp product in the variable region (T4) of the
      coat protein gene by first step PCR. Nested PCR primers BARL-F2/BARL-R2 amplified
      a fragment of 313 bp. The results were comparable with other commonly used primer
      sets such as F2/R3 and RG668f/RG919r primers. These new primers could detect
      betanodavirus in standard reference samples containing low, moderate and high
      viral load. Known positive and negative control samples of fish also revealed a
      predictive value of 100 % by RT-PCR diagnosis. 

PMID- 27366763
TI  - The emergence and consistency of influenza strains causing influenza like illness
      in Himachal Pradesh, India.
AB  - The present study offers the status of ongoing surveillance influenza at National
      Influenza Surveillance Centre (NISC), Central Research Institute (CRI), Kasauli
      for the emergence and consistency of influenza strains for current as well as
      over a period of three decades in Solan, Himachal Pradesh. From 1980 to 2015,
      various clinical centers of Himachal reported counts of influenza-like illness
      (fever including cough or sore throat). During these years, the respiratory
      specimens of 6581 patients showing influenza-like illness were collected. The
      incidence of visits had been calculated for influenza-like illness using the size
      of the patient population, and the incidence attributable to influenza was
      extrapolated from the proportion of patients with positive tests. Up to 2008 the
      egg inoculation method was used for the isolation and detection of influenza
      strains but in 2009 a RT-PCR equipped, fabricated BSL-3 laboratory was implanted
      at CRI for the isolation and detection of influenza strains. The reagents,
      primers and probes were supplied by NCDC, Delhi. Since 1980, 319 influenza
      isolates has been identified and isolated at NISC. Among these 282 were isolated
      by egg propagation method while 37 were processed by RT-PCR. Influenza incidence
      varied with age groups and by season after the pandemic of 2009 influenza A,
      H1N1. High levels of influenza virus circulation, especially in young children,
      emphasize the need for additional efforts to increase the uptake of influenza
      vaccines and anti-virals. 

PMID- 27366764
TI  - Ebolavirus evolves in human to minimize the detection by immune cells by
      accumulating adaptive mutations.
AB  - The current outbreak of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) lasted longer than the previous
      outbreaks and there is as yet no proven treatment or vaccine available.
      Understanding host immune pressure and associated EBOV immune evasion that drive
      the evolution of EBOV is vital for diagnosis as well as designing a highly
      effective vaccine. The aim of this study was to deduce adaptive selection
      pressure acting on each amino acid sites of EBOV responsible for the recent 2014
      outbreak. Multiple statistical methods employed in the study include SLAC, FEL,
      REL, IFEL, FUBAR and MEME. Results show that a total of 11 amino acid sites from
      sGP and ssGP, and 14 sites from NP, VP40, VP24 and L proteins were inferred as
      positively and negatively selected, respectively. Overall, the function of 11 out
      of 25 amino acid sites under selection pressure exactly found to be involved in T
      cell and B-cell epitopes. We identified that the EBOV had evolved through
      purifying selection pressure, which is a predictor that is known to aid the virus
      to adapt better to the human host and subsequently reduce the efficiency of
      existing immunity. Furthermore, computational RNA structure prediction showed
      that the three synonymous nucleotide mutations in NP gene altered the RNA
      secondary structure and optimal base-pairing energy, implicating a possible
      effect on genome replication. Here, we have provided evidence that the EBOV
      strains involved in the recent 2014 outbreak have evolved to minimize the
      detection by T and B cells by accumulating adaptive mutations to increase the
      survival fitness. 

PMID- 27366765
TI  - Association of tomato leaf curl Sudan virus with leaf curl disease of tomato in
      Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Tomato is an important vegetable crop and its production is adversely affected by
      leaf curl disease caused by begomovirus. Leaf curl disease is a serious concern
      for tomato crops caused by begomovirus in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tomato
      leaf curl disease has been shown to be mainly caused either by tomato leaf curl
      Sudan virus or tomato yellow leaf curl virus as well as tomato leaf curl Oman
      virus. Many tomato plants infected with monopartite begomoviruses were also found
      to harbor a symptom enhancing betasatellites. Here we report the association of
      tomato leaf curl Sudan virus causing leaf curl disease of tomato in Jeddah,
      Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The complete genome sequence analysis showed highest
      (99.9 %) identity with tomato leaf curl Sudan virus causing leaf curl disease in
      Arabian Peninsula. In phylogenetic relationships analysis, the identified virus
      formed closest cluster with tomato leaf curl Sudan virus. In recombination
      analysis study, the major parent was identified as tomato leaf curl Sudan virus.
      Findings of this study strongly supports the associated virus is a variant of
      tomato leaf curl Sudan virus causing disease in Sudan, Yemen and Arabian
      Peninsula. The betasatellites sequence analysis showed highest identity (99.8 %)
      with tomato leaf curl betasatellites-Amaranthus-Jeddah. The phylogenetic analysis
      result based on betasatellites formed closed cluster with tomato yellow leaf curl
      Oman betasatellites. The importance of these findings and occurrence of
      begomovirus in new geographic regions causing leaf curl disease of tomato in
      Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are discussed. 

PMID- 27366766
TI  - Molecular characterization of banana bunchy top virus isolate from Sri Lanka and
      its genetic relationship with other isolates.
AB  - Bunchy top disease of banana caused by Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV, genus
      Babuvirus family Nanoviridae) is one of the most important constraints in
      production of banana in the different parts of the world. Six genomic DNA
      components of BBTV isolate from Kandy, Sri Lanka (BBTV-K) were amplified by
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers using total DNA extracted
      from banana tissues showing typical symptoms of bunchy top disease. The amplicons
      were of expected size of 1.0-1.1 kb, which were cloned and sequenced. Analysis of
      sequence data revealed the presence of six DNA components; DNA-R, DNA-U3, DNA-S,
      DNA-N, DNA-M and DNA-C for Sri Lanka isolate. Comparisons of sequence data of DNA
      components followed by the phylogenetic analysis, grouped Sri Lanka-(Kandy)
      isolate in the Pacific Indian Oceans (PIO) group. Sri Lanka-(Kandy) isolate of
      BBTV is classified a new member of PIO group based on analysis of six components
      of the virus. 

PMID- 27366767
TI  - Evidence of genetic drift and reassortment in infectious bursal disease virus and
      emergence of outbreaks in poultry farms in India.
AB  - Recurrent outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD) have become a burning
      problem to the poultry industry worldwide. Here, we performed genetic analysis of
      IBD virus (IBDV) field isolates from recent outbreaks in various poultry farms in
      India. The sequence analysis of IBDV VP2 hypervariable region revealed amino acid
      pattern similar to that of very virulent (222A, 242I, 253Q, 256I, 272I, 279D,
      284A, 294I, 299S and 330S) and intermediate plus virulent (222A, 242I, 253Q,
      256I, 272T, 279N, 284A, 294I, 299S and 330S) type whereas analysis of VP1
      revealed presence of sequence similar to that of very virulent (61I, 145T) and
      unique (61I, 141I, 143D, 145S) type in field isolates. Among the eight field
      isolates, two isolates contained very virulent type VP2 and unique type VP1,
      three contained intermediate plus virulent type VP2 and unique type VP1 whereas
      five contained both VP2 and VP1 of very virulent type. The phylogenetic analysis
      based on VP2 nucleotide sequence showed clustering of all eight isolates close to
      known very virulent strains whereas based on VP1, five isolates formed unique
      cluster and three isolates were placed close to very virulent strains. The
      isolates forming unique VP1 cluster showed highest similarity with classical
      virulent IBDVs suggesting their possible evolution from segment B of non-very
      virulent IBDVs. Interestingly, these five isolates were responsible for outbreaks
      in four different farms located at three different geographic locations in India.
      These observations indicates genetic reassortment between segment A and segment B
      from co-infecting IBDV strains leading to emergence of very virulent strains and
      their widespread prevalence in Indian poultry farms. The presence of 272I and
      279D in VP2 protein of five field isolates may explain possible cause of Gumboro
      intermediate plus vaccine failure in prevention of the outbreaks. However,
      mortality caused by other three strains which are antigenically similar to VP1 of
      intermediate plus vaccine strains could not be explained and the possible role of
      their unique VP1 in enhancing the pathogenesis needs to be investigated further. 

PMID- 27366768
TI  - Antiviral activity of the oseltamivir and Melissa officinalis L. essential oil
      against avian influenza A virus (H9N2).
AB  - Lemon balm derivatives are going to acquire a novelty as natural and potent
      remedy for treatment of viral infections since the influenza viruses are
      developing resistance to the current antivirals widely. Oseltamivir, Melissa
      officinalis essential oil (MOEO) and their synergistic efficacy against avian
      influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 were evaluated in vitro in MDCK cells at
      different time exposure by using TCID50, HA, Real Time PCR and HI assay. The
      results showed that MOEO could inhibit replication of AVI through the different
      virus replication phase (P <= 0.05). Also the highest antiviral activity of MOEO
      was seen when AIV incubated with MOEO before cell infection. The TCID50/ml was
      reduced 1.3-2.1, 2.3-2.8, 3.7-4.5 log 10 than control group (5.6 log 10), HAU/50
      ul was decreased 85-94, 71.4-94, 71.4-94 % and viral genome copy number/ul was
      brought down 68-95, 90-100, 89.6-99.9 % at pre-infection, post-infection and
      simultaneous stage, respectively. Hemagglutination inhibition result showed the
      MOEO was not able to inhibit agglutination of the chicken red blood cell (cRBC).
      Replication of the AVI was suppressed by the different concentration of
      oseltamivir completely or near 100 %. Also oseltamivir showed a synergistic
      activity with MOEO especially when oseltamivir concentration reduced under 0.005
      mg/ml. The chemical composition was examined by GC-MS analysis and Its main
      constituents were identified as monoterpenaldehydes citral a, citral b. In
      conclusion, the findings of the study showed that lemon balm essential oil could
      inhibit influenza virus replication through different replication cycle steps
      especially throughout the direct interaction with the virus particles. 

PMID- 27366769
TI  - Rotavirus infections in Detroit, USA, a region of low vaccine prevalence.
AB  - After a sharp drop of rotavirus (RV) infections at Children's Hospital of
      Michigan, Detroit, USA in 2010 season, we noted an increase in the number of
      cases during the 2011 season including some RV vaccine (RVV) recipients. This
      study was conducted to determine the circulating genotypes during 2011 season and
      whether the increase in RV diarrhea was caused by replacement genotypes. G and P
      genotypes were determined by RT PCR and nucleotide sequencing of selected strains
      was performed. The vaccination rate among study patients was 24 %. RV strains
      from 68 stool samples were genotyped including 18 from vaccinated children and 50
      from unvaccinated children. The predominant G genotype was G1 (58.8 %) followed
      by G9 (17.7 %) and G4 (15.5 %). P[8] was the predominant P genotype (68 %)
      followed by P[6] (17.6 %) and P[4] (3 %). All G9 strains were associated with
      P[6]. The most prevalent G-P combination was G1P[8] (56 %), followed by G9P[6]
      (17.6 %). Similar proportions of RV genotypes were found among vaccinated and
      unvaccinated children. Our local data suggest that 5 years after the introduction
      of RVV there has been no genotype replacement. Although a small increase in
      G9P[6] frequency was noted, G1P[8] remained the predominant strain of RV in our
      inner city community in the Midwestern USA. 

PMID- 27366770
TI  - Chikungunya: a reemerging infection spreading during 2010 dengue fever outbreak
      in National Capital Region of India.
AB  - Chikungunya fever is an important reemerging arbovirus illness, which is
      transmitted by the same vector as of dengue virus. Many cases of concurrent
      infections with multiple dengue virus serotypes have been reported in many
      countries. Also, concurrent infection with Chikungunya virus and dengue virus has
      been reported in the past in Delhi. Therefore, this study was done to detect
      Chikungunya IgM antibodies in suspected dengue fever patients. In this study,
      1666 serum samples suspected of dengue fever and collected during the outbreak
      period (August 2010-December 2010) were tested for dengue IgM antibodies, of
      which 736 tested negative. Of the 736 dengue IgM negative sera, 666 were tested
      for Chikungunya IgM antibodies. The demographic profile and essential laboratory
      investigations were recorded. Chikungunya IgM was detected in 9.91 % of the
      patients. During the post-monsoon period though dengue dominated in numbers, the
      number of Chikungunya fever cases increased gradually followed by an abrupt
      decrease with the onset of winter. The Chikungunya IgM positive patients were
      suffering from fever of more than 5 days duration and had thrombocytopenia. Due
      to similarity in clinical features and vector transmitting dengue and Chikungunya
      virus, continuous surveillance of both dengue fever and Chikungunya fever is
      desirable for better management and epidemiological assessment. 

PMID- 27366771
TI  - Molecular characterization of tospoviruses associated with ringspot disease in
      bell pepper from different districts of Himachal Pradesh.
AB  - Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), an important cash crop for the farmers of
      Himachal Pradesh was found to be affected with tospovirus like disease. An
      extensive survey was conducted in the bell pepper grown areas in the five
      districts of Himachal Pradesh to identify and characterize the causative agent.
      Hence, 60 symptomatic bell pepper plants exhibiting characteristics symptoms were
      collected from Solan, Sirmaur, Hamirpur, Kangra and Bilaspur districts. Out of 60
      samples, 53 samples were found to be positive by DAS-ELISA with tospovirus group
      specific antiserum. To confirm the presence of tospovirus, DAC-ELISA was
      performed using GBNV/CaCV polyclonal antiserum and DAS-ELISA with two monoclonal
      antibodies i.e. TSWV, GRSV. All the 53 samples were found negative for TSWV and
      GRSV and positive for GBNV/CaCV. Further, eleven infected isolates from both poly
      house and open field conditions were selected for characterization at molecular
      level. RT-PCR was performed with N gene specific primers for TSWV, GBNV and CaCV.
      The eleven samples selected for molecular identification were further found to be
      negative for TSWV and positive for CaCV using RT-PCR. One of the samples from
      district Sirmaur was found to be positive for mixed infection of GBNV and CaCV. N
      gene phylogenetic analysis of CaCV/GBNV provided important information about the
      movement and evolution of tospoviruses in Himachal Pradesh. 

PMID- 27366772
TI  - Partial biological and molecular characterization of a Cucumber mosaic virus
      isolate naturally infecting Cucumis melo in Iran.
AB  - Melon seedlings showing systemic chlorotic spots and mosaic symptoms were
      collected in central part of Iran, and a virus was isolated from diseased plants
      by mechanical inoculation. The virus systemically infected the most inoculated
      test plants by inducing mosaic symptoms, while, in the members of Fabaceae family
      and Chenopodium quinoa induced local lesions. Agar gel diffusion test using a
      polyclonal antiserum against a squash Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolate showed
      the presence of CMV in the mechanically inoculated plants (designated CMV-Me).
      The virus was purified by polyethylene glycol precipitation and differential
      centrifugation. A polyclonal antiserum was produced against the virus that
      reacted specifically with virus antigen in ELISA and agar gel diffusion tests.
      The virus was molecularly characterized by PCR amplification of the full length
      of the coat protein gene using cucumovirus genus specific primer pair CPTALL
      3/CPTALL-5 and sequence analysis of the resulting product. No RNA satellite was
      detected using the primer pair CMVsat3H/sat5T7P. Phylogenetic analysis based on
      the coat protein amino acid sequences showed that CMV-Me belongs to Subgroup IB.
      These results may be helpful in melon breeding programs, focusing on plant
      resistance to plant viruses including CMV. 

PMID- 27366773
TI  - Occurrence and identification of contagious ecthyma in blackbuck.
AB  - A carcass of male free ranging adult blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) was
      presented for necropsy examination exhibiting thick confluent nodular skin
      lesions around the mouth and the dry scaly crusts/fissures on the skin of
      abdomen, thigh and shoulder with subcutaneous haemorrhages. The skin sample
      around mouth was found positive for orf virus (ORFV) identified by
      counterimmunoelectrophoresis and PCR. Histopathology of the mouth skin revealed
      the hyperkeratinization, epidermal sloughing and epithelial hyperplasia showing
      acanthosis with rete ridges and few eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion
      bodies in keratinocytes. Further, comparative B2L gene sequence analysis revealed
      that the virus isolate from blackbuck had shown 97.8-99.6 and 97.6-99.5 %
      identity at nucleotide and amino acid levels respectively with Indian isolates
      and maximum identity with ORFV 79/04, an isolate from India. Phylogenetic
      analysis based on B2L gene also revealed the same evolutionary relationship that
      it is closely related to Indian isolates. This seems to be the first report of
      orf in blackbuck from Indian subcontinent. 

PMID- 27366774
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus isolates occurring in India
      during 1989-2013.
AB  - The study details characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates
      recovered from commercial poultry flocks (chicken) and wild birds (crane) of
      India during the time period from 1989 to 2013. Phylogenetic analysis revealed
      that most of the NDV isolates belongs to class II, genotype XIIIa and a chicken
      isolate (108/BAREILLY/AD-IVRI/91) was of genotype VI, where it showed diversity
      of 3 % from the other viruses belonging to same genotype. Another chicken isolate
      (75/RAMPUR/AD-IVRI/89) grouped in genotype III and showed 4 % diversity with
      viruses of genotype III. The crane origin NDV identified as of genotype II
      corresponding to the vaccine virus. This appears to be the first report about
      existence of genotype XIIIa and its ancestral viruses are circulating in India
      for the last two decades in different species of birds. Furthermore, genetically
      distinct viruses belonging to genotypes II, III and VI are also circulating in
      India. 

PMID- 27366775
TI  - First report of association of potato virus X and potato virus Y and 'Candidatus
      Phytoplasma trifolii' in brinjal in India.
AB  - Symptoms of little leaf, leaf chlorosis and leaf malformations with mosaic
      mottling symptoms were observed in two brinjal varieties (Pusa Shyamla and Pusa
      Purple Cluster) in fields of IARI, New Delhi, India during 2014-2015. Electron
      microscopy, PCR and sequence analysis first time provided evidence of association
      of Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii with potato virus X and potato virus Y in
      brinjal in India. 

PMID- 27366776
TI  - Orf virus infection in human ecthyma contagiosum: a report of two cases in the
      West of Iran.
AB  - Ecthyma contagiosum is caused by the orf virus, a member of the genus
      Parapoxvirus in the family Poxviridae. Humans acquire the infection from contact
      with infected or recently vaccinated animals in conjunction with skin trauma. In
      this study, we report two cases of orf infection in two women who had contact
      with animals. Diagnosis was based, apart from the clinical signs, on histological
      examination, virus isolation using fetal bovine esophagus cells, electron
      microscopy and PCR. 

PMID- 27366778
TI  - Data on human neutrophil activation induced by pepducins with amino acid
      sequences derived from beta2AR and CXCR4.
AB  - The data described here is related to the research article titled (Gabl et al.,
      2016) [1]. Pepducins with peptide sequence derived from one of the intracellular
      domains of a given G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) can either activate or
      inhibit cell functions. Here we include data on human neutrophil function induced
      by pepducins derived from beta2AR (ICL3-8) and CXCR4 (ATI-2341), respectively.
      ICL3-8 exerts neither direct activating effect on the NADPH-oxidase as measured
      by superoxide release nor inhibitory effect on FPR signaling. ATI-2341 dose
      dependently triggers neutrophil activation and these cells were subsequently
      desensitized in their response to FPR2 specific agonists F2Pal10 and WKYMVM.
      Moreover, the ATI-2341 response is inhibited by PBP10 and the peptidomimetic Pam
      (Lys-betaNSpe)6-NH2 (both are FPR2 specific inhibitors), but not to the FPR1
      specific inhibitor cyclosporine H. 

PMID- 27366777
TI  - Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging provides additional information as compared
      to anatomical imaging for decision-making in vestibular schwannoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The added value of perfusion MRI for decision-making in vestibular
      schwannoma (VS) patients is unknown. MRI offers two perfusion methods: the first
      employing contrast agent (dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI) that
      provides information on cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow
      (CBF), the second by magnetic labeling of blood (arterial spin labeling (ASL)
      MRI), providing CBF-images. The goal of the current study is to investigate
      whether DSC and ASL perfusion MRI provides complimentary information to current
      anatomical imaging in treatment selection process of VS. METHODS: Nine patients
      with growing VS with extrameatal diameter >9 mm were included (>2 mm/year and 20%
      volume expansion/year) and one patient with 23 mm extrameatal VS without growth.
      DSC and ASL perfusion MRI were obtained on 3 T MRI. Perfusion in VS was scored as
      hyperintense, hypointense or isointense compared to the contralateral region.
      RESULTS: Seven patients showed hyperintense signal on DSC and ASL sequences.
      Three patients showed iso- or hypointense signal on at least one perfusion map (1
      patient hypointense on both DSC-MRI and ASL; 1 patient isointense on DSC-CBF; 1
      patient isointense on ASL). All patients showed enhancement on post-contrast T1
      anatomical scan. CONCLUSION: Perfusion MR provides additional information
      compared to anatomical imaging for decision-making in VS.

PMID- 27366779
TI  - Comparative testis proteome dataset between cattleyak and yak.
AB  - Cattleyak are hybrid between cattle and yak, which exhibit equivalent
      adaptability on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as yak and much higher capability in
      economic traits. However, the F1 males of cattleyak are infertile due to
      spermatogenic arrest and this greatly restricts the effective utilization of this
      hybrid. In this data article, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were
      identified from testis proteome of cattleyak and yak using high-performance
      liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). All
      the DEPs were subjected to functional classification by Gene Ontology (GO)
      analysis and gene-pathway annotation by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
      (KEGG). The comparative testis proteome dataset here can shed new light on the
      molecular characteristics of male infertility of cattleyak on proteome level,
      "Comparative iTRAQ proteomics revealed proteins associated with spermatogenic
      arrest of cattleyak" [1]. 

PMID- 27366780
TI  - Data of rational process optimization for the production of a full IgG and its
      Fab fragment from hybridoma cells.
AB  - This data article focuses on the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and
      their fragments Fab and F(ab')2. Here, we present the data of an optimization
      protocol to improve the product yield of a hybridoma cell process using a Design
      of Experiment (DoE) strategy. Furthermore, the data of the evaluated conditions
      were used to test feeding strategies in shake flasks. They were verified in
      controlled 2 L fed-batch bioreactor processes. Supplementing the culture medium
      with human insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and Pluronic F-68, as well as a
      nutrient rich additive for fed-batch, resulted in improved cell growth
      correlating with a 7 day elongated process time and a 4.5 fold higher product
      titer. Finally, a rapid Fab generation protocol and the respective data are
      presented using different papain digestion and a camelid anti-kappa light chain
      VHH affinity ligand. 

PMID- 27366781
TI  - Data set of optimal parameters for colorimetric red assay of epoxide hydrolase
      activity.
AB  - The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled
      "Epoxide hydrolase of Trichoderma reesei: Biochemical properties and
      conformational characterization" [1]. Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes that
      catalyze the hydrolysis of epoxides to the corresponding vicinal diols. This
      article describes the optimal parameters for the colorimetric red assay to
      determine the enzymatic activity, with an emphasis on the characterization of the
      kinetic parameters, pH optimum and thermal stability of this enzyme. The effects
      of reagents that are not resistant to oxidation by sodium periodate on the
      reactions can generate false positives and interfere with the final results of
      the red assay. 

PMID- 27366782
TI  - Data on synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles for in vivo
      delivery of siRNA-Npr3: Targeting NPR-C expression in the heart.
AB  - This data article contains the data related to the research article 'Transient
      silencing of Npr3 gene expression improved the circulatory levels of atrial
      natriuretic peptides and attenuated beta-adrenoceptor activation-induced cardiac
      hypertrophic growth in experimental rats' (Venkatesan et al., 2016 [1]). The
      siRNA-Npr3 loaded chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using ionotropic
      gelation method, where the positive charge of the chitosan interacts with the
      negative charge of STPP and siRNA-Npr3. The physicochemical properties of the
      synthesized siRNA-Npr3 loaded chitosan nanoparticles were studied by dynamic
      light scattering, FE-SEM and HR-TEM analysis. In addition, the loading efficiency
      and stability of the nanoparticles were also studied. Further, the gene silencing
      efficacy, hemocompatibility and biocompatibility were studied using Wistar rats
      (in vivo), isolated red blood cells and H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells, respectively. 

PMID- 27366783
TI  - Data set for diet specific differential gene expression analysis in three
      Spodoptera moths.
AB  - Examination of closely related species pairs is suggested for evolutionary
      comparisons of different degrees of polyphagy, which we did here with three taxa
      of lepidopteran herbivores, Spodoptera spp (S. littoralis, S. frugiperda maize
      (C) and rice (R) strains) for a RNAseq analysis of the midguts from the 3rd
      instar insect larvae for differential metabolic responses after feeding on pinto
      bean based artificial diet vs maize leaves. Paired-end (2*100 bp) Illumina
      HiSeq2500 sequencing resulted in a total of 24, 23, 24, and 21 million reads for
      the SF-C-Maize, SF-C-Pinto, SF-R-Maize, SF-R Pinto, and a total of 35 and 36
      million reads for the SL-Maize and SL-Pinto samples, respectively. After quality
      control measures, a total of 62.2 million reads from SL and 71.7 million reads
      from SF were used for transcriptome assembly (TA). The resulting final de novo
      reference TA (backbone) for the SF taxa contained 37,985 contigs with a N50
      contig size of 1030 bp and a maximum contig length of 17,093 bp, while for SL,
      28,329 contigs were generated with a N50 contig size of 1980 bp and a maximum
      contig length of 18,267 bp. The data presented herein contains supporting
      information related to our research article Roy et al. (2016)
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.006[1]. 

PMID- 27366784
TI  - Comprehensive dataset of the medicinal plants used by a Tashelhit speaking
      community in the High Atlas, Morocco.
AB  - This dataset describes medicinal plants used in a poorly studied area of Morocco:
      the High Atlas mountains, inhabited by Ishelhin people, the southern Moroccan
      Amazigh (Berber) ethnic group, "An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking
      community in the High Atlas, Morocco" (Teixidor-Toneu et al., 2016) [1]. It
      includes a comprehensive list of the plants used in the commune, as well as
      details on the plant voucher specimens collected and a glossary of Tashelhit
      terminology relevant to the study. To collect the data, semi-structured and
      structured interviews were carried out, as well as focus group discussions. Free
      prior informed consent was obtained for all interactions. A hundred and six
      adults were interviewed and 2084 use reports were collected; a hundred fifty-one
      vernacular names corresponding to 159 botanical species were found. 

PMID- 27366785
TI  - Dataset of Arabidopsis plants that overexpress FT driven by a meristem-specific
      KNAT1 promoter.
AB  - In this dataset we integrated figures comparing leaf number and rosette diameter
      in three Arabidopsis FT overexpressor lines (AtFTOE) driven by KNAT1 promoter, "A
      member of the KNOTTED class of homeodomain proteins encoded by the STM gene of
      Arabidopsis" [5], vs Wild Type (WT) Arabidopsis plats. Also, presented in the
      tables are some transcriptomic data obtained by RNA-seq Illumina HiSeq from
      rosette leaves of Arabidopsis plants of AtFTOE 2.1 line vs WT with accession
      numbers SRR2094583 and SRR2094587 for AtFTOE replicates 1-3 and AtWT for control
      replicates 1-2 respectively. Raw data of paired-end sequences are located in the
      public repository of the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the
      National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, United States of
      America, Bethesda, MD, USA as Sequence Read Archive (SRA). Performed analyses of
      differential expression genes are visualized by Mapman and presented in figures.
      "Transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis overexpressing flowering locus T driven
      by a meristem-specific promoter that induces early flowering" [2], described the
      interpretation and discussion of the obtained data. 

PMID- 27366786
TI  - Pincer nails in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis:
      A case report.

PMID- 27366787
TI  - The Challenges of Nursing Students in the Clinical Learning Environment: A
      Qualitative Study.
AB  - Background/Aim. Clinical learning is a main part of nursing education. Students'
      exposure to clinical learning environment is one of the most important factors
      affecting the teaching-learning process in clinical settings. Identifying
      challenges of nursing students in the clinical learning environment could improve
      training and enhance the quality of its planning and promotion of the students.
      We aimed to explore Iranian nursing students' challenges in the clinical learning
      environment. Materials and Methods. This is a qualitative study using the content
      analysis approach. The participants consisted of seventeen nursing students and
      three nursing instructors. The participants were selected through purposive
      sampling method and attended semistructured interviews and focus groups. Results.
      Three themes emerged after data analysis, including ineffective communications,
      inadequate readiness, and emotional reactions. Conclusion. Nursing students in
      Iran are faced with many challenges in the clinical learning environment. All
      challenges identified in this study affected the students' learning in clinical
      setting. Therefore, we recommend that the instructors prepare students with a
      specific focus on their communication and psychological needs.

PMID- 27366788
TI  - Association between Reactive Attachment Disorder/Disinhibited Social Engagement
      Disorder and Emerging Personality Disorder: A Feasibility Study.
AB  - A systematic review of reactive attachment disorder (RAD)/disinhibited social
      engagement disorder (DSED) in adolescence highlighted that young people with the
      disorder had indiscriminate friendliness with difficulties in establishing and
      maintaining stable relationships. Most reported experiences of rejection. We were
      struck by similarities between the above and features of emergence of personality
      disorders (EPD). This feasibility study aimed to determine best ways of
      recruiting and retaining vulnerable young people and the proportion of
      participants with RAD/DSED who might have emerging borderline personality
      disorder (EBPD). Participants were referred to the study by their treating
      clinicians from local mental health teams. Results showed strong association
      between RAD/DSED and EBPD. Participant characteristics showed high levels of out
      of home placements, early termination of school careers, suicide attempts,
      quasipsychotic symptoms, and multiagency involvements. They experienced the
      project as an opportunity to talk about relationships and reported that they
      would like more of this in usual clinical contacts. They all agreed to be
      contacted for future studies. Previous studies have shown that early detection
      and treatment of emergent personality traits can alter trajectory. Future
      research will continue to explore these trajectories, explore detection of
      vulnerability factors, and evaluate interventions.

PMID- 27366789
TI  - Recent Trends and Techniques in Computing Information Intelligence.

PMID- 27366790
TI  - Minimally Invasive Treatment of Infrabony Periodontal Defects Using Dual
      Wavelength Laser Therapy.
AB  - Introduction. Surgical management of infrabony defects is an invasive procedure,
      frequently requiring the use of adjunctive material such as grafts or biologics,
      which is time-consuming and associated with expense and morbidity to the patient.
      Lasers in periodontal regeneration have been reported in the literature, with
      each wavelength having potential benefits through different laser-tissue
      interactions. The purpose of this case series was to assess the efficacy of a new
      dual-wavelength protocol in the management of infrabony defects. Materials and
      Methods. 32 defects (one in each patient) were treated using ultrasonic
      debridement, followed by flapless application of Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium,
      Scandium, Gallium, Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser (wavelength 2780 nm), and final
      application of diode laser (wavelength 940 nm). Pocket depths (PD) were measured
      after 6 months and repeat radiographs taken after one year. Results. The mean
      baseline PD was 8.8 mm (range 6-15 mm) and 6 months later was 2.4 mm (range 2-4
      mm), with mean PD reduction being 6.4 +/- 1.7 mm (range 3-12 mm). There was a
      significant gain in relative linear bone height (apical extent of bone), with
      mean percentage bone fill of 39.7 +/- 41.2% and 53% of sites showing at least 40%
      infill of bone. Conclusion. The results compare favourably with traditional
      surgery and require further validation through randomised clinical controlled
      trials. 

PMID- 27366792
TI  - Kidney alpha-Intercalated Cells, NGAL and Urinary Tract Infection.
AB  - It is well known that kidney alpha-intercalated cells can acidify the urine and
      acidified urine can inhibit bacterial growth and other urinary organisms.
      However, regulation of acid-base balance rather than a dedicated function in
      preventing urinary tract infection has been assigned to alpha-intercalated cells.
      A series of studies, culminated by the publication of a paper (J Clin Invest.
      2014 Jul 1;124(7):2963-76) from Dr. Barasch's lab unearthed a novel mechanism by
      which alpha-intercalated cells function in the innate immune defense of urinary
      tract infection. This mechanism involves production and release of neutrophil
      gelatinase-associated lipocalin by alpha-intercalated cells to chelate the
      siderophore containing host iron to achieve bacteriostasis.

PMID- 27366791
TI  - Cardiac myosin-Th17 responses promote heart failure in human myocarditis.
AB  - In human myocarditis and its sequela dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), the mechanisms
      and immune phenotype governing disease and subsequent heart failure are not
      known. Here, we identified a Th17 cell immunophenotype of human myocarditis/DCM
      with elevated CD4+IL17+ T cells and Th17-promoting cytokines IL-6, TGF-beta, and
      IL-23 as well as GM-CSF-secreting CD4+ T cells. The Th17 phenotype was linked
      with the effects of cardiac myosin on CD14+ monocytes, TLR2, and heart failure.
      Persistent heart failure was associated with high percentages of IL-17-producing
      T cells and IL-17-promoting cytokines, and the myocarditis/DCM phenotype included
      significantly low percentages of FOXP3+ Tregs, which may contribute to disease
      severity. We demonstrate a potentially novel mechanism in human myocarditis/DCM
      in which TLR2 peptide ligands from human cardiac myosin stimulated exaggerated
      Th17-related cytokines including TGF-beta, IL-6, and IL-23 from myocarditic CD14+
      monocytes in vitro, and an anti-TLR2 antibody abrogated the cytokine response.
      Our translational study explains how an immune phenotype may be initiated by
      cardiac myosin TLR ligand stimulation of monocytes to generate Th17-promoting
      cytokines and development of pathogenic Th17 cells in human myocarditis and heart
      failure, and provides a rationale for targeting IL-17A as a therapeutic option.

PMID- 27366793
TI  - A turn-on fluorescence chemosensor based on a tripodal amine [tris(pyrrolyl-alpha
      methyl)amine]-rhodamine conjugate for the selective detection of zinc ions.
AB  - A novel tetradendate ligand derived from a tris(pyrrolyl-alpha-methyl)amine
      (H3tpa) and rhodamine-based conjugate (PR) has been designed for use as a sensor,
      synthesized and characterized spectroscopically. PR {(tris(5-rhodamineiminopyrrol
      2-ylmethyl)amine)} serves as a selective colorimetric as well as a fluorescent
      chemosensor for Zn(2+) in acetonitrile/water (1 : 1, v/v). In the presence of
      Zn(2+), PR exhibited obvious absorption (558 nm) and emission (577 nm) peaks
      whose intensity increased along with increasing Zn(2+) concentrations. Titration
      experiments revealed that a large excess of Zn(2+) was required to saturate the
      absorption (lambdamax) and emission intensities. Upon the addition of 1000
      equivalents of Zn(2+), the fluorescence intensity of the PR underwent an ~500
      fold increase (Phif = 0.34) with the emission maximum at 580 nm. These kinetics
      studies demonstrated that the absorption and emission changes were proportional
      to the Zn(2+) concentration. The color of the solution changed from colorless to
      a dark pink color. The fluorescence of the PR-Zn(2+) complex can be reversibly
      restored by using ammonium water or by heating. Competitive ion tests revealed
      that the intensity of PR-Zn(2+) was not suppressed by excess amounts of other
      metal ions. The counter anions did not exert obvious influences on the absorption
      and emission profiles. (1)H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic investigations of PR and
      PR-Zn(2+) revealed that the pyrrole motifs, -C[double bond, length as m-dash]N-
      groups and spirolactam of rhodamine B are capable of coordinating cation guest
      species. Because each arm of the tripodal ligand tautomerizes independently, only
      moderate fluorescence enhancement could be seen until all three -C[double bond,
      length as m-dash]N- groups were coordinated by zinc, which may be due to the
      spirolactam ring opening mechanism of the rhodamine unit. Once all three 
      C[double bond, length as m-dash]N- groups were locked by coordinating with excess
      of Zn(2+), the isomerization was arrested, and PR exhibited highly enhanced
      fluorescence. In addition, energy optimized structures of PR were found to be
      cage-like by Gaussian 09, further supporting that it can access a large excess of
      Zn(2+). Intriguingly, imaging of HeLa cells by using a confocal microscope
      revealed that this PR probe could be used for biological applications. 

PMID- 27366794
TI  - Modelling spin Hamiltonian parameters of molecular nanomagnets.
AB  - Molecular nanomagnets encompass a wide range of coordination complexes possessing
      several potential applications. A formidable challenge in realizing these
      potential applications lies in controlling the magnetic properties of these
      clusters. Microscopic spin Hamiltonian (SH) parameters describe the magnetic
      properties of these clusters, and viable ways to control these SH parameters are
      highly desirable. Computational tools play a proactive role in this area, where
      SH parameters such as isotropic exchange interaction (J), anisotropic exchange
      interaction (Jx, Jy, Jz), double exchange interaction (B), zero-field splitting
      parameters (D, E) and g-tensors can be computed reliably using X-ray structures.
      In this feature article, we have attempted to provide a holistic view of the
      modelling of these SH parameters of molecular magnets. The determination of J
      includes various class of molecules, from di- and polynuclear Mn complexes to the
      {3d-Gd}, {Gd-Gd} and {Gd-2p} class of complexes. The estimation of anisotropic
      exchange coupling includes the exchange between an isotropic metal ion and an
      orbitally degenerate 3d/4d/5d metal ion. The double-exchange section contains
      some illustrative examples of mixed valance systems, and the section on the
      estimation of zfs parameters covers some mononuclear transition metal complexes
      possessing very large axial zfs parameters. The section on the computation of g
      anisotropy exclusively covers studies on mononuclear Dy(III) and Er(III) single
      ion magnets. The examples depicted in this article clearly illustrate that
      computational tools not only aid in interpreting and rationalizing the observed
      magnetic properties but possess the potential to predict new generation MNMs. 

PMID- 27366795
TI  - Mechanistic insights into light-driven graphene-induced peroxide decomposition:
      radical generation and disproportionation.
AB  - Interaction between adsorbed t-butyl peroxybenzoate and photoexcited graphene
      rendered trapped phenyl and t-butoxy radicals. Post-irradiation thermal
      desorption showed benzene, t-butanol, and isobutylene oxide as the end products.
      The required hydrogen atoms were obtained via the radical disproportionation.
      Graphene enabled radical species to be captured and their on-surface chemistry to
      be revealed. 

PMID- 27366796
TI  - Light-, pH- and thermal-responsive hydrogels with the triple-shape memory effect.
AB  - Light-, pH- and thermal-responsive hydrogels were prepared by introducing dansyl
      aggregations and azo-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes as switches. The resulting
      material showed dual shape memory behavior in response to light, pH or
      temperature, respectively, and exhibits the triple-shape memory effect in
      response to light and pH sequentially. 

PMID- 27366797
TI  - Enteric Fever and Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis--9th International
      Conference on Typhoid and Invasive NTS Disease, Bali, Indonesia, April 30-May 3,
      2015.

PMID- 27366798
TI  - 100 years of images.

PMID- 27366799
TI  - CardioPulse: Reducing the number of inappropriate invasive procedures in
      cardiology utilizing an online regulatory system.

PMID- 27366800
TI  - CardioPulse: Martyn Thomas discusses moving from interventional cardiology to
      industry.

PMID- 27366801
TI  - CardioPulse: Mentoring young physician-scientists. A Position and Practice Guide
      by a Young MD/PhD and a Department Head.

PMID- 27366802
TI  - Average price paid for 162 common medical services by state. Ranked by the ratio
      of state average to the national average.

PMID- 27366804
TI  - Biggest healthcare M&A deals of Q1 2016. Ranked by deal value.

PMID- 27366803
TI  - Customizing transitional care for North Carolina Medicaid patients.

PMID- 27366805
TI  - 10 steps to improve security of mobile technology.

PMID- 27366806
TI  - Industry ICD-10 Summit recommendations echo MGMA perspective.

PMID- 27366807
TI  - My journey to becoming a RD.

PMID- 27366809
TI  - EFT and virtual credit card payments: 10 tips for your practice.

PMID- 27366808
TI  - HIPAA/Omnibus patient 'self-pay' restriction requirements: Q&A.

PMID- 27366810
TI  - Tracking ICD-10: A guide to internal assessments.

PMID- 27366811
TI  - Culinary medicine: The new 'in' thing?

PMID- 27366812
TI  - What's your staff holiday schedule?

PMID- 27366813
TI  - Growing Algae Alter Spectroscopic Characteristics and Chlorine Reactivity of
      Dissolved Organic Matter from Thermally-Altered Forest Litters.
AB  - Previous studies demonstrated that wildfires alter spectroscopic characteristics
      of terrestrial dissolved organic matter (DOM) and increase specific disinfection
      byproduct formation potential (SDBP-FP). However, it is unclear whether
      characteristics of thermally altered DOM (TA-DOM) are altered by biogeochemical
      processes (e.g., transformed by growing algae) before entering water treatment
      facilities. The freshwater green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and blue
      green algae Microcystis aeruginosa were separately incubated in the mixture of
      cultural medium and pine (Pinus palustris) litter-derived TA-DOMs (50  degrees C,
      250  degrees C, and 400  degrees C) over 7 days to demonstrate the effects of
      algal growth on alterations in SDBP-FP. TA-DOM optical characteristics and SDBP
      FP were quantified by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and chlorination
      based DBP-FP experiments. After the inoculation with P. subcapitata, TA-DOM
      aromaticity (indicated by SUVA254) increased from 1.19 to 1.90 L/mg/m for 50 
      degrees C-extract but decreased from 4.95 to 3.75 L/mg/m for 400  degrees C
      extract. The fraction of tyrosine-like components decreased from 25.9 to 9.3% for
      50  degrees C-extract but increased from 0.9 to 1.3% for 400  degrees C-extract.
      Same patterns were also observed for M. aeruginosa. Growing algae generally
      increased chlorine reactivities and formations of trihalomethanes,
      haloacetonitriles, chloral hydrate, and haloketones. Our data suggest that the
      biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in TA-DOM decreases as fire intensity
      (i.e., temperature) increases. Postfire algal blooms can increase chlorine
      reactivity of fire-affected terrestrial DOM for DBP formation.

PMID- 27366814
TI  - Protective effect by maximal isometric contractions against maximal eccentric
      exercise-induced muscle damage of the knee extensors.
AB  - This study investigated whether maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC)
      performed before maximal eccentric contractions (MaxEC) would attenuate muscle
      damage of the knee extensors. Untrained men were placed to an experimental group
      that performed 6 sets of 10 MVIC at 90 degrees  knee flexion 2 weeks before 6
      sets of 10 MaxEC or a control group that performed MaxEC only (n = 13/group).
      Changes in muscle damage markers were assessed before to 5 days after each
      exercise. Small but significant changes in maximal voluntary concentric
      contraction torque, range of motion (ROM) and plasma creatine kinase (CK)
      activity were evident at immediately to 2 days post-MVIC (p < 0.05), but other
      variables (e.g. thigh girth, myoglobin concentration, B-mode echo intensity) did
      not change significantly. Changes in all variables after MaxEC were smaller (p <
      0.05) by 45% (soreness)-67% (CK) for the experimental than the control group.
      These results suggest that MVIC conferred potent protective effect against MaxEC
      induced muscle damage. 

PMID- 27366815
TI  - Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: implications for Alzheimer's
      disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is
      marked by progressive loss of memory and impairment of cognitive ability. Despite
      decades of intensive research and scientific advances, the intricate pathogenic
      mechanisms of AD are still not fully understood and, consequently, an effective
      treatment is yet to be developed. As widely accepted, the alterations of
      mitochondrial function are actively engaged in a plethora of neurodegenerative
      diseases, including AD. With growing interest in the mitochondria as a potential
      target for understanding AD, it has even been hypothesized that deficits in these
      organelles may be at the heart of the progression of AD itself. Areas covered:
      The purpose of this review is to summarize relevant studies that suggest a role
      for mitochondrial (dys)function in AD and to provide a survey on latest
      developments regarding AD-related mitochondrial therapeutics. Expert commentary:
      As outlined in a plethora of studies, there is no doubt that mitochondria play a
      major role in several stages of AD progression. Even though more in-depth studies
      are needed before pharmaceutical industry can apply such knowledge to human
      medicine, the continuous advances in AD research field will certainly facilitate
      and accelerate the development of more effective preventive or therapeutic
      strategies to fight this devastating disease.

PMID- 27366817
TI  - Comparison of stepwise vs single-step advancement with the Functional Mandibular
      Advancer in Class II division 1 treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare two groups of subjects at the peak of the pubertal growth
      period treated with the Functional Mandibular Advancer (FMA; Forestadent,
      Pforzheim, Germany) appliance using either single-step or stepwise mandibular
      advancement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on 34 Class II
      division 1 malocclusion subjects at or just before the peak phase of pubertal
      growth as assessed by hand-wrist radiographs. Subjects were assigned to two
      groups of mandibular advancement, using matched randomization. Both groups were
      treated with the FMA. While the mandible was advanced to a super Class I molar
      relation in the single-step advancement group (SSG), patients in the stepwise
      mandibular advancement group (SWG) had a 4-mm initial bite advancement and
      subsequent 2-mm advancements at bimonthly intervals. The material consisted of
      lateral cephalograms taken before treatment and after 10 months of FMA treatment.
      Data were analyzed by means paired t-tests and an independent t-test. RESULTS:
      There were statistically significant changes in SNB, Pg horizontal, ANB, Co-Gn,
      and Co-Go measurements in both groups (P < .001); these changes were greater in
      the SWG with the exception of Co-Go (P < .05). While significant differences were
      found in U1-SN, IMPA, L6 horizontal, overjet, and overbite appraisals in each
      group (P < .001), these changes were comparable (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Because of
      the higher rates of sagittal mandibular skeletal changes, FMA using stepwise
      advancement of the mandible might be the appliance of choice for treating Class
      II division 1 malocclusions.

PMID- 27366816
TI  - Three-dimensional evaluation of social smile symmetry.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the social smile symmetry using three-dimensional (3D)
      stereophotogrammetric images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted with
      3D facial images of 30 individuals (age range 13-25 years). The rest position was
      considered as the reference image and the social smile image was aligned on this
      image using the best-fit alignment method. The spatial differences between the
      same points established on both images using 3D analyses were determined for
      right and left points in X, Y, and Z planes. RESULTS: The highest difference
      related to spatial distance in right and left points was -0.56 mm (95% confidence
      interval [CI], -1.19, 0.06 mm) between right and left commissure (Com) points.
      The difference was not significant, and the Bland-Altman upper and lower limits
      were -3.85 mm and 2.71 mm, respectively. The highest difference for the
      transversal plane was found in Com points, similarly to the spatial distance
      (mean: 0.50 mm, 95% CI, -2.62, 1.02 mm). The differences between the changes in
      the left and right points in the Y and Z plane were not significant (P > .05).
      CONCLUSIONS: The social smile was observed to show asymmetry in varying amounts
      in the different directions. Asymmetry increases in some cases, specifically for
      the corners of the mouth.

PMID- 27366818
TI  - Reactions of Persistent Carbenes with Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surfaces.
AB  - Surface passivation has enabled the development of silicon-based solar cells and
      microelectronics. However, a number of emerging applications require a paradigm
      shift from passivation to functionalization, wherein surface functionality is
      installed proximal to the silicon surface. To address this need, we report here
      the use of persistent aminocarbenes to functionalize hydrogen-terminated silicon
      surfaces via Si-H insertion reactions. Through the use of model compounds (H
      Si(TMS)3 and H-Si(OTMS)3), nanoparticles (H-SiNPs), and planar Si(111) wafers (H
      Si(111)), we demonstrate that among different classes of persistent carbenes, the
      more electrophilic and nucleophilic ones, in particular, a cyclic
      (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) and an acyclic diaminocarbene (ADAC), are able to
      undergo insertion into Si-H bonds at the silicon surface, forming persistent C-Si
      linkages and simultaneously installing amine or aminal functionality in proximity
      to the surface. The CAAC (6) is particularly notable for its clean insertion
      reactivity under mild conditions that produces monolayers with 21 +/- 3% coverage
      of Si(111) atop sites, commensurate with the expected maximum of ~20%. Atomic
      force and transmission electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray
      photoelectron, and infrared spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass
      spectrometry provided evidence for the surface Si-H insertion process.
      Furthermore, computational studies shed light on the reaction energetics and
      indicated that CAAC 6 should be particularly effective at binding to silicon
      dihydride, trihydride, and coupled monohyride motifs, as well as oxidized surface
      sites. Our results pave the way for the further development of persistent
      carbenes as universal ligands for silicon and potentially other nonmetallic
      substrates.

PMID- 27366819
TI  - Portable, Constriction-Expansion Blood Plasma Separation and Polymerization-Based
      Malaria Detection.
AB  - A portable, microfluidic blood plasma separation device is presented featuring a
      constriction-expansion design, which produces 100.0% purity for undiluted blood
      at 9% yield. This level of purity represents an improvement of at least 1 order
      of magnitude with increased yield compared to that achieved previously using
      passive separation. The system features high flow rates, 5-30 MUL/min plasma
      collection, with minimal clogging and biofouling. The simple, portable blood
      plasma separation design is hand-driven and can easily be incorporated with
      microfluidic or laboratory scale diagnostic assays. The separation system was
      applied to a paper-based diagnostic test for malaria that produced an amplified
      color change in the presence of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 at
      a concentration well below clinical relevancy for undiluted whole blood.

PMID- 27366820
TI  - Intraoperative graft verification in coronary surgery.
AB  - Transit-time flow measurement (TTFM) is a reliable method to check the graft
      function intraoperatively in coronary surgery. The given parameters are: Mean
      Graft Flow (MGF); Pulsatility Index (PI) and Insufficiency Ratio (%BF). Some
      cutoffs of these parameters have been identified as predictors for unfair 1-y
      clinical outcome: mean graft flow (MGF) less than 20 ml/min and high pulsatility
      index greater than 5. Other cutoffs have been found as related to postoperative
      angiography: MGF 15 ml/min or less and pulsatility index at least 3 (sensitivity
      94%; specificity 61%); MGF less than 15 ml/min and pulsatility index greater than
      3 for left coronary artery or pulsatility index greater than 5 for right coronary
      artery (sensitivity 96%; specificity 77%); MGF 15 ml/min or less and pulsatility
      index at least 5.1 left coronary artery (sensitivity 98%; specificity 26%).
      Hence, with the need to improve the diagnostic accuracy of TTFM, high-resolution
      epicardic coronary ultrasound module has been added to graft flow evaluation
      providing 2D ultrasound imaging (either in short-axis or long-axis) and color
      flow mapping, allowing an accurate morphological evaluation of body graft and
      anastomosis. An intraoperative method aimed to verify coronary grafts should be
      easy to handle, not time consuming, minimally invasive, easily meaningful and
      relatively cheap; in addition, it should offer objective parameters more than
      qualitative criteria. We herein report the results of our experience with
      intraoperative graft verification with TTFM and high-resolution imaging along
      with a systematic review of the literature in this field with the aim to provide
      a road map to be followed.

PMID- 27366821
TI  - The Nature of the Noncovalent Interactions between Benzene and C60 Fullerene.
AB  - Noncovalent interactions between aromatic compounds and fullerenes have received
      considerable attention in various fields of science and technology. Employing
      benzene (C6H6) and C60 fullerene as model molecules, we theoretically explored in
      the present study the nature of this kind of noncovalent interaction. Our results
      clearly show that the pi...pi stacking configurations of the complex C6H6...C60
      are more strongly bound than in the C-H...pi analogues, and the C-H...pi
      interactions in the C-H...pi configurations of C6H6...C60 are not of the hydrogen
      bonds. According to symmetry adapted perturbation theory analyses, all of the
      configurations of C6H6...C60 are dominated by dispersion forces. The percentage
      of the dispersion components in the overall attractive interactions for the
      pi...pi stacking configurations is smaller than the percentage of the dispersion
      components in the overall attractive interactions for the C-H...pi
      configurations, whereas the percentage of the electrostatic terms in the overall
      attractive interactions for the pi...pi stacking configurations is larger than
      the percentage of the electrostatic terms in the overall attractive interactions
      for the C-H...pi configurations. This is distinctly different from the case of
      the benzene dimer. 

PMID- 27366822
TI  - Perovskite-Like Polar Lanthanide Formate Frameworks of [NH2NH3][Ln(HCOO)4] (Ln =
      Tb-Lu and Y): Synthesis, Structures, Magnetism, and Anisotropic Thermal
      Expansion.
AB  - A series of isostructural hydrazinium lanthanide (Ln) formate framework compounds
      of [NH2NH3][Ln(HCOO)4] for Ln3+ ions from Tb3+ to Lu3+ and Y3+ have been
      successfully prepared by utilizing NH2NH3+. The compounds crystallize in
      orthorhombic polar space group Pca21, with cell parameters at 180 K of a =
      18.2526(7)-18.1048(5) A, b = 6.5815(2)-6.5261(2) A, c = 7.6362(3)-7.5044(2) A,
      and V = 917.33(6)-886.67(4) A3, showing the effect of lanthanide contraction. The
      compounds possess polar perovskite-like structures incorporating the hydrazinium
      cations in the cavities of the NaCl-like framework, in which the Ln3+ ions in a
      bicapped trigonal prism are connected by anti-anti and syn-anti formate groups.
      The N-H...Oformate hydrogen-bonding interactions are between the hydrazinium
      cations and the anionic framework. One anti-anti formate group is frustrated by
      the competitive N-H...Oformate hydrogen-bonding interactions. It thus twists or
      flips upon warming, resulting in large anisotropic thermal expansion and negative
      thermal expansion below 180 K. A comparison with the transition metal and
      magnesium analogues revealed that the structural compactness, tighter binding of
      the hydrazinium cation by the framework, and symmetrically better match between
      the framework and ammonium cation for Ln compounds could inhibit the occurrence
      of phase transition in the series. The IR spectroscopic, thermal, and magnetic
      properties are investigated.

PMID- 27366823
TI  - To Appear in CHEMICAL REVIEWS, Vol. 99, No. 9.

PMID- 27366825
TI  - Outcomes Disparities between Black and White Populations in the Surgical
      Management of Glaucoma.
AB  - African descent is a well-documented risk factor for glaucoma development,
      progression, and medical and surgical failure. We reviewed the literature for
      evidence of outcomes disparities between Black and White populations after
      trabeculectomy, Ex-PRESS shunt, viscocanalostomy, canaloplasy, tube shunt, laser
      trabeculoplasty, and cyclophotocoagulation. There are reports of decreased
      surgical success in Black patients after trabeculectomy, Ex-PRESS shunt, tube
      shunt, and canaloplasty. At this time, there is no strong evidence that any
      procedure is more effective for intraocular pressure control than standard
      trabeculectomy for Black patients. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence to
      recommend any particular secondary intervention over another, despite differences
      in inflammation and bleb-dependence. There is a need for randomized, controlled
      trials to assess race as a risk factor for failure after non-penetrating
      filtration surgery (NPFS). There is also a need for data on the efficacy of
      minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) in Black populations. 

PMID- 27366826
TI  - Are the effects of IVF on DNA methylation driven by intracytoplasmic sperm
      injection and male infertility?

PMID- 27366827
TI  - Integration of calcium and ABA signaling.
AB  - Abiotic stresses simultaneously trigger an increase in the level of the plant
      hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and in the concentration of cytosolic calcium.
      Subsequent signaling cascades convey stomata regulation and transcriptional
      responses. Increasing evidence points to direct interrelations of both signaling
      systems on multiple levels of information processing. In this context, protein
      phosphatases 2Cs of the clade A appear to function as master regulators of both
      ABA and calcium signaling. In this review, we focus on informative examples for
      convergence of ABA and calcium signaling on common target proteins and discuss
      emerging concepts, consequences and open questions about the integration of
      calcium and ABA signaling.

PMID- 27366828
TI  - Parents' Experiences and Perceptions when Classifying their Children with
      Cerebral Palsy: Recommendations for Service Providers.
AB  - AIMS: This study investigated the experiences and perceptions of parents of
      children with cerebral palsy (CP) when classifying their children using the Gross
      Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), the Manual Ability Classification
      System (MACS), and the Communication Function Classification System (CFCS). The
      second aim was to collate parents' recommendations for service providers on how
      to interact and communicate with families. METHODS: A purposive sample of seven
      parents participating in the On Track study was recruited. Semi-structured
      interviews were conducted orally and were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded
      openly. A descriptive interpretive approach within a pragmatic perspective was
      used during analysis. RESULTS: Seven themes encompassing parents' experiences and
      perspectives reflect a process of increased understanding when classifying their
      children, with perceptions of utility evident throughout this process. Six
      recommendations for service providers emerged, including making the child a
      priority and being a dependable resource. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of parents'
      experiences when using the GMFCS, MACS, and CFCS can provide useful insight for
      service providers collaborating with parents to classify function in children
      with CP. Using the recommendations from these parents can facilitate family
      provider collaboration for goal setting and intervention planning.

PMID- 27366829
TI  - High circulating levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 in the patients with Hashimoto's
      thyroiditis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1
      (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) levels are
      increased in euthyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and whether
      they are associated with thyroid autoimmunity and metabolic parameters. DESIGN:
      Cross-sectional. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In total, 80 euthyroid patients with HT
      and 80 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched control participants were included.
      Serum sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4),
      thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO),
      thyroglobulin antibody (anti-TG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, and lipid
      levels and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were
      assessed in all participants. RESULTS: The patients with HT had significantly
      higher levels of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 than controls (both p < 0.001). The
      difference was sustained after adjustment for TSH and levothyroxine use.
      Regression analysis demonstrated that sICAM-1 was related to anti-TPO (p <
      0.001), and sVCAM-1 was related to both anti-TPO and-TG (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03,
      respectively); this relationship was sustained after adjustment for age and BMI.
      Although FBG and HOMA-IR were higher in the HT group, logistic regression
      analysis revealed that there was no effect of anti-TPO, anti-TG, sICAM-1, sVCAM
      1, and C-reactive protein (CRP) on the occurrence of high FBG and high HOMA-IR.
      CONCLUSION: sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels were significantly elevated in the
      patients with euthyroid HT and correlated closely with thyroid autoimmunity.
      However, soluble adhesion molecules had no relation with glucose metabolism
      parameters in the HT patients.

PMID- 27366830
TI  - Clinical phenotypes of obstructive airway diseases in an outpatient population.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Historically, obstructive airway diseases such as
      asthma and COPD are classified as different diseases. Although the definitions
      are clearly described, classification of patients into these traditional,
      clinical disease entity can be difficult. Recent evidence that there are complex,
      overlapping phenotypes of obstructive lung disease. Our aim was to capture
      clinical phenotypes of obstructive diseases through the use of cluster analysis
      in a representative patient population at a common Dutch pulmonary outpatient
      clinic. Clinical physiological and cellular/ molecular markers were used in the
      analysis. METHODS: To carry out the cluster analysis, an imputed dataset was
      created from a random sample of 191 adult patients chosen from a pulmonary
      outpatient clinic. The selection criteria from the sample included patients with
      a doctor's diagnosis for asthma or COPD. Detailed assessment of patient pulmonary
      function, blood eosinophil counts, allergic sensitisation and smoking history was
      collected. RESULTS: We observed four distinct clusters with different clinical
      characteristics of obstructive lung diseases. Cluster 1: patients with a history
      of extensive cigarette smoking, airway obstruction without signs of emphysema;
      cluster 2: patients with features of the emphysematous type of COPD; cluster 3:
      patients with characteristics of allergic asthma; cluster 4: patients with
      features suggesting an overlap syndrome of atopic asthma and COPD. CONCLUSION:
      Four phenotypes of obstructive lung disease were identified amongst patients
      clinically labelled as asthma or COPD. These findings emphasize the concept that
      there are different phenotypes of obstructive lung diseases, including
      overlapping and complementary disease entities. These phenotypes of chronic
      airways disease can serve to tailor disease management.

PMID- 27366831
TI  - Amygdala response to explicit sad face stimuli at baseline predicts
      antidepressant treatment response to scopolamine in major depressive disorder.
AB  - The muscarinic antagonist scopolamine produces rapid antidepressant effects in
      individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). In healthy subjects,
      manipulation of acetyl-cholinergic transmission modulates attention in a stimulus
      dependent manner. This study tested the hypothesis that baseline amygdalar
      activity in response to emotional stimuli correlates with antidepressant
      treatment response to scopolamine and could thus potentially predict treatment
      outcome. MDD patients and healthy controls performed an attention shifting task
      involving emotional faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging
      (fMRI). We found that blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in the
      amygdala acquired while MDD patients processed sad face stimuli correlated
      positively with antidepressant response to scopolamine. Amygdalar response to sad
      faces in MDD patients who did not respond to scopolamine did not differ from that
      of healthy controls. This suggests that the pre-treatment task elicited amygdalar
      activity that may constitute a biomarker of antidepressant treatment response to
      scopolamine. Furthermore, in MDD patients who responded to scopolamine, we
      observed a post-scopolamine stimulus processing shift towards a pattern
      demonstrated by healthy controls, indicating a change in stimulus-dependent
      neural response potentially driven by attenuated cholinergic activity in the
      amygdala.

PMID- 27366832
TI  - Five Years' Experience with Tenon-Conjunctival Flaps in Phthisical Eyes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of total Tenon-conjunctival flaps (TCFs) for
      coverage of phthisical eyes with normal corneal sensitivity. METHODS: A
      retrospective chart review was performed on 142 patients with mild monocular
      phthisis who underwent the TCF procedure to allow monocular scleral shell fitting
      at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All patients
      had normal corneal sensation in their painless phthisical eye and were intolerant
      to cosmetic scleral shell fitting preoperatively. Consecutive patients over a
      five-year period were enrolled. Data were collected on functional success,
      duration of follow-up, and complications. The Tenon's and conjunctival layers
      were closed separately in 103 eyes and as a single layer in the remaining 39
      eyes. Main outcome measures were functional success, defined as tolerance to the
      prosthetic scleral shell, and rate of postoperative complications such as wound
      retraction, epithelial cysts, and blepharoptosis. Fisher's exact test was used to
      analyze the association between the main outcome measures and type of flap
      closure. RESULTS: The mean duration of follow-up was 23.7+/-17.43 months.
      Functional success was achieved in 98.6% of eyes. Minor complications included
      epithelial inclusion cysts in 10 (7.04%) eyes and mild blepharoptosis in 9
      (6.34%) eyes. Overall flap retraction was noted in 14 (9.86%) eyes. This
      complication occurred in 13 of 103 (33.3%) eyes with double layer closure and in
      1 of 39 (0.97%) eyes with a single layer flap closure (p=0.11). CONCLUSIONS: TCF
      is an effective procedure to increase corneal thickness for coverage in
      phthisical eyes with positive corneal sensation. The incorporation of Tenon's
      capsule in the flap did not increase complications with a frequency similar to
      the classic Gundersen procedure.

PMID- 27366833
TI  - Policy Framework for Covering Preventive Services Without Cost Sharing: Saving
      Lives and Saving Money?
AB  - The US Affordable Care Act mandates that private insurers cover a list of
      preventive services without cost sharing. The list is determined by 4 expert
      committees that evaluate the overall health effect of preventive services. We
      analyzed the process by which the expert committees develop their
      recommendations. Each committee uses different criteria to evaluate preventive
      services and none of the committees consider cost systematically. We propose that
      the existing committees adopt consistent evidence review methodologies and expand
      the scope of preventive services reviewed and that a separate advisory committee
      be established to integrate economic considerations into the final selection of
      free preventive services. The comprehensive framework and associated criteria are
      intended to help policy makers in the future develop a more evidence-based,
      consistent, and ethically sound approach.

PMID- 27366834
TI  - Reason, Emotion, and Implanted Devices.

PMID- 27366835
TI  - The Curious Case of the De-ICD: Negotiating the Dynamics of Autonomy and
      Paternalism in Complex Clinical Relationships.
AB  - This article discusses the response of our ethics consultation service to an
      exceptional request by a patient to have his implantable cardioverter
      defibrillator (ICD) removed. Despite assurances that the device had saved his
      life on at least two occasions, and cautions that without it he would almost
      certainly suffer a potentially lethal cardiac event within 2 years, the patient
      would not be swayed. Although the patient was judged to be competent, our
      protracted consultation process lasted more than 8 months as we consulted, argued
      with, and otherwise cajoled him to change his mind, all to no avail. Justifying
      our at times aggressive paternalistic intervention helped us to reflect on the
      nature of autonomy and the dynamics of the legal, moral, and personal
      relationships in the clinical decision-making process.

PMID- 27366836
TI  - Overriding Patient Autonomy to Enhance It: Not the Role of a Consultation Team.

PMID- 27366837
TI  - Lack of Agreement With What We Think Is Right Does Not Necessarily Equal an
      Ethical Problem: Respecting Patients' Goals of Care.

PMID- 27366838
TI  - The Structure of Autonomy-Paternalism: An Exercise in Framing and Reframing.

PMID- 27366839
TI  - Can You Restore My "Own" Body? A Phenomenological Analysis of Relational
      Autonomy.

PMID- 27366840
TI  - Social Paternalism in a Communitarian Context: Enhancing Individuals' Moral
      Deliberation Through a Communal "Moral Voice".

PMID- 27366841
TI  - Not Half So Curious: Legal Competence Is Not Informed Consent.

PMID- 27366842
TI  - Implantable Devices Should Come With a Contract.

PMID- 27366843
TI  - Analysis From a Fourth Perspective: Professionalism.

PMID- 27366844
TI  - Omnipotence and Impotence: The Need for Conversation When Patients and Clinicians
      Disagree.

PMID- 27366845
TI  - IRB and Research Regulatory Delays Within the Military Health System: Do They
      Really Matter? And If So, Why and for Whom?
AB  - Institutional review board (IRB) delays may hinder the successful completion of
      federally funded research in the U.S. military. When this happens, time
      sensitive, mission-relevant questions go unanswered. Research participants face
      unnecessary burdens and risks if delays squeeze recruitment timelines, resulting
      in inadequate sample sizes for definitive analyses. More broadly, military
      members are exposed to untested or undertested interventions, implemented by well
      intentioned leaders who bypass the research process altogether. To illustrate, we
      offer two case examples. We posit that IRB delays often appear in the service of
      managing institutional risk, rather than protecting research participants.
      Regulators may see more risk associated with moving quickly than risk related to
      delay, choosing to err on the side of bureaucracy. The authors of this article,
      all of whom are military-funded researchers, government stakeholders, and/or
      human subject protection experts, offer feasible recommendations to improve the
      IRB system and, ultimately, research within military, veteran, and civilian
      populations.

PMID- 27366846
TI  - Military Medicine Regulatory "Delays" ... Not as Bad as Advertised.

PMID- 27366847
TI  - We Can't Skip the Science.

PMID- 27366848
TI  - Improving Military IRB Efficiency: Envisioning Broader Changes.

PMID- 27366849
TI  - Optimizing Military Human Subjects Protection and Research Productivity: The Role
      of Institutional Memory.

PMID- 27366850
TI  - Using the IRB Harmonization and Reliance Document Can Reduce Review and
      Regulatory Delays for the Benefit of All.

PMID- 27366852
TI  - Reflections From Fellow Feds: Addressing Delays in Oversight of Federally Funded
      Research.

PMID- 27366851
TI  - Reviewing Human Subjects Research: Efficiency and Quality for the Military and
      Beyond.

PMID- 27366853
TI  - Present Challenges in Decreasing the Time for IRB Research Reviews in the
      Military.

PMID- 27366855
TI  - Response to Open Peer Commentaries on "Moral Hazard in Pediatrics".

PMID- 27366857
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27366856
TI  - Chromatin architecture underpinning transcription elongation.
AB  - RNA polymerase 2 (pol2) associates with enhancers and promoters, followed by
      transcription initiation and subsequent pausing. Upon release, pol2 proceeds into
      productive elongation. A wide spread view of transcription holds that during
      elongation, pol2 and associated factors clear the promoter proximal region to
      track along the chromatin fiber until a termination site is encountered. However,
      several studies are compatible with alternative models. One common feature among
      these models is that transcription elongation results from movement of the gene
      along a complex consisting of pol2 and associated factors. Such a scenario
      predicts that active enhancers and promoters that are bound by transcription
      complexes, including pol2 are in dynamic physical proximity with the gene body in
      a manner paralleling pol2 processivity. This has indeed been observed by
      chromosome conformation capture under conditions of synchronous transcription.
      Here we discuss these observations and their implication for architectural models
      of transcription elongation. 

PMID- 27366858
TI  - Molecular dynamics simulations of the intrinsically disordered protein
      amelogenin.
AB  - Amelogenin refers to a class of intrinsically disordered proteins that are the
      major constituents of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), an extract of porcine fetal
      teeth used in regenerative periodontal therapy. Modifications in molecular
      conformation induced by external stresses, such as changes in temperature or pH,
      are known to reduce the effectiveness of EMD. However, detailed descriptions of
      the conformational behavior of native amelogenin are lacking in the open
      literature. In the present work, a molecular model for the secondary and tertiary
      structure of the full-length major porcine amelogenin P173 was constructed from
      its primary sequence by replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulations.
      The REMD results for isolated amelogenin molecules at different temperatures were
      shown to be consistent with the available spectroscopic data. They therefore
      represent an important first step toward the simulation of the intra- and
      intermolecular interactions that mediate self-organization in amelogenin and its
      behavior in the presence of other EMD components under conditions representative
      of its therapeutic application.

PMID- 27366859
TI  - Variation in Ophthalmologist Use of Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor
      Therapy Among Medicare Beneficiaries.

PMID- 27366860
TI  - Management and reconstruction of blast wounds of the head and neck.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to highlight recent literature
      related to the initial management and reconstruction of blast injuries to the
      head and neck. RECENT FINDINGS: An increasing percentage of combat-related
      injuries are caused by blast trauma. Management of blast trauma over the last 10
      years has improved understanding of the unique nature of these injuries and the
      importance of thoughtful management and reconstruction. Blast trauma is
      associated with an increased need for definitive airway management. As a result,
      initial triage principles of airway management and hemorrhage control are
      extremely important in the acute setting. Blast trauma results in high-velocity
      injuries that can lead to extensive soft tissue damage, which has important
      implications for reconstruction. Staging reconstruction is an important
      consideration for more extensive injuries. SUMMARY: Experience on the battlefield
      with blast injuries over the last decade has led to efficient triage with focus
      on hemorrhage and airway control. The lessons learned in Iraq and Afghanistan
      with the unique physiology of blast trauma have improved the casualty care of
      service members and can be used both in future military conflicts and in civilian
      trauma care.

PMID- 27366861
TI  - Absorbed dose-to-water protocol applied to synchrotron-generated x-rays at very
      high dose rates.
AB  - Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a new radiation treatment modality in the
      pre-clinical stage of development at the ID17 Biomedical Beamline of the European
      synchrotron radiation facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France. MRT exploits the dose
      volume effect that is made possible through the spatial fractionation of the high
      dose rate synchrotron-generated x-ray beam into an array of microbeams. As an
      important step towards the development of a dosimetry protocol for MRT, we have
      applied the International Atomic Energy Agency's TRS 398 absorbed dose-to-water
      protocol to the synchrotron x-ray beam in the case of the broad beam irradiation
      geometry (i.e. prior to spatial fractionation into microbeams). The very high
      dose rates observed here mean the ion recombination correction factor, k s , is
      the most challenging to quantify of all the necessary corrections to apply for
      ionization chamber based absolute dosimetry. In the course of this study, we have
      developed a new method, the so called 'current ramping' method, to determine k s
      for the specific irradiation and filtering conditions typically utilized
      throughout the development of MRT. Using the new approach we deduced an ion
      recombination correction factor of 1.047 for the maximum ESRF storage ring
      current (200 mA) under typical beam spectral filtering conditions in MRT. MRT
      trials are currently underway with veterinary patients at the ESRF that require
      additional filtering, and we have estimated a correction factor of 1.025 for
      these filtration conditions for the same ESRF storage ring current. The protocol
      described herein provides reference dosimetry data for the associated Treatment
      Planning System utilized in the current veterinary trials and anticipated future
      human clinical trials.

PMID- 27366863
TI  - Gender, Sexuality, and Relationships in Young Hispanic People.
AB  - This study explores the relation between gender differences and sexuality among
      young Hispanic people. Eight hundred and forty young people from Spain and Mexico
      filled out a self-administered questionnaire about sexuality (sexual experience,
      sexual orientation, and sexual relationships) and gender (self-identification).
      Men in both Spain and Mexico more commonly report the practice of masturbation
      and vaginal sex, and are more likely to be unfaithful than women. Women in both
      countries report more steady partners and longer length of relationships. There
      were greater gender differences for Mexican men and women than for Spanish men
      and women in terms of sexual frequency, sexual orientation, and infidelity.
      Therefore, gender may play an important role in young people's sexuality, more so
      in Mexico than in Spain.

PMID- 27366864
TI  - Augmenting College Students' Study of Speech-Language Pathology Using Computer
      Based Mini Quiz Games.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study examined whether undergraduate college students' immediate
      recall and longer-term retention of introductory voice disorder concepts improved
      by using mini quiz games (MQGs; interactive knowledge tests in game format)
      compared with (a) traditional study alone, (b) MQGs and traditional study
      together, or (c) a no-study control condition. METHOD: Ninety-three college
      students participated in proctored sessions in which they were given a pretest,
      viewed an online lecture on introductory voice disorder concepts, and then
      engaged in either no intervention or interventions including traditional study,
      MQG play, or both MQG play and traditional study, followed by an immediate recall
      posttest and longer-term retention follow-up test. RESULTS: Analyses suggested
      that the effects of all interventions (traditional study, MQG play, and the
      combination of the 2) were equivalent and resulted in significantly greater
      improvements from pretest to immediate recall posttest performance than the
      control condition. In contrast, MQGs and MQGs with traditional study, but not
      traditional study alone, showed better results for long-term retention than no
      study. CONCLUSION: Results provide preliminary support for the idea that there
      may be multiple effective learning modes, beyond traditional study, that enhance
      recall and retention of knowledge foundational to speech-language pathology
      clinical training and practice.

PMID- 27366865
TI  - Antitumor activity of combined endostatin and thymidine kinase gene therapy in C6
      glioma models.
AB  - The combination of Endostatin (ES) and Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSV
      TK) gene therapy is known to have antitumor activity in bladder cancer. The
      potential effect of ES and TK therapy in glioma has not yet been investigated. In
      this study, pTK-internal ribosome entry site (IRES), pIRES-ES, and pTK-IRES-ES
      plasmids were constructed; pIRES empty vector served as the negative control. The
      recombinant constructs were transfected into human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells (HUVECs) ECV304 and C6 rat glioma cell line. Ganciclovir (GCV) was used to
      induce cell death in transfected C6 cells. We found that ECV304 cells expressing
      either ES or TK-ES showed reduced proliferation, decreased migration capacity,
      and increased apoptosis, as compared to untransfected cells or controls. pTK-IRES
      ES/GCV or pTK-IRES/GCV significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced
      cell apoptosis in C6 cells, as compared to the control. In addition, the
      administration of pIRES-ES, pTK-IRES/GCV, or pTK-IRES-ES/GCV therapy improved
      animal activity and behavior; was associated with prolonged animal survival, and
      a lower microvessel density (MVD) value in tumor tissues of C6 glioma rats. In
      comparison to others, dual gene therapy in form of pTK-IRES-ES/GCV had a
      significant antitumor activity against C6 glioma. These findings indicate
      combined TK and ES gene therapy was associated with a superior antitumor efficacy
      as compared to single gene therapy in C6 glioma.

PMID- 27366866
TI  - Why the dipolar response in dielectrics and spin-glasses is unavoidably
      universal.
AB  - Materials response to electric or magnetic fields is often dominated by the
      dynamics of dipoles in the system. This is for instance the case of polar
      dielectrics and many transition metal compounds. An essential and not yet well
      understood fact is that, despite their structural diversity, dielectric solids
      exhibit a striking universality of frequency and time responses, sharing many
      aspects with the behaviour of spin-glasses. In this article I propose a
      stochastic approach to dipole dynamics within which the "universal frequency
      response" derives naturally with Debye's relaxation mechanism as a special case.
      This formulation reveals constraints to the form of the relaxation functions,
      which are essential for a consistent representation of the dynamical slowing-down
      at the spin-glass transition. Relaxation functions with algebraic-, and
      exponential-tails, as well as damped oscillations, are shown to have a unified
      representation in which the stable limit of the distribution of waiting-times
      between dipole flips determines the present type of dynamics.

PMID- 27366868
TI  - Two dimensional, electronic particle tracking in liquids with a graphene-based
      magnetic sensor array.
AB  - The investigation and control of liquid flow at the nanometer scale is a key area
      of applied research with high relevance to physics, chemistry, and biology. We
      introduce a method and a device that allows the spatial resolution of liquid flow
      by integrating an array of graphene-based magnetic (Hall) sensors that is used
      for tracking the movement of magnetic nanoparticles immersed in a liquid under
      investigation. With a novel device concept based on standard integration
      processes and experimentally verified material parameters, we numerically
      simulate the performance of a single sensor pixel, as well as the whole sensor
      array, for tracking magnetic nanoparticles having typical properties. The results
      demonstrate that the device enables (a) the detection of individual nanoparticles
      in the liquid with high accuracy and (b) the reconstruction of a particle's flow
      driven trajectory across the integrated sensor array with sub-pixel precision as
      a function of time, in what we call the "Magnetic nanoparticle velocimetry"
      technique. Since the method does not rely on optical detection, potential lab-on
      chip applications include particle tracking and flow analysis in opaque media at
      the sub-micron scale. 

PMID- 27366867
TI  - Infliximab ameliorating depression-like behavior through inhibiting the
      activation of the IDO-HAAO pathway mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a
      rat model.
AB  - In recent years, some studies have suggested that the activation of inflammatory
      system plays a role in the occurrence of depression. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
      (TNF-alpha), as one of the preinflammatory cytokines, has been reported to be
      involved in the occurrence of various diseases including depression. Infliximab,
      an antagonist of TNF-alpha, is usually used to treat some autoimmune diseases
      such as Crohn's disease and can perhaps be used to treat other diseases. In this
      study, the antidepressant effect and a possible mechanism of infliximab were
      investigated by studying the depression-like behavior and expression of TNF
      alpha, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), and 3-hydroxyl amino acid oxygenase
      (HAAO) from the cortex and hippocampus in rat exposed to chronic unpredicted
      stress. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a control group (CG), an
      infliximab-treated control group, a model group (MG), and an infliximab-treated
      model group (IFXM). Infliximab (5 mg/kg once week) was administered to the
      infliximab-treated control group and IFXM rats by an intraperitoneal injection,
      whereas an equivalent volume of vehicle was administered to CG and MG rats. Rat
      behaviors and the expression of TNF-alpha, IDO, and HAAO in the cortex and
      hippocampus were determined. It was found that a significant relief in depression
      like behaviors was observed with a downregulation of TNF-alpha, IDO, and HAAO
      expression in the IFXM rats compared with MG rats. The results show the
      antidepressant effect of infliximab and suggest that its mechanism is partly
      related to inhibition of IDO-HAAO pathway activation mediated by TNF-alpha in rat
      brain.

PMID- 27366869
TI  - The Role of SPECT/CT Lymphoscintigraphy and Radioguided Sentinel Lymph Node
      Biopsy in Managing Papillary Thyroid Cancer.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography
      (SPECT/CT) and radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy (rSLNB) are techniques that
      could potentially benefit surgeons and pathologists in the identification of
      sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
      (PTC). Evidence suggests that these novel techniques lead to substantial changes
      in PTC management by reducing understaging and of occult lymph node (LN)
      metastases and optimizing neck surgery by increasing the necessity of lateral
      lymphadenectomy and decreasing central lymphadenectomy. OBJECTIVES: To correlate
      the presence of LN metastases in PTC with clinical and pathological features
      using SPECT/CT and rSLNB. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: For this prospective
      cohort study from June 2010 to November 2013, 42 patients with thyroid nodules
      suspicious for papillary carcinoma or classified as malignant on cytology
      examination without suspicion of lymph node metastases by clinical and ultrasound
      examinations were recruited from a single public medical institution.
      INTERVENTIONS: All 42 patients underwent preoperative lymphoscintigraphy after an
      ultrasound-guided peritumoral injection of Technetium Tc 99m nanocolloid.
      Cervical images were acquired with a SPECT/CT scanner 15 minutes after
      radiotracer injection. Approximately 2 hours after lymphoscintigraphy, the
      patients were submitted to intraoperative rSLNB using a handheld gamma probe. All
      SLNs identified were removed alongside with non-SLNs from the same compartment.
      Papillary thyroid carcinoma, SLNs and non-SLNs were submitted for histopathology
      and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: Of the 42 patients initially enrolled,
      37 were included in analysis, including 6 men and 31 women with a mean (range)
      age of 47 (22-83) years. Overall, T stage was as follows: T1, 23 patients
      (62.2%); T2, 8 patients (21.6%); and T3, 6 patients (16.2%). Sentinel lymph nodes
      were identified in 92% of the patients, and among these metastases were present
      in 17 patients (46%). The SLNs were false-negative in 3 patients. Metastases in
      the lateral compartment ocurred in 7 patients (18%). There was a significant
      association between LN metastases and tumor size (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00
      1.13; P = .02), with a Cohen d effect of 0.683 (medium to large effect). Overall,
      17 patients (46%) with LN metastases had management changed because they were
      submitted to higher radioiodine ablation doses and closer clinical surveillance.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Radioguided SLNB is able to detect occult cervical
      lymph node metastases in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, and in 7
      patients (18%) rSLNB detected lymph node metastases in the lateral compartments.
      The rSLNB technique lead to management change in 14 patients (37.8%).

PMID- 27366870
TI  - Detectability of designer benzodiazepines in CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS
      II immunochemical screening assays.
AB  - The emerging new psychoactive substances made available for recreational drug use
      have recently started to include designer benzodiazepines. As a consequence, the
      routine immunoassay drug testing for benzodiazepines may become less effective,
      due to an increased occurrence of 'false negative' and 'false positive' results.
      This work aimed to extend the knowledge of analytical cross-reactivity of 13
      designer benzodiazepines in the CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II
      immunoassays. Urine standards were prepared by spiking blank urine with
      clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, estazolam, etizolam, flubromazepam,
      flubromazolam, flutazolam, 3-hydroxyphenazepam, meclonazepam, nifoxipam,
      phenazepam, and pyrazolam. Authentic urine samples from intoxication cases
      identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were also
      investigated. For the spiked standard samples, the 13 designer benzodiazepines
      generally showed a high cross-reactivity in all assays. This was further
      confirmed when investigating their detectability in authentic urine samples from
      cases of drug intake. The test responses also indicated additional reactivity
      from metabolites. The lowest detectability in spiked samples was observed for
      flutazolam, which shows the most divergent chemical structure compared with the
      other benzodiazepines. Overall, the KIMS II and CEDIA immunoassays, which both
      include enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated forms, showed the highest, and EMIT II
      Plus the lowest degree of reactivity, for spiked parent substances and authentic
      urine specimens. The results of this study demonstrated that designer
      benzodiazepines can be detected in standard urine immunoassay drug screening and
      this should be taken into consideration when performing confirmation analysis.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27366872
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27366871
TI  - Hypoxia suppresses myocardial survival pathway through HIF-1alpha-IGFBP-3
      dependent signaling and enhances cardiomyocyte autophagic and apoptotic effects
      mainly via FoxO3a-induced BNIP3 expression.
AB  - The HIF-1alpha transcriptional factor and the BH-3 only protein BNIP3 are known
      to play fundamental roles in response to hypoxia. The objective of this research
      is to investigate the molecular mechanisms and the correlation of HIF-1alpha,
      BNIP3 and IGFBP-3 in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes injuries. Heart-derived H9c2
      cells and neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were incubated in normoxic or
      hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia increased HIF-1alpha expression and activated the
      downstream BNIP3 and IGFBP-3 thereby triggered mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.
      Moreover, IGF1R/PI3K/Akt signaling was attenuated by HIF-1alpha-dependent IGFBP-3
      expression to enhance hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Autophagy suppression with 3
      methyladenine or siATG5 or siBeclin-1 significantly decreased myocardial
      apoptosis under hypoxia. Knockdown of FoxO3a or BNIP3 significantly abrogated
      hypoxia-induced autophagy and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Moreover,
      prolonged-hypoxia induced HIF-1alpha stimulated BNIP3 and enhanced IGFBP-3
      activation to inhibit IGF1R/PI3K/Akt survival pathway and mediate mitochondria
      dependent cardiomyocyte apoptosis. HIF-1alpha and FoxO3a blockage are sufficient
      to annul the change of excessive hypoxia of hearts.

PMID- 27366873
TI  - Prevention of Congenital Disorders and Care of Affected Children: A Consensus
      Statement.
AB  - As the Sustainable Development Goals are adopted by United Nations member states,
      children with congenital disorders remain left behind in policies, programs,
      research, and funding. Although this finding was recognized by the creation and
      endorsement of the 63rd World Health Assembly Resolution in 2010 calling on
      United Nations member states to strengthen prevention of congenital disorders and
      the improvement of care of those affected, there has been little to no action
      since then. The Sustainable Development Goals call for the global health and
      development community to focus first and foremost on the most vulnerable and
      those left behind in the Millennium Development Goal era. To maximize the
      opportunity for every woman and couple to have a healthy child and to reduce the
      mortality and severe disability associated with potentially avoidable congenital
      disorders and their consequences for the children affected, their families and
      communities, and national health care systems, we propose priority measures that
      should be taken urgently to address this issue.

PMID- 27366875
TI  - Is there really a relationship between mean platelet volume and euthyroid
      Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

PMID- 27366874
TI  - Abciximab as a bridging strategy to overcome morphine-prasugrel interaction in
      STEMI patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated whether the glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa
      receptor blocker abciximab might be a successful bridging strategy to achieve
      adequate levels of platelet inhibition rapidly in cases where prasugrel is used
      in morphine-pretreated ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.
      METHODS: In a prospective observational cohort study, 32 patients presenting with
      STEMI were given prasugrel at a loading dose of 60 mg. Patients were stratified
      into four groups, according to morphine and/or abciximab use. Adenosine
      diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation was measured at four time points:
      at baseline, and at 2 h, 1 day and 2 days after prasugrel loading. RESULTS:
      Morphine use was associated with a three-fold higher level of ADP-induced
      platelet aggregation 2 h after prasugrel loading compared with no morphine/no
      abciximab (P = 0.019). However, when abciximab was infused in the catheterization
      laboratory, the effect of morphine on ADP-induced platelet aggregation
      disappeared (P = 0.884). This interaction was also seen in the presence of high
      on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) at 2 h; while HTPR was seen in 88% of
      morphine users/no abciximab users, it was found in only 17-20% in the three other
      groups (P = 0.003). The effect of morphine disappeared by day 1 - 2. CONCLUSION:
      The infusion of the GPIIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab allows immediate and
      efficient platelet inhibition in STEMI patients concomitantly receiving the oral
      ADP receptor blocker prasugrel and morphine.

PMID- 27366876
TI  - Binge-Eating Disorder Comes of Age.

PMID- 27366877
TI  - Role of Bladder Dysfunction in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Refractory
      to Alpha-blocker Therapy: A Video-urodynamic Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men result from a complex
      interplay of pathophysiology, including bladder and bladder outlet dysfunction.
      This study retrospectively analyzed bladder dysfunction in men with LUTS based on
      the results of video-urodynamic studies (VUDS). METHODS: Male patients (aged >=40
      years), with LUTS and an International Prostate Symptom Score of 8 or more, who
      were refractory to alpha-blocker treatment were retrospectively recruited and
      evaluated with VUDS and total prostate volume (TPV). Patients were further
      divided into subgroups of bladder dysfunction and bladder outlet dysfunction
      according to characteristic VUDS findings. Age, TPV and VUDS findings were
      compared among different subgroups. RESULTS: After VUDS, bladder outlet
      obstruction (BOO) was only noted in 48.6% of men. Of patients, 919 of 2991
      (30.7%) had bladder dysfunction including detrusor underactivity (DU, 5.1%),
      detrusor overactivity and inadequate contractility (DHIC, 5.3%), detrusor
      overactivity (DO, 17%) and hypersensitive bladder (HSB, 3.3%). In addition, 1941
      (64.9%) had bladder outlet dysfunction including BOO + DO (33.8%), BOO alone
      (14.8%), and poor urethral sphincter relaxation (PRES, 16.3%). Among the 1519
      patients with DO, 66.6% (1012) had BOO while, among 1454 patients with BOO, 69.5%
      (1010) had DO. Patients with DHIC, DU and DO were 5 years older than patients
      with HSB and normal men. TPV was significantly smaller in patients with DHIC, DU
      and DO as compared with BOO + DO. CONCLUSION: Approximately one-third of male
      LUTS was due to bladder dysfunction. A man older than 70 years with LUTS and TPV
      less than 30 mL usually indicates the presence of bladder dysfunction rather than
      BOO.

PMID- 27366878
TI  - Development of a high sensitivity C-reactive protein immunoassay and comparison
      with a commercial kit.
AB  - C-reactive protein (CRP) is intricately sensitive marker of inflammation,
      infection, and tissue damage. Role in the prognosis of heart diseases has been
      recently discovered. This study aimed to develop a cost-effective and high
      sensitivity CRP immunoassay for use in cardiac risk assessment. Assay was
      optimized for coating, blocking of capturing antibody, dilution, and reaction
      time of the conjugate and sample volume. For normal reference range, CRP was
      determined in serum samples from apparently healthy volunteers. For clinical
      validation, CRP was determined in samples of acute coronary syndrome patients by
      in-house and commercial assays. The lower detection limit of in-house assay was
      0.16 ug/L. Intra and inter assay imprecision was 4.39%, 4.6% and 8.6%, 9.3%,
      respectively. The correlation between the CRP levels by the two assays was r =
      0.861. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value for a positive test, and a
      negative test of in-house assay was 95.3%, 92.8%, 95.3%, and 92.8%, respectively.
      At lower-end CRP levels of both kits correlated very well but showed variation at
      upper end. In-house assay showed high sensitivity and reliability at lower end
      and it is hoped that will help to evaluate cardiac risk assessment (after
      improvement at upper end) in clinically poor settings.

PMID- 27366879
TI  - Toxicity of squamocin on Aedes aegypti larvae, its predators and human cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits a virus that causes diverse
      human diseases, and control of the vector is an important strategy to avoid
      disease propagation. Plants in the family Annonaceae are recognised as sources of
      molecules with uses in the medical and agriculture fields. Molecules of secondary
      metabolites of Annonaceae plants exhibit insecticidal potential against insect
      pests and vectors, especially acetogenins, showing high toxicity at low doses,
      which has encouraged research into producing new insecticide molecules. Herein,
      we identify an acetogenin from Annona mucosa seeds (chemical analysis) and
      provide the results of toxicity tests against larvae of A. aegypti (target
      insect) and its predators Culex bigoti and Toxorhynchites theobaldi (non-target
      insects) and cytotoxicity to human leukocytes. RESULTS: We identified squamocin
      (C37 H66 O7 ), a fatty acid with a bis-tetrahydrofuran ring. In A. aegypti, this
      compound caused behavioural disturbance before larval death and high mortality at
      low concentrations (LC50 = 0.01 ug mL-1 and LC90 = 0.11 ug mL-1 ). However, in
      predators and human leukocytes, squamocin showed no toxicity effect, indicating
      the selectivity of this molecule for non-target organisms. CONCLUSION: We
      identified squamocin from A. mucosa seeds, which exhibited lethal action against
      A. aegypti and showed selectivity for non-target insects and low cytotoxicity to
      human cells. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27366880
TI  - Conventional carotid endarterectomy versus stenting: comparison of restenosis
      rates in arteries with identical predisposing factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the possible role of
      individual predisposition in the pathogenesis of carotid restenosis. METHODS:
      Over 1700 patients have undergone carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in our institute
      over the past 15 years. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of those who also
      had contralateral carotid stenting (CAS) for primary atherosclerotic stenosis and
      recorded the rates of post-CEA and post-CAS restenosis >=50%. RESULTS: In the 29
      cases analyzed (21 men/8 women), CEA was performed with conventional technique
      and direct suturing in most cases. Mean ages at the time of CEA and CAS were
      69.2+/-6.6 and 73+/-6.7 yrs, respectively, and risk profiles at the 2 time points
      were similar: hypertension (96.5%), dyslipidemia (55.2%), smoking (51.7%),
      diabetes (31%), coronary artery disease (48.3%), chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (37.9%), and chronic renal failure (13.8%). Antiplatelet therapy
      protocols were identical for the two procedures. During follow-up (mean: 67.25+/
      51.6 months after CEA, 24.6+/-16.9 months after CAS), Duplex scans revealed
      restenosis in 12 patients (9 arteries treated with CEA, 6 managed with CAS). In
      three patients, restenosis was bilateral. Restenosis-free survival rates at five
      years were 85% after CEA and 66% after CAS (P=NS). CONCLUSIONS: In this selected
      group of patients, CEA and CAS were associated with a similar incidence of
      restenosis. Only 25% of the patients who developed restenosis did so after both
      procedures. These preliminary findings indicate that individual predisposition
      does not play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of restenosis. To confirm this
      conclusion, an analysis of a much larger, multicenter cohort is essential.

PMID- 27366881
TI  - Thrombin injection and compression with removable guidewire in the treatment of
      postcatheterization femoral pseudoaneurysm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to determine the efficacy of
      percutaneous thrombin treatment for iatrogenic femoral artery pseudoaneurysms
      (FAP) and to identify those criteria that may help to predict increased treatment
      failure risk and complications. METHODS: A number of 32 iatrogenic femoral
      pseudoaneurysms were treated with US-guided thrombin injection (group A), while
      four elderly patient with complex femoral pseudoaneurysm underwent compression
      assisted by removable "guidewire" (group B). Twenty-five were classified as
      simple (single lobe) and 11 as complex (at least two lobes with a single neck to
      the native vessel). Pseudoaneurysm volume, classification, thrombin dose,
      anticoagulation therapy status, and sheath size were considered independent
      prognostic factors. RESULTS: All the 36 patients (pts) had initial complete
      femoral pseudoaneurysms thrombosis. The aneurysm was thrombosed on a Doppler
      ultrasound (US) follow-up in all the cases but four (group A), those who required
      the additional thrombin injection. A fatal complication occurred in one patient
      with complex FAP (group A). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary data suggest that US-guided
      percutaneous thrombin injection is a safe and effective method to treat
      iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms. Simple iatrogenic femoral pseudoaneurysms benefit a
      single injection of up to 500 units of topical thrombin. We recommend more
      caution in complex pseudoaneurysms treatment; it is preferable to perform
      thrombin injection first into the lobe which is not directly joined to the
      femoral artery. A longer bed rest and closer observation are mandatory during the
      subsequent 24 hours. If the lobe communicating with the femoral artery is still
      patent, it can be retreated. Alternatively, we propose a new strategy approach
      through compression assisted removable "guidewire".

PMID- 27366882
TI  - Recent developments in the management of adult coarctation.

PMID- 27366883
TI  - Concomitant aortic arch reconstruction using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest
      during heart transplantation.

PMID- 27366884
TI  - Membrane properties in small cutaneous nerve fibers in humans.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Assessment of membrane properties is important for understanding
      the mechanisms of painful peripheral neuropathy, developing new diagnostic
      techniques, and screening/profiling of analgesics that target ion channels.
      METHODS: Small cutaneous nerves were activated electrically by small diameter
      (0.2 mm) cathodes, and large nerves were activated by ordinary patch electrodes.
      This new perception threshold tracking method combines perception threshold
      assessment and stimulation paradigms from conventional threshold tracking.
      RESULTS: The strength-duration time-constant of large fibers (580 us +/- 160 us)
      was lower than the time constant of small fibers (1060 us +/- 690 us; P < 0.01,
      paired t-test). Threshold electrotonus showed similar threshold reductions to sub
      threshold prepulses, except for 80 ms hyperpolarizing prepulses, to which small
      fibers showed less threshold reduction than large fibers (repeated-measures
      analysis of variance, Bonferroni, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: This is a reliable
      method to investigate the membrane properties of small cutaneous nerve fibers in
      humans and may be used in clinical settings as a diagnostic or profiling tool.
      Muscle Nerve 55: 195-201, 2017.

PMID- 27366886
TI  - Water based on a molecular model behaves like a hard-sphere solvent for a
      nonpolar solute when the reference interaction site model and related theories
      are employed.
AB  - For neutral hard-sphere solutes, we compare the reduced density profile of water
      around a solute g(r), solvation free energy MU, energy U, and entropy S under the
      isochoric condition predicted by the two theories: dielectrically consistent
      reference interaction site model (DRISM) and angle-dependent integral equation
      (ADIE) theories. A molecular model for water pertinent to each theory is adopted.
      The hypernetted-chain (HNC) closure is employed in the ADIE theory, and the HNC
      and Kovalenko-Hirata (K-H) closures are tested in the DRISM theory. We also
      calculate g(r), U, S, and MU of the same solute in a hard-sphere solvent whose
      molecular diameter and number density are set at those of water, in which case
      the radial-symmetric integral equation (RSIE) theory is employed. The dependences
      of MU, U, and S on the excluded volume and solvent-accessible surface area are
      analyzed using the morphometric approach (MA). The results from the ADIE theory
      are in by far better agreement with those from computer simulations available for
      g(r), U, and MU. For the DRISM theory, g(r) in the vicinity of the solute is
      quite high and becomes progressively higher as the solute diameter d U increases.
      By contrast, for the ADIE theory, it is much lower and becomes further lower as d
      U increases. Due to unphysically positive U and significantly larger |S|, MU from
      the DRISM theory becomes too high. It is interesting that MU, U, and S from the K
      H closure are worse than those from the HNC closure. Overall, the results from
      the DRISM theory with a molecular model for water are quite similar to those from
      the RSIE theory with the hard-sphere solvent. Based on the results of the MA
      analysis, we comparatively discuss the different theoretical methods for cases
      where they are applied to studies on the solvation of a protein.

PMID- 27366885
TI  - Circuitry to explain how the relative number of L and M cones shapes color
      experience.
AB  - The wavelength of light that appears unique yellow is surprisingly consistent
      across people even though the ratio of middle (M) to long (L) wavelength
      sensitive cones is strikingly variable. This observation has been explained by
      normalization to the mean spectral distribution of our shared environment. Our
      purpose was to reconcile the nearly perfect alignment of everyone's unique yellow
      through a normalization process with the striking variability in unique green,
      which varies by as much as 60 nm between individuals. The spectral location of
      unique green was measured in a group of volunteers whose cone ratios were
      estimated with a technique that combined genetics and flicker photometric
      electroretinograms. In contrast to unique yellow, unique green was highly
      dependent upon relative cone numerosity. We hypothesized that the difference in
      neural architecture of the blue-yellow and red-green opponent systems in the
      presence of a normalization process creates the surprising dependence of unique
      green on cone ratio. We then compared the predictions of different theories of
      color vision processing that incorporate L and M cone ratio and a normalization
      process. The results of this analysis reveal that-contrary to prevailing notions-
      postretinal contributions may not be required to explain the phenomena of unique
      hues.

PMID- 27366887
TI  - Anabolic steroids: Lots of muscle in the short-term, potentially devastating
      health consequences in the long-term.

PMID- 27366888
TI  - Detection of Cell Proliferation Markers by Immunofluorescence Staining and
      Microscopy Imaging in Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections.
AB  - This unit describes a step-by-step protocol to detect and quantify proliferating
      cells in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Two well-established markers of
      proliferation (incorporation of BrdU into newly synthesized DNA and expression of
      the nuclear protein Ki67) are detected after antigen-retrieval and subsequent
      immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. (c) 2016 by John Wiley &
      Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27366889
TI  - AAV9 Delivery of shRNA to the Mouse Heart.
AB  - RNA interference (RNAi) is a rapid approach to dissect loss-of-function phenotype
      for a gene of interest. However, it is challenging to perform RNAi in specific
      organs and tissues in vivo. Engineered viruses can provide a useful tool for
      delivery of small RNAs in vivo. Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are
      the preferred method for delivering genes or gene modulators to target cells due
      to their high titer, low immune response, ability to transduce many types of
      cell, and overall safety. In this unit, we describe protocols for use of rAAVs as
      a cargo to deliver miRNA backbone-based shRNA controlled by a cardiac-specific
      promoter into the mouse heart. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27366891
TI  - Practical Considerations for Using Pooled Lentiviral CRISPR Libraries.
AB  - CRISPR/Cas9 technology is ideally suited for genome-wide screening applications
      due to the ease of generating guide RNAs (gRNAs) and the versatility of Cas9 or
      Cas9 derivatives to knockout, repress, or activate expression of target genes.
      Several pooled lentiviral CRISPR libraries have been developed and are now
      publicly available, but while using CRISPR/Cas9 for genetic experiments has
      become widely adopted, genome-wide screening experiments remain technically
      challenging. This review covers the basics of CRISPR/Cas9, describes several
      publicly available CRISPR libraries, and provides a general protocol for
      conducting genome-wide screening experiments using CRISPR/Cas9. (c) 2016 by John
      Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27366890
TI  - Introduction to Gene Editing and Manipulation Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology.
AB  - Until very recently, the prospect of introducing mutations or exogenous DNA
      sequences at precise locations in the genomes of plants and animals was
      difficult, if not impossible. This rapidly changed with the demonstration that
      the type II CRISPR-Cas complex, a bacterial anti-viral surveillance system, could
      be engineered into a simple and robust platform for introducing double-stranded
      DNA breaks at nearly any position of plant and animal genomes. The prospect of
      efficiently creating tailored changes to a gene of interest is revolutionizing
      biomedical research, allowing exciting new questions to be asked. This overview
      introduces CRISPR-Cas technology as a tool for molecular biology and briefly
      discusses the advantages of this method over earlier techniques, as well as
      unique opportunities to create new avenues of research. (c) 2016 by John Wiley &
      Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27366892
TI  - CRISPR/Cas9-Based Multiplex Genome Editing in Monocot and Dicot Plants.
AB  - The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9
      mediated genome targeting system has been applied to a variety of organisms,
      including plants. Compared to other genome-targeting technologies such as zinc
      finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases
      (TALENs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system is easier to use and has much higher editing
      efficiency. In addition, multiple "single guide RNAs" (sgRNAs) with different
      target sequences can be designed to direct the Cas9 protein to multiple genomic
      sites for simultaneous multiplex editing. Here, we present a procedure for highly
      efficient multiplex genome targeting in monocot and dicot plants using a
      versatile and robust CRISPR/Cas9 vector system, emphasizing the construction of
      binary constructs with multiple sgRNA expression cassettes in one round of
      cloning using Golden Gate ligation. We also describe the genotyping of targeted
      mutations in transgenic plants by direct Sanger sequencing followed by decoding
      of superimposed sequencing chromatograms containing biallelic or heterozygous
      mutations using the Web-based tool DSDecode. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27366893
TI  - CRISPR-Cas9-Guided Genome Engineering in C. elegans.
AB  - The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas
      (CRISPR-associated) system is successfully being used for efficient and targeted
      genome editing in various organisms, including the nematode C. elegans. Recent
      studies have developed various CRISPR-Cas9 approaches to enhance genome
      engineering via two major DNA double-strand break repair pathways: non-homologous
      end joining and homologous recombination. Here we describe a protocol for Cas9
      mediated C. elegans genome editing together with single guide RNA (sgRNA) and
      repair template cloning, as well as injection methods required for delivering
      Cas9, sgRNAs, and repair template DNA into the C. elegans germline. (c) 2016 by
      John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27366894
TI  - A Microbiome DNA Enrichment Method for Next-Generation Sequencing Sample
      Preparation.
AB  - "Microbiome" is used to describe the communities of microorganisms and their
      genes in a particular environment, including communities in association with a
      eukaryotic host or part of a host. One challenge in microbiome analysis concerns
      the presence of host DNA in samples. Removal of host DNA before sequencing
      results in greater sequence depth of the intended microbiome target population.
      This unit describes a novel method of microbial DNA enrichment in which
      methylated host DNA such as human genomic DNA is selectively bound and separated
      from microbial DNA before next-generation sequencing (NGS) library construction.
      This microbiome enrichment technique yields a higher fraction of microbial
      sequencing reads and improved read quality resulting in a reduced cost of
      downstream data generation and analysis. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27366895
TI  - Depletion of Ribosomal RNA Sequences from Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Library.
AB  - Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have revealed high
      heterogeneity of gene expression profiles in individual cells. However, most
      current single-cell RNA-seq methods use oligo-dT priming in the reverse
      transcription steps and detect only polyA-positive for more accuracy, since there
      are also polyA-positive non-coding RNAs transcripts, not other important RNA
      species, such as polyA-negative noncoding RNA. Reverse transcription using random
      oligos enables detection of not only the noncoding RNA species without polyA
      tails, but also ribosomal RNA (rRNA). rRNA comprises more than 90% of the total
      RNA and should be depleted from the RNA-seq library to ensure efficient usage of
      the sequencing capacity. Commonly used hybridization-based rRNA depletion methods
      can preserve noncoding RNA in the standard RNA-seq library. However, such rRNA
      depletion methods require high input amounts of total RNA and do not work at the
      single-cell level or with limited input DNA. This unit describes a novel
      procedure for RNA-seq library construction from single cells or a minimal amount
      of RNA. A thermostable duplex-specific nuclease is used in this method to
      effectively remove ribosomal RNA sequences following whole-transcriptome
      amplification and sequencing library construction. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons,
      Inc.

PMID- 27366896
TI  - Dynamic Optical Coherence Tomography Capillaroscopy: A New Imaging Tool in
      Autoimmune Connective Tissue Disease.
AB  - Importance: Vasculopathy characterized by functional and structural abnormalities
      of the microcirculation plays an important role in systemic sclerosis and
      dermatomyositis. Although there are several advantages in using capillaroscopy,
      the method does not offer insight on the skin architecture, flow status, or
      morphology of the deeper dermal vessels. Dynamic optical coherence tomography (D
      OCT) is a recently developed OCT technique that enables detection of high-speed
      changes in back-scattered light caused by moving cells in vessels. The high
      resolution of OCT enables the detection of the papillary loops. Objective: To
      explore the potential for OCT capillaroscopy of the nailfolds using D-OCT.
      Design, Setting, and Participants: In this case series study of 4 participants,
      the nailfolds in 2 patients with systemic sclerosis, 1 patient with
      dermatomyositis, and a healthy volunteer were scanned using D-OCT. The included
      patients were all outpatients from the department of dermatology at Bispebjerg
      Hospital. Data were analyzed from November 2015 to February 2016. Main Outcomes
      and Measures: Dynamic OCT capillaroscopy revealed a potential for imaging of the
      capillary morphology, the surrounding skin architecture, and flow status of the
      capillaries in the nailfold. Moreover, D-OCT quantified evident changes of the
      blood flow in normal nailfold capillaries after application of nitroglycerine and
      brimonidine. Results: This case series included 4 adult women. The quantitative
      measurements of the blood flow in the D-OCT images of the healthy participant
      showed significant quantitative differences in blood flow before and after
      application of nitroglycerine (mean difference, 0.035; 95% CI, 0.008-0.061; P =
      .02) and brimonidine (mean difference, -0.015; 95% CI, -0.082 to -0.039; P <
      .001). In the dermatomyositis patient, the en face D-OCT images showed a striking
      detailed Y-shaped dilated capillary correlating with the clinical finding. In the
      2 patients with systemic sclerosis, D-OCT depicted megacapillaries, as well as
      loss of capillaries. Moreover, cross-sectional OCT images demonstrated a
      characteristic loss of distinct dermo-epidermal junction and more compact dermis
      with loss of adnexal structures. Conclusions and Relevance: Compared with
      conventional capillaroscopy, D-OCT offers second-to-none information on nailfold
      capillary morphology, overall skin architecture, as well as quantitative data on
      vascular abnormalities and blood flow in the nailfold in a single scan.

PMID- 27366897
TI  - Perioperative and Long-term Outcomes After Carotid Endarterectomy in Hemodialysis
      Patients.
AB  - Importance: Early landmark trials excluding dialysis patients showed carotid
      endarterectomy (CEA) decreased stroke risk compared with medical management.
      Dialysis dependence has been associated with poor outcomes after CEA in small
      studies, but, to our knowledge, there are no large studies evaluating outcomes of
      CEA in this patient group. Objective: To delineate perioperative and long-term
      outcomes after CEA in dialysis-dependent patients in a large national database.
      Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective review of all patients who
      underwent CEA in the US Renal Disease System-Medicare-matched database between
      January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2011, was performed in June 2015. The median
      follow-up time was 2.5 years. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to
      evaluate perioperative and long-term outcomes. Main Outcomes and Measures: The
      primary outcomes of interest were perioperative stroke, myocardial infarction and
      mortality, and long-term stroke and mortality. Results: A total of 5142 patients
      were studied; 83% of whom were asymptomatic. The mean (SD) age was 68.9 (9.6)
      years for asymptomatic patients and 70.0 (9.1) years for symptomatic patients.
      The 30-day stroke rate, myocardial infarction, and mortality for the asymptomatic
      and symptomatic groups were 2.7% vs 5.2% (P = .001), 4.6% vs 5.0% (P = .69), and
      2.6% vs 2.9% (P = .61), respectively. Predictors of perioperative stroke were
      symptomatic status (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.18-3.42; P = .01), black
      race (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.24-4.25; P = .008), and Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 2.28;
      95% CI, 1.17-4.42; P = .02). Freedom from stroke and overall survival were lower
      in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic patients at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years (in
      asymptomatic vs symptomatic patients, freedom from stroke rates were 92% vs 87%
      at 1 year, 88% vs 83% at 2 years, 84% vs 78% at 3 years, 80% vs 73% at 4 years,
      and 79% vs 69% at 5 years, respectively, and overall survival rates were 78% vs
      73% at 1 year, 60% vs 57% at 2 years, 46% vs 42% at 3 years, 37% vs 32% at 4
      years, and 33% vs 29% at 5 years; P < .05). Predictors of long-term stroke were
      preoperative symptoms (hazard ratio, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.24-2.24; P < .001), female
      sex (hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03-1.73; P = .04), and inability to ambulate
      (hazard ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.25-2.62; P = .002). Predictors of long-term
      mortality were increasing age (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03; P < .01), active
      smoking (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.00-1.48; P = .045), history of congestive heart
      failure (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.12-1.39; P < .001), and chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.45; P = .002). Conclusions and
      Relevance: To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date of dialysis
      patients who have undergone CEA. We have shown that the risks of CEA in
      asymptomatic patients is high and may outweigh the benefits. The risk of CEA in
      symptomatic patients is also high, and it should only be offered to a small
      carefully selected cohort of symptomatic patients.

PMID- 27366899
TI  - Effect of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase on all-trans-retinoic acid efficacy and
      cytochrome P450 26A1 expression in human myeloid leukaemia HL-60 cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), a naturally occurring metabolite of
      vitamin A, has been shown to have great potential as an antitumorigenic drug to
      treat acute leukaemia by promoting cancer cell differentiation. Cytochrome P450
      oxidoreductase (POR) is the only obligate electron donor for all of the
      microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes including CYP26A1 which is highly specific for
      ATRA metabolism and efficacy in human myeloid leukaemia cells. In this study, we
      aimed to investigate the effect of POR on ATRA efficacy and CYP26A1 expression in
      human myeloid leukaemia HL-60 cells. METHODS: Stably expressed POR and POR-RNAi
      HL-60 cell lines were established by transfecting POR overexpression or RNAi (RNA
      interference) vectors mediated by lentivirus. The protein expression of POR and
      CYP26A1 was examined by Western blot. The potential roles of POR on ATRA efficacy
      in HL-60 cells were explored by cell viability assay, cell cycle distribution,
      cellular differentiation and apoptosis analysis. KEY FINDINGS: All-trans-retinoic
      acid treatment caused the expression of POR upregulation and CYP26A1
      downregulation in dose- and time-dependent manners. POR overexpression decreased
      CYP26A1 expression in HL-60 cells. When POR gene was interfered, the
      downregulation of CYP26A1 expression by ATRA was abolished. In addition, POR
      overexpression in HL-60 cells significantly compromised ATRA-induced cell
      proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis,
      whereas downregulation of POR significantly potentiated ATRA effects.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study therefore suggested that POR played an important role in
      regulating ATRA efficacy and CYP26A1 expression in HL-60 cells.

PMID- 27366898
TI  - Total Magnetic Resonance Imaging Burden of Small Vessel Disease in Cerebral
      Amyloid Angiopathy: An Imaging-Pathologic Study of Concept Validation.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characteristically associated
      with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers of small vessel brain injury,
      including strictly lobar cerebral microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis,
      centrum semiovale perivascular spaces, and white matter hyperintensities.
      Although these neuroimaging markers reflect distinct pathophysiologic aspects in
      CAA, no studies to date have combined these structural imaging features to gauge
      total brain small vessel disease burden in CAA. OBJECTIVES: To investigate
      whether a composite score can be developed to capture the total brain MRI burden
      of small vessel disease in CAA and to explore whether this score contributes
      independent and complementary information about CAA severity, defined as
      intracerebral hemorrhage during life or bleeding-related neuropathologic changes.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective, cross-sectional study
      examined a single-center neuropathologic CAA cohort of eligible patients from the
      Massachusetts General Hospital from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 2012.
      Data analysis was performed from January 2, 2015, to January 9, 2016. Patients
      with pathologic evidence of CAA (ie, any presence of CAA from routinely collected
      brain biopsy specimen, biopsy specimen at hematoma evacuation, or autopsy) and
      available brain MRI sequences of adequate quality, including T2-weighted, T2*
      weighted gradient-recalled echo, and/or susceptibility-weighted imaging and fluid
      attenuated inversion recovery sequences, were considered for the study. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Brain MRIs were rated for lobar cerebral microbleeds,
      cortical superficial siderosis, centrum semiovale perivascular spaces, and white
      matter hyperintensities. All 4 MRI lesions were incorporated into a prespecified
      ordinal total small vessel disease score, ranging from 0 to 6 points.
      Associations with severity of CAA-associated vasculopathic changes (fibrinoid
      necrosis and concentric splitting of the wall), clinical presentation, number of
      intracerebral hemorrhages, and other imaging markers not included in the score
      were explored using logistic and ordinal regression. RESULTS: In total, 105
      patients with pathologically defined CAA were included: 52 with autopsies, 22
      with brain biopsy specimens, and 31 with pathologic samples from hematoma
      evacuations. The mean (range) age of the patients was 73 (71-74) years, and 55
      (52.4%) were women. In multivariable ordinal regression analysis, severity of CAA
      associated vasculopathic changes (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.06-5.45; P = .04)
      and CAA presentation with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio, 2.23;
      95% CI, 1.07-4.64; P = .03) were independently associated with the total MRI
      small vessel disease score. The score was associated with small, acute, diffusion
      weighted imaging lesions and posterior white matter hyperintensities in adjusted
      analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study provides evidence of concept
      validity of a total MRI small vessel disease score in CAA. After further
      validation, this approach can be potentially used in prospective clinical
      studies.

PMID- 27366900
TI  - Exclusive Bilateral Internal Thoracic Artery Grafts for Myocardial
      Revascularization Requiring Four Anastomoses or More: Outcomes from a Single
      Center Experience.
AB  - Introduction Multivessel coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with bilateral
      internal thoracic arteries (BITA) has only been uncommon and technically
      demanding. We describe our experience with BITA only CABGs requiring >= 4
      anastomoses. Material and Methods The department's database was queried for
      patients undergoing isolated CABG with >= 4 anastomoses. The surgical technique
      included systematically a right internal thoracic artery (ITA) of left ITA Y
      graft. The multivariate model included variables with a p < 0.3 at univariate
      analysis. Results Between January 2006 and December 2009, 251 consecutive
      patients (71 +/- 10 years) (on-pump: 130, off-pump: 121) had CABG with >= 4
      anastomoses, representing 21% of total isolated CABGs for the same period; all
      patients received a totally arterial BITA only revascularization. Follow-up was
      4.9 +/- 1.6 years. Overall and cardiac cumulative survivals were 78 and 92%,
      respectively, at 5 years. The occurrence of any major postoperative complication
      was associated with overall and cardiac mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 3.6, 95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-9.9 and OR: 5.4, 95% CI: 1.3-21.9, respectively).
      Major sternal wound complication requiring surgical revision was not associated
      with impaired glucose control (n = 9; diabetics: 6/82, 7.3%; nondiabetics: 3/169,
      1.8%, p = 0.06). Preoperative kidney failure was associated with incomplete
      revascularization (OR: 6.2; 95% CI: 1.2-33.5), that was unfailingly due to
      ungraftable right coronary artery targets. Discussion BITA only revascularization
      was a valuable and safe procedure, with favorable results in terms of morbidity
      and mortality at a 5 years' follow-up.

PMID- 27366901
TI  - Reproducibility of quantitative indices of lung function and microstructure from
      129 Xe chemical shift saturation recovery (CSSR) MR spectroscopy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the reproducibility of indices of lung microstructure and
      function derived from 129 Xe chemical shift saturation recovery (CSSR)
      spectroscopy in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD), and to study the sensitivity of CSSR-derived parameters
      to pulse sequence design and lung inflation level. METHODS: Preliminary data were
      collected from five volunteers on three occasions, using two implementations of
      the CSSR sequence. Separately, three volunteers each underwent CSSR at three
      different lung inflation levels. After analysis of these preliminary data, five
      COPD patients were scanned on three separate days, and nine age-matched
      volunteers were scanned three times on one day, to assess reproducibility.
      RESULTS: CSSR-derived alveolar septal thickness (ST) and surface-area-to-volume
      (S/V) ratio values decreased with lung inflation level (P < 0.001; P = 0.057,
      respectively). Intra-subject standard deviations of ST were lower than the
      previously measured differences between volunteers and subjects with interstitial
      lung disease. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) values of ST were 3.9 +/-
      1.9% and 6.0 +/- 4.5% in volunteers and COPD patients, respectively, similar to
      CV values for whole-lung carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. The mean CV of S/V
      in volunteers and patients was 14.1 +/- 8.0% and 18.0 +/- 19.3%, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: 129 Xe CSSR presents a reproducible method for estimation of alveolar
      septal thickness. Magn Reson Med 77:2107-2113, 2017. (c) 2016 The Authors
      Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of
      International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access
      article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
      permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original
      work is properly cited.

PMID- 27366903
TI  - The annexin A2 system and angiogenesis.
AB  - The formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, the process
      known as angiogenesis, is highly regulated by pro- and anti-angiogenic signaling
      molecules including growth factors and proteases. As an endothelial cell-surface
      co-receptor for plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator, the annexin A2
      (ANXA2) complex accelerates plasmin generation and facilitates fibrinolysis.
      Plasmin can subsequently activate a downstream proteolytic cascade involving
      multiple matrix metalloproteinases. Thus, in addition to maintaining blood vessel
      patency, the ANXA2 complex can also promote angiogenesis via its pro-fibrinolytic
      activity. The generation of ANXA2-deficient mice allowed us to first observe the
      pro-angiogenic role of ANXA2 in vivo. Further investigations have provided
      additional details regarding the mechanism for ANXA2 regulation of retinal and
      corneal angiogenesis. Other studies have reported that ANXA2 supports
      angiogenesis in specific tumor-related settings. Here, we summarize results from
      in vivo studies that illustrate the pro-angiogenic role of ANXA2, and discuss the
      critical questions that may lead to an advanced understanding of the molecular
      mechanisms for ANXA2-mediated angiogenesis. Finally, highlights from studies on
      ANXA2-interacting agents offer potential therapeutic opportunities for the
      application of ANXA2-centered pharmaceuticals in angiogenesis-related disorders. 

PMID- 27366902
TI  - Computer-assisted design, synthesis, binding and cytotoxicity assessments of new
      1-(4-(aryl(methyl)amino)butyl)-heterocyclic sigma 1 ligands.
AB  - In this work we applied a blend of computational and synthetic techniques with
      the aim to design, synthesize, and characterize new sigma1 receptor (sigma1R)
      ligands. Starting from the structure of previously reported, high-affinity
      benzoxazolone-based sigma1 ligands, the three-dimensional homology model of the
      sigma1R was exploited for retrieving the molecular determinants to fulfill the
      optimal pharmacophore requirements. Accordingly, the benzoxazolone moiety was
      replaced by other heterocyclic scaffolds, the relevant conformational space in
      the sigma1R binding cavity was explored, and the effect on sigma1R binding
      affinity was ultimately assessed. Next, the compounds designed in silico were
      synthesized, and their affinity and selectivity toward sigma1 and sigma2
      receptors were tested. Finally, a representative series of best sigma1R binders
      were assayed for cytotoxic activity on the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line.
      Specifically, the new 4-phenyloxazolidin-2-one derivatives 2b (i.e., (R)-2b and
      (S)-2b) emerged as potential leads for further development as sigma1R agents, as
      they were found endowed with the highest sigma1R affinity (Kisigma1 values in the
      range 0.95-9.3 nM), and showed minimal cytotoxic levels exhibited in the
      selected, cell-based test, in line with a sigma1R agonist behavior. 

PMID- 27366904
TI  - Emerging functions as host cell factors - an encyclopedia of annexin-pathogen
      interactions.
AB  - Emerging infectious diseases and drug-resistant infectious agents call for the
      development of innovative antimicrobial strategies. With pathogenicity now
      considered to arise from the complex and bi-directional interplay between a
      microbe and the host, host cell factor targeting has emerged as a promising
      approach that might overcome the limitations of classical antimicrobial drug
      development and could open up novel and efficient therapeutic strategies.
      Interaction with and modulation of host cell membranes is a recurrent theme in
      the host-microbe relationship. In this review, we provide an overview of what is
      currently known about the role of the Ca2+ dependent, membrane-binding annexin
      protein family in pathogen-host interactions, and discuss their emerging
      functions as host cell derived auxiliary proteins in microbe-host interactions
      and host cell targets.

PMID- 27366905
TI  - Novel Mechanisms of Compromised Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Homeostasis in
      Obesity: The Role of Leptin in Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Tube Formation and
      Proliferation.
AB  - Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that regulates various
      physiological processes. Recent studies have shown that the level of circulating
      leptin is elevated in obese patients and have suggested a relationship between
      obesity and postoperative lymphedema. However, the mechanisms by which
      postoperative lymphedema develops in obese patients and the mechanisms by which
      leptin regulates lymphatic endothelial cell homeostasis such as tube formation
      and cell proliferation remain unknown. Here we report that leptin regulates tube
      formation and cell proliferation in human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells
      (HDLECs) by activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
      pathway, which is downstream signaling of the leptin receptor. Additionally, we
      found that upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 underlies the
      mechanisms by which a high dose of leptin inhibits cell proliferation and tube
      formation. Leptin also enhanced expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6
      in HDLECs. Interestingly, IL-6 rescues the compromised cell proliferation and
      tube formation caused by treatment with a high dose of leptin in an autocrine or
      paracrine manner. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which
      compromised HDLECs maintain their homeostasis during inflammation mediated by
      leptin and IL-6. Thus, regulating the level of leptin or IL-6 may be a viable
      strategy to reduce the incidence of postoperative lymphedema. 

PMID- 27366907
TI  - Reputation Effects in Social Networks Do Not Promote Cooperation: An Experimental
      Test of the Raub & Weesie Model.
AB  - Despite the popularity of the notion that social cohesion in the form of dense
      social networks promotes cooperation in Prisoner's Dilemmas through reputation,
      very little experimental evidence for this claim exists. We address this issue by
      testing hypotheses from one of the few rigorous game-theoretic models on this
      topic, the Raub & Weesie model, in two incentivized lab experiments. In the
      experiments, 156 subjects played repeated two-person PDs in groups of six. In the
      "atomized interactions" condition, subjects were only informed about the outcomes
      of their own interactions, while in the "embedded" condition, subjects were
      informed about the outcomes of all interactions in their group, allowing for
      reputation effects. The design of the experiments followed the specification of
      the RW model as closely as possible. For those aspects of the model that had to
      be modified to allow practical implementation in an experiment, we present
      additional analyses that show that these modifications do not affect the
      predictions. Contrary to expectations, we do not find that cooperation is higher
      in the embedded condition than in the atomized interaction. Instead, our results
      are consistent with an interpretation of the RW model that includes random noise,
      or with learning models of cooperation in networks. 

PMID- 27366906
TI  - Hepatitis C Virus Core Protein Promotes miR-122 Destabilization by Inhibiting GLD
      2.
AB  - The liver-specific microRNA miR-122, which has essential roles in liver
      development and metabolism, is a key proviral factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV).
      Despite its crucial role in the liver and HCV life cycle, little is known about
      the molecular mechanism of miR-122 expression regulation by HCV infection. Here,
      we show that the HCV core protein downregulates the abundance of miR-122 by
      promoting its destabilization via the inhibition of GLD-2, a non-canonical
      cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase. The decrease in miR-122 expression resulted in
      the dysregulation of the known functions of miR-122, including its proviral
      activity for HCV. By high-throughput sequencing of small RNAs from human liver
      biopsies, we found that the 22-nucleotide (nt) prototype miR-122 is modified at
      its 3' end by 3'-terminal non-templated and templated nucleotide additions.
      Remarkably, the proportion of miR-122 isomers bearing a single nucleotide tail of
      any ribonucleotide decreased in liver specimens from patients with HCV. We found
      that these single-nucleotide-tailed miR-122 isomers display increased miRNA
      activity and stability over the 22-nt prototype miR-122 and that the 3'-terminal
      extension is catalyzed by the unique terminal nucleotidyl transferase activity of
      GLD-2, which is capable of adding any single ribonucleotide without preference of
      adenylate to the miR-122 3' end. The HCV core protein specifically inhibited GLD
      2, and its interaction with GLD-2 in the cytoplasm was found to be responsible
      for miR-122 downregulation. Collectively, our results provide new insights into
      the regulatory role of the HCV core protein in controlling viral RNA abundance
      and miR-122 functions through miR-122 stability modulation.

PMID- 27366908
TI  - Temperature-Related Yield Constraints of Early-Rice in South China: A Cross
      Location Analysis.
AB  - Warm temperature during post-heading is generally hypothesized to be the critical
      factor limiting grain yield of early-rice in South China. However, there is no
      direct evidence to confirm this hypothesis in the field. This study was conducted
      to determine the temperature-related yield constraints of early-rice in South
      China. Field experiments were carried out in Huaiji (a location in South China)
      and Changsha (a location in the Yangtze River basin) in 2011-2013. In each year,
      two rice cultivars were grown in early-rice growing season in Huaiji and in
      single-rice growing season in Changsha. Huaiji had higher average daily maximum
      temperature during post-heading than Changsha. The higher temperature during post
      heading induced early plant senescence (slower crop growth rate and shorter grain
      filling duration), but grain weight did not reduce because it was compensated for
      by increased translocation of pre-heading biomass. The higher temperature during
      post-heading also did not cause a reduction in grain filling percentage. Huaiji
      had lower temperature during pre-heading than Changsha, which to some extent
      resulted in slower crop growth rate and consequently lower biomass production and
      smaller sink size in Huaiji than in Changsha. As a result, grain yield was about
      30% lower in Huaiji than in Changsha. Our results indicate that grain yield of
      early-rice in South China is limited not by warm temperature during post-heading
      but partially by cool temperature during pre-heading, and suggest that enhancing
      sink size and meanwhile maintaining good translocation of pre-heading biomass may
      be an effective way to achieve high yield for early-rice in South China. 

PMID- 27366909
TI  - Association between Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Middle
      Aged and Elderly Adults in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study from 2003 to 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of
      mortality and loss of disability-adjusted life years in developed countries. This
      study derived a dietary pattern using an a priori method and additionally derived
      dietary patterns using a posteriori methods, and assessed the relationship with
      CVD risk factors in Taiwanese middle-aged and elderly adults. METHODS: Cross
      sectional analyses of 62,965 subjects aged 40 years and above from the Mei Jau
      (MJ) database collected between 2003 and 2012 in Taiwan. Diet was assessed using
      a 22 item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using this information,
      three dietary patterns were generated. The a priori diet was labeled the
      Taiwanese dietary pattern and was derived using hypothesized effect of 22 food
      groups, while two a posteriori dietary patterns, "vegi-fruits" and "meat
      processed", were derived using principal component analysis. The association
      between dietary patterns and a range of CVD risk factors (i.e. blood lipids,
      blood glucose and C-reactive protein) was evaluated using linear regression.
      RESULTS: The results showed that high intake (Q5, quintile 5) of Taiwanese diet
      was negatively associated with CVD risk factors at (p < 0.001, model 3), but not
      with triacylglycerol. In addition, high intake of vegi-fruit dietary pattern (Q5)
      was negatively associated with CVD risk factors (p < 0.001), but not with high
      density lipoprotein, while high consumption of meat-processed dietary pattern
      (Q5) was positively associated with CVD risk factors (p < 0.001), but negatively
      related with triacylglycerol in Q3 level and no association with C-reactive
      protein. CONCLUSION: A negative association was observed between Taiwanese or
      vegi-fruit dietary patterns and CVD risk factors, while a positive association
      was found between meat-processed dietary pattern and CVD risk factors. The
      findings suggested that a diet rich in vegetables and fruits has a beneficial
      effect in the management of CVD risk factors.

PMID- 27366911
TI  - Strong Solvent Effects on the Nonlinear Optical Properties of Z and E isomers
      from Azo-Enaminone Derivatives.
AB  - We calculated the nonlinear optical properties of 24 azo-enaminone derivatives,
      incorporating solvent effects on their geometric and elec-tronic structure, to
      assess the impact of the environment on these properties. Namely, we incorporated
      chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide on
      our calculations and compared our results incorporating solvent effects with our
      gas phase calculations. To account for the electron correlation effects on NLO
      properties, the calculations were performed at MP2/6-31G(p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level
      set. The Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) was used to simulate the presence of
      the solvent. The exponents of p extra functions added to heavy atoms were
      obtained, imposing the maximization of the first hyperpolarizability. Two
      structural configurations (Z and E) of azo-enaminones were investigated to assess
      the isomeric effects of the electric properties. Our results show that both
      solvent polarity and relative strength of the donor groups have significant
      impact on the electric properties, but more strikingly on the first
      hyperpolarizability beta.

PMID- 27366910
TI  - A Novel, Unbiased Analysis Approach for Investigating Population Dynamics: A Case
      Study on Calanus finmarchicus and Its Decline in the North Sea.
AB  - Marine populations are controlled by a series of drivers, pertaining to both the
      physical environment and the biological environment (trophic predator-prey
      interactions). There is heated debate over drivers, especially when trying to
      understand the causes of major ecosystem events termed regime shifts. In this
      work, we have researched and developed a novel methodology based on Genetic
      Programming (GP) for distinguishing which drivers can influence species
      abundance. This methodology benefits of having no a priori assumptions either on
      the ecological parameters used or on the underlying mathematical relationships
      among them. We have validated this methodology applying it to the North Sea
      pelagic ecosystem. We use the target species Calanus finmarchicus, a key copepod
      in temperate and subarctic ecosystems, along with 86 biological, hydrographical
      and climatic time series, ranging from local water nutrients and fish predation,
      to large scale climate pressure patterns. The chosen study area is the central
      North Sea, from 1972 to 2011, during which period there was an ecological regime
      shift. The GP based analysis identified 3 likely drivers of C. finmarchicus
      abundance, which highlights the importance of considering both physical and
      trophic drivers: temperature, North Sea circulation (net flow into the North
      Atlantic), and predation (herring). No large scale climate patterns were
      selected, suggesting that when there is availability of both data types, local
      drivers are more important. The results produced by the GP based procedure are
      consistent with the literature published to date, and validate the use of GP for
      interpreting species dynamics. We propose that this methodology holds promises
      for the highly non-linear field of ecology. 

PMID- 27366912
TI  - Cu(OAc)2-Mediated Cascade Annulation of Diarylalkyne Sulfonamides through Dual C
      N Bond Formation: Synthesis of 5,10-Dihydroindolo[3,2-b]indoles.
AB  - An unusual cascade reaction featuring annulation of diarylalkyne sulfonamides to
      form 5,10-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]indoles has been realized with Cu(OAc)2 as the sole
      oxidant. This unprecedented process encompasses two sequential C-N bond
      formations, allowing for an efficient synthesis of the biologically important
      indoloindole derivatives.

PMID- 27366913
TI  - Screening Oligosaccharide Libraries against Lectins Using the Proxy Protein
      Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Assay.
AB  - An electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) assay for screening
      carbohydrate libraries against lectins is described. The assay is based on the
      proxy protein ESI-MS method, which combines direct ESI-MS protein-ligand binding
      measurements and competitive protein binding, to simultaneously detect and
      quantify protein-carbohydrate interactions. Specific interactions between
      components of the library and the target protein (PT) are identified from changes
      in the relative abundances (as measured by ESI-MS) of the carbohydrate complexes
      of a proxy protein (Pproxy), which binds to all components of the library with
      known affinity, upon addition of PT to the solution. The magnitude of the change
      in relative abundance of a given Pproxy-ligand complex provides a quantitative
      measure of the affinity of the corresponding PT-ligand interaction. A
      mathematical framework for the implementation of the method in the case of
      monovalent (single binding site) Pproxy and monovalent and multivalent (multiple
      equivalent and independent binding sites) PT is described. The application of the
      method to screen small libraries of oligosaccharides, on the basis of human histo
      blood group antigens and milk oligosaccharides, against an N-terminal fragment of
      the family 51 carbohydrate-binding module, a fucose-binding lectin from Ralstonia
      solanacearum, and human norovirus VA387 P particle (24-mer of the protruding
      domain of the capsid protein), serves to demonstrate the reliability and
      versatility of the assay.

PMID- 27366914
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27366915
TI  - Imidazolium-Based Porous Organic Polymers: Anion Exchange-Driven Capture and
      Luminescent Probe of Cr2O7(2.).
AB  - A series of imidazolium-based porous organic polymers (POP-Ims) was synthesized
      through Yamamoto reaction of 1,3-bis(4-bromophenyl)imidazolium bromide and
      tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)ethylene. Porosities and hydrophilicity of such polymers
      may be well tuned by varying the ratios of two monomers. POP-Im with the highest
      density of imidazolium moiety (POP-Im1) exhibits the best dispersity in water and
      the highest efficiency in removing Cr2O7(2-). The capture capacity of 171.99 mg
      g(-1) and the removal efficiency of 87.9% were achieved using an equivalent
      amount of POP-Im1 within 5 min. However, no Cr2O7(2-) capture was observed using
      nonionic analogue despite its large surface area and abundant pores, suggesting
      that anion exchange is the driving force for the removal of Cr2O7(2-). POP-Im1
      also displays excellent enrichment ability and remarkable selectivity in
      capturing Cr2O7(2-). Cr(VI) in acid electroplating wastewater can be removed
      completely using excess POP-Im1. In addition, POP-Im1 can serve as a luminescent
      probe for Cr2O7(2-) due to the incorporation of luminescent tetraphenylethene
      moiety. 

PMID- 27366918
TI  - To Appear in CHEMICAL REVIEWS, Vol. 99, No. 10.

PMID- 27366916
TI  - Theoretical Analysis on the Importance of Achiral Unidentate Ligands to
      Electronic Circular Dichroism of cis-Bis(ethylenediamine) Cobalt(III) Complexes.
AB  - Compared with the importance of didentate ligands to chiral chelates, little is
      known about the influence of unidentate ligands on the chiroptical properties of
      related chelates. To assess the importance of achiral unidentate ligands to
      electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra, calculations of the excitation
      energies and oscillator and rotational strengths for all the Lambda-enantiomers
      of bis(ethylenediamine) cobalt(III) complexes cis-[Co(en)2(X)2](n+) (X = Cl(-),
      CN(-), NH3, N3(-), NO2(-), H2O; n = 1, 3) were performed at the TDDFT/B3LYP/6
      311++G(2d,p)//DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) level of theory, including solvent
      effects. The individual contributions of the chiral arrays, Delta/Lambda
      octahedral core, delta/lambda twists of the en ligands, and delta/lambda relative
      orientations of the unidentate ligands to the rotational strengths of related
      transitions were quantitatively determined and graphically presented. It was
      found that, for the chelates with nonaxially symmetric unidentate ligands (N3(-),
      NO2(-), H2O), the chiral orientation (delta/lambda) of the unidentate ligands not
      only dominates the ECD spectra of the Lambda-diastereoisomers but also dominates
      the relative energies in solution with the delta-orientation preferred. For those
      complexes with axially symmetric unidentate ligands (Cl(-), CN(-), NH3), the
      inherent dissymmetry within the metal ion-donor atom cluster was found to be
      unidentate ligand-dependent. The Boltzmann-weighted averaged ECD spectra of the
      complexes with Lambda-octahedral core are in excellent agreement with the
      observed ones, except that for the diazido complex, they are opposite in sign.
      This demonstrates that the absolute configuration of the complex cis-(-)
      [Co(en)2(N3)2](+) is Delta, not the Lambda-form assigned by McCaffery et al. in
      1965. These findings not only reveal the importance of unidentate ligands to the
      ECD spectra of related chelates but also provide an insight for the influence of
      unidentate ligands on both the inherent dissymmetry and the distributional
      chirality. 

PMID- 27366919
TI  - Conformations of Prolyl-Peptide Bonds in the Bradykinin 1-5 Fragment in Solution
      and in the Gas Phase.
AB  - The dynamic nature of intrinsically disordered peptides makes them a challenge to
      characterize by solution-phase techniques. In order to gain insight into the
      relation between the disordered state and the environment, we explore the
      conformational space of the N-terminal 1-5 fragment of bradykinin (BK[1-5](2+))
      in the gas phase by combining drift tube ion mobility, cold-ion spectroscopy, and
      first-principles simulations. The ion-mobility distribution of BK[1-5](2+)
      consists of two well-separated peaks. We demonstrate that the conformations
      within the peak with larger cross-section are kinetically trapped, while the more
      compact peak contains low-energy structures. This is a result of cis-trans
      isomerization of the two prolyl-peptide bonds in BK[1-5](2+). Density-functional
      theory calculations reveal that the compact structures have two very different
      geometries with cis-trans and trans-cis backbone conformations. Using the
      experimental CCSs to guide the conformational search, we find that the
      kinetically trapped species have a trans-trans configuration. This is consistent
      with NMR measurements performed in a solution, which show that 82% of the
      molecules adopt a trans-trans configuration and behave as a random coil.

PMID- 27366920
TI  - Organoarsenical Biotransformations by Shewanella putrefaciens.
AB  - Microbes play a critical role in the global arsenic biogeocycle. Most studies
      have focused on redox cycling of inorganic arsenic in bacteria and archaea. The
      parallel cycles of organoarsenical biotransformations are less well
      characterized. Here we describe organoarsenical biotransformations in the
      environmental microbe Shewanella putrefaciens. Under aerobic growth conditions,
      S. putrefaciens reduced the herbicide MSMA (methylarsenate or MAs(V)) to
      methylarsenite (MAs(III)). Even though it does not contain an arsI gene, which
      encodes the ArsI C-As lyase, S. putrefaciens demethylated MAs(III) to As(III). It
      cleaved the C-As bond in aromatic arsenicals such as the trivalent forms of the
      antimicrobial agents roxarsone (Rox(III)), nitarsone (Nit(III)) and
      phenylarsenite (PhAs(III)), which have been used as growth promoters for poultry
      and swine. S. putrefaciens thiolated methylated arsenicals, converting MAs(V)
      into the more toxic metabolite monomethyl monothioarsenate (MMMTAs(V)), and
      transformed dimethylarsenate (DMAs(V)) into dimethylmonothioarsenate (DMMTAs(V)).
      It also reduced the nitro groups of Nit(V), forming p-aminophenyl arsenate (p
      arsanilic acid or p-AsA(V)), and Rox(III), forming 3-amino-4
      hydroxybenzylarsonate (3A4HBzAs(V)). Elucidation of organoarsenical
      biotransformations by S. putrefaciens provides a holistic appreciation of how
      these environmental pollutants are degraded.

PMID- 27366921
TI  - Oral Chinese herbal medicine versus placebo for psoriasis vulgaris: A systematic
      review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder and the efficacy
      and safety of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) treatments is unclear. This review
      evaluates oral CHM for psoriasis vulgaris clinical trial evidence. DESIGN: The
      Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, CBM, CNKI, CQVIP and Wanfang
      databases were searched from inception to June 2015. Randomised controlled trials
      (RCTs) of oral CHM compared to placebo data were included and analysed using
      Review Manager 5.2. RESULTS: Seven studies were included, no study utilised
      identical CHM intervention. Four studies data were subgrouped (decoction or
      capsule/pill) and pooled in meta-analysis to evaluate treatment effective rate
      for PASI60 or above (RR: 2.74 [0.92, 8.21] I2 = 65%). Another five studies were
      subgrouped and evaluated for PASI score change, (MD -7.00 [-10.74, -3.27] I2 =
      98%). Only one study presented Dermatology Life Quality Index data, which
      favoured CHM (MD: -4.08 [-7.56, -0.60]). Two studies presented data on psoriasis
      related inflammatory cell-signalling protein tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)
      (MD: -4.92 [-5.31, -4.53]). No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION:
      While CHMs appear to be safe and may have benefit for psoriasis, variation
      between CHM interventions, outcome measures and the quality of included studies
      limit the conclusions of this review. Further rigorous RCTs utilising reliable,
      validated symptom and QoL outcome measures are recommended.

PMID- 27366922
TI  - Certolizumab pegol for treating axial spondyloarthritis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease
      of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints. The spectrum of axSpA includes
      ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA). Evidence has
      supported the use of TNF alpha inhibitors (TNFi) in treating these diseases, with
      good efficacy and tolerable safety profiles. Certolizumab pegol (CZP) is an anti
      TNF alpha (TNFa) agent with data to support its use in both AS and nr-axSpA.
      AREAS COVERED: The pharmacologic properties of CZP were reviewed. Data regarding
      the use and efficacy of CZP in axSpA were reviewed. Quality of life outcomes and
      safety profiles of CZP in axSpA patients were discussed as well. EXPERT OPINION:
      While there are several biologics with evidence for improved outcomes in AS,
      there is less evidence for biologic medications that have good efficacy in nr
      axSpA. CZP has good evidence of improved outcomes in terms of clinical efficacy,
      patient reported outcomes and imaging outcomes in both conditions, with a
      tolerable safety profile.

PMID- 27366923
TI  - Pyramiding PvPGIP2 and TAXI-III But Not PvPGIP2 and PMEI Enhances Resistance
      Against Fusarium graminearum.
AB  - Plant protein inhibitors counteract the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes
      (CWDEs) secreted by pathogens to breach the plant cell-wall barrier. Transgenic
      plants expressing a single protein inhibitor restrict pathogen infections.
      However, since pathogens secrete a number of CWDEs at the onset of infection, we
      combined more inhibitors in a single wheat genotype to reinforce further the cell
      wall barrier. We combined polygalacturonase (PG) inhibiting protein (PGIP) and
      pectin methyl esterase inhibitor (PMEI), both controlling the activity of PG, one
      of the first CWDEs secreted during infection. We also pyramided PGIP and TAXI
      III, a xylanase inhibitor that controls the activity of xylanases, key factors
      for the degradation of xylan, a main component of cereal cell wall. We
      demonstrated that the pyramiding of PGIP and PMEI did not contribute to any
      further improvement of disease resistance. However, the presence of both
      pectinase inhibitors ensured a broader spectrum of disease resistance.
      Conversely, the PGIP and TAXI-III combination contributed to further improvement
      of Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance, probably because these inhibitors
      target the activity of different types of CWDEs, i.e., PGs and xylanases. Worth
      mentioning, the reduction of FHB symptoms is accompanied by a reduction of
      deoxynivalenol accumulation with a foreseen great benefit to human and animal
      health.

PMID- 27366924
TI  - Recyclable Strategy for the Production of High-Purity Galacto-oligosaccharides by
      Kluyveromyces lactis.
AB  - A recyclable strategy for the production of high-purity (>95%) galacto
      oligosaccharides (GOS) was developed using Kluyveromyces lactis in both the
      synthesis and purification steps. For the synthesis of GOS, ethanol-permeabilized
      cells (p-cells) of K. lactis were used because the enhanced permeability
      facilitated the mass transfer of the substrate and the release of oligosaccharide
      products. For the purification of GOS, non-permeabilized K. lactis cells (np
      cells) were preferred as a result of their intrinsic cell membrane barrier toward
      GOS, which led to the selective consumption of carbohydrate. In this way,
      undesired glucose, galactose, and lactose in the raw GOS solution can be
      completely removed. This strategy is recyclable not only because of the high
      stability and reusability of p-cells and np-cells but also because the ethanol,
      which is simultaneously generated during the purification, can be reused for the
      preparation of p-cells. The strategy proposed in this study is a promising
      candidate for the efficient production of high-purity GOS. 

PMID- 27366925
TI  - Relationships among Sensory Responsiveness, Anxiety, and Ritual Behaviors in
      Children with and without Atypical Sensory Responsiveness.
AB  - AIM: To explore relationships between sensory responsiveness, anxiety, and ritual
      behaviors in boys with typical and atypical sensory responsiveness. METHOD: Forty
      eight boys, ages 5-9 participated in the study (28 boys with atypical sensory
      responsiveness and 20 controls). Atypical sensory responsiveness was defined as a
      score of <=154 on the Short Sensory Profile. Parents completed the Sensory
      Profile, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, and the
      Childhood Routines Inventory. RESULTS: Children with atypical sensory
      responsiveness had significantly higher levels of anxiety and a higher frequency
      of ritual behaviors than controls. Atypical sensory responsiveness was
      significantly related to both anxiety and ritual behaviors, with anxiety
      mediating the relationship between sensory modulation and ritual behaviors.
      CONCLUSIONS: The findings elucidate the potential consequences of atypical
      sensory responsiveness and could support the notion that ritual behaviors develop
      as a coping mechanism in response to anxiety stemming from primary difficulty in
      modulating sensory input.

PMID- 27366926
TI  - "Not Homeless Yet. I'm Kind of Couch Surfing": Finding Identities for People at a
      Homeless Shelter.
AB  - The meanings of homelessness are fluid and socially constructed, providing
      resources and limitations for individuals to negotiate their identities and
      relationships in everyday life. In this study, we examine the strategies and
      corresponding resources utilized by people who are homeless to cope with the
      labeling of a homeless identity and to redefine their identities. We used
      constant comparative analysis to examine in-depth interviews with 16 participants
      (male = 11, female = 5) who access a local homeless shelter in the southwest
      United States for resources. We identified three strategies that homeless people
      adopt to cope with the labeling of homeless identity: (a) differentiating oneself
      from others who are homeless, (b) prioritizing certain aspects of life, and (c)
      embracing the status of homelessness. Although these strategies have been
      identified in previous literature, the authors extend this line of research by
      identifying the common resources people who are homeless utilize when adopting
      these strategies, which entail important implications for theory development and
      practical implications.

PMID- 27366927
TI  - Detection of suspected small bowel bleeding: challenges and controversies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Detection of small bowel (SB) bleeding remains a challenge to
      gastroenterologists, with a dearth of standardized recommendations regarding
      evaluation and management. Areas covered: A recursive literature search was
      performed using PubMed, Cochrane and Medline databases for original and review
      articles on SB and obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). Based upon the
      available literature, this review outlines the main challenges and controversies,
      and provides a practical and cost-effective approach towards SB bleeding. Expert
      commentary: SB bleeding is suspected in patients with persistent or recurrent
      bleeding after negative bidirectional endoscopy, and unexplained iron deficiency
      anemia. Selection of test(s) should be individualized based upon patient
      presentation and suspicion for type of underlying lesion. Endoscopic or
      radiologic evaluation and treatment is the mainstay in the majority of patients,
      while pharmacologic agents may have a role in patients with refractory bleeding,
      and those unable to undergo evaluation.

PMID- 27366928
TI  - Risk of obesity in male shift workers: A chronophysiological approach.
AB  - AIMS: Why are some healthy male shift workers (SWers) overweight [body mass index
      (BMI) >25 and <30] if not obese (BMI >30)? Seven risk factors potentially causing
      overweight and obesity were evaluated, namely (1) age, (2) physical/sports
      activity, (3) length of exposure to shift work (SW), (4) speed of shift rotation,
      (5) tolerance to SW, (6) internal desynchronization of circadian rhythms and (8)
      night eating (nocturnal nibbling). "New" as well as "old" data, acquired from
      longitudinal and individual time series of 5-56 days recording span, were
      reanalyzed. The data were analyzed from a set of field studies of 67 SWers and 53
      non-shift workers (non-SWers). To estimate the respective weight of these
      factors, a multiple regression analysis (MRA) was used among other statistical
      tools. A similar age-related increase in BMI was validated (with p < 0.001) in
      both SWers and non-SWers. However, in SWers, desynchronization of rhythms
      increases the effect of age on BMI. Length of exposure to SW, tolerance to SW and
      speed of rotation do not seem to play a role as risk factors. Major effects are
      likely to relate to a sedentary lifestyle (lack of regular physical or sport
      activities) (MRA with p < 0.01), as well as, presumably, to a nocturnal nibbling
      of carbohydrates, which mimics the night eating syndrome.

PMID- 27366930
TI  - Imprinting defects in osteosarcoma: DNA- and chromatin-modifying drugs hold
      promise for osteosarcoma therapy.

PMID- 27366931
TI  - Fine particulate speciation profile and emission factor of municipal solid waste
      incinerator established by dilution sampling method.
AB  - In this study, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from a municipal solid
      waste incinerator (MSWI) was collected using dilution sampling method. Chemical
      compositions of the collected PM2.5 samples, including carbon content, metal
      elements, and water-soluble ions, were analyzed. Traditional in-stack hot
      sampling was simultaneously conducted to compare the influences of dilution on
      PM2.5 emissions and the characteristics of the bonded chemical species. The
      results, established by a dilution sampling method, show that PM2.5 and total
      particulate matter (TPM) emission factors were 61.6 +/- 4.52 and 66.1 +/- 5.27 g
      ton-waste(-1), respectively. The average ratio of PM2.5/TPM is 0.93, indicating
      that more than 90% of PM emission from the MSWI was fine particulate. The major
      chemical species in PM2.5 included organic carbon (OC), Cl(-), NH4(+), elemental
      carbon (EC) and Si, which account for 69.7% of PM2.5 mass. OC was from the
      unburned carbon in the exhaust, which adsorbed onto the particulate during the
      cooling process. High Cl(-) emission is primarily attributable to wastes
      containing plastic bags made of polyvinyl chloride, salt in kitchen refuse and
      waste biomass, and so on. Minor species that account for 0.01-1% of PM2.5 mass
      included SO4(2-), K(+), Na, K, NO3(-), Al, Ca(2+), Zn, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Mg.
      The mean ratio of dilution method/in-stack hot method was 0.454. The contents of
      water-soluble ions (Cl(-), SO4(2-), NO3(-)) were significantly enriched in PM2.5
      via gas-to-particle conversion in the dilution process. Results indicate that in
      stack hot sampling would underestimate levels of these species in PM2.5.
      IMPLICATIONS: PM2.5 samples from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) were
      collected simultaneously by a dilution sampling technique and a traditional in
      stack method. PM2.5 emission factors and chemical speciation profiles were
      established. Dilution sampling provides more reliable data than in-stack hot
      sampling. The results can be applied to estimate the PM2.5 emission inventories
      of MSWI, and the source profile can be used for contribution estimate of chemical
      mass balance modeling.

PMID- 27366929
TI  - Regions of variable DNA methylation in human placenta associated with newborn
      neurobehavior.
AB  - The placenta regulates the in utero environment and functionally impacts fetal
      development. Candidate gene studies identified variation in placental DNA
      methylation is associated with newborn neurologic and behavioral outcomes
      including movement quality, lethargic behavior, attention, and arousal. We sought
      to identify novel regions of variable DNA methylation associated with newborn
      attention, lethargy, quality of movement, and arousal by performing an epigenome
      wide association study in 335 infants from a US birth cohort. Methylation status
      was quantified using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array and
      associations to newborn outcomes assessed by the NICU Network Neurobehavioral
      Scales (NNNS) were identified while incorporating established bioinformatics
      algorithms to control for confounding by cell type composition. Methylation of
      CpGs within FHIT (cg15970800) and ANKRD11 (cg16710656) demonstrated genome-wide
      significance (P < 1.8 * 10(-7)) in specific associations with infant attention.
      CpGs whose differential methylation was associated with all 4 neurobehavioral
      outcomes were common to 50 genes involved in biological processes relating to
      cellular adhesion and nervous system development. Comprehensive methylation
      profiling identified relationships between methylation of FHIT and ANKRD11, which
      have been previously linked to neurodevelopment and behavioral outcomes in
      genetic association studies. Subtle changes in DNA methylation of these genes
      within the placenta may impact normal variation of a newborn's ability to alter
      and track visual and auditory stimuli. Gene ontology analysis suggested that
      those genes with variable methylation related to these outcomes are over
      represented in biological pathways involved in brain development and placental
      physiology, supportive of our hypothesis for a key role of the placenta in
      neurobehavioral outcomes.

PMID- 27366932
TI  - Dietary Patterns and Risk of Esophageal Cancer Mortality: The Japan Collaborative
      Cohort Study.
AB  - Several case-control studies have associated dietary patterns with esophageal
      cancer (EC) risk, but prospective studies are scarce. We investigated dietary
      pattern and EC mortality risk associations by smoking status. Participants were
      26,562 40- to 79-yr-old Japanese men, who enrolled in the Japan Collaborative
      Cohort Study between 1988 and 1990. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence
      intervals (CIs) for EC mortality in nonsmokers and smokers were estimated using
      Cox proportional models. During follow-up (1988-2009), 132 participants died of
      EC. Using a baseline food frequency questionnaire and factor analysis, vegetable,
      animal, and dairy product food patterns were identified. EC risk decreased
      significantly with a higher factor score for the dairy product pattern (Ptrend =
      0.042) and was more pronounced in smokers [multivariable HR (4th vs. 1st
      quartiles) = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.30, 1.09; Ptrend = 0.021]. Neither vegetable nor
      animal food patterns were significant overall; however, EC risk increased with a
      higher factor score for the animal food pattern in nonsmokers [multivariable HR
      (4th vs. 1st quartiles) = 6.01, 95% CI: 1.17, 30.88; Ptrend = 0.021], although
      the small number of events was a limitation. Our findings suggest a dairy product
      pattern may reduce EC risk in Japanese men, especially smokers.

PMID- 27366933
TI  - Comparison between the TRS-398 code of practice and the TG-51 dosimetry protocol
      for flattening filter free beams.
AB  - Dosimetry protocols for external beam radiotherapy currently in use, such as the
      IAEA TRS-398 and AAPM TG-51, were written for conventional linear accelerators.
      In these accelerators, a flattening filter is used to produce a beam which is
      uniform at water depths where the ionization chamber is used to measure the
      absorbed dose. Recently, clinical linacs have been implemented without the
      flattening filter, and published theoretical analysis suggested that with these
      beams a dosimetric error of order 0.6% could be expected for IAEA TRS-398,
      because the TPR20,10 beam quality index does not accurately predict the stopping
      power ratio (water to air) for the softer flattening-filter-free (FFF) beam
      spectra. We measured doses on eleven FFF linacs at 6 MV and 10 MV using both
      dosimetry protocols and found average differences of 0.2% or less. The expected
      shift due to stopping powers was not observed. We present Monte Carlo k Q
      calculations which show a much smaller difference between FFF and flattened beams
      than originally predicted. These results are explained by the inclusion of the
      added backscatter plates and build-up filters used in modern clinical FFF linacs,
      compared to a Monte Carlo model of an FFF linac in which the flattening filter is
      removed and no additional build-up or backscatter plate is added.

PMID- 27366934
TI  - Material specificity of memory deficits in children with temporal tumors and
      seizures: A case series.
AB  - In adults, left temporal lobe pathology is typically associated with verbal
      memory deficits, whereas right temporal lobe pathology is thought to produce
      visual memory deficits in right-handed individuals. However, in children and
      adolescents with temporal lobe pathology, conclusions regarding material
      specificity of memory deficits remain unclear. The goal of the present case
      series is to examine the profile of verbal and visual memory impairment in
      children with temporal lobe tumors. Three patients with identified right temporal
      tumors and three patients with left temporal tumors are included. The Wide Range
      Assessment of Memory and Learning-Second Edition (WRAML-2) was administered as
      part of a larger neuropsychological battery. As anticipated, participants with
      right temporal lesions showed impaired visual memory relative to intact verbal
      memory. Interestingly, although the discrepancies between verbal and visual
      indices were less extreme, those with left temporal lesions showed a similar
      memory profile. These seemingly counterintuitive findings among left temporal
      tumor patients likely reflect less hemispheric specialization in children in
      comparison to adults and the fact that early developmental lesions in the left
      hemisphere may lead to functional reorganization of language-based skills.

PMID- 27366935
TI  - Designing molecular complexes using free-energy derivatives from liquid-state
      integral equation theory.
AB  - Complex formation between molecules in solution is the key process by which
      molecular interactions are translated into functional systems. These processes
      are governed by the binding or free energy of association which depends on both
      direct molecular interactions and the solvation contribution. A design goal
      frequently addressed in pharmaceutical sciences is the optimization of chemical
      properties of the complex partners in the sense of minimizing their binding free
      energy with respect to a change in chemical structure. Here, we demonstrate that
      liquid-state theory in the form of the solute-solute equation of the reference
      interaction site model provides all necessary information for such a task with
      high efficiency. In particular, computing derivatives of the potential of mean
      force (PMF), which defines the free-energy surface of complex formation, with
      respect to potential parameters can be viewed as a means to define a direction in
      chemical space toward better binders. We illustrate the methodology in the
      benchmark case of alkali ion binding to the crown ether 18-crown-6 in aqueous
      solution. In order to examine the validity of the underlying solute-solute
      theory, we first compare PMFs computed by different approaches, including
      explicit free-energy molecular dynamics simulations as a reference. Predictions
      of an optimally binding ion radius based on free-energy derivatives are then
      shown to yield consistent results for different ion parameter sets and to compare
      well with earlier, orders-of-magnitude more costly explicit simulation results.
      This proof-of-principle study, therefore, demonstrates the potential of liquid
      state theory for molecular design problems.

PMID- 27366936
TI  - Thermal Recycling of Brominated Flame Retardants with Fe2O3.
AB  - Plastics containing brominated flame retardants (BFRs) constitute the major
      fraction of nonmetallic content in e-waste. Co-pyrolysis of BFRs with hematite
      (Fe2O3) represents a viable option for the thermal recycling of BFRs. Consensus
      of experimental findings confirms the excellent bromine fixation ability of Fe2O3
      and the subsequent formation of iron bromides. This contribution provides a
      comprehensive mechanistic account of the primary reactions between a cluster
      model of Fe2O3 and major bromine-bearing products from the decomposition of
      tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA), the most commonly deployed BFR. We estimate the
      thermo-kinetic parameters for interactions of Fe2O3 with HBr, brominated alkanes
      and alkenes, bromobenzene, and bromophenol. Dissociative addition of HBr at a Fe
      O bond proceeds through a trivial barrier of 8.2 kcal/mol with fitted parameters
      in the Arrhenius equation of k(T) = 7.96 * 10(11) exp(-6400/RT) s(-1). The facile
      and irreversible nature for HBr addition to Fe2O3 accords with the experimentally
      reported 90% reduction in HBr emission when Fe2O3 interacts with TBBA
      pyrolysates. A detailed kinetic analysis indicates that, transformation of Fe2O3
      into iron bromides and oxybromides occurs via successive addition of HBr to
      Fe(Br)-O(H) entities. Elimination of a water molecule proceeds through an
      intramolecular H transfer. A direct elimination one-step mechanism operates in
      the dehydrohalogenation of bromoethane into ethene over Fe2O3. Dissociative
      decomposition and direct elimination channels assume comparable reaction rates in
      formation of acetylene from vinyl bromide. Results from this study provide an
      atomic-based insight into a promising thermal recycling route of e-waste. 

PMID- 27366937
TI  - Quantitative Index of the Relative Ease of Formation and sigma-Bonding Strength
      of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes.
AB  - An energy-based index of the ease of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) formation
      either by deprotonation of precursor salts to give neutral NHCs or deprotonation
      of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines to give anionic NHCs is described. This index
      (CREF; Carbene Relative Energy of Formation), which is easily calculated using
      DFT methods, also gives a quantitative measure of the relative sigma-donor
      strength of NHCs. CREF index values for a wide range of known and unknown NHC
      ring systems are reported and their significance discussed.

PMID- 27366938
TI  - beta-Alkyl Elimination: Fundamental Principles and Some Applications.
AB  - This review describes organometallic compounds and materials that are capable of
      mediating a rarely encountered but fundamentally important reaction: beta-alkyl
      elimination at the metal-Calpha-Cbeta-R moiety, in which an alkyl group attached
      to the Cbeta atom is transferred to the metal or to a coordinated substrate. The
      objectives of this review are to provide a cohesive fundamental understanding of
      beta-alkyl-elimination reactions and to highlight its applications in olefin
      polymerization, alkane hydrogenolysis, depolymerization of branched polymers,
      ring-opening polymerization of cycloalkanes, and other useful organic reactions.
      To provide a coherent understanding of the beta-alkyl elimination reaction,
      special attention is given to conditions and strategies used to facilitate beta
      alkyl-elimination/transfer events in metal-catalyzed olefin polymerization, which
      provide the well-studied examples.

PMID- 27366939
TI  - An estimate of the public health impact and cost-effectiveness of universal
      vaccination with a 9-valent HPV vaccine in Germany.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since 2007, the German Standing Vaccination Committee recommends
      HPV vaccination for girls aged 12-17 with a 2- (Cervarix(r)) or 4-valent
      (Gardasil(r)) vaccine. A 9-valent vaccine (Gardasil 9(r)) recently received a
      European market authorization in 2015. METHODS: A dynamic transmission model was
      calibrated to the German setting and used to estimate costs and QALYs associated
      with vaccination strategies. RESULTS: Compared to the current vaccination
      program, the 9-valent vaccine extended to boys shows further reductions of 24% in
      the incidence of cervical cancer, 30% and 14% in anal cancer for males and
      females, as well as over a million cases of genital warts avoided after 100
      years. The new strategy is associated with an ICER of 22,987? per QALY gained,
      decreasing to 329? when considering the vaccine switch for girls-only.
      CONCLUSION: Universal vaccination with the 9-valent vaccine can yield significant
      health benefits when compared to the current program.

PMID- 27366940
TI  - Analysis of homo- and hetero-dimerization among the three 6-phosphogluconate
      dehydrogenase isoforms of Arabidopsis.
AB  - We recently described that all three 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH)
      isoforms of Arabidopsis (PGD) with similar length show dual localization: PGD1
      and PGD3 in the cytosol and in plastids, and PGD2 in the cytosol and in
      peroxisomes. We set out to investigate heterodimer formation, however due to only
      weak homodimerization of all Arabidopsis PGD isoforms in yeast cells, we
      conducted further protein-protein interaction studies in planta to investigate
      homomer versus heteromer formation and their sub-cellular localization.
      Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analyses in co-transfected
      Arabidopsis protoplasts demonstrated that all PGD isoforms may form homo- and
      heterodimers. Notably, with free N-terminal ends, PGD1-PGD3 heterodimers were
      detected both in the cytosol and in the plastid stroma, but heterodimers with
      PGD2 only in the cytosol. This independently confirmed that PGD2 cannot enter
      plastids. On the other hand, with free C-terminal ends, PGD1-PGD2 and PGD3-PGD2
      heterodimers were confined to the cytosol, indicating that only PGD2 homodimers
      are imported by peroxisomes. Together these findings suggest functional
      redundancy of PGD1 and PGD3 inside plastids, and relevance of PGD1-PGD2 or PGD3
      PGD2 heterodimer formation in the cytosol: this could retain sufficient 6PGDH
      activity needed for NADPH provision, especially during stress defense and
      initiation of developmental responses.

PMID- 27366941
TI  - Discovery of Novel Thiophene-Based, Thumb Pocket 2 Allosteric Inhibitors of the
      Hepatitis C NS5B Polymerase with Improved Potency and Physicochemical Profiles.
AB  - The hepatitis C viral proteins NS3/4A protease, NS5B polymerase, and NS5A are
      clinically validated targets for direct-acting antiviral therapies. The NS5B
      polymerase may be inhibited directly through the action of nucleosides or
      nucleotide analogues or allosterically at a number of well-defined sites. Herein
      we describe the further development of a series of thiophene carboxylate
      allosteric inhibitors of NS5B polymerase that act at the thumb pocket 2 site.
      Lomibuvir (1) is an allosteric HCV NS5B inhibitor that has demonstrated excellent
      antiviral activity and potential clinical utility in combination with other
      direct acting antiviral agents. Efforts to further explore and develop this
      series led to compound 23, a compound with comparable potency and improved
      physicochemical properties.

PMID- 27366942
TI  - Analysis of iodine-131-induced early thyroid hormone variations in Graves'
      disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This prospective study aimed to assess iodine-131 (I)-induced early
      thyroid hormone variations in Graves' disease (GD) and determine the associated
      factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-one GD patients treated
      with I were evaluated (47 men, 124 women). I was administered at 9.0+/-4.9 mCi on
      average. Serum free triiodothyronine and free thyroxin were measured within 24 h
      before treatment and 8 (3-14) days after treatment. Patients were divided into
      increase, no change, and decrease groups, respectively, on the basis of hormone
      variations after treatment. chi-Test, analysis of variance, and the Kruskal
      Wallis test were used to compare groups in terms of sex, age, course of disease,
      thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibodies, antithyroid drug (ATD)
      pretreatment time, time of ATD discontinuation before I treatment, 24 h thyroid I
      uptake, thyroid weight, I activity, and I activity/thyroid weight (MUCi/g). The
      Spearman method was used for correlation analyses. RESULTS: Twenty-seven, 20, and
      124 cases were assigned to increase, no change, and decrease groups,
      respectively. Significant differences were found among groups in the time of ATD
      discontinuation before I treatment [the median duration for methimazole was 11 (5
      26), 16 (10-30), and 21 (1-30) days, P=0.000, the median duration for
      propylthiouracil was 12.5 (5-24), 22 (11-26), and 26 (21-30) days, P=0.000],
      thyroid weight (93.5+/-33.6, 90.3+/-48.8, and 74.1+/-26.0 g, P=0.003), and MUCi/g
      (84.8+/-11.8, 100.4+/-24.9, and 121.1+/-44.0 MUCi/g, P=0.000). Interestingly,
      MUCi/g was negatively and positively correlated to the possibility of hormone
      increase and decrease, respectively. No significant differences were found in the
      other parameters assessed. CONCLUSION: At the early stage of I treatment for GD,
      few patients showed increased thyroid hormone levels. Key factors may include
      time of ATD discontinuation before I treatment and MUCi/g. High MUCi/g might
      decrease thyroid hormone levels in early treatment, making it safe.

PMID- 27366943
TI  - A pan-cancer analysis of MYC-PVT1 reveals CNV-unmediated deregulation and poor
      prognosis in renal carcinoma.
AB  - The PVT1 lncRNA has recently been involved in tumorigenesis by affecting the
      protein stability of the MYC proto-oncogene. Both MYC and PVT1 reside in a well
      known cancer-risk locus and enhanced levels of their products have been reported
      in different human cancers. Nonetheless, the extension and relevance of the MYC
      PVT1 deregulation in tumorigenesis has not yet been systematically addressed.Here
      we performed a pan-cancer analysis of matched copy number, transcriptomic,
      methylation, proteomic and clinicopathological profiles for almost 7000 patients
      from 17 different cancers represented in the TCGA cohorts. Among all cancers
      types, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) showed the strongest upregulation
      of PVT1 and increased levels of both MYC and PVT1 correlated with the clinical
      outcome. PVT1 misregulation in KIRC is mostly associated to promoter
      hypomethylation rather than locus amplification. Furthermore, we found an
      association between MYC levels and PVT1 expression, which impacted on MYC-target
      genes.Collectively, our study discloses the role of PVT1 as a novel prognostic
      factor and as a molecular target for novel therapeutic interventions in renal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 27366944
TI  - Basal autophagy is pivotal for Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells' survival and
      growth revealing a new strategy for Hodgkin lymphoma treatment.
AB  - As current classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) treatment strategies have pronounced
      side-effects, specific inhibition of signaling pathways may offer novel
      strategies in cHL therapy. Basal autophagy, a regulated catabolic pathway to
      degrade cell's own components, is in cancer linked with both, tumor suppression
      or promotion. The finding that basal autophagy enhances tumor cell survival would
      thus lead to immediately testable strategies for novel therapies. Thus, we
      studied its contribution in cHL.We found constitutive activation of autophagy in
      cHL cell lines and primary tissue. The expression of key autophagy-relevant
      proteins (e.g. Beclin-1, ULK1) and LC3 processing was increased in cHL cells,
      even in lymphoma cases. Consistently, cHL cells exhibited elevated numbers of
      autophagic vacuoles and intact autophagic flux. Autophagy inhibition with
      chloroquine or inactivation of ATG5 induced apoptosis and reduced proliferation
      of cHL cells. Chloroquine-mediated inhibition of basal autophagy significantly
      impaired HL growth in-vivo in NOD SCID gammac-/- (NSG) mice. We found that basal
      autophagy plays a pivotal role in sustaining mitochondrial function.We conclude
      that cHL cells require basal autophagy for growth, survival and sustained
      metabolism making them sensitive to autophagy inhibition. This suggests basal
      autophagy as useful target for new strategies in cHL treatment.

PMID- 27366945
TI  - Transcriptomic reappraisal identifies MGLL overexpression as an unfavorable
      prognosticator in primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
AB  - The role of deregulated cellular metabolism, particularly lipid metabolism, in
      gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) remains unclear. Through data mining of
      published transcriptomes, we examined lipid metabolism-regulating drivers
      differentially upregulated in high-risk cases and identified monoglyceride lipase
      (MGLL) as the top-ranking candidate involved in GIST progression. MGLL expression
      status was examined in three GIST cell lines and two independent sets of primary
      localized GISTs. MGLL mRNA abundance and immunoexpression was determined in 70
      cases through the QuantiGene assay and H-scoring on whole sections, respectively.
      H-scoring was extended to another cohort for evaluating MGLL immunoexpression on
      tissue microarrays, yielding 350 informative cases, with KIT/PDGFRA mutation
      genotypes noted in 213 of them. Both imatinib-sensitive (GIST882) and -resistant
      (GIST48 and GIST430) cell lines exhibited increased MGLL expression. MGLL mRNA
      levels significantly increased from adjacent normal tissue to the non-high-risk
      group (p = 0.030) and from the non-high-risk group to high-risk GISTs (p =
      0.012), and were associated with immunoexpression levels (p < 0.001, r = 0.536).
      MGLL overexpression was associated with the nongastric location (p = 0.022) and
      increased size (p = 0.017), and was strongly related to mitosis and risk levels
      defined by NIH and NCCN criteria (all p <= 0.001). Univariately, MGLL
      overexpression was strongly predictive of poorer disease-free and overall
      survival (both p < 0.001), which remained prognostically independent for both
      endpoints, along with higher risk levels. Conclusively, MGLL is a lipid metabolic
      enzyme causatively implicated in GIST progression given its association with
      unfavorable clincopathological factors and independent negative prognostic
      effects.

PMID- 27366946
TI  - IGF2-derived miR-483 mediated oncofunction by suppressing DLC-1 and associated
      with colorectal cancer.
AB  - Emerging evidence indicates that IGF2 plays an important role in various human
      malignancies, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Hsa-miR-483 is located within
      intron 7 of the IGF2 locus. However, the mechanism by which increased IGF2
      induces carcinogenesis remains largely elusive. DLC-1 has been identified as a
      candidate tumor suppressor. In this study, we aimed at investigating whether miR
      483 transcription is IGF2-dependent, identifying the functional target of miR
      483, and evaluating whether tissue and serum miR-483-3p or miR-483-5p levels are
      associated with CRC. Our results showed that sequences upstream miR-483 had
      undetectable promoter activity and levels of IGF2, miR-483-3p, and miR-483-5p
      were synchronously increased in CRC tissues. Positive correlations between IGF2
      and miR-483-3p (r=0.4984, ***p<0.0001), and between IGF2 and miR-483-5p
      (r=0.6659, ***p<0.0001) expression were found. In addition, patients with CRC had
      a significantly higher serum miR-483-5p level (*p<0.05) compared to normal
      controls. DLC-1 expression was decreased in colorectal cancer tissues and
      diminished through transient transfection with miR-483-3p. Our results suggest
      that IGF2 may exert its oncofunction, at least partly, through its parasitic miR
      483 which suppressed DLC-1 in CRC cells. Thus, miR-483 might serve as a new
      target for therapy and a potential biomarker for the detection of colorectal
      cancer.

PMID- 27366947
TI  - The anti-tumor efficacy of 3-(2-Nitrophenyl) propionic acid-paclitaxel (NPPA
      PTX): a novel paclitaxel bioreductive prodrug.
AB  - Hypoxia is an important microenvironmental pressure present in the majority of
      solid tumors and, so, tumor hypoxia might be considered an attractive target for
      tumor therapy. One strategy for targeting hypoxia is to develop bioreductive
      prodrugs. In the present research, we synthesized a bioreductive paclitaxel
      prodrug, 3-(2-Nitrophenyl) propionic acid-paclitaxel (NPPA-PTX). The stability of
      NPPA-PTX in PBS and rat plasma was investigated. The anti-tumor activity of NPPA
      PTX was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The results of our stability study
      indicated that NPPA-PTX was stable in PBS and rat plasma as well as in the blood
      circulation. The in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of NPPA-PTX was
      confirmed in both KB cells and MDA-MB-231 cells. Our results also indicated that
      NPPA-PTX could completely convert to active PTX in tumor tissues and produced the
      anti-tumor activity in both KB and MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing nude mice. We suggest
      that the dissociated PTX which converted from NPPA-PTX in tumor tissues played a
      key role in producing anti-tumor activity. Considering all our results, we
      suggest that NPPA-PTX is a novel bioreductive PTX prodrug which could undergo
      further evaluation.

PMID- 27366948
TI  - Combined genetic and epigenetic interferences with interferon signaling expose
      prostate cancer cells to viral infection.
AB  - Interferons (IFNs) induce anti-viral programs, regulate immune responses, and
      exert anti-proliferative effects. To escape anti-tumorigenic effects of IFNs,
      malignant cells attenuate JAK/STAT signaling and expression of IFN stimulated
      genes (ISGs). Such attenuation may enhance the susceptibility of tumor cells to
      oncolytic virotherapy. Here we studied genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of
      interference with JAK/STAT signaling and their contribution to susceptibility of
      prostate cancer cells to viral infection. Bioinformatics analysis of gene
      expression in cohorts of prostate cancer patients revealed genetic and epigenetic
      interference with the IFN program. To correlate lack of IFN signaling and
      susceptibility to viral infection and oncolysis; we employed LNCaP prostate
      cancer cells as cellular model, and the human metapneumovirus and the epizootic
      hemorrhagic disease virus as infectious agents. In LNCaP cells, JAK1 is silenced
      by bi-allelic inactivating mutations and epigenetic silencing, which also
      silences ISGs. Chemical inhibition of epigenetic silencing partially restored IFN
      sensitivity, induced low levels of expression of selected ISGs and attenuated,
      but failed to block, viral infection and oncolysis. Since viral infection was not
      blocked by epigenetic modifiers, and these compounds may independently-induce
      anti-tumor effects, we propose that epigenetic modifiers and virotherapy are
      compatible in treatment of prostate tumors defective in JAK1 expression and IFN
      signaling.

PMID- 27366949
TI  - Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol protects against MPP+ toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by
      restoring proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
AB  - Proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activation can result in
      transcription of proteins involved in oxidative stress defence and mitochondrial
      biogenesis which could rescue mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
      (PD).The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone is protective in models of PD; however
      side effects have limited its clinical use. The cannabinoid Delta9
      tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta9-THC) may have PPARgamma dependent anti-oxidant
      properties. Here we investigate the effects of Delta9-THC and pioglitazone on
      mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress. Differentiated SH-SY5Y
      neuroblastoma cells were exposed to the PD relevant mitochondrial complex 1
      inhibitor 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP+). We found that only Delta9
      THC was able to restore mitochondrial content in MPP+ treated SH-SY5Y cells in a
      PPARgamma dependent manner by increasing expression of the PPARgamma co-activator
      1alpha (PGC-1alpha), the mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM) as well as
      mitochondrial DNA content. Co-application of Delta9-THC with pioglitazone further
      increased the neuroprotection against MPP+ toxicity as compared to pioglitazone
      treatment alone. Furthermore, using lentiviral knock down of the PPARgamma
      receptor we showed that, unlike pioglitazone, Delta9-THC resulted in a PPARgamma
      dependent reduction of MPP+ induced oxidative stress. We therefore suggest that,
      in contrast to pioglitazone, Delta9-THC mediates neuroprotection via PPARgamma
      dependent restoration of mitochondrial content which may be beneficial for PD
      treatment.

PMID- 27366950
TI  - ERK1/2/MAPK pathway-dependent regulation of the telomeric factor TRF2.
AB  - Telomere stability is a hallmark of immortalized cells, including cancer cells.
      While the telomere length is maintained in most cases by the telomerase, the
      activity of a protein complex called Shelterin is required to protect telomeres
      against unsuitable activation of the DNA damage response pathway. Within this
      complex, telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) plays an essential role by
      blocking the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM) signaling pathway at
      telomeres and preventing chromosome end fusion. We showed that TRF2 was
      phosphorylated in vitro and in vivo on serine 323 by extracellular signal
      regulated kinase (ERK1/2) in both normal and cancer cells. Moreover, TRF2 and
      activated ERK1/2 unexpectedly interacted in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and
      human tumor tissues. The expression of non-phosphorylatable forms of TRF2 in
      melanoma cells induced the DNA damage response, leading to growth arrest and
      tumor reversion. These findings revealed that the telomere stability is under
      direct control of one of the major pro-oncogenic signaling pathways
      (RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK) via TRF2 phosphorylation.

PMID- 27366952
TI  - [Surgical Treatment of Acetabulum Fractures with a New Acetabulum Butterfly
      Plate].
AB  - Introduction: There have been significant increases in the number of acetabular
      fractures in elderly patients with primarily ventral pathology and medial
      protrusion of the femoral head. We have developed the "acetabulum wing plate",
      which is designed to facilitate repositioning, with its anatomically precontoured
      structure, and which offers full support of the quadrilateral surface, thus
      counteracting the force of the femoral head pushing inwards. Conventional plate
      osteosynthesis only provides insufficient support to the medial surface. After a
      successful series of biomechanical tests, we now report a clinical case series.
      Material and Methods: Between April 2012 and August 2013, a total of twelve
      patients underwent plate osteosynthesis using the precontoured plate described
      above. The patients (ten male, two female) were aged between 45 and 87 years, the
      average age being 62.5 years. We were able to perform all osteosynthesis with the
      modified Stoppa approach, in combination with the first window of the
      ilioinguinal approach (according to Letournel). In most patients, the plate was
      applied without complications, In some patients, it even supported repositioning.
      In six patients, the fractures were of the anterior collum and six fractures were
      fractures of both colla. The mean time span of follow-up was 13.1 months, the
      minimum being 4.5 and the maximum 23 months. Results: In most patients, the intra
      and postoperative computed tomographic scans showed anatomically correct
      placement of the plate, thus confirming the correct repositioning of the bone.
      Routine follow-ups are part of the hospital's postsurgical care system for
      acetabular fractures; these revealed no secondary dislocation or loosening of the
      plate. The radiological examination showed consolidation of the fractures after a
      mean period of twelve weeks. A full year after the initial procedure, no implant
      specific complications were observed. Revision surgery was necessary in one
      patient due to bleeding five days after surgery. In another patient, necrosis of
      the femoral head necessitated total hip replacement ten weeks after the first
      surgical intervention. In summary, the concept of the plate proved to be
      successful in its first case series. Summary: In spite of increasing surgical
      expertise and the refinements of standard approaches, there is a recognisable
      shift in acetabular fractures from mainly posterior fracture patterns to
      fractures of the anterior column. The new acetabulum wing plate takes these
      factors into account and is an implant designed to address the anterior aspects
      of the acetabulum. The outcome of the first application is promising and the
      acetabulum wing plate produces satisfactory results in our patients.

PMID- 27366951
TI  - Multifunctional near-infrared light-triggered biodegradable micelles for chemo-
      and photo-thermal combination therapy.
AB  - A combination of chemo- and photo-thermal therapy (PTT) has provided a promising
      efficient approach for cancer therapy. To achieve the superior synergistic
      chemotherapeutic effect with PTT, the development of a simple theranostic
      nanoplatform that can provide both cancer imaging and a spatial-temporal
      synchronism of both therapeutic approaches are highly desired. Our previous study
      has demonstrated that near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered biodegradable chitosan
      based amphiphilic block copolymer micelles (SNSC) containing light-sensitive 2
      nitrobenzyl alcohol and NIR dye cypate on the hydrophobic block could be used for
      fast light-triggered drug release. In this study, we conjugated the SNSC micelles
      with tumor targeting ligand c(RGDyK) and also encapsulated antitumor drug
      Paclitaxel (PTX). The results show that c(RGDyK)-modified micelles could enhance
      the targeting and residence time in tumor site, as well as be capable performing
      high temperature response for PTT on cancer cells and two-photon photolysis for
      fast release of anticancer drugs under NIR irradiation. In vitro release profiles
      show a significant controlled release effort that the release concentration of
      PTX from micelles was significantly increased with the exposure of NIR light. In
      vitro and in vivo antitumor studies demonstrate that, compared with chemo or PTT
      treatment alone, the combined treatment with the local exposure of NIR light
      exhibited significantly enhanced anti-tumor efficiency. These findings indicate
      that this system exhibited great potential in tumor-targeting imaging and
      synchronous chemo- and photo-thermal therapy.

PMID- 27366953
TI  - [Midterm Results for Quality of Life After Surgical Treatment of Moore Type V
      Fractures of the Tibial Plateau].
AB  - Background: Dislocation fractures of the tibial plateau often lead to functional
      restrictions and subjective complaints from the patients. Besides functional and
      radiological results, criteria to determine the quality of life are of increasing
      importance. Intermediate term restriction in quality of life was evaluated and
      correlated with objective radiological results in patients with Moore type V
      dislocation fracture of the tibial plateau. Patients and Methods: From 2003 to
      2012, a multicentre retrospective cohort study in three hospitals was used to
      register 36 patients with 38 Moore type V dislocation fractures of the tibial
      plateau. The injury mechanism, the surgical treatment (one step or two step
      surgery, single or double plate fixation) the complication rate, the radiological
      result (Kellgren/Lawrence osteoarthritis score, loss of reduction, secondary
      deviation of the axis) after a mean follow-up of 37 months, and the quality of
      life (pain and function by NRS, IKDC form, EQ 5D score) after a mean follow-up of
      68 months (range, 15-128 months), were analysed. Results: The mean age of the 27
      men and the 9 women was 50.8 years. There were 30 cases of high impact injury. An
      external fixator was used for primary fracture stabilisation in 24 knees;
      definitive internal fixation was performed in a second step. Internal fixation
      using a single plate was used in 12 knees, and double plate fixation in 25 knees;
      one patient was treated definitively with an external fixator. Early
      complications (3 * infection, 2 * compartment syndrome, 4 * implant failure) were
      seen in 21.1 % of patients; all could be cured surgically. The function of the
      affected knee joint gave a mean NRS of 4.53; the IKDC score was 50.46, and the EQ
      5D 7.47. Only two patients (5 %) were free of pain, 27 (75 %) reported mild to
      moderate pain, and 7 patients (20 %) reported severe pain. Four patients are
      retired or have applied for a pension. Altogether, the quality of life was
      calculated as being 44 % of the initial value before the injury. Four patients
      required an endoprosthetic replacement at an early stage, after an average of 6
      months. Signs of osteoarthritis (Kellgren/Lawrence > I) were seen in 32 of the
      remaining 33 fractures; 19 of these exhibited distinct signs of osteoarthritis
      (Kellgren/Lawrence III, IV). Loss of reduction (>= 2 mm) was seen in 13 (34.2 %)
      and deviation of axis (> 10 degrees ) in 3 patients (7.8 %). There was no
      relation to the surgical strategy. However, there was a correlation between the
      subjective assessments of the quality of life and the radiological results.
      Conclusion: Moore type V dislocation fractures of the tibial plateau are severe
      knee injuries resulting in a distinct reduction in quality of life in the
      intermediate term. There is a correlation between the subjective assessments and
      the objective radiological results. Therefore, the congruency of the articular
      surface and the axis have to be reconstructed as precisely as possible when
      repairing fractures of the tibial plateau.

PMID- 27366954
TI  - Power seat function usage and wheelchair discomfort for power wheelchair users.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate correlations between power seat functions (PSFs) usage
      and wheelchair discomfort. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental design: Time series design.
      SETTING: In-home trial in participants' home/community. PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen
      power wheelchair users who independently used power wheelchairs equipped with
      PSFs as their primary means of mobility. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: PSF usage
      variables include the frequency of performing repositioning and using PSFs (tilt,
      recline, legrests and seat elevation), wheelchair occupancy, and driving
      distance. The Tool for Assessing Wheelchair disComfort (TAWC) were used to
      evaluate general discomfort and discomfort intensity. RESULTS: Spearman
      correlation coefficient showed that the frequency of using tilt, recline, and
      legrest is significantly correlated with discomfort intensity. Multiple
      regression analysis with backward stepwise indicated that these functions can
      explain 43.8% of the variance (R2 = .438, F(3,33) = 8.588, P < 0.01) in the
      discomfort intensity score. The best-first decision tree shows that the frequency
      of using the legrest function was the top node, followed by recline and tilt
      functions. The overall accuracy of prediction with ten-fold cross validation for
      discomfort intensity was 79.4%. CONCLUSIONS: For people who used power
      wheelchairs equipped with PSFs, correlation analysis and regression modeling
      provided evidence from the quantitative data that increasing the frequency of
      using PSFs may decrease wheelchair discomfort. Future studies should include
      interventions to encourage people to use their PSFs appropriately.

PMID- 27366955
TI  - Metal-Free [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Ynamides with Nitriles to Construct 2,4
      Diaminopyridines.
AB  - We present a metal-free [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of ynamides with nitriles that
      enables highly efficient access to 2,4-diaminopyridines. This catalytic protocol
      is more environmentally friendly and allows for a concomitant construction of C-C
      and C-N bonds between ynamides and nitriles, exhibiting excellent
      chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and wide functional groups tolerance.

PMID- 27366956
TI  - Reported History of Developmental Regression and Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors
      in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Previous research on developmental regression in youth with autism
      spectrum disorders (ASD) has often been limited by the definition, assessment,
      and methodology used to evaluate and describe regression. This study sought to
      overcome these limitations by examining the prevalence, timing, and correlates of
      documented cases of developmental regression in a large, epidemiological sample
      of youth with ASD. METHOD: Utilizing a population-based surveillance methodology,
      this study includes 862 youth with ASD identified through abstraction and
      clinician record review. RESULTS: Approximately 21% of the sample had
      developmental regression documented in their medical or educational records with
      the mean age of regression being 24.2 +/- 14.3 months. Youth with ASD and a
      history of regression were more likely to have comorbid intellectual disability,
      a prior community diagnosis of ASD, and be eligible for educational services as a
      student with autism. Youth with a documented history of regression also had
      higher rates of restricted, repetitive behaviors, such as stereotyped speech,
      nonfunctional routines/rituals, and sensory interests. CONCLUSION: Results
      suggest that youth with a history of regression are not only more likely to have
      comorbid intellectual disability but are also are more likely to have been
      previously diagnosed with ASD in the community, suggesting that development
      regression may play an important role in identifying children who are at the risk
      for ASD and need evaluation. Higher rates of restricted, repetitive behaviors in
      youth with a documented history of regression may also provide important insights
      into the relationship between ASD and developmental regression.

PMID- 27366957
TI  - The Meaning of "Regression" in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Why Does
      It Matter?

PMID- 27366958
TI  - Building Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics in Low-Middle Income Countries
      Through International Collaboration.

PMID- 27366959
TI  - Adsorption of Amino Acids and Peptides on Metal and Oxide Surfaces in Water
      Environment: A Synthetic and Prospective Review.
AB  - Amino acids and peptides are often used as "model" segments of proteins for
      studying their behavior in various types of environments, and/or elaborating
      functional surfaces. Indeed, though the protein behavior is much more complex
      than that of their isolated segments, knowledge of the binding mode as well as of
      the chemical structure of peptides on metal or oxide surfaces is a significant
      step toward the control of materials in a biological environment. Such knowledge
      has considerably increased in the past few years, thanks to the combination of
      advanced characterization techniques and of modeling methods. Investigations of
      biomolecule-surface interactions in water/solvent environments are quite
      numerous, but only in a few cases is it possible to reach an understanding of the
      molecule-(water)-surface interaction with a level of detail comparable to that of
      the UHV studies. This contribution aims at reviewing the recent data describing
      the amino acid and peptide interaction with metal or oxide surfaces in the
      presence of water.

PMID- 27366960
TI  - Does the Stage of Keratoconus Affect Optical Coherence Tomography Measurements?
AB  - PURPOSE: To employ optical coherence tomography (OCT) to examine the relationship
      of changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness as well
      as ganglion cell (GC) parameters with the stage of keratoconus (KC), and to
      compare these changes with a control group. METHODS: A total of 84 eyes of 68
      patients with KC and 29 eyes of 29 normal age-matched subjects underwent RNFL,
      macular thickness measurements, and ganglion cell analysis using Cirrus high
      definition (HD) OCT. Patients with KC were classified according to the Amsler
      Krumeich Classification. The measurements were analyzed in all quadrants for each
      KC stage and compared with control subjects. RESULTS: All RNFL, macular
      thickness, and ganglion cell parameters varied significantly among the groups
      (all p<0.001, analysis of variance). An increase in the stage of KC was
      correlated with decreased RNFL thickness, macular thickness, and ganglion cell
      parameters. CONCLUSIONS: RNFL, macular thicknesses, and ganglion cell parameters
      in all KC stages were lower than those in the control group. The RNFL, macular
      thickness, and ganglion cell parameters of the Grade 1 KC group were most similar
      to those of the control group. The severity of irregular astigmatism at the same
      stages of KC had a significant effect on OCT measurements. It may therefore be
      beneficial to know the amount of change/deviation in OCT measurements in
      keratoconus patients and to report which parameters exceed the standards so that
      OCT can be used to correlate the stage of keratoconus with the extent of the
      ocular disorder.

PMID- 27366962
TI  - Heavy Alcohol Use in the Couple Context: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For young couples, a partner's heavy alcohol use may be a point of
      conflict and relationship distress, particularly when there are disparities in
      the severity of drinking across partners. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the
      longitudinal impact of discrepancies in heavy alcohol use, particularly in
      couples with parenting responsibilities. METHODS: Data were obtained from 554
      heterosexual couples (with at least one partner aged between 18 and 30 years of
      age) over two assessments from a well-established longitudinal study of
      Australian households. RESULTS: Multilevel analyses (examining time within
      partners within couples) indicated a high level of couple-level variation in
      individual reports of relationship satisfaction. Discrepancies in heavy alcohol
      use were negatively associated with relationship satisfaction over the assessment
      period and this was significantly moderated by parenthood. More specifically,
      heavy drinking discrepancies were associated with lower relationship satisfaction
      amongst parents more than nonparents. CONCLUSION: Among dissatisfied couples,
      managing discrepancies in alcohol use and helping heavy drinking partners may be
      an important intervention focus, particularly when providing professional support
      for young parents.

PMID- 27366963
TI  - Antibody drug conjugates: the future of chemotherapy?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The current review describes the rationale and current
      clinical development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), along with their
      perspectives for the future. RECENT FINDINGS: Trastuzumab emtansine was the first
      ADC approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of human
      epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive metastatic breast cancer in the
      second-line setting, with a high efficacy and a favorable safety profile. ADC
      represents an exciting new class of cancer therapeutics that combines a targeted
      approach for delivering cytotoxic agents. About 30 new ADCs are currently under
      investigation in oncology. SUMMARY: ADCs are empowered antibodies designed to
      exploit the targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by linking them to
      cytotoxic agents, giving them higher tumor selectivity, and potentially an
      increased therapeutic window, as compared with cytotoxic agents alone. The key
      components of ADCs include a mAb, a stable linker and a cytotoxic agent. In
      linking mAbs with cytotoxic agents, the aim is to optimize the properties of both
      components, bringing their complementary features together. Trastuzumab emtansine
      has been the first ADC to be marketed in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
      positive metastatic breast cancer. Current clinical development of ADCs includes
      a variety of targets, as well as combinations with other therapeutic agents, such
      as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies, and immune checkpoint
      inhibitors.

PMID- 27366964
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27366961
TI  - Methane-Oxidizing Enzymes: An Upstream Problem in Biological Gas-to-Liquids
      Conversion.
AB  - Biological conversion of natural gas to liquids (Bio-GTL) represents an immense
      economic opportunity. In nature, aerobic methanotrophic bacteria and anaerobic
      archaea are able to selectively oxidize methane using methane monooxygenase (MMO)
      and methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR) enzymes. Although significant progress has
      been made toward genetically manipulating these organisms for biotechnological
      applications, the enzymes themselves are slow, complex, and not recombinantly
      tractable in traditional industrial hosts. With turnover numbers of 0.16-13 s(
      1), these enzymes pose a considerable upstream problem in the biological
      production of fuels or chemicals from methane. Methane oxidation enzymes will
      need to be engineered to be faster to enable high volumetric productivities;
      however, efforts to do so and to engineer simpler enzymes have been minimally
      successful. Moreover, known methane-oxidizing enzymes have different expression
      levels, carbon and energy efficiencies, require auxiliary systems for
      biosynthesis and function, and vary considerably in terms of complexity and
      reductant requirements. The pros and cons of using each methane-oxidizing enzyme
      for Bio-GTL are considered in detail. The future for these enzymes is bright, but
      a renewed focus on studying them will be critical to the successful development
      of biological processes that utilize methane as a feedstock.

PMID- 27366966
TI  - The sleeping brain: Extenuating circumstances of the Marquis de La Fayette on
      October 6, 1789.

PMID- 27366965
TI  - Core-Shell-Shell NaYbF4:Tm@CaF2@NaDyF4 Nanocomposites for Upconversion/T2
      Weighted MRI/Computed Tomography Lymphatic Imaging.
AB  - To circumvent the defects of different bioimaging techniques, the development of
      multifunctional probes for multimodality bioimaging is required. In the present
      study, a lanthanide-based core-shell-shell nanocomposite NaYbF4:Tm@CaF2@NaDyF4
      composed of an ~9.5 nm NaYbF4:Tm nanocrystal as the core, ~2 nm CaF2 as the
      middle layer, and 1-2 nm NaDyF4 as the outermost shell was designed and
      synthesized. Following surface modification with the ligand, citrate acid, this
      nanocomposite was hydrophilic, emitted intense upconversion luminescence (UCL),
      and displayed a high X-ray computed tomography (CT) value of ~490 Hounsfield
      units (HU) and excellent r2 relaxivity of 41.1 mM(-1) s(-1). These results
      confirmed that the introduction of a middle CaF2 layer was necessary as a barrier
      to reduce cross-relaxation and the surface quenching effect, thus enhancing the
      upconversion emission of Tm(3+). This citrate-modified NaYbF4:Tm@CaF2@NaDyF4
      nanocomposite was used as a multifunctional contrast agent for trimodal lymphatic
      bioimaging with T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CT, and UCL
      imaging. The concept of fabricating a core-multishell nanostructure and the
      introduction of a Dy(3+)-based host as an outer layer is a useful strategy and
      can be used to develop a novel multifunctional nanoprobe for multimodality
      bioimaging. 

PMID- 27366967
TI  - Modeling Tyrosinase Monooxygenase Activity. Spectroscopic and Magnetic
      Investigations of Products Due to Reactions between Copper(I) Complexes of Xylyl
      Based Dinucleating Ligands and Dioxygen: Aromatic Ring Hydroxylations and
      Irreversible Oxidation Products.

PMID- 27366968
TI  - Applied metabolomics in drug discovery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The metabolic profile is a direct signature of phenotype and
      biochemical activity following any perturbation. Metabolites are small molecules
      present in a biological system including natural products as well as drugs and
      their metabolism by-products depending on the biological system studied.
      Metabolomics can provide activity information about possible novel drugs and drug
      scaffolds, indicate interesting targets for drug development and suggest binding
      partners of compounds. Furthermore, metabolomics can be used for the discovery of
      novel natural products and in drug development. Metabolomics can enhance the
      discovery and testing of new drugs and provide insight into the on- and off
      target effects of drugs. AREAS COVERED: This review focuses primarily on the
      application of metabolomics in the discovery of active drugs from natural
      products and the analysis of chemical libraries and the computational analysis of
      metabolic networks. EXPERT OPINION: Metabolomics methodology, both experimental
      and analytical is fast developing. At the same time, databases of compounds are
      ever growing with the inclusion of more molecular and spectral information. An
      increasing number of systems are being represented by very detailed metabolic
      network models. Combining these experimental and computational tools with high
      throughput drug testing and drug discovery techniques can provide new promising
      compounds and leads.

PMID- 27366969
TI  - Crystal Structure of Amylomaltase from Corynebacterium glutamicum.
AB  - Amylomaltase is an essential enzyme in maltose utilization and maltodextrin
      metabolism, and it has been industrially used for the production of cyclodextrin
      and modification of starch. We determined the crystal structure of amylomaltase
      from Corynebacterium glutamicum (CgAM) at a resolution of 1.7 A. Although CgAM
      forms a dimer without NaCl, it exists as a monomer in physiological concentration
      of NaCl. CgAM is composed of N- and C-terminal domains, which can be further
      divided into two and four subdomains, respectively. It exhibits a unique
      structural feature at the functionally unknown N-domain and also shows two
      striking differences at the C-domain compared to other amylomaltases. These
      differences at extended edge of the substrate-binding site might affect substrate
      specificity for large cyclodextrin formation. The bis-tris methane and sulfate
      molecules bound at the substrate-binding site of our current structure mimic the
      binding of the hydroxyl groups of glucose bound at subsites -1 and -2,
      respectively. 

PMID- 27366970
TI  - Effects of Extracellular Polymeric Substance Composition on Bacteria Disinfection
      by Monochloramine: Application of MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and Multivariate Analysis.
AB  - In our previous study, we reported that the transport of monochloramine is
      affected by the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition, which in
      turn affects the cell viability of both biofilm and detached clusters.11 However,
      although the transport and reaction of monochloramine in biofilm could be
      observed, the specific biomolecules reacting with the disinfectant and the
      mechanism of disinfection remains elusive. In this study, the impact of EPS
      composition on bacteria disinfection by monochloramine was qualitatively
      determined using both wild-type and isogenic mutant Pseudomonas strains with
      different EPS-secretion capacity and composition. To evaluate their EPS
      reactivity and contribution to susceptibility to monochloramine, we investigated
      the bacteria disinfection process using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
      (FTIR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight/time-of
      flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS). Canonical correlation analysis and
      partial least-squares regression modeling were employed to explore the changes
      that EPS underwent during the monochloramine disinfection process. The analyses
      results suggested significant reactions of the monochloramine with peptide
      fragments of proteins that are associated with carbohydrate utilization. Selected
      enzymes also showed different levels of inhibition by monochloramine when tested.

PMID- 27366971
TI  - Current process in hearing-aid fitting appointments: An analysis of audiologists'
      use of behaviour change techniques using the behaviour change technique taxonomy
      (v1).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To observe and analyse the range and nature of behaviour change
      techniques (BCTs) employed by audiologists during hearing-aid fitting
      consultations to encourage and enable hearing-aid use. DESIGN: Non-participant
      observation and qualitative thematic analysis using the behaviour change
      technique taxonomy (version 1) (BCTTv1). STUDY SAMPLE: Ten consultations across
      five English NHS audiology departments. RESULTS: Audiologists engage in
      behaviours to ensure the hearing-aid is fitted to prescription and is comfortable
      to wear. They provide information, equipment, and training in how to use a
      hearing-aid including changing batteries, cleaning, and maintenance. There is
      scope for audiologists to use additional BCTs: collaborating with patients to
      develop a behavioural plan for hearing-aid use that includes goal-setting, action
      planning and problem-solving; involving significant others; providing information
      on the benefits of hearing-aid use or the consequences of non-use and giving
      advice about using prompts/cues for hearing-aid use. CONCLUSIONS: This
      observational study of audiologist behaviour in hearing-aid fitting consultations
      has identified opportunities to use additional behaviour change techniques that
      might encourage hearing-aid use. This information defines potential intervention
      targets for further research with the aim of improving hearing-aid use amongst
      adults with acquired hearing loss.

PMID- 27366972
TI  - Coronary CT angiography in clinical triage of patients at high risk of coronary
      artery disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To test if cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) can be used
      in the triage of patients at high risk of coronary artery disease. DESIGN: The
      diagnostic value of 64-detector CCTA was evaluated in 400 patients presenting
      with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction using invasive coronary
      angiography (ICA) as the reference method. The relation between the severity of
      disease by CCTA and a combined endpoint of death, re-hospitalization due to new
      myocardial infarction, or symptom-driven coronary revascularization was assessed.
      RESULTS: CCTA detects significant (>50%) coronary artery diameter stenosis with a
      sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of 99%, 81%,
      96% and 95%, respectively. CCTA was used to triage patients into guideline
      defined treatment groups of "no or medical treatment", "referral to percutaneous
      coronary intervention" or to "coronary artery bypass graft surgery" and was
      compared to the index ICA. CCTA correctly triaged patients in 86% of cases.
      During a median follow-up of 50 months, the presence of an occluded artery by
      CCTA was associated with adverse outcome. CONCLUSION: CCTA has high diagnostic
      and prognostic value in patients with high likelihood of coronary artery disease
      and could, in theory, be used to triage high risk patients. As many obstacles
      remain, including logistical and safety issues, our study does not support the
      use of CCTA as an additional diagnostic test before ICA in an all-comer NSTEMI
      population.

PMID- 27366973
TI  - Completing a National Birth Cohort in the United States.

PMID- 27366974
TI  - The ion dependence of carbohydrate binding of CBM36: an MD and 3D-RISM study.
AB  - The molecular recognition process of the carbohydrate-binding module family 36
      (CBM36) was examined theoretically. The mechanism of xylan binding by CBM36 and
      the role of Ca(2+) were investigated by the combined use of molecular dynamics
      simulations and the 3D reference interaction site model method. The CBM36 showed
      affinity for xylan after Ca(2+) binding, but not after Mg(2+) binding. Free
      energy component analysis of the xylan-binding process revealed that the major
      factor for xylan-binding affinity is the electrostatic interaction between the
      Ca(2+) and the hydroxyl oxygens of xylan. The van der Waals interaction between
      the hydrophobic side chain of CBM36 and the glucopyranose ring of xylan also
      contributes to the stabilization of the xylan-binding state. Dehydration on the
      formation of the complex has the opposite effect on these interactions. The
      affinity of CBM36 for xylan results from a balance of the interactions between
      the binding ion and solvents, hydrophilic residues around xylan, and the hydroxyl
      oxygens of xylan. When CBM binds Ca(2+), these interactions are well balanced; in
      contrast, when CBM binds Mg(2+), the dehydration penalty is excessively large.

PMID- 27366975
TI  - An unexpected rearrangement of pent-4-enofuranosides to cyclopentanones upon
      hydrogenolysis of the anomeric benzyl group.
AB  - During our synthesis toward the unique nucleoside antibiotic A201A, we were
      surprised to find that a benzyl arabino-pent-4-enofuranoside underwent a Ferrier
      II-like rearrangement readily to provide the corresponding cyclopentanone
      derivative in high yield and stereoselectivity upon hydrogenolysis of the
      anomeric benzyl group. 

PMID- 27366976
TI  - Virus fitness differences observed between two naturally occurring isolates of
      Ebola virus Makona variant using a reverse genetics approach.
AB  - During the large outbreak of Ebola virus disease that occurred in Western Africa
      from late 2013 to early 2016, several hundred Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes have
      been sequenced and the virus genetic drift analyzed. In a previous report, we
      described an efficient reverse genetics system designed to generate recombinant
      EBOV based on a Makona variant isolate obtained in 2014. Using this system, we
      characterized the replication and fitness of 2 isolates of the Makona variant.
      These virus isolates are nearly identical at the genetic level, but have single
      amino acid differences in the VP30 and L proteins. The potential effects of these
      differences were tested using minigenomes and recombinant viruses. The results
      obtained with this approach are consistent with the role of VP30 and L as
      components of the EBOV RNA replication machinery. Moreover, the 2 isolates
      exhibited clear fitness differences in competitive growth assays.

PMID- 27366977
TI  - Landmark papers in cerebrovascular neurosurgery 2015.
AB  - The management of cerebrovascular disease has advanced considerably in 2015. Five
      randomized control trials have firmly established the role of endovascular
      thrombectomy for ischemic strokes due to large vessel occlusion. The randomized
      trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke (MR CLEAN) (Berkhemer
      et al. NEJM 2015;372:11-20) was the first of a series on the topic. There was a
      total of 5 randomized controlled trials published showing benefit in terms of
      functional outcomes at 90days for mechanical thrombectomy including the
      Endovascular Therapy for Ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection (EXTEND
      IA) (Campbell et al. NEJM 2015;372:1009-18), the Randomized assessment of rapid
      endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke (ESCAPE) (Goyal et al. NEJM
      2015;372:1019-30) trials, the stent-retriever thrombectomy after IV t-PA is t-PA
      alone in stroke (SWIFT-PRIME) (Saver et al. NEJM 2015;372:2285-95), and the
      thrombectomy within 8h after symptom onset in Ischemic stroke (REVASCAT) trial
      (Jovin et al. NEJM 2015; 372:2296-306). Six-year results from randomized
      controlled Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT) found no significant difference
      in functional outcomes in patients ruptured aneurysms treated surgically
      clippings versus endovascular treatment (Spetzler et al. JNS 2015;123:609-17. The
      10-year results of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm trial (ISAT) reported
      similar mortality rates and good functional outcomes between clipped and coiled
      patients (Molyneux et al. Lancet 2015;385:691-7). We also discuss the impact of
      genome wide sequencing studies in familial aneurysms, the largest publication on
      stent assisted coiling and flow diverter for aneurysms and noteworthy papers
      relevant to Moyamoya and cavernous malformations (Yang et al. Neurosurgery
      2015;77:241-7). 

PMID- 27366978
TI  - The Effect of Positional Support on Tolerance of Wakeful Prone in Infants.
AB  - : Supervised wakeful prone promotes motor milestones. Indications are that many
      infants do not receive adequate prone, with poor tolerance as a contributing
      factor. A common suggestion is the use of positional support. AIMS: This study
      has two main purposes: (1) To determine whether varied levels of positional
      support affect the duration of time spent in prone, and (2) to determine the
      effect of positional support with respect to infant size. METHODS: A convenience
      sample of 32 healthy infants ranging in size, aged 3.3 +/- 0.04 months, were
      placed in prone in three counterbalanced randomized levels of positional support:
      a flat blanket (Blanket condition), a rolled blanket (Roll condition), and a
      pillow (Boppy condition). RESULTS: There were significant differences in time
      spent in prone with the Boppy condition affording infants up to three more min in
      prone across three repeated trials. There were no significant interaction effects
      between condition and infant size measurements. CONCLUSIONS: These results
      provide evidence for increasing positional support, such as through use of a Mini
      Boppy(r), to facilitate tolerance for prone for infants of all sizes.

PMID- 27366980
TI  - Social Media Use by Transplant Recipients for Support and Healing.
AB  - Transplant recipients use a diverse support network that now includes transplant
      related social media support groups. The purpose of this study is to explore the
      use of social media sites by transplant recipients as a potential source of
      support and healing and the usefulness of Internet postings as a source of rich
      qualitative data. A qualitative descriptive design was used for the study. A
      total of 126 retrospective postings from 58 participants were analyzed as they
      existed on this open publically available Web site over a 20-month period from
      the selected discussion threads. Two major themes emerged from the data: sharing
      overwhelming gratitude and finding sanctuary. Sharing overwhelming gratitude was
      expressed in emotional postings about feelings and letters to donor families.
      Finding sanctuary described the recipients' perception of the online community as
      a safe and nonjudgmental environment to discuss sensitive issues and feelings.
      This study adds to what is known about the unique psychological and emotional
      needs of transplant recipients. Transplant-related support Web sites offer the
      opportunity to learn what matters most to transplant recipients and identify gaps
      in care related to calls for nursing.

PMID- 27366979
TI  - Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Genomic Sequencing.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Although poorly understood, there is heterogeneity in the molecular
      biology of cancer across race and ethnicities. The representation of racial
      minorities in large genomic sequencing efforts is unclear, and could have an
      impact on health care disparities. OBJECTIVE: To determine the racial
      distribution among samples sequenced within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and
      the deficit of samples needed to detect moderately common mutational frequencies
      in racial minorities. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a retrospective
      review of individual patient data from TCGA data portal accessed in July 2015.
      TCGA comprises samples from a wide array of institutions primarily across the
      United States. Samples from 10 of the 31 currently available tumor types were
      analyzed, comprising 5729 samples from the approximately 11 000 available. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Using the estimated median somatic mutational frequency,
      the samples needed beyond TCGA to detect a 10% and 5% mutational frequency over
      the background somatic mutation frequency were calculated for each tumor type by
      racial ethnicity. RESULTS: Of the 5729 samples, 77% (n = 4389) were white, 12% (n
      = 660) were black, 3% (n = 173) were Asian, 3% (n = 149) were Hispanic, and less
      than 0.5% combined were from patients of Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander,
      Alaskan Native, or American Indian decent. This overrepresents white patients
      compared with the US population and underrepresents primarily Asian and Hispanic
      patients. With a somatic mutational frequency of 0.7 (prostate cancer) to 9.9
      (lung squamous cell cancer), all tumor types from white patients contained enough
      samples to detect a 10% mutational frequency. This is in contrast to all other
      racial ethnicities, for which group-specific mutations with 10% frequency would
      be detectable only for black patients with breast cancer. Group-specific
      mutations with 5% frequency would be undetectable in any racial minority, but
      detectable in white patients for all cancer types except lung (adenocarcinoma and
      squamous cell carcinoma) and colon cancer. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: It is
      probable, but poorly understood, that ethnic diversity is related to the
      pathogenesis of cancer, and may have an impact on the generalizability of
      findings from TCGA to racial minorities. Despite the important benefits that
      continue to be gained from genomic sequencing, dedicated efforts are needed to
      avoid widening the already pervasive gap in health care disparities.

PMID- 27366981
TI  - Structure prediction and functional analyses of a thermostable lipase obtained
      from Shewanella putrefaciens.
AB  - Previous experimental studies on thermostable lipase from Shewanella putrefaciens
      suggested the maximum activity at higher temperatures, but with little
      information on its conformational profile. In this study, the three-dimensional
      structure of lipase was predicted and a 60 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation
      was carried out at temperatures ranging from 300 to 400 K to better understand
      its thermostable nature at the molecular level. MD simulations were performed in
      order to predict the optimal activity of thermostable lipase. The results
      suggested strong conformational temperature dependence. The thermostable lipase
      maintained its bio-active conformation at 350 K during the 60 ns MD simulations.

PMID- 27366982
TI  - Removal of compounds used as plasticizers and herbicides from water by means of
      gamma irradiation.
AB  - Gamma radiation has been used to induce the degradation of compounds used as
      plasticizers and herbicides such as phthalic acid (PA), bisphenol A (BPA),
      diphenolic acid (DPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D), and 4-chloro-2
      methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in aqueous solution, determining the dose
      constants, removal percentages, and radiation-chemical yields. The reaction rate
      constants of hydroxyl radical (HO), hydrated electron (eaq(-)) and hydrogen atom
      (H) with these pollutants were also obtained by means of competition kinetics,
      using 3-aminopyridine and atrazine as reference compounds. The results indicated
      that the elimination of these pollutants with gamma radiation mainly follows the
      oxidative pathway through reaction with HO radicals. The degradation by-products
      from the five pollutants were determined, detecting that the hydroxylation of the
      corresponding parent compounds was the main chemical process in the degradation
      of the pollutants. Moreover, a high decrease in the chemical oxygen demand has
      been observed for all pollutants. As expected, the degradation by-products
      generated by the irradiation of PA, BPA and DPA showed a lower toxicity than the
      parent compounds, however, in the case of 2,4-D and MCPA irradiation,
      interestingly, their by-products were more toxic than the corresponding original
      compounds. 

PMID- 27366983
TI  - Heat waves and urban heat islands in Europe: A review of relevant drivers.
AB  - The climate change and the proceeding urbanization create future health
      challenges. Consequently, more people around the globe will be impaired by
      extreme weather events, such as heat waves. This study investigates the causes
      for the emergence of surface urban heat islands and its change during heat waves
      in 70 European cities. A newly created climate class indicator, a set of
      meaningful landscape metrics, and two population-related parameters were applied
      to describe the Surface Urban Heat Island Magnitude (SUHIM) - the mean
      temperature increase within the urban heat island compared to its surrounding, as
      well as the Heat Magnitude (HM) - the extra heat load added to the average summer
      SUHIM during heat waves. We evaluated the relevance of varying urban parameters
      within linear models. The exemplary European-wide heat wave in July 2006 was
      chosen and compared to the average summer conditions using MODIS land surface
      temperature with an improved spatial resolution of 250m. The results revealed
      that the initial size of the urban heat island had significant influence on
      SUHIM. For the explanation of HM the size of the heat island, the regional
      climate and the share of central urban green spaces showed to be critical.
      Interestingly, cities of cooler climates and cities with higher shares of urban
      green spaces were more affected by additional heat during heat waves.
      Accordingly, cooler northern European cities seem to be more vulnerable to heat
      waves, whereas southern European cities appear to be better adapted. Within the
      ascertained population and climate clusters more detailed explanations were
      found. Our findings improve the understanding of the urban heat island effect
      across European cities and its behavior under heat waves. Also, they provide some
      indications for urban planners on case-specific adaptation strategies to adverse
      urban heat caused by heat waves. 

PMID- 27366984
TI  - Morpho-physiological response of Populus alba to erythromycin: A timeline of the
      health status of the plant.
AB  - Populus alba Villafranca clone was chosen for a proof of concept study to
      determine the potential uptake and accumulation of antibiotics by trees. Plants
      were grown hydroponically and irrigated with a recirculating Hoagland's nutrient
      solution (control) and Hoagland's nutrient solution fortified with erythromycin
      at 0.01, 0.1 and 1mgL(-1). After 3 and 28days of treatment, poplar plants were
      separated into roots, stem, and leaves. Plants showed good health all over the
      period of treatment, and no differences in poplar growth for all the
      concentrations of erythromycin tested were observed. Quantification of
      erythromycin was performed using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization
      tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in positive ion mode using multiple reaction
      ion monitoring. Erythromycin was detected in all organs analyzed. Roots showed an
      erythromycin concentration tenfold higher than leaves. The photochemical
      efficiency of photosystem II did not show a dose-dependant trend. From the
      quenching analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence, low nonphotochemical quenching
      (NPQ) and high photochemical quenching (qP) for the first week of erythromycin
      exposure was observed, depending on leaves position along the stem. Results
      suggest a short term adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of Populus alba
      in response to environmental realistic erythromycin concentrations. 

PMID- 27366985
TI  - What is unconsciousness in a fly or a worm? A review of general anesthesia in
      different animal models.
AB  - All animals are rendered unresponsive by general anesthetics. In humans, this is
      observed as a succession of endpoints from memory loss to unconsciousness to
      immobility. Across animals, anesthesia endpoints such as loss of responsiveness
      or immobility appear to require significantly different drug concentrations. A
      closer examination in key model organisms such as the mouse, fly, or the worm,
      uncovers a trend: more complex behaviors, either requiring several sub-behaviors,
      or multiple neural circuits working together, are more sensitive to volatile
      general anesthetics. This trend is also evident when measuring neural correlates
      of general anesthesia. Here, we review this complexity hypothesis in humans and
      model organisms, and attempt to reconcile these findings with the more recent
      view that general anesthetics potentiate endogenous sleep pathways in most
      animals. Finally, we propose a presynaptic mechanism, and thus an explanation for
      how these drugs might compromise a succession of brain functions of increasing
      complexity.

PMID- 27366986
TI  - Epigenetic quality check - how good are your mesenchymal stromal cells?

PMID- 27366987
TI  - Nonrandomized Intervention Study of Naloxone Coprescription for Primary Care
      Patients Receiving Long-Term Opioid Therapy for Pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Unintentional overdose involving opioid analgesics is a leading cause
      of injury-related death in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the
      feasibility and effect of implementing naloxone prescription to patients
      prescribed opioids for chronic pain. DESIGN: 2-year nonrandomized intervention
      study. SETTING: 6 safety-net primary care clinics in San Francisco, California.
      PARTICIPANTS: 1985 adults receiving long-term opioid therapy for pain.
      INTERVENTION: Providers and clinic staff were trained and supported in naloxone
      prescribing. MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes were proportion of patients prescribed
      naloxone, opioid-related emergency department (ED) visits, and prescribed opioid
      dose based on chart review. RESULTS: 38.2% of 1985 patients receiving long-term
      opioids were prescribed naloxone. Patients prescribed higher doses of opioids and
      with an opioid-related ED visit in the past 12 months were independently more
      likely to be prescribed naloxone. Patients who received a naloxone prescription
      had 47% fewer opioid-related ED visits per month in the 6 months after receipt of
      the prescription (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.53 [95% CI, 0.34 to 0.83]; P =
      0.005) and 63% fewer visits after 1 year (IRR, 0.37 [CI, 0.22 to 0.64]; P <
      0.001) compared with patients who did not receive naloxone. There was no net
      change over time in opioid dose among those who received naloxone and those who
      did not (IRR, 1.03 [CI, 0.91 to 1.27]; P = 0.61). LIMITATION: Results are
      observational and may not be generalizable beyond safety-net settings.
      CONCLUSION: Naloxone can be coprescribed to primary care patients prescribed
      opioids for pain. When advised to offer naloxone to all patients receiving
      opioids, providers may prioritize those with established risk factors. Providing
      naloxone in primary care settings may have ancillary benefits, such as reducing
      opioid-related adverse events. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of
      Health.

PMID- 27366988
TI  - A Comparison of Opioid and Nonopioid Substance Users in Residential Treatment for
      Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Disorders.
AB  - The past decade has seen a marked increase in the illicit use of opioids, as well
      as a doubling of the percentage of individuals seeking treatment for opioid use
      disorders. However, little is known about the differences between opioid users
      and nonopioid users in residential treatment. Further, no studies have been
      published that compare opioid users and nonopioid users in treatment for co
      occurring substance use and mental disorders. To address this gap, this study
      examined differences between opioid and nonopioid substance users in residential
      treatment for co-occurring disorders. Data was drawn from 1,972 individuals
      treated between 2009 and 2011 at one of three private residential treatment
      centers that provide integrated treatment for co-occurring substance use and
      mental disorders. Data was collected at program intake, and 1- and 6-month
      postdischarge using the Addiction Severity Index and the University of Rhode
      Island Change Assessment. To examine within-group changes in substance use,
      addiction severity, and mental health across time, linear mixed-model analyses
      were conducted with facility, year, age, gender, and race included as covariates.
      The authors found more similarities than differences between the two groups on
      baseline characteristics, treatment motivation, length of stay, and outcomes on
      measures of substance use, addiction severity, and mental health. The results
      demonstrate that though opioid users entered treatment with higher levels of
      substance use-related impairment, they were just as successful in treatment
      outcomes as their non-opioid-using peers.

PMID- 27366989
TI  - Time- and Region-Specific Season of Birth Effects in Multiple Sclerosis in the
      United Kingdom.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The reports of seasonal variation in the births of people who later
      develop multiple sclerosis (MS) have been challenged and attributed to the
      background pattern in the general population, resulting in a false association.
      OBJECTIVE: To study the seasonality of MS births after adjusting for temporal and
      regional confounding factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A study was
      conducted using case-control data from 8 MS-specialized centers from the United
      Kingdom, MS cases from a population-based study in the Lothian and Border regions
      of Scotland, and death records from the UK Registrar General. Participants
      included 21 138 patients with MS and control data from the UK Office of National
      Statistics and the UK government office regions. The seasonality of MS births was
      evaluated using the Walter and Elwood test, after adjusting for temporal and
      regional variations in the live births of the UK population. The study was
      conducted from January 16, 2014, to September 2, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. RESULTS: Analysis of the general
      population indicated that seasonal differences are present across time and region
      in the United Kingdom, with both factors contributing to the monthly distribution
      of live births. We were able to demonstrate that, when adjusting for the temporal
      and regional variations in the live births of the UK population, there was a
      significant season of birth effect in patients with MS, with an increased risk of
      disease in the peak month (April) compared with the trough month (November) (odds
      ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10-1.41) and 15.68% fewer people who developed MS being
      born in November (observed to expected birth ratio, 0.840; 95% CI, 0.76-0.92).
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Season of birth is a risk factor for MS in the United
      Kingdom and cannot be attributed to the background pattern in the general
      population. The reasons for the variations in birth rates in the general
      population are unclear, but not taking them into consideration could lead to
      false-positive associations.

PMID- 27366990
TI  - Initial Stop Voicing in Bilingual Children With Cochlear Implants and Their
      Typically Developing Peers With Normal Hearing.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study focuses on stop voicing differentiation in bilingual children
      with normal hearing (NH) and their bilingual peers with hearing loss who use
      cochlear implants (CIs). METHOD: Twenty-two bilingual children participated in
      our study (11 with NH, M age = 5;1 [years;months], and 11 with CIs, M hearing age
      = 5;1). The groups were matched on hearing age and a range of demographic
      variables. Single-word picture elicitation was used with word-initial singleton
      stop consonants. Repeated measures analyses of variance with three within-subject
      factors (language, stop voicing, and stop place of articulation) and one between
      subjects factor (NH vs. CI user) were conducted with voice onset time and
      percentage of prevoiced stops as dependent variables. RESULTS: Main effects were
      statistically significant for language, stop voicing, and stop place of
      articulation on both voice onset time and prevoicing. There were no significant
      main effects for NH versus CI groups. Both children with NH and with CIs
      differentiated stop voicing in their languages and by stop place of articulation.
      Stop voicing differentiation was commensurate across the groups of children with
      NH versus CIs. CONCLUSIONS: Stop voicing differentiation is accomplished in a
      similar fashion by bilingual children with NH and CIs, and both groups
      differentiate stop voicing in a language-specific fashion.

PMID- 27366991
TI  - Disclosing Industry Relationships-A Patient-Centered Approach.

PMID- 27366993
TI  - Unusual Retinal Vascular Proliferation in von Hippel-Lindau Disease.

PMID- 27366992
TI  - Vesicle-MaNiA: extracellular vesicles in liquid biopsy and cancer.
AB  - Normal and tumor cells shed vesicles to the environment. Within the large family
      of extracellular vesicles, exosomes and microvesicles have attracted much
      attention in the recent years. Their interest ranges from mediators of cancer
      progression, inflammation, immune regulation and metastatic niche regulation, to
      non-invasive biomarkers of disease. In this respect, the procedures to purify and
      analyze extracellular vesicles have quickly evolved and represent a source of
      variability for data integration in the field. In this review, we provide an
      updated view of the potential of exosomes and microvesicles as biomarkers and the
      available technologies for their isolation.

PMID- 27366995
TI  - Safety of Topical Corticosteroids in Pregnancy.
AB  - CLINICAL QUESTION: Are topical corticosteroids safe for use in pregnancy? BOTTOM
      LINE: The available evidence found no associations of maternal use of topical
      corticosteroids of any potency with mode of delivery, birth defects, preterm
      delivery, fetal death, and low Apgar score. However, maternal use of potent to
      very potent topical corticosteroids, especially when the cumulative dosage of
      topical corticosteroids throughout the pregnancy is very large, is associated
      with low birth weight.

PMID- 27366994
TI  - Responses in early visual areas to contour integration are context dependent.
AB  - It has been shown that early visual areas are involved in contour processing.
      However, it is not clear how local and global context interact to influence
      responses in those areas, nor has the interarea coordination that yields coherent
      structural percepts been fully studied, especially in human observers. In this
      study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure activity
      in early visual cortex while observers performed a contour detection task in
      which alignment of Gabor elements and background clutter were manipulated. Six
      regions of interest (two regions, containing either the cortex representing the
      target or the background clutter, in each of areas V1, V2, and V3) were
      predefined using separate target versus background functional localizer scans.
      The first analysis using a general linear model showed that in the presence of
      background clutter, responses in V1 and V2 target regions of interest were
      significantly stronger to aligned than unaligned contours, whereas when
      background clutter was absent, no significant difference was observed. The second
      analysis using interarea correlations showed that with background clutter, there
      was an increase in V1-V2 coordination within the target regions when perceiving
      aligned versus unaligned contours; without clutter, however, correlations between
      V1 and V2 were similar no matter whether aligned contours were present or not.
      Both the average response magnitude and the connectivity analysis suggest
      different mechanisms support contour processing with or without background
      distractors. Coordination between V1 and V2 may play a major role in coherent
      structure perception, especially with complex scene organization.

PMID- 27366997
TI  - Biography - S. W. Benson.

PMID- 27366996
TI  - Innate immunity against hepatitis C virus.
AB  - Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection tends persistent and causes chronic liver
      diseases, including inflammation, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Innate
      immune responses triggered by HCV infection, particularly the production of
      interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, shape the early host antiviral
      defense, and orchestrate subsequent HCV-specific adaptive immunity. Host has
      evolved multifaceted means to sense HCV infection to induce innate immune
      responses, whereas HCV has also developed elaborate strategies to evade immune
      attack. Recent studies in the field have provided many new insights into the
      interplay of HCV and innate immunity. In this review, we summarized these recent
      advances, focusing on pathogen recognition by innate sensors, newly discovered
      anti-HCV innate effectors and new viral strategies to evade innate immunity.

PMID- 27366998
TI  - Transition-Metal-Free Fluoroarylation of Diazoacetamides: A Complementary
      Approach to 3-Fluorooxindoles.
AB  - An efficient transition-metal-free fluoroarylation reaction of N-aryl
      diazoacetamides with NFSI (N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide) is described. This
      reaction directly provides 3-fluorooxindole derivatives in yields of 67-93% with
      high selectivity via a carbene-free process under mild reaction conditions.

PMID- 27367000
TI  - Bimetallic Nanocrystals: Syntheses, Properties, and Applications.
AB  - Achieving mastery over the synthesis of metal nanocrystals has emerged as one of
      the foremost scientific endeavors in recent years. This intense interest stems
      from the fact that the composition, size, and shape of nanocrystals not only
      define their overall physicochemical properties but also determine their
      effectiveness in technologically important applications. Our aim is to present a
      comprehensive review of recent research activities on bimetallic nanocrystals. We
      begin with a brief introduction to the architectural diversity of bimetallic
      nanocrystals, followed by discussion of the various synthetic techniques
      necessary for controlling the elemental ratio and spatial arrangement. We have
      selected key examples from the literature that exemplify critical concepts and
      place a special emphasis on mechanistic understanding. We then discuss the
      composition-dependent properties of bimetallic nanocrystals in terms of
      catalysis, optics, and magnetism and conclude the Review by highlighting
      applications that have been enabled and/or enhanced by precisely controlling the
      synthesis of bimetallic nanocrystals. 

PMID- 27366999
TI  - Natural Polyphenols in Cancer Chemoresistance.
AB  - Resistance to chemotherapy remains a major impediment to the management of most
      types of cancer. Both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance are mediated by
      several cellular and molecular mechanisms, including alternative growth-signaling
      pathways unaffected by specific therapies, alterations in the tumor
      microenvironment (e.g., hypoxia and angiogenesis), and active transport of drugs
      out of the cell. Epidemiological studies have validated an inverse correlation
      between the consumption of dietary polyphenols and the risk of cancer, which has
      been attributed to polyphenol antioxidant capacity and their potential to inhibit
      activation of procarcinogens, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, and
      angiogenesis, and inhibition or downregulation of active drug efflux
      transporters. Moreover, polyphenols can induce apoptosis in cancer cells and
      modulate immune responses and inflammatory cascades. Augmentation of the efficacy
      of chemotherapy and prevention of multidrug resistance are other important
      effects of dietary polyphenols that deserve further research, especially after
      the discovery of tight "crosstalk" between aberrant growth signaling and
      metabolic dysfunction in cancer cells. In this review, we cover what is currently
      known about the role of natural polyphenolic compounds in overcoming cancer drug
      resistance mediated by diverse primary and secondary resistance mechanisms.

PMID- 27367001
TI  - Epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility among carbapenem
      resistant non-fermenting bacteria in Brazil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are widespread in the environment and are
      increasingly associated with nosocomial infections. Extensive and indiscriminate
      use of antibiotics in hospitals has contributed to an increased number of
      infections caused by these microorganisms, that are resistant to a wide variety
      of antimicrobials, including beta-lactams. This study aimed to isolate and
      identify carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa from
      hospitalized patients, to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns
      and to screen for blaOXA-23, blaOXA-24, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-58, and blaOXA-143
      genes among the isolated bacteria. METHODOLOGY: Antimicrobial resistance patterns
      were performed using the disk-diffusion method. Genetic markers related to
      carbapenem resistance were screened by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS:
      Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (n = 44) and P. aeruginosa (n = 28)
      samples were isolated from patients admitted to a tertiary hospital. Polymyxin B
      was the only effective drug for all isolates. Considering the oxacillinase gene
      screening, genetic markers were observed only in Acinetobacter isolates. The most
      frequent genotype observed was blaOXA-23+/blaOXA-51+ (45.5%), followed by blaOXA
      51+/blaOXA-143+ (41%). The oxacillinase genes blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58 were not
      detected. High mortality rates (> 70%) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The data
      suggest the need for rational use of antimicrobials associated with early
      diagnosis of multidrug-resistant bacteria, especially considering non-fermenting
      Gram-negative rods, which are widespread in hospitals. The findings of blaoxa-51(
      ) strains suggest the occurrence and spread of non-A. baumannii species
      throughout our hospitals. Effective implementation of surveillance programs in
      hospitals is needed to reduce infectious and resistant intra- and inter-species
      bacteria.

PMID- 27367002
TI  - Device-associated infections in the pediatric intensive care unit at the American
      University of Beirut Medical Center.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Device-associated healthcare-associated infections (DA-HAIs) are
      the principal threat to patient safety in intensive care units (ICUs).  The
      primary objective of this study was to identify the most common DA-HAIs in the
      pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at the American University of Beirut Medical
      Center (AUBMC). Length of stay (LOS) and mortality, antimicrobial resistance
      patterns, and suitability of empiric antibiotic choices for DA-HAIs according to
      the local resistance patterns were also studied. METHODOLOGY: This was a
      retrospective study that included all patients admitted to the PICU at AUBMC
      between January 2007 and December 2011. All patients admitted to the PICU having
      a placed central line, an endotracheal tube, and/or a Foley catheter were
      included. Data was extracted from the patients' medical records through chart
      review. A total of 22 patients were identified with 25 central line-associated
      bloodstream infections (CLABSI), 25 ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and 9
      catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). The causing organisms,
      their resistance patterns, and the appropriateness of empiric antimicrobial
      therapy were reported. RESULTS: Gram-negative pathogens were found in 53% of the
      DA-HAIs, Gram-positive ones in 27%, and fungal organisms in 20%. A total of 80%
      of K. pneumonia isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producers,
      and 30% of Pseudomonas isolates were multidrug resistant. No methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
      were isolated. Based on culture results, the choice of empiric antimicrobial
      therapy was appropriate in 64% of the DA-HAIs. CONCLUSIONS: After the care bundle
      approach is adopted in our PICU, DA-HAIs are expected to decrease further.

PMID- 27367003
TI  - Zika virus infection, associated microcephaly, and low yellow fever vaccination
      coverage in Brazil: is there any causal link?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since the end of 2014, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been rapidly
      spreading in Brazil. METHODOLOGY: To analyze the possible association of yellow
      fever vaccine with a protective effect against ZIKV-related microcephaly, the
      following spatial analyses were performed, using Brazilian municipalities as
      units: i) yellow fever vaccination coverage in Brazilian municipalities in
      individuals aged 15-49; ii) reported cases of microcephaly by municipality; and
      iii) confirmed cases of microcephaly related to ZIKV, by municipality. SaTScan
      software was used to identify clusters of municipalities for high risk of
      microcephaly. RESULTS: There were seven significant high risk clusters of
      confirmed microcephaly cases, with four of them located in the Northeast where
      yellow fever vaccination rates were the lowest. The clusters harbored only 2.9%
      of the total population of Brazil, but 15.2% of confirmed cases of microcephaly.
      CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that pregnant women in regions with high yellow fever
      vaccination coverage may pose their offspring to lower risk for development of
      microcephaly. There is an urgent need for systematic studies to confirm the
      possible link between low yellow fever vaccination coverage, Zika virus infection
      and microcephaly.

PMID- 27367004
TI  - Vitamin D level is associated with mortality predictors in ventilator-associated
      pneumonia caused by Acinetobacter baumannii.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D plays a role in host defense and is known to be
      associated with mortality in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). We aimed
      to evaluate the relationships between vitamin D levels and predictors of
      mortality in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by
      extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii (XDR A. baumanii). METHODOLOGY:
      A retrospective single-center study was conducted in an 18-bed adult ICU of a
      teaching hospital, including all patients with VAP due to XDR A. baumanii. Levels
      of 25(OH)D, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), n-terminal pro-BNP (NT
      proBNP), as well as clinical scores (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA],
      Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE II], Clinical Pulmonary
      Infection Score [CPIS) were recorded. RESULTS: Forty-for patients were studied
      over six months. All patients had vitamin D deficiency. The 28-day mortality in
      patients with 25(OH)D levels <= 10 ng/mL was higher than in patients with 25(OH)D
      > 10ng/mL (p = 0.001). The fourth- and seventh-day SOFA scores (p= 0.04 and p=
      0.001) and first- and fourth-day procalcitonin levels (p = 0.03 and p = 0.004)
      were higher in patients with 25(OH)D levels <= 10 ng/mL. The clinical scores
      (SOFA, CPIS, and CEPPIS) and biomarkers (NT-proBNP, PCT) were negatively
      correlated with 25(OH)D levels in all study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Severe vitamin D
      deficiency was associated with adverse outcome in VAP due to XDR A. baumanii.
      Vitamin D levels may be a prognostic predictor of VAP. It is also important to
      evaluate the effect of rapid vitamin D replacement on mortality.

PMID- 27367005
TI  - Distribution of ESBLs among Escherichia coli isolates from outpatients with
      recurrent UTIs and their antimicrobial resistance.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains of
      Enterobacteriaceae are considered to be emerging pathogens. They are a major
      problem in hospitalized as well as community-based patients. Major outbreaks
      involving ESBL strains have been reported from all over the world. Recurrent
      urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the risk factors for infection with ESBL
      producing E. coli in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. METHODOLOGY:
      Ninety-one E. coli isolates from outpatients with recurrent UTIs were surveyed
      phenotypically and genotypically for ESBL production and tested for antimicrobial
      susceptibility. RESULTS: Of 91 E. coli isolates, 75.8% were resistant to each of
      cefotaxime and ceftazidime and 74.7% produced ESBLs. CTX-M-type was the most
      frequent ESBL (accounting for 70.3%), with CTX-M-1 being the only subtype
      possessed by these isolates. The prevalence of OXA- and SHV-type was 32.9% and
      10.9%, respectively. None of the isolates produced TEM beta-lactamase. All OXA
      type ESBL were produced concomitantly with CTX-M1. Both ESBL producers and non
      producers had high resistance to ampicillin followed by trimethoprim
      sulphamethoxazole, third-generation cephalosporins, and tetracycline. No isolate
      showed resistance to imipenem and meropenem. In total, resistance rates of ESBL
      producers were higher than those of ESBL non-producers, as was multidrug
      resistance (52.7% versus 8.7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study documented
      high distribution of ESBLs among E. coli isolates from outpatients with recurrent
      UTIs, with CTX-M as the predominant ESBL. In the current situation, it is
      important that antibiotic treatment is be started only after a proper sensitivity
      report is obtained from the laboratory.

PMID- 27367006
TI  - Detection of phenotypes, virulence genes and phylotypes of avian pathogenic and
      human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Egypt.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose from this study was to determine phenotypes, intestinal
      virulence-associated genes, and phylotypic profiling of human diarrheagenic E.
      coli (DEC) and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). METHODOLOGY: A total of 108
      chicken visceral organs (liver, spleen, heart) from 36 diseased birds (three
      organs per each bird) and 78 human stool samples (50 diarrheic patients and 28
      healthy persons) were randomly collected during the first half of 2015 in the
      district of Mansoura city, Egypt. Conventional culturing, serotyping, and
      molecular characterization of virulence genes and phylogroups were performed.
      RESULTS: Sixty-five (35%) biochemically identified E. coli isolates were detected
      from chicken visceral (29/108; 26.9%) and human stool samples (36/78; 46.2%).
      Serotypes O78, O2, and O1 were the most prevalent serotypes (62%) distinguished
      from APEC isolates, and only two similar serotypes (O119:H4 and O26:H11) were
      identified from both APEC and DEC isolates. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
      the respective percentages of 100 and 35 with eae and Shiga toxin genes were
      detected from APEC isolates while 50%, 27.8%, and 19.4% of human DEC isolates
      harbored eae, stx1, and stx2 genes, respectively. Phylogrouping revealed a
      significantly higher occurrence of pathogenic phylogroups (D and B2) in APEC
      (19/29; 65.5%) than in human DEC isolates (8/36; 22.2%). CONCLUSIONS: APEC
      isolates shared serotypes, virulence genes, and phylotypes with human DEC
      isolates, which is a subsequent potential public health concern. To the best of
      our knowledge, this is the first report in Egypt that determines virulence gene
      and phylogroup coexistence between APEC and DEC isolates.

PMID- 27367007
TI  - Physiological and molecular characteristics of carbapenem resistance in
      Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bacterial resistance is a growing concern in the nosocomial
      environment in which Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes play an
      important role due to their opportunism and carbapenemase-production. This work
      aimed to evaluate physiological and molecular characteristics of carbapenem
      resistant K. pneumoniae and E. aerogenes isolated in a Brazilian tertiary
      hospital. METHODOLOGY: In total, 42 carbapenem-resistant bacteria isolated from
      clinical specimens were included (21 K. pneumoniae and 21 E. aerogenes). Drug
      sensitive K. pneumoniae (n = 27) were also included. Antimicrobial susceptibility
      and biocide tolerance patterns, hemolytic activity, tolerance to oxidative
      stress, and aggregative ability were assessed. Genetic markers related to
      carbapenem resistance, or ESBL-production were screened by PCR. RESULTS: Compared
      to drug-sensitive strains, carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae were more tolerant
      to biocides and to oxidative stress, and they displayed an increase in biofilm
      formation. The genetic markers blaKPC (95.2%) and blaTEM (90.5%) were the most
      frequent. Among the carbapenem-resistant E. aerogenes strains, blaKPC, and blaTEM
      were detected in all bacteria. Drug-sensitive E. aerogenes were not isolated in
      the same period. blaSHV, blaVIM, and blaCTX markers were also observed among
      carbapenem-resistant bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that carbapenemase
      producing enterobacteria might show peculiar characteristics regarding their
      physiology associated with their environmental persistency, virulence, and
      multidrug resistance. The observed phenomenon may have implications not only for
      antimicrobial chemotherapy, but also for the prognosis of infectious diseases and
      infection control.

PMID- 27367008
TI  - Role of efflux pump inhibitor in decreasing antibiotic cross-resistance of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a burn hospital in Iran.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa may be due to efflux
      pump overexpression. This study phenotypically examined the role of efflux pump
      inhibitors in decreasing antibiotic cross-resistance between beta-lactams,
      fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides in P. aeruginosa isolates from burn
      patients in Iran. METHODOLOGY: A total of 91 phenotypically and genotypically
      confirmed P. aeruginosa samples were studied. Multidrug cross-resistance was
      determined using the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration
      (MIC) test. The contribution of efflux pumps was determined by investigating MIC
      reduction assay to markers of beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides
      in the absence and presence of an efflux pump inhibitor. All the isolates were
      also tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of mexA, mexC, and mexE
      efflux genes. RESULTS: Of the isolates, 81 (89%) and 83 (91.2%) were multidrug
      resistant according to the disk diffusion and MIC method, respectively. Cross
      resistance was observed in 67 (73.6%) and 68 (74.7%) of isolates according to the
      disk diffusion and MIC method, respectively. In the presence of the efflux pump
      inhibitor, twofold or higher MIC reduction to imipenem, cefepime, ciprofloxacin,
      and gentamicin was observed in 59, 65, 55, and 60 isolates, respectively. Except
      for two isolates that were negative for mexC, all isolates were positive for
      mexA, mexC, and mexE genes simultaneously. CONCLUSION: Efflux pumps could cause
      different levels of resistance based on their expression in clinical isolates.
      Early detection of different efflux pumps in P. aeruginosa could allow the use of
      other antibiotics and efflux pump inhibitors in combination with antibiotic
      therapy.

PMID- 27367009
TI  - Effectiveness of etravirine-based therapy for treatment-experienced HIV-infected
      patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Treatment options are limited for HIV-1-infected individuals who
      have received extensive previous antiretroviral therapy. ETV has shown
      significant clinical benefits in treatment-experienced HIV-1+ patients with
      antiretroviral resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      effectiveness of ETV plus optimized background regimen in real-life conditions in
      a cohort of highly HIV-1 antiretroviral-experienced patients. METHODOLOGY:
      Retrospective cohort of treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected adults with
      virological failure who started therapy with an ETV-containing regimen. The
      effectiveness was evaluated using HIV-1 RNA viral load and changes in CD4+ cell
      count after 48 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: Forty-two patients >= 16 years of age
      were included; 74% were men, and the median age was 45 years (IQR 41-53). All
      participants had prior non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor use (55%
      nevirapine, 83%, efavirenz, and 28% both). Baseline median HIV-1 RNA viral load
      was 15,598 copies/mL (IQR 2651-84,175) and CD4+ cell count was 276 cells/mL (IQR
      155-436). After 48 weeks of treatment, 90.5% (95% CI 78-96) of patients had HIV-1
      RNA viral load < 200 copies/mL and 76% (95% CI 61-86) had < 50 copies/mL. CD4+
      cell counts increased from baseline to 48 weeks of treatment to a median of 407
      cells/mL (IQR 242-579); p < 0.001. Virological outcome was associated with
      virological failure at baseline HIV-1 RNA viral load >= 100,000 copies/mL (OR
      7.6; 95% CI 1.2-44.80; p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides clinically
      important evidence of the effectiveness and safety of ETV in highly
      antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1-infected patients.

PMID- 27367010
TI  - Epidemiological characteristics and pathogens attributable to hand, foot, and
      mouth disease in Shanghai, 2008-2013.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood illness
      caused by enteroviruses. A passive surveillance system has been implemented in
      Shanghai Pudong since 2008 and etiology surveillance since 2009.We characterized
      the epidemiology and the etiology of HFMD in Pudong from 2008-2013. METHODOLOGY:
      Health care providers were required to report any clinically diagnosed HFMD to
      Pudong District Center for Disease Control and Prevention. For all severe cases
      and randomly selected mild HFMD cases, throat or rectal swabs or feces were
      collected for enterovirus detection by real time reverse transcription polymerase
      chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 50,149 cases were reported, with average
      8,508 per year (range: 3,577-13,202) and average incidence of 167.5/100,000
      persons (range: 81.4-254.1/100,000 persons). HFMD was more likely to occur in
      children under five years of age (85.6%), while severe cases were more likely to
      happen in children under three years of age (63.9%). Every year in May or June,
      HFMD peaked in the region; two peaks were observed from 2011 to 2013.The most
      common etiologic agents are EV71 and CA16.Different types of enterovirus
      circulate in different years. EV71 was the predominant pathogen in severe cases.
      The proportions of EV71 in severe cases was higher than in mild cases at the
      children's medical center (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: HFMD remains an important
      public health issue in Shanghai. HFMD pathogen surveillance is required for more
      types of enteroviruses besides EV71 and CA16, which would give a better picture
      of the etiology of HFMD.

PMID- 27367011
TI  - Prevalence of serological markers and nucleic acid for blood-borne viral
      infections in blood donors in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Data on blood-borne viral infections in some regions in Saudi
      Arabia remain scarce. This study investigates the prevalence of serological
      markers and nucleic acid for blood-borne viruses among blood donors in Al-Baha,
      Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: In this cross-sectional study, 2,807 donors
      who donated blood between January 2009 and November 2011 were investigated for
      blood-borne viral serological markers including HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, anti
      HCV, anti-HIV, and anti-HTLVI/III in addition to viral nucleic acid. RESULTS: All
      donors were males between 16 to 66 years of age (mean: 31.5 +/- 9.3 years). Viral
      nucleic acid and/or serological markers were detected in a total of 36 (1.3%)
      donors; of them, 26 (72.2%) had nucleic acid concomitant with serological
      markers, 6 (16.7%) had only viral nucleic acid, while 4 (11.1%) had only
      serological markers. Of all donors, 22 (0.8%) had HBsAg, 227 (8.0%) had anti-HBc,
      157 (5.0%) had anti-HBs, 2,577 (91.8%) had no HBV markers, 2 (0.07%) had anti
      HIV, 1 (0.04%) had anti-HCV, and 1 (0.04%) had anti-HTLVI/II. The donors who were
      born during HBV vaccination era showed no HBsAg (0.0%; p = 0.052), lower rates of
      anti-HBc (1.5%; p < 0.001) and anti-HBs (0.7%; p < 0.001), while the majority had
      no HBV markers (98.5%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Combined viral nucleic acid and
      serological testing of donated blood enhances blood safety. The absence of HBV
      markers among donors suggests susceptibility or declined anti-HBs levels. Thus,
      HBV revaccination or a vaccine boost among adolescents and adults might be
      indispensable.

PMID- 27367012
TI  - Inhibition of Ebola Virus by Anti-Ebola miRNAs in silico.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate
      transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene regulation of the organisms. miRNA
      provides immune defense when the body is faced with challenges intracellular
      agents. miRNA molecules trigger gene silencing in eukaryotic cells. More than
      3,000 different human miRNAs (hsa-miRs) have been identified thus far. During
      ontogenesis, viral or intracellular parasitic infections, miRNAs are
      differentially expressed to protect the host from intracellular invaders. In a
      viral infection context, miRNAs have been connected with the interplay between
      host and pathogen, and occupy a major role in pathogenesis. METHODOLOGY: An in
      silico approach was used to analyze the four major Ebola Virus genome sequences
      including the recently characterized Ebola virus responsible for West African
      epidemic that has killed over 10,000 people. All totaled, 2,543 mature human
      miRNA sequences were retrieved through an miR-database, and the identification of
      mature miRNAs were aligned with full length sequences of the four major Ebola
      viruses via computational tools. RESULTS: We identified 32 miRNAs that exhibited
      significant inhibitory capacity to block more than one EBV strains. miR-607
      showed capacity to quell all four major EBVs. Ten putative miRNAs were found to
      have near perfect identity at seed sequences with numerous targets of Ebola virus
      that may completely degrade the viral transcripts. CONCLUSION: We hypothesize
      that a miRNA-based vaccine can quell Ebola virus infection. Future approaches
      will focus on validation of these miRNAs in quelling the Ebola virus to further
      elucidate their biological functions in primate and other animal models.

PMID- 27367013
TI  - Methylene blue inhibits lumefantrine-resistant Plasmodium berghei.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chemotherapy still is the most effective way to control malaria, a
      major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The large-scale use of the
      combination therapy artemether-lumefantrine for malaria treatment in Africa
      predisposes lumefantrine to emergence of resistance. There is need to identify
      drugs that can be used as substitutes to lumefantrine for use in combination
      therapy. Methylene blue, a synthetic anti-methemoglobinemia drug, has been shown
      to contain antimalarial properties, making it a candidate for drug repurposing.
      The present study sought to determine antiplasmodial effects of methylene blue
      against lumefantrine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strains of P. berghei.
      METHODOLOGY: Activity of methylene blue was assessed using the classical four-day
      test on mice infected with lumefantrine-resistant and pyrimethamine-resistant P.
      berghei. A dose of 45 mg/kg/day was effective for testing ED90. Parasitemia and
      mice survival was determined. RESULTS: At 45 mg/kg/day, methylene blue sustained
      significant parasite inhibition, over 99%, for at least 6 days post-treatment
      against lumefantrine-resistant and pyrimethamine-resistant P. berghei (p = 0.0086
      and p = 0.0191, respectively). No serious adverse effects were observed.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that methylene blue at a concentration of 45
      mg/kg/day confers over 99% inhibition against lumefantrine- and pyrimethamine
      resistant P. berghei for six days. This shows the potential use methylene blue in
      the development of antimalarials against lumefantrine- and pyrimethamine
      resistant parasites.

PMID- 27367014
TI  - Surveillance and characterization of Candida bloodstream infections in a Serbian
      tertiary care hospital.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Candida spp. frequently cause hospital-acquired bloodstream
      infections (BSI) with a high mortality rate (up to 70%). We analyzed the
      frequency, infection characteristics, potential predisposing factors,
      susceptibility to antifungal drugs, biofilm production and other virulence
      characteristics of Candida spp. isolates obtained from a tertiary care hospital
      in Nis, Serbia, during a one year period. METHODS: Medical histories,
      characteristics of isolated strains and drug susceptibility, as well as the
      effect on the function of isolated macrophages and other virulence features were
      evaluated. The obtained results were subjected to student's t-test and
      multivariate statistical analyzes. RESULTS: Herein we report an annual incidence
      of 3.65 cases of C. albicans, C. lusitaniae and C. lipolytica infections per 105
      population. Out of eight isolated strains, two (25%) were shown to be strong
      biofilm producers, one (12.5%) caused hemolysis on blood agar and in two (25%)
      cases macrophages were able to completely eliminate the yeast colonies. Chronic
      kidney disease, diabetes, malignant and other diseases were present in 37.5,
      62.5, 50 and 75%, respectively, in the study group. All patients with Candida BSI
      received antifungal therapy (amphotericin B), however, hospital mortality was
      observed in 25% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of local Candida
      epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility and virulence factors, as well as
      personalized patient risk factors are important for the surveillance of Candida
      BSI, especially in intensive care unit patients and may contribute to the
      improved options and outcome for patients with Candida BSI.

PMID- 27367015
TI  - Five-year analysis of rickettsial fevers in children in South India: Clinical
      manifestations and complications.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Rickettsial infections are re-emerging in the Indian subcontinent,
      especially among children. Understanding geographical and clinical epidemiology
      will facilitate early diagnosis and management. METHODOLOGY: Children aged <18yrs
      hospitalized with clinically-diagnosed rickettsial fever were reviewed
      retrospectively. Frequency distributions and odds ratios were calculated from
      tabulated data. RESULTS: Among 262 children hospitalized between January 2008
      December 2012, median age was five years, and 61% were male children.
      Hospitalized cases increased steadily every year, with the highest burden (74%)
      occurring between September and January each year. Mean duration of fever was
      11.5 days. Rash was present in 54.2% (142/262) of children, with 37.0% involving
      palms and soles. Prevalence of malnutrition was high (45% of children were
      underweight and 28% had stunting). Retinal vasculitis was seen in 13.7% (36/262),
      and the risk appeared higher in females. Severe complications were seen in 29%
      (purpura fulminans, 7.6%; meningitis and meningoencephalitis, 28%; septic shock,
      1.9%; acute respiratory distress syndrome, 1.1%). Complications were more likely
      to occur in anemic children. Positive Weil-Felix test results (titers >=1:160)
      were seen in 70% of cases. Elevated OX-K titers suggestive of scrub typhus were
      seen in 80% (147/184). Patients were treated with chloramphenicol (32%) or
      doxycycline (68%). Overall mortality among hospitalised children was 1.9%.
      CONCLUSIONS: This five-year analysis from southern India shows a high burden and
      increasing trend of rickettsial infections among children. The occurrence of
      retinal vasculitis and a high rate of severe complications draw attention to the
      need for early diagnosis and management of these infections.

PMID- 27367016
TI  - Clonal persistence of Salmonella enterica serovars Montevideo, Tennessee, and
      Infantis in feed factories.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Novel molecular techniques applied in biotechnology research have
      provided sound evidence on clonal persistence of distinct serovars of Salmonella
      in feed factory environments, over long periods of time (months, even years),
      which can be responsible for repeated in-house contamination of final products.
      In this study, we examined the possibility of clonal persistence of isolates of
      three Salmonella serovars that have been repeatedly identified in animal feed
      samples from three feed factories throughout a two-year period. METHODOLOGY: The
      isolates Salmonella enterica serovars Tennessee (n = 7), Montevideo (n = 8), and
      Infantis (n = 4) were tested for genetic diversity using pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis (PFGE) and multicellular behavior patterns by applying the Congo
      red agar test. RESULTS: SpeI and XbaI macro-restriction profiles indicated that
      isolates S. Montevideo and S. Infantis were identical, whereas isolates of S.
      Tennessee demonstrated greater genetic diversity, although the genetic
      differences did not exceed 10%. All Salmonella serovars demonstrated the ability
      to produce predominant matrix compounds essential for biofilm formation, curli
      fimbriae and cellulose. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of identical clones of S.
      Montevideo and S. Infantis, as well as the minor genetic diversity of S.
      Tennessee, which have been repeatedly isolated from animal feed in three
      production plants throughout a two-year period, indirectly suggests the
      possibility of their persistence in feed factory environments. Their ability to
      express the key biofilm matrix components further supports this hypothesis.

PMID- 27367017
TI  - Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Yemen: Factors associated
      with high seroprevalence.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although toxoplasmosis is an important public health problem, there
      is scarcity of data on the disease available from Yemen. A cross-sectional survey
      was conducted in health facilities to determine seroprevalence of Toxoplasma
      gondii and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Sana'a, the capital
      city of Yemen. METHODOLOGY: A total of 593 pregnant women were included and
      examined for anti-T. gondii antibodies (Ab) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay. Bio and socio-demographic data were collected by pre-tested structured
      questionnaires through face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: The overall
      seroprevalence of T. gondii was 45.4% (95% confidence interval: 41%-49%). The
      prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM was 43.7 (95% CI: 40-%48%) and 9.1% (95%
      CI: 7%-12%), respectively. About 7.4 (95% CI: 6%-10%) of pregnant women were
      seropositive for both IgG and IgM Abs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis
      identified the following risk factors for toxplasmosis (IgG and/or IgM): age >=
      25 years (adjusted OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.44-2.84, p < 0.001), rearing cats in the
      house (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.20-2.55, p = 0.004), and contact with soil (OR: 1.90,
      95% CI: 1.32-2.75, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study reported high
      seroprevalence among pregnant women in Sana'a, Yemen, with a high proportion of
      pregnant women having a possibility of acute toxoplasmosis. This highlights the
      need for including routine screening for T. gondii in pregnant women in the
      country's antenatal clinics. In addition, health education on the mode of
      transmission of toxoplasmosis should be provided for pregnant women in Yemen.

PMID- 27367018
TI  - First molecular evidence of intrauterine and surgical-site infections caused by
      Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.
AB  - S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) is infrequently associated with
      maternal infections during delivery in pregnant women. A rare case is presented
      of a woman with intrauterine infection and surgical-site infection due to SDSE
      after cesarean section, which had colonized her genital tract and, via the
      ascending pathway, reached her intact fetal membrane. All isolates were
      identified as Streptococcus Lancefield group G, and their emm genes that coded M
      protein belonged to stG6.1. The isolates tested negative for a series of
      streptococcal superantigen virulence genes but positive for nonsuperantigenic
      virulence genes. In particular, molecular typing using pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis analysis disclosed that the three isolates from the different
      infection sites had identical profiles. Furthermore, multilocus sequence typing
      indicated that the three isolates belonged to a new sequence typing. Our results
      indicated that SDSE is potentially pathogenic for pregnant women and newborns if
      colonized. 

PMID- 27367019
TI  - Application of protein profiling of virulent Haemophilus parasuis by MALDI-TOF
      mass spectrometry.

PMID- 27367020
TI  - An additional observation of Plasmodium vivax malaria infection in Duffy-negative
      individuals from Cameroon.

PMID- 27367021
TI  - A Common Cause of Cranial Nerve VI Palsy-Hidden in Plain Sight: A Teachable
      Moment.

PMID- 27367022
TI  - Team Physician Symposium.

PMID- 27367023
TI  - Extracellular translationally controlled tumor protein promotes colorectal cancer
      invasion and metastasis through Cdc42/JNK/ MMP9 signaling.
AB  - The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) can be secreted independently
      of the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway and has extrinsic activities when it
      is characterized as the histamine releasing factor (HRF). Despite its important
      role in allergies and inflammation, little is known about how extracellular TCTP
      affects cancer progression. In this study, we found that TCTP was overexpressed
      in the interstitial tissue of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its expression
      correlated with poor survival, high pathological grades and metastatic TNM stage
      in CRC patients. TCTP expression was greater in metastatic liver tissue than in
      primary tumors and was increased in highly invasive CRC cells. We demonstrated
      that the expression of TCTP was regulated by HIF-1alpha and its release was
      increased in response to low serum and hypoxic stress. Recombinant human TCTP
      (rhTCTP) promoted the migration and invasiveness of CRC cells in vitro and
      contributed to distant liver metastasis in vivo. Furthermore, rhTCTP activated
      Cdc42, phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK), increasing the translocation of p-JNK from the
      cytoplasm to the nucleus, as well as the secretion of MMP9. In addition, the
      expression of TCTP positively correlated with that of Cdc42 and p-JNK in clinical
      CRC samples. The silencing of Cdc42, JNK and MMP9 significantly inhibited the
      Matrigel invasion of rhTCTP-enhanced CRC cells. Collectively, these results
      identify a new role for extracellular TCTP as a promoter of CRC progression and
      liver metastases via Cdc42/JNK/MMP9 activation.

PMID- 27367024
TI  - ASC contributes to metastasis of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - ASC (Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a CARD) acts as a
      platform protein in the inflammasome cascade of some cancer types. However, its
      potential involvement in OSCC (oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma) has not yet
      been determined. Here, we investigated the potential role of ASC in OSCC. RT-qPCR
      analysis of 20 paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples revealed that the
      mRNA levels of ASC, along with IL-1beta, CASP1, and NLRP3 in ASC-associated NLRP3
      inflammasome were significantly elevated in OSCC tissues. Immunohistochemical
      staining of these four proteins in 111 clinical specimens revealed that high
      level expression of ASC was significantly associated with tumor stage, node stage
      (p=0.001), overall stage (p<0.001), extracapsular spread (p<0.001), perineural
      invasion (p=0.004) and tumor depth (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis
      further revealed that high-level ASC expression was correlated with poorer
      overall survival (p=0.001), disease-specific survival (p<0.001) and disease-free
      survival (p<0.001). Studies using OSCC cell lines indicated that high-level ASC
      expression enhanced cell migration and invasion, and experiments using an
      orthotropic nude mouse model confirmed that ASC overexpression induced metastasis
      of OSCC cells. This is the first report to show that ASC contributes to OSCC
      metastasis, and that high-level ASC expression is a marker for poor prognosis in
      OSCC patients.

PMID- 27367025
TI  - Class A1 scavenger receptor modulates glioma progression by regulating M2-like
      tumor-associated macrophage polarization.
AB  - Macrophages enhance glioma development and progression by shaping the tumor
      microenvironment. Class A1 scavenger receptor (SR-A1), a pattern recognition
      receptor primarily expressed in macrophages, is up-regulated in many human solid
      tumors. We found that SR-A1 expression in 136 human gliomas was positively
      correlated with tumor grade (P<0.01), but not prognosis or tumor recurrence. SR
      A1-expressing macrophages originated primarily from circulating monocytes
      attracted to tumor tissue, and were almost twice as numerous as resident
      microglia in glioma tissues (P<0.001). The effects of SR-A1 on glioma
      proliferation and invasion were assessed in vivo using an SR-A1-deficient murine
      orthotopic glioma model. SR-A1 deletion promoted M2-like tumor-associated
      macrophage (TAM) polarization in mice by activating STAT3 and STAT6, which
      resulted in robust orthotopic glioma proliferation and angiogenesis. Finally, we
      found that HSP70 might be an endogenous ligand that activates SR-A1-dependent
      anti-tumorigenic pathways in gliomas, although its expression does not appear
      informative for diagnostic purposes. Our findings demonstrate a relationship
      between TAMs, SR-A1 expression and glioma growth and provide new insights into
      the pathogenic role of TAMs in glioma.

PMID- 27367026
TI  - Sirtuin 3 enhanced drug sensitivity of human hepatoma cells through glutathione S
      transferase pi 1/JNK signaling pathway.
AB  - SIRT3, a class III histone deacetylase, has been implicated in various cancers as
      a novel therapeutic target. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we previously
      reported that SIRT3 induced cell apoptosis by regulating GSK-3beta/Bax signaling
      pathway. Downregulation of SIRT3 in HCC cells facilitates tumor cell survival. In
      this study, we found that chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin, cisplatin and
      epirubicin) and sorafenib treatment downregulated SIRT3 mRNA and protein levels
      in three HCC cell lines. MTS assay found that SIRT3 overexpression sensitized
      liver cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents and sorafenib in SMMC-7721, Huh-7
      and PLC/PRF/5 cell lines. Moreover, SIRT3 overexpression promoted
      chemotherapeutic agents-induced or sorafenib-induced apoptosis as evidenced by
      flow cytometry, enhanced PARP cleavage and enhanced Caspase-9 cleavage in three
      HCC cells. In contrast, SIRT3 silencing increased drug resistance of HCC cells to
      chemotherapeutic agents. Mechanistic study found that SIRT3 downregulated the
      mRNA and protein levels of glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1), which is a
      member of phase II detoxification enzymes families involved in metabolizing for
      chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, SIRT3 decreased the amount of GSTP1 that was
      associated with JNK, which finally contributed the activation of JNK activity and
      activation of downstream target c-Jun and Bim. Importantly, GSTP1 overexpression
      or JNK inhibitor abolished SIRT3-induced apoptosis in HCC cells exposed to
      chemotherapeutic agents. Finally, there was a negative correlation between SIRT3
      expression and GSTP1 expression in human HCC tissues. Together, our findings
      revealed SIRT3 could enhance the drug sensitivity of HCC cells to an array of
      chemotherapeutic agents. SIRT3 may serve as a potential target for improving the
      chemosensitivity of HCC patients.

PMID- 27367027
TI  - Inflammatory related gene IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IKKgamma cooperates to determine
      liver cancer stem cells progression by altering telomere via heterochromatin
      protein 1-HOTAIR axis.
AB  - Cancer stem cells are associated with tumor recurrence. IKK is a protein kinase
      that is composed of IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IKKgamma. Herein, we demonstrate that
      IKKalpha plus IKKbeta promoted and IKKgamma inhibited liver cancer stem cell
      growth in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, IKKalpha plus IKKbeta enhanced and
      IKKgamma inhibited the interplay among HP1alpha, HP1beta and HP1gamma that
      competes for the interaction among HP1alpha, SUZ12, HEZ2. Therefore, IKKalpha
      plus IKKbeta inhibited and IKKgamma enhanced the activity of H3K27
      methyltransferase SUZ12 and EZH2, which methylates H3K27 immediately sites on
      HOTAIR promoter region. Therefore, IKKalpha plus IKKbeta increased and IKKgamma
      decreased the HOTAIR expression. Strikingly, IKKalpha plus IKKbeta decreases and
      IKKgamma increases the HP1alpha interplays with DNA methyltransferase DNMT3b,
      which increases or decreases TERRA promoter DNA methylation. Thus IKKalpha plus
      IKKbeta reduces and IKKgamma increases to recruit TRF1 and RNA polymerase II
      deposition and elongation on the TERRA promoter locus, which increases or
      decreases TERRA expression. Furthermore, IKKalpha plus IKKbeta
      decreases/increases and IKKgamma increases/decreases the interplay between TERT
      and TRRRA/between TERT and TREC. Ultimately, IKKalpha plus IKKbeta increases and
      IKKgamma decreases the telomerase activity. On the other hand, at the telomere
      locus, IKKalpha plus IKKbeta increases/drcreases and IKKgamma decreases/increases
      TRF2, POT1, pPOT1, Exo1, pExo1, SNM1B, pSNM1B/CST-AAF binding, which keep active
      telomere regulatory genes and poised for telomere length. Strikingly, HOTAIR is
      required for IKKalpha plus IKKbeta and IKKgamma to control telomerase activity
      and telomere length. These observations suggest that HOTAIR operates the action
      of IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IKKgamma in liver cancer stem cells. This study provides a
      novel basis to elucidate the oncogenic action of IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IKKgamma and
      prompts that IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IKKgamma cooperate to HOTAR to be used as a novel
      therapeutic targets for liver cancer.

PMID- 27367028
TI  - Evaluation of the risk of lymphomagenesis in xenografts by the PCR-based
      detection of EBV BamHI W region in patient cancer specimens.
AB  - Establishment of patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs) is hampered by
      lymphomagenesis mostly caused by the latently-infected Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
      contained in patient cancer tissues. However, the character of patient tissues
      that result in lymphomagenesis after xenotransplantation is not elucidated. In
      this study, we analyzed the patient colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and the PDXs
      established by their xenotransplantation. We found that 2 of 9 (22%) PDX tumors
      were EBV-associated human diffuse large B cell lymphoma which was formed by
      clonal proliferation of human B-cell lymphocytes, were strongly positive for EBER
      ISH, and were classified as type III latency. Expression of EBV genes and RNAs,
      such as EBNAs, LMP1, EBER and EBV-associated microRNAs in patient CRC tissues
      were unlikely to be associated with lymphomagenesis in PDXs. In contrast, the
      positive PCR-based amplification of BamHI W region, a major internal repeat in
      EBV genome, in the patient CRC tissues was correlated with lymphomagenesis in
      PDXs. These results suggest that the detection of the EBV BamHI W region in the
      patient surgical specimens will be an effective way to predict the risk of
      lymphomagenesis in PDXs before xenotransplantation.

PMID- 27367029
TI  - Inducible nitric oxide synthase enhances disease aggressiveness in pancreatic
      cancer.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies and is refractory to the
      available treatments. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) expresses high
      level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), which causes sustained
      production of nitric oxide (NO). We tested the hypothesis that an aberrantly
      increased NO-release enhances the development and progression of PDAC. Enhanced
      NOS2 expression in tumors significantly associated with poor survival in PDAC
      patients (N = 107) with validation in independent cohorts. We then genetically
      targeted NOS2 in an autochthonous mouse model of PDAC to examine the effect of
      NOS2-deficiency on disease progression and survival. Genetic ablation of NOS2
      significantly prolonged survival and reduced tumor severity in LSL-KrasG12D/+;
      LSL-Trp53R172H/+; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mice. Primary tumor cells isolated from NOS2
      deficient KPC (NKPC) mice showed decreased proliferation and invasiveness as
      compared to those from KPC mice. Furthermore, NKPC tumors showed reduced
      expression of pERK, a diminished inactivation of Forkhead box transcription
      factor O (FOXO3), a tumor suppressor, and a decrease in the expression of oncomir
      21, when compared with tumors in KPC mice. Taken together, these findings showed
      that NOS2 is a predictor of prognosis in early stage, resected PDAC patients, and
      provide proof-of-principle that targeting NOS2 may have potential therapeutic
      value in this lethal malignancy.

PMID- 27367030
TI  - Acquired nintedanib resistance in FGFR1-driven small cell lung cancer: role of
      endothelin-A receptor-activated ABCB1 expression.
AB  - Genomically amplified fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is an oncogenic
      driver in defined lung cancer subgroups and predicts sensibility against FGFR1
      inhibitors in this patient cohort. The FGFR inhibitor nintedanib has recently
      been approved for treatment of lung adenocarcinoma and is currently evaluated for
      small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, tumor recurrence due to development of
      nintedanib resistance might occur. Hence, we aimed at characterizing the
      molecular mechanisms underlying acquired nintedanib resistance in FGFR1-driven
      lung cancer. Chronic nintedanib exposure of the FGFR1-driven SCLC cell line
      DMS114 (DMS114/NIN) but not of two NSCLC cell lines induced massive
      overexpression of the multidrug-resistance transporter ABCB1. Indeed, we proved
      nintedanib to be both substrate and modulator of ABCB1-mediated efflux.
      Importantly, the oncogenic FGFR1 signaling axis remained active in DMS114/NIN
      cells while bioinformatic analyses suggested hyperactivation of the endothelin-A
      receptor (ETAR) signaling axis. Indeed, ETAR inhibition resensitized DMS114/NIN
      cells against nintedanib by downregulation of ABCB1 expression. PKC and
      downstream NFkappaB were identified as major downstream players in ETAR-mediated
      ABCB1 hyperactivation. Summarizing, ABCB1 needs to be considered as a factor
      underlying nintedanib resistance. Combination approaches with ETAR antagonists or
      switching to non-ABCB1 substrate FGFR inhibitors represent innovative strategies
      to manage nintedanib resistance in lung cancer.

PMID- 27367031
TI  - Leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number, anthropometric indices, and weight
      change in US women.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy
      number (mtCN) and different anthropometric indices as well as weight changes; and
      to compare mtCN and telomere length with respect to their associations with BMI
      and age. DESIGN: Population based cohort study. SETTING: Nurses' Health Study, an
      ongoing prospective cohort study of 121,700 nurses enrolled in 1976; in 1989-1990
      a subset of 32,826 women provided blood samples. PARTICIPANTS: 1,700 disease-free
      US women from case-control studies nested within the Nurses' Health Study with
      mtCN and telomere length measured who also have anthropometric measurements. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURE: Relative mtCN and telomere lengths in peripheral blood
      leukocytes measured by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and
      various anthropometric measurements data from initial questionnaire. RESULTS:
      Leukocyte mtCN was inversely associated with current weight (LS means Q1-Q4:
      0.07, 0.04, 0.03, -0.17; P trend =0.002), waist size (LS means Q1-Q4: 0.06, 0.05,
      -0.04, -0.06; P trend = 0.04), BMI (LS means normal light, normal heavy,
      overweight, pre-obese, obese: 0.11, -0.01, -0.04, 0.04, -0.25; P trend<0.0001),
      and waist-hip ratio (WHR) (LS means Q1-Q4: 0.06, 0.08, -0.04, -0.06; P trend =
      0.03). A one-unit decrease in mtCN z score was equivalent to approximately 3.5
      pounds of weight gain for an adult of 5'10''. In addition, weight gain was bi
      directionally and inversely associated with mtCN. Moreover, mtCN was strongly
      positively correlated with telomere length (LS means Q1-Q4: -0.02, 0.09, 0.11,
      0.33; P trend <0.0001). MtCN was inversely associated with BMI even after
      adjusting for telomere length (P trend =0.003), while telomere length was not
      associated with BMI. On the other hand, telomere length was inversely associated
      with age after adjusting for mtCN (P trend =0.04), while mtCN was not associated
      with age. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide compelling evidence for a potential bi
      directional temporal relationship between mitochondrial-mediated oxidative stress
      defense mechanisms and weight change.

PMID- 27367034
TI  - Comment on: outcomes of bariatric surgery in HIV-positive individuals.

PMID- 27367032
TI  - Capsaicin triggers autophagic cell survival which drives epithelial mesenchymal
      transition and chemoresistance in bladder cancer cells in an Hedgehog-dependent
      manner.
AB  - Bladder cancer (BC) is a common urologic tumor characterized by high risk of
      recurrence and mortality. Capsaicin (CPS), used as an intravesical drug for
      overactive bladder, was demonstrated to induce cell death in different cancer
      cells including BC cells.Here we found that treatment of high-grade BC cells with
      high dose of CPS triggers autophagy. Infact, the CPS treatment alters the redox
      homeostasis by inducing production of radicals, mitochondrial depolarization,
      alterations of ADP/ATP ratio and activation of AMPK pathway stimulating the
      autophagic process in BC cells. The inhibition of autophagy, by using the
      specific inhibitor bafilomycin A or Beclin 1 knock-down, enhanced the CPS-induced
      cell death, demonstrating that CPS-induced autophagy acts as a pro-survival
      process in BC cells. By using PCR arrays and FACS analysis, we found that the CPS
      treated BC cells displayed typical mesenchymal features of the epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT) as elongated shape and over-expression of vimentin,
      alpha5 and beta1 integrin subunits, integrin-like kinase and the anti-apoptotic
      Bcl-2 proteins. Moreover, we demonstrated that CPS treatment stimulates
      upregulation of Dhh/Ptch2/Zeb2 members of the Hedgehog signaling pathway,
      increases CD24, VEGFA and TIMP1 and decreases CD44 and ALCAM mRNA expression
      levels. By PTCH2 knock-down we found that the Hedgehog signaling pathway is
      involved in the CPS-induced autophagy and EMT phenotype.Finally, we also showed
      that the CPS-resistant EMT-positive BC cells displayed an increased drug
      resistance to the cytotoxic effects of mitomycin C, gemcitabine and doxorubicine
      drugs commonly used in BC therapy.

PMID- 27367033
TI  - Analogs of the ATP-Sensitive Potassium (KATP) Channel Opener Cromakalim with in
      Vivo Ocular Hypotensive Activity.
AB  - ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel openers have emerged as potential
      therapeutics for the treatment of glaucoma, lowering intraocular pressure (IOP)
      in animal models and cultured human anterior segments. We have prepared water
      soluble phosphate and dipeptide derivatives of the KATP channel opener cromakalim
      and evaluated their IOP lowering capabilities in vivo. In general, the phosphate
      derivatives proved to be more chemically robust and efficacious at lowering IOP
      with once daily dosing in a normotensive mouse model. Two of these phosphate
      derivatives were further evaluated in a normotensive rabbit model, with a
      significant difference in activity observed. No toxic effects on cell structure
      or alterations in morphology of the aqueous humor outflow pathway were observed
      after treatment with the most efficacious compound, (3S,4R)-2, suggesting that it
      is a strong candidate for development as an ocular hypotensive agent.

PMID- 27367035
TI  - Hematological disorders: a commonly unrecognized cause of acute stroke.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hematological disorders account for about 1.3% of all causes of
      acute stroke. This systematized review presents updated information on the
      implications of this category of heterogeneous diseases as a cause of stroke.
      AREAS COVERED: The most relevant aspects of the relationship between stroke and
      hematological disorders are reported. A high index of suspicion is needed in
      young stroke patients, patients with recurrent stroke of undetermined cause, and
      in patients with prior history of venous thrombosis to identify a potential
      hematological disorder as the definitive etiology of stroke Expert commentary:
      Stroke can be the presenting manifestation of a specific hematological disease or
      may appear as a complication in the course of hematological disorders. It is
      important to make a correct diagnosis of the underlying hematological disorder in
      order to treat stroke patients promptly and appropriately as well as to establish
      the optimal secondary prevention strategy for recurrent vascular cerebral
      disease.

PMID- 27367036
TI  - Controlled Ring-Opening of Siloxydifluorocyclopropanes for Carbocyclization:
      Synthesis of Difluorocyclopentenones.
AB  - A highly controlled ring opening of siloxydifluorocyclopropanes, formed by
      nBuN4Br-catalyzed difluorocyclopropanation of methyl vinyl ketones bearing a beta
      alkylthio group by using TMSCF2Br as a unique difluorocarbene source, results in
      metal difluorohomoenolates with assistance of copper or silver followed by an
      intramolecular addition and elimination reaction leading to alpha-gem
      difluorocyclopentenones efficiently.

PMID- 27367037
TI  - LotuS: an efficient and user-friendly OTU processing pipeline.
AB  - BACKGROUND: 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplicon sequencing is frequently used to
      analyse the structure of bacterial communities from oceans to the human
      microbiota. However, computational power is still a major bottleneck in the
      analysis of continuously enlarging metagenomic data sets. Analysis is further
      complicated by the technical complexity of current bioinformatics tools. RESULTS:
      Here we present the less operational taxonomic units scripts (LotuS), a fast and
      user-friendly open-source tool to calculate denoised, chimera-checked,
      operational taxonomic units (OTUs). These are the basis to generate taxonomic
      abundance tables and phylogenetic trees from multiplexed, next-generation
      sequencing data (454, illumina MiSeq and HiSeq). LotuS is outstanding in its
      execution speed, as it can process 16S rDNA data up to two orders of magnitude
      faster than other existing pipelines. This is partly due to an included stand
      alone fast simultaneous demultiplexer and quality filter C++ program, simple
      demultiplexer (sdm), which comes packaged with LotuS. Additionally, we sequenced
      two MiSeq runs with the intent to validate future pipelines by sequencing 40
      technical replicates; these are made available in this work. CONCLUSION: We show
      that LotuS analyses microbial 16S data with comparable or even better results
      than existing pipelines, requiring a fraction of the execution time and providing
      state-of-the-art denoising and phylogenetic reconstruction. LotuS is available
      through the following URL: http://psbweb05.psb.ugent.be/lotus .

PMID- 27367038
TI  - Estimating self-reported sex practices, drug use, depression, and intimate
      partner violence among MSM in China: a comparison of three recruitment methods.
AB  - Men who have sex with men (MSM) are the group at highest risk for HIV in China.
      Researchers have used various recruitment methods to reach this population hidden
      from the hetero-normative culture. To inform future recruitment strategies, we
      compared estimates of socio-demographic characteristics, HIV risk behaviors,
      depression, and intimate partner violence (IPV) across three samples of MSM and
      money boys in Shanghai, China. Data were collected from three community-based
      samples of MSM and money boys (n = 1352) recruited via respondent-driven sampling
      (RDS) (n = 404), community popular opinion leaders (CPOL) (n = 385), and Internet
      and venue-based sampling (VBS) (n = 546). Different recruitment methods generated
      samples with statistically significant differences among a number of socio
      demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors, drug use, depression scores, and
      exposure to IPV. Specifically, RDS participants had lower education (p = .002),
      income levels (p < .001), and were more likely to report condomless sex with a
      woman (p < .001). CPOL participants were younger (p < .001), more likely to
      report lifetime condomless anal sex (p = .009), more than 10 male partners in the
      past 30 days (p < .001), and were less likely to experience violence by a male
      intimate partner (p = .001). VBS participants had lowest depression score (p =
      .005) and were more likely to report lifetime drug use (p = .003). Our findings
      reinforce that each recruitment method may reach a sub-group of MSM with a
      specific risk profile, so multiple methods may be needed to obtain a
      representative sample of MSM. Interventions may use specific recruitment methods
      to target certain segments of the MSM population.

PMID- 27367039
TI  - Deep molecular responses for treatment-free remission in chronic myeloid
      leukemia.
AB  - Several clinical trials have demonstrated that some patients with chronic myeloid
      leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) who achieve sustained deep molecular responses
      on tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy can safely suspend therapy and attempt
      treatment-free remission (TFR). Many TFR studies to date have enrolled imatinib
      treated patients; however, the feasibility of TFR following nilotinib or
      dasatinib has also been demonstrated. In this review, we discuss available data
      from TFR trials and what these data reveal about the molecular biology of TFR.
      With an increasing number of ongoing TFR clinical trials, TFR may become an
      achievable goal for patients with CML-CP.

PMID- 27367041
TI  - Drawing the Line in Risk-Reducing Gynecologic Surgery in Women With a BRCA
      Mutation.

PMID- 27367040
TI  - Drug disposition before and after gastric bypass: fenofibrate and posaconazole.
AB  - AIMS: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) alters the anatomical structure of the
      gastrointestinal tract, which can result in alterations in drug disposition. The
      aim of the present study was to evaluate the oral disposition of two compounds
      belonging to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II - fenofibrate
      (bile salt-dependent solubility) and posaconazole (gastric pH-dependent
      dissolution) - before and after RYGB in the same individuals. METHODS: A single
      dose pharmacokinetic study with two model compounds - namely, 67 mg fenofibrate
      (Lipanthyl(r)) and 400 mg posaconazole (Noxafil(r)) - was performed in 12
      volunteers pre- and post-RYGB. After oral administration, blood samples were
      collected at different time points up to 48 h after administration. Plasma
      concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography in order
      to calculate the area under the concentration-time curve up to 48 h (AUC0-48 h ),
      the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time to reach peak concentration
      (Tmax ). RESULTS: After administration of fenofibrate, no relevant differences in
      AUC0-48 h , Cmax and Tmax between the pre- and postoperative setting were
      observed. The geometric mean of the ratio of AUC0-48 h post/pre-RYGB for
      fenofibrate was 1.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87, 1.40; P = 0.40]. For
      posaconazole, an important decrease in AUC0-48 h and Cmax following RYGB was
      shown; the geometric mean of the AUC0-48 h post/pre-RYGB ratio was 0.68 (95% CI
      0.48, 0.96; P = 0.03) and the geometric mean of the Cmax pre/post-RYGB ratio was
      0.60 (95% CI 0.39, 0.94; P = 0.03). The decreased exposure of posaconazole could
      be explained by the increased gastric pH and accelerated gastric emptying of
      fluids post-RYGB. No difference for Tmax was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The
      disposition of fenofibrate was not altered after RYGB, whereas the oral
      disposition of posaconazole was significantly decreased following RYGB.

PMID- 27367042
TI  - Studies toward understanding the SAR around the sulfoximine moiety of the sap
      feeding insecticide sulfoxaflor.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The discovery of sulfoxaflor (IsoclastTM active) stemmed from a novel
      scaffold-based approach toward identifying bioactive molecules. It exhibits broad
      spectrum control of many sap-feeding insect pests, including aphids, whiteflies,
      hoppers and Lygus. Systematic modifications of the substituents flanking each
      side of the sulfoximine moiety were carried out to determine whether these
      changes would improve potency. RESULTS: Structure-activity relationship (SAR)
      studies showed that, with respect to the methylene linker, both mono- and
      disubstitution with alkyl groups of varying sizes as well as cyclic analogs
      exhibited excellent control of cotton aphids. However, against green peach aphids
      a decrease in activity was observed with substituents larger than ethyl as well
      as larger cycloalkyl groups. At the terminal tail there appeared to be a narrow
      steric tolerance as well, with linear groups or small rings more active against
      green peach aphids than bulkier groups. CONCLUSION: A novel series of compounds
      exploring the substituents flanking the sulfoximine moiety of sulfoxaflor were
      prepared and tested for bioactivity against cotton aphids and green peach aphids.
      SAR studies indicated that a decrease in green peach aphid potency was observed
      at the methylene linker as well as at the terminal tail with bulkier
      substituents. A quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of the
      compounds revealed significant correlation of activity with two molecular
      descriptors, vol (volume of a molecule) and GCUT_SMR_3 (molar refractivity). This
      predictive model helps to explain the observed activity with the various
      substituents. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27367043
TI  - Screening Criteria Improve Access to Palliative Care in the PICU.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To test the ability of palliative care screening criteria to improve
      access to palliative care services in the PICU and examine the association
      between palliative care team involvement and ICU and hospital length of stay.
      DESIGN: Prospective interventional quality improvement study. SETTING: PICU at a
      quaternary academic medical center. PATIENTS: All patients admitted to the PICU
      who met criteria for palliative care referral over a 9-month period.
      INTERVENTION: Consensus palliative care consultation criteria were created by
      pediatric critical care medicine and palliative care providers, and palliative
      care referral was encouraged for all PICU patients meeting criteria. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: Palliative care referral rates increased significantly after
      screening criteria implementation. We identified 100 patients who were eligible
      for palliative care services, and referrals were made for 70 patients (70%).
      Patients were divided into three groups based on palliative care status: patients
      new to the palliative care team, patients with an existing palliative care
      relationship, and patients who did not have a palliative care referral. By the
      end of study, patients who had an existing relationship with the palliative care
      team were more likely to still be alive and to have limitations of medical
      interventions in place, whereas patients who did not have a palliative care
      referral were more likely to be deceased and to have died in the PICU. After
      correcting for other factors, including severity of illness, patients who were
      new to the palliative care team experienced greater delay in palliative care
      referral and had significantly longer PICU and hospital length of stay than those
      who were already known to the palliative care team. CONCLUSIONS: Palliative care
      screening criteria are effective tools for improving access to palliative care
      services in the PICU; however, widespread adoption may produce a significant
      increase in palliative care demand. The association between an existing
      palliative care relationship and reduction in resource utilization deserves
      further investigation as does the perceived benefit of palliative care
      involvement in the patient, family, and staff experience.

PMID- 27367044
TI  - Children and Young Adults Who Received Tracheostomies or Were Initiated on Long
      Term Ventilation in PICUs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To characterize patients who received tracheostomies for airway
      compromise or were initiated on long-term ventilation for chronic respiratory
      failure in PICUs and to examine variation in the incidence of initiation, patient
      characteristics, and modalities across sites. DESIGN: Retrospective cross
      sectional analysis. SETTINGS: Seventy-three North American PICUs that
      participated in the Virtual Pediatric Systems, LLC. PATIENTS: PICU patients
      admitted between 2009 and 2011. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Among 115,437 PICU patients, 1.8% received a tracheostomy or were
      initiated on long-term ventilation; 1,034 received a tracheostomy only, 717 were
      initiated on invasive ventilation, and 381 were initiated on noninvasive
      ventilation. Ninety percent had substantial chronic conditions and comorbidities,
      including more than 50% with moderate or worse cerebral disability upon
      discharge. Seven percent were initiated after a catastrophic injury/event. Across
      sites, there was variation in incidence of tracheotomy and initiation of long
      term ventilation, ranging from 0% to 4.6%. There also was variation in patient
      characteristics, time to tracheotomy, number of extubations prior to
      tracheostomy, and the use of invasive ventilation versus noninvasive ventilation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although the PICU incidence of initiation of tracheostomies and long
      term ventilation was relatively uncommon, it suggests that thousands of children
      and young adults receive these interventions each year in North American PICUs.
      The majority of them have conditions and comorbidities that impose on-going care
      needs, beyond those required by artificial airways and long-term ventilation
      themselves.

PMID- 27367045
TI  - A School-Based Injury Prevention Program to Reduce Sport Injury Risk and Improve
      Healthy Outcomes in Youth: A Pilot Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine a school-based high-intensity neuromuscular training (NMT)
      program in reducing sport injury risk and improving fitness in youth.
      PARTICIPANTS: Students (ages 11-15) (n = 725) in physical education (PE) classes
      were randomized by school to intervention or control groups. INTERVENTION: A 12
      week high-intensity NMT program (including aerobic, strength, balance, and
      agility components) was designed to reduce sport injury risk and improve measures
      of fitness. The control program was a standard of practice warm-up (including
      running and stretching). RESULTS: A Poisson regression model using an intent-to
      treat analysis demonstrated a reduced risk of sport injury: incidence rate ratio
      (IRR)all injury = 0.30 (95% CI, 0.19-0.49), IRRlower extremity injury = 0.31 (95%
      CI, 0.19-0.51), IRRankle sprain injury = 0.27 (95% CI, 0.15-0.50), and IRRknee
      sprain injury = 0.36 (95% CI, 0.13-0.98). A change in waist circumference: -0.99
      centimeters (95% CI, -1.84 to -0.14) and an increase in indirect measures of
      aerobic fitness: 1.28 mL.kg.min (95% CI, 0.66-1.90) in the intervention school
      compared with the control school also occurred. CONCLUSIONS: A NMT program in
      junior high school PE class was efficacious in reducing sport-related injury and
      improving measures of adiposity and fitness in the intervention group.

PMID- 27367046
TI  - High-throughput DNA methylation analysis in anorexia nervosa confirms TNXB
      hypermethylation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are ideally suited to identify
      differentially methylated genes in response to starvation. METHODS: We examined
      high-throughput DNA methylation derived from whole blood of 47 females with AN,
      47 lean females without AN and 100 population-based females to compare AN with
      both controls. To account for different cell type compositions, we applied two
      reference-free methods (FastLMM-EWASher, RefFreeEWAS) and searched for consensus
      CpG sites identified by both methods. We used a validation sample of five
      monozygotic AN-discordant twin pairs. RESULTS: Fifty-one consensus sites were
      identified in AN vs. lean and 81 in AN vs. population-based comparisons. These
      sites have not been reported in AN methylation analyses, but for the latter
      comparison 54/81 sites showed directionally consistent differential methylation
      effects in the AN-discordant twins. For a single nucleotide polymorphism rs923768
      in CSGALNACT1 a nearby site was nominally associated with AN. At the gene level,
      we confirmed hypermethylated sites at TNXB. We found support for a locus at NR1H3
      in the AN vs. lean control comparison, but the methylation direction was opposite
      to the one previously reported. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm genes like TNXB
      previously described to comprise differentially methylated sites, and highlight
      further sites that might be specifically involved in AN starvation processes.

PMID- 27367047
TI  - Mainstreaming Naloxone Through Coprescription to Patients Receiving Long-Term
      Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain.

PMID- 27367048
TI  - Phenotypic Characterization and Genetic Dissection of Growth Period Traits in
      Soybean (Glycine max) Using Association Mapping.
AB  - The growth period traits are important traits that affect soybean yield. The
      insights into the genetic basis of growth period traits can provide theoretical
      basis for cultivated area division, rational distribution, and molecular breeding
      for soybean varieties. In this study, genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was
      exploited to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for number of days to
      flowering (ETF), number of days from flowering to maturity (FTM), and number of
      days to maturity (ETM) using 4032 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers
      with 146 cultivars mainly from Northeast China. Results showed that abundant
      phenotypic variation was presented in the population, and variation explained by
      genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interaction were all
      significant for each trait. The whole accessions could be clearly clustered into
      two subpopulations based on their genetic relatedness, and accessions in the same
      group were almost from the same province. GWAS based on the unified mixed model
      identified 19 significant SNPs distributed on 11 soybean chromosomes, 12 of which
      can be consistently detected in both planting densities, and 5 of which were
      pleotropic QTL. Of 19 SNPs, 7 SNPs located in or close to the previously reported
      QTL or genes controlling growth period traits. The QTL identified with high
      resolution in this study will enrich our genomic understanding of growth period
      traits and could then be explored as genetic markers to be used in genomic
      applications in soybean breeding. 

PMID- 27367049
TI  - Distribution of Cytomegalovirus Genotypes among Neonates Born to Infected Mothers
      in Islamabad, Pakistan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection contributes to
      considerable long-term sequelae in neonates and children all over the world. The
      association between viral genotypes and severity of clinical cytomegalovirus
      (CMV) infection is yet to be defined. The objective of this study was to find the
      impact of active CMV infection during pregnancy and the clinical significance of
      genotypes in neonates with congenital cytomegalovirus infections in Pakistan.
      METHODS: A total of 409 blood samples from pregnant women seeking health care
      services at the two antenatal hospitals of Islamabad during January to December
      2012 were tested by ELISA and nested-PCR. Pregnant women with active infection
      (detected as IgM positive, PCR positive or positive on both assays) were followed
      until delivery, to detect the outcome of overt cCMV infection in neonates.
      Genetic characterization of CMV strains was performed by sequence analysis of
      envelope glycoproteins: gB, gN and gH to detect the contributing CMV genotypes.
      RESULTS: The seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgG and IgM was 97.5% (399 out of 409)
      and 12.7% (52 out of 409), respectively, while 20% (82/409) pregnant women were
      found positive for CMV DNA by PCR. Logistic regression analysis showed a
      significant association of active infection with parity [OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.82
      2.62, p = 0.04], febrile illness [OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.76-3.65, p = 0.01] and
      jaundice [OR = 22.5, 95% CI = 4.53-85.02, p = 0.002]. We were able to isolate
      virus in 41 out of 70 neonates; 36.6% (15 out of 41) of them were symptomatic at
      birth while 63.4% (26 out of 41) were asymptomatic. The most prominent clinical
      feature observed in symptomatic neonates was hepatosplenomegaly (26.6%; 4 out of
      15). All three genotypes gB, gN and gH were found with the highest frequency of
      gB1 genotype, found in 75% infants with hepatic damage. Phylogenetic analysis of
      Pakistani strains showed 96%-100% homology to their prototype strains.
      CONCLUSIONS: Active CMV infection during pregnancy is a major cause of congenital
      CMV infection with comparable distribution of all three genotypes: gB, gN and gH
      in symptomatic and asymptomatic neonates. Our findings emphasize to conduct a
      comprehensive large scale survey and introduction of country wide routine
      screening at maternity clinics for early diagnosis of CMV to reduce its
      associated devastating outcomes.

PMID- 27367050
TI  - Induction of Excess Centrosomes in Neural Progenitor Cells during the Development
      of Radiation-Induced Microcephaly.
AB  - The embryonic brain is one of the tissues most vulnerable to ionizing radiation.
      In this study, we showed that ionizing radiation induces apoptosis in the neural
      progenitors of the mouse cerebral cortex, and that the surviving progenitor cells
      subsequently develop a considerable amount of supernumerary centrosomes. When
      mouse embryos at Day 13.5 were exposed to gamma-rays, brains sizes were reduced
      markedly in a dose-dependent manner, and these size reductions persisted until
      birth. Immunostaining with caspase-3 antibodies showed that apoptosis occurred in
      35% and 40% of neural progenitor cells at 4 h after exposure to 1 and 2 Gy,
      respectively, and this was accompanied by a disruption of the apical layer in
      which mitotic spindles were positioned in unirradiated mice. At 24 h after 1 Gy
      irradiation, the apoptotic cells were completely eliminated and proliferation was
      restored to a level similar to that of unirradiated cells, but numerous spindles
      were localized outside the apical layer. Similarly, abnormal cytokinesis, which
      included multipolar division and centrosome clustering, was observed in 19% and
      24% of the surviving neural progenitor cells at 48 h after irradiation with 1 and
      2 Gy, respectively. Because these cytokinesis aberrations derived from excess
      centrosomes result in growth delay and mitotic catastrophe-mediated cell
      elimination, our findings suggest that, in addition to apoptosis at an early
      stage of radiation exposure, radiation-induced centrosome overduplication could
      contribute to the depletion of neural progenitors and thereby lead to
      microcephaly. 

PMID- 27367052
TI  - Special Section Guest Editorial: Optical Diagnostic and Biophotonic Methods from
      Bench to Bedside.

PMID- 27367051
TI  - A Wearable Goggle Navigation System for Dual-Mode Optical and Ultrasound
      Localization of Suspicious Lesions: Validation Studies Using Tissue-Simulating
      Phantoms and an Ex Vivo Human Breast Tissue Model.
AB  - Surgical resection remains the primary curative treatment for many early-stage
      cancers, including breast cancer. The development of intraoperative guidance
      systems for identifying all sites of disease and improving the likelihood of
      complete surgical resection is an area of active ongoing research, as this can
      lead to a decrease in the need of subsequent additional surgical procedures. We
      develop a wearable goggle navigation system for dual-mode optical and ultrasound
      imaging of suspicious lesions. The system consists of a light source module, a
      monochromatic CCD camera, an ultrasound system, a Google Glass, and a host
      computer. It is tested in tissue-simulating phantoms and an ex vivo human breast
      tissue model. Our experiments demonstrate that the surgical navigation system
      provides useful guidance for localization and core needle biopsy of simulated
      tumor within the tissue-simulating phantom, as well as a core needle biopsy and
      subsequent excision of Indocyanine Green (ICG)-fluorescing sentinel lymph nodes.
      Our experiments support the contention that this wearable goggle navigation
      system can be potentially very useful and fully integrated by the surgeon for
      optimizing many aspects of oncologic surgery. Further engineering optimization
      and additional in vivo clinical validation work is necessary before such a
      surgical navigation system can be fully realized in the everyday clinical
      setting. 

PMID- 27367053
TI  - Short-Acting Gas Tamponade with Strict Face-Down Posturing for the Treatment of
      Idiopathic Macular Hole.
AB  - PURPOSE: A retrospective consecutive case series to evaluate the safety and
      efficacy of 25 gauge pars plana vitrectomy, ILM peeling, 20% SF6 gas tamponade
      and strict posturing for the treatment of idiopathic full-thickness macular
      holes. METHODS: We report the results of 106 consecutive eyes that underwent
      standard 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, brilliant peel-assisted internal
      limiting membrane peel, fluid:gas exchange with 20% SF6 and strict posturing for
      one week. All patients were followed up at one week, one month, three months, and
      nine months postoperatively. Biomicroscopy at day 1 and biomicroscopy and OCT at
      week 1, months 1, 3, and 9 were used to assess macular hole status
      postoperatively. Pre- and postoperative logMAR visual acuity was compared.
      RESULTS: The macular hole was closed in 102/106 eyes postoperatively (96.2%).
      Four eyes showed unclosed macular holes and underwent additional SF6 intravitreal
      injection and strict posturing for 10 days. All macular holes were eventually
      closed without the need of a second surgical procedure. Mean visual acuity
      improved from 0.63 logMAR preoperatively to 0.39 logMAR postoperatively. One case
      of retinal toxicity was reported due to accidental intravitreal injection of
      antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS: 25-gauge vitrectomy, ILM peel, and short-acting gas
      tamponade are highly effective for the treatment of macular holes. Additional
      intravitreal gas injection followed by strict posturing seems to be a simple and
      effective treatment for unclosed holes.

PMID- 27367054
TI  - Hepatitis B immunity in the pediatric liver transplant population.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection contributes significantly to
      vaccine-preventable disease related deaths, and insufficient HBV immunity may
      have unique implications for the pediatric liver transplant population. This
      article reviews the significance of HBV infection and the vaccination and
      screening measures needed to achieve adequate HBV immunity in these children.
      RECENT FINDINGS: HBV non-immunity among transplant candidates is higher than
      expected, even after appropriate completion of the vaccine series. Annual
      measurement of quantifiable HBV surface antibody in this vulnerable group should
      guide administration of booster and/or re-vaccination, improving immunoprotection
      from this potentially deadly hepatotropic virus. The liver plays a vital role in
      immune regulation; it induces immune tolerance and competence and both clears
      antigens from the circulation and generates liver-primed memory cells through
      antigen presentation via hepatic scavenger cells. Lymphocyte populations are
      depleted in patients with liver disease. SUMMARY: Immunity provided during early
      childhood against HBV infection is important to both pediatric liver transplant
      candidates and aging recipients. Appropriate vaccination and achievement of
      adequate immunity pre-transplant and post-transplant is critical. The field of
      pediatric transplantation is ripe for functional cellular and humoral immunity
      studies that examine factors which predict poor immune response to childhood
      vaccines, particularly HBV.

PMID- 27367055
TI  - Potential Role of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy for Imaging Corneal Nerves in
      Transthyretin Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is an important feature of transthyretin
      familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP). A practical and objective method for
      the clinical evaluation of SFN is needed to improve the management of this
      disease. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) of the corneal nerves, a rapid
      noninvasive technique, may be used as a surrogate marker of SFN. OBJECTIVE: To
      determine the correlation of SFN with IVCM in patients with TTR-FAP. DESIGN,
      SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A prospective, single-center, cross-sectional
      controlled study was conducted at the French National Reference Center for TTR
      FAP from June 1, 2013, to June 30, 2014. Fifteen patients with TTR-FAP underwent
      a complete neurologic examination, including Neuropathy Impairment Score of the
      Lower Limbs, hand grip strength, and evaluation of vegetative dysfunction, as
      well as electrophysiologic studies (nerve conduction and electrochemical skin
      conductance) and intraepidermal nerve fiber density quantification. Patients and
      15 controls (matched for age and sex) underwent ophthalmologic assessments,
      including corneal esthesiometry and IVCM. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Correlation
      of corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) with the severity of SFN. RESULTS: Of the 15
      patients enrolled in the study, 6 were women (40%); mean (SD) age was 54.4 [13.7]
      years. The CNFL was shorter in the patients than in controls (13.08 vs 17.57
      mm/mm2; difference of 4.49 [95% CI, 0.72 to 8.27]; P = .02). The patients' CNFL
      correlated with the severity of both autonomic neuropathy assessed by the
      Compound Autonomic Dysfunction Test (rs = 0.66 [95% CI, 0.22 to 0.87]; P = .008)
      or electrochemical skin conductance (rs = 0.80 [95% CI, 0.50 to 0.93]; P < .001)
      and sensorimotor neuropathy assessed using the Neuropathy Impairment Score of the
      Lower Limbs (rs = -0.58 [95% CI, -0.84 to -0.11]; P = .02). Patients with altered
      sensory nerve action potentials and intraepidermal nerve fiber density had a
      shorter CNFL (P = .04 and P = .02, respectively). The CNFL could be measured in
      all patients compared with sensory nerve action potentials (11 patients [73%; 95%
      CI, 44% to 92%]; P < .001) and intraepidermal nerve fiber density (4 patients
      [27%; 95% CI, 8% to 55%]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In these 15
      patients with TTR-FAP, IVCM measurement permitted rapid, noninvasive evaluation
      of small-fiber alterations in patients and could be used to assess SFN in this
      setting. The CNFL could be measured in all patients, thus avoiding the floor
      effect seen with other neuropathy measures. Longitudinal studies with more cases
      evaluated are needed to define the place of IVCM in monitoring patients with TTR
      FAP.

PMID- 27367056
TI  - Growth Retardation and Altered Isotope Composition As Delayed Effects of PCB
      Exposure in Daphnia magna.
AB  - Trophic magnification factor (TMF) analysis employs stable isotope signatures to
      derive biomagnification potential for environmental contaminants. This approach
      relies on species delta(15)N values aligning with their trophic position (TP).
      This, however, may not always be true, because toxic exposure can alter growth
      and isotope allocation patterns. Here, effects of PCB exposure (mixture of PCB18,
      PCB40, PCB128, and PCB209) on delta(15)N and delta(13)C as well as processes
      driving these effects were explored using the cladoceran Daphnia magna. A two
      part experiment assessed effects of toxic exposure during and after exposure;
      juvenile daphnids were exposed during 3 days (accumulation phase) and then
      allowed to depurate for 4 days (depuration phase). No effects on survival,
      growth, carbon and nitrogen content, and stable isotope composition were observed
      after the accumulation phase, whereas significant changes were detected in adults
      after the depuration phase. In particular, a significantly lower nitrogen content
      and a growth inhibition were observed, with a concomitant increase in delta(15)N
      (+0.1 0/00) and decrease in delta(13)C (-0.1 0/00). Although of low magnitude,
      these changes followed the predicted direction indicating that sublethal effects
      of contaminant exposure can lead to overestimation of TP and hence underestimated
      TMF.

PMID- 27367057
TI  - Chlorogenic acid inhibits cholestatic liver injury induced by alpha
      naphthylisothiocyanate: involvement of STAT3 and NFkappaB signalling regulation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of the most widely consumed polyphenols
      in diets and is recognized to be a natural hepatoprotective agent. Here, we
      evaluated the protective effect and the potential mechanism of CGA against alpha
      naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis and liver injury. METHODS:
      Twenty-five male 129/Sv mice were administered with CGA, and ANIT challenge was
      performed at 75 mg/kg on the 4th day. Blood was collected and subjected to
      biochemical analysis; the liver tissues were examined using histopathological
      analysis and signalling pathways. KEY FINDINGS: Chlorogenic acid almost totally
      attenuated the ANIT-induced liver damage and cholestasis, compared with the ANIT
      group. Dose of 50 mg/kg of CGA significantly prevented ANIT-induced changes in
      serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatases, total bile acid,
      direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin (5.3-, 6.3-, 18.8-, 158-, 41.4-fold,
      P<0.001) and aspartate aminotransferase (4.6-fold, P<0.01). Expressions of the
      altered bile acid metabolism and transport-related genes were normalized by
      cotreatment with CGA. The expressions of interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor
      alpha and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 were found to be significantly
      decreased (1.2-fold, ns; 11.0-fold, P<0.01; 4.4-fold, P<0.05) in the CGA/ANIT
      group. Western blot revealed that CGA inhibited the activation and expression of
      signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and NFkappaB. CONCLUSIONS:
      These data suggest that CGA inhibits both ANIT-induced intrahepatic cholestasis
      and the liver injury. This protective effect involves down-regulation of STAT3
      and NFkappaB signalling.

PMID- 27367058
TI  - The signaling pathway of dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) activation using normal mode
      analysis (NMA) and the construction of pharmacophore models for D2R ligands.
AB  - G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets of more than 30% of marketed
      drugs. Investigation on the GPCRs may shed light on upcoming drug design studies.
      In the present study, we performed a combination of receptor- and ligand-based
      analysis targeting the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). The signaling pathway of D2R
      activation and the construction of universal pharmacophore models for D2R ligands
      were also studied. The key amino acids, which contributed to the regular
      activation of the D2R, were in detail investigated by means of normal mode
      analysis (NMA). A derived cross-correlation matrix provided us an understanding
      of the degree of pair residue correlations. Although negative correlations were
      not observed in the case of the inactive D2R state, a high degree of correlation
      appeared between the residues in the active state. NMA results showed that the
      cytoplasmic side of the TM5 plays a significant role in promoting of residue
      residue correlations in the active state of D2R. Tracing motions of the amino
      acids Arg219, Arg220, Val223, Asn224, Lys226, and Ser228 in the position of the
      TM5 are found to be critical in signal transduction. Complementing the receptor
      based modeling, ligand-based modeling was also performed using known D2R ligands.
      The top-scored pharmacophore models were found as 5-sited (AADPR.671, AADRR.1398,
      AAPRR.3900, and ADHRR.2864) hypotheses from PHASE modeling from a pool consisting
      of more than 100 initial candidates. The constructed models using 38 D2R ligands
      (in the training set) were validated with 15 additional test set compounds. The
      resulting model correctly predicted the pIC50 values of an additional test set
      compounds as true unknowns.

PMID- 27367059
TI  - The Role of Surface Viscosity in the Escape Mechanism of the Stenus Beetle.
AB  - Beetles of the species Stenus comma live and hunt close to ponds and rivers,
      where they occasionally fall on the water surface. To escape this jeopardized
      state, the beetle developed a strategy relying on the excretion of a secretion
      containing the substances stenusine and norstenusine. They reduce surface tension
      and propel the bug to the saving river bank. These substances were synthesized
      and analyzed with respect to their equilibrium and dynamic adsorption properties
      at the air-water interface (pH 7, 23 +/- 1  degrees C). The surface dilatational
      rheological characteristics in a frequency range from 2 to 500 Hz at molar bulk
      concentrations of 20.6 mmol L(-1) were studied using the oscillating bubble
      technique. Both alkaloids formed surface viscoelastic adsorption layers. The
      frequency dependence of the surface dilatational modulus E could successfully be
      described by the extended Lucassen-van den Tempel model accounting for a nonzero
      intrinsic surface viscosity kappa. The findings confirmed a dual purpose of the
      spreading alkaloids in the escape mechanism of the Stenus beetle. Next to
      generating a surface pressure, a transition to surface viscoelastic behavior of
      the adsorbed layers was observed.

PMID- 27367060
TI  - High-power 2.04  MUm laser in an ultra-compact Ho-doped lead germanate fiber.
AB  - A highly Ho-doped single-mode lead germanate glass fiber is developed for compact
      ~2  MUm lasers. Over 600 mW of laser output operating at 2.04 MUm is demonstrated
      in a 2 cm-long active fiber. The slope efficiency reaches ~34.9% with respect to
      the launched 1.94 MUm laser pump power. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
      highest laser output power demonstrated within a few centimeters of a Ho-doped
      fiber. This result shows that the fiber is highly promising for high-power single
      frequency laser applications. 

PMID- 27367061
TI  - Optics of a single ultrasharp groove in metal.
AB  - Optical properties of a single ultrasharp groove of subwavelength width cut in an
      otherwise flat metal surface are examined theoretically. We calculate optical
      extinction, scattering, and absorption cross-section spectra for a wide range of
      groove profiles, establishing several fundamental trends. As grooves are made
      sharper, amplitudes of oscillations in cross-section spectra and their period
      decrease, while the absorption level increases, leading eventually to efficient
      broadband (nonresonant) absorption. Oscillations in scattering spectra are
      generally more pronounced than those in corresponding absorption spectra. For
      ultrasharp grooves, oscillations in all spectra can be suppressed by increasing
      the groove depth. Finally, the level of absorption relative to that of scattering
      increases as the top groove width decreases, a trend that is analogous to that
      found when decreasing the size of metal nanoparticles. 

PMID- 27367062
TI  - Optical Cherenkov radiation in overmoded microresonators.
AB  - We show that an optical analog of Cherenkov radiation (dispersive wave) is
      observable in a nonlinear microring resonator generating Kerr frequency comb and
      containing linearly interacting families of equidistant modes. The radiation
      results from disruptions in the frequency dependent group velocity dispersion of
      the pumped cavity modes and is emitted into different mode families of the
      resonator. This effect reveals itself as a dispersive shaped structure in the
      spectral envelope of the frequency comb. We found that the dips in the comb
      spectrum correspond to peaks of the emission of the power in the other mode
      families of the resonator. The spectrum of the combs that includes both mode
      families does not have any dips, but peaks and resembles the Cherenkov radiation
      spectra frequently observed in Kerr comb systems. This Letter shows that a
      correct description of the Kerr comb in presence of mode anti-crossings should
      take into account not only the pumped mode family with modified dispersion
      parameter, but also the modes of the interacting families. 

PMID- 27367063
TI  - Optical magnetism and optical activity in nonchiral planar plasmonic
      metamaterials.
AB  - We investigate optical magnetism and optical activity in a simple planar
      metamolecule composed of double U-shaped metal split ring resonators (SRRs)
      twisted by 90 degrees  with respect to one another. Compared to a single SRR, the
      resonant energy levels are split and strong magnetic response can be observed due
      to inductive and conductive coupling. More interestingly, the nonchiral
      structures exhibit strong optical gyrotropy (1100 degrees /lambda) under oblique
      incidence, benefiting from the strong electromagnetic coupling. A chiral molecule
      model is proposed to shed light on the physical origin of optical activity. These
      artificial chiral metamaterials could be utilized to control the polarization of
      light and promise applications in enantiomer sensing-based medicine, biology, and
      drug development. 

PMID- 27367064
TI  - Excitation of Bloch-like surface waves in quasi-crystals and aperiodic dielectric
      multilayers.
AB  - The existence of Bloch surface waves in periodic dielectric multilayer structures
      with a surface defect is well known. Not yet recognized is that quasi-crystals
      and aperiodic dielectric multilayers can also support Bloch-like surface waves.
      In this work, we numerically show the excitation of Bloch-like surface waves in
      Fibonacci quasi-crystals and Thue-Morse aperiodic dielectric multilayers using
      the prism coupling method. We report improved surface electric field intensity
      and penetration depth of Bloch-like surface waves in the air side in such
      structures compared to their periodic counterparts. 

PMID- 27367065
TI  - Two-dimensional chi<sup>2</sup> solitons generated by the downconversion of Airy
      waves.
AB  - Conversion of truncated Airy waves (AWs) carried by the second-harmonic (SH)
      component into axisymmetric chi<sup>2</sup> solitons is considered in a 2D system
      with quadratic nonlinearity. The spontaneous conversion is driven by the
      parametric instability of the SH wave. The input in the form of the AW vortex is
      also considered. As a result, one, two, or three stable solitons emerge in a well
      defined form, unlike the recently studied 1D setting, where the picture is
      obscured by radiation jets. Shares of the total power captured by the emerging
      solitons and conversion efficiency are found as functions of parameters of the AW
      input. 

PMID- 27367066
TI  - Congestion estimation technique in the optical network unit registration process.
AB  - We present a congestion estimation technique (CET) to estimate the optical
      network unit (ONU) registration success ratio for the ONU registration process in
      passive optical networks. An optical line terminal (OLT) estimates the number of
      collided ONUs via the proposed scheme during the serial number state. The OLT can
      obtain congestion level among ONUs to be registered such that this information
      may be exploited to change the size of a quiet window to decrease the collision
      probability. We verified the efficiency of the proposed method through simulation
      and experimental results. 

PMID- 27367067
TI  - 2D wave-front shaping in optical superlattices using nonlinear volume holography.
AB  - Nonlinear volume holography is employed to realize arbitrary wave-front shaping
      during nonlinear processes with properly designed 2D optical superlattices. The
      concept of a nonlinear polarization wave in nonlinear volume holography is
      investigated. The holographic imaging of irregular patterns was performed using
      2D LiTaO<sub>3</sub> crystals with fundamental wave propagating along the
      spontaneous polarization direction, and the results agree well with the
      theoretical predictions. This Letter not only extends the application area of
      optical superlattices, but also offers an efficient method for wave-front shaping
      technology. 

PMID- 27367068
TI  - Control over photo-inscription and thermal annealing to obtain high-quality Bragg
      gratings in doped PMMA optical fibers.
AB  - Bragg gratings are photo-inscribed in trans-4-stilbenemethanol doped PMMA fibers
      using a 325 nm He-Cd laser and a phase mask. Two distinct behaviors are reported
      depending on the laser power density. In the high-density regime with 637 
      mW/mm<sup>2</sup>, the grating reflectivity is stable over time after the writing
      process, but the reflected spectrum is of limited quality, as the grating length
      is limited to the laser width (1.2 mm). The beam is then enlarged to 6 mm,
      decreasing the power density to 127  mW/mm<sup>2</sup>. In this case, the grating
      reflectivity strongly decays after the writing process. A fortunate property here
      results from the recovery of the initial reflectivity using a post-inscription
      thermal annealing. Both behaviors are attributed to the evolution between trans-
      and cis-isomers. 

PMID- 27367069
TI  - Measurement of Pockels' coefficients and demonstration of the anisotropy of the
      elasto-optic effect in optical fibers under axial strain.
AB  - The elasto-optic effect in optical fibers under axial strain can be characterized
      by means of the whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances of the fiber itself.
      This technique enables a direct measurement of the anisotropy, the determination
      of the individual Pockels' coefficients, and the study of the wavelength
      dependence. The method is based on a rigorous theoretical study of WGM resonances
      in cylindrical microresonators. The shift of the WGM resonances as a function of
      strain was measured for the TE and TM modes, showing a strong modal anisotropy.
      In particular, the shift rate for TE modes was 1.84 times the one for TM modes.
      From these measurements, experimental values for the Pockels' coefficients were
      obtained: p<sub>11</sub>=0.116 and p<sub>12</sub>=0.255 at 1531 nm, and
      p<sub>11</sub>=0.131 and p<sub>12</sub>=0.267 at 1064 nm. The dispersion of
      p<sub>44</sub> with wavelength was shown to be 5%  MUm<sup>-1</sup>. 

PMID- 27367070
TI  - Engineered second-harmonic diffraction from highly transmissive metasurfaces
      composed of complementary split-ring resonators.
AB  - We theoretically and experimentally investigated the optical second-harmonic (SH)
      diffraction from metasurfaces based on gold complementary split-ring resonators
      (CSRRs). We have demonstrated that the generated SH currents are mostly parallel
      to the incident polarization and are asymmetric with respect to the base of a
      CSRR, thus allowing us to impose the phase change of pi on the SH radiation by
      reversing the CSRR's orientation. We verified this concept of geometry-induced
      nonlinear phase by designing and fabricating a nonlinear metasurface consisting
      of supercells of CSRRs with opposite orientations that can function as a SH beam
      splitter. The ability to control the phase of the local nonlinearity coupled with
      the high transmittance at both fundamental and SHG wavelengths makes the CSRRs
      good candidates for the construction of highly efficient three-dimensional
      nonlinear metamaterials and suitable for applications in nonlinear beam shaping. 

PMID- 27367071
TI  - Generation of nearly 3D-unpolarized evanescent optical near fields using total
      internal reflection.
AB  - We analyze the time-domain partial polarization of optical fields composed of two
      evanescent waves created in total internal reflection by random electromagnetic
      beams with orthogonal planes of incidence. We show that such a two-beam
      configuration enables to generate nearly unpolarized, genuine three-component
      (3D) near fields. This result complements earlier studies on spectral
      polarization, which state that at least three symmetrically propagating beams are
      required to produce a 3D-unpolarized near field. The degree of polarization of
      the near field can be controlled by adjusting the polarization states and mutual
      correlation of the incident beams. 

PMID- 27367072
TI  - Real-time shot-noise-limited differential photodetection for atomic quantum
      control.
AB  - We demonstrate high-efficiency, shot-noise-limited differential photodetection
      with real-time signal conditioning, suitable for feedback-based quantum control
      of atomic systems. The detector system has quantum efficiency of 0.92, is shot
      noise-limited from 7.4*10<sup>5</sup> to 3.7*10<sup>8</sup> photons per pulse,
      and provides real-time voltage-encoded output at up to 2.3 M pulses per second. 

PMID- 27367073
TI  - High-resolution low-frequency fluctuation map of a multimode laser diode subject
      to filtered optical feedback via a fiber Bragg grating.
AB  - A highly detailed and extended map of low-frequency fluctuations is established
      for a high-power multi-mode 980 nm laser diode subject to filtered optical
      feedback from a fiber Bragg grating. The low-frequency fluctuations limits and
      substructures exhibit substantial differences with previous works. 

PMID- 27367074
TI  - Probing dipole-dipole interaction in a rubidium gas via double-quantum 2D
      spectroscopy.
AB  - We have implemented double-quantum 2D spectroscopy on a rubidium vapor and shown
      that this technique provides sensitive and background-free detection of the
      dipole-dipole interaction. The 2D spectra include signals from both individual
      atoms and interatomic interactions, allowing quantitative studies of the
      interaction. A theoretical model based on the optical Bloch equations is used to
      reproduce the experimental spectrum and confirm the origin of double-quantum
      signals. 

PMID- 27367075
TI  - Photoinduction of spontaneous surface relief gratings on Azo DR1 glass.
AB  - Surface relief gratings were spontaneously photoinduced from a collimated Nd:YAG
      laser beam at 532 nm on thin films of a disperse red 1 functionalized glass
      forming compound. Pattern formation was studied by measuring the diffraction
      intensity of a He-Ne laser probe beam at 633 nm and by atomic force microscopy
      (AFM). The dependence of pattern formation on both irradiation time and intensity
      was studied. The gratings could be erased both optically and thermally. The
      orientation of the gratings is influenced by the polarization of the writing
      beam, and it is accompanied by strong diffraction of the incident light into the
      sample plane, thereby providing a way to couple and trap the light into the
      substrate. Interestingly, photobleaching upon prolonged irradiation yields
      transparent gratings, and the process is partially reversible upon thermal
      erasure. 

PMID- 27367076
TI  - Fourier transform-limited optical frequency-modulated continuous-wave
      interferometry over several tens of laser coherence lengths.
AB  - We report on a versatile optical frequency-modulated continuous-wave
      interferometry technique that exploits wideband phase locking for generating
      highly coherent linear laser frequency chirps. This technique is based on an
      ultra-short delay-unbalanced interferometer, which leads to a large bandwidth,
      short lock time, and robust operation even in the absence of any isolation from
      environmental perturbations. In combination with a digital delay-matched phase
      error compensation, this permits the achievement of a range window about 60 times
      larger than the intrinsic laser coherence length with a 1.25 mm Fourier transform
      limited spatial resolution. The demonstrated configuration can be easily applied
      to virtually any semiconductor laser. 

PMID- 27367077
TI  - Single-fiber tweezers applied for dye lasing in a fluid droplet.
AB  - We report on the first demonstration of a single-fiber optical tweezer that is
      utilized to stabilize and control the liquid droplet for dye lasing. In order to
      trap a liquid droplet with a diameter of 15-30 MUm, an annular core micro
      structured optical fiber is adopted. By using wavelength division multiplexing
      technology, we couple a trapping light source (980 nm) and a pumping light source
      (532 nm) into the annular core of the fiber to realize the trapping, controlling,
      and pumping of the oil droplet. We show that the laser emission spectrum tunes
      along the same size as the oil droplet. The lasing threshold of the oil droplet
      with the diameter of 24 MUm is 0.7 MUJ. The presented fiber-based optical
      manipulation of liquid droplet micro-lasers can be easily combined with the micro
      fluidic chip technology and also may extend the application of optical fiber
      tweezers for micro-droplet lasing technology in the biological field. 

PMID- 27367078
TI  - Broadband pump-probe spectroscopy at 20-MHz modulation frequency.
AB  - We introduce an innovative high-sensitivity broadband pump-probe spectroscopy
      system, based on Fourier-transform detection, operating at 20-MHz modulation
      frequency. A common-mode interferometer employing birefringent wedges creates two
      phase-locked delayed replicas of the broadband probe pulse, interfering at a
      single photodetector. A single-channel lock-in amplifier demodulates the
      interferogram, whose Fourier transform provides the differential transmission
      spectrum. Our approach combines broad spectral coverage with high sensitivity,
      due to high-frequency modulation and detection. We demonstrate its performances
      by measuring two-dimensional differential transmission maps of a carbon nanotubes
      sample, simultaneously acquiring the signal over the entire 950-1350 nm range
      with 2.7.10<sup>-6</sup>  rms noise over 1.5 s integration time. 

PMID- 27367079
TI  - Diode-based microbolometer with performance enhanced by broadband metamaterial
      absorber.
AB  - This Letter reports a microbolometer integrated with a broadband metamaterial
      absorber (MMA) to enhance its performance, which contains series-connected
      silicon diodes as the temperature sensor. The broadband MMA is readily integrated
      into the device by introducing an array of different-sized square resonators on
      the silicon nitride structural layer, while the widened titanium interconnecting
      wires between individual diodes serve as the ground plane. In a comparative
      experiment, the broadband MMA was demonstrated to be superior to the ordinary
      silicon nitride absorber in a broad spectra range, especially in a long
      wavelength IR regime, which directly leads to an increase in IR responsivity by
      60%. More importantly, this enhancement in responsivity was achieved with no
      sacrifice of the response time due to the negligible thermal mass of the
      introduced resonator array. 

PMID- 27367080
TI  - Plasmonic Zener tunneling in binary graphene sheet arrays.
AB  - We investigate the plasmonic Zener tunneling (ZT) in arrays of weakly coupled
      graphene sheet waveguides. By alternatively arranging the graphene waveguides
      with two different chemical potentials, the single surface plasmon polariton
      (SPP) band splits into two minibands, and tunneling between them occurs at the
      edge of the Brillouin zone. With a linear gradient of the propagation constant
      introduced by appropriately tuning the chemical potential distribution over the
      graphene sheet, the SPPs exhibit a sequence of Bloch oscillations and ZT
      transitions in the arrays. The simulated tunneling rate coincides with the
      theoretical analysis based on the coupled-mode theory, which can be tuned by
      varying the chemical potential difference between adjacent graphene. 

PMID- 27367081
TI  - Doppler-free spectroscopy on the Cs D<sub>1</sub> line with a dual-frequency
      laser.
AB  - We report on Doppler-free laser spectroscopy in a Cs vapor cell using a dual
      frequency laser system tuned on the Cs D<sub>1</sub> line. Using counter
      propagating beams with crossed linear polarizations, an original sign reversal of
      the usual saturated absorption dip and large increase in Doppler-free atomic
      absorption is observed. This phenomenon is explained by coherent population
      trapping (CPT) effects. The impact of laser intensity and light polarization on
      absorption profiles is reported in both single-frequency and dual-frequency
      regimes. In the latter, frequency stabilization of two diode lasers was
      performed, yielding a beat note fractional frequency stability at the level of
      3*10<sup>-12</sup> at 1 s averaging time. These performances are about an order
      of magnitude better than those obtained using a conventional single-frequency
      saturated absorption scheme. 

PMID- 27367082
TI  - Light sheet luminescence imaging with Cherenkov excitation in thick scattering
      media.
AB  - Light scattering leads to a severe loss of axial and transverse resolution with
      depth into tissue, limiting accuracy and value of biomedical luminescence imaging
      techniques. High-resolution imaging beyond a few-millimeter depth is prohibited
      because diffusive transport dominates beyond a few scattering distances. In this
      study, light sheet imaging through scattering media is demonstrated using a
      radiotherapy linear accelerator to deliver well-defined thin scanned sheets of x
      rays. These sheets produce Cherenkov light within the medium, which in turn
      excites luminescence of an optical probe across the sheet plane. This
      luminescence can then be imaged by an intensified camera positioned perpendicular
      to the sheet plane. The precise knowledge of the light sheet position within the
      medium allowed for efficient attenuation correction of the signal with depth as
      well as spatial deconvolution of the excitation light. Together these methods
      allowed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, high-resolution imaging
      of tissue-equivalent phantoms up to 3 cm thick, yielding the precise position and
      shape of luminescent lesions located deep in tissue without the need for
      nonlinear image reconstruction. 

PMID- 27367083
TI  - Injection-locked semiconductor laser-based frequency comb for modulation
      applications in RF analog photonics.
AB  - A linearized intensity modulator for periodic and pulsed light is proposed and
      demonstrated. The free carrier plasma effect has been used to modulate the
      refractive index of the phase section of a three-section mode-locked laser. If
      injection locked, the modulation induces an arcsine phase response on the three
      section mode-locked laser. By introducing this mode-locked laser into a Mach
      Zehnder interferometer biased at quadrature, one can realize a true linear
      intensity modulation. This novel laser suppresses any unwanted amplitude
      modulation and increases the performance of the linearized intensity modulator.
      Experimental results have provided a record low static I<sub>pi</sub> of 0.39 mA
      and a spur-free dynamic range of 75  dB.Hz<sup>2/3</sup>. 

PMID- 27367084
TI  - Dual-frequency injection-locked continuous-wave near-infrared laser.
AB  - We report a dual-frequency injection-locked continuous-wave near-infrared laser.
      The entire system consists of a Ti:sapphire ring laser as a power oscillator, two
      independent diode lasers employed as seed lasers, and a master cavity providing a
      frequency reference. Stable dual-frequency injection-locked oscillation is
      achieved with a maximum output power of 2.8 W. We show its single
      longitudinal/transverse mode characteristics and practical power stability, as
      fundamental performance features of this laser system. We also demonstrate
      arbitrary selectivity of the two frequencies and flexible control of their
      relative powers by simply manipulating the seed lasers, as advanced features. 

PMID- 27367085
TI  - Terahertz time-domain electro-optic measurements by femtosecond laser pulses with
      an edge-cut spectrum.
AB  - Balanced electro-optic detection techniques of terahertz wave radiation are
      proposed based on variations of the energy and ellipticity of laser pulses with
      an edge-cut spectrum. The techniques are compared with the standard electro-optic
      detection scheme utilizing laser pulses with Gaussian spectrum shape. Our
      calculations and measurements show that the studied schemes have a much better
      response to the terahertz wave radiation at high frequencies compared with the
      standard one. 

PMID- 27367086
TI  - Ultralow crosstalk nanosecond-scale nested 2 * 2 Mach-Zehnder silicon photonic
      switch.
AB  - We present the design and characterization of a novel electro-optic silicon
      photonic 2*2 nested Mach-Zehnder switch monolithically integrated with a CMOS
      driver and interface logic. The photonic device uses a variable optical
      attenuator in order to balance the power inside the Mach-Zehnder interferometer
      leading to ultralow crosstalk performance. We measured a crosstalk as low as 
      34.5  dB, while achieving ~2  dB insertion loss and 4 ns transient response. 

PMID- 27367087
TI  - High contrast, 86  fs, 35  mJ pulses from a diode-pumped, Yb:glass, double
      chirped-pulse amplification laser system.
AB  - We demonstrate the generation of 86 fs, 35 mJ, high-contrast laser pulses at 1030
      nm with a repetition rate of 1 Hz from a diode-pumped double chirped-pulse
      amplification setup. The pulses exhibit a spectral bandwidth exceeding 27 nm full
      width at half-maximum. This could be achieved by using a laser architecture
      comprising two stages of chirped pulse amplification with a cross-polarized wave
      generation filter in between, by applying spectral shaping and by increasing the
      spectral hard-clip of the second stretcher. These are, to the best of our
      knowledge, the shortest pulses at the mJ level with ultra-high contrast generated
      with a diode-pumped front end at 1030 nm. 

PMID- 27367088
TI  - Extreme events and crises observed in an all-solid-state laser with modulation of
      losses.
AB  - We report observations of extreme events (or dissipative optical rogue waves) in
      a laser with a modulated parameter (cavity losses). Experimental data supporting
      the hypothesis that these events are related with multi-stability and external
      crises is presented. It is also shown that the time separation between a pulse
      and an extreme event can be predicted more accurately than that between pulses of
      average intensity, in agreement with the theoretical description and opening the
      road to the prediction and control of extreme optical events. 

PMID- 27367089
TI  - Broadband fiber-chip zero-order surface grating coupler with 0.4  dB efficiency.
AB  - Surface grating couplers enable efficient coupling of light between optical
      fibers and nanophotonic waveguides. However, in conventional grating couplers,
      the radiation angle is intrinsically wavelength dependent, thereby limiting their
      operation bandwidth. In this Letter, we present a zero-order surface grating
      coupler in silicon-on-insulator which overcomes this limitation by operating in
      the subwavelength regime. By engineering the effective refractive index of the
      grating region, both high coupling efficiency and broadband operation bandwidth
      are achieved. The grating is assisted by a silicon prism on top of the waveguide,
      which favors upward radiation and minimizes power losses to substrate. Using a
      linear apodization, our design achieves a coupling efficiency of 91% (-0.41  dB)
      and a 1-dB bandwidth of 126 nm. 

PMID- 27367090
TI  - High peak and average power Ti:sapphire thin disk amplifier with extraction
      during pumping.
AB  - The combination of the extraction during pumping (EDP) amplification scheme and
      the thin disk (TD) technology has been successfully applied to the Ti:sapphire
      (Ti:sa) laser medium for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. In a proof
      of-principle experiment, we demonstrate high energy broadband amplification in a
      room temperature water cooled EDP-TD head of stretched femtosecond pulses at a 10
      Hz repetition rate, instead of performing a cryogenically cooled traditional
      multi-pass scheme. Hence, the EDP-TD combination can overcome the limits
      associated with thermal effects and transverse amplified spontaneous emission,
      enabling Ti:sa laser systems to have a petawatt peak and hundreds of watts of
      average power. 

PMID- 27367091
TI  - Broadband stimulated Raman microscopy with 0.1  ms pixel acquisition time.
AB  - Femtosecond stimulated Raman microscopy (FSRM) is a nonlinear technique for rapid
      broadband Raman imaging. It utilizes a few femtosecond probe pulse and a narrow
      bandwidth pump pulse. Using a fast (20 kHz) multi-channel detector, stimulated
      Raman spectra can be recorded with an acquisition time as short as 0.1 ms. In
      this Letter, spectra of neat benzonitrile at different acquisition speeds are
      presented to benchmark the FSRM setup. Furthermore, chemical maps of a multi
      phase polymer blend are recorded using the fastest acquisition rate possible with
      the current instrument. 

PMID- 27367092
TI  - Hollow-core fiber Fabry-Perot photothermal gas sensor.
AB  - A highly sensitive, compact, and low-cost trace gas sensor based on photothermal
      effect in a hollow-core fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) is described. The
      Fabry-Perot sensor is fabricated by splicing a piece of hollow-core photonic
      bandgap fiber (HC-PBF) to single-mode fiber pigtails at both ends. The absorption
      of a pump beam in the hollow core results in phase modulation of probe beam,
      which is detected by the FPI. Experiments with a 2 cm long HC-PBF with
      femtosecond laser drilled side-holes demonstrated a response time of less than 19
      s and noise equivalent concentration (NEC) of 440 parts-per-billion (ppb) using a
      1 s lock-in time constant, and the NEC goes down to 117 ppb (2.7*10<sup>-7</sup>
      in absorbance) by using 77 s averaging time. 

PMID- 27367093
TI  - Ultra-compact on-chip LED collimation optics by 3D femtosecond direct laser
      writing.
AB  - By using two-photon lithographic 3D printing, we demonstrate additive
      manufacturing of a dielectric concentrator directly on a LED chip. With a size of
      below 200 MUm in diameter and length, light output is increased by a factor of
      6.2 in collimation direction, while the emission half-angle is reduced by 50%. We
      measure excellent form fidelity and irradiance patterns close to simulation.
      Additionally, a more complex shape design is presented, which exhibits a
      nonconventional triangular illumination pattern. The introduced method features
      exceptional design freedoms which can be used to tailor high-quality miniature
      illumination optics for specific lighting tasks, for example, endoscopy. 

PMID- 27367094
TI  - Yb-fiber laser pumped high-power, broadly tunable, single-frequency red source
      based on a singly resonant optical parametric oscillator.
AB  - We present an efficient and tunable source generating multi-watt single-frequency
      red radiation by intra-cavity frequency doubling of the signal in a MgO-doped
      periodically poled LiNbO<sub>3</sub> (MgO:PPLN)-based singly resonant optical
      parametric oscillator (SRO). By optimally designing the SRO cavity in a six
      mirror configuration, we generate ~276  nm tunable idler radiation in mid
      infrared with a maximum power of P<sub>i</sub>=2.05  W at a pump power of
      P<sub>p</sub>=14.0  W. The resonant signal is frequency doubled using a 10 mm
      long BiB<sub>3</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (BiBO) crystal which resulted in tunability of
      a red beam from ~753 to 780 nm band with maximum power P<sub>r</sub>~4.0  W
      recorded at lambda<sub>r</sub>~756  nm. The deployment of a six-mirror SRO
      ensures single-frequency generation of red across the entire tuning range by
      inducing additional losses to Raman modes of LiNbO<sub>3</sub> and, thus,
      inhibiting their oscillation. Using a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI),
      nominal linewidth of the red beam is measured to ~3  MHz which changes marginally
      over the entire tuning range. Long-term (over 1 h) peak-to-peak frequency
      fluctuation of the generated red beam is estimated to be about 3.3 GHz under free
      running conditions at P<sub>p</sub>=14.0  W. The generated red beam is delivered
      in a TEM<sub>00</sub> mode profile with M<sup>2</sup><=1.32 at maximum power in a
      red beam. 

PMID- 27367095
TI  - Differential interference contrast tomography.
AB  - We present a new approach to optical tomography of phase objects that is referred
      to as differential interference contrast tomography (DICT). The main feature of
      DICT is that the result of tomographic reconstruction is a 3D DIC image. This
      image is described by partial derivative of 3D refractive index distribution in
      one direction. The DICT setup consists of a lateral shearing phase-shifting
      interference microscope with low-coherent LED illumination. To create projections
      of the sample at various illumination angles, an angular scanning beam was used.
      3D DIC tomograms of a white blood cell are presented. The comparison between the
      reconstructed DIC tomogram slices and the conventional DIC images of the same
      sample at the same depths are also represented. 

PMID- 27367096
TI  - Broadband 2 * 2 adiabatic 3  dB coupler using silicon-on-insulator sub-wavelength
      grating waveguides.
AB  - We report on a compact, broadband, 2*2 adiabatic 3 dB coupler using sub
      wavelength gratings (SWGs) for silicon-on-insulator waveguides. In our device,
      two SWG waveguides that support two transverse electric modes and have tapered
      waveguide widths were used to achieve an adiabatic mode evolution of the two
      waveguide system for broadband 3 dB power splitting. We present results for a SWG
      adiabatic 3 dB coupler that has an overall coupler length of 50 MUm and achieves
      broadband power splitting over a 130 nm wavelength range with an imbalance of no
      greater than +/-0.3  dB and with low excess losses of less than 0.5 dB. 

PMID- 27367097
TI  - Development of a hybrid Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography
      technique for real-time in vivo tissue measurements.
AB  - We report on the development of a unique sideview handheld hybrid Raman
      spectroscopy (RS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) technique for real-time
      in vivo tissue measurements. A sideview handheld RS-OCT optical probe is designed
      to coalign the optical paths of RS and OCT sampling arms, whereby a compact long
      pass dichroic mirror (LPDM) is utilized to transmit the OCT signal through a
      gradient index rod lens and a reflection mirror, whereas the LPDM deflects the
      tissue Raman signal by 90 degrees , leading to coaligned RS/OCT optical samplings
      on the tissue. Further study shows that the hybrid RS and OCT technique developed
      is capable of simultaneously acquiring both morphological and biochemical
      information about the oral tissue in vivo, facilitating real-time, in vivo tissue
      diagnoses and characterizations in the oral cavity. 

PMID- 27367098
TI  - Dark-state lasers: mode management using exceptional points.
AB  - By exploiting the inherent characteristics of dark-state resonators, we
      experimentally realize a single-frequency integrated microring laser system. This
      semiconductor laser can remain single-mode, even at high pump power levels, while
      allowing tunability over a wide spectral range. Our results demonstrate the
      potential of exceptional points as a versatile tool for mode selection in micro
      cavity laser configurations. 

PMID- 27367099
TI  - Gamma radiation effects on silicon photonic waveguides.
AB  - To support the use of integrated photonics in harsh environments, such as outer
      space, the hardness threshold to high-energy radiation must be established. Here,
      we investigate the effects of gamma (gamma) rays, with energy in the MeV-range,
      on silicon photonic waveguides. By irradiation of high-quality factor amorphous
      silicon core resonators, we measure the impact of gamma rays on the materials
      incorporated in our waveguide system, namely amorphous silicon, silicon dioxide,
      and polymer. While we show the robustness of amorphous silicon and silicon
      dioxide up to an absorbed dose of 15 Mrad, more than 100* higher than previous
      reports on crystalline silicon, polymer materials exhibit changes with doses as
      low as 1 Mrad. 

PMID- 27367100
TI  - Wide-field broadband extreme ultraviolet transmission ptychography using a high
      harmonic source: publisher's note.
AB  - This note amends the list of funders in a recent Letter [Opt. Lett.41, 1317
      (2016)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.41.001317]. 

PMID- 27367101
TI  - Design and fabrication of elliptical-core few-mode fiber for MIMO-less data
      transmission.
AB  - We propose a design strategy of elliptical core few-mode fiber (e-FMF) that
      supports three spatial modes with enhanced mode spacing between LP<sub>11a</sub>
      and LP<sub>11b</sub>, to suppress intra-mode coupling during mode-division
      multiplexing (MDM) transmission. Our theoretical investigations show that there
      exist two optimization regimes for the e-FMF, as a comparison with traditional
      circular core FMF(c-FMF). At the regime of three-mode operation, there occurs a
      trade-off between mode spacing and bending-induced loss. Meanwhile, in terms of
      five-mode regime, a trade-off between mode spacing and high-order mode crosstalk
      happens. Finally, we fabricate 7.94 km e-FMF with the optimal parameters, based
      on the commercial fiber manufacture facility. The primary characterizations at
      1550 nm show that three spatial modes of e-FMF can be transmitted with a loss
      less than 0.3 dB/km. Meanwhile, -22.44  dB crosstalk between LP<sub>11a</sub> and
      LP<sub>11b</sub> is observed, even when the 2 km e-FMF is under stress-induced
      strong perturbation. 

PMID- 27367102
TI  - Resonant optical propulsion of a particle inside a hollow-core photonic crystal
      fiber.
AB  - Resonant propulsion of small nonresonant particles inside metal waveguides due to
      the formation of resonant states by the guided modes below their cutoffs has been
      predicted in the past. Here it is shown that stable resonant propulsion exists in
      hollow-core photonic crystal fibers, which are all-dielectric structures and are
      a major platform for various photonic applications. Specific features of the
      resonant propulsion are discussed together with the fiber design issues. The
      results may enable power-efficient transport of particles over long distances,
      particle sorting, and sensitive detection. 

PMID- 27367103
TI  - Algebraic invariants for reflection Mueller polarimetry via uncompensated double
      pass illumination-collection optics.
AB  - We report on the identification of the two algebraic invariants inherent to
      Mueller matrix polarimetry measurements performed through double pass
      illumination-collection optics (e.g., an optical fiber or an objective) of
      unknown polarimetric response. The practical use of the invariants, potentially
      applicable to the characterization of nonreciprocal media, is illustrated on
      experimental examples. 

PMID- 27367104
TI  - Coriolis effect and spin Hall effect of light in an inhomogeneous chiral medium.
AB  - We theoretically investigate the spin Hall effect of spinning light in an
      inhomogeneous chiral medium. The Hamiltonian equations of the photon are
      analytically obtained within eikonal approximation in the noninertial orthogonal
      frame. Besides the usual spin curvature coupling, the chiral parameter enters the
      Hamiltonian as a spin-torsion-like interaction. We reveal that both terms have
      parallel geometric origins as the Coriolis terms of Maxwell's equations in
      nontrivial frames. 

PMID- 27367105
TI  - Femtosecond laser direct inscription of surface skimming waveguides in bulk
      glass.
AB  - We present a detailed study of waveguide inscription near the surface of bulk
      glass using a femtosecond laser. Three silicate glasses used extensively as hosts
      for photo-induced photonic devices were examined. Our results show that near
      surface waveguides generally present a low-index contrast, as the pulse energy
      damage threshold decreases sharply at close proximity to the surface. We devised
      a novel method to allow the formation of optical waveguides that exhibit a high
      index contrast up to the surface of any transparent material. As a proof of
      concept, the inscription of near-surface single-mode waveguides operating at a
      wavelength of 405 nm is demonstrated. 

PMID- 27367106
TI  - Calibration-free imaging through a multicore fiber using speckle scanning
      microscopy.
AB  - The images produced by multicore endoscopes are pixelated, and their resolution
      is limited by the core-to-core spacing. Lenses can be used to improve the
      resolution, but this reduces the field of view proportionally. Lensless endoscopy
      through multicore fibers can be achieved by using wavefront shaping techniques.
      This requires a calibration step, and the conformation of the fiber must remain
      constant over time. Here we demonstrate that, without a calibration step and in
      the presence of core-to-core coupling, we can obtain fluorescence images with a
      resolution better than the core-to-core spacing. This is accomplished by taking
      advantage of the memory effect present in these kinds of fibers. 

PMID- 27367107
TI  - Wavelength-switched phase interrogator for extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric
      sensors.
AB  - We report on phase interrogation of extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI)
      sensors through a wavelength-switched unit with a polarization-maintaining fiber
      Bragg grating (PMFBG). The measurements at two wavelengths are first achieved in
      one total-optical path. The reflected peaks of the PMFBG with two natural
      wavelengths are in mutually perpendicular polarization detection, and they are
      switched through an electro-optic modulator at a high switching speed of 10 kHz.
      An ellipse fitting differential cross multiplication (EF-DCM) algorithm is
      proposed for interrogating the variation of the gap length of the EFPI sensors.
      The phase demodulation system has been demonstrated to recover a minimum phase of
      0.42  MUrad/Hz at the test frequency of 100 Hz with a stable intensity
      fluctuation level of +/-0.8  dB. Three EFPI sensors with different cavity lengths
      are tested at the test frequency of 200 Hz, and the results indicate that the
      system can achieve the demodulation of EFPI sensors with different cavity lengths
      stably. 

PMID- 27367108
TI  - Encoding information using Laguerre Gaussian modes over free space turbulence
      media.
AB  - We experimentally demonstrate an efficient information transmission technique
      using Laguerre Gaussian (LG) modes. This technique is based on multiplexing and
      demultiplexing multiple LG modes with different azimuthal and radial components.
      At the reception, the initially sent modes encoding the information are extracted
      with high fidelity using a complete decomposition allowing to identify a
      particular mode from a set of modes within a unique iteration. Importantly, we
      investigate the effects of the atmospheric turbulence on the proposed
      communication system. We believe that the proposed technique is promising for
      high-bit-rate spatial division multiplexing in optical fiber and free space
      communication systems. 

PMID- 27367109
TI  - Low-loss photonic device in Ge-Sb-S chalcogenide glass.
AB  - Low-loss waveguides constitute an important building block for integrated
      photonic systems. In this work, we investigated low-loss photonic device
      fabrication in Ge<sub>23</sub>Sb<sub>7</sub>S<sub>70</sub> chalcogenide glass
      using electron beam lithography followed by plasma dry etching. High-index
      contrast waveguides with a low propagation loss of 0.5 dB/cm and microdisk
      resonators with an intrinsic quality factor (Q-factor) of 1.2*10<sup>6</sup> were
      demonstrated. Both figures represent, to the best of our knowledge, the best low
      loss results reported thus far in submicrometer single-mode chalcogenide glass
      devices. 

PMID- 27367110
TI  - Modulation of optical spatial coherence by surface plasmon polaritons.
AB  - The interference pattern observed in Young's double-slit experiment is intimately
      related to the statistical correlations of the waves emitted by the slits. As the
      waves in the slits become more correlated, the visibility of the interference
      pattern increases. Here, we experimentally modulate the statistical correlations
      between the optical fields emitted by a pair of slits in a metal film. The
      interaction between the slits is mediated by surface plasmon polaritons and can
      be tuned by the slit separation, which allows us to either increase or decrease
      the spatial coherence of the emerging fields relative to that of the incoming
      fields. 

PMID- 27367111
TI  - Uniqueness in multispectral constant-wave epi-illumination imaging.
AB  - Multispectral tissue imaging based on optical cameras and continuous-wave tissue
      illumination is commonly used in medicine and biology. Surprisingly, there is a
      characteristic absence of a critical look at the quantities that can be uniquely
      characterized from optically diffuse matter by multispectral imaging. Here, we
      investigate the fundamental question of uniqueness in epi-illumination
      measurements from turbid media obtained at multiple wavelengths. By utilizing an
      analytical model, tissue-mimicking phantoms, and an in vivo imaging experiment we
      show that independent of the bands employed, spectral measurements cannot
      uniquely retrieve absorption and scattering coefficients. We also establish that
      it is, nevertheless, possible to uniquely quantify oxygen saturation and the Mie
      scattering power-a previously undocumented uniqueness condition. 

PMID- 27367112
TI  - All-optical modulation in wavelength-sized epsilon-near-zero media.
AB  - We investigate the interaction of two pulses (pump and probe) scattered by a
      nonlinear epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) slab whose thickness is comparable with the ENZ
      wavelength. We show that when the probe has a narrow spectrum localized around
      the ENZ wavelength, its transmission is dramatically affected by the intensity of
      the pump. Conversely, if the probe is not in the ENZ regime, its propagation is
      not noticeably affected by the pump. Such all-optical modulation is due to the
      oversensitive character of the ENZ regime, and it is so efficient that it even
      occurs in a wavelength thick slab. 

PMID- 27367113
TI  - Divided-pulse amplification to the joule level.
AB  - Divided-pulse amplification (DPA) has proven to be a valuable tool in scaling the
      peak power of diode-pumped ytterbium-doped amplifiers to beyond the single-pulse
      threshold for parasitic nonlinear effects. DPA enables the amplification of
      picosecond pulses in solid-state amplifiers with limited bandwidth beyond the
      single-pulse damage threshold. In this Letter, we demonstrate DPA of picosecond
      pulses in a flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG amplifier for the first time, to the best of
      our knowledge, yielding a combined pulse energy of 167 mJ. 

PMID- 27367114
TI  - Effect of loss on slow-light-enhanced second-harmonic generation in periodic
      nanostructures.
AB  - We theoretically analyze the dependence of second-harmonic generation efficiency
      on the group index in periodic optical waveguides with loss. We investigate
      different possible scenarios of using slow light to enhance the efficiency of
      this process and show that in some cases there exists a maximally achievable
      efficiency reached for finite values of the group index at the point of phase
      matching. Furthermore, we identify situations for which slow light, surprisingly,
      does not enhance the second-harmonic generation efficiency. Our results are
      corroborated by rigorous nonlinear simulations of second-harmonic generation in
      periodic nanobeam waveguides with loss. 

PMID- 27367115
TI  - Catastrophe optics of sharp-edge diffraction.
AB  - A classical problem of diffraction theory, namely plane wave diffraction by sharp
      edge apertures, is here reformulated from the viewpoint of the fairly new subject
      of catastrophe optics. On using purely geometrical arguments, properly embedded
      into a wave optics context, uniform analytical estimates of the diffracted
      wavefield at points close to fold caustics are obtained, within paraxial
      approximation, in terms of the Airy function and its first derivative.
      Diffraction from parabolic apertures is proposed to test reliability and accuracy
      of our theoretical predictions. 

PMID- 27367116
TI  - Synthesis of arbitrary pulse waveforms in QCL-seeded ns-pulse CO<sub>2</sub>
      laser for optimization of an LPP EUV source.
AB  - One of the unique features of the quantum-cascade-laser-seeded, nanosecond-pulse
      CO<sub>2</sub> laser, invented for the purpose of generation of extreme UV by
      laser-produced-plasma, is a robust synthesis of arbitrary pulse waveforms. In the
      present Letter we report on experimental results that are, to our best knowledge,
      the first demonstration of such functionality obtainable from nanosecond-pulse
      CO<sub>2</sub> laser technology. An online pulse duration adjustment within 10-40
      ns was demonstrated, and a few exemplary pulse waveforms were synthesized, such
      as "tophat," "tailspike," and "leadspike" shapes. Such output characteristics may
      be useful to optimize the performance of LPP EUV source. 

PMID- 27367117
TI  - Excellent color rendering index and high quantum efficiency of rare-earth-free
      fluosilicate glass for single-phase white light phosphor.
AB  - A rare-earth-free Sn-doped fluosilicate (SF) glass for single-phase white light
      phosphor has been investigated, which has a high color rendering index (98.3) and
      a quantum efficiency (85%). Moreover, by combining with a 280 nm LED chip
      directly, the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate (x=0.32,
      y=0.33) and correlated color temperature (5620 K) are close to the standard white
      light illumination. SF glass is a promising candidate as an alternative single
      phase white light phosphor for use in general lighting devices. 

PMID- 27367118
TI  - Non-Markovianity induced by a single-photon wave packet in a one-dimensional
      waveguide.
AB  - The concept of non-Markovianity (NM) in quantum dynamics is still an open debate.
      Understanding how to generate and measure NM in specific models may aid in this
      quest. In quantum optics, an engineered electromagnetic environment coupled to a
      single atom can induce NM. The most common scenario of structured electromagnetic
      environment is an optical cavity, composed by a pair of mirrors. Here, we show
      how to generate and measure NM on a two-level system coupled to a one-dimensional
      waveguide with no mirrors required. The origin of the non-Markovian behavior lies
      in the initial state of the field, prepared as a single-photon packet. NM is
      shown to depend on two experimentally controllable parameters, namely, the
      linewidth of the packet and its central frequency. We relate the presence of NM
      to quantum interference. We also show how the two output channels of the
      waveguide provide distinct signatures of NM, both experimentally accessible. 

PMID- 27367119
TI  - Mode converters based on cascaded long-period waveguide gratings.
AB  - We propose a mode-conversion platform based on cascaded long-period waveguide
      gratings. We demonstrate two specific devices by cascading a surface-corrugated
      grating and a sidewall-corrugated grating. One device allows conversion among the
      LP<sub>01</sub>, LP<sub>11b</sub>, and LP<sub>11a</sub> modes in a cyclic manner.
      The maximum conversion efficiency of a typical experimental device fabricated
      with polymer materials is about 94% at 1540 nm. The other device allows
      conversion between the LP<sub>01</sub> and LP<sub>21a</sub> modes. The maximum
      conversion efficiency of a typical experimental device is estimated to be higher
      than 90% at 1550 nm. The performance of both devices is polarization-insensitive.
      The proposed platform could be developed into various mode converters for mode
      division-multiplexing systems and other mode-sensitive applications. 

PMID- 27367120
TI  - Frequency-comb-assisted broadband precision spectroscopy with cascaded diode
      lasers.
AB  - Frequency-comb-assisted diode laser spectroscopy, employing both the accuracy of
      an optical frequency comb and the broad wavelength tuning range of a tunable
      diode laser, has been widely used in many applications. In this Letter, we
      present a novel method using cascaded frequency agile diode lasers, which allows
      us to extend the measurement bandwidth to 37.4 THz (1355-1630 nm) at megahertz
      resolution with scanning speeds above 1 THz/s. It is demonstrated as a useful
      tool to characterize a broadband spectrum for molecular spectroscopy, and in
      particular it enables us to characterize the dispersion of integrated
      microresonators up to the 4th-order. 

PMID- 27367121
TI  - 2  *  2 multiple-input multiple-output optical-wireless integration system based
      on optical independent-sideband modulation enabled by an in-phase/quadrature
      modulator.
AB  - We propose a novel and simple 2*2 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) optical
      wireless integration system, in which optical independent-sideband modulation
      enabled by an in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator, instead of optical
      polarization multiplexing, is used to assist the simultaneous generation of two
      wireless millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals. Software-based digital signal
      processing is used to generate the driving signal for the I/Q modulator, the
      output of which is two independent single-sideband optical vector signals located
      at two sides of a large central optical carrier. Based on our proposed 2*2 MIMO
      optical-wireless integration system, we experimentally demonstrate the
      simultaneous generation and 2*2 MIMO wireless delivery of two independent 40-GHz
      quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) wireless mm-wave signals. Each 40-GHz QPSK
      wireless mm-wave signal can carry up to 4-Gbaud transmitter data with a bit-error
      ratio less than the hard-decision forward-error-correction threshold of
      3.8*10<sup>-3</sup>. 

PMID- 27367123
TI  - Tunable surface plasmon wave plates.
AB  - The highest resonant transmission through an array of holes perforated in
      metallic screens occurs when the dielectric constant of the substrate, the
      superstrate, and the hole are the same. Changes in the refractive index of the
      homogenous environment also produce the largest shift in resonances per
      refractive index unit. In this Letter, we first propose and apply a technique in
      realization of a freestanding bi-periodic array of holes perforated in a silver
      film. We then show both numerically and experimentally that shifts in (1,0) and
      (0,1) modes in response to changes in the refractive index of the surrounding
      dielectric provide a mechanism for realization of a miniaturized tunable quarter
      wave plate that operates in an extraordinary optical transmission mode with a
      high throughput and a near unity state of circularly polarized light. 

PMID- 27367122
TI  - Tunable dual-band asymmetric transmission for circularly polarized waves with
      graphene planar chiral metasurfaces.
AB  - The asymmetric transmission effect has attracted great interest due to its wide
      modern optical applications. In this Letter, we present the underlying theory,
      the design specifications, and the simulated demonstration of tunable dual-band
      asymmetric transmission for circularly polarized waves with a graphene planar
      chiral metasurface. The spectral position of the asymmetric peak is linearly
      dependent on the Fermi energy and can be controlled by changing the Fermi energy.
      The success of tunable dual-band asymmetric transmission can be attributed to the
      enantiomerically sensitive plasmonic excitations of the graphene metasurface.
      This work offers a further step in developing tunable asymmetric transmission of
      circularly polarized waves for applications in detectors and other polarization
      sensitive electromagnetic devices. 

PMID- 27367124
TI  - Hetero-core III-V/Si microlaser.
AB  - We design and demonstrate optically pumped microlasers with a hetero-core cavity
      formed by III-V and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) materials. Hetero-core cavities
      with identical lateral dimension are fabricated. The cavity is formed by III-V
      layer with thickness of 210 nm on top of SOI layer with thickness of 300 nm via
      SiO<sub>2</sub> interlayer wafer bonding. Continuous wave laser operation is
      achieved for a diameter down to 2 MUm with a corresponding mode volume of
      0.07lambda<sup>3</sup> and quality factor of 1.3*10<sup>4</sup>. The architecture
      renders an alternative laser structure for heterogeneous laser-on-chip, with no
      dedicated vertical coupling mechanism needed between the two materials' layers. 

PMID- 27367125
TI  - Community pharmacist knowledge, attitudes and confidence regarding naloxone for
      overdose reversal.
AB  - AIM: Given the potential to expand naloxone supply through community pharmacy,
      the aim of this study was to estimate Australian pharmacists': (1) level of
      support for overdose prevention, (2) barriers and facilitators for naloxone
      supply and (3) knowledge about naloxone administration. DESIGN: Online survey
      from nationally representative sample of community pharmacies. SETTING:
      Australia, September-November 2015. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1317 community
      pharmacists were invited to participate with 595 responses (45.1%). MEASUREMENTS:
      We assessed attitudes towards harm reduction, support for overdose prevention,
      attitudes and knowledge about naloxone. We tested the association between
      attitudes towards harm reduction and different aspects of naloxone supply.
      FINDINGS: Pharmacists were willing to receive training about naloxone (n = 479,
      80.5%) and provide naloxone with a prescription (n = 537, 90.3%). Fewer (n = 234,
      40.8%) were willing to supply naloxone over-the-counter. Positive attitudes
      towards harm reduction were associated with greater willingness to supply
      naloxone with a prescription [odds ratio (OR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval
      (CI) = 1.11-1.19] and over-the-counter (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.09-1.17). Few
      pharmacists were confident they could identify appropriate patients (n = 203,
      34.1%) and educate them on overdose and naloxone use (n = 190, 31.9%). Mean
      naloxone knowledge scores were 1.8 (standard deviation 1.7) out of 5. More than
      half the sample identified lack of time, training, knowledge and reimbursement as
      potential barriers for naloxone provision. CONCLUSION: Community pharmacists in
      Australia appear to be willing to supply naloxone. Low levels of knowledge about
      naloxone pharmacology and administration highlight the importance of training
      pharmacists about overdose prevention.

PMID- 27367126
TI  - Scleral-flap Everting Suture.

PMID- 27367127
TI  - The Flap Lift Suture.

PMID- 27367128
TI  - Evaluation of the Macular Choroidal Thickness Using Spectral Optical Coherence
      Tomography in Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma.

PMID- 27367129
TI  - Excision of the Tenon Capsule in Pediatric Trabeculectomy: A Controlled Study.

PMID- 27367130
TI  - Evaluation of Corneal Biomechanical Properties in Patients With Thyroid Eye
      Disease Using An Ocular Response Analyzer.

PMID- 27367131
TI  - The Origin of the Term Glaucoma: Owls or Light-colored Eyes?

PMID- 27367132
TI  - A Comment on the "Progression of Normal-tension Glaucoma After
      Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt to Decrease Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure". J Glaucoma.
      2016;25: e50-e52.

PMID- 27367133
TI  - Fiberoptic Microcatheter-assisted 360-Degree Trabeculotomy Ab Externo After
      Unsuccessful Trabeculotome Trabeculotomy in Primary Congenital Glaucoma: A Case
      Report.
AB  - Fiberoptic microcatheter-assisted 360-degree trabeculotomy ab externo is a recent
      technique. Retrospective studies have proved the effectiveness as a first-angle
      surgery in eyes with primary congenital glaucoma. However, there are no reports
      in which it is performed after another unsuccessful surgical procedure. We
      present our case of a monolateral congenital glaucoma. We first performed an ab
      externo trabeculotomy with poor control of intraocular pressure (IOP). Then, a
      microcatheter-assisted 360-degree trabeculotomy was performed with IOP lowering.
      Microcatheter-assisted 360-degree trabeculotomy supplies successful IOP lowering
      after another angle surgery procedure.

PMID- 27367134
TI  - Detectability of Visual Field Defects in Glaucoma With High-resolution Perimetry.
AB  - PURPOSE: To extrapolate the optimal test point resolution for assessment of
      glaucomatous visual field (VF) defects including subtle functional defects, we
      performed high-resolution perimetry with the 0.5 degrees test point resolution.
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects were 11 eyes of 11 normal volunteers and 16 eyes
      of 16 glaucomatous patients. Octopus 900 custom test was used to measure 61
      points with the test point resolution of 0.5 degrees on the temporal meridian of
      45 degrees within the eccentricity of 30 degrees. In the glaucoma cases, VF
      profiles were extracted in 17 patterns of the test point resolutions that ranged
      from 0.5 to 8.5 degrees and the mean defect (MD), square root of loss variance
      (sLV), and maximum sensitivity loss (Max loss) were calculated. The influence of
      the test point resolution on MD, sLV, and Max loss was examined. In addition, the
      test range from the fixation point to the eccentricity of 30 degrees was divided
      into 3 zones. Similarly, each zone was investigated if the test point resolution
      exerted influence on the MD, sLV, and Max loss. RESULTS: Our glaucoma cases did
      not show any significant differences in MD and sLV regardless of the resolution.
      Max loss showed significant difference at resolution >=1.0 degree. MD and sLV did
      not show significant differences by the change of resolution in each zone. Max
      loss showed significant differences at resolution >=1.5 degrees within the
      central 10 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: To detect subtle VF defects within the
      eccentricity of 10 degrees, high-resolution perimetry with the test point
      resolution of <1.5 degrees is necessary.

PMID- 27367135
TI  - Intraocular Pressure During Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Procedures Utilizing
      Steep Trendelenburg Positioning.

PMID- 27367136
TI  - Corneal Haze as Prognostic Indicator of Intraocular Pressure in Primary
      Congenital Glaucoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: To perform a longitudinal analysis on the association of corneal haze
      with intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)
      over 3 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Charts of all patients diagnosed with
      glaucoma of childhood from 2002 to 2012 at our institution were retrospectively
      reviewed. Inclusion criteria were age 18 years and below, plus elevated IOP or
      characteristic clinical signs. Exclusion criteria were eyes with secondary
      glaucoma or corneal haze not from PCG and patients with prior ocular surgery or
      incomplete follow-up. RESULTS: Of 79 eyes with childhood glaucoma during this
      period, 36 eyes had PCG [25 patients; 15 male (60.0%), 14 bilateral (56.0%)].
      Eighteen eyes (13 patients) presented with corneal haze, whereas 18 eyes (12
      patients) did not. Eyes with haze were diagnosed at a younger age than eyes
      without haze (0.79 vs. 5.2 y, P<0.02). During year 1, eyes with haze underwent
      significantly more IOP-lowering procedures and used significantly fewer IOP
      lowering medications. Multivariate analysis revealed that corneal haze increased
      IOP by 4.63 mm Hg when controlling for treatment over time (P<0.01). Eyes with
      haze had lower survival curves and a failure hazard of 1.3 times that of eyes
      without haze. These eyes had a lower proportion of qualified successes than eyes
      without haze at year 1 (P<0.05) but this was reversed at year 3 (P<0.02).
      CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with PCG-related corneal haze generally presented more severely
      than did those without haze, but postmanagement outcomes may be similar to those
      in eyes without haze.

PMID- 27367137
TI  - Modified Scleral Tunnel to Prevent Tube Exposure in Patients With Refractory
      Glaucoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present and evaluate modified scleral tunnel in prevention of tube
      exposure following Ahmed valve implantation in refractory glaucoma. METHODS: In
      the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese
      Medicine, a retrospective study was conducted in 36 eyes of 34 patients who were
      diagnosed with refractory glaucoma and underwent Ahmed glaucoma valve
      implantation. In the surgery, the modified scleral tunnel was done to prevent
      tube exposure. RESULTS: At the end of follow-up (mean 21.68+/-9.25 mo), there was
      no conjunctival tube exposure in all 36 eyes. The mean intraocular pressure was
      18.3+/-6.79 mmHg, and 8 eyes needed 1 to 3 types of drugs to decrease intraocular
      pressure. CONCLUSIONS: The modified scleral tunnel technique in Ahmed glaucoma
      valve implantation is able to prevent conjunctival tube exposure in the patients
      with refractory glaucoma.

PMID- 27367138
TI  - Localized, gradient-reversed ultrafast z-spectroscopy in vivo at 7T.
AB  - PURPOSE: To collect ultrafast z-spectra in vivo in situations where voxel
      homogeneity cannot be assured. THEORY: Saturating in the presence of a gradient
      encodes the frequency offset spatially across a voxel. This encoding can be
      resolved by applying a similar gradient during readout. Acquiring additional
      scans with the gradient polarity reversed effectively mirrors the spatial
      locations of the frequency offsets so that the same physical location of a
      positive offset in the original scan will contribute a negative offset in the
      gradient-reversed scan. METHODS: Gradient-reversed ultrafast z-spectroscopy
      (GRUFZS) was implemented and tested in a modified, localized PRESS sequence at
      7T. Lysine phantoms were scanned at various concentrations and compared with
      coventionally-acquired z-spectra. Scans were acquired in vivo in human brain from
      homogeneous and inhomogeneous voxels with the ultrafast direction cycled between
      read, phase, and slice. Results were compared to those from a similar
      conventional z-spectroscopy PRESS-based sequence. RESULTS: Asymmetry spectra from
      GRUFZS are more consistent and reliable than those without gradient reversal and
      are comparable to those from conventional z-spectroscopy. GRUFZS offers
      significant acceleration in data acquisition compared to traditional chemical
      exchange saturation transfer methods with high spectral resolution and showed
      higher relative SNR effficiency. CONCLUSION: GRUFZS offers a method of collecting
      ultrafast z-spectra in voxels with the inhomogeneity often found in vivo. Magn
      Reson Med 76:1039-1046, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27367139
TI  - Understanding Innovation Engines: Automated Creativity and Improved Stochastic
      Optimization via Deep Learning.
AB  - The Achilles Heel of stochastic optimization algorithms is getting trapped on
      local optima. Novelty Search mitigates this problem by encouraging exploration in
      all interesting directions by replacing the performance objective with a reward
      for novel behaviors. This reward for novel behaviors has traditionally required a
      human-crafted, behavioral distance function. While Novelty Search is a major
      conceptual breakthrough and outperforms traditional stochastic optimization on
      certain problems, it is not clear how to apply it to challenging, high
      dimensional problems where specifying a useful behavioral distance function is
      difficult. For example, in the space of images, how do you encourage novelty to
      produce hawks and heroes instead of endless pixel static? Here we propose a new
      algorithm, the Innovation Engine, that builds on Novelty Search by replacing the
      human-crafted behavioral distance with a Deep Neural Network (DNN) that can
      recognize interesting differences between phenotypes. The key insight is that
      DNNs can recognize similarities and differences between phenotypes at an abstract
      level, wherein novelty means interesting novelty. For example, a DNN-based
      novelty search in the image space does not explore in the low-level pixel space,
      but instead creates a pressure to create new types of images (e.g., churches,
      mosques, obelisks, etc.). Here, we describe the long-term vision for the
      Innovation Engine algorithm, which involves many technical challenges that remain
      to be solved. We then implement a simplified version of the algorithm that
      enables us to explore some of the algorithm's key motivations. Our initial
      results, in the domain of images, suggest that Innovation Engines could
      ultimately automate the production of endless streams of interesting solutions in
      any domain: for example, producing intelligent software, robot controllers,
      optimized physical components, and art. 

PMID- 27367140
TI  - Hospital Social Work and Spirituality: Views of Medical Social Workers.
AB  - This article is based on a study of 1,389 medical social workers in 108 hospitals
      across 12 countries, on their views on spirituality and spiritually sensitive
      interventions in hospital settings. Results of the logistic regression analyses
      and structural equation models showed that medical social workers from European
      countries, United States of America, Canada, and Australia, those had undergone
      spiritual training, and those who had higher self-reported spiritual experiences
      scale scores were more likely to have the view that spirituality in hospital
      settings is for facilitating integral healing and wellness of patients and were
      more likely to prefer spiritual packages of New Age movements as the form of
      spiritual program, understand spiritual assessment as assessing the patients'
      spiritual starting point, to then build on further interventions and were likely
      to attest the understanding of spiritual techniques as mindfulness techniques.
      Finally they were also likely to understand the spiritual goals of intervention
      in a holistic way, that is, as that of integral healing, growth of consciousness
      and promoting overall well-being of patients vis-a-vis only coping and coming to
      terms with health adversities. Results of the structural equation models also
      showed covariances between religion, spirituality training, and scores on the
      self-reported spiritual experiences scale, having thus a set of compounding
      effects on social workers' views on spiritual interventions in hospitals. The
      implications of the results for health care social work practice and curriculum
      are discussed.

PMID- 27367141
TI  - The Framing of Women and Health Disparities: A Critical Look at Race, Gender, and
      Class from the Perspectives of Grassroots Health Communicators.
AB  - As women's health has received significant political and media attention
      recently, I proposed an expanded structural theory of women's communication about
      health. Women's health communication and critical race and systemic racism
      research framed this study. I interviewed 15 communicators and community health
      workers from grass-roots organizations focused on women's health to learn of
      their challenges of communicating with women from communities experiencing health
      disparities. Findings suggest that communicators face difficulties in developing
      meaningful messaging for publics because of disjunctures between medical and
      community frames, issues in searching for health among women's many priorities,
      Whiteness discourses imposed on publics' experiences, and practices of correcting
      for power differentials. A structural theory of women's health communication,
      then, consists of tenets around geographic, research/funding, academic/industry,
      and social hierarchies. Six frames suggesting racial biases about women and
      health disparities are also defined. This study also includes practical solutions
      in education, publishing, and policy change for addressing structural challenges.

PMID- 27367142
TI  - Targeted therapies in thyroid cancer: an extensive review of the literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with progressive, metastatic, RAI-refractory
      differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), as well as patients with advanced medullary
      (MTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer represent a cohort for which therapeutic
      options are limited. The recent discoveries in the molecular mechanisms
      implicated in TC have provided insight of the pathogenesis and progression of
      disease. In that respect, targeted therapies have emerged as a promising
      alternative for the treatment of those patients. AREAS COVERED: Tyrosine Kinase
      Inhibitors (TKIs) have been studied extensively in TC: sorafenib and lenvatinib
      have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of metastatic, RAI-refractory
      DTC, while vandetanib and cabozantinib are FDA approved for use in advanced MTC.
      Moreover, several additional TKIs, multi-targeted or specific, are currently
      under investigation in TC. The current manuscript provides an extensive review of
      the literature regarding targeted therapies in TC including the rationale behind
      their use, the clinical trials and an expert opinion on their use. Literature in
      English appearing at PubMed was thoroughly reviewed, especially manuscripts of
      the last 5 years. Expert commentary: Patients with advanced, progressive,
      metastatic TC should be evaluated for enrollment in a clinical trial or should be
      placed on treatment with one of the FDA- and EMA- approved agents.

PMID- 27367144
TI  - Correlation of Peripapillary Choroidal Thickness and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer
      Thickness in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Glaucoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was designed to compare the normal and glaucomatous eyes
      regarding retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and peripapillary choroidal
      thickness (PCT), and to investigate the correlation of RNFL thickness and PCT.
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Subjects were selected as a convenience sample of those
      from a tertiary referral practice of glaucoma. Thirty-two glaucomatous eyes were
      accepted as group 1; 30 normal eyes were accepted as group 2. Groups were
      compared for RNFL thickness and PCT. Correlations of RNFL thickness and PCT were
      assessed for each peripapillary location. RESULTS: Mean inferior and superior
      RNFL thickness in group 1 were significantly lower than the control group; mean
      thicknesses of temporal and nasal quadrants were not different in the two groups.
      Mean PCT at 500 um distance in the inferior, at 1500 um distance in the superior,
      at 500, 1000, and 1500 um distance in the temporal, and at 1000 and 1500 um
      distance in nasal quadrants were found to be significantly thinner in the
      glaucoma group compared with the control group. Retinal nerve fiber thickness was
      strongly correlated with PCT at all points of inferior quadrants at 500 um
      distance in the superior. There was no correlation between RNFL thickness and PCT
      at any point in the control group. CONCLUSION: Peripapillary choroidal thickness
      was thinner in glaucomatous eyes compared with normal eyes. Correlation of PCT
      and RNFL thickness found in patients with glaucoma did not exist in normal
      subjects.

PMID- 27367143
TI  - The Impact of Cardiac Motion on Aortic Valve Flow Used in Computational
      Simulations of the Thoracic Aorta.
AB  - Advancements in image-based computational modeling are producing increasingly
      more realistic representations of vasculature and hemodynamics, but so far have
      not compensated for cardiac motion when imposing inflow boundary conditions. The
      effect of cardiac motion on aortic flow is important when assessing sequelae in
      this region including coarctation of the aorta (CoA) or regurgitant fraction. The
      objective of this investigation was to develop a method to assess and correct for
      the influence of cardiac motion on blood flow measurements through the aortic
      valve (AoV) and to determine its impact on patient-specific local hemodynamics
      quantified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A motion-compensated inflow
      waveform was imposed into the CFD model of a patient with repaired CoA that
      accounted for the distance traveled by the basal plane during the cardiac cycle.
      Time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) values
      were compared with CFD results of the same patient using the original waveform.
      Cardiac motion resulted in underestimation of flow during systole and
      overestimation during diastole. Influences of inflow waveforms on TAWSS were
      greatest along the outer wall of the ascending aorta (AscAo) (~30 dyn/cm2).
      Differences in TAWSS were more pronounced than those from the model creation or
      mesh dependence aspects of CFD. TKE was slightly higher for the motion
      compensated waveform throughout the aortic arch. These results suggest that
      accounting for cardiac motion when quantifying blood flow through the AoV can
      lead to different conclusions for hemodynamic indices, which may be important if
      these results are ultimately used to predict patient outcomes.

PMID- 27367145
TI  - It All Starts with a Sandwich: Identification of Sialidases with Trans
      Glycosylation Activity.
AB  - Sialidases (3.2.1.18) may exhibit trans-sialidase activity to catalyze
      sialylation of lactose if the active site topology is congruent with that of the
      Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (EC 2.4.1.-). The present work was undertaken
      to test the hypothesis that a particular aromatic sandwich structure of two amino
      acids proximal to the active site of the T. cruzi trans-sialidase infers trans
      sialidase activity. On this basis, four enzymes with putative trans-sialidase
      activity were identified through an iterative alignment from 2909 native
      sialidases available in GenBank, which were cloned and expressed in Escherichia
      coli. Of these, one enzyme, SialH, derived from Haemophilus parasuis had an
      aromatic sandwich structure on the protein surface facing the end of the
      catalytic site (Phe168; Trp366), and was indeed found to exhibit trans-sialidase
      activity. SialH catalyzed production of the human milk oligosaccharide 3'
      sialyllactose as well as the novel trans-sialylation product 3-sialyllactose
      using casein glycomacropeptide as sialyl donor and lactose as acceptor. The
      findings corroborated that Tyr119 and Trp312 in the T. cruzi trans-sialidase are
      part of an aromatic sandwich structure that confers trans-sialylation activity
      for lactose sialylation. The in silico identification of trans-glycosidase
      activity by rational active site topology alignment thus proved to be a quick
      tool for selecting putative trans-sialidases amongst a large group of glycosyl
      hydrolases. The approach moreover provided data that help understand structure
      function relations of trans-sialidases. 

PMID- 27367146
TI  - Correction: TAC102 Is a Novel Component of the Mitochondrial Genome Segregation
      Machinery in Trypanosomes.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005586.].

PMID- 27367147
TI  - Effects of insertion depth on spatial speech perception in noise for simulations
      of cochlear implants and single-sided deafness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of insertion depth on spatial speech
      perception in noise for simulations of cochlear implants (CI) and single-sided
      deafness (SSD). DESIGN: Mandarin speech recognition thresholds were adaptively
      measured in five listening conditions and four spatial configurations. The
      original signal was delivered to the left ear. The right ear received either no
      input, one of three CI simulations in which the insertion depth was varied, or
      the original signal. Speech and noise were presented at either front, left, or
      right. STUDY SAMPLE: Ten Mandarin-speaking NH listeners with pure-tone thresholds
      less than 20 dB HL. RESULTS: Relative to no input in the right ear, the CI
      simulations provided significant improvements in head shadow benefit for all
      insertion depths, as well as better spatial release of masking (SRM) for the
      deepest simulated insertion. There were no significant improvements in summation
      or squelch for any of the CI simulations. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of cochlear
      implantation were largely limited to head shadow, with some benefit for SRM. The
      greatest benefits were observed for the deepest simulated CI insertion,
      suggesting that reducing mismatch between acoustic and electric hearing may
      increase the benefit of cochlear implantation.

PMID- 27367148
TI  - Highly sensitive avidin-biotin ELISA for detection of nandrolone and testosterone
      in dietary supplements.
AB  - Avidin-biotin technology was used for the implementation of an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (AB-ELISA) as a sensitive method for the detection of
      anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) present in dietary supplements. Using click
      chemistry, novel haptens (linker-optimized biotinylated nandrolone (NT) and
      testosterone (T) at positions C-3 and C-17, respectively) were designed and
      synthesized to be then applied as four different immobilized competitors in a
      proposed set of four indirect competitive AB-ELISAs. Four rabbit polyclonal
      antibodies of various specificities were prepared using four different immunogens
      synthesized from C-3 and C-17 carboxymethyloxime and hemisuccinate derivatives of
      NT and T, respectively. Assembled AB-ELISAs were characterized to establish
      method parameters such as a half-maximum inhibition concentration (0.18-12.99
      ng/mL), limit of detection (0.004-0.032 ng/mL) and linear working range (the best
      with 0.02-1.38 ng/mL). The stability of the set simulating storage in different
      conditions was demonstrated. Cross reactivity (CR) was tested for 59 steroids
      including both endogenous and synthetic analogues in four assembled AB-systems.
      The focus was placed on the practical use of the method in detection of various
      AAS in 49 samples of counterfeit dietary supplements. The concordance between
      ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and the
      CR corrected data from AB-ELISA indicated the potential of this method even to
      quantification of T propionate, NT phenyl propionate, and NT decanoate in such a
      complex matter. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27367149
TI  - Mixing at the microscale: Power input in shaken microtiter plates.
AB  - Power input and local energy dissipation are crucial parameters for the
      engineering characterization of mixing and fluid dynamics at the microscale.
      Since hydrodynamic stress is solely dependent on the maximum power input, we
      adapted the clay/polymer method to obtain flock destruction kinetics in six-, 24
      , and 96-well microtiter plates on orbital shakers. We also determined the
      specific power input using calorimetry and found that the power input is at the
      same order of magnitude for the six- and 96-well plates and the laboratory-scale
      stirred tank reactor, with 40 to 90 W/m3 (Re' = 180 to 440), 40 to 140 W/m3 (Re'
      = 320 to 640), and 30 to 50 W/m3 (Re = 4000 to 8500), respectively. All of these
      values are significantly below 450 to 2100 W/m3 determined for the pilot-scale
      reactor. The hydrodynamic stress differs significantly between the different
      formats of MTPs, as the 96-well plates showed very low shear stress on the shaker
      with a shaking amplitude of 3 mm. Thus, the transfer of mixing conditions from
      the microtiter plate to small-scale and pilot-scale reactors must be undertaken
      with care. Our findings, especially the power input determined by the
      calorimetric method, show that the hydrodynamic conditions in laboratory- and
      pilot-scale reactors cannot be reached.

PMID- 27367150
TI  - Effects of sodium pentaborate pentahydrate exposure on Chlorella vulgaris growth,
      chlorophyll content, and enzyme activities.
AB  - Sodium pentaborate pentahydrate (SPP) is a rare mineral. In this study, SPP was
      synthesized from boric acid and borax through low-temperature crystallization,
      and its effects on the growth of the alga, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) were
      assessed. The newly synthesized SPP was characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray
      diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy,
      thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermal analysis. The changes in C.
      vulgaris growth, chlorophyll content, and enzyme activities upon exposure to SPP
      for 168h were evaluated. Results showed that SPP treatment was detrimental to C.
      vulgaris growth during the first 24-120h of exposure. The harmful effects,
      however, diminished over time (168h), even at an effective medium concentration
      of 226.37mg BL(-1) (the concentration of boron applied per liter of culture
      medium). A similar trend was observed for chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a and
      b) and indicated that the photosynthesis of C. vulgaris was not affected and that
      high levels of SPP may even promote chlorophyll synthesis. Superoxide dismutase
      and catalase activities of C. vulgaris increased during 24-120h exposure to SPP,
      but these activities gradually decreased as culture time progressed. In other
      words, the initial detrimental effects of synthetic SPP on C. vulgaris were
      temporary and reversible. This research provides a scientific basis for
      applications of SPP in the environment. 

PMID- 27367151
TI  - Effects of leisure-time and occupational physical activities on 20-year incidence
      of acute myocardial infarction: mediation and interaction.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to disentangle the interplay between occupational
      physical activity (OPA) and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in affecting
      cardiovascular health by examining: (i) interactions between OPA and LTPA and
      their combined effect on 20-year incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
      and (ii) the effect of OPA on AMI that is mediated through LTPA. METHODS: We
      analyzed data on 1891 men, aged 42-60 years at baseline, from the prospective
      Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. OPA was measured as relative
      aerobic strain (RAS), accounting for workers' cardiorespiratory fitness. Averaged
      12-month LTPA and potential confounders were assessed by questionnaires. Analyses
      were stratified by the presence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) at baseline.
      RESULTS: We found potential multiplicative, but not additive, interactions
      between OPA and LTPA among men with IHD. The multivariable Cox model, adjusted
      for age, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, psychosocial job factors, and
      participation in an unrelated drug trial, showed that high OPA positively
      predicted AMI at low LTPA levels for both men with and without IHD: hazard ratio
      (HR) 1.27 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.96-1.68] and HR 1.59 (95% CI 0.99
      1.68), respectively. The combination of high OPA and low LTPA constituted the
      group associated with the highest risk for AMI, irrespective of IHD status. LTPA
      was not independently predictive of AMI and did not mediate the impact of OPA on
      AMI. CONCLUSIONS: LTPA interacted with OPA on the multiplicative scale only. LTPA
      did not mediate the effect of OPA on AMI.

PMID- 27367152
TI  - Dual-Responsive Carbon Dots for Tumor Extracellular Microenvironment Triggered
      Targeting and Enhanced Anticancer Drug Delivery.
AB  - In this work, pH/redox dual-responsive carbon dots (CDs-RGD-Pt(IV)-PEG) were
      fabricated for tumor extracellular microenvironment triggered targeting and
      enhanced anticancer drug delivery. The system consists of fluorescent carbon dots
      as imaging-guided drug nanocarriers, cisplatin(IV) as prodrug, and RGD peptide as
      active targeting ligand, which is covered by monomethoxypolyethylene glycol
      (mPEG) through tumor extracellular pH (6.5-6.8) responsive benzoic-imine bond.
      The drug nanocarriers could be tracked by multicolor fluorescence of carbon dots.
      After the hydrolysis of benzoic-imine bond at the tumor extracellular pH to
      expose the inner targeting RGD peptide, the drug nanocarriers showed effective
      uptake by cancer cells through RGD-integrin alphavbeta3 (ligand-receptor)
      interaction. Upon the internalization, the loaded cisplatin(IV) prodrug was
      reduced to cytotoxic cisplatin in reductive cytosol of cancer cells to exhibit
      therapeutic effects. Confocal imaging, flow cytometry, and cell viability assays
      using CDs-RGD-Pt(IV)-PEG were performed to reveal the enhanced uptake and better
      therapeutic efficiency to cancer cells with high integrin alphavbeta3 expression
      at tumor extracellular pH than that in physiological condition. The developed CDs
      RGD-Pt(IV)-PEG offers a new strategy to provide safe and effective therapeutic
      agents based on carbon dots for promising cancer therapy. 

PMID- 27367153
TI  - Characterization and in vitro evaluation of nimotuzumab conjugated with cisplatin
      loaded liposomes.
AB  - In this paper, we report the conjugation of the humanized monoclonal antibody
      nimotuzumab with cisplatin-loaded liposomes and the in vitro evaluation of its
      affinity for tumor cells. The conjugation procedure was performed through
      derivatization of nimotuzumab with N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA)
      followed by a covalent attachment with maleimide groups at the end of PEG-DSPE
      chains located at the membrane of pre-formed liposomes. Confocal microscopy was
      performed to evaluate the immunoliposome affinity for EGFR antigens from human
      epidermoid carcinoma (A-431) and normal lung (MRC-5) cell lines. Results showed
      that the procedures implemented in this work do not affect the capability of the
      nimotuzumab-immunoliposomes to recognize the tumor cells, which overexpress the
      EGFR antigens.

PMID- 27367154
TI  - Vorinostat in refractory soft tissue sarcomas - Results of a multi-centre phase
      II trial of the German Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Bone Tumour Working Group (AIO).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: New treatment options for patients with metastatic Soft Tissue
      Sarcoma are urgently needed. Preclinical studies suggested activity of
      vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. METHODS: A multi-centre, open-label,
      non-randomised phase II trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of
      vorinostat in patients with locally advanced or metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma
      failing 1st-line anthracycline-based chemotherapy was initiated. Patients were
      treated with vorinostat 400 mg po qd for 28 d followed by a treatment-free period
      of 7 d, representing a treatment cycle of 5 weeks. Restaging was performed every
      three cycles or at clinical progression. RESULTS: Between 06/10 and 09/13, 40
      Soft Tissue Sarcoma patients were treated with vorinostat at seven participating
      centres. Patients had received 1 (n=8, 20%), 2 (n=10, 25%) or >=3 (n=22, 55%)
      previous lines of chemotherapy. Best response after three cycles of treatment was
      stable disease (n=9, 23%). Median progression-free survival and overall survival
      were 3.2 and 12.3 months, respectively. Six patients showed long-lasting disease
      stabilisation for up to ten cycles. Statistical analyses failed to identify
      baseline predictive markers in this subgroup. Major toxicities (grade >=III)
      included haematological toxicity (n=6, 15%) gastrointestinal disorders (n=5,
      13%), fatigue (n=4, 10%), musculoskeletal pain (n=4, 10%), and pneumonia (n=2,
      5%). CONCLUSION: In a heavily pre-treated patient population, objective response
      to vorinostat was low. However, a small subgroup of patients had long-lasting
      disease stabilisation. Further studies aiming to identify predictive markers for
      treatment response as well as exploration of combination regimens are warranted.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT00918489 (ClinicalTrials.gov) EudraCT-number: 2008-008513
      19.

PMID- 27367155
TI  - Effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in preventing severe gastroenteritis in young
      children according to socioeconomic status.
AB  - In 2011, the monovalent rotavirus vaccine was introduced into a universal
      immunization program in Quebec (Canada). This retrospective cohort study assessed
      vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and
      rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) hospitalizations among children <3 y living in
      the Quebec Eastern Townships region according to socioeconomic status (SES). Data
      were gathered from a tertiary hospital database paired with a regional
      immunization registry. Three cohorts of children were followed: (1) vaccinated
      children born in post-universal vaccination period (2011-2013, n = 5,033), (2)
      unvaccinated children born in post-universal vaccination period (n = 1,239), and
      (3) unvaccinated children born in pre-universal vaccination period (2008-2010, n
      = 6,436). In each cohort, AGE and RVGE hospitalizations were identified during
      equivalent follow-up periods to calculate VE globally and according to
      neighborhood-level SES. Using multivariable logistic regression, adjusted odds
      ratios (OR) were computed to obtain VE (1-OR). Adjusted VE of 2 doses was 62%
      (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37%-77%) and 94% (95%CI: 52%-99%) in preventing
      AGE and RVGE hospitalization, respectively. Stratified analyses according to SES
      showed that children living in neighborhoods with higher rates of low-income
      families had significantly lower VE against AGE hospitalizations compared to
      neighborhoods with lower rates of low-income families (30% vs. 78%, p = 0.027).
      Our results suggest that the rotavirus vaccine is highly effective in preventing
      severe gastroenteritis in young children, particularly among the most well-off.
      SES seems to influence rotavirus VE, even in a high-income country like Canada.
      Further studies are needed to determine factors related to lower rotavirus VE
      among socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.

PMID- 27367156
TI  - Automated bedside dispensing machine may significantly reduce nurses' medication
      administration errors in inpatient settings.

PMID- 27367157
TI  - Biography: Edward William Schlag.

PMID- 27367158
TI  - Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in the Reduction of Carbonyls by Samarium
      Diiodide-Water Complexes.
AB  - Reduction of carbonyls by SmI2 is significantly impacted by the presence of
      water, but the fundamental step(s) of initial transfer of a formal hydrogen atom
      from the SmI2-water reagent system to produce an intermediate radical is not
      fully understood. In this work, we provide evidence consistent with the reduction
      of carbonyls by SmI2-water proceeding through proton-coupled electron transfer
      (PCET). Combined rate and computational studies show that a model aldehyde and
      ketone are likely reduced through an asynchronous PCET, whereas reduction of a
      representative lactone occurs through a concerted PCET. In the latter case,
      concerted PCET is likely a consequence of significantly endergonic initial
      electron transfer.

PMID- 27367159
TI  - Effect of spironolactone on patients with resistant hypertension and obstructive
      sleep apnea.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine whether spironolactone could reduce the severity of
      obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and lower blood pressure in patients with resistant
      hypertension. METHODS: This was a blank-controlled, single-center study. Patients
      with resistant hypertension and moderate-to-severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index >15
      events/h) were enrolled and randomly assigned to the therapy or control group.
      Patients in the therapy group were administered spironolactone 20 mg once daily
      (up to 40 mg once daily for 4 weeks, if required) in addition to original
      antihypertensive medication. Follow-up was 12 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty patients
      were enrolled (n = 15 per group). After 12 weeks of follow-up, apnea-hypopnea
      index (21.8 +/- 15.7 vs. 1.8 +/- 12.8, p < 0.05), hypopnea index (9.8 +/- 11.1
      vs. -2.7 +/- 16.8, p < 0.05), oxygen desaturation index (20.8 +/- 15.0 vs. 0.3 +/
      16.1, p < 0.05), clinical blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure, and plasma
      aldosterone level (9.8 +/- 6.3 vs. 2.9 +/- 6.7, p < 0.05) were reduced
      significantly in the therapy group compared with the control group. No side
      effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Spironolactone reduced the severity of OSA
      and reduced blood pressure in resistant hypertension patients with moderate-to
      severe OSA. These findings may assist in the treatment of OSA in patients with
      resistant hypertension.

PMID- 27367160
TI  - Molecular Pathogenic Basis for GABRG2 Mutations Associated With a Spectrum of
      Epilepsy Syndromes, From Generalized Absence Epilepsy to Dravet Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this review article, we focus on the molecular pathogenic basis for
      genetic generalized epilepsies associated with mutations in the inhibitory gamma
      aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor gamma2 subunit gene, GABRG2 (OMIM 137164), an
      established epilepsy gene. OBSERVATIONS: The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)
      receptor gamma2 subunit gene, GABRG2, is abundantly expressed in the mammalian
      brain, and its encoded gamma2 subunit is assembled into alphabetagamma2
      receptors, which are the major GABAA receptor isoforms in the brain. The gamma2
      subunits have a critical role in GABAA receptor trafficking and clustering at
      synapses. They reside inside the endoplasmic reticulum after synthesis, where
      they oligomerize with other binding partners, such as alpha and beta subunits,
      and further assemble into pentameric receptors. Only correctly assembled
      receptors can traffic beyond the endoplasmic reticulum and reach the cell surface
      and synapses, where they conduct chloride ion current when activated by GABA.
      Mutations in GABRG2 have been associated with simple febrile seizures and with
      genetic epilepsy syndromes, including childhood absence epilepsy, generalized
      epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, and Dravet syndrome or severe myoclonic
      epilepsy in infancy. The mutations include missense, nonsense, and frameshift
      mutations, as well as splice-site and deletion mutations. The mutations have been
      identified in both coding and noncoding sequences like splice sites. In the
      coding sequence, these mutations are found in multiple locations, including the
      extracellular N-terminus, transmembrane domains, and transmembrane 3
      transmembrane 4 intracellular loop. All of these mutations reduced channel
      function but to different extents and by diverse mechanisms, including nonsense
      mediated messenger RNA decay, endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein
      degradation, dominant negative suppression of partnering subunits, mutant subunit
      aggregation causing cell stress and cell death, and gating defects. CONCLUSIONS
      AND RELEVANCE: We conclude that the epilepsy phenotypic heterogeneity associated
      with GABRG2 mutations may be related to the extent of the reduction of GABAA
      receptor channel function and the differential dominant negative suppression, as
      well to toxicity related to the metabolism of mutant subunit proteins resulting
      from each mutant gamma2 subunit, in addition to different genetic backgrounds.

PMID- 27367162
TI  - Fabry Disease Biomarkers: Analysis of Urinary Lyso-Gb3 and Seven Related Analogs
      Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by the absence or
      reduction of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A activity. Currently,
      globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3 ) and globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 ) are used as
      biomarkers to diagnose and monitor Fabry patients. However, recent metabolomic
      studies have shown that several glycosphingolipids are also elevated in
      biological fluids of affected patients and may be related to disease
      manifestations. This unit describes a multiplex methodology targeting the
      analysis of urinary lyso-Gb3 and seven structurally related analogs. A solid
      phase extraction process is performed, then lyso-Gb3 and its analogs are analyzed
      simultaneously with an internal standard by ultra-performance liquid
      chromatography (UPLC) coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) system. This
      methodology can be useful for the diagnosis of Fabry patients, including patients
      with cardiac variant mutations, but also to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic
      interventions, considering that lyso-Gb3 analogs are more elevated than lyso-Gb3
      itself in urine. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367161
TI  - Engineering Large Animal Species to Model Human Diseases.
AB  - Animal models are an important resource for studying human diseases. Genetically
      engineered mice are the most commonly used species and have made significant
      contributions to our understanding of basic biology, disease mechanisms, and drug
      development. However, they often fail to recreate important aspects of human
      diseases and thus can have limited utility as translational research tools.
      Developing disease models in species more similar to humans may provide a better
      setting in which to study disease pathogenesis and test new treatments. This unit
      provides an overview of the history of genetically engineered large animals and
      the techniques that have made their development possible. Factors to consider
      when planning a large animal model, including choice of species, type of
      modification and methodology, characterization, production methods, and
      regulatory compliance, are also covered. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367163
TI  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry Quantitation of Lyso-Gb3 and Six Related Analogs in
      Plasma for Fabry Disease Patients.
AB  - Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder, caused by a deficit in
      alpha-galactosidase A enzyme activity, leading to the storage of sphingolipids
      such as globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3 ), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3 ), and
      galabiosylceramide (Ga2 ) in organs, tissues and biological fluids. A recent
      metabolomic study performed in plasma revealed lyso-Gb3 analogs as novel Fabry
      disease biomarkers. These molecules correspond to lyso-Gb3 with different
      chemical modifications on the sphingosine chain (-C2 H4 , -H2 , +O, +H2 O, +H2
      O2, and +H2 O3 ). An ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass
      spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the multiplex
      analysis of lyso-Gb3 and its 6 analogs in plasma. The samples are prepared by
      solid phase extraction using mixed-mode strong cation exchange (MCX) cartridges.
      An in-house synthesized N-glycinated lyso-Gb3 derivative was used for the
      internal standard. The limits of detection (LODs) measured for lyso-Gb3 and its
      analogs ranged from 0.06 to 0.29 nM. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367164
TI  - Quality Control for the Illumina HumanExome BeadChip.
AB  - The Illumina HumanExome BeadChip and other exome-based genotyping arrays offer
      inexpensive genotyping of some 240,000 mostly nonsynonymous coding variants
      across the human genome. The HumanExome chip, with its highly non-uniform
      distribution of markers and emphasis on rare coding variants, presents some
      unique challenges for quality control (QC) and data cleaning. Here, we describe
      QC procedures for HumanExome data, with examples of challenges specific to exome
      arrays from our experience cleaning a data set of ~7,500 samples from the
      NEIGHBORHOOD Consortium. We focus on standard procedures for QC of genome-wide
      array data including genotype calling, sex verification, sample identity
      verification, relationship checking, and population structure that are
      complicated by the HumanExome panel's enrichment in rare, exonic variation. (c)
      2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367165
TI  - Integrative Analysis of Histone ChIP-seq and RNA-seq Data.
AB  - The R package epigenomix has been designed to detect differentially transcribed
      gene isoforms that, in addition, exhibit altered histone modifications at their
      respective genomic loci. The package provides methods to map histone ChIP-seq
      profiles to isoforms and estimate their transcript abundances from RNA-seq data.
      Based on the differences observed between case and control samples in the RNA-seq
      and ChIP-seq data, a correlation measure is calculated for each isoform. The
      distribution of this correlation measure is further investigated by a Bayesian
      mixture model to (i) reveal the relationship between the studied histone
      modification and transcriptional activity, and (ii) detect specific isoforms with
      differences in both transcription values and histone modifications. The method is
      designed for experiments with a few or no replicates, and is superior to separate
      analyses of both data types in that setting. This unit illustrates the
      integrative analysis of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data with epigenomix. (c) 2016 by
      John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367166
TI  - Efficient Generation of Hypothalamic Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells.
AB  - The hypothalamus comprises neuronal clusters that are essential for body weight
      regulation and other physiological functions. Insights into the complex cellular
      physiology of this region of the brain are critical to understanding the
      pathogenesis of obesity, but human hypothalamic cells are largely inaccessible
      for direct study. Here we describe a technique for generation of arcuate-like
      hypothalamic neurons from human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells. Early activation of
      SHH signaling and inhibition of BMP and TGFbeta signaling, followed by timed
      inhibition of NOTCH, can efficiently differentiate hPS cells into NKX2.1+
      hypothalamic progenitors. Subsequent incubation with BDNF induces the
      differentiation and maturation of pro-opiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y
      neurons, which are major cell types in the arcuate hypothalamus. These neurons
      have molecular and cellular characteristics consistent with arcuate neurons. (c)
      2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367168
TI  - Accelerated Biodegradation of Agriculture Film Based on Aromatic-Aliphatic
      Copolyester in Soil under Mesophilic Conditions.
AB  - A study was conducted on the biodegradation of aromatic-aliphatic copolyester
      based agricultural film in soil at 25  degrees C. The polymer is known to be
      biodegradable under composting conditions although rather recalcitrant under
      mesophilic conditions. The material investigated comprised of the copolyester
      filled with approximately 25% of starch containing biodegradable plasticizers,
      and its behavior was compared to the corresponding material without the filler.
      Mineralization followed by CO2 production merely reached the point of about 6%
      after 100 days of incubation in the pure copolyester film, whereas the value of
      around 53% was recorded for the filled copolyester film, which exceeded the
      readily biodegradable starch filler content in the material by more than 20% and
      could be accounted for biodegradation of the copolyester. It was suggested that
      the accelerated copolyester biodegradation in the starch-filled material was most
      likely explained by the increase in the active surface area of the material
      available for the microbial attack after biodegradation of the filler. The
      results were supported by changes in molecular weight distributions of the
      copolyester and observations made by several microscopic techniques. These
      findings encourage further development of biodegradable agricultural films based
      on this material. 

PMID- 27367167
TI  - Sequence Variant Descriptions: HGVS Nomenclature and Mutalyzer.
AB  - Consistent and unambiguous description of sequence variants is essential to
      report and exchange information on the analysis of a genome, in particular in DNA
      diagnostics. The HGVS nomenclature-recommendations for the description of
      sequence variants as originally proposed by the Human Genome Variation Society
      has gradually been accepted as the international standard for variant
      description. In this unit, we describe the current recommendations (HGVS version
      15.11) regarding how to describe variants at the DNA, RNA, and protein level. We
      explain the rationale and give example descriptions for all variant types:
      substitution, deletion, duplication, insertion, inversion, conversion, and
      complex, as well as special types occurring only on the RNA (splicing) or protein
      level (nonsense, frame shift, extension). Finally, we point users to available
      support tools and give examples for the use of the freely available Mutalyzer
      suite. An extensive version of the HGVS recommendations is available online at
      http://varnomen.hgvs.org/. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367169
TI  - Unexpected formation of pi-expanded isoquinoline from anthracene possessing four
      electron-donating groups via the Duff reaction.
AB  - New synthetic methods leading towards pi-expanded heterocycles are sought after
      mainly due to their promising opto-electronic properties. Subjecting 1,5,9,10
      tetramethoxyanthracene to the modern Duff reaction conditions led to the
      formation of a compound possessing the 2-azabenzoanthrone
      (dibenzo[de,h]isoquinolin-7-on) skeleton instead of the expected dialdehyde. This
      non-typical course of reaction can be rationalized by the double electrophilic
      aromatic substitution at two neighboring electron-rich positions of anthracene
      followed by oxidation of the resulting intermediate to form a pyridine ring.
      Optical studies supported by the quantum chemistry calculations indicated the
      lack of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT); for energy reasons,
      only one tautomeric form, with a hydrogen atom bonded to one of the two nearby
      oxygen atoms, was populated in the electronic ground S0 and in the excited S1
      states. Nonradiative depopulation of the S1 state proceeded via internal
      conversion stimulated by the presence of the low frequency vibrational modes. Our
      serendipitous discovery represents the most complex case of rearrangement of
      aromatic compounds under Duff reaction conditions and could help to design
      analogous processes. At the same time this is the simplest method for the
      synthesis of derivatives of 2-azabenzoanthrone. 

PMID- 27367170
TI  - Assessment of Accuracy of Patient-Initiated Differential Diagnosis Generation by
      Google Reverse Image Searching.

PMID- 27367171
TI  - Isolated Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction: A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing.

PMID- 27367172
TI  - Organic Bioelectronics: Bridging the Signaling Gap between Biology and
      Technology.
AB  - The electronics surrounding us in our daily lives rely almost exclusively on
      electrons as the dominant charge carrier. In stark contrast, biological systems
      rarely use electrons but rather use ions and molecules of varying size. Due to
      the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in
      conducting and semiconducting organic polymers and small molecules, these
      materials have emerged in recent decades as excellent tools for translating
      signals between these two realms and, therefore, providing a means to effectively
      interface biology with conventional electronics-thus, the field of organic
      bioelectronics. Today, organic bioelectronics defines a generic platform with
      unprecedented biological recording and regulation tools and is maturing toward
      applications ranging from life sciences to the clinic. In this Review, we
      introduce the field, from its early breakthroughs to its current results and
      future challenges.

PMID- 27367173
TI  - Preservation of cognitive and musical abilities of a musician following surgery
      for chronic drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy: a case report.
AB  - Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) affects a range of cognitive functions and
      musical abilities. We report a 16-year-old boy diagnosed with drug-resistant
      right-medial TLE. He is a professional musician, trained in Carnatic classical
      music. Clinical, electrophysiological, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and
      positron emission tomography evaluation localized the seizure focus to the right
      medial temporal lobe. Patient underwent detailed neuropsychological evaluation
      and functional MRI (fMRI) for musical abilities prior to surgery. He underwent an
      awake craniotomy and tailored resection of lateral neocortex as well as
      amygdalohippocampectomy under guidance of cortical stimulation and clinical
      monitoring. The superior temporal gyrus where activation was revealed on task
      based fMRI was preserved. At 16-month follow-up, there was no seizure recurrence
      and his cognitive functions including musical abilities did not deteriorate with
      surgery. The task-based fMRI while listening to music revealed bilateral
      frontotemporal activation. There was evidence of increased left frontotemporal
      connectivity during the postsurgical period in the resting state fMRI. It is
      hypothesized that the intact neuropsychological and musical abilities might be as
      a result of intense musical training from an early age despite the illness
      leading to functional and neural adaptation of the brain might have contributed
      to his preserved cognitive functions and musical skills. Intense musical training
      at a young age perhaps not only honed a range of cognitive functions but also
      resulted in functionally more efficient cognitive networks despite the surgical
      resection.

PMID- 27367174
TI  - Ultraviolet Photochemistry of Co(III)L(H2O)SO3(+) [L = Me6[14]dieneN4,[14]andN4]
      Complexes. Quandaries about the Linkage Isomerization to O-Bonded Sulfite and the
      Photogeneration of Cobalt(I) in Sequential Biophotonic Photolysis.

PMID- 27367175
TI  - Effect of resin charged functional group, porosity, and chemical matrix on the
      long-term pharmaceutical removal mechanism by conventional ion exchange resins.
AB  - This study attempted to clarify the long-term pharmaceutical removal mechanism
      from sewage treatment plant effluent during the cyclical adsorption-regeneration
      operation of 5 commercial resin-based fixed-bed reactors with the simultaneous
      occurrence of electrostatic interactions and complex non-electrostatic
      interactions. It examined 12 pharmaceuticals belonging to 10 therapeutic classes
      with different predominant existing forms and hydrophobicities. Furthermore, the
      effect of the resin charged functional group (strong-base vs. strong-acid vs. non
      ionic), porosity (macroporous vs. gel), and chemical matrix (polystyrenic vs.
      polyacrylic) on the mechanism was investigated to optimize resin properties and
      achieve higher pharmaceutical removal. The results reported herein indicate the
      importance of non-electrostatic interactions between pharmaceuticals and the
      resin backbone during short-term cyclical operation (i.e., the 1st adsorption
      regeneration cycle). With the development of cyclical operation, however, non
      electrostatic interaction-induced pharmaceutical removal generally decreased and
      even disappeared when equilibrium was achieved between the influent and the
      resin. Despite pharmaceutical therapeutic class or hydrophilicity, anion (or
      cation) exchange resin preferentially removed those pharmaceuticals that were
      predominantly present as organic anions (or cations) by ion exchange process
      during long-term cyclical operation (i.e., >=6 adsorption-regeneration cycles).
      Besides pharmaceuticals predominantly present as undissociated molecules, some
      amphoteric pharmaceuticals containing large amounts of zwitterions were also
      difficult to remove by ion exchange resin. Additionally, neither resin porosity
      nor chemical matrix had any significant effect on the long-term pharmaceutical
      removal mechanism. 

PMID- 27367176
TI  - Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine compounds in duplicate diet
      samples from a Portuguese academic community.
AB  - Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polybrominated
      diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs), polychlorinated
      biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB),
      chlordane compounds (CHLs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its
      metabolites (DDTs), were measured in duplicate diet samples from 21 volunteers at
      a Portuguese academic community (University of Aveiro). Overall, the levels of
      the target compounds were low, with detection frequencies varying widely
      depending on the compounds and with brominated flame retardants (BFRs)
      registering the lowest detection frequencies. Among PCB congeners, nondioxin-like
      PCBs were predominant and detected in the majority of the samples. Organochlorine
      pesticides were also detected in the majority of the samples, with 100% detection
      for DDTs and HCHs. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated using lower and
      upper bound estimations, and in both cases values were far below the currently
      established tolerable daily intakes for PCBs and OCs and the reference doses for
      PBDEs and HBCDDs. 

PMID- 27367177
TI  - Caffeine impacts in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum: Alterations on energy
      reserves, metabolic activity and oxidative stress biomarkers.
AB  - Caffeine is known to be one of the most consumed psychoactive drugs. For this
      reason, caffeine is continuously released into the environment with potential
      impacts on inhabiting organisms. The current study evaluated the biochemical
      alterations induced in the clam species Ruditapes philippinarum after exposure
      for 28 days to caffeine (0.5, 3.0 and 18.0 MUg/L). The results obtained showed
      that, with the increasing caffeine concentrations, an increase in clams defense
      mechanisms (such as antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes activity) was
      induced which was accompanied by an increase in protein content. Nevertheless,
      although an increase on defense mechanisms was observed, clams were not able to
      prevent cells from lipid peroxidation that increased with the increase of
      caffeine concentration. Furthermore, with the increase of exposure
      concentrations, clams increased their metabolic activity (measured by electron
      transport activity), reducing their energy reserves (glycogen content), to fight
      against oxidative stress. Overall, the present study demonstrated that caffeine
      may impact bivalves, even at environmentally relevant concentrations, inducing
      oxidative stress in organisms. The present study is an important contribution to
      address knowledge gaps regarding the impacts of long-term exposures to
      pharmaceuticals since most of the studies assessed the effects after acute
      exposures, most of them up to 96 h. 

PMID- 27367178
TI  - Investigation of spatial distributions and sources of persistent organic
      pollutants (POPs) in a heavily polluted industrial region using tree components.
AB  - Spatial distributions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were investigated
      in Iskenderun industrial region in Turkey. POP concentrations were measured in
      different tree components (i.e., pine needle, branch, bark, and stem) collected
      at several industrial and background sites (n = 27). Also, air, litter, and soil
      samples were analyzed to determine the relationship of atmospheric pollutants
      with tree components, litter, and soil. Spatial variation of measured
      concentrations and factor analysis showed that the iron-steel plants are the most
      important POP sources in Iskenderun area. Correlations of ambient air levels to
      those measured in soil, litter, and tree components were significant showing that
      POPs are exchanged between atmosphere and these compartments. Results have
      suggested that tree components, litter and soil could be used to determine the
      spatial distributions and sources of atmospheric POPs in a region. POP quantities
      (mg/ha) accumulated in different tree components, litter, and soil were also
      predicted. Generally, the highest quantities were accumulated by stem and
      needles. In terms of overall inventory, including trees, litter and soil, the
      highest accumulated quantities were found in soil followed by trees and litter,
      indicating that in addition to soil, vegetation is a notable reservoir
      accumulating POPs. Ambient air POP concentrations were also estimated using a
      bark/air partitioning model. The estimated/measured ratios were close to 1.0 for
      several compounds and the results showed that the atmospheric POP concentrations
      could be estimated from the bark measurements within factors of 0.23-3.07, 1.02
      6.67, 0.63-7.44, 1.07-3.37 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated
      biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers,
      respectively. 

PMID- 27367179
TI  - An integral equation and simulation study of hydrogen inclusions in a molecular
      crystal of short-capped nanotubes.
AB  - In this work we have assessed the ability of a recently proposed three
      dimensional integral equation approach to describe the explicit spatial
      distribution of molecular hydrogen confined in a crystal formed by short-capped
      nanotubes of C50 H10. To that aim we have resorted to extensive molecular
      simulation calculations whose results have been compared with our three
      dimensional integral equation approximation. We have first tested the ability of
      a single C50 H10 nanocage for the encapsulation of H2 by means of molecular
      dynamics simulations, in particular using targeted molecular dynamics to estimate
      the binding Gibbs energy of a host hydrogen molecule inside the nanocage. Then,
      we have investigated the adsorption isotherm of the nanocage crystal using grand
      canonical Monte Carlo simulations in order to evaluate the maximum load of
      molecular hydrogen. For a packing close to the maximum load explicit hydrogen
      density maps and density profiles have been determined using molecular dynamics
      simulations and the three-dimensional Ornstein-Zernike equation with a
      hypernetted chain closure. In these conditions of extremely tight confinement the
      theoretical approach has shown to be able to reproduce the three-dimensional
      structure of the adsorbed fluid with accuracy down to the finest details.

PMID- 27367180
TI  - What We Don't Talk About When We Talk About Preventing Type 2 Diabetes-Addressing
      Socioeconomic Disadvantage.

PMID- 27367181
TI  - Metal-Free Synthesis of Fully Substituted Pyridines via Ring Construction Based
      on the Domino Reactions of Enaminones and Aldehydes.
AB  - An unprecedented domino reaction involving primary enaminones/enaminoesters and
      aldehydes has been developed for the synthesis of fully substituted pyridines.
      The construction of the products has been accomplished via the cascade generation
      of two C-C and one C-N bond by simply using TfOH as a promoter.

PMID- 27367182
TI  - A conversation with Laurie Glimcher.

PMID- 27367183
TI  - Current concepts of severe asthma.
AB  - The term asthma encompasses a disease spectrum with mild to very severe disease
      phenotypes whose traditional common characteristic is reversible airflow
      limitation. Unlike milder disease, severe asthma is poorly controlled by the
      current standard of care. Ongoing studies using advanced molecular and
      immunological tools along with improved clinical classification show that severe
      asthma does not identify a specific patient phenotype, but rather includes
      patients with constant medical needs, whose pathobiologic and clinical
      characteristics vary widely. Accordingly, in recent clinical trials, therapies
      guided by specific patient characteristics have had better outcomes than previous
      therapies directed to any subject with a diagnosis of severe asthma. However,
      there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the full scope of this
      disease that hinder the development of effective treatments for all severe
      asthmatics. In this Review, we discuss our current state of knowledge regarding
      severe asthma, highlighting different molecular and immunological pathways that
      can be targeted for future therapeutic development.

PMID- 27367185
TI  - Evaluation of direct-to-consumer low-volume lab tests in healthy adults.

PMID- 27367186
TI  - Pancreatic cancer-associated retinoblastoma 1 dysfunction enables TGF-beta to
      promote proliferation.

PMID- 27367184
TI  - The host STING pathway at the interface of cancer and immunity.
AB  - A major subset of human cancers shows evidence for spontaneous adaptive immunity,
      which is reflected by the presence of infiltrating CD8+ T cells specific for
      tumor antigens within the tumor microenvironment. This observation has raised the
      question of which innate immune sensing pathway might detect the presence of
      cancer and lead to a natural adaptive antitumor immune response in the absence of
      exogenous infectious pathogens. Evidence for a critical functional role for type
      I IFNs led to interrogation of candidate innate immune sensing pathways that
      might be triggered by tumor presence and induce type I IFN production. Such
      analyses have revealed a major role for the stimulator of IFN genes pathway
      (STING pathway), which senses cytosolic tumor-derived DNA within the cytosol of
      tumor-infiltrating DCs. Activation of this pathway is correlated with IFN-beta
      production and induction of antitumor T cells. Based on the biology of this
      natural immune response, pharmacologic agonists of the STING pathway are being
      developed to augment and optimize STING activation as a cancer therapy.
      Intratumoral administration of STING agonists results in remarkable therapeutic
      activity in mouse models, and STING agonists are being carried forward into phase
      I clinical testing.

PMID- 27367187
TI  - Exploring Factors Influencing Smokers' Information Seeking for Smoking Cessation.
AB  - This study addressed the factors influencing smokers' information seeking
      pertaining to the health risks of smoking. In particular, this study aimed to
      extend the risk information seeking and processing model by taking into account
      the role of autonomous motivations used to stimulate smokers' information-seeking
      behavior. The results of a Web-based survey indicated that information
      insufficiency was positively associated with health information-seeking behavior
      and that negative affective responses were positively associated with information
      insufficiency and health information-seeking behavior. In addition, autonomous
      motivations were positively associated with information insufficiency and
      information-seeking behavior. The results indicated that risk perception was
      positively related to autonomous motivations and negative affective response.
      Finally, informational subjective norm was positively related to autonomous
      motivations and negative affective responses. The implications of this study for
      future research are discussed.

PMID- 27367188
TI  - Small endogenous molecules as moiety to improve targeting of CNS drugs.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A major challenge in the development of novel neuro-therapeutic
      agents is to effectively overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which acts as a
      'working dynamic barrier'. The core problem in the treatment of neurodegenerative
      diseases is failed delivery of potential medicines due to their inadequate
      permeation rate. Areas covered: The present review gives a summary of endogenous
      moieties used in synthesizing prodrugs, derivatives and bioisosteric drugs
      appositely designed to structurally resemble physiological molecular entities
      able to be passively absorbed or carried by specific carrier proteins expressed
      at BBB level. In particular, this overview focuses on aminoacidic, glycosyl,
      purinergic, ureic and acidic fragments derivatives, most of which can take
      advantage from BBB carrier-mediated transporters, where passive diffusion is not
      permitted. Expert opinion: In the authors' perspective, further progress in this
      field could expedite successful translation of new chemical entities into
      clinical trials. Careful rationalization of the linkage between endogenous
      molecular structures and putative transporters binding sites could allow to
      useful work-flows and libraries for synthesizing new BBB-crossing therapeutic
      substances and/or multifunctional drugs for treatments of central disorders.

PMID- 27367189
TI  - Akt-dependent and Akt-independent pathways are involved in protein synthesis
      activation during reloading of disused soleus muscle.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of our study was to assess the contribution of insulin
      growth factor-1-dependent and phosphatidic acid-dependent signaling pathways to
      activation of protein synthesis (PS) in rat soleus muscle during early recovery
      from unloading. METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into: Control, 14HS [14-day
      hindlimb suspension (HS)], 3R+placebo (3-day reloading + saline administration),
      3R+Wort (3-day reloading + wortmannin administration), 3R+But (3-day reloading +
      1-butanol administration). SUnSET and Western blot analyses were used in this
      study. RESULTS: Wortmannin and 1-butanol induced a decrease in protein kinase B
      (phospho-Akt) and the rate of PS (P < 0.05) versus Control. In 3R+placebo and
      3R+Wort, phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (phospho-GSK-3beta)
      was increased versus Control (P < 0.05). Wortmannin administration during
      reloading did not alter phospho-p70S6K (70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase)
      versus 3R+placebo. In 3R+But, there was a decline in phospho-GSK-3beta versus
      3R+placebo and Control. In 3R+But, there was a decrease in phopho-p70S6K (P <
      0.05) versus 3R+placebo. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PS activation
      during 3-day reloading following 14HS involves both Akt-dependent and Akt
      independent pathways. Muscle Nerve 55: 393-399, 2017.

PMID- 27367191
TI  - [The impact of octacalcium phosphate on the dynamics of bone matrix formation in
      experimental bone defects].
AB  - The aim of the study was to assess the interaction of of octacalcium phosphate
      (OCP) with bone matrix and cells and its impact on the process of bone
      generation. The survey was conducted on animal model: critical hipbone defect was
      created in 12 230-250 g Wister rats. The animals were then divided in two groups.
      In group 1 (6 animals) defect was left to heal under blood clot and in group 2 (6
      animals) it was filled with OCP. Three animals with no defect served as a control
      group. It was showed significant (p<0.05) increase of the area of the newly
      formed bone tissue and its direct correlation with duration of observation. 

PMID- 27367190
TI  - Pathway analysis of expression-related SNPs on genome-wide association study of
      basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have primarily focused on the association
      between individual genetic markers and risk of disease. We applied a novel
      approach that integrates skin expression-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms
      (eSNPs) and pathway analysis for GWAS of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) to identify
      potential novel biological pathways. We evaluated the associations between 70,932
      skin eSNPs and risk of BCC among 2,323 cases and 7,275 controls of European
      ancestry, and then assigned them to the pathways defined by KEGG, GO, and
      BioCarta databases. Three KEGG pathways (colorectal cancer, actin cytoskeleton,
      and BCC), two GO pathways (cellular component disassembly in apoptosis, and
      nucleus organization), and four BioCarta pathways (Ras signaling, T cell receptor
      signaling, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and links between Pyk2 and
      Map Kinases) showed significant association with BCC risk with p-value<0.05 and
      FDR<0.2. These pathways also ranked at top in sensitivity analyses. Two positive
      controls in KEGG, the hedgehog pathway and the BCC pathway, showed significant
      association with BCC risk in both main and sensitivity analyses. Our results
      indicate that SNPs that are undetectable by conventional GWASs are significantly
      associated with BCC when tested as pathways. Biological studies of these gene
      groups suggest their potential roles in the etiology of BCC.

PMID- 27367192
TI  - [Gender-related marker pathogens of periodontal disease in chronic
      periodontitis].
AB  - By using qPCR system, women as well as men were found to have an equal
      periodontal pathogen colonization. However, the women are subjected to have a
      higher risk of chronic periodontitis onsets. Women with the chronic periodontitis
      usually expose an evident hypercolonization with a single pathogen. P. gingivalis
      is the most prevalent causative agent of the chronic periodontitis in women but
      not in men. In health as well as in the chronic periodontitis a complex of
      periodontal pathogens forms such as P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythensis
      and T. denticola. T. forsythensis demonstrates the highest correlation with the
      chronic periodontitis onset in men. Our data allow us to prove T. forsythensis
      playing the key role in the forming of periodontal pathogen complex. 

PMID- 27367193
TI  - [Analysis of the efficacy and safety of electric toothbrushes Oral-B with
      oscillating-rotating technology in "Healthy smile" program].
AB  - The aim of study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of individual oral
      hygiene in adult patients by regular use of electric toothbrushes with the
      oscillating-rotating technology basing on data obtained during the implementation
      of "Healthy Smile" program. Questionnaires of 7022 dentists in Russia and Ukraine
      were used to assess personal experience of using Oral-B PC 5000 toothbrush. The
      dental status dynamics after regular use of Oral-B PC 500 tooth brush was
      evaluatedin 21 088 patients within 12 weeks. It was found out that the use of
      electric toothbrushes with the oscillating-rotating technology for individual
      oral hygiene provided a significant improvement of oral hygiene in 93.5+/-0.17%,
      reducing plaque in 92.5+/-0.18% of patients, improving gingival condition in
      87.1+/-0.23% of participants of the Program. The effectiveness of the implemented
      algorithm of clinical testing and practical application of innovative, high-tech
      personal oral hygiene tools is proved. 

PMID- 27367194
TI  - [The state of brachiocephalic artery endothelium in individuals with inflammatory
      periodontal disease and different cardiovascular risks].
AB  - The study included 35 patients (19 men and 16 women, aged 35 to 65 years) with
      chronic generalized severe periodontitis and atherosclerosis of the
      brachiocephalic artery (BCA). The changes of the BCA tone were evaluated by
      ultrasonic duplex scanning before and after transient limb ischemia created by
      endothelium-dependent vasodilation at baseline and at different laps after the
      anti-inflammatory and surgical treatment. The size of atherosclerotic plaques
      before and after the treatment was measured. In the early stages of treatment
      there were no changes of the tone of the brachial artery. The long-term results
      after conservative treatment also showed no changes but 6 months after surgical
      treatment in all patients the study showed the improved of the brachial artery
      tone on average 3-4% and a slight tendency to decrease of the atherosclerotic
      plaque. 

PMID- 27367195
TI  - [Sensitivity of microbial associations of periodontal lesions to antibacterial
      agents].
AB  - The aim of the study was the development of approaches to improve the
      effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in dental practice on the basis of
      determining the sensitivity of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics of
      different groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included determination of the
      sensitivity of the microbial complexes from wound exudate of periodontal pocket
      and apical abscess to macrolides, quinolones, penicillins, lincosamides and 5
      nitroimidazole. A survey of dentists and dental clinics patients to identify the
      cause and frequency of use of antibiotics and to identify possible adverse
      reactions was also conducted. RESULTS: Dentists prefer macrolide antibiotics,
      protected penicillins, and fluoroquinolone combined with 5-nitroimidazole. All
      patients have taken antibiotics themselves at least once a year. Microbial
      complexes in patients with acute and exacerbated apical periodontitis in 79% of
      cases are susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, to azithromycin - 52%,
      lincomycin - 36%, 5-nitroimidazole - 68%, ciprofloxacin - 73.7%. In patients with
      apical abscess high rates of resistance of microbial complexes to all types of
      antibiotics was revealed (33% for lincomycin 76,1% for ciprofloxacin, 28,6% for 5
      nitroimidazole). Patients with moderate to severe periodontitis in 90.5% are
      sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and azithromycin, in 62.4% to
      lincomycin. Sensitivity to ciprofloxacin was detected in 85.7% of patients, in
      14.3% - moderate resistance.

PMID- 27367196
TI  - [The use of Foley catheter in reconstructive procedures involving the middle
      third of the facial skeleton].
AB  - The aim of this study was to improve the efficiency of surgical treatment of
      patients with fractures involving zygomatico-orbital complex and maxillary sinus
      through the use of Foley catheter. 352 patients with fractures of the middle
      third of the facial skeleton were treated at the Departments of Oral &
      Maxillofacial Surgery in Novokuznetsk Institute and I.M. Sechenov First MSMU. All
      patients underwent open reduction and osteosynthesis using extramedullary
      titanium mini-plates and NiTi mini-clamps. In the cases with large bone defects
      additional reconstructive techniques were used such as replantation of bone
      fragments and endoprosthesis with NiTi implants. For the purpose of drainage and
      retention Foley catheter was placed in the cavity of the maxillary sinus after
      the surgical procedure. We obtained good and satisfactory results in the majority
      of clinical cases. The use of Foley catheter was found to be very effective for
      the post-operative drainage and hemostasis of the maxillary sinus and in cases
      involving the use of fixation implant in the reconstructive surgeries in the
      middle third of the face. 

PMID- 27367197
TI  - [Integrated approach to nasal defects reconstruction].
AB  - The aim of the study was to define and solve main problems in nasal defects
      reconstruction procedures planning. Fifty-two patients with nasal defects treated
      in Central Research Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2010-2015
      were included in the study. In 28 cases the defects were reconstructed by means
      of paramedial forehead flap. The authors highlight typical procedure pitfalls
      mainly associated with the planning stage. The study results prove paramedical
      forehead flap to be the most useful tool for subtotal and total nasal defects
      reconstruction but meticulous procedure planning is a must for success. 

PMID- 27367198
TI  - [The method of quantitative assessment of dentition aesthetic parameters].
AB  - This article describes the formula for calculating the aesthetic index of
      treatment outcome. The formula was derived on the basis of the obtained
      regression equations showing the dependence of visual assessment of the value of
      aesthetic violations. The formula can be used for objective quantitative
      evaluation of the aesthetics of the teeth when smiling before and after dental
      treatment. 

PMID- 27367199
TI  - [Treatment of distal occlusion in children].
AB  - The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of distal occlusion in
      children of Karaganda region and improvement of orthodonontic appliances
      treatment methods. Complex dental examination of 1500 children of rural districts
      of the Karaganda region was carried out. Dental examination showed that 88% of
      children had dental and facial anomalies. Distal occlusion occured in 42% of
      children. There is a high prevalence of distal occlusion in pediatric population
      of Karaganda region rural districts. The use of original orthodontic appliance
      allowed reducing treatment time by SD=0.5 months and meet the aesthetic
      requirements of the patients. 

PMID- 27367200
TI  - [Oral health status in children with intellectual disability living in organized
      groups].
AB  - The aim of the study was to assess oral health status in in children with
      intellectual disability (ID) living in Moscow Orphanage No15. The study involved
      91 children aged 12 (39 children) and 15 (52 children). Caries incidence and DMFT
      index, periodontal disease incidence, OHI-S and PMA index, malocclusions
      incidence were assessed at baseline examination. Caries incidence in 12 and 15
      y.o. was moderate (53.85% and 56.0%, correspondingly), as well as DMFT (2.77+/
      0.52 i 2.94+/-0.53 correspondingly). In 2 children with rumination syndrome all
      teeth were affected by caries and these children received dental treatment under
      general anesthesia 7 times during last 60 months. Periodontal disease incidence
      in 12 and 15 y.o. was 89.74% i 86.58%, correspondingly with very high OHI-S
      indicating unsatisfactory oral hygiene. Malocclusions incidence was 95% and 98%,
      correspondingly. Thus the main oral problem in children with ID is periodontal
      disease and poor oral hygiene. Differentiated oral hygiene education approach
      according to children's physical and intellectual abilities should be considered.
      Children with rumination syndrome should be addressed by neurologist prior to
      dental treatment which needs more radical approach. 

PMID- 27367201
TI  - [Technical features of intraligamental intraseptal anesthesia].
AB  - Based on personal clinical experience the authors provide clinical guidelines for
      periodontal anesthesia. The by-step protocol for intraligamentary and intraseptal
      anesthesia is presented. The basic mistakes in technique and possible
      complications are described. Recommendations for a local anesthetic choice and
      dosage for different groups of teeth are given.

PMID- 27367202
TI  - Are Four Simple Questions Able to Predict Weight Loss in Outpatients With
      Metastatic Cancer? A Prospective Cohort Study Assessing the Simplified
      Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Severe weight loss is directly responsible for up to one-fifth of all
      cancer deaths and has a major impact on quality of life. The simplified
      nutritional appetite questionnaire (SNAQ) was validated to predict weight loss
      within 6 mo in community-dwelling adults and nursing home residents. METHODS: We
      prospectively assessed the SNAQ in 133 palliative cancer outpatients. The SNAQ
      predictions were validated after 3 and 6 mo with the observed weight change. In
      addition, the treating oncologists gave their predictions concerning future
      weight loss according to their clinical judgment. RESULTS: A significant weight
      loss of 5% of the original body weight within 6 mo occurred in 20 (24%) of the
      133 patients. The SNAQ predicted weight loss with a sensitivity of 0.38 and a
      specificity of 0.66 (P-value 0.81). The treating oncologists predicted weight
      loss with a sensitivity of 0.67 and a specificity of 0.7 (P-value 0.002).
      CONCLUSION: The SNAQ does not represent a useful tool to predict impending weight
      loss in palliative cancer outpatients. The predictions of the treating
      oncologists were more reliable than those from the SNAQ, but remain poor. Better
      methods to predict weight loss in this patient group are therefore required.

PMID- 27367203
TI  - A close insight to factor VIII inhibitor in the congenital hemophilia A.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hemophilia A (HA) has an X-linked pattern of inheritance and is the
      most common of the hemorrhagic disorders. HA is caused by a decreased or
      deficiency of the functional clotting factor VIII (FVIII) and effects 1 in 5000
      10,000 male births. The common treatment for hemophilia is replacement therapy by
      plasma-derived or recombinant FVIII. Approximately 20-30% of people with a severe
      type of HA develop an inhibitor and this phenomenon is the main challenge in the
      management of these patients. Genetic factors and environmental determinants
      contribute to inhibitor development. Here, the roles of various genetic and
      environmental factors such as the type of FVIII concentrate used, the number of
      exposure days, and peak treatment time will be discussed in detail. It seems this
      information is helpful for hematologists. AREAS COVERED: A literature review was
      done in January 2016 on PubMed and Scopus using the following keywords:'
      h(a)emophilia A & factor VIII inhibitor', 'h(a)emophilia A & factor VIII
      alloantibody', 'h(a)emophilia A & inhibitor'. There was no time limitation;
      however, there was an English language limitation placed on the articles
      selected. Expert commentary: Influential genetic and environmental factors in
      developing inhibitors have been discussed. Most of the risk factors are related
      to previously untreated patients with hemophili.

PMID- 27367204
TI  - The Varus Osteoarthritic Knee Has No Coronal Contractures in 90 Degrees of
      Flexion.
AB  - Medial and lateral coronal soft tissue laxity in 90 degrees of flexion in the
      varus osteoarthritic (OA) knee at the time of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is
      unknown, meaning, key information as to how the flexion gap should be addressed
      by surgery is not available. The purpose of this study was to define the coronal
      plane medial and lateral laxity in 90 degrees of flexion in the end-stage OA
      knee. Computer assisted surgery (CAS) displays and direct joint observations were
      used to manipulate the knee to its neutral position in 90 degrees of flexion
      prior to any surgical releases. Laxity was measured as medial and lateral
      displacement from the neutral axis of the knee and compared with literature
      values for healthy subjects. The 72 knees examined had a mean varus deformity,
      measured in maximum extension, of -7.9 +/- 3.1 degrees (-0.5 to -15 degrees). At
      90 degrees of flexion, mean medial and lateral laxity as measured by displacement
      from the neutral axis of the knee was 3.8 +/- 1.4 degrees and 4.7 +/- 2 degrees
      respectively. This medial laxity was significantly greater -1.7 degrees (95% CI, 
      3.1 to -0.3 degrees) than that seen in healthy knees (p < 0.0001) whereas the
      measured lateral laxity displayed a nonsignificant difference compared with
      healthy knees. The mean difference in medial-lateral laxity was 1.5 +/- 1.1
      degrees. A medial-lateral difference of <=2.5 degrees was present in 91.6% of
      knees. We found no evidence of contractures in the coronal plane tissue of the
      end-stage OA knee at the time of TKA. Absolute medial-lateral balance is not
      typical of the end-stage OA knee in 90 degrees of flexion with a small medial
      lateral difference typically present. Careful examination of the soft tissues in
      flexion at the commencement of TKA may help guide surgery to optimize the coronal
      plane soft tissue envelope. Our findings would suggest that large releases during
      either a gap-balanced or a measured-resection TKA would not typically be
      necessary, and that releases that increase laxity in flexion may increase often
      already lax medial tissue or increase laxity within lateral tissues that
      typically already have physiological tension.

PMID- 27367205
TI  - Infections after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Which Antibiotic
      after Arthroscopic Debridement?
AB  - Arthroscopic debridement has proven to be the optimal surgical treatment for
      infections of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Nevertheless,
      there are no reported data for the best antibiotic treatment option and its
      duration. The purpose of this article is to assess the usefulness of oral
      levofloxacin and rifampicin for the treatment of acute infections of an ACLR.
      This is a retrospective observational cohort study of patients operated on for
      ACLR over 4 years. A diagnosis of septic arthritis was based on patients'
      anamnesis and physical examination, laboratory parameters, and cultures of
      synovial fluid and/or joint tissue. Arthroscopic lavage was performed as soon as
      possible and tissue samples were taken. At a minimum 2-year follow-up, the
      infection was considered cured with a normal C-reactive protein (CRP) level and a
      correctly functioning and pain-free knee. Of the 810 patients, 15 (1.8%) were
      diagnosed as having an infection. Among the 13 staphylococcal cases (86.6%), 10
      were susceptible to both quinolones and rifampicin (76.9% of the staphylococcal
      infections). There were two staphylococci that were rifampicin resistant. In the
      remaining one case, the coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) was resistant to
      quinolones. One CNS infection was treated with linezolid and rifampicin and was
      the only case that needed graft removal due to treatment failure. Antibiotic
      treatment lasted an average of 6 weeks and oral treatment started at a mean of 5
      days (range, 4-7). In the remaining 12 patients, CRP levels returned to normal at
      a mean of 3 weeks with good knee function and no local symptoms. Staphylococci
      (especially CNS) are responsible for almost 90% of acute ACLR infections in the
      current series. For the first time, the combination of levofloxacin and
      rifampicin is being proposed as a treatment in cases of an acute staphylococcal
      infection of an ACLR. An early switch to oral antibiotic treatment (as soon as
      the cultures are available) with both levofloxacin and rifampicin for a total
      (empiric and directed) period of 6 weeks should be considered as treatment of
      choice in acute staphylococcal infections of the ACLR with a retained graft. The
      level of evidence is IV (case series).

PMID- 27367206
TI  - Intraobserver and Interobserver Agreement of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for
      Reparability of Peripheral Meniscal Tears: What Criteria Really Matter?
AB  - The objective of the study was the determination of the intra- and interobserver
      agreement of three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria for reparability: a
      peripheral rim smaller than 4 mm, a tear longer than 10 mm, and homogenous aspect
      of meniscal tissue. In two rounds with an interval of at least 6 weeks, three
      orthopedic surgeons and three musculoskeletal radiologists studied the
      preoperative MRI scans of 63 patients with a longitudinal full-thickness medial
      or lateral meniscal tear. All patients had an arthroscopic meniscal repair. The
      blinded images were evaluated measuring the tear length and rim width and
      meniscal aspect was classified. Agreement was calculated using the linear
      weighted kappa coefficient (kappa) and the intraclass correlation coefficient
      (ICC). Examiner agreement strength was defined according to the guidelines of
      Landis and Koch. Intraobserver agreement was poor to good (kappa, 0.12-0.72) for
      the classification of the meniscal aspect and decreased in lateral meniscal
      tears. The interobserver agreement for meniscal aspect was mainly poor to fair
      (kappa, 0.09-0.53). The intraobserver reliability for measurement of the length
      of the meniscal tear was moderate to excellent (ICC, 0.51-0.80) for all observers
      in both rounds and moderate to good (ICC, 0.59-0.73) for measurement of the
      peripheral rim width. The interobserver agreement on tear length and rim width
      was moderate in both rounds (ICC, 0.58 and 0.50 in round 1; 0.50 and 0.50 in
      round 2, respectively). Tear length and rim width are the only two measurements
      with moderate to good agreement. However, these measurements do not predict
      reparability of longitudinal meniscal tears on MRI images.

PMID- 27367208
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27367207
TI  - Prognostic significance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 and
      5b expression in Epstein-Barr virus-positive patients with chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have been
      intensively studied in hematologic malignancies, and the efficacy of agents
      against STATs in lymphomas is already under research. We investigated the
      expression of total STAT5 and STAT5b in peripheral blood samples of patients with
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in correlation with the presence of Epstein
      Barr Virus (EBV) and its major oncoprotein (latent membrane protein 1, LMP1). The
      EBV load was measured in the peripheral blood by real-time PCR for the BXLF1 gene
      and the levels of LMP1 by PCR and ELISA. Western blotting was performed for total
      STAT5 and STAT5b in protein extracts. STAT5b was only expressed in patients (not
      in healthy subjects) and STAT5 but particularly STAT5b expression was correlated
      with the presence of the virus (77.3% vs. 51.2%, P = 0.006 for STAT5b) and to the
      expression of LMP1 (58.3% vs. 21.6%, P = 0.011 for STAT5b). Moreover, the
      expression of STAT5b and the presence of EBV and LMP1 were strongly negatively
      correlated with the overall survival of the patients (log-rank test P = 0.011,
      0.015, 0.006, respectively). Double positive (for EBV and STAT5b) patients had
      the lowest overall survival (log-rank test P = 0.013). This is the first report
      of a survival disadvantage of EBV+ patients with CLL, and the first time that
      STAT5b expression is correlated with survival. The correlation of STAT5
      expression with the presence of the virus, along with our survival correlations
      defines a subgroup of patients with CLL that may benefit from anti-STAT agents.

PMID- 27367209
TI  - Effect of folic acid on oxidative stress and behavioral changes in the animal
      model of schizophrenia induced by ketamine.
AB  - Recent studies have shown benefits for the supplementation of folic acid in
      schizophrenic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of
      folic acid addition on adult rats, over a period of 7 or 14 days. It also sets
      out to verify any potential protective action using an animal model of
      schizophrenia induced by ketamine, in behavioral and biochemical parameters. This
      study used two protocols (acute and chronic) for the administration of ketamine
      at a dose of 25 mg/kg (i.p.). The folic acid was given by oral route in doses of
      5, 10 and 50 mg/kg, once daily, for 7 and/or 14 days in order to compare the
      protective effects of folic acid. Thirty minutes after the last administration of
      ketamine, the locomotor and social interaction activities were evaluated, and
      immediately the brain structure were removed for biochemical analysis. In this
      study, ketamine was administered in a single dose or in doses over the course of
      7 days increasing the animal's locomotion. This study showed that the
      administration of folic acid over 7 days was unable to prevent hyper locomotion.
      In contrast, folic acid (10 and 50 mg/kg) administrated over a period of 14 days,
      was able to partially prevent the hyper locomotion. Our data indicates that both
      acute and chronic administrations of ketamine increased the time to first contact
      between the animals, while the increased latency for social contact was
      completely prevented by folic acid (5, 10 and 50 mg/kg). Chronic and acute
      administrations of ketamine also increased lipid peroxidation and protein
      carbonylation in brain. Folic acid (10 and 50 mg/kg) supplements showed
      protective effects on the oxidative damage found in the different brain
      structures evaluated. All together, the results indicate that nutritional
      supplementation with folic acid provides promising results in an animal model of
      schizophrenia induced by ketamine.

PMID- 27367211
TI  - FROM THE ADAA PRESIDENT.

PMID- 27367210
TI  - Testing different paradigms to optimize antidepressant deep brain stimulation in
      different rat models of depression.
AB  - Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of several targets induces beneficial responses in
      approximately 60% of patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression
      (TRD). The remaining 40% indicate that these stimulation sites do not bear
      therapeutic relevance for all TRD patients and consequently DBS-targets should be
      selected according to individual symptom profiles. We here used two animal models
      of depression known to have different genetic backgrounds and behavioral
      responses: the therapy-responsive Flinders sensitive line (FSL) and the therapy
      refractory congenitally learned helpless rats (cLH) to study symptom-specific DBS
      effects i) of different brain sites ii) at different stimulation parameters, and
      iii) at different expressions of the disease. Sham-stimulation/DBS was applied
      chronic-intermittently or chronic-continuously to either the ventromedial
      prefrontal cortex (vmPFC, rodent equivalent to subgenual cingulate), nucleus
      accumbens (Nacc) or subthalamic nucleus (STN), and effects were studied on
      different depression-associated behaviors, i.e. anhedonia, immobility/behavioral
      despair and learned helplessness. Biochemical substrates of behaviorally
      effective versus ineffective DBS were analyzed using in-vivo microdialysis and
      post-mortem high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found that i) vmPFC
      DBS outperforms Nacc-DBS, ii) STN-DBS increases depressive states, iii) chronic
      continuous DBS does not add benefits compared to chronic-intermittent DBS, iv)
      DBS-efficacy depends on the disease expression modeled and iv) antidepressant DBS
      is associated with an increase in serotonin turnover alongside site-specific
      reductions in serotonin contents. The reported limited effectiveness of vmPFC DBS
      suggests that future research may consider the specific disease expression,
      investigation of different DBS-targets and alternative parameter settings.

PMID- 27367212
TI  - A Simple and Powerful Risk-Adjustment Tool for 30-day Mortality Among Inpatients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Risk adjustment for mortality is increasingly important in an era
      when hospitals and health care systems are being compared with respect to health
      outcomes and quality. A powerful predictive model has been developed to risk
      adjust for 30-day mortality among inpatients, but it is complex and not widely
      used. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a simpler model, with predictive power
      similar to more complex models. RESEARCH DESIGN: This was a retrospective split
      validation study. In a derivation cohort, a predictive model for 30-day mortality
      was developed using logistic regression with the Charlson comorbidity score,
      Laboratory-Based Acute Physiology Score, and age as the predictor variables. In
      the validation cohort, the performance and calibration of the model to predict 30
      day mortality was examined. SUBJECTS: All admissions to the medical service of 2
      urban university-based teaching hospitals located in Bronx, New York, between
      July 1, 2002, and April 30, 2008. MEASURES: All-cause mortality was taken from
      the social security death registry. Predictor variables were constructed from
      demographic characteristics, laboratory and billing data extracted from a
      clinical data repository. RESULTS: The study sample included 147 991 admissions
      and overall 30-day mortality was 5.4%. The model had excellent discrimination,
      with a c-statistics of 0.8585 in the derivation cohort and 0.8484 in the
      validation cohort. The model accurately predicts 30-day mortality in all risk
      deciles. CONCLUSIONS: This simple and powerful predictive model can be used by
      hospitals and health care systems as a risk-adjustment tool for quality and
      research purposes.

PMID- 27367213
TI  - Impact of the Hospital to Home Initiative on Readmissions in the VA Health Care
      System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hospital to Home (H2H) is a national quality improvement initiative
      sponsored by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement and the American College of
      Cardiology, with the goal of reducing readmission for patients hospitalized with
      heart disease. We sought to determine the impact of H2H within the Veterans
      Affairs (VA) health care system. METHODS: Using a controlled interrupted time
      series, we determined the association of VA hospital enrollment in H2H with the
      primary outcome of 30-day all-cause readmission following a heart failure
      hospitalization. VA heart failure providers were surveyed to determine quality
      improvement projects initiated in response to H2H. Secondary outcomes included
      initiation of recommended H2H projects, follow-up within 7 days, and total
      hospital days at 30 days and 1 year. RESULTS: Sixty-five of 104 VA hospitals
      (66%) enrolled in the national H2H initiative. Hospital characteristic associated
      with H2H enrollment included provision of tertiary care, academic affiliation,
      and greater use of home monitoring. There was no significant difference in mean
      30-day readmission rates (20.0% +/- 5.0% for H2H vs 19.3% +/- 5.9% for non-H2H
      hospitals; P = .48) The mean fraction of patients with a cardiology visit within
      7 days was slightly higher for H2H hospitals (3.0% +/- 2.4% for H2H vs 2.0% +/-
      1.9% for non-H2H hospitals; P = .05). Patients discharged from H2H hospitals had
      fewer mean hospitals days during the following year (7.6% +/- 2.6% for H2H vs
      9.2% +/- 3.0 for non-H2H; P = .01) early after launch of H2H, but the effect did
      not persist. CONCLUSIONS: VA hospitals enrolling in H2H had slightly more early
      follow-up in cardiology clinic but no difference in 30-day readmission rates
      compared with hospitals not enrolling in H2H.

PMID- 27367214
TI  - Layout Improvement Study to Reduce Staff Walking Distance in a Large Health Care
      Facility: How to Not Walk an Extra 4740 Miles.
AB  - Inefficient facility layouts have been found to be a challenge in health care,
      with excessive walking adding to the demands of staff and creating delays, which
      can impact the quality of care. Minimizing unnecessary transportation during care
      delivery improves efficiency, reduces delays, and frees up resources for use on
      value-added activities. This article presents a methodology and application of
      facility design to improve responsiveness and efficiency at a large hospital. The
      approach described provides the opportunity to improve existing layouts in
      facilities in which the floor plan is already defined, but there is some
      flexibility to relocate key areas. The existing physical constraints and work
      flows are studied and taken into consideration, and the volume of traffic flow
      throughout the facility guides the decision of where to relocate areas for
      maximum efficiency. Details on the steps followed and general recommendations to
      perform the necessary process and data analyses are provided. We achieved a 34.8%
      reduction in distance walked (4740 miles saved per year) and a 30% reduction in
      floors traveled in elevators (344 931 floors, which translate to 842 hours spent
      using elevators) by relocating 4 areas in which frequently used resources are
      housed.

PMID- 27367215
TI  - The Impact of Cross-Unit Coordination and Process Improvement Efforts in Anatomic
      Pathology: A Systems Perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of coordination and problem solving on health care quality
      has become increasingly prevalent within the literature. However, few studies
      have empirically investigated the impact of these factors across organizational
      boundaries. METHODS: This was an embedded, single-case study conducted within a
      large, academic Anatomic Pathology department. We surveyed 96 team members within
      18 distinct processing or specialty units within the department and forward the
      Network Alignment Approach to measure coordination between units. In addition, we
      measure perceived safety culture and frequency of error in specimen documentation
      and preparation. RESULTS: Regression results suggest that downstream cross-unit
      coordination between units (clarity of customer requirements) significantly
      improves safety culture (P < .001). In addition, within-unit process improvement
      efforts improved safety culture (P < .001). These 2 factors alone accounted for
      30% of the variation in the regression model, with safety culture as our
      dependent variable. CONCLUSION: Clarity of customer requirements and process
      improvement efforts significantly improve safety culture within the system. This
      approach to understanding and analyzing connections within complex systems
      provides insight into specific ways that leaders can begin to understand how each
      unit or department can improve as both a customer and a supplier within the
      larger system.

PMID- 27367217
TI  - What Factors Influence Employee Service Recovery Performance and What Are the
      Consequences in Health Care?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the extent to which the service recovery performance of
      frontline employees in private health care institutions is influenced by employee
      perceptions of manager attitudes toward service quality, workplace support, and
      manager fairness and organizational commitment. We also examined the relationship
      of service recovery performance to employee job satisfaction and turnover
      intentions. METHODS: Partial least square path modeling of data from 178
      frontline employees in private health care institutions in North Cyprus was
      utilized. RESULTS: Although empowerment and role clarity were positively related
      to service recovery performance, perceived managerial attitudes toward hospital
      customer service, teamwork, and customer service-oriented training as indicators
      of workplace support were not related to frontline employees' service recovery
      performance. Organizational justice was related to affective commitment, which in
      turn was related to service recovery performance. Although service recovery
      performance was not related to employee turnover intentions, it was related to
      job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Managerial implications of these study findings are
      presented in the light of the cognitive evaluation theory. Health services differ
      from other service organizations in the way that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards
      influence the service recovery efforts of frontline employees. To ensure high
      quality services, managers should focus on intrinsic rewards, empower and give
      more autonomy to staff.

PMID- 27367216
TI  - Testing the Quality Health Outcomes Model Applied to Infection Prevention in
      Hospitals.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the Quality Health Outcomes Model to investigate the
      relationship between health care-associated infection (HAI) prevention
      interventions, organizational context, and HAI outcomes using structural equation
      modeling. METHODS: Variables for adherence to the central line bundle,
      organizational context, and central line-associated bloodstream infections
      (CLABSIs) were selected for this secondary data analysis from 614 US hospitals
      that participated in the Prevention of Nosocomial Infection and Cost
      effectiveness-Refined study. One half of the dataset was used for exploration of
      the concepts, the second half for confirmation of the measurement models and
      testing of the structural model. RESULTS: The final model resulted in a good fit
      to the data (chi (1215) = 1906.86, P < .00; comparative fit index = 0.94; root
      mean square of error of approximation = 0.04). A significant relationship was
      noted between adherence to the central line bundle interventions and
      organizational context (beta = 0.23, P < .01), whereas the relationship between
      context and CLABSIs was not significant (beta = -0.20, P = .78). CONCLUSIONS:
      This study supports a relationship between greater adherence to HAI interventions
      and higher levels of organizational context and highlights the complexity of
      measuring organizational context. Given the importance of preventing HAIs,
      ongoing research is needed to reveal the exact aspects of context that influence
      interventions and outcomes.

PMID- 27367218
TI  - Shared Medical Appointments: Impact on Clinical and Quality Outcomes in Veterans
      With Diabetes.
AB  - Managing diabetes poses substantial challenges to the over 29.1 million Americans
      afflicted, and is financially overwhelming to the US health care system. One
      potential strategy is utilizing a group approach to care delivery or shared
      medical appointment (SMA). The purpose of this 3-year retrospective VA study was
      to investigate differences in clinical and quality outcome measures in veterans
      with type 2 diabetes who used SMAs and those who received only usual care (UC)
      one-on-one with their doctor. This observational, 2-group cohort study used
      abstracted medical records from a large Midwestern Veterans Administration
      hospital. Clinical outcome metrics included hemoglobin A1c (hbA1c), systolic
      blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and emergency department
      (ED) visits. Quality outcomes included Veterans' Administration (VA) Department
      of Defense clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetes. A total
      of 988 total VA cases were examined retrospectively over 3 years: 371 cases had
      used SMAs and 617 were in the UC cohort, and had never attended a diabetes SMA.
      The study period used abstracted VA medical records from 2008 to 2010. There were
      no statistically significant differences in HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, and
      ED visits between groups; however, hbA1c for individuals who attended SMAs was
      8.55 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.72) and UC was 7.49 (SD = 1.28) (P < .001). All
      clinical outcomes were worse at baseline for the SMA cohort. UC had mean ED
      visits/3 years (mean = 18.62, SD = 13.53, P < .001) versus SMA participants (mean
      = 27.97, SD = 14.00, P <. 001), revealing a propensity for high health care
      utilization. SMA providers had statistically significant differences over UC
      cases on quality measures, including ordering annual ophthalmology and podiatry
      examinations (P < .001) and prescribing aspirin and angiotension-converting
      enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I). SMAs may provide a venue for assessing and delivering
      quality care for patients with type 2 diabetes. More research is needed to
      ascertain effective strategies for diabetes disease management in high-risk
      patients. 

PMID- 27367219
TI  - Effectiveness of Shared Medical Appointments Versus Traditional Clinic Visits for
      Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - Shared medical appointments began in the United States in 1996 to advance quality
      of care and enhance patients' ability to self-manage. Group visits gather
      patients with the same diagnosis for individual examinations followed by group
      education sessions taught by the provider. This leads to the opportunity to learn
      from the experiences of others. The Cleveland Clinic Department of Pediatric
      Endocrinology offers a shared medical appointment group for pediatric patients
      with type 1 diabetes called the ESCALAIT clinic (Enrichment Services and Care for
      Adolescents Living with Autoimmune Insulin Dependent Type 1 Diabetes). The
      objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of traditional clinic
      visits with shared medical appointments for adolescents with type 1 diabetes in
      terms of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) improvement. Eighty ESCALAIT patients, aged 11 to
      19 years were compared with 516 clinic controls of the same age. Visits were
      approximately 3 months apart for both patient groups. Changes in HbA1c between
      groups were calculated from the first to fourth visits. There was a statistically
      significant difference between the ESCALAIT clinic patients and the control
      patients. Our results revealed that the group visit patients had less improvement
      in HbA1c values at the last visit approximately 1 year later, but we would argue
      that the difference is not clinically significant. However, there were many
      benefits to shared medical appointment visits including increased access to care
      as well as peer support. Shared medical appointments are therefore a valid
      alternative to traditional clinic visits in this patient population. 

PMID- 27367220
TI  - Toward Eliminating All Harms.

PMID- 27367221
TI  - Factors Associated With Reintubation in Patients With Chronic Obstructive
      Pulmonary Disease.

PMID- 27367222
TI  - Response to a Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 27367226
TI  - Avoiding the Unintended Consequences of Screening for Social Determinants of
      Health.

PMID- 27367228
TI  - Eradicating the grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis from urban areas: an
      innovative decision-making approach based on lessons learnt in Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Eradication of invasive alien species supports the recovery of native
      biodiversity. A new European Union Regulation introduces obligations to eradicate
      the most harmful invasive species. However, eradications of charismatic mammals
      may encounter strong opposition. Considering the case study of the eastern grey
      squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788) in central Italy, we developed a
      structured decision-making technique based on a Bayesian decision network model
      and explicitly considering the plurality of environmental values of invasive
      species management to reduce potential social conflicts. RESULTS: The model
      identified priority areas for management activities. These areas corresponded to
      the core of the grey squirrel range, but they also included peripheral zones,
      where rapid eradication is fundamental to prevent the spread of squirrels.
      However, when the model was expanded to integrate the attitude of citizens
      towards the project, the intervention strategy slightly changed. In some areas,
      the citizens' support was limited, and this resulted in a reduced overall utility
      of intervention. CONCLUSION: The suggested approach extends the scientific basis
      for management decisions, evaluated in terms of technical efficiency, feasibility
      and social impact. Here, the Bayesian decision network model analysed the
      potential technical and social consequences of management actions, and it
      responded to the need for transparency in the decision-making process, but it can
      easily be extended to consider further issues that are common in many mammal
      eradication programmes. Owing to its flexibility and comprehensiveness, it
      provides an innovative example of how to plan rapid eradication or control
      activities, as required by the new EU Regulation. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical
      Industry.

PMID- 27367227
TI  - Differential Regulation of Duplicate Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide
      Oxidoreductases in the Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diatoms (Bacilliariophyceae) encode two light-dependent
      protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases (POR1 and POR2) that catalyze the penultimate
      step of chlorophyll biosynthesis in the light. Algae live in dynamic environments
      whose changing light levels induce photoacclimative metabolic shifts, including
      altered cellular chlorophyll levels. We hypothesized that the two POR proteins
      may be differentially adaptive under varying light conditions. Using the diatom
      Phaeodactylum tricornutum as a test system, differences in POR protein abundance
      and por gene expression were examined when this organism was grown on an
      alternating light:dark cycles at different irradiances; exposed to continuous
      light; and challenged by a significant decrease in light availability. RESULTS:
      For cultures maintained on a 12h light: 12h dark photoperiod at 200MUE m-2 s-1
      (200L/D), both por genes were up-regulated during the light and down-regulated in
      the dark, though por1 transcript abundance rose and fell earlier than that of
      por2. Little concordance occurred between por1 mRNA and POR1 protein abundance.
      In contrast, por2 mRNA and POR2 protein abundances followed similar diurnal
      patterns. When 200L/D P. tricornutum cultures were transferred to continuous
      light (200L/L), the diurnal regulatory pattern of por1 mRNA abundance but not of
      por2 was disrupted, and POR1 but not POR2 protein abundance dropped steeply.
      Under 1200MUE m-2 s-1 (1200L/D), both por1 mRNA and POR1 protein abundance
      displayed diurnal oscillations. A compromised diel por2 mRNA response under
      1200L/D did not impact the oscillation in POR2 abundance. When cells grown at
      1200L/D were then shifted to 50MUE m-2 s-1 (50L/D), por1 and por2 mRNA levels
      decreased swiftly but briefly upon light reduction. Thereafter, POR1 but not POR2
      protein levels rose significantly in response to this light stepdown. CONCLUSION:
      Given the sensitivity of diatom por1/POR1 to real-time light cues and adherence
      of por2/POR2 regulation to the diurnal cycle, we suggest that POR1 supports
      photoacclimation, whereas POR2 is the workhorse for daily chlorophyll synthesis.

PMID- 27367229
TI  - Head and Neck Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer Treated By Superficial X-Ray Therapy: An
      Analysis of 1021 Cases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To report a single-institutional experience with the use of
      Superficial X-Ray Therapy (SXRT) for head and neck non-melanoma skin cancer (N
      MSC) and to compare outcomes by prescribed fractionation schedules. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The medical records of 597 patients with 1021 lesions (720 BCC, 242 SCC,
      59 SCC in situ) treated with kilovoltage radiation from 1979-2013 were
      retrospectively reviewed. The majority of patients were treated according to 1 of
      3 institutional protocols based on the discretion of the radiation oncologist: 1)
      22 x 2.5 Gy; 2) 20 x 2.5 Gy; 3) 30 x 2.0 Gy. "T" stage at first presentation was
      as follows: Tis (59); T1 (765); T2 (175); T3 (6), T4 (9); Tx, (7). All patients
      were clinical N0 and M0 at presentation. Chi-square test was used to evaluate any
      potential association between variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to
      analyze survival with the Log Rank test used for comparison. A Cox Regression
      analysis was performed for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The median follow up
      was 44 months. No significant difference was observed among the 3 prescribed
      fractionation schemes (p = 0.78) in terms of RTOG toxicity. There were no
      failures among SCC in situ, 37 local failures (23 BCC, 14 SCC), 5 regional
      failures (all SCC) and 2 distant failures (both SCC). For BCC, the 5-year LC was
      96% and the 10-year LC was 94%. For SCC the corresponding rates of local control
      were 92% and 87%, respectively (p = 0.03). The use of >2.0 Gy daily was
      significantly associated with improved LC on multivariate analysis (HR: 0.17; CI
      95%: 0.05-0.59). CONCLUSION: SXRT for N-MSC of the head and neck is well
      tolerated, achieves excellent local control, and should continue to be
      recommended in the management of this disease. Fractionation schedules using >2.0
      Gy daily appear to be associated with improved LC.

PMID- 27367230
TI  - How Can Viral Dynamics Models Inform Endpoint Measures in Clinical Trials of
      Therapies for Acute Viral Infections?
AB  - Acute viral infections pose many practical challenges for the accurate assessment
      of the impact of novel therapies on viral growth and decay. Using the example of
      influenza A, we illustrate how the measurement of infection-related quantities
      that determine the dynamics of viral load within the human host, can inform
      investigators on the course and severity of infection and the efficacy of a novel
      treatment. We estimated the values of key infection-related quantities that
      determine the course of natural infection from viral load data, using Markov
      Chain Monte Carlo methods. The data were placebo group viral load measurements
      collected during volunteer challenge studies, conducted by Roche, as part of the
      oseltamivir trials. We calculated the values of the quantities for each patient
      and the correlations between the quantities, symptom severity and body
      temperature. The greatest variation among individuals occurred in the viral load
      peak and area under the viral load curve. Total symptom severity correlated
      positively with the basic reproductive number. The most sensitive endpoint for
      therapeutic trials with the goal to cure patients is the duration of infection.
      We suggest laboratory experiments to obtain more precise estimates of virological
      quantities that can supplement clinical endpoint measurements. 

PMID- 27367231
TI  - Can, Want and Try: Parents' Viewpoints Regarding the Participation of Their Child
      with an Acquired Brain Injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acquired brain injury (ABI) is a leading cause of permanent
      disability, currently affecting 20,000 Australian children. Community
      participation is essential for childhood development and enjoyment, yet children
      with ABI can often experience barriers to participation. The factors which act as
      barriers and facilitators to community participation for children with an ABI are
      not well understood. AIM: To identify the viewpoints of parents of children with
      an ABI, regarding the barriers and facilitators most pertinent to community
      participation for their child. METHODS: Using Q-method, 41 parents of children
      with moderate/severe ABI sorted 37 statements regarding barriers and facilitators
      to community participation. Factor analysis identified three viewpoints. RESULTS:
      This study identified three distinct viewpoints, with the perceived ability to
      participate decreasing with a stepwise trend from parents who felt their child
      and family "can" participate in viewpoint one, to "want" in viewpoint two and
      "try" in viewpoint three. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicated good participation
      outcomes for most children and families, however some families who were motivated
      to participate experienced significant barriers. The most significant
      facilitators included child motivation, supportive relationships from immediate
      family and friends, and supportive community attitudes. The lack of supportive
      relationships and attitudes was perceived as a fundamental barrier to community
      participation. SIGNIFICANCE: This research begins to address the paucity of
      information regarding those factors that impact upon the participation of
      children with an ABI in Australia. Findings have implications for therapists,
      service providers and community organisations.

PMID- 27367232
TI  - Systematic comparative content analysis of 17 psychosocial work environment
      questionnaires using a new taxonomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many questionnaires have been developed to measure how psychosocial
      characteristics are perceived in a work environment. But the content validity of
      these questionnaires has rarely been questioned due to the absence of a reference
      taxonomy for characteristics of work environments. OBJECTIVES: To propose an
      exhaustive taxonomy of work environment characteristics involved in psychosocial
      risks and to apply this taxonomy to questionnaires on workplace psychosocial
      factors. METHODS: The taxonomy was developed by categorizing factors present in
      the main theoretical models of the field. Questionnaire items most frequently
      cited in scientific literature were retained for classification. RESULTS: The
      taxonomy was structured into four hierarchical levels and comprises 53
      categories. The 17 questionnaires analyzed included 927 items: 59 from the
      "physical environment" category, 116 from the "social environment" category, 236
      from the "work activity" category, 255 from the "activity management" category,
      and 174 from the "organizational context" category. CONCLUSIONS: There are major
      content differences among analyzed questionnaires. This study offers a means for
      selecting a scale on the basis of content.

PMID- 27367233
TI  - Effect of Intravenous Mannitol on Intraocular Pressure in Vitrectomized Silicone
      Oil-Filled Eyes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of intravenous mannitol (IVM) on intraocular
      pressure (IOP) in vitrectomized eyes. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with raised
      IOP after retinal surgery with silicone oil injection were included. Patients
      were administered IVM (20% solution, 1g/Kg, over 30 minutes) and IOP was noted at
      regular intervals. IOP reduction in vitrectomized eyes (Group 1) was compared
      with the normal eyes (Group 2). RESULT: Percentage IOP reduction was higher in
      Group 1 than in Group 2 at all time intervals, 24.5% vs. 19.2% at 15 minutes
      (p=0.34), 22.6% vs. 9.8% at 45 minutes (p=0.003), 19.1% vs. 9.9% at two hours
      (p=0.023), and 16.1% vs. 7.8% at four hours (p=0.04), respectively. In Group 1,
      40% eyes had an IOP reduction of 2-6 mmHg while 30% eyes had IOP reduction >6
      mmHg at four hours post-IVM. CONCLUSION: IVM is useful for short-term IOP
      reduction in vitrectomized eyes. IOP reduction is independent of baseline IOP,
      and sustained and higher as compared to normal eyes.

PMID- 27367234
TI  - NSAIDs and EGFR Inhibitors for Duodenal Polyp Prevention.

PMID- 27367235
TI  - Discovery of additional brain metastases on the day of stereotactic radiosurgery:
      risk factors and outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE High-resolution double-dose gadolinium-enhanced Gamma Knife (GK)
      radiosurgery-planning MRI (GK MRI) on the day of GK treatment can detect
      additional brain metastases undiagnosed on the prior diagnostic MRI scan (dMRI),
      revealing increased intracranial disease burden on the day of radiosurgery, and
      potentially necessitating a reevaluation of appropriate management. The authors
      identified factors associated with detecting additional metastases on GK MRI and
      investigated the relationship between detection of additional metastases and
      postradiosurgery patient outcomes. METHODS The authors identified 326 patients
      who received GK radiosurgery at their institution from 2010 through 2013 and had
      a prior dMRI available for comparison of numbers of brain metastases. Factors
      predictive of additional brain metastases on GK MRI were investigated using
      logistic regression analysis. Overall survival was estimated by Kaplan-Meier
      method, and postradiosurgery distant intracranial failure was estimated by
      cumulative incidence measures. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model and
      Fine-Gray regression modeling assessed potential risk factors of overall survival
      and distant intracranial failure, respectively. RESULTS The mean numbers of brain
      metastases (SD) on dMRI and GK MRI were 3.4 (4.2) and 5.8 (7.7), respectively,
      and additional brain metastases were found on GK MRI in 48.9% of patients.
      Frequencies of detecting additional metastases for patients with 1, 2, 3-4, and
      more than 4 brain metastases on dMRI were 29.5%, 47.9%, 55.9%, and 79.4%,
      respectively (p < 0.001). An index brain metastasis with a diameter greater than
      1 cm on dMRI was inversely associated with detecting additional brain metastases,
      with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.57 (95% CI 0.4-0.9, p = 0.02). The median time
      between dMRI and GK MRI was 22 days (range 1-88 days), and time between scans was
      not associated with detecting additional metastases. Patients with additional
      brain metastases did not have larger total radiosurgery target volumes, and they
      rarely had an immediate change in management (abortion of radiosurgery or
      addition of whole-brain radiation therapy) due to detection of additional
      metastases. Patients with additional metastases had a higher incidence of distant
      intracranial failure than those without additional metastases (p = 0.004), with
      an adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio of 1.4 (95% CI 1.0-2.0, p = 0.04).
      Significantly worse overall survival was not detected for patients with
      additional brain metastases on GK MRI (log-rank p = 0.07), with the relative
      adjusted hazard ratio of 1.07, (95% CI 0.81-1.41, p = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS
      Detecting additional brain metastases on GK MRI is strongly associated with the
      number of brain metastases on dMRI and inversely associated with the size of the
      index brain metastasis. The discovery of additional brain metastases at time of
      GK radiosurgery is very unlikely to lead to aborting radiosurgery but is
      associated with a higher incidence of distant intracranial failure. However,
      there is not a significant difference in survival. ? CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE
      Type of question: prognostic; study design: retrospective cohort trial; evidence:
      Class IV.

PMID- 27367237
TI  - Nonrandom spatial clustering of spontaneous anterior fossa cerebrospinal fluid
      fistulas and predilection for the posterior cribriform plate.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The anterior skull base is a common site for the spontaneous
      development of meningoceles, encephaloceles, and meningoencephaloceles that can
      lead to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula formation, particularly in association
      with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. In some circumstances the lesions are
      difficult to localize. Whether all sites in the anterior skull base are equally
      prone to fistula formation or whether they are distributed randomly throughout
      the anterior skull base is unknown, although the anterior cribriform plate has
      been proposed as the most frequent location. The purpose of this study was to
      identify sites of predilection in order to provide assistance for clinicians in
      finding occult leaks and increase the understanding of the etiology of this
      pathology. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of a
      prospectively acquired surgical database of all endonasal endoscopic surgeries
      performed at Weill Cornell Medical College by the senior authors. Spontaneous CSF
      fistulas of the anterior skull base were identified. The anatomical sites of the
      defects were located on radiographic images and normalized to a theoretical 4 * 2
      grid representing the anterior midline skull base. Data from the left and right
      skull base were combined to increase statistical power. This grid was then used
      to analyze the distribution of defects. Frequency analysis was performed by means
      of a chi-square test, with a subsequent Monte Carlo simulation to further
      strengthen the statistical support of the conclusions. RESULTS Nineteen cases of
      spontaneous CSF fistulas were identified. Frequency analysis using chi-square
      indicated a nonrandom distribution of sites (p = 0.035). Monte Carlo simulation
      supported this conclusion (p = 0.034). Seventy-four percent of cases occurred in
      the cribriform plate (p = 0.086). Moreover, 37% of all defects occurred in the
      posterior third of the cribriform plate. CONCLUSIONS Anterior skull base
      spontaneous CSF leaks are distributed in a nonrandom fashion. The most likely
      site of origin of the spontaneous CSF leaks of the anterior midline skull base is
      the cribriform plate, particularly the posterior third of the plate, likely
      because of the lack of significant thick bony buttressing. Clinicians searching
      for occult spontaneous leaks of the anterior skull base should examine the
      cribriform plate, especially the posterior third with particularly close
      scrutiny.

PMID- 27367236
TI  - Carotid artery stenosis with a high-intensity signal plaque on time-of-flight
      magnetic resonance angiography and association with evidence of intraplaque
      hypoxia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Hypoxia induces angiogenesis and plays a major role in the progression
      of carotid plaques. During carotid intervention, plaques with high-intensity
      signals on time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) often cause
      ischemic stroke and embolic complications. However, the role of intraplaque
      hypoxia before carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting is not
      presently understood. In this study the authors aimed to investigate the
      relationship between intraplaque hypoxia and MRA findings. METHODS Nineteen
      consecutive patients with 20 carotid artery stenoses who underwent CEA at Saga
      University Hospital between August 2008 and December 2014 were enrolled in the
      study. The expressions of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1alpha (HIF
      1alpha) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed by
      immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, the relationship between the findings
      on TOF MRA and pathology for the carotid plaques was analyzed. RESULTS High
      intensity plaques on TOF MRA showed higher expression levels of HIF-1alpha (p =
      0.015) and VEGF (p = 0.007) compared with isointensity plaques. The rate of
      intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) on TOF MRA was also significantly higher in the high
      intensity plaques than in the isointensity plaques (p = 0.024). Finally, the mean
      number of neovessels was significantly higher in those without plaque hemorrhage
      than in those with plaque hemorrhage (p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS Plaques with high
      intensity signals on TOF MRA were associated with IPH and evidence of intraplaque
      hypoxia. This fact may represent an opportunity to establish novel therapeutic
      agents targeting intraplaque hypoxia.

PMID- 27367238
TI  - Preoperative and postoperative predictors of long-term outcome after endovascular
      treatment of poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE An increasing number of patients with poor-grade aneurysmal
      subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) have received endovascular treatment. Endovascular
      treatment of poor-grade aSAH, however, is based on single-center retrospective
      studies, and predictors of long-term outcome have not been well defined. Using
      results from a multicenter prospective registry, the authors aimed to develop
      preoperative and postoperative prognostic models to predict poor outcome after
      endovascular treatment of poor-grade aSAH. METHODS A Multicenter Poor-grade
      Aneurysm Study (AMPAS) was a prospective and observational registry of
      consecutive patients with poor-grade aSAH. From October 2010 to March 2012, 366
      patients were enrolled in the registry, and 136 patients receiving endovascular
      treatment were included in this study. Outcome was assessed by modified Rankin
      Scale (mRS) score at 12 months, and poor outcome was defined as an mRS score of
      4, 5, or 6. Prognostic models were developed in multivariate logistic regression
      models. The area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) was used to
      assess the model's discriminatory ability, and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit
      tests were used to assess the calibration. RESULTS At 12 months, 64 patients
      (47.0%) had a poor outcome: 9 (6.6%) had an mRS score of 4, 6 (4.4%) had an mRS
      score of 5, and 49 (36.0%) had died. Univariate analyses showed that older age (p
      = 0.001), female sex (p = 0.044), lower Glasgow Coma Scale score (p < 0.001), a
      World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade of V (p < 0.001), higher
      Fisher grade (p < 0.001), modified Fisher grade (p < 0.001), and wider neck
      aneurysm (p = 0.026) were associated with a poor outcome. There was a trend
      toward a worse outcome in patients with anterior communicating artery aneurysms
      (p = 0.080) and in those with incompletely occluded aneurysms (p = 0.063). After
      endovascular treatment, the presence of cerebral infarction (p = 0.039),
      symptomatic vasospasm (p = 0.039), and pneumonia (p = 0.006) were associated with
      a poor outcome. Multivariate analyses showed that the preoperative prognostic
      model including age, a WFNS grade of V, modified Fisher grade, and aneurysm neck
      size had excellent discrimination with an AUC of 0.86 (95% CI 0.80-0.92, p <
      0.001), and a postoperative model that included these predictors as well as
      postoperative pneumonia had excellent discrimination (AUC = 0.87, 95% CI 0.81
      0.93, p < 0.001). Both models had good calibration (p = 0.941 and p = 0.653,
      respectively). CONCLUSIONS Older age, WFNS Grade V, higher modified Fisher grade,
      wider neck aneurysm, and postoperative pneumonia were independent predictors of
      poor outcome after endovascular treatment of poor-grade aSAH. The preoperative
      model had almost the same discrimination as the postoperative model. Endovascular
      treatment should be carefully considered in patients with poor-grade aSAH with
      ruptured wide-neck aneurysms. ? CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE Type of question:
      prognostic; study design: retrospective cohort trial; evidence: Class I.

PMID- 27367239
TI  - Letter to the Editor: The bispectral index is a dimensionless number.

PMID- 27367240
TI  - Resection and brain brachytherapy with permanent iodine-125 sources for brain
      metastasis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with or without whole-brain
      radiotherapy can be used to achieve local control (> 90%) for small brain
      metastases after resection. However, many brain metastases are unsuitable for SRS
      because of their size or previous treatment, and whole-brain radiotherapy is
      associated with significant neurocognitive morbidity. The purpose of this study
      was to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of surgery and iodine-125 (125I)
      brachytherapy for brain metastases. METHODS A total of 95 consecutive patients
      treated for 105 brain metastases at a single institution between September 1997
      and July 2013 were identified for this analysis retrospectively. Each patient
      underwent MRI followed by craniotomy with resection of metastasis and placement
      of 125I sources as permanent implants. The patients were followed with serial
      surveillance MRIs. The relationships among local control, overall survival, and
      necrosis were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with
      results of log-rank tests and multivariate regression models. RESULTS The median
      age at surgery was 59 years (range 29.9-81.6 years), 53% of the lesions had been
      treated previously, and the median preoperative metastasis volume was 13.5 cm3
      (range 0.21-76.2 cm3). Gross-total resection was achieved in 81% of the cases.
      The median number of 125I sources implanted per cavity was 28 (range 4-93), and
      the median activity was 0.73 mCi (range 0.34-1.3 mCi) per source. A total of 476
      brain MRIs were analyzed (median MRIs per patient 3; range 0-22). Metastasis size
      was the strongest predictor of cavity volume and shrinkage (p < 0.0001).
      Multivariable regression modeling failed to predict the likelihood of local
      progression or necrosis according to metastasis volume, cavity volume, or the
      rate of cavity remodeling regardless of source activity or previous SRS. The
      median clinical follow-up time in living patients was 14.4 months (range 0.02
      13.6 years), and crude local control was 90%. Median overall survival extended
      from 2.1 months in the shortest quartile to 62.3 months in the longest quartile
      (p < 0.0001). The overall risk of necrosis was 15% and increased significantly
      for lesions with a history of previous SRS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic
      options for patients with large or recurrent brain metastases are limited. Data
      from this study suggest that resection with permanent 125I brachytherapy is an
      effective strategy for achieving local control of brain metastasis. Although
      metastasis volume significantly influences resection cavity size and remodeling,
      volumetric parameters do not seem to influence local control or necrosis. With
      careful patient selection, this treatment regimen is associated with minimal
      toxicity and can result in long-term survival for some patients. ? CLASSIFICATION
      OF EVIDENCE Type of question: therapeutic; study design: retrospective case
      series; evidence: Class IV.

PMID- 27367241
TI  - Interrater and intrarater reliability of the Knosp scale for pituitary adenoma
      grading.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the interrater and intrarater
      reliability of the Knosp grading scale for predicting pituitary adenoma cavernous
      sinus (CS) involvement. METHODS Six independent raters (3 neurosurgery residents,
      2 pituitary surgeons, and 1 neuroradiologist) participated in the study. Each
      rater scored 50 unique pituitary MRI scans (with contrast) of biopsy-proven
      pituitary adenoma. Reliabilities for the full scale were determined 3 ways: 1)
      using all 50 scans, 2) using scans with midrange scores versus end scores, and 3)
      using a dichotomized scale that reflects common clinical practice. The
      performance of resident raters was compared with that of faculty raters to assess
      the influence of training level on reliability. RESULTS Overall, the interrater
      reliability of the Knosp scale was "strong" (0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.84). However,
      the percent agreement for all 6 reviewers was only 10% (26% for faculty members,
      30% for residents). The reliability of the middle scores (i.e., average rated
      Knosp Grades 1 and 2) was "very weak" (0.18, 95% CI -0.27 to 0.56) and the
      percent agreement for all reviewers was only 5%. When the scale was dichotomized
      into tumors unlikely to have intraoperative CS involvement (Grades 0, 1, and 2)
      and those likely to have CS involvement (Grades 3 and 4), the reliability was
      "strong" (0.60, 95% CI 0.39-0.75) and the percent agreement for all raters
      improved to 60%. There was no significant difference in reliability between
      residents and faculty (residents 0.72, 95% CI 0.55-0.83 vs faculty 0.73, 95% CI
      0.56-0.84). Intrarater reliability was moderate to strong and increased with the
      level of experience. CONCLUSIONS Although these findings suggest that the Knosp
      grading scale has acceptable interrater reliability overall, it raises important
      questions about the "very weak" reliability of the scale's middle grades. By
      dichotomizing the scale into clinically useful groups, the authors were able to
      address the poor reliability and percent agreement of the intermediate grades and
      to isolate the most important grades for use in surgical decision making (Grades
      3 and 4). Authors of future pituitary surgery studies should consider reporting
      Knosp grades as dichotomized results rather than as the full scale to optimize
      the reliability of the scale.

PMID- 27367242
TI  - Effect of functional MRI-guided navigation on surgical outcomes: a prospective
      controlled trial in patients with arteriovenous malformations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The impact of functional MRI (fMRI)-guided navigation on the surgical
      outcome of patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is undetermined. This
      large, randomized controlled trial (RCT) was designed to determine the safety and
      efficacy of fMRI-guided microsurgery of AVMs. This paper reports the preliminary
      results of the interim analysis. METHODS Between September 2012 and June 2015,
      eligible patients were randomized to the standard microsurgery group (control
      group) or the fMRI-guided surgery group (experimental group) in a 1:1 ratio.
      Patients in the control group underwent conventional digital subtraction
      angiography and MRI before surgery. The surgery was performed according to the
      standard procedure. However, patients in the experimental group underwent blood
      oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging within 1 week
      before surgery. Moreover, preoperative eloquent brain tissue mapping and
      intraoperative fMRI navigation were performed in addition to the standard
      procedure. The preliminary end points were the total removal rate of AVMs and
      postoperative surgical complications. The primary end points were modified Rankin
      Scale (mRS) score (favorable: mRS Score 0-2; poor: mRS Score 3-6) and surgery
      related permanent functional deficits (S-PFD) at the last clinic visit (>= 6
      months). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package from
      SPSS. RESULTS The interim analysis included 184 participants (93 in the
      experimental group and 91 in the control group). Patients were equally
      distributed between the 2 groups. Neither the preliminary nor the primary end
      points, including postoperative complications (p = 0.781), residual AVM (p =
      1.000), last mRS score (p = 0.654), and S-PFD (p = 0.944) showed any significant
      difference between the control and experimental group. According to the results
      of the univariate analysis, eloquent adjacent brain tissue (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.06
      0.32; p < 0.001), large size of the nidus (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02-1.08; p = 0.002),
      or diffuse nidus (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.42-6.58; p = 0.004) were all significantly
      associated with S-PFD. Additionally, a high Spetzler-Martin score (OR 3.54; 95%
      CI 2.08-6.02; p < 0.001), no previous hemorrhage (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.00-5.54; p =
      0.05), or a low preoperative mRS score (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.17-1.00; p = 0.049)
      were also significantly associated with S-PFD. Multivariate analysis revealed
      that independent factors correlated with S-PFD were eloquent adjacent brain
      tissue (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.04-0.70; p = 0.014) and low preoperative mRS score (OR
      0.22; 95% CI 0.07-0.69; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS This preplanned interim analysis
      revealed no significant differences in the primary end points between the
      experimental and control group, prompting an early termination of this RCT. The
      preliminary data indicated that the additional intervention of fMRI navigation is
      not associated with a more favorable surgical outcome in patients with AVMs. The
      results indicated that eloquent adjacent brain tissue and a low preoperative mRS
      score are independent risk factors for S-PFD. Clinical trial registration no.:
      NCT01758211 ( clinicaltrials.gov ).

PMID- 27367243
TI  - Therapeutic effect of erythropoietin in patients with traumatic brain injury: a
      meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Erythropoietin (EPO) exerts a neuroprotective effect in animal models
      of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, its effectiveness in human patients
      with TBI is unclear. In this study, the authors conducted the first meta-analysis
      to assess the effectiveness and safety of EPO in patients with TBI. METHODS In
      December 2015, a systematic search was performed of PubMed, Web of Science,
      MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library databases, and Google Scholar. Only English
      language publications of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using EPO in
      patients with TBI were selected for analysis. The assessed outcomes included
      mortality, favorable neurological outcome, hospital stay, and associated adverse
      effects. Continuous variables were presented as mean difference (MD) with a 95%
      confidence interval (CI). Dichotomous variables were presented as risk ratio (RR)
      or risk difference (RD) with a 95% CI. Statistical heterogeneity was examined
      using both I2 and chi-square tests. RESULTS Of the 346 studies identified in the
      search, 5 RCTs involving 915 patients met the inclusion criteria. The overall
      results demonstrated that EPO significantly reduced mortality (RR 0.69, 95% CI
      0.49-0.96, p = 0.03) and shortened the hospitalization time (MD -7.59, 95% CI 
      9.71 to -5.46, p < 0.0001) for patients with TBI. Pooled results of favorable
      outcome (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.88-1.15, p = 0.97) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT; RD
      0.00, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.05, p = 1.00) did not show a significant difference.
      CONCLUSIONS The authors suggested that EPO is beneficial for patients with TBI in
      terms of reducing mortality and shortening hospitalization time without
      increasing the risk of DVT. However, its effect on improving favorable
      neurological outcomes did not reach statistical significance. Therefore, more
      well-designed RCTs are necessary to ascertain the optimum dosage and time window
      of EPO treatment for patients with TBI.

PMID- 27367244
TI  - Outcome after conservative management or surgical treatment for new-onset
      epilepsy in cerebral cavernous malformation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine seizure outcome, functional
      outcome, and the withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) after conservative or
      surgical treatment of patients with new-onset cavernoma-related epilepsy (CRE).
      METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective comparative observational study of
      79 consecutive patients, each with a single sporadic cerebral cavernous
      malformation (CCM) and new-onset CRE. RESULTS Forty-one patients underwent
      initial surgery (IS), and 38 patients underwent initial conservative (IC)
      treatment. Of those in the latter group, 19 underwent delayed surgical (DS)
      treatment. At the last follow-up, 88%, 32%, and 79% of patients in the respective
      groups had been seizure free for at least 2 years (International League Against
      Epilepsy [ILAE] Class 1; IS vs IC, p < 0.0001) and 78%, 8%, and 58%,
      respectively, had been off AEDs (IS vs IC, p < 0.0001). The cumulative
      probability of staying seizure free (ILAE Class 1) during a 5-year period was 73%
      (mean seizure-free follow-up 49.8 +/- 2.7 months, 95% CI 44.4-55.1 months) for
      the IS group, 22% (mean 31.8 +/- 3.6 months, 95% CI 24.8-38.8 months) for the IC
      group, and 68% (mean 48.6 +/- 4.3 months, 95% CI 40.1-57.1 months) for the DS
      group (IS vs IC p < 0.001). Long-term operative morbidity was 3%, and long-term
      morbidity in the conservatively treated group was also 3%. CONCLUSIONS Patients
      with CCM and new-onset CRE who underwent IS treatment showed better results in
      seizure control and the discontinuation of AEDs than the conservatively treated
      patients. Operative morbidity was comparable to the morbidity from symptomatic
      CCM hemorrhage in the conservative group. Half of the patients who started with
      conservative treatment underwent subsequent surgical treatment; however, a longer
      duration of epilepsy prior to surgery did not worsen postoperative seizure
      outcome.

PMID- 27367246
TI  - Editorial. Classes of evidence in neurosurgery.

PMID- 27367245
TI  - ActiGait implantable drop foot stimulator in multiple sclerosis: a new
      indication.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Direct stimulation of the peroneal nerve by the ActiGait implantable
      drop foot stimulator is a potent therapy that was described previously for stroke
      related drop foot. The authors report here successful long-term application of
      the ActiGait implantable drop foot stimulator in patients with multiple sclerosis
      (MS). METHODS Six patients with MS and 2 years of persisting central leg paresis
      received an implantable ActiGait drop foot stimulator after successful surface
      test stimulation. Ten weeks and 1 year after surgery, their gait speed,
      endurance, and safety were evaluated. Patient satisfaction was assessed with a
      questionnaire. RESULTS In the 20-m gait test, stimulation with the ActiGait
      stimulator significantly reduced the time needed, on average, by approximately
      23.6% 10 weeks after surgery, and the time improved further by 36.3% after 1
      year. The median distance covered by patients with the stimulator after 6 minutes
      of walking increased significantly from 217 m to 321 m and remained stable for 1
      year; the distance covered by patients after surface stimulation was 264 m.
      Patients with an implanted ActiGait stimulator noticed pronounced improvement in
      their mobility, social participation, and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS The
      ActiGait implantable drop foot stimulator improved gait speed, endurance, and
      quality of life in all patients over a period of 1 year. It may serve as a new
      therapeutic option for patients with MS-related drop foot.

PMID- 27367247
TI  - Increased expression of the histone H3 lysine 4 methyltransferase MLL4 and the
      histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase UTX prolonging the overall survival of patients
      with glioblastoma and a methylated MGMT promoter.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate the epigenetic and
      prognostic roles of an H3K4 methyltransferase (mixed lineage leukemia 4 [MLL4])
      and H3K27 demethylase (ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat gene on
      X chromosome [UTX]) in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)
      of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) who were treated with radiotherapy,
      chemotherapy, or both after resection. In addition, the authors examined
      methylation at the promoter of the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (
      MGMT) gene and other prognostic factors predicting length of PFS and OS in these
      patients. METHODS The medical records of 76 patients having a new diagnosis of
      histologically ascertained GBM in the period of January 2002 to December 2013 at
      the authors' institution were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemical
      staining for MLL4 and UTX was performed on archived paraffin-embedded tissues
      obtained by biopsy or resection. The methylation status of the MGMT promoter in
      these tissues was determined by methylation-specific PCR analysis. RESULTS During
      the follow-up period (mean length 18.1 months, range 4.1-43.5 months), 68 (89.5%)
      of the patients died. The MGMT promoter was methylated in 49 patients (64.5%) and
      unmethylated in 27 (35.5%). The immunoreactivity pattern of UTX was identical to
      that of MLL4; increased expression of these 2 proteins was observed in samples
      from 34 patients (44.7%) and decreased expression in 42 patients (55.3%). The
      mean length of PFS was 9.2 months (95% CI 6.8-11.6 months). Extent of surgery,
      recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class, and methylation status of the MGMT
      promoter were all associated with increased PFS in the multivariate analysis of
      factors predicting PFS. The mean length of OS was 18.6 months (95% CI 14.3-22.9
      months). Patient age (p = 0.004), WHO performance status score (p = 0.019),
      extent of surgery (p = 0.007), RPA class (p = 0.036), methylation status of the
      MGMT promoter (p = 0.010), and increased expression of UTX-MLL4 (p = 0.001) were
      significantly associated with increased OS in multivariate analysis.
      Interestingly, in patients with an unmethylated MGMT promoter, immunoreactivity
      of UTX-MLL4 was not associated with changes in OS (p = 0.350). However, in the
      patients with a methylated MGMT promoter, increased UTX-MLL4 expression was
      strongly associated with increased OS (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of
      this study suggest that increased expression of UTX-MLL4 positively influences
      the outcome of patients with GBM having a methylated MGMT promoter. Therefore,
      UTX-MLL4 immunoreactivity could be a useful predictor of the response to
      conventional treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy among GBM patients whose
      tumors have a methylated MGMT promoter.

PMID- 27367248
TI  - A prospective analysis of hypovitaminosis D and mortality in 400 patients in the
      neurocritical care setting.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent among the general population.
      Studies have shown an association between hypovitaminosis D and multiple negative
      outcomes in critical care patients, but there has been no prospective evaluation
      of vitamin D in the neurological critical care population. The authors examined
      the impact of vitamin D deficiency on in-hospital mortality and a variety of
      secondary outcomes. METHODS The authors prospectively collected 25-hydroxy
      vitamin D levels of all patients admitted to the neurocritical care unit (NCCU)
      of a quaternary-care center over a 3-month period. Demographic data, illness
      acuity, in-hospital mortality, infection, and length of hospitalization were
      collected. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine
      the effects of vitamin D deficiency. RESULTS Four hundred fifteen patients met
      the inclusion criteria. In-hospital mortality was slightly worse (9.3% vs 4.5%; p
      = 0.059) among patients with deficient vitamin D (<= 20 ng/dl). There was also a
      higher rate of urinary tract infection in patients with vitamin D deficiency
      (12.4% vs 4.2%; p = 0.002). For patients admitted to the NCCU on an emergency
      basis (n = 285), higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (OR 13.8, 95% CI 1.7
      110.8; p = 0.014), and vitamin D deficiency (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0-8.6; p = 0.042)
      were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality after
      adjusting for other factors. CONCLUSIONS In the subset of patients admitted to
      the NCCU on an emergency basis, vitamin D deficiency is significantly associated
      with higher in-hospital mortality. Larger studies are needed to confirm these
      findings and to investigate the role of vitamin D supplementation in these
      patients.

PMID- 27367250
TI  - Special Section Guest Editorial:Selected Topics in Biophotonics: Photoacoustic
      Tomography and Fiber-Based Lasers and Supercontinuum Sources.

PMID- 27367249
TI  - Infrared inhibition of embryonic hearts.
AB  - Infrared control is a new technique that uses pulsed infrared lasers to thermally
      alter electrical activity. Originally developed for nerves, we have applied this
      technology to embryonic hearts using a quail model, previously demonstrating
      infrared stimulation and, here, infrared inhibition. Infrared inhibition enables
      repeatable and reversible block, stopping cardiac contractions for several
      seconds. Normal beating resumes after the laser is turned off. The block can be
      spatially specific, affecting propagation on the ventricle or initiation on the
      atrium. Optical mapping showed that the block affects action potentials and not
      just calcium or contraction. Increased resting intracellular calcium was observed
      after a 30-s exposure to the inhibition laser, which likely resulted in reduced
      mechanical function. Further optimization of the laser illumination should reduce
      potential damage. Stopping cardiac contractions by disrupting electrical activity
      with infrared inhibition has the potential to be a powerful tool for studying the
      developing heart.

PMID- 27367251
TI  - Ceramic bracket debonding with Tm:fiber laser.
AB  - Lasers have the potential for reducing the required debonding force and can
      prevent the mechanical damage given to the enamel surface as a result of
      conventional debonding procedure. However, excessive thermal effects limit the
      use of lasers for debonding purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate
      the optimal parameters of 1940-nm Tm:fiber laser for debonding ceramic brackets.
      Pulling force and intrapulpal temperature measurements were done during laser
      irradiation simultaneously. A laser beam was delivered in two different modes:
      scanning the fiber tip on the bracket surface with a Z shape movement or direct
      application of the fiber tip at one point in the center of the bracket. Results
      showed that debonding force could be decreased significantly compared to the
      control samples, in which brackets were debonded by only mechanical force.
      Intrapulpal temperature was kept equal or under the 5.5 degrees C threshold value
      of probable thermal damage to pulp. Scanning was found to have no extra
      contribution to the process. It was concluded that using 1940-nm Tm:fiber laser
      would facilitate the debonding of ceramic brackets and can be proposed as a
      promising debonding tool with all the advantageous aspects of fiber lasers.

PMID- 27367252
TI  - Fabrication of various optical tissue phantoms by the spin-coating method.
AB  - Although numerous studies have been performed to fabricate various optical tissue
      phantom (OTP) models, the fabrication of OTPs that simulate skin layers is
      laborious and time-consuming owing to the intricate characteristics of skin
      tissue. This study presents various OTP models that optically and structurally
      simulate the epidermis-dermis skin layer. The spin-coating method was employed to
      reproduce a uniform thin layer that mimics the epidermis layer, and the
      fabrication parameters were optimized for epoxy and silicone reference materials.
      Various OTP models simulating blood vessels and hyperpigmentation lesions were
      fabricated using the two reference materials to determine their feasibility. The
      suitability of each of the two reference materials for OTP fabrication was
      qualitatively evaluated by comparing the quality of the OTP models.

PMID- 27367253
TI  - Super-resolution imaging of ciliary microdomains in isolated olfactory sensory
      neurons using a custom two-color stimulated emission depletion microscope.
AB  - We performed stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging of isolated olfactory
      sensory neurons (OSNs) using a custom-built microscope. The STED microscope uses
      a single pulsed laser to excite two separate fluorophores, Atto 590 and Atto
      647N. A gated timing circuit combined with temporal interleaving of the different
      color excitation/STED laser pulses filters the two channel detection and greatly
      minimizes crosstalk. We quantified the instrument resolution to be ~81 and ~44 
      nm, for the Atto 590 and Atto 647N channels. The spatial separation between the
      two channels was measured to be under 10 nm, well below the resolution limit. The
      custom-STED microscope is incorporated onto a commercial research microscope
      allowing brightfield, differential interference contrast, and epifluorescence
      imaging on the same field of view. We performed immunolabeling of OSNs in mice to
      image localization of ciliary membrane proteins involved in olfactory
      transduction. We imaged Ca2+-permeable cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channel
      (Atto 594) and adenylyl cyclase type III (ACIII) (Atto 647N) in distinct cilia.
      STED imaging resolved well-separated subdiffraction limited clusters for each
      protein. We quantified the size of each cluster to have a mean value of 88+/-48 
      nm and 124+/-43  nm, for CNG and ACIII, respectively. STED imaging showed
      separated clusters that were not resolvable in confocal images.

PMID- 27367254
TI  - Microwave-heating-coupled photoacoustic radar for tissue diagnostic imaging.
AB  - An investigation of microwave (MW) heating effects on biotissue for enhancing
      photoacoustic radar (PAR) signals was conducted. Localized tissue heating
      generated by MWs was used to improve PAR imaging depth and signal-to-noise ratio
      (SNR). Elevated temperatures were measured with thermocouples in ex vivo bovine
      muscle. The measured temperature rise on the heated spot surface by MWs was in
      agreement with theoretical predictions. The study showed localized MW heating can
      increase the photoacoustic imaging depth by 11%, and the SNR by 5% in ex vivo
      bovine muscle.

PMID- 27367255
TI  - Photoacoustic imaging with an acoustic lens detects prostate cancer cells labeled
      with PSMA-targeting near-infrared dye-conjugates.
AB  - There is an urgent need for sensitive and specific tools to accurately image
      early stage, organ-confined human prostate cancers to facilitate active
      surveillance and reduce unnecessary treatment. Recently, we developed an acoustic
      lens that enhances the sensitivity of photoacoustic imaging. Here, we report the
      use of this device in conjunction with two molecular imaging agents that
      specifically target the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expressed on
      the tumor cell surface of most prostate cancers. We demonstrate successful
      imaging of phantoms containing cancer cells labeled with either of two different
      PSMA-targeting agents, the ribonucleic acid aptamer A10-3.2 and a urea-based
      peptidomimetic inhibitor, each linked to the near-infrared dye IRDye800CW. By
      specifically targeting cells with these agents linked to a dye chosen for optimal
      signal, we are able to discriminate prostate cancer cells that express PSMA.

PMID- 27367256
TI  - Mechanical Nasal Dilators for the Management of Nasal Obstruction.

PMID- 27367257
TI  - Progranulin protects against endotoxin-induced acute kidney injury by
      downregulating renal cell death and inflammatory responses in mice.
AB  - Progranulin (PGRN), a pluripotent secreted growth factor, is involved in various
      physiologic and disease processes. However, the role of PGRN in endotoxin-induced
      septic acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unknown. The objective of this study is
      to investigate the protective effects of PGRN on an endotoxin-induced AKI mouse
      model by using PGRN-deficient mice and recombinant PGRN (rPGRN) pretreatment.
      PGRN levels were increased in kidneys of wild-type (WT) mice at 6 and 24h after
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Renal function detection, hematoxylin and
      eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, ELISA and in situ terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine triphosphate nick-end labeling were
      used to reveal tissue injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, production of
      inflammatory mediators and cell death in mouse kidneys after LPS injection. PGRN
      deficiency resulted in severe kidney injury and increased apoptotic death,
      inflammatory cell infiltration, production of pro-inflammatory mediators and the
      expression and nucleus-to-cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 in the kidney. In
      addition, rPGRN administration before LPS treatment ameliorated the endotoxin
      induced AKI in WT mice. PGRN may be a novel biologic agent with therapeutic
      potential for endotoxin-induced septic AKI possibly by inhibiting LPS-induced
      renal cell death and inflammatory responses in mice. 

PMID- 27367258
TI  - The influence of non-ionisable excipients on precipitation parameters measured
      using the CheqSol method.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of non-ionisable
      excipients hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) and poloxamers 407 and 188
      on the supersaturation and precipitation kinetics of ibuprofen, gliclazide,
      propranolol and atenolol induced through solution pH shifts using the CheqSol
      method. METHODS: The drug's kinetic and intrinsic aqueous solubilities were
      measured in the presence of increasing excipient concentrations using the CheqSol
      method. Experimental data rate of change of pH with time was also examined to
      determine excipient-induced parachute effects and influence on precipitation
      rates. KEY FINDINGS: The measured kinetic and intrinsic solubilities provide a
      determination of the influence of each excipient on supersaturation index, and
      the area under the CheqSol curve can measure the parachute capability of
      excipients. The excipients influence on precipitation kinetics can be measured
      with novel parameters; for example, the precipitation pH or percentage ionised
      drug at the precipitation point, which provide further information on the
      excipient-induced changes in precipitation performance. CONCLUSION: This method
      can therefore be employed to measure the influence of non-ionisable excipients on
      the kinetic solubility behaviour of supersaturated solutions of ionisable drugs
      and to provide data, which discriminates between excipient systems during
      precipitation.

PMID- 27367259
TI  - Integrating MRI for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review recent developments in prostate MRI for prostate
      cancer diagnosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Large series have strengthened the case for
      the use of MRI prior to subsequent biopsy to maximize the detection of clinically
      significant disease, and reduce the detection of clinically insignificant
      disease. This has effectively moved the discussion on from whether MRI is useful
      in prostate cancer detection to how best to use it, and at which time point. The
      Prostate Imaging- Reporting And Data System (PIRADS) group have published a
      second version of the PIRADS criteria for prostate MRI, covering acquisition,
      interpretation, and reporting both for clinical practice and data collection for
      research.There is debate about the commonly used and more prescriptive PIRADS
      system versus the less prescriptive systems based on overall clinical impression
      of clinically significant disease (e.g. Likert or simplified quantum scoring).
      Studies suggest that the Likert or simplified quantum scoring approach may
      outperform PIRADSv2. Published data are conflicting on whether software-assisted
      fusion of MRI lesions to ultrasound used at biopsy is more effective than visual
      registration by a trained operator. SUMMARY: The use of prostate MRI is
      increasing worldwide, and the debate now focuses on how best to use it to
      optimize the detection of clinically significant disease.

PMID- 27367260
TI  - The Vitamin E Radical Probed by Anion Photoelectron Imaging.
AB  - The biological antioxidant activity of vitamin E has been related to the
      stability of the tocopheroxyl radical. Using anion photoelectron imaging and
      electronic structure calculations, the four tocopheroxyl components of vitamin E
      have been studied in the gas phase and have yielded the adiabatic electron
      affinity of the alpha-, beta/gamma-, and delta-tocopheroxyl radicals. Using these
      values, the bond dissociation enthalpy of the O-H bond of tocopherol has been
      estimated and is consistent with previous studies and with the trends in
      biological activity. Differences in the photoelectron angular distributions have
      been interpreted to result from changes in the symmetry of the molecular orbitals
      from which the electron was detached.

PMID- 27367261
TI  - Falls and Wrist Fracture: Relationship to Women's Functional Status after Age 50.
AB  - Women experience a rapid rise in the incidence of wrist fracture after age 50.
      Accordingly, this study aimed to (1) determine the internal and environmental
      fall-related circumstances resulting in a wrist fracture, and (2) examine the
      relationship of functional status to these circumstances. Women aged 50 to 94
      years reported on the nature of the injury (n = 99) and underwent testing for
      physical activity status, balance, strength, and mobility (n = 72). The majority
      of falls causing wrist fracture occurred outdoors, during winter months, as a
      result of a slip or trip while walking. Half of these falls resulted in other
      injuries including head, neck, and spine injuries. Faster walking speed, lower
      grip strength, and higher balance confidence were significantly associated with
      outdoor versus indoor falls and slips and trips versus other causes. This study
      provides insights into potential screening and preventive measures for fall
      related wrist fractures in women.

PMID- 27367262
TI  - A Crystalline Mesolamellar Gallium Phosphate with Zwitterionic-type Templates
      Exhibiting Green Afterglow Property.
AB  - We synthesized a unique layer structure of gallium phosphates containing
      zwitterionic-type templates under mild hydrothermal reactions. The zwitterionic
      type templates, formed of long-alkyl-chain diamine cations and
      biphenyldicarboxylate anions, resided upright between adjacent layers, propping
      the interlayer distance up to 2.2 nm. For the first time, the mesoscale
      interlayer templates were sufficiently well-ordered to afford elucidation to the
      atomic-level. The mesolamellar (HDADD)2(BPDC)0.5[Ga3(OH)2(HPO4)4] (1; DADD = 1,12
      diaminododecane, BPDC = 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylate) was composed of inorganic
      layers built up exclusively with a unique type of heptameric unit which featured
      an unprecedented trimeric cluster of [Ga3(OH)2O12]. Unexpectedly, compound 1
      possessed an unusual green afterglow. To interpret the interesting
      photoluminescence (PL) property, three other low-dimensional structures related
      to 1 were prepared as well. The data from PL and electron paramagnetic resonance
      indicated that the afterglow was mainly attributed to lattice defects and the
      orientations of BPDC. 

PMID- 27367263
TI  - Finding success in failure: using latent profile analysis to examine
      heterogeneity in psychosocial functioning among heavy drinkers following
      treatment.
AB  - AIMS: To estimate differences in post-treatment psychosocial functioning among
      treatment 'failures' (i.e. heavy drinkers, defined as 4+/5+ drinks for women/men)
      from two large multi-site clinical trials and to compare these levels of
      functioning to those of the purported treatment 'successes' (i.e. non-heavy
      drinkers). DESIGN: Separate latent profile analyses of data from two of the
      largest alcohol clinical trials conducted in the United States, COMBINE (Combined
      Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions) and Project MATCH (Matching
      Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity), comparing psychosocial outcomes
      across derived classes of heterogeneous treatment responders. SETTING: Eleven US
      academic sites in COMBINE, 27 US treatment sites local to nine research sites in
      Project MATCH. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 962 individuals in COMBINE (69% male, 77%
      white, mean age: 44 years) treated January 2001 to January 2004 and 1528
      individuals in Project MATCH (75% male, 80% white, mean age: 40 years) treated
      April 1991 to September 1994. MEASUREMENTS: In COMBINE, we analyzed health,
      quality of life, mental health symptoms and alcohol consequences 12 months post
      baseline. In Project MATCH, we examined social functioning, mental health
      symptoms and alcohol consequences 15 months post-baseline. FINDINGS: Latent
      profile analysis of measures of functioning in both samples supported a three
      profile solution for the group of treatment 'failures', characterized by high-,
      average- and low-functioning individuals. The high-functioning treatment
      'failures' generally performed better across measures of psychosocial functioning
      at follow-up than participants designated treatment 'successes' by virtue of
      being abstainers or light drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Current United States Food and
      Drug Administration guidance to use heavy drinking as indicative of treatment
      'failure' fails to take into account substantial psychosocial improvements made
      by individuals who continue occasionally to drink heavily post-treatment.

PMID- 27367264
TI  - Depressed myocardial energetic efficiency is associated with increased
      cardiovascular risk in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Myocardial mechano-energetic efficiency (MEE) can be
      easily approximated by the ratio of stroke work [i.e. SBP times stroke volume
      (SV)] to a rough estimate of energy consumption, the 'double product' [SBP times
      heart rate (HR)], which can be simplified as SV/HR. We evaluated whether MEE is
      associated with adverse prognosis in relation to the presence of left ventricular
      hypertrophy (LVH). METHODS: Hypertensive participants of the Campania Salute
      Network (n = 12 353) without prevalent coronary or cerebrovascular disease and
      with ejection fraction more than 50% were cross-sectionally and longitudinally
      analyzed, over a median follow-up of 31 months. MEE was estimated by
      echocardiographic SV (z-derived)/(HR * 0.6). RESULTS: Due to the close relation
      with left ventricular mass (LVM) (P < 0.0001), MEE was normalized for LVM (MEEi)
      and divided into quartiles. The lowest quartile of MEEi (<0.29 ml/s per g) was
      considered 'low MEEi'. MEEi was greater in women than in men (P < 0.0001).
      Progressively lower MEEi was associated with older age, male sex, obesity,
      diabetes, LVH, concentric geometry, inappropriate LVM and diastolic dysfunction,
      more use of antihypertensive therapy, and higher BP (all P < 0.002). In Cox
      regression, after controlling for LVH, age, sex, and average follow-up SBP, low
      MEEi exhibited increased hazard of composite fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular
      end-points (P < 0.01), independently of antihypertensive therapy and associated
      cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSION: A simple estimate of low myocardial
      mechano-energetic efficiency is associated with altered metabolic profile, LVH,
      concentric left ventricular geometry, and diastolic dysfunction and predicts
      cardiovascular end-points, independently of age, sex, LVH antihypertensive
      therapy, and cardiovascular risk factors.

PMID- 27367265
TI  - Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: implications and recommendations for
      elite athletes.
AB  - Despite a growing body of literature demonstrating a positive relationship
      between sleep and optimal performance, athletes often have low sleep quality and
      quantity. Insufficient sleep among athletes may be due to scheduling constraints
      and the low priority of sleep relative to other training demands, as well as a
      lack of awareness of the role of sleep in optimizing athletic performance.
      Domains of athletic performance (e.g., speed and endurance), neurocognitive
      function (e.g., attention and memory), and physical health (e.g., illness and
      injury risk, and weight maintenance) have all been shown to be negatively
      affected by insufficient sleep or experimentally modeled sleep restriction.
      However, healthy adults are notoriously poor at self-assessing the magnitude of
      the impact of sleep loss, underscoring the need for increased awareness of the
      importance of sleep among both elite athletes and practitioners managing their
      care. Strategies to optimize sleep quality and quantity in athletes include
      approaches for expanding total sleep duration, improving sleep environment, and
      identifying potential sleep disorders.

PMID- 27367266
TI  - The Ideological and Political Dimensions of the Anti-Smoking and Anti-Drinking
      Video Advertisements in the Republic of Moldova.
AB  - Based on the critical approach in health communication, along with Habermas's
      theory of legitimation and Ellul's theory of propaganda, this qualitative study
      analyzes the political and ideological dimensions of the video advertisements
      used in the 2012 anti-smoking and 2014 anti-drinking campaigns in the Republic of
      Moldova. This analysis shows that these health videos support male domination and
      exclusion of the poor and legitimate the current political leadership with its
      declared pro-European orientation. This study uniquely contributes to the
      critical approach in health communication by focusing on the post-Soviet context
      in which statehood and national identity are unstable and societies are torn
      between the Russian and (post-)Soviet influences on one hand and European
      aspirations on the other. Drawing on critical scholarship in global health
      communication, this article calls for greater respect and recognition of
      Moldova's local culture and definition of health.

PMID- 27367267
TI  - Canakinumab for the treatment of active systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Canakinumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against interleukin
      1beta, is a relatively new medication approved for treatment of systemic juvenile
      idiopathic arthritis (SJIA). Here, we review data supporting use of canakinumab
      for patients with active SJIA, as compared to other available biologic
      medications. AREAS COVERED: This article provides an overview of chemistry of
      canakinumab as well as the phase II and phase III trials that led to approval for
      treatment of active SJIA. To undertake this review, the authors performed
      literature search using Pubmed, with keywords 'canakinumab,' 'biologic,' 'anti-IL
      1B,' and 'systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis,' focusing on publications
      within the last 5 years. Expert commentary: Canakinumab has shown efficacy in
      treatment of SJIA with active systemic features including fever. There is no
      evidence to suggest increased risk of macrophage activation syndrome. Its use in
      the treatment of chronic arthritis without active systemic features has not been
      approved and warrants further study.

PMID- 27367268
TI  - Computational Assessment of the Relation Between Embolism Source and Embolus
      Distribution to the Circle of Willis for Improved Understanding of Stroke
      Etiology.
AB  - Stroke caused by an embolism accounts for about a third of all stroke cases.
      Understanding the source and cause of the embolism is critical for diagnosis and
      long-term treatment of such stroke cases. The complex nature of the transport of
      an embolus within large arteries is a primary hindrance to a clear understanding
      of embolic stroke etiology. Recent advances in medical image-based computational
      hemodynamics modeling have rendered increasing utility to such techniques as a
      probe into the complex flow and transport phenomena in large arteries. In this
      work, we present a novel, patient-specific, computational framework for
      understanding embolic stroke etiology, by combining image-based hemodynamics with
      discrete particle dynamics and a sampling-based analysis. The framework allows us
      to explore the important question of how embolism source manifests itself in
      embolus distribution across the various major cerebral arteries. Our
      investigations illustrate prominent numerical evidence regarding (i) the
      size/inertia-dependent trends in embolus distribution to the brain; (ii) the
      relative distribution of cardiogenic versus aortogenic emboli among the anterior,
      middle, and posterior cerebral arteries; (iii) the left versus right brain
      preference in cardio-emboli and aortic-emboli transport; and (iv) the source
      destination relationship for embolisms affecting the brain.

PMID- 27367269
TI  - Multiple Citation Indicators and Their Composite across Scientific Disciplines.
AB  - Many fields face an increasing prevalence of multi-authorship, and this poses
      challenges in assessing citation metrics. Here, we explore multiple citation
      indicators that address total impact (number of citations, Hirsch H index [H]),
      co-authorship adjustment (Schreiber Hm index [Hm]), and author order (total
      citations to papers as single; single or first; or single, first, or last
      author). We demonstrate the correlation patterns between these indicators across
      84,116 scientists (those among the top 30,000 for impact in a single year [2013]
      in at least one of these indicators) and separately across 12 scientific fields.
      Correlation patterns vary across these 12 fields. In physics, total citations are
      highly negatively correlated with indicators of co-authorship adjustment and of
      author order, while in other sciences the negative correlation is seen only for
      total citation impact and citations to papers as single author. We propose a
      composite score that sums standardized values of these six log-transformed
      indicators. Of the 1,000 top-ranked scientists with the composite score, only 322
      are in the top 1,000 based on total citations. Many Nobel laureates and other
      extremely influential scientists rank among the top-1,000 with the composite
      indicator, but would rank much lower based on total citations. Conversely, many
      of the top 1,000 authors on total citations have had no single/first/last
      authored cited paper. More Nobel laureates of 2011-2015 are among the top authors
      when authors are ranked by the composite score than by total citations, H index,
      or Hm index; 40/47 of these laureates are among the top 30,000 by at least one of
      the six indicators. We also explore the sensitivity of indicators to self
      citation and alphabetic ordering of authors in papers across different scientific
      fields. Multiple indicators and their composite may give a more comprehensive
      picture of impact, although no citation indicator, single or composite, can be
      expected to select all the best scientists.

PMID- 27367270
TI  - Treatment of Acute Purulent Dacryocystitis by Early Bicanalicular Silicone
      Intubation: Safety, Efficacy, and Outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of early bicanalicular
      silicone intubation in the treatment of acute purulent dacryocystitis. METHODS:
      This prospective interventional case series focused on acute purulent
      dacryocystitis from February 2010 to March 2014. Of the 21 cases, 16 cases were
      treated at the Fujian Provincial Hospital, and five cases were treated at the
      Lianjiang Hospital. Bicanalicular silicone intubation was inserted in the
      original lacrimal duct within 10 days after abscess decompression by pus
      aspiration method and systemic antibiotic application. Data collection included
      demographic profiles, perioperative and postoperative complications, and revision
      surgery. Resolution of signs and symptoms of acute purulent dacryocystitis, as
      well as successful anatomical patency assessed by irrigation, was evaluated.
      Follow-up times were more than 12 months, and ranged from 14 to 63 months.
      RESULTS: All patients showed remarkable improvement of pain and swelling within
      48 hours. Resolution of the erythema and edema was observed within one week after
      bicanalicular silicone intubation combined with topical antibiotic lavage. No
      intraoperative and postoperative complications were observed. After initial
      bicanalicular silicone intubation, anatomical success was observed in 66.7%
      (14/21) of the patients. Of the remaining seven patients who presented with
      severe reflux in irrigation, two patients chose re-intubation and five patients
      underwent standard external dacryocystorhinostomy. All patients had anatomical
      success at last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Early bicanalicular silicone intubation
      appears to be a safe, effective, and simple procedure, which offers a reasonable
      option in the treatment of acute purulent dacryocystitis, especially for those
      developing and underdeveloped areas.

PMID- 27367271
TI  - Comparison of three different conjugation strategies in the construction of
      herceptin-bearing paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles.
AB  - Research on quantitatively controlling the ligand density on the surface of
      nanocarriers is in the frontier and becomes a technical difficulty for targeted
      delivery system designing. In this study, we developed an improved pre
      conjugation (Imp) strategy, in which herceptin as a ligand was pre-conjugated
      with DSPE-PEG2000-Mal via chemical cross-linking, followed by conjugation onto
      the surface of pre-prepared paclitaxel-loaded PLGA/DODMA nanoparticles (PDNs)
      through hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic attraction for paclitaxel
      delivery. Compared with the post-conjugation (Pos) strategy, in which the ligand
      was conjugated onto the nanoparticle surface after the preparation of the
      nanoparticles, it realized a precise control targeting effect via adjustment of
      the herceptin density on the surface of the nanoparticles. Within the range of 0
      20% of DSPE-PEG2000-herceptin in the blend, it showed a linear relation with the
      ligand density on the surface of the nanoparticles. The Imp strategy protected
      the bioactivity of the ligand during the preparation of nanoparticles. At the
      same time it avoided the waste of an excess amount of herceptin to drive the
      conjugation reaction in comparison with the post-conjugation (Pos) strategy. The
      nanoparticles from the Imp strategy showed much better cytotoxicity (p < 0.001),
      tumor targeting and cellular uptake efficiency (p < 0.001) than that of the other
      strategies in BT474 cells, in which BT474 cells were HER2 receptor over
      expression breast cancer cell lines. A significant reduction in cellular uptake
      of the nanoparticles from the Imp strategy was observed in the presence of
      sucrose and cytochalasin D, indicating that clathrin-mediated and caveolae
      dependent endocytosis was as a primary mechanism of cellular entry for these
      antibody-modified nanoparticles. 

PMID- 27367272
TI  - MPT0B098, a Microtubule Inhibitor, Suppresses JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway
      through Modulation of SOCS3 Stability in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Microtubule inhibitors have been shown to inhibit Janus kinase 2/signal
      transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) signal transduction
      pathway in various cancer cells. However, little is known of the mechanism by
      which the microtubule inhibitors inhibit STAT3 activity. In the present study, we
      examined the effect of a novel small-molecule microtubule inhibitor, MPT0B098, on
      STAT3 signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Treatment of various OSCC
      cells with MPT0B098 induced growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis,
      as well as increased the protein level of SOCS3. The accumulation of SOCS3
      protein enhanced its binding to JAK2 and TYK2 which facilitated the
      ubiquitination and degradation of JAK2 and TYK2, resulting in a loss of STAT3
      activity. The inhibition of STAT3 activity led to sensitization of OSCC cells to
      MPT0B098 cytotoxicity, indicating that STAT3 is a key mediator of drug resistance
      in oral carcinogenesis. Moreover, the combination of MPT0B098 with the clinical
      drug cisplatin or 5-FU significantly augmented growth inhibition and apoptosis in
      OSCC cells. Taken together, our results provide a novel mechanism for the action
      of MPT0B098 in which the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is suppressed through the
      modulation of SOCS3 protein level. The findings also provide a promising
      combinational therapy of MPT0B098 for OSCC. 

PMID- 27367273
TI  - Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle with Antioxidants as a New Carrier
      That Generates Lower Oxidative Stress Impact on Cells.
AB  - Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were covalently coated with antioxidant
      molecules, namely, caffeic acid (MSN-CAF) or rutin (MSN-RUT), in order to
      diminish the impact of oxidative stress induced after transfection into cells,
      thus generating safer carriers used for either drug delivery or other
      applications. Two cellular models involved in the entry of NPs in the body were
      used for this purpose: the intestinal Caco-2 and the epidermal HaCaT cell lines.
      Rutin gave the best results in terms of antioxidant capacities preservation
      during coupling procedures, cellular toxicity alleviation, and decrease of ROS
      level after 24 h incubation of cells with grafted nanoparticles. These protective
      effects of rutin were found more pronounced in HaCaT than in Caco-2 cells,
      indicating some cellular specificity toward defense against oxidative stress. In
      order to gain more insight about the Nrf2 response, a stable transfected HaCaT
      cell line bearing repeats of the antioxidant response element (ARE) in front of a
      luciferase reporter gene was generated. In this cell line, both tBHQ and
      quercetin (Nrf2 agonists), but not rutin, were able to induce, in a dose
      dependent fashion, the luciferase response. Interestingly, at high concentration,
      MSN-RUT was able to induce a strong Nrf2 protective response in HaCaT cells,
      accompanied by a comparable induction of HO-1 mRNA. The level of these responses
      was again less important in Caco-2 cells. To conclude, in keratinocyte cell line,
      the coupling of rutin to silica nanoparticles was beneficial in term of ROS
      reduction, cellular viability, and protective effects mediated through the
      activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.

PMID- 27367274
TI  - Stable and Reusable Electrochemical Biosensor for Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase and
      Its Inhibitor Based on Enzyme-Initiated Auto-PARylation.
AB  - A stable and reusable electrochemical biosensor for the label-free detection of
      poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is designed in this work. C-kit-1, a thiol
      modified G-quadruplex oligonucleotide, is first self-assembled on a gold
      electrode surface. The G-quadruplex structure of c-kit-1 can specifically tether
      and activate PARP, resulting in the generation of negatively charged poly(ADP
      ribose) polymer (PAR). On the basis of electrostatic attraction, PAR facilitates
      the surface accumulation of positively charged electrochemical signal molecules.
      Through the characterization of electrochemical signal molecules, the label-free
      quantification of PARP is simply implemented. On the basis of the proposed
      method, selective quantification of PARP can be achieved over the linear range
      from 0.01 to 1 U with a calculated detection limit of 0.003U. Further studies
      also demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to biosamples revealing
      the broad potential in practical applications. Furthermore, inhibitor of PARP has
      also been detected with this biosensor. Meanwhile, benefited from self-assembly
      on solid surface, this biosensor possesses two important features, i.e.,
      reusability and stability, which are desirable in related biosensors. 

PMID- 27367275
TI  - Methodological challenges when doing research that includes ethnic minorities: a
      scoping review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are challenging methodological issues in obtaining valid and
      reliable results on which to base occupational therapy interventions for ethnic
      minorities. The aim of this scoping review is to describe the methodological
      problems within occupational therapy research, when ethnic minorities are
      included. METHOD: A thorough literature search yielded 21 articles obtained from
      the scientific databases PubMed, Cinahl, Web of Science and PsychInfo. Analysis
      followed Arksey and O'Malley's framework for scoping reviews, applying content
      analysis. RESULTS: The results showed methodological issues concerning the entire
      research process from defining and recruiting samples, the conceptual
      understanding, lack of appropriate instruments, data collection using
      interpreters to analyzing data. CONCLUSION: In order to avoid excluding the
      ethnic minorities from adequate occupational therapy research and interventions,
      development of methods for the entire research process is needed. It is a costly
      and time-consuming process, but the results will be valid and reliable, and
      therefore more applicable in clinical practice.

PMID- 27367277
TI  - Ion Environments in Mn(2+)-Doped Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Dilute Magnetic
      Saloplastics.
AB  - Amorphous hydrated complexes of the polyelectrolytes poly(styrene sulfonate)
      (PSS) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) were doped with the spin-5/2 ion Mn(2+).
      X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of the Mn(2+) spins
      within these stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) revealed an
      octahedral coordination environment, similar to that observed in aqueous
      solutions of Mn(2+). This octahedral symmetry of the [Mn(H2O)6](2+) complexes,
      observed in fully hydrated PECs, is somewhat distorted because of the wide range
      of ion pairs possible with the sulfonate group on PSS. As the Mn(2+)
      concentration was increased, the linewidths broadened, indicating the dominance
      of dipolar broadening over exchange narrowing in determining the linewidths; that
      is, any exchange narrowing was masked by the large dipolar broadening. The
      calculated linewidths were used to estimate the strengths of the dipolar
      interactions, and hence the distances between the Mn(2+) spins, on the basis of a
      simple model of regularly spaced spins. The distances calculated by this method
      were roughly comparable to the geometric average distances calculated on the
      basis of the Mn(2+) concentrations and densities of the doped PEC samples. From a
      comparison of their EPR spectra, the ion environments in the doped, fully
      hydrated PECs were found to be similar to those in hydrated classical ion
      exchange resins. EPR spectra before and after drying of the PECs indicate the
      replacement of octahedrally coordinated water by oxide anions from the polyanion
      chain and the corresponding loss of the symmetric environment of Mn(2+) ions.

PMID- 27367276
TI  - Gambir, "Gambir Sarawak" and toad venom.

PMID- 27367278
TI  - Extended bandwidth real-ear measurement accuracy and repeatability to 10 kHz.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Direct real-ear measurement to the 4-6 kHz range can be measured with
      suitable accuracy and repeatability. This study evaluates extended bandwidth
      measurement accuracy and repeatability using narrowband and wideband signal
      analysis. DESIGN: White noise was measured in female ear canals at four insertion
      depths using one-third and one-twenty-fourth octave band averaging. STUDY SAMPLE:
      Fourteen female adults with reported normal hearing and middle-ear function
      participated in the study. RESULTS: Test-retest differences were within +/-2 dB
      for typical frequency bandwidths at insertion depths administered in clinical
      practice, and for up to 8 kHz at the experimental 30 mm insertion depth. The 28
      mm insertion depth was the best predictor of ear canal levels measured at the 30
      mm insertion depth. There was no effect of signal analysis bandwidth on accuracy
      or repeatability. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically feasible 28 mm probe tube insertions
      reliably measured up to 8 kHz and predicted intensities up to 10 kHz measured at
      the 30 mm insertion depth more accurately than did shallower insertion depths.
      Signal analysis bandwidth may not be an important clinical issue at least for one
      third and one-twenty-fourth octave band analyses.

PMID- 27367279
TI  - The Effects of Turner Syndrome, 45,X on Obstetric and Neonatal Outcomes: A
      Retrospective Cohort Evaluation.
AB  - Objective This study aims to evaluate the perinatal and neonatal outcomes
      associated with prenatal diagnosis of 45,X, both with and without fetal cardiac
      anomalies. Study Design A retrospective cohort of singleton pregnancies in
      California, 2005 to 2008, using vital statistics and International Classification
      of Diseases, Ninth Revision data, identifying prenatally diagnosed 45,X. Outcomes
      included preterm delivery, preeclampsia, intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD),
      cesarean section, small for gestational age (SGA), neonatal death, and infant
      death. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare pregnancies and
      neonates with and without 45,X. Prenatally diagnosed cardiac anomalies were also
      considered. Results Of the 2,029,000 deliveries, 138 had prenatally diagnosed
      45,X. Out of these 138 deliveries, 22 had a prenatally diagnosed cardiac anomaly.
      Compared with unaffected pregnancies, those with fetal 45,X had higher rates of
      preterm delivery (19.5 vs. 9.9%, p = 0.001), cesarean section (44.2 vs. 30.2%, p
      < 0.0001), and SGA (21.5 vs. 6.3%, p < 0.0001). The affected cohort had no IUFDs.
      Neonatal death was 14.5 times higher in the 45,X cohort (p < 0.0001). Of only
      infants with cardiac anomalies, neonatal death was significantly more likely in
      those with 45,X (p = 0.005). In adjusted analysis, risk of SGA (< 3rd
      percentile), neonatal death, and infant death remained increased for infants with
      45,X while controlling for fetal cardiac anomalies. Conclusion Prenatally
      diagnosed 45,X was associated with increased risk of cesarean section, and
      adverse neonatal outcomes, including mortality.

PMID- 27367280
TI  - Birthweight Extremes and Neonatal and Childhood Outcomes after Preterm Premature
      Rupture of Membranes.
AB  - Objective To determine the association between birthweight extremes and risk of
      adverse neonatal and childhood outcomes following preterm premature rupture of
      membranes (PPROM). Study Design This is a secondary analysis of data from the
      Beneficial Effects of Antenatal Magnesium Sulfate Trial. Women with nonanomalous
      singletons and PPROM delivering >=24.0 weeks were included. Birthweight was
      classified as small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age
      (AGA), or large for gestational age (LGA). Composite severe neonatal morbidity
      and childhood outcomes at age 2, were compared between these groups. Results One
      thousand five hundred and ninety-eight infants were included (58 SGA, 1,354 AGA,
      and 186 LGA). There was an inverse relationship between birthweight and rate of
      composite major neonatal morbidity (55.2% of SGA, 31.5% of AGA, 18.3% of LGA, p <
      0.001). Former-SGA children were more likely to be diagnosed with major composite
      childhood morbidity at age 2 (25.9% of SGA, 8.3% of AGA, 5.9% of LGA, p < 0.001).
      In multivariate models, LGA infants had improved initial neonatal outcomes
      compared with AGA infants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.44; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 0.28-0.71; p = 0.001). Conclusion Among infants delivered
      following PPROM, those who were LGA at delivery had improved composite adverse
      neonatal outcomes. SGA increases the risk of severe neonatal morbidity, early
      childhood death, and moderate/severe cerebral palsy at age 2.

PMID- 27367281
TI  - Birth Rates Among Hispanics and Non-Hispanics and their Representation in
      Contemporary Obstetric Clinical Trials.
AB  - Objective Our study aims were to establish whether subjects enrolled in current
      obstetric clinical trials proportionately reflects the contemporary
      representation of Hispanic ethnicities and their birth rates in the United
      States. Methods Using comprehensive source data over a defined interval (January
      2011-September 2015) on birth rates by ethnicity from the Centers for Disease
      Control and Prevention (CDC), we evaluated the proportional rate by ethnicity,
      then analyzed the observed to expected relative ratio of enrolled subjects.
      Results Hispanic women comprise a significant contribution to births in the
      United States (23% of all births). Systematic analysis of 90 published obstetric
      clinical trials showed a correlation between inclusion of Hispanic gravidae and
      the corresponding state's birth rates (r = 0.501, p < 0.001). While the mean was
      strongly correlated, individual clinical trials may have relatively over-enrolled
      (n = 31, or 34%) or under-enrolled (n = 33, or 37%) relative to their regional
      population. In 48% of obstetric clinical trials the Hispanic proportion of the
      study population was not reported. Conclusion Hispanic gravidae represent a
      significant number of contemporary U.S. births, and are generally adequately
      represented as obstetric subjects in clinical trials. However, this is trial
      dependent, with significant trial-specific under- and over-enrollment of Hispanic
      subjects relative to the regional birth population.

PMID- 27367282
TI  - Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid and Neonatal Morbidity in Low-Risk Pregnancies at
      Term: The Effect of Gestational Age.
AB  - Objective To assess the association of gestational age at delivery with perinatal
      outcome in low-risk term deliveries complicated by meconium-stained amniotic
      fluid (MSAF). Methods We retrospectively analyzed all singleton deliveries that
      underwent a trial of labor in a single hospital (2007-2013). Exclusion criteria
      included pregnancy-related complications (e.g., hypertensive disorders, diabetes,
      oligohydramnios, and fetal anomalies). First, only deliveries with MSAF were
      analyzed. Perinatal outcome of deliveries at 370/7 to 386/7 weeks (early term)
      and 410/7 to 416/7 weeks (late term) were compared with those at 390/7 to 406/7
      weeks of gestation (full term). Additionally, a gestational age based comparison
      was made between the risk for neonatal respiratory morbidity in deliveries with
      clear amniotic fluid and MSAF. Results During the study period, 28,248 deliveries
      were considered as low risk. Of them, 3,399 (12.0%) were diagnosed with MSAF and
      were divided to full term (n = 2,413), early term (n = 405), and late term (n =
      581). In multivariate analysis, MSAF at early term was associated with neonatal
      jaundice, need for phototherapy, and neonatal sepsis. In a gestational age based
      stratification, when comparing between deliveries with clear amniotic fluid and
      those with MSAF, late term had the highest odds (4.2 vs. 0.5%; p < 0.001) for
      neonatal respiratory morbidity. Conclusion Gestational age was associated with
      specific complications in deliveries complicated by MSAF and otherwise low-risk
      deliveries.

PMID- 27367283
TI  - The Effect of Interpregnancy Interval on the Recurrence Rate of Spontaneous
      Preterm Birth: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - Objective We assessed, in women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth, the
      effect of interpregnancy interval on the subsequent preterm birth rate. Design
      Retrospective cohort study. Setting A nationwide longitudinal dataset of the the
      Netherlands Perinatal Registry. Population Women with three sequential singleton
      pregnancies between 1999 and 2009 and a spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks in
      the first pregnancy. Methods We evaluated the impact of interpregnancy interval
      on the course of the next pregnancies. Antenatal death and/or congenital
      abnormalities were excluded. Conventional and conditional logistic regression
      analysis were applied. We adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, socioeconomic
      status, artificial reproductive techniques, and year of birth. Main Outcome
      Measures Outcomes studied were preterm birth <37 weeks, <32 weeks, low birth
      weight <2500 g, and small for gestational age <10th percentile. Results Among
      2,361 women with preterm birth in the first pregnancy, logistic regression
      analysis indicated a significant effect of a short interpregnancy interval (0-5
      mo) on recurrent preterm birth <37 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 2.22; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 1.62-3.05), <32 weeks (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.43-5.87), and low birth
      weight (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.79-4.03). In addition, a long interval (>=60 mo) had
      a significant effect on preterm birth <37 weeks (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.29-3.74).
      Conditional logistic regression analysis confirmed the effect of a short interval
      on the recurrence of preterm birth rate <37 weeks and low birth weight.
      Conclusion In women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth, a short
      interpregnancy interval has a strong impact on the risk of preterm birth before
      37 weeks and low birth weight in the next pregnancy, irrespective of the type of
      analysis performed.

PMID- 27367284
TI  - Glycerin Suppositories Use in Very Low Birth Weight Infants.
AB  - Objective To study the characteristics of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants
      receiving glycerin suppositories (GS) and evaluate the association of GS use with
      outcomes. Study Design This is a retrospective study of VLBW infants admitted to
      a level III neonatal intensive care unit. Infants with birth weight between 500
      and 1,499 g were evaluated. We evaluated the frequency of GS use and compared the
      characteristics and outcomes of the GS group with the no-GS group. Multivariate
      analyses controlling for gestational age and small for gestational age status
      were performed to study the effect of GS on outcomes. Results A total of 1,073
      infants were included in the study. Out of those, 527 (49.1%) infants received
      GS. Incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis was not significantly different
      between the two groups, while days to reach full enteral feeds and length of
      hospital stay were significantly longer in the GS group. Conclusion Frequent use
      of GS warrants further prospective studies to evaluate its safety and efficacy in
      view of our study showing association with longer time to reach full enteral
      feeds. We speculate that GS use could be a marker for gastrointestinal
      dysmotility and hence the association with unfavorable clinical outcomes.

PMID- 27367285
TI  - Is There an Association Between Indication for Intrauterine Balloon Tamponade and
      Balloon Failure?
AB  - Objective Determine whether the indication for intrauterine balloon tamponade
      (IUBT) is associated with failure rates. Study Design Cohort study of women who
      underwent IUBT for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) from 2007 to 2014. The indication
      was categorized as uterine atony or placental-site bleeding. Primary outcome was
      IUBT failure, defined as the need for uterine artery embolization or
      hysterectomy. Secondary outcomes were estimated blood loss (EBL) after balloon
      placement, transfusion of red blood cells (RBC), transfusion of fresh frozen
      plasma (FFP) and/or cryoprecipitate, and intensive care unit (ICU) admission.
      Results 306 women underwent IUBT: 241 (78.8%) for uterine atony and 65 (21.2%)
      for placental site bleeding. Overall, 67 (21.9%) women experienced IUBT failure.
      The frequency of failure was similar in those with uterine atony compared with
      those with placental-site bleeding (21.2 vs 24.6%, p = 0.55). This finding
      persisted after adjusting for potential confounders (aOR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.48
      1.99). Median EBL after balloon placement (190 [interquartile range, 93-375] vs
      195 [interquartile range, 103-500] mL, p = 0.46), and frequencies of RBC
      transfusion (62.7 vs 66.2%, p = 0.60), FFP and/or cryoprecipitate transfusion
      (25.3 vs 33.8%, p = 0.17), and ICU admission (12.4 vs 16.9%, p = 0.35) were also
      similar. Conclusion IUBT was similarly effective for managing PPH from uterine
      atony or placental-site bleeding.

PMID- 27367286
TI  - Vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphism (-460 T/C) is related to
      hypertension-associated chronic kidney disease.
AB  - Our aim was to characterize the endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in
      normotensive controls and treated hypertensive individuals within the vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -460 C/T polymorphism as well as to investigate
      whether this polymorphism predisposes to hypertension-related chronic kidney
      disease. The hypertensive patients bearing the TT genotype had the highest levels
      of immature EPC with the following phenotypes: CD34(+), CD34(+)CD45(dim),
      CD34(+)CD133(+)CD45(dim). The study showed the estimated glomerular filtration
      rate values significantly lower and creatinine and BUN parameters higher among
      the TT hypertensive patients. We presume that the highest mobilization of EPCs
      from bone marrow may signalize more severe renal hypertension-related
      complications in the VEGF -460 TT genotype. 

PMID- 27367287
TI  - A Quantitative Method for Comparing the Brightness of Antibody-dye Reagents and
      Estimating Antibodies Bound per Cell.
AB  - We present a quantitative method for comparing the brightness of antibody-dye
      reagents and estimating antibodies bound per cell. The method is based on
      complementary binding of test and fill reagents to antibody capture microspheres.
      Several aliquots of antibody capture beads are stained with varying amounts of
      the test conjugate. The remaining binding sites on the beads are then filled with
      a second conjugate containing a different fluorophore. Finally, the fluorescence
      of the test conjugate compared to the fill conjugate is used to measure the
      relative brightness of the test conjugate. The fundamental assumption of the test
      fill method is that if it takes X molecules of one test antibody to lower the
      fill signal by Y units, it will take the same X molecules of any other test
      antibody to give the same effect. We apply a quadratic fit to evaluate the test
      fill signal relationship across different amounts of test reagent. If the fit is
      close to linear, we consider the test reagent to be suitable for quantitative
      evaluation of antibody binding. To calibrate the antibodies bound per bead, a PE
      conjugate with 1 PE molecule per antibody is used as a test reagent and the
      fluorescence scale is calibrated with Quantibrite PE beads. When the fluorescence
      per antibody molecule has been determined for a particular conjugate, that
      conjugate can be used for measurement of antibodies bound per cell. This provides
      comparisons of the brightness of different conjugates when conducted on an
      instrument whose statistical photoelectron (Spe) scales are known. (c) 2016 by
      John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367288
TI  - High-Content Microscopy Analysis of Subcellular Structures: Assay Development and
      Application to Focal Adhesion Quantification.
AB  - High-content analysis (HCA) converts raw light microscopy images to quantitative
      data through the automated extraction, multiparametric analysis, and
      classification of the relevant information content. Combined with automated high
      throughput image acquisition, HCA applied to the screening of chemicals or RNAi
      reagents is termed high-content screening (HCS). Its power in quantifying cell
      phenotypes makes HCA applicable also to routine microscopy. However, developing
      effective HCA and bioinformatic analysis pipelines for acquisition of
      biologically meaningful data in HCS is challenging. Here, the step-by-step
      development of an HCA assay protocol and an HCS bioinformatics analysis pipeline
      are described. The protocol's power is demonstrated by application to focal
      adhesion (FA) detection, quantitative analysis of multiple FA features, and
      functional annotation of signaling pathways regulating FA size, using primary
      data of a published RNAi screen. The assay and the underlying strategy are aimed
      at researchers performing microscopy-based quantitative analysis of subcellular
      features, on a small scale or in large HCS experiments. (c) 2016 by John Wiley &
      Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367289
TI  - Measurement and Characterization of Apoptosis by Flow Cytometry.
AB  - Apoptosis is an important mechanism in cell biology, playing a critical
      regulatory role in virtually every organ system. It has been particularly well
      characterized in the immune system, with roles ranging from immature immune cell
      development and selection to down-regulation of the mature immune response.
      Apoptosis is also the primary mechanism of action of anti-cancer drugs. Flow
      cytometry has been the method of choice for analyzing apoptosis in suspension
      cells for more than 25 years. Numerous assays have been devised to measure both
      the earliest and latest steps in the apoptotic process, from the earliest signal
      transduction events to the late morphological changes in cell shape and
      granularity, proteolysis, and chromatin condensation. These assays are
      particularly powerful when combined into multicolor assays determining several
      apoptotic characteristics simultaneously. The multiparametric nature of flow
      cytometry makes this technology particularly suited to measuring apoptosis. In
      this unit, we will describe the four main techniques for analyzing caspase
      activity in apoptotic cells, combined with annexin V and cell permeability
      analysis. These relatively simple multiparametric assays are powerful techniques
      for assessing cell death. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367290
TI  - Facile Construction of Random Gene Mutagenesis Library for Directed Evolution
      Without the Use of Restriction Enzyme in Escherichia coli.
AB  - A foolproof protocol was developed for the construction of mutant DNA library for
      directed protein evolution. First, a library of linear mutant gene was generated
      by error-prone PCR or molecular shuffling, and a linear vector backbone was
      prepared by high-fidelity PCR. Second, the amplified insert and vector fragments
      were assembled by overlap-extension PCR with a pair of 5'-phosphorylated primers.
      Third, full-length linear plasmids with phosphorylated 5'-ends were self-ligated
      with T4 ligase, yielding circular plasmids encoding mutant variants suitable for
      high-efficiency transformation. Self-made competent Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)
      showed a transformation efficiency of 2.4 * 10(5) cfu/ug of the self-ligated
      circular plasmid. Using this method, three mutants of mCherry fluorescent protein
      were found to alter their colors and fluorescent intensities under visible and UV
      lights, respectively. Also, one mutant of 6-phosphorogluconate dehydrogenase from
      a thermophilic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica was found to show the 3.5-fold
      improved catalytic efficiency (kcat /Km ) on NAD(+) as compared to the wild-type.
      This protocol is DNA-sequence independent, and does not require restriction
      enzymes, special E. coli host, or labor-intensive optimization. In addition, this
      protocol can be used for subcloning the relatively long DNA sequences into any
      position of plasmids. 

PMID- 27367291
TI  - Effect of red mud addition on tetracycline and copper resistance genes and
      microbial community during the full scale swine manure composting.
AB  - Swine manure has been considered as the reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes
      (ARGs). Composting is one of the most suitable technologies for treating
      livestock manures, and red mud was proved to have a positive effect on nitrogen
      conservation during composting. This study investigated the abundance of eight
      tetracycline and three copper resistance genes, the bacterial community during
      the full scale swine manure composting with or without addition of red mud. The
      results showed that ARGs in swine manure could be effectively removed through
      composting (reduced by 2.4log copies/g TS), especially during the thermophilic
      phase (reduced by 1.5log copies/g TS), which the main contributor might be
      temperature. Additionally, evolution of bacterial community could also have a
      great influence on ARGs. Although addition of red mud could enhance nitrogen
      conservation, it obviously hindered removal of ARGs (reduced by 1.7log copies/g
      TS) and affected shaping of bacterial community during composting. 

PMID- 27367292
TI  - Computational high-throughput screening of fluid permeability in heterogeneous
      fiber materials.
AB  - We explore computational high-throughput screening as a design strategy for
      heterogeneous, isotropic fiber materials. Fluid permeability, a key property in
      the design of soft porous materials, is systematically studied using a multi
      scale lattice Boltzmann framework. After characterizing microscopic permeability
      as a function of solid volume fraction in the microstructure, we perform high
      throughput computational screening of in excess of 35 000 macrostructures
      consisting of a continuous bulk interrupted by spherical/elliptical domains with
      either lower or higher microscopic permeability (hence with two distinct
      microscopic solid volume fractions and therefore two distinct microscopic
      permeabilities) to assess which parameters determine macroscopic permeability for
      a fixed average solid volume fraction. We conclude that the fractions of bulk and
      domains and the distribution of solid volume fraction between them are the
      primary determinants of macroscopic permeability, and that a substantial increase
      in permeability compared to the corresponding homogenous material is attainable. 

PMID- 27367294
TI  - To Appear in CHEMICAL REVIEWS, Vol. 99, No. 5.

PMID- 27367293
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. European consensus-based interdisciplinary
      guideline - Update 2016.
AB  - Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is potentially the most dangerous form of skin tumour and
      causes 90% of skin cancer mortality. A unique collaboration of multi-disciplinary
      experts from the European Dermatology Forum, the European Association of Dermato
      Oncology and the European Organisation of Research and Treatment of Cancer was
      formed to make recommendations on CM diagnosis and treatment, based on systematic
      literature reviews and the experts' experience. Diagnosis is made clinically
      using dermoscopy and staging is based upon the AJCC system. CMs are excised with
      1-2 cm safety margins. Sentinel lymph node dissection is routinely offered as a
      staging procedure in patients with tumours >1 mm in thickness, although there is
      as yet no clear survival benefit for this approach. Interferon-alpha treatment
      may be offered to patients with stage II and III melanoma as an adjuvant therapy,
      as this treatment increases at least the disease-free survival and less clear the
      overall survival (OS) time. The treatment is however associated with significant
      toxicity. In distant metastasis, all options of surgical therapy have to be
      considered thoroughly. In the absence of surgical options, systemic treatment is
      indicated. For first-line treatment particularly in BRAF wild-type patients,
      immunotherapy with PD-1 antibodies alone or in combination with CTLA-4 antibodies
      should be considered. BRAF inhibitors like dabrafenib and vemurafenib in
      combination with the MEK inhibitors trametinib and cobimetinib for BRAF mutated
      patients should be offered as first or second line treatment. Therapeutic
      decisions in stage IV patients should be primarily made by an interdisciplinary
      oncology team ('Tumour Board').

PMID- 27367295
TI  - Ledipasvir and sofosbuvir for HCV infection in patients coinfected with HBV.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Currently there are no all-oral treatment regimens for HCV in
      patients coinfected with HBV. In this pilot study, we evaluated whether
      ledipasvir and sofosbuvir therapy can suppress HCV infection in patients
      coinfected with HBV. METHODS: Patients with HBV and genotype-1 HCV received 90 mg
      ledipasvir and 400 mg sofosbuvir daily for 12 weeks. The efficacy end point was
      sustained virological response (HCV RNA <15 IU/ml) 12 weeks after the end of
      treatment. RESULTS: Of the eight patients enrolled, six (75%) were male, five
      (63%) were Polynesian, seven (88%) had the CC IL28B genotype and two (25%) had
      cirrhosis. All eight patients (100%; 95% CI 63%, 100%) reached the primary end
      point of HCV RNA <15 IU/ml 12 weeks after treatment. In seven of eight patients
      (88%), serum HBV DNA levels increased during treatment, but none of the increases
      were greater than 20,000 IU/ml, and none were associated with clinical HBV flares
      or required treatment. The most common adverse events were viral infection (63%),
      fatigue (25%) and upper respiratory tract infection (25%). No patients had
      serious adverse events and none discontinued treatment for any reason.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this small sample, 12 weeks of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir was a safe
      and effective treatment for genotype-1 HCV infection in patients coinfected with
      HBV. Larger studies with longer follow-up are warranted.

PMID- 27367296
TI  - Breast Cancer Genetic and Molecular Subtype Impacts Response to Omega-3 Fatty
      Acid Ethyl Esters.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have correlated frequent omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid
      consumption with a lower risk for breast cancer; however, recent prospective
      studies have been less conclusive. Efforts in the preventive setting have focused
      on the use of n-3 fatty acids, and the pharmaceutical ethyl esters (EE) of these
      natural compounds, for high-risk patient populations. Limited understanding of
      specific mechanisms by which these agents function has hampered identification of
      the cancer subtype(s) that would gain the greatest therapeutic benefit. In this
      study, we investigated the in vitro effects of n-3 EEs in four distinct breast
      cancer subtypes and explored how they affect not only breast cancer cell survival
      but also modulate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B
      cells (NF-kappaB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling
      pathways. Similar to the high variance in response observed in human studies, we
      found that the effectiveness of n-3 EEs depends on the molecular characteristics
      of the MCF-7, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines and is
      closely associated with the suppression of NF-kappaB. These data strongly suggest
      that the use of n-3 fatty acids and their pharmaceutical ether esters in the
      prevention and therapeutic setting should be guided by specific tumor
      characteristics.

PMID- 27367297
TI  - The safety of treatment options for pediatric Crohn's disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A severe clinical phenotype along with concern for ensuring normal
      growth and development has a major impact on treatment choices for children newly
      diagnosed with Crohn's disease (CD). AREAS COVERED: We review the increasingly
      outdated concept of 'conventional' therapy of pediatric CD based on
      aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators for patients at high risk
      of complicated disease. Key safety concerns with each treatment are reviewed.
      EXPERT OPINION: There are minimal data supporting the use of aminosalicylates in
      the treatment of pediatric CD. Corticosteroids are effective short-term for
      improving signs and symptoms of disease but are ineffective for maintenance
      therapy. Thiopurines decrease corticosteroid dependence but may not alter
      progression to complicated disease requiring surgery. Concerns for lymphoma as
      well as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with thiopurines are valid. Further
      data are required on the efficacy and safety of methotrexate as an alternative
      immunomodulator. Though generally well tolerated and efficacious in most
      patients, anti-TNF-alpha therapy can be associated with both mild as well as more
      serious complications. Current data do not support an increased risk for
      malignancy associated with anti-TNF therapy alone in children. Anti-adhesion
      therapy appears to have a favorable safety profile but the experience in children
      is extremely limited.

PMID- 27367298
TI  - ToxCast Chemical Landscape: Paving the Road to 21st Century Toxicology.
AB  - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ToxCast program is testing a
      large library of Agency-relevant chemicals using in vitro high-throughput
      screening (HTS) approaches to support the development of improved toxicity
      prediction models. Launched in 2007, Phase I of the program screened 310
      chemicals, mostly pesticides, across hundreds of ToxCast assay end points. In
      Phase II, the ToxCast library was expanded to 1878 chemicals, culminating in the
      public release of screening data at the end of 2013. Subsequent expansion in
      Phase III has resulted in more than 3800 chemicals actively undergoing ToxCast
      screening, 96% of which are also being screened in the multi-Agency Tox21
      project. The chemical library unpinning these efforts plays a central role in
      defining the scope and potential application of ToxCast HTS results. The history
      of the phased construction of EPA's ToxCast library is reviewed, followed by a
      survey of the library contents from several different vantage points. CAS
      Registry Numbers are used to assess ToxCast library coverage of important
      toxicity, regulatory, and exposure inventories. Structure-based representations
      of ToxCast chemicals are then used to compute physicochemical properties,
      substructural features, and structural alerts for toxicity and biotransformation.
      Cheminformatics approaches using these varied representations are applied to
      defining the boundaries of HTS testability, evaluating chemical diversity, and
      comparing the ToxCast library to potential target application inventories, such
      as used in EPA's Endocrine Disruption Screening Program (EDSP). Through several
      examples, the ToxCast chemical library is demonstrated to provide comprehensive
      coverage of the knowledge domains and target inventories of potential interest to
      EPA. Furthermore, the varied representations and approaches presented here define
      local chemistry domains potentially worthy of further investigation (e.g., not
      currently covered in the testing library or defined by toxicity "alerts") to
      strategically support data mining and predictive toxicology modeling moving
      forward.

PMID- 27367299
TI  - Can Cardiac Conduction System Disease Be Prevented?

PMID- 27367300
TI  - Does children's moral compass waver under social pressure? Using the conformity
      paradigm to test preschoolers' moral and social-conventional judgments.
AB  - The current study tested whether preschoolers' moral and social-conventional
      judgments change under social pressure using Asch's conformity paradigm. A sample
      of 132 preschoolers (Mage=3.83years, SD=0.85) rated the acceptability of moral
      and social-conventional events and also completed a visual judgment task (i.e.,
      comparing line length) both independently and after having viewed two peers who
      consistently made immoral, unconventional, or visually inaccurate judgments.
      Results showed evidence of conformity on all three tasks, but conformity was
      stronger on the social-conventional task than on the moral and visual tasks.
      Older children were less susceptible to pressure for social conformity for the
      moral and visual tasks but not for the conventional task.

PMID- 27367301
TI  - The integration of visual context information in facial emotion recognition in 5-
      to 15-year-olds.
AB  - The current study investigated the role of congruent visual context information
      in the recognition of facial emotional expression in 190 participants from 5 to
      15years of age. Children performed a matching task that presented pictures with
      different facial emotional expressions (anger, disgust, happiness, fear, and
      sadness) in two conditions: with and without a visual context. The results showed
      that emotions presented with visual context information were recognized more
      accurately than those presented in the absence of visual context. The context
      effect remained steady with age but varied according to the emotion presented and
      the gender of participants. The findings demonstrated for the first time that
      children from the age of 5years are able to integrate facial expression and
      visual context information, and this integration improves facial emotion
      recognition.

PMID- 27367302
TI  - Is Season of Birth Important for Multiple Sclerosis Risk?

PMID- 27367303
TI  - Early Detection of New Melanomas by Patients With Melanoma and Their Partners
      Using a Structured Skin Self-examination Skills Training Intervention: A
      Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: More than 1 million patients with melanoma in the United States are
      at risk to develop a second primary melanoma. Early detection of melanoma
      improves survival. Patients with melanoma may be able to self-manage care with
      their skin-check partners ("partners") and alert the physician when a concerning
      lesion is identified, thus providing an important adjunct to yearly skin
      examinations by a physician. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a structured
      skin self-examination (SSE) intervention for patients with melanoma and their
      partners ("dyads") on SSE performance and the detection of new melanomas by the
      dyad or the physician. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized clinical
      trial with 24-month follow-up assessments. Patients with stage 0 to IIB melanoma
      and their skin-check partners participated from June 6, 2011, to April 24, 2015.
      INTERVENTIONS: Dyads of patients and their partners were randomly assigned to
      receive the skills training intervention or customary care (control group). MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was frequency of SSE performance. The
      secondary outcome was detection of a new or recurrent melanoma by the dyad or
      physician. The tertiary outcome was the number of unscheduled physician
      appointments for concerning lesions. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 494
      participants. The patient population was 51.2% (253 of 494) female and had a mean
      (SD) age of 55 (10) years. Patients in the intervention arms had significantly
      increased SSEs with their partners at 4, 12, and 24 months (P < .001 for all)
      compared with the control group (mean differences, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.29-1.85], 0.72
      [95% CI, 0.39-1.06], and 0.94 [95% CI, 0.58-1.30], respectively). Patients in the
      intervention arms identified new melanomas more than those in the control group
      (chi21 = 28.77, P < .01 [n = 51 melanomas in situ] and chi21 = 6.43, P < .05 [n =
      18 invasive melanomas]) and did not increase physician visits. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: Patients with melanoma and their partners reliably performed SSE after
      participating in a structured skills training program lasting approximately 30
      minutes, with reinforcement every 4 months by the study dermatologist. Accurate
      SSE by those at risk to develop melanoma may enhance early detection and relieve
      some of the burden on health services to provide continuing follow-up to a
      growing population of eligible patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov
      Identifier: NCT01432860.

PMID- 27367304
TI  - Active Nanorheology with Plasmonics.
AB  - Nanoplasmonic systems are valued for their strong optical response and their
      small size. Most plasmonic sensors and systems to date have been rigid and
      passive. However, rendering these structures dynamic opens new possibilities for
      applications. Here we demonstrate that dynamic plasmonic nanoparticles can be
      used as mechanical sensors to selectively probe the rheological properties of a
      fluid in situ at the nanoscale and in microscopic volumes. We fabricate chiral
      magneto-plasmonic nanocolloids that can be actuated by an external magnetic
      field, which in turn allows for the direct and fast modulation of their distinct
      optical response. The method is robust and allows nanorheological measurements
      with a mechanical sensitivity of ~0.1 cP, even in strongly absorbing fluids with
      an optical density of up to OD ~ 3 (~0.1% light transmittance) and in the
      presence of scatterers (e.g., 50% v/v red blood cells).

PMID- 27367305
TI  - Correction to Novel Bispecific PSMA/GRPr Targeting Radioligands with Optimized
      Pharmacokinetics for Improved PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer.

PMID- 27367306
TI  - Mental disorders in adults with congenital heart disease: Unmet needs and impact
      on quality of life.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In adult congenital heart disease (ACHD), mental health status and
      quality of life become important issues due to improved life expectancy. Current
      literature provides conflicting data regarding mental health status in ACHD.
      Furthermore, none of the studies so far compared prevalence rates with a matched
      control group. METHODS: The prevalence of mental disorders was assessed in 150
      ACHD using a structured interview, and compared to 12-months estimates of the
      general German population. Quality of life (QoL) was measured with World Health
      Organization Quality of Life instrument. Furthermore, we related the diagnostic
      results of widely used screening instruments for depression (Beck Depression
      Inventory-2; BDI-2; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS) with clinical
      diagnoses, to receive optimal sensitivity and specificity values. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of psychiatric disorders was significantly higher in ACHD than in the
      general population (48.0%; CI: 44.7-60.0 vs. 35.7%; CI: 33.5-37.9). Mood (30.7%;
      CI: 24.0-38.0 vs. 10.7%;CI:9.4-12.0) and anxiety disorders (28.0%; CI:22.0-36.7
      vs. 16.8%; CI: 15.0-18.6) were the leading causes of psychiatric illness. Sixteen
      of 150 ACHD patients (10.7%) received specific treatment for psychiatric
      disorders before entering the study. Overall quality of life was independently
      and negatively associated with a diagnosis of major depression (p<0.001), alcohol
      dependency (p=0.004), nicotine dependency (p=0.036), and NYHA class (p=0.007).
      Accuracy of the HADS-D and BDI-2 as screening instruments was moderate (AUC 0.60
      0.81), depending on the cut-off score used. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric disorders,
      particularly mood and anxiety disorders are significantly more frequent in ACHD
      compared to the general population. However, these disorders are rarely diagnosed
      resulting in under treatment and loss of quality of life. Quality of life is
      independently associated with the existence of mood, anxiety and substance use
      disorders. When self-rating instruments (BDI-2, HADS) are used as screening
      instruments in ACHD care, lower cut-off values are recommended.

PMID- 27367307
TI  - Relative hypocortisolism is associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome in
      recurrent affective disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the main causes of excess
      deaths in affective disorders. Affective disorders are associated with increased
      frequencies of CVD risk-factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and metabolic
      syndrome. Stress-induced chronic cortisol excess has been suggested to promote
      obesity and metabolic syndrome. Chronic stress with frequent or persisting
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis) hyperactivity may, over time, lead
      to a state of low HPA-axis activity, also denoted hypocortisolism. A low-dose
      weight-adjusted dexamethasone-suppression-test (DST) is considered to be a
      sensitive measure of hypocortisolism. METHODS: 245 patients with recurrent
      depression or bipolar disorder and 258 controls participated in a low-dose DST
      and were also examined with regard to metabolic status. RESULTS: Patients with
      hypocortisolism (low post-DST cortisol) compared with patients without
      hypocortisolism (normal or high post-DST cortisol) exhibited increased odds
      ratios (OR) for obesity (OR=4.0), overweight (OR=4.0), large waist (OR=2.7), high
      LDL (OR=4.2), low HDL (OR=2.4), high LDL/HDL ratio (OR=3.3), high TC/HDL ratio
      (OR=3.4) and metabolic syndrome (OR=2.0). A similar pattern but less pronounced
      was also found in the control sample. LIMITATIONS: The cross sectional study
      design and absence of analyses addressing lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings suggest that a substantial portion of the metabolic disorders and
      cardiovascular risk factors seen in recurrent affective disorders are found among
      individuals exhibiting hypocortisolism. This might indicate that long-term stress
      is a central contributor to metabolic abnormalities and CVD mortality in
      recurrent affective disorders.

PMID- 27367308
TI  - Positive beliefs about mental illness: Associations with sex, age, diagnosis, and
      clinical outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Beliefs about mental illness affect how individuals cope with their
      symptoms. Positive beliefs about mental illness (PBMI) refer to perceptions of
      positive attributes individuals may identify in their illness, such as beneficial
      consequences, enhanced creativity or cognition, or growth through adversity.
      METHODS: The present study developed and tested a brief measure of PBMI in 332
      adults presenting for partial hospitalization with a variety of acute psychiatric
      conditions. RESULTS: Results indicated that older individuals and women had lower
      levels of PBMI than others, while individuals with bipolar disorder had higher
      levels of PBMI than others. PBMI significantly increased over the course of brief
      standard treatment. Baseline levels of PBMI, as well as changes in PBMI over the
      course of treatment, were associated with clinical outcomes including, but not
      limited to, depression and well-being. A diagnosis of bipolar disorder moderated
      the relationship between PBMI and only one clinical outcome, emotional lability.
      Increases in PBMI during treatment were associated with reduced emotional
      lability only in participants without bipolar disorder. LIMITATIONS: Our findings
      are limited by the naturalistic study design. In addition, the lack of
      ethnoracial diversity in our sample limits the generalization of results.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that PBMI are a distinct set of beliefs that
      meaningfully relate to demographic characteristics, diagnostic characteristics,
      and clinical outcomes. Future research should examine the mechanisms through
      which PBMI and outcomes are related, as well as determine whether interventions
      designed to address PBMI (and perhaps tailored for different diagnostic groups)
      have clinical utility.

PMID- 27367310
TI  - Health Insurance for Emergency Hospitalization-Isn't the Point to Pay the Bill?

PMID- 27367309
TI  - Validation of a qualitative immunochromatographic test for the noninvasive
      assessment of stress in dogs.
AB  - Salivary cortisol is regarded as a reliable parameter for the noninvasive
      assessment of the welfare of animals, because it is strictly related to stress
      levels. Several methods are available for salivary cortisol measurement in
      mammals, however rapid diagnostic test for detecting salivary cortisol are
      confined to humans. The availability of such non invasive diagnostic tools
      operable in situ would facilitate monitoring of animal welfare. The Cortisol
      stressTM test provides a simple and rapid tool to discriminate cortisol levels in
      canine saliva above or below 4ng/ml, which has been suggested as the cut-off
      value for distinguishing unstressed dogs from those experiencing stress. The test
      is based on a competitive immunochromatographic assay (ICT) using gold
      nanoparticles as probes, in which the color intensity of the Test line is
      inversely correlated to the salivary cortisol level. The qualitative result is
      obtained by the visual observation of the color formed on the Test line compared
      to that of the Control line We evaluated the accuracy of the test by determining
      salivary cortisol in 85 samples of canine saliva belonging to dogs with very
      variable age, sex, breed, and life history, and comparing the qualitative results
      to those obtained by a reference ELISA kit. Agreeing results were obtained
      through the two methods, and the ICT showed high diagnostic sensitivity,
      specificity and efficiency (100%, 98.4%, and 98.8%, respectively). Furthermore,
      we evaluated the precision of the test by an experimental design approach, which
      combines errors due to within-day and between-day variation with the biological
      variability, and demonstrated that the test could be reliably applied for
      correctly classifying canine samples, according to their salivary cortisol level.
      Moreover, we studied the shelf-life of the device in three experimental
      conditions. We confirmed the stability of the ICT at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C
      for at least six months and observed similar results for an accelerated stability
      study conducted for 7days at 37 degrees C, which suggest that the stability of
      ICT device could be estimated by the accelerated experiment alternatively to the
      real-time study. 

PMID- 27367311
TI  - Role of Contrast in MR Imaging.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents have been widely used over the last 3
      decades in routine clinical practice. Paul Lauterbur recognized the presence of
      these contrast agents, which act as paramagnetic catalysts that accelerate the T1
      relaxation process. The first MR contrast agent to be approved for clinical use
      was in 1988, and since then, it is estimated that 200 million doses have been
      administered worldwide. These contrast agents have diverse clinical as well as
      research applications, involving almost all the body organs. This review will
      cover some existing as well as many new applications that have emerged over the
      last few decades. MR imaging now has the potential of being used to monitor
      enzymatic activity, gene expression, metal ion homeostasis, and cell death in
      vivo. In future, newer contrast agents will develop and become commercially
      available, expanding the current clinical applications of MR contrast media. 

PMID- 27367312
TI  - Alternatives to GBCA: Are We There Yet?
AB  - Gadolinium has been widely used as the contrast agent of choice for magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). However, gadolinium administration is not always desired
      due to its inherent enhancement properties and potential side effects
      (nephrogenic systemic fibrosis). This article reviews gadolinium alternatives,
      iron-, and manganese- based agents, and their current clinical usage for contrast
      enhanced MRI examinations. 

PMID- 27367313
TI  - MRI Contrast Agents: Evolution of Clinical Practice and Dose Optimization.
AB  - Accurate detection of lesions throughout the body is of paramount importance in
      contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Optimal contrast agent
      performance is therefore of great importance and given the number of MRI contrast
      agent options today, this topic is of much ongoing study. The goal of this review
      article is to bring the read up to date on pertinent articles that relate to the
      evolution of radiological clinical practice and dose optimization pertaining to
      gadolinium contrast agents. 

PMID- 27367314
TI  - Adverse Effects of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: Changes in Practice
      Patterns.
AB  - Gadolinium-based contrast agents have been used for magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) examinations since the late 1980s with an excellent overall cumulative
      safety record. Initially favored for use in patients with renal impairment
      because of lack of significant nephrotoxic effect at clinical doses, in 2006,
      multiple reports convincingly linked the rare but serious disease nephrogenic
      systemic fibrosis to the administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents in
      patients with severe renal failure. This in turn led to new policies on
      administration of these agents, resulting in changes in practice patterns that
      have virtually resulted in the elimination of the disease after the year 2009.
      The purpose of this review is to summarize the factors that led to the emergence
      of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, including the risk associated with different
      types of contrast agents based on their stability, and the changes in practice
      patterns and usage of gadolinium-based contrast agents in recent years that have
      been mainly driven by the discovery and association with nephrogenic systemic
      fibrosis. The article will conclude with a brief overview of new emerging safety
      concerns that could further impact the use of this class of contrast agents and
      impact practice patterns in the future. 

PMID- 27367315
TI  - MRI Contrast Agents: Update on Clinical Trial Data and Impact on Current
      Practice.

PMID- 27367317
TI  - Identification and functional characterization of EseH, a new effector of the
      type III secretion system of Edwardsiella piscicida.
AB  - Edwardsiella piscicida, a bacterial pathogen in fish and humans, expresses a type
      III secretion system (T3SS) that is critical for pathogen virulence and disease
      development. However, little is known about the associated effectors and their
      functional importance. In this study, we identified the ETAE_1757 encoded
      protein, termed here E. piscicida secretion effector H (EseH) as a novel T3SS
      effector. We found that upon infection with E. piscicida, EseH is translocated
      into nucleus of host cells which required the T3SS. Homology modelling analysis
      suggests that EseH is an enzyme that belongs to the family of phosphothreothine
      lyases. Consistently, EseH inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38alpha and JNK
      MAPK pathways in host cells, but had no effect on the NF-kB pathway. Furthermore,
      mutation of the critical amino acid residues predicted to confer phosphothreonine
      lyase activity abolished the ability of EseH to inhibit phosphorylation of
      ERK1/2, p38alpha and JNK MAPK pathways in host cells. In addition, we found an
      increase in transcript levels of TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-10 and IFN-gamma in
      zebrafish infected with the eseH mutant when compared with the wild type
      bacterium. Importantly, the virulence of E. piscicida deficient in EseH was
      highly attenuated in the zebrafish infection model which correlated with
      decreased loads of the mutant bacterium in both liver and kidney. Complementation
      of the E. piscicida mutant strain with EseH restored virulence in zebrafish.
      These results identified EseH as a critical T3SS effector that contributes to
      virulence by targeting MAPK signalling during E. piscicida infection.

PMID- 27367318
TI  - Climate, environment and transmission of malaria.
AB  - Malaria, the most common parasitic disease in the world, is transmitted to the
      human host by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. The transmission of malaria
      requires the interaction between the host, the vector and the parasite.The four
      species of parasites responsible for human malaria are Plasmodium falciparum,
      Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax. Occasionally humans
      can be infected by several simian species, like Plasmodium knowlesi, recognised
      as a major cause of human malaria in South-East Asia since 2004. While P.
      falciparum is responsible for most malaria cases, about 8% of estimated cases
      globally are caused by P. vivax. The different Plasmodia are not uniformly
      distributed although there are areas of species overlap. The life cycle of all
      species of human malaria parasites is characterised by an exogenous sexual phase
      in which multiplication occurs in several species of Anopheles mosquitoes, and an
      endogenous asexual phase in the vertebrate host. The time span required for
      mature oocyst development in the salivary glands is quite variable (7-30 days),
      characteristic of each species and influenced by ambient temperature. The vector
      Anopheles includes 465 formally recognised species. Approximately 70 of these
      species have the capacity to transmit Plasmodium spp. to humans and 41 are
      considered as dominant vector capable of transmitting malaria. The intensity of
      transmission is dependent on the vectorial capacity and competence of local
      mosquitoes. An efficient system for malaria transmission needs strong interaction
      between humans, the ecosystem and infected vectors. Global warming induced by
      human activities has increased the risk of vector-borne diseases such as malaria.
      Recent decades have witnessed changes in the ecosystem and climate without
      precedent in human history although the emphasis in the role of temperature on
      the epidemiology of malaria has given way to predisposing conditions such as
      ecosystem changes, political instability and health policies that have reduced
      the funds for vector control, combined with the presence of migratory flows from
      endemic countries. 

PMID- 27367316
TI  - Binge-Eating Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The best treatment options for binge-eating disorder are unclear.
      PURPOSE: To summarize evidence about the benefits and harms of psychological and
      pharmacologic therapies for adults with binge-eating disorder. DATA SOURCES:
      English-language publications in EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Academic OneFile,
      CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov through 18 November 2015, and in MEDLINE through
      12 May 2016. STUDY SELECTION: 9 waitlist-controlled psychological trials and 25
      placebo-controlled trials that evaluated pharmacologic (n = 19) or combination (n
      = 6) treatment. All were randomized trials with low or medium risk of bias. DATA
      EXTRACTION: 2 reviewers independently extracted trial data, assessed risk of
      bias, and graded strength of evidence. DATA SYNTHESIS: Therapist-led cognitive
      behavioral therapy, lisdexamfetamine, and second-generation antidepressants
      (SGAs) decreased binge-eating frequency and increased binge-eating abstinence
      (relative risk, 4.95 [95% CI, 3.06 to 8.00], 2.61 [CI, 2.04 to 3.33], and 1.67
      [CI, 1.24 to 2.26], respectively). Lisdexamfetamine (mean difference [MD], -6.50
      [CI, -8.82 to -4.18]) and SGAs (MD, -3.84 [CI, -6.55 to -1.13]) reduced binge
      eating-related obsessions and compulsions, and SGAs reduced symptoms of
      depression (MD, -1.97 [CI, -3.67 to -0.28]). Headache, gastrointestinal upset,
      sleep disturbance, and sympathetic nervous system arousal occurred more
      frequently with lisdexamfetamine than placebo (relative risk range, 1.63 to
      4.28). Other forms of cognitive behavioral therapy and topiramate also increased
      abstinence and reduced binge-eating frequency and related psychopathology.
      Topiramate reduced weight and increased sympathetic nervous system arousal, and
      lisdexamfetamine reduced weight and appetite. LIMITATIONS: Most study
      participants were overweight or obese white women aged 20 to 40 years. Many
      treatments were examined only in single studies. Outcomes were measured
      inconsistently across trials and rarely assessed beyond end of treatment.
      CONCLUSION: Cognitive behavioral therapy, lisdexamfetamine, SGAs, and topiramate
      reduced binge eating and related psychopathology, and lisdexamfetamine and
      topiramate reduced weight in adults with binge-eating disorder. PRIMARY FUNDING
      SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

PMID- 27367319
TI  - Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in the elderly: epidemiological, clinical and
      therapeutic findings.
AB  - Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacillus and facultative intracellular
      bacterium whose transmission occurs mainly through the consumption of
      contaminated food, L. monocytogenes invades the host cells using various protein
      and can escape to the human T-cell immune system by cell-to-cell spreading. If
      the infection is not controlled at the stage in which the bacterium is in the
      liver, for instance, due to a severe immunodepression, a secondary bacteraemia
      can be developed and L. monocytogenes reaches the preferred sites transgressing
      the blood-brain barrier or the placental barrier. Individuals with T-cell
      dysfunction, such as pregnant women, the elderly, and those receiving
      immunosuppressive therapy are at the highest risk of contracting the disease.
      Average life expectancy throughout developed countries has rapidly increased
      during the latter half of the 20th century and geriatric infectious diseases have
      become an increasingly important issue. L. monocytogenes meningitis in young
      previously healthy adults has been reported only in anecdotal observations.
      Differently, L. monocytogenes is the third most common cause of bacterial
      meningitis in the elderly population, after Streptococcus pneumoniae and
      Neisseria meningitidis. Patients with L. monocytogenes meningitis presented with
      signs and symptoms that were similar to those of the general population with
      community-acquired bacterial meningitis, but reported a longer prodromal phase.
      According to literature data, the prevalence of the classic triad of fever, neck
      stiffness, and altered mental status is 43%, and almost all patients present with
      at least 2 of the 4 classic symptoms of headache, fever, neck stiffness, and
      altered mental status. On the basis of our published data, in patients aged over
      50 years, diagnosing L. monocytogenes meningitis was more challenging than
      pneumococcal meningitis, as demonstrated by the lower percentage of cases
      receiving a correct diagnosis within 48 hours from the onset of symptoms. No
      significant difference was observed in respect to the presenting symptoms, but
      progression to respiratory failure was not as rapid as pneumococcal meningitis. 

PMID- 27367320
TI  - Molecular sensitivity threshold of wet mount and an immunochromatographic assay
      evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR for diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis
      infection in a low-risk population of childbearing women.
AB  - Vaginal trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Trichomonas
      vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan. Diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection is mainly
      performed by wet mount microscopy, with a sensitivity ranging from 38% to 82%,
      compared to culture, still considered the gold standard. Commercial
      immunochromatographic tests for monoclonal-antibody-based detection have been
      introduced as alternative methods for diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection and
      have been reported in some studies to be more sensitive than wet mount. Real-time
      PCR methods have been recently developed, with optimal sensitivity and
      specificity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is a molecular
      sensitivity threshold for both wet mount and imunochromatographic assays. To this
      aim, a total of 1487 low-risk childbearing women (median age 32 years,
      interquartile range 27-37) were included in the study, and underwent vaginal swab
      for T. vaginalis detection by means of a quantitative real-time PCR assay, wet
      mount and an immunochromatographic test. Upon comparing the results, prevalence
      values observed were 1.3% for real-time PCR, 0.5% for microscopic examination,
      and 0.8% for the immunochromatographic test. Compared to real-time PCR, wet mount
      sensitivity was 40% (95% confidence interval 19.1% to 63.9%) and specificity was
      100% (95% CI 99.7% to 100%). The sensitivity and specificity of the
      immunochromatographic assay were 57.9% (95% CI 33.5% to 79.8%) and 99.9% (95% CI
      99.6% to 100%), respectively. Evaluation of the wet mount results and those of
      immunochromatographic assay detection in relation to the number of T. vaginalis
      DNA copies detected in vaginal samples showed that the lower identification
      threshold for both wet mount (chi-square 6.1; P = 0.016) and the
      immunochromatographic assay (chi-square 10.7; P = 0.002) was >=100 copies of T.
      vaginalis DNA/5 mcl of eluted DNA. 

PMID- 27367321
TI  - An analysis of children with brucellosis associated with haemophagocytic
      lymphohistiocytosis.
AB  - This retrospective study included seven paediatric cases aged from 4 to 14
      (10.2+/-3.4) years with pathologically proved haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
      from a single institution during 2009 and 2013. Over this time period, 496
      patients with brucellosis were diagnosed. None of the patients (3 boys and 4
      girls) had a history of any haematologic disorder. All patients had an anamnesis
      for recently consumed unpasteurised homemade dairy products or had a contact
      history with sheep and/or cows. The diagnosis of brucellosis was confirmed by
      standard tube agglutination test in all patients; titres were 1: 1280 in seven
      patients. Blood culture was positive for Brucella melitensis in three patients
      (42%). Bone marrow cultures were positive for B. melitensis in four patients
      (57%). Fever was present in all patients (100%) with haemophagocytic
      lymphohistiocytosis. The other most common symptoms were malaise, myalgia,
      anorexia, sweating and weight loss. In addition, sweating was observed in five
      patients, and lymphadenopathy, petechiae, and weight loss were observed in one
      patient. Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and hepatosplenomegaly were found in four
      (57%), six (85%) and four (57%), patients, respectively. Haemophagocytosis was
      documented in bone marrow examinations of all children except in two cases. All
      patients recovered completely, and their peripheral blood counts returned to
      normal by 2 to 4 weeks after antibiotic treatment of brucellosis. 

PMID- 27367322
TI  - Metabolic syndrome as an independent risk factor of hypoxaemia in influenza A
      (H1N1) 2009 pandemic.
AB  - A swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) emerged as a pandemic in 2009. We investigated
      the association between the overweight, metabolic syndrome and the severity of
      disease in the confirmed cases in Qazvin province, Iran. The study sample
      included all patients over 12 years old with confirmed influenza A (H1N1) in the
      province of Qazvin, Iran, in the 2009 pandemic, excluding pregnant women. To
      define overweight, sex and age-specific body mass index (BMI) cutoffs recommended
      by the International Obesity Task Force were used. Metabolic syndrome was defined
      by ATP III criteria. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to
      identify statistically independent predictors of hypoxaemia. Out of 55 confirmed
      cases, 28 (50.9%) were overweight and 24 (45.3%) were identified as having
      metabolic syndrome by ATP III criteria. Twenty four patients had hypoxaemia
      (arterial oxygen saturation below 90%) during the course of the disease. In
      multivariate logistic regression analysis, pulmonary co-morbidity (OR=9.54; 95%
      CI, 1.36 to 66.88; p= 0.023) and the metabolic syndrome (OR=18.66; 95% CI, 1.60
      to 217.47; p= 0.019) were revealed to be independent risk factors for hypoxaemia
      in influenza A (H1N1) pdm09. The results of the present study reveal the role of
      the metabolic syndrome on the severity of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection. 

PMID- 27367323
TI  - Infections of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: 14 years of
      experience in an Italian hospital.
AB  - The aim of the study was to describe the microbial aetiology of infections from
      cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) between 2001 and 2014 at
      The Centro Cuore Morgagni Hospital (Catania, Italy). In this 14-year
      retrospective study on pacemaker isolates 1,366 patients were evaluated and
      clinical data were collected. CIEDs were analyzed and isolates tested by routine
      microbiological techniques. The presence of bacterial biofilm was assessed by
      means of scanning electron microscopy. Of the patients, fifty-three had catheter
      related infections (3.9%), mainly resulting from Staphylococci (4 S. aureus, 32
      S. epidermidis, 15 S. hominis, 3 S. haemolyticus, 1 S. warnerii, 1 S. schleiferi,
      1 S. lentus and 1 S. capitis) that covered the cardiac catheter with biofilm.
      Overall, oxacillin-resistance was 55.1%, especially among S. epidermidis, while
      all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin, tigecyclin, rifampin,
      trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, linezolid, moxifloxacin, tobramycin and
      gentamicin. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most frequently isolated
      and S. epidermidis was largely the main single agent. Only four Gram negatives
      caused polymicrobial infections with Staphylococci. Despite improvements in CIED
      design and implantation techniques, infection of cardiac devices remains a
      serious problem. 

PMID- 27367324
TI  - Changing modalities of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy use over time
      in Italy: a comparison of two time periods.
AB  - This study aimed to assess the extent and nature of recent changes in the
      management of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) in Italy. We
      reviewed our previously reported data from 1999 to 2003 and compared them with
      data from patients who received OPAT from 2005 to 2010. Data for 1175 patients
      who received OPAT were analysed. Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) were the
      most common infection treated with OPAT in both time periods, but an increase in
      patients with SSTIs receiving OPAT was observed. By contrast, a decline over time
      of OPAT use was found for patients affected by pneumonia. Furthermore,
      ceftriaxone use declined, whereas teicoplanin increased over time. In conclusion,
      OPAT use has significantly changed over time in Italy. 

PMID- 27367325
TI  - Tick-related facial cellulitis caused by Francisella tularensis.
AB  - Tick-borne illnesses have diverse biological and clinical features that make
      recognition and appropriate treatment challenging. Arthropod-transmitted (ticks,
      fleas and deer flies) tularaemia remains a concern worldwide. Generally, two
      kinds of tularaemia manifestations, namely ulceroglandular and glandular
      infections, can arise from the bite of an infected arthropod vector. If the
      ulceroglandular or glandular form is not treated, suppuration can arise from the
      gland. In addition, cellulitis is rarely observed around the ulcers. In our case,
      with the knowledge of tick exposure to the scalp, tularaemia was not initially
      considered for facial cellulitis without regional lymphadenopathy and also due to
      apparent failure to respond to doxycycline and gentamicin therapy. Serological
      confirmation in the late stages of the disease suggests the importance of
      clinical suspicion in such rare conditions. 

PMID- 27367326
TI  - HBsAg seroconversion after pegylated interferon alfa 2a rescue in a lamivudine
      resistant patient with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B and favourable IL28-B
      genotype.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion to anti-HBs
      antibody is the best final objective for all available chronic hepatitis B (CHB)
      treatments. Unfortunately, this goal is rarely achieved with the currently
      applied therapeutic approaches. Here we describe the case of an anti-HBe-positive
      CHB patient who was successfully treated with a particular therapeutic schedule.
      The patient was initially treated with lamivudine (LAM) for nine years.
      Breakthrough was observed after eight years of LAM therapy. HBV-DNA was 3x10E4
      IU/mL and LAM resistance mutations were present. Subcutaneous pegylated
      interferon (PEG-IFN) alfa 2a, 180 mcg/week, was added to LAM and after 4 weeks
      LAM was discontinued and PEG-IFN alone was continued up to week 52. HBV-DNA
      became undetectable at week 4 of therapy; serum HBsAg started to decline from
      week 4 and became undetectable at week 36, with the subsequent appearance of anti
      HBs antibodies. IL28-B was genotyped at the polymorphic site rs12979860 and the
      CC allele was detected. Rescue therapy with Peg-IFN may be an option for selected
      patients with resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogues. 

PMID- 27367327
TI  - Diagnosis of Nocardia paucivorans central nervous system infection by DNA
      sequencing from paraffin-embedded tissue.
AB  - Infections by Nocardia spp. are generally regarded as opportunistic diseases in
      immunocompromised patients, but can also affect immunocompetent subjects. Such
      infections represent an important diagnostic challenge for clinicians and
      microbiologists, and diagnosis is frequently delayed or even conducted post
      mortem. A 54-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of ventriculitis
      and relapsing brain abscess. Five months prior, this patient had undergone
      external ventricular drain and surgery for a cerebellar abscess. Histopathology
      demonstrated pyogenic inflammatory reaction, microbiologic investigations proved
      negative and empiric antimicrobial therapy was administered for a total of eight
      weeks. Six weeks later, the patient developed relapsing neurologic
      manifestations. On reviewing the patient's clinical history it emerged that the
      patient had suffered pneumonia two months prior to neurosurgery, treated with
      amoxicillin/clavulanate 3g a day and levofloxacin 500mg a day for three weeks. On
      the CNS relapsing manifestations, nocardiosis was suspected and DNA sequencing
      from the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cerebellar tissue collected during
      neurosurgery allowed diagnosis of Nocardia paucivorans infection. The patient
      received medical therapy for 11 months. At follow-up, eight months after
      treatment was discontinued, the patient was aymptomatic. Nocardia spp. infections
      need to be suspected not only in immunocompromised, but also in immunocompetent
      patients. Proper samples need to be collected for proper microbiologic
      investigations. Paraffin-embedded tissue genomic sequencing can be a useful tool
      for diagnosis of nocardiosis. 

PMID- 27367328
TI  - Pulmonary infection caused by Talaromyces purpurogenus in a patient with multiple
      myeloma.
AB  - A 66-year-old female patient with multiple myeloma (MM) was admitted to the
      emergency service on 29.09.2014 with an inability to walk, and urinary and faecal
      incontinence. She had previously undergone autologous bone marrow transplantation
      (ABMT) twice. The patient was hospitalized at the Department of Haematology.
      Further investigations showed findings suggestive of a spinal mass at the T5-T6
      T7 level, and a mass lesion in the iliac fossa. The mass lesion was resected and
      needle biopsy was performed during a colonoscopy. Examination of the specimens
      revealed plasmacytoma. The patient also had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD) and was suffering from respiratory distress. After consultation with an
      infectious diseases specialist the patient was placed on an intravenous
      antibiotherapy with piperacillin/tazobactam (4.5g x 3) on 17.10.2014. During
      piperacillin/tazobactam treatment, the patient suffered from drowsiness, her
      general condition deteriorated, and she had rales on auscultation of the lungs.
      The patient underwent thoracic computerized tomography (CT) which showed areas of
      focal consolidation in the lower lobes of the two lungs (more prominent on the
      left), and increased medullary density. The radiology report suggested that
      fungal infection could not be ruled out based on the CT images. The sputum sample
      was sent to the mycology laboratory and direct microscopic examination performed
      with Gram and Giemsa staining showed the presence of septate hyphae; therefore
      voriconazole was added to the treatment. Slow growing (at day 10), grey-greenish
      colonies and red pigment formation were observed in all culture media except
      cycloheximide-containing Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) medium. The isolate was
      initially considered to be Talaromyces marneffei. However, it was subsequently
      identified by DNA sequencing analysis as Talaromyces purpurogenus. The patient
      was discharged at her own wish, as she was willing to continue treatment in her
      hometown. Unfortunately, the patient died on December 8, 2014. In conclusion,
      apart from T. marneffei, less common strains such as T. purpurogenus should be
      considered when clinical samples obtained from patients with
      haematologic/oncologic disorders show fungal colonies that form red pigments on
      the culture media and when microscopic examination suggests a morphological
      appearance similar to Penicillium species. 

PMID- 27367329
TI  - The Poet and the Disease.
AB  - Ugo Foscolo, was an Italian writer, revolutionary and poet whose works rank among
      the masterpieces of Italian literature. Talented and well educated in philosophy,
      classics and Italian literature, Foscolo gave literary expression to his
      ideological aspirations and to his numerous amorous experiences in odes, sonnets,
      plays, poems and an epistolary novel. Concurrent with his rich literary output,
      Foscolo's correspondence represents a unique perspective from which to monitor
      his literary and political views and investigate aspects of his everyday life.
      Among other interesting information, one can find elements of Foscolo medical
      history which is generally unknown. In the present article we investigate the
      longstanding lower urinary tract symptoms as reported by the poet in his
      correspondence to his family and friends. 

PMID- 27367330
TI  - Pestilence, riots, lynchings and desecration of corpses. The sleep of reason
      produces monsters.
AB  - Vampirism has been a component of Central European and Balkan folklore since the
      Middle Ages and was often believed to be responsible for the transmission of
      serious infectious diseases such as plague and tuberculosis/consumption.
      Vampirism was believed to be spread within the same family or village and if the
      rite of the so-called second burial after death was not performed. The practice
      of "second burial" entailed exhumation of the body and the removal of the shroud
      from the mouth of the corpse, and a search for evidence if the corpse had chewed
      the cloth. If the shroud was chewed, a handful of earth or a brick was put into
      the body's mouth so that the vampire could no longer harm others. In some cases,
      the corpse was decapitated and an awl, made of ash, was thrust into its chest.
      Furthermore, the limbs were nailed down to prevent its movements. Remarkably,
      these beliefs were not restricted to the popular classes, but were also debated
      by theologians, political scientists at the height of the eighteenth century
      (Enlightenment). In the Habsburg Empire, this question attained such important
      political, social as well as health connotations as to force the Empress Maria
      Theresa to entrust an ad hoc study to her personal physician Gerard van Swieten
      with a view to determining what was true about the apparitions of vampires that
      occurred throughout central Europe and in the Balkans. The result of this
      investigation led to a ban on the "second burial" rites. Despite this
      prohibition, the practice of necrophilia on the bodies of suspected people
      continued, and both a cultured and popular literature on vampirism continued to
      flourish well into the nineteenth century. 

PMID- 27367331
TI  - The outbreak of Zika virus in the Americas: actions and challenges in Peru.
AB  - Not available. 

PMID- 27367332
TI  - Chikungunya: another urological disease?
AB  - Not available. 

PMID- 27367333
TI  - Erratum: Circulating Apo 2L levels decreased in genotype II hepatitis C with
      pegylated interferon-2 alpha treatment.
AB  - Erratum Following publication of the original article (Le Infezioni in Medicina,
      2014, vol:22 (4):pp:283-287) we became aware of the following errors in Table 1
      and Figure 1 which we wish to correct. These corrections have no impact over the
      study results, their interpretation or conclusions. 

PMID- 27367334
TI  - Methemoglobinemia from frozen-dried mudfish contaminated with sodium nitrite.

PMID- 27367335
TI  - Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and associated health and social
      vulnerabilities in older jail inmates.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in older
      jail inmates, and to determine whether adverse social and health-related
      characteristics were associated with having PTSD symptoms. METHOD: We performed
      an exploratory cross-sectional study of 238 older (age >=55 years) jail inmates
      from a county jail. PTSD symptoms were determined using the Primary Care PTSD (PC
      PTSD) screen. Reporting three or more PTSD symptoms was defined as a positive
      screen. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analyses were used to
      examine the prevalence of a positive PTSD screen and associations with social and
      health-related characteristics. RESULTS: The mean age was 59 years, 64% were
      Black, and 82% reported an annual income <=$15,000. Nearly 40% of older jail
      inmates had a positive PTSD screen and 10% reported a prior PTSD diagnosis by a
      physician. Older jail inmates with a positive PTSD screen were significantly more
      likely than those with a negative PTSD screen to report medication insecurity in
      the past year, impairment in two or more activities of daily living, traumatic
      brain injury, pain in the past week, and poor self-rated health. CONCLUSION: Over
      one in three of the older jail inmates in this study had a positive PTSD screen,
      though only one in five of those with a positive screen reported a prior PTSD
      diagnosis. Screening for PTSD in jails may help identify older inmates who would
      benefit from additional mental health treatment and reentry planning to improve
      health in this population.

PMID- 27367337
TI  - Reversible hippocampal lesions detected on magnetic resonance imaging in two
      cases of transient selective amnesia for simple machine operation.
AB  - We report two extremely rare cases involving the development of transient
      selective retrograde amnesia for simple machine operation lasting for several
      hours. A 61-year-old male taxi driver suddenly became unable to operate a
      taximeter, and a 66-year-old female janitor suddenly became unable to use a fax
      machine. They could precisely recount their episodes to others both during and
      after the attacks, and their memories during their attacks corresponded to the
      memory of the witness and the medical records of the doctor, respectively.
      Therefore, it appears that these individuals remained alert and did not develop
      anterograde amnesia during their attacks. On day 4, they underwent high
      resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and diffusion-weighted MRI with 2-mm
      section thickness revealed small high-intensity signal lesions in the left
      hippocampal cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) region. However, these lesions disappeared
      during the chronic phase. This is the first report describing lesions detected by
      MRI in patients with transient selective amnesia without anterograde amnesia.
      Reversible damage to the hippocampal CA1 region may cause transient selective
      amnesia by impairing the retrieval of relevant memories.

PMID- 27367336
TI  - Novel C-Ring-Hydroxy-Substituted Controlled Deactivation Cannabinergic Analogues.
AB  - In pursuit of safer controlled-deactivation cannabinoids with high potency and
      short duration of action, we report the design, synthesis, and pharmacological
      evaluation of novel C9- and C11-hydroxy-substituted hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and
      tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) analogues in which a seven atom long side chain, with
      or without 1'-substituents, carries a metabolically labile 2',3'-ester group.
      Importantly, in vivo studies validated our controlled deactivation approach in
      rodents and non-human primates. The lead molecule identified here, namely, butyl
      2-[(6aR,9R,10aR)-1-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-6,6-dimethyl-6a,7,8,9,10,10a
      hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-3-yl]-2-methylpropanoate (AM7499), was found to
      exhibit remarkably high in vitro and in vivo potency with shorter duration of
      action than the currently existing classical cannabinoid agonists.

PMID- 27367338
TI  - Exploring the role of water in molecular recognition: predicting protein
      ligandability using a combinatorial search of surface hydration sites.
AB  - The interaction between any two biological molecules must compete with their
      interaction with water molecules. This makes water the most important molecule in
      medicine, as it controls the interactions of every therapeutic with its target. A
      small molecule binding to a protein is able to recognize a unique binding site on
      a protein by displacing bound water molecules from specific hydration sites.
      Quantifying the interactions of these water molecules allows us to estimate the
      potential of the protein to bind a small molecule. This is referred to as
      ligandability. In the study, we describe a method to predict ligandability by
      performing a search of all possible combinations of hydration sites on protein
      surfaces. We predict ligandability as the summed binding free energy for each of
      the constituent hydration sites, computed using inhomogeneous fluid solvation
      theory. We compared the predicted ligandability with the maximum observed binding
      affinity for 20 proteins in the human bromodomain family. Based on this
      comparison, it was determined that effective inhibitors have been developed for
      the majority of bromodomains, in the range from 10 to 100 nM. However, we predict
      that more potent inhibitors can be developed for the bromodomains BPTF and BRD7
      with relative ease, but that further efforts to develop inhibitors for ATAD2 will
      be extremely challenging. We have also made predictions for the 14 bromodomains
      with no reported small molecule K d values by isothermal titration calorimetry.
      The calculations predict that PBRM1(1) will be a challenging target, while others
      such as TAF1L(2), PBRM1(4) and TAF1(2), should be highly ligandable. As an
      outcome of this work, we assembled a database of experimental maximal K d that
      can serve as a community resource assisting medicinal chemistry efforts focused
      on BRDs. Effective prediction of ligandability would be a very useful tool in the
      drug discovery process.

PMID- 27367339
TI  - [Septoplasty and tonsillectomy: acute stress response as a measure of
      effectiveness of local anesthetics].
AB  - AIM: To compare the effectiveness of lidocaine and articaineused as local
      anesthetics in septoplasty and tonsillectomy based on the physiological stress
      response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 125 patients with nasal septum
      deviation (NSD) and chronic tonsillitis (CT). The patients presenting with NSD
      were divided into two groups. Those comprising group 1A (n=32) were treated with
      a 2% lidocaine solution for local infiltration analgesia (LIA), the patients of
      group 1B (n=30) were given 2%articaine as LIA. Group 2A contained 32 patients
      with CT treated with lidocaine, group 2B consisted of 31 patients given
      articaine. In all the patients, the overall heart rate variability (HRV)
      including its high, low, and very low components was measured. RESULTS:
      Evaluation of HRV revealed a certain degree of disadaptation in the patients of
      groups 1B and 2A. High dispersion of SDANN, SDNN index, andrMSSD in group 1Bas
      well as SDANN values in group 2A indicates the sympathetic/parasympathetic
      imbalance. The high-frequency component was augmented in group 2B which suggested
      the prevalence of parasympathetic tone, but its high dispersion was just aswell
      indicative of disadaptation. CONCLUSION: Local analgesia with articaine during
      septoplasty leads tosympathetic/parasympathetic imbalance during the early
      postoperative period. Lidocaine analgesia for tonsillectomy does not prevent
      disadaptation induced by surgical stress.

PMID- 27367340
TI  - [The specific features of the vestibular function in the patients presenting with
      sensorineural hearing loss of vascular genesis].
AB  - The authors consider the specific features of the vestibular function in the
      patients with sensorineural hearing loss of vascular genesis. The study included
      60 patients at the age from 28 to 75 years presenting with sensorineural
      impairment of hearing of vascular genesis. All of them were examined with the use
      of the extended otoneurological method. The data obtained were compared with the
      structural changes and hemodynamic characteristics of vertebral arteries (VA) and
      internal carotid arteries (ICA) and with the results of magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) of the brain.

PMID- 27367341
TI  - [The use of the Surgitron radiowave scalpel for the surgical treatment of
      external ear neoplasms].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to elucidate etiology and clinical picture
      of the tumours of the external ear as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of
      their radiowave surgery. We sought to optimize the surgical strategy for the
      treatment of tumour-like masses, benign and malignant neoplasms of the external
      ear with the use of the Surgitron radiowave scalpel.

PMID- 27367342
TI  - [The application of the lyophilized xenodermoimplants for the plastic correction
      of the external auditory canal and nasal septum perforation].
AB  - The objective of the present work was to improve the effectiveness of the
      treatment of atresia of the external auditory canal (EAC). Atresia of external
      acoustic meatus is a result of a mechanical or thermal injury but can also
      develop after a surgical intervention for the removal of foreign bodies, benign
      and malignant tumours. This condition is frequently associated with the narrowing
      and obliteration of EAC leading to the marked impairment of hearing despite
      preservation of the middle ear structures. Plastic correction of the external
      auditory canal for the purpose of its broadening does not always produce the
      desired result. To improve the efficiency of such intervention, we made use of
      the lyophilized xenodermoimplants based on porcine skin. Such preparation were
      applied in 19 patients; patency of the external auditory canal was restored in 16
      cases. 

PMID- 27367343
TI  - [Analysis of the results of a questionnaire survey among the patients presenting
      with nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses diseases concerning organization and
      quality of specialized medical assistance].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the medico
      social factors on the development of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses diseases
      and satisfaction of the patients with the quality of the provided specialized
      medical assistance. The approaches to the treatment of such patient at the pre
      hospital and hospital levels are discussed. 

PMID- 27367344
TI  - [Etiology and pathogenesis of glomus tumours (chemodectomas) of the base of the
      skull].
AB  - The objective of the present work was to describe the poorly known history of the
      development of the nomenclature of glomus tumours (chemodectomas) of the base of
      the skull, elucidate etiology and pathogenesis of these neoplasms. The authors
      present a chronological table illustrating the progress of etiological and
      pathogenetic studies as well as the surgical treatment of the tumours. The
      results of analysis and discussion of the controversial issues of the
      nomenclature are reported.

PMID- 27367345
TI  - [Multiple primary metachronous cancer of the ear (a case report)].

PMID- 27367346
TI  - [The unusual localization of an oesophageal foreign body].

PMID- 27367347
TI  - [The use of thresholds of electrically evoked short-latent auditory potentials
      for the adjustment of the speech processors in the patients undergoing cochlear
      implantation].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to determine the thresholds of
      electrically evoked short-latent auditory potentials by the mathematical method
      and to elucidate the relationship between these parameters and the subjective
      maximally comfortable levels in the patients undergoing cochlear implantation.
      The electrically evoked short-latent auditory potentials were recorded in two
      groups of patients with different stimulation frequency (17 and 43 Hz). The use
      of the mathematical method of linear regression of the amplitude (peak V) growth
      function for determining the thresholds of electrically evoked short-latent
      auditory potentials has a number of advantages over visual detection of the
      threshold level. To increase the reliability of the data obtained, low
      stimulation frequencies need to be used when recording electrically evoked short
      latent auditory potentials (17 Hz). The calculated thresholds of electrically
      evoked short-latent auditory potentials can be used to estimate the subjective
      maximally comfortable levels for the adjustment of the speech processors when it
      is impossible to register electrically induced stapedial reflexes and
      electrically induced total action potentials of the auditory nerve in the
      patients having cochlear implants.

PMID- 27367348
TI  - [Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of bypass surgery and laser
      myringotomy used to treat exudative otitis medium].
AB  - The objective of the present study was the comparative analysis of the surgical
      method employed for the treatment of exudative otitis medium, such as bypass
      surgery and laser myringotomy. The study included 125 patients suffering from the
      said pathology. The following two methods were used in cases of poor efficiency
      of conservative therapy: laser myringotomy with the use of a LUMENISc CO2-laser
      operated at a wavelength of 10.6 mcm with the SurgiTouch scanner and bypass of
      the tympanic cavity. Each of these methods was applied to treat 38 patients. It
      was shown that discharge from the treated tympanic cavity stopped sooner after
      laser myringotomy than after surgical bypass. The recovery of hearing ability
      according to the results of tonal threshold audiometry also took less time after
      laser myringotomy than after surgical bypass. The same is true with respect to
      the restoration of the drainage function of the Eustachian tubes. The frequency
      of recurrent exudate formation (in percent) in the patients undergoing laser
      myringotomy was significantly lower than after surgical bypass. 

PMID- 27367349
TI  - [The algorithm for rehabilitation of the patients presenting with laryngeal
      cancer following open functionally sparing operations].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to increase the efficiency of the
      treatment of the patients presenting with laryngeal cancer by the enhancement of
      the functional reserve of the preserved portion of the larynx and the prevention
      of the narrowing of its lumen. Another objective was to develop an algorithm for
      the rehabilitation of the patients with laryngeal localization of the tumour
      following open functionally sparing operations that consists of the operative and
      postoperative stages. During the period from 2006 to 2014, a total of 71 patients
      underwent functionally sparing operations. 66 of them were operated for laryngeal
      cancer, 1 for thyroid cancer spreading over trachea and larynx, 3 for
      papillomatosis. Resection of the larynx in the vertical and horizontal planes was
      performed in 62 and 9 patients respectively. Vertical plane surgery included the
      following procedures: fronto-lateral resection of the larynx in 51 patients,
      extended fronto-lateral resection in 10, and combined resection in 1 patient. It
      is concluded that the systemic approach to the treatment of the patients with
      laryngeal cancer and the proposed algorithm for their rehabilitation made it
      possible to restore the laryngeal function in 68 of the 71 patients (95.8%).

PMID- 27367350
TI  - [The influence of accessory ostia on the development and the course of the
      inflammatory processes in the maxillary sinuses].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to detect accessory ostia in the patients
      presenting with various diseases of the maxillary sinuses. We undertook the
      endoscopic examination of the middle meatuses in 250 patients. It was shown that
      accessory ostia can be especially frequently seen in the patients with chronic
      maxillary sinusitis and nasal septum deviation.

PMID- 27367351
TI  - [The current views of the treatment of diffuse external otitis].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and
      safety of the local application of triderm for the treatment of diffuse external
      otitis. The study included 68 patients presenting with bacterial and fungal
      diffuse external otitis. The treatment in the form of local empiric therapy was
      continued till the results of microbiological treatment became apparent. The
      beneficial outcome achieved in 91.2% of the patients was clinically manifest as
      the regression of the inflammatory process in the external auditory meatus. No
      complications, such as ototoxic events, either local or systemic allergic
      reactions, were documented. The authors substantiate the possibility of the
      application of the medication under consideration for the treatment of diffuse
      external otitis based on the knowledge of the mechanism of the actin of its
      constituent components, viz. betamethasone, dipropionate, gentamicin sulfate, and
      clotrimazole, taking into account the occurrence of the most common causative
      agents of diffuse external otitis. It is concluded that triderm is a safe
      medication for the local application and, probably, for the initial empiric
      therapy of diffuse external otitis to be continued till the results of the
      microbiological treatment become apparent. 

PMID- 27367352
TI  - [The non-damaging method for the insertion of a standard electrode for cochlear
      ossification].
AB  - The objective of the present study was to develop the non-damaging method for the
      insertion of a standard electrode for cochlear ossification with a view to
      improving the results of hearing and speech rehabilitation of the patients
      presenting with grade IV sensorineural impairment of hearing. Twenty preparations
      of the cadaveric temporal bone were used to investigate topographic and
      anatomical relationships in the main structures of the middle and internal ears,
      viz. the second cochlear coil, vestibulum and its windows, processus
      cochleaformis, spiral lamina, and modiolus. The optimal method for the insertion
      of a standard electrode into the spiral canal of the cochlea after the removal of
      the ossified structures is proposed. The optimal site for constructing the second
      colostomy is determined that allows the spiral plate and modiolus to be maximally
      preserved. The proposed method was employed to treat 11 patients with grade IV
      sensorineural impairment of hearing and more than 5 mm ossification of the basal
      cochlear coil. With this method, it proved possible to insert the maximum number
      of electrodes into the cochlear spiral canal and thereby to obtain excellent
      results of hearing and speech rehabilitation in the patients with the ossified
      cochlea.

PMID- 27367353
TI  - [A coughing patients makes a visit to the otorhinolaryngologist's office: the
      practical aspects of diagnostics and treatment].
AB  - This article summarizes the modern concepts of the most common causes and
      mechanism underlying the development of cough. The significance of pathogenetic
      cough-suppressant therapy is emphasized with special reference to the following
      aspects: the importance of reducing the thickness or bronchial secretions, its
      more efficient removal from the lumen of the respiratory passages, creation of
      the prerequisites for regression of the inflammatory process, lowering the
      intensity of cough, improvement of subjective feelings and the quality of life of
      a given patient. The advantages of the application of the compounded preparations
      containing synergic components responsible for the high therapeutic effectiveness
      of these medicines is demonstrated as exemplified by the ingredients of the
      ascoril expectorant. It is concluded that this medication should be recommended
      for the treatment of patients suffering from cough of the known nature. 

PMID- 27367354
TI  - [Foreign bodies in the external auditory canal and tympanic cavity].
AB  - The rare clinical case of a patient with chronic otitis media and foreign body in
      the middle ear - a micro earphone in the tympanic cavity - is described in this
      article. The diagnostics, possible complications, and surgical treatment are
      discussed. 

PMID- 27367355
TI  - [The long-term presence of a foreign body in the oesophagus].

PMID- 27367356
TI  - [The clinical manifestation of the neurovascular conflict of the
      vestibulocochlear nerve].

PMID- 27367357
TI  - Complex Spine Pathology Simulator: An Innovative Tool for Advanced Spine Surgery
      Training.
AB  - Background Technical advancements in spine surgery have made possible the
      treatment of increasingly complex pathologies with less morbidity. Time
      constraints in surgeons' training have made it necessary to develop new training
      models for spine pathology. Objective To describe the application of a novel
      compound, Stratathane resin ST-504 derived polymer (SRSDP), that can be injected
      at different spinal target locations to mimic spinal epidural, subdural extra
      axial, and intra-axial pathologies for the use in advanced surgical training.
      Material and Methods Fresh-frozen thoracolumbar and cervical spine segments of
      human and sheep cadavers were used to study the model. SRSDP is initially liquid
      after mixing, allowing it to be injected into target areas where it expands and
      solidifies, mimicking the entire spectrum of spinal pathologies. Results
      Different polymer concentrations have been codified to vary adhesiveness,
      texture, spread capability, deformability, and radiologic visibility. Polymer
      injection was performed under fluoroscopic guidance through pathology-specific
      injection sites that avoided compromising the surgical approach for subsequent
      excision of the artificial lesion. Inflation of a balloon catheter of the desired
      size was used to displace stiff cadaveric neurovascular structures to mimic
      pathology-related mass effect. Conclusion The traditional cadaveric training
      models principally only allow surgeons to practice the surgical approach. The
      complex spine pathology simulator is a novel educational tool that in a user
      friendly, low-cost fashion allows trainees to practice advanced technical skills
      in the removal of complex spine pathology, potentially shortening some of the
      aspects of the learning curve of operative skills that may otherwise take many
      years to acquire.

PMID- 27367358
TI  - Early Experience with Combining Awake Craniotomy and Intraoperative Navigable
      Ultrasound for Resection of Eloquent Region Gliomas.
AB  - Introduction Optimal resection of tumors in eloquent locations requires a
      combination of intraoperative imaging and functional monitoring during surgery.
      Combining awake surgery with intraoperative magnetic resonanceis logistically
      challenging. Navigable ultrasound (US) is a useful alternative in such cases.
      Methods A total of 22 subjects with eloquent tumors were operated on (1 intended
      biopsy and 21 intended radical resections) using combined modality three
      dimensional (3D) US and awake craniotomy with intraoperative clinical monitoring.
      We describe the technical details for these cases specifically addressing the
      feasibility of combining the two modalities. Results US was used for resection
      control in 18 cases. There were technical limitations in three cases. Transient
      intraoperative worsening was encountered in eight, necessitating premature
      termination of the procedure. All patients tolerated the awake procedure well.
      Mean duration of the surgery was 3.2 hours. Radical resections were obtained in
      14 of 18 where this was intended and in 12 of the 13 where there was no adverse
      intraoperative monitoring event prompting premature termination of the resection.
      Conclusions Combining awake surgery with 3DUS is feasible and beneficial. It does
      not entail any additional surgical workflow modification or patient discomfort.
      This combined modality intraoperative monitoring can be beneficial for eloquent
      region tumors.

PMID- 27367359
TI  - Direct Carotid Exposure for Neuroendovascular Approaches.
AB  - Objective The transfemoral approach is a common route for catheterization of the
      supra-aortic vessels in neuroendovascular therapy. However, in some cases, the
      patient's anatomy prevents transfemoral catheterization or distal access to the
      carotid s. In such cases, direct carotid exposure (DCE) for neuroendovascular
      approaches may be used to treat cerebrovascular diseases. Methods We present 11
      cases in which we were unable to perform the distal approach and DCE was the
      preferred neuroendovascular treatment procedure. Results DCE was performed on 11
      patients with cerebral aneurysm (n = 8), carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) (n = 1),
      malignant brain tumor (n = 1), and carotid angioplasty and stenting (n = 1). Ten
      patients were female; one was male. Ages ranged from 63 to 87 years (mean: 71.36
      years). Coil embolization was performed on patients with cerebral aneurysm and
      CCF. The patient with a malignant brain tumor underwent polyvinyl alcohol
      particle embolization. The only complication was a carotid artery dissection that
      occurred in one patient during stenting. Conclusion DCE for neuroendovascular
      approaches can be used as an alternative for patients with tortuous vasculature
      access in the femoral route. In such patients, a combination of neuroendovascular
      treatment and surgery in a hybrid operating room with angiography is preferred.

PMID- 27367360
TI  - Needle electromyography of the frontalis muscle in patients with amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We sought to determine which muscles to choose for better
      assessment of the craniobulbar region in establishing the diagnosis of
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: We studied the frontalis muscle in
      83 controls and compared it with the tongue, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and
      trapezius muscles in 105 definite or probable ALS patients (54 bulbar, 51
      nonbulbar). RESULTS: More patients achieved complete relaxation of the frontalis
      muscle than the tongue or SCM. Motor unit potentials were of longer duration and
      higher amplitude in ALS patients than in controls (P < 0.05). The frontalis had
      the same frequency of spontaneous potentials as the tongue, SCM, and trapezius
      muscles in bulbar ALS patients, but fewer than in the trapezius in nonbulbar
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: Examining the frontalis provides useful information in
      establishing the diagnosis of ALS by identifying clinically evident or
      subclinical abnormalities in the craniobulbar region. Muscle Nerve 54: 1093-1096,
      2016.

PMID- 27367361
TI  - In vitro and in vivo hemocompatibility evaluation of a new dermatan sulfate
      modified PET patch for vascular repair surgery.
AB  - The development of new vascular devices requires to study the effects of
      materials on blood cells and on coagulation, both in vitro and in vivo. In this
      study, we have developed a new material by grafting dermatan sulfate (DS) from
      shark skin onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET). We have evaluated the
      haemocompatibility of PET-DS material in vitro by measuring thrombin generation,
      plasma recalcification time, hemolytic activity, and platelet adhesion and in
      vivo with a model of vascular patch in rat abdominal aorta. In vitro, our results
      have shown that PET-DS is a nonhemolytic material, able to inhibit thrombin
      generation and platelet adhesion. In vivo studies by Doppler echographic
      evaluation 20 days after implantation have shown that the PET-DS patch was
      integrated in the vessel wall and covered by a layer of cells. In conclusion, PET
      DS has good haemocompatibility properties and could be a promising tool for
      vascular surgery. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B:
      Appl Biomater, 105B: 2001-2009, 2017.

PMID- 27367362
TI  - Effectiveness of endoscopic gastric cancer screening in a rural area of Linzhou,
      China: results from a case-control study.
AB  - In China, a large burden of gastric cancer has remained, and endoscopic screening
      was expected to reduce gastric cancer mortality. Therefore, a population-based
      case-control study was conducted to evaluate the screening effect. The gastric
      cancer screening program was initiated in Linzhou in the year 2005, and
      endoscopic examination with indicative biopsy, for residents aged 40-69 years,
      was used to detect early cancer and precancerous lesion. In this study, cases
      were defined as individuals who had died of gastric cancer, which were selected
      from Linzhou Cancer Registry database. Controls were residents (six per case),
      who had not died of gastric cancer, from the same area as the case, and matched
      by gender and age (+/-2 years). The exposure status, whether cases and controls
      ever attended the screening or not, was acquired by inspecting the well
      documented screening records. Conditional logistic regression model was used to
      estimate the odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A
      total of 313 cases and 1876 controls were included in our analysis. Compared with
      subjects who never participated in screening, the overall OR for individuals who
      ever participated in screening was 0.72(95% CI: 0.54-0.97). The OR for lag time 4
      years or longer was 0.68(95% CI: 0.47-0.98) and the OR for those who were aged 50
      59 years were 0.56 (0.37-0.85). The results suggest a 28% reduction in risk of
      gastric cancer mortality by endoscopic screening, which may have significant
      implications for gastric cancer screening in rural areas of China.

PMID- 27367363
TI  - DAPPLE 2: a Tool for the Homology-Based Prediction of Post-Translational
      Modification Sites.
AB  - The post-translational modification of proteins is critical for regulating their
      function. Although many post-translational modification sites have been
      experimentally determined, particularly in certain model organisms, experimental
      knowledge of these sites is severely lacking for many species. Thus, it is
      important to be able to predict sites of post-translational modification in such
      species. Previously, we described DAPPLE, a tool that facilitates the homology
      based prediction of one particular post-translational modification,
      phosphorylation, in an organism of interest using known phosphorylation sites
      from other organisms. Here, we describe DAPPLE 2, which expands and improves upon
      DAPPLE in three major ways. First, it predicts sites for many post-translational
      modifications (20 different types) using data from several sources (15 online
      databases). Second, it has the ability to make predictions approximately 2-7
      times faster than DAPPLE depending on the database size and the organism of
      interest. Third, it simplifies and accelerates the process of selecting predicted
      sites of interest by categorizing them based on gene ontology terms, keywords,
      and signaling pathways. We show that DAPPLE 2 can successfully predict known
      human post-translational modification sites using, as input, known sites from
      species that are either closely (e.g., mouse) or distantly (e.g., yeast) related
      to humans. DAPPLE 2 can be accessed at http://saphire.usask.ca/saphire/dapple2 .

PMID- 27367364
TI  - Brain activation in response to bladder filling in healthy adults: An activation
      likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.
AB  - AIMS: Recent studies have used different neuroimaging techniques and identified
      various brain regions that are activated during bladder filling. However, there
      is a lack of consensus regarding which of these brain regions regulate the
      process of urine storage. The aim of this meta-analysis is to identify brain
      regions that are commonly activated during bladder filling in healthy adults
      across different studies. METHODS: PubMed was searched for neuroimaging studies
      investigating the effects of bladder filling on regional brain activation.
      Studies were excluded if they did not report brain activation differences from
      whole-brain group analysis by comparing the state of bladder filling with the
      state of bladder rest. The current version of the activation likelihood
      estimation (ALE) approach was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: We identified 14
      neuroimaging studies examining brain activation in response to experimental
      bladder filling in 181 healthy subjects, which reported 89 foci for ALE analysis.
      The meta-analysis revealed significant activation in multiple brain regions
      including thalamus (bilaterally), right insula, cerebellum, and brainstem
      (bilaterally). CONCLUSIONS: Several key brain regions involved in sensory
      processing are commonly activated during bladder filling in healthy adults across
      different studies. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:960-965, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27367365
TI  - Natural Framework for Device-Independent Quantification of Quantum Steerability,
      Measurement Incompatibility, and Self-Testing.
AB  - We introduce the concept of assemblage moment matrices, i.e., a collection of
      matrices of expectation values, each associated with a conditional quantum state
      obtained in a steering experiment. We demonstrate how it can be used for quantum
      states and measurements characterization in a device-independent manner, i.e.,
      without invoking any assumption about the measurement or the preparation device.
      Specifically, we show how the method can be used to lower bound the steerability
      of an underlying quantum state directly from the observed correlation between
      measurement outcomes. Combining such device-independent quantifications with
      earlier results established by Piani and Watrous [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 060404
      (2015)], our approach immediately provides a device-independent lower bound on
      the generalized robustness of entanglement, as well as the usefulness of the
      underlying quantum state for a type of subchannel discrimination problem. In
      addition, by proving a quantitative relationship between steering robustness and
      the recently introduced incompatibility robustness, our approach also allows for
      a device-independent quantification of the incompatibility between various
      measurements performed in a Bell-type experiment. Explicit examples where such
      bounds provide a kind of self-testing of the performed measurements are provided.

PMID- 27367366
TI  - Hubbard Model for Atomic Impurities Bound by the Vortex Lattice of a Rotating
      Bose-Einstein Condensate.
AB  - We investigate cold bosonic impurity atoms trapped in a vortex lattice formed by
      condensed bosons of another species. We describe the dynamics of the impurities
      by a bosonic Hubbard model containing occupation-dependent parameters to capture
      the effects of strong impurity-impurity interactions. These include both a
      repulsive direct interaction and an attractive effective interaction mediated by
      the Bose-Einstein condensate. The occupation dependence of these two competing
      interactions drastically affects the Hubbard model phase diagram, including
      causing the disappearance of some Mott lobes. 

PMID- 27367367
TI  - Energy Exchange in Driven Open Quantum Systems at Strong Coupling.
AB  - The time-dependent energy transfer in a driven quantum system strongly coupled to
      a heat bath is studied within an influence functional approach. Exact formal
      expressions for the statistics of energy dissipation into the different channels
      are derived. The general method is applied to the driven dissipative two-state
      system. It is shown that the energy flows obey a balance relation, and that, for
      strong coupling, the interaction may constitute the major dissipative channel.
      Results in analytic form are presented for the particular value K=1/2 of strong
      Ohmic dissipation. The energy flows show interesting behaviors including driving
      induced coherences and quantum stochastic resonances. It is found that the
      general characteristics persists for K near 1/2. 

PMID- 27367368
TI  - Towards a Theory of Metastability in Open Quantum Dynamics.
AB  - By generalizing concepts from classical stochastic dynamics, we establish the
      basis for a theory of metastability in Markovian open quantum systems. Partial
      relaxation into long-lived metastable states-distinct from the asymptotic
      stationary state-is a manifestation of a separation of time scales due to a
      splitting in the spectrum of the generator of the dynamics. We show here how to
      exploit this spectral structure to obtain a low dimensional approximation to the
      dynamics in terms of motion in a manifold of metastable states constructed from
      the low-lying eigenmatrices of the generator. We argue that the metastable
      manifold is in general composed of disjoint states, noiseless subsystems, and
      decoherence-free subspaces. 

PMID- 27367369
TI  - Entanglement and Coherence in Quantum State Merging.
AB  - Understanding the resource consumption in distributed scenarios is one of the
      main goals of quantum information theory. A prominent example for such a scenario
      is the task of quantum state merging, where two parties aim to merge their
      tripartite quantum state parts. In standard quantum state merging, entanglement
      is considered to be an expensive resource, while local quantum operations can be
      performed at no additional cost. However, recent developments show that some
      local operations could be more expensive than others: it is reasonable to
      distinguish between local incoherent operations and local operations which can
      create coherence. This idea leads us to the task of incoherent quantum state
      merging, where one of the parties has free access to local incoherent operations
      only. In this case the resources of the process are quantified by pairs of
      entanglement and coherence. Here, we develop tools for studying this process and
      apply them to several relevant scenarios. While quantum state merging can lead to
      a gain of entanglement, our results imply that no merging procedure can gain
      entanglement and coherence at the same time. We also provide a general lower
      bound on the entanglement-coherence sum and show that the bound is tight for all
      pure states. Our results also lead to an incoherent version of Schumacher
      compression: in this case the compression rate is equal to the von Neumann
      entropy of the diagonal elements of the corresponding quantum state. 

PMID- 27367370
TI  - Entropic Nonsignaling Correlations.
AB  - We introduce the concept of entropic nonsignaling correlations, i.e., entropies
      arising from probabilistic theories that are compatible with the fact that we
      cannot transmit information instantaneously. We characterize and show the
      relevance of these entropic correlations in a variety of different scenarios,
      ranging from typical Bell experiments to more refined descriptions such as
      bilocality and information causality. In particular, we apply the framework to
      derive the first entropic inequality testing genuine tripartite nonlocality in
      quantum systems of arbitrary dimension and also prove the first known monogamy
      relation for entropic Bell inequalities. Further, within the context of complex
      Bell networks, we show that entropic nonlocal correlations can be activated. 

PMID- 27367371
TI  - Observation of Quantum Fingerprinting Beating the Classical Limit.
AB  - Quantum communication has historically been at the forefront of advancements,
      from fundamental tests of quantum physics to utilizing the quantum-mechanical
      properties of physical systems for practical applications. In the field of
      communication complexity, quantum communication allows the advantage of an
      exponential reduction in the transmitted information over classical communication
      to accomplish distributed computational tasks. However, to date, demonstrating
      this advantage in a practical setting continues to be a central challenge. Here,
      we report a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of a quantum
      fingerprinting protocol that for the first time surpasses the ultimate classical
      limit to transmitted information. Ultralow noise superconducting single-photon
      detectors and a stable fiber-based Sagnac interferometer are used to implement a
      quantum fingerprinting system that is capable of transmitting less information
      than the classical proven lower bound over 20 km standard telecom fiber for input
      sizes of up to 2 Gbits. The results pave the way for experimentally exploring the
      advanced features of quantum communication and open a new window of opportunity
      for research in communication complexity and testing the foundations of physics. 

PMID- 27367372
TI  - Stabilizing Entanglement via Symmetry-Selective Bath Engineering in
      Superconducting Qubits.
AB  - Bath engineering, which utilizes coupling to lossy modes in a quantum system to
      generate nontrivial steady states, is a tantalizing alternative to gate- and
      measurement-based quantum science. Here, we demonstrate dissipative stabilization
      of entanglement between two superconducting transmon qubits in a symmetry
      selective manner. We utilize the engineered symmetries of the dissipative
      environment to stabilize a target Bell state; we further demonstrate suppression
      of the Bell state of opposite symmetry due to parity selection rules. This
      implementation is resource efficient, achieves a steady-state fidelity F=0.70,
      and is scalable to multiple qubits. 

PMID- 27367373
TI  - Self-Organized Bistability Associated with First-Order Phase Transitions.
AB  - Self-organized criticality elucidates the conditions under which physical and
      biological systems tune themselves to the edge of a second-order phase
      transition, with scale invariance. Motivated by the empirical observation of
      bimodal distributions of activity in neuroscience and other fields, we propose
      and analyze a theory for the self-organization to the point of phase coexistence
      in systems exhibiting a first-order phase transition. It explains the emergence
      of regular avalanches with attributes of scale invariance that coexist with huge
      anomalous ones, with realizations in many fields. 

PMID- 27367374
TI  - Nonequilibrium Tuning of the Thermal Casimir Effect.
AB  - In net-neutral systems correlations between charge fluctuations generate strong
      attractive thermal Casimir forces and engineering these forces to optimize
      nanodevice performance is an important challenge. We show how the normal and
      lateral thermal Casimir forces between two plates containing Brownian charges can
      be modulated by decorrelating the system through the application of an electric
      field, which generates a nonequilibrium steady state with a constant current in
      one or both plates, reducing the ensuing fluctuation-generated normal force while
      at the same time generating a lateral drag force. This hypothesis is confirmed by
      detailed numerical simulations as well as an analytical approach based on
      stochastic density functional theory. 

PMID- 27367375
TI  - Le Chatelier Principle for Out-of-Equilibrium and Boundary-Driven Systems:
      Application to Dynamical Phase Transitions.
AB  - A stability analysis is presented for boundary-driven and out-of-equilibrium
      systems in the framework of the hydrodynamic macroscopic fluctuation theory. A
      Hamiltonian description is proposed which allows us to thermodynamically
      interpret the additivity principle. A necessary and sufficient condition for the
      validity of the additivity principle is obtained as an extension of the Le
      Chatelier principle. These stability conditions result from a diagonal quadratic
      form obtained using the cumulant generating function. This approach allows us to
      provide a proof for the stability of the weakly asymmetric exclusion process and
      to reduce the search for stability to the solution of two coupled linear ordinary
      differential equations instead of nonlinear partial differential equations.
      Additional potential applications of these results are discussed in the realm of
      classical and quantum systems. 

PMID- 27367376
TI  - Ultrasensitive Magnetometer using a Single Atom.
AB  - Precision sensing, and in particular high precision magnetometry, is a central
      goal of research into quantum technologies. For magnetometers, often trade-offs
      exist between sensitivity, spatial resolution, and frequency range. The
      precision, and thus the sensitivity of magnetometry, scales as 1/sqrt[T_{2}] with
      the phase coherence time T_{2} of the sensing system playing the role of a key
      determinant. Adapting a dynamical decoupling scheme that allows for extending
      T_{2} by orders of magnitude and merging it with a magnetic sensing protocol, we
      achieve a measurement sensitivity even for high frequency fields close to the
      standard quantum limit. Using a single atomic ion as a sensor, we experimentally
      attain a sensitivity of 4.6  pT/sqrt[Hz] for an alternating-current magnetic
      field near 14 MHz. Based on the principle demonstrated here, this unprecedented
      sensitivity combined with spatial resolution in the nanometer range and
      tunability from direct current to the gigahertz range could be used for magnetic
      imaging in as of yet inaccessible parameter regimes. 

PMID- 27367380
TI  - Theory-Agnostic Constraints on Black-Hole Dipole Radiation with Multiband
      Gravitational-Wave Astrophysics.
AB  - The aLIGO detection of the black-hole binary GW150914 opens a new era for probing
      extreme gravity. Many gravity theories predict the emission of dipole
      gravitational radiation by binaries. This is excluded to high accuracy in binary
      pulsars, but entire classes of theories predict this effect predominantly (or
      only) in binaries involving black holes. Joint observations of GW150914-like
      systems by aLIGO and eLISA will improve bounds on dipole emission from black-hole
      binaries by 6 orders of magnitude relative to current constraints, provided that
      eLISA is not dramatically descoped. 

PMID- 27367381
TI  - Time Dependence of the Electron and Positron Components of the Cosmic Radiation
      Measured by the PAMELA Experiment between July 2006 and December 2015.
AB  - Cosmic-ray electrons and positrons are a unique probe of the propagation of
      cosmic rays as well as of the nature and distribution of particle sources in our
      Galaxy. Recent measurements of these particles are challenging our basic
      understanding of the mechanisms of production, acceleration, and propagation of
      cosmic rays. Particularly striking are the differences between the low energy
      results collected by the space-borne PAMELA and AMS-02 experiments and older
      measurements pointing to sign-charge dependence of the solar modulation of cosmic
      ray spectra. The PAMELA experiment has been measuring the time variation of the
      positron and electron intensity at Earth from July 2006 to December 2015 covering
      the period for the minimum of solar cycle 23 (2006-2009) until the middle of the
      maximum of solar cycle 24, through the polarity reversal of the heliospheric
      magnetic field which took place between 2013 and 2014. The positron to electron
      ratio measured in this time period clearly shows a sign-charge dependence of the
      solar modulation introduced by particle drifts. These results provide the first
      clear and continuous observation of how drift effects on solar modulation have
      unfolded with time from solar minimum to solar maximum and their dependence on
      the particle rigidity and the cyclic polarity of the solar magnetic field. 

PMID- 27367377
TI  - Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers
      as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy.
AB  - We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio
      emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy
      scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8+/
      0.7(stat)+/-6.7(syst)  MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving
      perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the
      cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first
      principles calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation
      energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic
      cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the
      direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established
      energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory. 

PMID- 27367384
TI  - Higgs Transverse-Momentum Resummation in Direct Space.
AB  - We propose a new approach to the resummation of the transverse-momentum
      distribution of a high-mass color-singlet system in hadronic collisions. The
      resummation is performed in momentum space and is free of kinematic singularities
      at small transverse momentum. We derive a formula accurate at the next-to-next-to
      leading-logarithmic level, and present the first matched predictions to next-to
      next-to-leading order for Higgs-boson production in gluon fusion at the LHC. This
      method can be adapted to all observables featuring kinematic cancellations in the
      infrared region. 

PMID- 27367387
TI  - Resonant Rydberg Dressing of Alkaline-Earth Atoms via Electromagnetically Induced
      Transparency.
AB  - We develop an approach to generate finite-range atomic interactions via optical
      Rydberg-state excitation and study the underlying excitation dynamics in theory
      and experiment. In contrast to previous work, the proposed scheme is based on
      resonant optical driving and the establishment of a dark state under conditions
      of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Analyzing the driven
      dissipative dynamics of the atomic gas, we show that the interplay between
      coherent light coupling, radiative decay, and strong Rydberg-Rydberg atom
      interactions leads to the emergence of sizable effective interactions while
      providing remarkably long coherence times. The latter are studied experimentally
      in a cold gas of strontium atoms for which the proposed scheme is most efficient.
      Our measured atom loss is in agreement with the theoretical prediction based on
      binary effective interactions between the driven atoms. 

PMID- 27367385
TI  - Precision Measurement of the Radiative beta Decay of the Free Neutron.
AB  - The standard model predicts that, in addition to a proton, an electron, and an
      antineutrino, a continuous spectrum of photons is emitted in the beta decay of
      the free neutron. We report on the RDK II experiment which measured the photon
      spectrum using two different detector arrays. An annular array of bismuth
      germanium oxide scintillators detected photons from 14 to 782 keV. The spectral
      shape was consistent with theory, and we determined a branching ratio of
      0.00335+/-0.00005[stat]+/-0.00015[syst]. A second detector array of large area
      avalanche photodiodes directly detected photons from 0.4 to 14 keV. For this
      array, the spectral shape was consistent with theory, and the branching ratio was
      determined to be 0.00582+/-0.00023[stat]+/-0.00062[syst]. We report the first
      precision test of the shape of the photon energy spectrum from neutron radiative
      decay and a substantially improved determination of the branching ratio over a
      broad range of photon energies. 

PMID- 27367388
TI  - Direct Measurement of Photon Recoil from a Levitated Nanoparticle.
AB  - The momentum transfer between a photon and an object defines a fundamental limit
      for the precision with which the object can be measured. If the object oscillates
      at a frequency Omega_{0}, this measurement backaction adds quanta hOmega_{0} to
      the oscillator's energy at a rate Gamma_{recoil}, a process called photon recoil
      heating, and sets bounds to coherence times in cavity optomechanical systems.
      Here, we use an optically levitated nanoparticle in ultrahigh vacuum to directly
      measure Gamma_{recoil}. By means of a phase-sensitive feedback scheme, we cool
      the harmonic motion of the nanoparticle from ambient to microkelvin temperatures
      and measure its reheating rate under the influence of the radiation field. The
      recoil heating rate is measured for different particle sizes and for different
      excitation powers, without the need for cavity optics or cryogenic environments.
      The measurements are in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions and
      provide valuable guidance for the realization of quantum ground-state cooling
      protocols and the measurement of ultrasmall forces. 

PMID- 27367386
TI  - Experimental Neutron Capture Rate Constraint Far from Stability.
AB  - Nuclear reactions where an exotic nucleus captures a neutron are critical for a
      wide variety of applications, from energy production and national security, to
      astrophysical processes, and nucleosynthesis. Neutron capture rates are well
      constrained near stable isotopes where experimental data are available; however,
      moving far from the valley of stability, uncertainties grow by orders of
      magnitude. This is due to the complete lack of experimental constraints, as the
      direct measurement of a neutron-capture reaction on a short-lived nucleus is
      extremely challenging. Here, we report on the first experimental extraction of a
      neutron capture reaction rate on ^{69}Ni, a nucleus that is five neutrons away
      from the last stable isotope of Ni. The implications of this measurement on
      nucleosynthesis around mass 70 are discussed, and the impact of similar future
      measurements on the understanding of the origin of the heavy elements in the
      cosmos is presented. 

PMID- 27367389
TI  - Experimental Measurement of the Second-Order Coherence of Supercontinuum.
AB  - We measure experimentally the second-order coherence properties of supercontinuum
      generated in a photonic crystal fiber. Our approach is based on measuring
      separately the quasicoherent and quasistationary contributions to the cross
      spectral density and mutual coherence functions using a combination of
      interferometric and nonlinear gating techniques. This allows us to introduce two
      dimensional coherence spectrograms which provide a direct characterization and
      convenient visualization of the spectrotemporal coherence properties. The
      measured second-order coherence functions are in very good agreement with
      numerical simulations based on the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation.
      Our results pave the way towards the full experimental characterization of
      supercontinuum coherence properties. More generally, they provide a generic
      approach for the complete experimental measurement of the coherence of broadband
      sources. 

PMID- 27367390
TI  - Unidirectional Transition Waves in Bistable Lattices.
AB  - We present a model system for strongly nonlinear transition waves generated in a
      periodic lattice of bistable members connected by magnetic links. The asymmetry
      of the on-site energy wells created by the bistable members produces a mechanical
      diode that supports only unidirectional transition wave propagation with constant
      wave velocity. We theoretically justify the cause of the unidirectionality of the
      transition wave and confirm these predictions by experiments and simulations. We
      further identify how the wave velocity and profile are uniquely linked to the
      double-well energy landscape, which serves as a blueprint for transition wave
      control. 

PMID- 27367391
TI  - Ensemble Space-Time Correlation of Plasma Turbulence in the Solar Wind.
AB  - Single point measurement turbulence cannot distinguish variations in space and
      time. We employ an ensemble of one- and two-point measurements in the solar wind
      to estimate the space-time correlation function in the comoving plasma frame. The
      method is illustrated using near Earth spacecraft observations, employing ACE,
      Geotail, IMP-8, and Wind data sets. New results include an evaluation of both
      correlation time and correlation length from a single method, and a new
      assessment of the accuracy of the familiar frozen-in flow approximation. This
      novel view of the space-time structure of turbulence may prove essential in
      exploratory space missions such as Solar Probe Plus and Solar Orbiter for which
      the frozen-in flow hypothesis may not be a useful approximation. 

PMID- 27367392
TI  - Landau-Zener Bloch Oscillations with Perturbed Flat Bands.
AB  - Sinusoidal Bloch oscillations appear in band structures exposed to external
      fields. Landau-Zener (LZ) tunneling between different bands is usually a
      counteracting effect limiting Bloch oscillations. Here we consider a flat band
      network with two dispersive and one flat band, e.g., for ultracold atoms and
      optical waveguide networks. Using external synthetic gauge and gravitational
      fields we obtain a perturbed yet gapless band structure with almost flat parts.
      The resulting Bloch oscillations consist of two parts-a fast scan through the
      nonflat part of the dispersion structure, and an almost complete halt for
      substantial time when the atomic or photonic wave packet is trapped in the
      original flat band part of the unperturbed spectrum, made possible due to LZ
      tunneling. 

PMID- 27367393
TI  - Statistical Nature of Atomic Disorder in Irradiated Crystals.
AB  - Atomic disorder in irradiated materials is investigated by means of x-ray
      diffraction, using cubic SiC single crystals as a model material. It is shown
      that, besides the determination of depth-resolved strain and damage profiles, x
      ray diffraction can be efficiently used to determine the probability density
      function (PDF) of the atomic displacements within the crystal. This task is
      achieved by analyzing the diffraction-order dependence of the damage profiles. We
      thereby demonstrate that atomic displacements undergo Levy flights, with a
      displacement PDF exhibiting heavy tails [with a tail index in the gamma=0.73-0.37
      range, i.e., far from the commonly assumed Gaussian case (gamma=2)]. It is
      further demonstrated that these heavy tails are crucial to account for the
      amorphization kinetics in SiC. From the retrieved displacement PDFs we introduce
      a dimensionless parameter f_{D}^{XRD} to quantify the disordering. f_{D}^{XRD} is
      found to be consistent with both independent measurements using ion channeling
      and with molecular dynamics calculations. 

PMID- 27367395
TI  - Absorbing State Phase Transition with Competing Quantum and Classical
      Fluctuations.
AB  - Stochastic processes with absorbing states feature examples of nonequilibrium
      universal phenomena. While the classical regime has been thoroughly investigated
      in the past, relatively little is known about the behavior of these
      nonequilibrium systems in the presence of quantum fluctuations. Here, we
      theoretically address such a scenario in an open quantum spin model which, in its
      classical limit, undergoes a directed percolation phase transition. By mapping
      the problem to a nonequilibrium field theory, we show that the introduction of
      quantum fluctuations stemming from coherent, rather than statistical, spin flips
      alters the nature of the transition such that it becomes first order. In the
      intermediate regime, where classical and quantum dynamics compete on equal terms,
      we highlight the presence of a bicritical point with universal features different
      from the directed percolation class in a low dimension. We finally propose how
      this physics could be explored within gases of interacting atoms excited to
      Rydberg states. 

PMID- 27367394
TI  - Atomic-Scale Variations of the Mechanical Response of 2D Materials Detected by
      Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy.
AB  - We show that noncontact atomic force microscopy (AFM) is sensitive to the local
      stiffness in the atomic-scale limit on weakly coupled 2D materials, as graphene
      on metals. Our large amplitude AFM topography and dissipation images under
      ultrahigh vacuum and low temperature resolve the atomic and moire patterns in
      graphene on Pt(111), despite its extremely low geometric corrugation. The imaging
      mechanisms are identified with a multiscale model based on density-functional
      theory calculations, where the energy cost of global and local deformations of
      graphene competes with short-range chemical and long-range van der Waals
      interactions. Atomic contrast is related with short-range tip-sample
      interactions, while the dissipation can be understood in terms of global
      deformations in the weakly coupled graphene layer. Remarkably, the observed moire
      modulation is linked with the subtle variations of the local interplanar graphene
      substrate interaction, opening a new route to explore the local mechanical
      properties of 2D materials at the atomic scale. 

PMID- 27367396
TI  - Unscrambling Mixed Elements using High Angle Annular Dark Field Scanning
      Transmission Electron Microscopy.
AB  - The development of new nanocrystals with outstanding physicochemical properties
      requires a full three-dimensional (3D) characterization at the atomic scale. For
      homogeneous nanocrystals, counting the number of atoms in each atomic column from
      high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy images
      has been shown to be a successful technique to get access to this 3D information.
      However, technologically important nanostructures often consist of more than one
      chemical element. In order to extend atom counting to heterogeneous materials, a
      new atomic lensing model is presented. This model takes dynamical electron
      diffraction into account and opens up new possibilities for unraveling the 3D
      composition at the atomic scale. Here, the method is applied to determine the 3D
      structure of Au@Ag core-shell nanorods, but it is applicable to a wide range of
      heterogeneous complex nanostructures. 

PMID- 27367397
TI  - Intrinsic Charge Carrier Mobility in Single-Layer Black Phosphorus.
AB  - We present a theory for single- and two-phonon charge carrier scattering in
      anisotropic two-dimensional semiconductors applied to single-layer black
      phosphorus (BP). We show that in contrast to graphene, where two-phonon processes
      due to the scattering by flexural phonons dominate at any practically relevant
      temperatures and are independent of the carrier concentration n, two-phonon
      scattering in BP is less important and can be considered negligible at n?10^{13} 
      cm^{-2}. At smaller n, however, phonons enter in the essentially anharmonic
      regime. Compared to the hole mobility, which does not exhibit strong anisotropy
      between the principal directions of BP (MU_{xx}/MU_{yy}~1.4 at n=10^{13} cm^{-2}
      and T=300  K), the electron mobility is found to be significantly more
      anisotropic (MU_{xx}/MU_{yy}~6.2). Absolute values of MU_{xx} do not exceed 250
      (700)  cm^{2} V^{-1} s^{-1} for holes (electrons), which can be considered as an
      upper limit for the mobility in BP at room temperature. 

PMID- 27367398
TI  - Strong and Coherent Coupling between Localized and Propagating Phonon Polaritons.
AB  - Following the recent observation of localized phonon polaritons in user-defined
      silicon carbide nanoresonators, here we demonstrate strong and coherent coupling
      between those localized modes and propagating phonon polaritons bound to the
      surface of the nanoresonator's substrate. In order to obtain phase matching, the
      nanoresonators have been fabricated to serve the double function of hosting the
      localized modes, while also acting as a grating for the propagating ones. The
      coherent coupling between long lived, optically accessible localized modes, and
      low-loss propagative ones, opens the way to the design and realization of phonon
      polariton based coherent circuits. 

PMID- 27367399
TI  - Bulk Fermi Surface of Charge-Neutral Excitations in SmB_{6} or Not: A Heat
      Transport Study.
AB  - Recently, there have been increasingly hot debates on whether a bulk Fermi
      surface of charge-neutral excitations exists in the topological Kondo insulator
      SmB_{6}. To unambiguously resolve this issue, we perform the low-temperature
      thermal conductivity measurements of a high-quality SmB_{6} single crystal down
      to 0.1 K and up to 14.5 T. Our experiments show that the residual linear term of
      thermal conductivity at the zero field is zero, within the experimental accuracy.
      Furthermore, the thermal conductivity is insensitive to the magnetic field up to
      14.5 T. These results demonstrate the absence of fermionic charge-neutral
      excitations in bulk SmB_{6}, such as scalar Majorana fermions or spinons and,
      thus, exclude the existence of a bulk Fermi surface suggested by a recent quantum
      oscillation study of SmB_{6}. This puts a strong constraint on the explanation of
      the quantum oscillations observed in SmB_{6}. 

PMID- 27367400
TI  - Charge-Insensitive Single-Atom Spin-Orbit Qubit in Silicon.
AB  - High fidelity entanglement of an on-chip array of spin qubits poses many
      challenges. Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) can ease some of these challenges by
      enabling long-ranged entanglement via electric dipole-dipole interactions,
      microwave photons, or phonons. However, SOC exposes conventional spin qubits to
      decoherence from electrical noise. Here, we propose an acceptor-based spin-orbit
      qubit in silicon offering long-range entanglement at a sweet spot where the qubit
      is protected from electrical noise. The qubit relies on quadrupolar SOC with the
      interface and gate potentials. As required for surface codes, 10^{5} electrically
      mediated single-qubit and 10^{4} dipole-dipole mediated two-qubit gates are
      possible in the predicted spin lifetime. Moreover, circuit quantum
      electrodynamics with single spins is feasible, including dispersive readout,
      cavity-mediated entanglement, and spin-photon entanglement. An industrially
      relevant silicon-based platform is employed. 

PMID- 27367401
TI  - Orbital Selective Spin Excitations and their Impact on Superconductivity of
      LiFe_{1-x}Co_{x}As.
AB  - We use neutron scattering to study spin excitations in single crystals of
      LiFe_{0.88}Co_{0.12}As, which is located near the boundary of the superconducting
      phase of LiFe_{1-x}Co_{x}As and exhibits non-Fermi-liquid behavior indicative of
      a quantum critical point. By comparing spin excitations of LiFe_{0.88}Co_{0.12}As
      with a combined density functional theory and dynamical mean field theory
      calculation, we conclude that wave-vector correlated low energy spin excitations
      are mostly from the d_{xy} orbitals, while high-energy spin excitations arise
      from the d_{yz} and d_{xz} orbitals. Unlike most iron pnictides, the strong
      orbital selective spin excitations in the LiFeAs family cannot be described by an
      anisotropic Heisenberg Hamiltonian. While the evolution of low-energy spin
      excitations of LiFe_{1-x}Co_{x}As is consistent with the electron-hole Fermi
      surface nesting conditions for the d_{xy} orbital, the reduced superconductivity
      in LiFe_{0.88}Co_{0.12}As suggests that Fermi surface nesting conditions for the
      d_{yz} and d_{xz} orbitals are also important for superconductivity in iron
      pnictides. 

PMID- 27367402
TI  - Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction as a Consequence of a Doppler Shift due to Spin
      Orbit-Induced Intrinsic Spin Current.
AB  - We present a physical picture for the emergence of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM)
      interaction based on the idea of the Doppler shift by an intrinsic spin current
      induced by spin-orbit interaction under broken inversion symmetry. The picture is
      confirmed by a rigorous effective Hamiltonian theory, which reveals that the DM
      coefficient is given by the magnitude of the intrinsic spin current. Our approach
      is directly applicable to first principles calculations and clarifies the
      relation between the interaction and the electronic band structures. Quantitative
      agreement with experimental results is obtained for the skyrmion compounds Mn_{1
      x}Fe_{x}Ge and Fe_{1-x}Co_{x}Ge. 

PMID- 27367403
TI  - Quantum Walk in Degenerate Spin Environments.
AB  - We study the propagation of a hole in degenerate (paramagnetic) spin
      environments. This canonical problem has important connections to a number of
      physical systems, and is perfectly suited for experimental realization with
      ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. At the short-to-intermediate time scale
      that we can access using a stochastic-series-type numeric scheme, the propagation
      turns out to be distinctly nondiffusive with the probability distribution
      featuring minima in both space and time due to quantum interference, yet the
      motion is not ballistic, except at the beginning. We discuss possible scenarios
      for long-term evolution that could be explored with an unprecedented degree of
      detail in experiments with single-atom resolved imaging. 

PMID- 27367404
TI  - Spin Ferroquadrupolar Order in the Nematic Phase of FeSe.
AB  - We provide evidence that spin ferroquadrupolar (FQ) order is the likely ground
      state in the nonmagnetic nematic phase of stoichiometric FeSe. By studying the
      variational mean-field phase diagram of a bilinear-biquadratic Heisenberg model
      up to the 2nd nearest neighbor, we find the FQ phase in close proximity to the
      columnar antiferromagnet commonly realized in iron-based superconductors; the
      stability of the FQ phase is further verified by the density matrix
      renormalization group. The dynamical spin structure factor in the FQ state is
      calculated with flavor-wave theory, which yields a qualitatively consistent
      result with inelastic neutron scattering experiments on FeSe at both low and high
      energies. We verify that FQ can coexist with C_{4} breaking environments in the
      mean-field calculation, and further discuss the possibility that quantum
      fluctuations in FQ act as a source of nematicity. 

PMID- 27367405
TI  - Obtaining Highly Excited Eigenstates of Many-Body Localized Hamiltonians by the
      Density Matrix Renormalization Group Approach.
AB  - The eigenstates of many-body localized (MBL) Hamiltonians exhibit low
      entanglement. We adapt the highly successful density-matrix renormalization group
      method, which is usually used to find modestly entangled ground states of local
      Hamiltonians, to find individual highly excited eigenstates of MBL Hamiltonians.
      The adaptation builds on the distinctive spatial structure of such eigenstates.
      We benchmark our method against the well-studied random field Heisenberg model in
      one dimension. At moderate to large disorder, the method successfully obtains
      excited eigenstates with high accuracy, thereby enabling a study of MBL systems
      at much larger system sizes than those accessible to exact-diagonalization
      methods. 

PMID- 27367406
TI  - Photostriction in Ferroelectrics from Density Functional Theory.
AB  - An ab initio procedure allowing the computation of the deformation of
      ferroelectric-based materials under light is presented. This numerical scheme
      consists in structurally relaxing the system under the constraint of a fixed
      n_{e} concentration of electrons photoexcited into a specific conduction band
      edge state from a chosen valence band state, via the use of a constrained density
      functional theory method. The resulting change in lattice constant along a
      selected crystallographic direction is then calculated for a reasonable estimate
      of n_{e}. This method is applied to bulk multiferroic BiFeO_{3} and predicts a
      photostriction effect of the same order of magnitude than the ones recently
      observed. A strong dependence of photostrictive response on both the reached
      conduction state and the crystallographic direction (along which this effect is
      determined) is also revealed. Furthermore, analysis of the results demonstrates
      that the photostriction mechanism mostly originates from the screening of the
      spontaneous polarization by the photoexcited electrons in combination with the
      inverse piezoelectric effect. 

PMID- 27367407
TI  - Widely Tunable Single-Photon Source from a Carbon Nanotube in the Purcell Regime.
AB  - The narrow emission of a single carbon nanotube at low temperature is coupled to
      the optical mode of a fiber microcavity using the built-in spatial and spectral
      matching brought by this flexible geometry. A thorough cw and time-resolved
      investigation of the very same emitter both in free space and in cavity shows an
      efficient funneling of the emission into the cavity mode together with a strong
      emission enhancement corresponding to a Purcell factor of up to 5. At the same
      time, the emitted photons retain a strong sub-Poissonian statistics. By
      exploiting the cavity feeding effect on the phonon wings, we locked the emission
      of the nanotube at the cavity resonance frequency, which allowed us to tune the
      frequency over a 4 THz band while keeping an almost perfect antibunching. By
      choosing the nanotube diameter appropriately, this study paves the way to the
      development of carbon-based tunable single-photon sources in the telecom bands. 

PMID- 27367408
TI  - Simulating the Radio-Frequency Dielectric Response of Relaxor Ferroelectrics:
      Combination of Coarse-Grained Hamiltonians and Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations.
AB  - The radio-frequency dielectric response of the lead-free
      Ba(Zr_{0.5}Ti_{0.5})O_{3} relaxor ferroelectric is simulated using a coarse
      grained Hamiltonian. This concept, taken from real-space renormalization group
      theories, allows us to depict the collective behavior of correlated local modes
      gathered in blocks. Free-energy barriers for their thermally activated collective
      hopping are deduced from this ab initio-based approach, and used as input data
      for kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The resulting numerical scheme allows us to
      simulate the dielectric response for external field frequencies ranging from kHz
      up to a few tens of MHz for the first time and to demonstrate, e.g., that local
      (electric or elastic) random fields lead to the dielectric relaxation in the
      radio-frequency range that has been observed in relaxors. 

PMID- 27367409
TI  - Shape Transitions and Chiral Symmetry Breaking in the Energy Landscape of the
      Mitotic Chromosome.
AB  - We derive an unbiased information theoretic energy landscape for chromosomes at
      metaphase using a maximum entropy approach that accurately reproduces the details
      of the experimentally measured pairwise contact probabilities between genomic
      loci. Dynamical simulations using this landscape lead to cylindrical, helically
      twisted structures reflecting liquid crystalline order. These structures are
      similar to those arising from a generic ideal homogenized chromosome energy
      landscape. The helical twist can be either right or left handed so chiral
      symmetry is broken spontaneously. The ideal chromosome landscape when augmented
      by interactions like those leading to topologically associating domain formation
      in the interphase chromosome reproduces these behaviors. The phase diagram of
      this landscape shows that the helical fiber order and the cylindrical shape
      persist at temperatures above the onset of chiral symmetry breaking, which is
      limited by the topologically associating domain interaction strength. 

PMID- 27367410
TI  - Broken Detailed Balance of Filament Dynamics in Active Networks.
AB  - Myosin motor proteins drive vigorous steady-state fluctuations in the actin
      cytoskeleton of cells. Endogenous embedded semiflexible filaments such as
      microtubules, or added filaments such as single-walled carbon nanotubes are used
      as novel tools to noninvasively track equilibrium and nonequilibrium fluctuations
      in such biopolymer networks. Here, we analytically calculate shape fluctuations
      of semiflexible probe filaments in a viscoelastic environment, driven out of
      equilibrium by motor activity. Transverse bending fluctuations of the probe
      filaments can be decomposed into dynamic normal modes. We find that these modes
      no longer evolve independently under nonequilibrium driving. This effective mode
      coupling results in nonzero circulatory currents in a conformational phase space,
      reflecting a violation of detailed balance. We present predictions for the
      characteristic frequencies associated with these currents and investigate how the
      temporal signatures of motor activity determine mode correlations, which we find
      to be consistent with recent experiments on microtubules embedded in cytoskeletal
      networks. 

PMID- 27367411
TI  - Comment on "Line of Dirac Nodes in Hyperhoneycomb Lattices".

PMID- 27367412
TI  - Mullen, Uchoa, and Glatzhofer Reply.

PMID- 27367413
TI  - Publisher's Note: Spatial Search by Quantum Walk is Optimal for Almost All Graphs
      [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 100501 (2016)].
AB  - This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.100501.

PMID- 27367414
TI  - Erratum: Theory of Frequency-Filtered and Time-Resolved N-Photon Correlations
      [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 183601 (2012)].
AB  - This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.183601.

PMID- 27367382
TI  - Search for Violations of Lorentz Invariance and CPT Symmetry in B_{(s)}^{0}
      Mixing.
AB  - Violations of CPT symmetry and Lorentz invariance are searched for by studying
      interference effects in B^{0} mixing and in B_{s}^{0} mixing. Samples of B^{0}
      >J/psiK_{S}^{0} and B_{s}^{0}->J/psiK^{+}K^{-} decays are recorded by the LHCb
      detector in proton-proton collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV,
      corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3  fb^{-1}. No periodic variations
      of the particle-antiparticle mass differences are found, consistent with Lorentz
      invariance and CPT symmetry. Results are expressed in terms of the standard model
      extension parameter Deltaa_{MU} with precisions of O(10^{-15}) and O(10^{-14}) 
      GeV for the B^{0} and B_{s}^{0} systems, respectively. With no assumption on
      Lorentz (non)invariance, the CPT-violating parameter z in the B_{s}^{0} system is
      measured for the first time and found to be Re(z)=-0.022+/-0.033+/-0.005 and
      Im(z)=0.004+/-0.011+/-0.002, where the first uncertainties are statistical and
      the second systematic. 

PMID- 27367415
TI  - Intraoperative monitoring of cerebral oximetry and depth of anaesthesia during
      neuroanesthesia procedures.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review reports recent evidence on intraoperative
      monitoring of cerebral oximetry and depth of anaesthesia during neuroanaesthesia
      procedures. RECENT FINDINGS: The clinical benefits of intraoperative monitoring
      with cerebral oximetry [near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and brain tissue
      oxygenation monitoring (brptiO2)] and depth of anaesthesia with bispectral index
      (BIS) have recently been studied in surgical (carotid endarterectomy, cerebral
      arteriovenous malformations resection and brain tumour resections) and
      neuroradiological vascular procedures. BrptiO2/PaO2 ratio is much more reliable
      than absolute brptiO2 readings in detecting hypoxia in arteriovenous malformation
      resections. NIRS can help clinicians monitor those patients receiving
      endovascular treatment for acute ischaemic stroke and during carotid
      endarterectomy, but the value of applying cerebral oximetry in patients with
      cerebral vasospasm needs to be further evaluated. Awake craniotomy demonstrated
      that because of considerable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interindividual
      variation, BIS titration is recommended. Thus, the presence of a frontal brain
      tumour did not affect ipsilateral BIS values. SUMMARY: Recent studies provide
      interesting evidence of intraoperative monitoring of NIRS, brptiO2 and BIS. The
      brptiO2/PaO2 ratio is much more reliable than an absolute brptiO2 reading; NIRS
      helps clinicians to monitor patients who are undergoing endovascular treatment,
      and BIS guides the titration of anaesthesia during awake craniotomy; its values
      are not affected by the presence of a frontal brain tumour.

PMID- 27367416
TI  - Optic Nerve Parameters in Obese Children as Measured by Spectral Domain Optical
      Coherence Tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate whether an association exists between obesity and optic
      nerve parameters. METHODS: This was a prospective comparative study including 125
      eyes of 63 obese and 122 eyes of 62 healthy pediatric subjects. Optic nerve
      measurements were performed using the Cirrus spectral domain optical coherence
      tomograph (SD-OCT). RESULTS: The disc area, cup volume, mean and vertical C/D
      ratio, inferior and temporal RNFL thickness values were significantly higher in
      the control group than the obese group; however, age, sex, mean, superior and
      nasal RNFL thickness and rim area measurements were not statistically
      significantly different between the two groups. Age was significantly negatively
      correlated with temporal RNFL thickness in the obese group. Girls had
      significantly higher rim area, mean and superior RNFL thickness, and lower cup
      volume and vertical C/D ratio than boys in the obese group. CONCLUSION: These
      results could be helpful in the diagnosis and follow-up of obese children.

PMID- 27367418
TI  - Use of Androgen Deprivation Therapy With Radiotherapy for Intermediate- and High
      Risk Prostate Cancer Across the United States.

PMID- 27367417
TI  - Studying Dynamic Features in Myocardial Infarction Progression by Integrating
      miRNA-Transcription Factor Co-Regulatory Networks and Time-Series RNA Expression
      Data from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
AB  - Myocardial infarction (MI) is a serious heart disease and a leading cause of
      mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although some molecules (genes, miRNAs and
      transcription factors (TFs)) associated with MI have been studied in a specific
      pathological context, their dynamic characteristics in gene expressions,
      biological functions and regulatory interactions in MI progression have not been
      fully elucidated to date. In the current study, we analyzed time-series RNA
      expression data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We observed that
      significantly differentially expressed genes were sharply up- or down-regulated
      in the acute phase of MI, and then changed slowly until the chronic phase.
      Biological functions involved at each stage of MI were identified. Additionally,
      dynamic miRNA-TF co-regulatory networks were constructed based on the
      significantly differentially expressed genes and miRNA-TF co-regulatory motifs,
      and the dynamic interplay of miRNAs, TFs and target genes were investigated.
      Finally, a new panel of candidate diagnostic biomarkers (STAT3 and ICAM1) was
      identified to have discriminatory capability for patients with or without MI,
      especially the patients with or without recurrent events. The results of the
      present study not only shed new light on the understanding underlying regulatory
      mechanisms involved in MI progression, but also contribute to the discovery of
      true diagnostic biomarkers for MI. 

PMID- 27367378
TI  - Properties of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914.
AB  - On September 14, 2015, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
      (LIGO) detected a gravitational-wave transient (GW150914); we characterize the
      properties of the source and its parameters. The data around the time of the
      event were analyzed coherently across the LIGO network using a suite of accurate
      waveform models that describe gravitational waves from a compact binary system in
      general relativity. GW150914 was produced by a nearly equal mass binary black
      hole of masses 36_{-4}^{+5}M_{?} and 29_{-4}^{+4}M_{?}; for each parameter we
      report the median value and the range of the 90% credible interval. The
      dimensionless spin magnitude of the more massive black hole is bound to be <0.7
      (at 90% probability). The luminosity distance to the source is 410_{-180}^{+160} 
      Mpc, corresponding to a redshift 0.09_{-0.04}^{+0.03} assuming standard
      cosmology. The source location is constrained to an annulus section of 610 
      deg^{2}, primarily in the southern hemisphere. The binary merges into a black
      hole of mass 62_{-4}^{+4}M_{?} and spin 0.67_{-0.07}^{+0.05}. This black hole is
      significantly more massive than any other inferred from electromagnetic
      observations in the stellar-mass regime. 

PMID- 27367419
TI  - Fresh-Frozen Bone Allografts in Maxillary Alveolar Augmentation: Analysis of
      Complications, Adverse Outcomes, and Implant Survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Success of any bone augmentation procedure is dependent on several
      factors. Because complications occur in some cases, the aims of this study are to
      analyze adverse events associated with placement of fresh-frozen bone allografts
      (FFBAs) during alveolar ridge augmentation and to assess 1-year survival of
      dental implants placed in reconstructed sites. METHODS: Fifty-eight consecutive
      patients (15 males and 43 females, aged 38 to 76 years; mean age: 58 +/- 9.2
      years) requiring maxillary bone reconstruction prior to implant placement were
      enrolled in this study. A total of 268 implants was subsequently placed in sites
      reconstructed with FFBAs. There were 22 posterior grafted sites, 19 anterior, and
      17 full-arch sites. After a 4- to 6-month integration period, all patients
      received an implant-supported fixed prostheses. Complications occurring during
      treatment and the 12-month follow-up period were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS:
      Thirteen of 58 (22.41%) patients experienced some kind of complication in the
      receptor site. Infection occurred in six (10.34%) individuals, dehiscence in five
      (8.62%), and mucosal perforation in seven (12.07%). Adverse outcomes categorized
      as partial and total graft loss occurred in four (6.90%) and three (5.17%)
      patients, respectively. Implant failure rate was 16 (5.97%) of the 268 fixtures
      placed in 12 (20.70%) of 58 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Infection and suture
      dehiscence are significantly correlated with graft loss in a maxillary FFBA
      augmentation. Patients with full-arch grafting reconstructions lost significantly
      more implants. Early diagnosis and prompt management of adverse events seem to be
      of great importance in prevention of total graft loss.

PMID- 27367420
TI  - Risk Indicators for Periodontitis in US Adults: NHANES 2009 to 2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Through the use of optimal surveillance measures and standard case
      definitions, it is now possible to more accurately determine population-average
      risk profiles for severe (SP) and non-severe periodontitis (NSP) in adults (aged
      30 years and older) in the United States. METHODS: Data from the 2009 to 2012
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used, which, for the first
      time, used the "gold standard" full-mouth periodontitis surveillance protocol to
      classify severity of periodontitis following suggested Centers for Disease
      Control/American Academy of Periodontology case definitions. Probabilities of
      periodontitis by: 1) sociodemographics, 2) behavioral factors, and 3) comorbid
      conditions were assessed using prevalence ratios (PRs) estimated by predicted
      marginal probability from multivariable generalized logistic regression models.
      Analyses were further stratified by sex for each classification of periodontitis.
      RESULTS: Likelihood of total periodontitis (TP) increased with age for overall
      and NSP relative to non-periodontitis. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, TP was
      more likely in Hispanics (adjusted [a]PR = 1.38; 95% confidence interval 95% CI:
      1.26 to 1.52) and non-Hispanic blacks (aPR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.50), whereas
      SP was most likely in non-Hispanic blacks (aPR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.44 to 2.31).
      There was at least a 50% greater likelihood of TP in current smokers compared
      with non-smokers. In males, likelihood of TP in adults aged 65 years and older
      was greater (aPR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.76 to 2.43) than adults aged 30 to 44 years.
      This probability was even greater in women (aPR = 3.15; 95% CI: 2.63 to 3.77).
      Likelihood of TP was higher in current smokers relative to non-smokers regardless
      of sex and periodontitis classification. TP was more likely in men with
      uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM) compared with adults without DM. CONCLUSIONS:
      Assessment of risk profiles for periodontitis in adults in the United States
      based on gold standard periodontal measures show important differences by
      severity of disease and sex. Cigarette smoking, specifically current smoking,
      remains an important modifiable risk for all levels of periodontitis severity.
      Higher likelihood of TP in older adults and in males with uncontrolled DM is
      noteworthy. These findings could improve identification of target populations for
      effective public health interventions to improve periodontal health of adults in
      the United States.

PMID- 27367383
TI  - First Observation of D^{0}-D[over -]^{0} Oscillations in D^{0}->K^{+}pi^{
      }pi^{+}pi^{-} Decays and Measurement of the Associated Coherence Parameters.
AB  - Charm meson oscillations are observed in a time-dependent analysis of the ratio
      of D^{0}->K^{+}pi^{-}pi^{+}pi^{-} to D^{0}->K^{-}pi^{+}pi^{-}pi^{+} decay rates,
      using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0  fb^{-1} recorded by
      the LHCb experiment. The measurements presented are sensitive to the phase-space
      averaged ratio of doubly Cabibbo-suppressed to Cabibbo-favored amplitudes
      r_{D}^{K3pi} and the product of the coherence factor R_{D}^{K3pi} and a charm
      mixing parameter y_{K3pi}^{'}. The constraints measured are r_{D}^{K3pi}=(5.67+/
      0.12)*10^{-2}, which is the most precise determination to date, and
      R_{D}^{K3pi}y_{K3pi}^{'}=(0.3+/-1.8)*10^{-3}, which provides useful input for
      determinations of the CP-violating phase gamma in B^{+/-}->DK^{+/-}, D
      >K^{?}pi^{+/-}pi^{?}pi^{+/-} decays. The analysis also gives the most precise
      measurement of the D^{0}->K^{+}pi^{-}pi^{+}pi^{-} branching fraction, and the
      first observation of D^{0}-D[over -]^{0} oscillations in this decay mode, with a
      significance of 8.2 standard deviations. 

PMID- 27367423
TI  - Changes in Periodontal Parameters and C-Reactive Protein After Pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study assesses hormonal, inflammatory, and periodontal changes
      in pregnant women and postpartum in the absence of periodontal treatment, and
      seeks to determine any correlations among these parameters. METHODS: A
      longitudinal, observational study of 117 pregnant women (aged 23 to 42 years) was
      undertaken in a private gynecologic center between weeks 32 and 35 of pregnancy
      and 6 to 8 weeks after delivery. Levels of progesterone and C-reactive protein
      (CRP) in plasma were determined, as well as periodontal indices, including: 1)
      plaque index (PI); 2) bleeding on probing (BOP); 3) probing depth (PD); and 4)
      clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS: Postpartum progesterone and CRP
      declined sharply from 90.85 +/- 42.51 ng/mL and 3.73 +/- 4.01 mg/L to 0.77 +/-
      1.43 ng/mL and 1.43 +/- 1.67 mg/L, respectively. There was also a significant
      improvement in all periodontal indices (P <0.05) with the exception of PI. During
      pregnancy mean BOP was 21.03%, mean PD 2.62 mm, and mean CAL 1.20 mm. After
      delivery mean BOP was 13.25%, mean PD 2.39 mm, and mean CAL 1.14 mm. Percentage
      of 1- to 3-mm pockets increased (P <0.05), while 4- to 5-mm pockets and pockets
      >6 mm decreased significantly (P <0.001). Reduction in CRP correlated
      significantly with decrease in BOP (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Postpartum, there was
      a dramatic reduction in progesterone and CRP, together with an improvement in
      BOP, PD, and CAL in the absence of periodontal treatment. Decrease in CRP was
      related to an improvement in periodontal bleeding.

PMID- 27367422
TI  - Effectiveness of Computer-Based Training on Toothbrush Skills of Patients Treated
      With Crowns: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess plaque removal skills in patients
      with fixed dental prostheses (FDP), and effectiveness of computer-based training
      (CBT) of different brushing techniques (Fones versus Bass technique in their
      common modifications). METHODS: Ninety-three patients with FDP were randomly
      allocated to one of three training groups: 1) C (control group); 2) F (Fones
      technique group); and 3) B (Bass technique group). All patients received CBT of
      the basics of toothbrushing. Group C received no further instructions while
      groups F and B received additional CBT of the modified Fones or the modified Bass
      technique, respectively. Plaque levels were assessed immediately after patients
      had been asked to perform oral hygiene to the best of their abilities. RESULTS:
      Prior to training, persistent plaque deposits were found at 80% of marginal sites
      of natural teeth immediately after patients had performed oral hygiene.
      Considerably fewer plaque deposits were found on FDP (43%). No significant group
      differences were observed 6 and 12 weeks after training, either for natural teeth
      or for FDP (all P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Plaque removal skills are low in patients
      with FDP. Apparently, they do not profit from CBT of the techniques studied here.
      Studies observing their actual brushing behavior should be conducted to elucidate
      reasons for their deficits and to explore why CBT does not work in this group of
      patients.

PMID- 27367421
TI  - A Two-Domain Self-Report Measure of Periodontal Disease Has Good Accuracy for
      Periodontitis Screening in Dental School Outpatients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The assessment of periodontitis and treatment needs is primarily
      based on clinical and radiographic examinations. Albeit effective in predicting
      treatment needs, these examinations are costly, time-consuming, and impractical
      for assessing population-level needs. The purpose of the present study is to
      evaluate a two-domain self-report questionnaire for rapid periodontitis
      screening. METHODS: Six hundred white adult individuals, dentate or partially
      dentate and seeking dental therapy at a university clinic, underwent oral
      examination utilizing the full-mouth Community Periodontal Index of Treatment
      Needs (CPITN). To assess predictive value of self-reported periodontal measures
      (SRPMs) for periodontitis screening, four questions were formulated. Two
      questions aimed to assess "dentist-diagnosed periodontal disease" and two
      inquired about "self-assessed periodontitis." Multiple logistic regression models
      were used to construct receiver-operating characteristic curves, and predictor
      selection was performed via a forward stepwise selection process. RESULTS: Five
      hundred thirty-five volunteers with a mean age of 50.1 years elected to respond
      to SRPMs via telephone interview. After oral examination, 17.8% of participants
      were assessed as having CPITN = 4, representing compromised periodontal status.
      Sensitivity and specificity for correctly classifying compromised periodontal
      status ranged from 5.3% to 72.6%, and 87.8% to 99.5% for individual SRPMs.
      Sensitivity and specificity were increased when combining a measure of self
      assessed periodontal disease and a measure of dentist-diagnosed disease as
      predictors. Addition of age and sex maximized sensitivity/specificity at
      82.1%/82.2%. Diabetic status, smoking, and body mass index did not enhance the
      prediction. CONCLUSIONS: A two-domain self-report measure combining two self
      report items with age and sex has good sensitivity and specificity for
      periodontitis screening in a white, university-based population. The proposed
      self-report measure can be valuable for periodontitis screening in resource
      limited settings where gold standard clinical examination may not be pragmatic.
      Further validation studies are required to assess whether findings from this
      study are context-specific.

PMID- 27367424
TI  - Laser speckle contrast imaging is sensitive to advective flux.
AB  - Unlike laser Doppler flowmetry, there has yet to be presented a clear description
      of the physical variables that laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is sensitive
      to. Herein, we present a theoretical basis for demonstrating that LSCI is
      sensitive to total flux and, in particular, the summation of diffusive flux and
      advective flux. We view LSCI from the perspective of mass transport and briefly
      derive the diffusion with drift equation in terms of an LSCI experiment. This
      equation reveals the relative sensitivity of LSCI to both diffusive flux and
      advective flux and, thereby, to both concentration and the ordered velocity of
      the scattering particles. We demonstrate this dependence through a short series
      of flow experiments that yield relationships between the calculated speckle
      contrast and the concentration of the scatterers (manifesting as changes in
      scattering coefficient), between speckle contrast and the velocity of the
      scattering fluid, and ultimately between speckle contrast and advective flux.
      Finally, we argue that the diffusion with drift equation can be used to support
      both Lorentzian and Gaussian correlation models that relate observed contrast to
      the movement of the scattering particles and that a weighted linear combination
      of these two models is likely the most appropriate model for relating speckle
      contrast to particle motion.

PMID- 27367425
TI  - Improving Fishing Pattern Detection from Satellite AIS Using Data Mining and
      Machine Learning.
AB  - A key challenge in contemporary ecology and conservation is the accurate tracking
      of the spatial distribution of various human impacts, such as fishing. While
      coastal fisheries in national waters are closely monitored in some countries,
      existing maps of fishing effort elsewhere are fraught with uncertainty,
      especially in remote areas and the High Seas. Better understanding of the
      behavior of the global fishing fleets is required in order to prioritize and
      enforce fisheries management and conservation measures worldwide. Satellite-based
      Automatic Information Systems (S-AIS) are now commonly installed on most ocean
      going vessels and have been proposed as a novel tool to explore the movements of
      fishing fleets in near real time. Here we present approaches to identify fishing
      activity from S-AIS data for three dominant fishing gear types: trawl, longline
      and purse seine. Using a large dataset containing worldwide fishing vessel tracks
      from 2011-2015, we developed three methods to detect and map fishing activities:
      for trawlers we produced a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) using vessel speed as
      observation variable. For longliners we have designed a Data Mining (DM) approach
      using an algorithm inspired from studies on animal movement. For purse seiners a
      multi-layered filtering strategy based on vessel speed and operation time was
      implemented. Validation against expert-labeled datasets showed average detection
      accuracies of 83% for trawler and longliner, and 97% for purse seiner. Our study
      represents the first comprehensive approach to detect and identify potential
      fishing behavior for three major gear types operating on a global scale. We hope
      that this work will enable new efforts to assess the spatial and temporal
      distribution of global fishing effort and make global fisheries activities
      transparent to ocean scientists, managers and the public. 

PMID- 27367427
TI  - Clarifying Scar Revision Techniques and Their Proper Use.

PMID- 27367426
TI  - Identification of Shell Colour Pigments in Marine Snails Clanculus pharaonius and
      C. margaritarius (Trochoidea; Gastropoda).
AB  - Colour and pattern are key traits with important roles in camouflage, warning and
      attraction. Ideally, in order to begin to understand the evolution and ecology of
      colour in nature, it is important to identify and, where possible, fully
      characterise pigments using biochemical methods. The phylum Mollusca includes
      some of the most beautiful exemplars of biological pigmentation, with the vivid
      colours of sea shells particularly prized by collectors and scientists alike.
      Biochemical studies of molluscan shell colour were fairly common in the last
      century, but few of these studies have been confirmed using modern methods and
      very few shell pigments have been fully characterised. Here, we use modern
      chemical and multi-modal spectroscopic techniques to identify two porphyrin
      pigments and eumelanin in the shell of marine snails Clanculus pharaonius and C
      margaritarius. The same porphyrins were also identified in coloured foot tissue
      of both species. We use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to show
      definitively that these porphyrins are uroporphyrin I and uroporphyrin III.
      Evidence from confocal microscopy analyses shows that the distribution of
      porphyrin pigments corresponds to the striking pink-red of C. pharaonius shells,
      as well as pink-red dots and lines on the early whorls of C. margaritarius and
      yellow-brown colour of later whorls. Additional HPLC results suggest that
      eumelanin is likely responsible for black spots. We refer to the two differently
      coloured porphyrin pigments as trochopuniceus (pink-red) and trochoxouthos
      (yellow-brown) in order to distinguish between them. Trochopuniceus and
      trochoxouthos were not found in the shell of a third species of the same
      superfamily, Calliostoma zizyphinum, despite its superficially similar
      colouration, suggesting that this species has different shell pigments. These
      findings have important implications for the study of colour and pattern in
      molluscs specifically, but in other taxa more generally, since this study shows
      that homology of visible colour cannot be assumed without identification of
      pigments. 

PMID- 27367379
TI  - GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black
      Hole Coalescence.
AB  - We report the observation of a gravitational-wave signal produced by the
      coalescence of two stellar-mass black holes. The signal, GW151226, was observed
      by the twin detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
      (LIGO) on December 26, 2015 at 03:38:53 UTC. The signal was initially identified
      within 70 s by an online matched-filter search targeting binary coalescences.
      Subsequent off-line analyses recovered GW151226 with a network signal-to-noise
      ratio of 13 and a significance greater than 5sigma. The signal persisted in the
      LIGO frequency band for approximately 1 s, increasing in frequency and amplitude
      over about 55 cycles from 35 to 450 Hz, and reached a peak gravitational strain
      of 3.4_{-0.9}^{+0.7}*10^{-22}. The inferred source-frame initial black hole
      masses are 14.2_{-3.7}^{+8.3}M_{?} and 7.5_{-2.3}^{+2.3}M_{?}, and the final
      black hole mass is 20.8_{-1.7}^{+6.1}M_{?}. We find that at least one of the
      component black holes has spin greater than 0.2. This source is located at a
      luminosity distance of 440_{-190}^{+180}  Mpc corresponding to a redshift of
      0.09_{-0.04}^{+0.03}. All uncertainties define a 90% credible interval. This
      second gravitational-wave observation provides improved constraints on stellar
      populations and on deviations from general relativity. 

PMID- 27367428
TI  - Loneliness, Depression, and Inflammation: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of
      Atherosclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Both objective and subjective aspects of social isolation have been
      associated with alterations in immune markers relevant to multiple chronic
      diseases among older adults. However, these associations may be confounded by
      health status, and it is unclear whether these social factors are associated with
      immune functioning among relatively healthy adults. The goal of this study was to
      examine the associations between perceived loneliness and circulating levels of
      inflammatory markers among a diverse sample of adults. METHODS: Data come from a
      subset of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n = 441). Loneliness was
      measured by three items derived from the UCLA Loneliness Scale. The association
      between loneliness and C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen was assessed using
      multivariable linear regression analyses. Models were adjusted for demographic
      and health characteristics. RESULTS: Approximately 50% of participants reported
      that they hardly ever felt lonely and 17.2% felt highly lonely. Individuals who
      were unmarried/unpartnered or with higher depressive symptoms were more likely to
      report being highly lonely. There was no relationship between perceived
      loneliness and ln(CRP) (beta = -0.051, p = 0.239) adjusting for demographic and
      health characteristics. Loneliness was inversely associated with ln(fibrinogen)
      (beta = -0.091, p = 0.040), although the absolute magnitude of this relationship
      was small. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that loneliness is not positively
      associated with fibrinogen or CRP among relatively healthy middle-aged adults.

PMID- 27367431
TI  - 'Entrustable professional activities': the way to go for competency-based
      curriculum?

PMID- 27367430
TI  - Influence of particle shedding from silicone tubing on antibody stability.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Peristaltic pumps are increasingly employed during fill & finish
      operations of a biopharmaceutical drug, due to sensitivity of many biological
      products to rotary piston pump-related stresses. Yet, possibly also unit
      operations using peristaltic pumps may shed particulates into the final product
      due to abrasion from the employed tubing. It was the aim of this study to
      elucidate the potential influence of particles shed from peristaltic pump tubing
      on the stability of a drug product. METHODS: Spiking solutions containing shed
      silicone particles were prepared via peristaltic pumping of placebo under
      recirculating conditions and subsequently characterized. Two formulated
      antibodies were spiked with two realistic, but worst-case levels of particles and
      a 6-month accelerated stability study with storage at 2-8, 25 and 40 degrees C
      were conducted. KEY FINDINGS: Regarding the formation of aggregates and
      fragments, both mAbs degraded at their typically expected rates and no additional
      impact of spiked particles was observed. No changes were discerned however in
      turbidity, subvisible and visible particle assessments. Flow imaging data for one
      of the mAb formulations with spiked particles suggested limited colloidal
      stability of shed particles as indicated by a similar increase in spiked placebo.
      CONCLUSIONS: Shed silicone particles from peristaltic pump tubing are assumed to
      not impair drug product stability.

PMID- 27367429
TI  - Antagonist activity of the antipsychotic drug lithium chloride and the
      antileukemic drug imatinib mesylate during glioblastoma treatment in vitro.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary tumour of the central
      nervous system, is characterised by a high malignancy and poor prognosis. The
      aims of this study were to investigate whether the combination of imatinib
      mesylate (IM) and lithium chloride (LiCl) exhibited a synergistic effect in
      treatment and to determine whether midkine (MK) affected the fate of this
      treatment in vitro. METHODS: Monolayer and spheroid cultures of the T98G human
      GBM cell line were treated with an IM and LiCl combination for 72 h. The cell
      proliferation index, apoptotic index, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic and anti
      apoptotic protein levels, and cAMP level as well as the cellular morphology and
      ultrastructure were evaluated. RESULTS: All applications inhibited cell
      proliferation and induced apoptosis. The most substantial decreases in cell
      proliferation and the caspase-3, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR),
      platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFR-alpha), multidrug resistance
      protein-1 (MRP-1), aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) and cAMP levels were induced by the LiCl
      treatment, which exhibited more pronounced effects compared with the combination
      treatment. LiCl was less effective in decreasing the MK and B cell lymphoma-2
      (Bcl-2) levels compared with the combination treatment. The most substantial
      decrease in the p170 levels was identified following the combination treatment,
      whereas IM induced the second greatest decrease. LiCl alone had no effect on the
      p170 levels. IM induced the most substantial decrease in the phospho-glycogen
      synthase kinase 3-beta (p-GSK-3beta)/glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK-3beta)
      ratio, and LiCl induced the second most substantial decrease. Both LiCl and the
      combination treatment induced G2 + M arrest, whereas IM induced G0 + G1 arrest
      after 72 h of exposure. An apoptotic appearance and autophagic vacuoles were
      commonly identified in the LiCl, combination and IM groups, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: The combination of IM and LiCl exhibited an antagonist effect, and
      MK had a role at this antagonism.

PMID- 27367433
TI  - Effect of Different Surfactants on the Interfacial Behavior of the n-Hexane-Water
      System in the Presence of Silica Nanoparticles.
AB  - This paper presents the effect of negatively charged silica nanoparticles (NPs)
      on the interfacial tension of the n-hexane-water system at variable
      concentrations of four different surfactants, viz., an anionic surfactant, sodium
      dodecyl sulfate (SDS), a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
      (CTAB), and two nonionic surfactants, Tween 20 and Triton X-100 (TX-100). The
      presence of negatively charged silica nanoparticles is found to have a different
      effect depending on the type of surfactant. In the case of ionic surfactants, SDS
      and CTAB, silica NPs reduce the interfacial tension of the system. On the
      contrary, for nonionic surfactants, Tween 20 and TX-100, silica NPs increase the
      interfacial tension. The increasing/decreasing nature of the interfacial tension
      in the presence of NPs is well supported by the calculated surface excess
      concentrations. The diffusion kinetic control (DKC) and statistical rate theory
      (SRT) models are used to understand the behavior of dynamic interfacial tension
      of the surfactant-NP-oil-water system. The DKC model is found to describe the
      studied surfactant-NP-oil-water systems more aptly.

PMID- 27367432
TI  - Simulation-based medical education training improves short and long-term
      competency in, and knowledge of central venous catheter insertion: A before and
      after intervention study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multimodal educational interventions have been shown to improve short
      term competency in, and knowledge of central venous catheter (CVC) insertion.
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of simulation-based medical education
      training in improving short and long-term competency in, and knowledge of CVC
      insertion. DESIGN: Before and after intervention study. SETTING: University
      Geneva Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland, between May 2008 and January 2012.
      PARTICIPANTS: Residents in anaesthesiology aware of the Seldinger technique for
      vascular puncture. INTERVENTION: Participants attended a half-day course on CVC
      insertion. Learning objectives included work organization, aseptic technique and
      prevention of CVC complications. CVC insertion competency was tested pretraining,
      posttraining and then more than 2 years after training (sustainability phase).
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary study outcome was competency as measured by a
      global rating scale of technical skills, a hand hygiene compliance score and a
      checklist compliance score. Secondary outcome was knowledge as measured by a
      standardised pretraining and posttraining multiple-choice questionnaire.
      Statistical analyses were performed using paired Student's t test or Wilcoxon
      signed-rank test. RESULTS: Thirty-seven residents were included; 18 were tested
      in the sustainability phase (on average 34 months after training). The average
      global rating of skills was 23.4 points (+/-SD 4.08) before training, 32.2 (+/
      4.51) after training (P < 0.001 for comparison with pretraining scores) and 26.5
      (+/-5.34) in the sustainability phase (P = 0.040 for comparison with pretraining
      scores). The average hand hygiene compliance score was 2.8 (+/-1.0) points before
      training, 5.0 (+/-1.04) after training (P < 0.001 for comparison with pretraining
      scores) and 3.7 (+/-1.75) in the sustainability phase (P = 0.038 for comparison
      with pretraining scores). The average checklist compliance was 14.9 points (+/
      2.3) before training, 19.9 (+/-1.06) after training (P < 0.001 for comparison
      with pretraining scores) and 17.4 (+/-1.41) (P = 0.002 for comparison with
      pretraining scores). The percentage of correct answers in the multiple-choice
      questionnaire increased from 76.0% (+/-7.9) before training to 87.7% (+/-4.4)
      after training (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Simulation-based medical education
      training was effective in improving short and long-term competency in, and
      knowledge of CVC insertion.

PMID- 27367434
TI  - Designing and examining e-waste recycling process: methodology and case studies.
AB  - Increasing concerns on resource depletion and environmental pollution have
      largely obliged electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) should be tackled in an
      environmentally sound manner. Recycling process development is regarded as the
      most effective and fundamental to solve the e-waste problem. Based on global
      achievements related to e-waste recycling in the past 15 years, we first propose
      a theory to design an e-waste recycling process, including measuring e-waste
      recyclability and selection of recycling process. And we summarize the indicators
      and tools in terms of resource dimension, environmental dimension, and economic
      dimension, to examine the e-waste recycling process. Using the sophisticated
      experience and adequate information of e-waste management, spent lithium-ion
      batteries and waste printed circuit boards are chosen as case studies to
      implement and verify the proposed method. All the potential theory and obtained
      results in this work can contribute to future e-waste management toward best
      available techniques and best environmental practices.

PMID- 27367435
TI  - Layered-to-Tunnel Structure Transformation and Oxygen Redox Chemistry in LiRhO2
      upon Li Extraction and Insertion.
AB  - Layered Li(M,Li)O2 (where M is a transition metal) ordered rock-salt-type
      structures are used in advanced metal-ion batteries as one of the best hosts for
      the reversible intercalation of Li ions. Besides the conventional redox reaction
      involving oxidation/reduction of the M cation upon Li extraction/insertion,
      creating oxygen-located holes because of the partial oxygen oxidation increases
      capacity while maintaining the oxidized oxygen species in the lattice through
      high covalency of the M-O bonding. Typical degradation mechanism of the
      Li(M,Li)O2 electrodes involves partially irreversible M cation migration toward
      the Li positions, resulting in gradual capacity/voltage fade. Here, using LiRhO2
      as a model system (isostructural and isoelectronic to LiCoO2), for the first
      time, we demonstrate an intimate coupling between the oxygen redox and M cation
      migration. A formation of the oxidized oxygen species upon electrochemical Li
      extraction coincides with transformation of the layered Li1-xRhO2 structure into
      the gamma-MnO2-type rutile-ramsdellite intergrowth LiyRh3O6 structure with rutile
      like [1 * 1] channels along with bigger ramsdellite-like [2 * 1] tunnels through
      massive and concerted Rh migration toward the empty positions in the Li layers.
      The oxidized oxygen dimers with the O-O distances as short as 2.26 A are
      stabilized in this structure via the local Rh-O configuration reminiscent to that
      in the MU-peroxo-MU-hydroxo Rh complexes. The LiyRh3O6 structure is remarkably
      stable upon electrochemical cycling illustrating that proper structural
      implementation of the oxidized oxygen species can open a pathway toward
      deliberate employment of the anion redox chemistry in high-capacity/high-voltage
      positive electrodes for metal-ion batteries. 

PMID- 27367437
TI  - The History of Neuro-Ophthalmology in Chile.

PMID- 27367438
TI  - What does normal tendon structure look like? New insights into tissue
      characterization in the Achilles tendon.
AB  - Recently, ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) was introduced as a reliable
      method for quantification of tendon structure. Despite increasing publications on
      the use of UTC, it is striking that there is a lack of normative data in active
      adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide normative values of
      the Achilles tendon as quantified by UTC. Seventy physiotherapy students (26 male
      and 44 female students) with no history of Achilles tendon injuries were
      recruited. The Achilles tendons were scanned with UTC to characterize tendon
      structure. This study demonstrated that Achilles tendons of active, healthy
      adolescents contained 54.6% echo type I, 42.8% echo type II, 2.2% echo type III,
      and 0.3% echo type IV at midportion. The comparison between insertion and
      midportion of the tendon showed more echo type II at insertion (P < 0.001).
      Furthermore, female tendons contained significantly more echo type II, in both
      insertion and midportion compared with male tendons (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003,
      respectively). The results of this study, with respect to the MDC (minimum
      detectable change), highlight differences in the UTC echopattern in the normal
      population (sex and regional location), which are important considerations for
      future studies.

PMID- 27367436
TI  - Estimations and predictors of non-compliance in switchers to reduced nicotine
      content cigarettes.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Clinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine
      content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is
      participant compliance with smoking only RNCs. Our aims were to measure non
      compliance biochemically with urine cotinine (COT) and total nicotine equivalents
      (TNEs), compare with self-reported non-compliance and identify associated
      covariates. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a double-blind, parallel, randomized
      clinical trial. SETTING: Research centers from the United States, enrolling
      participants from June 2013 to July 2014. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteer sample of 242
      participants (55% Caucasian), average age of 41.2 years, smoking at least five
      cigarettes per day (CPD). INTERVENTION: Smoking very low nicotine cigarettes
      (VLNCs; 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) for 6 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome
      was biochemically verified non-compliance, measured as thresholds of COT/CPD and
      TNE/CPD ratios, considering changes in nicotine content from conventional levels
      to VLNCs, and as an absolute threshold of week 6 TNEs. Self-reported non
      compliance was measured via daily phone calls. Key predictors included age, sex,
      race, menthol preference, nicotine metabolite ratio, time to first cigarette,
      dependence, CPD, TNEs, tar level and cigarette evaluation. FINDINGS: Estimates of
      non-compliance with smoking the VLNCs exclusively include: the biochemical ratios
      (both 78%), the week 6 TNE threshold (76%) and self-report (39%). Of the key
      covariates, age, dependence and cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were
      significant; for age, younger participants more likely to be non-compliant [P =
      0.01; odds ratio (OR) = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.96-0.99].
      Dependence was associated significantly with self-reported non-compliance (P =
      0.01; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06-1.55). Cigarette evaluations of satisfaction were
      associated significantly with non-compliance (P = 0.001; OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.61
      0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Among smokers volunteering to smoke only very low nicotine
      cigarettes for 6 weeks, non-compliance was common and biochemical assessments
      detected more cases of non-compliance than self-report. Despite high levels of
      non-compliance, smokers reduced their intake of nicotine by an average of 60%.

PMID- 27367439
TI  - The Indirect Effect of Source Information on Psychological Reactance Against
      Antismoking Messages Through Perceived Bias.
AB  - This study investigates the indirect effect of source information on attitudes
      toward antismoking campaigns through perceived bias and psychological reactance
      by employing a survey experiment (N = 416). Findings demonstrate that an
      editorial advocating antismoking campaigns from ideologically congruent media is
      perceived as less biased than the same editorial from hostile media. The
      perceived bias is linked to perceived threat to freedom, which, in turn, is
      linked to psychological reactance against the editorial, resulting in less
      favorable attitudes toward antismoking campaigns. Smokers are more likely to show
      the linkages than nonsmokers. Implications of the findings are discussed.

PMID- 27367440
TI  - As Walking Movement Grows, Neighborhood Walkability Gains Attention.

PMID- 27367441
TI  - Assessment of Normal Eyeball Protrusion Using Computed Tomographic Imaging and
      Three-Dimensional Reconstruction in Korean Adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to assess normal eyeball protrusion
      from the orbital rim using two- and three-dimensional images and demonstrate the
      better suitability of CT images for assessment of exophthalmos. METHODS: The
      facial computed tomographic (CT) images of Korean adults were acquired in
      sagittal and transverse views. The CT images were used in reconstructing three
      dimensional volume of faces using computer software. The protrusion distances
      from orbital rims and the diameters of eyeballs were measured in the two views of
      the CT image and three-dimensional volume of the face. Relative exophthalmometry
      was calculated by the difference in protrusion distance between the right and
      left sides. RESULTS: The eyeball protrusion was 4.9 and 12.5 mm in sagittal and
      transverse views, respectively. The protrusion distances were 2.9 mm in the three
      dimensional volume of face. There were no significant differences between right
      and left sides in the degree of protrusion, and the difference was within 2 mm in
      more than 90% of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study will
      provide reliable criteria for precise diagnosis and postoperative monitoring
      using CT imaging of diseases such as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and
      orbital tumors.

PMID- 27367442
TI  - Peripheral ligands as electron storage reservoirs and their role in enhancement
      of photocatalytic hydrogen generation.
AB  - The contrasting early-time photodynamics of two related Ru/Pt photocatalysts with
      very different photocatalytic H2 generation capabilities are reported. Ultrafast
      equilibration (535 +/- 17 fs) creates an electron reservoir on the peripheral
      ligands of the ester substituted complex, allowing a dramatic increase in
      photocatalytic performance. This insight opens the way towards a novel design
      strategy for H2 generating molecular photocatalysts. 

PMID- 27367443
TI  - Performance-Enhancing Asymmetric Separator for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.
AB  - Asymmetric separators with polysulfide barrier properties consisting of porous
      polypropylene grafted with styrenesulfonate (PP-g-PLiSS) were characterized in
      lithium-sulfur cells to assess their practical applicability. Galvanostatic
      cycling at different C-rates with and without an electrolyte additive and cyclic
      voltammetry were used to probe the electrochemical performance of the cells with
      the PP-g-PLiSS separators and to compare it with the performance of the cells
      utilizing state-of-the-art separator, Celgard 2400. Overall, it was found that
      regardless of the applied cycling rate, the use of the grafted separators greatly
      enhances the Coulombic efficiency of the cell. An appropriate Li-exchange-site (
      SO3(-)) concentration at and near the surface of the separator was found to be
      essential to effectively suppress the polysulfide shuttle without sacrificing the
      Li-ion mobility through the separator and to improve the practical specific
      charge of the cell. 

PMID- 27367444
TI  - The promise of adaptive radiotherapy for pelvic tumors: "too high cost for too
      little result" or "a low cost for a significant result"?

PMID- 27367445
TI  - Cellular Interrogation: Exploiting Cell-to-Cell Variability to Discriminate
      Regulatory Mechanisms in Oscillatory Signalling.
AB  - The molecular complexity within a cell may be seen as an evolutionary response to
      the external complexity of the cell's environment. This suggests that the
      external environment may be harnessed to interrogate the cell's internal
      molecular architecture. Cells, however, are not only nonlinear and non
      stationary, but also exhibit heterogeneous responses within a clonal, isogenic
      population. In effect, each cell undertakes its own experiment. Here, we develop
      a method of cellular interrogation using programmable microfluidic devices which
      exploits the additional information present in cell-to-cell variation, without
      requiring model parameters to be fitted to data. We focussed on Ca2+ signalling
      in response to hormone stimulation, which exhibits oscillatory spiking in many
      cell types and chose eight models of Ca2+ signalling networks which exhibit
      similar behaviour in simulation. We developed a nonlinear frequency analysis for
      non-stationary responses, which could classify models into groups under parameter
      variation, but found that this question alone was unable to distinguish critical
      feedback loops. We further developed a nonlinear amplitude analysis and found
      that the combination of both questions ruled out six of the models as
      inconsistent with the experimentally-observed dynamics and heterogeneity. The two
      models that survived the double interrogation were mathematically different but
      schematically identical and yielded the same unexpected predictions that we
      confirmed experimentally. Further analysis showed that subtle mathematical
      details can markedly influence non-stationary responses under parameter
      variation, emphasising the difficulty of finding a "correct" model. By developing
      questions for the pathway being studied, and designing more versatile
      microfluidics, cellular interrogation holds promise as a systematic strategy that
      can complement direct intervention by genetics or pharmacology.

PMID- 27367446
TI  - Identification of five pyrrolidinyl substituted cathinones and the collision
      induced dissociation of electrospray-generated pyrrolidinyl substituted
      cathinones.
AB  - This article reports on the analytical properties of five pyrrolidinyl
      substituted cathinones: alpha-pyrrolidinononaphenone (alpha-PNP, 1), 4-chloro
      alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-Cl-alpha-PPP, 2), 4-chloro-alpha
      pyrrolidinovalerophenone (4-Cl-alpha-PVP, 3), 5-dihydrobenzofuranpyrovalerone (5
      DBFPV, 4), and 2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)hexan-1
      one (beta-THNPH, 5). These identifications were based on liquid chromatography
      quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). To our
      knowledge, no analytical data about alpha-PNP, 4-Cl-alpha-PPP, 4-Cl-alpha-PVP,
      and beta-THNPH have appeared until now, making this the first report on these
      compounds. Moreover, in order to study the collision-induced dissociation (CID)
      characteristic fragmentation routes of pyrrolidinyl substituted cathinones, a
      total number of 13 pyrrolidinyl substituted cathinones were selected and
      discussed. The major fragmentation pathways under CID mode are produced, leading
      to the formation of characteristic ions. Product ions of [M-C4 H9 N]+ and Cn H2n
      N+ indicate the presence of pyrrolidinyl substitution. Characteristic fragments
      are also produced via the cleavages of the CH-N(CH2 )4 bond and the CO-CHN bond.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27367447
TI  - Development of Kinematic Graphs of Median Nerve during Active Finger Motion:
      Implications of Smartphone Use.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Certain hand activities cause deformation and displacement of the
      median nerve at the carpal tunnel due to the gliding motion of tendons
      surrounding it. As smartphone usage escalates, this raises the public's concern
      whether hand activities while using smartphones can lead to median nerve
      problems. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to 1) develop kinematic graphs
      and 2) investigate the associated deformation and rotational information of
      median nerve in the carpal tunnel during hand activities. METHODS: Dominant
      wrists of 30 young adults were examined with ultrasonography by placing a
      transducer transversely on their wrist crease. Ultrasound video clips were
      recorded when the subject performing 1) thumb opposition with the wrist in
      neutral position, 2) thumb opposition with the wrist in ulnar deviation and 3)
      pinch grip with the wrist in neutral position. Six still images that were
      separated by 0.2-second intervals were then captured from the ultrasound video
      for the determination of 1) cross-sectional area (CSA), 2) flattening ratio (FR),
      3) rotational displacement (RD) and 4) translational displacement (TD) of median
      nerve in the carpal tunnel, and these collected information of deformation,
      rotational and displacement of median nerve were compared between 1) two
      successive time points during a single hand activity and 2) different hand
      motions at the same time point. Finally, kinematic graphs were constructed to
      demonstrate the mobility of median nerve during different hand activities.
      RESULTS: Performing different hand activities during this study led to a gradual
      reduction in CSA of the median nerve, with thumb opposition together with the
      wrist in ulnar deviation causing the greatest extent of deformation of the median
      nerve. Thumb opposition with the wrist in ulnar deviation also led to the largest
      extent of TD when compared to the other two hand activities of this study.
      Kinematic graphs showed that the motion pathways of median nerve during different
      hand activities were complex. CONCLUSION: We observed that the median nerve in
      the carpal tunnel was rotated, deformed and displaced during the hand activities
      that people may be performed when using a smartphone, suggesting an increased
      risk of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). In addition, the kinematic graphs of median
      nerve developed in the present study provide new clues for further studies on the
      pathophysiology of CTS, and alerting smartphone users to establish proper
      postural habits when using handheld electronic devices.

PMID- 27367448
TI  - Successful use of Hemospray as a bridge to surgery in life-threatening bleeding
      from a gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach.

PMID- 27367449
TI  - Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection for multiple esophageal leiomyomas.

PMID- 27367450
TI  - Endoscopic treatment of recurrent sigmoid volvulus with colopexy assisted by T
      fasteners and colostomy.

PMID- 27367451
TI  - Acute pancreatitis after endoscopic biopsy of the minor duodenal papilla in an
      individual with pancreas divisum.

PMID- 27367452
TI  - Riser pattern is a predictor of kidney mortality among patients with chronic
      kidney disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a crucial risk factor for cardiovascular death and
      loss of residual kidney function. Absence of the nocturnal decline in blood
      pressure (BP) predicts cardiovascular events and poor prognosis. However,
      characteristics of hypertension in moderate-to-severe chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) have not been fully evaluated. We aimed to assess the circadian variation
      of BP and kidney survival in CKD patients. METHODS: Patients who were examined by
      24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and estimated glomerular filtration rate
      (eGFR), <45 ml/min/1.73 m(2), were enrolled in the study. The impacts of BP
      circadian rhythm and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) on kidney survival were
      evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 124 patients were enrolled. The average age was 64
      +/- 14 years, 57% were male, and 43% had diabetes. Forty-five percent of patients
      had a non-dipper pattern, 35% had a riser pattern, 19% had a dipper pattern, and
      1% had an extreme-dipper pattern. The prevalence of diabetes and plasma BNP
      levels was higher and eGFR was lower in the riser-pattern group than in the non
      riser-pattern group. Kidney survival rates were significantly worse in the riser
      pattern group than in the non-riser-pattern group (p < 0.05). Moreover, among
      riser and non-riser pattern groups divided by BNP levels, the riser group with
      higher BNP level showed the worst kidney survival (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The
      riser pattern is frequently associated with several conditions at higher risk for
      kidney survival. Patients with a rising pattern and higher BNP levels have a
      worse kidney prognosis.

PMID- 27367454
TI  - Enabling xylose utilization in Yarrowia lipolytica for lipid production.
AB  - The conversion of lignocellulosic sugars, in particular xylose, is important for
      sustainable fuels and chemicals production. While the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia
      lipolytica is a strong candidate for lipid production, it is currently unable to
      effectively utilize xylose. By introducing a heterologous oxidoreductase pathway
      and enabling starvation adaptation, we obtained a Y. lipolytica strain, E26 XUS,
      that can use xylose as a sole carbon source and produce over 15 g/L of lipid in
      bioreactor fermentations (29.3% of theoretical yield) with a maximal lipid
      productivity of 0.19 g/L/h. Genomic sequencing and genetic analysis pointed
      toward increases in genomic copy number of the pathway and resulting elevated
      expression levels as the causative mutations underlying this improved phenotype.
      More broadly, many regions of the genome were duplicated during starvation of
      Yarrowia. This strain can form the basis for further engineering to enhance
      xylose catabolic rates and conversion. Finally, this study also reveals the
      flexibility and dynamic nature of the Y. lipolytica genome, and the means at
      which starvation can be used to induce genomic duplications. 

PMID- 27367453
TI  - Ibrutinib Dosing Strategies Based on Interaction Potential of CYP3A4 Perpetrators
      Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.
AB  - Based on ibrutinib pharmacokinetics and potential sensitivity towards CYP3A4
      mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs), a physiologically based pharmacokinetic
      approach was developed to mechanistically describe DDI with various CYP3A4
      perpetrators in healthy men under fasting conditions. These models were verified
      using clinical data for ketoconazole (strong CYP3A4 inhibitor) and used to
      prospectively predict and confirm the inducing effect of rifampin (strong CYP3A4
      inducer); DDIs with mild (fluvoxamine, azithromycin) and moderate inhibitors
      (diltiazem, voriconazole, clarithromycin, itraconazole, erythromycin), and
      moderate (efavirenz) and strong CYP3A4 inducers (carbamazepine), were also
      predicted. Ketoconazole increased ibrutinib area under the curve (AUC) by 24
      fold, while rifampin decreased ibrutinib AUC by 10-fold; coadministration of
      ibrutinib with strong inhibitors or inducers should be avoided. The ibrutinib
      dose should be reduced to 140 mg (quarter of maximal prescribed dose) when
      coadministered with moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors so that exposures remain within
      observed ranges at therapeutic doses. Thus, dose recommendations for CYP3A4
      perpetrator use during ibrutinib treatment were developed and approved for
      labeling.

PMID- 27367455
TI  - Ammonium Additives to Dissolve Lithium Sulfide through Hydrogen Binding for High
      Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.
AB  - In rechargeable Li-S batteries, the uncontrollable passivation of electrodes by
      highly insulating Li2S limits sulfur utilization, increases polarization, and
      decreases cycling stability. Dissolving Li2S in organic electrolyte is a facile
      solution to maintain the active reaction interface between electrolyte and sulfur
      cathode, and thus address the above issues. Herein, ammonium salts are
      demonstrated as effective additives to promote the dissolution of Li2S to 1.25 M
      in DMSO solvent at room temperature. NMR measurements show that the strong
      hydrogen binding effect of N-H groups plays a critical role in dissolving Li2S by
      forming complex ligands with S2- anions coupled with the solvent's solvating
      surrounding. Ammonium additives in electrolyte can also significantly improve the
      oxidation kinetics of Li2S, and therefore enable the direct use of Li2S as
      cathode material in Li-S battery system in the future. This provides a new
      approach to manage the solubility of lithium sulfides through cation coordination
      with sulfide anion.

PMID- 27367456
TI  - Synthesis, spectral characterization, DNA interaction, anticancer and molecular
      docking studies on some transition metal complexes with bidentate ligand.
AB  - The ligand, N(2),N(3)-bis(3-nitrophenyl)quinoxaline-2.3-diamine was prepared by
      the condensation of quinoxaline-2.3(1,4H)-dione with 3-nitroaniline. It was
      treated with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) acetates to form the metal
      complexes. These were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance,
      magnetic moment, UV-Vis., IR, (1)H NMR, ESR and mass spectral data. Octahedral
      geometry has been assigned to Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes, whereas Cu(II)
      complex has distorted octahedral geometry. From the powder XRD data, crystallite
      size and unit cell parameters were calculated. The surface morphology of the
      synthesized compounds were determined using SEM analysis. The antimicrobial
      activity of the compounds against some bacterial species viz. Escherichiacoli,
      Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeuruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus; also
      the fungal species, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans were done by disc
      diffusion method. DNA binding, cleavage and super oxide anion scavenging
      activities were also evaluated. The DNA binding activity of the compounds were
      identified using electronic absorption titrations and DNA cleavage was determined
      using gel electrophoresis. The anticancer activities of the compounds against
      HeLa cell line were determined using MTT assay. The highly potent compound among
      the five against HeLa cell line is subjected to molecular docking study against
      human papilloma virus receptor molecule and ATP binding site of telomerase. 

PMID- 27367458
TI  - To Appear in CHEMICAL REVIEWS, Vol. 99, No. 6, or in a later issue.

PMID- 27367457
TI  - Family Assessment of Quality of Care in the Last Month of Life.

PMID- 27367459
TI  - A new biarticular actuator design facilitates control of leg function in
      BioBiped3.
AB  - Bioinspired legged locomotion comprises different aspects, such as (i) benefiting
      from reduced complexity control approaches as observed in humans/animals, (ii)
      combining embodiment with the controllers and (iii) reflecting neural control
      mechanisms. One of the most important lessons learned from nature is the
      significant role of compliance in simplifying control, enhancing energy
      efficiency and robustness against perturbations for legged locomotion. In this
      research, we investigate how body morphology in combination with actuator design
      may facilitate motor control of leg function. Inspired by the human leg muscular
      system, we show that biarticular muscles have a key role in balancing the upper
      body, joint coordination and swing leg control. Appropriate adjustment of
      biarticular spring rest length and stiffness can simplify the control and also
      reduce energy consumption. In order to test these findings, the BioBiped3 robot
      was developed as a new version of BioBiped series of biologically inspired,
      compliant musculoskeletal robots. In this robot, three-segmented legs actuated by
      mono- and biarticular series elastic actuators mimic the nine major human leg
      muscle groups. With the new biarticular actuators in BioBiped3, novel simplified
      control concepts for postural balance and for joint coordination in rebounding
      movements (drop jumps) were demonstrated and approved.

PMID- 27367460
TI  - Effect of Dietary-Resistant Starch on Inhibition of Colonic Preneoplasia and Wnt
      Signaling in Azoxymethane-Induced Rodent Models.
AB  - Dietary fiber has been reported to prevent preneoplastic colon lesions. The aim
      of this study was to determine the effect of resistant starches, novel dietary
      fibers, on the development of colonic preneoplasia and Wnt signaling in
      azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rats and mice fed resistant starches at 55% of the
      diet after AOM treatment. Another objective was to determine the effect of
      resistant starches on the development of preneoplasia in rats treated with
      antibiotics (Ab), administered between AOM treatment and resistant starch
      feeding. Diets containing resistant starches, high-amylose (HA7), high-amylose
      octenyl succinic anhydride (OS-HA7), or high-amylose-stearic acid (SA-HA7) were
      compared with control cornstarch (CS). The resistant starch content of the diets
      did not alter the yield of colonic lesions but animals treated with AOM and fed
      the diet with the highest resistant starch content, SA-HA7 developed the highest
      average aberrant crypt foci (ACF) per animal. Mice fed the OS-HA7 diet had
      decreased expression of some upstream Wnt genes in the colonic crypts. This study
      suggests that further research is needed to determine if resistant starch impacts
      colon carcinogenesis in rodents.

PMID- 27367462
TI  - Perspectives on Neuroscience and Behavior.

PMID- 27367461
TI  - A safety evaluation of omacetaxine mepesuccinate for the treatment of chronic
      myeloid leukemia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been completely
      transformed by the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, a
      subset of patients will fail TKI therapy due to resistance or intolerance.
      Omacetaxine mepesuccinate (OM), a protein translation inhibitor, is currently the
      only approved therapy that does not directly target the kinase domain. It has
      activity for CML patients irrespective of the phase or underlying kinase domain
      mutation status. AREAS COVERED: We searched the MEDLINE database for articles
      published in English on homoharringtonine or omacetaxine from 1970 to present.
      This article reviews the pharmacokinetics of OM and its clinical evolution for
      the treatment of CML pre- and post TKI development. Toxicity profile, drug
      administration and future directions are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION: OM
      represents a unique addition to the CML therapeutic armamentarium with its
      distinct mechanism of action and activity. The adverse event profile is
      manageable and with subcutaneous administration at the approved dose, cardiac
      toxicity is no longer a concern. The recent approval of home administration will
      facilitate access to this therapy and increase patient compliance. We conclude
      with specific scenarios where OM use should be considered in CP and AP-CML
      patients in the era of TKI therapy.

PMID- 27367463
TI  - The Team Approach to Advanced Cancer Care-Redefining the Gold Standard.

PMID- 27367465
TI  - Pubic Hair Grooming Prevalence and Motivation Among Women in the United States.
AB  - Importance: Pubic hair grooming is an increasingly prevalent trend. Several
      studies have sought to characterize its prevalence, associated demographics, and
      motivations. Objective: To characterize current pubic hair grooming practices in
      the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional
      study, a nationally representative survey was conducted in January 2013 of
      noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 to 65 years residing in the United States via
      the GfK Group (formerly Knowledge Networks) panel members. Data analysis was
      performed from November to December 2015. Interventions: A questionnaire
      examining pubic hair grooming habits. Main Outcomes and Measures: Demographic
      characteristics and motivations associated with pubic hair grooming. Results: A
      total of 3372 women were surveyed. Fifty-six women did not answer the grooming
      question; consequently, 3316 women were included in the analysis. Of these women,
      2778 (83.8%) reported pubic hair grooming and 538 (16.2%) reported never
      grooming. On multivariate regression, several factors associated with grooming
      were found. When compared with younger women (aged 18-24 years), women aged 45
      through 55 years (odds ratio [OR], 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.49; P = .01) and those
      older than 55 years (OR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.00-0.34; P = .003) were significantly
      less likely to groom. Women with some college (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.65-6.84; P =
      .001) or a bachelor's degree (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.17-4.88; P = .02) were more
      likely to have groomed. Race was also significantly associated with grooming,
      with all groups reporting less grooming when compared with white women. No
      association was found between grooming and income, relationship status, or
      geographic location. Conclusions and Relevance: This study provides a nationally
      representative assessment of contemporary female pubic hair grooming habits.
      Demographic differences in grooming were found, which may reflect cultural
      variations in preference related to pubic hair. Health care professionals and
      those who provide grooming services can use this information to better counsel
      patients and understand grooming practices.

PMID- 27367466
TI  - Inactivation and Environmental Stability of Zika Virus.

PMID- 27367467
TI  - Assessment of Solvated Interaction Energy Function for Ranking Antibody-Antigen
      Binding Affinities.
AB  - Affinity modulation of antibodies and antibody fragments of therapeutic value is
      often required in order to improve their clinical efficacies. Virtual affinity
      maturation has the potential to quickly focus on the critical hotspot residues
      without the combinatorial explosion problem of conventional display and library
      approaches. However, this requires a binding affinity scoring function that is
      capable of ranking single-point mutations of a starting antibody. We focus here
      on assessing the solvated interaction energy (SIE) function that was originally
      developed for and is widely applied to scoring of protein-ligand binding
      affinities. To this end, we assembled a structure-function data set called Single
      Point Mutant Antibody Binding (SiPMAB) comprising several antibody-antigen
      systems suitable for this assessment, i.e., based on high-resolution crystal
      structures for the parent antibodies and coupled with high-quality binding
      affinity measurements for sets of single-point antibody mutants in each system.
      Using this data set, we tested the SIE function with several mutation protocols
      based on the popular methods SCWRL, Rosetta, and FoldX. We found that the SIE
      function coupled with a protocol limited to sampling only the mutated side chain
      can reasonably predict relative binding affinities with a Spearman rank-order
      correlation coefficient of about 0.6, outperforming more aggressive sampling
      protocols. Importantly, this performance is maintained for each of the seven
      system-specific component subsets as well as for other relevant subsets including
      non-alanine and charge-altering mutations. The transferability and enrichment in
      affinity-improving mutants can be further enhanced using consensus ranking over
      multiple methods, including the SIE, Talaris, and FOLDEF energy functions. The
      knowledge gained from this study can lead to successful prospective applications
      of virtual affinity maturation.

PMID- 27367468
TI  - Cardiac background sodium current: Elusive but important.

PMID- 27367470
TI  - Schrodinger's Cat and d-Cycloserine to Augment Exposure Therapy-Both Are Alive
      and Dead.

PMID- 27367469
TI  - Primary Gleason pattern upgrading in contemporary patients with D'Amico low-risk
      prostate cancer: implications for future biomarkers and imaging modalities.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively assess the rate of high-grade primary Gleason
      upgrading (HGPGU) to primary Gleason pattern 4 or 5 in a contemporary cohort of
      patients with D'Amico low-risk prostate cancer including those who fulfilled
      Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria, and
      to develop a tool for HGPGU prediction. HGPGU is a contraindication in most
      active surveillance (AS) and focal therapy protocols. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In
      all, 10 616 patients with localised prostate cancer were treated at a high-volume
      European tertiary care centre from 2010 to 2015 with radical prostatectomy.
      Analyses were restricted to 1 819 patients with D'Amico low-risk prostate cancer
      (17.1%) with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of <10.0 ng/mL, cT1c-cT2a and
      Gleason score <=6, and were repeated within 772 of the men (7.3%) who fulfilled
      the PRIAS criteria for AS (PSA level of <=10 ng/mL, T1c-T2, Gleason score <=6,
      PSA density (PSAD) of <0.2 ng/mL2 , <=2 positive cores). Uni- and multivariable
      logistic regression models were fitted, testing predictors of HGPGU. The final
      logistic regression model was based on the most informative variables. RESULTS:
      There was HGPGU in 88 (4.8%) patients with D'Amico low-risk prostate cancer and
      in 32 (4.1%) of the subgroup who were PRIAS eligible. Multivariable analysis
      predicting HGPGU for the patients with D'Amico low-risk yielded three independent
      predictors: age, PSAD, and clinical tumour stage (P = 0.008, P = 0.005 and P =
      0.021, respectively). Within the same patients, the model using all vs the most
      informative variables resulted in area under the curves (AUCs) of 69.2% and
      68.3%, respectively. Multivariable analysis of those who were PRIAS eligible,
      yielded age and number of positive cores as independent predictors of HGPGU (P =
      0.002 and P = 0.049, respectively; AUC 64.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The low accuracy
      (invariably <70%) for HGPGU prediction in both patients with D'Amico low-risk
      prostate cancer and PRIAS eligibility indicates that these variables have poor
      predictive ability in contemporary patients. Despite HGPGU being a rare
      phenomenon, it may have life threatening implications and consequently
      alternatives such as biomarkers, genetic markers, or imaging modalities at re
      biopsy are needed.

PMID- 27367471
TI  - Late Persistent Positive EBV Viral Load and Risk of Solid Cancer in Kidney
      Transplant Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies reported that posttransplant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
      replication is frequent and indicates overimmunosuppression. We hypothesized that
      long-term EBV replication may identify overimmunosuppressed patients at higher
      risk of cancer. METHODS: We analyzed a prospective cohort of renal transplant
      recipients having routine EBV PCR surveillance. All cancers (except EBV-related
      neoplasia) were recorded. RESULTS: Mean follow up was 94 + 23 months. Samples
      (8412) were available in 669 patients. Three hundred eighty-eight of the 669
      patients (58%) had at least 1 positive viremia during follow-up.Epstein-Barr
      virus D+/R- patients (P = 0.046) as well as those having received antithymocyte
      globulin (P < 0.001) were more likely to develop persistent EBV viremia. Eighty
      six patients (12.9%) developed a cancer during follow-up. The cumulated incidence
      of cancer was higher in patients with persistent high EBV replication (22.4% vs
      10.2%, P = 0.005). The effect of persistent EBV infection remained significant
      even after adjustment for all confounding factors (hazard ratio, 1.69; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.10-2.61; P = 0.018). Age, history of antithymocyte
      globulin use, smoking, and history of cancer were also associated with cancer
      occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent high EBV viral load is associated with the
      occurrence of solid cancer. In this setting, more intensive screening and/or
      minimization of immunosuppressive treatment are probably required.

PMID- 27367472
TI  - A Difficult Decision: Atypical JC Polyomavirus Encephalopathy in a Kidney
      Transplant Recipient.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A number of cerebral manifestations are associated with JC
      polyomavirus (JCPyV) which are diagnosed by detection of JCPyV in cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF), often with the support of cerebral imaging. Here we present an
      unusual case of a kidney transplant patient presenting with progressive
      neurological deterioration attributed to JCPyV encephalopathy. METHODS:
      Quantitative polymerase chain reaction JCPyV was used prospectively and
      retrospectively to track the viral load within the patient blood, urine, CSF, and
      kidney sections. A JCPyV VP1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to
      measure patient and donor antibody titers. Immunohistochemical staining was used
      to identify active JCPyV infection within the kidney allograft. RESULTS: JC
      polyomavirus was detected in the CSF at the time of presentation. JC polyomavirus
      was not detected in pretransplant serum, however viral loads increased with time,
      peaking during the height of the neurological symptoms (1.5E copies/mL). No
      parenchymal brain lesions were evident on imaging, but transient cerebral venous
      sinus thrombosis was present. Progressive decline in neurological function
      necessitated immunotherapy cessation and allograft removal, which led to
      decreasing serum viral loads and resolution of neurological symptoms. JC
      polyomavirus was detected within the graft's collecting duct cells using
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. The
      patient was JCPyV naive pretransplant, but showed high antibody titers during the
      neurological symptoms, with the IgM decrease paralleling the viral load after
      graft removal. CONCLUSIONS: We report a case of atypical JCPyV encephalopathy
      associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and disseminated primary JCPyV
      infection originating from the kidney allograft. Clinical improvement followed
      removal of the allograft and cessation of immunosuppression.

PMID- 27367473
TI  - Randomized Controlled Trial of a Computer-Based Education Program in the Home for
      Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Impact on Medication Knowledge, Satisfaction,
      and Adherence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: De novo solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) have a steep
      learning curve to acquire medication knowledge. Without adequate knowledge, SOTR
      are at risk of nonadherence and poor transplant outcomes. METHODS: In this
      nonblinded, randomized controlled trial, de novo SOTR received standard teaching
      with or without postdischarge computer-based education (CBE) at home. Primary
      outcomes were change in knowledge (quiz and recall) and satisfaction, assessed by
      questionnaires at baseline and 3 months. Adherence was evaluated via self-report
      and immunosuppressant levels. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-six patients were
      randomized and 209 completed the 3-month analysis. In the intervention arm, 73
      (57.9%) used the CBE program. Change in knowledge quiz score did not differ
      between groups (4.9% vs 0.6%; P = 0.084), despite a significant increase within
      the intervention (72.4% vs 77.3%, P = 0.007) but not the control (76.0% vs 76.6%,
      P = 0.726) arms. Both groups had a significant improvement in recall
      (intervention, 56.7% vs 82.1%, P < 0.001; control, 51.3% vs 79.7%, P < 0.001),
      with similar changes in scores (25.4% vs 28.4%, P = 0.55). Change in satisfaction
      differed between groups (intervention, 1.2% vs control, -4.9%; P = 0.050). There
      was a significant decline in satisfaction within the control group (88.4% vs
      83.5%, P = 0.035), whereas satisfaction was maintained with the intervention
      (85.6% vs 86.8%, P = 0.55). Adherence was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS:
      Knowledge improved over the study period in both groups, with no incremental
      benefit for the intervention. Patient satisfaction was maintained with the CBE
      program. More research is needed to identify barriers to uptake of CBE at home
      and to develop effective strategies for posttransplant education.

PMID- 27367474
TI  - Simple markers can distinguish Takotsubo cardiomyopathy from ST segment elevation
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a clinical condition mimicking
      acute myocardial infarction. A specific biomarker for TTC screening is required,
      but until now, no single biomarker has been established for the early diagnosis
      of TTC and differentiation from ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
      (STEMI). In our study we focused on the simple markers that are available in
      every hospital. METHODS: In 66 consecutive patients (pts) who were hospitalized
      with TTC and 66 pts with STEMI, cardiac biomarkers, such as NT-proBNP, TnI, CK
      and CKMB mass were determined during 12h from admission and compared with
      demographic, clinical and echocardiographic findings. RESULTS: The concentration
      of NTproBNP was greater in pts with TTC than STEMI (4702pg/ml vs 2138pg/ml). The
      concentration of TnI and CKMB mass was greater in the STEMI group than in the TTC
      group (TnI: 2.1ng/ml and CK MB mass: 9.5ng/ml in pts with TTC vs TnI: 19ng/ml and
      CK MB mass: 73.3ng/ml in pts with STEMI). The NTproBNP/TnI ratio and
      NTproBNP/CKMB mass ratio were, respectively, 2235.2 and 678.2 in pts with TTC and
      81.6 and 27.5 in pts with STEMI (p<0.001). Moreover, the NTproBNP/EF ratio was
      also statistically significant (110.4 in TTC group and 39.4 in STEMI group).
      CONCLUSIONS: NTproBNP/TnI, NTproBNP/CKMB mass and NTproBNP/EF ratios can
      distinguish TTC from STEMI at an early stadium. The most accurate marker is the
      NTproBNP/TnI ratio.

PMID- 27367475
TI  - Complex band structures of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers with spin
      orbit coupling effects.
AB  - Recently, the transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted renewed attention
      due to the potential use of their low-dimensional forms in both nano- and opto
      electronics. In such applications, the electronic and transport properties of
      monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides play a pivotal role. The present paper
      provides a new insight into these essential properties by studying the complex
      band structures of popular transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers (MX 2,
      where M  =  Mo, W; X  =  S, Se, Te) while including spin-orbit coupling effects.
      The conducted symmetry-based tight-binding calculations show that the analytical
      continuation from the real band structures to the complex momentum space leads to
      nonlinear generalized eigenvalue problems. Herein an efficient method for solving
      such a class of nonlinear problems is presented and yields a complete set of
      physically relevant eigenvalues. Solutions obtained by this method are
      characterized and classified into propagating and evanescent states, where the
      latter states manifest not only monotonic but also oscillatory decay character.
      It is observed that some of the oscillatory evanescent states create
      characteristic complex loops at the direct band gap of MX 2 monolayers, where
      electrons can directly tunnel between the band gap edges. To describe these
      tunneling currents, decay behavior of electronic states in the forbidden energy
      region is elucidated and their importance within the ballistic transport regime
      is briefly discussed.

PMID- 27367476
TI  - Terahertz Conductivity within Colloidal CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals:
      Remarkably High Carrier Mobilities and Large Diffusion Lengths.
AB  - Colloidal CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as an excellent
      light emitting material in last one year. Using time domain and time-resolved THz
      spectroscopy and density functional theory based calculations, we establish 3
      fold free carrier recombination mechanism, namely, nonradiative Auger,
      bimolecular electron-hole recombination, and inefficient trap-assisted
      recombination in 11 nm sized colloidal CsPbBr3 NCs. Our results confirm a
      negligible influence of surface defects in trapping charge carriers, which in
      turn results into desirable intrinsic transport properties, from the perspective
      of device applications, such as remarkably high carrier mobility (~4500 cm(2) V(
      1) s(-1)), large diffusion length (>9.2 MUm), and high luminescence quantum yield
      (80%). Despite being solution processed and possessing a large surface to volume
      ratio, this combination of high carrier mobility and diffusion length, along with
      nearly ideal photoluminescence quantum yield, is unique compared to any other
      colloidal quantum dot system.

PMID- 27367477
TI  - Double IGHV DNA gene rearrangements in CLL: influence of mixed-mutated and 
      unmutated rearrangements on outcomes in CLL.

PMID- 27367479
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27367480
TI  - Evaluation of the prognostic value of electrocardiography parameters and heart
      rhythm in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies have analyzed arrhythmias in patients with pulmonary
      hypertension (PH) and increased P-wave duration was identified as a risk factor
      for development of atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed
      the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with an initial diagnosis of PH during
      long-term follow-up and assessed the prognostic value of electrocardiography
      (ECG) data. Data from 167 patients were analyzed (Dana Point Classification:
      Group 1: 59 patients, Group 2: 28 patients, Group 3: 39 patients, Group 4: 41
      patients). Clinical, 6-min-ute walk distance test, echocardiography and right
      heart catheterization data were collected, and baseline/follow-up ECGs were
      analyzed. RESULTS: Baseline ECGs revealed sinus rhythm in 137 patients. Thirteen
      patients had newly onset AF during follow-up. In 30 patients, baseline ECG showed
      AF. Patients with baseline AF showed higher atrial diameters and higher right
      atrial pressure. Patients with P-wave du-ration > 0.11 s had shorter survival.
      Other ECG parameters (PQ-interval, QRS-width, QT-/ /QTc-interval) were not
      associated with survival. Mean survival times were 79.4 +/- 5.4 months (sinus
      rhythm), 64.4 +/- 12.9 months (baseline AF) and 58.8 +/- 8.9 months (newly onset
      AF during follow-up) (p = 0.565). CONCLUSIONS: Atrial fibrillation predict
      adverse prognosis in patients with PH and a longer P-wave (> 0.11 s) is
      associated with shorter survival time.

PMID- 27367478
TI  - 'Acute myeloid leukemia: a comprehensive review and 2016 update'.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults, with an
      incidence of over 20 000 cases per year in the United States alone. Large
      chromosomal translocations as well as mutations in the genes involved in
      hematopoietic proliferation and differentiation result in the accumulation of
      poorly differentiated myeloid cells. AML is a highly heterogeneous disease;
      although cases can be stratified into favorable, intermediate and adverse-risk
      groups based on their cytogenetic profile, prognosis within these categories
      varies widely. The identification of recurrent genetic mutations, such as FLT3
      ITD, NMP1 and CEBPA, has helped refine individual prognosis and guide management.
      Despite advances in supportive care, the backbone of therapy remains a
      combination of cytarabine- and anthracycline-based regimens with allogeneic stem
      cell transplantation for eligible candidates. Elderly patients are often unable
      to tolerate such regimens, and carry a particularly poor prognosis. Here, we
      review the major recent advances in the treatment of AML.

PMID- 27367481
TI  - Decreased carotid and vertebral arterial blood-flow velocity in response to
      orthostatic unload in patients with severe aortic stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Responses of cerebral blood flow to the postural unloading maneuver
      in aortic stenosis (AS) have not been described so far. Our aim was to assess
      effects of orthostatic stress test on changes of carotid and vertebral artery
      blood flow and transaortic gradients. METHODS: From consecutive 101 AS patients
      we selected 50 patients with severe isolated AS. Maximal and mean transaortic
      pressure gradients, as well as peak systolic blood-flow velocity (PSV) and end
      diastolic velocity (EDV) in the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery
      and vertebral artery on both sides were measured by duplex ultrasound in the
      supine position and at 1-2 min after the assumption of the sitting position in
      patients with AS, and in stand-ing position in healthy controls. RESULTS: The
      orthostatic stress test induced significant decrease of carotid and vertebral
      arterial flow velocities in AS patients. Transaortic pressure gradients also
      dropped while the patients were sitting (p < 0.001). A history of
      syncope/presyncope was not associated with a significantly lower PSV and EDV in
      carotid and vertebral arteries in the upright position. In healthy controls, the
      velocities in carotid and vertebral arterial flow have been unchanged after
      maneuver reducing preload. CONCLUSIONS: In AS patients, decrease of carotid and
      vertebral arterial flow velocities and transaortic gradients in the sitting
      position were observed. Orthostatic test position does not ap-pear to be
      associated with a history of syncope/presyncope in patients with severe isolated
      AS, de-spite a simultaneous drop of transvalvular pressure gradient.

PMID- 27367483
TI  - Health Care for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Comes Out of the Closet.

PMID- 27367482
TI  - Impact of age on adjuvant chemotherapy after radical resection in patients with
      non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) after radical surgery is known to improve the
      survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there are
      few studies reporting the impact of age on the efficacy of ACT in NSCLC patients.
      All patients who received postoperative ACT in the Cancer Hospital, the Chinese
      Academy of Medical Sciences, between 2001 and 2013 with complete records in the
      database of the hospital and met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this
      study for analysis. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS) in
      terms of age. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier estimates, log
      rank tests, and Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis. Propensity score
      matching (PSM) was used, survival analysis and subgroup analysis of the match
      data were carried out. Of 1095 patients with stage IB to stage IIIA NSCLC who
      underwent radical resection, 865 cases who met the inclusion criteria were
      analyzed. Of them, 156 (18.0%) patients were 65 years old or older, and the
      remaining 709 (82.0%) patients were younger than 65. The DFS between the younger
      group and the elderly group was not significantly different neither before PSM
      (100.714 weeks [95% CI: 84.421, 117.007] vs. 99.571 weeks [95% CI: 82.621,
      116.522]; P = 0.555) nor after PSM (104.857 weeks [95% CI: 81.495, 128.220] vs.
      97.429 weeks [95% CI: 81.743, 113.114]; P = 0.328) using the Kaplan-Meier
      method.The results suggest that the benefit on DFS was similar regardless of age
      of NSCLC patients. ACT should not be withheld from elderly patients. However,
      these conclusions are limited by the nature of this retrospective study, and
      therefore prospective trials are required for further verification.

PMID- 27367484
TI  - Severe Maternal Morbidity and Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology: A Prospective
      Double Cohort Comparison Study.
AB  - The adverse consequences to mothers of postpartum depression are well-documented,
      and risk factors are of interest. There is limited evidence on postpartum
      depression among women with severe maternal morbidity, defined as potentially
      life-threatening conditions during pregnancy, childbirth, or soon after
      termination of pregnancy. We compared postpartum depressive symptoms of
      postpartum women aged 18 and older who delivered in two tertiary referral
      hospitals in 2014 in Kelantan, Malaysia, and had (n = 145) or had not (n = 187)
      suffered severe maternal morbidity. A prospective double cohort study design was
      applied. Postpartum depressive symptoms were assessed at 1 and 6 months
      postpartum using the Malay version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.
      There was no significant difference in the mean Edinburgh Postnatal Depression
      Scale score changes (p = .803) between the two groups of women, after adjusting
      for age, social support, physical health, occupation, and education. Factors
      other than severe medical complications should be pursued as predictors of
      postpartum depressive symptomatology. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27367485
TI  - Coenzyme Q10 as a Peripheral Biomarker for Multiple System Atrophy.

PMID- 27367486
TI  - Somatic syndromes and chronic pain in women with overactive bladder.
AB  - AIMS: Mechanisms underlying pain perception and afferent hypersensitivity, such
      as central sensitization, may impact overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. However,
      little is known about associations between OAB symptom severity, pain experience,
      and presence of comorbid chronic pain syndromes. This study examined
      relationships between OAB symptoms, somatic symptoms, and specific chronic pain
      conditions in which central sensitization is believed to play a primary role, in
      a community-based sample of adult women with OAB. METHODS: We recruited adult
      women with OAB to complete questionnaires assessing urinary symptoms, pain and
      somatic symptoms, and preexisting diagnoses of central sensitivity syndromes. We
      analyzed the effects of overall bodily pain intensity, general somatic symptoms,
      and diagnoses of central sensitivity syndromes on OAB symptom bother and health
      related quality of life. RESULTS: Of the 116 women in this study, over half (54%)
      stated their urge to urinate was associated with pain, pressure, or discomfort.
      Participants reported a wide range of OAB symptoms and health-related quality of
      life. There was a significant, positive correlation between OAB symptoms and
      somatic symptoms as well as overall pain intensity. Only 7% of women met
      diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia; yet these women demonstrated significantly
      increased OAB symptom burden and decreased OAB quality of life compared to those
      without fibromyalgia. CONCLUSION: Women with more severe OAB symptoms reported
      increased general somatic symptom burden and increased overall body pain
      intensity, especially women with fibromyalgia. These findings suggest that
      attributes of pain and co-morbidity with chronic pain conditions may impact the
      experience of OAB symptoms for many women. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1113-1118,
      2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27367487
TI  - Changing HIV treatment eligibility under health system constraints in sub-Saharan
      Africa: investment needs, population health gains, and cost-effectiveness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We estimated the investment needs, population health gains, and cost
      effectiveness of different policy options for scaling-up prevention and treatment
      of HIV in the 10 countries that currently comprise 80% of all people living with
      HIV in sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, South
      Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). DESIGN: We adapted the
      established STDSIM model to capture the health system dynamics: demand-side and
      supply-side constraints in the delivery of antiretroviral treatment (ART).
      METHODS: We compared different scenarios of supply-side (i.e. health system
      capacity) and demand-side (i.e. health seeking behavior) constraints, and
      determined the impact of changing guidelines to ART eligibility at any CD4 cell
      count within these constraints. RESULTS: Continuing current scale-up would
      require US$178 billion by 2050. Changing guidelines to ART at any CD4 cell count
      is cost-effective under all constraints tested in the model, especially in demand
      side constrained health systems because earlier initiation prevents loss-to
      follow-up of patients not yet eligible. Changing guidelines under current demand
      side constraints would avert 1.8 million infections at US$208 per life-year
      saved. CONCLUSION: Treatment eligibility at any CD4 cell count would be cost
      effective, even under health system constraints. Excessive loss-to-follow-up and
      mortality in patients not eligible for treatment can be avoided by changing
      guidelines in demand-side constrained systems. The financial obligation for
      sustaining the AIDS response in sub-Saharan Africa over the next 35 years is
      substantial and requires strong, long-term commitment of policy-makers and donors
      to continue to allocate substantial parts of their budgets.

PMID- 27367488
TI  - The M184I/V and K65R nucleoside resistance mutations in HIV-1 prevent the
      emergence of resistance mutations against dolutegravir.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Recommended treatments for newly diagnosed HIV-positive individuals
      now focus on the integrase strand transfer inhibitors, raltegravir (RAL),
      elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG). In treatment-naive individuals, cases
      of RAL-based and EVG-based virological failure, although rare, are associated
      with the occurrence of resistance mutations in integrase and/or reverse
      transcriptase coding sequences. In such cases, common resistance substitutions in
      reverse transcriptase that were associated with nucleos(t)ide reverse
      transcriptase inhibitors included M184I/V and K65R and these occurred together
      with various mutations in integrase. In some instances, these mutations in
      reverse transcriptase preceded the emergence of mutations in integrase. In
      contrast, no resistance substitutions in either integrase or reverse
      transcriptase have been observed to date in viruses isolated from treatment-naive
      individuals who experienced treatment failure with DTG-based regimens. DESIGN:
      The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the M184I/V and K65R
      substitutions in reverse transcriptase on the ability of HIV-1 to become
      resistant against RAL, EVG or DTG. METHODS: We performed tissue culture selection
      experiments using reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant viruses containing
      resistance substitutions at positions K65R, M184I or M184V in the presence of
      increasing concentrations of RAL, EVG or DTG and monitored changes in integrase
      sequences by genotyping. RESULTS: Selections using EVG and RAL led to the
      emergence of resistance mutations in integrase. In contrast, only the wild-type
      virus was able to acquire resistance mutations for DTG. CONCLUSION: Resistance
      mutations against nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors antagonized the
      development of HIV-1 resistance against DTG but not RAL or EVG.

PMID- 27367489
TI  - Population health and individualized care in the global AIDS response: synergy or
      conflict?

PMID- 27367490
TI  - Folate and MMA predict cognitive impairment in elderly stroke survivors: A cross
      sectional study.
AB  - Elderly stroke survivors are at risk of malnutrition and long-term cognitive
      impairment. Vitamin B-related metabolites, folate and methylmalonic acid, have
      been implicated in cognitive function. We conducted a study exploring the
      relationship between blood folate, methylmalonic acid and post-stroke cognitive
      impairment. This is a cross sectional study of elderly Swedish patients (n=149)
      20 months post-stroke, assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination, serum
      blood levels of methylmalonic acid and red blood cell levels of folate. Linear
      modeling indicated that low levels of blood folate and elevated methylmalonic
      acid significantly contributed to cognitive impairment in stroke survivors. Half
      of the stroke survivors were shown to have folate deficiency at 20 months after
      stroke. Folate deficiency is common long term after stroke and both low folate
      and elevated methylmalonic acid appear to be associated with long term cognitive
      impairment, in elderly Swedish stroke survivors.

PMID- 27367491
TI  - Motivational factors and negative affectivity as predictors of alcohol craving.
AB  - Craving is thought to play an important role in alcohol use disorders. The recent
      inclusion of "craving" as a formal diagnostic symptom calls for further
      investigation of this subjective phenomenon with multiple dimensions. Considering
      that alcohol-dependent patients compensate negative physical/emotional states
      with alcohol, the aim of this study is to investigate alcohol craving and its
      correlation with drinking measures and affective personality dimensions. A sample
      of 135 alcohol-dependent patients (104 males and 31 females) was collected from a
      clinical setting. Subjects self-rated their cravings (Penn Alcohol Craving Scale)
      and the stage of change. Several personality scales were also administered.
      Craving was related to drinking status, abstinence time, age, and taking steps.
      After controlling for these conditions, psychological characteristics related to
      low self-concept, neuroticism, cyclothymic affective temperament, depression, and
      hostility were found to be predictors of craving in sober alcohol-dependent
      patients. Our results support craving as a component of the phenomenology of
      alcohol dependence and highlight the presence of unpleasant feelings as
      predictors of craving in sober alcohol-dependent patients without co-occurring
      psychiatric conditions. The predisposition to experience negative emotions may
      induce a stronger craving response and increase the likelihood of a first drink
      and a subsequent loss of control.

PMID- 27367492
TI  - Traditional Chinese version of the Mayer Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence
      Test (MSCEIT-TC): Its validation and application to schizophrenic individuals.
AB  - Schizophrenia is an illness that impairs a person's social cognition. The Mayer
      Salovey Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) is the most well-known test
      used to measure emotional intelligence (EI), which is a major component of social
      cognition. Given the absence of EI ability-based scales adapted to Chinese
      speakers, we translated the MSCEIT into a Traditional Chinese version (MSCEIT-TC)
      and validated this scale for use in schizophrenia studies. The specific aims were
      to validate the MSCEIT-TC, to develop a norm for the MSCEIT-TC, and use this norm
      to explore the EI performance of schizophrenic individuals. We included in our
      study seven hundred twenty-eight healthy controls and seventy-six individuals
      with schizophrenia. The results suggest that the MSCEIT-TC is reliable and valid
      when assessing EI. The results showed good discrimination and validity when
      comparing the two study groups. Impairment was the greatest for two branches
      Understanding and Managing Emotions, which implies that the deficits of
      schizophrenia individuals involve ToM (theory of mind) tasks. Deficits involving
      the negative scale of schizophrenia was related to impaired performance when the
      MSCEIT-TC was used (in branch 2, 3, 4, and the area Strategic). Our findings
      suggest that the MSCEIT-TC can be used for emotional studies in healthy Chinese
      and in clinical setting for investigating schizophrenic individuals.

PMID- 27367494
TI  - Chyme reinfusion or enteroclysis in nutrition of patients with temporary double
      enterostomy or enterocutaneous fistula.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients with double temporary enterostomy or enterocutaneous
      fistula may suffer from intestinal failure. Parenteral nutrition is the gold
      standard treatment until surgical re-establishment of intestinal continuity, but
      serious complications may arise. Chyme reinfusion or enteroclysis are indicated.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Chyme reinfusion corrects the intestinal failure by restoring
      intestinal absorption, allowing parenteral nutrition weaning in 91% of patients.
      Chyme reinfusion contributes to improve nutritional status and reduce plasma
      liver test abnormalities. Chyme reinfusion is feasible at home without any
      serious complications in selected patients. Mechanisms underlying chyme
      reinfusion effectiveness on intestinal function, such as restoration of ileal
      brake, are suggested but most remain to be demonstrated. When the downstream
      small bowel is exposed, enteroclysis of enteral nutrition or hydration could be
      helpful to reduce parenteral nutrition needs, or in case of insufficient food
      intake during chyme reinfusion. SUMMARY: Chyme reinfusion or enteroclysis are
      less expensive, well tolerated, and easy-to-use nutrition support techniques,
      which may allow reducing parenteral nutrition-related healthcare costs. The
      latter remains to be demonstrated in the setting of a prospective randomized
      controlled trial. This review may contribute to improve the awareness of
      intensivists, digestive surgeons, and gastroenterologists involved in intestinal
      failure management to spread the use of chyme reinfusion or enteroclysis.

PMID- 27367493
TI  - Cinnamoyloxy-mammeisin Isolated from Geopropolis Attenuates Inflammatory Process
      by Inhibiting Cytokine Production: Involvement of MAPK, AP-1, and NF-kappaB.
AB  - Chemical compounds belonging to the class of coumarins have promising anti
      inflammatory potential. Cinnamoyloxy-mammeisin (CNM) is a 4-phenylcoumarin that
      can be isolated from Brazilian geopropolis. To our knowledge, its anti
      inflammatory activity has never been studied. Therefore, the present study
      investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of CNM and elucidated its mechanism
      of action on isolated macrophages. Pretreatment with CNM reduced neutrophil
      migration into the peritoneal and joint cavity of mice. Likewise, CNM reduced the
      in vitro and in vivo release of TNF-alpha and CXCL2/MIP-2. Regarding the possible
      molecular mechanism of action, CNM reduced the phosphorylation of proteins ERK
      1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, and AP-1 (subunit c-jun) in PG-stimulated macrophages.
      Pretreatment with CNM also reduced NF-kappaB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages
      stably expressing the NF-kappaB-luciferase reporter gene. On the other hand, it
      did not alter IkappaBalpha degradation or nuclear translocation of p65. Thus, the
      results of this study demonstrate promising anti-inflammatory activity of CNM and
      provide an explanation of its mechanism of action in macrophages via inhibition
      of MAPK signaling, AP-1, and NF-kappaB.

PMID- 27367495
TI  - Ophthalmic Complications Associated with Direct Oral Anticoagulant Medications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features and management of six patients with
      ocular complications associated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). METHODS:
      The medical records of all adult patients known to be taking a DOAC and with an
      unusual bleeding event at a large tertiary referral center over a one-year period
      were reviewed. Patients with less than one-month follow-up were excluded. Data
      collection included relevant clinic notes, operative reports, surgical videos,
      and clinical images (fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, B-scan
      ultrasonography, and fluorescein angiography). RESULTS: Six eyes in six patients
      were identified with an unusual bleeding event associated with DOAC use. One
      patient was taking apixaban, two patients were taking dabigatran, and three
      patients were taking rivaroxaban. Two patients had large submacular hemorrhage
      (including one with vitreous hemorrhage breakthrough), three patients had
      vitreous hemorrhage, and one patient had recurrent hyphema. Presenting visual
      acuity ranged from 20/40 to light perception. Three individuals required
      therapeutic and/or diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage.
      Final visual acuity ranged from 20/25 to count finger vision. The associated DOAC
      was permanently discontinued in two of the six cases. Follow-up was one to four
      months from onset of identified DOAC-related complication. CONCLUSIONS: DOAC use
      may be associated with ocular bleeding. Ophthalmologists should be aware of
      potential hemorrhagic complications and obtain consultation with primary
      providers regarding DOAC cessation guidelines.

PMID- 27367496
TI  - Uterine Cancer After Risk-Reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy Without Hysterectomy in
      Women With BRCA Mutations.
AB  - Importance: The link between BRCA mutations and uterine cancer is unclear.
      Therefore, although risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is standard
      treatment among women with BRCA mutations (BRCA+ women), the role of concomitant
      hysterectomy is controversial. Objective: To determine the risk for uterine
      cancer and distribution of specific histologic subtypes in BRCA+ women after RRSO
      without hysterectomy. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter
      prospective cohort study included 1083 women with a deleterious BRCA1 or BRCA2
      mutation identified from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2011, at 9 academic
      medical centers in the United States and the United Kingdom who underwent RRSO
      without a prior or concomitant hysterectomy. Of these, 627 participants were
      BRCA1+; 453, BRCA2+; and 3, both. Participants were prospectively followed up for
      a median 5.1 (interquartile range [IQR], 3.0-8.4) years after ascertainment, BRCA
      testing, or RRSO (whichever occurred last). Follow up data available through
      October 14, 2014, were included in the analyses. Censoring occurred at uterine
      cancer diagnosis, hysterectomy, last follow-up, or death. New cancers were
      categorized by histologic subtype, and available tumors were analyzed for loss of
      the wild-type BRCA gene and/or protein expression. Main Outcomes and Measures:
      Incidence of uterine corpus cancer in BRCA+ women who underwent RRSO without
      hysterectomy compared with rates expected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology,
      and End Results database. Results: Among the 1083 women women who underwent RRSO
      without hysterectomy at a median age 45.6 (IQR: 40.9 - 52.5), 8 incident uterine
      cancers were observed (4.3 expected; observed to expected [O:E] ratio, 1.9; 95%
      CI, 0.8-3.7; P = .09). No increased risk for endometrioid endometrial carcinoma
      or sarcoma was found after stratifying by subtype. Five serous and/or serous-like
      (serous/serous-like) endometrial carcinomas were observed (4 BRCA1+ and 1 BRCA2+)
      7.2 to 12.9 years after RRSO (BRCA1: 0.18 expected [O:E ratio, 22.2; 95% CI, 6.1
      56.9; P < .001]; BRCA2: 0.16 expected [O:E ratio, 6.4; 95% CI, 0.2-35.5; P =
      .15]). Tumor analyses confirmed loss of the wild-type BRCA1 gene and/or protein
      expression in all 3 available serous/serous-like BRCA1+ tumors. Conclusions and
      Relevance: Although the overall risk for uterine cancer after RRSO was not
      increased, the risk for serous/serous-like endometrial carcinoma was increased in
      BRCA1+ women. This risk should be considered when discussing the advantages and
      risks of hysterectomy at the time of RRSO in BRCA1+ women.

PMID- 27367498
TI  - Multimodal Imaging of Reticular Pseudodrusen in a Population-Based Setting: The
      Alienor Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To document reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) using multimodal imaging in
      French elderly subjects. METHODS: A total of 494 subjects (970 eyes) aged 77
      years or more, from the Alienor study, were examined in 2011 and 2012. Reticular
      pseudodrusen were defined as definite if they were present with at least two
      imaging methods among color retinal photographs, macular cube (20 degrees  * 15
      degrees ) of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), fundus
      autofluorescence (FAF), and infrared reflectance (IR). The Youden index was
      calculated as specificity + sensitivity - 1. RESULTS: The prevalence of definite
      RPD was 13.4% and was higher among women (15.6%) than men (10.2%). It increased
      with age and reached almost 50% in subjects over 85 years. Infrared reflectance
      was the most sensitive technique (100%) and color fundus photography the least
      sensitive (34.5% at left eyes and 48.1% at right eyes). The best Youden index was
      obtained with IR (0.96 at both eyes) followed by SD-OCT (0.87 at right eye and
      0.78 at left eye). Reticular pseudodrusen were present in 4.6% of eyes without
      AMD, 13.0% with early AMD1, 62.6% with early AMD2, 34.6% with atrophic AMD, and
      8.1% with neovascular AMD. Reticular pseudodrusen were significantly associated
      with central and pericentral intermediate soft drusen (odds ratio [OR]: 2.14; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-4.14 and OR: 1.49; 95% CI = 1.16-1.90,
      respectively) and central large soft drusen (OR: 1.67; 95% CI = 1.16-2.42).
      CONCLUSIONS: Using multimodal imaging, the prevalence of RPD appears higher than
      previously reported in studies based on retinal photography only. Reticular
      pseudodrusen frequently accompany other signs of AMD. Infrared reflectance and SD
      OCT appear to be particularly relevant methods to diagnose RPD.

PMID- 27367497
TI  - RINT1 functions as a multitasking protein at the crossroads between genomic
      stability, ER homeostasis, and autophagy.
AB  - RINT1 was first identified as an RAD50-interacting protein and its function was
      therefore linked to the maintenance of genomic stability. It was also shown that
      RINT1 was a key player in ER-Golgi trafficking as a member of an ER tethering
      complex interacting with STX18. However, due to early embryonic lethality of
      rint1-null mice, the in vivo functions of RINT1 remained for the most part
      elusive. We recently described the consequences of Rint1 inactivation in various
      neuronal cells of the central nervous system. We observed that lack of RINT1 in
      vivo triggers genomic instability and ER stress leading to depletion of the
      neural progenitor pool and neurodegeneration. Surprisingly, we also observed
      inhibition of autophagy in RINT1-deficient neurons, indicating an involvement of
      RINT1 in the regulation of neuronal autophagy. Here, we summarize our main RINT1
      findings and discuss its putative roles in autophagy.

PMID- 27367499
TI  - Frequency, Phenotypic Characteristics and Progression of Atrophy Associated With
      a Diseased Bruch's Membrane in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum.
AB  - PURPOSE: To characterize atrophy of the outer retina and the retinal pigment
      epithelium in patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). METHODS: In this
      retrospective cross-sectional study, the frequency and phenotypic characteristics
      of manifest atrophy were investigated in 276 eyes of 139 patients using color
      fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (AF) imaging, and spectral domain
      optical coherence tomography. Progression rates of atrophy were quantified in
      eyes with longitudinal AF recordings. RESULTS: Atrophy was present in 90 eyes
      (32%; mean age, 60; range, 32-88 years). In 19 eyes (7%; mean age, 56; range, 37
      77 years) atrophy occurred without any signs for an active or fibrotic choroidal
      neovascularization (CNV). The frequency of both, atrophy and CNV, increased with
      age. In those > 60 years of age, atrophy and/or CNV were almost universally
      present but varied considerably in severity. Eyes with emerging pure atrophy (n =
      13, no signs of CNV) showed pattern dystrophy-like changes (100%), reticular
      pseudodrusen (82%), and reduced choroidal thickness. Advanced atrophy was
      multifocal, reached beyond the arcades, and was present nasal to the optic disc.
      The average expansion rate of atrophy was 3.3 +/- 1.3 and 1.6 +/- 1.1 mm2/year
      (mean +/- SD), in those without or with signs for CNV, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      Atrophy of the outer retina and the retinal pigment epithelium is a common
      finding in PXE patients characterized by early onset and fast progression with
      subsequent visual loss independent from CNV. This suggests that atrophy is the
      natural endpoint of Bruch's membrane disease. Phenotypic similarities with
      multifactorial geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration suggest
      common pathogenic pathways at the level of Bruch's membrane.

PMID- 27367501
TI  - Patients With Intravitreal Gas Bubbles at Risk of High Intraocular Pressure
      Without Exceeding Elevation of Surgery: Theoretical Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to show the mechanism responsible for high
      peak IOP in patients with intravitreal gas bubbles resulting from a descent to
      low elevation and a return ascent, without exceeding the surgical elevation.
      METHODS: A computational model reconstructed four clinical cases, using published
      elevations, ascent rates, and initial bubble sizes. In each case, patients first
      underwent surgery (790 m), then went home (790 m, 790 m, 325 m, 240 m). When
      returning for follow-up visits, patients descended to a low elevation (20 m, 0 m,
      25 m, -310 m), then ascended to surgical elevation (790 m). The computational
      model output bubble size, aqueous humor volume, and IOP during the patients'
      travels. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the role of each
      modeling parameter. RESULTS: All four simulated cases showed increased peak IOP
      (34-50 mm Hg). Intraocular pressure returned to a normal value (15 mm Hg) after
      prolonged exposure to the surgical elevation. Over the course of the entire path,
      the gas bubble volume changed approximately 5%, decreasing in size during descent
      and then increasing during ascent. CONCLUSIONS: In our simulations the change of
      bubble size outpaced the change of aqueous humor volume resulting in a 2-fold
      risk to patients. First, the bubble size reduction at the low elevation may
      increase the risk of ocular hypotony and postsurgical retinal detachment. Second,
      the combined increasing bubble size and accumulated aqueous humor puts patients
      at risk of high peak IOP after ascent even without exceeding the surgical
      elevation. The risks are primarily dependent on rates of elevation change and
      duration spent at the different elevations.

PMID- 27367500
TI  - Displacement of the Lamina Cribrosa in Response to Acute Intraocular Pressure
      Elevation in Normal Individuals of African and European Descent.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess if the in vivo mechanical displacement of the anterior laminar
      cribrosa surface (ALCS) as a response of an acute elevation in intraocular
      pressure (IOP) differs in individuals of European (ED) and African descent (AD).
      METHODS: Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) scans were obtained
      from 24 eyes of 12 individuals of AD and 18 eyes of 9 individuals of ED at their
      normal baseline IOP and after 60 seconds IOP elevation using
      ophthalmodynamometry. Change in depth (displacement) of the LC and to the
      prelaminar tissue (PLT) were computed in association with the change (delta) in
      IOP (Delta IOP), race, age, corneal thickness, corneal rigidity (ocular response
      analyzer [ORA]), and axial. RESULTS: In the ED group for small IOP elevations
      (Delta IOP < 12 mm Hg), the ALCS initially displaced posteriorly but for larger
      increase of IOP an anterior displacement of the lamina followed. Inversely, in
      the AD group the ALCS did not show a significant posterior displacement for small
      Delta IOP, while for larger IOP increases the ALCS significantly displaced
      posteriorly. Posterior displacement of the lamina cribrosa (LC) was also
      significantly correlated with longer axial length, higher corneal thickness, and
      ORA parameters. Prelaminar tissue posteriorly displaced for any magnitude of
      Delta IOP, in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The African descent group demonstrated a
      greater acute posterior bowing of the LC after adjustment for age, axial length,
      Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) area, and ORA parameters. Greater PLT posterior
      displacement was also seen in the AD group with increasing IOP, which was tightly
      correlated with the displacement of the LC.

PMID- 27367502
TI  - Generation of Retinal Ganglion Cells With Functional Axons From Mouse Embryonic
      Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: We previously generated self-induced retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with
      functional axons from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We
      investigated whether self-induced RGCs from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs)
      and induced pluripotent stem cells (miPSCs) are realized by the similar induction
      protocol. METHODS: Retinal ganglion cells were induced using a protocol in which
      floating embryoid bodies (EBs) were differentiated into a retinal cell lineage in
      three-dimensional culture and subsequently attached to two-dimensional culture
      dishes with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) supplementation. RESULTS:
      Retinal ganglion cells developed in an attached clump of cells originating from
      the optic vesicle, and most axons grew from RGC cell bodies at the margins of the
      clump. The differentiation of RGCs was confirmed by the expression of specific
      markers, including Brn3a and Math5. The axons contained neurofilament subtypes
      and tau, and manifested axonal transport and sodium-dependent action potentials.
      The RGCs derived from mESCs and miPSCs generally showed similar profiles,
      including RNA and protein expression levels and function. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal
      ganglion cells generated from mESCs and miPSCs, especially the latter, may
      contribute to research associated with RGCs and to in vitro analyses of
      genetically modified mice.

PMID- 27367503
TI  - Coordinated Regulation of Palladin and alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin by Transforming
      Growth Factor-beta in Human Corneal Fibroblasts.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the role of palladin in the cornea, we examined
      expression of this actin assembly-related protein in normal, diseased, or injured
      corneal tissue as well as in cultured corneal fibroblasts. METHODS: Expression of
      palladin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in the rat cornea with an
      incision wound, in the normal and diseased human cornea, and in cultured human
      corneal fibroblasts was examined by immunofluorescence or immunoblot analysis.
      RESULTS: The expression of both palladin and alpha-SMA was detected at the lesion
      site during wound healing in the rat cornea. Whereas neither palladin nor alpha
      SMA was detected in the normal human cornea, the colocalization of both proteins
      was detected in diseased human corneas with underlying conditions characterized
      by the presence of fibrosis. The expression of both palladin and alpha-SMA in
      cultured human corneal fibroblasts was increased by transforming growth factor
      beta (TGF-beta) in a manner sensitive to inhibition by blockers of Smad or
      mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Finally, RNA interference
      mediated depletion of palladin attenuated the TGF-beta-induced upregulation of
      alpha-SMA expression in human corneal fibroblasts as well as TGF-beta-induced
      collagen gel contraction mediated by these cells. CONCLUSIONS: Palladin is
      expressed in the rat and human cornea in association with scar formation.
      Expression of palladin in human corneal fibroblasts is increased by TGF-beta in a
      manner dependent on Smad and MAPK signaling and is required for the TGF-beta
      induced upregulation of alpha-SMA.

PMID- 27367504
TI  - Beneficial Effects of Berberine on Oxidized LDL-Induced Cytotoxicity to Human
      Retinal Muller Cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: Limited mechanistic understanding of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has
      hindered therapeutic advances. Berberine, an isoquinolone alkaloid, has shown
      favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in animal and human studies,
      but effects on DR are unknown. We previously demonstrated intraretinal
      extravasation and modification of LDL in human diabetes, and toxicity of modified
      LDL to human retinal Muller cells. We now explore pathogenic effects of modified
      LDL on Muller cells, and the efficacy of berberine in mitigating this
      cytotoxicity. METHODS: Confluent human Muller cells were exposed to in vitro
      modified 'highly oxidized, glycated (HOG-) LDL versus native-LDL (N-LDL; 200 mg
      protein/L) for 6 or 24 hours, with/without pretreatment with berberine (5 MUM, 1
      hour) and/or the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
      inhibitor, Compound C (5 MUM, 1 hour). Using techniques including Western blots,
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assay, and quantitative real-time PCR,
      the following outcomes were assessed: cell viability (CCK-8 assay), autophagy
      (LC3, Beclin-1, ATG-5), apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3, cleaved poly-ADP ribose
      polymerase), oxidative stress (ROS, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2,
      glutathione peroxidase 1, NADPH oxidase 4), angiogenesis (VEGF, pigment
      epithelium-derived factor), inflammation (inducible nitric oxide synthase,
      intercellular adhesion molecule 1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha), and glial cell
      activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein). RESULTS: Native-LDL had no effect
      on cultured human Muller cells, but HOG-LDL exhibited marked toxicity,
      significantly decreasing viability and inducing autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative
      stress, expression of angiogenic factors, inflammation, and glial cell
      activation. Berberine attenuated all the effects of HOG-LDL (all P < 0.05), and
      its effects were mitigated by AMPK inhibition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Berberine
      inhibits modified LDL-induced Muller cell injury by activating the AMPK pathway,
      and merits further study as an agent for preventing and/or treating DR.

PMID- 27367505
TI  - Is Retinal Dopamine Involved in the Loss of Visual Function in Retinopathy of
      Prematurity?

PMID- 27367507
TI  - In Vivo Fluorescence Retinal Imaging Following AAV2-Mediated Gene Delivery in the
      Rat Retina.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate longitudinal gene expression
      patterns by retinal imaging using a modified custom-built confocal laser-scanning
      microscope in experimental rats after intravitreal injection of recombinant adeno
      associated virus 2 (rAAV2-green fluorescent protein [GFP]). METHODS: Ten 9-week
      old Wistar rats were divided into two groups: experimental group (group 1) that
      received a rAAV2-GFP intravitreal injection and control group (group 2) that
      received a vehicle. After anesthesia using a Zoletil intraperitoneal injection, 8
      MUL rAAV2-GFP in group 1 or vehicle in group 2 was injected intravitreally using
      a 33-G Hamilton syringe. In vivo fluorescence retinal images were acquired under
      anesthesia at 2, 4, 6, and 13 days after rAAV or vehicle delivery. RESULTS:
      Differences in GFP fluorescence were identified starting from day 2 after the
      intravitreal injection of rAAV2-GFP in group 1. Between days 4 and 6, the
      intensity and area of fluorescence in the retina began to increase and peaked at
      day 13. Based on the pattern of GFP expression, the axon of the nerve fiber layer
      ganglion cell was identified. In group 2, eyes treated with the vehicle showed a
      small amount of autofluorescence in a limited area for up to 2 weeks, with no
      increase in intensity during this period. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo retinal imaging
      confirmed gene expression within 2 weeks after the intravitreal injection of
      rAAV2-GFP. Gene transfer and expression in the rat retina occurs quickly in 2
      days and appears to peak within 2 weeks of gene delivery. In vivo retinal imaging
      may be a useful noninvasive tool to continuously monitor gene expression in the
      retina over time.

PMID- 27367506
TI  - Epigenetic Modification Prevents Excessive Wound Healing and Scar Formation After
      Glaucoma Filtration Surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of
      suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi),
      in prevention of excessive wound healing and scar formation in a rabbit model of
      glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). METHODS: A rabbit model of GFS was used.
      Rabbits that underwent GFS received balanced salt solution, or SAHA (50 MUM), or
      mitomycin C (0.02%). Clinical scores of IOP, bleb vascularity, and slit-lamp
      examination were performed. On postoperative day 14, rabbits were killed and the
      bleb tissues were collected for evaluation of tissue fibrosis with hematoxylin
      and eosin, Masson trichrome, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), and F-actin
      staining. Furthermore, SAHA-mediated acetylation of histones in corneal
      fibroblasts and conjunctiva were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS:
      Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid treatment after GFS showed no signs of edema,
      corneal opacity, endophthalmitis, or cataract formation. Morphometric analysis of
      SAHA-treated eyes showed higher bleb length (P < 0.001), bleb area (P < 0.05),
      lower IOP (P < 0.01), and decreased vascularity compared to control. Furthermore,
      SAHA treatment showed significantly reduced levels of alphaSMA (P < 0.001), F
      actin (P < 0.01), and collagen deposition (P < 0.05) at the sclerotomy site. In
      addition, SAHA treatment increased the acetylation status of H3 and H4 histones
      in corneal fibroblasts and conjunctiva. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that
      HDAC inhibition is an attractive pharmacologic target to modulate GFS wound
      healing, and SAHA, an HDACi, can be a useful adjunct to improve the GFS outcome.

PMID- 27367508
TI  - Characterization of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 7 (FABP7) in the Murine Retina.
AB  - PURPOSE: To characterize the mouse retina lacking fatty acid binding protein
      (FABP7-/-). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in 8-week-old mice
      to localize FABP7 in the retina. Retinal thickness was measured using image
      guided spectral-domain optical coherence topography images. Electroretinography
      was carried out to assess retinal function. Fundus photography and fundus
      fluorescein angiography were performed on FABP7-/- and littermate wild-type (WT)
      mice, and retinal vascular changes were calculated using Singapore I Vessel
      Assessment (SIVA) analysis. Blood glucose levels were measured in the 8-week-old
      WT and FABP7-/- mice. In addition, retina was processed for trypsin digestion and
      retinal flat mounts for isolectin staining. Transcript levels of FABP7, VEGF,
      GFAP, and Na+K+ATPase were quantified using real-time PCR, and protein expression
      was analyzed by IHC and Western blot. RESULTS: Fatty acid binding protein 7 is
      expressed in the inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, and photoreceptor
      inner segments. No significant difference in retinal thickness and ERG responses
      was observed between FABP7-deficient and WT retinas. FABP7-/- mice have
      significantly decreased retinal venular caliber retinal arteriolar fractal
      dimension compared with WT littermates. FABP7-/- mice showed significant
      increased areas of fluorescein leakage in the retina. FABP7-/- mice exhibited
      elevated high blood glucose levels compared with WT mice. Trypsin digested FABP7
      /- mice retina showed increased acellular strands and endothelial cell drop outs,
      and reduced microvasculature branching compared with WT retina. FABP7-/- mice
      retina also have increased GFAP and VEGF expression. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty acid
      binding protein 7 is expressed in the retina and might play an important role in
      maintaining retinal vasculature.

PMID- 27367510
TI  - Genetic Association at the 9p21 Glaucoma Locus Contributes to Sex Bias in Normal
      Tension Glaucoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Many genome-wide association studies have identified common single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the 9p21 glaucoma locus (CDKN2B/CDKN2B-AS1) to
      be significantly associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), with
      association being stronger in normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and advanced
      glaucoma. We aimed to determine whether any observed differences in genetic
      association at the 9p21 locus are influenced by sex. METHODS: Sex was assessed as
      a risk factor for POAG for 2241 glaucoma participants from the Australian and New
      Zealand Registry of Advanced Glaucoma, the Glaucoma Inheritance Study in
      Tasmania, and the Flinders Medical Centre. A total of 3176 controls were drawn
      from the Blue Mountains Eye Study and South Australia: 1523 advanced POAG and 718
      nonadvanced POAG cases were genotyped along with 3176 controls. We selected 13
      SNPs at the 9p21 locus, and association results were subanalyszd by sex for high
      tension glaucoma (HTG) and NTG. Odds ratios (ORs) between sexes were compared.
      RESULTS: A sex bias was present within advanced NTG cases (57.1% female versus
      42.9% male, P = 0.0026). In all POAG cases, the strongest associated SNP at 9p21
      was rs1063192 (OR, 1.43; P = 4 * 10-18). This association was stronger in females
      (OR, 1.5; P = 5 * 10-13) than in males (OR, 1.35; P = 7 * 10-7), with a
      statistically significant difference in female to male OR comparison (P = 1.0 *
      10-2). An NTG to HTG subanalysis yielded statistically significant results only
      in females (OR, 1.63; P = 1.5 * 10-4) but not in males (OR, 1.15; P = 2.8 * 10
      1), with a statistically significant difference in female to male OR comparison
      (P = 1.4 * 10-4). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that female sex is a risk
      factor for developing advanced NTG. The stronger genetic signals at the 9p21
      locus among females may contribute at least in part to the observed sex bias for
      NTG.

PMID- 27367511
TI  - Mirror Symmetry of Peripheral Monochromatic Aberrations in Fellow Eyes of
      Isomyopes and Anisomyopes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate mirror symmetry of peripheral ocular aberrations in
      fellow eyes of iso- and anisomyopes. METHODS: Peripheral aberration was measured
      over the central 42 degrees  * 32 degrees  visual field for a 5-mm pupil in both
      eyes of 19 isomyopic (spherical equivalent refraction M [right/left]: -2.5 +/-
      2.1 diopters [D]/-2.7 +/- 2.3 D) and 10 anisomyopic (M: -4.0 +/- 1.8 D/-4.3 +/-
      2.8 D) young adults. Isomyopes had less than 1.0 D fellow eye refraction
      difference and anisomyopes had between 1.0 D and 2.6 D fellow eye differences
      (mean difference: 1.3 +/- 0.6 D). Orthogonal regression of Zernike coefficients
      determined right-left eye correlations in isomyopes. For anisomyopes, higher and
      lower myopic eye coefficients were compared. RESULTS: For isomyopes, the
      percentages of visual field locations with significant coefficient correlations
      between fellow eyes varied from 100% for astigmatism ( ) to 18% for tetrafoil (
      ). Positive correlations were found for , , , , , and , and negative correlations
      were found for , , , , and coefficients, indicating that the signs are different
      for corresponding locations of fellow eyes for the last five of these
      coefficients. Slopes of correlations were not different from +/- 1, except for ,
      , and (+0.95, -0.97, and +0.52, respectively). In anisomyopes, significant but
      small fellow eye differences were found for only and coefficients, with
      significant interactions between anisometropia and field position for only two
      coefficients. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral aberration coefficients across the visual
      field show mirror symmetry in isomyopes, and in a pooled data set the
      coefficients with negative correlations require sign changes for left eye data.
      Anisometropia contributes no more to peripheral aberration differences between
      fellow eyes than could be expected on the basis of refraction differences between
      people.

PMID- 27367509
TI  - Simultaneous Expression of ABCA4 and GPR143 Mutations: A Complex Phenotypic
      Manifestation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the complex, overlapping phenotype expressed in a two
      generation family harboring pathogenic mutations in the ABCA4 and GPR143 genes.
      METHODS: Clinical evaluation of a two generation family included quantitative
      autofluorescence imaging (qAF, 488-nm excitation) using a modified confocal
      scanning laser ophthalmoscope equipped with an internal fluorescent reference to
      account for varying laser power detector sensitivity, spectral-domain optical
      coherence tomography, and full-field ERG testing. Complete sequencing of the
      ABCA4 and GPR143 genes was carried out in each individual. RESULTS: Affected
      individuals presented with bull's eye lesions and qAF levels above the 95%
      confidence interval for healthy eyes; full-field ERG revealed no generalized rod
      dysfunction but mild implicit time delays in cone responses. Complete sequencing
      of the ABCA4 gene revealed two disease-causing mutations, p.L541P and p.G1961E;
      and mutational phase was confirmed in each unaffected parent. Further examination
      in the affected patients revealed a peripheral "mud-splattered" pattern of
      hypopigmented RPE after which sequencing of GPR143 revealed a novel missense
      variant, p.Y157C. The GPR143 variant segregated from the father who did not
      exhibit any indications of retinal disease with the exception of an abnormal near
      infrared autofluorescence (NIR-AF) signal distribution in the macula.
      CONCLUSIONS: An individual carrying both ABCA4 and GPR143 disease-causing
      mutations can express a complex, overlapping phenotype associated with both
      Stargardt disease and X-linked ocular albinism (OA1). The absence of OA1-related
      disease changes (with the exception of NIR-AF changes associated with melanin
      distribution) in the father may be indicative of mild expressivity or variable
      gene penetrance.

PMID- 27367513
TI  - AAV-Mediated CRISPR/Cas Gene Editing of Retinal Cells In Vivo.
AB  - PURPOSE: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
      (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) has recently been adapted to enable
      efficient editing of the mammalian genome, opening novel avenues for therapeutic
      intervention of inherited diseases. In seeking to disrupt yellow fluorescent
      protein (YFP) in a Thy1-YFP transgenic mouse, we assessed the feasibility of
      utilizing the adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) to deliver CRISPR/Cas for gene
      modification of retinal cells in vivo. METHODS: Single guide RNA (sgRNA) plasmids
      were designed to target YFP, and after in vitro validation, selected guides were
      cloned into a dual AAV system. One AAV2 construct was used to deliver
      Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9), and the other delivered sgRNA against YFP
      or LacZ (control) in the presence of mCherry. Five weeks after intravitreal
      injection, retinal function was determined using electroretinography, and
      CRISPR/Cas-mediated gene modifications were quantified in retinal flat mounts.
      RESULTS: Adeno-associated virus 2-mediated in vivo delivery of SpCas9 with sgRNA
      targeting YFP significantly reduced the number of YFP fluorescent cells of the
      inner retina of our transgenic mouse model. Overall, we found an 84.0% (95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 81.8-86.9) reduction of YFP-positive cells in YFP-sgRNA
      infected retinal cells compared to eyes treated with LacZ-sgRNA.
      Electroretinography profiling found no significant alteration in retinal function
      following AAV2-mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas components compared to
      contralateral untreated eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Thy1-YFP transgenic mice were used as
      a rapid quantifiable means to assess the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas-based retinal
      gene modification in vivo. We demonstrate that genomic modification of cells in
      the adult retina can be readily achieved by viral-mediated delivery of
      CRISPR/Cas.

PMID- 27367512
TI  - Expression Profiling of Ascorbic Acid-Related Transporters in Human and Mouse
      Eyes.
AB  - PURPOSE: Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an important antioxidant in the eye. Ascorbic
      acid is usually transported by sodium-dependent AsA transporters (SVCTs), and
      dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) by glucose transporters (GLUTs). This study
      investigates these AsA-related transporters in human compared with mouse eyes.
      METHODS: Five pairs of human donor eyes and 15 pairs of mouse eyes were
      collected. Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization were performed to detect
      SVCTs and GLUTs expression in the ciliary epithelium, retina, and lens epithelial
      cells (LECs). These tissues were isolated with laser microdissection followed by
      extraction of total RNA. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed to examine the
      mRNA level of SVCTs and GLUTs in human and mouse ocular tissues. RESULTS:
      Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization showed SVCT2 and GLUT1 expression in
      human ciliary epithelium with varied distributions. Sodium-dependent AsA
      transporter 2 is expressed only in the pigmented epithelium (PE), and GLUT1 is
      predominately expressed in the nonpigmented epithelium (NPE). However, SVCT2 was
      not identified in mouse ciliary epithelium, whereas GLUT1 expressed in both PE
      and NPE. Laser microdissection and qPCR revealed high levels of SVCT2 mRNA in
      human RPE cells and murine neural retina. Sodium-dependent AsA transporter 1 mRNA
      could be detected only in human and murine LECs. Glucose transporter 3 and GLUT4
      mRNA could not be detected in either the human or mouse ciliary processes or in
      the lens epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: These fundamental findings indicate AsA
      transporter expression in eyes of humans is significantly different compared with
      mice. This may explain why human aqueous and vitreous humors contain higher AsA
      levels compared with other animals.

PMID- 27367514
TI  - Longitudinal Changes to Tight Junction Expression and Endothelial Cell Integrity
      in a Mouse Model of Sterile Corneal Inflammation.
AB  - PURPOSE: We previously reported that applying toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands to
      an injured cornea induces corneal edema at 24 hours, which subsides by 1 week. We
      tested the hypotheses that endothelial expression of the tight-junction protein,
      zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), would be altered during experimental sterile corneal
      inflammation and that endothelial cell density (ECD) would remain unaffected.
      METHODS: Anesthetized C57BL/6J mice received central 1-mm corneal abrasions
      followed by topical application of saline or cytosine-phosphate-guanosine
      oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN, TLR-9 agonist). At 24 hours, 1 week and 4 weeks
      post treatment, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images were
      captured. Eyes were enucleated and processed for zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)
      immunofluorescent staining. Corneal flatmounts were analyzed for endothelial ZO-1
      expression, cell density, polymegethism, and polymorphism. Corneal stromal
      inflammatory cell infiltration was evaluated at 4 weeks by immunostaining for
      CD45. RESULTS: Central corneal thickness (CCT) was increased in CpG-ODN treated
      eyes at 24 hours, had normalized by 1 week, but was again thickened by 4 weeks.
      In eyes with CpG-ODN, endothelial cell ZO-1 expression was reduced at 24 hours
      but returned to normal levels by 1 week. Endothelial cell density was not altered
      at 24 hours or 1 week. By 4 weeks, only CpG-ODN eyes showed relatively reduced
      ECD, as well as large numbers of CD45+ cells in the stroma. Changes to ECD
      correlated with CCT (r = -0.53, P < 0.01). Compared with naive controls, more
      saline- and CpG-ODN-treated eyes exhibited polymegethism. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      provides novel insights into the interplay between endothelial cell integrity,
      corneal edema, and chronic stromal leukocyte activation during sterile corneal
      inflammation in mice.

PMID- 27367515
TI  - Longitudinal Changes to Tight Junction Expression and Endothelial Cell Integrity
      in a Mouse Model of Sterile Corneal Inflammation.

PMID- 27367516
TI  - Retinal Pigment Epithelium Responses to Selective Retina Therapy in Mouse Eyes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the characteristics of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
      and retinal damage induced by selective retina therapy (SRT) in mice, and to
      elucidate longitudinal changes in RPE cells. METHODS: C57BL/6J mice received SRT
      and continuous-wave laser photocoagulation (cwPC). The cell death pattern was
      evaluated using TUNEL assay, and proliferative potential of the RPE cells was
      evaluated using 5-ethynyl-2'-dexoyuridine (EdU) assay. To investigate the cell
      cell integrity of RPE cells, beta-catenin staining was performed. The number and
      hexagonality of RPE cells in the SRT-treated area were estimated using a Voronoi
      diagram with time periods of 3 hours to 14 days. Antibodies to microphthalmia
      associated transcription factor (MiTF) and orthodenticle homeobox 2 (Otx2) were
      used to confirm the specific characteristics of RPE cells in the SRT-treated
      area. RESULTS: The number of TUNEL-positive cells located in the neural retina
      was significantly lower in lesions treated with SRT compared to those treated
      with cwPC. EdU-positive RPE cells were first detected 3 to 12 hours after SRT,
      and increased until 3 to 7 days after SRT. beta-catenin staining showed that
      hexagonality was compromised and subsequently, RPE cells expanded in size within
      the targeted location. The number of RPE cells in SRT lesions decreased gradually
      until 12 hours after SRT and recovered by 14 days. Upregulated expression of MiTF
      and Otx2 was observed for 2 weeks in the SRT lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Selective
      retina therapy seems to induce selective RPE damage without collateral thermal
      injury in the neural retina. Furthermore, SRT-treated lesions recovered by
      proliferation of RPE cells that were present in the treated lesions and by
      expansion of adjacent RPE cells.

PMID- 27367517
TI  - Early Functional and Morphologic Abnormalities in the Diabetic Nyxnob Mouse
      Retina.
AB  - PURPOSE: The electroretinogram c-wave is generated by the summation of the
      positive polarity hyperpolarization of the apical RPE membrane and a negative
      polarity slow PIII response of Muller glia cells. Therefore, the c-wave reduction
      noted in prior studies of mouse models of diabetes could reflect a reduction in
      the RPE component or an increase in slow PIII. The present study used a genetic
      approach to distinguish between these two alternatives. METHODS: Nyxnob mice lack
      the ERG b-wave, revealing the early phase of slow PIII. To visualize changes in
      slow PIII due to diabetes, Nyxnob mice were given streptozotocin (STZ) injections
      to induce diabetes or received vehicle as a control. After 1, 2, and 4 weeks of
      sustained hyperglycemia (>250 mg/dL), standard strobe flash ERG and dc-ERG
      testing were conducted. Histological analysis of the retina was performed.
      RESULTS: A reduced c-wave was noted at the 1 week time point, and persisted at
      later time points. In comparison, slow PIII amplitudes were unaffected after 1
      week of hyperglycemia, but were significantly reduced in STZ mice at the 2-week
      time point. The decrease in amplitude occurred before any identifiable decrease
      to the a-wave. At the later time point, the a-wave became involved, although the
      slow PIII reductions were more pronounced. Morphological abnormalities in the
      RPE, including increased thickness and altered melanosome distribution, were
      identified in diabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS: Because the c-wave and slow PIII
      were both reduced, these results demonstrated that diabetes-induced reductions to
      the c-wave cannot be attributed to an early increase in the Muller glia-derived
      potassium conductance. Furthermore, because the a-wave, slow PIII and c-wave
      reductions were not equivalent, and varied in their onset, the reductions cannot
      reflect the same mechanism, such as a change in membrane resistance. The presence
      of small changes to RPE architecture indicate that the c-wave reductions present
      in diabetic mice likely represents a primary change in the RPE induced by
      hyperglycemia.

PMID- 27367518
TI  - Upper Extremity Functional Evaluation by Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scoring Using
      Depth-Sensing Camera in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients.
AB  - Virtual home-based rehabilitation is an emerging area in stroke rehabilitation.
      Functional assessment tools are essential to monitor recovery and provide current
      function-based rehabilitation. We developed the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) tool
      using Kinect (Microsoft, USA) and validated it for hemiplegic stroke patients.
      Forty-one patients with hemiplegic stroke were enrolled. Thirteen of 33 items
      were selected for upper extremity motor FMA. One occupational therapist assessed
      the motor FMA while recording upper extremity motion with Kinect. FMA score was
      calculated using principal component analysis and artificial neural network
      learning from the saved motion data. The degree of jerky motion was also
      transformed to jerky scores. Prediction accuracy for each of the 13 items and
      correlations between real FMA scores and scores using Kinect were analyzed.
      Prediction accuracies ranged from 65% to 87% in each item and exceeded 70% for 9
      items. Correlations were high for the summed score for the 13 items between real
      FMA scores and scores obtained using Kinect (Pearson's correlation coefficient =
      0.873, P<0.0001) and those between total upper extremity scores (66 in full
      score) and scores using Kinect (26 in full score) (Pearson's correlation
      coefficient = 0.799, P<0.0001). Log transformed jerky scores were significantly
      higher in the hemiplegic side (1.81 +/- 0.76) compared to non-hemiplegic side
      (1.21 +/- 0.43) and showed significant negative correlations with Brunnstrom
      stage (3 to 6; Spearman correlation coefficient = -0.387, P = 0.046). FMA using
      Kinect is a valid way to assess upper extremity function and can provide
      additional results for movement quality in stroke patients. This may be useful in
      the setting of unsupervised home-based rehabilitation. 

PMID- 27367519
TI  - Clarifying Scar Revision Techniques and Their Proper Use-Reply.

PMID- 27367520
TI  - Aberrant trafficking of a Leu89Pro connexin32 mutant associated with X-linked
      dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the functional abnormalities of the Leu89Pro mutation in
      connexin32 (CX32), which we have previously reported is present within an X
      linked dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease family. In this family, male patients
      were moderately to severely affected. METHODS: We performed immunofluorescence to
      investigate whether the Leu89Pro CX32 protein was transported to the cell
      membrane in HeLa and Schwann cells. First, we constructed the eukaryotic express
      plasmids expressing CX32 (wild-type or Leu89Pro) and enhanced green fluorescent
      protein by the gene recombination technology. Then the recombinant plasmids were
      transiently transfected into communication-incompetent HeLa cells and human
      Schwann cells by the lipofectamine method. Later, we double-labeled cells for
      both CX32 and markers of the ER (calnexin) or the Golgi (58-kDa protein) at 24 h
      or 48 h. The images were collected using a Leica TCS SP5 II confocal microscope.
      RESULTS: The mutant CX32 protein was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and
      failed to reach the cell membrane to form gap junctions. CONCLUSION: Our results
      indicated that the Leu89Pro substitution in the second transmembrane domain of
      CX32 disrupts the trafficking of the protein, inhibiting the assembly of CX32 gap
      junctions, which in turn may result in peripheral neuropathy. This functional
      abnormality may explain the moderate to severe phenotype seen in Leu89Pro
      patients, and as such represents a promising therapeutic target in the treatment
      of this subset of CMTX patients.

PMID- 27367521
TI  - Tuberculosis Therapy Modifies the Cytokine Profile, Maturation State, and
      Expression of Inhibitory Molecules on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4+ T
      Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the expression of inhibitory molecules
      cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed-death-1 (PD-1) on
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4 T-cells and how their expression is
      impacted by TB treatment. METHODS: Cryopreserved PBMCs from HIV-TB co-infected
      and TB mono-infected patients with untreated and treated tuberculosis (TB)
      disease were stimulated for six hours with PPD and stained. Using polychromatic
      flow cytometry, we characterized the differentiation state, cytokine profile, and
      inhibitory molecule expression on PPD-specific CD4 T-cells. RESULTS: In our HIV
      TB co-infected cohort, TB treatment increased the proportion of PPD-specific CD4
      T-cells co-producing IFN-gamma+IL-2+TNF-alpha+ and IFN-gamma+IL-2+ (p = 0.0004
      and p = 0.0002, respectively) while decreasing the proportion of PPD-specific CD4
      T-cells co-producing IFN-gamma+MIP1-beta+TNF-alpha+ and IFN-gamma+MIP1-beta+. The
      proportion of PPD-specific CD4 T-cells expressing an effector memory phenotype
      decreased (63.6% vs 51.6%, p = 0.0015) while the proportion expressing a central
      memory phenotype increased (7.8% vs. 21.7%, p = 0.001) following TB treatment. TB
      treatment reduced the proportion of PPD-specific CD4 T-cells expressing CTLA-4
      (72.4% vs. 44.3%, p = 0.0005) and PD-1 (34.5% vs. 29.2%, p = 0.03). Similar
      trends were noted in our TB mono-infected cohort. CONCLUSION: TB treatment alters
      the functional profile of Mtb-specific CD4 T-cells reflecting shifts towards a
      less differentiated maturational profile and decreases PD-1 and CTLA-4
      expression. These could serve as markers of reduced mycobacterial burden. Further
      study is warranted.

PMID- 27367522
TI  - Components of One-carbon Metabolism Other than Folate and Colorectal Cancer Risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite extensive study, the role of folate in colorectal cancer
      remains unclear. Research has therefore begun to address the role of other
      elements of the folate-methionine metabolic cycles. This study investigated
      factors other than folate involved in one-carbon metabolism, i.e., choline,
      betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine, and methionine and relevant polymorphisms,
      in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in a population with low intakes and
      circulating levels of folate. METHODS: This was a prospective case-control study
      of 613 case subjects and 1,190 matched control subjects nested within the
      population-based Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. We estimated odds
      ratios (OR) by conditional logistic regression, and marginal risk differences
      with weighted maximum likelihood estimation using incidence data from the study
      cohort. RESULTS: Higher plasma concentrations of methionine and betaine were
      associated with modest colorectal cancer risk reductions (OR [95% confidence
      interval {CI}] for highest versus lowest tertile: 0.76 [0.57, 0.99] and 0.72
      [0.55, 0.94], respectively). Estimated marginal risk differences corresponded to
      approximately 200 fewer colorectal cancer cases per 100,000 individuals on
      average. We observed no clear associations between choline, dimethylglycine, or
      sarcosine and colorectal cancer risk. The inverse association of methionine was
      modified by plasma folate concentrations (OR [95% CI] for highest/lowest versus
      lowest/lowest tertile of plasma methionine/folate concentrations 0.39 [0.24,
      0.64], Pinteraction = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based, nested case
      control study with a long follow-up time from baseline to diagnosis (median: 8.2
      years), higher plasma concentrations of methionine and betaine were associated
      with lower colorectal cancer risk.See Video Abstract at
      http://links.lww.com/EDE/B83.

PMID- 27367523
TI  - Relationships between Body Size and Parasitic Fitness and Offspring Performance
      of Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae).
AB  - The relationship between body size and fitness in parasitoid wasps has several
      effects on parasitic ability, reproductive behavior in female wasps, and progeny
      fitness. Female wasps with various body sizes were obtained by mass-rearing a
      gregarious ectoparasitoid, Sclerodermus pupariae, which is one of the excellent
      parasites to control the larvae and pupae of Buprestidae and Cerambycidae. We
      investigated the effects of body size of adult females introduced on Thyestilla
      gebleri (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae on their paralysis time, pre
      oviposition period, oviposition period and fecundity, and the related fitness of
      their offspring. Results showed that small female wasps needed more time to
      paralyze a host and had a higher mortality rate than large female wasps. More
      offspring were produced by large female wasps than by small female wasps, and the
      percentage and body size of female offspring was not affected by maternal body
      size. The duration of the egg stage was not affected by foundress size, nor was
      that of the pupal stage, but the duration of the larval stage and generation time
      of small female wasps was longer than that of large females. Our findings suggest
      that the parasitic fitness and offspring performance are affected by maternal
      size, and there is need to choose reasonable body size of female wasps, to
      optimally utilize mass rearing and to control target pests with the lowest
      mortality cost. 

PMID- 27367524
TI  - Biography: John Meurig Thomas.

PMID- 27367525
TI  - Monitoring the aeration efficiency and carbon footprint of a medium-sized WWTP:
      experimental results on oxidation tank and aerobic digester.
AB  - The efficiency of aeration systems should be monitored to guarantee suitable
      biological processes. Among the available tools for evaluating the aeration
      efficiency, the off-gas method is one of the most useful. Increasing interest
      towards reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biological processes has
      resulted in researchers using this method to quantify N2O and CO2 concentrations
      in the off-gas. Experimental measurements of direct GHG emissions from aerobic
      digesters (AeDs) are not available in literature yet. In this study, the floating
      hood technique was used for the first time to monitor AeDs. The floating hood
      technique was used to evaluate oxygen transfer rates in an activated sludge (AS)
      tank of a medium-sized municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Italy.
      Very low values of oxygen transfer efficiency were found, confirming that small
      to-medium-sized plants are often scarcely monitored and wrongly managed. Average
      CO2 and N2O emissions from the AS tank were 0.14 kgCO2/kgbCOD and 0.007
      kgCO2,eq/kgbCOD, respectively. For an AeD, 3 * 10-10 kgCO2/kgbCOD direct CO2
      emissions were measured, while CO2,eq emissions from N2O were 4 * 10-9
      kgCO2,eq/kgbCOD. The results for the AS tank and the AeD were used to estimate
      the net carbon and energy footprint of the entire plant.

PMID- 27367526
TI  - Raman Spectral and Density Functional Theory Analyses of the CsB3O5 Melt
      Structure.
AB  - Melt structures are essential to understand a variety of crystal growth phenomena
      of alkali-metal triborates, but have not been fully explored. In this work, Raman
      spectroscopy, coupled with the density functional theory (DFT) method, has been
      used to solve the CsB3O5 (CBO) melt structure. When the CBO crystal melts, the
      extra-ring B4-O bonds (the B-O bonds of BO4 groups, O = bridging oxygen atom)
      that connect two B3O3O4 rings (the basic boron-oxygen unit in the CBO crystal
      structure) break. As a result, the three-dimensional boron-oxygen network
      collapses to unique polymer-like [B3O4O2]n chains. On the basis of the optimized
      [B3O4O2]n chain model, the CBO melt Raman spectrum was calculated by the DFT
      method for the first time and the calculated results confirm that the [B3O4O2]n
      chain is the primary species in the CBO melt. These results also demonstrate the
      capability of the combined Raman spectral and DFT method for analyzing borate
      melt structures. 

PMID- 27367527
TI  - Acute kidney damage induced by low- and iso-osmolar contrast media in rats:
      Comparison study with physiologic MRI and histologic-gene examination.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the physiopathological effects of low- and iso-osmolar
      contrast media (CM) on renal function with physiologic MRI and histologic-gene
      examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight rats underwent time-course DWI
      and DCE-MRI at 3.0 Tesla (T) before and 5-15 min after exposure of CM or saline
      (Iop.370: 370 mgI/mL iopromide; Iod.320: 320 mgI/mL iodixanol; Iod.270: 270
      mgI/mL iodixanol; 4 gI/kg body weight). Intrarenal viscosity was reflected by
      apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Renal physiologies were evaluated by DCE
      derived glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), and renal blood
      volume (RBV). Potential acute kidney injury (AKI) was determined by histology and
      the expression of kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1). RESULTS: Iop.370 mainly
      increased ADC in inner-medulla (?ADCIM : 12.3 +/- 11.1%; P < 0.001). Iod.320 and
      Iod.270 mainly decreased ADC in outer-medulla (?ADCIM ; Iod.320: 16.8 +/- 7.5%;
      Iod.270: 18.1 +/- 9.5%; P < 0.001) and inner-medulla (?ADCIM ; Iod.320: 28.4 +/-
      9.3%; Iod.270: 30.3 +/- 6.3%; P < 0.001). GFR, RBF and RBV were significantly
      decreased by Iod.320 (?GFR: 45.5 +/- 24.1%; ?RBF: 44.6 +/- 19.0%; ?RBV: 35.2 +/-
      10.1%; P < 0.001) and Iod.270 (33.2 +/- 19.0%; 38.1 +/- 15.6%; 30.1 +/- 10.1%; P
      < 0.001), while rarely changed by Iop.370 and saline. Formation of vacuoles and
      increase in Kim-1 expression was prominently detected in group of Iod.320, while
      rarely in Iod.270 and Iop.370. CONCLUSION: Iso-osmolar iodixanol, given at high
      dose, produced prominent AKI in nonhydrated rats. This renal dysfunction could be
      assessed noninvasively by physiologic MRI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 J. Magn. Reson.
      Imaging 2017;45:291-302.

PMID- 27367529
TI  - Back pain and MRI changes in the thoraco-lumbar spine of young elite Mogul
      skiers.
AB  - Athletes have a higher prevalence of LBP and spinal abnormalities on Magnetic
      Resonance Imaging (MRI) compared to non-athletes. The objective of this study was
      to investigate the amount of spinal MRI abnormalities and the lifetime prevalence
      of low back pain (LBP) in 16 young elite Mogul skiers compared to 28 non-athletes
      in the corresponding age in a cross-sectional design. LBP was assessed by a
      questionnaire consisting of a part regarding previous or present back pain, the
      Oswestry disability index, and the EuroQol questionnaire. MRI examinations from
      Th5 to sacrum were conducted to evaluate spinal pathologies. The Mogul skiers had
      significantly more MRI abnormalities (like disc degeneration) in mean (7.25 vs
      3.78, P < 0.023) compared to the controls. No significant difference was seen
      regarding the lifetime LBP prevalence between the groups (50% vs 42%, P = 0.555).
      No correlation could be found between disc degeneration and back pain in this
      study. Young elite Mogul skiers, compared to an age-matched control group of non
      athletes, have an increased risk of developing spinal abnormalities potentially
      due to the different high loads that they are subjected to in their sport. Future
      relationship between the MRI abnormalities and LBP cannot be verified by this
      study design.

PMID- 27367528
TI  - Serum Soluble (Pro)Renin Receptor Levels in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients.
AB  - The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is cleaved by furin to generate soluble (P)RR
      [s(P)RR], which reflects the status of the tissue renin-angiotensin system.
      Hemodialysis patients have advanced atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the relationships between serum s(P)RR levels and background factors,
      including indices of atherosclerosis, in hemodialysis patients. Serum s(P)RR
      levels were measured in hemodialysis patients and clearance of s(P)RR through the
      membrane of the dialyzer was examined. Furthermore, relationships between serum
      s(P)RR levels and background factors were assessed. Serum s(P)RR levels were
      significantly higher in hemodialysis patients (30.4 +/- 6.1 ng/ml, n = 258) than
      those in subjects with normal renal function (21.4 +/- 6.2 ng/ml, n = 39, P <
      0.0001). Clearance of s(P)RR and creatinine were 56.9 +/- 33.5 and 147.6 +/- 9.50
      ml/min, respectively. Serum s(P)RR levels were significantly higher in those with
      ankle-brachial index (ABI) of < 0.9, an indicator of severe atherosclerosis, than
      those with ABI of >= 0.9 (32.2 +/- 5.9 and 30.1 +/- 6.2 ng/ml, respectively, P <
      0.05). An association between low ABI and high serum s(P)RR levels was observed
      even after correction for age, history of smoking, HbA1c, and LDL-C. Serum s(P)RR
      levels were significantly higher in hemodialysis patients when compared with
      subjects with normal renal function, although s(P)RR is dialyzed to some extent,
      but to a lesser extent than creatinine. High serum s(P)RR levels may be
      associated with atherosclerosis independent of other risk factors, suggesting
      that serum s(P)RR could be used as a marker for atherosclerotic conditions in
      hemodialysis patients. 

PMID- 27367530
TI  - Endovascular treatment for chronic pulmonary hypertension: a focus on angioplasty
      for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty (PTPA) was
      introduced for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
      (CTEPH) in the late 20(th) century, and first attempts in collective patients
      were made in 2001 with beneficial effects but a moderate amount of complications.
      It was refined around 2010, and has been recently established as an effective and
      safe treatment. AREAS COVERED: The indication was originally inoperable CTEPH
      with peripheral lesions, but has now widened to symptomatic or hypoxic patients.
      The lesion is typically a meshwork-like structure of organized thrombi and is
      sometimes not seen as a stenosis angiographically, necessitating other means of
      investigation such as measurement of distal pressure. The technique to treat
      lesions is the same as for coronary angioplasty except in several ways. Expert
      commentary: The effects of PTPA are comparable to those of surgical
      endarterectomy, and the complications of reperfusion pulmonary edema and vascular
      injury are now controlled by several strategies and based on experience.

PMID- 27367531
TI  - HIV/AIDS Communication Inequalities and Associated Cognitive and Affective
      Outcomes: A Call for a Socioecological Approach to AIDS Communication in Sub
      Saharan Africa.
AB  - Three-and-a-half decades on, no cure or vaccine is yet on the horizon for HIV,
      making effective behavior change communication (BCC) the key preventive strategy.
      Despite considerable success, HIV/AIDS BCC efforts have long been criticized for
      their primary focus on the individual-level field of influence, drawing on the
      more reductionist view of causation at the individual level. In view of this, we
      conducted a series of studies that employed a household survey, field experiment,
      and textual content analysis, and explored the macro-social-level effects of
      HIV/AIDS-related media and messages on HIV/AIDS cognitive and affective outcomes
      in Ethiopia. Against a backdrop of epidemiological and socioecological
      differences, urban versus rural residence has emerged as an important community
      level factor that impacts HIV/AIDS-related media and message consumption
      processes and associated outcomes. The central thread crossing through the six
      studies included in this paper demonstrates that urban and rural people in high
      HIV prevalence contexts differ in their concern about and information needs on
      HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS-related media use, and HIV/AIDS-related cognitive and
      affective outcomes, as well as in their reaction to differently designed/framed
      HIV prevention messages. This paper proposes that HIV prevention media and
      message effects in high epidemic situations should be considered from a larger
      community-level perspective and calls for a socioecological approach to AIDS
      communication in the hard-hit sub-Saharan Africa. With a number of concrete
      recommendations to current and future HIV/AIDS BCC efforts in the region, the
      study joins an emerging body of health communication literature and theorizing
      that suggests the need to consider media and message effects from a macro-social
      perspective.

PMID- 27367532
TI  - Helical Axis Data Visualization and Analysis of the Knee Joint Articulation.
AB  - We present processing methods and visualization techniques for accurately
      characterizing and interpreting kinematical data of flexion-extension motion of
      the knee joint based on helical axes. We make use of the Lie group of rigid body
      motions and particularly its Lie algebra for a natural representation of motion
      sequences. This allows to analyze and compute the finite helical axis (FHA) and
      instantaneous helical axis (IHA) in a unified way without redundant degrees of
      freedom or singularities. A polynomial fitting based on Legendre polynomials
      within the Lie algebra is applied to provide a smooth description of a given
      discrete knee motion sequence which is essential for obtaining stable
      instantaneous helical axes for further analysis. Moreover, this allows for an
      efficient overall similarity comparison across several motion sequences in order
      to differentiate among several cases. Our approach combines a specifically
      designed patient-specific three-dimensional visualization basing on the processed
      helical axes information and incorporating computed tomography (CT) scans for an
      intuitive interpretation of the axes and their geometrical relation with respect
      to the knee joint anatomy. In addition, in the context of the study of diseases
      affecting the musculoskeletal articulation, we propose to integrate the above
      tools into a multiscale framework for exploring related data sets distributed
      across multiple spatial scales. We demonstrate the utility of our methods,
      exemplarily processing a collection of motion sequences acquired from
      experimental data involving several surgery techniques. Our approach enables an
      accurate analysis, visualization and comparison of knee joint articulation,
      contributing to the evaluation and diagnosis in medical applications.

PMID- 27367533
TI  - Refractive Regression and Changes in Central Corneal Thickness Three Years after
      Laser-Assisted Subepithelial Keratectomy for High Myopia in Eyes with Thin
      Corneas: A Retrospective Study.
AB  - This retrospective study aimed to explore refractive regression and central
      corneal thickness (CCT) following laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy
      (LASEK) performed for the correction of high myopia in eyes with thin corneas.
      Forty patients (19 male, 21 female; mean age, 28.5 years) representing 76 treated
      eyes were included. The mean optical zone was 6.10 +/- 0.32 mm, and the mean
      ablation depth was 121.53 +/- 15.48 um. CCT was significantly greater three years
      after surgery than at three months after surgery (425.66 +/- 15.44 vs. 385.20 +/-
      12.81, respectively; p<0.001). The mean change in CCT from three months to three
      years was 40.46 +/- 14.02 um. The SE at three years was greater than that at
      three months (p<0.001). Although there was refractive regression, these data
      suggest that LASEK may have utility in the correction of high myopia in eyes with
      thin corneas.

PMID- 27367534
TI  - Microstructures of negative and positive azeotropes.
AB  - Azeotropes famously impose fundamental restrictions on distillation processes,
      yet their special thermodynamic properties make them highly desirable for a
      diverse range of industrial and technological applications. Using neutron
      diffraction, we investigate the structures of two prototypical azeotropes, the
      negative acetone-chloroform and the positive benzene-methanol azeotrope. C-HO
      hydrogen bonding is the dominating interaction in the negative azeotrope but C
      ClO halogen bonding contributes as well. Hydrogen-bonded chains of methanol
      molecules, which are on average longer than in pure methanol, are the defining
      structural feature of the positive azeotrope illustrating the fundamentally
      different local mixing in the two kinds of azeotropes. The emerging trend for
      both azeotropes is that the more volatile components experience the more
      pronounced structural changes in their local environments as the azeotropes form.
      The mixing of the acetone-chloroform azeotrope is essentially random above 20 A,
      where the running Kirkwood-Buff integrals of our structural model converge
      closely to the ones expected from thermodynamic data. The benzene-methanol
      azeotrope on the other hand displays extended methanol-rich regions and
      consequently the running Kirkwood-Buff integrals oscillate up to at least 60 A.
      Our study provides the first experimental insights into the microstructures of
      azeotropes and a direct link with their thermodynamic properties. Ultimately,
      this will provide a route for creating tailored molecular environments in
      azeotropes to improve and fine-tune their performances. 

PMID- 27367535
TI  - Mapping the Trimethoprim-Induced Secondary Metabolome of Burkholderia
      thailandensis.
AB  - While bacterial genomes typically contain numerous secondary metabolite
      biosynthetic gene clusters, only a small fraction of these are expressed at any
      given time. The remaining majority is inactive or silent, and methods that awaken
      them would greatly expand our repertoire of bioactive molecules. We recently
      devised a new approach for identifying inducers of silent gene clusters and
      proposed that the clinical antibiotic trimethoprim acted as a global activator of
      secondary metabolism in Burkholderia thailandensis. Herein, we report that
      trimethoprim triggers the production of over 100 compounds that are not observed
      under standard growth conditions, thus drastically modulating the secondary
      metabolic output of B. thailandensis. Using MS/MS networking and NMR, we assign
      structures to ~40 compounds, including a group of new molecules, which we call
      acybolins. With methods at hand for activation of silent gene clusters and rapid
      identification of small molecules, the hidden secondary metabolomes of bacteria
      can be interrogated.

PMID- 27367536
TI  - Hepatotoxicity associated with weight loss or sports dietary supplements,
      including OxyELITE ProTM - United States, 2013.
AB  - In September 2013, the Hawaii Department of Health (HDOH) was notified of seven
      adults who developed acute hepatitis after taking OxyELITE ProTM, a weight loss
      and sports dietary supplement. CDC assisted HDOH with their investigation, then
      conducted case-finding outside of Hawaii with FDA and the Department of Defense
      (DoD). We defined cases as acute hepatitis of unknown etiology that occurred from
      April 1, 2013, through December 5, 2013, following exposure to a weight loss or
      muscle-building dietary supplement, such as OxyELITE ProTM. We conducted case
      finding through multiple sources, including data from poison centers (National
      Poison Data System [NPDS]) and FDA MedWatch. We identified 40 case-patients in 23
      states and two military bases with acute hepatitis of unknown etiology and
      exposure to a weight loss or muscle building dietary supplement. Of 35 case
      patients who reported their race, 15 (42.9%) reported white and 9 (25.7%)
      reported Asian. Commonly reported symptoms included jaundice, fatigue, and dark
      urine. Twenty-five (62.5%) case-patients reported taking OxyELITE ProTM. Of these
      25 patients, 17 of 22 (77.3%) with available data were hospitalized and 1
      received a liver transplant. NPDS and FDA MedWatch each captured seven (17.5%)
      case-patients. Improving the ability to search surveillance systems like NPDS and
      FDA MedWatch for individual and grouped dietary supplements, as well as
      coordinating case-finding with DoD, may benefit ongoing surveillance efforts and
      future outbreak responses involving adverse health effects from dietary
      supplements. This investigation highlights opportunities and challenges in using
      multiple sources to identify cases of suspected supplement associated adverse
      events. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the
      public domain in the USA.

PMID- 27367537
TI  - n-3 Fatty acids modulate the mRNA expression of the Nlrp3 inflammasome and Mtor
      in the liver of rats fed with high-fat or high-fat/fructose diets.
AB  - CONTEXT: There is evidence that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3-PUFAs) can
      inhibit mTORC1, which should potentiate autophagy and eliminate NLRP3
      inflammasome activity. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of a high-fat or high
      fat/fructose diet with and without n-3-PUFAs on hepatic gene expression.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the mRNA expression by RT-PCR of Mtor, Nlrp3,
      and other 22 genes associated with inflammation in rats livers after a 9-week
      diet. The dietary regimens were low-fat (control, CD), high-fat (HF), high
      fat/fructose (HF-Fr), and also each of these supplemented with n-3-PUFAs (CD-n-3
      PUFAs, HF-n-3-PUFAs, and HF-Fr-n-3-PUFAs). These data were processed by GeneMania
      and STRING databases. RESULTS: Compared to the control, the HF group showed a
      significant increase (between p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001) in 20 of these genes
      (Il1b, Il18, Rxra, Nlrp3, Casp1, Il33, Tnf, Acaca, Mtor, Eif2s1, Eif2ak4, Nfkb1,
      Srebf1, Hif1a, Ppara, Ppard, Pparg, Mlxipl, Fasn y Scd1), and a decrease in Sirt1
      (p < 0.05). With the HF-Fr diet, a significant increase (between p < 0.05 and p <
      0.005) was also found in the expression of 16 evaluated genes (Srebf1, Mlxipl,
      Rxra, Abca1, Il33, Nfkb1, Hif1a, Pparg, Casp1, Il1b, Il-18, Tnf, Ppard, Acaca,
      Fasn, Scd1), along with a decrease in the transcription of Mtor and Elovl6 (p <
      0.05). Contrarily, many of the genes whose expression increased with the HF and
      HF-Fr diets did not significantly increase with the HF-n-3-PUFAs or HF-Fr-n-3
      PUFAs diet. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We found the interrelation of the genes
      for the mTORC1 complex, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and other metabolically important
      proteins, and that these genes respond to n-3-PUFAs.

PMID- 27367539
TI  - Expression of Concern.

PMID- 27367538
TI  - Pelvic Angiography for Trauma in Children: A Rare but Useful Adjunct.
AB  - Introduction Pelvic angiography with embolization can successfully control
      hemorrhage in adults with pelvic fractures. However, evidence to support similar
      application in children is sparse. We describe our experience using angiography
      for pediatric pelvic fractures to further highlight the safety and efficacy of
      this treatment approach. Methods A retrospective review at a pediatric tertiary
      care center was performed from 2004 to 2014. Inpatients treated for a pelvic
      fracture were considered. Results A total of 216 patients were analyzed. Four
      patients (1.9%) underwent pelvic angiography. Three of these patients had active
      contrast extravasation on angiography and underwent successful embolization. All
      patients who underwent angiography showed computed tomography (CT) or clinical
      evidence of ongoing hemorrhage. No surgical intervention was needed after
      angiography. No complications of angiography occurred. Three patients who were
      found to have active extravasation on CT did not require angiography and were
      stabilized in the intensive care unit; two patients went on to have delayed
      operative repair. Mortality was 2.3%. All deaths were secondary to concomitant
      traumatic brain injury. No mortality occurred in patients undergoing pelvic
      angiography or those with pelvic contrast extravasation on CT. Conclusions Pelvic
      angiography is a useful treatment option in pediatric patients with pelvic
      fractures and clinical evidence of ongoing blood loss without other explanation.
      Contrast extravasation on CT scan alone may not require further intervention.

PMID- 27367541
TI  - Collective Signal Processing in Cluster Chemotaxis: Roles of Adaptation,
      Amplification, and Co-attraction in Collective Guidance.
AB  - Single eukaryotic cells commonly sense and follow chemical gradients, performing
      chemotaxis. Recent experiments and theories, however, show that even when single
      cells do not chemotax, clusters of cells may, if their interactions are regulated
      by the chemoattractant. We study this general mechanism of "collective guidance"
      computationally with models that integrate stochastic dynamics for individual
      cells with biochemical reactions within the cells, and diffusion of chemical
      signals between the cells. We show that if clusters of cells use the well-known
      local excitation, global inhibition (LEGI) mechanism to sense chemoattractant
      gradients, the speed of the cell cluster becomes non-monotonic in the cluster's
      size-clusters either larger or smaller than an optimal size will have lower
      speed. We argue that the cell cluster speed is a crucial readout of how the
      cluster processes chemotactic signals; both amplification and adaptation will
      alter the behavior of cluster speed as a function of size. We also show that,
      contrary to the assumptions of earlier theories, collective guidance does not
      require persistent cell-cell contacts and strong short range adhesion. If cell
      cell adhesion is absent, and the cluster cohesion is instead provided by a co
      attraction mechanism, e.g. chemotaxis toward a secreted molecule, collective
      guidance may still function. However, new behaviors, such as cluster rotation,
      may also appear in this case. Co-attraction and adaptation allow for collective
      guidance that is robust to varying chemoattractant concentrations while not
      requiring strong cell-cell adhesion.

PMID- 27367542
TI  - Validity and Reliability of a Self-Reported Measure of Antihypertensive
      Medication Adherence in Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Morisky Medication Adherence scale (MMAS-8) is a widely used self
      reported measure of adherence to antihypertensive medications that has not been
      validated in hypertensive patients in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We carried out
      a cross-sectional study to examine psychometric properties of a translated MMAS-8
      (MMAS-U) in a tertiary care hypertension clinic in Uganda. We administered the
      MMAS-U to consecutively selected hypertensive adults and used principal factor
      analysis and Cronbach's alpha to determine its validity and internal consistency
      respectively. Then we randomly selected one-sixth of participants for a 2-week
      test-retest telephone interview. Lastly, we used ordinal logistic regression
      modeling to explore factors associated with levels of medication adherence.
      RESULTS: Of the 329 participants, 228 (69%) were females, median age of 55 years
      [Interquartile range (IQR) (46-66)], and median duration of hypertension of 4
      years [IQR (2-8)]. The adherence levels were low (MMAS-U score <= 5) in 85%,
      moderate (MMAS-U score 6-7) in 12% and high (MMAS-U score >=8) in 3%. The factor
      analysis of construct validity was good (overall Kaiser's measure of sampling
      adequacy for residuals of 0.72) and identified unidimensionality of MMAS-U. The
      internal consistency of MMAS-U was moderate (Cronbach alpha = 0.65), and test
      retest reliability was low (weighted kappa = 0.36; 95% CI -0.01, 0.73). Age of 40
      years or greater was associated with low medication adherence (p = 0.02) whereas
      a family member buying medication for participants (p = 0.02) and purchasing
      medication from a private clinic (p = 0.02) were associated with high adherence.
      CONCLUSION: The Ugandan version of the MMAS-8 (MMAS-U) is a valid and reliable
      measure of adherence to antihypertensive medication among Ugandan outpatients
      receiving care at a public tertiary facility. Though the limited supply of
      medication affected adherence, this easy to use tool can be adapted to assess
      medication adherence among adults with hypertension in Uganda.

PMID- 27367543
TI  - Novel Disease-Drug Database Demonstrating Applicability for Pharmacogenomic-Based
      Prescribing.
AB  - Significant advances have been made in the clinical implementation of
      pharmacogenomics in recent years with tools for clinical decision support (CDS)
      being developed and integrated in the electronic health record (EHR). In this
      issue, the article by Hussain et al. describes the creation of a disease-drug
      association tool that enables providers to search by disease indications to
      receive a list of treatment options marked with pharmacogenomics annotations at
      the point of prescribing.

PMID- 27367544
TI  - The Ssr protein (T1E_1405) from Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E enables
      oligonucleotide-based recombineering in platform strain P. putida EM42.
AB  - Some strains of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida have become in recent years
      platforms of choice for hosting biotransformations of industrial interest.
      Despite availability of many genetic tools for this microorganism, genomic
      editing of the cell factory P. putida EM42 (a derivative of reference strain
      KT2440) is still a time-consuming endeavor. In this work we have investigated the
      in vivo activity of the Ssr protein encoded by the open reading frame T1E_1405
      from Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E, a plausible functional homologue of the beta
      protein of the Red recombination system of lambda phage of Escherichia coli. A
      test based on the phenotypes of pyrF mutants of P. putida (the yeast's URA3
      ortholog) was developed for quantifying the ability of Ssr to promote invasion of
      the genomic DNA replication fork by synthetic oligonucleotides. The efficiency of
      the process was measured by monitoring the inheritance of the changes entered
      into pyrF by oligonucleotides bearing mutated sequences. Ssr fostered short and
      long genomic deletions/insertions at considerable frequencies as well as single
      base swaps not affected by mismatch repair. These results not only demonstrate
      the feasibility of recombineering in P. putida, but they also enable a suite of
      multiplexed genomic manipulations in this biotechnologically important bacterium.

PMID- 27367546
TI  - Predominance of enterovirus B and echovirus 30 as cause of viral meningitis in a
      UK population.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic or
      lymphocytic meningitis, particularly in children. With reports of unusually
      severe neurological disease in some patients infected with enterovirus D68 in
      North America, and a recent increase in the number of paediatric enterovirus
      meningitis cases presenting in this UK Midlands population, a retrospective
      regional surveillance study was performed. STUDY DESIGN: Cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) samples received were tested using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for
      HSV-1/2, VZV, enteroviruses and parechoviruses. Enterovirus PCR positive CSF
      samples were sent for further serotyping. A phylogenetic tree was constructed of
      the echovirus 30 VP1 sequences, where sufficient sample remained for sequencing.
      RESULTS: The number of enterovirus positive CSFs from each year were: 21 (2008),
      7 (2011), 53 (2012), 58 (2013) and 31 (2014). Overall, 163 of the 170 serotyped
      enteroviruses belonged to the species B (echovirus 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17,
      18, 21, 25, 30; coxsackie B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, A9), with only 7 belonging to
      species A (coxsackie A2, A6, A16 and enterovirus 71). Echovirus 30 was the
      predominant serotype overall, identified in 43 (25.3%) of samples, with a
      significantly higher proportion in the adult age group (37.3%) compared to the
      infant age group (12.3%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these UK Midlands
      echovirus 30 VP1 sequences clustered most closely with those from Europe and
      China. CONCLUSION: This study showed a continued predominance of echovirus 30 as
      a cause of viral meningitis, particularly in adults, though more surveillance is
      needed.

PMID- 27367545
TI  - New findings in HCV genotype distribution in selected West European, Russian and
      Israeli regions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HCV affects 185 million people worldwide and leads to death and
      morbidities. HCV has a high genetic diversity and is classified into seven
      genotypes and 67 subtypes. Novel anti-HCV drugs (Direct-Acting-Antivirals)
      eligibility, resistance and cure rates depend on HCV geno/subtype (GT).
      OBJECTIVES: Analysis of epidemiological information and viral GT from patients
      undergoing viral genotyping in 2011-2015. STUDY DESIGN: Anonymized information
      from 52 centers was analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: 37,839 samples were
      included in the study. We show that the GT distribution is similar throughout
      Western European countries, with some local differences. Here GTs 1 and 2
      prevalences are lower and of GT4 higher than in all previous reports. Israel has
      a unique GT pattern and in South Russia the GT proportions are more similar to
      Asia. GTs 5 and 6 were detected in very low proportions. Three cases of the
      recombinant genotype P were reported in Munich (Germany). In addition, we
      observed that GT proportion was dependant on patients gender, age and
      transmission route: GTs 1b and 2 were significantly more common in female, older,
      nosocomially-infected patients, while GTs 1a, 3 and 4 were more frequent in male,
      younger patients infected by tattooing, drug consume, and/or sexual practices. In
      infections acquired by drug consume, GTs 1a (35.0%) and 3 (28.1%) prevailed. In
      infections related to sexual practices lower proportion of GT3 (14.0%) and higher
      of GT4 (20.2%) were detected. GT4 was mostly abundant in MSM (29.6%). HIV
      coinfection was significantly associated with higher proportions GTs 1a and 4
      (42.5% and 19.3%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Genotype prevalence evolves and
      correlates to epidemiological factors. Continuous surveillance is necessary to
      better assess hepatitis C infection in Europe and to take appropriate actions.

PMID- 27367548
TI  - Single actuator wave-like robot (SAW): design, modeling, and experiments.
AB  - In this paper, we present a single actuator wave-like robot, a novel bioinspired
      robot which can move forward or backward by producing a continuously advancing
      wave. The robot has a unique minimalistic mechanical design and produces an
      advancing sine wave, with a large amplitude, using only a single motor but with
      no internal straight spine. Over horizontal surfaces, the robot does not slide
      relative to the surface and its direction of locomotion is determined by the
      direction of rotation of the motor. We developed a kinematic model of the robot
      that accounts for the two-dimensional mechanics of motion and yields the speed of
      the links relative to the motor. Based on the optimization of the kinematic
      model, and accounting for the mechanical constraints, we have designed and built
      multiple versions of the robot with different sizes and experimentally tested
      them (see movie). The experimental results were within a few percentages of the
      expectations. The larger version attained a top speed of 57 cm s(-1) over a
      horizontal surface and is capable of climbing vertically when placed between two
      walls. By optimizing the parameters, we succeeded in making the robot travel by
      13% faster than its own wave speed.

PMID- 27367547
TI  - Quality of End-of-Life Care Provided to Patients With Different Serious
      Illnesses.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Efforts to improve end-of-life care have focused primarily on
      patients with cancer. High-quality end-of-life care is also critical for patients
      with other illnesses. OBJECTIVE: To compare patterns of end-of-life care and
      family-rated quality of care for patients dying with different serious illnesses.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was
      conducted in all 146 inpatient facilities within the Veteran Affairs health
      system among patients who died in inpatient facilities between October 1, 2009,
      and September 30, 2012, with clinical diagnoses categorized as end-stage renal
      disease (ESRD), cancer, cardiopulmonary failure (congestive heart failure or
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), dementia, frailty, or other conditions.
      Data analysis was conducted from April 1, 2014, to February 10, 2016. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Palliative care consultations, do-not-resuscitate orders,
      death in inpatient hospices, death in the intensive care unit, and family
      reported quality of end-of-life care. RESULTS: Among 57 753 decedents,
      approximately half of the patients with ESRD, cardiopulmonary failure, or frailty
      received palliative care consultations (adjusted proportions, 50.4%, 46.7%, and
      43.7%, respectively) vs 73.5% of patients with cancer and 61.4% of patients with
      dementia (P < .001). Approximately one-third of patients with ESRD,
      cardiopulmonary failure, or frailty (adjusted proportions, 32.3%, 34.1%, and
      35.2%, respectively) died in the intensive care unit, more than double the rates
      among patients with cancer and those with dementia (13.4% and 8.9%, respectively)
      (P < .001). Rates of excellent quality of end-of-life care reported by 34 005
      decedents' families were similar for patients with cancer and those with dementia
      (adjusted proportions, 59.2% and 59.3%; P = .61), but lower for patients with
      ESRD, cardiopulmonary failure, or frailty (54.8%, 54.8%, and 53.7%, respectively;
      all P <= .02 vs patients with cancer). This quality advantage was mediated by
      palliative care consultation, setting of death, and a code status of do-not
      resuscitate; adjustment for these variables rendered the association between
      diagnosis and overall end-of-life care quality nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: Family-reported quality of end-of-life care was significantly better
      for patients with cancer and those with dementia than for patients with ESRD,
      cardiopulmonary failure, or frailty, largely owing to higher rates of palliative
      care consultation and do-not-resuscitate orders and fewer deaths in the intensive
      care unit among patients with cancer and those with dementia. Increasing access
      to palliative care and goals of care discussions that address code status and
      preferred setting of death, particularly for patients with end-organ failure and
      frailty, may improve the overall quality of end-of-life care for Americans dying
      of these illnesses.

PMID- 27367549
TI  - To Appear in CHEMICAL REVIEWS, Vol. 99, No. 7.

PMID- 27367550
TI  - Patient and Physician Attitudes Toward Low-Value Diagnostic Tests.

PMID- 27367551
TI  - The safety of pharmacologic options for the treatment of persons with hemophilia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The mainstay of treatment of hemophilia A and B is the replacement
      of the congenitally deficient coagulation factor through the intravenous infusion
      of specific concentrates (factor VIII, FVIII, in hemophilia A; factor IX, FIX, in
      hemophilia B). Several commercial brands of FVIII or FIX products extracted from
      human plasma or engineered using recombinant DNA technology are available. AREAS
      COVERED: We analyze the safety aspects of plasma-derived and recombinant FVIII
      and FIX products licensed in Europe, focusing on their pathogen safety and
      inhibitor and thrombosis risks. The safety aspects of bypassing agents (i.e.,
      activated prothrombin complex concentrates and recombinant activated factor VII)
      used for treatment of bleeding episodes in inhibitor patients will be also
      briefly discussed. EXPERT OPINION: The analysis of the published literature
      documents the high degree of safety from pathogen risk for both plasma-derived
      and recombinant products available for hemophilia treatment. The main threat to
      factor concentrate safety is represented by the development of neutralizing
      alloantibodies against the infused coagulation factor, which in hemophilia A seem
      to occur more frequently following the administration of recombinant than plasma
      derived FVIII products. Great expectations are placed on newer products,
      particularly on those based upon mechanisms of action other than FVIII
      replacement.

PMID- 27367552
TI  - Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Risk: A Dose
      response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to clarify and quantify the potential dose-response
      association between the intake of total red and total processed meat and risk of
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Relevant studies were identified by searching
      PubMed, EMBASE, and Chinese databases (CNKI and Wanfang). The summary relative
      risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was calculated. A total of 15
      independent studies with 12,735 subjects were identified. Compared with the low
      rank intake, the summary RR of NPC was 1.35 (95%CI, 1.21-1.51) for total red meat
      and 1.46 (95%CI, 1.34-1.64) for total processed meat. For the moderate-rank
      intake, the summary RR of NPC was 1.54 (95%CI, 1.36-1.79) for total red meat and
      1.59 (95%CI, 1.3-1.90) for total processed meat. The summary RR for high-rank
      intake was 1.71 (95%CI, 1.14-2.55) for total red meat and 2.11 (95%CI, 1.31-3.42)
      for total processed meat. The combined estimates showed obvious evidence of
      statistically significant association between total red and total processed meat
      consumption dose and risk of NPC (Ptrend< 0.01). In conclusion, our data suggest
      that a high intake of total red or total processed meat is associated with a
      significantly increased risk of NPC.

PMID- 27367554
TI  - Evaluation and lessons learned from an undergraduate service learning course
      providing youth-focused relationship education.
AB  - Adolescent romantic relationships are known to have a significant impact on
      individual well-being and development. However, few teens experience formal
      education about the knowledge and skills necessary for building healthy romantic
      relationships. In response, a statewide relationship education initiative was
      developed at a large university in a Southeastern state. Undergraduates who
      enrolled in a service learning course in Human Development and Family Studies
      partnered with this initiative and implemented a relationship education program
      targeting high school students. A service learning model is used in this
      initiative because it offers opportunities for students' professional development
      and experiential learning. The present article provides a formative and
      illustrative summative evaluation of the service learning program. Specifically,
      the primary aims of this paper are to 1) provide an overview of the service
      learning course components; 2) describe preparation of the service learning
      students and their implementation of the relationship education program; 3)
      discuss challenges and lessons learned; and 4) offer initial evidence of
      effectiveness by showing change in targeted outcomes for the high school student
      recipients of the relationship education program.

PMID- 27367555
TI  - Excellence in Medicine and the Case for Aspirational Ethics.

PMID- 27367556
TI  - bioassayR: Cross-Target Analysis of Small Molecule Bioactivity.
AB  - Despite a large and rapidly growing body of small molecule bioactivity screens
      available in the public domain, systematic leverage of the data to assess target
      druggability and compound selectivity has been confounded by a lack of suitable
      cross-target analysis software. We have developed bioassayR, a computational tool
      that enables simultaneous analysis of thousands of bioassay experiments performed
      over a diverse set of compounds and biological targets. Unique features include
      support for large-scale cross-target analyses of both public and custom
      bioassays, generation of high throughput screening fingerprints (HTSFPs), and an
      optional preloaded database that provides access to a substantial portion of
      publicly available bioactivity data. bioassayR is implemented as an open-source
      R/Bioconductor package available from
      https://bioconductor.org/packages/bioassayR/ .

PMID- 27367557
TI  - 5-(N, N-Hexamethylene) amiloride is a GABA-A rho1 receptor positive allosteric
      modulator.
AB  - Guanidine compounds act as ion channel modulators. In the case of Cys-loop
      receptors, the guanidine compound amiloride antagonized the heteromeric GABA-A,
      glycine, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However, amiloride exhibits
      characteristics consistent with a positive allosteric modulator for the human
      GABA-A (hGABA-A) rho1 receptor. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the
      positive allosteric modulation was influenced by the GABA-A rho1 second
      transmembrane domain 15' position, a site implicated in ligand allosteric
      modulation of Cys-loop receptors. There are a variety of amiloride derivatives
      that provide opportunities to assess the significance of amiloride functional
      groups (e.g., the guanidine group, the pyrazine ring, etc.) in the modulation of
      the GABA-A rho1 receptor activity. We utilized 3 amiloride derivatives (benzamil,
      phenamil, and 5-(N, N-Hexamethylene) amiloride) to assess the contribution of
      these groups toward the potentiation of the GABA-A rho1 receptor. Benzamil and
      phenamil failed to potentiate on the wild type GABA-A rho1 GABA-mediated current
      while HMA demonstrated efficacy only at the highest concentration studied. The
      hGABA-A rho1 (I15'N) mutant receptor activity was potentiated by lower HMA
      concentrations compared to the wild type receptor. Our findings suggest that an
      exposed guanidine group on amiloride and amiloride derivatives is critical for
      modulating the GABA-A rho1 receptor. The present study provides a conceptual
      framework for predicting which amiloride derivatives will demonstrate positive
      allosteric modulation of the GABA-A rho1 receptor. 

PMID- 27367558
TI  - Immune checkpoint blockade - a treatment for urological cancers?

PMID- 27367559
TI  - Association of Religious Involvement and Suicide.

PMID- 27367560
TI  - The Sonographic Appearance of Ectopic Pregnancy After Treatment With
      Methotrexate.

PMID- 27367562
TI  - Cofacial Organic Click Cage to Intercalate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
AB  - The synthesis of a 3-fold symmetric cofacial organic cage (COC) through Cu(I)
      catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition is reported. The COC can function as an
      efficient receptor for carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to
      intercalate them in its intrinsic cavity through donor-acceptor and pi...pi
      stacking interactions. The association constants (Ka) are in the range of 3.7 *
      10(4) to 1.3 * 10(6) M(-1). X-ray diffraction analysis authenticated that the
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are intercalated in the interior of the
      COC.

PMID- 27367561
TI  - The hot body issue: Weight and caption tone in celebrity gossip magazines.
AB  - While representations of bodies and weight have been studied in regards to
      fashion and fitness magazines, little research exists that examines such
      representations in celebrity gossip magazines. Using data collected through
      content analysis of 262 photo-caption units published in June 2015 issues of
      American celebrity gossip magazines, this study examines representations of
      bodies within the genre and the relationship between the gender, race, and body
      size of pictured celebrities and the tone of accompanying captions. Results
      indicate that celebrity gossip magazines critique the bodies of both female and
      male subjects, but that women are more likely to be the subject of negative
      comments than men. Underweight women and overweight men are especially targeted
      for criticism. Latinos are praised more often than other racial groups. The
      implications of these representations are discussed. 

PMID- 27367563
TI  - The differences between sex offenders who victimise older women and sex offenders
      who offend against children.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Within the literature on sex offending, much attention is paid to the
      distinction between those sex offenders who offend against adults and those who
      offend against children. In contrast, there is a paucity of research into sex
      offenders who offend specifically against elderly or older victims. METHOD: A
      detailed interview and psychometric tests were conducted with a sample of 28 sex
      offenders who had been convicted of a sexually motivated offence against an older
      female. These data were compared to a sample of 23 child sex offenders. RESULTS:
      Results indicate that amongst other significant differences between these sub
      groups, men who offend against older women are generally younger, are more
      violent, and are more likely to use a weapon and cause injury and death compared
      to child sex offenders. The men who offended against children were more likely to
      think about and plan their offending, spend more time with the victim pre and
      post offence, admit sexual arousal during the offence, and admit to a sexual
      motivation for the offence. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that men who
      sexually offend against older women and men who sexually offend against children
      are distinct groups. Treatment and risk management strategies should take this
      into account. Further exploration of this sub-group of offenders is recommended
      to help inform treatment and risk management strategies for sex offenders who
      offend against older people.

PMID- 27367564
TI  - PTBP1 modulation of MCL1 expression regulates cellular apoptosis induced by
      antitubulin chemotherapeutics.
AB  - Myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL1), an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family protein,
      is a key regulator of intrinsic apoptosis. Normal cells require strict control
      over MCL1 expression with aberrant MCL1 expression linked to the emergence of
      various diseases and chemoresistance. Previous studies have detailed how MCL1
      expression is regulated by multiple mechanisms both transcriptionally and
      translationally. However, characterization of the post-transcriptional regulators
      of MCL1 mRNA is limited. Polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is a
      known regulator of post-transcriptional gene expression that can control mRNA
      splicing, translation, stability and localization. Here we demonstrate that PTBP1
      binds to MCL1 mRNA and that knockdown of PTBP1 upregulates MCL1 expression in
      cancer cells by stabilizing MCL1 mRNA and increasing MCL1 mRNA accumulation in
      cytoplasm. Further, we show that depletion of PTBP1 protects cancer cells from
      antitubulin agent-induced apoptosis in a MCL1-dependent manner. Taken together,
      our findings suggest that PTBP1 is a novel regulator of MCL1 mRNA by which it
      controls apoptotic response to antitubulin chemotherapeutics.

PMID- 27367567
TI  - Signalling changes to individuals who show resistance to change can reduce
      challenging behaviour.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Several neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with
      resistance to change and challenging behaviours - including temper outbursts -
      that ensue following changes to routines, plans or expectations (here,
      collectively: expectations). Here, a change signalling intervention was tested
      for proof of concept and potential practical effectiveness. METHODS: Twelve
      individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome participated in researcher- and caregiver
      led pairing of a distinctive visual-verbal signal with subsequent changes to
      expectations. Specific expectations for a planned subset of five participants
      were systematically observed in minimally manipulated natural environments. Nine
      caregivers completed a temper outburst diary during a four week baseline period
      and a two week signalling evaluation period. RESULTS: Participants demonstrated
      consistently less temper outburst behaviour in the systematic observations when
      changes imposed to expectations were signalled, compared to when changes were not
      signalled. Four of the nine participants whose caregivers completed the behaviour
      diary demonstrated reliable reductions in temper outbursts between baseline and
      signalling evaluation. LIMITATIONS: An active control group for the present
      initial evaluation of the signalling strategy using evidence from caregiver
      behaviour diaries was outside the scope of the present pilot study. Thus,
      findings cannot support the clinical efficacy of the present signalling approach.
      CONCLUSIONS: Proof of concept evidence that reliable pairing of a distinctive cue
      with a subsequent change to expectation can reduce associated challenging
      behaviour is provided. Data provide additional support for the importance of
      specific practical steps in further evaluations of the change signalling
      approach.

PMID- 27367565
TI  - The apoptotic members CD95, BclxL, and Bcl-2 cooperate to promote cell migration
      by inducing Ca(2+) flux from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria.
AB  - Metalloprotease-processed CD95L (cl-CD95L) is a soluble cytokine that implements
      a PI3K/Ca(2+) signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells.
      Accordingly, high levels of cl-CD95L in TNBC women correlate with poor prognosis,
      and administration of this ligand in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model
      accelerates the metastatic dissemination of TNBC cells. The molecular mechanism
      underlying CD95-mediated cell migration remains unknown. Here, we present genetic
      and pharmacologic evidence that the anti-apoptotic molecules BclxL and Bcl-2 and
      the pro-apoptotic factors BAD and BID cooperate to promote migration of TNBC
      cells stimulated with cl-CD95L. BclxL was distributed in both endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER) and mitochondrion membranes. The mitochondrion-localized isoform
      promoted cell migration by interacting with voltage-dependent anion channel 1 to
      orchestrate Ca(2+) transfer from the ER to mitochondria in a BH3-dependent
      manner. Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter contributed to this flux, which favored
      ATP production and cell migration. In conclusion, this study reveals a novel
      molecular mechanism controlled by BclxL to promote cancer cell migration and
      supports the use of BH3 mimetics as therapeutic options not only to kill tumor
      cells but also to prevent metastatic dissemination in TNBCs.

PMID- 27367566
TI  - Cacidases: caspases can cleave after aspartate, glutamate and phosphoserine
      residues.
AB  - Caspases are a family of proteases found in all metazoans, including a dozen in
      humans, that drive the terminal stages of apoptosis as well as other cellular
      remodeling and inflammatory events. Caspases are named because they are cysteine
      class enzymes shown to cleave after aspartate residues. In the past decade, we
      and others have developed unbiased proteomic methods that collectively identified
      ~2000 native proteins cleaved during apoptosis after the signature aspartate
      residues. Here, we explore non-aspartate cleavage events and identify 100s of
      substrates cleaved after glutamate in both human and murine apoptotic samples.
      The extended consensus sequence patterns are virtually identical for the
      aspartate and glutamate cleavage sites suggesting they are cleaved by the same
      caspases. Detailed kinetic analyses of the dominant apoptotic executioner
      caspases-3 and -7 show that synthetic substrates containing DEVD? are cleaved
      only twofold faster than DEVE?, which is well within the 500-fold range of rates
      that natural proteins are cut. X-ray crystallography studies confirm that the two
      acidic substrates bind in virtually the same way to either caspases-3 or -7 with
      minimal adjustments to accommodate the larger glutamate. Lastly, during apoptosis
      we found 121 proteins cleaved after serine residues that have been previously
      annotated to be phosphorylation sites. We found that caspase-3, but not caspase
      7, can cleave peptides containing DEVpS? at only threefold slower rate than
      DEVD?, but does not cleave the unphosphorylated serine peptide. There are only a
      handful of previously reported examples of proteins cleaved after glutamate and
      none after phosphorserine. Our studies reveal a much greater promiscuity for
      cleaving after acidic residues and the name 'cacidase' could aptly reflect this
      broader specificity.

PMID- 27367568
TI  - Parametric Response Mapping of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome Progression
      After Lung Transplantation.
AB  - Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) remains a major complication after lung
      transplantation. Air trapping and mosaic attenuation are typical radiological
      features of BOS; however, quantitative evaluation remains troublesome. We
      evaluated parametric response mapping (PRM, voxel-to-voxel comparison of
      inspiratory and expiratory computed tomography [CT] scans) in lung transplant
      recipients diagnosed with BOS (n = 20) and time-matched stable lung transplant
      recipients (n = 20). Serial PRM measurements were performed prediagnosis, at time
      of BOS diagnosis, and postdiagnosis (Tpre , T0 , and Tpost , respectively), or at
      a postoperatively matched time in stable patients. PRM results were correlated
      with pulmonary function and confirmed by microCT analysis of end-stage explanted
      lung tissue. Using PRM, we observed an increase in functional small airway
      disease (fSAD), from Tpre to T0 (p = 0.006) and a concurrent decrease in healthy
      parenchyma (p = 0.02) in the BOS group. This change in PRM continued to Tpost ,
      which was significantly different compared to the stable patients (p = 0.0002).
      At BOS diagnosis, the increase in fSAD was strongly associated with a decrease in
      forced expiratory volume in 1 s (p = 0.011). Micro-CT confirmed the presence of
      airway obliteration in a sample of a BOS patient identified with 67% fSAD by PRM.
      We demonstrated the use of PRM as an adequate output to monitor BOS progression
      in lung transplant recipients.

PMID- 27367569
TI  - Therapeutic effects of 10-HzPulsed wave lasers in rat depression model: A
      comparison between near-infrared and red wavelengths.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The application of transcranial low-level light/laser
      therapy (tLLLT) in the range of red to near-infrared (NIR) spectrum for
      psychological disorders is a new area that is attracting growing interest in
      recent years. The photomodulation effects of NIR and red coherent lights on the
      activity of cytochrome c oxidase in neuronal cells of brain have been recently
      introduced. This study, therefore, sought to compare the therapeutic effects of
      10-Hz pulsed wave NIR (810 nm) laser with red (630 nm) laser using the same
      delivered energy density and Citalopram in rat chronic mild stress (CMS) model of
      depression and anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CMS procedures (for 4 weeks) were
      used to induce stress. GaAlAs diode laser with red and NIR wavelengths on 10-Hz
      pulsed wave (50% duty cycle) were used to perform tLLLT treatment for three
      weeks. An energy density of about 1.2 J/cm-(2) per each session was delivered
      through a light spot with a diameter of 3-mm to the prefrontal cortex for both
      wavelengths. Citalopram (10 mg/kg, Intraperitoneal) was administered for twenty
      one consecutive days to the drug group. RESULTS: The findings of the present
      study showed an increase in swimming and decrease in immobility time, for both
      NIR laser and Citalopram groups compared to the stress group in forced swimming
      test. Anxiety-like behaviors showed insignificant decrease in all treatment
      groups in elevated plus maze test. The induction of stress significantly
      increased serum cortisol levels and treatments with both red laser and Citalopram
      decreased it. Hyperglycemia induced by CMS returned to normal levels in all
      treatment groups. The assessment of body weight also showed a significant
      increase in NIR laser group compared to the stress group by the end of the
      experiment. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that non-invasive tLLLT using 10-Hz
      pulsed NIR laser light was as effective as Citalopram and more effective than red
      laser in the treatment of depressive-like behaviors and may help improve tLLLT as
      an alternative non-pharmacological treatments of psychological disorders such as
      depression. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:695-705, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27367570
TI  - Prescription of Brand-Name Medications When Generic Alternatives Are Available
      Patently Unfair.

PMID- 27367571
TI  - Atypical epithelial hyperplasia of the breast: state of the art.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Atypical epithelial hyperplasia (AEH) of the breast is considered
      benign histological lesions with breast cancer risk. This review focuses on
      clinical signification and management of AEH that remains controversial. AREAS
      COVERED: A review of published studies was performed using medline database. In
      this review, we fully describe the current evidence available. In particular, we
      describe 1) data from immunohistochemistry and molecular studies that suggest AEH
      is a precursor of breast cancer; 2) epidemiological studies demonstrate low rate
      of breast cancer in women with AEH; 3) surgical excision is necessary after
      diagnosis of AEH, such as lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical ductal
      hyperplasia, on core needle biopsy; 4) although current recommendations are
      evolving to fewer (if not no) excisions for flat epithelial with atypia and
      classic lobular neoplasia found on percutaneous biopsy (without radiologic
      indications for excision). Expert commentary: HEA management steel need
      prospective evidences, but recent retrospective data give some clue for less
      invasive management for some of HEA.

PMID- 27367572
TI  - Computed Tomography Perfusion and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Patients With
      Acute Stroke.

PMID- 27367574
TI  - Running related gluteus medius function in health and injury: A systematic review
      with meta-analysis.
AB  - Running is a popular sport and recreational physical activity worldwide.
      Musculoskeletal injuries in runners are common and may be attributed to the
      inability to control pelvic equilibrium in the coronal plane. This lack of pelvic
      control in the frontal plane can stem from dysfunction of the gluteus medius. The
      aim of this systematic review was therefore to: (i) compile evidence of the
      activity profile of gluteus medius when running; (ii) identify how gluteus medius
      activity (electromyography) varies with speed, cadence and gender when running;
      (iii) compare gluteus medius activity in injured runners to matched controls.
      Seven electronic databases were searched from their earliest date until March
      2015. Thirteen studies met our eligibility criteria. The activity profile was
      mono-phasic with a peak during initial loading (four studies). Gluteus medius
      amplitude increases with running speed; this is most evident in females. The
      muscles' activity has been recorded in injured runners with Achilles tendinopathy
      (two studies) and patellofemoral pain syndrome (three studies). The strongest
      evidence indicates a moderate and significant reduction in gluteus medius
      duration of activity when running in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
      This dysfunction can potentially be mediated with running retraining strategies. 

PMID- 27367573
TI  - Combined treatment with a beta3 -adrenergic receptor agonist and a muscarinic
      receptor antagonist inhibits detrusor overactivity induced by cold stress in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats.
AB  - AIMS: This study determined if combined treatment with the muscarinic receptor
      (MR) antagonist solifenacin and the beta3 -adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist
      mirabegron could inhibit detrusor overactivity induced by cold stress in
      spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS: Thirty-two female 10-week-old
      SHRs were fed an 8% NaCl-supplemented diet for 4 weeks. Cystometric measurements
      of the unanesthetized, unrestricted rats were performed at room temperature (RT,
      27 +/- 2 degrees C) for 20 min. The rats were then intravenously administered
      vehicle, 0.1 mg/kg solifenacin alone, 0.1 mg/kg mirabegron alone, or the
      combination of 0.1 mg/kg mirabegron and 0.1 mg/kg solifenacin (n = 8 each group).
      Five minutes later, the treated rats were exposed to low temperature (LT, 4 +/- 2
      degrees C) for 40 min. Finally, the rats were returned to RT. After the
      cystometric investigations, the beta3 -ARs and M3 -MRs expressed within the
      urinary bladders were analyzed. RESULTS: Just after transfer from RT to LT,
      vehicle-, solifenacin-, and mirabegron-treated SHRs exhibited detrusor
      overactivity that significantly decreased voiding interval and bladder capacity.
      However, treatment with the combination of solifenacin and mirabegron partially
      inhibited the cold stress-induced detrusor overactivity patterns. The decreases
      of voiding interval and bladder capacity in the combination-treated rats were
      significantly inhibited compared to other groups. Within the urinary bladders,
      there were no differences between expression levels of M3 -MR and beta3 -AR mRNA.
      The tissue distribution of M3 -MRs was similar to that of the beta3 -ARs.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the combination of solifenacin and
      mirabegron act synergistically to inhibit the cold stress-induced detrusor
      overactivity in SHRs. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1026-1033, 2017. (c) 2016 The
      Authors. Neurourology and Urodynamics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27367575
TI  - Cyanide Suicide After Deep Web Shopping: A Case Report.
AB  - Cyanide is a product that is known for its use in industrial or laboratory
      processes, as well as for intentional intoxication. The toxicity of cyanide is
      well described in humans with rapid inhibition of cellular aerobic metabolism
      after ingestion or inhalation, leading to severe clinical effects that are
      frequently lethal. We report the case of a young white man found dead in a hotel
      room after self-poisoning with cyanide ordered in the deep Web. This case shows a
      probable complex suicide kit use including cyanide, as a lethal tool, and
      dextromethorphan, as a sedative and anxiolytic substance. This case is an
      original example of the emerging deep Web shopping in illegal drug procurement. 

PMID- 27367576
TI  - A Hanged From the Past: Medical Consideration on the Judas Iscariot Fresco
      Chapelle Notre-Dame-des-Fontaines, La Brigue (15th Century).
AB  - The medieval chapel of Notre Dame-des-Fontaines (Our Lady of the Fountains), in
      the French Maritime Alps, is entirely covered by the fresco cycle of the Passion
      (15th century) that depicts the last days of Jesus from the Last Supper to the
      Resurrection. Under a small window, there is the brutal representation of the
      suicide of Judas Iscariot, hanging from a tree, with the abdomen quartered from
      which his soul, represented by a small man, is kidnapped by a devil. The author,
      Giovanni Canavesio, represented the traitor's death with very detailed anatomical
      structures, differently thus from other paintings of the same subject; it is
      therefore possible to assume that the artist had become familiar with the human
      anatomy. In particular, the realism of the hanged man's posture, neck bent in an
      unnatural way, allows us to hypothesize that it probably comes from direct
      observation of the executions of capital punishment, not infrequently imposed by
      the public authorities in low medieval Italy. 

PMID- 27367577
TI  - Diagnosis of a Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation Using Isolated Brain Computed
      Tomography Angiography: Case Report.
AB  - This report presents a case of a 40-year-old woman who was found dead in her
      house. The examination of the body revealed no external injuries. The whole body
      was scanned by multi-detector-row computed tomography (CT) before autopsy,
      revealing massive hemorrhage in the right frontal extending into the ventricular
      system. At autopsy, the brain parenchyma was removed. Then CT angiography was
      carried on the isolated brain. Computed tomography angiography suggested a mass
      of irregular, tortuous vessels in areas of hemorrhage in the right frontal lobe
      of the brain. Finally, histological examination confirmed the result of CT
      angiography due to an arteriovenous malformation. Hence, postmortem CT
      angiography played an important role in diagnosis of the cerebral arteriovenous
      malformation that was responsible for a massive hemorrhage in the skull. 

PMID- 27367578
TI  - Retrieval of past and future positive and negative autobiographical experiences.
AB  - We studied retrieval-induced forgetting for past or future autobiographical
      experiences. In the study phase, participants were given cues to remember past
      autobiographical experiences or to think about experiences that may occur in the
      future. In both conditions, half of the experiences were positive and half
      negative. In the retrieval-practice phase, for past and future experiences,
      participants retrieved either half of the positive or negative experiences using
      cued recall, or capitals of the world (control groups). Retrieval practice
      produced recall facilitation and enhanced memory for the practised positive and
      negative past and future experiences. While retrieval practice on positive
      experiences did not impair the recall of other positive experiences, we found
      inhibition for negative past and future experiences when participants practised
      negative experiences. Furthermore, retrieval practice on positive future
      experiences inhibited negative future experiences. These positivity biases for
      autobiographical memory may have practical implications for treatment of
      emotional disorders.

PMID- 27367579
TI  - Actinomadurol, an Antibacterial Norditerpenoid from a Rare Actinomycete,
      Actinomadura sp. KC 191.
AB  - A new secondary metabolite, actinomadurol (1), was isolated along with the known
      compound JBIR-65 (2) from a rare actinomycete, Actinomadura strain KC 191. The
      structure of 1 was established as a rare member of the bacterial C-19
      norditerpenoid class by NMR data and ECD calculations. The absolute configuration
      of 2, which was previously reported without stereochemical analysis, was
      determined by using the modified Mosher's method and ECD calculations.
      Actinomadurol (1) exhibited potent antibacterial activity against pathogenic
      strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Kocuria rhizophila, and Proteus hauseri
      (MIC = 0.39-0.78 MUg/mL), whereas JBIR-65 (2) showed no antibacterial activity.

PMID- 27367580
TI  - Impact of 24/7 In-Hospital Intensivist Coverage on Outcomes in Pediatric
      Intensive Care. A Multicenter Study.
AB  - RATIONALE: The around-the-clock presence of an in-house attending critical care
      physician (24/7 coverage) is purported to be associated with improved outcomes
      among high-risk children with critical illness. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the
      association of 24/7 in-house coverage with outcomes in children with critical
      illness. METHODS: Patients younger than 18 years of age in the Virtual Pediatric
      Systems Database (2009-2014) were included. The main analysis was performed using
      generalized linear mixed effects multivariable regression models. In addition,
      multiple sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of our
      findings. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 455,607 patients from 125
      hospitals were included (24/7 group: 266,319 patients; no 24/7 group: 189,288
      patients). After adjusting for patient and center characteristics, the 24/7 group
      was associated with lower mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) (24/7 vs. no
      24/7; odds ratio [OR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.80; P = 0.002),
      a lower incidence of cardiac arrest (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54-0.99; P = 0.04),
      lower mortality after cardiac arrest (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.340-0.93; P = 0.02), a
      shorter ICU stay (mean difference, -0.51 d; 95% CI, -0.93 to -0.09), and shorter
      duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference, -0.68 d; 95% CI, -1.23 to 
      0.14). CONCLUSIONS: In this large observational study, we demonstrated that
      pediatric critical care provided in the ICUs staffed with a 24/7 intensivist
      presence is associated with improved overall patient survival and survival after
      cardiac arrest compared with patients treated in ICUs staffed with discretionary
      attending coverage. However, results from a few sensitivity analyses leave some
      ambiguity in these results.

PMID- 27367581
TI  - Correlation of Ocular Pulse Amplitude, Choroidal Thickness, and Internal Carotid
      Artery Doppler Ultrasound Findings in Normal Eyes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The choroid receives about 65-85% of ocular blood flow, which comes
      from the ophthalmic artery (OA), the first branch of the internal carotid artery
      (ICA). In the foveal avascular zone, there is no retinal vascular supply;
      therefore, choroidal blood supply plays a significant role in this subfoveal
      region. The ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) provides useful information about
      intraocular blood flow and is an indirect indicator of choroidal perfusion. In
      this study, we aimed to assess the correlation between the OPA, subfoveal
      choroidal thickness (CT), and ICA Doppler ultrasound findings in healthy eyes.
      METHODS: In total, 48 eyes of 48 healthy volunteers were included in this study.
      All eyes underwent detailed ophthalmic evaluation, including slit-lamp
      biomicroscopy, fundus examination, axial length, OPA measurements, and optical
      coherence tomography (OCT) with enhanced depth imaging mode. Carotid Doppler
      ultrasound examination was performed by the radiologist. The correlation between
      the OPA, subfoveal CT, and ICA Doppler findings [peak systolic velocity (PSV) and
      end-diastolic velocity (EDV)] were evaluated, considering gender and age.
      RESULTS: The mean OPA was 3.06 +/- 1.34 mmHg. The mean subfoveal CT was 305.85 +/
      33.98 um. The mean PSV and EDV of ICA were 73.25 +/- 23.63 cm/s and 26.93 +/-
      13.42 cm/s, respectively. A moderate positive correlation was found between OPA
      and subfoveal CT (p = 0.001; rho = 0.481). This relationship was present in both
      men and women. While a positive correlation was found between the OPA and
      subfoveal CT in subjects under the age of 50 years, there was no correlation in
      those over the age of 50 years. CONCLUSIONS: A fair correlation was found between
      the OPA and subfoveal CT in healthy subjects under the age of 50.

PMID- 27367582
TI  - The thyroid and breast cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The female predominance of diseases of the thyroid and breast
      makes difficult the separation of an expected association with a causal linkage.
      This review will examine recent reports on associations between thyroid disease
      and breast cancer, comparing them with previous studies, with a view to
      elucidating what pointers are available to suggest either a common pathogenesis
      or novel thyroid-related therapeutic approach, which might arise from this
      association. RECENT FINDINGS: Reports on thyroid-breast cancer associations are
      reviewed under the following headings: breast cancer prevalence in different
      thyroid disorders and their effect on risk and outcome; the possible role of
      thyroid autoimmunity, thyroid enlargement, effect of radioactive iodine
      treatment, role of stable iodine, possible joint antigens sodium iodide
      transporter and thyroid peroxidase and thyroid-breast cancer coincidence.
      SUMMARY: Current studies on thyroid and breast cancer associations confirm
      earlier findings of the lack of definitive evidence of a causal relationship. The
      predominant relationship continues to be hypothyroidism or autoimmune thyroid
      disease perhaps contributing to increased breast cancer risk or outcomes.
      However, despite many studies and the findings of meta-analyses, elucidating the
      mechanisms underlying the association remains elusive. At present, there is
      little justification for utilizing thyroid insights as a possible therapeutic
      intervention in breast cancer.

PMID- 27367584
TI  - Mitochondria-Targeting Chromogenic and Fluorescence Turn-On Probe for the
      Selective Detection of Cysteine by Caged Oxazolidinoindocyanine.
AB  - We report a chromogenic and fluorescence turn-on probe based on crotonoyl ester
      functionalized oxazolidinoindole for the selective detection of cysteine in
      neutral buffer. The probe rapidly formed indocyanophenolate through the Michael
      addition and a subsequent cyclization reaction of cysteine, inducing both a
      dramatic bathochromic shift (>130 nm) and a large fluorescence turn-on response
      (F/F0 12) in the UV-vis and fluorescence spectra and affording a micromolar limit
      of detection (LOD = 5.0 MUM) of cysteine in HEPES buffer. When cysteine was
      added, the probe exhibited a dual optical change with strong green fluorescence
      and dramatic red color by the oxazolidinoindole-to-hydroxyethylindolium
      transformation. Further cellular application of the probe was successfully
      performed for the mitochondrial imaging of HeLa cells.

PMID- 27367583
TI  - Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy for Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: A
      Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
AB  - Importance: Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors of the breast are generally
      highly responsive to endocrine treatment. Although endocrine therapy is the
      mainstay of adjuvant treatment for ER+ breast cancer, the role of endocrine
      therapy in the neoadjuvant setting is unclear. Objective: To evaluate the effect
      of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) on the response rate and the rate of
      breast conservation surgery (BCS) for ER+ breast cancer. Data Sources: Based on
      PRISMA guidelines, a librarian-led search of PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE was
      performed to identify eligible trials published from inception to May 15, 2015.
      The search was performed in May 2015. Study Selection: Inclusion criteria were
      prospective, randomized, neoadjuvant clinical trials that reported response rates
      with at least 1 arm incorporating NET (n = 20). Two authors independently
      analyzed the studies for inclusion. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Pooled odds
      ratios (ORs), 95% CIs, and P values were estimated for end points using the fixed
      and random-effects statistical model. Results: The analysis included 20 studies
      with 3490 unique patients. Compared with combination chemotherapy, NET as
      monotherapy with aromatase inhibitors had a similar clinical response rate (OR,
      1.08; 95% CI, 0.50-2.35; P = .85; n = 378), radiological response rate (OR, 1.38;
      95% CI, 0.92-2.07; P = .12; n = 378), and BCS rate (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.41-1.03;
      P = .07; n = 334) but with lower toxicity. Aromatase inhibitors were associated
      with a significantly higher clinical response rate (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.36-2.10;
      P < .001; n = 1352), radiological response rate (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.18-1.89; P <
      .001; n = 1418), and BCS rate (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.24-2.12; P < .001; n = 918)
      compared with tamoxifen. Dual combination therapy with growth factor pathway
      inhibitors was associated with a higher radiological response rate (OR, 1.59; 95%
      CI, 1.04-2.43; P = .03; n = 355), but not clinical response rate (OR, 0.76; 95%
      CI, 0.54-1.07; P = .11; n = 537), compared with endocrine monotherapy. The
      incidence of pathologic complete response was low (<10%). Conclusions and
      Relevance: Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy, even as monotherapy, is associated with
      similar response rates as neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy but with
      significantly lower toxicity, suggesting that NET needs to be reconsidered as a
      potential option in the appropriate setting. Additional research is needed to
      develop rational NET combinations and predictive biomarkers to personalize the
      optimal neoadjuvant strategy for ER+ breast cancer.

PMID- 27367585
TI  - Enrichment of Macular Pigment Enhances Contrast Sensitivity in Subjects Free of
      Retinal Disease: Central Retinal Enrichment Supplementation Trials - Report 1.
AB  - PURPOSE: The high-performance visual function associated with central vision is
      mediated by the macula (the central retina), which accumulates three diet-derived
      pigments (the carotenoids lutein [L], zeaxanthin [Z], and meso-zeaxanthin [MZ]).
      Our study sought to investigate the impact on visual function, including contrast
      sensitivity (CS), of supplementation with these naturally occurring carotenoids,
      in individuals with low retinal concentrations. METHODS: Subjects consumed daily
      a formulation containing 10 mg L, 2 mg Z, and 10 mg MZ (active group; n = 53) or
      placebo (n = 52) for a period of 12 months. Study visits were at baseline, 3, 6,
      and 12 months. Contrast sensitivity at 6 cycles per degree (cpd) was the primary
      outcome measure (POM). Secondary outcome measures included CS at other spatial
      frequencies, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), glare disability, photostress
      recovery, and light scatter. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was measured
      using dual-wavelength autofluorescence, and serum carotenoid concentrations were
      analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Compared
      to placebo, statistically significant improvements from baseline CS were detected
      at 6 (P = 0.002) and 1.2 (P = 0.004) cpd in the active group. Additionally,
      improvements in CS were commensurate with the observed increases in retinal
      concentrations of these carotenoids (r = 0.342, P = 0.002 at 6 cpd). CONCLUSIONS:
      These results indicate that dietary fortification with the macular carotenoids
      can have meaningful effects on visual function.

PMID- 27367586
TI  - Stem Cell-Derived Photoreceptor Transplants Differentially Integrate Into Mouse
      Models of Cone-Rod Dystrophy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Preclinical studies on photoreceptor transplantation provided evidence
      for restoration of visual function with pluripotent stem cells considered as a
      potential source for sufficient amounts of donor material. Adequate preclinical
      models representing retinal disease conditions of potential future patients are
      needed for translation research. Here we compared transplant integration in mouse
      models with mild (prominin1-deficient; Prom1-/-) or severe (cone photoreceptor
      function loss 1/rhodopsin-deficient double-mutant; Cpfl1/Rho-/-) cone-rod
      degeneration. METHODS: For photoreceptor transplant production, we combined the
      mouse embryonic stem cell retinal organoid system with rhodopsin-driven GFP cell
      labeling by recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV). Organoid-derived
      photoreceptors were enriched by CD73-based magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS)
      and transplanted subretinally into wild-type, Prom1-/- and Cpfl1/Rho-/- hosts.
      The survival, maturation, and synapse formation of donor cells was analyzed by
      immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Retinal organoids yielded high photoreceptor
      numbers that were further MACS-enriched to 85% purity. Grafted photoreceptors
      survived in the subretinal space of all mouse models. Some cells integrated into
      wild-type as well as Prom1-/- mouse retinas and acquired a mature morphology,
      expressing rod and synaptic markers in close proximity to second-order neurons.
      In contrast, in the novel Cpfl1/Rho-/- model with complete photoreceptor
      degeneration, transplants remained confined to the subretinal space, expressed
      rod-specific but only reduced synaptic markers, and did not acquire mature
      morphology. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison of photoreceptor grafts in preclinical models
      with incomplete or complete photoreceptor loss, showed differential transplant
      success with effective and impaired integration, respectively. Thus, Cpfl1/Rho-/-
      mice represent a potential benchmark model resembling patients with severe
      retinal degeneration to optimize photoreceptor replacement therapies.

PMID- 27367587
TI  - Using Stem Cells to Rebuild the Outer Neural Retina.

PMID- 27367589
TI  - A Comparison of Over-the-Counter Mechanical Nasal Dilators: A Systematic Review.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The internal nasal valve is the narrowest part of the nasal airway
      and a common site of inspiratory collapse and obstruction of nasal airflow. Over
      the-counter mechanical nasal dilators are an alternative to surgical intervention
      that attempts to improve airflow through the internal nasal valve. OBJECTIVE: To
      determine the efficacy of over-the-counter mechanical nasal dilators and classify
      these products by mechanism. EVIDENCE REVIEW: A database of 33 available over-the
      counter mechanical nasal dilators was generated via a PubMed search as well as an
      internet search via Amazon.com and Google, conducted from April 1, 2013, through
      December 31, 2015. Products determined to be unavailable or discontinued were
      excluded from the database. Of the devices examined in published literature,
      efficacy was based on objective measures, such as measured airflow, the cross
      sectional area of the nasal valve, and changes in resistance. Measures of
      reported sleep quality or patient perception were excluded. FINDINGS: An analysis
      of each product's mechanism revealed 4 broad classes: external nasal dilator
      strips, nasal stents, nasal clips, and septal stimulators. A review demonstrated
      5 studies supporting the use of external nasal dilator strips, 4 studies
      supporting the use of nasal clips, 1 study supporting the use of nasal stents,
      and no studies supporting the use of septal stimulators. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: Our findings suggest that external nasal dilator strips and nasal
      clips effectively relieve obstruction of the internal nasal valve and may be an
      alternative to surgical intervention in some patients.

PMID- 27367590
TI  - Intra- and extracranial atherosclerotic disease: casting a new light on emerging
      trends.
AB  - Intra- and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis has been shown to be associated
      with an increased risk of secondary stroke mortality. Advances in invasive and
      non-invasive imaging modalities have improved analysis of hemodynamic changes and
      allowed better delineation of the integrity of intracranial collateralization and
      plague morphology in patients with artery stenosis. This review focuses on new
      imaging modalities and clinical applications of currently available techniques,
      and provides significant insight into future directions in comprehensive analysis
      of intra- and extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. 

PMID- 27367588
TI  - Hypoxic-Preconditioned Bone Marrow Stem Cell Medium Significantly Improves
      Outcome After Retinal Ischemia in Rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: We have previously demonstrated the protective effect of bone marrow
      stem cell (BMSC)-conditioned medium in retinal ischemic injury. We hypothesized
      here that hypoxic preconditioning of stem cells significantly enhances the
      neuroprotective effect of the conditioned medium and thereby augments the
      protective effect in ischemic retina. METHODS: Rats were subjected to retinal
      ischemia by increasing intraocular pressure to 130 to 135 mm Hg for 55 minutes.
      Hypoxic-preconditioned, hypoxic unconditioned, or normoxic medium was injected
      into the vitreous 24 hours after ischemia ended. Recovery was assessed 7 days
      after injections by comparing electroretinography measurements, histologic
      examination, and apoptosis (TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated
      dUTP nick end labeling assay). To compare proteins secreted into the medium in
      the groups and the effect of hypoxic exposure, we used rat cytokine arrays.
      RESULTS: Eyes injected with hypoxic BMSC-conditioned medium 24 hours after
      ischemia demonstrated significantly enhanced return of retinal function,
      decreased retinal ganglion cell layer loss, and attenuated apoptosis compared to
      those administered normoxic or hypoxic unconditioned medium. Hypoxic
      preconditioned medium had 21 significantly increased protein levels compared to
      normoxic medium. CONCLUSIONS: The medium from hypoxic-preconditioned BMSCs
      robustly restored retinal function and prevented cell loss after ischemia when
      injected 24 hours after ischemia. The protective effect was even more pronounced
      than in our previous studies of normoxic conditioned medium. Prosurvival signals
      triggered by the secretome may play a role in this neuroprotective effect.

PMID- 27367591
TI  - The seductive allure is a reductive allure: People prefer scientific explanations
      that contain logically irrelevant reductive information.
AB  - Previous work has found that people feel significantly more satisfied with
      explanations of psychological phenomena when those explanations contain
      neuroscience information-even when this information is entirely irrelevant to the
      logic of the explanations. This seductive allure effect was first demonstrated by
      Weisberg, Keil, Goodstein, Rawson, and Gray (2008), and has since been replicated
      several times (Fernandez-Duque, Evans, Christian, & Hodges, 2015; Minahan &
      Siedlecki, 2016; Rhodes, Rodriguez, & Shah, 2014; Weisberg, Taylor, & Hopkins,
      2015). However, these studies only examined psychological phenomena. The current
      study thus investigated the generality of this effect and found that it occurs
      across several scientific disciplines whenever the explanations include reductive
      information: reference to smaller components or more fundamental processes. These
      data suggest that people have a general preference for reductive information,
      even when it is irrelevant to the logic of an explanation.

PMID- 27367592
TI  - Qualitative differences in memory for vista and environmental spaces are caused
      by opaque borders, not movement or successive presentation.
AB  - Two classes of space define our everyday experience within our surrounding
      environment: vista spaces, such as rooms or streets which can be perceived from
      one vantage point, and environmental spaces, for example, buildings and towns
      which are grasped from multiple views acquired during locomotion. However,
      theories of spatial representations often treat both spaces as equal. The present
      experiments show that this assumption cannot be upheld. Participants learned
      exactly the same layout of objects either within a single room or spread across
      multiple corridors. By utilizing a pointing and a placement task we tested the
      acquired configurational memory. In Experiment 1 retrieving memory of the object
      layout acquired in environmental space was affected by the distance of the
      traveled path and the order in which the objects were learned. In contrast,
      memory retrieval of objects learned in vista space was not bound to distance and
      relied on different ordering schemes (e.g., along the layout structure).
      Furthermore, spatial memory of both spaces differed with respect to the employed
      reference frame orientation. Environmental space memory was organized along the
      learning experience rather than layout intrinsic structure. In Experiment 2
      participants memorized the object layout presented within the vista space room of
      Experiment 1 while the learning procedure emulated environmental space learning
      (movement, successive object presentation). Neither factor rendered similar
      results as found in environmental space learning. This shows that memory
      differences between vista and environmental space originated mainly from the
      spatial compartmentalization which was unique to environmental space learning.
      Our results suggest that transferring conclusions from findings obtained in vista
      space to environmental spaces and vice versa should be made with caution.

PMID- 27367593
TI  - Chunk formation in immediate memory and how it relates to data compression.
AB  - This paper attempts to evaluate the capacity of immediate memory to cope with new
      situations in relation to the compressibility of information likely to allow the
      formation of chunks. We constructed a task in which untrained participants had to
      immediately recall sequences of stimuli with possible associations between them.
      Compressibility of information was used to measure the chunkability of each
      sequence on a single trial. Compressibility refers to the recoding of information
      in a more compact representation. Although compressibility has almost exclusively
      been used to study long-term memory, our theory suggests that a compression
      process relying on redundancies within the structure of the list materials can
      occur very rapidly in immediate memory. The results indicated a span of about
      three items when the list had no structure, but increased linearly as structure
      was added. The amount of information retained in immediate memory was maximal for
      the most compressible sequences, particularly when information was ordered in a
      way that facilitated the compression process. We discuss the role of immediate
      memory in the rapid formation of chunks made up of new associations that did not
      already exist in long-term memory, and we conclude that immediate memory is the
      starting place for the reorganization of information.

PMID- 27367594
TI  - Pattern and Predictors of Medication Dosing Errors in Chronic Kidney Disease
      Patients in Pakistan: A Single Center Retrospective Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) alters the pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic response of various drugs and increases the risk of toxicity. The
      data regarding the pattern and predictors of medication dosing errors is scare
      from the developing countries. Therefore, the present study was conducted to
      assess the pattern and predictors of medication dosing errors in CKD patients in
      a tertiary care setting in Pakistan. METHODS: A retrospective study design was
      employed and medical charts of all those CKD patients who had an eGFR
      <=60ml/min/1.73m2, hospitalization >=24 hours, and admitted in the nephrology
      unit during January 2013 to December 2014 were assessed. Descriptive statistics
      and the logistic regression analysis were done using IBM SPSS version 20.
      RESULTS: In total, 205 medical charts were assessed. The mean age of patients was
      38.64 (+/-16.82) years. Overall, 1534 drugs were prescribed to CKD patients, of
      which, nearly 34.0% drugs required dose adjustment. Among those drugs, only 41.8%
      were properly adjusted, and the remaining 58.2% were unadjusted. The logistic
      regression analysis revealed that the medication dosing errors were significantly
      associated with the CKD stages, i.e. stage 4 (OR 0.054; 95% CI [0.017-0.177]; p
      <0.001) and stage 5 (OR 0.098; 95% CI [0.040-0.241]; p <0.001), the number of
      prescribed medicines >= 5 (OR 0.306; 95% CI [0.133-0.704]; p 0.005), and the
      presence of a comorbidity (OR 0.455; 95% CI [0.226-0.916]; p 0.027) such as the
      hypertension (OR 0.453; 95% CI [0.231-0.887]; p 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: It is
      concluded that more than half drugs prescribed to CKD patients requiring dose
      adjustment were unadjusted. The predictors of medication dosing errors were the
      severe-to-end stages of chronic kidney disease, the presence of a comorbidity
      such as hypertension, and a higher number of prescribed medicines. Therefore,
      attention should be paid to these risk factors.

PMID- 27367595
TI  - Benign prostatic hyperplasia: A clinical review.
AB  - Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an increasingly common diagnosis seen in
      men over age 50 years. Primary care providers must be aware of patient
      presentation, diagnostic tests, appropriate lifestyle modifications, treatment
      options, and potential complications in order to properly manage and educate
      patients with BPH. If left untreated, BPH can significantly decrease a man's
      quality of life; however, many pharmacologic and surgical treatments are
      available to control the symptoms. 

PMID- 27367596
TI  - Royce W. Murray.

PMID- 27367597
TI  - Presence of HHV-6A in Endometrial Epithelial Cells from Women with Primary
      Unexplained Infertility.
AB  - To elucidate the roles of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 primary unexplained infertile
      women, a prospective randomized study was conducted on a cohort of primary
      unexplained infertile women and a cohort of control women, with at least one
      successful pregnancy. HHV-6 DNA was analyzed and the percentage and immune
      phenotype of resident endometrial Natural Killer (NK) cells, as the first line of
      defense towards viral infections, was evaluated in endometrial biopsies. Cytokine
      levels in uterine flushing samples were analyzed. HHV-6A DNA was found in 43% of
      endometrial biopsies from primary unexplained infertile women, but not in control
      women. On the contrary, HHV-6B DNA was absent in endometrial biopsies, but
      present in PBMCs of both cohorts. Endometrial NK cells presented a different
      distribution in infertile women with HHV6-A infection compared with infertile
      women without HHV6-A infection. Notably, we observed a lower percentage of
      endometrial specific CD56brightCD16- NK cells. We observed an enhanced HHV-6A
      specific endometrial NK cell response in HHV-6A positive infertile women, with a
      marked increase in the number of endometrial NK cells activating towards HHV-6A
      infected cells. The analysis of uterine flushing samples showed an increase in IL
      10 levels and a decrease of IFN-gamma concentrations in infertile women with HHV6
      A infection. Our study indicates, for the first time, that HHV-6A infection might
      be an important factor in female unexplained infertility development, with a
      possible role in modifying endometrial NK cells immune profile and ability to
      sustain a successful pregnancy. 

PMID- 27367598
TI  - Cationic Two-Photon Lanthanide Bioprobes Able to Accumulate in Live Cells.
AB  - An original cationic water-soluble cyclen-based Eu(III) complex [EuL(1)](+)
      featuring a chromophore-functionalized antenna to increase the two-photon (2P)
      absorption properties was synthesized. The photophysical properties were
      thoroughly studied in various solvents and rationalized with the help of
      theoretical calculations. The complex exhibits an optimized 2P absorption cross
      section. Finally, 2P microscopy imaging experiments on living T24 human cancer
      cells highlighted the spontaneous internalization and the biological stability of
      this 2P bioprobe in vitro. Macrocyclic-based antennas open new perspectives for
      future optimization of the photophysical properties and allows envisaging the
      design of Eu, Tb, Yb, and Sm bioprobes. This result also opens the way for the
      design of functional two-photon Ln complexes able to monitor intracellular
      physicochemical parameters. 

PMID- 27367599
TI  - Noninvasively detecting Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 gene status in astrocytoma by
      dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the value of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the noninvasive evaluation of isocitrate
      dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 gene status in astrocytoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      preoperative DSC MRI data of 91 lesions with pathologically confirmed astrocytoma
      were retrospectively analyzed. MR examination was performed on a 3T MRI scanner.
      The normalized maximum ratios of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV ratio) of
      tumor parenchyma were measured. The enrolled astrocytoma patients were divided
      into six groups according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification
      method and IDH1 gene status. The differences in the rCBV ratio of tumor
      parenchyma between the IDH1 gene mutant and wildtype groups of WHO grade II, III,
      and IV were compared and plotted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves
      were drawn. RESULTS: The IDH1 gene mutant and wildtype groups of WHO grade II,
      III, and IV astrocytoma showed differences in the rCBV ratio (P = 0.005, 0.045,
      and 0.005, respectively). In WHO grade II, III, and IV astrocytoma, the area
      under the ROC curve was respectively 0.83, 0.86, and 0.94. The cutoff value of
      the rCBV ratio was respectively 2.20, 3.14, and 5.63. CONCLUSION: The rCBV ratio
      value provided by DSC MRI provides a new potential imaging method for the
      noninvasive evaluation of the IDH1 status in astrocytoma. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 J.
      Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:492-499.

PMID- 27367600
TI  - An Investigation Into the Relationship Between Long-term Posttraumatic Stress
      Disorder Symptoms and Coping in Australian Volunteer Firefighters.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between coping style and long-term
      posttraumatic stress symptoms in an Australian sample of volunteer firefighters
      84 months following a bushfire disaster. A total of 277 firefighters completed 4
      questionnaires to assess patterns of psychiatric morbidity. A 2-way repeated
      measures analysis of variance was conducted to investigate the effect of time and
      disorder on coping. Firefighters evidencing distress were more likely to use both
      problem- and emotion-focused methods of coping. Based on previous research, it
      was hypothesized that problem-focused coping strategies would be used after 84
      months. The use of both problem- and emotion-focused coping may be due to the
      length of time following this disaster or unique characteristics of firefighters.
      These data suggest that present coping theories are not sufficient to account for
      the onset and pattern of psychiatric morbidity within a firefighter sample. The
      authors declare no conflicts of interest including financial, consultant,
      institutional, and other relationships that might lead to bias.

PMID- 27367601
TI  - Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during
      intensified training.
AB  - Elite synchronized swimmers follow high-volume training regimen that result in
      elevated rates of exercise energy expenditure (ExEE). While adequate energy
      intake (EI) is important to optimize recovery, a number of sport-specific
      constraints may lead to chronically low energy availability (EA = EI-ExEE). This
      study aimed to quantify changes in EA, endocrine markers of energy conservation,
      and perceived fatigue in synchronized swimmers, during a week of baseline
      training followed by 4 weeks of intensified training (IT). EI, ExEE, and body
      composition were measured in nine swimmers at Baseline, midpoint (ITWK2 ), and
      end of IT (ITWK4 ). Waking saliva samples were obtained to measure [leptin]s ,
      [ghrelin]s , and [cortisol]s . Fatigue ratings were provided daily. ExEE
      increased by 27% during IT. Swimmers increased EI from Baseline to ITWK2 , but
      decreased it significantly from ITWK2 to ITWK4 . EA, fat mass, and [leptin]s
      decreased from Baseline to ITWK4 , while [ghrelin]s increased significantly.
      Fatigue at ITWK4 was inversely correlated with Baseline EI and EA. The
      significant decrease in EA was accompanied by endocrine signs of energy
      conservation in elite swimmers. As perceived fatigue was associated with low EA,
      particular attention should be paid to these athletes' energy intake during
      phases of heavy training.

PMID- 27367602
TI  - Association between Serum Bilirubin and Acute Intraoperative Hyperglycemia
      Induced by Prolonged Intermittent Hepatic Inflow Occlusion in Living Liver
      Donors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intermittent hepatic inflow occlusion (IHIO) is associated with acute
      hyperglycemia during living donor hepatectomy when the ischemia is prolonged.
      Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant to play an important role for maintaining
      insulin sensitivity and preventing hyperglycemia. Thus, we aimed to test whether
      serum bilirubin level is associated with prolonged IHIO-induced intraoperative
      hyperglycemia. METHODS: Seventy-five living liver donors who underwent a
      prolonged IHIO with a >30 minute cumulative ischemia were included. The
      association between preoperative serum bilirubin concentrations and the risk of
      intraoperative hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentration >180 mg/dl) was
      analyzed using binary logistic regression with adjusting for potential
      confounders including age and steatosis. RESULTS: The number of donors who
      underwent 3, 4, 5, and 6 rounds of IHIO was 41, 22, 7, and 5, respectively.
      Twenty-nine (35%) donors developed intraoperative hyperglycemia. Total bilirubin
      concentration was inversely associated with hyperglycemia risk (odds ratio [OR]
      0.033, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004-0.313, P = 0.003). There was an
      interaction between age and total bilirubin concentration: the effect of lower
      serum total bilirubin (<=0.7 mg/dl) on the development of hyperglycemia was
      greater in older donors (>40 years) than in younger donors (P = 0.0.028 versus P
      = 0.212). Both conjugated bilirubin (OR 0.001 95% CI 0.001-0.684) and
      unconjugated bilirubin (OR 0.011 95% CI 0.001-0.246) showed an independent
      association with hyperglycemia risk. CONCLUSIONS: Lower preoperative serum
      bilirubin was associated with greater risk of prolonged IHIO-induced
      hyperglycemia during living donor hepatectomy particularly in older donors. Thus,
      more meticulous glycemic management is recommended when prolonged IHIO is
      necessary for surgical purposes in old living donors with lower serum bilirubin
      levels.

PMID- 27367603
TI  - Doctors' Perceptions and Practices of Breaking Bad News: A Qualitative Study From
      Greece.
AB  - There is limited information about doctors' communication behaviors and their
      salient beliefs with regard to bad news disclosure in Greece. In this qualitative
      study we investigated the self-reported practices of doctors on breaking bad
      news, their perceptions about the factors affecting the delivery of such news,
      and their beliefs about the most appropriate disclosure manner. A focus group
      discussion and individual interviews were conducted. Twenty-five resident and
      specialist doctors from primary health care and hospital settings participated.
      We analyzed the collected data with content analysis techniques. Participants
      were found to acknowledge the importance of appropriate and effective delivery of
      bad news; however, none of them reported the implementation of empirically
      informed communication practices. They described communication patterns mainly
      formed by their work experience and often guided by the patient's family
      requests. Doctor, patient, and family characteristics and organizational features
      and resources were reported to affect the delivery of bad news. Participants
      perceived the most appropriate disclosure manner as an individualized approach to
      each patient's unique needs. They suggested an interdisciplinary, collaborative
      management of the delivery process and the establishment of formal supportive
      services. These findings may provide useful information for the development of
      tailored, empirically informed curriculum interventions and educational programs
      in order to address several barriers to communication. Sociocultural
      characteristics that influence the disclosure practice, as well as physicians'
      perceptions that are consistent with the optimal information delivery, should be
      taken into account. System-level strategies that focus on the development of
      patient-centered communication also need to be prioritized.

PMID- 27367604
TI  - Low Doses of Oxygen Ion Irradiation Cause Acute Damage to Hematopoietic Cells in
      Mice.
AB  - One of the major health risks to astronauts is radiation on long-duration space
      missions. Space radiation from sun and galactic cosmic rays consists primarily of
      85% protons, 14% helium nuclei and 1% high-energy high-charge (HZE) particles,
      such as oxygen (16O), carbon, silicon, and iron ions. HZE particles exhibit dense
      linear tracks of ionization associated with clustered DNA damage and often high
      relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Therefore, new knowledge of risks from
      HZE particle exposures must be obtained. In the present study, we investigated
      the acute effects of low doses of 16O irradiation on the hematopoietic system.
      Specifically, we exposed C57BL/6J mice to 0.1, 0.25 and 1.0 Gy whole body 16O
      (600 MeV/n) irradiation and examined the effects on peripheral blood (PB) cells,
      and bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor
      cells (HPCs) at two weeks after the exposure. The results showed that the numbers
      of white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and platelets were
      significantly decreased in PB after exposure to 1.0 Gy, but not to 0.1 or 0.25
      Gy. However, both the frequency and number of HPCs and HSCs were reduced in a
      radiation dose-dependent manner in comparison to un-irradiated controls.
      Furthermore, HPCs and HSCs from irradiated mice exhibited a significant reduction
      in clonogenic function determined by the colony-forming and cobblestone area
      forming cell assays. These acute adverse effects of 16O irradiation on HSCs
      coincided with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhanced
      cell cycle entry of quiescent HSCs, and increased DNA damage. However, none of
      the 16O exposures induced apoptosis in HSCs. These data suggest that exposure to
      low doses of 16O irradiation induces acute BM injury in a dose-dependent manner
      primarily via increasing ROS production, cell cycling, and DNA damage in HSCs.
      This finding may aid in developing novel strategies in the protection of the
      hematopoietic system from space radiation. 

PMID- 27367605
TI  - Bilateral Sequential Profound Visual Loss in Tuberous Sclerosis.
AB  - Tuberous sclerosis is a rare, autosomal dominant condition characterized by
      multiple systemic benign tumor growths. Ocular manifestations include the
      development of retinal and optic nerve head astrocytic hamartomas. Retinal
      astrocytic hamartomas are benign, uncommon lesions which rarely progress or cause
      deterioration in visual function. We present a case of profound visual loss in a
      17-year-old male with tuberous sclerosis. He had multiple intracranial lesions
      which had been debulked, secondary hydrocephalus which was shunted, swollen optic
      nerves, and asymmetric astrocytic hamartomas of the optic nerve head and retina.
      He was subsequently registered with severe visual impairment. This case
      demonstrates complex interactions and mechanisms precipitating unexpected
      catastrophic bilateral loss of vision in a teenage boy in a condition which
      rarely impacts visual outcome.

PMID- 27367607
TI  - Pesticides in Brazilian freshwaters: a critical review.
AB  - The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture can lead to water contamination
      and cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. Brazil has been the world's
      top pesticide market consumer since 2008, with 381 approved pesticides for crop
      use. This study provides a comprehensive literature review on the occurrence of
      pesticide residues in Brazilian freshwaters. We searched for information in
      official agency records and peer-reviewed scientific literature. Risk quotients
      were calculated to assess the potential risk posed to aquatic life by the
      individual pesticides based on their levels of water contamination. Studies about
      the occurrence of pesticides in freshwaters in Brazil are scarce and concentrated
      in few sampling sites in 5 of the 27 states. Herbicides (21) accounted for the
      majority of the substances investigated, followed by fungicides (11),
      insecticides (10) and plant growth regulators (1). Insecticides are the class of
      major concern. Brazil would benefit from the implementation of a nationwide
      pesticide freshwater monitoring program to support preventive, remediation and
      enforcement actions. 

PMID- 27367606
TI  - Prevalence and Predictors of Persistent Speech Sound Disorder at Eight Years Old:
      Findings From a Population Cohort Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and predictors of
      persistent speech sound disorder (SSD) in children aged 8 years after
      disregarding children presenting solely with common clinical distortions (i.e.,
      residual errors). METHOD: Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and
      Children (Boyd et al., 2012) were used. Children were classified as having
      persistent SSD on the basis of percentage of consonants correct measures from
      connected speech samples. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were
      performed to identify predictors. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of persistent
      SSD was 3.6%. Children with persistent SSD were more likely to be boys and from
      families who were not homeowners. Early childhood predictors identified as
      important were weak sucking at 4 weeks, not often combining words at 24 months,
      limited use of word morphology at 38 months, and being unintelligible to
      strangers at age 38 months. School-age predictors identified as important were
      maternal report of difficulty pronouncing certain sounds and hearing impairment
      at age 7 years, tympanostomy tube insertion at any age up to 8 years, and a
      history of suspected coordination problems. The contribution of these findings to
      our understanding of risk factors for persistent SSD and the nature of the
      condition is considered. CONCLUSION: Variables identified as predictive of
      persistent SSD suggest that factors across motor, cognitive, and linguistic
      processes may place a child at risk.

PMID- 27367608
TI  - Juvenile Xanthogranuloma: Presenting as an Isolated Renal Involvement.
AB  - Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a histiocytic disorder of childhood that mostly
      affects the skin although extracutaneous and visceral manifestations are well
      documented in English literature. The renal involvement is less commonly
      documented as a manifestation of xanthogranuloma and the reported cases occur in
      conjunction with cutaneous xanthogranuloma, especially in association with
      multiple skin lesions. We present a case of isolated renal JXG presenting as a
      renal mass with perinephric soft tissue and muscle involvement but without any
      cutaneous manifestation. This is the first case report of renal JXG without
      cutaneous involvement, to the best of our knowledge.

PMID- 27367610
TI  - Secret Forwarding of Events over Distributed Publish/Subscribe Overlay Network.
AB  - Publish/subscribe is a communication paradigm where loosely-coupled clients
      communicate in an asynchronous fashion. Publish/subscribe supports the flexible
      development of large-scale, event-driven and ubiquitous systems.
      Publish/subscribe is prevalent in a number of application domains such as social
      networking, distributed business processes and real-time mission-critical
      systems. Many publish/subscribe applications are sensitive to message loss and
      violation of privacy. To overcome such issues, we propose a novel method of using
      secret sharing and replication techniques. This is to reliably and confidentially
      deliver decryption keys along with encrypted publications even under the presence
      of several Byzantine brokers across publish/subscribe overlay networks. We also
      propose a framework for dynamically and strategically allocating broker replicas
      based on flexibly definable criteria for reliability and performance. Moreover, a
      thorough evaluation is done through a case study on social networks using the
      real trace of interactions among Facebook users. 

PMID- 27367611
TI  - [Correction: Future Trends in Medical Rehabilitation in the Context of
      Multimorbidity - Part I: Definition of Terms, Issues and Challenges].
AB  - W. SEGER, W. CIBIS, A. DEVENTER, S. GROTKAMP, N. LuBKE, P.-W. SCHoNLE, M.
      SCHUBERT. DIE ZUKUNFT DER MEDIZINISCH-REHABILITATIVEN VERSORGUNG IM KONTEXT DER
      MULTIMORBIDITaT - TEIL I: BEGRIFFSBESTIMMUNG, VERSORGUNGSFRAGEN UND
      HERAUSFORDERUNGEN KuNSTLERISCHE THERAPEUTEN IM GESUNDHEITSWESEN. GESUNDHEITSWESEN
      2016;: Bei diesem Beitrag fehlte ein Autor und die zugehorige Institutsangabe.
      Nachfolgend die erganzten Autoren und Institute: AUTOREN:: W. Seger1, W. Cibis2,
      A. Deventer3, S. Grotkamp4, N. Lubke5, P.-W. Schonle6, M. Schmidt-Ohlemann7, M.
      Schubert2 INSTITUTE:: 1 MDK Niedersachsen, Hannover 2 Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft
      fur Rehabilitation (BAR), Frankfurt 3 Praxis fur Physikalische und Rehabilitative
      Medizin, Hamburg 4 MDK Niedersachsen, SEG 1, Hannover 5 Kompetenz-Centrum
      Geriatrie (KCG), Hamburg 6 Maternus Kliniken, Bad Oeynhausen 7 Diakonie Bad
      Kreuznach, Rehabilitationsklinik, Bad Kreuznach.

PMID- 27367609
TI  - A High Temperature-Dependent Mitochondrial Lipase EXTRA GLUME1 Promotes Floral
      Phenotypic Robustness against Temperature Fluctuation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
AB  - The sessile plants have evolved diverse intrinsic mechanisms to control their
      proper development under variable environments. In contrast to plastic vegetative
      development, reproductive traits like floral identity often show phenotypic
      robustness against environmental variations. However, it remains obscure about
      the molecular basis of this phenotypic robustness. In this study, we found that
      eg1 (extra glume1) mutants of rice (Oryza savita L.) showed floral phenotypic
      variations in different growth locations resulting in a breakdown of floral
      identity robustness. Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that EG1
      encodes a predominantly mitochondria-localized functional lipase and functions in
      a high temperature-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that numerous
      environmentally responsive genes including many floral identity genes are
      transcriptionally repressed in eg1 mutants and OsMADS1, OsMADS6 and OsG1
      genetically act downstream of EG1 to maintain floral robustness. Collectively,
      our results demonstrate that EG1 promotes floral robustness against temperature
      fluctuation by safeguarding the expression of floral identify genes through a
      high temperature-dependent mitochondrial lipid pathway and uncovers a novel
      mechanistic insight into floral developmental control.

PMID- 27367612
TI  - Understanding the Link Between Cannabinoids and Psychosis.
AB  - The changing legal landscape surrounding cannabis is likely a contributing factor
      to the increasing rates of cannabis use worldwide. Accordingly, consequences of
      cannabis use translate into sizeable public health implications. While the
      medicinal purposes of cannabis are often sensationalized, information regarding
      its harmful effects is largely confined to the scientific community. Therefore,
      educational campaigns informing the public about the links between cannabinoids
      and psychosis are urgently needed.

PMID- 27367613
TI  - Trends in Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration by Birth Weight Among US
      Children, 1999-2012.

PMID- 27367614
TI  - Impact of newer self-monitoring technology and brief phone-based intervention on
      weight loss: A randomized pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Despite the proliferation of newer self-monitoring technology (e.g.,
      activity monitors and smartphone apps), their impact on weight loss outside of
      structured in-person behavioral intervention is unknown. METHODS: A randomized,
      controlled pilot study was conducted to examine efficacy of self-monitoring
      technology, with and without phone-based intervention, on 6-month weight loss in
      adults with overweight and obesity. Eighty participants were randomized to
      receive standard self-monitoring tools (ST, n = 26), technology-based self
      monitoring tools (TECH, n = 27), or technology-based tools combined with phone
      based intervention (TECH + PHONE, n = 27). All participants attended one
      introductory weight loss session and completed assessments at baseline, 3 months,
      and 6 months. RESULTS: Weight loss from baseline to 6 months differed
      significantly between groups P = 0.042; there was a trend for TECH + PHONE (-6.4
      +/- 1.2 kg) to lose more weight than ST (-1.3 +/- 1.2 kg); weight loss in TECH (
      4.1 +/- 1.4 kg) was between ST and TECH + PHONE. Fewer ST (15%) achieved >=5%
      weight losses compared with TECH and TECH + PHONE (44%), P = 0.039. Adherence to
      self-monitoring caloric intake was higher in TECH + PHONE than TECH or ST, Ps <
      0.05. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest use of newer self-monitoring technology
      plus brief phone-based intervention improves adherence and weight loss compared
      with traditional self-monitoring tools. Further research should determine cost
      effectiveness of adding phone-based intervention when providing self-monitoring
      technology.

PMID- 27367615
TI  - Towards antiviral therapies for treating dengue virus infections.
AB  - Dengue virus is an emerging human pathogen that poses a huge public health burden
      by infecting annually about 390 million individuals of which a quarter report
      with clinical manifestations. Although progress has been made in understanding
      dengue pathogenesis, a licensed vaccine or antiviral therapy against this virus
      is still lacking. Treatment of patients is confined to symptomatic alleviation
      and supportive care. The development of dengue therapeutics thus remains of
      utmost importance. This review focuses on the few molecules that were evaluated
      in dengue virus-infected patients: balapiravir, chloroquine, lovastatin,
      prednisolone and celgosivir. The lessons learned from these clinical trials can
      be very helpful for the design of future trials for the next generation of dengue
      virus inhibitors.

PMID- 27367616
TI  - Predicting hydration free energies of amphetamine-type stimulants with a
      customized molecular model.
AB  - Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are a group of incitation and psychedelic drugs
      affecting the central nervous system. Physicochemical data for these compounds
      are essential for understanding the stimulating mechanism, for assessing their
      environmental impacts, and for developing new drug detection methods. However,
      experimental data are scarce due to tight regulation of such illicit drugs, yet
      conventional methods to estimate their properties are often unreliable. Here we
      introduce a tailor-made multiscale procedure for predicting the hydration free
      energies and the solvation structures of ATS molecules by a combination of first
      principles calculations and the classical density functional theory. We
      demonstrate that the multiscale procedure performs well for a training set with
      similar molecular characteristics and yields good agreement with a testing set
      not used in the training. The theoretical predictions serve as a benchmark for
      the missing experimental data and, importantly, provide microscopic insights into
      manipulating the hydrophobicity of ATS compounds by chemical modifications.

PMID- 27367617
TI  - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research-Opportunities for Novel, Innovative, and
      Transformative Partnerships With Patients and Their Families.

PMID- 27367618
TI  - Studies of the binding mode of TXNHCH2COOH with calf thymus DNA by spectroscopic
      methods.
AB  - In this study, a thioxanthone derivative named 2-(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2ylamino)
      acetic acid (TX-NHCH2COOH) was used to investigate small molecule and DNA binding
      interactions. Absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy were used and
      melting studies were used to explain the binding mode of TXNHCH2COOH-DNA.
      Intrinsic binding constant Kb TXNHCH2COOH was found 6*10(5)M(-1)from UV-Vis
      absorption spectroscopy. Fluorescence emmision intensity increased by adding ct
      DNA to the TXNHCH2COOH and KI quenching experiments resulted with low Ksv value.
      Additionally, 3.7 degrees C increase for Tm was observed. The observed quenching
      of EB and ct-DNA complex and increase viscosity values of ct-DNA by addition of
      TXNHCH2COOH was determined. All those results indicate that TXNHCH2COOH can
      intercalate into DNA base pairs. Fluorescence microscopy helped to display
      imaging of the TXNHCH2COOH-DNA solution. 

PMID- 27367619
TI  - Availability and Dissemination of Results From US Food and Drug Administration
      Mandated Postapproval Studies for Medical Devices.

PMID- 27367620
TI  - Current and investigational drugs for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy
      (PDR) are the two complications of diabetes that cause visual loss and blindness.
      Laser photo-coagulation in the past was used to prevent progression of disease to
      these advanced stages. Advances in pathophysiologic understanding of DME and PDR
      have ushered the development of effective targeted therapy that given
      intravitreally improves vision and prevents blindness. While effective, these
      therapies require frequent administration and are not universally effective.
      AREAS COVERED: This purpose of this paper is to review the current
      pathophysiologic understanding and treatments for DME and PDR as well as the
      novel treatments currently being developed. The treatments will be juxtaposed to
      the factor in the disease cascade being targeted. The potential role of these
      novel treatment in the clinical armamentarium are postulated. EXPERT OPINION:
      Mono-therapy, single category targeting is the current strategy being utilized
      clinically. However, diabetic retinopathy needs combination therapy. Therapies
      that will prove successful will address multiple factors involved in the
      pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 27367624
TI  - Renewal.

PMID- 27367621
TI  - Enhancing the Apoptotic Effect of a Low Dose of Paclitaxel on Tumor Cells in Mice
      by Arabinoxylan Rice Bran (MGN-3/Biobran).
AB  - In this study, we examine the ability of arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran)
      to enhance the apoptotic effect of paclitaxel (Taxol) at low concentration [2
      mg/kg body weight (BW)] in animals bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells
      and elucidate its mechanisms of action. On Day 8 following tumor cells
      inoculation, mice bearing tumors were administered MGN-3 alone (40 mg/kg BW),
      paclitaxel alone, or MGN-3 plus paclitaxel. On Day 30 post-tumor inoculation, we
      observed significant suppression of tumor volume (TV) with paclitaxel alone
      (59%), MGN-3 alone (77%), and MGN-3 plus paclitaxel (88%). Inhibition of tumor
      growth post-treatment with both agents, as compared with either treatment alone,
      was associated with a decrease in cell proliferation, a marked increase in the
      sub-G0/G1 population, an increase in DNA damage and apoptosis of tumor cells, and
      a significant maximization of the apoptosis index (AI)/proliferation index (PrI)
      ratio. Histopathological and electron microscopy examination of the combined
      treatment group showed an increase in the degenerative regions of the solid tumor
      tissue and abundant apoptotic cells. These data suggest that MGN-3
      supplementation enhances tumor cell demise in the presence of a low dose of
      chemotherapeutic agent via apoptotic mechanism.

PMID- 27367625
TI  - Corralling the Class II composite resin restoration.

PMID- 27367626
TI  - Pushing it to the limits.

PMID- 27367627
TI  - Dental surgical management of the patient with hemophilia.
AB  - The dental surgical management of a patient with a bleeding disorder can present
      a challenge to the dental provider. This article reviews the clinical
      presentation of hemophilia and describes the management of 2 patients with
      hemophilia who presented for dental extractions. Each patient's hematologist was
      consulted to determine clotting factor replacement therapy, antifibrinolytic
      therapy, and local measures to obtain hemostasis perioperatively. Careful
      coordination with the patient's hematologist in such cases is essential to ensure
      safe treatment. 

PMID- 27367628
TI  - What every dentist should know about coffee.
AB  - Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages throughout the world. Its
      stimulating nature is responsible for much of its popularity, which paradoxically
      has resulted in its reputation for negative effects on consumer health. This
      review will address recent research on the systemic and dental health effects of
      coffee. Many of its supposed harmful effects have been disproved, while many
      protective and beneficial roles for coffee are emerging. 

PMID- 27367629
TI  - Effect of occlusal calculus utilized as a potential "biological sealant" in
      special needs patients with gastric feeding tubes: a qualitative in vitro
      contrast to pit and fissure sealant restorations.
AB  - The aim of this case report and in vitro investigation was to evaluate the
      marginal microleakage of intact occlusal calculus of primary molars extracted
      from a special needs patient who received nutrition via a gastric feeding tube.
      An adolescent with a history of developmental disturbance presented for routine
      dental care in a hospital facility. Prophylaxis was performed, and 2 mandibular
      permanent molars were restored. Five primary molars were extracted due to
      mobility and delayed retention. Heavy deposits of intact calculus were present on
      the occlusal surfaces of the primary teeth. The extracted teeth were immersed in
      methylene blue dye solution, invested in acrylic resin, sectioned into blocks,
      and photographed at 20* and 40* magnification. Previously photographed calculus
      free molars with pit and fissure sealants were reviewed and served as contrasting
      "restorations." The occlusal calculus on the primary teeth extracted from the
      patient absorbed the dye, while the comparison teeth containing pit and fissure
      sealants exhibited varying degrees of marginal dye penetration (microleakage). No
      marginal microleakage was noted in the calculus specimens, indicating that this
      substrate may serve as a "natural" occlusal surface sealant and that its removal
      from occlusal surfaces during routine oral prophylaxis may be unnecessary. 

PMID- 27367630
TI  - Maintenance of pulpal vitality in a tooth with deep caries: a case report.
AB  - Deep caries can induce severe inflammatory reactions. However, inflamed pulp can
      heal if the demineralization process is interrupted and inactivated sufficiently
      early. The aim of this case report is to describe the use of stepwise excavation
      to treat a mature permanent tooth that exhibited deep caries and apical
      periodontitis. A 12-year-old girl was experiencing lingering pain lasting for a
      few minutes in the mandibular left second molar when drinking cold water.
      Clinical and radiographic examinations suggested that a conservative therapeutic
      approach could be successful. The tooth was anesthetized and isolated, and the
      unsupported enamel was removed. The remaining affected dentin was left on the
      pulpal floor, which was protected by a thin layer of calcium hydroxide cement.
      The tooth was sealed with temporary cement. Three months later, pulpal
      sensitivity was reduced. The pulp was found to be healthy at a 9-month follow-up
      examination. The cavity was definitively restored with glass ionomer cement and
      composite resin applied with the sandwich technique. At the 4-year follow-up, the
      tooth remained functional, presenting standard color and satisfactory
      restoration. The periodontal tissues were healthy, and radiographic images
      indicated that the width of the periodontal ligament space was normal. This case
      demonstrates that clinical diagnosis should prevail over radiographic findings,
      even in cases where a radiographic widening of the periodontal ligament space
      suggests irreversible pulpal damage. 

PMID- 27367631
TI  - Biocompatibility of a restorative resin-modified glass ionomer cement applied in
      very deep cavities prepared in human teeth.
AB  - This study evaluated whether a restorative resin-modified glass ionomer cement,
      Vitremer (VM), would be biocompatible with pulp tissue when used as a liner in
      very deep cavities prepared in young human permanent teeth. Two dental cements in
      current use as liner materials, Vitrebond (VB) and Dycal (DY), were compared to
      VM. Class V cavities were prepared in 36 sound premolars that were scheduled for
      extraction, and the cavity floor was lined with the restorative cement (VM) or a
      liner/base control cement (VB or DY). For VM specimens, the cavity floor was
      pretreated with a primer (polyacrylic acid plus 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate).
      Teeth were extracted after 7 or 30 days and processed for microscopic evaluation.
      In the VM group, inward diffusion of dental material components through dentinal
      tubules, associated with disruption of the odontoblastic layer, moderate to
      intense inflammatory response, and resorption of inner dentin, was observed in 2
      teeth at 7 days. These histologic features were observed in 1 tooth at 30 days.
      In the VB group, mild inflammatory reactions and tissue disorganization observed
      at 7 days were resolved at 30 days. No pulpal damage occurred in the DY
      specimens. Of the materials tested, only Vitremer was not considered
      biocompatible, because it caused persistent pulpal damage when applied in very
      deep cavities (remaining dentin thickness less than 0.3 mm). 

PMID- 27367632
TI  - Conservative management of external root resorption after tooth reimplantation: a
      3-year follow-up.
AB  - The aim of this case report is to describe the treatment of a 9-year-old patient
      who suffered external root resorption of the permanent maxillary left lateral
      incisor following reimplantation of the avulsed left central and lateral
      incisors. Sixteen days after reimplantation and splinting of the incisors in a
      hospital emergency department, the patient was brought to the pediatric
      department of a dental school for further treatment. Root canal access was
      created in the maxillary left lateral and central incisors, and calcium hydroxide
      paste was used as intracanal dressing. At the 5-month follow-up, a radiograph
      revealed extensive external root resorption, a communicating root canal, and a
      periodontal lesion affecting the left lateral incisor. Management of the root
      resorption included obturation of the apical third of the canal with gutta percha
      and the middle third with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). At the 3-year recall
      examination, the patient was asymptomatic, and no mobility or soft tissue
      alterations were observed clinically. There was no radiographic sign that
      resorption had progressed. Despite the success of treatment, observation is still
      required. The use of MTA may be considered an alternative treatment for external
      root resorption after tooth reimplantation. The technique may allow tooth
      preservation in children until skeletal growth and development are completed and
      implant treatment may be considered. 

PMID- 27367633
TI  - Shear bond strength comparison of implant-retained overdenture attachment pickup
      materials.
AB  - This study evaluated the shear bond strength (SBS) of 4 different retentive
      materials for the chairside pickup of dental implant attachments. Shear force was
      applied to determine the SBS of each material to denture acrylic resin. The
      difference between SBSs of polymethyl methacrylate and UBAR (claimed to bond to
      metal) to metal housings was also evaluated. There were no statistically
      significant differences among the SBSs of Jet Denture Repair Acrylic, EZ PickUp,
      and UBAR, but Quick Up had an SBS that was significantly lower than that of the
      other 3 materials. In addition, UBAR had a higher SBS to metal housings than did
      processed polymethyl methacrylate. 

PMID- 27367634
TI  - Do we need keratinized mucosa for a healthy peri-implant soft tissue?
AB  - The presence of keratinized mucosa plays a fundamental role in peri-implant soft
      tissue health. This study assessed the impact of the width of keratinized mucosa
      (WKM) on peri-implant soft tissue parameters. A cross-sectional study was
      conducted on 110 bone-level implants in 36 patients. A minimum of 6 months had
      passed since the loading of implants, and the patients had at least 1 implant in
      1 quadrant at the molar or premolar site restored with a single crown or fixed
      partial denture. The health of peri-implant soft tissue was assessed with a
      modified bleeding index (MBI), modified plaque index (MPI), and modified gingival
      index (MGI). Probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and WKM were also
      measured. History of smoking and oral hygiene methods were recorded. A
      significant inverse correlation existed between WKM and the parameters MBI, MPI,
      MGI, and GR (P < 0.05). Values of MBI, MPI, MGI, and GR were significantly lower
      in areas with WKM >= 2 mm and higher in areas with WKM < 2 mm (P < 0.05). The WKM
      was greatest in subjects using the vibratory toothbrushing technique and
      narrowest in those using the horizontal toothbrushing technique (P < 0.05). The
      mean WKM was significantly greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (P < 0.05).
      Results of this study indicate that an association exists between WKM and peri
      implant soft tissue health. A minimum of 2 mm of keratinized mucosa around
      implants is recommended. 

PMID- 27367635
TI  - The effect of preheating and opacity on the sorption and solubility of a
      composite resin.
AB  - This study evaluated the influence of material opacity and preheating on the
      sorption and solubility of a composite resin material. A commercially available
      composite resin and an 8 * 2-mm circular metallic matrix were used to fabricate a
      total of 60 specimens in 6 shades, of which 3 had conventional opacity (CA2, CA3,
      and CA3.5) and 3 were opaque (OA2, OA3, and OA3.5). Specimens were prepared at a
      room temperature of 25 degrees C or preheated to 60 degrees C (n = 5 per shade at
      each temperature). The specimens were weighed 3 times: M1, dried for 24 hours at
      37 degrees C; M2, stored for 7 days in 75% ethanol at 37 degrees C; and M3, dried
      for an additional 24 hours at 37 degrees C. The weights were used to calculate
      the sorption and solubility of the composite resin and were analyzed using 2-way
      analysis of variance and Tukey tests (alpha = 5%). Composite resin specimens
      heated at 60 degrees C yielded lower values of sorption and solubility than did
      specimens prepared at 25 degrees C (P < 0.05). The sorption and solubility of
      conventional and opaque composite shades were found to be similar (P > 0.05),
      except for shade CA2, which presented a greater mean solubility value than OA2 (P
      = 0.004). Therefore, preheating was beneficial, as it lowered both the sorption
      and solubility of the evaluated composite resin, but opacity had little effect on
      these properties. 

PMID- 27367636
TI  - Risk-benefit assessment for antibiotic prophylaxis in asplenic dental patients.
AB  - A review of the published literature revealed that discourse on the topic of
      antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines for the asplenic dental patient is limited and
      that guidelines regarding this issue have not been updated for years. The review
      determined that the professional protocol for the treatment of asplenic dental
      patients has changed over the last 30 years, particularly with reference to adult
      patients. Furthermore, as dentists and physicians now understand that blood-borne
      bacteremias are produced from everyday occurrences such as chewing and
      toothbrushing, bacteremias secondary to dental procedures are no longer viewed as
      seriously as in the past; therefore, the guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis
      have changed. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not routinely indicated prior to dental
      procedures for asplenic adult dental patients without risk factors. However,
      antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered for young children, immunocompromised
      patients with underlying causative disease, or any patient during the first 3
      years after a splenectomy. 

PMID- 27367637
TI  - Adopting caries risk assessment in all practice environments.
AB  - Caries management by risk assessment (CAMBRA) is an evidence-based model intended
      to provide dentists with a protocol for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
      caries by assessing and addressing a patient's overall oral health. The aim of
      this review was to examine the literature on CAMBRA to determine its efficacy.
      Clinical studies demonstrate that the CAMBRA approach is an effective concept
      that is both predictive of dental caries development and accurate in outlining
      appropriate treatment options and preventive strategies that can reduce the
      morbidity of this common disease process across all patient demographics. 

PMID- 27367638
TI  - Management of progressive apical root resorption 13 years after dental trauma and
      primary endodontic treatment.
AB  - Many studies have focused on the search for a restorative material with good
      sealing properties and biocompatibility for treatment of teeth with open apices
      and necrotic pulps, which can result from periradicular disease and root
      resorption. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has exhibited promising clinical
      results in retrograde fillings and pulpotomies as well as for treatment of root
      perforations, root resorptions, incomplete root formations, and pulpal necrosis.
      This case report describes the management of a progressive apical root resorption
      in a previously traumatized tooth that had been endodontically treated. Five
      years of clinical and radiographic follow-up demonstrated the clinical efficacy
      of MTA in limiting the inflammatory resorptive process and promoting
      apexification and regeneration of periradicular tissue. 

PMID- 27367639
TI  - Effect of surface treatments of porcelain on adhesion of Candida albicans.
AB  - Surface treatment of porcelain is required to minimize the adhesion of
      microorganisms to surfaces of the restoration. This study sought to assess the
      effects of 3 different porcelain surface treatments on adhesion of Candida
      albicans. This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 60 porcelain disks
      (10 * 3 mm) randomly divided into 4 groups of 15. The nonglazed group received no
      surface treatment; specimens in the other 3 groups were glazed in the furnace,
      overglazed with liquid glaze, or polished using a polishing kit. The specimens
      were washed, sterilized, and separately incubated with 350 uL of Candida albicans
      suspension for 24 hours. Specimens were then rinsed for 20 seconds and shaken in
      1 mL of saline solution for 1 minute, and 20 uL of this suspension was cultured
      in a plate and incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. Candida albicans colonies
      were counted to assess the number of microorganisms adhering to each disk. Data
      were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistically significant differences
      were found among the 4 groups in terms of C albicans adherence (P = 0.001). The
      nonglazed porcelain had the highest and the overglazed porcelain had the lowest
      mean adherence value. No statistically significant difference was noted between
      glazed and polished specimens. Based on the obtained results, overglazing
      resulted in the least adhesion of C albicans, and polishing provided a surface as
      smooth as a glazed surface. 

PMID- 27367640
TI  - Composite resin bond strength to caries-affected dentin contaminated with 3
      different hemostatic agents.
AB  - Bonding of composite resins to sound and caries-affected dentin in cervical areas
      may necessitate the use of hemostatic agents to control sulcular fluid and
      hemorrhage. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strengths of
      a self-etching adhesive system to sound and caries-affected dentin after the use
      of 3 different hemostatic agents. Composite resin cylinders were bonded to 48
      caries-affected and 48 sound dentin surfaces in 8 groups. Groups 1-4 utilized
      caries-affected dentin: group 1, uncontaminated control; 2, ViscoStat; 3,
      ViscoStat Clear; and 4, trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Groups 5-8 utilized sound
      dentin: group 5, uncontaminated control; 6, ViscoStat; 7, ViscoStat Clear; and 8,
      TCA. The hemostatic agents were applied for 2 minutes and rinsed. After 500
      rounds of thermocycling, shear bond strength tests were carried out. Data were
      analyzed with 1- and 2-way analyses of variance, t test, and post hoc Tukey tests
      at a significance level of P < 0.05. Bond strength was significantly influenced
      by dentin type (F = 38.23; P = 0.0001) and hemostatic agent (F = 6.32; P =
      0.001). Furthermore, groups 2 and 6 (ViscoStat) showed significantly lower bond
      strength values than the control groups (groups 1 and 5) in both affected and
      sound dentin (P = 0.043 and P = 0.009, respectively). Within the limitations of
      this study, the bond strength of composite resin to caries-affected dentin was
      significantly reduced compared to that with sound dentin. Among the studied
      hemostatic agents, ViscoStat resulted in a greater decrease in dentin bond
      strength. Contamination of both sound and caries-affected dentin with hemostatic
      agents decreased composite resin bond strength. Of the 3 hemostatic agents used,
      ViscoStat Clear appeared to have the least detrimental effect on bond strength. 

PMID- 27367641
TI  - Effect of a dedicated oral care program on periodontal status of medically
      compromised patients at the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Dental Clinic.
AB  - Medically compromised patients attending the dental clinic at the Toronto
      Rehabilitation Institute have considerable gingival inflammation and breath odor.
      The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of toothbrushing on the
      periodontal status of these patients and to determine if there were any
      additional benefit in combining brushing with an application of an antibiotic
      rinse. During the first 7 days of the study, the teeth of 11 participants were
      brushed twice a day by a dental hygienist using a soft-bristle suction toothbrush
      without toothpaste. Soft interproximal brushes were used to clean interproximal
      surfaces from the facial aspect. During the second week, facial and interproximal
      cleaning were repeated in the same patients, but the toothbrush and interproximal
      brush were dipped in 10-mL of a solution consisting of water and 40 mg/mL of
      metronidazole with nystatin. Each patient underwent an oral examination and
      biofilm sampling at baseline, after brushing without toothpaste (week 1), and
      after brushing with antibiotic solution (week 2). After week 1, tissues improved
      substantially, and there was a notable change in the biofilm on the teeth. The
      addition of an antibiotic solution increased healing and resulted in a further
      decrease in oral biofilm. Medically compromised patients would benefit
      considerably from a treatment regimen of antibiotic solution to decrease oral
      infection followed by a daily oral care program of brushing and interdental
      cleaning to maintain healthy oral tissues. 

PMID- 27367643
TI  - Rhodium-Catalyzed Interconversion of Quinolinyl Ketones with Boronic Acids via C
      C Bond Activation.
AB  - A rhodium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl and aliphatic quinolinyl ketones with
      boronic acids has been developed. Proceeding via quinoline-directed carbon-carbon
      sigma bond activation, the transformation demonstrates tolerance of a range of
      functional groups on both the ketone and aryl boronic acid substrates, providing
      good to excellent yields of the new ketones, particularly those containing
      electron-withdrawing substituents. Catalyst reactivity is dependent on quinolinyl
      ketone substrates, with alkyl ketones requiring Rh(PPh3)3Cl instead of the more
      reactive [Rh(C2H4)2Cl]2. With the use of K2CO3 as an additive, methyl boronic
      acid is also a competent substrate, giving rise to an unprecedented methylation
      technique.

PMID- 27367642
TI  - Dynamical characterization of inactivation path in voltage-gated Na(+) ion
      channel by non-equilibrium response spectroscopy.
AB  - Inactivation path of voltage gated sodium channel has been studied here under
      various voltage protocols as it is the main governing factor for the periodic
      occurrence and shape of the action potential. These voltage protocols actually
      serve as non-equilibrium response spectroscopic tools to study the ion channel in
      non-equilibrium environment. In contrast to a lot of effort in finding the
      crystal structure based molecular mechanism of closed-state(CSI) and open-state
      inactivation(OSI); here our approach is to understand the dynamical
      characterization of inactivation. The kinetic flux as well as energetic
      contribution of the closed and open- state inactivation path is compared here for
      voltage protocols, namely constant, pulsed and oscillating. The non-equilibrium
      thermodynamic quantities used in response to these voltage protocols serve as
      improved characterization tools for theoretical understanding which not only
      agrees with the previously known kinetic measurements but also predict the
      energetically optimum processes to sustain the auto-regulatory mechanism of
      action potential and the consequent inactivation steps needed. The time dependent
      voltage pattern governs the population of the conformational states which when
      couple with characteristic rate parameters, the CSI and OSI selectivity arise
      dynamically to control the inactivation path. Using constant, pulsed and
      continuous oscillating voltage protocols we have shown that during depolarization
      the OSI path is more favored path of inactivation however, in the hyper-polarized
      situation the CSI is favored. It is also shown that the re-factorisation of
      inactivated sodium channel to resting state occurs via CSI path. Here we have
      shown how the subtle energetic and entropic cost due to the change in the
      depolarization magnitude determines the optimum path of inactivation. It is shown
      that an efficient CSI and OSI dynamical profile in principle can characterize the
      open-state drug blocking phenomena. 

PMID- 27367644
TI  - Characteristics of double care demanding patients in a mental health care setting
      and a nursing home setting: results from the SpeCIMeN study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Older patients suffering from a combination of psychiatric disorders
      and physical illnesses and/or dementia are called Double Care Demanding patients
      (DCDs). Special wards for DCDs within Dutch nursing homes (NHs) and mental health
      care institutions (MHCIs) offer a unique opportunity to obtain insight into the
      characteristics and needs of this challenging population. METHODS: This
      observational cross-sectional study collected data from 163 DCDs admitted to
      either a NH or a MHCI providing specialized care for DCDs. Similarities and
      differences between both DCD groups are described. RESULTS: Neuropsychiatric
      symptoms were highly prevalent in all DCDs but significantly more in MHCI-DCDs.
      Cognitive disorders were far more present in NH-DCDs, while MHCI-DCDs often
      suffered from multiple psychiatric disorders. The severity of comorbidities and
      care dependency were equally high among all DCDs. NH-DCDs expressed more
      satisfaction in overall quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: The institutionalized
      elderly DCD population is very heterogeneous. Specific care arrangements are
      necessary because the severity of a patient's physical illness and the level of
      functional impairment seem to be equally important as the patient's behavioural,
      psychiatric and social problems. Further research should assess the adequacy of
      the setting assignment and the professional skills needed to provide adequate
      care for elderly DCDs.

PMID- 27367645
TI  - Prediction of pathological stage based on clinical stage, serum prostate-specific
      antigen, and biopsy Gleason score: Partin Tables in the contemporary era.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To update the Partin Tables for prediction of pathological stage in
      the contemporary setting and examine trends in patients treated with radical
      prostatectomy (RP) over the past three decades. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From
      January 2010 to October 2015, 4459 men meeting inclusion criteria underwent RP
      and pelvic lymphadenectomy for histologically confirmed prostate cancer at the
      Johns Hopkins Hospital. Preoperative clinical stage, serum prostate-specific
      antigen (PSA) level, and biopsy Gleason score (i.e. prognostic Grade Group) were
      used in a polychotomous logistic regression model to predict the probability of
      pathological outcomes categorised as: organ-confined (OC), extraprostatic
      extension (EPE), seminal vesicle involvement (SV+), or lymph node involvement
      (LN+). Preoperative characteristics and pathological findings in men treated with
      RP since 1983 were collected and clinical-pathological trends were described.
      RESULTS: The median (range) age at surgery was 60 (34-77) years and the median
      (range) PSA level was 4.9 (0.1-125.0) ng/mL. The observed probabilities of
      pathological outcomes were: OC disease in 74%, EPE in 20%, SV+ in 4%, and LN+ in
      2%. The probability of EPE increased substantially when biopsy Gleason score
      increased from 6 (Grade Group 1, GG1) to 3 + 4 (GG2), with smaller increases for
      higher grades. The probability of LN+ was substantially higher for biopsy Gleason
      score 9-10 (GG5) as compared to lower Gleason scores. Area under the receiver
      operating characteristic curves for binary logistic models predicting EPE, SV+,
      and LN+ vs OC were 0.724, 0.856, and 0.918, respectively. The proportion of men
      treated with biopsy Gleason score <=6 cancer (GG1) was 47%, representing a
      substantial decrease from 63% in the previous cohort and 77% in 2000-2005. The
      proportion of men with OC cancer has remained similar during that time, equalling
      73-74% overall. The proportions of men with SV+ (4.1% from 3.4%) and LN+ (2.3%
      from 1.4%) increased relative to the preceding era for the first time since the
      Partin Tables were introduced in 1993. CONCLUSIONS: The Partin Tables remain a
      straightforward and accurate approach for projecting pathological outcomes based
      on readily available clinical data. Acknowledging these data are derived from a
      tertiary care referral centre, the proportion of men with OC disease has remained
      stable since 2000, despite a substantial decline in the proportion of men with
      biopsy Gleason score 6 (GG1). This is consistent with the notion that many men
      with Gleason score 6 (GG1) disease were over treated in previous eras.

PMID- 27367647
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27367646
TI  - Repeated nationwide point-prevalence surveys of antimicrobial use in Swedish
      hospitals: data for actions 2003-2010.
AB  - This study sought to analyse antimicrobial pressure, indications for treatment,
      and compliance with treatment recommendations and to identify possible problem
      areas where inappropriate use could be improved through interventions by the
      network of the local Swedish Strategic Programme Against Antibiotic Resistance
      (Strama) groups. Five point-prevalence surveys were performed in between 49 and
      72 participating hospitals from 2003 to 2010. Treatments were recorded for 19
      predefined diagnosis groups and whether they were for community-acquired
      infection, hospital-acquired infection, or prophylaxis. Approximately one-third
      of inpatients were treated with antimicrobials. Compliance with guidelines for
      treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with narrow-spectrum penicillin was
      17.0% during baseline 2003-2004, and significantly improved to 24.2% in 2010.
      Corresponding figures for quinolone use in uncomplicated cystitis in women were
      28.5% in 2003-2004, and significantly improved, decreasing to 15.3% in 2010. The
      length of surgical prophylaxis improved significantly when data for a single dose
      and 1 day were combined, from 56.3% in 2003-2004 to 66.6% in 2010. Improved
      compliance was possibly the effect of active local feedback, repeated surveys,
      and increasing awareness of antimicrobial resistance. Strama groups are important
      for successful local implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs in
      Sweden. 

PMID- 27367648
TI  - Pitfalls in the identification of Enterococcus species and the detection of vanA
      and vanB genes.
AB  - The aims were to assess the performance of Vitek 2 in identifying enterococcal
      species and the implementation of GeneXpert((r)) vanA/vanB PCR for the detection
      of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Gram-positive cocci from clinical and
      environmental specimens (n = 431) suspicious of being enterococci by conventional
      methods were evaluated by Vitek 2. This system identified 296 Enterococcus
      faecium, 87 Enterococcus faecalis, 10 Enterococcus villorum, 9 Enterococcus
      gallinarum, 9 Enterococcus durans, 5 Enterococcus casseliflavus, 1 Enterococcus
      spp. and 14 isolates as Non-Enterococcus. All strains were submitted to pulsed
      field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showing 64 banding patterns.
      Representative strains from each banding pattern were further characterized to
      species level by 16S rDNA sequencing. The misidentification rate by Vitek 2 to
      species level among 429 molecularly identified enterococci was 6% (26 isolates).
      Additionally, 372 rectal swabs were obtained from critically ill patients. They
      were evaluated for the presence of VRE by ChromID VRE combined with in-house PCR
      vs GeneXpert((r)) . GeneXpert((r)) showed high (>92%) sensitivity, specificity,
      accuracy for vanA-positive Enterococcus detection, as well as, sensitivity and
      specificity for vanB-positive strains. Positive predictive value for detection of
      vanB-positive enterococci by GeneXpert((r)) vanA/vanB was low (30%).
      GeneXpert((r)) showed the same efficacy as ChromID VRE in detecting vanA-positive
      enterococci, but lower for vanB-gene detection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE
      STUDY: The study shows that even though the performance of Vitek 2 Advanced
      Expert System was good in identifying enterococci to species level, it is
      important to verify results by a molecular method when phenotypic findings are
      discordant with epidemiologic patterns. Furthermore, GeneXpert((r)) vanA/vanB PCR
      and ChromID VRE combined with in-house PCR were applied in rectal samples for the
      detection of VRE colonization among critically ill patients. GeneXpert((r))
      showed an excellent performance in detecting vanA-positive enterococci, but false
      positive results for vanB-gene detection render its application problematic in
      departments with high incidence of vanB-positive enterococci.

PMID- 27367649
TI  - Extending Corticostriatal Systems.

PMID- 27367651
TI  - Relationship between peak spatial-averaged specific absorption rate and peak
      temperature elevation in human head in frequency range of 1-30 GHz.
AB  - This study investigates the relationship between the peak temperature elevation
      and the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) averaged over 10 g of tissue in human
      head models in the frequency range of 1-30 GHz. As a wave source, a half-wave
      dipole antenna resonant at the respective frequencies is located in the proximity
      of the pinna. The bioheat equation is used to evaluate the temperature elevation
      by employing the SAR, which is computed by electromagnetic analysis, as a heat
      source. The computed SAR is post-processed by calculating the peak spatial
      averaged SAR with six averaging algorithms that consider different descriptions
      provided in international guidelines and standards, e.g. the number of tissues
      allowed in the averaging volume, different averaging shapes, and the
      consideration of the pinna. The computational results show that the SAR averaging
      algorithms excluding the pinna are essential when correlating the peak
      temperature elevation in the head excluding the pinna. In the averaging scheme
      considering an arbitrary shape, for better correlation, multiple tissues should
      be included in the averaging volume rather than a single tissue. For frequencies
      higher than 3-4 GHz, the correlation for peak temperature elevation in the head
      excluding the pinna is modest for the different algorithms. The 95th percentile
      value of the heating factor as well as the mean and median values derived here
      would be helpful for estimating the possible temperature elevation in the head.

PMID- 27367650
TI  - Regulatory Implications of Structural Changes in Tyr201 of the Oxygen Sensor
      Protein FixL.
AB  - FixL is a heme-based oxygen-sensing histidine kinase that induces the expression
      of nitrogen fixation genes under hypoxic conditions. Oxygen dissociation from
      heme iron in the sensor domain of FixL initiates protein conformational changes
      that are transmitted to the histidine kinase domain, activating
      autophosphorylation activity. Conversely, oxygen binding inhibits FixL kinase
      activity. It is essential to elucidate the changes that occur in the protein
      structure upon this oxygen dissociation for understanding of the allosteric
      transduction mechanism. We measured ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of FixL
      and its mutants for deoxy, oxy, and carbonmonoxy forms to examine the changes in
      protein structure upon oxygen dissociation. The observed spectral changes
      indicated that Tyr201 and its neighboring residues undergo structural changes
      upon oxygen dissociation. Kinase assays showed that substitution of Tyr201
      significantly decreased the inhibition of kinase activity upon oxygen binding.
      These data mean that weakening of the hydrogen bond of Tyr201 that is induced by
      oxygen dissociation is essential for inhibition of kinase activity. We also
      observed spectral changes in Tyr residues in the kinase domain upon oxygen
      dissociation from FixL, which is the first observation of oxygen-dependent
      structural changes in the kinase domain of FixL. The observed structural changes
      support the allosteric transduction pathway of FixL which we proposed previously
      [ Yano, S., Ishikawa, H., Mizuno, M., Nakamura, H., Shiro, Y., and Mizutani, Y. (
      2013 ) J. Phys. Chem. B 117 , 15786 - 15791 ].

PMID- 27367652
TI  - Capsaicin Inhibits Multiple Bladder Cancer Cell Phenotypes by Inhibiting Tumor
      Associated NADH Oxidase (tNOX) and Sirtuin1 (SIRT1).
AB  - Bladder cancer is one of the most frequent cancers among males, and its poor
      survival rate reflects problems with aggressiveness and chemo-resistance. Recent
      interest has focused on the use of chemopreventatives (nontoxic natural agents
      that may suppress cancer progression) to induce targeted apoptosis for cancer
      therapy. Capsaicin, which has anti-cancer properties, is one such agent. It is
      known to preferentially inhibit a tumor-associated NADH oxidase (tNOX) that is
      preferentially expressed in cancer/transformed cells. Here, we set out to
      elucidate the correlation between tNOX expression and the inhibitory effects of
      capsaicin in human bladder cancer cells. We showed that capsaicin downregulates
      tNOX expression and decreases bladder cancer cell growth by enhancing apoptosis.
      Moreover, capsaicin was found to reduce the expression levels of several proteins
      involved in cell cycle progression, in association with increases in the cell
      doubling time and enhanced cell cycle arrest. Capsaicin was also shown to inhibit
      the activation of ERK, thereby reducing the phosphorylation of paxillin and FAK,
      which leads to decreased cell migration. Finally, our results indicate that RNA
      interference-mediated tNOX depletion enhances spontaneous apoptosis, prolongs
      cell cycle progression, and reduces cell migration and the epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition. We also observed a downregulation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in these tNOX
      knockdown cells, a deacetylase that is important in multiple cellular functions.
      Taken together, our results indicate that capsaicin inhibits the growth of
      bladder cancer cells by inhibiting tNOX and SIRT1 and thereby reducing
      proliferation, attenuating migration, and prolonging cell cycle progression. 

PMID- 27367653
TI  - Capsaicin: Current Understanding of Its Mechanisms and Therapy of Pain and Other
      Pre-Clinical and Clinical Uses.
AB  - In this review, we discuss the importance of capsaicin to the current
      understanding of neuronal modulation of pain and explore the mechanisms of
      capsaicin-induced pain. We will focus on the analgesic effects of capsaicin and
      its clinical applicability in treating pain. Furthermore, we will draw attention
      to the rationale for other clinical therapeutic uses and implications of
      capsaicin in diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular conditions,
      cancer, airway diseases, itch, gastric, and urological disorders. 

PMID- 27367655
TI  - Special Issue "Membrane Catalysis".
AB  - Membrane technology is recognized as a scientific sector of multidisciplinary
      interest.[...]. 

PMID- 27367654
TI  - Relevance of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profiles of Puerariae
      lobatae Radix to Aggregation of Multi-Component Molecules in Aqueous Decoctions.
AB  - The complexity of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is related to their multi
      component system. TCM aqueous decoction is a common clinical oral formulation.
      Between molecules in solution, there exist intermolecular strong interactions to
      form chemical bonds or weak non-bonding interactions such as hydrogen bonds and
      Van der Waals forces, which hold molecules together to form "molecular
      aggregates". Taking the TCM Puerariae lobatae Radix (Gegen) as an example, we
      explored four Gegen decoctions of different concentration of 0.019, 0.038, 0.075,
      and 0.30 g/mL, named G-1, G-2, G-3, and G-4. In order of molecular aggregate size
      (diameter) the four kinds of solution were ranked G-1 < G-2 < G-3 < G-4 by Flow
      Cell 200S IPAC image analysis. A rabbit vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency
      (VBI) model was set up and they were given Gegen decoction (GGD) at a clinical
      dosage of 0.82 g/kg (achieved by adjusting the gastric perfusion volume depending
      on the concentration). The HPLC fingerprint of rabbit plasma showed that the
      chemical component absorption into blood in order of peak area values was G-1 < G
      2 > G-3 > G-4. Puerarin and daidzin are the major constituents of Gegen, and the
      pharmacokinetics of G-1 and G-2 puerarin conformed with the two compartment open
      model, while for G-3 and G-4, they conformed to a one compartment open model. For
      all four GGDs the pharmacokinetics of daidzin complied with a one compartment
      open model. FQ-PCR assays of rabbits' vertebrobasilar arterial tissue were
      performed to determine the pharmacodynamic profiles of the four GGDs. GGD
      markedly lowered the level of AT1R mRNA, while the AT2R mRNA level was increased
      significantly vs. the VBI model, and G-2 was the most effective. In theory the
      dosage was equal to the blood drug concentration and should be consistent;
      however, the formation of molecular aggregates affects drug absorption and
      metabolism, and therefore influences drugs' effects. Our data provided references
      for the rational use of Chinese medicines in the clinic, such as the best oral
      preparation and decoction concentration. 

PMID- 27367656
TI  - Quality Evaluation of Scrophulariae Radix Processed by Different 'Sweating'
      Methods Based on Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Bioactive Constituents
      Combined with Grey Relational Analysis.
AB  - Scrophulariae Radix is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines
      (TCMs), which needs to be processed by 'sweating' methods. Primary processing of
      Scrophulariae Radix is an important link which closely relates to the quality of
      products in this TCM. To facilitate selection of the suitable 'sweating'
      processing method for Scrophulariae Radix, in this study the quality of
      Scrophulariae Radix processed by different 'sweating' methods was evaluated based
      on simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents combined with
      grey relational analysis. The contents of iridoid glycosides, phenylpropanoid
      glycosides, and organic acids in Scrophulariae Radix processed by different
      'sweating' methods were simultaneously determined using ultra high performance
      liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass
      spectrometry (UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS). Furthermore, grey relational analysis (GRA) was
      performed to evaluate the 'sweating' processed samples according to the contents
      of twelve constituents. All of the results demonstrated that the quality of
      Scrophulariae Radix processed by oven drying at 35  degrees C and 'sweating' for
      three days was better. The developed method was useful for the overall assessment
      on quality of Scrophulariae Radix, and this study may provide the foundation and
      support for 'sweating' processing of Scrophulariae Radix in normalization and
      standardization. 

PMID- 27367657
TI  - The Effects and Mechanisms of Periplaneta americana Extract Reversal of Multi
      Drug Resistance in BEL-7402/5-FU Cells.
AB  - The present study reports the reversing effects of extracts from P. americana on
      multidrug resistance of BEL-7402/5-FU cells, as well as a preliminary
      investigation on their mechanism of action. A methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT)
      method was applied to determine the multidrug resistance of BEL-7402/5-FU, while
      an intracellular drug accumulation assay was used to evaluate the effects of a
      column chromatography extract (PACC) and defatted extract (PADF) from P.
      americana on reversing multi-drug resistance. BEL-7402/5-FU reflected high
      resistance to 5-FU; PACC and PADF could promote drug accumulation in BEL-7402/5
      FU cells, among which PADF was more effective than PACC. Moreover, results from
      the immunocytochemical method showed that PACC and PADF could downregulate the
      expression of drug resistance-associated proteins (P-gp, MRP, LRP); PACC and PADF
      had no effects on the expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes (GST
      pi), but PACC could increase the expression of multidrug resistance-associated
      enzymes (PKC). Results of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR revealed that
      PACC and PADF were able to markedly inhibit the expression of multidrug
      resistance-associated genes (MDR1, LRP and MRP1); PACC presented a significant
      impact on the gene expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes, which
      increased the gene expression of GST-pi and PKC. However, PADF had little impact
      on the expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes. These results
      demonstrated that PACC and PADF extracted from P. americana could effectively
      reverse MDR in BEL-7402/5-FU cells, whose mechanism was to inhibit the expression
      of P-gp, MRP, and LRP, and that PADF was more effective in the reversal of MDR
      than did PACC. In addition, some of extracts from P. americana altered (sometimes
      increasing) the expression of multidrug resistance-associated enzymes. 

PMID- 27367658
TI  - Rational Design and Synthesis of New, High Efficiency, Multipotent Schiff Base
      1,2,4-triazole Antioxidants Bearing Butylated Hydroxytoluene Moieties.
AB  - A new series of multipotent antioxidants (MPAOs), namely Schiff base-1,2,4
      triazoles attached to the oxygen-derived free radical scavenging moiety butylated
      hydroxytoluene (BHT) were designed and subsequently synthesized. The structure
      activity relationship (SAR) of the designed antioxidants was established
      alongside the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS). The
      antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds 4-10 were tested by the DPPH
      bioassay. The synthesized compounds 4-10 inhibited stable DPPH free radicals at a
      level that is 10(-4) M more than the well-known standard antioxidant BHT.
      Compounds 8-10 with para-substituents were less active than compounds 4 and 5
      with trimethoxy substituents compared to those with a second BHT moiety
      (compounds 6 and 7). With an IC50 of 46.13 +/- 0.31 uM, compound 6 exhibited the
      most promising in vitro inhibition at 89%. Therefore, novel MPAOs containing
      active triazole rings, thioethers, Schiff bases, and BHT moieties are suggested
      as potential antioxidants for inhibiting oxidative stress processes and
      scavenging free radicals, hence, this combination of functions is anticipated to
      play a vital role in repairing cellular damage, preventing various human diseases
      and in medical therapeutic applications. 

PMID- 27367659
TI  - Dyeing of Polyester with Disperse Dyes: Part 2. Synthesis and Dyeing
      Characteristics of Some Azo Disperse Dyes for Polyester Fabrics.
AB  - The goal of this study was to utilize carrier for accelerating the rate of dyeing
      not only to enhance dyeing of polyester fabrics dyed with disperse dyes 3a,b, but
      also to save energy. Both the color strength expressed as dye uptake and the
      fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were evaluated. 

PMID- 27367660
TI  - In Silico Mining for Antimalarial Structure-Activity Knowledge and Discovery of
      Novel Antimalarial Curcuminoids.
AB  - Malaria is a parasitic tropical disease that kills around 600,000 patients every
      year. The emergence of resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites to artemisinin
      based combination therapies (ACTs) represents a significant public health threat,
      indicating the urgent need for new effective compounds to reverse ACT resistance
      and cure the disease. For this, extensive curation and homogenization of
      experimental anti-Plasmodium screening data from both in-house and ChEMBL sources
      were conducted. As a result, a coherent strategy was established that allowed
      compiling coherent training sets that associate compound structures to the
      respective antimalarial activity measurements. Seventeen of these training sets
      led to the successful generation of classification models discriminating whether
      a compound has a significant probability to be active under the specific
      conditions of the antimalarial test associated with each set. These models were
      used in consensus prediction of the most likely active from a series of
      curcuminoids available in-house. Positive predictions together with a few
      predicted as inactive were then submitted to experimental in vitro antimalarial
      testing. A large majority from predicted compounds showed antimalarial activity,
      but not those predicted as inactive, thus experimentally validating the in silico
      screening approach. The herein proposed consensus machine learning approach
      showed its potential to reduce the cost and duration of antimalarial drug
      discovery. 

PMID- 27367661
TI  - Ultrasonic Synthesis, Molecular Structure and Mechanistic Study of 1,3-Dipolar
      Cycloaddition Reaction of 1-Alkynylpyridinium-3-olate and Acetylene Derivatives.
AB  - Regioselectively, ethyl propiolate reacted with 1-(propergyl)-pyridinium-3-olate
      to give two regioisomers; ethyl 4-oxo-8-(prop-2-ynyl)-8-aza-bicyclo(3.2.1)octa
      2,6-diene-6-carboxylate 4, ethyl 2-oxo-8-(prop-2-ynyl)-8-aza-bicyclo(3.2.1)octa
      3,6-diene-6-carboxylate 5 as well as ethyl 2,6-dihydro-6-(prop-2-ynyl)furo(2,3
      c)pyridine-3-carboxylate 6. The obtained compounds were identified by their
      spectral (IR, mass and NMR) data. Moreover, DFT quantum chemical calculations
      were used to study the mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction. The
      regioselectivity was explained using transition state calculations, where the
      calculations agreed with the formation of products 4 and 5 in almost the same
      ratio. The reaction was also extended for diphenylaceylene as dipolarophile to
      give only two products instead of three. 

PMID- 27367662
TI  - Artonin E and Structural Analogs from Artocarpus Species Abrogates Estrogen
      Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer.
AB  - The increasing rate of mortality ensued from breast cancer has encouraged
      research into safer and efficient therapy. The human Estrogen receptor alpha has
      been implicated in the majority of reported breast cancer cases. Molecular
      docking employing Glide, Schrodinger suite 2015, was used to study the binding
      affinities of small molecules from the Artocarpus species after their drug-like
      properties were ascertained. The structure of the ligand-binding domain of human
      Estrogen receptor alpha was retrieved from Protein Data Bank while the structures
      of compounds were collected from PubChem database. The binding interactions of
      the studied compounds were reported as well as their glide scores. The best glide
      scored ligand, was Artonin E with a score of -12.72 Kcal when compared to other
      studied phytomolecules and it evoked growth inhibition of an estrogen receptor
      positive breast cancer cells in submicromolar concentration (3.8-6.9 uM) in
      comparison to a reference standard Tamoxifen (18.9-24.1 uM) within the tested
      time point (24-72 h). The studied ligands, which had good interactions with the
      target receptor, were also drug-like when compared with 95% of orally available
      drugs with the exception of Artoelastin, whose predicted physicochemical
      properties rendered it less drug-like. The in silico physicochemical properties,
      docking interactions and growth inhibition of the best glide scorer are
      indications of the anti-breast cancer relevance of the studied molecules. 

PMID- 27367663
TI  - Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Investigate the Binding Mode of the Natural
      Product Liphagal with Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase alpha.
AB  - Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kalpha) is an attractive target for
      anticancer drug design. Liphagal, isolated from the marine sponge Aka
      coralliphaga, possesses the special "liphagane" meroterpenoid carbon skeleton and
      has been demonstrated as a PI3Kalpha inhibitor. Molecular docking and molecular
      dynamics simulations were performed to explore the dynamic behaviors of PI3Kalpha
      binding with liphagal, and free energy calculations and energy decomposition
      analysis were carried out by use of molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann
      (generalized Born) surface area (MM/PB(GB)SA) methods. The results reveal that
      the heteroatom rich aromatic D-ring of liphagal extends towards the polar region
      of the binding site, and the D-ring 15-hydroxyl and 16-hydroxyl form three
      hydrogen bonds with Asp810 and Tyr836. The cyclohexyl A-ring projects up into the
      upper pocket of the lipophilic region, and the hydrophobic/van der Waals
      interactions with the residues Met772, Trp780, Ile800, Ile848, Val850, Met922,
      Phe930, Ile932 could be the key interactions for the affinity of liphagal to
      PI3Kalpha. Thus, a new strategy for the rational design of more potent analogs of
      liphagal against PI3Kalpha is provided. Our proposed PI3Kalpha/liphagal binding
      mode would be beneficial for the discovery of new active analogs of liphagal
      against PI3Kalpha. 

PMID- 27367664
TI  - Alendronate-Loaded Modified Drug Delivery Lipid Particles Intended for Improved
      Oral and Topical Administration.
AB  - The present paper focuses on solid lipid particles (SLPs), described in the
      literature as the most effective lipid drug delivery systems that have been
      introduced in the last decades, as they actually combine the advantages of
      polymeric particles, hydrophilic/lipophilic emulsions and liposomes. In the
      current study, we present our most recent advances in the preparation of
      alendronate (AL)-loaded SLPs prepared by hot homogenization and ultrasonication
      using various ratios of a self-emulsifying lipidic mixture of Compritol 888,
      Gelucire 44/14, and Cremophor A 25. The prepared AL-loaded SLPs were investigated
      for their physicochemical, morphological and structural characteristics by
      dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric
      and powder X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, optical and
      scanning electron microscopy. Entrapment efficacy and actual drug content were
      assessed by a validated HPLC method. In vitro dissolution tests performed in
      simulated gastro-intestinal fluids and phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4 revealed
      a prolonged release of AL of 70 h. Additionally, release kinetics analysis showed
      that both in simulated gastrointestinal fluids and in phosphate buffer solution,
      AL is released from SLPs based on equal ratios of lipid excipients following zero
      order kinetics, which characterizes prolonged-release drug systems. 

PMID- 27367665
TI  - Study of the Activity and Possible Mechanism of Action of a Reversible Inhibitor
      of Recombinant Human KAT-2: A Promising Lead in Neurodegenerative and Cognitive
      Disorders.
AB  - Abnormal levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the human brain are believed to be
      connected to several central nervous system (CNS) diseases, therefore compounds
      which affect the production of this crucial metabolite are of interest in CNS
      drug development. The majority of KYNA production is accounted for by kynurenine
      aminotransferase-2 (KAT-2) in the mammalian brain; hence this enzyme is one of
      the most interesting targets with which to modulate KYNA levels. Recently
      developed human KAT-2 inhibitors with high potencies are known to irreversibly
      bind to the enzyme cofactor, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), which may lead to
      severe side effects due to the abundance of PLP-dependent enzymes. In this study,
      we report a reversible and competitive inhibitor of KAT-2. Its inhibitory
      activities were examined using HPLC and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and
      compare favorably with other recently reported KAT-2 inhibitors. Our inhibitor,
      NS-1502, demonstrates suitable inhibitory activity, almost 10 times more potent
      than the known reversible KAT-2, (S)-ESBA. 

PMID- 27367666
TI  - One Pot Selective Arylation of 2-Bromo-5-Chloro Thiophene; Molecular Structure
      Investigation via Density Functional Theory (DFT), X-ray Analysis, and Their
      Biological Activities.
AB  - Synthesis of 2,5-bisarylthiophenes was accomplished by sequential Suzuki cross
      coupling reaction of 2-bromo-5-chloro thiophenes. Density functional theory (DFT)
      studies were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G(d, p) level of theory to compare the
      geometric parameters of 2,5-bisarylthiophenes with those from X-ray diffraction
      results. The synthesized compounds are screened for in vitro bacteria scavenging
      abilities. At the concentration of 50 and 100 MUg/mL, compounds 2b, 2c, 2d, 3c,
      and 3f with IC50-values of 51.4, 52.10, 58.0, 56.2, and 56.5 MUg/mL respectively,
      were found most potent against E. coli. Among all the synthesized compounds 2a,
      2d, 3c, and 3e with the least values of IC50 77, 76.26, 79.13 MUg/mL respectively
      showed significant antioxidant activities. Almost all of the compounds showed
      good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, whereas 2-chloro-5-(4
      methoxyphenyl) thiophene (2b) was found most active among all synthesized
      compound with an IC50 value of 51.4 MUg/mL. All of the synthesized compounds were
      screened for nitric oxide scavenging activity as well. Frontier molecular
      orbitals (FMOs) and molecular electrostatic potentials of the target compounds
      were also studied theoretically to account for their relative reactivity. 

PMID- 27367667
TI  - Stable Isotope-Assisted Evaluation of Different Extraction Solvents for
      Untargeted Metabolomics of Plants.
AB  - The evaluation of extraction protocols for untargeted metabolomics approaches is
      still difficult. We have applied a novel stable isotope-assisted workflow for
      untargeted LC-HRMS-based plant metabolomics , which allows for the first time
      every detected feature to be considered for method evaluation. The efficiency and
      complementarity of commonly used extraction solvents, namely 1 + 3 (v/v) mixtures
      of water and selected organic solvents (methanol, acetonitrile or
      methanol/acetonitrile 1 + 1 (v/v)), with and without the addition of 0.1% (v/v)
      formic acid were compared. Four different wheat organs were sampled, extracted
      and analysed by LC-HRMS. Data evaluation was performed with the in-house
      developed MetExtract II software and R. With all tested solvents a total of 871
      metabolites were extracted in ear, 785 in stem, 733 in leaf and 517 in root
      samples, respectively. Between 48% (stem) and 57% (ear) of the metabolites
      detected in a particular organ were found with all extraction mixtures, and 127
      of 996 metabolites were consistently shared between all extraction agent/organ
      combinations. In aqueous methanol, acidification with formic acid led to
      pronounced pH dependency regarding the precision of metabolite abundance and the
      number of detectable metabolites, whereas extracts of acetonitrile-containing
      mixtures were less affected. Moreover, methanol and acetonitrile have been found
      to be complementary with respect to extraction efficiency. Interestingly, the
      beneficial properties of both solvents can be combined by the use of a water
      methanol-acetonitrile mixture for global metabolite extraction instead of aqueous
      methanol or aqueous acetonitrile alone. 

PMID- 27367668
TI  - Mechanisms Underlying Activation of alpha1-Adrenergic Receptor-Induced
      Trafficking of AQP5 in Rat Parotid Acinar Cells under Isotonic or Hypotonic
      Conditions.
AB  - Defective cellular trafficking of aquaporin-5 (AQP5) to the apical plasma
      membrane (APM) in salivary glands is associated with the loss of salivary fluid
      secretion. To examine mechanisms of alpha1-adrenoceptor (AR)-induced trafficking
      of AQP5, immunoconfocal microscopy and Western blot analysis were used to analyze
      AQP5 localization in parotid tissues stimulated with phenylephrine under
      different osmolality. Phenylephrine-induced trafficking of AQP5 to the APM and
      lateral plasma membrane (LPM) was mediated via the alpha1A-AR subtype, but not
      the alpha1B- and alpha1D-AR subtypes. Phenylephrine-induced trafficking of AQP5
      was inhibited by ODQ and KT5823, inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO)-stimulated
      guanylcyclase (GC) and protein kinase (PK) G, respectively, indicating the
      involvement of the NO/ soluble (c) GC/PKG signaling pathway. Under isotonic
      conditions, phenylephrine-induced trafficking was inhibited by La(3+), implying
      the participation of store-operated Ca(2+) channel. Under hypotonic conditions,
      phenylephrine-induced trafficking of AQP5 to the APM was higher than that under
      isotonic conditions. Under non-stimulated conditions, hypotonicity-induced
      trafficking of AQP5 to the APM was inhibited by ruthenium red and La(3+),
      suggesting the involvement of extracellular Ca(2+) entry. Thus, alpha1A-AR
      activation induced the trafficking of AQP5 to the APM and LPM via the Ca(2+)/
      cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/PKG signaling pathway, which is associated
      with store-operated Ca(2+) entry. 

PMID- 27367669
TI  - A Homogeneous Polysaccharide from Fructus Schisandra chinensis (Turz.) Baill
      Induces Mitochondrial Apoptosis through the Hsp90/AKT Signalling Pathway in HepG2
      Cells.
AB  - According to the potential anti-hepatoma therapeutic effect of Schisandra
      chinensis polysaccharides presented in previous studies, a bioactive constituent,
      homogeneous Schisandra chinensis polysaccharide-0-1 (SCP-0-1), molecular weight
      (MW) circa 69.980 kDa, was isolated and purified. We assessed the efficacy of SCP
      0-1 against human hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells to investigate the
      effects of its antitumour activity and molecular mechanisms. Anticancer activity
      was evaluated using microscopy, 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5
      diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, Hoechst 33258 staining, acridine orange
      (AO) staining, flow cytometry (FCM), and cell-cycle analysis. SCP-0-1 inhibited
      the HepG2 cells' growth via inducing apoptosis and second gap/mitosis (G2/M)
      arrest dose-dependently, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)
      value of 479.63 ug/mL. Western blotting of key proteins revealed the apoptotic
      and autophagic potential of SCP-0-1. Besides, SCP-0-1 upregulated Bcl-2
      Associated X Protein (Bax) and downregulated B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)
      in the HepG2 cells. The expression of caspase-3, -8, and -9; poly (ADP-ribose)
      polymerase (PARP); cytochrome c (Cyt C); tumor protein 53 (p53); survivin;
      sequestosome 1 (p62); microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain-3B (LC3B);
      mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38); extracellular regulated protein
      kinases (ERK); c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); protein kinase B (AKT); and heat
      shock protein 90 (Hsp90) were evaluated using Western blotting. Our findings
      demonstrate a novel mechanism through which SCP-0-1 exerts its antiproliferative
      activity and induces mitochondrial apoptosis rather than autophagy. The induction
      of mitochondrial apoptosis was attributed to the inhibition of the Hsp90/AKT
      signalling pathway in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-independent
      manner. The results also provide initial evidence on a molecular basis that SCP-0
      1 can be used as an anti-hepatocellular carcinoma therapeutic agent in the
      future. 

PMID- 27367670
TI  - Computational Identification of the Paralogs and Orthologs of Human Cytochrome
      P450 Superfamily and the Implication in Drug Discovery.
AB  - The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily consisting of 57 functional genes is
      the most important group of Phase I drug metabolizing enzymes that oxidize a
      large number of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds, including therapeutic drugs
      and environmental toxicants. The CYP superfamily has been shown to expand itself
      through gene duplication, and some of them become pseudogenes due to gene
      mutations. Orthologs and paralogs are homologous genes resulting from speciation
      or duplication, respectively. To explore the evolutionary and functional
      relationships of human CYPs, we conducted this bioinformatic study to identify
      their corresponding paralogs, homologs, and orthologs. The functional
      implications and implications in drug discovery and evolutionary biology were
      then discussed. GeneCards and Ensembl were used to identify the paralogs of human
      CYPs. We have used a panel of online databases to identify the orthologs of human
      CYP genes: NCBI, Ensembl Compara, GeneCards, OMA ("Orthologous MAtrix") Browser,
      PATHER, TreeFam, EggNOG, and Roundup. The results show that each human CYP has
      various numbers of paralogs and orthologs using GeneCards and Ensembl. For
      example, the paralogs of CYP2A6 include CYP2A7, 2A13, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C18, 2C19,
      2D6, 2E1, 2F1, 2J2, 2R1, 2S1, 2U1, and 2W1; CYP11A1 has 6 paralogs including
      CYP11B1, 11B2, 24A1, 27A1, 27B1, and 27C1; CYP51A1 has only three paralogs:
      CYP26A1, 26B1, and 26C1; while CYP20A1 has no paralog. The majority of human CYPs
      are well conserved from plants, amphibians, fishes, or mammals to humans due to
      their important functions in physiology and xenobiotic disposition. The data from
      different approaches are also cross-validated and validated when experimental
      data are available. These findings facilitate our understanding of the
      evolutionary relationships and functional implications of the human CYP
      superfamily in drug discovery. 

PMID- 27367671
TI  - Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis for
      the Rapid and Accurate Characterization of Hexacosanoylceramide.
AB  - Ceramides are a central unit of all sphingolipids which have been identified as
      sites of biological recognition on cellular membranes mediating cell growth and
      differentiation. Several glycosphingolipids have been isolated, displaying
      immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. These molecules have generated
      considerable interest as potential vaccine adjuvants in humans. Accurate analyses
      of these and related sphingosine analogues are important for the characterization
      of structure, biological function, and metabolism. We report the complementary
      use of direct laser desorption ionization (DLDI), sheath flow electrospray
      ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
      (FTICR MS) and high-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis for the
      rapid, accurate identification of hexacosanoylceramide and starting materials.
      DLDI does not require stringent sample preparation and yields representative
      ions. Sheath-flow ESI yields ions of the product and byproducts and was
      significantly better than monospray ESI due to improved compound solubility.
      Negative ion sheath flow ESI provided data of starting materials and products all
      in one acquisition as hexacosanoic acid does not ionize efficiently when
      ceramides are present. NMR provided characterization of these lipid molecules
      complementing the results obtained from MS analyses. NMR data was able to
      differentiate straight chain versus branched chain alkyl groups not easily
      obtained from mass spectrometry. 

PMID- 27367673
TI  - The NAD-Dependent Deacetylase Sirtuin-1 Regulates the Expression of Osteogenic
      Transcriptional Activator Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2 (Runx2) and
      Production of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 in Chondrocytes in
      Osteoarthritis.
AB  - Aging is one of the major pathologic factors associated with osteoarthritis (OA).
      Recently, numerous reports have demonstrated the impact of sirtuin-1 (Sirt1),
      which is the NAD-dependent deacetylase, on human aging. It has been demonstrated
      that Sirt1 induces osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal
      stem cells. However, the role of Sirt1 in the OA chondrocytes still remains
      unknown. We postulated that Sirt1 regulates a hypertrophic chondrocyte lineage
      and degeneration of articular cartilage through the activation of osteogenic
      transcriptional activator Runx2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 in OA
      chondrocytes. To verify whether sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) regulates chondrocyte activity
      in OA, we studied expressions of Sirt1, Runx2 and production of MMP-13, and their
      associations in human OA chondrocytes. The expression of Sirt1 was ubiquitously
      observed in osteoarthritic chondrocytes; in contrast, Runx2 expressed in the
      osteophyte region in patients with OA and OA model mice. OA relating catabolic
      factor IL-1betaincreased the expression of Runx2 in OA chondrocytes. OA
      chondrocytes, which were pretreated with Sirt1 inhibitor, inhibited the IL-1beta
      induced expression of Runx2 compared to the control. Since the Runx2 is a
      promotor of MMP-13 expression, Sirt1 inactivation may inhibit the Runx2
      expression and the resultant down-regulation of MMP-13 production in
      chondrocytes. Our findings suggest thatSirt1 may regulate the expression of
      Runx2, which is the osteogenic transcription factor, and the production of MMP-13
      from chondrocytes in OA. Since Sirt1 activity is known to be affected by several
      stresses, including inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as aging, SIRT may
      be involved in the development of OA. 

PMID- 27367672
TI  - Structure and Functional Diversity of GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases (GNAT).
AB  - General control non-repressible 5 (GCN5)-related N-acetyltransferases (GNAT)
      catalyze the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to a
      diverse group of substrates and are widely distributed in all domains of life.
      This review of the currently available data acquired on GNAT enzymes by a
      combination of structural, mutagenesis and kinetic methods summarizes the key
      similarities and differences between several distinctly different families within
      the GNAT superfamily, with an emphasis on the mechanistic insights obtained from
      the analysis of the complexes with substrates or inhibitors. It discusses the
      structural basis for the common acetyltransferase mechanism, outlines the factors
      important for the substrate recognition, and describes the mechanism of action of
      inhibitors of these enzymes. It is anticipated that understanding of the
      structural basis behind the reaction and substrate specificity of the enzymes
      from this superfamily can be exploited in the development of novel therapeutics
      to treat human diseases and combat emerging multidrug-resistant microbial
      infections. 

PMID- 27367674
TI  - CD133 Modulate HIF-1alpha Expression under Hypoxia in EMT Phenotype Pancreatic
      Cancer Stem-Like Cells.
AB  - Although CD133 is a known representative cancer stem cell marker, its function in
      tumor aggressiveness under hypoxia is not fully known. The aim of this study is
      to demonstrate that CD133 regulates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha
      expression with tumor migration. The CD133+ pancreatic cancer cell line,
      Capan1M9, was compared with the CD133(-) cell line, shCD133M9, under hypoxia. HIF
      1alpha expression levels were compared by Western blot, HIF-1alpha nucleus
      translocation assay and real-time (RT)-PCR. The hypoxia responsive element (HRE)
      was observed by luciferase assay. The migration ability was analyzed by migration
      and wound healing assays. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) related genes
      were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. HIF-1alpha was highly expressed in Capan1M9
      compared to shCD133M9 under hypoxia because of the high activation of HRE.
      Furthermore, the migration ability of Capan1M9 was higher than that of shCD133M9
      under hypoxia, suggesting higher expression of EMT related genes in Capan1M9
      compared to shCD133M9. CONCLUSION: HIF-1alpha expression under hypoxia in CD133+
      pancreatic cancer cells correlated with tumor cell migration through EMT gene
      expression. Understanding the function of CD133 in cancer aggressiveness provides
      a novel therapeutic approach to eradicate pancreatic cancer stem cells.

PMID- 27367675
TI  - Novel Hybrid Peptide Cecropin A (1-8)-LL37 (17-30) with Potential Antibacterial
      Activity.
AB  - Hybridizing different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is a particularly successful
      approach to obtain novel AMPs with increased antimicrobial activity but minimized
      cytotoxicity. The hybrid peptide cecropin A (1-8)-LL37 (17-30) (C-L) combining
      the hydrophobic N-terminal fragment of cecropin A (C) with the core antimicrobial
      fragment of LL37 (L) was designed and synthesized. C-L showed higher
      antibacterial activity against all indicator strains than C and L, and no
      hemolytic activity to sheep erythrocytes was observed. C-L kills bacterial cells
      and causes disruption of surface structure, as determined by scanning electron
      microscopy. Synergistic effects were observed in the combination of C-L with
      several antibiotics (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, or neomycin sulfate) against
      Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. 

PMID- 27367676
TI  - Modulation of PPAR Expression and Activity in Response to Polyphenolic Compounds
      in High Fat Diets.
AB  - Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are transcription factors that
      modulate energy metabolism in liver, adipose tissue and muscle. High fat diets
      (HFD) can negatively impact PPAR expression or activity, favoring obesity,
      dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and other conditions. However, polyphenols (PP)
      found in vegetable foodstuffs are capable of positively modulating this pathway.
      We therefore focused this review on the possible effects that PP can have on PPAR
      when administered together with HFD. We found that PP from diverse sources, such
      as coffee, olives, rice, berries and others, are capable of inducing the
      expression of genes involved in a decrease of adipose mass, liver and serum
      lipids and lipid biosynthesis in animal and cell models of HFD. Since cells or
      gut bacteria can transform PP into different metabolites, it is possible that a
      synergistic or antagonistic effect ultimately occurs. PP molecules from vegetable
      sources are an interesting option to maintain or return to a state of energy
      homeostasis, possibly due to an adequate PPAR expression and activity. 

PMID- 27367677
TI  - Subinhibitory Concentrations of Allicin Decrease Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
      (UPEC) Biofilm Formation, Adhesion Ability, and Swimming Motility.
AB  - Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) biofilm formation enables the organism to
      avoid the host immune system, resist antibiotics, and provide a reservoir for
      persistent infection. Once the biofilm is established, eradication of the
      infection becomes difficult. Therefore, strategies against UPEC biofilm are
      urgently required. In this study, we investigated the effect of allicin, isolated
      from garlic essential oil, on UPEC CFT073 and J96 biofilm formation and
      dispersal, along with its effect on UPEC adhesion ability and swimming motility.
      Sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of allicin decreased UPEC biofilm
      formation and affected its architecture. Allicin was also capable of dispersing
      biofilm. Furthermore, allicin decreased the bacterial adhesion ability and
      swimming motility, which are important for biofilm formation. Real-time
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed that allicin decreased
      the expression of UPEC type 1 fimbriae adhesin gene fimH. Docking studies
      suggested that allicin was located within the binding pocket of heptyl alpha-d
      mannopyrannoside in FimH and formed hydrogen bonds with Phe1 and Asn135. In
      addition, allicin decreased the expression of the two-component regulatory
      systems (TCSs) cognate response regulator gene uvrY and increased the expression
      of the RNA binding global regulatory protein gene csrA of UPEC CFT073, which is
      associated with UPEC biofilm. The findings suggest that sub-MICs of allicin are
      capable of affecting UPEC biofilm formation and dispersal, and decreasing UPEC
      adhesion ability and swimming motility. 

PMID- 27367678
TI  - Use of Different Proteases to Obtain Flaxseed Protein Hydrolysates with
      Antioxidant Activity.
AB  - The antioxidant activity of flaxseed protein hydrolysates obtained using five
      different enzymes was evaluated. Proteins were isolated from flaxseed cake and
      were separately treated with papain, trypsin, pancreatin, Alcalase and
      Flavourzyme. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) was determined as the percentage of
      cleaved peptide bonds using a spectrophotometric method with o-phthaldialdehyde.
      The distribution of the molecular weights (MW) of the hydrolysis products was
      profiled using Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
      (Tricine-SDS-PAGE) and size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (SE
      HPLC) separations. The antioxidant activities of the protein isolate and
      hydrolysates were probed for their radical scavenging activity using 2,2'-azino
      bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS(*+)) and
      photochemiluminescence (PCL-ACL) assays, and for their ferric reducing
      antioxidant power (FRAP) and ability to bind Fe(2+). The hydrolysates were more
      effective as antioxidants than the protein isolate in all systems. The PCL-ACL
      values of the hydrolysates ranged from 7.2 to 35.7 MUmol Trolox/g. Both the FRAP
      and ABTS(*+) scavenging activity differed among the hydrolysates to a lower
      extent, with the ranges of 0.20-0.24 mmol Fe(2+)/g and 0.17-0.22 mmol Trolox/g,
      respectively. The highest chelating activity (71.5%) was noted for the pancreatin
      hydrolysate. In general, the hydrolysates obtained using Alcalase and pancreatin
      had the highest antioxidant activity, even though their DH (15.4% and 29.3%,
      respectively) and the MW profiles of the peptides varied substantially. The O2(*
      ) scavenging activity and the ability to chelate Fe(2+) of the Flavourzyme
      hydrolysate were lower than those of the Alcalase and pancreatin hydrolysates.
      Papain was the least effective in releasing the peptides with antioxidant
      activity. The study showed that the type of enzyme used for flaxseed protein
      hydrolysis determines the antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates. 

PMID- 27367679
TI  - Fernblock (Polypodium leucotomos Extract): Molecular Mechanisms and Pleiotropic
      Effects in Light-Related Skin Conditions, Photoaging and Skin Cancers, a Review.
AB  - Healthier life styles include increased outdoors time practicing sports and
      walking. This means increased exposure to the sun, leading to higher risk of
      sunburn, photoaging and skin cancer. In addition to topical barrier products,
      oral supplementations of various botanicals endowed with antioxidant activity are
      emerging as novel method of photoprotection. Polypodium leucotomos extract (PL,
      commercial name Fernblock((r)), IFC Group, Spain) is a powerful antioxidant due
      to its high content of phenolic compounds. PL is administered orally, with proven
      safety, and it can also be used topically. Its mechanisms include inhibition of
      the generation and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ultraviolet (UV)
      light. It also prevents UV- and ROS-induced DNA damage with inhibition of AP1 and
      NF-kappaB and protection of natural antioxidant enzyme systems. At the cellular
      level, PL decreases cellular apoptosis and necrosis mediated UV and inhibits
      abnormal extracellular matrix remodeling. PL reduces inflammation, prevents
      immunosuppression, activates tumor suppressor p53 and inhibits UV-induced
      cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme expression. In agreement with increased p53
      activity, PL decreased UV radiation-induced cell proliferation. PL also prevents
      common deletions mitochondrial DNA damage induced by UVA, and MMP-1 expression
      induced Visible Light and Infrared Radiation. These cellular and molecular
      effects are reflected in inhibitions of carcinogenesis and photoaging. 

PMID- 27367680
TI  - The Immunogenicity of Colorectal Cancer in Relation to Tumor Development and
      Treatment.
AB  - Although most cancer types have been viewed as immunologically silent until
      recently, it has become increasingly clear that the immune system plays key roles
      in the course of tumor development. Remarkable progress towards understanding
      cancer immunogenicity and tumor-immune system interactions has revealed important
      implications for the design of novel immune-based therapies. Natural immune
      responses, but also therapeutic interventions, can modulate the tumor phenotype
      due to selective outgrowth of resistant subtypes. This is the result of
      heterogeneity of tumors, with genetic instability as a driving force, and
      obviously changes the immunogenicity of tumors. In this review, we discuss the
      immunogenicity of colorectal cancer (CRC) in relation to tumor development and
      treatment. As most tumors, CRC activates the immune system in various ways, and
      is also capable of escaping recognition and elimination by the immune system.
      Tumor-immune system interactions underlie the balance between immune control and
      immune escape, and may differ in primary tumors, in the circulation, and in liver
      metastases of CRC. Since CRC immunogenicity varies between tumors and
      individuals, novel immune-based therapeutic strategies should not only anticipate
      the molecular profile, but also the immunological profile of a specific tumor. 

PMID- 27367681
TI  - TSPO PIGA Ligands Promote Neurosteroidogenesis and Human Astrocyte Well-Being.
AB  - The steroidogenic 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is an emerging, attractive
      therapeutic tool for several pathological conditions of the nervous system. Here,
      13 high affinity TSPO ligands belonging to our previously described N,N-dialkyl-2
      phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamide (PIGA) class were evaluated for their potential
      ability to affect the cellular Oxidative Metabolism Activity/Proliferation index,
      which is used as a measure of astrocyte well-being. The most active PIGA ligands
      were also assessed for steroidogenic activity in terms of pregnenolone
      production, and the values were related to the metabolic index in rat and human
      models. The results showed a positive correlation between the increase in the
      Oxidative Metabolism Activity/Proliferation index and the pharmacologically
      induced stimulation of steroidogenesis. The specific involvement of steroid
      molecules in mediating the metabolic effects of the PIGA ligands was demonstrated
      using aminoglutethimide, a specific inhibitor of the first step of steroid
      biosynthesis. The most promising steroidogenic PIGA ligands were the 2-naphthyl
      derivatives that showed a long residence time to the target, in agreement with
      our previous data. In conclusion, TSPO ligand-induced neurosteroidogenesis was
      involved in astrocyte well-being. 

PMID- 27367683
TI  - Effect of Antimicrobial Denture Base Resin on Multi-Species Biofilm Formation.
AB  - Our aims of the research were to study the antimicrobial effect of
      dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) modified denture base resin on multi
      species biofilms and the biocompatibility of this modified dental material.
      Candida albicans (C. albicans), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus
      sanguinis (S. sanguinis), as well as Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) were
      used for biofilm formation on denture base resin. Colony forming unit (CFU)
      counts, microbial viability staining, and 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5
      sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) array were used to evaluate the
      antimicrobial effect of DMADDM. C. albicans staining and Real-time PCR were used
      to analyze the morphology and expression of virulence genes of C. albicans in
      biofilm. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) array and Real-time PCR were conducted to
      examine the results after biofilm co-cultured with epithelial cell. Hematoxylin
      and eosin (HE) staining followed by histological evaluation were used to study
      the biocompatibility of this modified material. We found that DMADDM containing
      groups reduced both biomass and metabolic activity of the biofilm significantly.
      DMADDM can also inhibit the virulence of C. albicans by means of inhibiting the
      hyphal development and downregulation of two virulence related genes. DMADDM
      significantly reduced the cell damage caused by multi-species biofilm according
      to the LDH activity and reduced the expression of IL-18 gene of the cells
      simultaneously. The in vivo histological evaluation proved that the addition of
      DMADDM less than 6.6% in denture material did not increase the inflammatory
      response (p > 0.05). Therefore, we proposed that the novel denture base resin
      containing DMADDM may be considered as a new promising therapeutic system against
      problems caused by microbes on denture base such as denture stomatitis. 

PMID- 27367682
TI  - Aquaporins and Brain Tumors.
AB  - Brain primary tumors are among the most diverse and complex human cancers, and
      they are normally classified on the basis of the cell-type and/or the grade of
      malignancy (the most malignant being glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), grade IV).
      Glioma cells are able to migrate throughout the brain and to stimulate
      angiogenesis, by inducing brain capillary endothelial cell proliferation. This in
      turn causes loss of tight junctions and fragility of the blood-brain barrier,
      which becomes leaky. As a consequence, the most serious clinical complication of
      glioblastoma is the vasogenic brain edema. Both glioma cell migration and edema
      have been correlated with modification of the expression/localization of
      different isoforms of aquaporins (AQPs), a family of water channels, some of
      which are also involved in the transport of other small molecules, such as
      glycerol and urea. In this review, we discuss relationships among
      expression/localization of AQPs and brain tumors/edema, also focusing on the
      possible role of these molecules as both diagnostic biomarkers of cancer
      progression, and therapeutic targets. Finally, we will discuss the possibility
      that AQPs, together with other cancer promoting factors, can be exchanged among
      brain cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs). 

PMID- 27367684
TI  - A WDR Gene Is a Conserved Member of a Chitin Synthase Gene Cluster and Influences
      the Cell Wall in Aspergillus nidulans.
AB  - WD40 repeat (WDR) proteins are pleiotropic molecular hubs. We identify a WDR gene
      that is a conserved genomic neighbor of a chitin synthase gene in Ascomycetes.
      The WDR gene is unique to fungi and plants, and was called Fungal Plant WD
      (FPWD). FPWD is within a cell wall metabolism gene cluster in the Ascomycetes
      (Pezizomycotina) comprising chsD, a Chs activator and a GH17 glucanase. The FPWD,
      AN1556.2 locus was deleted in Aspergillus nidulans strain SAA.111 by gene
      replacement and only heterokaryon transformants were obtained. The re-annotation
      of Aspergilli genomes shows that AN1556.2 consists of two tightly linked separate
      genes, i.e., the WDR gene and a putative beta-flanking gene of unknown function.
      The WDR and the beta-flanking genes are conserved genomic neighbors localized
      within a recently identified metabolic cell wall gene cluster in genomes of
      Aspergilli. The heterokaryons displayed increased susceptibility to drugs
      affecting the cell wall, and their phenotypes, observed by optical, confocal,
      scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, suggest cell wall alterations.
      Quantitative real-time PCR shows altered expression of some cell wall-related
      genes. The possible implications on cell wall biosynthesis are discussed. 

PMID- 27367686
TI  - Planar Laser-Based QEPAS Trace Gas Sensor.
AB  - A novel quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) trace gas detection
      scheme is reported in this paper. A cylindrical lens was employed for near
      infrared laser focusing. The laser beam was shaped as a planar line laser between
      the gap of the quartz tuning fork (QTF) prongs. Compared with a spherical lens
      based QEPAS sensor, the cylindrical lens-based QEPAS sensor has the advantages of
      easier laser beam alignment and a reduction of stringent stability requirements.
      Therefore, the reported approach is useful in long-term and continuous sensor
      operation. 

PMID- 27367685
TI  - A Three-Dimensional Shape-Based Force and Stiffness-Sensing Platform for Tendon
      Driven Catheters.
AB  - This paper presents an efficient shape-based three-axial force and stiffness
      estimator for active catheters commonly implemented in cardiac ablation. The
      force-sensing capability provides important feedback for catheterization
      procedures including real-time control and catheter steering in autonomous
      navigation systems. The proposed platform is based on the introduced accurate and
      computationally efficient Cosserat rod model for tendon-driven catheters. The
      proposed nonlinear Kalman filter formulation for contact force estimation along
      with the developed catheter model provides a real-time force observer robust to
      nonlinearities and noise covariance uncertainties. Furthermore, the proposed
      platform enables stiffness estimation in addition to tip contact force sensing in
      different operational circumstances. The approach incorporates pose measurements
      which can be achieved using currently developed pose-sensing systems or imaging
      techniques. The method makes the approach compatible with the range of forces
      applied in clinical applications. The simulation and experimental results verify
      the viability of the introduced force and stiffness-sensing technique. 

PMID- 27367688
TI  - High-Precision Hysteresis Sensing of the Quartz Crystal Inductance-to-Frequency
      Converter.
AB  - A new method for the automated measurement of the hysteresis of the temperature
      compensated inductance-to-frequency converter with a single quartz crystal is
      proposed. The new idea behind this method is a converter with two programmable
      analog switches enabling the automated measurement of the converter hysteresis,
      as well as the temperature compensation of the quartz crystal and any other
      circuit element. Also used is the programmable timing control device that allows
      the selection of different oscillating frequencies. In the proposed programmable
      method two different inductances connected in series to the quartz crystal are
      switched in a short time sequence, compensating the crystal's natural temperature
      characteristics (in the temperature range between 0 and 50  degrees C). The
      procedure allows for the measurement of the converter hysteresis at various
      values of capacitance connected in parallel with the quartz crystal for the
      converter sensitivity setting at selected inductance. It, furthermore, enables
      the measurement of hysteresis at various values of inductance at selected
      parallel capacitance (sensitivity) connected to the quartz crystal. The article
      shows that the proposed hysteresis measurement of the converter, which converts
      the inductance in the range between 95 and 100 MUH to a frequency in the range
      between 1 and 200 kHz, has only 7 * 10(-13) frequency instability (during the
      temperature change between 0 and 50  degrees C) with a maximum 1 * 10(-11)
      hysteresis frequency difference. 

PMID- 27367687
TI  - Microsoft Kinect Visual and Depth Sensors for Breathing and Heart Rate Analysis.
AB  - This paper is devoted to a new method of using Microsoft (MS) Kinect sensors for
      non-contact monitoring of breathing and heart rate estimation to detect possible
      medical and neurological disorders. Video sequences of facial features and thorax
      movements are recorded by MS Kinect image, depth and infrared sensors to enable
      their time analysis in selected regions of interest. The proposed methodology
      includes the use of computational methods and functional transforms for data
      selection, as well as their denoising, spectral analysis and visualization, in
      order to determine specific biomedical features. The results that were obtained
      verify the correspondence between the evaluation of the breathing frequency that
      was obtained from the image and infrared data of the mouth area and from the
      thorax movement that was recorded by the depth sensor. Spectral analysis of the
      time evolution of the mouth area video frames was also used for heart rate
      estimation. Results estimated from the image and infrared data of the mouth area
      were compared with those obtained by contact measurements by Garmin sensors
      (www.garmin.com). The study proves that simple image and depth sensors can be
      used to efficiently record biomedical multidimensional data with sufficient
      accuracy to detect selected biomedical features using specific methods of
      computational intelligence. The achieved accuracy for non-contact detection of
      breathing rate was 0.26% and the accuracy of heart rate estimation was 1.47% for
      the infrared sensor. The following results show how video frames with depth data
      can be used to differentiate different kinds of breathing. The proposed method
      enables us to obtain and analyse data for diagnostic purposes in the home
      environment or during physical activities, enabling efficient human-machine
      interaction. 

PMID- 27367689
TI  - An Efficient Interactive Model for On-Demand Sensing-As-A-Servicesof Sensor
      Cloud.
AB  - This paper proposes an efficient interactive model for the sensor-cloud to enable
      the sensor-cloud to efficiently provide on-demand sensing services for multiple
      applications with different requirements at the same time. The interactive model
      is designed for both the cloud and sensor nodes to optimize the resource
      consumption of physical sensors, as well as the bandwidth consumption of sensing
      traffic. In the model, the sensor-cloud plays a key role in aggregating
      application requests to minimize the workloads required for constrained physical
      nodes while guaranteeing that the requirements of all applications are satisfied.
      Physical sensor nodes perform their sensing under the guidance of the sensor
      cloud. Based on the interactions with the sensor-cloud, physical sensor nodes
      adapt their scheduling accordingly to minimize their energy consumption.
      Comprehensive experimental results show that our proposed system achieves a
      significant improvement in terms of the energy consumption of physical sensors,
      the bandwidth consumption from the sink node to the sensor-cloud, the packet
      delivery latency, reliability and scalability, compared to current approaches.
      Based on the obtained results, we discuss the economical benefits and how the
      proposed system enables a win-win model in the sensor-cloud. 

PMID- 27367690
TI  - Spectral Characterization of a Prototype SFA Camera for Joint Visible and NIR
      Acquisition.
AB  - Multispectral acquisition improves machine vision since it permits capturing more
      information on object surface properties than color imaging. The concept of
      spectral filter arrays has been developed recently and allows multispectral
      single shot acquisition with a compact camera design. Due to filter manufacturing
      difficulties, there was, up to recently, no system available for a large span of
      spectrum, i.e., visible and Near Infra-Red acquisition. This article presents the
      achievement of a prototype of camera that captures seven visible and one near
      infra-red bands on the same sensor chip. A calibration is proposed to
      characterize the sensor, and images are captured. Data are provided as
      supplementary material for further analysis and simulations. This opens a new
      range of applications in security, robotics, automotive and medical fields. 

PMID- 27367691
TI  - Strategic Decision-Making Learning from Label Distributions: An Approach for
      Facial Age Estimation.
AB  - Nowadays, label distribution learning is among the state-of-the-art methodologies
      in facial age estimation. It takes the age of each facial image instance as a
      label distribution with a series of age labels rather than the single
      chronological age label that is commonly used. However, this methodology is
      deficient in its simple decision-making criterion: the final predicted age is
      only selected at the one with maximum description degree. In many cases,
      different age labels may have very similar description degrees. Consequently,
      blindly deciding the estimated age by virtue of the highest description degree
      would miss or neglect other valuable age labels that may contribute a lot to the
      final predicted age. In this paper, we propose a strategic decision-making label
      distribution learning algorithm (SDM-LDL) with a series of strategies specialized
      for different types of age label distribution. Experimental results from the most
      popular aging face database, FG-NET, show the superiority and validity of all the
      proposed strategic decision-making learning algorithms over the existing label
      distribution learning and other single-label learning algorithms for facial age
      estimation. The inner properties of SDM-LDL are further explored with more
      advantages. 

PMID- 27367692
TI  - Silica-gel Particles Loaded with an Ionic Liquid for Separation of Zr(IV) Prior
      to Its Determination by ICP-OES.
AB  - A new ionic liquid loaded silica gel amine (SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2) was developed,
      as an adsorptive material, for selective adsorption and determination of
      zirconium, Zr(IV), without the need for a chelating intermediate. Based on a
      selectivity study, the SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2 phase showed a perfect selectivity
      towards Zr(IV) at pH 4 as compared to other metallic ions, including gold
      [Au(III)], copper [Cu(II)], cobalt [Co(II)], chromium [Cr(III)], lead [Pb(II)],
      selenium [Se(IV)] and mercury [Hg(II)] ions. The influence of pH, Zr(IV)
      concentration, contact time and interfering ions on SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2 uptake
      for Zr(IV) was evaluated. The presence of incorporated donor atoms in newly
      synthesized SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2 phase played a significant role in enhancing its
      uptake capacity of Zr(IV) by 78.64% in contrast to silica gel (activated). The
      equilibrium and kinetic information of Zr(IV) adsorption onto SG-APTMS-N,N
      EPANTf2 were best expressed by Langmuir and pseudo second-order kinetic models,
      respectively. General co-existing cations did not interfere with the extraction
      and detection of Zr(IV). Finally, the analytical efficiency of the newly
      developed method was also confirmed by implementing it for the determination of
      Zr(IV) in several water samples. 

PMID- 27367693
TI  - Amperometric Non-Enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Based on Aligned Zinc Oxide
      Nanorods.
AB  - Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) have been synthesized via the hydrothermal
      process. The NRs were grown over a conductive glass substrate. A non-enzymatic
      electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), based on the prepared ZnO
      NRs, was examined through the use of current-voltage measurements. The measured
      currents, as a function of H2O2 concentrations ranging from 10 MUM to 700 MUM,
      revealed two distinct behaviours and good performance, with a lower detection
      limit (LOD) of 42 MUM for the low range of H2O2 concentrations (first region),
      and a LOD of 143.5 MUM for the higher range of H2O2 concentrations (second
      region). The prepared ZnO NRs show excellent electrocatalytic activity. This
      enables a measurable and stable output current. The results were correlated with
      the oxidation process of the H2O2 and revealed a good performance for the ZnO NR
      non-enzymatic H2O2 sensor. 

PMID- 27367694
TI  - Development of a Calibration Strip for Immunochromatographic Assay Detection
      Systems.
AB  - With many benefits and applications, immunochromatographic (ICG) assay detection
      systems have been reported on a great deal. However, the existing research mainly
      focuses on increasing the dynamic detection range or application fields.
      Calibration of the detection system, which has a great influence on the detection
      accuracy, has not been addressed properly. In this context, this work develops a
      calibration strip for ICG assay photoelectric detection systems. An image of the
      test strip is captured by an image acquisition device, followed by performing a
      fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm and maximin-distance algorithm for image
      segmentation. Additionally, experiments are conducted to find the best
      characteristic quantity. By analyzing the linear coefficient, an average value of
      hue (H) at 14 min is chosen as the characteristic quantity and the empirical
      formula between H and optical density (OD) value is established. Therefore, H,
      saturation (S), and value (V) are calculated by a number of selected OD values.
      Then, H, S, and V values are transferred to the RGB color space and a high
      resolution printer is used to print the strip images on cellulose nitrate
      membranes. Finally, verification of the printed calibration strips is conducted
      by analyzing the linear correlation between OD and the spectral reflectance,
      which shows a good linear correlation (R2 = 98.78%). 

PMID- 27367695
TI  - A Proof-of-Concept for Semantically Interoperable Federation of IoT
      Experimentation Facilities.
AB  - The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is unanimously identified as one of the main pillars
      of future smart scenarios. The potential of IoT technologies and deployments has
      been already demonstrated in a number of different application areas, including
      transport, energy, safety and healthcare. However, despite the growing number of
      IoT deployments, the majority of IoT applications tend to be self-contained,
      thereby forming application silos. A lightweight data centric integration and
      combination of these silos presents several challenges that still need to be
      addressed. Indeed, the ability to combine and synthesize data streams and
      services from diverse IoT platforms and testbeds, holds the promise to increase
      the potentiality of smart applications in terms of size, scope and targeted
      business context. In this article, a proof-of-concept implementation that
      federates two different IoT experimentation facilities by means of semantic-based
      technologies will be described. The specification and design of the implemented
      system and information models will be described together with the practical
      details of the developments carried out and its integration with the existing IoT
      platforms supporting the aforementioned testbeds. Overall, the system described
      in this paper demonstrates that it is possible to open new horizons in the
      development of IoT applications and experiments at a global scale, that transcend
      the (silo) boundaries of individual deployments, based on the semantic
      interconnection and interoperability of diverse IoT platforms and testbeds. 

PMID- 27367696
TI  - Robust Control for the Segway with Unknown Control Coefficient and Model
      Uncertainties.
AB  - The Segway, which is a popular vehicle nowadays, is an uncertain nonlinear system
      and has an unknown time-varying control coefficient. Thus, we should consider the
      unknown time-varying control coefficient and model uncertainties to design the
      controller. Motivated by this observation, we propose a robust control for the
      Segway with unknown control coefficient and model uncertainties. To deal with the
      time-varying unknown control coefficient, we employ the Nussbaum gain technique.
      We introduce an auxiliary variable to solve the underactuated problem. Due to the
      prescribed performance control technique, the proposed controller does not
      require the adaptive technique, neural network, and fuzzy logic to compensate the
      uncertainties. Therefore, it can be simple. From the Lyapunov stability theory,
      we prove that all signals in the closed-loop system are bounded. Finally, we
      provide the simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
      control scheme. 

PMID- 27367697
TI  - Photon-Counting Arrays for Time-Resolved Imaging.
AB  - The paper presents a camera comprising 512 * 128 pixels capable of single-photon
      detection and gating with a maximum frame rate of 156 kfps. The photon capture is
      performed through a gated single-photon avalanche diode that generates a digital
      pulse upon photon detection and through a digital one-bit counter. Gray levels
      are obtained through multiple counting and accumulation, while time-resolved
      imaging is achieved through a 4-ns gating window controlled with subnanosecond
      accuracy by a field-programmable gate array. The sensor, which is equipped with
      microlenses to enhance its effective fill factor, was electro-optically
      characterized in terms of sensitivity and uniformity. Several examples of capture
      of fast events are shown to demonstrate the suitability of the approach. 

PMID- 27367698
TI  - Quantum Random Number Generation Using a Quanta Image Sensor.
AB  - A new quantum random number generation method is proposed. The method is based on
      the randomness of the photon emission process and the single photon counting
      capability of the Quanta Image Sensor (QIS). It has the potential to generate
      high-quality random numbers with remarkable data output rate. In this paper, the
      principle of photon statistics and theory of entropy are discussed. Sample data
      were collected with QIS jot device, and its randomness quality was analyzed. The
      randomness assessment method and results are discussed. 

PMID- 27367699
TI  - A 75-ps Gated CMOS Image Sensor with Low Parasitic Light Sensitivity.
AB  - In this study, a 40 * 48 pixel global shutter complementary metal-oxide
      semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor with an adjustable shutter time as low as 75 ps
      was implemented using a 0.5-MUm mixed-signal CMOS process. The implementation
      consisted of a continuous contact ring around each p+/n-well photodiode in the
      pixel array in order to apply sufficient light shielding. The parasitic light
      sensitivity of the in-pixel storage node was measured to be 1/8.5 * 107 when
      illuminated by a 405-nm diode laser and 1/1.4 * 104 when illuminated by a 650-nm
      diode laser. The pixel pitch was 24 MUm, the size of the square p+/n-well
      photodiode in each pixel was 7 MUm per side, the measured random readout noise
      was 217 e(-) rms, and the measured dynamic range of the pixel of the designed
      chip was 5500:1. The type of gated CMOS image sensor (CIS) that is proposed here
      can be used in ultra-fast framing cameras to observe non-repeatable fast-evolving
      phenomena. 

PMID- 27367700
TI  - Game Theory Meets Wireless Sensor Networks Security Requirements and Threats
      Mitigation: A Survey.
AB  - We present a study of using game theory for protecting wireless sensor networks
      (WSNs) from selfish behavior or malicious nodes. Due to scalability, low
      complexity and disseminated nature of WSNs, malicious attacks can be modeled
      effectively using game theory. In this study, we survey the different game
      theoretic defense strategies for WSNs. We present a taxonomy of the game theory
      approaches based on the nature of the attack, whether it is caused by an external
      attacker or it is the result of an internal node acting selfishly or maliciously.
      We also present a general trust model using game theory for decision making. We,
      finally, identify the significant role of evolutionary games for WSNs security
      against intelligent attacks; then, we list several prospect applications of game
      theory to enhance the data trustworthiness and node cooperation in different
      WSNs. 

PMID- 27367701
TI  - An Enhanced Technique for Ultrasonic Flow Metering Featuring Very Low Jitter and
      Offset.
AB  - This paper proposes a new, improved method for water flow metering. It applies to
      a transit time ultrasonic flow meter device. In principle, the flow of a given
      liquid in a pipe is obtained by measuring the transit times of an ultrasonic wave
      in the upstream and downstream directions. The difference between these times is,
      in theory, linearly proportional to the liquid flow velocity. However, the
      fainter the flow is, the smaller the transit time difference (TTD) is. This
      difference can be as low as a few picoseconds, which gives rise to many technical
      difficulties in measuring such a small time difference with a given accuracy. The
      proposed method relies on measuring the TTD indirectly by computing the phase
      difference between the steady-state parts of the received signals in the upstream
      and downstream directions and by using a least-square-sine-fitting technique.
      This reduces the effect of the jitter noise and the offset, which limit
      measurement precision at very low flow velocity. The obtained measurement results
      illustrate the robustness of the proposed method, as we measure the TTD at no
      flow conditions, with a precision as low as 10 ps peak-to-peak and a TTD offset
      of zero, within a temperature range from room temperature to 80  degrees C. This
      allows us to reach a smaller minimum detectable flow when compared with previous
      techniques. The proposed method exhibits a better trade-off between measurement
      accuracy and system complexity. It can be completely integrated in an ASIC
      (application specific integrated circuit) or incorporated in a CPU- or micro
      controller-based system. 

PMID- 27367702
TI  - Microcantilever Displacement Measurement Using a Mechanically Modulated Optical
      Feedback Interferometer.
AB  - Microcantilever motion detection is a useful tool for the characterization of the
      physical, chemical and biological properties of materials. In the past, different
      approaches have been proposed and tested to enhance the behavior, size and
      simplicity of microcantilever motion detectors. In this paper, a new approach to
      measure microcantilever motion with nanometric resolution is presented. The
      proposed approach is based on the concept of mechanically-modulated optical
      feedback interferometry, a technique that has shown displacement measurement
      capabilities well within the nanometric scale and that, due to its size,
      compactness and low cost, may be a suitable choice for measuring nanometric
      motions in cantilever-like sensors. It will be shown that the sensor, in its
      current state of development, is capable of following a cantilever sinusoidal
      trajectory at different sets of frequencies ranging up to 200 Hz and peak to peak
      amplitudes up to lambda / 2 with experimental resolutions in the lambda / 100
      range. 

PMID- 27367703
TI  - Quality-Related Monitoring and Grading of Granulated Products by Weibull
      Distribution Modeling of Visual Images with Semi-Supervised Learning.
AB  - The topic of online product quality inspection (OPQI) with smart visual sensors
      is attracting increasing interest in both the academic and industrial communities
      on account of the natural connection between the visual appearance of products
      with their underlying qualities. Visual images captured from granulated products
      (GPs), e.g., cereal products, fabric textiles, are comprised of a large number of
      independent particles or stochastically stacking locally homogeneous fragments,
      whose analysis and understanding remains challenging. A method of image
      statistical modeling-based OPQI for GP quality grading and monitoring by a
      Weibull distribution(WD) model with a semi-supervised learning classifier is
      presented. WD-model parameters (WD-MPs) of GP images' spatial structures,
      obtained with omnidirectional Gaussian derivative filtering (OGDF), which were
      demonstrated theoretically to obey a specific WD model of integral form, were
      extracted as the visual features. Then, a co-training-style semi-supervised
      classifier algorithm, named COSC-Boosting, was exploited for semi-supervised GP
      quality grading, by integrating two independent classifiers with complementary
      nature in the face of scarce labeled samples. Effectiveness of the proposed OPQI
      method was verified and compared in the field of automated rice quality grading
      with commonly-used methods and showed superior performance, which lays a
      foundation for the quality control of GP on assembly lines. 

PMID- 27367704
TI  - Strategies to Overcome Heparins' Low Oral Bioavailability.
AB  - Even after a century, heparin is still the most effective anticoagulant available
      with few side effects. The poor oral absorption of heparins triggered the search
      for strategies to achieve oral bioavailability since this route has evident
      advantages over parenteral administration. Several approaches emerged, such as
      conjugation of heparins with bile acids and lipids, formulation with penetration
      enhancers, and encapsulation of heparins in micro and nanoparticles. Some of
      these strategies appear to have potential as good delivery systems to overcome
      heparin's low oral bioavailability. Nevertheless, none have reached the market
      yet. Overall, this review aims to provide insights regarding the oral
      bioavailability of heparin. 

PMID- 27367705
TI  - Structural Features and Potent Antidepressant Effects of Total Sterols and beta
      sitosterol Extracted from Sargassum horneri.
AB  - The purified total sterols and beta-sitosterol extracted from Sargassum horneri
      were evaluated for their antidepressant-like activity using the forced swim test
      (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice. Total sterols and beta-sitosterol
      significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST and TST. Total sterols were
      administered orally for 7 days at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, and beta
      sitosterol was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg.
      beta-sitosterol had no effect on locomotor activity in the open field test. In
      addition, total sterols and beta-sitosterol significantly increased NE, 5-HT, and
      the metabolite 5-HIAA in the mouse brain, suggesting that the antidepressant-like
      activity may be mediated through these neurotransmitters. 

PMID- 27367706
TI  - Falls from Height in the Construction Industry: A Critical Review of the
      Scientific Literature.
AB  - Globally, falls from height (FFH) are a substantial public health jeopardy and
      are among the important leading causes of serious and fatal injuries for
      construction workers. A comprehensive understanding of the causal factors in FFH
      incidents is urgently required; however, the literature appears to lack a
      scientific review of FFH. In this study, 297 articles that contribute to the
      topic of fall incidents were reviewed. Seventy-five (75) articles met the
      criteria for relevance and were aggregated in a database to support a critical
      review. A synthesis of macro-variables approach was adopted rather than a
      structured meta-analysis. Such a method of analysis provides the flexibility to
      combine previous studies' findings. The most common factors associated with FFH
      are risky activities, individual characteristics, site conditions, organizational
      characteristics, agents (scaffolds/ladders) and weather conditions. The outcomes
      contributed to identifying the most significant research area for safety
      enhancement by improving engineering facilities, behaviour investigations and FFH
      prevention methods.

PMID- 27367708
TI  - Spectral Estimation Model Construction of Heavy Metals in Mining Reclamation
      Areas.
AB  - The study reported here examined, as the research subject, surface soils in the
      Liuxin mining area of Xuzhou, and explored the heavy metal content and spectral
      data by establishing quantitative models with Multivariable Linear Regression
      (MLR), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and Sequential Minimal
      Optimization for Support Vector Machine (SMO-SVM) methods. The study results are
      as follows: (1) the estimations of the spectral inversion models established
      based on MLR, GRNN and SMO-SVM are satisfactory, and the MLR model provides the
      worst estimation, with R2 of more than 0.46. This result suggests that the stress
      sensitive bands of heavy metal pollution contain enough effective spectral
      information; (2) the GRNN model can simulate the data from small samples more
      effectively than the MLR model, and the R2 between the contents of the five heavy
      metals estimated by the GRNN model and the measured values are approximately 0.7;
      (3) the stability and accuracy of the spectral estimation using the SMO-SVM model
      are obviously better than that of the GRNN and MLR models. Among all five types
      of heavy metals, the estimation for cadmium (Cd) is the best when using the SMO
      SVM model, and its R2 value reaches 0.8628; (4) using the optimal model to invert
      the Cd content in wheat that are planted on mine reclamation soil, the R2 and
      RMSE between the measured and the estimated values are 0.6683 and 0.0489,
      respectively. This result suggests that the method using the SMO-SVM model to
      estimate the contents of heavy metals in wheat samples is feasible.

PMID- 27367707
TI  - Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Meta-Analysis and
      Systematic Review.
AB  - The objective was to assess the transient association between air pollution and
      cardiac arrhythmia. Five databases were searched for studies investigating the
      association between daily increases in air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, carbon
      monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone) and arrhythmia
      hospitalization or arrhythmia mortality. Two reviewers independently selected
      studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Outcomes were analyzed via a
      random-effects model and reported as relative risk and 95% confidence interval.
      25 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria and 23 contributed to the meta
      analysis. Arrhythmia hospitalization or mortality were associated with increases
      in PM2.5 (RR = 1.015 per 10 MUg/m3, 95% CI: 1.006-1.024), PM10 (RR = 1.009 per 10
      MUg/m3, 95% CI: 1.004-1.014), carbon monoxide (RR = 1.041 per 1 ppm, 95% CI:
      1.017-1.065), nitrogen dioxide (RR = 1.036 per 10 ppb, 95% CI: 1.020-1.053), and
      sulfur dioxide (RR = 1.021 per 10 ppb, 95% CI: 1.003-1.039), but not ozone (RR =
      1.012 per 10 ppb, 95% CI: 0.997-1.027). Both particulate and gaseous components,
      with the exception of ozone, have a temporal association with arrhythmia
      hospitalization or mortality. Compared with Europe and North America, a stronger
      association was noted in Asia.

PMID- 27367709
TI  - Public Parks in Hong Kong: Characteristics of Physical Activity Areas and Their
      Users.
AB  - Public parks, salient locations for engaging populations in health promoting
      physical activity, are especially important in high-density cities. We used the
      System for Observing Physical Activity in Communities (SOPARC) to conduct the
      first-ever surveillance study of nine public parks in Hong Kong (288 observation
      sessions during 36 weekdays and 36 weekend days) and observed 28,585 visitors in
      262 diverse areas/facilities. Parks were widely used throughout the day on
      weekdays and weekend days and across summer and autumn; visitor rates were among
      the highest seen in 24 SOPARC studies. In contrast to other studies where teens
      and children dominated park use, most visitors (71%) were adults and seniors.
      More males (61%) than females used the parks, and they dominated areas designed
      for sports. Over 60% of visitors were observed engaging in moderate-to-vigorous
      physical activity, a rate higher than other SOPARC studies. Facilities with user
      fees were less accessible than non-fee areas, but they provided relatively more
      supervised and organized activities. Assessing parks by age, gender, and physical
      activity can provide useful information relative to population health. This study
      not only provides information useful to local administrators for planning and
      programming park facilities relative to physical activity, but it also provides a
      baseline for comparison by other high-density cities.

PMID- 27367710
TI  - Monitoring of Waterborne Parasites in Two Drinking Water Treatment Plants: A
      Study in Sarawak, Malaysia.
AB  - The occurrence of waterborne parasites coupled with water parameters at various
      processing sites of two drinking water treatment plants (A and B) and seven
      distribution system (DS) sites in Sarawak, Malaysia were studied. Ten liters of
      water underwent immunomagnetic separation (IMS) technique to detect the presence
      of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts. The remaining supernatant was used to
      detect other parasites whilst 50 mL of water sample was each used in the
      detection of free-living amoebae and fecal coliforms. Sampled water was positive
      for Giardia (32.9%; 28/85), Cryptosporidium (18.8%; 16/85) followed by Spirometra
      ova-like (25.9%; 22/85), Blastocystis-like (25.9%; 22/85), nematode larvae-like
      (8.2%; 7/85) and Taenia ova-like (1.2%; 1/85). Meanwhile, 90.2% (55/61) samples
      were positive for Acanthamoeba and Naegleria via cultivation and of these, 11
      isolates were confirmed as Acanthamoeba genotype T3 (5/7) and T4 (2/7) followed
      by Naegleria sp. (4/11), Naegleria italica (2/11), Naegleria australiensis
      (1/11), Naegleria angularis (1/11) and Vahlkampfia sp. (3/11). Cryptosporidium,
      Acanthamoeba and Naegleria were also detected in one of the seven tested DS
      sites. Only Giardia and Cryptosporidium showed significant correlations with
      fluoride and fecal coliforms. These results describe the occurrence of waterborne
      parasites that will assist key stakeholders in mitigating contamination at the
      specific sites.

PMID- 27367711
TI  - Lysyl Oxidase Gene G473A Polymorphism and Cigarette Smoking in Association with a
      High Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a North Chinese Population.
AB  - The relationship among the lysyl oxidase (LOX) G473A single nucleotide
      polymorphism (SNP), cigarette smoking and lung, colorectal, colon and rectum
      cancer susceptibility was studied in 200 cases of lung cancer, 335 cases of
      colorectal cancer including 130 cases of colon cancer and 205 cases of rectum
      cancer, and 335 healthy people in Tangshan, China. Peripheral blood DNA samples
      were collected, DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) performed, followed by multivariate logistic
      regression analysis. In comparison to LOX473GG genotype carriers, individuals
      with LOX473AA exhibited a higher susceptibility to lung, colon-rectum, colon, and
      rectum cancers with OR values amounting to 3.84-, 2.74-, 2.75-, and 2.74-fold of
      the control, respectively. In the LOX 473AA-positive population, females were
      more susceptible than males to carcinogenesis with OR values (female vs. male):
      5.25 vs. 3.23, 2.29 vs. 1.51, 2.27 vs. 1.45, and 2.25 vs. 1.53, respectively, for
      lung, colon-rectum combined, colon, and rectum cancers. LOX G473A polymorphism
      apparently elevated human sensitivity to cigarette smoking carcinogens for
      eliciting cancers in the lung and colon only. Thus, LOX G473A polymorphism
      positively correlates with carcinogenesis and it may be used as an ideal
      intrinsic biomarker for prediction or diagnosis of carcinogenesis in humans.

PMID- 27367712
TI  - Household Air Pollution Exposure and Influence of Lifestyle on Respiratory Health
      and Lung Function in Belizean Adults and Children: A Field Study.
AB  - Household air pollution (HAP) contributes to the global burden of disease. Our
      primary purpose was to determine whether HAP exposure was associated with reduced
      lung function and respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms in Belizean adults and
      children. Our secondary purpose was to investigate whether lifestyle (physical
      activity (PA) and fruit and vegetable consumption (FV)) is associated with
      reported symptoms. Belizean adults (n = 67, 19 Male) and children (n = 23, 6
      Male) from San Ignacio Belize and surrounding areas participated in this cross
      sectional study. Data collection took place at free walk-in clinics.
      Investigators performed initial screenings and administered questionnaires on (1)
      sources of HAP exposure; (2) reported respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms
      and (3) validated lifestyle questionnaires. Participants then performed pulmonary
      function tests (PFTs) and exhaled breath carbon monoxide (CO). There were no
      significant associations between HAP exposure and pulmonary function in adults.
      Increased exhaled CO was associated with a significantly lower forced expiratory
      volume in 1-s divided by forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) in children. Exposed
      adults experienced headaches, burning eyes, wheezing and phlegm production more
      frequently than unexposed adults. Adults who met PA guidelines were less likely
      to experience tightness and pressure in the chest compared to those not meeting
      guidelines. In conclusion, adults exposed to HAP experienced greater respiratory
      and non-respiratory symptoms, which may be attenuated by lifestyle modifications.

PMID- 27367713
TI  - What Attracts People to Visit Community Open Spaces? A Case Study of the Overseas
      Chinese Town Community in Shenzhen, China.
AB  - A well-designed open space that encourages outdoor activity and social
      communication is a community asset that could potentially contribute to the
      health of local residents and social harmony of the community. Numerous factors
      may influence the use of each single space and may result in a variety of
      visitors. Compared with previous studies that focused on accessibility, this
      study highlights the relationship between the utilization and characteristics of
      community open spaces in China. The Overseas Chinese Town community in Shenzhen
      is regarded as an example. The association between the number of visitors and
      space characteristics is examined with multivariate regression models. Results
      show that large areas with accessible lawns, well-maintained footpaths, seats,
      commercial facilities, and water landscapes are important characteristics that
      could increase the use of community open spaces. However, adding green
      vegetation, sculptures, and landscape accessories in open spaces has limited
      effects on increasing the outdoor activities of residents. Thus, to increase the
      use of community open spaces, landscape designers should focus more on creating
      user-oriented spaces with facilities that encourage active use than on improving
      ornamental vegetation and accessories.

PMID- 27367714
TI  - Environmental Light and Its Relationship with Electromagnetic Resonances of
      Biomolecular Interactions, as Predicted by the Resonant Recognition Model.
AB  - The meaning and influence of light to biomolecular interactions, and consequently
      to health, has been analyzed using the Resonant Recognition Model (RRM). The RRM
      proposes that biological processes/interactions are based on electromagnetic
      resonances between interacting biomolecules at specific electromagnetic
      frequencies within the infra-red, visible and ultra-violet frequency ranges,
      where each interaction can be identified by the certain frequency critical for
      resonant activation of specific biological activities of proteins and DNA. We
      found that: (1) the various biological interactions could be grouped according to
      their resonant frequency into super families of these functions, enabling simpler
      analyses of these interactions and consequently analyses of influence of
      electromagnetic frequencies to health; (2) the RRM spectrum of all analyzed
      biological functions/interactions is the same as the spectrum of the sun light on
      the Earth, which is in accordance with fact that life is sustained by the sun
      light; (3) the water is transparent to RRM frequencies, enabling proteins and DNA
      to interact without loss of energy; (4) the spectrum of some artificial sources
      of light, as opposed to the sun light, do not cover the whole RRM spectrum,
      causing concerns for disturbance to some biological functions and consequently we
      speculate that it can influence health.

PMID- 27367715
TI  - A Cross-Sectional Study of Heat Wave-Related Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice
      among the Public in the Licheng District of Jinan City, China.
AB  - Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) are three key components for reducing the
      adverse health impacts of heat waves. However, research in eastern China
      regarding this is scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the heat wave
      related KAP of a population in Licheng in northeast China. This cross-sectional
      study included 2241 participants. Data regarding demographic characteristics,
      KAP, and heat illnesses were collected using a structured questionnaire.
      Univariate analysis and unconditional logistic regression models were used to
      analyze the data. Most residents had high KAP scores, with a mean score of 12.23
      (standard deviation = 2.23) on a 17-point scale. Urban women and participants
      aged 35-44 years had relatively high total scores, and those with high education
      levels had the highest total score. There was an increased risk of heat-related
      illness among those with knowledge scores of 3-5 on an 8-point scale with mean
      score of 5.40 (standard deviation = 1.45). Having a positive attitude toward
      sunstroke prevention and engaging in more preventive practices to avoid heat
      exposure had a protective interaction effect on reducing the prevalence of heat
      related illnesses. Although the KAP scores were relatively high, knowledge and
      practice were lacking to some extent. Therefore, governments should further
      develop risk-awareness strategies that increase awareness and knowledge regarding
      the adverse health impact of heat and help in planning response strategies to
      improve the ability of individuals to cope with heat waves.

PMID- 27367716
TI  - Development of Neutralization Assay Using an eGFP Chikungunya Virus.
AB  - Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a member of the Alphavirus genus, is an important
      human emerging/re-emerging pathogen. Currently, there are no effective antiviral
      drugs or vaccines against CHIKV infection. Herein, we construct an infectious
      clone of CHIKV and an eGFP reporter CHIKV (eGFP-CHIKV) with an isolated strain
      (assigned to Asian lineage) from CHIKV-infected patients. The eGFP-CHIKV reporter
      virus allows for direct visualization of viral replication through the levels of
      eGFP expression. Using a known CHIKV inhibitor, ribavirin, we confirmed that the
      eGFP-CHIKV reporter virus could be used to identify inhibitors against CHIKV.
      Importantly, we developed a novel and reliable eGFP-CHIKV reporter virus-based
      neutralization assay that could be used for rapid screening neutralizing
      antibodies against CHIKV.

PMID- 27367718
TI  - The p22 RNA Silencing Suppressor of the Crinivirus Tomato chlorosis virus is
      Dispensable for Local Viral Replication but Important for Counteracting an
      Antiviral RDR6-Mediated Response during Systemic Infection.
AB  - Among the components of the RNA silencing pathway in plants, RNA-dependent RNA
      polymerases (RDRs) play fundamental roles in antiviral defence. Here, we
      demonstrate that the Nicotiana benthamiana RDR6 is involved in defence against
      the bipartite crinivirus (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) Tomato
      chlorosis virus (ToCV). Additionally, by producing a p22-deficient ToCV
      infectious mutant clone (ToCVDeltap22), we studied the role of this viral
      suppressor of RNA silencing in viral infection in both wild-type and RDR6
      silenced N. benthamiana (NbRDR6i) plants. We demonstrate that p22 is dispensable
      for the replication of ToCV, where RDR6 appears not to have any effect.
      Furthermore, the finding that ToCV?p22 systemic accumulation was impaired in wild
      type N. benthamiana but not in NbRDR6i plants suggests a role for p22 in
      counteracting an RDR6-mediated antiviral response of the plant during systemic
      infection.

PMID- 27367719
TI  - Modeling the Effect of Replacing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption with Water
      on Energy Intake, HBI Score, and Obesity Prevalence.
AB  - Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) contribute to excessive weight gain through added
      energy intake. Replacing SSB with water is one strategy that has shown promise in
      helping lower excessive energy intake. Using nationally representative data from
      US adults (n = 19,718) from NHANES 2007-2012 we examine the impact of replacing
      SSB with water on Healthy Beverage Index (HBI) scores and obesity prevalence.
      Replacing an 8-ounce serving of SSB with water lowered the percent of energy from
      beverages from 17% to 11% (among those consuming 1 serving SSB/day). Reductions
      in the percent energy from beverages were observed across all SSB consumption
      groups (1-2 servings/day and >2 servings/day). Among adults there was a 9% to 21%
      improvement in HBI score when one serving of water replaced one serving of SSB.
      Using previously published randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses
      of measured weight loss we also predicted a reduction in the prevalence of
      obesity (observed: 35.2%; predicted 33.5%-34.9%, p < 0.05) and increase in the
      prevalence of normal weight (observed: 29.7%; high weight loss: 31.3%, p < 0.05).
      Our findings provide further epidemiologic evidence that water in the place of
      SSB can be used as a strategy to limit energy intake and help individuals meet
      beverage intake recommendations. 

PMID- 27367720
TI  - Thyroid Function among Breastfed Children with Chronically Excessive Iodine
      Intakes.
AB  - Iodine excess may impair thyroid function and trigger adverse health consequences
      for children. This study aims to describe iodine status among breastfed infants
      with high iodine exposure in the Saharawi refugee camps Algeria, and further
      assess thyroid function and iodine status among the children three years later.
      In 2010, a cross-sectional study among 111 breastfed children aged 0-6 months was
      performed (baseline study). In 2013, a second cross-sectional study (follow-up
      study) was conducted among 289 children; 213 newly selected and 76 children
      retrieved from baseline. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and breast milk
      iodine concentration (BMIC) were measured at baseline. UIC, thyroid hormones and
      serum thyroglobulin (Tg) were measured at follow-up. At baseline and follow-up,
      88% and 72% had excessive iodine intakes (UIC >= 300 ug/L), respectively. At
      follow-up, 24% had a thyroid hormone disturbance and/or elevated serum Tg,
      including 9% with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), 4% with elevated fT3 and 14%
      with elevated Tg. Children with SCH had poorer linear growth and were more likely
      to be underweight than the children without SCH. Excessive iodine intakes and
      thyroid disturbances were common among children below four years of age in our
      study. Further, SCH seemed to be associated with poor growth and weight. 

PMID- 27367717
TI  - Who Regulates Whom? An Overview of RNA Granules and Viral Infections.
AB  - After viral infection, host cells respond by mounting an anti-viral stress
      response in order to create a hostile atmosphere for viral replication, leading
      to the shut-off of mRNA translation (protein synthesis) and the assembly of RNA
      granules. Two of these RNA granules have been well characterized in yeast and
      mammalian cells, stress granules (SGs), which are translationally silent sites of
      RNA triage and processing bodies (PBs), which are involved in mRNA degradation.
      This review discusses the role of these RNA granules in the evasion of anti-viral
      stress responses through virus-induced remodeling of cellular ribonucleoproteins
      (RNPs).

PMID- 27367721
TI  - Mangiferin and Cancer: Mechanisms of Action.
AB  - Mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived primarily from Anacardiaceae and
      Gentianaceae families and found in mangoes and honeybush tea, has been
      extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Mangiferin has shown
      promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative potential. This review focuses
      on the effect of mangiferin on: (1) inflammation, with respect to NFkappaB, PPAR?
      and the immune system; (2) cell cycle, the MAPK pathway G2/M checkpoint; (3)
      proliferation and metastasis, and implications on beta-catenin, MMPs, EMT,
      angiogenesis and tumour volume; (4) apoptosis, with a focus on Bax/Bcl ratios,
      intrinsic/extrinsic apoptotic pathways and telomerase activity; (5) oxidative
      stress, through Nrf2/ARE signalling, ROS elimination and catalase activity; and
      (6) efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, such as oxaliplatin, etoposide and
      doxorubicin. In addition, the need to enhance the bioavailability and delivery of
      mangiferin are briefly addressed, as well as the potential for toxicity. 

PMID- 27367722
TI  - Supplementation of Reduced Gluten Barley Diet with Oral Prolyl Endopeptidase
      Effectively Abrogates Enteropathy-Associated Changes in Gluten-Sensitive
      Macaques.
AB  - Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that affects approximately three
      million people in the United States. Furthermore, non-celiac gluten sensitivity
      (NCGS) affects an estimated additional 6% of the population, e.g., 20 million in
      the U.S. The only effective treatment of CD and NCGS requires complete removal of
      gluten sources from the diet. While required adherence to a gluten-free diet
      (GFD) is extremely difficult to accomplish, efforts to develop additional
      supportive treatments are needed. To facilitate these efforts, we developed a
      gluten-sensitive (GS) rhesus macaque model to study the effects of novel
      therapies. Recently reported results from phase one of this project suggest that
      partial improvement-but not remission-of gluten-induced disease can be
      accomplished by 100-fold reduction of dietary gluten, i.e., 200 ppm-by
      replacement of conventional dietary sources of gluten with a mutant, reduced
      gluten (RG) barley (lys3a)-derived source. The main focus of this (phase two)
      study was to determine if the inflammatory effects of the residual gluten in
      lys3a mutant barley grain could be further reduced by oral supplementation with a
      prolylendopeptidase (PE). Results reveal that PE supplementation of RG barley
      diet induces more complete immunological, histopathological and clinical
      remission than RG barley diet alone. The combined effects of RG barley diet and
      PE supplementation resulted in a further decrease of inflammatory mediators IFN
      gamma and TNF secretion by peripheral lymphocytes, as well as decreased plasma
      anti-gliadin and anti-intestinal tissue transglutaminase (TG2) antibodies,
      diminished active caspase production in small intestinal mucosa, and eliminated
      clinical diarrhea-all comparable with a gluten-free diet induced remission. In
      summary, the beneficial results of a combined RG barley and PE administration in
      GS macaques may warrant the investigation of similar synergistic approaches. 

PMID- 27367723
TI  - An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A
      Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately
      Hypercholesterolaemic Adults.
AB  - Water intake is essential for health maintenance and disease prevention. The
      effects of an intervention with two mineral waters, sodium-bicarbonated mineral
      water (BW) or control mineral water low in mineral content (CW), on
      cardiometabolic risk biomarkers were studied. In a randomised-controlled
      crossover-trial, sixty-four moderately hypercholesterolaemic adults were randomly
      assigned to consume 1 L/day of either BW (sodium, 1 g/L; bicarbonate, 2 g/L) or
      CW with the main meals for eight weeks, separated by an eight-week washout
      period. Blood lipids, lipid oxidation, glucose, insulin, aldosterone, urine pH,
      urinary electrolytes, blood pressure, body weight, fluid intake, energy, and
      nutrients from total diet and beverages were determined. Total cholesterol, LDL
      cholesterol, and glucose decreased (p < 0.01), oxidised LDL tended to decrease (p
      = 0.073), and apolipoprotein B increased during the intervention, without water
      type effect. Energy and carbohydrates from beverages decreased since soft drinks
      and fruit juice consumptions decreased throughout the trial. BW increased urinary
      pH (p = 0.006) and reduced calcium/creatinine excretion (p = 0.011). Urinary
      potassium/creatinine decreased with both waters. Consumption of 1 L/day of
      mineral water with the main meals reduces cardiometabolic risk biomarkers, likely
      to be attributed to a replacement of soft drinks by water. In addition, BW does
      not affect blood pressure and exerts a moderate alkalizing effect in the body. 

PMID- 27367725
TI  - Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Augment Mixed Protein Synthesis, But Not
      Collagen Protein Synthesis, in Rat Skeletal Muscle after Downhill Running.
AB  - Mixed and collagen protein synthesis is elevated for as many as 3 days following
      exercise. Immediately after exercise, enhanced amino acid availability increases
      synthesis of mixed muscle protein, but not muscle collagen protein. However, the
      potential for synergic effects of amino acid ingestion with exercise on both
      mixed and collagen protein synthesis remains unclear. We investigated muscle
      collagen protein synthesis in rats following post-exercise ingestion of leucine
      enriched essential amino acids. We determined fractional protein synthesis rates
      (FSR) at different time points following exercise. Mixed protein and collagen
      protein FSRs in skeletal muscle were determined by measuring protein-bound
      enrichments of hydroxyproline and proline, and by measuring the intracellular
      enrichment of proline, using injections of flooding d3-proline doses. A leucine
      enriched mixture of essential amino acids (or distilled water as a control) was
      administrated 30 min or 1 day post-exercise. The collagen protein synthesis in
      the vastus lateralis was elevated for 2 days after exercise. Although amino acid
      administration did not increase muscle collagen protein synthesis, it did lead to
      augmented mixed muscle protein synthesis 1 day following exercise. Thus, contrary
      to the regulation of mixed muscle protein synthesis, muscle collagen protein
      synthesis is not affected by amino acid availability after damage-inducing
      exercise. 

PMID- 27367724
TI  - Beneficial Effect of Synbiotic Supplementation on Hepatic Steatosis and
      Anthropometric Parameters, But Not on Gut Permeability in a Population with
      Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most prevalent chronic liver disease in
      Western countries; it can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),
      cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The importance of gut-liver-adipose tissue axis
      has become evident and treatments targeting gut microbiota may improve
      inflammatory and metabolic parameters in NASH patients. In a randomized,
      controlled clinical trial, involving 50 biopsy-proven NASH patients, we
      investigated the effects of synbiotic supplementation on metabolic parameters,
      hepatic steatosis, intestinal permeability, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
      (SIBO) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) serum levels. Patients were separated into
      two groups receiving Lactobacillus reuteri with guar gum and inulin for three
      months and healthy balanced nutritional counseling versus nutritional counseling
      alone. Before and after the intervention we assessed steatosis by magnetic
      resonance imaging, intestinal permeability by lactulose/mannitol urinary
      excretion and SIBO by glucose breath testing. NASH patients presented high gut
      permeability, but low prevalence of SIBO. After the intervention, only the
      synbiotic group presented a reduction in steatosis, lost weight, diminished BMI
      and waist circumference measurement. Synbiotic did not improve intestinal
      permeability or LPS levels. We concluded that synbiotic supplementation
      associated with nutritional counseling seems superior to nutritional counseling
      alone for NASH treatment as it attenuates steatosis and may help to achieve
      weight loss. 

PMID- 27367727
TI  - Reply to O. Osibogun's Letter to the Editor Re: Hess S. et al.; Nutrients 2016,
      8, 88.
AB  - In a recent literature review and meta-analysis, we summarized the evidence of
      reducing anemia in children and adults with fortified condiments and noodles
      [1].[...]. 

PMID- 27367726
TI  - The Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets on Psychosocial Outcomes in
      Obesity/Overweight: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Controlled Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relative psychosocial effects of
      carbohydrate reduction in comparison to other weight-loss diets in subjects
      receiving treatment for obesity/overweight. We, therefore, set out to conduct a
      systematic review of the psychosocial outcomes of such patients, treated by means
      of either a low-carbohydrate diet or an isocaloric diet of other macronutrient
      composition. METHODS: Literature searches, study selection, method development,
      and quality appraisal were performed independently by two authors, and data were
      synthesized using a narrative approach, in accordance with the Preferred
      Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
      RESULTS: Eight randomized controlled studies met the inclusion criteria, and
      their subsequent analysis revealed that improvements in psychological and social
      outcomes do occur during short- and long-term weight loss programmes, but that
      low-carbohydrate diets have no greater effect on psychosocial outcomes when
      compared to diets of different macronutrient composition at either short- or long
      term follow-up (one-year). However, the lack of studies with longer duration
      follow-up, and the absence of data in the adolescent population limit the
      generalizability of our findings. CONCLUSION: The short- and long-term
      improvements in psychosocial outcomes seen in patients undergoing weight-loss
      treatment appear to be independent of the macronutrient composition of their
      diet.

PMID- 27367728
TI  - Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorimetric Detection Method for Analysis of
      Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin Based on a Porous Graphitic Carbon
      Column.
AB  - Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) traditionally have been analyzed by liquid
      chromatography with either pre- or post-column derivatization and always with a
      silica-based stationary phase. This technique resulted in different methods that
      need more than one run to analyze the toxins. Furthermore, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was
      recently found in bivalves of northward locations in Europe due to climate
      change, so it is important to analyze it along with PST because their signs of
      toxicity are similar in the bioassay. The methods described here detail a new
      approach to eliminate different runs, by using a new porous graphitic carbon
      stationary phase. Firstly we describe the separation of 13 PST that belong to
      different groups, taking into account the side-chains of substituents, in one
      single run of less than 30 min with good reproducibility. The method was assayed
      in four shellfish matrices: mussel (Mytillus galloprovincialis), clam (Pecten
      maximus), scallop (Ruditapes decussatus) and oyster (Ostrea edulis). The results
      for all of the parameters studied are provided, and the detection limits for the
      majority of toxins were improved with regard to previous liquid chromatography
      methods: the lowest values were those for decarbamoyl-gonyautoxin 2 (dcGTX2) and
      gonyautoxin 2 (GTX2) in mussel (0.0001 mg saxitoxin (STX).diHCl kg(-1) for each
      toxin), decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dcSTX) in clam (0.0003 mg STX.diHCl kg(-1)), N
      sulfocarbamoyl-gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (C1 and C2) in scallop (0.0001 mg STX.diHCl
      kg(-1) for each toxin) and dcSTX (0.0003 mg STX.diHCl kg(-1) ) in oyster;
      gonyautoxin 2 (GTX2) showed the highest limit of detection in oyster (0.0366 mg
      STX.diHCl kg(-1)). Secondly, we propose a modification of the method for the
      simultaneous analysis of PST and TTX, with some minor changes in the solvent
      gradient, although the detection limit for TTX does not allow its use nowadays
      for regulatory purposes.

PMID- 27367729
TI  - Optimizing the Detection of Circulating Markers to Aid in Early Lung Cancer
      Detection.
AB  - Improving early detection of lung cancer is critical to improving lung cancer
      survival. Studies have shown that computerized tomography (CT) screening can
      reduce mortality from lung cancer, but this involves risks of radiation exposure
      and can identify non-cancer lung nodules that lead to unnecessary interventions
      for some. There is a critical need to develop alternative, less invasive methods
      to identify patients who have early-stage lung cancer. The detection of
      circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a promising area of research, but current
      technology is limited by a low yield of CTCs. Alternate studies are investigating
      circulating nucleic acids and proteins as possible tumor markers. It is critical
      to develop innovative methods for early lung cancer detection that may include
      CTCs or other markers that are low-risk and low-cost, yet specific and sensitive,
      to facilitate improved survival by diagnosing the disease when it is surgically
      curable. 

PMID- 27367730
TI  - Modulating Dickkopf-1: A Strategy to Monitor or Treat Cancer?
AB  - Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is a secreted Wnt/beta-catenin pathway antagonist involved in
      embryogenesis. It was first described 25 years ago for its function in head
      induction and limb morphogenesis. Since then, this protein has been widely
      studied in the context of active Wnt/beta-catenin signalling during cellular
      differentiation and development. Dysregulation of DKK1 has been associated with
      bone pathologies and has now emerged as a potential biomarker of cancer
      progression and prognosis for several types of malignancies. Reducing the amount
      of circulating DKK1 may reveal a simple and efficient strategy to limit or
      reverse cancer growth. This review will provide an overview of the role of
      Dickkopf-1 in cancer and explore its potential use as a biomarker and therapeutic
      target. 

PMID- 27367731
TI  - Advancing Clostridia to Clinical Trial: Past Lessons and Recent Progress.
AB  - Most solid cancers contain regions of necrotic tissue. The extent of necrosis is
      associated with poor survival, most likely because it reflects aggressive tumour
      outgrowth and inflammation. Intravenously injected spores of anaerobic bacteria
      from the genus Clostridium infiltrate and selectively germinate in these necrotic
      regions, providing cancer-specific colonisation. The specificity of this system
      was first demonstrated over 60 years ago and evidence of colonisation has been
      confirmed in multiple tumour models. The use of "armed" clostridia, such as in
      Clostridium Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (CDEPT), may help to overcome some of
      the described deficiencies of using wild-type clostridia for treatment of cancer,
      such as tumour regrowth from a well-vascularised outer rim of viable cells.
      Successful preclinical evaluation of a transferable gene that metabolises both
      clinical stage positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents (for whole body
      vector visualisation) as well as chemotherapy prodrugs (for conditional
      enhancement of efficacy) would be a valuable early step towards the prospect of
      "armed" clostridia entering clinical evaluation. The ability to target the
      immunosuppressive hypoxic tumour microenvironment using CDEPT may offer potential
      for synergy with recently developed immunotherapy strategies. Ultimately,
      clostridia may be most efficacious when combined with conventional therapies,
      such as radiotherapy, that sterilise viable aerobic tumour cells. 

PMID- 27367732
TI  - Human Specific Regulation of the Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene.
AB  - Telomerase, regulated primarily by the transcription of its catalytic subunit
      telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), is critical for controlling cell
      proliferation and tissue homeostasis by maintaining telomere length. Although
      there is a high conservation between human and mouse TERT genes, the regulation
      of their transcription is significantly different in these two species. Whereas
      mTERT expression is widely detected in adult mice, hTERT is expressed at
      extremely low levels in most adult human tissues and cells. As a result, mice do
      not exhibit telomere-mediated replicative aging, but telomere shortening is a
      critical factor of human aging and its stabilization is essential for cancer
      development in humans. The chromatin environment and epigenetic modifications of
      the hTERT locus, the binding of transcriptional factors to its promoter, and
      recruitment of nucleosome modifying complexes all play essential roles in
      restricting its transcription in different cell types. In this review, we will
      discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of TERT
      regulation in human and mouse tissues and cells, and during cancer development. 

PMID- 27367733
TI  - Beneficial Insect Attraction to Milkweeds (Asclepias speciosa, Asclepias
      fascicularis) in Washington State, USA.
AB  - Native plant and beneficial insect associations are relatively unstudied yet are
      important in native habitat restoration programs for improving and sustaining
      conservation biological control of arthropod pests in agricultural crops.
      Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) are currently the focus of restoration programs in the
      USA aimed at reversing a decline in populations of the milkweed-dependent monarch
      butterfly (Danaus plexippus); however, little is known of the benefits of these
      plants to other beneficial insects. Beneficial insects (predators, parasitoids,
      pollinators) attracted to two milkweed species (Asclepias speciosa, Asclepias
      fascicularis) in central Washington State, WA, USA were identified and counted on
      transparent sticky traps attached to blooms over five seasons. Combining all
      categories of beneficial insects, means of 128 and 126 insects per trap were
      recorded for A. speciosa and A. fascicularis, respectively. Predatory and
      parasitic flies dominated trap catches for A. speciosa while parasitic wasps were
      the most commonly trapped beneficial insects on A. fascicularis. Bees were
      trapped commonly on both species, especially A. speciosa with native bees trapped
      in significantly greater numbers than honey bees. Beneficial insect attraction to
      A. speciosa and A. fascicularis was substantial. Therefore, these plants are
      ideal candidates for habitat restoration, intended to enhance conservation
      biological control, and for pollinator conservation. In central Washington,
      milkweed restoration programs for enhancement of D. plexippus populations should
      also provide benefits for pest suppression and pollinator conservation. 

PMID- 27367734
TI  - Viral Inhibition of the IFN-Induced JAK/STAT Signalling Pathway: Development of
      Live Attenuated Vaccines by Mutation of Viral-Encoded IFN-Antagonists.
AB  - The interferon (IFN) induced anti-viral response is amongst the earliest and most
      potent of the innate responses to fight viral infection. The induction of the
      Janus kinase/signal transducer and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT)
      signalling pathway by IFNs leads to the upregulation of hundreds of interferon
      stimulated genes (ISGs) for which, many have the ability to rapidly kill viruses
      within infected cells. During the long course of evolution, viruses have evolved
      an extraordinary range of strategies to counteract the host immune responses in
      particular by targeting the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Understanding how the
      IFN system is inhibited has provided critical insights into viral virulence and
      pathogenesis. Moreover, identification of factors encoded by viruses that
      modulate the JAK/STAT pathway has opened up opportunities to create new anti
      viral drugs and rationally attenuated new generation vaccines, particularly for
      RNA viruses, by reverse genetics. 

PMID- 27367737
TI  - A Review of Glass-Ionomer Cements for Clinical Dentistry.
AB  - This article is an updated review of the published literature on glass-ionomer
      cements and covers their structure, properties and clinical uses within
      dentistry, with an emphasis on findings from the last five years or so. Glass
      ionomers are shown to set by an acid-base reaction within 2-3 min and to form
      hard, reasonably strong materials with acceptable appearance. They release
      fluoride and are bioactive, so that they gradually develop a strong, durable
      interfacial ion-exchange layer at the interface with the tooth, which is
      responsible for their adhesion. Modified forms of glass-ionomers, namely resin
      modified glass-ionomers and glass carbomer, are also described and their
      properties and applications covered. Physical properties of the resin-modified
      glass-ionomers are shown to be good, and comparable with those of conventional
      glass-ionomers, but biocompatibility is somewhat compromised by the presence of
      the resin component, 2 hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Properties of glass carbomer
      appear to be slightly inferior to those of the best modern conventional glass
      ionomers, and there is not yet sufficient information to determine how their
      bioactivity compares, although they have been formulated to enhance this
      particular feature. 

PMID- 27367736
TI  - Heart Failure: Diagnosis, Management and Utilization.
AB  - Despite the advancement in medicine, management of heart failure (HF), which
      usually presents as a disease syndrome, has been a challenge to healthcare
      providers. This is reflected by the relatively higher rate of readmissions along
      with increased mortality and morbidity associated with HF. In this review
      article, we first provide a general overview of types of HF pathogenesis and
      diagnostic features of HF including the crucial role of exercise in determining
      the severity of heart failure, the efficacy of therapeutic strategies and the
      morbidity/mortality of HF. We then discuss the quality control measures to
      prevent the growing readmission rates for HF. We also attempt to elucidate
      published and ongoing clinical trials for HF in an effort to evaluate the
      standard and novel therapeutic approaches, including stem cell and gene
      therapies, to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Finally, we discuss the
      appropriate utilization/documentation and medical coding based on the severity of
      the HF alone and with minor and major co-morbidities. We consider that this
      review provides an extensive overview of the HF in terms of disease
      pathophysiology, management and documentation for the general readers, as well as
      for the clinicians/physicians/hospitalists. 

PMID- 27367735
TI  - Mechanisms of TGFbeta-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.
AB  - Transitory phenotypic changes such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
      help embryonic cells to generate migratory descendants that populate new sites
      and establish the distinct tissues in the developing embryo. The mesenchymal
      descendants of diverse epithelia also participate in the wound healing response
      of adult tissues, and facilitate the progression of cancer. EMT can be induced by
      several extracellular cues in the microenvironment of a given epithelial tissue.
      One such cue, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), prominently induces EMT
      via a group of specific transcription factors. The potency of TGFbeta is partly
      based on its ability to perform two parallel molecular functions, i.e. to induce
      the expression of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, which sequentially
      and in a complementary manner help to establish and maintain the EMT, and to
      mediate signaling crosstalk with other developmental signaling pathways, thus
      promoting changes in cell differentiation. The molecules that are activated by
      TGFbeta signaling or act as cooperating partners of this pathway are impossible
      to exhaust within a single coherent and contemporary report. Here, we present
      selected examples to illustrate the key principles of the circuits that control
      EMT under the influence of TGFbeta. 

PMID- 27367738
TI  - Amperometric Biosensor Based on Zirconium Oxide/Polyethylene Glycol/Tyrosinase
      Composite Film for the Detection of Phenolic Compounds.
AB  - A phenolic biosensor based on a zirconium oxide/polyethylene glycol/tyrosinase
      composite film for the detection of phenolic compounds has been explored. The
      formation of the composite film was expected via electrostatic interaction
      between hexacetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and
      zirconium oxide nanoparticles casted on screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE).
      Herein, the electrode was treated by casting hexacetyltrimethylammonium bromide
      on SPCE to promote a positively charged surface. Later, zirconium oxide was mixed
      with polyethylene glycol and the mixture was dropped cast onto the positively
      charged SPCE/CTAB. Tyrosinase was further immobilized onto the modified SPCE.
      Characterization of the prepared nanocomposite film and the modified SPCE surface
      was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Electrochemical Impedance
      Spectroscopy (EIS), and Cyclic voltamogram (CV). The developed biosensor exhibits
      rapid response for less than 10 s. Two linear calibration curves towards phenol
      in the concentrations ranges of 0.075-10 uM and 10-55 uM with the detection limit
      of 0.034 uM were obtained. The biosensor shows high sensitivity and good storage
      stability for at least 30 days. 

PMID- 27367739
TI  - Ribosomal Antibiotics: Contemporary Challenges.
AB  - Most ribosomal antibiotics obstruct distinct ribosomal functions. In selected
      cases, in addition to paralyzing vital ribosomal tasks, some ribosomal
      antibiotics are involved in cellular regulation. Owing to the global rapid
      increase in the appearance of multi-drug resistance in pathogenic bacterial
      strains, and to the extremely slow progress in developing new antibiotics
      worldwide, it seems that, in addition to the traditional attempts at improving
      current antibiotics and the intensive screening for additional natural compounds,
      this field should undergo substantial conceptual revision. Here, we highlight
      several contemporary issues, including challenging the common preference of broad
      range antibiotics; the marginal attention to alterations in the microbiome
      population resulting from antibiotics usage, and the insufficient awareness of
      ecological and environmental aspects of antibiotics usage. We also highlight
      recent advances in the identification of species-specific structural motifs that
      may be exploited for the design and the creation of novel, environmental
      friendly, degradable, antibiotic types, with a better distinction between
      pathogens and useful bacterial species in the microbiome. Thus, these studies are
      leading towards the design of "pathogen-specific antibiotics," in contrast to the
      current preference of broad range antibiotics, partially because it requires
      significant efforts in speeding up the discovery of the unique species motifs as
      well as the clinical pathogen identification. 

PMID- 27367741
TI  - Inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1): a patent review (2010-2015).

PMID- 27367740
TI  - Aberrant Glycosylation of Anchor-Optimized MUC1 Peptides Can Enhance Antigen
      Binding Affinity and Reverse Tolerance to Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes.
AB  - Cancer vaccines have often failed to live up to their promise, although recent
      results with checkpoint inhibitors are reviving hopes that they will soon fulfill
      their promise. Although mutation-specific vaccines are under development, there
      is still high interest in an off-the-shelf vaccine to a ubiquitous antigen, such
      as MUC1, which is aberrantly expressed on most solid and many hematological
      tumors, including more than 90% of breast carcinomas. Clinical trials for MUC1
      have shown variable success, likely because of immunological tolerance to a self
      antigen and to poor immunogenicity of tandem repeat peptides. We hypothesized
      that MUC1 peptides could be optimized, relying on heteroclitic optimizations of
      potential anchor amino acids with and without tumor-specific glycosylation of the
      peptides. We have identified novel MUC1 class I peptides that bind to HLA-A*0201
      molecules with significantly higher affinity and function than the native MUC1
      peptides. These peptides elicited CTLs from normal donors, as well as breast
      cancer patients, which were highly effective in killing MUC1-expressing MCF-7
      breast cancer cells. Each peptide elicited lytic responses in greater than 6/8 of
      normal individuals and 3/3 breast cancer patients. The CTLs generated against the
      glycosylated-anchor modified peptides cross reacted with the native MUC1 peptide,
      STAPPVHNV, suggesting these analog peptides may offer substantial improvement in
      the design of epitope-based vaccines.

PMID- 27367742
TI  - Public attitudes toward stuttering in Europe: Within-country and between-country
      comparisons.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological research methods have been shown to be useful in
      determining factors that might predict commonly reported negative public
      attitudes toward stuttering. Previous research has suggested that stuttering
      attitudes of respondents from North America and Europe (i.e., "The West"), though
      characterized by stereotypes and potential stigma, are more positive than those
      from several other regions of the world. This inference assumes that public
      attitudes within various regions characterized by "The West" are similar.
      PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the extent to which public stuttering
      attitudes are similar or different both within regions of three different
      European countries and between or among five different European countries or
      similar geographic areas. It also aimed to compare these European attitudes to
      attitudes from 135 samples around the world using a standard measure. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Using convenience sampling, 1111 adult respondents from eight
      different investigations completed the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes
      Stuttering (POSHA-S) in the dominant language of each country or area. In Study
      I, the authors compared attitudes within three different regions of Bosnia &
      Herzegovina, Italy, and Norway. In Study II, the authors compared attitudes
      between combined samples from Bosnia & Herzegovina, Italy, and Norway (with
      additional respondents from Sweden), and two other samples, one from Germany and
      the other from Ireland and England. RESULTS: Attitudes of adults from the three
      samples within Bosnia & Herzegovina, Italy, and Norway were remarkably similar.
      By contrast, attitudes between the five different countries or area were quite
      dramatically different. Demographic variables on the POSHA-S did not predict the
      rank order of these between-country/area differences. Compared to the POSHA-S
      worldwide database, European attitudes ranged from less positive than average
      (i.e., Italians) to more positive than average (i.e., Norwegians and Swedes).
      CONCLUSION: Factors related to national identity appear to play a significant
      role in differences in public attitudes in Europe and should be explored in
      future research.

PMID- 27367743
TI  - Ocular hypotensive effect of fixed-combination brinzolamide/brimonidine
      adjunctive to a prostaglandin analog: a randomized clinical trial.
AB  - PurposeTo determine whether intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering with fixed
      combination brinzolamide/brimonidine (BBFC) adjunctive to a prostaglandin analog
      (PGA) was superior to that of vehicle+PGA in patients with open-angle glaucoma or
      ocular hypertension who were inadequately controlled with PGA
      monotherapyMethodsThis 6-week, multicenter, randomized, double-masked, parallel
      group trial was conducted at 30 clinical sites in the United States between
      October 2013 and May 2014. Eligible patients were adults with open-angle glaucoma
      or ocular hypertension and with mean IOP >=21 and <32 mm Hg, whereas receiving an
      open-label PGA (latanoprost, bimatoprost, or travoprost). Patients instilled a
      PGA once-daily in a run-in phase before randomization to masked BBFC or vehicle
      adjunctive treatment. Masked treatments were instilled 3 times daily for 6 weeks,
      and patients continued once-daily use of their PGA. The primary efficacy end
      point was the between-group difference in mean diurnal IOP (average of 0800,
      1000, 1500, and 1700 hours time points) at week 6.ResultsAt week 6, mean diurnal
      IOP with BBFC+PGA was lower than with vehicle+PGA (17.1+/-0.4 mm Hg vs 20.5+/-0.4
      mm Hg; between-group difference, -3.4+/-0.5 mm Hg; P<0.0001; 95% confidence
      interval, -4.5 to -2.4 mm Hg). BBFC+PGA reduced mean diurnal IOP by 5.7 mm Hg
      (25%) from the baseline IOP achieved with PGA monotherapy.ConclusionsTherapy with
      BBFC produced an additive IOP-lowering effect compared with a PGA alone or in
      conjunction with vehicle. BBFC may provide an effective treatment option for
      patients receiving PGA monotherapy who require additional IOP reduction.

PMID- 27367744
TI  - Risk factors for intraoperative floppy iris syndrome: a prospective study.
AB  - PurposeTo evaluate risk factors for intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS) in
      patients undergoing phacoemulsification.MethodsParticipants in the study were
      1274 consecutive patients, who underwent routine phacoemulsification cataract
      surgery. The following data were recorded and evaluated as possible risk factors:
      ophthalmological conditions, axial length of the eye, sociodemographic features,
      clinical data (hypertension and diabetes mellitus), medications being taken at
      the time of surgery, and duration of their intake. Cases were characterized
      intraoperatively as IFIS and non-IFIS. Univariate and multivariate logistic
      regression analysis were performed.ResultsIFIS was observed in 63/1274 eyes
      (4.9%, 95% CI: 3.9-6.7%). Current use of tamsulosin, alfuzosin, terazosin,
      benzodiazepines, quetiapine, and finasteride, as well as hypertension, were all
      independently associated with IFIS. Significant associations were noted for male
      sex, rivastigmine, and short axial length, which did not reach significance at
      the multivariate analysis. Duration of alpha-blockers intake was not found to be
      associated with IFIS.ConclusionApart from the well-established associations with
      alpha-blockers, this prospective study points to benzodiazepines, quetiapine,
      finasteride, and hypertension as potential risk factors for IFIS. Short axial
      length and rivastigmine were significantly associated with IFIS only at the
      univariate analysis. 

PMID- 27367745
TI  - Difluprednate versus prednisolone acetate for inflammation following cataract
      surgery in pediatric patients: a randomized safety and efficacy study.
AB  - PurposeTo evaluate safety and efficacy of difluprednate 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion
      for treatment of postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery in pediatric
      patients.MethodsThis was a phase 3B, multicentre, randomized, double-masked,
      active-controlled study of patients aged 0-3 years who underwent uncomplicated
      cataract surgery in one eye, with/without intraocular lens implantation. Patients
      were randomized to receive difluprednate 0.05% four times daily or prednisolone
      acetate 1% for 14 days post surgery, followed by tapering for 14 days. Safety
      included evaluation of adverse events. Primary efficacy was the proportion of
      patients with an anterior cell grade of 0 (no cells) at day 14; secondary
      efficacy was a global inflammation score.ResultsForty patients were randomized to
      each treatment group. Adverse drug reactions included corneal oedema
      (difluprednate 0.5%, n=1; prednisolone acetate 1%, n=0) and increased intraocular
      pressure or ocular hypertension (n=2/group). Mean intraocular pressure values
      during treatment were 2-3 mm Hg higher with difluprednate 0.05% compared with
      prednisolone acetate 1%; mean values were similar between groups by the first
      week after treatment cessation. At 2 weeks post surgery, the incidence of
      complete clearing of anterior chamber cells was similar between groups
      (difluprednate 0.05%, n=30 (78.9%); prednisolone acetate 1%, n=31 (77.5%).
      Compared with prednisolone acetate 1%, approximately twice as many difluprednate
      0.05%-treated patients had a global inflammation assessment score indicating no
      inflammation on day 1 (n=12 (30.8%) vs n=7 (17.5%) and day 8 (n=18 (48.7%) vs
      n=10 (25.0%).ConclusionsDifluprednate 0.05% four times daily showed safety and
      efficacy profiles similar to prednisolone acetate 1% four times daily in children
      0-3 years undergoing cataract surgery. 

PMID- 27367746
TI  - Fibrin glue inhibits migration of ocular surface epithelial cells.
AB  - PurposeFibrin glue has been used successfully in numerous ophthalmic surgical
      procedures. Recently, fibrin glue has been used in limbal stem cell
      transplantation to reduce both operative time and to negate the need for sutures.
      The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fibrin glue on epithelial
      cell migration in vitro.MethodsCorneoscleral rims were split to retain the
      epithelial layer, Bowman's layer, and anterior stroma. Rims were cut into eight
      equal-sized pieces and were placed directly on culture plates or affixed with
      fibrin glue. Rims were maintained in culture for 25 days and epithelial cell
      growth was monitored. Cells were photographed to measure area or growth and
      immunofluorescence staining of explants for fibrin was performed.ResultsExplants
      that were glued demonstrated significantly delayed epithelial cell growth and
      migration as compared with explants without glue. By day 16, all fibrin glue had
      dissolved and coincided with onset of cell growth from glued explants. Cell
      growth commenced between days 3 and 4 for control explants without glue and
      around days 14-16 for explants with fibrin glue.ConclusionsFibrin glue delays
      epithelial cell migration by acting as a physical barrier and can potentially
      interfere with explant-derived limbal epithelial cell migration on to the corneal
      surface. We propose that glue should be used to attach the conjunctival frill of
      the limbal explant but care should be taken to ensure that the glue does not wrap
      around the explant if used to secure the explant as well. Strategic use of glue,
      to attach the recessed conjunctiva, can be advantageous in delaying conjunctival
      cell migration and reducing the need for sequential sector conjunctival
      epitheliectomy.

PMID- 27367747
TI  - Secondary intraocular lens implantation following infantile cataract surgery:
      intraoperative indications, postoperative outcomes.
AB  - PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the long-term complications and
      outcomes of secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in patients with
      congenital cataracts.Patients and MethodsThe medical records of children operated
      for secondary IOL implantation surgery between 2000 and 2014 were retrospectively
      reviewed. Those who had undergone their initial congenital cataract surgery
      before 7 months of age were included and were analyzed for intra- and
      postoperative factors and postoperative refractive outcomes. We focused on three
      complications: visual axis opacification (VAO), glaucoma, and IOL exchange after
      at least 1 year of follow-up.ResultsA total of 49 eyes of 49 patients were
      analyzed for intraoperative indications. Of those, 37 eyes of 37 patients had at
      least 1 year of follow-up and were analyzed for postoperative outcomes. The mean
      age at secondary implantation was 55.2+/-21.6 months. At secondary implantation,
      69.4% of eyes were implanted in the capsular bag, 28.6% in the sulcus, and 2.0%
      that were angle-supported. There was no significant correlation between the site
      of secondary IOL implantation and age at implantation (P=0.216). The mean follow
      up after implantation was 57.6+/-33.6 months. The rate of VAO was 5.4%, the rate
      of glaucoma occurring after secondary implantation was 16.2%, and the rate of IOL
      exchange was 2.7%. The median visual acuity at final follow-up was 20/40. For
      patients with unilateral cataracts it was 20/60 and for bilateral patients it was
      20/30.ConclusionsThe secondary IOL implantation in children is a relatively safe
      procedure associated with low rates of postoperative complications. Visual
      outcomes are acceptable and are better for bilateral patients than for unilateral
      patients. 

PMID- 27367748
TI  - Click Chemistry Immobilization of Antibodies on Polymer Coated Gold
      Nanoparticles.
AB  - The goal of this work is to develop an innovative approach for the coating of
      gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with a synthetic functional copolymer. This stable
      coating with a thickness of few nanometers provides, at the same time,
      stabilization and functionalization of the particles. The polymeric coating
      consists of a backbone of polydimethylacrylamide (DMA) functionalized with an
      alkyne monomer that allows the binding of azido modified molecules by Cu(I)
      catalyzed azide/alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC, click chemistry). The
      thin polymer layer on the surface stabilizes the colloidal suspension whereas the
      alkyne functions pending from the backbone are available for the reaction with
      azido-modified proteins. The reactivity of the coating is demonstrated by
      immobilizing an azido modified anti-mouse IgG antibody on the particle surface.
      This approach for the covalent binding of antibody to a gold-NPs is applied to
      the development of gold labels in biosensing techniques.

PMID- 27367749
TI  - Effect of Generic Competition on Atorvastatin Prescribing and Patients' Out-of
      Pocket Spending.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: In November 2011, the cholesterol level-lowering medication
      atorvastatin calcium became available in the United States as a generic drug.
      However, only a single generic form (from a manufacturer that qualified for
      market exclusivity by challenging several of Pfizer's patents) and an authorized
      generic form (a brand-name drug sold as a generic) were available for the first
      180 days. OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in the prescribing of generic
      atorvastatin after expiration of market exclusivity for the brand-name medication
      and the effect on patients' out-of-pocket spending. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: A US population-based study used commercial claims data from the
      Optum Clinformatics research database (UnitedHealth Group) from December 1, 2010,
      to May 31, 2013. Participants were 1 968 709 adults with commercial insurance who
      had been prescribed 1 or more statins (13 285 223 statin prescriptions). An
      interrupted times series model was used to examine the effect of limited and full
      generic competition on brand-name and generic atorvastatin prescriptions. Data
      were analyzed from December 1, 2010, to May 31, 2013. EXPOSURES: Prescription of
      brand-name atorvastatin, generic atorvastatin, and authorized generic
      atorvastatin were distinguished using National Drug Codes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: Total number of prescriptions dispensed per month and out-of-pocket
      expenditures for a typical 30-day supply of 20-mg atorvastatin during the periods
      of brand-name availability only, limited generic competition (lasting 180 days
      after market exclusivity ended), and full generic competition. RESULTS: Of the 1
      968 709 beneficiaries, 1 483 066 (58.8% male and 41.2% female; mean [SD] age,
      55.6 [10.2] years) received a prescription for a single statin and were included
      in the analysis. The introduction of the first generic competitor was associated
      with a reduction in monthly brand-name atorvastatin fills by 20 896 prescriptions
      (level change, P = .001), an 18.1% change compared with the month preceding loss
      of exclusivity. Full generic competition reduced brand-name fills by 54 944
      prescriptions (level change, P < .001), a 47.6% change relative to the month
      preceding loss of exclusivity. During the first 180 days of generic competition,
      no meaningful difference in monthly out-of-pocket spending was found between
      brand-name (median, $16.98; interquartile range [IQR], $8.76-$48.66) and generic
      (median, $19.98; IQR, $7.50-$54.90) atorvastatin. After full generic competition,
      estimated monthly out-of-pocket spending for generic atorvastatin (median $5.10;
      IQR, $3.36-$19.98) or authorized generic atorvastatin (median, $5.52; IQR, $3.48
      $19.98) was substantially lower than that for brand-name atorvastatin (median,
      $30.00; IQR, $15.00-$91.38). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with
      commercial health insurance, delays in generic uptake and high levels of out-of
      pocket spending during the first 180 days after atorvastatin lost market
      exclusivity slowed changes in drug prescribing and decreases in patients' out-of
      pocket costs.

PMID- 27367751
TI  - Femtosecond Laser-Induced Upconversion Luminescence in Rare-Earth Ions by
      Nonresonant Multiphoton Absorption.
AB  - The upconversion luminescence of rare-earth ions has attracted considerable
      interest because of its important applications in photoelectric conversion, color
      display, laser device, multiplexed biolabeling, and security printing. Previous
      studies mainly explored the upconversion luminescence generation through excited
      state absorption, energy transfer upconversion, and photon avalanche under the
      continuous wave laser excitation. Here, we focus on the upconversion luminescence
      generation through a nonresonant multiphoton absorption by using the intense
      femtosecond pulsed laser excitation and study the upconversion luminescence
      intensity control by varying the femtosecond laser phase and polarization. We
      show that the upconversion luminescence of rare-earth ions under the intense
      femtosecond laser field excitation is easy to be obtained due to the nonresonant
      multiphoton absorption through the nonlinear interaction between light and
      matter, which is not available by the continuous wave laser excitation in
      previous works. We also show that the upconversion luminescence intensity can be
      effectively controlled by varying the femtosecond pulsed laser phase and
      polarization, which can open a new technological opportunity to generate and
      control the upconversion luminescence of rare-earth ions and also can be further
      extended to the relevant application areas. 

PMID- 27367750
TI  - Failure of Calcineurin Inhibitor (Tacrolimus) Weaning Randomized Trial in Long
      Term Stable Kidney Transplant Recipients.
AB  - Long-term renal transplant outcome is limited by side effects of
      immunosuppressive drugs, particularly calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). We assumed
      that some patients selected for a "low immunological risk of rejection" could be
      eligible and benefit from a CNI weaning strategy. We designed a prospective,
      randomized, multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study (Eudract:
      2010-019574-33) to analyze the benefit-risk ratio of tacrolimus weaning on highly
      selected patients (>=4 years of transplantation, normal histology, stable graft
      function, no anti-HLA immunization). The primary endpoint was improvement of
      renal function. Fifty-two patients were scheduled in each treatment arm, placebo
      compared to the CNI maintenance arm. Only 10 patients were eligible and
      randomized. Five patients were assigned to the placebo arm and five were assigned
      to the tacrolimus maintenance arm. In the tacrolimus maintenance arm, all
      patients maintained stable graft function and no immunological events occurred.
      Contrastingly, in the placebo arm, all five patients had to reintroduce a full
      dose of tacrolimus since three of them presented an acute rejection episode (one
      humoral, one mixed, and one borderline) and two displayed anti-HLA antibodies
      without histological lesion (one donor-specific antibodies [DSA] and one non
      DSA). Clearly, tacrolimus withdrawal must be avoided even in long-term highly
      selective stable kidney recipients.

PMID- 27367752
TI  - Combinational effects of muscarinic receptor inhibition and beta3-adrenoceptor
      stimulation on neurogenic bladder dysfunction in rats with spinal cord injury.
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the effects of combined therapy with an anticholinergic
      agent and a beta3-adrenoceptor agonist on bladder dysfunction and proliferation
      related molecule expression in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS: The
      spinal cord was transected at the level of T8-9 in female Sprague-Dawley rats,
      which were divided into four groups; A: Vehicle, B: 10 mg/kg/day of oxybutynin,
      C: 10 mg/kg/day of mirabegron, and D: combined administration of oxybutynin and
      mirabegron. Drugs were administered by oral gavage from 2 to 4 weeks after spinal
      cord transection. We evaluated urodynamic parameters and bladder tissue
      remodeling factors. RESULTS: Non-voiding contractions (NVCs) during the storage
      phase of cystometrograms tended to be decreased in all three treated groups with
      a significant reduction in group D versus A. Bladder compliance was improved, and
      intercontraction intervals, voided volume and bladder capacity were increased in
      group D. In all three treated groups (B-D), the expression of HIF1-alpha and TGF
      beta1 was decreased compared to group A. The expression of collagen-III and bFGF
      was decreased in groups B and D. The total bladder elastin level was increased in
      group D. CONCLUSIONS: The combination therapy of an anticholinergic agent and a
      beta3-adrenoceptor agonist elevated the bladder elastin level, reduced NVCs, and
      increased bladder compliance more effectively than the monotherapy in SCI rats.
      Thus, the combination therapy could be effective for the treatment of neurogenic
      bladder dysfunction including bladder remodeling. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1039
      1045, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27367753
TI  - Rapid de novo aneurysm formation after clipping of a ruptured middle cerebral
      artery aneurysm in an infant with an MYH11 mutation.
AB  - The authors report the case of a previously healthy 6-month-old girl who
      presented with right arm and leg stiffening consistent with seizure activity. An
      initial CT scan of the head demonstrated acute subarachnoid hemorrhage in the
      basal cisterns extending into the left sylvian fissure. Computed tomography
      angiography demonstrated a 7 * 6 * 5-mm saccular aneurysm of the inferior M2
      division of the left middle cerebral artery. The patient underwent left
      craniotomy and microsurgical clip ligation with wrapping of the aneurysm neck
      because the vessel appeared circumferentially dysplastic in the region of the
      aneurysm. Postoperative angiography demonstrated a small remnant, sluggish distal
      flow, but no significant cerebral vasospasm. Fifty-five days after the initial
      aneurysm rupture, the patient presented again with an acute intraparenchymal
      hemorrhage of the left anterior temporal lobe. Angiogram revealed a
      circumferentially dysplastic superior division of the M2 branch, with a new 5 * 4
      mm saccular aneurysm distinct from the first, with 2 smaller aneurysms distal to
      the new ruptured aneurysm. Endovascular parent vessel occlusion with Onyx was
      performed. Genetic testing revealed a mutation of the MYH11. To the authors'
      knowledge, this is the first report of rapid de novo aneurysm formation in an
      infant with an MYH11 mutation. The authors review the patient's clinical
      presentation and management and comprehensively review the literature on this
      topic.

PMID- 27367754
TI  - WITHDRAWN: Target-controlled infusion versus manually-controlled infusion of
      propofol for general anaesthesia or sedation in adults.

PMID- 27367755
TI  - Instrument for Predicting Early Stroke Recurrence: Ambiguity and Biases.

PMID- 27367757
TI  - The Bright Side: Winslow Homer.

PMID- 27367765
TI  - The Challenging Task of Improving the Recovery of ICU Survivors.

PMID- 27367767
TI  - Navigating the Dermatological Drug Cost Curve.

PMID- 27367766
TI  - Standardized Rehabilitation and Hospital Length of Stay Among Patients With Acute
      Respiratory Failure: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Physical rehabilitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) may improve
      the outcomes of patients with acute respiratory failure. OBJECTIVE: To compare
      standardized rehabilitation therapy (SRT) to usual ICU care in acute respiratory
      failure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Single-center, randomized clinical
      trial at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, North Carolina. Adult patients (mean
      age, 58 years; women, 55%) admitted to the ICU with acute respiratory failure
      requiring mechanical ventilation were randomized to SRT (n=150) or usual care
      (n=150) from October 2009 through May 2014 with 6-month follow-up. INTERVENTIONS:
      Patients in the SRT group received daily therapy until hospital discharge,
      consisting of passive range of motion, physical therapy, and progressive
      resistance exercise. The usual care group received weekday physical therapy when
      ordered by the clinical team. For the SRT group, the median (interquartile range
      [IQR]) days of delivery of therapy were 8.0 (5.0-14.0) for passive range of
      motion, 5.0 (3.0-8.0) for physical therapy, and 3.0 (1.0-5.0) for progressive
      resistance exercise. The median days of delivery of physical therapy for the
      usual care group was 1.0 (IQR, 0.0-8.0). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Both groups
      underwent assessor-blinded testing at ICU and hospital discharge and at 2, 4, and
      6 months. The primary outcome was hospital length of stay (LOS). Secondary
      outcomes were ventilator days, ICU days, Short Physical Performance Battery
      (SPPB) score, 36-item Short-Form Health Surveys (SF-36) for physical and mental
      health and physical function scale score, Functional Performance Inventory (FPI)
      score, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, and handgrip and handheld
      dynamometer strength. RESULTS: Among 300 randomized patients, the median hospital
      LOS was 10 days (IQR, 6 to 17) for the SRT group and 10 days (IQR, 7 to 16) for
      the usual care group (median difference, 0 [95% CI, -1.5 to 3], P = .41). There
      was no difference in duration of ventilation or ICU care. There was no effect at
      6 months for handgrip (difference, 2.0 kg [95% CI, -1.3 to 5.4], P = .23) and
      handheld dynamometer strength (difference, 0.4 lb [95% CI, -2.9 to 3.7], P =
      .82), SF-36 physical health score (difference, 3.4 [95% CI, -0.02 to 7.0], P =
      .05), SF-36 mental health score (difference, 2.4 [95% CI, -1.2 to 6.0], P = .19),
      or MMSE score (difference, 0.6 [95% CI, -0.2 to 1.4], P = .17). There were higher
      scores at 6 months in the SRT group for the SPPB score (difference, 1.1 [95% CI,
      0.04 to 2.1, P = .04), SF-36 physical function scale score (difference, 12.2 [95%
      CI, 3.8 to 20.7], P = .001), and the FPI score (difference, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.04 to
      0.4], P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients hospitalized with acute
      respiratory failure, SRT compared with usual care did not decrease hospital LOS.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00976833.

PMID- 27367768
TI  - Sharing of Data From Industry-Funded Registered Clinical Trials.

PMID- 27367769
TI  - Prenatal Vitamin D and Offspring Wheezing.

PMID- 27367770
TI  - Characteristics of Patients Dying With Cancer in Developed Countries.

PMID- 27367771
TI  - Prenatal Vitamin D and Offspring Wheezing.

PMID- 27367772
TI  - Prenatal Vitamin D and Offspring Wheezing--Reply.

PMID- 27367773
TI  - Characteristics of Patients Dying With Cancer in Developed Countries--Reply.

PMID- 27367774
TI  - Measuring and Improving Quality.

PMID- 27367775
TI  - Measuring and Improving Quality--Reply.

PMID- 27367776
TI  - Office Visits Prior to Screening Colonoscopy.

PMID- 27367777
TI  - Office Visits Prior to Screening Colonoscopy--Reply.

PMID- 27367778
TI  - Costs of Contraceptive Coverage Under the Affordable Care Act.

PMID- 27367779
TI  - The Centennial of the Stethoscope.

PMID- 27367780
TI  - HIV and ageing: improving quantity and quality of life.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Evidence-based strategies are needed to address the growing
      complexity of care of those ageing with HIV so that as life expectancy is
      extended, quality of life is also enhanced. RECENT FINDINGS: Modifiable
      contributing factors to the quantity and quality of life in adults ageing with
      HIV include: burden of harmful health behaviours, injury from HIV infection, HIV
      treatment toxicity and general burden of age-associated comorbidities. In turn,
      these factors contribute to geriatric syndromes including multimorbidity and
      polypharmacy, physiologic frailty, falls and fragility fractures and cognitive
      dysfunction, which further compromise the quality of life long before they lead
      to mortality. SUMMARY: Viral suppression of HIV with combination antiviral
      therapy has led to increasing longevity but has not enabled a complete return to
      health among ageing HIV-infected individuals (HIV+). As adults age with HIV, the
      role of HIV itself and associated inflammation, effects of exposure to
      antiretroviral agents, the high prevalence of modifiable risk factors for age
      associated conditions (e.g. smoking), and the effects of other viral coinfections
      are all influencing the health trajectory of persons ageing with HIV. We must
      move from the simplistic notion of HIV becoming a 'chronic controllable illness'
      to understanding the continually evolving 'treated' history of HIV infection with
      the burden of age-associated conditions and geriatric syndromes in the context of
      an altered and ageing immune system.

PMID- 27367782
TI  - Relationship between Age and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Normal
      Children.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of age and ocular factors on peripapillary
      retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in children. METHOD: A total of 198
      normal subjects aged <19 years received a comprehensive ophthalmologic
      examination, including measurement of visual acuity, axial length, and
      cycloplegic refraction. Fast optical coherence tomography RNFL scans were
      obtained and average RNFL thickness was adjusted for ocular magnification. One
      eye of each subject was randomly selected as the study eye. The correlations
      between age and other ocular variables were examined. RESULTS: Mean subject age
      was 8.61 +/- 3.12 years. Average RNFL thickness and ocular magnification
      corrected average RNFL thickness were 107.71 +/- 11.83 and 103.03 +/- 12.53 MUm,
      respectively. There was no significant correlation between observed RNFL
      thickness and spherical equivalent of the refractive error (SE), axial length, or
      age (all P >0.05). Corrected RNFL thickness was positively correlated with age
      and axial length and negatively correlated with SE (P <0.01). Age was negatively
      correlated with the percent difference between observed and corrected RNFL
      thickness (P <0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that both
      axial length and age were correlated with corrected RNFL thickness in subjects
      <15 years old (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: The RNFL thickness is likely to be
      overestimated in children <15 years old. Additionally, an RNFL thickness increase
      was observed in children <15 years old. Thus, ocular magnification and RNFL
      thickness increase should be considered when assessing RNFL thickness in patients
      <15 years old.

PMID- 27367783
TI  - The role of functional variability in a whole body co-ordinated movement -
      Application to high bar giant circles.
AB  - When performing a giant circle on high bar a gymnast flexes at the hips in the
      lower part of the circle, increasing the kinetic energy, and extends in the upper
      part of the circle, decreasing the kinetic energy. In order to perform a sequence
      of giant circles at even tempo, any variation in angular velocity at the end of
      the flexion phase needs to be reduced by the end of the extension phase. The aim
      of this study was to determine the nature and contribution of such adjustments. A
      computer simulation model of a gymnast performing giant circles on high bar was
      used to investigate strategies of (a) fixed timing of the extension phase
      (feedforward control) and (b) stretched timing in order to extend at the same
      point of the giant circle (feedforward with additional feedback control). For
      three elite gymnasts fixed timing reduced the angular velocity variation on
      average by 36% whereas stretched timing reduced the variation by 63%. The mean
      reduction for the actual gymnast techniques was 61%. It was concluded that both
      feedforward and feedback control strategies are used by gymnasts for controlling
      such movements. 

PMID- 27367781
TI  - Genetics and Genomics of Longitudinal Lung Function Patterns in Individuals with
      Asthma.
AB  - RATIONALE: Patterns of longitudinal lung function growth and decline in childhood
      asthma have been shown to be important in determining risk for future respiratory
      ailments including chronic airway obstruction and chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease. OBJECTIVES: To determine the genetic underpinnings of lung function
      patterns in subjects with childhood asthma. METHODS: We performed a genome-wide
      association study of 581 non-Hispanic white individuals with asthma that were
      previously classified by patterns of lung function growth and decline (normal
      growth, normal growth with early decline, reduced growth, and reduced growth with
      early decline). The strongest association was also measured in two additional
      cohorts: a small asthma cohort and a large chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      metaanalysis cohort. Interaction between the genomic region encompassing the most
      strongly associated single-nucleotide polymorphism and nearby genes was assessed
      by two chromosome conformation capture assays. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: An
      intergenic single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs4445257) on chromosome 8 was
      strongly associated with the normal growth with early decline pattern compared
      with all other pattern groups (P = 6.7 * 10-9; odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence
      interval, 2.0-4.0); replication analysis suggested this variant had opposite
      effects in normal growth with early decline and reduced growth with early decline
      pattern groups. Chromosome conformation capture experiments indicated a chromatin
      interaction between rs4445257 and the promoter of the distal CSMD3 gene.
      CONCLUSIONS: Early decline in lung function after normal growth is associated
      with a genetic polymorphism that may also protect against early decline in
      reduced growth groups. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov
      (NCT00000575).

PMID- 27367784
TI  - Comprehensive quantitative investigation of arm swing during walking at various
      speed and surface slope conditions.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that inclusion of arm swing in gait rehabilitation
      leads to more effective walking recovery in patients with walking impairments.
      However, little is known about the correct arm-swing trajectories to be used in
      gait rehabilitation given the fact that changes in walking conditions affect arm
      swing patterns. In this paper we present a comprehensive look at the effects of a
      variety of conditions on arm-swing patterns during walking. The results describe
      the effects of surface slope, walking speed, and physical characteristics on arm
      swing patterns in healthy individuals. We propose data-driven mathematical models
      to describe arm-swing trajectories. Thirty individuals (fifteen females and
      fifteen males) with a wide range of height (1.58-1.91m) and body mass (49-98kg),
      participated in our study. Based on their self-selected walking speed, each
      participant performed walking trials with four speeds on five surface slopes
      while their whole-body kinematics were recorded. Statistical analysis showed that
      walking speed, surface slope, and height were the major factors influencing arm
      swing during locomotion. The results demonstrate that data-driven models can
      successfully describe arm-swing trajectories for normal gait under varying
      walking conditions. The findings also provide insight into the behavior of the
      elbow during walking. 

PMID- 27367785
TI  - Catalytic Hairpin Assembly Actuated DNA Nanotweezer for Logic Gate Building and
      Sensitive Enzyme-Free Biosensing of MicroRNAs.
AB  - A target-switched DNA nanotweezer is designed for AND logic gate operation and
      enzyme-free detection of microRNAs (miRNAs) by catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA)
      and proximity-dependent DNAzyme formation. The double crossover motif-based
      nanotweezer consists of an arched structure as the set strand for target inputs
      and two split G-rich DNAs at the termini of two arms for signal output. Upon a
      CHA, a small amount of binary target inputs can switch numerous open nanotweezers
      to a closed state, which leads to the formation of proximity-dependent DNAzyme in
      the presence of hemin to produce a highly sensitive biosensing system. The binary
      target inputs can be used for successful building of AND logic gate, which is
      validated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, surface plasmon resonance and
      the biosensing signal. The developed biosensing system shows a linear response of
      the output chemiluminescence signal to input binary miRNAs with a detection limit
      of 30 fM. It can be used for miRNAs analysis in complex sample matrix. This
      system provides a simple and reusable platform for logic gate operation and
      enzyme-free, highly sensitive, and specific multianalysis of miRNAs.

PMID- 27367786
TI  - Semiquantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for accurate classification of
      complex adnexal masses.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify the best dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) descriptive parameters in predicting malignancy of complex ovarian
      masses, and develop an optimal decision tree for accurate classification of
      benign and malignant complex ovarian masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preoperative
      DCE-MR images of 55 sonographically indeterminate ovarian masses (27 benign and
      28 malignant) were analyzed prospectively. Four descriptive parameters of the
      dynamic curve, namely, time-to-peak (TTP), wash-in-rate (WIR), relative signal
      intensity (SIrel ), and the initial area under the curve (IAUC60 ) were
      calculated on the normalized curves of specified regions-of-interest (ROIs). A
      two-tailed Student's t-test and two automated classifiers, linear discriminant
      analysis (LDA) and support vector machines (SVMs), were used to compare the
      performance of the mentioned parameters individually and in combination with each
      other. RESULTS: TTP (P = 6.15E-8) and WIR (P = 5.65E-5) parameters induced the
      highest sensitivity (89% for LDA, and 97% for SVM) and specificity (93% for LDA,
      and 100% for SVM), respectively. Regarding the high sensitivity of TTP and high
      specificity of WIR and through their combination, an accurate and simple decision
      tree classifier was designed using the line equation obtained by LDA
      classification model. The proposed classifier achieved an accuracy of 89% and
      area under the ROC curve of 93%. CONCLUSION: In this study an accurate decision
      tree classifier based on a combination of TTP and WIR parameters was proposed,
      which provides a clinically flexible framework to aid radiologists/clinicians to
      reach a conclusive preoperative diagnosis and patient-specific therapy plan for
      distinguishing malignant from benign complex ovarian masses. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2
      J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:418-427.

PMID- 27367787
TI  - Treatment of the Immune-Related Adverse Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors:
      A Review.
AB  - Importance: The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has
      significantly improved the treatment of a variety of cancers and led to US Food
      and Drug Administration approvals for patients with a variety of malignant
      neoplasms. Immune checkpoint inhibitors enhance antitumor immunity by blocking
      negative regulators of T-cell function that exist both on immune cells and on
      tumor cells. Although these agents can lead to remarkable responses, their use
      can also be associated with unique immune-related adverse effects (irAEs).
      Observations: In general, use of PD-1 inhibitors such as nivolumab and
      pembrolizumab has a lower incidence of irAEs compared with those that block CTLA
      4 such as ipilimumab. The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab has a higher
      rate of irAEs than either approach as monotherapy. Consensus guidelines regarding
      the treatment of the most common irAEs including rash, colitis, hepatitis,
      endocrinopathies, and pneumonitis have been established. The mainstay of irAE
      treatment consists of immunosuppression with corticosteroids or other
      immunosuppressant agents such as infliximab; most irAEs will resolve with
      appropriate management. Conclusions and Relevance: The clinical use of immune
      checkpoint inhibitors is expanding rapidly. Oncology practitioners will therefore
      be required to recognize and manage irAEs in a growing patient population. Early
      recognition and treatment are essential to prevent patient morbidity and
      mortality, and adherence to established algorithms is recommended.

PMID- 27367788
TI  - Outcomes of Children With and Without Hepatic Encephalopathy From the Pediatric
      Acute Liver Failure Study Group.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is challenging to identify in children
      with acute liver failure and was not a requirement for enrollment into the
      Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group (PALFSG). The outcomes of PALFSG
      participants presenting with and without HE are presented. METHODS: PALFSG
      participants were classified based on daily assessment of HE during the first 7
      days following study enrollment: group 1-never developed HE; group 2-no HE at
      enrollment with subsequent HE development; and group 3-HE at study enrollment.
      Clinical and biochemical parameters and outcomes of death, spontaneous recovery,
      or liver transplantation were compared between groups. RESULTS: Data from 769
      PALFSG (54% boys; median age 4.2 years; range 0-17.9 years) participants were
      analyzed, with 277 in group 1 (36%), 83 in group 2 (11%), and 409 in group 3
      (53%). Mortality occurred in 11% of all participants and was highest among group
      3 participants who demonstrated persistent grade III-IV HE (55%) or showed
      progression of HE (26%). Eleven (4%) group 1 participants died within 21 days of
      enrollment. Spontaneous recovery was highest in group 1 (79%) and lowest in group
      2 (25%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality 21 days after enrollment was highest
      in participants enrolled with severe HE (grades III or IV) or demonstrating HE
      progression. Four percent of participants without recorded clinical HE in the 7
      days after enrollment, however, died within 21 days. Improved assessment of
      neurological injury and pediatric acute liver failure prognostication schema are
      needed.

PMID- 27367790
TI  - Diabolical Coughing-Prima Facie Protocols for Diagnosis and Treatment of
      Medically Jaded Patients.

PMID- 27367789
TI  - Sticky Steroids: In Search of an Approved Treatment for Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

PMID- 27367791
TI  - Partner Reports of HIV Viral Suppression Predict Sexual Behavior in
      Serodiscordant Male Couples.

PMID- 27367792
TI  - Ammonia Borane Dehydrogenation Promoted by a Pincer-Square-Planar Rhodium(I)
      Monohydride: A Stepwise Hydrogen Transfer from the Substrate to the Catalyst.
AB  - The pincer d(8)-monohydride complex RhH{xant(P(i)Pr2)2} (xant(P(i)Pr2)2 = 9,9
      dimethyl-4,5-bis(diisopropylphosphino)xanthene) promotes the release of 1 equiv
      of hydrogen from H3BNH3 and H3BNHMe2 with TOF50% values of 3150 and 1725 h(-1),
      to afford [BH2NH2]n and [BH2NMe2]2 and the tandem ammonia borane dehydrogenation
      cyclohexene hydrogenation. DFT calculations on the ammonia borane dehydrogenation
      suggest that the process takes place by means of cis-kappa(2)-PP-species, through
      four stages including: (i) Shimoi-type coordination of ammonia borane, (ii)
      homolytic addition of the coordinated H-B bond to afford a five-coordinate
      dihydride-boryl-rhodium(III) intermediate, (iii) reductive intramolecular proton
      transfer from the NH3 group to one of the hydride ligands, and (iv) release of H2
      from the resulting square-planar hydride dihydrogen rhodium(I) intermediate. 

PMID- 27367793
TI  - Language, gesture, and handedness: Evidence for independent lateralized networks.
AB  - Language, gesture, and handedness are in most people represented in the left
      cerebral hemisphere. To explore the relations among these attributes, we
      collected fMRI images in a large sample of left- and right-handers while they
      performed language tasks and watched action sequences. Regions of interest
      included the frontal and parietal areas previously identified as comprising an
      action-observation network, and the frontal and temporal areas comprising the
      primary areas for language production and comprehension. All of the language
      areas and most of the action-observation areas showed an overall left-hemispheric
      bias, despite the participation of equal numbers of left- and right-handers. A
      factor analysis of the laterality indices derived from the different areas during
      the tasks indicated three independent networks, one associated with language, one
      associated with handedness, and one representing action observation independent
      of handedness. Areas 44 and 45, which together make up Broca's area, were part of
      the language and action-observation networks, but were not included in the part
      of the action observation network that was related to handedness, which in turn
      was strongly linked to areas in the parietal lobe. These results suggest an
      evolutionary scenario in which the primate mirror neuron system (MNS) became
      increasingly lateralized, and later fissioned onto subsystems with one mediating
      language and the other mediating the execution and observation of manual actions.
      The second network is further subdivided into one dependent on hand preference
      and one that is not, providing new insight into the tripartite system of
      language, handedness, and praxis.

PMID- 27367794
TI  - Prevention of perceptual-motor decline by branched-chain amino acids, arginine,
      citrulline after tennis match.
AB  - Perceptual-motor performance in prolonged tennis matches may be affected by
      central fatigue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the supplementation
      of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), arginine, and citrulline on tennis-specific
      perceptual-motor performance after a simulated match. Nine male tennis players
      consumed 0.17 g/kg BCAA, 0.05 g/kg arginine, and 0.05 g/kg citrulline (AA trial),
      or placebo (PB trial) 1 h before the match. In the perceptual-motor performance
      test before and after the match, the subjects hit balls to the opposite direction
      of the examiner's movement. The AA trial showed significantly higher rate of
      correct direction than the PB trial after the match (AA trial: 93.63 +/- 1.28%,
      PB trial: 69.09 +/- 2.40%). The AA trial also demonstrated significantly higher
      post-match accuracy and consistency than the PB trial. The AA trial showed
      significantly lower heart rate and ratings of perceive exertion during the match,
      concurrently with a significantly lower plasma total tryptophan/BCAA ratio.
      Similar post-match plasma NH3 concentrations were found in both trials while the
      AA trial was significantly higher in NOx concentration. This study suggested that
      the supplementation could prevent the decline in perceptual-motor performance
      through alleviation of central fatigue by BCAA and prevention of excess
      hyperammonemia by arginine and citrulline.

PMID- 27367795
TI  - Effects of Suboptimally Presented Erotic Pictures on Moral Judgments: A Cross
      Cultural Comparison.
AB  - Previous research has identified a set of core factors that influence moral
      judgments. The present study addresses the interplay between moral judgments and
      four factors: (a) incidental affects, (b) sociocultural context, (c) type of
      dilemma, and (d) participant's sex. We asked participants in two different
      countries (Colombia and Spain) to judge the acceptability of actions in response
      to personal and impersonal moral dilemmas. Before each dilemma an affective prime
      (erotic, pleasant or neutral pictures) was presented suboptimally. Our results
      show that: a) relative to neutral priming, erotic primes increase the acceptance
      of harm for a greater good (i.e., more utilitarian judgments), b) relative to
      Colombians, Spanish participants rated causing harm as less acceptable, c)
      relative to impersonal dilemmas, personal dilemmas reduced the acceptance of
      harm, and d) relative to men, women were less likely to consider harm acceptable.
      Our results are congruent with findings showing that sex is a crucial factor in
      moral cognition, and they extend previous research by showing the interaction
      between culture and incidental factors in the making of moral judgments. 

PMID- 27367796
TI  - X-Ray Nanoscopy of a Bulk Heterojunction.
AB  - Optimizing the morphology of bulk heterojunctions is known to significantly
      improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells, but available
      quantitative imaging techniques are few and have severe limitations. We
      demonstrate X-ray ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging applied to all
      organic blends. Specifically, the phase-separated morphology in bulk
      heterojunction photoactive layers for organic solar cells, prepared from a 50:50
      blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester
      (PCBM) and thermally treated for different annealing times is imaged to high
      resolution. Moreover, using a fast-scanning calorimetry chip setup, the nano
      morphological changes caused by repeated thermal annealing applied to the same
      sample could be monitored. X-ray ptychography resolves to better than 100 nm the
      phase-segregated domains of electron donor and electron acceptor materials over a
      large field of view within the active layers. The quantitative phase contrast
      images further allow us to estimate the local volume fraction of PCBM across the
      photovoltaically active layers. The volume fraction gradient for different
      regions provides insight on the PCBM diffusion across the depletion zone
      surrounding PCBM aggregates. Phase contrast X-ray microscopy is under rapid
      development, and the results presented here are promising for future studies of
      organic-organic blends, also under in situ conditions, e.g., for monitoring the
      structural stability during UV-Vis irradiation. 

PMID- 27367797
TI  - Actor-Partner Interdependence Model Analysis of Sexual Communication and
      Relationship/Family Planning Factors Among Immigrant Latino Couples in the United
      States.
AB  - The Latino population in the United States is quickly growing, and its unintended
      pregnancy rate is increasing. To decrease unintended pregnancies, couples must
      mutually agree on family planning. Communication between partners is one key
      factor identified in successful family planning for couples. Therefore, the
      purpose of this study was to examine sexual communication and its associations
      with sexual relationship power, general communication, and views on family
      planning. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used to analyze dyadic
      influences of the chosen variables. Forty immigrant Latino couples were recruited
      from prenatal care clinics. The study results were grouped according to the three
      types of power structures: exhibition of men's traditional machismo values,
      exhibition of women's increased power in their relationships, and exhibition of
      men's and women's own empowerment with sexual communication. There was a negative
      association between men's views on family planning and women's sexual
      communication (exhibition of machismo values); a negative association between
      women's sexual relationship power and their partners' sexual communication
      (exhibition of women's increased power); and positive associations between men's
      and women's general communication and sexual communication (exhibition of men's
      and women's own empowerment). Dyadic influences of sexual communication and
      associated variables need to be incorporated into interventions to facilitate
      family planning for couples.

PMID- 27367798
TI  - Essential Infantile Esotropia: Postoperative Sensory Outcomes of Strabismus
      Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The optimum age for Essential Infantile Esotropia surgery is a
      controversial subject. Sensory status was evaluated in patients who underwent
      surgery at different ages in a retrospective study. The setting of the study is
      the ophthalmology department of a teaching hospital. METHODS: Different clinical
      characters were analyzed pre- and postoperatively; nine different surgeries were
      performed. A total of 188 patients presented valid postoperative sensorial data,
      divided in two groups: surgery at <=2 years (n=69) or >2 years (n=119). Sensory
      status was dichotomized in binocular single vision (BSV) and exclusion.
      Univariate differences were assessed with the chi-square test (or Fisher exact
      test). To identify the independent role of factors associated with the sensory
      status, all variables showing in univariate analyses a significant association
      (p<0.05) with the outcome variable were entered into a multivariate logistic
      regression model. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Multivariate
      analysis confirmed that children operated >2 years were 0.4 times less likely to
      obtain BSV compared with children operated at <=2 years (AOR. 0.38, 95% C.I. 0.17
      0.89, p=0.025). Patients operated on by OO MR rec.+ OO LR res. + OO IO rec.-ap.
      (intervention type 6) were about 11 times more likely to have BSV than those by
      OO rec.MR + unilateral res. LR (operation type 2); AOR.: 10.67, 95% C.I.: 1.34 -
      85.29, p=0.026). Twenty-nine patients (12.1%) operated at <=2 years of age
      underwent a reoperation, compared to 33 (8.6%) who underwent surgery after two
      years (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest to perform EIE surgery between
      age 1 and 2 and, when indicated, to prefer a six-muscle approach in order to
      achieve a better sensory function.

PMID- 27367799
TI  - The Development of Morphological Awareness in Young Bilinguals: Effects of Age
      and L1 Background.
AB  - PURPOSE: Current understanding about the effect of first language (L1) background
      on morphological awareness (MA) development in those who are bilingual is largely
      limited to school-aged second-language learners. This study examined the
      development of MA in bilingual Mandarin-English (ManEngBi) and Spanish-English
      (SpaEngBi) children ages 4 to 7 years, whose L1 is predominated by compounding
      and derivation, respectively. METHOD: We targeted specific word formation rules
      that develop within different developmental time frames. Forty-two ManEngBi, 30
      SpaEngBi, and 27 English monolingual children divided into 4- to 5-year-old and 6
      to 7-year-old age groups produced English words using compounding, the
      derivational agentive -er suffix, and the derivational characteristic -y suffix
      for both real and novel word roots. RESULTS: The characteristic -y suffix
      consistently elicited the poorest performance. This finding held true regardless
      of language group, age, or novelty of prompts. Both older SpaEngBi and English
      monolingual children outperformed older ManEngBi children in the characteristic 
      y suffix, whereas the three groups performed comparably on the other two rules at
      both age intervals. Error analysis further suggested influence of cross
      linguistic features. CONCLUSIONS: L1 influence on English MA development is
      sensitive to the developmental time frame of word formation rules. Future studies
      on the development of MA in bilingual children should adopt a more fine-grained
      approach and include a wider age range.

PMID- 27367801
TI  - Stem cells: to be born great, achieve greatness, or have greatness thrust upon
      them?
AB  - Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have opened new doors in providing an
      ethical, patient-specific cell source towards tissue engineering. Developing
      these therapies involves the production of reprogrammed iPSCs, expanding them
      while maintaining pluripotency, then differentiating them into functional
      tissues. To bring these therapies to the clinic, efficient and GMP-compliant
      manufacturing methods are required. In this Research Highlight, we describe
      recent innovations to several aspects of the pluripotent cell therapy pipeline.

PMID- 27367800
TI  - The Current Recommended Vitamin D Intake Guideline for Diet and Supplements
      During Pregnancy Is Not Adequate to Achieve Vitamin D Sufficiency for Most
      Pregnant Women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to determine if pregnant women consumed
      the recommended vitamin D through diet alone or through diet and supplements, and
      if they achieved the current reference range vitamin D status when their reported
      dietary intake met the current recommendations. METHODS: Data and banked blood
      samples collected in second trimester from a subset of 537 women in the APrON
      (Alberta Pregnant Outcomes and Nutrition) study cohort were examined. Frozen
      collected plasma were assayed using LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry) to determine 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, 3-epi-25(OH)D3 concentrations.
      Dietary data were obtained from questionnaires including a Supplement Intake
      Questionnaire and a 24-hour recall of the previous day's diet. RESULTS:
      Participants were 87% Caucasian; mean (SD) age of 31.3 (4.3); BMI 25.8 (4.7); 58%
      were primiparous; 90% had education beyond high school; 80% had a family income
      higher than CAN $70,000/year. 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, and 3-epi-25(OH)D3) were
      identified in all of the 537 plasma samples;3-epi-25(OH)D3 contributed 5% of the
      total vitamin D. The median (IQR) total 25(OH)D (D2+D3) was 92.7 (30.4) nmol/L
      and 20% of women had 25(OH)D concentration < 75 nmol/L. The median (IQR) reported
      vitamin D intake from diet and supplements was 600 (472) IU/day. There was a
      significant relationship between maternal reported dietary vitamin D intake (diet
      and supplement) and 25(OH)D and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 concentrations in an adjusted
      linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the current RDA (600 IU/
      day) may not be adequate to achieve vitamin D status >75 nmol/L in some pregnant
      women who are residing in higher latitudes (Calgary, 51 degrees N) in Alberta,
      Canada and the current vitamin D recommendations for Canadian pregnant women need
      to be re-evaluated.

PMID- 27367802
TI  - Controlling the Reversible Assembly of Liposomes through a Multistimuli
      Responsive Anchored DNA.
AB  - We present a novel approach to reversibly control the assembly of liposomes
      through an anchored multistimuli responsive DNA oligonucleotide decorated with an
      azobenzene moiety (AZO-ON1). We show that liposomes assembly can be
      simultaneously controlled by three external stimuli: light, Mg(2+), and
      temperature. (i) Light alters the interaction of AZO-ON1 with liposomes, which
      influences DNA coating and consequently liposomes assembly. (ii) Mg(2+) induces
      the assembly, hence variation in its concentration enables for reversibility.
      (iii) Double-stranded AZO-ON1 is more efficient than single-stranded AZO-ON1 in
      triggering the assembly of liposomes and temperature has been used for
      controllable assembly through DNA thermal denaturation. Our multiresponsive AZO
      ON1 represents a unique example in which multiple stimuli can be simultaneously
      applied to regulate the reversible assembly of liposomes.

PMID- 27367804
TI  - Severe Intrapartum Asphyxia from Subamniotic Hemorrhage.
AB  - Subamniotic hemorrhage results from rupture of chorionic vessels near the cord
      insertion. In the literature, it has never been a major cause for severe
      intrapartum complications. We report the first case of acute massive subamniotic
      hemorrhage intrapartum resulting in severe perinatal asphyxia.

PMID- 27367803
TI  - Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) versus Femtosecond Laser-Assisted In
      Situ Keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for Myopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to compare small incision lenticule
      extraction (SMILE) with femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS
      LASIK) for treating myopia. METHODS: The CENTRAL, EMBASE, PubMed databases and a
      Chinese database (SinoMed) were searched in May of 2016. Twelve studies with
      1,076 eyes, which included three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nine
      cohorts, met our inclusion criteria. The overall quality of evidence was
      evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and
      Evaluation (GRADE) working group framework. Data were extracted and analysed at
      three to six months postoperatively. Primary outcome measures included a loss of
      one or more lines of best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), uncorrected
      visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better, mean logMAR UCVA, postoperative mean
      spherical equivalent (SE) and postoperative refraction within +/-1.0 D of the
      target refraction. Secondary outcome measures included ocular surface disease
      index (OSDI), tear breakup time (TBUT) and Schirmer's 1 test (S1T) as dry eye
      parameters, along with corneal sensitivity. RESULTS: The overall quality of
      evidence was considered to be low to very low. Pooled results revealed no
      significant differences between the two groups with regard to a loss of one or
      more lines in the BSCVA (OR 1.71; 95% CI: 0.81, 3.63; P = 0.16), UCVA of 20/20 or
      better (OR 0.71; 95% CI: 0.44, 1.15; P = 0.16), logMAR UCVA (MD 0.00; 95% CI: 
      0.03, 0.04; P = 0.87), postoperative refractive SE (MD -0.00; 95% CI: -0.05,
      0.05; P = 0.97) or postoperative refraction within +/-1.0 D of the target
      refraction (OR 0.78; 95% CI: 0.22, 2.77; P = 0.70) within six months
      postoperatively. The pooled analysis also indicated that the FS-LASIK group
      suffered more severely from dry eye symptoms (OSDI; MD -6.68; 95% CI: -11.76, 
      2.00; P = 0.006) and lower corneal sensitivity (MD 12.40; 95% CI: 10.23, 14.56; P
      < 0.00001) at six months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, both FS
      LASIK and SMILE are safe, effective and predictable surgical options for treating
      myopia. However, dry eye symptoms and loss of corneal sensitivity may occur less
      frequently after SMILE than after FS-LASIK.

PMID- 27367805
TI  - Free-Flap Reconstruction: What Do Microsurgeons Prefer for Themselves?
AB  - Background The recent development of perforator flaps has changed the
      reconstructive strategy for common integumental defects and has refocused the
      attention of microsurgeons to donor site morbidity. We asked a representative
      panel of microsurgeons about the free flap they would use to cover a common
      integumental defect on their own body to investigate the best free-flap donor
      sites. Methods In total, 100 practitioners participated in the "FreeFlap4U"
      study, representing 77.3% of the French national plastic surgery teams practicing
      microsurgery. To assess changing attitudes, we also compared microsurgeons below
      40 years of age (called junior microsurgeons, JMs) with those above 40 years of
      age (called senior microsurgeons, SMs). Results Perforator flaps were preferred
      for the first line (JMs) and second line (JMs and SMs) of treatment compared with
      other flaps. JMs emphasized lower donor site morbidity, whereas SMs favored
      reliability (p = 0.013) and considered perforator flaps as a second-line
      treatment. Radial forearm and transverse rectus abdominis flaps were largely
      dismissed due to high morbidity. Some microsurgeons were influenced by the
      potential secondary benefit of the integument sample at the donor site.
      Conclusions Microsurgeons interviewed clearly moved toward perforator flaps, such
      as the anterolateral thigh, thoracodorsal artery perforator, and superficial
      circumflex iliac artery types, to cover common integumental defects. In the
      coming years, we believe that this choice, emitted by the microsurgeons for
      themselves, will be applied extensively by these surgeons for their patients. 

PMID- 27367806
TI  - Do Skin Perforator Flaps Accommodate Foot Growth in Children after
      Reconstruction?
AB  - Backgrounds Whether or not the flap accommodates growth is unpredictable and
      remains to be determined. We hypothesized that perforator flaps may accommodate
      growth after reconstruction in children and evaluated change of the flap after
      foot and ankle reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review of 28 children from
      2003 to 2015 was performed with children under 14 years of age who had foot and
      ankle soft tissue defects. The following evaluations were made: (1) comparing
      flap to foot growth, (2) comparing flap/foot dimension using the photo
      anthropometric technique defined as proportionality index (PI), and (3) comparing
      PI ratio of flap to foot area at intervals (DeltaPI). All values were measured
      and statistically evaluated by Pearson's correlation analysis and paired t-test.
      Subsequent complications and functional results were also evaluated. Result Foot
      and flap after growth had positive correlation in Pearson's correlation analysis,
      showing the flap expands as the foot grows. The mean intraoperative and
      postoperative PI was 0.3 and 0.2475, respectively, with statistical significance
      (DeltaPI; p < 0.01). However, no patient had growth disturbance or functional
      impairment. There was no correlation between DeltaPI and motor power grade or
      between DeltaPI and range of motion (p > 0.01). Conclusion The skin perforator
      flap significantly expands during growth after reconstruction. Although the
      expansion of the flap to foot may not be a one-to-one ratio, it expands enough
      not to impair the growth or functional outcome of the foot. Skin perforator flap
      showed growth as children grow and can be considered as a reliable and feasible
      option in pediatric reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 27367807
TI  - The Effect of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase on Multiterritory Perforator Flap
      Survival in Rats.
AB  - Background Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays an important role in
      vasodilation, angiogenesis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. We investigated the
      effects of iNOS on the survival and choke vessels of multiterritory perforator
      flaps in rats. Methods In this study, 84 rats were divided into two groups of 42
      rats each and subjected to multiterritory perforator flap operations. Rats in
      group A received daily intraperitoneal doses of 100 mg per kg of aminoguanidine
      (AG) and rats in group B received daily intraperitoneal injections of the same
      volume of saline solution. On postoperative day 7, the surviving flap area was
      calculated as a percentage of the total flap dimensions using DP2-BSW software.
      The diameter and density of microvessels in the second choke zone of the flap
      were calculated from histology studies. The nitric oxide (NO) content was
      measured using NO concentration assay kits, and the levels of vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and iNOS were assessed using western blotting.
      Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were
      measured using test kits. Laser Doppler imaging was used to evaluate flap
      perfusion in the second choke zone for 7 days after surgery. Results The flap
      survival area, diameter and density of microvessels, iNOS and VEGF levels, NO
      content, blood perfusion, and MDA content were significantly higher in the
      control group compared with the AG group, whereas SOD activity was significantly
      lower in the control group. Conclusions iNOS has a beneficial effect on the
      survival of multiterritory perforator flaps.

PMID- 27367808
TI  - Ex Vivo Delay: A Novel Approach to Increase Prefabricated Flaps Survival Rate.
AB  - Background Limited flap survival area is the main disadvantage of prefabricated
      flaps. To deal with this problem, surgical delay is the common method to achieve
      a better prognosis. This method requires multiple surgeries with the known
      associated burdens. We have developed a new strategy, ex vivo delay, utilizing
      the pathophysiology of surgical delay while avoiding the need for multiple
      surgeries. Methods We created a rodent animal model utilizing a two-stage
      operation of a prefabricated abdominal flap. The rats were randomly divided into
      three groups (n = 6 per group): group A, the control group (no intervention),
      group B, delayed by the ex-vivo delay device, and group C, delayed using surgical
      delay technique. Data were collected according to macroscopic analysis, near
      infrared fluorescence imaging, and capillary densities. Results According to the
      macroscopic analysis, groups B and C had a significantly larger flap survival
      area compared with group A, but group B had a significantly smaller survival area
      than group C. The near-infrared fluorescence imaging showed the perfusion areas
      of group B and C to be larger than that of group A. Histologically, groups B and
      C had a significantly higher capillary density than group A. The vessel caliber
      in group C was larger than that of groups A and B. Conclusions The ex vivo delay
      strategy successfully increased flap survival area. This strategy worked by
      establishing ischemia and enhancing neovascularization. Further improvements in
      the surgical technique could produce outcomes similar to those seen with surgical
      delay. 

PMID- 27367809
TI  - Steps Toward Creating A Therapeutic Community for Inpatients Suffering from
      Chronic Ulcers: Lessons from Allada Buruli Ulcer Treatment Hospital in Benin.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reducing social distance between hospital staff and patients and
      establishing clear lines of communication is a major challenge when providing in
      patient care for people afflicted by Buruli ulcer (BU) and chronic ulcers.
      Research on hospitals as therapeutic communities is virtually non-existent in
      Africa and is currently being called for by medical anthropologists working in
      the field of health service and policy planning. This paper describes a
      pioneering attempt to establish a therapeutic community for patients suffering
      from BU and other chronic ulcers requiring long term hospital care in Benin.
      METHODS: A six-month pilot project was undertaken with the objectives of
      establishing a therapeutic community and evaluating its impact on practitioner
      and patient relations. The project was designed and implemented by a team of
      social scientists working in concert with the current and previous director of a
      hospital serving patients suffering from advanced stage BU and other chronic
      ulcers. Qualitative research initially investigated patients' understanding of
      their illness and its treatment, identified questions patients had about their
      hospitalization, and ascertained their level of social support. Newly designed
      question-answer health education sessions were developed. Following these
      hospital wide education sessions, open forums were held each week to provide an
      opportunity for patients and hospital staff to express concerns and render
      sources of discontent transparent. Patient group representatives then met with
      hospital staff to problem solve issues in a non-confrontational manner.
      Psychosocial support for individual patients was provided in a second
      intervention which took the form of drop-in counseling sessions with social
      scientists trained to serve as therapy facilitators and culture brokers. RESULTS:
      Interviews with patients revealed that most patients had very little information
      about the identity of their illness and the duration of their treatment. This
      knowledge gap surprised clinic staff members, who assumed someone had provided
      this information. Individual counseling and weekly education sessions corrected
      this information gap and reduced patient concerns about their treatment and the
      status of their healing process. This led to positive changes in staff-patient
      interactions. There was widespread consensus among both patients and staff that
      the quality of communication had increased significantly. Open forums providing
      an opportunity for patients and staff to air grievances were likewise popular and
      patient representative meetings resulted in productive problem solving supported
      by the hospital administration. Some systemic problems, however, remained
      persistent challenges. Patients with ulcers unrelated to BU questioned why BU
      patients were receiving preferential treatment, given special medicines, and
      charged less for their care. The idea of subsidized treatment for one disease and
      not another was hard to justify, especially given that BU is not contagious.
      CONCLUSION: This pilot project illustrates the basic principles necessary for
      transforming long term residential hospitals into therapeutic communities.
      Although the focus of this case study was patients suffering from chronic ulcers,
      the model presented is relevant for other types of patients with cultural
      adaptation.

PMID- 27367810
TI  - Vitamin D Status and Long-Term Mortality in Community-Acquired Pneumonia:
      Secondary Data Analysis from a Prospective Cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low vitamin D status has been associated with short-term (30-day)
      mortality in hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Data on
      its prevalence in these patients are scarce, and impact on long-term prognosis is
      unknown. We examined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and inadequacy and
      their effect on long-term mortality in hospitalized adults with CAP. METHODS:
      Secondary follow-up analysis of data from a prospectively recruited (January 2008
      January 2011) well-defined cohort of 241 hospital survivors of CAP (Norway,
      latitude 60 degrees N). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, demographic, clinical,
      and laboratory data were measured within 48 hours of admission. The etiology of
      CAP was established in 63% of patients through extensive microbiological
      investigations. Mortality data were obtained from the national Cause of Death
      Registry. Explanatory strategy and Cox regression models were used to explore the
      association between vitamin D status and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Median age
      was 66 years. Eighty-seven (36%) patients were vitamin D deficient (<30 nmol/L),
      81 (34%) were inadequate (30-49 nmol/L), and 73 (30%) were sufficient (>=50
      nmol/L). Seventy-two patients died over a median of 1839 days (range 1-2520
      days), corresponding to cumulative 5-year survival rates of 66.2% (95% CI 56.2
      76.2%), 77.0% (67.6-86.4%), and 77.8% (67.8-87.8%) for vitamin D deficient,
      inadequate, and sufficient patients, respectively. After adjusting for
      confounders (age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunocompromization and
      season), vitamin D deficiency, but not inadequacy, was significantly associated
      with higher mortality compared to patients with sufficiency (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.06
      3.45; P = .031). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency
      and inadequacy among hospitalized adults with CAP. The results of this study also
      suggest that vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased risk of
      mortality way beyond the short-term in these patients.

PMID- 27367811
TI  - Performance of rotary kiln reactor for the elephant grass pyrolysis.
AB  - The influence of process conditions (rotary speed/temperature) on the performance
      of a rotary kiln reactor for non-catalytic pyrolysis of a perennial grass
      (elephant grass) was investigated. The product yields, the production of non
      condensable gases as well as the biochar properties were evaluated. The maximum
      H2 yield was close to that observed for catalytic pyrolysis processes, while the
      bio-oil yield was higher than reported for pyrolysis of other biomass in rotary
      kiln reactors. A H2/CO ratio suitable for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was
      obtained. The biochars presented an alkaline pH (above 10) and interesting
      contents of nutrients, as well as low electrical conductivity, indicating a high
      potential as soil amendment. 

PMID- 27367812
TI  - Strategy study on enhancing lipid productivity of filamentous oleaginous
      microalgae Tribonema.
AB  - Filamentous microalgae Tribonema is promising for biodiesel production in terms
      of high lipid content, easy harvesting and good contamination tolerance. As high
      lipid productivity is a key basis, several methods including different culture
      medium, phosphorus, iron and CO2 inductions were tested to enhance lipid
      productivity in Tribonema minus. T. minus subjected to BG11-freshwater medium
      achieved a favorable lipid productivity of 216.18mgL(-1)d(-1), much higher than
      those in other culture medium (BG11-S, Kuhl, f/2, f, 2f, BBM, ASW and ES).
      Secondly, the optimal phosphorus, iron and CO2 concentrations for high lipid
      productivity of T. minus were obtained, respectively. Finally, the cells of T.
      minus grown in optimized BG11 medium containing 80mgL(-1) KH2PO4 and 6mgL(-1)
      FeC6H5O7.NH4OH with 2% CO2 achieved a lipid productivity of 384.67mgL(-1)d(-1),
      representing a 1.56-fold increase from the control. Therefore, the strategy to
      enhance lipid productivity of T. minus was successfully proposed. 

PMID- 27367813
TI  - Butanol production from lignocellulose by simultaneous fermentation,
      saccharification, and pervaporation or vacuum evaporation.
AB  - Techno-economic study of acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) fermentation from
      lignocellulose was performed. Simultaneous saccharification, fermentation and
      vacuum evaporation (SFS-V) or pervaporation (SFS-P) were proposed. A kinetic
      model of metabolic pathways for ABE fermentation with the effect of phenolics and
      furans in the growth was proposed based on published laboratory results. The
      processes were optimized in Matlab(r). The end ABE purification was carried out
      by heat-integrated distillation. The objective function of the minimization was
      the total annualized cost (TAC). Fuel consumption of SFS-P using poly[1
      (trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] membrane was between 13.8 and 19.6% lower than SFS-V.
      Recovery of furans and phenolics for the hybrid reactors was difficult for its
      high boiling point. TAC of SFS-P was increased 1.9 times with supplementation of
      phenolics and furans to 3g/l each one for its high toxicity. Therefore, an
      additional detoxification method or an efficient pretreatment process will be
      necessary. 

PMID- 27367814
TI  - Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: The effect of feed-water pH on fate
      and risk of heavy metals in hydrochars.
AB  - In this study, the effect of feed-water pH (pH=2-12) on fate and risk of heavy
      metals (HMs) in hydrochars (HCs) was investigated. Hydrothermal carbonization
      (HTC) of sewage sludge (SS) was carried out with different feed-water pH at 270
      degrees C. The research results showed that changing feed-water pH had a positive
      effect on accumulating Pb, Ni, Cd and Zn in HCs. Chemical forms of Cu and Cr
      converted from an unstable state to stable in the alkaline environment while in
      the acidic condition was opposite. The effect of feed-water pH on the chemical
      forms of HMs was variable but not significant. Risk assessments of Igeo, Er(i),
      RAC and RI were applied to evaluate the accumulation levels of individual metal,
      the potential ecological risks, the bio-availabilities and the comprehensive
      toxicity and sensitivity of HMs, respectively. The lowest pollution level of HMs
      was obtained at 270 degrees C with pH=11. 

PMID- 27367815
TI  - Microbial community and metabolism activity in a bioelectrochemical
      denitrification system under long-term presence of p-nitrophenol.
AB  - Bioelectrochemical denitrification system (BEDS) is a promising technology for
      nitrate removal from wastewaters. The hazards and effects concerning p
      nitrophenol (PNP) towards BEDS lack enough investigations and possess great
      research prospects. This study investigated how PNP affected the nitrate removal
      efficiency, microbial communities, functional denitrifying genes abundances,
      nitrate and nitrite reductase activities, diffusible signal factors (DSF)
      release, and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production in the BEDS.
      Results indicated that nitrate removal efficiency decreased with initial PNP
      concentration increased from 0 to 100mg/L. Phylum Firmicutes and class Clostridia
      were the main contributors for denitrification process in this BEDS. The
      abundances of the denitrifying genes nirS, nirK, napA, and narG all presented
      decreased trends with increasing PNP. In addition, the concentrations of nitrate
      reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), and EPS obviously decreased, while the
      concentration of DSF increased with increasing PNP, which demonstrated that
      higher PNP would inhibit the biofilm formation. 

PMID- 27367816
TI  - Reevaluation of the global warming impacts of algae-derived biofuels to account
      for possible contributions of nitrous oxide.
AB  - The environmental impacts of algae biofuels have been evaluated by life-cycle
      assessment (LCA); however, these analyses have overlooked nitrous oxide (N2O), a
      potent greenhouse gas. A literature analysis was performed to estimate algal N2O
      emissions and assess the impacts of growth conditions on flux magnitudes.
      Nitrogen source and dissolved oxygen concentration were identified as possible
      key contributors; therefore, their individual and combined impacts were evaluated
      using bench-scale experiments. It was observed that maximum N2O emissions
      (77.5MUg/galgae/day) occur under anoxic conditions with nitrite. Conversely,
      minimum emissions (6.25MUg/galgae/day) occur under oxic conditions with nitrate.
      Aggregated N2O flux estimates were then incorporated into a LCA framework for
      algae biodiesel. Accounting for "low" N2O emissions mediated no significant
      increase (<1%) compared to existing GWP estimates; however, "high" N2O emissions
      mediate an increase of roughly 25%, potentially jeopardizing the anticipated
      economic and environmental performances of algae biofuels. 

PMID- 27367817
TI  - Small molecule hydration energy and entropy from 3D-RISM.
AB  - Implicit solvent models offer an attractive way to estimate the effects of a
      solvent environment on the properties of small or large solutes without the
      complications of explicit simulations. One common test of accuracy is to compute
      the free energy of transfer from gas to liquid for a variety of small molecules,
      since many of these values have been measured. Studies of the temperature
      dependence of these values (i.e. solvation enthalpies and entropies) can provide
      additional insights into the performance of implicit solvent models. Here, we
      show how to compute temperature derivatives of hydration free energies for the 3D
      RISM integral equation approach. We have computed hydration free energies of 1123
      small drug-like molecules (both neutral and charged). Temperature derivatives
      were also used to calculate hydration energies and entropies of 74 of these
      molecules (both neutral and charged) for which experimental data is available.
      While direct results have rather poor agreement with experiment, we have found
      that several previously proposed linear hydration free energy correction schemes
      give good agreement with experiment. These corrections also provide good
      agreement for hydration energies and entropies though simple extensions are
      required in some cases.

PMID- 27367819
TI  - To Appear in CHEMICAL REVIEWS, Vol. 99, No. 8, or in a later issue.

PMID- 27367818
TI  - Effect of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart
      Attack Trial (ALLHAT) on Conduction System Disease.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Cardiac conduction abnormalities are associated with an increased
      risk for morbidity and mortality, and understanding factors that accelerate or
      delay conduction system disease could help to identify preventive and therapeutic
      strategies. Antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties of angiotensin
      converting enzyme inhibitors and treatment for hyperlipidemia may reduce the risk
      for incident conduction system disease. OBJECTIVE: To identify the effect of
      pharmacologic therapy randomization and clinical risk factors on the incidence of
      conduction system disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This secondary
      analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart
      Attack Trial (ALLHAT) investigation acquired data from 623 North American
      centers. A total of 21 004 ambulatory individuals 55 years or older with
      hypertension and at least 1 other cardiac risk factor were included in the
      analysis. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to receive
      amlodipine besylate, lisinopril, or chlorthalidone. Individuals with elevated
      fasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were also randomized to
      pravastatin sodium vs usual care. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: An
      electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained at study enrollment and every 2 years of
      follow-up. The development of incident first-degree atrioventricular block, left
      anterior fascicular block, incomplete left bundle branch block (LBBB), LBBB,
      incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB), RBBB, or intraventricular conduction
      delay was assessed by serial ECGs. RESULTS: The 21 004 participants (11 758 men
      [56.0%]; 9246 women [44.0%]; mean [SD] age, 66.5 [7.3] years) underwent a mean
      (SD) follow-up of 5.0 (1.2) years. Among the 1114 participants who developed any
      conduction defect, 389 developed LBBB, 570 developed RBBB, and 155 developed
      intraventricular conduction delay. Compared with chlorthalidone, randomization to
      lisinopril was associated with a significant 19% reduction in conduction
      abnormalities (hazard ratio [HR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.95; P = .01). Treatment
      with amlodipine, however, was not associated with a significant difference in
      conduction outcome events (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.81-1.09; P = .42). Similarly,
      pravastatin treatment was not associated with a reduced adjusted risk for
      incident disease compared with usual hyperlipidemia treatment (HR, 1.13; 95% CI,
      0.95-1.35; P = .18). Increased age (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.34-1.63; P < .001), male
      sex (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.50-0.73; P < .001), white race (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.50
      0.70; P < .001), diabetes (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07-1.42; P = .003), and left
      ventricular hypertrophy (HR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.61-3.94; P < .001) were also
      independently associated with increased risk for conduction system disease.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Incident conduction system disease is significantly
      reduced by lisinopril therapy and is independently associated with multiple
      clinical factors. Further studies are warranted to determine whether
      pharmacologic treatment affects conduction abnormality outcomes, including
      pacemaker implantation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:
      NCT00000542.

PMID- 27367820
TI  - Iron-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of Unnatural Chiral Amino Acid
      Derivatives.
AB  - An iron-catalyzed diastereoselective synthesis of unnatural chiral (S)-alpha
      amino acids with gamma-quaternary carbon centers has been developed. The protocol
      uses inexpensive iron salt as the catalyst, readily available 2-phthaloyl
      acrylamide and alkenes as the starting materials, and phenylsilane as the
      reductant, and the reactions were performed well in mixed solvent of 1,2
      dichloroethane and ethylene glycol at room temperature. The method shows some
      advantages including simple and wide substrates, mild conditions, high
      diastereoselectivity, and easy workup procedures.

PMID- 27367821
TI  - A randomized trial comparing two interventions to increase physical activity
      among patients undergoing bariatric surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the effectiveness of two levels of physical activity
      interventions before and up to 61/2 months after bariatric surgery. METHODS:
      Before surgery, individuals completed submaximal exercise testing on a treadmill.
      After random assignment to standard care, pedometer use, or exercise counseling
      plus pedometer, participants wore an accelerometer for approximately 2 weeks and
      returned it to the bariatric center before surgery and 2, 4, and 6 months
      postoperatively. RESULTS: Individuals in exercise counseling plus pedometer had
      higher steps per day and bout minutes of exercise per week than standard care and
      pedometer use over the course of the study. There were no group differences
      related to exercise tolerance; however, all groups made significant improvement.
      There was no statistically significant change in sedentary or light activity nor
      was there a difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise counseling using
      pedometers increases physical activity from the perioperative period to 61/2
      months after surgery, but providing pedometers without professional feedback may
      not be more effective than standard bariatric surgery treatments. Rapid weight
      loss increases exercise tolerance and may mask the fitness improvements achieved
      through a modest physical activity intervention during the first 6 months after
      bariatric surgery.

PMID- 27367822
TI  - Association between physical function and the load pattern during stepping-up
      motion in community-dwelling elderly women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Stepping-up motion is challenging task for elderly people in daily
      life. The present study investigated the relationship between the load pattern
      during stepping-up motion at maximum speed and physical function in elderly
      women. METHODS: The subjects comprised 109 community-dwelling elderly women (age
      72.5+/-5.3years). The load pattern (maximum load, rate of load production, and
      stepping-up time) during ascending a 30cm step at maximum speed was measured,
      using a step up platform that measures the load at the lower and upper level.
      Physical function, including hip and knee extensor strength and performance on
      the vertical jump test, one-legged stance test, timed "Up & Go" (TUG) test, and
      stepping test were measured. RESULTS: Pearson's correlation analysis showed that
      stepping-up time was correlated with the maximum load at the lower level (r=
      0.51), but not with the maximum load at the upper level. A multiple regression
      analysis showed that hip extensor strength and performance on the vertical jump,
      TUG, and stepping tests were significant determinants of the load pattern during
      stepping-up motion in the elderly women. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that
      rapid stepping-up ability was more closely related to the maximum load during
      push-off at the lower level rather than that during weight loading on the upper
      level, and that the load pattern during stepping-up motion in elderly women was
      associated with various physical functions such as the hip extensor strength, leg
      muscle power, dynamic balance function, and agility.

PMID- 27367823
TI  - DRD4, Income, and Children's Food Choices: Plasticity Allele or Different
      Opportunities?

PMID- 27367824
TI  - Cytokine-mediated blood brain barrier disruption as a conduit for
      cancer/chemotherapy-associated neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction.
AB  - Neurotoxicity is a common side effect of chemotherapy treatment, with unclear
      molecular mechanisms. Clinical studies suggest that the most frequent neurotoxic
      adverse events affect memory and learning, attention, concentration, processing
      speeds and executive function. Emerging preclinical research points toward direct
      cellular toxicity and induction of neuroinflammation as key drivers of
      neurotoxicity and subsequent cognitive impairment. Emerging data now show
      detectable levels of some chemotherapeutic agents within the CNS, indicating
      potential disruption of blood brain barrier integrity or transport mechanisms.
      Blood brain barrier disruption is a key aspect of many neurocognitive disorders,
      particularly those characterized by a proinflammatory state. Importantly, many
      proinflammatory mediators able to modulate the blood brain barrier are generated
      by tissues and organs that are targets for chemotherapy-associated toxicities.
      This review therefore aims to explore the hypothesis that peripherally derived
      inflammatory cytokines disrupt blood brain barrier permeability, thereby
      increasing direct access of chemotherapeutic agents into the CNS to facilitate
      neuroinflammation and central neurotoxicity.

PMID- 27367825
TI  - Programmatic experience of post-partum IUD use in Zambia: an observational study
      on continuation and satisfaction.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess continuation rates and
      satisfaction among post-partum intrauterine device (PPIUD) accepters. METHODS:
      This prospective observational study comprised 591 Zambian women who underwent
      PPIUD insertion at sites of the Society for Family Health, Lusaka, Zambia. The
      women were contacted 6-12 months after PPIUD insertion and asked to return to the
      clinic for interview and examination. If the IUD strings were not visible, an
      ultrasound was performed. Participants were asked about their satisfaction with
      the PPIUD. Main outcome measures were short-term PPIUD continuation and reported
      complications according to time of insertion. RESULTS: Of 591 women enrolled, 305
      women attended the follow-up appointment for interview and examination, giving a
      power of 80% to estimate an expulsion rate of 10 +/- 5%. The IUD was inserted
      within 10 min of placental delivery (post-placental insertion) in 24.3% of
      participants (n = 74) and within 48 h (immediate post-partum insertion) in 71.1%
      of participants (n = 217). The total expulsion rate was 5.6%. Expulsion rates for
      post-placental and immediate post-partum insertions were 10.8% and 4.1%,
      respectively. No significant difference in expulsion rates was found (p = 0.10).
      Of those with an expulsion, 76.5% (n = 13) recognised that it had occurred. There
      were no reported complications, and 94.1% of women reported being satisfied or
      very satisfied with their PPIUD (n = 287). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, expulsion rates
      were lower than previously reported, particularly for immediate post-partum
      insertions. Attention to high fundal placement at insertion is a likely
      explanation for the low expulsion rates. Contrary to conventional wisdom, these
      low expulsion rates indicate that previous notions regarding insertion timing may
      not be accurate. Satisfaction levels were also favourable. PPIUD can be safe,
      acceptable and feasible in an African setting.

PMID- 27367826
TI  - High-Risk Patients in the Evolving Landscape of Carotid Revascularization.

PMID- 27367827
TI  - Seawater temperature effect on metal accumulation and toxicity in the
      subantarctic Macquarie Island isopod, Exosphaeroma gigas.
AB  - Very little is currently known of subantarctic nearshore invertebrates'
      sensitivity to environmental metals and the role of temperature in this
      relationship. This study investigated Cu and Zn toxicity in the common
      subantarctic intertidal isopod, Exosphaeroma gigas, and the influence of
      temperature on Cu toxicity and bioaccumulation kinetics. Adult E. gigas are
      insensitive to Cu and Zn at concentrations of 3200 and 7400MUg/L respectively in
      non-renewal tests at 5.5 degrees C (ambient subtidal temperature) over 14days.
      Under renewed exposures over the same temperature and time period the LC50 for
      copper was 2204MUg/L. A 10-fold increase in Cu body burden occurred relative to
      zinc, indicating E. gigas has different strategies for regulating the two metals.
      Copper toxicity and time to mortality both increased with elevated temperature.
      However, temperature did not significantly affect Cu uptake rate and efflux rate
      constants derived from biodynamic modelling at lower Cu concentrations. These
      results may be attributable to E. gigas being an intertidal species with
      physiological mechanisms adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions. Cu
      concentrations required to elicit a toxicity response indicates that E. gigas
      would not be directly threatened by current levels of Cu or Zn present in
      Macquarie Island intertidal habitats, with the associated elevated temperature
      fluctuations. This study provides evidence that the sensitivity of this
      subantarctic intertidal species to metal contaminants is not as high as expected,
      and which has significance for the derivation of relevant guidelines specific to
      this distinct subpolar region of the world. 

PMID- 27367828
TI  - Interactions of waterborne and dietborne Pb in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus
      mykiss: Bioaccumulation, physiological responses, and chronic toxicity.
AB  - In Pb-contaminated environments, simultaneous exposure to both waterborne and
      dietborne Pb is likely to occur. This study examined the potential interactive
      effects of these two pathways in juvenile rainbow trout that were exposed to Pb
      in the water alone, in the diet alone, and in combination for 7 weeks. The
      highest waterborne Pb concentration tested (110MUgL(-1)) was approximately
      equivalent to the 7-week LC20 (97MUgL(-1)) measured in a separate trial, while
      the lowest was a concentration often measured in contaminated environments
      (8.5MUgL(-1)). The live diet (10% daily ration on a wet mass basis) consisted of
      oligochaete worms (Lumbriculus variegatus) pre-exposed for 28days to the same
      waterborne Pb concentration, and the highest dietary dosing rate to the trout was
      12.6MUg Pb g fish(-1)day(-1). With waterborne exposure, whole body Pb burden
      increased to a greater extent in the worms than in the fish. Nonetheless, in
      trout waterborne exposure still resulted in 20-60-fold greater Pb accumulation
      compared to dietborne Pb exposure. However, combined exposure to both waterborne
      and dietborne Pb reduced the whole body accumulation extensively at waterborne
      Pb>50MUgL(-1), with similar antagonistic interaction in liver and carcass (but
      not gill or gut) at a lower threshold of 20MUgL(-1). Growth effects in trout were
      minimal with marginal reductions in the dietborne and combined exposures seen
      only at 110MUgL(-1). Chronic Pb exposure reduced lipid and carbohydrates level in
      the worms by 50% and 80% respectively, while protein was unchanged, so growth
      effects in trout may have been of indirect origin. After 7 weeks, Ca(2+)
      homeostasis in the trout was unaffected, but there were impacts on Na(+). Blood
      Na(+) was reduced in waterborne and dietborne exposures, while gut Na(+)/K(+)
      ATPase activities were reduced in waterborne and combined exposures. This study
      is the first, to our knowledge to examine the interaction of waterborne and
      dietborne Pb exposure in fish. While physiological impacts of Pb were observed in
      both worms and fish, higher concentrations of dietborne Pb actually protected
      fish from waterborne Pb bioaccumulation and these effects. The impacts of metals
      on diet quality should not be neglected in future dietborne toxicity studies
      using live prey. 

PMID- 27367829
TI  - Abnormal expression of TLRs may play a role in lower embryo quality of women with
      polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) localize in mammalian ovary, including granulosa
      cells, cumulus cells, and theca cells. Previous studies demonstrated that TLRs
      may be important for the cumulus-oocyte complex expansion and fertilization.
      There is no evidence to indicate that the deletion of TLRs will induce
      infertility; however, the abnormal expression of TLRs may decrease oocyte quality
      and fertility rate. In the present study, we investigated the effects of
      polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on the expression of TLRs in cumulus cells by
      using western-blot and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses. We found
      that the expression of TLR4 and 9 in cumulus cells was influenced significantly
      by PCOS. We also observed that overweight/obesity changed the expression of TLR2
      and 5 in cumulus cells of PCOS subjects. In addition, we found that the rate of
      available embryos of women with PCOS was slightly lower. These results indicate
      that the abnormal expression of TLRs in cumulus may be a reason for the lower
      embryo quality of women with PCOS. ABBREVIATIONS: ART: assisted reproductive
      technology BMI: body mass index COC: cumulus-cell-oocyte complex PCOS: polycystic
      ovary syndrome q RT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR TLRs: Toll-like receptors.

PMID- 27367830
TI  - Trehalase plays a role in macrophage colonization and virulence of Burkholderia
      pseudomallei in insect and mammalian hosts.
AB  - Trehalose is a disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules. This sugar
      molecule can be isolated from a range of organisms including bacteria, fungi,
      plants and invertebrates. Trehalose has a variety of functions including a role
      as an energy storage molecule, a structural component of glycolipids and plays a
      role in the virulence of some microorganisms. There are many metabolic pathways
      that control the biosynthesis and degradation of trehalose in different
      organisms. The enzyme trehalase forms part of a pathway that converts trehalose
      into glucose. In this study we set out to investigate whether trehalase plays a
      role in both stress adaptation and virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei. We
      show that a trehalase deletion mutant (treA) had increased tolerance to thermal
      stress and produced less biofilm than the wild type B. pseudomallei K96243
      strain. We also show that the DeltatreA mutant has reduced ability to survive in
      macrophages and that it is attenuated in both Galleria mellonella (wax moth
      larvae) and a mouse infection model. This is the first report that trehalase is
      important for bacterial virulence.

PMID- 27367831
TI  - The correlations of socioeconomic status, disease activity, quality of life, and
      depression/anxiety in Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - This study aimed (i) to investigate the relationships among socioeconomic status,
      disease activity, quality of life, and the psychological status in Chinese
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients; (ii) to explore the possible risk factors of
      anxiety and depression. A total of 160 RA patients underwent standardized
      laboratory examinations and completed several questionnaires. Independent samples
      t-tests, chi2 analyses, and logistic regression modeling were used to analyze the
      data. We found 30.6% RA patients were anxiety, and 27.5% had depression, which
      were significantly higher than the control group (7.8 and 11.7%, respectively).
      And there were significant correlations among education, pain, disease activity,
      medication adherence, functional capacity, quality of life, and
      anxiety/depression. Meanwhile, logistic regression analysis revealed that poor
      quality of life and low education level were significantly associated with
      anxiety/depression in RA patients. In conclusion, there were significant
      relationships among education, quality of life, and anxiety/depression in Chinese
      RA patients.

PMID- 27367832
TI  - Efficacy of Augmentation of Cognitive Behavior Therapy With Weight-Adjusted d
      Cycloserine vs Placebo in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized
      Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) among youth with obsessive
      compulsive disorder (OCD) is effective, but many patients remain symptomatic
      after intervention. d-cycloserine, a partial agonist at the N-methyl-d-aspartate
      receptor in the amygdala, has been associated with enhanced CBT outcome for OCD
      among adults but requires evaluation among youth. OBJECTIVES: To examine the
      relative efficacy of weight-adjusted d-cycloserine (25 or 50 mg) vs placebo
      augmentation of CBT for youth with OCD and to assess if concomitant
      antidepressant medication moderated effects. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
      In a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 142 youths (age range, 7-17
      years) enrolled between June 1, 2011, and January 30, 2015, at 2 academic health
      science centers (University of South Florida and Massachusetts General Hospital)
      with a primary diagnosis of OCD were randomized in a double-blind fashion to d
      cycloserine plus CBT or placebo plus CBT. Intent-to-treat analysis was performed.
      INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either 10
      sessions of d-cycloserine plus CBT or placebo plus CBT. d-cycloserine (25 or 50
      mg) or placebo was taken 1 hour before sessions 4 through 10. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale at randomization,
      biweekly, midtreatment, and posttreatment. Secondary outcomes included the
      Clinical Global Impressions-Severity or Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement,
      remission status, Children's Depression Rating Scale, Multidimensional Anxiety
      Scale for Children, and Children's Obsessive-Compulsive Impact Scale-Parent
      Version. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 142 participants. Their mean (SD)
      age was 12.7 (2.9) years, and 53.5% (76 of 142) were female. A mixed-effects
      model using all available data indicated significant declines in the Children's
      Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale total score and Clinical Global Impressions
      Severity. No significant interaction between treatment group and changes in the
      Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale and Clinical Global Impressions
      Severity indicated that the d-cycloserine plus CBT group and the placebo plus CBT
      group declined at similar rates per assessment point on the Children's Yale-Brown
      Obsessive Compulsive Scale total score (estimate, -2.31, 95% CI, -2.79 to -1.83
      and estimate, -2.03, 95% CI, -2.47 to -1.58, respectively) and Clinical Global
      Impressions-Severity (estimate, -0.29, 95% CI, -0.35 to -0.22 and estimate, 
      0.23, 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.17, respectively). No group differences in secondary
      outcomes were present. Antidepressant medication use at baseline did not moderate
      changes for either group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: d-cycloserine augmentation
      of CBT did not confer additional benefit relative to placebo among youth with
      OCD. Other augmentation approaches should be examined to enhance outcome. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00864123.

PMID- 27367833
TI  - Dystrophin Hot-Spot Mutants Leading to Becker Muscular Dystrophy Insert More
      Deeply into Membrane Models than the Native Protein.
AB  - Dystrophin (DYS) is a membrane skeleton protein whose mutations lead to lethal
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy or to the milder Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). One
      third of BMD "in-frame" exon deletions are located in the region that codes for
      spectrin-like repeats R16 to R21. We focused on four prevalent mutated proteins
      deleted in this area (called RDelta45-47, RDelta45-48, RDelta45-49, and RDelta45
      51 according to the deleted exon numbers), analyzing protein/membrane
      interactions. Two of the mutants, RDelta45-48 and RDelta45-51, led to mild
      pathologies and displayed a similar triple coiled-coil structure as the full
      length DYS R16-21, whereas the two others, RDelta45-47 and RDelta45-49, induced
      more severe pathologies and showed "fractional" structures unrelated to the
      normal one. To explore lipid packing, small unilamellar liposomes (SUVs) and
      planar monolayers were used at various initial surface pressures. The
      dissociation constants determined by microscale thermophoresis (MST) were much
      higher for the full-length DYS R161-21 than for the mutants; thus the wild type
      protein has weaker SUV binding. Comparing surface pressures after protein
      adsorption and analysis of atomic force microscopy images of mixed protein/lipid
      monolayers revealed that the mutants insert more into the lipid monolayer than
      the wild type does. In fact, in both models every deletion mutant showed more
      interactions with membranes than the full-length protein did. This means that
      mutations in the R16-21 part of dystrophin disturb the protein's molecular
      behavior as it relates to membranes, regardless of whether the accompanying
      pathology is mild or severe.

PMID- 27367834
TI  - SAR reduction using a single SRR superstrate for a dual-band antenna.
AB  - A dual-band microstrip antenna operating at GSM 900 and GSM 1800 MHz is designed
      initially. Then a single split ring resonator (SRR) structure is used as a
      superstrate for this dual-band antenna. A circular current is induced in the SRR
      due to the perpendicular plane wave excitation, which in turn leads to an
      electric excitation coupled to the magnetic resonance. It also exhibits higher
      order excitations at 0.9 and 1.8 GHz which ultimately resulted in specific
      absorption rate (SAR) reduction of human head at both the designed frequencies of
      the antenna. The antenna and the SRR superstrate are printed on a 1.6 mm thick FR
      4 substrate of dimension 59.6 * 49.6 mm2. Analysis of the SRR using the classic
      waveguide theory approach is discussed. Radiation pattern of the antenna in the
      presence of SRR superstrate and human head is also discussed. Prototype of the
      antenna along with the SRR superstrate is fabricated and measured for return loss
      and radiation pattern. Measurement results fairly agree with the simulated
      results. A human head phantom is utilized in the calculation of SAR.

PMID- 27367835
TI  - Special Care Dentistry and the Standard of Care.

PMID- 27367836
TI  - Obsequies for Editorial Debate in a Journal Academic.

PMID- 27367837
TI  - Lactate as a diagnostic marker in transient loss of consciousness.
AB  - PURPOSE: The diagnostic classification of disorders of consciousness is often
      challenging, particularly the distinction between epileptic and non-epileptic
      seizures. The aim of the study was to examine serum lactate as a diagnostic
      marker of transient loss of consciousness. METHOD: Serum lactate levels in blood
      samples drawn within 2h of the event were compared retrospectively between
      patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (n=195) and patients with other
      seizures (syncopes [n=52], psychogenic non-epileptic seizures [n=17], and complex
      focal seizures [n=37]), respectively. RESULTS: Serum lactate in patients with
      generalized tonic-clonic seizures was significantly (p<0.001, Mann-Whitney-U
      test) increased in comparison to other forms of seizure incidences. The area
      under the ROC-curve was 0.94 (95% CI 0.91-0.96). For a cut-off concentration of
      2.45mmol/l, the sensitivity was 0.88 and the specificity 0.87. CONCLUSIONS: Serum
      lactate levels in the acute diagnosis were an excellent biomarker for the
      discrimination of generalized seizures from psychogenic non-epileptic and
      syncopal events, corroborating its importance for the standard work-up of acute
      disturbances of consciousness.

PMID- 27367838
TI  - Status epilepticus secondary to glioma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Epilepsy is common in glioma patients, but clinical data on the course
      of status epilepticus (SE) in this group are sparse. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the relationship of SE to tumor grading, seizure semiology, trigger
      factors, treatment response, recurrence and outcome of SE in patients with
      glioma. METHODS: Adult patients with SE and glioma WHO grade II-IV were
      identified from a prospective clinical study at two neurological departments. We
      identified 31 SE in 20 patients during a period of 7 years. RESULTS: SE was more
      frequent in patients with high-grade glioma. Half of the seizures were secondary
      generalized. Patients with a clinical and radiological stable glioma had SE as
      often as patients with untreated tumor or tumor in progression. The majority of
      patients had a well-controlled epilepsy prior to SE. SE responded well to first
      and second line treatment. Patients with SE and tumor progression were not more
      refractory to treatment than patients without progression. CONCLUSION: SE
      secondary to glioma responded well to treatment and should be treated
      aggressively regardless of the oncological prognosis. Seizures during tumor
      progression were not more treatment refractory than SE in patients with stable
      glioma disease.

PMID- 27367839
TI  - Changes of the optical characteristics of radiochromic films in the transition
      from EBT3 to EBT-XD films.
AB  - A new type of radiochromic film, the EBT-XD film, has been introduced with the
      aim to reduce the orientation effect and the lateral response artifact occurring
      in the use of radiochromic films together with flatbed scanners. The task of the
      present study is to quantify the changes of optical characteristics involved with
      the transition from the well-known EBT3 films to the new EBT-XD films, using the
      optical bench arrangement already applied by Schoenfeld et al (2014 Phys. Med.
      Biol. 59 3575-97). Largely reduced polarization effects and the almost complete
      loss of the anisotropy of the scattered light produced in a radiation-exposed
      film have been observed. The Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory is used to understand
      these optical changes as arising from the reduced length-to-width ratio of the
      LiPCDA polymer crystals in the active layer of the EBT-XD film. The effect of
      these changes on the flatbed scanning artifacts will be shortly addressed, but
      treated in more detail in a further paper.

PMID- 27367840
TI  - Identification of an alveolar type I epithelial cell-specific DNA nuclear import
      sequence for gene delivery.
AB  - The ability to restrict gene delivery and expression to particular cell types is
      of paramount importance for many types of gene therapy, especially in the lung.
      The alveolar epithelial type I (ATI) cell, in particular, is an attractive cell
      type to target, as it comprises 95% of the internal surface area of the lung. We
      demonstrate, through microinjection of fluorescently labeled plasmids, that a DNA
      sequence within the rat T1alpha promoter was able to mediate ATI cell-specific
      plasmid DNA nuclear import due to the binding of ATI-enriched transcription
      factors. Promoter deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of specific
      transcription-factor-binding sites within the +101 to -200 bp region of the
      T1alpha promoter identified HNF3 and TTF-1 as critical transcription factors for
      import. To test for nuclear import in vivo, plasmids expressing GFP from the CMV
      promoter were delivered into the lungs of mice by electroporation and evaluated
      immunohistochemically 48 h later. Plasmids carrying the 1.3 kbp T1alpha sequence
      resulted in GFP expression almost exclusively in ATI cells. This represents a new
      and highly efficient way to target a specific lung epithelial cell type both in
      vitro and in vivo based on the restriction of DNA nuclear import.

PMID- 27367841
TI  - Long-term, high-level hepatic secretion of acid alpha-glucosidase for Pompe
      disease achieved in non-human primates using helper-dependent adenovirus.
AB  - Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease type II (GSD-II)) is a myopathy caused by
      a genetic deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) leading to lysosomal
      glycogen accumulation causing muscle weakness, respiratory insufficiency and
      death. We previously demonstrated in GSD-II mice that a single injection of a
      helper-dependent adenovirus (HD-Ad) expressing GAA resulted in at least 300 days
      of liver secretion of GAA, correction of the glycogen storage in cardiac and
      skeletal muscles and improved muscle strength. Recent reports suggest that gene
      therapy modeling for lysososomal storage diseases in mice fails to predict
      outcomes in larger animal models. We therefore evaluated an HD-Ad expressing GAA
      in non-human primates. The baboons not only tolerated the procedure well, but the
      results also confirmed that a single dose of the HD-Ad allowed the livers of the
      treated animals to express and secrete large amounts of GAA for at least 6
      months, at levels similar to those achieved in mice. Moreover, we detected liver
      derived GAA in the heart, diaphragm and skeletal muscles of the treated animals
      for the duration of the study at levels that corrected glycogen accumulation in
      mice. This work validates our proof-of-concept studies in mice, and justifies
      future efforts using Ad-based vectors in Pompe disease patients.

PMID- 27367844
TI  - Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of Ti with CH3CN in the Gas Phase.
AB  - To gain a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanisms of Ti with acetonitrile
      molecules, the triplet and singlet spin-state potential energy surfaces (PESs)
      has been investigated at B3LYP level of density functional theory (DFT). Crossing
      points between the different PESs and possible spin inversion processes are
      discussed by spin-orbit coupling (SOC) calculation. In addition, the bonding
      properties of the species along the reaction were analyzed by electron
      localization function (ELF), atoms in molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital
      (NBO). The results showed that acetonitrile activation by Ti is a typical spin
      forbidden process; larger SOC (by 220.12 cm(-1)) and the possibility of crossing
      between triplet and singlet imply that intersystem crossing (ISC) would occur
      near the minimum energy crossing point (MECP) during the transfer of the hydrogen
      atom. 

PMID- 27367843
TI  - Comparison of Health and Health Risk Factors Between Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual
      Adults and Heterosexual Adults in the United States: Results From the National
      Health Interview Survey.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Previous studies identified disparities in health and health risk
      factors among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults, but prior investigations
      have been confined to samples not representative of the US adult population or
      have been limited in size or geographic scope. For the first time in its long
      history, the 2013 and 2014 National Health Interview Survey included a question
      on sexual orientation, providing health information on sexual minorities from one
      of the nation's leading health surveys. OBJECTIVE: To compare health and health
      risk factors between LGB adults and heterosexual adults in the United States.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from the nationally representative 2013
      and 2014 National Health Interview Survey were used to compare health outcomes
      among lesbian (n = 525), gay (n = 624), and bisexual (n = 515) adults who were 18
      years or older and their heterosexual peers (n = 67 150) using logistic
      regression. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Self-rated health, functional status,
      chronic conditions, psychological distress, alcohol consumption, and cigarette
      use. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 68 814 participants. Their mean (SD) age
      was 46.8 (11.8) years, and 51.8% (38 063 of 68 814) were female. After
      controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, gay men were more likely to
      report severe psychological distress (odds ratio [OR], 2.82; 95% CI, 1.55-5.14),
      heavy drinking (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.08-3.58), and moderate smoking (OR, 1.98; 95%
      CI, 1.39-2.81) than heterosexual men; bisexual men were more likely to report
      severe psychological distress (OR, 4.70; 95% CI, 1.77-12.52), heavy drinking (OR,
      3.15; 95% CI, 1.22-8.16), and heavy smoking (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.08-4.10) than
      heterosexual men; lesbian women were more likely to report moderate psychological
      distress (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02-1.76), poor or fair health (OR, 1.91; 95% CI,
      1.24-2.95), multiple chronic conditions (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.12-2.22), heavy
      drinking (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.54-4.50), and heavy smoking (OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.36
      3.88) than heterosexual women; and bisexual women were more likely to report
      multiple chronic conditions (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.34-3.20), severe psychological
      distress (OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 2.19-6.22), heavy drinking (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.20
      3.59), and moderate smoking (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.05-2.44) than heterosexual
      women. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study supports prior research finding
      substantial health disparities for LGB adults in the United States, potentially
      due to the stressors that LGB people experience as a result of interpersonal and
      structural discrimination. In screening for health issues, clinicians should be
      sensitive to the needs of sexual minority patients.

PMID- 27367842
TI  - Glucocorticoid receptor-PPARalpha axis in fetal mouse liver prepares neonates for
      milk lipid catabolism.
AB  - In mammals, hepatic lipid catabolism is essential for the newborns to efficiently
      use milk fat as an energy source. However, it is unclear how this critical trait
      is acquired and regulated. We demonstrate that under the control of PPARalpha,
      the genes required for lipid catabolism are transcribed before birth so that the
      neonatal liver has a prompt capacity to extract energy from milk upon suckling.
      The mechanism involves a fetal glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-PPARalpha axis in
      which GR directly regulates the transcriptional activation of PPARalpha by
      binding to its promoter. Certain PPARalpha target genes such as Fgf21 remain
      repressed in the fetal liver and become PPARalpha responsive after birth
      following an epigenetic switch triggered by beta-hydroxybutyrate-mediated
      inhibition of HDAC3. This study identifies an endocrine developmental axis in
      which fetal GR primes the activity of PPARalpha in anticipation of the sudden
      shifts in postnatal nutrient source and metabolic demands.

PMID- 27367845
TI  - Solution structure of the microtubule-targeting COS domain of MID1.
AB  - The human MID1 protein is required for the proper development during
      embryogenesis. Mutations of MID1 are associated with X-linked Opitz G syndrome,
      characterized by midline anomalies. MID1 associates with the microtubules and
      functions as an ubiquitin E3 ligase, targeting protein phosphatase 2A for
      ubiquitin-mediated regulation. The mechanism of microtubule association is not
      known. Recently, a 60-amino acid region termed the C-terminal subgroup One
      Signature (COS) box/domain was identified at the C-terminal end of the coiled
      coil (CC) domain that facilitates microtubule localization. Insertion of the MID1
      COS domain at the C-terminal end of the CC domain of a nonmicrotubule-associated
      TRIM protein confers microtubule localization. Here, we report the solution
      structure of the COS domain of MID1. The domain adopts a helix-loop-helix
      structure in which the N- and C-terminal ends are in close proximity. Hydrophobic
      residues stabilizing the interaction of the two alpha-helices form a central
      hydrophobic core. The loop separating the alpha-helices is structured, with two
      of its hydrophobic residues making contact with the central core. On the outer
      surface, positively charged residues form a distinct basic patch near the termini
      that we postulate is important for microtubule binding. A model of the structure
      of the preceding coiled-coil and COS domains (CC-COS) show that the COS domain
      forms a helical bundle at the C-terminal end of the CC domain similar to the
      spectrin-like fold observed with some known microtubule-binding proteins.
      Interestingly, the CC-COS domains bind to microtubules, demonstrating for the
      first time that MID1 can directly associate with the microtubules. DATABASE:
      Structural data are available in PDB database under the accession number 5IM8.

PMID- 27367847
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27367846
TI  - Hypo-CpG methylation controls PTEN expression and cell apoptosis in irradiated
      lung.
AB  - PURPOSE: The current study was designed to address our hypothesis that oxidative
      stress secondary to the ionizing event upregulates phosphatase and tensin homolog
      (PTEN) mRNA and protein in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice through oxidative DNA
      damage resulting in CpG hypomethylation in the PTEN promoter. METHODS: Fibrosis
      prone C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 0 or 15 Gy of 320 kVp X-rays to the whole
      thorax. Lung tissue was serially harvested at time points between one day and six
      months postirradiation. Tissue levels of PTEN mRNA, total protein, and
      phosphorylated PTEN, as well as CpG methylation of the PTEN promoter, expression
      of DNA methyltransferases 1 (Dnmt1) and 3a (Dnmt3a), NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4)
      protein expression, and DNA damage levels were measured. The induction of DNA
      damage and global methylation changes were also examined in hydrogen peroxide
      (H2O2)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human
      bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. RESULTS: These experiments demonstrate that
      PTEN mRNA and protein, Nox4 protein, and DNA damage levels increase continuously
      from one day to six months following radiation exposure. Elevated PTEN
      transcription and translation are likely the result of the observed decrease in
      CpG methylation of the PTEN promoter region. This finding is not consistent with
      the observed increase in Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a protein expression, implicating an
      alternative mechanism as the driving force behind hypomethylation. In vitro
      results provide evidence that H2O2 can induce DNA damage and affect DNA
      methylation status. The Mn porphyrin-based superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic
      MnTnHEx-2-PyP(5+ )exhibited partial rescue from radiation-induced
      hypomethylation. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data suggest that reactive
      oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA damage results in hypomethylation of the PTEN
      promoter, upregulation of PTEN mRNA and protein, and a subsequent increase in
      apoptosis in irradiated lung tissue.

PMID- 27367848
TI  - Super-resolution T1 estimation: Quantitative high resolution T1 mapping from a
      set of low resolution T1 -weighted images with different slice orientations.
AB  - PURPOSE: Quantitative T1 mapping is a magnetic resonance imaging technique that
      estimates the spin-lattice relaxation time of tissues. Even though T1 mapping has
      a broad range of potential applications, it is not routinely used in clinical
      practice as accurate and precise high resolution T1 mapping requires infeasibly
      long acquisition times. METHOD: To improve the trade-off between the acquisition
      time, signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution, we acquire a set of low
      resolution T1 -weighted images and directly estimate a high resolution T1 map by
      means of super-resolution reconstruction. RESULTS: Simulation and in vivo
      experiments show an increased spatial resolution of the T1 map, while preserving
      a high signal-to-noise ratio and short scan time. Moreover, the proposed method
      outperforms conventional estimation in terms of root-mean-square error.
      CONCLUSION: Super resolution T1 estimation enables resolution enhancement in T1
      mapping with the use of standard (inversion recovery) T1 acquisition sequences.
      Magn Reson Med 77:1818-1830, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic
      Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27367849
TI  - An Atypical Case of Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome: Time to Change the Diagnostic
      Approach?
AB  - Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (MKS) is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized
      by abnormal pathologic dilatation of tracheabronchial tree. The diagnosis of MKS
      is normally made on CT scan of chest on the basis of enlarged diameters of
      trachea and main stem bronchi. We are presenting histologically confirmed case of
      MKS, where the diameter of right main bronchus is below minimum diameter (mean+3
      SD) required for the diagnosis. We suggest that the diagnosis of MKS should not
      be solely based on fixed criteria such as the diameter of airways, but on the
      basis of the overall clinical, pathologic, and radiologic profile.

PMID- 27367850
TI  - Spontaneous Regression of Endobronchial Carcinoid Tumor.
AB  - Spontaneous regression (SR) of cancer refers to partial or complete disappearance
      of a malignant tumor in the absence of treatment or in the presence of therapy,
      which is considered inadequate to exert a significant influence on the growth of
      neoplastic disease. SR is a very rare phenomenon in primary lung cancers. Follow
      up of these patients is generally either by imaging or bronchoscopy. We present a
      patient with SR of an endobronchial carcinoid, followed by serial bronchoscopies
      and biopsy over a 24-month period.

PMID- 27367852
TI  - Removal of Intrapleural Foreign Body by Medical Thoracoscopy: Report of Two Cases
      and a Systematic Review of the Literature.
AB  - Intrapleural foreign body is an uncommon condition, usually encountered in the
      setting of thoracic trauma, but can rarely complicate diagnostic procedures such
      as thoracentesis. The management involves urgent identification and removal of
      the foreign body. Although surgical extraction using thoracotomy or video
      assisted thoracoscopic surgery under general anesthesia constitutes the primary
      management strategy, intrapleural foreign body can also be removed using medical
      thoracoscopy. Herein, we report the successful removal of 2 intrapleural foreign
      bodies using a rigid thoracoscope under local anesthesia and conscious sedation.
      We also performed a systematic review of the literature describing the use of
      medical thoracoscopy in the retrieval of an intrapleural foreign body.

PMID- 27367854
TI  - Resveratrol-Mediated Repression and Reversion of Prostatic Myofibroblast
      Phenoconversion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Resveratrol, a phytoalexin found in berries, peanuts, grapes, and red
      wine, inhibits oxidation, inflammation, and cell proliferation and collagen
      synthesis in multiple cell types and or animal models. It represses collagen
      deposition in the vasculature, heart, lung, kidney, liver, and esophagus in
      animal models and may have some utility as an anti-fibrotic. Recent studies have
      shown that increased collagen deposition and tissue stiffness in the peri
      urethral area of the prostate are associated with lower urinary tract dysfunction
      (LUTD) and urinary obstructive symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine
      whether Resveratrol might be useful to inhibit or revert TGFbeta- and/or CXCL12
      mediated myofibroblast phenoconversion of prostate fibroblasts in vitro, and
      therefore whether the use of anti-fibrotic therapeutics might be efficacious for
      the treatment of LUTD. METHODS: Primary prostate and lung tissues were explanted
      and fibroblast monolayers expanded in vitro. Primary and N1 immortalized prostate
      stromal fibroblasts, as well as primary fibroblasts cultured from a normal lung
      and one affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) for comparison, were
      grown in serum-free defined media supplemented with vehicle, TGFbeta or CXCL12,
      pre- or post-treatment with Resveratrol, and were evaluated using
      immunofluorescence for alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and collagen I (COL1)
      protein expression and assessed for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and COL1 and
      EGR1 transcript expression. RESULTS: This study showed that low concentrations of
      Resveratrol (<=50 MUM) had no effect on N1 or primary prostate fibroblast cell
      proliferation, apoptosis, or COL1 or EGR1 gene transcription but repressed and
      reversed myofibroblast phenoconversion. As expected, these same effects were
      observed for IPF lung fibroblasts though higher levels of Resveratrol (>=100uM)
      were required. Taken together, these data suggest that, like lung fibroblasts,
      prostate fibroblast to myofibroblast phenoconversion can be both repressed and
      reversed by Resveratrol treatment. Thus, anti-fibrotic therapeutics might be
      efficacious for the treatment of LUTD.

PMID- 27367856
TI  - Strategies for Health System Innovation After Gobeille v Liberty Mutual Insurance
      Company.

PMID- 27367855
TI  - Supplementation with Selenium and Coenzyme Q10 Reduces Cardiovascular Mortality
      in Elderly with Low Selenium Status. A Secondary Analysis of a Randomised
      Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selenium is needed by all living cells in order to ensure the optimal
      function of several enzyme systems. However, the selenium content in the soil in
      Europe is generally low. Previous reports indicate that a dietary supplement of
      selenium could reduce cardiovascular disease but mainly in populations in low
      selenium areas. The objective of this secondary analysis of a previous randomised
      double-blind placebo-controlled trial from our group was to determine whether the
      effects on cardiovascular mortality of supplementation with a fixed dose of
      selenium and coenzyme Q10 combined during a four-year intervention were dependent
      on the basal level of selenium. METHODS: In 668 healthy elderly individuals from
      a municipality in Sweden, serum selenium concentration was measured. Of these,
      219 individuals received daily supplementation with selenium (200 MUg Se as
      selenized yeast) and coenzyme Q10 (200 mg) combined for four years. The remaining
      participants (n = 449) received either placebo (n = 222) or no treatment (n =
      227). All cardiovascular mortality was registered. No participant was lost during
      a median follow-up of 5.2 years. Based on death certificates and autopsy results,
      all mortality was registered. FINDINGS: The mean serum selenium concentration
      among participants at baseline was low, 67.1 MUg/L. Based on the distribution of
      selenium concentration at baseline, the supplemented group was divided into three
      groups; <65 MUg/L, 65-85 MUg/L, and >85 MUg/L (45 and 90 percentiles) and the
      remaining participants were distributed accordingly. Among the non-treated
      participants, lower cardiovascular mortality was found in the high selenium group
      as compared with the low selenium group (13.0% vs. 24.1%; P = 0.04). In the group
      with the lowest selenium basal concentration, those receiving placebo or no
      supplementation had a mortality of 24.1%, while mortality was 12.1% in the group
      receiving the active substance, which was an absolute risk reduction of 12%. In
      the middle selenium concentration group a mortality of 14.0% in the non-treated
      group, and 6.0% in the actively treated group could be demonstrated; thus, there
      was an absolute risk reduction of 8.0%. In the group with a serum concentration
      of >85 MUg/L, a cardiovascular mortality of 17.5% in the non-treated group, and
      13.0% in the actively treated group was observed. No significant risk reduction
      by supplementation could thus be found in this group. CONCLUSIONS: In this
      evaluation of healthy elderly Swedish municipality members, two important results
      could be reported. Firstly, a low mean serum selenium concentration, 67 MUg/L,
      was found among the participants, and the cardiovascular mortality was higher in
      the subgroup with the lower selenium concentrations <65 MUg/L in comparison with
      those having a selenium concentration >85 MUg/L. Secondly, supplementation was
      cardio-protective in those with a low selenium concentration, <=85 at inclusion.
      In those with serum selenium>85 MUg/L and no apparent deficiency, there was no
      effect of supplementation. This is a small study, but it presents interesting
      data, and more research on the impact of lower selenium intake than recommended
      is therefore warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01443780.

PMID- 27367857
TI  - Sensitivity of Above-Ground Biomass Estimates to Height-Diameter Modelling in
      Mixed-Species West African Woodlands.
AB  - It has been suggested that above-ground biomass (AGB) inventories should include
      tree height (H), in addition to diameter (D). As H is a difficult variable to
      measure, H-D models are commonly used to predict H. We tested a number of
      approaches for H-D modelling, including additive terms which increased the
      complexity of the model, and observed how differences in tree-level predictions
      of H propagated to plot-level AGB estimations. We were especially interested in
      detecting whether the choice of method can lead to bias. The compared approaches
      listed in the order of increasing complexity were: (B0) AGB estimations from D
      only; (B1) involving also H obtained from a fixed-effects H-D model; (B2)
      involving also species; (B3) including also between-plot variability as random
      effects; and (B4) involving multilevel nested random effects for grouping plots
      in clusters. In light of the results, the modelling approach affected the AGB
      estimation significantly in some cases, although differences were negligible for
      some of the alternatives. The most important differences were found between
      including H or not in the AGB estimation. We observed that AGB predictions
      without H information were very sensitive to the environmental stress parameter
      (E), which can induce a critical bias. Regarding the H-D modelling, the most
      relevant effect was found when species was included as an additive term. We
      presented a two-step methodology, which succeeded in identifying the species for
      which the general H-D relation was relevant to modify. Based on the results, our
      final choice was the single-level mixed-effects model (B3), which accounts for
      the species but also for the plot random effects reflecting site-specific factors
      such as soil properties and degree of disturbance. 

PMID- 27367858
TI  - Burkholderia pseudomallei Differentially Regulates Host Innate Immune Response
      Genes for Intracellular Survival in Lung Epithelial Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis poses a
      serious threat to humankind. B. pseudomallei secretes numerous virulence proteins
      that alter host cell functions to escape from intracellular immune sensors.
      However, the events underlying disease pathogenesis are poorly understood.
      METHODS: We determined the ability of B. pseudomallei to invade and survive
      intracellularly in A549 human lung epithelial cells, and also investigated the
      early transcriptional responses using an Illumina HumanHT-12 v4 microarray
      platform, after three hours of exposure to live B. pseudomallei (BCMS) and its
      secreted proteins (CCMS). RESULTS: We found that the ability of B. pseudomallei
      to invade and survive intracellularly correlated with increase of multiplicity of
      infection and duration of contact. Activation of host carbohydrate metabolism and
      apoptosis as well as suppression of amino acid metabolism and innate immune
      responses both by live bacteria and its secreted proteins were evident. These
      early events might be linked to initial activation of host genes directed towards
      bacterial dissemination from lungs to target organs (via proposed in vivo
      mechanisms) or to escape potential sensing by macrophages. CONCLUSION:
      Understanding the early responses of A549 cells toward B. pseudomallei infection
      provide preliminary insights into the likely pathogenesis mechanisms underlying
      melioidosis, and could contribute to development of novel intervention strategies
      to combat B. pseudomallei infections.

PMID- 27367860
TI  - Author Disambiguation in PubMed: Evidence on the Precision and Recall of Author
      ity among NIH-Funded Scientists.
AB  - We examined the usefulness (precision) and completeness (recall) of the Author
      ity author disambiguation for PubMed articles by associating articles with
      scientists funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In doing so, we
      exploited established unique identifiers-Principal Investigator (PI) IDs-that the
      NIH assigns to funded scientists. Analyzing a set of 36,987 NIH scientists who
      received their first R01 grant between 1985 and 2009, we identified 355,921
      articles appearing in PubMed that would allow us to evaluate the precision and
      recall of the Author-ity disambiguation. We found that Author-ity identified the
      NIH scientists with 99.51% precision across the articles. It had a corresponding
      recall of 99.64%. Precision and recall, moreover, appeared stable across common
      and uncommon last names, across ethnic backgrounds, and across levels of
      scientist productivity. 

PMID- 27367859
TI  - Red-Shifted Aequorin Variants Incorporating Non-Canonical Amino Acids:
      Applications in In Vivo Imaging.
AB  - The increased importance of in vivo diagnostics has posed new demands for imaging
      technologies. In that regard, there is a need for imaging molecules capable of
      expanding the applications of current state-of-the-art imaging in vivo
      diagnostics. To that end, there is a desire for new reporter molecules capable of
      providing strong signals, are non-toxic, and can be tailored to diagnose or
      monitor the progression of a number of diseases. Aequorin is a non-toxic
      photoprotein that can be used as a sensitive marker for bioluminescence in vivo
      imaging. The sensitivity of aequorin is due to the fact that bioluminescence is a
      rare phenomenon in nature and, therefore, it does not suffer from
      autofluorescence, which contributes to background emission. Emission of
      bioluminescence in the blue-region of the spectrum by aequorin only occurs when
      calcium, and its luciferin coelenterazine, are bound to the protein and trigger a
      biochemical reaction that results in light generation. It is this reaction that
      endows aequorin with unique characteristics, making it ideally suited for a
      number of applications in bioanalysis and imaging. Herein we report the site
      specific incorporation of non-canonical or non-natural amino acids and several
      coelenterazine analogues, resulting in a catalog of 72 cysteine-free, aequorin
      variants which expand the potential applications of these photoproteins by
      providing several red-shifted mutants better suited to use in vivo. In vivo
      studies in mouse models using the transparent tissue of the eye confirmed the
      activity of the aequorin variants incorporating L-4-iodophehylalanine and L-4
      methoxyphenylalanine after injection into the eye and topical addition of
      coelenterazine. The signal also remained localized within the eye. This is the
      first time that aequorin variants incorporating non-canonical amino acids have
      shown to be active in vivo and useful as reporters in bioluminescence imaging. 

PMID- 27367861
TI  - Implicit emotion regulation in the context of viewing artworks: ERP evidence in
      response to pleasant and unpleasant pictures.
AB  - Presenting affective pictures as a work of art could change perceivers' judgment
      and strength in emotional reactions. Aesthetic theory states that perceivers of
      art emotionally distance themselves, allowing them to appreciate works of art
      depicting gruesome events. To examine whether implicit emotion regulation is
      induced by an art context, we assessed whether presenting pleasant and unpleasant
      IAPS pictures as either "works of art comprising paintings, digital renderings,
      and photographs of staged scenes" or "photographs depicting real events"
      modulated perceivers' Late Positive Potentials (LPP) and likability ratings. In
      line with previous research and aesthetic theory, participants evaluated the IAPS
      pictures as more likable when they were presented as works of art than when they
      were presented as photographs. Moreover, participants' late LPP amplitudes (600
      900ms post picture onset) in response to the pictures were attenuated in the art
      context condition. These results provide evidence for an implicit emotion
      regulation induced by the art context.

PMID- 27367862
TI  - Combining EEG and eye movement recording in free viewing: Pitfalls and
      possibilities.
AB  - Co-registration of EEG and eye movement has promise for investigating perceptual
      processes in free viewing conditions, provided certain methodological challenges
      can be addressed. Most of these arise from the self-paced character of eye
      movements in free viewing conditions. Successive eye movements occur within short
      time intervals. Their evoked activity is likely to distort the EEG signal during
      fixation. Due to the non-uniform distribution of fixation durations, these
      distortions are systematic, survive across-trials averaging, and can become a
      source of confounding. We illustrate this problem with effects of sequential eye
      movements on the evoked potentials and time-frequency components of EEG and
      propose a solution based on matching of eye movement characteristics between
      experimental conditions. The proposal leads to a discussion of which eye movement
      characteristics are to be matched, depending on the EEG activity of interest. We
      also compare segmentation of EEG into saccade-related epochs relative to saccade
      and fixation onsets and discuss the problem of baseline selection and its
      solution. Further recommendations are given for implementing EEG-eye movement co
      registration in free viewing conditions. By resolving some of the methodological
      problems involved, we aim to facilitate the transition from the traditional
      stimulus-response paradigm to the study of visual perception in more naturalistic
      conditions.

PMID- 27367863
TI  - Assessment of histological differentiation in gastric cancers using whole-volume
      histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient maps.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of histogram analysis of the entire tumor
      volume in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps for differentiating between
      histological grades in gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-eight
      patients with gastric cancer were enrolled in a retrospective 3.0T magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) study. ADC maps were obtained at two different b values
      (0 and 1000 sec/mm2 ) for each patient. Tumors were delineated on each slice of
      the ADC maps, and a histogram for the entire tumor volume was subsequently
      generated. A series of histogram parameters (eg, skew and kurtosis) were
      calculated and correlated with the histological grade of the surgical specimen.
      The diagnostic performance of each parameter for distinguishing poorly from
      moderately well-differentiated gastric cancers was assessed by using the area
      under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). RESULTS: There were
      significant differences in the 5th , 10th , 25th , and 50th percentiles, skew,
      and kurtosis between poorly and well-differentiated gastric cancers (P < 0.05).
      There were correlations between the degrees of differentiation and histogram
      parameters, including the 10th percentile, skew, kurtosis, and max frequency; the
      correlation coefficients were 0.273, -0.361, -0.339, and -0.370, respectively.
      Among all the histogram parameters, the max frequency had the largest AUC value,
      which was 0.675. CONCLUSION: Histogram analysis of the ADC maps on the basis of
      the entire tumor volume can be useful in differentiating between histological
      grades for gastric cancer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging
      2017;45:440-449.

PMID- 27367864
TI  - A Systematic Review of the Impact of Potentially Inappropriate Medication on
      Health Care Utilization and Costs Among Older Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are defined as those
      medicines having a greater potential risk than benefit for older adults. In this
      systematic literature review, we evaluate the current evidence on health care
      service use and health care costs associated with PIMs among older adults.
      METHODS: A literature search was conducted in August 2015 without publication
      date restrictions using the databases PubMed and Scopus. Selected articles
      included in the review of articles were: (1) observational cohort or case
      control, or intervention studies; (2) investigating PIM use among older adults
      aged 65 years or older with outcomes on health care utilization (eg,
      hospitalization) or health care costs; and (3) use of some published criteria for
      assessing PIMs. RESULTS: Of 825 abstracts screened, in total 51 articles
      proceeded to full-text review. Of those full-text articles, 39 articles were
      included in this review. Most of the articles found that PIMs had a statistically
      significant effect on health care service use, especially on hospitalization,
      among older adults. The findings of impact on length of stay or readmissions were
      inconclusive. Five studies found statistically significant higher medical or
      total health care costs for PIM users compared those who did not use any PIMs.
      CONCLUSIONS: PIMs can, in addition to health and quality of life problems, also
      lead to greater health care service use and, thus, higher health care costs.
      However, the heterogeneity of the study settings makes the interpretation of the
      results difficult. Further studies, especially on economic issues with country
      specific criteria, are needed.

PMID- 27367865
TI  - Impact of ACA Insurance Coverage Expansion on Perforated Appendix Rates Among
      Young Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The 2010 Dependent Coverage Provision (DCP) of the Affordable Care
      Act allowed young adults to remain on their parents' health insurance plans until
      age 26 years. Although the provision improved coverage and survey-reported access
      to care, little is known regarding its impact on timely access for acute
      conditions. This study aims to assess changes in insurance coverage and
      perforation rates among young adults with acute appendicitis-an established
      metric for population-level health care access-after the DCP. METHODS: The
      National Inpatient Sample and difference-in-differences linear regression were
      used to assess prepolicy/postpolicy changes for policy-eligible young adults
      (aged 19-25 y) compared with a slightly older, policy-ineligible comparator group
      (aged 26-34 y). RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates, 19-25 year olds
      experienced a 3.6-percentage point decline in the uninsured rate after the DCP
      (baseline 22.5%), compared with 26-34 year olds (P<0.001). This coincided with a
      1.4-percentage point relative decline in perforated appendix rate for 19-25 year
      olds (baseline 17.5%), compared with 26-34 year olds (P=0.023). All subgroups
      showed significant reductions in uninsured rates; however, statistically
      significant reductions in perforation rates were limited to racial/ethnic
      minorities, patients from lower-income communities, and patients presenting to
      urban teaching hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in uninsured rates among young
      adults after the DCP were associated with significant reductions in perforated
      appendix rates relative to a comparator group, suggesting that insurance
      expansion could lead to fewer delays in seeking and accessing care for acute
      conditions. Greater relative declines in perforation rates among the most at-risk
      subpopulations hold important implications for the use of coverage expansion to
      mitigate existing disparities in access to care.

PMID- 27367866
TI  - The Impact of Using Mid-level Providers in Face-to-Face Primary Care on Health
      Care Utilization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been concern that greater use of nurse practitioners (NP)
      and physician assistants (PA) in face-to-face primary care may increase
      utilization and spending. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a natural experiment within
      Kaiser Permanente in Georgia in the use of NP/PA in primary care. STUDY DESIGN:
      From 2006 through early 2008 (the preperiod), each NP or PA was paired with a
      physician to manage a patient panel. In early 2008, NPs and PAs were removed from
      all face-to-face primary care. Using the 2006-2010 data, we applied a difference
      in-differences analytic approach at the clinic level due to patient triage
      between a NP/PA and a physician. Clinics were classified into 3 different groups
      based on the percentage of visits by NP/PA during the preperiod: high (over 20%
      in-person primary care visits attended by NP/PAs), medium (5%-20%), and low (<5%)
      NP/PA model clinics. MEASURES: Referrals to specialist physicians; emergency
      department visits and inpatient admissions; and advanced diagnostic imaging
      services. RESULTS: Compared with the low NP/PA model, the high NP/PA model and
      the medium NP/PA model were associated with 4.9% and 5.1% fewer specialist
      referrals, respectively (P<0.05 for both estimates); the high NP/PA model and the
      medium NP/PA model also showed fewer hospitalizations and emergency department
      visits and fewer advanced diagnostic imaging services, but none of these was
      statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: We find no evidence to support concerns
      that under a physician's supervision, NPs and PAs increase utilization and
      spending.

PMID- 27367867
TI  - Low Use of Oral Anticoagulant Prescribing for Secondary Stroke Prevention:
      Results From the Ontario Stroke Registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oral anticoagulation reduces the risk of stroke in atrial
      fibrillation but is often underused. OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated
      with oral anticoagulant prescribing and adherence after stroke or transient
      ischemic attack (TIA). RESEARCH DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using linked
      Ontario Stroke Registry and prescription claims data. SUBJECTS: Consecutive
      patients with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke/TIA admitted to 11 stroke
      centers in Ontario, Canada between 2003 and 2011. MEASURES: We used modified
      Poisson regression models to determine predictors of anticoagulant prescribing
      and multiple logistic regression to determine predictors of 1-year adherence.
      RESULTS: Of the 5781 patients in the study cohort, 4235 (73%) were prescribed
      oral anticoagulants at discharge. Older patients were less likely to receive
      anticoagulation [adjusted relative risk (aRR) for each additional year=0.997; 95%
      confidence interval (CI), 0.995-0.998], as were those with TIA compared with
      ischemic stroke (aRR=0.904; 95% CI, 0.865-0.945), prior gastrointestinal bleed
      (aRR=0.778; 95% CI, 0.693-0.873), dementia (aRR=0.912; 95% CI, 0.856-0.973), and
      those from a long-term care facility (aRR=0.810; 95% CI, 0.737-0.891). After
      limiting the sample to those without obvious contraindications to
      anticoagulation, age, dementia, and long-term care residence continued to be
      associated with lower prescription of oral anticoagulants. One-year adherence to
      therapy was similar across most patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: Age, dementia, and
      long-term care residence are predictors of lower oral anticoagulant use for
      secondary stroke prevention and represent key target areas for quality
      improvement initiatives.

PMID- 27367868
TI  - Comorbidity Correlates of Death Among New Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan
      Deployment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan who receive care in the
      Veterans Health Administration (VA) have high disease burden. Distinct
      comorbidity patterns have been shown to be differentially associated with adverse
      outcomes, including death. This study determined correlates of 5-year mortality.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: VA demographic, military, homelessness, and clinical
      measures informed this retrospective analysis. Previously constructed comorbidity
      classifications over 3 years of care were entered into a Cox proportional hazards
      model of death. RESULTS: There were 164,933 veterans in the cohort, including
      African Americans (16%), Hispanics (11%), and whites (65%). Most were in their
      20s at baseline (60%); 12% were women; 4% had attempted suicide; 4% had been
      homeless. Having clustered disorders of pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and
      traumatic brain injury was associated with death [hazard ratio (HR)=2.0]. Mental
      disorders including substance abuse were similarly associated (HR=2.1). Prior
      suicide attempt (HR=2.2) or drug overdose (HR=3.0) considerably increased risk of
      death over 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: As congressional actions such as Veterans Choice
      Act offer more avenues to seek care outside of VA, coordination of care, and
      suicide prevention outreach for recent veterans may require innovative approaches
      to preserve life.

PMID- 27367869
TI  - Microfluidic fuel cells for energy generation.
AB  - Sustainable energy generation is of recent interest due to a growing energy
      demand across the globe and increasing environmental issues caused by
      conventional non-renewable means of power generation. In the context of
      microsystems, portable electronics and lab-on-a-chip based (bio)chemical sensors
      would essentially require fully integrated, reliable means of power generation.
      Microfluidic-based fuel cells can offer unique advantages compared to
      conventional fuel cells such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, ease of
      integration, cost effectiveness and portability. Here, we summarize recent
      developments which utilize the potential of microfluidic devices for energy
      generation.

PMID- 27367874
TI  - High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Prostate Cancer: Novelty or Innovation?

PMID- 27367870
TI  - Rosmarinic acid protects against chronic ethanol-induced learning and memory
      deficits in rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Ethanol consumption induces neurological disorders including
      cognitive dysfunction. Oxidative damage is considered a likely cause of cognitive
      deficits. We aimed to investigate the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA) in
      different doses for 30 days on chronic ethanol-induced cognitive dysfunction
      using the passive avoidance learning (PAL) and memory task in comparison with
      donepezil, a reference drug. We also evaluated the levels of superoxide dismutase
      (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation in hippocampus as possible
      mechanisms. METHODS: Memory impairment was induced by 15% w/v ethanol (2 g/kg,
      i.g.) administration for 30 days. RA (8, 16, and 32 mg/kg, i.g.) or donepezil (2
      mg/kg, i.g.) was administered 30 minutes before ethanol. The acquisition trial
      was done 1 hour after the last administration of RA and donepezil. At the end,
      animals were weighed and hippocami were isolated for analyzing of
      oxidant/antioxidant markers. RESULTS: Ethanol caused cognition deficits in the
      PAL and memory task. While RA 16 and 32 mg/kg improved cognition in control rats,
      it prevented learning and memory deficits of alcoholic groups. RA 8 mg/kg did not
      influence cognitive function in both control and alcoholic rats. RA 32 mg/kg had
      comparable effects with donepezil in prevention of acquisition and retention
      memory impairment. The higher doses of RA not only prevented increased lipid
      peroxidation and nitrite content but also decreased SOD, CAT, GSH, and FRAP
      levels in alcoholic groups and exerted antioxidant effects in non-alcoholic rats.
      DISCUSSION: We showed that RA administration dose-dependently prevented cognitive
      impairment induced by chronic ethanol in PAL and memory and disturbed
      oxidant/antioxidant status as a possible mechanism. The antioxidant,
      anticholinesterase, and neuroprotective properties of RA may be involved in the
      observed effects. Therefore, RA represents a potential therapeutic option against
      chronic ethanol-induced amnesia which deserves consideration and further
      examination.

PMID- 27367875
TI  - A PIECE OF MY MIND. The Hunger Games.

PMID- 27367879
TI  - JAMA PATIENT PAGE. Generic Drugs.

PMID- 27367876
TI  - Effect of Escitalopram on All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Patients
      With Heart Failure and Depression: The MOOD-HF Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Depression is frequent in patients with heart failure and is
      associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Long-term efficacy and safety of
      selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in these patients are unknown. OBJECTIVE:
      To determine whether 24 months of treatment with escitalopram improves mortality,
      morbidity, and mood in patients with chronic systolic heart failure and
      depression. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Effects of Selective Serotonin
      Re-Uptake Inhibition on Morbidity, Mortality, and Mood in Depressed Heart Failure
      Patients (MOOD-HF) study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized
      clinical trial conducted at 16 tertiary medical centers in Germany. Between March
      2009 and February 2014, patients at outpatient clinics with New York Heart
      Association class II-IV heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection
      fraction (<45%) were screened for depression using the 9-item Patient Health
      Questionnaire. Patients with suspected depression were then invited to undergo a
      Structured Clinical Interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
      Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) to establish the diagnosis. INTERVENTIONS:
      Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive escitalopram (10-20 mg) or matching
      placebo in addition to optimal heart failure therapy. Study duration was 24
      months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The composite primary outcome was time to all
      cause death or hospitalization. Prespecified secondary outcomes included safety
      and depression severity at 12 weeks of treatment (including the titration
      period), which were determined using the 10-item Montgomery-Asberg Depression
      Rating Scale (total possible score, 0 to 60; higher scores indicate more severe
      depression). RESULTS: A total of 372 patients (mean age, 62 years; 24% female)
      were randomized and had taken at least 1 dose of study medication when the data
      and safety monitoring committee recommended the trial be stopped early. During a
      median participation time of 18.4 months (n = 185) for the escitalopram group and
      18.7 months (n = 187) for the placebo group, the primary outcome of death or
      hospitalization occurred in 116 (63%) patients and 119 (64%) patients,
      respectively (hazard ratio, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.76 to 1.27]; P = .92). The mean
      Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale sum score changed from 20.2 at baseline
      to 11.2 at 12 weeks in the escitalopram group and from 21.4 to 12.5 in the
      placebo group (between-group difference, -0.9 [95% CI,-2.6 to 0.7]; P = .26).
      Safety parameters were comparable between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In
      patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and
      depression, 18 months of treatment with escitalopram compared with placebo did
      not significantly reduce all-cause mortality or hospitalization, and there was no
      significant improvement in depression. These findings do not support the use of
      escitalopram in patients with chronic systolic heart failure and depression.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: isrctn.com Identifier: ISRCTN33128015.

PMID- 27367880
TI  - IFN Deficiency in Asthma Attacks. Is Restoring Toll-like Receptor-7 Expression a
      New Treatment Approach in Severe Asthma?

PMID- 27367881
TI  - Association between Impaired Lung Function and Cardiovascular Disease. Cause,
      Effect, or Force of Circumstance?

PMID- 27367877
TI  - Effect of a Primary Care Management Intervention on Mental Health-Related Quality
      of Life Among Survivors of Sepsis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Survivors of sepsis face long-term sequelae that diminish health
      related quality of life and result in increased care needs in the primary care
      setting, such as medication, physiotherapy, or mental health care. OBJECTIVE: To
      examine if a primary care-based intervention improves mental health-related
      quality of life. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Randomized clinical trial
      conducted between February 2011 and December 2014, enrolling 291 patients 18
      years or older who survived sepsis (including septic shock), recruited from 9
      intensive care units (ICUs) across Germany. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were
      randomized to usual care (n = 143) or to a 12-month intervention (n = 148). Usual
      care was provided by their primary care physician (PCP) and included periodic
      contacts, referrals to specialists, and prescription of medication, other
      treatment, or both. The intervention additionally included PCP and patient
      training, case management provided by trained nurses, and clinical decision
      support for PCPs by consulting physicians. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The
      primary outcome was change in mental health-related quality of life between ICU
      discharge and 6 months after ICU discharge using the Mental Component Summary
      (MCS) of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36 [range, 0-100; higher
      ratings indicate lower impairment; minimal clinically important difference, 5
      score points]). RESULTS: The mean age of the 291 patients was 61.6 years (SD,
      14.4); 66.2% (n = 192) were men, and 84.4% (n = 244) required mechanical
      ventilation during their ICU stay (median duration of ventilation, 12 days
      [range, 0-134]). At 6 and 12 months after ICU discharge, 75.3% (n = 219 [112
      intervention, 107 control]) and 69.4% (n = 202 [107 intervention, 95 control]),
      respectively, completed follow-up. Overall mortality was 13.7% at 6 months (40
      deaths [21 intervention, 19 control]) and 18.2% at 12 months (53 deaths [27
      intervention, 26 control]). Among patients in the intervention group, 104 (70.3%)
      received the intervention at high levels of integrity. There was no significant
      difference in change of mean MCS scores (intervention group mean at baseline,
      49.1; at 6 months, 52.9; change, 3.79 score points [95% CI, 1.05 to 6.54] vs
      control group mean at baseline, 49.3; at 6 months, 51.0; change, 1.64 score
      points [95% CI, -1.22 to 4.51]; mean treatment effect, 2.15 [95% CI, -1.79 to
      6.09]; P = .28). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among survivors of sepsis and septic
      shock, the use of a primary care-focused team-based intervention, compared with
      usual care, did not improve mental health-related quality of life 6 months after
      ICU discharge. Further research is needed to determine if modified approaches to
      primary care management may be more effective. TRIAL REGISTRATION: isrctn.org
      Identifier: ISRCTN61744782.

PMID- 27367882
TI  - Barriers to Understanding the Epidemiology of Noncommunicable Lung Disease in Sub
      Saharan Africa.

PMID- 27367883
TI  - Galectin-3: Distant Biomarker or Relevant Target?

PMID- 27367884
TI  - Does Breathing Amplify Fibrosis?

PMID- 27367885
TI  - Marker Games: Seeking Better Biomarkers?

PMID- 27367886
TI  - Update in Critical Care 2015.
AB  - This review documents important progress made in 2015 in the field of critical
      care. Significant advances in 2015 included further evidence for early
      implementation of low tidal volume ventilation as well as new insights into the
      role of open lung biopsy, diaphragmatic dysfunction, and a potential mechanism
      for ventilator-induced fibroproliferation. New therapies, including a novel low
      flow extracorporeal CO2 removal technique and mesenchymal stem cell-derived
      microparticles, have also been studied. Several studies examining the role of
      improved diagnosis and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia also showed
      relevant results. This review examines articles published in the American Journal
      of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine and other major journals that have made
      significant advances in the field of critical care in 2015.

PMID- 27367887
TI  - A Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in Critical
      Care Health-care Professionals. A Call for Action.
AB  - Burnout syndrome (BOS) occurs in all types of health-care professionals and is
      especially common in individuals who care for critically ill patients. The
      development of BOS is related to an imbalance of personal characteristics of the
      employee and work-related issues or other organizational factors. BOS is
      associated with many deleterious consequences, including increased rates of job
      turnover, reduced patient satisfaction, and decreased quality of care. BOS also
      directly affects the mental health and physical well-being of the many critical
      care physicians, nurses, and other health-care professionals who practice
      worldwide. Until recently, BOS and other psychological disorders in critical care
      health-care professionals remained relatively unrecognized. To raise awareness of
      BOS, the Critical Care Societies Collaborative (CCSC) developed this call to
      action. The present article reviews the diagnostic criteria, prevalence,
      causative factors, and consequences of BOS. It also discusses potential
      interventions that may be used to prevent and treat BOS. Finally, we urge
      multiple stakeholders to help mitigate the development of BOS in critical care
      health-care professionals and diminish the harmful consequences of BOS, both for
      critical care health-care professionals and for patients.

PMID- 27367888
TI  - First Real-Time Visualization of a Spontaneous Pneumothorax Developing in a
      Preterm Lamb Using Electrical Impedance Tomography.

PMID- 27367889
TI  - Effect of Anti-IL-13 Treatment on Airway Dimensions in Severe Asthma.

PMID- 27367890
TI  - Transbronchial Needle Aspiration for Peripheral Lung Lesions: The Dark Horse
      Winner of the AQuIRE Registry, or Is It?

PMID- 27367891
TI  - Electromagnetic Guidance for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules: Don't Put the
      Nail in the Coffin.

PMID- 27367892
TI  - Reply: Quantifying the Benefits of Peripheral Transbronchial Needle Aspiration.

PMID- 27367893
TI  - Reply: Intratracheal Budesonide/Surfactant for Preventing Bronchopulmonary
      Dysplasia.

PMID- 27367894
TI  - Intratracheal Budesonide/Surfactant for Preventing Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

PMID- 27367896
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27367895
TI  - What is Burnout Syndrome (BOS)?

PMID- 27367898
TI  - Mothercraft: Birth work and the making of neoliberal mothers.
AB  - The literature on neoliberal health governance explores how macro-economic
      neoliberal policies as well as individual attitudes and behaviors reflect an
      increasingly individualized construction of health and citizens' responsibility
      over it. This study contributes to this literature and expands it in important
      ways. Drawing on qualitative interviews from 22 midwives and birth workers
      (doulas, childbirth educators, lactation consultants) practicing in the US, this
      study explores how midwives and birth workers act as "experts of conduct" who
      promote certain neoliberal values in their logics of care and interactions with
      clientele. The findings reveal that midwives and birth workers promote a form of
      maternal neoliberal health governance by: 1) making distinctions between their
      clientele that signal differences in health competence and resources, 2)
      encouraging autonomy and responsibility over birth experiences, and 3) promoting
      an empowerment discourse that hinges implicitly on an exclusionary consumer
      choice rhetoric. Midwives and birth workers are crucially implicated in shaping
      maternal subjectivities through pedagogical interactions I refer to as
      "mothercraft." This study illustrates how the promotion of certain health
      identities by experts further stratifies patient populations, exacerbating
      differences between women based on their socioeconomic status, racial-ethnic, and
      cultural positions.

PMID- 27367897
TI  - Education and alcohol use: A study of gene-environment interaction in young
      adulthood.
AB  - The consequences of heavy alcohol use remain a serious public health problem.
      Consistent evidence has demonstrated that both genetic and social influences
      contribute to alcohol use. Research on gene-environment interaction (GxE) has
      also demonstrated that these social and genetic influences do not act
      independently. Instead, certain environmental contexts may limit or exacerbate an
      underlying genetic predisposition. However, much of the work on GxE and alcohol
      use has focused on adolescence and less is known about the important
      environmental contexts in young adulthood. Using data from the young adult wave
      of the Finnish Twin Study, FinnTwin12 (N = 3402), we used biometric twin modeling
      to test whether education moderated genetic risk for alcohol use as assessed by
      drinking frequency and intoxication frequency. Education is important because it
      offers greater access to personal resources and helps determine one's position in
      the broader stratification system. Results from the twin models show that
      education did not moderate genetic variance components and that genetic risk was
      constant across levels of education. Instead, education moderated environmental
      variance so that under conditions of low education, environmental influences
      explained more of the variation in alcohol use outcomes. The implications and
      limitations of these results are discussed.

PMID- 27367899
TI  - High performance in healthcare priority setting and resource allocation: A
      literature- and case study-based framework in the Canadian context.
AB  - Priority setting and resource allocation, or PSRA, are key functions of executive
      teams in healthcare organizations. Yet decision-makers often base their choices
      on historical patterns of resource distribution or political pressures. Our aim
      was to provide leaders with guidance on how to improve PSRA practice, by creating
      organizational contexts which enable high performance. We carried out in-depth
      case studies of six Canadian healthcare organizations to obtain from healthcare
      leaders their understanding of the concept of high performance in PSRA and the
      factors which contribute to its achievement. Individual and group interviews were
      carried out (n = 62) with senior managers, middle managers and Board members.
      Site observations and document review were used to assist researchers in
      interpreting the interview data. Qualitative data were analyzed iteratively with
      the literature on empirical examples of PSRA practice, in order to develop a
      framework of high performance in PSRA. The framework consists of four domains -
      structures, processes, attitudes and behaviours, and outcomes - within which are
      19 specific elements. The emergent themes derive from case studies in different
      kinds of health organizations (urban/rural, small/large) across Canada. The
      elements can serve as a checklist for 'high performance' in PSRA. This framework
      provides a means by which decision-makers in healthcare might assess their
      practice and identify key areas for improvement. The findings are likely
      generalizable, certainly within Canada but also across countries. This work
      constitutes, to our knowledge, the first attempt to present a full package of
      elements comprising high performance in health care PSRA.

PMID- 27367900
TI  - Compositional and Structural Versatility in an Unusual Family of anti-Perovskite
      Fluorides: [Cu(H2O)4]3[(MF6)(M'F6)].
AB  - A series of six anti-perovskite fluorides of the type [Cu(H2O)4]3(M1-xM'xF6)2
      (where M and M' = V, Cr, Mn, Fe as well as M = Fe and M' = V and Cr) was
      synthesized as high-quality single crystals via a mild hydrothermal route. These
      materials belong to a class of perovskite-based structures in which the anions
      and cations of the regular ABX3 perovskite structure have exchanged positions.
      Two complex anions, MF6(3-) and M'F6(3-), occupy the normal A and B cation
      positions, while three complex cations, [Cu(H2O)4](2+), occupy the normally
      anionic X positions. As in the ABX3 compositions, the A and B positions can be
      occupied by different complex anions, allowing for the preparation of a wide
      range of compositions. Magnetic property measurements were performed on all six
      phases, and complex magnetic behavior was observed at low temperatures in the Mn,
      Fe, and bimetallic Fe/V and Fe/Cr phases. 

PMID- 27367902
TI  - Comparison of randomization-test procedures for single-case multiple-baseline
      designs.
AB  - In three simulation investigations, we examined the statistical properties of
      several different randomization-test procedures for analyzing the data from
      single-case multiple-baseline intervention studies. Two procedures (Wampold
      Worsham and Revusky) are associated with single fixed intervention start points
      and three are associated with randomly determined intervention start points. Of
      the latter three, one (Koehler-Levin) is an existing procedure that has been
      previously examined and the other two (modified Revusky and restricted Marascuilo
      Busk) are modifications and extensions of existing procedures. All five
      procedures were found to maintain their Type I error probabilities at acceptable
      levels. In most of the conditions investigated here, two of the random start
      point procedures (Koehler-Levin and restricted Marascuilo-Busk) were more
      powerful than the others with respect to detecting immediate abrupt intervention
      effects. For designs in which it is not possible to include the same series
      lengths for all cases, either the modified Revusky or restricted Marascuilo-Busk
      procedure is recommended.

PMID- 27367901
TI  - Multiplexed methylation profiles of tumor suppressor genes and clinical outcome
      in oligodendroglial tumors.
AB  - Aberrant methylation has been associated with transcriptional inactivation of
      tumor-related genes in a wide spectrum of human neoplasms. The influence of DNA
      methylation in oligodendroglial tumors is not fully understood. Genomic DNA was
      isolated from 61 oligodendroglial tumors for analysis of methylation using
      methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification assay (MS
      MLPA). We correlated methylation status with clinicopathological findings and
      outcome. The genes found to be most frequently methylated in oligodendroglial
      tumors were RASSF1A (80.3%), CASP8 (70.5%), and CDKN2A (52.5%). Kaplan-Meier
      survival curve analysis demonstrated longer duration of progression-free survival
      in patients with 19q loss, aged less than 38 years, and with a proliferative
      index of less than 5%. Methylation of the ESR1 promoter is significantly
      associated with shorter duration of overall survival and progression-free
      survival, and that methylation of IGSF4 and RASSF1A is significantly associated
      with shorter duration of progression-free survival. However, none of the
      methylation status of ESR1, IGSF4, and RASSF1A was of prognostic value for
      survival in a multivariate Cox model. A number of novel and interesting
      epigenetic alterations were identified in this study. The findings highlight the
      importance of methylation profiles in oligodendroglial tumors and their possible
      involvement in tumorigenesis.

PMID- 27367903
TI  - Seasonal Changes in Bird Species and Feeding Guilds along Elevational Gradients
      of the Central Himalayas, Nepal.
AB  - The Himalayas are a global hotspot for bird diversity with a large number of
      threatened species, but little is known about seasonal changes in bird
      communities along elevational gradients in this region. We studied the
      seasonality of bird diversity in six valleys of the Central Himalayas, Nepal.
      Using 318 plots with a 50 m radius, located from 2200 to 3800 m a.s.l., and
      repeated sampling during different seasons (mainly pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post
      monsoon), we analyzed 3642 occurrences of 178 species. Birds classified in the
      literature as resident were more species-rich than migratory birds (140 vs. 38
      species). In all six valleys and within the studied elevation range, species
      richness of all birds showed a peak at mid-elevation levels of 2600 or 3000 m
      a.s.l. Similar patterns were found for the most species-rich feeding guilds of
      insectivores (96 species) and omnivores (24 species), whereas the species
      richness of herbivores (37 species including frugivores) increased towards higher
      elevations. Among these feeding guilds, only species richness of insectivores
      showed pronounced seasonal changes with higher species numbers during post
      monsoon season. Similarly, individual bird species showed distinct spatio
      temporal distribution patterns, with transitions from species dominated by
      elevational differences to those characterized by strong seasonal changes. In an
      era of climate change, the results demonstrate that individual bird species as
      well as feeding guilds might greatly differ in their responses to climate warming
      and changes in the seasonality of the precipitation regime, two aspects of
      climate change which should not be analyzed independently. 

PMID- 27367904
TI  - Context-Aware Image Compression.
AB  - We describe a physics-based data compression method inspired by the photonic time
      stretch wherein information-rich portions of the data are dilated in a process
      that emulates the effect of group velocity dispersion on temporal signals. With
      this coding operation, the data can be downsampled at a lower rate than without
      it. In contrast to previous implementation of the warped stretch compression,
      here the decoding can be performed without the need of phase recovery. We present
      rate-distortion analysis and show improvement in PSNR compared to compression via
      uniform downsampling. 

PMID- 27367905
TI  - Enteroviral Postencephalitic Parkinsonism With Evidence of Impaired Presynaptic
      Dopaminergic Function.

PMID- 27367906
TI  - Transverse relaxation and flip angle mapping: Evaluation of simultaneous and
      independent methods using multiple spin echoes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate transverse relaxation (T2) and flip angle maps derived from
      signal pathway modeling of multiple spin echoes using simultaneous or independent
      T2 and flip angle fitting. METHODS: We examined different approaches to indirect
      and stimulated echo compensated T2 relaxometry from multiple spin echoes to
      evaluate both T2 and flip angle accuracy in simulation, phantom, and human brain.
      Signal pathways were modeled with or without independent flip angle maps using
      either Bloch simulations, or Extended Phase Graph (EPG) with Fourier or Shinnar
      Le Roux approximation of slice profiles. RESULTS: Slice-selective decay curves
      differ substantially between models. Inaccurate flip angles are obtained with EPG
      methods, although T2 values are relatively accurate. Providing measured flip
      angles to EPG methods yields erroneous T2. Bloch methods improve both T2 and flip
      angle results. Simultaneous fitting can suffer from flip angle redundancy
      yielding multiple T2 solutions, particularly in low signal-to-noise ratio cases.
      CONCLUSION: EPG fitting provides reasonably accurate T2, but is limited by poor
      accuracy in resulting flip angles, and T2 errors increase when flip angles are
      provided. Bloch simultaneous fitting of T2 and flip angle provides excellent
      results, but can be limited by multiple solutions which can be overcome by
      including a flip angle map. Magn Reson Med 77:2057-2065, 2017. (c) 2016
      International Society for MagneticResonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27367907
TI  - Fenretinide (4-HPR) Targets Caspase-9, ERK 1/2 and the Wnt3a/beta-Catenin Pathway
      in Medulloblastoma Cells and Medulloblastoma Cell Spheroids.
AB  - Medulloblastoma (MB), a neuroectodermal tumor arising in the cerebellum,
      represents the most frequent childhood brain malignancy. Current treatments for
      MB combine radiation and chemotherapy and are often associated with relevant side
      effects; novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)
      retinamide (4-HPR, fenretinide), a synthetic analogue of all-trans retinoic acid,
      has emerged as a promising and well-tolerated cancer chemopreventive and
      chemotherapeutic agent for various neoplasms, from breast cancer to
      neuroblastoma. Here we investigated the effects of 4-HPR on MB cell lines and
      identified the mechanism of action for a potential use in therapy of MB. Flow
      cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate 4-HPR induction of apoptosis and
      oxygen reactive species (ROS) production, as well as cell cycle effects.
      Functional analysis to determine 4-HPR ability to interfere with MB cell
      migration and invasion were performed. Western Blot analysis were used to
      investigate the crucial molecules involved in selected signaling pathways
      associated with apoptosis (caspase-9 and PARP-1), cell survival (ERK 1/2) and
      tumor progression (Wnt3a and beta-catenin). We show that 4-HPR induces caspase 9
      dependent cell death in DAOY and ONS-76 cells, associated with increased ROS
      generation, suggesting that free radical intermediates might be directly
      involved. We observed 4-HPR induction of cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase,
      inactivated beta-catenin, and inhibition of MB cell migration and invasion. We
      also evaluated the ability of 4-HPR to target MB cancer-stem/cancer-initiating
      cells, using an MB spheroids model, followed by flow cytometry and quantitative
      real-time PCR. 4-HPR treatment reduced DAOY and ONS-76 spheroid formation, in
      term of number and size. Decreased expression of the surface markers CD133+ and
      ABCG2+ as well as Oct-4 and Sox-2 gene expression were observed on BTICs treated
      with 4-HPR further reducing BITIC invasive activities. Finally, we analyzed 4-HPR
      ability to inhibit MB tumor cell growth in vivo in nude mice. Taken together, our
      data suggest that 4-HPR targets both parental and MB tumor stem/initiating cell
      like populations. Since 4-HPR exerts low toxicity, it could represent a valid
      compound in the treatment of human MB. 

PMID- 27367908
TI  - Occupational Physicians' Reasoning about Recommending Early Return to Work with
      Work Modifications.
AB  - Previous research indicates that work modifications can effectively enhance
      return to work (RTW) at an early stage of work disability. We aimed to examine
      how occupational physicians (OPs) reason about recommending early return to work
      (RTW) with work modifications. Pre-defined propositions regarding the use of work
      modifications in promoting early RTW were discussed in four focus groups with
      altogether 11 Finnish OPs. Discussions were audio recorded, and the transcribed
      data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Five different rationales
      for supporting early RTW were identified: to manage medical conditions, to
      enhance employee well-being, to help workplace stakeholders, to reduce costs to
      society, and to enhance OP's own professional fulfillment. However, OPs
      identified situations and conditions in which early RTW may not be suitable. In
      addition, there were differences between the OPs in the interpretation of the
      rationales, suggesting variation in clinical practice. In conclusion, encouraging
      early RTW with work modifications was perceived by OPs as a meaningful task and,
      to a large extent, beneficial for employees and several stakeholders. However,
      this practice was not accepted without consideration to the RTW situation and
      context. If early RTW and work modifications are to be promoted, OPs should be
      offered education that addresses their views regarding this practice. 

PMID- 27367909
TI  - Molecular Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Non-Protein
      Coding RNA-Mediated Monoplex Polymerase Chain Reaction.
AB  - Non-protein coding RNA (npcRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not
      translated into a protein. Bacterial npcRNAs are structurally diversified
      molecules, typically 50-200 nucleotides in length. They play a crucial
      physiological role in cellular networking, including stress responses,
      replication and bacterial virulence. In this study, by using an identified npcRNA
      gene (Sau-02) in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), we
      identified the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. A Sau-02-mediated monoplex
      Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was designed that displayed high
      sensitivity and specificity. Fourteen different bacteria and 18 S. aureus strains
      were tested, and the results showed that the Sau-02 gene is specific to S.
      aureus. The detection limit was tested against genomic DNA from MRSA and was
      found to be ~10 genome copies. Further, the detection was extended to whole-cell
      MRSA detection, and we reached the detection limit with two bacteria. The
      monoplex PCR assay demonstrated in this study is a novel detection method that
      can replicate other npcRNA-mediated detection assays. 

PMID- 27367910
TI  - Therapeutic angiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factor supplementation
      for treatment of renal disease.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) influence renal
      function through angiogenesis, with VEGF-A being the most potent inducer of
      vascular formation. In the normal glomerulus, tight homeostatic balance is
      maintained between the levels of VEGF-A isoforms produced by podocyte cells, and
      the VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) expressed by glomerular endothelial, mesangial, and
      podocyte cells. Renal disease occurs when this homeostatic balance is lost,
      manifesting in the abnormal autocrine and paracrine VEGF-A/VEGFR signaling,
      ultrastructural glomerular and tubular damage, and impaired filtration. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Preclinical disease models of ischemic renal injury, including acute
      ischemia/reperfusion, thrombotic microangiopathy, and chronic renovascular
      disease, treated with exogenous VEGF supplementation demonstrated therapeutic
      efficacy. These results suggest a therapeutic VEGF-A paracrine effect on
      endothelial cells in the context of acute or chronic obstructive ischemia.
      Conversely, renal dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy appears to occur through an
      upregulated VEGF autocrine effect on podocyte cells, which is exacerbated by
      hyperglycemia. Therefore, VEGF supplementation therapy may be contraindicated for
      treatment of diabetic nephropathy, but specific results will depend on dose and
      on the specific site of VEGF delivery. A drug delivery system that demonstrates
      cell specificity for glomerular or peritubular capillaries could be employed to
      restore balance to VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling, and by doing so, prevent the
      progression to end-stage renal disease. SUMMARY: The review discusses the
      preclinical data available for VEGF supplementation therapy in models of renal
      disease.

PMID- 27367912
TI  - Cannabinoid receptors in the kidney.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The endocannabinoid system modulates cell signaling targets
      that are essential for energy homeostasis. Endocannabinoids bind to G protein
      coupled receptors in the central nervous system and periphery, including the
      kidney. Modulation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and CB2 activity in the kidney
      in diabetes and obesity has been identified as potential therapeutic target to
      reduce albuminuria and renal fibrosis. This review will highlight the results of
      recent studies that have identified a role for CB1 and CB2 in normal and
      pathological renal conditions. RECENT FINDINGS: CB1 and CB2 have been reported to
      play key roles in renal function and dysfunction. Recent studies have determined
      that antagonism of CB1 and agonism of CB2 in diabetic nephropathy and obesity
      associated kidney disease can reduce albuminuria, potentially by acting on both
      the glomeruli and tubules. Emerging studies have also identified a role for CB1
      in renal diseases associated with fibrosis, with CB1 upregulated in multiple
      models of human nephropathies. SUMMARY: Emerging studies using isolated cells,
      rodent models, and human studies have identified a critical role for the
      endocannabinoid system in renal function and disease. Thus, therapeutics that
      modulate the activity of CB1 and CB2 in renal disease could become clinically
      relevant.

PMID- 27367911
TI  - Urea transport and clinical potential of urearetics.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Urea is transported by urea transporter proteins in kidney,
      erythrocytes, and other tissues. Mice in which different urea transporters have
      been knocked out have urine-concentrating defects, which has led to the
      development and testing of urea transporters Slc14A2 (UT-A) and Slc14A1 (UT-B)
      inhibitors as urearetics. This review summarizes the knowledge gained during the
      past year on urea transporter regulation and investigations into the clinical
      potential of urearetics. RECENT FINDINGS: UT-A1 undergoes several
      posttranslational modifications that increase its function by increasing UT-A1
      accumulation in the apical plasma membrane. UT-A1 is phosphorylated by protein
      kinase A, exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP, protein kinase Calpha, and
      AMP-activated protein kinase, all at different serine residues. UT-A1 is also
      regulated by 14-3-3, which contributes to UT-A1 removal from the membrane. UT-A1
      is glycosylated with various glycan moieties in animal models of diabetes
      mellitus. Transgenic expression of UT-A1 into UT-A1/UT-A3 knockout mice restores
      urine-concentrating ability. UT-B is present in descending vasa recta and urinary
      bladder, and is linked to bladder cancer. Inhibitors of UT-A and UT-B have been
      developed that result in diuresis with fewer abnormalities in serum electrolytes
      than conventional diuretics. SUMMARY: Urea transporters play critical roles in
      the urine-concentrating mechanism. Urea transport inhibitors are a promising new
      class of diuretic agent.

PMID- 27367913
TI  - Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and diminazene: role in cardiovascular and blood
      pressure regulation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an important
      regulator of the renin-angiotensin system through actions to degrade angiotensin
      II. Loss of ACE2 can contribute to the development and progression of
      cardiovascular disease, and experimental studies have highlighted a beneficial
      role for novel therapeutic approaches that activate or replenish tissue ACE2.
      This review focuses on experimental studies that have used the off-target effects
      of the antitrypanosomal agent, diminazene aceturate (DIZE) to activate ACE2.
      RECENT FINDINGS: In cardiovascular disease, activation of the classical renin
      angiotensin system and depletion of ACE2 leads to pathophysiological changes. One
      approach to activate ACE2 involves the drug DIZE, which has been shown to have
      beneficial effects in experimental models of hypertension, pulmonary
      hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, atherosclerosis, type 1 diabetes,
      and eye disease. The precise mechanism of action of DIZE to activate ACE2 remains
      under scrutiny. SUMMARY: Activation of ACE2 may represent an important
      therapeutic approach in cardiovascular disease. To date, most studies have
      focused on the off-target actions of DIZE, in experimental models of disease.
      More research is required to determine the exact mechanism of action of DIZE and
      evaluate its therapeutic potential in comparison with currently available
      clinical interventions. There are no clinical studies of DIZE, and its side
      effects, and toxicity make such studies unlikely. Hence, new methods of
      selectively activating or replenishing ACE2 will be needed in the future if this
      approach is to be used in a clinical context.

PMID- 27367914
TI  - Recent advances in understanding renal ammonia metabolism and transport.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to provide a succinct
      description of the recent findings that advance our understanding of the
      fundamental renal process of ammonia metabolism and transport in conditions
      relevant to the clinician. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies advance our
      understanding of renal ammonia metabolism. Mechanisms through which chronic
      kidney disease and altered dietary protein intake alter ammonia excretion have
      been identified. Lithium, although it can acutely cause distal renal tubular
      acidosis, was shown with long-term use to increase urinary ammonia excretion, and
      this appeared to be mediated, at least in part, by increased Rhcg expression.
      Gene deletion studies showed that the ammonia recycling enzyme, glutamine
      synthetase, has a critical role in normal-stimulated and acidosis-stimulated
      ammonia metabolism and that the proximal tubule basolateral bicarbonate
      transporter, NBCe1, is necessary for normal ammonia metabolism. Finally, our
      understanding of the molecular ammonia species, NH3 versus NH4, transported by Rh
      glycoproteins continues to be advanced. SUMMARY: Fundamental studies have been
      recently published that advance our understanding of the regulation of ammonia
      metabolism in clinically important circumstances, and our understanding of the
      mechanisms and regulation of proximal tubule ammonia generation, and the
      mechanisms through which Rh glycoproteins contribute to ammonia secretion.

PMID- 27367915
TI  - A case study of the introduction of the International Classification for Nursing
      Practice((r)) in Poland.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The development of a nursing practice, improvements in nurses'
      autonomy, and increased professional and personal responsibility for the medical
      services provided all require professional documentation with records of health
      status assessments, decisions undertaken, actions and their outcomes for each
      patient. The International Classification for Nursing Practice is a tool that
      meets all of these needs, and although it requires continuous evaluation, it
      offers professional documentation and communication in the practitioner and
      researcher community. AIM: The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical
      critique of an issue related to policy and experience of the current situation in
      Polish nursing - especially of the efforts to standardize nursing practices
      through the introduction and development of the Classification in Poland.
      DISCUSSION: Despite extensive promotion and training by International Council of
      Nurses members worldwide, there are still many countries where the Classification
      has not been implemented as a standard tool in healthcare facilities. Recently, a
      number of initiatives were undertaken in cooperation with the local and state
      authorities to disseminate the Classification in healthcare facilities.
      CONCLUSIONS: Thanks to intense efforts by the Polish Nurses Association and the
      International Council of Nurses Accredited Center for ICNP((r)) Research &
      Development at the Medical University of Lodz, the Classification is known in
      Poland and has been tested at several centres. Nevertheless, an actual
      implementation that would allow for national and international interoperability
      requires strategic governmental decisions and close cooperation with information
      technology companies operating in the country. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING & HEALTH
      POLICY: Discussing the barriers to the implementation of the Classification can
      improve understanding of it and its use. At a policy level, decision makers need
      to understand that use Classification in eHealth services and tools it is
      necessary to achieve interoperability.

PMID- 27367917
TI  - Bilateral Thyroarytenoid Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection for the Treatment of
      Refractory Chronic Cough.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Refractory chronic cough is a debilitating condition with limited
      therapeutic options. Laryngeal botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) has been anecdotally
      reported to benefit patients with chronic cough. We report on our experience with
      the use of BtxA for the treatment of patients with refractory chronic cough.
      OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of electromyography (EMG)-guided
      thyroarytenoid (TA) BtxA injection for the treatment of refractory chronic cough.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: For this single tertiary referral center
      retrospective case series, we included all patients with refractory chronic cough
      who received bilateral EMG-guided TA BtxA injections (n = 22) between July 1,
      2013, and July 31, 2014, at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
      INTERVENTION: Bilateral TA BtxA injection. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The
      primary outcome is a self-reported improvement of 50% or more in cough severity
      and/or symptoms by a 2-month follow-up telephone call. Adverse events and patient
      reported quality measures were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients
      (median [interquartile range] age 61 [57.5-85] years; 19 of 22 women) underwent
      31 distinct laryngeal BtxA treatment sessions. The primary outcome of self
      reported improvement of 50% or more of cough severity and/or symptoms was
      achieved in 16 of 31 (52%) treatment sessions. Eleven patients (50%) reported
      greater than 50% improvement after the first BtxA injection. No major
      complications occurred. Postprocedural liquid dysphagia had a positive predictive
      value of 84% and negative predictive value of 100% for response to therapy.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this case series, laryngeal BtxA injection was well
      tolerated in patients with refractory chronic cough with half of participants
      experiencing at least short-term improvement in their cough. The occurrence of
      liquid dysphagia after a BtxA injection appeared to be predictive of a beneficial
      response. The durability of response, patient selection criteria, and optimal
      BtxA dosage remains to be determined.

PMID- 27367916
TI  - Effects of acute static, ballistic, and PNF stretching exercise on the muscle and
      tendon tissue properties.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a single static,
      ballistic, or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercise
      on the various muscle-tendon parameters of the lower leg and to detect possible
      differences in the effects between the methods. Volunteers (n = 122) were
      randomly divided into static, ballistic, and PNF stretching groups and a control
      group. Before and after the 4 * 30 s stretching intervention, we determined the
      maximum dorsiflexion range of motion (RoM) with the corresponding fascicle length
      and pennation angle of the gastrocnemius medialis. Passive resistive torque (PRT)
      and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) were measured with a dynamometer.
      Observation of muscle-tendon junction (MTJ) displacement with ultrasound allowed
      us to determine the length changes in the tendon and muscle, respectively, and
      hence to calculate stiffness. Although RoM increased (static: +4.3%, ballistic:
      +4.5%, PNF: +3.5%), PRT (static: -11.4%, ballistic: -11.5%, PNF: -13,7%), muscle
      stiffness (static: -13.1%, ballistic: -20.3%, PNF: -20.2%), and muscle-tendon
      stiffness (static: -11.3%, ballistic: -10.5%, PNF: -13.7%) decreased
      significantly in all the stretching groups. Only in the PNF stretching group, the
      pennation angle in the stretched position (-4.2%) and plantar flexor MVC (-4.6%)
      decreased significantly. Multivariate analysis showed no clinically relevant
      difference between the stretching groups. The increase in RoM and the decrease in
      PRT and muscle-tendon stiffness could be explained by more compliant muscle
      tissue following a single static, ballistic, or PNF stretching exercise.

PMID- 27367918
TI  - Static magnetic field enhances the viability and proliferation rate of adipose
      tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells potentially through activation of the
      phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway.
AB  - The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of 0.5T static magnetic field
      (sMF) on the viability and proliferation rate of human adipose-derived
      mesenchymal stromal stem cells (hASCs) via activation of the phosphoinositide 3
      kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. In a 7-d culture we examined cell growth
      kinetic and population doubling time (PDT). We also examined cell morphology and
      the cellular senescence markers level. Exposure to sMF enhanced the viability of
      these cells. However, the effect was blocked by treating the cells with LY294002,
      a P13K inhibitor. We compared this effect by Western Blot analysis of Akt protein
      expression. We also examined whether the cell response on sMF stimulation is
      dependent on integrin engagement and we measured integrin gene expression. Our
      results suggest that stimulation using sMF is a viable method to improve hASC
      viability. sMF is involved in mechanisms associated with controlling cell
      proliferative potential signaling events.

PMID- 27367919
TI  - Melatonin and neurotrophins NT-3, BDNF, NGF in patients with varying levels of
      depression severity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disrupted circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion in depression shows
      a relationship with the exacerbation of inflammatory processes. Proinflammatory
      mechanisms of depression are sustained by oxidative stress. This contributes to
      melatonin deficiency and to the malfunction of the defense mechanisms in the
      brain. Disrupted melatonin secretion in depression may have an influence on the
      concentrations of neurotrophic factors (NF), such as neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain
      derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Disturbance in
      neurotrophin release may affect synaptic plasticity and cause exacerbation of
      neurodegenerative processes in the central nervous system. The aim of this study
      was to assess the concentrations of melatonin and NF of the brain in patients
      with varying levels of depression severity. METHOD: 160 males and females were
      enrolled in the study, 120 of whom were diagnosed with various types of
      depression. The control group comprised 40 healthy individuals. At 3:00a.m. all
      patients had salivary melatonin concentrations determined utilizing a competitive
      enzyme immunoassay technique (ELISA). In addition, at 7:00a.m. all patients had
      serum neurotrophin (NT-3, BDNF, NGF) concentrations determined by means of ELISA.
      RESULTS: The highest melatonin secretion was observed at 3:00a.m. in severely
      depressed females. In the groups with mild and moderate depression, melatonin
      secretion at 3:00a.m. was comparable between males and females. In addition, a
      decrease in the concentrations of neurotrophins was revealed in patients at all
      levels of depression severity. CONCLUSION: Melatonin may be a significant marker
      of depression severity. Melatonin and NF in depressed patients show
      neuroprotective effects.

PMID- 27367920
TI  - Protective Effects of alpha-Boswellic Acids in a Pulmonary Arterial Hypertensive
      Rat Model.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to observe the protective effects of alpha
      boswellic acids on hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular structural remodeling in
      pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in a hypertensive rat model. Pulmonary
      arterial smooth muscle cells were cultured and then randomly divided into four
      groups: normoxia, hypoxia (3 % O2; 24 h), hypoxia plus alpha-boswellic acids, and
      hypoxia plus DMSO (as a positive control), according to the different
      concentrations of alpha-boswellic acids (21.90 uM, 43.79 uM, and 87.58 uM).
      Apoptosis and proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells
      significantly decreased in the hypoxia plus alpha-boswellic acids group compared
      with the hypoxia and hypoxia plus DMSO groups (n = 8, p < 0.05). The mRNA and
      protein phosphorylation levels of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 and extracellular
      regulated protein kinase 1 were significantly elevated in hypoxic cells compared
      with normal cells. However, the mRNA and protein phosphorylation levels of c-Jun
      N-terminal kinase 1 and extracellular regulated protein kinase 1 markedly
      decreased in the hypoxia plus alpha-boswellic acids group compared with the
      hypoxia plus DMSO group (n = 8, p < 0.05; n = 13, p < 0.05, respectively). Our
      findings suggest that alpha-boswellic acids can inhibit inappropriate apoptosis
      and excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and
      pulmonary vascular remodeling by repressing the expression of c-Jun N-terminal
      kinase 1 and extracellular regulated protein kinase 1 under hypoxic conditions.

PMID- 27367922
TI  - Does Continuous Electronic ST-Segment Monitoring Enhance Prediction of
      Postoperative Troponin Elevation?

PMID- 27367921
TI  - Fluocinolone Acetonide Intravitreal Implant in the Visual Axis.

PMID- 27367923
TI  - Examining the "Halo Effect" of Surgical Care Within Health Systems.

PMID- 27367924
TI  - Mean Platelet Volume is Associated with Diabetic Macular Edema in Patients with
      Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the effect of the platelet indices on the stage of diabetic
      retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS: In this retrospective
      study, the mean platelet valume (MPV), Plateletcrit (PCT), platelet (PLT), and
      platelet distribution width (PDW) of 199 diabetic patients and 76 healthy
      subjects were enrolled. The participants were divided into four groups. The first
      group was healthy control; the second group consisted of diabetic patients
      without DR; the third group was nonproliferative DR (NPDR); and the fourth group
      was proliferative DR (PDR). RESULTS: Significant differences were found only in
      MPV and PCT values between patients with diabetes and healthy participants (8.6+/
      0.96 fL vs 8.32+/-0.9 fL, P=0.011, 0.216+/- 0.58 vs 0.202+/-0.52, P=0.038).
      Comparing the groups, a statistically significant difference in MPV values was
      found between groups 4 and 1 (8.91+/-.7 fL vs 8.32+/-0.9 fL P=0.001) and between
      groups 4 and 3 (8.91+/-.7 fL vs 8.42+/-0.9 fL P=0.014). The MPV values of
      patients with DME were significantly higher than those of diabetic patients
      without DME (8.87+/-0.80 fL vs 8.45+/-0.97 fL). CONCLUSION: High MPV values may
      be an important risk factor for the development of PDR and DME in patients with
      diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 27367925
TI  - Change Your Ways: Fostering Health Attitudes Toward Change Through Selective
      Exposure to Online Health Messages.
AB  - Health information is often sought online, despite varying credibility of online
      sources, and may shape health behaviors. This investigation builds on the
      Selective Exposure Self- and Affect-Management model to examine selective
      exposure to online health information from low- and high-credibility sources and
      subsequent effects on attitudes toward health behaviors. In a lab study, 419
      participants accessed online search results about health topics. The display
      varied messages in a 4 * 2 * 2 all within-subjects design, with topic as a four
      step factor (organic food, coffee, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical
      exercise) and source credibility (low vs. high) and issue stance (promoting vs.
      opposing health behavior) as two-step factors. Displayed messages either promoted
      or opposed the related behavior. Results showed that perceiving greater standard
      behavior discrepancy (between recommended behavior standards and own behavior)
      fostered behavior-related attitudes through selective exposure to messages
      promoting that behavior. The effects from selective exposure to health messages
      on attitudes occurred regardless of associated source credibility.

PMID- 27367926
TI  - Influence of Speed and Rainfall on Large-Scale Wheat Lodging from 2007 to 2014 in
      China.
AB  - Strong wind and heavy rain remain the two most important causes of large acreage
      wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lodging in China. For research the influence of wind
      speed and rainfall-separately as well as together-on the extent and degree of
      lodging, five levels of the severity of lodging were defined based on a
      combination of the lodging area and the degree of tilting. Detailed
      meteorological information was studied on 52 instances of large-scale lodging
      that occurred from 2007 to 2014. The results showed that strong wind's lodging
      accounted for 8% of the instances studied, continuous rainfall's lodging
      accounted for 19% and strong winds-heavy rainfall's accounted for 73%. The
      minimum instantaneous wind speed that could cause large-scale lodging was closely
      related to rainfall. Without rainfall, the wind speed that resulted in lodging
      ranging in severity from slight to severe (Level 2 to Level 5) was 14.9 m/s, 19.3
      m/s, 21.5 m/s, and 26.5 m/s, respectively; when accompanied by rainfall, the wind
      speed that resulted in lodging of the same severity decreased linearly with the
      increase of rainfall. These results will be particularly useful in preventing and
      alleviating wheat lodging as well screening wheat varieties with good lodging
      resistance. 

PMID- 27367927
TI  - Association Between Religious Service Attendance and Lower Suicide Rates Among US
      Women.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Previous studies have linked suicide risk with religious
      participation, but the majority have used ecologic, cross-sectional, or case
      control data. OBJECTIVE: To examine the longitudinal association between
      religious service attendance and suicide and the joint associations of suicide
      with service attendance and religious affiliation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: We evaluated associations between religious service attendance and
      suicide from 1996 through June 2010 in a large, long-term prospective cohort, the
      Nurses' Health Study, in an analysis that included 89 708 women. Religious
      service attendance was self-reported in 1992 and 1996. Data analysis was
      conducted from 1996 through 2010. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cox proportional
      hazards regression models were used to examine the association between religious
      service attendance and suicide, adjusting for demographic covariates, lifestyle
      factors, medical history, depressive symptoms, and social integration measures.
      We performed sensitivity analyses to examine the influence of unmeasured
      confounding. RESULTS: Among 89 708 women aged 30 to 55 years who participated in
      the Nurses' Health Study, attendance at religious services once per week or more
      was associated with an approximately 5-fold lower rate of suicide compared with
      never attending religious services (hazard ratio, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.06-0.46).
      Service attendance once or more per week vs less frequent attendance was
      associated with a hazard ratio of 0.05 (95% CI, 0.006-0.48) for Catholics but
      only 0.34 (95% CI, 0.10-1.10) for Protestants (P = .05 for heterogeneity).
      Results were robust in sensitivity analysis and to exclusions of persons who were
      previously depressed or had a history of cancer or cardiovascular disease. There
      was evidence that social integration, depressive symptoms, and alcohol
      consumption partially mediated the association among those occasionally attending
      services, but not for those attending frequently. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In
      this cohort of US women, frequent religious service attendance was associated
      with a significantly lower rate of suicide.

PMID- 27367928
TI  - Protein folding on biosensor tips: folding of maltodextrin glucosidase monitored
      by its interactions with GroEL.
AB  - Protein folding has been extensively studied for the past six decades by
      employing solution-based methods such as solubility, enzymatic activity,
      secondary structure analysis, and analytical methods like FRET, NMR, and HD
      exchange. However, for rapid analysis of the folding process, solution-based
      approaches are often plagued with aggregation side reactions resulting in poor
      yields. In this work, we demonstrate that a bio-layer interferometry (BLI)
      chaperonin detection system can identify superior refolding conditions for
      denatured proteins. The degree of immobilized protein folding as a function of
      time can be detected by monitoring the binding of the high-affinity nucleotide
      free form of the chaperonin GroEL. GroEL preferentially interacts with proteins
      that have hydrophobic surfaces exposed in their unfolded or partially folded
      form, so a decrease in GroEL binding can be correlated with burial of hydrophobic
      surfaces as folding progresses. The magnitude of GroEL binding to the protein
      immobilized on bio-layer interferometry biosensor inversely reflects the extent
      of protein folding and hydrophobic residue burial. We demonstrate conditions
      where accelerated folding can be observed for the aggregation-prone protein
      maltodextrin glucosidase (MalZ). Superior immobilized folding conditions
      identified on the bio-layer interferometry biosensor surface were reproduced on
      Ni-NTA sepharose bead surfaces and resulted in significant improvement in folding
      yields of released MalZ (measured by enzymatic activity) compared to bulk
      refolding conditions in solution.

PMID- 27367929
TI  - DRD4, Income, and Children's Food Choices: Plasticity Allele or Different
      Opportunities?-Reply.

PMID- 27367930
TI  - A phenomenologic investigation of pediatric residents' experiences being parented
      and giving parenting advice.
AB  - Factors surrounding pediatricians' parenting advice and training on parenting
      during residency have not been well studied. The primary purpose of this study
      was to examine pediatric residents' self-reported experiences giving parenting
      advice and explore the relationship between parenting advice given and types of
      parenting residents received as children. Thirteen OUHSC pediatric residents were
      individually interviewed to examine experiences being parented and giving
      parenting advice. Phenomenological methods were used to explicate themes and
      secondary analyses explored relationships of findings based upon Baumrind's
      parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive). While childhood
      experiences were not specifically correlated to the parenting advice style of
      pediatric residents interviewed, virtually all reported relying upon childhood
      experiences to generate their advice. Those describing authoritative parents
      reported giving more authoritative advice while others reported more variable
      advice. Core interview themes related to residents' parenting advice included
      anxiety about not being a parent, varying advice based on families' needs, and
      emphasis of positive interactions and consistency. Themes related to how
      residents were parented included discipline being a learning process for their
      parents and recalling that their parents always had expectations, yet always
      loved them. Pediatric residents interviewed reported giving family centered
      parenting advice with elements of positive interactions and consistency, but
      interviews highlighted many areas of apprehension residents have around giving
      parenting advice. Our study suggests that pediatric residents may benefit from
      more general educational opportunities to develop the content of their parenting
      advice, including reflecting on any impact from their own upbringing.

PMID- 27367931
TI  - The association between passive and active tobacco smoke exposure and child
      weight status among Spanish children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of passive and active tobacco smoke exposure,
      both pre- and postnatally, on child body mass index (BMI) and overweight.
      METHODS: Pregnant women were enrolled into the Spanish INMA prospective birth
      cohort during 1997 to 2008. Tobacco smoke exposure was assessed by questionnaire
      and corroborated by pre- and postnatal cotinine measurements. Children were
      followed up until 4 years in newer subcohorts (N = 1866) and until 14 years in
      one older subcohort (N = 427). Child age- and sex-specific BMI Z-scores were
      calculated, and generalized estimating equations were used to model their
      relationship with repeated measures of tobacco smoke exposure. RESULTS:
      Associations between prenatal passive exposure to tobacco smoke (adjusted beta =
      0.15, 95% CI: 0.05-0.25) and active maternal smoking (adjusted beta = 0.20, 95%
      CI: 0.08-0.33) and child zBMI up to 4 years were observed. Stronger associations
      were observed in the older subcohort between both prenatal and child passive
      smoke exposure and zBMI up to 14 years. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence for an effect of
      both passive and maternal active smoking on child postnatal growth has been
      provided. Although residual confounding cannot be completely ruled out,
      associations were robust to adjustment for a range of lifestyle factors.

PMID- 27367932
TI  - Out-of-Pocket Spending for Hospitalizations Among Nonelderly Adults.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Patients' out-of-pocket spending for major health care expenses, such
      as inpatient care, may result in substantial financial distress. Limited
      contemporary data exist on out-of-pocket spending among nonelderly adults.
      OBJECTIVES: To evaluate out-of-pocket spending associated with hospitalizations
      and to assess how this spending varied over time and by patient characteristics,
      region, and type of insurance. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective
      analysis of medical claims for 7.3 million hospitalizations using 2009-2013 data
      from Aetna, UnitedHealthcare, and Humana insurance companies representing
      approximately 50 million members was performed. Out-of-pocket spending was
      evaluated by age, sex, type of insurance, region, and principal diagnosis or
      procedure for hospitalized adults aged 18 to 64 years who were enrolled in
      employer-sponsored and individual-market health insurance plans from January 1,
      2009, to December 31, 2013. The study was conducted between July 1, 2015, and
      March 1, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcomes were total out-of
      pocket spending and spending attributed to deductibles, copayments, and
      coinsurance for all hospitalizations. Other outcomes included out-of-pocket
      spending associated with 7 commonly occurring inpatient diagnoses and procedures:
      acute myocardial infarction, live birth, pneumonia, appendicitis, coronary artery
      bypass graft, total knee arthroplasty, and spinal fusion. RESULTS: From 2009 to
      2013, total cost sharing per inpatient hospitalization increased by 37%, from
      $738 in 2009 (95% CI, $736-$740) to $1013 in 2013 (95% CI, $1011-$1016), after
      adjusting for inflation and case-mix differences. This rise was driven primarily
      by increases in the amount applied to deductibles, which grew by 86% from $145 in
      2009 (95% CI, $144-$146) to $270 in 2013 (95% CI, $269-$271), and by increases in
      coinsurance, which grew by 33% over the study period from $518 in 2009 (95% CI,
      $516-$520) to $688 in 2013 (95% CI, $686-$690). In 2013, total cost sharing was
      highest for enrollees in individual market plans ($1875 per hospitalization; 95%
      CI, $1867-$1883) and consumer-directed health plans ($1219; 95% CI, $1216-$1223).
      Cost sharing varied substantially across regions, diagnoses, and procedures.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Mean out-of-pocket spending among commercially insured
      adults exceeded $1000 per inpatient hospitalization in 2013. Wide variability in
      out-of-pocket spending merits greater attention from policymakers.

PMID- 27367933
TI  - The CD25-binding antibody Daclizumab High-Yield Process has a distinct
      glycosylation pattern and reduced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
      in comparison to Zenapax(r).
AB  - The CD25-binding antibody daclizumab high-yield process (DAC HYP) is an
      interleukin (IL)-2 signal modulating antibody that shares primary amino acid
      sequence and CD25 binding affinity with Zenapax(r), a distinct form of
      daclizumab, which was approved for the prevention of acute organ rejection in
      patients receiving renal transplants as part of an immunosuppressive regimen that
      includes cyclosporine and corticosteroids. Comparison of the physicochemical
      properties of the two antibody forms revealed the glycosylation profile of DAC
      HYP differs from Zenapax in both glycan distribution and the types of
      oligosaccharides, most notably high-mannose, galactosylated and galactose-alpha
      1,3-galactose (alpha-Gal) oligosaccharides, resulting in a DAC HYP antibody
      material that is structurally distinct from Zenapax. Although neither antibody
      elicited complement-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro, DAC HYP antibody had
      significantly reduced levels of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
      (ADCC). The ADCC activity required natural killer (NK) cells, but not monocytes,
      suggesting the effects were mediated through binding to Fc-gamma RIII (CD16).
      Incubation of each antibody with peripheral blood mononuclear cells also caused
      the down-modulation of CD16 expression on NK cells and the CD16 down-modulation
      was greater for Zenapax in comparison to that observed for DAC HYP. The
      substantive glycosylation differences between the two antibody forms and
      corresponding greater Fc-mediated effector activities by Zenapax, including cell
      killing activity, manifest as a difference in the biological function and
      pharmacology between DAC HYP and Zenapax.

PMID- 27367934
TI  - Preparation of Surfactant-Resistant Polymersomes with Ultrathick Membranes
      through RAFT Dispersion Polymerization.
AB  - Surfactant-resistant polymersomes have substantial potential to be used as
      delivery vehicles in industrial applications. Herein, we report the preparation
      of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polystyrene copolymers with ultrahigh hydrophobic
      block molecular weights through RAFT dispersion polymerization, which allows the
      polymerization-induced self-assembly into well-defined polymersomes with
      ultrathick membranes up to ~47 nm. These ultrathick membranes significantly
      enhance the resistance against surfactant solubilization of the vesicles,
      improving the vesicles' potential for use in industrial encapsulations. Vesicle
      encapsulated actives are well retained in the presence of up to 40 wt % of
      various anionic and nonionic surfactants, with less than 7% active leakage being
      observed after 30 days. 

PMID- 27367935
TI  - Epigenetics and cardiovascular risk in childhood.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) can arise at the early stages of development and
      growth. Genetic and environmental factors may interact resulting in epigenetic
      modifications with abnormal phenotypic expression of genetic information without
      any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Maternal dietary imbalance,
      inadequate to meet the nutritional needs of the fetus can lead to intrauterine
      growth retardation, decreased gestational age, low birth weight, excessive post
      natal growth and metabolic alterations, with subsequent appearance of CVD risk
      factors. Fetal exposure to high cholesterol, diabetes and maternal obesity is
      associated with increased risk and progression of atherosclerosis. Maternal
      smoking during pregnancy and exposure to various environmental pollutants induce
      epigenetic alterations of gene expression relevant to the onset or progression of
      CVD. In children with hypercholesterolemia and/or obesity, oxidative stress
      activates platelets and monocytes, which release proinflammatory and
      proatherogenic substances, inducing endothelial dysfunction, decreased Doppler
      flow-mediated dilation and increased carotid intima-media thickness. Primary
      prevention of atherosclerosis should be implemented early. It is necessary to
      identify, through screening, high-risk apparently healthy children and take care
      of them enforcing healthy lifestyle (mainly consisting of Mediterranean diet and
      physical activity), prescribing nutraceuticals and eventual medications, if
      required by a high-risk profile. The key issue is the restoration of endothelial
      function in the reversible stage of atherosclerosis. Epigenetics may provide new
      markers for an early identification of children at risk and thereby develop
      innovative therapies and specific nutritional interventions in critical times. 

PMID- 27367936
TI  - Agreement between activPAL3c accelerometers placed at different thigh positions.
AB  - ActivPAL3c triaxial accelerometers are increasingly used to assess physical
      activity and sedentary behaviours. However, little is known how attachment site
      (left vs. right or upper vs. lower thigh) affects activPAL3c accelerometer
      outcomes. Twenty-eight adults wore four activPAL3c accelerometers attached 2cm
      above and below the midpoint of the left and right thigh during five minutes of
      laboratory-based walking at a self-selected pace, treadmill walking at 0.89 and
      1.56m/s, and treadmill running at 2.22m/s, and during approximately seven hours
      of free-living conditions. One-way ANOVA revealed no statistically significant
      differences in accelerometer output between ActivPAL3c accelerometers at these
      locations during both laboratory-based, and free-living conditions. Intraclass
      correlation coefficients showed a high level of agreement between activPAL3c
      accelerometers during laboratory and free living activities (ICC(2,1) 0.76-1.00).
      The attachment sites used in this study do not appear to significantly influence
      outcomes for step count, sitting or walking time, or number of postural
      transitions from triaxial activPAL3c accelerometers during laboratory-based
      walking or free-living conditions. Therefore if necessary, to enhance participant
      compliance during monitoring periods, these sites could be used interchangeably.
      Studies of longer duration incorporating additional laboratory and recreational
      activities are needed to confirm these findings.

PMID- 27367937
TI  - Required coefficient of friction during level walking is predictive of slipping.
AB  - The required coefficient of friction (RCOF) is frequently reported in the
      literature as an indicator of slip propensity. This study aimed to further
      develop slip prediction models based on RCOF by examining slips under moderately
      slippery conditions where the RCOF was approximately equal to the available
      coefficient of friction. Baseline RCOFs were found for normal walking trials and
      then an unexpected slip was introduced with a moderately slippery boot-floor
      contaminant combination for thirty-one subjects. Slip outcomes (i.e., whether a
      subject experienced a slip) were assessed based on the displacement of a marker
      placed on the heel. A logistic regression analysis was used to model the impact
      of RCOF on slipping. Results showed that subjects who walked with a greater RCOF
      were found to have a higher probability of slipping. The predicted probability of
      a slip across the RCOF ranged from 3% to 95% and an increase of 0.01 in RCOF was
      associated with a slipping odds ratio of 1.7. Thus, modest differences in RCOF
      can have a dramatic impact on slip propensity. This study shows that RCOF can be
      a sensitive and valid predictor of slipping in realistic frictional environments.

PMID- 27367938
TI  - Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak from an anomalous thoracic nerve root: case
      report.
AB  - The authors report the case of a 28-year-old woman with a spontaneous
      cerebrospinal fluid leak from the sleeve of a redundant thoracic nerve root. She
      presented with postural headaches and orthostatic symptoms indicative of
      intracranial hypotension. CT myelography revealed that the lesion was located at
      the T-11 nerve root. After failure of conservative management, including blood
      patches and thrombin glue injections, the patient was successfully treated with
      surgical decompression and ligation of the duplicate nerve, resulting in full
      resolution of her orthostatic symptoms.

PMID- 27367939
TI  - Three-dimensional models: an emerging investigational revolution for
      craniovertebral junction surgery.
AB  - Complex craniovertebral junctional anomalies can be daunting to treat surgically,
      and preoperative information regarding the osseous abnormalities, course of the
      vertebral arteries, size of the pedicles, and location of the transverse foramina
      is invaluable to surgeons operating on these challenging cases. The authors
      present their experience with the emerging technology of 3D model acquisition for
      surgery in 11 cases of complex craniovertebral junction region anomalies. For
      each case, a 3D printed model was made from thin CT scans using a 64-slice CT
      scanner. The inclination of the joints, the presence of false articulations, the
      size of the pedicles, and the course of the vertebral arteries were studied
      preoperatively on the 3D models. The sizes of the plates and screws to be used
      and the angle of insertion of the screws were calculated based on the data from
      the models. The model was scaled to actual size and was kept beside the operating
      surgeon in its anatomical position during surgery. The potential uses of the
      models and their advantages over conventional radiological investigations are
      discussed. The authors conclude that 3D models can be an invaluable aid during
      surgery for complex craniovertebral junction anomalies. The information available
      from a real life-size model supersedes the information available from 3D CT
      reconstructions and can also be superior to virtual simulation. The models are
      both cost effective and easy to build and the authors suggest that they may form
      the basis of investigations in the near future for craniovertebral junction
      surgery.

PMID- 27367940
TI  - Low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy for promotion of vascular
      endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis and improvement of
      locomotor and sensory functions after spinal cord injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is widely used to treat
      various human diseases. Low-energy ESWT increases expression of vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cultured endothelial cells. The VEGF
      stimulates not only endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis but also neural
      cells to induce neuroprotective effects. A previous study by these authors
      demonstrated that low-energy ESWT promoted expression of VEGF in damaged neural
      tissue and improved locomotor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). However,
      the neuroprotective mechanisms in the injured spinal cord produced by low-energy
      ESWT are still unknown. In the present study, the authors investigated the cell
      specificity of VEGF expression in injured spinal cords and angiogenesis induced
      by low-energy ESWT. They also examined the neuroprotective effects of low-energy
      ESWT on cell death, axonal damage, and white matter sparing as well as the
      therapeutic effect for improvement of sensory function following SCI. METHODS
      Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the SCI group (SCI only) and
      SCI-SW group (low-energy ESWT applied after SCI). Thoracic SCI was produced using
      a New York University Impactor. Low-energy ESWT was applied to the injured spinal
      cord 3 times a week for 3 weeks after SCI. Locomotor function was evaluated using
      the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan open-field locomotor score for 42 days after
      SCI. Mechanical and thermal allodynia in the hindpaw were evaluated for 42 days.
      Double staining for VEGF and various cell-type markers (NeuN, GFAP, and Olig2)
      was performed at Day 7; TUNEL staining was also performed at Day 7.
      Immunohistochemical staining for CD31, alpha-SMA, and 5-HT was performed on
      spinal cord sections taken 42 days after SCI. Luxol fast blue staining was
      performed at Day 42. RESULTS Low-energy ESWT significantly improved not only
      locomotion but also mechanical and thermal allodynia following SCI. In the double
      staining, expression of VEGF was observed in NeuN-, GFAP-, and Olig2-labeled
      cells. Low-energy ESWT significantly promoted CD31 and alpha-SMA expressions in
      the injured spinal cords. In addition, low-energy ESWT significantly reduced the
      TUNEL-positive cells in the injured spinal cords. Furthermore, the immunodensity
      of 5-HT-positive axons was significantly higher in the animals treated by low
      energy ESWT. The areas of spared white matter were obviously larger in the SCI-SW
      group than in the SCI group, as indicated by Luxol fast blue staining.
      CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested that low-energy ESWT promotes
      VEGF expression in various neural cells and enhances angiogenesis in damaged
      neural tissue after SCI. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of VEGF induced
      by low-energy ESWT can suppress cell death and axonal damage and consequently
      improve locomotor and sensory functions after SCI. Thus, low-energy ESWT can be a
      novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of SCI.

PMID- 27367941
TI  - Radiographic, biomechanical, and histological evaluation of rhBMP-2 in a 3-level
      intertransverse process spine fusion: an ovine study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate bone grafts consisting of
      rhBMP-2 on an absorbable collagen sponge with a ceramic composite bulking agent,
      rhBMP-2, directly on a ceramic-collagen sponge carrier or iliac crest bone graft
      (ICBG) in combination with local bone graft to effect fusion in a multisegmental
      instrumented ovine lumbar intertransverse process fusion model. METHODS Thirty
      six sheep had a single treatment at 3 spinal levels in both the right and left
      intertransverse process spaces. Group 1 sheep were treated with 7.5 cm3 of
      autograft consisting of ICBG plus local bone for each intertransverse process
      space. For Groups 2-4, 4 cm3 of local bone was placed within the intertransverse
      process space followed by 4.5-5 cm3 of the rhBMP-2 graft material. Group 2
      animals received 1.5 mg/cm3 rhBMP-2 on an absorbable collagen sponge with a
      commercial bone void filler consisting of Type I lyophilized collagen with a
      biphasic hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramic with local bone. Group
      3 animals received 0.75 mg/m cm3 of rhBMP-2 on a collagen ceramic sponge carrier
      with local bone. Group 4 animals received 1.35 mg/cm3 of rhBMP-2 on the same
      collagen ceramic sponge carrier with local bone. Sheep were euthanized 6 months
      postoperatively. Manual palpation, biomechanical testing, CT, radiography, and
      undecalcified histology were performed to assess the presence of fusion
      associated with the treatments. RESULTS All animals in Groups 2-4 that received
      grafts containing rhBMP-2 achieved radiographic and CT fusion at all 3 levels. In
      Group 1 (bone autograft alone), only 19% of the levels demonstrated radiographic
      fusion, 14% resulted in possible radiographic fusion, and 67% of the levels
      demonstrated radiographic nonfusion. Biomechanical testing showed that Groups 2-4
      demonstrated similar stiffness of the L2-5 segment in all 6 loading directions,
      with each of the 3 groups having significantly greater stiffness than the
      autograft-only group. In Group 1, only 2 of 18 levels were rated as achieving
      bilateral histological fusion, with an additional 3 levels showing a unilateral
      fusion. The majority of the treated levels (13/18) in Group 1 were scored as
      histological nonfusions. There were no histological nonfusions in Groups 2
      through 4. All 18 levels in Group 2 were rated as bilateral histological fusions.
      A majority (34/36) of the levels in Group 3 were rated as bilateral histological
      fusions, with 2 levels showing a unilateral fusion. A majority (35/36) of the
      levels in Group 4 were rated as bilateral histological fusions, with 1 level
      showing a unilateral fusion. CONCLUSIONS In the ovine multilevel instrumented
      intertransverse process fusion model, rhBMP-2 was able to consistently achieve
      CT, radiographic, biomechanical, and histological fusion. Compared with ICBG, the
      gold standard for bone grafting, rhBMP-2 was statistically superior at achieving
      radiographic and histological fusion.

PMID- 27367942
TI  - Endoscopic treatments for rectal neuroendocrine tumors smaller than 16 mm: a meta
      analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), including conventional EMR (c-EMR)
      and modified EMR (m-EMR), was applied to remove small rectal neuroendocrine
      tumors (NETs). We aim to evaluate treatment outcomes of endoscopic submucosal
      dissection (ESD), m-EMR and c-EMR for rectal NETs <16 mm. METHODS: The PubMed,
      Cochrane Library and Elsevier Science Direct were searched to identify eligible
      articles. After quality assessment and data extraction, meta-analysis was
      performed. The main outcomes were complete resection rate, overall complication
      rate, procedure time and local recurrence rate. RESULTS: Compared with c-EMR, ESD
      could achieve higher complete resection rate (OR = 4.38, 95%CI: 2.43-7.91, p <
      0.00001) without increasing overall complication rates (OR = 2.21, 95%CI: 0.56
      8.70, p = 0.25). However, ESD was more time-consuming than c-EMR (MD = 6.72,
      95%CI: 5.84-7.60, p < 0.00001). Compared with m-EMR, ESD did not differ from m
      EMR in complete resection and overall complication rates (OR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.51
      1.27, p = 0.34; OR = 1.91, 95%CI: 0.75-4.86, p = 0.18, respectively). However,
      ESD was more time-consuming than m-EMR (MD = 12.21, 95%CI: 7.78-16.64, p <
      0.00001). Compared with c-EMR, m-EMR could achieve higher complete resection rate
      (OR = 4.23, 95%CI: 2.39-7.50, p < 0.00001) without increasing overall
      complication rate (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.35-3.32, p = 0.90). Moreover, m-EMR was
      not time-consuming than c-EMR (MD = 2.01, 95%CI: -0.37-4.40, p= 0.10). The local
      recurrence rate was 0.84% (9/1067) during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Both ESD and m
      EMR have great advantages over c-EMR in complete resection rate without
      increasing safety concern while m-EMR shares similar outcomes with ESD for rectal
      NETs <16 mm. The results should be confirmed by well-designed, multicenter,
      randomized controlled trials with large samples and long-term follow-ups from
      more countries.

PMID- 27367943
TI  - Long-term mechanical behaviour of skeletal muscle tissue in semi-confined
      compression experiments.
AB  - In this study, porcine skeletal muscle tissue was tested until 112 hours post
      mortem using a semi-confined compression device that induces fascicles to enter
      one of the states of compression (mode I), tension (mode II), or constant length
      (mode III). Based on the authors' previous studies (Bol et al., 2014, 2015a), the
      anisotropic mechanical behaviour of the tissue was analysed, with a special focus
      on the testing time post mortem. The results suggest that the tissue exhibits
      significant anisotropic behaviour during the first hours of post mortem but that
      this anisotropy becomes insignificant at later time points. Interestingly, the
      compressibility of the tissue is more or less unaffected by the testing time.
      These results are discussed especially with respect to tissue microstructure.

PMID- 27367944
TI  - Uniaxial and biaxial tensile stress-stretch response of human linea alba.
AB  - There are few studies on the stress-stretch behaviour of human linea alba, yet
      understanding the mechanics of this tissue is important for developing better
      methods of abdominal wound closure. Published data focuses mainly on porcine
      linea alba and for human tissue there are conflicting results and no bi-axial
      data available. This variability is likely due to challenges with the physical
      dimensions of the tissue and differences in experimental methodology. This study
      focussed on the tensile mechanical characterisation of the human linea alba using
      uniaxial and equi-load biaxial testing performed using image-based strain
      measurement methods. Thirteen freshly frozen human cadaveric abdominal walls were
      obtained and used to prepare 7 samples in both the transverse and longitudinal
      directions for uniaxial testing, and 13 square samples for bi-axial testing. The
      results showed significant anisotropy and for the equi-load biaxial tests the
      deformation was heavily biased in the longitudinal direction. In comparison with
      similar tests on porcine tissue from a previous study, it was found that the
      response of porcine linea alba to uniaxial loading is similar to that of human
      linea alba, with no statistically significant differences observed. Under biaxial
      loading human and porcine linea showed no statistical significance in the
      difference between their means in the transverse direction. However, a
      significant difference was observed in the longitudinal direction, and further
      study of the respective tissue structures is needed to better understand this
      result. These results provide the first data on the biaxial tensile properties of
      human linea alba and can aid in an improved assessment of wound closure
      mechanics.

PMID- 27367945
TI  - Marian University and the Research Enterprise at Its College of Osteopathic
      Medicine.

PMID- 27367948
TI  - Association Between Method of Delivery and Exclusive Breastfeeding at Hospital
      Discharge.
AB  - CONTEXT: Studies have shown that exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge is
      associated with longer duration of breastfeeding. Method of delivery (MOD) is a
      barrier that may hinder breastfeeding practices. However, research examining the
      association between MOD and exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge is
      lacking. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between MOD and exclusive
      breastfeeding at hospital discharge. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional study
      design to conduct a secondary data analysis of 1494 women who participated in the
      Infant Feeding Practices Study II between 2005 and 2007. Multiple logistic
      regression was conducted to estimate the OR and 95% CI for the association
      between MOD and exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge, after adjusting
      for potential confounding variables. RESULTS: The crude prevalence rates of
      vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery were 74.8% and 25.2%, respectively. The
      prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge was 70.6% among
      respondents who gave birth by cesarean delivery compared with 79.9% of women who
      gave birth vaginally (P=.001). After adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral,
      and anthropometric factors, the odds of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital
      discharge were lower among women who gave birth by cesarean delivery compared
      with women who gave birth vaginally (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.24-0.71). CONCLUSION:
      Women who give birth by cesarean delivery may require additional attention,
      assistance, and encouragement during their hospital stay to improve rates of
      exclusive breastfeeding at discharge. Health care professionals should address
      the issue of MOD when promoting exclusive breastfeeding to maximize the potential
      for longer-term breastfeeding success.

PMID- 27367949
TI  - Targeted Pressure on Abductor Hallucis and Flexor Hallucis Brevis Muscles to
      Manage Moderate to Severe Primary Restless Legs Syndrome.
AB  - CONTEXT: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) treatments have included medications with
      many adverse effects and limited utility. A noninvasive device would potentially
      have extensive use where RLS medications may not be appropriate, such as in
      pregnant or breastfeeding women, people with mild RLS, people who operate
      machinery or drive occupationally, people with severely impaired renal function,
      or people who are taking medications contraindicated with RLS medications.
      OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of a device that produces targeted
      pressure on the abductor hallucis and the flexor hallucis brevis muscles to
      reduce the symptoms of moderate to severe RLS, and to compare the current
      findings with findings from studies of ropinirole use in patients with primary
      RLS. METHODS: This 8-week single-arm, open-label, clinical trial with a repeated
      measures design was conducted between April 2009 and August 2012 in 2 offices in
      Erie, Pennsylvania. Adults with moderate to severe primary RLS were recruited for
      the study. Mean (SD) follow-up was 15.6 (6) months. Patients wore RLS devices (1
      on each foot) for set periods intermittently throughout the course of the study.
      The primary end point was mean change in the International Restless Legs Syndrome
      Study Group (IRLSSG) Rating Scale from baseline to day 56, and the secondary
      measure was the Clinical Global Impression scale. A meta-analysis was used to
      compare the RLS device findings with the findings of 3 historic studies of
      ropinirole vs placebo. The demographics, disease severity, inclusion and
      exclusion criteria, and assessment tools were similar among the 4 studies.
      RESULTS: Thirty patients (22 women, 8 men; mean age, 51.5 years [range, 30-75
      years]) participated in the study. Change in mean (SD) IRLSSG score was
      significantly greater for the RLS device (17.22 [6.16]; P<.001) compared with the
      ropinirole vs placebo findings (12 [0.86] vs 8.9 [0.86], respectively; P<.05).
      Sleep loss significantly decreased from 119.5 (61.6) minutes to 22.1 (31.1)
      minutes per night (P<.001). Global Improvement Scale scores indicated
      significantly greater improvement with the RLS device compared with ropinirole
      (27 of 30 [90%] vs 293 of 464 [63%], respectively; P<.05). Mild, transient
      adverse effects of the device (eg, pain, paresthesia) were reported, but these
      effects were relieved by loosening the straps. The RLS device demonstrated none
      of the adverse effects associated with current dopamine agonist therapy, such as
      augmentation, tolerance, rebound, somnolence, and nausea. CONCLUSION: Producing
      targeted pressure on the abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis muscles
      with an external RLS device reduced the symptoms of moderate to severe primary
      RLS without the adverse effects of medication therapy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number
      NCT02386423.) J Am Osteopath Assoc.

PMID- 27367950
TI  - Clinical Relevance and Mechanisms of Antagonism Between the BMP and Activin/TGF
      beta Signaling Pathways.
AB  - The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily is a large group of
      signaling molecules that participate in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue
      homeostasis. These molecules are present in all animal genomes. Dysfunction in
      the regulation or activity of this superfamily's components underlies numerous
      human diseases and developmental defects. There are 2 distinct arms downstream of
      the TGF-beta superfamily ligands-the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and
      activin/TGF-beta signaling pathways-and these 2 responses can oppose one
      another's effects, most notably in disease states. However, studies have commonly
      focused on a single arm of the TGF-beta superfamily, and the antagonism between
      these pathways is unknown in most physiologic and pathologic contexts. In this
      review, the authors summarize the clinically relevant scenarios in which the BMP
      and activin/TGF-beta pathways reportedly oppose one another and identify several
      molecular mechanisms proposed to mediate this interaction. Particular attention
      is paid to experimental findings that may be informative to human pathology to
      highlight potential therapeutic approaches for future investigation. 

PMID- 27367951
TI  - Quantitative Description of Medical Student Interest in Neurology and Psychiatry.
AB  - CONTEXT: Given the well-documented shortage of physicians in primary care and
      several other specialties, quantitative understanding of residency application
      and matching data among osteopathic and allopathic medical students has
      implications for predicting trends in the physician workforce. OBJECTIVES: To
      estimate medical student interest in neurology and psychiatry based on numbers of
      applicants and matches to neurology and psychiatry osteopathic and allopathic
      residency programs. Also, to gauge students' previous academic experience with
      brain and cognitive sciences. METHODS: The number of available postgraduate year
      1 positions, applicants, and matches from graduating years 2011 through 2015 were
      collected from the National Matching Services Inc and the American Association of
      Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine for osteopathic programs and the National
      Resident Matching Program and the Association of American Medical Colleges for
      allopathic programs. To determine and compare osteopathic and allopathic medical
      students' interest in neurology and psychiatry, the number of positions,
      applicants, and matches were analyzed considering the number of total osteopathic
      and allopathic graduates in the given year using 2-tailed chi2 analyses with
      Yates correction. In addition, osteopathic and allopathic medical schools'
      websites were reviewed to determine whether neurology and psychiatry rotations
      were required. Osteopathic medical students' reported undergraduate majors were
      also gathered. RESULTS: Compared with allopathic medical students, osteopathic
      medical students had significantly greater interest (as measured by applicants)
      in neurology (chi21=11.85, P<.001) and psychiatry (chi21=39.07, P<.001), and an
      equal proportion of osteopathic and allopathic medical students matched in
      neurology and psychiatry residency programs. Approximately 6% of osteopathic vs
      nearly 85% of allopathic medical schools had required neurology rotations. Nearly
      10% of osteopathic applicants and matriculants had undergraduate coursework in
      brain and cognitive sciences. CONCLUSION: Osteopathic medical students
      demonstrated greater interest than allopathic medical students in neurology and
      psychiatry based on the proportion of residency program applicants but similar
      interests as measured by matches. Required rotations did not appear to influence
      students' interests.

PMID- 27367952
TI  - Assessment of Research Interests of First-Year Osteopathic Medical Students.
AB  - CONTEXT: According to a 2014 survey, 59% of students entering allopathic medical
      school reported previous research experience. However, limited data exist on the
      amount of research experience that students have before entering osteopathic
      medical school. A strong understanding of the research skills and level of
      interest of first-year osteopathic medical students is essential for developing
      research programs at osteopathic medical schools. Limited data exist on the
      amount of research experience that students have before starting osteopathic
      medical school. A strong understanding of the research skills and level of
      interest of first-year medical students is essential for developing research
      programs at osteopathic medical schools. OBJECTIVE: To determine the amount of
      previous research experience of first-year osteopathic medical students, their
      level of interest in participating in research during medical school, the factors
      influencing their interest in research, and their research fields of interest.
      METHODS: First-year osteopathic medical students (class of 2019) at the Western
      University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific in
      Pomona, California (WesternU/COMP), and Pacific-Northwest in Lebanon, Oregon
      (WesternU/COMP-Northwest), campuses were surveyed about their previous research
      experiences and whether they were interested in participating in research during
      medical school. Surveys were administered through an anonymous online portal.
      Responses were evaluated for evidence of interest in conducting research.
      RESULTS: Of the 346 osteopathic medical students invited to participate in the
      study, the response rate was 77% (N=266). A total of 167 from WesternU/COMP and
      99 from the WesternU/COMP-Northwest responded. More than 215 students (81%)
      reported they had participated in research before entering medical school. In
      addition, 200 students (75%) either expressed a strong interest in participating
      in research during medical school or were currently conducting research. Among
      research areas, clinical research was the overwhelming favorite, with 218
      students (82%) expressing interest. CONCLUSION: First-year osteopathic students
      may have comparable amounts of research experience as allopathic medical
      students. Although these findings are limited to 2 campuses of 1 osteopathic
      medical school, they suggest that first-year osteopathic medical students are
      highly motivated to participate in research while in medical school.

PMID- 27367953
TI  - Osteopathic Approach to the Diagnosis of Appendiceal Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma
      Mimicking Primary Ovarian Malignant Neoplasm.
AB  - The fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States
      is ovarian cancer. An estimated 21,980 new cases and 14,270 estimated deaths
      occurred nationwide in 2014. More than two-thirds of cases of ovarian cancer are
      diagnosed at stage III or IV when the peritoneal cavity or other organs are
      affected. Primary appendiceal malignant neoplasms may mimic advanced-stage
      ovarian cancer and can be misdiagnosed because of its presentation as a palpable
      adnexal mass. The authors describe a 42-year-old woman who was admitted to the
      department of obstetrics and gynecology to receive treatment for presumed
      advanced-stage ovarian cancer. She subsequently received a diagnosis of primary
      pseudomyxoma peritonei metastatic to the ovaries, mimicking a primary ovarian
      cancer by osteopathic structural examination findings, serum tumor markers,
      surgical exploration, and histopathologic confirmation. 

PMID- 27367954
TI  - Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Improves Outcomes in Adults With Chronic Low
      Back Pain.

PMID- 27367955
TI  - Craniosacral Therapy Shown Beneficial in Management of Chronic Neck Pain.

PMID- 27367956
TI  - Educational Interventions May Help Prevent Low Back Pain but Are Not Effective in
      the Prevention and Treatment of Nonspecific Neck Pain.

PMID- 27367957
TI  - HVLA or Stretch May Not Be Necessary for Nonspecific Back or Neck Pain Relief.

PMID- 27367958
TI  - Osteopathic Manipulative Therapy Is Feasible and Safe After Abdominal Surgery.

PMID- 27367959
TI  - Manual Therapy Technique Shown Beneficial for Osteoarthritis of the Hip.

PMID- 27367960
TI  - Nodular Torus Palatinus.

PMID- 27367961
TI  - Management of Cesarean Deliveries and Cesarean Scars With Osteopathic
      Manipulative Treatment: A Brief Report.
AB  - Cesarean scars pose a unique set of risks for women who have had previous
      cesarean deliveries. Between 1996 and 2007, the rate of trial of labor after
      previous cesarean delivery increased, along with reported rates of uterine
      rupture and other complications. Consequently, trial of labor after previous
      cesarean delivery and resultant vaginal birth after cesarean delivery have
      decreased and cesarean delivery has increased. With nearly one-third of women
      having cesarean delivery, the rate of rare complications such as cesarean scar
      ectopic pregnancy has also increased. An integration of osteopathic manipulative
      treatment techniques into the management of cesarean deliveries and cesarean
      scars has yet to be defined. The author presents 4 cases of cesarean delivery in
      which osteopathic manipulative treatment was integrated with successful outcomes.

PMID- 27367962
TI  - The Importance of Titrating Antibodies for Immunocytochemical Methods.
AB  - When using immunocytochemistry, investigators may not know how to optimize
      staining or how to troubleshoot the method when staining fails. Lacking are
      guides for comparing techniques and applying information derived from one
      staining method to another. Newer methods amplify signal detection, but will not
      necessarily work at the same primary antibody concentrations used for less
      sensitive reactions. Recommendations of optimal titers are often not accurate and
      are not usually accompanied by information on the method used to test those
      antibodies or the specifics of the assay. When the staining does not work, the
      investigators do not know how to determine if the antiserum is bad, the tissue is
      bad, or the method is inappropriate for their staining. This unit describes
      detailed procedures for determining optimal staining and applying that
      information to three common immunofluorescence methods. Lastly, a formula is
      provided for converting among the different methods. (c) 2016 by John Wiley &
      Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367963
TI  - Extraction, Identification, and Quantification of Histones from Small Quantities
      of Specific Brain Tissue.
AB  - Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs), by their action on the chromatin
      state, play a central role in the regulation of gene expression. The discovery
      that some PTMs in the brain are dynamically regulated by experience and
      environmental factors makes them an important subject for the study of plasticity
      changes in learning and memory, addiction, and psychiatric disorders. Current
      histone isolation protocols, however, require large amounts of tissue, which
      limits their application for analyzing small tissue samples from a specific brain
      region. We describe here a step-by-step protocol for histone extraction and
      isolation from 1 mm(3) of tissue from brain punches, which allows reproducible
      and reliable results for histone PTM identification and quantification without
      losing anatomical precision. (c) 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367964
TI  - Daun02 Inactivation of Behaviorally Activated Fos-Expressing Neuronal Ensembles.
AB  - Learned associations about salient experiences (e.g., drug exposure, stress) and
      their associated environmental stimuli are mediated by a minority of sparsely
      distributed, behaviorally activated neurons coined 'neuronal ensembles.' For many
      years, it was not known whether these neuronal ensembles played causal roles in
      mediating learned behaviors. However, in the last several years the 'Daun02
      inactivation technique' in Fos-lacZ transgenic rats has proved very useful in
      establishing causal links between neuronal ensembles that express the activity
      regulated protein Fos and learned behaviors. Fos-expressing neurons in these rats
      also express the bacterial protein beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) in strongly
      activated neurons. When the prodrug Daun02 is injected into the brains of these
      rats 90 min after a behavior (e.g., drug-seeking) or cue exposure, then Daun02 is
      converted into daunorubicin by beta-gal, which selectively inactivates Fos- and
      beta-gal-expressing neurons that were activated 90 min before the Daun02
      injection. This unit presents protocols for breeding the Fos-lacZ rats and
      conducting appropriate Daun02 inactivation experiments. (c) 2016 by John Wiley &
      Sons, Inc.

PMID- 27367965
TI  - Feasibility of binary composition in development of nanoethosomal glycolic
      vesicles of triamcinolone acetonide using Box-behnken design: in vitro and ex
      vivo characterization.
AB  - Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) employed for the treatment of atopic dermatitis
      exhibits limited penetration into the epidermis. This investigation aimed to
      explore the role of binary solvents in topical drug delivery of TA by developing
      nanoethosomal glycolic lipid vesicles by infusion method. Screening of vesicles
      (TA1-TA17) formulated by Box Behnken design identified the optimized formulation
      (TA10) that was developed as carbomer gels. The gels were then evaluated for
      pharmaceutical properties and compared with control and reference ethosomal gel
      (RG). Higher in vitro permeation was found in gels containing TA10, prepared with
      or without using penetration enhancer (EGP 83.76 +/- 0.72% and EG 82.42 +/-
      0.89%, respectively). CLSM studies depicted deeper uniform penetration of
      fluorescent tracer into the epidermis via EG as compared with RG and control gel.
      Enhanced penetration was due to combinational solvent effect exerted by ethanol
      and propylene glycol. Histological analysis confirmed the non-irritant potential
      of the gel. Thus, it can be concluded that nanoethosomal glycolic vesicles proved
      to be an effective non irritant carrier for improvised penetration of
      triamcinolone acetonide for potential topical therapeutics.

PMID- 27367966
TI  - An event-specific method for the detection and quantification of ML01, a
      genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain, using quantitative
      PCR.
AB  - The availability of genetically modified (GM) yeasts for winemaking and, in
      particular, transgenic strains based on the integration of genetic constructs
      deriving from other organisms into the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has
      been a reality for several years. Despite this, their use is only authorized in a
      few countries and limited to two strains: ML01, able to convert malic acid into
      lactic acid during alcoholic fermentation, and ECMo01 suitable for reducing the
      risk of carbamate production. In this work we propose a quali-quantitative
      culture-independent method for the detection of GM yeast ML01 in commercial
      preparations of ADY (Active Dry Yeast) consisting of efficient extraction of DNA
      and qPCR (quantitative PCR) analysis based on event-specific assay targeting MLC
      (malolactic cassette), and a taxon-specific S. cerevisiae assay detecting the
      MRP2 gene. The ADY DNA extraction methodology has been shown to provide good
      purity DNA suitable for subsequent qPCR. The MLC and MRP2 qPCR assay showed
      characteristics of specificity, dynamic range, limit of quantification (LOQ)
      limit of detection (LOD), precision and trueness, which were fully compliant with
      international reference guidelines. The method has been shown to reliably detect
      0.005% (mass/mass) of GM ML01 S. cerevisiae in commercial preparations of ADY. 

PMID- 27367967
TI  - Controlled mixed fermentation at winery scale using Zygotorulaspora florentina
      and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Over the last few years the use of multi-starter inocula has become an attractive
      biotechnological practice in the search for wine with high flavour complexity or
      distinctive characters. This has been possible through exploiting the particular
      oenological features of some non-Saccharomyces yeast strains, and the effects
      that derive from their specific interactions with Saccharomyces. In the present
      study, we evaluated the selected strain Zygotorulaspora florentina (formerly
      Zygosaccharomyces florentinus) in mixed culture fermentations with Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae, from the laboratory scale to the winery scale. The scale-up
      fermentation and substrate composition (i.e., white or red musts) influenced the
      analytical composition of the mixed fermentation. At the laboratory scale, mixed
      fermentation with Z. florentina exhibited an enhancement of polysaccharides and 2
      phenylethanol content and a reduction of volatile acidity. At the winery scale,
      different fermentation characteristics of Z. florentina were observed. Using
      Sangiovese red grape juice, sequential fermentation trials showed a significantly
      higher concentration of glycerol and esters while the sensorial analysis of the
      resulting wines showed higher floral notes and lower perception of astringency.
      To our knowledge, this is the first time that this yeasts association has been
      evaluated at the winery scale indicating the potential use of this mixed culture
      in red grape varieties. 

PMID- 27367968
TI  - Quantification of Toxins in Soapberry (Sapindaceae) Arils: Hypoglycin A and
      Methylenecyclopropylglycine.
AB  - Methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG) and hypoglycin A (HGA) are naturally occurring
      amino acids found in some soapberry fruits. Fatalities have been reported
      worldwide as a result of HGA ingestion, and exposure to MCPG has been implicated
      recently in the Asian outbreaks of hypoglycemic encephalopathy. In response to an
      outbreak linked to soapberry ingestion, the authors developed the first method to
      simultaneously quantify MCPG and HGA in soapberry fruits from 1 to 10 000 ppm of
      both toxins in dried fruit aril. Further, this is the first report of HGA in
      litchi, longan, and mamoncillo arils. This method is presented to specifically
      address the laboratory needs of public-health investigators in the hypoglycemic
      encephalitis outbreaks linked to soapberry fruit ingestion. 

PMID- 27367969
TI  - Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease,
      and Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The association between socioeconomic status and survival based on
      all-cause, cardiovascular (CV), diabetes-related, and cancer mortality in type 2
      diabetes has not been examined in a setting of persons with equitable access to
      health care with adjustment for important confounders. OBJECTIVE: To determine
      whether income, educational level, marital status, and country of birth are
      independently associated with all-cause, CV, diabetes-related, and cancer
      mortality in persons with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A
      study including all 217 364 individuals younger than 70 years with type 2
      diabetes in the Sweden National Diabetes Register (January 1, 2003, to December
      31, 2010) who were monitored through December 31, 2012, was conducted. A Cox
      proportional hazards regression model with up to 17 covariates was used for
      analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: All-cause, CV, diabetes-related, and cancer
      mortality. RESULTS: Of the 217 364 persons included in the study, mean (SD) age
      was 58.3 (9.3) years and 130 839 of the population (60.2%) was male. There were a
      total of 19 105 all-cause deaths with 11 423 (59.8%), 6984 (36.6%), and 6438
      (33.7%) CV, diabetes-related, or cancer deaths, respectively. Compared with being
      single, hazard ratios (HRs) for married individuals, determined using fully
      adjusted models, for all-cause, CV, and diabetes-related mortality were 0.73 (95%
      CI, 0.70-0.77), 0.67 (95% CI, 0.63-0.71), and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.57-0.67),
      respectively. Marital status was not associated with overall cancer mortality,
      but married men had a 33% lower risk of prostate cancer mortality compared with
      single men, with an HR of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.50-0.90). Comparison of HRs for the
      lowest vs highest income quintiles for all-cause, CV, diabetes-related, and
      cancer mortality were 1.71 (95% CI, 1.60-1.83), 1.87 (95% CI, 1.72-2.05), 1.80
      (95% CI, 1.61-2.01), and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.14-1.44), respectively. Compared with
      native Swedes, HRs for all-cause, CV, diabetes-related, and cancer mortality for
      non-Western immigrants were 0.55 (95% CI, 0.48-0.63), 0.46 (95% CI, 0.38-0.56),
      0.38 (95% CI, 0.29-0.49), and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.58-0.88), respectively, and these
      HRs were virtually unaffected by covariate adjustment. Hazard ratios for those
      with a college/university degree compared with 9 years or less of education were
      0.85 (95% CI, 0.80-0.90), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.78-0.91), and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.76-0.93)
      for all-cause, CV, and cancer mortality, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      Independent of risk factors, access to health care, and use of health care,
      socioeconomic status is a powerful predictor of all-cause and CV mortality but
      was not as strong as a predictor of death from cancer.

PMID- 27367970
TI  - Reduced growth during early infancy in very low birth weight children with autism
      spectrum disorder.

PMID- 27367971
TI  - Parallax error in long-axial field-of-view PET scanners-a simulation study.
AB  - There is a growing interest in the design and construction of a PET scanner with
      a very long axial extent. One critical design challenge is the impact of the long
      axial extent on the scanner spatial resolution properties. In this work, we
      characterize the effect of parallax error in PET system designs having an axial
      field-of-view (FOV) of 198 cm (total-body PET scanner) using fully-3D Monte Carlo
      simulations. Two different scintillation materials were studied: LSO and LaBr3.
      The crystal size in both cases was 4  *  4  *  20 mm3. Several different depth-of
      interaction (DOI) encoding techniques were investigated to characterize the
      improvement in spatial resolution when using a DOI capable detector. To measure
      spatial resolution we simulated point sources in a warm background in the center
      of the imaging FOV, where the effects of axial parallax are largest, and at
      several positions radially offset from the center. Using a line-of-response based
      ordered-subset expectation maximization reconstruction algorithm we found that
      the axial resolution in an LSO scanner degrades from 4.8 mm to 5.7 mm (full width
      at half max) at the center of the imaging FOV when extending the axial acceptance
      angle (alpha) from  +/-12 degrees  (corresponding to an axial FOV of 18 cm) to
      the maximum of  +/-67 degrees -a similar result was obtained with LaBr3, in which
      the axial resolution degraded from 5.3 mm to 6.1 mm. For comparison we also
      measured the degradation due to radial parallax error in the transverse imaging
      FOV; the transverse resolution, averaging radial and tangential directions, of an
      LSO scanner was degraded from 4.9 mm to 7.7 mm, for a measurement at the center
      of the scanner compared to a measurement with a radial offset of 23 cm.
      Simulations of a DOI detector design improved the spatial resolution in all
      dimensions. The axial resolution in the LSO-based scanner, with alpha  =  +/- 67
      degrees , was improved from 5.7 mm to 5.0 mm by incorporating a two-layer DOI
      detector. These results characterize the maximum axial blurring for a fully open
      2 m long PET scanner and demonstrate that large sensitivity gains are possible
      with a modest reduction in resolution when using current clinical detector
      technology with no DOI capability.

PMID- 27367972
TI  - Minimal Hearing Loss: From a Failure-Based Approach to Evidence-Based Practice.
AB  - PURPOSE: A representative sample of the literature on minimal hearing loss (MHL)
      was reviewed to provide evidence of challenges faced by children with MHL and to
      establish the need for evidence-based options for early intervention. METHOD:
      Research articles published from 1950 to 2013 were searched in the Medline
      database using the keywords minimal hearing loss, unilateral hearing loss, and
      mild hearing loss. References cited in retrieved articles were also reviewed.
      RESULTS: In total, 69 articles contained relevant information about pediatric
      outcomes and/or intervention for unilateral hearing loss, 50 for mild hearing
      loss, and 6 for high-frequency hearing loss. Six challenges associated with MHL
      emerged, and 6 interventions were indicated. Evidence indicates that although
      some individuals may appear to have no observable speech-language or academic
      difficulties, others experience considerable difficulties. It also indicates that
      even though children with MHL may appear to catch up in some areas, difficulties
      in select domains continue into adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence indicates
      significant risks associated with untreated MHL. Evidence also demonstrates the
      need for early intervention and identifies several appropriate intervention
      strategies; however, no single protocol is appropriate for all children.
      Therefore, families should be educated about the impact of MHL and about
      available interventions so that informed decisions can be made.

PMID- 27367974
TI  - Syrian Civil-War-Related Intraocular Foreign Body Injuries: A Four-Year
      Retrospective Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the data of patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery due
      to intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries that occurred in the Syrian civil
      war. METHODS: Seventy-eight eyes of 78 patients who underwent vitreoretinal
      surgery due to IOFB injuries that occurred during the Syrian civil war were
      analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-four eyes (56.4%) had traumatic cataract, 44 (56.4%) had
      retinal tears, 42 (53.8%) had vitreous hemorrhage, 18 (23%) had retinal
      detachment, 12 (15.3%) had endophthalmitis, and eight eyes had hyphema (10.2%).
      IOFBs consisted of metal in 62 eyes (79.4%), stone in eight eyes (10.2%), organic
      material in four eyes (5.1%), and glass in four eyes (5.1%). Approximately 86% of
      the eyes had initial VAs of 4/200 or worse. However, VAs improved in 64 eyes
      (82%) after the surgeries. CONCLUSIONS: Despite delays in treatment and the
      severity of injuries, 82% (64/78) of the eyes had an improvement in VA after the
      surgeries.

PMID- 27367973
TI  - Comparison of analytical techniques for the identification of bioactive compounds
      from natural products.
AB  - Covering: 2000 to 2016Natural product extracts are a rich source of bioactive
      compounds. As a result, the screening of natural products for the identification
      of novel biologically active metabolites has been an essential part of several
      drug discovery programs. It is estimated that more than 70% of all drugs approved
      from 1981 and 2006, were either derived from or structurally similar to nature
      based compounds indicating the necessity for the development of a rapid method
      for the identification of novel compounds from plant extracts. The screening of
      biological matrices for the identification of novel modulators is nevertheless
      still challenging. In this review we discuss current techniques in phytochemical
      analysis and the identification of biologically active components. 

PMID- 27367975
TI  - Temporary Balloon Occlusion of the Abdominal Aorta in Treatment of Complex
      Acetabular Fracture.
AB  - BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of temporary balloon
      occlusion of the abdominal aorta assisting open reduction and internal fixation
      (ORIF) in the treatment of complex acetabular fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS From
      August 2000 to October 2011, a total of 48 patients with complex acetabular
      fracture were enrolled in this study. Average operative time, intraoperative
      blood loss volume, blood transfusion volume, satisfactory reduction, and
      postoperative functional recovery rate were recorded and compared between the 2
      groups. RESULTS A significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in
      operative time (P=0.003). For intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion,
      ORIF combined with temporary balloon occlusion of abdominal aorta techniques
      appeared to be superior to normal ORIF (blood loss: P=0.007; and blood
      transfusion: P=0.019, respectively). However, no differences were observed in
      postoperative blood loss or transfusion (P>0.05). Patients in group A showed
      better hip function than those in group B (group A: a good-to-excellent rate of
      77.8%; group B: a good-to-excellent rate of 78.3%; P>0.05). With regard to the
      incidence of postoperative complications, there were no significant differences
      between the 2 groups (group A: 9/18; group B: 11/23; P=0.890). CONCLUSIONS In the
      treatment of complex acetabular fracture, temporary balloon occlusion of the
      abdominal aorta is a reliable technique to assist ORIF surgery to staunch the
      flow of blood. 

PMID- 27367976
TI  - Immature mediastinal teratoma with unusual histopathology: A case report of multi
      lineage, somatic-type malignant transformation and a review of the literature.
AB  - Germ cell tumors (GCTs) represent a well-recognized group of heterogeneous
      neoplasms with diverse clinical, histopathological, diagnostic, and prognostic
      characteristics. We present a rare case of a locally aggressive, chemotherapy
      resistant immature mediastinal teratoma with a peculiar histological finding of a
      multilineage somatic-type malignant degeneration. A 21-year-old male patient
      presented with a 3-week history of persistent, blood-tinged productive cough and
      shortness of breath. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the
      chest showed a heterogeneous mass occupying the right hemithorax and abutting on
      adjacent structures. CT-guided biopsy was consistent with immature teratoma.
      Combination chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin was initiated,
      albeit without success; the mass showed interval progression in size, and
      surgical resection through clamshell incision was performed. Histological
      assessment of the resected mass confirmed the diagnosis of immature teratoma and
      revealed an extensive multilineage malignant differentiation into sarcomatous,
      carcinomatous, and melanomatous components. The patient underwent an uneventful
      recovery but presented 2 months later with extensive liver and bone melanomatous
      metastases. In this report, relevant findings from the literature are also
      highlighted. Despite being exceptionally rare, such tumors carry poor prognosis.
      Understanding the clinicopathological characteristics and biological behavior of
      such tumors may provide an insight into interventions tailored to improve the
      otherwise dismal disease outlook. 

PMID- 27367977
TI  - Simple risk factors to predict urgent endoscopy in nonvariceal upper
      gastrointestinal bleeding pre-endoscopically.
AB  - The goal of this study is to evaluate how to predict high-risk nonvariceal upper
      gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) pre-endoscopically. A total of 569 NVUGIB
      patients between Match 2011 and January 2015 were retrospectively studied. The
      clinical characteristics and laboratory data were statistically analyzed. The
      severity of NVUGIB was based on high-risk NVUGIB (Forrest I-IIb), and low-risk
      NVUGIB (Forrest IIc and III). By logistic regression and receiver-operating
      characteristic curve, simple risk score systems were derived which predicted
      patients' risks of potentially needing endoscopic intervention to control
      bleeding. Risk score systems combined of patients' serum hemoglobin (Hb) <=75
      g/L, red hematemesis, red stool, shock, and blood urine nitrogen >=8.5 mmol/L
      within 24 hours after admission were derived. As for each one of these clinical
      signs, the relatively high specificity was 97.9% for shock, 96.4% for red stool,
      85.5% for red hematemesis, 76.7% for Hb <=75 g/L, and the sensitivity was 50.8%
      for red hematemesis, 47.5% for Hb <=75 g/L, 14.2% for red stool, and 10.9% for
      shock. When these 5 clinical signs were presented as a risk score system, the
      highest area of receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.746, with
      sensitivity 0.675 and specificity 0.733, which discriminated well with high-risk
      NVUGIB. These simple risk factors identified patients with high-risk NVUGIB of
      needing treatment to manage their bleeding pre-endoscopically. Further validation
      in the clinic was required. 

PMID- 27367978
TI  - Demographic and clinical characteristics related to cognitive decline in
      Alzheimer disease in China: A multicenter survey from 2011 to 2014.
AB  - Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia. AD diagnosis,
      progression, and treatment have not been analyzed nationwide in China. The
      primary aim of this study was to analyze demographic and clinical characteristics
      related to cognitive decline in AD patients treated at outpatient clinics in
      China.We performed a retrospective study of 1993 AD patients at 10 cognitive
      centers across 8 cities in China from March 2011 to October 2014. Of these, 891
      patients were followed for more than 1 year.The mean age at diagnosis was 72.0 +/
      10.0 years (range 38-96 years), and the mean age at onset of AD was 69.8 +/- 9.5
      years. Most patients (65.1%) had moderate to severe symptoms at the time of
      diagnosis, and mean Mini-Mental State Examination at diagnosis was 15.7 +/- 7.7.
      AD patients showed significant cognitive decline at 12 months after diagnosis.
      Having more than 9 years of formal education was an independent risk factor
      related to rapid cognitive decline [odds ratio (OR) = 1.80; 95% confidence
      interval (95% CI): 1.11-2.91]. Early-onset AD patients experienced more rapid
      cognitive decline than late-onset patients (OR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.09-3.06).Most AD
      patients in China had moderate to severe symptoms at the time of diagnosis and
      experienced significant cognitive decline within 1 year. Rapid cognitive decline
      in AD was related to having a higher educational level and younger age of onset. 

PMID- 27367979
TI  - Susceptibility-weighted MRI of extrapyramidal brain structures in Parkinsonian
      disorders.
AB  - Susceptibility-weighted MRI (SWI) is sensitive to T2 effects and
      mineralization.We investigated differences in the extrapyramidal brain structures
      on SWI between Parkinson disease (PD) and postural instability gait disorder
      (PIGD) patients and correlated the SWI values with the degree of gait
      dysfunction.Forty patients diagnosed with PD and PIGD underwent 3 Tesla magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) brain study. An SWI sequence (TE/TR/FA 20/33/15) was
      used. Ten regions of interest were placed in the midbrain and basal ganglia by 2
      independent raters blinded to subject data and quantitatively evaluated.The inter
      rater reliability between the raters was excellent (interclass correlation
      coefficient >0.8). The SWI intensity values in all regions were on average lower
      in PIGD than in PD patients, with the lowest results found in globus
      pallidus.Multivariate analysis showed a lower SWI hypointensity in the putamen
      and globus pallidus in PIGD compared with PD patients, with a similar trend for
      the other basal ganglia nuclei. Pearson correlation analysis showed a
      statistically significant positive correlation between SWI putaminal
      hypointensity and the Tinetti total score (r = 0.39, P = 0.01) in both PD and
      PIGD.SWI putaminal hypointensity may be a useful imaging marker in prospective
      evaluation for clinical progression for Parkinsonian disorders. 

PMID- 27367980
TI  - Factors affecting patient outcome in primary cutaneous aspergillosis.
AB  - Primary cutaneous aspergillosis (PCA) is an uncommon infection of the skin. There
      is a paucity of organized literature regarding this entity in regard to patient
      characteristics, associated Aspergillus species, and treatment modalities on
      outcome (disease recurrence, disease dissemination, and mortality).We reviewed
      all published reports of PCA from 1967 to 2015. Cases were deemed eligible if
      they included the following: patient baseline characteristics (age, sex,
      underlying condition), evidence of proven or probable PCA, primary treatment
      strategy, and outcome.We identified 130 eligible cases reported from 1967 to
      2015. The patients were predominantly male (63.8%) with a mean age of 30.4 +/-
      22.1 years. Rates of PCA recurrence, dissemination, and mortality were 10.8%,
      18.5%, and 31.5%, respectively. In half of the cases, there was an association
      with a foreign body. Seven different Aspergillus species were reported to cause
      PCA. Systemic antifungal therapy without surgery was the most common form of
      therapy (60% of cases). Disease dissemination was more common in patients with
      underlying systemic conditions and occurred on average 41.4 days after PCA
      diagnosis (range of 3-120 days). In a multivariate linear regression model of
      mortality including only patients with immunosuppressive conditions,
      dissemination and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency
      syndrome were statistically significantly associated with increased
      mortality.Nearly one-third of patients with PCA die with the disease.
      Dissemination and host status are critical in patient outcome. 

PMID- 27367981
TI  - Successful surgical treatment of scoliosis secondary to Guillain-Barre syndrome:
      Case report.
AB  - Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating
      polyneuropathy that mostly affects the peripheral nervous system. Little is
      reported about spinal deformity associated with GBS. This study aims to present a
      case of scoliosis occurring in the setting of GBS.Case report and literature
      review.The patient was a 14-year-old male with scoliosis. His spinal plain
      radiographs showed that the Cobb angle of thoracic scoliosis was 114 degrees .
      History review revealed that he developed profound lower extremity pain,
      weakness, and numbness after catching a cold 5 years ago. These symptoms
      progressed to unsteady gait and inability to stand up from squatting position.
      The diagnosis of GBS was confirmed based on these symptoms. He underwent a
      posterior correction at Thoracic 5-Lumbar 5 (T5-L12) levels using the (LEGACY,
      USA) spinal system. The Cobb angle was corrected from 114 degrees  to 45 degrees 
      (correction rate 60.5%). His follow-up was symptomatic, well balanced in the
      coronal planes, with solid fusion 12 months after the operation.Neuromuscular
      scoliosis could develop secondary to GBS. When evaluating patients with acute
      inflammatory polyneuropathy, clinical examination of the spine is essential to
      identify patients with rare neuromuscular scoliosis. 

PMID- 27367982
TI  - Correlation between the different pH-metry scores in gastroesophageal reflux
      disease in children.
AB  - The 24-hour esophageal pH-metry is the most widely used method to diagnose the
      gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The study compares the different scores
      obtained during the 24-hour esophageal pH-metry. A retrospective study over 5
      years including 234 children (1 month and 18 years old) admitted in a pediatric
      gastroenterology regional center in Northeast Romania, with suspicion of GERD.
      They underwent 24- hour esophageal pH-metry, and the scores obtained (Boix-Ochoa,
      DeMeester, Johnson-DeMeester) were compared. Out of the 234 children, 172
      (73.50%) had positive Boix-Ochoa score and 62 (26.50%) had normal Boix-Ochoa
      score (<11.99). Based on the DeMeester score, 149 children (63.68%) were positive
      and 85 (36.32%) were negative. The correlation of the Demeester score with the
      Boix-Ochoa score was very high (r = 0.978, P <  < 0.01, 95% confidence interval).
      Considering the Johnson-DeMeester score, 120 cases (51.28%) had GERD and 114
      (48.72%) did not. The correlation of the Johnson-DeMeester score with the Boix
      Ochoa score was still high (r = 0.94, P <  < 0.01, 95% 95% confidence interval).
      As considered until now, the Boix-Ochoa score is the most accurate score to be
      used in pediatrics for the diagnosis of GERD. The use of the different scores
      Boix-Ochoa, DeMeester, Johnson-DeMeester-showed a high sensitivity and
      specificity of the pH-metry measurements applied to the study lot, but the last
      score has a higher risk of false-negative results. 

PMID- 27367983
TI  - Loss of tubular creatinine secretion as the only sign of tubular proximal cell
      dysfunction in light chain proximal tubulopathy: A case report.
AB  - Light chain proximal tubulopathy (LCPT) is a rare disease, characterized by
      cytoplasmic inclusions of light chain (usually kappa) immunoglobulins. Clinical
      presentation is usually a Fanconi syndrome. The proximal tubular dysfunction can
      be incomplete, and exceptional cases of LCPT without any tubular dysfunction have
      even been described. Here, we report a case of LCPT in which the only sign of
      proximal tubulopathy is the absence of secretion of creatinine, as assessed by
      the simultaneous measurement of renal clearance of creatinine and CrEDTA. The
      loss of tubular creatinine secretion as a sign of tubular proximal cell
      dysfunction ought to be identified in patients with light chain proximal
      tubulopathy as it leads to a clinically relevant underestimation of GFR by the
      creatinine-derived equations. The prevalence and prognostic significance of this
      particular proximal tubular damage in LCPT remain to be determined. 

PMID- 27367984
TI  - Giant-cell arteritis without cranial manifestations: Working diagnosis of a
      distinct disease pattern.
AB  - Diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis (GCA) is challenging in the absence of cardinal
      cranial symptoms/signs. We aimed to describe the clinical presentation,
      diagnostic process, and disease course of GCA patients without cranial symptoms,
      and to compare them to those of patients with typical cranial presentation. In
      this retrospective multicenter study, we enrolled patients with GCA who satisfied
      at least 3 of the 5 American College of Rheumatology criteria for GCA, or 2
      criteria associated with contributory vascular biopsy other than temporal artery
      biopsy or with demonstration of large-vessel involvement; underwent iconographic
      evaluation of large arterial vessels (aortic CT scan or a positron emission
      tomography with F-fluorodeoxyglucose combined with computed tomography (FDG
      PET/CT) scan or cardiac echography combined with a large-vessel Doppler) at
      diagnosis. We divided the cohort into 2 groups, distinguishing between patients
      without cranial symptoms/signs (i.e., headaches, clinical temporal artery
      anomaly, jaw claudication, ophthalmologic symptoms) and those with cranial
      symptoms/signs. In the entire cohort of 143 patients, all of whom underwent
      vascular biopsy and vascular imaging, we detected 31 (22%) patients with no
      cranial symptoms/signs. In the latter, diagnosis was biopsy proven in an arterial
      sample in 23 cases (74% of patients, on a temporal site in 20 cases and on an
      extratemporal site in 3). One-third of these 31 patients displayed extracranial
      symptoms/signs whereas the remaining two-thirds presented only with
      constitutional symptoms and/or inflammatory laboratory test results. Compared to
      the 112 patients with cardinal cranial clinical symptoms/signs, patients without
      cranial manifestations displayed lower levels of inflammatory laboratory
      parameters (C-reactive level: 68 [9-250] mg/L vs 120 [3-120] mg/L; P < 0.01),
      highest rate of aorta and aortic branch involvement identified (19/31 (61%) vs
      42/112 (38%); P = 0.02) and also a lower rate of disease relapse (12/31 (39%) vs
      67/112 (60%); P = 0.04). Our results suggest that patients without cranial
      symptoms/signs are prone to lower inflammatory laboratory parameters, fewer
      relapses, and more large-vessel involvement than those displaying cardinal
      cranial manifestations. Further studies are therefore required in order to
      determine whether these 2 subgroups of patients have a different prognosis, and
      therefore warrant different therapeutic and monitoring regimens. 

PMID- 27367985
TI  - 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and the risk of subsequent
      aortic complications in giant-cell arteritis: A multicenter cohort of 130
      patients.
AB  - Previous studies reported a 2- to 17-fold higher risk of aortic complications
      (dilation or dissection) in patients with giant-cell arteritis (GCA). We aimed to
      determine whether or not GCA patients with large-vessel involvement demonstrated
      by positron emission tomography with F-fluorodeoxyglucose combined with computed
      tomography (FDG-PET/CT) have a higher risk of aortic complications. We conducted
      a retrospective multicenter study between 1995 and 2014. Patients were included
      if they fulfilled at least 3 American College of Rheumatology criteria for GCA,
      or 2 criteria associated with extratemporal biopsy-proven giant-cell vasculitis;
      they underwent at least 1 FDG-PET/CT scan at diagnosis or during follow-up; and
      the morphology of the aorta was assessed by medical imaging at diagnosis.
      Patients with an aortic complication at the time of diagnosis were excluded. Of
      the 130 patients included [85 women (65%), median age 70 (50-86)], GCA was biopsy
      proven in 77 (59%). FDG-PET/CT was performed at diagnosis in 63 (48%) patients
      and during the follow-up period in the 67 (52%) remaining patients. FDG-PET/CT
      was positive in 38/63 (60%) patients at diagnosis and in 31/67 (46%) patients
      when performed during follow-up (P = NS). One hundred four patients (80%)
      underwent at least 1 morphological assessment of the aorta during follow-up. Nine
      (9%) patients developed aortic complications (dilation in all and dissection in
      1) at a median time of 33 (6-129) months after diagnosis. All of them displayed
      large-vessel inflammation on previous FDG-PET/CT. A positive FDG-PET/CT was
      significantly associated with a higher risk of aortic complications (P =
      0.004).In our study, a positive FDG-PET/CT was associated with an increased risk
      of aortic complications at 5 years. 

PMID- 27367986
TI  - Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma management with minimally invasive surgery
      through tubular retractors: A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - To report a minimally invasive paraspinal approach in the treatment of a case of
      spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH). We additionally aim to review the
      relevant literature to enhance our knowledge of this disease. SSEH is an uncommon
      but potentially catastrophic disease. Currently, most appropriate management is
      emergence decompression laminectomy and hematoma evacuation. An 81-year-old woman
      was admitted to the neurology department with a chief complaint of bilateral
      numbness and weakness of the lower limbs and difficulty walking for 4 days with
      progressive weakness developed over the following 3 days accompanied with pain in
      the lower limbs and lower back. No history of trauma was reported. Magnetic
      resonance imaging of the thoracolumbar spine demonstrated an epidural hematoma
      extending from T-12 to L-5 with thecal sac and cauda equina displacement
      anterior. The patient was treated in our department with a minimally invasive
      approach. This operation method had been approved by Chinese Independent Ethics
      Committee. Three months following the operation, the patient had regained the
      ability to walk with the aid of a cane and myodynamia tests revealed normal
      results for the left lower limb and a 4/5 grade for the right limb. Importantly,
      no complications were exhibited from the surgical operation. The minimally
      invasive paraspinal approach through tubular retractors is demonstrated here as
      an effective alternative method for the treatment of SSEH. 

PMID- 27367987
TI  - Butorphanol suppresses fentanyl-induced cough during general anesthesia
      induction: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
AB  - Fentanyl-induced cough (FIC) is unwanted in the patients requiring stable
      induction of general anesthesia. This study was designed to evaluate the
      suppressive effects of butorphanol pretreatment on the incidence and severity of
      FIC during the induction of general anesthesia. A total of 315 patients of
      American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II, scheduled for
      elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomized into 3 equally sized
      groups (n = 0105). Two minutes before fentanyl bolus, group I received
      intravenously 5 mL normal saline, groups II and III received butorphanol 0.015
      and 0.03 mg/kg (diluted with saline to 5 mL), respectively. Patients were then
      administrated with fentanyl 2.5 MUg/kg within 5 s. The incidence and severity of
      FIC was recorded for 2 minutes after fentanyl bolus. During experimental period,
      the mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and peripheral capillary oxygen
      saturation (SpO2) were recorded before the administration of butorphanol or
      normal saline (T0), 2 minutes (T1) after butorphanol injection, and 2 minutes
      (T2) after fentanyl injection. The incidence of FIC was 31.4% in group I, 11.4%
      in group II, and 3.8% in group III. Group III had a lowest incidence of FIC among
      3 groups (P < 0.001, vs group I; P < 0.05, vs group II). The severe FIC was not
      observed in groups II and III, but was recoded from 6 patients in group I. At 2
      minutes after fentanyl injection (T2), the mean arterial pressure was
      significantly higher in group I than that in groups II and III (P < 0.01, vs
      group II; P < 0.05, vs group III), but the values remained within safe limits. In
      conclusion, pretreatment with butorphanol could effectively and safely suppress
      FIC during anesthesia induction. 

PMID- 27367988
TI  - Intraoperative portal vein insulin assay combined with occlusion of the pancreas
      for complex pancreatogenous hypoglycemia: Two cases report.
AB  - Intraoperative localization and confirmation of complete resection of the
      hypersecreting tissue are the 2 main challenges in the management of
      pancreatogenous hypoglycemia. Here, we report our experience with intraoperative
      portal vein insulin assay combined with occlusion of the pancreas in the
      management of pancreatogenous hypoglycemia. Clinical courses of 2 patients with
      biochemical evidence of a pancreatogenous hypoglycemia were studied. The
      preoperative diagnosis was multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 (MEN-1) and
      nesidioblastosis, respectively. Rapid intraoperative portal vein insulin assay
      combined with occlusion of the pancreas was used to localize and confirm complete
      excision of the hypersecreting tissue. Hypoglycemia was successfully treated in
      both the patients. In the MEN-1 patient, 2 small tumors in the head of pancreas
      were not resected, as they were deemed noninsulin secreting by intraoperative
      portal vein insulin assay, thus avoiding a total pancreatectomy. In the patient
      with nesidioblastosis, using intraoperative portal vein insulin assay combined
      with occlusion of the pancreas, an appropriate amount of pancreatic tissue was
      resected thereby avoiding recurrence and diabetes. This technique may be of
      particular value in patients with complex conditions such as MEN-1 and
      nesidioblastosis, to localize and achieve complete resection of hypersecreting
      pancreatic tissue. 

PMID- 27367989
TI  - Time series analysis of influenza incidence in Chinese provinces from 2004 to
      2011.
AB  - Influenza as a severe infectious disease has caused catastrophes throughout human
      history, and every pandemic of influenza has produced a great social burden. We
      compiled monthly data of influenza incidence from all provinces and autonomous
      regions in mainland China from January 2004 to December 2011, comprehensively
      evaluated and classified these data, and then randomly selected 4 provinces with
      higher incidence (Hebei, Gansu, Guizhou, and Hunan), 2 provinces with median
      incidence (Tianjin and Henan), 1 province with lower incidence (Shandong), using
      time series analysis to construct an ARIMA model, which is based on the monthly
      incidence from 2004 to 2011 as the training set. We exerted the X-12-ARIMA
      procedure for modeling due to the seasonality these data implied. Autocorrelation
      function (ACF), partial autocorrelation function (PACF), and automatic model
      selection were to determine the order of the model parameters. The optimal model
      was decided by a nonseasonal and seasonal moving average test. Finally, we
      applied this model to predict the monthly incidence of influenza in 2012 as the
      test set, and the simulated incidence was compared with the observed incidence to
      evaluate the model's validity by the criterion of both percentage variability in
      regression analyses (R) and root mean square error (RMSE). It is conceivable that
      SARIMA (0,1,1)(0,1,1)12 could simultaneously forecast the influenza incidence of
      the Hebei Province, Guizhou Province, Henan Province, and Shandong Province;
      SARIMA (1,0,0)(0,1,1)12 could forecast the influenza incidence in Gansu Province;
      SARIMA (3,1,1)(0,1,1)12 could forecast the influenza incidence in Tianjin City;
      and SARIMA (0,1,1)(0,0,1)12 could forecast the influenza incidence in Hunan
      Province. Time series analysis is a good tool for prediction of disease
      incidence. 

PMID- 27367990
TI  - CLIF-SOFA score and SIRS are independent prognostic factors in patients with
      hepatic encephalopathy due to alcoholic liver cirrhosis.
AB  - Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a complication associated with worst prognosis in
      decompensated liver cirrhosis (LC) patients. Previous studies have identified
      prognostic factors for HE, and recent studies reported an association between
      systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and liver disease. This study
      aimed to identify prognostic factors for 30-day mortality in alcoholic LC
      patients with HE who visited the emergency department (ED).This was a
      retrospective study of alcoholic LC patients with HE from January 1, 2010, to
      April 30, 2015. The baseline characteristics, complications of portal
      hypertension, laboratory values, Child-Pugh class, Model for End-stage Liver
      Disease (MELD) score, chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment
      (CLIF-SOFA) score, and SIRS criteria were assessed. The presence of 2 or more
      SIRS criteria was considered SIRS. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and
      prognostic factors for patients with HE visiting the ED.In total, 105 patients
      who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Overall, the 30-day mortality rate
      was 6.7% (7 patients).Significant variables were hepatorenal syndrome,
      international normalized ratio, white blood cell count, total bilirubin level,
      MELD score CLIF-SOFA score, and SIRS in univariate analysis. CLIF-SOFA score and
      SIRS were the significant factors in the multivariate analysis (hazard ratio
      5.56, 15.98; 95% confidence interval 1.18-26.18, 1.58-161.37; P = 0.03, P =
      0.02). The mortality rates differed according to the CLIF-SOFA score (P <
      0.01).The CLIF-SOFA score and SIRS in alcoholic LC patients with HE visiting the
      ED are independent predictors of 30-day mortality. 

PMID- 27367991
TI  - The role of soluble tumor necrosis factor like weak inducer of apoptosis and
      interleukin-17A in the etiopathogenesis of celiac disease: A cross-sectional
      study.
AB  - Our aim in this study was to determine soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like
      weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) levels in celiac
      disease, and their association with the gluten diet and autoantibodies. Eighty
      patients with celiac diagnosis and 80 healthy control individuals with similar
      age, gender and body mass index to the patient group were included in the study.
      Serum sTWEAK and IL-17A levels were measured by the serum enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay kit. The median IL-17A (117.5 pg/mL vs. 56.7 pg/mL; P =
      0.001) level in celiac patients was higher than in the control group, while the
      median sTWEAK (543 pg/mL vs. 643 pg/mL; P = 0.016) level in patients was
      determined to be lower. In the patient group, patients who complied with the
      gluten diet had a lower level of median IL-17A (98.1 pg/mL vs. 197.5 pg/mL; P =
      0.034) and a higher level of sTWEAK (606 pg/mL vs. 522.8 pg/mL; P = 0.031) than
      those who did not adhere. Furthermore, the IL-17A level was higher and the sTWEAK
      level was lower in celiac patients with positive antibody than those with
      negative antibody. A positive correlation was determined among anti-gliadin
      antibody IgA, anti-gliadin antibody IgG, anti-tissue transglutaminase IgG levels
      and the IL-17A level, and a negative correlation was determined with the sTWEAK
      level. In celiac disease, the sTWEAK and IL-17A levels differ between patients
      who cannot adapt to the gluten diet and who are autoantibody positive, and
      patients who adapt to the diet and are autoantibody negative. We believe that
      sTWEAK and IL-17A are associated with the inflammation in celiac pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27367992
TI  - Hepatic resection or transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma
      with portal vein tumor thrombus.
AB  - The role of hepatic resection in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with accompanying
      portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) remains controversial. This study aimed to
      evaluate the surgical outcomes of hepatic resection compared with those of
      transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in HCC patients. A retrospective study was
      conducted using the medical records of 230 HCC patients with portal vein invasion
      who underwent hepatic resection (96 patients) or TACE (134 patients). The
      baseline characteristics, tumor characteristics, clinicopathological parameters,
      and overall survival rates were compared between the 2 groups. The baseline and
      tumor characteristics were comparable between the hepatic resection and TACE
      groups. The overall complication rate was 35.4% in the hepatic resection group,
      which was significantly lower than that in the TACE group (73.0%, P <0.001).
      However, the serious complication rate (grade >=3) in the hepatic resection group
      was 13.5%, which was significantly higher than that in the TACE group (P =
      0.003). The cumulative overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years in the hepatic
      resection group were 86.5%, 60.4%, and 33.3%, respectively. These rates were much
      higher than those in the TACE group (1-year: 77.6%; 3-year: 47.8%; and 5-year:
      20.9%; P = 0.021). The long-term survival was notably better in the patients with
      types I and II PVTT than in the patients with types III and IV PVTT (P <0.05).
      The univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that types III and IV PVTT and
      TACE may have contributed to the poor overall survival following surgery. In HCC
      patients with PVTT and compensated liver function, hepatic resection is a safe
      and effective surgical protocol, particularly for patients with type I or II
      PVTT. 

PMID- 27367993
TI  - Analysis of contemporary HIV/AIDS health care costs in Germany: Driving factors
      and distribution across antiretroviral therapy lines.
AB  - To analyze contemporary costs of HIV health care and the cost distribution across
      lines of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). To identify variations in
      expenditures with patient characteristics and to identify main cost determinants.
      To compute cost ratios between patients with varying characteristics.Empirical
      data on costs are collected in Germany within a 2-year prospective observational
      noninterventional multicenter study. The database contains information for 1154
      HIV-infected patients from 8 medical centers.Means and standard deviations of the
      total costs are estimated for each cost fraction and across cART lines and
      regimens. The costs are regressed against various patient characteristics using a
      generalized linear model. Relative costs are calculated using the resultant
      coefficients.The average annual total costs (SD) per patient are
      &OV0556;22,231.03 (8786.13) with a maximum of &OV0556;83,970. cART medication is
      the major cost fraction (83.8%) with a mean of &OV0556;18,688.62 (5289.48). The
      major cost-driving factors are cART regimen, CD4-T cell count, cART drug
      resistance, and concomitant diseases. Viral load, pathology tests, and
      demographics have no significant impact. Standard non-nucleoside reverse
      transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens induce 28% lower total costs compared with
      standard PI/r regimens. Resistance to 3 or more antiretroviral classes induces a
      significant increase in costs.HIV treatment in Germany continues to be expensive.
      Majority of costs are attributable to cART. Main cost determinants are CD4-T
      cells count, comorbidity, genotypic antiviral resistance, and therapy regimen.
      Combinations of characteristics associated with higher expenditures enhance the
      increasing effect on the costs and induce high cost cases. 

PMID- 27367994
TI  - Clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of tubulointerstitial
      nephritis and uveitis syndrome in adults: A national retrospective strobe
      compliant study.
AB  - Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome is a rare disease,
      defined by the association of idiopathic acute TINU. The aim of our work was to
      determine the characteristics of adult TINU syndrome in France, and to assess
      factors (including treatment) influencing medium-term prognosis.We conducted a
      nationwide study including 20 French hospitals. Clinical, laboratory, and renal
      histopathologic data of 41 biopsy-proven TINU syndromes were retrospectively
      collected. The patients were diagnosed between January 1, 1999 and December 1,
      2015.Twenty-five females and 16 males were included (F/M ratio: 1.6:1). The
      median age at disease onset was 46.8 years (range 16.8-77.4) with a median serum
      creatinine level at 207 MUmol/L (range 100-1687) and a median estimated
      glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 27 mL/min per 1.73 m (range 2-73). Twenty
      nine patients (71%) had a bilateral anterior uveitis and 24 (59%) had
      deterioration in general health at presentation. Moderate proteinuria was found
      in 32 patients (78%) (median proteinuria 0.52 g/24 h; range 0.10-2.10), aseptic
      leukocyturia in 25/36 patients (70%). The evaluation of renal biopsies revealed
      41 patients (100%) with an acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, 19/39 patients
      (49%) with light to moderate fibrosis and 5 patients (12%) with an acute tubular
      necrosis. Thirty-six patients (88%) were treated with oral corticosteroids. After
      1 year of follow-up, the median eGFR was 76 mL/min per 1.73 m (range 17-119) and
      32% of the patients suffered from moderate to severe chronic kidney disease.
      Serum creatinine (P < 0.001, r = -0.54), serum bicarbonate and phosphate levels
      (respectively, P = 0.01, r = 0.53; and P = 0.04, r = 0.46), and age (P = 0.03, r
      = -0.37) at the 1st symptoms were associated with eGFR after 1 year. During the
      1st year 40% of patients had uveitis relapses. The use of oral corticosteroids
      was not associated with a better kidney function but was associated with fewer
      uveitis relapses (P = 0.44 and 0.02, respectively).In our study, 32% of patients
      were suffering from moderate to severe chronic kidney disease after 1 year of
      follow-up, and 40% had uveitis relapses during this follow-up. This work also
      suggests that oral corticosteroids are effective for the treatment of TINU
      syndrome's uveitis. 

PMID- 27367995
TI  - Does public reporting influence antibiotic and injection prescribing to all
      patients? A cluster-randomized matched-pair trial in china.
AB  - The inappropriate use and overuse of antibiotics and injections are serious
      threats to global population, and the public reporting of health care performance
      (PRHCP) has been an important instrument for improving the quality of care.
      However, existing evidence shows a mixed effect of PRHCP. This study is to
      explore the potential effectiveness of PRHCP that contributes to the convincing
      evidence of health policy and reform.This study was undertaken in Qian Jiang
      City, applying a matched-pair cluster-randomized trial. Twenty primary care
      institutions were treated as clusters and were matched into 10 pairs. Clusters in
      each pair were randomly assigned into a control or an intervention group.
      Physicians' prescribing information was publicly reported to patients and
      physicians monthly in the intervention group from October 2013. A total of
      748,632 outpatient prescriptions were included for difference-in-difference (DID)
      regression model and subgroups (SGs) analysis.Overall, PRHCP intervention led to
      a slight reduction in the use of combined antibiotics (odds ratio [OR] = 0.870, P
      < 0.001) and slowed the average expenditure increase of patients (coefficient = 
      0.051, P < 0.001). SG analysis showed the effect of PRHCP varied among patients
      with different characteristics. PRHCP decreased the probability of prescriptions
      requiring antibiotics, combined antibiotics, and injections of patients aged 18
      to 64 years old (OR < 1), and all results were statistically significant. By
      contrast, the results of elderly and minor patients with health insurance showed
      that PRHCP increased their probability of prescriptions requiring antibiotics and
      injections. PRHCP slowed the increase of average expenditure of most SGs.PRHCP
      intervention can influence the prescribing pattern of physicians. Patient factors
      such as age and health insurance influence the effect of PRHCP intervention,
      which imply that PRHCP should be designed for different patients. Patient
      education, aiming at radically changing attitudes toward antibiotics and
      injections, should be taken to promote the effectiveness of public reporting in
      China. 

PMID- 27367996
TI  - Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease mimicking lung cancer:
      Clinicoradiologic features and diagnostic implications.
AB  - To describe the features and clinical implications of computed tomography (CT),
      positron emission tomography (PET), and percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy
      (PCNB) in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease manifesting as a
      solitary nodule, mass, or mass-like consolidation mimicking malignancy.Among a
      cohort of 388 patients with NTM pulmonary disease, 14 patients with clinically
      and radiologically suspected lung cancer were included in our study. Two chest
      radiologists evaluated CT features, including lesion type (nodule, mass, or mass
      like consolidation), morphologic features (margin, degree of enhancement,
      calcification), and presence of accompanying findings suggestive of NTM pulmonary
      disease (bronchiectasis with clustered centrilobular nodules or upper-lobe
      cavitary lesions) by consensus. Diagnostic procedures for microbiologic diagnosis
      of NTM disease and clinical outcome were reviewed.Incidence of NTM pulmonary
      disease presenting as solitary nodule/mass (n = 8) or mass-like consolidation (n
      = 6) was 3.6% (14 of 388). Most lesions were detected incidentally during routine
      health check-up or evaluation of other disease (11 of 14, 79%). Lesions typically
      showed poor contrast-enhancement (9 of 12) and internal calcification (6 of 14).
      No lesions had CT features suggestive of NTM pulmonary disease. All 4 lesions for
      which PET/CT imaging was performed showed strong fluorodeoxyglucose uptake
      simulating malignant lesions (mean, 4.9; range, 3.6-7.8). PCNB revealed
      mycobacterial histology in 6 of 11 specimens and positive culture results were
      obtained for 7 of 7 specimens.NTM pulmonary disease may present as a solitary
      nodule, mass, or mass-like consolidation mimicking malignancy. CT features and
      PCNB are important to diagnose NTM disease mimicking lung cancer to avoid
      unnecessary surgery. 

PMID- 27367997
TI  - Controlled continuous systemic heparinization increases success rate of artery
      only anastomosis replantation in single distal digit amputation: A retrospective
      cohort study.
AB  - Replantation is a prime indication for distal digital amputation, as it helps
      restore hand aesthetics and functions; however, venous anastomosis is often not
      feasible. Previous studies used systemic anticoagulation in distal digital artery
      only anastomosis replantation surgery to improve replantation success rate,
      however, which yielded limited level of clinical evidence. This study aimed to
      compare controlled continuous heparinization (CCH) and intermittent bolus
      heparinization (IBH) for surgical outcome and clinical variables after single
      distal digital artery only anastomosis replantation surgery.A single-institution,
      retrospective cohort study was performed. Out of 324 patients who underwent
      digital replantation surgery, we focused the study for the Zone I and II single
      distal digital amputation patients excluding confounding factors. Sixty-one
      patients were included in this study and underwent artery-only anastomosis
      replantation surgery with postoperative CCH (34 patients) or IBH (27 patients)
      protocols. The CCH group targeted activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) at
      51 to 70 seconds, monitoring aPTT levels every eight hours and administering 100
      mg of aspirin per day. The IBH group received 300 mg of aspirin per day and
      underwent IBH (12,500 U). Both groups received intravenous prostaglandin E1 drips
      (10 MUg). To verify the factors affecting the success rate of the heparin
      protocol, patient factors, clinical factors, and operative factors were extracted
      from the medical records. Statistical analysis with inverse probability of
      treatment weights propensity score methods compared treatment outcomes and
      clinical variables.The CCH group's replantation success rate was higher (91.17%
      vs 59.25%), and the transfusion rate was increased (P = 0.032). However, the
      significant decrease in hemoglobin levels (>15%) did not differ between the
      groups (P = 0.108). Multivariable logistic regression analysis with potent
      univariate variables (P < .10) revealed that CCH was a statistically significant
      variable in replantation success rate (P = 0.004). Neither the major bleeding
      complications nor the significant decrease in patients' platelet levels were
      observed in both groups.Our study suggests that CCH after artery-only anastomosis
      replantation surgery in Zone I and II distal digital replantation is a safe
      method to improve the replantation success rate and may provide a guideline for
      use of the anticoagulation method following artery-only anastomosis distal
      digital replantation surgery. 

PMID- 27367998
TI  - Recovery 3 and 12 months after hysterectomy: epidemiology and predictors of
      chronic pain, physical functioning, and global surgical recovery.
AB  - Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is 1 important aspect of surgical recovery. To
      improve perioperative care and postoperative recovery knowledge on predictors of
      impaired recovery is essential. The aim of this study is to assess predictors and
      epidemiological data of CPSP, physical functioning (SF-36PF, 0-100), and global
      surgical recovery (global surgical recovery index, 0-100%) 3 and 12 months after
      hysterectomy for benign indication.A prospective multicenter cohort study was
      performed. Sociodemographic, somatic, and psychosocial data were assessed in the
      week before surgery, postoperatively up to day 4, and at 3- and 12-month follow
      up. Generalized linear model (CPSP) and linear-mixed model analyses (SF-36PF and
      global surgical recovery index) were used. Baseline data of 468 patients were
      collected, 412 (88%) patients provided data for 3-month evaluation and 376 (80%)
      patients for 12-month evaluation.After 3 and 12 months, prevalence of CPSP
      (numeric rating scale >= 4, scale 0-10) was 10.2% and 9.0%, respectively, SF-36PF
      means (SD) were 83.5 (20.0) and 85.9 (20.2), global surgical recovery index 88.1%
      (15.6) and 93.3% (13.4). Neuropathic pain was reported by 20 (5.0%) patients at 3
      months and 14 (3.9%) patients at 12 months. Preoperative pain, surgery-related
      worries, acute postsurgical pain on day 4, and surgery-related infection were
      significant predictors of CPSP. Baseline level, participating center, general
      psychological robustness, indication, acute postsurgical pain, and surgery
      related infection were significant predictors of SF-36PF. Predictors of global
      surgical recovery were baseline expectations, surgery-related worries, American
      Society of Anesthesiologists classification, type of anesthesia, acute
      postsurgical pain, and surgery-related infection.Several predictors were
      identified for CPSP, physical functioning, and global surgical recovery. Some of
      the identified factors are modifiable and optimization of patients' preoperative
      pain status and psychological condition as well as reduction of acute
      postsurgical pain and surgery-related infection may lead to improvement of
      outcome. 

PMID- 27367999
TI  - Learning curve for single-incision laparoscopic resection of right-sided colon
      cancer by complete mesocolic excision.
AB  - Single-incision laparoscopic surgery is cosmetically beneficial, but technically
      challenging. In this study, the learning curve (LC) for single-incision
      laparoscopic right hemicolectomy (SILRC), incorporating complete mesocolic
      excision to resect right-sided colon cancer, was investigated through
      multidimensional techniques. Between December 2009 and May 2015, 64 patients each
      underwent SILRC of right-sided colon cancer at Severance Hospital, performed in
      all instances by the same surgeon. Moving average and cumulative sum control
      chart (CUSUM) were used for LC analyses retrospectively. Surgical failure was
      defined as conversion to conventional laparoscopic surgery, postsurgical
      morbidity within 30 days, harvested lymph node count <12, or local tumor
      recurrence. Both moving average and CUSUM graphics of operative time registered
      nadirs at the 24th patient, with slight ascent thereafter, reaching a plateau at
      the 40th patient. The CUSUM for surgical success peaked at the 23rd patient.
      Operative time for 23 patients in phase 1 (1-23) and for 41 patients in phase 2
      (24-64) of the LC did not differ significantly. By comparison, significant
      differences in patients of phase 2 included larger tumor size, higher harvested
      lymph node counts, longer proximal resection margins, and more advanced disease.
      As indicated by multidimensional statistical analyses, the LC for SILRC of right
      sided colon cancer was 23 patients. In terms of operative time and surgical
      success, SILRC is feasible for surgeons experienced in LS, but may prove more
      challenging for novices, given the fundamental technical difficulties of this
      procedure. 

PMID- 27368000
TI  - Efficacy of oral ketamine compared to midazolam for sedation of children
      undergoing laceration repair: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of oral ketamine versus oral midazolam for
      sedation during laceration repair at a pediatric emergency department. METHODS:
      Children between 1 and 10 years requiring laceration repair were randomly
      assigned to 2 groups, treated either with oral midazolam (0.7 mg/kg) or with oral
      ketamine (5 mg/kg).Main outcomes measured were level of pain during local
      anesthesia, as assessed by the parent on a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) and
      the number of children who required intravenous sedation. Secondary outcomes
      included VAS by physician, pain assessment by child, maximal sedation depth
      assessed by the University of Michigan Sedation Scale, time until University of
      Michigan Sedation Scale 2 or more, general satisfaction of a parent and treating
      physician, length of procedure, total sedation time, and the incidence of any
      adverse events. RESULTS: Sixty-eight children were recruited of which 33 were
      girls. Average age was 5.08 +/- 2.14 years. Thirty-seven children were treated
      with ketamine and 31 with midazolam. Parent-assessed VAS in ketamine treated
      patients was 5.07 +/- 0.75 compared with 3.68 +/- 0.7 in midazolam treated
      patients [mean difference = 1.39 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.47 to 3.26].
      Twelve (32%) of the children treated with ketamine required the addition of IV
      sedation compared to only 2 children (6%) of the children treated with midazolam
      [odds ratio (adjusted for age and gender) 6.1, 95% CI: 1.2 to 30.5]. The rest of
      the measured variables were similar between the groups, with no statistical
      significance. DISCUSSION: No difference in the level of pain was found between
      ketamine and midazolam treated patients. Compared with oral midazolam (0.7
      mg/kg), oral ketamine (5 mg/kg) was associated with higher rates of sedation
      failure, and thus is not recommended as a single agent for oral sedation in
      children requiring laceration repair.

PMID- 27368001
TI  - Primary cellulitis and cutaneous abscess caused by Yersinia enterocolitica in an
      immunocompetent host: A case report and literature review.
AB  - Primary extraintestinal complications caused by Yersinia enterocolitica are
      extremely rare, especially in the form of skin and soft-tissue manifestations,
      and little is known about their clinical characteristics and treatments. We
      presented our case and reviewed past cases of primary skin and soft-tissue
      infections caused by Y enterocolitica. We report a case of primary cellulitis and
      cutaneous abscess caused by Y enterocolitica in an immunocompetent 70-year-old
      woman with keratodermia tylodes palmaris progressiva. She presented to an
      outpatient clinic with redness, swelling, and pain of the left ring finger and
      left upper arm without fever or gastrointestinal symptoms 3 days before
      admission. One day later, ulceration of the skin with exposed bone of the
      proximal interphalangeal joint of the left ring finger developed, and cefditoren
      pivoxil was described. However, she was admitted to our hospital due to
      deterioration of symptoms involving the left finger and upper arm. Cefazolin was
      initiated on admission, then changed to sulbactam/ampicillin and vancomycin with
      debridement of the left ring finger and drainage of the left upper arm abscess.
      Wound culture grew Y enterocolitica serotype O:8 and methicillin-sensitive
      Staphylococcus aureus. Blood cultures were negative and osteomyelitis was ruled
      out. Vancomycin was switched to ciprofloxacin, then skin and soft-tissue
      manifestations showed clear improvement within a few days. The patient received
      14 days of ciprofloxacin and oral amoxicillin/clavulanate and has since shown no
      recurrence. We reviewed 12 cases of primary skin and soft-tissue infections
      caused by Y enterocolitica from the literature. In several past cases, portal
      entry involved failure of the skin barrier on distal body parts. Thereafter,
      infection might have spread to the regional lymph nodes from the ruptured skin. Y
      enterocolitica is typically resistant to aminopenicillins and narrow-spectrum
      cephalosporins. In most cases, these inefficient antibiotic agents were initially
      prescribed, but patient conditions rapidly improved after implementing
      appropriate therapy and drainage. In addition, primary skin and soft-tissue
      infections occurred even in patients lacking risk factors. Physicians should
      consider the rare differential diagnosis of Y enterocolitica infection when
      seeing patients with deteriorating skin lesions under standard treatment, even if
      the patient is immunocompetent. 

PMID- 27368002
TI  - The content of mutant EGFR DNA correlates with response to EGFR-TKIs in lung
      adenocarcinoma patients with common EGFR mutations.
AB  - This study aimed to elucidate the association of the content of mutant epidermal
      growth factor receptor (EGFR) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with the treatment
      response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and survival in patients with
      lung cancer.This retrospective cohort study included 77 lung adenocarcinoma
      patients with common EGFR mutations from December 2012 to February 2015. The
      content of mutant EGFR DNA in lung cancer tissues was determined using an
      Amplification Refractory Mutation System. The association of the amount of mutant
      EGFR DNA with treatment response, the clinical variables, and the progression
      free survival (PFS) after EGFR-TKI therapy were evaluated.Using the amount of
      mutant EGR DNA above 4.77% as the cut-off value, the sensitivity to predict EGFR
      TKI responder is 82.0% and the specificity is 75.0% (area under the curve [AUC]:
      0.734, P = 0.003). The high content of mutant EGFR DNA is an independent factor
      associated with the response to EGFR-TKIs (odds ratio: 13.07, 95% confidence
      interval [CI]: 3.23-52.11, P = 0.0003). A significantly longer PFS was observed
      in the group with the high content of mutant EGFR DNA (26.3 months, 95% CI: 12.2
      26.3) compared with the low content of mutant EGFR DNA groups (12.3 months, 95%
      CI: 5.7-14.8, P = 0.0155). A better predictive value of the content of mutant
      EGFR DNA was noted in patients with exon 19 deletions (AUC: 0.892, P < 0.0001)
      than exon 21 L858R mutations (AUC: 0.675, P = 0.0856).Our results show that the
      content of mutant EGFR DNA is associated with the clinical response to EGFR-TKIs,
      especially in patients with exon 19 deletions mutation. 

PMID- 27368003
TI  - Role of p53 isoforms and aggregations in cancer.
AB  - p53 is a master regulatory protein that is involved in diverse cellular metabolic
      processes such as apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell cycle arrest. The protective
      function of p53 (in its homotetrameric form) as a tumor suppressor is lost in
      more than 50% of human cancers.Despite considerable experimental evidence
      suggesting the presence of multiple p53 states, it has been difficult to
      correlate the status of p53 with cancer response to treatments and clinical
      outcomes, which suggest the importance of complex but essential p53 regulatory
      pathways.Recent studies have indicated that the expression pattern of p53
      isoforms may play a crucial role in regulating normal and cancer cell fates in
      response to diverse stresses. The human TP53 gene encodes at least 12 p53
      isoforms, which are produced in normal tissue through alternative initiation of
      translation, usage of alternative promoters, and alternative splicing.
      Furthermore, some researchers have suggested that the formation of mutant p53
      aggregates may be associated with cancer pathogenesis due to loss-of function
      (LoF), dominant-negative (DN), and gain-of function (GoF) effects.As different
      isoforms or the aggregation state of p53 may influence tumorigenesis, this review
      aims to examine the correlation of p53 isoforms and aggregation with cancer. 

PMID- 27368004
TI  - One-year adherence to oral antihyperglycemic medication and risk prediction of
      patient outcomes for adults with diabetes mellitus: An observational study.
AB  - Medication adherence is essential in preventing adverse intermediate outcomes,
      but little is known on hard outcomes. The aims of this study were to determine
      the 1-year adherence to oral antihyperglycemic drugs (OADs) and to predict the
      risk of subsequent health outcomes among (non)adherent patients with
      diabetes.Using a large Swiss healthcare claims database from 2011 to 2014, we
      identified all patients aged >=18 years with diabetes and treated with at least 1
      OAD prescription. Adherence to OADs was measured as the proportion of days
      covered (PDC) over 1 year and subdivided into 2 categories: adherent (PDC >=
      80%), nonadherent (PDC < 80%). We estimated the relative risk of hospitalization
      and mortality at follow-up using multivariate Cox proportional hazard
      models.Based on a sample of 26,713 patients, adherence to OADs was quite low: 42%
      of the patients achieved a PDC of >=80% during the 1-year observation period. A
      7% reduction in the hospitalization risk and a 10% reduction in the risk of
      mortality could be observed in adherent patients compared to nonadherent patients
      (hazard ratio [HR], 0.93 [95% CI, 0.89-0.97]; HR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.82-0.99]).
      Subgroup analysis showed that an intensified diabetes therapy had no significant
      influence on the risk of both outcomes in adherent patients.Poor medication
      adherence increases the risk of subsequent hospitalizations and premature
      mortality in patient with diabetes, regardless of disease severity and
      comorbidities. This emphasizes the need for an earlier identification of patients
      with poor medication adherence. The awareness of physicians and patients
      regarding the importance of adherence in diabetes treatment should be increased. 

PMID- 27368005
TI  - Comparative effectiveness of incretin-based therapies and the risk of death and
      cardiovascular events in 38,233 metformin monotherapy users.
AB  - There is limited comparative effectiveness evidence to guide approaches to
      managing diabetes in individuals failing metformin monotherapy. Our aim was to
      compare the incidence of all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular
      events (MACEs) among new metformin monotherapy users initiating a dipeptidyl
      peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP
      1RA), sulfonylurea (SU), thiazolidinedione, or insulin.We conducted a cohort
      study using the UK-based Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Participants
      included a cohort of 38,233 new users of metformin monotherapy who initiated a
      2nd antidiabetic agent between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2012 with follow
      up until death, disenrollment, therapy discontinuation, or study end-date. A
      subcohort of 21,848 patients with linked hospital episode statistics (HES) and
      Office of National Statistics (ONS) data were studied to include MACE and
      cardiovascular-related death. The primary exposure contrasts, defined a priori,
      were initiation of a DPP4i versus an SU and initiation of a GLP-1RA versus an SU
      following metformin monotherapy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to
      assess the relative differences in time to mortality and MACE between exposure
      contrasts, adjusting for important baseline patient factors and comedications
      used during follow-up.The main study cohort consisted of 6213 (16%) patients who
      initiated a DPP4i, 25,916 initiated an SU (68%), 4437 (12%) initiated a TZD, 487
      (1%) initiated a GLP-1RA, 804 (2%) initiated insulin, and 376 (1%) initiated a
      miscellaneous agent as their 2nd antidiabetic agent. Mean age was 62 years, 59%
      were male, and mean glycated hemoglobin was 8.8% (92.6 mmol/mol). Median follow
      up was 2.7 years (interquartile range 1.3-4.2). Mortality rates were 8.2
      deaths/1000 person-years for DPP4i and 19.1 deaths/1000 person-years for SU
      initiators. Adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) for mortality in DPP4i versus SU
      initiators = 0.58, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.73, P < 0.001. MACE rates were 19.1/1000
      person-years for DPP4i initiators, 15.9/1000 person-years for GLP1-RA initiators
      versus 33.1/1000 person-years for SU initiators (aHR: DPP4i vs SU initiators =
      0.64, 95%CI 0.52-0.80; GLP1RA vs SU initiators = 0.73, 95% CI 0.34-1.55).In this
      cohort of metformin monotherapy users, 2nd-line DPP4i use was associated with a
      42% relative reduction in all-cause mortality and 36% reduction in MACE versus
      SUs, the most common 2nd-line therapy in our study. GLP-1RAs were not associated
      with adverse events in this cohort. 

PMID- 27368006
TI  - Pleural LDH as a prognostic marker in adenocarcinoma lung with malignant pleural
      effusion.
AB  - To study the performance of serum and pleural lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level
      in predicting survival in patients with adenocarcinoma lung presenting with
      malignant pleural effusions (MPE) at initial diagnosis.Retrospective cohort study
      of the patient hospitalized for adenocarcinoma lung with MPE in year
      2012.Univariate analyses showed lower pleural fluid LDH 667 (313-967) versus 971
      (214-3800), P = 0.04, female gender 9 (100%) versus 27 (41.5%), P = 0.009, never
      smoking status 9 (100%) versus 36 (55.3%), P = 0.009, and epidermal growth factor
      receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) therapy 8 (89%) versus 26 (40%), P
      = 0.009 to correlate with survival of more than 1.7 year versus less than 1.7
      year. In multivariate analysis, low pleural fluid LDH and female gender
      maintained significance. The pleural LDH level of <=1500 and >1500 U/L
      discriminated significantly (P = 0.009) between survival.High pleural LDH (>1500
      IU/L) predicts shorter survival (less than a year) in patients with
      adenocarcinoma lung presenting with MPE at the time of initial diagnosis. This
      marker may be clinically applied for selecting therapeutic modality directed at
      prevention of reaccumulation of MPE. Patients with low pleural LDH may be
      considered suitable for measures that provide more sustained effect on prevention
      of reaccumulation such as chemical pleurodesis or tunneled pleural catheter. 

PMID- 27368007
TI  - Early analysis of surrogate endpoints for metastatic melanoma in immune
      checkpoint inhibitor trials.
AB  - Recent major phase III trials led to the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors
      (ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab) in metastatic malignant melanoma (MM).
      We aim to assess whether median progression-free survival, and 1 and 2-year
      overall survival (OS) rates are reliable surrogate endpoints for median OS
      through a meta-analysis of published trials involving immunotherapy. A systematic
      literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS of published
      phase II to III trials with immunotherapy as the treatment for MM was conducted.
      Adjusted weighted linear regression was used to calculate Pearson correlations
      (R) between surrogates and median OS, and between treatment effects on surrogates
      and median OS. A total of 13 studies involving 3373 patients with MM were
      identified. The correlation of progression-free survival with OS was not
      significant (R = 0.45, P = .11). Conversely, the correlation between 1-year OS
      and median OS was very strong (R = 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84-0.96,
      P < .00001), as was the correlation between 2-year OS and OS (R = 0.79, 95% CI
      0.51-0.91, P = .0001). The correlation between the treatment effects on 1-year OS
      and OS was also significant (R = -0.86, 95% CI -0.3 to 0.97, P = .01). Similar
      results were obtained for 2-year OS. According to the available study data, 1
      year OS rate could be regarded as a potential surrogate for median OS in novel
      immunotherapy trials of metastatic MM. Waiting for ongoing studies (e.g.,
      pembrolizumab), we suggest that this intermediate endpoint could be considered as
      a potential primary endpoint in future clinical trials. 

PMID- 27368008
TI  - Increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in multiple sclerosis: A nationwide
      cohort study.
AB  - Past studies have shown inconsistent results on whether there is an association
      between multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis. To investigate the
      possible relationship between the 2 autoimmune diseases, we performed a
      nationwide cohort study utilizing the National Health Insurance Research Database
      and the Registry of Catastrophic Illness.A total of 1456 newly diagnosed patients
      with MS and 10,362 control patients were matched for age, sex, and initial
      diagnosis date. Patients with MS had a higher incidence of rheumatoid arthritis
      (age-adjusted standardized incidence ratio: 1.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.01
      2.91). There was a positive correlation in being diagnosed with rheumatoid
      arthritis in patients previously diagnosed with MS when stratified by sex and
      age. The strength of this association remained statistically significant after
      adjusting for sex, age, and smoking history (hazard ratio: 1.78, 95% confidence
      interval = 1.24-2.56, P = 0.002).In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a
      diagnosis of MS increased the likelihood of a subsequent diagnosis of rheumatoid
      arthritis in patients, independent of sex, age, and smoking history. 

PMID- 27368009
TI  - Retrospective cohort evaluation on risk of pneumonia in patients with pulmonary
      tuberculosis.
AB  - Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTb) and pneumonia are diseases that may exist
      concomitantly. Population study investigating the subsequent pneumonia
      development in PTb patients is limited. This study compares the risk of pneumonia
      between cohorts with and without PTb.We used the claims data of the Taiwan
      National Health Insurance to identify a cohort with PTb (N = 3417) newly
      diagnosed in 2000-2006 without pneumonia history, and a randomly selected
      comparison cohort (N = 6834) free of PTb and pneumonia, frequency matched by
      propensity score. Incidence rates and hazard ratios of pneumonia were calculated
      by sex, age, and comorbidity starting in the 7th month after the cohorts being
      established until the end of 2011.We found the incidence of pneumonia to be 1.9
      fold higher in the PTb cohort than in the PTb free cohort (51.6 vs 27.0 per 1000
      person-years). The PTb cohort had a Cox method estimated adjusted hazard ratio of
      2.14 (95% confidence interval = 1.96-2.32). We also found that the risk was
      greater for men than for women, but lower for young adults aged 20-39 years.
      Comorbidity interacted with PTb by aggravating the pneumonia risk, particularly
      for those with asthma. For PTb patients comorbid with asthma, the pneumonia
      incidence was 2.5-fold higher than for PTb patients free of comorbidities (75.9
      vs 29.3 per 1000 person-years).Our results display that PTb patients have an
      elevated risk of developing pneumonia. Adequate follow-up should be provided to
      the PTb patients, especially those with comorbidity. 

PMID- 27368010
TI  - Therapeutic approach to IgG4-related disease: A systematic review.
AB  - To review the reported evidence on the therapeutic management of IgG4-related
      disease (IgG4-RD) in clinical practice.A systematic search of the literature was
      conducted. The primary outcome measured was the rate of efficacy of first-line
      therapeutic approaches. Secondary outcomes measured included the rate of disease
      relapse, the outcome of untreated patients, the rate of patients without drug
      therapy at the end of follow-up, the rate of side effects, and mortality. The
      MOOSE, AHRQ, STROBE, and GRACE recommendations/statements were followed.The
      results of the systematic search strategy yielded 62 studies that included a
      total of 3034 patients. Complete information about first-line therapeutic
      regimens was detailed in 1952 patients, including glucocorticoid-based regimens
      in 1437 (74%), drug-free regimens in 213 (11%), and other therapies in 38 (2%).
      No therapy (wait and see management) was reported in 264 (13%) patients. The
      efficacy of monotherapy with glucocorticoids was specified in 1220 patients, of
      whom 97% had a therapeutic response. Relapses, however, were reported in 464/1395
      (33%) patients despite typically short follow-up periods. Therapeutic efficacy
      was reported in 219/231 (95%) of relapses treated with glucocorticoids, 56/69
      (81%) of those treated with azathioprine, 16/22 (72%) of those treated with other
      immunosuppressive agents, and in the 9 cases treated with rituximab (100%). In 14
      studies, the authors detailed the outcome of 159/246 patients with wait-and-see
      management; spontaneous improvement or resolution was reported in 68 (43%) cases.
      Wide heterogeneity was observed with respect to the first-line therapeutic
      approaches used for the different organ-specific disease subsets, including
      significant differences in the mean dose of glucocorticoids used.Nearly 70% of
      reported IgG4-RD patients are treated with oral glucocorticoids in monotherapy.
      However, the therapeutic management is heavily influenced by geographical,
      epidemiological, and clinical factors, especially with respect to the predominant
      organ affected. The frequency of glucocorticoid failure to induce sustained
      remissions both during and after treatment and the assessment of glucocorticoid
      toxicity in IgG4-RD require further study. 

PMID- 27368011
TI  - CT findings in viral lower respiratory tract infections caused by parainfluenza
      virus, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.
AB  - Viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) can present with a variety of
      computed tomography (CT) findings. However, identifying the contribution of a
      particular virus to CT findings is challenging due to concomitant infections and
      the limited data on the CT findings in viral LRTIs. We therefore investigate the
      CT findings in different pure viral LRTIs.All patients who underwent
      bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and were diagnosed with LRTIs caused by
      parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus, or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
      between 1998 and 2014 were enrolled in a tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea.
      A pure viral LRTI was defined as a positive viral culture from BAL without any
      positive evidence from respiratory or blood cultures, or from polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR), or from serologic tests for bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, or
      other viruses.CT images of 40 patients with viral LRTIs were analyzed: 14 with
      PIV, 14 with influenza virus, and 12 with RSV. Patch consolidation (>=1 cm or
      more than 1 segmental level) was found only in PIV (29%) (P = 0.03), by which CT
      findings caused by PIV could resemble those seen in bacterial LRTIs. Ground-glass
      opacities were seen in all cases of influenza virus and were more frequent than
      in PIV (71%) and RSV (67%) (P = 0.05). Bronchial wall thickening was more common
      in influenza virus (71%) and RSV (67%) LRTIs than PIV LRTIs (21%) (P = 0.02).
      With respect to anatomical distribution, PIV infections generally affected the
      lower lobes (69%), while influenza virus mostly caused diffuse changes throughout
      the lungs (57%), and RSV frequently formed localized patterns in the upper and
      mid lobes (44%).The CT findings in LRTIs of PIV, influenza virus, and RSV can be
      distinguished by certain characteristics. These differences could be useful for
      early differentiation of these viral LRTIs, and empirical use of appropriate
      antiviral agents. 

PMID- 27368012
TI  - Double-low protocol for hepatic dynamic CT scan: Effect of low tube voltage and
      low-dose iodine contrast agent on image quality.
AB  - The radiation-induced carcinogenesis from computed tomography (CT) and iodine
      contrast agent induced nephropathy has attracted international attention. The
      reduction of the radiation dose and iodine intake in CT scan is always a
      direction for researchers to strive. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      the feasibility of a "double-low" (i.e., low tube voltage and low-dose iodine
      contrast agent) scanning protocol for dynamic hepatic CT with the adaptive
      statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) in patients with a body mass index
      (BMI) of 18.5 to 27.9 kg/m.A total of 128 consecutive patients with a BMI between
      18.5 and 27.9 kg/m were randomly assigned into 3 groups according to tube
      voltage, iodine contrast agent, and reconstruction algorithms. Group A (the
      "double-low" protocol): 100 kVp tube voltage with 40% ASIR, iodixanol at 270 mg
      I/mL, group B: 120 kVp tube voltage with filtered back projection (FBP),
      iodixanol at 270 mg I/ mL, and group C: 120 kVp tube voltage with FBP, ioversol
      at 350 mg I/ mL.The volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and effective dose (ED) in
      group A were lower than those in group B and C (all P < 0.01). The iodine intake
      in group A was decreased by approximately 26.5% than group C, whereas no
      statistical difference was observed between group A and B (P > 0.05). There was
      no significant difference of the CT values between group A and C (P > 0.05),
      which both showed higher CT values than that in group B (P < 0.001). However, no
      statistic difference was observed in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), the
      signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and image-quality scores among the 3 groups (all P >
      0.05). Near-perfect consistency of the evaluation for group A, B, and C (Kenall's
      W = 0.921, 0.874, and 0.949, respectively) was obtained by the 4 readers with
      respect to the overall image quality.These results suggested that the "double
      low" protocol with ASIR algorithm for multi-phase hepatic CT scan can
      dramatically decrease radiation dose and iodine intake with adequate image
      quality in patients with BMI of 18.5 to 27.9 kg/m. 

PMID- 27368013
TI  - Severe hyponatremia caused by nab-paclitaxel-induced syndrome of inappropriate
      antidiuretic hormone secretion: A case report in a patient with metastatic
      pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is increasing. Most patients
      have advanced disease at diagnosis and therapeutic options in this setting are
      limited. Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel regimen was demonstrated to increase
      survival compared with gemcitabine monotherapy and is therefore indicated as
      first-line therapy in patients with metastatic PDAC and performance status
      Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 0-2. The safety profile of gemcitabine
      and nab-paclitaxel combination includes neutropenia, fatigue, and neuropathy as
      most common adverse events of grade 3 or higher. No case of severe hyponatremia
      associated with the use of nab-paclitaxel for the treatment of PDAC has been
      reported to date.We report the case of a 72-year-old Caucasian man with a
      metastatic PDAC treated with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel regimen, who
      presented with a severe hyponatremia (grade 4) caused by a documented syndrome of
      inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). This SIADH was attributed
      to nab-paclitaxel after a rigorous imputability analysis, including a rechallenge
      procedure with dose reduction. After dose and schedule adjustment, nab-paclitaxel
      was pursued without recurrence of severe hyponatremia and with maintained
      efficacy.Hyponatremia is a rare but potentially severe complication of nab
      paclitaxel therapy that medical oncologists and gastroenterologists should be
      aware of. Nab-paclitaxel-induced hyponatremia is manageable upon dose and
      schedule adaptation, and should not contraindicate careful nab-paclitaxel
      reintroduction. This is of particular interest for a disease in which the
      therapeutic options are limited. 

PMID- 27368014
TI  - Infective endocarditis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A multicenter,
      prospective, cohort study.
AB  - Infective endocarditis (IE) complicating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a
      poorly known entity. Although current guidelines do not recommend IE antibiotic
      prophylaxis (IEAP) in HCM, controversy remains.This study sought to describe the
      clinical course of a large series of IE HCM and to compare IE in HCM patients
      with IE patients with and without an indication for IEAP.Data from the GAMES IE
      registry involving 27 Spanish hospitals were analyzed. From January 2008 to
      December 2013, 2000 consecutive IE patients were prospectively included in the
      registry. Eleven IE HCM additional cases from before 2008 were also studied.
      Clinical, microbiological, and echocardiographic characteristics were analyzed in
      IE HCM patients (n = 34) and in IE HCM reported in literature (n = 84). Patients
      with nondevice IE (n = 1807) were classified into 3 groups: group 1, HCM with
      native-valve IE (n = 26); group 2, patients with IEAP indication (n = 696); group
      3, patients with no IEAP indication (n = 1085). IE episode and 1-year follow-up
      data were gathered.One-year mortality in IE HCM was 42% in our study and 22% in
      the literature. IE was more frequent, although not exclusive, in obstructive HCM
      (59% and 74%, respectively). Group 1 exhibited more IE predisposing factors than
      groups 2 and 3 (62% vs 40% vs 50%, P < 0.01), and more previous dental procedures
      (23% vs 6% vs 8%, P < 0.01). Furthermore, Group 1 experienced a higher incidence
      of Streptococcus infections than Group 2 (39% vs 22%, P < 0.01) and similar to
      Group 3 (39% vs 30%, P = 0.34). Overall mortality was similar among groups (42%
      vs 36% vs 35%, P = 0.64).IE occurs in HCM patients with and without obstruction.
      Mortality of IE HCM is high but similar to patients with and without IEAP
      indication. Predisposing factors, previous dental procedures, and streptococcal
      infection are higher in IE HCM, suggesting that HCM patients could benefit from
      IEAP. 

PMID- 27368015
TI  - Cerebral ischemic events in patients with pancreatic cancer: A retrospective
      cohort study of 17 patients and a literature review.
AB  - Stroke is a dramatic complication of pancreatic cancer with mechanisms related to
      oncological disease. A better description of the characteristics of
      cerebrovascular events would help better understand the pathogeny and protect
      vulnerable patients. We thus conducted a descriptive analysis of clinical,
      biological, and radiological features of patients from our centers and
      literature.We reviewed consecutive cases of patients who presented
      cerebrovascular events and pancreatic cancer in 4 stroke units in Lorrain
      (France) between January 1, 2009 and March 31, 2015, and all reported cases of
      literature. We identified 17 cases in our centers and 18 reported cases. Fifty
      seven per cent of patients were male. Median age was 63 +/- 14 years and ranged
      from 23 to 81 years. All cerebral events were ischemic. At the onset of stroke,
      pancreatic cancer had already been diagnosed in 59% of the patients in our
      centers for a mean time of 5.4 months. Five of them (29%) were being treated with
      gemcitabine and 2 (12%) with folfirinox. Adenocarcinoma at metastatic stage was
      reported in 82% of cases overall. Brain imaging revealed disseminated infarctions
      in 64%. High median levels of D-dimer (7600 +/- 5 * 10 MUg/L), C-reactive protein
      (63 +/- 43 mg/L), and elevated prothrombin time (19 +/- 6 seconds) were found.
      Thirty-six per cent of patients explored with echocardiography were diagnosed
      with nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis. Ten of our patients received
      anticoagulant therapy as secondary stroke prevention without any documented
      recurrence. Nevertheless, outcome was poor with a median survival time of 28 +/-
      14 days after stroke onset. Cerebral ischemic events occur at advanced stages of
      pancreatic cancer, most likely by a thromboembolic mechanism. Disseminated
      infarctions and high D-dimer, C-reactive protein levels, and a high prothrombin
      time are the most constant characteristics found in this context. All patients
      should be screened for nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis as this etiology
      supports the use of anticoagulant therapy. 

PMID- 27368017
TI  - Role of galectin-3 and plasma B type-natriuretic peptide in predicting prognosis
      in discharged chronic heart failure patients.
AB  - Galectin-3 demonstrated to be a robust independent marker of cardiovascular mid
      term (18-month) outcome in heart failure (HF) patients. The objective of this
      study was to analyze the value of a predischarged determination of plasma
      galectin-3 alone and with plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in predicting
      mid-term outcome in frequent-flyers (FF) HF (>=2 hospitalization for
      HF/year)/dead patients discharged after an acute decompensated HF (ADHF)
      episode.All FF chronic HF subjects discharged alive after an ADHF were enrolled.
      All patients underwent a determination of BNP and galectin-3, a 6-minute walk
      test, and an echocardiogram within 48 hours upon hospital discharge. Death by any
      cause, cardiac transplantation, and worsening HF requiring readmission to
      hospital were considered cardiovascular events.Eighty-three patients (67 males,
      age 73.2 +/- 8.6 years old) were analyzed (mean follow-up 11.6 +/- 5.2 months;
      range 4-22 months). During the follow-up 38 events (45.7%) were scheduled: (13
      cardiac deaths, 35 rehospitalizations for ADHF). According to medical history, in
      33 patients (39.8%) a definition of FF HF patients was performed (range 2-4
      hospitalization/year). HF patients who suffered an event (FF or death)
      demonstrated more impaired ventricular function (P = 0.037), higher plasma BNP (P
      = 0.005), and Gal-3 at predischarge evaluation (P = 0.027). Choosing adequate cut
      off points (BNP >= 500 pg/mL and Gal-3 >= 17.6 ng/mL), the Kaplan-Meier curves
      depicted the powerful stratification using BNP + Gal-3 in predicting clinical
      course at mid-term follow-up (log rank 5.65; P = 0.017).Adding Gal-3 to BNP, a
      single predischarge strategy testing seemed to obtain a satisfactorily predictive
      value in alive HF patients discharged after an ADHF episode. 

PMID- 27368016
TI  - Interleukin-10 -1082 G/A gene polymorphisms in Egyptian children with CAP: A case
      control study.
AB  - Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of death
      worldwide. Cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of CAP. To date, only a few
      studies concerned the association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene polymorphisms
      with CAP.In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the -1082(G/A)
      polymorphism in the promoter region of the IL-10 gene is involved in
      susceptibility to and the outcome of CAP, and we also measured the serum level of
      IL-10 to assess its relation to such polymorphism.This was a case-control study
      included 100 patients with CAP, and matched with age, gender, and ethnicity of
      100 healthy control children. IL-10 -1082(G/A) gene polymorphism was genotyped by
      polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, while the
      serum IL-10 levels were measured by ELISA method.Compared to the controls
      subjects, the frequencies of the IL-10 -1082 AA genotype and A allele were
      observed to be overrepresented in patients with CAP (51%; odds ratio [OR] = 2.8;
      95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-5.3 for the AA genotype; P < 0.01) and (70%;
      OR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.27-3.00 for the A allele; P < 0.01, respectively). We found
      that patients with the GG genotype had significantly higher serum IL-10 levels
      (46.7 +/- 9.5 pg/mL) compared to those with AG genotype (21.8 +/- 4.5 pg/mL) and
      AA genotype (11.5 +/- 3.3 pg/mL); P < 0.01, respectively. Our data revealed a
      significant positive association between the -1082 GG genotype and susceptibility
      to severe sepsis, acute respiratory failure, and hospital mortality (OR: 3.8; 95%
      CI: 1.3-11.2; P < 0.01).We demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our
      knowledge, that IL-10 -1082 (G/A) gene polymorphism may contribute to
      susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children. Moreover, we observed that the
      presence of a G allele or GG genotype at the -1082 position of the promoter
      region of the IL-10 gene constitute risk factors for developing severe sepsis,
      acute respiratory failure, and hospital mortality among patients with CAP. 

PMID- 27368018
TI  - Appendectomy correlates with increased risk of pyogenic liver abscess: A
      population-based cohort study in Taiwan.
AB  - Little is known on the association between appendectomy and pyogenic liver
      abscess. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between
      appendectomy and the risk of pyogenic liver abscess in Taiwan.This population
      based retrospective cohort study was conducted using the hospitalization dataset
      of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program. There were 212,530 subjects age
      20 to 84 years with newly diagnosed appendectomy as the appendectomy group since
      1998 to 2010, and 850,099 randomly selected subjects without appendectomy as the
      nonappendectomy group. Both appendectomy and nonappendectomy groups were matched
      with sex, age, comorbidities, and index year of diagnosing appendectomy. The
      incidence of pyogenic liver abscess at the end of 2011 was estimated in both
      groups. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model was applied
      to investigate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for risk of
      pyogenic liver abscess associated with appendectomy and other comorbidities
      including alcoholism, biliary stone, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver
      diseases, and diabetes mellitus.The overall incidence of pyogenic liver abscess
      was 1.73-fold greater in the appendectomy group than that in the nonappendectomy
      group (3.85 vs 2.22 per 10,000 person-years, 95% CI 1.71, 1.76). The
      multivariable regression analysis disclosed that the adjusted HR of pyogenic
      liver abscess was 1.77 for the appendectomy group (95% CI 1.59, 1.97), when
      compared with the nonappendectomy group.Appendectomy is associated with increased
      hazard of pyogenic liver abscess. Further studies remain necessary to confirm our
      findings. 

PMID- 27368019
TI  - Association between psychiatric disorders and osteoarthritis: a nationwide
      longitudinal population-based study.
AB  - Although the association between depressive disorders and osteoarthritis (OA) has
      been studied, the association of other psychiatric disorders with OA remains
      unclear. Here, we investigated whether psychiatric disorders are risk factors for
      OA.The data were obtained from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 of
      Taiwan. We collected the ambulatory care claim records of patients who were
      diagnosed with psychiatric disorders according to the International
      Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)
      codes between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2008. The prevalence and adjusted
      hazard ratios (HRs) of osteoarthritis among patients with psychiatric disorders
      and the control cohort were estimated.Of 74,393 patients with psychiatric
      disorders, 16,261 developed OA during the 7-year follow-up period. The crude HR
      for OA was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.49), which was higher than
      that of the control cohort. The adjusted HR for OA was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.39-1.42)
      among patients with psychiatric disorders during the 7-year follow-up period.
      Further analysis revealed that affective psychoses, neurotic illnesses or
      personality disorders, alcohol and drug dependence or abuse, and other mental
      disorders were risk factors for OA.This large-scale longitudinal population-based
      study revealed that affective psychoses, personality disorders, and alcohol and
      drug dependence or abuse are risk factors for OA. 

PMID- 27368020
TI  - Relation between injury of the periaqueductal gray and central pain in patients
      with mild traumatic brain injury: Observational study.
AB  - The periaqueductal gray (PAG) plays a pivotal role in pain modulation. We
      attempted to examine the relation between injury of the PAG and central pain in
      patients with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI).Sixty-one patients with mild TBI
      with central pain and 31 healthy control subjects were recruited for this study.
      Visual analog scale (VAS) was used for evaluation of central pain. The region of
      interest was defined for the PAG and the fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent
      diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured.The FA value was significantly lower in
      the patient group than in the control group (P < 0.05). However, no significant
      difference in the ADC value was observed between the patient and control groups
      (P > 0.05). VAS score of the patient group showed significant moderate negative
      correlation with the FA (r = -0.38), while no significant correlation was
      observed between VAS score and the ADC value (P < 0.05).We demonstrated injury of
      the PAG in patients with central pain following mild TBI and the degree of injury
      of the PAG was closely related to the degree of central pain. 

PMID- 27368021
TI  - Radiofrequency thermocoagulation for V2/V3 idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia:
      effect of treatment temperatures on long-term clinical outcomes: A Cohort Study.
AB  - Radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) is widely used to treat trigeminal
      neuralgia (TN); however, the optimal temperature at which RFT is most efficacious
      remains under much debate. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine
      the lowest temperature at which morbidity could be minimized and patient outcomes
      maximized.A multivariate analysis was used to study 1354 patients who underwent
      computed tomography (CT)-guided RFT for V2/V3 idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia
      (ITN) during from June 2006 to May 2015. RFT was carried out at 62, 65, and 68
      degrees C, while keeping all other RF parameters the same. This was a prospective
      cohort study, in which we assessed intra- and postoperative complications, pain
      relief, and long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL).The intraoperative
      and in-hospital complications of patients were mainly facial hematoma, mouth and
      external auditory meatus penetration, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache,
      which were all treated symptomatically. In long-term follow-up, patients with
      pain relief (defined as no pain and no required drug intervention) at 62, 65, and
      68 degrees C accounted for 94.2%, 98.3%, and 98.8% (at discharge); 83.8%, 90.1%,
      and 91.4% (at 1 year); 66.7%, 80.5%, and 88.2% (at 3 years); 59.0%, 64.3%, and
      77.2% (at 5 years); 48.7%, 57.8%, and 72.3% (at 7 years); 40.6%, 53.7%, and 60.3%
      (at 9 years), respectively. The number of patients with facial numbness,
      masticatory atonia, or corneal hypoesthesia was increased with the elevation of
      temperature, but these complications were all mild. No blindness, deafness,
      intracranial hemorrhage, or death as a result of the surgical intervention
      occurred in any patients. SF-36 scores showed highest HRQoL in the group treated
      at 68 degrees C, followed by the 65 and 62 degrees C groups, respectively.Our
      results demonstrate that 68 degrees C is a good choice for RFT of V2/V3 ITN. The
      alternative option is 65 or 62 degrees C for RFT to minimize the occurrence of
      complications including facial numbness, yet which often yields a higher
      recurrence rate. 

PMID- 27368022
TI  - Spontaneous remission of membranous glomerulonephritis with successful fetal
      outcome: A case report and literature review.
AB  - Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) represents an immunologically mediated
      disease characterized by deposition of immune complexes in the glomerular
      subepithelial space. Persistent proteinuria at diagnosis predicts poor prognosis.
      Pregnancy with MGN is a risk of fetal loss and may worsen maternal renal
      function.Here, we report a lady with MGN and proteinuria achieved spontaneous
      remission and successful fetal outcome naive to any medications. The 26-year old
      woman had 1-year history of persistent proteinuria (5.5-12.56 g/24 hours) and
      biopsy-proven MGN. Histopathological characteristics included glomerular basement
      membrane spikes, subepithelial monoclonal IgG immunofluorescence, and diffuse
      electron dense deposits. She was sticking to a regular morning exercise routine
      without any medications. After successful delivery of a full-term baby girl, the
      mother had improved proteinuria (0.56 g/24 hours) and albuminuria (351.96 g/24
      hours contrasting 2281.6 g/24 hours before pregnancy). The baby had normal height
      and body weight at 4 months old.We identified more pregnancies with MGN in 5 case
      reports and 5 clinical series review articles (7-33 cases included). Spontaneous
      remission of maternal MGN with good fetal outcome rarely occurred in mothers on
      immunosuppressive therapy.Mothers naive to immunosuppressive therapy may achieve
      spontaneous remission of maternal membranous glomerulonephritis and successful
      fetal outcome. Theoretically, fetus might donate stem cells to heal mother's
      kidney. 

PMID- 27368023
TI  - Devastating renal outcome caused by skin infection with methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus: A case report.
AB  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging pathogen that
      infects the skin and soft tissue. However, there are few reports of renal
      complications from MRSA involving immunoglobulin (Ig)A-dominated rapidly
      progressive glomerulonephritis (GN). Favorable renal outcomes from IgA GN are
      achieved by administering timely therapy. In the present study, we describe the
      case of a healthy young woman suffering from a cutaneous MRSA infection that
      initially presented with gross hematuria. Six months after eradicating the
      infection, severe impairment of renal function was noted because of intractable
      nausea and vomiting. Renal pathology revealed advanced IgA nephropathy with
      fibrocellular crescent formation. An aggressive treatment plan using
      immunosuppressants was not adopted because of her irreversible renal pathology,
      and she was therefore administered maintenance hemodialysis.This instructive case
      stresses the importance of being aware of the signs of IgA nephropathy post-MRSA
      infection, such as cutaneous lesions that are mostly painless and accompanied by
      hematuria and mild proteinuria. If the kidney cannot be salvaged, it will undergo
      irreversible damage with devastating consequences. 

PMID- 27368024
TI  - Increased risk of osteoporosis in patients with erectile dysfunction: A
      nationwide population-based cohort study.
AB  - In this study, we aimed to investigate the risk of osteoporosis in patients with
      erectile dysfunction (ED) by analyzing data from the Taiwan National Health
      Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). From the Taiwan NHIRD, we analyzed data on
      4460 patients aged >=40 years diagnosed with ED between 1996 and 2010. In total,
      17,480 age-matched patients without ED in a 1:4 ratio were randomly selected as
      the non-ED group. The relationship between ED and the risk of osteoporosis was
      estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. During the follow-up
      period, 264 patients with ED (5.92%) and 651 patients without ED (3.65%)
      developed osteoporosis. The overall incidence of osteoporosis was 3.04-fold
      higher in the ED group than in the non-ED group (9.74 vs 2.47 per 1000 person
      years) after controlling for covariates. Compared with patients without ED,
      patients with psychogenic and organic ED were 3.19- and 3.03-fold more likely to
      develop osteoporosis. Our results indicate that patients with a history of ED,
      particularly younger men, had a high risk of osteoporosis. Patients with ED
      should be examined for bone mineral density, and men with osteoporosis should be
      evaluated for ED. 

PMID- 27368025
TI  - Social isolation and cancer management after the 2011 triple disaster in
      Fukushima, Japan: A case report of breast cancer with patient and provider delay.
AB  - Breast cancer patients may present with patient delay or experience provider
      delay-2 factors which can lead to a late-stage diagnosis and poor prognosis. Mass
      disasters drastically change social structures, and have the potential to
      contribute to these delays. However, there is little information available on
      patient and provider delay related to cancer after disasters. In March 2011, an
      earthquake, followed by a tsunami and nuclear accident struck Fukushima, Japan.
      In July 2014, a 59 year-old Japanese widow, living alone, presented to our
      hospital with a lump and pain in her right breast, which had originally appeared
      in April 2011 and continuously deteriorated for 3 years and 3 months. She was
      diagnosed with stage IIIB right breast cancer. Detailed history revealed that she
      was exposed to social isolation in the aftermath of the disasters due to
      evacuation of her friends and daughter. Although she regularly saw her general
      practitioner, she did not disclose her breast symptoms for 1 year and 5 months,
      at which time she was falsely diagnosed with intercostal neuralgia. She did not
      seek further medical attention for the breast symptoms for another 1 year and 10
      months, despite multiple clinic visits for unrelated reasons. The present
      disasters, particularly the nuclear disaster, seem to have led to the social
      isolation of local residents, reducing their opportunities to discuss health
      concerns with others and seek subsequent medical attention.This case highlights
      that social isolation may contribute to patient and provider delay in breast
      cancer patients, as accentuated in this disaster setting. 

PMID- 27368026
TI  - The clinical usefulness of a web-based messaging system between patients with
      Crohn disease and their physicians.
AB  - To avoid missing events associated with clinical activity, the authors previously
      developed a novel, web-based, self-reporting Crohn disease (CD) symptom diary.
      However, although this diary provided a means of self-checking based on responses
      to set questions based on Harvey-Bradshaw index scores, it was limited in terms
      of describing other specific symptoms. Thus, the authors added a space to the
      questionnaire, which allows patients to send clinicians questions or a
      description of unpredictable events. The aim of the present study was to assess
      the clinical usefulness of this messaging system by analyzing patients'
      messages.The messaging system between patients and their doctors was included in
      a webpage created for recording patients' symptom diaries (www.cdsd.or.kr). Using
      this system, patients can send messages easily at any time and doctors can read
      and respond to these messages immediately using a smart phone or computer. In the
      present study, the authors retrospectively reviewed 686 messages sent by 152
      patients from July 2012 to July 2014 and patient medical records.Mean patient age
      was 29.0 +/- 11.6 years and the male-to-female ratio was 99:53. Most messages
      regarded symptoms (381 messages, 55.5%), which was followed by self-reports about
      general condition (195 messages, 28.4%) and questions about treatment (71
      messages, 10.3%). With respect to symptoms, abdominal pain was most common (145
      cases, 21.1%) followed by hematochezia (36 cases, 5.2%). Problems about
      medication were the most frequently associated with treatment (65, 91.5%).
      Patients above 40 years showed a greater tendency to focus on symptoms and
      treatment (P = 0.025). The doctor answer rate was 56.3% (n = 386), and based on
      these responses, an early visit was needed in 28 cases (7.3%).Using this web
      based messaging system, patients were able to obtain proper advice from their
      physicians without visiting clinics or searching the Internet, and in addition,
      7.3% of messages prompted an early visit. Although longer follow-up is required,
      this study shows that the devised messaging system provides a clinically relevant
      communication tool for patients and physicians. 

PMID- 27368027
TI  - A cohort study of relationship between serum calcium levels and cerebral
      microbleeds (CMBs) in ischemic stroke patients with AF and/or RHD.
AB  - Calcium is an essential element for life and has cerebroprotective property in
      stroke patients. Low serum calcium levels were found to be related to large
      hematoma volumes in intracerebral hemorrhagic patients and hemorrhagic
      transformation in ischemic stroke patients after thrombolysis. However, their
      impact on hemorrhage-prone small vessel disease represented by cerebral
      microbleeds (CMBs) is uncertain. We aim to investigate whether low serum calcium
      levels are associated with presence and location of CMBs.Ischemic stroke patients
      with atrial fibrillation (AF) and/or rheumatic heart disease admitted to our
      hospital were consecutively and prospectively enrolled. Demographic and clinical
      information were collected and analyzed according to the occurrence and location
      of CMBs, and levels of serum calcium. We used logistic regression analysis to
      estimate the multivariable adjusted relationship between serum calcium levels and
      the presence or location of CMBs.Among the 67 patients (28 males; mean age, 67.3
      years) in the final analysis, 39 (58.2%) were found to have CMBs. After
      adjustment for age, sex, smoking habits, drinking habits, and renal impairment,
      the presence of CMBs and deep CMBs was, respectively, 4.96- and 4.83-fold higher
      in patients with lower serum calcium levels (<=2.15 mmol/L) than in patients with
      higher serum calcium levels.Lower serum calcium levels (<=2.15 mmol/L) are
      independently associated with the presence of CMBs and deep CMBs in ischemic
      stroke patients with AF and/or rheumatic heart disease, which should be verified
      and extended in large cohorts, with other types of stroke patients and the
      general population. 

PMID- 27368028
TI  - Value of MR histogram analyses for prediction of microvascular invasion of
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - The objective is to explore the value of preoperative magnetic resonance (MR)
      histogram analyses in predicting microvascular invasion (MVI) of hepatocellular
      carcinoma (HCC).Fifty-one patients with histologically confirmed HCC who
      underwent diffusion-weighted and contrast-enhanced MR imaging were included.
      Histogram analyses were performed and mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, 1th,
      10th, 50th, 90th, and 99th percentiles were derived. Quantitative histogram
      parameters were compared between HCCs with and without MVI. Receiver operating
      characteristics (ROC) analyses were generated to compare the diagnostic
      performance of tumor size, histogram analyses of apparent diffusion coefficient
      (ADC) maps, and MR enhancement.The mean, 1th, 10th, and 50th percentiles of ADC
      maps, and the mean, variance. 1th, 10th, 50th, 90th, and 99th percentiles of the
      portal venous phase (PVP) images were significantly different between the groups
      with and without MVI (P <0.05), with area under the ROC curves (AUCs) of 0.66 to
      0.74 for ADC and 0.76 to 0.88 for PVP. The largest AUC of PVP (1th percentile)
      showed significantly higher accuracy compared with that of arterial phase (AP) or
      tumor size (P <0.001).MR histogram analyses-in particular for 1th percentile for
      PVP images-held promise for prediction of MVI of HCC. 

PMID- 27368029
TI  - Identification of an N staging system that predicts oncologic outcome in resected
      left-sided pancreatic cancer.
AB  - In this study, we investigated which N staging system was the most accurate at
      predicting survival in pancreatic cancer patients.Lymph node (LN) metastasis is
      known to be one of the important prognostic factors in resected pancreatic
      cancer. There are several LN evaluation systems to predict oncologic impact.From
      January 1992 to December 2014, 77 medical records of patients who underwent
      radical pancreatectomy for left-sided pancreatic cancer were reviewed
      retrospectively. Clinicopathologic variables including pN stage, total number of
      retrieved LNs (N-RLN), lymph node ratio (LNR), and absolute number of LN
      metastases (N-LNmet) were evaluated. Disease-free survival (DFS) and disease
      specific survival (DSS) were analyzed according to these 4 LN staging systems.In
      univariate analysis, pN stage (pN0 vs pN1: 17.5 months vs 7.9 months, P = 0.001),
      LNR (<0.08 vs >=0.08: 17.5 months vs 4.4 months, P < 0.001), and N-LNmet (#N = 0
      vs #N = 1 vs #N>=2: 17.5 months vs 11.0 months vs 6.4 months, P = 0.002) had a
      significant effect on DFS, whereas the pN stage (pN0 vs pN1: 35.3 months vs 16.7
      months, P = 0.001), LNR (<0.08 vs >=0.08: 37.1 months vs 15.0 months, P < 0.001),
      and N-LNmet (#N = 0 vs #N = 1 vs #N>=2: 35.3 months vs 18.4 months vs 16.4
      months, P = 0.001) had a significant effect on DSS. In multivariate analysis, N
      LNmet (#N>=2) was identified as an independent prognostic factor of oncologic
      outcome (DFS and DSS: Exp (beta) = 2.83, P = 0.001, and Exp (beta) = 3.17, P =
      0.001, respectively).Absolute number of lymph node metastases predicted oncologic
      outcome in resected left-sided pancreatic cancer patients. 

PMID- 27368030
TI  - Dosimetric evaluation of incidental irradiation to the axilla during whole breast
      radiotherapy for patients with left-sided early breast cancer in the IMRT era.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the dosimetric parameters for incidental
      irradiation to the axilla during whole breast radiotherapy (WBRT) with 3
      dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy
      (IMRT). Twenty left breast cancer patients treated with WBRT after breast
      conserving surgery (BCS) were enrolled in this study. Remnant breast tissue, 3
      levels of the axilla, heart, and lung were delineated. We used 2 different
      radiotherapy methods: 3D-CRT with field-in-field technique and 7-field fixed-beam
      IMRT. The target coverage of IMRT was significantly better than that of 3D-CRT
      (Dmean: 49.72 +/- 0.64 Gy vs 50.24 +/- 0.66 Gy, P < 0.001; V45: 93.19 +/- 1.40%
      vs 98.59 +/- 0.30%, P < 0.001; V47.5: 86.43 +/- 2.72% vs 95.00 +/- 0.02%, P <
      0.001, for 3D-CRT and IMRT, respectively). In the IMRT plan, a lower dose was
      delivered to a wider region of the heart and lung. Significantly lower axillary
      irradiation was shown throughout each level of axilla by IMRT compared to 3D-CRT
      (Dmean for level I: 42.58 +/- 5.31 Gy vs 14.49 +/- 6.91 Gy, P < 0.001; Dmean for
      level II: 26.25 +/- 10.43 Gy vs 3.41 +/- 3.11 Gy, P < 0.001; Dmean for level III:
      6.26 +/- 4.69 Gy vs 1.16 +/- 0.51 Gy, P < 0.001; Dmean for total axilla: 33.9 +/-
      6.89 Gy vs 9.96 +/- 5.21 Gy, P < 0.001, for 3D-CRT and IMRT, respectively). In
      conclusion, the incidental dose delivered to the axilla was significantly lower
      for IMRT compared to 3D-CRT. Therefore, IMRT, which only includes the breast
      parenchyma, should be cautiously used in patients with limited positive sentinel
      lymph nodes and who do not undergo complete axillary lymph node dissection. 

PMID- 27368031
TI  - Atrial fibrillation per se was a major determinant of global left ventricular
      longitudinal systolic strain.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) may cause systolic abnormality via inadequate diastolic
      filling and tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Global longitudinal strain (GLS)
      is a very sensitive method for detecting subtle left ventricular systolic
      dysfunction. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate whether AF patients had a more
      impaired GLS, AF was a major determinant of GLS, and determine the major
      correlates of GLS in AF patients.The study included 137 patients with persistent
      AF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) above 50% and 137 non-AF
      patients matched according to age, gender, and LVEF. Comprehensive
      echocardiography with GLS assessment was performed for all cases.Compared with
      non-AF patients, AF patients had a more impaired GLS, a larger left atrial volume
      index, higher transmitral E wave velocity (E), and early diastolic mitral
      velocity (Ea) (all P < 0.001) but comparable E/Ea. After adjustment for baseline
      and echocardiographic characteristics, the presence of AF remained significantly
      associated with impaired GLS (beta = 0.533, P < 0.001). In addition, multivariate
      analysis of AF patients indicated that faster heart rates and decreased E, Ea,
      and LVEF were associated with more impaired GLS.This study demonstrated that AF
      patients had a more impaired GLS than non-AF patients, although LVEF was
      comparable between the 2 groups. AF was a major determinant of GLS even after
      adjustment for relevant clinical and echocardiographic parameters. 

PMID- 27368032
TI  - Intermittent nasal carriage with Staphylococcus aureus within a menstrual cycle:
      Results from a prospective cohort of healthy carriers.
AB  - Female sex hormones have been related to nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in
      healthy individuals; however, whether nasal staphylococcal carriage varies by
      menstrual cycle phase remains unknown.We sampled anterior nares of female
      healthcare workers twice per week for 6 consecutive menstrual cycles. We used
      mixed-effects Poisson regression models to determine whether intermittent
      carriage was associated with cycle phases in a given individual. We also
      performed recurrent event survival analysis to identify host factors linked to
      incident carriage status.Overall, we collected 754 nasal swabs over 89
      consecutive person-cycles from 14 intermittent carriers. In 84 ovulation-defined
      menstrual cycles (715 swabs), the period prevalence of staphylococcal carriage
      was 58.7%, 63.1%, and 64.9% in the follicular, periovulatory, and luteal phases,
      respectively; these differences were not statistically significant after
      multivariable adjustment and correction for within-person correlation (adjusted
      relative risk [RR]-periovulatory 0.92, P: 0.30; luteal 1.00, P: 0.98).Using
      survival analysis, we identified several host factors that were associated with
      incident loss, gain of colonization, or both. For example, as compared to women
      aged 20 to 30 years, those aged 30 to 40 years were less likely to losing
      carriage (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09, 0.80) but
      were as likely to regaining carriage (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.21, 1.34). In
      comparison, being underweight (body mass index [BMI] <18.5) was significantly
      associated with a higher risk for regaining (HR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.34, 1.51) and
      losing (HR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.12) colonization, indicating the alternating
      tendency for status changes. Personal hygiene behaviors, such as nostril
      cleansing habit and methods, differentially affected carriers' risk for losing or
      regaining staphylococcal colonization.Using an intensive sampling scheme, we
      found that nasal staphylococcal carriage could vary substantially over time in
      healthy carriers. Yet, such dynamic intraperson changes in carriage status did
      not depend on menstrual cycle phases but were associated with host age, BMI, and
      personal hygiene behavior. 

PMID- 27368033
TI  - Recovery of consciousness and an injured ascending reticular activating system in
      a patient who survived cardiac arrest: A case report.
AB  - We report on a patient who survived cardiac arrest and showed recovery of
      consciousness and an injured ARAS at the early stage of hypoxic-ischemic brain
      injury (HI- BI) for 3 weeks, which was demonstrated by diffusion tensor
      tractography (DTT).A 52-year-old male patient who had suffered cardiac arrest
      caused by acute coronary syndrome was resuscitated immediately by a layman and
      paramedics for ~25 minutes. He was then transferred immediately to the emergency
      room of a local medical center. When starting rehabilitation at 2 weeks after
      onset, his consciousness was impaired, with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8
      and Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (GRS-R) score of 8. He underwent comprehensive
      rehabilitative therapy, including drugs for recovery of consciousness. He
      recovered well and rapidly so that his consciousness had recovered to full scores
      in terms of GCS:15 and GRS-R:23 at 5 weeks after onset.The left lower dorsal and
      right lower ventral ARAS had become thicker on 5-week DTT compared with 2-week
      DTT (Fig. 1B). Regarding the change of neural connectivity of the thalamic ILN,
      increased neural connectivity to the basal forebrain and prefrontal cortex was
      observed in both hemispheres on 5-week DTT compared with 2-week DTT.Recovery of
      an injured ARAS was demonstrated in a patient who survived cardiac arrest and his
      consciousness showed rapid and good recovery for 3 weeks at the early stage of HI
      BI. 

PMID- 27368034
TI  - Short-term starvation with a near-fatal asthma attack induced ketoacidosis in a
      nondiabetic pregnant woman: A case report.
AB  - Life-threatening refractory metabolic acidosis due to starvation ketoacidosis is
      rarely reported, even among nondiabetic pregnant women, and may be overlooked.
      Furthermore, stressful situations may increase the acidosis severity.In the
      present case, a nondiabetic multiparous woman was admitted for a near-fatal
      asthma attack and vomiting during the third trimester of pregnancy. She was
      intubated and rapidly developed high anion gap metabolic acidosis. We diagnosed
      the patient with starvation ketoacidosis based on vomiting with concomitant
      periods of stress during pregnancy and the absence of other causes of high anion
      gap metabolic acidosis. She responded poorly to standard treatment, although the
      ketoacidosis and asthma promptly resolved after an emergency caesarean section.
      The patient and her baby were safely discharged.Short-term starvation, if it
      occurs during periods of stress and medication, can result in life-threatening
      ketoacidosis, even among nondiabetic women during the third trimester of
      pregnancy. Awareness of this condition may facilitate prompt recognition and
      proactive treatment for dietary and stress control, and emergent interventions
      may also improve outcomes. 

PMID- 27368035
TI  - Diffuse alveolar damage in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis under prolonged
      leflunomide treatment: A Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often have pulmonary involvement, and
      interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the primary manifestation, in which diffuse
      alveolar damage (DAD) is a rare histopathologic pattern. Leflunomide (LEF) is a
      frequently prescribed disease-modifying antirheumatic drug for treating RA. LEF
      related ILD in the form of DAD has been reported in patients with RA, with the
      duration of LEF treatment before symptom onset ranging from 6 to 1204 days.We
      present a case of elderly woman with RA under prolonged LEF treatment for >9
      years (3291 days), who had acute respiratory failure with the initial
      presentation of exertional dyspnea, fever, chills, and productive cough for 2
      days. The histopathologic result of surgical lung biopsy was compatible with DAD.
      She was diagnosed as having LEF-related ILD, based on correlated clinical
      history, compatible histopathologic examination and excluding possible infection
      after extensive survey.Although the causative role of LEF cannot be confirmed,
      this case still hints that LEF-related DAD may occur even if LEF has been
      prescribed for a prolonged period. 

PMID- 27368036
TI  - Reversibility of albuminuria and continuous positive airway pressure compliance
      in patients of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
AB  - A positive correlation between albuminuria and severity of obstructive sleep
      apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been demonstrated, as indexed by urine albumin-to
      creatinine ratios (UACRs). However, the effect of continuous positive airway
      pressure (CPAP) treatment on albuminuria in OSAS patients has not been
      established.Sixty subjects, with apnea-hypopnea indices >15 events per hour and
      no other diagnoses associated with albuminuria, underwent overnight
      polysomnography for sleep apnea and were examined for UACR at baseline and after
      6 months of CPAP therapy. CPAP compliance rates were also recorded.Significant
      improvement in UACR was found in OSAS patients with good compliance to CPAP
      treatment after 6 months of therapy (baseline vs 6-month follow-up, 32.0 +/- 9.5
      vs 19.2 +/- 6.5 mg/g, respectively, P = 0.007), whereas slight worsening in UACRs
      was noted in patients with poor compliance to CPAP treatment (baseline vs 6-month
      follow-up, respectively, 16.7 +/- 4.4 vs 19.1 +/- 6.3 mg/g, respectively, P =
      0.39). Change in UACR was significant between poor compliance versus good
      compliance groups (2.4 +/- 2.7 vs -12.8 +/- 4.4 mg/g, respectively, t = 2.9, P =
      0.005). A significant correlation between improvement in UACR and CPAP compliance
      rates was also noted (Spearman's correlation coefficient: -0.37, P = 0.007).
      Baseline UACR, good CPAP compliance, and body mass index were independent
      predictors of changes in UACR.Adequate CPAP treatment improves albuminuria in
      OSAS patients. In addition to monitoring CPAP adherence and subjective
      sleepiness, UACR may offer an objective physiological index of CPAP therapeutic
      effectiveness. 

PMID- 27368037
TI  - Extra-axial isolated cerebral varix misdiagnosed as convexity meningioma: A case
      report and review of literatures.
AB  - Isolated cerebral varix is a rare cerebrovascular anomaly, which is easily
      misdiagnosed as other brain tumors.A 59-year-old female patient with
      noncontributory medical history presented with headache and insomnia for the last
      2 months. Upon admission, her neurological examination was unremarkable. Magnetic
      resonance imaging revealed a well-demarcated extra medullary mass, 11 * 11 mm in
      size, within the subdural space at the right frontal lobe. The lesion was
      initially interpreted as a convexity meningioma. After conducting a craniotomy on
      the patient, an extra-axial varix was exposed and resected subsequently. The
      patient's headache was resolved soon after surgery and charged without neurologic
      sequelae.Extra-axial isolated cerebral varix is mimicking convexity meningioma on
      MR images and should be considered as a differential diagnosis. The focal erosion
      in the inner table of the skull could be an important character of extra-axial
      isolated cerebral varix. An extremely round shape and smooth contour of the
      lesion was another important character. Isolated cerebral varix is rare vascular
      lesion that is treated surgically in the case of rupture or compression of
      adjacent structures. The information obtained with noninvasive imaging techniques
      should include CTA to make a clinical decision. 

PMID- 27368038
TI  - CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles are not associated with clinical outcome of
      clopidogrel therapy in patients treated with newer-generation drug-eluting
      stents.
AB  - CYP2C19 loss-of-function (LOF) alleles adversely affect clinical outcome of
      clopidogrel therapy. Recent introduction of a newer-generation drug-eluting stent
      (DES) has significantly reduced the occurrence of stent thrombosis.The aim of
      this study was to evaluate the impact of CYP2C19 LOF alleles on clinical outcome
      in patients treated with the newer-generation DES.The effects of CYP2C19
      genotypes were evaluated on clinical outcome of clopidogrel therapy in 2062
      patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention using either first
      generation DES (sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stent, n = 1349) or newer
      generation DES (everolimus- and zotarolimus-eluting stent, n = 713). The primary
      clinical outcome was major cardiac and cerebrovascular event (MACCE) including
      cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and stent thrombosis
      during 1 year of follow-up.CYP2C19 LOF alleles were significantly associated with
      a higher risk of MACCE in patients treated with first-generation DES (hazard
      ratio [HR] 2.599, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.047-6.453; P = 0.034). In
      contrast, CYP2C19 LOF alleles were not associated with primary outcome in newer
      generation DES (HR 0.716, 95% CI 0.316-1.622; P = 0.522). In the further
      multivariate analysis, CYP2C19 LOF alleles were not associated with MACCE in
      patients receiving newer-generation DES (adjusted HR 0.540, 95% CI 0.226-1.291; P
      = 0.166), whereas they were demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for
      MACCE in those implanted with first-generation DES (adjusted HR 3.501, 95% CI
      1.194-10.262; P = 0.022).In contradiction to their clinical impact in first
      generation DES era, CYP2C19 LOF alleles may not affect clinical outcome of
      clopidogrel therapy in patients treated with newer-generation DES. 

PMID- 27368039
TI  - Association of a high normalized protein catabolic rate and low serum albumin
      level with carpal tunnel syndrome in hemodialysis patients.
AB  - Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common mononeuropathy in patients with
      end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The association between chronic inflammation and
      CTS in hemodialysis (HD) patients has rarely been investigated. HD patients with
      a high normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) and low serum albumin level
      likely have adequate nutrition and inflammation. In this study, we assume that a
      low serum albumin level and high nPCR is associated with CTS in HD patients. We
      recruited 866 maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients and divided them into 4
      groups according to their nPCR and serum albumin levels: (1) nPCR <1.2 g/kg/d and
      serum albumin level <4 g/dL; (2) nPCR >=1.2 g/kg/d and serum albumin level <4
      g/dL; (3) nPCR <1.2 g/kg/d and serum albumin level >=4 g/dL; and (4) nPCR >=1.2
      g/kg/d and serum albumin level >=4 g/dL. After adjustment for related variables,
      HD duration and nPCR >=1.2 g/kg/d and serum albumin level <4 g/dL were positively
      correlated with CTS. By calculating the area under the receiver-operating
      characteristic curve, we calculated that the nPCR and HD duration cut-off points
      for obtaining the most favorable Youden index were 1.29 g/kg/d and 7.5 years,
      respectively. Advance multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that in
      MHD patients, nPCR >=1.29 g/kg/d and serum albumin <4 g/dL, and also HD duration
      >7.5 years were associated with CTS. A high nPCR and low serum albumin level,
      which likely reflect adequate nutrition and inflammation, were associated with
      CTS in MHD patients. 

PMID- 27368040
TI  - Predictive factors for hospitalization of nonurgent patients in the emergency
      department.
AB  - Nonurgent emergency department (ED) patients are a controversial issue in the era
      of ED overcrowding. However, a substantial number of post-ED hospitalizations
      were found, which prompted for investigation and strategy management. The
      objective of this study is to identify risk factors for predicting the subsequent
      hospitalization of nonurgent emergency patients. This was a retrospective study
      of a database of adult nontrauma ED visits in a medical center for a period of 12
      months from January 2013 to December 2013. Patient triages as either Taiwan
      Triage and Acuity Scale (TTAS) level 4 or 5 were considered "nonurgent." Basic
      demographic data, primary and secondary diagnoses, clinical parameters including
      blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and chief complaint category in
      TTAS were analyzed to determine if correlation exists between potential
      predictors and hospitalization in nonurgent patients.A total of 16,499 nonurgent
      patients were included for study. The overall hospitalization rate was 12.47 %
      (2058/16,499). In the multiple logistic regression model, patients with
      characteristics of males (odds ratio, OR = 1.37), age more than 65 years old (OR
      = 1.56), arrival by ambulance (OR = 2.40), heart rate more than 100/min (OR =
      1.47), fever (OR = 2.73), and presented with skin swelling/redness (OR = 4.64)
      were predictors for hospitalization. The area under receiver-operator calibration
      curve (AUROC) for the prediction model was 0.70. Nonurgent patients might still
      be admitted for further care especially in male, the elderly, with more secondary
      diagnoses, abnormal vital signs, and presented with dermatologic complaints.
      Using the TTAS acuity level to identify patients for diversion away from the ED
      is unsafe and will lead to inappropriate refusal of care for many patients
      requiring hospital treatment. 

PMID- 27368041
TI  - A prospective study of freezing of gait with early Parkinson disease in Chinese
      patients.
AB  - This study investigated the risk factors for freezing of gait (FOG) in the early
      stage of Parkinson disease in China, using a sample of 248 patients who were
      followed for 3 years. Part III of the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale and
      the modified Hoehn-Yahr grading scale were used to evaluate the severity of motor
      symptoms. Nonmotor symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating
      Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and Non-Motor Symptoms Scale
      (NMSS). The end-point was the presence of FOG at the end of follow-up; patients
      with FOG were classified as freezers. The risk factors for FOG were analyzed at
      the end of the first, second, and third years after baseline. There were 40
      freezers (16.13%) 1 year later, 98 (39.52%) 2 years later, and 128 (51.61%) 3
      years later. FOG 3 years later was associated with the following variables:
      depression (P = 0.003), older age, living in the countryside, lower education,
      akinetic-rigid style, lower limbs as site of onset, early use of levodopa, higher
      daily dose of levodopa, and not using amantadine or selegiline and dopamine
      receptor agonists (P < 0.001). Early use of amantadine, selegiline, and dopamine
      receptor agonists was negatively related to FOG (P < 0.001). Binary logistic
      regression found that FOG was associated with lower education (odds ratio [OR] =
      0.012, P < 0.001), akinetic-rigid style (OR = 4.881, P = 0.024), not using
      dopamine receptor agonists (OR = 4.324, P = 0.035), cognitive disturbances (OR =
      0.331, P = 0.007), and sleep disorders (OR = 2.418, P = 0.036). However, the
      cardiovascular domain of the NMSS (OR = 2.729, P = 0.001) was the only risk
      factor for FOG 1 year later. Two years later, FOG was associated with mixed style
      (OR = 0.189, P = 0.005), lower limbs as site of onset (OR = 4.772, P = 0.008),
      not using dopamine receptor agonists (OR = 0.031, P < 0.001), and the
      anxiety/somatic domain of the HAMD (OR = 0.596, P = 0.033). Scores at baseline,
      patients with Parkinson disease were more likely to experience FOG if: they were
      older, or from the countryside; had an akinetic-rigid style, anxiety, or higher
      NMSS scores; they used levodopa early or did not use amantadine or selegiline;
      their lower limbs were the site of onset; or they had more severe motor
      disability or higher HAMD scores at baseline. 

PMID- 27368042
TI  - Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis in Spain: Case reports of 17 prospective cases.
AB  - Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis is an uncommon condition with very few series
      and <90 cases reported in the literature. The aim of the study was to analyze the
      epidemiological, clinical, and outcome characteristics of 17 cases of T. whipplei
      endocarditis recruited in our country from a multicentric cohort from 25 Spanish
      hospitals from the Spanish Collaboration on Endocarditis-Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo
      de la Endocarditis infecciosa en Espana.From a total of 3165 cases included in
      the cohort, 14.2% were diagnosed of blood culture negative endocarditis (BCNE)
      and 3.5% of these had T. whipplei endocarditis. This condition was more frequent
      in men. The average age was 60.3 years. Previous cardiac condition was present in
      35.3% of the cases. The main clinical manifestation was cardiac failure (76.5%)
      while fever was only present in the 35.3%. Ecocardiography showed vegetations in
      64.7% of patients. Surgery was performed in all but 1 cases and it allowed the
      diagnosis when molecular assays were performed. A broad range rRNA 16S polymerase
      chain reaction was used for first instance in all laboratories and different
      specific targets for T. whipplei were employed for confirmation. A concomitant
      Whipple disease was diagnosed in 11.9% of patients. All patients received
      specific antimicrobial treatment for at least 1 year, with no relapse and
      complete recovery.T. whipplei endocarditis is an uncommon condition with an
      atypical presentation that must be considered in the diagnosis of BCNE. The
      prognosis is very good when an appropriate surgical management and antimicrobial
      specific treatment is given. 

PMID- 27368043
TI  - Effect of RAAS blockers on adverse clinical outcomes in high CVD risk subjects
      with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized
      controlled trials.
AB  - Recent studies have demonstrated that atrial fibrillation significantly increases
      the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in high cardiovascular disease risk
      subjects. Application of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers for
      prevention of recurrence of atrial fibrillation and adverse clinical outcomes in
      subjects with atrial fibrillation is a theoretically appealing concept. However,
      results of clinical trials evaluating the effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
      blockers on adverse clinical outcomes in high cardiovascular disease risk
      subjects with atrial fibrillation remain inconclusive.A pooled study of 6
      randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of renin-angiotensin
      aldosterone blockers on subjects with atrial fibrillation was performed.A total
      of 6 randomized controlled trials enrolled a total of 53,510 patients followed
      for 1 to 5 years. RAAS blockade therapy was associated with 14% reduction in the
      incidence of heart failure (OR: 0.86, [95%CI: 0.76- 0.97], P=0.018) and 17%
      reduction in the incidence of CVE (OR: 0.83, [95%CI: 0.70-0.99], P = 0.038). The
      corresponding decline in absolute risk against heart failure (ARR: 1.4%, [95%CI:
      0.2-2.6%], P = 0.018) and CVE (ARR: 3.5%, [95%CI: 0.0-6.9%], P = 0.045) in the AF
      group was much higher than the non-AF group for heart failure (ARR: 0.4%, [95%CI:
      0.0-0.7%], P = 0.057) and CVE (ARR: 1.6%, [95%CI: -0.1% to 3.3%], P = 0.071). No
      significant effect was noted on all-cause or cardiovascular mortality, stroke, or
      myocardial infarction.This study suggests that RAAS blockade offers protection
      against heart failure and cardiovascular events in high cardiovascular disease
      risk subjects with atrial fibrillation. 

PMID- 27368044
TI  - Pathophysiological and diagnostic implications of cardiac biomarkers and
      antidiuretic hormone release in distinguishing immersion pulmonary edema from
      decompression sickness.
AB  - Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) is a misdiagnosed environmental illness caused by
      water immersion, cold, and exertion. IPE occurs typically during SCUBA diving,
      snorkeling, and swimming. IPE is sometimes associated with myocardial injury
      and/or loss of consciousness in water, which may be fatal. IPE is thought to
      involve hemodynamic and cardiovascular disturbances, but its pathophysiology
      remains largely unclear, which makes IPE prevention difficult. This observational
      study aimed to document IPE pathogenesis and improve diagnostic reliability,
      including distinguishing in some conditions IPE from decompression sickness
      (DCS), another diving-related disorder.Thirty-one patients (19 IPE, 12 DCS)
      treated at the Hyperbaric Medicine Department (Ste-Anne hospital, Toulon, France;
      July 2013-June 2014) were recruited into the study. Ten healthy divers were
      recruited as controls. We tested: (i) copeptin, a surrogate marker for
      antidiuretic hormone and a stress marker; (ii) ischemia-modified albumin, an
      ischemia/hypoxia marker; (iii) brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP), a marker of heart
      failure, and (iv) ultrasensitive-cardiac troponin-I (cTnI), a marker of
      myocardial ischemia.We found that copeptin and cardiac biomarkers were higher in
      IPE versus DCS and controls: (i) copeptin: 68% of IPE patients had a high level
      versus 25% of DCS patients (P < 0.05) (mean +/- standard-deviation: IPE: 53 +/-
      61 pmol/L; DCS: 15 +/- 17; controls: 6 +/- 3; IPE versus DCS or controls: P <
      0.05); (ii) ischemia-modified albumin: 68% of IPE patients had a high level
      versus 16% of DCS patients (P < 0.05) (IPE: 123 +/- 25 arbitrary-units; DCS: 84
      +/- 25; controls: 94 +/- 7; IPE versus DCS or controls: P < 0.05); (iii) BNP: 53%
      of IPE patients had a high level, DCS patients having normal values (P < 0.05)
      (IPE: 383 +/- 394 ng/L; DCS: 37 +/- 28; controls: 19 +/- 15; IPE versus DCS or
      controls: P < 0.01); (iv) cTnI: 63% of IPE patients had a high level, DCS
      patients having normal values (P < 0.05) (IPE: 0.66 +/- 1.50 MUg/L; DCS: 0.0061
      +/- 0.0040; controls: 0.0090 +/- 0.01; IPE versus DCS or controls: P < 0.01). The
      combined "BNP-cTnI" levels provided most discrimination: all IPE patients, but
      none of the DCS patients, had elevated levels of either/both of these markers.We
      propose that antidiuretic hormone acts together with a myocardial ischemic
      process to promote IPE. Thus, monitoring of antidiuretic hormone and cardiac
      biomarkers can help to make a quick and reliable diagnosis of IPE. 

PMID- 27368045
TI  - Acupuncture as a primary and independent treatment in the acute phases of sudden
      sensorineural hearing loss: Case Report.
AB  - Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) is an otological emergency defined as a
      rapid hearing loss, seriously affects patient's social life. To data, no study
      has reported the treatment by acupuncture alone in the acute phase. In this
      report, Acupuncture and Moxibustion therapy of excitation-focus transfer is
      outlined.The patient was a 26-year-old young woman who had an SSHL coupled with
      ear fullness. The patient had no past medical history, but she had undergone
      variable emotions and had a history of excessive noise exposure. The patient
      refused to receive any medicine especially steroids and hyperbaric oxygen
      therapy. She just only received acupuncture treatment.Her symptoms and outcome
      measurements were improved every week and completely recovered after the last
      week.Even though the article presents a single case and is based on self-reports,
      there are very clear trends on how patients with SSHL responded to acupuncture
      treatments. 

PMID- 27368046
TI  - Sentinel node navigation surgery for gastroduodenal neuroendocrine tumors: Two
      case reports.
AB  - The percentage of gastroduodenal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) among all
      gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NETs has gradually increased worldwide. Sentinel
      node navigation surgery (SNNS) has been developed as a personalized approach in
      the surgical strategy for early gastrointestinal tract cancers. We herein report
      2 cases of gastroduodenal NETs treated with SNNS. Technetium-tin colloid
      including indocyanine green was endoscopically injected into the submucosa around
      a tumor the day before surgery. Basin dissection including the sentinel nodes
      (SNs), which were identified by Navigator GPS and near-infrared fluorescence
      imaging, was performed during laparoscopic surgery. SNs were intraoperatively
      examined using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.SNs were detected in 2 patients.
      Lymph node metastasis was intraoperatively identified in 1 of the 2 patients.
      Consequently, 1 patient with metastatic SNs underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy
      with lymphadenectomy. Pathological findings identified submucosal NET measuring
      6.0 mm * 5.0 mm.Our results suggest that SNNS is a promising surgical tool for
      detecting subclinical lymph node metastasis in patients with gastroduodenal NETs.

PMID- 27368047
TI  - Effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine on diabetic
      elderly.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of pneumonia, and 23-valent
      pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is recommended for prevention of
      pneumonia. However, the effectiveness of PPV23 remains unclear in the older
      diabetic patients who usually have compromised immune function.We used data
      extracted from the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD)
      from 2000 to 2009 to conduct a population-based retrospective cohort study,
      comparing the incidence of pneumococcal diseases among PPV23-vaccinated and
      propensity-score matched PPV23-unvaccinated groups in diabetic elderly. The
      primary outcome was invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs), and the secondary
      outcomes were medical utilization.PPV23-vaccinated group had reduced risks of IPD
      (adjusted OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.94), respiratory failure (0.84, 0.77-0.93),
      and shorter length of hospitalization (-1.27 +/- 0.19 days, P value: 0.0012). In
      flu-vaccinated group, subjects who received PPV23 had reduced risks of IPD,
      hospitalization, and respiratory failure; had shorter lengths of hospitalization;
      and less medical costs, than those without receiving PPV23. In not flu-vaccinated
      group, PPV23 vaccination was associated with reduced risks of IPD and respiratory
      failure. Receiving both vaccines could bring better protection in IPD,
      hospitalization, visits of emergency department, and respiratory failure.PPV23
      vaccination was effective in prevention of pneumococcal diseases and reduction of
      medical utilization in diabetic elderly aged 75 and more. Receiving both vaccines
      resulted in better outcomes than PPV vaccination alone. 

PMID- 27368048
TI  - Risk of skin cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus: A nationwide
      retrospective cohort study in Taiwan.
AB  - Increasing evidence suggests that certain types of cancers are more common in
      people with diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to investigate the risk of
      skin cancer in patients with DM in Taiwan. In this retrospective cohort study
      using data from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Research Database, the
      risk of developing overall skin cancer, including nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC)
      and melanoma, was compared by Poisson regression analysis and Cox regression
      analysis between the DM and non-DM cohorts. The DM cohort with newly diagnosed DM
      (n = 41,898) and a non-DM cohort were one-to-one matched by age, sex, index date,
      and comorbidities (coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, chronic
      kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obesity). Compared
      with non-DM cohort statistically, for the people with DM aged >=60 years, the
      incidence rates of overall skin cancer and NMSC were significantly higher
      (overall: DM/non-DM: number [n] = 99/76, incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.44, P =
      0.02; NMSC: DM/non-DM: n = 94/66, IRR = 1.57, P = 0.005). By Cox regression
      analysis, the risk of developing overall skin cancer or NMSC was significantly
      higher after adjusting for sex, comorbidities, and overall diseases with
      immunosuppression status (overall: adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.46, P = 0.01;
      NMSC: AHR = 1.6, P = 0.003). Other significant risk factors were older males for
      skin cancer (overall: AHR = 1.68, P = 0.001; NMSC: AHR = 1.59, P = 0.004;
      melanoma: AHR = 3.25, P = 0.04), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for NMSC
      (AHR = 1.44, P = 0.04), and coronary artery disease for melanoma (AHR = 4.22, P =
      0.01). The risk of developing melanoma was lower in the DM cohort than in the non
      DM cohort, but without significance (AHR = 0.56, P = 0.28; DM/non-DM: n = 5/10).
      The incidence rate and risk of developing overall skin cancer, including NMSC,
      was significantly higher in older adults with DM. Other significant risk factors
      for older adults with DM were males for NMSC and melanoma, chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease for NMSC, and coronary artery disease for melanoma. 

PMID- 27368050
TI  - Relationship between retinal vascular occlusions and incident cerebrovascular
      diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Several studies investigating the role of retinal vascular occlusions, on
      cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) have been reported, but the results are still
      inconsistent. We therefore sought to evaluate the relationship between retinal
      vascular occlusions and CVD.We systematically searched the Cochrane Library,
      PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases through January 31, 2016 for studies
      evaluating the effect of retinal vascular occlusions on the risk of CVD. Data
      were abstracted using predefined criteria, and then pooled by RevMan 5.3
      software.A total of 9 retrospective studies were included in this meta-analysis.
      When compared with individuals without retinal vascular occlusions, both
      individuals with retinal artery occlusion (RAO) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.01, 95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-3.34; P = 0.005) and individuals with retinal vein
      occlusion (RVO) (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.24-1.50; P < 0.00001) had higher risks of
      developing CVD. Additionally, both individuals with central retinal artery
      occlusion (CRAO) (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.12-3.56; P = 0.02) and branch retinal
      artery occlusion (BRAO) (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.03-1.48; P = 0.04) were
      significantly associated with increased risk of CVD.Published literatures support
      both RVO and RAO are associated with increased risks of CVD. Further prospective
      studies are needed to confirm these findings. 

PMID- 27368049
TI  - Is obesity a predisposing factor for free flap failure and complications?
      Comparison between breast and nonbreast reconstruction: Systematic review and
      meta-analysis.
AB  - Obesity is a risk factor for postoperative morbidity in breast reconstruction.
      Although existing studies about nonbreast reconstruction are limited, previous
      research has demonstrated that obesity is not an important factor in poor
      outcomes in nonbreast reconstruction. Our study evaluates the effects of obesity
      on postoperative morbidity in nonbreast reconstruction in comparison to breast
      reconstruction. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed
      using Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Obesity was extracted for
      predictor variables and partial, total loss of flap, and complication were
      extracted for outcome variables. Subgroup analyses were performed according to
      reconstruction site. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the
      quality of the studies, and the Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. Publication
      bias was evaluated using funnel plots. The search strategy identified 944
      publications. After screening, 19 articles were selected for review. Partial flap
      loss, total flap loss, and complications in breast reconstruction occurred
      significantly more often in obese patients in comparison to nonobese patients (OR
      = 2.479, P = 0.021 for partial loss, OR = 3.083, P = 0.002 for total loss, OR =
      2.666, P = 0.001 for complications). In contrast, partial flap loss, total flap
      loss, and complications in nonbreast reconstruction were not significantly
      different in obese patients in comparison to nonobese patients (OR = 0.786, P =
      0.629 for partial loss, OR = 0.960, P = 0.961 for total loss, and OR = 1.009, P =
      0.536 for complications). In contrast to the relationship between obesity and
      poor outcomes in breast reconstruction, our study suggests the obesity is not a
      predisposing factor for poor outcomes in nonbreast reconstruction. Long-term
      studies are needed to confirm these findings. 

PMID- 27368051
TI  - A predicted model for postoperative seizure outcomes after the surgical resection
      of supratentorial cavernous malformations.
AB  - To explore a predicted model for postoperative seizure outcomes after the
      surgical resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations.This study was a
      retrospective review of consecutive patients with cerebral supratentorial
      cavernous malformations presenting with seizures. All patients underwent surgical
      resection of CCMs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to
      determine the predictive value of the preoperative seizure frequency, seizure
      type, seizure duration, lesion location, lesion size, and the presence of
      residual hemosiderin.A total of 43 patients met the inclusion criteria. After a
      mean follow-up period of 40.95 months, 34 patients who were free from
      postoperative seizures were classified into Engel class I, and the remaining 9
      patients were classified into Engel classes II-IV. A univariate analysis showed
      that the seizure frequency (chi = 13.440, P = 0.004) and seizure duration (chi =
      5.145, P = 0.023) prior to surgery were associated with a worse postoperative
      seizure prognosis. Other covariates including age at onset, gender, a history of
      the medications taken, smoking status, family history, lesion characteristics,
      and the role of hemosiderin were not related to seizure outcomes. Logistic
      regression results demonstrated that the preoperative seizure frequency was an
      effective predictor (P = 0.004). The receiver operating characteristic curve
      indicated that area under the curve for the preoperative seizure frequency test
      was 0.833 (95% confidence interval 0.709-0.957, P = 0.002).The preoperative
      seizure frequency was a prognostic factor for postoperative seizure outcomes
      after surgical resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations. To obtain a
      favorable prognosis for CCM patients with preoperative seizures, early
      intervention might be a better choice. 

PMID- 27368052
TI  - Effect of probiotics on metabolic profiles in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta
      analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disease which is
      imposing heavy burden on global health and economy. Recent studies indicate gut
      microbiota play important role on the pathogenesis and metabolic disturbance of
      T2DM. As an effective mean of regulating gut microbiota, probiotics are live
      micro-organisms that are believed to provide a specific health benefit on the
      host. Whether probiotic supplementation could improve metabolic profiles by
      modifying gut microbiota in T2DM or not is still in controversy.The aim of the
      study is to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation on metabolic profiles
      in T2DM.We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library up to 12 April 2016. Two
      review authors independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and
      evaluated risk of bias of included studies. Data were pooled by using the random
      effect model and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95%
      confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed and quantified (I).A total
      of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Lipid profiles (n = 508)
      and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (n = 520) were reported in 9 trials; the
      homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (n = 368)
      and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (n = 380) were reported in 6 trials.
      Probiotics could alleviate FBG (SMD -0.61 mmol/L, 95% CI [-0.92, -0.30], P =
      0.0001). Probiotics could increase high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)
      (SMD 0.42 mmol/L, 95% CI [0.08, 0.76], P = 0.01). There were no significant
      differences in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol
      (TC), triglyceride (TG), HbA1c and HOMA-IR between the treatment group and the
      control group.Probiotics may improve glycemic control and lipid metabolism in
      T2DM. Application of probiotic agents might become a new method for glucose
      management in T2DM. 

PMID- 27368053
TI  - Architecture of fully occupied GluA2 AMPA receptor-TARP complex elucidated by
      cryo-EM.
AB  - Fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system is
      largely carried out by AMPA-sensitive ionotropic glutamate receptors. Localized
      within the postsynaptic density of glutamatergic spines, AMPA receptors are
      composed of heterotetrameric receptor assemblies associated with auxiliary
      subunits, the most common of which are transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory
      proteins (TARPs). The association of TARPs with AMPA receptors modulates receptor
      trafficking and the kinetics of receptor gating and pharmacology. Here we report
      the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the homomeric rat GluA2 AMPA
      receptor saturated with TARP gamma2 subunits, which shows how the TARPs are
      arranged with four-fold symmetry around the ion channel domain and make extensive
      interactions with the M1, M2 and M4 transmembrane helices. Poised like partially
      opened 'hands' underneath the two-fold symmetric ligand-binding domain (LBD)
      'clamshells', one pair of TARPs is juxtaposed near the LBD dimer interface,
      whereas the other pair is near the LBD dimer-dimer interface. The extracellular
      'domains' of TARP are positioned to not only modulate LBD clamshell closure, but
      also affect conformational rearrangements of the LBD layer associated with
      receptor activation and desensitization, while the TARP transmembrane domains
      buttress the ion channel pore.

PMID- 27368054
TI  - Human and Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cell Aging Is Associated with Functional
      Impairments and Intrinsic Megakaryocytic/Erythroid Bias.
AB  - Aging within the human hematopoietic system associates with various deficiencies
      and disease states, including anemia, myeloid neoplasms and reduced adaptive
      immune responses. Similar phenotypes are observed in mice and have been linked to
      alterations arising at the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) level. Such an
      association is, however, less established in human hematopoiesis and prompted us
      here to detail characteristics of the most primitive human hematopoietic
      compartments throughout ontogeny. In addition, we also attempted to interrogate
      similarities between aging human and murine hematopoiesis. Coupled to the
      transition from human cord blood (CB) to young and aged bone marrow (BM), we
      observed a gradual increase in frequency of candidate HSCs. This was accompanied
      by functional impairments, including decreased lymphoid output and reduced
      proliferative potential. Downstream of human HSCs, we observed decreasing levels
      of common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), and increasing frequencies of
      megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitors (MEPs) with age, which could be linked to
      changes in lineage-affiliated gene expression patterns in aged human HSCs. These
      findings were paralleled in mice. Therefore, our data support the notion that age
      related changes also in human hematopoiesis involve the HSC pool, with a
      prominent skewing towards the megakaryocytic/erythroid lineages, and suggests
      conserved mechanisms underlying aging of the blood cell system. 

PMID- 27368055
TI  - Illness Beliefs in End Stage Renal Disease and Associations with Self-Care
      Modality Choice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interest in self-care haemodialysis (HD) has increased because it
      improves patients'clinical and quality-of-life outcomes. Patients who undertake
      self-management for haemodialysis may hold illness beliefs differently to those
      choosing institutional care at the time of making the modality choice or moulded
      by their illness and dialysis treatment experience. Illness perceptions amongst
      predialysis patients and in those undertaking fully-assisted and self-care
      haemodialysis are being investigated in a combined cross-sectional and
      longitudinal study. STUDY DESIGN: The study data are derived from the BASIC-HHD
      study, a multicentre observational study on factors influencing home
      haemodialysis uptake. 535 patients were enrolled into three groups: Predialysis
      CKD-5 group, prevalent 'in-centre' HD and self-care HD groups (93% at home). We
      explore illness perceptions in the cross-sectional analyses of the three study
      groups, using the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). Predialysis
      patients' illness beliefs were reassessed prospectively, typically between 4 and
      12 months after dialysis commencement. RESULTS: Illness belief subscales are
      significantly different between in-centre and self-care HD groups. In a step-wise
      hierarchical regression analysis, after adjustment for age, education, marital
      status, diabetes, dialysis vintage, depression, anxiety scores, and IPQ-R
      subscales, personal control (p = 0.01) and illness coherence (p = 0.04) are
      significantly higher in the self-care HD group. In the predialysis group, no
      significant associations were found between illness representations and modality
      choices. In prospectively observed predialysis group, scores for personal
      control, treatment control, timeline cyclical and emotional representations
      reduced significantly after commencing dialysis and increased significantly for
      illness coherence. CONCLUSIONS: Illness beliefs differ between hospital and self
      care haemodialysis patients. Patient's affect and neurocognitive ability may have
      an important role in determining illness beliefs. The impact of modality upon
      illness representations may also be significant and remains to be explored.

PMID- 27368056
TI  - Modelling the Distribution of Forest-Dependent Species in Human-Dominated
      Landscapes: Patterns for the Pine Marten in Intensively Cultivated Lowlands.
AB  - In recent years, the "forest-specialist" pine marten Martes martes has been
      reported to also occur also in largely fragmented, lowland landscapes of north
      western Italy. The colonization of such an apparently unsuitable area provided
      the opportunity for investigating pine marten ecological requirements and
      predicting its potential south- and eastwards expansion. We collected available
      pine marten occurrence data in the flood plain of the River Po (N Italy) and
      relate them to 11 environmental variables by developing nine Species Distribution
      Models. To account for inter-model variability we used average ensemble
      predictions (EP). EP predicted a total of 482 suitable patches (8.31% of the
      total study area) for the pine marten. The main factors driving pine marten
      occurrence in the western River Po plain were the distance from watercourses and
      the distance from woods. EP suggested that the pine marten may further expand in
      the western lowland, whilst the negligible residual wood cover of large areas in
      the central and eastern plain makes the habitat unsuitable for the pine marten,
      except for some riparian corridors and the pine wood patches bordering the
      Adriatic coast. Based on our results, conservation strategies should seek to
      preserve remnant forest patches and enhance the functional connectivity provided
      by riparian corridors. 

PMID- 27368057
TI  - Comparison of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-to-Vigorous
      Continuous Training for Cardiometabolic Health and Exercise Enjoyment in Obese
      Young Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 5-week high
      intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity continuous
      training (MVCT) on cardiometabolic health outcomes and enjoyment of exercise in
      obese young women. METHODS: A randomized controlled experiment was conducted that
      involved thirty-one obese females (age range of 18-30) randomly assigned to
      either HIIT or MVCT five-week training programs. Participants in HIIT condition
      performed 20 min of repeated 8 s cycling interspersed with 12 s rest intervals,
      and those in MVCT condition cycled continuously for 40 min at 60-80% of peak
      oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2peak), both for four days in a week.
      Outcomes such as [Formula: see text]O2peak, body composition estimated by
      bioimpedance analysis, blood lipids, and serum sexual hormones were measured at
      pre-and post-training. The scores of Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PAES)
      were collected during the intervention. RESULTS: After training, [Formula: see
      text]O2peak increased significantly for both training programs (9.1% in HIIT and
      10.3% in MVCT) (p = 0.010, eta2 = 0.41). Although MVCT group had a significant
      reduction in total body weight (TBW, -1.8%, p = 0.034), fat mass (FM, - 4.7%, p =
      0.002) and percentage body fat (PBF, -2.9%, p = 0.016), there were no significant
      between-group differences in the change of the pre- and post-measures of these
      variables. The HIIT group had a higher score on PAES than the MVCT group during
      the intervention. For both conditions, exercise training led to a decline in
      resting testosterone and estradiol levels, but had no significant effect on blood
      lipids. CONCLUSION: Both HIIT and MVCT are effective in improving
      cardiorespiratory fitness and in reducing sexual hormones in obese young women;
      however, HIIT is a more enjoyable and time-efficient strategy. The mild-HIIT
      protocol seems to be useful for at least maintaining the body weight among
      sedentary individuals.

PMID- 27368058
TI  - Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts PSA Response and Prognosis in Prostate
      Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - An unprecedented advance has been seen in castration-resistant prostate cancer
      (CRPC) treatments in the past few years. With a number of novel agents were
      approved, there is a pressing need to develop improved prognostic biomarkers to
      facilitate the personalised selection and sequencing of these novel agents.
      Emerging evidence indicates that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is
      associated with poorer survival in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). However,
      the importance of the NLR for the prediction of the PSA response (PSARS) and
      biochemical recurrence (BCR) has been largely neglected. Here, we conducted a
      systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic value of the NLR
      for the PSARS, BCR, and survival in PCa. A systematic database search was
      performed using Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the China National
      Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). A meta-analysis was performed by pooling hazard
      ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals
      (CIs). A total of 22 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Our results
      suggest that an elevated NLR predicts a lower PSARS rate (OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.40
      1.98) and a higher possibility of BCR (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.21).
      Additionally, we confirmed that an elevated NLR was a prognostic predictor of
      shorter overall survival (OS) in both metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC)
      (HR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.32-1.59) and localized PCa (LPC) (HR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01
      1.23) and that it predicted worse progression-free survival (PFS) in CRPC (HR =
      1.42, 95% CI: 1.23-1.61) and poorer recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 1.38,
      95%CI: 1.01-1.75) in LPC. Our results suggest that an elevated NLR might be
      employed as a prognostic marker of biochemical changes and prognosis to
      facilitate risk stratification and decision making for individual treatment of
      PCa patients. The potential mechanisms underlying these associations and future
      research directions are also discussed. 

PMID- 27368059
TI  - How Close is too Close? The Effect of a Non-Lethal Electric Shark Deterrent on
      White Shark Behaviour.
AB  - Sharks play a vital role in the health of marine ecosystems, but the potential
      threat that sharks pose to humans is a reminder of our vulnerability when
      entering the ocean. Personal shark deterrents are being marketed as the solution
      to mitigate the threat that sharks pose. However, the effectiveness claims of
      many personal deterrents are based on our knowledge of shark sensory biology
      rather than robust testing of the devices themselves, as most have not been
      subjected to independent scientific studies. Therefore, there is a clear need for
      thorough testing of commercially available shark deterrents to provide the public
      with recommendations of their effectiveness. Using a modified stereo-camera
      system, we quantified behavioural interactions between white sharks (Carcharodon
      carcharias) and a baited target in the presence of a commercially available,
      personal electric shark deterrent (Shark Shield Freedom7TM). The stereo-camera
      system enabled an accurate assessment of the behavioural responses of C.
      carcharias when encountering a non-lethal electric field many times stronger than
      what they would naturally experience. Upon their first observed encounter, all C.
      carcharias were repelled at a mean (+/- std. error) proximity of 131 (+/- 10.3)
      cm, which corresponded to a mean voltage gradient of 9.7 (+/- 0.9) V/m. With each
      subsequent encounter, their proximity decreased by an average of 11.6 cm, which
      corresponded to an increase in tolerance to the electric field by an average of
      2.6 (+/- 0.5) V/m per encounter. Despite the increase in tolerance, sharks
      continued to be deterred from interacting for the duration of each trial when in
      the presence of an active Shark ShieldTM. Furthermore, the findings provide no
      support to the theory that electric deterrents attract sharks. The results of
      this study provide quantitative evidence of the effectiveness of a non-lethal
      electric shark deterrent, its influence on the behaviour of C. carcharias, and an
      accurate method for testing other shark deterrent technologies. 

PMID- 27368060
TI  - Utility of the multi-component training distress scale to monitor swimmers during
      periods of training overload.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to determine the efficacy of the multi
      component training distress scale (MTDS), in monitoring swimmers prior to
      national competition. Twenty-one national-level adolescent swimmers completed
      eight weeks of testing. Once a week participants completed an 8 * 50 m sprint
      test, vertical jump test, sit-and-reach test, the MTDS and the Recovery-Stress
      Questionnaire for Athletes (REST-Q). All testing was incorporated into the
      swimmers' normal training programme. The REST-Q accounted for the following
      variances in performance: flexibility (14.6%, p = 0.009), power output (17.7%, p
      = 0.003), swimming speed (15.5%, p = 0.006) and swimming endurance (17.5%, p =
      0.002). In comparison, the MTDS accounted for the following variances in
      performance: flexibility (12.1%, p = 0.095), power output (16.4%, p = 0.023),
      swimming speed (20.5%, p = 0.003) and swimming speed endurance (23.8%, p =
      0.001). The findings of the current study suggest that both the REST-Q Sport and
      the MTDS have the capacity to predict performance on a range of fitness
      components associated with swimming. 

PMID- 27368061
TI  - Computed Tomography Perfusion and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Patients With
      Acute Stroke-Reply.

PMID- 27368062
TI  - Risk of progression to diabetes from prediabetes defined by HbA1c or fasting
      plasma glucose criteria in Koreans.
AB  - AIMS: To examine the abilities of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) criteria
      predicting 5-year progression rate to diabetes in Korean adults with prediabetes.
      METHODS: Participants included 17,971 Koreans (aged 20-79years) who underwent
      routine medical check-ups at a mean interval of 5.2years (3.1-6.7years).
      Prediabetes was defined as FPG 5.6-6.9mmol/l or HbA1c 5.7-6.4% (39-46mmol/mol).
      Incident diabetes was defined as FPG?7.0mmol/l, HbA1c?6.5% (48mmol/mol), or
      initiation of antidiabetic medications. RESULTS: At baseline, the prevalence of
      prediabetes was 30.6% (n=5495) by FPG and 20.4% (n=3664) by HbA1c criteria. The 5
      year progression rate to diabetes was significantly higher in prediabetes
      identified by HbA1c than by FPG tests (14.7% vs. 10.4%, P<0.001). Of individuals
      diagnosed with prediabetes by only one test, those by HbA1c alone had a higher
      risk of progression to diabetes than those diagnosed by FPG alone (6.0% vs. 3.9%,
      P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that area under
      the curve was greater for HbA1c (0.855, 95% CI 0.840-0.870) than for FPG (0.830,
      0.813-0.846) (P=0.016). After adjustment for conventional risk factors, the odds
      ratio (OR) of developing diabetes was higher in participants with prediabetes
      identified by HbA1c (OR 9.91, 8.24-11.9) than by FPG (OR 7.29, 5.97-8.89)
      (P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: Although fewer individuals with prediabetes were
      identified by HbA1c than by FPG criteria, the ability to predict progression to
      diabetes was stronger for HbA1c than for FPG in Koreans.

PMID- 27368063
TI  - The effects of hyperventilation on axonal excitability parameters in patients
      with diabetes mellitus and polyneuropathy.
AB  - AIMS: We aimed to explore axonal excitability parameters in patients with
      diabetes mellitus (DM) and polyneuropathy (PNP) as well as those without PNP.
      METHODS: We used the short TROND protocol by QTRAC to measure axonal excitability
      parameters (strength-duration time constant (SDTC), rheobase, etc.) in 12 healthy
      subjects and 14 DM patients with PNP and 10 DM patients without PNP. The short
      TROND protocol was performed before and after 20min of deep hyperventilation in
      healthy subjects and patients with DM. Also, venous blood pH and partial pressure
      of O2 and CO2 were recorded before hyperventilation (HPV) and after 20min of HPV.
      A "hyperventilation score" was evaluated before and after HPV. RESULTS: When the
      values of DM with PNP group and control group before HPV were compared, SDTC and
      latency were statistically significant. Comparing the values of the excitability
      parameters after HPV showed statistically significant changes in the SDTC,
      rheobase, and refractoriness at 2.5ms in controls and DM patients without PNP.
      HPV resulted in no changes in SDTC in DM patients with PNP. CONCLUSION: The
      results of this study suggest that patients with DM and healthy subjects have
      different responses to HPV, and pH changes have different effects on diabetic PNP
      compared with healthy controls and DM patients without PNP.

PMID- 27368064
TI  - Sarcopenia associated with renal function in the patients with type 2 diabetes.
AB  - AIMS: Studies have suggested that low muscle mass is associated with declining
      renal function in healthy populations, whether the association is relevant to
      patients with type 2 diabetes is not well understood. This study investigates the
      association between sarcopenia and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
      and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios (UACR) in the patients with type 2
      diabetes. METHODS: Two recruited groups consisted of 793 persons without diabetes
      (males/females=550/243) and 762 persons with type 2 diabetes
      (males/females=501/261). RESULTS: The non-sarcopenia population demonstrated
      higher ASM/HT(2), GFR (P<0.001) and lower UACR (P<0.05) than the sarcopenia
      population. In studied men, the association between ASM/HT(2) and eGFR was
      statistically significant in the group without diabetes (OR=0.580, P=0.020), a
      trend which persisted in women (OR=0.491, P=0.014). The association between
      ASM/HT(2) and UACR persisted in studied women of two groups (OR=0.269, P=0.005;
      OR=0.405, P=0.008, respectively). The highest quartile of ASM/HT(2) in the non
      sarcopenia population exhibited a 3.753-fold risk of abnormal eGFR within the
      diabetes group (OR=3.753, P=0.020). The cutoff point of ASM/HT(2) to indicate
      abnormal renal function for population with non-sarcopenia was 6.32kg/m(2) in the
      group without diabetes and 6.31kg/m(2) in diabetes group. CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenia
      is associated with declining renal function, which induces lower eGFR and higher
      UACR. In the non-sarcopenia population, ASM/HT(2) presents as renal function risk
      factor, which perhaps associated with higher muscle mass to induce a greater
      underestimation for creatinine and urinary albumin.

PMID- 27368065
TI  - Heparin-bridging therapy is associated with a high risk of post-polypectomy
      bleeding regardless of polyp size.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Evidence regarding safety and efficacy of heparin-bridging
      therapy for colonoscopic polypectomy remains scarce. The aim of the present study
      was to evaluate the risk of post-polypectomy bleeding (PPB) in patients receiving
      heparin-bridging therapy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the database of
      patients who underwent colonoscopic polypectomy with prophylactic clip closure
      between January 2007 and December 2014 at our institution. We evaluated patients
      receiving heparin-bridging therapy (HB group) compared with those who did not
      receive antithrombotic therapy (No-HB group). RESULTS: A total of 1421
      polypectomies were carried out on 773 patients; 45 patients were in the HB group
      and 728 patients were in the No-HB group. The incidence of PPB per patient was
      significantly higher in the HB group (22.2% vs 1.9%, P < 0.0001), and
      multivariate analysis showed that heparin-bridging therapy was an independent
      risk factor for PPB (OR 9.80, 95% CI 4.23-22.3, P < 0.0001). In the HB group, the
      polyp size was not a risk factor for PPB (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.19-2.26, P = 0.55);
      the incidence of PPB in lesions of <10 mm and >=10 mm in size was 14.6% and 10.2%
      respectively. In contrast, that was a significant risk factor in the No-HB group
      (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.41-21.3, P = 0.011). Activated partial thromboplastin time and
      international normalized ratio were in or under the therapeutic range in the HB
      group when PPB occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Heparin-bridging therapy is associated with
      a high risk of PPB regardless of polyp size.

PMID- 27368066
TI  - EPR analysis of extra- and intracellular nitric oxide in liver biopsies.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop an assay that can enable the quantification of intra- and
      extracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels in liver biopsies without application of
      potentially harmful exogenous NO traps. THEORY: Electron paramagnetic resonance
      (EPR) spectroscopy is currently the most appropriate method of measuring NO in
      biological samples due to the outstanding specificity resulting from the
      interaction of NO with exogenous NO traps. Because such traps are not allowed in
      clinical settings, we tested the reliability of endogenous NO traps for the
      determination of NO levels in blood and liver compartments. METHODS: Rats were
      injected with 0-8 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to gradually induce a systemic
      inflammatory response. Specific features of NO-hemoglobin and NO-Fe EPR signals
      were quantified using a specifically developed calibration procedure. RESULTS:
      Whereas both NO-hemoglobin (NO-HbLIVER BLOOD ) and NO-Fe (NO-FeLIVER ) complexes
      were detected in nonperfused liver tissue, only NO-Fe complexes were detected in
      perfused tissue and only NO-Hb complexes were detected in blood (NO-HbBLOOD ).
      The NO concentrations increased in the sequence NO-HbBLOOD  < NO-FeLIVER  < NO
      HbLIVER BLOOD (9.4, 18.5, 27.9 nmol/cm3 , respectively at 2.5 mg/kg LPS). The
      detection limit of the method was 0.61 nmol/cm3 for NO-Hb and 0.52 nmol/cm3 for
      NO-Fe. CONCLUSION: The assay reported here does not influence natural NO pathways
      and enables the quantification of NO distribution in two liver compartments using
      a single liver biopsy. Magn Reson Med 77:2372-2380, 2017. (c) 2016 International
      Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27368067
TI  - Results of NCCTG N0275 (Alliance) - a phase II trial evaluating resection
      followed by adjuvant radiation therapy for patients with desmoplastic melanoma.
AB  - To examine, in a prospective fashion, the utilization and efficacy of adjuvant
      radiation therapy (RT) in patients with resected desmoplastic melanoma (DM).
      Adult patients with resected, margin-negative, and nonmetastatic DM were eligible
      for this single-arm prospective phase II study. Patients were to receive
      postoperative RT, 30 Gy in five fractions, to the operative bed with 2- to 3-cm
      margins (depending on the tumor location). Nodal basin RT was not allowed. The
      primary study endpoint was the 2-year local recurrence rate (LRR). Secondary
      endpoints included the incidence of regional and distant metastatic disease,
      progression-free survival, overall survival (OS), and treatment-related toxicity.
      Twenty patients with a single de novo DM lesion meeting trial eligibility
      criteria were enrolled and treated. The 2-year LRR was 10%, with two patients
      demonstrating a LR within 2 years of completion of protocol therapy. No regional
      or distant failures occurred. OS at 2 and 5 years was 95 and 77%, respectively.
      There were no grade 3 or higher acute or late adverse events that were related to
      the protocol therapy. Adjuvant RT after wide local excision (WLE) for DM is
      efficacious and well tolerated. It should be considered for DM patients after
      margin-negative WLE. Additional study is needed to further refine low-risk
      patient populations that can potentially have adjuvant RT omitted as part of the
      treatment plan.

PMID- 27368068
TI  - Transmission of Neurodegenerative Disorders Through Blood Transfusion: A Cohort
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aggregation of misfolded proteins in the brain occurs in several
      neurodegenerative disorders. Aberrant protein aggregation is inducible in rodents
      and primates by intracerebral inoculation. Possible transfusion transmission of
      neurodegenerative diseases has important public health implications. OBJECTIVE:
      To investigate possible transfusion transmission of neurodegenerative disorders.
      DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Nationwide registers of transfusions
      in Sweden and Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: 1 465 845 patients who received transfusions
      between 1968 and 2012. MEASUREMENTS: Multivariable Cox regression models were
      used to estimate hazard ratios for dementia of any type, Alzheimer disease, and
      Parkinson disease in patients receiving blood transfusions from donors who were
      later diagnosed with any of these diseases versus patients who received blood
      from healthy donors. Whether excess occurrence of neurodegenerative disease
      occurred among recipients of blood from a subset of donors was also investigated.
      As a positive control, transmission of chronic hepatitis before and after
      implementation of hepatitis C virus screening was assessed. RESULTS: Among
      included patients, 2.9% received a transfusion from a donor diagnosed with one of
      the studied neurodegenerative diseases. No evidence of transmission of any of
      these diseases was found, regardless of approach. The hazard ratio for dementia
      in recipients of blood from donors with dementia versus recipients of blood from
      healthy donors was 1.04 (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.09). Corresponding estimates for
      Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease were 0.99 (CI, 0.85 to 1.15) and 0.94
      (CI, 0.78 to 1.14), respectively. Hepatitis transmission was detected before but
      not after implementation of hepatitis C virus screening. LIMITATION:
      Observational study design, underascertainment of the outcome, and possible
      insufficient statistical power. CONCLUSION: The data provide no evidence for the
      transmission of neurodegenerative diseases and suggest that if transmission does
      occur, it is rare. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Swedish Research Council, Swedish
      Heart-Lung Foundation, Swedish Society for Medical Research, and Danish Council
      for Independent Research.

PMID- 27368069
TI  - Instrument for Predicting Early Stroke Recurrence: Ambiguity and Biases-Reply.

PMID- 27368070
TI  - Effects of exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide on antioxidant and
      osmoprotectant profiles and the C3-CAM shift in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum
      crystallinum L.
AB  - Exogenously applied H2O2 (50, 100 and 200mM) to Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
      root medium induced a transition from C3 to Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM),
      as evaluated by diurnal malate (Deltamal) fluctuations. A very high concentration
      of H2O2 (400mM) reduced Deltamal below the value measured in control plants. An
      increase of malate content during the night in 400mM H2O2-treated plants might
      suggest that malate decarboxylation is crucial for CAM functioning. We conclude
      that malate plays a dual role: i) a protective and signaling function before CAM
      expression, and ii) a storage form of CO2 in plants performing CAM. A slight
      stimulation of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and net photosynthesis
      observed during the C3-CAM shift indicated that neither photoinhibition nor
      reduction of the photosynthetic rate were prerequisites for CAM. Moreover, CAM
      induction corresponded to a decrease of catalase activity. In CAM-performing
      plants, alpha-tocopherol, polyamines (putrescine and spermidine) and proline
      showed daily alterations and the content of alpha-tocopherol and polyamines was
      lower at the end of the day. In contrast, the proline concentration correlated
      with the applied H2O2 concentration and was higher at the end of the day in
      treated plants. The dynamic changes of antioxidant and osmolyte levels suggest
      their active role in preventing oxidative damage, stress acclimation mechanisms
      and involvement in metabolic regulation and/or signal transduction cascades. 

PMID- 27368071
TI  - Minimizing photodecomposition of flavin adenine dinucleotide fluorescence by the
      use of pulsed LEDs.
AB  - Dynamic alterations in flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) fluorescence permit
      insight into energy metabolism-dependent changes of intramitochondrial redox
      potential. Monitoring FAD fluorescence in living tissue is impeded by
      photobleaching, restricting the length of microfluorimetric recordings. In
      addition, photodecomposition of these essential electron carriers negatively
      interferes with energy metabolism and viability of the biological specimen.
      Taking advantage of pulsed LED illumination, here we determined the optimal
      excitation settings giving the largest fluorescence yield with the lowest
      photobleaching and interference with metabolism in hippocampal brain slices. The
      effects of FAD bleaching on energy metabolism and viability were studied by
      monitoring tissue pO2 , field potentials and changes in extracellular potassium
      concentration ([K+ ]o ). Photobleaching with continuous illumination consisted of
      an initial exponential decrease followed by a nearly linear decay. The
      exponential decay was significantly decelerated with pulsed illumination. Pulse
      length of 5 ms was sufficient to reach a fluorescence output comparable to
      continuous illumination, whereas further increasing duration increased
      photobleaching. Similarly, photobleaching increased with shortening of the
      interpulse interval. Photobleaching was partially reversible indicating the
      existence of a transient nonfluorescent flavin derivative. Pulsed illumination
      decreased FAD photodecomposition, improved slice viability and reproducibility of
      stimulus-induced FAD, field potential, [K+ ]o and pO2 changes as compared to
      continuous illumination.

PMID- 27368072
TI  - Leaf physico-chemical and physiological properties of maize (Zea mays L.)
      populations from different origins.
AB  - In this study we evaluated the leaf surface properties of maize populations
      native to different water availability environments. Leaf surface topography,
      wettability and gas exchange performance of five maize populations from the
      Sahara desert, dry (south) and humid (north-western) areas of Spain were
      analysed. Differences in wettability, stomatal and trichome densities, surface
      free energy and solubility parameter values were recorded between populations and
      leaf sides. Leaves from the humid Spanish population with special regard to the
      abaxial side, were less wettable and less susceptible to polar interactions. The
      higher wettability and hydrophilicity of Sahara populations with emphasis on the
      abaxial leaf surfaces, may favour dew deposition and foliar water absorption,
      hence improving water use efficiency under extremely dry conditions. Compared to
      the other Saharan populations, the dwarf one had a higher photosynthesis rate
      suggesting that dwarfism may be a strategy for improving plant tolerance to arid
      conditions. The results obtained for different maize populations suggest that
      leaf surfaces may vary in response to drought, but further studies will be
      required to examine the potential relationship between leaf surface properties
      and plant stress tolerance. 

PMID- 27368073
TI  - Experimental taphonomy: post-mortem microstructural modifications in Sus scrofa
      domesticus bone.
AB  - Bone is a highly specialised form of hard and rigid connective tissue whose
      histological structure undergoes post-mortem modifications. In taphonomic
      research, histological examination of bone thin sections is used to investigate
      these post-mortem microstructural changes in skeletal tissues. In this study,
      diagenetic modifications in pig skeletal remains (Sus scrofa domesticus) which
      were exposed to different taphonomic conditions as part of a long-term, real-time
      experiment were examined under light microscope (i.e. plain and cross polarized
      light). This experiment demonstrated that macroscopic appearance and microscopic
      preservation of bone may significantly differ. Early microbial attack was
      identified as enlarged osteocyte lacunae that later coalesce to constitute larger
      foci. Additionally, microscopic preservation of different skeletal elements
      varied intra-individually, while within bone differential preservation (i.e.
      proximal versus distal ends) was also observed. However, no specific patterns of
      early histological attack (e.g. endosteal and periosteal destruction) and no
      clear relationship between histological preservation and proximity to the
      abdominal area were detected. Lastly, the presence and composition of protective
      textiles had a clear effect on bone preservation. This research project,
      therefore, provided important evidence for the better understanding of the
      diagenetic processes that occur within bones whilst buried or exposed on the
      ground surface. 

PMID- 27368075
TI  - The Gold Standard for Current Cancer Treatment.

PMID- 27368074
TI  - Engaging Patients, Health Care Professionals, and Community Members to Improve
      Preoperative Decision Making for Older Adults Facing High-Risk Surgery.
AB  - Importance: Older patients are at greater risk for postoperative complications,
      yet they are less likely than younger patients to ask questions about surgery.
      Objective: To design an intervention to improve preoperative decision making and
      manage postoperative expectations. Design, Setting, and Participants: A Patient
      and Family Advisory Council (PFAC) was created to help identify preoperative
      decisional needs. The PFAC included 4 men and women who had previous experience
      with high-risk surgery as older patients or their family members; the PFAC met
      monthly at a local library from May 2014 to April 2015 to examine findings from a
      prior qualitative study and to integrate themes with PFAC members' experiences.
      Patient observations included 91 recorded conversations between patients and
      surgeons and 61 patient interviews before and after surgery. The PFAC members and
      other stakeholders evaluated 118 publicly available questions and selected 12
      corresponding to identified needs to generate a question prompt list (QPL). Three
      focus groups, including 31 community members from diverse backgrounds, were
      conducted at community centers in Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to refine the
      QPL. A clinical pilot with 42 patients considering surgery was conducted in one
      outpatient surgical clinic in Madison. Main Outcomes and Measures: Generation of
      a QPL to address patients' preoperative informational and decisional needs.
      Results: Through exploration of qualitative data, the PFAC noted 3 critical
      problems. Patients and family members believed surgery had to be done, were
      surprised that postoperative recovery was difficult, and lacked knowledge about
      the perioperative use of advance directives. The PFAC identified a need for more
      information and decisional support during preoperative conversations that
      included clarification of treatment options, setting postoperative expectations,
      and advance care planning. The following 3 question prompt categories arose:
      "Should I have surgery?" "What should I expect if everything goes well?" and
      "What happens if things go wrong?" The final list included 11 questions within
      these domains, was understandable in English and Spanish, and was acceptable to
      patients in the clinic. Conclusions and Relevance: Through direct engagement of
      stakeholders, a QPL was created to address core decisional and informational
      needs of surgical patients. Future testing will evaluate whether this list can be
      used to improve patient engagement and reduce postoperative regret and conflict
      about postoperative treatments.

PMID- 27368076
TI  - Patterns of Care and Comparative Effectiveness of Intensified Adjuvant Therapy
      for Resected Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Human Papillomavirus
      Era.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: There is a growing debate on the relative benefits of adjuvant
      chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and boost doses of postoperative radiotherapy (B-PORT) in
      oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) treated with primary surgery,
      especially for patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven disease.
      OBJECTIVE: To characterize the recent patterns of care in and overall survival
      (OS) outcomes following the use of adjuvant CRT and B-PORT after primary surgery
      for OPSCC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective analysis of patients
      in the National Cancer Database with stage III to IVA-B OPSCC treated with
      surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy between 2010 and 2012 at Commission on Cancer
      accredited facilities. The data analysis was performed between June 15, 2015, and
      May 4, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcomes were prevalence of
      CRT and B-PORT, and OS. The primary predictors were HPV positivity and high-risk
      pathologic features (HRPFs) (extracapsular extension and positive surgical
      margins). RESULTS: Of the 1409 patients (1153 [82%] male; median age, 57
      [interquartile range {IQR}, 51-63] years), 873 (62%) and 789 (56%) patients
      received CRT and B-PORT, respectively; most patients (n = 583 [79%]) with HRPFs
      received CRT, and many patients (n = 227 [40%]) without HRPFs received CRT.
      Multivariable predictors of CRT included adverse pathologic features
      (extracapsular extension [OR, 6.99; 95% CI, 5.22-9.35], positive surgical margins
      [OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.50-2.87], >=6 involved nodes [OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.39-3.92],
      or low-neck disease [OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.01-2.28]), and treatment at a
      nonacademic institution (OR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.21-2.10] for comprehensive community
      cancer center vs academic program). Patients with HPV-positive disease (OR, 0.47;
      95% CI, 0.33-0.68) were less likely to receive CRT; this decrease was limited to
      absent HRPF treated at academic institutions (n = 173, 44 [25%] received CRT).
      With a median follow-up of surviving patients of 27 (IQR, 21-33) months, the 2
      year OS probability was 92% (95% CI, 90%-94%). Multivariable analysis including
      age, sex, pathologic T stage, 6 or more positive nodes, and educational status
      confirmed the prognostic impact of HPV positivity (hazard ratio [HR], 0.41; 95%
      CI, 0.21-0.80) and HRPFs (positive surgical margins [HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.27-3.66]
      and >=6 involved nodes [HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.13-3.93]), but neither CRT (HR, 1.27;
      95% CI, 0.70-2.30) nor B-PORT (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.63-1.73) was associated with
      improved OS. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Postoperative CRT and B-PORT following
      resection of OPSCC were dependent on factors beyond HRPFs, including HPV status
      and treatment at an academic institution. No benefit was seen with intensified
      adjuvant therapy, supporting enrollment of the HPV-positive population into
      deintensification trials.

PMID- 27368077
TI  - Confocal Microscopy of Corneal Nerves-a Limited but Still Useful Technique to
      Evaluate Peripheral Neuropathies.

PMID- 27368078
TI  - Controversies in Inherited Bleeding Disorders.

PMID- 27368079
TI  - Weak-field H3O+ ion cyclotron resonance alters water refractive index.
AB  - Heretofore only observed in living systems, we report that weak-field ion
      cyclotron resonance (ICR) also occurs in inanimate matter. Weak magnetic field
      (50 nT) hydronium ICR at the field combination (7.84 Hz, 7.5 uT) markedly changes
      water structure, as evidenced by finding an altered index of refraction exactly
      at this combined field. This observation utilizes a novel technique which
      measures the scattering of a He-Ne laser beam as the sample is exposed to a
      ramped magnetic field frequency. In addition to the hydronium resonance, we find
      evidence of ICR coupling to a more massive structure, possibly a tetrahedral
      combination of three waters and a single hydronium ion. To check our
      observations, we extended this technique to D2O, successfully predicting the
      specific ICR charge-to-mass ratio for D3O+ that alters the index of refraction.

PMID- 27368081
TI  - Ligand-induced dependence of charge transfer in nanotube-quantum dot
      heterostructures.
AB  - As a model system to probe ligand-dependent charge transfer in complex composite
      heterostructures, we fabricated double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT)-CdSe quantum
      dot (QD) composites. Whereas the average diameter of the QDs probed was kept
      fixed at ~4.1 nm and the nanotubes analyzed were similarly oxidatively processed,
      by contrast, the ligands used to mediate the covalent attachment between the QDs
      and DWNTs were systematically varied to include p-phenylenediamine (PPD), 2
      aminoethanethiol (AET), and 4-aminothiophenol (ATP). Herein, we have put forth a
      unique compilation of complementary data from experiment and theory, including
      results from transmission electron microscopy (TEM), near-edge X-ray absorption
      fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electrical transport
      measurements, and theoretical modeling studies, in order to fundamentally assess
      the nature of the charge transfer between CdSe QDs and DWNTs, as a function of
      the structure of various, intervening bridging ligand molecules. Specifically, we
      correlated evidence of charge transfer as manifested by changes and shifts
      associated with NEXAFS intensities, Raman peak positions, and threshold voltages
      both before and after CdSe QD deposition onto the underlying DWNT surface.
      Importantly, for the first time ever in these types of nanoscale composite
      systems, we have sought to use theoretical modeling to justify and account for
      our experimental results. Our overall data suggest that (i) QD coverage density
      on the DWNTs varies, based upon the different ligand pendant groups used and that
      (ii) the presence of a pi-conjugated carbon framework within the ligands
      themselves coupled with the electron affinity of their pendant groups
      collectively play important roles in the resulting charge transfer from QDs to
      the underlying CNTs. 

PMID- 27368082
TI  - Unrelenting spread of the alien monk parakeet Myiopsitta monachus in Israel. Is
      it time to sound the alarm?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Monk parakeets, Myiopsitta monachus Boddaert, are native to South
      America but have established populations in North America, Europe, Africa and
      Asia. They are claimed to act as agricultural pests in their native range, and
      their communal stick nests may damage human infrastructure. Although several monk
      parakeet populations are present in the Mediterranean Basin and temperate Europe,
      little empirical data are available on their population size and growth,
      distribution and potential impact. We investigated the temporal and spatial
      dynamics of monk parakeets in Israel to assess their invasion success and
      potential impact on agriculture. RESULTS: Monk parakeet populations are growing
      exponentially at a higher rate than that reported elsewhere. The current Israeli
      population of monk parakeets comprises approximately 1500 individuals. The
      distribution of the species has increased and shifted from predominantly urban
      areas to agricultural landscapes. CONCLUSIONS: In Israel, monk parakeet
      populations are growing fast and have dispersed rapidly from cities to
      agricultural areas. At present, reports of agricultural damage are scarce. A
      complete assessment of possible management strategies is urgently needed before
      the population becomes too large and widespread to allow for cost-effective
      mitigation campaigns to be implemented. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27368083
TI  - The Bellina-Missoni method and the Morrison technique: two variations of free
      hand no-adapter smartphone microscopic photography.

PMID- 27368084
TI  - Pollination by sexual deception-it takes chemistry to work.
AB  - Semiochemicals are of paramount importance in sexually deceptive plants. These
      plants sexually lure specific male insects as pollinators by chemical and
      physical mimicry of the female of the pollinator. The strategy has evolved
      repeatedly in orchids, with a wide diversity of insect groups exploited. Chemical
      communication systems confirmed by field bioassays include: alkenes and alkanes
      in bee pollinated Ophrys species, keto-acid and hydroxy-acids in scoliid wasp
      pollinated O. speculum, and cyclohexanediones and pyrazines in thynnine wasp
      pollinated Chiloglottis and Drakaea orchids, respectively. In Ophrys, stearoyl
      acyl carrier protein desaturase (SAD) enzymes have been confirmed to control
      species level variation in alkene double bond position. The production of
      cyclohexanediones in Chiloglottis unexpectedly depends on UVB light, a phenomenon
      unknown for other plant specialised metabolites. Potential biosynthetic pathways
      for other systems are explored, and alternative approaches to further accelerate
      chemical discovery in sexually deceptive plants are proposed.

PMID- 27368085
TI  - Trauma- and Stress-Induced Response in Veterans with Alcohol Dependence and
      Comorbid Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence (AD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
      commonly co-occur, and the co-occurrence is associated with worse prognosis than
      either disorder absent the other. Craving is an important construct related to
      relapse, but the relationship between PTSD symptoms, craving, and relapse is not
      well understood. Several studies have documented the relationship between stress
      and craving in individuals without comorbid PTSD, but the effect on those with
      comorbid PTSD is not well known. A small literature suggests that trauma imagery
      affects craving. This is the first study to explore the effects of trauma-induced
      and stress-induced scripts on alcohol craving, affect, cardiovascular, and
      cortisol responses in the laboratory. METHODS: Veterans (n = 25) diagnosed with
      AD and PTSD who were participating in a randomized clinical treatment trial took
      part in this laboratory study. Baseline assessment included PTSD symptoms and
      drinking quantity and frequency over 3 months before study initiation. In the
      laboratory, participants were exposed to neutral, stressful, and trauma scripts
      randomly assigned. Main outcomes included craving, anxiety, mood states, salivary
      cortisol, and cardiovascular responses. RESULTS: Both stress and trauma scripts
      produced greater increases in craving, negative affect, and cardiovascular
      reactivity, compared to neutral scripts. Trauma scripts produced significantly
      stronger craving for alcohol and greater cardiovascular reactivity than stress
      scripts. Also, trauma-induced but not stress-induced craving was positively
      correlated with baseline levels of drinking. There were no changes in cortisol
      levels from pre- to postexposure of any scripts. CONCLUSIONS: The results
      highlight that trauma cues are more salient in inducing alcohol craving than
      stress cues and higher reactivity is related to more baseline drinking. This
      finding is consistent with clinical observations that show an association between
      PTSD symptoms and alcohol relapse. It also underscores the importance of adequate
      treatment of PTSD as reactivity related to trauma cues and reminders may be an
      important factor in craving and relapse.

PMID- 27368086
TI  - Phase separation of cesium from lead borosilicate glass by heat treatment under a
      reducing atmosphere.
AB  - A phase-separation technique for removing sodium from glass using a heat
      treatment method under a reducing atmosphere was previously developed for sodium
      recovery from waste glass. In this study, this technique was applied to cesium
      containing lead borosilicate glass to concentrate the cesium in phase-separated
      sodium-rich materials for efficient cesium extraction. The theoretical phase
      separation temperature of the sodium-rich phase was simulated by thermodynamic
      equilibrium calculations and was predicted to occur below 700 degrees C for lead
      borosilicate glass. Experimentally, a simulated lead borosilicate glass was
      melted at 1000 degrees C and subsequently annealed below 700 degrees C under a CO
      containing reducing atmosphere. The phase separation of cesium was found to occur
      with sodium enrichment on the glass surface that was in contact with the gas
      phase, promoting cesium extraction from the treated glass using water. The cesium
      extraction efficiency was affected by the surface area of the treated glass that
      was in contact with water, and under the examined conditions, the cesium
      extraction efficiency was up to 66%. Phase separation using reductive heat
      treatment, combined with a water leaching technique, is suggested to be effective
      for extracting cesium incorporated in borosilicate glass waste. 

PMID- 27368087
TI  - Understanding the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a forest fire site
      using a conceptual model based on field monitoring.
AB  - Forest fires are a well-known source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
      After forest fires, residual ash above a soil layer can be highly contaminated
      with PAHs. However, little is known about the fate of these contaminants,
      particularly about their susceptibility to be transferred deeper into underlying
      soil or downstream during rainfall events. In this study, meteorological
      conditions, organic carbon (OC) content, and the 16 US-EPA priority PAHs in
      unburnt control soil, burnt soil, and ash were monitored for 16 months after a
      forest fire. Whereas the ash was significantly contaminated with PAHs, the levels
      of PAHs in the underlying burnt soil were similar to those of the control soil.
      In the ash bed, the levels of PAHs normalized by OC also decreased. Neither PAHs
      nor OC lost from the ash bed was substantially transferred to the underlying
      soil. Instead, significant amounts of PAHs in the ash bed were likely removed by
      surface runoff. Light PAHs were dominantly emitted from the forest fire, but they
      showed higher decreasing rates with total precipitation. These findings were
      explained by a conceptual model for the fate of PAHs, involving four distinct
      processes related to precipitation and two states of the ash bed. 

PMID- 27368088
TI  - Concordance and reproducibility of a next generation mtGenome sequencing method
      for high-quality samples using the Illumina MiSeq.
AB  - Sanger-type sequencing (STS) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), specifically the
      control region (CR), is routinely employed in forensics in human identification
      and missing persons scenarios. Yet next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the
      potential to overcome some of the major limitations of STS processing, permitting
      reasonable paths forward for full mitochondrial genome (mtGenome) sequencing,
      while also offering higher-throughput and higher sensitivity capabilities. To
      establish the accuracy and reproducibility of NGS for the development of mtDNA
      data, 90 DNA extracts that were previously used to generate forensic quality full
      mtGenomes using STS were sequenced using Nextera XT library preparation and the
      Illumina MiSeq. Using the same amplicon product, replicate library sets were
      generated and sequenced at different laboratories, and analysis was performed in
      replicate using the CLC Genomics Workbench. Both sequencing sets resulted in
      99.998% of positions with greater than 10X coverage when 96 samples (including
      controls) were multiplexed. Overall, 99.9996% concordance was observed between
      the NGS data and the STS data for the full mtGenome. The only "discordant" calls
      involved low level point heteroplasmies, with the differences resulting from
      stochastic variation and/or the increased sensitivity of NGS. Higher sensitivity
      also allowed for the detection of a mixed sample previously not detected with
      STS. Additionally, variant calls were reproducible between sequencing sets and
      between software analysis versions with the variant frequency only differing by
      0.23% and 0.01%, respectively. Further validation studies and specialized
      software functionality tailored to forensic practice should facilitate the
      incorporation of NGS processing into standard casework applications. The data
      herein comprise the largest, and likely most thoroughly examined, complete
      mtGenome STS-NGS concordance dataset available.

PMID- 27368089
TI  - Analytical method development for powder characterization: Visualization of the
      critical drug loading affecting the processability of a formulation for direct
      compression.
AB  - Characterization of particulate systems (powders) is one of the remaining
      scientific challenges. Evaluation of powder behaviour is often empirical and the
      decision-making processes are experience-based. There is a need for development
      of analytical instrumentation enabling more fundamental understanding of powder
      behaviour. Flowability and tabletability, two key factors in commercial scale
      manufacturing of tablets with direct compression (DC) approach, were analysed for
      formulations containing increasing amounts of several model active pharmaceutical
      ingredients (APIs). Flowability was investigated using a ring shear tester and
      tablets were prepared at four different compression pressures using a single
      punch tablet press. Thereby, a material sparing screening approach was developed
      to estimate the influence of APIs on behaviour of a given DC formulation.
      Additionally, this approach is useful for estimating the low threshold amount of
      API (wt%), at which the properties of an API start affecting the powder behaviour
      of a given formulation (API-excipient mixture). This threshold will be referred
      to as critical drug loading. The flowability of microcrystalline cellulose
      (reference grade pH 102) was used as a threshold for adequate flowability of
      model formulations. The threshold for tablet tensile strength was set to 2MPa.
      Simultaneous visual presentation of both- flowability and tabletability were used
      for a fast evaluation of manufacturability of a given formulation. The results
      confirmed that flowability is more sensitive to drug loading than tabletability,
      and that the critical drug loading for a DC formulation is strongly affected by
      particulate properties of API. For example, decreasing the particle size of
      paracetamol led to rapid decrease in flowability index, whereas the tabletability
      was not affected. 

PMID- 27368090
TI  - Examination of the Pattern of Growth of Cerebral Tissue Volumes From Hospital
      Discharge to Early Childhood in Very Preterm Infants.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Smaller cerebral volumes at hospital discharge in very preterm (VPT)
      infants are associated with poor neurobehavioral outcomes. Brain growth from the
      newborn period to middle childhood has not been explored because longitudinal
      data have been lacking. OBJECTIVES: To examine the pattern of growth of cerebral
      tissue volumes from hospital discharge to childhood in VPT infants and to
      determine perinatal risk factors for impaired brain growth and associations with
      neurobehavioral outcomes at 7 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
      Prospective cohort study of VPT infants (<30 weeks' gestation or <1250 g) born
      between April 11, 2001, and April 26, 2004, and followed up at 7 years' corrected
      age. The setting was The Royal Women's Hospital and The Royal Children's
      Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Of 224 VPT infants and 46 full-term (FT) infants,
      usable magnetic resonance imaging data at either infancy or 7 years were
      collected for 214 VPT children (95.5%) and 46 FT children (100%), while 126 VPT
      children (56.3%) and 31 FT children (67.4%) had usable magnetic resonance imaging
      data at both time points. Follow-up was conducted from April 28, 2008, to August
      9, 2011. Our final analysis was on March 3, 2016. EXPOSURE: Prematurity. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Absolute tissue growth, defined as change in absolute
      tissue volume, between infancy and 7 years was calculated for cortical gray
      matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV), and subcortical GMV. IQ,
      language, and motor function were measured at 7 years. RESULTS: The study cohort
      comprised 260 participants. Their mean (SD) age was 7.5 (0.2) years, and 49.2%
      (128 of 260) were female. Early GMV deficits in VPT infants were magnified by 7
      years, with less growth than FT controls. Growth differences were 31.4 (95% CI,
      14.8-48.1) cm3 for cortical GMV and 1.7 (95% CI, 0.5-2.8) cm3 for subcortical
      GMV. Within the VPT group, greater growth was observed in boys for cortical GMV
      (31.9; 95% CI, 16.8-46.9 cm3), WMV (31.7; 95% CI, 19.7-43.7 cm3), and subcortical
      GMV (1.8; 95% CI, 0.8-2.8 cm3). After controlling for sex and maternal education,
      all tissue volumes in infancy correlated with IQ (r >= 0.35, P < .05) and
      language (r >= 0.29, P < .05). Seven-year volumes correlated with IQ (r = 0.28, P
      = .04 for cortical GMV), language (r = 0.29, P = .04 for cortical GMV), and motor
      functioning (r >= 0.29, P < .05 for all tissues). There was no evidence of any
      association between brain growth during childhood and outcomes in VPT infants.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Low brain volumes observed in VPT infants are
      exaggerated at 7 years. Low brain volume in infancy is associated with long-term
      functional outcomes, emphasizing the persisting influence of early brain
      development on subsequent growth and outcomes.

PMID- 27368091
TI  - A Dengue Vaccine.
AB  - Denvaxia is the first licensed vaccine for the prevention of dengue. It is a live
      vaccine developed using recombinant DNA technology. The vaccine is given as three
      doses over the course of a year and has the potential to prevent hundreds of
      thousands of hospitalizations each year. 

PMID- 27368092
TI  - Forging Collaborative Relationships in Brazil: From AIDS to ZIKV.
AB  - The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak has stimulated collaborations between Brazilians,
      researchers from other South American countries, and scientists from around the
      world. The Brazilian response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic demonstrates capabilities
      that can be applied to the study of ZIKV and provides lessons for developing
      effective international infectious disease research collaborations. 

PMID- 27368093
TI  - Roots, Not Parachutes: Research Collaborations Combat Outbreaks.
AB  - Recent infectious disease epidemics illustrate how health systems failures
      anywhere can create disease vulnerabilities everywhere. We must therefore
      prioritize investments in health care infrastructure in outbreak-prone regions of
      the world. We describe how "rooted" research collaborations can establish
      capacity for pathogen surveillance and facilitate rapid outbreak responses. 

PMID- 27368094
TI  - Mitochondrial Networking in T Cell Memory.
AB  - T-lymphocytes show large changes in ATP demand and nutrient utilization, imposed
      by their different roles as T memory and T effector cells. Therefore, T cell
      remodeling represents a bioenergetic challenge to mitochondria. New work from
      Buck et al. links changes in mitochondrial shape to T cell fate choice. 

PMID- 27368095
TI  - Evidence of G.O.D.'s Miracle: Unearthing a RAG Transposon.
AB  - Diversity of antibodies and T cell receptors is generated by gene rearrangement
      dependent on RAG1 and RAG2, enzymes predicted to have been derived from a
      transposable element (TE) that invaded an immunoglobulin superfamily gene early
      in the evolution of jawed vertebrates. Now, Huang et al. report the discovery of
      ProtoRAG in the lower chordate Amphioxus, the long-anticipated TE related to the
      RAG transposon. 

PMID- 27368096
TI  - Sorting Out Presenilins in Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Mutations in the presenilins that cause familial Alzheimer's disease alter the
      activity of these proteases to increase generation of an aggregation-prone
      isoform of the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). How these mutations do so has been
      unclear. Sannerud et al. now show that regulation of subcellular localization
      plays a central role, advancing our understanding of the cell biology of
      Alzheimer's disease. 

PMID- 27368097
TI  - Actuators Acting without Actin.
AB  - Plant actuators move organs, allowing the plant to respond to environmental cues
      or perform other mechanical tasks. In Cardamine hursuta the dispersal of seeds is
      accomplished by explosive opening of the fruit. The biomechanical mechanism
      relies on a complex interplay between turgor regulation and cell wall mechanical
      properties.

PMID- 27368098
TI  - Neuronal Computations Made Visible with Subcellular Resolution.
AB  - Sensory information is gradually processed within dedicated neural circuits to
      generate specific behaviors. In this issue, Yang et al. push technology
      boundaries to measure both voltage and calcium signals from subcellular
      compartments of genetically defined interconnected neurons and shed light on
      local neural computations critical for motion detection. 

PMID- 27368099
TI  - EMT: 2016.
AB  - The significant parallels between cell plasticity during embryonic development
      and carcinoma progression have helped us understand the importance of the
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human disease. Our expanding knowledge
      of EMT has led to a clarification of the EMT program as a set of multiple and
      dynamic transitional states between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, as
      opposed to a process involving a single binary decision. EMT and its intermediate
      states have recently been identified as crucial drivers of organ fibrosis and
      tumor progression, although there is some need for caution when interpreting its
      contribution to metastatic colonization. Here, we discuss the current state-of
      the-art and latest findings regarding the concept of cellular plasticity and
      heterogeneity in EMT. We raise some of the questions pending and identify the
      challenges faced in this fast-moving field. 

PMID- 27368100
TI  - Multi-organ Site Metastatic Reactivation Mediated by Non-canonical Discoidin
      Domain Receptor 1 Signaling.
AB  - Genetic screening identifies the atypical tetraspanin TM4SF1 as a strong mediator
      of metastatic reactivation of breast cancer. Intriguingly, TM4SF1 couples the
      collagen receptor tyrosine kinase DDR1 to the cortical adaptor syntenin 2 and,
      hence, to PKCalpha. The latter kinase phosphorylates and activates JAK2, leading
      to the activation of STAT3. This non-canonical mechanism of signaling induces the
      expression of SOX2 and NANOG; sustains the manifestation of cancer stem cell
      traits; and drives metastatic reactivation in the lung, bone, and brain.
      Bioinformatic analyses and pathological studies corroborate the clinical
      relevance of these findings. We conclude that non-canonical DDR1 signaling
      enables breast cancer cells to exploit the ubiquitous interstitial matrix
      component collagen I to undergo metastatic reactivation in multiple target
      organs. 

PMID- 27368101
TI  - Paracrine Induction of HIF by Glutamate in Breast Cancer: EglN1 Senses Cysteine.
AB  - The HIF transcription factor promotes adaptation to hypoxia and stimulates the
      growth of certain cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The
      HIFalpha subunit is usually prolyl-hydroxylated by EglN family members under
      normoxic conditions, causing its rapid degradation. We confirmed that TNBC cells
      secrete glutamate, which we found is both necessary and sufficient for the
      paracrine induction of HIF1alpha in such cells under normoxic conditions.
      Glutamate inhibits the xCT glutamate-cystine antiporter, leading to intracellular
      cysteine depletion. EglN1, the main HIFalpha prolyl-hydroxylase, undergoes
      oxidative self-inactivation in the absence of cysteine both in biochemical assays
      and in cells, resulting in HIF1alpha accumulation. Therefore, EglN1 senses both
      oxygen and cysteine. 

PMID- 27368103
TI  - Irreversible APC(Cdh1) Inactivation Underlies the Point of No Return for Cell
      Cycle Entry.
AB  - Proliferating cells must cross a point of no return before they replicate their
      DNA and divide. This commitment decision plays a fundamental role in cancer and
      degenerative diseases and has been proposed to be mediated by phosphorylation of
      retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Here, we show that inactivation of the anaphase
      promoting complex/cyclosome (APC(Cdh1)) has the necessary characteristics to be
      the point of no return for cell-cycle entry. Our study shows that APC(Cdh1)
      inactivation is a rapid, bistable switch initiated shortly before the start of
      DNA replication by cyclin E/Cdk2 and made irreversible by Emi1. Exposure to
      stress between Rb phosphorylation and APC(Cdh1) inactivation, but not after
      APC(Cdh1) inactivation, reverted cells to a mitogen-sensitive quiescent state,
      from which they can later re-enter the cell cycle. Thus, APC(Cdh1) inactivation
      is the commitment point when cells lose the ability to return to quiescence and
      decide to progress through the cell cycle. 

PMID- 27368102
TI  - An ER-Associated Pathway Defines Endosomal Architecture for Controlled Cargo
      Transport.
AB  - Through a network of progressively maturing vesicles, the endosomal system
      connects the cell's interior with extracellular space. Intriguingly, this network
      exhibits a bilateral architecture, comprised of a relatively immobile perinuclear
      vesicle "cloud" and a highly dynamic peripheral contingent. How this
      spatiotemporal organization is achieved and what function(s) it curates is
      unclear. Here, we reveal the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-located ubiquitin ligase
      Ring finger protein 26 (RNF26) as the global architect of the entire endosomal
      system, including the trans-Golgi network (TGN). To specify perinuclear vesicle
      coordinates, catalytically competent RNF26 recruits and ubiquitinates the
      scaffold p62/sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1), in turn attracting ubiquitin-binding
      domains (UBDs) of various vesicle adaptors. Consequently, RNF26 restrains fast
      transport of diverse vesicles through a common molecular mechanism operating at
      the ER membrane, until the deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 opposes RNF26 activity
      to allow vesicle release into the cell's periphery. By drawing the endosomal
      system's architecture, RNF26 orchestrates endosomal maturation and trafficking of
      cargoes, including signaling receptors, in space and time. 

PMID- 27368104
TI  - Information Integration and Energy Expenditure in Gene Regulation.
AB  - The quantitative concepts used to reason about gene regulation largely derive
      from bacterial studies. We show that this bacterial paradigm cannot explain the
      sharp expression of a canonical developmental gene in response to a regulating
      transcription factor (TF). In the absence of energy expenditure, with regulatory
      DNA at thermodynamic equilibrium, information integration across multiple TF
      binding sites can generate the required sharpness, but with strong constraints on
      the resultant "higher-order cooperativities." Even with such integration, there
      is a "Hopfield barrier" to sharpness; for n TF binding sites, this barrier is
      represented by the Hill function with the Hill coefficient n. If, however, energy
      is expended to maintain regulatory DNA away from thermodynamic equilibrium, as in
      kinetic proofreading, this barrier can be breached and greater sharpness
      achieved. Our approach is grounded in fundamental physics, leads to testable
      experimental predictions, and suggests how a quantitative paradigm for eukaryotic
      gene regulation can be formulated. 

PMID- 27368105
TI  - SnapShot: Brown and Beige Adipose Thermogenesis.
AB  - Brown and beige adipose tissues have been identified as potential therapeutic
      targets for combating diet-induced obesity and metabolic disease. Here, we
      present transcriptional and developmental regulation of brown and beige adipose
      tissue, as well as critical physiological and pharmaceutical activators of
      thermogenesis in both tissues. 

PMID- 27368107
TI  - Is the clinical use of ice still relevant?

PMID- 27368106
TI  - Risk factors for level V lymph node metastases in solitary papillary thyroid
      carcinoma with clinically lateral lymph node metastases.
AB  - The extent of lateral neck dissection (LND) in surgical resection of papillary
      thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with clinically lateral LNM (LLNM) remains controversial.
      We aimed to explore the frequency of and risk factors for level V LNM in patients
      with solitary PTC and clinically LLNM. To analyze the frequency and risk factors
      for level V LNM, we retrospectively reviewed 220 solitary PTC patients who
      underwent total thyroidectomy, bilateral central neck dissection, and therapeutic
      LND. LLNM were present in 82.3% patients, and levels II-V LNM were present in
      45.9%, 62.7%, 55.5%, and 12.3% patients, respectively. Ipsilateral level V LNM
      was significantly associated with tumor size >10 mm, extrathyroidal extension,
      ipsilateral central LNM ratio >=50%, and contralateral central LNM (CLNM),
      bilateral CLNM, and simultaneous levels II-IV LNM. Contralateral CLNM was an
      independent risk factor for level V LNM. In patients with solitary PTC and
      clinically LLNM, level V LNM was relatively uncommon. Therefore, routine level V
      lymphadenectomy may be unnecessary in these patients unless level V LNM is
      suspected on preoperative examination or associated risk factors, especially
      contralateral CLNM, are present.

PMID- 27368108
TI  - Aspiring to inspire - serotonin, the laryngeal chemoreflex and the sudden infant
      death syndrome.

PMID- 27368109
TI  - TPGS-modified liposomes for the delivery of ginsenoside compound K against non
      small cell lung cancer: formulation design and its evaluation in vitro and in
      vivo.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This work aimed at preparing ginsenoside compound K (GCK)-loaded
      liposomes modified with TPGS (GCKT-liposomes) to enhance solubility and targeting
      capability of GCK, as well as inhibit the efflux of GCK from tumour cells.
      METHODS: GCKT-liposomes were prepared by the thin-film hydration method and
      characterized by particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential and drug
      encapsulation efficiency. A549 cells were used as antitumour cell model to access
      the cellular uptake of the GCK and perform its antitumour function. The
      enhancement of in vivo antitumour efficacy of GCKT-liposomes was evaluated by
      nude mice bearing tumour model. KEY FINDINGS: The results showed that GCKT
      liposomes achieved a comparatively high drug loading efficiency and reasonable
      particle size at the ratio of 7 : 3 (phospholipid: TPGS). The in vitro release
      demonstrated that the dissolution of GCK was remarkably improved by entrapping it
      into liposomes. In addition, GCKT-liposomes exhibited a great hypersensitizing
      effect on A549 cells, and the cellular uptake was enhanced. Compared with free
      GCK, the IC50 of GCKT-liposomes was significantly reduced (16.3 +/- 0.8 vs 24.9
      +/- 1.0 MUg/ml). In vivo antitumour assay also indicated that GCKT-liposomes
      achieved higher antitumour efficacy (67.5 +/- 0.5 vs 40.8 +/- 0.7%). CONCLUSION:
      The novel GCKT-liposomes significantly improved the antitumour efficacy of GCK.

PMID- 27368110
TI  - Association Between Trauma Center Type and Mortality Among Injured Adolescent
      Patients.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Although data obtained from regional trauma systems demonstrate
      improved outcomes for children treated at pediatric trauma centers (PTCs)
      compared with those treated at adult trauma centers (ATCs), differences in
      mortality have not been consistently observed for adolescents. Because trauma is
      the leading cause of death and acquired disability among adolescents, it is
      important to better define differences in outcomes among injured adolescents by
      using national data. OBJECTIVES: To use a national data set to compare mortality
      of injured adolescents treated at ATCs, PTCs, or mixed trauma centers (MTCs) that
      treat both pediatric and adult trauma patients and to determine the final
      discharge disposition of survivors at different center types. DESIGN, SETTING,
      AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from level I and II trauma centers participating in the
      2010 National Trauma Data Bank (January 1 to December 31, 2010) were used to
      create multilevel models accounting for center-specific effects to evaluate the
      association of center characteristics (PTC, ATC, or MTC) on mortality among
      patients aged 15 to 19 years who were treated for a blunt or penetrating injury.
      The models controlled for sex; mechanism of injury (blunt vs penetrating);
      injuries sustained, based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale scores (post-dot values
      <3 or >=3 by body region); initial systolic blood pressure; and Glasgow Coma
      Scale scores. Missing data were managed using multiple imputation, accounting for
      multilevel data structure. Data analysis was conducted from January 15, 2013, to
      March 15, 2016. EXPOSURES: Type of trauma center. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      Mortality at each center type. RESULTS: Among 29 613 injured adolescents (mean
      [SD] age, 17.3 [1.4] years; 72.7% male), most were treated at ATCs (20 402
      [68.9%]), with the remainder at MTCs (7572 [25.6%]) or PTCs (1639 [5.5%]).
      Adolescents treated at PTCs were more likely to be injured by a blunt than
      penetrating injury mechanism (91.4%) compared with those treated at ATCs (80.4%)
      or MTCs (84.6%). Mortality was higher among adolescents treated at ATCs and MTCs
      than those treated at PTCs (3.2% and 3.5% vs 0.4%; P < .001). The adjusted odds
      of mortality were higher at ATCs (odds ratio, 4.19; 95% CI, 1.30-13.51) and MTCs
      (odds ratio, 6.68; 95% CI, 2.03-21.99) compared with PTCs but was not different
      between level I and II centers (odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.99). CONCLUSION
      AND RELEVANCE: Mortality among injured adolescents was lower among those treated
      at PTCs, compared with those treated at ATCs and MTCs. Defining resource and
      patient features that account for these observed differences is needed to
      optimize adolescent outcomes after injury.

PMID- 27368111
TI  - Rapid determination of nine barbiturates in human whole blood by liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - A rapid, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC
      MS/MS) method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine
      barbiturates (barbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital, secobarbital,
      thiopental, butalbital, butabarbital, and hexobarbital) in human whole blood.
      Barbiturates were extracted from 100 MUL of human whole blood samples using a
      simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) procedure, and detected by LC-MS/MS. An
      UPLC C18 (2.1 mm * 100 mm, 1.7 um) column was used at 40  degrees C for the
      separation and acetonitrile/water system was used as the mobile phase with
      gradient elution. This method showed excellent accuracy (86-111%) and precision
      (relative standard deviation <15%). The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.2 ng/mL
      for barbital and secobarbital and 0.5 ng/mL for the other barbiturates. The
      linearity ranged from 2 ng/mL to 2000 ng/mL, with r2  > 0.99 over the range. This
      method achieved the separation and detection of pentobarbital and amobarbital at
      the same time in a convenient way. Moreover, it was both simple and sensitive for
      the determination of nine most commonly used barbiturate drugs, which was
      meaningful in the field of clinical and forensic toxicology. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27368112
TI  - Midwest Nursing Research Society News.

PMID- 27368113
TI  - Hb Melusine and Hb Athens-Georgia: potentially underreported in the Belgian
      population? Four cases demonstrating the lack of detection using common CE-HPLC
      methods either for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) analysis or Hb variant screening.
AB  - OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Suspected hemoglobin (Hb) variants, detected during
      HbA1C measurements should be further investigated, determining the extent of the
      interference with each method. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: This is the first report of
      Hb Melusine and Hb Athens-Georgia in Caucasian Belgian patients. Intervention &
      Technique: Since common CE-HPLC methods for HbA1C analysis or Hb variant
      screening are apparently unable to detect these Hb variants, their presence might
      be underestimated. HbA1C analysis using CZE, however, alerted for their presence.
      Moreover, in case of Hb Melusine, even Hb variant screening using CZE was
      unsuccessful in its detection. CONCLUSION: Fortunately, carriage of Hb Melusine
      or Hb Athens-Georgia variants has no clinical implications and, as shown in this
      report, no apparent difference in HbA1C should be expected.

PMID- 27368114
TI  - DNA Damage Repair and the Emerging Role of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibition
      in Cancer Therapeutics.
AB  - PURPOSE: As a result of improved understanding of DNA repair mechanisms, poly(ADP
      ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are increasingly recognized to play an
      important therapeutic role in the treatment of cancer. The aim of this article is
      to provide a review of PARPi function in DNA damage repair and synthetic
      lethality and to demonstrate how these mechanisms can be exploited to provide new
      PARPi-based therapies to patients with solid tumors. METHODS: Literature from a
      range of sources, including PubMed and MEDLINE, were searched to identify recent
      reports regarding DNA damage repair and PARPi. FINDINGS: DNA damage repair is
      central to cellular viability. The family of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteins
      play multiple intracellular roles in DNA repair, but function primarily in the
      resolution of repair of single-strand DNA breaks. Insights through the discovery
      of germline BRCA1/2 mutations led to the understanding of synthetic lethality and
      the potential therapeutic role of PARPi in the treatment of cancer. Further
      understanding of DNA damage repair and the concept of BRCA-like tumors have
      catalyzed PARPi clinical investigation in multiple oncologic settings.
      IMPLICATIONS: PARPi hold great promise in the treatment of solid tumors, both as
      monotherapy and in combination with other cancer therapeutics. Multiple PARPi
      clinical trials are currently underway. Further understanding of aberrant DNA
      repair mechanisms in the germline and in the tumor genome will allow clinicians
      and researchers to apply PARPi most strategically in the era of personalized
      medicine.

PMID- 27368115
TI  - Concordant and Discordant EGFR Mutations in Patients With Multifocal
      Adenocarcinomas: Implications for EGFR-Targeted Therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Adenocarcinoma remains the most common subtype of lung cancer in the
      United States. Most patients present with tumors that are invasive and often
      metastatic, but in some patients, multiple precursor in situ or minimally
      invasive adenocarcinoma tumors develop that can be synchronous and metachronous.
      These precursor lesions harbor the same spectrum of genetic mutations found in
      purely invasive adenocarcinomas, such as EGFR, KRAS, and p53 mutations. It is
      less clear, however, whether separate lesions in patients who present with
      multifocal disease share common underlying genetic driver mutations. METHODS:
      Here we review the relevant literature on molecular driver alterations in
      adenocarcinoma precursor lesions. We then report 4 patients with multifocal EGFR
      mutant adenocarcinomas in whom we performed molecular testing on 2 separate
      lesions. FINDINGS: In 2 of these patients, the mutations are concordant, and in 2
      patients, the mutations are discordant. A review of the literature demonstrates
      increasing evidence that lesions with discordant mutations may confer a more
      favorable prognosis because they are unlikely to represent metastases.
      IMPLICATIONS: Our findings suggest that the emergence of the dominant EGFR driver
      alteration is often independent between lesions in patients with multifocal
      adenocarcinomas, and thus the same targeted therapy may not be effective for all
      lesions. However, genetic testing of multiple lesions can help to distinguish
      separate primary tumors from metastatic disease.

PMID- 27368117
TI  - A Randomized Phase I Pharmacokinetic Study Comparing Biosimilar Candidate SB3 and
      Trastuzumab in Healthy Male Subjects.
AB  - PURPOSE: This first-in-human study with SB3 was designed to evaluate the
      pharmacokinetic (PK) equivalence between SB3 and trastuzumab sourced in the
      European Union (EU trastuzumab), between SB3 and trastuzumab sourced in the
      United States (US trastuzumab), and between EU and US trastuzumab (NCT02075073).
      METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, parallel group, single-dose
      comparative PK study, 109 healthy male subjects were randomized to receive a
      single 6-mg/kg IV dose of SB3, EU -trastuzumab, or US trastuzumab. The PK
      parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. The PK equivalence in
      terms of AUC0--infinity), AUC0-last, and Cmax for the pairwise comparisons (SB3
      vs EU trastuzumab, SB3 vs US trastuzumab, and EU trastuzumab vs US trastuzumab)
      were determined using the predefined equivalence margin of 0.8 to 1.25. FINDINGS:
      Baseline demographic characteristics for the randomized subjects were similar
      across the 3 groups. The 90% CIs for the geometric least square means of the AUC0
      infinity, AUC0-last, and Cmax were completely contained within the margin of 0.8
      to 1.25. The proportions of subjects who experienced adverse events related to
      the study drug were 36.1%, 44.4%, and 61.1% in the SB3, EU trastuzumab, and US
      trastuzumab groups, respectively. The most frequently reported adverse events
      related to the study drug was infusion-related reactions. No subjects had
      positive results for antidrug antibodies after a single dose of SB3, EU
      trastuzumab, or US trastuzumab. IMPLICATIONS: This study revealed PK equivalence
      between SB3 and EU trastuzumab, between SB3 and US trastuzumab, and between EU
      trastuzumab and US trastuzumab. SB3 is well tolerated without tolerability
      concerns after single-dose administration in healthy male subjects.

PMID- 27368116
TI  - A Prospective Evaluation of the Effects of Prevalent Depressive Symptoms on
      Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Treated With Biologic Response
      Modifiers.
AB  - PURPOSE: Depressive symptoms are common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may
      affect disease activity and treatment outcomes. The objective of this study was
      to determine if prevalent depressive symptoms modify biologic treatment response
      through their effect on RA disease activity. METHODS: RA patients with depressive
      symptoms, initiating biologic treatment, were identified from a US RA registry
      sample. Patients with depression were compared with control subjects (ie, those
      patients with no reports of depressive symptoms at, or before, initiating
      therapy) in terms of clinical disease activity index (CDAI) remission and low
      disease activity (LDA), and the changes in the component measures that comprise
      this scale at 6 and 12 months of follow-up. Inverse probability weighting was
      used to account for differences in baseline disease severity, concomitant
      treatment characteristics, and other possible confounders. Logistic and linear
      regression models estimated differences in response rates and changes in
      component disease activity measures. FINDINGS: Depressive symptoms were
      associated with a decreased likelihood of CDAI remission at 6 months (odds ratio,
      0.43 [95% CI, 0.19-0.96]) but not at 12 months (odds ratio, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.43
      1.60]), and there was no effect on CDAI LDA. Adjusted core component measurement
      changes showed smaller decreases in global assessment ratings in patients with
      depressive symptoms; these associations were not statistically significant.
      IMPLICATIONS: Poorer treatment outcomes among RA patients with depressive
      symptoms may be a result of higher baseline disease severity. Adjusted estimates
      indicated symptoms of depression only affected remission at 6 months' follow-up
      through patient and physician global assessments. Thus, any impact of depressive
      symptoms during biologic treatment might not be due to a definitive impact on
      joint swelling and tenderness.

PMID- 27368118
TI  - Relationship Between Time Consumption and Quality of Responses to Drug-related
      Queries: A Study From Seven Drug Information Centers in Scandinavia.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to assess the quality of responses produced
      by drug information centers (DICs) in Scandinavia, and to study the association
      between time consumption processing queries and the quality of the responses.
      METHODS: We posed six identical drug-related queries to seven DICs in
      Scandinavia, and the time consumption required for processing them was estimated.
      Clinical pharmacologists (internal experts) and general practitioners (external
      experts) reviewed responses individually. We used mixed model linear regression
      analyses to study the associations between time consumption on one hand and the
      summarized quality scores and the overall impression of the responses on the
      other hand. FINDINGS: Both expert groups generally assessed the quality of the
      responses as "satisfactory" to "good." A few responses were criticized for being
      poorly synthesized and less relevant, of which none were quality-assured using co
      signatures. For external experts, an increase in time consumption was
      statistically significantly associated with a decrease in common quality score
      (change in score, -0.20 per hour of work; 95% CI, -0.33 to -0.06; P = 0.004), and
      overall impression (change in score, -0.05 per hour of work; 95% CI, -0.08 to 
      0.01; P = 0.005). No such associations were found for the internal experts'
      assessment. IMPLICATIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study of the
      association between time consumption and quality of responses to drug-related
      queries in DICs. The quality of responses were in general good, but time
      consumption and quality were only weakly associated in this setting.

PMID- 27368119
TI  - The parathyroid hormone-related protein is secreted during the osteogenic
      differentiation of human dental follicle cells and inhibits the alkaline
      phosphatase activity and the expression of DLX3.
AB  - The dental follicle is involved in tooth eruption and it expresses a great amount
      of the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP). PTHrP as an extracellular
      protein is required for a multitude of different regulations of enchondral bone
      development and differentiation of bone precursor cells and of the development of
      craniofacial tissues. The dental follicle contains also precursor cells (DFCs) of
      the periodontium. Isolated DFCs differentiate into periodontal ligament cells,
      alveolar osteoblast and cementoblasts. However, the role of PTHrP during the
      human periodontal development remains elusive. Our study evaluated the influence
      of PTHrP on the osteogenic differentiation of DFCs under in vitro conditions for
      the first time. The PTHrP protein was highly secreted after 4days of the
      induction of the osteogenic differentiation of DFCs with dexamethasone
      (2160.5pg/ml+/-345.7SD. in osteogenic differentiation medium vs. 315.7pg/ml+/
      156.2SD. in standard cell culture medium; Student's t Test: p<0.05 (n=3)). We
      showed that the supplementation of the osteogenic differentiation medium with
      PTHrP inhibited the alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of the
      transcription factor DLX3, but the depletion of PTHrP did not support the
      differentiation of DFCs. Previous studies have shown that Indian Hedgehog (IHH)
      induces PTHrP and that PTHrP, in turn, inhibits IHH via a negative feedback loop.
      We showed that SUFU (Suppressor Of Fused Homolog) was not regulated during the
      osteogenic differentiation in DFCs. So, neither the hedgehog signaling pathway
      induced PTHrP nor PTHrP suppressed the hedgehog signaling pathway during the
      osteogenic differentiation in DFCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that PTHrP
      regulates independently of the hedgehog signaling pathway the osteogenic
      differentiated in DFCs. 

PMID- 27368120
TI  - A Micro-Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation Assay as a Relative Solubility
      Screening Tool for Monoclonal Antibody Design and Formulation Development.
AB  - Adequate protein solubility is an important prerequisite for development,
      manufacture, and administration of biotherapeutic drug candidates, especially for
      high-concentration protein formulations. A previously established method for
      determining the relative apparent solubility (thermodynamic activity) of proteins
      using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation is adapted for screening and
      comparing monoclonal antibody (mAb) candidates where only limited quantities (<=1
      mg) are available. This micro-PEG assay is used to evaluate various broadly
      neutralizing mAb candidates to HIV-1 viral spike (gp120 and gp41 glycoproteins).
      Using ~1 mg of VRC01-WT mAb per assay, the precision of the micro-PEG assay was
      established. A series of 7 different broadly neutralizing mAbs to the HIV-1 viral
      spike proteins were compared by curve shape (%PEG vs. protein concentration),
      %PEGmidpoint determinations, and extrapolated apparent solubility values.
      Numerous formulation conditions were then evaluated for their relative effects on
      the VRC01-WT mAb. The PEGmidpt and apparent solubility values of VRC01-WT mAb
      decreased as the solution pH increased and increased as NaCl and arginine were
      added. A final optimization of the micro-PEG assay established that amounts as
      low as 0.1-0.2 mg can be used. Thus, the micro-PEG assay has significant
      potential as a relative solubility screening tool during candidate selection and
      early formulation development.

PMID- 27368121
TI  - Controlled Expansion of Supercritical Solution: A Robust Method to Produce Pure
      Drug Nanoparticles With Narrow Size-Distribution.
AB  - We introduce a robust, stable, and reproducible method to produce nanoparticles
      based on expansion of supercritical solutions using carbon dioxide as a solvent.
      The method, controlled expansion of supercritical solution (CESS), uses
      controlled mass transfer, flow, pressure reduction, and particle collection in
      dry ice. CESS offers control over the crystallization process as the pressure in
      the system is reduced according to a specific profile. Particle formation takes
      place before the exit nozzle, and condensation is the main mechanism for
      postnucleation particle growth. A 2-step gradient pressure reduction is used to
      prevent Mach disk formation and particle growth by coagulation. Controlled
      particle growth keeps the production process stable. With CESS, we produced
      piroxicam nanoparticles, 60 mg/h, featuring narrow size distribution (176 +/- 53
      nm).

PMID- 27368122
TI  - Support Tools in Formulation Development for Poorly Soluble Drugs.
AB  - The need for solubility enhancement through formulation is a well-known but still
      problematic issue because of the numbers of poorly water-soluble drugs in
      development. There are several possible routes that can be taken to increase the
      bioavailability of drugs intended for immediate-release oral formulation. The
      best formulation strategy for any given drug will depend on numerous factors,
      including required dose, shelf life, manufacturability, and the properties of the
      active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Choosing an optimal formulation and
      manufacturing route for a new API is therefore not a straightforward process.
      Currently, there are several approaches that are used in the pharmaceutical
      industry to select the best formulation strategy. These differ in complexity and
      efficiency, but most try to predict which route will best suit the API based on
      selected molecular parameters such as molecular weight, lipophilicity (logP), and
      solubility. These methods range from using no tools, trial and error methods
      through a variety of complex tools from small in vitro or in vivo experiments or
      high throughput screening, guidance maps, and decision trees to the most complex
      methods based on computational modelling tools. This review aims to list
      available support tools and explain how they are used.

PMID- 27368124
TI  - Muscle strength differ between patients with diabetes and controls following
      heart surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to analyze muscle strength in patients with
      recent surgical treatment for ischemic and combined ischemic-valvular heart
      disease, based on existence of diabetes mellitus. Connections existing between
      muscle strength and patient characteristics or conventional diagnostic tests were
      analyzed as well. METHODS: Study prospectively included consecutive patients
      scheduled for cardiovascular rehabilitation 0-3months after heart surgery.
      Diagnostics covered drug utilization, anthropometrics, demographics,
      echocardiography, conventional laboratory, echocardiography, bioelectrical
      impedance analysis (BIA), and hand grip test (HGT). HGT was analyzed for dominant
      hand. RESULTS: Patients with diabetes had significantly weaker muscle strength on
      HGT than controls; 29.4+/-12.2kg vs. 38.2+/-14.7kg (p=0.029), respectively. ROC
      analysis for HGT and existence of diabetes mellitus were significant; <=40kg had
      sensitivity of 89.7% (95%CI: 72.6-97.8), specificity 43.7% (31.9-56.0); AUC 0.669
      (0.568-0.760); p=0.002. HGT significantly correlated with hematocrit (Rho
      CC=0.247; p=0.013), whilst other laboratory or echocardiographic parameters were
      insignificant (all p>0.05). HGT also correlated with body weight (Rho CC=0.510;
      p<0.001); height (Rho CC=0.632; p<0.001); waist circumference (Rho CC=0.388;
      p<0.001); waist-to-hip ratio (Rho CC=0.274; p=0.006) and BIA (Rho CC=-0.412;
      p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In postoperative recovery of patients with diabetes,
      muscle strength assessed by HGT is decreased and in relation with nutritional
      status. Clinically resourceful connections of HGT were also found to hematocrit
      and utilization of loop diuretics.

PMID- 27368123
TI  - Adiponectin is associated with early diabetic kidney disease in adults with type
      1 diabetes: A Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes (CACTI) Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The associations between elevated adiponectin and end-stage renal
      disease are well recognized and thought to be at least partially explained by
      reduced renal clearance. Conversely, the relationship between adiponectin and
      early diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with preserved glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR), including rapid GFR decline and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) is
      unclear. We hypothesized that elevated adiponectin would be associated with early
      DKD in adults with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Adults with type 1 diabetes (n=646
      at baseline, n=525 at 6years) had adiponectin and renal function by estimated GFR
      (eGFR) by CKD-EPI creatinine and albumin-excretion rate (AER) evaluated at
      baseline and 6years. Linear and logistic models evaluated the associations of
      baseline adiponectin with AER, macroalbuminuria (AER >=200MUg/min), eGFR, CKD
      (<60mL/min/1.73m2) and rapid GFR decline (>3mL/min/1.73m2/year). Models adjusted
      for age, sex, duration, HbA1c, SBP, LDL-C and current smoking. RESULTS: Compared
      to non-diabetics, adults with type 1 diabetes had significantly higher
      adiponectin, and the difference remained significant after adjusting for AER
      and/or eGFR (p<0.0001). Adiponectin at baseline was positively associated with
      rapid GFR decline (OR: 1.24, 95% CI 1.00-1.53), incident CKD (OR: 1.75, 1.14
      2.70), and persistent macroalbuminuria and CKD (OR: 1.61, 1.10-2.36) over 6years
      in adjusted models. The associations also remained significant after further
      adjustments for CRP, estimated insulin sensitivity and ACEi/ARB therapy.
      CONCLUSIONS: Adults with type 1 diabetes have higher adiponectin than their non
      diabetic peers, and elevated adiponectin at baseline is independently associated
      with greater odds of developing early DKD over 6years.

PMID- 27368125
TI  - p62 modulates the intrinsic signaling of UVB-induced apoptosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: UVB radiation is the main source of sunburn and skin cancers.
      Apoptosis eliminates photodamaged cells, and is thus important for preventing
      epidermal carcinogenesis. The cytoplasmic regulatory protein
      p62/A170/sequestosome 1 (p62) molecule is involved in a variety of cellular and
      signaling pathways. p62 is known to be and important in autophagy, but its role
      in UVB-induced apoptosis remains to be clarified. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the
      role of p62 against UVB-induced apoptotic changes, using mouse embryonic
      fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from p62 homozygous knockout (p62(-/-)) mice. METHODS:
      p62(-/-) and wild-type (p62(+/+)) mice and MEFs were subjected to UVB
      irradiation, and the resultant apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry,
      quantitative real-time PCR, and western blots. RESULTS: Apoptosis was decreased
      in the p62(-/-) MEFs compared to p62(+/+) MEFs in response to UVB treatment.
      Compared with p62(+/+) MEFs, p62(-/-) MEFs expressed significantly more Bcl-2 and
      less Bax, and showed increased Src and Stat3 phosphorylation. Our results show
      that p62 regulates apoptotic pathways by modifying critical signaling
      intermediates such as Src and Stat3. CONCLUSION: p62 reduces UVB-induced
      apoptosis by modulating intrinsic apoptotic signaling through Src
      phosphorylation.

PMID- 27368126
TI  - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Unmet Need for Pediatric Therapy Services: The
      Role of Family-Centered Care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine whether individual elements of family-centered care (FCC)
      mediate racial/ethnic disparities in parent-reported unmet therapy need. METHODS:
      We conducted a secondary data analysis using the 2009-2010 National Survey of
      Children With Special Health Care Needs. A total of 6478 black, Hispanic, and
      white children ages 0 to 5 years had complete data on parent-reported unmet need
      and FCC. Five measured indicators of FCC included whether the child's health care
      provider spent enough time with the child (time), listened carefully to the
      child's parents (listening), was sensitive to family culture and values
      (sensitivity), delivered information specific to the child's health
      (information), and helped parents feel like partners (partnership). We performed
      staged multivariate logistic regression to test the association between
      race/ethnicity and parent-reported unmet therapy need, and to explore whether
      this association was mediated by elements of FCC using the Baron-Kenny mediation
      framework. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of children with special health care needs 0
      to 5 years old with reported therapy need experienced unmet need. Black and
      Hispanic children were more likely than white children to have parent-reported
      unmet therapy need (adjusted odds ratio 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.08-2.36).
      This disparity was no longer significant after adjustment for the FCC elements of
      time, sensitivity, or partnership. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of FCC is likely an
      important factor in meeting the therapy needs of children with developmental
      delay and in reducing racial/ethnic disparities in parent-reported unmet therapy
      need. Interventions aimed at fostering parent-provider relationships through
      improved cultural sensitivity and engagement of parents as partners are necessary
      to ensure equitable utilization of these services.

PMID- 27368127
TI  - New hardware and workflows for semi-automated correlative cryo-fluorescence and
      cryo-electron microscopy/tomography.
AB  - Correlative light and electron microscopy allows features of interest defined by
      fluorescence signals to be located in an electron micrograph of the same sample.
      Rare dynamic events or specific objects can be identified, targeted and imaged by
      electron microscopy or tomography. To combine it with structural studies using
      cryo-electron microscopy or tomography, fluorescence microscopy must be performed
      while maintaining the specimen vitrified at liquid-nitrogen temperatures and in a
      dry environment during imaging and transfer. Here we present instrumentation,
      software and an experimental workflow that improves the ease of use, throughput
      and performance of correlated cryo-fluorescence and cryo-electron microscopy. The
      new cryo-stage incorporates a specially modified high-numerical aperture
      objective lens and provides a stable and clean imaging environment. It is
      combined with a transfer shuttle for contamination-free loading of the specimen.
      Optimized microscope control software allows automated acquisition of the entire
      specimen area by cryo-fluorescence microscopy. The software also facilitates
      direct transfer of the fluorescence image and associated coordinates to the cryo
      electron microscope for subsequent fluorescence-guided automated imaging. Here we
      describe these technological developments and present a detailed workflow, which
      we applied for automated cryo-electron microscopy and tomography of various
      specimens.

PMID- 27368128
TI  - Membrane protein crystallization in micelles conjugated by nucleoside base
      pairing: A different concept.
AB  - The dearth of high quality, three dimensional crystals of membrane proteins,
      suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis, constitutes a serious barrier to
      progress in structural biology. To address this challenge, we have developed a
      new crystallization medium that relies on the conjugation of surfactant micelles
      via base-pairing of complementary hydrophobic nucleosides. Base-pairs formed at
      the interface between micelles bring them into proximity with each other; and
      when the conjugated micelles contain a membrane protein, crystal nucleation
      centers can be stabilized, thereby promoting crystal growth. Accordingly, two
      hydrophobic nucleoside derivatives - deoxyguanosine (G) and deoxycytidine (C),
      each covalently bonded to a 10 carbon chain were synthesized and added to an
      aqueous solution containing octyl beta-d-thioglucopyranoside micelles. These
      hydrophobic nucleosides induced the formation of oil-rich globules after 2days
      incubation at 19 degrees C or after a few hours in the presence of ammonium
      sulfate; however, phase separation was inhibited by 100mM GMP. The presence of
      the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin in the conjugated - micellar dispersion
      resulted in the growth within the colorless globules of a variety of purple
      crystals, the color indicating a functional protein. On this basis, we suggest
      that conjugation of micelles via base-pair complementarity may provide
      significant assistance to the structural determination of integral membrane
      proteins.

PMID- 27368129
TI  - Probing the mechanical properties, conformational changes, and interactions of
      nucleic acids with magnetic tweezers.
AB  - Nucleic acids are central to the storage and transmission of genetic information.
      Mechanical properties, along with their sequence, both enable and fundamentally
      constrain the biological functions of DNA and RNA. For small deformations from
      the equilibrium conformations, nucleic acids are well described by an isotropic
      elastic rod model. However, external forces and torsional strains can induce
      conformational changes, giving rise to a complex force-torque phase diagram. This
      review focuses on magnetic tweezers as a powerful tool to precisely determine
      both the elastic parameters and conformational transitions of nucleic acids under
      external forces and torques at the single-molecule level. We review several
      variations of magnetic tweezers, in particular conventional magnetic tweezers,
      freely orbiting magnetic tweezers and magnetic torque tweezers, and discuss their
      characteristic capabilities. We then describe the elastic rod model for DNA and
      RNA and discuss conformational changes induced by mechanical stress. The focus
      lies on the responses to torque and twist, which are crucial in the mechanics and
      interactions of nucleic acids and can directly be measured using magnetic
      tweezers. We conclude by highlighting several recent studies of nucleic acid
      protein and nucleic acid-small-molecule interactions as further applications of
      magnetic tweezers and give an outlook of some exciting developments to come.

PMID- 27368130
TI  - Comprehensive Biomarkers for Personalized Treatment in Pulmonary Large Cell
      Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Comparative Analysis With Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognosis for patients with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma
      (LCNEC) of the lung is extremely poor, and optimal treatment strategies have not
      yet been established. To improve prognoses in patients with LCNEC, this study
      analyzed immunohistochemical expression and gene mutations of several known
      molecular targets in LCNECs and compared the expression levels of these targets
      with those in lung adenocarcinomas. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with primary
      LCNEC and 40 patients with adenocarcinoma were analyzed. Excision repair cross
      complementation group 1 (ERCC1), class III beta-tubulin, topoisomerase I,
      topoisomerase II, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-L858R, and somatostatin
      receptor expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and EGFR mutations
      were evaluated using direct DNA sequencing and the Scorpion-amplified refractory
      mutation system. RESULTS: In patients with LCNEC and adenocarcinoma, positive
      rates of topoisomerase I, topoisomerase II, ERCC1, class III beta-tubulin, EGFR
      L858R, and somatostatin were 100.0% and 100.0%, 65.4% and 15.0% (p < 0.0001),
      42.3% and 17.5% (p = 0.0462), 46.2% and 62.5%, 0.0% and 20.0% (p = 0.0182), and
      50.0% and 5.0% (p < 0.0001), respectively. The frequencies of EGFR mutations were
      0.0% and 37.5% in LCNEC and adenocarcinoma (p = 0.0002), respectively. Five-year
      overall survival rates were 64% in LCNEC and 91% in adenocarcinoma in stage I (p
      = 0.0132). Multivariate analysis showed that LCNEC histologic type was an
      independent prognostic factor in stage I. CONCLUSIONS: LCNEC showed
      overexpression of topoisomerase II, somatostatin, and ERCC1. These findings
      suggested that it was possible to have good response to treatment with etoposide
      and octreotide and that LCNEC may be resistant to platinum-based therapy compared
      with adenocarcinoma. EGFR mutations were not observed in LCNEC. These results may
      indicate a favorable response to adjuvant treatments that are not typically
      prescribed for non-small cell lung cancer.

PMID- 27368131
TI  - Modest amendment of sewage sludge biochar to reduce the accumulation of cadmium
      into rice(Oryza sativa L.): A field study.
AB  - Much research has considered the influence of biochars on the availability and
      phytoaccumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from soil. However, the
      vast majority of these studies use, what are arguably, unrealistic and
      unpractical amounts of biochar (10, 50 and even up to 100 t/ha). To offer a more
      realistic insight into the influence of biochar on PTE partitioning and
      phytoaccumulation, a field study, using modest rates of biochar application (1.5,
      3.0 t/ha), was undertaken. Specifically, the research investigated the influence
      of sewage sludge biochar (SSBC) on the accumulation of Cd into rice (Oryza sativa
      L.) grown in Cd contaminated (0.82 +/- 0.07 mg/kg) paddy soil. Results indicated,
      Cd concentrations in rice grains to significantly (p < 0.05) decrease from 1.35
      +/- 0.09 mg/kg in the control to 0.82 +/- 0.07 mg/kg and 0.80 +/- 0.21 mg/kg in
      the 1.5 t/ha and 3.0 t/ha treatments, respectively. Accordingly, the hazardous
      quotient (HQ) indices for Cd, associated with rice grain consumption, were also
      reduced by ~40%. SSBC amendment significantly (p < 0.05) increased grain yields
      from 1.90 +/- 0.08 g/plant in the control to 2.17 +/- 0.30 g/plant and 3.40 +/-
      0.27 g/plant in the 1.5 t/ha and 3.0 t/ha treatments, respectively. Thus, the
      amendment of SSBC to contaminated paddy soils, even at low application rates,
      could be an effective approach to mitigate Cd accumulation into rice plants, to
      improve rice grain yields, and to thereby improve food security and protect
      public health. 

PMID- 27368133
TI  - Good Eating Makes Good Reading.

PMID- 27368134
TI  - Bonne lecture, bonne alimentation.

PMID- 27368132
TI  - Knockdown delta-5-desaturase promotes the formation of a novel free radical
      byproduct from COX-catalyzed omega-6 peroxidation to induce apoptosis and
      sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs.
AB  - Recent research has demonstrated that colon cancer cell proliferation can be
      suppressed in the cells that overexpress COX-2 via generating 8-hydroxyoctanoic
      acid (a free radical byproduct) during dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, an
      omega-6 fatty acid) peroxidation from knocking down cellular delta-5-desaturase
      (D5D, the key enzyme for converting DGLA to the downstream omega-6, arachidonic
      acid). Here, this novel research finding is extended to pancreatic cancer growth,
      as COX-2 is also commonly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. The pancreatic
      cancer cell line, BxPC-3 (with high COX-2 expression and mutated p53), was used
      to assess not only the inhibitory effects of the enhanced formation of 8
      hydroxyoctanoic acid from cellular COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation but also its
      potential synergistic and/or additive effect on current chemotherapy drugs. This
      work demonstrated that, by inducing DNA damage through inhibition of histone
      deacetylase, a threshold level of 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid achieved in DGLA-treated
      and D5D-knockdown BxPC-3 cells subsequently induce cancer cell apoptosis.
      Furthermore, it was shown that a combination of D5D knockdown along with DGLA
      treatment could also significantly sensitize BxPC-3 cells to various chemotherapy
      drugs, likely via a p53-independent pathway through downregulating of anti
      apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bcl-2) and activating pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g.,
      caspase 3, -9). This study reinforces the supposition that using commonly
      overexpressed COX-2 for molecular targeting, a strategy conceptually distinct
      from the prevailing COX-2 inhibition strategy used in cancer treatment, is an
      important as well as viable alternative to inhibit cancer cell growth. Based on
      the COX-2 metabolic cascade, the outcomes presented here could guide the
      development of a novel omega-6-based dietary care strategy in combination with
      chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 27368135
TI  - Canadian Consensus on Female Nutrition: Adolescence, Reproduction, Menopause, and
      Beyond.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To provide health care professionals in Canada with the basic
      knowledge and tools to provide nutrition guidance to women through their
      lifecycle. OUTCOMES: Optimal nutrition through the female lifecycle was
      evaluated, with specific focus on adolescence, pre-conception, pregnancy,
      postpartum, menopause, and beyond. The guideline begins with an overview of
      guidance for all women, followed by chapters that examine the evidence and
      provide recommendations for the promotion of healthy nutrition and body weight at
      each life stage. Nutrients of special concern and other considerations unique to
      each life stage are discussed in each chapter. EVIDENCE: Published literature,
      governmental and health agency reports, clinical practice guidelines, grey
      literature, and textbook sources were used in supporting the recommendations made
      in this document. VALUES: The quality of evidence was rated using the criteria
      described in the report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.
      CHAPTER 2: GENERAL FEMALE NUTRITION: Summary Statements Recommendations CHAPTER
      3: ADOLESCENCE NUTRITION: Summary Statements Recommendations CHAPTER 4: PRE
      CONCEPTUAL NUTRITION: Summary Statement Recommendations CHAPTER 5: NUTRITION IN
      PREGNANCY: Summary Statements Recommendations CHAPTER 6: POSTPARTUM NUTRITION AND
      LACTATION: Summary Statements Recommendations CHAPTER 7: NUTRITION DURING
      MENOPAUSE AND BEYOND: Summary Statement Recommendations.

PMID- 27368136
TI  - Consensus canadien sur la nutrition feminine : adolescence, reproduction,
      menopause et au-dela.
AB  - OBJECTIFS: Doter les professionnels de la sante du Canada de connaissances et
      d'outils de base, afin qu'ils puissent prodiguer des conseils nutritionnels aux
      femmes tout au long de leur cycle de vie. ReSULTATS: L'alimentation optimale a
      fait l'objet d'une evaluation tout au long du cycle de vie de la femme. Elle a
      porte en particulier sur l'adolescence, la preconception, la grossesse, la
      periode post-partum, la menopause et au-dela. Le present guide fournit d'abord
      des directives abregees a l'intention de toutes les femmes. Elles sont suivies de
      chapitres proposant un examen des donnees probantes, ainsi que des
      recommandations sur la promotion d'une alimentation saine et d'un poids sante a
      chaque etape de la vie. Par ailleurs, tous les chapitres presentent une analyse
      de nutriments d'interet particulier, ainsi que d'autres aspects uniques a chaque
      etape de la vie. DONNeES PROBANTES: Des documents publies, des rapports
      d'organismes gouvernementaux et de sante, des lignes directrices de pratique
      clinique, de la documentation parallele et des extraits de manuels ont servi a
      etayer les recommandations formulees dans le present document. VALEURS:
      L'evaluation de la qualite des donnees probantes repose sur les criteres decrits
      dans le rapport du Groupe d'etude canadien sur les soins de sante preventifs.
      CHAPITRE 2 : CONSEILS GeNeRAUX SUR L'ALIMENTATION FeMININE: Declarations
      Sommaires Recommandations CHAPITRE 3 : ALIMENTATION DE L'ADOLESCENTE:
      Declarations Sommaires Recommandations CHAPITRE 4 : ALIMENTATION
      PReCONCEPTIONNELLE: Declarations Sommaires Recommandations CHAPITRE 5 :
      ALIMENTATION PENDANT LA GROSSESSE: Declarations Sommaires Recommandations
      CHAPITRE 6 : ALIMENTATION ET LACTATION POST-PARTUM: Declarations Sommaires
      Recommandations CHAPITRE 7 : ALIMENTATION PENDANT LA MeNOPAUSE ET AU-DELa:
      Declarations Sommaires Recommandations.

PMID- 27368137
TI  - Plant acyl-CoA-binding proteins: An emerging family involved in plant development
      and stress responses.
AB  - Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) was first identified in mammals as a
      neuropeptide, and was demonstrated to belong to an important house-keeping
      protein family that extends across eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. In plants,
      the Arabidopsis ACBP family consists of six AtACBPs (AtACBP1 to AtACBP6), and has
      been investigated using gene knock-out mutants and overexpression lines. Herein,
      recent findings on the AtACBPs are examined to provide an insight on their
      functions in various plant developmental processes, such as embryo and seed
      development, seed dormancy and germination, seedling development and cuticle
      formation, as well as their roles under various environmental stresses. The
      significance of the AtACBPs in acyl-CoA/lipid metabolism, with focus on their
      interaction with long to very-long-chain (VLC) acyl-CoA esters and their
      potential role in the formation of lipid droplets in seeds and vegetative tissues
      are discussed. In addition, recent findings on the rice ACBP family are
      presented. The similarities and differences between ACBPs from Arabidopsis and
      rice, that represent eudicot and monocot model plants, respectively, are analyzed
      and the evolution of plant ACBPs by phylogenetic analysis reviewed. Finally, we
      propose potential uses of plant ACBPs in phytoremediation and in agriculture
      related to the improvement of environmental stress tolerance and seed oil
      production.

PMID- 27368138
TI  - [Hydatidosis bone wall chest: About three cases].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Bone hydatidosis of the chest wall is rarely reported in the
      literature. Costal and sternal location are uncommon. Through 3 observations and
      literature review, we report particular pathophysiological and diagnostic aspects
      of costal and sternal hydatidosis. We also discuss therapeutic and prognostic
      aspects of this disease. OUR CASES: we report the cases of 45, 41 and 17 years
      old male patients, 2 of them had previous surgery for thoracic wall mass in
      general surgery service. Clinical presentation was thoracic wall painful mass
      sticking to bone. One patient had isolated costal location, the 2 others had
      sternal location; in one of them, the disease is located in sterno-costo
      clavicular area. In all 3 cases, the disease was diagnosed by computed tomography
      (CT) scan, showing bone lysis or mediastinum enlargement. Patients undergo
      extended bone resection removing away all destructed parts of the bone. After
      surgery, albendazole has been prescribed to all patients. No recurrence was
      observed after 12 months follow-up. CONCLUSION: Chest wall bone hydatidosis is
      unusual even in endemic regions, with slow evolution and inconspicuous symptoms.
      Radiology plays a key role in the management of this disease. Extended surgical
      resection associated with medical treatment (albendazole) is a reliable treatment
      without recurrence.

PMID- 27368139
TI  - [Multiple pulmonary opacities revealing toxocariasis].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Toxocariasis is a parasitosis which complicates the accidental
      infestation of the humans by larvae of a roundworms belonging of the genus
      Toxocara. In adults, the discovery is often incidental during a hypereosinophilia
      check-up. Clinical signs are not specific and depend on affected organs. CASE
      REPORT: We report the case of a 53-year-old-woman who has consulted for a recent
      cough, after spontaneous resolution of abdominal pain. The laboratory examination
      isolated an hypereosinophilia and the liver sonography showed two hypoechogenic
      nodules. The CT-scan found bilateral lung nodules with ground glass halo. Broncho
      alveolar lavage identified an eosinophilic alveolitis. Positive serologic results
      for toxocariasis and western blot results allowed to conclude to the diagnosis of
      pulmonary and hepatic toxocariasis. CONCLUSION: Although rare, pulmonary
      toxocariasis should be suspect in any lung eosinophilia, especially if the
      patient has never traveled.

PMID- 27368141
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 27368142
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 27368140
TI  - Oxidized cholesteryl esters and inflammation.
AB  - The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis proposes that oxidized LDL is a major
      causative factor in the development of atherosclerosis. Although this hypothesis
      has received strong mechanistic support and many animal studies demonstrated
      profound atheroprotective effects of antioxidants, which reduce LDL oxidation,
      the results of human clinical trials with antioxidants were mainly negative,
      except in selected groups of patients with clearly increased systemic oxidative
      stress. We propose that even if reducing lipoprotein oxidation in humans might be
      difficult to achieve, deeper understanding of mechanisms by which oxidized LDL
      promotes atherosclerosis and targeting these specific mechanisms will offer novel
      approaches to treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this review article, we
      focus on oxidized cholesteryl esters (OxCE), which are a major component of
      minimally and extensively oxidized LDL and of human atherosclerotic lesions. OxCE
      and OxCE-protein covalent adducts induce profound biological effects. Among these
      effects, OxCE activate macrophages via toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and spleen
      tyrosine kinase and induce macropinocytosis resulting in lipid accumulation,
      generation of reactive oxygen species and secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
      Specific inhibition of OxCE-induced TLR4 activation, as well as blocking other
      inflammatory effects of OxCE, may offer novel treatments of atherosclerosis and
      cardiovascular disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid
      modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation
      edited by Christoph J. Binder.

PMID- 27368143
TI  - Near-Infrared Ag2S Quantum Dots-Based DNA Logic Gate Platform for miRNA
      Diagnostics.
AB  - Dysregulation of miRNA expression is correlated with the development and
      progression of many diseases. These miRNAs are regarded as promising biomarkers.
      However, it is challenging to measure these low abundant molecules without
      employing time-consuming radioactive labeling or complex amplification
      strategies. Here, we present a DNA logic gate platform for miRNA diagnostics with
      fluorescence outputs from near-infrared (NIR) Ag2S quantum dots (QDs). Carefully
      designed toehold exchange-mediated strand displacements with different miRNA
      inputs occur on a solid-state interface, which control QDs release from solid
      state interface to solution, responding to multiplex information on initial
      miRNAs. Excellent fluorescence emission properties of NIR Ag2S QDs certify the
      great prospect for amplification-free and sensitive miRNA assay. We demonstrate
      the potential of this platform by achieving femtomolar level miRNA analysis and
      the versatility of a series of logic circuits computation.

PMID- 27368144
TI  - Queries for the article entitled "Predictors for extensive nodal involvement in
      breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node metastases".

PMID- 27368145
TI  - Far-red light photoacclimation: Chromophorylation of FR induced alpha- and beta
      subunits of allophycocyanin from Chroococcidiopsis thermalis sp. PCC7203.
AB  - Cyanobacterial light-harvesting complexes, phycobilisomes, can undergo extensive
      remodeling under varying light conditions. Acclimation to far-red light involves
      not only generation of red-shifted chlorophylls in the photosystems, but also
      induction of additional copies of core biliproteins that have been related to red
      shifted components of the phycobilisome (Gan et al., Life 5, 4, 2015). We are
      studying the molecular basis for these acclimations in Chroococcidiopsis
      thermalis sp. PCC7203. Five far-red induced allophycocyanin subunits (ApcA2,
      ApcA3, ApcB2, ApcB3 and ApcF2) were expressed in Escherichia coli, together with
      S-type chromophore-protein lyases and in situ generated chromophore,
      phycocyanobilin. Only one subunit, ApcF2, shows an unusual red-shift
      (lambdaAmax~675nm, lambdaFmax~698nm): it binds the chromophore non-covalently,
      thereby preserving its full conjugation length. This mechanism operates also in
      two Cys-variants of the induced subunits of bulky APC. All other wild-type
      subunits bind phycocyanobilin covalently to the conventional Cys-81 under
      catalysis of the lyase, CpcS1. Although three of them also show binding to
      additional cysteines, all absorb and fluoresce similar to conventional APC
      subunits (lambdaAmax~610nm, lambdaFmax~640nm). Another origin of red-shifted
      complexes was identified, however, when different wild-type alpha- and beta
      subunits of the far-red induced bulky APC were combined in a combinatorial
      fashion. Strongly red-shifted complexes (lambdaFmax<=722nm) were formed when the
      alpha-subunit, PCB-ApcA2, and the beta-subunit, PCB-ApcB2, were generated
      together in E. coli. This extreme aggregation-induced red-shift of ~90nm of
      covalently bound chromophores is reminiscent, but much larger, than the ~30nm
      observed with conventional APC.

PMID- 27368146
TI  - Exploring the role of the patient-physician relationship on insulin adherence and
      clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes: Insights from the MOSAIc study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The 2-year prospective MOSAIc (Multinational Observational Study
      assessing Insulin use: understanding the challenges associated with progression
      of therapy) study is investigating whether patient-, physician-, and health
      system-related factors affect outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
      This baseline subanalysis investigated how aspects of the patient-physician
      relationship are associated with diabetes-related distress, insulin adherence,
      and glycemic control. METHODS: Patients with T2D taking insulin for >=3 months
      were recruited at primary care and specialty practice sites in 18 countries.
      Physicians provided usual care. Clinical history and most recent HbA1c values
      were collected; patients were surveyed regarding their perception of physician
      interactions, diabetes-related distress level, and insulin adherence. RESULTS:
      The analysis population comprised 4341 patients. Four (of six) domains showed a
      significant relationship with total diabetes-related distress (P < 0.01). Poor
      insulin adherence was associated with greater diabetes-related distress (adjusted
      odds ratio [aOR] 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.22), higher
      Discrimination (aOR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02-1.27) and Hurried Communication (aOR 1.35;
      95% CI 1.20-1.53) scores, and a lower Explained Results score (aOR 0.86; 95% CI
      0.77-0.97). Poor insulin adherence was associated with a 0.43% increase in HbA1c,
      whereas a 1-unit increase in total diabetes-related distress and Hurried
      Communication scores was associated with a 0.171% and 0.145% increase in HbA1c,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients distressed about living with T2D, and
      dissatisfied with aspects of their interactions with physicians, exhibited poor
      insulin adherence. Perceived physician inattention and lack of engagement (and
      diabetes-related distress) directly affect insulin adherence and glycemic
      control.

PMID- 27368147
TI  - Aromatized testosterone attenuates contextual generalization of fear in male
      rats.
AB  - Generalization is a common symptom of many anxiety disorders, and females are 60%
      more likely to suffer from an anxiety disorder than males. We have previously
      demonstrated that female rats display significantly accelerated rates of
      contextual fear generalization compared to male rats; a process driven, in part,
      by activation of ERbeta. The current study was designed to determine the impact
      of estrogens on contextual fear generalization in male rats. For experiment 1,
      adult male rats were gonadectomized (GDX) and implanted with a capsule containing
      testosterone proprionate, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone proprionate (DHT), or an
      empty capsule. Treatment with testosterone or estradiol maintained memory
      precision when rats were tested in a different (neutral) context 1day after
      training. However, male rats treated with DHT or empty capsules displayed
      significant levels of fear generalization, exhibiting high levels of fear in the
      neutral context. In Experiment 2, we used acute injections of gonadal hormones at
      a time known to elicit fear generalization in female rats (e.g. 24h before
      testing). Injection treatment followed the same pattern of results seen in
      Experiment 1. Finally, animals given daily injections of the aromatase inhibitor,
      Fadrozole, displayed significant fear generalization. These data suggest that
      testosterone attenuates fear generalization likely through the aromatization
      testosterone into estradiol as animals treated with the non-aromatizable
      androgen, DHT, or animals treated with Fadrozole, displayed significant
      generalized fear. Overall, these results demonstrate a sex-dependent effect of
      estradiol on the generalization of contextual fear.

PMID- 27368148
TI  - Brain CRF-binding protein modulates aspects of maternal behavior under stressful
      conditions and supports a hypo-anxious state in lactating rats.
AB  - Reduced corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor activation in the
      postpartum period is essential for adequate maternal behavior. One of the factors
      contributing to this hypo-activity might be the CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP),
      which likely reduces the availability of free extracellular CRF/urocortin 1.
      Here, we investigated behavioral effects of acute CRF-BP inhibition using 5MUg of
      CRF(6-33) administered either centrally or locally within different parts of the
      bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in lactating rats. Additionally, we
      assessed CRF-BP expression in the BNST comparing virgin and lactating rats.
      Central CRF-BP inhibition increased maternal aggression during maternal defense
      but did not affect maternal care or anxiety-related behavior. CRF-BP inhibition
      in the medial-posterior BNST had no effect on maternal care under non-stress
      conditions but impaired the reinstatement of maternal care following stressor
      exposure. Furthermore, maternal aggression, particularly threat behavior, and
      anxiety-related behavior were elevated by CRF-BP inhibition in the medial
      posterior BNST. In the anterior-dorsal BNST, CRF-BP inhibition increased only non
      maternal behaviors following stress. Finally, CRF-BP expression was higher in the
      anterior compared to the posterior BNST but was not different between virgin and
      lactating rats in either region. Our study demonstrates a key role of the CRF-BP,
      particularly within the BNST, in modulating CRF's impact on maternal behavior.
      The CRF-BP is important for the reinstatement of maternal care after stress, for
      modulating threat behavior during an aggressive encounter and for maintaining a
      hypo-anxious state during lactation. Thus, the CRF-BP likely contributes to the
      postpartum-associated down-regulation of the CRF system in a brain region
      dependent manner.

PMID- 27368150
TI  - Efficacy and safety of bupivacaine versus lidocaine in local anesthesia of the
      nasopharynx: A meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of bupivacaine compared with lidocaine
      in local anesthesia of nasopharynx through meta-analysis. METHODS: A number of
      medical literature data bases were searched electronically. Relevant journals and
      references of included studies were manually searched. Two reviewers
      independently performed data extraction and quality assessment. RESULTS: Four
      studies were included. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, acceptable discomfort,
      and bleeding scores were analyzed for bupivacaine versus lidocaine. When
      considering the VAS scores, bupivacaine as a local anesthetic agent was better
      than lidocaine in controlling the pain of postoperative patients (p < 0.00001).
      From VAS scores of patients for transnasal fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopic
      examination that was performed to evaluate upper airway structures, lidocaine was
      found to be better at pain management in patients who underwent transnasal
      endoscopic examination (p < 0.00001). However, when analyzing the acceptable
      discomfort of patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which
      serves as a valuable tool to evaluate upper gastrointestinal structures, the
      patients in the bupivacaine group demonstrated a higher acceptable discomfort
      than the patients in the lidocaine group (p = 0.008). With regard to the bleeding
      scores of the patients with nasal surgery, lidocaine was better at bleeding in
      postoperative patients compared with bupivacaine (p = 0.0007). These results
      indicated that bupivacaine showed better pain control of postoperative patients
      and acceptable discomfort in patients with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
      Lidocaine had a significantly increased ability the pain of patients with
      transnasal fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopic examination and bleeding in
      postoperative patients. No systemic adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION:
      Bupivacaine was found to have better promotion to pain control than did lidocaine
      for the patients after nasal surgery. Lidocaine had a significantly increased
      inhibition of bleeding in these postoperative patients; however, the efficacy
      between bupivacaine and lidocaine was unclear for the patients who had transnasal
      endoscopic examinations.

PMID- 27368149
TI  - Expression of the MYB transcription factor gene BplMYB46 affects abiotic stress
      tolerance and secondary cell wall deposition in Betula platyphylla.
AB  - Plant MYB transcription factors control diverse biological processes, such as
      differentiation, development and abiotic stress responses. In this study, we
      characterized BplMYB46, an MYB gene from Betula platyphylla (birch) that is
      involved in both abiotic stress tolerance and secondary wall biosynthesis.
      BplMYB46 can act as a transcriptional activator in yeast and tobacco. We
      generated transgenic birch plants with overexpressing or silencing of BplMYB46
      and subjected them to gain- or loss-of-function analysis. The results suggest
      that BplMYB46 improves salt and osmotic tolerance by affecting the expression of
      genes including SOD, POD and P5CS to increase both reactive oxygen species
      scavenging and proline levels. In addition, BplMYB46 appears to be involved in
      controlling stomatal aperture to reduce water loss. Overexpression of BplMYB46
      increases lignin deposition, secondary cell wall thickness and the expression of
      genes in secondary cell wall formation. Further analysis indicated that BplMYB46
      binds to MYBCORE and AC-box motifs and may directly activate the expression of
      genes involved in abiotic stress responses and secondary cell wall biosynthesis
      whose promoters contain these motifs. The transgenic BplMYB46-overexpressing
      birch plants, which have improved salt and osmotic stress tolerance, higher
      lignin and cellulose content and lower hemicellulose content than the control,
      have potential applications in the forestry industry.

PMID- 27368151
TI  - 5-lipoxygenase activation is involved in the mechanisms of chronic hepatic injury
      in a rat model of chronic aluminum overload exposure.
AB  - We previously confirmed that rats overloaded with aluminum exhibited hepatic
      function damage and increased susceptibility to hepatic inflammation. However,
      the mechanism of liver toxicity by chronic aluminum overload is poorly
      understood. In this study, we investigated changes in the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)
      signaling pathway and its effect on liver injury in aluminum-overloaded rats. A
      rat hepatic injury model of chronic aluminum injury was established via the
      intragastric administration of aluminum gluconate (Al(3+) 200mg/kg per day, 5days
      a week for 20weeks). The 5-LO inhibitor, caffeic acid (10 and 30mg/kg), was
      intragastrically administered 1h after aluminum administration. Hematoxylin and
      eosin staining was used to visualize pathological changes in rat liver tissue. A
      series of biochemical indicators were measured with biochemistry assay or ELISAs.
      Immunochemistry and RT-PCR methods were used to detect 5-LO protein and mRNA
      expression in the liver, respectively. Caffeic acid administration protected
      livers against histopathological injury, decreased plasma ALT, AST, and ALP
      levels, decreased TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1beta and LTs levels, increased the
      reactive oxygen species content, and down-regulated the mRNA and protein
      expressions of 5-LO in aluminum overloaded rats. Our results indicate that 5
      lipoxygenase activation is mechanistically involved in chronic hepatic injury in
      a rat model of chronic aluminum overload exposure and that the 5-LO signaling
      pathway, which associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, is a potential
      therapeutic target for chronic non-infection liver diseases.

PMID- 27368152
TI  - Involvement of the histamine H4 receptor in clozapine-induced hematopoietic
      toxicity: Vulnerability under granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells.
AB  - Clozapine is an effective antipsychotic for treatment-resistant schizophrenia,
      but can cause fatal hematopoietic toxicity as agranulocytosis. To elucidate the
      mechanism of hematopoietic toxicity induced by clozapine, we developed an in
      vitro assay system using HL-60 cells, and investigated the effect on
      hematopoiesis. HL-60 cells were differentiated by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)
      into three states according to the following hematopoietic process:
      undifferentiated HL-60 cells, those undergoing granulocytic ATRA-differentiation,
      and ATRA-differentiated granulocytic cells. Hematopoietic toxicity was evaluated
      by analyzing cell survival, cell proliferation, granulocytic differentiation,
      apoptosis, and necrosis. In undifferentiated HL-60 cells and ATRA-differentiated
      granulocytic cells, both clozapine (50 and 100MUM) and doxorubicin (0.2uM)
      decreased the cell survival rate, but olanzapine (1-100uM) did not. Under
      granulocytic differentiation for 5days, clozapine, even at a concentration of
      25MUM, decreased survival without affecting granulocytic differentiation,
      increased caspase activity, and caused apoptosis rather than necrosis. Histamine
      H4 receptor mRNA was expressed in HL-60 cells, whereas the expression decreased
      under granulocytic ATRA-differentiation little by little. Both thioperamide, a
      histamine H4 receptor antagonist, and DEVD-FMK, a caspase-3 inhibitor, exerted
      protection against clozapine-induced survival rate reduction, but not of live
      cell counts. 4-Methylhistamine, a histamine H4 receptor agonist, decreased the
      survival rate and live cell counts, as did clozapine. HL-60 cells under
      granulocytic differentiation are vulnerable under in vitro assay conditions to
      hematopoietic toxicity induced by clozapine. Histamine H4 receptor is involved in
      the development of clozapine-induced hematopoietic toxicity through apoptosis,
      and may be a potential target for preventing its occurrence through granulocytic
      differentiation.

PMID- 27368154
TI  - Novel full logistic model for estimation of the estrogenic activity of chemical
      mixtures.
AB  - Estrogenic compounds as well as other biologically active substances are commonly
      present in the form of complex mixtures in the environment. There is still no
      satisfactory model that would be capable of predicting the toxic effects of
      mixtures containing partial receptor agonists and compounds with different
      parameters of their dose-response curves. Therefore, a novel Full Logistic Model
      (FLM) of prediction using all the parameters of dose-response curves has been
      suggested and compared with previously published approaches. We tested the
      receptor-binding activities of selected estrogens including full and partial
      agonists and their mixtures using yeast reporter gene assays and the human T47D
      cell line. Combination effects were modeled with FLM and predicted curves were
      compared with the data obtained experimentally. FLM yielded a good fit to the
      experimental data from both the receptor-binding assays and gave better
      predictions than the previously published approaches. FLM also provided
      satisfactory results regarding final partial agonistic dose-response curves with
      maximum influenced by the inhibitory effect of the partial agonist. FLM is not
      limited by any simplification like the toxic equivalency factor approach or
      generalized concentration addition and therefore it could be employed for
      mixtures containing chemicals with different parameters of their dose-response
      curves (maximum, minimum, inflex point or slope).

PMID- 27368153
TI  - Systemic metabolic derangement, pulmonary effects, and insulin insufficiency
      following subchronic ozone exposure in rats.
AB  - Acute ozone exposure induces a classical stress response with elevated
      circulating stress hormones along with changes in glucose, protein and lipid
      metabolism in rats, with similar alterations in ozone-exposed humans. These
      stress-mediated changes over time have been linked to insulin resistance. We
      hypothesized that acute ozone-induced stress response and metabolic impairment
      would persist during subchronic episodic exposure and induce peripheral insulin
      resistance. Male Wistar Kyoto rats were exposed to air or 0.25ppm or 1.00ppm
      ozone, 5h/day, 3 consecutive days/week (wk) for 13wks. Pulmonary, metabolic,
      insulin signaling and stress endpoints were determined immediately after 13wk or
      following a 1wk recovery period (13wk+1wk recovery). We show that episodic ozone
      exposure is associated with persistent pulmonary injury and inflammation, fasting
      hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, as well as, elevated circulating adrenaline
      and cholesterol when measured at 13wk, however, these responses were largely
      reversible following a 1wk recovery. Moreover, the increases noted acutely after
      ozone exposure in non-esterified fatty acids and branched chain amino acid levels
      were not apparent following a subchronic exposure. Neither peripheral or tissue
      specific insulin resistance nor increased hepatic gluconeogenesis were present
      after subchronic ozone exposure. Instead, long-term ozone exposure lowered
      circulating insulin and severely impaired glucose-stimulated beta-cell insulin
      secretion. Thus, our findings in young-adult rats provide potential insights into
      epidemiological studies that show a positive association between ozone exposures
      and type 1 diabetes. Ozone-induced beta-cell dysfunction may secondarily
      contribute to other tissue-specific metabolic alterations following chronic
      exposure due to impaired regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism.

PMID- 27368155
TI  - Mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium marinum in reared mullets: first evidence
      from Sardinia (Italy).
AB  - Mycobacterium marinum is a slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacterium, and it is
      considered the most common aetiologic agent of mycobacteriosis in wild and
      cultured fish. The diagnosis is principally made by histology when positive Ziehl
      Neelsen stain granulomas are detected. The aim of this study was to investigate
      the occurrence of mycobacteriosis in extensively cultured Mugilidae of two
      lagoons (Cabras and San Teodoro) from Sardinia by the use of histology,
      microbiology, PCR and DNA sequencing. Nine of 106 mullets examined were affected
      by mycobacteriosis, and the spleen was the most affected organ. The histology
      detected higher rate (100%) of infection in spleen than the culture and PCR (75%
      and 62.5%, respectively). The sequencing of hsp65 gene identified M. marinum as
      the primary cause of mycobacteriosis in the mullets examined. Mullets affected by
      mycobacteriosis were mainly fished in the San Teodoro lagoon characterized by
      critical environmental conditions. Histology remains the most common method in
      detecting fish affected by mycobacteriosis, and PCR-based methods are essential
      for species identification. Our finding are worthy of attention because
      mycobacteriosis caused by M. marinum in reared mullets was evidenced for the
      first time in Sardinia, suggesting that this disease may be underestimated also
      in other cultured fish species.

PMID- 27368156
TI  - Propofol attenuates high glucose-induced superoxide anion accumulation in human
      umbilical vein endothelial cells.
AB  - Perioperative hyperglycemia is a common clinical metabolic disorder.
      Hyperglycemia could induce endothelial apoptosis, dysfunction, and inflammation,
      resulting in endothelial injury. Propofol is a widely used anesthetic drug in
      clinical settings. Our previous studies indicated that propofol attenuated high
      glucose-induced endothelial apoptosis, dysfunction, and inflammation via
      inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. However, the mechanisms by
      which propofol reduces high glucose-induced endothelial ROS accumulation are
      still obscure. In this study, we examined how propofol attenuates high glucose
      induced endothelial ROS accumulation. Compared with 5 mm glucose treatment, 15 mm
      glucose upregulated the expression of pin-1, phosphatase A2 (PP2A), p66shc and
      mitochondrial p66shc expression, increased p66shc -Ser36 phosphorylation, and O2.
      accumulation. More importantly, although propofol had no effect on 15 mm glucose
      induced p66shc -Ser36 phosphorylation and pin-1 expression, propofol could
      downregulated PP2A expression and p66shc expression in whole-cell and
      mitochondrion, resulting in the reduction of O2.- accumulation. Moreover, we
      demonstrated that the antioxidative effect of propofol was similar to that of
      calyculin A, an inhibitor of PP2A. In contrast, FTY720, an activator of PP2A,
      antagonized the effect of propofol. Our data indicated that the antioxidative
      effect of propofol was achieved by downregulating PP2A expression, resulting in
      the inhibition of p66shc -Ser36 dephosphorylation and mitochondrial p66shc
      expression.

PMID- 27368157
TI  - Metabolic syndrome in white European men presenting for primary couple's
      infertility: investigation of the clinical and reproductive burden.
AB  - Despite complex interactions between obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinaemia,
      and the reproductive axis, the impact of metabolic syndrome on human male
      reproductive function has not been analysed comprehensively. Complete
      demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 1337 consecutive primary
      infertile men were analysed. Health-significant comorbidities were scored with
      the Charlson Comorbidity Index (categorised 0 vs. 1 vs. 2 or higher). NCEP-ATPIII
      criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome. Semen analysis values were
      assessed based on the 2010 World Health Organisation (WHO) reference criteria.
      Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association
      between semen parameters and clinical characteristics and metabolic syndrome.
      Metabolic syndrome was found in 128 (9.6%) of 1337 men. Patients with metabolic
      syndrome were older (p < 0.001) and had a greater Charlson Comorbidity Index of 1
      or higher (chi-square: 15.6; p < 0.001) compared with those without metabolic
      syndrome. Metabolic syndrome patients had lower levels of total testosterone (p <
      0.001), sex hormone-binding globulin (p = 0.004), inhibin B (p = 0.03), and anti
      Mullerian hormone (p = 0.009), and they were hypogonadal at a higher rate (chi
      square: 32.0; p < 0.001) than patients without metabolic syndrome. Conversely,
      the two groups did not differ significantly in further hormonal levels, semen
      parameters, and rate of either obstructive or non-obstructive azoospermia. At
      multivariate logistic regression analysis, testicular volume (OR: 0.90; p =
      0.002) achieved independent predictor status for WHO pathological semen
      concentration; conversely, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index scores, metabolic
      syndrome, and inhibin B values did not. No parameters predicted normal sperm
      morphology and total progressive motility. Metabolic syndrome accounts for
      roughly 9% of men presenting for primary couple's infertility. Although metabolic
      syndrome patients have a lower general male health status, semen analysis values
      seem independent of the presence of metabolic syndrome.

PMID- 27368158
TI  - Liver transplantation for biliary atresia: A nationwide investigation from 1996
      to 2013 in mainland China.
AB  - We investigated the overall situation of LT for BA in mainland China and analyzed
      their survival outcomes based on data from CLTR. Between January 1996 and
      December 2013, 509 liver transplants for BA were performed in mainland China and
      were included in this study. Patients' median age was 9.6 months (range: 4.8
      175.2 months). KP was previously performed in 194 cases (38.1%). Grafts from
      living donors were used in 380 cases (74.7%). Era I (1996.1-2010.12) and era II
      (2011.1-2013.12) comprised 151 cases (29.7%) and 358 cases (70.3%), respectively.
      Twenty-five centers had performed at least one liver transplant for children with
      BA. Centers from Shanghai (197 cases), Tianjin (143 cases) and Beijing (81 cases)
      involved 82.7% of the 509 cases. One- and five-yr graft survival rates were 84.7%
      and 72.6%, respectively. Split grafts, center volume <20, GRWR >=4.0%, and
      steroid-free immunosuppression regimen were independent risk factors for graft
      survival. In conclusion, the dramatic expansion of pediatric liver transplant
      programs in mainland China has enabled improved survival for those children
      affected by this devastating disease. However, screening of BA in neonates should
      be emphasized throughout the country to enhance early referrals for KP.

PMID- 27368159
TI  - The use of patch tests in the diagnosis of delayed hypersensitivity drug
      eruptions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common. In the absence of a
      sufficiently sensitive and specific laboratory test, identification of the
      culprit drug remains a diagnostic challenge. Patch tests have recently been
      advocated as a means of detecting drug sensitivity. OBJECTIVE: To further
      elucidate the usefulness of patch tests in revealing the causative drugs of
      cutaneous ADRs (CADRs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a non-blinded,
      prospective, controlled clinical trial. Twenty-five patients with a history of
      CADRs were patch tested, and 25 healthy subjects who had never experienced CADRs
      served as controls. RESULTS: A morbilliform eruption was the most frequent skin
      reaction. Patch tests were positive in eight of the 25 patients with CADR (32%).
      Specifically, five of the 13 patients with morbilliform drug eruption (38.4%)
      tested positive, as did one of the four patients with erythema multiforme/Stevens
      Johnson syndrome (25%), and one of the two patients with the drug reaction with
      eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome. Antibiotics and anticonvulsants
      resulted in positive patch tests most often. Patch test sensitivity was 32%,
      specificity was 92%, and negative and positive predictive values were 57.5% and
      80%, respectively. Significant correlation was found between the patch test
      result and the clinical probability of a CADR according to the imputability score
      of the drug. CONCLUSIONS: Patch testing for drugs causing ADRs shows high
      specificity rates even though the sensitivity is low. Such tests may therefore be
      useful in supporting the diagnosis of delayed-type CADRs, particularly when
      antibiotics or anticonvulsants are involved and the cutaneous reaction is a
      morbilliform rash.

PMID- 27368160
TI  - Impact of using artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in the treatment of
      uncomplicated malaria from Plasmodium falciparum in a non-endemic zone.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been adopted by the
      World Health Organization as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium
      falciparum malaria. In endemic regions, it has proven more effective in treating
      the disease, and even in reducing its transmission. Nonetheless, there is a
      scarcity of studies carried out in non-endemic areas on imported uncomplicated
      malaria. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational study performed on
      patients diagnosed and admitted with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria between
      2004 and 2015. The objective was to compare the parasite clearance period and the
      average hospital length of stay for patients treated with ACT vs those receiving
      other treatment regimens. RESULTS: Eighty-five patients were included in the
      study. Fifty-one received ACT treatment (dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine) and
      thirty-four patients were treated with quinine sulfate+doxycycline or
      atovaquone/proguanil. The parasite clearance period was shorter in the group of
      patients treated with ACT compared to those receiving other treatment types: 24 h
      (IQR 24) vs 48 h (IQR 48), p < 0.01. The average hospital stay was also shorter
      in the ACT group with respect to the second group: 2.67 days (IQR 1.08) vs 3.96
      days (IQR 2.87), p < 0.001. A mild case of hepatitis was registered in the group
      treated with ACT. CONCLUSIONS: ACT treatment of admitted hospital patients with
      imported uncomplicated malaria from P. falciparum reduced the days spent
      hospitalized as well as producing a more rapid parasite clearance compared to
      classic treatment. In spite of being treated with safe medications, one has to be
      alert to possible adverse effects such as hepatitis and delayed haemolytic
      anaemia.

PMID- 27368161
TI  - Adhesion kinetics of human primary monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages:
      Dynamic cell adhesion measurements with a label-free optical biosensor and their
      comparison with end-point assays.
AB  - Monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages (MFs) are closely related
      immune cells that differ in their main functions. These specific functions are,
      to a considerable degree, determined by the differences in the adhesion behavior
      of the cells. To study the inherently and essentially dynamic aspects of the
      adhesion of monocytes, DCs, and MFs, dynamic cell adhesion assays were performed
      with a high-throughput label-free optical biosensor [Epic BenchTop (BT)] on
      surfaces coated with either fibrinogen (Fgn) or the biomimetic copolymer PLL-g
      PEG-RGD. Cell adhesion profiles typically reached their maximum at ~60 min after
      cell seeding, which was followed by a monotonic signal decrease, indicating
      gradually weakening cell adhesion. According to the biosensor response, cell
      types could be ordered by increasing adherence as monocytes, MFs, and DCs.
      Notably, all three cell types induced a larger biosensor signal on Fgn than on
      PLL-g-PEG-RGD. To interpret this result, the molecular layers were characterized
      by further exploiting the potentials of the biosensor: by measuring the
      adsorption signal induced during the surface coating procedure, the authors could
      estimate the surface density of adsorbed molecules and, thus, the number of
      binding sites potentially presented for the adhesion receptors. Surfaces coated
      with PLL-g-PEG-RGD presented less RGD sites, but was less efficient in promoting
      cell spreading than those coated with Fgn; hence, other binding sites in Fgn
      played a more decisive role in determining cell adherence. To support the cell
      adhesion data obtained with the biosensor, cell adherence on Fgn-coated surfaces
      30-60 min after cell seeding was measured with three complementary techniques,
      i.e., with (1) a fluorescence-based classical adherence assay, (2) a shear flow
      chamber applying hydrodynamic shear stress to wash cells away, and (3) an
      automated micropipette using vacuum-generated fluid flow to lift cells up. These
      techniques confirmed the results obtained with the high-temporal-resolution Epic
      BT, but could only provide end-point data. In contrast, complex, nonmonotonic
      cell adhesion kinetics measured by the high-throughput optical biosensor is
      expected to open a window on the hidden background of the immune cell
      extracellular matrix interactions.

PMID- 27368162
TI  - Seroprevalence of Toscana virus in dogs from Corsica, France.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arbovirus belonging to the Bunyaviridae, a
      family of negative-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. The virus can be transmitted
      to humans through the bite of an infected female sand fly of the genus
      Phlebotomus. Infections are usually asymptomatic but the virus is known to cause
      aseptic meningitis and/or meningo-encephalitis in the Mediterranean countries.
      Dogs are good sentinels for detection of viral circulation and are more easily
      accessible than wild animals. FINDINGS: In 2013 and 2014, we collected sera from
      231 adult dogs living in 26 counties in two departments in Corsica, a French
      island in the Mediterranean. The virus microneutralization-based seroprevalence
      assay revealed a seropositivity of 3.9 % dogs on the eastern coast of Corsica.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the circulation of TOSV in Corsica. Accordingly,
      in geographical areas where dogs possess TOSV neutralizing antibodies, direct and
      indirect TOSV diagnosis should be implemented in patients presenting with febrile
      illnesses and central nervous system infections such as meningitis and
      encephalitis.

PMID- 27368164
TI  - Association of alkali metal cations with phosphatidylcholine liposomal membrane
      surface.
AB  - Interactions of alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) with phosphatidylcholine
      (PC) liposomal membranes were investigated through experimental studies and
      theoretical considerations. Using a microelectrophoresis technique, charge
      densities of experimental membrane surfaces were measured as a function of the pH
      of electrolyte solutions. Equilibria between the PC liposomal membranes and
      monovalent ions were mathematically analyzed and described quantitatively through
      a previously proposed theoretical model. Association constants between functional
      groups of PC and the studied ions were determined and used to define theoretical
      curves of membrane surface charge density versus pH. Theoretical and experimental
      data were compared to verify the model. The PC membrane was found to have the
      highest affinity for lithium ions, among the ions tested.

PMID- 27368163
TI  - Determinants of FIV and HIV Vif sensitivity of feline APOBEC3 restriction
      factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a global pathogen of Felidae
      species and a model system for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced AIDS.
      In felids such as the domestic cat (Felis catus), APOBEC3 (A3) genes encode for
      single-domain A3Z2s, A3Z3 and double-domain A3Z2Z3 anti-viral cytidine
      deaminases. The feline A3Z2Z3 is expressed following read-through transcription
      and alternative splicing, introducing a previously untranslated exon in frame,
      encoding a domain insertion called linker. Only A3Z3 and A3Z2Z3 inhibit Vif
      deficient FIV. Feline A3s also are restriction factors for HIV and Simian
      immunodeficiency viruses (SIV). Surprisingly, HIV-2/SIV Vifs can counteract
      feline A3Z2Z3. RESULTS: To identify residues in feline A3s that Vifs need for
      interaction and degradation, chimeric human-feline A3s were tested. Here we
      describe the molecular direct interaction of feline A3s with Vif proteins from
      cat FIV and present the first structural A3 model locating these interaction
      regions. In the Z3 domain we have identified residues involved in binding of FIV
      Vif, and their mutation blocked Vif-induced A3Z3 degradation. We further
      identified additional essential residues for FIV Vif interaction in the A3Z2
      domain, allowing the generation of FIV Vif resistant A3Z2Z3. Mutated feline A3s
      also showed resistance to the Vif of a lion-specific FIV, indicating an
      evolutionary conserved Vif-A3 binding. Comparative modelling of feline A3Z2Z3
      suggests that the residues interacting with FIV Vif have, unlike Vif-interacting
      residues in human A3s, a unique location at the domain interface of Z2 and Z3 and
      that the linker forms a homeobox-like domain protruding of the Z2Z3 core. HIV
      2/SIV Vifs efficiently degrade feline A3Z2Z3 by possible targeting the linker
      stretch connecting both Z-domains. CONCLUSIONS: Here we identified in feline A3s
      residues important for binding of FIV Vif and a unique protein domain insertion
      (linker). To understand Vif evolution, a structural model of the feline A3 was
      developed. Our results show that HIV Vif binds human A3s differently than FIV Vif
      feline A3s. The linker insertion is suggested to form a homeo-box domain, which
      is unique to A3s of cats and related species, and not found in human and mouse
      A3s. Together, these findings indicate a specific and different A3 evolution in
      cats and human.

PMID- 27368166
TI  - Bacteriopheophytin triplet state in Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers.
AB  - It is well established that photoexcitation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction
      centers (RC) with reduced quinone acceptors results in the formation of a triplet
      state localized on the primary electron donor P with a significant yield. The
      energy of this long-lived and therefore potentially damaging excited state is
      then efficiently quenched by energy transfer to the RC spheroidenone carotenoid,
      with its subsequent decay to the ground state by intersystem crossing. In this
      contribution, we present a detailed transient absorption study of triplet states
      in a set of mutated RCs characterized by different efficiencies of triplet
      formation that correlate with lifetimes of the initial charge-separated state
      P(+)H A (-) . On a microsecond time scale, two types of triplet state were
      detected: in addition to the well-known spheroidenone triplet state with a
      lifetime of ~4 MUs, in some RCs we discovered a bacteriopheophytin triplet state
      with a lifetime of ~40 MUs. As expected, the yield of the carotenoid triplet
      increased approximately linearly with the lifetime of P(+)H A (-) , reaching the
      value of 42 % for one of the mutants. However, surprisingly, the yield of the
      bacteriopheophytin triplet was the highest in RCs with the shortest P(+)H A (-)
      lifetime and the smallest yield of carotenoid triplet. For these the estimated
      yield of bacteriopheophytin triplet was comparable with the yield of the
      carotenoid triplet, reaching a value of ~7 %. Possible mechanisms of formation of
      the bacteriopheophytin triplet state are discussed. 

PMID- 27368165
TI  - Thylakoid membrane model of the Chl a fluorescence transient and P700 induction
      kinetics in plant leaves.
AB  - A new Thylakoid model is presented, which describes in detail the electron/proton
      transfer reactions between membrane protein complexes including photosystems II
      and I (PSII, PSI), cytochrome (Cyt) b 6 f, mobile plastoquinone PQ pool in the
      thylakoid membrane, plastocyanin in lumen and ferredoxin in stroma, reduction of
      NADP via FNR and cyclic electron transfer. The Thylakoid model parameters were
      fitted both to Chl fluorescence induction data (FI) and oxido-reductions of P700
      (DeltaA 810) measured from 20 MUs up to 20 s in pea leaves. The two-wave kinetics
      of FI and DeltaA 810 (O(JI)PSM and OABCDE) were described quantitatively,
      provided that the values of membrane electrochemical potential components
      DeltaPsi(t), pHL(t)/pHS(t) are in physiologically relevant ranges. The time
      courses on the time scale from nanoseconds to tens of seconds of oxido-reduction
      changes of ET components as well as concentrations of proton/ions (K+, Cl-) were
      calculated. We assume a low constant FNR activity over this period. Charge
      movements across the thylakoid membrane by passive leakage and active ATPase
      transport and proton buffer reactions are simulated. The dynamics of charge
      fluxes during photosynthetic induction under low light (PFD 200 MUmol photons m-2
      s-1) were analyzed. The initial wave of P700 oxidation within 20 ms during
      independent operation of PSI and PSII was followed after 50 ms by PSI donor-side
      reduction from reduced PQ pool via Cyt b 6 f site. The Cyt b 6 f reactions
      contribute to the stabilization of fluxes in the time range 1 s < t < 10 s. The
      detailed analysis of Chl a fluorescence at the PSM stage (t > 10 s) would need
      the investigation of FNR activation effect in order to explain the transitions
      between cyclic and linear electron transport.

PMID- 27368168
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368169
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368170
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368167
TI  - Comparison of human and mouse E-selectin binding to Sialyl-Lewis(x).
AB  - BACKGROUND: During inflammation, leukocytes are captured by the selectin family
      of adhesion receptors lining blood vessels to facilitate exit from the
      bloodstream. E-selectin is upregulated on stimulated endothelial cells and binds
      to several ligands on the surface of leukocytes. Selectin:ligand interactions are
      mediated in part by the interaction between the lectin domain and Sialyl-Lewis x
      (sLe(x)), a tetrasaccharide common to selectin ligands. There is a high degree of
      homology between selectins of various species: about 72 and 60 % in the lectin
      and EGF domains, respectively. In this study, molecular dynamics, docking, and
      steered molecular dynamics simulations were used to compare the binding and
      dissociation mechanisms of sLe(x) with mouse and human E-selectin. First, a mouse
      E-selectin homology model was generated using the human E-selectin crystal
      structure as a template. RESULTS: Mouse E-selectin was found to have a greater
      interdomain angle, which has been previously shown to correlate with stronger
      binding among selectins. sLe(x) was docked onto human and mouse E-selectin, and
      the mouse complex was found to have a higher free energy of binding and a lower
      dissociation constant, suggesting stronger binding. The mouse complex had higher
      flexibility in a few key residues. Finally, steered molecular dynamics was used
      to dissociate the complexes at force loading rates of 2000-5000 pm/ps(2). The
      mouse complex took longer to dissociate at every force loading rate and the
      difference was statistically significant at 3000 pm/ps(2). When sLe(x)-coated
      microspheres were perfused through microtubes coated with human or mouse E
      selectin, the particles rolled more slowly on mouse E-selectin. CONCLUSIONS: Both
      molecular dynamics simulations and microsphere adhesion experiments show that
      mouse E-selectin protein binds more strongly to sialyl Lewis x ligand than human
      E-selectin. This difference was explained by a greater interdomain angle for
      mouse E-selectin, and greater flexibility in key residues. Future work could
      introduce similar amino acid substitutions into the human E-selectin sequence to
      further modulate adhesion behavior.

PMID- 27368171
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368172
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368173
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368175
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368174
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368176
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368177
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368178
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368179
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368180
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368181
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368182
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368183
TI  - Three-dimensional architectures of P2X2-/P2X3-immunoreactive afferent nerve
      terminals in the rat carotid body as revealed by confocal laser scanning
      microscopy.
AB  - We investigated the three-dimensional architectures of P2X2-/P2X3-immunoreactive
      nerve terminals in the rat carotid body using immunohistochemistry with confocal
      laser microscopy. Nerve endings immunoreactive for P2X2 and P2X3 were associated
      with clusters of type I cells, whereas some nerve endings were sparsely
      distributed in a few clusters. Most nerve endings surrounding type I cells were
      hederiform in shape and extended several flattened axon terminals, which were
      polygonal or pleomorphic in shape and contained P2X2-/P2X3-immunoreactive
      products. Three-dimensional reconstruction views revealed that some flattened
      nerve endings with P2X3 immunoreactivity formed arborized, sac- or goblet-like
      terminal structures and were attached to type I cells immunoreactive for tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH). However, P2X3-immunoreactive axon terminals were sparsely
      distributed in type I cells immunoreactive for dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Multi
      immunolabeling for P2X2, S100, and TH revealed that P2X2-immunoreactive axon
      terminals were attached to TH-immunoreactive type I cells on the inside of type
      II cells with S100 immunoreactivity. These results revealed the detailed
      morphology of P2X2-/P2X3-immunoreactive nerve terminals and suggest that sensory
      nerve endings may integrate chemosensory signals from clustered type I cells with
      their variform nerve terminals. 

PMID- 27368186
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368184
TI  - Automated multiple trajectory planning algorithm for the placement of stereo
      electroencephalography (SEEG) electrodes in epilepsy treatment.
AB  - PURPOSE: About one-third of individuals with focal epilepsy continue to have
      seizures despite optimal medical management. These patients are potentially
      curable with neurosurgery if the epileptogenic zone (EZ) can be identified and
      resected. Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) to record epileptic activity with
      intracranial depth electrodes may be required to identify the EZ. Each SEEG
      electrode trajectory, the path between the entry on the skull and the cerebral
      target, must be planned carefully to avoid trauma to blood vessels and conflicts
      between electrodes. In current clinical practice trajectories are determined
      manually, typically taking 2-3 h per patient (15 min per electrode). Manual
      planning (MP) aims to achieve an implantation plan with good coverage of the
      putative EZ, an optimal spatial resolution, and 3D distribution of electrodes.
      Computer-assisted planning tools can reduce planning time by quantifying
      trajectory suitability. METHODS: We present an automated multiple trajectory
      planning (MTP) algorithm to compute implantation plans. MTP uses dynamic
      programming to determine a set of plans. From this set a depth-first search
      algorithm finds a suitable plan. We compared our MTP algorithm to (a) MP and (b)
      an automated single trajectory planning (STP) algorithm on 18 patient plans
      containing 165 electrodes. RESULTS: MTP changed all 165 trajectories compared to
      MP. Changes resulted in lower risk (122), increased grey matter sampling (99),
      shorter length (92), and surgically preferred entry angles (113). MTP changed 42
      % (69/165) trajectories compared to STP. Every plan had between 1 to 8 (median
      3.5) trajectories changed to resolve electrode conflicts, resulting in surgically
      preferred plans. CONCLUSION: MTP is computationally efficient, determining
      implantation plans containing 7-12 electrodes within 1 min, compared to 2-3 h for
      MP.

PMID- 27368185
TI  - Ensemble average propagator-based detection of microstructural alterations after
      stroke.
AB  - PURPOSE: New analytical reconstruction techniques of diffusion weighted signal
      have been proposed. A previous work evidenced the exploitability of some indices
      derived from the simple harmonic oscillator-based reconstruction and estimation
      (3D-SHORE) model as numerical biomarkers of neural plasticity after stroke. Here,
      the analysis is extended to two additional indices: return to the plane/origin
      (RTPP/RTOP) probabilities. Moreover, several motor networks were introduced and
      the results were analyzed at different time scales. METHODS: Ten patients
      underwent three diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) scans [1 week (tp1), 1 month
      (tp2) and 6 months (tp3) after stroke]. Ten matched controls underwent two DSI
      scans 1 month apart. 3D-SHORE was used for reconstructing the signal and the
      microstructural indices were derived. Tract-based analysis was performed along
      motor cortical, subcortical and transcallosal networks in the contralesional
      area. RESULTS: The optimal intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was obtained
      in the subcortical loop for propagator anisotropy (ICC [Formula: see text] 0.96),
      followed by generalized fractional anisotropy (ICC [Formula: see text] 0.94). The
      new indices reached the highest stability in the transcallosal network and
      performed well in the cortical and subcortical networks with the exception of
      RTOP in the cortical loop (ICC [Formula: see text] 0.59). They allowed
      discriminating patients from controls at the majority of the timescales. Finally,
      the regression model using indices calculated along the subcortical loop at tp1
      resulted in the best prediction of clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The whole set
      of microstructural indices provide measurements featuring high precision. The new
      indices allow discriminating patients from controls in all networks, except for
      RTPP in the cortical loop. Moreover, the 3D-SHORE indices in subcortical
      connections constitute a good regression model for predicting the clinical
      outcome at 6 months, supporting their suitability as numerical biomarkers for
      neuronal plasticity after stroke.

PMID- 27368188
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368187
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368189
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368190
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368191
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368192
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368193
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368194
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368195
TI  - Engineers' Responsibilities for Global Electronic Waste: Exploring Engineering
      Student Writing Through a Care Ethics Lens.
AB  - This paper provides an empirically informed perspective on the notion of
      responsibility using an ethical framework that has received little attention in
      the engineering-related literature to date: ethics of care. In this work, we
      ground conceptual explorations of engineering responsibility in empirical
      findings from engineering student's writing on the human health and environmental
      impacts of "backyard" electronic waste recycling/disposal. Our findings, from a
      purposefully diverse sample of engineering students in an introductory electrical
      engineering course, indicate that most of these engineers of tomorrow associated
      engineers with responsibility for the electronic waste (e-waste) problem in some
      way. However, a number of responses suggested attempts to deflect responsibility
      away from engineers towards, for example, the government or the companies for
      whom engineers work. Still other students associated both engineers and non
      engineers with responsibility, demonstrating the distributed/collective nature of
      responsibility that will be required to achieve a solution to the global problem
      of excessive e-waste. Building upon one element of a framework for care ethics
      adopted from the wider literature, these empirical findings are used to
      facilitate a preliminary, conceptual exploration of care-ethical responsibility
      within the context of engineering and e-waste recycling/disposal. The objective
      of this exploration is to provide a first step toward understanding how care
      ethical responsibility applies to engineering. We also hope to seed dialogue
      within the engineering community about its ethical responsibilities on the issue.
      We conclude the paper with a discussion of its implications for engineering
      education and engineering ethics that suggests changes for educational policy and
      the practice of engineering.

PMID- 27368197
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368199
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368198
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368196
TI  - Extra-renal locations of the a4 subunit of H(+)ATPase.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vacuolar-type proton pumps help maintain acid-base homeostasis either
      within intracellular compartments or at specialised plasma membranes. In mammals
      they are made up of 13 subunits, which form two functional domains. A number of
      the subunits have variants that display tissue restricted expression patterns
      such that in specialised cell types they replace the generic subunits at some sub
      cellular locations. The tissue restricted a4 subunit has previously been reported
      at the plasma membrane in the kidney, inner ear, olfactory epithelium and male
      reproductive tract. RESULTS: In this study novel locations of the a4 subunit were
      investigated using an Atp6v0a4 knockout mouse line in which a LacZ reporter
      cassette replaced part of the gene. The presence of a4 in the olfactory
      epithelium was further investigated and the additional presence of C2 and d2
      subunits identified. The a4 subunit was found in the uterus of pregnant animals
      and a4 was identified along with d2 and C2 in the embryonic visceral yolk sac. In
      the male reproductive tract a4 was seen in the novel locations of the prostatic
      alveoli and the ampullary glands as well as the previously reported epididymis
      and vas deferens. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of novel locations for the a4
      subunit and other tissue-restricted subunits increases the range of unique
      subunit combinations making up the proton pump. These studies suggest additional
      roles of the proton pump, indicating a further range of homologue-specific
      functions for tissue-restricted subunits.

PMID- 27368200
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368201
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368202
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368203
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368204
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368205
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368206
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368207
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368208
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368210
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368209
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368211
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368212
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368214
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368213
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368215
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368216
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368217
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368218
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368219
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368220
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368221
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368222
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368223
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368224
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368225
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368226
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368227
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368228
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368229
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368230
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368231
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368232
TI  - Antibacterial Activity of Hibicuslide C on Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa Isolates.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium that is frequently related to
      natural resistance to many drugs. In this work, the inhibition of growth against
      P. aeruginosa and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa (MDRPA) isolated from
      patients at Kyungpook National University was confirmed for hibicuslide C,
      essential oil components from Abutilon theophrasti. Hibicuslide C has antifungal
      activity with membrane disruption and apoptotic response against Candida
      albicans. However, its antibacterial activity was not reported yet. Cells treated
      with hibicuslide C was showed that its antipseudomonal activity is related to
      gDNA fragmentation and damage by TUNEL and gDNA electrophoresis. Furthermore,
      hibicuslide C worked synergistically with fluoroquinolones and rifampicin against
      MDRPA regardless of the ATP-associated mechanism. The antibiofilm activity
      possessed sole-resulting tissue culture plate method; besides that, the
      antibiofilm activity of other antibiotics was supported in particular MDRPA. The
      essential oil components like hibicuslide C may have antipseudomonal activity
      and, furthermore, increase in bacterial antibiotic susceptibility. 

PMID- 27368234
TI  - Backbone resonance assignments for the SET domain of the human methyltransferase
      NSD2.
AB  - Aberrant NSD2 methyltransferase activity is implicated as the oncogenic driver in
      multiple myeloma, suggesting opportunities for novel therapeutic intervention.
      The methyltransferase activity of NSD2 resides in its catalytic SET domain, which
      is conserved among most lysine methyltransferases. Here we report the backbone
      [Formula: see text], N, C[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and side-chain
      [Formula: see text] assignments of a 25 kDa NSD2 SET domain construct, spanning
      residues 991-1203. A chemical shift analysis of C[Formula: see text], [Formula:
      see text] and [Formula: see text] resonances predicts a secondary structural
      pattern that is in agreement with homology models.

PMID- 27368233
TI  - Pre-deployment Year Mental Health Diagnoses and Treatment in Deployed Army Women.
AB  - We estimated the prevalence of select mental health diagnoses (MHDX) and mental
      health treatment (MHT), and identified characteristics associated with MHT during
      the pre-deployment year (365 days before deployment) in active duty Army women (N
      = 14,633) who returned from Iraq or Afghanistan deployments in FY2010. Pre
      deployment year prevalence estimates were: 26.2 % for any select MHDX and 18.1 %
      for any MHT. Army women who had physical injuries since FY2002 or any behavioral
      health treatment between FY2002 and the pre-deployment year had increased odds of
      pre-deployment year MHT. During the pre-deployment year, a substantial percentage
      of Army women had MHDX and at least one MHT encounter or stay. Future research
      should determine if pre-deployment MHDX among Army women reflect vulnerability to
      future MHDX, or if pre-deployment MHT results in protection from chronic
      symptoms.

PMID- 27368236
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368235
TI  - People, planet and participation: the Kuching statement on healthy, just and
      sustainable urban development.
AB  - This statement was commissioned by the UNU International Institute for Global
      Health in the run up to Habitat III-the third United Nations conference on
      housing and sustainable urban development. The statement draws on insights from
      the World Urban Campaign thinkers campus held during 24-27 January 2016 in
      Kuching, a WHO-designated healthy city.

PMID- 27368237
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368238
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368239
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368240
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368241
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368242
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368243
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368244
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368245
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368246
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368247
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368248
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368249
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368250
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368251
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368253
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368252
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368254
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368255
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368256
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368257
TI  - Randomized trial of technology-assisted self-monitoring of blood glucose by low
      income seniors: improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) has been recommended for people with type
      2 diabetes mellitus. This trial tested an automated self-management monitor
      (ASMM) that reminds patients to perform SMBG, provides feedback on results of
      SMBG, and action tips for improved self-management. This delayed-start trial
      randomized participants to using the ASMM immediately (IG), or following a delay
      of 6 months (DG). Glycated hemoglobin (HgbA1c) level and survey data was
      collected at home visits every 3 months. 44 diabetic men and women, mean age 70,
      completed the 12-month trial. Baseline HgbA1c was 8.1 % +/- 1.0, dropping to 7.3
      +/- 1.0 by 9 months, with a 3-month lag in the DG (F = 3.56, p = 0.004). Decrease
      in HgbA1c was significantly correlated to increased frequency of SMBG, R = 0.588,
      p < 0.01. Providing older diabetics with objective immediate contingent feedback
      resulted in more frequent SMBG that correlated with better glycemic control. This
      type of technology may provide real-time feedback not only to patient users, but
      to the health care system, allowing better integration of provider
      recommendations with patient-centered action.

PMID- 27368258
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368259
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368260
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368261
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368262
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368263
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368265
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368264
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368266
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368267
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368268
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368269
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368270
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368271
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368272
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368273
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368274
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368275
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368276
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368277
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368278
TI  - Three-dimensional simulation of pancreatic surgery showing the size and location
      of the main pancreatic duct.
AB  - PURPOSE: We performed three-dimensional (3D) surgical simulation of pancreatic
      surgery, including the size and location of the main pancreatic duct on the
      resected pancreatic surface. METHODS: The subjects of this retrospective analysis
      were 162 patients who underwent pancreatic surgery. This cohort was sequentially
      divided into a "without-3D" group (n = 81) and a "with-3D" group (n = 81). We
      compared the pancreatic duct diameter and its location, using nine sections in a
      grid pattern, with the intraoperative findings. The perioperative outcomes were
      also compared between patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and
      those who underwent distal pancreatectomy (DP). RESULTS: There were no
      significant differences in the main pancreatic duct diameter between the 3D
      simulated values and the operative findings. The 3D-simulated main pancreatic
      duct location was consistent with its actual location in 80 % of patients
      (65/81). In comparing the PD and DP groups, the intraoperative blood loss was
      1174 +/- 867 and 817 +/- 925 ml in the without-3D group, and 828 +/- 739 and 307
      +/- 192 ml in the with-3D group, respectively (p = 0.024, 0.026). CONCLUSION: The
      3D surgical simulation provided useful information to promote our understanding
      of the pancreatic anatomy, including details on the size and location of the main
      pancreatic duct.

PMID- 27368281
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368280
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368282
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368279
TI  - Effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol on patient-ventilator interaction in
      difficult-to-wean, mechanically ventilated patients: a prospective, open-label,
      randomised, multicentre study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine can be used for sedation of mechanically ventilated
      patients and has minor respiratory effects. The aim of this study was to compare
      the incidence of patient-ventilator dyssynchronies during sedation with
      dexmedetomidine or propofol. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, prospective,
      open-label, randomised clinical trial, comparing dexmedetomidine with standard
      propofol sedation at three intensive care units of university hospitals in Italy.
      Twenty difficult-to-wean patients for whom the first weaning trial had failed and
      who were on pressure support ventilation were randomised to receive sedation with
      either dexmedetomidine or propofol at a similar level of sedation (Richmond
      Agitation-Sedation Scale [RASS] score +1 to -2). The asynchrony index (AI) was
      calculated using tracings of airflow, airway pressure and electrical activity of
      the diaphragm sampled at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. RESULTS: The mean AI
      was lower with dexmedetomidine than with propofol from 2 h onwards, although the
      two groups significantly differed only at 12 h (2.68 % vs 9.10 %, p < 0.05). No
      further difference was observed at 18 and 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: When sedation with
      propofol and dexmedetomidine was compared at similar RASS scores of patients in
      whom first weaning trial had failed, the AI was lower with dexmedetomidine than
      with propofol, and this difference was statistically significant at 12 h. These
      results suggest that sedation with dexmedetomidine may offer some advantages in
      terms of patient-ventilator synchrony.

PMID- 27368283
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368284
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PMID- 27368285
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PMID- 27368286
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PMID- 27368287
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PMID- 27368288
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PMID- 27368289
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PMID- 27368290
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PMID- 27368291
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PMID- 27368292
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PMID- 27368293
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PMID- 27368294
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PMID- 27368296
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PMID- 27368297
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PMID- 27368298
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PMID- 27368299
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PMID- 27368300
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368301
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368295
TI  - Epigenetic changes in T-cell and monocyte signatures and production of neurotoxic
      cytokines in ALS patients.
AB  - We have investigated transcriptional and epigenetic differences in peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of monozygotic female twins discordant in the
      diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Exploring DNA methylation
      differences by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), we determined
      that, over time, the ALS twin developed higher abundances of the CD14 macrophages
      and lower abundances of T cells compared to the non-ALS twin. Higher macrophage
      signature in the ALS twin was also shown by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Moreover,
      the twins differed in the methylome at loci near several genes, including EGFR
      and TNFRSF11A, and in the pathways related to the tretinoin and H3K27me3 markers.
      We also tested cytokine production by PBMCs. The ALS twin's PBMCs spontaneously
      produced IL-6 and TNF-alpha, whereas PBMCs of the healthy twin produced these
      cytokines only when stimulated by superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1. These results and
      flow cytometric detection of CD45 and CD127 suggest the presence of memory T
      cells in both twins, but effector T cells only in the ALS twin. The ALS twin's
      PBMC supernatants, but not the healthy twin's, were toxic to rat cortical
      neurons, and this toxicity was strongly inhibited by an IL-6 receptor antibody
      (tocilizumab) and less well by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta antibodies. The putative
      neurotoxicity of IL-6 and TNF-alpha is in agreement with a high expression of
      these cytokines on infiltrating macrophages in the ALS spinal cord. We
      hypothesize that higher macrophage abundance and increased neurotoxic cytokines
      have a fundamental role in the phenotype and treatment of certain individuals
      with ALS.-Lam, L., Chin, L., Halder, R. C., Sagong, B., Famenini, S., Sayre, J.,
      Montoya, D., Rubbi L., Pellegrini, M., Fiala, M. Epigenetic changes in T-cell and
      monocyte signatures and production of neurotoxic cytokines in ALS patients.

PMID- 27368302
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368303
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368304
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368305
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368306
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368307
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368308
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368309
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368310
TI  - CD27 natural killer cell subsets play different roles during the pre-onset stage
      of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
AB  - NK cells participate in the development of human multiple sclerosis (MS) and
      mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but the roles of different
      NK cell subsets in disease onset remain poorly understood. In this study, murine
      NK cells were divided into CD27(high) and CD27(low/-) subsets. The CD27(high)
      subset was decreased and the CD27(low/-) subset was increased in lymphoid organs
      during the pre-onset stage of EAE. Compared with the counterpart in naive mice,
      the CD27(high) subset showed lower expression of Ly49D, Ly49H and NKG2D, and less
      production of IFN-gamma, whereas the CD27(low/-) subset showed similar expression
      of the above mentioned surface receptors but higher cytotoxic activity in EAE
      mice. Compared with the CD27(high) subset, the CD27(low/-) subset exhibited
      increased promotion of DC maturation and no significant inhibition of T cells
      proliferation and Th17 cells differentiation in vitro Additionally, adoptive
      transfer of the CD27(low/-) subset, but not the CD27(high) subset, exacerbated
      the severity of EAE. Collectively, our data suggest the CD27 NK cell subsets play
      different roles in controlling EAE onset, which provide a new understanding for
      the regulation of NK cell subsets in early autoimmune disease.

PMID- 27368312
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368311
TI  - Developing a Framework for Evaluating Ethical Outcomes of Good Participatory
      Practices in TB Clinical Drug Trials.
AB  - Good Participatory Practice Guidelines for TB Drug Trials (GPP-TB) were issued in
      2012, based on similar guidelines for HIV prevention and reflecting growing
      acceptance of the importance of community engagement and participatory strategies
      in clinical research. Though the need for such strategies is clear, evaluation of
      the benefits and burdens are needed. Working with a diverse group of global TB
      stakeholders including advocates, scientists, and ethicists, we used a Theory of
      Change approach to develop an evaluation framework for GPP-TB that includes a
      clearly defined ethical goal, a set of powerful strategies derived from GPP-TB
      practices for achieving the goal, and outcomes connecting strategies to goal. The
      framework is a first step in systematically evaluating participatory research in
      clinical trials.

PMID- 27368314
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368313
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368315
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368316
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368318
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368317
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368319
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368321
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PMID- 27368320
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PMID- 27368322
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PMID- 27368323
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PMID- 27368324
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PMID- 27368325
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368326
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PMID- 27368327
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368328
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368329
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PMID- 27368330
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368331
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PMID- 27368332
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368333
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368334
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368335
TI  - A new risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: human
      papillomavirus.

PMID- 27368336
TI  - Incidence and risk factors of synchronous colorectal cancer in patients with
      esophageal cancer: an analysis of 480 consecutive colonoscopies before surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The precise incidence rates of multiple primary colorectal cancers in
      esophageal cancer patients are unknown. METHODS: In total, 480 consecutive
      patients with esophageal cancers surgically resected in the Kumamoto University
      Hospital received preoperative total colonoscopy for the assessment of colorectal
      disease between April 2005 and February 2016. We retrospectively investigated the
      occurrence of synchronous colorectal cancer with esophageal cancer. In addition,
      we examined the risk factors for the incidence of multiple primary colorectal
      cancers. RESULTS: Of the 480 patients, 14 (2.9 %) had synchronous colorectal
      cancers, 13 had well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinomas, and 1 had papillary
      adenocarcinoma. Other 14 patients had metachronous colorectal cancer. The current
      incidence rates of synchronous and total (both synchronous and metachronous)
      colorectal cancers outnumbered those in normal healthy population and those in
      esophageal cancer patients which previously reported by The Japan Esophageal
      Society. The age >=70 years (hazard ratio 4.82, 95 % confidence interval 1.473
      15.78; p = 0.009) and Brinkman index >=800 (hazard ratio 3.47, 95 % confidence
      interval 1.056-11.37; p = 0.040) were the independent risk factors for the
      incidence of synchronous colorectal cancer. They were also the independent risk
      factors for the incidence of total colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The results of
      the present study suggested that pretreatment screening with total colonoscopy is
      meaningful for patients with esophageal cancer, because the frequency of
      synchronous colorectal cancer was not negligible. Particularly, in patients >70
      years and with history of heavy smoking, pretreatment colonoscopy might be
      necessary.

PMID- 27368337
TI  - Donor interleukin 6 gene polymorphisms predict the recurrence of hepatocellular
      carcinoma after liver transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Application of the Milan criteria is an effective strategy to select
      patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for liver transplantation, but HCC
      recurrence is still a major concern. The aim of this study was to determine
      whether interleukin 6 (IL6) polymorphisms and clinical variables are potential
      predictors for HCC recurrence and prognosis after transplantation. METHODS: A
      total of 110 consecutive patients with HCC undergoing liver transplantation were
      enrolled in the study. Six tag single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL6 were
      genotyped in both the donors and recipients. Demographic characteristics, HCC
      features, and IL6 polymorphisms were assessed against HCC recurrence. RESULTS:
      Pretransplant hepatitis B virus DNA (P = 0.014), pretransplant serum alpha
      fetoprotein (P = 0.035), number of nodules (P = 0.011), diameter of main nodule
      (P = 0.001), macrovascular invasion (P = 0.001), microvascular invasion (P =
      0.001), HCC exceeding the Milan criteria (P < 0.001), and donor rs2069852 AA
      genotype (P = 0.010) were associated with HCC recurrence. Recurrence-free
      survival rate and overall survival rate were significantly lower (P = 0.011 and P
      = 0.026, respectively) in patients whose donor had the rs2069852 AA genotype than
      in those whose donor had the AG and GG genotypes. Independent risk factors for
      recurrence-free survival and overall survival were microvascular invasion (P =
      0.003; P = 0.002), HCC exceeding the Milan criteria (P < 0.001; P = 0.001), and
      donor rs2069852 AA genotype (P = 0.002; P = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest
      that donor IL6 rs2069852 polymorphisms may be a potential genetic marker for HCC
      recurrence after liver transplantation in the Han Chinese population.

PMID- 27368339
TI  - The Never-Ending Public Health Issue of Adulterants in Abused Drugs.

PMID- 27368338
TI  - Identity by descent fine mapping of familial adult myoclonus epilepsy (FAME) to
      2p11.2-2q11.2.
AB  - Familial adult myoclonus epilepsy (FAME) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder
      characterized by adult onset, involuntary muscle jerks, cortical myoclonus and
      occasional seizures. FAME is genetically heterogeneous with more than 70 families
      reported worldwide and five potential disease loci. The efforts to identify
      potential causal variants have been unsuccessful in all but three families. To
      date, linkage analysis has been the main approach to find and narrow FAME
      critical regions. We propose an alternative method, pedigree free identity-by
      descent (IBD) mapping, that infers regions of the genome between individuals that
      have been inherited from a common ancestor. IBD mapping provides an alternative
      to linkage analysis in the presence of allelic and locus heterogeneity by
      detecting clusters of individuals who share a common allele. Succeeding IBD
      mapping, gene prioritization based on gene co-expression analysis can be used to
      identify the most promising candidate genes. We performed an IBD analysis using
      high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data followed by gene
      prioritization on a FAME cohort of ten European families and one Australian/New
      Zealander family; eight of which had known disease loci. By identifying IBD
      regions common to multiple families, we were able to narrow the FAME2 locus to a
      9.78 megabase interval within 2p11.2-q11.2. We provide additional evidence of a
      founder effect in four Italian families and allelic heterogeneity with at least
      four distinct founders responsible for FAME at the FAME2 locus. In addition, we
      suggest candidate disease genes using gene prioritization based on gene co
      expression analysis.

PMID- 27368342
TI  - Utilization of Photochemically Induced Fluorescence Detection for HPLC
      Determination of Genotoxic Impurities in the Vortioxetine Manufacturing Process.
AB  - An analytical reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method
      for the detection and quantitative determination of two genotoxic impurities at
      ppm level present in the vortioxetine manufacturing process is described.
      Applying the concept of threshold of toxicological concern, a limit of 75 ppm
      each for both genotoxic impurities was calculated based on the maximum daily dose
      of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The novel reversed-phase HPLC method with
      photochemically induced fluorescence detection was developed on XSELECT Charged
      Surface Hybrid Phenyl-Hexyl column using the mobile phase consisted a mixture of
      10 mM ammonium formate pH 3.0 and acetonitrile. The elution was performed using
      an isocratic composition of 48:52 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The
      photochemically induced fluorescence detection is based on the use of UV
      irradiation at 254 nm through measuring the fluorescence intensity at 300 nm and
      an excitation wavelength of 272 nm to produce fluorescent derivatives of both
      genotoxic impurities. The online photochemical conversion and detection is easily
      accomplished for two expected genotoxic impurities and provides a sufficiently
      low limit detection and quantification for the target analysis.

PMID- 27368340
TI  - A protein map of the yeast activated spliceosome as obtained by electron
      microscopy.
AB  - We have elucidated the spatial arrangement of proteins and snRNP subunits within
      the purified spliceosomal B(act) complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using
      negative-stain immunoelectron microscopy. The B(act) spliceosome exhibits a
      mushroom-like shape with a main body connected to a foot and a steep and a
      shallow slope. The U5 core components, including proteins Snu114 and Prp8, are
      located in the main body and foot, while Brr2 is on the shallow slope. U2 snRNP
      components and the RNA helicase Prp2 were predominantly located in the upper
      regions of both slopes. While several proteins of the "nineteen complex" are
      located on the steep slope, Prp19, Cef1, and the U6 snRNA-binding protein Cwc2
      are on the main body. Our results also indicate that the catalytic core RNP of
      the spliceosome resides in its main body. We thus assign distinct domains of the
      B(act) complex to its snRNP and protein components, and we provide first
      structural insights into the remodeling events at the spliceosome during its
      transformation from the B to the B(act) complex.

PMID- 27368343
TI  - Validated UPLC and TLC-Densitometry Stability Indicating Methods for the
      Determination of Rafoxanide in the Presence of Its Degradation Products.
AB  - Two sensitive and accurate stability-indicating chromatographic methods were
      developed and validated for the determination of rafoxanide (RFX). Degradation
      products were identified by mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. The first is
      ultra-performance liquid chromatography method where separation was performed
      using acetonitrile:0.005 M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (pH 3.5) in a
      ratio of 80:20 by volume as a mobile phase using a Hypersil GOLDTM C8 column 1.9
      mm (50 * 2.1 mm), UV detection was adjusted at 220 nm and the flow rate was 0.6
      mL min-1 The other is a thin-layer chromatography-densitometry method where
      separation was achieved using a mobile phase composed of chloroform:ethyl
      acetate:toluene:ammonia (5:4:3:0.1 by volume) on silica gel 60 F254 plates, and
      densitometric detection was done at 280 nm. Validation was achieved as per the
      ICH guidelines. The proposed methods proved to be accurate, robust, specific and
      suitable for application as stability-indicating methods for routine analysis of
      RFX in quality control laboratories.

PMID- 27368341
TI  - A general method for rapid and cost-efficient large-scale production of 5' capped
      RNA.
AB  - The eukaryotic mRNA 5' cap structure is indispensible for pre-mRNA processing,
      mRNA export, translation initiation, and mRNA stability. Despite this importance,
      structural and biophysical studies that involve capped RNA are challenging and
      rare due to the lack of a general method to prepare mRNA in sufficient
      quantities. Here, we show that the vaccinia capping enzyme can be used to produce
      capped RNA in the amounts that are required for large-scale structural studies.
      We have therefore designed an efficient expression and purification protocol for
      the vaccinia capping enzyme. Using this approach, the reaction scale can be
      increased in a cost-efficient manner, where the yields of the capped RNA solely
      depend on the amount of available uncapped RNA target. Using a large number of
      RNA substrates, we show that the efficiency of the capping reaction is largely
      independent of the sequence, length, and secondary structure of the RNA, which
      makes our approach generally applicable. We demonstrate that the capped RNA can
      be directly used for quantitative biophysical studies, including fluorescence
      anisotropy and high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. In combination with (13)C-methyl
      labeled S-adenosyl methionine, the methyl groups in the RNA can be labeled for
      methyl TROSY NMR spectroscopy. Finally, we show that our approach can produce
      both cap-0 and cap-1 RNA in high amounts. In summary, we here introduce a general
      and straightforward method that opens new means for structural and functional
      studies of proteins and enzymes in complex with capped RNA.

PMID- 27368344
TI  - Understanding Past Population Dynamics: Bayesian Coalescent-Based Modeling with
      Covariates.
AB  - Effective population size characterizes the genetic variability in a population
      and is a parameter of paramount importance in population genetics and
      evolutionary biology. Kingman's coalescent process enables inference of past
      population dynamics directly from molecular sequence data, and researchers have
      developed a number of flexible coalescent-based models for Bayesian nonparametric
      estimation of the effective population size as a function of time. Major goals of
      demographic reconstruction include identifying driving factors of effective
      population size, and understanding the association between the effective
      population size and such factors. Building upon Bayesian nonparametric coalescent
      based approaches, we introduce a flexible framework that incorporates time
      varying covariates that exploit Gaussian Markov random fields to achieve temporal
      smoothing of effective population size trajectories. To approximate the posterior
      distribution, we adapt efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms designed for
      highly structured Gaussian models. Incorporating covariates into the demographic
      inference framework enables the modeling of associations between the effective
      population size and covariates while accounting for uncertainty in population
      histories. Furthermore, it can lead to more precise estimates of population
      dynamics. We apply our model to four examples. We reconstruct the demographic
      history of raccoon rabies in North America and find a significant association
      with the spatiotemporal spread of the outbreak. Next, we examine the effective
      population size trajectory of the DENV-4 virus in Puerto Rico along with viral
      isolate count data and find similar cyclic patterns. We compare the population
      history of the HIV-1 CRF02_AG clade in Cameroon with HIV incidence and prevalence
      data and find that the effective population size is more reflective of incidence
      rate. Finally, we explore the hypothesis that the population dynamics of musk ox
      during the Late Quaternary period were related to climate change. [Coalescent;
      effective population size; Gaussian Markov random fields; phylodynamics;
      phylogenetics; population genetics.

PMID- 27368346
TI  - Mislocated FUS is sufficient for gain-of-toxic-function amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis phenotypes in mice.
AB  - Mutations in RNA-binding proteins, including fused in sarcoma (FUS) and TAR DNA
      binding protein 43 (TDP-43, encoded by TARDBP), are associated with sporadic and
      familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A major question is whether neuronal loss
      is caused by toxic gain-of-function cytoplasmic aggregates or loss of nuclear RNA
      binding protein function. We generated a transgenic mouse overexpressing
      exogenous FUS without a nuclear localization signal (DeltaNLS-FUS), which
      developed progressive spastic motor deficits and neuronal loss in the motor
      cortex. The DeltaNLS-FUS protein was restricted to the cytoplasm and formed
      ubiquitin/p62-positive aggregates. Endogenous FUS expression, nuclear
      localization, and splicing activity were not altered, indicating that mislocated
      FUS is sufficient for proteinopathy. Crossing DeltaNLS-FUS with wild-type human
      TDP-43 transgenic mice exacerbated pathological and behavioural phenotypes,
      suggesting that both proteins are involved in a common cascade. RNA-sequence
      analysis revealed specific transcriptome alterations, including genes regulating
      dynein-associated molecules and endoplasmic reticulum stress. DeltaNLS-FUS mice
      are promising tools for understanding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis
      and testing new therapeutic approaches.

PMID- 27368347
TI  - Blocking of CD1d Decreases Trypanosoma cruzi-Induced Activation of CD4-CD8- T
      Cells and Modulates the Inflammatory Response in Patients With Chagas Heart
      Disease.
AB  - The control of inflammatory responses to prevent the deadly cardiac pathology in
      human Chagas disease is a desirable and currently unattained goal. Double
      negative (DN) T cells are important sources of inflammatory and antiinflammatory
      cytokines in patients with Chagas heart disease and those with the indeterminate
      clinical form of Chagas disease, respectively. Given the importance of DN T cells
      in immunoregulatory processes and their potential as targets for controlling
      inflammation-induced pathology, we studied the involvement of CD1 molecules in
      the activation and functional profile of Trypanosoma cruzi-specific DN T cells.
      We observed that parasite stimulation significantly increased the expression of
      CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d by CD14(+) cells from patients with Chagas disease.
      Importantly, among the analyzed molecules, only CD1d expression showed an
      association with the activation of DN T cells, as well as with worse ventricular
      function in patients with Chagas disease. Blocking of CD1d-mediated antigen
      presentation led to a clear reduction of DN T-cell activation and a decrease in
      the expression of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) by DN T cells. Thus, our results
      showed that antigen presentation via CD1d is associated with activation of DN T
      cells in Chagas disease and that CD1d blocking leads to downregulation of IFN
      gamma by DN T cells from patients with Chagas heart disease, which may be a
      potential target for preventing progression of inflammation-mediated dilated
      cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 27368345
TI  - Anticipation-related brain connectivity in bipolar and unipolar depression: a
      graph theory approach.
AB  - Bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed as major depressive disorder, which leads
      to inadequate treatment. Depressed individuals versus healthy control subjects,
      show increased expectation of negative outcomes. Due to increased impulsivity and
      risk for mania, however, depressed individuals with bipolar disorder may differ
      from those with major depressive disorder in neural mechanisms underlying
      anticipation processes. Graph theory methods for neuroimaging data analysis allow
      the identification of connectivity between multiple brain regions without prior
      model specification, and may help to identify neurobiological markers
      differentiating these disorders, thereby facilitating development of better
      therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to compare brain connectivity among
      regions involved in win/loss anticipation in depressed individuals with bipolar
      disorder (BDD) versus depressed individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD)
      versus healthy control subjects using graph theory methods. The study was
      conducted at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and included 31 BDD, 39
      MDD, and 36 healthy control subjects. Participants were scanned while performing
      a number guessing reward task that included the periods of win and loss
      anticipation. We first identified the anticipatory network across all 106
      participants by contrasting brain activation during all anticipation periods (win
      anticipation + loss anticipation) versus baseline, and win anticipation versus
      loss anticipation. Brain connectivity within the identified network was
      determined using the Independent Multiple sample Greedy Equivalence Search
      (IMaGES) and Linear non-Gaussian Orientation, Fixed Structure (LOFS) algorithms.
      Density of connections (the number of connections in the network), path length,
      and the global connectivity direction ('top-down' versus 'bottom-up') were
      compared across groups (BDD/MDD/healthy control subjects) and conditions
      (win/loss anticipation). These analyses showed that loss anticipation was
      characterized by denser top-down fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal connectivity
      in healthy control subjects, by bottom-up striatal-frontal connectivity in MDD,
      and by sparse connectivity lacking fronto-striatal connections in BDD. Win
      anticipation was characterized by dense connectivity of medial frontal with
      striatal and lateral frontal cortical regions in BDD, by sparser bottom-up
      striatum-medial frontal cortex connectivity in MDD, and by sparse connectivity in
      healthy control subjects. In summary, this is the first study to demonstrate that
      BDD and MDD with comparable levels of current depression differed from each other
      and healthy control subjects in density of connections, connectivity path length,
      and connectivity direction as a function of win or loss anticipation. These
      findings suggest that different neurobiological mechanisms may underlie aberrant
      anticipation processes in BDD and MDD, and that distinct therapeutic strategies
      may be required for these individuals to improve coping strategies during
      expectation of positive and negative outcomes.

PMID- 27368348
TI  - Thioredoxins and Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in the Pathophysiology of
      Pneumococcal Meningitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal proteins involved in the resistance against oxidative
      stress are present in all strains and therefore are potential antigens that could
      be suitable for new therapies and/or vaccines. Their role in the pathogenesis of
      pneumococcal meningitis has not been addressed. METHODS: We investigated the
      individual contributions of extracellular thioredoxin lipoproteins (Etrx1 and
      Etrx2) and the intracellular and extracellular methionine sulfoxide reductases
      (SpMsrAB1 and SpMsrAB2, respectively) in the progression and outcome of
      pneumococcal meningitis, using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, bacteriological and
      histological studies, and measurements of proinflammatory mediators. RESULTS: The
      absence of Etrx1, Etrx2, or SpMsrAB1 moderately attenuated virulence as compared
      to the wild-type strain but did not significantly affect bacterial growth in the
      brain and bloodstream. Loss of function of SpMsrAB2 alone, both Etrx proteins, or
      both SpMsrAB proteins resulted in a less severe course of infection, with low
      numbers of animals dying of infection, a lower risk of associated meningeal
      inflammation, and reduced bacterial densities in the cerebellum, blood, and
      spleen. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the importance of the extracellular redox
      repair system in virulence and its potential as a target for the design of new
      antimicrobials and vaccine formulations against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

PMID- 27368349
TI  - Parenting stress as an indirect pathway to mental health concerns among mothers
      of children with autism spectrum disorder.
AB  - The link between autism spectrum disorder symptoms and maternal stress has been
      well established, yet many mothers remain resilient to more severe
      psychopathology. For the current online study, 111 mothers of a child with autism
      spectrum disorder completed questionnaires about their child's symptoms, their
      own stress related to parenting, and any psychopathology symptoms they were
      experiencing. Autism spectrum disorder symptom severity was positively related to
      both parenting stress and maternal psychopathology symptoms. Furthermore,
      parenting stress mediated the relation between autism spectrum disorder symptom
      severity and maternal psychopathology symptoms. These results provide evidence
      for a pathway through which psychopathology may develop among mothers of children
      with autism spectrum disorder and a potential point of intervention for
      clinicians serving this population.

PMID- 27368350
TI  - Examining the reinforcing value of stimuli within social and non-social contexts
      in children with and without high-functioning autism.
AB  - One of the key diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder includes
      impairments in social interactions. This study compared the extent to which boys
      with high-functioning autism and typically developing boys "value" engaging in
      activities with a parent or alone. Two different assessments that can empirically
      determine the relative reinforcing value of social and non-social stimuli were
      employed: paired-choice preference assessments and progressive-ratio schedules.
      There were no significant differences between boys with high-functioning autism
      and typically developing boys on either measure. Moreover, there was a strong
      correspondence in performance across these two measures for participants in each
      group. These results suggest that the relative reinforcing value of engaging in
      activities with a primary caregiver is not diminished for children with autism
      spectrum disorder.

PMID- 27368351
TI  - Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: Is Abeta a Crucial
      Factor in Both Pathologies?
AB  - SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, chronic degenerative diseases have become one of the main
      health problems worldwide. That is the case of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and
      metabolic syndrome (MetS), whose expression can be influenced by different risk
      factors. Recent Advances: In recent decades, it has been widely described that
      MetS increases the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. MetS pathogenesis
      involves several vascular risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia,
      hypertension, and insulin resistance (I/R). CRITICAL ISSUES: Reported evidence
      shows that vascular risk factors are associated with AD, particularly in the
      development of protein aggregation, inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal
      dysfunction, and disturbances in signaling pathways, with insulin receptor
      signaling being a common alteration between MetS and AD. FUTURE DIRECTIONS:
      Insulin signaling has been involved in tau phosphorylation and amyloid beta
      (Abeta) metabolism. However, it has also been demonstrated that Abeta oligomers
      can bind to insulin receptors, triggering their internalization, decreasing
      neuron responsiveness to insulin, and promoting insulin I/R. Thus, it could be
      argued that Abeta could be a convergent factor in the development of both
      pathologies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 542-560.

PMID- 27368353
TI  - Prognostic Impact of Stone-Scoring Systems After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for
      Staghorn Calculi: A Single Center's Experience Over 10 Years.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To investigate the prognostic factors associated with stone-free
      rate (SFR) and complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for the
      treatment of staghorn stone and to compare the predictive value and accuracy of
      three stone-scoring systems for the treatment success of staghorn stone. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing PCNL at our
      center from June 2003 to June 2014. On the basis of noncontrast computed
      tomography (NCCT) scan images, we calculated Guy's score, S.T.O.N.E.
      nephrolithometry, and Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society
      (CROES) nomogram to assess the association with stone-free status and
      complications. For statistical evaluation, univariate and multivariate logistic
      regression analyses were used. RESULTS: During the study period, 886 cases had
      medical records available. Cases who underwent PCNL for the treatment of staghorn
      calculi accounted for 34.4% (305/886 cases). Preoperative NCCT was performed in
      217 cases. The 217 procedures (205 patients, 12 simultaneous bilateral PCNLs) had
      a mean stone size of 1358.3 +/- 760.7 mm(2), with 111 (51.2%) partial staghorn
      and 106 (48.8%) complete staghorn stones. The initial and overall SFRs of PCNL
      were 53.9% and 70.1%, respectively. The overall complication rate was 32.7%
      (71/217 cases). On a multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent
      predictors for SFR were number of involved calices, S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry,
      and pre-existent urinary tract infection (UTI) (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.311, 1.933,
      and 2.340, respectively). Stone burden was an independent risk factor for the
      development of complications on multivariate analysis (OR = 2.846 and p = 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that multiple involved calices, high
      grades of S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry, and pre-existent UTIs were associated with
      lower SFR after PCNL for staghorn calculi. Stone burden was an independent risk
      factor for the development of complications.

PMID- 27368354
TI  - Adolescent Mice Demonstrate a Distinct Pattern of Injury after Repetitive Mild
      Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Recently, there has been increasing interest in outcomes after repetitive mild
      traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) (e.g., sports concussions). Although most of the
      scientific attention has focused on elite athlete populations, the sequelae of
      rmTBI in children and young adults have not been well studied. Prior TBI studies
      have suggested that developmental differences in response to injury, including
      differences in excitotoxicity and inflammation, could result in differences in
      functional and histopathological outcomes after injury. The purpose of this study
      is to compare outcomes in adolescent (5-week-old) versus adult (4-month-old) mice
      in a clinically relevant model of rmTBI. We hypothesized that functional and
      histopathological outcomes after rmTBI would differ in developing adolescent
      brains compared with mature adult brains. Male adolescent and adult (C57Bl/6)
      mice were subjected to a weight drop model of rmTBI (n = 10-16/group). Loss of
      consciousness (LOC) after each injury was measured. Functional outcomes were
      assessed including tests of balance (rotorod), spatial memory (Morris water
      maze), and impulsivity (elevated plus maze). After behavioral testing, brains
      were assessed for histopathological outcomes including microglial immunolabeling
      and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression. Injured adolescent
      mice had longer LOC than injured adult mice compared with their respective sham
      controls. Compared with sham mice, adolescent and adult mice subjected to rmTBI
      had impaired balance, increased impulsivity, and worse spatial memory that
      persisted up to 3 months after injury, and the effect of injury was worse in
      adolescent than in adult mice in terms of spatial memory. Three months after
      injury, adolescent and adult mice demonstrated increased ionized calcium binding
      adaptor 1 (IbA1) immunolabeling compared with sham controls. Compared with sham
      controls, NMDA receptor subtype 2B (NR2B) expression in the hippocampus was
      reduced by ~20% in both adolescent and adult injured mice. The data suggest that
      injured adolescent mice may show a distinct pattern of functional deficits after
      injury that warrants further mechanistic studies.

PMID- 27368355
TI  - FtsZ Protofilament Curvature Is the Opposite of Tubulin Rings.
AB  - FtsZ protofilaments (pfs) form the bacterial cytokinetic Z ring. Previous work
      suggested that a conformational change from straight to curved pfs generated the
      constriction force. In the simplest model, the C-terminal membrane tether is on
      the outside of the curved pf, facing the membrane. Tubulin, a homologue of FtsZ,
      also forms pfs with a curved conformation. However, it is well-established that
      tubulin rings have the C terminus on the inside of the ring. Could FtsZ and
      tubulin rings have the opposite curvature? In this study, we explored the FtsZ
      curvature direction by fusing large protein tags to the FtsZ termini. Thin
      section electron microscopy showed that the C-terminal tag was on the outside,
      consistent with the bending pf model. This has interesting implications for the
      evolution of tubulin. Tubulin likely began with the curvature of FtsZ, but
      evolution managed to reverse direction to produce outward-curving rings, which
      are useful for pulling chromosomes.

PMID- 27368356
TI  - Female Service Members and Symptom Reporting after Combat and Non-Combat-Related
      Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.
AB  - Females are often excluded from military-related mild traumatic brain injury
      (mTBI) research because of its relatively low prevalence in this population. The
      purpose of this study was to focus on outcome from mTBI in female service
      members, compared with males. Participants were 172 United States military
      service members selected from a larger sample that had sustained an mTBI, and
      were evaluated within 24 months of injury (Age: mean = 28.9, SD = 8.1) at one of
      six military medical centers. Eighty-six women were matched to 86 men on nine key
      variables: TBI severity, mechanism of injury, bodily injury severity, days post
      injury, age, number of deployments, theater where wounded, branch of service, and
      rank. Participants completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and the
      Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C). There were no meaningful gender
      differences across all demographic and injury-related variables (p > 0.05). There
      were significant group differences and medium effect sizes for the NSI total
      score and all four NSI cluster scores. Symptoms most affected related to nausea,
      sensitivity to light, change in taste/smell, change in appetite, fatigue, and
      poor sleep. There were significant group differences and small-medium effect
      sizes for the PCL-C total score and two of the three PCL-C cluster scores.
      Symptoms most affected related to poor concentration, trouble remembering a
      stressful event, and disturbing memories/thoughts/images. Females consistently
      experienced more symptoms than males. As females become more active in combat
      related deployments, it is critical that future studies place more emphasis on
      this important military population.

PMID- 27368357
TI  - Induction of Direct or Priming Resistance against Botrytis cinerea in
      Strawberries by beta-Aminobutyric Acid and Their Effects on Sucrose Metabolism.
AB  - The specific forms of disease resistance induced by beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA)
      and their impacts on sucrose metabolism of postharvest strawberries were
      determined in the present research. Treatment with 10-500 mmol L(-1) BABA
      inhibited the Botrytis cinerea infection, possibly directly by suppressing the
      fungus growth and indirectly by triggering disease resistance. Moreover, BABA
      induced resistance against B. cinerea infection in strawberries was associated
      with either one of two mechanisms, depending upon the concentration used: BABA at
      concentrations higher than 100 mmol L(-1) directly induced the defense response,
      including a H2O2 burst, modulation of the expression of PR genes, including
      FaPR1, FaChi3, Fabetaglu, and FaPAL, and increased activities of chitinase, beta
      1,3-glucanase, and PAL, whereas BABA at 10 mmol L(-1) activated a priming
      response because the BABA-treated fruits exhibited an increased capacity to
      express molecular defense only when the fruits were inoculated with B. cinerea.
      Activation of the priming defense appeared almost as effective against B. cinerea
      as inducing direct defense. However, the primed strawberries maintained higher
      activities of SS synthesis and SPS and SPP enzymes) and lower level of SS
      cleavage during the incubation; these activities contributed to higher sucrose,
      fructose, and glucose contents, sweetness index, and sensory scores compared to
      fruits exhibiting the direct defense. Thus, it is plausible that the priming
      defense, which can be activated by BABA at relatively low concentrations,
      represents an optimal strategy for combining the advantages of enhanced disease
      protection and soluble sugar accumulation. 

PMID- 27368358
TI  - Beyond the Genetic Diagnosis: Providing Parents What They Want to Know.
AB  - Clinicians need to provide accurate, up-to-date, and balanced information to
      parents following a prenatal or postnatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and other
      genetic conditions. Families want information about the genomic outcomes and
      medical issues, but they also want information about life outcomes and social
      supports. Because the anticipated outcomes of a condition can change
      significantly based on available social support, health care, and services, it is
      important for clinicians to stay up-to-date about new developments and credible,
      medically reviewed information about Down syndrome and other genetic conditions
      to access resources for clinical care. 

PMID- 27368359
TI  - Pediatric Coagulation Disorders.

PMID- 27368360
TI  - Pubertal Development.

PMID- 27368361
TI  - Case 1: Absent Pubertal Development in a 17.5-year-old Girl.

PMID- 27368362
TI  - Case 2: Prolonged Hypoglycemia in an Adolescent without Diabetes.

PMID- 27368363
TI  - Case 3: Penile Swelling in a 5-year-old Boy.

PMID- 27368364
TI  - New Alternative Tobacco Products - A Threat to Adolescent Health.

PMID- 27368365
TI  - Visual Diagnosis: 19-year-old Boy with Syncope and Bradycardia.

PMID- 27368367
TI  - Author's Response.

PMID- 27368366
TI  - Misconceptions in the Treatment of Dehydration in Children.

PMID- 27368368
TI  - Frontiers in lipid research: mechanisms, diet, and novel lipids.

PMID- 27368369
TI  - CardioPulse Articles.

PMID- 27368370
TI  - Spatial measurement errors in the field of spatial epidemiology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spatial epidemiology has been aided by advances in geographic
      information systems, remote sensing, global positioning systems and the
      development of new statistical methodologies specifically designed for such data.
      Given the growing popularity of these studies, we sought to review and analyze
      the types of spatial measurement errors commonly encountered during spatial
      epidemiological analysis of spatial data. METHODS: Google Scholar, Medline, and
      Scopus databases were searched using a broad set of terms for papers indexed by a
      term indicating location (space or geography or location or position) and
      measurement error (measurement error or measurement inaccuracy or
      misclassification or uncertainty): we reviewed all papers appearing before
      December 20, 2014. These papers and their citations were reviewed to identify the
      relevance to our review. RESULTS: We were able to define and classify spatial
      measurement errors into four groups: (1) pure spatial location measurement
      errors, including both non-instrumental errors (multiple addresses, geocoding
      errors, outcome aggregations, and covariate aggregation) and instrumental errors;
      (2) location-based outcome measurement error (purely outcome measurement errors
      and missing outcome measurements); (3) location-based covariate measurement
      errors (address proxies); and (4) Covariate-Outcome spatial misaligned
      measurement errors. We propose how these four classes of errors can be unified
      within an integrated theoretical model and possible solutions were discussed.
      CONCLUSION: Spatial measurement errors are ubiquitous threat to the validity of
      spatial epidemiological studies. We propose a systematic framework for
      understanding the various mechanisms which generate spatial measurement errors
      and present practical examples of such errors.

PMID- 27368372
TI  - Genome co-amplification upregulates a mitotic gene network activity that predicts
      outcome and response to mitotic protein inhibitors in breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High mitotic activity is associated with the genesis and progression
      of many cancers. Small molecule inhibitors of mitotic apparatus proteins are now
      being developed and evaluated clinically as anticancer agents. With clinical
      trials of several of these experimental compounds underway, it is important to
      understand the molecular mechanisms that determine high mitotic activity,
      identify tumor subtypes that carry molecular aberrations that confer high mitotic
      activity, and to develop molecular markers that distinguish which tumors will be
      most responsive to mitotic apparatus inhibitors. METHODS: We identified a
      coordinately regulated mitotic apparatus network by analyzing gene expression
      profiles for 53 malignant and non-malignant human breast cancer cell lines and
      two separate primary breast tumor datasets. We defined the mitotic network
      activity index (MNAI) as the sum of the transcriptional levels of the 54
      coordinately regulated mitotic apparatus genes. The effect of those genes on cell
      growth was evaluated by small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS: High MNAI was
      enriched in basal-like breast tumors and was associated with reduced survival
      duration and preferential sensitivity to inhibitors of the mitotic apparatus
      proteins, polo-like kinase, centromere associated protein E and aurora kinase
      designated GSK462364, GSK923295 and GSK1070916, respectively. Co-amplification of
      regions of chromosomes 8q24, 10p15-p12, 12p13, and 17q24-q25 was associated with
      the transcriptional upregulation of this network of 54 mitotic apparatus genes,
      and we identify transcription factors that localize to these regions and
      putatively regulate mitotic activity. Knockdown of the mitotic network by siRNA
      identified 22 genes that might be considered as additional therapeutic targets
      for this clinically relevant patient subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: We define a molecular
      signature which may guide therapeutic approaches for tumors with high mitotic
      network activity.

PMID- 27368371
TI  - Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein functions and the similarity to other
      bunyavirus NSs proteins.
AB  - Rift Valley fever is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that affects both
      ruminants and humans. The nonstructural (NS) protein, which is a major virulence
      factor for Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is encoded on the S-segment. Through
      the cullin 1-Skp1-Fbox E3 ligase complex, the NSs protein promotes the
      degradation of at least two host proteins, the TFIIH p62 and the PKR proteins.
      NSs protein bridges the Fbox protein with subsequent substrates, and facilitates
      the transfer of ubiquitin. The SAP30-YY1 complex also bridges the NSs protein
      with chromatin DNA, affecting cohesion and segregation of chromatin DNA as well
      as the activation of interferon-beta promoter. The presence of NSs filaments in
      the nucleus induces DNA damage responses and causes cell-cycle arrest, p53
      activation, and apoptosis. Despite the fact that NSs proteins have poor amino
      acid similarity among bunyaviruses, the strategy utilized to hijack host cells
      are similar. This review will provide and summarize an update of recent findings
      pertaining to the biological functions of the NSs protein of RVFV as well as the
      differences from those of other bunyaviruses.

PMID- 27368375
TI  - Is premeiotic genome elimination an exclusive mechanism for hemiclonal
      reproduction in hybrid males of the genus Pelophylax?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ability to eliminate a parental genome from a eukaryotic germ
      cell is a phenomenon observed mostly in hybrid organisms displaying an
      alternative propagation to sexual reproduction. For most taxa, the underlying
      cellular pathways and timing of the elimination process is only poorly
      understood. In the water frog hybrid Pelophylax esculentus (parental taxa are P.
      ridibundus and P. lessonae) the only described mechanism assumes that one
      parental genome is excluded from the germline during metamorphosis and prior to
      meiosis, while only second genome enters meiosis after endoreduplication. Our
      study of hybrids from a P. ridibundus-P. esculentus-male populations known for
      its production of more types of gametes shows that hybridogenetic mechanism of
      genome elimination is not uniform. RESULTS: Using comparative genomic
      hybridization (CGH) on mitotic and meiotic cell stages, we identified at least
      two pathways of meiotic mechanisms. One type of Pelophylax esculentus males
      provides supporting evidence of a premeiotic elimination of one parental genome.
      In several other males we record the presence of both parental genomes in the
      late phases of meiotic prophase I (diplotene) and metaphase I. CONCLUSION: Some
      P. esculentus males have no genome elimination from the germ line prior to
      meiosis. Considering previous cytological and experimental evidence for a
      formation of both ridibundus and lessonae sperm within a single P. esculentus
      individual, we propose a hypothesis that genome elimination from the germline can
      either be postponed to the meiotic stages or absent altogether in these hybrids.

PMID- 27368377
TI  - Overzicht Van Het Hematologisch Kwaliteitskontrole 1973.
AB  - It appears from this Q.C. survey that automatic cel counting generally gives good
      results for erythrocytes, but somewhat less good results for white blood cells.
      Thrombocytic numeration however, gives unreliable and uncomparable results in a
      Q.C. survey, regardless of the method used, because of the extreme sensitivity of
      the platelets to a number of external factors, such as temperature,
      transportation, etc. As far as morphological examination is concerned it appears
      that many observers pay too little attention to morphological abnormalities of
      the erythrocytes. The results with blood group serology point to some
      difficulties with Rh-factor determination. 

PMID- 27368373
TI  - Next-generation sequencing diagnostics of bacteremia in septic patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections remain one of the major challenges in
      intensive care units, leading to sepsis or even septic shock in many cases. Due
      to the lack of timely diagnostic approaches with sufficient sensitivity,
      mortality rates of sepsis are still unacceptably high. However a prompt diagnosis
      of the causative microorganism is critical to significantly improve outcome of
      bloodstream infections. Although various targeted molecular tests for blood
      samples are available, time-consuming blood culture-based approaches still
      represent the standard of care for the identification of bacteria. METHODS: Here
      we describe the establishment of a complete diagnostic workflow for the
      identification of infectious microorganisms from seven septic patients based on
      unbiased sequence analyses of free circulating DNA from plasma by next-generation
      sequencing. RESULTS: We found significant levels of DNA fragments derived from
      pathogenic bacteria in samples from septic patients. Quantitative evaluation of
      normalized read counts and introduction of a sepsis indicating quantifier (SIQ)
      score allowed for an unambiguous identification of Gram-positive as well as Gram
      negative bacteria that exactly matched with blood cultures from corresponding
      patient samples. In addition, we also identified species from samples where blood
      cultures were negative. Reads of non-human origin also comprised fragments
      derived from antimicrobial resistance genes, showing that, in principle,
      prediction of specific types of resistance might be possible. CONCLUSIONS: The
      complete workflow from sample preparation to species identification report could
      be accomplished in roughly 30 h, thus making this approach a promising diagnostic
      platform for critically ill patients suffering from bloodstream infections.

PMID- 27368376
TI  - An evolutionary perspective on the necroptotic pathway.
AB  - Throughout the animal kingdom, innate immune receptors protect the organism from
      microbial intruders by activating pathways that mediate inflammation and pathogen
      clearance. Necroptosis contributes to the innate immune response by killing
      pathogen-infected cells and by alerting the immune system through the release of
      danger signals. Components of the necroptotic signaling axis - TIR-domain
      containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (TRIF), Z-DNA sensor DAI, receptor
      interacting kinase (RIPK)1, RIPK3 and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein
      (MLKL) - are therefore expected to be found in all animals. However, a
      phylogenetic analysis reveals that the necroptotic axis, except for RIPK1, is
      poorly conserved in the animal kingdom, suggesting that alternative mechanisms
      regulate necroptosis in these species or that necroptosis would apparently be
      absent. These findings question the universal role of necroptosis during innate
      immunity in the animal kingdom.

PMID- 27368374
TI  - Investigation of allosteric coupling in human beta2-adrenergic receptor in the
      presence of intracellular loop 3.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study investigates the allosteric coupling that exists between
      the intra- and extracellular parts of human beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2-AR),
      in the presence of the intracellular loop 3 (ICL3), which is missing in all
      crystallographic experiments and most of the simulation studies reported so far.
      Our recent 1 MUs long MD run has revealed a transition to the so-called very
      inactive state of the receptor, in which ICL3 packed under the G protein's
      binding cavity and completely blocked its accessibility to G protein.
      Simultaneously, an outward tilt of transmembrane helix 5 (TM5) caused an
      expansion of the extracellular ligand-binding site. In the current study, we
      performed independent runs with a total duration of 4 MUs to further investigate
      the very inactive state with packed ICL3 and the allosteric coupling event (three
      unrestrained runs and five runs with bond restraints at the ligand-binding site).
      RESULTS: In all three independent unrestrained runs (each 500 ns long), ICL3
      preserved its initially packed/closed conformation within the studied time frame,
      suggesting an inhibition of the receptor's activity. Specific bond restraints
      were later imposed between some key residues at the ligand-binding site, which
      have been experimentally determined to interact with the ligand. Restraining the
      binding site region to an open state facilitated ICL3 closure, whereas a
      relatively constrained/closed binding site hindered ICL3 packing. However, the
      reverse operation, i.e. opening of the packed ICL3, could not be realized by
      restraining the binding site region to a closed state. Thus, any attempt failed
      to free the ICL3 from its locked state due to the presence of persistent hydrogen
      bonds. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our simulations indicated that starting with very
      inactive states, the receptor stayed almost irreversibly inhibited, which in turn
      decreased the overall mobility of the receptor. Bond restraints which represented
      the geometric restrictions caused by ligands of various sizes when bound at the
      ligand-binding site, induced the expected conformational changes in TM5, TM6 and
      consequently, ICL3. Still, once ICL3 was packed, the allosteric coupling became
      ineffective due to strong hydrogen bonds connecting ICL3 to the core of the
      receptor.

PMID- 27368378
TI  - The Position Of National Surveys In Proficiency Testing Of Clinical Chemistry
      Laboratories.
AB  - Results of the Belgian proficiency surveys (1971-1973) for clinical chemistry
      labs are reported. The specific position of this external type of quality control
      is analyzed. Special attention is given to the detection of systematic factors
      that could interfere with the introduction of a uniform medical record. A new
      procedure is described for displaying results grouped according to methods. The
      difference between the main methods in actual use is of the systematic type
      rather than a difference in precision. The Youden approach to collaborative tests
      has been elaborated and generalized by the introduction of correla-tion as an
      expression of the incidence of systematic factors. The shape of the contour
      encompassing 95% of the Youden couples, defines a target area often very
      different from the circular surface expected with uncorrelated results. The
      participating laboratories, as a group, appeared to work from the beginning
      according to the current state of the art. Improvement is only possible if basic
      changes in methods or in calibration are introduced. This suggests a broadening
      of the activities of the Belgian Society for Quality Control. 

PMID- 27368379
TI  - L'Alimentation Parenterale.
AB  - One of the essential requisites of the treatment of catabolism inducing diseases
      is the maintenance of an adequate nutritional status. When this cannot be
      achieved by the usual means (normal or forcible feeding), it is necessary to have
      recourse to parenteral nutrition. An adequate supply of nitrogen, ions, water and
      calories can either totally replace or complete the feeding and restore a
      satisfactory nutritional equilibrium, even in cases of cachectic diseases. The
      nutritional program must comply with the following criteria: 1. The caloric needs
      of the patient, which can be considerable, have to be met: an average of 2,500 to
      4,000 calories per day including 12 to 20 gm nitrogen. 2. At least 10% of this
      amount must be given as carbohydrates. 3. The nitrogen is supplied by protein
      hydrolysate or synthetic amino-acid perfusions. The optimal proportions between
      all the amino-acids (essentials and non essentials) must be accurately kept to.
      In order to achieve the best protein anabolism, 150 to 300 calories should be
      given per gm of nitrogen perfused. This may be achieved by associating
      carbohydrates with the protein perfusions and by simultaneous perfusion of a
      lipid emulsion or of a concentrated glucose preparation. 4. Two to three gm
      lipids per kilo per day should be administered. Some lipid emulsions are well
      tolerated (soya oil emulsified by egg yolk phosphatides) and make a considerable
      caloric contribution possible. 5. The needs of water and ions have to be adapted
      to each individual case. Vitamins are an essential part of prolonged parenteral
      nutrition. Parenteral nutrition is frequently indicated. It is practically
      inocuous. However, care is needed when administering lipid emulsions to hepatic
      patients. It is to be noted that the high caloric lipid emulsions or protein
      containing solutions at present available in Belgium are not those generally
      indicated. The introduction into our country of soya oil emulsions as well as new
      protein solutions better balanced in the relative proportions of the different
      amino-acids as well as in their nitrogen-caloric ratio will be a notable step
      forward in what has been hitherto a neglected aspect of the treatment: the
      maintenance of the patient in optimal nutritional status. 

PMID- 27368380
TI  - Selected Summaries.

PMID- 27368382
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368383
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368384
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368385
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368386
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368387
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368388
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368390
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368389
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368391
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368392
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368393
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368394
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368395
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368396
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368397
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368398
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368399
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368400
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368401
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368403
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368402
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368404
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368405
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368406
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368407
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368408
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368409
TI  - Extractable and Non-Extractable Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Mandarin
      Waste Dried at Different Temperatures.
AB  - The mandarin industry is generating more waste due to the increasing demand for
      juice. In this study, extractable and non-extractable phenolics as well as 2,2
      diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6
      sulphonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and oxygen
      radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) antioxidant activities in Satsuma mandarin
      waste dried at different temperatures were determined. The amounts of non
      extractable total phenols, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins measured in
      mandarin waste dried at 120  degrees C were 39.4, 44.3, and 45.6 %, respectively,
      which were higher than those of fresh-mandarin waste. Dried mandarin waste is
      rich in extractable and non-extractable hesperidin (259.86 and 182.52 mg/g,
      respectively) and eriocitrin (85.12 and 197.24 mg/g, respectively), as well as
      non-extractable gallic acid (36.08 MUg/g). The antioxidant capacities of
      extractable and non-extractable phenolics, from the highest to the lowest, were
      ABTS > ORAC > DPPH > FRAP and ORAC > ABTS > DPPH > FRAP, respectively. The
      information reported here may encourage mandarin industry operators to re
      evaluate their by-products, extending the application of mandarin fruits and
      reducing waste. 

PMID- 27368410
TI  - Effect of Germination and Fermentation Process on the Antioxidant Compounds of
      Quinoa Seeds.
AB  - Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seed has gained a great interest in the last years,
      mainly due to its nutritional properties and its content of antioxidant
      substances with health-promoting properties in humans. In this work, the effect
      of germination time and fermentation on the levels of antioxidant compounds
      (ascorbic acid, tocopherol isomers and phenolic compounds) and antioxidant
      activity of quinoa seeds was evaluated. Fermentation was carried out naturally by
      the microorganisms present in the seeds or by inoculation with two Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae strains (used for baking and brewing). Ascorbic acid and total
      tocopherols were significantly increased (p <= 0.05) after 72 h of germination
      process in comparison with raw quinoa seeds, whilst fermentation caused a
      decrease in both types of compounds. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity
      were improved using both bioprocesses, being this effect more noticeable for
      germination process (101 % of increase after three days of germination).
      Germination and fermentation proved to be desirable procedures for producing
      enriched ingredients with health-promoting antioxidant compounds in a natural
      way.

PMID- 27368411
TI  - Invariant natural killer T cells: front line fighters in the war against
      pathogenic microbes.
AB  - Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells constitute a unique subset of innate-like
      T cells that have been shown to have crucial roles in a variety of immune
      responses. iNKT cells are characterized by their expression of both NK cell
      markers and an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain, which recognizes
      glycolipids presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. Despite having a
      limited antigen repertoire, the iNKT cell response can be very complex, and
      participate in both protective and harmful immune responses. The protective role
      of these cells against a variety of pathogens has been particularly well
      documented. Through the use of these pathogen models, our knowledge of the
      breadth of the iNKT cell response has been expanded. Specific iNKT cell antigens
      have been isolated from several different bacteria, from which iNKT cells are
      critical for protection in mouse models. These responses can be generated by
      direct, CD1d-mediated activation, or indirect, cytokine-mediated activation, or a
      combination of the two. This can lead to secretion of a variety of different Th1,
      Th2, or Th17 cytokines, which differentially impact the downstream immune
      response against these pathogens. This critical role is emphasized by the
      conservation of these cells between mice and humans, warranting further
      investigation into how iNKT cells participate in protective immune responses,
      with the ultimate goal of harnessing their potential for treatment. 

PMID- 27368412
TI  - Evolution of innate-like T cells and their selection by MHC class I-like
      molecules.
AB  - Until recently, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like-restricted
      innate-like alphabetaT (iT) cells expressing an invariant or semi-invariant T
      cell receptor (TCR) repertoire were thought to be a recent evolutionary
      acquisition restricted to mammals. However, molecular and functional studies in
      Xenopus laevis have demonstrated that iT cells, defined as MHC class I-like
      restricted innate-like alphabetaT cells with a semi-invariant TCR, are
      evolutionarily conserved and prominent from early development in amphibians. As
      these iT cells lack the specificity conferred by conventional alphabeta TCRs, it
      is generally considered that they are specialized to recognize conserved antigens
      equivalent to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Thus, one advantage offered
      by the MHC class I-like iT cell-based recognition system is that it can be
      adapted to a common pathogen and function on the basis of a relatively small
      number of T cells. Although iT cells have only been functionally described in
      mammals and amphibians, the identification of non-classical MHC/MHC class I-like
      genes in other groups of endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates suggests that iT
      cells have a broader phylogenetic distribution than previously envisioned. In
      this review, we discuss the possible role of iT cells during the emergence of the
      jawed vertebrate adaptive immune system. 

PMID- 27368415
TI  - Icariin, a major constituent from Epimedium brevicornum, attenuates ibotenic acid
      induced excitotoxicity in rat hippocampus.
AB  - Excitotoxicity is one of the most extensively studied causes of neuronal death
      and plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icariin is a flavonoid
      component of a traditional Chinese medicine reported to possess a broad spectrum
      of pharmacological effects. The present study was designed to investigate the
      effects of icariin against learning and memory impairment induced by
      excitotoxicity. Here, we demonstrated that rats receiving intracerebroventricular
      injection of excitatory neurotoxin ibotenic acid exhibited impaired learning and
      memory. Oral administration of icariin at doses of 20 and 40mg/kg rescued
      behavioral performance and protected against neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus by
      suppressing ibotenic acid induced pro-apoptosis. Furthermore, Western blott of
      hippocampal specimens revealed that icariin up-regulated the expression of
      calbindin-D28k protein following ibotenic acid administration. Additionally,
      icariin inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family phosphorylation
      and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling, implicating the MAPK signaling
      and NF-kappaB signaling pathways were involved in the mechanism underlying
      icariin-mediated neuroprotection against ibotenic acid-induced excitotoxicity.
      These data suggested that icariin could be a potential agent for treatment of
      excitotoxicity-related diseases, including AD.

PMID- 27368413
TI  - The role of MHC class Ib-restricted T cells during infection.
AB  - Even though major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ia and many Ib molecules
      have similarities in structure, MHC class Ib molecules tend to have more
      specialized functions, which include the presentation of non-peptidic antigens to
      non-classical T cells. Likewise, non-classical T cells also have unique
      characteristics, including an innate-like phenotype in naive animals and rapid
      effector functions. In this review, we discuss the role of MAIT and NKT cells
      during infection but also the contribution of less studied MHC class Ib
      restricted T cells such as Qa-1-, Qa-2-, and M3-restricted T cells. We focus on
      describing the types of antigens presented to non-classical T cells, their
      response and cytokine profile following infection, as well as the overall impact
      of these T cells to the immune system. 

PMID- 27368416
TI  - Attentional updating and monitoring and affective shifting are impacted
      independently by aging in macaque monkeys.
AB  - One hallmark of the normal cognitive aging process involves alterations in
      executive function. Executive function can be divided into at least three
      separable components, including set shifting, attentional updating and
      monitoring, and inhibition of prepotent responses. The ability to study the
      neural basis of cognitive aging has been enriched by the use of animal models
      such as the macaque monkey. In aged macaques, changes in attentional updating and
      monitoring systems are poorly understood compared to changes in shifting and
      inhibition. A partial explanation for this is the fact that the tasks designed to
      study executive function in aged monkeys, to date, primarily have probed shifting
      and inhibition processes. Here we examine how aging impacts attentional updating
      and monitoring processes in monkeys using an interference task designed after a
      paradigm used to examine multi-tasking in older humans. Young and aged macaque
      monkeys were tested on this interference task as well as on an object reversal
      learning task to study these processes in the same animals. Relative to the young
      monkeys, aged animals were impaired on both tasks. Proactive and retroactive
      interference did not differ between age groups on an array of 40 object pairs
      presented each day in the object reversal learning task. The levels of
      performance on the interference task were not correlated with levels of
      performance in the object reversal task. These results suggest that attentional
      updating and monitoring and affective shifting are separable functions in the
      macaque, and that normal aging affects these mental operations independently.

PMID- 27368414
TI  - The CD1 family: serving lipid antigens to T cells since the Mesozoic era.
AB  - Class I-like CD1 molecules are in a family of antigen-presenting molecules that
      bind lipids and lipopeptides, rather than peptides for immune surveillance by T
      cells. Since CD1 lacks the high degree of polymorphism found in their major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, different species express
      different numbers of CD1 isotypes, likely to be able to present structurally
      diverse classes of lipid antigens. In this review, we will present a historical
      overview of the structures of the different human CD1 isotypes and also discuss
      species-specific adaptations of the lipid-binding groove. We will discuss how
      single amino acid changes alter the shape and volume of the CD1 binding groove,
      how these minor changes can give rise to different numbers of binding pockets,
      and how these pockets affect the lipid repertoire that can be presented by any
      given CD1 protein. We will compare the structures of various lipid antigens and
      finally, we will discuss recognition of CD1-presented lipid antigens by antigen
      receptors on T cells (TCRs).

PMID- 27368419
TI  - Stabilization of C-RAF:KSR1 complex by DiRas3 reduces availability of C-RAF for
      dimerization with B-RAF.
AB  - RAF family kinases are central components of the Ras-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade.
      Dimerization is a key mechanism of RAF activation in response to physiological,
      pathological and pharmacological signals. It is mediated by a dimer interface
      region in the RAF kinase domain that is also conserved in KSR, a scaffolding
      protein that binds RAF, MEK and ERK. The regulation of RAF dimerization is
      incompletely understood. Especially little is known about the molecular mechanism
      involved in the selection of the dimerization partner. Previously, we reported
      that Ras-dependent binding of the tumour suppressor DiRas3 to C-RAF inhibits the
      C-RAF:B-RAF heterodimerization. Here we show that DiRas3 binds to KSR1
      independently of its interaction with activated Ras and RAF. Our data also
      suggest that depending on the local stoichiometry between DiRas3 and oncogenic
      Ras, DiRas3 can either enhance homodimerization of KSR1 or recruit KSR1 to the
      Ras:C-RAF complex and thereby reduce the availability of C-RAF for binding to B
      RAF. This mechanism, which is shared between A-RAF and C-RAF, may be involved in
      the regulation of Ras12V-induced cell transformation by DiRas3.

PMID- 27368418
TI  - A comparison of progestins within three classes: Differential effects on learning
      and memory in the aging surgically menopausal rat.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: For decades, progestins have been included in hormone therapies
      (HT) prescribed to women to offset the risk of unopposed estrogen-induced
      endometrial hyperplasia. However, the potential effects on cognition of
      subcategories of clinically used progestins have been largely unexplored.
      METHODS: In two studies, the present investigation evaluated the cognitive
      effects of norethindrone acetate (NETA), levonorgestrel (LEVO), and
      medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) on the water radial-arm maze (WRAM) and Morris
      water maze (MM) in middle-aged ovariectomized rats. RESULTS: In Study 1, six
      weeks of a high-dose NETA treatment impaired learning and delayed retention on
      the WRAM, and impaired reference memory on the MM. Low-dose NETA treatment
      impaired delayed retention on the WRAM. In Study 2, high-dose NETA treatment was
      reduced to four-weeks and compared to MPA and LEVO. As previously shown, MPA
      impaired working memory performance during the lattermost portion of testing, at
      the highest working memory load, impaired delayed retention on the WRAM, and
      impaired reference memory on the MM. NETA also impaired performance on these WRAM
      and MM measures. Interestingly, LEVO did not impair performance, but instead
      enhanced learning on the WRAM. CONCLUSIONS: The current study corroborates
      previous evidence that the most commonly prescribed FDA-approved progestin for
      HT, MPA, impairs learning and memory in the ovariectomized middle-aged rat. When
      progestins from two different additional subcategories were investigated, NETA
      impaired learning and memory similarly to MPA, but LEVO enhanced learning. Future
      research is warranted to determine LEVO's potential as an ideal progestin for
      optimal health in women, including for cognition.

PMID- 27368417
TI  - A novel mouse model of the aged brain: Over-expression of the L-type voltage
      gated calcium channel CaV1.3.
AB  - The aged population is growing rapidly, which has sparked tremendous interest in
      elucidating mechanisms of aging in both the body and the brain. Animal models
      have become an indispensable tool in biomedical science, but because of the cost
      and extended timeframe associated with aging animals to appropriate time points,
      studies that rely on using aged animals are often not feasible. Somewhat
      surprisingly, there are relatively few animal models that have been specifically
      engineered to mimic physiological changes known to occur during "normal" aging.
      Developing transgenic animal models that faithfully mimic key aspects of aging
      would likely be of great utility in studying both age-related deficits in the
      absence of overt pathology as well as an adjunct for transgenic models of
      diseases where aging is a primary risk factor. In particular, there are several
      alterations in the aged brain that are amenable to being modeled genetically. We
      have focused on one key aspect that has been repeatedly demonstrated in aged
      animals - an increase in the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel CaV1.3. Here we
      present a novel transgenic mouse line in which expression of CaV1.3 is increased
      by approximately 50% in the forebrain of young mice. These mice do not display
      any overt physical or non-cognitive deficits, exhibiting normal exploratory
      behavior, motor function, and affective-like responses, suggesting that these
      mice can be successfully deployed to assess the impact of an "aged brain" in a
      variety of conditions.

PMID- 27368420
TI  - [Acute pericarditis and stent infection].

PMID- 27368421
TI  - Increased HIV-1 sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies by mutations in the Env V3
      coding region for resistance to CXCR4 antagonists.
AB  - HIV-1 passage in cell culture in the presence of chemokine receptor antagonists
      can result in selection of viruses with env mutations that confer resistance to
      these inhibitors. In the present study, we examined the effect of HIV-1env
      mutations that confer resistance to CXCR4 antagonists on envelope (Env)
      sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Serial passage of CXCR4-tropic HIV
      1 NL4-3 in PM1/CCR5 cells under CXCR4 antagonists KRH-3955, AMD3100 and AMD070
      yielded two KRH-3955-resistant, one AMD3100-resistant and one AMD070-resistant
      viruses. These viruses had multiple env mutations including the Env gp120 V3
      region. The majority of viruses having these CXCR4 antagonist-resistant Envs
      showed higher sensitivity to NAbs 447-52D, b12 and 2F5 targeting the V3 region,
      the gp120 CD4-binding site and the gp41 membrane proximal region, respectively,
      compared to NL4-3 WT virus. Recombinant NL4-3 viruses with the V3-coding region
      replaced with those derived from the CXCR4 antagonist-resistant viruses showed
      increased sensitivity to NAbs b12, 2F5 and 447-52D. Molecular dynamics
      simulations of Env gp120 outer domains predicted that the V3 mutations increased
      levels of fluctuations at the tip and stem of the V3 loop. These results indicate
      that mutations in the V3-coding region that result in loss of viral sensitivity
      to CXCR4 antagonists increase viral sensitivity to NAbs, providing insights into
      our understanding of the interplay of viral Env accessibility to chemokine
      receptors and sensitivity to NAbs.

PMID- 27368422
TI  - Impact of Surface Chemistry on Copper Deposition in Mesoporous Silicon.
AB  - An easy, efficient, and safe process is developed to metallize mesoporous silicon
      (PSi) with Cu from the decomposition of a solution of mesitylcopper (CuMes) in an
      imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL), [C1C4Im][NTf2]. The impregnation of a
      solution of CuMes in IL affords the deposition of metallic islands not only on
      the surface but also deep within the pores of a mesoporous Si layer with small
      pores below 10 nm. Therefore, this process is well suited to efficiently and
      completely metallize PSi layers. An in-depth mechanistic study shows that metal
      deposition is due to the reduction of CuMes by surface silane groups rather than
      by Si oxidation as observed in aqueous or water-containing media. This could open
      a new route to the chemical metallization of PSi by less-noble metals difficult
      to attain by a conventional displacement reaction.

PMID- 27368423
TI  - Erectile dysfunction patients are more satisfied with penile prosthesis
      implantation compared with tadalafil and intracavernosal injection treatments.
AB  - There are various treatment modalities for erectile dysfunction with different
      success and satisfaction rates. We aim to compare patient satisfaction with
      tadalafil, intracavernosal injection, and penile prosthesis implantation in
      patients with erectile dysfunction. The records of 3448 men with erectile
      dysfunction were evaluated retrospectively. A total of 356 men with organic
      erectile dysfunction were enrolled into this study. Of these patients, 132 (37%)
      received tadalafil 20 mg twice a week for 12 weeks, 106 (30%) patients received
      tadalafil 5 mg once-daily for 12 weeks, 96 (27%) patients used intracavernosal
      injection therapy (Bi-mix; papaverine and phentolamine). Moreover, 22 patients
      underwent penile prosthesis implantation. Patient and partner satisfaction were
      assessed with International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Erectile
      Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) questionnaire. Patients'
      mean age was 52.4 +/- 25.76 (32-71). The etiology of erectile dysfunction was
      chronic systemic diseases in 133 (44%) and radical prostatectomy in 121 patients
      (40%). The mean IIEF-5 scores improvement after the treatment was higher in
      penile prosthesis implantation group (12.4 +/- 1.3) compared with tadalafil 5 mg
      (6.7 +/- 1.5) (p < 0.01), tadalafil 20 mg (6.2 +/- 1.5) (p < 0.01), and
      intracavernosal injection group (8.4 +/- 3.2) (p < 0.05). The EDITS score was
      significantly higher in penile prosthesis implantation group (78.2 +/- 11.3)
      compared with intracavernosal injection (60.3 +/- 6.3), tadalafil 5 mg (72.5 +/-
      4.5), and tadalafil 20 mg 70.7 +/- 3.4 groups (p < 0.05). Partners' EDITS scores
      were 70.1 +/- 10 in penile prosthesis implantation group, 50.2 +/- 1.5 in
      intracavernosal injection group, 62.9 +/- 7.8 in tadalafil 5 mg, and 61.3 +/- 5.3
      in tadalafil 20 mg group (p < 0.05). Erectile dysfunction patients who underwent
      penile prosthesis implantation seem to be more satisfied compared with tadalafil
      treatment and intracavernosal injection. Future clinical trials are warranted to
      confirm our results.

PMID- 27368424
TI  - Twenty-four-hour work shifts, increased job demands, and elevated blood pressure
      in professional firefighters.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate whether working conditions (number of 24-h shifts, number
      of calls, sedentary work, job strain, effort-reward imbalance, and physical
      demands) are associated with elevated blood pressure and hypertension among
      professional firefighters. METHODS: A total of 330 (321 males and 9 females)
      firefighters were chosen for this study among the Southern California
      firefighters who participated in a work and obesity project. Working conditions
      were measured with a firefighter-specific occupational health questionnaire.
      Blood pressure was clinically assessed, and hypertension was defined according to
      the contemporary standard classification. RESULTS: About 11 % of the firefighters
      had hypertension. Fifty percent of the hypertensive firefighters (mostly mild
      hypertensive) had uncontrolled high blood pressure. Hypertension was more
      prevalent in male, older, and high-rank firefighters and firefighter who reported
      low numbers of daily calls. In male firefighters who were normotensive or
      hypertensive without taking anti-hypertensive medication, additional 24-h shifts
      in the past month increased the risk of elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
      than those who reported a standard work schedule (eight to eleven 24-h shifts).
      Particularly, firefighters who reported sixteen 24-h shifts had 5.0 mmHg higher
      DBP (p < 0.01). Body mass index attenuated the association between number of
      shifts and blood pressure to some extent. Firefighters who reported "increased
      job demands over the past years" had 3.0 mmHg (p = 0.06) higher systolic blood
      pressure. Other working conditions were not associated with elevated blood
      pressure and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Many additional 24-h shifts and increased
      job demands were risk factors for elevated blood pressure in male firefighters.
      Optimal collective and individual workload and improved hypertension management
      are warranted for enhancing the cardiovascular health of firefighters.

PMID- 27368425
TI  - Does age matter in predicting musculoskeletal disorder risk? An analysis of
      workplace predictors over 4 years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a major workplace issue. With
      increasing pressure to extend working lives, predictors of MSD risk across all
      age groups require accurate identification to inform risk reduction strategies.
      METHODS: In 2005 and 2009, a survey was conducted in a Finnish food processing
      company (N = 734). Data on workplace physical and psychosocial hazards, work
      ability, job satisfaction and lifestyle-related variables were collected, and MSD
      risk was measured through assessment of work-related strain in four body areas.
      Predictors of MSD risk across three age groups (20-35, 36-49, 50+) were assessed
      with linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Physical hazards and MSD risk were
      related differently for each age group. The relationship between psychosocial
      hazards and MSD risk was less clear. For younger workers, physical hazards were
      not associated with MSD risk. In contrast, for those aged 36-49, repetitive
      movements (B = 1.76, p < 0.001) and awkward postures (B = 1.30, p = 0.02) were
      associated with increased MSD risk. For older workers, environmental hazards were
      positively associated with MSD risk (B = 0.37, p = 0.04). Predictors of MSD risk
      changed differently for each age group during 4 years of follow-up. For younger
      workers, change in environment and repetitive movements, for middle age team
      support and for older workers change in awkward posture were significant
      predictors of MSD risk. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the need for workplace
      specific hazard surveillance data. This will ensure that all contributing factors
      to MSD risk can be accurately identified and controlled independent of age.

PMID- 27368426
TI  - Developmental and Environmental Effects on Sesquiterpene Lactones in Cultivated
      Arnica montana L.
AB  - The amount of sesquiterpene lactones and the lactone profile of Arnica montana L.
      in flowering and seed formation stages in vitro and in vivo propagated from seeds
      of German, Ukrainian, and Austrian origin and grown in two experimental fields
      were studied. It was found that in vitro propagated 2-year plants in full
      flowering stage accumulated higher amount of lactones in comparison to in vivo
      propagated 3-year plants and to the seed formation stage, respectively.
      Helenalins predominated in in vivo propagated 2-year or in vitro propagated 3
      year plants. 2-Methylbutyrate (2MeBu) was the principal ester in the samples with
      prevalence of helenalins, while isobutyrate (iBu) was the major one in the
      samples with predominance of 11,13-dihydrohelenalins. The results revealed that
      the environmental conditions on Vitosha Mt. are more suitable for cultivation of
      A. montana giving higher content of lactones. 

PMID- 27368427
TI  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder: The usefulness of a pharmacological practice
      guideline.

PMID- 27368429
TI  - The heart of the matter is brain: Monitoring cerebrovascular autoregulation after
      cardiac arrest.

PMID- 27368428
TI  - Admission of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims to a high volume cardiac
      arrest center is linked to improved outcome.
AB  - AIM: Cardiac arrest centers have been associated with improved outcome for
      patients after cardiac arrest. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect on
      outcome depending on admission to high-, medium- or low volume centers. METHODS:
      Analysis from a prospective, multicenter registry for out of hospital cardiac
      arrest patients treated by the emergency medical service of Vienna, Austria. The
      frequency of cardiac arrest patients admitted per center/year (low <50; medium 50
      100; high >100) was correlated to favorable outcome (30-day survival with
      cerebral performance category of 1 or 2). RESULTS: Out of 2238 patients (years
      2013-2015) with emergency medical service resuscitation, 861 (32% female, age 64
      (51;73) years) were admitted to 7 different centers. Favorable outcome was
      achieved in 267 patients (31%). Survivors were younger (58 vs. 66 years;
      p<0.001), showed shockable initial heart rhythm more frequently (72 vs. 35%;
      p<0.001), had shorter CPR durations (22 vs. 29min; p<0.001) and were more likely
      to be treated in a high frequency center (OR 1.6; CI: 1.2-2.1; p=0.001). In
      multivariate analysis, age below 65 years (OR 15; CI: 3.3-271.4; p=0.001),
      shockable initial heart rhythm (OR 10.1; CI: 2.4-42.6; p=0.002), immediate
      bystander or emergency medical service CPR (OR 11.2; CI: 1.4-93.3; p=0.025) and
      admission to a center with a frequency of >100 OHCA patients/year (OR 5.2; CI:
      1.2-21.7; p=0.025) was associated with favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: High
      frequency of post-cardiac arrest treatment in a specialized center seems to be an
      independent predictor for favorable outcome in an unselected population of
      patients after out of hospital cardiac arrest.

PMID- 27368430
TI  - Heart rate response to therapeutic hypothermia in infants with hypoxic-ischaemic
      encephalopathy.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) of hypoxic-ischaemic origin may
      cause death or life-long disability which is reduced by therapeutic hypothermia
      (TH). Our objective was to assess HR response in infants undergoing TH after
      perinatal asphyxia. METHODS: We performed a retrospective case series, from a
      single-centre tertiary care NICU. We included ninety-two infants with NE of
      likely hypoxic-ischaemic origin, moderate or severe, treated with TH (n=60) or
      normothermia (n=32) who had 18 month outcome data and at least 12 HR recordings
      the first 24h after birth (1998-2010) Bristol, UK. Poor outcome was defined as
      death or severe disability. Data are reported as medians and 95% confidence
      intervals (CI). RESULTS: TH to 33.5 degrees C decreased HR by 30bpm to 92bpm (95%
      CI: 88, 96) 12h after birth in infants with NE and good outcome as compared to
      infants treated at normothermia 118bpm (95% CI: 110, 130). Despite constant low
      rectal temperature, HR increased gradually during cooling from 36 to 72h to 97bpm
      (89, 106) approaching the normothermia group, 117bpm (96, 133). During TH,
      infants with poor outcome had higher HR at 12h after birth (112bpm, 95% CI: 92,
      115) as compared to infants with good outcome (p=0.004). Inotropic support
      increased HR by 17bpm in infants with good outcome and by 22bpm in infants with
      poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In NE, TH decreases HR the first day of life. HR
      remained lower during TH, but increased during the last day of TH. Infants with
      poor outcome have higher HR.

PMID- 27368431
TI  - 2016 World Congress on In Vitro Biology, June 11-15, San Diego, California : Late
      Submission Abstracts.

PMID- 27368433
TI  - Nerve-independent and ectopically additional induction of taste buds in organ
      culture of fetal tongues.
AB  - An improved organ culture system allowed to observe morphogenesis of mouse
      lingual papillae and taste buds relatively for longer period, in which fetal
      tongues were analyzed for 6 d. Taste cells were defined as eosinophobic
      epithelial cells expressing CK8 and Sox2 within lingual epithelium. Addition of
      glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitor CHIR99021 induced many taste cells and
      buds in non-gustatory and gustatory stratified lingual epithelium. The present
      study clearly demonstrated induction of taste cells and buds ectopically and
      without innervation.

PMID- 27368432
TI  - Therapeutic potential of compound K as an IKK inhibitor with implications for
      osteoarthritis prevention: an in silico and in vitro study.
AB  - Ginsenosides have been used traditionally as an oriental medicine. However, the
      anti-osteoarthritic effect of ginsenoside compound K (hereafter referred to as
      CK) has not been reported. Therefore, in this study, the protective effects of CK
      were evaluated in silico and in vitro using H2O2-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells by
      measuring the levels of proinflammatory cytokines responsible for articular
      cartilage degradation. In silico results demonstrated that, among the selected
      ginsenosides, CK is a non-toxic drug-like molecule with strong binding affinity
      for selected cytokine-activated kinase such as IkBalpha kinase (IKK). The
      molecular binding energy of CK with the active sites of IKK suggests anti
      osteoarthritic functions. Cultured H2O2-stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells that were
      exposed to CK showed dramatically increased expression of osteoblast
      differentiation markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, type I
      collagen (Col-I) content, and mineralization. During aging, H2O2 also leads to
      the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), which play
      important roles in the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, the effect
      of CK on ROS and NO generation was also examined. Our results showed that CK dose
      dependently inhibited H2O2-induced ROS and NO production in MC3T3-E1 cells.
      Moreover, qRT-PCR data showed that CK increased expression of osteogenic markers
      such as ALP and Col-I but decreased expression of inflammatory-related genes
      including IKK and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) in a dose-dependent manner in H2O2
      stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells. The findings of this study suggest the use of CK as a
      novel protective and therapeutic agent in AO.

PMID- 27368434
TI  - FCN2 c.772G>T polymorphism is associated with chronic adenoiditis and/or
      tonsillitis, but not -4 A>G and -602 G>A.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ficolins are complement activating peptides that play a role in the
      initial host defense against infectious pathogens. In the present study, we
      investigated the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in
      the ficolin 2 gene (FCN2) and chronic adenotonsillitis in pediatric cases. STUDY
      DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: A total of 101 pediatric patients diagnosed
      with chronic adenotonsillitis and 100 healthy children were enrolled in the
      study. Genotypes of FCN2 promoter SNPs - 602 G>A and -4 A>G, and the exonic SNP
      c.772G>T were determined by light SNP assay after realtime PCR analysis using
      genomic DNA samples obtained from peripheral blood samples of all participants.
      RESULTS: Of the 101 chronic tonsillitis patients, 38 were girls and 63 were boys;
      the mean age was 5.2 +/- 2.3 years. The c.772G>T SNP frequency was significantly
      higher in chronic adenotonsillitis cases compared to the control group (p =
      0.00); however, no significant difference was determined at positions -602 G>A or
      -4 A>G (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The FCN2 c.772G>T genotype appears to be
      associated with predisposition to chronic adenotonsillitis in the pediatric age
      group. This nucleotide change is likely to influence the level of gene expression
      and contribute to the development of disease.

PMID- 27368435
TI  - Clinical characteristics of pediatric external auditory canal cholesteatoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: External auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC) is caused by
      an invasion of squamous tissue into a localized area of periosteitis in the bony
      canal wall. The clinical characteristics of pediatric EACC are still unknown
      because of its rare occurrence. To date, only a single paper has reported that
      pediatric EACC has a less aggressive growth pattern compared to adult EACC.
      Further studies are required to understand the clinical behavior of EACC, i.e.,
      its aggressiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical
      characteristics of pediatric EACC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical records of
      all patients diagnosed with EACC in our department from January 1, 2012 to
      February 29, 2016 were retrospectively reviewed, focusing on the extension of
      bone erosion, symptoms, and clinical findings. RESULTS: Seven patients had
      primary pediatric EACC (age range, 5-17 years). All patients showed unilateral
      EACC. Otalgia and intermittent otorrhea were common symptoms. Bacterial cultures
      were performed for four patients with otorrhea, which was controlled by diluted
      vinegar irrigation with a topical antibiotic solution. The most common bone
      destruction sites were the inferior and posterior walls. All patients required
      surgical treatment. Four patients (patient nos. 1, 3, 4, and 5) were treated via
      a postauricular transcanal approach. Three patients (patient nos. 2, 6, and 7)
      required mastoidectomy. CONCLUSION: Pediatric EACC is not less aggressive than
      adult EACC. Therefore, early diagnosis and adequate treatment are necessary.
      Further studies are required to elucidate the clinical features of pediatric
      spontaneous EACC.

PMID- 27368436
TI  - Vibratory onset and offset times in children: A laryngeal imaging study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the differences in vibratory
      onset and offset times across age (adult males, adult females, and children) and
      waveform types (total glottal area waveform, left glottal area waveform, and
      right glottal area waveform) using high-speed videoendoscopy. METHODS: In this
      prospective study, vibratory onset and offset times were evaluated in a total of
      86 participants. Forty-three children (23 girls, 18 boys) between 5 and 11 years
      and 43 gender matched vocally normal young adults (23 females and 18 males) in
      the age range (21-45 years) were recruited. Vibratory onset and offset times were
      calculated in milliseconds from the total, left, and right Glottal Area Waveform
      (GAW). A two-factor analysis of variance was used to compare the means among the
      subject groups (children, adult male, and adult female) and waveform type (total
      GAW, left GAW, right GAW) for onset and offset variables. Post hoc analyses were
      performed using the Fishers Least Significant Different test with Bonferroni
      correction for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Children exhibited significantly
      shorter vibratory onset and offset times compared to adult males and females.
      Differences in vibratory onset and offset times were not statistically
      significant between adult males and females. Across all waveform types (i.e.
      total GAW, left GAW, and right GAW), no statistical significance was observed
      among the subject groups. CONCLUSION: This is the first study reporting vibratory
      onset and offset times in the pediatric population. The study findings lay the
      foundation for the development of a large age- and gender-based database of the
      pediatric population to aid the study of the effects of maturation of vocal fold
      vibration in adulthood. The findings from this study may also provide the basis
      for evaluating the impact of numerous lesions on tissue pliability, and thereby
      has potential utility for the clinical differentiation of various lesions.

PMID- 27368437
TI  - Treatment outcomes of supraglottoplasty for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: A
      meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively review changes in sleep parameters and the success
      rate of supraglottoplasty for treating obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children.
      In particular, to elucidate treatment modalities and factors affecting treatment
      outcomes in children with both laryngomalacia and OSA. METHODS: The study
      protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42015027053). Two authors independently
      searched databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Review
      database. The keywords were "supraglottoplasty," "laryngomalacia," "OSA,"
      "polysomnography," "child," and "humans." Supraglottoplasty served as the primary
      treatment for OSA or secondary treatment for persistent disease after previous
      surgeries. Subgroup analyses were conducted for children receiving
      supraglottoplasty as the primary or secondary treatment for OSA, and for children
      with and without comorbidities. RESULTS: Eleven studies with 121 patients were
      analyzed (mean age: 3.7 years; 64% boys; mean sample size: 11 patients). After
      surgery, the mean differences between the pre- and postoperative measurements
      were a significant reduction of 8.9 events/h in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)
      and an increase of 3.7% in minimum oxygen saturation (MinSaO2; P < 0.05). The
      overall success rate was 28% according to a postoperative AHI <1 and 72%
      according to an AHI <5. Children receiving supraglottoplasty as the primary
      treatment had significantly younger ages (0.6 vs 6.4 years P < 0.001) than those
      receiving supraglottoplasty as the secondary treatment, but the outcomes were
      similar (33% vs 19% for a postoperative AHI < 1, P = 0.27; 77% vs 61% for a
      postoperative AHI < 5, P = 0.233). Moreover, children with comorbidities,
      compared with those without, had a similar success rate according to a
      postoperative AHI <1 (25% vs 21%, P = 0.805) and postoperative AHI <5 (62% vs
      84%, P = 0.166). CONCLUSIONS: Supraglottoplasty is an effective surgery for AHI
      reduction and MinSaO2 increase in children with OSA and laryngomalacia. However,
      complete resolution of OSA is not achieved in most cases, and factors affecting
      treatment outcomes in these children require future studies.

PMID- 27368438
TI  - A novel biallelic splice site mutation of TECTA causes moderate to severe hearing
      impairment in an Algerian family.
AB  - Congenital deafness is certainly one of the most common monogenic diseases in
      humans, but it is also one of the most genetically heterogeneous, which makes
      molecular diagnosis challenging in most cases. Whole-exome sequencing in two out
      of three Algerian siblings affected by recessively-inherited, moderate to severe
      sensorineural deafness allowed us to identify a novel splice donor site mutation
      (c.5272+1G > A) in the gene encoding alpha-tectorin, a major component of the
      cochlear tectorial membrane. The mutation was present at the homozygous state in
      the three affected siblings, and at the heterozygous state in their unaffected,
      consanguineous parents. To our knowledge, this is the first reported TECTA
      mutation leading to the DFNB21 form of hearing impairment among Maghrebian
      individuals suffering from congenital hearing impairment, which further
      illustrates the diversity of the genes involved in congenital deafness in the
      Maghreb. 

PMID- 27368439
TI  - The effect of the leukotriene antagonist pranlukast on pediatric acute otitis
      media.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Conventional treatment for acute otitis media mainly targets bacteria
      with antibiotics, neglecting to control for mediators of inflammation. Mediators
      of inflammation, such as leukotrienes, have been identified in patients with
      acute otitis media (AOM) or subsequent secretory otitis media (SOM). They can
      cause functional eustachian tube dysfunction or increase mucous in the middle
      ear, causing persistent SOM following AOM. The objective of the present study was
      to evaluate whether or not administration of pranlukast, a widely used
      leukotriene C4, D4, and E4 antagonist, together with antibiotics could inhibit
      the progression to SOM. METHODS: Children with AOM, who were from two to 12 years
      old, were randomly divided into two groups as follows: a control group in which
      50 patients received antibiotic-based conventional treatment according to
      guidelines for treating AOM proposed by the Japan Otological Society (version
      2006); and a pranlukast group, in which 52 patients were administered pranlukast
      for up to 28 days as well as given conventional treatment. Cases were regarded as
      persistent SOM when a tympanogram was type B or C2 four weeks after treatment was
      initiated. RESULTS: Two patients in the pranlukast group and 3 patients in the
      control group were excluded because they relapsed AOM within 28 days after
      initial treatment. Therefore, the analysis included 50 and 47 subjects in the
      pranlukast and control groups, respectively. The percentage of patients diagnosed
      with persistent SOM (22.0%) was significantly smaller in the pranlukast group
      compared with the control group (44.7%) (p = 0.018, chi-squared test).
      CONCLUSION: The results indicate that combined treatment of AOM with antibiotics
      and a leukotriene antagonist to control inflammation is useful for preventing
      progression to persistent SOM.

PMID- 27368440
TI  - Shared decision-making in pediatric otolaryngology: Parent, physician and
      observational perspectives.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe physician and parent behavior during pediatric
      otolaryngology surgical consultations, and to assess whether perceptions of
      shared decision-making and observed behavior are related. METHODS: Parents of 126
      children less than 6-years of age who underwent consultation for
      adeontonsillectomy or tympanostomy tube insertion were prospectively enrolled.
      Parents completed the Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire-Patient version (SDM-Q
      9), while surgeons completed the Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire-Physician
      version (SDM-Q-Doc) after the consultation. Visits were video-recorded and
      analyzed using the Roter Interaction Analysis System to quantify physician and
      parent involvement during the consultation. RESULTS: Perceptions of shared
      decision-making between parents (SDM-Q-9) and physicians (SDM-Q-Doc) were
      significantly positively correlated (p = 0.03). However, there was no correlation
      between parents' perceptions of shared decision-making and observations of
      physician and parent behavior/involvement (proportion of physician socioemotional
      talk, task-focused talk, or proportion of parent talk). Surgeons' perceptions of
      shared decision-making were correlated with physician task-focused talk and
      proportion of parent talk. CONCLUSIONS: Parents and physicians had similar
      perceptions of the degree of shared decision-making to be taking place during
      pediatric otolaryngology consultations. However, there was variability in the
      degree to which parents participated, and parent perceptions of shared decision
      making were not correlated with actual observed involvement.

PMID- 27368441
TI  - Pediatric sialoblastoma: Evaluation and management.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Sialoblastoma is a rare congenital salivary gland tumor of epithelial
      origin. The objectives of this study are to review the literature regarding
      clinical presentation of sialoblastoma, evaluate the effectiveness of various
      treatment methods, and present guidelines for evaluation and management in the
      pediatric population. DATA SOURCES: Case presentation and literature review.
      REVIEW METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted to identify cases of
      pediatric sialoblastoma in the English-language literature. The presentation,
      evaluation, and management of reported cases were analyzed. We also report an
      invasive and recurrent case in a pediatric patient to highlight the aggressive
      nature of these lesions. RESULTS: Sixty-two cases of pediatric sialoblastoma were
      reviewed. The age at initial presentation ranged from before birth to 15 years.
      The parotid gland was the most common location (n = 47). Surgical excision was
      the primary treatment in all patients. Nine patients developed metastatic disease
      of the lung, lymph nodes, or bone. Almost a third of patients had recurrence and
      over two thirds of patients were tumor-free for at least 1 year following their
      last treatment intervention. CONCLUSION: Prompt and complete surgical excision
      should be recommended to prevent local and systemic recurrence of pediatric
      sialoblastoma. Chemotherapy has also shown promise in several cases, and clinical
      genomics may shed light on more therapy options. Patients should be closely
      followed for at least 12 months following diagnosis, or longer depending on the
      histopathological staging of the tumor.

PMID- 27368442
TI  - Pediatric adenotonsillectomy and postoperative hemorrhage: Demographic and
      geographic variation in the US.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine demographic and regional variations in pediatric
      tonsillectomy, with or without adenoidectomy, and post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage
      on a national level. METHODS: The MarketScan((r)) database was analyzed for
      claims made between 2008-2012 for the 30 days following
      tonsillectomy/adenotonsillectomy in privately insured children 1-17 years of age.
      RESULTS: We analyzed 305,860 patients with 98.6% of these tonsillectomies
      occurring in an ambulatory setting. Children between 3-6 years old comprised our
      largest group of tonsillectomies (45.1%). More tonsillectomies were done in the
      South (42.1%) than any other region in our sample. Patients between 11 and17
      years old had the highest percentage of bleeding (4.8%). Patients between 1 and 3
      years old had the lowest values. Of the 8,518 children who presented with post
      operative hemorrhage, 71.7% had only one hemorrhagic event, 28.3% had at least a
      second one, 6.0% had at least 3 events, and 1.3% had at least 4 events. Post
      operative dehydration had a similar pattern. The South had the lowest percentage
      of post-tonsillectomy bleeds (2.5%) and overall ER visits (7.1%), both of which
      were most common in the Midwest. Gender had no significant association with
      incidence of tonsillectomy procedures or post-op complications. CONCLUSION: There
      are geographic and demographic variations in adenotonsillectomy and in post
      operative complications for children nationally.

PMID- 27368443
TI  - Cerumen: A fundamental but neglected problem by pediatricians.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Under physiological conditions, cerumen (Ce) is regularly extruded
      from the ear canal by a self-cleaning mechanism. Failure of this mechanism leads
      to excessive accumulation or impaction of Ce. Limited data are available
      concerning the prevalence of cerumen in healthy and sick infants and children. We
      assessed the prevalence of Ce in a large population of infants and children and
      compared the Ce removal attitudes of paediatricians (PEDs) and
      otorhinolaryngologists (ENTs). METHODS: Children seen in November 2014 for acute
      respiratory infections, including suspected acute otitis media, or well-being
      visits, were enrolled. The following data were recorded: presence, laterality,
      and amount of Ce; presenting complaints and final diagnosis; attempt to remove Ce
      during the visit; and type of physician. RESULTS: Among 819 children aged 1 month
      to 12 years, Ce was present in 594 (72.5%), of whom 478 (80.5%) had bilateral Ce,
      and 261 (43.9%) had Ce in a relevant amount (cerumen obstructing at least 50% of
      the ear canal). Presence of Ce was more common in younger and in African or Asian
      children. PEDs were less likely to remove cerumen than ENTs (28.8% vs 91.0%, p <
      0.001) irrespective of age, gender, race and reason for visit. Ce was removed by
      PEDs in less than one-third of sick children with a final diagnosis of acute
      otitis media (AOM) (31.6%) compared with almost all the children by ENTs (95.6%,
      p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Ce is highly prevalent in healthy and sick children but
      is quite neglected by PEDs. Educational programs to reinforce the importance of
      Ce removal and to improve the techniques for removal in case of suspected AOM
      should be implemented and rigorously evaluated in order to avoid incorrect
      diagnosis and erroneous treatments.

PMID- 27368444
TI  - Pediatric adenoid surgery in Sweden 2004-2013: Incidence, indications and
      concomitant surgical procedures.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence and indications of adenoid surgery and
      concomitantly performed ENT surgical procedures in a nationwide cohort covering
      several years of practice. METHODS: A retrospective study based on data from the
      National patient registry in Sweden. All children born from 1st of January 2004
      to December 31st, 2013 who underwent adenoidectomy for the first time in Sweden
      during 2004-2013 were included in the study. Patient characteristics (age and
      gender), indications for surgery and performed ENT surgery were evaluated.
      RESULTS: 40,829 children underwent adenoid surgery during the studied period. Of
      these, 24,537 (60%) were boys. Mean and median age at surgery in the studied
      population was 4 years and 3.5 years respectively for both boys and girls. The
      most frequently performed surgical procedure was adenotonsillar surgery 43% (n =
      17,434) followed by solitary adenoid surgery 26% (n = 10,749). The most frequent
      registered indication was hypertrophy 60% (n = 24,422) followed by hypertrophy
      and otitis media 21% (n = 8425). The highest age related incidence for all types
      of adenoid surgery taken together was 2-4 years of age for both genders. Boys had
      higher incidence rates than girls for all ages and all types of surgery except at
      eight years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The main findings were that adenoidectomy most
      commonly was performed together with surgery of the tonsils on the indication
      hypertrophy, that adenoid- and adenoid related ENT surgery were most commonly
      performed between 2 and 5 years of age and that the incidence in surgical rates
      was higher for boys than girls. There seem to be large unwarranted variations
      between countries regarding incidence rates and we believe that there is a need
      for further studies in order to establish recommendations for best practice
      regarding adenoid and related ENT surgeries.

PMID- 27368445
TI  - Pediatric lymphedema caused by diffuse cervical lymphadenopathy: A case report
      and review of the literature.
AB  - Pediatric head and neck lymphedema is rare and there have not been any reported
      cases in children. Here we discuss severe, diffuse head and neck lymphedema in a
      child caused by compression of the internal jugular veins by lymphadenopathy from
      Kawasaki's disease. With steroid and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment, the
      lymphadenopathy improved and facial edema slowly resolved. In review of the
      literature, complications of head and neck lymphedema including airway
      obstruction and blindness are discussed. This case highlights the importance of
      the pediatric otolaryngologist considering lymphedema as a cause for facial
      swelling and monitoring for complications of lymphedema. 

PMID- 27368446
TI  - Treatment outcome after neonatal cleft lip repair in 5-year-old children with
      unilateral cleft lip and palate.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess speech outcomes and dental arch
      relationship of 5-year-old Czech patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate
      (UCLP) who have undergone neonatal cleft lip repair and one-stage palatal
      closure. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-three patients with UCLP, born between
      2009 and 2010, were included in the study. Three universal speech parameters
      (hypernasality, articulation and speech intelligibility) have been devised for
      speech recordings evaluation. Outcomes of dental arch relationship were evaluated
      by applying the GOSLON Yardstick and subsequently compared with the GOSLON
      outcome of other cleft centers. RESULTS: Moderate hypernasality was present in
      most cases, the mean value for articulation and speech intelligibility was 2.07
      and 1.93, respectively. The Kappa values for inter-examiner agreement for all the
      three speech outcomes ranged from 0.786 to 0.808. Sixty-three percent of patients
      were scored GOSLON 1 and 2, 26% GOSLON 3, and 10% GOSLON 4. GOSLON mean score was
      2.35. Interrater agreement was very good, represented by kappa value of 0.867.
      CONCLUSION: The treatment protocol, involving neonatal cleft lip repair and one
      stage palatal repair performed up to the first year of UCLP patient's life, has
      shown good speech outcomes and produced very good treatment results in regard to
      maxillary growth, comparable with other cleft centers.

PMID- 27368447
TI  - A chilling reminder: Pediatric facial trauma from recreational winter activities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Winter activities offer children and adolescents an outdoor
      recreational opportunity during the coldest months. Our objectives were to
      estimate the national incidence of facial injury associated with recreational
      winter activities. Furthermore, we analyze demographic trends and clinical
      characteristics of patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs). METHODS:
      The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), a population-based
      resource, was evaluated for ED visits from 2010 to 2014 for children injured from
      "active" winter -undertakings (snowboarding, skiing, ice skating) and
      sledding/tubing. Entry narratives were evaluated for demographics, diagnoses, and
      other clinical factors. RESULTS: 841 entries amounting to an estimated 27,618
      patients were evaluated. The most common injuries were lacerations (69.4%),
      contusions/abrasions (19.5%), and fractures (5.5%), with the most common fracture
      sites being the nose (60.9%), orbit (15.2%), and mandible (10.9%). Median age was
      9 years (IQR 5-12), and 65.8% were male. A greater proportion of adolescents
      sustained fractures than younger children (8.1% vs. 4.0%). The majority of
      fractures were to the nose. CONCLUSION: With nearly 30,000 ED visits over five
      years, participation in winter sports can be perilous. Adolescents harbor a
      greater risk of sustaining serious injuries than younger children, and patients
      injured sledding/tubing had a greater fracture risk compared to those
      participating in more "active" winter activities. As upper/mid-face fractures
      occurred in only 1.4%, these findings reinforce a very limited role for CT. These
      findings suggest a need for greater use of facial protection and closer
      supervision of older children participating in these activities.

PMID- 27368448
TI  - Emergent airway management in the labor and delivery suite.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Congenital airway obstruction is of varied etiology and uncommonly
      encountered. Prenatal care and imaging have enhanced detection of these
      abnormalities and allow for multi-disciplinary care planning for airway
      management at delivery. Despite the availability and advances in prenatal
      imaging, unanticipated airway obstruction may not be identified until the time of
      delivery. METHODS: Case series. RESULTS: Four airway emergencies were encountered
      in the labor and delivery suite over an eight-month period. Clinical history is
      correlated with autopsy findings. Congenital upper airway and laryngotracheal
      anomalies are reviewed. Recommendations to improve timely and efficient airway
      management in the labor and delivery suite are discussed and a protocol for a
      multi-disciplinary neonatal emergency airway response team is offered for
      consideration. CONCLUSIONS: The development and implementation of a multi
      disciplinary emergency newborn airway protocol is both realistic and feasible.
      While it did not improve survivability in our small group, it did reduce response
      time. It, or a protocol like it, is recommended for institutions caring for high
      risk pregnancies and with Neonatal Intensive Care Units with high acuity
      patients.

PMID- 27368450
TI  - Avoiding surgical pitfalls during resection of a "hybrid" first and second
      branchial cleft cyst - A case report.

PMID- 27368449
TI  - Supraglottoplasty outcomes in children with Down syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Children with Down syndrome have a higher incidence of upper airway
      obstruction and laryngomalacia. We sought to determine outcomes of
      supraglottoplasty in this patient population. METHODS: A retrospective chart
      review was performed from January 2000 through January 2014. Children (n = 18) at
      our institution with the diagnosis of Down syndrome who underwent
      supraglottoplasty were included. We reviewed patient characteristics,
      preoperative findings, and surgical outcomes (stridor, feeding problems,
      respiratory distress, weight, sleep apnea, and tracheostomy or feeding tube
      dependence). RESULTS: The average age at surgery was 7.7 months. Operative
      indications included feeding difficulties (n = 9), noisy breathing or respiratory
      distress (or both) (n = 16), and sleep-related symptoms (n = 7). Most patients
      (89%) were extubated successfully on postoperative day 1. There were 2 major
      complications (CPAP requirement and aspiration pneumonia) and no perioperative
      deaths. Fifty percent had improved weight (mean = 18 percentile points). Feedback
      was available from 88% of parents with 100% reporting improvement in respiratory
      symptoms and 93% reporting improved feeding. Eight patients (44%) subsequently
      required either adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy. Two patients later underwent
      tracheostomy, 2 subsequently needed a gastrostomy tube and 2 required revision
      supraglottoplasty. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of children with Down syndrome and
      laryngomalacia benefit from supraglottoplasty, with outcomes of improved
      breathing, feeding, and sleeping. However, approximately half may require
      additional airway procedures. This procedure is well tolerated and associated
      with a low risk of complications especially given their high rate of
      comorbidities.

PMID- 27368451
TI  - Pediatric thyroid nodules: A single center experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: 1. Analyze our center's experience with thyroid nodules. 2. Evaluate
      the efficacy of fine needle biopsy. 3. Compare our experience with the 2015 ATA
      guidelines. METHODS: IRB approved retrospective chart review from July 1993-July
      2014 at a tertiary pediatric institution. Patients under age 21 with documented
      thyroid nodules who underwent fine needle aspiration, and/or thyroidectomy were
      included. RESULTS: 126 patients were identified. 84.1% (n = 106) were female. Age
      range was 12 months-20 years. The average age was 13.3 +/- 4.1 years. The nodules
      ranged from 0.5 cm to 6 cm 53.9% (n = 68) had a fine needle biopsy done. 42.6% (n
      = 29) fine needle biopsies were benign, 26.5% (n = 18) were non-diagnostic, 13.2%
      (n = 9) were classified as "atypia", 0.09% (n = 6) were consistent with
      thyroiditis, and 0.09% (n = 6) were suspicious for papillary carcinoma. 78.6% (n
      = 99) underwent surgery. 7 patients with "benign" needle biopsies underwent
      surgery: all had follicular adenoma. 7 patients with "atypia" needle biopsies
      underwent surgery: one patient had papillary thyroid cancer. 8 patients with non
      diagnostic needle biopsies underwent surgery: one patient had papillary thyroid
      cancer. All the patients with needle biopsy suspicious for papillary carcinoma
      had papillary carcinoma on final pathology. 99 patients underwent surgery: 14.1%
      (n = 14) had papillary carcinoma and 2% (n = 2) had medullary carcinoma.
      CONCLUSION: Our review of pediatric thyroid nodules at our institution supports
      data previously reported. 84% of identified patients were female, supporting
      previous data that nodules are more prevalent in the female population. Of the
      126 patients identified, 12.7% had thyroid carcinoma, supporting the 7-25% range
      described in previous literature. Our institution showed a high positive
      predictive value of FNA for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

PMID- 27368452
TI  - Pediatric nasal orbital cellulitis in Shenzhen (South China): Etiology,
      management, and outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics,
      diagnosis, and treatment of orbital cellulitis in children in Shenzhen, China,
      and to improve the experience of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of orbital
      cellulites. METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed data from 20 children
      admitted to Shenzhen Children's Hospital between January 2009 and December 2013,
      with a diagnosis of nasal orbital cellulitis, severe enough to warrant
      hospitalization. Thirteen subjects (65%) were male and 7 (35%) were female. The
      median age was 3.5 years (2 months-7.2 years). The relationship between serum C
      reactive protein (CRP), white blood cell count, and length of hospitalization
      were analyzed. The patients were categorized into 2 groups according to
      treatment: Those treated with a combination of cefoperazone plus sulbactam sodium
      vs. those treated with other antibiotic treatment regimens. RESULTS: Levels of
      serum CRP (29.8 +/- 22.0 mg/L) at the time of admission were positively
      correlated with length of hospitalization (6.3 +/- 4.1 days, r = 0.46, P < 0.05).
      The length of time necessary for CRP levels to return to normal range after
      admission (3.4 +/- 1.8 days) was also significantly correlated length of
      hospitalization ((6.3 +/- 4.1)days) (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). The hospital days whose
      CRP can be decreased to normal within 3 days (4.3 +/- 1.7 days) after antibiotic
      treatment were significantly shorter than the others (9.1 +/- 5 days) (t = 2.61,
      P < 0.05). The length of hospitalization (4.3 +/- 1.9 days) for patients (n = 12)
      receiving combined cefoperazone and sulbactam sodium antibiotic treatment was
      significantly shorter than the length of stay (9.3 +/- 4.7 days) for those
      patients (n = 8) treated with other antibiotic regimens (t = 2.83, P < 0.05).
      Bacterial pathogens were identified in 4 patients (20%), including 3 cases of
      Staphylococcus aureus and 1 case of Streptococcus anginosus. Acquired methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were found in the three pus cultures.
      CONCLUSION: Early efficient antibiotic treatment over the first three days may
      shorten the course of nasal orbital cellulitis and potentially prevent the
      formation of orbital abscesses. Clinical factors that were significantly related
      to patient recovery included improved clinical signs and normalization of blood
      CRP levels. Our results also indicate that combined cefoperazone and sulbactam
      sodium is effective and should be recommended for the treatment of pediatric
      orbital cellulitis.

PMID- 27368453
TI  - Update on local allergic rhinitis.
AB  - We here provide an update on the literature regarding local allergic rhinitis
      (LAR). In reviewing LAR, we have included an updated definition, classifications,
      mechanisms, comorbidities, and recommendations for diagnosis and treatment for
      LAR, as well as the defined research areas for future evidence-based studies. LAR
      is a localised nasal allergic response in the absence of systemic atopy
      characterised by local production of specific IgE (sIgE) antibodies, a TH2
      pattern of mucosal cell infiltration during natural exposure to aeroallergens,
      and a positive nasal allergen provocation test response, with the release of
      inflammatory mediators. The localised allergic response of LAR is an important
      topic for the study of allergies. This review provides an update on the current
      knowledge of LAR. 

PMID- 27368454
TI  - Incremental change in cross sectional area in small endotracheal tubes: A call
      for more size options.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the relatively large incremental percent change (IPC) in
      cross sectional area (CSA) in currently available small endotracheal tubes
      (ETTs), and to make recommendation for lesser incremental change in CSA in these
      smaller ETTs, in order to minimize iatrogenic airway injury. METHODS: The CSAs of
      a commercially available line of ETTs were calculated, and the IPC of the CSA
      between consecutive size ETTs was calculated and graphed. The average IPC in CSA
      with large ETTs was applied to calculate identical IPC in the CSA for a
      theoretical, smaller ETT series, and the dimensions of a new theoretical series
      of proposed small ETTs were defined. RESULTS: The IPC of CSA in the larger (5.0
      8.0 mm inner diameter (ID)) ETTs was 17.07%, and the IPC of CSA in the smaller
      ETTs (2.0-4.0 mm ID) is remarkably larger (38.08%). Applying the relatively
      smaller IPC of CSA from larger ETTs to a theoretical sequence of small ETTs,
      starting with the 2.5 mm ID ETT, suggests that intermediate sizes of small ETTs
      (ID 2.745 mm, 3.254 mm, and 3.859 mm) should exist. CONCLUSION: We recommend
      manufacturers produce additional small ETT size options at the intuitive
      intermediate sizes of 2.75 mm, 3.25 mm, and 3.75 mm ID in order to improve airway
      management for infants and small children.

PMID- 27368455
TI  - An unusual sharp magnetic foreign body in the oesophagus and its removal: A case
      report.
AB  - Ingestion of foreign bodies is a common pediatric problem. The majority of
      ingested foreign bodies pass spontaneously. Oesophageal foreign bodies should be
      urgently removed because of their potential to cause complications. Ingested
      batteries that lodge in the oesophagus, sharp or pointed foreign bodies in the
      oesophageal or gastric tract, and ingestion of multiple magnets all require
      urgent endoscopic removal. A 4-year-old boy ingested a sharp magnetic foreign
      body, which was removed via rigid oesophagoscopy without complication. To the
      best of our knowledge, this is the only sharp magnetic foreign body ingested by a
      young child ever reported in the English-language literature. We describe the
      presentation and therapeutic procedure adopted in this case. 

PMID- 27368456
TI  - Congenital midnasal stenosis - A novel technique for management.
AB  - Neonates are obligate nasal breathers and nasal obstruction in a neonate is an
      emergency. Here we report two cases of congenital mid-nasal stenosis, discuss its
      presentation and diagnosis with description of a novel method of management. 

PMID- 27368457
TI  - Prevalence of 2.2 per mille of significant hearing loss at school age suggests
      rescreening after NHS.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The study aims to determine the prevalence of different degrees of
      significant hearing loss in a complete sample of Austrian school-age children
      born between 1997 and 2001 living in the federal state of Carinthia and to
      evaluate the role of Newborn Hearing Screening (NHS) in the identification of
      later hearing loss. METHODS: In Carinthia, all school-age children with
      significant hearing loss (mean pure tone average in the better ear above 40 dB)
      are registered by the Department of Education. From five complete birth cohorts
      from 1997 to 2001 (n = 28.171) all the children with sensorineural hearing loss
      (n = 61, mean age 10.5, age range 7.5-13.6 years) were assessed for their hearing
      threshold and level of cognitive functioning. Socio-demographic data, including
      information about NHS and amplification with hearing devices, were collected from
      parents and teachers using structured interviews. RESULTS: 2.2 children per
      thousand (49.2% male) were found to be affected by significant bilateral hearing
      loss at school age, with 36.1% of them having a moderate hearing loss, 34.4%
      severe, and 29.5% profound. Fourteen children (23.0%) used cochlear implants.
      Their mean nonverbal IQ was 93.4 (SD 23.1), including 13.1% of children with
      intellectual disabilities (IQ < 70). Of those who had undergone NHS (85.2%),
      50.0% had passed the screening according to parents' reports. CONCLUSIONS: A rate
      of significant hearing loss in school-age children was observed which was twice
      the rate found in newborns. Ongoing awareness of late-onset hearing loss to
      improve identification and hearing screening at school entry are recommended.

PMID- 27368458
TI  - Helicobacter pylori detection and clinical symptomatology of gastroesophageal
      reflux disease in pediatric patients with otitis media with effusion.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to demonstrate Helicobacter pylori presence in otitis
      media with effusion (OME) and its association with symptomatology of
      gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: In a cohort study, 69 effusions
      were collected during tympanostomy tube insertion for H. pylori detection using
      PCR and ELISA. Validated questionnaires were performed according to age for
      clinical diagnosis of GERD; chi-square *2 statistical analysis was made. RESULTS:
      Eight of the 69 ear effusions (5.7%) were positive for H. pylori detection using
      ELISA. Two patients (2.9%) had positive results for H. pylori detection using
      ELISA and PCR. These eight patients had positive results too in GERD
      questionnaires. None of the patients with negative/suspect questionnaires had
      positive results for H. pylori. We found statistical association between the
      results of ELISA, PCR and questionnaires (*2, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The H.
      pylori presence in effusions varies widely, in our population the frequency was
      lower than other reports. We found strong association between H. pylori in
      effusions and positive GERD questionnaires. The bacterium role in OME chronicity
      is not clear, but this study supports the GERD participation in OME pathogenesis.

PMID- 27368459
TI  - Prevalence of hearing loss in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and
      characterize the types of hearing loss in pediatric patients with 22q11.2
      deletion syndrome (22q11DS). METHODS: Fifty-eight patients were identified via
      retrospective chart review performed of patients with 22q11DS between 1996 and
      2014. Patient demographics, pertinent family history, associated comorbidities,
      and degree and type of hearing loss were gathered for each patient. A literature
      review of the National Library of Medicine's database with a focus on hearing
      loss and 22q11DS was performed. RESULTS: 22 patients (38%) were found to have
      hearing impairment: 68% with conductive hearing loss, 14% with sensorineural
      hearing loss, and 18% with mixed hearing loss. Patients with hearing loss
      regardless of type had a higher prevalence of developmental delay (55%), cleft
      palate (23%), articulation disorders (77%), and a greater need for tympanostomy
      tubes (73%) compared to patients with normal hearing. Temporal bone computed
      tomography scans of 5 patients revealed a variety of abnormalities in the middle
      and/or inner ears. CONCLUSION: Hearing impairment occurs in up to 38% of 22q11DS
      patients of both conductive and sensorineural types, with the conductive type
      being the most common. These patients have a greater need for tympanostomy tubes
      and a higher prevalence of developmental delay and speech articulation disorders.
      Early hearing screening and treatment is warranted in this population.

PMID- 27368460
TI  - Management of paediatric periorbital cellulitis: Our experience of 243 children
      managed according to a standardised protocol 2012-2015.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Paediatric periorbital cellulitis is a common condition. Accurate
      assessment can be challenging and appropriate use of CT imaging is essential. We
      audited admissions to our unit over a four year period, with reference to CT
      scanning and adherence to our protocol. METHODS: Retrospective audit of
      paediatric patients admitted with periorbital cellulitis, 2012-2015. RESULTS:
      Total of 243 patients included, mean age 4.7 years with slight male predominance,
      the median length of admission was 2 days. 48/243 (20%) underwent CT during
      admission, 25 (52%) of these underwent surgical drainage. As per protocol, CT
      brain performed with all orbital scans; no positive intracranial findings on any
      initial scan. Three children developed intracranial complications subsequently;
      all treated with antibiotics. Our re-admission rate within 30 days was 2.5%.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our audit demonstrates benefit of standardising practice and the low
      CT rate, with high percentage taken to theatre and no missed abscesses, supports
      the protocol. There may be an argument to avoid CT brain routinely in all initial
      imaging sequences in those children without neurological signs or symptoms.

PMID- 27368461
TI  - Evaluation of cochlear functions in children with Familial Mediterranean Fever.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate cochlear functions in patients with Familial
      Mediterranean Fever in relation to the disease severity score and treatment
      duration. METHODS: 50 patients (4-18 years) who had been followed-up with the
      diagnosis of FMF and regularly receiving appropriate colchicine treatment and 39
      healthy controls were included in the study. All the patients and controls were
      evaluated by audiologic evaluation, including high-frequency pure-tone audiometry
      and distortion product otoacoustic emission tests (DPOAE). The disease severity
      was determined by scoring system developed by Pras et al. RESULTS: Fifty patients
      (52% female, 48% male; mean age12.2 +/- 4.1 years) and 39 controls (58.9% female,
      41.1% male, mean age 11.1 +/- 3.4 years) were enrolled the study. The pure tone
      average of FMF patients was significantly higher than that of the control group
      at 500, 4000, and 8000 Hz frequencies. The patients' DPOAE signal values at 6
      kHz, 8 kHz frequencies and SNR values at 8 kHz were significantly higher than
      control group. The patients' audiometry and DPOAE results were compared with the
      disease severity scores. Pure tone average was significantly higher in severe and
      moderate patient groups compared to the mild patient group at 2000 Hz frequency.
      DPOAE signal values showed statistically significant differences between the
      patient severity scores at 1.4 and 2.8 kHz frequencies. The mean colchicine
      treatment duration was found to be 5.1 +/- 3.7 years. There were significant
      differences at 250 and 500 Hz frequencies when patients' audiometry results were
      compared with the treatment periods. CONCLUSIONS: FMF affects cochlear functions
      particularly at high frequencies.

PMID- 27368462
TI  - Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in Bell's palsy.

PMID- 27368463
TI  - Indications of pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years: Has anything
      changed?
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Recent reports have shown that the indications for pediatric
      tracheostomy have evolved over time. OBJECTIVE: To review the indications for
      pediatric tracheostomy over the last 30 years. DESIGN: Retrospective chart
      review. SETTING: Tertiary referral children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients
      who underwent tracheostomy. INTERVENTION: Surgical tracheostomy placement. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Medical records for patients who underwent surgical
      tracheostomy over the 30-year study period (1984-2014) were reviewed. Patient
      characteristics including age, gender, birth-weight, gestational age and death
      were collected and compared with the primary indication for tracheostomy using
      bivariable analysis. RESULTS: Five hundred and one patients met inclusion
      criteria. The most common primary indications for tracheostomy were
      cardiopulmonary disease (34%) and neurological impairment (32%), followed by
      airway obstruction (19%), craniofacial (11%), and traumatic injury (4%). Over the
      last five years (2010-14) cardiopulmonary disease became the most common
      indication for tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: and RELEVANCE: The indications for
      pediatric tracheostomy have evolved over the past 30 years. Infectious causes of
      airway obstruction and tracheostomy have almost disappeared. Tracheostomy is now
      most commonly performed in very premature patients with cardiopulmonary or
      neurological impairment who require prolonged ventilator support.

PMID- 27368464
TI  - Balance disorders in childhood: Main etiologies according to age. Usefulness of
      the video head impulse test.
AB  - Balance disorders are common in adult patients but less usual in the pediatric
      population. When this symptomatology appears in children it is a cause for
      concern, both for parents and health-care professionals. OBJECTIVES: To explain
      the balance disorders in children describing a case series and to discuss the
      main etiologies found according to age. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective,
      observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted. POPULATION:
      Patients aged 1-18 years who consulted because of balance disorders at the
      otolaryngology department of a pediatric tertiary-care hospital between March
      2012 and July 2015. RESULTS: Two hundred and six patients were included in the
      study. Median age was 10 years. The most common diagnoses were vestibular
      migraine in 21.8% of the children, ataxia in 9.22%, benign paroxysmal vertigo of
      childhood in 7.77%, and post-traumatic vertigo in 6.31%.Overall, 61
      videonystagmographies- of which 46 were normal - and 55 video head impulse tests 
      which were normal in 45 and showed abnormalities in the vestibulo-ocular reflex
      gain in 10 - were performed. CONCLUSIONS: In a child with balance disorders, the
      medical history and neurotological examination are essential. Vestibular migraine
      is the most commonly found disorder in every age group, and most of the patients
      have a family history of migraine. Ancillary studies, especially the video head
      impulse test, provide important data to confirm the diagnosis.

PMID- 27368465
TI  - Danish guidelines on management of otitis media in preschool children.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Otitis media is one of the most common diseases in small children.
      This underlines the importance of optimizing diagnostics and treatment of the
      condition. Recent literature points toward a stricter approach to diagnosing
      acute otitis media (AOM). Moreover, ventilating tube treatment for recurrent AOM
      (RAOM) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) has become the most
      frequently performed surgical procedure in pre-school children. Therefore, the
      Danish Health and Medicines Authority and the Danish Society of
      Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery deemed it necessary to update the
      Danish guidelines regarding the diagnostic criteria for acute otitis media and
      surgical treatment of RAOM and COME. METHODS: The GRADE system (The Grading of
      Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was used in order to
      comply with current standards of evidence assessment in formulation of
      recommendations. An extensive literature search was conducted between July and
      December 2014. The quality of the existing literature was assessed using AGREE II
      (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation), AMSTAR (assessing the
      Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews), QUADAS-2 (Quality of Diagnostic
      Accuracy Studies), Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomized trials and ACROBAT
      NRSI (A Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-Randomized Studies). The
      working group consisted of otolaryngologists, general practitioners,
      pediatricians, microbiologists and epidemiologists. CONCLUSION: Recommendations
      for AOM diagnosis, surgical management for RAOM and COME, including the role of
      adenoidectomy and treatment of ventilating tube otorrhea, are proposed in the
      guideline.

PMID- 27368466
TI  - Wideband reflectance in Down syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a high incidence of middle ear
      disorders and congenital abnormalities of the external, middle and inner ear.
      Energy reflectance (ER), a wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) measurement
      parameter, can measure the sound energy reflected or absorbed in the ear canal
      over a wider range of frequencies more efficiently and faster than conventional
      single-tone 226 Hz tympanometry. The aim of the present study was to compare the
      WAI measurements of children with DS with those of typically developing, normal
      hearing children according to their tympanometric findings. METHODS: Four groups
      of children with Down syndrome (age range: 2 years and 4 months to 16 years and 3
      months; mean age: 8.5 yr) with normal tympanograms (19 ears), flat tympanograms
      (13 ears), mild negative pressure tympanograms (6 ears between -100 and -199 daPa
      at the admittance peak) and severe negative pressure tympanograms (4 ears at -200
      daPa or lower at the admittance peak) were assessed. All findings were compared
      with data obtained from 21 ears of a healthy control group (age range: 3 years
      and 1 month to 13 years and 11 months; mean age: 7.9 yr). The subjects underwent
      tympanometry with a 226-Hz probe tone frequency and ER measurements along the 200
      6,000 Hz range with a chirp stimulus using the Middle-Ear Power Analyzer (MEPA3 -
      HearID) by Mimosa Acoustics (Champaign, IL), software, version 3.3 [38]. RESULTS:
      Statistically significant differences were observed in the ER curves for some
      comparisons between the studied groups. There was also a negative correlation
      between the static acoustic admittance at the tympanic membrane level and ER
      measured with a chirp stimulus at 500 and 1,000 Hz. The discriminant analysis
      technique, which used a chirp stimulus at 1,000 and 1,600 Hz to classify the
      participants' data based on ER values, achieved a correct classification rate of
      59.52% for participants with DS. CONCLUSION: While groups with abnormal middle
      ear status, as indicated by tympanometry, showed higher ER values compared to the
      DS tymp A group and the control group, similar reflectance curves were observed
      between control group and the DS tymp A group. WAI shows promise as a clinical
      diagnostic tool in investigating the impact of middle ear disorders in DS group.
      However, further research is required to investigate this issue in narrower age
      range group and a larger sample size.

PMID- 27368467
TI  - Video head-impulse test (vHIT) in dizzy children with normal caloric responses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The caloric test and the video head-impulse test are diagnostic tools
      to examine dizzy patients through assessing the function of the semicircular
      canals. There are major differences between the two tests as regards stimulus
      characteristics, methodology, and function examined. The aim of this study is to
      evaluate the results of vHIT in children and adolescents with normal caloric
      test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This work was performed on 63 patients, but 14 were
      excluded because of technical problems in the caloric test. So, this is a
      prospective work in 49 patients (27 females and 22 males) with different types of
      vestibular disease seen because of vertigo in which both procedures were
      performed the same day. The caloric test was performed with air at two different
      temperatures in which both ears were irrigated alternately. Then, the video head
      impulse test was carried out. Main outcome measures were the gain of vestibulo
      ocular reflex, gain asymmetry, and refixation saccades in the vHIT. RESULTS: in
      all studied cases, caloric test was normal. The mean age of patients was 16
      years. By vHIT, in 8 patients (16%) no abnormality was detected, while abnormal
      findings were found in 41 patients. Single canal affection was seen in 29
      patients whereas 12 patients had combined canal affection. The right side was
      affected in 27 and left side in 22 patients. In single canal affection, isolated
      horizontal canals were affected in 4, anterior canals in 5 and posterior canals
      in 20 patients. While in combined canal affection, the affection is seen in the
      same ear. Moreover the most common pattern seen is affection of left anterior and
      left posterior canals. CONCLUSION: The caloric and vHIT is very important tests
      in diagnosis of dizzy patients. The information from both methods is redundant in
      some cases but complementary in most. vHIT is a "child friendly," relatively easy
      to-use, and simple tool to evaluate each of the 6 semicircular canals.

PMID- 27368468
TI  - Protective effect of a purified polyphenolic extract from Ecklonia cava against
      noise-induced hearing loss: Prevention of temporary threshold shift.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Noise is one of the most common causes of hearing loss. Approximately
      16% of American teenagers (12-19 years) have hearing loss caused by loud noise.
      The implication of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in teenagers has received
      increasing attention. Although temporary threshold shift (TTS), a type of NIHL,
      is a transient hearing loss, it can accelerate age-related hearing loss. Reactive
      oxygen species are a primary cause of TTS. As the polyphenols from Ecklonia cava
      are known to have potent antioxidant effects, we investigated the protective
      effects of a purified polyphenolic extract of Ecklonia cava (PPEE) against TTS in
      mice. METHODS: The radical-scavenging activity of PPEE was evaluated using the
      1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay. The PPEE + Noise and Saline + Noise groups
      were administered intraperitoneal PPEE (100 mg/kg) and saline, respectively, for
      5 days before exposure to noise at 100 dB SPL for 60 min. Hearing ability was
      assessed following noise exposure using auditory brainstem responses and
      distortion product otoacoustic emissions. RESULTS: PPEE exhibited significant
      radical scavenging activity. The ABR threshold shifts 1 day after exposure to
      noise at 16 kHz and 1, 7, and 14 days after exposure to noise at 32 kHz, were
      significantly less in the PPEE + Noise than in the Saline + Noise group. One day
      after noise exposure, mice in the PPEE + Noise group showed a significant degree
      of protection in relation to their DPOAE level at f2, 17, and 28 kHz.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that PPEE may be a potential preventive agent
      against TTS. In addition, as a food ingredient approved by the United States Food
      and Drug Administration, PPEE may be administered to those who are exposed to
      noise inevitably with little likelihood of adverse effects, thereby contributing
      to the prevention of TTS.

PMID- 27368469
TI  - Long-term outcomes of a transmastoid lateral semicircular canal approach to
      congenital CSF otorrhea in children associated with recurrent meningitis and
      severe inner ear malformation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term effectiveness of transmastoid lateral
      semicircular canal approach (TMLSCCA) to repair cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage
      in children associated with recurrent meningitis and severe congenital inner
      malformation. METHOD: A retrospective study was conducted in a university
      hospital, academic medical center. Fifteen children with recurrent meningitis,
      secondary to severe congenital inner ear malformation, were included in the
      study. All of them had CSF associated otorrhea and treated using TLSCCA to repair
      CSF otorrhea by packing the vestibule with muscle and fascia. Observation of the
      status of postoperative CSF leakage, recurrence of meningitis and complication
      were conducted. RESULTS: None of the cases had recurrent meningitis and CSF
      leakage after their TLSCCA procedure in the follow-up period of 1-8.5 years. One
      case presented with transient facial nerve paralysis and completely recovered 3
      months later. CONCLUSION: TLSCCA for CSF otorrhea in children with recurrent
      meningitis secondary to congenital inner ear malformation is an alternative
      approach that offers some advantages.

PMID- 27368470
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea in obese children and adolescents, treatment methods and
      outcome of treatment - A systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To systematically review and discuss the outcome of treating
      obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: In
      February 2016 Pub Med was searched using a predetermined string to retrieve all
      relevant articles. The search identified 518 publications. In total 16 articles
      were included for review using the selected inclusion and exclusion criteria. The
      PRISMA guidelines was used. RESULTS: OSA was significantly more likely to persist
      in obese children after adenotonsillectomy. The prevalence of persistent OSA
      ranged from 33 to 76% in obese children and from 15 to 37% in non-obese children
      depending on the definition of OSA, the degree of obesity and the age of the
      study population. The few studies that investigated the effect of weight loss
      found that OSA improved significantly after intervention and that the prevalence
      of persistent OSA varied between 10 and 38%. Positive airway pressure was
      effective for treating OSA, but the mean nightly use was <4 h in two out of three
      available studies. CONCLUSION: Obese children benefit less from
      adenotonsillectomy than normal-weight children. Weight loss improve OSA
      significantly, but more research is needed to clarify the role of weight loss as
      treatment for OSA. Positive airway pressure is effective for treating OSA;
      however, adherence is a challenge.

PMID- 27368471
TI  - Identifying predictive factors for long-term complications following button
      battery impactions: A case series and literature review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To complement a case series review of button battery impactions
      managed at our single military tertiary care center with a thorough literature
      review of laboratory research and clinical cases to develop a protocol to
      optimize patient care. Specifically, to identify predictive factors of long-term
      complications which can be used by the pediatric otolaryngologist to guide
      patient management after button battery impactions. METHODS: A retrospective
      review of the Department of Defense's electronic medical record systems was
      conducted to identify patients with button battery ingestions and then
      characterize their treatment course. A thorough literature review complemented
      the lessons learned to identify potentially predictive clinical measures for long
      term complications. RESULTS: Eight patients were identified as being treated for
      button battery impaction in the aerodigestive tract with two sustaining long-term
      complications. The median age of the patients treated was 33 months old and the
      median estimated time of impaction in the aerodigestive tract prior to removal
      was 10.5 h. Time of impaction, anatomic direction of the battery's negative pole,
      and identifying specific battery parameters were identified as factors that may
      be employed to predict sequelae. CONCLUSION: Based on case reviews, advancements
      in battery manufacturing, and laboratory research, there are distinct clinical
      factors that should be assessed at the time of initial therapy to guide follow-up
      management to minimize potential catastrophic sequelae of button battery
      ingestion.

PMID- 27368472
TI  - Improvement in hearing loss over time in Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patients with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) are reported to have
      conductive (CHL) and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), but there is little
      information pertaining to the progression of hearing loss over time. The goal of
      this study was to examine the prevalence of CHL and SNHL in adults and children
      with CdLS and look for changes in SNHL over time. METHODS: Retrospective chart
      review of patients with CdLS presenting to a CdLS clinic was conducted. Also, a
      written survey of clinical concerns was collected from additional
      patients/families seen in the clinic and through the Cornelia de Lange
      Foundation. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients (50% female) were included in the
      chart review. Mean age was 16.8 +/- 11.4 years (range-0.6-50 years) and mean age
      at diagnosis of hearing loss was 4.6 +/- 10.6 years (n = 26). Five patients
      (6.4%) had severe to profound SNHL that improved with time, including 2 who had
      complete normalization of audiogram results. Thirty-five families/patients
      completed the clinical survey, and 45.5% of the families reported a noticeable
      improvement of hearing over time. CONCLUSIONS: Conductive hearing loss and SNHL
      are common in CdLS. More than 50% of the patients seen in an adult CdLS clinic
      reported improvement in hearing loss over time, and a subset of patients had an
      improvement in SNHL. In light of these findings, we recommend longitudinal
      evaluations of hearing loss in these patients with both auditory brainstem
      response and otoacoustic emissions testing if SNHL is identified.

PMID- 27368473
TI  - Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in children with sleep-disordered breathing.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Chronic Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is considered to be a
      factor involved in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). This cross-sectional
      study examined the seroprevalence of HP in children with sleep-disordered
      breathing (SDB) in respect to OSAS severity and in reference to other common
      pediatric medical conditions. METHODS: Overnight polysomnography with pH-metry
      (PSG) was performed at a Sleep Laboratory (in the years 2008-2011). OSAS severity
      was determined based on Obstructive Apnea Index (OAI). Subjects were classified
      into primary snoring group (OAI < 1/hours), mild - moderate OSAS (OAI: 1-5/hour),
      and severe OSAS (OAI: >=5/hour). HP IgG was tested by an enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay in the SDB (n = 115) and reference (n = 387) groups
      [reference group consisted of 4 subgroups based on ICD-10 diagnoses encompassing
      conditions affecting the skin, respiratory system, food hypersensitivity, and
      gastrointestinal tract]. Analyses were performed by nonparametric statistical
      tests. RESULTS: HP seropositivity was 10.4% (12/115) in the SDB group and 11.6%
      (45/387) in the reference group. HP positive and negative subjects did not differ
      in PSG, acid gastro-esophageal reflux index nor in age, sex, nutritional status
      (BMI-z score), and hematological indices in the SDB group. Seropositivity was
      found in 16.7% of the primary snoring group, 10.2% of mild-moderate OSAS, and in
      11.1% of severe OSAS (chi(2) p = 0.832). CONCLUSIONS: Children with SDB are not
      more predisposed to a chronic HP infection than children with other common
      chronic pediatric conditions. HP seropositivity does not influence OSAS severity
      but possible infection should none-the-less be considered on a case-by-case
      basis.

PMID- 27368474
TI  - Coblation-assisted management of pediatric airway stenosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The treatment of pediatric airway stenosis represents a major
      challenge for the otolaryngologist. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use
      of bipolar radiofrequency plasma ablation (Coblation) in the treatment of
      pediatric airway stenosis. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. Tertiary care
      pediatric academic medical center. METHODS: The medical records of 6 pediatric
      patients at Cohen Children's Medical Center from July 2009 to December 2015 were
      reviewed. All cases involved the use of radiofrequency plasma ablation to address
      airway stenosis. Patient presentation, surgical intervention(s), post-operative
      course and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: All 6 cases involved pediatric
      airway stenosis, including glottic stenosis (2), bilateral vocal fold immobility
      (2), and intratracheal lesions (2). Coblation was used to perform a range of
      different procedures, including removal of scar/granulation tissue, partial
      arytenoidectomy, and posterior cordectomy. All patients experienced good results
      without major complications, perioperative, or post-operative sequellae.
      CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that radiofrequency plasma ablation
      may be an effective endoscopic tool for the treatment of pediatric airway
      stenosis. Further study and more patients are required as this technique becomes
      increasingly applied.

PMID- 27368475
TI  - Level of emotion comprehension in children with mid to long term cochlear implant
      use: How basic and more complex emotion recognition relates to language and age
      at implantation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The current study was designed with three main aims: To document the
      level of emotional comprehension skills, from basic to more complex ones, reached
      by a wide sample of cochlear implant (CI) deaf children with at least 36 months
      of device use; To investigate subjective and audiological factors that can affect
      their emotional development; To identify, if present, a "critical age", in which
      early intervention might positively affect adequate emotional competence
      development. DESIGN: This is an observational cohort study. Children with
      congenital severe/profound deafness were selected based on: aged by 4-11 years,
      minimum of 36 months of CI use, Italian as the primary language in the family;
      normal cognitive level and absence of associated disorders or socio-economic
      difficulties. Audiological characteristics and language development were assessed
      throughout standardized tests, to measure speech perception in quiet, lexical
      comprehension and production. The development of emotions' understanding was
      assessed using the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC) of Pons and Harris, a
      hierarchical developmental model, where emotion comprehension is organized in 3
      Stages (external, mental and reflective). Statistical analysis was accomplished
      via the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient, to study the relationship between
      the personal and audiological characteristics; a multivariate linear regression
      analysis was carried out to find which variables were better associated with the
      standardized TEC values; a chi-squared test with Yate's continuity correction and
      Mann-Whitney U test were used to account for differences between continuous
      variables and proportions. RESULTS: 72 children (40 females, 32 males) with a
      mean age of 8.1 years were included. At TEC score, 57 children showed normal
      range performances (79.17% of recipients) and 15 fell below average (20.83% of
      recipients). The 16.63% of older subjects (range of age 8-12 years) didn't master
      the Stage 3 (reflective), which is normally acquired by 8 years of age and failed
      2 or all the 3 items of this component. Subjects implanted within 18 months of
      age had better emotion comprehension skills. TEC results were also positively
      correlated with an early diagnosis, a longer implant use, better auditory skills
      and higher scores on lexical and morphosintactic tests. On the contrary, it was
      negatively correlated with the presence of siblings and the order of birth. The
      gender, the side and the severity of deafness, type of implant and strategy were
      not correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Early implanted children have more chance to develop
      adequate emotion comprehension, especially when the complex aspects are included,
      due to the very strong link between listening and language skills and emotional
      development. Furthermore, longer CI auditory experience along with early
      intervention allows an adequate communication development which positively
      influences the acquisition of such competencies.

PMID- 27368477
TI  - Biophysics in cancer: The relevance of drug-membrane interaction studies.
AB  - Lipidomics has been proving that membrane lipids play a crucial role in several
      cell functions and are involved in several pathologies, including cancer. In
      fact, beyond a scaffold where proteins and other components are embedded, the
      cell membrane can also act as a barrier or a target for anticancer drugs. From
      this point of view, the development of new chemotherapeutic agents should also
      take into account the role of the membrane in their activity. This Review aims to
      highlight the importance of anticancer drug-membrane interactions as a powerful
      strategy to improve cancer therapy. Biophysical techniques emerge, therefore, as
      essential tools to unveil such interactions.

PMID- 27368479
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368476
TI  - Differences in expression of the cancer stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase 1
      among estrogen receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2
      negative breast cancer cases with early, late, and no recurrence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The significance of the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1
      (ALDH1), a cancer stem cell marker, for predicting the recurrence of estrogen
      receptor (ER)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)
      negative breast cancer is still poorly understood. The value of ALDH1 in
      predicting the time of recurrence remains unknown. METHODS: In total, 184
      patients with early distant recurrence, 134 patients with late distant
      recurrence, and 321 control patients without recurrence for more than 10 years
      after starting initial treatment for ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer,
      registered in 9 institutions, were analyzed. We assessed relationships between
      ALDH1 and other clinicopathological features, and ALDH1 expression was compared
      among the three groups. The relationship between ALDH1 expression and overall
      survival after recurrence was also evaluated in each group. RESULTS: The rates of
      ALDH1 expression positivity (more than 1 %) in the early, late, and no recurrence
      groups were 18.4 %, 13.4 %, and 8.4 %, respectively. ALDH1 expression correlated
      significantly with lymph node metastases (p = 0.048) and the Ki-67 labeling index
      (p < 0.001) in the early recurrence group. Multivariate analysis revealed ALDH1
      expression to be significantly higher in the early recurrence group than in the
      no recurrence group (adjusted OR 2.140, 95 % CI 1.144-4.003, p = 0.016).
      Moreover, there was a significant difference in ALDH1 expression between the
      early and no recurrence groups receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy and
      chemotherapy (adjusted OR 4.625, 95 % CI 1.881-12.474, p < 0.001). However, there
      was no difference in ALDH1 expression between the late and no recurrence groups
      in univariate analysis (OR 1.507, 95 % CI 0.738-2.998, p = 0.253). In
      multivariate analysis, ALDH1 was not a factor independently predicting overall
      survival after the detection of recurrence (adjusted OR 1.451, 95 % CI 0.985
      2.085, p = 0.059). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with ER-positive/HER2-negative
      breast cancer, ALDH1 expression was more common in those with early recurrence,
      and this expression was found to be associated with a more aggressive breast
      cancer phenotype than that in the patients without recurrence. Further study is
      needed to clarify the prognostic significance of the heterogeneity of cancer stem
      cells and to confirm their role in resistance to chemotherapy.

PMID- 27368478
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368480
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368482
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368481
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368483
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368484
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368485
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368486
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368487
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368488
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368489
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368490
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368492
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368491
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368493
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368495
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368494
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368496
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368497
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368499
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368498
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368500
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368501
TI  - Prognostic factors after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hospitalizations for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are increasing in France. AECOPD are associated with
      impaired health status and increased health care costs. METHODS: Using data from
      the French national health insurance information system, we studied mortality,
      readmissions and lung function testing after discharge among adults hospitalized
      for AECOPD in 2013. RESULTS: The cumulative probabilities of death and
      readmission for EACOPD were 21% and 31% respectively. The survival was better
      among women, even after taking into account the other risk factors (age, previous
      hospitalization for AECOPD, comorbidities, exacerbation severity). In
      multivariate analysis, the risk of readmission was increased among men and people
      living in socially disadvantaged areas. A lung function testing was performed in
      34% within 3 months after discharge. Female gender, advanced age, comorbidities
      and living in a disadvantaged area were associated with a lower frequency of lung
      function testing. CONCLUSIONS: Women had a better prognosis than men after AECOPD
      hospitalization. The frequency of lung function testing after discharge remained
      low, particularly among women and people living in disadvantaged areas.

PMID- 27368502
TI  - Coil Embolization for Ruptured Basilar Tip Aneurysm After Mechanical Thrombectomy
      for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is no published report of ruptured cerebral aneurysm
      accompanied by target vessel occlusion. We present a case of ruptured basilar tip
      aneurysm with concomitant basilar artery (BA) occlusion. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 53
      year-old man presented to our emergency room with the acute onset of disturbance.
      Plain head computed tomography showed diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage. Computed
      tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography showed a BA tip
      aneurysm with BA trunk occlusion. Endovascular treatment with mechanical
      thrombectomy using a stent retriever and coil embolization was performed.
      Clinical and radiologic results were good. The patient was discharged 30 days
      after onset (modified Rankin Scale score = 1). CONCLUSIONS: We were able to
      recanalize the BA trunk and perform coil embolization of the ruptured BA tip
      aneurysm. Our case is the first published report of a ruptured aneurysm with
      target large-vessel occlusion. Awareness of the issues raised in this case is
      required to determine the best treatment strategy, and preoperative consideration
      allows neurointerventionalists to avoid unpleasant surprises in the angiography
      suite.

PMID- 27368503
TI  - Predictors for Surgical Outcome of Laminoplasty for Cervical Spondylotic
      Myelopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There were no precise researches showing which parameters with regard
      to degree of cervical stenosis and sagittal cervical alignment are the most
      crucial for surgical outcomes after laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic
      myelopathy (CSM). The objectives of this study were to investigate to what extent
      the preoperative parameters may have a direct influence on postoperative
      neurologic recovery, and to determine the crucial determinants of prognosis.
      METHODS: A retrospective review of 83 patients with CSM after laminoplasty was
      conducted. Magnetic resonance imaging parameters evaluation included
      presence/absence of signal change on T1 and T2 and anatomic measurements,
      including cervical canal compromise and cervical alignment. Data analysis
      involved logistic regressions and Spearman rank correlation coefficients.
      Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were computed to evaluate the
      contribution of the original model. RESULTS: Univariate logistic regression
      showed that age (odds ratio = 0.822; 95% confidence interval, 0.729-0.927; P =
      0.001), baseline Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score (odds ratio = 1.700;
      95% confidence interval, 1.158-2.496; P = 0.007), cervical curvature index
      (Ishihara) score (CCI) (odds ratio = 1.123; 95% confidence interval, 1.030-1.225;
      P = 0.008), maximum canal compromise (MCC) (odds ratio = 0.940; 95% confidence
      interval, 0.885-0.998; P = 0.041), and signal intensity (odds ratio = 0.139; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.033-0.580; P = 0.007) were independent prognostic
      indicators after laminoplasty. A ROC curve was computed based on the probability
      of the five predictors, with an area under the curve of 0.929 +/- 0.028.
      CONCLUSIONS: Age and baseline JOA scores were crucial clinical predictors of
      outcome after laminoplasty for patients with CSM. Regarding the predictive value,
      CCI, MCC, and patterns of signal intensity changes on T1-/T2-weighted images were
      crucial determinants of prognosis of neurologic outcome.

PMID- 27368504
TI  - A Subgaleal Hematoma That Turned Out to Be a B-Cell Lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Subgaleal masses are relatively common in the clinical praxis, and
      after a trauma to the head, a subgaleal hematoma is usually suspected. However,
      other differential diagnoses, such as malignant tumors, should be kept in mind
      despite a history of a previous trauma. CASE DESCRIPTION AND CONCLUSIONS: We
      report a case of a subgaleal mass that was clinically and radiologically
      diagnosed as a subgaleal hematoma in a patient on antiplatelet therapy. The
      patient had a history of trauma to her head, but pathologic examination after
      surgery unexpectedly showed a malignant B-cell lymphoma. A review of the
      literature is also presented.

PMID- 27368505
TI  - Surgical Accuracy of 3-Tesla Versus 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Deep
      Brain Stimulation for Parkinson Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In deep brain stimulation (DBS), accurate placement of the lead is
      critical. Target definition is highly dependent on visual recognition on magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). We prospectively investigated whether the 7-T MRI
      enabled better visualization of targets and led to better placement of leads
      compared with the 1.5-T and the 3-T MRI. METHODS: Three patients with PD (mean,
      55 years) were scanned on 1.5-, 3-, and 7-T MRI before surgery. Tissue contrast
      and signal-to-noise ratio were measured. Target coordinates were noted on MRI and
      during surgery. Differences were analyzed with post-hoc analysis of variance.
      RESULTS: The 7-T MRI demonstrated a significant improvement in tissue
      visualization (P < 0.005) and signal-to-noise ratio (P < 0.005). However, no
      difference in the target coordinates was found between the 7-T and the 3-T MRI.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although the 7-T MRI enables a significant better visualization of
      the DBS target in patients with PD, we found no clinical benefit for the
      placement of the DBS leads.

PMID- 27368506
TI  - Post-Traumatic Bifrontoparietal Extradural Hematoma with Superior Sagittal Sinus
      Detachment: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present, to our knowledge, the first case of a single bilateral
      extradural hematoma due to superior sagittal sinus detachment that was treated
      conservatively with an excellent outcome. METHODS: Bilateral extradural hematomas
      are a rare condition, accounting for only 2%-5% of all extradural hematomas. They
      can be either 2 distinct hematomas on either side or 1 single bilateral hematoma
      mostly due to sagittal sinus injury, with the latter being the most rare owing to
      the firm attachment of the sinus to its subperiosteal loggia. These hematomas
      usually require immediate surgical evacuation, as patients present with decreased
      level of consciousness, and have good postoperative outcomes. We present a
      bilateral extradural hematoma due to superior sagittal sinus injury, which was
      treated conservatively. RESULTS: The patient had an excellent recovery, with no
      residual neurological deficits and a Glasgow outcome scale of 5 on discharge.
      CONCLUSION: Bilateral extradural hematomas due to superior sagittal sinus injury
      almost always require surgical intervention. We present a patient who was treated
      conservatively with an excellent outcome and we also perform a review of the
      current literature.

PMID- 27368507
TI  - Epidural Venous Angioma Presenting with Spinal Cord Compression in a 42-Year-Old
      Woman with Previous History of Ovarian Malignancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Venous angioma is an extremely rare vascular malformation of the
      epidural space. To the best of our knowledge, only 5 cases have been documented
      to date and none has been reported in the setting of a previous malignancy. CASE
      DESCRIPTION: We report the case of a 42-year-old woman with a previous history of
      ovarian cancer, treated by surgery plus chemotherapy; who presented with signs of
      spinal cord compression for 3 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an
      intensely enhancing epidural mass at the T2-T6 level causing major spinal cord
      compression, for which urgent surgery was indicated. During surgery, the tumor
      was extremely hemorrhagic and the hemostasis was hazardous. Blood loss was
      estimated at 1.5 L, causing hemodynamic instability and requiring intensive
      resuscitation with fluids and blood transfusions. Gross total resection was
      achieved and the pathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of venous
      angioma. The patient recovered quickly postoperatively and was able to walk
      independently within 2 weeks of starting intensive rehabilitation. She was
      symptom free with no clinical or radiologic evidence of recurrence at 1 year
      follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Venous angioma should be included in the differential
      diagnosis of spinal epidural masses even in case of previous malignancy. Subtle
      imaging features should alert clinicians to this rare yet potentially life
      threatening condition. Surgery remains the cornerstone of the treatment and can
      result in remarkable recovery.

PMID- 27368508
TI  - The Outcome of Hypofractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Large Vestibular
      Schwannomas.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for large vestibular schwannomas (VS)
      remains controversial. We studied the tumor local control and toxicity rates
      after hypofractionated SRS for VS > 3 cm. METHODS: A total of 587 patients with
      VS treated with SRS between 1998 and 2014 were reviewed retrospectively, and 30
      Koos grade IV VSs were identified. There were 6 patients with neurofibromatosis 2
      (NF2), 8 with cystic tumors, 22 with solid tumors, 19 who underwent primary
      CyberKnife (CK), and 11 with >3 cm after previous resection. Patients were
      treated by a median of 3 fractions at 18 Gy. RESULTS: After a median 97 months,
      the 3- and 10-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of local control were 85% and 80%,
      respectively, with 20% requiring salvage treatment. For patients who had previous
      tumor resection rather than primary CK, the estimates were 46% and 5%,
      respectively, with progression, and 3-year control rates of 71% and 94% (P =
      0.008). Tumor control was also lower among NF2 versus non-NF2 patients (40% vs.
      95%; P = 0.0014). Among patients with good clinical baselines before CK, 88% were
      functionally independent (modified Rankin Scale score, 0-2), 88% had good facial
      function (House-Brackmann grade I-II), and 38% had serviceable hearing (Gardner
      Robertson grade I-II) at last follow-up. Hearing worsening was more likely among
      patients treated with primary CK (33% vs. 90%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Overall,
      80% of large VSs were adequately controlled by CK with 97 months of median follow
      up. Patients with previous surgery and NF2 also appeared to have higher rates of
      tumor progression, and less favorable functional outcomes.

PMID- 27368509
TI  - Management Outcome of Brainstem Arteriovenous Malformations: The Role of
      Radiosurgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Management decisions for brainstem arteriovenous malformations
      (AVMs) are complicated by balancing the risks of treatment and natural
      progression to hemorrhage. The present study seeks to compare radiosurgery and
      conservative management outcomes in brainstem AVMs. METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective review of patients with brainstem AVM seen at our institution from
      1990 to 2013. Patients missing baseline information or those lost to follow-up
      were excluded. Clinical and angiographic characteristics and subsequent
      hemorrhagic risk were evaluated according to brainstem AVM location and treatment
      modality. RESULTS: We identified 30 patients with brainstem AVM with complete
      data. Mean age was 41.6 +/- 20.3 years, and 53.3% (n = 16) were male. Sixteen
      (53.3%) presented with hemorrhage. Twelve patients (40.0%) were conservatively
      managed, and 18 were treated. Sixteen (88.9%) of the treated patients underwent
      radiosurgery, 1 (5.6%) underwent surgery, and 1 (5.6%) underwent embolization
      only. Average follow-up period was 4.7 +/- 5.7 years, and 5 patients (16.7%)
      experienced recurrent hemorrhage, 3 of whom were in the radiosurgery group and 2
      in the conservative group, giving an annual recurrent hemorrhage risk of 3.7% and
      4.8%, respectively. Lesion obliteration was achieved in 8 patients (26.7%).
      Baseline clinical and angiographic factors were similar between the radiosurgery
      and conservative group. Obliteration was achieved in 43.8% of those treated with
      radiosurgery (P = 0.008). Despite similar baseline modified Rankin Scale scores,
      more patients had improvement of modified Rankin Scale score at last follow-up in
      the radiosurgery group (P = 0.004). Recurrent hemorrhage during follow-up was
      similar between the 2 groups (P = 0.887). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that
      when patients with brainstem AVM are selected cautiously, radiosurgery may
      achieve obliteration and symptom relief without increasing subsequent hemorrhage
      risk.

PMID- 27368510
TI  - An Upper and Middle Cervical Spine Posterior Arch Defect Leading to Myelopathy
      and a Thoracic Spine Posterior Arch Defect.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abnormalities of the posterior arches of the upper and middle
      cervical spine that can cause myelopathy are rare, and no reports of such defects
      at the thoracic spinal level have been published. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 29-year-old
      male patient reported right arm weakness and pain for 1 year. Magnetic resonance
      imaging of the cervical spine showed spinal canal stenosis at the C3-4 and C4-5
      levels, as well as a posterior arch defect at the C2, 3, and 4 levels that was
      compressing the spinal cord. Three-dimensional cervical computed tomography (CT)
      showed that the spinous process and a piece of lamina were fused at each of the
      posterior C2, 3, and 4 levels, producing a free-floating bony structure. Spina
      bifida occulta was observed at C1. Osseous formation had failed between the
      lateral mass and spinous process at the C2 and C3 levels bilaterally, and the C4
      level unilaterally. Three-dimensional thoracolumbar CT showed blocked vertebrae
      and spinous process fusion at T11 and T12. Osseous formation had failed between
      the lamina and spinous process at the T11 level unilaterally, and the T12 level
      bilaterally. The free-floating bony structure was successfully removed
      surgically. CONCLUSIONS: A posterior arch defect of the upper and middle cervical
      spine leading to myelopathy combined with the same defect at the thoracic spine
      is a rare disease. If this congenital defect is detected at any spinal level,
      whole-spine CT can be helpful for accurately diagnosing the congenital anomaly.

PMID- 27368512
TI  - If It Ain't Broke, Don't Fix It.

PMID- 27368513
TI  - Evolution of Cervical Spine Deformity Surgery and Ongoing Challenges.

PMID- 27368511
TI  - Is There An Optimal Time for Performing Cranioplasties? Results from a
      Prospective Multinational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The optimal timing of cranioplasty remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We
      hypothesized that the risk of infections after primary cranioplasty in adult
      patients who underwent craniectomies for non-infection-related indications are no
      different when performed early or delayed. We tested this hypothesis in a
      prospective, multicenter, cohort study. METHODS: Data were collected
      prospectively from 5 neurosurgical centers in the United Kingdom, Malaysia,
      Singapore, and Bangladesh. Only patients older than 16 years from the time of the
      non-infection-related craniectomy were included. The recruitment period was over
      17 months, and postoperative follow-up was at least 6 months. Patient baseline
      characteristics, rate of infections, and incidence of hydrocephalus were
      collected. RESULTS: Seventy patients were included in this study. There were 25
      patients in the early cranioplasty cohort (cranioplasty performed before 12
      weeks) and 45 patients in the late cranioplasty cohort (cranioplasty performed
      after 12 weeks). The follow-up period ranged between 16 and 34 months (mean, 23
      months). Baseline characteristics were largely similar but differed only in
      prophylactic antibiotics received (P = 0.28), and primary surgeon performing
      cranioplasty (P = 0.15). There were no infections in the early cranioplasty
      cohort, whereas 3 infections were recorded in the late cohort. This did not reach
      statistical significance (P = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Early cranioplasty in non
      infection-related craniectomy is relatively safe. There does not appear to be an
      added advantage to delaying cranioplasties more than 12 weeks after the initial
      craniectomy in terms of infection reduction. There was no significant difference
      in infection rates or risk of hydrocephalus between the early and late cohorts.

PMID- 27368520
TI  - Homelessness.
AB  - An online learning resource aimed at community health professionals who work with
      homeless people has been launched by the Queen's Nursing Institute. The learning
      package contains six modules on. 

PMID- 27368521
TI  - Out for consultation.

PMID- 27368523
TI  - Early years.
AB  - Healthcare professionals in Scotland who are involved in early years work now
      have an additional resource in the shape of NHS Scotland's Maternal and Early
      Years website, aimed at practitioners at all levels. The site includes evidence
      updates, news and events, and can be accessed at www.maternal-and-early
      years.org.uk. 

PMID- 27368522
TI  - Sickness absence.
AB  - Staff sickness levels in the NHS vary dramatically across the country, but the
      Audit Commission says that by understanding and tackling the factors causing some
      of this variation the NHS can increase staff productivity, improve morale and
      save L290 million. It has produced a briefing that examines the local variation
      and cost of sickness absence to primary care trusts, NHS trusts and foundation
      trusts, and outlines where organisations can find more help and advice in cutting
      sickness absence rates. 

PMID- 27368524
TI  - Commissioning.
AB  - A portal for clinicians, managers and other professionals involved in
      commissioning is available on NHS Networks. The Commissioning Zone brings
      together news, blogs, policy and guidance, reports and analysis, data, tools and
      resources, to promote sharing of useful information. Go to. 

PMID- 27368525
TI  - Hospital food.
AB  - First Aid for Hospital Food, a report from the Soil Association, suggests some
      hospitals are falling short of acceptable standards in terms of the food they
      serve to patients. The report provides examples where hospitals have shown it is
      possible to source fresh, local and organic food with no cost increase and
      suggests ways in which other hospitals can achieve this. Go to
      http://tiny.cc/ce377. 

PMID- 27368526
TI  - Patient safety.
AB  - The National Patient Safety Agency has published online its 'How to' guide on
      venous thromboembolism risk assessment for all patients admitted to hospital. The
      guide builds on existing resources and can be used to support implementation of
      the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Quality
      Standards Programme, Commissioning for Quality and Innovation requirements and
      NICE Guideline 92. 

PMID- 27368527
TI  - The fine structure of the rectal pads of Zorotypus caudelli Karny (Zoraptera,
      Insecta).
AB  - The rectal pads of a species of the controversial polyneopteran order Zoraptera
      were examined using histological sections and TEM micrographs. Six pads are
      present along the thin rectal epithelium. Each pad consists of a few large
      principal cells surrounded by flattened junctional cells, which extend also
      beneath the principal cells. The cells are lined by a thin apical cuticle. No
      basal cells and no cavity have been observed beneath the pad. Principal cells
      have a regular layer of apical microvilli and are joined by intercellular septate
      junctions, which are interrupted by short dilatations of the intercellular space.
      At these levels the two adjacent plasma membranes are joined by short zonulae
      adhaerentes. In the cytoplasm, a rich system of strict associations between
      lateral plasma membranes and mitochondria forms scalariform junctions. Rectal
      pads share ultrastructural features with similar excretory organs of several
      neopteran groups, in particular with Blattodea (roaches and termites) and
      Thysanoptera, and are involved in fluid reabsorption and ion regulation. 

PMID- 27368528
TI  - Systemic and regional pulmonary function after segmentectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Segmentectomy includes numerous kinds of procedures that may result in
      decreased postoperative pulmonary function. This causes controversy regarding the
      functional advantage of segmentectomy over lobectomy. To clarify the difference
      between the procedures, systemic and regional pulmonary functions of the resected
      segments must be examined. METHODS: Pulmonary function tests and lung perfusion
      single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were prospectively conducted
      before and after segmentectomy in 117 patients who were divided into groups based
      on resection of <2 segments (n = 83), >=2 segments (n = 20), and left upper
      division (LUD) (n = 14). Left upper lobectomy (n = 13) was used as a control for
      the LUD group. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of segment and lobe
      were measured from a fusion image of SPECT and computed tomography. RESULTS:
      Percentage of postoperative/preoperative pulmonary function was the highest in
      the <2 segments group (97% +/- 10%), which was followed by the >=2 segments group
      (90% +/- 9%), LUD group (84% +/- 7%), and left upper lobectomy group (83% +/-
      7%), and the differences between the segmentectomy groups were significant (P <
      .001-.03), although there was no difference between the LUD and lobectomy groups.
      Whereas actual FEV1 of preserved lobes were significantly lower than the
      predicted value in all segmentectomy groups (P < .001), the percentage of
      actual/predicted value in the LUD group (43% +/- 19%) was significantly lower
      than those in the <2 (72% +/- 23%) and >=2 segments (68% +/- 30%) groups (P <
      .001 and P = .02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Segmentectomy decreased the
      pulmonary function with increasing number of resected segments. LUD segmentectomy
      decreased both systemic and lobar function significantly due to not only large
      resection, but also marked depression of the preserved lobe, resulting in similar
      decrease as lobectomy.

PMID- 27368529
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368530
TI  - [HIV infection : Test and treatment].
AB  - In Europe depending on the country 15-80 % of all individuals infected with human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are either not aware of the diagnosis or are
      diagnosed later. An early HIV diagnosis could, however, considerably improve the
      prognosis of individuals infected with HIV and decrease the risk of new
      infections; therefore, in the presence of indicator diseases, such as sexually
      transmitted diseases, oral thrush, herpes zoster and lymphoma, the performance of
      a HIV test is of utmost importance. A newly diagnosed HIV infection represents an
      indication for starting antiretroviral combination therapy independent of the
      clinical stage or CD4 cell count. A decline of the viral burden to below the
      limit of detection and subsequent continuous suppression of viral replication can
      prevent transition from HIV to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and if
      started early enough a normal life expectancy can be achieved. Challenges which
      remain in HIV therapy are the lifelong daily intake of medication and the complex
      long-term adverse effects. 

PMID- 27368531
TI  - [Neurocognitive disorders in old age : Role of pharmacotherapy in prevention and
      treatment].
AB  - Neurocognitive disorders (e.g. dementia, mild cognitive impairment and delirium)
      belong to the most frequently occurring problems in older patients. For most
      types of dementia as well as for mild cognitive impairment no causal
      pharmacotherapy is currently available. This also applies to delirium, which
      should be primarily treated through the identification and elimination of
      predisposing factors while cautiously using symptomatic therapy with psychotropic
      drugs. Despite intensive ongoing research efforts the search for disease
      modifying drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia has not been
      successful. In the prevention and treatment of neurocognitive disorders, rational
      and evidence-based pharmacological interventions can nonetheless play an
      important role. Besides the limited benefits of symptomatic treatment with
      currently available anti-dementia drugs, this includes the strict management of
      medical risk factors as well as the avoidance of drugs with delirogenic and
      dementing side effects.

PMID- 27368532
TI  - Effect of Choline on the Composition and Degradation Enzyme of Extracellular
      Matrix of Mice Chondrocytes Exposed to Fluoride.
AB  - Choline has been shown to mediate damage of the chondrocyte matrix and
      degradation enzymes of mice exposed to fluoride (F). To test the action of
      choline, pregnant mice were treated with differing amounts of F and choline.
      Newborn mice were weaned at 21 days after birth and treated with the same doses
      of F and choline as they mothers for 12 weeks. Using hematoxylin-eosin (HE)
      staining, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and western blotting, changes in the structure
      of the cartilage, the expression of mRNA and protein related to proteoglycans
      (PG), and degradation enzymes were detected. The RT-PCR results show that the
      expression of the Aggrecan (Acan), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1),
      and Aggrecanases-1 gene were abnormal in the high fluoride (HiF) group, and
      treatments with choline reversed this phenomenon. The western blotting results
      show that the protein expression of Aggrecanases-1 was significantly increased in
      the HiF group (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that F can change the morphology
      of cartilage tissue, the gene expression of the Acan, TGF-beta1, Aggrecanases-1,
      and the protein expression of the Acan, and that choline can attenuate the effect
      of F. This may provide the basis for the treatment and prevention of fluorosis.

PMID- 27368533
TI  - Genetic characterization and transcription analyses of the European sea bass
      (Dicentrarchus labrax) isg15 gene.
AB  - Fish interferons are cytokines involved in its resistance to viral infections by
      inducing the transcription of several interferon-induced genes, such as isg15.
      The aim of the present study was the genetic characterization of the European sea
      bass isg15 gene, describing the regulatory motifs found in its sequence. In
      addition, an in vivo analysis of transcription in response to betanodavirus
      (RGNNV genotype) and poly I:C has been performed. The analysis of the resulting
      sequences showed that sea bass isg15 gene is composed of two exons and a single
      276-bp intron located at the 5'-UTR region. The full length cDNA is 1143-bp,
      including a 102-bp 5'-UTR region, a 474-bp ORF, and a 291-bp 3'-UTR region.
      Several mRNA-regulatory elements, including three unusual ATTTA instability
      motifs in the intron, and four ATTTA motifs along with a cytoplasmic
      polyadenylation element in the 3'-UTR region, have been found in this sequence.
      The in vivo analyses revealed a similar kinetics and level of transcription in
      fish brain and head kidney after poly I:C inoculation; however, the induction
      caused by RGNNV started earlier in brain, where the upregulation of isg15 gene
      transcription was high. The present study contributes to further characterize the
      European sea bass IFN I response against RGNNV infections. 

PMID- 27368534
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 promotes M2 polarization of macrophages via a cAMP/CREB
      signaling pathway and deactivates granulocytes in teleost fish.
AB  - The profile of prostaglandin (PG) production is determined by the differential
      expression of the enzymes involved in their production and degradation. Although
      the production of PGE2 by fish leukocytes has been relatively well studied in
      several fish species, knowledge of how its production is regulated, its
      biological activities and the signaling pathways activated by this PG is scant or
      even contradictory. In this work we show that in the teleost fish gilthead
      seabream (Sparus aurata L.) macrophages regulate PGE2 release mainly by inducing
      the expression of the genes encoding the enzymes responsible for its synthesis,
      while acidophilic granulocytes (AGs) not only induce these genes quickly after
      activation but also inhibit the expression of the genes encoding the enzymes
      responsible for PGE2 degradation at later time points. In addition, treatment of
      macrophages with PGE2 promoted their M2 polarization, which is characterized by
      high expression levels of interleukin-10, mannose-receptor c-type 1 and arginase
      2 genes. In sharp contrast, PGE2 promoted the deactivation of AGs, since it
      decreased the production of reactive oxygen species and the expression of genes
      encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines. These differences are the result of the
      alternative signaling pathways used by PGE2 in macrophages and AGs, a cAMP/CREB
      signaling pathway operating in macrophages, but not in AGs, downstream of PGE2.
      Our data identify for the first time a role for professional phagocyte-derived
      PGE2 in the resolution of inflammation in fish and highlight key differences in
      the PGE2 signaling pathway in macrophages and granulocytes. 

PMID- 27368535
TI  - Molecular and functional characterization of Toll-like receptor (Tlr)1 and Tlr2
      in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
AB  - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental components of innate immunity that
      play significant roles in the defence against pathogen invasion. In this study,
      we present the molecular characterization of the full-length coding sequence of
      tlr1, tlr2a and tlr2b from common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Each is encoded within
      a single exon and contains a conserved number of leucine-rich repeats, a
      transmembrane region and an intracellular TIR domain for signalling. Indeed,
      sequence, phylogenetic and synteny analysis of carp tlr1, tlr2a and tlr2b support
      that these genes are orthologues of mammalian TLR1 and TLR2. The tlr genes are
      expressed in various immune organs and cell types. Furthermore, the carp
      sequences exhibited a good three-dimensional fit with the heterodimer structure
      of human TLR1-TLR2, including the potential to bind to the ligand Pam3CSK4. This
      supports the possible formation of carp Tlr1-Tlr2 heterodimers. However, we were
      unable to demonstrate Tlr1/Tlr2-mediated ligand binding in transfected cell lines
      through NF-kappaB activation, despite showing the expression and co-localization
      of Tlr1 and Tlr2. We discuss possible limitations when studying ligand-specific
      activation of NF-kappaB after expression of Tlr1 and/or Tlr2 in human but also
      fish cell lines and we propose alternative future strategies for studying ligand
      binding properties of fish Tlrs. 

PMID- 27368536
TI  - Molecular and immune response characterizations of a novel AIF and cytochrome c
      in Litopenaeus vannamei defending against WSSV infection.
AB  - Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c (CYC) are two mitochondrial
      apoptogenic factors. In the present study, the cDNA sequences of AIF (LvAIF) and
      CYC (LvCYC) were cloned from Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The
      LvAIF was 1664 bp, including a 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 154 bp,
      an open reading frame (ORF) of 1323 bp encoding a polypeptide of 440 amino acids
      (aa) and a 3' UTR of 187 bp. The LvCYC was 582 bp, including a 50 bp 5' UTR, a
      315 bp ORF encoding for 104 aa, and a 217 bp 3' UTR. The deduced protein of LvAIF
      contained a conserved Pyr_redox and AIF_C domain at the N-terminal and the
      predicted LvCYC included a conservative cytochrome_C domain, respectively.
      Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LvAIF belonged to AIF1 subfamily and showed a
      close relationship with AIF1 from vertebrates and LvCYC showed the closest
      relationship with its counterparts from shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. Tissue
      expression profiles showed that both LvAIF and LvCYC existed in most tissues,
      with the most predominant expression of LvAIF in intestine, then followed muscle
      and the weakest expression in gill. The highest expression of LvCYC was detected
      in muscle, and the weakest expression was in hemocytes. Additionally, after white
      spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, the significant up-regulation of LvAIF,
      LvCYC and caspase 3 transcripts and the increase of pro-caspase 3 and active
      caspase 3 protein were detected at most time points (P < 0.05). However, all of
      the three genes down-regulated in hemocytes in the early stage after WSSV
      infection. WSSV proliferation and shrimp mortality showed a time-dependent manner
      and the production of ROS in hemocytes were significantly increased at 6 and 24 h
      after infection. Our results showed that the apoptotic genes AIF, CYC and caspase
      3 might play crucial roles in hepatopancreas, however, the production of ROS in
      hemocytes might be important in shrimp defense against WSSV infection. 

PMID- 27368537
TI  - De novo annotation of the immune-enriched transcriptome provides insights into
      immune system genes of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis).
AB  - Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), one of the oldest extant actinopterygian
      fishes with very high evolutionary, economical and conservation interest, is
      considered to be one of the critically endangered aquatic animals in China. Up to
      date, the immune system of this species remains largely undetermined with little
      sequence information publicly available. Herein, the first comprehensive
      transcriptome of immune tissues for Chinese sturgeon was characterized using
      Illumina deep sequencing. Over 67 million high-quality reads were generated and
      de novo assembled into the final set of 91,739 unique sequences. The annotation
      pipeline revealed that 25,871 unigenes were successfully annotated in the public
      databases, of which only 2002 had significant match to the existing sequences for
      the genus Acipenser. Overall 22,827 unigenes were categorized into 52 GO terms,
      12,742 were classified into 26 KOG categories, and 4968 were assigned to 339 KEGG
      pathways. A more detailed annotation search showed the presence of a notable
      representation of immune-related genes, which suggests that this non-teleost
      actinopterygian fish harbors the same intermediates as in the well known immune
      pathways from mammals and teleosts, such as pattern recognition receptor (PRR)
      signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, complement and coagulation
      pathway, T-cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathways.
      Additional genetic marker discovery led to the retrieval of 20,056 simple
      sequence repeats (SSRs) and 327,140 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This
      immune-enriched transcriptome of Chinese sturgeon represents a rich resource that
      adds to the currently nascent field of chondrostean fish immunogenetics and
      furthers the conservation and management of this valuable fish. 

PMID- 27368538
TI  - Synthetic hepcidin from fish: Uptake and protection against Vibrio anguillarum in
      sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).
AB  - The generation of a variety of new therapeutic agents to control and reduce the
      effects of pathogen in aquaculture is urgently needed. The antimicrobial peptides
      (AMPs) are one of the major components of the innate defenses and typically have
      broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, absorption and distributions of
      exogenous AMPs for therapeutics application on farmed fish species need to be
      studied. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown the properties of hepcidin
      as an effective antimicrobial peptide produced in fish in response to LPS and
      iron. Therefore, we decided to investigate the antimicrobial activity of four
      synthetic variants of hepcidin against Vibrio anguillarum in vitro, and using the
      more effective peptide we demonstrated the pathogen's ability to protect against
      the infection in European Sea bass. Additionally the uptake of this peptide after
      ip injection was demonstrated, reaching its distribution organs such as
      intestine, head kidney, spleen and liver. The synthetic peptide did not show
      cytotoxic effects and significantly reduced the accumulated mortalities
      percentage (23.5%) compared to the European Sea bass control (72.5%) at day 21.
      In conclusion, synthetic hepcidin shows antimicrobial activity against V.
      anguillarum and the in vivo experiments suggest that synthetic hepcidin was
      distributed trough the different organs in the fish. Thus, synthetic hepcidin
      antimicrobial peptide could have high potential for therapeutic application in
      farmed fish species. 

PMID- 27368539
TI  - Identification and expression analysis of TLR2 in mucosal tissues of turbot
      (Scophthalmus maximus L.) following bacterial challenge.
AB  - The pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which can recognize the conserved
      pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the bacteria, play key roles in
      the mucosal surfaces for pathogen recognition and activation of immune signaling
      pathways. However, our understanding of the PRRs and their activities in mucosal
      surfaces in the critical early time points during pathogen infection is still
      limited. Towards to this end, here, we sought to identify the Toll-like receptor
      2 (TLR2) in turbot as well as its expression profiles in mucosal barriers
      following bacterial infection in the early time points. The full-length TLR2
      transcript consists of open reading frame (ORF) of 2451 bp encoding the putative
      peptide of 816 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the turbot TLR2
      showed the closest relationship to Paralichthys olivaceus. The TLR2 mRNA
      expression could be detected in all examined tissues, with the most abundant
      expression level in liver, and the lowest expression level in skin. In addition,
      TLR2 showed different expression patterns following Vibrio anguillarum and
      Streptococcus iniae infection, but was up-regulated following both challenge,
      especially post S. iniae challenge. Characterization of TLR2 will probably
      contribute to understanding of a number of infectious diseases and broaden the
      knowledge of interactions between host and pathogen, which will eventually help
      in the development of novel intervention strategies for farming turbot. 

PMID- 27368541
TI  - Spirulina elicits the activation of innate immunity and increases resistance
      against Vibrio alginolyticus in shrimp.
AB  - The effect of Spirulina dried powder (SDP) on the immune response of white shrimp
      Litopenaeus vannamei was studied in vitro and in vivo. Incubating shrimp
      haemocytes in 0.5 mg ml(-1) SDP caused the degranulation of haemocytes and a
      reduction in the percentage of large cells within 30 min. Shrimp haemocytes
      incubated in 1 mg ml(-1) SDP significantly increased their phenoloxidase (PO)
      activity, serine proteinase activity, and respiratory burst activity (RB, release
      of superoxide anion). A recombinant protein of lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3
      glucan binding protein (LGBP) of the white shrimp was produced, named rLvLGBP,
      and examined for its binding with SDP. An ELISA binding assay showed that rLvLGBP
      binds to SDP with a dissociation constant of 0.0507 MUM. In another experiment,
      shrimp fed diets containing SDP at 0 (control), 30, and 60 g kg(-1) after four
      weeks were examined for LGBP transcript level and lysozyme activity, as well as
      phagocytic activity, clearance efficiency, and resistance to Vibrio
      alginolyticus. These parameters were significantly higher in shrimp receiving
      diets containing SDP at 60 g kg(-1) or 30 g kg(-1) than in controls. In
      conclusion, shrimp haemocytes receiving SDP provoked the activation of innate
      immunity as evidenced by the recognition and binding of LGBP, degranulation of
      haemocytes, reduction in the percentage of large cells, increases in PO activity,
      serine proteinase activity, superoxide anion levels, and up-regulated LGBP
      transcript levels. Shrimp receiving diets containing SDP had increased lysozyme
      activity and resistance against V. alginolyticus infection. This study showed the
      mechanism underlying the immunostimulatory action of Spirulina and its immune
      response in shrimp. 

PMID- 27368540
TI  - Hematological and Immunological plasma assays for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon
      idella) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila as an immune model in carp
      aquaculture.
AB  - Aeromonas hydrophila is the causative agent of bacterial septicemia, a common
      disease observed in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. In our study, C. idella
      specimens were infected with A. hydrophila, and parameters of Hematological and
      Immunological plasma parameters were monitored. At blood cell level, levels of
      red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
      showed no differences between the treatment and control groups, but levels of
      white blood cells (WBCs) increased. The monocyte and neutrophil varied
      significant according to stimulation by A. hydrophila at 1 DPI, the thrombocyte
      and lymphocyte at 14 and 21 DPI. At serum level, total protein, lysozyme, and IgM
      increased at the early infection phase and then decreased at other time points;
      however, peroxidase levels were significantly lower in the treatment group than
      that in the control group during the early infection phase. ACH50 was
      significantly higher in the treatment group than that in the control group during
      the late infection phase. On the basis of the results, we suggest that innate and
      adaptive immune mechanisms of C. idella are able to neutralize the virulence
      factors secreted by A. hydrophila. Our findings would help in understanding the
      mechanisms underlying resistance to infection by A. hydrophila. 

PMID- 27368542
TI  - Apolipoprotein A-I in Labeo rohita: Cloning and functional characterisation
      reveal its broad spectrum antimicrobial property, and indicate significant role
      during ectoparasitic infection.
AB  - Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is the most abundant and multifunctional high-density
      lipoprotein (HDL) having a major role in lipid transport and potent antimicrobial
      activity against a wide range of microbes. In this study, a complete CDS of 771
      bp of Labeo rohita (rohu) ApoA-I (LrApoA-I) encoding a protein of 256 amino acids
      was amplified, cloned and sequenced. Tissue specific transcription analysis of
      LrApoA-I revealed its expression in a wide range of tissues, with a very high
      level of expression in liver and spleen. Ontogenic study of LrApoA-I expression
      showed presence of transcripts in milt and 3 h post-fertilization onwards in the
      larvae. The expression kinetics of LrApoA-I was studied upon infection with three
      different types of pathogens to elucidate its functional significance. Its
      expression was found to be up-regulated in the anterior kidney of L. rohita post
      infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Similarly following poly I:C (poly
      inosinic:cytidylic) stimulation, the transcript levels increased in both the
      anterior kidney and liver tissues. Significant up-regulation of LrApoA-I
      expression was observed in skin, mucous, liver and anterior kidney of the fish
      challenged with the ectoparasite Argulus siamensis. Immunomodulatory effect of
      recombinant LrApoA-I (rApoA-I) produced in Escherichia coli was demonstrated
      against A. hydrophila challenge in vivo. L. rohita administered with rApoA-I at a
      dose of 100 MUg exhibited significantly higher protection (~55%) upon challenge
      with A. hydrophila 12 h post-administration of the protein, in comparison to that
      observed in control group, along with higher level of expression of immune
      related genes. The heightened expression of ApoA-I observed post-infection
      reflected its involvement in immune responses against a wide range of infections
      including bacterial, viral as well as parasitic pathogens. Our results also
      suggest the possibility of using rApoA-I as an immunostimulant, particularly
      rendering protection against A. hydrophila. 

PMID- 27368543
TI  - Identification of differentially expressed genes in the spleens of
      polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C)-stimulated yellow catfish
      Pelteobagrus fulvidraco.
AB  - The yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Siluriformes: Bagridae) is an
      economically important fish in China. However, genomic research and resources on
      this species are largely unavailable and still in infancy. In the present study,
      we constructed a cDNA library following poly I:C injection to screen for immune
      response genes in the spleens of P. fulvidraco using suppression subtractive
      hybridization (SSH). A total of 420 putative expressed sequence tag (EST) clones
      were identified at 24 h post-injection, which contain 103 genes consisting of 25
      immune response genes, 12 cytoskeleton genes, 7 cell cycle and apoptosis genes, 7
      respiration and energy metabolism genes, 7 transport genes, 26 metabolism genes,
      10 stress response genes, 9 translational regulation genes, and 71 unknown genes.
      Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) results revealed that
      a set of randomly selected immune response genes were identified to be up
      regulated after 24 h of poly I:C stimulation compared to controls. Our study
      provides an annotation of immune genes in detail and insight into fish immunity. 

PMID- 27368546
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368545
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368547
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368544
TI  - Requirements and comparative analysis of reverse genetics for bluetongue virus
      (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are
      distinct arthropod borne virus species in the genus Orbivirus (Reoviridae
      family), causing the notifiable diseases Bluetongue and African horse sickness of
      ruminants and equids, respectively. Reverse genetics systems for these
      orbiviruses with their ten-segmented genome of double stranded RNA have been
      developed. Initially, two subsequent transfections of in vitro synthesized capped
      run-off RNA transcripts resulted in the recovery of BTV. Reverse genetics has
      been improved by transfection of expression plasmids followed by transfection of
      ten RNA transcripts. Recovery of AHSV was further improved by use of expression
      plasmids containing optimized open reading frames. RESULTS: Plasmids containing
      full length cDNA of the 10 genome segments for T7 promoter-driven production of
      full length run-off RNA transcripts and expression plasmids with optimized open
      reading frames (ORFs) were used. BTV and AHSV were rescued using reverse
      genetics. The requirement of each expression plasmid and capping of RNA
      transcripts for reverse genetics were studied and compared for BTV and AHSV. BTV
      was recovered by transfection of VP1 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by
      transfection of a set of ten capped RNAs. VP3 expression plasmid was also
      required if uncapped RNAs were transfected. Recovery of AHSV required
      transfection of VP1, VP3 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of
      capped RNA transcripts. Plasmid-driven expression of VP4, 6 and 7 was also needed
      when uncapped RNA transcripts were used. Irrespective of capping of RNA
      transcripts, NS1 expression plasmid was not needed for recovery, although NS1
      protein is essential for virus propagation. Improvement of reverse genetics for
      AHSV was clearly demonstrated by rescue of several mutants and reassortants that
      were not rescued with previous methods. CONCLUSIONS: A limited number of
      expression plasmids is required for rescue of BTV or AHSV using reverse genetics,
      making the system much more versatile and generally applicable. Optimization of
      reverse genetics enlarge the possibilities to rescue virus mutants and
      reassortants, and will greatly benefit the control of these important diseases of
      livestock and companion animals.

PMID- 27368548
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368549
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368550
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368551
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368553
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368552
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368554
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368556
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368555
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368557
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368558
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368559
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368560
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368562
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368561
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368563
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368564
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368565
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368566
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368568
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368567
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368569
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368570
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368571
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368572
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368573
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368574
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368575
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368576
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368577
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368579
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368578
TI  - Current Topics in Canine and Feline Obesity.
AB  - The domestication and urbanization of dogs and cats has dramatically altered
      their environment and behavior. Human and pet obesity is a global concern,
      particularly in developed countries. An increased incidence of chronic disease is
      associated with obesity secondary to low-grade systemic inflammation. This
      article reviews current research into the genetic, dietary, and physiologic
      factors associated with obesity, along with use of "omics" technology to better
      understand and characterize this disease. 

PMID- 27368580
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368581
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368582
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368583
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368584
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368585
TI  - High affinity anti-BSEP antibodies after liver transplantation for PFIC-2 -
      Successful treatment with immunoadsorption and B-cell depletion.
AB  - PFIC due to BSEP mutations (PFIC type 2) often necessitates OLT. It has recently
      been recognized that some PFIC-2 patients develop phenotypic disease recurrence
      post-OLT due to the appearance of anti-BSEP antibodies. Here, we describe a boy
      who became cholestatic four yr after OLT during modification of
      immunosuppression. Canalicular antibody deposits were detected in biopsies of the
      transplant and antibodies specifically reacting with BSEP were identified at high
      titers in his serum. These antibodies bound extracellular epitopes of BSEP and
      inhibited BS transport and were assumed to cause disease recurrence.
      Consequently, anti-BSEP antibody depletion was pursued by IA and B-cell depletion
      by anti-CD20 antibodies (rituximab) along with a switch of immunosuppression.
      This treatment resulted in prolonged relief of symptoms. Depletion of pathogenic
      anti-BSEP antibodies causing AIBD after OLT in PFIC-2 patients should be
      considered as a central therapeutic goal.

PMID- 27368586
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368587
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368588
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368589
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368590
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368592
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368591
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368593
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368594
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368595
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368596
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368597
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368598
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368599
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368600
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368602
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368601
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368603
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368604
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368605
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368606
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368607
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368610
TI  - Host cell remodelling in malaria parasites: a new pool of potential drug targets.
AB  - When in their human hosts, malaria parasites spend most of their time housed
      within vacuoles inside erythrocytes and hepatocytes. The parasites extensively
      modify their host cells to obtain nutrients, prevent host cell breakdown and
      avoid the immune system. To perform these modifications, malaria parasites export
      hundreds of effector proteins into their host cells and this process is best
      understood in the most lethal species to infect humans, Plasmodium falciparum.
      The effector proteins are synthesized within the parasite and following a
      proteolytic cleavage event in the endoplasmic reticulum and sorting of mature
      proteins into the correct vesicular trafficking pathway, they are transported to
      the parasite surface and released into the vacuole. The effector proteins are
      then unfolded before extrusion across the vacuole membrane by a unique translocon
      complex called Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins. After gaining access
      to the erythrocyte cytoplasm many effector proteins continue their journey to the
      erythrocyte surface by utilising various membranous structures established by the
      parasite. This complex trafficking pathway and a large number of the effector
      proteins are unique to Plasmodium parasites. This pathway could, therefore, be
      developed as new drug targets given that protein export and the functional role
      of these proteins are essential for parasite survival. This review explores known
      and potential drug targetable steps in the protein export pathway and strategies
      for discovering novel drug targets.

PMID- 27368609
TI  - Follow your nose: leaf odour as an important foraging cue for mammalian
      herbivores.
AB  - Studies of odour-driven foraging by mammals focus on attractant cues emitted by
      flowers, fruits, and fungi. Yet, the leaves of many plant species worldwide
      produce odour, which could act as a cue for foraging mammalian herbivores. Leaf
      odour may thus improve foraging efficiency for such herbivores in many ecosystems
      by reducing search time, particularly but not only, for plants that are visually
      obscured. We tested the use of leaf odour by a free-ranging mammalian browser,
      the swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) to find and browse palatable tree seedlings
      (Eucalyptus pilularis). Wallabies visited patches non-randomly with respect to
      the presence of seedlings. In the absence of visual plant cues, they used leaf
      odour (cut seedlings in vials) to find patches earlier, and visited and
      investigated them more often than control patches (empty vials), supporting the
      hypothesis that wallabies used seedling odour to enhance search efficiency. In
      contrast, the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), a grazer, showed no response to
      seedling odour. When the availability of seedling visual and olfactory cues was
      manipulated, wallabies browsed seedlings equally quickly in all treatments:
      upright (normal cues), pinned to the ground (reduced visual cues), and upright
      plus pinned seedlings (double olfactory cues). Odour cues play a critical role in
      food-finding by swamp wallabies, and these animals are finely tuned to detecting
      these cues with their threshold for detection reached by odours from only a
      single plant. The global significance of leaf odour in foraging by mammalian
      herbivores consuming conifers, eucalypts, and other odour-rich species requires
      greater attention.

PMID- 27368608
TI  - Proteomic profiling of cellular steatosis with concomitant oxidative stress in
      vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nutrient excess underpins the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver
      disease (NAFLD). The ensuing metabolic derangement is characterised by increased
      cellular respiration, oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment. We have
      previously recapitulated these events in an in vitro cellular steatosis model.
      Here, we examined the distinct patterns of protein expression involved using a
      proteomics approach. METHODS: Human hepatoblastoma C3A cells were treated with a
      combination of energy substrates; lactate (L), pyruvate (P), octanoate (O) and
      ammonia (N). Proteins extracts were trypsinized and analyzed on a capillary HPLC
      OrbitrapXL mass spectrometer. Proteins were quantified using a label-free
      intensity based approach. Functional enrichment analysis was performed using
      ToppCluster via Gene Ontology (GO) database. RESULTS: Of the 1327 proteins
      identified, 104 were differentially expressed between LPON and untreated cells
      (defined as: >=2 peptides; fold change >=1.5; p-value <0.05). Seventy of these
      were upregulated with LPON. Functional enrichment analysis revealed enhanced
      protein biosynthesis accompanied by downregulation of histones H2A type 1-A,
      H1.2, H1.5 and H1.0I in LPON cells. Lipid binding annotations were also enriched
      as well as proteins involved in cholesterol synthesis, uptake and efflux.
      Increased expression of aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C1 and C3 suggests
      enhanced sterol metabolism and increased ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation.
      CONCLUSIONS: The surge of energy substrates diverts free fatty acid metabolism
      towards pathways that can mitigate lipotoxicity. The histones depletion may
      represent an adaptation to increased protein synthesis. However, this can also
      expose DNA to oxidative stress thus should be explored further in the context of
      NAFLD progression.

PMID- 27368612
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368611
TI  - Cryptic Eimeria genotypes are common across the southern but not northern
      hemisphere.
AB  - The phylum Apicomplexa includes parasites of medical, zoonotic and veterinary
      significance. Understanding the global distribution and genetic diversity of
      these protozoa is of fundamental importance for efficient, robust and long
      lasting methods of control. Eimeria spp. cause intestinal coccidiosis in all
      major livestock animals and are the most important parasites of domestic chickens
      in terms of both economic impact and animal welfare. Despite having significant
      negative impacts on the efficiency of food production, many fundamental questions
      relating to the global distribution and genetic variation of Eimeria spp. remain
      largely unanswered. Here, we provide the broadest map yet of Eimeria occurrence
      for domestic chickens, confirming that all the known species (Eimeria acervulina,
      Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria
      praecox, Eimeria tenella) are present in all six continents where chickens are
      found (including 21 countries). Analysis of 248 internal transcribed spacer
      sequences derived from 17 countries provided evidence of possible allopatric
      diversity for species such as E. tenella (FST values ?0.34) but not E. acervulina
      and E. mitis, and highlighted a trend towards widespread genetic variance. We
      found that three genetic variants described previously only in Australia and
      southern Africa (operational taxonomic units x, y and z) have a wide distribution
      across the southern, but not the northern hemisphere. While the drivers for such
      a polarised distribution of these operational taxonomic unit genotypes remains
      unclear, the occurrence of genetically variant Eimeria may pose a risk to food
      security and animal welfare in Europe and North America should these parasites
      spread to the northern hemisphere.

PMID- 27368613
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368614
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368615
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368616
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368617
TI  - Pragmatics and the aims of language evolution.
AB  - Pragmatics has historically played a relatively peripheral role in language
      evolution research. This is a profound mistake. Here I describe how a pragmatic
      perspective can inform language evolution in the most fundamental way: by making
      clear what the natural objects of study are, and hence what the aims of the field
      should be.

PMID- 27368618
TI  - Precursors to language: Social cognition and pragmatic inference in primates.
AB  - Despite their differences, human language and the vocal communication of nonhuman
      primates share many features. Both constitute forms of coordinated activity, rely
      on many shared neural mechanisms, and involve discrete, combinatorial cognition
      that includes rich pragmatic inference. These common features suggest that during
      evolution the ancestors of all modern primates faced similar social problems and
      responded with similar systems of communication and cognition. When language
      later evolved from this common foundation, many of its distinctive features were
      already present.

PMID- 27368619
TI  - Primate vocal production and the riddle of language evolution.
AB  - Trying to uncover the roots of human speech and language has been the premier
      motivation to study the signalling behaviour of nonhuman primates for several
      decades. Focussing on the question of whether we find evidence for linguistic
      reference in the production of nonhuman primate vocalizations, I will first
      discuss how the criteria used to diagnose referential signalling have changed
      over time, and will then turn to the paradigmatic case of semantic communication
      in animals, the alarm calls of vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus pygerythrus. A recent
      in-depth analysis of the original material revealed that, while the alarm calls
      could be well distinguished, calls of similar structure were also used in within-
      and between-group aggression. This finding is difficult to reconcile with the
      idea that calls denote objects in the environment. Furthermore, nonhuman primates
      show only minimal signs of vocal production learning, one key prerequisite for
      conventionalized and symbolic communication. In addition, the structure of calls
      in different populations or closely related species is highly conserved. In
      conclusion, any continuity between nonhuman primate and human communication
      appears to be found at the level of the processing of signals. Why and how the
      ancestors of our own species one day began to talk to each other continues to be
      an enigma. Future research should focus on changes in the neural structure
      supporting volitional control over vocalizations, the gene networks associated
      with vocal production, and the developmental processes involved in the
      integration of production and perception of vocalizations.

PMID- 27368620
TI  - How can we detect when language emerged?
AB  - Views differ radically as to how deep the roots of language lie in human
      phylogeny, largely because prior to the development of writing systems, this
      striking human attribute has to be inferred from indirect proxies preserved in
      the material record. Here I argue that the most appropriate such archaeological
      proxies encode the modern human symbolic cognitive system from which language
      emerges. Throughout the 2.5 million years or more for which an archaeological
      record has existed, change has been both sporadic and rare-until symbolic objects
      and behaviors begin to appear, well within the tenure of our highly apomorphic
      species Homo sapiens. I propose that the biology underwriting our unusual
      cognitive and linguistic systems was acquired in the major developmental
      reorganization that gave rise to our anatomically distinctive species around
      200,000 years ago in Africa. However, the material record indicates that this new
      potential lay fallow for around 100,000 years, following which it was released by
      what was necessarily a behavioral stimulus. By far the best candidate for that
      stimulus is the spontaneous invention of language, which is plausibly
      underwritten by a relatively simple mental algorithm, and could readily have
      spurred symbolic cognitive processes in a feedback process. None of this means
      that earlier hominid vocal communication systems were not complex, or that
      extinct hominid species were not highly intelligent. But it does emphasize the
      qualitative distinctiveness of both modern symbolic cognition and language.

PMID- 27368621
TI  - Where have all the (ape) gestures gone?
AB  - Comparative analysis of the gestural communication of our nearest animal
      relatives, the great apes, implies that humans should have the biological
      potential to produce and understand 60-70 gestures, by virtue of shared common
      descent. These gestures are used intentionally in apes to convey separate
      requests, rather than as referential items in syntactically structured signals.
      At present, no such legacy of shared gesture has been described in humans. We
      suggest that the fate of "ape gestures" in modern human communication is relevant
      to the debate regarding the evolution of language through a possible intermediate
      stage of gestural protolanguage.

PMID- 27368622
TI  - Preface to the Special Issue on the Biology and Evolution of Language.

PMID- 27368623
TI  - What bats have to say about speech and language.
AB  - Understanding the biological foundations of language is vital to gaining insight
      into how the capacity for language may have evolved in humans. Animal models can
      be exploited to learn about the biological underpinnings of shared human traits,
      and although no other animals display speech or language, a range of behaviors
      found throughout the animal kingdom are relevant to speech and spoken language.
      To date, such investigations have been dominated by studies of our closest
      primate relatives searching for shared traits, or more distantly related species
      that are sophisticated vocal communicators, like songbirds. Herein I make the
      case for turning our attention to the Chiropterans, to shed new light on the
      biological encoding and evolution of human language-relevant traits. Bats employ
      complex vocalizations to facilitate navigation as well as social interactions,
      and are exquisitely tuned to acoustic information. Furthermore, bats display
      behaviors such as vocal learning and vocal turn-taking that are directly
      pertinent for human spoken language. Emerging technologies are now allowing the
      study of bat vocal communication, from the behavioral to the neurobiological and
      molecular level. Although it is clear that no single animal model can reflect the
      complexity of human language, by comparing such findings across diverse species
      we can identify the shared biological mechanisms likely to have influenced the
      evolution of human language.

PMID- 27368624
TI  - Marr's levels and the minimalist program.
AB  - A simple change to a cognitive system at Marr's computational level may entail
      complex changes at the other levels of description of the system. The
      implementational level complexity of a change, rather than its computational
      level complexity, may be more closely related to the plausibility of a discrete
      evolutionary event causing that change. Thus the formal complexity of a change at
      the computational level may not be a good guide to the plausibility of an
      evolutionary event introducing that change. For example, while the Minimalist
      Program's Merge is a simple formal operation (Berwick & Chomsky, 2016), the
      computational mechanisms required to implement the language it generates (e.g.,
      to parse the language) may be considerably more complex. This has implications
      for the theory of grammar: theories of grammar which involve several kinds of
      syntactic operations may be no less evolutionarily plausible than a theory of
      grammar that involves only one. A deeper understanding of human language at the
      algorithmic and implementational levels could strengthen Minimalist Program's
      account of the evolution of language.

PMID- 27368625
TI  - The origins of language in teaching.
AB  - I introduce seven criteria for determining the validity of competing theories for
      the original function of language. I go on to present a novel explanation that
      meets all the criteria: language originally evolved to teach kin. I suggest that
      the use of symbols subsequently generated evolutionary feedback at two levels, in
      the form of self-modified selection pressures that favored structures in the mind
      that functioned to manipulate and use symbols with efficiency, and cultural
      selection on languages for learnability.

PMID- 27368626
TI  - Darwinian perspectives on the evolution of human languages.
AB  - Human languages evolve by a process of descent with modification in which parent
      languages give rise to daughter languages over time and in a manner that mimics
      the evolution of biological species. Descent with modification is just one of
      many parallels between biological and linguistic evolution that, taken together,
      offer up a Darwinian perspective on how languages evolve. Combined with
      statistical methods borrowed from evolutionary biology, this Darwinian
      perspective has brought new opportunities to the study of the evolution of human
      languages. These include the statistical inference of phylogenetic trees of
      languages, the study of how linguistic traits evolve over thousands of years of
      language change, the reconstruction of ancestral or proto-languages, and using
      language change to date historical events.

PMID- 27368627
TI  - Eliciting explanations: Constraints on when self-explanation aids learning.
AB  - Generating explanations for oneself in an attempt to make sense of new
      information (i.e., self-explanation) is often a powerful learning technique.
      Despite its general effectiveness, in a growing number of studies, prompting for
      self-explanation improved some aspects of learning, but reduced learning of other
      aspects. Drawing on this recent research, as well as on research comparing self
      explanation under different conditions, we propose four constraints on the
      effectiveness of self-explanation. First, self-explanation promotes attention to
      particular types of information, so it is better suited to promote particular
      learning outcomes in particular types of domains, such as transfer in domains
      guided by general principles or heuristics. Second, self-explaining a variety of
      types of information can improve learning, but explaining one's own solution
      methods or choices may reduce learning under certain conditions. Third,
      explanation prompts focus effort on particular aspects of the to-be-learned
      material, potentially drawing effort away from other important information.
      Explanation prompts must be carefully designed to align with target learning
      outcomes. Fourth, prompted self-explanation often promotes learning better than
      unguided studying, but alternative instructional techniques may be more effective
      under some conditions. Attention to these constraints should optimize the
      effectiveness of self-explanation as an instructional technique in future
      research and practice.

PMID- 27368628
TI  - The language-ready head: Evolutionary considerations.
AB  - This article offers a succinct overview of the hypothesis that the evolution of
      cognition could benefit from a close examination of brain changes reflected in
      the shape of the neurocranium. I provide both neurological and genetic evidence
      in support of this hypothesis, and conclude that the study of language evolution
      need not be regarded as a mystery.

PMID- 27368629
TI  - Using music to study the evolution of cognitive mechanisms relevant to language.
AB  - This article argues that music can be used in cross-species research to study the
      evolution of cognitive mechanisms relevant to spoken language. This is because
      music and language share certain cognitive processing mechanisms and because
      music offers specific advantages for cross-species research. Music has relatively
      simple building blocks (tones without semantic properties), yet these building
      blocks are combined into rich hierarchical structures that engage complex
      cognitive processing. I illustrate this point with regard to the processing of
      musical harmonic structure. Because the processing of musical harmonic structure
      has been shown to interact with linguistic syntactic processing in humans, it is
      of interest to know if other species can acquire implicit knowledge of harmonic
      structure through extended exposure to music during development (vs. through
      explicit training). I suggest that domestic dogs would be a good species to study
      in addressing this question.

PMID- 27368630
TI  - Laughter as an approach to vocal evolution: The bipedal theory.
AB  - Laughter is a simple, stereotyped, innate, human play vocalization that is ideal
      for the study of vocal evolution. The basic approach of describing the act of
      laughter and when we do it has revealed a variety of phenomena of social,
      linguistic, and neurological significance. Findings include the acoustic
      structure of laughter, the minimal voluntary control of laughter, the punctuation
      effect (which describes the placement of laughter in conversation and indicates
      the dominance of speech over laughter), and the role of laughter in human
      matching and mating. Especially notable is the use of laughter to discover why
      humans can speak and other apes cannot. Quadrupeds, including our primate
      ancestors, have a 1:1 relation between breathing and stride because their thorax
      must absorb forelimb impacts during running. The direct link between breathing
      and locomotion limits vocalizations to short, simple utterances, such as the
      characteristic panting chimpanzee laugh (one sound per inward or outward breath).
      The evolution of bipedal locomotion freed the respiration system of its support
      function during running, permitting greater breath control and the selection for
      human-type laughter (a parsed exhalation), and subsequently the virtuosic,
      sustained, expiratory vocalization of speech. This is the basis of the bipedal
      theory of speech evolution.

PMID- 27368631
TI  - Evolution of the neural language network.
AB  - The evolution of language correlates with distinct changes in the primate brain.
      The present article compares language-related brain regions and their white
      matter connectivity in the developing and mature human brain with the respective
      structures in the nonhuman primate brain. We will see that the functional
      specificity of the posterior portion of Broca's area (Brodmann area [BA 44]) and
      its dorsal fiber connection to the temporal cortex, shown to support the
      processing of structural hierarchy in humans, makes a crucial neural difference
      between the species. This neural circuit may thus be fundamental for the human
      syntactic capacity as the core of language.

PMID- 27368632
TI  - Assessing the uniqueness of language: Animal grammatical abilities take center
      stage.
AB  - Questions related to the uniqueness of language can only be addressed properly by
      referring to sound knowledge of the relevant cognitive abilities of nonhuman
      animals. A key question concerns the nature and extent of animal rule-learning
      abilities. I discuss two approaches used to assess these abilities. One is
      comparing the structures of animal vocalizations to linguistic ones, and another
      is addressing the grammatical rule- and pattern-learning abilities of animals
      through experiments using artificial grammars. Neither of these approaches has so
      far provided unambiguous evidence of advanced animal abilities. However, when we
      consider how animal vocalizations are analyzed, the types of stimuli and tasks
      that are used in artificial grammar learning experiments, the limited number of
      species examined, and the groups to which these belong, I argue that the
      currently available evidence is insufficient to arrive at firm conclusions
      concerning the limitations of animal grammatical abilities. As a consequence, the
      gap between human linguistic rule-learning abilities and those of nonhuman
      animals may be smaller and less clear than is currently assumed. This means that
      it is still an open question whether a difference in the rule-learning and rule
      abstraction abilities between animals and humans played the key role in the
      evolution of language.

PMID- 27368633
TI  - Linear grammar as a possible stepping-stone in the evolution of language.
AB  - We suggest that one way to approach the evolution of language is through reverse
      engineering: asking what components of the language faculty could have been
      useful in the absence of the full complement of components. We explore the
      possibilities offered by linear grammar, a form of language that lacks syntax and
      morphology altogether, and that structures its utterances through a direct
      mapping between semantics and phonology. A language with a linear grammar would
      have no syntactic categories or syntactic phrases, and therefore no syntactic
      recursion. It would also have no functional categories such as tense, agreement,
      and case inflection, and no derivational morphology. Such a language would still
      be capable of conveying certain semantic relations through word order-for
      instance by stipulating that agents should precede patients. However, many other
      semantic relations would have to be based on pragmatics and discourse context. We
      find evidence of linear grammar in a wide range of linguistic phenomena: pidgins,
      stages of late second language acquisition, home signs, village sign languages,
      language comprehension (even in fully syntactic languages), aphasia, and specific
      language impairment. We also find a full-blown language, Riau Indonesian, whose
      grammar is arguably close to a pure linear grammar. In addition, when subjects
      are asked to convey information through nonlinguistic gesture, their gestures
      make use of semantically based principles of linear ordering. Finally, some
      pockets of English grammar, notably compounds, can be characterized in terms of
      linear grammar. We conclude that linear grammar is a plausible evolutionary
      precursor of modern fully syntactic grammar, one that is still active in the
      human mind.

PMID- 27368634
TI  - Backward-walking biological motion orients attention to moving away instead of
      moving toward.
AB  - Walking direction is an important attribute of biological motion because it
      carries key information, such as the specific intention of the walker. Although
      it is known that spatial attention is guided by walking direction, it remains
      unclear whether this attentional shift is reflexive (i.e., constantly shifts to
      the walking direction) or not. A richer interpretation of this effect is that
      attention is guided to seek the information that is necessary to understand the
      motion. To investigate this issue, we examined how backward-walking biological
      motion orients attention because the intention of walking backward is usually to
      avoid something that walking forward would encounter. The results showed that
      attention was oriented to the walking-away direction of biological motion instead
      of the walking-toward direction (Experiment 1), and this effect was not due to
      the gaze direction of biological motion (Experiment 2). Our findings suggest that
      the attentional shift triggered by walking direction is not reflexive, thus
      providing support for the rich interpretation of these attentional effects.

PMID- 27368635
TI  - Toward the Language-Ready Brain: Biological Evolution and Primate Comparisons.
AB  - The approach to language evolution suggested here focuses on three questions: How
      did the human brain evolve so that humans can develop, use, and acquire
      languages? How can the evolutionary quest be informed by studying brain,
      behavior, and social interaction in monkeys, apes, and humans? How can
      computational modeling advance these studies? I hypothesize that the brain is
      language ready in that the earliest humans had protolanguages but not languages
      (i.e., communication systems endowed with rich and open-ended lexicons and
      grammars supporting a compositional semantics), and that it took cultural
      evolution to yield societies (a cultural constructed niche) in which language
      ready brains could become language-using brains. The mirror system hypothesis is
      a well-developed example of this approach, but I offer it here not as a closed
      theory but as an evolving framework for the development and analysis of
      conflicting subhypotheses in the hope of their eventual integration. I also
      stress that computational modeling helps us understand the evolving role of
      mirror neurons, not in and of themselves, but only in their interaction with
      systems "beyond the mirror." Because a theory of evolution needs a clear
      characterization of what it is that evolved, I also outline ideas for research in
      neurolinguistics to complement studies of the evolution of the language-ready
      brain. A clear challenge is to go beyond models of speech comprehension to
      include sign language and models of production, and to link language to
      visuomotor interaction with the physical and social world.

PMID- 27368636
TI  - Key cognitive preconditions for the evolution of language.
AB  - Languages are socially constructed systems of expression, generated interactively
      in social networks, which can be assimilated by the individual brain as it
      develops. Languages co-evolved with culture, reflecting the changing complexity
      of human culture as it acquired the properties of a distributed cognitive system.
      Two key preconditions set the stage for the evolution of such cultures: a very
      general ability to rehearse and refine skills (evident early in hominin evolution
      in toolmaking), and the emergence of material culture as an external (to the
      brain) memory record that could retain and accumulate knowledge across
      generations. The ability to practice and rehearse skill provided immediate
      survival-related benefits in that it expanded the physical powers of early
      hominins, but the same adaptation also provided the imaginative substrate for a
      system of "mimetic" expression, such as found in ritual and pantomime, and in
      proto-words, which performed an expressive function somewhat like the home signs
      of deaf non-signers. The hominid brain continued to adapt to the increasing
      importance and complexity of culture as human interactions with material culture
      became more complex; above all, this entailed a gradual expansion in the
      integrative systems of the brain, especially those involved in the metacognitive
      supervision of self-performances. This supported a style of embodied mimetic
      imagination that improved the coordination of shared activities such as fire
      tending, but also in rituals and reciprocal mimetic games. The time-depth of this
      mimetic adaptation, and its role in both the construction and acquisition of
      languages, explains the importance of mimetic expression in the media, religion,
      and politics. Spoken language evolved out of voco-mimesis, and emerged long after
      the more basic abilities needed to refine skill and share intentions, probably
      coinciding with the common ancestor of sapient humans. Self-monitoring and self
      supervised practice were necessary preconditions for lexical invention, and as
      these abilities evolved further, communicative skills extended to more abstract
      and complex aspects of the communication environments-that is, the "cognitive
      ecologies"-being generated by human groups. The hominin brain adapted
      continuously to the need to assimilate language and its many cognitive byproducts
      by expanding many of its higher integrative systems, a process that seems to have
      accelerated and peaked in the past half million years.

PMID- 27368638
TI  - The language capacity: architecture and evolution.
AB  - There is substantial evidence that the human language capacity (LC) is a species
      specific biological property, essentially unique to humans, invariant among human
      groups, and dissociated from other cognitive systems. Each language, an
      instantiation of LC, consists of a generative procedure that yields a discrete
      infinity of hierarchically structured expressions with semantic interpretations,
      hence a kind of "language of thought" (LOT), along with an operation of
      externalization (EXT) to some sensory-motor system, typically sound. There is
      mounting evidence that generation of LOT observes language-independent principles
      of computational efficiency and is based on the simplest computational
      operations, and that EXT is an ancillary process not entering into the core
      semantic properties of LOT and is the primary locus of the apparent complexity,
      diversity, and mutability of language. These conclusions are not surprising,
      since the internal system is acquired virtually without evidence in fundamental
      respects, and EXT relates it to sensory-motor systems that are unrelated to it.
      Even such properties as the linear order of words appear to be reflexes of the
      sensory motor system, not available to generation of LOT. The limited evidence
      from the evolutionary record lends support to these conclusions, suggesting that
      LC emerged with Homo sapiens or not long after, and has not evolved since human
      groups dispersed.

PMID- 27368637
TI  - A cortical circuit for voluntary laryngeal control: Implications for the
      evolution language.
AB  - The development of voluntary laryngeal control has been argued to be a key
      innovation in the evolution of language. Part of the evidence for this hypothesis
      comes from neuroscience. For example, comparative research has shown that humans
      have direct cortical innervation of motor neurons controlling the larynx, whereas
      nonhuman primates do not. Research on cortical motor control circuits has shown
      that the frontal lobe cortical motor system does not work alone; it is dependent
      on sensory feedback control circuits. Thus, the human brain must have evolved not
      only the required efferent motor pathway but also the cortical circuit for
      controlling those efferent signals. To fill this gap, I propose a link between
      the evolution of laryngeal control and neuroscience research on the human dorsal
      auditory-motor speech stream. Specifically, I argue that the dorsal stream Spt
      (Sylvian parietal-temporal) circuit evolved in step with the direct cortico
      laryngeal control pathway and together represented a key advance in the evolution
      of speech. I suggest that a cortical laryngeal control circuit may play an
      important role in language by providing a prosodic frame for speech planning.

PMID- 27368639
TI  - Animal language studies: What happened?
AB  - The extent to which nonhuman animals can learn actual human language is a
      controversial question, but many nonhuman species have acquired elements of a two
      way communication system that is, and was, sophisticated enough to enable its use
      in evaluating cognitive capacities. This article is a personal view of the
      history of these animal language studies.

PMID- 27368640
TI  - Being low prepares for being neglected: Verticality affects expectancy of social
      participation.
AB  - Previous research suggests that the established link of vertical position and
      self-assignment of social power affects the processing of social exclusion. We
      hypothesized that verticality-induced self-assignment of social power moderates
      the evaluation of exclusion via a change in subjective expectancy of social
      participation. Following this idea, a superior position-associated with higher
      power-was supposed to increase the sensitivity for a transition to social
      exclusion. The transition was simulated in a virtual ball tossing game
      (cyberball): an inclusionary block was followed by partial exclusion of the
      participant. The participants' vertical position relative to the co-players was
      varied in three experimental groups (superior vs. even vs. inferior). From
      inclusion to partial exclusion, we observed an increase of an event-related brain
      potential related to the violation of subjective expectancy (P3), and
      participants reported a corresponding increase in threat to social needs and
      negative mood. For participants at inferior position exclusionary effects on
      both, P3 and need threat, were less pronounced as compared to participants at
      even or superior position. These results indicate that verticality impacts basic
      cognitive processes of subjective expectancy formation. An inferior position
      already provides a bias for the loss of social power, and the transition to
      social exclusion is less unexpected.

PMID- 27368641
TI  - What the hands can tell us about language emergence.
AB  - Why, in all cultures in which hearing is possible, has language become the
      province of speech and the oral modality? I address this question by widening the
      lens with which we look at language to include the manual modality. I suggest
      that human communication is most effective when it makes use of two types of
      formats--a discrete and segmented code, produced simultaneously along with an
      analog and mimetic code. The segmented code is supported by both the oral and the
      manual modalities. However, the mimetic code is more easily handled by the manual
      modality. We might then expect mimetic encoding to be done preferentially in the
      manual modality (gesture), leaving segmented encoding to the oral modality
      (speech). This argument rests on two assumptions: (1) The manual modality is as
      good at segmented encoding as the oral modality; sign languages, established and
      idiosyncratic, provide evidence for this assumption. (2) Mimetic encoding is
      important to human communication and best handled by the manual modality; co
      speech gesture provides evidence for this assumption. By including the manual
      modality in two contexts--when it takes on the primary function of communication
      (sign language), and when it takes on a complementary communicative function
      (gesture)--in our analysis of language, we gain new perspectives on the origins
      and continuing development of language.

PMID- 27368644
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368645
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368643
TI  - The Culture of Academic Medicine: Faculty Behaviors Impacting the Learning
      Environment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The culture of academic medical institutions impacts trainee
      education, among many other faculty and patient outcomes. Disrespectful behavior
      by faculty is one of the most challenging and common problems that, left
      unattended, disrupts healthy work and learning environments. Conversely, a
      respectful environment facilitates learning, creates a sense of safety, and
      rewards professionalism. The authors developed surveys and an intervention in an
      effort to better understand and improve climate concerns among health sciences
      faculty at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), a research-intense,
      public, academic medical center. METHODS: An online "climate survey" of all UC
      San Diego health sciences faculty was conducted in 2011-2012. A strategic
      campaign to address the behavioral issues identified in the initial survey was
      subsequently launched. In 2015, the climate was re-evaluated in order to assess
      the effectiveness of the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 478 faculty members
      (223 women, 235 men, 35 % of faculty) completed the baseline survey, reporting
      relatively low levels of observed sexual harassment (7 %). However, faculty
      reported concerning rates of other disruptive behaviors: derogatory comments (29
      %), anger outbursts (25 %), and hostile communication (25 %). Women and mid-level
      faculty were more likely to report these behavioral concerns than men and junior
      or senior colleagues. Three years after an institutional strategy was initiated,
      729 faculty members (50 % of the faculty) completed a follow-up survey. The 2015
      survey results indicate significant improvement in numerous climate factors,
      including overall respectful behaviors, as well as behaviors related to gender.
      CONCLUSIONS: In order to enhance a culture of respect in the learning
      environment, institutions can effectively engage academic leaders and faculty at
      all levels to address disruptive behavior and enhance positive climate factors.

PMID- 27368642
TI  - CRISPR-Cas9-mediated efficient directed mutagenesis and RAD51-dependent and RAD51
      independent gene targeting in the moss Physcomitrella patens.
AB  - The ability to address the CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease complex to any target DNA using
      customizable single-guide RNAs has now permitted genome engineering in many
      species. Here, we report its first successful use in a nonvascular plant, the
      moss Physcomitrella patens. Single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed to target an
      endogenous reporter gene, PpAPT, whose inactivation confers resistance to 2
      fluoroadenine. Transformation of moss protoplasts with these sgRNAs and the Cas9
      coding sequence from Streptococcus pyogenes triggered mutagenesis at the PpAPT
      target in about 2% of the regenerated plants. Mainly, deletions were observed,
      most of them resulting from alternative end-joining (alt-EJ)-driven repair. We
      further demonstrate that, in the presence of a donor DNA sharing sequence
      homology with the PpAPT gene, most transgene integration events occur by homology
      driven repair (HDR) at the target locus but also that Cas9-induced double-strand
      breaks are repaired with almost equal frequencies by mutagenic illegitimate
      recombination. Finally, we establish that a significant fraction of HDR-mediated
      gene targeting events (30%) is still possible in the absence of PpRAD51 protein,
      indicating that CRISPR-induced HDR is only partially mediated by the classical
      homologous recombination pathway.

PMID- 27368646
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368647
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368648
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368649
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368651
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368650
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368652
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368654
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368653
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368655
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368657
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368656
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368658
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368659
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368661
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368660
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368662
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368664
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368663
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368665
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368666
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368667
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368668
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368669
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368670
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368671
TI  - Successful treatment of refractory giant cell arteritis with etanercept.

PMID- 27368674
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368673
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368672
TI  - A phase 1 study of the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and
      pharmacokinetics of tenapanor in healthy Japanese volunteers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tenapanor (RDX5791, AZD1722), a small molecule with minimal systemic
      availability, is an inhibitor of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3).
      Tenapanor acts locally in the gut to reduce absorption of sodium and phosphate.
      It is being developed for the treatment of patients with hyperphosphatemia in CKD
      requiring dialysis and patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel
      syndrome. We report the safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of
      tenapanor in Japanese volunteers. METHODS: In this phase 1, double-blind study
      (NCT02176252), healthy Japanese adults (aged 20-45 years) received single-dose
      tenapanor 180 mg (n = 6), repeated-dose tenapanor 15, 30, 60, or 90 mg twice
      daily (n = 12 each) for 7 days, or placebo (n = 14). All participants received a
      standardized diet. RESULTS: Single and repeated doses of tenapanor resulted in
      higher mean stool sodium content vs. placebo (single dose, 41.9 mmol/day;
      repeated dose, range of means 21.3-32.2 mmol/day; placebo, 4.1 mmol/day)
      accompanied by lower urinary sodium content (single dose, 110 mmol/day; repeated
      dose, 101-112 mmol/day; placebo, 143 mmol/day). Additionally, stool phosphorus
      content was increased (single dose, 31.0 mmol/day; repeated dose, 17.6-24.8
      mmol/day; placebo, 16.8 mmol/day) and urinary phosphorus content decreased
      (single dose, 18.7 mmol/day; repeated dose, 15.3-19.4 mmol/day; placebo, 25.5
      mmol/day). Tenapanor had minimal systemic exposure, provided a softer stool
      consistency, and was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Tenapanor treatment reduced
      absorption of intestinal sodium and phosphate from the gut in Japanese adults.
      Tenapanor had minimal systemic exposure and was well tolerated. Further research
      into the clinical benefits of tenapanor is warranted.

PMID- 27368675
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368676
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368677
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368678
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368679
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368680
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368681
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368682
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368683
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368684
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368685
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368686
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368687
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368688
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368689
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368690
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368691
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368692
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368693
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368694
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368696
TI  - Mass Spectrometry-Based Diagnosis of Hemoglobinopathies: A Potential Tool for the
      Screening of Genetic Disorder.
AB  - Hemoglobinopathies are caused by point mutation in globin gene that results in
      structural variant of hemoglobin. While 7 % of world populations are carrier of
      hemoglobinopathies, the prevalence of the disease varies between 3 to 17 % across
      different population groups in India. In a diagnostic laboratory, alkaline gel
      electrophoresis and cation exchange-based HPLC (CE-HPLC) are most widely used
      techniques for characterization of hemoglobin variants. In the above methods, the
      differential surface charge of hemoglobin molecule in variants is exploited for
      their characterization. Sometime, co-migration of variants in gel electrophoresis
      and co-elution or elution with unknown retention time in automated CE-HPLC might
      lead to ambiguity in the analysis of hemoglobinopathies. Under such
      circumstances, it is necessary to use other analytical methods that provide
      unambiguous results. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach and DNA sequence
      analysis are examples of such alternative methods. In the present study, liquid
      chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has been used for three commonly
      observed variants in India, e.g., HbE, HbQ India and HbD Punjab that appeared
      with inappropriate results in the conventional analysis. A customized hemoglobin
      variant database has been used in the mass spectrometry-based analysis of those
      three variants. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach was used to analyze
      above variant sample accurately.

PMID- 27368695
TI  - Exercise echocardiography for the assessment of pulmonary hypertension in
      systemic sclerosis: a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) complicates the course of
      systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is associated with poor prognosis. The elevation of
      systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) during exercise in patients with SSc
      with normal resting haemodynamics may anticipate the development of PAH. Exercise
      echocardiography (ExEcho) has been proposed as a useful technique to identify
      exercise-induced increases in sPAP, but it is unclear how to clinically interpret
      these findings. In this systematic review, we summarize the available evidence on
      the role of exercise echocardiography to estimate exercise-induced elevations in
      pulmonary and left heart filling pressures in patients with systemic sclerosis.
      METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE,
      Cochrane Library and Web of Knowledge, using the vocabulary terms: ('systemic
      sclerosis' OR 'scleroderma') AND ('exercise echocardiography') AND ('pulmonary
      hypertension'). Studies including patients with SSc without a prior diagnosis of
      PAH, and subjected to exercise echocardiography were included. All searches were
      limited to English and were augmented by review of bibliographic references from
      the included studies. The quality of evidence was assessed by the Effective
      Public Health Practice Project system. RESULTS: We identified 15 studies
      enrolling 1242 patients, who were mostly middle-aged and female. Several exercise
      methods were used (cycloergometer, treadmill and Master's two step), with
      different protocols and positions (supine, semi-supine, upright); definition of a
      positive test also varied widely. Resting estimated sPAP levels varied from 18 to
      35 mm Hg, all in the normal range. The weighted means for estimated sPAP were
      22.2 +/- 2.9 mmHg at rest and 43.0 +/- 4.3 mmHg on exercise; more than half of
      the studies reported mean exercise sPAP >=40 mmHg. The assessment of left
      ventricular diastolic function on peak exercise was reported in a minority of
      studies; however, when assessed, surrogate variables of left ventricular (LV)
      diastolic dysfunction were associated with higher sPAP on exercise. CONCLUSIONS:
      We found very high heterogeneity in the methods, the protocols and the estimated
      sPAP response to exercise. LV diastolic dysfunction was common and was associated
      with greater elevation of sPAP on exercise.

PMID- 27368697
TI  - Glutathione S-Transferase Pi-Ile 105 Val Polymorphism and Susceptibility to T2DM
      in Population from Turabah Region of Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated
      with oxidative stress resulting from accumulation of free radicals in body's
      tissues, which especially affects beta cells in pancreas and is an important
      factor in the development of diabetes and its complications. Glutathione S
      transferases (GSTs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes that play important roles
      in decreasing ROS species and act as a kind of antioxidant defense. In a case
      control study, we investigated the role of GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism in
      predisposition to T2DM in patients from Tarabah province, Saudi Arabia. The
      polymorphism was screened by PCR-RFLP in 90 T2DM patients and 87 healthy
      controls. The genotypes and alleles frequencies in cases and controls were
      assessed using Cochran-Armitage trend test and odds ratios (ORs), and 95 %
      confidence intervals (CIs) in different genetic models of inheritance were
      calculated. Our data indicate that G allele (Val) is associated with an increased
      risk for T2DM in this population in any combination (OR 4.101, 95 % CI 1.986
      8.469, P = 0.00008). This indicates that individuals who are carriers for the
      mutant allele, either in homozygous (GG) or heterozygous (AG) state, are at
      fourfold higher risk for development of T2DM than other subjects in this
      population. 

PMID- 27368698
TI  - Comparative genomics reveals multiple pathways to mutualism for tick-borne
      pathogens.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple important human and livestock pathogens employ ticks as
      their primary host vectors. It is not currently known whether this means of
      infecting a host arose once or many times during evolution. RESULTS: In order to
      address this question, we conducted a comparative genomics analysis on a set of
      bacterial pathogens from seven genera - Borrelia, Rickettsia, Anaplasma,
      Ehrlichia, Francisella, Coxiella, and Bartonella, including species from three
      different host vectors - ticks, lice, and fleas. The final set of 102 genomes
      used in the study encoded a total of 120,046 protein sequences. We found that no
      genes or metabolic pathways were present in all tick-borne bacteria. However, we
      found some genes and pathways were present in subsets of tick-transmitted
      organisms while absent from bacteria transmitted by lice or fleas. CONCLUSION:
      Our analysis suggests that the ability of pathogens to be transmitted by ticks
      arose multiple times over the course of evolution. To our knowledge, this is the
      most comprehensive study of tick transmissibility to date.

PMID- 27368699
TI  - The impact of a standardized order set for the management of non-hip fragility
      fractures in a Fracture Liaison Service.
AB  - : We analysed the impact of a standardized order set empowering staff nurses to
      independently manage a Fracture Liaison Service over a 9-month period. Nurses
      identified between 30 and 70 % of non-hip fragility fractures to the unit in
      charge of management over time. The latter managed 58 % of referred patients.
      INTRODUCTION: The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of a
      standardized order set empowering nurses to independently manage a fracture
      liaison service (FLS). METHODS: Since November 2014, an order set allowed nurses
      of a Montreal hospital, Quebec, Canada to entirely manage an FLS on their own.
      Nurses followed an 6-h training program on-site. Emergency department (ED) and
      orthopaedic outpatient clinic (OC) nurses identified non-hip fragility fractures.
      Medical day treatment unit (MDTU) nurses were in charge of the management
      (investigation and treatment initiation). The list of patients, 50 years and
      older, with a fracture were retrieved for the period of November 2014 to July
      2015. Performance was assessed with the rate of identification over time and the
      rate of management of non-hip fragility fractures. RESULTS: Over the 9-month
      period, 346 patients of >=50 years old were seen for a fracture, of which 190 met
      fragility criteria (excluding hip fractures). A sinusoid pattern of rates of
      identification between 30-70 % was observed over time. An average proportion of
      58.1 % of fracture patients were managed by MDTU nurses. CONCLUSIONS: A
      standardized order set legally allowing nurses to manage an FLS led to
      identification rates varying from 30-70 % and a management rate close to 60 % for
      referred patients over a 9-month period, which largely exceeds that of standard
      care. Identification was mostly compromised by difficulty integrating the order
      set into routine practice. Enforcement of the hospital policy on fragility
      fractures could help yield efficiency of identification of osteoporosis-related
      fractures by the staff.

PMID- 27368700
TI  - Antibacterial constituents of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus and their mechanisms of
      action.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To extract, purify, and identify the effective constituents of
      aqueous extract of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus, and analyze the bactericidal
      effects of total tannins. METHODS: Preparative thin layer chromatography and semi
      preparative high performance liquid chromatography were used to isolate and
      purify the total tannin fraction. (1)H- and (13)C- NMR spectroscopy were used to
      elucidate compound structures. The antibacterial activities of total tannins and
      ethyl gallate on Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) were
      determined through minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal
      concentration assays. Their antibacterial mechanisms of action were explored by
      transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Five
      compounds were isolated: ellagic acid, ethyl gallate, arjugenin, beta-sitosterol,
      and tri-n-butyl chebulate. Tri-n-butyl chebulate is a newly-reported compound.
      Total tannins and ethyl gallate both had favorable bactericidal effects against
      KP and SA. CONCLUSION: In vivo and in vitro pharmacodynamic experiment
      demonstrated that the effective components of Fructus Chebulae Immaturus
      possessed significant antibacterial effects, and were nontoxic and safe. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: No results of a health care intervention on human participants.

PMID- 27368702
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368703
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368701
TI  - Late morphological changes after radiosurgery of brain arteriovenous
      malformations: an MRI study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radiosurgery by Gamma Knife (GK) is an effective treatment for brain
      arteriovenous malformations (AVM). The aim of the present study was to evaluate
      late, radiation-induced changes detectable by MRI after AVM radiosurgery in
      patients treated minimally 10 years prior, with AVM obliteration proven by
      angiography. METHODS: Thirty-five patients with 37 AVMs were included. AVMs were
      irradiated 16.6 +/- 3.5 years prior with AVM obliteration proven 13 +/- 4 years
      prior. All patients underwent recent MRI examinations, including application of
      gadolinium-based contrast. RESULTS: In one case, post-irradiative cystic
      formation with mass effect and signs of hemorrhage requiring surgery was found.
      Post-gadolinium enhancement at the site of obliterated nidi was apparent in 28 of
      37 cases (76 %). In all cases except one, the mean volume of enhancement at the
      time of review was clearly lower than the volume of the originally irradiated AVM
      (88 +/- 20 %; median 92 %); in one case the extent was 142 % greater than the
      irradiated AVM. When we compared enhancing and non-enhancing nidi, we found that
      enhancing nidi were significantly larger than non-enhancing nidi at the time of
      radiosurgery (4.39 +/- 3.35 cc vs. 0.89 +/- 0.79 cc, p = 0.004). Enhancement was
      not influenced by total radiation dose, patient age at the time of irradiation,
      duration since radiosurgery, or the number of irradiations. Wallerian
      degeneration was found in nine of 37 cases (24 %); in six cases the optical
      tracts were affected and visual field defects were proven. In five of nine cases
      (55.6 %) with Wallerian degeneration previous hemorrhage was present. Dual
      vascular pathology was found in eight of 35 patients (23 %). CONCLUSIONS: GK
      radiosurgery for AVM is a safe treatment method although delayed complications
      may occur. Post-gadolinium enhancement of obliterated nidi may indicate an active
      post-irradiative process.

PMID- 27368704
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368705
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368706
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368707
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368708
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368710
TI  - Echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine in chinchillas ( Chinchilla
      lanigera).
AB  - Alpha2-agonist anesthetic combinations are often used in rodent anesthesia but no
      information about their effects on cardiac function in chinchillas exists. The
      purpose of this study was to utilize echocardiography to evaluate the
      cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine anesthesia in chinchillas.
      Echocardiographic examinations were performed in eight adult chinchillas under
      manual restraint and following dexmedetomidine (0.015 mg/kg) and ketamine (4
      mg/kg) administration. Dexmedetomidine-ketamine anesthesia resulted in a
      significantly decreased heart rate, fractional shortening, cardiac output, and
      flow velocity across the aortic and pulmonic valves, and significantly increased
      left ventricular internal diameter in systole. The observed changes in
      echocardiographic parameters are similar to those previously reported in
      chinchillas anesthetized with isoflurane.

PMID- 27368709
TI  - The gut microbiome of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, from its natural
      habitat demonstrates selective attributes of microbial taxa and predictive
      metabolic profiles.
AB  - In this paper, we describe the microbial composition and their predictive
      metabolic profile in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus gut ecosystem along
      with samples from its habitat by using NextGen amplicon sequencing and downstream
      bioinformatics analyses. The microbial communities of the gut tissue revealed a
      near-exclusive abundance of Campylobacteraceae, whereas the pharynx tissue
      consisted of Tenericutes, followed by Gamma-, Alpha- and Epsilonproteobacteria at
      approximately equal capacities. The gut digesta and egested fecal pellets
      exhibited a microbial profile comprised of Gammaproteobacteria, mainly Vibrio,
      and Bacteroidetes. Both the seagrass and surrounding sea water revealed Alpha-
      and Betaproteobacteria. Bray-Curtis distances of microbial communities indicated
      a clustering profile with low intrasample variation. Predictive metagenomics
      performed on the microbial communities revealed that the gut tissue had high
      relative abundances of metabolisms assigned to the KEGG-Level-2 designation of
      energy metabolisms compared to the gut digesta, which had higher carbohydrate,
      amino acid and lipid metabolisms. Overall, the results of this study elaborate
      the spatial distribution of microbial communities in the gut ecosystem of L.
      variegatus, and specifically a selective attribute for Campylobacteraceae in the
      gut tissue. Also, the predictive functional significance of bacterial communities
      in uniquely compartmentalized gut ecosystems of L. variegatus has been described.

PMID- 27368711
TI  - Rapid conditional targeted ablation model for hemolytic anemia in the rat.
AB  - Effective methods for cell ablation are important tools for examining the
      anatomical, functional, and behavioral consequences of selective loss of specific
      cell types in animal models. We have developed an ablation system based on
      creating genetically modified animals that express human CD59 (hCD59), a membrane
      receptor, and administering intermedilysin (ILY), a toxin produced by
      Streptococcus intermedius, which binds specifically to hCD59 to induce cell
      lysis. As proof-of-concept in the rat, we generated an anemia model, SD-Tg(CD59
      HBA1)Bryd, which expresses hCD59 on erythrocytes. Hemolysis is a common
      complication of inherited or acquired blood disorders, which can result in
      cardiovascular compromise and death. A rat model that can replicate hemolysis
      through specific ablation of erythrocytes would allow further study of disease
      and novel treatments. In vitro, complete lysis of erythrocytes expressing hCD59
      was observed at and above 250 pM ILY, while no lysis was observed in wild-type
      erythrocytes at any ILY concentration (8-1,000 pM). In vivo, ILY intravenous
      injection (100 ng/g body wt) dramatically reduced the hematocrit within 10 min,
      with a mean hematocrit reduction of 43% compared with 1.4% in the saline control
      group. Rats injected with ILY at 500 ng/g intraperitoneally developed gross signs
      of anemia. Histopathology confirmed anemia and revealed hepatic necrosis, with
      microthrombi present. These studies validate the hCD59-ILY cell ablation
      technology in the rat and provide the scientific community with a new rapid
      conditional targeted ablation model for hemolytic anemia and hemolysis-associated
      sequelae.

PMID- 27368712
TI  - Young voices in mental health care: Exploring children's and adolescents' service
      experiences and preferences.
AB  - The development of 'youth-friendly' services has become a priority across a wide
      range of health-care contexts. However, relatively few studies have specifically
      examined users' experiences of, and preferences for, child and adolescent mental
      health care. The current study investigated young service users' views of
      outpatient and community mental health clinics in Sweden, based on two data
      sources. First, focus group interviews were conducted with seven children and
      adolescents (aged 10-18 years) to explore both positive and negative experiences
      of mental health care. Second, written suggestions about specific service
      improvements were obtained from 106 children and adolescents. Qualitative content
      analysis revealed three overarching themes: 'Accessibility', 'Being heard and
      seen' and 'Usefulness of sessions'. Young people's recommendations for improving
      practice included more convenient appointment times, offered in welcoming
      settings; opportunities to communicate more openly with clinical staff, enabling
      sensitive discussion of mental health and wider personal issues; and more
      structured treatments that offer greater credibility and relevance to young
      people's mental health and developmental needs. Young people also discussed being
      compelled by parents and school professionals to engage in treatment. Attending
      to young people's preferences must be a priority in order to overcome ambivalence
      about session attendance, and enhance treatment participation and outcomes.

PMID- 27368713
TI  - Scorpion envenoming caused by Tityus cf. silvestris evolving with severe muscle
      spasms in the Brazilian Amazon.
AB  - Scorpion stings are a public health problem in the Brazilian Amazon. However,
      detailed clinical characterization with the proper animal identification is
      scarce. Here we report a confirmed case of envenoming by Tityus cf. silvestris in
      the Brazilian Amazon. The case evolved with generalized muscle spasms and was
      treated with antivenom and supportive therapy, requiring intensive care unit
      admission. The patient evolved favourably and was discharged after 9 days of
      hospitalization. 

PMID- 27368714
TI  - Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease in an 8-year-old boy responding to
      methotrexate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Febrile ulceronecrotic Mucha-Habermann disease (FUMHD) is a rare
      fulminant variant of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA)
      characterized by a rapidly progressive course with predominant ulceronecrotic
      lesions associated with fever and systemic manifestations. First described by
      Degos in 1966, it carries a high morbidity and is potentially fatal. The exact
      pathogenesis is not clear, but it is proposed to be the result of
      hypersensitivity reaction to an infection. METHODS: Here we report the case of an
      8-year-old boy with FUMHD in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. RESULTS: The
      patient presented with pyrexia, fatigue, arthralgia, and worsening of his already
      existing skin lesions of PLEVA. There was an extensive painful erythematous
      maculopapular rash, some lesions ulcerated and necrotic, involving the face,
      trunk, limbs, and flexures. A diagnosis of FUMHD was made based on clinical and
      histological features. The skin lesions responded extremely well to oral
      methotrexate, with almost complete healing after 4 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: We
      describe a rare variant of PLEVA, namely FUMHD, in an 8-year-old boy who showed a
      remarkably favorable response to methotrexate, as manifested by near total
      clearance of the skin lesions without scarring or hyperpigmentation.

PMID- 27368715
TI  - Induction of delayed wound healing by irradiation with optional mechanical
      compression in swine.
AB  - A chronic wound or non-healing wound is one that fails to heal for at least 30
      days after injury. This study was designed to create delayed wound healing
      induced by irradiation and mechanical compression using silicone block. Two
      female pigs received a single fraction of 20 Gy with 6-MeV electrons to a 22 * 60
      cm field on the dorsal body skin 7 weeks before experimentation. A 30 * 30 mm
      sized wounds were created with preservation of muscle fascia on the dorsum. In
      groups of six, wounds were designated to be control (C) or test areas of
      irradiation only (T0), irradiation with silicone blocks for 1 week (T1),
      irradiation with silicone blocks for 2 weeks (T2), and irradiation with silicone
      blocks for 3 weeks (T3). Wound contraction, bacterial culture, and histological
      analysis were performed at 1-week intervals for 4 weeks. Control wounds displayed
      complete re-epithelialization at Weeks 4; however, all experimental groups (T0,
      T1, T2, and T3 groups) showed necrosis and delayed healing at Week 4. The number
      of bacterial strains in control wounds differed significantly from values
      recorded for all experimental groups from Weeks 1-3 (p < 0.05). However, in
      comparing the various test wounds (T0, T1, T2, and T3 groups), the numbers of
      strains did not differ significantly from Weeks 1-4. In the histological
      analysis, the control wound showed a peak influx of acute and chronic
      inflammatory cell and diminished inflammation thereafter. However, all
      experimental groups showed no peak in inflammatory score and prolonged chronic
      inflammation. In conclusion, radiation exposure alone, which triggers intense
      inflammation and extensive recruitment of inflammatory cells, proved sufficient
      to prevent re-epithelialization of skin at 30 days. Insertion of silicone blocks
      had limited effects on promoting delayed wound healing. Consequently, we now
      recommend using irradiation alone to simulate delayed wound healing in an
      experimental setting.

PMID- 27368718
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368719
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368717
TI  - First depressed, then discriminated against?
AB  - Each year a substantial share of the European population suffers from major
      depression. This mental illness may affect individuals' later life outcomes
      indirectly by the stigma it inflicts. The present study assesses hiring
      discrimination based on disclosed depression. To this end, between May 2015 and
      July 2015, we sent out 288 trios of job applications from fictitious candidates
      to real vacancies in Belgium. Within each trio, one candidate claimed to have
      become unemployed only recently, whereas the other two candidates revealed former
      depression or no reason at all for their unemployment during a full year.
      Disclosing a year of inactivity due to former depression decreases the
      probability of getting a job interview invitation by about 34% when compared with
      candidates who just became unemployed, but the stigma effect of a year of
      depression is not significantly higher than the stigma effect of a year of
      unexplained unemployment. In addition, we found that these stigmas of depression
      and unemployment were driven by our male trios of fictitious candidates. As a
      consequence, our results are in favour of further research on gender
      heterogeneity in the stigma of depression and other health impairments.

PMID- 27368720
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368721
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368722
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368716
TI  - Stress-related skin disorders.
AB  - Emerging research has suggested that the skin is not only a target of organismal
      distress but also an active participant of the stress response through production
      of local "HPA axis" components, peripheral nerve endings, and resident skin
      cells, including keratinocytes, mast cells, and immune/immune accessory cells.
      There are also bidirectional communication pathways between the brain and the
      skin, which play significant roles in integrating these interactions. In this
      review, we summarize the intricate relations between stress and several skin
      conditions. We have tried to identify the underlying mechanisms that link stress
      to the common dermatoses according to the latest scientific findings.

PMID- 27368723
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368724
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368725
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368726
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368727
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368728
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368729
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368730
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368732
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368731
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368733
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368734
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368735
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368736
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368737
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368738
TI  - Biological devulcanization of ground natural rubber by Gordonia desulfuricans DSM
      44462(T) strain.
AB  - Due to the rapid increase of waste vulcanized rubber products, the development of
      low-cost, efficient, and selective devulcanization processes is needed. In this
      paper, the devulcanization ability of Gordonia desulfuricans DSM 44462(T) was
      evaluated by a design of experiments. The aim of the experimental design was to
      investigate the importance of parameters influencing the bacterial growth, such
      as the glucose concentration (C), dibenzothiophene concentration (DBT), and
      initial biomass (optical density, OD) in biodevulcanization process. The complex
      viscosity (eta*) was chosen as experimental response for the experimental design.
      A multiple linear regression was used to model the relationship between the
      response and the process variables. In addition, the crosslink density and gel
      fraction were measured. Furthermore, the automated ribosomal intergenic spacer
      analysis (ARISA) as a microbiological method was performed to assess the
      persistence of the inoculated strain during the experiments. Reduced regression
      models were obtained considering only the significant variables and interactions.
      The glucose concentration C and OD variables and C-DBT and DBT-OD interactions
      resulted to the relevant parameters for the process. The fingerprinting showed
      the persistence of G. desulfuricans DSM 44462(T), despite the presence of other
      bacterial population after the VGNR sterilization. These results highlight the
      importance to support the physics analysis with microbiological analyses to
      evaluate the bacterial persistence during the treatment. 

PMID- 27368739
TI  - X-ray structures of the Pseudomonas cichorii D-tagatose 3-epimerase mutant form
      C66S recognizing deoxy sugars as substrates.
AB  - Pseudomonas cichorii D-tagatose 3-epimerase (PcDTE), which has a broad substrate
      specificity, efficiently catalyzes the epimerization of not only D-tagatose to D
      sorbose but also D-fructose to D-psicose (D-allulose) and also recognizes the
      deoxy sugars as substrates. In an attempt to elucidate the substrate recognition
      and catalytic reaction mechanisms of PcDTE for deoxy sugars, the X-ray structures
      of the PcDTE mutant form with the replacement of Cys66 by Ser (PcDTE_C66S) in
      complexes with deoxy sugars were determined. These X-ray structures showed that
      substrate recognition by the enzyme at the 1-, 2-, and 3-positions is responsible
      for enzymatic activity and that substrate-enzyme interactions at the 4-, 5-, and
      6-positions are not essential for the catalytic reaction of the enzyme leading to
      the broad substrate specificity of PcDTE. They also showed that the epimerization
      site of 1-deoxy 3-keto D-galactitol is shifted from C3 to C4 and that 1-deoxy
      sugars may bind to the catalytic site in the inhibitor-binding mode. The
      hydrophobic groove that acts as an accessible surface for substrate binding is
      formed through the dimerization of PcDTE. In PcDTE_C66S/deoxy sugar complex
      structures, bound ligand molecules in both the linear and ring forms were
      detected in the hydrophobic groove, while bound ligand molecules in the catalytic
      site were in the linear form. This result suggests that the sugar-ring opening of
      a substrate may occur in the hydrophobic groove and also that the narrow channel
      of the passageway to the catalytic site allows a substrate in the linear form to
      pass through.

PMID- 27368740
TI  - The diversity and distribution of anammox bacteria in the marine aquaculture
      zones.
AB  - The accumulation of toxic inorganic nitrogen is one of the major water quality
      problems in intensive aquaculture systems, thus the N removal in aquaculture
      systems is an important issue for the sustainable development of aquaculture. To
      understand one of the major microbial N removal processes, anaerobic ammonium
      oxidation (anammox), phylogenetic diversity, and distribution of anammox bacteria
      in sediments of four different marine aquaculture zones in Hong Kong (HK) were
      investigated. The 16S rRNA genes analysis indicated that sequences detected from
      Cheung Sha Wan (CSW) and Sok Kwu Wan (SKW) were closely related to several
      clusters within the Scalindua genus of anammox bacteria, including a new habitat
      specific group, while only several sequences related to Scalindua and Kuenenia
      were detected in Sham Wan (SW) and Yim Tin Tsai East (YTTE). Most of the
      sequences obtained in SW and YTTE with the same PCR primers showed a low
      similarity to the known anammox bacteria, forming several novel groups within the
      Planctomycetes. However, results from the hydrazine oxidoreductase (HZO) encoding
      gene showed that only sequences from SW were related to the genus of Kuenenia,
      and sequences from other three sites were closely related to the genus of
      Scalindua. The community analysis showed that CSW and SKW share similar anammox
      bacterial community structures while SW and YTTE contain a unique anammox
      bacterial community. Furthermore, correlations reflect that organic matter is
      positively correlated with Kuenenia-like anammox bacteria, while the redox
      potential is significantly correlated with Scalindua-like anammox bacteria in
      marine aquaculture zones. Our results extend the knowledge of anammox bacteria in
      marine aquaculture systems and highlight the importance of environmental factors
      in shaping the community structures of anammox bacteria. 

PMID- 27368741
TI  - Paradoxical performance of tryptophan synthase gene trp1 (+) in transformations
      of the basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea.
AB  - Several transformation strains of Coprinopsis cinerea carry the defective
      tryptophan synthase allele trp1-1,1-6 which can be complemented by introduction
      of the trp1 (+) wild-type gene. Regularly in C. cinerea, single-trp1 (+)-vector
      transformations yield about half the numbers of clones than cotransformations
      with a non-trp1 (+)-plasmid done in parallel. The effect is also observed with
      the orthologous Schizophyllum commune trpB (+) gene shown here to function as a
      selection marker in C. cinerea. Parts of single-trp1 (+) - or single-trpB (+) 
      vector transformants are apparently lost. This paradoxical phenomenon relates to
      de-regulation of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathways. Adding tryptophan
      precursors to protoplast regeneration agar or feeding with other aromatic amino
      acids increases loss of single-trp1 (+)-vector transformants and also sets off
      loss of clones in cotransformation with a non-trp1 (+)-plasmid. Feedback control
      by tryptophan and cross-pathway control by tyrosine and phenylalanine are both
      active in the process. We deduce from the observations that more cotransformants
      than single-vector transformants are obtained by in average less disturbance of
      the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway. DNA in C. cinerea transformation usually
      integrates into the genome at multiple ectopic places. Integration events for a
      single vector per nucleus should statistically be 2-fold higher in single-vector
      transformations than in cotransformations in which the two different molecules
      compete for the same potential integration sites. Integration of more trp1 (+)
      copies into the genome might more likely lead to sudden tryptophan overproduction
      with subsequent rigid shut-down of the pathway. Blocking ectopic DNA integration
      in a Deltaku70 mutant abolished the effect of doubling clone numbers in
      cotransformations due to preferred single trp1 (+) integration by homologous
      recombination at its native genomic site. 

PMID- 27368742
TI  - Toxoplasmosis presenting with a subtle maculopapular eruption in a child post
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

PMID- 27368743
TI  - Imaging diagnoses and outcome in patients presenting for primary angioplasty but
      no obstructive coronary artery disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A proportion of patients with suspected ST-elevation myocardial
      infarction (STEMI) presenting for primary percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PPCI) do not have obstructive coronary disease and other conditions may be
      responsible for their symptoms and ECG changes. In this study, we set out to
      determine the prevalence and aetiology of alternative diagnoses in a large PPCI
      cohort as determined with multimodality imaging and their outcome. METHODS: From
      2009 to 2012, 5238 patients with suspected STEMI were referred for consideration
      of PPCI. Patients who underwent angiography but had no culprit artery for
      revascularisation and no previous history of coronary artery disease were
      included in the study. Troponin values, imaging findings and all-cause mortality
      were obtained from hospital and national databases. RESULTS: A total of 575
      (13.0%) patients with a mean age of 58+/-15 years (69% men) fulfilled the
      inclusion criteria. A specific diagnosis based on imaging was made in 237
      patients (41.2%) including cardiomyopathies (n=104, 18%), myopericarditis (n=48,
      8.4%), myocardial infarction/other coronary abnormality (n=27, 4.9%) and severe
      valve disease (n=23, 4%). Pulmonary embolism and type A aortic dissection were
      identified in seven (1.2%) and four (0.7%) cases respectively. A total of 40
      (7.0%) patients died over a mean follow-up of 42.6 months. CONCLUSIONS: A variety
      of cardiac and non-cardiac conditions are prevalent in patients presenting with
      suspected STEMI but culprit-free angiogram, some of which may have adverse
      outcomes. Further imaging of such patients could thus be useful to help in
      appropriate management and follow-up.

PMID- 27368744
TI  - Comparison of three whole genome amplification methods for detection of genomic
      aberrations in single cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Detection of genomic copy number abnormalities in a single cell using
      array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) offers a promising non-invasive
      alternative for prenatal diagnosis. Our objective was to compare three
      commercially available whole-genome amplification (WGA) kits for their capacity
      to produce high quality DNA from single cells that is suitable for both molecular
      genotyping and array CGH. METHODS: We examined kit performance on unfixed, fixed
      and fixed/permeabilized lymphoblastoid cells. Molecular genotyping methods were
      used to evaluate the fidelity of amplified DNA for genomic profiling, while array
      CGH was used to assess copy number from single cells harboring trisomy 21, a
      DiGeorge syndrome deletion, a CMT1A duplication or a MECP2 duplication. RESULTS:
      Molecular genotyping was achieved from single cells but performance varied
      between WGA kits. Furthermore, we consistently detected a dosage difference in
      sex chromosomes for gender mismatched hybridizations and for chromosome 21 in
      trisomy 21 cells. The 2.5 Mb DiGeorge syndrome deletion was also detected using
      all three WGA platforms, whereas the 1.3 Mb CMT1A and the 0.6 Mb MECP2
      duplications were not consistently detected. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that
      single cell molecular genotyping and copy number analysis can be accomplished
      when WGA conditions are optimized. (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27368745
TI  - Development of novel recombinant biomimetic chimeric MPG-based peptide as
      nanocarriers for gene delivery: Imitation of a real cargo.
AB  - In last decades great efforts have been devoted to the study of development of
      recombinant peptide based vectors that consist of biological motifs with
      potential applications in gene therapy. Recombinant Biomimetic Chimeric Vectors
      (rBCVs) are biopolymeric nanocarriers that are designed to mimic viral features
      to overcome the cellular obstacles in gene transferring pathway into cell
      nucleus. In this research, we designed and genetically engineered three novel
      rBCVs with similar sequences that differed in motifs arrangement and motif
      abundance: MPG-2H1, 2TMPG-2H1 and 2RMPG-2H1. The MPG as a famous amphipathic cell
      penetrating peptide is the main segment of these constructs which was studied for
      the first time in association with truncated histone H1 DNA condensing motif.
      Through the performance of several physicochemical and biological assays, the
      rBCVs were remarkably examined regarding transfection efficiency. The main
      objective of this study is focused on the importance of motif design in
      transfection efficiency of rBCVs on one hand, and the assessment of correlation
      between structural features and functionality of motifs on the other hand. The
      results revealed that all three kinds of rBCVs/pDNA nanoparticles with average
      sizes of 200nm could overwhelm the cellular obstacles associated with gene
      transfer, and lead to efficient gene delivery. Furthermore, no significant
      toxicity was perceived and efficient endosome disruptive activity was obtained.
      It is noteworthy to say among three mentioned constructs 2RMPG-2H1 showed the
      highest transfection efficiency. Overall the peptide based vectors hold great
      promise as a nontoxic and effective gene carrier in vitro and in vivo, besides
      the rational design possibility as the most vital advantages over the other non
      viral gene delivery vectors. 

PMID- 27368746
TI  - Spheronization mechanism of pharmaceutical material crystals processed by
      extremely high shearing force using a mechanical powder processor.
AB  - We aimed to elucidate the mechanism of the spheronization of pharmaceutical
      material crystals through extremely high shearing force using a mechanical powder
      processor, which produces spherical crystals without a solvent. The
      spheronization of theophylline, acetaminophen, clarithromycin, ascorbic acid and
      lactose was investigated, and the relationship between the spheronization
      mechanism and material characteristics was also examined. Theophylline and
      ascorbic acid crystals were partially destroyed during mechanical processing,
      yielding large particles and dust, and the large fragments were then layered with
      powder to produce spheres with a core-shell structure. Acetaminophen crystals
      were completely fragmented under stress, yielding fine particles to which powder
      then agglomerated to produce spheres with a mosaic structure. Clarithromycin and
      lactose crystals were not spheronized. Our results showed that the fracture
      strength of intact material may be closely related to the size of intermediate
      fragments, determining spheronization mechanism. Furthermore, the results for
      powder cohesiveness suggest that the materials with moderate-to-high cohesiveness
      (theophylline, acetaminophen and ascorbic acid) are finally spheronized
      regardless of the degree of the strength, whereas those with low cohesiveness
      (clarithromycin and lactose) are not spheronized due to poor granulation. Hence,
      the cohesiveness of a material has a significant effect on the success of
      mechanical spheronization processes. 

PMID- 27368747
TI  - Influence of variation in molar ratio on co-amorphous drug-amino acid systems.
AB  - Molecular interactions were investigated within four different co-amorphous drug
      amino acid systems, namely indomethacin-tryptophan (Ind-Trp), furosemide
      tryptophan (Fur-Trp), indomethacin-arginine (Ind-Arg) and furosemide-arginine
      (Fur-Arg). The co-amorphous systems were prepared by ball milling for 90min at
      different molar ratios and analyzed by XRPD and DSC. Interactions within the co
      amorphous samples were evaluated based on the deviation between the actual glass
      transition temperature (Tg) and the theoretical Tg calculated by the Gordon
      Taylor equation. The strongest interactions were observed in the 50mol% drug
      (1:1M ratio) mixtures, with the exception of co-amorphous Ind-Arg where the
      interactions within the 40mol% drug samples appear equally strong. A particularly
      large deviation between the theoretical and actual Tgs was observed within co
      amorphous Ind-Arg and Fur-Arg systems. Further analysis of these co-amorphous
      systems by (13)C solid-state NMR (ssNMR) and FTIR confirmed that Ind and Fur
      formed a co-amorphous salt together with Arg. A modified approach of using the
      Gordon-Taylor equation was applied, using the equimolar co-amorphous mixture as
      one component, to describe the evolution of the Tgs with varying molar ratio
      between the drug and the amino acid. The actual Tgs for co-amorphous Ind-Trp, Fur
      Trp and Fur-Arg were correctly described by this equation, confirming the
      assumption that the excess component was amorphous forming a homogeneous single
      component within the co-amorphous mixture without additional interactions. The
      modified equation described the Tgs of the co-amorphous Ind-Arg with excess Arg
      less well indicating possible further interactions; however, the FTIR and ssNMR
      data did not support the presence of additional intermolecular drug-amino acid
      interactions. 

PMID- 27368748
TI  - Acitretin and aloe-emodin loaded chitin nanogel for the treatment of psoriasis.
AB  - The present study focuses on the development of an effective topical nanogel
      formulation of two anti-psoriatic drugs; Acitretin (Act) and Aloe-emodin (AE)
      using natural polymer chitin. Simple regeneration chemistry was used to prepare
      Chitin Nanogel Systems (CNGs). The developed control chitin (CNGs) nanogels,
      acitretin loaded chitin nanogels (ActCNGs) and aloe-emodin loaded chitin nanogels
      (AECNGs) were characterized by DLS, SEM, FTIR, XRD and TG-DTA. The systems were
      found to be spherical in shape with a size range of 98+/-10, 138+/-8 and 238+/
      6nm having zeta potential values of +28+/-3, +27+/-3 and +25+/-6mV for CNGs,
      ActCNGs and AECNGs respectively. The in vitro haemolysis assay revealed that all
      the nanogel systems are blood compatible. The systems exhibited higher swelling
      and release at acidic pH. The ex vivo skin permeation studies using porcine skin
      confirmed the higher deposition of the systems at epidermal and dermal layers,
      which was confirmed further by fluorescent imaging. The in vivo anti-psoriatic
      activity study using Perry's mouse tail model and skin safety studies confirmed
      the potential benefit of the system for topical delivery of acitretin and aloe
      emodin in psoriasis. 

PMID- 27368749
TI  - Tracking immune-related cell responses to drug delivery microparticles in 3D
      dense collagen matrix.
AB  - Beyond the therapeutic purpose, the impact of drug delivery microparticles on the
      local tissue and inflammatory responses remains to be further elucidated
      specifically for reactions mediated by the host immune cells. Such immediate and
      prolonged reactions may adversely influence the release efficacy and intended
      therapeutic pathway. The lack of suitable in vitro platforms limits our ability
      to gain insight into the nature of immune responses at a single cell level. In
      order to establish an in vitro 3D system mimicking the connective host tissue
      counterpart, we utilized reproducible, compressed, rat-tail collagen polymerized
      matrices. THP1 cells (human acute monocytic leukaemia cells) differentiated into
      macrophage-like cells were chosen as cell model and their functionality was
      retained in the dense rat-tail collagen matrix. Placebo microparticles were later
      combined in the immune cell seeded system during collagen polymerization and
      secreted pro-inflammatory factors: TNFalpha and IL-8 were used as immune response
      readout (ELISA). Our data showed an elevated TNFalpha and IL-8 secretion by
      macrophage THP1 cells indicating that Placebo microparticles trigger certain
      immune cell responses under 3D in vivo like conditions. Furthermore, we have
      shown that the system is sensitive to measure the differences in THP1 macrophage
      pro-inflammatory responses to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)
      microparticles with different API release kinetics. We have successfully
      developed a tissue-like, advanced, in vitro system enabling selective "readouts"
      of specific responses of immune-related cells. Such system may provide the basis
      of an advanced toolbox enabling systemic evaluation and prediction of in vivo
      microparticle reactions on human immune-related cells. 

PMID- 27368750
TI  - Potential confounding factors in measurement of specific cell-free seminal mRNAs
      and microRNAs derived from human reproductive organs.
AB  - Cell-free seminal RNA (cfs-RNA) is mixed transcripts derived from male
      reproductive organs, and is potential biomarker for the research and diagnosis of
      male reproductive-related diseases. However, some clinical factors, including
      age, asymptomatic Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection, scrotal heat stress,
      abstinence period, and the storage condition of semen samples, may interfere with
      sperm parameters and the measurement of seminal biomarkers. Accordingly, this
      study was designed to evaluate the effect of above clinical factors on the
      measurement of cfs-RNA, aiming to lay a foundation for its research use and
      potential clinical application. Semen samples were collected according to the
      selected clinical factors. Cell-free seminal plasma was obtained by
      centrifugation and total RNA was extracted with TRIzol LS. Selective male
      reproductive organ-specific cfs-mRNAs and cfs-miRNAs were quantified by
      quantitative real-time PCR. The concentration and total amount of cfs-mRNAs and
      cfs-miRNAs in one ejaculate were calculated and compared. ACTB, DDX4 (testis
      specific), WFDC9 (epididymis-specific), and miR-514a-3p (testis-specific)
      significantly increased after scrotal heat stress. SEMG1 (seminal vesicle
      specific) showed declining tendency with the prolonged abstinence period. Age,
      asymptomatic UU infection, and the storage condition showed no significant impact
      on the measurement of cfs-RNA. These results indicate that scrotal heat stress
      significantly interfere with the selected cfs-RNA derived from the testis and
      epididymis, and abstinence period may affect the yield of cfs-mRNA from seminal
      vesicle, while other clinical factors has no significant impact on the
      measurement. Thus, heat exposure and abstinence period should be considered for
      the cfs-RNA measurement in its research or clinical application.

PMID- 27368751
TI  - Strenuous physical exercise accelerates the lipid peroxide clearing transport by
      HDL.
AB  - PURPOSE: Physical exercise has cardioprotective functions, which have been partly
      linked to high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and its functions. We studied the
      effects of endogenous oxidative stress, induced by acute exhaustive physical
      exercise, on concentration of oxidized HDL lipids. METHODS: Twenty-four male
      national top-level endurance runners, 12 middle-distance runners and 12 marathon
      runners performed a maximal run on a treadmill until exhaustion. We analyzed
      concentrations of oxidized HDL (oxHDLlipids) and LDL lipids (oxLDLlipids), serum
      antioxidant potential (TRAP), paraoxonase activity and malondialdehyde. Venous
      blood samples were taken before, immediately, 15 and 90 min after exercise.
      RESULTS: Immediately after the treadmill run the concentration of oxHDLlipids was
      increased by 24 % (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the ratio of oxHDLlipids to
      oxLDLlipids increased by 55 % and the oxLDLlipids levels decreased by 19 % (p <
      0.001), while serum malondialdehyde and TRAP increased by 54 % (p < 0.001) and 29
      % (p < 0.01), respectively. After the 90 min recovery the concentration of
      oxHDLlipids was decreased towards the pre-exercise level, but that of oxLDLlipids
      remained decreased below pre-exercise values (p < 0.001). The change in
      oxLDLlipids after the run correlated positively with VO2max (r = 0.67, p < 0.001)
      and negatively with the change in paraoxonase activity (r = -0.47, p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that acute exhaustive physical exercise increased the
      concentration of oxHDLlipids and decreased that of oxLDLlipids and the ratio of
      oxLDLlipids to oxHDLlipids, which suggests that during physical exercise HDL has
      an active role in the removal of lipid peroxides.

PMID- 27368753
TI  - Recent advances in research on magnesium alloys and magnesium-calcium phosphate
      composites as biodegradable implant materials.
AB  - Magnesium alloys are modern biocompatible materials suitable for orthopaedic
      implants due to their biodegradability in biological environment. Many studies
      indicate that there is a high demand to design magnesium alloys with controllable
      in vivo corrosion rates and required mechanical properties. A solution to this
      challenge can be sought in the development of metal matrix composites based on
      magnesium alloys with addition of relevant alloying elements and bioceramic
      particles. In this study, the corrosion mechanisms along with corrosion
      protection methods in magnesium alloys are discussed. The recently developed
      magnesium alloys for biomedical applications are reviewed. Special attention is
      given to the newest research results in metal matrix composites composed of
      magnesium alloy matrix and calcium phosphates, especially hydroxyapatite or
      tricalcium phosphate, as the second phase with emphasis on the biodegradation
      behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties in view of potential
      application of these materials in bone implants.

PMID- 27368752
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) complex
      microspheres as drug carriers.
AB  - Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) is synthesized via melt polycondensation
      directly from lactic acid and glycolic acid with a feed molar ratio of 75/25.
      Bovine serum albumin, which is used as model protein, is entrapped into the
      poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres with particle size of 260.9 +/- 20.0
      nm by the double emulsification method. Then it is the first report of producing
      more carboxyl groups by poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) surface hydrolysis. The
      purpose is developing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres surface, which
      is modified with chitosan by chemical reaction between carboxyl groups and amine
      groups. The particle size and the positive zeta potential of the poly(lactic-co
      glycolic acid)/chitosan microspheres are 388.2 +/- 35.6 nm and 10.4 +/- 2.9 mV,
      respectively. The drug loading ratio and encapsulation efficacy of poly(lactic-co
      glycolic acid)/chitosan microspheres are 36.3% and 57.5%, which are higher than
      PLGA microspheres. Furthermore, the drug burst release of poly(lactic-co-glycolic
      acid)/chitosan microspheres at 10 h is decreased to 21.72% while the
      corresponding value of the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere is 64.56%.
      These results reveal that surface hydrolysis modification of poly(lactic-co
      glycolic acid) is an efficient method to improve the negative potential and
      chemical reaction properties of the polymer. And furthermore, this study shows
      that chitosan-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres is a promising
      system for the controlled release of pharmaceutical proteins.

PMID- 27368754
TI  - Divisome and segrosome components of Deinococcus radiodurans interact through
      cell division regulatory proteins.
AB  - The Deinococcus radiodurans genome encodes many of the known components of
      divisome as well as four sets of genome partitioning proteins, ParA and ParB on
      its multipartite genome. Interdependent regulation of cell division and genome
      segregation is not understood. In vivo interactions of D. radiodurans' sdivisome,
      segrosome and other cell division regulatory proteins expressed on multicopy
      plasmids were studied in Escherichia coli using a bacterial two-hybrid system and
      confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation with the proteins made in E. coli. Many of
      these showed interactions both with the self and with other proteins. For
      example, DrFtsA, DrFtsZ, DrMinD, DrMinC, DrDivIVA and all four ParB proteins
      individually formed at least homodimers, while DrFtsA interacted with DrFtsZ,
      DrFtsW, DrFtsE, DrFtsK and DrMinD. DrMinD also showed interaction with DrFtsW,
      DrFtsE and DrMinC. Interestingly, septum site determining protein, DrDivIVA
      showed interactions with secondary genome ParAs as well as ParB1, ParB3 and ParB4
      while DrMinC interacted with ParB1 and ParB3. PprA, a pleiotropic protein
      recently implicated in cell division regulation, neither interacted with divisome
      proteins nor ParBs but interacted at different levels with all four ParAs. These
      results suggest the formation of independent multiprotein complexes of 'DrFts'
      proteins, segrosome proteins and cell division regulatory proteins, and these
      complexes could interact with each other through DrMinC and DrDivIVA, and PprA in
      D. radiodurans.

PMID- 27368755
TI  - A Comparison of Fourth-Year Health Sciences Students' Knowledge of Gross Lower
      and Upper Limb Anatomy: A Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the knowledge of fourth
      year medicine, physiotherapy (PT), nursing, and podiatry students in carpal and
      tarsal bone anatomy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Based on a
      nonprobability convenience sampling, 177 fourth-year students (117 women and 60
      men, mean age of 23.16 +/- 3.82 years) from the podiatry (n = 39), nursing (n =
      26), PT (n = 73), and medicine (n = 39) schools at a large Spanish university
      were included. Measurements were taken of their gross anatomy knowledge by means
      of the carpal and the tarsal bone tests. Students were asked to identify all
      carpal and tarsal bones in an illustration of the bony skeleton of both regions
      and were given a maximum of 5 minutes per test. RESULTS: Of a total of 15 bones
      to be labeled, the PT (11.07 +/- 3.30) and podiatry (9.36 +/- 2.93) students had
      the highest rate of correct answers compared with the medicine (6.13 +/- 3.27)
      and nursing (4.04 +/- 3.72) undergraduates. When assessing academic degrees and
      test scores, significant differences were observed between PT and podiatry
      participants vs those from the medicine and nursing schools (P < .001).
      CONCLUSION: Fourth-year students from the PT and podiatry programs correctly
      identified a higher number of carpal and tarsal bones than students from the
      nursing and medicine schools.

PMID- 27368756
TI  - Neck Flexor and Extensor Muscle Endurance in Subclinical Neck Pain: Intrarater
      Reliability, Standard Error of Measurement, Minimal Detectable Change, and
      Comparison With Asymptomatic Participants in a University Student Population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess intrarater reliability and to
      calculate the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change
      (MDC) for deep neck flexor and neck extensor muscle endurance tests, and compare
      the results between individuals with and without subclinical neck pain. METHODS:
      Participants were students of the University of Aveiro reporting subclinical neck
      pain and asymptomatic participants matched for sex and age to the neck pain
      group. Data on endurance capacity of the deep neck flexors and neck extensors
      were collected by a blinded assessor using the deep neck flexor endurance test
      and the extensor endurance test, respectively. Intraclass correlation
      coefficients (ICCs), SEM, and MDC were calculated for measurements taken within a
      session by the same assessor. Differences between groups for endurance capacity
      were investigated using a Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The deep neck flexor
      endurance test (ICC = 0.71; SEM = 6.91 seconds; MDC = 19.15 seconds) and neck
      extensor endurance test (ICC = 0.73; SEM = 9.84 minutes; MDC = 2.34 minutes) are
      reliable. No significant differences were found between participants with and
      without neck pain for both tests of muscle endurance (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The
      endurance capacity of the deep neck flexors and neck extensors can be reliably
      measured in participants with subclinical neck pain. However, the wide SEM and
      MDC might limit the sensitivity of these tests.

PMID- 27368758
TI  - Trends For Smaller Medical Journals.

PMID- 27368757
TI  - Subjective Mental Workload and Its Correlation With Musculoskeletal Disorders in
      Bank Staff.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of subjective
      mental workload (SMWL) and its correlation with musculoskeletal disorders among
      bank staff members in Kurdistan Province located in western Iran. METHODS: This
      cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 bank staff members in Kurdistan
      Province, Iran. The mental workload was assessed using the National Aeronautics
      and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) computerized version. NASA
      TLX is a multidimensional rating procedure that derives an overall workload score
      based on a weighted average of ratings on 6 subscales. These subscales include
      Mental Demands, Physical Demands, Temporal Demands, Performance, Effort,
      Effectiveness, and Frustration. The musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) were
      documented with the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and generic body
      diagram. RESULTS: Of the staff members, 78.5% experienced pain at least once
      during the past year in 1 of their 9 musculoskeletal body regions. The highest
      frequencies of pain were in the neck and lower back. The NASA-TLX estimated the
      Effort and Performance scales with mean +/- SD of 72.8 +/- 25.2 and 36 +/- 22.6,
      respectively, as the maximal and minimal scores among the 6 subscales of SMWL.
      The statistical analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant
      correlation between the overall mental workload score and also among the 6
      subscales of SMWL separately with MSDs (P < .05). CONCLUSION: SMWL appears to be
      a risk factor in the incidence of MSDs, so that the odds of MSDs increased by 11%
      with each additional 1-point increase in SMWL score.

PMID- 27368759
TI  - Iatrogenic Atrail Septal Defect After Mitral Valve Replacement.
AB  - The occurrence of an atrial septal defect after insertion of a prosthetic mitral
      valve is reported. The left atrium was approached through the interatrial septum.
      The concomitant development of a left ventricular apical aneurysm and of left
      ventricular dysfunction probably contributed to dehiscence of the septum. 

PMID- 27368760
TI  - Cause D'Erreur Dans La Lecture Des Antibiogrammes : Presence, Non Declaree, D'Un
      Antiseptique Sur Les Disques.
AB  - There is a need for legal control of sensitivity discs. False results are
      obtained by the use of discs containing an antibiotic and an unlabelled
      antimicrobial drug. Results of sensitivity tests (performed by the disc agar
      diffusion method) using Levocyclin8 discs furnished by the manufacturers were
      highly improbable. It appeared that these discs also contained thimerosal with
      which they were not labelled. Excellent In vitro results were exclusively due to
      the mercuric compound. This experience clearly illustrates the need for control
      ensuring that sensitivity discs comply with the manufacturer's description. 

PMID- 27368761
TI  - Selected Summaries.

PMID- 27368763
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27368764
TI  - The Enhanced Light Absorptance and Device Application of Nanostructured Black
      Silicon Fabricated by Metal-assisted Chemical Etching.
AB  - We use metal-assisted chemical etching (MCE) method to fabricate nanostructured
      black silicon on the surface of C-Si. The Si-PIN photoelectronic detector based
      on this type of black silicon shows excellent device performance with a
      responsivity of 0.57 A/W at 1060 nm. Silicon nanocone arrays can be created using
      MCE treatment. These modified surfaces show higher light absorptance in the near
      infrared range (800 to 2500 nm) compared to that of C-Si with polished surfaces,
      and the variations in the absorption spectra of the nanostructured black silicon
      with different etching processes are obtained. The maximum light absorptance
      increases significantly up to 95 % in the wavelength range of 400 to 2500 nm. Our
      recent novel results clearly indicate that nanostructured black silicon made by
      MCE has potential application in near-infrared photoelectronic detectors. 

PMID- 27368765
TI  - Corrigendum to "Salivary pellicles equalise surfaces' charges and modulate the
      virulence of Candida albicans biofilm" [Arch. Oral Biol. 66 (2016) 129-140].

PMID- 27368766
TI  - Kinks and bell-type solitons in microtubules.
AB  - In the present paper, we study the nonlinear dynamics of microtubules relying on
      the known u-model. As a mathematical procedure, we use the simplest equation
      method. We recover some solutions obtained earlier using less general methods.
      These are kink solitons. In addition, we show that the solution of the crucial
      differential equation, describing nonlinear dynamics of microtubules, can be a
      bell-type soliton. The discovery of this new solution is supported by numerical
      analysis.

PMID- 27368767
TI  - Predicting the future trend of popularity by network diffusion.
AB  - Conventional approaches to predict the future popularity of products are mainly
      based on extrapolation of their current popularity, which overlooks the hidden
      microscopic information under the macroscopic trend. Here, we study diffusion
      processes on consumer-product and citation networks to exploit the hidden
      microscopic information and connect consumers to their potential purchase,
      publications to their potential citers to obtain a prediction for future item
      popularity. By using the data obtained from the largest online retailers
      including Netflix and Amazon as well as the American Physical Society citation
      networks, we found that our method outperforms the accurate short-term
      extrapolation and identifies the potentially popular items long before they
      become prominent.

PMID- 27368768
TI  - Synchronization using environmental coupling in mercury beating heart
      oscillators.
AB  - We report synchronization of Mercury Beating Heart (MBH) oscillators using the
      environmental coupling mechanism. This mechanism involves interaction of the
      oscillators with a common medium/environment such that the oscillators do not
      interact among themselves. In the present work, we chose a modified MBH system as
      the common environment. In the absence of coupling, this modified system does not
      exhibit self sustained oscillations. It was observed that, as a result of the
      coupling of the MBH oscillators with this common environment, the electrical and
      the mechanical activities of both the oscillators synchronized simultaneously.
      Experimental results indicate the emergence of both lag and the complete
      synchronization in the MBH oscillators. Simulations of the phase oscillators were
      carried out in order to better understand the experimental observations.

PMID- 27368769
TI  - Spike-like solitary waves in incompressible boundary layers driven by a
      travelling wave.
AB  - Nonlinear waves produced in an incompressible boundary layer driven by a
      travelling wave are investigated, with damping considered as well. As one of the
      typical nonlinear waves, the spike-like wave is governed by the driven-damped
      Benjamin-Ono equation. The wave field enters a completely irregular state beyond
      a critical time, increasing the amplitude of the driving wave continuously. On
      the other hand, the number of spikes of solitary waves increases through
      multiplication of the wave pattern. The wave energy grows in a sequence of sharp
      steps, and hysteresis loops are found in the system. The wave energy jumps to
      different levels with multiplication of the wave, which is described by winding
      number bifurcation of phase trajectories. Also, the phenomenon of multiplication
      and hysteresis steps is found when varying the speed of driving wave as well.
      Moreover, the nature of the change of wave pattern and its energy is the
      stability loss of the wave caused by saddle-node bifurcation.

PMID- 27368770
TI  - Phase response curves for models of earthquake fault dynamics.
AB  - We systematically study effects of external perturbations on models describing
      earthquake fault dynamics. The latter are based on the framework of the Burridge
      Knopoff spring-block system, including the cases of a simple mono-block fault, as
      well as the paradigmatic complex faults made up of two identical or distinct
      blocks. The blocks exhibit relaxation oscillations, which are representative for
      the stick-slip behavior typical for earthquake dynamics. Our analysis is carried
      out by determining the phase response curves of first and second order. For a
      mono-block fault, we consider the impact of a single and two successive pulse
      perturbations, further demonstrating how the profile of phase response curves
      depends on the fault parameters. For a homogeneous two-block fault, our focus is
      on the scenario where each of the blocks is influenced by a single pulse, whereas
      for heterogeneous faults, we analyze how the response of the system depends on
      whether the stimulus is applied to the block having a shorter or a longer
      oscillation period.

PMID- 27368771
TI  - Controlling chaos-assisted directed transport via quantum resonance.
AB  - We report on the first demonstration of chaos-assisted directed transport of a
      quantum particle held in an amplitude-modulated and tilted optical lattice,
      through a resonance-induced double-mean displacement relating to the true
      classically chaotic orbits. The transport velocity is controlled by the driving
      amplitude and the sign of tilt, and also depends on the phase of the initial
      state. The chaos-assisted transport feature can be verified experimentally by
      using a source of single atoms to detect the double-mean displacement one by one,
      and can be extended to different scientific fields.

PMID- 27368772
TI  - Self-synchronization in an ensemble of nonlinear oscillators.
AB  - The paper describes the results of study of a system of coupled nonlinear,
      Duffing-type oscillators, from the viewpoint of their self-synchronization, i.e.,
      generation of a coherent field (order parameter) via instability of an incoherent
      (random-phase) initial state. We consider both the cases of dissipative coupling
      (e.g., via the joint radiation) and reactive coupling in a Hamiltonian system. 

PMID- 27368773
TI  - Recovery rate affects the effective epidemic threshold with synchronous updating.
AB  - Accurate identification of effective epidemic threshold is essential for
      understanding epidemic dynamics on complex networks. In this paper, we
      systematically study how the recovery rate affects the susceptible-infected
      removed spreading dynamics on complex networks, where synchronous and
      asynchronous updating processes are taken into account. We derive the theoretical
      effective epidemic threshold and final outbreak size based on the edge-based
      compartmental theory. To validate the proposed theoretical predictions, extensive
      numerical experiments are implemented by using asynchronous and synchronous
      updating methods. When asynchronous updating method is used in simulations,
      recovery rate does not affect the final state of spreading dynamics. But with
      synchronous updating, we find that the effective epidemic threshold decreases
      with recovery rate, and final outbreak size increases with recovery rate. A good
      agreement between the theoretical predictions and the numerical results are
      observed on both synthetic and real-world networks. Our results extend the
      existing theoretical studies and help us to understand the phase transition with
      arbitrary recovery rate.

PMID- 27368774
TI  - A novel coefficient for detecting and quantifying asymmetry of California
      electricity market based on asymmetric detrended cross-correlation analysis.
AB  - In order to detect and quantify asymmetry of two time series, a novel cross
      correlation coefficient is proposed based on recent asymmetric detrended cross
      correlation analysis (A-DXA), which we called A-DXA coefficient. The A-DXA
      coefficient, as an important extension of DXA coefficient rhoDXA, contains two
      directional asymmetric cross-correlated indexes, describing upwards and downwards
      asymmetric cross-correlations, respectively. By using the information of
      directional covariance function of two time series and directional variance
      function of each series itself instead of power-law between the covariance
      function and time scale, the proposed A-DXA coefficient can well detect asymmetry
      between the two series no matter whether the cross-correlation is significant or
      not. By means of the proposed A-DXA coefficient conducted over the asymmetry for
      California electricity market, we found that the asymmetry between the prices and
      loads is not significant for daily average data in 1999 yr market (before
      electricity crisis) but extremely significant for those in 2000 yr market (during
      the crisis). To further uncover the difference of asymmetry between the years
      1999 and 2000, a modified H statistic (MH) and DeltaMH statistic are proposed.
      One of the present contributions is that the high MH values calculated for hourly
      data exist in majority months in 2000 market. Another important conclusion is
      that the cross-correlation with downwards dominates over the whole 1999 yr in
      contrast to the cross-correlation with upwards dominates over the 2000 yr.

PMID- 27368775
TI  - Prediction uncertainty and optimal experimental design for learning dynamical
      systems.
AB  - Dynamical systems are frequently used to model biological systems. When these
      models are fit to data, it is necessary to ascertain the uncertainty in the model
      fit. Here, we present prediction deviation, a metric of uncertainty that
      determines the extent to which observed data have constrained the model's
      predictions. This is accomplished by solving an optimization problem that
      searches for a pair of models that each provides a good fit for the observed
      data, yet has maximally different predictions. We develop a method for estimating
      a priori the impact that additional experiments would have on the prediction
      deviation, allowing the experimenter to design a set of experiments that would
      most reduce uncertainty. We use prediction deviation to assess uncertainty in a
      model of interferon-alpha inhibition of viral infection, and to select a sequence
      of experiments that reduces this uncertainty. Finally, we prove a theoretical
      result which shows that prediction deviation provides bounds on the trajectories
      of the underlying true model. These results show that prediction deviation is a
      meaningful metric of uncertainty that can be used for optimal experimental
      design.

PMID- 27368776
TI  - Driving-induced multistability in coupled chaotic oscillators: Symmetries and
      riddled basins.
AB  - We study the multistability that results when a chaotic response system that has
      an invariant symmetry is driven by another chaotic oscillator. We observe that
      there is a transition from a desynchronized state to a situation of
      multistability. In the case considered, there are three coexisting attractors,
      two of which are synchronized and one is desynchronized. For large coupling, the
      asynchronous attractor disappears, leaving the system bistable. We study the
      basins of attraction of the system in the regime of multistability. The three
      attractor basins are interwoven in a complex manner, with extensive riddling
      within a sizeable region of (but not the entire) phase space. A quantitative
      characterization of the riddling behavior is made via the so-called uncertainty
      exponent, as well as by evaluating the scaling behavior of tongue-like structures
      emanating from the synchronization manifold.

PMID- 27368777
TI  - Noise induced escape from a nonhyperbolic chaotic attractor of a periodically
      driven nonlinear oscillator.
AB  - Noise induced escape from the domain of attraction of a nonhyperbolic chaotic
      attractor in a periodically excited nonlinear oscillator is investigated. The
      general mechanism of the escape in the weak noise limit is studied in the
      continuous case, and the fluctuational path is obtained by statistical analysis.
      Selecting the primary homoclinic tangency as the initial condition, the action
      plot is presented by parametrizing the set of escape trajectories and the global
      minimum gives rise to the optimal path. Results of both methods show good
      agreements. The entire process of escape is discussed in detail step by step
      using the fluctuational force. A structure of hierarchical heteroclinic crossings
      of stable and unstable manifolds of saddle cycles is found, and the escape is
      observed to take place through successive jumps through this deterministic
      hierarchical structure.

PMID- 27368778
TI  - Electrostatic and aerodynamic forced vibrations of a thin flexible electrode:
      Quasi-periodic vs. chaotic oscillations.
AB  - In this paper, transverse vibrations of an electrostatically actuated thin
      flexible cantilever perturbed by low-speed air flow are studied using both
      experiments and numerical modeling. In the experiments, the dynamic
      characteristics of the cantilever are studied by supplying a DC voltage with an
      AC component for electrostatic forcing and a constant uniform air flow around the
      cantilever system for aerodynamic forcing. A range of control parameters leading
      to stable vibrations are established using a dimensionless operating parameter
      that is the ratio of the induced and the free stream velocities. Numerical
      results are validated with experimental data. Assuming the amplitude of
      vibrations are small, then a non-linear dynamic Euler-Bernoulli beam equation
      with viscous damping and gravitational effects is used to model the equation of
      motion. Aerodynamic forcing is modelled as a temporally sinusoidal and uniform
      force acting perpendicular to the beam length. The forcing amplitude is found to
      be proportional to the square of the air flow velocity. Numerical results
      strongly agree with the experiments predicting accurate vibration amplitude,
      displacement frequency, and quasi-periodic displacement of the cantilever tip. 

PMID- 27368779
TI  - The influence of society's mesoscopic structure on the rate of epidemic
      spreading.
AB  - In this study, we investigate the role of the mesoscopic structural properties of
      a scale-free social network on the contagion spreading. We focus on both the
      exponent of power-law community size distribution function (beta) and the mixing
      parameter (MU). Findings show that increasing beta reduces the rate of epidemic
      spreading. On the other hand, increasing MU increases the rate of epidemic
      spreading. Two innovating parameters, Temperature and cos theta, are introduced
      here to analyze these effects. 

PMID- 27368780
TI  - Architecture of chaotic attractors for flows in the absence of any singular
      point.
AB  - Some chaotic attractors produced by three-dimensional dynamical systems without
      any singular point have now been identified, but explaining how they are
      structured in the state space remains an open question. We here want to explain
      in the particular case of the Wei system-such a structure, using one-dimensional
      sets obtained by vanishing two of the three derivatives of the flow. The
      neighborhoods of these sets are made of points which are characterized by the
      eigenvalues of a 2 * 2 matrix describing the stability of flow in a subspace
      transverse to it. We will show that the attractor is spiralling and twisted in
      the neighborhood of one-dimensional sets where points are characterized by a pair
      of complex conjugated eigenvalues. We then show that such one-dimensional sets
      are also useful in explaining the structure of attractors produced by systems
      with singular points, by considering the case of the Lorenz system. 

PMID- 27368781
TI  - Localized spin excitations in an antiferromagnetic spin system with D-M
      interaction.
AB  - The existence of localized spin excitations and spin deviations along the site in
      a one-dimensional antiferromagnet with Dzyaloshinski-Moriya (D-M) interaction has
      been studied using quasiclassical approximation. By introducing the Holstein
      Primakoff bosonic representation of spin operators, the coherent state ansatz,
      and the time dependent variational principle, a discrete set of coupled nonlinear
      partial differential equations governing the dynamics is derived. Employing the
      multiple-scale method, one, two and three solitary wave solutions are constructed
      and depicted graphically. 

PMID- 27368782
TI  - Multivariate weighted recurrence network inference for uncovering oil-water
      transitional flow behavior in a vertical pipe.
AB  - Exploring the dynamical behaviors of high water cut and low velocity oil-water
      flows remains a contemporary and challenging problem of significant importance.
      This challenge stimulates us to design a high-speed cycle motivation conductance
      sensor to capture spatial local flow information. We systematically carry out
      experiments and acquire the multi-channel measurements from different oil-water
      flow patterns. Then we develop a novel multivariate weighted recurrence network
      for uncovering the flow behaviors from multi-channel measurements. In particular,
      we exploit graph energy and weighted clustering coefficient in combination with
      multivariate time-frequency analysis to characterize the derived complex
      networks. The results indicate that the network measures are very sensitive to
      the flow transitions and allow uncovering local dynamical behaviors associated
      with water cut and flow velocity. These properties render our method particularly
      useful for quantitatively characterizing dynamical behaviors governing the
      transition and evolution of different oil-water flow patterns.

PMID- 27368783
TI  - Synchronization properties of coupled chaotic neurons: The role of random shared
      input.
AB  - Spike-time correlations of neighbouring neurons depend on their intrinsic firing
      properties as well as on the inputs they share. Studies have shown that
      periodically firing neurons, when subjected to random shared input, exhibit
      asynchronicity. Here, we study the effect of random shared input on the
      synchronization of weakly coupled chaotic neurons. The cases of so-called
      electrical and chemical coupling are both considered, and we observe a wide range
      of synchronization behaviour. When subjected to identical shared random input,
      there is a decrease in the threshold coupling strength needed for chaotic neurons
      to synchronize in-phase. The system also supports lag-synchronous states, and for
      these, we find that shared input can cause desynchronization. We carry out a
      master stability function analysis for a network of such neurons and show
      agreement with the numerical simulations. The contrasting role of shared random
      input for complete and lag synchronized neurons is useful in understanding spike
      time correlations observed in many areas of the brain. 

PMID- 27368784
TI  - Renormalizable two-parameter piecewise isometries.
AB  - We exhibit two distinct renormalization scenarios for two-parameter piecewise
      isometries, based on 2pi/5 rotations of a rhombus and parameter-dependent
      translations. Both scenarios rely on the recently established renormalizability
      of a one-parameter triangle map, which takes place if and only if the parameter
      belongs to the algebraic number field K=Q(5) associated with the rotation matrix.
      With two parameters, features emerge which have no counterpart in the single
      parameter model. In the first scenario, we show that renormalizability is no
      longer rigid: whereas one of the two parameters is restricted to K, the second
      parameter can vary continuously over a real interval without destroying self
      similarity. The mechanism involves neighbouring atoms which recombine after
      traversing distinct return paths. We show that this phenomenon also occurs in the
      simpler context of Rauzy-Veech renormalization of interval exchange
      transformations, here regarded as parametric piecewise isometries on a real
      interval. We explore this analogy in some detail. In the second scenario, which
      involves two-parameter deformations of a three-parameter rhombus map, we exhibit
      a weak form of rigidity. The phase space splits into several (non-convex)
      invariant components, on each of which the renormalization still has a free
      parameter. However, the foliations of the different components are transversal in
      parameter space; as a result, simultaneous self-similarity of the component maps
      requires that both of the original parameters belong to the field K. 

PMID- 27368785
TI  - Topic segmentation via community detection in complex networks.
AB  - Many real systems have been modeled in terms of network concepts, and written
      texts are a particular example of information networks. In recent years, the use
      of network methods to analyze language has allowed the discovery of several
      interesting effects, including the proposition of novel models to explain the
      emergence of fundamental universal patterns. While syntactical networks, one of
      the most prevalent networked models of written texts, display both scale-free and
      small-world properties, such a representation fails in capturing other textual
      features, such as the organization in topics or subjects. We propose a novel
      network representation whose main purpose is to capture the semantical
      relationships of words in a simple way. To do so, we link all words co-occurring
      in the same semantic context, which is defined in a threefold way. We show that
      the proposed representations favor the emergence of communities of semantically
      related words, and this feature may be used to identify relevant topics. The
      proposed methodology to detect topics was applied to segment selected Wikipedia
      articles. We found that, in general, our methods outperform traditional bag-of
      words representations, which suggests that a high-level textual representation
      may be useful to study the semantical features of texts.

PMID- 27368786
TI  - Reconstruction of neuronal input through modeling single-neuron dynamics and
      computations.
AB  - Mathematical models provide a mathematical description of neuron activity, which
      can better understand and quantify neural computations and corresponding
      biophysical mechanisms evoked by stimulus. In this paper, based on the output
      spike train evoked by the acupuncture mechanical stimulus, we present two
      different levels of models to describe the input-output system to achieve the
      reconstruction of neuronal input. The reconstruction process is divided into two
      steps: First, considering the neuronal spiking event as a Gamma stochastic
      process. The scale parameter and the shape parameter of Gamma process are,
      respectively, defined as two spiking characteristics, which are estimated by a
      state-space method. Then, leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model is used to mimic
      the response system and the estimated spiking characteristics are transformed
      into two temporal input parameters of LIF model, through two conversion formulas.
      We test this reconstruction method by three different groups of simulation data.
      All three groups of estimates reconstruct input parameters with fairly high
      accuracy. We then use this reconstruction method to estimate the non-measurable
      acupuncture input parameters. Results show that under three different frequencies
      of acupuncture stimulus conditions, estimated input parameters have an obvious
      difference. The higher the frequency of the acupuncture stimulus is, the higher
      the accuracy of reconstruction is.

PMID- 27368787
TI  - Pseudorandom number generation using chaotic true orbits of the Bernoulli map.
AB  - We devise a pseudorandom number generator that exactly computes chaotic true
      orbits of the Bernoulli map on quadratic algebraic integers. Moreover, we
      describe a way to select the initial points (seeds) for generating multiple
      pseudorandom binary sequences. This selection method distributes the initial
      points almost uniformly (equidistantly) in the unit interval, and latter parts of
      the generated sequences are guaranteed not to coincide. We also demonstrate
      through statistical testing that the generated sequences possess good randomness
      properties.

PMID- 27368788
TI  - Dynamics of higher-order rational solitons for the nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger
      equation with the self-induced parity-time-symmetric potential.
AB  - The integrable nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger equation with the self-induced
      parity-time-symmetric potential [M. J. Ablowitz and Z. H. Musslimani, Phys. Rev.
      Lett. 110, 064105 (2013)] is investigated, which is an integrable extension of
      the standard nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Its novel higher-order rational
      solitons are found using the nonlocal version of the generalized perturbation
      (1,N-1)-fold Darboux transformation. These rational solitons illustrate abundant
      wave structures for the distinct choices of parameters (e.g., the strong and weak
      interactions of bright and dark rational solitons). Moreover, we also explore the
      dynamical behaviors of these higher-order rational solitons with some small
      noises on the basis of numerical simulations.

PMID- 27368789
TI  - Bifurcations of families of 1D-tori in 4D symplectic maps.
AB  - The regular structures of a generic 4d symplectic map with a mixed phase space
      are organized by one-parameter families of elliptic 1d-tori. Such families show
      prominent bends, gaps, and new branches. We explain these features in terms of
      bifurcations of the families when crossing a resonance. For these bifurcations,
      no external parameter has to be varied. Instead, the longitudinal frequency,
      which varies along the family, plays the role of the bifurcation parameter. As an
      example, we study two coupled standard maps by visualizing the elliptic and
      hyperbolic 1d-tori in a 3d phase-space slice, local 2d projections, and frequency
      space. The observed bifurcations are consistent with the analytical predictions
      previously obtained for quasi-periodically forced oscillators. Moreover, the new
      families emerging from such a bifurcation form the skeleton of the corresponding
      resonance channel.

PMID- 27368790
TI  - Introduction to Focus Issue: Complex Dynamics in Networks, Multilayered
      Structures and Systems.
AB  - In the last years, network scientists have directed their interest to the multi
      layer character of real-world systems, and explicitly considered the structural
      and dynamical organization of graphs made of diverse layers between its
      constituents. Most complex systems include multiple subsystems and layers of
      connectivity and, in many cases, the interdependent components of systems
      interact through many different channels. Such a new perspective is indeed found
      to be the adequate representation for a wealth of features exhibited by networked
      systems in the real world. The contributions presented in this Focus Issue cover,
      from different points of view, the many achievements and still open questions in
      the field of multi-layer networks, such as: new frameworks and structures to
      represent and analyze heterogeneous complex systems, different aspects related to
      synchronization and centrality of complex networks, interplay between layers, and
      applications to logistic, biological, social, and technological fields. 

PMID- 27368791
TI  - A biplex approach to PageRank centrality: From classic to multiplex networks.
AB  - In this paper, we present a new view of the PageRank algorithm inspired by
      multiplex networks. This new approach allows to introduce a new centrality
      measure for classic complex networks and a new proposal to extend the usual
      PageRank algorithm to multiplex networks. We give some analytical relations
      between these new approaches and the classic PageRank centrality measure, and we
      illustrate the new parameters presented by computing them on real underground
      networks.

PMID- 27368792
TI  - Synchronization unveils the organization of ecological networks with positive and
      negative interactions.
AB  - Network science has helped to understand the organization principles of the
      interactions among the constituents of large complex systems. However, recently,
      the high resolution of the data sets collected has allowed to capture the
      different types of interactions coexisting within the same system. A particularly
      important example is that of systems with positive and negative interactions, a
      usual feature appearing in social, neural, and ecological systems. The interplay
      of links of opposite sign presents natural difficulties for generalizing typical
      concepts and tools applied to unsigned networks and, moreover, poses some
      questions intrinsic to the signed nature of the network, such as how are negative
      interactions balanced by positive ones so to allow the coexistence and survival
      of competitors/foes within the same system? Here, we show that synchronization
      phenomenon is an ideal benchmark for uncovering such balance and, as a byproduct,
      to assess which nodes play a critical role in the overall organization of the
      system. We illustrate our findings with the analysis of synthetic and real
      ecological networks in which facilitation and competitive interactions coexist.

PMID- 27368793
TI  - Deep graphs-A general framework to represent and analyze heterogeneous complex
      systems across scales.
AB  - Network theory has proven to be a powerful tool in describing and analyzing
      systems by modelling the relations between their constituent objects.
      Particularly in recent years, a great progress has been made by augmenting
      "traditional" network theory in order to account for the multiplex nature of many
      networks, multiple types of connections between objects, the time-evolution of
      networks, networks of networks and other intricacies. However, existing network
      representations still lack crucial features in order to serve as a general data
      analysis tool. These include, most importantly, an explicit association of
      information with possibly heterogeneous types of objects and relations, and a
      conclusive representation of the properties of groups of nodes as well as the
      interactions between such groups on different scales. In this paper, we introduce
      a collection of definitions resulting in a framework that, on the one hand,
      entails and unifies existing network representations (e.g., network of networks
      and multilayer networks), and on the other hand, generalizes and extends them by
      incorporating the above features. To implement these features, we first specify
      the nodes and edges of a finite graph as sets of properties (which are permitted
      to be arbitrary mathematical objects). Second, the mathematical concept of
      partition lattices is transferred to the network theory in order to demonstrate
      how partitioning the node and edge set of a graph into supernodes and superedges
      allows us to aggregate, compute, and allocate information on and between
      arbitrary groups of nodes. The derived partition lattice of a graph, which we
      denote by deep graph, constitutes a concise, yet comprehensive representation
      that enables the expression and analysis of heterogeneous properties, relations,
      and interactions on all scales of a complex system in a self-contained manner.
      Furthermore, to be able to utilize existing network-based methods and models, we
      derive different representations of multilayer networks from our framework and
      demonstrate the advantages of our representation. On the basis of the formal
      framework described here, we provide a rich, fully scalable (and self
      explanatory) software package that integrates into the PyData ecosystem and
      offers interfaces to popular network packages, making it a powerful, general
      purpose data analysis toolkit. We exemplify an application of deep graphs using a
      real world dataset, comprising 16 years of satellite-derived global precipitation
      measurements. We deduce a deep graph representation of these measurements in
      order to track and investigate local formations of spatio-temporal clusters of
      extreme precipitation events. 

PMID- 27368794
TI  - Inter-layer synchronization in multiplex networks of identical layers.
AB  - Inter-layer synchronization is a distinctive process of multiplex networks
      whereby each node in a given layer evolves synchronously with all its replicas in
      other layers, irrespective of whether or not it is synchronized with the other
      units of the same layer. We analytically derive the necessary conditions for the
      existence and stability of such a state, and verify numerically the analytical
      predictions in several cases where such a state emerges. We further inspect its
      robustness against a progressive de-multiplexing of the network, and provide
      experimental evidence by means of multiplexes of nonlinear electronic circuits
      affected by intrinsic noise and parameter mismatch.

PMID- 27368795
TI  - Agricultural activity shapes the communication and migration patterns in Senegal.
AB  - The communication and migration patterns of a country are shaped by its
      socioeconomic processes. The economy of Senegal is predominantly rural, as
      agriculture employs over 70% of the labor force. In this paper, we use mobile
      phone records to explore the impact of agricultural activity on the communication
      and mobility patterns of the inhabitants of Senegal. We find two peaks of phone
      calls activity emerging during the growing season. Moreover, during the harvest
      period, we detect an increase in the migration flows throughout the country.
      However, religious holidays also shape the mobility patterns of the Senegalese
      people. Hence, in the light of our results, agricultural activity and religious
      holidays are the primary drivers of mobility inside the country.

PMID- 27368796
TI  - Extracting information from multiplex networks.
AB  - Multiplex networks are generalized network structures that are able to describe
      networks in which the same set of nodes are connected by links that have
      different connotations. Multiplex networks are ubiquitous since they describe
      social, financial, engineering, and biological networks as well. Extending our
      ability to analyze complex networks to multiplex network structures increases
      greatly the level of information that is possible to extract from big data. For
      these reasons, characterizing the centrality of nodes in multiplex networks and
      finding new ways to solve challenging inference problems defined on multiplex
      networks are fundamental questions of network science. In this paper, we discuss
      the relevance of the Multiplex PageRank algorithm for measuring the centrality of
      nodes in multilayer networks and we characterize the utility of the recently
      introduced indicator function Theta(S) for describing their mesoscale
      organization and community structure. As working examples for studying these
      measures, we consider three multiplex network datasets coming for social science.

PMID- 27368797
TI  - Intervality and coherence in complex networks.
AB  - Food webs-networks of predators and prey-have long been known to exhibit
      "intervality": species can generally be ordered along a single axis in such a way
      that the prey of any given predator tend to lie on unbroken compact intervals.
      Although the meaning of this axis-usually identified with a "niche" dimension-has
      remained a mystery, it is assumed to lie at the basis of the highly non-trivial
      structure of food webs. With this in mind, most trophic network modelling has for
      decades been based on assigning species a niche value by hand. However, we argue
      here that intervality should not be considered the cause but rather a consequence
      of food-web structure. First, analysing a set of 46 empirical food webs, we find
      that they also exhibit predator intervality: the predators of any given species
      are as likely to be contiguous as the prey are, but in a different ordering.
      Furthermore, this property is not exclusive of trophic networks: several networks
      of genes, neurons, metabolites, cellular machines, airports, and words are found
      to be approximately as interval as food webs. We go on to show that a simple
      model of food-web assembly which does not make use of a niche axis can
      nevertheless generate significant intervality. Therefore, the niche dimension (in
      the sense used for food-web modelling) could in fact be the consequence of other,
      more fundamental structural traits. We conclude that a new approach to food-web
      modelling is required for a deeper understanding of ecosystem assembly,
      structure, and function, and propose that certain topological features thought to
      be specific of food webs are in fact common to many complex networks.

PMID- 27368798
TI  - Line graphs for a multiplex network.
AB  - It is well known that line graphs offer a good summary of the graphs properties,
      which make them easier to analyze and highlight the desired properties. We extend
      the concept of line graph to multiplex networks in order to analyze multi-plexed
      and multi-layered networked systems. As these structures are very rich, different
      approaches to this notion are required to capture a variety of situations. Some
      relationships between these approaches are established. Finally, by means of some
      simulations, the potential utility of this concept is illustrated.

PMID- 27368799
TI  - From neurons to epidemics: How trophic coherence affects spreading processes.
AB  - Trophic coherence, a measure of the extent to which the nodes of a directed
      network are organised in levels, has recently been shown to be closely related to
      many structural and dynamical aspects of complex systems, including graph
      eigenspectra, the prevalence or absence of feedback cycles, and linear stability.
      Furthermore, non-trivial trophic structures have been observed in networks of
      neurons, species, genes, metabolites, cellular signalling, concatenated words,
      P2P users, and world trade. Here, we consider two simple yet apparently quite
      different dynamical models-one a susceptible-infected-susceptible epidemic model
      adapted to include complex contagion and the other an Amari-Hopfield neural
      network-and show that in both cases the related spreading processes are modulated
      in similar ways by the trophic coherence of the underlying networks. To do this,
      we propose a network assembly model which can generate structures with tunable
      trophic coherence, limiting in either perfectly stratified networks or random
      graphs. We find that trophic coherence can exert a qualitative change in
      spreading behaviour, determining whether a pulse of activity will percolate
      through the entire network or remain confined to a subset of nodes, and whether
      such activity will quickly die out or endure indefinitely. These results could be
      important for our understanding of phenomena such as epidemics, rumours, shocks
      to ecosystems, neuronal avalanches, and many other spreading processes. 

PMID- 27368800
TI  - Cooperative spreading processes in multiplex networks.
AB  - This study is concerned with the dynamic behaviors of epidemic spreading in
      multiplex networks. A model composed of two interacting complex networks is
      proposed to describe cooperative spreading processes, wherein the virus spreading
      in one layer can penetrate into the other to promote the spreading process. The
      global epidemic threshold of the model is smaller than the epidemic thresholds of
      the corresponding isolated networks. Thus, global epidemic onset arises in the
      interacting networks even though an epidemic onset does not arise in each
      isolated network. Simulations verify the analysis results and indicate that
      cooperative spreading processes in multiplex networks enhance the final infection
      fraction.

PMID- 27368801
TI  - Optimal distributions for multiplex logistic networks.
AB  - This paper presents some mathematical models for distribution of goods in
      logistic networks based on spectral analysis of complex networks. Given a steady
      distribution of a finished product, some numerical algorithms are presented for
      computing the weights in a multiplex logistic network that reach the equilibrium
      dynamics with high convergence rate. As an application, the logistic networks of
      Germany and Spain are analyzed in terms of their convergence rates.

PMID- 27368802
TI  - Terminal regions of beta-catenin are critical for regulating its adhesion and
      transcription functions.
AB  - beta-Catenin, the central molecule of canonical Wnt signaling pathway, has
      multiple binding partners and performs many roles in the cell. Apart from being a
      transcriptional activator, beta-catenin acts as a crucial effector component of
      cadherin/catenin complex to physically interact with actin cytoskeleton along
      with alpha-catenin and E-cadherin for regulating cell-cell adhesion. Here, we
      have generated a library of beta-catenin point and deletion mutants to delineate
      regions within beta-catenin that are important for alpha-catenin-beta-catenin
      interaction, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity of beta-catenin.
      We observed a unique mechanism for nuclear localization of beta-catenin and its
      mutants and show that N-terminal exon-3 region and C-terminal domain of beta
      catenin are critical for this activity of beta-catenin. Furthermore, we show
      HepG2 cells have high beta-catenin mediated transcriptional activity due to the
      presence of an interstitial deletion at the N-terminal region of beta-catenin.
      Due to this deletion mutant (hereupon called TM), GSK3beta and HDAC inhibitors
      failed to show any impact whereas curcumin significantly inhibited beta-catenin
      mediated transcriptional activity reiterating that TM is primarily responsible
      for the high transcriptional activity of HepG2 cells. Moreover, we show the
      recombinant TM does not physically interact with alpha-catenin, localizes
      predominantly in the nucleus, and has nearly two-fold higher transcriptional
      activity than the wildtype beta-catenin.

PMID- 27368803
TI  - GiniClust: detecting rare cell types from single-cell gene expression data with
      Gini index.
AB  - High-throughput single-cell technologies have great potential to discover new
      cell types; however, it remains challenging to detect rare cell types that are
      distinct from a large population. We present a novel computational method, called
      GiniClust, to overcome this challenge. Validation against a benchmark dataset
      indicates that GiniClust achieves high sensitivity and specificity. Application
      of GiniClust to public single-cell RNA-seq datasets uncovers previously
      unrecognized rare cell types, including Zscan4-expressing cells within mouse
      embryonic stem cells and hemoglobin-expressing cells in the mouse cortex and
      hippocampus. GiniClust also correctly detects a small number of normal cells that
      are mixed in a cancer cell population.

PMID- 27368804
TI  - NFAT5-mediated CACNA1C expression is critical for cardiac electrophysiological
      development and maturation.
AB  - Entry of calcium into cardiomyocyte via L-type calcium channel (LTCC) is
      fundamental to cardiac contraction. CACNA1C, a type of LTCC and a hallmark of a
      matured ventricular myocyte, is developmentally regulated. Here, we identified
      138 potential transcription factors by a comparative genomic study on 5-kb
      promoter regions of CACNA1C gene across eight vertebrate species, and showed that
      six factors were developmentally regulated with the expression of Cacna1c in
      mouse P19cl6 in vitro cardiomyocyte differentiation model. We further
      demonstrated that the nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (Nfat5) bound to a
      consensus sequence TGGAAGCGTTC and activated the transcription of Cacna1c. The
      siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nfat5 suppressed the expression of Cacna1c and
      decreased L-type calcium current in mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes. Furthermore,
      morpholino-mediated knockdown of nfat5 in zebrafish prohibited the expression of
      cacna1c and resulted in a non-contractile ventricle, while over-expression of
      either cacna1c or nfat5 rescued this impaired phenotype. Thus, NFAT5-mediated
      expression of CACNA1C is evolutionarily conserved and critical for cardiac
      electrophysiological development and maturation of cardiomyocyte. KEY MESSAGE:
      Nfat5 binds to a consensus sequence TGGAAGCGTTC in the promoter of Cacna1c. Nfat5
      activates the transcription of Cacna1c. Nfat5 knockdown suppresses Cacna1c
      expression, decreases L-type calcium current, and results in non-beating
      ventricle. NFAT5-mediated expression of CACNA1C is evolutionarily conserved.
      NFAT5-mediated CACNA1C expression is critical for cardiac electrophysiological
      development and maturation.

PMID- 27368805
TI  - Inactivated pepsin inhibits neutrophil activation by Fcgamma-receptor-dependent
      and independent stimuli.
AB  - Pepsin is widely used to produce F(ab')2 fragments of immunoglobulin G (IgG). In
      many cases, at least part of the pepsin will remain present in the F(ab')2
      preparation, albeit in (irreversibly) inactivated form. Here we report on a
      potent immunomodulatory effect of irreversibly inactivated pepsin on activated
      human neutrophils. Degranulation, induced by coated IgG or via cytochalasin B/N
      formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, was measured by quantifying elastase release, and was found
      to be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by inactivated pepsin. Since a number
      of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) products are also treated by limited
      digestion with pepsin, we investigated if pepsin would be present in quantities
      large enough to inhibit neutrophil activation. The amounts of pepsin detected in
      three different pepsin-treated IVIg products were found to be too low to induce
      an effect, at least in an in vitro setting. 

PMID- 27368806
TI  - Slamf6 negatively regulates autoimmunity.
AB  - The nine SLAM family (Slamf) receptors are positive or negative regulators of
      adaptive and innate immune responses, and of several autoimmune diseases. Here we
      report that the transfer of Slamf6-/- B6 CD4+ T cells into co-isogenic bm12 mice
      causes SLE-like autoimmunity with elevated levels of autoantibodies. In addition,
      significantly higher percentages of Tfh cells and IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ cells,
      as well as GC B cells were observed. Interestingly, the expression of the Slamf6
      H1 isoform in Slamf6-/- CD4+ T cells did not induce this lupus-like phenotype. By
      contrast, Slamf1-/- or Slamf5-/- CD4+ T cells caused the same pathology as WT
      CD4+ T cells. As the transfer of Slamf [1+6]-/- or Slamf [1+5+6]-/- CD4+ T cells
      induced WT levels of autoantibodies, the presence of Slamf1 was requisite for the
      induction of increased levels of autoantibodies by Slamf6-/- CD4+ T cells. We
      conclude that Slamf6 functions as an inhibitory receptor that controls autoimmune
      responses.

PMID- 27368810
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368809
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368808
TI  - Review of Mouse Models of Graves' Disease and Orbitopathy-Novel Treatment by
      Induction of Tolerance.
AB  - Various approaches have been used to model human Graves' disease in mice,
      including transfected fibroblasts, and plasmid or adenoviral immunisations with
      the extracellular A subunit of the human thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). Some of
      these models were only observed for a short time period or were self-limiting. A
      long-term model for human Graves' disease was established in mice using
      continuing immunisations (4-weekly injections) with recombinant adenovirus
      expressing TSHR. Generation of TSHR binding cAMP-stimulatory antibodies, thyroid
      enlargement and alterations, elevated serum thyroxin levels, tachycardia and
      cardiac hypertrophy were maintained for at least 9 months in all Ad-TSHR
      immunised mice. Here, we show that these mice suffer from orbitopathy, which was
      detected by serial orbital sectioning and histomorphometry. Attempts to treat
      established Graves' disease in preclinical mouse model studies have included
      small molecule allosteric antagonists and specific antagonist antibodies which
      were isolated from hypothyroid patients. In addition, novel peptides have been
      conceived which mimic the cylindrical loops of the TSHR leucine-rich repeat
      domain, in order to re-establish tolerance toward the antigen. Here, we show
      preliminary results that one set of these peptides improves or even cures all
      signs and symptoms of Graves' disease in mice after six consecutive monthly
      injections. First beneficial effects were observed 3-4 months after starting
      these therapies. In immunologically naive mice, administration of the peptides
      did not induce any immune response.

PMID- 27368811
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368812
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368807
TI  - Next-Generation Autoantibody Testing by Combination of Screening and Confirmation
      the CytoBead(r) Technology.
AB  - Occurrence of autoantibodies (autoAbs) is a hallmark of autoimmune diseases, and
      the analysis thereof is an essential part in the diagnosis of organ-specific
      autoimmune and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD), especially
      connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Due to the appearance of autoAb profiles in
      SARD patients and the complexity of the corresponding serological diagnosis,
      different diagnostic strategies have been suggested for appropriate autoAb
      testing. Thus, evolving assay techniques and the continuous discovery of novel
      autoantigens have greatly influenced the development of these strategies.
      Antinuclear antibody (ANA) analysis by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on
      tissue and later cellular substrates was one of the first tests introduced into
      clinical routine and is still an indispensable tool for CTD serology. Thus,
      screening for ANA by IIF is recommended to be followed by confirmatory testing of
      positive findings employing different assay techniques. Given the continuous
      growth in the demand for autoAb testing, IIF has been challenged as the standard
      method for ANA and other autoAb analyses due to lacking automation,
      standardization, modern data management, and human bias in IIF pattern
      interpretation. To address these limitations of autoAb testing, the CytoBead(r)
      technique has been introduced recently which enables automated interpretation of
      cell-based IIF and quantitative autoAb multiplexing by addressable microbead
      immunoassays in one reaction environment. Thus, autoAb screening and confirmatory
      testing can be combined for the first time. The present review discusses the
      history of autoAb assay techniques in this context and gives an overview and
      outlook of the recent progress in emerging technologies.

PMID- 27368813
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368814
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368815
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368816
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368818
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368817
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368819
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368820
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368821
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368822
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368823
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368824
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368825
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368826
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368827
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368828
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368829
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368831
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368830
TI  - Implementation of a patient decision aid for men with localized prostate cancer:
      evaluation of patient outcomes and practice variation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Men with localized prostate cancer often have unrealistic
      expectations. Practitioners are poor judges of men's preferences, contributing to
      preference misdiagnosis and unwarranted practice variation. Patient decision aids
      (PtDAs) can support men with decisions about localized prostate cancer. This is a
      comparative case study of two strategies for implementing PtDAs in clinical
      pathways for men with localized prostate cancer, evaluating (a) PtDA use; (b)
      impact on men, practitioners, and health system outcomes; and (c) factors
      influencing sustained use. METHODS/DESIGN: Guided by the Knowledge to Action
      Framework, this comparative case study will be conducted using administrative
      data, interviews, and surveys. Cases will be bound by geographic location (one
      hospital in Ontario; province of Saskatchewan) and time. Eligible participants
      will be all men newly diagnosed with localized prostate cancer, with outcomes
      assessed using administrative data and interviews. Nurses, urologists, radiation
      oncologists, and managers will be surveyed and a smaller sample interviewed.
      Cases will be established for each setting with findings compared across cases.
      Changes in the proportions of men given the PtDA over 2 years will be determined
      from administrative data. Factors associated with receiving the PtDA will be
      explored using multivariable logistic regression analysis. To assess the impact
      of the PtDA, outcomes will be described using mean and standard deviation (men's
      decisional conflict) and frequency and proportions (practitioners consulted,
      uptake of treatment). To estimate the effect of the PtDA on these outcomes,
      adjusted mean differences and odds ratios will be calculated using exploratory
      multivariable general linear regression and binary or multinomial logistic
      regression. Factors influencing sustained PtDA use will be assessed using
      descriptive analysis of survey findings and thematic analysis of interview
      transcripts. DISCUSSION: Determining how to embed PtDAs effectively within
      clinical pathways for men with localized prostate cancer is essential. PtDAs have
      the potential to strengthen men's active role in making prostate cancer
      decisions, enhance uptake of shared decision-making by practitioners, and reduce
      practice variation. Our team of researchers and knowledge users will use findings
      to improve current PtDA use and consider scaling-up implementation.

PMID- 27368833
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368832
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368834
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368836
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368835
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368837
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368838
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368839
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368841
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368840
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368842
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368843
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368844
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368845
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368847
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368846
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368848
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368849
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368850
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368852
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368851
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368853
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368854
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368856
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368855
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368857
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368858
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368859
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368860
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368861
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368862
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368863
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368864
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368865
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368866
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368867
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368868
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368869
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368870
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368871
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368872
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368873
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368875
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368874
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368876
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368877
TI  - Slug Is Associated With Tumor Metastasis and Angiogenesis in Ovarian Cancer.
AB  - Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy among women and usually
      initiated by the malignant transformation of epithelial cells. The progression of
      ovarian cancer involves a cascade of events, including tumor cell epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. Slug plays
      vital roles in the development of motile and invasive manner of cancer cells via
      EMT progression. The present work is devoted to investigate the effect of slug on
      the invasion and angiogenesis in ovarian cancer. The findings reveal that tumors
      with high expression of slug (44 of 60) represent higher tumor grade, lymph node
      metastasis, and worse prognosis than those with low expression (16 of 60; P <
      .05). We also identified a significant correlation between the slug and the
      microvessel density (MVD). Results of transwell migration assay showed that
      decreased slug induced by short hairpin RNA contributed to the repressed invasion
      and migration of SKOV3 cells. Additionally, the migration and tube formation
      capacity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were markedly decreased in
      SKOV3-sh-conditioned medium compared to SKOV3 and SKOV3-NC. Furthermore,
      xenograft mouse models (SKOV3/SKOV3-sh cells injection into BALB/c nude mice)
      were developed to validate the effects of slug. The data confirmed that inhibited
      expression of slug extensively decreased the growth of tumor and MVD in vivo.
      Moreover, knockdown of slug can significantly reduce tumor angiogenesis of SKOV3
      cells via ccn1/vascular endothelial growth factor. Thus, our present study
      demonstrates that slug is closely associated with tumor metastasis and
      angiogenesis in ovarian cancer.

PMID- 27368879
TI  - Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency and Fertility Needs.
AB  - Infertility is a common reproductive disease, with a prevalence of 9% to 18% of
      the general population. To date, no studies have attempted to examine the
      prevalence and experience of infertility among resident physicians in the United
      States. In female obstetrics and gynecology (Ob/Gyn) residents of age where
      infertility becomes more prevalent, ability to seek fertility may be influenced
      by rigorous professional demands and low remuneration. We seek to understand the
      prevalence of infertility, as well as experience and utilization of infertility
      services among Ob/Gyn residents. Cross-sectional descriptive survey was
      distributed among US Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
      accredited Ob/Gyn programs. Demographics, intentions to conceive during
      residency, fertility problems, fertility treatment, affordability of care, and
      perceptions of support were surveyed. A total of 241 responses were received in
      an equal distribution between junior (n = 120) and senior (n = 121) residents.
      The majority of respondents were female (91%), 25 to 35 years old (94%), and
      married (54%). Eighty-five percent (195 of 230) did not actively pursue fertility
      during residency. Twenty-nine percent (68 of 235) considered fertility
      preservation, but only 2% sought consultation. Twenty-nine percent of those
      interested in fertility (22 of 75) experienced infertility of some degree. Sixty
      three percent felt low or no support from the program. Thirty-five percent
      reported stigma associated with their infertility. In conclusion, infertility is
      a prevalent reproductive health impairment among Ob/Gyn residents. The majority
      of residents defer childbearing during residency despite advancing reproductive
      age. A majority felt little or no support from training programs in addressing
      their fertility care. Further studies are indicated to understand the barriers
      and impact among resident trainees.

PMID- 27368880
TI  - Follow-up in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer-International Bladder Cancer
      Network recommendations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) comprises a wide spectrum
      of tumors with different behaviors and prognoses. It follows that the
      surveillance for these tumors should be adapted according to the risks of
      recurrence and progression and should be dynamic in design. METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: Medline search was conducted from 1980 to 2016 using a combination of
      MeSH and keyword terms. The highest available evidence was reviewed to define
      different risk groups in NMIBC. The performance of different follow-up tools such
      as urine cytology, cystoscopy, and upper tract imaging in detecting bladder
      carcinoma was assessed. Different commercially available urinary markers were
      investigated to determine whether such markers would contribute to the
      surveillance of patients with NMIBC. A follow-up scheme based on the early
      evidence is proposed. RESULTS: A risk-based approach is paramount. Cystoscopy and
      cytology are recommended to be done at 3 months following transurethral resection
      of bladder tumor. For low-risk tumors, annual cystoscopy alone is sufficient; no
      upper tract evaluations or cytology is needed except at diagnosis. High-risk
      tumors should be followed up with a more intense schedule: cystoscopy every 3
      months for 2 years, 6 months for 2 years, and then annually, with cytology at
      frequent intervals, and imaging for upper tract evaluation at 1 year and then
      every 2 years. Intermediate-risk tumors should be subclassified as per the
      International Bladder Cancer Group recommendations and when associated with 3 or
      more of the following findings (multiple tumors, size>=3cm, early recurrence<1
      year, frequent recurrences>1 per year) then a surveillance strategy similar to
      that of high risk should be followed. Several urine markers were more sensitive
      than cytology in the detection of NMIBC; however, these tests are still costly,
      require specialized laboratories, and do not replace cystoscopy. Until better and
      cheaper markers are available, their routine use has not been integrated in the
      follow-up recommendation of current guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Surveillance of
      NMIBC should follow a risk-adapted approach, with a combination of cystoscopy,
      cytology, and upper tract imaging. The aim of this approach is to minimize the
      therapeutic burden of a disease with high recurrence rates without missing
      progressing tumors. When designing a diagnostic pathway, first-line diagnostic
      imaging tests should have high sensitivity to ensure disease positives are
      included in the test population for further investigation. Second-line
      investigations should be highly specific, to ensure false-positives are
      minimized.

PMID- 27368881
TI  - Palbociclib in Combination With Fulvestrant in Women With Hormone Receptor
      Positive/HER2-Negative Advanced Metastatic Breast Cancer: Detailed Safety
      Analysis From a Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Study
      (PALOMA-3).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Palbociclib enhances endocrine therapy and improves clinical outcomes
      in hormone receptor (HR)-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
      negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Because this is a new target, it is
      clinically important to understand palbociclib's safety profile to effectively
      manage toxicity and optimize clinical benefit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients
      with endocrine-resistant, HR-positive/HER2-negative MBC (n = 521) were randomly
      assigned 2:1 to receive fulvestrant (500 mg intramuscular injection) with or
      without goserelin with oral palbociclib (125 mg daily; 3 weeks on/1 week off) or
      placebo. Safety assessments at baseline and day 1 of each cycle included blood
      counts on day 15 for the first 2 cycles. Hematologic toxicity was assessed by
      using laboratory data. RESULTS: A total of 517 patients were treated
      (palbociclib, n = 345; placebo, n = 172); median follow-up was 8.9 months. With
      palbociclib, neutropenia was the most common grade 3 (55%) and 4 (10%) adverse
      event; median times to onset and duration of grade >=3 episodes were 16 and 7
      days, respectively. Asian ethnicity and below-median neutrophil counts at
      baseline were significantly associated with an increased chance of developing
      grade 3-4 neutropenia with palbociclib. Dose modifications for grade 3-4
      neutropenia had no adverse effect on progression-free survival. In the
      palbociclib arm, febrile neutropenia occurred in 3 (<1%) patients. The percentage
      of grade 1-2 infections was higher than in the placebo arm. Grade 1 stomatitis
      occurred in 8% of patients. CONCLUSION: Palbociclib plus fulvestrant treatment
      was well-tolerated, and the primary toxicity of asymptomatic neutropenia was
      effectively managed by dose modification without apparent loss of efficacy. This
      study appears at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01942135. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:
      Treatment with palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant was generally safe and
      well-tolerated in patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive metastatic breast
      cancer. Consistent with the drug's proposed mechanism of action, palbociclib
      related neutropenia differs in its clinical time course, patterns, and
      consequences from those seen with chemotherapy. Neutropenia can be effectively
      managed by a dose reduction, interruption, or cycle delay without compromising
      efficacy. A significant efficacy gain and a favorable safety profile support the
      consideration of incorporating palbociclib into the routine management of HR
      positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast
      cancer.

PMID- 27368878
TI  - Research Priorities for Endometriosis.
AB  - The 3rd International Consensus Workshop on Research Priorities in Endometriosis
      was held in Sao Paulo on May 4, 2014, following the 12th World Congress on
      Endometriosis. The workshop was attended by 60 participants from 19 countries and
      was divided into 5 main sessions covering pathogenesis/pathophysiology, symptoms,
      diagnosis/classification/prognosis, disease/symptom management, and research
      policy. This research priorities consensus statement builds on earlier efforts to
      develop research directions for endometriosis. Of the 56 research recommendations
      from the 2011 meeting in Montpellier, a total of 41 remained unchanged, 13 were
      updated, and 2 were deemed to be completed. Fifty-three new research
      recommendations were made at the 2014 meeting in Sao Paulo, which in addition to
      the 13 updated recommendations resulted in a total of 66 new recommendations for
      research. The research recommendations published herein, as well as those from
      the 2 previous papers from international consensus workshops, are an attempt to
      promote high-quality research in endometriosis by identifying and agreeing on key
      issues that require investigation. New areas included in the 2014 recommendations
      include infertility, patient stratification, and research in emerging nations, in
      addition to an increased focus on translational research. A revised and updated
      set of research priorities that builds on this document will be developed at the
      13th World Congress on Endometriosis to be held on May 17-20, 2017, in Vancouver,
      British Columbia, Canada.

PMID- 27368884
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368882
TI  - Physical Functioning in Older Patients With Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort
      Study in the TEAM Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous retrospective studies have shown that physical functioning
      in older cancer survivors is affected after treatment, yet prospective data are
      lacking. The aim of this study was to assess change in physical functioning in
      different age groups of patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer who
      were enrolled in the Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational (TEAM) phase III
      trial. METHODS: Two physical parameters were assessed. Physical functioning was
      assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer
      (EORTC) QLQ-C30 questionnaire 1 year (T1) and 2 years (T2) after diagnosis.
      Physical activity was measured in metabolic equivalent of task (MET) hours/week
      at T1 and T2. Physical activity before diagnosis (T0) was assessed
      retrospectively at the T1 questionnaire. Patients were divided into three age
      groups: <60, 60-69, and >=70 years. Decline in physical functioning was assessed
      using linear regression analysis. Differences in mean values of physical activity
      levels were calculated using repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance.
      RESULTS: A total of 431 patients were included for analysis. In all age groups,
      physical activity levels at T1 and T2 were significantly lower than prediagnostic
      physical activity levels (T0) (p < .001 for all age groups). Age >=70 years was
      independently associated with decline in physical functioning between T1 and T2
      (beta = -4.62, 95% confidence interval -8.73 to -0.51, p = .028). CONCLUSION:
      Patients aged 70 years or older treated with breast surgery and adjuvant hormonal
      therapy did not improve between years 1 and 2 after diagnosis to the same extent
      as did younger patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Although older patients
      constitute a large share of the breast cancer population, little is known about
      the effect and consequences of treatment of breast cancer in this specific age
      group. This study revealed that, unlike younger patients, older patients do not
      regain their physical abilities after surgical and adjuvant treatment for breast
      cancer. In older adults, the effect of treatment on physical functioning and
      independency could be more relevant than survival outcomes. Clinicians and older
      patients should be aware of the impact of treatment on physical functioning and
      prevent older patients from experiencing physical decline, which could lead to
      institutionalization and loss of independence. There is a need for age-specific
      guidelines that take into account the heterogeneity of the older population and
      for evidence-based treatment that focuses not only on cancer-specific outcomes
      but also on the consequences of treatment for physical and cognitive functioning
      and quality of life.

PMID- 27368885
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368886
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368883
TI  - An Introduction to a Head and Neck Cancer-Specific Frailty Index and Its Clinical
      Implications in Elderly Patients: A Prospective Observational Study Focusing on
      Respiratory and Swallowing Functions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Frailty refers to a decreased physiologic reserve in geriatric
      patients and its importance in terms of treatment planning and outcome prediction
      has been emphasized in oncologic practices for older patients with cancer. We
      investigated the clinical implications of a head and neck cancer (HNC)-specific
      frailty index suggested by prospective clinical and functional evaluations of HNC
      patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data on 165 elderly patients with
      HNC who were prospectively enrolled in our hospital from 2010 to 2013.
      Pretreatment functional evaluations were performed according to all comprehensive
      geriatric assessment (CGA) domains. We additionally evaluated the patients'
      respiratory and swallowing functions using pulmonary function tests, voice
      handicap index (VHI), MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI), and other
      associated tests. Factors affecting the 2-year morbidity and mortality were also
      analyzed. RESULTS: Respiratory and swallowing problems were major causes of 2
      year morbidity. Pretreatment performance status, VHI >=8, MDADI <70, dental
      problems, and chemotherapy were significantly associated with early morbidity and
      mortality (all p < .05). CGA-assessed frailty was found in 72 patients (43.6%)
      and was significantly associated with 2-year mortality (p = .027) but not with
      morbidity (p = .716). The high-risk group according to our new HNC-specific
      frailty index that included functional evaluations of respiration and swallowing
      showed significantly higher 2-year morbidity (p = .043) and mortality (p < .001).
      CONCLUSION: Pretreatment functional disabilities related to respiration and
      swallowing were significantly associated with early morbidity and mortality. The
      suggested index would be more useful for assessing frailty in elderly HNC
      patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study is the first report in terms of
      suggesting a new frailty index focusing on respiratory and swallowing functions
      in elderly patients with head and neck cancer. This study shows that functional
      disabilities associated with respiration and swallowing significantly affected
      early morbidity and mortality in these elderly patients. The head and neck cancer
      specific frailty index described in this report, which includes functional
      evaluations of respiration and swallowing, significantly predicted both early
      morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 27368887
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368888
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368889
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368890
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368891
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368892
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368893
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368895
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368894
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368896
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368897
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368899
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368898
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368900
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368902
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368901
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368903
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368904
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368905
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368906
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368908
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368907
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368909
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368910
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368911
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368912
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368913
TI  - A Novel Mutation in IKBKG/NEMO Leads to Ectodermal Dysplasia with Severe
      Immunodeficiency (EDA-ID).

PMID- 27368914
TI  - The relationship between the violet pigment PP-V production and intracellular
      ammonium level in Penicillium purpurogenum.
AB  - Penicillium purpurogenum is the fungus that produces an azaphilone pigment.
      However, details about the pigment biosynthesis pathway are unknown. The violet
      pigment PP-V is the one of the main pigments biosynthesized by this fungus. This
      pigment contains an amino group in a pyran ring as its core structure. We focused
      on this pigment and examined the relationship between intracellular ammonium
      concentration and pigment production using glutamine as a nitrogen source. The
      intracellular ammonium level decreased about 1.5-fold in conditions favoring PP-V
      production. Moreover, P. purpurogenum was transferred to medium in which it
      commonly produces the related pigment PP-O after cultivating it in the presence
      or absence of glutamine to investigate whether this fungus biosynthesizes PP-V
      using surplus ammonium in cells. Only mycelia cultured in medium containing 10 mM
      glutamine produced the violet pigment, and simultaneously intracellular ammonium
      levels decreased under this condition. From comparisons of the amount of PP-V
      that was secreted with quantity of surplus intracellular ammonium, it is
      suggested that P. purpurogenum maintains ammonium homeostasis by excreting waste
      ammonium as PP-V. 

PMID- 27368915
TI  - Comparison of dosimetric parameters and acute toxicity of intensity-modulated and
      three-dimensional radiotherapy in patients with cervix carcinoma: A randomized
      prospective study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to treat cervix
      carcinoma has increased, however prospective randomized trials are still lacking.
      AIM: To compare the dosimetric parameters and associated acute toxicity in
      patients with cervix carcinoma treated with three-dimensional (3D) conformal
      radiotherapy and IMRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty patients were randomized in
      two arms each consisting of 20 patients. Patients in both arms received
      concurrent chemoradiation (cisplatin 40mg/m(2) weekly; 50Gy/25 fractions).
      Patients were treated with 3D conformal radiotherapy in one arm and with IMRT in
      another arm. After external beam radiotherapy, all patients received
      brachytherapy (21Gy/3 fractions at weekly interval). For dosimetric comparison,
      both kinds of the plans were done for all the patients. All patients were
      assessed throughout and until 90 days after completion of treatment for acute
      gastrointestinal, genitourinary and hematologic toxicities. RESULTS: Both plans
      achieved adequate planning target volume coverage, while mean conformity index
      was found significantly better in IMRT plans (P-value=0.001). D35 (dose to 35%
      volume) and D50 for bladder was reduced by 14.62 and 32.57% and for rectum by
      23.82 and 43.68% in IMRT. For IMRT, V45 (volume receiving 45Gy) of bowel were
      found significantly lesser (P-value=0.0001), non-tumour integral dose was found
      significantly higher (P-value=0.0240) and V20 of bone marrow was found
      significantly reduced (P-value=0.019) in comparison to that in 3D conformal
      radiotherapy. Significant reduction of grade 2 or more (20 vs 45%; P-value=0.058)
      and grade>=3 (5 vs 15%, P-value=0.004) acute genitourinary toxicity and grade 2
      or more (20 vs 45%, P-value=0.003) and grade 3 or more (5 vs. 20%, P-value=0.004)
      acute gastrointestinal toxicity while no significant difference for grade 2 and 3
      or more haematological toxicity was noted in patients treated with IMRT compared
      to 3D conformal radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: IMRT provide a good alternative for
      treatment of cervix carcinoma with lower acute gastrointestinal and acute
      genitourinary toxicity with similar target coverage compared to 3D conformal
      radiotherapy.

PMID- 27368916
TI  - Improved extracellular expression and high-cell-density fed-batch fermentation of
      chitosanase from Aspergillus Fumigatus in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Chitosanase (CSN) from Aspergillus fumigatus has good thermal stability, wide pH
      range duration, and effective hydrolysis for chitosan. Inhere, CSN was
      successfully expressed in Escherichia coli followed by extracellular secretion
      under the guidance of an N-terminal signal peptide PelB, which effectively
      prompted its secretion out of E. coli cells. To facilitate its later
      purification, N-terminal or C-terminal 6xHis epitope tag was added to the PelB
      CSN protein complex. Our results indicated that PelB-CSN without 6xHis-tag (PelB
      CSN) or with N-terminal 6xHis-tag (PelB-CSN-N) can both be effectively secreted
      into the medium, while CSN with 6xHis-tag anchored at C-terminus was expressed as
      inclusion bodies. Process optimization strategies were further developed to
      improve the secretion efficiency of recombinant PelB-CSN-N in E. coli. Under the
      induction of 10 g/L lactose in shake-flask culture, the extracellular activity of
      CSN reached 6015 U/mL at 25  degrees C in TB medium containing 1 % glycine.
      Moreover, a fed-batch fermentation strategy for high-cell-density cultivation was
      applied in a 5-L fermenter, increasing the extracellular CSN activity to 14,000
      U/mL in 2-day fermentation with the optimal addition of lactose and glycine. 

PMID- 27368917
TI  - Response to letter from Chudleigh et al.: Systematic reviews of hand hygiene in
      patient care post 2010.

PMID- 27368919
TI  - Response to Comment on 'epic3: revised recommendation for intravenous catheter
      and catheter site care'.

PMID- 27368918
TI  - Comment on 'epic3: revised recommendation for intravenous catheter and catheter
      site care'.

PMID- 27368920
TI  - Interpreting the Joint Working Party Guidelines for cleaning up after
      carbapenemase-producing organisms: the devil's in the dilution.

PMID- 27368921
TI  - Lipid Nanocarrier: an Efficient Approach Towards Ocular Delivery of Hydrophilic
      Drug (Valacyclovir).
AB  - This research focuses on the fabrication and evaluation of solid lipid
      nanoparticles (SLNs) for improved ocular delivery of valacyclovir (VAC). Stearic
      acid and tristearin were selected as the lipid carrier while Poloxamer 188 and
      sodium taurocholate were used as surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The
      physiochemical properties of the optimized batch (SLN-6) fulfil the prerequisites
      needed for an ideal ocular formulation like submicron size (202.5 +/- 2.56 nm),
      narrow PDI (0.252 +/- 0.06), high zeta potential (-34.4 +/- 3.04 mV) and good
      entrapment efficiency (58.82 +/- 2.45%). The in vitro release study of SLN-6
      exhibited a sustained release profile (>60% in 12 h). The ex vivo studies
      performed on excised cornea exhibited enhanced drug permeation of SLNs (22.17 +/-
      1.41 MUg/cm2 h) in comparison to the drug solution (3.78 +/- 1.34 MUg/cm2 h).
      Apart, the corneal hydration studies, histopathology and Hen's Egg Test Chorio
      Allantoic Membrane (HETCAM) assay, confirmed the non-irritancy of SLNs. The in
      vivo study confirmed improved ocular bioavailability of VAC from SLN-6 (AUC0-12:
      856.47 +/- 7.86 MUg h/mL) in contrast to the drug solution (AUC0-12: 470.75 +/-
      8.91 MUg h/mL). Hence, the overall studies suggested the potential of SLNs in
      efficient ocular delivery of a hydrophilic molecule like VAC.

PMID- 27368922
TI  - Quercetin-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Dispersion with Improved
      Physicochemical Properties and Cellular Uptake.
AB  - The objective of this study was to formulate and characterize properties of solid
      lipid nanoparticle (SLN) dispersion containing quercetin. SLN was prepared by
      ultrasonication method using tripalmitin and lecithin as lipid core and then the
      surface was coated with chitosan. Entrapment efficiency was greater than 99%, and
      mean particle size of SLN was 110.7 +/- 1.97 nm with significant increase in the
      coated SLN (c-SLN). Zeta potential was proportionally increased and reached
      plateau at 5% of chitosan coating with respect to tripalmitin. Differential
      scanning calorimetry showed disappearance of endothermic peak of quercetin in
      SLNs, indicating conversion of crystalline state to amorphous state. FTIR study
      of SLNs showed no change in the spectrum of quercetin, which indicates that the
      lipid and chitosan were not incompatible with quercetin. When coating amount was
      greater than 2.5% of tripalmitin, particle size and zeta potential were very
      stable even at 40 degrees C up to 90 days. All SLN dispersions showed
      significantly faster release profile compared to pure quercetin powder. At pH
      7.0, the release rate was increased in proportion to the coating amount.
      Interestingly, at pH 3.0, chitosan coating of 5.0% or greater decreased the rate.
      Cellular uptake of quercetin was performed using Caco-2 cells and showed that all
      SLN dispersions were significantly better than quercetin dispersed in distilled
      water. However, cellular uptake of quercetin from c-SLN was significantly lower
      than that from uncoated SLN.

PMID- 27368923
TI  - Insulin, insulin receptors, and cancer.
AB  - Insulin is a major regulator of cell metabolism but, in addition, is also a
      growth factor. Insulin effects in target cells are mediated by the insulin
      receptor (IR), a transmembrane protein with enzymatic (tyrosine kinase) activity.
      The insulin receptor, however, is represented by a heterogeneous family of
      proteins, including two different IR isoforms and also hybrid receptors resulting
      from the IR hemireceptor combination with a hemireceptor of the cognate IGF-1
      receptor. These different receptors may bind insulin and its analogs with
      different affinity and produce different biologic effects. Since many years, it
      is known that many cancer cells require insulin for optimal in vitro growth.
      Recent data indicate that: (1) insulin stimulates growth mainly via its own
      receptor and not the IGF-1 receptor; (2) in many cancer cells, the IR is
      overexpressed and the A isoform, which has a predominant mitogenic effect, is
      more represented than the B isoform. These characteristics provide a selective
      growth advantage to malignant cells when exposed to insulin. For this reason, all
      conditions of hyperinsulinemia, both endogenous (prediabetes, metabolic syndrome,
      obesity, type 2 diabetes before pancreas exhaustion and polycystic ovary
      syndrome) and exogenous (type 1 diabetes) will increase the risk of cancer.
      Cancer-related mortality is also increased in patients exposed to
      hyperinsulinemia but other factors, related to the different diseases, may also
      contribute. The complexity of the diseases associated with hyperinsulinemia and
      their therapies does not allow a precise evaluation of the cancer-promoting
      effect of hyperinsulinemia, but its detrimental effect on cancer incidence and
      mortality is well documented.

PMID- 27368924
TI  - Arterio-portal shunts in the cirrhotic liver: perfusion computed tomography for
      distinction of arterialized pseudolesions from hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine perfusion computed tomography (P-CT) findings for
      distinction of arterial pseudolesions (APL) from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
      in the cirrhotic liver. METHODS: 32 APL and 21 HCC in 20 cirrhotic patients (15
      men; 65 +/- 10 years), who underwent P-CT for evaluation of HCC pre- (N = 9) or
      post- (N = 11) transarterial chemoembolization, were retrospectively included
      using CT follow-up as the standard of reference. All 53 lesions were
      qualitatively (visual) and quantitatively (perfusion parameters) analysed
      according to their shape (wedge, irregular, nodular), location (not-/adjunct to a
      fistula), arterial liver perfusion (ALP), portal venous liver perfusion (PLP),
      hepatic perfusion index (HPI). Accuracy for diagnosis of HCC was determined using
      receiver operating characteristics. RESULTS: 18/32 (56 %) APL were wedge shaped,
      10/32 (31 %) irregular and 4/32 (12 %) nodular, while 11/21 (52 %) HCC were
      nodular or 10/21 (48 %) irregular, but never wedge shaped. Significant difference
      between APL and HCC was seen for lesion shape in pretreated lesions (P < 0.001),
      and for PLP and HPI in both pre- and post-treated lesions (all, P < 0.001).
      Diagnostic accuracy for HCC was best for combined assessment of lesion
      configuration and PLP showing an area under the curve of 0.901. CONCLUSION:
      Combined assessment of lesion configuration and portal venous perfusion derived
      from P-CT allows best to discriminate APL from HCC with high diagnostic accuracy.
      KEY POINTS: * Arterio-portal shunting is common in the cirrhotic liver,
      especially after local treatment. * Arterial pseudolesions (APL) due to shunting
      might mimic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). * Perfusion-CT allows for qualitative
      and quantitative assessment of liver lesions. * Lesion configuration fails to
      discriminate APL from HCC in locally treated patients. * Integration of
      quantitative perfusion analysis improves accuracy for diagnosis of HCC.

PMID- 27368926
TI  - Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium conserves nitrogen in
      anthropogenically affected subtropical mangrove sediments in Southeast China.
AB  - In this study, basic sediment properties, nutrient flux, and nitrogen cycle
      (including denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation [anammox],
      nitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium [DNRA]) were
      investigated at two sampling sites with different tree ages in the mangrove
      region of the Jiulong River Estuary, China. The results show that sediments at
      mangrove flat area have relatively strong capability to reduce NO3(-), in which
      the DNRA rate is relatively high (204.53+/-48.32MUmolNm(-2)h(-1)), which is
      approximately 75.7-85.9% of the total NO3(-) reduction, while the denitrification
      and anammox rates are relatively low - only approximately 5.6-9.5% and 8.5-14.8%
      of the total NO3(-) reduction, respectively. Thus, in the nitrogen-enriched
      subtropical mangrove system, DNRA is the main pathway to reduce NO3(-), and most
      of the input nitrogen is conserved as NH4(+) in the system, which assures high
      productivity of the mangrove system. 

PMID- 27368925
TI  - Hypertensive heart disease versus hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: multi-parametric
      cardiovascular magnetic resonance discriminators when end-diastolic wall
      thickness >= 15 mm.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: European guidelines state left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic wall
      thickness (EDWT) >=15mm suggests hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but
      distinguishing from hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is challenging. We identify
      cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) predictors of HHD over HCM when EDWT
      >=15mm. METHODS: 2481 consecutive clinical CMRs between 2014 and 2015 were
      reviewed. 464 segments from 29 HCM subjects with EDWT >=15mm but without other
      cardiac abnormality, hypertension or renal impairment were analyzed. 432 segments
      from 27 HHD subjects with EDWT >=15mm but without concomitant cardiac pathology
      were analyzed. Magnitude and location of maximal EDWT, presence of late
      gadolinium enhancement (LGE), LV asymmetry (>1.5-fold opposing segment) and
      systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) were measured. Multivariate
      logistic regression was performed. Significance was defined as p<0.05. RESULTS:
      HHD and HCM cohorts were age-/gender-matched. HHD had significantly increased
      indexed LV mass (110+/-27g/m2 vs. 91+/-31g/m2, p=0.016) but no difference in site
      or magnitude of maximal EDWT. Mid-wall LGE was significantly more prevalent in
      HCM. Elevated indexed LVM, mid-wall LGE and absence of SAM were significant
      multivariate predictors of HHD, but LV asymmetry was not. CONCLUSIONS: Increased
      indexed LV mass, absence of mid-wall LGE and absence of SAM are better CMR
      discriminators of HHD from HCM than EDWT >=15mm. KEY POINTS: * Hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy (HCM) is often diagnosed with end-diastolic wall thickness >=15mm.
      * Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) can be difficult to distinguish from HCM. *
      Retrospective case-control study showed that location and magnitude of EDWT are
      poor discriminators. * Increased left ventricular mass and midwall fibrosis are
      independent predictors of HHD. * Cardiovascular magnetic resonance parameters
      facilitate a better discrimination between HHD and HCM.

PMID- 27368927
TI  - Virtual increase or latent loss? A reassessment of mangrove populations and their
      conservation in Guangdong, southern China.
AB  - Contrary to the global trend, the area of mangrove in Guangdong Province,
      southern China, has been increasing over the last two decades. Currently, three
      exotic mangrove species have been introduced for large-scale afforestation since
      1985. A reassessment of the overall status of the mangrove species, habitat
      change, population of introduced species, was conducted through a comprehensive
      literature review as well as field investigations covering 96 sites. The success
      of conservation efforts is also evaluated. Upstream and high intertidal habitats
      are more vulnerable than downstream and lower intertidal ones, with habitat
      alteration being the biggest threats. Five mangrove species have narrow
      distributional extents with small populations, which could incur regional
      extinction. With the introduced species having naturalized at 42 sites, their
      role in mangrove management needs to be reconsidered. These findings collectively
      suggest a need to manage latent species loss and habitat degradation beyond the
      apparent increase in mangrove area and protection. 

PMID- 27368928
TI  - Assessing the bio-mitigation effect of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture on
      marine environment by a numerical approach.
AB  - With increasing concern over the aquatic environment in marine culture, the
      integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) has received extensive attention in
      recent years. A three-dimensional numerical ocean model is developed to explore
      the negative impacts of aquaculture wastes and assess the bio-mitigation effect
      of IMTA systems on marine environments. Numerical results showed that the
      concentration of surface phytoplankton could be controlled by planting seaweed (a
      maximum reduction of 30%), and the percentage change in the improvement of bottom
      dissolved oxygen concentration increased to 35% at maximum due to the ingestion
      of organic wastes by sea cucumbers. Numerical simulations indicate that seaweeds
      need to be harvested in a timely manner for maximal absorption of nutrients, and
      the initial stocking density of sea cucumbers >3.9 individuals m(-2) is preferred
      to further eliminate the organic wastes sinking down to the sea bottom. 

PMID- 27368929
TI  - Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma with lymph node metastasis: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Leiomyosarcomas typically originate in smooth muscle cell.
      Leiomyosarcoma potentially arising from the adrenal gland is an extremely rare
      mesenchymal tumors associated with delayed diagnosis and poor prognosis. CASE
      PRESENTATION: A 34-year-old man visited our department complaining of right
      hypochondriac pain. Computed tomography demonstrated a solid mass measuring 5.2
      cm in diameter above the right kidney, corresponding to the right adrenal gland,
      and a lymph node mass, which appeared to have invaded the IVC wall. Right
      adrenalectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed. A microscopic examination
      revealed primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma with lymph node metastasis. No adjuvant
      therapy was performed, and the patient remains recurrence-free at 10 months
      postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: We experienced a very rare case of primary adrenal
      leiomyosarcoma. Aggressive surgical resection including vascular reconstruction
      may be associated with improved survival.

PMID- 27368932
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368930
TI  - Targeted stimulation of retinoic acid receptor-gamma mitigates the formation of
      heterotopic ossification in an established blast-related traumatic injury model.
AB  - Heterotopic ossification (HO) involves formation of endochondral bone at non
      skeletal sites, is prevalent in severely wounded service members, and causes
      significant complications and delayed rehabilitation. As common prophylactic
      treatments such as anti-inflammatory drugs and irradiation cannot be used after
      multi-system combat trauma, there is an urgent need for new remedies. Previously,
      we showed that the retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist Palovarotene inhibited
      subcutaneous and intramuscular HO in mice, but those models do not mimic complex
      combat injury. Thus, we tested Palovarotene in our validated rat trauma-induced
      HO model that involves blast-related limb injury, femoral fracture, quadriceps
      crush injury, amputation and infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus from combat wound infections. Palovarotene was given orally for 14days at
      1mg/kg/day starting on post-operative day (POD) 1 or POD-5, and HO amount, wound
      dehiscence and related processes were monitored for up to 84days post injury.
      Compared to vehicle-control animals, Palovarotene significantly decreased HO by
      50 to 60% regardless of when the treatment started and if infection was present.
      Histological analyses showed that Palovarotene reduced ectopic chondrogenesis,
      osteogenesis and angiogenesis forming at the injury site over time, while
      fibrotic tissue was often present in place of ectopic bone. Custom gene array
      data verified that while expression of key chondrogenic and osteogenic genes was
      decreased within soft tissues of residual limb in Palovarotene-treated rats,
      expression of cartilage catabolic genes was increased, including matrix
      metalloproteinase-9. Importantly, Palovarotene seemed to exert moderate
      inhibitory effects on wound healing, raising potential safety concerns related to
      dosing and timing. Our data show for the first time that Palovarotene
      significantly inhibits HO triggered by blast injury and associated complications,
      strongly indicating that it may prevent HO in patients at high risk such as those
      sustaining combat injuries and other forms of blast trauma.

PMID- 27368933
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368934
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368931
TI  - Use of a Pediatric Cardiovascular Nursing Consortium for Development and
      Evaluation of Quality Measures: The C4-MNP Experience.
AB  - The evidence linking nursing care and patient outcomes has been globally
      demonstrated. Thus, it is time for translation and application of this evidence
      to robust measurement that uniquely demonstrates the value of nursing care and
      the characteristics of the nursing workforce that contribute to optimal patient
      outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify and develop
      standardized measures representative of pediatric nursing care of the
      cardiovascular patient for benchmarking within freestanding children's hospitals.
      METHODS: Using a consensus-based approach, the Consortium of Congenital Cardiac
      Care- Measurement of Nursing Practice (C4-MNP) members developed quality measures
      within working groups and then individually critiqued all drafted measures. Final
      draft measures were then independently reviewed and critiqued by an external
      nursing quality measurement committee. The final quality measures were also made
      available to a national parent support group for feedback. OUTCOMES: The
      development process used by C4-MNP resulted in 10 measures eligible for testing
      across freestanding children's hospitals. Employing a collaborative consensus
      based method plus implementing the criteria of the National Quality Forum and
      external vetting period provided a strong framework for the development and
      evaluation of standardized measures. NEXT STEPS: The Consortium will continue
      with implementation and testing of each measure in 9 of our 28 collaborating
      centers. This activity will support initial development of benchmarks and
      evaluation of the association of the measures with patient outcomes.

PMID- 27368936
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368935
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368937
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368938
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368939
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368940
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368941
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368942
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368943
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368944
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368945
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368947
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368946
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368948
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368950
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368949
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368951
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368952
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368954
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368953
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368956
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368955
TI  - Fundus autofluorescence as a marker of disease severity in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada
      disease.

PMID- 27368957
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368958
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368959
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368960
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368961
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368962
TI  - The onset risk of carcinoma in patients continuing tacrolimus topical treatment
      for oral lichen planus: a case report.
AB  - Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease. Topical use
      of steroids and other immuno-modulating therapies have been tried for this
      intractable condition. Nowadays, tacrolimus ointment is used more commonly as a
      choice for treatment. However, a number of discussions have taken place after
      tacrolimus was reported to be carcinogenic. This report describes a patient who
      applied tacrolimus ointment to the lower lip after being diagnosed with oral
      lichen planus in 2008, and whose lesion developed squamous cell carcinoma in
      2010. Since the relationship between tacrolimus and cancer development has been
      reported in only a few cases, including this case report, the clinician must be
      careful selecting tacrolimus as a second-line treatment for oral lichen planus.

PMID- 27368968
TI  - Adults at risk.
AB  - An online Safeguarding Adults at Risk information hub has been set up in Northern
      Ireland by the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, as a
      resource for practitioners, managers, researchers, educators and policy makers. 

PMID- 27368969
TI  - Older people initiative.
AB  - Interlinks is a Europe-wide project to create a resource aimed at improving long
      term care for older people. The project has developed. 

PMID- 27368963
TI  - Inhibitory effect of alpha-mangostin on Candida biofilms.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of alpha
      mangostin on Candida biofilms. Candida species including Candida albicans,
      Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata were tested. Candida
      biofilms were formed in flat-bottomed 96-well microtiter plates. The metabolic
      activity of cells within biofilms was quantified using the XTT assay. The results
      demonstrated that alpha-mangostin showed a significant anti-biofilm effect on
      both developing biofilms and preformed biofilms of Candida species. It may be
      concluded that alpha-mangostin could be an anti-biofilm agent against Candida
      species. Further in vivo investigations are needed to uncover the therapeutic
      values of this medicinal plant.

PMID- 27368970
TI  - Safe care advice.
AB  - An NHS website dedicated to helping organisations achieve the aims of an
      initiative to deliver 'harm-free care' by December 2012 contains a wealth of
      information, tools and resources. Harm-free care is defined as the absence of
      pressure ulcers, falls, urinary tract infections and venous thromboembolism. 

PMID- 27368971
TI  - Industrial disputes guidance.
AB  - In response to requests from employers, NHS Employers has developed guidance for
      managing industrial disputes in the NHS. 

PMID- 27368973
TI  - Out for consultation.
AB  - More than one million patient safety incidents are reported to the National
      Patient Safety Agency's national reporting and learning system every year. 

PMID- 27368974
TI  - Erratum to: JAK3-STAT pathway blocking benefits in experimental lupus nephritis.

PMID- 27368977
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368975
TI  - Expanding the molecular diversity and phenotypic spectrum of glycerol 3-phosphate
      dehydrogenase 1 deficiency.
AB  - Transient infantile hypertriglyceridemia (HTGT1; OMIM #614480) is a rare
      autosomal recessive disorder, which manifests in early infancy with transient
      hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly, elevated liver enzymes, persistent fatty
      liver and hepatic fibrosis. This rare clinical entity is caused by inactivating
      mutations in the GPD1 gene, which encodes the cytosolic isoform of glycerol-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase. Here we report on four patients from three unrelated
      families of diverse ethnic origins, who presented with hepatomegaly, liver
      steatosis, hypertriglyceridemia, with or without fasting ketotic hypoglycemia.
      Whole exome sequencing revealed the affected individuals to harbor deleterious
      biallelic mutations in the GPD1 gene, including the previously undescribed c.806G
      > A (p.Arg269Gln) and c.640T > C (p.Cys214Arg) mutations. The clinical features
      in three of our patients showed several differences compared to the original
      reports. One subject presented with recurrent episodes of fasting hypoglycemia
      along with hepatomegaly, hypetriglyceridemia, and elevated liver enzymes; the
      second showed a severe liver disease, with intrahepatic cholestasis associated
      with kidney involvement; finally, the third presented persistent
      hypertriglyceridemia at the age of 30 years. These findings expand the current
      knowledge of this rare disorder, both with regard to the phenotype and molecular
      basis. The enlarged phenotypic spectrum of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1
      deficiency can mimic other inborn errors of metabolism with liver involvement and
      should alert clinicians to recognize this entity by considering GPD1 mutations in
      appropriate clinical settings.

PMID- 27368976
TI  - Membrane progesterone receptors in reproduction and cancer.
AB  - Progesterone is a sexual steroid hormone that has a critical role in reproductive
      processes in males and females of several species, including humans. Furthermore,
      progesterone has been associated with pathological diseases such as breast,
      gynecological and brain cancer, regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and
      metastasis. In the past, progesterone actions were thought to be only mediated by
      its intracellular receptor (PR). However, recent evidence has demonstrated that
      membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) mediate most of the non-classical
      progesterone actions. The role of the different mPRs subtypes in progesterone
      effects in reproduction and cancer is an emerging and exciting research area.
      Here we review studies to date regarding mPRs role in reproduction and cancer and
      discuss their functions and clinical relevance, suggesting mPRs as putative
      pharmacological targets and disease markers in cancer and diseases associated
      with reproduction.

PMID- 27368978
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368979
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368980
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368981
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368982
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368984
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368983
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368985
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368986
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368987
TI  - Boronic acid disk diffusion for the phenotypic detection of polymerase chain
      reaction-confirmed, carbapenem-resistant, gram-negative bacilli isolates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Middle East is regarded as a secondary reservoir for OXA-48 and
      New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) carbapenemases. One of the main challenges
      in clinical microbiology diagnostics is the detection of carbapenemases. For this
      reason simple screening methods have been sought to detect carbapenemase
      producers to determine appropriate therapeutic measures and implement infection
      control interventions. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the
      modified Hodge test (MHT) and a boronic acid-based combined disk test using
      carbapenems as substrates for the phenotypic determination of OXA-48 and NDM type
      carbapenemases in 45 epidemiologically unrelated carbapenem-resistant clinical
      isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (13 isolates), Acinetobacter baumanii (20
      isolates), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 isolates). RESULTS: Boronic acid disk
      test using meropenem as substrate and 600 ug of 3- aminophenylboronic acid (APB)
      was the most sensitive method (83.33 %) for detection of OXA-48, while the most
      specific method was MHT (100 %). As regards NDM carbapenemase, boronic acid disk
      tests using imipenem and 600 ug of APB per disk, and meropenem with 300 or 600 ug
      of APB were the most  sensitive methods (87.50 %), while the most specific method
      was the MHT (100 %). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study indicate that
      phenotypic screening with the MHT and the boronic acid disk test may be used to
      detect OXA-48 and NDM carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacilli clinical isolates,
      and that these tests can be easily applied in tertiary care settings with minimal
      infrastructure.

PMID- 27368988
TI  - Maternity care and Human Rights: what do women think?
AB  - BACKGROUND: A human rights approach to maternal health is considered as a useful
      framework in international efforts to reduce maternal mortality. Although
      fundamental human rights principles are incorporated into legal and medical
      frameworks, human rights have to be translated into measurable actions and
      outcomes. So far, their substantive applications remain unclear. The aim of this
      study is to explore women's perspectives and experiences of maternal health
      services through a human rights perspective in Magu District, Tanzania. METHODS:
      This study is a qualitative exploration of perspectives and experiences of women
      regarding maternity services in government health facilities. The point of
      departure is a Human Rights perspective. A total of 36 semi-structured interviews
      were held with 17 women, between the age of 31 and 63, supplemented with one
      focus group discussion of a selection of the interviewed women, in three rural
      villages and the town centre in Magu District. Data analysis was performed using
      a coding scheme based on four human rights principles: dignity, autonomy,
      equality and safety. RESULTS: Women's experiences of maternal health services
      reflect several sub-standard care factors relating to violations of multiple
      human rights principles. Women were aware that substandard care was present and
      described a range of ways how the services could be delivered that would venerate
      human rights principles. Prominent themes included: 'being treated well and
      equal', 'being respected' and 'being given the appropriate information and
      medical treatment'. CONCLUSION: Women in this rural Tanzanian setting are aware
      that their experiences of maternity care reflect violations of their basic rights
      and are able to voice what basic human rights principles mean to them as well as
      their desired applications in maternal health service provision.

PMID- 27368989
TI  - Analysis of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections after lung
      transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are important pathogens in lung
      transplant recipients. This study describes the spectrum of NTM respiratory tract
      infections and examines the association of NTM infections with lung transplant
      complications. METHODS: Data from 208 recipients transplanted from November 1990
      to November 2005 were analyzed. Follow-up data were available to November 2010.
      Lung infection was defined by bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, or blood cultures
      in the appropriate clinical setting. All identified NTM respiratory tract
      infections were tabulated. The cohort of patients with NTM lung infections (NTM+)
      were compared to the cohort without infection (NTM-). Univariate and multivariate
      analysis was performed to determine characteristics associated with NTM
      infection. Survival analyses for overall survival and development of
      bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) were also performed. RESULTS: In total,
      52 isolates of NTM lung infection were identified in 30 patients. The isolates
      included Mycobacterium abscessus (46%), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) (36%),
      Mycobacterium gordonae (9%), Mycobacterium chelonae (7%), and Mycobacterium
      fortuitum (2%), with multiple NTM isolates seen on 3 different occasions. The
      overall incidence was 14%, whereas cumulative incidences at 1, 3, and 5 years
      after lung transplantation were 11%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. Comparisons
      between the NTM+ and NTM- cohorts revealed that NTM+ patients were more likely to
      be African-American and have cytomegalovirus mismatch. Although no difference was
      seen in survival, the NTM+ cohort was more likely to develop BOS (80% vs. 58%, P
      = 0.02). NTM+ infection, however, was not independently associated with
      development of BOS by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: With nearly 20 years of
      follow-up, 14% of lung recipients develop NTM respiratory tract infections, with
      M. abscessus and MAC more commonly identified. M. gordonae was considered
      responsible for nearly 10% of NTM infections. Although survival of patients with
      NTM infections is similar, a striking difference in BOS rates is present in the
      NTM+ and NTM- groups.

PMID- 27368990
TI  - Antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in naive and experienced patients in
      Shiraz, Iran, 2014.
AB  - Resistance to antiretroviral agents is a significant concern in the clinical
      management of HIV-infected individuals, particularly in areas of the world where
      treatment options are limited. In this study, we aimed to identify HIV drug
      resistance-associated mutations in 40 drug-naive patients and 62 patients under
      antiretroviral therapy (ART) referred to the Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center -
      the first such data available for the south of Iran. HIV reverse transcriptase
      and protease genes were amplified and sequenced to determine subtypes and
      antiretroviral- resistance-associated mutations (RAMs). Subtype CRF35-AD
      recombinant was the most prevalent in all patients (98 of 102, 96 %), followed by
      subtype A1, and subtype B (one each, 2 %). Among the 40 ART-naive patients, two
      mutations associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)
      resistance (two with Y115F and T215I) and three associated with non-nucleoside
      reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance (two with G190S and Y181C,
      four with V179T) were found. Among ART-experienced patients, four mutations
      associated with resistance to NRTI, four with NNRTI, and five with protease
      inhibitors (PI) were found. Twenty patients with high levels of resistance were
      already on second-line therapy. We document for the first time in this region of
      Iran high levels of ART resistance to multiple drugs. Our findings call for more
      vigilant systematic ART resistance surveillance, increased resistance testing,
      careful management of patients with existing regimens, and strong advocacy for
      expansion of available drugs in Iran. 

PMID- 27368991
TI  - Complete genome sequence of tobacco mosqueado virus.
AB  - We describe the genomic characteristics of a new potyvirus isolated from tobacco
      plants showing mottling ("mosqueado" in Portuguese) in southern Brazil. The
      complete genomic sequence consists of 9896 nucleotides, without the poly(A) tail,
      and shares the highest pairwise nucleotide sequence identities of 68.5 % with
      pepper yellow mosaic virus and 68.2 % with Brugmansia mosaic virus isolate D437.
      These identity values are below the level of 76.0 % used as a criterion for
      species demarcation in the genus Potyvirus based on the complete genome sequence.
      The viral genomic organization and sequence comparison thus suggest that this
      virus, tentatively named "tobacco mosqueado virus" (TMosqV), represents a new
      potyvirus species. 

PMID- 27368993
TI  - Complete genome sequences of a putative new alphapartitivirus detected in Rosa
      spp.
AB  - A putative new alphapartitivirus was detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS)
      in Rosa spp. and identified as rose partitivirus isolate Phyllis Bide (RoPV-PB).
      The virus is bipartite with a dsRNA1 fragment (1937 bp) encoding a putative RdRp
      and a dsRNA2 fragment (1811 bp) encoding the putative CP subunit of the virus.
      dsRNA1 of RoPV-BP is closely related to Vicia faba partitivirus 1, with
      identities of 67 % and 72 % for the nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa)
      sequences, respectively. In NGS analysis of RoPV-BP, coverage was uneven across
      both dsRNA fragments, with GC/AT content appearing to be a major determinant of
      depth of coverage. 

PMID- 27368992
TI  - Impact of oseltamivir use on the reduction of complications in patients with
      influenza: a prospective study.
AB  - To evaluate the factors associated with oseltamivir prescription and to study the
      effectiveness of oseltamivir in reducing influenza-related complications. A
      prospective cohort study using the SOS Doctors (a network of physicians who
      perform house-call visits in Attica, Greece). Patients with confirmed or
      clinically suspected influenza were followed up to 14 days during the 2011-2012
      influenza period. 410 patients with confirmed or suspected influenza were
      included. Healthy adults were mainly enrolled, with a median age of 44 years.
      Influenza diagnosis was mainly based on clinical criteria (65.8 % of patients).
      Oseltamivir was prescribed for 45.4 % of them. In a multivariate analysis,
      prescription of oseltamivir was associated with the attending physician (p <
      0.001), positive influenza test (p < 0.001) and diabetes (p = 0.027). Data on
      complications were available for 351 patients, and 50 (15.8 %) of them reported
      at least one. Seven patients required hospitalization. Types of complications
      (pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.) were not significantly different between patients
      receiving and those not receiving oseltamivir. In the multivariate analysis,
      higher oseltamivir prescription rate was associated with fewer complications (p <
      0.001). Bearing in mind the limitations of a non-randomized study, in a real-life
      setting, oseltamivir prescription and the rate of complications in patients with
      influenza were associated with the attending physician, underlying diseases and
      diagnostic tests. Overall, when the frequency of oseltamivir prescription
      increased, the influenza-related complications decreased. 

PMID- 27368994
TI  - Genome sequence of a novel mitovirus identified in the phytopathogenic fungus
      Alternaria arborescens.
AB  - The phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria spp. contains a variety of double-stranded
      RNA (dsRNA) elements of different sizes. Detailed analysis of next-generation
      sequencing data obtained using dsRNA purified from Alternaria arborescens, from
      which we had previously found Alternaria arborescens victorivirus 1, revealed the
      presence of another mycoviral-like dsRNA of approximately 2.5 kbp in length. When
      using the fungal mitochondrial genetic code, this dsRNA has a single open reading
      frame that potentially encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) with
      significant to sequence similarity to those of viruses of the genus Mitovirus.
      Moreover, both the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions have the potential to fold
      into stable stem-loop structures, which is characteristic of mitoviruses.
      Pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid
      sequences of RdRp indicated that the virus we identified in A. arborescens is a
      distinct member of the genus Mitovirus in the family Narnaviridae, designated as
      "Alternaria arborescens mitovirus 1" (AaMV1). 

PMID- 27368995
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368996
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368997
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368998
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27368999
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369000
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369001
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369003
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369002
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369005
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369004
TI  - The comparison of the melanin content and UV exposure affecting aging process:
      seven countries in Asia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The skin brightness is determined according to the amount and type of
      melanin. People with darker skin have a greater amount of melanin that makes
      their skin less susceptible to UV damages. They live in lower latitude and
      receive a greater amount of the intensity of the UV radiation. AIM: We wanted to
      know how the latitude and skin brightness affect skin aging. METHODS: Three
      thousand volunteers from seven countries (Korea, China, India, Thailand, Vietnam,
      Indonesia, and Malaysia), aged 20-59 years, participated in this study. We
      measured skin brightness, Ra (wrinkles parameter), and R2 (elasticity parameter)
      under controlled environmental conditions. The skin brightness of the face was
      measured using the Janus(r) which is a facial analysis system. Cutometer(r) the
      elasticity was measured by on the cheeks, and PRIMOS lite(r) was used to evaluate
      wrinkles on crow's feet. RESULTS: Latitude and skin brightness showed a positive
      correlation (0.346). Also, the correlations of Ra and R2 with skin brightness
      were significantly negative (-0.181) and positive (0.105), respectively. Results
      of comparison of Ra and R2 with age among the countries showed no significant
      difference among the 20s, but there was a significant difference among the 50s
      between countries with high latitude and low latitude. CONCLUSION: The long-term
      exposure of UV radiation, the natural environmental factor, seems to have more
      decisive effect on the skin aging process than the photoprotective effect of
      melanin of epidermal skin. This study helps to understand differences of the skin
      properties among countries in Asia.

PMID- 27369007
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369006
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369008
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369009
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369010
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369011
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369012
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369013
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369014
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369015
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369016
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369017
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369018
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369019
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369020
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369021
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369022
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369023
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369024
TI  - Getting Used To It.

PMID- 27369026
TI  - Engaging Critically Ill Patients in Symptom Management: Thinking Outside the Box!
AB  - Caring for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the
      intensive care unit (ICU) is an immense challenge for clinicians. Interventions
      to maintain physiological stability and life itself can cause a number of adverse
      effects that have a marked impact on patients beyond the period of critical
      illness or injury. These ICU-acquired conditions include but are not limited to
      weakness, depression, and post-intensive care syndrome, all of which markedly
      affect patients' quality of life after they leave the unit. How best to manage
      the many symptoms experienced by patients undergoing mechanical ventilation
      without contributing to adverse ICU-acquired sequelae remains a daunting charge
      for clinicians and requires innovative "out of the box" approaches to address
      these complex issues. Systematic, cutting-edge research is needed to challenge
      the "usual" way of managing ICU patients in order to provide the best available
      evidence for practice integration that minimizes adverse, ICU-acquired sequelae
      and improves outcomes for the most vulnerable patients. This article highlights a
      program of research focused on interventions for managing symptoms in critically
      ill patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support, including the appropriate
      empowerment of symptom self-management by patients undergoing mechanical
      ventilation. Development and testing of innovative, nontraditional interventions
      specifically tailored for ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support
      are presented. Music listening is highlighted as a nonpharmacological, adjunctive
      intervention to reduce anxiety associated with mechanical ventilation. Patient
      controlled sedation is discussed as an alternative method to meet patients'
      highly individual needs for sedative therapy to promote comfort.

PMID- 27369027
TI  - Novel Approaches to Symptom Management.

PMID- 27369028
TI  - Family Presence During Resuscitation: Impact of Online Learning on Nurses'
      Perception and Self-confidence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Family presence during resuscitation (FPDR) is supported by patients
      and their family members. Nurses, however, including critical care nurses who
      frequently implement resuscitative care, have mixed views. OBJECTIVES: To
      determine the impact of online learning on critical care nurses' perception of
      and self-confidence with FPDR. METHODS: A 2-group, random assignment, pretest and
      posttest quasi-experimental study was conducted with critical care nurses
      recruited nationally. An online learning module on FPDR was developed and
      administered to the intervention group. Perceptions and self-confidence for FPDR
      were measured by using the Family Presence Risk- Benefit Scale (FPR-BS) and the
      Family Presence Self-confidence Scale (FPS-CS). Two-factor, mixed-model factorial
      analysis of variance was used to compare mean scores. RESULTS: A total of 74
      critical care nurses participated in the study. Mean FPR-BS and FPS-CS scores
      were significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group.
      For the intervention group, mean scores on the FPR-BS increased from 3.63 to 4.07
      (P < .001) and on the FPS-CS increased from 4.24 to 4.57 (P < .001), signifying
      improved perception and self-confidence. Scores did not change significantly in
      the control group: mean FPR-BS score increased from 3.82 to 3.88 (P = .23) and
      the mean FPS-CS score of 4.40 did not change (P > .99). CONCLUSIONS: Online
      learning is a feasible and effective method for educating large numbers of
      critical care nurses about FPDR. Online learning can improve perceptions and self
      confidence related to FPDR, which may promote more widespread adoption of FPDR
      into practice.

PMID- 27369029
TI  - A Secure, Social Media-Based "Case of the Month" Module in a Neurocritical Care
      Unit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Systems to meet the on-demand learning needs of nurses in intensive
      care units are not well studied beyond the traditional classroom models.
      OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility and effect of implementing an online
      discussion forum for nurses in a busy neuroscience intensive care unit. METHODS:
      A baseline survey was done to highlight the areas of educational need in the
      unit. Freeform-a password-protected, online discussion forum supported by the
      university-was used for the pilot project. Freeform has functions similar to
      Facebook, with "likes," "follow," discussion/comment spaces, and the capacity for
      uploading images and files. A page called "All things NeuroCritical Care" was
      created. All nurses working in the intensive care unit were automatically
      enrolled. Clinical vignettes relevant to neurocritical care were posted once a
      month with 1 to 2 lead questions. All participation was voluntary, and topics
      were chosen on the basis of the needs survey. At the end of each case, a recent
      review article on the topic was posted for secure download. RESULTS: Eight
      sentinel diagnoses have been presented as clinical vignettes, and 34 of 76
      members formally follow the page. The mean number of discussion strings per case
      is 8.3 posts. The number of unique visitors to the page during active case
      discussions exceeds 100. CONCLUSION: A secure, online, problem-based learning
      discussion format is a feasible point-of-care learning opportunity that can help
      overcome some of the traditional barriers to ongoing nursing education needs in a
      busy intensive care unit.

PMID- 27369030
TI  - Clinical Outcomes of Inadequate Calorie Delivery and Protein Deficit in Surgical
      Intensive Care Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adequate nutritional therapy in critically ill patients is integral
      to optimal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between cumulative
      macronutrient deficit and overall morbidity in surgical intensive care unit
      patients. METHODS: Adult patients receiving enteral nutrition for more than 72
      hours were included if they had no previous admission to the surgical intensive
      care unit, had received no enteral feedings before admission, had no intestinal
      obstruction or ileus, and survived 72 hours or more after admission. Data on
      demographics, outcomes, and nutritional intake during the unit stay were
      collected for up to 14 days until oral intake began, discharge, or death. Outcome
      variables included lengths of stay in the hospital and intensive care unit, days
      with no mechanical ventilation, complications, and mortality. RESULTS: Of 94
      participants, 71% were men, mean age was 63 years, and mean score on the Acute
      Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II was 14. Patients with high cumulative
      calorie deficit (>= 6000 cal) and high protein deficit (>= 300 g) had
      significantly fewer days with no mechanical ventilation (P < .001), longer unit
      stays (P < .001), longer hospital stays (P = .007), more total complications (P =
      .007), and more infectious complications (P = .009) than other participants.
      These associations remained significant in multivariable models after adjustments
      for age, sex, reason for admission, and propensity score of deficit. In-hospital
      and 30-day mortality did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: Cumulative macronutrient
      deficits have important clinical outcomes in surgical intensive care patients.

PMID- 27369031
TI  - Association of Injury Factors, Not Body Mass Index, With Hospital Resource Usage
      in Trauma Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Allocating resources appropriately requires knowing whether obese
      patients use more resources during a hospital stay than nonobese patients.
      OBJECTIVES: To determine if trauma patients with different body mass indexes
      differed in use of resources measured as a multifaceted outcome variable.
      METHODS: A trauma registry was used for a retrospective study of adult patients
      admitted to a midwestern level I trauma center. Patients were stratified into 3
      groups: nonobese (normal weight, overweight), obese, and morbidly obese. Three
      canonical correlation analyses were used to determine the relationship between
      patient/injury characteristics and hospital resource usage. RESULTS: In a sample
      of 9771 patients, 71.2% were non-obese, 23.8% obese, and 5.0% morbidly obese. For
      patient/injury characteristics, Injury Severity Score and physiological
      complications were significant variables for all 3 groups. Scores on the Glasgow
      Coma Scale were significant for nonobese patients only. For resource usage,
      intensive care unit length of stay and procedures were significant variables for
      all 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Associations between body mass index and outcomes have
      been noted when assessed as independent variables. However, when resource usage
      was assessed as a multifaceted outcome variable, injury factors (higher Injury
      Severity Score, lower scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale, more physiological
      complications) were associated with resource usage (increased length of stay in
      the intensive care unit and increased number of procedures). These findings
      provide clinicians a new perspective for evaluating the complex relationship
      between patient/injury characteristics and hospital resource usage.

PMID- 27369032
TI  - Improving Providers' Role Definitions to Decrease Overcrowding and Improve In
      Hospital Cardiac Arrest Response.
AB  - BACKGROUND: How nontechnical factors such as inadequate role definition and
      overcrowding affect outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is unknown.
      Using a bundled intervention, we sought to improve providers' role definitions
      and decrease overcrowding during IHCA events. OBJECTIVES: To determine if a
      bundled intervention consisting of a nurse/physician leadership dyad, visual cues
      for provider roles, and a "role check" would lead to reductions in crowding and
      improve perceptions of communication and team leadership. METHODS: Baseline data
      on the number and type of IHCA providers were collected. Providers were asked to
      complete a postevent survey rating communication and leadership. A bundled
      intervention was then introduced. Data were then obtained for the subsequent IHCA
      events. RESULTS: Twenty ICHA events were captured before and 34 after the
      intervention. The number of physicians present at pulse checks 2 (median
      [interquartile range]: 6 [5-8] before vs 5 [3-6] after, P = .02) and 3 (7 [5-9]
      vs 4 [4-5], P = .004) decreased significantly after the intervention. The overall
      number of providers at the third pulse check (18 [14-22] before vs 14 [12-16]
      after, P = .04) also decreased after the intervention. On a 10-point Likert
      scale, ratings of communication (8 [7-8]) and physician leadership (8 [7-9]) did
      not differ significantly from before to after the intervention. Both the
      physician leads (90%) and patients' primary nurses (97%) were able to identify
      clear nurse leaders. CONCLUSION: A bundled intervention targeted at improving
      IHCA response led to a decrease in overcrowding at ICHA events without
      substantial changes in the perceptions of communication or physician leadership.

PMID- 27369033
TI  - Usability Testing of an Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome System for Survivors
      of Critical Illness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Web-based electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePRO) measures are
      increasingly used to facilitate patient-centered health assessments. However, it
      is unknown if ePRO completion is feasible for recently ill intensive care unit
      (ICU) survivors and their families. OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate the
      usability of a novel ePRO system (ePRO to Support People and Enhance Recovery
      [ePROSPER]) among ICU survivors and their families within an ongoing clinical
      trial. METHODS: Paper-based PROs were iteratively adapted to electronic forms
      (ePROs). Then, the usability of ePROSPER was assessed among 60 patients, their
      family members, and PRO and programming experts via questionnaires (eg, Systems
      Usability Scale), "think aloud" open-ended feedback, task completion times, and
      error rates. RESULTS: Input from patients and their families was used to
      incorporate user-experience modifications into ePROSPER. This feedback also led
      to inclusion of automated reminders for questionnaire completion and real-time
      alerts for staff triggered by high symptom levels. Median usability scores
      increased over testing cycles from 40 to 73 to 95, nearing the maximum score and
      showing excellent usability. All users completed ePROSPER within 20 minutes; 87%
      preferred it to a written version. ePROSPER was then implemented in a clinical
      trial without data errors. CONCLUSIONS: Automated ePRO systems can be
      successfully integrated in a post-ICU clinical trial setting. The value of
      integrating such systems in direct clinical care should be assessed in future
      studies.

PMID- 27369034
TI  - Living with Dying in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Nursing Perspective.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite reported challenges encountered by nurses who provide
      palliative care to children, few researchers have examined this phenomenon from
      the perspective of nurses who care for children with life-threatening illnesses
      in pediatric intensive care units. OBJECTIVES: To describe and interpret the
      essence of the experiences of nurses in pediatric intensive care units who
      provide palliative care to children with life-threatening illnesses and the
      children's families. METHODS: A hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted
      with 12 pediatric intensive care unit nurses in the northeastern United States.
      Face-to-face interviews and field notes were used to illuminate the experiences.
      RESULTS: Five major themes were detected: journey to death; a lifelong burden;
      and challenges delivering care, maintaining self, and crossing boundaries. These
      themes were illuminated by 12 subthemes: the emotional impact of the dying child,
      the emotional impact of the child's death, concurrent grieving, creating a
      peaceful ending, parental burden of care, maintaining hope for the family, pain,
      unclear communication by physicians, need to hear the voice of the child,
      remaining respectful of parental wishes, collegial camaraderie and support, and
      personal support. CONCLUSION: Providing palliative care to children with life
      threatening illnesses was complex for the nurses. Findings revealed sometimes
      challenging intricacies involved in caring for dying children and the children's
      families. However, the nurses voiced professional satisfaction in providing
      palliative care and in support from colleagues. Although the nurses reported
      collegial camaraderie, future research is needed to identify additional
      supportive resources that may help staff process and cope with death and dying.

PMID- 27369035
TI  - Credentialing and Privileging of Acute Care Nurse Practitioners to Do Invasive
      Procedures: A Statewide Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute care nurse practitioners have been successfully integrated into
      inpatient settings. They perform invasive procedures in the intensive care unit
      and other acute care settings. Although their general scope of practice is
      regulated at the state level, local and regional scope of practice is governed by
      hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To determine if credentialing and privileging of these
      nurses for invasive procedures varies depending on the institution. METHODS:
      Personnel in medical staff offices of 329 hospitals were surveyed by telephone
      with 6 questions. Data collected included acute care nurse practitioner and
      hospital demographics, frequency and type of procedures performed, proctoring and
      credentialing process, and the presence of residents and fellows at the
      institution. RESULTS: The response rate was 74.8% (246 hospitals). Among these,
      48% (118) employed acute care nurse practitioners, of which 43.2% performed
      invasive procedures. Three hospitals were excluded from the final analysis. Of
      the hospitals that credentialed and granted privileges to the nurse practitioners
      for invasive procedures, 60.4% were teaching hospitals. A supervising physician
      was the proctor in 94% of the nonteaching hospitals and 100% of the teaching
      hospitals. The most common number of cases proctored was 4 to 7. CONCLUSION: The
      majority of hospitals employ acute care nurse practitioners. The most common
      method of privileging for invasive procedures is proctoring by a supervising
      physician. However, the amount of proctoring required before privileges and
      independent practice are granted varies by procedure and institution.

PMID- 27369036
TI  - Evidence-Based Review and Discussion Points.

PMID- 27369037
TI  - Long-Term Acute Care: Where Does It Fit in the Health Care Continuum?

PMID- 27369038
TI  - An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement: Burnout Syndrome in
      Critical Care Health Care Professionals: A Call for Action.
AB  - Burnout syndrome (BOS) occurs in all types of health care professionals and is
      especially common in individuals who care for critically ill patients. The
      development of BOS is related to an imbalance of personal characteristics of the
      employee and work-related issues or other organizational factors. BOS is
      associated with many deleterious consequences, including increased rates of job
      turnover, reduced patient satisfaction, and decreased quality of care. BOS also
      directly affects the mental health and physical well-being of the many critical
      care physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals who practice
      worldwide. Until recently, BOS and other psychological disorders in critical care
      health care professionals remained relatively unrecognized. To raise awareness of
      BOS, the Critical Care Societies Collaborative (CCSC) developed this call to
      action. The present article reviews the diagnostic criteria, prevalence,
      causative factors, and consequences of BOS. It also discusses potential
      interventions that may be used to prevent and treat BOS. Finally, we urge
      multiple stakeholders to help mitigate the development of BOS in critical care
      health care professionals and diminish the harmful consequences of BOS, both for
      critical care health care professionals and for patients.

PMID- 27369039
TI  - Differential Diagnoses for Suspected ACS.

PMID- 27369040
TI  - A Fatal Case of Eczema Herpeticum With Septic Shock Due to Methicillin-Resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - A 62-year-old woman treated with several courses of corticosteroids for an
      undifferentiated rash came to the emergency department with progressively
      worsening cutaneous signs and symptoms and generalized weakness. She had scabies,
      and despite treatment continued to decompensate. Repeat skin biopsies revealed
      disseminated herpes simplex virus infection, and results of blood cultures were
      consistent with infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Despite
      antiviral and antimicrobial therapy, sepsis and multiorgan failure developed, and
      the patient died. This case illustrates the complications of the rare entity
      eczema herpeticum, which occurs most often in immunocompromised patients and is
      associated with a high mortality. Maintaining a high index of suspicion for this
      disease in decompensating patients with an unidentified rash is essential to
      avoid catastrophic outcomes.

PMID- 27369042
TI  - Multidisciplinary Review of Code Events in a Heart Center.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify a cause for clinical deterioration, examine resuscitation
      efforts, and identify and correct system issues (thus improving outcomes) via a
      multidisciplinary code-review process soon after cardiopulmonary arrest. METHODS:
      Retrospective analysis of code events in a tertiary pediatric heart center from
      September 2010 to December 2013 and review of surgical-cardiac data from January
      2010 to December 2013. RESULTS: A multidisciplinary team reviewed 47 code events,
      16 of which (34%) were deemed potentially preventable. At least 2 issues were
      identified during 66% (31/47) of cardiopulmonary arrests reviewed. Key issues
      identified were related to communication (62%), environment/culture/policy (47%),
      patient care (including resuscitation, 41%), and equipment (38%). About 60% of
      reviewed arrests resulted in educational initiatives (eg, mock code, in-service
      education) and 47% resulted in a new policy or modification of existing policy.
      Less common were changes in equipment (32%) or modification of staffing needs
      (11%). Changes most frequently occurred in the unit specific to the event (68%)
      but some changes occurred throughout the Heart Center (32%) or across the
      hospital system (13%). Survival to discharge after cardiopulmonary arrest has
      improved over time (P = .03) to 81% for cardiac surgical patients in our center.
      CONCLUSION: A multidisciplinary code-review committee can identify deficiencies
      and lead to educational initiatives and improvements in care. When coupled with a
      hospital-wide "code blue" review process, these changes may benefit the
      institution as a whole.

PMID- 27369041
TI  - Delirium in Survivors of Cardiac Arrest Treated With Mild Therapeutic
      Hypothermia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mild therapeutic hypothermia is recommended for comatose patients
      resuscitated from cardiac arrest. However, the prevalence of delirium and its
      associated risk factors have not been assessed in survivors of cardiac arrest
      treated with therapeutic hypothermia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of
      and risk factors for delirium among survivors of cardiac arrest who were treated
      with therapeutic hypothermia. METHODS: A retrospective observational study of
      patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest from 2007
      through 2014. Baseline demographic data and daily delirium assessments throughout
      the intensive care unit stay were obtained. The association between duration of
      delirium and various risk factors was assessed. RESULTS: Of 251 patients, 107
      (43%) awoke from coma. Among the 107 survivors, all had at least 1 day of
      delirium during their intensive care unit stay. Median number of days of delirium
      was 4.0 (interquartile range, 2.0-7.5). Multivariable analysis revealed that age
      (odds ratio, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.0-2.95; P = .05), time from cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation to return of spontaneous circulation (odds ratio 1.52; 95% CI, 1.11
      2.07; P = .01), and total dose of prewarming propofol (odds ratio, 0.02; 95% CI,
      0.00-0.48; P = .02) were associated with duration of delirium. CONCLUSIONS: All
      survivors of cardiac arrest treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia had at
      least 1 day of delirium. Age and time from initiation of cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation to return of spontaneous circulation were associated with prolonged
      delirium, whereas exposure to propofol was protective against delirium. These
      findings are limited to this unique cohort and may not be generalizable to
      different populations.

PMID- 27369043
TI  - An optimized multiplex flow cytometry protocol for the analysis of intracellular
      signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
AB  - Phosphoflow cytometry is increasingly being used as a tool for the discovery of
      biomarkers used in the treatment and monitoring of disease and therapy. The
      ability to measure numerous phospho-protein targets simultaneously at a single
      cell level accurately and rapidly provides significant advantages over other
      methods. We here discuss important considerations required to successfully
      implement these methods. Three different blood collection tubes (lithium-heparin
      tubes, CPT with sodium citrate and CPT with sodium heparin) were evaluated, with
      PBMC isolated through lithium-heparin tubes/lymphoprep displaying reduced basal
      and increased stimulation induced phosphorylation compared to the other two
      methods. Further, we provide a protocol outlining an 8 color assay developed for
      the study of intracellular signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The
      assay allows for the quantitative measurement of the phospho-proteins ERK1/2, NF
      kappaB p65, Stat1 (Y701), Stat1 (S727), Stat3 (Y705), Stat3 (S727), Stat4 (Y693),
      p38 and Stat5 (Y694), as well as the identification of T cells, B cells, natural
      killer cells and monocytes. The assay additionally incorporates fluorescent cell
      barcoding, reducing assay costs and increasing throughput while increasing data
      robustness. Inter-assay precision was assessed over a month long period for all
      experimental variables (phospho-protein measured, cell type and stimulant).
      Coefficient of variations (CVs) calculated from process triplicates of normalized
      median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the phospho-proteins displayed median CVs
      under 10% when grouped according to cell type, stimulation agent and phospho
      protein measured, while the CV for each triplicate did not exceed 20%.

PMID- 27369044
TI  - Randomized Controlled Theory-Based, E-Mail-Mediated Walking Intervention.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of two concurrent
      randomized controlled interventions based on social cognitive theory to increase
      walking. A second purpose was to compare the efficacy of the intervention between
      two distinct groups: dog owners and non-dog owners. Adult dog owners ( n = 40)
      and non-dog owners ( n = 65) were randomized into control or intervention groups.
      Intervention groups received bi-weekly emails for first 4 weeks and then weekly
      email for the next 8 weeks targeting self-efficacy, social support, goal setting,
      and benefits/barriers to walking. Dog owner messages focused on dog walking while
      non-dog owners received general walking messages. Control groups received a 1
      time email reviewing current physical activity guidelines. At 6 months, both
      intervention groups reported greater increases in walking and maintained these
      increases at 12 months. The greatest increases were seen in the dog owner
      intervention group. In conclusion, dog owners accumulated more walking, which may
      be attributed to the dog-owner relationship.

PMID- 27369047
TI  - Enhancing PD-1 Blockade in Solid Tumors.
AB  - A phase I study indicates that the combination of utomilumab, an investigational
      antibody that binds CD137, plus pembrolizumab is safe and well tolerated,
      yielding sustained responses in patients with various solid cancers.

PMID- 27369051
TI  - Comparison of image quality and patient discomfort in prostate MRI: pelvic phased
      array coil vs. endorectal coil.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare image quality (IQ) and patient discomfort during prostate MRI
      using a pelvic phased array (PPA) coil and an endorectal (ER) coil. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Ninety-eight patients (median age, 65.7; range 42.1-78.1) underwent
      prostate MRI on a 3T scanner including T2w and DWI acquired with PPA and an ER
      coil within the same exam. Acquisition time was kept similar for both
      acquisitions. Two radiologists evaluated aspects of IQ on a 5-point Likert scale
      and classified image artifacts. All patients completed a questionnaire on
      discomfort/pain regarding the ER coil using a visual analogue scale from 1 to 10.
      RESULTS: There was no significant difference in overall IQ for T2w images for
      both readers (reader 1, 3.27 +/- 0.91 and 3.07 +/- 0.84, p = 0.057; reader 2,
      3.70 +/- 0.75 and 3.77 +/- 0.81, p = 0.555) for PPA and ER coils, respectively.
      Overall IQ for DWI acquired with PPA and ER coils was rated similar by reader 1
      (3.03 +/- 1.10 and 3.08 +/- 0.80, respectively, (p = 0.67)), while reader 2
      preferred ER coil images (3.27 +/- 0.81 and 3.66 +/- 0.85 (p < 0.05)).
      Susceptibility artifacts were more frequent in ER than in PPA coil images (109
      vs. 75). Discomfort and pain experienced during insertion of the ER coil was low
      altogether (VAS score, 3.5 +/- 2.1 for "discomfort" and 2.4 +/- 2.4 for "pain").
      CONCLUSION: T2-weighted images may be acquired with comparable IQ using a PPA
      coil as compared to an ER coil, while DWI images showed better IQ using the ER
      coil for one of two readers. The insertion of the ER coil caused low to moderate
      discomfort and pain in patients.

PMID- 27369050
TI  - Protection against vascular leak in neprilysin transgenic mice with complex
      overexpression pattern.
AB  - Neprilysin (NEP) is a cell surface metallopeptidase found in many tissues. Based
      mostly on pharmacological manipulations, NEP has been thought to protect blood
      vessels from plasma extravasation. We have suggested that NEP may protect against
      pulmonary vascular injury. However, these prior studies did not utilize mice
      which overexpress NEP. The aims of the present investigation were to develop and
      characterize doubly transgenic (DT) mice that overexpress NEP universally and
      conditionally, and to investigate the protective effect that overexpressed NEP
      may have against plasma extravasation in the vasculature. The duodenum, which is
      often used to assess vascular permeability, and in which the NEP protein was
      overexpressed in our DT mice two-fold, was selected as our experimental
      preparation. We found that substance P-induced plasma extravasation was decreased
      substantially (3.5-fold) in the duodenums of our doxycycline-treated DT mice,
      giving independent evidence of NEP's protective effects against plasma
      extravasation. Transgenic lung NEP protein was not stably expressed in the DT
      mice, so we were not able to test the effect of NEP overexpression in the lung.
      Although initially overexpressed nearly nine-fold at that site, pulmonary NEP
      protein overexpression eventually dissipated. Surprisingly, at a time when there
      was no lung transgenic NEP protein overexpression, lung NEP mRNA expression was
      still increased 23-fold, indicating that the expression defect probably is not
      transcriptional. These studies help to characterize our complex transgenic model
      of NEP overexpression and further demonstrate NEP's protective effects against
      plasma extravasation.

PMID- 27369052
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369053
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369054
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369056
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369055
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369057
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369058
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369059
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369060
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369062
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369061
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369063
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369064
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369065
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369066
TI  - Amygdala functional connectivity as a longitudinal biomarker of symptom changes
      in generalized anxiety.
AB  - Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive worry, autonomic
      dysregulation and functional amygdala dysconnectivity, yet these illness markers
      have rarely been considered together, nor their interrelationship tested
      longitudinally. We hypothesized that an individual's capacity for emotion
      regulation predicts longer-term changes in amygdala functional connectivity,
      supporting the modification of GAD core symptoms. Sixteen patients with GAD (14
      women) and individually matched controls were studied at two time points
      separated by 1 year. Resting-state fMRI data and concurrent measurement of
      vagally mediated heart rate variability were obtained before and after the
      induction of perseverative cognition. A greater rise in levels of worry following
      the induction predicted a stronger reduction in connectivity between right
      amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and enhanced coupling between left
      amygdala and ventral tegmental area at follow-up. Similarly, amplified
      physiological responses to the induction predicted increased connectivity between
      right amygdala and thalamus. Longitudinal shifts in a distinct set of functional
      connectivity scores were associated with concomitant changes in GAD
      symptomatology over the course of the year. Results highlight the prognostic
      value of indices of emotional dysregulation and emphasize the integral role of
      the amygdala as a critical hub in functional neural circuitry underlying the
      progression of GAD symptomatology.

PMID- 27369067
TI  - Temporal voice areas exist in autism spectrum disorder but are dysfunctional for
      voice identity recognition.
AB  - The ability to recognise the identity of others is a key requirement for
      successful communication. Brain regions that respond selectively to voices exist
      in humans from early infancy on. Currently, it is unclear whether dysfunction of
      these voice-sensitive regions can explain voice identity recognition impairments.
      Here, we used two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to
      investigate voice processing in a population that has been reported to have no
      voice-sensitive regions: autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our results refute the
      earlier report that individuals with ASD have no responses in voice-sensitive
      regions: Passive listening to vocal, compared to non-vocal, sounds elicited
      typical responses in voice-sensitive regions in the high-functioning ASD group
      and controls. In contrast, the ASD group had a dysfunction in voice-sensitive
      regions during voice identity but not speech recognition in the right posterior
      superior temporal sulcus/gyrus (STS/STG)-a region implicated in processing
      complex spectrotemporal voice features and unfamiliar voices. The right anterior
      STS/STG correlated with voice identity recognition performance in controls but
      not in the ASD group. The findings suggest that right STS/STG dysfunction is
      critical for explaining voice recognition impairments in high-functioning ASD and
      show that ASD is not characterised by a general lack of voice-sensitive
      responses.

PMID- 27369068
TI  - Network integrity of the parental brain in infancy supports the development of
      children's social competencies.
AB  - The cross-generational transmission of mammalian sociality, initiated by the
      parent's postpartum brain plasticity and species-typical behavior that buttress
      offspring's socialization, has not been studied in humans. In this longitudinal
      study, we measured brain response of 45 primary-caregiving parents to their
      infant's stimuli, observed parent-infant interactions, and assayed parental
      oxytocin (OT). Intra- and inter-network connectivity were computed in three main
      networks of the human parental brain: core limbic, embodied simulation and
      mentalizing. During preschool, two key child social competencies were observed:
      emotion regulation and socialization. Parent's network integrity in infancy
      predicted preschoolers' social outcomes, with subcortical and cortical network
      integrity foreshadowing simple evolutionary-based regulatory tactics vs complex
      self-regulatory strategies and advanced socialization. Parent-infant synchrony
      mediated the links between connectivity of the parent's embodied simulation
      network and preschoolers' ability to use cognitive/executive emotion regulation
      strategies, highlighting the inherently dyadic nature of this network and its
      long-term effects on tuning young to social life. Parent's inter-network core
      limbic-embodied simulation connectivity predicted children's OT as moderated by
      parental OT. Findings challenge solipsistic neuroscience perspectives by
      demonstrating how the parent-offspring interface enables the brain of one human
      to profoundly impact long-term adaptation of another.

PMID- 27369070
TI  - Long-term follow-up and management of small and medium-sized CD4+ T cell lymphoma
      and CD8+ lymphoid proliferations of acral sites: a multicenter experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary cutaneous CD4+ small-medium pleomorphic T cell lymphoma
      (SMPTCL) is a low-grade cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Its clinical and
      histopathologic features are comparable with those of CD8+ lymphoid
      proliferations (LPs) of the ear and acral sites. OBJECTIVES: We performed a
      retrospective analysis of patients with CD4+ SMPTCL or CD8+ LP to elucidate the
      clinical course, prognosis, and outcomes. METHODS: Demographic, clinical, and
      treatment data were reviewed. Histopathologic data based on architectural,
      cytomorphologic, and immunohistochemical features were assessed.
      Immunohistochemical staining for T and B cell markers was evaluated. RESULTS: A
      total of 25 patients including 22 with CD4+ SMPTCL and three with CD8+ LP were
      identified. All patients presented with a single lesion, predominantly on the
      head, neck, or upper trunk (84%). No patients showed extracutaneous disease at
      any evaluation. The most common histopathologic changes showed a dense nodular
      infiltrate of small cells with hyperchromatic nuclei without significant
      follicular or adnexal involvement. Patients were treated with excision (48%),
      local radiation (28%), or topical or intralesional steroids (24%). All patients
      achieved complete resolution of disease. Five patients demonstrated cutaneous
      relapse at new sites. CONCLUSIONS: The CD4+ SMPTCL/CD8+ LP subgroup usually
      presents with solitary lesions and demonstrates an indolent clinical course.
      Typical presentation, classic histopathology, widespread expression of follicular
      T helper cell markers, and loss of a T cell antigen are diagnostic features of
      CD4+ SMPTCL, whereas monomorphous CD8+ infiltrate without follicular T helper
      cell markers is consistent with CD8+ LP. Local skin-directed therapy is
      appropriate in these patients.

PMID- 27369069
TI  - The neural basis of improved cognitive performance by threat of shock.
AB  - Anxiety can have both detrimental and facilitatory cognitive effects. This study
      investigates the neural substrates of a replicated facilitatory effect of anxiety
      on sustained attention and response inhibition. This effect consisted of improved
      performance on the Sustained Attention to Response Task (a Go-NoGo task
      consisting of 91% Go and 9% NoGo trials) in threat (unpredictable electrical
      shock) vs safe (no shock) conditions. This study uses the same experimental
      design with fMRI and relies on an event-related analysis of BOLD signal changes.
      Findings reveal that threat-related cognitive facilitation (improved NoGo
      accuracy) is associated with greater activation of a right-lateralized
      frontoparietal group of regions previously implicated in sustained attention and
      response inhibition. Moreover, these same regions show decreased activation in
      the Go trials preceding NoGo errors. During NoGo trials, striatal activity is
      also greater in the threat vs safe condition, consistent with the notion of
      enhanced inhibitory processing under threat. These findings identify potential
      mechanisms by which threat of unpredictable shock can facilitate distinct
      cognitive functions. A greater understanding of the complex interaction of the
      anxious state and cognitive processes may have critical clinical implications.

PMID- 27369071
TI  - Functional characterization of Helicobacter pylori 26695 sedoheptulose 7
      phosphate isomerase encoded by hp0857 and its association with lipopolysaccharide
      biosynthesis and adhesion.
AB  - Helicobacter pylori is a notorious human pathogen and the appearance of
      antibiotic resistance of this bacterium has posed a serious threat to human
      health. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a key virulence factor and plays important
      roles in pathogenesis of H. pylori infection. Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate isomerase
      (GmhA), as an enzyme participating in the first step of heptose biosynthesis, is
      indispensable for the formation of inner core oligosaccharide of LPS. In this
      study, we cloned one putative gmhA ortholog, hp0857, from H. pylori 26695 and
      overexpressed it in Eschericha coli. Based on the results of molecular weight
      determination, the recombinant HP0857 is likely a homodimer. Analysis of
      enzymatic kinetic properties of this protein confirmed that hp0857 is indeed
      encoded a phosphoheptose isomerase which can utilize sedoheptulose 7-phosphate as
      the substrate in the ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose (ADP- L,D-Hep) biosynthesis
      pathway. We also generated an HP0857 knockout mutant and explored its phenotypic
      changes. This mutant exhibited a decreased growth rate and displayed a "deep
      rough" type of LPS structure. In addition, it also had a slight decrease in its
      motility and was more susceptible to hydrophobic antibiotic novobiocin and
      detergents Triton X-100 and SDS. Furthermore, the adhesive capacity of the HP0857
      knockout mutant to AGS cells was reduced significantly, and most of the infected
      cells didn't show a classic hummingbird phenotype. However, complementation of
      the HP0857 knockout mutation restored most of these phenotypic changes. In
      conclusion, we demonstrated that HP0857 protein is essential for inner core
      biosynthesis of H. pylori LPS and is a potential target for developing new
      antimicrobial agents against H. pylori infection.

PMID- 27369072
TI  - LXR agonist rescued the deficit in the proliferation of the cerebellar granule
      cells induced by dexamethasone.
AB  - Dexamethasone (DEX) exposure during early postnatal life produces permanent
      neuromotor and intellectual deficits and stunts cerebellar growth. The liver X
      receptor (LXR) plays important roles in CNS development. However, the effects of
      LXR on the DEX-mediated impairment of cerebellar development remain undetermined.
      Thus, mice were pretreated with LXR agonist TO901317 (TO) and were later exposed
      to DEX to evaluate its protective effects on DEX-mediated deficit during
      cerebellar development. The results showed that an acute exposure of DEX on
      postnatal day 7 resulted in a significant impairment in cerebellar development
      and decreased the proliferation of granule neuron precursors in the external
      granule layer of cerebellum. This effect was attenuated by pretreatment with TO.
      We further found that the decrease in the proliferation caused by DEX occurred
      via up-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor and p27kip1, which could be
      partially prevented by LXR agonist pretreatment. Overall, our results suggest
      that LXR agonist pretreatment could protect against DEX-induced deficits in
      cerebellar development in postnatal mice and may thus be perspective recruited to
      counteract such GC side effects.

PMID- 27369073
TI  - Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP/PPM1F) interacts
      with neurofilament L and inhibits its filament association.
AB  - Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP/PPM1F) is a Ser/Thr
      phosphatase that belongs to the PPM family. Growing evidence suggests that PPM
      phosphatases including CaMKP act as a complex with other proteins to regulate
      cellular functions. In this study, using the two-dimensional far-western blotting
      technique with digoxigenin-labeled CaMKP as a probe, in conjunction with peptide
      mass fingerprinting analysis, we identified neurofilament L (NFL) as a CaMKP
      binding protein in a Triton-insoluble fraction of rat brain. We confirmed binding
      of fluorescein-labeled CaMKP (F-CaMKP) to NFL in solution by fluorescence
      polarization. The analysis showed that the dissociation constant of F-CaMKP for
      NFL is 73 +/- 17 nM (n = 3). Co-immunoprecipitation assay using a cytosolic
      fraction of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells showed that endogenous CaMKP and NFL
      form a complex in cells. Furthermore, the effect of CaMKP on self-assembly of NFL
      was examined. Electron microscopy revealed that CaMKP markedly prevented NFL from
      forming large filamentous aggregates, suggesting that CaMKP-binding to NFL
      inhibits its filament association. These findings may provide new insights into a
      novel mechanism for regulating network formation of neurofilaments during
      neuronal differentiation.

PMID- 27369074
TI  - Structural and functional insight into the N-terminal domain of the clathrin
      adaptor Ent5 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) play critical roles in multiple cellular
      processes, including nutrient uptake, endosome/lysosome biogenesis, pathogen
      invasion, regulation of signalling receptors, etc. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ent5
      (ScEnt5) is one of the two major adaptors supporting the CCV-mediated
      TGN/endosome traffic in yeast cells. However, the classification and
      phosphoinositide binding characteristic of ScEnt5 remain elusive. Here we report
      the crystal structures of the ScEnt5 N-terminal domain, and find that ScEnt5
      contains an insertion alpha' helix that does not exist in other ENTH or ANTH
      domains. Furthermore, we investigate the classification of ScEnt5-N(31-191) by
      evolutionary history analyses and structure comparisons, and find that the ScEnt5
      N-terminal domain shows different phosphoinositide binding property from rEpsin1
      and rCALM. Above results facilitate the understanding of the ScEnt5-mediated
      vesicle coat formation process.

PMID- 27369075
TI  - Involvement of the MEK/ERK pathway in EGF-induced E-cadherin down-regulation.
AB  - E-cadherin is a major component of the epithelial adherens junction. However, the
      regulatory mechanism of E-cadherin expression is still poorly understood. In this
      study, we found that EGF decreased E-cadherin expression at both mRNA and protein
      levels in colorectal carcinoma LoVo cells. Since E-cadherin down-regulation is a
      well-known hallmark of the EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition), we
      investigated whether EGF induced E-cadherin down-regulation during the EMT. EGF
      was unable to affect the expression of mesenchymal markers (such as N-cadherin,
      vimentin or fibronectin) or EMT-regulating transcription factors (such as SNAIL,
      SLUG, ZEB1, ZEB2 or TWIST), suggesting that EGF induced E-cadherin down
      regulation via an EMT-independent mechanism. On the other hand, the MEK inhibitor
      U0126 was found to suppress EGF-induced E-cadherin down-regulation at the
      transcriptional level, suggesting that the MEK/ERK pathway is involved in EGF
      induced E-cadherin down-regulation. Moreover, we also found that EGF disrupted
      cell-cell contact, stimulated cells to form an elongated shape with filamentous
      protrusions, and induced cell migration in LoVo cells. These effects were
      suppressed by U0126. Therefore, EGF is suggested to induce E-cadherin down
      regulation at the transcriptional level through the MEK/ERK pathway, which might
      result in, at least in part, the induction of cellular morphological changes and
      cell migration in LoVo cells.

PMID- 27369076
TI  - Involvement of the T-box transcription factor Brachyury in early-stage embryonic
      mouse salivary gland.
AB  - The mouse submandibular gland (SMG) is important organ for embryonic development,
      and branching morphogenesis is regulated by many molecules containing
      transcription factors. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
      revealed that the expression of Brachyury increased in the SMG and peaked between
      E12.5-E13.5, concomitant with the early stage of branching morphogenesis. The
      expression of Brachyury in SMG rudiments between E12.5-E13.5 was confirmed by
      western blotting. In addition, fibronectin and Btbd7 (regulated by fibronectin),
      which are both essential for cleft formation, were expressed strongly during the
      same period. The Sox2 and Wnt3a, which regulate cell growth, were also expressed
      strongly during E12.5-E13.5. On the other hand, cleft formation and branching
      morphogenesis was suppressed by knockdown of Brachyury gene, suggesting that
      Brachyury plays a central role in regulating cell growth and cleft formation in
      early-stage embryonic mouse salivary gland development.

PMID- 27369077
TI  - The role of receptor topology in the vitamin D3 uptake and Ca(2+) response
      systems.
AB  - The steroid hormone, vitamin D3, regulates gene transcription via at least two
      receptors and initiates putative rapid response systems at the plasma membrane.
      The vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds vitamin D3 and a second receptor, importin-4,
      imports the VDR-vitamin D3 complex into the nucleus via nuclear pores. Here we
      present evidence that the Homo sapiens VDR homodimer contains two transmembrane
      (TM) helices ((327)E - D(342)), two TM "half-helix" ((264)K N(276)), one or more
      large channels, and 16 cholesterol binding (CRAC/CARC) domains. The importin-4
      monomer exhibits 3 pore-lining regions ((226)E - L(251); (768)V - G(783); (876)S 
      A(891)) and 16 CRAC/CARC domains. The MEMSAT algorithm indicates that VDR and
      importin-4 may not be restricted to cytoplasm and nucleus. VDR homodimer TM helix
      topology predicts insertion into the plasma membrane, with two 84 residue C
      terminal regions being extracellular. Similarly, MEMSAT predicts importin-4
      insertion into the plasma membrane with 226 residue extracellular N-terminal
      regions and 96 residue C-terminal extracellular loops; with the pore-lining
      regions contributing gated Ca(2+) channels. The PoreWalker algorithm indicates
      that, of the 427 residues in each VDR monomer, 91 line the largest channel,
      including two vitamin D3 binding sites and residues from both the TM helix and
      "half-helix". Cholesterol-binding domains also extend into the channel within the
      ligand binding region. Programmed changes in bound cholesterol may regulate both
      membrane Ca(2+) response systems and vitamin D3 uptake as well as receptor
      internalization by the endomembrane system culminating in uptake of the vitamin
      D3-VDR-importin-4 complex into the nucleus.

PMID- 27369078
TI  - Conversion of neural plate explants to pre-placodal ectoderm-like tissue in
      vitro.
AB  - Neural crest and cranial sensory placodes arise from ectodermal epithelium lying
      between the neural plate and non-neural ectoderm (neural border). BMP signaling
      is important for both an induction of the neural border and a subsequent
      induction of the neural crest within the neural border. In contrast, FGF
      signaling is important for the neural border induction and the following
      induction of the pre-placodal ectoderm (PPE), which later gives rise to the
      cranial sensory placodes. While previous studies have demonstrated that the
      neural plate explants could be converted to the neural crest cells by adding BMP4
      in a culture medium, there is no report showing a similar conversion of the
      neural plate to the PPE. We therefore examined the effect of FGF2 along with BMP4
      on the rostral neural plate explants and found that the explants became the
      simple squamous epithelia, which were characterized by the
      desmosomes/tonofilaments in membranes of adjacent cells. Such epithelia expressed
      sets of neural border markers and the PPE genes, suggesting that the neural plate
      explants were converted to a PPE-like tissue. This method will be useful for
      further studying mechanisms of PPE induction and subsequent specifications of the
      cranial placodes.

PMID- 27369079
TI  - Structural Features and Functional Dependency on beta-Clamp Define Distinct
      Subfamilies of Bacterial Mismatch Repair Endonuclease MutL.
AB  - In early reactions of DNA mismatch repair, MutS recognizes mismatched bases and
      activates MutL endonuclease to incise the error-containing strand of the duplex.
      DNA sliding clamp is responsible for directing the MutL-dependent nicking to the
      newly synthesized/error-containing strand. In Bacillus subtilis MutL, the beta
      clamp-interacting motif (beta motif) of the C-terminal domain (CTD) is essential
      for both in vitro direct interaction with beta-clamp and in vivo repair activity.
      A large cluster of negatively charged residues on the B. subtilis MutL CTD
      prevents nonspecific DNA binding until beta clamp interaction neutralizes the
      negative charge. We found that there are some bacterial phyla whose MutL
      endonucleases lack the beta motif. For example, the region corresponding to the
      beta motif is completely missing in Aquifex aeolicus MutL, and critical amino
      acid residues in the beta motif are not conserved in Thermus thermophilus MutL.
      We then revealed the 1.35 A-resolution crystal structure of A. aeolicus MutL CTD,
      which lacks the beta motif but retains the metal-binding site for the
      endonuclease activity. Importantly, there was no negatively charged cluster on
      its surface. It was confirmed that CTDs of beta motif-lacking MutLs, A. aeolicus
      MutL and T. thermophilus MutL, efficiently incise DNA even in the absence of beta
      clamp and that beta-clamp shows no detectable enhancing effect on their activity.
      In contrast, CTD of Streptococcus mutans, a beta motif-containing MutL, required
      beta-clamp for the digestion of DNA. We propose that MutL endonucleases are
      divided into three subfamilies on the basis of their structural features and
      dependence on beta-clamp.

PMID- 27369080
TI  - Site-specific Disruption of the Oct4/Sox2 Protein Interaction Reveals Coordinated
      Mesendodermal Differentiation and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.
AB  - Although the Oct4/Sox2 complex is crucial for maintaining the pluripotency of
      stem cells, the molecular basis underlying its regulation during lineage-specific
      differentiation remains unknown. Here, we revealed that the highly conserved
      Oct4/Lys-156 is important for maintaining the stability of the Oct4 protein and
      the intermolecular salt bridge between Oct4/Lys-151 and Sox2/Asp-107 that
      contributes to the Oct4/Sox2 interaction. Post-translational modifications at Lys
      156 and K156N, a somatic mutation detected in bladder cancer patients, both
      impaired the Lys-151-Asp-107 salt bridge and the Oct4/Sox2 interaction. When
      produced as a recombinant protein or overexpressed in pluripotent stem cells,
      Oct4/K156N, with reduced binding to Sox2, significantly down-regulated the
      stemness genes that are cooperatively controlled by the Oct4/Sox2 complex and
      specifically up-regulated the mesendodermal genes and the SNAIL family genes that
      promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Thus, we conclude that Oct4/Lys
      156-modulated Oct4/Sox2 interaction coordinately controls the epithelial
      mesenchymal transition and mesendoderm specification induced by specific
      differentiation signals.

PMID- 27369081
TI  - Evidence That G-quadruplex DNA Accumulates in the Cytoplasm and Participates in
      Stress Granule Assembly in Response to Oxidative Stress.
AB  - Cells engage numerous signaling pathways in response to oxidative stress that
      together repair macromolecular damage or direct the cell toward apoptosis. As a
      result of DNA damage, mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA has been shown to enter
      the cytoplasm where it binds to "DNA sensors," which in turn initiate signaling
      cascades. Here we report data that support a novel signaling pathway in response
      to oxidative stress mediated by specific guanine-rich sequences that can fold
      into G-quadruplex DNA (G4DNA). In response to oxidative stress, we demonstrate
      that sequences capable of forming G4DNA appear at increasing levels in the
      cytoplasm and participate in assembly of stress granules. Identified proteins
      that bind to endogenous G4DNA in the cytoplasm are known to modulate mRNA
      translation and participate in stress granule formation. Consistent with these
      findings, stress granule formation is known to regulate mRNA translation during
      oxidative stress. We propose a signaling pathway whereby cells can rapidly
      respond to DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. Guanine-rich sequences that are
      excised from damaged genomic DNA are proposed to enter the cytoplasm where they
      can regulate translation through stress granule formation. This newly proposed
      role for G4DNA provides an additional molecular explanation for why such
      sequences are prevalent in the human genome.

PMID- 27369083
TI  - Inhibition of HDAC6 Protein Enhances Bortezomib-induced Apoptosis in Head and
      Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) by Reducing Autophagy.
AB  - Chemoresistance is a major barrier to effective chemotherapy of solid tumors,
      including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Recently, autophagy, a
      highly conservative intracellular recycling system, has shown to be associated
      with chemoresistance in cancer cells. However, little is known about how
      autophagy plays a role in the development of chemoresistance in HNSCC and how
      autophagy is initiated when HNSCC cells undergo cytotoxic stress. Here, we report
      that autophagy was activated when HNSCC cells are treated with the proteasome
      inhibitor bortezomib, proposed as an alternative chemotherapeutic agent for both
      primary and cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cells. Ablation of histone deacetylase 6
      (HDAC6) expression and its activity in HNSCC cells significantly inhibited
      autophagy induction by altering the phosphorylation status of mammalian target of
      rapamycin and enhanced the bortezomib cytotoxicity. Similarly, a combination
      regimen of bortezomib and the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A
      abolished HDAC6 activity and decreased autophagy induction while significantly
      enhancing bortezomib-induced apoptosis in HNSCC cells. These data uncover a novel
      molecular mechanism indicating that HDAC6 may serve as a critical causal link
      between autophagy, apoptosis, and the cell survival response in HNSCC. A
      combination regimen resulting in regression of autophagy improves
      chemotherapeutic efficacy, thereby providing a new strategy to overcome
      chemoresistance and to improve the treatment and survival of HNSCC patients.

PMID- 27369082
TI  - Biphasic Regulation of Yes-associated Protein (YAP) Cellular Localization,
      Phosphorylation, and Activity by G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists in
      Intestinal Epithelial Cells: A NOVEL ROLE FOR PROTEIN KINASE D (PKD).
AB  - We examined the regulation of Yes-associated protein (YAP) localization,
      phosphorylation, and transcriptional activity in intestinal epithelial cells. Our
      results show that stimulation of intestinal epithelial IEC-18 cells with the G
      protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonist angiotensin II, a potent mitogen for
      these cells, induced rapid translocation of YAP from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
      (within 15 min) and a concomitant increase in YAP phosphorylation at Ser(127) and
      Ser(397) Angiotensin II elicited YAP phosphorylation and cytoplasmic accumulation
      in a dose-dependent manner (ED50 = 0.3 nm). Similar YAP responses were provoked
      by stimulation with vasopressin or serum. Treatment of the cells with the protein
      kinase D (PKD) family inhibitors CRT0066101 and kb NB 142-70 prevented the
      increase in YAP phosphorylation on Ser(127) and Ser(397) via Lats2, YAP
      cytoplasmic accumulation, and increase in the mRNA levels of YAP/TEAD-regulated
      genes (Ctgf and Areg). Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKD1, PKD2, and
      PKD3 markedly attenuated YAP nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, phosphorylation at
      Ser(127), and induction of Ctgf and Areg expression in response to GPCR
      activation. These results identify a novel role for the PKD family in the control
      of biphasic localization, phosphorylation, and transcriptional activity of YAP in
      intestinal epithelial cells. In turn, YAP and TAZ are necessary for the
      stimulation of the proliferative response of intestinal epithelial cells to GPCR
      agonists that act via PKD. The discovery of interaction between YAP and PKD
      pathways identifies a novel cross-talk in signal transduction and demonstrates,
      for the first time, that the PKDs feed into the YAP pathway.

PMID- 27369084
TI  - Changing Cycle Lengths in State-Transition Models: Challenges and Solutions.
AB  - The choice of a cycle length in state-transition models should be determined by
      the frequency of clinical events and interventions. Sometimes there is need to
      decrease the cycle length of an existing state-transition model to reduce error
      in outcomes resulting from discretization of the underlying continuous-time
      phenomena or to increase the cycle length to gain computational efficiency. Cycle
      length conversion is also frequently required if a new state-transition model is
      built using observational data that have a different measurement interval than
      the model's cycle length. We show that a commonly used method of converting
      transition probabilities to different cycle lengths is incorrect and can provide
      imprecise estimates of model outcomes. We present an accurate approach that is
      based on finding the root of a transition probability matrix using
      eigendecomposition. We present underlying mathematical challenges of converting
      cycle length in state-transition models and provide numerical approximation
      methods when the eigendecomposition method fails. Several examples and analytical
      proofs show that our approach is more general and leads to more accurate
      estimates of model outcomes than the commonly used approach. MATLAB codes and a
      user-friendly online toolkit are made available for the implementation of the
      proposed methods.

PMID- 27369085
TI  - Acquisition of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus from unpasteurised milk by a
      kefir grain enhances kefir quality.
AB  - Kefir is a fermented milk beverage consumed for nutritional and health tonic
      benefits in many parts of the world. It is produced by the fermentation of milk
      with a consortium of bacteria and yeast embedded within a polysaccharide matrix.
      This consortium is not well defined and can vary substantially between kefir
      grains. There are little data on the microbial stability of kefir grains, nor on
      interactions between microbes in the grain and in the milk. To study this, a
      grain was split, with one half of each stored at -20 degrees C and the other half
      passaged repeatedly in whole unpasteurised milk. Grains passaged in the
      unpasteurised milk recovered vigour and acquired the yeast Kluyveromyces
      marxainus from the milk which was confirmed to be the same strain by molecular
      typing. Furthermore, these passaged grains produced kefir that was distinguished
      chemically and organoleptically from the stored grains. Some changes in
      ultrastructure were also observed by scanning electron microscopy. The study
      showed that kefir grains can acquire yeast from their environment and the final
      product can be influenced by these newly acquired yeasts. Kluyveromyces marxianus
      is considered to be responsible for some of the most important characteristics of
      kefir so the finding that this yeast is part of the less stable microbiota is
      significant.

PMID- 27369086
TI  - Identification of active aerobic methanotrophs in plateau wetlands using DNA
      stable isotope probing.
AB  - Sedge-dominated wetlands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are methane emission
      centers. Methanotrophs at these sites play a role in reducing methane emissions,
      but relatively little is known about the composition of active methanotrophs in
      these wetlands. Here, we used DNA stable isotope probing to identify the key
      active aerobic methanotrophs in three sedge-dominated wetlands on the plateau. We
      found that Methylocystis species were active in two peatlands, Hongyuan and
      Dangxiong. Methylobacter species were found to be active only in Dangxiong peat.
      Hongyuan peat had the highest methane oxidation rate, and cross-feeding of carbon
      from methanotrophs to methylotrophic Hyphomicrobium species was observed. Owing
      to a low methane oxidation rate during the incubation, the labeling of
      methanotrophs in Maduo wetland samples was not detected. Our results indicate
      that there are large differences in the activity of methanotrophs in the wetlands
      of this region.

PMID- 27369088
TI  - Management of post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature infants.
AB  - Post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is the most common neurological
      complication of preterm birth and can result in severe and life-long psychomotor
      and cognitive sequelae. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion is often required but the
      optimum time for intervention is unclear. Numerous neurosurgical procedures exist
      to temporise PHH but it is not clear which is the optimum method. Approximately
      15% of preterm infants who suffer intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) will require
      permanent cerebrospinal fluid diversion with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. It is
      likely that earlier intervention may result in reduced neurological disability
      and ventriculoperitoneal shunt dependency. In this review we discuss the current
      methods of PHH management. 

PMID- 27369087
TI  - Rathke's cleft cyst: A case report of recurrence and spontaneous involution.
AB  - Rathke's cleft cysts (RCC) are sellar lesions that typically remain asymptomatic
      throughout life. Symptomatic patients present with headache, visual disturbance
      and/or pituitary dysfunction and are treated with resection. We present a 61-year
      old woman diagnosed with RCC which was resected twice then recurred before
      undergoing spontaneous resolution. RCC are often managed without surgical
      intervention. Some of these lesions may spontaneously resolve without surgical
      intervention while others may become symptomatic. In patients with asymptomatic
      recurrent RCC conservative management is recommended. Spontaneous involution may
      occur following initial resection and recurrence of RCC. 

PMID- 27369089
TI  - (210)Po in drinking water, its potential health effects, and inadequacy of the
      gross alpha activity MCL.
AB  - Polonium-210 ((210)Po) is a naturally-occurring, carcinogenic member of the
      (238)U decay series and the granddaughter of (210)Pb. It has a half life of
      138.4days and is rarely found in drinking water at levels exceeding 5mBq/L
      because it strongly binds to aquifer sediment. When the current US Maximum
      Contaminant Level (MCL) covering (210)Po was promulgated in December 2000, very
      little was known about its occurrence and the processes responsible for
      mobilizing it. More is now known about the processes that mobilize (210)Po from
      sediments and a review of recent occurrence data show that it may not be as rare
      in the US as the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) thought in 2000.
      Worldwide, only about 2200 analyses for (210)Po in drinking water were
      identified, with activities exceeding 500mBq/L being found only in Finland,
      India, Sweden, and the US. The median of 400 (210)Po analyses from the US is
      4.75mBq/L and >10% of the samples exceed 500mBq/L. Current compliance-monitoring
      regulations in the US essentially guarantee that (210)Po contamination will not
      be detected except in very contaminated wells. Major problems with the US Gross
      Alpha Activity MCL include the volatility of (210)Po and extended holding times
      and sample-compositing methods that can allow the majority of (210)Po in a sample
      bottle to decay before analysis. In light of new information, the radionuclide
      rule should be changed and direct measurements of (210)Po should be made in all
      public-water supply wells to rule out its presence. Much of the important
      biological and toxicological research on (210)Po is more than four decades old
      and new laboratory research using modern tools is needed. Biological and
      epidemiological investigations of known contaminated areas are needed to assess
      the effect (210)Po exposure is having on animals and humans consuming the water. 

PMID- 27369090
TI  - Wetland loss due to land use change in the Lower Parana River Delta, Argentina.
AB  - Wetland loss is a global concern because wetlands are highly diverse ecosystems
      that provide important goods and services, thus threatening both biodiversity and
      human well-being. The Parana River Delta is one of the largest and most important
      wetland ecosystems of South America, undergoing expanding cattle and forestry
      activities with widespread water control practices. To understand the patterns
      and drivers of land cover change in the Lower Parana River Delta, we quantified
      land cover changes and modeled associated factors. We developed land cover maps
      using Landsat images from 1999 and 2013 and identified main land cover changes.
      We quantified the influence of different socioeconomic (distance to roads,
      population centers and human activity centers), land management (area within
      polders, cattle density and years since last fire), biophysical variables
      (landscape unit, elevation, soil productivity, distance to rivers) and variables
      related to extreme system dynamics (flooding and fires) on freshwater marsh
      conversion with Boosted Regression Trees. We found that one third of the
      freshwater marshes of the Lower Delta (163,000ha) were replaced by pastures (70%)
      and forestry (18%) in only 14years. Ranching practices (represented by cattle
      density, area within polders and distance to roads) were the most important
      factors responsible for freshwater marsh conversion to pasture. These rapid and
      widespread losses of freshwater marshes have potentially large negative
      consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services. A strategy for sustainable
      wetland management will benefit from careful analysis of dominant land uses and
      related management practices, to develop an urgently needed land use policy for
      the Lower Delta. 

PMID- 27369091
TI  - Murine precision-cut lung slices exhibit acute responses following exposure to
      gasoline direct injection engine emissions.
AB  - Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are increasingly prevalent in the global
      vehicle fleet. Particulate matter emissions from GDI engines are elevated
      compared to conventional gasoline engines. The pulmonary effects of these higher
      particulate emissions are unclear. This study investigated the pulmonary
      responses induced by GDI engine exhaust using an ex vivo model. The
      physiochemical properties of GDI engine exhaust were assessed. Precision cut lung
      slices were prepared using Balb/c mice to evaluate the pulmonary response induced
      by one-hour exposure to engine-out exhaust from a laboratory GDI engine operated
      at conditions equivalent to vehicle highway cruise conditions. Lung slices were
      exposed at an air-liquid interface using an electrostatic aerosol in vitro
      exposure system. Particulate and gaseous exhaust was fractionated to contrast
      mRNA production related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolism and
      oxidative stress. Exposure to GDI engine exhaust upregulated genes involved in
      PAH metabolism, including Cyp1a1 (2.71, SE=0.22), and Cyp1b1 (3.24, SE=0.12)
      compared to HEPA filtered air (p<0.05). GDI engine exhaust further increased
      Cyp1b1 expression compared to filtered GDI engine exhaust (i.e., gas fraction
      only), suggesting this response was associated with the particulate fraction.
      Exhaust particulate was dominated by high molecular weight PAHs. Hmox1, an
      oxidative stress marker, exhibited increased expression after exposure to GDI
      (1.63, SE=0.03) and filtered GDI (1.55, SE=0.04) engine exhaust compared to HEPA
      filtered air (p<0.05), likely attributable to a combination of the gas and
      particulate fractions. Exposure to GDI engine exhaust contributes to upregulation
      of genes related to the metabolism of PAHs and oxidative stress. 

PMID- 27369092
TI  - Past and Present Post-Fire Environments.

PMID- 27369093
TI  - Identification of sources of tar balls deposited along the Southwest Caspian
      Coast, Iran using fingerprinting techniques.
AB  - In 2012, a significant number of tar balls occurred along the Southwest coasts of
      the Caspian Sea (Iran). Several oil fields of Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran
      might be sources of oil spills and lead to the formation of these tar balls. For
      source identification, 6 tar ball samples were collected from the Southwest
      beaches of the Caspian Sea and subjected to fingerprint analysis based on the
      distribution of the source-specific biomarkers of pentacyclic tri-terpanes and
      steranes. Comparing the diagenic ratios revealed that the tar balls were
      chemically similar and originated from the same source. Results of double ratio
      plots (e.g., C29/C30 versus ?C31-C35/C30 and C28 alphabetabeta/(C27
      alphabetabeta+C29 alphabetabeta) versus C29 alphabetabeta/(C27 alphabetabeta+C28
      alphabetabeta)) in the tar balls and oils from Iran, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan
      indicated that the tar balls might be the result of spills from Turkmenistan oil.
      Moreover, principle component analysis (PCA) using biomarker ratios on the tar
      balls and 20 crude oil samples from different wells of Azerbaijan, Iran and
      Turkmenistan oils showed that the tar balls collected at the Southwest beaches
      are highly similar to the Turkmenistan oil but one of the Azerbaijan oils (from
      Bahar field oils) was found to be also slightly close to the tar balls. The
      weathering characterizations based on the presence of UCM (unresolved complex
      mixture) and low/high molecular weight ratios (L/H) of alkanes and PAHs indicated
      the tar ball samples have been significantly influenced by natural weathering
      processes such as evaporation, photo-degradation and biodegradation. This is the
      first study of its kind in Iran to use fingerprinting for source identification
      of tar balls. 

PMID- 27369094
TI  - Parental Understanding of Hospital Course and Discharge Plan.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Hospital discharge marks an important transition in care from the
      inpatient team to the family and primary care provider. Parents must know the
      hospital course and discharge plan to care for their child at home and provide
      background for future providers. Our study aimed to determine parental knowledge
      of key aspects of their child's hospital course and discharge plan and to
      identify markers of increased risk for incomplete or incorrect knowledge among
      participants. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive prospective cohort study of
      parents within 24 hours of hospital discharge. The primary outcome was
      concordance of parent responses to verbal interview questions about their child's
      hospital treatment, laboratory testing, imaging, procedures and discharge plan
      with the medical record. RESULTS: Of 174 participants, 15% felt less than
      "completely prepared" to explain the hospital course to their primary care
      provider or to provide care after discharge. There was >83% overall concordance
      with interview responses and the medical record, with concordance higher for
      hospital course events than discharge plan. There were few significant
      differences in understanding between trainee-based teams and the attending
      physician-run unit. No patient or family characteristics were consistently
      associated with poor understanding of hospital course or discharge plan.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although parents were generally knowledgeable about hospital course
      and discharge plan, areas for improved communication were identified.
      Individualized counseling about hospital course and discharge plan should be
      initiated for all parents early during hospitalization. Methods that assess and
      bolster caregiver comprehension and minimize dependence on written instructions
      may help with transition to outpatient care.

PMID- 27369095
TI  - The imitation game: Effects of social cues on 'imitation' are domain-general in
      nature.
AB  - Imitation has been hailed as 'social glue', facilitating rapport with others.
      Previous studies suggest that social cues modulate imitation but the mechanism of
      such modulation remains underspecified. Here we examine the locus, specificity,
      and neural basis of the social control of imitation. Social cues (group
      membership and eye gaze) were manipulated during an imitation task in which
      imitative and spatial compatibility could be measured independently. Participants
      were faster to perform compatible compared to incompatible movements in both
      spatial and imitative domains. However, only spatial compatibility was modulated
      by social cues: an interaction between group membership and eye gaze revealed
      more spatial compatibility for ingroup members with direct gaze and outgroup
      members with averted gaze. The fMRI data were consistent with this finding.
      Regions associated with the control of imitative responding (temporoparietal
      junction, inferior frontal gyrus) were more active during imitatively
      incompatible compared to imitatively compatible trials. However, this activity
      was not modulated by social cues. On the contrary, an interaction between group,
      gaze and spatial compatibility was found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in
      a pattern consistent with reaction times. This region may be exerting control
      over the motor system to modulate response inhibition.

PMID- 27369096
TI  - Depth magnitude from stereopsis: Assessment techniques and the role of
      experience.
AB  - Investigations of the relationship between binocular disparity and suprathreshold
      depth magnitude percepts have used a variety of tasks, stimuli, and methods.
      Collectively, the results confirm that depth percepts increase with increasing
      disparity, but there are large differences in how well the estimates correspond
      to geometric predictions. To evaluate the source of these differences, we
      assessed depth magnitude percepts for simple stereoscopic stimuli, using both
      intra- and cross-modal estimation methods, and a large range of test disparities
      for both experienced and inexperienced observers. Our results confirm that there
      is a proportional relationship between perceived depth and binocular disparity;
      this relationship is not impacted by the measurement method. However, observers
      with minimal prior experience showed strong systematic biases in depth
      estimation, which resulted in large overestimates at small disparities and
      substantial underestimates at large disparities. By comparison, experienced
      observers' depth judgements were much closer to geometric predictions. In
      subsequent studies we show that unpracticed observers' depth estimates are
      improved by removing conflicting depth cues, and the observed biases are
      eliminated when they view physical targets. We conclude that differences in the
      depth magnitude estimates as a function of disparity in the existing literature
      are likely due to observers' experience with stereoscopic display systems in
      which binocular disparity is manipulated while other depth cues are held
      constant.

PMID- 27369097
TI  - The structure of inter-individual differences in visual ability: Evidence from
      the general population and synaesthesia.
AB  - This study considers how inter-individual differences in visual ability are
      structured. Visual ability could be a single entity (along the lines of general
      intelligence, or 'g'), or could be structured according to major anatomical or
      physiological pathways (dorsal v. ventral streams; magno- v. parvo-cellular
      systems); or may be a finer-grained mosaic of abilities. To test this, we
      employed seven visual psychophysical tests (generating 16 measures) on a large
      (100+) sample of neurotypical participants. A Varimax-rotated PCA (Principal
      Component Analysis) revealed a two-factor solution that broadly corresponds to a
      high and low spatial frequency division (consistent with a magno/parvo
      distinction). Over and above this, two measures (temporal order judgments; gain
      in contrast sensitivity) correlated with most others, and loaded on both factors,
      suggesting that they tap broad visual processing demands. These analyses open up
      further possibilities for exploring the genetic and neuroscientific foundations
      of differences in visual ability. The tests were also run on a group of
      individuals with different types of visually-based synaesthesia, given that
      previous research have suggested they possess a distinct profile of visual
      abilities. Synaesthesia was linked to enhanced processing of colour and
      shape/curvature information (amongst others), that may relate to differences in
      V4 in this group. In conclusion, individual differences in vision are both
      striking and meaningful, despite our difficulty to imagine seeing the world any
      differently.

PMID- 27369099
TI  - [Single-family rooms for neonatal intensive care units impacts on preterm
      newborns, families, and health-care staff. A systematic literature review].
AB  - The quality of the environment is an essential point in the care of preterm
      newborns. The design of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) (open-bay, single
      patient room, single-family room) directly affects both the preterm newborns and
      their caregivers (parents, healthcare staff). The aim of this systematic review
      was to evaluate the impact of single-family rooms on the preterm newborn, its
      parents, and the staff. Single-family rooms improve outcome for the preterm
      newborn, with increasing parental involvement and better control of the
      environment (fewer inappropriate stimulations such as high levels of noise and
      illumination). This kind of NICU design also improves parental and staff
      satisfaction. 

PMID- 27369098
TI  - The relation between spatial perspective taking and inhibitory control in 6-year
      old children.
AB  - Developmental research on spatial perspective taking has shown that young
      children are able to solve perspective-taking problems under favorable
      circumstances, but they have difficulties succeeding in classic tasks involving a
      conflict between one's own perspective and that of another observer. To date,
      little is known about the reasons for young children's difficulties in dealing
      with incongruent perspectives. Based on the assumption that one's own perspective
      has to be ignored to imagine someone else's perspective, it was investigated
      whether perspective taking is related to inhibitory control in 6-year-olds (N =
      140). An adapted version of the 'Fruit Stroop task', appropriate for preschool
      children, was used to assess inhibitory control. Perspective taking was assessed
      using the 'Perspective-Taking Test for Children'. Other spatial and nonspatial
      abilities were assessed to investigate the specificity of the relation. Results
      showed a significant correlation between perspective taking and inhibitory
      control, even when controlled for age, verbal-IQ, and socio-economic status.
      However, no significant correlations between inhibition and other spatial
      abilities were found, indicating a specific relation between inhibition and
      perspective taking. A linear regression analysis showed that, even after
      accounting for effects of control variables as well as other mental
      transformation abilities, inhibition accounted for a significant part of the
      variance in perspective-taking performance. The present findings provide valuable
      information on what contributes to individual differences in perspective taking,
      which is an important aspect of everyday cognition and bears relevance for
      reasoning in technical domains.

PMID- 27369100
TI  - [An unusual cause of seizure in a 9-year-old child].

PMID- 27369101
TI  - [Evaluation of the measurement of capillary glucose concentration versus plasma
      glucose in the newborn].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The reliability of blood glucose monitoring in neonatology is not
      always confirmed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of blood
      glucose measurements made with three different devices in newborns. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: The study was prospective, conducted in a medical and neonatal intensive
      care department over a period of 4 months. Capillary glucose level was measured
      with three different glucometers and compared with venous glucose level
      determined using the hexokinase method. An ANOVA and Scheffe test were used for
      the correlation analysis. RESULTS: Three hundred and nine infants were included,
      with a mean age of 55h and a mean term of 39 weeks of gestation. Mean blood
      glucose in the laboratory was 0.62+/-0.15g/L, 0.71+/-0.17g/L for Accu-Chek((r))
      Active, 0.80+/-0.17g/L for Accu-Chek((r)) Performa, and 0.83+/-0.12g/L for
      Bionime. An ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between the
      measurements made by glucometers compared to the reference blood glucose levels,
      and the Scheffe method showed that glucometers overestimated the real plasma
      glucose levels. CONCLUSION: None of the devices used in this study was
      satisfactory. However, an estimation of blood glucose taking into consideration
      this numerical overestimation would allow early detection of hypoglycemia.

PMID- 27369102
TI  - [Gordon syndrome: The importance of measuring blood pressure in children].
AB  - Gordon's syndrome, or type II pseudo-hypoaldosteronism, is a rare cause of
      arterial hypertension in children. However, it is important to diagnose this
      syndrome because of the spectacular efficacy of thiazide diuretics. The typical
      clinical picture of Gordon syndrome includes, apart from arterial hypertension
      and dyskaliemia, hyperchloremia metabolic acidosis, hypercalciuria, a low rate of
      renin, and most frequently, a normal or high rate of aldosterone. Dental
      abnormalities and growth retardation can also be associated. In most cases, it is
      inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. We report on a 7-year-old girl who
      was discovered with arterial hypertension during a consultation for chronic
      diarrhea. The association of growth retardation, hyperkaliemia, and metabolic
      acidosis oriented the diagnosis. Starting a thiazide diuretic helped control the
      arterial hypertension and the kaliemia in a spectacular manner. The genetic
      analysis proved the existence of a splice mutation on exon 9 of the CUL3 gene
      coding for cullin 3. This mutation is de novo. 

PMID- 27369103
TI  - [Use of levosimendan in children].
AB  - Levosimendan is a calcium-sensitizing drug with positive inotropic properties. As
      an inodilator, this molecule also has a vasodilation effect. While its efficacy
      has been demonstrated in the adult in the context of cardiac surgery, its
      pediatric use is still not widespread. Many studies have shown its safety of use
      in children, including in the newborn. Across the world, a growing number of
      teams use levosimendan to treat both acute and chronic heart failure. Through a
      review of the literature, we describe its pharmacodynamic effects, its current
      applications, and its perspectives of use in children. 

PMID- 27369104
TI  - [Fat overload syndrome].
AB  - We report the case of a 21-month-old child suffering from pulmonary fibrosis, who
      presented with acute respiratory distress and liver damage, due to an accidental
      overdose of intravenous lipid emulsion. This poisoning is a rare entity, whose
      potential severity and almost exclusive iatrogenic effect deserve to be
      remembered. 

PMID- 27369105
TI  - Prospective evaluation of a cutaneous stimulation technique to induce on-demand
      urination in non-toilet-trained infants.
AB  - CONTEXT: When a urinary tract infection is suspected, it is recommended to
      capture a midstream sample of urine for analysis, but this strategy is difficult
      to apply before successful toilet training. A cutaneous stimulation technique has
      been reported to be effective in provoking micturition in newborns. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate the feasibility and the efficacy of this technique in a population of
      non-toilet-trained infants. DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty infants were enrolled in
      this prospective non-controlled study in three pediatric emergency departments.
      The bladder was stimulated through suprapubic and paravertebral cutaneous
      stimulation as previously reported in newborns. The evaluation criterion was the
      proportion of patients from whom urine had been collected within the first 5min
      of the procedure. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients (21 boys) were evaluated. The
      procedure was successful in 27% of the cases overall, but reached 46% for
      children aged less than 3 months. Elevated weight was associated with failure of
      the procedure. CONCLUSION: Despite promising results in newborns, the cutaneous
      stimulation technique to provoke micturition appears to encounter limitations in
      older children. Nevertheless, the technique is an attractive alternative to
      urethral catheterization or suprapubic aspiration for infants younger than 3
      months.

PMID- 27369106
TI  - [Purulent corneal melting: An unexpected complication of acute otitis media].

PMID- 27369107
TI  - [A rare cause of epilepsy: Lipoma of the sylvian fissure].

PMID- 27369108
TI  - The Use of Nucleosome Substrates Improves Binding of SAM Analogs to SETD8.
AB  - SETD8 is the methyltransferase responsible for monomethylation of lysine at
      position 20 of the N-terminus of histone H4 (H4K20). This activity has been
      implicated in both DNA damage and cell cycle progression. Existing biochemical
      assays have utilized truncated enzymes containing the SET domain of SETD8 and
      peptide substrates. In this report, we present the development of a
      mechanistically balanced biochemical assay using full-length SETD8 and a
      recombinant nucleosome substrate. This improves the binding of SAM, SAH, and
      sinefungin by up to 10,000-fold. A small collection of inhibitors structurally
      related to SAM were screened and 40 compounds were identified that only inhibit
      SETD8 when a nucleosome substrate is used. 

PMID- 27369110
TI  - Practical Epidemiology.

PMID- 27369109
TI  - L'Echinococcose Pulmonaire Et Hepatique.
AB  - Report of two cases of echinococcosis of lung and liver and review of the
      literature. 

PMID- 27369111
TI  - Differential Response to Anti-VEGF Regimens in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
      Patients with Early Persistent Retinal Fluid.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the effect of intravitreal aflibercept or ranibizumab drug
      type and frequency on visual acuity outcomes in eyes with neovascular age-related
      macular degeneration (NVAMD) and early persistent retinal fluid after 3 initial
      monthly injections. DESIGN: A post hoc analysis of eyes enrolled in VIEW 1 and
      VIEW 2, 2 similarly designed, randomized, phase 3 trials. PARTICIPANTS: A total
      of 1815 eyes with NVAMD from VIEW 1 and VIEW 2. METHODS: Analyses included
      patients with known fluid status at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12 in 3
      treatment groups: ranibizumab 0.5 mg every 4 weeks (Rq4) (n = 595), intravitreal
      aflibercept injection (IAI) 2 mg every 4 weeks (2q4) (n = 613), and IAI 2 mg
      every 8 weeks (2q8) after 3 monthly injections (n = 607). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) change from baseline over weeks 16 to 52
      and the proportion of eyes that gained >=15 letters or lost >=5 letters were
      evaluated in eyes with and without persistent fluid (cystic intraretinal or
      subretinal fluid at all 4 initial visits). Visual outcomes also were assessed in
      eyes with persistent fluid by fluid type (intraretinal and subretinal fluid).
      RESULTS: The proportions of eyes with persistent fluid were 29.4%, 18.8%, and
      20.3% in the Rq4, 2q4, and 2q8 groups, respectively. In these eyes, mean BCVA
      gain from baseline to week 52 was greater with 2q4 compared with Rq4 (P < 0.01)
      and 2q8 (P < 0.05), whereas it was similar with Rq4 and 2q8 (P = 0.294). At week
      52, similar proportions of eyes gained >=15 letters (31.5%-35.2%), whereas fewer
      eyes lost >=5 letters with 2q4 compared with Rq4 and 2q8 (6.5% vs. 16.6% and
      16.2%). The pattern of visual outcomes was similar regardless of fluid type. In
      eyes without persistent fluid, BCVA changes were similar across treatment groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients with early persistent fluid, 2q4 may provide additional
      clinical benefit over 2q8 or Rq4.

PMID- 27369112
TI  - Cofilin is correlated with sperm quality and influences sperm fertilizing
      capacity in humans.
AB  - Spermatozoa should undergo a series of biochemical modifications in female
      reproduction tract, which is collectively called sperm capacitation. The
      capacitated spermatozoa can bind to the egg zona pellucida, resulting in the
      occurrence of acrosome reaction which enabled spermatozoa penetrate into the egg.
      The formation of actin plays an important role in these processes. Actin
      polymerized during sperm capacitation, but the polymers dispersed before acrosome
      reaction. In this study, we take our focus on actin-binding protein, cofilin. Our
      results showed that the % and intensity of sperm expressing cofilin in normal
      sperm were significantly higher than in abnormal sperm, and the sperm expressing
      cofilin was correlated with sperm quality. Furthermore, treatment with anti
      cofilin antibody increased the percentage of sperm capacitation and inhibited
      progesterone- or A23187- induced acrosome reaction in a dose-dependent manner.
      The presence of 100 ng/mL anti-cofilin antibodies markedly blocked the sperm
      penetration of zona-free hamster eggs. Besides, immunofluorescence results
      revealed that cofilin was colocalized with F-actin in the midpiece of
      spermatozoa; however, phospho-cofilin was expressed in the tail rather than in
      the midpiece of spermatozoa, which was not colocalized with F-actin in
      spermatozoa. Moreover, western blot revealed that phospho-cofilin increased in
      sperm capacitation, and the total cofilin and cofilin in insoluble fraction
      increased in acrosome reaction; immunofluorescence results showed that the amount
      of cofilin in acrosome increased in sperm capacitation. In conclusion, our study
      revealed that cofilin expression in human sperm is correlated with sperm quality
      and the alterations of cofilin and phospho-cofilin in fertilization affects sperm
      capacitation, acrosome reaction, and spermatozoa-oocyte fusion.

PMID- 27369113
TI  - Corrigendum to: "Burkholderia novacaledonica sp. nov. and B. ultramafica sp. nov.
      isolated from roots of Costularia spp. pioneer plants of ultramafic soils in New
      Caledonia" [Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 39 (2016) 151-159].

PMID- 27369114
TI  - Double sellar floor sign: a clue of pituitary tumor.

PMID- 27369115
TI  - Additive effects of low concentrations of estradiol-17beta and progesterone on
      nitric oxide production by human vascular endothelial cells through shared
      signaling pathways.
AB  - Potential cardiovascular benefits of low-dose formulations of estrogens and
      progesterone (P4) for treating climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women
      remain unclear because information is lacking on their combined vascular effects.
      Protective effects of low concentrations (5nM) of P4 and estradiol-17beta (E2),
      alone and in combination (P4+E2), were investigated in a nongenomic model of
      vascular protection which measured acute increases in nitric oxide (NO)
      production by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment
      with 5nM P4+E2 for twenty minutes significantly increased NO production and
      endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation, whereas 5nM treatments with
      either steroid alone were ineffective. The 5nM P4+E2 treatment also increased
      phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, mimicking the effects of higher concentrations of
      P4 and E2 alone. Pre-treatment with inhibitors of PI3K (wortmannin), Akt (ML-9),
      and MAP kinase (AZD6244 and U0126) completely blocked the NO response to 5nM
      P4+E2. Combined 5nM treatments with specific estrogen and progesterone receptor
      agonists showed an involvement of membrane progesterone receptor alpha (mPRalpha,
      also known as PAQR7), G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), and estrogen
      receptor alpha (ERalpha), but not ERbeta, in P4+E2 stimulation of NO production.
      P4+E2 also exerted genomic actions, increasing mPRalpha, GPER, cyclooxygenase-1,
      and prostacyclin-synthase mRNA levels. Taken together, the results show that a
      low concentration of P4+E2 rapidly increases NO production in HUVECs through
      mPRalpha, ERalpha, and GPER and involves common signaling pathways, PI3K/Akt and
      MAP kinase. These in vitro findings suggest that low doses of E2 and P4 may also
      have some beneficial cardiovascular effects in vivo when administered as hormone
      replacement therapy (HRT) for post-menopausal women.

PMID- 27369117
TI  - Cardioplegia: solutions or strategies?

PMID- 27369118
TI  - Surgical results for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: a single
      centre 15-year experience and medium-term follow-up.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The optimal surgical strategies for pulmonary atresia with intact
      ventricular septum (PAIVS) are still not well established. This study reviewed
      our 15-year experience in the management of PAIVS. METHODS: Between July 1999 and
      June 2014, 170 patients were treated for PAIVS in our heart centre. Based on the
      morphology of the right ventricle (RV), age and surgical approaches, the patients
      were divided into two groups: the one-stage surgery group (n = 33) and the staged
      surgery group (n = 137), in which patients received definitive repair, including
      biventricular repair, 1.5 ventricular repair and univentricular palliation
      without or with initial intervention. The median follow-up time was 6.6 years
      (range: 1-15 years); survival rates, risk factors for death and clinical status
      after operation were assessed. RESULTS: In the one-stage surgery group, there
      were three deaths post operation; the estimated 1-, 5- and 15-year survival rates
      were 97.0, 93.7 and 88.5%, respectively. In the staged surgery group, 23 patients
      died, including 15 in the waiting period after initial intervention. The
      estimated 1-, 5- and 15-year survival rates of the staged group were 89.8, 88.2
      and 69.1%, without significant difference when compared with the one-stage
      surgery group (P > 0.05). Independent predictors of mortality were severe RV
      hypoplasia (P < 0.05) and lower tricuspid valve Z-scores (P < 0.01). At the
      latest follow-up, most of the patients in both groups had a good clinical status
      after definitive repair. The re-operation rate was 16.0% (4/25) in the one-stage
      surgery group compared with 15.4% (6/39) in the staged surgery group.
      CONCLUSIONS: Both one-stage repair and the staged surgical procedure had
      acceptable surgical outcomes in this retrospective study. Initial intervention is
      suitable for neonates or younger patients to promote the growth of the RV, and
      one-stage definitive repair is a beneficial choice for older patients with PAIVS,
      in whom the growth potential of the RV is limited.

PMID- 27369119
TI  - Determining the value of pulmonary metastasectomy.

PMID- 27369120
TI  - Analysis of pulmonary metastasis as an indication for operation: an evidence
      based approach.

PMID- 27369121
TI  - A view of the Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Colorectal Cancer (PulMiCC) trial from
      the coalface.

PMID- 27369122
TI  - How to Restore Fairness After Doping Infringement?
AB  - This article addresses the question how to restore the biggest possible amount of
      fairness after a discovery of doping infringement. I will analyse eight actions
      that could be taken: (1) disqualification and re-ranking, (2) change in official
      result, (3) medal stripping and medal re-awarding, (4) ban, (5) rematch, (6)
      legal action, (7) apology and (8) forgiveness. I conclude that the best way to
      restore the biggest possible amount of fairness seems to be a selected
      combination of actions. I also propose that re-ranking and medal re-awarding
      should be accompanied by a ceremony in which the new winners are celebrated
      because they typically did not have the possibility of enjoying their success in
      front of the original audience.

PMID- 27369123
TI  - Outcome measures based on classification performance fail to predict the
      intelligibility of binary-masked speech.
AB  - To date, the most commonly used outcome measure for assessing ideal binary mask
      estimation algorithms is based on the difference between the hit rate and the
      false alarm rate (H-FA). Recently, the error distribution has been shown to
      substantially affect intelligibility. However, H-FA treats each mask unit
      independently and does not take into account how errors are distributed.
      Alternatively, algorithms can be evaluated with the short-time objective
      intelligibility (STOI) metric using the reconstructed speech. This study
      investigates the ability of H-FA and STOI to predict intelligibility for binary
      masked speech using masks with different error distributions. The results
      demonstrate the inability of H-FA to predict the behavioral intelligibility and
      also illustrate the limitations of STOI. Since every estimation algorithm will
      make errors that are distributed in different ways, performance evaluations
      should not be made solely on the basis of these metrics.

PMID- 27369125
TI  - Erratum: Relative sound localisation abilities in human listeners [J. Acoust.
      Soc. Am. 138, 674-686 (2015)].

PMID- 27369126
TI  - Scattering of guided waves at delaminations in composite plates.
AB  - Carbon fiber laminate composites are increasingly employed for aerospace
      structures as they offer advantages, such as a good strength to weight ratio.
      However, impact during the operation and servicing of the aircraft can lead to
      barely visible and difficult to detect damage. Depending on the severity of the
      impact, fiber and matrix breakage or delaminations can occur, reducing the load
      carrying capacity of the structure. Efficient nondestructive testing and
      structural health monitoring of composite panels can be achieved using guided
      ultrasonic waves propagating along the structure. The scattering of the A0 Lamb
      wave mode at delaminations was investigated using a full three-dimensional (3D)
      finite element (FE) analysis. The influence of the delamination geometry (size
      and depth) was systematically evaluated. In addition to the depth dependency, a
      significant influence of the delamination width due to sideways reflection of the
      guided waves within the delamination area was found. Mixed-mode defects were
      simulated using a combined model of delamination with localized material
      degradation. The guided wave scattering at cross-ply composite plates with impact
      damage was measured experimentally using a non-contact laser interferometer. Good
      agreement between experiments and FE predictions using the mixed-mode model for
      an approximation of the impact damage was found.

PMID- 27369127
TI  - Time reversal for localization of sources of infrasound signals in a windy
      stratified atmosphere.
AB  - Time reversal is used for localizing sources of recorded infrasound signals
      propagating in a windy, stratified atmosphere. Due to the convective effect of
      the background flow, the back-azimuths of the recorded signals can be
      substantially different from the source back-azimuth, posing a significant
      difficulty in source localization. The back-propagated signals are characterized
      by negative group velocities from which the source back-azimuth and source-to
      receiver (STR) distance can be estimated using the apparent back-azimuths and
      trace velocities of the signals. The method is applied to several distinct
      infrasound arrivals recorded by two arrays in the Netherlands. The infrasound
      signals were generated by the Buncefield oil depot explosion in the U.K. in
      December 2005. Analyses show that the method can be used to substantially enhance
      estimates of the source back-azimuth and the STR distance. In one of the arrays,
      for instance, the deviations between the measured back-azimuths of the signals
      and the known source back-azimuth are quite large (-1 degrees  to -7 degrees ),
      whereas the deviations between the predicted and known source back-azimuths are
      small with an absolute mean value of <1 degrees . Furthermore, the predicted STR
      distance is off only by <5% of the known STR distance.

PMID- 27369128
TI  - A study of ribbing effect on the vibration response and transmission of an L
      shaped plate.
AB  - This paper presents an analytical solution for the vibration response of a ribbed
      L-shaped plate using a modal expansion solution approach. The analytical model is
      then employed to study the ribbing effect on vibration reduction and transmission
      between the two plate components of the L-shaped plate. It is found that for the
      system considered in the study, a rib inserted between the excitation force and
      the source plate can lead to a large vibration reduction for both source and
      receiving plates except at a frequency band near the fundamental resonant
      frequency of the rib where the rib's flexural stiffness is negligible. A reduced
      vibration transmission to the receiving plate can also be achieved by placing a
      rib near the plate/plate junction, attributed to the increased moment impedance
      at the coupling after the rib insertion. Increasing the rib's flexural stiffness
      under this condition can further reduce vibration transmission in the low
      frequency bands while increasing the rib's mass can lead to a reduced vibration
      transmission in the higher frequency bands. The insights obtained from this study
      are relevant to vibration control of structures such as transformer tanks and
      machine covers.

PMID- 27369129
TI  - How the demographic makeup of our community influences speech perception.
AB  - Speech perception is known to be influenced by listeners' expectations of the
      speaker. This paper tests whether the demographic makeup of individuals'
      communities can influence their perception of foreign sounds by influencing their
      expectations of the language. Using online experiments with participants from all
      across the U.S. and matched census data on the proportion of Spanish and other
      foreign language speakers in participants' communities, this paper shows that the
      demographic makeup of individuals' communities influences their expectations of
      foreign languages to have an alveolar trill versus a tap (Experiment 1), as well
      as their consequent perception of these sounds (Experiment 2). Thus, the paper
      shows that while individuals' expectations of foreign language to have a trill
      occasionally lead them to misperceive a tap in a foreign language as a trill, a
      higher proportion of non-trill language speakers in one's community decreases
      this likelihood. These results show that individuals' environment can influence
      their perception by shaping their linguistic expectations.

PMID- 27369130
TI  - Comparing the effects of age on amplitude modulation and frequency modulation
      detection.
AB  - Frequency modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM) detection thresholds were
      measured at 40 dB sensation level for young (22-28 yrs) and older (44-66 yrs)
      listeners with normal audiograms for a carrier frequency of 500 Hz and modulation
      rates of 2 and 20 Hz. The number of modulation cycles, N, varied between 2 and 9.
      For FM detection, uninformative AM at the same rate as the FM was superimposed to
      disrupt excitation-pattern cues. For both groups, AM and FM detection thresholds
      were lower for the 2-Hz than for the 20-Hz rate, and AM and FM detection
      thresholds decreased with increasing N. Thresholds were higher for older than for
      younger listeners, especially for FM detection at 2 Hz, possibly reflecting the
      effect of age on the use of temporal-fine-structure cues for 2-Hz FM detection.
      The effect of increasing N was similar across groups for both AM and FM. However,
      at 20 Hz, older listeners showed a greater effect of increasing N than younger
      listeners for both AM and FM. The results suggest that ageing reduces sensitivity
      to both excitation-pattern and temporal-fine-structure cues for modulation
      detection, but more so for the latter, while sparing temporal integration of
      these cues at low modulation rates.

PMID- 27369131
TI  - Auditory sensitivity in aquatic animals.
AB  - A critical concern with respect to marine animal acoustics is the issue of
      hearing "sensitivity," as it is widely used as a criterion for the onset of noise
      induced effects. Important aspects of research on sensitivity to sound by marine
      animals include: uncertainties regarding how well these species detect and
      respond to different sounds; the masking effects of man-made sounds on the
      detection of biologically important sounds; the question how internal state,
      motivation, context, and previous experience affect their behavioral responses;
      and the long-term and cumulative effects of sound exposure. If we are to better
      understand the sensitivity of marine animals to sound we must concentrate
      research on these questions. In order to assess population level and ecological
      community impacts new approaches can possibly be adopted from other disciplines
      and applied to marine fauna.

PMID- 27369133
TI  - Optimal design of a hysteretic vibration absorber using fixed-points theory.
AB  - Hinfinity optimum parameters of a dynamic vibration absorber (DVA) using a
      hysteretic or structural damping element have been derived analytically for
      suppressing vibration of a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system excited by
      harmonic forces or due to ground motions. Although the frequency response
      function of the traditional DVA (TDVA) with viscous damping may be converted to
      that of the hysteretic DVA (HDVA) using the equivalent viscous damping
      coefficient, it is found that the two frequency response functions are not
      equivalent after the optimization process. Therefore, the optimum parameters of
      the HDVA are derived using the fixed-points theory rather than converted directly
      from the TDVA model. The analytical results show that the optimized hysteretic
      vibration absorber can provide a similar vibration reduction effect as the
      optimized traditional dynamic vibration absorber at the resonance of a SDOF
      primary vibrating system. Advantages as well as the limitations of the fixed
      points theory for the Hinfinity optimization of the hysteretic dynamic vibration
      absorbers using the fixed-points theory are discussed.

PMID- 27369132
TI  - The influence of native-language tones on lexical access in the second language.
AB  - When listening to speech in a second language, bilinguals' perception of acoustic
      phonetic properties is often influenced by the features that are important in the
      native language of the bilingual. Furthermore, changes in the perception of
      segmental contrasts due to L1 experience can influence L2 lexical access during
      comprehension. The present study investigates whether the effect of L1 experience
      on L2 processing seen at the segmental level extends to suprasegmental
      processing. In an eye-tracking task, Mandarin-English bilinguals heard an
      auditorily presented English word and selected which of two visually presented
      Chinese characters represented the correct Mandarin translation. The pitch
      contour of the spoken word was manipulated to either match or mismatch the
      lexical tone of the Mandarin translation. Results revealed that bilinguals were
      significantly faster to correctly identify the target and made earlier eye
      movements to targets when the suprasegmental information of the word spoken in
      English matched that of its Mandarin translation. The findings provide compelling
      evidence for bilinguals' sensitivity to suprasegmental tone information, even
      when listening to a non-tonal language. These results have important implications
      for the effect of L1 experience on L2 lexical access and language interaction in
      bilinguals, and are consistent with a highly interactive account of language
      processing.

PMID- 27369134
TI  - Effect of acoustic fine structure cues on the recognition of auditory-only and
      audiovisual speech.
AB  - This study addressed the hypothesis that an improvement in speech recognition due
      to combined envelope and fine structure cues is greater in the audiovisual than
      the auditory modality. Normal hearing listeners were presented with envelope
      vocoded speech in combination with low-pass filtered speech. The benefit of
      adding acoustic low-frequency fine structure to acoustic envelope cues was
      significantly greater for audiovisual than for auditory-only speech. It is
      suggested that this is due to complementary information of the different acoustic
      and visual cues. The results have potential implications for the assessment of
      bimodal cochlear implant fittings or electroacoustic stimulation.

PMID- 27369135
TI  - Erratum: A parametric analysis of waves propagating in a porous solid saturated
      by a three-phase fluid [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 138(5), 3033-3042 (2015)].

PMID- 27369136
TI  - Adaptive whitening of ambient ocean noise with narrowband signal preservation.
AB  - Passive underwater listening devices are often deployed to listen for narrowband
      signals of interest in time-varying background ocean noise. Such tonals are
      generated mechanically by ships, submarines, and machines, or acoustically by
      aquatic wildlife. Quantization of the sensor data for storage or low bit-rate
      transmission adds white noise which can overwhelm weak narrowband signals if the
      background noise is sufficiently colored. Whitening the background noise prior to
      quantization can reduce the detrimental effects, but the whitening process must
      preserve any tonals in the signal for maximum effectiveness. Existing adaptive
      whitening techniques make no effort to avoid suppressing tonals in the whitening
      process, while existing spectral separation methods fail to whiten background
      noise. The proposed methods perform adaptive whitening of background ambient
      noise while preserving narrowband tones at their original signal-to-noise ratios.
      The proposed methods are shown to outperform combinations of existing partial
      solutions both subjectively and by evaluating the objective criteria introduced.
      The stability and convergence properties of the proposed algorithms match or
      surpass those of existing well-known adaptive algorithms.

PMID- 27369137
TI  - Analysis and modeling of infrasound from a four-stage rocket launch.
AB  - Infrasound from a four-stage sounding rocket was recorded by several arrays
      within 100 km of the launch pad. Propagation modeling methods have been applied
      to the known trajectory to predict infrasonic signals at the ground in order to
      identify what information might be obtained from such observations. There is good
      agreement between modeled and observed back azimuths, and predicted arrival times
      for motor ignition signals match those observed. The signal due to the high
      altitude stage ignition is found to be low amplitude, despite predictions of weak
      attenuation. This lack of signal is possibly due to inefficient aeroacoustic
      coupling in the rarefied upper atmosphere.

PMID- 27369138
TI  - Unphysical consequences of negative absorbed power in linear passive scattering:
      Implications for radiation force and torque.
AB  - Contrary to some claims, the absorbed power associated with linear scattering of
      sound by passive objects in ideal fluids must be non-negative. Such unphysical
      claims suggest analytical or computational error, or use of an unphysical
      constitutive relation for material properties. The close connection with the
      evaluation of acoustic radiation force on targets according to Westervelt's
      formulation [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 29, 26-29 (1957)], recently generalized to
      certain acoustic beams, is briefly reviewed along with the theory of acoustic
      radiation torque on axisymmetric targets with power absorption. Applications to
      viscous dissipation and to issues pertaining to active targets are also examined.

PMID- 27369139
TI  - A two-dimensional analysis of the sensitivity of a pulse first break to wave
      speed contrast on a scale below the resolution length of ray tomography.
AB  - Mapping the speed of mechanical waves traveling inside a medium is a topic of
      great interest across many fields from geoscience to medical diagnostics. Much
      work has been done to characterize the fidelity with which the geometrical
      features of the medium can be reconstructed and multiple resolution criteria have
      been proposed depending on the wave-matter interaction model used to decode the
      wave speed map from scattering measurements. However, these criteria do not
      define the accuracy with which the wave speed values can be reconstructed. Using
      two-dimensional simulations, it is shown that the first-arrival traveltime
      predicted by ray theory can be an accurate representation of the arrival of a
      pulse first break even in the presence of diffraction and other phenomena that
      are not accounted for by ray theory. As a result, ray-based tomographic
      inversions can yield accurate wave speed estimations also when the size of a
      sound speed anomaly is smaller than the resolution length of the inversion method
      provided that traveltimes are estimated from the signal first break. This
      increased sensitivity however renders the inversion more susceptible to noise
      since the amplitude of the signal around the first break is typically low
      especially when three-dimensional anomalies are considered.

PMID- 27369140
TI  - Near-field/far-field array manifold of an acoustic vector-sensor near a
      reflecting boundary.
AB  - The acoustic vector-sensor (a.k.a. the vector hydrophone) is a practical and
      versatile sound-measurement device, with applications in-room, open-air, or
      underwater. It consists of three identical uni-axial velocity-sensors in
      orthogonal orientations, plus a pressure-sensor-all in spatial collocation. Its
      far-field array manifold [Nehorai and Paldi (1994). IEEE Trans. Signal Process.
      42, 2481-2491; Hawkes and Nehorai (2000). IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 48, 2981
      2993] has been introduced into the technical field of signal processing about 2
      decades ago, and many direction-finding algorithms have since been developed for
      this acoustic vector-sensor. The above array manifold is subsequently generalized
      for outside the far field in Wu, Wong, and Lau [(2010). IEEE Trans. Signal
      Process. 58, 3946-3951], but only if no reflection-boundary is to lie near the
      acoustic vector-sensor. As for the near-boundary array manifold for the general
      case of an emitter in the geometric near field, the far field, or anywhere in
      between-this paper derives and presents that array manifold in terms of signal
      processing mathematics. Also derived here is the corresponding Cramer-Rao bound
      for azimuth-elevation-distance localization of an incident emitter, with the
      reflected wave shown to play a critical role on account of its constructive or
      destructive summation with the line-of-sight wave. The implications on source
      localization are explored, especially with respect to measurement model mismatch
      in maximum-likelihood direction finding and with regard to the spatial resolution
      between coexisting emitters.

PMID- 27369141
TI  - Effectiveness of nonporous windscreens for infrasonic measurements.
AB  - This paper deals with nonporous windscreens used for reducing noise in infrasonic
      measurements. A model of sound transmission using a modal approach is derived.
      The system is a square plate coupled with a cavity. The model agrees with finite
      element simulations and measurements performed on two windscreens: a cubic
      windscreen using a material recommended by Shams, Zuckerwar, and Sealey [J.
      Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 1335-1340 (2005)] and an optimized flat windscreen made out
      of aluminum. Only the latter was found to couple acoustical waves below 10 Hz
      without any attenuation. Moreover, wind noise reduction measurements show that
      nonporous windscreens perform similarly as a pipe array by averaging the pressure
      fluctuations. These results question the assumptions of Shams et al. and
      Zuckerwar [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 127, 3327-3334 (2010)] about compact nonporous
      windscreens design and effectiveness.

PMID- 27369142
TI  - The mechanisms of subharmonic tone generation in a synthetic larynx model.
AB  - The sound spectra obtained in a synthetic larynx exhibited subharmonic tones that
      are characteristic for diplophonia. Although the generation of subharmonics is
      commonly associated with asymmetrically oscillating vocal folds, the synthetic
      elastic vocal folds showed symmetrical oscillations. The amplitudes of the
      subharmonics decreased with an increasing lateral diameter of the supraglottal
      channel, which indicates a strong dependence of the supraglottal boundary
      conditions. Investigations of the supraglottal flow field revealed small cycle-to
      cycle variations of the static pressure in the region of the pulsatile glottal
      jet as the origin of the first subharmonic tone. It is located at half the
      fundamental frequency of the vocal fold oscillation. A principle component
      analysis of the supraglottal flow field with the fully developed glottal jet
      revealed a large recirculation area in the second spatial eigenvector which
      deflected the glottal jet slightly in a perpendicular direction of the jet axis.
      The rotation direction of the recirculation area changed with different
      oscillation cycles between clockwise and counterclockwise. As both directions
      were uniformly distributed across all acquired oscillation cycles, a cycle-wise
      change can be assumed. It is concluded that acoustic subharmonics are generated
      by small fluctuations of the glottal jet location favored by small lateral
      diameters of the supraglottal channel.

PMID- 27369144
TI  - The acoustic power of a vibrating clamped circular plate revisited in the wide
      low frequency range using expansion into the radial polynomials.
AB  - This study deals with the classical problem of sound radiation of an excited
      clamped circular plate embedded into a flat rigid baffle. The system of the two
      coupled differential equations is solved, one for the excited and damped
      vibrations of the plate and the other one-the Helmholtz equation. An approach
      using the expansion into radial polynomials leads to results for the modal
      impedance coefficients useful for a comprehensive numerical analysis of sound
      radiation. The results obtained are accurate and efficient in a wide low
      frequency range and can easily be adopted for a simply supported circular plate.
      The fluid loading is included providing accurate results in resonance.

PMID- 27369145
TI  - Specific features of a stopped pipe blown by a turbulent jet: Aeroacoustics of
      the panpipes.
AB  - Flute-like instruments with a stopped pipe were widely used in ancient cultures
      and continue to be used in many musical expressions throughout the globe. They
      offer great flexibility in the input control parameters, allowing for large
      excursions in the flux and in the geometrical configuration for the lips of the
      instrumentalist. For instance, the transverse offset of the jet axis relative to
      the labium can be shifted beyond the operational limits found in open-open pipes,
      and the total jet flux can be increased up to values that produce highly
      turbulent jets while remaining on the first oscillating regime. Some of the
      fundamental aspects of the acoustics and hydrodynamics of this kind of instrument
      are studied, like the instability of the jet wave and the static aerodynamic
      balance in the resonator. A replica of an Andean siku has been created to
      observe, through the Schlieren flow visualization, the behavior of both
      excitation and resonator of the instrument.

PMID- 27369143
TI  - Wideband acoustic activation and detection of droplet vaporization events using a
      capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer.
AB  - An ongoing challenge exists in understanding and optimizing the acoustic droplet
      vaporization (ADV) process to enhance contrast agent effectiveness for biomedical
      applications. Acoustic signatures from vaporization events can be identified and
      differentiated from microbubble or tissue signals based on their frequency
      content. The present study exploited the wide bandwidth of a 128-element
      capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array for activation (8
      MHz) and real-time imaging (1 MHz) of ADV events from droplets circulating in a
      tube. Compared to a commercial piezoelectric probe, the CMUT array provides a
      substantial increase of the contrast-to-noise ratio.

PMID- 27369146
TI  - Individual differences in processing pitch contour and rise time in adults: A
      behavioral and electrophysiological study of Cantonese tone merging.
AB  - One way to understand the relationship between speech perception and production
      is to examine cases where the two dissociate. This study investigates the
      hypothesis that perceptual acuity reflected in event-related potentials (ERPs) to
      rise time of sound amplitude envelope and pitch contour [reflected in the
      mismatch negativity (MMN)] may associate with individual differences in
      production among speakers with otherwise comparable perceptual abilities. To test
      this hypothesis, advantage was taken of an on-going sound change-tone merging in
      Cantonese, and compared the ERPs between two groups of typically developed native
      speakers who could discriminate the high rising and low rising tones with
      equivalent accuracy but differed in the distinctiveness of their production of
      these tones. Using a passive oddball paradigm, early positive-going EEG
      components to rise time and MMN to pitch contour were elicited during perception
      of the two tones. Significant group differences were found in neural responses to
      rise time rather than pitch contour. More importantly, individual differences in
      efficiency of tone discrimination in response latency and magnitude of neural
      responses to rise time were correlated with acoustic measures of F0 offset and
      rise time differences in productions of the two rising tones.

PMID- 27369147
TI  - Introduction to the special issue on acoustic metamaterials.

PMID- 27369148
TI  - Membrane- and plate-type acoustic metamaterials.
AB  - Over the past decade there has been a great amount of research effort devoted to
      the topic of acoustic metamaterials (AMMs). The recent development of AMMs has
      enlightened the way of manipulating sound waves. Several potential applications
      such as low-frequency noise reduction, cloaking, angular filtering, subwavelength
      imaging, and energy tunneling have been proposed and implemented by the so-called
      membrane- or plate-type AMMs. This paper aims to offer a thorough overview on the
      recent development of membrane- or plate-type AMMs. The underlying mechanism of
      these types of AMMs for tuning the effective density will be examined first. Four
      different groups of membrane- or plate-type AMMs (membranes with masses attached,
      plates with masses attached, membranes or plates without masses attached, and
      active AMMs) will be reviewed. The opportunities, limitations, and challenges of
      membrane- or plate-type AMMs will be also discussed.

PMID- 27369149
TI  - Evaluation of the resolution of a metamaterial acoustic leaky wave antenna.
AB  - Acoustic antennas have long been utilized to directionally steer acoustic waves
      in both air and water. Typically, these antennas are comprised of arrays of
      active acoustic elements, which are electronically phased to steer the acoustic
      profile in the desired direction. A new technology, known as an acoustic leaky
      wave antenna (LWA), has recently been shown to achieve directional steering of
      acoustic waves using a single active transducer coupled to a transmission line
      passive aperture. The LWA steers acoustic energy by preferential coupling to an
      input frequency and can be designed to steer from backfire to endfire, including
      broadside. This paper provides an analysis of resolution as a function of both
      input frequency and antenna length. Additionally, the resolution is compared to
      that achieved using an array of active acoustic elements.

PMID- 27369150
TI  - Exploiting the leaky-wave properties of transmission-line metamaterials for
      single-microphone direction finding.
AB  - A transmission-line acoustic metamaterial is an engineered, periodic arrangement
      of relatively small unit-cells, the acoustic properties of which can be
      manipulated to achieve anomalous physical behaviours. These exotic properties
      open the door to practical applications, such as an acoustic leaky-wave antenna,
      through the implementation of radiating channels along the metamaterial. In the
      transmitting mode, such a leaky-wave antenna is capable of steering sound waves
      in frequency-dependent directions. Used in reverse, the antenna presents a well
      defined direction-frequency behaviour. In this paper, an acoustic leaky-wave
      structure is presented in the receiving mode. It is shown that it behaves as a
      sound source direction-finding device using only one sensor. After a general
      introduction of the acoustic leaky-wave antenna concept, its radiation pattern
      and radiation efficiency are expressed in closed form. Then, numerical
      simulations and experimental assessments of the proposed transmission-line based
      structure, implementing only one sensor at one termination, are presented. It is
      shown that such a structure is capable of finding the direction of an incoming
      sound wave, from backward to forward, based on received sound power spectra. This
      introduces the concept of sound source localization without resorting to beam
      steering techniques based on multiple sensors.

PMID- 27369151
TI  - Validation of low frequency noise attenuation using locally resonant patches.
AB  - Since conventional silencers in acoustic ducts have problems of size limitations
      at low frequencies and being prone to high backpressure, locally resonant
      aluminum patches are introduced in acoustic duct walls aiming at creating
      frequency stop bands in the low frequency region (below 1 KHz). With these flush
      mounted patches, promising noise reductions, with no such drawbacks, can be
      obtained, building on local resonance phenomenon implemented in acoustic
      metamaterials techniques. The objective of the current paper is to experimentally
      validate the performance of an array of flexible side-wall-mounted patches inside
      ducts. The experimental results are compared with Analytical Green's function
      method as well as Numerical Finite Element Method and a close agreement was
      found. The results show that the presence of the patches singly or periodically
      can play a prominent role in designing any acoustic bandgap materials. The effect
      of the arrays of patches on the effective dynamic density and bulk modulus has
      also been investigated.

PMID- 27369152
TI  - Sound attenuation in ducts using locally resonant periodic aluminum patches.
AB  - In recent years, the control of low frequency noise has received a lot of
      attention for several applications. Traditional passive noise control techniques
      using Helmholtz resonators have size limitations in the low frequency range
      because of the long wavelength. Promising noise reductions, with flush mounted
      aluminum patches with no size problems can be obtained using local resonance
      phenomenon implemented in acoustic metamaterial techniques. The objective of this
      work is to introduce locally resonant thin aluminum patches flush mounted to a
      duct walls aiming at creating frequency stop bands in a specific frequency range.
      Green's function is used within the framework of interface response theory to
      predict the amount of attenuation of the local resonant patches. The two-port
      theory and finite elements are also used to predict the acoustic performance of
      these patches. No flow measurements were conducted and show good agreement with
      the models. The effect of varying the damping and the masses of the patches are
      used to expand the stop bandwidth and the effect of both Bragg scattering and the
      locally resonant mechanisms was demonstrated using mathematical models. The
      effect of the arrays of patches on the effective dynamic density and bulk modulus
      has also been investigated.

PMID- 27369153
TI  - Control of elastic wave propagation in one-dimensional piezomagnetic phononic
      crystals.
AB  - Two ways of controlling the acoustic waves propagation by external inductance or
      capacitance in a one-dimensional (1-D) piezomagnetic phononic crystal are
      investigated. The structure is made of identical bars, constituted of a
      piezomagnetic material, surrounded by a coil and connected to an external
      impedance. A model of propagation of longitudinal elastic waves through the
      periodic structure is developed and the dispersion equation is obtained.
      Reflection and transmission coefficients are derived from a 2 * 2 transfer matrix
      formalism that also allows for the calculation of elastic effective parameters
      (density, Young modulus, speed of sound, impedance). The effect of shunting
      impedances is numerically investigated. The results reveal that a connected
      external inductance tunes the Bragg band gaps of the 1-D phononic crystal. When
      the elements are connected via a capacitance, a hybridization gap, due to the
      resonance of the LC circuit made of the piezomagnetic element and the
      capacitance, coexists with the Bragg band gap. The value of the external
      capacitance modifies the boundaries of both gaps. Calculation of the effective
      characteristics of the phononic crystal leads to an analysis of the physical
      mechanisms involved in the wave propagation. When periodically connected to
      external capacitances, a homogeneous piezomagnetic stack behaves as a dispersive
      tunable metamaterial.

PMID- 27369154
TI  - Tunable phononic crystals based on piezoelectric composites with 1-3
      connectivity.
AB  - Phononic crystals made of piezoelectric composites with 1-3 connectivity are
      studied theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that they present Bragg
      band gaps that depend on the periodic electrical boundary conditions. These
      structures have improved properties compared to phononic crystals composed of
      bulk piezoelectric elements, especially the existence of larger band gaps and the
      fact that they do not require severe constraints on their aspect ratios.
      Experimental results present an overall agreement with the theoretical
      predictions and clearly show that the pass bands and stop bands of the device
      under study are easily tunable by only changing the electrical boundary
      conditions applied on each piezocomposite layer.

PMID- 27369155
TI  - A single-phase elastic hyperbolic metamaterial with anisotropic mass density.
AB  - Wave propagation can be manipulated at a deep subwavelength scale through the
      locally resonant metamaterial that possesses unusual effective material
      properties. Hyperlens due to metamaterial's anomalous anisotropy can lead to
      superior-resolution imaging. In this paper, a single-phase elastic metamaterial
      with strongly anisotropic effective mass density has been designed. The proposed
      metamaterial utilizes the independently adjustable locally resonant motions of
      the subwavelength-scale microstructures along the two principal directions. High
      anisotropy in the effective mass densities obtained by the numerical-based
      effective medium theory can be found and even have opposite signs. For practical
      applications, shunted piezoelectric elements are introduced into the
      microstructure to tailor the effective mass density in a broad frequency range.
      Finally, to validate the design, an elastic hyperlens made of the single-phase
      hyperbolic metamaterial is proposed with subwavelength longitudinal wave imaging
      illustrated numerically. The proposed single-phase hyperbolic metamaterial has
      many promising applications for high resolution damage imaging in nondestructive
      evaluation and structural health monitoring.

PMID- 27369156
TI  - Two-dimensional locally resonant elastic metamaterials with chiral comb-like
      interlayers: Bandgap and simultaneously double negative properties.
AB  - In this paper, bandgap and dynamic effective properties of two-dimensional
      elastic metamaterials with a chiral comb-like interlayer are studied by using the
      finite element method. The effects of the geometrical parameters of the chiral
      comb-like interlayer on the band edges are investigated and discussed. Combined
      with the analysis of the vibration modes at the band edges, equivalent spring
      mass/pendulum models are developed to investigate the mechanisms of the bandgap
      generation. The analytically predicted results of the band edges, including the
      frequency where the double negative properties appear, and the numerical ones are
      generally in good agreement. The research findings in this paper have relevant
      engineering applications of the elastic metamaterials in the low frequency range.

PMID- 27369157
TI  - Flexural wave cloaking via embedded cylinders with systematically varying
      thicknesses.
AB  - Simulations of flexural wave cloaking from multiple scattering events that are
      achieved by embedded cylinders in a thin plate are performed. Minimization of
      refraction is performed using small surrounding cylinders with varying thickness
      in radial and angular directions, respectively. The thickness variations render
      the effective wave speed lower in the radial direction and higher in the angular
      direction compared to the speed in the surrounding media, which results in the
      cloaking effect. In order to verify the feasibility of this approach, 15 layers
      of cylinders are placed around the blocked area. The multiple-scattering method
      is used to predict wave propagations and to take the interactions between
      cylinders into account. The effects of the thickness variation on the cloaking
      performance are analyzed. The results demonstrate that minimal scattering is
      achieved when the area of interest is surrounded by the thickness-varying
      cylinders.

PMID- 27369158
TI  - Anisotropic acoustic metafluid for underwater operation.
AB  - The paper presents a method to design and characterize mechanically robust solid
      acoustic metamaterials suitable for operation in dense fluids such as water.
      These structures, also called metafluids, behave acoustically as inertial fluids
      characterized by anisotropic mass densities and isotropic bulk modulus. The
      method is illustrated through the design and experimental characterization of a
      metafluid consisting of perforated steel plates held together by rubber coated
      magnetic spacers. The spacers are very effective at reducing the effective shear
      modulus of the structure, and therefore effective at minimizing the ensuing
      coupling between the shear and pressure waves inside the solid effective medium.
      Inertial anisotropy together with fluid-like acoustic behavior are key properties
      that bring transformation acoustics in dense fluids closer to reality.

PMID- 27369159
TI  - Analytical analysis of slow and fast pressure waves in a two-dimensional cellular
      solid with fluid-filled cells.
AB  - Wave propagation in cellular and porous media is widely studied due to its
      abundance in nature and industrial applications. Biot's theory for open-cell
      media predicts the existence of two simultaneous pressure waves, distinguished by
      its velocity. A fast wave travels through the solid matrix, whereas a much slower
      wave is carried by fluid channels. In closed-cell materials, the slow wave
      disappears due to a lack of a continuous fluid path. However, recent finite
      element (FE) simulations done by the authors of this paper also predict the
      presence of slow pressure waves in saturated closed-cell materials. The nature of
      the slow wave is not clear. In this paper, an equivalent unit cell of a medium
      with square cells is proposed to permit an analytical description of the dynamics
      of such a material. A simplified FE model suggests that the fluid-structure
      interaction can be fully captured using a wavenumber-dependent spring support of
      the vibrating cell walls. Using this approach, the pressure wave behavior can be
      calculated with high accuracy, but with less numerical effort. Finally,
      Rayleigh's energy method is used to investigate the coexistence of two waves with
      different velocities.

PMID- 27369160
TI  - Random acoustic metamaterial with a subwavelength dipolar resonance.
AB  - The effective velocity and attenuation of longitudinal waves through random
      dispersions of rigid, tungsten-carbide beads in an elastic matrix made of epoxy
      resin in the range of beads volume fraction 2%-10% are determined experimentally.
      The multiple scattering model proposed by Luppe, Conoir, and Norris [J. Acoust.
      Soc. Am. 131(2), 1113-1120 (2012)], which fully takes into account the elastic
      nature of the matrix and the associated mode conversions, accurately describes
      the measurements. Theoretical calculations show that the rigid particles display
      a local, dipolar resonance which shares several features with Minnaert resonance
      of bubbly liquids and with the dipolar resonance of core-shell particles.
      Moreover, for the samples under study, the main cause of smoothing of the dipolar
      resonance of the scatterers and the associated variations of the effective mass
      density of the dispersions is elastic relaxation, i.e., the finite time required
      for the shear stresses associated to the translational motion of the scatterers
      to propagate through the matrix. It is shown that its influence is governed
      solely by the value of the particle to matrix mass density contrast.

PMID- 27369161
TI  - Acoustic Poisson-like effect in periodic structures.
AB  - Redirection of acoustic energy by 90 degrees  is shown to be possible in an
      otherwise acoustically transparent sonic crystal. An unresponsive "deaf"
      antisymmetric mode is excited by matching Bragg scattering with a quadrupole
      scatterer resonance. The dynamic effect causes normal unidirectional wave motion
      to strongly couple to perpendicular motion, analogous to the quasi-static Poisson
      effect in solids. The Poisson-like effect is demonstrated using the first
      flexural resonance in cylindrical shells of elastic solids. Simulations for a
      finite array of acrylic shells that are impedance and index matched to water show
      dramatic acoustic energy redirection in an otherwise acoustically transparent
      medium.

PMID- 27369162
TI  - A high transmission broadband gradient index lens using elastic shell acoustic
      metamaterial elements.
AB  - The use of cylindrical elastic shells as elements in acoustic metamaterial
      devices is demonstrated through simulations and underwater measurements of a
      cylindrical-to-plane wave lens. Transformation acoustics of a circular region to
      a square dictate that the effective density in the lens remain constant and equal
      to that of water. Piecewise approximation to the desired effective
      compressibility is achieved using a square array with elements based on the
      elastic shell metamaterial concept developed by Titovich and Norris [J. Acoust.
      Soc. Am. 136(4), 1601-1609 (2014)]. The sizes of the elements are chosen based on
      availability of shells, minimizing fabrication difficulties. The tested device is
      neutrally buoyant comprising 48 elements of nine different types of commercial
      shells made from aluminum, brass, copper, and polymers. Simulations indicate a
      broadband range in which the device acts as a cylindrical to plane wave lens. The
      experimental findings confirm the broadband quadropolar response from
      approximately 20 to 40 kHz, with positive gain of the radiation pattern in the
      four plane wave directions.

PMID- 27369163
TI  - Numerical investigation of amplitude-dependent dynamic response in acoustic
      metamaterials with nonlinear oscillators.
AB  - The amplitude-dependent dynamic response in acoustic metamaterials having
      nonlinear local oscillator microstructures is studied using numerical simulations
      on representative discrete mass-spring models. Both cubically nonlinear hardening
      and softening local oscillator cases are considered. Single frequency, bi
      frequency, and wave packet excitations at low and high amplitude levels were used
      to interrogate the models. The propagation and attenuation characteristics of
      harmonic waves in a tunable frequency range is found to correspond to the
      amplitude and nonlinearity-dependent shifts in the local resonance bandgap for
      such nonlinear acoustic metamaterials. A predominant shift in the propagated wave
      spectrum towards lower frequencies is observed. Moreover, the feasibility of
      amplitude and frequency-dependent selective filtering of composite signals
      consisting of individual frequency components which fall within propagating or
      attenuating regimes is demonstrated. Further enrichment of these wave
      manipulation mechanisms in acoustic metamaterials using different combinations of
      nonlinear microstructures presents device implications for acoustic filters and
      waveguides.

PMID- 27369164
TI  - A nonlinear acoustic metamaterial: Realization of a backwards-traveling second
      harmonic sound wave.
AB  - An ordinary waveguide with periodic vibration plates and side holes can realize
      an acoustic metamaterial that simultaneously possesses a negative bulk modulus
      and a negative mass density. The study is further extended to a nonlinear case
      and it is predicted that a backwards-traveling second-harmonic sound wave can be
      obtained through the nonlinear propagation of a sound wave in such a
      metamaterial.

PMID- 27369165
TI  - Focusing, refraction, and asymmetric transmission of elastic waves in solid
      metamaterials with aligned parallel gaps.
AB  - Gradient index (GRIN), refractive, and asymmetric transmission devices for
      elastic waves are designed using a solid with aligned parallel gaps. The gaps are
      assumed to be thin so that they can be considered as parallel cracks separating
      elastic plate waveguides. The plates do not interact with one another directly,
      only at their ends where they connect to the exterior solid. To formulate the
      transmission and reflection coefficients for SV- and P-waves, an analytical model
      is established using thin plate theory that couples the waveguide modes with the
      waves in the exterior body. The GRIN lens is designed by varying the thickness of
      the plates to achieve different flexural wave speeds. The refractive effect of SV
      waves is achieved by designing the slope of the edge of the plate array, and
      keeping the ratio between plate length and flexural wavelength fixed. The
      asymmetric transmission of P-waves is achieved by sending an incident P-wave at a
      critical angle, at which total conversion to SV-wave occurs. An array of parallel
      gaps perpendicular to the propagation direction of the reflected waves stop the
      SV-wave but let P-waves travel through. Examples of focusing, steering, and
      asymmetric transmission devices are discussed.

PMID- 27369166
TI  - Use of complex frequency plane to design broadband and sub-wavelength absorbers.
AB  - The reflection of sound of frequency below 1 kHz, by a rigid-backed structure
      that contains sub-wavelength resonators is studied in this work. In particular,
      only single mode reflected waves are considered, an approximation which is
      accurate in this low frequency regime. A method of analysis of absorption that
      uses the structure of the reflection coefficient in the complex frequency plane
      is proposed. In the absence of losses, the reflection coefficient supports pairs
      of poles and zeros that are complex conjugate and which have imaginary parts
      linked to the energy leakage by radiation. When losses are introduced and
      balanced to the leakage, the critical coupling condition is satisfied and total
      absorption is obtained. Examples of a slot resonator and of multiple Helmholtz
      resonators are analyzed to obtain both narrow and broadband total absorption.

PMID- 27369167
TI  - Scattering reduction of an acoustically hard cylinder covered with layered
      pentamode metamaterials.
AB  - Transformational acoustics offers the theoretical possibility of cloaking
      obstacles within fluids, provided metamaterials having continuously varying bulk
      moduli and densities can be found or constructed. Realistically, materials with
      the proper, continuously varying anisotropies do not presently exist. However,
      discretely layered cloaks having constant material parameters within each layer
      may be a viable alternative in practice. The present work considers a range of
      cloaks, from those comprised of fluid layers that are isotropic in bulk moduli
      with anisotropic density (inertial cloaks) to those having anisotropic bulk
      moduli and isotropic density (pentamode cloaks). In this paper an analytical
      solution is obtained for the case of plane wave scattering from a submerged rigid
      cylinder covered with a multilayered cylindrical cloak composed of discrete
      anisotropic fluid layers. An investigation of the parameter space defining such
      cloaks is undertaken with the goal of minimizing the far-field scattered
      pressure, using layer constituent anisotropic properties (density and bulk
      modulus) constrained to lie within reasonable ranges relative to those of water.

PMID- 27369168
TI  - Generalized metamaterials: Definitions and taxonomy.
AB  - This article reviews the development of metamaterials (MM), starting from
      Newton's discovery of the wave equation, and ends with a discussion of the need
      for a technical taxonomy (classification) of these materials, along with a better
      defined definition of metamaterials. It is intended to be a technical definition
      of metamaterials, based on a historical perspective. The evolution of MMs began
      with the discovery of the wave equation, traceable back to Newton's calculation
      of the speed of sound. The theory of sound evolved to include quasi-statics
      (Helmholtz) and the circuit equations of Kirchhoff's circuit laws, leading to the
      ultimate development of Maxwell's equations and the equation for the speed of
      light. Be it light, or sound, the speed of the wave-front travel defines the
      wavelength, and thus the quasi-static (QS) approximation. But there is much more
      at stake than QSs. Taxonomy requires a proper statement of the laws of physics,
      which includes at least the six basic network postulates: (P1) causality (non
      causal/acausal), (P2) linearity (non-linear), (P3) real (complex) time response,
      (P4) passive (active), (P5) time-invariant (time varying), and (P6) reciprocal
      (non-reciprocal). These six postulates are extended to include MMs.

PMID- 27369169
TI  - Unidirectional acoustic probe based on the particle velocity gradient.
AB  - This paper presents the foundations of a unidirectional acoustic probe based on
      the particle velocity gradient. Highly directional characteristics play a key
      role in reducing the influence of undesired acoustic sources. These
      characteristics can be achieved by using multiple acoustic sensors in a spatial
      gradient arrangement. Two particle velocity sensors possessing the figure eight
      directivity pattern were used in a first-order gradient configuration to yield a
      unidirectional probe that can reject most excitations originating from both sides
      and the rear. The effects of key parameters are thoroughly discussed, and the
      proposed theory is validated in practice.

PMID- 27369170
TI  - Measured depth-dependence of waveguide invariant in shallow water with a summer
      profile.
AB  - Acoustic-intensity striation patterns were measured in the time-frequency domain
      using an L-shaped array and two simultaneously towed broadband (350-650 Hz)
      sources at depths above and below the thermocline under summer profile
      conditions. Distributions of the waveguide invariant parameter beta, extracted
      from the acoustic striation patterns, peak at different values when receivers are
      above or below the thermocline for a source that is below the thermocline.
      However, the distributions show similar characteristics when the source is above
      the thermocline. Experimental results are verified by a numerical analysis of
      phase slowness, group slowness, and relative amplitudes of acoustic modes.

PMID- 27369171
TI  - Subcortical neural representation to Mandarin pitch contours in American and
      Chinese newborns.
AB  - Voice pitch carries important information for speech understanding. This study
      examines the neural representation of voice pitch at the subcortical level, as
      reflected by the scalp-recorded frequency-following responses from ten American
      and ten Chinese newborns. By utilizing a set of four distinctive Mandarin pitch
      contours that mimic the English vowel /yi/, the results indicate that the rising
      and dipping pitch contours produce significantly better tracking accuracy and
      larger response amplitudes than the falling pitch contour. This finding suggests
      a hierarchy of potential stimuli when testing neonates who are born in a tonal or
      non-tonal linguistic environment.

PMID- 27369172
TI  - Passive localization in the deep ocean based on cross-correlation function
      matching.
AB  - Passive localization of a sound source in the deep ocean is investigated in this
      study. The source can be localized by taking advantage of a cross-correlation
      function matching technique. When a two-sensor vertical array is used in the deep
      ocean, two types of side lobe curves appear in the ambiguity surface of the
      localization. The side lobe curves are analytically expressed and they are then
      used as indicators of the localization result instead of the scanning point with
      the maximum power. Simulation and experiment demonstrate the performance of the
      proposed passive localization method.

PMID- 27369173
TI  - Sound transmission in a duct with a side-branch tube array mounted periodically.
AB  - This paper presents a theoretical study of sound propagation in a duct with a
      tube array flush-mounted periodically. The underlying wave interaction is
      analyzed by the transfer matrix method, and validated by the numerical
      simulation. With identical tubes, a particular situation is observed that the
      periodic distance and the tube length are "matched," leading to a strong coupling
      effect by Bragg reflection and tube resonance, resulting in a wide stopband in
      low frequency. Even when the tubes in the array are not identical, the Bragg
      reflection can still work to broaden the stopband which was originally
      contributed by tube resonances.

PMID- 27369174
TI  - Modeling listener perception of speaker similarity in dysarthria.
AB  - The current investigation contributes to a perceptual similarity-based approach
      to dysarthria characterization by utilizing an innovative statistical approach,
      multinomial logistic regression with sparsity constraints, to identify acoustic
      features underlying each listener's impressions of speaker similarity. The data
      driven approach also permitted an examination of the effect of clinical
      experience on listeners' impressions of similarity. Listeners, irrespective of
      level of clinical experience, were found to rely on similar acoustic features
      during the perceptual sorting task, known as free classification. Overall, the
      results support the continued advancement of a similarity-based approach to
      characterizing the communication disorders associated with dysarthria.

PMID- 27369175
TI  - English-speaking preschoolers can use phrasal prosody for syntactic parsing.
AB  - This study tested American preschoolers' ability to use phrasal prosody to
      constrain their syntactic analysis of locally ambiguous sentences containing
      noun/verb homophones (e.g., [The baby flies] [hide in the shadows] vs [The baby]
      [flies his kite], brackets indicate prosodic boundaries). The words following the
      homophone were masked, such that prosodic cues were the only disambiguating
      information. In an oral completion task, 4- to 5-year-olds successfully exploited
      the sentence's prosodic structure to assign the appropriate syntactic category to
      the target word, mirroring previous results in French (but challenging previous
      English-language results) and providing cross-linguistic evidence for the role of
      phrasal prosody in children's syntactic analysis.

PMID- 27369176
TI  - Underwater sound of rigid-hulled inflatable boats.
AB  - Underwater sound of rigid-hulled inflatable boats was recorded 142 times in
      total, over 3 sites: 2 in southern British Columbia, Canada, and 1 off Western
      Australia. Underwater sound peaked between 70 and 400 Hz, exhibiting strong tones
      in this frequency range related to engine and propeller rotation. Sound
      propagation models were applied to compute monopole source levels, with the
      source assumed 1 m below the sea surface. Broadband source levels (10-48 000 Hz)
      increased from 134 to 171 dB re 1 MUPa @ 1 m with speed from 3 to 16 m/s (10-56
      km/h). Source power spectral density percentile levels and 1/3 octave band levels
      are given for use in predictive modeling of underwater sound of these boats as
      part of environmental impact assessments.

PMID- 27369177
TI  - A model of ultrasound-enhanced diffusion in a biofilm.
AB  - A stochastic model is presented for nanoparticle transport in a biofilm to
      explain how the combination of acoustic oscillations and intermittent retention
      due to interaction with the pore walls of the biofilm leads to diffusion
      enhancement. An expression for the effective diffusion coefficient was derived
      that varies with the square of the oscillation velocity amplitude. This
      expression was validated by comparison of an analytical diffusion solution to the
      stochastic model prediction. The stochastic model was applied to an example
      problem associated with liposome penetration into a hydrogel, and it was found to
      yield solutions in which liposome concentration varied exponentially with
      distance into the biofilm.

PMID- 27369178
TI  - Is markerless acquisition technique adequate for speech production?
AB  - In this study, the precision of markerless acquisition techniques have been
      assessed when used to acquire articulatory data for speech production studies.
      Two different markerless systems have been evaluated and compared to a marker
      based one. The main finding is that both markerless systems provide a reasonable
      result during normal speech and the quality is uneven during fast articulated
      speech. The quality of the data is dependent on the temporal resolution of the
      markerless system.

PMID- 27369179
TI  - Integration of partial information for spoken and written sentence recognition by
      older listeners.
AB  - Older adults have difficulty understanding speech in challenging listening
      environments. Combining multisensory signals may facilitate speech recognition.
      This study measured recognition of interrupted spoken and written sentences by
      older adults for different preserved stimulus proportions. Unimodal performance
      was first examined when only interrupted text or speech stimuli were presented.
      Multimodal performance with concurrently presented text and speech stimuli was
      tested with delayed and simultaneous participant responses. Older listeners
      performed better in unimodal speech-only compared to text-only conditions across
      all proportions preserved. Performance was also better in delayed multimodal
      conditions. Comparison to a younger sample suggests age-related amodal processing
      declines.

PMID- 27369180
TI  - Mistuning detection performance of ferrets in a go/no-go task.
AB  - The harmonic structure of sounds is an important grouping cue in auditory scene
      analysis. The ability of ferrets to detect mistuned harmonics was measured using
      a go/no-go task paradigm. Psychometric functions plotting sensitivity as a
      function of degree of mistuning were used to evaluate behavioral performance
      using signal detection theory. The mean (+/- standard error of the mean)
      threshold for mistuning detection was 0.8 +/- 0.1 Hz, with sensitivity indices
      and reaction times depending on the degree of mistuning. These data provide a
      basis for investigation of the neural basis for the perception of complex sounds
      in ferrets, an increasingly used animal model in auditory research.

PMID- 27369181
TI  - Uncovering the acoustic vowel space of a previously undescribed language: The
      vowels of Nambo.
AB  - This study presents the first acoustic description of the vowel space of a Papuan
      language-Nambo, spoken in southern Papua New Guinea-based on duration and first
      and second formant measurements from 19 adult male and female speakers across
      three age groups (young, middle-aged, senior). Phonemically, Nambo has six full
      vowels /i, e, ae, alpha, o, u/ and a reduced vowel tentatively labeled /e/.
      Unlike the full vowels, the quality of /e/ showed great variation: seniors' and
      young females' realizations tended to be more open and retracted than those by
      young males, while middle-aged speakers' productions fell between these two
      variants.

PMID- 27369182
TI  - Type I error rates of multi-arm multi-stage clinical trials: strong control and
      impact of intermediate outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS) design described by Royston et al.
      [Stat Med. 2003;22(14):2239-56 and Trials. 2011;12:81] can accelerate treatment
      evaluation by comparing multiple treatments with a control in a single trial and
      stopping recruitment to arms not showing sufficient promise during the course of
      the study. To increase efficiency further, interim assessments can be based on an
      intermediate outcome (I) that is observed earlier than the definitive outcome (D)
      of the study. Two measures of type I error rate are often of interest in a MAMS
      trial. Pairwise type I error rate (PWER) is the probability of recommending an
      ineffective treatment at the end of the study regardless of other experimental
      arms in the trial. Familywise type I error rate (FWER) is the probability of
      recommending at least one ineffective treatment and is often of greater interest
      in a study with more than one experimental arm. METHODS: We demonstrate how to
      calculate the PWER and FWER when the I and D outcomes in a MAMS design differ. We
      explore how each measure varies with respect to the underlying treatment effect
      on I and show how to control the type I error rate under any scenario. We
      conclude by applying the methods to estimate the maximum type I error rate of an
      ongoing MAMS study and show how the design might have looked had it controlled
      the FWER under any scenario. RESULTS: The PWER and FWER converge to their maximum
      values as the effectiveness of the experimental arms on I increases. We show that
      both measures can be controlled under any scenario by setting the pairwise
      significance level in the final stage of the study to the target level. In an
      example, controlling the FWER is shown to increase considerably the size of the
      trial although it remains substantially more efficient than evaluating each new
      treatment in separate trials. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methods allow the PWER
      and FWER to be controlled in various MAMS designs, potentially increasing the
      uptake of the MAMS design in practice. The methods are also applicable in cases
      where the I and D outcomes are identical.

PMID- 27369183
TI  - [Operative treatment of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures with autologous
      hamstring tendons in children and adolescents].

PMID- 27369184
TI  - [Elderly trauma patients with proximal femur fractures : Statistical evaluation
      of regular process data from a trauma center for the elderly].
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Proximal femoral fractures are one of the most frequently
      occurring injuries among elderly people. High rates of inpatient treatment
      indicate the importance of optimized clinical care. OBJECTIVES: Based on selected
      outcome parameters in elderly trauma patients with proximal femoral fractures,
      the current situation of medical care in a trauma center for geriatric patients
      is presented. METHODS: For a descriptive evaluation of outcome parameters, 250
      patients aged 70 years and older have been included. A clinical register of a
      trauma center for the elderly served as the database. RESULTS: The average length
      of stay was approximately 25 days. Sixty-seven percent of the patients underwent
      surgical treatment within 24 h of admission to the hospital. More than half of
      the patients were taking anticoagulant drugs. Around 18 % of patients presented
      with one or more complications. Mortality rate was 5.2 %. Thirty-two percent of
      those patients who had been living at home before admission had been discharged
      to a nursing home. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Analyzing the data of a trauma
      registry enables critical reflection upon the clinical outcome of
      interdisciplinary treatment procedures. The low rate of mortality may be a result
      of the geriatric co-treatment, starting right from admission. It remains unclear
      whether the influence of preoperative interdisciplinary treatment outweighs the
      effect of a timely surgical procedure.

PMID- 27369185
TI  - Synaptic functions of the IQSEC family of ADP-ribosylation factor guanine
      nucleotide exchange factors.
AB  - Postsynaptic scaffolding proteins interact with numerous synaptic proteins to
      ensure the organization and specialization of functional excitatory and
      inhibitory synapses. IQSECs (IQ motif and SEC7 domain-containing proteins) are a
      class of ADP ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs),
      whose functions are beginning to be understood as both scaffolding and signaling
      proteins. Specifically, IQSEC1 binds to PSD-95, and IQSEC2 functions as a
      regulator of AMPA receptor trafficking at excitatory synapses, whereas IQSEC3
      interacts with gephyrin to promote inhibitory synapse development. Here, I review
      the currently known findings on IQSECs and discuss the possible relations between
      dysfunctions of IQSECs and the pathophysiology of brain disorders.

PMID- 27369186
TI  - The Association Between Clinical Characteristics of Migraine and Brain GABA
      Levels: An Exploratory Study.
AB  - Migraine is prevalent and disabling yet is poorly understood. One way to better
      understand migraine is to examine its clinical characteristics and potential
      biomarkers such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The primary objective of this
      study was to explore whether relevant disease characteristics of migraine are
      associated with brain GABA levels. Twenty adults fulfilling the established
      diagnostic criteria for migraine and 20 age- and gender-matched controls
      completed this cross-sectional study. Pain, central sensitization, negative
      emotional state, and perceived disability were measured using Short-form McGill
      Pain Questionnaire-2, Central Sensitization Inventory, Depression Anxiety Stress
      Scales-21, and Headache Impact Test-6, respectively. Secondary analysis of brain
      GABA levels of the same cohort measured using proton magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy was conducted. The migraine group had significantly higher scores
      than the control group on pain, central sensitization, and disability.
      Correlation analyses showed fair positive association between GABA levels and
      pain and central sensitization scores. No association was found between GABA
      levels and emotional state and disability. These findings are preliminary
      evidence supporting the use of questionnaires and GABA levels in characterizing
      migraine better and broadening the diagnostic process. These findings also
      strengthen the rationale for the role of GABA in migraine pathophysiology and
      corroborate the potential of GABA as a migraine biomarker. PERSPECTIVE: Higher
      pain and central sensitization scores were associated with increased brain GABA
      levels in individuals with migraine. These findings offer preliminary evidence
      for the usefulness of measuring pain and central sensitization in migraine and
      provide some support for the possible role of GABA in migraine pathophysiology
      and its potential as a diagnostic marker.

PMID- 27369187
TI  - Hypercalcemic crisis associated with anastrozole use in a patient with breast
      cancer and primary hyperparathyroidism.

PMID- 27369189
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369188
TI  - The landscape of bilateral adrenal incidentalomas associated with subclinical
      hypercortisolism.

PMID- 27369191
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369190
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369192
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369194
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369193
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TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369196
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PMID- 27369197
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PMID- 27369198
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PMID- 27369199
TI  - [Not Available].

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PMID- 27369201
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TI  - [Not Available].

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TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369204
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369206
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369205
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369207
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369208
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369209
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369210
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369212
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369211
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369213
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369214
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369215
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369216
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369217
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369218
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369219
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369220
TI  - Estimating the risk of type-2 diabetes using obese-years in a contemporary
      population of the Framingham Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We have recently demonstrated that an obese-years construct is a
      better predictor of the risk of diabetes than the severity of body weight alone.
      However, these risk estimates were derived from a population cohort study
      initiated in 1948 that might not apply to the current population. OBJECTIVE: To
      validate an obese-years construct in estimating the risk of type-2 diabetes in a
      more contemporary cohort study. DESIGN: A total of 5,132 participants of the
      Framingham Offspring Study, initiated in 1972, were followed up for 45 years.
      Body mass index (BMI) above 29 kg/m(2) was multiplied by the number of years
      lived with obesity at that BMI to define the number of obese-years. Time
      dependent Cox regression was used to explore the association. RESULTS: The risk
      of type-2 diabetes increased significantly with increase in obese-years. Adjusted
      hazard ratios increased by 6% (95% CI: 5-7%) per additional 10 points of obese
      years. This ratio was observed to be similar in both men and women, but was 4%
      higher in current smokers than in never/ex-smokers. The Akaike Information
      Criterion confirmed that the Cox regression model with the obese-years construct
      was a stronger predictor of the risk of diabetes than a model including either
      BMI or the duration of obesity alone. CONCLUSIONS: In a contemporary cohort
      population, it was confirmed that the obese-years construct is strongly
      associated with an increased risk of type-2 diabetes. This suggests that both
      severity and the duration of obesity should be considered in future estimations
      of the burden of disease associated with obesity.

PMID- 27369221
TI  - Delays in antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-positive individuals:
      results of the positive living with HIV study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lack of early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a
      major health concern due to increased risk of premature mortality and further HIV
      transmission. This study explored CD4+ cell count monitoring in relation to
      delays in ART initiation among HIV-positive individuals in the Kathmandu Valley,
      Nepal, where ART coverage was only 23.7% in 2011. DESIGN: We recruited a total of
      87 ART-naive, HIV-positive individuals aged 18 to 60 years through the networks
      of five non-government organizations working with HIV-positive individuals. We
      collected data on the history of ART initiation, CD4+ cell count monitoring,
      socio-demographic variables, perceived family support (measured with 10-item
      Nepali Family Support and Difficulty Scale), depression, and HIV symptom burden.
      Correlates of ART eligibility were examined using multivariable logistic
      regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 72 of the 87 ART-naive participants
      (82.8%) had monitored their CD4+ cell count in the past 6 months. Of these, 36
      (50%) participants were eligible for ART initiation with CD4+ cell count <350
      cells/mm(3). A total of 12 participants had CD4+ cell count <200 cells/mm(3).
      Lower level of perceived family support was associated with 6.05-fold higher odds
      (95% confidence interval =1.95 to 18.73) of being ART eligible with a CD4+ cell
      count <350 cells/mm(3). CONCLUSIONS: High rate of delays in ART initiation and
      the strong association of low perceived family support with ART eligibility in
      our study participants suggest that HIV service providers should consider the
      role and impact of family support in influencing individual decisions to initiate
      ART among eligible HIV-positive individuals.

PMID- 27369222
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369223
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PMID- 27369224
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PMID- 27369225
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PMID- 27369227
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PMID- 27369228
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PMID- 27369230
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PMID- 27369231
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PMID- 27369232
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PMID- 27369233
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PMID- 27369234
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PMID- 27369235
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PMID- 27369237
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PMID- 27369236
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PMID- 27369238
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PMID- 27369239
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369240
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369242
TI  - Implicit Theories and Offender Representativeness in Judgments About Sexual
      Crime.
AB  - Implicit theories structure the way people understand and respond to various
      human actions. Typically, people believe attributes are either fixed (entitists)
      or malleable (incrementalists). The present study aimed to examine (a) whether
      attitudes toward sexual offenders differ depending upon one's implicit theory
      about human nature and sexual offenders, and (b) whether implicit theories are
      associated with judgments made about different types of child abusers. A sample
      of 252 community participants was recruited. Their attitudes, implicit theories,
      and political orientation were assessed via self-report. One of three vignettes
      describing an incidence of child sexual abuse was then presented. The cases were
      identical except the perpetrator was either an adult male, an adult female, or a
      male juvenile. Participants then made judgments about the offender's deserved
      sentence and moral character. Entitists (across both domains) held more negative
      attitudes than incrementalists, although the magnitude of the difference was
      greatest when examining implicit theories about sexual offenders. Compared with
      those with an incremental theory of sexual offenders, entity theorists judged
      sexual offending to be more (a) indicative of the perpetrator's moral character
      and (b) deserving of punishment. However, scores were greater toward the adult
      male relative to the adult female and juvenile. The findings suggest that
      implicit theories about sexual offenders are domain specific. They also indicate
      that judgments made by those with an entity theory (about sexual offenders) are
      affected by whether a case is representative of a stereotypical sexual offender.
      Implications of the findings are discussed, along with limitations and future
      research.

PMID- 27369243
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369244
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369245
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369241
TI  - Clinical parameters for predicting radiation-induced liver disease after
      intrahepatic reirradiation for hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few data are available on the tolerance of reirradiation in patients
      with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study determined the clinical
      parameters contributing to the development of radiation-induced liver disease
      (RILD). METHODS: We included 36 patients with HCC who received 2 courses of
      radiotherapy (RT) to the liver. Using alpha/beta = 15 for tumor and alpha/beta =8
      for normal liver tissue for biologically equivalent doses in 2 Gy fractions, mean
      cumulative to the hepatic tumor and normal liver were 87.7 Gy15 and 31.1 Gy8,
      respectively. Hepatic toxicities were classified according to the Common
      Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Version 4.0. Clinical data, including
      liver function test results, radiological study findings, and RT parameters
      before and after both courses of RT were retrieved for analysis. Using
      multivariate analysis, logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of
      RILD, and Cox regression was performed to explore the prognostic factors for
      overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Thirteen patients (36 %) developed RILD after
      reirradiation. Nine of them died because of progressive liver failure without
      evidence of tumor progression and were categorized to have lethal RILD. A
      pretreatment Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score >=6 was the only predictor of RILD
      [odds ratio (OR): 15.83, p = 0.001] and lethal RILD [OR: 72.56, p = 0.005]. In
      addition, a CTP score >=6 and the presence of portal vein tumor thrombosis before
      reirradiation were 2 prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSION: Despite a limited
      sample size, residual liver function using a preirradiation CTP score >=6 is a
      clinical parameter associated with an increased risk of RILD in patients
      requiring hepatic reirradiation.

PMID- 27369246
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369247
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PMID- 27369248
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PMID- 27369249
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PMID- 27369250
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PMID- 27369254
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PMID- 27369255
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PMID- 27369256
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PMID- 27369259
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PMID- 27369260
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PMID- 27369262
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PMID- 27369263
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PMID- 27369264
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PMID- 27369267
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PMID- 27369268
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PMID- 27369269
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PMID- 27369270
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PMID- 27369271
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PMID- 27369272
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PMID- 27369273
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PMID- 27369274
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369275
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PMID- 27369276
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PMID- 27369277
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369278
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369280
TI  - Optimizing Aerosol Dispensers for Mating Disruption of Codling Moth, Cydia
      pomonella L.
AB  - Experiments were conducted in commercial apple orchards to determine if improved
      efficiencies in pheromone delivery may be realized by using aerosol pheromone
      dispensers for codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella L., mating disruption.
      Specifically, we tested how reducing: pheromone concentration, period of
      dispenser operation, and frequency of pheromone emission from aerosol dispensers
      affected orientational disruption of male CM to pheromone-baited monitoring
      traps. Isomate(r) CM MIST formulated with 50 % less codlemone (3.5 mg/ emission)
      provided orientation disruption equal to the standard commercial formulation (7
      mg / emission). Decreased periods of dispenser operation (3 and 6 h) and
      frequency of pheromone emission (30 and 60 min) provided a level of orientational
      disruption similar to the current standard protocol of releasing pheromone over a
      12 h period on a 15 min cycle, respectively. These three modifications provide a
      means of substantially reducing the amount of pheromone necessary for CM
      disruption. The savings accompanying pheromone conservation could lead to
      increased adoption of CM mating disruption and, moreover, provide an opportunity
      for achieving higher levels of disruption by increasing dispenser densities. 

PMID- 27369281
TI  - Volatile Organic Compounds of Decaying Piglet Cadavers Perceived by Nicrophorus
      vespilloides.
AB  - In the necrophagous burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera:
      Silphidae), cadaver preference appears to depend on cadaver size and on the
      maturity of the beetle. We previously showed that newly emerged females with
      immature ovaries prefer later stages of decomposition of large cadavers. Our
      present aim is the determination of specific chemical compounds involved in the
      discrimination of cadaveric odor bouquets and the recognition of specific stages
      of decomposition. We used headspace samples of maggot-infested piglet cadavers at
      various decomposition stages and performed gas chromatography coupled with
      electroantennography (GC-EAD) to record 45 EAD-active compounds. Using GC coupled
      with mass spectrometry, we identified 13 of the EAD-active compounds. The
      headspace of the fresh decomposition stage was characterized mainly by high
      relative amounts of trimethylpyrazine. High relative amounts of dimethyl
      trisulfide were characteristic of bloated, post-bloating, and advanced decay
      stages. The advanced decay and dry remains stages were dominated by high relative
      amounts of phenol. Statistically, this compound had the highest impact on
      discrimination between the fresh decomposition stage, which is important for
      mature burying beetles for reproduction, and the advanced decay stage, which is
      nutritionally more attractive for newly emerged beetles. Phenol might, therefore,
      function as a key substance for newly emerged female burying beetles, so that
      they can locate suitable cadavers for feeding to maturation.

PMID- 27369282
TI  - Mating Disruption of a Carpenter Moth, Cossus insularis (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)
      in Apple Orchards with Synthetic Sex Pheromone, and Registration of the Pheromone
      as an Agrochemical.
AB  - Mating disruption of the carpenter moth, Cossus insularis (Staudinger)
      (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), with a synthetic version of its sex pheromone, a mixture
      of (E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate, was tested for
      three successive years in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards. Pheromone trap
      catches, percentage mating of tethered females and females enclosed with males in
      a mating cage, and tree damage were measured in both the pheromone-treated and
      untreated control orchards. The attraction of male moths to pheromone traps at
      heights of 1.5, 3, and 5 m was strongly disrupted when the pheromone dispensers
      were placed at 1.5 m height. Mating of tethered females placed at 1 m was
      completely inhibited, and the mating of tethered females at a height of 3 m was
      significantly reduced by the treatment in comparison to matings in an untreated
      control orchard. Similarly, mating of pairs of moths enclosed in mating cages was
      significantly reduced by the synthetic pheromone treatment in comparison to
      controls. The percentage of damaged trees in the pheromone-treated orchard also
      decreased significantly over the course of the experiment. These results suggest
      that mating disruption with the synthetic sex pheromone appears promising for
      reducing damage caused by C. insularis in apple orchards in Japan, and a
      commercial mating disruption product has been developed and registered. 

PMID- 27369284
TI  - Clinical evaluation of complete solo surgery with the "ViKY(r)" robotic
      laparoscope manipulator.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advancement in both surgical technique and medical equipment has
      enabled solo surgery. ViKY(r) Endoscope Positioning System (ViKY(r)) is a robotic
      system that remotely controls an endoscope and provides direct vision control to
      the surgeon. Here, we report our experience with ViKY(r)-assisted solo surgery.
      METHODS: We retrospectively examined 25 cases of solo surgery TAPP with ViKY(r).
      ViKY(r) was setup by the surgeon alone, and the setup duration was determined as
      the time at which the side rail was positioned and that when the endoscope was
      installed. For assessing the control unit, the number of false movements was
      counted. We compared the operative results between ViKY(r)-assisted solo surgery
      TAPP and the conventional method with an assistant. RESULTS: The average time to
      set up ViKY(r) was 7.9 min. The average number of commands for ViKY(r) during
      surgery was 98.3, and the average number of errors and no response of control
      unit was 7.9. The mean duration of surgery was 136 min for the ViKY(r) group,
      including the setup time, and 117 min for the conventional method. No case
      required an assistant during the operation. There was also no difference between
      the two groups with regard to postoperative complications and the rate of
      recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: ViKY(r) proved reliable in recognizing orders with very
      few failures, and the operations were performed safely and were comparable to the
      conventional operations with assistants. Solo surgery with ViKY(r) was beneficial
      in this clinical evaluation.

PMID- 27369283
TI  - Effects and efficacy of laparoscopic fundoplication in children with GERD: a
      prospective, multicenter study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) in children primarily aims
      to decrease reflux events and reduce reflux symptoms in children with therapy
      resistant gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The aim was to objectively
      assess the effect and efficacy of LARS in pediatric GERD patients and to identify
      parameters associated with failure of LARS. METHODS: Twenty-five children with
      GERD [12 males, median age 6 (2-18) years] were included prospectively. Reflux
      specific questionnaires, stationary manometry, 24-h multichannel intraluminal
      impedance pH monitoring (MII-pH monitoring) and a 13C-labeled Na-octanoate breath
      test were used for clinical assessment before and 3 months after LARS. RESULTS:
      After LARS, three of 25 patients had persisting/recurrent reflux symptoms (one
      also had persistent pathological acid exposure on MII-pH monitoring). New-onset
      dysphagia was present in three patients after LARS. Total acid exposure time
      (AET) (8.5-0.8 %; p < 0.0001) and total number of reflux episodes (p < 0.001)
      significantly decreased and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) resting pressure
      significantly increased (10-24 mmHg, p < 0.0001) after LARS. LES relaxation,
      peristaltic contractions and gastric emptying time did not change. The total
      number of reflux episodes on MII-pH monitoring before LARS was a significant
      predictor for the effect of the procedure on reflux reduction (p < 0.0001).
      CONCLUSIONS: In children with therapy-resistant GERD, LARS significantly reduces
      reflux symptoms, total acid exposure time (AET) and number of acidic as well as
      weakly acidic reflux episodes. LES resting pressure increases after LARS, but
      esophageal function and gastric emptying are not affected. LARS showed better
      reflux reduction in children with a higher number of reflux episodes on
      preoperative MII-pH monitoring.

PMID- 27369286
TI  - Evaluation of a fully absorbable poly-4-hydroxybutyrate/absorbable barrier
      composite mesh in a porcine model of ventral hernia repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical and
      histological properties of a fully absorbable poly-4-hydroxybutyrate/absorbable
      barrier composite mesh (PhasixTM ST) compared to partially absorbable
      (VentralightTM ST), fully absorbable (PhasixTM), and biologically derived
      (StratticeTM) meshes in a porcine model of ventral hernia repair. METHODS:
      Bilateral abdominal surgical defects were created in twenty-four Yucatan pigs,
      repaired with intraperitoneal (PhasixTM ST, VentralightTM ST) or retromuscular
      (PhasixTM, StratticeTM) mesh, and evaluated at 12 and 24 weeks (n = 6
      mesh/group/time point). RESULTS: Prior to implantation, StratticeTM demonstrated
      significantly higher (p < 0.001) strength (636.6 +/- 192.1 N) compared to
      VentralightTM ST (324.3 +/- 37.1 N), PhasixTM ST (206.9 +/- 11.3 N), and PhasixTM
      (200.6 +/- 25.2 N). At 12 and 24 weeks, mesh/repair strength was significantly
      greater than NAW (p < 0.01 in all cases), and no significant changes in strength
      were observed for any meshes between 12 and 24 weeks (p > 0.05). PhasixTM
      mesh/repair strength was significantly greater than StratticeTM (p < 0.001) at 12
      and 24 weeks, and VentralightTM ST mesh/repair strength was significantly greater
      than PhasixTM ST mesh (p < 0.05) at 24 weeks. At 12 and 24 weeks, PhasixTM ST and
      VentralightTM ST were associated with mild inflammation and minimal-mild
      fibrosis/neovascularization, with no significant differences between groups. At
      both time points, PhasixTM was associated with minimal-mild inflammation/fibrosis
      and mild neovascularization. StratticeTM was associated with minimal
      inflammation/fibrosis, with minimal neovascularization at 12 weeks, which
      increased to mild by 24 weeks. StratticeTM exhibited significantly less
      neovascularization than PhasixTM at 12 weeks and significantly greater
      inflammation at 24 weeks due to remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: PhasixTM ST demonstrated
      mechanical and histological properties comparable to partially absorbable
      (VentralightTM ST) and fully resorbable (PhasixTM) meshes at 12 and 24 weeks in
      this model. Data also suggest that fully absorbable meshes with longer-term
      resorption profiles may provide improved mechanical and histological properties
      compared to biologically derived scaffolds.

PMID- 27369285
TI  - Long-term incidence of contralateral primary hernia repair following unilateral
      inguinal hernia repair in a cohort of 32,834 patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic contralateral inguinal hernias are often present during
      initial inguinal hernia repair. Data on long-term results and progression to
      symptomaticity are sparse. The purpose of this study was to assess long-term
      rates and risk factors for contralateral inguinal hernia repair following
      unilateral inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: Using New York Statewide Planning and
      Research Collaborative administrative data, 32,384 adults who underwent initial
      inguinal hernia repair during 2002-2003 in New York State and achieved 10-year
      follow-up were identified. ICD-9 and CPT codes were used to identify patients.
      Patients were followed for 10 years subsequent to their operation to assess for
      contralateral repair. Those who did not achieve 10-year follow-up were excluded.
      Risk factors were compared using descriptive univariate statistics. Significant
      variables were then analyzed via multivariate regression models. RESULTS: For
      adult patients having primary unilateral hernia repair, 3364 patients (6.73 %)
      had contralateral repair during the follow-up period. After excluding "loss of
      follow-up" patients, the contralateral repair rate was 10.8 %. Contralateral
      hernia repairs first occurred at a mean of 3.9 +/- 3.5 years and a median of 2.5
      years after the initial surgery. Risk factors included age >45 years (OR 1.7 [1.4
      2.0], p < 0.001), male gender (OR 2.2 [1.9-2.6], p < 0.0001), and white race (OR
      1.6 [1.1-2.4], p < 0.001). Factors associated with decreased likelihood for
      repair included: congestive heart failure (OR 0.6 [0.4-0.9], p = 0.01), diabetes
      (OR 0.7 [0.5-0.8], p = 0.02), neurological disorders (OR 0.6 [0.4-0.9], p =
      0.02), obesity (OR 0.3 [0.1-0.8], p = 0.01), and alcohol abuse (OR 0.2 [0.03
      0.8], p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The 10-year probability of necessitating a
      contralateral inguinal hernia repair is significant. Elderly white males were
      more likely to undergo repair. Those less likely to undergo repair had
      significant comorbid conditions, possibly due to their poor suitability for
      intervention. These data highlight a key benefit of the laparoscopic approach
      over open repairs. Based on these data, an argument for laparoscopy with routine
      contralateral inspection in higher-risk patients can be made.

PMID- 27369287
TI  - Treatment outcomes and recurrence following standard cold forceps polypectomy for
      diminutive polyps.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The recurrence rate after standard cold forceps polypectomy (CFP) of
      diminutive polyps of <=5 mm has not been fully determined. The aim of this study
      was to analyze the long-term follow-up results and recurrence rate after CFP of
      diminutive polyps. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of
      884 (738 men; age 53 years) asymptomatic subjects who underwent surveillance
      colonoscopy after CFP of 1-2 diminutive adenomatous polyps. Cumulative recurrence
      at the CFP site and risk factors for recurrence were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall
      recurrence over 59.7 months was 17 % after CFP of 1111 diminutive polyps. The
      rate of definite recurrence was 4 %, and probable recurrence was 13 %. Recurrence
      as advanced adenoma was 0.5 % (5/1111). The cumulative probabilities of
      recurrence at 3, 5, and 7 years after CFP were 10.0, 16.0, and 21.1 %,
      respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that polyp 4-5 mm in size and right
      colonic polyp were risk factors for recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.37; 95 %
      confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.86 and HR 1.49; 95 % CI 1.08-2.04, respectively).
      The recurrence rate for 10 endoscopists who performed at least 50 CFPs ranged
      from 11.0 to 25.2 %; the probability of recurrence in those in the top half in
      terms of recurrence rate was 1.6-fold higher than that of those in the bottom
      half (95 % CI 1.17-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: Although recurrence may develop after
      standard CFP of diminutive polyps, recurrence as advanced adenoma is rare. Large
      polyp size, right colon polyp, and endoscopist are risk factors for recurrence
      after standard CFP.

PMID- 27369288
TI  - Endoscopic-assisted selective neck dissection via small lateral neck incision for
      early-stage (T1-2N0M0) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: 3-year follow-up
      results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary tumors of early-stage (T1-2N0M0) head and neck squamous cell
      carcinoma (HNSCC) can be treated by transoral minimally invasive surgery, but the
      cervical lymph node lacks corresponding minimally invasive treatment. Therefore,
      our study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic-assisted
      selective neck dissection (EASND) via small lateral neck incision in treatment of
      early-stage HNSCC. METHODS: From May 2008 to April 2012, 29 patients with early
      stage HNSCC were enrolled in this retrospective study. EASND via small lateral
      neck incision was followed by primary tumors treated by transoral endoscopy or
      CO2 laser microsurgery in all patients. The clinical data and follow-up results
      were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients (male 22, female 7)
      were successfully treated by EASND and no case conversed to open surgery. EASND
      included eight cases of level I-III and 21 cases of level II-IV. The operative
      time was 68.4 +/- 10.3 min, and the operative bleeding was 40.8 +/- 12.4 ml. The
      number of lymph nodes was 19.1 +/- 4.1. There were 19 cases of T1, 10 cases of
      T2, 22 cases of N0, 7 cases of N1, no cases with positive margin or extracapsular
      spread in lymph node. Temporary sensory changes in the postauricular area
      occurred in two cases, both recovered within 3 months after the surgery,
      postoperative seromas occurred in one case. No patient showed postoperative
      bleeding, chylous fistula, incision infection, facial nerve injury, and accessory
      nerve injury. All patients were satisfied with the postoperative cosmetic
      results. The 3-year OS was 96.5 %, while DFS, LRFS, and DMFS were 100 %.
      CONCLUSION: EASND via small lateral neck incision is a feasible and safe
      technique with achieved short-term oncologic outcomes in early-stage (T1-2N0M0)
      HNSCC patients. But the long-term results of EASND on oncologic safety and
      functional outcomes are required to confirm by larger, randomised studies.

PMID- 27369289
TI  - Lodging Resistance of Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.): Morphological and
      Anatomical Traits due to top-Dressing Nitrogen Application Rates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lodging in rice production often limits grain yield and quality by
      breaking or bending stems. Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates are the cause
      of poor lodging resistance in rice, but little is known about the effect of top
      dressing N application rates on the mechanical strength of japonica rice plants,
      especially how the anatomical structure in culms is affected by N. In this study,
      field experiments on two japonica rice varieties with three top-dressing N
      application rates, 0 kg N ha(-1) (LN), 135 kg N ha(-1) (MN), and 270 kg N ha(-1)
      (HN) as urea, were conducted. Wuyunjing23, a lodging-resistant japonica rice
      cultivar and W3668, a lodging-susceptible japonica rice cultivar were used. The
      lodging index, breaking strength, morphological and anatomical traits in culms
      were measured in this study. RESULTS: The visual lodging rate in japonica rice
      differed remarkably between genotypes and top-dressing N treatments. The higher
      lodging index of rice plants was primarily attributed to the weak breaking
      strength of the lower internodes. The longer elongated basal internodes were
      responsible for higher plant height and a higher lodging index. Correlation
      analysis showed that breaking strength was significantly and positively
      correlated with the thickness of the mechanical tissue but was significantly and
      negatively correlated with the inner diameter of the major axis (b2). With
      increasing top-dressing N rates, the sclerenchyma cells of the mechanical tissues
      and the vascular bundles of the Wuyunjing23 cultivar varied little. The plant
      height, inner diameter of the minor axis (a2) and b2 increased significantly, but
      the area of the large vascular bundle (ALVB) and the area of the small vascular
      bundle (ASVB) decreased significantly and resulted in lower stem strength and a
      higher lodging index under higher top-dressing N conditions. The culm diameter of
      the W3668 cultivar increased slightly with no significant difference, and the
      sclerenchyma cells in the mechanical tissues and vascular bundles showed
      deficient lignifications under high top-dressing N conditions. Moreover, the ALVB
      and the ASVB decreased significantly, while the area of air chambers (AAC)
      increased rapidly. CONCLUSIONS: An improvement in the lodging resistance of
      japonica rice plants could be achieved by reducing the length of the lower
      internodes, decreasing the inner culm diameter and developing a thicker
      mechanical tissue. Top-dressing N application increased the plant height and
      inner culm diameter and decreased the ALVB and the ASVB of the Wuyunjing23
      cultivar and caused deficient lignified sclerenchyma cells, lowered the ALVB and
      the ASVB, and increased the AAC of the W3668 cultivar resulting in weaker stem
      strength and a higher lodging index.

PMID- 27369290
TI  - New tools in cytometry.
AB  - Cytometry aims to analyze cells, of any type, using dedicated instruments. The
      quantitative aspect makes flow cytometry (FCM) a good complementary tool for
      morphology. Most of the identification tools are based on immunostaining of cell
      structure details and more and more tools are available in terms of specificities
      and labels. FCM is under exponential development thanks to technical,
      immunological and data analysis progresses. Actual generations are now routinely
      using 6 to 10 simultaneous immuno-labeling on 20 to 100,000 cells, at high speed
      and short sample preparation and can easily detect rare events at frequency below
      10-4 cells. Data interpretation is complex and requires expertise. Mathematical
      tools are available to support analysis and classification of cells based. Cells
      from tissues can also be analyzed by FCM after mechanical and or enzymatic
      separation, but in situ cells can also be analyzed with the help of cytometry.
      Very new instruments bring spectral analysis, image in flow and mass
      spectrometry. Medical applications are very broad, notably in hemopathies,
      immunology, solid tumors, but also microbiology, toxicology, drug discovery, food
      and environmental industry. But, the limit of FCM is its dependence on operator
      from sample preparation, instrument settings up to data analysis and a strong
      effort is now under progress for standardization and constitution of
      international data bank for references and education.

PMID- 27369291
TI  - Treatment Strategy for Persistent Sciatic Artery and Novel Classification
      Reflecting Anatomic Status.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a relatively rare congenital
      variant of the lower limb vasculature and can have highly variable clinical
      presentations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between
      PSA anatomy and clinical presentation, and to suggest an optimal management
      strategy. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2014, 24 PSAs in 19 patients were diagnosed
      by computed tomography and referred to the vascular surgery department. Patient
      demographics, types of PSA and femoral artery, aneurysmal changes, symptoms, and
      treatment methods were assessed. Additionally, all English literature from 1964
      to 2014 was reviewed and compared using the PubMed database (224 PSAs in 171
      patients). RESULTS: PSA was diagnosed in 10 men (52.6%) and nine women (47.4%).
      PSAs were bilateral in five patients (26.3%) and symptomatic in 12 patients,
      while in seven patients PSA was found incidentally. According to the Pillet
      Gauffre classification, Type 2a was the most common variant (n = 15/24, 62.5%),
      with unclassifiable types in two limbs. Compared with cases in the literature,
      the PSA occlusion rate in this study was higher (n = 10/24, 41.7% vs. n = 54/224,
      27.5%), but aneurysm incidence was higher in the literature cases (n = 5/24,
      20.8% vs. n = 112/224; 50.7%). In this study, 16 limbs (66.6%) were treated
      conservatively, and six limbs were treated by open surgery, including four
      bypasses, one amputation, and one thrombo-embolectomy. Endovascular coil
      embolization was performed in one limb, and a hybrid procedure with stent graft
      was performed in one limb with PSA aneurysm. Based on the present series and the
      literature review, a new classification system and treatment option is proposed
      according to the anatomic status and the presence of aneurysm. According to the
      new classification, class III was the most common in both the present study
      (18/24; 75%) and the literature review, and the presence of aneurysm was the most
      important determinant of surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The new classification
      system is simple and provides guidance for management. Limb anatomy of the
      femoral artery system and the presence of PSA aneurysm should be considered when
      selecting the optimal treatment. The risk of embolism from the presence of
      aneurysm is an important factor for treatment, and bypass surgery is mostly
      required in classes III and IV.

PMID- 27369292
TI  - COPART Risk Score, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Arterial Hypertension are
      Independent Risk Factors for Mortality in Claudicants.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The COPART risk score consists of six variables to assess the
      prognosis of PAOD patients. The flow mediated dilation (FMD) quantifies
      endothelial function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mortality
      prediction of these two variables in a long-term observation of claudicants.
      METHODS: 184 consecutive claudicants were included in a prospective observational
      study over a median observation period of 7.9 (IQR 7.2-8.7) years. The
      endothelial function was assessed on the day of study inclusion using brachial
      FMD. RESULTS: Three groups were assigned according to the COPART risk score: low
      risk (LR), n = 72 (39%); medium risk (MR), n = 59 (32%); and high risk (HR), n =
      53 (29%). Overall survival rates differed among COPART risk score groups (p <
      .001, 5 year survival: LR group 83% [95% CI 74-92%]; MR group 73% [95% CI 62
      84%]; HR group 57% [95% CI 43-70%]). Survivors had a significantly better median
      FMD than non-survivors (4.1% [IQR 1.2-6.4] vs. 1.3% [IQR 0.0-4.2]; p < .001).
      Also the FMD differed significantly among the three COPART risk groups (LR 4.0%
      [IQR 1.2-6.3], MR 2.3% [IQR 0.0-6.3], HR 1.7% [IQR 0.0-3.6]; p = .033). Finally,
      independent predictors for disease specific survival were COPART risk score (p =
      .033; MR group [HR 1.6], 95% CI 0.7-3.6; HR group [HR 2.7], 95% CI 1.2-5.8), FMD
      (p = .004; FMD <=2.5 vs. >2.5, HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4-4.9), and arterial hypertension
      (p = .039; HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.1-11.3). CONCLUSIONS: COPART risk score, FMD, and
      arterial hypertension are independent long-term mortality predictors in this
      group of claudicants. The best mortality assessment is provided by including all
      three predictors.

PMID- 27369293
TI  - Risk of Recurrent Stroke in Patients with Symptomatic Mild (20-49% NASCET)
      Carotid Artery Stenosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of recurrent
      ischaemic stroke in patients with ultrasound assessed symptomatic mild carotid
      artery stenosis (20-49% NASCET) treated solely with modern medical treatment.
      METHOD: This was a retrospective, observational register cohort study. Three
      groups of patients were recruited from a database of all carotid Doppler
      ultrasound examinations performed in the Gothenburg region between 2004 and 2009.
      Patients with symptomatic mild carotid artery stenosis (n = 162) were compared
      with patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (n = 301) of equal degree
      and a group of patients with surgically (CEA) treated symptomatic moderate or
      severe carotid artery stenosis (n = 220). Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox
      proportional hazard models were used to compare the primary outcome (ipsilateral
      ischaemic stroke) between groups. RESULTS: After a 3 year follow up, the
      cumulative incidence of recurrent ipsilateral stroke in patients with symptomatic
      mild carotid artery stenosis was 7.4%. Patients with symptomatic mild carotid
      artery stenosis had a substantially increased risk of recurrent ipsilateral
      stroke compared with asymptomatic patients with equal degree of stenosis (HR 5.5.
      95% CI 1.8-17.1; p = .003) as also compared with patients with CEA treated
      symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis (HR 7.8. 95% CI 1.62-37.8; p = .011).
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study on patients with symptomatic mild carotid artery
      stenosis, as determined by Doppler ultrasound, shows that there is still a
      substantial risk of recurrent stroke in this group.

PMID- 27369294
TI  - Computerized tomography attenuation values can be used to differentiate
      hydronephrosis from pyonephrosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic value of computerized tomography (CT) in
      differentiating pyonephrosis from hydronephrosis on the basis of attenuation
      values (Hounsfield unit-HU). METHODS: Data of the patients with grades 1-3
      hydronephrosis on abdominopelvic CT, who underwent nephrostomy tube placement for
      decompression of the collecting system, were retrospectively analyzed. Patient
      demographics and CT findings were recorded along with the first access urine
      culture results. Three physicians calculated the surface areas and the
      attenuation values of the dilated collecting systems using the system software.
      Mean HU of pyonephrosis and hydronephrosis cases was compared. RESULTS: A total
      of 105 patients with the mean age of 47.7 +/- 15.5 (range 20-80) were included.
      The interclass correlation coefficient of three physicians was 0.981 for HU
      measurement and 0.999 for calculation of collecting system surface area. Of the
      patients, 47 (44.8 %) had pyonephrosis. Mean surface areas of the collecting
      system were similar in patients with pyonephrosis and hydronephrosis (1481.13 +/-
      1562.94 vs. 1612.94 +/- 2261.4 mm2, p = 0.735). Urine cultures were positive in
      all patients with pyonephrosis, whereas 12.7 % of hydronephrosis cases had
      bacterial in first access urine culture. The HU of the patients with pyonephrosis
      was significantly higher that that of patients with hydronephrosis (13.51 +/-
      13.29 vs. 4.67 +/- 5.37, p = 0.0001). Having a HU of 9.21 or over diagnosed
      pyonephrosis accurately with 65.96 % sensitivity and 87.93 % specificity.
      CONCLUSION: Measuring attenuation values of the collecting system may be useful
      to differentiate pyonephrosis from hydronephrosis. Diagnosing pyonephrosis
      accurately may avoid septic complications.

PMID- 27369295
TI  - The Role of Ion Channels to Regulate Airway Ciliary Beat Frequency During
      Allergic Inflammation.
AB  - Overproduction of mucus is a hallmark of asthma. The aim of this study was to
      identify potentially effective therapies for removing excess mucus. The role of
      voltage-gated (Kir 6.1, KCa 1.1) and store-operated ion channels (SOC, CRAC) in
      respiratory cilia, relating to the tracheal ciliary beat frequency (CBF), was
      compared under the physiological and allergic airway conditions. Ex vivo
      experiments were designed to test the local effects of Kir 6.1, KCa 1.1 and CRAC
      ion channel modulators in a concentration-dependent manner on the CBF. Cilia,
      obtained with the brushing method, were monitored by a high-speed video camera
      and analyzed with ciliary analysis software. In natural conditions, a Kir 6.1
      opener accelerated CBF, while CRAC blocker slowed it in a concentration-dependent
      manner. In allergic inflammation, the effect of Kir 6.1 opener was insignificant,
      with a tendency to decrease CBF. A cilio-inhibitory effect of a CRAC blocker,
      while gently reduced by allergic inflammation, remained significant. A KCa 1.1
      opener turned out to significantly enhance the CBF under the allergic OVA
      sensitized conditions. We conclude that optimally attuned concentration of KCa
      1.1 openers or special types of bimodal SOC channel blockers, potentially given
      by inhalation, might benefit asthma.

PMID- 27369296
TI  - A Social Media mHealth Solution to Address the Needs of Dengue Prevention and
      Management in Sri Lanka.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sri Lanka has witnessed a series of dengue epidemics over the past
      five years, with the western province, home to the political capital of Colombo,
      bearing more than half of the dengue burden. Existing dengue monitoring
      prevention programs are exhausted as public health inspectors (PHIs) cope with
      increasing workloads and paper-based modes of surveillance and education,
      characterizing a reactive system unable to cope with the enormity of the problem.
      On the other hand, the unprecedented proliferation and affordability of mobile
      phones since 2009 and a supportive political climate have thus far remained
      unexploited for the use of mobile-based interventions for dengue management.
      OBJECTIVE: To conduct a needs assessment of PHIs in Colombo with respect to their
      dengue-related tasks and develop a new mobile-based system to address these needs
      while strengthening existing systems. METHODS: One-on-one in-depth interviews
      were conducted with 29 PHIs to a) gain a nuanced, in-depth understanding of the
      current state of surveillance practices, b) understand the logistical,
      technological and social challenges they confront, and c) identify opportunities
      for mobile-based interventions. Quantitative analysis included simple descriptive
      statistics while qualitative analysis comprised textual analysis of 209 pages of
      transcripts (or nearly 600 minutes of conversations) using grounded theory
      approaches. RESULTS: Current paper-based data collection practices for dengue
      surveillance involved a circuitous, time consuming process that could take
      between 7-10 days to officially report and record a single case. PHIs confronted
      challenges in terms of unreliable, standalone GIS devices, delays in registering
      mosquito breeding sites and lack of engagement from communities while delivering
      dengue education. These findings, in concert with a high motivation to use mobile
      based systems, informed the development of Mo-Buzz, a mobile-based system that
      integrates three components - digitized surveillance, dynamic disease mapping and
      digitized dengue education - on a common platform. The system was developed
      through an iterative, evolutionary, collaborative process, consistent with the
      Spiral model of software development and is currently being used by all 55 PHIs
      in the CMC system. CONCLUSIONS: Given the entrenched nature of existing paper
      based systems in PHIs' work habits, we expect a gradual adoption curve for Mo
      Buzz in the future. Equally, we expect variable adoption of the system with
      respect to its specific components, and specific PHI sub-groups (younger versus
      older). The Mo-Buzz intervention is a response to multiple calls by the global
      mHealth community for collaborations in the area of mobile interventions for
      global health. Our experience revealed that the benefits of this paradigm lies in
      alleviating country-specific public health challenges through a commonly shared
      understanding of cultural mores, and sharing of knowledge and technologies. We
      call upon future researchers to further dissect the applicability of the Spiral
      Model of software development to mHealth interventions and contribute to the
      mHealth evidence debate from theoretical and applied perspectives.

PMID- 27369297
TI  - Determining False Positive Rates of Leukocyte Esterase Reagent Strip When Used as
      a Detection Tool for Joint Infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Use of leukocyte esterase (LE) testing of synovial fluid as an
      adjunct to the infection workup in total joint arthroplasty patients has been
      advocated. The purpose of this study was to determine the false positive rate of
      this test. METHODS: Two hundred patients with the diagnosis of degenerative
      osteoarthritis undergoing a total knee arthroplasty were identified for this
      study. The knee joint was aspirated under sterile conditions before performing
      the total knee arthroplasty. The fluid was analyzed with an LE reagent strip.
      RESULTS: There were 27 bloody and 17 dry aspirations. One hundred forty-nine
      patients produced an aspiration that allowed for LE testing. There was 1 positive
      LE result. The specificity of the LE test was found to be 99.3%. CONCLUSION:
      These data suggest the LE strip as a part of the workup for infection in a native
      knee should yield few false positive results.

PMID- 27369298
TI  - Are We Subluxating Knees in Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Cadaveric Investigation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In comparison to coronal, sagittal, and rotational alignment,
      translational alignment parameters have been widely neglected in total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA) so far. As there is a certain variable range of possible
      component placement in mediolateral, ventrodorsal, and proximodistal direction,
      we hypothesized that relative positions between the femoral and tibial bones are
      changed after TKA, resulting in a subluxation of knees. METHODS: In 10 knees of
      Thiel-embalmed whole body cadavers, the relative position between the femur and
      the tibia during passive flexion was measured before and after TKA by means of a
      navigational device. RESULTS: After TKA, in extension, femoral bones in average
      shifted 5.3 mm (standard deviation [SD] = 4.0, P = .002) laterally and 2.4 mm (SD
      = 3.1, P = .038) proximally in extension which, however, decreased throughout
      flexion. Furthermore, the ventrodorsal femoral position was altered, resulting in
      a slight relative dorsal shift (2.6 mm, SD = 4.5, P = .099) in extension, which
      continuously changed into a ventral shift (2.6 mm, SD = 4.3, P = .087) during
      flexion. CONCLUSION: The present investigation reveals changed translational
      parameters between the tibia and the femur after TKA. The resulting subluxation
      of the knee may be responsible for changed kinematic patterns. These changes in
      tibofemoral position should be considered in future biomechanical studies. Main
      reasons for this effect might be a noncentral placement of tibial and femoral
      implants in relation to the proximal tibial and distal femoral anatomy, obscured
      intraoperative articular geometry, symmetric implants, and operative techniques.
      Smaller steps between different component sizes, asymmetric tibial implant
      design, or individual (anatomic) implants could help to minimize subluxation in
      TKA.

PMID- 27369299
TI  - Polyethylene Wear Associated With 26- and 32-mm Heads in Total Hip Arthroplasty:
      A Multicenter, Prospective Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although there were many clinical studies of highly cross-linked
      polyethylene (XLPE) wear among different femoral head diameters, few referred to
      thickness of XLPE in case larger femoral heads were used because smaller sockets
      were frequently used for Asian population. METHODS: This prospective study
      included 240 hips that underwent primary total hip arthroplasty using XLPE
      combined with 26-mm (group S) or 32-mm (group L) cobalt-chromium head with
      maximum follow-up of 10 years. We measured 3-dimensional (3-D) linear penetration
      rate of XLPE among same implant design groups except head diameter and estimated
      the validity of thinner XLPE. RESULTS: Our study demonstrated comparable 3-D
      linear penetration rates, which were 0.06 +/- 0.07 mm/y for group S and 0.03 +/-
      0.02 mm/y for group L at 10 years after surgery and penetration rates seemed to
      be almost constant with no significant difference after 3 years. Minimum liner
      thickness (5.3 mm for 48-mm socket in combination with 32-mm femoral head) and
      the second thinnest XLPE (6.3 mm in case of socket from 50 mm to 54 mm combined
      with 32-mm femoral head) was distributed in 25% and 72% with group L,
      respectively, and there were no significant differences in penetration rates
      between 5.3-mm- and 6.3-mm-thickness groups. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that
      whether to select 26- or 32-mm diameters of femoral head does not affect XLPE
      wear in combination with this type of articulation.

PMID- 27369300
TI  - Direct Anterior Approach for Total Hip Arthroplasty in the Lateral Decubitus
      Position: Our Experiences and Early Results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The direct anterior approach (DAA) for total hip arthroplasty (THA)
      is typically performed in the supine position using a specially designed
      operating room table, which makes this approach more accessible to orthopedic
      surgeons. We attempted to perform this procedure in the lateral decubitus
      position on an ordinary operation table to avoid dependence on a special
      operating room table. There is an obvious absence of literature regarding this
      subject. METHODS: A total of 248 patients (295 hips) were recruited for primary
      THAs from July 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. In total, 126 hips (42.7%) underwent
      THAs using the DAA in the lateral decubitus position. The technical feasibility
      and early results were evaluated. RESULTS: The orientation of the acetabular
      component was 16.5 degrees  +/- 4.9 degrees  anteversion and 43.3 degrees  +/-
      3.5 degrees  abduction. Intraoperative proximal femoral fracture occurred in one
      hip. The superficial wound complications occurred in 2 hips and the hematoma in
      one hip while in hospital. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury was noted
      in 43 hips. The early dislocation occurred in 2 hips. Heterotopic ossification
      was Brooker class I in 5 hips and class II in 1 hip. No aseptic loosening,
      postoperative periprosthetic fracture, and deep infection occurred in our series.
      CONCLUSION: The DAA for THA in the lateral decubitus position may be a valuable
      alternative if the DAA in the supine position is difficult to implement owing to
      absence of a special operating room table. This technique also seems to provide
      satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes with an acceptable complication
      in our early follow-up.

PMID- 27369301
TI  - Obesity and Venous Thromboembolism in Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients in an
      Asian Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a known complication of total knee
      arthroplasty (TKA). In addition, obesity has been implicated as a risk factor and
      justification for chemoprophylaxis for VTE. We wanted to review the prevalence of
      VTE among our patients and evaluate the incidence rates of VTE among nonobese and
      obese patients. METHODS: We reviewed 894 patients who underwent elective
      unilateral total knee arthroplasty by a single surgeon from March 2003 to
      November 2014 in our center. Any patients with clinically significant symptoms or
      signs of VTE such as deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) were
      diagnosed radiologically. The patient demographics analyzed included age, gender,
      body mass index, the number of comorbid diseases, and a history of
      hyperlipidemia. RESULTS: We found the incidence of VTE of 0.67% in our patients
      (6 patients of 894). Four of the 6 patients (66.7%) who developed DVT and PE
      belonged to nonobese group. The frequency of VTE in nonobese patients was 0.65%
      and 0.73% in the obese patients. There were no significant differences in age,
      number of comorbidities, and a history of hyperlipidemia between those who
      developed DVT and PE and those who did not. CONCLUSION: With the low prevalence
      of VTE among our study population, including patients with obesity, advanced age,
      multiple comorbidities, or hyperlipidemia, the practice of routine
      chemoprophylaxis should be reviewed.

PMID- 27369302
TI  - Accuracy of Balancing at Total Knee Surgery Using an Instrumented Tibial Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Balancing is an important part of a total knee procedure, and in
      recent years, more emphasis has been given to quantifying the process. METHODS:
      During 101 total knee surgeries, initial bone cuts were made using navigation.
      Lateral and medial contact forces were determined throughout flexion using an
      instrumented tibial trial. Balancing was defined as a ratio of the medial and
      total force, the target being 0.5 (equal lateral and medial forces). Based on the
      initial values, surgical corrections were selected to achieve balancing. The most
      common corrections were soft tissue releases (63 incidences), including MCL,
      posterolateral corner, posteromedial corner, and changing tibial insert
      thicknesses (34 incidences). RESULTS: After final balancing, the mean ratio was
      0.52 +/- 0.14, between 0.35 and 0.65 being achieved in 80% of cases. In 84% of
      cases, only 0-2 corrections were required. The average total force on the
      condyles was 215 +/- 86 N. CONCLUSION: Our study provides data to surgeons on the
      results to expect when balancing a knee, which can enhance both accuracy and
      consistency of the procedure.

PMID- 27369303
TI  - Variable Reporting by Authors Presenting Arthroplasty Research at Multiple Annual
      Conferences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prior studies have demonstrated discrepancies in financial conflict
      of interest (COI) disclosure among authors presenting research at multiple spine
      and sports medicine conferences. The purpose of this study was to quantify the
      variability of self-reported financial disclosures of individual authors
      presenting at multiple arthroplasty conferences during the same year. METHODS:
      The author disclosure information published for the 2012 annual meetings of the
      American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), American Association of Hip and
      Knee Surgeons, the Hip Society, and the Knee Society were compiled. We tabulated
      the author disclosures, the number of companies/entities represented, and the
      types of disclosures reported. The disclosures made by authors presenting at more
      than one meeting were then compared for discrepancies. RESULTS: Of the 209
      authors who presented at both the AAOS and American Association of Hip and Knee
      Surgeons meetings, 79 (37.79%) demonstrated discrepancies in their disclosures
      with 7 (8.8%) reporting no disclosures to the AAOS. Of the 84 authors who
      presented at both the AAOS and Hip Society meetings, 1 (1.19%) had discrepancies
      in their disclosures. Of the 52 authors who presented at both the AAOS and Knee
      Society meetings, 2 (3.84%) had discrepancies in their disclosures. CONCLUSION:
      There is variability in reported financial COIs by authors presenting at multiple
      arthroplasty conferences within the same year. Further work is warranted to
      improve transparency of COI disclosures among arthroplasty surgeons presenting
      research at national meetings.

PMID- 27369304
TI  - Accuracy of Computed Tomography-Based Navigation-Assisted Total Knee
      Arthroplasty: Outlier Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Achieving neutral limb alignment during total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
      has been identified as a potential factor in long-term prosthesis survival. This
      study aimed to analyze the accuracy of component orientation and postoperative
      alignment of the leg after computed tomography (CT)-based navigation-assisted
      TKA, compare these parameters with those of a conventional technique, and analyze
      differences in the data of outliers. METHODS: We retrospectively compared the
      alignment of 130 TKAs performed with a CT-based navigation system with that of 67
      arthroplasties done with a conventional system. The knee joints were evaluated
      using radiographs. RESULTS: Mean hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, frontal femoral
      component angle, and frontal tibial component angle were 180.7 degrees , 88.8
      degrees , and 90.6 degrees , respectively, for the navigation-assisted
      arthroplasties and 181.1 degrees , 88.7 degrees , and 90.2 degrees ,
      respectively, for the conventional arthroplasties. All preoperative leg axes of
      10 outliers in the navigation group were >193 degrees , whereas the data of 17
      outliers in the conventional group were scattered. CONCLUSION: This study
      demonstrates significant improvements in component positioning with the CT-based
      navigation system. Furthermore, when analyzing cases with preoperative HKA angles
      <=192 degrees , no outliers were found in the navigation group, indicating high
      alignment accuracy. However, in cases with preoperative HKA angles >=193 degrees
      , outliers were found in both groups, and no significant difference between the
      groups was observed (P = .08). Detailed analysis of the outlier cases in the
      navigation group revealed that the femoral component was placed in the varus
      position. These findings indicate that the varus knee is an important factor
      influencing accurate positioning of the femoral component and the postoperative
      leg axis.

PMID- 27369310
TI  - Free prescribing app.
AB  - NHS health and social care professionals with smartphones (Android and iOS) can
      download a free National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and British
      National Formulary app to gain access to the latest up-to-date prescribing
      information. 

PMID- 27369311
TI  - Hydration campaign.
AB  - Inadequate hydration affects about one in five people admitted to hospital as an
      emergency; many are older people. 

PMID- 27369312
TI  - Rabies training module.
AB  - An online training module for healthcare staff who may have contact with people
      exposed to rabies has been developed by the Health Protection Agency (HPA). The
      module provides the knowledge and tools necessary to carry out structured risk
      assessments of potential rabies exposures, and how to request post-exposure
      prophylaxis (PEP) from local stockholders. 

PMID- 27369313
TI  - Report on medicines safety.
AB  - A report that recommends improvements to the transfer of information about
      medicines when patients move between care settings has been published by the
      Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS). 

PMID- 27369315
TI  - Out for consultation.
AB  - Objectives to make the NHS a more 'patient-centred, independent, transparent and
      outcomes focused' service are set out in a draft mandate from the NHS
      Commissioning Board. 

PMID- 27369314
TI  - Effective leadership.
AB  - The importance of effective leadership to patient safety is discussed in one of a
      series of 'thought papers' commissioned by the Health Foundation to stimulate
      discussion and reflection. 

PMID- 27369316
TI  - Associations of reading posture, gaze angle and reading distance with myopia and
      myopic progression.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study the associations of habitual reading posture, gaze angle in
      reading and reading distance with myopia and changes in myopia among myopic
      children. METHODS: A total of 240 myopic schoolchildren (mean age 10.9 years),
      with no previous spectacles, were recruited during 1983-1984 to a randomized 3
      year clinical trial of bifocal treatment of myopia. Three annual examinations
      with subjective cycloplegic refraction were conducted for 237-238 subjects. A
      further examination was conducted at the mean age of 23.2 years for 178 subjects.
      Habitual reading posture was elicited by questionnaire at study outset. Reading
      distance was measured with a Clement Clark accommodometer and gaze angle with an
      angle scale at baseline and all three annual follow-ups. Height was measured by a
      school nurse. The connections between the variables were studied with the
      standard statistical methods. RESULTS: Higher myopia was connected with shorter
      reading distance among girls at follow-ups 2 and 3, but not at the other
      examinations. The correlation of spherical equivalent with height was non
      significant at each follow-up. Myopic progression across the whole follow-up was
      highest among those who read sitting down at baseline (-3.58 +/- 1.75 D) and
      lowest among those who read face up lying down (-2.35 +/- 1.53 D) (p = 0.021).
      Reading with eyes at a more downward angle was slightly connected with greater
      myopic progression (r = -0.166, p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Reading in a sitting
      posture at myopia onset predicted the greatest myopic progression to adulthood
      and reading face up on one's back the lowest. Reading with eyes on turned more
      downwards was slightly connected with greater myopic progression.

PMID- 27369318
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Probe-to-Bone Test for Detecting Diabetic Foot
      Osteomyelitis: Rapid, Safe, and Accurate-but for Which Patients?

PMID- 27369317
TI  - Matrix- and plasma-derived peptides promote tissue-specific injury responses and
      wound healing in diabetic swine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-healing wounds are a major global health concern and account for
      the majority of non-traumatic limb amputations worldwide. However, compared to
      standard care practices, few advanced therapeutics effectively resolve these
      injuries stemming from cardiovascular disease, aging, and diabetes-related
      vasculopathies. While matrix turnover is disrupted in these injuries, debriding
      enzymes may promote healing by releasing matrix fragments that induce cell
      migration, proliferation, and morphogenesis, and plasma products may also
      stimulate these processes. Thus, we created matrix- and plasma-derived peptides,
      Comb1 and UN3, which induce cellular injury responses in vitro, and accelerate
      healing in rodent models of non-healing wounds. However, the effects of these
      peptides in non-healing wounds in diabetes are not known. Here, we interrogated
      whether these peptides stimulate healing in a diabetic porcine model highly
      reminiscent of human healing impairments in type 1 and type 2-diabetes. METHODS:
      After 3-6 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, full-thickness wounds were
      surgically created on the backs of adult female Yorkshire swine under general
      anesthesia. Comb1 and UN3 peptides or sterile saline (negative control) were
      administered to wounds daily for 3-7 days. Following sacrifice, wound tissues
      were harvested, and quantitative histological and immunohistochemical analyses
      were performed for wound closure, angiogenesis and granulation tissue deposition,
      along with quantitative molecular analyses of factors critical for angiogenesis,
      epithelialization, and dermal matrix remodeling. RESULTS: Comb1 and UN3
      significantly increase re-epithelialization and angiogenesis in diabetic porcine
      wounds, compared to saline-treated controls. Additionally, fluorescein-conjugated
      Comb1 labels keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells in
      porcine wounds, and Far western blotting reveals these cell populations express
      multiple fluorescein-Comb1-interacting proteins in vitro. Further, peptide
      treatment increases mRNA expression of several pro-angiogenic, epithelializing,
      and matrix-remodeling factors, importantly including balanced inductions in
      matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1,
      lending further insight into their mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Comb1 and UN3
      stimulate wound resolution in diabetic Yorkshire swine through upregulation of
      multiple reparative growth factors and cytokines, especially matrix
      metalloproteinases and inhibitors that may aid in reversing the proteolytic
      imbalance characteristic of chronically inflamed non-healing wounds. Together,
      these peptides should have great therapeutic potential for all patients in need
      of healing, regardless of injury etiology.

PMID- 27369319
TI  - Gender Differences in Statin Prescription Rate Among Patients Living With HIV and
      Hepatitis C Virus.

PMID- 27369320
TI  - Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Antigenically Drifted Influenza Higher
      Than Expected in Hospitalized Adults: 2014-2015.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The 2014-2015 influenza season was severe, with circulating influenza
      A (H3N2) viruses that were antigenically drifted from the vaccine virus. Reported
      vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates from ambulatory care settings were markedly
      decreased. METHODS: Adults, hospitalized at 2 hospitals in southeast Michigan for
      acute respiratory illnesses, defined by admission diagnoses, of <=10 days
      duration were prospectively enrolled. Throat and nasal swab specimens were
      collected, combined, and tested for influenza by real-time reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction. VE was estimated by comparing the vaccination status
      of those testing positive for influenza with those testing negative in logistic
      regression models adjusted for age, sex, hospital, calendar time, time from
      illness onset to specimen collection, frailty score, and Charlson comorbidity
      index (CCI). RESULTS: Among 624 patients included in the analysis, 421 (68%) were
      vaccinated, 337 (54%) were female, 220 (35%) were age >=65 years, and 92% had CCI
      > 0, indicating >=1 comorbid conditions. Ninety-eight (16%) patients tested
      positive for influenza A (H3N2); among 60 (61%) A (H3N2) viruses tested by
      pyrosequencing, 53 (88%) belonged to the drifted 3C.2a genetic group. Adjusted VE
      was 43% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4-67) against influenza A (H3N2); 40% (95%
      CI, -13 to 68) for those <65 years, and 48% (95% CI, -33 to 80) for those >=65
      years. Sensitivity analyses largely supported these estimates. CONCLUSIONS: VE
      estimates appeared higher than reports from similar studies in ambulatory care
      settings, suggesting that the 2014-2015 vaccine may have been more effective in
      preventing severe illness requiring hospitalization.

PMID- 27369322
TI  - Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus in HIV-Coinfected Individuals in Real-world
      Clinical Settings: Results From 2 Large HIV Care Clinics.

PMID- 27369321
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of Probe to Bone to Detect Osteomyelitis in the Diabetic
      Foot: A Systematic Review.
AB  - The probe-to-bone (PTB) test is a commonly used clinical test for osteomyelitis
      (OM), but its utility has been questioned in clinical settings where the
      prevalence of OM is low. This article aims to systematically review the accuracy
      of the PTB test to diagnose diabetic foot OM. We searched Ovid Medline and Scopus
      databases for studies using the keywords "probe to bone," "osteomyelitis," and
      "diabetic foot" from 1946 to May 2015. We summarized characteristics of the
      included studies and pooled the accuracy numbers using a bivariate random-effects
      model. Seven studies met our inclusion criteria. Pooled sensitivity and
      specificity for the PTB test was 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI], .75-.93) and
      0.83 (95% CI, .65-.93), respectively. We conclude that the PTB test can
      accurately rule in diabetic foot OM in the high-risk patients and rule out OM in
      low-risk patients.

PMID- 27369323
TI  - Effects of norepinephrine on spontaneous firing activity of cerebellar Purkinje
      cells in vivo in mice.
AB  - Norepinephrine (NE), from the locus coeruleus (LC), has been supported to affect
      GABAergic system and parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synaptic transmission
      via adrenoceptor in cerebellum cortex. However, the effects of NE on the
      spontaneous spike activity of cerebellar PCs in living mouse have not yet been
      fully understood. We here examined the effects of NE on the spontaneous activity
      of PC in urethane-anesthetized mice by electrophysiological and pharmacological
      methods. Cerebellar surface application of NE (2.5-25MUM) reduced the PC simple
      spike (SS) firing rate in a dose-dependent manner. The half-inhibitory
      concentration (IC50) was 5.97MUM. In contrast, NE significantly increased the
      spontaneous firing rate of molecular layer interneuron (MLI). Application of
      GABAA receptor antagonist, gabazine (SR95531, 20MUM) not only blocked the NE
      induced inhibition of PC SS firing but also revealed NE-induced excitation of
      cerebellar PC. Blocking AMPA receptors activity enhanced NE-induced inhibition of
      PC spontaneous activity. Moreover, the effects of NE on PC spontaneous activity
      were abolished by simultaneously blocking GABAA and AMPA receptors activity.
      These results indicated that NE bidirectional modulated the spontaneous activity
      of PCs via enhancing both inhibitory inputs from MLIs and excitatory inputs of
      parallel fibers, but NE-induced enhance of inhibitory inputs overwhelmed the
      excitatory inputs under in vivo conditions.

PMID- 27369324
TI  - Abuse potential and dopaminergic effect of alkyl nitrites.
AB  - The abuse of alkyl nitrites is common among adolescents and young adults
      worldwide. However, the information regarding the effects of alkyl nitrites on
      the central nervous system and the associated psychological abuse potential is
      scarce. The abuse potential of 3 representative alkyl nitrites - isobutyl
      nitrite, isoamyl nitrite, and butyl nitrite - was evaluated in mice using
      conditioned place preference tests with an unbiased method. The dopamine levels
      released by synaptosomes extracted from the striatal region were measured using
      high performance liquid chromatography. Mice treated with the test substances
      (50mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited a significantly increased drug-paired place preference.
      Moreover, greater levels of dopamine were released by striatal region
      synaptosomes in response to isobutyl nitrite treatment in mice. Thus, our
      findings suggest that alkyl nitrites could lead to psychological dependence and
      dopaminergic effects. Furthermore, these results provide scientific evidence to
      support the regulation of alkyl nitrites as psychoactive substances in the
      future.

PMID- 27369325
TI  - Working memory capacity differentially influences responses to tDCS and HD-tDCS
      in a retro-cue task.
AB  - There is growing interest in non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. A
      drawback is that the relationship between stimulation and cognitive outcomes for
      various tasks are unknown. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
      provides diffuse current spread, whereas high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) provides
      more targeted current. The direction of behavioral effects after tDCS can be
      difficult to predict in cognitive realms such as attention and working memory
      (WM). Previously, we showed that in low and high WM capacity groups tDCS
      modulates performance in nearly equal and opposite directions on a change
      detection task, with improvement for the high capacity participants alone. Here,
      we used the retro-cue paradigm to test attentional shifting among items in WM to
      investigate whether WM capacity (WMC) predicted different behavioral consequences
      during anodal tDCS or HD-tDCS to posterior parietal cortex (PPC). In two
      experiments, with 24 participants each, we used different stimulus categories
      (colored circles, letters) and stimulation sites (right, left PPC). The results
      showed a significant (Experiment 1) or trending (Experiment 2) WMC x stimulation
      interaction. Compared to tDCS, after HD-tDCS the retro-cueing benefit was
      significantly greater for the low WMC group but numerically worse for the high
      WMC group. These data highlight the importance of considering group differences
      when using non-invasive neurostimulation techniques.

PMID- 27369326
TI  - Pain relief induces dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens during the
      early but not late phase of neuropathic pain.
AB  - Comorbidity of chronic pain and depression has long been recognized in the
      clinic, and preclinical studies have reported depression-like behaviors in animal
      models of chronic pain. These findings suggest a common neuronal basis for
      chronic pain and depression. The neuronal pathway from the ventral tegmental area
      to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is critical in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) reward
      circuit, and dysfunction of this pathway has been implicated in depression.
      Although time-dependent development of depression-related behaviors has been
      reported in chronic pain animals, time-dependent functional changes in this
      pathway remain to be examined. To address this issue, we examined the effects of
      two types of rewards, pain relief by intrathecal injection of pregabalin (100MUg
      in 10MUL phosphate buffered saline) and 30% sucrose solution intake, on intra-NAc
      DA release in rats subjected to spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Specifically, the
      effects were investigated during the early (17-20days after ligation) and late
      (31-34days after ligation) phases of neuropathic pain. Pain relief increased the
      intra-NAc DA levels in the SNL rats during the early but not late phase of
      neuropathic pain. Intake of the sucrose solution increased the intra-NAc DA
      levels both in the SNL and sham animals during the early phase of neuropathic
      pain, while it induced DA release in the sham but not SNL animals during the late
      phase. These results suggest that dysfunction of the mesolimbic DA reward circuit
      develops in a time-dependent manner. Mesolimbic DA reward circuit dysfunction
      might be a common neuronal mechanism underlying chronic pain and depression, and
      a potential target for novel analgesic and antidepressant medications.

PMID- 27369327
TI  - Alterations of miRNAs reveal a dysregulated molecular regulatory network in
      Parkinson's disease striatum.
AB  - Molecular adaptations in the striatum mediated by dopamine (DA) denervation
      and/or levodopa (L-dopa) treatments have been implicated in the motor deficits
      found in Parkinson's disease (PD). Alterations in inflammatory response
      mechanisms and glutamatergic neurotransmission are reported to play important
      roles in mediating these changes. However, the mechanisms mediating the molecular
      adaptations in the striatum are not well understood. Small non-coding microRNAs
      (miRNAs) influence numerous biological processes including the development and
      maintenance of striatal neurons by regulating gene expression post
      transcriptionally. To investigate miRNA function in human PD striatum, we
      examined the global expression of miRNAs in postmortem putamen (putamen along
      with caudate forms the striatum) tissues obtained from PD patients and
      neurologically normal controls using Nanostring miRNA assays. We found that 6
      miRNAs were significantly (p<=0.05) upregulated and 7 miRNAs were downregulated
      in PD putamen when compared with control. The differential expression (DE) of the
      4 highest scoring miRNAs was further confirmed by reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction. Ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrated that these
      miRNAs are enriched in the processes of inflammatory responses. We found that the
      expression of DE miRNAs in PD putamen negatively correlates with the expression
      of gene transcripts implicated in inflammatory response with p53 and NF-kB as
      central signaling molecules. Taken together, our results suggest that in PD
      striatum, the DE miRNAs are associated with the oxidative stress pathway. This
      mechanism may contribute to the molecular adaptations and related motor
      complications found in PD.

PMID- 27369329
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369328
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369330
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369331
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369332
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369333
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369335
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369334
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369336
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369337
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369339
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369338
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369340
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369341
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369343
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369342
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369344
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369345
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369346
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369347
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369348
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369349
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369350
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369351
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369352
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369353
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369354
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369355
TI  - A case of progressive breathlessness post partum.

PMID- 27369356
TI  - Infant weight trajectories and early childhood wheezing: the NINFEA birth cohort
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rapid postnatal weight gain has been associated with wheezing and
      asthma in children, but it remains unclear whether it acts independently of
      overweight. We aimed to disentangle the roles of infant's size and weight gain
      velocity in the development of wheezing in early childhood using a novel method
      that allows for mutual adjustment for different aspects of growth. METHODS: Data
      were obtained from the NINFEA questionnaires where weight measurements from birth
      up to 18 months of age were assessed in 4492 term singletons. Wheezing was
      defined as at least one episode of wheezing/whistling in the chest occurring
      between 6 and 18 months of age. The SuperImposition by Translation And Rotation
      model was used to estimate individual weight trajectories defined by three child
      specific parameters: size, velocity and tempo, that is age at peak weight
      velocity. These parameters were standardised and related to wheezing using
      logistic regression with effects expressed as an increase of one SD. RESULTS: A
      median of five weight measurements per child were obtained. Infant size (OR=1.28;
      95% CI 1.12 to 1.46) and weight gain velocity (OR=1.30; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.48) were
      independently positively associated with wheezing. We found no evidence of an
      effect of tempo on infant wheezing. The estimates were changed only minimally
      after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Faster growth and larger
      size in the first 18 months of life are both independently associated with an
      increased risk of wheezing. These findings suggest that early growth patterns
      play a role in shaping the occurrence of wheezing.

PMID- 27369357
TI  - Local networks of community and healthcare organisations: a mixed methods study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Local collaboration of community organisations and healthcare
      organisations is seen as relevant for the efficiency and efficacy of health and
      social care because of their potential role in providing social involvement which
      may reduce the need for the utilisation of formal services. Care organisations
      connect to each other in different ways, thus comprising an organisational
      network. This study aimed to describe and explore organisational networks with
      respect to their activities for people with diabetes mellitus type 2 and
      potential mechanisms of effective collaboration. Collaboration could include, for
      example, referring to each other and organising activities together. Potential
      mechanisms are navigation, negotiation and contagion. METHODS: A mixed methods
      study was conducted in an urban and a rural area in the Netherlands. The
      participating organisations were mentioned by a sample of diabetes patients in
      these regions and by organisations' representatives in a snowballing procedure.
      Next a quantitative survey and a semi-structured interview were conducted,
      including 35 representatives of these local organisations. The social network
      analysis methods was used to map and characterise the organisational networks
      based on results from the survey. A thematic analysis of interviews was
      undertaken to identify how three mechanisms (navigation, negotiation and
      contagion) were used in the collaboration. RESULTS: Both interviews and network
      structures showed evidence of navigation-related mechanisms. Organisations
      referred patients with diabetes to services within their organisation or to
      relevant services provided by other organisations. Hardly any negotiation or
      contagion-related mechanisms were identified. If negotiation between
      organisations was found, it seemed externally enforced. The density, centrality,
      and reciprocity in the networks seemed low to facilitate contagion of practices.
      Some organisations reported actions that could have impacted on contagion.
      Representatives emphasized the need of network collaboration with local or
      regional community and healthcare organisations. CONCLUSION: The study suggests
      that navigation to resources is a relevant theme in organisational networks,
      which could be targeted by interventions. More research is needed to explore the
      relevance of other network-related mechanisms.

PMID- 27369358
TI  - Autonomic nervous system involvement in the giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) KO
      mouse: implications for human disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is an inherited severe sensorimotor
      neuropathy. The aim of this research was to investigate the neuropathologic
      features and clinical autonomic nervous system (ANS) phenotype in two GAN
      knockout (KO) mouse models. Little is known about ANS involvement in GAN in
      humans, but autonomic signs and symptoms are commonly reported in early
      childhood. METHODS: Routine histology and immunohistochemistry was performed on
      GAN KO mouse specimens taken at various ages. Enteric dysfunction was assessed by
      quantifying the frequency, weight, and water content of defecation in GAN KO
      mice. RESULTS: Histological examination of the enteric, parasympathetic and
      sympathetic ANS of GAN KO mice revealed pronounced and widespread neuronal
      perikaryal intermediate filament inclusions. These neuronal inclusions served as
      an easily identifiable, early marker of GAN in young GAN KO mice. Functional
      studies identified an age-dependent alteration in fecal weight and defecation
      frequency in GAN KO mice. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time in the GAN KO mouse
      model, we described the early, pronounced and widespread neuropathologic features
      involving the ANS. In addition, we provided evidence for a clinical autonomic
      phenotype in GAN KO mice, reflected in abnormal gastrointestinal function. These
      findings in GAN KO mice suggest that consideration should be given to ANS
      involvement in human GAN, especially when considering treatments and patient
      care.

PMID- 27369359
TI  - Effects of TP53 and PIK3CA mutations in early breast cancer: a matter of co
      mutation and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the outcome of breast cancer
      (BC) patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy is affected by co-mutated TP53
      and PIK3CA according to stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Paraffin
      tumors of all clinical subtypes from 1661 patients with operable breast cancer
      who were treated within 4 adjuvant trials with anthracycline-taxanes chemotherapy
      were informative for TP53 and PIK3CA mutation status (semiconductor sequencing
      genotyping) and for stromal TILs density. Disease-free survival (DFS) was
      examined. TP53 mutations were associated with higher (p < 0.001) and PIK3CA with
      lower (p = 0.004) TILs in an ER /PgR-specific manner (p < 0.001). Mutations did
      not affect the favorable DFS of patients with lymphocyte-predominant (LP) BC.
      Within non-LPBC, PIK3CA-only mutations conferred best, while TP53-PIK3CA co
      mutations (6 % of all tumors) conferred worst DFS (HR 0.59; 95 % CI 0.44-0.79; p
      = 0.001 for PIK3CA-only). TP53-only mutations were unfavorable in patients with
      lower TILs, while patients with lower TILs performed worse if their tumors
      carried TP53-only mutations (interaction p = 0.046). Multivariate analysis
      revealed favorable PIK3CA-only mutations in non-LPBC (HR 0.64; 95 % CI 0.47-0.88;
      p = 0.007), and unfavorable TP53 mutations in ER/PgRpos/HER2neg (HR 1.55; 95 % CI
      1.07-2.24; p = 0.021). Mutations did not interact with TILs in non-LP triple
      negative and HER2-positive patients. TP53 and PIK3CA mutations appear to have
      diverse effects on the outcome of early BC patients, according to whether these
      genes are co-mutated or not, and for TP53 according to TILs density and ER/PgR
      status. These findings need to be considered when evaluating the effect of these
      two most frequently mutated genes in the context of large clinical trials.

PMID- 27369360
TI  - Retraction: Sirtuin-3 deacetylation of cyclophilin D induces dissociation of
      hexokinase II from the mitochondria.

PMID- 27369361
TI  - Retraction: Ethanol sensitizes mitochondria to the permeability transition by
      inhibiting deacetylation of cyclophilin-D mediated by sirtuin-3.

PMID- 27369362
TI  - Retraction: GRIM-19-mediated translocation of STAT3 to mitochondria is necessary
      for TNF-induced necroptosis.

PMID- 27369363
TI  - Retraction: Sirtuin-3 modulates Bak- and Bax-dependent apoptosis.

PMID- 27369364
TI  - Retraction: Mitoneet mediates TNFalpha-induced necroptosis promoted by exposure
      to fructose and ethanol.

PMID- 27369365
TI  - Depigmentation during vitiligo activity spares epithelial grafted areas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is a depigmenting disease characterized by episodes of
      stability and activity without a fixed sequence, and active phases demonstrate
      immune attacks toward vulnerable melanocytes. Epithelial grafts were introduced
      to treat recalcitrant vitiligo patches aiming to provide new generations of
      melanocytes. AIMS: The aim of study was to evaluate the possible permanency of
      succeeded epithelial grafts during a coming activity episode. METHODS: This study
      included 20 nonsegmental vitiligo cases. They were epithelial grafted, success
      was maintained with the use of UV sessions for a year, and further follow-up was
      allowed until new phases of activity developed. RESULTS: The grafted areas, in
      all cases, were spared during the activity episodes in spite of the development
      of new depigmented lesions in other parts of skin neighboring the grafted areas
      or in remote sites. CONCLUSION: The permanency of epithelial grafts in spite of
      disease reactivity is a good sign and magnifies the value of surgical approaches
      in management of vitiligo. New genetically different melanocytes should have been
      provided and were able to resist the new immune attacks in spite of the yielding
      of other skin melanocytes.

PMID- 27369366
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369367
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369368
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369369
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369370
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369371
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369372
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369373
TI  - A simplified approach to estimating the distribution of occasionally-consumed
      dietary components, applied to alcohol intake.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Within-person variation in dietary records can lead to biased
      estimates of the distribution of food intake. Quantile estimation is especially
      relevant in the case of skewed distributions and in the estimation of under- or
      over-consumption. The analysis of the intake distributions of occasionally
      consumed foods presents further challenges due to the high frequency of zero
      records. Two-part mixed-effects models account for excess-zeros, daily variation
      and correlation arising from repeated individual dietary records. In practice,
      the application of the two-part model with random effects involves Monte Carlo
      (MC) simulations. However, these can be time-consuming and the precision of MC
      estimates depends on the size of the simulated data which can hinder
      reproducibility of results. METHODS: We propose a new approach based on numerical
      integration as an alternative to MC simulations to estimate the distribution of
      occasionally-consumed foods in sub-populations. The proposed approach and MC
      methods are compared by analysing the alcohol intake distribution in a sub
      population of individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: The
      rate of convergence of the results of MC simulations to the results of our
      proposed method is model-specific, depends on the number of draws from the target
      distribution, and is relatively slower at the tails of the distribution. Our data
      analyses also show that model misspecification can lead to incorrect model
      parameter estimates. For example, under the wrong model assumption of zero
      correlation between the components, one of the predictors turned out as non
      significant at 5 % significance level (p-value 0.062) but it was estimated as
      significant in the correctly specified model (p-value 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The
      proposed approach for the analysis of the intake distributions of occasionally
      consumed foods provides a quicker and more precise alternative to MC simulation
      methods, particularly in the estimation of under- or over-consumption. The method
      is readily available to non-technical users in contrast to MC methods whereby the
      simulation error may be substantial and difficult to evaluate.

PMID- 27369374
TI  - "It's for us -newcomers, LGBTQ persons, and HIV-positive persons. You feel free
      to be": a qualitative study exploring social support group participation among
      African and Caribbean lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender newcomers and
      refugees in Toronto, Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stigma and discrimination harm the wellbeing of lesbian, gay,
      bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people and contribute to migration from contexts
      of sexual persecution and criminalization. Yet LGBT newcomers and refugees often
      face marginalization and struggles meeting the social determinants of health
      (SDOH) following immigration to countries such as Canada. Social isolation is a
      key social determinant of health that may play a significant role in shaping
      health disparities among LGBT newcomers and refugees. Social support may moderate
      the effect of stressors on mental health, reduce social isolation, and build
      social networks. Scant research, however, has examined social support groups
      targeting LGBT newcomers and refugees. The purpose of this qualitative study was
      to explore experiences of social support group participation among LGBT African
      and Caribbean newcomers and refugees in an urban Canadian city. METHODS: We
      conducted 3 focus groups with a venue-based sample of LGBT African and Caribbean
      newcomers and refugees (n = 29) who attended social support groups at an ethno
      specific AIDS Service Organization. Focus groups followed a semi-structured
      interview guide and were analyzed using narrative thematic techniques. RESULTS:
      Participant narratives highlighted immigration stressors, social isolation,
      mental health issues, and challenges meeting the SDOH. Findings reveal multi
      level benefits of social support group participation at intrapersonal (self
      acceptance, improved mental health), interpersonal (reduced isolation,
      friendships), community (reciprocity, reduced stigma and discrimination), and
      structural (housing, employment, immigration, health care) levels. CONCLUSIONS:
      Findings suggest that social support groups tailored for LGBT African and
      Caribbean newcomers and refugees can address social isolation, community
      resilience, and enhance resource access. Health care providers can provide
      support groups, culturally and LGBT competent health services, and resource
      access to promote LGBT newcomers and refugees' health and wellbeing.

PMID- 27369376
TI  - High-resolution mass spectrometry in toxicology: current status and future
      perspectives.
AB  - This paper reviews high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approaches using time
      of-flight or Orbitrap techniques for research and application in various
      toxicology fields, particularly in clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology
      published since 2013 and referenced in PubMed. In the introduction, an overview
      on applications of HRMS in various toxicology fields is given with reference to
      current review articles. Papers concerning HRMS in metabolism, screening, and
      quantification of pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, and toxins in human body
      samples are critically reviewed. Finally, a discussion on advantages as well as
      limitations and future perspectives of these methods is included. 

PMID- 27369375
TI  - Activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in usnic acid-induced toxicity in HepG2
      cells.
AB  - Many usnic acid-containing dietary supplements have been marketed as weight loss
      agents, although severe hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure have been
      associated with their overuse. Our previous mechanistic studies revealed that
      autophagy, disturbance of calcium homeostasis, and ER stress are involved in
      usnic acid-induced toxicity. In this study, we investigated the role of oxidative
      stress and the Nrf2 signaling pathway in usnic acid-induced toxicity in HepG2
      cells. We found that a 24-h treatment with usnic acid caused DNA damage and S
      phase cell cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent manner. Usnic acid also
      triggered oxidative stress as demonstrated by increased reactive oxygen species
      generation and glutathione depletion. Short-term treatment (6 h) with usnic acid
      significantly increased the protein level for Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2
      related factor 2), promoted Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, up-regulated
      antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase reporter activity, and induced the
      expression of Nrf2-regulated targets, including glutathione reductase,
      glutathione S-transferase, and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1).
      Furthermore, knockdown of Nrf2 with shRNA potentiated usnic acid-induced DNA
      damage and cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results show that usnic acid causes
      cell cycle dysregulation, DNA damage, and oxidative stress and that the Nrf2
      signaling pathway is activated in usnic acid-induced cytotoxicity.

PMID- 27369377
TI  - A basic domain in the histone H2B N-terminal tail is important for nucleosome
      assembly by FACT.
AB  - Nucleosome assembly in vivo requires assembly factors, such as histone
      chaperones, to bind to histones and mediate their deposition onto DNA. In yeast,
      the essential histone chaperone FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription)
      functions in nucleosome assembly and H2A-H2B deposition during transcription
      elongation and DNA replication. Recent studies have identified candidate histone
      residues that mediate FACT binding to histones, but it is not known which histone
      residues are important for FACT to deposit histones onto DNA during nucleosome
      assembly. In this study, we report that the histone H2B repression (HBR) domain
      within the H2B N-terminal tail is important for histone deposition by FACT.
      Deletion of the HBR domain causes significant defects in histone occupancy in the
      yeast genome, particularly at HBR-repressed genes, and a pronounced increase in
      H2A-H2B dimers that remain bound to FACT in vivo Moreover, the HBR domain is
      required for purified FACT to efficiently assemble recombinant nucleosomes in
      vitro We propose that the interaction between the highly basic HBR domain and DNA
      plays an important role in stabilizing the nascent nucleosome during the process
      of histone H2A-H2B deposition by FACT.

PMID- 27369378
TI  - Structure and mechanism of a molecular rheostat, an RNA thermometer that
      modulates immune evasion by Neisseria meningitidis.
AB  - Neisseria meningitidis causes bacterial meningitis and septicemia. It evades the
      host complement system by upregulating expression of immune evasion factors in
      response to changes in temperature. RNA thermometers within mRNAs control
      expression of bacterial immune evasion factors, including CssA, in the 5'
      untranslated region of the operon for capsule biosynthesis. We dissect the
      molecular mechanisms of thermoregulation and report the structure of the CssA
      thermometer. We show that the RNA thermometer acts as a rheostat, whose stability
      is optimized to respond in a small temperature range around 37 degrees C as occur
      within the upper airways during infection. Small increases in temperature
      gradually open up the structure to allow progressively increased access to the
      ribosome binding site. Even small changes in stability induced by mutations of
      imperfect base pairs, as in naturally occurring polymorphisms, shift the
      thermometer response outside of the desired temperature range, suggesting that
      its activity could be modulated by pharmacological intervention.

PMID- 27369379
TI  - Combination probes with intercalating anchors and proximal fluorophores for DNA
      and RNA detection.
AB  - A new class of modified oligonucleotides (combination probes) has been designed
      and synthesised for use in genetic analysis and RNA detection. Their chemical
      structure combines an intercalating anchor with a reporter fluorophore on the
      same thymine nucleobase. The intercalator (thiazole orange or benzothiazole
      orange) provides an anchor, which upon hybridisation of the probe to its target
      becomes fluorescent and simultaneously stabilizes the duplex. The anchor is able
      to communicate via FRET to a proximal reporter dye (e.g. ROX, HEX, ATTO647N, FAM)
      whose fluorescence signal can be monitored on a range of analytical devices.
      Direct excitation of the reporter dye provides an alternative signalling
      mechanism. In both signalling modes, fluorescence in the unhybridised probe is
      switched off by collisional quenching between adjacent intercalator and reporter
      dyes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA and RNA targets are identified by
      differences in the duplex melting temperature, and the use of short hybridization
      probes, made possible by the stabilisation provided by the intercalator, enhances
      mismatch discrimination. Unlike other fluorogenic probe systems, placing the
      fluorophore and quencher on the same nucleobase facilitates the design of short
      probes containing multiple modifications. The ability to detect both DNA and RNA
      sequences suggests applications in cellular imaging and diagnostics.

PMID- 27369381
TI  - Selectivity for strand-transfer over 3'-processing and susceptibility to clinical
      resistance of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors are driven by key enzyme-DNA
      interactions in the active site.
AB  - Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are highly effective against HIV
      infections. Co-crystal structures of the prototype foamy virus intasome have
      shown that all three FDA-approved drugs, raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir and
      dolutegravir (DTG), act as interfacial inhibitors during the strand transfer (ST)
      integration step. However, these structures give only a partial sense for the
      limited inhibition of the 3'-processing reaction by INSTIs and how INSTIs can be
      modified to overcome drug resistance, notably against the G140S-Q148H double
      mutation. Based on biochemical experiments with modified oligonucleotides, we
      demonstrate that both the viral DNA +1 and -1 bases, which flank the 3'
      processing site, play a critical role for 3'-processing efficiency and inhibition
      by RAL and DTG. In addition, the G140S-Q148H (SH) mutant integrase, which has a
      reduced 3'-processing activity, becomes more active and more resistant to
      inhibition of 3'-processing by RAL and DTG in the absence of the -1 and +1 bases.
      Molecular modeling of HIV-1 integrase, together with biochemical data, indicate
      that the conserved residue Q146 in the flexible loop of HIV-1 integrase is
      critical for productive viral DNA binding through specific contacts with the
      virus DNA ends in the 3'-processing and ST reactions. The potency of integrase
      inhibitors against 3'-processing and their ability to overcome resistance is
      discussed.

PMID- 27369380
TI  - Cracking the control of RNA polymerase II elongation by 7SK snRNP and P-TEFb.
AB  - Release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) from promoter-proximal pausing has emerged
      as a critical step regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms. The
      transition of Pol II into productive elongation requires the kinase activity of
      positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which is itself under a
      stringent control by the inhibitory 7SK small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (7SK
      snRNP) complex. Here, we provide an overview on stimulating Pol II pause release
      by P-TEFb and on sequestering P-TEFb into 7SK snRNP. Furthermore, we highlight
      mechanisms that govern anchoring of 7SK snRNP to chromatin as well as means that
      release P-TEFb from the inhibitory complex, and propose a unifying model of P
      TEFb activation on chromatin. Collectively, these studies shine a spotlight on
      the central role of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in directing the inhibition and
      activation of P-TEFb, providing a compelling paradigm for controlling Pol II
      transcription with a non-coding RNA. 

PMID- 27369382
TI  - Sir2 regulates stability of repetitive domains differentially in the human fungal
      pathogen Candida albicans.
AB  - DNA repeats, found at the ribosomal DNA locus, telomeres and subtelomeric
      regions, are unstable sites of eukaryotic genomes. A fine balance between genetic
      variability and genomic stability tunes plasticity of these chromosomal regions.
      This tuning mechanism is particularly important for organisms such as microbial
      pathogens that utilise genome plasticity as a strategy for adaptation. For the
      first time, we analyse mechanisms promoting genome stability at the rDNA locus
      and subtelomeric regions in the most common human fungal pathogen: Candida
      albicans In this organism, the histone deacetylase Sir2, the master regulator of
      heterochromatin, has acquired novel functions in regulating genome stability.
      Contrary to any other systems analysed, C. albicans Sir2 is largely dispensable
      for repressing recombination at the rDNA locus. We demonstrate that recombination
      at subtelomeric regions is controlled by a novel DNA element, the TLO
      Recombination Element, TRE, and by Sir2. While the TRE element promotes high
      levels of recombination, Sir2 represses this recombination rate. Finally, we
      demonstrate that, in C. albicans, mechanisms regulating genome stability are
      plastic as different environmental stress conditions lead to general genome
      instability and mask the Sir2-mediated recombination control at subtelomeres. Our
      data highlight how mechanisms regulating genome stability are rewired in C.
      albicans.

PMID- 27369383
TI  - Global intron retention mediated gene regulation during CD4+ T cell activation.
AB  - T cell activation is a well-established model for studying cellular responses to
      exogenous stimulation. Using strand-specific RNA-seq, we observed that intron
      retention is prevalent in polyadenylated transcripts in resting CD4(+) T cells
      and is significantly reduced upon T cell activation. Several lines of evidence
      suggest that intron-retained transcripts are less stable than fully spliced
      transcripts. Strikingly, the decrease in intron retention (IR) levels correlate
      with the increase in steady-state mRNA levels. Further, the majority of the genes
      upregulated in activated T cells are accompanied by a significant reduction in
      IR. Of these 1583 genes, 185 genes are predominantly regulated at the IR level,
      and highly enriched in the proteasome pathway, which is essential for proper T
      cell proliferation and cytokine release. These observations were corroborated in
      both human and mouse CD4(+) T cells. Our study revealed a novel post
      transcriptional regulatory mechanism that may potentially contribute to
      coordinated and/or quick cellular responses to extracellular stimuli such as an
      acute infection.

PMID- 27369385
TI  - Enhanced insecticidal activity of Chilo iridescent virus expressing an insect
      specific neurotoxin.
AB  - Previously we have generated a recombinant Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) by
      inserting the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) into the CIV 157L open reading
      frame (ORF) locus and showed that this recombinant (rCIV-Delta157L-gfp) was fully
      infectious both in cell culture as well as in insect larvae. This study opened up
      a new avenue for increasing the speed of kill of CIV and other iridoviruses by
      inserting virulence or toxin genes into the viral genome. In the current study we
      constructed a recombinant CIV (rCIV-Delta157L/gfp-AaIT) where the 157L ORF was
      replaced with both the AaIT neurotoxin gene from the scorpion Androctonus
      australis and the gfp gene, each under control of the viral major capsid protein
      (mcp) gene promoter. Recombinant virus was purified by successive rounds of
      plaque purification using Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells. One-step growth
      curves for the recombinant viruses, rCIV-Delta157L/gfp-AaIT and rCIV-Delta157L
      gfp, and wild-type CIVs in Sf-9 cells showed similar profiles. AaIT toxin
      expression in infected third instar Galleria mellonella larvae was confirmed by
      western blot analysis using an antibody against the AaIT protein. rCIV
      Delta157L/gfp-AaIT infection at a concentration that kills 100% of the larvae
      caused paralysis in infected third instar G. mellonella larvae from two days
      after injection, whereas infection with non-AaIT containing viruses showed
      mortality starting much later (>10days). Bioassays on these larvae demonstrated
      that the speed of kill of CIV carrying AaIT was strikingly enhanced as compared
      to wild-type CIV. These results suggest that insertion of a toxin gene into CIV
      provides further opportunities to control a wide range of pest insects, such as
      weevils, using an iridovirus.

PMID- 27369384
TI  - The zinc fingers of YY1 bind single-stranded RNA with low sequence specificity.
AB  - Classical zinc fingers (ZFs) are traditionally considered to act as sequence
      specific DNA-binding domains. More recently, classical ZFs have been recognised
      as potential RNA-binding modules, raising the intriguing possibility that
      classical-ZF transcription factors are involved in post-transcriptional gene
      regulation via direct RNA binding. To date, however, only one classical ZF-RNA
      complex, that involving TFIIIA, has been structurally characterised. Yin Yang-1
      (YY1) is a multi-functional transcription factor involved in many regulatory
      processes, and binds DNA via four classical ZFs. Recent evidence suggests that
      YY1 also interacts with RNA, but the molecular nature of the interaction remains
      unknown. In the present work, we directly assess the ability of YY1 to bind RNA
      using in vitro assays. Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment
      (SELEX) was used to identify preferred RNA sequences bound by the YY1 ZFs from a
      randomised library over multiple rounds of selection. However, a strong motif was
      not consistently recovered, suggesting that the RNA sequence selectivity of these
      domains is modest. YY1 ZF residues involved in binding to single-stranded RNA
      were identified by NMR spectroscopy and found to be largely distinct from the set
      of residues involved in DNA binding, suggesting that interactions between YY1 and
      ssRNA constitute a separate mode of nucleic acid binding. Our data are consistent
      with recent reports that YY1 can bind to RNA in a low-specificity, yet
      physiologically relevant manner.

PMID- 27369402
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369403
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369386
TI  - First detection of Apis mellifera filamentous virus in Apis cerana cerana in
      China.
AB  - Although many honey bee RNA viruses have been correlated with colony declines,
      little is known regarding the potential role of DNA viruses. Here, we examined
      seemingly healthy and crawling bee samples from China using PCR to identify
      whether Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) was present in A. cerana cerana.
      The highest AmFV infection percentage among Chinese provinces occurred in
      crawling bees from Gansu province (85.48%), and the lowest was in bees from
      Beijing (31.58%). A phylogenetic analysis showed that the Chinese isolate of AmFV
      exhibited a high genetic similarity with isolates from Belgium, Switzerland and
      USA. This is the first report of AmFV infections in Chinese A. cerana cerana
      populations.

PMID- 27369404
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369405
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369406
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369407
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369408
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369409
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369410
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369411
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369412
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369413
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369414
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369416
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369415
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369417
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369418
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369420
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369419
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369421
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369422
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369423
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369424
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369425
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369426
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369428
TI  - Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses
      isolated from naturally infected pigeons in Egypt.
AB  - Avian influenza viruses impose serious public health burdens with significant
      mortality and morbidity not only in poultry but also in humans. While poultry
      susceptibility to avian influenza virus infection is well characterized, pigeons
      have been thought to have low susceptibility to these viruses. However, recent
      studies reported natural pigeon infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza
      H5N1 viruses. In Egypt, which is one of the H5N1 endemic areas for birds, pigeons
      are raised in towers built on farms in backyards and on house roofs, providing a
      potential risk for virus transmission from pigeons to humans. In this study, we
      performed genetic analysis of two H5N1 virus strains that were isolated from
      naturally infected pigeons in Egypt. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed
      that these viruses originated from Egyptian H5N1 viruses that were circulating in
      chickens or ducks. Several unique mutations, not reported before in any Egyptian
      isolates, were detected in the internal genes (i.e., polymerase residues PB1-V3D,
      PB1-K363R, PA-A369V, and PA-V602I; nucleoprotein residue NP-R38K; and
      nonstructural protein residues NS1-D120N and NS2-F55C). Our findings suggested
      that pigeons are naturally infected with H5N1 virus and can be a potential
      reservoir for transmission to humans, and showed the importance of genetic
      analysis of H5N1 internal genes.

PMID- 27369429
TI  - Detection of novel ferret coronaviruses and evidence of recombination among
      ferret coronaviruses.
AB  - In an epidemiological study of ferret coronaviruses (FRCoVs), novel FRCoV strains
      (Saitama-1 and Aichi-1) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain
      reaction (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequence analysis of partial RNA-dependent RNA
      polymerase (RdRp) genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these strains
      belonged to different clusters from other FRCoV strains. Next, the nucleotide
      sequence of the 3'-terminal region of Saitama-1 (8271 bases) strain was
      determined and compared with those of the other FRCoVs, indicating that the
      Saitama-1 strain differed from the previously reported MSU-1 and MSU-2 strains in
      the regions encoding spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid, and open reading frame 7b.
      Furthermore, the results of SimPlot analysis indicated that FRCoV (MSU-2 strain)
      emerged via a recombination event of S protein between the MSU-1 and Saitama-1
      strains. This mechanism is similar to that responsible for the emergence of type
      II feline coronavirus. This information will be useful for understanding the
      pathogenesis of FRCoV in ferrets.

PMID- 27369430
TI  - Taste of Clindamycin and Acetaminophen.
AB  - This study evaluated the taste palatability of liquid clindamycin and
      acetaminophen products on the market. Subjects rated the palatability of 3
      clindamycin suspensions, 1 amoxicillin suspension (tasted twice), an
      acetaminophen elixir, and an acetaminophen suspension in a randomized blinded
      fashion on a 0 to 5 scale. Forty-six adults aged 20 to 82 years volunteered for
      this study. Means (and 95% confidence intervals) were as follows: amoxicillin
      first taste 3.6 (3.3-3.9), amoxicillin-second taste 3.5 (3.2-3.7). Clindamycin
      Rising, Perrigo, Greenstone; 2.0 (1.6-2.5), 3.0 (2.7-3.3), and 2.2 (1.8-2.6),
      respectively. Acetaminophen elixir 0.6 (0.4-0.8) and acetaminophen suspension 3.4
      (3.1-3.6). One clindamycin tasted significantly better than the others.
      Additionally, although 2 acetaminophen formulations are currently available over
      the-counter, the suspension is more palatable and less costly. Medicaid drug
      programs that perpetuate the use of elixir should change their coverage to save
      money and provide patients access to better tasting acetaminophen.

PMID- 27369432
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369433
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369431
TI  - Expression of CCL21 in Ewing sarcoma shows an inverse correlation with metastases
      and is a candidate target for immunotherapy.
AB  - Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm predominantly occurring in adolescents
      and has a poor prognosis when metastasized. For patients with metastatic disease
      in particular, immunotherapy has been proposed as possible beneficial additive
      therapy. CCL21 activation-based immunotherapy was successful in preclinical
      studies in other tumor types; therefore, we investigated CCL21 expression in
      Ewing sarcoma as potential target for immunotherapy. The CCL21 RNA expression was
      determined in 21 Ewing sarcoma cell lines and 18 primary therapy-naive Ewing
      sarcoma samples. In the tumor samples, this was correlated with the number and
      CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio of infiltrating T cells and clinical parameters. Higher RNA
      expression levels of CCL21 significantly correlated with a lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) T
      cell ratio (P = 0.009), good chemotherapeutic response (P = 0.01) and improved
      outcome (P < 0.001). In patients with metastases, CCL21 expression was
      significantly lower than in patients without (P < 0.0005). CCL21 expression was
      significantly higher in Ewing sarcoma tissue samples compared to cell lines (P <
      0.01), implying the involvement of a stromal factor. Protein expression analysis
      of CCL21 and its receptor CCR7 in 24 therapy-naive tumors showed that there was
      no expression in all bar one Ewing sarcoma cells. In conclusion, CCL21 is
      expressed in clinical Ewing sarcoma samples by nontumor-infiltrating immune
      cells. The observed positive correlation with survival implies that CCL21 might
      be a potential prognostic marker for Ewing sarcoma and marks the potential of
      CCL21 immunotherapy for use in Ewing sarcoma.

PMID- 27369434
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369435
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369436
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369437
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369438
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369439
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369440
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369441
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369442
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369443
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369444
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369445
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369446
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369447
TI  - Liver and cholestatic parameters as prognostic biomarkers of in-hospital MACE in
      patients with STEMI.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Liver and cholestatic parameters are increased in ST-segment
      elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of the present study was to
      evaluate the prognostic value of these parameters to predict in-hospital major
      adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients after STEMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Blood samples of patients with STEMI, who underwent percutaneous coronary
      intervention (PCI) and stent implantation, were retrospectively analysed and
      correlated with in-hospital events. RESULTS: The study population consisted of
      847 consecutive patients (62.4 +/- 13.43 years; 73.8% male). The total in
      hospital MACE rate was 9.8%, driven by death of any cause (8.4%). The Mann
      Whitney U-test revealed that liver and cholestatic parameters (alanine
      transaminase P < 0.0001, aspartate transaminase P < 0.0001, alkaline phosphatase
      (AP) P < 0.0001, gamma-glutamyl transferase P = 0.0006 and total bilirubin P =
      0.0023) were significantly higher in the MACE group. Further logistic regression
      analyses confirmed the correlation between MACE and all five laboratory markers,
      even after adjustment for age and heart enzymes. Logistic regression model
      revealed AP to be the best predictor for worth outcome (OR 1.0188; 95% CI 1.0118
      1.0258; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Liver and cholestatic parameters are elevated in
      patients after STEMI. Increased AP is associated with in-hospital event rates.

PMID- 27369448
TI  - Human neural progenitor cells decrease photoreceptor degeneration, normalize
      opsin distribution and support synapse structure in cultured porcine retina.
AB  - Retinal neurodegenerative disorders like retinitis pigmentosa, age-related
      macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinal detachment decrease
      retinal functionality leading to visual impairment. The pathological events are
      characterized by photoreceptor degeneration, synaptic disassembly, remodeling of
      postsynaptic neurons and activation of glial cells. Despite intense research, no
      effective treatment has been found for these disorders. The current study
      explores the potential of human neural progenitor cell (hNPC) derived factors to
      slow the degenerative processes in adult porcine retinal explants. Retinas were
      cultured for 3 days with or without hNPCs as a feeder layer and investigated by
      terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL),
      immunohistochemical, western blot and quantitative real time-polymerase chain
      reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques. TUNEL showed that hNPCs had the capacity to limit
      photoreceptor cell death. Among cone photoreceptors, hNPC coculture resulted in
      better maintenance of cone outer segments and reduced opsin mislocalization.
      Additionally, maintained synaptic structural integrity and preservation of second
      order calbindin positive horizontal cells was also observed. However, Muller cell
      gliosis only seemed to be alleviated in terms of reduced Muller cell density. Our
      observations indicate that at 3 days of coculture, hNPC derived factors had the
      capacity to protect photoreceptors, maintain synaptic integrity and support
      horizontal cell survival. Human neural progenitor cell applied treatment
      modalities may be an effective strategy to help maintain retinal functionality in
      neurodegenerative pathologies. Whether hNPCs can independently hinder Muller cell
      gliosis by utilizing higher concentrations or by combination with other
      pharmacological agents still needs to be determined.

PMID- 27369449
TI  - Pulsed ultrasound expands the extracellular and perivascular spaces of the brain.
AB  - Diffusion within the extracellular and perivascular spaces of the brain plays an
      important role in biological processes, therapeutic delivery, and clearance
      mechanisms within the central nervous system. Recently, ultrasound has been used
      to enhance the dispersion of locally administered molecules and particles within
      the brain, but ultrasound-mediated effects on the brain parenchyma remain poorly
      understood. We combined an electron microscopy-based ultrastructural analysis
      with high-resolution tracking of non-adhesive nanoparticles in order to probe
      changes in the extracellular and perivascular spaces of the brain following a non
      destructive pulsed ultrasound regimen known to alter diffusivity in other
      tissues. Freshly obtained rat brain neocortical slices underwent sham treatment
      or pulsed, low intensity ultrasound for 5min at 1MHz. Transmission electron
      microscopy revealed intact cells and blood vessels and evidence of enlarged
      spaces, particularly adjacent to blood vessels, in ultrasound-treated brain
      slices. Additionally, ultrasound significantly increased the diffusion rate of
      100nm, 200nm, and 500nm nanoparticles that were injected into the brain slices,
      while 2000nm particles were unaffected. In ultrasound-treated slices, 91.6% of
      the 100nm particles, 20.7% of the 200nm particles, 13.8% of the 500nm particles,
      and 0% of the 2000nm particles exhibited diffusive motion. Thus, pulsed
      ultrasound can have meaningful structural effects on the brain extracellular and
      perivascular spaces without evidence of tissue disruption.

PMID- 27369450
TI  - Probing amyloid beta-induced cell death using a fluorescence-peptide conjugate in
      Alzheimer's disease mouse model.
AB  - With the increasing worldwide incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a
      critical need for the discovery of more effective diagnostic methods. However,
      development of diagnostic tools in AD has been hindered by obstacles such as the
      absence of exact biomarkers. Apoptosis caused by amyloid-beta (Abeta) plays an
      important role in AD pathology; therefore, provides an attractive biological
      target for the diagnosis of AD. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential
      of small peptide, named ApoPep-1 (Apoptosis-targeting peptide-1) as a new
      apoptosis imaging agent in AD. The fluorescein-conjugated ApoPep-1, but not the
      control peptide, targeted apoptotic cells in the brain of amyloid precursor
      protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) mice. We also observed fluorescence signals
      during in vivo imaging of apoptotic cells using ApoPep-1, and fluorescence levels
      increased in an age-dependent manner in APP/PS1 mice. Ex vivo imaging of isolated
      brains in APP/PS1 mice further confirmed the targeting of ApoPep-1 to apoptotic
      cells. The fluorescein-labeled ApoPep-1 co-localized with brain cells such as
      neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, all of which undergo apoptosis in the APP/PS1
      mice brain. These findings demonstrate that ApoPep-1 can target apoptotic brain
      cells, and be used for experimental investigations relevant to apoptosis in AD.

PMID- 27369452
TI  - SAPHO: Treatment options including bisphosphonates.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Both the diagnosis and treatment of the syndrome of synovitis,
      acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) remain difficult. We describe a
      case series of 21 patients with SAPHO and their response to several
      pharmacological treatments. METHODS: Clinical and biochemical data, along with
      medical imaging, were collected from the medical records of 21 patients,
      diagnosed as SAPHO during follow-up between 2005 and 2013. Symptoms and
      inflammatory markers were recorded twice, once at first patient presentation, and
      once at the end of follow-up. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and
      osteitis were labeled as defining features. All treatment options were
      categorized according to their respective responses (full remission, partial
      remission, and no disease control). RESULTS: There was a female predominance and
      a median age of 32 years (range: 12-54 years). Median follow-up duration was 45
      months (range: 0-188 months). Total prevalence of defining features in this
      cohort increased for each defining feature during follow-up, except for acne. All
      patients reached full or partial remission at the end of follow-up. A total of 14
      patients were treated with bisphosphonates. Of which 8 of them went into full or
      partial remission. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our case series, none of the
      patients had the full presentation of SAPHO at the first consultation. Some
      presented with symptoms suggestive for psoriatic arthritis. This explains why
      diagnosis of SAPHO can be challenging. Full remission was induced in the majority
      of individuals. Bisphosphonates seem to be a noteworthy treatment option. We
      suggest a prospective placebo-controlled clinical trial with bisphosphonates to
      confirm this observation.

PMID- 27369451
TI  - Discovery of a novel small molecule agonist scaffold for the APJ receptor.
AB  - The apelinergic system includes a series of endogenous peptides apelin,
      ELABELA/TODDLER and their 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled apelin receptor (APJ,
      AGTRL-1, APLNR). The APJ receptor is an attractive therapeutic target because of
      its involvement in cardiovascular diseases and potentially other disorders
      including liver fibrosis, obesity, diabetes, and neuroprotection. To date,
      pharmacological characterization of the APJ receptor has been limited due to the
      lack of small molecule functional agonists or antagonists. Through focused
      screening we identified a drug-like small molecule agonist hit 1 with a
      functional EC50 value of 21.5+/-5MUM and binding affinity (Ki) of 5.2+/-0.5MUM.
      Initial structure-activity studies afforded compound 22 having a 27-fold
      enhancement in potency and the first sub-micromolar full agonist with an EC50
      value of 800+/-0.1nM and Ki of 1.3+/-0.3MUM. Preliminary SAR, synthetic
      methodology, and in vitro pharmacological characterization indicate this scaffold
      will serve as a favorable starting point for further refinement of APJ potency
      and selectivity.

PMID- 27369453
TI  - Recurrent hybridization and recent origin obscure phylogenetic relationships
      within the 'white-headed' gull (Larus sp.) complex.
AB  - Species complexes that have undergone recent radiations are often characterized
      by extensive allele sharing due to recent ancestry and (or) introgressive
      hybridization. This can result in discordant evolutionary histories of genes and
      heterogeneous genomes, making delineating species limits difficult. Here we
      examine the phylogenetic relationships among a complex group of birds, the white
      headed gulls (Aves: Laridae), which offer a unique window into the speciation
      process due to their recent evolutionary history and propensity to hybridize.
      Relationships were examined among 17 species (61 populations) using a multilocus
      approach, including mitochondrial and nuclear intron DNA sequences and
      microsatellite genotype information. Analyses of microsatellite and intron data
      resulted in some species-based groupings, although most species were not
      represented by a single cluster. Considerable allele and haplotype sharing among
      white-headed gull species was observed; no locus contained a species-specific
      clade. Despite this, our multilocus approach provided better resolution among
      some species than previous studies. Interestingly, most clades appear to
      correspond to geographic locality: our BEAST analysis recovered strong support
      for a northern European/Icelandic clade, a southern European/Russian clade, and a
      western North American/canus clade, with weak evidence for a high latitude clade
      spanning North America and northwestern Europe. This geographical structuring is
      concordant with behavioral observations of pervasive hybridization in areas of
      secondary contact. The extent of allele and haplotype sharing indicates that
      ecological and sexual selection are likely not strong enough to complete
      reproductive isolation within several species in the white-headed gull complex.
      This suggests that just a few genes are driving the speciation process.

PMID- 27369454
TI  - Rapid and recent diversification of curassows, guans, and chachalacas
      (Galliformes: Cracidae) out of Mesoamerica: Phylogeny inferred from
      mitochondrial, intron, and ultraconserved element sequences.
AB  - The Cracidae (curassows, guans, and chachalacas) include some of the most
      spectacular and endangered Neotropical bird species. They lack a comprehensive
      phylogenetic hypothesis, hence their geographic origin and the history of their
      diversification remain unclear. We present a species-level phylogeny of Cracidae
      inferred from a matrix of 430 ultraconserved elements (UCEs; at least one species
      sampled per genus) and eight more variable loci (introns and mtDNA; all available
      species). We use this phylogeny along with probabilistic biogeographic modeling
      to test whether Gondwanan vicariance, ancient dispersal to South America, ancient
      dispersal from South America, or massive global cooling isolated cracids in the
      Neotropics. Contrary to previous estimates that extant cracids diversified in the
      Cretaceous, our fossil-calibrated divergence time estimates instead support that
      crown Cracidae originated in the late Miocene. Species-rich genera Crax,
      Penelope, and Ortalis began diversifying as recently as 3Mya. Biogeographic
      reconstructions indicate that modern cracids originated in Mesoamerica and were
      isolated from a widespread Laurasian ancestor, consistent with the massive global
      cooling hypothesis. Current South American diversity is the result of multiple
      colonization events following uplift of the Panamanian Isthmus, coupled with
      rapid diversification and evolution of secondary sympatry. Of the four major
      cracid lineages (curassows, chachalacas, typical guans, horned guan), the only
      lineage that has failed to colonize and diversify South America is the unique
      horned guan (Oreophasis derbianus), which is sister to curassows and chachalacas
      rather than typical guans.

PMID- 27369455
TI  - Phylogenomic analyses of large-scale nuclear genes provide new insights into the
      evolutionary relationships within the rosids.
AB  - The Rosids is one of the largest groups of flowering plants, with 140 families
      and ~70,000 species. Previous phylogenetic studies of the rosids have primarily
      utilized organelle genes that likely differ in evolutionary histories from
      nuclear genes. To better understand the evolutionary history of rosids, it is
      necessary to investigate their phylogenetic relationships using nuclear genes.
      Here, we employed large-scale phylogenomic datasets composed of nuclear genes,
      including 891 clusters of putative orthologous genes. Combined with comprehensive
      taxon sampling covering 63 species representing 14 out of the 17 orders, we
      reconstructed the rosids phylogeny with coalescence and concatenation methods,
      yielding similar tree topologies from all datasets. However, these topologies did
      not agree on the placement of Zygophyllales. Through comprehensive analyses, we
      found that missing data and gene tree heterogeneity were potential factors that
      may mislead concatenation methods, in particular, large amounts of missing data
      under high gene tree heterogeneity. Our results provided new insights into the
      deep phylogenetic relationships of the rosids, and demonstrated that coalescence
      methods may effectively resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the rosids with
      missing data under high gene tree heterogeneity.

PMID- 27369456
TI  - A subset of fat-predominant angiomyolipomas label for MDM2: a potential
      diagnostic pitfall.
AB  - Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are typically benign mesenchymal tumors with variable
      histologic composition. Fat-predominant AMLs can mimic well-differentiated
      liposarcomas (WDLSs) both radiographically and histologically because of the
      abundance of fat with admixed atypical cells resembling lipoblasts. However, the
      treatment and prognosis of AMLs and WDLSs are vastly different.
      Immunohistochemistry for murine double minute 2 (MDM2) has been used to support a
      diagnosis of WDLS; however, MDM2 labeling has not been specifically evaluated in
      fat-predominant AMLs. Here, we evaluated MDM2 immunohistochemistry in 36 AMLs
      (including 14 conventional AMLs, 13 fat-predominant AMLs, 6 fat-rich AMLs, 3
      epithelioid AMLs) and 10 WDLSs. In addition, we labeled cases for HMB45,
      calponin, or actin, which are immunostains traditionally used to label AML. We
      performed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for MDM2 amplification on
      selected cases. By immunohistochemistry, 14% (5/36) of AMLs were MDM2+, including
      23% (3/13) of fat-predominant AMLs. All MDM2+ AMLs evaluated by FISH (n=4) were
      negative for MDM2 amplification. By immunohistochemistry, 90% of WDLSs were
      MDM2+, and both MDM2+ WDLSs evaluated by FISH (n=2) were MDM2 amplified. All 36
      AMLs labeled with HMB45 and calponin or actin. No WDLS labeled with HMB45;
      however, 80% of WDLSs labeled with calponin or actin. Although uncommon, MDM2
      labeling is seen in a subset of fat-predominant AMLs and is a potential
      diagnostic pitfall in the evaluation of fatty tumors of the retroperitoneum.
      HMB45 is more sensitive and specific for AML than calponin or actin, and an
      immunopanel containing both HMB45 and MDM2 may be warranted to distinguish
      between fat-predominant AML and WDLS in histologically ambiguous cases.

PMID- 27369457
TI  - Biohydroxylation of 7-oxo-DHEA, a natural metabolite of DHEA, resulting in
      formation of new metabolites of potential pharmaceutical interest.
AB  - Metabolism of steroids in healthy and unhealthy human organs is the subject of
      extensive clinical and biomedical studies. For this kind of investigations, it is
      essential that the reference samples of new derivatives of natural,
      physiologically active steroids (especially those difficult to achieve in the
      chemical synthesis) become available. This study demonstrated for the first time
      transformation of 7-oxo-DHEA-a natural metabolite of DHEA, using Syncephalastrum
      racemosum cells. The single-pulse fermentation of substrate produced two new
      hydroxy metabolites: 1beta,3beta-dihydroxy-androst-5-en-7,17-dione and
      3beta,12beta-dihydroxy-androst-5-en-7,17-dione, along with the earlier reported
      3beta,9alpha-dihydroxy-androst-5-en-7,17-dione and 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-androst
      5-en-7-one. Simultaneously, the same metabolites, together with small quantities
      of 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA, as well as the products of their reduction at
      the C-17 were obtained after transformation of DHEA under pulse-feeding of the
      substrate. The observed reactions suggested that this micro-organism contains
      enzymes exhibiting similar activity to those present in human cells. Thus, the
      resulting compounds can be considered as potential components of the eukaryotic,
      including human, metabolome.

PMID- 27369458
TI  - The Three-item ALERT-B Questionnaire Provides a Validated Screening Tool to
      Detect Chronic Gastrointestinal Symptoms after Pelvic Radiotherapy in Cancer
      Survivors.
AB  - AIMS: Although pelvic radiotherapy is an effective treatment for various
      malignancies, around half of patients develop significant gastrointestinal
      problems. These symptoms often remain undetected, despite the existence of
      effective treatments. This study developed and refined a simple screening tool to
      detect common gastrointestinal symptoms in outpatient clinics. These symptoms
      have a significant effect on quality of life. This tool will increase detection
      rates and so enable access to specialist gastroenterologists, which will in turn
      lead to improved symptom control and quality of life after treatment. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A literature review and expert consensus meeting identified four
      items for the ALERT-B (Assessment of Late Effects of RadioTherapy - Bowel)
      screening tool. ALERT-B was face tested for its usability and acceptability using
      cognitive interviews with 12 patients experiencing late gastrointestinal symptoms
      after pelvic radiotherapy. Thematic analysis and probe category were used to
      analyse interview transcripts. Interview data were presented to a group of
      experts to agree on the final content and format of the tool. ALERT-B was
      assessed for reliability and tested for validity against the Gastrointestinal
      Symptom Rating Scale in a clinical study (EAGLE). RESULTS: Overall, the tool was
      found to be acceptable in terms of wording, response format and completion time.
      Participant-reported experiences, including lifestyle modifications and the
      psychological effect of the symptoms, led to further modifications of the tool.
      The refined tool includes three questions covering rectal bleeding, incontinence,
      nocturnal bowel movements and impact on quality of life, including mood,
      relationships and socialising. ALERT-B was successfully validated against the
      Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale in the EAGLE study with the tool shown
      broadly to be internally consistent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.61 and all item
      subscale correlation [Spearman] coefficients are > 0.6). CONCLUSION: The ALERT-B
      screening tool can be used in clinical practice to improve post-treatment
      supportive care by triggering the clinical assessment of patients suitable for
      referral to a gastroenterologist.

PMID- 27369459
TI  - Outcomes Following a Moderately Hypofractionated Adjuvant Radiation (START B
      Type) Schedule for Breast Cancer in an Unscreened Non-Caucasian Population.
AB  - AIMS: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Western data have
      confirmed hypofractionated radiation therapy to be safe and effective in the
      adjuvant radiation therapy of breast cancers. We report the disease-related
      outcomes in a non-Caucasian, unscreened population treated with hypofractionated
      radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Unselected case notes of patients presenting to
      a tertiary cancer centre between June 2011 and December 2013 were reviewed from
      the electronic hospital case records. Patients with a diagnosis of non-metastatic
      invasive non-sarcomatous breast cancer were identified. Demographic information,
      oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 status, pathological
      tumour, nodal stage at diagnosis and outcomes of treatment, including systemic
      therapies, surgery and hypofractionated radiation, were documented. Local
      recurrence rates, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival were
      calculated. RESULTS: Overall 925 patents were identified, median age 53.0 years
      (interquartile range 45-61), 330 of whom had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The median
      follow-up time was 22.6 months and 23.5 months for overall and neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy groups, respectively. ER, PR and HER2 status was available in 788
      patients, 77.2% of whom were ER/PR positive, 14.7% had triple negative disease,
      while 9.5% were HER2 rich. Overall, 34.2% (113 patients) underwent breast
      conservation surgery; 744 (80.4%) patients were treated with systemic
      chemotherapy and 878 (94.9%) patients received adjuvant radiation therapy, of
      whom 407 (44.0%) received supraclavicular-fossa radiotherapy. Overall survival,
      DFS and locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS) for the overall group were
      93%, 86.9% and 97.1%, respectively. LRRFS in the breast conservation surgery
      versus mastectomy groups were 99% versus 95.5% (P=0.003), with more node-positive
      patients in the mastectomy group. Stage N0/1 had better LRRFS compared with N2/2
      (99.1% versus 95.7%); 94.3% versus 82.3%; P=0.005, 0.000. Grade 3 (53.8%) tumours
      had worse overall survival compared with grade 1 or grade 2 disease (89.6% versus
      100% and 96.4%; P<0.001) although the LRRFS was not significantly different
      between the groups (98.9% versus 97.8%; P=0.37). There was no difference in LRRFS
      based on molecular subtypes. CONCLUSION: Local recurrence rates following
      hypofractionated radiation in our population were comparable with those reported
      by the START trialists and were found to be safe in the medium term for patients
      irrespective of breast conservation surgery/mastectomy or radiotherapy to the
      supraclavicular field. Molecular group frequencies were comparable with Western
      populations but did not affect LRRFS.

PMID- 27369460
TI  - Colonization and demographic expansion of freshwater fauna across the Hawaiian
      archipelago.
AB  - It is widely accepted that insular terrestrial biodiversity progresses with
      island age because colonization and diversification proceed over time. Here, we
      assessed whether this principle extends to oceanic island streams. We examined
      rangewide mtDNA sequence variation in four stream-dwelling species across the
      Hawaiian archipelago to characterize the relationship between colonization and
      demographic expansion, and to determine whether either factor reflects island
      age. We found that colonization and demographic expansion are not related and
      that neither corresponds to island age. The snail Neritina granosa exhibited the
      oldest colonization time (~2.713 mya) and time since demographic expansion (~282
      kya), likely reflecting a preference for lotic habitats most prevalent on young
      islands. Conversely, gobioid fishes (Awaous stamineus, Eleotris sandwicensis and
      Sicyopterus stimpsoni) colonized the archipelago only ~0.411-0.935 mya,
      suggesting ecological opportunities for colonization in this group were
      temporally constrained. These findings indicate that stream communities form
      across colonization windows, underscoring the importance of ecological
      opportunities in shaping island freshwater diversity.

PMID- 27369461
TI  - DNA Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis by Direct Detection of the Af508 Mutation.
AB  - Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most frequent recessive disorders among
      Caucasians. DNA analysis is perfonned by linkage analysis with DNA markers
      tightly linked to the CF gene. Cloning and sequencing of the cystic fibrosis
      gene, however, revealed ti.lat the major disease mutation is a phenylalanine
      deletion at amino acid position 508 of the mature protein (dF508). These recent
      discoveries open great perspectives for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and for
      the detection of carriers in the nonnal population. In the present study we have
      used the polymerase chain reaction to detect the dF508 mutation. This mutation
      was present on 80.3% of the CF chromosomes in the Belgian population. Twenty
      three of 740 nonnal individuals (3, I %) were heterozygous carriers. Therefore,
      the frequencyofheterozygous carriers in the Belgian population is estimated to be
      about 3, 9 % or I in every 26 individuals. 

PMID- 27369462
TI  - Clinical Problem Solving Series.

PMID- 27369464
TI  - Additive sex-specific influence of common non-synonymous DISC1 variants on
      amygdala, basal ganglia, and white cortical surface area in healthy young adults.
AB  - The disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) gene is known for its role in the
      development of mental disorders. It is also involved in neurodevelopment,
      cognition, and memory. To investigate the association between DISC1 variants and
      brain morphology, we analyzed the influence of the three common non-synonymous
      polymorphisms in DISC1 on specific brain structures in healthy young adults. The
      volumes of brain regions were determined in 145 subjects by magnetic resonance
      imaging and automated analysis using FreeSurfer. Genotyping was performed by high
      resolution melting of amplified products. In an additive genetic model, rs6675281
      (Leu607Phe), rs3738401 (Arg264Gln), and rs821616 (Ser704Cys) significantly
      explained the volume variance of the amygdala (p = 0.007) and the pallidum (p =
      0.004). A higher cumulative portion of minor alleles was associated with larger
      volumes of the amygdala (p = 0.005), the pallidum (p = 0.001), the caudate (p =
      0.024), and the putamen (p = 0.007). Sex-stratified analysis revealed a strong
      genetic effect of rs6675281 on putamen and pallidum in females but not in males
      and an opposite influence of rs3738401 on the white cortical surface in females
      compared to males. The strongest single association was found for rs821616 and
      the amygdala volume in male subjects (p < 0.001). No effect was detected for the
      nucleus accumbens. We report-to our knowledge-for the first time a significant
      and sex-specific influence of common DISC1 variants on volumes of the basal
      ganglia, the amygdala and on the cortical surface area. Our results demonstrate
      that the additive model of all three polymorphisms outperforms their single
      analysis.

PMID- 27369465
TI  - Inducing theta oscillations in the entorhinal hippocampal network in vitro.
AB  - The hippocampal theta rhythm emerges as rhythmic and synchronized activities
      among the hippocampus and hippocampus-associated brain regions during active
      exploration, providing a potential means for inter-regional communication.
      However, after decades of research, the origins of the theta rhythm remain
      elusive, at least partly due to the difficulty in recording from all three
      essential regions for theta generation, namely the hippocampus itself, the
      septum, and the entorhinal cortex. For this reason, we established an in vitro
      theta model in a septo-entorhinal-hippocampal brain slice tri-culture system by
      pairing septal cholinergic inputs with hippocampal local activities. Our study
      shows that the local entorhinal cortical circuit may play an active and critical
      role in hippocampal theta rhythm generation. Our study also reveals a potential
      mechanism for theta rhythms to emerge as the functional results of dynamic
      interactions among the septum, hippocampus, and the entorhinal cortex, in the
      absence of clear pace makers.

PMID- 27369466
TI  - Experimental and theoretical studies of copper complexes with isomeric dipeptides
      as novel candidates against breast cancer.
AB  - In the search for new cytotoxic drugs, two copper complexes with isomeric
      dipeptides (Ala-Phe and Phe-Ala) were developed in order to determine the
      influence of their different structures in the modulation of the chemical,
      biochemical and biological properties. Spectroscopic, voltammetric and
      equilibrium studies were performed providing information about the chemical
      properties. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was studied and showed
      differences of IC50 for both Cu-Ala-Phe (IC50=4.5) and Cu-Phe-Ala (IC50=45). The
      computational results permitted to explain this behavior proposing that it is
      feasible that the O2- anion is attracted straight to the positive zone in Cu-Ala
      Phe whereas for Cu-Phe-Ala this phenomenon would happen to a smaller extent.
      Confirming our previous studies, both complexes interacted with DNA. Molecular
      docking studies showed that the position of the phenyl ring modulates the complex
      DNA affinity and in Cu-Ala-Phe the docked conformation allows the copper ion to
      face the DNA basis, giving rise to a more stable complex-DNA adduct than for Cu
      Phe-Ala. In spite of the fact that Atomic Force Microscopy showed plasmid
      compactation and aggregation for both complexes, the image showed softer changes
      in the case of Cu-Ala-Phe in comparison with those produced by Cu-Phe-Ala. In
      order to evaluate the effect of Cu-Ala-Phe and Cu-Phe-Ala complexes against tumor
      cells, we have employed three aggressive metastatic breast adenocarcinoma
      cellular models, derived from human (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and mouse (4T1)
      spontaneous tumors. These experiments showed that both Cu-dipeptide complexes
      have a similar cytotoxic effect against breast cancer cells, and lower toxicity
      against BJ non-tumor cells in comparison to Cisplatin.

PMID- 27369467
TI  - Evaluation of DNA methylation at imprinted DMRs in the spermatozoa of
      oligozoospermic men in association with MTHFR C677T genotype.
AB  - Altered DNA methylation has been previously identified in the spermatozoa of
      infertile men; however, the origins of these errors are poorly understood. DNA
      methylation is an epigenetic modification which is thought to play a fundamental
      role in male germline development. DNA methylation reactions rely on the cellular
      availability of methyl donors, which are primarily products of folate metabolism,
      where a key enzyme is methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). The MTHFR
      C677T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) reduces enzyme activity and may
      potentially alter DNA methylation processes during germline development. The
      objective of this study was to determine whether altered DNA methylation in
      spermatozoa is associated with the MTHFR C677T SNP. DNA methylation was evaluated
      at the H19, IG-GTL2, and MEST imprinted differentially methylated regions in the
      spermatozoa of 53 men - 44 oligozoospermic men and nine fertile men with normal
      sperm parameters via bisulfite sequencing of sperm clones. The 44 infertile men
      were stratified by severity of oligozoospermia - three normal (>15 million
      spermatozoa/mL), eight moderate (5-15 million spermatozoa/mL), 23 severe (1-5
      million spermatozoa/mL), and 10 very severe (<1 million spermatozoa/mL). MTHFR
      C677T SNP genotyping was conducted in a subset of 44 peripheral blood samples via
      restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of three men - severe
      oligozoospermic and CT genotype - were found to be altered, which is defined as
      having >=50% of their clones altered, where an altered clone was in turn defined
      as >=50% of CpGs with incorrect DNA methylation patterns. The incidence of three
      altered men within the CT subgroup, however, was not significantly higher than
      the incidence in the CC subgroup. Taken together, altered DNA methylation in
      spermatozoa was not significantly associated with the MTHFR C677T SNP; however,
      there was a trend for higher incidence of alterations among severe
      oligozoospermic infertile men with CT genotypes.

PMID- 27369468
TI  - Ability of paramedics to perform endotracheal intubation during continuous chest
      compressions: a randomized cadaver study comparing Pentax AWS and Macintosh
      laryngoscopes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the trial was to compare the time parameters for intubation
      with the use of the Macintosh (MAC) laryngoscope and Pentax AWS-S100
      videolaryngoscope (AWS; Pentax Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with and without chest
      compression (CC) by paramedics during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation in
      a cadaver model. METHODS: This was a randomized crossover cadaver trial. Thirty
      five paramedics with no experience in videolaryngoscopy participated in the
      study. They performed intubation in two emergency scenarios: scenario A, normal
      airway without CC; scenario B, normal airway with continuous CC. RESULTS: The
      median time to first ventilation with the use of the AWS and the MAC was similar
      in scenario A: 25 (IQR, 22-27) seconds vs. 24 (IQR, 22.5-26) seconds (P=.072). A
      statistically significant difference in TTFV between AWS and MAC was noticed in
      scenario B (P=.011). In scenario A, the first endotracheal intubation (ETI)
      attempt success rate was achieved in 97.1% with AWS compared with 94.3% with MAC
      (P=.43). In scenario B, the success rate after the first ETI attempt with the use
      of the different intubation methods varied and amounted to 88.6% vs. 77.1% for
      AWS and MAC, respectively (P=.002). CONCLUSIONS: The Pentax AWS offered a
      superior glottic view as compared with the MAC laryngoscope, which was associated
      with a higher intubation rate and a shorter intubation time during an
      uninterrupted CC scenario. However, in the scenario without CC, the results for
      AWS and MAC were comparable.

PMID- 27369470
TI  - Incentivizing Patient Choices: The Ethics of Inclusive Shared Savings.
AB  - Is it ethical to pay patients for selecting cheaper medical treatments? The
      healthcare system in the United States is notoriously profligate, at least in
      part because when insurers foot the bill, patients have little incentive to avoid
      wasteful treatments. One familiar means for dealing with this problem is for
      insurers to offer reduced co-pays to patients who select cheaper treatments.
      Would it be ethical to take this one step further, beyond the zero bound, sharing
      the savings of cheaper treatments by positively paying the patients who select
      them? Schmidt & Emanuel recently proposed this policy of 'Inclusive Shared
      Savings' (ISS). This article examines various ethical objections to the idea.

PMID- 27369469
TI  - Ingestion of the epoxide hydrolase inhibitor AUDA modulates immune responses of
      the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus during blood feeding.
AB  - Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes that play roles in metabolizing xenobiotic
      epoxides from the environment, and in regulating lipid signaling molecules, such
      as juvenile hormones in insects and epoxy fatty acids in mammals. In this study
      we fed mosquitoes with an epoxide hydrolase inhibitor AUDA during artificial
      blood feeding, and we found the inhibitor increased the concentration of epoxy
      fatty acids in the midgut of female mosquitoes. We also observed ingestion of
      AUDA triggered early expression of defensin A, cecropin A and cecropin B2 at 6 h
      after blood feeding. The expression of cecropin B1 and gambicin were not changed
      more than two fold compared to controls. The changes in gene expression were
      transient possibly because more than 99% of the inhibitor was metabolized or
      excreted at 42 h after being ingested. The ingestion of AUDA also affected the
      growth of bacteria colonizing in the midgut, but did not affect mosquito
      longevity, fecundity and fertility in our laboratory conditions. When spiked into
      the blood, EpOMEs and DiHOMEs were as effective as the inhibitor AUDA in reducing
      the bacterial load in the midgut, while EETs rescued the effects of AUDA. Our
      data suggest that epoxy fatty acids from host blood are immune response
      regulators metabolized by epoxide hydrolases in the midgut of female mosquitoes,
      inhibition of which causes transient changes in immune responses, and affects
      growth of microbes in the midgut.

PMID- 27369471
TI  - The Relationship of Intellectual Functioning and Cognitive Performance to Brain
      Structure in Schizophrenia.
AB  - Background: Schizophrenia (SZ) is often characterized by cognitive and
      intellectual impairment. However, there is much heterogeneity across individuals,
      suggesting different trajectories of the illness. Recent findings have shown
      brain volume differences across subgroups of individuals with psychosis (SZ and
      bipolar disorder), such that those with intellectual and cognitive impairments
      presented evidence of early cerebral disruption, while those with cognitive but
      not intellectual impairments showed evidence of progressive brain abnormalities.
      Our aim was to investigate the relations of cognition and intellectual
      functioning with brain structure abnormalities in a sample of SZ compared to
      unaffected individuals. Methods: 92 individuals with SZ and 94 healthy controls
      part of the Northwestern University Schizophrenia Data and Software Tool
      (NUSDAST) underwent neuropsychological assessment and structural magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). Individuals with SZ were divided into subgroups
      according their estimated premorbid crystallized intellectual (ePMC-IQ) and
      cognitive performance. Brain volumes differences were investigated across groups.
      Results: SZ with ePMC-IQ and cognitive impairments had reduced total brain volume
      (TBV), intracranial volume (ICV), TBV corrected for ICV, and cortical gray matter
      volume, as well as reduced cortical thickness, and insula volumes. SZ with
      cognitive impairment but intact ePMC-IQ showed only reduced cortical gray matter
      volume and cortical thickness. Conclusions: These data provide additional
      evidence for heterogeneity in SZ. Impairments in cognition associated with
      reduced ePMC-IQ were related to evidence of broad brain structural alterations,
      including suggestion of early cerebral disruption. In contrast, impaired
      cognitive functioning in the context of more intact intellectual functioning was
      associated with cortical alterations that may reflect neurodegeneration.

PMID- 27369473
TI  - Why do we need a social psychiatry?
AB  - Human beings are social animals, and familial or social relationships can cause a
      variety of difficulties as well as providing support in our social functioning.
      The traditional way of looking at mental illness has focused on abnormal
      thoughts, actions and behaviours in response to internal causes (such as
      biological factors) as well as external ones such as social determinants and
      social stressors. We contend that psychiatry is social. Mental illness and
      interventions in psychiatry should be considered in the framework of social
      context where patients live and factors they face on a daily basis.

PMID- 27369474
TI  - Global mental health in high-income countries.
AB  - Over the past decade there have been significant efforts to scale-up mental
      health services in resource-poor countries. A number of cost-effective
      innovations have emerged as a result. At the same time, there is increasing
      concern in resource-rich countries about efficacy, efficiency and acceptability
      of mental health services. We consider two specific innovations used widely in
      low- and middle-income countries, task-sharing and a development model of mental
      healthcare, that we believe have the potential to address some of the current
      challenges facing mental health services in high-income countries.

PMID- 27369472
TI  - Neuroanatomical Predictors of Functional Outcome in Individuals at Ultra-High
      Risk for Psychosis.
AB  - Most individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis do not transition to
      frank illness. Nevertheless, many have poor clinical outcomes and impaired
      psychosocial functioning. This study used voxel-based morphometry to investigate
      if baseline grey and white matter brain densities at identification as UHR were
      associated with functional outcome at medium- to long-term follow-up.
      Participants were help-seeking UHR individuals (n = 109, 54M:55F) who underwent
      magnetic resonance imaging at baseline; functional outcome was assessed an
      average of 9.2 years later. Primary analysis showed that lower baseline grey
      matter density, but not white matter density, in bilateral frontal and limbic
      areas, and left cerebellar declive were associated with poorer functional outcome
      (Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale [SOFAS]). These findings
      were independent of transition to psychosis or persistence of the at-risk mental
      state. Similar regions were significantly associated with lower self-reported
      levels of social functioning and increased negative symptoms at follow-up.
      Exploratory analyses showed that lower baseline grey matter densities in middle
      and inferior frontal gyri were significantly associated with decline in Global
      Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score over follow-up. There was no association
      between baseline grey matter density and IQ or positive symptoms at follow-up.
      The current findings provide novel evidence that those with the poorest
      functional outcomes have the lowest grey matter densities at identification as
      UHR, regardless of transition status or persistence of the at-risk mental state.
      Replication and validation of these findings may allow for early identification
      of poor functional outcome and targeted interventions.

PMID- 27369475
TI  - Negative results in phase III trials of complex interventions: cause for concern
      or just good science?
AB  - Not all interventions that show promise in exploratory trials will be supported
      in phase III studies. But the high failure rate in recent trials of complex
      mental health interventions is a concern. Proper consideration of trial processes
      and greater use of adaptive trial designs could ensure better use of available
      resources.

PMID- 27369480
TI  - Dr Peter Mark Roget (1779-1869) - psychiatry in history.

PMID- 27369477
TI  - Service user, patient, survivor or client ... has the time come to return to
      'patient'?
AB  - Recently, the Council of the UK Royal College of Psychiatrists agreed to use the
      term 'patient' as the preferred collective noun when referring to people
      accessing mental health services in its official documentation. Choices regarding
      terminology have the power to influence those who use such terms and here, David
      Christmas and Angela Sweeney debate the issue of whether such a decision is
      appropriate or whether we need to be more careful about the terms we use.

PMID- 27369481
TI  - ECT, cognitive function and neuropsychological testing.

PMID- 27369482
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27369483
TI  - Defining clinically significant change.

PMID- 27369484
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27369489
TI  - Communication: Proton NMR dipolar-correlation effect as a method for
      investigating segmental diffusion in polymer melts.
AB  - A simple and fast method for the investigation of segmental diffusion in high
      molar mass polymer melts is presented. The method is based on a special function,
      called proton dipolar-correlation build-up function, which is constructed from
      Hahn Echo signals measured at times t and t/2. The initial rise of this function
      contains additive contributions from both inter- and intramolecular magnetic
      dipole-dipole interactions. The intermolecular contribution depends on the
      relative mean squared displacements (MSDs) of polymer segments from different
      macromolecules, while the intramolecular part reflects segmental reorientations.
      Separation of both contributions via isotope dilution provides access to
      segmental displacements in polymer melts at millisecond range, which is hardly
      accessible by other methods. The feasibility of the method is illustrated by
      investigating protonated and deuterated polybutadiene melts with molecular mass
      196 000 g/mol at different temperatures. The observed exponent of the power law
      of the segmental MSD is close to 0.32 +/- 0.03 at times when the root MSD is in
      between 45 A and 75 A, and the intermolecular proton dipole-dipole contribution
      to the total proton Hahn Echo NMR signal is larger than 50% and increases with
      time. 

PMID- 27369488
TI  - Rationale and design of the Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study: a randomized
      trial assessing the efficacy of the addition of an interactive, personalized, web
      based, lifestyle intervention tool to an existing health information web platform
      in a high-risk employee population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes confer a high risk for
      developing subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Persons with MetS constitute
      24-34 % of the employee population at Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF), a self
      insured healthcare organization. The Baptist Employee Healthy Heart Study (BEHHS)
      aims to assess the addition of a personalized, interactive, web-based, nutrition
      management and lifestyle-management program to the existing health-expertise web
      platform available to BHSF employees in reducing and/or stabilizing CVD and
      lifestyle risk factors and markers of subclinical CVD. METHODS/DESIGN: Subjects
      with MetS or Type II Diabetes will be recruited from an employee population at
      BHSF and randomized to either an intervention or a control arm. The intervention
      arm will be given access to a web-based personalized diet-modification and weight
      modification program. The control arm will be reminded to use the standard
      informational health website available and accessible to all BHSF employees.
      Subjects will undergo coronary calcium testing, carotid intima-media thickness
      scans, peripheral arterial tonometry, and advanced lipid panel testing at visit
      1, in addition to lifestyle and medical history questionnaires. All tests will be
      repeated at visits 2 and 4 with the exception of the coronary calcium test, which
      will only be performed at baseline and visit 4. Visit 3 will capture vitals,
      anthropometrics, and responses to the questionnaires only. CONCLUSION: Results of
      this study will provide information on the effectiveness of personalized, web
      based, lifestyle-management tools in reducing healthcare costs, promoting healthy
      choices, and reducing cardiovascular risk in an employee population. It will also
      provide information about the natural history of carotid atherosclerosis and
      endothelial dysfunction in asymptomatic but high-risk populations. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov registry, NCT01912209 . Registered on 3 July
      2013.

PMID- 27369490
TI  - Communication: Visualization and spectroscopy of defects induced by
      dehydrogenation in individual silicon nanocrystals.
AB  - We present results of a scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) study of the impact
      of dehydrogenation on the electronic structures of hydrogen-passivated silicon
      nanocrystals (SiNCs) supported on the Au(111) surface. Gradual dehydrogenation is
      achieved by injecting high-energy electrons into individual SiNCs, which results,
      initially, in reduction of the electronic bandgap, and eventually produces midgap
      electronic states. We use theoretical calculations to show that the STS spectra
      of midgap states are consistent with the presence of silicon dangling bonds,
      which are found in different charge states. Our calculations also suggest that
      the observed initial reduction of the electronic bandgap is attributable to the
      SiNC surface reconstruction induced by conversion of surface dihydrides to
      monohydrides due to hydrogen desorption. Our results thus provide the first
      visualization of the SiNC electronic structure evolution induced by
      dehydrogenation and provide direct evidence for the existence of diverse dangling
      bond states on the SiNC surfaces. 

PMID- 27369491
TI  - Dissipative particle dynamics of diffusion-NMR requires high Schmidt-numbers.
AB  - We present an efficient mesoscale model to simulate the diffusion measurement
      with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). On the level of mesoscopic thermal motion
      of fluid particles, we couple the Bloch equations with dissipative particle
      dynamics (DPD). Thereby we establish a physically consistent scaling relation
      between the diffusion constant measured for DPD-particles and the diffusion
      constant of a real fluid. The latter is based on a splitting into a centre-of
      mass contribution represented by DPD, and an internal contribution which is not
      resolved in the DPD-level of description. As a consequence, simulating the centre
      of-mass contribution with DPD requires high Schmidt numbers. After a verification
      for fundamental pulse sequences, we apply the NMR-DPD method to NMR diffusion
      measurements of anisotropic fluids, and of fluids restricted by walls of
      microfluidic channels. For the latter, the free diffusion and the localisation
      regime are considered. 

PMID- 27369492
TI  - Tensor representation techniques for full configuration interaction: A Fock space
      approach using the canonical product format.
AB  - In this proof-of-principle study, we apply tensor decomposition techniques to the
      Full Configuration Interaction (FCI) wavefunction in order to approximate the
      wavefunction parameters efficiently and to reduce the overall computational
      effort. For this purpose, the wavefunction ansatz is formulated in an occupation
      number vector representation that ensures antisymmetry. If the canonical product
      format tensor decomposition is then applied, the Hamiltonian and the wavefunction
      can be cast into a multilinear product form. As a consequence, the number of
      wavefunction parameters does not scale to the power of the number of particles
      (or orbitals) but depends on the rank of the approximation and linearly on the
      number of particles. The degree of approximation can be controlled by a single
      threshold for the rank reduction procedure required in the algorithm. We
      demonstrate that using this approximation, the FCI Hamiltonian matrix can be
      stored with N(5) scaling. The error of the approximation that is introduced is
      below Millihartree for a threshold of epsilon = 10(-4) and no convergence
      problems are observed solving the FCI equations iteratively in the new format.
      While promising conceptually, all effort of the algorithm is shifted to the
      required rank reduction procedure after the contraction of the Hamiltonian with
      the coefficient tensor. At the current state, this crucial step is the bottleneck
      of our approach and even for an optimistic estimate, the algorithm scales beyond
      N(10) and future work has to be directed towards reduction-free algorithms. 

PMID- 27369493
TI  - On the existence of the optimal order for wavefunction extrapolation in Born
      Oppenheimer molecular dynamics.
AB  - Wavefunction extrapolation greatly reduces the number of self-consistent field
      (SCF) iterations and thus the overall computational cost of Born-Oppenheimer
      molecular dynamics (BOMD) that is based on the Kohn-Sham density functional
      theory. Going against the intuition that the higher order of extrapolation
      possesses a better accuracy, we demonstrate, from both theoretical and numerical
      perspectives, that the extrapolation accuracy firstly increases and then
      decreases with respect to the order, and an optimal extrapolation order in terms
      of minimal number of SCF iterations always exists. We also prove that the optimal
      order tends to be larger when using larger MD time steps or more strict SCF
      convergence criteria. By example BOMD simulations of a solid copper system, we
      show that the optimal extrapolation order covers a broad range when varying the
      MD time step or the SCF convergence criterion. Therefore, we suggest the
      necessity for BOMD simulation packages to open the user interface and to provide
      more choices on the extrapolation order. Another factor that may influence the
      extrapolation accuracy is the alignment scheme that eliminates the discontinuity
      in the wavefunctions with respect to the atomic or cell variables. We prove the
      equivalence between the two existing schemes, thus the implementation of either
      of them does not lead to essential difference in the extrapolation accuracy. 

PMID- 27369494
TI  - The electron localization as the information content of the conditional pair
      density.
AB  - In the present work, the information gained by an electron for "knowing" about
      the position of another electron with the same spin is calculated using the
      Kullback-Leibler divergence (DKL) between the same-spin conditional pair
      probability density and the marginal probability. DKL is proposed as an electron
      localization measurement, based on the observation that regions of the space with
      high information gain can be associated with strong correlated localized
      electrons. Taking into consideration the scaling of DKL with the number of sigma
      spin electrons of a system (N(sigma)), the quantity chi = (N(sigma) - 1) DKLfcut
      is introduced as a general descriptor that allows the quantification of the
      electron localization in the space. fcut is defined such that it goes smoothly to
      zero for negligible densities. chi is computed for a selection of atomic and
      molecular systems in order to test its capability to determine the region in
      space where electrons are localized. As a general conclusion, chi is able to
      explain the electron structure of molecules on the basis of chemical grounds with
      a high degree of success and to produce a clear differentiation of the
      localization of electrons that can be traced to the fluctuation in the average
      number of electrons in these regions. 

PMID- 27369495
TI  - Non-Condon equilibrium Fermi's golden rule electronic transition rate constants
      via the linearized semiclassical method.
AB  - In this paper, we test the accuracy of the linearized semiclassical (LSC)
      expression for the equilibrium Fermi's golden rule rate constant for electronic
      transitions in the presence of non-Condon effects. We do so by performing a
      comparison with the exact quantum-mechanical result for a model where the donor
      and acceptor potential energy surfaces are parabolic and identical except for
      shifts in the equilibrium energy and geometry, and the coupling between them is
      linear in the nuclear coordinates. Since non-Condon effects may or may not give
      rise to conical intersections, both possibilities are examined by considering:
      (1) A modified Garg-Onuchic-Ambegaokar model for charge transfer in the condensed
      phase, where the donor-acceptor coupling is linear in the primary mode
      coordinate, and for which non-Condon effects do not give rise to a conical
      intersection; (2) the linear vibronic coupling model for electronic transitions
      in gas phase molecules, where non-Condon effects give rise to conical
      intersections. We also present a comprehensive comparison between the linearized
      semiclassical expression and a progression of more approximate expressions. The
      comparison is performed over a wide range of frictions and temperatures for model
      (1) and over a wide range of temperatures for model (2). The linearized
      semiclassical method is found to reproduce the exact quantum-mechanical result
      remarkably well for both models over the entire range of parameters under
      consideration. In contrast, more approximate expressions are observed to deviate
      considerably from the exact result in some regions of parameter space. 

PMID- 27369496
TI  - Simulation of optical response functions in molecular junctions.
AB  - We discuss theoretical approaches to nonlinear optical spectroscopy of molecular
      junctions. Optical response functions are derived in a form convenient for the
      implementation of Green function techniques, and their expressions in terms of
      pseudoparticle nonequilibrium Green functions are proposed. The formulation
      allows to account for both intramolecular interactions and hybridization of
      molecular states with those of contacts. Within a generic model and utilizing two
      dimensional optical spectroscopy as an example, the methodology is compared with
      exact simulations and is shown to work where the traditional Liouville space
      approach fails. 

PMID- 27369497
TI  - Exits in order: How crowding affects particle lifetimes.
AB  - Diffusive processes are often represented using stochastic random walk
      frameworks. The amount of time taken for an individual in a random walk to
      intersect with an absorbing boundary is a fundamental property that is often
      referred to as the particle lifetime, or the first passage time. The mean
      lifetime of particles in a random walk model of diffusion is related to the
      amount of time required for the diffusive process to reach a steady state.
      Mathematical analysis describing the mean lifetime of particles in a standard
      model of diffusion without crowding is well known. However, the lifetime of
      agents in a random walk with crowding has received much less attention. Since
      many applications of diffusion in biology and biophysics include crowding
      effects, here we study a discrete model of diffusion that incorporates crowding.
      Using simulations, we show that crowding has a dramatic effect on agent
      lifetimes, and we derive an approximate expression for the mean agent lifetime
      that includes crowding effects. Our expression matches simulation results very
      well, and highlights the importance of crowding effects that are sometimes
      overlooked. 

PMID- 27369498
TI  - Quantum dynamics of incoherently driven V-type systems: Analytic solutions beyond
      the secular approximation.
AB  - Closed-form analytic solutions to non-secular Bloch-Redfield master equations for
      quantum dynamics of a V-type system driven by weak coupling to a thermal bath,
      relevant to light harvesting processes, are obtained and discussed. We focus on
      noise-induced Fano coherences among the excited states induced by incoherent
      driving of the V-system initially in the ground state. For suddenly turned-on
      incoherent driving, the time evolution of the coherences is determined by the
      damping parameter zeta=12(gamma1+gamma2)/Deltap, where gammai are the radiative
      decay rates of the excited levels i = 1, 2, and Deltap=Delta(2)+(1
      p(2))gamma1gamma2 depends on the excited-state level splitting Delta > 0 and the
      angle between the transition dipole moments in the energy basis. The coherences
      oscillate as a function of time in the underdamped limit (zeta ? 1), approach a
      long-lived quasi-steady state in the overdamped limit (zeta ? 1), and display an
      intermediate behavior at critical damping (zeta = 1). The sudden incoherent turn
      on is shown to generate a mixture of excited eigenstates |e1> and |e2> and their
      in-phase coherent superposition |phi+>=1r1+r2(r1|e1>+r2|e2>), which is remarkably
      long-lived in the overdamped limit (where r1 and r2 are the incoherent pumping
      rates). Formation of this coherent superposition enhances the decay rate from the
      excited states to the ground state. In the strongly asymmetric V-system where the
      coupling strengths between the ground state and the excited states differ
      significantly, additional asymptotic quasistationary coherences are identified,
      which arise due to slow equilibration of one of the excited states. Finally, we
      demonstrate that noise-induced Fano coherences are maximized with respect to
      populations when r1 = r2 and the transition dipole moments are fully aligned. 

PMID- 27369499
TI  - Accelerating ring-polymer molecular dynamics with parallel-replica dynamics.
AB  - Nuclear quantum effects are important for systems containing light elements, and
      the effects are more prominent in the low temperature regime where the dynamics
      also becomes sluggish. We show that parallel replica (ParRep) dynamics, an
      accelerated molecular dynamics approach for infrequent-event systems, can be
      effectively combined with ring-polymer molecular dynamics, a semiclassical
      trajectory approach that gives a good approximation to zero-point and tunneling
      effects in activated escape processes. The resulting RP-ParRep method is a
      powerful tool for reaching long time scales in complex infrequent-event systems
      where quantum dynamics are important. Two illustrative examples, symmetric Eckart
      barrier crossing and interstitial helium diffusion in Fe and Fe-Cr alloy, are
      presented to demonstrate the accuracy and long-time scale capability of this
      approach. 

PMID- 27369500
TI  - Hubbard physics in the PAW GW approximation.
AB  - It is demonstrated that the signatures of the Hubbard Model in the strongly
      interacting regime can be simulated by modifying the screening in the limit of
      zero wavevector in Projector-Augmented Wave GW calculations for systems without
      significant nesting. This modification, when applied to the Mott insulator CuO,
      results in the opening of the Mott gap by the splitting of states at the Fermi
      level into upper and lower Hubbard bands, and exhibits a giant transfer of
      spectral weight upon electron doping. The method is also employed to clearly
      illustrate that the M1 and M2 forms of vanadium dioxide are fundamentally
      different types of insulator. Standard GW calculations are sufficient to open a
      gap in M1 VO2, which arise from the Peierls pairing filling the valence band,
      creating homopolar bonds. The valence band wavefunctions are stabilized with
      respect to the conduction band, reducing polarizability and pushing the
      conduction band eigenvalues to higher energy. The M2 structure, however, opens a
      gap from strong on-site interactions; it is a Mott insulator. 

PMID- 27369501
TI  - A minimalistic approach to static and dynamic electron correlations: Amending
      generalized valence bond method with extended random phase approximation
      correlation correction.
AB  - A perfect-pairing generalized valence bond (GVB) approximation is known to be one
      of the simplest approximations, which allows one to capture the essence of static
      correlation in molecular systems. In spite of its attractive feature of being
      relatively computationally efficient, this approximation misses a large portion
      of dynamic correlation and does not offer sufficient accuracy to be generally
      useful for studying electronic structure of molecules. We propose to correct the
      GVB model and alleviate some of its deficiencies by amending it with the
      correlation energy correction derived from the recently formulated extended
      random phase approximation (ERPA). On the examples of systems of diverse
      electronic structures, we show that the resulting ERPA-GVB method greatly
      improves upon the GVB model. ERPA-GVB recovers most of the electron correlation
      and it yields energy barrier heights of excellent accuracy. Thanks to a balanced
      treatment of static and dynamic correlation, ERPA-GVB stays reliable when one
      moves from systems dominated by dynamic electron correlation to those for which
      the static correlation comes into play. 

PMID- 27369502
TI  - Interpolation of property-values between electron numbers is inconsistent with
      ensemble averaging.
AB  - In this work we explore the physical foundations of models that study the
      variation of the ground state energy with respect to the number of electrons (E
      vs. N models), in terms of general grand-canonical (GC) ensemble formulations. In
      particular, we focus on E vs. N models that interpolate the energy between states
      with integer number of electrons. We show that if the interpolation of the energy
      corresponds to a GC ensemble, it is not differentiable. Conversely, if the
      interpolation is smooth, then it cannot be formulated as any GC ensemble. This
      proves that interpolation of electronic properties between integer electron
      numbers is inconsistent with any form of ensemble averaging. This emphasizes the
      role of derivative discontinuities and the critical role of a subsystem's
      surroundings in determining its properties. 

PMID- 27369503
TI  - Quantum Monte Carlo with variable spins.
AB  - We investigate the inclusion of variable spins in electronic structure quantum
      Monte Carlo, with a focus on diffusion Monte Carlo with Hamiltonians that include
      spin-orbit interactions. Following our previous introduction of fixed-phase spin
      orbit diffusion Monte Carlo, we thoroughly discuss the details of the method and
      elaborate upon its technicalities. We present a proof for an upper-bound property
      for complex nonlocal operators, which allows for the implementation of T-moves to
      ensure the variational property. We discuss the time step biases associated with
      our particular choice of spin representation. Applications of the method are also
      presented for atomic and molecular systems. We calculate the binding energies and
      geometry of the PbH and Sn2 molecules, as well as the electron affinities of the
      6p row elements in close agreement with experiments. 

PMID- 27369504
TI  - On the widths of Stokes lines in Raman scattering from molecules adsorbed at
      metal surfaces and in molecular conduction junctions.
AB  - Within a generic model we analyze the Stokes linewidth in surface enhanced Raman
      scattering (SERS) from molecules embedded as bridges in molecular junctions. We
      identify four main contributions to the off-resonant Stokes signal and show that
      under zero voltage bias (a situation pertaining also to standard SERS
      experiments) and at low bias junctions only one of these contributions is
      pronounced. The linewidth of this component is determined by the molecular
      vibrational relaxation rate, which is dominated by interactions with the
      essentially bosonic thermal environment when the relevant molecular electronic
      energy is far from the metal(s) Fermi energy(ies). It increases when the
      molecular electronic level is close to the metal Fermi level so that an
      additional vibrational relaxation channel due to electron-hole (eh) exciton in
      the molecule opens. Other contributions to the Raman signal, of considerably
      broader linewidths, can become important at larger junction bias. 

PMID- 27369505
TI  - Assessing the utility of phase-space-localized basis functions: Exploiting direct
      product structure and a new basis function selection procedure.
AB  - In this paper we show that it is possible to use an iterative eigensolver in
      conjunction with Halverson and Poirier's symmetrized Gaussian (SG) basis [T.
      Halverson and B. Poirier, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 224101 (2012)] to compute accurate
      vibrational energy levels of molecules with as many as five atoms. This is done,
      without storing and manipulating large matrices, by solving a regular eigenvalue
      problem that makes it possible to exploit direct-product structure. These ideas
      are combined with a new procedure for selecting which basis functions to use. The
      SG basis we work with is orders of magnitude smaller than the basis made by using
      a classical energy criterion. We find significant convergence errors in previous
      calculations with SG bases. For sum-of-product Hamiltonians, SG bases large
      enough to compute accurate levels are orders of magnitude larger than even simple
      pruned bases composed of products of harmonic oscillator functions. 

PMID- 27369506
TI  - Rate constants of chemical reactions from semiclassical transition state theory
      in full and one dimension.
AB  - Semiclassical Transition State Theory (SCTST), a method for calculating rate
      constants of chemical reactions, offers gains in computational efficiency
      relative to more accurate quantum scattering methods. In full-dimensional (FD)
      SCTST, reaction probabilities are calculated from third and fourth potential
      derivatives along all vibrational degrees of freedom. However, the computational
      cost of FD SCTST scales unfavorably with system size, which prohibits its
      application to larger systems. In this study, the accuracy and efficiency of 1-D
      SCTST, in which only third and fourth derivatives along the reaction mode are
      used, are investigated in comparison to those of FD SCTST. Potential derivatives
      are obtained from numerical ab initio Hessian matrix calculations at the MP2/cc
      pVTZ level of theory, and Richardson extrapolation is applied to improve the
      accuracy of these derivatives. Reaction barriers are calculated at the CCSD(T)/cc
      pVTZ level. Results from FD SCTST agree with results from previous theoretical
      and experimental studies when Richardson extrapolation is applied. Results from
      our implementation of 1-D SCTST, which uses only 4 single-point MP2/cc-pVTZ
      energy calculations in addition to those for conventional TST, agree with FD
      results to within a factor of 5 at 250 K. This degree of agreement and the
      efficiency of the 1-D method suggest its potential as a means of approximating
      rate constants for systems too large for existing quantum scattering methods. 

PMID- 27369507
TI  - Singlet-paired coupled cluster theory for open shells.
AB  - Restricted single-reference coupled cluster theory truncated to single and double
      excitations accurately describes weakly correlated systems, but often breaks down
      in the presence of static or strong correlation. Good coupled cluster energies in
      the presence of degeneracies can be obtained by using a symmetry-broken
      reference, such as unrestricted Hartree-Fock, but at the cost of good quantum
      numbers. A large body of work has shown that modifying the coupled cluster ansatz
      allows for the treatment of strong correlation within a single-reference,
      symmetry-adapted framework. The recently introduced singlet-paired coupled
      cluster doubles (CCD0) method is one such model, which recovers correct behavior
      for strong correlation without requiring symmetry breaking in the reference.
      Here, we extend singlet-paired coupled cluster for application to open shells via
      restricted open-shell singlet-paired coupled cluster singles and doubles
      (ROCCSD0). The ROCCSD0 approach retains the benefits of standard coupled cluster
      theory and recovers correct behavior for strongly correlated, open-shell systems
      using a spin-preserving ROHF reference. 

PMID- 27369508
TI  - Double resonant absorption measurement of acetylene symmetric vibrational states
      probed with cavity ring down spectroscopy.
AB  - A novel mid-infrared/near-infrared double resonant absorption setup for studying
      infrared-inactive vibrational states is presented. A strong vibrational
      transition in the mid-infrared region is excited using an idler beam from a
      singly resonant continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator, to populate an
      intermediate vibrational state. High output power of the optical parametric
      oscillator and the strength of the mid-infrared transition result in efficient
      population transfer to the intermediate state, which allows measuring secondary
      transitions from this state with a high signal-to-noise ratio. A secondary, near
      infrared transition from the intermediate state is probed using cavity ring-down
      spectroscopy, which provides high sensitivity in this wavelength region. Due to
      the narrow linewidths of the excitation sources, the rovibrational lines of the
      secondary transition are measured with sub-Doppler resolution. The setup is used
      to access a previously unreported symmetric vibrational state of acetylene,
      nu1+nu2+nu3+nu4 (1)+nu5 (-1) in the normal mode notation. Single-photon
      transitions to this state from the vibrational ground state are forbidden. Ten
      lines of the newly measured state are observed and fitted with the linear least
      squares method to extract the band parameters. The vibrational term value was
      measured to be at 9775.0018(45) cm(-1), the rotational parameter B was 1.162
      222(37) cm(-1), and the quartic centrifugal distortion parameter D was 3.998(62)
      * 10(-6) cm(-1), where the numbers in the parenthesis are one-standard errors in
      the least significant digits. 

PMID- 27369509
TI  - A new set of potential energy surfaces for HCO: Influence of Renner-Teller
      coupling on the bound and resonance vibrational states.
AB  - It is commonly understood that the Renner-Teller effect can strongly influence
      the spectroscopy of molecules through coupling of electronic states. Here we
      investigate the vibrational bound states and low-lying resonances of the formyl
      radical treating the Renner-Teller coupled X(2)A(') and A(2)A(") states using the
      MultiConfiguration Time Dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method. The calculations were
      performed using the improved relaxation method for the bound states and a
      recently published extension to compute resonances. A new set of accurate global
      potential energy surfaces were computed at the explicitly correlated
      multireference configuration interaction (MRCI-F12) level and yielded remarkably
      close agreement with experiment in this application and thus enable future
      studies including photodissociation and collisional dynamics. The results show
      the necessity of including the large contribution from a Davidson correction in
      the electronic structure calculations in order to appreciate the relatively small
      effect of the Renner-Teller coupling on the states considered here. 

PMID- 27369510
TI  - Microhydration of LiOH: Insight from electronic decays of core-ionized states.
AB  - We compute and compare the autoionization spectra of a core-ionized LiOH molecule
      both in its isolated and microhydrated states. Stepwise microhydration of LiOH
      leads to gradual elongation of the Li-OH bond length and finally to molecular
      dissociation. The accompanying changes in the local environment of the OH(-) and
      Li(+) counterions are reflected in the computed O 1s and Li 1s spectra. The role
      of solvent water molecules and the counterion in the spectral shape formation is
      assessed. Electronic decays of the microhydrated LiOH are found to be mostly
      intermolecular since the majority of the populated final states have at least one
      outer-valence vacancy outside the initially core-ionized ion, mainly on a
      neighboring water molecule. The charge delocalization occurs through the
      intermolecular Coulombic and electron transfer mediated decays. Both mechanisms
      are highly efficient that is partly attributed to hybridization of molecular
      orbitals. The computed spectral shapes are sensitive to the counterion separation
      as well as to the number and arrangement of solvent molecules. These
      sensitivities can be used for studying the local hydration structure of solvated
      ions in aqueous solutions. 

PMID- 27369511
TI  - Star-like superalkali cations featuring planar pentacoordinate carbon.
AB  - Superalkali cations, known to possess low vertical electron affinities (VEAs),
      high vertical detachment energies, and large highest occupied molecular orbital
      (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gaps, are intriguing
      chemical species. Thermodynamically, such species need to be the global minima in
      order to serve as the promising targets for experimental realization. In this
      work, we propose the strategies of polyhalogenation and polyalkalination for
      designing the superalkali cations. By applying these strategies, the local
      minimum planar pentacoordinate carbon (ppC) cluster CBe5 can be modified to form
      a series of star-like superalkali ppC or quasi-ppC CBe5X5 (+) (X = F, Cl, Br, Li,
      Na, K) cations containing a CBe5 moiety. Polyhalogenation and polyalkalination on
      the CBe5 unit may help eliminate the high reactivity of bare CBe5 molecule by
      covering the reactive Be atoms with noble halogen anions and alkali cations.
      Computational exploration of the potential energy surfaces reveals that the star
      like ppC or quasi-ppC CBe5X5 (+) (X = F, Cl, Br, Li, Na, K) clusters are the true
      global minima of the systems. The predicted VEAs for CBe5X5 (+) range from 3.01
      to 3.71 eV for X = F, Cl, Br and 2.12-2.51 eV for X = Li, Na, K, being below the
      lower bound of the atomic ionization potential of 3.89 eV in the periodic table.
      Large HOMO-LUMO energy gaps are also revealed for the species: 10.76-11.07 eV for
      X = F, Cl, Br and 4.99-6.91 eV for X = Li, Na, K. These designer clusters
      represent the first series of superalkali cations with a ppC center. Bonding
      analyses show five Be-X-Be three-center two-electron (3c-2e) sigma bonds for the
      peripheral bonding, whereas the central C atom is associated with one 6c-2e pi
      bond and three 6c-2e sigma bonds, rendering (pi and sigma) double aromaticity.
      Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the CBe5 motif is
      robust in the clusters. As planar hypercoordination carbon species are often
      thermodynamically unstable and highly reactive, the superalkali cation characters
      of these ppC species should be highlighted, which may be suitable for
      experimental realization. 

PMID- 27369512
TI  - Detection and characterization of singly deuterated silylene, SiHD, via optical
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Singly deuterated silylene has been detected and characterized in the gas-phase
      using high-resolution, two-dimensional, optical spectroscopy. Rotationally
      resolved lines in the 00 (0)X(1)A(')->A(1)A(") band are assigned to both c-type
      perpendicular transition and additional parallel, axis-switching induced bands.
      The extracted rotational constants were combined with those for SiH2 and SiD2 to
      determine an improved equilibrium bond length, rSiH, and bond angle, theta, of
      1.5137 +/- 0.0003 A and 92.04 degrees  +/- 0.05 degrees , and 1.4853 +/- 0.0005 A
      and 122.48 degrees  +/- 0.08 degrees  for the X(1)A(')0,0,0 and A(1)A(")(0,0,0)
      state respectively. The dispersed fluorescence consists of a long progression in
      the A(1)A(")(0,0,0)->X(1)A(')(0,nu2,0) emission which was analyzed to produce
      vibrational parameters. A strong quantum level dependence of the rotationally
      resolved radiative decay curves is analyzed. 

PMID- 27369513
TI  - Gas phase structures and charge localization in small aluminum oxide anions:
      Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations.
AB  - We use cryogenic ion trap vibrational spectroscopy in combination with quantum
      chemical calculations to study the structure of mono- and dialuminum oxide
      anions. The infrared photodissociation spectra of D2-tagged AlO1-4 (-) and Al2O3
      6 (-) are measured in the region from 400 to 1200 cm(-1). Structures are assigned
      based on a comparison to simulated harmonic and anharmonic IR spectra derived
      from electronic structure calculations. The monoaluminum anions contain an even
      number of electrons and exhibit an electronic closed-shell ground state. The
      Al2O3-6 (-) anions are oxygen-centered radicals. As a result of a delicate
      balance between localization and delocalization of the unpaired electron, only
      the BHLYP functional is able to qualitatively describe the observed IR spectra of
      all species with the exception of AlO3 (-). Terminal Al-O stretching modes are
      found between 1140 and 960 cm(-1). Superoxo and peroxo stretching modes are found
      at higher (1120-1010 cm(-1)) and lower energies (850-570 cm(-1)), respectively.
      Four modes in-between 910 and 530 cm(-1) represent the IR fingerprint of the
      common structural motif of dialuminum oxide anions, an asymmetric four-member Al
      (O)2-Al ring. 

PMID- 27369515
TI  - Non-resonant dynamic stark control of vibrational motion with optimized laser
      pulses.
AB  - The term dynamic Stark control (DSC) has been used to describe methods of quantum
      control related to the dynamic Stark effect, i.e., a time-dependent distortion of
      energy levels. Here, we employ analytical models that present clear and concise
      interpretations of the principles behind DSC. Within a linearly forced harmonic
      oscillator model of vibrational excitation, we show how the vibrational amplitude
      is related to the pulse envelope, and independent of the carrier frequency of the
      laser pulse, in the DSC regime. Furthermore, we shed light on the DSC regarding
      the construction of optimal pulse envelopes - from a time-domain as well as a
      frequency-domain perspective. Finally, in a numerical study beyond the linearly
      forced harmonic oscillator model, we show that a pulse envelope can be
      constructed such that a vibrational excitation into a specific excited
      vibrational eigenstate is accomplished. The pulse envelope is constructed such
      that high intensities are avoided in order to eliminate the process of
      ionization. 

PMID- 27369514
TI  - Auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the molybdenum dimer.
AB  - Chemical accuracy is difficult to achieve for systems with transition metal
      atoms. Third row transition metal atoms are particularly challenging due to
      strong electron-electron correlation in localized d-orbitals. The Cr2 molecule is
      an outstanding example, which we previously treated with highly accurate
      auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) calculations [W. Purwanto et al., J.
      Chem. Phys. 142, 064302 (2015)]. Somewhat surprisingly, computational description
      of the isoelectronic Mo2 dimer has also, to date, been scattered and less than
      satisfactory. We present high-level theoretical benchmarks of the Mo2 singlet
      ground state (X(1)Sigmag (+)) and first triplet excited state (a(3)Sigmau (+)),
      using the phaseless AFQMC calculations. Extrapolation to the complete basis set
      limit is performed. Excellent agreement with experimental spectroscopic constants
      is obtained. We also present a comparison of the correlation effects in Cr2 and
      Mo2. 

PMID- 27369516
TI  - Interruption of electronically excited Xe dimer formation by the photoassociation
      of Xe(6s[3/2]2)-Xe(5p(6) (1)S0) thermal collision pairs.
AB  - The diatomic collisional intermediate responsible for the formation of an
      electronically excited molecule by teratomic recombination has been observed in
      both the spectral and temporal domains by laser spectroscopy. We report
      experiments demonstrating thermal Xe(6s[3/2]2)-Xe(5p(6) (1)S0) atomic collision
      pairs to be the immediate precursor to the formation of Xe2 (*)(a(3)Sigmau
      (+),A(1)Sigmau (+)) by the three body process: Xe(*)(6s) + 2Xe ? Xe2 (*) + Xe,
      where the asterisk denotes an excited electronic state. Photoassociating Xe(6s)
      Xe atomic pairs by free ? free transitions of the collision complex interrupts
      the production of the electronically excited Xe dimer, thereby suppressing Xe2
      spontaneous emission in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, lambda ~ 172 nm, A(1)Sigmau
      (+)->X(1)Sigmag (+)). Intercepting Xe(6s)-Xe pairs before the complex is
      stabilized by the arrival of the third atom in the teratomic collision process
      selectively depletes the pair population in a specific Franck-Condon region
      determined by the probe laser wavelength (lambda). Measurements of the variation
      of VUV emission suppression with lambda provide a spectral signature of the
      [Xe(6s[3/2]2) - Xe((1)S0)](*) complex and map the probe laser wavelength onto the
      thermal energy (epsilon") of the incoming collision pairs. 

PMID- 27369517
TI  - Electronic transitions of C5H(+) and C5H: neon matrix and CASPT2 studies.
AB  - Two electronic transitions at 512.3 and 250 nm of linear-C5H(+) are detected
      following mass-selective deposition of m/z = 61 cations into a 6 K neon matrix
      and assigned to the 1 (1)Pi<-X (1)Sigma(+) and 1 (1)Sigma(+)<-X (1)Sigma(+)
      systems. Five absorption systems of l-C5H with origin bands at 528,7, 482.6,
      429.0, 368.5, and 326.8 nm are observed after neutralization of the cations in
      the matrix and identified as transitions from the X (2)Pi to 1 (2)Delta, 1
      (2)Sigma (-), 1 (2)Sigma(+), 2 (2)Pi, and 3 (2)Pi electronic states. The
      assignment to specific structures is based on calculated excitation energies,
      vibrational frequencies in the electronic states, along with simulated Franck
      Condon profiles. 

PMID- 27369519
TI  - Imaging a multidimensional multichannel potential energy surface: Photodetachment
      of H(-)(NH3) and NH4 (.).
AB  - Probes of the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surfaces governing polyatomic
      molecules often rely on spectroscopy for the bound regions or collision
      experiments in the continuum. A combined spectroscopic and half-collision
      approach to image nuclear dynamics in a multidimensional and multichannel system
      is reported here. The Rydberg radical NH4 and the double Rydberg anion NH4 (-)
      represent a polyatomic system for benchmarking electronic structure and nine
      dimensional quantum dynamics calculations. Photodetachment of the H(-)(NH3) ion
      dipole complex and the NH4 (-) DRA probes different regions on the neutral NH4
      PES. Photoelectron energy and angular distributions at photon energies of 1.17,
      1.60, and 2.33 eV compare well with quantum dynamics. Photoelectron-photofragment
      coincidence experiments indicate dissociation of the nascent NH4 Rydberg radical
      occurs to H + NH3 with a peak kinetic energy of 0.13 eV, showing the ground state
      of NH4 to be unstable, decaying by tunneling-induced dissociation on a time scale
      beyond the present scope of multidimensional quantum dynamics. 

PMID- 27369518
TI  - NEXAFS spectroscopy and site-specific fragmentation of N-methylformamide, N,N
      dimethylformamide, and N,N-dimethylacetamide.
AB  - Near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectra measured at the C, N,
      and O K-edges for three molecules containing the amide moiety, N-methylformamide
      (HCONHCH3), N,N-dimethylformamide (HCON(CH3)2), and N,N-dimethylacetamide
      (CH3CON(CH3)2) are presented. These molecules have similar structures and differ
      by the number of methyl groups located at the molecular ends. The fragmentation
      of these molecules after resonant excitation at different K-edge resonances is
      also investigated, using a 3D-ion imaging time-of-flight spectrometer. A
      comparison between the molecules with respect to the relative contributions of
      the fragments created upon excitation at distinct resonances reveals site
      specific fragmentation. Further information about the character of the core
      excitation and dissociation process is obtained from the angular distributions of
      the ion fragments. 

PMID- 27369520
TI  - Evidence for concerted ring opening and C-Br bond breaking in UV-excited
      bromocyclopropane.
AB  - Photodissociation of gaseous bromocyclopropane via its A-band continuum has been
      studied at excitation wavelengths ranging from 230 nm to 267 nm. Velocity-map
      images of ground-state bromine atoms (Br), spin-orbit excited bromine atoms
      (Br(*)), and C3H5 hydrocarbon radicals reveal the kinetic energies of these
      various photofragments. Both Br and Br(*) atoms are predominantly generated via
      repulsive excited electronic states in a prompt photodissociation process in
      which the hydrocarbon co-fragment is a cyclopropyl radical. However, the images
      obtained at the mass of the hydrocarbon radical fragment identify a channel with
      total kinetic energy greater than that deduced from the Br and Br(*) images, and
      with a kinetic energy distribution that exceeds the energetic limit for Br +
      cyclopropyl radical products. The velocity-map images of these C3H5 fragments
      have lower angular anisotropies than measured for Br and Br(*), indicating
      molecular restructuring during dissociation. The high kinetic energy C3H5 signals
      are assigned to allyl radicals generated by a minor photochemical pathway which
      involves concerted C-Br bond dissociation and cyclopropyl ring-opening following
      single ultraviolet (UV)-photon absorption. Slow photofragments also contribute to
      the velocity map images obtained at the C3H5 radical mass, but the corresponding
      slow Br atoms are not observed. These features in the images are attributed to
      C3H5 (+) from the photodissociation of the C3H5Br(+) molecular cation following
      two-photon ionization of the parent compound. This assignment is confirmed by 118
      nm vacuum ultraviolet ionization studies that prepare the molecular cation in its
      ground electronic state prior to UV photodissociation. 

PMID- 27369521
TI  - Application of classical thermodynamics to the conductivity in non-polar media.
AB  - Electrical conductivity in non-polar media is a subject which recently regained
      interest. If most of experiments and theoretical developments were done more than
      50 years ago, new experiments and theories have been recently published. As the
      electrical conductivity describes, at low field, the equilibrium state of a
      system, it is natural to apply theories based on equilibrium thermodynamics. In
      this article, well-established classical thermodynamics and solvations models are
      applied to recently published data. This enables to get a new insight in
      intriguing phenomena, such as the linear dependence of the conductivity on the
      concentration of ionic surfactant and the evaluation of conductivity for the
      mixture of two miscible fluids, such as alcohol and alcane, which have very
      different conductivities. 

PMID- 27369522
TI  - Transport properties and Stokes-Einstein relation in Al-rich liquid alloys.
AB  - We use ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to study the transport properties
      and the validity of the Stokes-Einstein relation in Al-rich liquid alloys with
      Ni, Cu, and Zn as alloying elements. First, we show that the composition and
      temperature dependence of their transport properties present different behaviors,
      which can be related to their local structural ordering. Then, we evidence that
      the competition between the local icosahedral ordering and the local chemical
      ordering may cause the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation even in the
      liquid phase. We demonstrate that this breakdown can be captured by entropy
      scaling relationships developed by Rosenfeld and using the two-body excess
      entropy. Our findings provide a unique framework to study the relation between
      structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics in metallic melts and pave the way
      towards the explanation of various complex transport properties in metallic
      melts. 

PMID- 27369523
TI  - Glass transition and stable glass formation of tetrachloromethane.
AB  - Physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been used to prepare organic glasses with
      very high kinetic stability and it has been suggested that molecular anisotropy
      is a prerequisite for stable glass formation. Here we use PVD to prepare glasses
      of tetrachloromethane, a simple organic molecule with a nearly isotropic
      molecular structure. In situ AC nanocalorimetry was used to characterize the
      vapor-deposited glasses. Glasses of high kinetic stability were produced by
      deposition near 0.8 Tg. The isothermal transformation of the vapor-deposited
      glasses into the supercooled liquid state gave further evidence that
      tetrachloromethane forms glasses with high kinetic stability, with the
      transformation time exceeding the structural relaxation time of the supercooled
      liquid by a factor of 10(3). The glass transition temperature of liquid-cooled
      tetrachloromethane is determined as Tg ~ 78 K, which is different from previously
      reported values. The frequency dependence of the glass transition was also
      determined and the fragility was estimated as m ~ 118. The successful formation
      of PVD glasses of tetrachloromethane which have high kinetic stability argues
      that molecular asymmetry is not a prerequisite for stable glass formation. 

PMID- 27369524
TI  - Analyzing aging under oscillatory strain field through the soft glassy rheology
      model.
AB  - In this work, we solve the Soft Glassy Rheology (SGR) model under application of
      oscillatory deformation field with varying magnitudes of strain as well as
      frequency for different noise temperatures. In the glassy domain, the SGR model
      undergoes time evolution of elastic modulus. Increase in strain magnitude beyond
      the linear regime is observed to enhance the rate of aging as manifested by a
      faster evolution of elastic modulus with increase in strain amplitude due to
      overaging. However at higher strain magnitudes, the rejuvenation effect starts
      dominating over the aging, thereby reducing the rate at which elastic modulus
      evolves. We also plot the aging phase diagram describing an occurrence of the
      linear, the overaging, and the rejuvenation regimes as a function of strain and
      frequency for different noise temperatures. The aging phase diagram suggests that
      while the linear regime remains unaffected by the changes in frequency and noise
      temperature, the width of the overaging regime increases with increase in
      frequency and noise temperature. We also study the time evolution of the shapes
      of relaxation time spectra as a function of strain amplitude, which renders
      further insight into the overaging and the rejuvenation behavior. While the
      phenomenon of overaging is observed to be an inherent character of the SGR model,
      experimentally not all the materials demonstrate overaging. Such a discrepancy
      suggests that the energy well depths before and after a yielding event may not be
      completely uncorrelated as assumed in the SGR formalism. 

PMID- 27369525
TI  - Comparative study of the Gruneisen parameter for 28 pure fluids.
AB  - The Gruneisen parameter gammaG is widely used for studying thermal properties of
      solids at high pressure and also has received increasing interest in different
      applications of non-ideal fluid dynamics. Because there is a lack of systematic
      studies of the Gruneisen parameter in the entire fluid region, this study aims to
      fill this gap. Gruneisen parameter data from molecular modelling and simulation
      are reported for 28 pure fluids and are compared with results calculated from
      fundamental equations of state that are based on extensive experimental data
      sets. We show that the Gruneisen parameter follows a general density-temperature
      trend and characterize the fluid systems by specifying a span of minimum and
      maximum values of gammaG. Exceptions to this trend can be found for water. 

PMID- 27369526
TI  - The melting of stable glasses is governed by nucleation-and-growth dynamics.
AB  - We discuss the microscopic mechanisms by which low-temperature amorphous states,
      such as ultrastable glasses, transform into equilibrium fluids, after a sudden
      temperature increase. Experiments suggest that this process is similar to the
      melting of crystals, thus differing from the behaviour found in ordinary glasses.
      We rationalize these observations using the physical idea that the transformation
      process takes place close to a "hidden" equilibrium first-order phase transition,
      which is observed in systems of coupled replicas. We illustrate our views using
      simulation results for a simple two-dimensional plaquette spin model, which is
      known to exhibit a range of glassy behaviour. Our results suggest that nucleation
      and-growth dynamics, as found near ordinary first-order transitions, is also the
      correct theoretical framework to analyse the melting of ultrastable glasses. Our
      approach provides a unified understanding of multiple experimental observations,
      such as propagating melting fronts, large kinetic stability ratios, and "giant"
      dynamic length scales. We also provide a comprehensive discussion of available
      theoretical pictures proposed in the context of ultrastable glass melting. 

PMID- 27369527
TI  - Phase diagram of ammonium perchlorate: Raman spectroscopic constrains at high
      pressures and temperatures.
AB  - We present the pressure-temperature (PT) induced physical and chemical
      transformations in ammonium perchlorates (APs) up to 50 GPa and 450  degrees C,
      using diamond anvil cells and confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, which provide
      new constraints for the phase diagram of AP. The results show spectral evidences
      for three new polymorphs (III, IV, and VI) of AP, in addition to two previously
      known phases (I and II), at various PT conditions with varying degrees of
      hydrogen bonding and lack of strong spectral evidence for previously known high
      temperature cubic phase (phase V). Upon further heating, AP chemically decomposes
      to N2, N2O, and H2O. The present phase diagram is, therefore, in sharp contrast
      to the previous one, underscoring a rich polymorphism, a large stability field
      for solids, and a replacement of the melt with a decomposition line. 

PMID- 27369528
TI  - Condensation on nanorods by molecular dynamics.
AB  - Many recent experimental studies have been conducted on constructing nanorods and
      nanowires to use in a wide range of applications. In this study, molecular
      dynamics is used to directly examine the condensation rate of nanorods and the
      results are compared with other basic configurations such as cubes or spheres.
      According to previous studies conducted by Suh and Yasuoka [J. Phys. Chem. B 115,
      10631 (2011); 116, 14637 (2012)], a simple change in the configuration of the
      seed produces a shape effect, where the curvature of the solid seed surface
      directly affects the growth generating an orderly difference depending on the
      curvature. Nanoscale cuboids or nanorods were studied to find an aspect ratio
      effect when condensation occurs on the surface. Various aspect ratios were
      examined for different nanorod sizes over a wide range of supersaturation ratios.
      The results show that the growth rate of the nanorod is independent of the
      supersaturation ratio, which was also observed for the sphere and cube. The
      growth rate for the rod fell between those of the cube and the sphere, and this
      is due to an increase in the surface area of the nanorod compared to the cube and
      curvature effect in comparison with the sphere. A clear size dependence of the
      seed was observed, which is also similar to the cube and sphere. Furthermore, no
      aspect ratio influence was seen for the growth rate. This does not mean that the
      actual amount of condensation is the same for longer seeds, but rather from the
      definition of the growth rate, the amount of accumulation per unit area is the
      same for all seed lengths. 

PMID- 27369529
TI  - Adsorbed states of chlorophenol on Cu(110) and controlled switching of single
      molecule junctions.
AB  - A molecular junction of substituted benzene (chlorophenol) is fabricated and
      controlled by using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Prior to the junction
      formation, the bonding geometry of the molecule on the surface is characterized
      by STM and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). EELS shows that the OH group
      of chlorophenol is dissociated on Cu(110) and that the molecule is bonded nearly
      flat to the surface via an O atom, with the Cl group intact. We demonstrate
      controlled contact of an STM tip to the "available" Cl group and lift-up of the
      molecule while it is anchored to the surface via an O atom. The asymmetric
      bonding motifs of the molecule to the electrodes allow for reversible control of
      the junction. 

PMID- 27369530
TI  - Random sequential adsorption on imprecise lattice.
AB  - We report a surprising result, established by numerical simulations and
      analytical arguments for a one-dimensional lattice model of random sequential
      adsorption, that even an arbitrarily small imprecision in the lattice-site
      localization changes the convergence to jamming from fast, exponential, to slow,
      power-law, with, for some parameter values, a discontinuous jump in the jamming
      coverage value. This finding has implications for irreversible deposition on
      patterned substrates with pre-made landing sites for particle attachment. We also
      consider a general problem of the particle (depositing object) size not an exact
      multiple of the lattice spacing, and the lattice sites themselves imprecise,
      broadened into allowed-deposition intervals. Regions of exponential vs. power-law
      convergence to jamming are identified, and certain conclusions regarding the
      jamming coverage are argued for analytically and confirmed numerically. 

PMID- 27369531
TI  - A DFT investigation of the adsorption of iodine compounds and water in H-, Na-,
      Ag-, and Cu- mordenite.
AB  - The potential use of some cation-exchanged mordenite (H(+), Na(+), Cu(+), and
      Ag(+)) as a selective adsorbent for volatile iodine species (ICH3 and I2), which
      can be released during a nuclear accident together with a steam carrier gas, is
      investigated using density functional theory. It is found that in the case of Cu
      MOR and Ag-MOR, the absolute values of interaction energies of ICH3 and I2 are
      higher than that of water which indicates that these forms of zeolite could be
      suitable for selective adsorption of iodine species. In contrast, the H-MOR and
      Na-MOR are found to be unsuitable for this purpose. A systematic investigation of
      all adsorption sites allowed us to analyze the structural effects affecting the
      adsorption behavior. For the Ag-MOR and Cu-MOR zeolites, the iodine compounds are
      adsorbed preferentially in the large channel of mordenite (main channel) while
      water prefers the small channel or the side pocket where it forms stronger
      hydrogen bonds. The factors governing the interaction energies between the
      cationic sites and the different molecules are analyzed and the important role of
      van der Waals interactions in these systems is highlighted. 

PMID- 27369532
TI  - Coverage-dependent adsorption and desorption of oxygen on Pd(100).
AB  - We have studied the adsorption and desorption of O2 on Pd(100) by supersonic
      molecular beam techniques and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Adsorption
      measurements on the bare surface confirm that O2 initially dissociates for all
      kinetic energies between 56 and 380 meV and surface temperatures between 100 and
      600 K via a direct mechanism. At and below 150 K, continued adsorption leads to a
      combined O/O2 overlayer. Dissociation of molecularly bound O2 during a subsequent
      temperature ramp leads to unexpected high atomic oxygen coverages, which are also
      obtained at high incident energy and high surface temperature. At intermediate
      temperatures and energies, these high final coverages are not obtained. Our
      results show that kinetic energy of the gas phase reactant and reaction energy
      dissipated during O2 dissociation on the cold surface both enable activated
      nucleation of high-coverage surface structures. We suggest that excitation of
      local substrate phonons may play a crucial role in oxygen dissociation at any
      coverage. 

PMID- 27369533
TI  - Post-Hartree-Fock studies of the He/Mg(0001) interaction: Anti-corrugation,
      screening, and pairwise additivity.
AB  - The adsorption of noble gases on metallic surfaces represents a paradigmatic case
      of van-der-Waals (vdW) interaction due to the role of screening effects on the
      corrugation of the interaction potential [J. L. F. Da Silva et al., Phys. Rev.
      Lett. 90, 066104 (2003)]. The extremely small adsorption energy of He atoms on
      the Mg(0001) surface (below 3 meV) and the delocalized nature and mobility of the
      surface electrons make the He/Mg(0001) system particularly challenging, even for
      state-of-the-art vdW-corrected density functional-based (vdW-DFT) approaches [M.
      P. de Lara-Castells et al., J. Chem. Phys. 143, 194701 (2015)]. In this work, we
      meet this challenge by applying two different procedures. First, the dispersion
      corrected second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2C) approach is
      adopted, using bare metal clusters of increasing size. Second, the method of
      increments [H. Stoll, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 8449 (1992)] is applied at coupled
      cluster singles and doubles and perturbative triples level, using embedded
      cluster models of the metal surface. Both approaches provide clear evidences of
      the anti-corrugation of the interaction potential: the He atom prefers on-top
      sites, instead of the expected hollow sites. This is interpreted as a signature
      of the screening of the He atom by the metal for the on-top configuration. The
      strong screening in the metal is clearly reflected in the relative contribution
      of successively deeper surface layers to the main dispersion contribution. Aimed
      to assist future dynamical simulations, a pairwise potential model for the
      He/surface interaction as a sum of effective He-Mg pair potentials is also
      presented, as an improvement of the approximation using isolated He-Mg pairs. 

PMID- 27369535
TI  - AFM investigation of effect of absorbed water layer structure on growth mechanism
      of octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer on oxidized silicon.
AB  - The growth mechanism of an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self-assembled
      monolayer on a silicon oxide surface at various relative humidities has been
      investigated. Atomic force microscopy images show that excess water may actually
      hinder the nucleation and growth of OTS islands. A moderate amount of water is
      favorable for the nucleation and growth of OTS islands in the initial stage;
      however, the completion of the monolayer is very slow in the final stage. The
      growth of OTS islands on a low-water-content surface maintains a relatively
      constant speed and requires the least amount of time. The mobility of water
      molecules is thought to play an important role in the OTS monolayers, and a low
      mobility water layer provides a steady condition for OTS monolayer growth. 

PMID- 27369534
TI  - Modeling surface motion effects in N2 dissociation on W(110): Ab initio molecular
      dynamics calculations and generalized Langevin oscillator model.
AB  - Accurately modeling surface temperature and surface motion effects is necessary
      to study molecule-surface reactions in which the energy dissipation to surface
      phonons can largely affect the observables of interest. We present here a
      critical comparison of two methods that allow to model such effects, namely, the
      ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) method and the generalized Langevin
      oscillator (GLO) model, using the dissociation of N2 on W(110) as a benchmark.
      AIMD is highly accurate as the surface atoms are explicitly part of the dynamics,
      but this advantage comes with a large computational cost. The GLO model is much
      more computationally convenient, but accounts for lattice motion effects in a
      very approximate way. Results show that, despite its simplicity, the GLO model is
      able to capture the physics of the system to a large extent, returning
      dissociation probabilities which are in better agreement with AIMD than static
      surface results. Furthermore, the GLO model and the AIMD method predict very
      similar energy transfer to the lattice degrees of freedom in the non-reactive
      events, and similar dissociation dynamics. 

PMID- 27369536
TI  - Striped gold nanoparticles: New insights from molecular dynamics simulations.
AB  - Recent simulations have improved our knowledge of the molecular-level structure
      and hydration properties of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with equal and
      unequal alkyl thiols at three different arrangements, namely, random, patchy, and
      Janus. In our previous work [V. Vasumathi et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 3199-3209
      (2015)], we showed that the bending of longer thiols over shorter ones clearly
      depends on the thiols' arrangements and chemical nature of their terminal groups.
      In addition, such a thiol bending revealed to have a strong impact on the
      structural and hydration properties of SAMs coated on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).
      In this paper, we extend our previous atomistic simulation study to investigate
      the bending of longer thiols by increasing the stripe thickness of mixed SAMs of
      equal and unequal lengths coated on AuNPs. We study also the effect of stripe
      thickness on the structural morphology and hydration of the coated SAMs. Our
      results show that the structural and hydration properties of SAMs are affected by
      the stripe thickness for mixtures of alkyl thiols with unequal chain length but
      not for equal length. Hence, the stability of the stripe configuration depends on
      the alkyl's chain length, the length difference between the thiol mixtures, and
      solvent properties. 

PMID- 27369537
TI  - Phase reference in phase-sensitive sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy.
AB  - Phase-sensitive sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy (PS-SFVS) has been
      established as a powerful technique for surface characterization, but for it to
      generate a reliable spectrum, accurate phase measurement with a well-defined
      phase reference is most important. Incorrect phase measurement can lead to
      significant distortion of a spectrum, as recently seen in the case for the
      air/water interface. In this work, we show theoretically and experimentally that
      a transparent, highly nonlinear crystal, such as quartz and barium borate, can be
      a good phase reference if the surface is clean and unstrained and the crystal is
      properly oriented to yield a strong SF output. In such cases, the reflected SF
      signal is dominated by the bulk electric dipole contribution and its phase is
      either +90 degrees  or -90 degrees . On the other hand, materials with inversion
      symmetry, such as water, fused quartz, and CaF2 are not good phase references due
      to the quadrupole contribution and phase dispersion at the interface. Using a
      proper phase reference in PS-SFVS, we have found the most reliable OH stretching
      spectrum for the air/water interface. The positive band at low frequencies in the
      imaginary component of the spectrum, which has garnered much interest and been
      interpreted by many to be due to strongly hydrogen-bonded water species, is no
      longer present. A weak positive feature however still exists. Its magnitude
      approximately equals to that of air/D2O away from resonances, suggesting that
      this positive feature is unrelated to surface resonance of water. 

PMID- 27369538
TI  - Effective interactions between nanoparticles: Creating temperature-independent
      solvation environments for self-assembly.
AB  - The extent to which solvent-mediated effective interactions between nanoparticles
      can be predicted based on structure and associated thermodynamic estimators for
      bulk solvents and for solvation of single and pairs of nanoparticles is studied
      here. As a test of the approach, we analyse the strategy for creating temperature
      independent solvent environments using a series of homologous chain fluids as
      solvents, as suggested by an experimental paper [M. I. Bodnarchuk et al., J. Am.
      Chem. Soc. 132, 11967 (2010)]. Our conclusions are based on molecular dynamics
      simulations of Au140(SC10H21)62 nanoparticles in n-alkane solvents, specifically
      hexane, octane, decane and dodecane, using the TraPPE-UA potential to model the
      alkanes and alkylthiols. The 140-atom gold core of the nanocrystal is held rigid
      in a truncated octahedral geometry and the gold-thiolate interaction is modeled
      using a Morse potential. The experimental observation was that the structural and
      rheological properties of n-alkane solvents are constant over a temperature range
      determined by equivalent solvent vapour pressures. We show that this is a
      consequence of the fact that long chain alkane liquids behave to a good
      approximation as simple liquids formed by packing of monomeric methyl/methylene
      units. Over the corresponding temperature range (233-361 K), the solvation
      environment is approximately constant at the single and pair nanoparticle levels
      under good solvent conditions. However, quantitative variations of the order of
      10%-20% do exist in various quantities, such as molar volume of solute at
      infinite dilution, entropy of solvation, and onset distance for soft repulsions.
      In the opposite limit of a poor solvent, represented by vacuum in this study, the
      effective interactions between nanoparticles are no longer temperature
      independent with attractive interactions increasing by up to 50% on decreasing
      the temperature from 361 K to 290 K, accompanied by an increase in emergent
      anisotropy due to correlation of mass dipoles on the two nanoparticles. One
      expects therefore that during self-assembly using solvent evaporation,
      temperature can be used as a structure-directing factor as long as good solvent
      conditions are maintained. It also suggests that disordered configurations may
      emerge as solvent quality decreases due to increasing role of short-range
      attractions and ligand fluctuation-driven anisotropy. The possibilities of using
      structural estimators of various thermodynamic quantities to analyse the
      interplay of ligand fluctuations and solvent quality in self-assembly as well as
      to design solvation environments are discussed. 

PMID- 27369539
TI  - Thermal gravitational separation of ternary mixture n
      dodecane/isobutylbenzene/tetralin components in a porous medium.
AB  - Our present work focuses on the coupling between thermal diffusion and convection
      in order to improve the thermal gravitational separation of mixture components.
      The separation phenomenon was studied in a porous medium contained in vertical
      columns. We performed analytical and numerical simulations to corroborate the
      experimental measurements of the thermal diffusion coefficients of ternary
      mixture n-dodecane, isobutylbenzene, and tetralin obtained in microgravity in the
      international space station. Our approach corroborates the existing data
      published in the literature. The authors show that it is possible to quantify and
      to optimize the species separation for ternary mixtures. The authors checked, for
      ternary mixtures, the validity of the "forgotten effect hypothesis" established
      for binary mixtures by Furry, Jones, and Onsager. Two complete and different
      analytical resolution methods were used in order to describe the separation in
      terms of Lewis numbers, the separation ratios, the cross-diffusion coefficients,
      and the Rayleigh number. The analytical model is based on the parallel flow
      approximation. In order to validate this model, a numerical simulation was
      performed using the finite element method. From our new approach to vertical
      separation columns, new relations for mass fraction gradients and the optimal
      Rayleigh number for each component of the ternary mixture were obtained. 

PMID- 27369540
TI  - Diagram of states and morphologies of flexible-semiflexible copolymer chains: A
      Monte Carlo simulation.
AB  - A single copolymer chain consisting of multiple flexible (F) and semiflexible (S)
      blocks has been studied using a continuum bead-spring model by Stochastic
      Approximation Monte Carlo simulations, which determine the density of states of
      the model. The only difference between F and S blocks is the intramolecular
      bending potential, all non-bonded interactions are equal. The state diagrams for
      this class of models display multiple nematic phases in the collapsed state,
      characterized through a demixing of the blocks of different stiffness and
      orientational ordering of the stiff blocks. We observe dumbbell-like
      morphologies, lamellar phases, and for the larger block lengths also Saturn-like
      structures with a core of flexible segments and the stiff segments forming a ring
      around the core. 

PMID- 27369541
TI  - Bond breaking in epoxy systems: A combined QM/MM approach.
AB  - A novel method to combine quantum mechanics (QM) and molecular mechanics has been
      developed to accurately and efficiently account for covalent bond breaking in
      polymer systems under high strain without the use of predetermined break
      locations. Use of this method will provide a better fundamental understanding of
      the mechano-chemical origins of fracture in thermosets. Since classical force
      fields cannot accurately account for bond breaking, and QM is too demanding to
      simulate large systems, a hybrid approach is required. In the method presented
      here, strain is applied to the system using a classical force field, and all bond
      lengths are monitored. When a bond is stretched past a threshold value, a zone
      surrounding the bond is used in a QM energy minimization to determine which, if
      any, bonds break. The QM results are then used to reconstitute the system to
      continue the classical simulation at progressively larger strain until another QM
      calculation is triggered. In this way, a QM calculation is only computed when and
      where needed, allowing for efficient simulations. A robust QM method for energy
      minimization has been determined, as well as appropriate values for the QM zone
      size and the threshold bond length. Compute times do not differ dramatically from
      classical molecular mechanical simulations. 

PMID- 27369542
TI  - Effect of functionality on unentangled star polymers at equilibrium and under
      shear flow.
AB  - The properties of unentangled star polymers with arm length Nf = 20 beads and
      functionality f (3 <= f <= 60) are investigated at equilibrium and under shear
      flow by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. At equilibrium, the star
      polymer shows a crossover from a linear, freely penetrable, extremely soft object
      to a spherical, slightly hard object with an impenetrable center with increasing
      f. The results confirm that the arm relaxation is essentially independent of f
      and stars of large f form a liquid-like structure. In shear flow, the polymer
      deformation and alignment are calculated as well as the shear-induced rotational
      dynamics as function of shear rate. These properties are found to exhibit
      qualitative changes at an f-independent shear rate, gammap, which is a
      consequence of competition between chain relaxation and imposed flow. Shear
      thinning is characterized by shear viscosity and normal stress differences. With
      increasing f, the critical shear rate for the onset of shear thinning decreases
      from gammap for f = 3 to a smaller value. Our results also show that shear
      thinning of stars of large f arise from the collapse of liquid-like structures at
      low shear rates (gamma?gammap), where chains have no deformation; at high shear
      rates (gamma?gammap), shear thinning is mainly attributed to the chain stretching
      and orientation as linear polymers. 

PMID- 27369543
TI  - Long-range energy transport in photosystem II.
AB  - We simulate the long-range inter-complex electronic energy transfer in
      photosystem II-from the antenna complex, via a core complex, to the reaction
      center-using a non-Markovian (ZOFE) quantum master equation description that
      allows the electronic coherence involved in the energy transfer to be explicitly
      included at all length scales. This allows us to identify all locations where
      coherence is manifested and to further identify the pathways of the energy
      transfer in the full network of coupled chromophores using a description based on
      excitation probability currents. We investigate how the energy transfer depends
      on the initial excitation-localized, coherent initial excitation versus
      delocalized, incoherent initial excitation-and find that the overall energy
      transfer is remarkably robust with respect to such strong variations of the
      initial condition. To explore the importance of vibrationally enhanced transfer
      and to address the question of optimization in the system parameters, we
      systematically vary the strength of the coupling between the electronic and the
      vibrational degrees of freedom. We find that the natural parameters lie in a
      (broad) region that enables optimal transfer efficiency and that the overall long
      range energy transfer on a ns time scale appears to be very robust with respect
      to variations in the vibronic coupling of up to an order of magnitude.
      Nevertheless, vibrationally enhanced transfer appears to be crucial to obtain a
      high transfer efficiency, with the latter falling sharply for couplings outside
      the optimal range. Comparison of our full quantum simulations to results obtained
      with a "classical" rate equation based on a modified-Redfield/generalized-Forster
      description previously used to simulate energy transfer dynamics in the entire
      photosystem II complex shows good agreement for the overall time scales of
      excitation energy transport. 

PMID- 27369544
TI  - On the properties of a bundle of flexible actin filaments in an optical trap.
AB  - We establish the statistical mechanics framework for a bundle of Nf living and
      uncrosslinked actin filaments in a supercritical solution of free monomers
      pressing against a mobile wall. The filaments are anchored normally to a fixed
      planar surface at one of their ends and, because of their limited flexibility,
      they grow almost parallel to each other. Their growing ends hit a moving
      obstacle, depicted as a second planar wall, parallel to the previous one and
      subjected to a harmonic compressive force. The force constant is denoted as the
      trap strength while the distance between the two walls as the trap length to make
      contact with the experimental optical trap apparatus. For an ideal solution of
      reactive filaments and free monomers at fixed free monomer chemical potential
      MU1, we obtain the general expression for the grand potential from which we
      derive averages and distributions of relevant physical quantities, namely, the
      obstacle position, the bundle polymerization force, and the number of filaments
      in direct contact with the wall. The grafted living filaments are modeled as
      discrete Wormlike chains, with F-actin persistence length lp, subject to discrete
      contour length variations +/-d (the monomer size) to model single monomer
      (de)polymerization steps. Rigid filaments (lp = infinity), either isolated or in
      bundles, all provide average values of the stalling force in agreement with
      Hill's predictions Fs (H)=NfkBTln(rho1/rho1c)/d, independent of the average trap
      length. Here rho1 is the density of free monomers in the solution and rho1c its
      critical value at which the filament does not grow nor shrink in the absence of
      external forces. Flexible filaments (lp < infinity) instead, for values of the
      trap strength suitable to prevent their lateral escape, provide an average bundle
      force and an average trap length slightly larger than the corresponding rigid
      cases (few percents). Still the stalling force remains nearly independent on the
      average trap length, but results from the product of two strongly L-dependent
      contributions: the fraction of touching filaments ?<L>(O.T.) (2) and the single
      filament buckling force ?<L>(O.T.) (-2). 

PMID- 27369545
TI  - Permeation of the three aromatic dipeptides through lipid bilayers: Experimental
      and computational study.
AB  - The time-resolved parallel artificial membrane permeability assay with
      fluorescence detection and comprehensive computer simulations are used to study
      the passive permeation of three aromatic dipeptides-N-acetyl-phenylalanineamide
      (NAFA), N-acetyltyrosineamide (NAYA), and N-acetyl-tryptophanamide (NATA) through
      a 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospocholine (DOPC) lipid bilayer. Measured
      permeation times and permeability coefficients show fastest translocation for
      NAFA, slowest for NAYA, and intermediate for NATA under physiological temperature
      and pH. Computationally, we perform umbrella sampling simulations to model the
      structure, dynamics, and interactions of the peptides as a function of z, the
      distance from lipid bilayer. The calculated profiles of the potential of mean
      force show two strong effects-preferential binding of each of the three peptides
      to the lipid interface and large free energy barriers in the membrane center. We
      use several approaches to calculate the position-dependent translational
      diffusion coefficients D(z), including one based on numerical solution the
      Smoluchowski equation. Surprisingly, computed D(z) values change very little with
      reaction coordinate and are also quite similar for the three peptides studied. In
      contrast, calculated values of sidechain rotational correlation times taurot(z)
      show extremely large changes with peptide membrane insertion-values become 100
      times larger in the headgroup region and 10 times larger at interface and in
      membrane center, relative to solution. The peptides' conformational freedom
      becomes systematically more restricted as they enter the membrane, sampling alpha
      and beta and C7eq basins in solution, alpha and C7eq at the interface, and C7eq
      only in the center. Residual waters of solvation remain around the peptides even
      in the membrane center. Overall, our study provides an improved microscopic
      understanding of passive peptide permeation through membranes, especially on the
      sensitivity of rotational diffusion to position relative to the bilayer. 

PMID- 27369546
TI  - Fate of Hancock valve in tricuspid position 36 years after implantation.
AB  - Mid- to long-term durability of bioprosthesis in tricuspid position is
      acceptable. However, little is known about more extended long-term structural
      valve changes of Hancock valve. In present report, we describe Hancock valve
      images 36 years after implantation. 

PMID- 27369548
TI  - [Erratum to: Ischemic stroke after intracranial occlusion of a major intracranial
      artery : Interventional radiological treatment versus i. v. thrombolysis therapy
      alone].

PMID- 27369547
TI  - Multiscale Analysis of Neurite Orientation and Spatial Organization in Neuronal
      Images.
AB  - The spatial organization of neurites, the thin processes (i.e., dendrites and
      axons) that stem from a neuron's soma, conveys structural information required
      for proper brain function. The alignment, direction and overall geometry of
      neurites in the brain are subject to continuous remodeling in response to healthy
      and noxious stimuli. In the developing brain, during neurogenesis or in
      neuroregeneration, these structural changes are indicators of the ability of
      neurons to establish axon-to-dendrite connections that can ultimately develop
      into functional synapses. Enabling a proper quantification of this structural
      remodeling would facilitate the identification of new phenotypic criteria to
      classify developmental stages and further our understanding of brain function.
      However, adequate algorithms to accurately and reliably quantify neurite
      orientation and alignment are still lacking. To fill this gap, we introduce a
      novel algorithm that relies on multiscale directional filters designed to measure
      local neurites orientation over multiple scales. This innovative approach allows
      us to discriminate the physical orientation of neurites from finer scale
      phenomena associated with local irregularities and noise. Building on this
      multiscale framework, we also introduce a notion of alignment score that we apply
      to quantify the degree of spatial organization of neurites in tissue and cultured
      neurons. Numerical codes were implemented in Python and released open source and
      freely available to the scientific community.

PMID- 27369549
TI  - [Imaging signs in chest diagnostics].
AB  - Signs in chest imaging are defined as typical findings which can be easily
      recognized on x-ray photographs or computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest.
      They are caused by different typical pathophysiological processes. Due to the
      association of a certain pathophysiological cause with a given sign, knowledge
      and use of these signs can allow the possible differential diagnoses to be
      narrowed down. If other imaging findings and clinical data are additionally taken
      into account, the diagnosis can be made with a high degree of confidence in many
      cases. 

PMID- 27369552
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369550
TI  - High-throughput fluorescence screening assay for the identification and
      comparison of antimicrobial peptides' activity on various yeast species.
AB  - New antifungal compounds that circumvent the resistance of the pathogen by
      directly damaging yeast cell surface structures are promising agents for the
      treatment of fungal infections, due to their different mechanism of action from
      current clinically used antifungal drugs. We present here a rapid and cost
      effective fluorescence method suitable for identifying new potent drugs that
      directly target yeast cell surface structures, causing cell permeabilization and
      thus bypassing the multidrug resistance mechanisms of pathogens. The fluorescence
      assay enabled us to detect with high sensitivity damage to the Candida plasma
      membrane (its hyperpolarization and permeabilization) as a result of short-term
      exposure to the antifungal compounds. Results can be obtained in 1-2h with
      minimal effort and consumption of the tested compounds, also 96 samples can be
      analysed simultaneously. We used this method to study antimicrobial peptides
      isolated from the venom of bees and their synthetic analogs, compare the potency
      of the peptides and determine their minimal effective concentrations. The
      antimicrobial peptides were able to kill yeast cells at low concentrations within
      a 15-min treatment, the LL-III peptide exhibited a broad spectrum of antifungal
      activity on various Saccharomyces, pathogenic Candida and osmotolerant yeast
      species. 

PMID- 27369551
TI  - Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase: The application of a plant secondary
      metabolite enzyme in biocatalytic chemical synthesis.
AB  - Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) from the secondary
      metabolism of Cannabis sativa L. catalyzes the oxidative formation of an
      intramolecular CC bond in cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) to synthesize Delta(9)
      tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), which is the direct precursor of Delta(9)
      tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC). Aiming on a biotechnological production of
      cannabinoids, we investigated the potential of the heterologously produced plant
      oxidase in a cell-free system on preparative scale. THCAS was characterized in an
      aqueous/organic two-liquid phase setup in order to solubilize the hydrophobic
      substrate and to allow in situ product removal. Compared to the single phase
      aqueous setup the specific activity decreased by a factor of approximately 2
      pointing to a substrate limitation of CBGA in the two-liquid phase system.
      However, the specific activity remained stable for at least 3h illustrating the
      benefit of the two-liquid phase setup. In a repeated-batch setup, THCAS showed
      only a minor loss of specific activity in the third batch pointing to a high
      intrinsic stability and high solvent tolerance of the enzyme. Maximal space-time
      yields of 0.121gL(-1)h(-1) were reached proving the two-liquid phase concept
      suitable for biotechnological production of cannabinoids. 

PMID- 27369554
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369553
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369555
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369556
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369557
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369558
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369559
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369560
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369561
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369562
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369563
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369564
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369565
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369566
TI  - An innovative privacy preserving technique for incremental datasets on cloud
      computing.
AB  - Cloud computing (CC) is a magnificent service-based delivery with gigantic
      computer processing power and data storage across connected communications
      channels. It imparted overwhelming technological impetus in the internet (web)
      mediated IT industry, where users can easily share private data for further
      analysis and mining. Furthermore, user affable CC services enable to deploy
      sundry applications economically. Meanwhile, simple data sharing impelled various
      phishing attacks and malware assisted security threats. Some privacy sensitive
      applications like health services on cloud that are built with several economic
      and operational benefits necessitate enhanced security. Thus, absolute cyberspace
      security and mitigation against phishing blitz became mandatory to protect
      overall data privacy. Typically, diverse applications datasets are anonymized
      with better privacy to owners without providing all secrecy requirements to the
      newly added records. Some proposed techniques emphasized this issue by re
      anonymizing the datasets from the scratch. The utmost privacy protection over
      incremental datasets on CC is far from being achieved. Certainly, the
      distribution of huge datasets volume across multiple storage nodes limits the
      privacy preservation. In this view, we propose a new anonymization technique to
      attain better privacy protection with high data utility over distributed and
      incremental datasets on CC. The proficiency of data privacy preservation and
      improved confidentiality requirements is demonstrated through performance
      evaluation.

PMID- 27369567
TI  - OntoADR a semantic resource describing adverse drug reactions to support
      searching, coding, and information retrieval.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Efficient searching and coding in databases that use terminological
      resources requires that they support efficient data retrieval. The Medical
      Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) is a reference terminology for
      several countries and organizations to code adverse drug reactions (ADRs) for
      pharmacovigilance. Ontologies that are available in the medical domain provide
      several advantages such as reasoning to improve data retrieval. The field of
      pharmacovigilance does not yet benefit from a fully operational ontology to
      formally represent the MedDRA terms. Our objective was to build a semantic
      resource based on formal description logic to improve MedDRA term retrieval and
      aid the generation of on-demand custom groupings by appropriately and efficiently
      selecting terms: OntoADR. METHODS: The method consists of the following steps:
      (1) mapping between MedDRA terms and SNOMED-CT, (2) generation of semantic
      definitions using semi-automatic methods, (3) storage of the resource and (4)
      manual curation by pharmacovigilance experts. RESULTS: We built a semantic
      resource for ADRs enabling a new type of semantics-based term search. OntoADR
      adds new search capabilities relative to previous approaches, overcoming the
      usual limitations of computation using lightweight description logic, such as the
      intractability of unions or negation queries, bringing it closer to user needs.
      Our automated approach for defining MedDRA terms enabled the association of at
      least one defining relationship with 67% of preferred terms. The curation work
      performed on our sample showed an error level of 14% for this automated approach.
      We tested OntoADR in practice, which allowed us to build custom groupings for
      several medical topics of interest. DISCUSSION: The methods we describe in this
      article could be adapted and extended to other terminologies which do not benefit
      from a formal semantic representation, thus enabling better data retrieval
      performance. Our custom groupings of MedDRA terms were used while performing
      signal detection, which suggests that the graphical user interface we are
      currently implementing to process OntoADR could be usefully integrated into
      specialized pharmacovigilance software that rely on MedDRA.

PMID- 27369568
TI  - Evaluation of different methods for the experimental infection of the land snail
      Helix aspersa with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus lungworm.
AB  - The laboratory maintenance of parasitic life cycles is crucial to support
      research in many fields of parasitology. The land snail Helix aspersa (syn. Cornu
      aspersum), an intermediate host of feline lungworms Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
      and Troglostrongylus brevior, is adopted to produce infective stages of those
      nematodes in laboratory condition. The aim of this study was to compare the most
      common methods of experimental infection of H. aspersa with first stage larvae
      (L1) of A. abstrusus (i.e., contact of the snail foot with the L1) with the
      injection of these larvae in the foot of the snail, instrumental to reduce the
      infection time and to maximize the output of third-stage larvae (L3). Three
      groups (i.e., A, B, C) of 15 H. aspersa snails were infected with L1 of A.
      abstrusus (n=250 for each snail), whereas a fourth group (group D) was not
      infected (control). Snails were individually placed for 48h on a microfilm
      containing L1 (group A), on a potato slice previously irrigated with a suspension
      of L1 (group B), or they were inoculated by injection of L1 in the posterior
      ventral portion of the foot (group C). Eighteen days after the infection all
      snails were analyzed and tissues were digested to recover L3. No difference in
      mortality rate was recorded among snail groups and the mean number of retrieved
      L3 was significantly larger in group C (71.5+/-52.9) compared to group B (38.2+/
      44.9; p=0.0161) and group A (19+/-23.3; p<0.0001). The injection of A. abstrusus
      L1 in the foot of H. aspersa proved to be a fast, easy to apply and effective
      method, resulting in the largest number of infective larvae retrieved. 

PMID- 27369569
TI  - Efficacy of a potential DNA vaccine encoding Cryptosporidium baileyi rhomboid
      protein against homologous challenge in chickens.
AB  - The parasite Cryptosporidium baileyi can infect the larynx, trachea, bursa and
      cloaca of poultry, causing high mortality during severe infection and leading to
      substantial economic losses of the poultry industry. The rhomboid protein is very
      important in Cryptosporidium infection. In this study, a nucleic acid based
      vaccine candidate pEGFP-CbROM was constructed. After orally challenging with C.
      baileyi oocysts, the corresponding immune responses induced were analyzed and the
      immunoprotective effect evaluated in chickens. Obtained results revealed that
      this nucleic acid based vaccine could induce antibody responses and peripheral
      blood T lymphocytes proliferation significantly (P<0.05), while the peripheral
      blood B lymphocyte proliferation increased significantly (P<0.05) only at a high
      dose of 100MUg of pEGFP-CbROM, compared with the PBS control group. After C.
      baileyi infection, the duration of oocysts shedding was shortened by 2days in the
      100MUg pEGFP-CbROM group, and the rate of reduction could reach to around 71.3%.
      While no significant difference in body weight gain was observed among the
      immunized groups (P>0.05), the differences between the immunized and the non
      immunized groups were found to be significant (P<0.05). Our data provides a
      useful basis for further work in cryptosporidiosis prevention and treatment. 

PMID- 27369570
TI  - Laboratory and field evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of
      amitraz-resistant and susceptible strains of Rhipicephalus decoloratus.
AB  - Rhipicephalus decoloratus causes serious economic losses in cattle industry every
      year in East Africa. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi is seen as a
      promising alternative to chemical acaricides being used for their control. The
      pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae and of Beauveria bassiana isolates was
      tested in the laboratory against amitraz-resistant and amitraz-susceptible
      strains of R. decoloratus. Unfed larvae were sprayed with conidial suspensions of
      1*10(9) conidia ml(-1). Fungal isolates were pathogenic to R. decoloratus larvae,
      causing mortality of between 10.0 and 100% and between 12.1 and 100% of amitraz
      susceptible and amitraz-resistant strains, respectively. The LT50 values of
      selected fungal isolates varied between 2.6-4.2days in amitraz-susceptible strain
      and between 2.8-3.9days in amitraz-resistant strain. The LC50 values varied
      between 0.4+/-0.1 and 200.0+/-60*10(3) conidia ml(-1) and between 0.1+/-0.1 and
      200.0+/-31.0*10(3) conidia ml(-1) in amitraz-susceptible and amitraz-resistant
      strains, respectively. Metarhizium anisopliae isolate ICIPE 7 outperformed the
      other isolates and was selected for compatibility study with amitraz and field
      trial. ICIPE 7 was compatible with amitraz. In the field, four treatments
      including control, ICIPE 7 alone, amitraz alone and ICIPE 7/amitraz were applied
      on cattle. All the treatments significantly reduced the number of ticks on all
      the sampling dates: day 7 (F3,8=3.917; P=0.0284), day 14 (F3,8=9.090; P=0.0275),
      day 21 (F3,8=37.971; P=0.0001) and day 28 (F3,8=8.170; P=0.0016) compared to the
      control. Results of the present study indicate that ICIPE 7 can be used for the
      management of amitraz-resistant strain of R. decoloratus. 

PMID- 27369572
TI  - Potential association of reduced cholinesterase activity with Trypanosoma evansi
      pathogenesis in buffaloes.
AB  - The present study aimed to investigate the association of cholinesterase activity
      with trypanosomosis in buffaloes. Thirty-three clinical cases of trypanosomosis
      in water buffaloes, found positive for trypomastigotes of T. evansi on blood
      smear examination, were divided into two groups based on clinical manifestations.
      Twenty diseased buffaloes revealing only common clinical signs were allocated to
      Group I, while the remaining 13 buffaloes showing common clinical manifestations
      along with neurological disturbances were allocated to Group II. Twelve
      clinically healthy buffaloes, free from any haemoprotozoa infection, were kept as
      healthy control (Group III). Blood samples were collected from buffaloes of all
      three groups to determine serum cholinesterase activity. Compared to buffaloes of
      healthy control group, cholinesterase activity in T. evansi-infected buffaloes of
      Group I and II was significantly (P<0.001) lower. However, no significant
      difference was observed in cholinesterase activity between the T. evansi-infected
      buffaloes exhibiting neurological disorders and no neurological disorders.
      Summing up, reduced cholinesterase activity seems to be associated with the
      pathogenesis of natural T. evansi infection and its clinical manifestations in
      buffaloes possibly by evading immune response. Further studies are warranted on
      association of cholinesterase activity in T. evansi-infected buffaloes with
      neurological disorders. 

PMID- 27369571
TI  - Breeding for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes - the potential in low
      input/output small ruminant production systems.
AB  - The control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) is mainly based on the use of
      drugs, grazing management, use of copper oxide wire particles and bioactive
      forages. Resistance to anthelmintic drugs in small ruminants is documented
      worldwide. Host genetic resistance to parasites, has been increasingly used as a
      complementary control strategy, along with the conventional intervention methods
      mentioned above. Genetic diversity in resistance to GIN has been well studied in
      experimental and commercial flocks in temperate climates and more developed
      economies. However, there are very few report outputs from the more extensive low
      input/output smallholder systems in developing and emerging countries.
      Furthermore, results on quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with nematode
      resistance from various studies have not always been consistent, mainly due to
      the different nematodes studied, different host breeds, ages, climates, natural
      infections versus artificial challenges, infection level at sampling periods,
      among others. The increasing use of genetic markers (Single Nucleotide
      Polymorphisms, SNPs) in GWAS or the use of whole genome sequence data and a
      plethora of analytic methods offer the potential to identify loci or regions
      associated nematode resistance. Genomic selection as a genome-wide level method
      overcomes the need to identify candidate genes. Benefits in genomic selection are
      now being realised in dairy cattle and sheep under commercial settings in the
      more advanced countries. However, despite the commercial benefits of using these
      tools, there are practical problems associated with incorporating the use of
      marker-assisted selection or genomic selection in low-input/output smallholder
      farming systems breeding schemes. Unlike anthelmintic resistance, there is no
      empirical evidence suggesting that nematodes will evolve rapidly in response to
      resistant hosts. The strategy of nematode control has evolved to a more practical
      manipulation of host-parasite equilibrium in grazing systems by implementation of
      various strategies, in which improvement of genetic resistance of small ruminant
      should be included. Therefore, selection for resistant hosts can be considered as
      one of the sustainable control strategy, although it will be most effective when
      used to complement other control strategies such as grazing management and
      improving efficiency of anthelmintics currently. 

PMID- 27369573
TI  - Why pigs are free-roaming: Communities' perceptions, knowledge and practices
      regarding pig management and taeniosis/cysticercosis in a Taenia solium endemic
      rural area in Eastern Zambia.
AB  - Taenia solium cysticercosis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis in many developing
      countries including Zambia. Studies in Africa have shown that the underuse of
      sanitary facilities and the widespread occurrence of free-roaming pigs are the
      major risk factors for porcine cysticercosis. Socio-cultural determinants related
      to free range pig management and their implications for control of T. solium
      remain unclear. The study objective was to assess the communities' perceptions,
      reported practices and knowledge regarding management of pigs and
      taeniosis/cysticercosis (including neurocysticercosis) in an endemic rural area
      in Eastern Zambia, and to identify possible barriers to pig related control
      measures such as pig confinement. A total of 21 focus group discussions on pig
      husbandry practices were organized separately with men, women and children, in
      seven villages from Petauke district. The findings reveal that the perception of
      pigs and their role in society (financial, agricultural and traditional), the
      distribution of the management tasks among the family members owning pigs
      (feeding, building kraal, seeking care) and environmental aspects (feed supply,
      presence of bush, wood use priorities, rainy season) prevailing in the study area
      affect pig confinement. People have a fragmented knowledge of the pork tapeworm
      and its transmission. Even if negative aspects/health risks of free-range pigs
      keeping are perceived, people are ready to take the risk for socio-economic
      reasons. Finally, gender plays an important role because women, and also
      children, seem to have a higher perception of the risks but lack power in terms
      of economic decision-making compared to men. Currently pig confinement is not
      seen as an acceptable method to control porcine cysticercosis by many farmers in
      Eastern Zambia, vaccination and treatment seemed to be more appropriate. Embedded
      in a One Health approach, disease control programs should therefore ensure a
      complementary appropriate set of control strategies by engaging new sectors such
      as agronomy, spatial ecology and finally consider the socio-cultural context,
      which is likely to enhance the development of control methods that could be
      accepted by the communities. 

PMID- 27369574
TI  - Combatting African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock: The potential role
      of trypanotolerance.
AB  - African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is endemic in at least 37 of the 54
      countries in Africa. It is estimated to cause direct and indirect losses to the
      livestock production industry in excess of US$ 4.5 billion per annum. A century
      of intervention has yielded limited success, owing largely to the extraordinary
      complexity of the host-parasite interaction. Trypanotolerance, which refers to
      the inherent ability of some African livestock breeds, notably Djallonke sheep,
      N'Dama cattle and West African Dwarf goats, to withstand a trypanosomiasis
      challenge and still remain productive without any form of therapy, is an
      economically sustainable option for combatting this disease. Yet trypanotolerance
      has not been adequately exploited in the fight against AAT. In this review, we
      describe new insights into the genetic basis of trypanotolerance and discuss the
      potential of exploring this phenomenon as an integral part of the solution for
      AAT, particularly, in the context of African animal production systems. 

PMID- 27369576
TI  - Explaining variability in first grazing season heifer growth combining
      individually measured parasitological and clinical indicators with exposure to
      gastrointestinal nematode infection based on grazing management practice.
AB  - The objective of our study was to explain the variability of average daily weight
      gain (ADWG) due to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection for 291 non treated
      first grazing season (FGS) heifers, from 12 independent groups in the western
      part of France, by combining parasitological and clinical indicators at
      individual level and grazing management indicators at group level.
      Parasitological indicators were faecal egg count (FEC), anti Ostertagia ostertagi
      antibody level (Ostertagia ODR), and pepsinogen level. Clinical indicators were
      diarrhea score (DISCO) and breech soiling score (BSS). At group level, grazing
      management practice (GMP), based on three variables (supplementation, month of
      turnout, grazing season duration), was clustered into three categories reflecting
      low, medium or high exposure (EXP) to GIN. Depending on the groups, turnout was
      from mid-March to early July and housing was from mid-October to late November,
      with a FGS duration ranging from 4 to 8.4 months. At turnout, the mean age of
      heifers was 8 months (range: 6-16 months) and they weighed between 175 and 268kg.
      In each GMP category, FEC significantly decreased between the mid-season and the
      housing, while Ostertagia ODR and pepsinogen level increased gradually throughout
      the grazing season. In contrast, clinical indicators did not show any seasonal
      variation. In a multivariate linear model, 22% of the ADWG variability was
      significantly explained by two individual indicators (Ostertagia ODR: 12.6%,
      DISCO: 4.8%) and by the group indicator (GMP category: 4.8%). ADWG losses due to
      GIN exposure (Ostertagia ODR) were estimated up to 39kg per heifer for the
      overall grazing season. For groups within the low EXP category the difference
      between animals with low (<697g/day) or high (>697g/day) ADWG was explained by
      the clinical indicator DISCO. In contrast, for groups within the medium and high
      EXP categories this difference was explained by a parasitological indicator
      (Ostertagia ODR). This study highlighted the value of combining both grazing
      management (group level) and parasitological (individual level) indicators to
      assess the impact of GIN on ADWG of FGS heifers. As a result, this combination
      might allow a better discrimination of animals or groups that may be in need of
      treatment in a targeting selective treatment approach. 

PMID- 27369575
TI  - Pooling sheep faecal samples for the assessment of anthelmintic drug efficacy
      using McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC in gastrointestinal strongyle and Nematodirus
      infection.
AB  - In small ruminants, faecal egg counts (FECs) and reduction in FECs (FECR) are the
      most common methods for the assessment of intensity of gastrointestinal (GI)
      nematodes infections and anthelmintic drug efficacy, respectively. The main
      limitation of these methods is the time and cost to conduct FECs on a
      representative number of individual animals. A cost-saving alternative would be
      to examine pooled faecal samples, however little is known regarding whether
      pooling can give representative results. In the present study, we compared the
      FECR results obtained by both an individual and a pooled examination strategy
      across different pool sizes and analytical sensitivity of the FEC techniques. A
      survey was conducted on 5 sheep farms in Scotland, where anthelmintic resistance
      is known to be widespread. Lambs were treated with fenbendazole (4 groups),
      levamisole (3 groups), ivermectin (3 groups) or moxidectin (1 group). For each
      group, individual faecal samples were collected from 20 animals, at baseline (D0)
      and 14 days after (D14) anthelmintic administration. Faecal samples were analyzed
      as pools of 3-5, 6-10, and 14-20 individual samples. Both individual and pooled
      samples were screened for GI strongyle and Nematodirus eggs using two FEC
      techniques with three different levels of analytical sensitivity, including Mini
      FLOTAC (analytical sensitivity of 10 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG)) and McMaster
      (analytical sensitivity of 15 or 50 EPG).For both Mini-FLOTAC and McMaster
      (analytical sensitivity of 15 EPG), there was a perfect agreement in classifying
      the efficacy of the anthelmintic as 'normal', 'doubtful' or 'reduced' regardless
      of pool size. When using the McMaster method (analytical sensitivity of 50 EPG)
      anthelmintic efficacy was often falsely classified as 'normal' or assessment was
      not possible due to zero FECs at D0, and this became more pronounced when the
      pool size increased. In conclusion, pooling ovine faecal samples holds promise as
      a cost-saving and efficient strategy for assessing GI nematode FECR. However, for
      the assessment FECR one will need to consider the baseline FEC, pool size and
      analytical sensitivity of the method. 

PMID- 27369577
TI  - Evaluation of tea tree oil for controlling Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cows.
AB  - Our research aimed to test the effects of Melaleuca alternifolia oil (pure and in
      nanocapsules) in the control of Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cattle. For this
      purpose, the in vivo studies used 15 cows distributed in three different groups
      with the same number of animals. Five cows remained untreated (Group A),
      representing the control group; other five cows were sprayed with TTO (at 5%) in
      its pure form (Group B); and five cows were sprayed with nanocapsules of TTO (at
      0.75%) (Group C). On days 1 and 4 post-treatments (PT), all cows had their ticks
      counted. On day 1 PT, two ticks from each cow were collected to evaluate the
      effect of the treatment on ticks reproduction (in vitro assays). The pure form of
      TTO caused a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the number of ticks from the Group
      B compared to the Group A on day 4 PT. However, there was no significant
      difference in the number of ticks on cows from Groups A and C after treatment
      (P>0.05). Treatment with TTO in nanocapsules (Group C) interfered with R.
      microplus reproduction, leading to lower oviposition by female ticks and
      hatchability (34.5% of efficacy). On the other hand, TTO oil (Group B) did not
      interfere on ticks reproduction, i.e. showed higher hatchability than the control
      group. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that pure TTO has an acaricidal
      effect in dairy cows, in addition to an effect on ticks reproduction when used
      its nanocapsulated form. 

PMID- 27369578
TI  - Risk factors and molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from ostriches
      (Struthio camelus) from a Brazilian slaughterhouse.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution with different genotypes reported
      in animals and humans. The parasite is of great importance to food production and
      public health, highlighted by the high diversity of hosts, i.e. ostriches. This
      study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. gondii infection in ostriches from
      a Brazilian slaughterhouse, the genotype, and the associated risk factors. T.
      gondii antibodies were detected in 38/344 (11.05%) serum samples using the
      modified agglutination test using formalin-fixed tachyzoites (MAT-HS); the
      parasite was isolated from 14/38 (36.84%) ostrich brain samples using the mouse
      bioassay; and the DNA was detected from 25/38 (65.79%), using PCR. In farms, the
      water tank was considered the main risk factor (OR=141.87; p-value<0.05), and
      oocysts were detected in 30% (6/20) in soil of paddocks before animals were
      slaughtered (1st sampling), and 40% (8/20) one-year after (2nd sampling) using
      microscopy and PCR. Non-ostrich fecal samples on the ground resulted negative.
      Bioassay isolation was confirmed by PCR. All PCR positive samples were sequenced
      and resulted in 100% homology to Toxoplasma gondii repetitive DNA sequence
      (GenBank access number EF648168-1). These samples were also typed through RFLP
      PCR using 11 markers: SAG1, SAG2 (5'-3'SAG2 and alt.SAG2), SAG3, BTUB, GRA6,
      L358, c22-8, c29-6, PK1, Apico and CS3. Two isolates had a complete genotype,
      typed from the ostrich tissue. In ostrich samples, the parasite load ranged from
      19,043 (TgOsBr1, avirulent) to 54,829 parasitesmL(-1) (TgOsBr2, virulent) using
      qPCR, whereas soil samples ranged from 11 to 2,275 parasitesmL(-1). Both typed
      isolates resulted on atypical clones, one previously reported to cause congenital
      toxoplasmosis in Brazilian patients (TgOsBr1, ToxoDB #206). Thus, these findings
      support the occurrence of T. gondii in slaughtered ostriches from Brazil,
      ostriches as sentinel for environmental contamination with T. gondii, the
      genotypic variability in Brazilian isolates, and the first isolation and
      genotyping of T. gondii from Brazilian slaughtered ostriches. 

PMID- 27369579
TI  - Heat treatment of serum samples from stray dogs naturally exposed to Dirofilaria
      immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Romania.
AB  - Pre-heating of serum samples has been shown to reverse false negative antigen
      tests for Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. Here the authors report the
      results of serum sampling in a population of dogs naturally exposed to D. immitis
      and Dirofilaria repens infection by testing in ELISA before and after heat
      treatment. Of 194 dogs sampled from four cities in Romania, D. immitis
      circulating antigens were found in 16 (8.2%) non heated samples and in 52 (26.8%)
      heated samples. Of the 108 dogs examined by Knott test, 24 dogs (22.2%) were
      positive for circulating mf. Subsequent PCR identification showed six dogs had D.
      immitis mf only, 12 dogs, had only D. repens mf, and 5 were positive for both.
      Fifty% of dogs with circulating D. immitis mf had positive antigen tests before
      and after heating, while the other 50% reverted to positive only after heat
      treatment. Sixty% of dogs with mixed D. immitis/D. repens infection were antigen
      positive before and after heating, while the other 40% converted to positive
      after heating. Antigen testing for D. immitis in the 12 dogs with only D. repens
      mf gave conflicting results. Only two dogs (16%) were antigen negative both
      before and after heat treatment. Six dogs (50%) became antigen positive after
      heating and four dogs (30%) were antigen positive both before and after heat
      treatment. Results would suggest that: false negative result for antigen testing
      can be reverted by heating of the serum sample; dogs infected with D. repens may
      have also an occult infection with D. immitis; heat treatment of serum from D.
      repens-infected dogs can reveal an occult infection with D. immitis. 

PMID- 27369580
TI  - First genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves, broiler chickens
      and children in Syria by PCR-RFLP analysis.
AB  - In this study, PCR-RFLP was used for the first time in Syria for genotyping
      Cryptosporidium species of man, calves and chickens. The total of 391 fecal
      samples included 213 from children with diarrhea (<5years), 67 from pre-weaned
      calves with diarrhea and 111 from broiler chicken farms. All samples were
      collected and examined with acid fast stain to detect the positive samples.
      Subsequently a nested-PCR test was performed on 35 positive samples (17 from
      calves, 11 from chicken, and 7 from children) targeting SSU rRNA gene, and was
      followed by RFLP analysis using three restriction enzymes SspI, VspI and MboII.
      Results showed that C. parvum was the only identified species in children and
      calves, on the other hand C. baileyi was identified in broilers in addition to
      another species with unknown RFLP profile in comparison to those which have been
      described in chicken. Further studies using more genes are needed to sequence and
      detect subtypes of this parasite. 

PMID- 27369581
TI  - Free-living protozoa in the gastrointestinal tract and feces of pigs: Exploration
      of an unknown world and towards a protocol for the recovery of free-living
      protozoa.
AB  - Associations with free-living protozoa (FLP) have been implicated in the
      persistence of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food-related environments. To
      date however no information is available on the presence of FLP in the
      gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs, which represents an important reservoir for
      zoonotic foodborne bacteria and hence a potential location for associations with
      FLP. This is at least partly due to the lack of adequate protocols to recover FLP
      from intestinal content and feces. In the present study different protocols to
      recover FLP from the porcine GIT and feces were tested. The most effective
      protocols were then applied to explore the presence of live FLP in the pig GIT
      and feces. A filtration based protocol was identified as the most suitable method
      to recover viable FLP from the porcine GIT and feces. Cultivable FLP were
      recovered from different parts of the GIT, suggesting at least a transient
      presence of FLP in this habitat. Free-living amoebae species (Acanthamoeba spp.,
      Hyperamoeba sp., Vannella sp., Vermamoeba vermiformis, hartmannellids and
      vahlkampfiids) but also ciliates (Colpoda sp. and Tetrahymena/Glaucoma lookalike)
      and flagellates (cercomonads, bodonids and glissomonads) were recovered and
      cultured from pig intestinal content. Acanthamoeba hatchetti and Filamoeba
      sinensis were isolated for the first time from pig intestinal content. Despite
      high gastric acidity, non-cyst forming amoeba species were also detected which
      suggests survival of their trophozoites in the animal GIT. 

PMID- 27369582
TI  - Repellent effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against cattle tick
      larvae (Rhipicephalus australis) when formulated as emulsions and in beta
      cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.
AB  - Rhipicephalus australis (formerly Boophilus microplus) is a one host tick
      responsible for major economic loss in tropical and subtropical cattle production
      enterprises. Control is largely dependent on the application of acaricides but
      resistance has developed to most currently registered chemical groups. Repellent
      compounds that prevent initial attachment of tick larvae offer a potential
      alternative to control with chemical toxicants. The repellent effects of
      Melaleuca alternifolia oil (TTO) emulsions and two beta-cyclodextrin complex
      formulations, a slow release form (SR) and a modified faster release form (FR),
      were examined in a series of laboratory studies. Emulsions containing 4% and 5%
      TTO applied to cattle hair in laboratory studies completely repelled ascending
      tick larvae for 24h whereas 2% and 3% formulations provided 80% protection. At
      48h, 5% TTO provided 78% repellency but lower concentrations repelled less than
      60% of larvae. In a study conducted over 15 days, 3% TTO emulsion applied to
      cattle hair provided close to 100% repellency for 2 days, but then protection
      fell to 23% by day 15. The FR formulation gave significantly greater repellency
      than the emulsion and the SR formulation from day 3 until the end of the study
      (P<0.05), providing almost complete repellency at day 3 (99.5%), then decreasing
      over the period of the study to 49% repellency at day 15. Proof of concept is
      established for the use of appropriately designed controlled-release formulations
      to extend the period of repellency provided by TTO against R. australis larvae. 

PMID- 27369583
TI  - Impeding movement of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae.
AB  - The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, is an economically important
      hematophagous parasite of commercial egg laying hens, also affecting domesticated
      birds and companion animals. Conventional control of D. gallinae through
      acaricidal spraying is often ineffective, creating an urgent need to identify
      alternative management strategies for commercial and domestic infestations.
      Whilst integrated pest management is being considered for D. gallinae, the
      potential of impeding mite 'migration' routes, to either prevent initial
      infestation or manage established populations, has not been researched. Here we
      demonstrate that barriers of insecticidal glue, double sided sticky tape and
      thyme oil can contain D. gallinae within a specified area of a petri dish (78-88%
      of total mite population) and this level of containment was significantly greater
      than for negative controls (p values <0.05). Further studies in poultry houses
      are recommended to investigate the efficacy of these barriers in real world
      application and identity potential for barriers as a strategy for mite control. 

PMID- 27369584
TI  - Value of the oral swab for the molecular diagnosis of dogs in different stages of
      infection with Leishmania infantum.
AB  - This study was based on the need to employ a sensitive and specific method with
      samples that could be easily collected for diagnosing dogs infected with
      Leishmania infantum. To this end, we used real time-PCR (qPCR) to assess the
      value of the oral swab (OS) in detecting infected sick dogs (SD; n=62),
      including, for the first time, the analysis of apparently healthy infected dogs
      (AD; n=30), both from endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). For
      comparison, we also evaluated the performance of the conjunctival swab (CS),
      blood (BL), lymph node (LN) and serology. We detected the presence of Leishmania
      DNA in the oral cavity in 62 out of the 92 dogs studied. The OS positivity
      (67.4%) was equivalent to the CS (68.5%) (p>0.05), higher than BL (52.2%)
      (p<=0.05), and lower than LN (84.8%) (p<=0.05). OS and CS performed well in SD
      dogs (82.3% and 83.9%, respectively) but not in AD dogs (36.7% for both samples).
      BL showed the lowest positivity (52.2%) and provided equivalent results between
      AD (60.0%) and SD (48.4%) dogs (p>0.05). LN yielded the highest positivity
      (84.8%), and it was also higher in the SD population (93.5%) compared to the AD
      population (66.7%) (p<=0.05). Parasite load was high in LN, moderate in OS and
      CS, and low in BL, showing the relationship between the levels of parasitism and
      the positivity rates found in these samples. Serology was positive in 82.2% of
      the SD group and in 70% of the AD dogs (p>0.05). Among the 20 seronegative dogs,
      seven (35%) were positive in either OS or CS, and 12 (60%) were positive when
      both noninvasive samples were jointly considered. The OS/CS combination resulted
      in a significant increase of positivity (p<=0.05) for the AD dogs (from 36.7% to
      63.4%), as well as OS/serology (80%) and OS/CS/serology (83.4%). For the SD
      population, positivity reached up to 95.2% with the same combinations, showing
      that combination of samples and/or tests is required for the identification of
      dogs infected with L. infantum and that the OS and CS combination based on qPCR
      notably improves the detection of both AD and SD dogs. In conclusion, OS proved
      to be a suitable sample for the molecular diagnosis of infected dogs with
      clinical signs of VL, but not for dogs with inapparent infection. For these, we
      recommend the combination of OS results with CS and/or serology in order to reach
      relevant positivity for L. infantum. Finally, another advantage of using OS or
      both noninvasive samples is the increased likelihood of diagnosing seronegative
      dogs. 

PMID- 27369585
TI  - Performance of AlereTM immunochromathographic test for the diagnosis of canine
      visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - The diagnosis and control of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) has fundamental
      importance in the control of human visceral leishmaniasis. In this context, the
      immunochromathographic test (ICT) has emerged as a valuable diagnostic tool.
      Currently, in Brazil, the algorithm for the diagnosis of CVL uses Dual Path
      Platform (DPP) ICT as a screening test and ELISA as a confirmatory test. However,
      the DPP((r)) ICT has been facing a problem of insufficient production to meet the
      national demand. Here, the AlereTM canine visceral leishmaniasis ICT was tested
      with serum samples from 159 dogs, including symptomatic, asymptomatic and healthy
      dogs, characterized by DPP((r)) ICT and ELISA (panel A), or ELISA and Indirect
      Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) (panel B), and parasitological examination as gold
      standard. In this study, the AlereTM ICT obtained 0.974 sensitivity for panel A
      and 0.854 sensitivity for panel B. The specificity was 1.0 for both panels. Thus,
      the AlereTM ICT has potential to be used for the serological diagnosis of CVL. 

PMID- 27369586
TI  - Efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables against induced
      gastrointestinal nematode infections in dogs.
AB  - The efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime combination chewables
      against induced gastrointestinal nematode infections in dogs was evaluated in six
      separate studies. Two studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the
      product against Toxocara canis, two studies evaluated the efficacy against
      Toxascaris leonina, one study evaluated the efficacy against Ancylostoma
      braziliense, and one study evaluated the efficacy against Ancylostoma caninum. In
      the A. caninum study, the efficacy of milbemycin oxime alone and afoxolaner alone
      was also evaluated. Dogs in all studies were inoculated with infective eggs or
      larvae and confirmed to have patent infections based on a fecal examination prior
      to allocation to study group and treatment. Each study utilized a randomized
      block design with blocks based on pre-treatment body weight. All dogs were
      assigned to blocks based on body weight, and then each dog within a block was
      randomly assigned to treatment group. There were two groups of 10 dogs each in
      the T. canis, T. leonina, and A. braziliense studies: 1) an untreated (control)
      group and 2) a group treated with afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables
      (NexGard Spectra((r)), Merial). This group was treated at a dose as close as
      possible to the minimum effective dose of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime
      (2.5mg+0.5mg per kg body weight, respectively) once on Day 0 using whole chews.
      There were four groups of 10 dogs each in the A. caninum study: 1) untreated
      (control), 2) NexGard Spectra((r)) as described above, 3) milbemycin oxime alone
      (dose of at least 0.5mg per kg of body weight) and 4) afoxalaner alone (dose of
      at least 2.5mg per kg body weight). For parasite recovery and counts, dogs were
      euthanized humanely and necropsied seven days after treatment. The efficacy of
      the afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime combination was >=98% against T. canis,
      >=95.8% against T. leonina, and 90.2% against A. braziliense. Efficacy of the
      combination against A. caninum was 99.7%, while the efficacy of milbemycin oxime
      alone was 99.6% and the efficacy of afoxolaner alone was 2.1%. Dogs treated with
      afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables had significantly (p<=0.0002) fewer
      nematodes than the untreated controls in all studies. There were no adverse
      events or other health problems that were related to treatment with Nexgard
      Spectra((r)) in these studies. The results of these controlled studies
      demonstrate the high efficacy of the afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables
      against a broad range of canine intestinal nematode infections. 

PMID- 27369587
TI  - PCR amplification of a multi-copy mitochondrial gene (cox3) improves detection of
      Cytauxzoon felis infection as compared to a ribosomal gene (18S).
AB  - Cytauxzoon felis is a tick-transmitted protozoan parasite that infects felids.
      Clinical disease caused by acute C. felis infection rapidly progresses in
      domestic cats, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Accurately diagnosing
      cytauxzoonosis as soon as possible during acute infection would allow for earlier
      initiation of antiprotozoal therapy which could lead to higher survival rates.
      Molecular detection of parasite rRNA genes (18S) by PCR has previously been shown
      to be a sensitive method of diagnosing C. felis infections. Based on evidence
      from related apicomplexan species, we hypothesized that C. felis mitochondrial
      genes would exist at higher copy numbers than 18S and would be a more sensitive
      diagnostic target. In this study we have designed a PCR assay targeting the C.
      felis mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (cox3). Herein we
      demonstrate that (1) the cox3 PCR can detect as low as 1 copy of DNA target and
      can detect C. felis in samples with known mitochondrial sequence heterogeneity,
      (2) cox3 copy number is increased relative to 18S in blood and tissue samples
      from acutely infected cats, and (3) the cox3 PCR is more sensitive than 18S PCR
      for detection of C. felis during early infections. 

PMID- 27369588
TI  - Association Studies and Direct DNA Sequencing Implicate Genetic Susceptibility
      Loci in the Etiology of Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts in Sub-Saharan African
      Populations.
AB  - Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are congenital dysmorphologies of the human face and oral
      cavity, with a global incidence of 1 per 700 live births. These anomalies exhibit
      a multifactorial pattern of inheritance, with genetic and environmental factors
      both playing crucial roles. Many loci have been implicated in the etiology of
      nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) in populations of
      Asian and European ancestries, through genome-wide association studies and
      candidate gene studies. However, few populations of African descent have been
      studied to date. Here, the authors show evidence of an association of some loci
      with NSCL/P and nonsyndromic cleft palate only (NSCPO) in cohorts from Africa
      (Ghana, Ethiopia, and Nigeria). The authors genotyped 48 single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms that were selected from previous genome-wide association studies
      and candidate gene studies. These markers were successfully genotyped on 701
      NSCL/P and 163 NSCPO cases, 1,070 unaffected relatives, and 1,078 unrelated
      controls. The authors also directly sequenced 7 genes in 184 nonsyndromic OFC
      (NSOFC) cases and 96 controls from Ghana. Population-specific associations were
      observed in the case-control analyses of the subpopulations, with West African
      subpopulations (Ghana and Nigeria) showing a similar pattern of associations. In
      meta-analyses of the case-control cohort, PAX7 (rs742071, P = 5.10 * 10(-3)),
      8q24 (rs987525, P = 1.22 * 10(-3)), and VAX1 (rs7078160, P = 0.04) were nominally
      associated with NSCL/P, and MSX1 (rs115200552, P = 0.01), TULP4 (rs651333, P =
      0.04), CRISPLD2 (rs4783099, P = 0.02), and NOG1 (rs17760296, P = 0.04) were
      nominally associated with NSCPO. Moreover, 7 loci exhibited evidence of threshold
      overtransmission in NSOFC cases through the transmission disequilibrium test and
      through analyses of the family-based association for disease traits. Through DNA
      sequencing, the authors also identified 2 novel, rare, potentially pathogenic
      variants (p.Asn323Asp and p.Lys426IlefsTer6) in ARHGAP29 In conclusion, the
      authors have shown evidence for the association of many loci with NSCL/P and
      NSCPO. To the best of this knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate any
      of these association signals in any African population.

PMID- 27369589
TI  - Full Spectrum of Postnatal Tooth Phenotypes in a Novel Irf6 Cleft Lip Model.
AB  - Clefting of the lip, with or without palatal involvement (CLP), is associated
      with a higher incidence of developmental tooth abnormalities, including
      hypodontia and supernumerary teeth, aberrant crown and root morphologies, and
      enamel defects, although the underlying mechanistic link is poorly understood. As
      most CLP genes are expressed throughout the oral epithelium, the authors
      hypothesized that the expression of CLP genes may persist in the dental
      epithelium and thus, in addition to their earlier role in labiopalatine
      development, may play an important functional role in subsequent tooth patterning
      and amelogenesis. To address this, the authors generated a unique conditional
      knockout model involving the major CLP gene, Irf6, that overcomes the previously
      reported perinatal lethality to enable assessment of any posteruption dental
      phenotypes. A dental epithelium-specific Irf6 conditional knockout (Irf6-cKO)
      mouse was generated via a Pitx2-Cre driver line. Dental development was analyzed
      by microcomputed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, histology,
      immunohistochemistry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Irf6-cKO mice
      displayed variable hypodontia, occasional supernumerary incisors and molars, as
      well as crown and root patterning anomalies, including peg-shaped first molars
      and taurodontic and C-shaped mandibular second molars. Enamel density was reduced
      in preeruption Irf6-cKO mice, and some shearing of enamel rods was noted in
      posteruption incisors. There was also rapid attrition of Irf6-cKO molars
      following eruption. Histologically, Irf6-cKO ameloblasts exhibited disturbances
      in adhesion and polarity, and delayed enamel formation was confirmed
      immunohistochemically. Altered structure of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath was
      also observed. These data support a role for IRF6 in tooth number, crown and root
      morphology and amelogenesis that is likely due to a functional role of Irf6 in
      organization and polarity of epithelial cell types. This data reinforce the
      notion that various isolated tooth defects could be considered part of the CLP
      spectrum in relatives of an affected individual.

PMID- 27369591
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369592
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369590
TI  - Changing housework, changing health? A longitudinal analysis of how changes in
      housework are associated with functional somatic symptoms.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to analyse how changes in housework over the
      course of adulthood are related to somatic health in Swedish men and women.
      METHODS: Data were drawn from 2 waves of the Northern Swedish Cohort Study,
      response rate 94.3%, N=1,001. A subsample of cohabiting individuals was selected
      (n=328 women, 300 men). Outcome variable was functional somatic symptoms (FSS) at
      age 42. Associations were assessed in multivariate general linear models with
      adjustment for confounders and somatic health at age 30. RESULTS: Housework is
      primarily performed by women, and women's responsibility for and performance of
      housework increased from ages 30 to 42. These changes were associated with
      elevated levels of FSS at age 42 in women. Men reported considerably lower
      responsibility for and performed less housework compared with women, the load of
      housework for men does not change substantially from ages 30 to 42 and no
      associations with FSS were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The gendered division of
      housework means that women are particularly exposed to a heavy workload. Women's
      responsibility for and performance of housework increase between ages 30 and 42
      and this threatens to be embodied in the form FSS. We conclude that housework
      should be considered an important source of stress in addition to that from waged
      work and that a deeper understanding of the links between housework and health
      requires a gender theoretical analysis.

PMID- 27369593
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369594
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369595
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369597
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369596
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369598
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369600
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369599
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369601
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369602
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369604
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369603
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369605
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369607
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369606
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369608
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369609
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369610
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369611
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369612
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369613
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369615
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369614
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369617
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369616
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369618
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369619
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369620
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369622
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369621
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369623
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369624
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369625
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369626
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369627
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369628
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369629
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369630
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369631
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369632
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369634
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369633
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369635
TI  - Mandibular Jaw Bone Regeneration Using Human Dental Cell-Seeded Tyrosine-Derived
      Polycarbonate Scaffolds.
AB  - Here we present a new model for alveolar jaw bone regeneration, which uses human
      dental pulp cells (hDPCs) combined with tyrosine-derived polycarbonate polymer
      scaffolds [E1001(1k)] containing beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP)
      [E1001(1k)/beta-TCP]. E1001(1k)/beta-TCP scaffolds (5 mm diameter * 1 mm
      thickness) were fabricated to fit a 5 mm rat mandibular ramus critical bone
      defect. Five experimental groups were examined in this study: (1) E1001(1k)/beta
      TCP scaffolds seeded with a high density of hDPCs, 5.0 * 10(5) hDPCs/scaffold
      (CH); (2) E1001(1k)/beta-TCP scaffolds seeded with a lower density of hDPCs, 2.5
      * 10(5) hDPCs/scaffold (CL); (3) acellular E1001(1k)/beta-TCP scaffolds (SA); (4)
      acellular E1001(1k)/beta-TCP scaffolds supplemented with 4 MUg recombinant human
      bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP); and (5) empty defects (EDs). Replicate hDPC
      seeded and acellular E1001(1k)/beta-TCP scaffolds were cultured in vitro in
      osteogenic media for 1 week before implantation for 3 and 6 weeks. Live
      microcomputed tomography (MUCT) imaging at 3 and 6 weeks postimplantation
      revealed robust bone regeneration in the BMP implant group. CH and CL groups
      exhibited similar uniformly distributed mineralized tissue coverage throughout
      the defects, but less than the BMP implants. In contrast, SA-treated defects
      exhibited sparse areas of mineralized tissue regeneration. The ED group exhibited
      slightly reduced defect size. Histological analyses revealed no indication of an
      immune response. In addition, robust expression of dentin and bone
      differentiation marker expression was observed in hDPC-seeded scaffolds, whereas,
      in contrast, BMP and SA implants exhibited only bone and not dentin
      differentiation marker expression. hDPCs were detected in 3-week but not in 6
      week hDPC-seeded scaffold groups, indicating their survival for at least 3 weeks.
      Together, these results show that hDPC-seeded E1001(1k)/beta-TCP scaffolds
      support the rapid regeneration of osteo-dentin-like mineralized jaw tissue,
      suggesting a promising new therapy for alveolar jaw bone repair and regeneration.

PMID- 27369637
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369638
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369636
TI  - Biomechanical effects of morphological variations of the cortical wall at the
      bone-cement interface.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The integrity of bone-cement interface is very important for the
      stabilization and long-term sustain of cemented prosthesis. Variations in the
      bone-cement interface morphology may affect the mechanical response of the shape
      closed interlock. METHODS: Self-developed new reamer was used to process fresh
      pig reamed femoral canal, creating cortical grooves in the canal wall of
      experimental group. The biomechanical effects of varying the morphology with
      grooves of the bone-cement interface were investigated using finite element
      analysis (FEA) and validated using companion experimental data. Micro-CT scans
      were used to document interlock morphology. RESULTS: The contact area of the bone
      cement interface was greater (P < 0.05) for the experimental group (5470 +/- 265
      mm(2)) when compared to the specimens of control group (5289 +/- 299 mm(2)). The
      mechanical responses to tensile loading and anti-torsion showed that the
      specimens with grooves were stronger (P < 0.05) at the bone-cement interface than
      the specimens without grooves. There were positively significant correlation
      between the contact area and the tensile force (r (2) = 0.85) and the maximal
      torsion (r (2) = 0.77) at the bone-cement interface. The volume of cement of the
      experimental group (7688 +/- 278 mm(3)) was greater (P < 0.05) than of the
      control group (5764 +/- 186 mm(3)). There were positively significant
      correlations between the volume of cement and the tensile force (r (2) = 0.90)
      and the maximal torsion (r (2) = 0.97) at the bone-cement interface. The FEA
      results compared favorably to the tensile and torsion relationships determined
      experimentally. More cracks occurred in the cement than in the bone. CONCLUSIONS:
      Converting the standard reaming process from a smooth bore cortical tube to the
      one with grooves permits the cement to interlock with the reamed bony wall. This
      would increase the strength of the bone-cement interface.

PMID- 27369639
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369640
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369641
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369642
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369643
TI  - Immunogenicity of tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The immunogenicity of tocilizumab (TCZ) has been poorly studied. We
      assessed the immunogenicity of TCZ and serum TCZ trough levels in rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) patients and the preexisting TCZ-specific CD4+ T cell repertoire
      in healthy controls. METHODS: Anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) to TCZ and serum TCZ
      trough levels in RA patients were assessed at different times by ELISA.
      Frequencies of naive anti-TCZ CD4+ precursors were studied in healthy controls.
      RESULTS: In total, 91 samples from 40 RA patients were analyzed: 21 patients
      within the first 6 months after treatment initiation and 19 during follow-up
      after a mean TCZ treatment duration of 21+/-13 months. None of the 91 samples
      showed persistent ADAs to TCZ. Only 3 RA patients showed transient and low titers
      of anti-TCZ ADAs. Serum TCZ trough levels were associated with neither patient
      characteristics (gender, body mass index) nor disease activity and were identical
      for patients with and without co-treatment with methotrexate. Three of 9 healthy
      donors showed preexisting TZC-specific CD4+ T cells at a low level. CONCLUSION:
      Serum TCZ trough levels were not affected by patient characteristics. The
      occurrence of ADAs to TCZ was a rare event. Because healthy donors show the same
      frequency of naive TCZ-specific and infliximab-specific CD4+ T cell precursors,
      the low prevalence of ADAs to TCZ might result from interleukin-6 blockade.

PMID- 27369644
TI  - Collection and management of selected comorbidities and their risk factors in
      chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases in daily practice in France.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRDs), comorbidities
      such as cardiovascular disease and infections are sub-optimally managed. EULAR
      recently developed points to consider to collect and report comorbidities. The
      objective of this present study was to develop a pragmatic guide to collect,
      report and propose management recommendations for comorbidities, from a
      rheumatologist perspective. METHODS: The collection and reporting of
      comorbidities and risk factors was adapted from the EULAR points to consider. To
      develop management recommendations, the process comprised (1) systematic
      literature reviews by 3 fellows and (2) a 2-day consensus process involving 110
      experts (rheumatologists and health professionals). Votes of agreement (Likert 1
      5 where 5 indicates full agreement) were obtained. RESULTS: The six selected
      comorbidities were ischemic cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, infections,
      diverticulitis, osteoporosis and depression. The literature review retrieved 97
      articles or websites, mostly developed for the general population. The consensus
      process led to reporting presence of comorbidities, current treatment, risk
      factors (e.g. hypertension), screening (e.g. mammography) and prevention (e.g.
      vaccination). Management recommendations include physical examination (e.g. blood
      pressure or lymph node examination), prescribing screening procedures, and
      interpreting results to refer in a timely manner to appropriate other health
      professionals. Agreement was high (mean+/-standard deviation, 4.37+/-0.33).
      CONCLUSIONS: Using an evidence-based approach followed by expert consensus, this
      initiative furthers the dissemination in France of the EULAR points to consider,
      and clearly defines what part of the management of comorbidities is potentially
      within the remit of rheumatologists. This initiative should facilitate systematic
      management of patients with CIRDs.

PMID- 27369645
TI  - Serum levels of Dkk-1, sclerostin and VEGF in patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis and their association with smoking, and clinical, inflammatory and
      radiographic parameters.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate serum Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), sclerostin and vascular
      endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
      (AS) compared to healthy controls as well as their association with smoking, and
      clinical, inflammatory and radiographic parameters. METHODS: Serum samples for
      total Dkk-1, sclerostin and VEGF were obtained from 57 tumour necrosis factor
      (TNF) inhibitor naive patients with AS and 34 sex-, age- and body mass index
      (BMI)-matched controls. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive
      protein (CRP), Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath AS Functional Index
      (BASFI), modified Stroke AS Spine Score (mSASSS) and smoking status were assessed
      for each patient. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in serum bone
      metabolism markers between AS patients and controls. Dkk-1 levels were
      significantly (P<0.05) higher in AS patients with elevated ESR and CRP and no
      syndesmophytes, and were significantly (P<0.001) correlated with sclerostin
      levels (r=0.592). VEGF levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in AS patients
      with current and ever smoking, elevated ESR and CRP, and high BASDAI and BASFI,
      and were significantly (P<0.05) correlated with ESR (r=0.284), CRP (r=0.285),
      BASDAI (r=0.349) and BASFI (r=0.275). In multivariate regression analyses, high
      Dkk-1 levels were significantly (P<=0.001) associated with elevated ESR and CRP,
      no syndesmophytes and high sclerostin levels, and high VEGF levels significantly
      (P<0.05) with ever smoking, and elevated ESR and CRP. CONCLUSION: In AS, serum
      Dkk-1 concentrations appear to be related not only to syndesmophyte formation but
      also to systemic inflammation. Furthermore, high VEGF levels may be associated
      with smoking exposure.

PMID- 27369646
TI  - First case of osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis in an adult male with
      Klinefelter syndrome.
AB  - Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis is a rare X-linked disorder. It is
      often lethal in male patients, and is considered X-linked dominant since affected
      females exhibit clinical signs, although milder than males. We describe here an
      adult male patient, with clinical and radiological signs similar to those
      described in female patients. Diagnosis was confirmed by the identification of an
      AMER1 mutation. The presence of long bones striation and the clinical phenotype
      of the patient also led to the diagnosis of non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome,
      probably explaining the non-lethal and even rather minor phenotype compared to
      the rare affected males already described.

PMID- 27369647
TI  - Ultrasound can be useful to predict an evolution towards rheumatoid arthritis in
      patients with inflammatory polyarthralgia without anticitrullinated antibodies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound (US) subclinical synovitis in prerheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) patients has been demonstrated in anticitrullinated antibodies (ACPA)
      positive patients to be predictive for future development of RA. The aim of the
      study was to assess the value of the US as a predictive factor for the future
      development of RA in patients with polyarthralgia without ACPA. METHOD: Eighty
      consecutive ACPA-patients with polyarthralgia without clinical synovitis or ACPA
      before the US examination were included. To detect significant US synovitis, we
      applied the criteria of a US score (SONAR) validated among RA patients and
      controls. The diagnosis of RA was based on the ACR/EULAR criteria. RESULTS:
      Significant US synovitis were present at baseline in 20 (25%) of the patients.
      The mean (SD) follow-up time was 18 (7) months in both groups. Seven (9%)
      patients developed a clear RA and 2 another inflammatory arthritis. US synovitis
      at baseline was significantly associated with evolution to RA: 5/20 (25%) versus
      2/60 (3%) (P<0.05). The free time to RA was significantly shorter when US
      synovitis were present (P<0.01). Moreover, after multivariate analysis, US
      appeared to be the only independent predictor of an evolution to RA (OR: 7.4).
      Results remained similar after including all patients developing another
      inflammatory arthritis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that US can be used as a
      predictor for the evolution to RA or other inflammatory arthritis in patients
      presenting polyarthralgia without ACPA.

PMID- 27369648
TI  - Tooth-brushing: An impact on rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 27369650
TI  - Efficacy of denosumab combined with bDMARDs on radiographic progression in
      rheumatoid arthritis.

PMID- 27369649
TI  - Association of TRAF1-C5 with risk of uveitis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated
      with JIA, but few of these studies were replicated. We conducted a candidate-gene
      approach study to assess if some SNPs could be related to clinical subtypes or
      other clinical features of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) such as the
      risk of uveitis, ANA positivity and the age at onset. METHODS: SNPs in six genes
      were analysed: PTPN22, STAT4, TRAF1-C5, TGFbeta, TNFAIP3, and C12orf30. We
      retrospectively included 104 JIA patients, fulfilling the ILAR classification
      criteria. Association between SNPs and JIA clinical subtypes, the presence of
      ANA, risk of uveitis and age at onset was evaluated using a Chi2 test or a
      Fischer test. RESULTS: No associations between different clinical subtypes as
      well as presence of ANA and the 6 SNPs were found. However, the AA genotype of
      TRAF1-C5 appeared associated in a subgroup of patients with uveitis in
      oligoarticular and polyarticular forms [OR 3.77 (95% CI: 1.1067, 12.8527);
      P=0.066]. Furthermore, AA TRAF1-C5 was significantly more frequent in antinuclear
      antibodies (ANA) positive patients presenting uveitis, compared to patients
      without uveitis and without ANA (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: TRAF1-C5 genotype could
      identify JIA patients with a risk to develop uveitis especially in oligo and
      polyarticular forms and among ANA-positive children. Given the moderate size of
      our cohort, this association has to be confirmed in other studies.

PMID- 27369651
TI  - Omalizumab in the treatment of antihistamine-resistant chronic urticaria in
      adults.

PMID- 27369652
TI  - Paracetamol-induced fixed drug eruption in a patient with recurrent fever and
      rash.

PMID- 27369653
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369655
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369654
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369656
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369657
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369659
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369658
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369660
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369662
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369661
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369663
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369664
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369665
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369666
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369667
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369669
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369668
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369670
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369672
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369671
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369673
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369674
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369675
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369676
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369678
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369677
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369679
TI  - [Discrepancy Between Subjective Memory Complaints and Objective Memory Deficits
      in Elderly Patients with Depression Compared to Mild Cognitive Impairment].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Since depression in the elderly usually presents with memory
      complaints and may impair memory functions, differential diagnosis of cognitive
      impairment is quite difficult. This study aimed to investigate the discrepancy
      between subjective memory complaints (SMC) and objective memory deficits in
      elderly patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI). METHOD: The study sample consisted of 30 elderly patients with
      a diagnosis of MCI (according to Petersen- Mayo criteria) and 29 with a diagnosis
      of DSM-IV-TR MDD who were admitted to the outpatient geriatric psychiatry clinic.
      The control group (HC) consisted of 30 healthy elderly volunteers. Turkish
      versions of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT),
      ADAS-Cog, Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire (SMCQ) and Geriatric
      Depression Scale (GDS) were administered to all participants. RESULTS: The SMCQ
      scores of both MDD and MCI patients were higher than HC. However, there was no
      difference between HC and MDD groups in terms of the MMSE, the CDT and the ADAS
      Cog scores. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients, subjective memory complaints do not
      seem to differentiate between depression and cognitive impairment. However, the
      discrepancy between SMC and cognitive performances suggest depression rather than
      a cognitive impairment. Further longitudinal studies should investigate the role
      of SMC in future cognitive impairment for elderly patients with depression.

PMID- 27369680
TI  - [The Relationship of Verbal Working Memory and Theory of Mind in First Degree
      Relatives of Patients With Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare Theory of Mind (ToM) functions and investigate the
      relationship between ToM functions and verbal working memory (VWM) in first
      degree relatives of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients. METHOD: The
      sample consisted of first degree relatives of patients with bipolar disorder
      (n=22), schizophrenia (n=28), and age, gender, education and total IQ matched
      healthy volunteers (n=27) without a family history of schizophrenia or bipolar
      disorder. We administered Auditory Consonants Test (ACT) to evaluate VWM, first
      and second order false belief tests (ToM-1, ToM-2), Faux Pas Test (FPT), Hinting
      Test (HT) to evaluate different domains of ToM functions. RESULTS: Both relative
      groups performed significantly lower in all components of ToM and VWM tests
      compared to the control group. When VWM scores were employed as covariate in the
      analyses, the FPT difference between the groups remained significant, HT
      difference regressed to a marginal level, and the difference between ToM-1 and
      ToM-2 disappeared. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study
      indicating the presence of ToM impairment among first degree relatives of bipolar
      disorder patients similar to relatives of schizophrenia patients. VWM performance
      seems to affect first and second order ToM functions in relatives of patients
      with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. On the other hand, FPT and HT domains
      seem to be independent of VWM performances in these groups. FPT and HT
      impairments may be familial vulnerability markers that are independent from
      neurocognitive impairment.

PMID- 27369681
TI  - [The Relationship Between Anger Expression, Body Image and Eating Attitudes in
      Social Anxiety Disorder].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate both the prevalence of
      social anxiety disorder (SAD) and itsassociation of trait anger and anger
      expression, eating attitudes and body perceptions in university students having
      the said disorder. METHOD: One thousand students from Cumhuriyet University were
      included in the study. During the initial stage, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
      (LSAS) and socio-demographic data form were administered to the students. Those
      obtaining 30 points or more in LSAS were called for a psychiatric interview. The
      students diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (n=87) and the control group
      (n=87) were administered Eating Attitude Test (EAT), Multidimensional Body-Self
      Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) and The State Trait Anger Scale (STAXI). RESULTS:
      The point prevalence of social anxiety disorder was found to be 9.4% in those
      attending the study. Trait anger, anger-in and anger-out scores were
      statistically significantly higher; anger control and multidimensional body-self
      relations scale points were statistically lower at the SAB group when compared to
      the control group. The MBSRQ scores correlated negatively, while the EAT scores
      correlated positively, with anger-in scores in students with SAD. CONCLUSION: SAD
      is a common disorder in university students. Our study, showed that repressed
      anger could adversely affect body image and eating behaviors in SAD. In students
      having social anxiety disorder, approaches aiming at appropriate anger expression
      and positive body perception may yield positive results to treatment in students
      with SAD.

PMID- 27369682
TI  - [Does Emotional Context Affect Subliminal and Supraliminal Priming?].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Emotions are complex psychophysiological changes experienced during
      the interactions of internal and external processes. The stimuli that have
      emotional value have processing efficiency both in encoding and retrieval
      processes with respect to the neutral stimuli. Processing advantage is present
      also for implicit memory. Priming effect does not require conscious recollection
      and leads to changes in responding due to previous exposure to the stimulus. In
      this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of presentation type and
      different emotional contexts on the priming. METHOD: Sixty-volunteered-university
      students were (Female: n=40, X age=19.03+/-1.23; Male: n=20, X age=19.70+/-1.92)
      randomly assigned to the experimental conditions. Presentation type (Subliminal
      and Supraliminal) was between subject and Emotional Context (pleasant, neutral,
      and unpleasant pictures) was within subject independent variables. Dependent
      variables were Word Stem Completion score and completion latencies. RESULTS:
      Unpleasant emotional context had more capacity to create priming effect than the
      other emotional contexts. Both Subliminal and Supraliminal conditions favored the
      priming. Controversially to the transfer appropriate processing approach, the
      priming effect that was produced by supraliminal condition significantly higher
      than the priming created by the subliminal condition. CONCLUSION: Unpleasant
      picture context produced more priming due to reason that evolutionarily
      important, i.e. thread-related, stimuli have processing priority and they capture
      the attention, utilize other cognitive resources easily. Even in priming, that is
      a phenomenon based heavily on data driven processes, concept driven processes are
      also effectual as indicated by levels-of-processing approach.

PMID- 27369683
TI  - [Analyzing the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) in
      Children With Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder: Predictive Value of
      Subtests, Kaufman, and Bannatyne Categories].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive value of
      intelligence quotients scores (IQs), subtests of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
      Children-Revised (WISC-R) and Kaufman's and Bannatyne's categories scores which
      are the sums of subtests of WISC-R in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
      (ADHD). Another aim is to examine the difference of some neurocognitive skills
      between the children with ADHD and their unaffected peers by WISC-R subtests.
      METHOD: WISC-R's subtest and IQ scores, and scores of Kaufman's and Bannatyne's
      categories of the children who were diagnosed with only ADHD were compared with
      the same scores of the children who were in healthy control group (N= 111) and
      were in ADHD with co morbidity group (N= 82). RESULTS: It was found that the
      subtest scores (vocabulary, comprehension, digit span, picture completion and
      block design) of the children with only ADHD and ADHD with comorbidity were
      significantly lower than healthy group. It was observed that subtests of
      comprehension (Wald= 5.47, df= 1, p=0.05), digit span (Wald= 16.79, df= 1,
      p=0.001) and picture completion (Wald= 5.25, df= 1, p=0.05) predicted
      significantly ADHD. In addition, the categories of freedom from distractibility
      (Wald= 8.22, df= 1, p=0.01) and spatial abilities (Wald= 12.22, df= 1, p<0.0001)
      were predictive for ADHD in this study. CONCLUSION: Problem solving abilities in
      social processes, auditory short-term memories, visual-spatial abilities and
      visual configuration abilities of the children with ADHD was observed to be lower
      than their healthy peers. It was thought that in WISC-R's profile analysis, the
      categories of freedom from distractibility and spatial abilities can be
      distinctive in ADHD diagnose.

PMID- 27369684
TI  - [Validity and Reliability Studies of Modified Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE
      E) For Turkish Illiterate Patients With Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the validity and reliability of modified Mini Mental
      State Examination (MMSE-E) for illiterate patients in a Turkish population with
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD: A total of 107 illiterate patients with
      Alzheimer's Disease (women: 65, men: 42) and 68 illiterate healthy volunteer
      subjects (women: 36, men: 32) were included in the study. MMSE-I and Geriatrics
      Depression Scale were performed on all subjects, Alzheimer patients were also
      administered Basic Activities of Daily Living (B- ADL). Clinical Dementia Rating
      (CDR) was used to determine the severity of disease, while a receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to analyze the cut-off scores of MMSE
      I, and the positive/negative predictive values that were calculated for the
      optimal cut-off scores. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's
      coefficient ?. Additionally, correlations between total MMSE-I score and the CDR,
      B-ADL, and GDS scores were examined. RESULTS: The MMSE-I scores significantly and
      inversely correlated with CDR (-0.82, p=0.000) and B-ADL scores (-0.051,
      p=0.000). The optimal cut-off points of MMSE-I were 23/24, which yielded a
      sensitivity of 99.0% - %100.0, a specificity of 98.5% - 97.0%, and an AUC of
      1.0/1.0, respectively. Reliability of the MMSE-I was high alpha = 0.70).
      CONCLUSION: The total MMSE-I score was able to differentiate the AD group from
      the control group.

PMID- 27369685
TI  - [The Effect of Tele-Nursing Practices to the Schizophrenia Patient Care: A
      Systematic Review].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study is a systematic review that was conducted in an attempt to
      evaluate the tele-nursing interventions being used in the schizophrenia patient
      care and the efficiency of these interventions. METHOD: The study was conducted
      by checking the Pubmed, Cinahl, Science Direct, Wiley Interscience, Ulakbim
      Medicine Database and the Turkish Medline database. The English keywords were
      translated with "nursing by telephone" that is the only term involved in the MeSH
      (Medical Subject Headings) index for English keywords and TST (Turkish Scientific
      Terms) for Turkish keywords. A total of six articles that met the inclusion
      criteria were involved in the evaluation. RESULTS: According to the study
      findings that were evaluated within the scope of the systematic review, it was
      observed that the tele-nursing interventions were limited with Telephone
      Intervention Problem Solving-TIPS. It was determined that the TIPS intervention
      extended the time spent by schizophrenia patients in society and decreased the
      duration of days being spent at the hospital after every rehospitalization and
      the number of applications for rehospitalization. It was also observed to
      increase the adherence to the psychiatric medication and social functioning,
      decrease the level of psychiatric symptoms after the discharge. Besides, the face
      to-face interviews being conducted before the TIPS intervention were observed to
      develop the verbal communication skills of patients. CONCLUSION: According to
      this systematic review, the quantitative limitation of relevant studies is
      limited with the phone applications of tele-nursing interventions; however, it
      has positive results.

PMID- 27369686
TI  - [Augmentation of Clozapine With Paliperidone in Schizophrenia Patients With
      Partial Response to Treatment: A Case Series].
AB  - Clozapine is the only antipsychotic which has definitely shown to be effective in
      refractory schizophrenia. Clozapine treatment is usually preferred in
      schizophrenia patients with a partial response to treatment and augmentation
      strategies are tried when clozapine also fails to provide full treatment
      response. In treatment resistant schizophrenia patients addition of a second
      antipsychotic is a frequently preferred augmentation method. With previous
      augmentation strategies consistent positive results could not be obtained.
      Paliperidone is a risperidone metabolite and it has proven effectiveness in
      schizophrenia treatment. Although most effects of paliperidone on central nervous
      system are similar with risperidone, there are some differences. In this case
      series treatments of 5 schizophrenia patients who still had symptoms despite
      clozapine treatment were augmented with paliperidone during 6 months of follow
      up. This augmentation was tolerated well by the patients, and caused improvements
      in both positive and negative symptoms. Particularly, improvement in negative
      symptoms after addition of paliperidone was remarkable in our patients.
      Evaluation of paliperidone's effects on negative symptoms in schizophrenia
      patients with partial response to clozapine treatment using randomized, placebo
      controlled studies may provide an important treatment choice. 

PMID- 27369687
TI  - [Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist-Associated Psychotic Disorder: A Case
      Report].
AB  - Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) has become one of the most abused
      substances, recently. JWH-018 street name known as Bonzai is one of the most
      abused substances in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The most common
      symptoms in cases reported with synthetic cannabis use are agitation, angry,
      paranoia and reference delusions, disorientation, seizure and nausea. Although
      the effects are very similar to cannabis, stimulant effects are more likely in
      SCRA use. In preparations containing SCRA do not contain cannabinidol agent which
      is reported to reduce the psychotic effects of the cannabis. This may explain the
      relationship between SCRA and psychotic disorders. We aimed to discuss a brief
      psychotic disorder associated with SCRA use and treatment which is less reported
      in the literature in this case report. 

PMID- 27369688
TI  - [Duloxetine-Induced Hypertension: A Case Report].
AB  - Duloxetine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is used for diabetic
      neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia as well as major depressive disorder. Serotonin
      norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors may lead to increased blood pressure via their
      noradrenergic effects in addition to their cardiovascular side effects. In this
      paper, we report a case with increased blood pressure after the initiation of
      duloxetine that recovered by discontinuation of the medication. 

PMID- 27369689
TI  - [Editorial].

PMID- 27369690
TI  - Patient Recall, Interpretation, and Perspective of an Inconclusive Long QT
      Syndrome Genetic Test Result.
AB  - Patients' perceptions of inconclusive results have been previously investigated
      in cancer genetics. The differences in how patients recall and interpret an
      uninformative test result compared to a known pathogenic result can affect
      medical decisions post disclosure. However, there is little to no data available
      on patients' interpretation and perception of uninformative genetic results in
      inherited heart disease. We report the results of a qualitative analysis of 16
      telephone interviews with participants who received a negative or a variant of
      unknown significance (VUS) result from Long QT syndrome (LQTS) genetic testing.
      Our results suggest that the type of result (negative versus VUS) does not affect
      recall, regardless of the reason for testing. When receiving a negative result, a
      majority of participants appropriately perceived no change in their diagnosis,
      while the perception of risk for family members varied. The majority of
      participants felt they maintained an awareness of their condition after the
      result disclosure, and that clinical follow-up was similar to that planned prior
      to the genetic test result. Further work is needed to determine if there are any
      differences between obtaining a VUS result versus a negative result in this
      population.

PMID- 27369691
TI  - Erratum to: Bilateral vestibular hypofunction and Lyme disease: a causal link?

PMID- 27369692
TI  - Minimal EEG montage with high yield for the detection of status epilepticus in
      the setting of postanoxic brain damage.
AB  - For the diagnosis of electrographic seizures or status epilepticus, we reduced
      the number of EEG-electrodes to make urgent EEG monitoring more feasible. Unlike
      the current existing research, with mixed results, we studied a specific
      population with postanoxic brain damage, expecting a higher yield of detection of
      ictal EEG patterns. In a population treated with therapeutic hypothermia post
      cardiac arrest, the initial EEGs were reformatted in a longitudinal, a hairline
      and an 8-lead montage, and independently reviewed by two investigators. The EEGs
      were categorized into three categories: one without ictal EEG activity, one with
      interictal activity and one with probable electrographic seizure(s). Generalized
      ictal EEG activity was the most frequently observed EEG pattern. The average
      sensitivity for the detection of probable electrographic seizure(s) was 100 % for
      the 8-lead montage and 92 % in the hairline montage. In comparison to the routine
      longitudinal montage, the 8-lead montage proved to be reliable for the detection
      of electrographic seizure activity in a postanoxic population even with limited
      training in EEG interpretation. The hairline montage did not suffice with regard
      to the differential diagnosis of triphasic waves associated with metabolic
      encephalopathy and generalized nonconvulsive status epilepticus, but nonetheless
      detected the vast majority of probable electrographic seizure(s). Our results
      support the use of EEG monitoring with fewer electrodes for the detection of
      ictal EEG activity in the postanoxic population.

PMID- 27369693
TI  - [Are the most recent basal insulins really the most innovative?].

PMID- 27369694
TI  - Iohexol plasma clearance in children: validation of multiple formulas and two
      point sampling times.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In children, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) methods are
      hampered by inaccuracy, hence there is an obvious need for safe, simplified, and
      accurate measured GFR (mGFR) methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      different formulas and determine the optimal sampling points for calculating mGFR
      based on iohexol clearance measurements on blood samples drawn at two time points
      (GFR2p). METHODS: The GFR of 96 children with different stages of chronic kidney
      disease (CKD) (median age 9.2 years, range 3 months to 17.5 years) was determined
      using the iohexol plasma clearance, with blood sampling at seven time points
      within 5 h (GFR7p) as the reference method. Median GFR7p was 65.9 (range 6.3-153)
      mL/min/1.73 m2. The performance of seven different formulas with early and late
      normalization to body surface area (BSA) was validated against the reference.
      RESULTS: The highest percentage (95.8 %) of GFR2p within 10 % of the reference
      was calculated using the formula of Jodal and Brochner-Mortensen (JBM) from 2009,
      with sampling at 2 and 5 h. Normalization to BSA before correction of the
      distribution phase improved the performance of the original Brochner-Mortensen
      method from 1972; P10 of 92.7 % compared to P10 of 82.3 % with late
      normalization, and a similar result was obtained with other formulas.
      CONCLUSIONS: GFR2p performed well across a wide spectrum of GFR levels with the
      JBM formula. Several other formulas tested performed well provided that early BSA
      normalization was performed. Blood sampling at 2 and 5 h is recommended for an
      optimal GFR2p assessment.

PMID- 27369695
TI  - The role of apelin in the healing of water-immersion and restraint stress-induced
      gastric damage.
AB  - The objective of this study was to explore the role of apelin in the healing of
      gastric lesions induced by stress. Male Wistar rats were exposed to water
      immersion and restraint stress (WIRS) for 6 h with or without the apelin receptor
      antagonist F13A. The rats were killed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th or 10th day after the
      end of stress induction. Apelin and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression
      was increased on the 1st day after the end of stress exposure and was decreased
      daily thereafter. However, F13A retarded the healing of gastric lesions by
      preventing the improvement of mucosal blood flow, prostaglandin E2 production and
      vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rats exposed to WIRS.
      Additionally, F13A increased the gastric 4-hydroxynonenol + malondialdehyde
      content on the 1st and 3rd days after the end of stress induction but did not
      affect the change in gastric mucosal nitric oxide levels. In conclusion, apelin
      may be a regulatory protein involved in the healing mechanism of stress-induced
      gastric damage.

PMID- 27369696
TI  - Sustained Use of Patient Portal Features and Improvements in Diabetes
      Physiological Measures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Personal health records (PHRs) have the potential to improve patient
      self-management for chronic conditions such as diabetes. However, evidence is
      mixed as to whether there is an association between PHR use and improved health
      outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association
      between sustained use of specific patient portal features (Web-based prescription
      refill and secure messaging-SM) and physiological measures important for the
      management of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Using a retrospective cohort design,
      including Veterans with diabetes registered for the My Health e Vet patient
      portal who had not yet used the Web-based refill or SM features and who had at
      least one physiological measure (HbA1c, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
      cholesterol, blood pressure) in 2009-2010 (baseline) that was above guideline
      recommendations (N=111,686), we assessed portal use between 2010 and 2014. We
      calculated the odds of achieving control of each measure by 2013 to 2014 (follow
      up) by years of using each portal feature, adjusting for demographic and clinical
      characteristics associated with portal use. RESULTS: By 2013 to 2014, 34.13%
      (38,113/111,686) of the cohort was using Web-based refills, and 15.75%
      (17,592/111,686) of the cohort was using SM. Users were slightly younger
      (P<.001), less likely to be eligible for free care based on economic means
      (P<.001), and more likely to be women (P<.001). In models adjusting for both
      features, patients with uncontrolled HbA1c at baseline who used SM were
      significantly more likely than nonusers to achieve glycemic control by follow-up
      if they used SM for 2 years (odds ratio-OR=1.24, CI: 1.14-1.34) or 3 or more
      years (OR=1.28, CI: 1.12-1.45). However, there was no significant association
      between Web-based refill use and glycemic control. Those with uncontrolled blood
      pressure at baseline who used Web-based refills were significantly more likely
      than nonusers to achieve control at follow-up with 2 (OR=1.07, CI: 1.01-1.13) or
      3 (OR=1.08, CI: 1.02-1.14) more years of Web-based refill use. Both features were
      significantly associated with improvements in LDL cholesterol levels at follow
      up. CONCLUSIONS: Although rates of use of the refill function were higher within
      the population, sustained SM use had a greater impact on HbA1c. Evaluations of
      patient portals should consider that individual components may have differential
      effects on health improvements.

PMID- 27369698
TI  - A new look for an evolving profession.
AB  - Welcome to your new-look Nursing Management. As you turn each page, you will see
      the publication has been redesigned to create a fresher, more modern and reader
      friendly feel, based on what our reader research told us you wanted.

PMID- 27369697
TI  - Accentuation of optical coherence tomography angiography projection artefacts on
      hyper-reflective retinal layers.

PMID- 27369700
TI  - Knowledge gap in domestic abuse care.
AB  - More than one quarter of nursing staff say they lack confidence in supporting
      people who face domestic abuse, an RCNi survey reveals. 

PMID- 27369701
TI  - Patients' confidence in nursing increases.
AB  - Perceptions of nursing care have improved, according to the Care Quality
      Commission's 2015 adult inpatient survey. 

PMID- 27369702
TI  - Delays persist in discharge process.
AB  - Soaring numbers of blocked beds continue to disrupt patient care in England -
      despite figures suggesting the NHS might be starting to recover from a difficult
      start to the year. 

PMID- 27369699
TI  - Directors of nursing key to success of equality strategies.
AB  - Senior nurses must help drive the organisational change needed to improve the
      experience of black and minority ethnic staff in the NHS, says a diversity
      expert. 

PMID- 27369705
TI  - Mission impossible?
AB  - Has more ever been asked of nurses? Within the space of 24 hours in May, two
      documents called on them to lead change and take on extra responsibilities in
      front line care. 

PMID- 27369706
TI  - Leading Change, Adding Value.
AB  - Essential facts Leading Change, Adding Value is NHS England's new nursing and
      midwifery framework. It builds on Compassion in Practice (CiP), which set out the
      6Cs. While CiP established the values of nursing and midwifery, the new framework
      explains how staff can help transform the health and care sectors to meet the
      aims of NHS England's Five Year Forward View. 

PMID- 27369708
TI  - Diabetes network.
AB  - Diabetes UK has launched a network of information and support for commissioning
      and improvement in diabetes care. The network is free to join and offers monthly
      updates on good practice from around the UK, a forum for sharing ideas and
      learning, and access to Diabetes UK resources. 

PMID- 27369707
TI  - Carers' wellbeing.
AB  - NHS England, in partnership with other agencies, has developed a toolkit to
      address changes to the way health and social care organisations must work
      together to identify, assess and support carers as well as their families. The
      toolkit covers new duties required of NHS organisations, brought about by the
      Care Act 2014, and the Children and Families Act 2014, and includes many examples
      of best practice. The resource helps promote the development of an integrated
      approach to supporting carers of all ages, between adult social care services,
      NHS commissioners and providers and the third sector. 

PMID- 27369709
TI  - Estimating risk.
AB  - A free mobile phone app has been launched providing nurses and other hospital
      clinicians with a simple way to identify high-risk surgical patients. The app is
      a phone version of the Surgical Outcome Risk Tool (SORT), originally developed
      for online use with computers by researchers from the National Confidential
      Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death and the University College London Hospital
      Surgical Outcomes Research Centre. SORT uses information about patients' health
      and planned surgical procedures to estimate the risk of death within 30 days of
      an operation. The percentages are only estimates, taking into account the general
      risks of the procedures and some information about patients, and should not be
      confused with patient-specific estimates in individual cases. 

PMID- 27369710
TI  - Promoting innovation.
AB  - The Foundation of Nursing Studies' Patients First programme, which supports nurse
      led innovation in practice, is open for applications. The initiative offers help
      with professional and personal development, including direct support in the
      workplace; learning and development workshops; help with report writing,
      publishing and dissemination; and a bursary of up to L5,000. 

PMID- 27369711
TI  - Assessing health apps.
AB  - A survey commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
      aims to explore the way nurses and midwives engage with mobile technologies, such
      as smartphones, tablets and health apps. It is seeking opinions on how these apps
      should be evaluated, and about online patient feedback. Results will inform
      NICE's plan to develop a central process for evaluating and endorsing health
      apps, which will enable patients, healthcare professionals and hospitals to
      identify the most useful. Nurses or midwives practising in the UK, and involved
      with direct patient care are welcome to take part in the survey. 

PMID- 27369713
TI  - End of life care.
AB  - The Care Quality Commission has published a report examining people's experiences
      of end of life care in England. It highlights examples of good practice but shows
      that the quality of care for some people is still not good enough. The document
      states that people receive better care when commissioners and services take an
      equality-led approach and respond to individuals' needs. It makes recommendations
      for commissioners, has a good practice case studies document and detailed
      findings on the ten categories of people studied. 

PMID- 27369712
TI  - Focus on chief executives.
AB  - According to the King's Fund, there is widespread perception of a 'crisis of
      leadership' in the NHS, partly illustrated by the difficulties in recruiting and
      retaining chief executives. The Chief Executive's Tale, a report published by the
      King's Fund and NHS Partners, draws on the experiences of 12 departed, or
      departing, chief executives, to highlight the realities of leadership in today's
      health service. The interviews illustrate positive aspects of the role, as well
      as challenges that need to be addressed to retain experienced leaders and recruit
      the next generation. 

PMID- 27369716
TI  - The nursing associate role: have we been here before?
AB  - What should the nursing workforce of the future look like? It is a question all
      nurse leaders should ask themselves. 

PMID- 27369717
TI  - Action on antibiotics.
AB  - It is now acknowledged widely at international level that antimicrobial
      resistance requires urgent action - and not just in the healthcare sector and
      pharmaceutical industry, but within farming and among the wider public. 

PMID- 27369720
TI  - Treat students as potential employees.
AB  - In today's complex, chaotic, and rapidly changing healthcare environment, a newly
      registered nurse will face many obstacles on the journey into a professional
      role. 

PMID- 27369722
TI  - Needed: a new model for primary care.
AB  - Ten years ago a team of nurses took the initiative to run a GP practice in
      London. What began as a social enterprise project became one of the first nurse
      led GP practices in the country. A decade on, it is still the only one. Why? 

PMID- 27369724
TI  - Reducing waste in the NHS: an overview of the literature and challenges for the
      nursing profession.
AB  - Waste in the NHS is estimated to account for 20% of health expenditure. This
      article examines the literature on reducing waste, analyses some approaches to
      waste reduction, and identifies the role that nurses and other health
      professionals can play in developing a sustainable NHS. For the purposes of the
      article, and to inform nursing practice, the definition of, and discussion about,
      waste is broader than that outlined by the Department for Environment, Food and
      Rural Affairs (Defra) controlled waste regulations, and the Royal College of
      Nursing classification. It includes clinical waste, waste arising out of clinical
      practice, service delivery and care, infrastructure, and carbon emissions. 

PMID- 27369725
TI  - Improving the quality of the NHS workforce through values and competency-based
      selection.
AB  - Robust selection processes are essential to ensure the best and most appropriate
      candidates for nursing, midwifery and allied health professional (NMAHP)
      positions are appointed, and subsequently enhance patient care. This article
      reports on a study that explored interviewers' and interviewees' experiences of
      using values and competency-based interview (VCBI) methods for NMAHPs. Results
      suggest that this resource could have a positive effect on the quality of the
      NMAHP workforce, and therefore on patient care. This method of selection could be
      used in other practice areas in health care, and refinement of the resource
      should focus on supporting interview panels to develop their VCBI skills and
      experience. 

PMID- 27369726
TI  - Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of same-day discharge following outpatient
      surgery in a US hospital.
AB  - In the US, safe and effective same-day discharge of patients, following
      uncomplicated, ambulatory surgery, also referred to as outpatient surgery,
      significantly reduces the nursing hours spent caring for patients who do not
      require hospital admission. Data from the last three decades show that same-day
      discharge for patients who undergo approved outpatient surgical procedures
      carries no higher risk of complications than for those who stay for 24-hour
      observation. This article describes a service development project which evaluated
      patients' perceived preparedness for same-day discharge. Results suggest that a
      standardised approach to managing potential complicating factors, such as pain
      and patients' expectations, can increase the number of successful same-day
      discharges. The terms outpatient and ambulatory are used interchangeably in the
      article, and refer to surgical procedures for which inpatient admission is not
      considered necessary by patients' insurance providers. 

PMID- 27369727
TI  - Staffing issues keep me awake at night.
AB  - What makes a good nurse leader? A good nurse leader should be credible, visible,
      approachable and accessible to staff. 

PMID- 27369728
TI  - Depression in transition to becoming a new father.
AB  - Over the past three decades, there has been a growing awareness about the burden
      of ill-health experienced by men. 

PMID- 27369730
TI  - Online.
AB  - Support time recovery workers. This group of staff has not been supported
      adequately since the last of them was put into post in 2007. 

PMID- 27369729
TI  - Nursing supervision.
AB  - Supervision is an important resource in mental health nursing, and a clear
      understanding of the process and practice is essential to improve supervision
      quality. 

PMID- 27369732
TI  - Addressing violence against older women.
AB  - Domestic abuse is widespread and indiscriminate, causing health-related concerns
      and mental health issues in older women. Research suggests their needs are not
      met by existing services. This article examines physical and mental health issues
      faced by older women as a result of abusive relationships, and the barriers that
      exist to seeking help. Healthcare professionals can facilitate therapeutic
      engagement of older women living with domestic abuse. Refuges and related
      interventions are limited, but developing a stepped approach, tailored to older
      women's needs, could help. 

PMID- 27369733
TI  - [Use of botulinum toxin in strabismus].
AB  - Botulinum toxin can be a useful tool for treating acute sixth nerve palsy and
      excessive eye deviations due to unstable Graves' disease, when surgery is not yet
      possible. The diagnostic injection for estimation of possible postoperative
      double vision also makes sense. In convergence spasms, periocular botulinum toxin
      injections can be a therapeutic option. Botulinum toxin is not a first line
      option in infantile esotropia without binocularity or in adult horizontal
      strabismus. Side effects include ptosis and vertical deviations. 

PMID- 27369734
TI  - [Intraoperative real-time OCT in macular surgery].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has become a
      standard diagnostic tool in the surgical management of vitreomacular interface
      disorders. The high-resolution cross-sectional information obtained from SD-OCT
      is a perfect complement to vitreoretinal surgery. It provides detailed
      intraoperative anatomical views that are not possible with a microscope.
      OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of intraoperative real-time OCT with respect
      to improvement of surgical techniques in the management of vitreomacular
      disorders. METHODS: A review of the current literature was conducted and an
      analysis of own systematically evaluated data was included to provide a
      comprehensive overview of potential applications for the clinical use of
      intraoperative real-time OCT in macular surgery. RESULTS: Intraoperative real
      time OCT can provide detailed visualization of epiretinal membranes and help to
      identify whether complete membrane removal has been achieved following surgery.
      In addition, it can provide qualitative and quantitative information that has
      previously not been available and assist in surgical decision-making.
      Intraoperative real-time OCT allows membrane peeling to be performed in selected
      cases without using retinal dyes, whereas it is not ideal for accurately guiding
      the surgeon while performing maneuvers. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative real-time OCT
      provides high-resolution visualization of the effects of surgical maneuvers on
      the microarchitecture of the retina and surrounding tissues and will fill a gap
      in the understanding of the pathophysiology and prognostic factors of
      vitreomacular disorders; however, with currently available systems, accurate
      intraoperative real-time guidance of surgical maneuvers is hindered by several
      limiting factors.

PMID- 27369737
TI  - Effects of a Training Intervention for Enhancing Recovery after Ivor-Lewis
      Esophagus Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is a risk of decreased physical function, quality of
      life and persistent pain after open surgery for esophageal cancer. There are
      currently no studies that evaluate the effect of any postoperative intervention,
      including physical exercises, after this type of surgery. The aim of the study
      was therefore to evaluate the effect of a training intervention after Ivor-Lewis
      resection of the esophagus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients scheduled for
      esophagus resection according to Ivor-Lewis were randomized to an intervention
      group or a control group. The training intervention started at discharge and
      lasted three months. Before discharge, patients were given three leaflets with
      exercises to increase range of motion in the affected area and exercises aiming
      to restore lung function and physical function. All exercises were described in
      detail and the patients carried out the ones in the first program under
      supervision. Before surgery and three months after discharge, the patients
      estimated their level of physical function, level of physical activity, and
      quality of life. They also underwent spirometry, measurements of range of motion
      in the rib cage, spine, and shoulders, and three functional tests. Comparisons of
      differences within and between the groups were made. RESULTS: A total of 43 of 64
      randomized patients participated in the follow-up. Postoperatively, the patients
      in the intervention group had a significantly higher degree of physical function
      and less deteriorated range of motion in right shoulder flexion and thoracic left
      lateral flexion. There were no significant differences between the groups in lung
      function, pain, or quality of life. CONCLUSION: The results of the three-month
      intervention indicate that specific training can positively affect physical
      function and range of motion to preoperative values. The intervention was well
      tolerated, and no side effects were registered.

PMID- 27369736
TI  - First comprehensive structural and biophysical analysis of MAPK13 inhibitors
      targeting DFG-in and DFG-out binding modes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: P38 MAP kinases are centrally involved in mediating extracellular
      signaling in various diseases. While much attention has previously been focused
      on the ubiquitously expressed family member MAPK14 (p38alpha), recent studies
      indicate that family members such as MAPK13 (p38delta) display a more selective
      cellular and tissue expression and might therefore represent a specific kinase to
      target in certain diseases. METHODS: To facilitate the design of potent and
      specific inhibitors, we present here the structural, biophysical, and functional
      characterization of two new MAPK13-inhibitor complexes, as well as the first
      comprehensive structural, biophysical, and functional analysis of MAPK13
      complexes with four different inhibitor compounds of greatly varying potency.
      RESULTS: These inhibitors display IC50 values either in the nanomolar range or
      micromolar range (>800-fold range). The nanomolar inhibitors exhibit much longer
      ligand-enzyme complex half-lives compared to the micromolar inhibitors as
      measured by biolayer interferometry. Crystal structures of the MAPK13 inhibitor
      complexes reveal that the nanomolar inhibitors engage MAPK13 in the DFG-out
      binding mode, while the micromolar inhibitors are in the DFG-in mode. Detailed
      structural and computational docking analyses suggest that this difference in
      binding mode engagement is driven by conformational restraints imposed by the
      chemical structure of the inhibitors, and may be fortified by an additional
      hydrogen bond to MAPK13 in the nanomolar inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: These studies
      provide a structural basis for understanding the differences in potency exhibited
      by these inhibitors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: They also provide the groundwork for
      future studies to improve specificity, potency, pharmacodynamics, and
      pharmacokinetic properties.

PMID- 27369738
TI  - A Prospective Analysis on Functional Outcomes Following Extended Latissimus Dorsi
      Flap Breast Reconstruction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To prospectively assess the functional effect of using the extended
      latissimus dorsi flap in immediate breast reconstructions. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      A total of 15 consecutive patients undergoing breast reconstruction with extended
      latissimus dorsi flap participated. Shoulder range of motion, muscle strength,
      lateral flexion of the torso, and position of scapula were measured pre
      operatively and 1, 6, and 12 months post-operatively, in addition to donor-site
      post-operative complications. RESULTS: At 12 months post-operatively, patients
      had achieved full range of shoulder movement, when compared to pre-operative
      values. Lateral flexion of the torso was, however, significantly reduced
      bilaterally at 1 and 6 months post-operatively (p = 0.001, p = 0.01) and to the
      not operated side at 12 months (p = 0.01). Muscle strength in flexion-extension
      internal rotation was significantly (p = 0.01) reduced on the operated side 12
      months post-operatively. All but one patient had numbness around the donor-site
      scar 12 months post-operatively, 33% had slight adhesions but all were pain free.
      CONCLUSION: Although invariably, patients having extended latissimus dorsi flap
      may expect to achieve full range of shoulder movement, they should be informed of
      possible functional consequences and the time and effort it takes to recover.
      Further research is needed to investigate the potential long-term functional
      implications that extended latissimus dorsi flap may have as a result of changes
      in the lateral flexion of the torso and scapula position.

PMID- 27369735
TI  - Polyphenol compounds and PKC signaling.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Naturally occurring polyphenols found in food sources provide huge
      health benefits. Several polyphenolic compounds are implicated in the prevention
      of disease states, such as cancer. One of the mechanisms by which polyphenols
      exert their biological actions is by interfering in the protein kinase C (PKC)
      signaling pathways. PKC belongs to a superfamily of serine-threonine kinase and
      are primarily involved in phosphorylation of target proteins controlling
      activation and inhibition of many cellular processes directly or indirectly.
      SCOPE OF REVIEW: Despite the availability of substantial literature data on
      polyphenols' regulation of PKC, no comprehensive review article is currently
      available on this subject. This article reviews PKC-polyphenol interactions and
      its relevance to various disease states. In particular, salient features of
      polyphenols, PKC, interactions of naturally occurring polyphenols with PKC, and
      future perspective of research on this subject are discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS:
      Some polyphenols exert their antioxidant properties by regulating the
      transcription of the antioxidant enzyme genes through PKC signaling. Regulation
      of PKC by polyphenols is isoform dependent. The activation or inhibition of PKC
      by polyphenols has been found to be dependent on the presence of membrane, Ca(2+)
      ion, cofactors, cell and tissue types etc. Two polyphenols, curcumin and
      resveratrol are in clinical trials for the treatment of colon cancer. GENERAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: The fact that 74% of the cancer drugs are derived from natural
      sources, naturally occurring polyphenols or its simple analogs with improved
      bioavailability may have the potential to be cancer drugs in the future.

PMID- 27369739
TI  - Extralevator with vs nonextralevator abdominoperineal excision for rectal cancer:
      the RELAPe randomized controlled trial.
AB  - AIM: A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the null hypothesis that
      there is no difference in circumferential resection margin (CRM) between
      extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) and non-ELAPE for rectal cancer.
      METHOD: This was a multicentre, randomized controlled trial registered as
      NCT01702116. Patients with rectal cancer involving the external anal sphincter
      were randomized to ELAPE or non-ELAPE following neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
      Randomization was performed according to Consolidated Standards of Reporting
      Trials (CONSORT) guidelines. The primary end-point was CRM (in mm), defined as
      the shortest distance between the tumour and the cut edge of the specimen.
      Pathologists and centralized pathology were blinded to the patients' study arm.
      Interrater reliability (IRR) was assessed using Kendall's coefficient. Intra
      operative perforation (IOP) was any rectal defect determined at pathology.
      Complications were classified using the Clavien-Dindo classification.
      Participating surgeons were retrained and credentialed. A sample size calculation
      showed that 34 subjects would provide sufficient power to reject the null
      hypothesis. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients underwent the allocated intervention.
      Seventeen patients treated with ELAPE were comparable with 17 patients treated
      with non-ELAPE regarding age, gender, body mass index (BMI), American Society of
      Anesthesiology (ASA) class and pre-existing comorbidities. CRM depth (7.14 +/-
      5.76 mm vs 2.98 +/- 3.28 mm, P = 0.016) and involvement rates (5.8% vs 41.0%, P =
      0.04) were significantly increased in patients treated with ELAPE. The IRR for
      CRM was 0.78. There were no significant differences in IOP (5.8% vs 11.7%, P =
      0.77) and complication rates (29% vs 29%, P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: ELAPE was
      associated with statistically improved CRM with no difference in IOP and
      complication rates compared with non-ELAPE for rectal cancer involving the
      external anal sphincter.

PMID- 27369740
TI  - Accuracy of elastography point quantification and steatosis influence on
      assessing liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Elastography point quantification is a novel non-invasive
      method for the assessment of liver fibrosis by measuring liver stiffness. The aim
      of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of elastography point quantification
      for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and to assess impact of steatosis on liver
      stiffness measurement, in a cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis C. METHODS:
      In this single-centre cross-sectional study, 211 consecutive patients with
      chronic hepatitis C, scheduled for liver biopsy, were examined with the
      elastography point quantification technology. On the same day, all patients
      underwent clinical examination, laboratory tests and abdominal ultrasound.
      RESULTS: The best cut-offs of liver stiffness measurement were 6.16 kPa for the
      diagnosis of significant fibrosis (>=S3) and 6.79 kPa for advanced fibrosis
      (>=S4). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.831 (CI:
      0.773-0.880) for significant fibrosis, and 0.954 (CI: 0.916-0.978) for advanced
      fibrosis. Among patients within the same fibrosis stages (S0-S2 and S3-S6; S0-S3
      and S4-S6), mean liver stiffness measurement values were similar in patients with
      steatosis (>=10% at liver biopsy or detected by ultrasound) compared to those
      without. Discordance between elastography point quantification and histology were
      affected by the presence of BMI>30 kg/m2 (P=.047, CI: 0.136-0.988 and P=.020, CI:
      0.083-0.812 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with chronic hepatitis C,
      elastography point quantification is an accurate non-invasive method for the
      diagnosis of significant and advanced fibrosis. The presence of obesity is a risk
      factor for misclassification of significant and advanced liver fibrosis.

PMID- 27369742
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369744
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369741
TI  - Calnexin, an ER stress-induced protein, is a prognostic marker and potential
      therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality in the
      Western world and commonly treated with genotoxic chemotherapy. Stress in the
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was implicated to contribute to chemotherapeutic
      resistance. Hence, ER stress related protein may be of prognostic or therapeutic
      significance. METHODS: The expression levels of ER stress proteins calnexin,
      calreticulin, GRP78 and GRP94 were determined in n = 23 Stage II and III colon
      cancer fresh frozen tumour and matched normal tissue samples. Data were validated
      in a cohort of n = 11 rectal cancer patients treated with radiochemotherapy in
      the neoadjuvant setting. The calnexin gene was silenced using siRNA in HCT116
      cells. RESULTS: There were no increased levels of ER stress proteins in tumour
      compared to matched normal tissue samples in Stage II or III CRC. However,
      increased calnexin protein levels were predictive of poor clinical outcome in the
      patient cohort. Data were validated in the rectal cancer cohort treated in the
      neoadjuvant setting. Calnexin gene-silencing significantly reduced cell survival
      and increased cancer cell susceptibility to 5FU chemotherapy. CONCLUSION:
      Increased tumour protein levels of calnexin may be of prognostic significance in
      CRC, and calnexin may represent a potential target for future therapies.

PMID- 27369743
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369745
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369746
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369747
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369748
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369749
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369751
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369750
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369752
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369754
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369753
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369755
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369756
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369757
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369758
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369759
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369760
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369761
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369762
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369763
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369764
TI  - Novel microsatellite markers for Distylium lepidotum (Hamamelidaceae) endemic to
      the Ogasawara Islands.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Distylium lepidotum is a small tree endemic to the Ogasawara Islands
      located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. This species is a sole food for an
      endemic locust, Boninoxya anijimensis. Here, we developed microsatellite markers
      to investigate genetic diversity and genetic structure and to avoid a genetic
      disturbance after transplantation to restore the Ogasawara Islands ecosystem.
      RESULTS: Microsatellite markers with perfect dinucleotide repeats were developed
      using the next-generation sequencing Illumina MiSeq Desktop Sequencer. Thirty-two
      primer pairs were characterized in two D. lepidotum populations on Chichijima and
      Hahajima Islands of the Ogasawara Islands. The number of alleles for the markers
      ranged from three to 23 per locus in the two populations. Expected heterozygosity
      per locus in each population ranged from 0.156 to 0.940 and 0.368 to 0.845,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These microsatellite markers will be useful for future
      population genetics studies of D. lepidotum and provide a basis for conservation
      management of the Ogasawara Islands.

PMID- 27369765
TI  - Evolving the L-lysine high-producing strain of Escherichia coli using a newly
      developed high-throughput screening method.
AB  - This study provided a new method which applied a selected L-lysine-inducible
      promoter for evolving lysine industrial strains of E. coli. According to the
      intracellular levels of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) whose
      expression was controlled by the promoter, 186 strains were preliminarily
      selected using fluorescence-activated cell sorting from a 10-million-mutant
      library generated from a L-lysine high-producing E. coli strain. By subsequent
      multiple parameter evaluation of the 186 selected strains according to the
      concentration and the yield of lysine, the productivity per unit of cell in 96
      deep-well blocks, two mutants MU-1 and MU-2 were obtained. They produced 136.51
      +/- 1.55 and 133.2 9 +/- 1.42 g/L of lysine, respectively, in 5-L jars. Compared
      with the lysine concentration and the yield of the original strain, those of
      strain MU-1 improved by 21.00 and 9.05 %, respectively, and those of strain MU-2
      improved by 18.14 and 10.41 %, respectively. The mutant selection and evaluation
      system newly established in our study should be useful for continuous improvement
      of the current E. coli strains in the lysine industry.

PMID- 27369766
TI  - Abnormal 8-Hz flicker electroretinograms in carriers of X-linked retinoschisis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate rod-isolated, cone-isolated, and combined rod and cone
      flicker electroretinograms (ERGs) as a possible means to identify
      electrophysiological abnormalities in carriers of X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS).
      METHODS: Full-field ERGs were recorded from six carriers of XLRS (aged 34-66
      years) and eight normally sighted subjects (aged 27-59 years) under rod-isolated
      (ERGR), cone-isolated (ERGC), and combined rod and cone (ERGR+C) conditions. ERGs
      were obtained using a four-primary LED-based ganzfeld photostimulator and
      standard recording techniques. The four primaries were modulated sinusoidally in
      phase to achieve combined rod and cone activation (ERGR+C) or in different phases
      to achieve ERGR and ERGC by means of triple silent substitution. After 30 min of
      dark adaptation, 8- and 15-Hz ERGR, ERGC, and ERGR+C responses were obtained at a
      mean luminance level of 24 scot. cd/m(2). Standard ISCEV ERGs were also obtained
      from each subject. RESULTS: The ISCEV and 15-Hz flicker ERGs were generally
      within the normal range for the carriers. The 8-Hz ERGR, ERGC, and ERGR+C
      amplitudes were also generally normal. In contrast, the carriers had ERGR, ERGC,
      and ERGR+C timing abnormalities, with phase advances beyond the range of normal
      for the ERGR (four carriers), ERGC (four carriers), and ERGR+C (three carriers).
      Only one carrier had normal 8-Hz responses under all conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The
      8-Hz ERG timing abnormalities in five of six carriers indicate that retinal
      function is not necessarily normal in carriers of XLRS. The 8-Hz flicker ERG may
      be useful for studying retinal function in these individuals.

PMID- 27369767
TI  - Cigarette smoking and the risk of head and neck cancer in the Japanese
      population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for head
      and neck cancer, the impact of smoking on head and neck cancer might vary among
      geographic areas. To date, however, no systematic review of cigarette smoking and
      head and neck cancer in the Japanese population has yet appeared. METHODS: We
      conducted a systematic review of previous epidemiological studies for cigarette
      smoking and head and neck cancer among Japanese. Evaluation of associations was
      based on the strength of evidence ('convincing', 'probable', 'possible' or
      'insufficient') and the magnitude of association ('strong', 'moderate', 'weak' or
      'no association'), together with biological plausibility as previously evaluated
      by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. A meta-analysis was conducted
      to obtain summary estimates for the overall magnitude of association. RESULTS: We
      identified five cohort studies and 12 case-control studies. Four of five cohort
      studies and 11 of 12 case-control studies showed a strong positive association
      between cigarette smoking and head and neck cancer. Nine of 12 studies indicated
      a dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and the risk of head and
      neck cancer. Meta-analysis of 12 studies indicated that the summary relative risk
      for ever smokers relative to never smokers was 2.43 (95% confidence interval:
      2.09-2.83). Summary relative risks for current and former smokers relative to
      never smokers were 2.68 (2.08-3.44) and 1.49 (1.05-2.11), respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is a convincing risk factor for head and neck
      cancer in the Japanese population.

PMID- 27369768
TI  - Architecture of the caveolar coat complex.
AB  - Caveolae are specialized membrane domains that are crucial for the correct
      function of endothelial cells, adipocytes and muscle cells. Caveolins and cavins
      are both required for caveolae formation, and assemble into a large (80S)
      caveolar coat complex (80S-CCC). The architecture of the 80S-CCC, however, has
      not been analyzed. Here, we study the 80S-CCC isolated from mammalian cells using
      negative stain electron microscopy and 3D cryo-electron tomography. We show that
      the 80S-CCC is a hollow sphere with a diameter of 50-80 nm, and so has the same
      size and shape as individual caveolar bulbs. This provides strong evidence that
      the distinctive membrane shape of caveolae is generated by the shape of the 80S
      CCC itself. The particle appears to be made up of two layers, an inner coat
      composed of polygonal units of caveolins that form a polyhedral cage, and an
      outer filamentous coat composed of cavins. The data suggest that the peripheral
      cavin coat is aligned along the edges of the inner polyhedral cage, thereby
      providing a mechanism for the generation of a morphologically stable caveolar
      coat.

PMID- 27369770
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369769
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369771
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369772
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369773
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369774
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369775
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369776
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369777
TI  - Effect of ethanol at clinically relevant concentrations on atrial inward
      rectifier potassium current sensitive to acetylcholine.
AB  - Alcohol intoxication tends to induce arrhythmias, most often the atrial
      fibrillation. To elucidate arrhythmogenic mechanisms related to alcohol
      consumption, the effect of ethanol on main components of the ionic membrane
      current is investigated step by step. Considering limited knowledge, we aimed to
      examine the effect of clinically relevant concentrations of ethanol (0.8-80 mM)
      on acetylcholine-sensitive inward rectifier potassium current I K(Ach).
      Experiments were performed by the whole-cell patch clamp technique at 23 +/- 1 
      degrees C on isolated rat and guinea-pig atrial myocytes, and on expressed human
      Kir3.1/3.4 channels. Ethanol induced changes of I K(Ach) in the whole range of
      concentrations applied; the effect was not voltage dependent. The constitutively
      active component of I K(Ach) was significantly increased by ethanol with the
      maximum effect (an increase by ~100 %) between 8 and 20 mM. The changes were
      comparable in rat and guinea-pig atrial myocytes and also in expressed human
      Kir3.1/3.4 channels (i.e., structural correlate of I K(Ach)). In the case of the
      acetylcholine-induced component of I K(Ach), a dual ethanol effect was apparent
      with a striking heterogeneity of changes in individual cells. The effect
      correlated with the current magnitude in control: the current was increased by
      eth-anol in the cells showing small current in control and vice versa. The
      average effect peaked at 20 mM ethanol (an increase of the current by ~20 %).
      Observed changes of action potential duration agreed well with the voltage clamp
      data. Ethanol significantly affected both components of I K(Ach) even in
      concentrations corresponding to light alcohol consumption. 

PMID- 27369779
TI  - In vitro effects of platelet-rich gel supernatants on histology and chondrocyte
      apoptosis scores, hyaluronan release and gene expression of equine cartilage
      explants challenged with lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) preparations are a common treatment in
      equine osteoarthritis (OA). However, there are controversies regarding the ideal
      concentration of platelets and leukocytes in these biological substances
      necessary to induce an adequate anti-inflammatory and anabolic response in
      articular cartilage. The aims were to study the influence of leukocyte- and
      platelet-rich gel (L-PRG) and pure platelet-rich gel (P-PRG) supernatants on the
      histological changes of cartilage, the degree of chondrocyte apoptosis, the
      production of hyaluronan (HA) and the gene expression of nuclear factor kappa
      beta (NFkbeta), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), a disintegrin and
      metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS-4), collagen type I alpha
      1 (COL1A1), collagen type II alpha 1 (COL2A1) and cartilage oligomeric matrix
      protein (COMP) in normal cartilage explants (CEs) challenged with
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS: Overall, 25 % L-PRG supernatant (followed in
      order of importance by, 50 % P-PRG, 25 % P-PRG and 50 % L-PRG) represented the
      substance with the most important anti-inflammatory and anabolic effect. 25 % P
      PRG supernatant presented important anabolic effects, but it induced a more
      severe chondrocyte apoptosis than the other evaluated substances. CONCLUSIONS: 25
      % L-PRG supernatant presented the best therapeutic profile. Our results
      demonstrate that the biological variability of PRP preparations makes their
      application rather challenging. Additional in vivo research is necessary to know
      the effect of PRP preparations at different concentrations.

PMID- 27369778
TI  - Therapeutic Elimination of the Type 1 Interferon Receptor for Treating Psoriatic
      Skin Inflammation.
AB  - Phototherapy with UV light is a standard treatment for psoriasis, yet the
      mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects are not well understood. Studies in
      human and mouse keratinocytes and in the skin tissues from human patients and
      mice showed that UV treatment triggers ubiquitination and downregulation of the
      type I IFN receptor chain IFNAR1, leading to suppression of IFN signaling and an
      ensuing decrease in the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The
      severity of imiquimod-induced psoriasiform inflammation was greatly exacerbated
      in skin of mice deficient in IFNAR1 ubiquitination (Ifnar1(SA)). Furthermore,
      these mice did not benefit from UV phototherapy. Pharmacologic induction of
      IFNAR1 ubiquitination and degradation by an antiprotozoal agent halofuginone also
      relieved psoriasiform inflammation in wild-type but not in Ifnar1(SA) mice. These
      data identify downregulation of IFNAR1 by UV as a major mechanism of the UV
      therapeutic effects against the psoriatic inflammation and provide a proof of
      principle for future development of agents capable of inducing IFNAR1
      ubiquitination and downregulation for the treatment of psoriasis.

PMID- 27369782
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369781
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369783
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369780
TI  - Structure/function correlations over binuclear non-heme iron active sites.
AB  - Binuclear non-heme iron enzymes activate O2 to perform diverse chemistries. Three
      different structural mechanisms of O2 binding to a coupled binuclear iron site
      have been identified utilizing variable-temperature, variable-field magnetic
      circular dichroism spectroscopy (VTVH MCD). For the MU-OH-bridged Fe(II)2 site in
      hemerythrin, O2 binds terminally to a five-coordinate Fe(II) center as
      hydroperoxide with the proton deriving from the MU-OH bridge and the second
      electron transferring through the resulting MU-oxo superexchange pathway from the
      second coordinatively saturated Fe(II) center in a proton-coupled electron
      transfer process. For carboxylate-only-bridged Fe(II)2 sites, O2 binding as a
      bridged peroxide requires both Fe(II) centers to be coordinatively unsaturated
      and has good frontier orbital overlap with the two orthogonal O2 pi* orbitals to
      form peroxo-bridged Fe(III)2 intermediates. Alternatively, carboxylate-only
      bridged Fe(II)2 sites with only a single open coordination position on an Fe(II)
      enable the one-electron formation of Fe(III)-O2 (-) or Fe(III)-NO(-) species.
      Finally, for the peroxo-bridged Fe(III)2 intermediates, further activation is
      necessary for their reactivities in one-electron reduction and electrophilic
      aromatic substitution, and a strategy consistent with existing spectral data is
      discussed.

PMID- 27369785
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369786
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369784
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369787
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369788
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369789
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369790
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369792
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369791
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369793
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369795
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369794
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369796
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369797
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369799
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369798
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369800
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369801
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369802
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369804
TI  - Novel 3-Dimensional Image Fusion Software for Live Guidance of Percutaneous
      Pulmonary Valve Implantation.

PMID- 27369803
TI  - Relationship of Annular Sizing Using Multidetector Computed Tomographic Imaging
      and Clinical Outcomes After Self-Expanding CoreValve Transcatheter Aortic Valve
      Replacement.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multidetector computed tomography is useful for determining the
      appropriate transcatheter heart valve (THV) size in patients with severe aortic
      stenosis who are suboptimal surgical candidates. The relationship between
      adherence to the recommended CoreValve sizing algorithm and clinical outcomes is
      not known. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated 1023 patients with severe aortic
      stenosis deemed high or extreme risk for surgery treated with the CoreValve THV.
      All patients underwent preprocedural multidetector computed tomography, and the
      scans were reviewed at a central analysis center using standardized software.
      Compliance to a recommended sizing algorithm was used to identify patients with
      below-range, in-range, and above-range THV sizing. A device annular sizing ratio
      (DAR) was also calculated based on the native annulus perimeter and perimeter of
      the selected THV. Clinical end points included the presence of paravalvular
      aortic regurgitation evaluated by an independent echocardiographic laboratory.
      Adherence to the sizing algorithm was highest with a 31-mm THV (92.6%) and lowest
      with the 23-mm THV (38.5%). Below-range sizing was associated with a higher rate
      of moderate or severe paravalvular aortic regurgitation (15.3%) than in-range
      (6.5%) or above-range (10.0%; P<0.001) sizing. Higher DARs were associated with
      lower rates of moderate or severe paravalvular aortic regurgitation: DAR <=10%,
      17.6%; DAR 10% to 15%, 9.9%; DAR 15% to 20%, 6.3%; and DAR >20%, 4.9%; P<0.001.
      There was no increase in clinical events associated with higher DARs.
      CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to a sizing algorithm guided by multidetector computed
      tomography resulted in lower rates of paravalvular aortic regurgitation after
      self-expanding transcatheter valve replacement without an increase in
      complications. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.
      Unique identifier: NCT01240902.

PMID- 27369805
TI  - What's in a Name? Roles of RFamide-Related Peptides Beyond Gonadotrophin
      Inhibition.
AB  - RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs) have been heavily implicated in the control of
      reproductive function subsequent to their discovery more than 16 years ago.
      However, recent studies using genetic and pharmacological tools have challenged
      their importance in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. It is
      generally accepted that RFRPs act as part of a wider RFamide system, which
      involves two receptors, called the neuropeptide FF receptors (NPFFR1 and R2), and
      includes the closely-related neuropeptide NPFF. NPFF has been studied ever since
      the 1980s and many of the functions of NPFF are also shared by RFRPs. The current
      review questions whether these functions of NPFF are indeed specific to just NPFF
      alone and presents evidence from both neuroendocrine and pharmacological
      perspectives. Furthermore, recently emerging new functions of RFRPs are discussed
      with the overall goal of clarifying the functions of RFRPs beyond the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

PMID- 27369806
TI  - Utilization of metabonomics to identify serum biomarkers in murine H22
      hepatocarcinoma and deduce antitumor mechanism of Rhizoma Paridis saponins.
AB  - Murine H22 hepatocarcinoma model is so popular to be used for the preclinical
      anticancer candidate's evaluation. However, the metabolic biomarkers of this
      model were not identified. Meanwhile, Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) as natural
      products have been found to show strong antitumor activity, while its anti-cancer
      mechanism is not clear. To search for potential metabolite biomarkers of this
      model, serum metabonomics approach was applied to detect the variation of
      metabolite biomarkers and the related metabolism genes and signaling pathway were
      used to deduce the antitumor mechanisms of RPS. As a result, ten serum
      metabolites were identified in twenty-four mice including healthy mice, non
      treated cancer mice, RPS-treated cancer mice and RPS-treated healthy mice. RPS
      significantly decreased tumor weight correlates to down-regulating lactate,
      acetate, N-acetyl amino acid and glutamine signals (p < 0.05), which were marked
      metabolites screened according to the very important person (VIP), loading plot
      and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) tests. For the analysis of
      metabolic enzyme related genes, RPS reversed the aerobic glycolysis through
      activating tumor suppressor p53 and PTEN, and suppressed FASN to inhibit
      lipogenesis. What's more, RPS repressed Myc and GLS expression and decreased
      glutamine level. The regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR and HIF-1alpha/Myc/Ras networks
      also participated in these metabolic changes. Taken together, RPS suppressed ATP
      product made the tumor growth slow, which indicated a good anti-cancer effect and
      new angle for understanding the mechanism of RPS. In conclusion, this study
      demonstrated that the utility of (1)H NMR metabolic profiles taken together with
      tumor weight and viscera index was a promising screening tool for evaluating the
      antitumor effect of candidates. In addition, RPS was a potent anticancer agent
      through inhibiting cancer cellular metabolism to suppress proliferation in
      hepatoma H22 tumor murine, which promoted the application of RPS in the future. 

PMID- 27369807
TI  - Evaluations of thyme extract effects in human normal bronchial and tracheal
      epithelial cell lines and in human lung cancer cell line.
AB  - Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is used traditionally to prepare herbal remedies
      possessing expectorant, mucolytic, antitussive and antispasmodic properties. The
      aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a standardized
      hydroalcoholic extract of thyme on primary human airway (bronchial/tracheal)
      epithelial cell lines in a model of lung inflammation induced by LPS. In
      addition, the effects of thyme extract on human lung cancer cell line (H460) were
      analysed. Thyme extract showed significant anti-inflammatory properties by
      reducing the NF-kappaB p65 and NF-kappaB p52 transcription factors protein levels
      followed by the decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta and IL-8), and
      Muc5ac secretion in human normal bronchial and tracheal epithelial cells.
      Moreover, the extract showed cytotoxic effects on H460 cancer cells, modulated
      the release of IL-1 beta, IL-8 and down-regulated NF-kappaB p65 and NF-kappaB p52
      proteins. Taken together, these results substantiated the traditional uses of
      thyme in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Thyme extract might be an
      effective treatment of chronic diseases based on inflammatory processes when
      hypersecretion of mucus overwhelms the ciliary clearance and obstructs airways,
      causing morbidity and mortality. Moreover thyme extract, evaluated in H460 lung
      cancer cell line, demonstrated to induce cell cytotoxicity in addition to reduce
      inflammatory cell signals. 

PMID- 27369808
TI  - Lipidomics study of plasma phospholipid metabolism in early type 2 diabetes rats
      with ancient prescription Huang-Qi-San intervention by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS and
      correlation coefficient.
AB  - Potential impact of lipid research has been increasingly realized both in disease
      treatment and prevention. An effective metabolomics approach based on ultra
      performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry
      (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) along with multivariate statistic analysis has been applied for
      investigating the dynamic change of plasma phospholipids compositions in early
      type 2 diabetic rats after the treatment of an ancient prescription of Chinese
      Medicine Huang-Qi-San. The exported UPLC/Q-TOF-MS data of plasma samples were
      subjected to SIMCA-P and processed by bioMark, mixOmics, Rcomdr packages with R
      software. A clear score plots of plasma sample groups, including normal control
      group (NC), model group (MC), positive medicine control group (Flu) and Huang-Qi
      San group (HQS), were achieved by principal-components analysis (PCA), partial
      least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least-squares
      discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Biomarkers were screened out using student T
      test, principal component regression (PCR), partial least-squares regression
      (PLS) and important variable method (variable influence on projection, VIP).
      Structures of metabolites were identified and metabolic pathways were deduced by
      correlation coefficient. The relationship between compounds was explained by the
      correlation coefficient diagram, and the metabolic differences between similar
      compounds were illustrated. Based on KEGG database, the biological significances
      of identified biomarkers were described. The correlation coefficient was firstly
      applied to identify the structure and deduce the metabolic pathways of
      phospholipids metabolites, and the study provided a new methodological cue for
      further understanding the molecular mechanisms of metabolites in the process of
      regulating Huang-Qi-San for treating early type 2 diabetes. 

PMID- 27369810
TI  - Effects of perinatal undernutrition on the circumvallate papilla of developing
      Wistar rats.
AB  - During the gestation and the lactating periods the gustatory papillae contain
      taste buds that respond to different flavors and aversive stimuli. The current
      study analyzed the effects of pre-and neonatal undernutrition on the
      circumvallate papillae of rats at 12, 20, and 30days of age. Early
      undernourishment occurred from gestational days G6 to G19 when dams received low
      percentages of food followed by a balanced diet from G20-21. After birth pups
      were underfed by rotating two lactating dams every 12h; in one of them, the
      nipples were tied. The pups were weaned at 25days of age, and then given an ad
      libitum diet. Under anesthesia the tongues were removed and stained with the
      hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) procedure. The results indicated that young underfed rats
      had significantly body weight reductions. The tongue measurements in underfed
      rats showed reduced total area and length of the anterior portion, but there were
      negligible effects on the posterior portion. The circumvallate papillae in
      underfed rats was significantly reduced in major length, major diameter, and
      total and upper areas, but unaffected in the lateral wall trench region. The
      taste bud areas and minor diameter were unaffected by undernutrition, but there
      were significant reductions in the total number of visible taste buds and the
      major diameter, delayed opening of taste bud pores, and an increased number of
      closed pores were also observed. These alterations by undernutrition reflect the
      vulnerability of structures in the gustatory oral cavity and suggest a possible
      interference with the receptors activation, and transduction and perhaps with the
      taste encoding of signals to generate the gustatory sensory and hedonic
      responses. 

PMID- 27369809
TI  - Alcohol-Focused Behavioral Couple Therapy.
AB  - Alcohol Behavioral Couple Therapy (ABCT) has emerged over the last 30 years as a
      highly efficacious treatment for those with alcohol use disorders. This review
      highlights the historical and conceptual underpinnings of ABCT, as well as the
      specific treatment elements and structure. Proposed active ingredients,
      moderators, and mediators of treatment outcome are discussed. Efficacy is
      evaluated for reductions in identified patient drinking, improved relationship
      functioning, and reductions in intimate partner violence. Adaptations of ABCT for
      substances other than alcohol are described. Other adaptations, including brief
      interventions, interventions addressing PTSD and TBI along with alcohol use, and
      interventions deliverable via technology platforms are described. Additional cost
      benefit and cost-effectiveness findings supporting the economic value of ABCT are
      noted. Future directions for research in this area include possible adaptations
      for female identified patients, nontraditional couples, LGBT partners and dyads
      involving nonintimate partner relationships. The development of more flexible
      models and enhanced dissemination strategies may improve clinical uptake and
      utility as well as increasing the feasibility of this treatment for integrated
      healthcare settings.

PMID- 27369811
TI  - Points to consider for a validation study of iPS cell-derived cardiomyocytes
      using a multi-electrode array system.
AB  - Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPS-CMs) provide a
      novel assay system to assess cardiac safety in drug development to overcome a
      problem of species difference in non-clinical testing during drug development.
      Using the multi-electrode array (MEA) platform, electrophysiological activities
      of iPS-CMs can be recorded easily to assess QT prolongation and proarrhythmic
      potential of drug candidates. Here we have established a standardized protocol to
      evaluate the possibility of iPS-CMs, and shared the protocol with an
      international consortium. To obtain reproducible and reliable experimental data
      from these cells, we determined the optimal experimental conditions, such as cell
      density, MEA coating, culture conditions, high-pass filter frequency, definition
      of early afterdepolarization or triggered activity, and calibration compounds.
      Based on the protocol, our validation study using 60 compounds is in progress.
      Thus, MEA-based experiments using iPS-CMs would be a standard testing method to
      evaluate QT prolongation and proarrhythmic potentials. 

PMID- 27369812
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for diagnosing semicircular
      canal dehiscence.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We investigated the semicircular canal (SC) dehiscence using temporal
      computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed 114 (228 ears) consecutive MR images and CT scans of the
      temporal bones for dehiscence of the SCs. In the 1.5 Tesla (T) MR imaging, T1 and
      T2-weighted images were obtained. Dehiscence of the SCs was defined by absence of
      high attenuation bone coverage on the CT scans, and absence of low-signal bone
      margins on the MR images. RESULTS: Superior SC dehiscence was detected in 4
      (1.8%) ears using CT scans and 5 (2.2%) ears using MR imaging. Posterior SC
      dehiscence was detected in 4 (1.8%) ears using CT scans and 4 (1.8%) ears using
      MR imaging. In the non-dehiscent cases, there was hypointense bone coverage
      between the canal and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, in the cases of
      semicircular canal dehiscence, hypointense bone tissue did not appear between the
      canal and the CSF in the MR imaging. CONCLUSION: If there is clinical doubt about
      the presence of SC dehiscence, we recommend that MR imaging be conducted first.
      When dehiscence is not seen in the MR, a CT examination should be performed. MR
      imaging is preferred primarily, because it does not contain ionizing radiation.

PMID- 27369813
TI  - Empiric systemic antibiotics for hospitalized patients with severe odontogenic
      infections.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Odontogenic infections may lead to severe head and neck infections
      with potentially great health risk. Age, location of purulent affected sites and
      beta-lactam allergy are some mentionable factors regarding patients' in-hospital
      stay and course of disease. Are there new challenges regarding bacteria'
      antibiotic resistance for empiric treatment and what influences do they have on
      patients' clinical course? METHODS: We analyzed in a 4-year retrospective study
      the medical records of 294 in-hospital patients with severe odontogenic
      infections. On a routine base bacteria were identified and susceptibility testing
      was performed. Length of stay in-hospital was evaluated regarding patients' age,
      beta-lactam allergy profile, affected sites and bacteria susceptibility to
      empiric antibiotics. RESULTS: Length of stay in-hospital was detected to be
      associated with affected space and penicillin allergy as well (p < 0.05).
      Isolates presented large amounts of aerobic gram-positive bacteria (64.2%),
      followed by facultative anaerobic bacteria (gram+/15.8%, gram-/12.7%). Tested
      ampicillin in combination with sulbactam (or without) and cephalosporins
      displayed high susceptibility rates, revealing distinguished results regarding
      clindamycin (p < 0.05). Co-trimoxazol and moxifloxacin showed high overall
      susceptibility rates (MOX: 94.7%, COTRIM: 92.6%). DISCUSSION: This study
      demonstrates ampicillin/sulbactam in addition to surgical intervention is a good
      standard in treatment of severe odontogenic neck infections. Cephalosporins seem
      to be a considerable option as well. If beta-lactam allergy is diagnosed co
      trimoxazol and moxifloxacin represent relevant alternatives. CONCLUSION: Age,
      allergic profile and bacteria' resistance patterns for empiric antibiotics have
      an influence on patients in-hospital stay. Ampicillin/sulbactam proves itself to
      be good for empiric antibiosis in severe odontogenic infections. Furthermore
      cephalosporins could be considered as another option in treatment. However
      moxifloxacin and co-trimoxazol deserves further investigation as empiric
      antibiosis in odontogenic infections if beta-lactam allergy is diagnosed.

PMID- 27369814
TI  - The influence of climate on age at menarche: Augmented with the influence of
      ancestry.
AB  - Samples representative of South Korea, Indonesia, and Peninsular Malaysia were
      analyzed and the influence of climate on age at menarche was investigated. The
      sample size was 24,651 for Korea (birth years 1941-1992), for Indonesia 8331
      (birth years 1944-1988) plus 20,519 (birth years 1978-1997), and 2842 for
      Peninsular Malaysia (birth years 1927-1968). Respondents recalled their age at
      menarche. The mean age at menarche was calculated for each birth year by country,
      and for Malaysia, additionally by ancestry. It has been found that mean ages at
      menarche for the early birth years were much younger in Indonesia than in Korea
      despite similar levels of socioeconomic conditions (proxied by GDP per capita).
      For example, for the birth year 1944, the mean age at menarche was 14.45 years
      for Indonesia and 16.19 years for Korea-a difference of 1.74 years. It was
      necessary to double the Korean GDP per capita to make the Korean mean age at
      menarche the same as the Indonesian one. Chinese and Malay women in Peninsular
      Malaysia were further analyzed, and the results provided indirect evidence that
      the difference between Korea and Indonesia was not due to ancestry differences.
      Results in multivariate settings provided consistent results. It has been
      concluded that climate exerts a significant influence on age at menarche because
      the relatively easy availability of food in the tropics increases energy intake
      while the absence of cold weather decreases energy expenditure on maintenance and
      activity. 

PMID- 27369816
TI  - Renal Branch Artery Stenosis: A Diagnostic Challenge? A Case Report With Review
      of the Literature.
AB  - Renovascular hypertension is a common cause of pediatric hypertension. In the
      fraction of cases that are unrelated to syndromes such as neurofibromatosis,
      patients with a solitary stenosis on a branch of the renal artery are common and
      can be diagnostically challenging. Imaging techniques that perform well in the
      diagnosis of main renal artery stenosis may fall short when it comes to branch
      artery stenosis. We report 2 cases that illustrate these difficulties and show
      that a branch artery stenosis may be overlooked even by the gold standard method,
      renal angiography.

PMID- 27369817
TI  - Urologic Considerations in the Separation of Thoracoomphalopagus Conjoined Twins.
AB  - Conjoined twins are seen in approximately 1/500,000 live births, and therefore
      surgical management of urologic anomalies in conjoined twins has not been
      extensively reported. Various degrees of sharing of the urinary tracts and
      genitalia can be seen in different types of conjoined twins. Detailed
      preoperative imaging, including magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography,
      and voiding cystourethrogram, is essential to define the anatomy and planning of
      a successful separation. We describe the urologic presentation, evaluation, and
      treatment of thoracoomphalopagus conjoined twins.

PMID- 27369815
TI  - Nucleotide homeostasis and purinergic nociceptive signaling in rat meninges in
      migraine-like conditions.
AB  - Extracellular ATP is suspected to contribute to migraine pain but regulatory
      mechanisms controlling pro-nociceptive purinergic mechanisms in the meninges
      remain unknown. We studied the peculiarities of metabolic and signaling pathways
      of ATP and its downstream metabolites in rat meninges and in cultured trigeminal
      cells exposed to the migraine mediator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP).
      Under resting conditions, meningeal ATP and ADP remained at low nanomolar levels,
      whereas extracellular AMP and adenosine concentrations were one-two orders
      higher. CGRP increased ATP and ADP levels in meninges and trigeminal cultures and
      reduced adenosine concentration in trigeminal cells. Degradation rates for
      exogenous nucleotides remained similar in control and CGRP-treated meninges,
      indicating that CGRP triggers nucleotide release without affecting nucleotide
      inactivating pathways. Lead nitrate-based enzyme histochemistry of whole mount
      meninges revealed the presence of high ATPase, ADPase, and AMPase activities,
      primarily localized in the medial meningeal artery. ATP and ADP induced large
      intracellular Ca(2+) transients both in neurons and in glial cells whereas AMP
      and adenosine were ineffective. In trigeminal glia, ATP partially operated via
      P2X7 receptors. ATP, but not other nucleotides, activated nociceptive spikes in
      meningeal trigeminal nerve fibers providing a rationale for high degradation rate
      of pro-nociceptive ATP. Pro-nociceptive effect of ATP in meningeal nerves was
      reproduced by alpha,beta-meATP operating via P2X3 receptors. Collectively,
      extracellular ATP, which level is controlled by CGRP, can persistently activate
      trigeminal nerves in meninges which considered as the origin site of migraine
      headache. These data are consistent with the purinergic hypothesis of migraine
      pain and suggest new targets against trigeminal pain.

PMID- 27369819
TI  - Reply by the Authors.

PMID- 27369818
TI  - Surgical Management of Hair-coil Penile Injury: Anatomical Insights and Grading
      System.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report our experience in the surgical management of a group of
      patients with varying degrees of hair-coil penile injury, while applying a more
      detailed grading scale for the severity of injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      study included 16 boys with hair-coil penile injury who were managed during the
      period 2010 through 2016. In the acute state, the constricting hair coil was
      removed under general anesthesia. The repair was planned 6 months later after the
      acute injury. In 1 case presenting with severe form (near total glanular
      amputation), the glans was resutured to the penile shaft immediately after
      removal of the hair coil; the urethroplasty was performed six months later.
      RESULTS: The patients' age ranged from 2 to 17 years (mean 4.8 years). The
      urethroplasty was always covered by a protective layer, which was derived from
      the ventral dartos fascia in all but 1 case. In the latter, we used a tunica
      vaginalis flap for covering the urethroplasty. A successful outcome (regarding
      both urethral reconstruction and cosmesis) was achieved in all cases. CONCLUSION:
      Hair-coil penile injury is an uncommon condition with insidious course.
      Unawareness of such condition can lead to progression to serious complications.
      Delayed and staged surgical repair is associated with successful outcome.

PMID- 27369820
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369821
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369822
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369823
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369824
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PMID- 27369826
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369825
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PMID- 27369828
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PMID- 27369827
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PMID- 27369829
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PMID- 27369830
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PMID- 27369832
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PMID- 27369831
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PMID- 27369833
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369834
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369836
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369835
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369837
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369838
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369839
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369840
TI  - Preservation of nostril morphology in nasal base reduction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Asian patients often desire reduction of the base and alar lobules of
      the Asian mesorrhine nose. Sill excision is commonly used, but may result in an
      angular or notched nostril rim. METHODS: We developed an internal method of alar
      base reduction involving triangle flaps for sill resection. This method avoids
      alar rim notching and teardrop deformity. Cinching sutures and double-layer
      closure avoid tension on the wound. We categorized the results in 50 patients (4
      men, 46 women) who underwent surgery between November 2012 and August 2015 and
      who could be followed up for more than 3 months. The mean age of the subjects was
      26.3 years and the mean follow-up period was 8.9 months. RESULTS: Forty patients
      underwent base reduction with the internal method, while ten with alar flare were
      treated with additional external resection. The mean reduction of the nostril
      sill width was 4.8 mm for both methods. In the subjects receiving flare
      resection, the mean reduction of the lateral alar width was 4.4 mm. There was no
      notching at the suture site. Complications included a short scar running
      obliquely under the sill in 13 patients and a trap door deformity in one patient.
      CONCLUSIONS: Nasal base reduction is widely performed, but subject to outcomes
      with abnormal nostril contour. We used triangle flaps to narrow the sill, and
      cinching sutures to prevent tension on the wound. Our methods prevent nostril
      notching and/or teardrop deformity. Scarring can occur, but can be reduced using
      cinching sutures for wound relaxation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal
      requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full
      description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table
      of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

PMID- 27369841
TI  - A New Technique for Correction of Tethered and Depressed Scars: Layered Dermal
      Support.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many methods have been used for correcting tethered and depressed
      scars, but most of these methods have had unsatisfying results and ended up with
      recurrence. The aim of this study is to present a new surgical technique that
      overcomes these problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two depressed scars were
      corrected using the layered dermal support technique. With this technique, the
      depressed part of the scar is deepithelialized and used in a layered fashion to
      support the skin flaps. RESULTS: All of the patients were evaluated 1 year
      postoperatively. There was no recurrence of tethering or depression. CONCLUSION:
      The layered dermal support technique is a relatively quick procedure that uses
      only basic plastic surgery principles. It offers a good solution for the
      correction of tethered and depressed scars without recurrence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
      V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article.
      For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to
      the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors
      www.springer.com/00266 .

PMID- 27369842
TI  - Habitat preference and flowering-time variation contribute to reproductive
      isolation between diploid and autotetraploid Anacamptis pyramidalis.
AB  - Tetraploid lineages are typically reproductively isolated from their diploid
      ancestors by post-zygotic isolation via triploid sterility. Nevertheless,
      polyploids often also exhibit ecological divergence that could contribute to
      reproductive isolation from diploid ancestors. In this study, we disentangled the
      contribution of different forms of reproductive isolation between sympatric
      diploid and autotetraploid individuals of the food-deceptive orchid Anacamptis
      pyramidalis by quantifying the strength of seven reproductive barriers: three
      prepollination, one post-pollination prezygotic and three post-zygotic. The
      overall reproductive isolation between the two cytotypes was found very high,
      with a preponderant contribution of two prepollination barriers, that is
      phenological and microhabitat differences. Although the contribution of post
      zygotic isolation (triploid sterility) is confirmed in our study, these results
      highlight that prepollination isolation, not necessarily involving pollinator
      preference, can represent a strong component of reproductive isolation between
      different cytotypes. Thus, in the context of polyploidy as quantum speciation,
      that generates reproductive isolation via triploid sterility, ecological
      divergence can strengthen the reproductive isolation between cytotypes, reducing
      the waste of gametes in low fitness interploidy crosses and thus favouring the
      initial establishment of the polyploid lineage. Under this light, speciation by
      polyploidy involves ecological processes and should not be strictly considered as
      a nonecological form of speciation.

PMID- 27369843
TI  - Impact of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation on long-term clinical outcomes in
      patients with left main coronary artery stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation may reduce cardiovascular mortality and
      morbidity rates in patients with coronary artery disease. The specific
      relationship between cardiac rehabilitation participation and left main coronary
      artery stenosis is unknown. DESIGN: Prospective registry analysis. METHODS: Data
      from a registry of 3120 patients with left main coronary artery stenosis,
      collected between 1995 and 2010, were analyzed. A total of 596 patients (19.6%)
      had participated in a cardiac rehabilitation program. RESULTS: The crude seven
      year mortality, cardiovascular mortality, target-vessel revascularization and
      myocardial infarction rates were significantly lower in the cardiac
      rehabilitation than in the non-rehabilitation group, and the incidence of stroke
      tended to be lower in the cardiac rehabilitation group. Multivariate analysis
      showed that cardiac rehabilitation was associated with significantly lower risks
      of mortality (hazard ratio (HR), 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.49-1.00; p
      = 0.05) and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48-0.97; p = 0.03).
      However, the adjusted HR of myocardial infarction, target-vessel
      revascularization and stroke did not differ significantly. Propensity score
      matched analysis of 507 pairs showed that cardiac rehabilitation was associated
      with significant decreases in mortality (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.89; p = 0.009)
      and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.36-0.80; p = 0.002) but had no
      beneficial effects on myocardial infarction, target-vessel revascularization or
      stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation participation was
      associated with significant decreases in mortality. Our findings show that
      cardiac rehabilitation programs should be implemented in standard management for
      patients with left main coronary artery stenosis.

PMID- 27369844
TI  - The Emerging Neuroscience of Third-Party Punishment.
AB  - Although it is far too early to say that cognitive neuroscience will have any
      direct impact on how we sentence criminals, patterns are nevertheless emerging
      that suggest a neural framework for punishment that could one day have important
      legal and social consequences.

PMID- 27369845
TI  - Peak systolic velocity thresholds of cavernosal penile arteries in patients with
      and without risk factors for arterial erectile deficiency.
AB  - To simultaneously assess the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the end-diastolic
      velocity (EDV) at dynamic duplex examination of the cavernosal penile arteries,
      and penile rigidity in subjects with satisfactory erectile function with and
      without risk factors for arterial erectile deficiency (ED). This multicenter
      prospective study examined two populations having satisfactory sexual function
      with dynamic duplex examination of the cavernosal arteries; one population had
      risk factors for arterial ED (65 patients, Group 1) and the other (60 patients,
      Group 2) had no risk factors. Penile rigidity was assessed using the Schramek
      grading system score (SGSS). The PSV, the EDV, and the SGSS values of Group 1 and
      of Group 2 were measured and compared using analysis of variance. The EDV and PSV
      data presented in this abstract are the arithmetical means of the data of the
      left and right cavernosal arteries. The Group 1 patients showed a mean +/-
      standard deviation PSV of 26.4 +/- 13.2 cm/sec and the Group 2 patients showed a
      PSV of 44.7 +/- 9.6 cm/sec (p = 0.002). The EDV of Group 1 was -15.6 +/- 16.1
      cm/sec and the EDV of Group 2 was -14.9 +/- 13.7 cm/sec (p = 0.329). The SGSS in
      Group 1 was 3.2 +/- 0.3 and the SGSS in Group 2 was 4.8 +/- 0.2 (p = 0.008).
      Intra- and inter-operator variability were not statistically significant. The
      PSVs and the SGSSs of patients with risk factors for ED and satisfactory erectile
      function were subnormal and significantly lower than the PSVs and the SGSSs of
      patients without risk factors. It has been hypothesized that compensatory
      mechanisms, probably of psychological origin, might allow satisfactory erectile
      response, even in the presence of a subnormal PSV.

PMID- 27369846
TI  - Pericardial fat volume is related to atherosclerotic plaque burden rather than to
      lesion severity.
AB  - Aims: We sought to explore the relationship between pericardial fat volume (PFV)
      and both coronary atherosclerosis (CA) extent and severity using coronary artery
      calcium score (CAC), computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA), and
      invasive coronary angiography in patients at high to intermediate likelihood of
      coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and Results: Patients clinically referred
      to invasive angiography who underwent CTCA and CAC within 1 month before the
      procedure comprised the study population. PFV, CAC, atherosclerotic burden
      indexes [segment involvement score (SIS); segment stenosis score; three-vessel
      plaque; and any left main plaque], and the invasive angiography-derived CAD index
      were evaluated independently. A total of 75 patients were included in the study.
      PFV did not differ between patients with or without obstructive (stenosis >70%)
      CAD defined by invasive angiography (86.4 +/- 31.7 vs. 77.1 +/- 42.8 cm3, P =
      0.34), although patients with obstructive CAD had significantly higher CAC scores
      [636.0 (IQR 229.5-1101.0) vs. 206.0 (IQR 0.0-675), P < 0.0001] than patients
      without obstructive CAD. Patients with extensive CA (SIS > 5) had significantly
      larger PFV (89.9 +/- 33.9 vs. 58.7 +/- 33.2 cm3, P = 0.003) than patients with
      non-extensive CA. Significant correlations were found between PFV and CAC (r =
      0.49, P < 0.0001), and SIS (r = 0.46, P < 0.0001), whereas very weak correlations
      were observed between PFV and the CAD index (r = 0.27, P = 0.02), and between PFV
      and the body mass index (r = 0.33, P = 0.004). Conclusion: The main finding of
      the present study was the identification of PFV as more closely related to
      atherosclerotic plaque burden rather than to lesion severity in patients referred
      to invasive coronary angiography.

PMID- 27369847
TI  - Primary mitral valve sarcoma: multimodality imaging and therapy.

PMID- 27369848
TI  - Aortic dissection mimicking a massive pulmonary embolism.

PMID- 27369849
TI  - Percutaneous valve-in-homograft for management of a failed homograft.

PMID- 27369850
TI  - Congenital aorta to right main pulmonary artery arteriovenous malformation.

PMID- 27369851
TI  - Stability of left ventricular longitudinal and circumferential deformation over
      time and standard loading conditions.
AB  - Aims: Load dependence is an important source of variation in left ventricular
      (LV) deformation. This impacts on the precision of information obtained from
      serial measurements. However, it is clinically important to distinguish actual
      myocardial dysfunction from changes associated with altered loading conditions.
      We sought to investigate the association of changes of loading parameters with
      changes in LV longitudinal (GLS) and circumferential (GCS) strains. Methods and
      results: Baseline and a 12-month follow-up 2D echocardiograms were performed in
      191 Stage A heart failure patients with uncomplicated hypertension. These
      patients underwent simultaneous measurement of conventional and central blood
      pressures (BPs) and haemodynamic measurements by applanation tonometry.
      Significant, but weak correlations (r = 0.15-0.28) of LV strain parameters and
      their changes over the follow-up period were shown for the majority of LV
      afterload-associated variables, including central and brachial systolic,
      diastolic, and mean BPs; 24-h systolic and diastolic BPs; peak reservoir and
      excess pressures; central augmented pressure (CAP) and pulse pressure;
      augmentation index; and arterial elastance index (EaI). Central mean BP, EaI, and
      changes in CAP and EaI over follow-up were independent contributors to LV
      deformation in multivariable analysis. No improvement in the Bland-Altman 95%
      limits of agreement and correlation coefficients was seen with LV afterload
      correction of GLS and GCS using central BP indices. Conclusions: LV longitudinal
      and circumferential strains in a population without apparent heart disease is
      relatively insusceptible to changes in LV afterload within physiological range,
      which, therefore, seem unlikely to be a significant confounder in repeated GLS or
      GCS observations.

PMID- 27369852
TI  - Immunologic outcome in elderly kidney transplant recipients: is it time for HLA
      DR matching?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Eurotransplant Senior Program (ESP) neglects HLA matching for
      elderly (>=65 years) kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Few data regarding the
      influence of DR matching on clinical and immunologic outcome in elderly KTR
      exist. METHODS: This retrospective long-term observational study included 244
      elderly out of n = 972 adult KTR between 2004 and 2014. Data analysis included
      patient and graft survival, biopsy-proven rejections [T-cell-mediated rejections
      (TCMR) and antibody-mediated rejections] and development of de novo donor
      specific HLA antibodies (DSA). Outcome data were assessed over a maximum period
      of 10 years. RESULTS: Due to the nature of the ESP, elderly KTR showed
      significantly more HLA mismatches, shorter time on dialysis and shorter cold
      ischaemia time. Elderly KTR had significantly worse graft and patient survival,
      and after 7 years, the rate of de novo DSA (33 versus 25%, P = 0.034) and TCMR
      (39 versus 27%, P < 0.001) was significantly higher compared with younger KTR.
      Multivariate analysis identified donor age, delayed graft function and HLA-DR
      mismatches as independent risk factors for TCMR. Within the group of elderly KTR,
      HLA-DR mismatches were associated with a significantly higher incidence of TCMR
      and development of de novo DSA. Occurrence of TCMR and de novo DSA in elderly KTR
      resulted in significantly worse graft survival. CONCLUSIONS: In elderly KTR, HLA
      DR mismatches are independent risk factors for TCMR and the development of all
      classes of de novo DSA, both of which significantly impair graft survival.
      Introduction of HLA-DR matching in elderly KTR might significantly improve
      immunologic and overall outcome.

PMID- 27369853
TI  - Potential role of effector memory T cells in chronic T cell-mediated kidney graft
      rejection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) in kidney graft is
      characterized by reduction of the vessel lumen with marked intimal thickening,
      fibrous hyperplasia of the small renal arteries and leukocyte infiltrates. The
      aim of this study was to find specific gene expression profiles in chronic TCMR
      kidney biopsies. METHODS: RNA extracted from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin
      embedded renal biopsies was used for gene expression profiling. Our study
      included 14 patients with chronic TCMR and 10 with acute TCMR. Fifty-two
      cadaveric donors were used as controls. The results were validated in an
      independent set of kidney biopsies. RESULTS: We identified 616 and 243
      differentially expressed genes with a fold change >=1.5 and a false discovery
      rate <0.05 in chronic and acute TCMR, respectively. Pathway analysis revealed
      upregulation of OX40 signalling. This pathway is involved in the generation of
      CD8+ effector memory T cells and the upregulation of killer cell lectin-like
      receptor G1 (KLRG-1), B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP-1) and
      CD25, which characterize CD8+ effector memory T cells. However, the enhanced OX40
      signalling pathway was specific to chronic TCMR; a significant increase of KLRG
      1+/CD8+ and BLIMP-1+/CD8+ was only detected in these specimens. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results suggest the involvement of memory-committed CD8+ effector T cells
      in chronic TCMR. The generation of effector memory T cells is mediated by the
      OX40 gene pathway, and could be considered a future target for the specific
      treatment of chronic TCMR.

PMID- 27369855
TI  - Consensus-Based Recommendations for an Emergency Medicine Pain Management
      Curriculum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increased prescribing of opioid pain medications has paralleled the
      subsequent rise of prescription medication-related overdoses and deaths. We
      sought to define key aspects of a pain management curriculum for emergency
      medicine (EM) residents that achieve the balance between adequate pain control,
      limiting side effects, and not contributing to the current public health opioid
      crisis. METHODS: We convened a symposium to discuss pain management education in
      EM and define the needs and objectives of an EM-specific pain management
      curriculum. Multiple pertinent topics were identified a priori and presented
      before consensus work. Subgroups then sought to define perceived gaps and needs,
      to set a future direction for development of a focused curriculum, and to
      prioritize the research needed to evaluate and measure the impact of a new
      curriculum. RESULTS: The group determined that an EM pain management curriculum
      should include education on both opioid and nonopioid analgesics as well as
      nonpharmacologic pain strategies. A broad survey is needed to better define
      current knowledge gaps and needs. To optimize the impact of any curriculum, a
      modular, multimodal, and primarily case-based approach linked to achieving
      milestones is best. Subsequent research should focus on the impact of curricular
      reform on learner knowledge and patient outcomes, not just prescribing changes.
      CONCLUSIONS: This consensus group offers a path forward to enhance the evidence,
      knowledge, and practice transformation needed to improve emergency analgesia.

PMID- 27369854
TI  - Analysis of an echovirus 18 outbreak in Thuringia, Germany: insights into the
      molecular epidemiology and evolution of several enterovirus species B members.
AB  - In October and November 2010, six children and one woman were presented with
      symptoms of aseptic meningitis in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. Enterovirus RNA was
      detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of all patients by RT-PCR, and preliminary
      molecular typing revealed echovirus 18 (E-18) as causative agent. Virus isolates
      were obtained from stool samples of three patients and several contact persons.
      Again, most isolates were typed as E-18. In addition, coxsackievirus B5 (CV-B5)
      and echovirus 25 (E-25) were found to co-circulate. As only few complete E-18
      sequences are available in GenBank, the entire genomes of these isolates were
      determined using direct RNA-sequencing technology. We did not find evidence for
      recombination between E-18, E-25 or CV-B5 during the outbreak. Viral protein 1
      gene sequences and the cognate 3D polymerase gene sequences of each isolate and
      GenBank sequences were analysed in order to define type-specific recombination
      groups (recogroups). 

PMID- 27369856
TI  - Primary Bacterial Gluteal Pyomyositis: A Rare Disease in Temperate Climates
      Presenting as Suspected Septic Arthritis of the Hip.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In nations with temperate climates, primary polymyositis is a rare,
      life-threatening bacterial infection that can mimic various clinical diseases
      depending on the area involved, leading to delayed diagnosis and management. CASE
      REPORT: We describe a young postpartum woman who presented to the emergency
      department with hip pain that was initially suspected to be caused by septic
      arthritis. However, hip arthrocentesis was negative, and a magnetic resonance
      imaging scan revealed extensive pyomyositis of the gluteal muscles. She underwent
      surgical debridement and was given parenteral antibiotics with good clinical
      recovery. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: We emphasize that
      cases of pyomyositis in temperate countries are often diagnosed late and
      therefore delay life- and potentially limb-saving treatment. For patients who
      present with hip and thigh pain and clinical features of sepsis, pyomyositis
      should be considered in the differential diagnosis and an early magnetic
      resonance imaging scan should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and reduce
      the high morbidity and mortality associated with this emerging disease.

PMID- 27369857
TI  - Lidocaine Toxicity During Attempted Epistaxis Cautery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epistaxis is a common problem that occurs in up to 60% of the general
      population, and is a common emergency department (ED) complaint. The use of
      lidocaine for analgesia is common when cauterization is required for bleeds that
      are refractory to manual compression. Although the use of lidocaine is generally
      thought of as a benign intervention, it is not completely without risk. CASE
      REPORT: We present the case of a 19-year-old man who presented to the ED with
      persistent anterior epistaxis. He developed severe lidocaine toxicity resulting
      from topical anesthesia applied prior to intranasal cautery for the epistaxis.
      This toxicity, which manifested as seizures, bradycardia, hypotension, nausea,
      and emesis, was rapidly recognized and appropriately treated, with a good
      clinical outcome for the patient. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF
      THIS?: We present this case to increase awareness among emergency physicians of
      the potential complications of the intranasal use of topical lidocaine, something
      that is generally considered a benign intervention. We also discuss the
      pathophysiology and management of lidocaine toxicity.

PMID- 27369858
TI  - Comparative Performance of Glidescope Videolaryngoscope with Direct Laryngoscope
      for Emergency Intubation.

PMID- 27369859
TI  - Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation Successfully Cardioverted With Dual
      Sequential Defibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for the treatment of adult patients in cardiac
      arrest are supplied by the American Heart Association through basic life support
      and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) provider courses. When treatments
      defined by the ACLS guidelines are unsuccessful in terminating a lethal
      dysrhythmia, the use of alternative strategies may prove useful. In this case,
      two defibrillators were used to deliver a greater than normal energy waveform
      over an extended time interval to return a patient to a normal sinus rhythm. CASE
      REPORT: A 56-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with complaints
      of chest pain, nausea, and vomiting. The patient's initial work-up, including an
      electrocardiogram and cardiac troponin, did not show evidence of acute ischemia,
      and she was admitted to the observation unit for further evaluation. While in the
      emergency department, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation, and ACLS
      was initiated. After four unsuccessful defibrillation attempts, a second
      defibrillator was placed on the patient, and the two were activated almost
      simultaneously. The patient had immediate return of spontaneous circulation,
      underwent cardiac catheterization, and was discharged home 1 week later. WHY
      SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: This case shows that dual
      sequential defibrillation may be a successful method for terminating refractory
      ventricular fibrillation. Further investigation on cardiac resuscitation should
      be conducted to standardize the dual sequential defibrillation delivery
      procedure. Until such guidelines are established, physicians should take this
      treatment into consideration when standard ACLS measures have failed to
      successfully terminate refractory ventricular fibrillation.

PMID- 27369860
TI  - Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy After Acute Pulmonary Embolus.

PMID- 27369861
TI  - Point of Care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Empyema.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emergency ultrasonography is an efficient and cost effective tool for
      patients who are in respiratory distress. Chest radiographs can yield limited
      information for these patients. Computed tomography scans have long been the
      criterion standard for advanced imaging in patients with respiratory complaints,
      but point of care ultrasound (POCUS) can be performed at bedside, does not expose
      the patient to radiation, and at times may provide more information than a
      computed tomography scan. CASE REPORT: A 60-year-old man with a medical history
      of hypertension presented to the emergency department complaining of a productive
      cough associated with fever, weakness, and progressively worsening dyspnea on
      exertion over the previous 1 to 2 weeks. The physical examination was remarkable
      for rhonchi in the right upper lobe and diminished breath sounds throughout the
      right lung. POCUS was performed, and the results revealed severe atelectasis and
      hepatization of the right lung parenchyma with visualized air bronchograms.
      Complex hypoechoic material with a posterior spine sign was noted, which
      increased concern for complex consolidation and effusion. The diagnosis of
      pneumonia with empyema was made. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF
      THIS?: POCUS has become a much more commonly used imaging modality within many
      emergency departments. Ultrasound is more sensitive than chest radiographs for
      identifying pathologies such as pneumothorax and simple effusions. This case
      shows how well POCUS can diagnose empyema even in the setting of diagnostic
      uncertainty of computed tomographic imaging.

PMID- 27369862
TI  - Toll-like receptor 1 variation increases the risk of transplant-related mortality
      in hematologic malignancies.
AB  - Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) genetic variant (rs5743551, -7202A>G) has been
      reported to be associated with susceptibility to various infectious diseases. We
      retrospectively examined the impact of TLR1 variation on transplant outcomes in a
      cohort of 320 patients who underwent unrelated HLA-matched bone marrow
      transplantation (BMT) for hematologic malignancies. A multivariate analysis
      showed that the G/G genotype in the recipients and the donors was associated with
      a significantly lower 3-year transplant-related mortality (TRM). The recipient
      G/G genotype also resulted in a better 3-year progression-free survival. This
      study suggests that the recipient and donor TLR1 G/G genotypes are comparably
      associated with a reduced risk of death that was not related to relapse. Thus,
      TLR1 genotyping may be useful for selecting the donor, managing patients in a
      risk-adapted manner, and creating therapeutic strategies to prevent complications
      after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

PMID- 27369863
TI  - Part II: Functional delivery of a neurotherapeutic gene to neural stem cells
      using minicircle DNA and nanoparticles: Translational advantages for regenerative
      neurology.
AB  - Both neurotrophin-based therapy and neural stem cell (NSC)-based strategies have
      progressed to clinical trials for treatment of neurological diseases and
      injuries. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in particular can confer
      neuroprotective and neuro-regenerative effects in preclinical studies,
      complementing the cell replacement benefits of NSCs. Therefore, combining both
      approaches by genetically-engineering NSCs to express BDNF is an attractive
      approach to achieve combinatorial therapy for complex neural injuries. Current
      genetic engineering approaches almost exclusively employ viral vectors for gene
      delivery to NSCs though safety and scalability pose major concerns for clinical
      translation and applicability. Magnetofection, a non-viral gene transfer approach
      deploying magnetic nanoparticles and DNA with magnetic fields offers a safe
      alternative but significant improvements are required to enhance its clinical
      application for delivery of large sized therapeutic plasmids. Here, we
      demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of using minicircles with
      magnetofection technology to safely engineer NSCs to overexpress BDNF. Primary
      mouse NSCs overexpressing BDNF generated increased daughter neuronal cell numbers
      post-differentiation, with accelerated maturation over a four-week period. Based
      on our findings we highlight the clinical potential of minicircle/magnetofection
      technology for therapeutic delivery of key neurotrophic agents.

PMID- 27369865
TI  - Development of antibody-siRNA conjugate targeted to cardiac and skeletal muscles.
AB  - Despite considerable efforts to develop efficient carriers, the major target
      organ of short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) remains limited to the liver. Expanding
      the application outside the liver is required to increase the value of siRNAs.
      Here we report on a novel platform targeted to muscular organs by conjugation of
      siRNAs with anti-CD71 Fab' fragment. This conjugate showed durable gene-silencing
      in the heart and skeletal muscle for one month after intravenous administration
      in normal mice. In particular, 1MUg siRNA conjugate showed significant gene
      silencing in the gastrocnemius when injected intramuscularly. In a mouse model of
      peripheral artery disease, the treatment with myostatin-targeting siRNA conjugate
      by intramuscular injection resulted in significant silencing of myostatin and
      hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius, which was translated into the recovery of
      running performance. These data demonstrate the utility of antibody conjugation
      for siRNA delivery and the therapeutic potential for muscular diseases.

PMID- 27369864
TI  - Anti-PEG antibodies in the clinic: Current issues and beyond PEGylation.
AB  - The technique of attaching the polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG), or PEGylation,
      has brought more than ten protein drugs into market. The surface conjugation of
      PEG on proteins prolongs their blood circulation time and reduces immunogenicity
      by increasing their hydrodynamic size and masking surface epitopes. Despite this
      success, an emerging body of literature highlights the presence of antibodies
      produced by the immune system that specifically recognize and bind to PEG (anti
      PEG Abs), including both pre-existing and treatment-induced Abs. More
      importantly, the existence of anti-PEG Abs has been correlated with loss of
      therapeutic efficacy and increase in adverse effects in several clinical reports
      examining different PEGylated therapeutics. To better understand the nature of
      anti-PEG immunity, we summarize a number of clinical reports and some critical
      animal studies regarding pre-existing and treatment-induced anti-PEG Abs. Various
      anti-PEG detection methods used in different studies were provided. Several
      protein modification technologies beyond PEGylation were also highlighted.

PMID- 27369866
TI  - What are the roles and valued attributes of a Trial Steering Committee?
      Ethnographic study of eight clinical trials facing challenges.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical trials oversight by a Trial Steering Committee (TSC) is
      mandated by Good Clinical Practice. This study used qualitative methods to
      explore the role and valued attributes of the TSC to inform planned updates of
      Medical Research Council guidance and TSC terms of reference. METHODS: An
      ethnographic study was conducted during 2013-2014. TSC and Trial Management Group
      meetings from eight trials were observed and audio-recorded, and semi-structured
      interviews conducted with purposively sampled key informants: independent and non
      independent TSC members, trial sponsor representatives, funder representatives
      and chief investigators. The selected trials were currently recruiting and
      dealing with challenging scenarios. Data were analysed thematically and findings
      triangulated and integrated to give a multi-perspective account of the role and
      valued attributes of a TSC. RESULTS: Eight TSC meetings and six Trial Management
      Group meetings were observed. Sixty-five interviews were conducted with 51
      informants. The two main roles played by the TSC were quality assurance and
      patient advocacy. Quality assurance involved being a 'critical friend' or a
      provider of 'tough love'. Factors influencing the ability of the TSC to fulfil
      this role included the TSC Chair, other independent TSC members and the model of
      the TSC and its fit with the trial subject. The role of the TSC as an advocate
      for patient well-being was perceived as paramount. Two attributes of TSC members
      emerged as critical: experience (of running a trial, trial oversight or in a
      clinical/methodological area) and independence. While independence was valued for
      giving impartiality, the lack of consensus about its definition and strict
      requirements of some funders made it difficult to operationalise. CONCLUSIONS: We
      found tensions and ambiguities in the roles expected of TSCs and the attributes
      valued of TSC members. In particular, the requirements of independence and
      experience could conflict, impacting the TSCs' quality assurance role. Concerns
      were raised regarding whose interests are served by funders' criteria of
      independence; in particular, funders' selection of TSC members was thought to
      potentially inhibit TSCs' ability to fulfil their patient advocacy role. These
      findings should be incorporated in revising guidance and terms of reference for
      TSCs.

PMID- 27369868
TI  - The outcome of treatment of chronic osteomyelitis according to an integrated
      approach.
AB  - Previous classification systems of chronic osteomyelitis have failed to provide
      objective and pragmatic guidelines for selection of the appropriate treatment
      strategy. In this study, we assessed the short-term treatment outcome in adult
      patients with long-bone chronic osteomyelitis prospectively where a modified host
      classification system was integrated with treatment strategy selection through a
      novel management algorithm. Twenty-six of the 28 enrolled patients were available
      for follow-up at a minimum of 12 months. The median patient age of was 36.5 years
      (range 18-72 years). Fourteen patients (54 %) were managed palliatively, and 11
      patients (42 %) were managed through the implementation of a curative treatment
      strategy. One patient required alternative treatment in the form of an
      amputation. The overall success rate was 96.2 % (95 % CI 80.4-99.9 %) at a
      minimum of 12-months follow-up. Remission was achieved in all [11/11] patients
      treated curatively (one-sided 95 % CI 73.5-100.0 %). Palliative treatment was
      successful in 92.9 % [13/14] of cases (95 % CI 66.1-99.9 %). In patients with
      lower limb involvement, there was a statistically significant improvement of 28.3
      (95 % CI 21.0-35.7; SD 17.0) in the AAOS Lower Limb Outcomes Instrument score (p
      value < 0.001). The integrated approach proposed in this study appears a useful
      guideline to the management of chronic osteomyelitis of long bones in adult
      patients in the developing world. Further investigation is required to validate
      the approach, and additional development of the algorithm may be required in
      order to render it useful in other clinical environments. 

PMID- 27369867
TI  - Activating mutations in genes related to TCR signaling in angioimmunoblastic and
      other follicular helper T-cell-derived lymphomas.
AB  - Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) and other lymphomas derived from
      follicular T-helper cells (TFH) represent a large proportion of peripheral T-cell
      lymphomas (PTCLs) with poorly understood pathogenesis and unfavorable treatment
      results. We investigated a series of 85 patients with AITL (n = 72) or other TFH
      derived PTCL (n = 13) by targeted deep sequencing of a gene panel enriched in T
      cell receptor (TCR) signaling elements. RHOA mutations were identified in 51 of
      85 cases (60%) consisting of the highly recurrent dominant negative G17V variant
      in most cases and a novel K18N in 3 cases, the latter showing activating
      properties in in vitro assays. Moreover, half of the patients carried virtually
      mutually exclusive mutations in other TCR-related genes, most frequently in PLCG1
      (14.1%), CD28 (9.4%, exclusively in AITL), PI3K elements (7%), CTNNB1 (6%), and
      GTF2I (6%). Using in vitro assays in transfected cells, we demonstrated that 9 of
      10 PLCG1 and 3 of 3 CARD11 variants induced MALT1 protease activity and increased
      transcription from NFAT or NF-kappaB response element reporters, respectively.
      Collectively, the vast majority of variants in TCR-related genes could be
      classified as gain-of-function. Accordingly, the samples with mutations in TCR
      related genes other than RHOA had transcriptomic profiles enriched in signatures
      reflecting higher T-cell activation. Although no correlation with presenting
      clinical features nor significant impact on survival was observed, the presence
      of TCR-related mutations correlated with early disease progression. Thus,
      targeting of TCR-related events may hold promise for the treatment of TFH-derived
      lymphomas.

PMID- 27369869
TI  - Explosive synchronization coexists with classical synchronization in the Kuramoto
      model.
AB  - Explosive synchronization has recently been reported in a system of adaptively
      coupled Kuramoto oscillators, without any conditions on the frequency or degree
      of the nodes. Here, we find that, in fact, the explosive phase coexists with the
      standard phase of the Kuramoto oscillators. We determine this by extending the
      mean-field theory of adaptively coupled oscillators with full coupling to the
      case with partial coupling of a fraction f. This analysis shows that a metastable
      region exists for all finite values of f > 0, and therefore explosive
      synchronization is expected for any perturbation of adaptively coupling added to
      the standard Kuramoto model. We verify this theory with GPU-accelerated
      simulations on very large networks (N ~ 10(6)) and find that, in fact, an
      explosive transition with hysteresis is observed for all finite couplings. By
      demonstrating that explosive transitions coexist with standard transitions in the
      limit of f -> 0, we show that this behavior is far more likely to occur naturally
      than was previously believed.

PMID- 27369870
TI  - Quantifying Instrumental Artifacts in Folding Kinetics Measured by Single
      Molecule Force Spectroscopy.
AB  - Force spectroscopy is commonly used to measure the kinetics of processes
      occurring in single biological molecules. These measurements involve attaching
      the molecule of interest to micron-sized or larger force probes via compliant
      linkers. Recent theoretical work has described how the properties of the probes
      and linkers can alter the observed kinetics from the intrinsic behavior of the
      molecule in isolation. We applied this theory to estimate the errors in
      measurements of folding made using optical tweezers. Errors in the folding rates
      arising from instrument artifacts were only ~20% for constant-force measurements
      of DNA hairpins with typical choices of linker length and probe size.
      Measurements of transition paths using a constant trap position at high trap
      stiffness were also found to be in the low-artifact limit. These results indicate
      that typical optical trap measurements of kinetics reflect the dynamics of the
      molecule fairly well, and suggest practical limitations on experimental design to
      ensure reliable kinetic measurements. 

PMID- 27369872
TI  - Decompressive Hemicraniectomy in the Age of Personalized Medicine.

PMID- 27369871
TI  - Maternal overweight and obesity and risk of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1
      diabetes or type 2 diabetes.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of
      pre-eclampsia. Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of
      pre-eclampsia in women without diabetes. The aim of the study was to investigate
      the impact of maternal overweight and obesity on the risk of pre-eclampsia in
      women with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In a population-based
      cohort study including singleton births in Sweden, we estimated the risk of pre
      eclampsia among women with type 1 diabetes (n = 7062) and type 2 diabetes (n =
      886), and investigated whether maternal overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) and
      obesity (BMI >=30.0 kg/m(2)) modified the risk. Logistic regression analyses were
      used to estimate crude and adjusted ORs with 95% CIs, using women without
      diabetes as the reference group (n = 1,509,525). RESULTS: Compared with women
      without diabetes, the adjusted ORs for pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 and
      type 2 diabetes were 5.74 (95% CI 5.31, 6.20) and 2.11 (95% CI 1.65, 2.70),
      respectively. The corresponding risks of pre-eclampsia combined with preterm
      birth were even higher. Risks of pre-eclampsia increased with maternal overweight
      (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI >=30.0 kg/m(2)), foremost in women without
      diabetes, to a lesser extent in women with type 1 diabetes but not in women with
      type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Maternal overweight and obesity
      increased risks of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes but not in women
      with type 2 diabetes. Even so, considering associations between maternal BMI and
      overall maternal and offspring risk, all women (with and without diabetes) should
      aim for a normal weight before pregnancy.

PMID- 27369873
TI  - A novel algorithm to predict the QT interval during intrinsic atrioventricular
      conduction from an electrocardiogram obtained during ventricular pacing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: QT interval prolongation is a major arrhythmia risk factor. Standard
      QT interval limits are defined for preserved intrinsic atrioventricular and
      interventricular conduction. However, ventricular pacing (VP) prolongs the QRS
      duration, induces electrical remodeling, and therefore obscures the intrinsic QT
      interval. No consensus exists on QT interval monitoring during VP. OBJECTIVE: The
      aim of this study was to develop an algorithm to predict the QT interval during
      intrinsic conduction (IC) from the VP electrocardiogram. METHODS: We measured
      electrocardiographic intervals QRS, QT, QTpeak, JTpeak, and TpeakTend in 38
      participants with cardiac devices and preserved atrioventricular and
      interventricular conduction. We performed paired measurements in AAI (IC) and DDD
      (VP) pacing modes at equal heart rates at baseline and after 1 week of VP. We fit
      linear mixed models to predict IC QT intervals from VP intervals and compared
      their fit with other proposed methods of IC QT interval estimation. RESULTS:
      After 1 week of VP, the IC QT interval prolonged while the VP QT interval
      shortened from their respective baseline values. VP QT interval shortening was
      due to TpeakTend interval shortening. JTpeak and QTpeak intervals prolonged in
      both pacing modes at 1 week. A formula using VP QTpeak interval and heart rate
      closely predicted the IC QT interval (r = 0.94), outperforming other methods,
      including subtraction of "excess" QRS duration from the actual QT interval (r =
      0.64) and subtraction of fixed values from heart rate-corrected QT interval (r =
      0.58 and r = 0.69). Validation in 2000 bootstrapped data sets confirmed the
      model's performance (r = 0.93) compared to others (r = 0.43-0.58). CONCLUSION: In
      patients with VP, a formula using the QTpeak interval accurately predicts the
      intrinsic QT interval.

PMID- 27369874
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369875
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369876
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369878
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369877
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369879
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369880
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369881
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369882
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369883
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369884
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369885
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369886
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369887
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369888
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369889
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369891
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369890
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369892
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369893
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369894
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369895
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369896
TI  - A Novel Protocol for Directed Differentiation of C9orf72-Associated Human Induced
      Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Contractile Skeletal Myotubes.
AB  - : : Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unlimited resource of cells
      to be used for the study of underlying molecular biology of disease, therapeutic
      drug screening, and transplant-based regenerative medicine. However, methods for
      the directed differentiation of skeletal muscle for these purposes remain scarce
      and incomplete. Here, we present a novel, small molecule-based protocol for the
      generation of multinucleated skeletal myotubes using eight independent iPSC
      lines. Through combinatorial inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and
      glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) with addition of bone morphogenic
      protein 4 (BMP4) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), we report up to 64%
      conversion of iPSCs into the myogenic program by day 36 as indicated by MYOG+
      cell populations. These cells began to exhibit spontaneous contractions as early
      as 34 days in vitro in the presence of a serum-free medium formulation. We used
      this protocol to obtain iPSC-derived muscle cells from frontotemporal dementia
      (FTD) patients harboring C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions (rGGGGCC),
      sporadic FTD, and unaffected controls. iPSCs derived from rGGGGCC carriers
      contained RNA foci but did not vary in differentiation efficiency when compared
      to unaffected controls nor display mislocalized TDP-43 after as many as 120 days
      in vitro. This study presents a rapid, efficient, and transgene-free method for
      generating multinucleated skeletal myotubes from iPSCs and a resource for further
      modeling the role of skeletal muscle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other
      motor neuron diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: Protocols to produce skeletal myotubes for
      disease modeling or therapy are scarce and incomplete. The present study
      efficiently generates functional skeletal myotubes from human induced pluripotent
      stem cells using a small molecule-based approach. Using this strategy, terminal
      myogenic induction of up to 64% in 36 days and spontaneously contractile myotubes
      within 34 days were achieved. Myotubes derived from patients carrying the C9orf72
      repeat expansion show no change in differentiation efficiency and normal TDP-43
      localization after as many as 120 days in vitro when compared to unaffected
      controls. This study provides an efficient, novel protocol for the generation of
      skeletal myotubes from human induced pluripotent stem cells that may serve as a
      valuable tool in drug discovery and modeling of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular
      diseases.

PMID- 27369897
TI  - Impact of Feeding Strategies on the Scalable Expansion of Human Pluripotent Stem
      Cells in Single-Use Stirred Tank Bioreactors.
AB  - : : The routine application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their
      derivatives in biomedicine and drug discovery will require the constant supply of
      high-quality cells by defined processes. Culturing hPSCs as cell-only aggregates
      in (three-dimensional [3D]) suspension has the potential to overcome numerous
      limitations of conventional surface-adherent (two-dimensional [2D]) cultivation.
      Utilizing single-use instrumented stirred-tank bioreactors, we showed that
      perfusion resulted in a more homogeneous culture environment and enabled superior
      cell densities of 2.85 * 106 cells per milliliter and 47% higher cell yields
      compared with conventional repeated batch cultures. Flow cytometry, quantitative
      reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and global gene expression
      analysis revealed a high similarity across 3D suspension and 2D precultures,
      underscoring that matrix-free hPSC culture efficiently supports maintenance of
      pluripotency. Interestingly, physiological data and gene expression assessment
      indicated distinct changes of the cells' energy metabolism, suggesting a culture
      induced switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of
      hPSC differentiation. Our data highlight the plasticity of hPSCs' energy
      metabolism and provide clear physiological and molecular targets for process
      monitoring and further development. This study paves the way toward more
      efficient GMP-compliant cell production and underscores the enormous process
      development potential of hPSCs in suspension culture. SIGNIFICANCE: Human
      pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a unique source for the, in principle,
      unlimited production of functional human cell types in vitro, which are of high
      value for therapeutic and industrial applications. This study applied single-use,
      clinically compliant bioreactor technology to develop advanced, matrix-free, and
      more efficient culture conditions for the mass production of hPSCs in scalable
      suspension culture. Using extensive analytical tools to compare established
      conditions with this novel culture strategy, unexpected physiological features of
      hPSCs were discovered. These data allow a more rational process development,
      providing significant progress in the field of translational stem cell research
      and medicine.

PMID- 27369900
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369901
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369898
TI  - Type IV pili promote early biofilm formation by Clostridium difficile.
AB  - Increasing morbidity and mortality from Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
      present an enormous challenge to healthcare systems. Clostridium difficile
      express type IV pili (T4P), but their function remains unclear. Many chronic and
      recurrent bacterial infections result from biofilms, surface-associated bacterial
      communities embedded in an extracellular matrix. CDI may be biofilm mediated; T4P
      are important for biofilm formation in a number of organisms. We evaluate the
      role of T4P in C. difficile biofilm formation using RNA sequencing, mutagenesis
      and complementation of the gene encoding the major pilin pilA1, and microscopy.
      RNA sequencing demonstrates that, in comparison to other growth phenotypes, C.
      difficile growing in a biofilm has a distinct RNA expression profile, with
      significant differences in T4P gene expression. Microscopy of T4P-expressing and
      T4P-deficient strains suggests that T4P play an important role in early biofilm
      formation. A non-piliated pilA1 mutant forms an initial biofilm of significantly
      reduced mass and thickness in comparison to the wild type. Complementation of the
      pilA1 mutant strain leads to formation of a biofilm which resembles the wild-type
      biofilm. These findings suggest that T4P play an important role in early biofilm
      formation. Novel strategies for confronting biofilm infections are emerging; our
      data suggest that similar strategies should be investigated in CDI.

PMID- 27369903
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369902
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369899
TI  - Intracellular disassembly and activity of pertussis toxin require interaction
      with ATP.
AB  - The active subunit (S1) of pertussis toxin (PT), a major virulence factor of
      Bordetella pertussis, ADP-ribosylates Gi proteins in the mammalian cell cytosol
      to inhibit GPCR signaling. The intracellular pathway of PT includes endocytosis
      and retrograde transport to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER). Subsequent translocation of S1 to the cytosol is presumably
      preceded by dissociation from the holotoxin. In vitro, such dissociation is
      stimulated by interaction of PT with ATP. To investigate the role of this
      interaction in cellular events, we engineered a form of PT (PTDM) with changes to
      two amino acids involved in the interaction with ATP. PTDM was reduced in (1)
      binding to ATP, (2) dissociability by interaction with ATP, (3) in vitro
      enzymatic activity and (4) cellular ADP-ribosylation activity. In cells treated
      with PTDM carrying target sequences for organelle-specific modifications, normal
      transport to the TGN and ER occurred, but N-glycosylation patterns of the S1 and
      S4 subunits were consistent with an inability of PTDM to dissociate in the ER.
      These results indicate a requirement for interaction with ATP for PT dissociation
      in the ER and cellular activity. They also indicate that the retrograde transport
      route is the cellular intoxication pathway for PT.

PMID- 27369905
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369904
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369906
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369907
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369908
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369909
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369911
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369910
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369913
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369912
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369914
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369915
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369917
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369916
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369918
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369919
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369920
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369921
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369922
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369924
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369923
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369925
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369926
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369927
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369929
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369928
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369930
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369933
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369932
TI  - Vitamin D deficiency contributes to vascular damage in sustained ischemic acute
      kidney injury.
AB  - Reductions in renal microvasculature density and increased lymphocyte activity
      may play critical roles in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
      following acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI).
      Vitamin D deficiency is associated with tubulointerstitial damage and fibrosis
      progression following IRI-AKI We evaluated the effect of vitamin D deficiency in
      sustained IRI-AKI, hypothesizing that such deficiency contributes to the early
      reduction in renal capillary density or alters the lymphocyte response to IRI
      Wistar rats were fed vitamin D-free or standard diets for 35 days. On day 28,
      rats were randomized into four groups: control, vitamin D deficient (VDD),
      bilateral IRI, and VDD+IRI Indices of renal injury and recovery were evaluated
      for up to 7 days following the surgical procedures. VDD rats showed reduced
      capillary density (by cablin staining), even in the absence of renal I/R. In
      comparison with VDD and IRI rats, VDD+IRI rats manifested a significant
      exacerbation of capillary rarefaction as well as higher urinary volume, kidney
      weight/body weight ratio, tissue injury scores, fibroblast-specific protein-1,
      and alpha-smooth muscle actin. VDD+IRI rats also had higher numbers of
      infiltrating activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells staining for interferon gamma and
      interleukin-17, with a significant elevation in the Th17/T-regulatory cell ratio.
      These data suggest that vitamin D deficiency impairs renal repair responses to
      I/R injury, exacerbates changes in renal capillary density, as well as promoting
      fibrosis and inflammation, which may contribute to the transition from AKI to
      CKD. 

PMID- 27369935
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369934
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369936
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369937
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369938
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369939
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369940
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369941
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369942
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369944
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369943
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369945
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369946
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369947
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369948
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369949
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369950
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369951
TI  - Fifty top-cited fracture articles from China: a systematic review and
      bibliometric analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With more than 50,000 orthopaedic surgeons, China is having an
      increasing impact on fracture surgery research. However, the most influential
      Chinese articles on fracture surgery have not been determined. This study aimed
      to characterise the most-cited articles on fracture surgery by Chinese authors to
      provide insight into the fracture research in China. METHODS: The Web of Science
      was used to search for citations of fracture surgery articles that originated in
      China. The 50 most-cited articles were identified. The title, number of
      citations, year of publication, journal, article type, level of evidence, city,
      institution, and authors were recorded and evaluated. RESULTS: The 50 top-cited
      papers were published between 1984 and 2012. The most prolific decade began in
      the year 2000. These articles received 28 to 209 citations (mean 52), were
      written in English, and published in 12 journals. Injury was the most popular
      journal, with the largest number of articles (11) on the top 50 list. The region
      with the largest number of published articles was Hong Kong (20), followed by
      Kaohsiung (8), Shanghai (8), and Taipei (7). Most were clinical studies (39),
      while the remaining studies were basic science articles (11). The hip was the
      most common topic in the clinical studies. The most popular level of evidence was
      IV. CONCLUSIONS: This list of the top 50 publications identifies the most
      influential Chinese fracture surgery articles for the global community. This
      study presents insight into the historical contributions of Chinese researchers
      and the fracture surgery trends in China.

PMID- 27369952
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369953
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369954
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369955
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369956
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369957
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369958
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369959
TI  - Preoperative hemostatic assessment: a new and simple bleeding questionnaire.
AB  - PURPOSE: Current recommendations for the assessment of the risk of perioperative
      bleeding limit coagulation testing to patients with a personal and/or family
      history of bleeding. As no simple preoperative screening questionnaire is
      currently available, we assessed the performance of a novel screening
      questionnaire for its ability to detect bleeding disorders. METHODS: A
      dichotomized, seven-point questionnaire named HEMSTOP (Hematoma, hEmorrhage,
      Menorrhagia, Surgery, Tooth extraction, Obstetrics, Parents) was applied to three
      groups of subjects: patients referred to hemostasis specialists for bleeding
      symptoms for whom any kind of perioperative hemostatic precautions were
      subsequently recommended (n = 38); patients referred to hemostasis specialists
      for whom precautions were not required (n = 75); healthy volunteers (n = 70). We
      calculated the sensitivity and specificity of HEMSTOP scores and compared them
      with the discriminative performances of standard blood coagulation assays
      (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time). RESULTS: Patients
      requiring perioperative hemostatic precautions had greater median [interquartile
      range] HEMSTOP scores (2 [2-3]) than patients not requiring precautions (1 [1-2])
      and healthy controls (0 [0-0]); P < 0.001. A HEMSTOP score >= 2 had a specificity
      of 98.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 92.3 to 100] and a sensitivity of 89.5%
      (95% CI, 75.2 to 97.1). The 26.3% (95% CI, 13.4 to 43.1) sensitivity of the
      standard coagulation times was much lower. CONCLUSION: The HEMSTOP score
      discriminates patients at an elevated risk for bleeding with recommended
      perioperative precautions from those without such recommendations as well as from
      healthy participants. Further evaluation of the HEMSTOP score is required for a
      better evaluation of its definitive usefulness to predict the risk of
      perioperative bleeding.

PMID- 27369960
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369961
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369962
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369963
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369964
TI  - Laparoscopic-assisted pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease: a
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: In the last two decades, laparoscopic-assisted pull-through (LAPT) has
      gained much popularity in the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease. The aim of
      this meta-analysis was to determine the long-term outcome of patients treated
      laparoscopically. METHODS: A systematic literature-based search for relevant
      cohorts was performed using the terms "Hirschsprung's disease and Laparoscopy",
      "Laparoscopic-assisted pull-through outcome", "Laparoscopic-assisted Soave pull
      through" "Laparoscopic-assisted Swenson pull-through" and Laparoscopic-assisted
      Duhamel pull-through. The relevant cohorts of laparoscopic operated HD were
      systematically searched for outcome regarding continence, constipation, secondary
      surgery related to the laparoscopic approach and enterocolitis. Pooled incidence
      rates and odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated
      using standardized statistical methodology. RESULTS: Sixteen studies met defined
      inclusion criteria, reporting a total of 820 patients. All studies were
      retrospective case series, with variability in outcome assessment quality and
      length of follow-up. The median cohort size consisted of 28 patients (range 15
      218). In the long-term follow-up, 97 patients (11.14 %) experienced constipation
      (OR 0.06, 95 % CI 0.05-0.08, p < 0.00001), 53 (6.46 %) incontinence/soiling (OR
      0.01 95 % CI 0.01-0.01, p < 0.00001), 75 (9.14 %) recurrent enterocolitis (OR
      0.02 95 % CI 0.01-0.02, p < 0.00001) and 69 (8.4 %) developed complications
      requiring secondary surgery (OR 0.01 95 % CI 0.01-0.02, p < 0.00001). Overall
      events in long-term follow-up occurred in 225 (27.5 %) patients (OR 0.24 95 % CI
      0.20-0.30, p < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis shows that nearly one
      third of the patients continue to have long-term bowel problems, such as
      constipation, soiling and recurrent enterocolitis following LAPT. Many patients
      treated by LAPT require secondary surgery. Large randomized studies with long
      term follow-up are necessary to determine the difference in outcome between LAPT
      and completely transanal pull-through operation.

PMID- 27369965
TI  - Effectiveness of calretinin and role of age in the diagnosis of Hirschsprung
      disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Gold standard in Hirschsprung disease (HD) diagnosis is rectal suction
      biopsy (RSB) with hematoxylin and eosin and acetylcholinesterase (ACE) stainings.
      Sensitivity is 83-93 % and specificity is between 95 and 99 %. The rate of non
      conclusive results (NC) due to inadequate samples or variability in the
      interpretation is about 11-37.8 %. Interpretation is still difficult in neonates.
      Calretinin (C) is a calcium-binding protein, expressed in the nervous system. It
      has been introduced as a marker to improve the diagnosis accuracy in HD. We
      compare sensitivity, specificity between ACE and ACE + C and investigate whether
      the introduction of C could reduce the rate of inconclusive results. We also
      tried to define the most adequate age to obtain accurate results from RSB.
      METHODS: Data from patients undergoing rectal suction biopsies from 2005 to 2014
      was analyzed. Until 2010 we used ACE; since 2011 we used ACE + C. The ROC curve
      analysis of the NC results regarding the age, showed an optimal cut-off point at
      1.5 months (m). It divides the sample into two groups which we compared. RESULTS:
      We analyzed 91 patients. Results of the RSB: 40 HD (44 %), 34 no Hirschsprung
      (37.4 %) and 17 NC (18.7 %). Sensitivity = 97.5 %, specificity = 97.1 %, not
      including the NC (1 false positive, 1 false negative). Results depending on the
      staining: ACE (n = 58) (%) ACE + C (n = 33) (%) p Sensitivity 96 100 1
      Specificity 94.7 100 1 NC 24.1 9.1 0.077 Results depending on the age: <1.5 m (n
      = 27) (%) >1.5 m (n = 64) (%) p Sensitivity 92.3 100 0.325 Specificity 100 96.8 1
      NC 40.7 9.4 0.001 CONCLUSION: Calretinin decreases the rate of inconclusive
      results, but not significantly. The percentage of inconclusive results decreases
      in patients olders than 1.5 m. Further studies are necessary to determine if this
      technique is useful to improve RSB results in infants younger than 1.5 months.

PMID- 27369967
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369966
TI  - The role of coping strategies on health-related quality of life in adults with
      anorectal malformations.
AB  - PURPOSE: Coping strategies have been acknowledged as crucial for the well-being
      and for health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The main aim of the present study
      is to determine whether different types of coping strategies predict HRQoL in
      patients born with ARM, above and beyond the variance explained by fecal and
      urinary continence. METHODS: 71 adult patients from the Italian Parents' and
      Patients' Organization for Anorectal Malformations (AIMAR) participated in the
      study. Participants completed measures of fecal and urinary continence of the
      Hirschsprung Disease/Anorectal Malformation Quality of Life (HAQL) (Hanneman et
      al. in Dis Col Rect 44:1650-1660, 2001), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)
      (Apolone and Mosconi in J Clin Epidemiol 51:1025-1036, 1998), and the Brief
      Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) Inventory (Carver in Int J
      Behav Med 4:92-100, 1997), which measures different coping strategies:
      maladaptive, problem-focused and emotion-focused. RESULTS: Hierarchical
      regression analyses showed that fecal continence (beta = 0.53, p < 0.01) and
      urinary continence significantly predict (beta = 0.23, p < 0.05) Physical HRQoL.
      Fecal continence (beta = 0.36, p < 0.01) and maladaptive coping strategies
      significantly predict (beta = -0.27, p < 0.05) Mental HRQoL. CONCLUSION: Besides
      considering the importance of fecal and urinary continence for Physical HRQoL,
      these findings indicate that maladaptive coping strategies are associated with
      worse Mental HRQoL. Interventions aimed at enhancing the patients' HRQoL should
      target coping strategies by reducing denial, behavioral disengagement, substance
      abuse, and self-blame.

PMID- 27369968
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369969
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369970
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369972
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369971
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369974
TI  - Comparison of selected approaches for urban roughness determination based on
      voronoi cells.
AB  - Wind speed is reduced above urban areas due to their high aerodynamic roughness.
      This not only holds for above the urban canopy. The local vertical wind profile
      is modified. Aerodynamic roughness (both roughness length and displacement
      height) therefore is relevant for many fields within human biometeorology, e.g.
      for the identification of ventilation paths, the concentration and dispersion of
      air pollutants at street level or to simulate wind speed and direction in urban
      environments and everything depending on them. Roughness, thus, also shows strong
      influence on human thermal comfort. Currently, roughness parameters are mostly
      estimated using classifications. However, such classifications only provide
      limited assessment of roughness in urban areas. In order to calculate spatially
      resolved roughness on the micro-scale, three different approaches were
      implemented in the SkyHelios model. For all of them, the urban area is divided
      into reference areas for each of the obstacles using a voronoi diagram. The three
      approaches are based on building and [+one of them also on] vegetation (trees and
      forests) data. They were compared for the city of Stuttgart, Germany. Results
      show that the approach after Bottema and Mestayer (J Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn 74
      76:163-173 1998) on the spatial basis of a voronoi diagram provides the most
      plausible results.

PMID- 27369975
TI  - Impact of Calcification on Clinical Outcomes After Endovascular Therapy for
      Superficial Femoral Artery Disease: Assessment Using the Peripheral Artery
      Calcification Scoring System.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate whether the severity of lesion calcification assessed by
      the novel peripheral artery calcification scoring system (PACSS) was associated
      with clinical outcomes after endovascular therapy (EVT) for superficial femoral
      artery (SFA) lesions. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 394
      consecutive patients (mean age 72+/-8 years; 290 men) with intermittent
      claudication [223 (57%) with diabetes, 81 (21%) on hemodialysis] who underwent
      successful EVT for de novo SFA lesions [length 152.1+/-95.7 mm; 199 (50%)
      TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus II class C/D] between January 2010 and
      December 2013. The patients were retrospectively categorized using the PACSS
      classification (grades 0-4: no visible calcification of the target lesion,
      unilateral wall calcification <5 cm, unilateral calcification >=5 cm, bilateral
      wall calcification <5 cm, and bilateral calcification >=5 cm, respectively). The
      main outcome was primary patency, while the secondary outcome measures were
      mortality and major adverse limb events [MALE: any intervention (repeat EVT or
      surgical revision) or major (above ankle) amputation]. Cox proportional hazards
      analysis was used to explore whether the PACSS classification was an independent
      predictor of clinical outcomes. Results are presented as the hazard ratio (HR)
      and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The distribution of PACSS grades was 0
      in 54%, grade 1 in 16%, grade 2 in 12%, grade 3 in 9%, and grade 4 in 9%. The 2
      year primary patency rates in these grades, respectively, were 70.0%, 66.6%,
      72.1%, 55.6%, and 36.3% (p<0.001). After multivariate analysis, PACSS grade 4 (HR
      2.74, 95% CI 1.56 to 4.83, p<0.001), diabetes (HR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.20,
      p=0.022), lesion length (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.07, p=0.006), and vessel
      diameter (HR 0.80, 85% CI 0.65 to 0.98, p=0.038) were associated with loss of
      primary patency. PACSS grade 4 was also associated with MALE and mortality
      (p=0.048 and 0.011, respectively). Bare metal stent use (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.30 to
      0.73, p<0.001) was positively associated with primary patency. CONCLUSION: PACSS
      grade 4 calcification was independently associated with clinical outcomes after
      EVT for de novo SFA lesions.

PMID- 27369976
TI  - Influence of Repeat Intervention on the Risk of Major Amputation After
      Infrapopliteal Angioplasty for Critical Limb Ischemia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the influence of repeat intervention on the risk of major
      amputation after infrapopliteal angioplasty for patients with critical limb
      ischemia (CLI). METHODS: A multicenter database of Japanese CLI patients was
      interrogated to identify patients who underwent balloon angioplasty for isolated
      infrapopliteal lesions from April 2004 to December 2012. In that time frame, 1298
      limbs of 1065 patients (mean age 72+/-10 years; 739 men) were eligible for this
      analysis. The prevalence of tissue loss was 76%, with 33% accompanied by
      infection. The association between repeat intervention and future risk for major
      amputation was evaluated using a mixed effects logistic regression model. A
      stratification analysis was also performed with baseline variables. A
      supplementary analysis compared baseline characteristics between the cases with
      and without repeat intervention. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence
      intervals (CI) are reported. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 1.2 years
      (interquartile range 0.4-2.5), during which time 143 (11.0%) limbs had major
      amputations and 499 (38.4%) underwent repeat intervention. The mixed effects
      modeling revealed that repeat intervention was significantly associated with
      future risk for major amputation (unadjusted HR 3.01, 95% CI 2.05 to 4.41,
      p=0.001). From the stratification analysis, repeat intervention significantly
      increased future risk of major amputation in cases with regular dialysis (HR
      3.35, 95% CI 2.14 to 5.26, p<0.001), whereas it did not in those without
      dialysis. The supplemental analysis showed that patients with repeat intervention
      within 1 year had a higher prevalence of nonambulatory status, regular dialysis,
      tissue loss, and infection at baseline compared to those without repeat
      intervention for 1 year. CONCLUSION: In the patients with CLI due to
      infrapopliteal lesions, the need for repeat intervention increased the risk of
      future major amputation. However, this correlation was not applicable to
      nondialysis patients.

PMID- 27369979
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369978
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369980
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369981
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369977
TI  - Detection of tumor-associated cells in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear
      cell samples for retrospective analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are commonly
      collected in biobanks. However, little data exist regarding the preservation of
      tumor-associated cells in cryopreserved collections. The objective of this study
      was to determine the feasibility of using the CellSieveTM microfiltration assay
      for the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating cancer
      associated macrophage-like cells (CAMLs) from cryopreserved PBMC samples.
      METHODS: Blood samples spiked with breast (MCF-7), prostate (PC-3), and renal
      (786-O) cancer cell lines were used to establish analytical accuracy, efficiency,
      and reproducibility after cryopreservation. The spiked samples were processed
      through Ficoll separation, and cryopreservation was followed by thawing and
      microfiltration. RESULTS: MCF-7 cells were successfully retrieved with recovery
      efficiencies of 90.5 % without cryopreservation and 87.8 and 89.0 %,
      respectively, on day 7 and day 66 following cryopreservation. The corresponding
      recovery efficiencies of PC-3 cells were 83.3 % without cryopreservation and 85.3
      and 84.7 %, respectively, after cryopreservation. Recovery efficiencies of 786-O
      cells were 92.7 % without cryopreservation, and 82.7 and 81.3 %, respectively,
      after cryopreservation. The recovered cells retained the morphologic
      characteristics and immunohistochemical markers that had been observed before
      freezing. The protocols were further validated by quantitation of CAMLs in blood
      samples from two patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The recovery rates of
      CTCs and CAMLs from cryopreserved samples were not statistically significant
      different (P > 0.05) from matched fresh samples. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge,
      this is the first report that CAMLs could be cryopreserved and analyzed after
      thawing with microfiltration technology. The application of microfiltration
      technology to cryopreserved samples will enable much greater retrospective study
      of cancer patients in relation to long-term outcomes.

PMID- 27369982
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369985
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369983
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369984
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369986
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369987
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369988
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369989
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369991
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369990
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369992
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369993
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369994
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369995
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369996
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369998
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369997
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27369999
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370000
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370002
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370001
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370003
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370004
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370005
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370006
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370007
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370008
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370009
TI  - Volume-based Interval Training Program for Elite Tennis Players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A sport-specific conditioning program can help tennis players train
      for competition or return to play from injury. This study determined the actual
      tennis serve volume in elite play and used these data to construct an interval
      training program based on stroke volume. HYPOTHESIS: There will be no differences
      in serve volume between male and female tennis players at the professional and
      junior levels. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level
      3. METHODS: Game day statistic scorecards were provided to the research team from
      the 2013 and 2014 United States Open and the 2014 Metropolia Orange Bowl
      International Tennis Championships. Serve volume data for both male and female
      players were extracted from the scorecards. Data included serves per match and
      per set. These data were used to construct a sport-specific tennis program to
      meet the demands of the serve. RESULTS: Professional male players serve 63 more
      serves per match than junior male players because of the greater number of sets
      played ( P < 0.01). Professional female players serve 10 more serves per match
      than junior female players playing the same number of sets ( P = 0.01). All male
      players hit 2 more total serves per set than all female players ( P < 0.01).
      Regardless of sex, professional players serve 4 more serves per set than junior
      players ( P < 0.01). The typical number of serves per set was 40 in elite-level
      tennis players, resulting in a 3:1 ratio of first to second serves. CONCLUSION:
      These data establish the "unit dose" of serves per match and/or per set for each
      group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Coaches and health care providers may use these data
      in estimating loads per tournament/season and to prepare tennis athletes for
      individual competition and/or as they return to play after an injury.

PMID- 27370010
TI  - A rare coronary anomaly consisting of a single right coronary ostium in an adult
      undergoing surgical coronary revascularization: a case report and review of the
      literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coronary arteries originating from the right coronary ostium in the
      ascending aorta represent a very rare anatomic presentation. Also, the presence
      of a single coronary ostium is an extremely rare finding. CASE PRESENTATION: We
      present the case of a 74-year-old Albanian man from Kosovo. He had unstable
      angina due to critical triple vessel disease and a single coronary artery
      originating from a single ostium in the right sinus of Valsalva with an anomalous
      course of his left anterior descending artery anteriorly to the right ventricular
      outflow tract as a "T-vessel" from which originated the proximal and distal left
      anterior descending artery, the circumflex artery originating from the mid
      portion of the right coronary artery which had a normal course. He underwent
      successful coronary revascularization consisting of three vein grafts to the
      right coronary artery, first diagonal and obtuse marginal artery, and left
      internal mammary artery anastomosed to left anterior descending artery.
      CONCLUSIONS: We describe a proposed IID1 pattern. After a careful revision of the
      literature, only six cases have been reported with a similar anomalous coronary
      origin. Only two out of six patients underwent surgical coronary
      revascularization. In our case the aberrant vessel arising from his right
      coronary artery coursed anteriorly to the right ventricle and continued as a left
      anterior descending artery at its mid portion which then continued distally as
      the distal left anterior descending artery and proximally as a proximal left
      anterior descending artery, having the shape of a "T vessel". The "T-vessel"
      configuration has never been reported in the literature. The reported case with
      its specific presentation adds further information on this rare form of anomalous
      origin of the coronary arteries, representing a first report of a configuration
      that we name the "T-vessel" of the left anterior descending artery. Diagnosis of
      the coronary anatomy is very important for the invasive cardiologist and cardiac
      surgeon in cases with a single coronary ostium, such as our case, so that they
      can proceed with the invasive or surgical treatment when critical coronary artery
      disease is present.

PMID- 27370011
TI  - Laparoscopic diverticulectomy: A systemised technique.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To present an original technique for laparoscopic vesical
      diverticulectomy without the need for dissecting the diverticular wall, thereby
      making the procedure safe and significantly simpler. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four
      patients were operated on between September 2014 and April 2016. The diagnosis
      was made by ultrasonography in all cases, and the study included blood and urine
      analyses with urine cultures, urine cytology, contrast-enhanced CT scans,
      prostate symptom questionnaire (International Prostate Symptom Score), flowmetry
      and cystoscopy. One case required transurethral prostate resection in a first
      time. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 64 years (range: 56-71). The mean
      diverticulum size was 4cm (range: 3-6). The location was retrotrigonal in all
      cases, on the left side in 2 cases, right retromeatic in 1 case and near the
      midline in 1 case. The mean surgical time was 146min (range, 120-180), shortening
      for each new case. There were no significant bleeding, complications or
      conversion to open surgery in any of the cases. The postoperative period had no
      incidences. The hospital stay was 3 days in 3 cases and 48h in the other case
      (mean, 3.5 days). The catheter was withdrawn in the outpatient clinic at 14 days.
      CONCLUSIONS: The initial experience with the technique described above shows it
      to be safe and reproducible, with results similar to other current laparoscopic
      techniques. Avoiding the dissection of the diverticular wall significantly
      reduces the technical difficulty of the procedure.

PMID- 27370012
TI  - Outcome of primary vitrectomy in phakic patients aged younger than 50 years with
      rhegmatogenous retinal detachments.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the visual outcome, primary anatomic success, and cataract
      progression of phakic eyes of patients aged younger than 50 years treated for
      rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with primary pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).
      METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study. The data
      from 53 RRD patients undergoing PPV were analyzed. The time course changes in
      best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and cataract formation were examined.
      RESULTS: The 53 patients had a mean age of 37.8 years. Forty-eight eyes (90.6 %)
      achieved anatomic success after the primary surgery. The BCVA improved
      significantly after surgery (mean +/- SD -0.091 +/- 0.146) when compared with the
      baseline (mean +/- SD 0.214 +/- 0.597; P = 0.0001). No patient aged younger than
      40 years (mean 32.5 years; range 17-39) developed significant lens opacity or
      received cataract surgery within the first 3 years. Of the patients aged older
      than 40 years (mean 43.8 years; range 40-49), 22 % developed significant lens
      opacity and received cataract surgery within the first 3 years. A significant
      difference was found in cataract progression between the two groups within the
      first 3 years (P = 0.0217), but not over the entire follow-up period (P =
      0.1679). CONCLUSIONS: We found that lens-sparing PPV for RRD in patients aged
      younger than 50 years had a reasonable success rate, although cataract
      progression was evident during the follow-up period in patients aged older than
      40 years.

PMID- 27370014
TI  - Erratum to: Feasibility and usefulness of ultrasonography in idiopathic
      intracranial hypertension or secondary intracranial hypertension.

PMID- 27370013
TI  - Comparison of treatment effect estimates of non-vitamin K antagonist oral
      anticoagulants versus warfarin between observational studies using propensity
      score methods and randomized controlled trials.
AB  - Emerging observational studies using propensity score (PS) methods assessed real
      world comparative effectiveness of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants
      (NOACs) versus warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF).
      We aimed to compare treatment effect estimates of NOACs between PS studies and
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Electronic databases and conference
      proceedings were searched systematically. Primary outcomes included stroke or
      systemic embolism (SE) and major bleeding. A random-effects meta-analysis was
      performed to synthesize the data by pooling the PS- and RCT-derived hazard ratios
      (HRs) separately. The ratio of HRs (RHR) from the ratio of PS-derived HRs
      relative to RCT-derived HRs was used to determine whether there was a difference
      between estimates from PS studies and RCTs. There were 10 PS studies and 5 RCTs
      included for analysis. No significant difference of treatment effect estimates
      between the PS studies and RCTs was observed: RHR 1.11, 95 % CI 0.98-1.23 for
      stroke or SE; RHR 1.07, 95 % CI 0.87-1.34 for major bleeding. A significant
      association between NOACs and risk of stroke or SE was observed: HR 0.88, 95 % CI
      0.83-0.94 for the PS studies; HR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.72-0.87 for the RCTs. However,
      no relationship between NOACs and risk of major bleeding was found: HR 0.91, 95 %
      CI 0.79-1.05 for the PS studies; HR 0.85, 95 % CI 0.73-1.00 for the RCTs. In this
      study, treatment effect estimates of NOACs versus warfarin in patients with non
      valvular AF from PS studies are found to be in agreement with those from RCTs.

PMID- 27370015
TI  - Gr-1intCD11b+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells accumulate in corneal allograft
      and improve corneal allograft survival.
AB  - We identified the characteristics of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and
      investigated their mechanism of induction and their functional role in allograft
      rejection using a murine corneal allograft model. In mice, MDSCs coexpress CD11b
      and myeloid differentiation antigen Gr-1. Gr-1+CD11b+ cells infiltrated
      allografted corneas between 4 d and 4 wk after surgery; however, the frequencies
      of Gr-1+CD11b+ cells were not different between accepted and rejected allografts
      or in peripheral blood or BM. Of interest, Gr-1intCD11b+ cells, but not Gr
      1hiCD11b+ cells, infiltrated the accepted graft early after surgery and expressed
      high levels of immunosuppressive cytokines, including IL-10, TGF-beta, and TNF
      related apoptosis-inducing ligand. This population remained until 4 wk after
      surgery. In vitro, only high dose (>100 ng/ml) of IFN-gamma plus GM-CSF could
      induce immunosuppressive cytokine expression in Gr-1intCD11b+ cells. Furthermore,
      adoptive transfer of Gr-1intCD11b+ cells reduced T cell infiltration, which
      improved graft survival. In conclusion, high-dose IFN-gamma in allograft areas is
      essential for development of Gr-1intCD11b+ MDSCs in corneal allografts, and
      subtle environmental changes in the early period of the allograft can result in a
      large difference in graft survival.

PMID- 27370016
TI  - Daily Pain, Physical Activity, and Home Fluid Intake in Pediatric Sickle Cell
      Disease.
AB  - Objectives: This study examined the temporal relationship between physical
      activity, fluid intake, and daily pain in children with sickle cell disease (SCD)
      with frequent pain. Methods: A total of 30 African American children ( M age  = 
      13.9; 53% female; 76.3% type SS) who reported pain more than or equal to once
      every 2 weeks and their parents completed measures of pain and anxiety/depressive
      symptoms. Children then completed a daily pain diary and wore a physical activity
      Actiwatch for 14 days at home. Results: Contrary to physiological theory-based
      hypotheses, lower physical activity was associated with greater pain during the
      same day and the next day. Less pain was associated with greater physical
      activity the next day. There was no relationship between self-reported home fluid
      intake and daily pain ( p 's  <  .05). Conclusions: Results lend support for a
      complex bidirectional relationship between physical activity and daily pain in
      pediatric SCD, and identify physical activity as a target for future research.

PMID- 27370017
TI  - Different effects of isolation-rearing and neonatal MK-801 treatment on
      attentional modulations of prepulse inhibition of startle in rats.
AB  - RATIONAL: Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is suppression of the startle reflex by a
      weaker sensory stimulus (prepulse) preceding the startling stimulus. In people
      with schizophrenia, impairment of attentional modulation of PPI, but not
      impairment of baseline PPI, is correlated with symptom severity. In rats, both
      fear conditioning of prepulse and perceptually spatial separation between the
      conditioned prepulse and a noise masker enhance PPI (the paradigms of attentional
      modulation of PPI). OBJECTIVES: As a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia,
      isolation rearing impairs both baseline PPI and attentional modulations of PPI in
      rats. This study examined in Sprague-Dawley male rats whether neonatally blocking
      N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors specifically affects attentional
      modulations of PPI during adulthood. RESULTS: Both socially reared rats with
      neonatal exposure to the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and isolation-reared
      rats exhibited augmented startle responses, but only isolation rearing impaired
      baseline PPI. Fear conditioning of the prepulse enhanced PPI in socially reared
      rats, but MK-801-treated rats lost the prepulse feature specificity. Perceptually
      spatial separation between the conditioned prepulse and a noise masker further
      enhanced PPI only in normally reared rats. Clozapine administration during
      adulthood generally weakened startle, enhanced baseline PPI in neonatally
      interrupted rats, and restored the fear conditioning-induced PPI enhancement in
      isolation-reared rats with a loss of the prepulse feature specificity. Clozapine
      administration also abolished both the perceptual separation-induced PPI
      enhancement in normally reared rats and the fear conditioning-induced PPI
      enhancement in MK-801-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS: Isolation rearing impairs both
      baseline PPI and attentional modulations of PPI, but neonatally disrupting NMDA
      receptor-mediated transmissions specifically impair attentional modulations of
      PPI. Clozapine has limited alleviating effects.

PMID- 27370018
TI  - Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in cigarette smokers: effect of
      heavy caffeine or marijuana use.
AB  - RATIONALE: Upregulation of alpha4beta2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
      (nAChRs) is one of the most well-established effects of chronic cigarette smoking
      on the brain. Prior research by our group gave a preliminary indication that
      cigarette smokers with concomitant use of caffeine or marijuana have altered
      nAChR availability. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if smokers with heavy
      caffeine or marijuana use have different levels of alpha4beta2* nAChRs than
      smokers without these drug usages. METHODS: One hundred and one positron emission
      tomography (PET) scans, using the radiotracer 2-FA (a ligand for beta2*
      containing nAChRs), were obtained from four groups of males: non-smokers without
      heavy caffeine or marijuana use, smokers without heavy caffeine or marijuana use,
      smokers with heavy caffeine use (mean four coffee cups per day), and smokers with
      heavy marijuana use (mean 22 days of use per month). Total distribution volume
      (Vt/fp) was determined for the brainstem, prefrontal cortex, and thalamus, as a
      measure of nAChR availability. RESULTS: A significant between-group effect was
      found, resulting from the heavy caffeine and marijuana groups having the highest
      Vt/fp values (especially for the brainstem and prefrontal cortex), followed by
      smokers without such use, followed by non-smokers. Direct between-group
      comparisons revealed significant differences for Vt/fp values between the smoker
      groups with and without heavy caffeine or marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers
      with heavy caffeine or marijuana use have higher alpha4beta2* nAChR availability
      than smokers without these drug usages. These findings are likely due to
      increased nicotine exposure but could also be due to an interaction on a
      cellular/molecular level.

PMID- 27370021
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370019
TI  - Contingent and non-contingent recreational-like exposure to ethanol alters BDNF
      expression and signaling in the cortico-accumbal network differently.
AB  - RATIONALE: Although brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is part of a
      homeostatic pathway involved in the development of alcohol dependence, it is not
      clear whether this is also true after recreational ethanol consumption.
      OBJECTIVES: We examined BDNF expression and signaling in the cortico-striatal
      network immediately and 24 h after either a single intravenous (i.v.) ethanol
      operant self-administration session or the last of 14 sessions. METHODS: To
      compare contingent and non-contingent ethanol exposure, we incorporated the
      "yoked control-operant paradigm" in which rats actively taking ethanol (S-Et)
      were paired with two yoked controls receiving passive infusions of ethanol (Y-Et)
      or saline. RESULTS: A single ethanol exposure transiently reduced BDNF mRNA
      levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of Y-Et. Immediately after the last
      of 14 sessions, mRNA and mature BDNF protein levels (mBDNF) were reduced in the
      mPFC in both S-Et and Y-Et while mBDNF expression was raised in the nucleus
      accumbens (NAc), suggesting enhanced anterograde transport from the mPFC.
      Conversely, 24 h later mBDNF expression and signaling were raised in the mPFC and
      NAc of S-Et rats but reduced in the NAc of Y-Et rats, with concomitant reduction
      of downstream signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that
      recreational-like i.v. doses of ethanol promote early changes in neurotrophin
      expression, depending on the length and modality of administration, the brain
      region investigated, and the presence of the drug. A rapid intervention targeting
      the BDNF system might be useful to prevent escalation to alcohol abuse.

PMID- 27370020
TI  - The effects of sex, estrous cycle, and social contact on cocaine and heroin self
      administration in rats.
AB  - RATIONALE: Preclinical studies indicate that gonadal hormones are important
      determinants of drug self-administration. To date, little is known about the
      influence of sex and estrous cycle on drug self-administration in ecologically
      relevant social contexts. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine
      the role of sex and estrous cycle in a rat model during cocaine and heroin self
      administration with male-female and female-female social dyads. METHODS: Male and
      female virgin rats were trained to self-administer cocaine and heroin in operant
      conditioning chambers that permitted two rats to self-administer concurrently,
      but prevented physical contact. Experiment 1 examined cocaine self-administration
      on a progressive ratio schedule in male-female dyads. Experiments 2 and 3
      examined heroin self-administration on a fixed ratio schedule in male-female
      dyads at constant and varying doses, respectively. Experiment 4 examined heroin
      self-administration in female-female dyads on a fixed ratio schedule. RESULTS:
      Cocaine-maintained breakpoints increased by ~17 % in females during estrus, but
      remained consistent in males. Heroin self-administration decreased by ~70 %
      during proestrus in females whether they were isolated, housed with males, or
      housed with females. Heroin self-administration was lower in males than females
      under some conditions and was not consistently associated with the responding of
      females. CONCLUSIONS: Cocaine and heroin self-administration is influenced by the
      estrous cycle in females when in the presence of a male partner. As a novel
      finding, these data illustrate that heroin self-administration is reduced in
      females during proestrus regardless of the social context tested. Finally, these
      data suggest that drug self-administration in males is only minimally influenced
      by the hormonal status of a female partner.

PMID- 27370022
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370023
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370024
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370025
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370028
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370026
TI  - Validation of an automated assay for the measurement of cupric reducing
      antioxidant capacity in serum of dogs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to optimize and validate an
      automated method to assess the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum of dogs
      using the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methodology (TACc) with
      bathocuproinedisulfonic acid disodium salt as chelating agent, evaluating also
      possible variations due to the use of two different automated analyzers. The
      method is based on the reduction of Cu(2+) into Cu(1+) by the action of the non
      enzymatic antioxidants that are present in the sample. RESULTS: Imprecision was
      low in both apparatus utilized, and the results were linear across serial Trolox
      and canine serum samples dilutions. Lipids did not interfere with the assay;
      however, hemolysis increased the TACc concentrations. When TACc concentrations
      were determined in ten healthy (control) dogs and in twelve dogs with
      inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), dogs with IBD had lower TACc concentrations
      when compared with the healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS: The method validated in this
      paper is precise, simple, and fast and can be easily adapted to automated
      analyzers.

PMID- 27370027
TI  - In vitro performance and fracture resistance of CAD/CAM-fabricated implant
      supported molar crowns.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to investigate the performance and fracture
      resistance of different CAD/CAM ceramic and composite materials as implant- or
      tooth-supported single crowns with respect to the clinical procedure
      (screwed/bonded restoration). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred twenty crowns
      were fabricated on implants or human molar teeth simulating (a) chairside
      procedure ([CHAIR] implant crown bonded to abutment), (b) labside procedure
      ([LAB] abutment and implant crown bonded in laboratory, screwed chairside), and
      (c) reference ([TOOTH] crowns luted on human teeth). Four materials were
      investigated: ZLS (zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic; Celtra Duo,
      Degudent: polished (P)/crystallized (C)), RB (resin-based composite; Cerasmart,
      GC), and RIC (resin-infiltrated ceramic; Enamic, Vita-Zahnfabrik). LiS
      (lithiumdisilicate; Emax CAD, Ivoclar-Vivadent) served as reference. Combined
      thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML) was performed simulating a 5-year
      clinical situation. Fracture force was determined. Data were statistically
      analyzed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-way ANOVA; post hoc Bonferroni, alpha =
      0.05). RESULTS: One crown of ZLS_C[LAB] (1,200,000 cycles) and RB[CHAIR] (890
      cycles) failed during TCML. Fracture values varied between 977.7 N(RB) and 3070.4
      N(LiS)[CHAIR], 1130.6 N(RB) and 2998.1 N(LiS)[LAB], and 1802.4 N(ZLS) and 2664.3
      N(LiS)[TOOTH]. Significantly (p < 0.003) different forces were found between the
      materials in all three groups. ZLS_C, RIC, and RB showed significantly (p <
      0.014) different values for the individual groups. CONCLUSIONS: Partly ceramic
      and resin-based materials performed differently on implant or tooth abutments.
      The insertion of a screw channel reduced the stability for individual crown
      materials. Insertion of the screw channel should be performed carefully. CLINICAL
      RELEVANCE: All restorations were in a range where clinical application seems not
      restricted, but insertion of a screw channel might reduce stability of individual
      materials.

PMID- 27370029
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370030
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PMID- 27370031
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PMID- 27370033
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PMID- 27370032
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PMID- 27370034
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PMID- 27370035
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PMID- 27370036
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PMID- 27370037
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PMID- 27370038
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PMID- 27370039
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PMID- 27370040
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PMID- 27370041
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PMID- 27370043
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PMID- 27370042
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PMID- 27370044
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PMID- 27370045
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PMID- 27370047
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PMID- 27370048
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PMID- 27370046
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PMID- 27370049
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PMID- 27370050
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PMID- 27370051
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PMID- 27370052
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PMID- 27370053
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PMID- 27370054
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PMID- 27370056
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PMID- 27370055
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PMID- 27370057
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370058
TI  - [MU-Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) Polymorphisms A118G and C17T in Alcohol
      Dependence: A Turkish Sample].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Previous investigations on opioid system genetics have identified
      polymorphisms of the OPRM1 gene expressing MU-opioid receptors to be
      significantly associated with some features of alcohol dependence (AD). In the
      present study, we evaluated the relationship between single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNP) in the OPRM1 gene, A118G (rs1799971, Asn40Asp) and C17T
      (rs1799972, Arg6Val), and AD diagnosis, level of alcohol consumption, and AD
      severity in a Turkish sample. METHODS: 121 AD patients and 117 healthy male
      subjects were included in the study. OPRM1 A118G (N40D) and C17T (A6V)
      polymorphisms were evaluated using PCR - RFLP (polymerase chain reaction -
      restriction fragment length polymorphism) method. We evaluated the association
      between the presence of SNPs and AD diagnosis, family history of AD, AD severity
      evaluated via the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), the daily average
      and maximum quantity of alcohol consumed. RESULTS: There was no significant
      difference in OPRM1 A118G genotype frequencies between the AD and control groups.
      T allele frequency for the OPRM1 C17T SNP was very low (0.006) in the sample
      population. OPRM1 A118G SNP G118 allele carriers showed significantly higher
      levels of AD severity as indicated by the MAST. CONCLUSION: The OPRM1 G118 allele
      was significantly associated with more severe AD in the Turkish population.
      Similar to other European populations, the frequency of the OPRM1 T17 allele was
      very low.

PMID- 27370059
TI  - [Effect of Topiramate on Drug Associated Weight Gain of Patients with
      Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorders: A Dose Ranging Randomized Trial].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to explore the probable prophylactic
      effects and evaluate different doses of topiramate on body weight in patients
      treated with olanzapine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a 12 week, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled clinical trial (Iranian Clinical Trial Registration Code:
      201402085280N15) to assess the preventative effects and estimate the optimal
      dosage of topiramate in drug-induced weight gain. Sixty eight patients aged 18 to
      60 that were hospitalized and treated with olanzapine between 2009-2011due to the
      onset of an acute episode of schizophrenia or a manic episode of bipolar I
      disorder were selected in Mashhad, the second largest city in the northeast of
      Iran. Patients were randomly assigned to 4 groups, including 1- placebo; 2- 50
      mg/day; 3- 100 mg/day; and 4- 200 mg/day topiramate. Two psychiatrists assigned
      participants to an intervention group and followed up the treatment process.
      Raters weighed patients at baseline and also at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12,
      respectively. Waist and wrist circumferences were measured at baseline and weeks
      4, 8, and 12. Body weight, BMI, wrist, and waist circumference changes were
      outcome measures of the study. Collected data were analyzed by ANOVA, post hoc
      Tukey test, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Cohen's d with SPSS version 14. A
      p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: All outcome
      measures were significantly less than the placebo group compared to the
      topiramate groups at the end of the fourth week and continued to twelfth week.
      Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant difference in the measures
      of any of the topiramate groups with each other at any interval. CONCLUSION: All
      doses of 50, 100, and 200mg were shown effective in preventing olanzapine-related
      obesity in schizophrenic and/or bipolar patients.

PMID- 27370060
TI  - [The Relationship between Violence and Clinical Features, Insight and Cognitive
      Functions in Patients with Schizophrenia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the predictive factors of violent behavior in
      schizophrenia and the relationship between violent behavior and insight and
      cognitive functions in this study. METHOD: 68 patients diagnosed with
      schizophrenia were separated into two groups; with a history of violent behavior
      (n = 30) and without (n = 38). Both group swere administered the Positiveand
      Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Schedule
      for Assessing the Three Components of Insight, California Verbal Learning Test
      (CVLT), Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Stroop Test. RESULTS:
      Male gender, the number of hospitalizations, incompliance with the treatment,
      alcohol and substance abuse, the number of suicide attempts, the mean score of
      PANSS positive symptoms, PANSS general symptoms and PANSS total were
      significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia with a history of violent
      behavior, compared to non-violent group. Long delayed response subsection of CVLT
      mean score was lower in patients with violent behavior. Incompliance with the
      treatment (OR:5.927, p=0.041), alcohol and substance abuse (OR:21.089, p=0.000),
      and PANSS total score (OR:1.053, p=0.011)were identified as predictive factors of
      violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: Lack of insight and
      executive function impairment are the core symptoms of schizophrenia and not
      seems to be associated with violent behavior in patients with schizophrenia.
      Impairment of memory may be associated with violent behavior in patients with
      schizophrenia. Incompliance with treatment, alcohol and substance abuse, and the
      severity of positive symptoms are important factors in predicting violence
      behavior in patients with schizophrenia.

PMID- 27370061
TI  - [Examination of the Metacognitive Model of Depression in a Turkish University
      Student Sample].
AB  - AIM: The aim of the present study is to test the metacognitive model of
      depression in a Turkish sample using structural equation modeling. METHOD: A
      total of 305 university students participated in this study. The data concerning
      the levels of rumination, positive beliefs about rumination (positive beliefs),
      negative beliefs about uncontrollability and harm of rumination (negative beliefs
      1), negative beliefs about interpersonal and social consequences of rumination
      (negative beliefs-2), lack of cognitive confidence, and depression was collected
      using a web-survey method. RESULTS: The results indicated a number of necessary
      modifications that are needed in order to obtain a good fitting model for the
      data. The implementation of these theoretically consistent modifications resulted
      in a good fitting modified model. Accordingly, positive beliefs predicted
      depressive symptoms by means of rumination, negative beliefs-1, and negative
      beliefs-2. Negative beliefs-1 and negative beliefs-2 partially mediated the
      relationship between rumination and depression as well. In addition, the whole
      process with regard to the elucidation of depressive symptomatology significantly
      explained the change in the level of cognitive confidence. CONCLUSION: Overall,
      the findings obtained from the present study support the validity of the basic
      components of the metacognitive model of depression in a Turkish sample.

PMID- 27370062
TI  - [The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Medication, or Combined
      Treatment For Child Hood Anxiety Disorders].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of the Fear
      Hunter cognitive behavioral therapy program, which was developed for the
      treatment of childhood anxiety disorders, and to compare its effectiveness with
      standard medication treatment. METHOD: A total of 46 participants (aged 8 to 12)
      that applied to the Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent
      Psychiatry clinic and had a diagnosis of anxiety disorder were recruited for the
      study. The participants were randomly assigned to cognitive behavioral therapy
      (CBT), standard drug treatment (ST), or combined treatment (CBT+ ST) groups
      according to the order of application. Subjects were evaluated using pretest,
      posttest and 3 months follow-up measurements. The participants were assessed by
      the researcher using The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders
      (SCARED), The Children's Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CNCEQ), Health
      Related Quality of Life in Children (Kid-KINDL), and Children's Depression
      Inventory (CDI). RESULTS: The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that,
      although general anxiety scores of all treatment conditions significantly
      decreased at posttest and follow up, a combination of two therapies (CBT+ST) had
      a significantly superior response rate. Moreover, all treatment conditions
      including CBT (CBT+ST and CBT) were superior to ST in terms of negative cognitive
      errors, quality of life, and depression. CONCLUSION: It is thought that The Fear
      Hunter Therapy Program is an effective treatment technique because; it provides
      significant improvement in the primary and secondary symptoms (e.g. quality of
      life, depression, negative automatic thoughts) of childhood anxiety disorders.

PMID- 27370063
TI  - [The Assessment of the Auditory Hallucinations and Delusions: The Reliability and
      the Validity of Turkish Version of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales
      (PSYRATS)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of
      Turkish version of PSYRATS Auditory Hallucinations Scales (AHS) and Delusion
      Scales (DS). METHOD: 85 schizophrenic outpatients or inpatients aged between 18
      and 65 years were the subjects of this study. The patients diagnosed by using the
      DSM-IV-TR and who have psychosis with alcohol or drug dependence, organic, mental
      and physical deficit were not included to the study. PSYRATS scales were
      translated and corrected by the authors. PSYRATS were applied for two times per
      week to 57 patients to determine test-retest reliability. 85 patients were
      applied PANSS and 71 of them were applied SAPS to determine the concurrent
      validity. RESULTS: Cronbach Alpha coefficient was calculated as .79 for AHS and
      .80 for DS. For the AHS each item correlated between .59 and .98; for the DS each
      correlated between .66 and .93. For the test-retest reliability, item correlation
      coefficient of AHS is determined between .68 and .89, DS is .61 and .76 (p<0.01).
      Supporting the concurrent validity, a significant correlation was found between
      PANSS and SAPS (p<0.01). Three factor groups for AHS and also DH were revealed
      and examined more than 90 % of the variance. The results were supported by the
      original study findings. CONCLUSION: PSYRATS Auditory Hallucination and Delusion
      Scales were found to be reliable and valid measures to assess the dimensions of
      psychotic symptoms in Turkish schizophrenia patients.

PMID- 27370064
TI  - [Digital Game Addiction Among Adolescents and Younger Adults: A Current
      Overview].
AB  - The games that adolescents and young people used to play in the play grounds and
      on the streets have been replaced in recent years with cyber games played in
      front of the computer on the internet or in game arcades. This changing culture
      has particularly brought up the concept of "digital game addiction", a condition
      that stems from the steadily growing passion for digital games and their
      excessived and uncontrolled usage among adolescents and young people. Game
      addiction in the psychiatry literature has been described as an impulse control
      disorder characterized by the symptoms such as "the inability to control the time
      spent on game-playing", "a loss of interest in other activities", "continuing to
      play despite the adverse effects" and "feeling psychologically deprived when not
      being able to play"."Although digital game addiction has not been accepted by
      psychiatric authorities as a psychiatric disorder yet, the increasing psychiatry
      referrals due to the problems accompanying this disorder, the efforts of families
      to seek support and solutions, the evidence that similarities with other types of
      addiction have been revealed by researchers, as well as the current prevalence
      rates are all factors that suggest the existence of important of the examination
      of issue. Despite the discussions about the digital game addiction, the
      literature on the subject is increasing. This article offers an overview of
      digital game-playing behavior in the light of current literature, seeking to
      share its findings with health care professionals. 

PMID- 27370065
TI  - [Hoarding Behaviour in Three Different Types of Dementia Cases].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hoarding behaviour, which is generally defined as collecting and
      keeping unnecessary, cheap objects or things that can not be used, is more common
      in elderly than young people. The prevelance of hoarding behaviour in dementia
      was reported as 22%. In this paper, three different types of dementia cases are
      presented in order to emphasize the clinical awareness for hoarding disorder,
      which is common in the elderly, especially those with dementia. CASES: The first
      case is a patient with a diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia who was collecting
      old things before the appearance of bahavioural changes like verbal and physical
      agitation. The second one is a patient who was admitted with complaints of
      forgetting, diagnosed as having Alzheimer's Disease and presented with paper
      hoarding behavior in his clinical follow-up. The last patient was presented with
      visual hallucinations, forgetting, collecting old things and depressive symptoms.
      He received a diagnosis of Lewy body dementia. DISCUSSION: It is prominent that
      all three different dementia cases hoarding behavior at early stages of dementia.
      It should be kept in mind that hoarding behavior which begins at late life might
      be a sign of dementia or it might appear in the dementia process.

PMID- 27370066
TI  - [Evaluation of a Neuropsychiatric Disorder: From PANDAS to PANS and CANS].
AB  - PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with
      Streptococcal infections) syndrome is a disorder seen before adolescence that
      possesses an abrupt onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and/or tics.
      Swedo and colleagues defined this disorder in 1998 as a syndrome related to Group
      A streptoccoccus (GAS) infection with neurological issues, such as motor
      hyperactivation and choreiform movements. The progress of the disorder may be
      described as wax-and-waning, apart from abrupt onset, and this relapse and
      remission course is associated with exacerbating infections, according to the
      creators of PANDAS syndrome. Ruling out of Rheumatoid Fever and Sydenham's Chorea
      was a necessity for making a proper diagnosis. Since the recognition of this
      syndrome, clinicians encountered many children who could not fulfill all 5
      criteria, which must be met for PANDAS diagnosis. In addition, due to literature
      showing failure and lack of strong evidence of a major role of GAS, the newly
      defined categories PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome) and
      CANS (Childhood Acute Neuropsychiatric Syndrome) were created to encompass those
      of "almost met" non-PANDAS cases. PANS and CANS include concurrent significant
      psychiatric symptoms with abrupt onset of OCD symptoms and/or tics but do not
      require identification of any infection agent, immune dysfunction, or
      enviromental precipitants. In this paper, we aimed to discuss PANS/ CANS,
      alterations of PANDAS, and diagnoses in which "almost met" PANDAS patients should
      be classified on the basis of a case who developed an abrupt onset of anxiety,
      obsessions, and vocal tics. 

PMID- 27370067
TI  - [Editorial].

PMID- 27370068
TI  - Iodine Status and Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders After Introduction of Mandatory
      Universal Salt Iodization for 16 Years in China: A Cross-Sectional Study in 10
      Cities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The goal of eliminating iodine deficiency worldwide was successfully
      achieved in China after the implementation of a mandatory universal salt
      iodization program for the last 16 years. Thus, China has been assessed as a
      country with more than adequate iodine levels. This survey aimed to investigate
      the current iodine status in China and the effects of an increased iodine intake
      on the spectrum and prevalence of thyroid disorders. METHODS: A total of 15,008
      adult subjects from 10 cities in eastern and central China were investigated.
      Serum thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin
      antibodies (TgAb), and urine iodine concentration (UIC) were measured, and an
      ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed in all subjects. Free thyroxine
      (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels were only measured if the serum TSH
      was outside the normal range. RESULTS: The median UIC values were 197 MUg/L in
      school-age children (SAC) and 205 MUg/L in a cohort population. Six cities were
      classified as regions with adequate iodine intake (AII), and four cities as
      regions with more than adequate iodine intake (MTAII), according to median SAC
      UIC. The prevalence of clinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and
      positive thyroid antibodies was significantly higher in MTAII cities than it was
      in AII cities. Moreover, the prevalence of clinical hyperthyroidism (1.1% vs.
      0.8%, p = 0.033) and Graves' disease (0.8% vs. 0.5%, p = 0.019) also
      significantly increased in MTAII cities. Compared with a five-year prospective
      study conducted in 1999, the prevalence of goiter significantly decreased (2.9%
      vs. 5.02%, p = 0.001), but there was a significant increase in thyroid nodules
      (12.8% vs. 2.78%, p = 0.001). The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (16.7%
      vs. 3.22%), positive TPOAb (11.5% vs. 9.81%), and positive TgAb (12.6% vs. 9.09%)
      significantly increased, while no changes were seen in clinical hyperthyroidism,
      subclinical hyperthyroidism, or Graves' disease. CONCLUSION: The goal of
      eliminating iodine deficiency has been successfully achieved in China. However,
      the prevalence and spectrum of thyroid disorders has increased, reflecting
      possible adverse effects of increased iodine intake.

PMID- 27370071
TI  - Introduction to Volume 8, Issue 3 of topiCS.

PMID- 27370069
TI  - Right Ventricular Myocardial Stiffness in Experimental Pulmonary Arterial
      Hypertension: Relative Contribution of Fibrosis and Myofibril Stiffness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the relative contribution
      of fibrosis-mediated and myofibril-mediated stiffness in rats with mild and
      severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: By performing
      pulmonary artery banding of different diameters for 7 weeks, mild RV dysfunction
      (O=0.6 mm) and severe RV dysfunction (O=0.5 mm) were induced in rats. The
      relative contribution of fibrosis- and myofibril-mediated RV stiffness was
      determined in RV trabecular strips. Total myocardial stiffness was increased in
      trabeculae from both mild and severe RV dysfunction in comparison to controls. In
      severe RV dysfunction, increased RV myocardial stiffness was explained by both
      increased fibrosis-mediated stiffness and increased myofibril-mediated stiffness,
      whereas in mild RV dysfunction, only myofibril-mediated stiffness was increased
      in comparison to control. Histological analyses revealed that RV fibrosis
      gradually increased with severity of RV dysfunction, whereas the ratio of
      collagen I/III expression was only elevated in severe RV dysfunction. Stiffness
      measurements in single membrane-permeabilized RV cardiomyocytes demonstrated a
      gradual increase in RV myofibril stiffness, which was partially restored by
      protein kinase A in both mild and severe RV dysfunction. Increased expression of
      compliant titin isoforms was observed only in mild RV dysfunction, whereas titin
      phosphorylation was reduced in both mild and severe RV dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS:
      RV myocardial stiffness is increased in rats with mild and severe RV dysfunction.
      In mild RV dysfunction, stiffness is mainly determined by increased myofibril
      stiffness. In severe RV dysfunction, both myofibril- and fibrosis-mediated
      stiffness contribute to increased RV myocardial stiffness.

PMID- 27370070
TI  - Evaluation of an Expert System for the Generation of Speech and Language Therapy
      Plans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Speech and language pathologists (SLPs) deal with a wide spectrum of
      disorders, arising from many different conditions, that affect voice, speech,
      language, and swallowing capabilities in different ways. Therefore, the outcomes
      of Speech and Language Therapy (SLT) are highly dependent on the accurate,
      consistent, and complete design of personalized therapy plans. However, SLPs
      often have very limited time to work with their patients and to browse the large
      (and growing) catalogue of activities and specific exercises that can be put into
      therapy plans. As a consequence, many plans are suboptimal and fail to address
      the specific needs of each patient. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate an expert
      system that automatically generates plans for speech and language therapy,
      containing semiannual activities in the five areas of hearing, oral structure and
      function, linguistic formulation, expressive language and articulation, and
      receptive language. The goal was to assess whether the expert system speeds up
      the SLPs' work and leads to more accurate, consistent, and complete therapy plans
      for their patients. METHODS: We examined the evaluation results of the SPELTA
      expert system in supporting the decision making of 4 SLPs treating children in
      three special education institutions in Ecuador. The expert system was first
      trained with data from 117 cases, including medical data; diagnosis for voice,
      speech, language and swallowing capabilities; and therapy plans created manually
      by the SLPs. It was then used to automatically generate new therapy plans for 13
      new patients. The SLPs were finally asked to evaluate the accuracy, consistency,
      and completeness of those plans. A four-fold cross-validation experiment was also
      run on the original corpus of 117 cases in order to assess the significance of
      the results. RESULTS: The evaluation showed that 87% of the outputs provided by
      the SPELTA expert system were considered valid therapy plans for the different
      areas. The SLPs rated the overall accuracy, consistency, and completeness of the
      proposed activities with 4.65, 4.6, and 4.6 points (to a maximum of 5),
      respectively. The ratings for the subplans generated for the areas of hearing,
      oral structure and function, and linguistic formulation were nearly perfect,
      whereas the subplans for expressive language and articulation and for receptive
      language failed to deal properly with some of the subject cases. Overall, the
      SLPs indicated that over 90% of the subplans generated automatically were "better
      than" or "as good as" what the SLPs would have created manually if given the
      average time they can devote to the task. The cross-validation experiment yielded
      very similar results. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the SPELTA expert system
      provides valuable input for SLPs to design proper therapy plans for their
      patients, in a shorter time and considering a larger set of activities than
      proceeding manually. The algorithms worked well even in the presence of a sparse
      corpus, and the evidence suggests that the system will become more reliable as it
      is trained with more subjects.

PMID- 27370072
TI  - A Recursive Partitioning Method for the Prediction of Preference Rankings Based
      Upon Kemeny Distances.
AB  - Preference rankings usually depend on the characteristics of both the individuals
      judging a set of objects and the objects being judged. This topic has been
      handled in the literature with log-linear representations of the generalized
      Bradley-Terry model and, recently, with distance-based tree models for rankings.
      A limitation of these approaches is that they only work with full rankings or
      with a pre-specified pattern governing the presence of ties, and/or they are
      based on quite strict distributional assumptions. To overcome these limitations,
      we propose a new prediction tree method for ranking data that is totally
      distribution-free. It combines Kemeny's axiomatic approach to define a unique
      distance between rankings with the CART approach to find a stable prediction
      tree. Furthermore, our method is not limited by any particular design of the
      pattern of ties. The method is evaluated in an extensive full-factorial Monte
      Carlo study with a new simulation design.

PMID- 27370074
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370075
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370073
TI  - The Speaking Voice in the General Population: Normative Data and Associations to
      Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Normative data concerning the speaking voice in the general
      population were gathered with the aim to establish standard values for clinical
      diagnostics. Associations between the speaking voice and sociodemographic factors
      were examined. STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective cross-sectional population
      based study. METHODS: Speaking voice profiles were measured for 2472 (1154 male
      and 1318 female) participants between the ages of 40 and 79 years, using four
      speaking voice intensity levels: softest speaking voice (I), conversational voice
      (II), classroom voice (III), and shouting voice (IV). Smoking status and
      socioeconomic status were assessed. Data were analyzed using multivariate
      regression. RESULTS: The mean voice frequencies were 111.8 Hz for male and 161.3
      Hz for female participants (I), 111.9 Hz for male and 168.5 Hz for female
      participants (II), 130.2 Hz for male and 198.0 Hz for female participants (III),
      and 175.5 Hz for male and 246.2 Hz for female participants (IV). Frequencies
      increased significantly with age for male but not for female participants. Sound
      pressure levels rose significantly with age at intensity levels I-III for both
      sexes, but decreased at intensity level IV. Frequencies and sound pressure levels
      were similar between nonsmokers and former smokers. Current smokers showed
      significantly lower frequencies as opposed to non- and former smokers. Speaking
      voice range and dynamics increased with higher socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS:
      The data are suitable as age-adjusted normative values for clinical measurement
      of the speaking voice. The mean fundamental speaking voice frequency of female
      participants was six to seven semitones lower than previously described.

PMID- 27370076
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370077
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370078
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370080
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370079
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370081
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370083
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370082
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370084
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370086
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370085
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370087
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370088
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370089
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370090
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370091
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370093
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370092
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370094
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370095
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370096
TI  - Importance of Managing for Personal Benefits, Hedonic and Utilitarian
      Motivations, and Place Attachment at an Urban Natural Setting.
AB  - Research on antecedents of place attachment suggests that the special bonds
      people form with nature are influenced by a number of variables. This study
      examines associations between the perceived importance of managing for personal
      benefits, motivations, and place attachment among outdoor recreationists at an
      urban natural setting. Motivation was conceptualized as two-dimensional (Hedonic
      and Utilitarian) borrowed from the retail and consumer marketing field and
      previously unused in a natural resource recreation context. Hedonic and
      utilitarian motivations represent the experiential and functional dimensions of
      motivation, respectively. Relationships between the noted variables were examined
      through structural equation modeling. Data from an onsite survey of 219 users
      indicated that it was important the resource be managed to provide greater
      freedom from urban living as well as improved mental well-being. Furthermore,
      respondents exhibited moderate levels of hedonic and utilitarian motivations as
      well as attachment to the resource. The structural equation analysis resulted in
      a good fitting model with several significant relationships emerging. Among
      these, the perceived importance of managing for personal benefits positively
      influenced hedonic and utilitarian motivations. In addition, hedonic motivations
      positively influenced place attachment development, whereas utilitarian
      motivations did not. Implications of these findings are discussed.

PMID- 27370097
TI  - Hypouricemic effect of allopurinol are improved by Pallidifloside D based on the
      uric acid metabolism enzymes PRPS, HGPRT and PRPPAT.
AB  - Allopurinol is a commonly used medication to treat hyperuricemia and its
      complications. Pallidifloside D, a saponin glycoside constituent from the total
      saponins of Smilax riparia, had been proved to enhanced hypouricemic effect of
      allopurinol based on uric acid metabolism enzyme XOD. In this study, we evaluated
      whether Pallidifloside D (5mg/kg) enhanced hypouricemic effect of allopurinol
      (5mg/kg) related to others uric acid metabolism enzymes such as PRPS, HGPRT and
      PRPPAT. We found that, compared with allopurinol alone, the combination of
      allopurinol and Pallidifloside D significantly up-regulated HGPRT mRNA expression
      and down-regulated the mRNA expression of PRPS and PRPPAT in PC12 cells (all
      P<0.01). These results strongly suggest that hypouricemic effect of allopurinol
      are improved by Pallidifloside D via numerous mechanisms and our data may have a
      potential value in clinical practice in the treatment of gout and other
      hyperuricemic conditions. 

PMID- 27370098
TI  - Quantitatively metabolic profiles of salvianolic acids in rats after gastric
      administration of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract.
AB  - Salvianolic acids, the well-known active components in Salvia miltiorrhiza, have
      been shown to possess markedly pharmacological activities. However, due to the
      complex in vivo course after administration, the pharmacologically active forms
      are still poorly understood. In present study, we evaluated the stability of
      eight major salvianolic acids from Danshen extract under different chemical and
      physiological conditions. We also quantitatively explained the absorption,
      metabolism and excretion of these salvianolic acids in rats after gastric
      administration, which was carried out by simultaneously determining the amounts
      of salvianolic acids and their metabolites in the rat gastrointestinal contents,
      gastrointestinal mucosa, plasma, bile and urine. We found that: 1) protocatechuic
      aldehyde (PAL) was much stable whether in acidic environment (pH4.0) or in
      alkaline environment (pH8.0), while other salvianolic acids were stable in acidic
      environment and instable in alkaline environment; 2) PAL, salvianoli acid A (SAA)
      and salvianolic acid B (SAB) were instable whether in rat stomach or in small
      intestine, while other salvianolic acids were stable in rat stomach and instable
      in small intestine; 3) after gastric-administration, except PAL and Danshensu
      (DSS), other phenolic acids would be metabolized into DSS and caffeic acid (CA)
      in the rat gastrointestinal tract before absorption, and only free and
      glucuronidated PAL, CA and DSS were detected in rat plasma, bile and urine. In
      conclusion, it was the free and glucuronidated PAL, CA and DSS rather than the
      prototypes of other salvianolic acids that were present in plasma with
      considerable concentrations after gastric-administration. 

PMID- 27370099
TI  - Asperosaponin VI promotes progesterone receptor expression in decidual cells via
      the notch signaling pathway.
AB  - Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a common clinical condition, but its
      reasons remain unknown in 37-79% of the affected women. The steroid hormone
      progesterone (P4) is an integral mediator of early pregnancy events, exerting its
      effects via the progesterone receptor (PR). Dipsaci Radix (DR) has long been used
      for treating gynecological diseases in Chinese medicine, while its molecular
      mechanisms and active ingredients are still unclear. We report here the
      progesterone-like effects of the alcohol extraction and Asperosaponin VI from DR
      in primary decidual cells and HeLa cell line. We first determined the safe
      concentration of Asperosaponin VI in the cells with MTT assay and then found by
      using dual luciferase reporter and Western blotting that Asperosaponin VI
      significantly increased PR expression. Moreover, we explored the mechanisms of
      action of the DR extracts and Asperosaponin VI, and the results showed that they
      could activate Notch signaling, suggesting that they may function by promoting
      decidualization. 

PMID- 27370100
TI  - Baicalein modulates stress-resistance and life span in C. elegans via SKN-1 but
      not DAF-16.
AB  - The flavonoid baicalein has been demonstrated to be an activator of the
      transcription factor Nrf2 in mammalian cell lines. We show that it further
      modulates the Nrf2 homolog SKN-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans and by this pathway
      mediates beneficial effects in the nematode: baicalein enhances the resistance of
      C. elegans against lethal thermal and sodium arsenite stress and dose-dependently
      prolongs the life span of the nematode. Using RNA interference against SKN-1 we
      were able to show that the induction of longevity and the enhanced stress
      resistance were dependent on this transcription factor. DAF-16 (homolog to
      mammalian FOXO) is another pivotal aging-related transcription factor in the
      nematode. We demonstrate that DAF-16 does not participate in the beneficial
      effects of baicalein: since baicalein causes no increase in the nuclear
      translocation of DAF-16 (DAF-16::GFP expressing strain, incubation time: 1h) and
      it still induces longevity even in a DAF-16 loss-of-function strain, we conclude,
      that baicalein increases stress-resistance and life span in C. elegans via SKN-1
      but not DAF-16. 

PMID- 27370101
TI  - Butenolide derivatives from the plant endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus.
AB  - Three new butenolides containing 5-hydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one core, asperteretal A
      (1), asperteretal B (2), and asperteretal C (3), together with seven known
      butenolides (4-10), were obtained from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus
      PR-P-2 isolated from the plant Camellia sinensis var. assamica. The structures of
      compounds 1-3 were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis
      including UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and ECD spectra. Compounds 1, 3, 5 and
      6-8 showed potent inhibitory effects on NO production in RAW 264.7
      lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages, and compounds 5 and 8 also exhibited
      moderate cytotoxicity against HL-60 cell line. 

PMID- 27370102
TI  - Does the method of botulinum neurotoxin injection for limb spasticity affect
      outcomes? A systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To systematically review randomized controlled trials of botulinum
      neurotoxin for limb spasticity to determine whether different injection
      techniques affect spasticity outcomes. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials electronic databases were searched
      for English language human randomized controlled trials from 1990 to 13 May 2016.
      Studies were assessed in duplicate for data extraction and risk of bias using the
      Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and graded according to Sackett's levels of
      evidence. RESULTS: Nine of 347 studies screened met selection criteria. Four
      categories of botulinum neurotoxin injection techniques were identified: (1)
      injection localization technique; (2) injection site selection; (3) injectate
      volume; (4) injection volume and site selection. There is level 1 evidence that:
      ultrasound, electromyography, and electrostimulation are superior to manual
      needle placement; endplate injections improve outcomes vs. multisite quadrant
      injections; motor point injections are equivalent to multisite injections; high
      volume injections are similar to low volume injections; and high volume
      injections distant from the endplate are more efficacious than low volumes closer
      to the endplate. CONCLUSION: Level 1 evidence exists for differences in treatment
      outcomes using specific botulinum neurotoxin injection techniques. Findings are
      based on single studies that require independent replication and further study.

PMID- 27370103
TI  - Recent advances in the management of atypical meningiomas.
AB  - Based on the 2007 WHO classification, the proportion of atypical meningiomas has
      steeply increased. Complete resection is usually considered curative, however,
      the recurrence rate remains high. The treatment of more aggressive meningiomas
      remains problematic. We performed a literature review via the PubMed database
      with specific attention to radiological, pathological, genetic and molecular
      aspects particular to WHO grade II meningiomas and current therapeutic
      strategies. We also reviewed the role of surgery and summarized the results of
      the principal studies dealing with adjuvant strategies based on the most recent
      evidence. Adjuvant radiotherapy, administered as stereotactic radiosurgery or
      conventional external beam irradiation, should be strongly considered in selected
      cases. Limited data exist regarding the role of hormonal treatment or
      chemotherapy as adjunct therapy. A target therapy modulating the altered
      molecular balance may be the key to revolutionize the prognosis of these
      patients. 

PMID- 27370104
TI  - Erratum to: Kidney Injury and Alterations of Inflammatory Cytokine Expressions in
      Mice Following Long-Term Exposure to Cerium Chloride.

PMID- 27370105
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27370107
TI  - Wisdom and tenacity: Our inseparable companions on this long and hard road.

PMID- 27370106
TI  - Complexity and multi-factoriality of Trypanosoma cruzi sylvatic cycle in coatis,
      Nasua nasua (Procyonidae), and triatomine bugs in the Brazilian Pantanal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma cruzi is dispersed in nature through many transmission
      mechanisms among a high diversity of vectors and mammalian species, representing
      particular behaviors and habitats. Thus, each locality has a unique set of
      conditions underlying the maintenance of this parasite in the wild. The aim of
      the present study was to evaluate the life-cycle of T. cruzi in free-ranging
      coatis from the central region of the Brazilian Pantanal using a multi-factorial
      approach. METHODS: Three methodological blocks were used in the present study:
      (i) We evaluated T. cruzi infection using serological (ELISA) and parasitological
      (hemoculture) tests in free-ranging coatis captured from October 2010 to March
      2012. In addition, we characterized T. cruzi isolates as DTUs (Discrete Typing
      Units); (ii) We evaluated Trypanosoma infection in species of Triatoma and
      Rhodnius inhabiting coati arboreal nests from May to September 2012 using
      parasitological and molecular assays; and (iii) We analyzed a set of longitudinal
      data (from 2005 to 2012) concerning the effects of T. cruzi infection on this
      coati population. Herein, we investigated whether seasonality, host sex, and host
      age influence T. cruzi prevalence and patterns of infection. RESULTS: The 2010
      2012 period presented high seroprevalence on coatis (72.0 % ELISA) and a high
      percentage of individuals with infectivity competence (20.5 % positive
      hemoculture). All isolates presented TcI band patterns, occurring in single (n =
      3) and mixed infections (1 TcI/T. rangeli; 4 with undefined characterization).
      Both male and female individuals presented the same transmission potential,
      expressed as positive hemoculture, which was only detected in the summer.
      However, overall, the data (2005-2012) highlighted the importance of females for
      T. cruzi maintenance in the winter. Moreover, twenty-three (67.6 %) bugs from
      five coati nests (71.4 %) were infected with flagellated forms. Seventeen samples
      were characterized as T. cruzi (TcI and TcIII genotypes). CONCLUSION: In the
      Pantanal region, T. cruzi is transmitted in a complex, multifactorial, dynamic
      and non-linear transmission web. The coati nests might be inserted in this web,
      acting as important transmission foci at the arboreal stratum to different mammal
      species with arboreal or scansorial behavior.

PMID- 27370108
TI  - You are not alone!

PMID- 27370109
TI  - Microsecond Rearrangements of Hydrophobic Clusters in an Initially Collapsed
      Globule Prime Structure Formation during the Folding of a Small Protein.
AB  - Determining how polypeptide chain collapse initiates structure formation during
      protein folding is a long standing goal. It has been challenging to characterize
      experimentally the dynamics of the polypeptide chain, which lead to the formation
      of a compact kinetic molten globule (MG) in about a millisecond. In this study,
      the sub-millisecond events that occur early during the folding of monellin from
      the guanidine hydrochloride-unfolded state have been characterized using multiple
      fluorescence and fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes. The kinetic MG is
      shown to form in a noncooperative manner from the unfolded (U) state as a result
      of at least three different processes happening during the first millisecond of
      folding. Initial chain compaction completes within the first 37MUs, and further
      compaction occurs only after structure formation commences at a few milliseconds
      of folding. The transient nonnative and native-like hydrophobic clusters with
      side chains of certain residues buried form during the initial chain collapse and
      the nonnative clusters quickly disassemble. Subsequently, partial chain
      desolvation occurs, leading to the formation of a kinetic MG. The initial chain
      compaction and subsequent chain rearrangement appear to be barrierless processes.
      The two structural rearrangements within the collapsed globule appear to prime
      the protein for the actual folding transition.

PMID- 27370110
TI  - In vitro determination of the solubility limit of cholesterol in phospholipid
      bilayers.
AB  - Cholesterol has limited solubility in phospholipid bilayers. The solubility limit
      is strongly dependent on the nature of the lipid with which the cholesterol is
      mixed while properties of the crystals formed can be modified by phospholipid
      cholesterol interactions. In this review we summarize the various methods that
      have been developed to prepare hydrated mixtures of cholesterol and phospholipid.
      We point out some of the factors that determine the form adopted when cholesterol
      crystallizes in such mixtures, i.e. two- or three-dimensional, monohydrate or
      anhydrous. These differences can greatly affect the ability to experimentally
      detect the presence of these crystals in a membrane. Several methods for
      detecting cholesterol crystals are discussed and compared including DSC, X-ray
      and GIXRD diffraction methods, NMR and EPR spectroscopy. The importance of the
      history of the sample in determining the amount and nature of the cholesterol
      crystals formed is emphasized. 

PMID- 27370111
TI  - Introduction to the Special Issue on "Properties and Functions of Cholesterol".

PMID- 27370112
TI  - Within the next five years, adaptive hypofractionation will become the most
      common form of radiotherapy.

PMID- 27370113
TI  - An efficient computational approach to model statistical correlations in photon
      counting x-ray detectors.
AB  - PURPOSE: To introduce and evaluate an increment matrix approach (IMA) describing
      the signal statistics of energy-selective photon counting detectors including
      spatial-spectral correlations between energy bins of neighboring detector pixels.
      The importance of the occurring correlations for image-based material
      decomposition is studied. METHODS: An IMA describing the counter increase
      patterns in a photon counting detector is proposed. This IMA has the potential to
      decrease the number of required random numbers compared to Monte Carlo
      simulations by pursuing an approach based on convolutions. To validate and
      demonstrate the IMA, an approximate semirealistic detector model is provided,
      simulating a photon counting detector in a simplified manner, e.g., by neglecting
      count rate-dependent effects. In this way, the spatial-spectral correlations on
      the detector level are obtained and fed into the IMA. The importance of these
      correlations in reconstructed energy bin images and the corresponding detector
      performance in image-based material decomposition is evaluated using a
      statistically optimal decomposition algorithm. RESULTS: The results of IMA
      together with the semirealistic detector model were compared to other models and
      measurements using the spectral response and the energy bin sensitivity, finding
      a good agreement. Correlations between the different reconstructed energy bin
      images could be observed, and turned out to be of weak nature. These correlations
      were found to be not relevant in image-based material decomposition. An even
      simpler simulation procedure based on the energy bin sensitivity was tested
      instead and yielded similar results for the image-based material decomposition
      task, as long as the fact that one incident photon can increase multiple counters
      across neighboring detector pixels is taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: The IMA is
      computationally efficient as it required about 10(2) random numbers per ray
      incident on a detector pixel instead of an estimated 10(8) random numbers per ray
      as Monte Carlo approaches would need. The spatial-spectral correlations as
      described by IMA are not important for the studied image-based material
      decomposition task. Respecting the absolute photon counts and thus the multiple
      counter increases by a single x-ray photon, the same material decomposition
      performance could be obtained with a simpler detector description using the
      energy bin sensitivity.

PMID- 27370114
TI  - Consequences of air around an ionization chamber: Are existing solid phantoms
      suitable for reference dosimetry on an MR-linac?
AB  - PURPOSE: A protocol for reference dosimetry for the MR-linac is under
      development. The 1.5 T magnetic field changes the mean path length of electrons
      in an air-filled ionization chamber but has little effect on the electron
      trajectories in a surrounding phantom. It is therefore necessary to correct the
      response of an ionization chamber for the influence of the magnetic field. Solid
      phantoms are used for dosimetry measurements on the MR-linac, but air is present
      between the chamber wall and phantom insert. This study aimed to determine if
      this air influences the ion chamber measurements on the MR-linac. The absolute
      response of the chamber and reproducibility of dosimetry measurements were
      assessed on an MR-linac in solid and water phantoms. The sensitivity of the
      chamber response to the distribution of air around the chamber was also
      investigated. METHODS: Measurements were performed on an MR-linac and replicated
      on a conventional linac for five chambers. The response of three waterproof
      chambers was measured with air and with water between the chamber and the insert
      to measure the influence of the air volume on absolute chamber response. The
      distribution of air around the chamber was varied indirectly by rotating each
      chamber about the longitudinal chamber axis in a solid phantom and a water
      phantom (waterproof chambers only) and measuring the angular dependence of the
      chamber response, and varied directly by displacing the chamber in the phantom
      insert using a paper shim positioned at different orientations between the
      chamber casing and the insert. RESULTS: The responses of the three waterproof
      chambers measured on the MR-linac were 0.7%-1.2% higher with water than air in
      the chamber insert. The responses of the chambers on the conventional linac
      changed by less than 0.3% when air in the insert was replaced with water. The
      angular dependence of the chambers ranged from 0.6% to 1.9% in the solid phantom
      on the MR-linac but was less than 0.5% in water on the MR-linac and less than
      0.3% in the solid phantom on the conventional linac. Inserting a shim around the
      chamber induced changes of the chamber response in a magnetic field of up to
      2.2%, but the change in chamber response on the conventional linac was less than
      0.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction between the magnetic field and secondary
      electrons in the air around the chamber reduces the charge collected from 0.7% to
      1.2%. The large angular dependence of ion chambers measured in the plastic
      phantom in a magnetic field appears to arise from a change of air distribution as
      the chamber is moved within the insert, rather than an intrinsic isotropy of the
      chamber sensitivity to radiation. It is recommended that reference dosimetry
      measurements on the MR-linac can be performed only in water, rather than in
      existing plastic phantoms.

PMID- 27370115
TI  - Online 3D EPID-based dose verification: Proof of concept.
AB  - PURPOSE: Delivery errors during radiotherapy may lead to medical harm and reduced
      life expectancy for patients. Such serious incidents can be avoided by performing
      dose verification online, i.e., while the patient is being irradiated, creating
      the possibility of halting the linac in case of a large overdosage or
      underdosage. The offline EPID-based 3D in vivo dosimetry system clinically
      employed at our institute is in principle suited for online treatment
      verification, provided the system is able to complete 3D dose reconstruction and
      verification within 420 ms, the present acquisition time of a single EPID frame.
      It is the aim of this study to show that our EPID-based dosimetry system can be
      made fast enough to achieve online 3D in vivo dose verification. METHODS: The
      current dose verification system was sped up in two ways. First, a new software
      package was developed to perform all computations that are not dependent on
      portal image acquisition separately, thus removing the need for doing these
      calculations in real time. Second, the 3D dose reconstruction algorithm was sped
      up via a new, multithreaded implementation. Dose verification was implemented by
      comparing planned with reconstructed 3D dose distributions delivered to two
      regions in a patient: the target volume and the nontarget volume receiving at
      least 10 cGy. In both volumes, the mean dose is compared, while in the nontarget
      volume, the near-maximum dose (D2) is compared as well. The real-time dosimetry
      system was tested by irradiating an anthropomorphic phantom with three VMAT
      plans: a 6 MV head-and-neck treatment plan, a 10 MV rectum treatment plan, and a
      10 MV prostate treatment plan. In all plans, two types of serious delivery errors
      were introduced. The functionality of automatically halting the linac was also
      implemented and tested. RESULTS: The precomputation time per treatment was ~180
      s/treatment arc, depending on gantry angle resolution. The complete processing of
      a single portal frame, including dose verification, took 266 +/- 11 ms on a dual
      octocore Intel Xeon E5-2630 CPU running at 2.40 GHz. The introduced delivery
      errors were detected after 5-10 s irradiation time. CONCLUSIONS: A prototype
      online 3D dose verification tool using portal imaging has been developed and
      successfully tested for two different kinds of gross delivery errors. Thus,
      online 3D dose verification has been technologically achieved.

PMID- 27370116
TI  - Quantitative analysis of treatment process time and throughput capacity for spot
      scanning proton therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the patient throughput and the overall efficiency of the
      spot scanning system by analyzing treatment time, equipment availability, and
      maximum daily capacity for the current spot scanning port at Proton Therapy
      Center Houston and to assess the daily throughput capacity for a hypothetical
      spot scanning proton therapy center. METHODS: At their proton therapy center, the
      authors have been recording in an electronic medical record system all treatment
      data, including disease site, number of fields, number of fractions, delivered
      dose, energy, range, number of spots, and number of layers for every treatment
      field. The authors analyzed delivery system downtimes that had been recorded for
      every equipment failure and associated incidents. These data were used to
      evaluate the patient census, patient distribution as a function of the number of
      fields and total target volume, and equipment clinical availability. The duration
      of each treatment session from patient walk-in to patient walk-out of the spot
      scanning treatment room was measured for 64 patients with head and neck, central
      nervous system, thoracic, and genitourinary cancers. The authors retrieved data
      for total target volume and the numbers of layers and spots for all fields from
      treatment plans for a total of 271 patients (including the above 64 patients). A
      sensitivity analysis of daily throughput capacity was performed by varying seven
      parameters in a throughput capacity model. RESULTS: The mean monthly equipment
      clinical availability for the spot scanning port in April 2012-March 2015 was
      98.5%. Approximately 1500 patients had received spot scanning proton therapy as
      of March 2015. The major disease sites treated in September 2012-August 2014 were
      the genitourinary system (34%), head and neck (30%), central nervous system
      (21%), and thorax (14%), with other sites accounting for the remaining 1%. Spot
      scanning beam delivery time increased with total target volume and accounted for
      approximately 30%-40% of total treatment time for the total target volumes
      exceeding 200 cm(3), which was the case for more than 80% of the patients in this
      study. When total treatment time was modeled as a function of the number of
      fields and total target volume, the model overestimated total treatment time by
      12% on average, with a standard deviation of 32%. A sensitivity analysis of
      throughput capacity for a hypothetical four-room spot scanning proton therapy
      center identified several priority items for improvements in throughput capacity,
      including operation time, beam delivery time, and patient immobilization and
      setup time. CONCLUSIONS: The spot scanning port at our proton therapy center has
      operated at a high performance level and has been used to treat a large number of
      complex cases. Further improvements in efficiency may be feasible in the areas of
      facility operation, beam delivery, patient immobilization and setup, and
      optimization of treatment scheduling.

PMID- 27370117
TI  - Two schemes for quantitative photoacoustic tomography based on Monte Carlo
      simulation.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop novel methods for photoacoustically
      determining the optical absorption coefficient of biological tissues using Monte
      Carlo (MC) simulation. METHODS: In this study, the authors propose two
      quantitative photoacoustic tomography (PAT) methods for mapping the optical
      absorption coefficient. The reconstruction methods combine conventional PAT with
      MC simulation in a novel way to determine the optical absorption coefficient of
      biological tissues or organs. Specifically, the authors' two schemes were
      theoretically and experimentally examined using simulations, tissue-mimicking
      phantoms, ex vivo, and in vivo tests. In particular, the authors explored these
      methods using several objects with different absorption contrasts embedded in
      turbid media and by using high-absorption media when the diffusion approximation
      was not effective at describing the photon transport. RESULTS: The simulations
      and experimental tests showed that the reconstructions were quantitatively
      accurate in terms of the locations, sizes, and optical properties of the targets.
      The positions of the recovered targets were accessed by the property profiles,
      where the authors discovered that the off center error was less than 0.1 mm for
      the circular target. Meanwhile, the sizes and quantitative optical properties of
      the targets were quantified by estimating the full width half maximum of the
      optical absorption property. Interestingly, for the reconstructed sizes, the
      authors discovered that the errors ranged from 0 for relatively small-size
      targets to 26% for relatively large-size targets whereas for the recovered
      optical properties, the errors ranged from 0% to 12.5% for different cases.
      CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that their methods can quantitatively reconstruct
      absorbing objects of different sizes and optical contrasts even when the
      diffusion approximation is unable to accurately describe the photon propagation
      in biological tissues. In particular, their methods are able to resolve the
      intrinsic difficulties that occur when quantitative PAT is conducted by combining
      conventional PAT with the diffusion approximation or with radiation transport
      modeling.

PMID- 27370118
TI  - Single-energy computed tomography-based pulmonary perfusion imaging: Proof-of
      principle in a canine model.
AB  - PURPOSE: Radiotherapy (RT) that selectively avoids irradiating highly functional
      lung regions may reduce pulmonary toxicity, which is substantial in lung cancer
      RT. Single-energy computed tomography (CT) pulmonary perfusion imaging has
      several advantages (e.g., higher resolution) over other modalities and has great
      potential for widespread clinical implementation, particularly in RT. The purpose
      of this study was to establish proof-of-principle for single-energy CT perfusion
      imaging. METHODS: Single-energy CT perfusion imaging is based on the following:
      (1) acquisition of end-inspiratory breath-hold CT scans before and after
      intravenous injection of iodinated contrast agents, (2) deformable image
      registration (DIR) for spatial mapping of those two CT image data sets, and (3)
      subtraction of the precontrast image data set from the postcontrast image data
      set, yielding a map of regional Hounsfield unit (HU) enhancement, a surrogate for
      regional perfusion. In a protocol approved by the institutional animal care and
      use committee, the authors acquired CT scans in the prone position for a total of
      14 anesthetized canines (seven canines with normal lungs and seven canines with
      diseased lungs). The elastix algorithm was used for DIR. The accuracy of DIR was
      evaluated based on the target registration error (TRE) of 50 anatomic pulmonary
      landmarks per subject for 10 randomly selected subjects as well as on
      singularities (i.e., regions where the displacement vector field is not
      bijective). Prior to perfusion computation, HUs of the precontrast end
      inspiratory image were corrected for variation in the lung inflation level
      between the precontrast and postcontrast end-inspiratory CT scans, using a model
      built from two additional precontrast CT scans at end-expiration and
      midinspiration. The authors also assessed spatial heterogeneity and
      gravitationally directed gradients of regional perfusion for normal lung subjects
      and diseased lung subjects using a two-sample two-tailed t-test. RESULTS: The
      mean TRE (and standard deviation) was 0.6 +/- 0.7 mm (smaller than the voxel
      dimension) for DIR between pre contrast and postcontrast end-inspiratory CT image
      data sets. No singularities were observed in the displacement vector fields. The
      mean HU enhancement (and standard deviation) was 37.3 +/- 10.5 HU for normal lung
      subjects and 30.7 +/- 13.5 HU for diseased lung subjects. Spatial heterogeneity
      of regional perfusion was found to be higher for diseased lung subjects than for
      normal lung subjects, i.e., a mean coefficient of variation of 2.06 vs 1.59 (p =
      0.07). The average gravitationally directed gradient was strong and significant
      (R(2) = 0.99, p < 0.01) for normal lung dogs, whereas it was moderate and
      nonsignificant (R(2) = 0.61, p = 0.12) for diseased lung dogs. CONCLUSIONS: This
      canine study demonstrated the accuracy of DIR with subvoxel TREs on average,
      higher spatial heterogeneity of regional perfusion for diseased lung subjects
      than for normal lung subjects, and a strong gravitationally directed gradient for
      normal lung subjects, providing proof-of-principle for single-energy CT pulmonary
      perfusion imaging. Further studies such as comparison with other perfusion
      imaging modalities will be necessary to validate the physiological significance.

PMID- 27370119
TI  - Aging effect on microcirculation: A multiscale entropy approach on laser speckle
      contrast images.
AB  - PURPOSE: It has long been known that age plays a crucial role in the
      deterioration of microvessels. The assessment of such deteriorations can be
      achieved by monitoring microvascular blood flow. Laser speckle contrast imaging
      (LSCI) is a powerful optical imaging tool that provides two-dimensional
      information on microvascular blood flow. The technique has recently been
      commercialized, and hence, few works discuss the postacquisition processing of
      laser speckle contrast images recorded in vivo. By applying entropy-based
      complexity measures to LSCI time series, we present herein the first attempt to
      study the effect of aging on microcirculation by measuring the complexity of
      microvascular signals over multiple time scales. METHODS: Forearm skin
      microvascular blood flow was studied with LSCI in 18 healthy subjects. The
      subjects were subdivided into two age groups: younger (20-30 years old, n = 9)
      and older (50-68 years old, n = 9). To estimate age-dependent changes in
      microvascular blood flow, we applied three entropy-based complexity algorithms to
      LSCI time series. RESULTS: The application of entropy-based complexity algorithms
      to LSCI time series can differentiate younger from older groups: the data
      fluctuations in the younger group have a significantly higher complexity than
      those obtained from the older group. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of aging on
      microcirculation can be estimated by using entropy-based complexity algorithms to
      LSCI time series.

PMID- 27370120
TI  - Technical Note: Gray tracking in medical color displays-A report of Task Group
      196.
AB  - PURPOSE: The authors discuss measurement methods and instrumentation useful for
      the characterization of the gray tracking performance of medical color monitors
      for diagnostic applications. The authors define gray tracking as the variability
      in the chromaticity of the gray levels in a color monitor. METHODS: The authors
      present data regarding the capability of color measurement instruments with
      respect to their abilities to measure a target white point corresponding to the
      CIE Standard Illuminant D65 at different luminance values within the grayscale
      palette of a medical display. The authors then discuss evidence of significant
      differences in performance among color measurement instruments currently
      available for medical physicists to perform calibrations and image quality checks
      for the consistent representation of color in medical displays. In addition, the
      authors introduce two metrics for quantifying grayscale chromaticity consistency
      of gray tracking. RESULTS: The authors' findings show that there is an order of
      magnitude difference in the accuracy of field and reference instruments. The gray
      tracking metrics quantify how close the grayscale chromaticity is to the
      chromaticity of the full white point (equal amounts of red, green, and blue at
      maximum level) or to consecutive levels (equal values for red, green, and blue),
      with a lower value representing an improved grayscale tracking performance. An
      illustrative example of how to calculate and report the gray tracking performance
      according to the Task Group definitions is provided. CONCLUSIONS: The authors'
      proposed methodology for characterizing the grayscale degradation in chromaticity
      for color monitors that can be used to establish standards and procedures aiding
      in the quality control testing of color displays and color measurement
      instrumentation.

PMID- 27370121
TI  - Clinical evaluation of a medical high dynamic range display.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recent new medical displays do have higher contrast and higher luminance
      but do not have a High Dynamic Range (HDR). HDR implies a minimum luminance value
      close to zero. A medical HDR display prototype based on two Liquid Crystal layers
      has been developed. The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential clinical
      benefit of such display in comparison with a low dynamic range (LDR) display.
      METHODS: The study evaluated the clinical performance of the displays in a search
      and detection task. Eight radiologists read chest x-ray images some of which
      contained simulated lung nodules. The study used a JAFROC (Jacknife Free Receiver
      Operating Characteristic) approach for analyzing FROC data. The calculated figure
      of merit (FoM) is the probability that a lesion is rated higher than all rated
      nonlesions on all images. Time per case and accuracy for locating the center of
      the nodules were also compared. The nodules were simulated using Samei's model.
      214 CR and DR images [half were "healthy images" (chest nodule-free) and half
      "diseased images"] were used resulting in a total number of nodules equal to 199
      with 25 images with 1 nodule, 51 images with 2 nodules, and 24 images with 3
      nodules. A dedicated software interface was designed for visualizing the images
      for each session. For the JAFROC1 statistical analysis, the study is done per
      nodule category: all nodules, difficult nodules, and very difficult nodules.
      RESULTS: For all nodules, the averaged FoMHDR is slightly higher than FoMLDR with
      0.09% of difference. For the difficult nodules, the averaged FoMHDR is slightly
      higher than FoMLDR with 1.38% of difference. The averaged FoMHDR is slightly
      higher than FoMLDR with 0.71% of difference. For the true positive fraction
      (TPF), both displays (the HDR and the LDR ones) have similar TPF for all nodules,
      but looking at difficult and very difficult nodules, there are more TP for the
      HDR display. The true positive fraction has been also computed in function of the
      local average luminance around the nodules. For the lowest luminance range, there
      is more than 30% in favor of the HDR display. For the highest luminance range,
      there is less than 6% in favor of the LDR display. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows
      the potential benefit of using a HDR display in radiology.

PMID- 27370122
TI  - Characterization of air temperature in modern ion chambers due to phantom
      geometry and ambient temperature changes.
AB  - PURPOSE: Temperature and pressure corrections are necessary to account for the
      varying mass of air in the sensitive volume of a vented ionization chamber (IC)
      when performing absolute dose measurements. Locations commonly used to measure
      the presumed IC air temperature may not accurately represent the chamber cavity
      air temperature, and phantoms undergoing temperature changes further compound the
      problem. Prior studies have characterized thermal equilibrium in separate
      phantoms for Farmer chambers alone. However, the purpose of this study was to
      characterize the cavity air temperature dependence on changes in the ambient
      temperature and phantom geometry configuration for a wider and more modern
      variety of chambers to determine if previously published wait times apply to
      these chambers as well. METHODS: Thermal conduction properties were
      experimentally investigated by modifying a PTW 0.3 cm(3) Semiflex IC with a
      thermocouple replacing the central electrode. Air cavity temperature versus time
      was recorded in three phantom geometries characteristic of common absolute dose
      measurements. The phantoms were (15 +/- 1)  degrees C before measurement with an
      IC at the treatment vault temperature of (21 +/- 1)  degrees C. Simulations were
      conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the measurements and to simulate
      temperature response of a PTW PinPoint(r) and Farmer chamber. The simulation
      methods were first validated by comparison with measured Semiflex chamber thermal
      response curves before extension to the other chambers. RESULTS: Two thermal
      equilibria curves were recorded on different time scales. IC temperature
      initially dropped to the colder phantom temperature but subsequently increased as
      the phantom itself equilibrated with the warmer room temperature. In a large
      phantom of dimensions (25.5 * 25.5 * 23.4) cm(3), 3 min was required before the
      IC temperature reached within 0.5  degrees C of its equilibrium within the
      phantom. Similarly, wait times of 2 min were needed for 7.5 and 2 cm slab
      phantoms. CONCLUSIONS: Recording of temperature in the phantom was deemed far
      more accurate than measurement in ambient air due to the air cavity thermally
      equilibrating with phantom temperature instead of the vented ambient air. Wait
      times of 3 and 2 min are needed for a cube and 7.5 cm slab phantom, respectively,
      to achieve 0.2% dosimetric accuracy (temperature accuracy of 0.5  degrees C).
      Chamber volume alone did not determine wait times, as a 0.3 cm(3) IC required a
      longer wait time than a Farmer chamber, suggesting wall thickness as an important
      variable as well.

PMID- 27370123
TI  - A GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo dose calculation platform and its application
      toward validating an MRI-guided radiation therapy beam model.
AB  - PURPOSE: The clinical commissioning of IMRT subject to a magnetic field is
      challenging. The purpose of this work is to develop a GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo
      dose calculation platform based on penelope and then use the platform to validate
      a vendor-provided MRIdian head model toward quality assurance of clinical IMRT
      treatment plans subject to a 0.35 T magnetic field. METHODS: penelope was first
      translated from fortran to c++ and the result was confirmed to produce equivalent
      results to the original code. The c++ code was then adapted to cuda in a workflow
      optimized for GPU architecture. The original code was expanded to include
      voxelized transport with Woodcock tracking, faster electron/positron propagation
      in a magnetic field, and several features that make gpenelope highly user
      friendly. Moreover, the vendor-provided MRIdian head model was incorporated into
      the code in an effort to apply gpenelope as both an accurate and rapid dose
      validation system. A set of experimental measurements were performed on the
      MRIdian system to examine the accuracy of both the head model and gpenelope.
      Ultimately, gpenelope was applied toward independent validation of patient doses
      calculated by MRIdian's kmc. RESULTS: An acceleration factor of 152 was achieved
      in comparison to the original single-thread fortran implementation with the
      original accuracy being preserved. For 16 treatment plans including stomach (4),
      lung (2), liver (3), adrenal gland (2), pancreas (2), spleen(1), mediastinum (1),
      and breast (1), the MRIdian dose calculation engine agrees with gpenelope with a
      mean gamma passing rate of 99.1% +/- 0.6% (2%/2 mm). CONCLUSIONS: A Monte Carlo
      simulation platform was developed based on a GPU- accelerated version of
      penelope. This platform was used to validate that both the vendor-provided head
      model and fast Monte Carlo engine used by the MRIdian system are accurate in
      modeling radiation transport in a patient using 2%/2 mm gamma criteria. Future
      applications of this platform will include dose validation and accumulation, IMRT
      optimization, and dosimetry system modeling for next generation MR-IGRT systems.

PMID- 27370124
TI  - Impact of SPECT corrections on 3D-dosimetry for liver transarterial
      radioembolization using the patient relative calibration methodology.
AB  - PURPOSE: Many centers aim to plan liver transarterial radioembolization (TARE)
      with dosimetry, even without CT-based attenuation correction (AC), or with
      unoptimized scatter correction (SC) methods. This work investigates the impact of
      presence vs absence of such corrections, and limited spatial resolution, on 3D
      dosimetry for TARE. METHODS: Three voxelized phantoms were derived from CT images
      of real patients with different body sizes. Simulations of (99m)Tc-SPECT
      projections were performed with the SIMIND code, assuming three activity
      distributions in the liver: uniform, inside a "liver's segment," or distributing
      multiple uptaking nodules ("nonuniform liver"), with a tumoral liver/healthy
      parenchyma ratio of 5:1. Projection data were reconstructed by a commercial
      workstation, with OSEM protocol not specifically optimized for dosimetry (spatial
      resolution of 12.6 mm), with/without SC (optimized, or with parameters predefined
      by the manufacturer; dual energy window), and with/without AC. Activity in voxels
      was calculated by a relative calibration, assuming identical microspheres and
      (99m)Tc-SPECT counts spatial distribution. 3D dose distributions were calculated
      by convolution with (90)Y voxel S-values, assuming permanent trapping of
      microspheres. Cumulative dose-volume histograms in lesions and healthy parenchyma
      from different reconstructions were compared with those obtained from the
      reference biodistribution (the "gold standard," GS), assessing differences for
      D95%, D70%, and D50% (i.e., minimum value of the absorbed dose to a percentage of
      the irradiated volume). gamma tool analysis with tolerance of 3%/13 mm was used
      to evaluate the agreement between GS and simulated cases. The influence of deep
      breathing was studied, blurring the reference biodistributions with a 3D
      anisotropic gaussian kernel, and performing the simulations once again. RESULTS:
      Differences of the dosimetric indicators were noticeable in some cases, always
      negative for lesions and distributed around zero for parenchyma. Application of
      AC and SC reduced systematically the differences for lesions by 5%-14% for a
      liver segment, and by 7%-12% for a nonuniform liver. For parenchyma, the data
      trend was less clear, but the overall range of variability passed from -10%/40%
      for a liver segment, and -10%/20% for a nonuniform liver, to -13%/6% in both
      cases. Applying AC, SC with preset parameters gave similar results to optimized
      SC, as confirmed by gamma tool analysis. Moreover, gamma analysis confirmed that
      solely AC and SC are not sufficient to obtain accurate 3D dose distribution. With
      breathing, the accuracy worsened severely for all dosimetric indicators, above
      all for lesions: with AC and optimized SC, -38%/-13% in liver's segment, -61%/
      40% in the nonuniform liver. For parenchyma, D50% resulted always less sensitive
      to breathing and sub-optimal correction methods (difference overall range: 
      7%/13%). CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction protocol optimization, AC, SC, PVE and
      respiratory motion corrections should be implemented to obtain the best possible
      dosimetric accuracy. On the other side, thanks to the relative calibration, D50%
      inaccuracy for the healthy parenchyma from absence of AC was less than expected,
      while the optimization of SC was scarcely influent. The relative calibration
      therefore allows to perform TARE planning, basing on D50% for the healthy
      parenchyma, even without AC or with suboptimal corrections, rather than rely on
      nondosimetric methods.

PMID- 27370125
TI  - Coded excitation ultrasonic needle tracking: An in vivo study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Accurate and efficient guidance of medical devices to procedural targets
      lies at the heart of interventional procedures. Ultrasound imaging is commonly
      used for device guidance, but determining the location of the device tip can be
      challenging. Various methods have been proposed to track medical devices during
      ultrasound-guided procedures, but widespread clinical adoption has remained
      elusive. With ultrasonic tracking, the location of a medical device is determined
      by ultrasonic communication between the ultrasound imaging probe and a transducer
      integrated into the medical device. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the
      transducer data is an important determinant of the depth in tissue at which
      tracking can be performed. In this paper, the authors present a new generation of
      ultrasonic tracking in which coded excitation is used to improve the SNR without
      spatial averaging. METHODS: A fiber optic hydrophone was integrated into the
      cannula of a 20 gauge insertion needle. This transducer received transmissions
      from the ultrasound imaging probe, and the data were processed to obtain a
      tracking image of the needle tip. Excitation using Barker or Golay codes was
      performed to improve the SNR, and conventional bipolar excitation was performed
      for comparison. The performance of the coded excitation ultrasonic tracking
      system was evaluated in an in vivo ovine model with insertions to the brachial
      plexus and the uterine cavity. RESULTS: Coded excitation significantly increased
      the SNRs of the tracking images, as compared with bipolar excitation. During an
      insertion to the brachial plexus, the SNR was increased by factors of 3.5 for
      Barker coding and 7.1 for Golay coding. During insertions into the uterine
      cavity, these factors ranged from 2.9 to 4.2 for Barker coding and 5.4 to 8.5 for
      Golay coding. The maximum SNR was 670, which was obtained with Golay coding
      during needle withdrawal from the brachial plexus. Range sidelobe artifacts were
      observed in tracking images obtained with Barker coded excitation, and they were
      visually absent with Golay coded excitation. The spatial tracking accuracy was
      unaffected by coded excitation. CONCLUSIONS: Coded excitation is a viable method
      for improving the SNR in ultrasonic tracking without compromising spatial
      accuracy. This method provided SNR increases that are consistent with theoretical
      expectations, even in the presence of physiological motion. With the ultrasonic
      tracking system in this study, the SNR increases will have direct clinical
      implications in a broad range of interventional procedures by improving
      visibility of medical devices at large depths.

PMID- 27370126
TI  - Segmentation of malignant lesions in 3D breast ultrasound using a depth-dependent
      model.
AB  - PURPOSE: Automated 3D breast ultrasound (ABUS) has been proposed as a
      complementary screening modality to mammography for early detection of breast
      cancers. To facilitate the interpretation of ABUS images, automated diagnosis and
      detection techniques are being developed, in which malignant lesion segmentation
      plays an important role. However, automated segmentation of cancer in ABUS is
      challenging since lesion edges might not be well defined. In this study, the
      authors aim at developing an automated segmentation method for malignant lesions
      in ABUS that is robust to ill-defined cancer edges and posterior shadowing.
      METHODS: A segmentation method using depth-guided dynamic programming based on
      spiral scanning is proposed. The method automatically adjusts aggressiveness of
      the segmentation according to the position of the voxels relative to the lesion
      center. Segmentation is more aggressive in the upper part of the lesion (close to
      the transducer) than at the bottom (far away from the transducer), where
      posterior shadowing is usually visible. The authors used Dice similarity
      coefficient (Dice) for evaluation. The proposed method is compared to existing
      state of the art approaches such as graph cut, level set, and smart opening and
      an existing dynamic programming method without depth dependence. RESULTS: In a
      dataset of 78 cancers, our proposed segmentation method achieved a mean Dice of
      0.73 +/- 0.14. The method outperforms an existing dynamic programming method
      (0.70 +/- 0.16) on this task (p = 0.03) and it is also significantly (p < 0.001)
      better than graph cut (0.66 +/- 0.18), level set based approach (0.63 +/- 0.20)
      and smart opening (0.65 +/- 0.12). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed depth-guided dynamic
      programming method achieves accurate breast malignant lesion segmentation results
      in automated breast ultrasound.

PMID- 27370127
TI  - Accuracy of a dose-area product compared to an absorbed dose to water at a point
      in a 2 cm diameter field.
AB  - PURPOSE: Graphite calorimeters with a core diameter larger than the beam can be
      used to establish dosimetric references in small fields. The dose-area product
      (DAP) measured can theoretically be linked to an absorbed dose at a point by the
      determination of a profile correction. This study aims at comparing the DAP-based
      protocol to the usual absorbed dose at a point protocol in a 2 cm diameter field
      for which both references exist. METHODS: Two calorimeters were used,
      respectively, with a sensitive volume of 0.6 cm (for the absorbed dose at a point
      measurement) and 3 cm diameter (for the DAP measurement). Profile correction was
      calculated from a 2D dose mapping using three detectors: a PinPoint chamber, a
      synthetic diamond, and EBT3 films. A specific protocol to read EBT3 films was
      implemented and the dose-rate and energy dependences were studied to assure a
      precise measurement, especially in the penumbra and out-of-field regions.
      RESULTS: EBT3 films were found independent on dose rates over the range studied
      but showed a strong under-response (18%) at low energies. Depending on the
      dosimeter used for calculating the profile correction, a deviation of 0.8%
      (PinPoint chamber), 0.9% (diamond), or 1.9% (EBT3 films) was observed between the
      calibration coefficient derived from DAP measurements and the one directly
      established in terms of absorbed dose to water at a point. CONCLUSIONS: The DAP
      method can currently be linked to the classical dosimetric reference system based
      in an absorbed dose at a point only with a confidence interval of 95% (k = 2).
      None of the detectors studied can be used to determine an absorbed dose to water
      at a point from a DAP measurement with an uncertainty smaller than 1.2%.

PMID- 27370128
TI  - Technical Note: Improving the VMERGE treatment planning algorithm for rotational
      radiotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The authors revisit the VMERGE treatment planning algorithm by Craft et
      al. ["Multicriteria VMAT optimization," Med. Phys. 39, 686-696 (2012)] for arc
      therapy planning and propose two changes to the method that are aimed at
      improving the achieved trade-off between treatment time and plan quality at
      little additional planning time cost, while retaining other desirable properties
      of the original algorithm. METHODS: The original VMERGE algorithm first computes
      an "ideal," high quality but also highly time consuming treatment plan that
      irradiates the patient from all possible angles in a fine angular grid with a
      highly modulated beam and then makes this plan deliverable within practical
      treatment time by an iterative fluence map merging and sequencing algorithm. We
      propose two changes to this method. First, we regularize the ideal plan obtained
      in the first step by adding an explicit constraint on treatment time. Second, we
      propose a different merging criterion that comprises of identifying and merging
      adjacent maps whose merging results in the least degradation of radiation dose.
      RESULTS: The effect of both suggested modifications is evaluated individually and
      jointly on clinical prostate and paraspinal cases. Details of the two cases are
      reported. CONCLUSIONS: In the authors' computational study they found that both
      proposed modifications, especially the regularization, yield noticeably improved
      treatment plans for the same treatment times than what can be obtained using the
      original VMERGE method. The resulting plans match the quality of 20-beam step-and
      shoot IMRT plans with a delivery time of approximately 2 min.

PMID- 27370129
TI  - Technical Note: Image filtering to make computer-aided detection robust to image
      reconstruction kernel choice in lung cancer CT screening.
AB  - PURPOSE: In lung cancer computed tomography (CT) screening, the performance of a
      computer-aided detection (CAD) system depends on the selection of the image
      reconstruction kernel. To reduce this dependence on reconstruction kernels, the
      authors propose a novel application of an image filtering method previously
      proposed by their group. METHODS: The proposed filtering process uses the ratio
      of modulation transfer functions (MTFs) of two reconstruction kernels as a
      filtering function in the spatial-frequency domain. This method is referred to as
      MTFratio filtering. Test image data were obtained from CT screening scans of 67
      subjects who each had one nodule. Images were reconstructed using two kernels:
      fSTD (for standard lung imaging) and fSHARP (for sharp edge-enhancement lung
      imaging). The MTFratio filtering was implemented using the MTFs measured for
      those kernels and was applied to the reconstructed fSHARP images to obtain images
      that were similar to the fSTD images. A mean filter and a median filter were
      applied (separately) for comparison. All reconstructed and filtered images were
      processed using their prototype CAD system. RESULTS: The MTFratio filtered images
      showed excellent agreement with the fSTD images. The standard deviation for the
      difference between these images was very small, ~6.0 Hounsfield units (HU).
      However, the mean and median filtered images showed larger differences of ~48.1
      and ~57.9 HU from the fSTD images, respectively. The free-response receiver
      operating characteristic (FROC) curve for the fSHARP images indicated poorer
      performance compared with the FROC curve for the fSTD images. The FROC curve for
      the MTFratio filtered images was equivalent to the curve for the fSTD images.
      However, this similarity was not achieved by using the mean filter or median
      filter. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of MTFratio image filtering was verified and
      the method was demonstrated to be effective for reducing the kernel dependence of
      CAD performance.

PMID- 27370130
TI  - Technical Note: An investigation of polarity effects for wide-angle free-air
      chambers.
AB  - PURPOSE: Wide-angle free-air chambers (WAFACs) are used as primary standard
      measurement devices for establishing the air-kerma strength of low-energy, low
      dose rate brachytherapy seeds. The National Research Council of Canada (NRC) is
      commissioning a primary standard wide-angle free-air chamber (NRC WAFAC) to serve
      the calibration needs of Canadian clients. The University of Wisconsin has
      developed a similar variable-aperture free-air chamber (UW VAFAC) to be used as a
      research tool. As part of the NRC commissioning, measurements were carried out
      for both polarities of the applied bias voltage and the resulting effects were
      observed to be very large. Similar effects were identified with the UW VAFAC. The
      authors describe the measurements carried out to determine the underlying causes
      of the polarity effect and the approach used to eliminate it. METHODS: The NRC
      WAFAC is based on the WAFAC design developed at the National Institute of
      Standards and Technology in the USA. Charge measurements for (125)I and (241)Am
      sources were carried out for both negative and positive polarities on the NRC
      WAFAC and UW VAFAC. Two aperture sizes were also investigated with the UW VAFAC.
      In addition, measurements on the NRC WAFAC were carried out with a small bias
      between the collecting electrode and the shield foil at the downstream end of the
      chamber. To mitigate all of the polarity effects, the downstream surface of the
      collecting electrode was covered with a thin layer of graphite on both the NRC
      and UW chambers. RESULTS: Both chamber designs showed a difference of more than
      30 % between the charge collected with positive and negative bias voltages for
      the smallest electrode separation. It was shown for the NRC WAFAC that charge
      could be collected in the small gap downstream of the collecting volume by
      applying a voltage between the shield foil and the collecting electrode, even
      though an insulating foil (Mylar or polyimide film) separated the conducting
      surface from the small gap region. The unwanted additional current was shown to
      be proportional to the size of the aperture for the UW VAFAC. The extra
      ionization produced in the small gap region was eliminated for both chambers by
      covering the insulating side of the collecting electrode with a grounded
      conducting layer. CONCLUSIONS: The small gap region downstream of the collecting
      electrode in the NRC WAFAC and UW VAFAC can serve as an unwanted source of ion
      current. It is concluded that a residual electric field in the small gap region
      may lead to ion transport and to charge being trapped on the surface of the foil.
      The foil then acts as a capacitor with an equal charge, but of opposite sign,
      being attracted to the conducting surface. Covering the back of the collecting
      electrode surface with a grounded conducting layer eliminated the polarity
      effect.

PMID- 27370131
TI  - Correlation of FMISO simulations with pimonidazole-stained tumor xenografts: A
      question of O2 consumption?
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare a dedicated simulation model for hypoxia PET against tumor
      microsections stained for different parameters of the tumor microenvironment. The
      model can readily be adapted to a variety of conditions, such as different human
      head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenograft tumors. METHODS: Nine
      different HNSCC tumor models were transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice.
      Tumors were excised and immunoflourescently labeled with pimonidazole, Hoechst
      33342, and CD31, providing information on hypoxia, perfusion, and vessel
      distribution, respectively. Hoechst and CD31 images were used to generate maps of
      perfused blood vessels on which tissue oxygenation and the accumulation of the
      hypoxia tracer FMISO were mathematically simulated. The model includes a
      Michaelis-Menten relation to describe the oxygen consumption inside tissue. The
      maximum oxygen consumption rate M0 was chosen as the parameter for a tumor
      specific optimization as it strongly influences tracer distribution. M0 was
      optimized on each tumor slice to reach optimum correlations between FMISO
      concentration 4 h postinjection and pimonidazole staining intensity. RESULTS:
      After optimization, high pixel-based correlations up to R(2) = 0.85 were found
      for individual tissue sections. Experimental pimonidazole images and FMISO
      simulations showed good visual agreement, confirming the validity of the
      approach. Median correlations per tumor model varied significantly (p < 0.05),
      with R(2) ranging from 0.20 to 0.54. The optimum maximum oxygen consumption rate
      M0 differed significantly (p < 0.05) between tumor models, ranging from 2.4 to
      5.2 mm Hg/s. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to simulate FMISO distributions that
      match the pimonidazole retention patterns observed in vivo. Good agreement was
      obtained for multiple tumor models by optimizing the oxygen consumption rate, M0,
      whose optimum value differed significantly between tumor models.

PMID- 27370132
TI  - Experimental and Monte Carlo studies of fluence corrections for graphite
      calorimetry in low- and high-energy clinical proton beams.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine fluence corrections necessary to
      convert absorbed dose to graphite, measured by graphite calorimetry, to absorbed
      dose to water. Fluence corrections were obtained from experiments and Monte Carlo
      simulations in low- and high-energy proton beams. METHODS: Fluence corrections
      were calculated to account for the difference in fluence between water and
      graphite at equivalent depths. Measurements were performed with narrow proton
      beams. Plane-parallel-plate ionization chambers with a large collecting area
      compared to the beam diameter were used to intercept the whole beam. High- and
      low-energy proton beams were provided by a scanning and double scattering
      delivery system, respectively. A mathematical formalism was established to relate
      fluence corrections derived from Monte Carlo simulations, using the fluka code
      [A. Ferrari et al., "fluka: A multi-particle transport code," in CERN 2005-10,
      INFN/TC 05/11, SLAC-R-773 (2005) and T. T. Bohlen et al., "The fluka Code:
      Developments and challenges for high energy and medical applications," Nucl. Data
      Sheets 120, 211-214 (2014)], to partial fluence corrections measured
      experimentally. RESULTS: A good agreement was found between the partial fluence
      corrections derived by Monte Carlo simulations and those determined
      experimentally. For a high-energy beam of 180 MeV, the fluence corrections from
      Monte Carlo simulations were found to increase from 0.99 to 1.04 with depth. In
      the case of a low-energy beam of 60 MeV, the magnitude of fluence corrections was
      approximately 0.99 at all depths when calculated in the sensitive area of the
      chamber used in the experiments. Fluence correction calculations were also
      performed for a larger area and found to increase from 0.99 at the surface to
      1.01 at greater depths. CONCLUSIONS: Fluence corrections obtained experimentally
      are partial fluence corrections because they account for differences in the
      primary and part of the secondary particle fluence. A correction factor, F(d),
      has been established to relate fluence corrections defined theoretically to
      partial fluence corrections derived experimentally. The findings presented here
      are also relevant to water and tissue-equivalent-plastic materials given their
      carbon content.

PMID- 27370133
TI  - Sensitivity of the diagnostic radiological index of protection to procedural
      factors in fluoroscopy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the sensitivity of the diagnostic radiological index of
      protection (DRIP), used to quantify the protective value of radioprotective
      garments, to procedural factors in fluoroscopy in an effort to determine an
      appropriate set of scatter-mimicking primary beams to be used in measuring the
      DRIP. METHODS: Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine the shape of
      the scattered x-ray spectra incident on the operator in different clinical
      fluoroscopy scenarios, including interventional radiology and interventional
      cardiology (IC). Two clinical simulations studied the sensitivity of the
      scattered spectrum to gantry angle and patient size, while technical factors were
      varied according to measured automatic dose rate control (ADRC) data. Factorial
      simulations studied the sensitivity of the scattered spectrum to gantry angle,
      field of view, patient size, and beam quality for constant technical factors.
      Average energy (Eavg) was the figure of merit used to condense fluence in each
      energy bin to a single numerical index. RESULTS: Beam quality had the strongest
      influence on the scattered spectrum in fluoroscopy. Many procedural factors
      affect the scattered spectrum indirectly through their effect on primary beam
      quality through ADRC, e.g., gantry angle and patient size. Lateral C-arm
      rotation, common in IC, increased the energy of the scattered spectrum,
      regardless of the direction of rotation. The effect of patient size on scattered
      radiation depended on ADRC characteristics, patient size, and procedure type.
      CONCLUSIONS: The scattered spectrum striking the operator in fluoroscopy is most
      strongly influenced by primary beam quality, particularly kV. Use cases for
      protective garments should be classified by typical procedural primary beam
      qualities, which are governed by the ADRC according to the impacts of patient
      size, anatomical location, and gantry angle.

PMID- 27370134
TI  - Recombination in liquid-filled ionization chambers beyond the Boag limit.
AB  - PURPOSE: The high mass density and low mobilities of charge carriers can cause
      important recombination in liquid-filled ionization chambers (LICs). Saturation
      correction methods have been proposed for LICs. Correction methods for pulsed
      irradiation are based on Boag equation. However, Boag equation assumes that the
      charge ionized by one pulse is fully collected before the arrival of the next
      pulse. This condition does not hold in many clinical beams where the pulse
      repetition period may be shorter than the charge collection time, causing
      overlapping between charge carriers ionized by different pulses, and Boag
      equation is not applicable there. In this work, the authors present an
      experimental and numerical characterization of collection efficiencies in LICs
      beyond the Boag limit, with overlapping between charge carriers ionized by
      different pulses. METHODS: The authors have studied recombination in a LIC array
      for different dose-per-pulse, pulse repetition frequency, and polarization
      voltage values. Measurements were performed in a Truebeam Linac using FF and FFF
      modalities. Dose-per-pulse and pulse repetition frequency have been obtained by
      monitoring the target current with an oscilloscope. Experimental collection
      efficiencies have been obtained by using a combination of the two-dose-rate
      method and ratios to the readout of a reference chamber (CC13, IBA). The authors
      have also used numerical simulation to complement the experimental data. RESULTS:
      The authors have found that overlap significantly increases recombination in
      LICs, as expected. However, the functional dependence of collection efficiencies
      on the dose-per-pulse does not change (a linear dependence has been observed in
      the near-saturation region for different degrees of overlapping, the same
      dependence observed in the nonoverlapping scenario). On the other hand, the
      dependence of collection efficiencies on the polarization voltage changes in the
      overlapping scenario and does not follow that of Boag equation, the reason being
      that changing the polarization voltage also affects the charge collection time,
      thus changing the amount of overlapping. CONCLUSIONS: These results have
      important consequences for saturation correction methods for LICs. On one hand,
      the two-dose-rate method, which relies on the functional dependence of the
      collection efficiencies on dose-per-pulse, can also be used in the overlapping
      situation, provided that the two measurements needed to feed the method are
      performed at the same pulse repetition frequency (monitor unit rate). This result
      opens the door to computing collection efficiencies in LICs in many clinical
      setups where charge overlap in the LIC exists. On the other hand, correction
      methods based on the voltage-dependence of Boag equation like the three-voltage
      method or the modified two-voltage method will not work in the overlapping
      scenario due to the different functional dependence of collection efficiencies on
      the polarization voltage.

PMID- 27370135
TI  - Dual ring multilayer ionization chamber and theory-based correction technique for
      scanning proton therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a multilayer ionization chamber (MLIC) and a correction
      technique that suppresses differences between the MLIC and water phantom
      measurements in order to achieve fast and accurate depth dose measurements in
      pencil beam scanning proton therapy. METHODS: The authors distinguish between a
      calibration procedure and an additional correction: 1-the calibration for
      variations in the air gap thickness and the electrometer gains is addressed
      without involving measurements in water; 2-the correction is addressed to
      suppress the difference between depth dose profiles in water and in the MLIC
      materials due to the nuclear interaction cross sections by a semiempirical model
      tuned by using measurements in water. In the correction technique, raw MLIC data
      are obtained for each energy layer and integrated after multiplying them by the
      correction factor because the correction factor depends on incident energy. The
      MLIC described here has been designed especially for pencil beam scanning proton
      therapy. This MLIC is called a dual ring multilayer ionization chamber (DRMLIC).
      The shape of the electrodes allows the DRMLIC to measure both the percentage
      depth dose (PDD) and integrated depth dose (IDD) because ionization electrons are
      collected from inner and outer air gaps independently. RESULTS: IDDs for which
      the beam energies were 71.6, 120.6, 159, 180.6, and 221.4 MeV were measured and
      compared with water phantom results. Furthermore, the measured PDDs along the
      central axis of the proton field with a nominal field size of 10 * 10 cm(2) were
      compared. The spread out Bragg peak was 20 cm for fields with a range of 30.6 and
      3 cm for fields with a range of 6.9 cm. The IDDs measured with the DRMLIC using
      the correction technique were consistent with those that of the water phantom;
      except for the beam energy of 71.6 MeV, all of the points satisfied the 1% dose/1
      mm distance to agreement criterion of the gamma index. The 71.6 MeV depth dose
      profile showed slight differences in the shallow region, but 94.5% of the points
      satisfied the 1%/1 mm criterion. The 90% ranges, defined at the 90% dose position
      in distal fall off, were in good agreement with those in the water phantom, and
      the range differences from the water phantom were less than +/-0.3 mm. The PDDs
      measured with the DRMLIC were also consistent with those that of the water
      phantom; 97% of the points passed the 1%/1 mm criterion. CONCLUSIONS: It was
      demonstrated that the new correction technique suppresses the difference between
      the depth dose profiles obtained with the MLIC and those obtained from a water
      phantom, and a DRMLIC enabling fast measurements of both IDD and PDD was
      developed. The IDDs and PDDs measured with the DRMLIC and using the correction
      technique were in good agreement with those that of the water phantom, and it was
      concluded that the correction technique and DRMLIC are useful for depth dose
      profile measurements in pencil beam scanning proton therapy.

PMID- 27370136
TI  - Investigation of practical initial attenuation image estimates in TOF-MLAA
      reconstruction for PET/MR.
AB  - PURPOSE: Time-of-flight joint attenuation and activity positron emission
      tomography reconstruction requires additional calibration (scale factors) or
      constraints during or post-reconstruction to produce a quantitative MU-map. In
      this work, the impact of various initializations of the joint reconstruction was
      investigated, and the initial average mu-value (IAM) method was introduced such
      that the forward-projection of the initial MU-map is already very close to that
      of the reference MU-map, thus reducing/minimizing the offset (scale factor)
      during the early iterations of the joint reconstruction. Consequently, the
      accuracy and efficiency of unconstrained joint reconstruction such as time-of
      flight maximum likelihood estimation of attenuation and activity (TOF-MLAA) can
      be improved by the proposed IAM method. METHODS: 2D simulations of brain and
      chest were used to evaluate TOF-MLAA with various initial estimates which include
      the object filled with water uniformly (conventional initial estimate), bone
      uniformly, the average MU-value uniformly (IAM magnitude initialization method),
      and the perfect spatial MU-distribution but with a wrong magnitude
      (initialization in terms of distribution). 3D gate simulation was also performed
      for the chest phantom under a typical clinical scanning condition, and the
      simulated data were reconstructed with a fully corrected list-mode TOF-MLAA
      algorithm with various initial estimates. The accuracy of the average MU-values
      within the brain, chest, and abdomen regions obtained from the MR derived MU-maps
      was also evaluated using computed tomography MU-maps as the gold-standard.
      RESULTS: The estimated MU-map with the initialization in terms of magnitude
      (i.e., average MU-value) was observed to reach the reference more quickly and
      naturally as compared to all other cases. Both 2D and 3D gate simulations
      produced similar results, and it was observed that the proposed IAM approach can
      produce quantitative MU-map/emission when the corrections for physical effects
      such as scatter and randoms were included. The average MU-value obtained from MR
      derived MU-map was accurate within 5% with corrections for bone, fat, and uniform
      lungs. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed IAM-TOF-MLAA can produce quantitative MU-map
      without any calibration provided that there are sufficient counts in the measured
      data. For low count data, noise reduction and additional regularization/rescaling
      techniques need to be applied and investigated. The average MU-value within the
      object is prior information which can be extracted from MR and patient database,
      and it is feasible to obtain accurate average MU-value using MR derived MU-map
      with corrections as demonstrated in this work.

PMID- 27370137
TI  - Bone-marrow densitometry: Assessment of marrow space of human vertebrae by single
      energy high resolution-quantitative computed tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: Accurate noninvasive assessment of vertebral bone marrow fat fraction is
      important for diagnostic assessment of a variety of disorders and therapies known
      to affect marrow composition. Moreover, it provides a means to correct fat
      induced bias of single energy quantitative computed tomography (QCT) based bone
      mineral density (BMD) measurements. The authors developed new segmentation and
      calibration methods to obtain quantitative surrogate measures of marrow-fat
      density in the axial skeleton. METHODS: The authors developed and tested two high
      resolution-QCT (HR-QCT) based methods which permit segmentation of bone voids in
      between trabeculae hypothesizing that they are representative of bone marrow
      space. The methods permit calculation of marrow content in units of mineral
      equivalent marrow density (MeMD). The first method is based on global
      thresholding and peeling (GTP) to define a volume of interest away from the
      transition between trabecular bone and marrow. The second method, morphological
      filtering (MF), uses spherical elements of different radii (0.1-1.2 mm) and
      automatically places them in between trabeculae to identify regions with large
      trabecular interspace, the bone-void space. To determine their performance, data
      were compared ex vivo to high-resolution peripheral CT (HR-pQCT) images as the
      gold-standard. The performance of the methods was tested on a set of excised
      human vertebrae with intact bone marrow tissue representative of an elderly
      population with low BMD. RESULTS: 86% (GTP) and 87% (MF) of the voxels identified
      as true marrow space on HR-pQCT images were correctly identified on HR-QCT images
      and thus these volumes of interest can be considered to be representative of true
      marrow space. Within this volume, MeMD was estimated with residual errors of 4.8
      mg/cm(3) corresponding to accuracy errors in fat fraction on the order of 5% both
      for GTP and MF methods. CONCLUSIONS: The GTP and MF methods on HR-QCT images
      permit noninvasive localization and densitometric assessment of marrow fat with
      residual accuracy errors sufficient to study disorders and therapies known to
      affect bone marrow composition. Additionally, the methods can be used to correct
      BMD for fat induced bias. Application and testing in vivo and in longitudinal
      studies are warranted to determine the clinical performance and value of these
      methods.

PMID- 27370138
TI  - Endoluminal ultrasound applicators for MR-guided thermal ablation of pancreatic
      tumors: Preliminary design and evaluation in a porcine pancreas model.
AB  - PURPOSE: Endoluminal ultrasound may serve as a minimally invasive option for
      delivering thermal ablation to pancreatic tumors adjacent to the stomach or
      duodenum. The objective of this study was to explore the basic feasibility of
      this treatment strategy through the design, characterization, and evaluation of
      proof-of-concept endoluminal ultrasound applicators capable of placement in the
      gastrointestinal (GI) lumen for volumetric pancreas ablation under MR guidance.
      METHODS: Two variants of the endoluminal applicator, each containing a distinct
      array of two independently powered transducers (10 * 10 mm 3.2 MHz planar; or 8 *
      10 * 20 mm radius of curvature 3.3 MHz curvilinear geometries) at the distal end
      of a meter long flexible catheter assembly, were designed and fabricated.
      Transducers and circulatory water flow for acoustic coupling and luminal cooling
      were contained by a low-profile polyester balloon covering the transducer
      assembly fixture. Each applicator incorporated miniature spiral MR coils and
      mechanical features (guiding tips and hinges) to facilitate tracking and
      insertion through the GI tract under MRI guidance. Acoustic characterization of
      each device was performed using radiation force balance and hydrophone
      measurements. Device delivery into the upper GI tract, adjacent to the pancreas,
      and heating characteristics for treatment of pancreatic tissue were evaluated in
      MR-guided ex vivo and in vivo porcine experiments. MR guidance was utilized for
      anatomical target identification, tracking/positioning of the applicator, and MR
      temperature imaging (MRTI) for PRF-based multislice thermometry, implemented in
      the real-time RTHawk software environment. RESULTS: Force balance and hydrophone
      measurements indicated efficiencies of 48.8% and 47.8% and -3 dB intensity beam
      widths of 3.2 and 1.2 mm for the planar and curvilinear transducers,
      respectively. Ex vivo studies on whole-porcine carcasses revealed capabilities of
      producing ablative temperature rise (DeltaT > 15  degrees C) contours in
      pancreatic tissue 4-40 mm long and 4-28 mm wide for the planar transducer
      applicator (1-13 min sonication duration, ~4 W/cm(2) applied acoustic intensity).
      Curvilinear transducers produced more selective heating, with a narrower DeltaT >
      15  degrees C contour length and width of up to 1-24 mm and 2-7 mm, respectively
      (1-7 min sonication duration, ~4 W/cm(2) applied acoustic intensity). Active
      tracking of the miniature spiral coils was achieved using a Hadamard encoding
      tracking sequence, enabling real-time determination of each coil's coordinates
      and automated prescription of imaging planes for thermometry. In vivo MRTI-guided
      heating trials in three pigs demonstrated capability of ~20  degrees C
      temperature elevation in pancreatic tissue at 2 cm depths from the applicator,
      with 5-7 W/cm(2) applied intensity and 6-16 min sonication duration. Dimensions
      of thermal lesions in the pancreas ranged from 12 to 28 mm, 3 to 10 mm, and 5 to
      10 mm in length, width, and depth, respectively, as verified through histological
      analysis of tissue sections. Multiple-baseline reconstruction and respiratory
      gated acquisition were demonstrated to be effective strategies in suppressing
      motion artifacts for clear evolution of temperature profiles during MRTI in the
      in vivo studies. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the technical feasibility
      of generating volumetric ablation in pancreatic tissue using endoluminal
      ultrasound applicators positioned in the stomach lumen. MR guidance facilitates
      target identification, device tracking/positioning, and treatment monitoring
      through real-time multislice PRF-based thermometry.

PMID- 27370139
TI  - Ion recombination correction in carbon ion beams.
AB  - PURPOSE: In this work, ion recombination is studied as a function of energy and
      depth in carbon ion beams. METHODS: Measurements were performed in three
      different passively scattered carbon ion beams with energies of 62 MeV/n, 135
      MeV/n, and 290 MeV/n using various types of plane-parallel ionization chambers.
      Experimental results were compared with two analytical models for initial
      recombination. One model is generally used for photon beams and the other model,
      developed by Jaffe, takes into account the ionization density along the ion
      track. An investigation was carried out to ascertain the effect on the ion
      recombination correction with varying ionization chamber orientation with respect
      to the direction of the ion tracks. The variation of the ion recombination
      correction factors as a function of depth was studied for a Markus ionization
      chamber in the 62 MeV/n nonmodulated carbon ion beam. This variation can be
      related to the depth distribution of linear energy transfer. RESULTS: Results
      show that the theory for photon beams is not applicable to carbon ion beams. On
      the other hand, by optimizing the value of the ionization density and the initial
      mean-square radius, good agreement is found between Jaffe's theory and the
      experimental results. As predicted by Jaffe's theory, the results confirm that
      ion recombination corrections strongly decrease with an increasing angle between
      the ion tracks and the electric field lines. For the Markus ionization chamber,
      the variation of the ion recombination correction factor with depth was modeled
      adequately by a sigmoid function, which is approximately constant in the plateau
      and strongly increasing in the Bragg peak region to values of up to 1.06. Except
      in the distal edge region, all experimental results are accurately described by
      Jaffe's theory. CONCLUSIONS: Experimental results confirm that ion recombination
      in the investigated carbon ion beams is dominated by initial recombination. Ion
      recombination corrections are found to be significant and cannot be neglected for
      reference dosimetry and for the determination of depth dose curves in carbon ion
      beams.

PMID- 27370141
TI  - A comprehensive formulation for volumetric modulated arc therapy planning.
AB  - PURPOSE: Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is a widely employed radiation
      therapy technique, showing comparable dosimetry to static beam intensity
      modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with reduced monitor units and treatment time.
      However, the current VMAT optimization has various greedy heuristics employed for
      an empirical solution, which jeopardizes plan consistency and quality. The
      authors introduce a novel direct aperture optimization method for VMAT to
      overcome these limitations. METHODS: The comprehensive VMAT (comVMAT) planning
      was formulated as an optimization problem with an L2-norm fidelity term to
      penalize the difference between the optimized dose and the prescribed dose, as
      well as an anisotropic total variation term to promote piecewise continuity in
      the fluence maps, preparing it for direct aperture optimization. A level set
      function was used to describe the aperture shapes and the difference between
      aperture shapes at adjacent angles was penalized to control MLC motion range. A
      proximal-class optimization solver was adopted to solve the large scale
      optimization problem, and an alternating optimization strategy was implemented to
      solve the fluence intensity and aperture shapes simultaneously. Single arc
      comVMAT plans, utilizing 180 beams with 2 degrees  angular resolution, were
      generated for a glioblastoma multiforme case, a lung (LNG) case, and two head and
      neck cases-one with three PTVs (H&N3PTV) and one with foue PTVs (H&N4PTV)-to test
      the efficacy. The plans were optimized using an alternating optimization
      strategy. The plans were compared against the clinical VMAT (clnVMAT) plans
      utilizing two overlapping coplanar arcs for treatment. RESULTS: The optimization
      of the comVMAT plans had converged within 600 iterations of the block
      minimization algorithm. comVMAT plans were able to consistently reduce the dose
      to all organs-at-risk (OARs) as compared to the clnVMAT plans. On average,
      comVMAT plans reduced the max and mean OAR dose by 6.59% and 7.45%, respectively,
      of the prescription dose. Reductions in max dose and mean dose were as high as
      14.5 Gy in the LNG case and 15.3 Gy in the H&N3PTV case. PTV coverages measured
      by D95, D98, and D99 were within 0.25% of the prescription dose. By
      comprehensively optimizing all beams, the comVMAT optimizer gained the freedom to
      allow some selected beams to deliver higher intensities, yielding a dose
      distribution that resembles a static beam IMRT plan with beam orientation
      optimization. CONCLUSIONS: The novel nongreedy VMAT approach simultaneously
      optimizes all beams in an arc and then directly generates deliverable apertures.
      The single arc VMAT approach thus fully utilizes the digital Linac's capability
      in dose rate and gantry rotation speed modulation. In practice, the new single
      VMAT algorithm generates plans superior to existing VMAT algorithms utilizing two
      arcs.

PMID- 27370142
TI  - Three-dimensional quadratic modeling and quantitative evaluation of the diaphragm
      on a volumetric CT scan in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diaphragm
      function may deteriorate due to reduced muscle fiber length. Quantitative
      analysis of the morphology of the diaphragm is therefore important. In the
      authors current study, they propose a diaphragm segmentation method for COPD
      patients that uses volumetric chest computed tomography (CT) data, and they
      provide a quantitative analysis of the diaphragmatic dimensions. METHODS:
      Volumetric CT data were obtained from 30 COPD patients and 10 normal control
      patients using a 16-row multidetector CT scanner (Siemens Sensation 16) with 0.75
      mm collimation. Diaphragm segmentation using 3D ray projections on the lower
      surface of the lungs was performed to identify the draft diaphragmatic lung
      surface, which was modeled using quadratic 3D surface fitting and robust
      regression in order to minimize the effects of segmentation error and
      parameterize diaphragm morphology. This result was visually evaluated by an
      expert thoracic radiologist. To take into consideration the shape features of the
      diaphragm, several quantification parameters-including the shape index on the
      apex (SIA) (which was computed using gradient set to 0), principal curvatures on
      the apex on the fitted diaphragm surface (CA), the height between the apex and
      the base plane (H), the diaphragm lengths along the x-, y-, and z-axes (XL, YL,
      ZL), quadratic-fitted diaphragm lengths on the z-axis (FZL), average curvature
      (C), and surface area (SA)-were measured using in-house software and compared
      with the pulmonary function test (PFT) results. RESULTS: The overall accuracy of
      the combined segmentation method was 97.22% +/- 4.44% while the visual accuracy
      of the models for the segmented diaphragms was 95.28% +/- 2.52% (mean +/- SD).
      The quantitative parameters, including SIA, CA, H, XL, YL, ZL, FZL, C, and SA
      were 0.85 +/- 0.05 (mm(-1)), 0.01 +/- 0.00 (mm(-1)), 17.93 +/- 10.78 (mm), 129.80
      +/- 11.66 (mm), 163.19 +/- 13.45 (mm), 71.27 +/- 17.52 (mm), 61.59 +/- 16.98
      (mm), 0.01 +/- 0.00 (mm(-1)), and 34 380.75 +/- 6680.06 (mm(2)), respectively.
      Several parameters were correlated with the PFT parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The
      authors propose an automatic method for quantitatively evaluating the
      morphological parameters of the diaphragm on volumetric chest CT in COPD
      patients. By measuring not only the conventional length and surface area but also
      the shape features of the diaphragm using quadratic 3D surface modeling, the
      proposed method is especially useful for quantifying diaphragm characteristics.
      Their method may be useful for assessing morphological diaphragmatic changes in
      COPD patients.

PMID- 27370140
TI  - The report of Task Group 100 of the AAPM: Application of risk analysis methods to
      radiation therapy quality management.
AB  - The increasing complexity of modern radiation therapy planning and delivery
      challenges traditional prescriptive quality management (QM) methods, such as many
      of those included in guidelines published by organizations such as the AAPM,
      ASTRO, ACR, ESTRO, and IAEA. These prescriptive guidelines have traditionally
      focused on monitoring all aspects of the functional performance of radiotherapy
      (RT) equipment by comparing parameters against tolerances set at strict but
      achievable values. Many errors that occur in radiation oncology are not due to
      failures in devices and software; rather they are failures in workflow and
      process. A systematic understanding of the likelihood and clinical impact of
      possible failures throughout a course of radiotherapy is needed to direct limit
      QM resources efficiently to produce maximum safety and quality of patient care.
      Task Group 100 of the AAPM has taken a broad view of these issues and has
      developed a framework for designing QM activities, based on estimates of the
      probability of identified failures and their clinical outcome through the RT
      planning and delivery process. The Task Group has chosen a specific radiotherapy
      process required for "intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)" as a case
      study. The goal of this work is to apply modern risk-based analysis techniques to
      this complex RT process in order to demonstrate to the RT community that such
      techniques may help identify more effective and efficient ways to enhance the
      safety and quality of our treatment processes. The task group generated by
      consensus an example quality management program strategy for the IMRT process
      performed at the institution of one of the authors. This report describes the
      methodology and nomenclature developed, presents the process maps, FMEAs, fault
      trees, and QM programs developed, and makes suggestions on how this information
      could be used in the clinic. The development and implementation of risk
      assessment techniques will make radiation therapy safer and more efficient. 

PMID- 27370143
TI  - Characterization of a synthetic single crystal diamond detector for dosimetry in
      spatially fractionated synchrotron x-ray fields.
AB  - PURPOSE: Modern radiotherapy modalities often use small or nonstandard fields to
      ensure highly localized and precise dose delivery, challenging conventional
      clinical dosimetry protocols. The emergence of preclinical spatially fractionated
      synchrotron radiotherapies with high dose-rate, sub-millimetric parallel
      kilovoltage x-ray beams, has pushed clinical dosimetry to its limit. A
      commercially available synthetic single crystal diamond detector designed for
      small field dosimetry has been characterized to assess its potential as a
      dosimeter for synchrotron microbeam and minibeam radiotherapy. METHODS:
      Experiments were carried out using a synthetic diamond detector on the imaging
      and medical beamline (IMBL) at the Australian Synchrotron. The energy dependence
      of the detector was characterized by cross-referencing with a calibrated
      ionization chamber in monoenergetic beams in the energy range 30-120 keV. The
      dose-rate dependence was measured in the range 1-700 Gy/s. Dosimetric quantities
      were measured in filtered white beams, with a weighted mean energy of 95 keV, in
      broadbeam and spatially fractionated geometries, and compared to reference
      dosimeters. RESULTS: The detector exhibits an energy dependence; however, beam
      quality correction factors (kQ) have been measured for energies in the range 30
      120 keV. The kQ factor for the weighted mean energy of the IMBL radiotherapy
      spectrum, 95 keV, is 1.05 +/- 0.09. The detector response is independent of dose
      rate in the range 1-700 Gy/s. The percentage depth dose curves measured by the
      diamond detector were compared to ionization chambers and agreed to within 2%.
      Profile measurements of microbeam and minibeam arrays were performed. The beams
      are well resolved and the full width at halfmaximum agrees with the nominal width
      of the beams. The peak to valley dose ratio (PVDR) calculated from the profiles
      at various depths in water agrees within experimental error with PVDR
      calculations from Gafchromic film data. CONCLUSIONS: The synthetic diamond
      detector is now well characterized and will be used to develop an experimental
      dosimetry protocol for spatially fractionated synchrotron radiotherapy.

PMID- 27370144
TI  - SIS epidemiological model for adaptive RT: Forecasting the parotid glands
      shrinkage during tomotherapy treatment.
AB  - PURPOSE: A susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) epidemic model was applied to
      radiation therapy (RT) treatments to predict morphological variations in head and
      neck (H&N) anatomy. METHODS: 360 daily MVCT images of 12 H&N patients treated by
      tomotherapy were analyzed in this retrospective study. Deformable image
      registration (DIR) algorithms, mesh grids, and structure recontouring,
      implemented in the RayStation treatment planning system (TPS), were applied to
      assess the daily organ warping. The parotid's warping was evaluated using the
      epidemiological approach considering each vertex as a single subject and its
      deformed vector field (DVF) as an infection. Dedicated IronPython scripts were
      developed to export daily coordinates and displacements of the region of interest
      (ROI) from the TPS. matlab tools were implemented to simulate the SIS modeling.
      Finally, the fully trained model was applied to a new patient. RESULTS: A QUASAR
      phantom was used to validate the model. The patients' validation was obtained
      setting 0.4 cm of vertex displacement as threshold and splitting susceptible (S)
      and infectious (I) cases. The correlation between the epidemiological model and
      the parotids' trend for further optimization of alpha and beta was carried out by
      Euclidean and dynamic time warping (DTW) distances. The best fit with
      experimental conditions across all patients (Euclidean distance of 4.09 +/- 1.12
      and DTW distance of 2.39 +/- 0.66) was obtained setting the contact rate at 7.55
      +/- 0.69 and the recovery rate at 2.45 +/- 0.26; birth rate was disregarded in
      this constant population. CONCLUSIONS: Combining an epidemiological model with
      adaptive RT (ART), the authors' novel approach could support image-guided
      radiation therapy (IGRT) to validate daily setup and to forecast anatomical
      variations. The SIS-ART model developed could support clinical decisions in order
      to optimize timing of replanning achieving personalized treatments.

PMID- 27370145
TI  - Evaluation of a tissue-mimicking thermochromic phantom for radiofrequency
      ablation.
AB  - PURPOSE: This work describes the characterization and evaluation of a tissue
      mimicking thermochromic phantom (TMTCP) for direct visualization and quantitative
      determination of temperatures during radiofrequency ablation (RFA). METHODS:
      TMTCP material was prepared using polyacrylamide gel and thermochromic ink that
      permanently changes color from white to magenta when heated. Color vs temperature
      calibration was generated in matlab by extracting RGB color values from digital
      photographs of phantom standards heated in a water bath at 25-75  degrees C. RGB
      and temperature values were plotted prior to curve fitting in mathematica using
      logistic functions of form f(t) = a + b/(1 + e((c(t-d)))), where a, b, c, and d
      are coefficients and t denotes temperature. To quantify temperatures based on
      TMTCP color, phantom samples were heated to temperatures blinded to the
      investigators, and two methods were evaluated: (1) visual comparison of sample
      color to the calibration series and (2) in silico analysis using the inverse of
      the logistic functions to convert sample photograph RGB values to absolute
      temperatures. For evaluation of TMTCP performance with RFA, temperatures in
      phantom samples and in a bovine liver were measured radially from an RF electrode
      during heating using fiber-optic temperature probes. Heating and cooling rates as
      well as the area under the temperature vs time curves were compared. Finally,
      temperature isotherms were generated computationally based on color change in
      bisected phantoms following RFA and compared to temperature probe measurements.
      RESULTS: TMTCP heating resulted in incremental, permanent color changes between
      40 and 64  degrees C. Visual and computational temperature estimation methods
      were accurate to within 1.4 and 1.9  degrees C between 48 and 67  degrees C,
      respectively. Temperature estimates were most accurate between 52 and 62  degrees
      C, resulting in differences from actual temperatures of 0.6 and 1.6  degrees C
      for visual and computational methods, respectively. Temperature measurements
      during RFA using fiber-optic probes matched closely with maximum temperatures
      predicted by color changes in the TMTCP. Heating rate and cooling rate, as well
      as the area under the temperature vs time curve were similar for TMTCP and ex
      vivo liver. CONCLUSIONS: The TMTCP formulated for use with RFA can be used to
      provide quantitative temperature information in mild hyperthermic (40-45  degrees
      C), subablative (45-50  degrees C), and ablative (>50  degrees C) temperature
      ranges. Accurate visual or computational estimates of absolute temperatures and
      ablation zone geometry can be made with high spatial resolution based on TMTCP
      color. As such, the TMTCP can be used to assess RFA heating characteristics in a
      controlled, predictable environment.

PMID- 27370146
TI  - Effect of pulse sequence parameter selection on signal strength in positive
      contrast MRI markers for MRI-based prostate postimplant assessment.
AB  - PURPOSE: For postimplant dosimetric assessment, computed tomography (CT) is
      commonly used to identify prostate brachytherapy seeds, at the expense of
      accurate anatomical contouring. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior to
      CT for anatomical delineation, but identification of the negative-contrast seeds
      is challenging. Positive-contrast MRI markers were proposed to replace spacers to
      assist seed localization on MRI images. Visualization of these markers under
      varying scan parameters was investigated. METHODS: To simulate a clinical
      scenario, a prostate phantom was implanted with 66 markers and 86 seeds, and
      imaged on a 3.0T MRI scanner using a 3D fast radiofrequency-spoiled gradient
      recalled echo acquisition with various combinations of scan parameters. Scan
      parameters, including flip angle, number of excitations, bandwidth, field-of
      view, slice thickness, and encoding steps were systematically varied to study
      their effects on signal, noise, scan time, image resolution, and artifacts.
      RESULTS: The effects of pulse sequence parameter selection on the marker signal
      strength and image noise were characterized. The authors also examined the
      tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio, scan time, and image artifacts, such as
      the wraparound artifact, susceptibility artifact, chemical shift artifact, and
      partial volume averaging artifact. Given reasonable scan time and managable
      artifacts, the authors recommended scan parameter combinations that can provide
      robust visualization of the MRI markers. CONCLUSIONS: The recommended MRI pulse
      sequence protocol allows for consistent visualization of the markers to assist
      seed localization, potentially enabling MRI-only prostate postimplant dosimetry.

PMID- 27370147
TI  - A mathematical framework for virtual IMRT QA using machine learning.
AB  - PURPOSE: It is common practice to perform patient-specific pretreatment
      verifications to the clinical delivery of IMRT. This process can be time
      consuming and not altogether instructive due to the myriad sources that may
      produce a failing result. The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm
      capable of predicting IMRT QA passing rates a priori. METHODS: From all
      treatment, 498 IMRT plans sites were planned in eclipse version 11 and delivered
      using a dynamic sliding window technique on Clinac iX or TrueBeam Linacs. 3%/3 mm
      local dose/distance-to-agreement (DTA) was recorded using a commercial 2D diode
      array. Each plan was characterized by 78 metrics that describe different aspects
      of their complexity that could lead to disagreements between the calculated and
      measured dose. A Poisson regression with Lasso regularization was trained to
      learn the relation between the plan characteristics and each passing rate.
      RESULTS: Passing rates 3%/3 mm local dose/DTA can be predicted with an error
      smaller than 3% for all plans analyzed. The most important metrics to describe
      the passing rates were determined to be the MU factor (MU per Gy), small aperture
      score, irregularity factor, and fraction of the plan delivered at the corners of
      a 40 * 40 cm field. The higher the value of these metrics, the worse the passing
      rates. CONCLUSIONS: The Virtual QA process predicts IMRT passing rates with a
      high likelihood, allows the detection of failures due to setup errors, and it is
      sensitive enough to detect small differences between matched Linacs.

PMID- 27370148
TI  - 4D-CT scans reveal reduced magnitude of respiratory liver motion achieved by
      different abdominal compression plate positions in patients with intrahepatic
      tumors undergoing helical tomotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: While abdominal compression (AC) can be used to reduce respiratory liver
      motion in patients receiving helical tomotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma,
      the nature and extent of this effect is not well described. The purpose of this
      study was to evaluate the changes in magnitude of three-dimensional liver motion
      with abdominal compression using four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT)
      images of several plate positions. METHODS: From January 2012 to October 2015, 72
      patients with intrahepatic carcinoma and divided into four groups underwent 4D-CT
      scans to assess respiratory liver motion. Of the 72 patients, 19 underwent
      abdominal compression of the cephalic area between the subxiphoid and umbilicus
      (group A), 16 underwent abdominal compression of the caudal region between the
      subxiphoid area and the umbilicus (group B), 11 patients underwent abdominal
      compression of the caudal umbilicus (group C), and 26 patients remained free
      breathing (group D). 4D-CT images were sorted into ten-image series, according to
      the respiratory phase from the end inspiration to the end expiration, and then
      transferred to treatment planning software. All liver contours were drawn by a
      single physician and confirmed by a second physician. Liver relative coordinates
      were automatically generated to calculate the liver respiratory motion in
      different axial directions to compile the 10 ten contours into a single composite
      image. Differences in respiratory liver motion were assessed with a one-way
      analysis of variance test of significance. RESULTS: The average respiratory liver
      motion in the Y axial direction was 4.53 +/- 1.16, 7.56 +/- 1.30, 9.95 +/- 2.32,
      and 9.53 +/- 2.62 mm in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively, with a significant
      change among the four groups (p < 0.001). Abdominal compression was most
      effective in group A (compression plate on the subxiphoid area), with liver
      displacement being 2.53 +/- 0.93, 4.53 +/- 1.16, and 2.14 +/- 0.92 mm on the X-,
      Y-, and Z-axes, respectively. There was no significant difference in respiratory
      liver motion between group C (displacement: 3.23 +/- 1.47, 9.95 +/- 2.32, and
      2.92 +/- 1.10 mm on the X-, Y-, and Z-axes, respectively) and group D
      (displacement: 3.35 +/- 1.55, 9.53 +/- 2.62, and 3.35 +/- 1.73 mm on the X-, Y-,
      and Z-axes, respectively). Abdominal compression was least effective in group C
      (compression on caudal umbilicus), with liver motion in this group similar to
      that of free-breathing patients (group D). CONCLUSIONS: 4D-CT scans revealed
      significant liver motion control via abdominal compression of the subxiphoid
      area; however, this control of liver motion was not observed with compression of
      the caudal umbilicus. The authors, therefore, recommend compression of the
      subxiphoid area in patients undergoing external radiotherapy for intrahepatic
      carcinoma.

PMID- 27370149
TI  - Prospective treatment plan-specific action limits for real-time intrafractional
      monitoring in surface image guided radiosurgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: In surface image guided radiosurgery, action limits are created to
      determine at what point intrafractional motion exhibited by the patient is large
      enough to warrant intervention. Action limit values remain constant across
      patients despite the fact that patient motion affects the target coverage of
      brain metastases differently depending on the planning technique and other
      treatment plan-specific factors. The purpose of this work was twofold. The first
      purpose was to characterize the sensitivity of single-met per iso and multimet
      per iso treatment plans to uncorrected patient motion. The second purpose was to
      describe a method to prospectively determine treatment plan-specific action
      limits considering this sensitivity. METHODS: In their surface image guided
      radiosurgery technique, patient positioning is achieved with a thermoplastic mask
      that does not cover the patient's face. The patient's exposed face is imaged by a
      stereoscopic photogrammetry system. It is then compared to a reference surface
      and monitored throughout treatment. Seventy-two brain metastases (representing 29
      patients) were used for this study. Twenty-five mets were treated individually
      ("single-met per iso plans"), and 47 were treated in a plan simultaneously with
      at least one other met ("multimet per iso plans"). For each met, the proportion
      of the gross tumor volume that remained within the 100% prescription isodose line
      was estimated under the influence of combinations of translations and rotations
      (0.0-3.0 mm and 0.0 degrees -3.0 degrees , respectively). The target volume and
      the prescription dose-volume were considered concentric spheres that each
      encompassed a volume determined from the treatment plan. Plan-specific contour
      plots and DVHs were created to illustrate the sensitivity of a specific lesion to
      uncorrected patient motion. RESULTS: Both single-met per iso and multimet per iso
      plans exhibited compromised target coverage under translations and rotations,
      though multimet per iso plans were considerably more sensitive to these
      transformations (2.3% and 39.8%, respectively). Plan-specific contour plots and
      DVHs were used to illustrate how size, distance from isocenter, and planning
      technique affect a particular met's sensitivity to motion. CONCLUSIONS:
      Stereotactic radiosurgery treatment plans that treat multiple brain metastases
      using a common isocenter are particularly susceptible to compromised target
      coverage as a result of uncorrected patient motion. The use of such a planning
      technique along with other treatment plan-specific factors should influence
      patient motion management. A graphical representation of the effect of
      translations and rotations on any particular plan can be generated to inform
      clinicians of the appropriate action limit when monitoring intrafractional
      motion.

PMID- 27370150
TI  - A mouse radiation-induced liver disease model for stereotactic body radiation
      therapy validated in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Lower radiation tolerance of the whole liver hinders dose escalations of
      stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
      treatment. This study was conducted to define the exact doses that result in
      radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) as well as to determine dose constraints
      for the critical organs at risk (OARs) in mice; these parameters are still
      undefined in HCC SBRT. METHODS: This study consisted of two phases. In the
      primary phase, mice treated with helical tomotherapy-based SBRT were stratified
      according to escalating radiation doses to the livers. The pathological
      differences, signs [such as mouse performance status (MPS)], and serum aspartate
      aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/albumin levels were
      observed. Radiation-induced disease severities of the OARs were scored using
      systematic evaluation standards. In the validation phase in humans, 13 patients
      with HCC who had undergone radiotherapy before hepatectomy were enrolled to
      validate RILD pathological changes in a mouse study. RESULTS: The evaluation
      criteria of the mouse liver radiotherapy-related signs were as follows: MPS >=
      2.0 +/- 0.52, AST/ALT >= 589.2 +/- 118.5/137.4 +/- 15.3 U/L, serum albumin <=
      16.8 +/- 2.29 g/L. The preliminary dose constraints of the OARs were also
      obtained, such as those for the liver (average dose <= 26.36 +/- 1.71 Gy) and
      gastrointestinal tract (maximum dose <= 22.63 Gy). Mouse RILD models were able to
      be developed when the livers were irradiated with average doses of >=31.76 +/-
      1.94 Gy (single fraction). RILD pathological changes in mice have also been
      validated in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Mouse RILD models could be developed with
      SBRT based on the dose constraints for the OARs and evaluation criteria of mouse
      liver radiotherapy-related signs, and the authors' results favor the study of
      further approaches to treat HCC with SBRT.

PMID- 27370151
TI  - Mediastinal lymph node detection and station mapping on chest CT using spatial
      priors and random forest.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop an automated system for mediastinal lymph node detection and
      station mapping for chest CT. METHODS: The contextual organs, trachea, lungs, and
      spine are first automatically identified to locate the region of interest (ROI)
      (mediastinum). The authors employ shape features derived from Hessian analysis,
      local object scale, and circular transformation that are computed per voxel in
      the ROI. Eight more anatomical structures are simultaneously segmented by
      multiatlas label fusion. Spatial priors are defined as the relative
      multidimensional distance vectors corresponding to each structure. Intensity,
      shape, and spatial prior features are integrated and parsed by a random forest
      classifier for lymph node detection. The detected candidates are then segmented
      by the following curve evolution process. Texture features are computed on the
      segmented lymph nodes and a support vector machine committee is used for final
      classification. For lymph node station labeling, based on the segmentation
      results of the above anatomical structures, the textual definitions of
      mediastinal lymph node map according to the International Association for the
      Study of Lung Cancer are converted into patient-specific color-coded CT image,
      where the lymph node station can be automatically assigned for each detected
      node. RESULTS: The chest CT volumes from 70 patients with 316 enlarged
      mediastinal lymph nodes are used for validation. For lymph node detection, their
      system achieves 88% sensitivity at eight false positives per patient. For lymph
      node station labeling, 84.5% of lymph nodes are correctly assigned to their
      stations. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple-channel shape, intensity, and spatial prior
      features aggregated by a random forest classifier improve mediastinal lymph node
      detection on chest CT. Using the location information of segmented anatomic
      structures from the multiatlas formulation enables accurate identification of
      lymph node stations.

PMID- 27370152
TI  - 2D radially compensating excitation pulse in combination with an internal
      transceiver antenna for 3D MRI of the rectum at 7 T.
AB  - PURPOSE: The high precession frequency in ultrahigh field MRI coincides with
      reduced RF penetration, increased RF power deposition and consequently can lead
      to reduced scan efficiency. However, the shorter wavelength enables the use of
      efficient antennas rather than loop coils. In fact, ultrathin monopole antennas
      have been demonstrated at 7 T, which fit in natural cavities like the rectum in
      the human body. As the RF field generated by the antenna provides an extremely
      nonuniform B1 field, the use of conventional RF pulses will lead to severe image
      distortions and highly nonuniform contrast. However, using the two predominant
      dimensions (orthogonal to the antenna), 2D RF pulses can be designed that
      counteract the nonuniform B1 into uniform flip angles. In this study the authors
      investigate the use of an ultrathin antenna not only for reception, but also for
      transmission in 7 T MRI of the rectum. METHODS: The 2D radially compensating
      excitation (2D RACE) pulse was designed in matlab. SAR calculations between the
      2D RACE pulse and an adiabatic RF pulse (BIR-4) have been obtained, to visualize
      the gain in decreasing the SAR when using the 2D RACE pulse instead of an
      adiabatic RF pulse. The authors used the 7 T whole body MR system in combination
      with an internally placed monopole antenna used for transceiving and obtained 3D
      gradient echo images with a conventional sinc pulse and with the 2D RACE pulse.
      For extra clarity, they also reconstructed an image where the receive field of
      the antenna was removed. RESULTS: Comparing the results of the SAR simulations of
      the 2D RACE pulse with a BIR-4 pulse shows that for low flip angles (theta < 41
      degrees ) the SAR can be decreased with a factor of 4.8 or even more, when using
      the 2D RACE pulse. Relative to a conventional sinc excitation, the 2D RACE pulse
      achieves more uniform flip angle distributions than a BIR-4 pulse with a smaller
      SAR increase (16 * versus 64 *). CONCLUSIONS: The authors have shown that the 2D
      RACE pulse provides more homogeneous flip angles for gradient echo sequences when
      compared to a conventional sinc pulse albeit at increased SAR. However, when
      compared to adiabatic RF pulses, as shown by simulations, the SAR of the 2D RACE
      pulse can be an order of magnitude less. Phantom and in vivo human rectum images
      are obtained to demonstrate that the 2D RACE pulse can provide a uniform
      excitation while transmitting with a single ultrathin endorectal antenna at 7 T.
      The combination of thin rectal antennas with efficient uniform transmit can open
      up new possibilities in high resolution imaging of rectal cancer.

PMID- 27370154
TI  - Robert J. Shalek, Ph.D., J.D.

PMID- 27370153
TI  - Heterodyne frequency-domain multispectral diffuse optical tomography of breast
      cancer in the parallel-plane transmission geometry.
AB  - PURPOSE: The authors introduce a state-of-the-art all-optical clinical diffuse
      optical tomography (DOT) imaging instrument which collects spatially dense,
      multispectral, frequency-domain breast data in the parallel-plate geometry.
      METHODS: The instrument utilizes a CCD-based heterodyne detection scheme that
      permits massively parallel detection of diffuse photon density wave amplitude and
      phase for a large number of source-detector pairs (10(6)). The stand-alone
      clinical DOT instrument thus offers high spatial resolution with reduced
      crosstalk between absorption and scattering. Other novel features include a
      fringe profilometry system for breast boundary segmentation, real-time data
      normalization, and a patient bed design which permits both axial and sagittal
      breast measurements. RESULTS: The authors validated the instrument using tissue
      simulating phantoms with two different chromophore-containing targets and one
      scattering target. The authors also demonstrated the instrument in a case study
      breast cancer patient; the reconstructed 3D image of endogenous chromophores and
      scattering gave tumor localization in agreement with MRI. CONCLUSIONS: Imaging
      with a novel parallel-plate DOT breast imager that employs highly parallel, high
      resolution CCD detection in the frequency-domain was demonstrated.

PMID- 27370155
TI  - Upper limits of the photon fluence rate on CT detectors: Case study on a
      commercial scanner.
AB  - PURPOSE: The highest photon fluence rate that a computed tomography (CT) detector
      must be able to measure is an important parameter. The authors calculate the
      maximum transmitted fluence rate in a commercial CT scanner as a function of
      patient size for standard head, chest, and abdomen protocols. METHODS: The
      authors scanned an anthropomorphic phantom (Kyoto Kagaku PBU-60) with the
      reference CT protocols provided by AAPM on a GE LightSpeed VCT scanner and noted
      the tube current applied with the tube current modulation (TCM) system. By
      rescaling this tube current using published measurements on the tube current
      modulation of a GE scanner [N. Keat, "CT scanner automatic exposure control
      systems," MHRA Evaluation Report 05016, ImPACT, London, UK, 2005], the authors
      could estimate the tube current that these protocols would have resulted in for
      other patient sizes. An ECG gated chest protocol was also simulated. Using
      measured dose rate profiles along the bowtie filters, the authors simulated
      imaging of anonymized patient images with a range of sizes on a GE VCT scanner
      and calculated the maximum transmitted fluence rate. In addition, the 99th and
      the 95th percentiles of the transmitted fluence rate distribution behind the
      patient are calculated and the effect of omitting projection lines passing just
      below the skin line is investigated. RESULTS: The highest transmitted fluence
      rates on the detector for the AAPM reference protocols with centered patients are
      found for head images and for intermediate-sized chest images, both with a
      maximum of 3.4 ? 10(8) mm(-2) s(-1), at 949 mm distance from the source.
      Miscentering the head by 50 mm downward increases the maximum transmitted fluence
      rate to 5.7 ? 10(8) mm(-2) s(-1). The ECG gated chest protocol gives fluence
      rates up to 2.3 ? 10(8) - 3.6 ? 10(8) mm(-2) s(-1) depending on miscentering.
      CONCLUSIONS: The fluence rate on a CT detector reaches 3 ? 10(8) - 6 ? 10(8) mm(
      2) s(-1) in standard imaging protocols, with the highest rates occurring for ECG
      gated chest and miscentered head scans. These results will be useful to
      developers of CT detectors, in particular photon counting detectors.

PMID- 27370156
TI  - Interfractional variation in bladder volume and its impact on cervical cancer
      radiotherapy: Clinical significance of portable bladder scanner.
AB  - PURPOSE: A constant bladder volume (BV) is essential to direct the radiotherapy
      (RT) of pelvic tumors with precision. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate changes in BV and their impact on cervical cancer RT and to assess
      the clinical significance of a portable bladder scanner (BS) in achieving a
      constant BV. METHODS: A standard bladder phantom (133 ml) and measurements of
      actual urine volume were both used as benchmarks to evaluate the accuracy of the
      BS. Comparisons of BS with computed tomography (CT), cone-beam CT (CBCT), and an
      ultrasound diagnostic device (iU22) were made. Twenty-two consecutive patients
      with cervical cancer treated with external beam radical RT were divided into an
      experimental group (13 patients) and a control group (9 patients). In the
      experimental group, the BV was measured multiple times by BS pre-RT until it was
      consistent with that found by planning CT. Then a CBCT was performed. The BV was
      measured again immediately post-RT, after which the patient's urine was collected
      and recorded. In the control group, CBCT only was performed pre-RT.
      Interfractional changes in BV and their impact on cervical cancer RT were
      investigated in both groups. The time of bladder filling was also recorded and
      analyzed. RESULTS: In measuring the volume of the standard bladder phantom, the
      BS deviated by 1.4% in accuracy. The difference between the measurements of the
      BS and the iU22 had no statistical significance (linear correlation coefficient
      0.96, P < 0.05). The BV measured by the BS was strongly correlated with the
      actual urine volume (R = 0.95, P < 0.05), planning CT (R = 0.95, P < 0.05), or
      CBCT (R = 0.91, P < 0.05). Compared with the BV at the time of CT, its value
      changed by -36.1% [1 SD (standard deviation) 42.3%; range, -79.1%-29.4%] in the
      control group, and 5.2% (1 SD 21.5%; range, -13.3%-22.1%) in the experimental
      group during treatment. The change in BV affected the target position in the
      superior-inferior (SI) direction but had little or no effect in the anterior
      posterior and right-left directions. Based on the collected data, the target
      displacement in the SI direction was reduced from 2.0 to 0.4 mm, while the CTV-to
      PTV (CTV: clinical target volume; PTV: planning target volume) margin in the SI
      direction was reduced from 11.1 to 6.4 mm. The BV increased by 3.7 +/- 1.0 ml/min
      (range, 1.7-4.7 ml/min), which depended on the amount of water ingested by the
      patient (R = 0.96, P < 0.05). No correlation was found between the rate of
      urinary inflow and the patient's body mass. The authors were able to reduce the
      workload of measuring by using individual patient information including the
      patient's age, the water-drinking amount, time at which water-drinking began, and
      patient's diet. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the BV have an influence on the RT of
      cervical cancer. A consistent and reproducible BV is acquired by using a portable
      BS, whereby the target displacement and CTV-to-PTV margin can be both reduced in
      the SI direction.

PMID- 27370157
TI  - Four-dimensional dose reconstruction through in vivo phase matching of cine
      images of electronic portal imaging device.
AB  - PURPOSE: A method is proposed to reconstruct a four-dimensional (4D) dose
      distribution using phase matching of measured cine images to precalculated images
      of electronic portal imaging device (EPID). METHODS: (1) A phantom, designed to
      simulate a tumor in lung (a polystyrene block with a 3 cm diameter embedded in
      cork), was placed on a sinusoidally moving platform with an amplitude of 1 cm and
      a period of 4 s. Ten-phase 4D computed tomography (CT) images of the phantom were
      acquired. A planning target volume (PTV) was created by adding a margin of 1 cm
      around the internal target volume of the tumor. (2) Three beams were designed,
      which included a static beam, a theoretical dynamic beam, and a planning
      optimized dynamic beam (PODB). While the theoretical beam was made by manually
      programming a simplistic sliding leaf motion, the planning-optimized beam was
      obtained from treatment planning. From the three beams, three-dimensional (3D)
      doses on the phantom were calculated; 4D dose was calculated by means of the ten
      phase images (integrated over phases afterward); serving as "reference" images,
      phase-specific EPID dose images under the lung phantom were also calculated for
      each of the ten phases. (3) Cine EPID images were acquired while the beams were
      irradiated to the moving phantom. (4) Each cine image was phase-matched to a
      phase-specific CT image at which common irradiation occurred by intercomparing
      the cine image with the reference images. (5) Each cine image was used to
      reconstruct dose in the phase-matched CT image, and the reconstructed doses were
      summed over all phases. (6) The summation was compared with forwardly calculated
      4D and 3D dose distributions. Accounting for realistic situations, intratreatment
      breathing irregularity was simulated by assuming an amplitude of 0.5 cm for the
      phantom during a portion of breathing trace in which the phase matching could not
      be performed. Intertreatment breathing irregularity between the time of treatment
      and the time of planning CT was considered by utilizing the same reduced
      amplitude when the phantom was irradiated. To examine the phase matching in a
      humanoid environment, the matching was also performed in a digital phantom (4D
      XCAT phantom). RESULTS: For the static, the theoretical, and the planning
      optimized dynamic beams, the 4D reconstructed doses showed agreement with the
      forwardly calculated 4D doses within the gamma pass rates of 92.7%, 100%, and
      98.1%, respectively, at the isocenter plane given by 3%/3 mm criteria. Excellent
      agreement in dose volume histogram of PTV and lung-PTV was also found between the
      two 4D doses, while substantial differences were found between the 3D and the 4D
      doses. The significant breathing irregularities modeled in this study were found
      not to be noticeably affecting the reconstructed dose. The phase matching was
      performed equally well in a digital phantom. CONCLUSIONS: The method of
      retrospective phase determination of a moving object under irradiation provided
      successful 4D dose reconstruction. This method will provide accurate quality
      assurance and facilitate adaptive therapy when distinguishable objects such as
      well-defined tumors, diaphragm, and organs with markers (pancreas and liver) are
      covered by treatment beam apertures.

PMID- 27370158
TI  - Technical Note: A new phantom design for routine testing of Doppler ultrasound.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective of this project is to demonstrate the principle and
      operation for a simple, inexpensive, and highly portable Doppler ultrasound
      quality assurance (QA) phantom intended for routine QA testing. A prototype
      phantom has been designed, fabricated, and evaluated. The phantom described here
      is powered by gravity alone, requires no external equipment for operation, and
      produces a stable fluid velocity useful for quality assurance. Many commercially
      available Doppler ultrasound testing systems can suffer from issues such as a
      lengthy setup, prohibitive cost, nonportable size, or difficulty in use. This new
      phantom design aims to address some of these problems and create a phantom
      appropriate for assessing Doppler ultrasound stability. METHODS: The phantom was
      fabricated using a 3D printer. The basic design of the phantom is to provide
      gravity-powered flow of a Doppler fluid between two reservoirs. The printed
      components were connected with latex tubing and then seated in a tissue mimicking
      gel. Spectral Doppler waveforms were sampled to evaluate variations in the data,
      and the phantom was evaluated using high frame rate video to find an alternate
      measure of mean fluid velocity flowing in the phantom. RESULTS: The current
      system design maintains stable flow from one reservoir to the other for
      approximately 7 s. Color Doppler imaging of the phantom was found to be
      qualitatively consistent with laminar flow. Using pulsed spectral Doppler, the
      average fluid velocity from a sample volume approximately centered in the
      synthetic vessel was measured to be 56 cm/s with a standard deviation of 3.2 cm/s
      across 118 measurements. An independent measure of the average fluid velocity was
      measured to be 51.9 cm/s with a standard deviation of 0.7 cm/s over 4
      measurements. CONCLUSIONS: The developed phantom provides stable fluid flow
      useful for frequent clinical Doppler ultrasound testing and attempts to address
      several obstacles facing Doppler phantom testing. Such an ultrasound phantom can
      make routine testing more approachable for institutions that wish to initiate a
      Doppler QA program or complement a previously existing QA program.

PMID- 27370159
TI  - A new form of the calibration curve in radiochromic dosimetry. Properties and
      results.
AB  - PURPOSE: This work describes a new form of the calibration curve for radiochromic
      dosimetry that depends on one fit parameter. Some results are reported to show
      that the new curve performs as well as those previously used and, more
      importantly, significantly reduces the dependence on the lot of films, the film
      orientation on the scanner, and the time after exposure. METHODS: The form of the
      response curve makes use of the net optical densities ratio against the dose and
      has been studied by means of the Beer-Lambert law and a simple modeling of the
      film. The new calibration curve has been applied to EBT3 films exposed at 6 and
      15 MV energy beams of linear accelerators and read-out in transmission mode by
      means of a flatbed color scanner. Its performance has been compared to that of
      two established forms of the calibration curve, which use the optical density and
      the net optical density against the dose. Four series of measurements with four
      lots of EBT3 films were used to evaluate the precision, accuracy, and dependence
      on the time after exposure, orientation on the scanner and lot of films. RESULTS:
      The new calibration curve is roughly subject to the same dose uncertainty, about
      2% (1 standard deviation), and has the same accuracy, about 1.5% (dose values
      between 50 and 450 cGy), as the other calibration curves when films of the same
      lot are used. Moreover, the new calibration curve, albeit obtained from only one
      lot of film, shows a good agreement with experimental data from all other lots of
      EBT3 films used, with an accuracy of about 2% and a relative dose precision of
      2.4% (1 standard deviation). The agreement also holds for changes of the film
      orientation and of the time after exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The dose accuracy of
      this new form of the calibration curve is always equal to or better than those
      obtained from the two types of curves previously used. The use of the net optical
      densities ratio considerably reduces the dependence on the lot of films, the
      landscape/portrait orientation, and the time after exposure. This form of the
      calibration curve could become even more useful with new optical digital devices
      using monochromatic light.

PMID- 27370160
TI  - Charged particle transport in magnetic fields in EGSnrc.
AB  - PURPOSE: To accurately and efficiently implement charged particle transport in a
      magnetic field in EGSnrc and validate the code for the use in phantom and ion
      chamber simulations. METHODS: The effect of the magnetic field on the particle
      motion and position is determined using one- and three-point numerical
      integrations of the Lorentz force on the charged particle and is added to the
      condensed history calculation performed by the EGSnrc PRESTA-II algorithm. The
      code is tested with a Fano test adapted for the presence of magnetic fields. The
      code is compatible with all EGSnrc based applications, including egs++. Ion
      chamber calculations are compared to experimental measurements and the effect of
      the code on the efficiency and timing is determined. RESULTS: Agreement with the
      Fano test's theoretical value is obtained at the 0.1% level for large step-sizes
      and in magnetic fields as strong as 5 T. The NE2571 dose calculations achieve
      agreement with the experiment within 0.5% up to 1 T beyond which deviations up to
      1.2% are observed. Uniform air gaps of 0.5 and 1 mm and a misalignment of the
      incoming photon beam with the magnetic field are found to produce variations in
      the normalized dose on the order of 1%. These findings necessitate a clear
      definition of all experimental conditions to allow for accurate Monte Carlo
      simulations. It is found that ion chamber simulation times are increased by only
      38%, and a 10 * 10 * 6 cm(3) water phantom with (3 mm)(3) voxels experiences a
      48% increase in simulation time as compared to the default EGSnrc with no
      magnetic field. CONCLUSIONS: The incorporation of the effect of the magnetic
      fields in EGSnrc provides the capability to calculate high accuracy ion chamber
      and phantom doses for the use in MRI-radiation systems. Further, the effect of
      apparently insignificant experimental details is found to be accentuated by the
      presence of the magnetic field.

PMID- 27370161
TI  - Comment on "Medical use of all high activity sources should be eliminated for
      security concerns" [Med. Phys. 42, 6773-6775 (2015)].

PMID- 27370162
TI  - Response to "Comment on 'Medical use of all high activity sources should be
      eliminated for security concerns' " [Med. Phys. 42, 6773-6775 (2015)].

PMID- 27370163
TI  - Comment on "Medical physicist assistants are a bad idea" [Med. Phys. 43, 1-3
      (2016)].

PMID- 27370164
TI  - Response to "Comment on 'Medical physicist assistants are a bad idea' " [Med.
      Phys. 43, 1-3 (2016)].

PMID- 27370166
TI  - Association between state school nutrition laws and subsequent child obesity.
AB  - Many states have enacted laws to improve school nutrition. We tested whether
      stronger state nutrition laws are associated with subsequently decreased obesity.
      We conducted a retrospective national multi-year panel data study (analyzed 2014
      2016 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia). The predictors were 2010 laws
      regarding 9 nutrition categories from the Classification of Laws Associated with
      School Students, which grades the strength of state laws (none, weak, or strong).
      The outcome was weight status (healthy weight, overweight, or obese) in
      elementary, middle, and high school from the 2011/2012 National Survey of
      Children's Health. We tested the association between the strength of laws and
      weight using multinomial logistic regression. To further evaluate our main
      results, we conducted state-level longitudinal analyses testing the association
      between competitive food and beverage laws on the change in obesity from 2003
      2011. In main analyses of 40,177 children ages 10-17years, we found strong state
      laws restricting the sale of competitive food and beverages in elementary school
      (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.96) and strong advertising laws across all grades (OR:
      0.63; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.86) were associated with reduced odds of obesity. In
      longitudinal analyses, states with strong competitive food and beverage laws from
      2003-2010 had small but significant decreases in obesity, compared to states with
      no laws. Although further research is needed to determine the causal effect of
      these laws, this study suggests that strong state laws limiting the sale and
      advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages in schools are associated with
      decreased obesity rates.

PMID- 27370165
TI  - Associations between physical activity and the neighbourhood social environment:
      baseline results from the HABITAT multilevel study.
AB  - Limitations have arisen when measuring associations between the neighbourhood
      social environment and physical activity, including same-source bias, and the
      reliability of aggregated neighbourhood-level social environment measures. This
      study examines cross-sectional associations between the neighbourhood social
      environment (perceptions of incivilities, crime, and social cohesion) and self
      reported physical activity, while accounting for same-source bias and reliability
      of neighbourhood-level exposure measures, using data from a large population
      based clustered sample. This investigation included 11,035 residents aged 40
      65years from 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia, in 2007. Respondents self
      reported their physical activity and perceptions of the social environment
      (neighbourhood incivilities, crime and safety, and social cohesion). Models were
      adjusted for individual-level education, occupation, and household income, and
      neighbourhood disadvantage. Exposure measures were generated via split clusters
      and an empirical Bayes estimation procedure. Data were analysed in 2016 using
      multilevel multinomial logistic regression. Residents of neighbourhoods with the
      highest incivilities and crime, and lowest social cohesion were reference
      categories. Individuals were more likely to be in the higher physical activity
      categories if they were in neighbourhoods with the lowest incivilities and the
      lowest crime. No associations were found between social cohesion and physical
      activity. This study provides a basis from which to gain a clearer understanding
      of the relationship between the neighbourhood social environment and individual
      physical activity. Further work is required to explore the pathways between
      perceptions of the neighbourhood social environment and physical activity.

PMID- 27370167
TI  - Risk of second primary cancer after a first potentially-human papillomavirus
      related cancer: A population-based study.
AB  - Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are involved in the development of anogenital and
      head and neck cancers. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of
      developing a second primary cancer (SPC) after a first potentially-HPV-related
      cancer, and to analyze the sites where SPCs most frequently occurred in these
      patients. All patients with a first cancer diagnosed between 1989 and 2004, as
      recorded by 10 French cancer registries, were followed up until December 31,
      2007. Only invasive potentially-HPV-related cancers (namely, cervical, vagina,
      vulva, anal canal, penile, oropharynx, tongue and tonsil) were included.
      Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIRs) were calculated to assess the risk of SPC. A
      multivariate Poisson regression model was used to model SIRs separately by
      gender, adjusted for the characteristics of the first cancer. 10,127 patients
      presented a first potentially-HPV-related cancer. The overall SIR was 2.48 (95%
      CI, 2.34-2.63). The SIR was 3.59 (95% CI, 3.33-3.86) and 1.61 (95% CI, 1.46-1.78)
      in men and women respectively. The relative risk of potentially-HPV-related SPC
      was high among these patients (SIR=13.74; 95% CI, 8.80-20.45 and 6.78; 95% CI,
      4.61-9.63 for men and women, respectively). Women diagnosed in the most recent
      period (2000-2004) showed a 40% increase of their relative risk of SPC as
      compared with women diagnosed between 1989 and 1994 (ratio of SIRs=1.40; 95% CI,
      1.06-1.85). HPV cancer survivors face an increased risk of SPC, especially second
      cancer. Clinicians may consider this increased risk of developing HPV-related SPC
      during follow-up to improve subsequent cancer prevention in these patients.

PMID- 27370169
TI  - The 90 90 90 strategy to end the HIV Pandemic by 2030: Can the supply chain
      handle it?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: UNAIDS "90-90-90" strategy calls for 90% of HIV-infected
      individuals to be diagnosed by 2020, 90% of whom will be on anti-retroviral
      therapy (ART) and 90% of whom will achieve sustained virologic suppression.
      Reaching these targets by 2020 will reduce the HIV epidemic to a low-level
      endemic disease by 2030. However, moving the global response towards this
      universal test and treat model will pose huge challenges to public health systems
      in resource-limited settings, including global and local supply chain systems.
      These challenges are especially acute in Africa, which accounts for over 70% of
      the persons affected by HIV. DISCUSSION: From a supply chain perspective, each of
      the "90's" has possible complications and roadblocks towards realizing the
      promise envisioned by 90-90-90. For instance, ensuring that 90% of HIV-infected
      persons know their status will require a large increase in access to HIV tests
      compared with what is currently available. To ensure that there are enough anti
      retrovirals available to treat the nearly 25 million people that will require
      them by 2020 represents a near doubling of the ARV supplied to treat the 13
      million currently on treatment. Similarly, to monitor those on treatment means an
      unprecedented scale-up of viral load testing throughout Africa. CONCLUSIONS:
      Larger issues include whether the capacity exists at the local level to handle
      these commodities when they arrive in the most severely affected countries,
      including considerations of the human resources and costs needed to make this
      strategy effective. We believe that such "real world" analysis of proposed
      strategies and policies is essential to ensure their most effective
      implementation.

PMID- 27370170
TI  - Peri-implant femoral fractures: The risk is more than three times higher within
      PFN compared with DHS.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Information is lacking regarding incidence rates, treatment
      regimens, and outcomes concerning peri-implant femoral fractures (PIF).
      Therefore, we performed a retrospective study to provide scientific data
      concerning incidence and outcome of PIF following osteosynthesis of proximal
      femoral fractures (PFF). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively included all
      patients who received osteosynthesis for PFF between 2006 and 2015 and in whom
      PIF was confirmed postoperatively. All available patients with PIF were contacted
      minimum one year post-surgery. RESULTS: A total of 1314 osteosynthesis procedures
      were performed, of which 705 were proximal femoral nails (PFNs), 597 were dynamic
      hip screws (DHSs), and 12 were screws appliances only. During the same period, 18
      PIFs (1.4%) were reported. However, PIF was 3.7 times higher within PFN when
      compared to DHS (15/705:2.1% versus 3/597:0.5%; odds ratio: 3.7). The following
      analysis also included 8 patients with PIF who were referred from other
      hospitals, resulting in a total of 26 patients. Mean patient age was 84.8 years
      (range, 57-95), with a predominance in female (23*) and in the left femur (19*).
      PIF occurred after an average of 23.6 months (range, 1-81) post-surgery. The
      fractures, most of which were spiral-shaped, were most commonly treated with
      locking plate osteosynthesis. The surgical revision rate was 7.7%, and the one
      year mortality was 23.1%. At an average of 43.0 months (range, 12-100) post
      surgery, it was possible to contact 18/26 patients (69.2%), and their mean Parker
      Mobility Score was 5.2 points (range 2-9). CONCLUSIONS: Peri-implant femoral
      fracture is a rare incident within the old age traumatology of PFF. However,
      based on our small number of cases, it occurred within PFN much more frequently
      compared with DHS. Locking plate osteosynthesis has been shown to be effective
      and reliable. Surgical revision and mortality rates do not appear to be increased
      when compared to those with the initial treatment of proximal femoral fractures.

PMID- 27370171
TI  - Is there any place for the variable angle proximal femoral plate? A case matched
      cohort study against the Dynamic Hip Screw system.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Variable angle Martin Plate (MP) is designed to offer patient
      specific adaption for the treatment of intertrochanteric hip fractures. Its
      proposed benefits include optimization of lag screw placement, plate shaft
      congruence and reduced risk of failure. Often its use has been criticized as
      representing a poor reduction of the fracture. The purpose of this study was to
      assess for a poorer quality of reduction, and compare functional outcomes and
      mortality, using a MP to that of a fixed angle Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) in a
      matched cohort of patients. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospective
      fracture database system was undertaken between 1st January 2004 to 31st December
      2013. MP patients were matched to a cohort of DHS patients. Outcomes measure were
      a quality of procedure score(QPS), 1-year mortality rates, reoperation rates, and
      Barthel Index functional outcome. Minimum follow up was 12 months. RESULTS: A
      total of 77 Martin Plate patients were identified and case matched. The mean pre-
      and post-op Neck Shaft Angle (NSA) in the MPs was significantly different
      (132.97+/-7.78 Vs 126+/-8.62; p<0.0001). Conversely, the mean pre op DHS NSA and
      the mean post op NSA was not (p=0.397). Mean Tip-Apex Distance (TAD) was
      significantly different between groups; MP mean 26.51+/-9.09mm vs DHS 23.50+/
      8.14mm (p=0.023). The QPS consisted of 4 variables. A significant inverse
      relationship between QPS and the incidence of construct related complications
      exists. TAD>25mm, and a change in AP NSA of >5 degrees conveyed the greatest risk
      of complications. No difference occurred in complications, nor 12-month
      mortality. CONCLUSIONS: No statistical difference was found in the quality of
      reduction between MP and DHS in this group of matched patients. QPS demonstrated
      a significant inverse correlation with implant-related complications. No
      significant difference was noted in the incidence of complications, Barthel Index
      functional scores, or 12-month mortality between implants. A rationale exists
      regarding the use of MPs, particularly in patients with varus NSA. However,
      planning and adequate reduction are essential regardless of implant choice.

PMID- 27370172
TI  - Multisystemic Therapy((r)) : Clinical Overview, Outcomes, and Implementation
      Research.
AB  - Multisystemic therapy (MST) is an evidence-based treatment originally developed
      for youth with serious antisocial behavior who are at high risk for out-of-home
      placement and their families; and subsequently adapted to address other
      challenging clinical problems experience by youths and their families. The social
      ecological theoretical framework of MST is presented as well as its home-based
      model of treatment delivery, defining clinical intervention strategies, and
      ongoing quality assurance/quality improvement system. With more than 100 peer
      reviewed outcome and implementation journal articles published as of January
      2016, the majority by independent investigators, MST is one of the most
      extensively evaluated family based treatments. Outcome research has yielded
      almost uniformly favorable results for youths and families, and implementation
      research has demonstrated the importance of treatment and program fidelity in
      achieving such outcomes.

PMID- 27370173
TI  - Endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal
      lesions: A systematic review.
AB  - AIM: To assess the efficacy and safety of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and
      endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for the treatment of colorectal lesions.
      METHODS: A literature search was conducted from January 2000 to May 2015. The
      main outcomes were: recurrence after "en bloc" and "piecemeal" resection;
      procedure related adverse events; the EMR endoscopic success rate and the
      completely eradicated resection rate (R0) after ESD. RESULTS: A total of 66
      studies were included in the analysis. The total number of lesions was 17950
      (EMR: 11.873; ESD: 6077). Recurrence rate was higher in the EMR than ESD group
      (765/7303l vs. 50/3910 OR 8.19, 95% CI 6.2-10.9 p<0.0001). EMR-en bloc resection
      was achieved in 6793/10803 lesions (62.8%) while ESD-en bloc resection was
      obtained in 5500/6077 lesions (90.5%) (OR 0.18, p<0.0001, 95% CI 0.16-0.2).
      Perforation occurred more frequently in ESD than in EMR group (p<0.0001, OR 0.19,
      95% CI 0.15-0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic resection of large colorectal lesions
      is safe and effective. Compared with EMR, ESD results in higher "en bloc"
      resection rate and lower local recurrence rate, however ESD has high procedure
      related complication rates.

PMID- 27370174
TI  - Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
AB  - Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common leukaemia among the adults
      in the Western World. CLL (and the corresponding nodal entity small lymphocytic
      lymphoma, SLL) is classified as a lymphoproliferative disorder characterised by
      the relentless accumulation of mature B-lymphocytes showing a peculiar
      immunophenotype in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen. CLL
      clinical course is very heterogeneous: the majority of patients follow an
      indolent clinical course with no or delayed treatment need and with a prolonged
      survival, while others experience aggressive disease requiring early treatment
      followed by frequent relapses. In the last decade, the improved understanding of
      CLL pathogenesis shed light on premalignant conditions (i.e., monoclonal B-cell
      lymphocytosis, MBL), defined new prognostic and predictive markers, improving
      patient stratification, but also broadened the therapeutic armamentarium with
      novel agents, targeting fundamental signaling pathways. 

PMID- 27370175
TI  - Re: Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion Targeted Prostate Biopsy in a
      Consecutive Cohort of Men with No Previous Biopsy: Reduction of Over Detection
      Through Improved Risk Stratification.

PMID- 27370176
TI  - Re: Update on Lasers in Urology. Current Assessment on Holmium:yttrium-aluminum
      garnet (Ho:YAG) Laser Lithotripter Settings and Laser Fibers.

PMID- 27370177
TI  - Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Global Overview and Recent Trends.
AB  - CONTEXT: Bladder cancer has become a common cancer globally, with an estimated
      430 000 new cases diagnosed in 2012. OBJECTIVE: We examine the most recent global
      bladder cancer incidence and mortality patterns and trends, the current
      understanding of the aetiology of the disease, and specific issues that may
      influence the registration and reporting of bladder cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION:
      Global bladder cancer incidence and mortality statistics are based on data from
      the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the World Health Organisation
      (Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, GLOBOCAN, and the World Health Organisation
      Mortality). EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Bladder cancer ranks as the ninth most frequently
      diagnosed cancer worldwide, with the highest incidence rates observed in men in
      Southern and Western Europe, North America, as well in certain countries in
      Northern Africa or Western Asia. Incidence rates are consistently lower in women
      than men, although sex differences varied greatly between countries. Diverging
      incidence trends were also observed by sex in many countries, with stabilising or
      declining rates in men but some increasing trends seen for women. Bladder cancer
      ranks 13th in terms of deaths ranks, with mortality rates decreasing particularly
      in the most developed countries; the exceptions are countries undergoing rapid
      economic transition, including in Central and South America, some central,
      southern, and eastern European countries, and the Baltic countries. CONCLUSIONS:
      The observed patterns and trends of bladder cancer incidence worldwide appear to
      reflect the prevalence of tobacco smoking, although infection with Schistosoma
      haematobium and other risk factors are major causes in selected populations.
      Differences in coding and registration practices need to be considered when
      comparing bladder cancer statistics geographically or over time. PATIENT SUMMARY:
      The main risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking. The observed patterns
      and trends of bladder cancer incidence worldwide appear to reflect the prevalence
      of tobacco smoking.

PMID- 27370178
TI  - Challenges and perspectives in quantitative NMR.
AB  - This perspective article summarizes, from the author's point of view at the
      beginning of 2016, the major challenges and perspectives in the field of
      quantitative NMR. The key concepts in quantitative NMR are first summarized;
      then, the most recent evolutions in terms of resolution and sensitivity are
      discussed, as well as some potential future research directions in this field. A
      particular focus is made on methodologies capable of boosting the resolution and
      sensitivity of quantitative NMR, which could open application perspectives in
      fields where the sample complexity and the analyte concentrations are
      particularly challenging. These include multi-dimensional quantitative NMR and
      hyperpolarization techniques such as para-hydrogen-induced polarization or
      dynamic nuclear polarization. Because quantitative NMR cannot be dissociated from
      the key concepts of analytical chemistry, i.e. trueness and precision, the
      methodological developments are systematically described together with their
      level of analytical performance. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27370179
TI  - A case based reflection on communicating end of life information in non-English
      speaking patients.
AB  - Mr X was a 56year old Chinese man (non-English speaking), who presented to the
      emergency department with a range of non-specific symptoms. On full workup, he
      was diagnosed with an advanced cancer of the pancreas. It was an aggressive,
      highly treatment resistant cancer, with an alarmingly poor prognosis. Before the
      diagnosis had been made, the family had informed our team that we were not to
      discuss medical issues with Mr X directly, and that upon arriving on a diagnosis
      we were to come to them first and they would subsequently inform him. They
      reported that Mr X was in support of this arrangement. Eventually we told the
      family about Mr X's diagnosis, and they asserted their collective will to keep
      this information from him, reaffirming that all medical discussion go through
      them. However, the doctor in charge explained the diagnosis to Mr X using an
      interpreter while his family were away from his bed. In this discussion, I
      consider this case from the perspective of respecting patients' and families'
      preferences around medical treatment and care.

PMID- 27370180
TI  - Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria before total joint arthroplasty.

PMID- 27370181
TI  - Helicobacter pylori Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerase Expression Is Associated with the
      Severity of Gastritis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Helicobacter pylori secretory peptidyl prolyl isomerase, HP0175, is
      progressively identified as a pro-inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic protein,
      which serves to link H. pylori infection to its more severe clinical outcomes.
      Here, we have analyzed host HP0175-specific antibody responses in relation to the
      severity of gastritis. METHODS: The HP0175 gene fragment was PCR-amplified,
      cloned, expressed and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Serum antigen
      specific antibody responses of non-ulcer dyspeptic patients (N = 176) against
      recombinant HP0175 were detected by western blotting. The infection status of
      these subjects was determined by rapid urease test, culture, histology, and
      serology. The grade of inflammation and stage of atrophy were scored blindly
      according to the OLGA staging system. RESULTS: The recombinant HP0175 (rHP0175)
      was expressed as a ~35 kDa protein and its identity was confirmed by western
      blotting using anti-6X His tag antibody and pooled H. pylori-positive sera. Serum
      IgG antibodies against rHP0175 segregated our patients into two similar-sized
      groups of sero-positives (90/176, 51.1 %) and sero-negatives (86/176, 48.9 %).
      The former presented with higher grades of gastric inflammation (OR = 4.4, 95 %
      CI = 1.9-9.9, P = 0.001) and stages of gastric atrophy (OR = 18.3, 95 %CI = 1.4
      246.6, P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Our findings lend further support to the pro
      inflammatory nature of H. pylori peptidyl prolyl isomerase (HP0175) and
      recommends this antigen as a non-invasive serum biomarker of the severity of H.
      pylori-associated gastritis.

PMID- 27370183
TI  - Distribution of common stickleback parasites on North Uist, Scotland, in relation
      to ecology and host traits.
AB  - Analysing spatial differences among macroparasite communities is an important
      tool in the study of host-parasite interactions. Identifying patterns can shed
      light on the underlying causes of heterogeneity of parasite distribution and help
      to better understand ecological constraints and the relative importance of host
      and parasite adaptations. In the present study, we aimed to find correlational
      evidence that the macroparasite distribution patterns on the Scottish island of
      North Uist, which had been described by de Roij and MacColl (2012), are
      indicative of local processes rather than an unspecific influence of habitat
      characteristics. We therefore reinvestigated parasite abundances and tested for
      associations with habitat characteristics and host traits. Distribution patterns
      of the most common parasites were largely consistent with the observations of de
      Roij and MacColl (2012). In accordance with the published results, we found that
      the most obvious abiotic habitat characteristic varying among the lakes on the
      island, pH, did not statistically explain parasite abundances (except for eye
      fluke species inside the lens). Instead, we found that genetic differentiation
      between host populations, measured as pairwise FST values based on available
      microsatellite data, was significantly correlated with dissimilarity in parasite
      community composition. Our results indicate that individual lake characteristics
      rather than physicochemical variables shape parasite distribution on this island,
      making it an ideal place to study host-parasite interactions. Furthermore,
      additionally to geographic distance measures taken from maps, we suggest taking
      into account connectivity among freshwater habitats, indirectly measured via fish
      population structure, to analyse spatial distribution patterns.

PMID- 27370185
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370184
TI  - Novel Intracorporeal Esophagojejunostomy Using Linear Staplers During
      Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy: pi-Shaped Esophagojejunostomy, 3-in-1 Technique.

PMID- 27370186
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370188
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370187
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370189
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370190
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370192
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370191
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370193
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370194
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370195
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370196
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370197
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370198
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370199
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370200
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370201
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370202
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370203
TI  - Contrast enhancement of carotid adventitial vasa vasorum as a biomarker of
      radiation-induced atherosclerosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Abnormal proliferation of adventitial vasa vasorum (vv) occurs early at
      sites of atherosclerosis and is thought to be an early biomarker of vascular
      damage. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can detect this process. Its
      usefulness in irradiated arteries as a measure of accelerated atherosclerosis is
      unknown. This study investigates contrast intensity in carotid adventitia as an
      early marker of radiation-induced damage in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients.
      MATERIALS/METHODS: Patients with HNC treated with a wedged-pair and matched neck
      technique or hemi-neck radiotherapy (RT) (unirradiated side as control) at least
      2years previously were included. Patients had been prescribed a dose of at least
      50Gy to the neck. CEUS was performed on both carotid arteries and a region of
      interest was selected in the adventitia of the far wall of both left and right
      distal common carotid arteries. Novel quantification software was used to compare
      the average intensity per pixel between irradiated and unirradiated arteries.
      RESULTS: 48 patients (34 males) with median age of 59.2years (interquartile range
      (IQR) 49.2-64.2) were included. The mean maximum point dose to the irradiated
      artery was 61.2Gy (IQR 52.6-61.8) and 1.1Gy (IQR 1.0-1.8Gy) to the unirradiated
      side. The median interval from RT was 59.4months (IQR 41-88.7). There was a
      significant difference in the mean (SD) contrast intensity per pixel on the
      irradiated side (1.1 (0.4)) versus 0.96 (0.34) on the unirradiated side (p=0.01).
      After attenuation correction, the difference in mean contrast intensity per pixel
      was still significant (1.4 (0.58) versus 1.2 (0.47) (p=0.02). Previous surgery or
      chemotherapy had no effect on the difference in contrast intensity between the 2
      sides of the neck. Mean intensity per pixel did not correlate to traditional risk
      prediction models (carotid intima-medial thickness, QSTROKE score). CONCLUSIONS:
      Proliferation of vv is demonstrated by increased contrast intensity in irradiated
      carotid arteries. This may be a useful, independent biomarker of radiation
      induced carotid atherosclerosis when used as a tool to quantify
      neovascularization.

PMID- 27370204
TI  - Independent external validation of predictive models for urinary dysfunction
      following external beam radiotherapy of the prostate: Issues in model development
      and reporting.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Most predictive models are not sufficiently validated for
      prospective use. We performed independent external validation of published
      predictive models for urinary dysfunctions following radiotherapy of the
      prostate. MATERIALS/METHODS: Multivariable models developed to predict atomised
      and generalised urinary symptoms, both acute and late, were considered for
      validation using a dataset representing 754 participants from the TROG 03.04
      RADAR trial. Endpoints and features were harmonised to match the predictive
      models. The overall performance, calibration and discrimination were assessed.
      RESULTS: 14 models from four publications were validated. The discrimination of
      the predictive models in an independent external validation cohort, measured
      using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, ranged
      from 0.473 to 0.695, generally lower than in internal validation. 4 models had
      ROC >0.6. Shrinkage was required for all predictive models' coefficients ranging
      from -0.309 (prediction probability was inverse to observed proportion) to 0.823.
      Predictive models which include baseline symptoms as a feature produced the
      highest discrimination. Two models produced a predicted probability of 0 and 1
      for all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Predictive models vary in performance and
      transferability illustrating the need for improvements in model development and
      reporting. Several models showed reasonable potential but efforts should be
      increased to improve performance. Baseline symptoms should always be considered
      as potential features for predictive models.

PMID- 27370205
TI  - Modelling second malignancy risks from low dose rate and high dose rate
      brachytherapy as monotherapy for localised prostate cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To estimate the risks of radiation-induced rectal and
      bladder cancers following low dose rate (LDR) and high dose rate (HDR)
      brachytherapy as monotherapy for localised prostate cancer and compare to
      external beam radiotherapy techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: LDR and HDR
      brachytherapy monotherapy plans were generated for three prostate CT datasets.
      Second cancer risks were assessed using Schneider's concept of organ equivalent
      dose. LDR risks were assessed according to a mechanistic model and a bell-shaped
      model. HDR risks were assessed according to a bell-shaped model. Relative risks
      and excess absolute risks were estimated and compared to external beam
      techniques. RESULTS: Excess absolute risks of second rectal or bladder cancer
      were low for both LDR (irrespective of the model used for calculation) and HDR
      techniques. Average excess absolute risks of rectal cancer for LDR brachytherapy
      according to the mechanistic model were 0.71 per 10,000 person-years (PY) and
      0.84 per 10,000 PY respectively, and according to the bell-shaped model, were
      0.47 and 0.78 per 10,000 PY respectively. For HDR, the average excess absolute
      risks for second rectal and bladder cancers were 0.74 and 1.62 per 10,000 PY
      respectively. The absolute differences between techniques were very low and
      clinically irrelevant. Compared to external beam prostate radiotherapy
      techniques, LDR and HDR brachytherapy resulted in the lowest risks of second
      rectal and bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows both LDR and HDR
      brachytherapy monotherapy result in low estimated risks of radiation-induced
      rectal and bladder cancer. LDR resulted in lower bladder cancer risks than HDR,
      and lower or similar risks of rectal cancer. In absolute terms these differences
      between techniques were very small. Compared to external beam techniques, second
      rectal and bladder cancer risks were lowest for brachytherapy.

PMID- 27370206
TI  - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension eliminated by counterclockwise
      maxillomandibular advancement: a case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a secondary cause of intracranial
      hypertension (IH). Decreased jugular venous drainage has been seen in patients
      with idiopathic IH. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A complex case of a 48-year-old female
      whose idiopathic IH was put into remission after counterclockwise
      maxillomandibular advancement (CC-MMA), despite persistence of her OSA.
      CONCLUSION: This case highlights the relationship between OSA and IH and points
      to the significant morbidity that can result from mild OSA and from what are
      considered borderline intracranial pressures. This indicates the need for a high
      index of suspicion for actual underlying pathology that can be surgically
      corrected when patients manifest symptoms of a somatic syndrome. This is the
      first report in the medical literature of clinical elimination of IH by CC-MMA.
      The authors propose that this positive outcome was effected via mandibular
      advancement producing a decrease in jugular venous resistance, allowing improved
      absorption of cerebrospinal fluid.

PMID- 27370207
TI  - DADM: The first 2 years of the Alzheimer Association's open access journal to
      support the research and development of novel biomarkers and diagnostic
      approaches.

PMID- 27370208
TI  - Recruitment of TBK1 to cytosol-invading Salmonella induces WIPI2-dependent
      antibacterial autophagy.
AB  - Mammalian cells deploy autophagy to defend their cytosol against bacterial
      invaders. Anti-bacterial autophagy relies on the core autophagy machinery, cargo
      receptors, and "eat-me" signals such as galectin-8 and ubiquitin that label
      bacteria as autophagy cargo. Anti-bacterial autophagy also requires the kinase
      TBK1, whose role in autophagy has remained enigmatic. Here we show that
      recruitment of WIPI2, itself essential for anti-bacterial autophagy, is dependent
      on the localization of catalytically active TBK1 to the vicinity of cytosolic
      bacteria. Experimental manipulation of TBK1 recruitment revealed that engagement
      of TBK1 with any of a variety of Salmonella-associated "eat-me" signals,
      including host-derived glycans and K48- and K63-linked ubiquitin chains, suffices
      to restrict bacterial proliferation. Promiscuity in recruiting TBK1 via
      independent signals may buffer TBK1 functionality from potential bacterial
      antagonism and thus be of evolutionary advantage to the host.

PMID- 27370209
TI  - Probing gamma-secretase-substrate interactions at the single amino acid residue
      level.

PMID- 27370210
TI  - Rapid rule out of acute myocardial infarction: novel biomarker-based strategies.

PMID- 27370212
TI  - Roles of vacuolar H+-ATPase in the oxidative stress response of Candida glabrata.
AB  - Vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) is responsible for the acidification of
      eukaryotic intracellular compartments and plays an important role in oxidative
      stress response (OSR), but its molecular bases are largely unknown. Here, we
      investigated how V-ATPase is involved in the OSR by using a strain lacking VPH2,
      which encodes an assembly factor of V-ATPase, in the pathogenic fungus Candida
      glabrata The loss of Vph2 resulted in increased H2O2 sensitivity and
      intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level independently of mitochondrial
      functions. The Deltavph2 mutant also displayed growth defects under alkaline
      conditions accompanied by the accumulation of intracellular ROS and these
      phenotypes were recovered in the presence of the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l
      cysteine. Both expression and activity levels of mitochondrial manganese
      superoxide dismutase (Sod2) and catalase (Cta1) were decreased in the Deltavph2
      mutant. Phenotypic analyses of strains lacking and overexpressing these genes
      revealed that Sod2 and Cta1 play a predominant role in endogenous and exogenous
      OSR, respectively. Furthermore, supplementation of copper and iron restored the
      expression of SOD2 specifically in the Deltavph2 mutant, suggesting that the
      homeostasis of intracellular cupper and iron levels maintained by V-ATPase was
      important for the Sod2-mediated OSR. This report demonstrates novel roles of V
      ATPase in the OSR in C. glabrata.

PMID- 27370213
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370211
TI  - Faecal haemoglobin concentration is related to detection of advanced colorectal
      neoplasia in the next screening round.
AB  - Objective To examine associations between faecal haemoglobin concentrations below
      the cut-off used in colorectal cancer screening and outcomes in the next
      screening round. Methods In the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme, faecal
      haemoglobin concentrations and diagnostic outcomes were investigated for
      participants with a negative result (faecal haemoglobin concentrations < 80.0 ug
      Hb/g faeces), followed by a positive result within two years. Results Of 37,780
      participants with negative results, at the next screening round, 556 (1.5%)
      screened positive and 30,293 (80.2%) negative. Initial median faecal haemoglobin
      concentrations (2.1 ug Hb/g faeces, IQR: 0.0-13.2) were higher in those with
      subsequent positive results than those with subsequent negative results (0.0 ug
      Hb/g faeces, IQR: 0.0-1.4; p < 0.0001). Using faecal haemoglobin concentrations
      0.0-19.9 ug Hb/g faeces as reference, logistic regression analysis showed high
      adjusted odds ratios for advanced neoplasia (advanced neoplasia: colorectal
      cancer or higher risk adenoma) detection at the next round of 14.3 (95% CI: 8.9
      23.1) in those with initial faecal haemoglobin concentrations 20.0-39.9 ug Hb/g
      faeces, and 38.0 (95% CI: 20.2-71.2) with 60.0-79.9 ug Hb/g faeces. Conclusions A
      higher proportion of participants with faecal haemoglobin concentrations of >= 20
      ug Hb/g faeces had advanced neoplasia detected at the next round than
      participants with lower faecal haemoglobin concentrations. Although most relevant
      when using high faecal haemoglobin concentrations cut-offs, studies of faecal
      haemoglobin concentrations and outcomes over screening rounds may provide
      strategies to direct available colonoscopy towards those at highest risk.

PMID- 27370214
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370215
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370216
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370217
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370218
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370219
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370220
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370221
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370222
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370223
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370224
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370226
TI  - TDP-43 regulates endogenous retrovirus-K viral protein accumulation.
AB  - The concomitant expression of neuronal TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and
      human endogenous retrovirus-K (ERVK) is a hallmark of ALS. Since the involvement
      of TDP-43 in retrovirus replication remains controversial, we sought to evaluate
      whether TDP-43 exerts an effect on ERVK expression. In this study, TDP-43 bound
      the ERVK promoter in the context of inflammation or proteasome inhibition, with
      no effect on ERVK transcription. However, over-expression of ALS-associated
      aggregating forms of TDP-43, but not wild-type TDP-43, significantly enhanced
      ERVK viral protein accumulation. Human astrocytes and neurons further
      demonstrated cell-type specific differences in their ability to express and clear
      ERVK proteins during inflammation and proteasome inhibition. Astrocytes, but not
      neurons, were able to clear excess ERVK proteins through stress granule formation
      and autophagy. In vitro findings were validated in autopsy motor cortex tissue
      from patients with ALS and neuro-normal controls. We further confirmed marked
      enhancement of ERVK in cortical neurons of patients with ALS. Despite evidence of
      enhanced stress granule and autophagic response in ALS cortical neurons, these
      cells failed to clear excess ERVK protein accumulation. This highlights how
      multiple cellular pathways, in conjunction with disease-associated mutations, can
      converge to modulate the expression and clearance of viral gene products from
      genomic elements such as ERVK. In ALS, ERVK protein aggregation is a novel aspect
      of TDP-43 misregulation contributing towards the pathology of this
      neurodegenerative disease. 

PMID- 27370225
TI  - FGFR3 gene mutation plus GRB10 gene duplication in a patient with achondroplasia
      plus growth delay with prenatal onset.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Achondroplasia is a well-defined and common bone dysplasia. Genotype-
      and phenotype-level correlations have been found between the clinical symptoms of
      achondroplasia and achondroplasia-specific FGFR3 mutations. RESULT: A 2-year-old
      boy with clinical features consistent with achondroplasia and Silver-Russell
      syndrome-like symptoms was found to carry a mutation in the fibroblast growth
      factor receptor-3 (FGFR3) gene at c.1138G > A (p.Gly380Arg) and a de novo 574 kb
      duplication at chromosome 7p12.1 that involved the entire growth-factor receptor
      bound protein 10 (GRB10) gene. Using quantitative real-time PCR analysis, GRB10
      was over-expressed, and, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for IGF1 and
      IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP3), we found that IGF1 and IGFBP3 were low-expressed
      in this patient. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that a combination of uncommon, rare
      and exceptional molecular defects related to the molecular bases of particular
      birth defects can be analyzed and diagnosed to potentially explain the observed
      variability in the combination of molecular defects.

PMID- 27370227
TI  - Co-transplantation of MRF-overexpressing oligodendrocyte precursor cells and
      Schwann cells promotes recovery in rat after spinal cord injury.
AB  - Oligodendrocyte (OL) replacement is a promising treatment strategy for spinal
      cord injury (SCI). However, the poor survival of transplanted OLs or their
      precursors and inhibition of axonal regeneration are two major challenges with
      this approach. Our previous study showed that Schwann cells (SCs) promoted
      survival, proliferation, and migration of transplanted OL progenitor cells (OPCs)
      and neurological recovery. Remyelination is an important basis for functional
      recovery following spinal cord injury. It has been reported that myelin gene
      regulatory factor (MRF), a transcriptional regulator which specifically is
      expressed in postmitotic OLs within the CNS, is essential for OL maturation and
      CNS myelination. In the present study, we investigated whether co-transplantation
      of MRF-overexpressing OPCs (MRF-OPCs) and SCs could improve functional recovery
      in a rat model of contusional SCI. MRF overexpression had no effect on OPC
      survival or migration, but stimulated the differentiation of OPCs both in vitro
      and in vivo. Co-transplantation of MRF-OPCs and SCs increased myelination and
      tissue repair after SCI, leading to the recovery of neurological function. These
      results indicate that co-transplantation of MRF-OPCs and SCs may be an effective
      treatment strategy for SCI. 

PMID- 27370228
TI  - Zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) gene deletion reduces spinal cord white matter damage
      and motor deficits in a murine MOG-induced multiple sclerosis model.
AB  - The present study aimed to evaluate the role of zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) on
      multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
      (EAE), a disease model of multiple sclerosis, was induced by immunization with
      myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) in female mice. Three weeks after
      the initial immunization, demyelination, immune cell infiltration and blood brain
      barrier (BBB) disruption in the spinal cord were analyzed. Clinical signs of EAE
      first appeared on day 11 and reached a peak level on day 19 after the initial
      immunization. ZnT3 gene deletion profoundly reduced the daily clinical score of
      EAE. The ZnT3 gene deletion-mediated inhibition of the clinical course of EAE was
      accompanied by suppression of inflammation and demyelination in the spinal cord.
      The motor deficit accompanying neuropathological changes associated with EAE were
      mild in ZnT3 gene deletion mice. This reduction in motor deficit was accompanied
      by coincident reductions in demyelination and infiltration of encephalitogenic
      immune cells including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells and F4/80+
      microglia in the spinal cord. These results demonstrate that ZnT3 gene deletion
      inhibits the clinical features and neuropathological changes associated with EAE.
      ZnT3 gene deletion also remarkably inhibited formation of EAE-associated aberrant
      synaptic zinc patches, matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) activation and BBB
      disruption. Therefore, amelioration of EAE-induced clinical and neuropathological
      changes by ZnT3 gene deletion suggests that vesicular zinc may be involved in
      several steps of MS pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27370229
TI  - Rationale and study protocol for the 'eCoFit' randomized controlled trial:
      Integrating smartphone technology, social support and the outdoor physical
      environment to improve health-related fitness among adults at risk of, or
      diagnosed with, Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prevalence and risk of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has dramatically
      increased over the past decade. Physical activity (PA) has significant benefits
      for the treatment and prevention of T2D. The aim of this study is to develop,
      implement and evaluate a community-based PA intervention to improve aerobic and
      muscular fitness among adults at risk of, or diagnosed with T2D. RESEARCH DESIGN
      AND METHODS: The eCoFit pilot intervention will be evaluated using a randomized
      controlled trial (RCT) design. The 20-week (Phases 1 and 2) multi-component
      intervention was guided by Social Cognitive Theory, Health Action Process
      Approach Model, and Cognitive Behavior Therapy strategies. Phase 1 (Weeks 1-10)
      includes: i) 5 group face-to-face sessions consisting of outdoor training and
      cognitive mentoring; and ii) the use of the eCoFit smartphone application with a
      description of where and how to use the outdoor environment to be more physically
      active. Phase 2 (Weeks 11-20) includes the use of the eCoFit smartphone
      application only. Assessments are to be conducted at baseline, 10-weeks (primary
      end-point) and 20-weeks (secondary end-point) post-baseline. Primary outcomes are
      cardio-respiratory fitness and muscular fitness (lower body). Secondary outcomes
      include physical, behavioral, mental health and quality of life, and social
      cognitive outcomes. DISCUSSION: eCoFit is an innovative, multi-component
      intervention, which integrates smartphone technology, social support and the
      outdoor physical environment to promote aerobic and resistance training PA among
      adults at risk of, or diagnosed with T2D. The findings will be used to guide
      future interventions and to develop and implement effective community-based
      prevention programs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials
      Registry No: ACTRN12615000990527.

PMID- 27370231
TI  - Randomized controlled trial of a 12-month computerized mindfulness-based
      intervention for obese patients with binge eating disorder: The MindOb study
      protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mindfulness-based interventions for healthy behaviors such as
      exercise and dietary modifications have aroused growing interest. This study aims
      to test the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention for the reduction
      of impulsive eating and the improvement of motivation to exercise among obese
      individuals. METHODS: One-hundred and twenty obese outpatients, aged 18 to
      65years, diagnosed with a binge eating disorder, will be randomly assigned to one
      of the three following groups: mindfulness practice, sham meditation, or
      treatment as usual control. The tested intervention consists of a 1-year
      computerized mindfulness-based program. Mindfulness sessions are audio recordings
      that the patients are asked to listen to, 10min every day. Self-reported
      questionnaires measuring impulsive eating, motivation to exercise, physical
      activity level, mood, and mindfulness skills are filled in at baseline, 1, 6, and
      12months. Physical activity, calories consumption, and biomarkers are measured
      with more objective measurement tools at baseline, 6months and 12months.
      CONCLUSION: Mindfulness, as both a de-automation element and as a moderator of
      motivation to exercise, can lead to the reduction of impulsive eating and also to
      an increase in levels of physical activity. These effects could cause weight loss
      in obese patients suffering from binge eating disorder. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02571387.

PMID- 27370232
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370230
TI  - Can atorvastatin with metformin change the natural history of prostate cancer as
      characterized by molecular, metabolomic, imaging and pathological variables? A
      randomized controlled trial protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atorvastatin and metformin are known energy restricting mimetic
      agents that act synergistically to produce molecular and metabolic changes in
      advanced prostate cancer (PCa). This trial seeks to determine whether these drugs
      favourably alter selected parameters in men with clinically-localized, aggressive
      PCa. METHODS/DESIGN: This prospective phase II randomized, controlled window
      trial is recruiting men with clinically significant PCa, confirmed by biopsy
      following multiparametric MRI and intending to undergo radical prostatectomy.
      Ethical approval was granted by the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Human and
      The University of Queensland Medical Research Ethics Committees. Participants are
      being randomized into four groups: metformin with placebo; atorvastatin with
      placebo; metformin with atorvastatin; or placebo alone. Capsules are consumed for
      8weeks, a duration selected as the most appropriate period in which histological
      and biochemical changes may be observed while allowing prompt treatment with
      curative intent of clinically significant PCa. At recruitment and prior to RP,
      participants provide blood, urine and seminal fluid. A subset of participants
      will undergo 7Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy to compare metabolites in
      vivo with those in seminal fluid and biopsied tissue. The primary end point is
      biochemical evolution, defined using biomarkers (serum prostate specific antigen;
      PCA3 and citrate in seminal fluid and prostatic tissue). Standard pathological
      assessment will be undertaken. DISCUSSION: This study is designed to assess the
      potential synergistic action of metformin and atorvastatin on PCa tumour biology.
      The results may determine simple methods of tumour modulation to reduce disease
      progression.

PMID- 27370233
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370234
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370235
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370236
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370237
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370238
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370239
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370240
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370241
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370242
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370243
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370244
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370245
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370246
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370247
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370249
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370250
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370252
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370251
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370253
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370254
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370248
TI  - Peptide-drug conjugates as effective prodrug strategies for targeted delivery.
AB  - Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) represent an important class of therapeutic agents
      that combine one or more drug molecules with a short peptide through a
      biodegradable linker. This prodrug strategy uniquely and specifically exploits
      the biological activities and self-assembling potential of small-molecule
      peptides to improve the treatment efficacy of medicinal compounds. We review here
      the recent progress in the design and synthesis of peptide-drug conjugates in the
      context of targeted drug delivery and cancer chemotherapy. We analyze carefully
      the key design features in choosing the peptide sequence and linker chemistry for
      the drug of interest, as well as the strategies to optimize the conjugate design.
      We highlight the recent progress in the design and synthesis of self-assembling
      peptide-drug amphiphiles to construct supramolecular nanomedicine and nanofiber
      hydrogels for both systemic and topical delivery of active pharmaceutical
      ingredients.

PMID- 27370256
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370257
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370255
TI  - Melatonin Protects SH-SY5Y Neuronal Cells Against Methamphetamine-Induced
      Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptotic Cell Death.
AB  - Methamphetamine (METH), a psychostimulant with highly neurotoxic effects, has
      been known to induce neuronal apoptosis in part through an endoplasmic reticulum
      (ER) stress pathway. Melatonin is an endogenous antioxidant compound that exerts
      protective effects against several neurodegenerative conditions, including METH
      induced neurotoxicity, via various mechanisms. However, the role of melatonin in
      ER stress is still relatively unclear. In the present study, we investigated ER
      stress and neuronal apoptosis following METH treatment and the role of melatonin
      in METH-mediated ER stress-induced cell death in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell
      line. We found that METH caused the overexpression of ER stress-related genes,
      including C/EBP homologous protein and spliced X-box binding protein 1, in dose-
      and time-dependent manners. Moreover, METH time-dependently activated caspase-12
      and -3, leading to cellular apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that
      pretreatment with melatonin attenuated the overexpression of ER stress-related
      genes and the cleavages of caspase-12 and -3 caused by METH exposure. Flow
      cytometry revealed that METH-mediated neuronal apoptosis was also prevented by
      melatonin. These findings suggest the protective effects of melatonin against ER
      stress and apoptosis caused by METH and other harmful agents.

PMID- 27370258
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370260
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370259
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370261
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370262
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370263
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370265
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370264
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370266
TI  - Erratum to: Association of Bisphenol A Exposure with Breastfeeding and Perceived
      Insufficient Milk Supply in Mexican Women.

PMID- 27370267
TI  - [Technique-based game for daycare visitors with and without dementia : Effects,
      heuristics and correlates].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Playing of old people with or without dementia have not yet been
      substantially investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study deals with the acceptance and
      impact of a tablet-based memory game, which was played on a weekly or semiweekly
      basis by visitors in two daycare units. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Within the
      framework of focus groups the technical system was adapted for elderly users. The
      video-assisted data at the level of the game and the dynamics were investigated
      with respect to interaction and communication. RESULTS: The analysis of
      psychological observation forms and game protocols, which were conducted over a
      period of 3 months, indicated different effects of the game on psychosocial and
      cognitive activation. The individual memory cards in particular served as an
      intensification of communication and a stimulation of episodic memory. Finally,
      with video analysis during the whole game setting three theoretical relationship
      patterns of the spheres playing and speech could be depicted. CONCLUSION:
      Coherence, separation and incoherence of playing and speech are different forms
      of interaction in which individual and collaborative competences of people with
      and without dementia can be visualized. Furthermore, the study provides evidence
      for the cultural theory of playing by Huizinga.

PMID- 27370268
TI  - Diagnosis and management of asthma - Statement on the 2015 GINA Guidelines.
AB  - This statement was written by a group of pulmonologists and pediatric
      pulmonologists belonging to the corresponding professional associations OGP
      (Austrian Society for Pulmonology) and OGKJ (Austrian Society for pediatric and
      adolescent medicine) to provide a concise overview of the latest updates in the
      2015 GINA Guidelines and to include aspects that are specific to Austria. 

PMID- 27370269
TI  - Uterine rupture after balloon inflation of the intrauterine Foley catheter during
      laparoscopic chromopertubation.
AB  - Laparoscopic chromopertubation is considered "gold standard" for checking the
      tubal patency. Foley catheter is frequently used for blue dye during
      chromopertubation. Complications associated with the intra-uterine use of Foley
      catheter are infrequent. The mean normal capacity of the uterine cavity is about
      9 ml, and an inflation of up to 30 ml (e. g. during thermal balloon ablation
      procedures) is considered safe. We report a uterine rupture in a 36-year-old
      woman undergoing laparoscopic chromopertubation due to primary infertility.
      Thirteen years ago, the patient had three consecutive laparotomies because of
      appendicitis, peritonitis and retroperitoneal abscess. For the present
      laparoscopy, the Foley catheter (Nelaton, charier 10, balloon 5 ml) was used. The
      first blocking of the balloon with 3.5 ml saline was insufficient; however after
      inflating with 5 ml, a rupture of the uterine fundus occurred. The balloon
      remained intact and both tubes appeared patent. The myometrium was sutured and
      the postoperative course was uneventful. We presume that-in the present case-the
      expansive capacity of the uterine wall may have been reduced after the series of
      severe pelvic inflammations. Nevertheless, if using a Foley catheter for the
      chromopertubation, the optimal pressure for its intrauterine fixation needs still
      to be determined. 

PMID- 27370272
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370273
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370270
TI  - miR-122-mediated translational repression of PEG10 and its suppression in human
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a primary liver malignancy, is the
      most common cancer in males and fourth common cancer in females in Taiwan. HCC
      patients usually have a poor prognosis due to late diagnosis. It has been
      classified as a complex disease because of the heterogeneous phenotypic and
      genetic traits of the patients and a wide range of risk factors. Micro (mi)RNAs
      regulate oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are known to be dysregulated
      in HCC. Several studies have found an association between downregulation of miR
      122, a liver-specific miRNA, and upregulation of paternally expressed gene 10
      (PEG10) in HCC; however, the correlation between low miR-122 and high PEG10
      levels still remains to be defined and require more investigations to evaluate
      their performance as an effective prognostic biomarker for HCC. METHODS: An in
      silico approach was used to isolate PEG10, a potential miR-122 target implicated
      in HCC development. miR-122S binding sites in the PEG10 promoter were evaluated
      with a reporter assay. The regulation of PEG10 by miR-122S overexpression was
      examined by quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry in
      miR-122 knockout mice and liver tissue from HCC patients. The relationship
      between PEG10 expression and clinicopathologic features of HCC patients was also
      evaluated. RESULTS: miR-122 downregulated the expression of PEG10 protein through
      binding to 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the PEG10 transcript. In miR-122
      knockout mice and HCC patients, the deficiency of miR-122 was associated with HCC
      progression. The expression of PEG10 was increased in 57.3 % of HCC as compared
      to paired non-cancerous tissue samples. However, significant upregulation was
      detected in 56.5 % of patients and was correlated with Okuda stage (P = 0.05) and
      histological grade (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: miR-122 suppresses PEG10 expression
      via direct binding to the 3'-UTR of the PEG10 transcript. Therefore, while PEG10
      could not be an ideal diagnostic biomarker for HCC but its upregulation in HCC
      tissue still has predictive value for HCC prognosis.

PMID- 27370271
TI  - Normalizing acronyms and abbreviations to aid patient understanding of clinical
      texts: ShARe/CLEF eHealth Challenge 2013, Task 2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ShARe/CLEF eHealth challenge lab aims to stimulate development of
      natural language processing and information retrieval technologies to aid
      patients in understanding their clinical reports. In clinical text, acronyms and
      abbreviations, also referenced as short forms, can be difficult for patients to
      understand. For one of three shared tasks in 2013 (Task 2), we generated a
      reference standard of clinical short forms normalized to the Unified Medical
      Language System. This reference standard can be used to improve patient
      understanding by linking to web sources with lay descriptions of annotated short
      forms or by substituting short forms with a more simplified, lay term. METHODS:
      In this study, we evaluate 1) accuracy of participating systems' normalizing
      short forms compared to a majority sense baseline approach, 2) performance of
      participants' systems for short forms with variable majority sense distributions,
      and 3) report the accuracy of participating systems' normalizing shared
      normalized concepts between the test set and the Consumer Health Vocabulary, a
      vocabulary of lay medical terms. RESULTS: The best systems submitted by the five
      participating teams performed with accuracies ranging from 43 to 72 %. A majority
      sense baseline approach achieved the second best performance. The performance of
      participating systems for normalizing short forms with two or more senses with
      low ambiguity (majority sense greater than 80 %) ranged from 52 to 78 % accuracy,
      with two or more senses with moderate ambiguity (majority sense between 50 and 80
      %) ranged from 23 to 57 % accuracy, and with two or more senses with high
      ambiguity (majority sense less than 50 %) ranged from 2 to 45 % accuracy. With
      respect to the ShARe test set, 69 % of short form annotations contained common
      concept unique identifiers with the Consumer Health Vocabulary. For these 2594
      possible annotations, the performance of participating systems ranged from 50 to
      75 % accuracy. CONCLUSION: Short form normalization continues to be a challenging
      problem. Short form normalization systems perform with moderate to reasonable
      accuracies. The Consumer Health Vocabulary could enrich its knowledge base with
      missed concept unique identifiers from the ShARe test set to further support
      patient understanding of unfamiliar medical terms.

PMID- 27370274
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370275
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370276
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370277
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370278
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370279
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370280
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370281
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370282
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370284
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370283
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370285
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370287
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370286
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370288
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370289
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370291
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370292
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370290
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370293
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370295
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370294
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370296
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370298
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370297
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370299
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370300
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370302
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370301
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370303
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370304
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370305
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370308
TI  - Evaluating the Surgeons' Perception of Difficulties of Two Techniques to Perform
      STARR for Obstructed Defecation Syndrome: A Multicenter Randomized Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: After initial enthusiasm in the use of a dedicated curved stapler
      (CCS-30 Contour Transtar) to perform stapled transanal rectal resection (STARR)
      for obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS), difficulties have emerged in this
      surgical technique. OBJECTIVE: First, to compare surgeons' perception of
      difficulties of STARR performed with only Transtar versus STARR performed with
      the combined use of linear staplers and Transtar to cure ODS associated with
      large internal prolapse and rectocele; second, to compare the postoperative
      incidence of the urge to defecate between the 2 STARR procedures. DESIGN AND
      SETTING: An Italian multicenter randomized trial involving 25 centers of
      colorectal surgery. PATIENTS: Patients with obstructed defecation syndrome and
      rectocele or rectal intussusception, treated between January and December 2012.
      INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to undergo STARR with a curved
      alone stapler (CAS group) or with the combined use of linear and curved staplers
      (LCS group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary end-points were the evaluation of
      surgeons' perception of difficulties score and the incidence of the "urge to
      defecate" at 3-month follow up. Secondary end-points included duration of
      hospital stay, rates of early and late complications, incidence of "urge to
      defecate" at 6 and 12 months, success of the procedures at 12 months of follow
      up. RESULTS: Of 771 patients evaluated, 270 patients (35%) satisfied the
      criteria. Follow-up data were available for 254 patients: 128 patients (114
      women) in the CAS group (mean age, 52.1; range, 39-70 years) and 126 (116 women)
      in LCS group (mean age, 50.7 years; range, 41-75 years). The mean surgeons'
      perception score, was 15.36 (SD, 3.93) in the CAS group and 12.26 (SD, 4.22) in
      the LCS group (P < .0001; 2-sample t test). At 3-month follow-up, urge to
      defecate was observed in 18 (14.6%) CAS group patients and in 13 (10.7%) LCS
      group patients (P = .34; Fisher's exact test). These values drastically decrease
      at 6 months until no urge to defecate in all patients at 12 months was observed.
      At 12-month follow-up, a successful outcome was achieved in 100 (78.1%) CAS group
      patients and in 105 (83.3%) LCS group patients (P = .34; Fisher's exact test). No
      significant differences between groups were observed in the hospital stay and
      rates of early or late complications occurring after STARR. CONCLUSIONS: STARR
      with Transtar associated with prior decomposition of prolapse, using linear
      staplers, seems to be less difficult than that without decomposition. Both
      procedures appear to be safe and effective in the treatment of obstructed
      defecation syndrome resulting in similar success rates and complications.

PMID- 27370309
TI  - Evaluation of pollution of Ganga River water using fish as bioindicator.
AB  - Ganga River, life line of millions of people got heavily polluted due to
      uncontrolled anthropogenic activities. To monitor the effect of pollution of the
      river on its aquatic life, a field study was conducted by analyzing the different
      biomarker enzymes and biochemical parameters in the various tissues (muscles,
      liver, gills, kidney, brain, and skin) of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita
      collected from the River Ganga from different study sites of Varanasi district.
      Activities of antioxidant enzymes, e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and
      level of lipid peroxidation were found to be higher in the fish collected from
      the river showing pollutant-induced oxidative stress in the fish. Disturbed
      health status of the river fish was also manifested by increased activities of
      aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase.
      Concentration of nutritionally important biomolecules (proteins, lipids, and
      moisture) and energy value were also found to be significantly lower in the
      tissues of the River fish indicating its decreased nutritional value due to
      oxidative stress caused by different pollutants. 

PMID- 27370311
TI  - Effect of the timing of admission upon patient prognosis in the Intensive Care
      Unit: (On-hours versus off-hours) and diurnal variation.

PMID- 27370310
TI  - Prognostic significance of p53 expression in patients with esophageal cancer: a
      meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of p53 protein expression in esophageal cancer
      has been evaluated, but the results remain inconclusive and no consensus has yet
      been achieved. This meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively assess the
      prognostic significance of p53 expression in esophageal cancer. METHODS:
      Publications that assessed the clinical or prognostic significance of p53
      expression in esophageal cancer and were published before July 1, 2015 were
      identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases. A meta-analysis was
      performed to clarify the association between p53 expression and the clinical
      outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 36 publications met the criteria and included 4577
      cases. Analysis of these data showed that p53 expression in esophageal cancer was
      significantly associated with poorer 5-year survival (RR = 1.30, 95 % CI: 1.11
      1.51, P = 0.0008). Subgroup analyses according to histological type, continent of
      the patients, and cut-off value revealed the similar results. The results also
      indicated that p53 expression was highly associated with advanced TNM stages
      (I/II vs. III/IV, OR = 0.74, 95 % CI: 0.55-0.99, P = 0.04), lymph node metastasis
      (OR = 0.77, 95 % CI: 0.66-0.90, P = 0.001), and distant metastasis (OR = 0.46, 95
      % CI: 0.26-0.80, P = 0.006). However, p53 expression in the included studies was
      not significantly associated with tumor size (<= 5 cm vs. > 5 cm, OR = 1.13, 95 %
      CI: 0.92-1.40, P = 0.24), tumor location (upper + middle vs. lower, OR = 0.91, 95
      % CI: 0.70-1.17, P = 0.45), grade of differentiation (well + moderate vs. poor,
      OR = 1.10, 95 % CI: 0.90-1.34, P = 0.35), and the depth of invasion (T1/T2 vs.
      T3/T4, OR = 0.86, 95 % CI: 0.71-1.03, P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis
      showed that p53 expression may be a useful biomarker for predicting poorer
      prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer.

PMID- 27370312
TI  - Conflicts of interest in the new consensus based definition of sepsis and septic
      shock (sepsis-3).

PMID- 27370313
TI  - Species interactions and plant polyploidy.
AB  - Polyploidy is a common mode of speciation that can have far-reaching consequences
      for plant ecology and evolution. Because polyploidy can induce an array of
      phenotypic changes, there can be cascading effects on interactions with other
      species. These interactions, in turn, can have reciprocal effects on polyploid
      plants, potentially impacting their establishment and persistence. Although there
      is a wealth of information on the genetic and phenotypic effects of polyploidy,
      the study of species interactions in polyploid plants remains a comparatively
      young field. Here we reviewed the available evidence for how polyploidy may
      impact many types of species interactions that range from mutualism to
      antagonism. Specifically, we focused on three main questions: (1) Does polyploidy
      directly cause the formation of novel interactions not experienced by diploids,
      or does it create an opportunity for natural selection to then form novel
      interactions? (2) Does polyploidy cause consistent, predictable changes in
      species interactions vs. the evolution of idiosyncratic differences? (3) Does
      polyploidy lead to greater evolvability in species interactions? From the scarce
      evidence available, we found that novel interactions are rare but that polyploidy
      can induce changes in pollinator, herbivore, and pathogen interactions. Although
      further tests are needed, it is likely that selection following whole-genome
      duplication is important in all types of species interaction and that there are
      circumstances in which polyploidy can enhance the evolvability of interactions
      with other species.

PMID- 27370314
TI  - Critical factors in the establishment of allopolyploids.
AB  - PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The growth and spread of new polyploid populations have
      been explained in terms of fitness advantages over their diploid progenitors.
      However, a fitness advantage is not sufficient to insure the establishment of a
      polyploid; it must also overcome the obstacles of demographic stochasticity and
      minority disadvantage. Several studies have addressed the population dynamics of
      autopolyploids, but the present study is the first to consider allopolyploids,
      which are affected by more factors than autopolyploids. METHODS: We constructed a
      population dynamic model of four types of plants (two parent species, hybrids,
      allopolyploids) that also included an explicit breeding system. KEY RESULTS: The
      numbers of plants of each type were the most important factors determining
      whether the new allopolyploid would become established. More polyploid plants
      greatly increased the likelihood of polyploid persistence. More plants of the
      parent species and more hybrids resulted in more polyploids being produced. The
      model parameters with the most effect on polyploid establishment were potential
      population size (K), individual plant fecundity, and niche separation (alpha).
      The most important breeding system parameters were selfing rates, which mitigated
      minority disadvantage imposed by pollen limitation. CONCLUSIONS: The importance
      of population sizes, and the parameters that controlled them, in overcoming
      demographic stochasticity parallels the well-recognized role of propagule
      pressure in determining the success of invasive species. We modeled the
      establishment of a new allopolyploid; analogous considerations would affect the
      establishment of a new autopolyploid. The critical role of population sizes in
      polyploid establishment should be more widely recognized.

PMID- 27370315
TI  - How to be a seXY plant model: A holistic view of sex-chromosome research.

PMID- 27370317
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370318
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370316
TI  - Role of EEG background activity, seizure burden and MRI in predicting
      neurodevelopmental outcome in full-term infants with hypoxic-ischaemic
      encephalopathy in the era of therapeutic hypothermia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of EEG background activity, electrographic
      seizure burden, and MRI in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in infants with
      hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the era of therapeutic hypothermia.
      METHODS: Twenty-six full-term infants with HIE (September 2011-September 2012),
      who had video-EEG monitoring during the first 72 h, an MRI performed within the
      first two weeks and neurodevelopmental assessment at two years were evaluated.
      EEG background activity at age 24, 36 and 48 h, seizure burden, and severity of
      brain injury on MRI, were compared and related to neurodevelopmental outcome.
      RESULTS: EEG background activity was significantly associated with
      neurodevelopmental outcome at 36 h (p = 0.009) and 48 h after birth (p = 0.029)
      and with severity of brain injury on MRI at 36 h (p = 0.002) and 48 h (p =
      0.018). All infants with a high seizure burden and moderate-severe injury on MRI
      had an abnormal outcome. The positive predictive value (PPV) of EEG for abnormal
      outcome was 100% at 36 h and 48 h and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 75%
      at 36 h and 69% at 48 h. The PPV of MRI was 100% and the NPV 85%. The PPV of
      seizure burden was 78% and the NPV 71%. CONCLUSION: Severely abnormal EEG
      background activity at 36 h and 48 h after birth was associated with severe
      injury on MRI and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome. High seizure burden was
      only associated with abnormal outcome in combination with moderate-severe injury
      on MRI.

PMID- 27370319
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370320
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370321
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370322
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370323
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370324
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370325
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370326
TI  - Mucopolysaccharidosis VI in cats - clarification regarding genetic testing.
AB  - The release of new DNA-based diagnostic tools has increased tremendously in
      companion animals. Over 70 different DNA variants are now known for the cat,
      including DNA variants in disease-associated genes and genes causing
      aesthetically interesting traits. The impact genetic tests have on animal
      breeding and health management is significant because of the ability to control
      the breeding of domestic cats, especially breed cats. If used properly, genetic
      testing can prevent the production of diseased animals, causing the reduction of
      the frequency of the causal variant in the population, and, potentially, the
      eventual eradication of the disease. However, testing of some identified DNA
      variants may be unwarranted and cause undo strife within the cat breeding
      community and unnecessary reduction of gene pools and availability of breeding
      animals. Testing for mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI (MPS VI) in cats, specifically
      the genetic testing of the L476P (c.1427T>C) and the D520N (c.1558G>A) variants
      in arylsulfatase B (ARSB), has come under scrutiny. No health problems are
      associated with the D520N (c.1558G>A) variant, however, breeders that obtain
      positive results for this variant are speculating as to possible correlation with
      health concerns. Birman cats already have a markedly reduced gene pool and have a
      high frequency of the MPS VI D520N variant. Further reduction of the gene pool by
      eliminating cats that are heterozygous or homozygous for only the MPS VI D520N
      variant could lead to more inbreeding depression effects on the breed population.
      Herein is debated the genetic testing of the MPS VI D520N variant in cats.
      Surveys from different laboratories suggest the L476P (c.1427T>C) disease
      associated variant should be monitored in the cat breed populations, particularly
      breeds with Siamese derivations and outcrosses. However, the D520N has no
      evidence of association with disease in cats and testing is not recommended in
      the absence of L476P genotyping. Selection against the D520N is not warranted in
      cat populations. More rigorous guidelines may be required to support the genetic
      testing of DNA variants in all animal species. 

PMID- 27370329
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370328
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370327
TI  - Exploring the Use of Information and Communication Technology by People With Mood
      Disorder: A Systematic Review and Metasynthesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a growing body of evidence relating to how information and
      communication technology (ICT) can be used to support people with physical health
      conditions. Less is known regarding mental health, and in particular, mood
      disorder. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a metasynthesis of all qualitative studies
      exploring the use of ICTs by people with mood disorder. METHODS: Searches were
      run in eight electronic databases using a systematic search strategy. Qualitative
      and mixed-method studies published in English between 2007 and 2014 were
      included. Thematic synthesis was used to interpret and synthesis the results of
      the included studies. RESULTS: Thirty-four studies were included in the
      synthesis. The methodological design of the studies was qualitative or mixed
      methods. A global assessment of study quality identified 22 studies as strong and
      12 weak with most having a typology of findings either at topical or thematic
      survey levels of data transformation. A typology of ICT use by people with mood
      disorder was created as a result of synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: The systematic review
      and metasynthesis clearly identified a gap in the research literature as no
      studies were identified, which specifically researched how people with mood
      disorder use mobile ICT. Further qualitative research is recommended to
      understand the meaning this type of technology holds for people. Such research
      might provide valuable information on how people use mobile technology in their
      lives in general and also, more specifically, how they are being used to help
      with their mood disorders.

PMID- 27370330
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370332
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370333
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370331
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370334
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370336
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370335
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370337
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370339
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370338
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370340
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370341
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370342
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370343
TI  - New Horizons in the Development of Novel Needle-Free Immunization Strategies to
      Increase Vaccination Efficacy.
AB  - The young twenty-first century has already brought several medical advances, such
      as a functional artificial human liver created from stem cells, improved
      antiviral (e.g., against HIV) and cancer (e.g., against breast cancer) therapies,
      interventions controlling cardiovascular diseases, and development of new and
      optimized vaccines (e.g., HPV vaccine). However, despite this substantial
      progress and the achievements of the last century, humans still suffer
      considerably from diseases, especially from infectious diseases. Thus, almost one
      fourth of all deaths worldwide are caused directly or indirectly by infectious
      agents. Although vaccination has led to the control of many diseases, including
      smallpox, diphtheria, and tetanus, emerging diseases are still not completely
      contained. Furthermore, pathogens such as Bordetella pertussis undergo
      alterations making adaptation of the respective vaccine necessary. Moreover,
      insufficient implementation of vaccination campaigns leads to re-emergence of
      diseases which were believed to be already under control (e.g., poliomyelitis).
      Therefore, novel vaccination strategies need to be developed in order to meet the
      current challenges including lack of compliance, safety issues, and logistic
      constraints. In this context, mucosal and transdermal approaches constitute
      promising noninvasive vaccination strategies able to match these demands.

PMID- 27370344
TI  - Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage Patterns in the Community.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen that
      colonizes frequently and asymptomatically the anterior nares of humans and
      animals. It can cause different kinds of infections and is considered to be an
      important nosocomial pathogen. Nasal carriage of S. aureus can be permanent or
      intermittent and may build the reservoir for autogenous infections and cross
      transmission to other individuals. Most of the studies on the epidemiology of S.
      aureus performed in the past were focused on the emergence and dissemination of
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare settings. There
      are, however, a number of more recent epidemiological studies have aimed at
      analysing carriage patterns over time in the community settings providing new
      insights on risk factors for colonization and important data for the development
      of strategies to prevent infections. This chapter aims to give a review of
      current epidemiological studies on S. aureus carriage patterns in the general
      community and put them into perspective with recent, yet unpublished,
      investigations on the S. aureus epidemiology in the general population in
      northern Germany.

PMID- 27370345
TI  - Chlamydia trachomatis as the Cause of Infectious Infertility: Acute, Repetitive
      or Persistent Long-Term Infection?
AB  - Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequently detected agent of sexually
      transmitted infections worldwide. Infection of the lower female genital tract
      (FGT) can cause cervicitis and if ascending to the upper FGT may result in
      serious sequelae such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), salpingitis and tubal
      factor infertility (TFI). The factors leading to this complication are still not
      completely understood. We elaborate four different models for host-pathogen
      interactions in C. trachomatis infections that may promote disease development:
      (1) acute infection, (2) repeated infections, (3) chronic/persistent infections
      and (4) non-inflammatory colonization. Whereas experimental data exist for all of
      these models in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, we were interested in seeing what
      clinical evidence we have supporting one or the other model. We particularly
      focused on data that favour the one or the other model for TFI development in C.
      trachomatis infection and speculate on future studies that could integrate in
      vitro findings for a better characterization of the situation in vivo.

PMID- 27370347
TI  - Correction to: "The Affinity of D2-Like Dopamine Receptor Antagonists Determines
      the Time to Maximal Effect on Cocaine Self-Administration.".

PMID- 27370348
TI  - Re: Norman AB, Tabet MR, Norman MK, and Tsibulsky VL (2014) Maintained Cocaine
      Self-Administration Is Determined by Quantal Responses: Implications for the
      Measurement of Antagonist Potency. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 348:311-315;
      doi:10.1124/jpet.113.210690.

PMID- 27370349
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370350
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370351
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370346
TI  - Immunopathogenesis of Chlamydial Infections.
AB  - Chlamydial infections lead to a number of clinically relevant diseases and induce
      significant morbidity in human populations. It is generally understood that
      certain components of the host immune response to infection also mediate such
      disease pathologies. A clear understanding of pathogenic mechanisms will enable
      us to devise better preventive and/or intervention strategies to mitigate the
      morbidity caused by these infections. Over the years, numerous studies have been
      conducted to explore the immunopathogenic mechanisms of Chlamydia-induced
      diseases of the eye, reproductive tract, respiratory tract, and cardiovascular
      systems. In this article, we provide an overview of the diseases caused by
      Chlamydia, animal models used to study disease pathology, and a historical
      context to the efforts to understand chlamydial pathogenesis. Furthermore, we
      discuss recent findings regarding pathogenesis, with an emphasis on the role of
      the adaptive immune response in the development of chlamydial disease sequelae.
      Finally, we summarize the key insights obtained from studies of chlamydial
      pathogenesis and avenues that remain to be explored in order to inform the next
      steps of vaccine development against chlamydial infections.

PMID- 27370352
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370353
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370354
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370355
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370356
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370358
TI  - Fertility preservation in female oncology patients: the influence of the type of
      cancer on ovarian stimulation response.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Does the type of cancer influence on the ovarian response to
      stimulation for fertility preservation (FP) in female oncology patients? SUMMARY
      ANSWER: Patients with gynaecological cancer have less number of retrieved mature
      oocytes compared with haematological and breast cancer patients. WHAT IS KNOWN
      ALREADY: Concerns about the impact of cancer therapy on future fertility have
      been raised and FP has become an important component in cancer management.
      Previous studies analysing FP results in cancer patients have shown conflicting
      findings. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This was a retrospective analytical study
      performed in the Centre for Reproductive Medicine, at St Bartholomew's Hospital,
      between January 2000 and December 2014. The aim of this study was to analyse the
      response to ovarian stimulation in cancer patients before undergoing cancer
      treatment and to determine whether any difference can be attributed to underlying
      cancer diagnosis. We also report the pregnancy outcomes. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS,
      SETTING, METHODS: A total of 531 female patients recently diagnosed with cancer
      were referred for counselling on FP. A total of 306 patients underwent ovarian
      stimulation for oocyte or embryo cryopreservation. We compared the baseline
      characteristics and ovarian response in five main subgroups: breast cancer,
      haematological cancer, gynaecological cancer, gastrointestinal cancer and others.
      The primary outcome was the total number of mature oocytes retrieved and
      pregnancy outcomes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The main cancer
      diagnosis was breast cancer with 145 patients (47.4%); 79 patients (25.8%) had
      haematological malignancies; 42 (13.7%) had gynaecological malignancies; 20
      (6.5%) had gastrointestinal cancer and 20 (6.5%) had other types of cancer.
      Patients with breast cancer were older (P < 0.001). Patients with haematological
      malignancies had higher number of mature oocytes retrieved (P = 0.003). The
      number of mature oocytes retrieved was lower in patients with gynaecological
      malignancy compared with haematological and breast cancer patients (P = 0.005 and
      P = 0.045, respectively). The fertilization rate and the number of cycles
      cancelled were comparable between all the groups. Thirty-two embryo transfer
      cycles have been done in 22 patients who have returned to attempt pregnancy.
      Pregnancy rate per transfer cycle was 43.75%, and cumulative pregnancy rate per
      patient was 54.5%. Live birth rate per patient was 22.72%. LIMITATIONS, REASONS
      FOR CAUTION: Apart from the retrospective nature of the study, patients were
      included over the period of 15 years, and over that time technology has changed
      and protocols have evolved. The results obtained from subcategory analyses should
      be interpreted with caution, as in each subgroup there are different types of
      malignancies with different number of patients in different age groups. Different
      ovarian stimulation protocols were applied. Only a few patients have come back to
      attempt pregnancy after being cured from their disease. We do not have follow-up
      data on these patients; as a result, we are not able to report the survival rate
      and the reason for non-return for embryo transfer. In addition, we cannot report
      information on spontaneous conceptions and births. Slow freezing used for embryo
      cryopreservation, high miscarriage rate and low live birth rate per transfer are
      other limitations of this study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The current
      study is the largest series analysing each group of cancer separately and showing
      pregnancy outcomes in oncology patients undergoing FP. These results provide
      valuable information about the success of this technique in oncology patients.
      STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The authors have not received any funding to
      support this study. There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

PMID- 27370357
TI  - Effects of yoga in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis.
AB  - AIMS/INTRODUCTION: A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of
      yoga in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PubMed,
      EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched to obtain eligible randomized
      controlled trials. The primary outcome was fasting blood glucose, and the
      secondary outcomes included glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,
      triglyceride and postprandial blood glucose. Weighted mean differences and 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The I2 statistic represented
      heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 12 randomized controlled trials with a total
      of 864 patients met the inclusion criteria. The pooled weighted mean differences
      were -23.72 mg/dL (95% CI -37.78 to -9.65; P = 0.001; I2 = 82%) for fasting blood
      glucose and -0.47% (95% CI -0.87 to -0.07; P = 0.02; I2 = 82%) for hemoglobin
      A1c. The weighted mean differences were -17.38 mg/dL (95% CI -27.88 to -6.89; P =
      0.001; I2 = 0%) for postprandial blood glucose, -18.50 mg/dL (95% CI -29.88 to 
      7.11; P = 0.001; I2 = 75%) for total cholesterol, 4.30 mg/dL (95% CI 3.25 to
      5.36; P < 0.00001; I2 = 10%) for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, -12.95
      mg/dL (95% CI -18.84 to -7.06; P < 0.0001; I2 = 37%) for low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol and -12.57 mg/dL (95% CI -29.91 to 4.76; P = 0.16; I2 = 48%) for
      triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that yoga benefits
      adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, considering the limited
      methodology and the potential heterogeneity, further studies are necessary to
      support our findings and investigate the long-term effects of yoga in type 2
      diabetes mellitus patients.

PMID- 27370359
TI  - RCT to evaluate the influence of adjuvant medical treatment of peritoneal
      endometriosis on the outcome of IVF.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Does a 3-month adjuvant hormonal treatment of mild peritoneal
      endometriosis after laparoscopic surgery influence the outcome of IVF stimulation
      in terms of number of mature oocytes obtained per cycle? SUMMARY ANSWER:
      Complementary medical treatment of mild peritoneal endometriosis does not
      influence the number of oocytes per treatment cycle. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:
      Endometriosis is a disease known to be related to infertility. However, the
      influence of superficial endometriosis-and its treatment-is still a matter of
      debate. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A prospective controlled, randomized, open
      label trial was performed between February 2012 and March 2014 and embryological
      and clinical outcomes were measured. Patients with laparoscopically diagnosed
      peritoneal endometriosis (n= 120) were treated by laser surgery after which they
      were sequentially randomized by computer-generated allocation to one of the two
      groups. The primary outcome of the trial was the number of Metaphase II (MII)
      oocytes. Sample size was chosen to detect a difference of two MII oocytes with a
      power of 80%. The control group (Group B) received the classical long protocol
      IVF stimulation, whereas the research group (Group A) had an additional pituitary
      suppression, of 3 months using a long-acting GnRH agonist, prior to IVF.
      PARTICIPANTS/ MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: A total of 120 patients were included
      in the study, 61 of them in the study group and 59 patients in the control group.
      One patient of the control group was lost to follow up leading to 58 evaluable
      patients. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: There was no difference in terms
      of the number of MII oocytes obtained per cycle: 8.2 in both groups (difference
      in MII between A and B: 0.07 [-1.89; 2.04] 95% confidence interval (CI)).
      Pregnancy rate did not differ, being 39.3% for Group A (24 out of 61 patients)
      versus 39.7% for Group B (23 out of 58 patients) (95% CI around difference in
      pregnancy rate between A and B: -0.31% [-17.96%; 17.86%]). However, a
      significantly (P = 0.025) lower dose of FSH (2561 IU for Group A and 2303 IU for
      Group B, 95% CI around difference in FSH between B and A: -258.6 IU [-483.4 IU; 
      33.8 IU]) and a significantly (P = 0.004) shorter stimulation period (Group A
      12.3 days and Group B 11.3 days, 95% CI around difference in stimulation period
      between B and A: -1.03 days [-1.73 days; -0.33 days]) were needed to reach
      adequate follicle maturation in the control group. LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR
      CAUTION: The validity of this study is limited to mild peritoneal endometriosis,
      and does not apply to ovarian endometriosis, which is also commonly seen in
      infertility patients. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: There is no indication
      for complementary medical treatment of peritoneal endometriosis in terms of IVF
      outcome. On the contrary, stimulation takes longer and requires a higher amount
      of medication. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: There was no external funding
      for this clinical trial in the IVF Center, AZ Jan Palfijn, Ghent. There are no
      competing interests to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: EudraCT nr: 2012
      000784-25. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE: First registration on 29 February 2012 and re
      entered on 23 August 2012, NCT01682642 (due to a change of staff). DATE OF FIRST
      PATIENT'S ENROLLMENT: 8 March 2012.

PMID- 27370360
TI  - Multimodal communication, mismatched messages and the effects of turbidity on the
      antipredator behavior of the Barton Springs salamander, Eurycea sosorum.
AB  - Prey may use multiple sensory channels to detect predators, whose cues may differ
      in altered sensory environments, such as turbid conditions. Depending on the
      environment, prey may use cues in an additive/complementary manner or in a
      compensatory manner. First, to determine whether the purely aquatic Barton
      Springs salamander, Eurycea sosorum, show an antipredator response to visual
      cues, we examined their activity when exposed to either visual cues of a
      predatory fish (Lepomis cyanellus) or a non-predatory fish (Etheostoma lepidum).
      Salamanders decreased activity in response to predator visual cues only. Then, we
      examined the antipredator response of these salamanders to all matched and
      mismatched combinations of chemical and visual cues of the same predatory and non
      predatory fish in clear and low turbidity conditions. Salamanders decreased
      activity in response to predator chemical cues matched with predator visual cues
      or mismatched with non-predator visual cues. Salamanders also increased latency
      to first move to predator chemical cues mismatched with non-predator visual cues.
      Salamanders decreased activity and increased latency to first move more in clear
      as opposed to turbid conditions in all treatment combinations. Our results
      indicate that salamanders under all conditions and treatments preferentially rely
      on chemical cues to determine antipredator behavior, although visual cues are
      potentially utilized in conjunction for latency to first move. Our results also
      have potential conservation implications, as decreased antipredator behavior was
      seen in turbid conditions. These results reveal complexity of antipredator
      behavior in response to multiple cues under different environmental conditions,
      which is especially important when considering endangered species. 

PMID- 27370361
TI  - Swimming-based pica in rats.
AB  - We have recently demonstrated that voluntary or forced running in activity wheels
      yields pica behavior (kaolin clay intake) in rats (Nakajima, 2016; Nakajima and
      Katayama, 2014). The present study provides experimental evidence that a single
      40-min session of swimming in water also generates pica in rats, while showering
      rats with water does not produce such behavior. Because kaolin intake has been
      regarded as a measure of nausea in rats, this finding suggests that swimming
      activity, as well as voluntary or forced running, induces nausea in rats. 

PMID- 27370362
TI  - Veterinary Ophthalmology - Feline Special Issue.

PMID- 27370363
TI  - Comparison between Pentacam-HR and optical coherence tomographycentral corneal
      thickness measurements in healthy feline eyes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To measure the central corneal thickness (CCT) in healthy feline eyes
      with Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam, Pentacam((r)) -HR) and to compare these
      values with those obtained with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography
      (OCT, Optovue((r)) iVue). ANIMALS STUDIED: Thirty one sedated Domestic Short
      haired cats. PROCEDURES: Two repeated CCT measurements were obtained from both
      eyes using Pentacam measured at the pupil center and corneal apex (CCTpupil and
      CCTapex ) and using SD-OCT (CCTOCT ). Agreement between the imaging modalities
      for CCT and intradevice repeatability was evaluated with Bland-Altman analysis.
      Mixed modeling was used to test for a difference between methods. RESULTS: The
      calculated mean +/- SD CCT was CCTOCT  = 584.93 +/- 39.05 MUm, CCTpupil  = 608.25
      +/- 47.26 MUm, and CCTapex  = 606.41 +/- 44.18 MUm. There was a statistically
      significant difference between CCTOCT vs. CCTpupil (P < 0.0007) and CCTOCT vs.
      CCTapex (P < 0.0003) (n = 59 eyes). The 95% limits of agreement (LoA) for CCTOCT
      vs. CCTpupil was (-89.57 MUm, 40.04 MUm) and for CCTOCT vs. CCTapex was (-79.62
      MUm, 33.79 MUm) (n = 59 eyes). 95% LoA between repeated CCT measurements by SD
      OCT was (-10.23 MUm, 9.32 MUm) and by Pentacam was (-22.66 MUm, 18.30 MUm) at
      pupil and (-15.81 MUm, 16.17 MUm) at corneal apex (n = 11 eyes). CONCLUSIONS: SD
      OCT and Pentacam provide excellent CCT measurement repeatability. Pentacamapex is
      our recommended clinical setting for use of the Pentacam. The level of agreement
      between SD-OCT and Pentacam for CCT is good.

PMID- 27370364
TI  - Dacryops of the Third Eyelid in a cat.
AB  - A 9-month-old female Domestic Short-haired cat was presented with a mass of three
      month duration at the base of the third eyelid of the right eye (OD). Fine-needle
      aspiration was carried out at another clinic, revealing clear fluid. The mass
      soon reformed, and the cat was referred. Ophthalmic examination revealed a pale
      pink, smooth, oval mass under the conjunctiva on the anterior aspect of the third
      eyelid. Surgical removal of the mass was performed. Histopathology revealed a
      large dilated cyst together with a number of small cysts lined by simple
      cuboidal, and low squamous epithelium with some secretory cells. Dacryops of the
      third eyelid lacrimal gland was diagnosed. The eye healed uneventfully after
      surgery, and no recurrence was seen during one year of follow-up.

PMID- 27370365
TI  - p16 expression independent of human papillomavirus is associated with lower stage
      and longer disease-free survival in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - There is limited information regarding the incidence of p16 expression, its
      association with human papillomavirus (HPV) and prognosis in oral cavity squamous
      cell carcinoma (OSCC). The role of p16 in OSCC is evaluated in 215 cases using
      tissue microarrays (TMAs). p16 immunohistochemistry and HPV in situ hybridisation
      were performed on TMAs following histopathology review of 215 patients with OSCC
      in the Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute database. Thirty-seven (17.2%) cases
      showed p16 expression without association with HPV. p16 expression significantly
      decreased with increasing pT category (p=0.002). p16 expression was associated
      with longer disease-specific survival on univariable analysis (p=0.044) but not
      on multivariable analysis adjusting for depth of invasion. Amongst patients
      receiving adjuvant radiotherapy, patients with p16 expression had significantly
      longer disease-free and overall survival. p16 expression was seen in early stage
      OSCCs and was associated with better survival following surgery and radiotherapy.
      While not an independent predictor of survival, p16 may mediate its effects by
      contributing to reduced proliferative capacity, leading to smaller tumour size
      and lower invasive potential. 

PMID- 27370367
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370368
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370366
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370369
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370370
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370371
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370373
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370372
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370374
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370375
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370376
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370377
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370378
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370379
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370380
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370381
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370382
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370383
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370384
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370385
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370386
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370387
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370388
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370389
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370390
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370391
TI  - What is healthy aging?

PMID- 27370392
TI  - Aging in cats: Common physical and functional changes.
AB  - PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Aged pets comprise a significant proportion of the small
      animal veterinarian's patient population; in the USA, for example, it was
      estimated that over 20% of pet cats were 11 years of age or older in 2011.
      Certain changes associated with aging are neither positive nor negative, but
      others are less desirable, associated with illness, changes in mobility or the
      development of unwanted behaviors. These changes can greatly affect the health
      and wellbeing of the cat and have a tremendous impact on the owner. CLINICAL
      CHALLENGES: Regular veterinary examinations are essential for evaluating the
      health of older patients and for providing owners with guidance regarding optimal
      care. With the exception of overt disease, however, it is difficult to
      definitively determine if a cat is displaying changes that are appropriate for
      age or if they reflect an abnormal process or condition. GOALS: This is the first
      of two review articles in a Special Issue devoted to feline healthy aging. The
      goals of the project culminating in these publications included developing a
      working definition for healthy aging in feline patients and identifying clinical
      methods that can be used to accurately classify healthy aged cats. This first
      review provides a thorough, systems-based overview of common health-related
      changes observed in cats as they age. EVIDENCE BASE: There is a paucity of
      research in feline aging. The authors have drawn on expert opinion and available
      data in both the cat and other species.

PMID- 27370393
TI  - Evaluating aging in cats: How to determine what is healthy and what is disease.
AB  - PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Many of the changes that occur with aging are not considered
      pathologic and do not negatively affect overall wellness or quality of life.
      Ruling out disease is essential, however, when attempting to determine whether an
      aged cat can be considered 'healthy'. A clear understanding of the normal and
      abnormal changes that are associated with aging in cats can help practitioners
      make decisions regarding medical management, feeding interventions and additional
      testing procedures for their aged patients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: It can be
      difficult to determine if a cat is displaying changes that are appropriate for
      age. For example, healthy aged cats may have hematologic or serum biochemistry
      changes that differ from those of the general feline population. Assessment of
      behavioral health and cognitive changes, as well as auditory, olfactory and
      visual changes, can also be challenging in the aged patient. GOALS: This is the
      second of two review articles in a Special Issue devoted to feline healthy aging.
      The goals of the project culminating in these publications included developing a
      working definition for healthy aging in feline patients and identifying clinical
      methods that can be used to accurately classify healthy aged cats. This second
      review proposes criteria for assessing 'healthy aged cats'. EVIDENCE BASE: There
      is a paucity of research in feline aging. The authors draw on expert opinion and
      available data in both the cat and other species.

PMID- 27370394
TI  - News & Views.

PMID- 27370395
TI  - Prognostic relevance of epilepsy at presentation in lower-grade gliomas.

PMID- 27370396
TI  - Long-term analysis of the NOA-04 randomized phase III trial of sequential
      radiochemotherapy of anaplastic glioma with PCV or temozolomide.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment and precise classification for anaplastic glioma
      are needed. METHODS: The objective for long-term follow-up of NOA-04 is to
      optimize the treatment sequence for patients with anaplastic gliomas. Patients
      were randomized 2:1:1 to receive the standard radiotherapy (RT) (arm A),
      procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine (PCV) (arm B1), or temozolomide (TMZ)
      (arm B2). RESULTS: Primary endpoint was time-to-treatment-failure (TTF), defined
      as progression after 2 lines of therapy or any time before if no further therapy
      was administered. Exploratory analyses examined associations of molecular marker
      status with TTF, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). At
      9.5 (95% CI: 8.6-10.2) years, no difference between arms (A vs B1/B2) was
      observed: median TTF (4.6 [3.4-5.1] y vs 4.4 [3.3-5.3) y), PFS (2.5 [1.3-3.5] y
      vs 2.7 [1.9-3.2] y), and OS (8 [5.5-10.3] y vs 6.5 [5.4-8.3] y). Oligodendroglial
      versus astrocytic histology-but more so the subgroups according to CpG island
      methylator phenotype (CIMP) and 1p/19q co-deletion status-revealed a strong
      prognostic value of CIMPpos with (CIMPcodel) versus without 1p/19 co-deletion
      (CIMPnon-codel) versus CIMPneg. but no differential efficacy of RT versus
      chemotherapy for any of the endpoints. PFS was better for PCV- than for TMZ
      treated patients with CIMPcodel tumors (HR B1 vs B2 0.39 [0.17-0.92], P = .031).
      In CIMPneg. tumors, hypermethylation of the O6-methyl-guanyl-DNA
      methyltransferase promoter (MGMT) provided a risk reduction for PFS with
      chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: There is no differential activity of primary
      chemotherapy versus RT in any subgroup of anaplastic glioma. Molecular diagnosis
      is superior to histology. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:
      NCT00717210.

PMID- 27370397
TI  - Inhibition of DNA damage repair by the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib delays
      irradiated intracranial atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor and glioblastoma
      xenograft regrowth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radiation therapy is the most commonly used postsurgical treatment
      for primary malignant brain tumors. Consequently, investigating the efficacy of
      chemotherapeutics combined with radiation for treating malignant brain tumors is
      of high clinical relevance. In this study, we examined the cyclin-dependent
      kinase 4/6 inhibitor palbociclib, when used in combination with radiation for
      treating human atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) as well as glioblastoma
      (GBM). METHODS: Evaluation of treatment antitumor activity in vitro was based
      upon results from cell proliferation assays, clonogenicity assays, flow
      cytometry, and immunocytochemistry for DNA double-strand break repair.
      Interpretation of treatment antitumor activity in vivo was based upon
      bioluminescence imaging, animal subject survival analysis, and staining of tumor
      sections for markers of proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS: For each of the
      retinoblastoma protein (RB)-proficient tumor models examined (2 ATRTs and 2
      GBMs), one or more of the combination therapy regimens significantly (P < .05)
      outperformed both monotherapies with respect to animal subject survival benefit.
      Among the combination therapy regimens, concurrent palbociclib and radiation
      treatment and palbociclib treatment following radiation consistently outperformed
      the sequence in which radiation followed palbociclib treatment. In vitro
      investigation revealed that the concurrent use of palbociclib with radiation, as
      well as palbociclib following radiation, inhibited DNA double-strand break repair
      and promoted increased tumor cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support
      further investigation and possible clinical translation of palbociclib as an
      adjuvant to radiation therapy for patients with malignant brain tumors that
      retain RB expression.

PMID- 27370398
TI  - CXCL12 mediates glioblastoma resistance to radiotherapy in the subventricular
      zone.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) have an overall median survival of
      15 months despite multimodal therapy. These catastrophic survival rates are to be
      correlated to systematic relapses that might arise from remaining glioblastoma
      stem cells (GSCs) left behind after surgery. In this line, it has recently been
      demonstrated that GSCs are able to escape the tumor mass and preferentially
      colonize the adult subventricular zone (SVZ). At a distance from the initial
      tumor site, these GSCs might therefore represent a high-quality model of clinical
      resilience to therapy and cancer relapses as they specifically retain tumor
      initiating abilities. METHOD: While relying on recent findings that have
      validated the existence of GSCs in the human SVZ, we questioned the role of the
      SVZ niche as a potential GSC reservoir involved in therapeutic failure. RESULTS:
      Our results demonstrate that (i) GSCs located in the SVZ are specifically
      resistant to radiation in vivo, (ii) these cells display enhanced mesenchymal
      roots that are known to be associated with cancer radioresistance, (iii) these
      mesenchymal traits are specifically upregulated by CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived
      factor-1) both in vitro and in the SVZ environment, (iv) the amount of SVZ
      released CXCL12 mediates GBM resistance to radiation in vitro, and (v) interferes
      with the CXCL12/CXCR4 signalling system, allowing weakening of the tumor
      mesenchymal roots and radiosensitizing SVZ-nested GBM cells. CONCLUSION:
      Together, these data provide evidence on how the adult SVZ environment, through
      the release of CXCL12, supports GBM therapeutic failure and potential tumor
      relapse.

PMID- 27370399
TI  - Anticancer drug candidate CBL0137, which inhibits histone chaperone FACT, is
      efficacious in preclinical orthotopic models of temozolomide-responsive and 
      resistant glioblastoma.
AB  - Background: The survival rate for patients with glioblastoma (GBM) remains
      dismal. New therapies targeting molecular pathways dysregulated in GBM are
      needed. One such clinical-stage drug candidate, CBL0137, is a curaxin, small
      molecules which simultaneously downregulate nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-KB) and
      activate p53 by inactivating the chromatin remodeling complex, Facilitates
      Chromatin Transcription (FACT). Methods: We used publicly available databases to
      establish levels of FACT subunit expression in GBM. In vitro, we evaluated the
      toxicity and effect of CBL0137 on FACT, p53, and NF-KB on U87MG and A1207 human
      GBM cells. In vivo, we implanted the cells orthotopically in nude mice and
      administered CBL0137 in various dosing regimens to assess brain and tumor
      accumulation of CBL0137, its effect on tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis,
      and on survival of mice with and without temozolomide (TMZ). Results: FACT
      subunit expression was elevated in GBM compared with normal brain. CBL0137
      induced loss of chromatin-unbound FACT, activated p53, inhibited NF-KB-dependent
      transcription, and was toxic to GBM cells. The drug penetrated the blood-brain
      barrier and accumulated in orthotopic tumors significantly more than normal brain
      tissue. It increased apoptosis and suppressed proliferation in both U87MG and
      A1207 tumors. Intravenous administration of CBL0137 significantly increased
      survival in models of early- through late-stage TMZ-responsive and -resistant
      GBM, with a trend toward significantly increasing the effect of TMZ in TMZ
      responsive U87MG tumors. Conclusion: CBL0137 targets GBM according to its
      proposed mechanism of action, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and is efficacious
      in both TMZ-responsive and -resistant orthotopic models, making it an attractive
      new therapy for GBM.

PMID- 27370401
TI  - Non-AIDS Kaposi sarcoma in the external ear.

PMID- 27370402
TI  - Fluphenazine (oral) versus atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fluphenazine is a typical antipsychotic drug from the phenothiazine
      group of antipsychotics. It has been commonly used in the treatment of
      schizophrenia, however, with the advent of atypical antipsychotic medications,
      use has declined over the years. OBJECTIVES: To measure the outcomes (both
      beneficial and harmful) of the clinical effectiveness, safety and cost
      effectiveness of oral fluphenazine versus atypical antipsychotics for
      schizophrenia. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of
      Studies (25 April 2013). For the economic search, we searched the Cochrane
      Schizophrenia Group Health Economic Database (CSzGHED) on 31 January 2014
      SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing
      fluphenazine (oral) with any other oral atypical antipsychotics. DATA COLLECTION
      AND ANALYSIS: Review authors worked independently to inspect citations and assess
      the quality of the studies and to extract data. For homogeneous dichotomous data
      we calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI), and
      calculated the mean differences (MDs) for continuous data. We assessed risk of
      bias for included studies and used GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment,
      Development and Evaluation) to rate the quality of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS:
      Four studies randomising a total of 202 people with schizophrenia are included.
      Oral fluphenazine was compared with oral amisulpride, risperidone, quetiapine and
      olanzapine.Comparing oral fluphenazine with amisulpride, there was no difference
      between groups for mental state using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)
      (1 RCT, n = 57, MD 5.10 95% CI -2.35 to 12.55, very low-quality evidence), nor
      was there any difference in numbers leaving the study early for any reason (2
      RCTs, n = 98, RR 1.19 95% CI 0.63 to 2.28, very low-quality evidence). More
      people required concomitant anticholinergic medication in the fluphenazine group
      compared to amisulpride (1 RCT, n = 36, RR 7.82 95% CI 1.07 to 57.26, very low
      quality evidence). No data were reported for important outcomes including
      relapse, changes in life skills, quality of life or cost-effectiveness.Comparing
      oral fluphenazine with risperidone, data showed no difference between groups for
      'clinically important response' (1 RCT, n = 26, RR 0.67 95% CI 0.13 to 3.35, very
      low-quality evidence) nor leaving the study early due to inefficacy (1 RCT, n =
      25, RR 1.08 95% CI 0.08 to 15.46, very low-quality evidence). No data were
      reported data for relapse; change in life skills; quality of life; extrapyramidal
      adverse effects; or cost-effectiveness.Once again there was no difference when
      oral fluphenazine was compared with quetiapine for clinically important response
      (1 RCT, n = 25, RR 0.62 95% CI 0.12 to 3.07, very low-quality evidence), nor
      leaving the study early for any reason (1 RCT, n = 25, RR 0.46 95% CI 0.05 to
      4.46, very low-quality evidence). No data were reported for relapse; clinically
      important change in life skills; quality of life; extrapyramidal adverse effects;
      or cost-effectiveness.Compared to olanzapine, fluphenazine showed no superiority
      for clinically important response (1 RCT, n = 60, RR 1.33 95% CI 0.86 to 2.07,
      very low-quality evidence), in incidence of akathisia (1 RCT, n = 60, RR 3.00 95%
      CI 0.90 to 10.01, very low-quality evidence) or in people leaving the study early
      (1 RCT, n = 60, RR 3.00 95% CI 0.33 to 27.23, very low-quality evidence). No data
      were reported for relapse; change in life skills; quality of life; or cost
      effectiveness. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Measures of clinical response and mental
      state do not highlight differences between fluphenazine and amisulpride,
      risperidone, quetiapine or olanzapine. Largely measures of adverse effects are
      also unconvincing for substantive differences between fluphenazine and the newer
      drugs. All included trials carry a substantial risk of bias regarding reporting
      of adverse effects and this bias would have favoured the newer drugs. The four
      small short included studies do not provide much clear information about the
      relative merits or disadvantages of oral fluphenazine compared with newer
      atypical antipsychotics.

PMID- 27370400
TI  - Immune checkpoint blockade as a potential therapeutic target: surveying CNS
      malignancies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death
      ligand 1 (PD-L1) across glioma grades is undocumented, and their interactions
      with commonly expressed genetic and epigenetic alterations are undefined but
      nonetheless highly relevant to combinatorial treatments. METHODS: Patients with
      CNS malignancies were profiled by Caris Life Sciences from 2009 to 2016.
      Immunohistochemistry findings for PD-1 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)
      and PD-L1 on tumor cells were available for 347 cases. Next-generation
      sequencing, pyrosequencing, immunohistochemistry, fragment analysis, and
      fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to determine isocitrate
      dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and tumor protein
      53 mutational status, O(6)-DNA methylguanine-methyltransferase promoter
      methylation (MGMT-Me) status, PTEN expression, plus epidermal growth factor
      receptor variant III and 1p/19q codeletion status. RESULTS: PD-1+ TIL expression
      and grade IV gliomas were significantly positively correlated (odds ratio [OR]:
      6.363; 95% CI: 1.263, 96.236)-especially in gliosarcomas compared with
      glioblastoma multiforme (P = .014). PD-L1 expression was significantly correlated
      with tumor grade with all PD-L1+ cases (n = 21) being associated with grade IV
      gliomas. PD-1+ TIL expression and PD-L1 expression were significantly correlated
      (OR: 5.209; 95% CI: 1.555, 20.144). Mutations of PTEN, tumor protein 53, BRAF,
      IDH1, and epidermal growth factor receptor or MGMT-Me did not associate with
      increased intratumoral expression of either PD-1+ TIL or PD-L1 in glioblastoma
      multiforme even before false discovery rate correction for multiple comparison.
      CONCLUSIONS: Targeting immune checkpoints in combination with other therapeutics
      based on positive biomarker selection will require screening of large patient
      cohorts.

PMID- 27370403
TI  - Dynamic IgG antibody response to immunodominant antigens of M. tuberculosis for
      active TB diagnosis in high endemic settings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Even though various techniques have been developed for rapid
      diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), still there is an immense need for a simple, cost
      effective, highly sensitive and specific test. Hence, one of the possibilities is
      identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis specific antibodies in infected
      serum by using specific antigens. METHODS: We tested 10 recombinant M.
      tuberculosis antigens to evaluate IgG levels among Healthy control subjects
      (HCS), Healthy household contacts (HHC) and pulmonary TB patients (PTB) by ELISA.
      RESULTS: The median IgG levels specific to all the antigens are higher in PTB
      than HHC and HCS. Amongst single antigens, 38-kDa antigen has showed maximum
      sensitivity of 50% than any other antigens at 95.5% specificity. Among the two
      antigen combination, 38-kDa+Rv1860 has showed maximum sensitivity of 66.6% with
      specificity of 92.2%. The same antigen combination (38-kDa and Rv1860)
      predominantly identifies smear negative and culture positive TB patients with 68%
      sensitivity and 92.2% specificity. Most of the antigens have exhibited higher
      antibody titre in cavitary TB than non cavitary. With regard to latent TB
      infection (LTBI) identification, Rv1860 has exhibited maximum sensitivity of
      53.3% with 95% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: IgG response to combination of
      recombinant mycobacterial antigens (38-kDa, Rv1860, Rv2204c and Rv0753c) presents
      good specificity with acceptable level of sensitivity for TB diagnosis.

PMID- 27370404
TI  - Activity and Safety of Sunitinib in Patients with Advanced Radioiodine Refractory
      Thyroid Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of 57 Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sunitinib
      in patients with progressive radioiodine refractory (RAIR) thyroid cancer (TC).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicentric retrospective analysis was performed of
      patients treated in six TUmeurs THYroidiennes REFractaires participating centers.
      All patients with progressive RAIR TC who were treated with sunitinib outside a
      clinical trial between August 2007 and March 2015 were retrospectively and
      consecutively included. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR)
      and disease control rate >=6 months based on RECIST criteria. Secondary endpoints
      included evaluation of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS)
      from the first dose of sunitinib. Primary and secondary endpoints were also
      evaluated according to treatment setting: first or second line of tyrosine kinase
      inhibitor (TKI). RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients (29 men; 50.8%), mean age 62.2
      years (range 43-80 years) with progressive RAIR TC were included. Sunitinib was
      the first-line TKI treatment for 32 (56.1%) patients and the second-line TKI
      treatment for 25 (43.9%) patients. For all patients, according to RECIST
      criteria, ORR was 35.1% (20 patients) and disease control rate >=6 months was
      68.4% (39 patients). No complete response was observed. Six (10.5%) patients
      showed disease progression. When sunitinib was used as first-line TKI therapy,
      ORR was 46.9% (15/32 patients), and disease control rate >=6 months was 75%
      (24/32 patients). When sunitinib was used as second-line TKI therapy, ORR was 20%
      (5/25 patients), and disease control rate >=6 months was 60% (15/25 patients).
      The median OS and PFS were 21.0 (range 15-29) and 10.2 months (range 6-13),
      respectively, for all patients. With sunitinib as first-line TKI-therapy, median
      OS and PFS was 30.0 (range 19.0-53.0) and 15 (range 7.0-21.0) months,
      respectively. As second-line therapy, median OS and PFS were 13 (range 8.0-20.0)
      and 6 (range 5.0-11.0) months, respectively. Eleven (19.3%) patients experienced
      grade 3 toxicity, and four patients (7.0%) experienced grade 4 toxicity.
      CONCLUSION: The efficacy of sunitinib as first- and second-line TKI therapy in a
      large cohort of patients treated for progressive RAIR TC is herein reported.
      Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of sunitinib
      in RAIR TC.

PMID- 27370406
TI  - First evidence of established populations of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus
      (Acari: Ixodidae) in Sweden.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The tick species Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus are of exceptional
      medical importance in the western and eastern parts, respectively, of the
      Palaearctic region. In Russia and Finland the range of I. persulcatus has
      recently increased. In Finland the first records of I. persulcatus are from 2004.
      The apparent expansion of its range in Finland prompted us to investigate if I.
      persulcatus also occurs in Sweden. METHODS: Dog owners and hunters in the coastal
      areas of northern Sweden provided information about localities where ticks could
      be present. In May-August 2015 we used the cloth-dragging method in 36 localities
      potentially harbouring ticks in the Bothnian Bay area, province Norrbotten (NB)
      of northern Sweden. Further to the south in the provinces Vasterbotten (VB) and
      Uppland (UP) eight localities were similarly investigated. RESULTS: Ixodes
      persulcatus was detected in 9 of 36 field localities in the Bothnian Bay area.
      Nymphs, adult males and adult females (n = 46 ticks) of I. persulcatus were
      present mainly in Alnus incana - Sorbus aucuparia - Picea abies - Pinus
      sylvestris vegetation communities on islands in the Bothnian Bay. Some of these
      I. persulcatus populations seem to be the most northerly populations so far
      recorded of this species. Dog owners asserted that their dogs became tick
      infested on these islands for the first time 7-8 years ago. Moose (Alces alces),
      hares (Lepus timidus), domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and ground-feeding
      birds are the most likely carriers dispersing I. persulcatus in this area. All
      ticks (n = 124) from the more southern provinces of VB and UP were identified as
      I. ricinus. CONCLUSIONS: The geographical range of the taiga tick has recently
      expanded into northern Sweden. Increased information about prophylactic, anti
      tick measures should be directed to people living in or visiting the coastal
      areas and islands of the Baltic Bay.

PMID- 27370405
TI  - Administration of anticonvulsive rescue medication in children-discrepancies
      between parents' self-reports and limited practical performance.
AB  - Quality of parents' performance in administering anticonvulsive rescue medication
      to their children suffering from seizures is unknown. After obtaining ethical
      approval, we used a questionnaire to ask parents of children with seizures, who
      had been prescribed rescue medications, about their experience in administering
      those. To assess the frequency of actually committed drug-handling errors, we let
      them administer rescue medications to dummy dolls. An expert panel rated the
      clinical risk of handling errors from "1" (lowest) to "6" (highest). Eighty-one
      parents completed the study. In the questionnaire, 85 % (100 %) of parents that
      already conducted rectal (buccal) administration reported that they had never
      experienced problems. The number of rectal administrations with at least one
      handling error (97 %, 58/60) was higher than in buccal administration (58 %;
      14/24; p < 0.001). According to logistic regressions, previous use of rescue
      medication was not a predictor of the number of committed errors per process (n.
      s.). All errors were rated with a high clinical risk (class 4-6). CONCLUSION: By
      observing parents' administration of rescue medication to dummy dolls, we found a
      high frequency of clinically relevant drug-handling errors. Most parents,
      however, self-reported to have never experienced problems while administering
      rescue medications to their children. WHAT IS KNOWN: * For seizures with duration
      of more than 5 min, the administration of anticonvulsive rescue medication is
      recommended. * Outside the hospital, the administration of rescue medication to
      children is performed most frequently by their parents. What is New: * Most of
      the parents reported that they had never experienced problems in handling
      anticonvulsive rescue medication. * But in the observed drug-handling
      performances, identified errors committed by parents were alarmingly frequent and
      pose a high clinical risk according to an expert panel.

PMID- 27370407
TI  - Frailty and sarcopenia as the basis for the phenotypic manifestation of chronic
      diseases in older adults.
AB  - Frailty is a functional status that precedes disability and is characterized by
      decreased functional reserve and increased vulnerability. In addition to
      disability, the frailty phenotype predicts falls, institutionalization,
      hospitalization and mortality. Frailty is the consequence of the interaction
      between the aging process and some chronic diseases and conditions that
      compromise functional systems and finally produce sarcopenia. Many of the
      clinical manifestations of frailty are explained by sarcopenia which is closely
      related to poor physical performance. Reduced regenerative capacity,
      malperfusion, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation
      compose the sarcopenic skeletal muscle alterations associated to the frailty
      phenotype. Inflammation appears as a common determinant for chronic diseases,
      sarcopenia and frailty. The strategies to prevent the frailty phenotype include
      an adequate amount of physical activity and exercise as well as pharmacological
      interventions such as myostatin inhibitors and specific androgen receptor
      modulators. Cell response to stress pathways such as Nrf2, sirtuins and klotho
      could be considered as future therapeutic interventions for the management of
      frailty phenotype and aging-related chronic diseases.

PMID- 27370408
TI  - Abnormalities in biomarkers of mineral and bone metabolism in kidney donors.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested that kidney donors may have abnormalities of
      mineral and bone metabolism typically seen in chronic kidney disease. This may
      have important implications for the skeletal health of living kidney donors and
      for our understanding of the pathogenesis of long-term mineral and bone disorders
      in chronic kidney disease. In this prospective study, 182 of 203 kidney donors
      and 173 of 201 paired normal controls had markers of mineral and bone metabolism
      measured before and at 6 and 36 months after donation (ALTOLD Study). Donors had
      significantly higher serum concentrations of intact parathyroid hormone (24.6%
      and 19.5%) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (9.5% and 8.4%) at 6 and 36 months,
      respectively, as compared to healthy controls, and significantly reduced tubular
      phosphate reabsorption (-7.0% and -5.0%) and serum phosphate concentrations (
      6.4% and -2.3%). Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations were significantly
      lower (-17.1% and -12.6%), while 25-hydroxyvitamin D (21.4% and 19.4%)
      concentrations were significantly higher in donors compared to controls.
      Moreover, significantly higher concentrations of the bone resorption markers,
      carboxyterminal cross-linking telopeptide of bone collagen (30.1% and 13.8%) and
      aminoterminal cross-linking telopeptide of bone collagen (14.2% and 13.0%), and
      the bone formation markers, osteocalcin (26.3% and 2.7%) and procollagen type I N
      terminal propeptide (24.3% and 8.9%), were observed in donors. Thus, kidney
      donation alters serum markers of bone metabolism that could reflect impaired bone
      health. Additional long-term studies that include assessment of skeletal
      architecture and integrity are warranted in kidney donors.

PMID- 27370409
TI  - Fibroblast growth factor 23 and markers of mineral metabolism in individuals with
      preserved renal function.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates
      phosphate homeostasis. Circulating FGF23 is elevated in chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) and independently associated with poor renal and cardiovascular outcomes
      and mortality. Because the study of FGF23 in individuals with normal renal
      function has received little attention, we examined in a large, population-based
      study of 1128 participants the associations of FGF23 with markers of mineral
      metabolism and renal function. The median estimated glomerular filtration rate
      (eGFR) of the cohort was 105 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and the median plasma FGF23
      was 78.5 RU/ml. FGF23 increased and plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreased
      significantly below an eGFR threshold of 102 and 99 ml/min per 1.73 m(2),
      respectively. In contrast, plasma parathyroid hormone increased continuously with
      decreasing eGFR and was first significantly elevated at an eGFR of 126 ml/min per
      1.73 m(2). On multivariable analysis adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, and
      GFR, FGF23 was negatively associated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and urinary
      absolute and fractional calcium excretion but not with serum calcium or
      parathyroid hormone. We found a positive association of FGF23 with plasma
      phosphate, but no association with urinary absolute or fractional phosphate
      excretion and, unexpectedly, a positive association with tubular maximum
      phosphate reabsorption/GFR. Thus, in the absence of CKD, parathyroid hormone
      increases earlier than FGF23 when the eGFR decreases. The increase in FGF23
      occurs at a higher eGFR threshold than previously reported and is closely
      associated with a decrease in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. We speculate that the
      main demonstrable effect of FGF23 in the setting of preserved renal function is
      suppression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 rather than stimulation of renal
      phosphate excretion.

PMID- 27370410
TI  - The complement factor 5a receptor 1 has a pathogenic role in chronic inflammation
      and renal fibrosis in a murine model of chronic pyelonephritis.
AB  - Complement factor 5a (C5a) interaction with its receptor (C5aR1) contributes to
      the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including acute kidney injury.
      However, its role in chronic inflammation, particularly in pathogen-associated
      disorders, is largely unknown. Here we tested whether the development of chronic
      inflammation and renal fibrosis is dependent on C5aR1 in a murine model of
      chronic pyelonephritis. C5aR1-deficient (C5aR1-/-) mice showed a significant
      reduction in bacterial load, tubule injury and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the
      kidneys following infection, compared with C5aR1-sufficient mice. This was
      associated with reduced renal leukocyte infiltration specifically for the
      population of Ly6Chi proinflammatory monocytes/macrophages and reduced intrarenal
      gene expression of key proinflammatory and profibrogenic factors in C5aR1-/- mice
      following infection. Antagonizing C5aR1 decreased renal bacterial load, tissue
      inflammation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Ex vivo and in vitro studies showed
      that under infection conditions, C5a/C5aR1 interaction upregulated the production
      of proinflammatory and profibrogenic factors by renal tubular epithelial cells
      and monocytes/macrophages, whereas the phagocytic function of
      monocytes/macrophages was down-regulated. Thus, C5aR1-dependent bacterial
      colonization of the tubular epithelium, C5a/C5aR1-mediated upregulation of local
      inflammatory responses to uropathogenic E. coli and impairment of phagocytic
      function of phagocytes contribute to persistent bacterial colonization of the
      kidney, chronic renal inflammation and subsequent tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

PMID- 27370411
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology of a nodal low-grade serous neoplasm: a case
      report of low-grade serous carcinoma arising from a serous borderline tumour with
      cyto-histological correlation.

PMID- 27370413
TI  - Editor's Highlight: Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility
      (SeqAPASS): A Web-Based Tool for Addressing the Challenges of Cross-Species
      Extrapolation of Chemical Toxicity.
AB  - Conservation of a molecular target across species can be used as a line-of
      evidence to predict the likelihood of chemical susceptibility. The web-based
      Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility (SeqAPASS;
      https://seqapass.epa.gov/seqapass/) application was developed to simplify,
      streamline, and quantitatively assess protein sequence/structural similarity
      across taxonomic groups as a means to predict relative intrinsic susceptibility.
      The intent of the tool is to allow for evaluation of any potential protein target
      while remaining amenable to variable degrees of protein characterization, in the
      context of available information about the chemical/protein interaction and the
      molecular target itself. To accommodate this flexibility in the analysis, 3
      levels of evaluation were developed. The first level of the SeqAPASS analysis
      compares primary amino acid sequences to a query sequence, calculating a metric
      for sequence similarity (including detection of orthologs); the second level
      evaluates sequence similarity within selected functional domains (eg, ligand
      binding domain); and the third level of analysis compares individual amino acid
      residue positions of importance for protein conformation and/or interaction with
      the chemical upon binding. Each level of the SeqAPASS analysis provides
      additional evidence to apply toward rapid, screening-level assessments of
      probable cross species susceptibility. Such analyses can support prioritization
      of chemicals for further evaluation, selection of appropriate species for
      testing, extrapolation of empirical toxicity data, and/or assessment of the cross
      species relevance of adverse outcome pathways. Three case studies are described
      herein to demonstrate application of the SeqAPASS tool: the first 2 focused on
      predictions of pollinator susceptibility to molt-accelerating compounds and
      neonicotinoid insecticides, and the third on evaluation of cross-species
      susceptibility to strobilurin fungicides. These analyses illustrate challenges in
      species extrapolation and demonstrate the broad utility of SeqAPASS for risk
      based decision making and research.

PMID- 27370414
TI  - From the Cover: Zinc Deficiency Worsens and Supplementation Prevents High-Fat
      Diet Induced Vascular Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Pathological
      Remodeling.
AB  - Obesity has become a common public health problem in the world and raises the
      risk of various cardiovascular diseases. Zinc is essential for multiple organs in
      terms of normal structure and function. The present study investigated the
      effects of high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity on the aorta in mice, and
      evaluated whether it can be affected by zinc deficiency or supplementation. Four
      week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD with varied amounts of zinc (deficiency,
      adequate and supplementation) for 3 and 6 months. Results showed that HFD feeding
      induced a time-dependent aortic remodeling, demonstrated by increased vessel wall
      thickness, tunica cell proliferation and fibrotic responses, and inflammatory
      response, reflected by increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1). HFD feeding also
      caused aortic oxidative damage, reflected by 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2
      nonenal accumulation, and down-regulated nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)
      like 2 (Nrf2) expression and function, shown by down-regulation of its downstream
      antioxidants, catalase, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1), and metallothionein
      expression. The vascular effects of obesity-induced by HFD was exacerbated by
      zinc deficiency but significantly improved by zinc supplementation. In addition,
      down-regulation of Nrf2 function and associated antioxidants expression were also
      worsened by zinc deficiency but improved by zinc supplementation. These results
      suggest that HFD induces aortic remodeling, which can be exacerbated by zinc
      deficiency and improved by zinc supplementation.

PMID- 27370412
TI  - Editor's Highlight: Transplacental and Lactational Transfer of Firemaster(r) 550
      Components in Dosed Wistar Rats.
AB  - Firemaster(r) 550 (FM 550) is a commercial mixture of organophosphate and
      brominated flame retardants currently in use as a replacement for pentaBDE. Its
      organophosphate components include triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and a suite of
      isopropylated triarylphosphate isomers (ITPs); its brominated components include
      2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and bis (2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5
      tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP). Taken together, these chemicals have been shown
      to be endocrine disrupting and potentially toxic, and human exposure to them is
      widespread. In this study, maternal transfer of FM 550 components, and in some
      cases their metabolites, was investigated in dosed Wistar rats. Gestational and
      lactational transfer were examined separately, with dams orally exposed to 300 or
      1000 ug of FM 550 for 10 consecutive days during gestation (gestational day [GD]
      9-18) or lactation (postnatal day [PND] 3-12). Levels of parent compounds were
      measured in fetus and whole pup tissue homogenates, and in dam and pup serum, and
      several metabolites were measured in dam and pup urine. EH-TBB body burdens
      resulting from lactational transfer were approximately 200- to 300-fold higher
      than those resulting from placental transfer, whereas low levels of BEH-TEBP were
      transferred during both lactation and gestation. TPHP and ITPs were rapidly
      metabolized by the dams and were not detected in whole tissue homogenates.
      However, diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) and mono-isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip
      PPP) were detected in urine from the dosed animals. This study is the first to
      confirm ip-PPP as a urinary metabolite of ITPs and establish a pharmacokinetic
      profile of FM 550 in a mammalian model. KEY WORDS: Firemaster 550 ;: lactational
      transfer ;: gestational transfer; metabolites; rodent.

PMID- 27370418
TI  - Invited Article: A precise instrument to determine the Planck constant, and the
      future kilogram.
AB  - A precise instrument, called a watt balance, compares mechanical power measured
      in terms of the meter, the second, and the kilogram to electrical power measured
      in terms of the volt and the ohm. A direct link between mechanical action and the
      Planck constant is established by the practical realization of the electrical
      units derived from the Josephson and the quantum Hall effects. We describe in
      this paper the fourth-generation watt balance at the National Institute of
      Standards and Technology (NIST), and report our initial determination of the
      Planck constant obtained from data taken in late 2015 and the beginning of 2016.
      A comprehensive analysis of the data and the associated uncertainties led to the
      SI value of the Planck constant, h = 6.626 069 83(22) * 10(-34) J s. The relative
      standard uncertainty associated with this result is 34 * 10(-9). 

PMID- 27370419
TI  - Contributed Review: Experimental characterization of inverse piezoelectric strain
      in GaN HEMTs via micro-Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - Micro-Raman thermography is one of the most popular techniques for measuring
      local temperature rise in gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility
      transistors with high spatial and temporal resolution. However, accurate
      temperature measurements based on changes in the Stokes peak positions of the GaN
      epitaxial layers require properly accounting for the stress and/or strain induced
      by the inverse piezoelectric effect. It is common practice to use the pinched OFF
      state as the unpowered reference for temperature measurements because the
      vertical electric field in the GaN buffer that induces inverse piezoelectric
      stress/strain is relatively independent of the gate bias. Although this approach
      has yielded temperature measurements that agree with those derived from the
      Stokes/anti-Stokes ratio and thermal models, there has been significant
      difficulty in quantifying the mechanical state of the GaN buffer in the pinched
      OFF state from changes in the Raman spectra. In this paper, we review the
      experimental technique of micro-Raman thermography and derive expressions for the
      detailed dependence of the Raman peak positions on strain, stress, and electric
      field components in wurtzite GaN. We also use a combination of semiconductor
      device modeling and electro-mechanical modeling to predict the stress and strain
      induced by the inverse piezoelectric effect. Based on the insights gained from
      our electro-mechanical model and the best values of material properties in the
      literature, we analyze changes in the E2 high and A1 (LO) Raman peaks and
      demonstrate that there are major quantitative discrepancies between measured and
      modeled values of inverse piezoelectric stress and strain. We examine many of the
      hypotheses offered in the literature for these discrepancies but conclude that
      none of them satisfactorily resolves these discrepancies. Further research is
      needed to determine whether the electric field components could be affecting the
      phonon frequencies apart from the inverse piezoelectric effect in wurtzite GaN,
      which has been predicted theoretically in zinc blende gallium arsenide (GaAs). 

PMID- 27370416
TI  - Editor's Highlight: Subvisible Aggregates of Immunogenic Proteins Promote a Th1
      Type Response.
AB  - Protein aggregation is associated with enhanced immunogenicity of
      biotherapeutics. As a result, regulatory guidelines recommend screening for
      aggregation during bioprocessing. However, the mechanisms underlying the enhanced
      immunogenicity of aggregates are poorly understood. In the investigations
      described herein, the immunogenicity in mice of a humanized single chain variable
      antibody fragment (scFv) purified after expression in Escherichia coli has been
      examined. Reproducible scFv aggregates were obtained within the subvisible
      particle size range (mean diameter 2 um) using thermal and mechanical stresses.
      Intraperitoneal immunization of BALB/c strain mice with 1 mg/ml of aggregated or
      monomeric scFv induced similar IgG and IgG1 antibody responses. In contrast,
      aggregate preparations stimulated significantly higher levels of anti-scFv IgG2a
      antibody than did the monomer. In comparative studies, aggregates of ovalbumin
      (OVA) within the subvisible particle size range were prepared by stir stress, and
      their immunogenicity compared with that of monomeric OVA in mice. Aggregated and
      monomeric OVA induced similar anti-OVA IgG and IgG1 antibody responses, whereas
      IgG2a antibody levels were significantly higher in aggregate-immunized mice.
      Furthermore, cytokine profiles in supernatants taken from splenocyte-dendritic
      cell co-cultures were consistent with aggregated preparations inducing a T helper
      (Th) 1-type response. Aggregated proteins within the subvisible range were
      therefore shown to induce a preferential Th1 type response, whereas monomeric
      proteins elicited a selective Th2 response. These data indicate that protein
      aggregation can impact on both the vigor and quality of immune responses.

PMID- 27370420
TI  - A three-layer magnetic shielding for the MAIUS-1 mission on a sounding rocket.
AB  - Bose-Einstein-Condensates (BECs) can be used as a very sensitive tool for
      experiments on fundamental questions in physics like testing the equivalence
      principle using matter wave interferometry. Since the sensitivity of these
      experiments in ground-based environments is limited by the available free fall
      time, the QUANTUS project started to perform BEC interferometry experiments in
      micro-gravity. After successful campaigns in the drop tower, the next step is a
      space-borne experiment. The MAIUS-mission will be an atom-optical experiment that
      will show the feasibility of experiments with ultra-cold quantum gases in
      microgravity in a sounding rocket. The experiment will create a BEC of 10(5)
      (87)Rb-atoms in less than 5 s and will demonstrate application of basic atom
      interferometer techniques over a flight time of 6 min. The hardware is
      specifically designed to match the requirements of a sounding rocket mission.
      Special attention is thereby spent on the appropriate magnetic shielding from
      varying magnetic fields during the rocket flight, since the experiment procedures
      are very sensitive to external magnetic fields. A three-layer magnetic shielding
      provides a high shielding effectiveness factor of at least 1000 for an
      undisturbed operation of the experiment. The design of this magnetic shielding,
      the magnetic properties, simulations, and tests of its suitability for a sounding
      rocket flight are presented in this article. 

PMID- 27370415
TI  - Association Between Variants in Arsenic (+3 Oxidation State) Methyltranserase
      (AS3MT) and Urinary Metabolites of Inorganic Arsenic: Role of Exposure Level.
AB  - Variants in AS3MT, the gene encoding arsenic (+3 oxidation state)
      methyltranserase, have been shown to influence patterns of inorganic arsenic
      (iAs) metabolism. Several studies have suggested that capacity to metabolize iAs
      may vary depending on levels of iAs exposure. However, it is not known whether
      the influence of variants in AS3MT on iAs metabolism also vary by level of
      exposure. We investigated, in a population of Mexican adults exposed to drinking
      water As, whether associations between 7 candidate variants in AS3MT and urinary
      iAs metabolites were consistent with prior studies, and whether these
      associations varied depending on the level of exposure. Overall, associations
      between urinary iAs metabolites and AS3MT variants were consistent with the
      literature. Referent genotypes, defined as the genotype previously associated
      with a higher percentage of urinary dimethylated As (DMAs%), were associated with
      significant increases in the DMAs% and ratio of DMAs to monomethylated As (MAs),
      and significant reductions in MAs% and iAs%. For 3 variants, associations between
      genotypes and iAs metabolism were significantly stronger among subjects exposed
      to water As >50 versus <=50 ppb (water As X genotype interaction P < .05). In
      contrast, for 1 variant (rs17881215), associations were significantly stronger at
      exposures <=50 ppb. Results suggest that iAs exposure may influence the extent to
      which several AS3MT variants affect iAs metabolism. The variants most strongly
      associated with iAs metabolism-and perhaps with susceptibility to iAs-associated
      disease-may vary in settings with exposure level.

PMID- 27370421
TI  - A scanning drift tube apparatus for spatiotemporal mapping of electron swarms.
AB  - A "scanning" drift tube apparatus, capable of mapping of the spatiotemporal
      evolution of electron swarms, developing between two plane electrodes under the
      effect of a homogeneous electric field, is presented. The electron swarms are
      initiated by photoelectron pulses and the temporal distributions of the electron
      flux are recorded while the electrode gap length (at a fixed electric field
      strength) is varied. Operation of the system is tested and verified with argon
      gas; the measured data are used for the evaluation of the electron bulk drift
      velocity. The experimental results for the space-time maps of the electron swarms
      - presented here for the first time - also allow clear observation of deviations
      from hydrodynamic transport. The swarm maps are also reproduced by particle
      simulations. 

PMID- 27370423
TI  - Optomechanical design and construction of a vacuum-compatible optical parametric
      oscillator for generation of squeezed light.
AB  - With the recent detection of gravitational waves, non-classical light sources are
      likely to become an essential element of future detectors engaged in
      gravitational wave astronomy and cosmology. Operating a squeezed light source
      under high vacuum has the advantages of reducing optical losses and phase noise
      compared to techniques where the squeezed light is introduced from outside the
      vacuum. This will ultimately provide enhanced sensitivity for modern
      interferometric gravitational wave detectors that will soon become limited by
      quantum noise across much of the detection bandwidth. Here we describe the
      optomechanical design choices and construction techniques of a near monolithic
      glass optical parametric oscillator that has been operated under a vacuum of 10(
      6) mbar. The optical parametric oscillator described here has been shown to
      produce 8.6 dB of quadrature squeezed light in the audio frequency band down to
      10 Hz. This performance has been maintained for periods of around an hour and the
      system has been under vacuum continuously for several months without a
      degradation of this performance. 

PMID- 27370422
TI  - Measuring the diffraction properties of an imaging quartz(211) crystal.
AB  - A dual goniometer X-ray system was used to measure the reflectivity curve for a
      spherically bent quartz(211) crystal. An analysis of the dual goniometer
      instrument response function for the rocking curve width measurement was
      developed and tested against the actual measurements. The rocking curve was
      measured at 4510.8 eV using the Ti Kalpha1 characteristic spectral line. The
      crystal is the dispersion element for a high resolution spectrometer used for
      plasma studies. It was expected to have a very narrow rocking curve width. The
      analysis showed that we could measure the upper bound for the rocking curve width
      of the Qz(211) crystal. The upper bound was 58 MUrad giving a lower bound for the
      instrument resolving power E/DeltaE = 34 000. Greatly improved insight into the
      dual goniometer operation and its limitations was achieved. 

PMID- 27370424
TI  - Fast phase stabilization of a low frequency beat note for atom interferometry.
AB  - Atom interferometry experiments rely on the ability to obtain a stable signal
      that corresponds to an atomic phase. For interferometers that use laser beams to
      manipulate the atoms, noise in the lasers can lead to errors in the atomic
      measurement. In particular, it is often necessary to actively stabilize the
      optical phase between two frequency components of the beams. Typically this is
      achieved using a time-domain measurement of a beat note between the two
      frequencies. This becomes challenging when the frequency difference is small and
      the phase measurement must be made quickly. The method presented here instead
      uses a spatial interference detection to rapidly measure the optical phase for
      arbitrary frequency differences. A feedback system operating at a bandwidth of
      about 10 MHz could then correct the phase in about 3 MUs. This time is short
      enough that the phase correction could be applied at the start of a laser pulse
      without appreciably degrading the fidelity of the atom interferometer operation.
      The phase stabilization system was demonstrated in a simple atom interferometer
      measurement of the (87)Rb recoil frequency. 

PMID- 27370425
TI  - High intensity vacuum ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet production by
      noncollinear mixing in laser vaporized media.
AB  - A method is described for generating intense pulsed vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and
      extreme ultraviolet (XUV) laser radiation by resonance enhanced four-wave mixing
      of commercial pulsed nanosecond lasers in laser vaporized mercury under
      windowless conditions. By employing noncollinear mixing of the input beams, the
      need of dispersive elements such as gratings for separating the VUV/XUV from the
      residual UV and visible beams is eliminated. A number of schemes are described,
      facilitating access to the 9.9-14.6 eV range. A simple and convenient scheme for
      generating wavelengths of 125 nm, 112 nm, and 104 nm (10 eV, 11 eV, and 12 eV)
      using two dye lasers without the need for dye changes is described. 

PMID- 27370426
TI  - Dichroic atomic vapor laser lock with multi-gigahertz stabilization range.
AB  - A dichroic atomic vapor laser lock (DAVLL) system exploiting buffer-gas-filled
      millimeter-scale vapor cells is presented. This system offers similar stability
      as achievable with conventional DAVLL system using bulk vapor cells, but has
      several important advantages. In addition to its compactness, it may provide
      continuous stabilization in a multi-gigahertz range around the optical
      transition. This range may be controlled either by changing the temperature of
      the vapor or by application of a buffer gas under an appropriate pressure. In
      particular, we experimentally demonstrate the ability of the system to lock the
      laser frequency between two hyperfine components of the (85)Rb ground state or as
      far as 16 GHz away from the closest optical transition. 

PMID- 27370427
TI  - Hybrid PSO-ASVR-based method for data fitting in the calibration of infrared
      radiometer.
AB  - The present paper describes a hybrid particle swarm optimization-adaptive support
      vector regression (PSO-ASVR)-based method for data fitting in the calibration of
      infrared radiometer. The proposed hybrid PSO-ASVR-based method is based on PSO in
      combination with Adaptive Processing and Support Vector Regression (SVR). The
      optimization technique involves setting parameters in the ASVR fitting procedure,
      which significantly improves the fitting accuracy. However, its use in the
      calibration of infrared radiometer has not yet been widely explored. Bearing this
      in mind, the PSO-ASVR-based method, which is based on the statistical learning
      theory, is successfully used here to get the relationship between the radiation
      of a standard source and the response of an infrared radiometer. Main advantages
      of this method are the flexible adjustment mechanism in data processing and the
      optimization mechanism in a kernel parameter setting of SVR. Numerical examples
      and applications to the calibration of infrared radiometer are performed to
      verify the performance of PSO-ASVR-based method compared to conventional data
      fitting methods. 

PMID- 27370428
TI  - Active stabilization of a diode laser injection lock.
AB  - We report on a device to electronically stabilize the optical injection lock of a
      semiconductor diode laser. Our technique uses as discriminator the peak height of
      the laser's transmission signal on a scanning Fabry-Perot cavity and feeds back
      to the diode current, thereby maintaining maximum optical power in the injected
      mode. A two-component feedback algorithm provides constant optimization of the
      injection lock, keeping it robust to slow thermal drifts and allowing fast
      recovery from sudden failures such as temporary occlusion of the injection beam.
      We demonstrate the successful performance of our stabilization method in a diode
      laser setup at 399 nm used for laser cooling of Yb atoms. The device eases the
      requirements on passive stabilization and can benefit any diode laser injection
      lock application, particularly those where several such locks are employed. 

PMID- 27370429
TI  - Time resolved 3D momentum imaging of ultrafast dynamics by coherent VUV-XUV
      radiation.
AB  - We present a new experimental setup for measuring ultrafast nuclear and electron
      dynamics of molecules after photo-excitation and ionization. We combine a high
      flux femtosecond vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) source
      with an internally cold molecular beam and a 3D momentum imaging particle
      spectrometer to measure electrons and ions in coincidence. We describe a variety
      of tools developed to perform pump-probe studies in the VUV-XUV spectrum and to
      modify and characterize the photon beam. First benchmark experiments are
      presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the system. 

PMID- 27370430
TI  - Mid-infrared concentration-modulated noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical
      heterodyne molecular spectroscopy of a continuous supersonic expansion discharge
      source.
AB  - Concentration-modulated noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular
      spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) is implemented for the first time on a continuous gas
      flow pinhole supersonic expansion discharge source for the study of cooled
      molecular ions. The instrument utilizes a continuous-wave optical parametric
      oscillator easily tunable from 2.5 to 3.9 MUm and demonstrates a noise equivalent
      absorption of ~1 * 10(-9) cm(-1). The effectiveness of concentration-modulated
      NICE-OHMS is tested through the acquisition of transitions in the nu1 fundamental
      band of HN2 (+) centered near 3234 cm(-1), with a signal-to-noise of ~40 obtained
      for the strongest transitions. The technique is used to characterize the cooling
      abilities of the supersonic expansion discharge source itself, and a Boltzmann
      analysis determines a rotational temperature of ~29 K for low rotational states
      of HN2 (+). Further improvements are discussed that will enable concentration
      modulated NICE-OHMS to reach its full potential for the detection of molecular
      ions formed in supersonic expansion discharges. 

PMID- 27370431
TI  - An enhanced Cramer-Rao bound weighted method for attitude accuracy improvement of
      a star tracker.
AB  - This study presents a non-average weighted method for the QUEST (QUaternion
      ESTimator) algorithm, using the inverse value of root sum square of Cramer-Rao
      bound and focal length drift errors of the tracking star as weight, to enhance
      the pointing accuracy of a star tracker. In this technique, the stars that are
      brighter, or at low angular rate, or located towards the center of star field
      will be given a higher weight in the attitude determination process, and thus,
      the accuracy is readily improved. Simulations and ground test results demonstrate
      that, compared to the average weighted method, it can reduce the attitude
      uncertainty by 10%-20%, which is confirmed particularly for the sky zones with
      non-uniform distribution of stars. Moreover, by using the iteratively weighted
      center of gravity algorithm as the newly centroiding method for the QUEST
      algorithm, the current attitude uncertainty can be further reduced to 44% with a
      negligible additional computing load. 

PMID- 27370432
TI  - New ultrarapid-scanning interferometer for FT-IR spectroscopy with microsecond
      time-resolution.
AB  - A novel Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) rapid-scan spectrometer has been
      developed (patent pending EP14194520.4) which yields 1000 times higher time
      resolution as compared to conventional rapid-scanning spectrometers. The central
      element to achieve faster scanning rates is based on a sonotrode whose front face
      represents the movable mirror of the interferometer. A prototype spectrometer
      with a time resolution of 13 MUs was realized, capable of fully automated long
      term measurements with a flow cell for liquid samples, here a photosynthetic
      membrane protein in solution. The performance of this novel spectrometer is
      demonstrated by recording the photoreaction of bacteriorhodopsin initiated by a
      short laser pulse that is synchronized to the data recording. The resulting data
      are critically compared to those obtained by step-scan spectroscopy and
      demonstrate the relevance of performing experiments on proteins in solution. The
      spectrometer allows for future investigations of fast, non-repetitive processes,
      whose investigation is challenging to step-scan FT-IR spectroscopy. 

PMID- 27370433
TI  - Double nanosecond pulses generation in ytterbium fiber laser.
AB  - Double pulse generation mode for nanosecond ytterbium fiber laser was developed.
      Two sequential 60-200 ns laser pulses with variable delay between them were
      generated by acousto-optic modulator opening with continuous diode pumping. A
      custom radio frequency generator was developed to produce two sequential
      "opening" radio pulses with a delay of 0.2-1 MUs. It was demonstrated that double
      pulse generation did not decrease the average laser power while providing the
      control over the laser pulse power profile. Surprisingly, a greater peak power in
      the double pulse mode was observed for the second laser pulse. Laser crater
      studies and plasma emission measurements revealed an improved efficiency of laser
      ablation in the double pulse mode. 

PMID- 27370435
TI  - Characterization and optimization of illumination vector for contouring surface
      form and feature using DSPI.
AB  - Surface defect or damage is one of the critical factors leading to the failure of
      engineering materials and structures. The methodologies for the measurement of
      surface shape and feature or defect have been extensively explored and developed
      over the past few decades, including both contact and non-contact methods.
      Speckle pattern interferometry, as a non-contact optical method, has been
      demonstrated to effectively contour the surface shape through adjusting the
      illumination vector. However, few studies have been made to investigate the
      effect of the initial position of the illumination source as well as the source
      translation direction. In this paper, we report to carry out a study of measuring
      the surface form and feature using digital speckle pattern interferometry system
      via a slight translation of illumination source. Through theoretically analyzing
      the sensitivity factor along with the experimental validation, it is shown that
      the contouring fringe is more sensitive to the surface height with an off-axis
      illumination than the paraxial illumination. It is also found that translating
      the source along axial and lateral direction can be both used for the surface
      shape re-construction. 

PMID- 27370434
TI  - The cryogenic storage ring CSR.
AB  - An electrostatic cryogenic storage ring, CSR, for beams of anions and cations
      with up to 300 keV kinetic energy per unit charge has been designed, constructed,
      and put into operation. With a circumference of 35 m, the ion-beam vacuum
      chambers and all beam optics are in a cryostat and cooled by a closed-cycle
      liquid helium system. At temperatures as low as (5.5 +/- 1) K inside the ring,
      storage time constants of several minutes up to almost an hour were observed for
      atomic and molecular, anion and cation beams at an energy of 60 keV. The ion-beam
      intensity, energy-dependent closed-orbit shifts (dispersion), and the focusing
      properties of the machine were studied by a system of capacitive pickups. The
      Schottky-noise spectrum of the stored ions revealed a broadening of the momentum
      distribution on a time scale of 1000 s. Photodetachment of stored anions was used
      in the beam lifetime measurements. The detachment rate by anion collisions with
      residual-gas molecules was found to be extremely low. A residual-gas density
      below 140 cm(-3) is derived, equivalent to a room-temperature pressure below 10(
      14) mbar. Fast atomic, molecular, and cluster ion beams stored for long periods
      of time in a cryogenic environment will allow experiments on collision- and
      radiation-induced fragmentation processes of ions in known internal quantum
      states with merged and crossed photon and particle beams. 

PMID- 27370436
TI  - A rapid excitation-emission matrix fluorometer utilizing supercontinuum white
      light and acousto-optic tunable filters.
AB  - Scanning speed and coupling efficiency of excitation light to optic fibres are
      two major technical challenges that limit the potential of fluorescence
      excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrometer for on-line applications and in
      vivo studies. In this paper, a novel EEM system, utilizing a supercontinuum white
      light source and acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs), was introduced and
      evaluated. The supercontinuum white light, generated by pumping a nonlinear
      photonic crystal fiber with an 800 nm femtosecond laser, was efficiently coupled
      into a bifurcated optic fiber bundle. High speed EEM spectral scanning was
      achieved using AOTFs both for selecting excitation wavelength and scanning
      emission spectra. Using calibration lamps (neon and mercury argon), wavelength
      deviations were determined to vary from 0.18 nm to -0.70 nm within the spectral
      range of 500-850 nm. Spectral bandwidth for filtered excitation light broadened
      by twofold compared to that measured with monochromatic light between 650 nm and
      750 nm. The EEM spectra for methanol solutions of laser dyes were successfully
      acquired with this rapid fluorometer using an integration time of 5 s. 

PMID- 27370437
TI  - Development of speckle-free channel-cut crystal optics using plasma chemical
      vaporization machining for coherent x-ray applications.
AB  - We have developed a method of fabricating speckle-free channel-cut crystal optics
      with plasma chemical vaporization machining, an etching method using atmospheric
      pressure plasma, for coherent X-ray applications. We investigated the etching
      characteristics to silicon crystals and achieved a small surface roughness of
      less than 1 nm rms at a removal depth of >10 MUm, which satisfies the
      requirements for eliminating subsurface damage while suppressing diffuse
      scattering from rough surfaces. We applied this method for fabricating channel
      cut Si(220) crystals for a hard X-ray split-and-delay optical system and
      confirmed that the crystals provided speckle-free reflection profiles under
      coherent X-ray illumination. 

PMID- 27370438
TI  - Improved mid infrared detector for high spectral or spatial resolution and
      synchrotron radiation use.
AB  - When using bright, small effective size sources, such as synchrotron radiation
      light beam, for broadband spectroscopy at spectral or spatial high resolution for
      mid-IR FTIR measurements, a marked detectivity improvement can be achieved by
      setting up a device matching the detector optical etendue to that of the source.
      Further improvement can be achieved by reducing the background unmodulated flux
      and other intrinsic noise sources using a lower temperature cryogen, such as
      liquid helium. By the combined use of cooled apertures, cold reimaging optics,
      filters and adapted detector polarization, and preamplification electronics, the
      sensitivity of a HgCdTe photoconductive IR detector can be improved by a
      significant factor with respect to standard commercial devices (more than one
      order of magnitude on average over 6-20 MUm region) and the usable spectral range
      extended to longer wavelengths. The performances of such an optimized detector
      developed on the AILES Beamline at SOLEIL are presented here. 

PMID- 27370439
TI  - Simulation of He(+) induced afterpulses in PMTs.
AB  - We report on a Monte Carlo simulation study of afterpulses due to trace gases in
      EMI 9235QA photomultipliers that are widely used in many luminescence detection
      systems operating in single photon counting mode. The numerical simulation takes
      into account the nonuniform electric field distribution and processes including
      elastic scattering: e + He -> e + He, excitation: e + He -> e + He(*),
      ionization: e + He -> 2e + He(+), elastic scattering: He(+) + He -> He(+) + He,
      charge transfer: He(+) + He -> Hef + He(+) (Hef indicates a fast neutral) and
      elastic scattering: Hef + He -> Hef + He(f). The simulated and the measured time
      of flight distributions agree well. In addition, the above simulated processes
      demonstrate mechanisms of the observed series of pulses brought about by a single
      helium atom ionization. 

PMID- 27370440
TI  - 1 Hz linewidth Ti:sapphire laser as local oscillator for (40)Ca(+) optical
      clocks.
AB  - A Ti:sapphire laser at 729 nm is frequency stabilized to an ultra-stable ultra
      low thermal expansion coefficient (ULE) cavity by means of Pound-Drever-Hall
      method. An acousto-optic modulator is used as the fast frequency feedback
      component. 1 Hz linewidth and 2 * 10(-15) frequency stability at 1-100 s are
      characterized by optical beating with a separated Fabry-Perot cavity stabilized
      diode laser. Compared to the universal method that the error signal feedback to
      inject current of a diode laser, this scheme is demonstrated to be simple and
      also effective for linewidth narrowing. The temperature of zero coefficient of
      the thermal expansion of the ULE cavity is measured with the help of a femto
      second frequency comb. And the performance of the laser is well defined by
      locking it to the unperturbed clock transition line-center of 4 S1/2-3 D5/2 clock
      transition of a single laser cooled (40)Ca(+) ion. A Fourier-transform limited
      resonance of 6 Hz (Deltav/v = 1.5 * 10(-14)) is observed. This laser is also used
      as the local oscillator for the comparison experiment of two (40)Ca(+) ion
      optical clocks and improves the stability of comparison for an order of magnitude
      better than the previous results. 

PMID- 27370441
TI  - Investigation on emission characteristics of metal-ceramic cathode applied to
      industrial X-ray diode.
AB  - The industrial x-ray diode with high impedance configuration is usually adopted
      to generate repetitive x-ray, but its performance would be worsened due to lower
      electric field on the cathode of diode when a voltage of several hundreds of kV
      is applied. To improve its performance, a novel metal-ceramic cathode is proposed
      in this paper. Key factors (width, relative permittivity of ceramic, and so on)
      affecting electric field distribution on triple points are analyzed by
      electrostatic field calculation program, so as to optimize the design of this
      novel cathode. Experiments are done to study the characteristics including
      emission current of cathode, diode voltage duration, diode mean dynamic
      impedance, and diode impedance drop velocity within diode power duration. The
      results show that metal-ceramic cathode could improve diode performance by
      enhancing emission current and stabling impedance; the impedance drop velocity of
      diode with spoke-shaped metal-ceramic cathode was reduced to -5 Omega ns(-1)
      within diode power duration, comparing to -15 Omega ns(-1) with metal foil
      cathode. 

PMID- 27370442
TI  - Deposition of dielectric films on silicon using a fore-vacuum plasma electron
      source.
AB  - We describe an experiment on the use of a fore-vacuum-pressure, plasma-cathode,
      electron beam source with current up to 100 mA and beam energy up to 15 keV for
      deposition of Mg and Al oxide films on Si substrates in an oxygen atmosphere at a
      pressure of 10 Pa. The metals (Al and Mg) were evaporated and ionized using the
      electron beam with the formation of a gas-metal beam-plasma. The plasma was
      deposited on the surface of Si substrates. The elemental composition of the
      deposited films was analyzed. 

PMID- 27370443
TI  - A simple approximation for the current-voltage characteristics of high-power,
      relativistic diodes.
AB  - A simple approximation for the current-voltage characteristics of a relativistic
      electron diode is presented. The approximation is accurate from non-relativistic
      through relativistic electron energies. Although it is empirically developed, it
      has many of the fundamental properties of the exact diode solutions. The
      approximation is simple enough to be remembered and worked on almost any pocket
      calculator, so it has proven to be quite useful on the laboratory floor. 

PMID- 27370444
TI  - Conceptual moderator studies for the Spallation Neutron Source short-pulse second
      target station.
AB  - Candidate moderator configurations for a short-pulse second target station (STS)
      at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) have been
      identified using a global optimizer framework built around the MCNPX particle
      transport code. Neutron brightness metrics were selected as the figure-of-merit.
      We assumed that STS would use one out of six proton pulses produced by an SNS
      accelerator upgraded to operate at 1.3 GeV proton energy, 2.8 MW power and 60 Hz
      repetition rate. The simulations indicate that the peak brightness can be
      increased by a factor of 5 and 2.5 on a per proton pulse basis compared to the
      SNS first target station for both coupled and decoupled para-hydrogen moderators,
      respectively. Additional increases by factors of 3 and 2 were demonstrated for
      coupled and decoupled moderators, respectively, by reducing the area of neutron
      emission from 100 * 100 mm(2) to 20 * 20 mm(2). This increase in brightness has
      the potential to translate to an increase of beam intensity at the instruments'
      sample positions even though the total neutron emission of the smaller moderator
      is less than that of the larger. This is especially true for instruments with
      small samples (beam dimensions). The increased fluxes in the STS moderators come
      at accelerated poison and de-coupler burnout and higher radiation-induced
      material damage rates per unit power, which overall translate into lower
      moderator lifetimes. A first effort was undertaken to group decoupled moderators
      into a cluster collectively positioning them at the peak neutron production zone
      in the target and having a three-port neutron emission scheme that complements
      that of a cylindrical coupled moderator. 

PMID- 27370445
TI  - Alternative uses of a megavolt tandem accelerator for few-keV studies with ion
      source SIMS monitoring.
AB  - We increase the versatility of a tandem electrostatic accelerator by implementing
      simple modifications to the standard operation procedure. While keeping its
      ability to deliver MeV ion beams, we show that the experimental setup can (i)
      provide good quality ion beams in the few-keV energy range and (ii) be used to
      study ion-beam surface modification with simultaneous secondary ion mass
      spectrometry. This latter task is accomplished without using any chamber
      connected to the accelerator exit. We perform mass spectrometry of the few-keV
      anions produced in the ion source by measuring their neutral counterparts at the
      accelerator exit with energies up to 1.7 MeV. With an additional modification, a
      high-current few-keV regime is obtained, using the ion source as an irradiation
      chamber and the accelerator itself only as a mass spectrometer. As an example of
      application, we prepare a sample for the study of ion-beam assisted dewetting of
      a thin Au film on a Si substrate. 

PMID- 27370446
TI  - Applicability of micro-channel plate followed by phosphor screen to charged
      particles.
AB  - This paper experimentally investigates the applicability of a micro-channel plate
      (MCP) followed by a phosphor screen to charged particles along with a calibration
      method for estimating the acceptable limit of input particle flux and appropriate
      operation parameters of a particular MCP. For the first time, plasmas consisting
      of only lithium ions are injected into the MCP. Despite large ion numbers (Ni) on
      the order of ?10(7), no deterioration in the effective gain (alphaG) of the MCP
      owing to an excess amount of the extracted charge occurs in a certain range of
      the amplifier voltage (DeltaUM) applied to the MCP. The measured alphaG nearly
      agrees with the expected value. However, once DeltaUM exceeds a limit value,
      alphaG eventually begins to saturate. This is also verified in experiments using
      pure electron plasmas. An appropriate range of DeltaUM is presented to avoid
      saturation and, finally, derive Ni directly from the secondary electron current
      outputted from the MCP only after the indispensable calibration. 

PMID- 27370447
TI  - Simple synchronization technique of a mode-locked laser for Laser-Compton
      scattering gamma-ray source.
AB  - We propose a simple and effective synchronization technique between a reference
      electrical oscillator and a mode-locked laser for a narrowband picosecond Laser
      Compton scattering gamma-ray source by using a commercial-based 1-chip frequency
      synthesizer, which is widely used in radio communication. The mode-locked laser
      has been successfully synchronized in time with a jitter of 180 fs RMS for 10 Hz
      100 kHz bandwidth. A good stability of 640 MUHz at 80 MHz repetition rate for 10
      h operation has also been confirmed. We discuss in detail the design and
      performance of this technique (in terms of timing jitter, stability, and
      validity). 

PMID- 27370448
TI  - Lineshape spectroscopy with a very high resolution, very high signal-to-noise
      crystal spectrometer.
AB  - We have developed a high-resolution x-ray spectrometer for measuring the shapes
      of spectral lines produced from laser-irradiated targets on the Orion laser
      facility. The instrument utilizes a spherically bent crystal geometry to
      spatially focus and spectrally analyze photons from foil or microdot targets. The
      high photon collection efficiency resulting from its imaging properties allows
      the instrument to be mounted outside the Orion chamber, where it is far less
      sensitive to particles, hard x-rays, or electromagnetic pulses than instruments
      housed close to the target chamber center in ten-inch manipulators. Moreover,
      Bragg angles above 50 degrees  are possible, which provide greatly improved
      spectral resolution compared to radially viewing, near grazing-incidence crystal
      spectrometers. These properties make the new instrument an ideal lineshape
      diagnostic for determining plasma temperature and density. We describe its
      calibration on the Livermore electron beam ion trap facility and present spectral
      data of the K-shell emission from highly charged sulfur produced by long-pulse as
      well as short-pulse beams on the Orion laser in the United Kingdom. 

PMID- 27370449
TI  - High energy X-ray pinhole imaging at the Z facility.
AB  - A new high photon energy (hnu > 15 keV) time-integrated pinhole camera (TIPC) has
      been developed as a diagnostic instrument at the Z facility. This camera employs
      five pinholes in a linear array for recording five images at once onto an image
      plate detector. Each pinhole may be independently filtered to yield five
      different spectral responses. The pinhole array is fabricated from a 1-cm thick
      tungsten block and is available with either straight pinholes or conical
      pinholes. Each pinhole within the array block is 250 MUm in diameter. The five
      pinholes are splayed with respect to each other such that they point to the same
      location in space, and hence present the same view of the radiation source at the
      Z facility. The fielding distance from the radiation source is 66 cm and the
      nominal image magnification is 0.374. Initial experimental results from TIPC are
      shown to illustrate the performance of the camera. 

PMID- 27370451
TI  - 2-D soft x-ray arrays in the EAST.
AB  - A high spatial and temporal resolution soft x-ray (SXR) imaging diagnostic has
      been installed in EAST for the study of magnetohydrodynamics activities and core
      high-Z impurity transport. Up to 122 lines of sight view the poloidal plasma from
      three directions (two up-down symmetrical horizontal arrays and one vertical
      array), which renders the diagnostic able to provide detailed tomographic
      reconstructions under various conditions. Fourier-Bessel method based on flux
      coordinates was employed for 2-D SXR tomographic reconstruction. Examples of
      several events measured by SXR diagnostic in EAST are shown, namely the crash
      patterns of sawtooth, periodical burst of edge localized modes, and the transport
      of high-Z intrinsic impurities. 

PMID- 27370450
TI  - Development of the radial neutron camera system for the HL-2A tokamak.
AB  - A new radial neutron camera system has been developed and operated recently in
      the HL-2A tokamak to measure the spatial and time resolved 2.5 MeV D-D fusion
      neutron, enhancing the understanding of the energetic-ion physics. The camera
      mainly consists of a multichannel collimator, liquid-scintillation detectors,
      shielding systems, and a data acquisition system. Measurements of the D-D fusion
      neutrons using the camera have been successfully performed during the 2015 HL-2A
      experiment campaign. The measurements show that the distribution of the fusion
      neutrons in the HL-2A plasma has a peaked profile, suggesting that the neutral
      beam injection beam ions in the plasma have a peaked distribution. It also
      suggests that the neutrons are primarily produced from beam-target reactions in
      the plasma core region. The measurement results from the neutron camera are well
      consistent with the results of both a standard (235)U fission chamber and NUBEAM
      neutron calculations. In this paper, the new radial neutron camera system on HL
      2A and the first experimental results are described. 

PMID- 27370452
TI  - Pulse generator with intermediate inductive storage as a lightning simulator.
AB  - Compact transportable generators are required for simulating a lightning current
      pulse for electrical apparatus testing. A bi-exponential current pulse has to be
      formed by such a generator (with a current rise time of about two orders of
      magnitude faster than the damping time). The objective of this study was to
      develop and investigate a compact pulse generator with intermediate inductive
      storage and a fuse opening switch as a simulator of lightning discharge. A Marx
      generator (six stages) with a capacitance of 1 MUF and an output voltage of 240
      kV was employed as primary storage. In each of the stages, two IK-50/3 (50 kV, 3
      MUF) capacitors are connected in parallel. The generator inductance is 2 MUH. A
      test bed for the investigations was assembled with this generator. The generator
      operates without SF6 and without oil in atmospheric air, which is very important
      in practice. Straight copper wires with adjustable lengths and diameters were
      used for the electro-explosive opening switch. Tests were made with active
      inductive loads (up to 0.1 Omega and up to 6.3 MUH). The current rise time is
      lower than 1200 ns, and the damping time can be varied from 35 to 125 MUs,
      following the definition of standard lightning current pulse in the IEC standard.
      Moreover, 1D MHD calculations of the fuse explosion were carried out self
      consistently with the electric circuit equations, in order to calculate more
      accurately the load pulse parameters. The calculations agree fairly well with the
      tests. On the basis of the obtained results, the design of a transportable
      generator was developed for a lightning simulator with current of 50 kA and a
      pulse shape corresponding to the IEEE standard. 

PMID- 27370453
TI  - A cryogen-free low temperature scanning tunneling microscope capable of inelastic
      electron tunneling spectroscopy.
AB  - The design and performance of a cryogen-free low temperature scanning tunneling
      microscope (STM) housed in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) are reported. The cryogen-free
      design was done by directly integrating a Gifford-McMahon cycle cryocooler to a
      Besocke-type STM, and the vibration isolation was achieved by using a two-stage
      rubber bellow between the cryocooler and a UHV-STM interface with helium exchange
      gas cooling. A base temperature of 15 K at the STM was achieved, with a
      possibility to further decrease by using a cryocooler with higher cooling power
      and adding additional low temperature stage under the exchange gas interface.
      Atomically sharp STM images and high resolution dI/dV spectra on various samples
      were demonstrated. Furthermore, we reported the inelastic tunneling spectroscopy
      on a single carbon monoxide molecule adsorbed on Ag(110) surface with a cryogen
      free STM for the first time. Being totally cryogen-free, the system not only
      saves the running cost significantly but also enables uninterrupted data
      acquisitions and variable temperature measurements with much ease. In addition,
      the system is capable of coupling light to the STM junction by a pair of lens
      inside the UHV chamber. We expect that these enhanced capabilities could further
      broaden our views to the atomic-scale world. 

PMID- 27370454
TI  - Scanning thermal microscopy based on a quartz tuning fork and a micro
      thermocouple in active mode (2omega method).
AB  - A novel probe for scanning thermal microscope using a micro-thermocouple probe
      placed on a Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) is presented. Instead of using an external
      deflection with a cantilever beam for contact detection, an original combination
      of piezoelectric resonator and thermal probe is employed. Due to a non-contact
      photothermal excitation principle, the high quality factor of the QTF allows the
      probe-to-surface contact detection. Topographic and thermal scanning images
      obtained on a specific sample points out the interest of our system as an
      alternative to cantilevered resistive probe systems which are the most spread. 

PMID- 27370455
TI  - Fabrication of all diamond scanning probes for nanoscale magnetometry.
AB  - The electronic spin of the nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond forms an
      atomically sized, highly sensitive sensor for magnetic fields. To harness the
      full potential of individual NV centers for sensing with high sensitivity and
      nanoscale spatial resolution, NV centers have to be incorporated into scanning
      probe structures enabling controlled scanning in close proximity to the sample
      surface. Here, we present an optimized procedure to fabricate single-crystal, all
      diamond scanning probes starting from commercially available diamond and show a
      highly efficient and robust approach for integrating these devices in a generic
      atomic force microscope. Our scanning probes consisting of a scanning nanopillar
      (200 nm diameter, 1-2 MUm length) on a thin (<1 MUm) cantilever structure enable
      efficient light extraction from diamond in combination with a high magnetic field
      sensitivity (etaAC~50+/-20nT/Hz). As a first application of our scanning probes,
      we image the magnetic stray field of a single Ni nanorod. We show that this stray
      field can be approximated by a single dipole and estimate the NV-to-sample
      distance to a few tens of nanometer, which sets the achievable resolution of our
      scanning probes. 

PMID- 27370456
TI  - Three-dimensional atomic force microscopy mapping at the solid-liquid interface
      with fast and flexible data acquisition.
AB  - We present the implementation of a three-dimensional mapping routine for probing
      solid-liquid interfaces using frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. Our
      implementation enables fast and flexible data acquisition of up to 20 channels
      simultaneously. The acquired data can be directly synchronized with commercial
      atomic force microscope controllers, making our routine easily extendable for
      related techniques that require additional data channels, e.g., Kelvin probe
      force microscopy. Moreover, the closest approach of the tip to the sample is
      limited by a user-defined threshold, providing the possibility to prevent
      potential damage to the tip. The performance of our setup is demonstrated by
      visualizing the hydration structure above the calcite (10.4) surface in water. 

PMID- 27370457
TI  - Modularized architecture of address generation units suitable for real-time
      processing MR data on an FPGA.
AB  - In this paper, we describe a modular approach to the design of an Address
      Generation Unit (AGU). The approach consists of development of a generic Address
      Generation Core (AGC) as a basic building block and the construction of an AGU
      from the AGCs. We illustrate this concept with AGUs capable of handling 2D- and
      3D-structured data, and as well as their setup for executing 2D and 3D FFT
      algorithms on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The AGUs developed using
      our proposed method are simple and easily expandable. Furthermore, they can
      potentially support irregularly structured data which are often generated from
      the wide variety of pulse sequences in magnetic resonance imaging. Our
      experimental results show that these AGUs are capable of generating addresses
      with a user-predefined pattern automatically at the speed of one address per
      clock cycle and operate at clock rates up to 80 MHz. They can operate
      concurrently with other processes and thus do not introduce additional operation
      latencies. Although we focus on applying the developed AGUs to executing 2D and
      3D FFT, we expect that the modular design method should have much wider
      applications. 

PMID- 27370458
TI  - Low-temperature-compatible tunneling-current-assisted scanning microwave
      microscope utilizing a rigid coaxial resonator.
AB  - We present a design for a tunneling-current-assisted scanning near-field
      microwave microscope. For stable operation at cryogenic temperatures, making a
      small and rigid microwave probe is important. Our coaxial resonator probe has a
      length of approximately 30 mm and can fit inside the 2-in. bore of a
      superconducting magnet. The probe design includes an insulating joint, which
      separates DC and microwave signals without degrading the quality factor. By
      applying the SMM to the imaging of an electrically inhomogeneous superconductor,
      we obtain the spatial distribution of the microwave response with a spatial
      resolution of approximately 200 nm. Furthermore, we present an analysis of our
      SMM probe based on a simple lumped-element circuit model along with the near
      field microwave measurements of silicon wafers having different conductivities. 

PMID- 27370460
TI  - Long-working-distance microscopic imaging in a turbid medium by use of an
      ultrafast optical Kerr gate.
AB  - We demonstrate a long-working-distance microscopic imaging of hidden objects in a
      turbid medium by use of an ultrafast optical Kerr gate (OKG). The results show
      that the working distance and the spatial resolution of the long-working-distance
      microscopic imaging system have been increased simultaneously compared with those
      of the conventional 4f OKG imaging systems. A compound lens consisting of a long
      focus achromatic doublet and a microscope objective is used to increase the long
      working distance and ensure the sufficient spatial resolution. The microscopic
      OKG imaging system with a working distance of 245 mm and a maximal spatial
      resolution of approximately 7 MUm has been performed. 

PMID- 27370459
TI  - Development of an X-ray fluorescence holographic measurement system for protein
      crystals.
AB  - Experimental procedure and setup for obtaining X-ray fluorescence hologram of
      crystalline metalloprotein samples are described. Human hemoglobin, an
      alpha2beta2 tetrameric metalloprotein containing the Fe(II) heme active-site in
      each chain, was chosen for this study because of its wealth of crystallographic
      data. A cold gas flow system was introduced to reduce X-ray radiation damage of
      protein crystals that are usually fragile and susceptible to damage. A chi-stage
      was installed to rotate the sample while avoiding intersection between the X-ray
      beam and the sample loop or holder, which is needed for supporting fragile
      protein crystals. Huge hemoglobin crystals (with a maximum size of 8 * 6 * 3
      mm(3)) were prepared and used to keep the footprint of the incident X-ray beam
      smaller than the sample size during the entire course of the measurement with the
      incident angle of 0 degrees -70 degrees . Under these experimental and data
      acquisition conditions, we achieved the first observation of the X-ray
      fluorescence hologram pattern from the protein crystals with minimal radiation
      damage, opening up a new and potential method for investigating the
      stereochemistry of the metal active-sites in biomacromolecules. 

PMID- 27370461
TI  - Low-noise humidity controller for imaging water mediated processes in atomic
      force microscopy.
AB  - We demonstrate the construction of a novel low-noise continuous flow humidity
      controller and its integration with a commercial variable-temperature atomic
      force microscope fluid cell, allowing precise control of humidity and temperature
      at the sample during nanoscale measurements. Based on wet and dry gas mixing, the
      design allows a high mechanical stability to be achieved by means of an
      ultrasonic atomiser for the generation of water-saturated gas, improving upon
      previous bubbler-based architectures. Water content in the flow is measured both
      at the inflow and outflow of the fluid cell, enabling the monitoring of water
      condensation and icing, and allowing controlled variation of the sample
      temperature independently of the humidity. To benchmark the performance of the
      controller, the results of detailed noise studies and time-based imaging of the
      formation of ice layers on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite are shown. 

PMID- 27370462
TI  - Extracting flat-field images from scene-based image sequences using phase
      correlation.
AB  - Flat-field image processing is an essential step in producing high-quality and
      radiometrically calibrated images. Flat-fielding corrects for variations in the
      gain of focal plane array electronics and unequal illumination from the system
      optics. Typically, a flat-field image is captured by imaging a radiometrically
      uniform surface. The flat-field image is normalized and removed from the images.
      There are circumstances, such as with remote sensing, where a flat-field image
      cannot be acquired in this manner. For these cases, we developed a phase
      correlation method that allows the extraction of an effective flat-field image
      from a sequence of scene-based displaced images. The method uses sub-pixel phase
      correlation image registration to align the sequence to estimate the static
      scene. The scene is removed from sequence producing a sequence of misaligned flat
      field images. An average flat-field image is derived from the realigned flat
      field sequence. 

PMID- 27370463
TI  - Quartz tuning fork based microwave impedance microscopy.
AB  - Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM), a near-field microwave scanning probe
      technique, has become a powerful tool to characterize local electrical responses
      in solid state samples. We present the design of a new type of MIM sensor based
      on quartz tuning fork and electrochemically etched thin metal wires. Due to a
      higher aspect ratio tip and integration with tuning fork, such design achieves
      comparable MIM performance and enables easy self-sensing topography feedback in
      situations where the conventional optical feedback mechanism is not available,
      thus is complementary to microfabricated shielded stripline-type probes. The new
      design also enables stable differential mode MIM detection and multiple-frequency
      MIM measurements with a single sensor. 

PMID- 27370464
TI  - Alternating current calorimeter for specific heat capacity measurements at
      temperatures below 10 K and pressures up to 10 GPa.
AB  - A developed alternating current calorimeter for measuring the absolute value of
      specific heat C of a very small sample under a pressure up to 10 GPa and low
      temperature below 10 K is described. A Bridgman anvil cell made of tungsten
      carbide with a top diameter of 3 mm is used. A hollow at the top prevents
      expansion of the sample space over the anvil top. Two chip resistors, which act
      as a thermometer and a heater, are mounted on the outer part of a copper
      beryllium gasket with a frying pan-like shape. Thus, the thermometer is not
      pressurized. In order to isolate the gasket from the anvil thermally, diamond
      powder with a grain size of 0.25 MUm is placed on the anvil top. Two jumps of C
      at the superconducting transitions of Pb (3.3 mg) and In (5.0 mg) are observed
      under various pressures up to 9 GPa, as clearly as those at the ambient pressure.

PMID- 27370465
TI  - Measurement of the B1g and B2g components of the elastoresistivity tensor for
      tetragonal materials via transverse resistivity configurations.
AB  - The elastoresistivity tensor mij,kl relates changes in resistivity to strains
      experienced by a material. As a fourth-rank tensor, it contains considerably more
      information about the material than the simpler (second-rank) resistivity tensor;
      in particular, for a tetragonal material, the B1g and B2g components of the
      elastoresistivity tensor (mxx,xx - mxx,yy and 2mxy,xy, respectively) can be
      related to its nematic susceptibility. Previous experimental probes of this
      quantity have focused exclusively on differential longitudinal elastoresistance
      measurements, which determine the induced resistivity anisotropy arising from
      anisotropic in-plane strain based on the difference of two longitudinal
      resistivity measurements. Here we describe a complementary technique based on
      transverse elastoresistance measurements. This new approach is advantageous
      because it directly determines the strain-induced resistivity anisotropy from a
      single transverse measurement. To demonstrate the efficacy of this new
      experimental protocol, we present transverse elastoresistance measurements of the
      2mxy,xy elastoresistivity coefficient of BaFe2As2, a representative iron-pnictide
      that has previously been characterized via differential longitudinal
      elastoresistance measurements. 

PMID- 27370466
TI  - Design and construction of a point-contact spectroscopy rig with lateral scanning
      capability.
AB  - The design and realization of a cryogenic rig for point-contact spectroscopy
      measurements in the needle-anvil configuration is presented. Thanks to the use of
      two piezoelectric nano-positioners, the tip can move along the vertical (z) and
      horizontal (x) direction and thus the rig is suitable to probe different regions
      of a sample in situ. Moreover, it can also form double point-contacts on
      different facets of a single crystal for achieving, e.g., an interferometer
      configuration for phase-sensitive measurements. For the later purpose, the sample
      holder can also host a Helmholtz coil for applying a small transverse magnetic
      field to the junction. A semi-rigid coaxial cable can be easily added for
      studying the behavior of Josephson junctions under microwave irradiation. The rig
      can be detached from the probe and thus used with different cryostats. The
      performance of this new probe has been tested in a Quantum Design PPMS system by
      conducting point-contact Andreev reflection measurements on Nb thin films over
      large areas as a function of temperature and magnetic field. 

PMID- 27370467
TI  - Self-vibration cancellation of a novel bi-directional magnetized
      NdFeB/magnetostrictive/piezoelectric laminate.
AB  - A novel magnetoelectric (ME) laminated composite structure is proposed in this
      work, aiming to provide a good self-vibration cancellation performance under the
      magnetic field detection environment. The proposed structure consists of two
      Terfenol-D magnetostrictive alloy plates which are revised and length-magnetized
      by two NdFeB magnets bonded on the top surface of a thickness-polarized Pb(Zr,
      Ti)O3 (PZT) ceramic plate with separate electrodes. Experiments have shown that
      great vibration suppression up to 44 dB under harmonic disturbance was observed.
      The ME coefficient of the proposed structure also reaches up to ~29 mV/Oe at non
      resonance frequency and 758 mV/Oe at resonance frequency of 79 kHz which is ~2
      times larger than the traditional L-T Terfenol-D/PZT bilayer configuration of the
      same scale. Such performance improvement is achieved based on the bi-directional
      magnetic field bias (HBias) of two NdFeB magnets in magnetostrictive layer,
      internal in-series electrical wire connection in piezoelectric layer. The
      proposed design has great potential to be used for industrial applications
      associated with heavy environmental vibration noise. 

PMID- 27370468
TI  - A liquid jet setup for x-ray scattering experiments on complex liquids at free
      electron laser sources.
AB  - In this paper we describe a setup for x-ray scattering experiments on complex
      fluids using a liquid jet. The setup supports Small and Wide Angle X-ray
      Scattering (SAXS/WAXS) geometries. The jet is formed by a gas-dynamic virtual
      nozzle (GDVN) allowing for diameters ranging between 1 MUm and 20 MUm at a jet
      length of several hundred MUm. To control jet properties such as jet length,
      diameter, or flow rate, the instrument is equipped with several diagnostic tools.
      Three microscopes are installed to quantify jet dimensions and stability in situ.
      The setup has been used at several beamlines performing both SAXS and WAXS
      experiments. As a typical example we show an experiment on a colloidal dispersion
      in a liquid jet at the X-ray Correlation Spectroscopy instrument at the Linac
      Coherent Light Source free-electron laser. 

PMID- 27370469
TI  - Optimization of current waveform tailoring for magnetically driven isentropic
      compression experiments.
AB  - The Thor pulsed power generator is being developed at Sandia National
      Laboratories. The design consists of up to 288 decoupled and transit time
      isolated capacitor-switch units, called "bricks," that can be individually
      triggered to achieve a high degree of pulse tailoring for magnetically driven
      isentropic compression experiments (ICE) [D. B. Reisman et al., Phys. Rev. Spec.
      Top.-Accel. Beams 18, 090401 (2015)]. The connecting transmission lines are
      impedance matched to the bricks, allowing the capacitor energy to be efficiently
      delivered to an ICE strip-line load with peak pressures of over 100 GPa. Thor
      will drive experiments to explore equation of state, material strength, and phase
      transition properties of a wide variety of materials. We present an optimization
      process for producing tailored current pulses, a requirement for many material
      studies, on the Thor generator. This technique, which is unique to the novel
      "current-adder" architecture used by Thor, entirely avoids the iterative use of
      complex circuit models to converge to the desired electrical pulse. We begin with
      magnetohydrodynamic simulations for a given material to determine its time
      dependent pressure and thus the desired strip-line load current and voltage.
      Because the bricks are connected to a central power flow section through transit
      time isolated coaxial cables of constant impedance, the brick forward-going
      pulses are independent of each other. We observe that the desired equivalent
      forward-going current driving the pulse must be equal to the sum of the
      individual brick forward-going currents. We find a set of optimal brick delay
      times by requiring that the L2 norm of the difference between the brick-sum
      current and the desired forward-going current be a minimum. We describe the
      optimization procedure for the Thor design and show results for various materials
      of interest. 

PMID- 27370470
TI  - Wavelength-independent constant period spin-echo modulated small angle neutron
      scattering.
AB  - Spin-Echo Modulated Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SEMSANS) in Time-of-Flight
      (ToF) mode has been shown to be a promising technique for measuring (very) small
      angle neutron scattering (SANS) signals and performing quantitative Dark-Field
      Imaging (DFI), i.e., SANS with 2D spatial resolution. However, the wavelength
      dependence of the modulation period in the ToF spin-echo mode has so far limited
      the useful modulation periods to those resolvable with the limited spatial
      resolution of the detectors available. Here we present our results of an approach
      to keep the period of the induced modulation constant for the wavelengths
      utilised in ToF. This is achieved by ramping the magnetic fields in the coils
      responsible for creating the spatially modulated beam in synchronisation with the
      neutron pulse, thus keeping the modulation period constant for all wavelengths.
      Such a setup enables the decoupling of the spatial detector resolution from the
      resolution of the modulation period by the use of slits or gratings in analogy to
      the approach in grating-based neutron DFI. 

PMID- 27370471
TI  - Elastic airtight container for the compaction of air-sensitive materials.
AB  - We report on the design and fabrication of a simple and versatile elastic
      canister for the compaction and hot-pressing of air-sensitive materials. This
      device consists of a heated double-ended floating die assembly, enclosed in a
      compressible stainless steel bellows that allows the action of an external
      hydraulic press in a uniaxial motion. The enclosure is fitted with vacuum, gas,
      and electrical feedthroughs to allow for atmosphere control, heating, and in situ
      process monitoring. The overall chamber is compact enough to be portable and
      transferrable into and out of a standard laboratory glovebox, thus eliminating
      the problem of exposing samples to ambient atmosphere during loading and
      unloading. Our design has been tested up to 600  degrees C and 7500 kg-force
      applied load, conditions within which transparent ceramics of anhydrous halides
      can be produced. 

PMID- 27370472
TI  - Ultra-high vacuum compatible induction-heated rod casting furnace.
AB  - We report the design of a radio-frequency induction-heated rod casting furnace
      that permits the preparation of polycrystalline ingots of intermetallic compounds
      under ultra-high vacuum compatible conditions. The central part of the system is
      a bespoke water-cooled Hukin crucible supporting a casting mold. Depending on the
      choice of the mold, typical rods have a diameter between 6 mm and 10 mm and a
      length up to 90 mm, suitable for single-crystal growth by means of float-zoning.
      The setup is all-metal sealed and may be baked out. We find that the resulting
      ultra-high vacuum represents an important precondition for processing compounds
      with high vapor pressures under a high-purity argon atmosphere up to 3 bars.
      Using the rod casting furnace, we succeeded to prepare large high-quality single
      crystals of two half-Heusler compounds, namely, the itinerant antiferromagnet
      CuMnSb and the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb. 

PMID- 27370473
TI  - Development of a reaction cell for in-situ/operando studies of surface of a
      catalyst under a reaction condition and during catalysis.
AB  - Tracking surface chemistry of a catalyst during catalysis is significant for
      fundamental understanding of catalytic performance of the catalyst since it
      allows for establishing an intrinsic correlation between surface chemistry of a
      catalyst at its working status and its corresponding catalytic performance.
      Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy can be used for in-situ studies
      of surfaces of different materials or devices in a gas. To simulate the gaseous
      environment of a catalyst in a fixed-bed a flowing gaseous environment of
      reactants around the catalyst is necessary. Here, we report the development of a
      new flowing reaction cell for simulating in-situ study of a catalyst surface
      under a reaction condition in gas of one reactant or during catalysis in a
      mixture of reactants of a catalytic reaction. The homemade reaction cell is
      installed in a high vacuum (HV) or ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment of a
      chamber. The flowing gas in the reaction cell is separated from the HV or UHV
      environment through well sealings at three interfaces between the reaction cell
      and X-ray window, sample door and aperture of front cone of an energy analyzer.
      Catalyst in the cell is heated through infrared laser beam introduced through a
      fiber optics interfaced with the reaction cell through a homemade feedthrough.
      The highly localized heating on the sample holder and Au-passivated internal
      surface of the reaction cell effectively minimizes any unwanted reactions
      potentially catalyzed by the reaction cell. The incorporated laser heating allows
      a fast heating and a high thermal stability of the sample at a high temperature.
      With this cell, a catalyst at 800  degrees C in a flowing gas can be tracked
      readily. 

PMID- 27370474
TI  - Production of high density molecular beams with wide velocity scanning.
AB  - We describe modifications of a pulsed rotating supersonic beam source that
      improve performance, particularly increasing the beam density and sharpening the
      pulse profiles. As well as providing the familiar virtues of a supersonic
      molecular beam (high intensity, narrowed velocity distribution, and drastic
      cooling of rotation and vibration), the rotating source enables scanning the
      translational velocity over a wide range. Thereby, beams of any atom or molecule
      available as a gas can be slowed or speeded. Using Xe beams in the slowing mode,
      we have obtained lab speeds down to about 40 +/- 5 m/s with density near 10(11)
      cm(-3) and in the speeding mode lab speeds up to about 660 m/s and density near
      10(14) cm(-3). We discuss some congenial applications. Providing low lab speeds
      can markedly enhance experiments using electric or magnetic fields to deflect,
      steer, or further slow polar or paramagnetic molecules. The capability to scan
      molecular speeds facilitates merging velocities with a codirectional partner
      beam, enabling study of collisions at very low relative kinetic energies, without
      requiring either beam to be slow. 

PMID- 27370475
TI  - Implementation and application of a novel 2D magnetic twisting cytometry based on
      multi-pole electromagnet.
AB  - We implemented a novel 2D magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC) based on a previously
      reported multi-pole high permeability electromagnet, in which both the strength
      and direction of the twisting field can be controlled. Thanks to the high
      performance twisting electromagnet and the heterodyning technology, the
      measurement frequency has been extended to the 1 kHz range. In order to obtain
      high remanence of the ferromagnetic beads, a separate electromagnet with feedback
      control was adopted for the high magnetic field polarization. Our setup
      constitutes the first instrument which can be operated both in MTC mode and in
      magnetic tweezers (MT) mode. In this work, the mechanical properties of HL-1
      cardiomyocytes were characterized in MTC mode. Both anisotropy and log-normal
      distribution of cell stiffness were observed, which agree with our previous
      results measured in MT mode. The response from these living cells at different
      frequencies can be fitted very well by the soft glassy rheology model. 

PMID- 27370476
TI  - Accurate measurement of Seebeck coefficient.
AB  - In this work, it was investigated how to measure Seebeck coefficient accurately.
      The offset voltages, between the specimen and measurement wires, might influence
      the results measured significantly and should be eliminated during measuring
      process. They do not depend on temperature difference but on temperature and
      include two parts: the intrinsic component related to the materials and the
      random one related to the contact. The inversion method could eliminate the
      offset voltages more accurately than the traditional differential methods, and
      thus measure Seebeck coefficient more accurately. The accuracy of Seebeck
      coefficient measurement could be further improved by performing a proper
      temperature difference, optimizing temperature control, and using an
      electromagnetic screen. The most accurate results were obtained with a standard
      deviation of 0.06 MUV/K, measured under temperature difference of 1 K,
      temperature variation of 0.002 K, and with an iron electromagnetic screen. 

PMID- 27370477
TI  - Simulation and experimental study of DC electric field distribution
      characteristics of rat hippocampal slices in vitro.
AB  - Direct current (DC) electric field is a noninvasive neuromodulation tool that can
      inhibit or facilitate excitability of neurons. Despite its efficacy, the
      dielectric constant of artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the position and
      direction of brain slices and other factors can affect the field intensity and
      distribution acting on the surface of rat hippocampus slices, thus causing
      errors. In this study, we describe a new analytical method optimized for DC
      electric fields acting on brain slices, and the design of an external DC electric
      field stimulator to allow scientific evaluation of brain slices. We investigated
      parameters regarding the uniformity of electric field distribution and identified
      the maximal parameters using the finite element method. Then, we selected and
      simplified slice images using magnetic resonance imaging data and calculated the
      electric field intensity of the original and simplified models. The electric
      field simulator induced action potential and excitatory postsynaptic current with
      intensities of 1, 5, and 10 V/m. This study describes the development of a new
      electric field stimulator and successfully demonstrates its practicability for
      scientific evaluation of tissue slices. 

PMID- 27370478
TI  - Noise reduction of a Libbrecht-Hall style current driver.
AB  - The Libbrecht-Hall circuit is a well-known, low-noise current driver for narrow
      linewidth diode lasers. An important feature of the circuit is a current limit to
      protect the laser diode. As the current approaches the maximum limit, however,
      the noise in the laser current increases dramatically. This paper documents this
      behavior and explores simple circuit modifications to alleviate this issue. 

PMID- 27370479
TI  - A repetitive long-pulse power generator based on pulse forming network and linear
      transformer driver.
AB  - A compact module for long-pulse power generator, based on Blumlein pulse forming
      network (PFN), was designed. Two Blumlein PFNs with L-type configuration and 20
      Omega characteristic impedance were connected symmetrically to the primary coil
      of the linear transformer driver (LTD) and driven by an identical high voltage
      spark switch to ensure two Blumlein PFNs synchronizing operation. The output
      pulse of the module connected with 10 Omega water load is about 135 kV in
      amplitude and 200 ns in duration with a rise time of ~50 ns and a flat top of
      ~100 ns. On this basis, a repetitive long-pulse power generator based on PFN-LTD
      has been developed, which was composed of four modules. The following technical
      parameters of the generator were achieved on planar diode: output voltage
      amplitude of ~560 kV, output current amplitude of ~10 kA at a repetition rate of
      25 Hz. The generator operates stable and outputs more than 10(4) pulses.
      Meanwhile, the continuous operating time of the generator is up to 60 s. 

PMID- 27370481
TI  - Understanding and eliminating artifact signals from diffusely scattered pump beam
      in measurements of rough samples by time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR).
AB  - Time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) is a pump-probe technique frequently applied
      to measure the thermal transport properties of bulk materials, nanostructures,
      and interfaces. One of the limitations of TDTR is that it can only be employed to
      samples with a fairly smooth surface. For rough samples, artifact signals are
      collected when the pump beam in TDTR measurements is diffusely scattered by the
      rough surface into the photodetector, rendering the TDTR measurements invalid. In
      this paper, we systemically studied the factors affecting the artifact signals
      due to the pump beam leaked into the photodetector and thus established the
      origin of the artifact signals. We find that signals from the leaked pump beam
      are modulated by the probe beam due to the phase rotation induced in the
      photodetector by the illumination of the probe beam. As a result of the
      modulation, artifact signals due to the leaked pump beam are registered in TDTR
      measurements as the out-of-phase signals. We then developed a simple approach to
      eliminate the artifact signals due to the leaked pump beam. We verify our leak
      pump correction approach by measuring the thermal conductivity of a rough InN
      sample, when the signals from the leaked pump beam are significant. We also
      discuss the advantages of our new method over the two-tint approach and its
      limitations. Our new approach enables measurements of the thermal conductivity of
      rough samples using TDTR. 

PMID- 27370480
TI  - Current-limiting and ultrafast system for the characterization of resistive
      random access memories.
AB  - A new system for the ultrafast characterization of resistive switching phenomenon
      is developed to acquire the current during the Set and Reset process in a
      microsecond time scale. A new electronic circuit has been developed as a part of
      the main setup system, which is capable of (i) applying a hardware current limit
      ranging from nanoampers up to miliampers and (ii) converting the Set and Reset
      exponential gate current range into an equivalent linear voltage. The complete
      system setup allows measuring with a microsecond resolution. Some examples
      demonstrate that, with the developed setup, an in-depth analysis of resistive
      switching phenomenon and random telegraph noise can be made. 

PMID- 27370482
TI  - Design and calibration of a novel transient radiative heat flux meter for a
      spacecraft thermal test.
AB  - Radiative heat flux measurement is significantly important for a spacecraft
      thermal test. To satisfy the requirements of both high accuracy and fast
      response, a novel transient radiative heat flux meter was developed. Its thermal
      receiver consists of a central thermal receiver and two thermal guarded annular
      plates, which ensure the temperature distribution of the central thermal receiver
      to be uniform enough for reasonably applying lumped heat capacity method in a
      transient radiative heat flux measurement. This novel transient radiative heat
      flux meter design can also take accurate measurements regardless of spacecraft
      surface temperature and incident radiation spectrum. The measurement principle
      was elaborated and the coefficients were calibrated. Experimental results from
      testing a blackbody furnace and an Xenon lamp show that this novel transient
      radiative heat flux meter can be used to measure transient radiative heat flux up
      to 1400 W/m(2) with high accuracy and the response time of less than 10 s. 

PMID- 27370483
TI  - Capacitive displacement sensor for detecting planar submicrometer motion.
AB  - This paper describes the design of a very simple displacement sensor that
      measures the change in the position of an object by sensing the change in
      capacitance due to the movement of this object in the sensor fringing electric
      field. Two sensor geometries with small footprints were considered and several
      sensor variations were built and tested. At distances of approximately 0.5 MUm
      and 30 MUm, test results demonstrated that the sensors' resolution was in the
      order of tens of nanometers. 

PMID- 27370484
TI  - Modeling and experiment of the suspended seismometer concept for attenuating the
      contribution of tilt motion in horizontal measurements.
AB  - Tilt-horizontal coupling in inertial sensors limits the performance of active
      isolation systems such as those used in gravitational wave detectors. Inertial
      rotation sensors can be used to subtract the tilt component from the signal
      produced by horizontal inertial sensors, but such techniques are often limited by
      the sensor noise of the tilt measurement. A different approach is to mechanically
      filter the tilt transmitted to the horizontal inertial sensor, as discussed in
      this article. This technique does not require an auxiliary rotation sensor and
      can produce a lower noise measurement. The concept investigated uses a mechanical
      suspension to isolate the inertial sensor from input tilt. Modeling and
      simulations show that such a configuration can be used to adequately attenuate
      the tilt transmitted to the instrument, while maintaining translation sensitivity
      in the frequency band of interest. The analysis is supported by experimental
      results showing that this approach is a viable solution to overcome the tilt
      problem in the field of active inertial isolation. 

PMID- 27370485
TI  - Development of a suspension type sliding planar motion table using magnetic fluid
      lubrication.
AB  - A sliding planar motion table system that can be used for the lens driving
      actuator of a laser cutting machine was developed. The system uses magnetic fluid
      as the lubricant to avoid the leakage of lubricating oil under the table and
      reduce environmental pollution. The motion table is suspended from the guide
      surface by an attractive force generated by electromagnets to reduce the contact
      and frictional forces between the table and the guide surface. The table is
      capable of movement in one rotational and two translational directions over the
      guide surface using six electromagnets and three non-contact displacement
      sensors. Experimental results showed that the magnetic suspension of the table
      reduced the friction by 82.1% compared to the friction that would otherwise be
      generated by the dead weight of the table. Circular motion within a diameter of 2
      mm was achieved with resolutions of 5 MUm and 20 MUrad in the translational and
      rotational directions, respectively. A bandwidth of higher than 100 Hz was also
      achieved in the three movement directions. 

PMID- 27370486
TI  - Fault detection, isolation, and diagnosis of self-validating multifunctional
      sensors.
AB  - A novel fault detection, isolation, and diagnosis (FDID) strategy for self
      validating multifunctional sensors is presented in this paper. The sparse non
      negative matrix factorization-based method can effectively detect faults by using
      the squared prediction error (SPE) statistic, and the variables contribution
      plots based on SPE statistic can help to locate and isolate the faulty sensitive
      units. The complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition is employed to
      decompose the fault signals to a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a
      residual. The sample entropy (SampEn)-weighted energy values of each IMFs and the
      residual are estimated to represent the characteristics of the fault signals.
      Multi-class support vector machine is introduced to identify the fault mode with
      the purpose of diagnosing status of the faulty sensitive units. The performance
      of the proposed strategy is compared with other fault detection strategies such
      as principal component analysis, independent component analysis, and fault
      diagnosis strategies such as empirical mode decomposition coupled with support
      vector machine. The proposed strategy is fully evaluated in a real self
      validating multifunctional sensors experimental system, and the experimental
      results demonstrate that the proposed strategy provides an excellent solution to
      the FDID research topic of self-validating multifunctional sensors. 

PMID- 27370487
TI  - Theoretical and experimental study of the dynamic response of absorber-based,
      micro-scale, oscillatory probes for contact sensing applications.
AB  - This paper presents two models for predicting the frequency response of micro
      scale oscillatory probes. These probes are manufactured by attaching a thin fiber
      to the free end of one tine of a quartz tuning fork oscillator. In these studies,
      the attached fibers were either 75 MUm diameter tungsten or 7 MUm diameter carbon
      with lengths ranging from around 1 to 15 mm. The oscillators used in these
      studies were commercial 32.7 kHz quartz tuning forks. The first theoretical model
      considers lateral vibration of two beams serially connected and provides a
      characteristic equation from which the roots (eigenvalues) are extracted to
      determine the natural frequencies of the probe. A second, lumped model
      approximation is used to derive an approximate frequency response function for
      prediction of tine displacements as a function of a modal force excitation
      corresponding to the first mode of the tine in the absence of a fiber. These
      models are used to evaluate the effect of changes in both length and diameter of
      the attached fibers. Theoretical values of the natural frequencies of different
      modes show an asymptotic relationship with the length and a linear relationship
      with the diameter of the attached fiber. Similar results are observed from
      experiment, one with a tungsten probe having an initial fiber length of 14.11 mm
      incrementally etched down to 0.83 mm, and another tungsten probe of length 8.16
      mm incrementally etched in diameter, in both cases using chronocoulometry to
      determine incremental volumetric material removal. The lumped model is used to
      provide a frequency response again reveals poles and zeros that are consistent
      with experimental measurements. Finite element analysis shows mode shapes similar
      to experimental microscope observations of the resonating carbon probes. This
      model provides a means of interpreting measured responses in terms of the
      relative motion of the tine and attached fibers. Of particular relevance is that,
      when a "zero" is observed in the response of the tine, one mode of the fiber is
      matched to the tine frequency and is acting as an absorber. This represents an
      optimal condition for contact sensing and for transferring energy to the fiber
      for fluid mixing, touch sensing, and surface modification applications. 

PMID- 27370488
TI  - Magnetic field analysis of novel spherical actuators with three-dimensional pole
      arrays.
AB  - Spherical actuator is an electric device that can achieve multiple degree-of
      freedom rotary motions in a single joint. Permanent magnet array is a key factor
      that influences the output performance of electromagnetic spherical actuators. In
      this paper, a novel three-dimensional (3D) pole array is proposed to improve the
      system flux density and thus the output performance. Analysis of magnetic field
      distribution is extremely important for spherical actuators with 3D magnet
      arrays. Thus, the investigation of magnetic field is conducted in analytical,
      numerical, and experimental ways. The general solution of magnetic scalar
      potential in 3D space is formulated analytically based on Laplace's equations and
      spherical harmonics, and then specific solutions of the magnetic scalar potential
      and magnetic flux density are obtained by using boundary conditions. Numerical
      computation is utilized to validate the analytical model and to facilitate the
      observation of the magnetic field variation. A research prototype and a testing
      platform of magnetic field have been developed for experimental study. The
      testing platform can move the probe to any position around the spherical actuator
      and measure the flux density automatically. Experiments are conducted to obtain
      the flux distribution. Both numerical and experimental results validate the
      analytical model well. 

PMID- 27370489
TI  - A flexible touch-pressure sensor array with wireless transmission system for
      robotic skin.
AB  - Human skin contains multiple receptors and is able to sense various stimuli such
      as temperature, touch, pressure, and deformation, with high sensitivity and
      resolution. The development of skin-like sensors capable of sensing these stimuli
      is of great importance for various applications such as robots, touch detection,
      temperature monitoring, and strain gauges. Great efforts have been made to
      develop high performance touch sensor and pressure sensor. Compared with general
      sensor, the touch-pressure sensor which is reported in this paper not only can
      measure large pressure but also has a high resolution in the small range so that
      it can feel slight touch. The sensor has a vertical structure. The upper layer is
      made of silicone rubber as the capacitive layer and the lower layer employs
      multiwall carbon nanotubes and carbon black filled silicone rubber as the
      resistive layer. The electrodes are made by conductive silver adhesives. In
      addition, the electrodes are connected to the pads on the top surface of the
      flexible printed circuit board by enamelled wires which made it easier to
      fabricate sensor array. The resolution of the touch-pressure sensor in the range
      of 0-10 N and 10-100 N are 0.1 N and 1 N, respectively. The experimental data of
      the sensor are sent by ZigBee wireless technology which reduces the complexity of
      the wiring and provides a convenient way to apply and maintain the sensor array. 

PMID- 27370490
TI  - A miniature shoe-mounted orientation determination system for accurate indoor
      heading and trajectory tracking.
AB  - Tracking the position of pedestrian is urgently demanded when the most commonly
      used GPS (Global Position System) is unavailable. Benefited from the small size,
      low-power consumption, and relatively high reliability, micro-electro-mechanical
      system sensors are well suited for GPS-denied indoor pedestrian heading
      estimation. In this paper, a real-time miniature orientation determination system
      (MODS) was developed for indoor heading and trajectory tracking based on a novel
      dual-linear Kalman filter. The proposed filter precludes the impact of
      geomagnetic distortions on pitch and roll that the heading is subjected to. A
      robust calibration approach was designed to improve the accuracy of sensors
      measurements based on a unified sensor model. Online tests were performed on the
      MODS with an improved turntable. The results demonstrate that the average RMSE
      (root-mean-square error) of heading estimation is less than 1 degrees . Indoor
      heading experiments were carried out with the MODS mounted on the shoe of
      pedestrian. Besides, we integrated the existing MODS into an indoor pedestrian
      dead reckoning application as an example of its utility in realistic actions. A
      human attitude-based walking model was developed to calculate the walking
      distance. Test results indicate that mean percentage error of indoor trajectory
      tracking achieves 2% of the total walking distance. This paper provides a
      feasible alternative for accurate indoor heading and trajectory tracking. 

PMID- 27370491
TI  - VESPA: The vibrational spectrometer for the European Spallation Source.
AB  - VESPA, Vibrational Excitation Spectrometer with Pyrolytic-graphite Analysers,
      aims to probe molecular excitations via inelastic neutron scattering. It is a
      thermal high resolution inverted geometry time-of-flight instrument designed to
      maximise the use of the long pulse of the European Spallation Source. The
      wavelength frame multiplication technique was applied to provide simultaneously a
      broad dynamic range (about 0-500 meV) while a system of optical blind choppers
      allows to trade flux for energy resolution. Thanks to its high flux, VESPA will
      allow the investigation of dynamical and in situ experiments in physical
      chemistry. Here we describe the design parameters and the corresponding McStas
      simulations. 

PMID- 27370492
TI  - Optimized setup for two-dimensional convection experiments in thin liquid films.
AB  - We present a novel experimental setup to investigate two-dimensional thermal
      convection in a freestanding thin liquid film. Such films can be produced in a
      controlled way on the scale of 5-1000 nm. Our primary goal is to investigate
      convection patterns and the statistics of reversals in Rayleigh-Benard convection
      with varying aspect ratio. Additionally, questions regarding the physics of
      liquid films under controlled conditions can be investigated, like surface
      forces, or stability under varying thermodynamical parameters. The film is
      suspended in a frame which can be adjusted in height and width to span an aspect
      ratio range of Gamma = 0.16-10. The top and bottom frame elements can be set to
      specific temperature within T = 15  degrees C to 55  degrees C. A thickness to
      area ratio of approximately 10(8) enables only two-dimensional fluid motion in
      the time scales relevant for turbulent motion. The chemical composition of the
      film is well-defined and optimized for film stability and reproducibility and in
      combination with carefully controlled ambient parameters allows the comparison to
      existing experimental and numerical data. 

PMID- 27370493
TI  - Towards the development of a hybrid-integrated chip interferometer for online
      surface profile measurements.
AB  - Non-destructive testing and online measurement of surface features are pressing
      demands in manufacturing. Thus optical techniques are gaining importance for
      characterization of complex engineering surfaces. Harnessing integrated optics
      for miniaturization of interferometry systems onto a silicon wafer and
      incorporating a compact optical probe would enable the development of a handheld
      sensor for embedded metrology applications. In this work, we present the progress
      in the development of a hybrid photonics based metrology sensor device for online
      surface profile measurements. The measurement principle along with test and
      measurement results of individual components has been presented. For non-contact
      measurement, a spectrally encoded lateral scanning probe based on the laser
      scanning microscopy has been developed to provide fast measurement with lateral
      resolution limited to the diffraction limit. The probe demonstrates a lateral
      resolution of ~3.6 MUm while high axial resolution (sub-nanometre) is inherently
      achieved by interferometry. Further the performance of the hybrid tuneable laser
      and the scanning probe was evaluated by measuring a standard step height sample
      of 100 nm. 

PMID- 27370494
TI  - A gas circulation and purification system for gas-cell-based low-energy RI-beam
      production.
AB  - A gas circulation and purification system was developed at the RIKEN Radioactive
      Isotope Beam Factory that can be used for gas-cell-based low-energy RI-beam
      production. A high-flow-rate gas cell filled with one atmosphere of buffer gas
      (argon or helium) is used for the deceleration and thermalization of high-energy
      RI-beams. The exhausted buffer gas is efficiently collected using a compact dry
      pump and returned to the gas cell with a recovery efficiency of >97%. The buffer
      gas is efficiently purified using two gas purifiers as well as collision
      cleaning, which eliminates impurities in the gas. An impurity level of one part
      per billion is achieved with this method. 

PMID- 27370495
TI  - New portable instrument for the measurement of thermal conductivity in gas
      process conditions.
AB  - The development of high temperature gas sensors for the monitoring and
      determination of thermophysical properties of complex process mixtures at high
      temperatures faces several problems, related with the materials compatibility,
      active sensing parts sensitivity, and lifetime. Ceramic/thin metal films based
      sensors, previously developed for the determination of thermal conductivity of
      molten materials up to 1200  degrees C, were redesigned, constructed, and applied
      for thermal conductivity measuring sensors. Platinum resistance thermometers were
      also developed using the same technology, to be used in the temperature
      measurement, which were also constructed and tested. A new data acquisition
      system for the thermal conductivity sensors, based on a linearization of the
      transient hot-strip model, including a portable electronic bridge for the
      measurement of the thermal conductivity in gas process conditions was also
      developed. The equipment is capable of measuring the thermal conductivity of
      gaseous phases with an accuracy of 2%-5% up to 840  degrees C (95% confidence
      level). The development of sensors up to 1200  degrees C, present at the core of
      the combustion chambers, will be done in a near future. 

PMID- 27370496
TI  - An apparatus to estimate the hydrodynamic coefficients of autonomous underwater
      vehicles using water tunnel testing.
AB  - Hydrodynamic coefficients or hydrodynamic derivatives of autonomous underwater
      vehicles (AUVs) play an important role in their development and maneuverability.
      The most popular way of estimating their coefficients is to implement captive
      model tests such as straight line tests and planar motion mechanism (PMM) tests
      in the towing tanks. This paper aims to develop an apparatus based on planar
      experiments of water tunnel in order to estimate hydrodynamic derivatives due to
      AUVs' acceleration and velocity. The capability of implementing straight line
      tests and PMM ones using mechanical oscillators located in the downstream flow of
      the model is considered in the design procedure of the system. The hydrodynamic
      derivatives that resulted from the acceleration and velocity of the AUV model
      were estimated using the apparatus that we developed. Static and dynamics test
      results were compared for the similar derivatives. The findings showed that the
      system provided the basis for conducting static tests, i.e., straight-line and
      dynamic tests that included pure pitch and pure heave. By conducting such tests
      in a water tunnel, we were able to eliminate errors related to the time
      limitation of the tests and the effects of surface waves in the towing tank on
      AUVs with applications in the deep sea. 

PMID- 27370497
TI  - An instrument to measure mechanical up-conversion phenomena in metals in the
      elastic regime.
AB  - Crystalline materials, such as metals, are known to exhibit deviation from a
      simple linear relation between strain and stress when the latter exceeds the
      yield stress. In addition, it has been shown that metals respond to varying
      external stress in a discontinuous way in this regime, exhibiting discrete
      releases of energy. This crackling noise has been extensively studied both
      experimentally and theoretically when the metals are operating in the plastic
      regime. In our study, we focus on the behavior of metals in the elastic regime,
      where the stresses are well below the yield stress. We describe an instrument
      that aims to characterize non-linear mechanical noise in metals when stressed in
      the elastic regime. In macroscopic systems, this phenomenon is expected to
      manifest as a non-stationary noise modulated by external disturbances applied to
      the material, a form of mechanical up-conversion of noise. The main motivation
      for this work is for the case of maraging steel components (cantilevers and
      wires) in the suspension systems of terrestrial gravitational wave detectors.
      Such instruments are planned to reach very ambitious displacement sensitivities,
      and therefore mechanical noise in the cantilevers could prove to be a limiting
      factor for the detectors' final sensitivities, mainly due to non-linear up
      conversion of low frequency residual seismic motion to the frequencies of
      interest for the gravitational wave observations. We describe here the
      experimental setup, with a target sensitivity of 10(-15) m/Hz in the frequency
      range of 10-1000 Hz, a simple phenomenological model of the non-linear mechanical
      noise, and the analysis method that is inspired by this model. 

PMID- 27370498
TI  - Characterization for Cassie-Wenzel wetting transition based on the force response
      in the process of squeezing liquid drops by two parallel superhydrophobic
      surfaces.
AB  - Application of superhydrophobic surfaces is partly limited by the escaping of the
      entrapped air beneath the liquid sitting on the superhydrophobic surfaces, i.e.,
      the so-called Cassie-Wenzel wetting transition. Here, to characterize this
      wetting transition, a linear force response relation with certain abnormal
      systematic deflection showing the wetting transition information is constructed
      for the process of squeezing the test liquid drop by two parallel structured
      (superhydrophobic) surfaces. The linear force response relation is validated by
      replotting the experimental data from the former work. And then the wetting
      transition information is investigated on a numerically generated force response
      curve with certain errors by taking into account the liquid pressure variation
      during the wetting transition. Results show that the wetting transition can cause
      an obvious bulge on the linear force response curve. We believe that this method
      has a potential application in characterizing the robustness of superhydrophobic
      surfaces. 

PMID- 27370499
TI  - Development of a compact, fiber-coupled, six degree-of-freedom measurement system
      for precision linear stage metrology.
AB  - A compact, fiber-coupled, six degree-of-freedom measurement system which enables
      fast, accurate calibration, and error mapping of precision linear stages is
      presented. The novel design has the advantages of simplicity, compactness, and
      relatively low cost. This proposed sensor can simultaneously measure
      displacement, two straightness errors, and changes in pitch, yaw, and roll using
      a single optical beam traveling between the measurement system and a small
      target. The optical configuration of the system and the working principle for all
      degrees-of-freedom are presented along with the influence and compensation of
      crosstalk motions in roll and straightness measurements. Several comparison
      experiments are conducted to investigate the feasibility and performance of the
      proposed system in each degree-of-freedom independently. Comparison experiments
      to a commercial interferometer demonstrate error standard deviations of 0.33 MUm
      in straightness, 0.14 MUrad in pitch, 0.44 MUradin yaw, and 45.8 MUrad in roll. 

PMID- 27370500
TI  - Investigations of the contact bounce behaviors and relative dynamic welding
      phenomena for electromechanical relay.
AB  - Dynamic welding, being the principal mechanism of sticking failure, correlates
      closely with the contact bounce of electromechanical relay. The typical waveforms
      of dynamic contact force and contact voltage at making and breaking process are
      obtained with the use of a new designed test rig. The variations in bounce time,
      bounce numbers, last bounce duration, and relevant welding force are investigated
      in the electrical endurance test. It is determined that the welding strength and
      the welding probability are increased with the reduced stationary force. The
      degradation physical mechanism is present to better understand the relationship
      between dynamic welding and operation characteristics of electromechanical relay.

PMID- 27370502
TI  - Note: Single-shot time-domain spectroscopy and spatial profiling of terahertz
      pulses from intense laser systems.
AB  - Single-shot terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is presented with directly encoded
      spatial resolution. A single reflective echelon and multiple semi-cylindrical
      lenses are used to obtain both the temporal waveform and the spatial distribution
      of the terahertz field. This system can be used to rapidly characterize terahertz
      pulses generated by high power pulsed laser systems, which themselves suffer from
      large pulse energy and spectrum fluctuations. 

PMID- 27370501
TI  - Towards a wearable near infrared spectroscopic probe for monitoring
      concentrations of multiple chromophores in biological tissue in vivo.
AB  - The first wearable multi-wavelength technology for functional near-infrared
      spectroscopy has been developed, based on a custom-built 8-wavelength light
      emitting diode (LED) source. A lightweight fibreless probe is designed to monitor
      changes in the concentrations of multiple absorbers (chromophores) in biological
      tissue, the most dominant of which at near-infrared wavelengths are oxyhemoglobin
      and deoxyhemoglobin. The use of multiple wavelengths enables signals due to the
      less dominant chromophores to be more easily distinguished from those due to
      hemoglobin and thus provides more complete and accurate information about tissue
      oxygenation, hemodynamics, and metabolism. The spectroscopic probe employs four
      photodiode detectors coupled to a four-channel charge-to-digital converter which
      includes a charge integration amplifier and an analogue-to-digital converter
      (ADC). Use of two parallel charge integrators per detector enables one to
      accumulate charge while the other is being read out by the ADC, thus facilitating
      continuous operation without dead time. The detector system has a dynamic range
      of about 80 dB. The customized source consists of eight LED dies attached to a 2
      mm * 2 mm substrate and encapsulated in UV-cured epoxy resin. Switching between
      dies is performed every 20 ms, synchronized to the detector integration period to
      within 100 ns. The spectroscopic probe has been designed to be fully compatible
      with simultaneous electroencephalography measurements. Results are presented from
      measurements on a phantom and a functional brain activation study on an adult
      volunteer, and the performance of the spectroscopic probe is shown to be very
      similar to that of a benchtop broadband spectroscopy system. The multi-wavelength
      capabilities and portability of this spectroscopic probe will create significant
      opportunities for in vivo studies in a range of clinical and life science
      applications. 

PMID- 27370503
TI  - Note: A calibration method to determine the lumped-circuit parameters of a
      magnetic probe.
AB  - This paper describes a novel method to determine the lumped-circuit parameters of
      a magnetic inductive probe for calibration by using Helmholtz coils with high
      frequency power supply (frequency range: 10 kHz-400 kHz). The whole calibration
      circuit system can be separated into two parts: "generator" circuit and
      "receiver" circuit. By implementing the Fourier transform, two analytical lumped
      circuit models, with respect to these separated circuits, are constructed to
      obtain the transfer function between each other. Herein, the precise lumped
      circuit parameters (including the resistance, inductance, and capacitance) of the
      magnetic probe can be determined by fitting the experimental data to the transfer
      function. Regarding the fitting results, the finite impedance of magnetic probe
      can be used to analyze the transmission of a high-frequency signal between
      magnetic probes, cables, and acquisition system. 

PMID- 27370504
TI  - Note: An iterative algorithm to improve colloidal particle locating.
AB  - Confocal microscopy of colloids combined with digital image processing has become
      a powerful tool in soft matter physics and materials science. Together, these
      techniques enable locating and tracking of more than half a million individual
      colloidal particles at once. However, despite improvements in locating algorithms
      that improve position accuracy, it remains challenging to locate all particles in
      a densely packed, three dimensional colloid without erroneously identifying the
      same particle more than once. We present a simple iterative algorithm that
      mitigates both the "missed particle" and "double counting" problems while
      simultaneously reducing sensitivity to the specific choice of input parameters.
      It is also useful for analyzing images with spatially varying brightness in which
      a single set of input parameters is not appropriate for all particles. The
      algorithm is easy to implement and compatible with existing particle locating
      software. 

PMID- 27370505
TI  - Note: Easy-to-maintain electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma sputtering
      apparatus featuring hybrid waveguide and coaxial cables for microwave delivery.
AB  - The branched-waveguide electron cyclotron resonance plasma sputtering apparatus
      places quartz windows for transmitting microwaves into the plasma source not in
      the line of sight of the target. However, the quartz windows must be replaced
      after some time of operation. For maintenance, the loop waveguide branching from
      the T-junction must be dismounted and re-assembled accurately, which is a time
      consuming job. We investigated substituting the waveguide branches with two sets
      of coaxial cables and waveguide/coaxial cable converters to simplify assembly as
      far as connection and disconnection go. The resulting hybrid system worked well
      for the purposes of plasma generation and film deposition. 

PMID- 27370506
TI  - Note: Contamination-free loading of lithium metal into a nozzle source.
AB  - This note describes a system for transferring a load of high purity lithium metal
      into a molecular or cluster beam source. A hot loading vessel is thoroughly baked
      out while empty and overpressured with argon. A clean Li rod is then dropped in
      through a long narrow tube. The thoroughly degassed interior of the vessel and
      the rapid melting of the inserted rod facilitate contamination-free transfer of
      the highly reactive liquid metal into the source oven. 

PMID- 27370507
TI  - Note: A component-level frequency tunable isolator for vibration-sensitive chips
      using SMA beams.
AB  - This note presents a component-level frequency tunable isolator for vibration
      sensitive chips. The isolator employed 8 U-shaped shape memory alloy (SMA) beams
      to support an isolation island (used for mounting chips). Due to the temperature
      induced Young's modulus variation of SMA, the system stiffness of the isolator
      can be controlled through heating the SMA beams. In such a way, the natural
      frequency of the isolator can be tuned. A prototype was fabricated to evaluate
      the concept. The test results show that the natural frequency of the isolator can
      be tuned in the range of 64 Hz-97 Hz by applying different heating strategies.
      Moreover, resonant vibration can be suppressed significantly (the
      transmissibility decreases about 65% near the resonant frequency) using a real
      time tuning method. 

PMID- 27370508
TI  - Note: Experimental observation of nano-channel pattern in light sheet laser
      interference nanolithography system.
AB  - We experimentally observed nano-channel-like pattern in a light-sheet based
      interference nanolithography system. The optical system created nano-channel-like
      patterned illumination. Coherent counter-propagating light sheets are made to
      interfere at and near geometrical focus along the propagation z-axis. This
      results in the formation of nano-channel-like pattern (of size ~ 300 nm and inter
      channel periodicity of ~337.5 nm) inside the sample due to constructive and
      destructive interference. In addition, the technique has the ability to generate
      large area patterning using larger light-sheets. Exciting applications are in the
      broad field of nanotechnology (nano-electronics and nano-fluidics). 

PMID- 27370509
TI  - Note: A simple sample transfer alignment for ultra-high vacuum systems.
AB  - The alignment of ultra-high-vacuum sample transfer systems can be problematic
      when there is no direct line of sight to assist the user. We present the design
      of a simple and cheap system which greatly simplifies the alignment of sample
      transfer devices. Our method is based on the adaptation of a commercial digital
      camera which provides live views from within the vacuum chamber. The images of
      the camera are further processed using an image recognition and processing code
      which determines any misalignments and reports them to the user. Installation has
      proven to be extremely useful in order to align the sample with respect to the
      transfer mechanism. Furthermore, the alignment software can be easily adapted for
      other systems. 

PMID- 27370510
TI  - Note: Rheological properties of structured fluids: Improvements on the slotted
      plate apparatus.
AB  - This note is to report on improvements to the slotted-plate device that allows
      for the determination of viscosity and yield stress in structured systems such as
      suspensions and electro-rheological fluids. The improvements address the
      determination of very low yield stress values that occur, for example, with
      biological fluids, as well as viscosity measurements at extremely low shear
      rates. 

PMID- 27370512
TI  - Erratum: "Ultrafast time measurements by time-correlated single photon counting
      coupled with superconducting single photon detector" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87,
      053117 (2016)].

PMID- 27370513
TI  - Periodontal bone height of exclusive narghile smokers compared with exclusive
      cigarette smokers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the periodontal bone height (PBH) of exclusive narghile
      smokers (ENS) with that of exclusive cigarette smokers (ECS). METHODS: Tunisian
      males aged 20-35 years who have been ENS for more than five narghile-years or ECS
      for more than five pack-years were recruited to participate in this comparative
      cross-sectional study. Information about oral health habits and tobacco
      consumption were gathered using a predetermined questionnaire. Plaque levels were
      recorded in four sites using the plaque index of Loe and Silness. The PBH was
      measured mesially and distally from digital panoramic radiographs of each tooth
      and expressed as a percentage of the root length. A PBH level <= 0.70 was applied
      as a cutoff reference value signifying bone loss. Student t-test and Chi(2) test
      were used to compare quantitative and qualitative data of both groups. RESULTS:
      There were no significant differences between the ENS (n=60) and ECS (n=60)
      groups regarding age and the consumed quantities of tobacco (28 +/- 4 vs. 27 +/-
      5 years, 7 +/- 3 narghile-years vs. 8 +/- 3 pack-years, respectively). Compared
      with the ECS group, the ENS group had a significantly higher plaque index (mean
      +/- SD values were 1.54 +/- 0.70 vs. 1.84 +/- 0.73, respectively). However, the
      two groups had similar means of PBH (0.85 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.04) and tooth
      brushing frequencies (1.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.6 a day, respectively) and had
      similar bone loss frequencies (15% vs. 12%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both ENS
      and ECS exhibited the same PBH reduction, which means that both types of tobacco
      smoking are associated with periodontal bone loss.

PMID- 27370514
TI  - The Impact of Couple Therapy on Service Utilization among Military Veterans: The
      Moderating Roles of Pretreatment Service Utilization and Premature Termination.
AB  - Couple therapy reduces relational and individual distress and may affect
      utilization of other health services, particularly among higher service
      utilizers. Although average decreases in service utilization are predicted among
      recipients of couple therapy, low utilizers of services may appropriately
      increase use. The relationship between couple therapy and service utilization was
      examined among a sample of 179 U.S. military veterans who received treatment in
      Veterans Affairs (VA) specialty couple therapy clinics. Consistent with
      hypotheses, overall mental and physical health visits decreased from the 12
      months preceding couple therapy to the 12 months following treatment. Moderator
      analyses showed that decreases were greatest among individuals who were rated by
      their therapist as having completed a full course of couple therapy, suggesting
      that change was attributable to intervention. Pretreatment service utilization
      also moderated observed change-higher utilizers' use of services decreased
      substantially, whereas lower utilizers' slightly increased. Cost analyses
      revealed that the estimated per person mean cost in our sample decreased by
      $930.33 in the year following compared to the year prior to couple therapy, as
      per 2008 VA cost data. As service utilization data were only available for one
      partner and only for 1 year posttherapy, the true magnitude of this effect may be
      underestimated. Our findings are relevant to policy makers as they demonstrate
      that couple therapy reduces average service utilization and associated costs and
      addresses calls for analyses of cost effectiveness of systemic interventions.

PMID- 27370515
TI  - In this issue August 2016.

PMID- 27370516
TI  - Alternative therapies and postoperative vomiting.

PMID- 27370517
TI  - Perioperative management in children with chronic pain.
AB  - Children with chronic pain often undergo surgery and effective perioperative
      management of their pain can be challenging. Identification of the pediatric
      chronic pain patient preoperatively and development of a perioperative pain plan
      may help ensure a safer and more comfortable perioperative course. Successful
      management usually requires multiple different classes of analgesics, regional
      anesthesia, and adjunctive nonpharmacological therapies. Neuropathic and
      oncological pain can be especially difficult to treat and usually requires an
      individualized approach. 

PMID- 27370518
TI  - The usefulness of systematic reviews of animal studies: shooting the messenger.

PMID- 27370519
TI  - Reply to Hooijmans, Carlijn; Wever, Kimberley; Ritskes-Hoitinga, Merel; Scheffer,
      Gert Jan, regarding their comment 'The usefulness of systematic reviews of animal
      studies; shooting the messenger'.

PMID- 27370520
TI  - Reply to Snow et al. regarding their comment 'A call to solve the puzzle together
      by building an evidence base for perioperative management of children with Autism
      Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

PMID- 27370521
TI  - Reply to Ekeoduru, Rhashedah; Matuszczak, Maria; Lin, Michael, regarding their
      comment 'Correspondence' regarding 'The presumed central nervous system effects
      of rocuronium in a neonate and its reversal with sugammadex' by Langley,
      McFadzean & McCormack.

PMID- 27370522
TI  - Preemptive analgesia for acute postoperative pain management in children.

PMID- 27370523
TI  - Pontocerebellar hypoplasia, malignant hyperthermia, and inappropriate use of
      secondary references.

PMID- 27370524
TI  - Comment on 'Utility of screening questionnaire, obesity, neck circumference, and
      sleep polysomnography to predict sleep-disordered breathing in children and
      adolescents.

PMID- 27370525
TI  - Looking Beyond Structure: Membrane Phospholipids of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria.
AB  - Skeletal muscle mitochondria are highly dynamic and are capable of tremendous
      expansion to meet cellular energetic demands. Such proliferation in mitochondrial
      mass requires a synchronized supply of enzymes and structural phospholipids.
      While transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial enzymes has been extensively
      studied, there is limited information on how mitochondrial membrane lipids are
      generated in skeletal muscle. Herein we describe how each class of phospholipids
      that constitute mitochondrial membranes are synthesized and/or imported, and
      summarize genetic evidence indicating that membrane phospholipid composition
      represents a significant modulator of skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory
      function. We also discuss how skeletal muscle mitochondrial phospholipids may
      mediate the effect of diet and exercise on oxidative metabolism.

PMID- 27370526
TI  - Impact of a computer-assisted Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to
      Treatment on reducing alcohol consumption among patients with hazardous drinking
      disorder in hospital emergency departments. The randomized BREVALCO trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of a computer-assisted Screening, Brief
      Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) on daily consumption of alcohol
      by patients with hazardous drinking disorder detected after systematic screening
      during their admission to an emergency department (ED). DESIGN: Two-arm, parallel
      group, multicentre, randomized controlled trial with a centralised computer
      generated randomization procedure. SETTING: Four EDs in university hospitals
      located in the Paris area in France. PARTICIPANTS: Patients admitted in the ED
      for any reason, with hazardous drinking disorder detected after systematic
      screening (i.e., Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test score >=5 for women and
      8 for men OR self-reported alcohol consumption by week >=7 drinks for women and
      14 for men). INTERVENTIONS: The experimental intervention was computer-assisted
      SBIRT and the comparator was a placebo-controlled intervention (i.e., a computer
      assisted education program on nutrition). Interventions were administered in the
      ED and followed by phone reinforcements at 1 and 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:
      The primary outcome was the mean number of alcohol drinks per day in the previous
      week, at 12 months. Results From May 2005 to February 2011, 286 patients were
      randomized to the computer-assisted SBIRT and 286 to the comparator intervention.
      The two groups did not differ in the primary outcome, with an adjusted mean
      difference of 0.12 (95% confidence interval, -0.88 to 1.11). CONCLUSIONS: There
      was no additional benefit of the computer-assisted alcohol SBIRT as compared with
      the computer-assisted education program on nutrition among patients with
      hazardous drinking disorder detected by systematic screening during their
      admission to an ED.

PMID- 27370528
TI  - Hepta-, hexa-, penta-, tetra-, and trisaccharide resin glycosides from three
      species of Ipomoea and their antiproliferative activity on two glioma cell lines.
AB  - Six new partially acylated resin glycosides were isolated from convolvulin of
      Ipomoea purga, Ipomoea stans, and Ipomoea murucoides (Convolvulaceae). The
      structures of compounds 1-6 were elucidated by a combination of NMR spectroscopy
      and mass spectrometry. The structure of jalapinoside B (1) consists of a
      hexasaccharide core bonded to an 11-hydroxytetradecanoic (convolvulinic) acid
      forming a macrolactone acylated by a 2-methylbutanoyl, a 3-hydroxy-2
      methylbutanoyl, and a quamoclinic acid B units. Purginoic acid A (2) contains a
      hexasaccharide core bonded to a convolvulinic acid acylated by a 3-hydroxy-2
      methylbutanoyl unit. Stansin A (4) is an ester-type heterodimer, and consists of
      two stansoic acid A (3) units, acylated by 2-methylbutanoic and 3-hydroxy-2
      methylbutanoic acids. The site of lactonization was located at C-3 of Rhamnose,
      and the position for the ester linkage of the monomeric unit B on the
      macrolactone unit A was established as C-4 of the terminal rhamnose. Compounds 5
      and 6 are glycosidic acids. Murucinic acid II (5) is composed of a
      pentasaccharide core bonded to an 11-hydroxyhexadecanoic (jalapinolic) acid,
      acylated by an acetyl unit. Stansinic acid I (6) is a tetrasaccharide core bonded
      to a jalapinolic acid, acylated by 2-methylbutanoyl and 3-hydroxy-2
      methylbutanoyl units. Preliminary testing showed the cytotoxicity of compounds 1
      6 toward OVCAR and UISO-SQC-1 cancer cell lines. In addition, compound 1 showed
      an antiproliferative activity on glioma C6 and RG2 tumor cell lines. Copyright
      (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27370527
TI  - Determinants of willingness to enroll in opioid agonist treatment among opioid
      dependent people who inject drugs in Ukraine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coverage with opioid agonist treatments (OAT) that include methadone
      and buprenorphine is low (N=8400, 2.7%) for the 310,000 people who inject drugs
      (PWID) in Ukraine. In the context of widespread negative attitudes toward OAT in
      the region, patient-level interventions targeting the barriers and willingness to
      initiate OAT are urgently needed. METHODS: A sample of 1179 PWID with opioid use
      disorder not currently on OAT from five regions in Ukraine was assessed using
      multivariable logistic regression for independent factors related to willingness
      to initiate OAT, stratified by their past OAT experience. RESULTS: Overall, 421
      (36%) PWID were willing to initiate OAT. Significant adjusted odds ratios (aOR)
      for covariates associated with the willingness to initiate OAT common for both
      groups included: higher injection frequency (previously on OAT: aOR=2.7; never on
      OAT: aOR=1.8), social and family support (previously on OAT: aOR=2.0; never on
      OAT: aOR=2.0), and positive attitude towards OAT (previously on OAT: aOR=1.3;
      never on OAT: aOR=1.4). Among participants previously on OAT, significant
      correlates also included: HIV-negative status (aOR=2.6) and depression (aOR=2.7).
      Among participants never on OAT, however, living in Kyiv (aOR=4.8) or Lviv
      (aOR=2.7), previous imprisonment (aOR=1.5), registration at a Narcology service
      (aOR=1.5) and recent overdose (aOR=2.6) were significantly correlated with
      willingness to initiate OAT. CONCLUSIONS: These findings emphasize the need for
      developing interventions aimed to eliminate existing negative preconceptions
      regarding OAT among PWID with opioid use disorder in Ukraine, which should be
      tailored to meet the needs of specific characteristics of PWID in geographically
      distinct setting based upon injection frequency, prior incarceration, and
      psychiatric and HIV status.

PMID- 27370529
TI  - Rosai-Dorfman disease: Familiar yet enigmatic.

PMID- 27370530
TI  - Fear of Hypoglycemia in Children and Adolescents and Their Parents with Type 1
      Diabetes.
AB  - Hypoglycemia is a frequent occurrence in children and adolescents with type 1
      diabetes. A variety of efforts have been made to standardize the definition of
      hypoglycemia and to define one of its most significant psychosocial consequences
      fear of hypoglycemia (FOH). In addition to documenting the experience of FOH in
      children and adolescents type 1 diabetes and their parents, studies have
      investigated the relations between FOH and glycemic control and diabetes
      technology use. This review provides a summary of the recent FOH literature as it
      applies to pediatric type 1 diabetes.

PMID- 27370531
TI  - Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration in rotator cuff tears: Can surgery stop
      muscular degenerative changes?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff tears are closely related with muscle atrophy and fatty
      infiltration and both affect healing after surgical treatment. The aim of this
      study was to compare surgical versus conservative management of medium-to-large
      reparable rotator cuff tears. METHODS: Forty-one patients with clinical and
      radiological (MRI) diagnosis of medium-to-large rotator cuff tears were
      retrospectively identified and divided into two groups: Group A, arthroscopic
      repair; Group B, conservative treatment. At follow-up (T1) all patients underwent
      a new clinical (VAS, SST, Constant and Relative Constant Scale) and radiological
      evaluation (MRI). RESULTS: When comparing the two groups at T1 (mean follow-up:
      Group A, 50 months; Group B, 61 months), we registered better results in Group A
      in the SST (p < 0.05), the VAS score (p < 0.01), the Constant and the Relative
      Constant Scale (p < 0.05). Radiological evaluation did not show a significant
      increase of fatty infiltration (p = 0.16) in Group A (no progression in 15 out of
      17 patients -82.3%-, and an increase in 2 out of 17 patients -11.7%-), while in
      Group B a significant increase was detected (p < 0.01) in all patients; in regard
      to muscle atrophy, no cases of progression were detected in Group A (4 out of 17
      patients -23.5%- showed an increased post-operative supraspinatus trophysm),
      while a significant worsening (p < 0.05) was found in Group B. In Group B a
      significant worsening of tendon retraction (p < 0.01) and of tear size (p = 0.01)
      was also detected. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of complete rotator cuff tears
      seems to decrease the irreversible changes that involve muscle belly.

PMID- 27370532
TI  - Acute social stress before the planning phase improves memory performance in a
      complex real life-related prospective memory task.
AB  - Successful execution of intentions, but also the failure to recall are common
      phenomena in everyday life. The planning, retention, and realization of
      intentions are often framed as the scientific concept of prospective memory. The
      current study aimed to examine the influence of acute stress on key dimensions of
      complex "real life" prospective memory. To this end, we applied a prospective
      memory task that involved the planning, retention, and performance of intentions
      during a fictional holiday week. Forty healthy males participated in the study.
      Half of the subjects were stressed with the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test
      (SECPT) before the planning of intentions, and the other half of the participants
      underwent a control procedure at the same time. Salivary cortisol was used to
      measure the effectiveness of the SECPT stress induction. Stressed participants
      did not differ from controls in planning accuracy. However, when we compared
      stressed participants with controls during prospective memory retrieval, we found
      statistically significant differences in PM across the performance phase.
      Participants treated with the SECPT procedure before the planning phase showed
      improved prospective memory retrieval over time, while performance of controls
      declined. Particularly, there was a significant difference between the stress and
      control group for the last two days of the holiday week. Interestingly, control
      participants showed significantly better performance for early than later learned
      items, which could be an indicator of a primacy effect. This differential effect
      of stress on performance was also found in time- and event-dependent prospective
      memory. Our results demonstrate for the first time, that acute stress induced
      before the planning phase may improve prospective memory over the time course of
      the performance phase in time- and event-dependent prospective memory. Our data
      thus indicate that prospective memory can be enhanced by acute stress.

PMID- 27370533
TI  - Contribution of environmental media to cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis
      prevalence in Tehran: a focus on surface waters.
AB  - The occurrences of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surface sources of drinking
      water in Tehran were monitored, using US EPA method 1623.1. The prevalence ratios
      (PR) of positive samples among other media (animal's stools, vegetables, and
      human's stools) were also estimated from literature data. The density of Giardia
      and Cryptosporidium in water samples were 0.129 +/- 0.069 cysts/L and 0.005 +/-
      0.002 oocysts/L, respectively. Estimated PR in vegetables, animal stools, surface
      waters, and human stools were 6.65, 20.42, 21.05, and 4.28 % for Cryptosporidium
      and 6.46, 17.13, 73.68, and 15.65 % for Giardia, respectively. These reveal the
      importance of surface waters' and animal stools' roles in the prevalence of
      cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Tehran's population. Giardia's prevalence in
      untreated surface waters in Tehran was found 3.5 times as much as Cryptosporidium
      while this found 2.3 times on a global scale. Moreover, the prevalence of
      giardiasis to cryptosporidiosis infections in Tehran's human population was 3.65.
      These values could be a clue to attribute the infections to the occurrence of
      parasites in surface waters. Significant (p < 0.05) associations were observed
      between rainfalls and presence of Giardia (r = 0.62) and Cryptosporidium (r =
      0.60) in surface waters. In autumn, rainfalls can increase the parasites
      occurrences in surface waters. Significant (p < 0.05) difference on the density
      of parasites was found between some seasons using Kruskal-Wallis and multiple
      comparison tests. A significant correlation (r = 0.86) between Giardia and
      Cryptosporidium densities also confirms the common sources of pollution in
      surface waters. Findings suggest that untreated surface waters in Tehran may be a
      potential route of human exposure to protozoan parasites. 

PMID- 27370534
TI  - Assessments of levels, potential ecological risk, and human health risk of heavy
      metals in the soils from a typical county in Shanxi Province, China.
AB  - A total of 128 surface soil samples were collected, and eight heavy metals,
      including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, and Hg, were analyzed for their
      concentrations, potential ecological risks, and human health risks. The mean
      concentrations of these eight metals were lower than the soil environmental
      quality standards in China, while they were slightly higher than the background
      values in Shanxi Province. The enrichment factor, coefficient variation, and
      potential ecological risk index were used to assess the pollution and eco-risk
      level of heavy metals, among which, Cd and Hg showed higher pollution levels and
      potential risks than the others in the studied area. Moreover, multivariate
      geostatistical analysis suggested that Hg originated mainly from point sources
      such as industrial emissions, while agricultural activity is the predominant
      factor for Cd. The human health risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic
      values were below the threshold values. The total carcinogenic risks due to As,
      Cr, and Ni were within the acceptable range for adults, while for children, they
      were higher than the threshold value (1.0E-04), indicating that children are
      facing higher threat to heavy metals in soils. These results provide basic
      information on heavy metal pollution control and human health risk assessment
      management in the study regions. 

PMID- 27370535
TI  - Phthalate esters in water and surface sediments of the Pearl River Estuary:
      distribution, ecological, and human health risks.
AB  - The Pearl River Estuary (PRE) is vulnerable due to the increasingly serious
      environmental pollution, such as phthalate esters (PAEs) contaminants, from the
      Pearl River Delta (PRD). The concentrations of six US Environmental Protection
      Agency (USEPA) priority PAEs in water and surface sediments collected from the
      PRD's six main estuaries in spring, summer, and winter 2013 were measured by GC
      MS. Total PAEs (?6PAEs) concentrations were from 0.5 to 28.1 MUg/L and from 0.88
      to 13.6 MUg/g (dry weight (DW)) in water and surface sediments, respectively. The
      highest concentration was detected in summer. Higher concentrations of PAEs were
      found in Yamen (YM) and Humen (HM) areas than the other areas. Bis(2
      ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were the dominant PAEs in
      the investigated areas, contributing between 61 and 95 % of the PAEs in water and
      from 85 to 98 % in surface sediments. Based on risk quotients (RQs), DEHP posed
      greater ecological risks to the studied aquatic environments than other measured
      compounds. Little human health risk from the target PAEs was identified. 

PMID- 27370536
TI  - Oxidation of methane in biotrickling filters inoculated with methanotrophic
      bacteria.
AB  - The oxidation of methane (CH4) using biofilters has been proposed as an
      alternative to mitigate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions with a low
      concentration of CH4 that cannot be used as a source of energy. However,
      conventional biofilters utilize organic packing materials that have a short
      lifespan, clogging problems, and are commonly inoculated with non-specific
      microorganisms leading to unpredictable CH4 elimination capacities (EC) and
      removal efficiencies (RE). The main objective of this work was to characterize
      the oxidation of CH4 in two biotrickling filters (BTFs) packed with polyethylene
      rings and inoculated with two methanotrophic bacteria, Methylomicrobium album and
      Methylocystis sp., in order to determine EC and CO2 production (pCO2) when using
      a specific inoculum. The repeatability of the results in both BTFs was determined
      when they operated at the same inlet load of CH4. A dynamic mathematical model
      that describes the CH4 abatement in the BTFs was developed and validated using
      mass transfer and kinetic parameters estimated independently. The results showed
      that EC and pCO2 of the BTFs are not identical but very similar for all the
      conditions tested. The use of specific inoculum has shown a faster startup and
      higher EC per unit area (0.019 gCH4 m-2 h-1) in comparison to most of the
      previous studies at the same CH4 load rate (23.2 gCH4 m-3 h-1). Global mass
      balance showed that the maximum reduction of CO2 equivalents was 98.5 gCO2eq m-3
      h-1. The developed model satisfactorily described CH4 abatement in BTFs for a
      wide range of conditions.

PMID- 27370537
TI  - Optimizing COD removal from greywater by photoelectro-persulfate process using
      Box-Behnken design: assessment of effluent quality and electrical energy
      consumption.
AB  - Greywater (GW) is a potential source for water reuse in various applications.
      However, GW treatment is still a vital issue in water reuse in cases of
      environmental standards and risk to public health. This study investigates
      optimization and modeling of a hybrid process for COD removal from GW. Persulfate
      (PS) was simultaneously activated by electrogenerated ferrous ion (EC) and UV to
      generate sulfate radical. Photoelectro-persulfate (PEPS) was optimized by Box
      Behnken design and the effects of four variables (pH, PS dosage, current density,
      and electrolysis time) were evaluated on COD removal. The results and several
      coefficients showed that the obtained model was acceptable for predicting the COD
      removal. Moreover, under optimum conditions (pH = 6.9, PS = 8.8 mM, current
      density = 2.0 mA/cm(2), and 49.3 min electrolysis time), BOD5, turbidity, TSS,
      phosphate, and UV254 were effectively removed and COD and BOD5 values reached to
      discharge standards. Different configurations of the processes were assessed for
      COD removal. The order of COD removal efficiency followed: PS < Fe(II) < UV/PS <=
      Fe(II)/PS < Fe(II)/PS/UV < electrocoagulation <= electrocoagulation/UV < electro
      PS < PEPS. The monitoring PS concentration during 60 min reaction time in the
      aforesaid processes indicated that PEPS could remarkably activate PS. The
      solution pH was also monitored and related results revealed that the presence of
      PS during the 10 min first time decreased pH value while production of hydroxide
      ion at cathode increased pH significantly. Finally, the contribution of
      electrochemical process in the electrical energy consumption was far less than
      that of photolysis process in hybrid PEPS process. 

PMID- 27370538
TI  - An analytical model for contaminant transport in landfill composite liners
      considering coupled effect of consolidation, diffusion, and degradation.
AB  - One-dimensional mathematical model is developed to investigate the behavior of
      contaminant transport in landfill composite liner system considering coupled
      effect of consolidation, diffusion, and degradation. The first- and second-type
      bottom boundary conditions are used to derive the steady-state and quasi-steady
      state analytical solutions. The concentration profiles obtained by the proposed
      analytical solution are in good agreement with those obtained by the laboratory
      tests. The bottom concentration and flux of the soil liners can be greatly
      reduced when the degradation effect and porosity changing are considered. For the
      case under steady-state, the bottom flux and concentration for the case with t
      1/2 =10 years can be 2.8 and 5.5 times lower than those of the case with t 1/2
      =100 years, respectively. The bottom concentration and flux of the soil liners
      can be greatly reduced when the coefficient of volume compressibility decreases.
      For quasi-steady-state and with t 1/2 = 10 years, the bottom flux and
      concentration for the case with m v  = 0.02/MPa can be 17.4 and 21 times lower
      than the case with m v  = 0.5/MPa. This may be due to the fact that the true
      fluid velocity induced by consolidation is greater for the case with high
      coefficient of volume compressibility. The bottom flux for the case with single
      compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 1.5 times larger than that for the case with
      GMB/CCL considering diffusion and consolidation for DCM. The proposed analytical
      model can be used for verification of more complicated numerical models and
      assessment of the coupled effect of diffusion, consolidation, and degradation on
      contaminant transport in landfill liner systems. 

PMID- 27370539
TI  - Altered Expression of Specific Transcription Factors of Th17 (RORgammat,
      RORalpha) and Treg Lymphocytes (FOXP3) by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from
      Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - The imbalance in Th17/Treg cell-related responses plays an important role in the
      pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The development of Th17- and Treg cells
      is regulated by specific transcription factors-RORgammat and RORalpha-and FOXP3,
      respectively. The aim was to determine the expression of RORgammat, RORalpha, and
      FOXP3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MS patients following in
      vitro stimulation. The PBMCs from 22 MS patients and 20 healthy subjects were
      cultured in the presence of 10 MUg/ml MOG, 10 MUg/ml PHA, or without stimulation.
      The PBMCs were incubated at 37  degrees C for 24 h, and then the messenger RNA
      (mRNA) expression of RORgammat, RORalpha, and FOXP3 was determined by real-time
      PCR. The expression of RORgammat and RORalpha was increased in non-stimulated,
      MOG-stimulated, and PHA-stimulated PBMCs from MS patients in comparison with same
      cultures from the healthy group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.02 for RORgammat;
      P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.05, for RORalpha, respectively). The FOXP3
      expression in non-stimulated PBMCs from MS patients was significantly lower than
      that in equal culture from healthy subjects (P < 0.05). There were no significant
      differences between healthy subjects and MS patients regarding the expression of
      FOXP3 mRNA by MOG-stimulated and PHA-stimulated PBMCs. These results showed an
      imbalance in Th17/Treg cells at transcription factor levels with a deviation
      toward Th17 cell in MS. The correction of Th17/Treg balance at transcription
      levels should be considered to design novel therapeutic strategies for MS
      treatment. 

PMID- 27370540
TI  - WTAP Expression Predicts Poor Prognosis in Malignant Glioma Patients.
AB  - Wilms' tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) interacts with the Wilms' tumor 1 gene.
      Although originally classified as a tumor suppressor, WTAP was later found to be
      over-expressed in glioblastoma which is regarded as a grade IV astrocytoma.
      However, the expression in other glioma grades and the relationship between WTAP
      expression and the prognosis of glioma patients are still unknown. In this study,
      we investigated WTAP expression in 169 different types of glioma cases using
      western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry assay. Further, we evaluated the
      association of WTAP expression with clinicopathological characteristics using chi
      square test and Spearman's correlation test. We used univariate and multivariate
      Cox regression analyses to evaluate the independency of diferent WTAP expression.
      Then, the survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results
      showed that WTAP was over-expressed in glioma tissues, and the expression was
      closely correlated with glioma grade. Moreover, high WTAP expression was
      correlated with poor postoperative survival in glioma patients. WTAP may serve as
      a novel prognostic marker. 

PMID- 27370541
TI  - Soluble BAFF Level Is Not Correlated to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies
      Paratuberculosis Antibodies and Increases After Interferon-beta Therapy in
      Multiple Sclerosis Patients.
AB  - B cells are being recognized as one of the major players in the pathogenesis of
      multiple sclerosis (MS). The B cell activating factor (BAFF) system plays an
      essential role in B cell homeostasis and function in the periphery. Mycobacterium
      avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been previously associated to MS in
      Sardinia. Antibodies against a MAP surface protein, MAP_2694, have been found
      significantly associated to MS patients, and this response was modified by
      interferon-beta therapy. Increased BAFF levels following IFN-beta therapy have
      been also described in MS patients. In this study, we evaluated whether soluble
      BAFF levels are comparable in men and women affected by MS and performed a
      correlation of the reported BAFF increase in MS patients under IFN-beta therapy
      with changes of humoral response against MAP_2694. For these reasons, we
      investigated 44 MS patients before and after IFN-beta therapy. A significant
      difference of BAFF levels was found between men and women with MS; moreover, we
      confirmed that IFN-beta therapy strongly induces BAFF serum levels, but this was
      not related to the modification of immunological response against MAP_2694. In
      conclusion, our study highlights that IFN-beta therapy induces the potent B cell
      survival factor BAFF without alterations of the humoral immune response against
      MAP. 

PMID- 27370542
TI  - Intrathecal morphine verse femoral nerve block for pain control in total knee
      arthroplasty: A meta-analysis from randomized control trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is usually associated with postoperative
      pain. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate
      the effectiveness and safety of femoral nerve block compared with intrathecal
      morphine for pain management after TKA. METHODS: Potentially relevant literature
      was identified from electronic databases including Medline, PubMed, Embase,
      ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library. Gray academic studies were also
      identified from the reference of included literature. There was no language
      restriction. Pooling of data was carried out using Stata 11.0. RESULTS: Four
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 185 patients met the inclusion
      criteria. The meta-analysis indicated that there were no significant differences
      in terms of Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score at 6 h (standard mean difference
      (SMD) = -0.09, 95% CI: -1.62 to 1.43, P = 0.903), 12 h (weighted mean difference
      (WMD) = 1.84, 95% CI: -8.01 to 11.69, P = 0.714) or 24 h (WMD = 1.56, 95% CI: 
      14.31 to 17.42, P = 0.8474). No significant difference were found regarding
      morphine consumption at 6 h (WMD = -0.84, 95% CI: -2.52 to 0.85, P = 0.332), 12 h
      (WMD = 0.031, 95% CI: -3.304 to 0.3366, P = 0.985), 24 h (WMD = 0.21, 95% CI: 
      7.32 to 7.75, P = 0.956) or incidence of postoperative vomit and nausea (risk
      difference (RD) = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.15 to 0.12, P = 0.847). There was a
      significant difference between the groups in terms of the risk of itching
      postoperatively (RD = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.54, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS:
      Femoral nerve block provides equal postoperative pain control compared with
      intrathecal morphine following total knee arthroplasty, although there were fewer
      side effects in the FNB groups. In contrast, FNB was performed with an additional
      procedure and required a special apparatus. Both methods are effective at pain
      control following TKA.

PMID- 27370543
TI  - Patient focused registries can improve health, care, and science.

PMID- 27370544
TI  - The effects of maternal alcohol use disorders on childhood relationships and
      mental health.
AB  - PURPOSE: Despite millions of children living in the turmoil of their parents'
      active alcoholism or the aftermath of past abuse, research to date has not (1)
      provided a comprehensive examination of the effects of maternal alcohol use
      disorders (AUDs) on children's social ties outside of their relationships with
      parents, or (2) considered whether the number and quality of childhood social
      ties alter the effects of maternal AUDs on children's mental health. METHOD:
      Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth 1979 Children and
      Young Adults, analysis examined the influence of maternal AUDs on the number and
      quality of children's ties with siblings, extended family and family friends,
      peers, and neighborhood members. The analysis also considered how children's
      social ties influenced the association between maternal AUDs and children's
      internalizing and externalizing problems. RESULTS: Children of alcoholic mothers
      had similarly sized networks but more distant relationships with siblings and
      friends, negative interactions with classmates, and isolating neighborhoods.
      Controlling for these aspects of children's social ties substantially reduced
      mental health disparities between children of alcoholic mothers and other
      children. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the view that maternal alcohol use
      disorders have the potential to damage children's mental health while also
      setting into motion long-term relationship problems. Future research should
      examine the networks of children who experience parental AUDs to further clarify
      the social processes that link parental AUDs to children's mental health.

PMID- 27370545
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370546
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370547
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370548
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370550
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370549
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370551
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370552
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370553
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370554
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370555
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370556
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370557
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370558
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370559
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370560
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370561
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370562
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370563
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370564
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370565
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370566
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370568
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370567
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370569
TI  - MethPed: an R package for the identification of pediatric brain tumor subtypes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: DNA methylation profiling of pediatric brain tumors offers a new way
      of diagnosing and subgrouping these tumors which improves current clinical
      diagnostics based on histopathology. We have therefore developed the MethPed
      classifier, which is a multiclass random forest algorithm, based on DNA
      methylation profiles from many subgroups of pediatric brain tumors. RESULTS: We
      developed an R package that implements the MethPed classifier, making it easily
      available and accessible. The package can be used for estimating the probability
      that an unknown sample belongs to each of nine pediatric brain tumor
      diagnoses/subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The MethPed R package efficiently classifies
      pediatric brain tumors using the developed MethPed classifier. MethPed is
      available via Bioconductor: http://bioconductor.org/packages/MethPed/.

PMID- 27370571
TI  - Emergence and spread of G3P[8] rotaviruses possessing an equine-like VP7 and a DS
      1-like genetic backbone in the Basque Country (North of Spain), 2015.
AB  - In March 2015, an atypical G3P[8] rotavirus with an equine-like VP7 gene was
      detected in Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain) and spread contributing
      significantly to the seasonal epidemic. The strain was identified in fecal
      samples collected from 68 patients, mainly children from rural and urban settings
      with acute gastroenteritis, representing 14.9% of the 455 rotavirus strains
      genotyped between July 2014 and June 2015. Seven patients (10.3%) were
      hospitalized. Full genome analysis of six of these strains revealed a DS-1-like
      genotype constellation, G3-P[8]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2, and showed that most
      genome segments shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity with strains
      isolated in Japan, Thailand, Australia and the Philippines. The strains of
      Gipuzkoa were similar to novel G3P[8] reassortant rotaviruses with an equine-like
      VP7 gene and a DS-1-like genetic backbone that emerged in the Asia-Pacific Region
      in 2013. The study highlights the circulation of these atypical rotaviruses
      outside the Asia-Pacific Region of origin, and their emergence in a European
      Region. Due to their unusual genotype constellation, these strains pose a
      challenge for the rotavirus strain surveillance, since G-/P-typing, the most
      commonly used classification system, cannot identify this type of intergenogroup
      reassortants.

PMID- 27370574
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370572
TI  - Giardiasis in NSW: Identification of Giardia duodenalis assemblages contributing
      to human and cattle cases, and an epidemiological assessment of sporadic human
      giardiasis.
AB  - Two genetic assemblages (A and B) of the protozoan parasite species, Giardia
      duodenalis, infect humans, domestic animals and wildlife. In New South Wales,
      Australia, over 2000 sporadic human giardiasis cases are reported annually, but
      parasite sources and links between sporadic cases are unknown. This study
      describes G. duodenalis assemblages contributing to human and cattle cases in
      NSW, and examines demographic, spatial, and temporal distributions of NSW human
      infections and G. duodenalis assemblages. Genotyping by PCR-restriction fragment
      length polymorphism of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene identified G.
      duodenalis assemblage B as the most common (86%) cause of infection among human
      cases (n=165). Approximately 37% of cattle DNA samples were PCR positive (18S
      rRNA, gdh), and G. duodenalis assemblages E (69%) or B (31%) were identified from
      these samples. Human assemblage A was more common among older age groups, and
      seasonality in the geographic dispersal of human assemblage A was observed. The
      results of this study indicate G. duodenalis assemblage B is highly prevalent
      among humans in NSW, and the potential for cross-species transmission exists
      between humans and cattle in this region. Spatio-temporal and demographic
      distributions of human assemblage A and B are highlighted, and risk factors
      associated with these dispersal patterns warrants further research.

PMID- 27370575
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370573
TI  - Cultural Validation and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Geriatric Pain
      Measure in the Elderly.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many pain problems and untreated pain are known to adversely affect
      the quality of life of the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Geriatric Pain Measure
      (GPM) in the elderly. METHODS: This research was carried out on 244 elderly who
      were recruited from a university hospital. Content validity, criterion validity,
      and factorial construct validity were used to test the validity stages; internal
      consistency and item analysis were used to determine the reliability of the
      Turkish GPM. RESULTS: For content validity, the Kendall goodness-of-fit
      correlation test was performed (Kendall's W = 0.275, P = 0.07). The criterion
      validity of the GPM was determined by item analysis based on the differences
      between averages of upper-lower group item scores that were significant (t =
      38.597, P < 0.005). According to the factor analysis results of the scale, factor
      loadings were significant, with standardized loadings ranging from 0.40 to 0.87.
      Cronbach's alpha was found to be reliable for the total scale (0.85), and
      subscale alpha coefficients ranged from 0.67 to 0.93. The item analysis of the
      scale showed that all of the correlations between the items of the scale were
      significant. CONCLUSIONS: The Turkish version of the GPM was found to be a
      reliable and valid tool to measure the quality and severity of pain in the
      elderly.

PMID- 27370570
TI  - Bioactive natural products for chemoprevention and treatment of castration
      resistant prostate cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer (PCa), a hormonally-driven cancer, ranks first in incidence and
      second in cancer related mortality in men in most Western industrialized
      countries. Androgen and androgen receptor (AR) are the dominant modulators of PCa
      growth. Over the last two decades multiple advancements in screening, treatment,
      surveillance and palliative care of PCa have significantly increased quality of
      life and survival following diagnosis. However, over 20% of patients initially
      diagnosed with PCa still develop an aggressive and treatment-refractory disease.
      Prevention or treatment for hormone-refractory PCa using bioactive compounds from
      marine sponges, mushrooms, and edible plants either as single agents or as
      adjuvants to existing therapy, has not been clinically successful. Major
      advancements have been made in the identification, testing and modification of
      the existing molecular structures of natural products. Additionally, conjugation
      of these compounds to novel matrices has enhanced their bio-availability; a big
      step towards bringing natural products to clinical trials. Natural products
      derived from edible plants (nutraceuticals), and common folk-medicines might
      offer advantages over synthetic compounds due to their broader range of targets,
      as compared to mostly single target synthetic anticancer compounds; e.g. kinase
      inhibitors. The use of synthetic inhibitors or antibodies that target a single
      aberrant molecule in cancer cells might be in part responsible for emergence of
      treatment refractory cancers. Nutraceuticals that target AR signaling
      (epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG], curcumin, and 5alpha-reductase inhibitors), AR
      synthesis (ericifolin, capsaicin and others) or AR degradation (betulinic acid,
      di-indolyl diamine, sulphoraphane, silibinin and others) are prime candidates for
      use as adjuvant or mono-therapies. Nutraceuticals target multiple
      pathophysiological mechanisms involved during cancer development and progression
      and thus have potential to simultaneously inhibit both prostate cancer growth and
      metastatic progression (e.g., inhibition of angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT) and proliferation). Given their multi-targeting properties along
      with relatively lower systemic toxicity, these compounds offer significant
      therapeutic advantages for prevention and treatment of PCa. This review
      emphasizes the potential application of some of the well-researched natural
      compounds that target AR for prevention and therapy of PCa.

PMID- 27370576
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370577
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370578
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370580
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370579
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370581
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370583
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370582
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370584
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370586
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370585
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370587
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370588
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370589
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370590
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370591
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370592
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370593
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370594
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370595
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370596
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370597
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370598
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370599
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370600
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370601
TI  - The Right to Health in Old Age: Israeli Professionals' and Older Persons'
      Perspectives.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To develop a better understanding of the right to health in old age
      through the personal knowledge and experience of older persons and professionals
      in Israel. METHODS: A qualitative research method was adopted based on focus
      groups. Information was collected through four focus groups with 33 participants.
      RESULTS: Three main themes emerged: The first focused on the older persons' self
      positioning vis-a-vis the health-care system. The second illustrated the verbal
      means chosen by the participants to situate the health-care system itself. The
      third elaborated on the institutional and cultural processes involved in
      upholding health rights in old age. DISCUSSION: Future discussions regarding
      conceptualization of the right to health in old age should relate to its human
      aspects, that is, communication and interaction, and the older person's
      knowledge, participation, and involvement in shaping the medical services that
      they receive.

PMID- 27370602
TI  - Electroencephalography-Derived Sensory and Motor Network Topology in Multiple
      Sclerosis Fatigue.
AB  - People with multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently complain of excessive fatigue,
      which is the most disabling symptom for half of them. While the few drugs used to
      treat MS fatigue are of limited utility, we recently observed the efficacy of a
      personalized neuromodulation treatment. Here, we aim at strengthening knowledge
      of the brain network changes that occur when MS fatigue increases, using graph
      theory. We collected electroencephalographic (EEG; 23 or 64 channels) data in
      resting state with eyes open in 27 relapsing-remitting (RR) patients with mild MS
      (EDSS <=2), suffering a wide range of fatigue as scored by the modified Fatigue
      Impact Scale (mFIS) (2-69, within a total range 0-84). To estimate graph theory
      small-world index (SW), we calculated the lagged linear coherence between EEG
      cortical eLORETA sources, in the standard frequency bands delta (2-4 Hz), theta
      (4-8 Hz), alpha1 (8-10.5 Hz), alpha2 (10.5-13 Hz), beta1 (13-20 Hz), beta2 (20-30
      Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz). We calculated the SW of these undirected and weighted
      networks separately in the four left and right frontal (motor) and parieto
      occipito-temporal (sensory) brain networks. A correlative analysis demonstrated
      increased fatigue symptoms along with the SW specifically in the Sensory network
      of the left dominant hemisphere in the beta1 band (Pearson's r = 0.404, P =
      .020). Our study indicates a specific involvement of the dominant-hemisphere
      sensory network in MS fatigue. It suggests that compensatory neuromodulation
      interventions could enhance efficacy in relieving this debilitating symptom by
      targeting this area.

PMID- 27370604
TI  - Combination of Imatinib Mesylate and AKT Inhibitor Provides Synergistic Effects
      in Preclinical Study of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor.
AB  - PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) generally harbor activating
      mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase KIT or in the related platelet-derived
      growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). GIST treated with imatinib mesylate or
      second-line therapies that target mutant forms of these receptors generally
      escape disease control and progress over time. Inhibiting additional molecular
      targets may provide more substantial disease control. Recent studies have
      implicated the PI3K/AKT pathway in the survival of imatinib mesylate-resistant
      GIST cell lines and tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Here, we performed in vitro and
      in vivo studies evaluating the novel combination of imatinib mesylate with the
      AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in GIST. Whole-transcriptome sequencing (WTS) of xenografts
      was performed to explore the molecular aspects of tumor response to this novel
      combination and to potentially identify additional therapeutic targets in GIST.
      RESULTS: This drug combination demonstrated significant synergistic effects in a
      panel of imatinib mesylate-sensitive and -resistant GIST cell lines. Furthermore,
      combination therapy provided significantly greater efficacy, as measured by tumor
      response and animal survival, in imatinib mesylate-sensitive GIST xenografts as
      compared with treatment with imatinib mesylate or MK-2206 alone. WTS implicated
      two neural genes, brain expressed X-linked 1 and neuronal pentraxin I, whose
      expression was significantly upregulated in combination-treated tumors compared
      with tumors treated with the two monotherapies. CONCLUSIONS: These studies
      provide strong preclinical justification for combining imatinib mesylate with an
      AKT inhibitor as a front-line therapy in GIST. In addition, the WTS implicated
      the BCL-2/BAX/BAD apoptotic pathway as a potential mechanism for this enhanced
      combination effect. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 171-80. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27370603
TI  - TRNT1 deficiency: clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic features.
AB  - BACKGROUND: TRNT1 (CCA-adding transfer RNA nucleotidyl transferase) enzyme
      deficiency is a new metabolic disease caused by defective post-transcriptional
      modification of mitochondrial and cytosolic transfer RNAs (tRNAs). RESULTS: We
      investigated four patients from two families with infantile-onset cyclical,
      aseptic febrile episodes with vomiting and diarrhoea, global electrolyte
      imbalance during these episodes, sideroblastic anaemia, B lymphocyte
      immunodeficiency, retinitis pigmentosa, hepatosplenomegaly, exocrine pancreatic
      insufficiency and renal tubulopathy. Other clinical features found in children
      include sensorineural deafness, cerebellar atrophy, brittle hair, partial villous
      atrophy and nephrocalcinosis. Whole exome sequencing and bioinformatic filtering
      were utilised to identify recessive compound heterozygous TRNT1 mutations
      (missense mutation c.668T>C, p.Ile223Thr and a novel splice mutation c.342+5G>T)
      segregating with disease in the first family. The second family was found to have
      a homozygous TRNT1 mutation (c.569G>T), p.Arg190Ile, (previously published). We
      found normal mitochondrial translation products using passage matched controls
      and functional perturbation of 3' CCA addition to mitochondrial tRNAs (tRNA(Cys),
      tRNA(LeuUUR) and tRNA(His)) in fibroblasts from two patients, demonstrating a
      pathomechanism affecting the CCA addition to mt-tRNAs. Acute management of these
      patients included transfusion for anaemia, fluid and electrolyte replacement and
      immunoglobulin therapy. We also describe three-year follow-up findings after
      treatment by bone marrow transplantation in one patient, with resolution of fever
      and reversal of the abnormal metabolic profile. CONCLUSIONS: Our report
      highlights that TRNT1 mutations cause a spectrum of disease ranging from a
      childhood-onset complex disease with manifestations in most organs to an adult
      onset isolated retinitis pigmentosa presentation. Systematic review of all TRNT1
      cases and mutations reported to date revealed a distinctive phenotypic spectrum
      and metabolic and other investigative findings, which will facilitate rapid
      clinical recognition of future cases.

PMID- 27370606
TI  - New Strategies in Esophageal Carcinoma: Translational Insights from Signaling
      Pathways and Immune Checkpoints.
AB  - Esophageal cancer remains a highly lethal malignancy in which relatively modest
      therapeutic advances have been made over the past several decades. Cytotoxic
      therapy remains the mainstay of treatment for both advanced esophageal
      adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with incremental benefit
      conferred by antibodies targeting HER2 and VEGFR in selected patients. However,
      intrinsic or acquired resistance in this disease almost invariably occurs and
      remains a major challenge. Moreover, although large-scale exome and whole-genome
      sequencing efforts have identified a variety of somatic mutations and copy number
      variations, particularly amplifications, in esophageal cancer, the ability to
      translate these findings successfully into actionable therapeutic approaches has
      been elusive. More recently, immunotherapeutic strategies, most notably immune
      checkpoint inhibitors, have demonstrated benefit to a subset of patients with
      both esophageal adenocarcinoma and SCC and represent an area of active clinical
      investigation. In this article, we discuss some of the insights derived from past
      trials of esophageal cancer, highlight ongoing research efforts in this arena,
      and emphasize the need to refine our approach to treating patients based on
      distinct anatomic, histologic, and molecular features. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17);
      4283-90. (c)2016 AACR. 

PMID- 27370608
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370605
TI  - Identification of Existing Drugs That Effectively Target NTRK1 and ROS1
      Rearrangements in Lung Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Efforts to discover drugs that overcome resistance to targeted therapies
      in patients with rare oncogenic alterations, such as NTRK1 and ROS1
      rearrangements, are complicated by the cost and protracted timeline of drug
      discovery. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In an effort to identify inhibitors of NTRK1 and
      ROS1, which are aberrantly activated in some patients with non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC), we created and screened a library of existing targeted drugs
      against Ba/F3 cells transformed with these oncogenes. RESULTS: This screen
      identified the FDA-approved drug cabozantinib as a potent inhibitor of CD74-ROS1
      transformed Ba/F3, including the crizotinib-resistant mutants G2032R and L2026M
      (IC50 = 9, 26, and 11 nmol/L, respectively). Cabozantinib inhibited CD74-ROS1
      transformed Ba/F3 cells more potently than brigatinib (wild-type/G2032R/L2026M
      IC50 = 30/170/200 nmol/L, respectively), entrectinib (IC50 = 6/2,200/3,500
      nmol/L), and PF-06463922 (IC50 = 1/270/2 nmol/L). Cabozantinib inhibited ROS1
      autophosphorylation and downstream ERK activation in transformed Ba/F3 cells and
      in patient-derived tumor cell lines. The IGF-1R inhibitor BMS-536924 potently
      inhibited CD74-NTRK1-transformed compared with parental Ba/F3 cells (IC50 = 19
      nmol/L vs. > 470 nmol/L). A patient with metastatic ROS1-rearranged NSCLC with
      progression on crizotinib was treated with cabozantinib and experienced a partial
      response. CONCLUSIONS: While acquired resistance to targeted therapies is
      challenging, this study highlights that existing agents may be repurposed to
      overcome drug resistance and identifies cabozantinib as a promising treatment of
      ROS1-rearranged NSCLC after progression on crizotinib. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1);
      204-13. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27370607
TI  - HGF/Met Signaling in Head and Neck Cancer: Impact on the Tumor Microenvironment.
AB  - Studies to date have revealed several major molecular alterations that contribute
      to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) initiation, progression,
      metastatic spread, and therapeutic failure. The EGFR is the only FDA-approved
      therapeutic target, yet responses to cetuximab have been limited. Activation and
      cross-talk of cellular receptors and consequent activation of different signaling
      pathways contribute to limited activity of blockade of a single pathway. The
      hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, Met, has been implicated in HNSCC
      tumorigenesis and EGFR inhibitor resistance. HGF, the sole ligand of Met, is
      overexpressed in the tumor microenvironment. The role of HGF/Met signaling in
      proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis has been investigated in HNSCC,
      leading to clinical trials with various Met inhibitors and HGF antibodies.
      However, the role of the HGF/Met signaling axis in mediating the tumor
      microenvironment has been relatively understudied in HNSCC. In this review, we
      discuss the functional roles of Met and HGF in HNSCC with a focus on the tumor
      microenvironment and the immune system. Clin Cancer Res; 22(16); 4005-13. (c)2016
      AACR. 

PMID- 27370610
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370609
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370611
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370612
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370613
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370614
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370615
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370617
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370616
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370618
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370619
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370621
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370620
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370622
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370623
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370624
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370626
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370625
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370627
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370628
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370629
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370630
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370631
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370632
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370633
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370634
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370635
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370637
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370639
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370636
TI  - Different Types of Urinary Steroid Profiling Obtained by High-Performance Liquid
      Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Patients with
      Adrenocortical Carcinoma.
AB  - Urinary steroid profiling (USP) was studied using high-performance liquid
      chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods in
      108 patients with adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) and in 31 patients with
      adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Thirteen ACC and Cushing's syndrome (ACC-CS)
      patients had two types of USP as well as 18 ACC patients without
      hypercortisolism. These four types differed by androgen and glucocorticoid
      secretion of the adrenal cortex. Fifteen main ACC features were observed by GC
      MS. Urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was increased in 67.7 % of
      ACC patients and tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol (THS) in 74.2 %. By combination of
      the following parameters: THS >900 MUg/24 h and/or DHEA >1500 MUg/24 h with
      ratios of 3alpha,16,20-pregnentriol/3beta,16,20-pregnentriol
      (3alpha,16,20dP3/3beta,16,20dP3) less than 6.0 and 3alpha,17,20dP3/3beta,17,20dP3
      less than 9.0 and the detection of "non-classical" 5-en-pregnens, not found in
      ACA and healthy persons, 100 % sensitivity and specificity of ACC and ACA
      differential diagnosis were achieved. Features of 21-hydroxylase and 11beta
      hydroxylase deficiency were observed by GC-MS in 32.2 and 61.3 % of the ACC
      patients, respectively. Additional features for ACC-CS diagnostic were increased
      urinary excretion of 6beta-hydroxycortisol, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, the sum
      (UFF + UFE) obtained by HPLC, tetrahydrocorticosterone, and the sum (THF + THE +
      allo-THF) obtained by GC-MS.

PMID- 27370638
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370640
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370641
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370642
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370643
TI  - Evaluation of cognitive subdomains, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25
      dihydroxyvitamin D in the European Male Ageing Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although lower levels of vitamin D have been related to poor cognitive
      functioning and dementia in older adults, evidence from longitudinal
      investigations is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine
      whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]
      levels are associated with specified measures of cognitive decline in ageing men.
      METHODS: The European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) followed 3369 men aged 40-79 over
      4.4 years. 25(OH)D levels at baseline were measured by radioimmunoassay, and
      1,25(OH)2D levels were obtained with liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry. Visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, and processing speed
      at baseline and follow-up were assessed using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure
      Test (ROCF), Camden Topographical Recognition Memory (CTRM), and the Digit Symbol
      Substitution Test (DSST). RESULTS: Following attritions, a total of 2430 men with
      a mean (SD) age of 59.0 (10.6) were included in the analyses. At baseline, the
      mean 25(OH)D concentration was 64.6 (31.5) nmol/l, and mean 1,25(OH)2D level was
      59.6 (16.6) pmol/l. In age-adjusted linear regression models, high 25(OH)D
      concentrations were associated with a smaller decline in the DSST (beta = 0.007,
      p = 0.020). Men with low 25(OH)D levels (<50 nmol/l) showed a greater decline in
      the CTRM compared to men with higher (>=75 nmol/l) levels (beta = -0.41, p =
      0.035). However, these associations disappeared after adjusting for confounders
      such as depressive symptoms, BMI, and comorbidities. There was no indication of a
      relationship between 1,25(OH)2D and decline in cognitive subdomains. CONCLUSION:
      We found no evidence for an independent association between 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D
      levels and visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, or processing speed over
      on average 4.4 years in this sample of middle-aged and elderly European men.

PMID- 27370645
TI  - Decreased expression of microRNA-21 is associated with increased cytokine
      production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of obese type 2 diabetic
      and non-diabetic subjects.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-21 in inflammatory
      responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of type 2 diabetic (T2D)
      and healthy subjects. 20 healthy and 20 T2D subjects were enrolled in the study.
      miR-21 expression in PBMCs of the subjects was measured using real-time PCR. IL-6
      and TNF-alpha levels in culture supernatants were quantified using ELISA. miR-21
      expression was not significantly different between the diabetic and nondiabetic
      groups. A downregulation of miR-21 expression was observed in PBMCs of obese
      subjects in both diabetic and nondiabetic groups. In addition, miR-21 expression
      was negatively correlated with weight, waist circumference, body mass index, and
      triglyceride in both the diabetic and nondiabetic groups. Our results also
      demonstrated that the PBMCs of obese subjects significantly secreted a higher
      level of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in comparison with the PBMCs of nonobese subjects.
      Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation between miR-21 expression and TNF
      alpha and IL-6 production from the PBMCs was observed. These data suggest that
      miR-21 expression is decreased in PBMCs of obese subjects and reduced expression
      appears to be associated with increased secreted cytokine level in media of PBMCs
      of obese subjects. 

PMID- 27370644
TI  - Sex differences in the regulation of spatially distinct cardiac mitochondrial
      subpopulations.
AB  - Spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulation may mediate myocardial pathology
      through permeability transition pore opening (MPTP). The goal of this study was
      to assess sex differences on the two spatially distinct mitochondrial
      subpopulations: subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and intermyofibrillar
      mitochondria (IFM) based on morphology, membrane potential, mitochondrial
      function, oxidative phosphorylation, and MPTP. Aged matched Wistar rats were used
      to study SSM and IFM. Mitochondrial size was larger in SSM than in IFM in both
      genders. However, SSM internal complexity, yield, and membrane potential were
      higher in male than in female. The maximal rate of mitochondrial respiration,
      states 3 and 4, using glutamate + malate as substrate, were higher in IFM and SSM
      in the male group compared to female. The respiratory control ratio (RCR
      state3/state 4), was not different in both SSM and IFM with glutamate + malate.
      The ADP:O ratio was found higher in IFM and SSM from female compared to males.
      When pyruvate was used, state 3 was found unchanged in both IFM and SSM, state 4
      was also greater in male IFM compared to female. The RCR increased in the SSM
      while IFM remained the same. State 4 was higher in male SSM while in the IFM
      remained the same. The IFM presented a higher Ca(2+) retention capacity compared
      with SSM, however, there was a greater sensitivity to Ca(2+)-induced MPTP in SSM
      and IFM in the male group compared to female. In conclusion, our data show that
      spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations have sex-based differences in
      oxidative phosphorylation, morphology, and calcium retention capacity. 

PMID- 27370646
TI  - Knocking down of p53 triggers apoptosis and autophagy, concomitantly with
      inhibition of migration on SSC-4 oral squamous carcinoma cells.
AB  - Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignancy with elevated prevalence and
      somber prognosis due to the fact that most of the patients are diagnosed at an
      advanced stage. p53 has a crucial role in proliferation and apoptosis during the
      occurrence and development of numerous malignant tumors. The impact of mutated
      p53 on the development and progression of OSCC is unclear and might have
      therapeutic implications. Using an in vitro RNA interference experiment, we have
      evaluated the impact of p53 knockdown on cell viability, apoptosis, migration,
      and gene expression for key genes involved in apoptosis and angiogenesis. We
      observed that inhibiting the expression of p53 decreased the proliferation
      ability and induced apoptosis/autophagy in SSC-4 cells. Moreover, we observed
      that this has decreased migration and has blocked the expression of VEGF. In
      conclusion, our research provides a proof that a direct connection between p53
      knockdown and OSCC cell death can be established, therefore opening new potential
      directions in OSCC molecular therapeutics and management. 

PMID- 27370647
TI  - [Midwives, vaccines and health literacy: an underexplored relationship?].

PMID- 27370648
TI  - Quality of care provided to prostate cancer (PC) patients for prevention and
      treatment of osteoporosis induced by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the quality of care (QOC) and use of
      validated risk algorithms provided in a specialized osteoporosis clinic to men
      with prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) who are at risk of
      bone loss and fragility fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Charts for 100
      consecutive men (mean age 73.0 years) on ADT referred to a tertiary osteoporosis
      clinic in Toronto, Canada between 2010 and 2014 were reviewed. The following QOC
      issues were examined: (a) bone health services provided, i.e., screening,
      preventing, and treating osteoporosis; and (b) use of national guidelines and
      fracture risk assessment tools for targeting appropriate therapy. RESULTS: The
      median (IQR) duration of ADT was 21.4 (26.9) months at the baseline visit.
      Nineteen patients had their first bone mineral density test before starting ADT
      and 34 during the first year of use. At initial consultation, 83 and 30 patients
      were taking inadequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D, respectively. A
      validated fracture risk assessment tool was used in all patients; 42 had a
      moderate 10-year fracture risk and 12 were high risk. Sixteen (72.7 %) of
      sedentary patients were advised to increase physical activity. Sixty-four (77.1
      %) and 28 (93.3 %) of patients not taking appropriate amounts of calcium and
      vitamin D, respectively, were recommended to adjust their intake to guideline
      levels. All patients at high fracture risk were recommended a bisphosphonate.
      CONCLUSIONS: The majority of referred patients had moderate to high fracture
      risk. The osteoporosis clinic recommended guideline-based bone health care for
      the vast majority of men on ADT.

PMID- 27370649
TI  - Is targeted fortification of human breast milk an optimal nutrition strategy for
      preterm infants? An interventional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fortifying human milk contributes to the prevention of postnatal
      growth failure in preterm infants. Because of the natural variability of human
      milk, targeted fortification of human milk has been advocated. However, data
      regarding the efficacy and safety of prolonged targeted fortification are scarce.
      We aimed to assess the safety of targeted fortification of human milk in preterm
      infants compared with standard fortification, as well as the effects on infant
      growth. METHODS: We conducted an interventional study during hospital stay in
      healthy very low birth weight preterm infants who were exclusively fed human
      milk. Pools of human milk collected for 24 h were analysed using mid-infrared
      transmission spectroscopy. Targeted fortification of human milk was performed by
      adding macronutrients to native human milk to obtain optimal ratios of fat (4.4
      g), carbohydrates (8.8 g), and protein (3 g) per 100 ml. The intervention period
      lasted 4-7 weeks. Weekly weight and daily growth rates were compared with those
      of a standardized fortification group of very low birth weight preterm infants
      who received standard fortified human milk (n = 10). The osmolality as well as
      the metabolic and gastrointestinal tolerance were monitored. Intergroup
      differences were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: A total of 10
      preterm infants (birth weight 1223 +/- 195 g; gestational age 29.1 +/- 1.03
      weeks) were enrolled and 118 samples of pooled milk were analysed. On average,
      1.4 +/- 0.1 g of protein, 2.3 +/- 0.5 g of carbohydrate, and 0.3 +/- 0.1 g of fat
      per 100 ml were added to the milk. Osmolality values after target fortification
      were within recommended limits (376 +/- 66 mOsml/kg). Weekly weight gain (205.5
      g; 95 % CI 177-233 vs 155 g; 95 % CI 132-178; p = 0.025) and daily growth rates
      (15.7 g/kg/day; 95 % CI 14.5-16.9 vs 12.3 g/kg/day; 95 % CI 10.7-13.9; p = 0.005)
      were higher in infants receiving target fortification than in infants receiving
      standardized fortification. The infants receiving targeted fortified milk
      consumed similar volumes as infants in the standardized fortification group (148
      +/- 4.5 vs 146 +/- 4 ml/kg/day). No signs of either gastrointestinal or metabolic
      intolerance were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Target fortification appears to promote
      growth in very low birth weight preterm infants without any detrimental effects.
      Trial registration NCT02716337.

PMID- 27370651
TI  - Subtalar Distraction Arthrodesis with Fresh Frozen Femoral Neck Allograft: A
      Retrospective Case Series.
AB  - Subtalar joint distraction arthrodesis has been well reported with use of
      structural iliac crest or local autologous bone graft for malunited calcaneal
      fractures. Early reports for structural allograft did not yield good, consistent
      results, leading to a subsequent lack of recommendation in previous literature.
      Newer studies have had promising results utilizing femoral allograft as an
      alternative to autogenous bone graft. We performed a retrospective chart review
      on 10 patients (12 feet) undergoing subtalar joint distraction arthrodesis with
      femoral neck allograft for malunited calcaneal fractures. The primary aim of this
      study was to report on successful union rates and, in addition, outline any
      consistent complications. Twelve of the 12 procedures (100%) yielded successful
      fusion with a mean final follow-up of 7.7 months (range = 2.2-35.1 months). The
      mean increase in talocalcaneal height was 4 mm (range = 2-6 mm). The overall
      complication rate was 16.6%, including one superficial wound complication that
      healed uneventfully and one hardware removal. In conclusion, the current study
      reports a 100% successful fusion rate with interpositional structural femoral
      neck allograft in treatment for malunited calcaneal fractures. LEVELS OF
      EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case series.

PMID- 27370650
TI  - The antioxidative defense system is involved in the premature senescence in
      transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89).
AB  - BACKGROUND: alpha-Farnesene is a volatile sesquiterpene synthesized by the plant
      mevalonate (MVA) pathway through the action of alpha-farnesene synthase. The
      alpha-farnesene synthase 1 (MdAFS1) gene was isolated from apple peel (var. white
      winter pearmain), and transformed into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum NC89). The
      transgenic plants had faster stem elongation during vegetative growth and earlier
      flowering than wild type (WT). Our studies focused on the transgenic tobacco
      phenotype. RESULTS: The levels of chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased and a
      lower seed biomass and reduced net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in transgenic plants.
      Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide
      radicals (O 2 (.-) ) had higher levels in transgenics compared to controls.
      Transgenic plants also had enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress. The
      transcriptome of 8-week-old plants was studied to detect molecular changes.
      Differentially expressed unigene analysis showed that ubiquitin-mediated
      proteolysis, cell growth, and death unigenes were upregulated. Unigenes related
      to photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, and nitrogen metabolism were
      downregulated. Combined with the expression analysis of senescence marker genes,
      these results indicate that senescence started in the leaves of the transgenic
      plants at the vegetative growth stage. CONCLUSIONS: The antioxidative defense
      system was compromised and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      played an important role in the premature aging of transgenic plants.

PMID- 27370652
TI  - Idiopathic Toe Walking: Family Predisposition and Gender Distribution.
AB  - Current literature is inconsistent concerning the causes and the frequency of
      idiopathic toe walking (ITW). Available studies vary widely in their results. The
      aim of this study is to supply gender-related data particularly regarding the
      genetic influence on toe walking. Methods The ITW patterns of 836 children were
      recorded and analyzed during a period of 4 years. Questionnaires and clinical
      measurements were evaluated along with clinical tests, assessing the occurrence
      and severity of toe walking. Information about the incidence of toe-walkers in
      the family was recorded. Results Of the 836 toe-walkers, 64% were boys and 42%
      had a positive family history (PF-TW). About 60% of the PF-TW children had
      fathers with a positive toe-walking pattern. PF-TW children were on average half
      a year younger than children with a negative family predisposition (NF-TW).
      Conclusions This study shows that a genetic component might be factor in toe
      walking. PF-TW children were more severely affected in all performed clinical
      tests than NF-TW children. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic, Level IV.

PMID- 27370654
TI  - Staging for Remnant Gastric Cancer: The Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio vs. the UICC
      7th Edition System.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Unlike primary gastric cancer, a remnant gastric cancer (RGC) staging
      system has not been established. The retrieved lymph node counts (RLN) in RGC is
      generally lower than that in primary gastric cancer, so it is unclear whether
      positive lymph node count reflects the RGC patient's survival. Therefore, the
      lymph node ratio (LR) may be more useful for RGC staging than the 7th edition
      UICC classification. METHODS: Patients (n = 191) who underwent gastrectomy with
      curative intent for RGC participated in this study. LR was classified as LR = 0,
      0 < LR <= 0.1, 0.1 < LR <= 0.4, and 0.4 < LR. Modified TNM staging (mTNM-LR) was
      established by combining the pT (7th UICC) with LR. The predictive accuracy of LR
      and mTNM-LR was compared with that of the pN (7th UICC) and TNM (7th UICC),
      respectively. RESULTS: The mean RLN was 14.4 and that of 128 patients (67 %) was
      <=15. Fifty-one patients (27 %) had metastatic lymph nodes. Multivariable
      analyses revealed that pT (7th UICC) (p < 0.001) and pN (7th UICC) (p = 0.001),
      but not LR, were independent risk factors for overall survival. The overall c
      index (95 % confidence interval) of each staging system was as follows: pN (7th
      UICC): 0.700 (0.627-0.771); LR: 0.701 (0.627-0.775), TNM (7th UICC): 0.808 (0.761
      0.870); mTNM-LR: 0.807 (0.737-0.871). There were no significant differences in
      the predictive accuracy between pN (7th UICC) and LR, and TNM (7th UICC) and mTNM
      LR. CONCLUSIONS: LR was not superior to pN (7th UICC). Thus, the 7th edition UICC
      classification is a practical and reliable staging system for RGC.

PMID- 27370653
TI  - Systematic Review of Resection Rates and Clinical Outcomes After FOLFIRINOX-Based
      Treatment in Patients with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: FOLFIRINOX prolongs survival in patients with metastatic pancreatic
      cancer and may also benefit patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer
      (LAPC). Furthermore, it may downstage a proportion of LAPC into (borderline)
      resectable disease, however data are lacking. This review assessed outcomes after
      FOLFIRINOX-based therapy in LAPC. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane
      library databases were systematically searched for studies published to 31 August
      2015. Primary outcome was the (R0) resection rate. RESULTS: Fourteen studies
      involving 365 patients with LAPC were included; three studies administered a
      modified FOLFIRINOX regimen. Of all patients, 57 % (n = 208) received
      radiotherapy. The pooled resection rate was 28 % (n = 103, 77 % R0), with a
      perioperative mortality of 3 % (n = 2), and median overall survival ranged from
      8.9 to 25.0 months. Survival data after resection were scarce, with only one
      study reporting a median overall survival of 24.9 months in 28 patients. A
      complete pathologic response was found in 6 of 85 (7 %) resected specimens. Dose
      reductions were described in up to 65 % of patients, grade 3-4 toxicity occurred
      in 23 % (n = 51) of patients, and 2 % (n = 5) had to discontinue treatment. Data
      of patients treated solely with FOLFIRINOX, without additional radiotherapy, were
      available from 292 patients: resection rate was 12 % (n = 29, 70 % R0), with 15.7
      months median overall survival and 19 % (n = 34) grade 3-4 toxicity. CONCLUSIONS:
      Outcomes after FOLFIRINOX-based therapy in patients with LAPC seem very promising
      but further prospective studies are needed, especially with regard to survival
      after resection.

PMID- 27370656
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370655
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370657
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370659
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370658
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370660
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370661
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370662
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370663
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370664
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370665
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370666
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370668
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370667
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370669
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370670
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370672
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370671
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370673
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370674
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370676
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370675
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370677
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370678
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370679
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370680
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370681
TI  - Parental Meta-Emotion Philosophy and Emotion Coaching in Families of Children and
      Adolescents with an Anxiety Disorder.
AB  - Using a multi-method approach, this study examined differences in parental meta
      emotional philosophy (including, parental emotional awareness and emotion
      coaching) for families with anxiety disordered (AD; n = 74) and non-AD (n = 35)
      children (aged 7 to 15). Further, it was investigated whether children's emotion
      regulation (ER) varied across the AD and non-AD groups. Parent(s) were
      interviewed about their awareness of emotions and emotion coaching; completed a
      battery of questionnaires that included a measure assessing children's emotion
      regulation; and engaged in a parent-child discussion task. Results indicated that
      compared to parents of non-AD youth, parents of AD youth were less aware of their
      own emotions and their children's emotions, and these results varied by emotion
      type. Parents of AD youth engaged in significantly less emotion coaching than
      parents of non-AD youth. AD youth were identified as having significantly greater
      difficulty regulating their emotions when compared to non-AD youth. Implications
      for the role of parental meta-emotional philosophy and AD youth's emotion
      regulation are discussed.

PMID- 27370682
TI  - Post-procedural pseudoaneurysms: Single-center experience.
AB  - Objectives Pseudoaneurysms are a well-recognized complication of percutaneous
      angiographic procedures. Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection is currently the
      preferred treatment modality. This study was undertaken to evaluate our
      experience with the management of post-procedure pseudoaneurysms. Methods A
      retrospective study was undertaken of all patients who developed a post-procedure
      pseudoaneurysm between March 2004 and January 2013. Data were obtained from our
      prospectively maintained non-invasive vascular laboratory data base. Results
      Overall, 167 patients (80 men) with post-procedure pseudoaneurysms were
      identified. The mean age was 66 years. Post-procedure pseudoaneurysms developed
      following diagnostic coronary angiography (38%), coronary angioplasty (37%),
      peripheral vascular interventions (14.7%), or other access procedures (7.6%).
      Mean post-procedure pseudoaneurysm diameter was 2.8 +/- 1.8 cm. One hundred forty
      two post-procedure pseudoaneurysms were injected with thrombin under ultrasound
      guidance. Primary success rate was 93.5%. There were 12 (8.5%) procedural
      failures of which seven (58%) responded to reinjection, three (25%) required
      operative management, one was treated with ultrasound-guided compression, and one
      (8.3%) was simply observed. On multivariate analysis, failures were associated
      with increased aneurysm diameter ( p = 0.006; odds ratio 2.23, 95% CI 1.25 to
      3.96), end-stage renal disease ( p = 0.013; odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.78)
      and superficial femoral artery aneurysm origin ( p = 0.031; odds ratio 0.20, 95%
      CI 0.04 to 0.86). There were two episodes of thrombus formation in the femoral
      artery; one resolved with anticoagulation alone, and the other required
      thrombectomy. Conclusions Percutaneous ultrasound-guided thrombin injection is an
      effective and safe method for managing post-procedure pseudoaneurysms. Failure
      rates are low and associated with large aneurysm size, superficial femoral artery
      origin and end-stage renal disease.

PMID- 27370683
TI  - Debate: adjuvant whole brain radiotherapy or not? More data is the wiser choice.
AB  - Every year 170,000 patients are diagnosed with brain metastases (BMs) in the
      United States. Traditionally, adjuvant whole brain radiotherapy (AWBRT) has been
      offered following local therapy with neurosurgery (NSx) and/or stereotactic
      radiosurgery (SRS) to BMs. The aim is to increase intracranial control, thereby
      decreasing symptoms from intracranial progression and a neurological death. There
      is a rapidly evolving change in the radiation treatment of BMs happening around
      the world. AWBRT is now being passed over in favour of repeat scanning at regular
      intervals and more local therapies as more BMs appear radiologically, BMs that
      may never become symptomatic. This change has happened after the American Society
      for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) in Item 5 of its "Choosing Wisely 2014" list
      recommended: "Don't routinely add adjuvant whole brain radiation therapy to SRS
      for limited brain metastases". The guidelines are supposed to be based on the
      highest evidence to hand at the time. This article debates that the randomised
      controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to this recommendation consistently
      showed AWBRT significantly increases intracranial control, and avoids a
      neurological death, what it is meant to do. It also points out that, despite the
      enormity of the problem, only 774 patients in total had been randomised over more
      than three decades. These trials were heterogeneous in many respects. This data
      can, at best, be regarded as preliminary. In particular, there are no single
      histology AWBRT trials yet completed. A phase two trial investigating hippocampal
      avoiding AWBRT (HAWBRT) showed significantly less NCF decline compared to
      historical controls. We now need more randomised data to confirm the benefit of
      adjuvant HAWBRT. However, the ASTRO Guideline has particularly impacted accrual
      to trials investigating this, especially the international ANZMTG 01.07 WBRTMel
      trial. This is an RCT investigating AWBRT following local treatment in patients
      with one to three BMs from melanoma. WBRTMel has accrued 196 of a required 220 to
      date but accrual has slowed. HAWBRT may now never be tested in a randomised
      setting. Encouraging more data in AWBRT is the wiser choice.

PMID- 27370684
TI  - HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles and haplotypes in 951 Southeast Asia
      Malays from Peninsular Malaysia.
AB  - A total of 951 Southeast Asia Malays from Peninsular Malaysia were genotyped for
      HLA-A, -B, -C -DRB1, and -DQB1 loci using polymerase chain reaction sequence
      specific oligonucleotide probe hybridization methods. In this report, there were
      significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg proportions for the HLA-A (p<0.0001), 
      B (p<0.0001), -DRB1 (p<0.0001) and -DQB1 (p<0.01) loci. Minor deviations from
      HWEP were detected for HLA-C (p=0.01). This genotype data was available in Allele
      Frequencies Network Database (AFND) Gonzalez-Galarza et al. (2015). 

PMID- 27370685
TI  - Association of genetic variants in the 3'UTR of HLA-G with Recurrent Pregnancy
      Loss.
AB  - Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G is involved in reprogramming immune responses at
      fetal-maternal interface during pregnancy. We evaluated the genetic diversity of
      the 3' Un-Translated Region (UTR) of HLA-G, previously associated with HLA-G mRNA
      post-transcriptional regulation, in women with unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy
      Loss (RPL), with 2 pregnancy losses (RPL-2, n=28), or 3 or more pregnancy losses
      (RPL-3, n=24), and in 30 women with a history of successful pregnancy. Results
      showed in RPL-2, but not in RPL-3, women compared to controls: i) higher
      frequency of the 14bp Ins allele, in single and in double copy; ii) significantly
      lower frequency of DelG/X genotype, iii) reduced frequency of the UTR-2, and UTR
      3 haplotypes; iv) higher frequencies of the UTR-5, UTR-7, and UTR-8 haplotypes.
      This pilot study supports the relevance of performing 3'UTR HLA-G genetic
      screening, not limited to a specific polymorphism, but considering the extended
      haplotypes, as a possible predictor of pregnancy outcome. 

PMID- 27370686
TI  - Self-paired monoclonal antibody lateral flow immunoassay strip for rapid
      detection of Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli.
AB  - We screened a highly specific monoclonal antibody (McAb), named 6D, against
      Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli (Aac). Single McAb 6D was used as both nanogold
      labeled antibody and test antibody to develop a single self-paired colloidal gold
      immunochromatographic test strip (Sa-GICS). The detection limit achieved using
      the Sa-GICS approach was 10(5) CFU/mL, with a result that can be observed by the
      naked eye within 10 min. Moreover, Sa-GICS can detect eight strains of Aac and
      display no cross-reactions with other pathogenic plant microorganisms. Artificial
      contamination experiments demonstrated that Sa-GICS would not be affected by
      impurities in the leaves or stems of the plants and were consistent with the PCR
      results. This is the first report on the development of a colloidal gold
      immunoassay strip with self-paired single McAb for the rapid detection of Aac.
      Graphical Abstract Schematic representation of the test strip. 

PMID- 27370687
TI  - A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the human
      biomonitoring of non-occupational exposure to the fragrance 2-(4-tert
      butylbenzyl)propionaldehyde (lysmeral).
AB  - 2-(4-tert-Butylbenzyl)propionaldehyde also known as lysmeral, lilial, or lily
      aldehyde (CAS No. 80-54-6) is a synthetic odorant mainly used as a fragrance in a
      variety of consumer products like cleaning agents, fine fragrances, cosmetics,
      and air fresheners. Due to its broad application in various fields, lysmeral was
      selected for the development of a biomonitoring method for the quantitative
      exposure assessment within the frame of the cooperation project of the Federal
      Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety
      (BMUB) and the German Chemical Industry Association (VCI). A method based on
      ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry
      (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of potential
      biomarkers of lysmeral in human urine samples. Sample cleanup was performed by
      liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Quantification was achieved by standard addition
      using stable isotope-labeled, authentic reference standards. The method is
      characterized by its robustness, reliability, and excellent sensitivity as proven
      during method validation according to approved standard guidelines. The following
      five lysmeral metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers of exposure for
      lysmeral in human urine samples: lysmerol, lysmerylic acid, hydroxylated
      lysmerylic acid, tert-butylbenzoic acid (TBBA), and tert-butylhippuric acid
      (TBHA). The determination of lysmerol required derivatization with 3
      nitrophthalic acid anhydride and showed the lowest limit of detection (LOD) and
      limit of quantification (LOQ) in urine (0.035 and 0.10 MUg/L, respectively). LOD
      and LOQ for the other metabolites were in the range of 0.12-0.15 and 0.36-0.45
      MUg/L, respectively. Accuracy for all analytes was in the range of 90-110 %.
      Intra- and inter-day precision was in the range of 5-10 %, except for TBHA, for
      which the coefficient of variation was unacceptably high (>20 %) and therefore
      excluded from the method. The method was applied to urine samples of 40 adult
      volunteers. The four remaining lysmeral metabolites were detectable in most of
      the 40 urine samples in the following order according to quantity excreted: TBBA
      >> lysmerol ~ lysmerylic acid > hydroxy-lysmerylic acid. In conclusion, we
      successfully developed a biomonitoring method for the assessment of the exposure
      to lysmeral in the general population. The method is characterized by its
      precision, robustness, and accuracy. The metabolites lysmerol, lysmerylic acid,
      hydroxylated lysmerylic acid, and TBBA turned out to be suitable biomarkers of
      exposure to lysmeral, either alone or in combination with one or more of the
      other metabolites. Sensitivity was found to be sufficient for assessing the
      background exposure to this chemical in the general population. 

PMID- 27370689
TI  - IR-MALDI ion mobility spectrometry.
AB  - The novel combination of infrared matrix-assisted laser dispersion and ionization
      (IR-MALDI) with ion mobility (IM) spectrometry makes it possible to investigate
      biomolecules in their natural environment, liquid water. As an alternative to an
      ESI source, the IR-MALDI source was implemented in an in-house-developed ion
      mobility (IM) spectrometer. The release of ions directly from an aqueous solution
      is based on a phase explosion, induced by the absorption of an IR laser pulse
      (lambda = 2.94 MUm, 6 ns pulse width), which disperses the liquid as nano- and
      micro-droplets. The prerequisites for the application of IR-MALDI-IM spectrometry
      as an analytical method are narrow analyte ion signal peaks for a high
      spectrometer resolution. This can only be achieved by improving the desolvation
      of ions. One way to full desolvation is to give the cluster ions sufficient time
      to desolvate. Two methods for achieving this are studied: the implementation of
      an additional drift tube, as in ESI-IM-spectrometry, and the delayed extraction
      of the ions. As a result of this optimization procedure, limits of detection
      between 5 nM and 2.5 MUM as well as linear dynamic ranges of 2-3 orders of
      magnitude were obtained for a number of substances. The ability of this method to
      analyze simple mixtures is illustrated by the separation of two different
      surfactant mixtures. 

PMID- 27370688
TI  - Evaluation of coverage, retention patterns, and selectivity of seven liquid
      chromatographic methods for metabolomics.
AB  - Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics studies require highly
      selective and efficient chromatographic techniques. Typically employed reversed
      phase (RP) methods fail to target polar metabolites, but the introduction of
      hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is slow due to perceived
      issues of reproducibility and ruggedness and a limited understanding of the
      complex retention mechanisms. In this study, we present a comparison of the
      chromatographic performance of a traditional RP-C18 column with zwitterionic,
      amide-, alkyl diol-, and aminoalkyl-based HILIC and mixed-mode columns. Our
      metabolite library represents one of the largest analyte sets available and
      consists of 764 authentic metabolite standards, including amino acids,
      nucleotides, sugars, and other metabolites, representing all major biological
      pathways and commonly observed exogenous metabolites (drugs). The coverage,
      retention patterns, and selectivity of the individual methods are highly diverse
      even between conceptually related HILIC methods. Furthermore, we show that HILIC
      sorbents having highly orthogonal selectivity and specificity enhance the
      coverage of major metabolite groups in (semi-) targeted applications compared to
      RP. Finally, we discuss issues encountered in the analysis of biological samples
      based on the results obtained with human plasma extracts. Our results demonstrate
      that fast and highly reproducible separations on zwitterionic columns are
      feasible, but knowledge of analyte properties is essential to avoid
      chromatographic bias and exclusion of key analytes in metabolomics studies.
      Graphical Abstract The chromatographic parameters of 764 authentic metabolite
      standards provide the basis for a comparison of coverage, selectivity and
      orthogonality of 7 reversed-phase (RP), mixed-mode (MM) and hydrophilic
      interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) methods. 

PMID- 27370690
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370691
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370692
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370693
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370694
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370695
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370696
TI  - Identification of a Delta12 fatty acid desaturase from oil palm (Elaeis
      guineensis Jacq.) involved in the biosynthesis of linoleic acid by heterologous
      expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the highest oil-yield crops in the
      world. A Delta12-desaturases associated with the primary steps of long-chain
      polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis were successfully cloned from
      oil palm and their functions identified. The open reading frames (ORFs) of egFAD2
      (GenBank accession: KT023602) consisted of 1176bp and code for 391 amino acids.
      Their deduced polypeptides showed 75-93% identity to microsomal Delta12
      desaturases from other higher plants, and each contained the three histidine
      clusters typical of the catalytic domains of such enzymes. RT-PCR experiment
      indicated that the egFAD2 gene exhibited the highest accumulation in the mesocarp
      of fruits at 120-140 DAP (i.e. the fourth period of fruit development) and,
      despite having different expression levels, the other four stages were at
      significantly lower levels compared with the fourth stage. Plasmid pYES2-egFAD2
      was transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain INVSc1 using lithium acetate
      method for expression under the induction of galactose. Yeast cells transformed
      with plasmid constructs containing egFAD12 produced an appreciable amount of
      linoleic acids (18:2(Delta9,)(12)), not normally present in wild-type yeast
      cells, indicating that the genes encoded functional Delta12-desaturase enzymes. 

PMID- 27370697
TI  - Comparison of plasma and tissue samples in epidermal growth factor receptor
      mutation by ARMS in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and accuracy of
      blood-based circulating-free tumor DNA on testing epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR) gene mutations. METHODS: In total, 219 non-small cell lung cancer
      patients in stages III-IV were enrolled into this study. All patients had tissue
      samples and matched plasma DNA samples. EGFR gene mutations were detected by the
      Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS). We compared the mutations in
      tumor tissue samples with matched plasma samples and determined the correlation
      between EGFR mutation status and clinical pathologic characteristics. RESULT: The
      overall concordance rate of EGFR mutation status between the 219 matched plasma
      and tissue samples was 82% (179/219). The sensitivity and specificity for the
      ARMS EGFR mutation test in the plasma compared with tumor tissue were 60% (54/90)
      and 97% (125/129), respectively. The positive predictive value was 93% (54/58)
      and the negative predictive value was 78% (125/161). The median overall survival
      was longer for those with EGFR mutations than for those without EGFR mutations
      both in tissue samples (23.98 vs. 12.16months; P<0.001) and in plasma (19.96 vs.
      13.63months; P=0.009). For the 68 patients treated with EGFR- tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (TKIs), the median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly
      prolonged in the EGFR mutant group compared to the non-mutation group in tumor
      tissue samples (12.26months vs. 2.40months, P<0.001). In plasma samples, the PFS
      of the mutant group was longer than that of the non-mutant group. However, there
      was no significant difference between the two groups (10.88months vs. 9.89months,
      P=0.411). CONCLUSIONS: The detection of EGFR mutations in plasma using ARMS is
      relatively sensitive and highly specific. However, EGFR mutation status tested by
      ARMS in plasma cannot replace a tumor tissue biopsy. Positive EGFR mutation
      results detected in plasma are fairly reliable, but negative results are hampered
      by a high rate of false negatives.

PMID- 27370699
TI  - Completeness of primary intracranial tumour recording in the Scottish Cancer
      Registry 2011-2012.

PMID- 27370698
TI  - Properties of a monopivot centrifugal blood pump manufactured by 3D printing.
AB  - An impeller the same geometry as the impeller of a commercial monopivot
      cardiopulmonary bypass pump was manufactured using 3D printing. The 3D-printed
      impeller was integrated into the pump casing of the commercially available pump
      to form a 3D-printed pump model. The surface roughness of the impeller, the
      hydraulic performance, the axial displacement of the rotating impeller, and the
      hemolytic properties of the 3D-printed model were measured and compared with
      those of the commercially available model. Although the surface roughness of the
      3D-printed model was significantly larger than that of the commercially available
      model, the hydraulic performance of the two models almost coincided. The
      hemolysis level of the 3D-printed model roughly coincided with that of the
      commercially available model under low-pressure head conditions, but increased
      greatly under high-pressure head conditions, as a result of the narrow gap
      between the rotating impeller and the pump casing. The gap became narrow under
      high-pressure head conditions, because the axial thrust applied to the impeller
      increased with increasing impeller rotational speed. Moreover, the axial
      displacement of the rotating impeller was twice that of the commercially
      available model, confirming that the elastic deformation of the 3D-printed
      impeller was larger than that of the commercially available impeller. These
      results suggest that trial models manufactured by 3D printing can reproduce the
      hydraulic performance of the commercial product. However, both the surface
      roughness and the deformation of the trial models must be considered to precisely
      evaluate the hemolytic properties of the model.

PMID- 27370701
TI  - Nutrition education for early childhood managers, teachers and nursery cooks: a
      prerequisite for effective obesity prevention.

PMID- 27370700
TI  - Increasing the frequency of physical activity very brief advice by nurses to
      cancer patients. A mixed methods feasibility study of a training intervention.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact, acceptability, practicability and
      implementation of a training intervention, designed using the Behaviour Change
      Wheel, on the delivery of very brief advice on physical activity, by nurses to
      cancer patients. STUDY DESIGN: A mixed methods feasibility study. METHOD: A
      purposeful sample of nurses (n = 62) were recruited across two delivery arms,
      face-to-face (n = 55) and online (n = 7). Frequency of delivery of physical
      activity advice was collected at baseline with follow-up at 12 weeks. The
      'capability, opportunity and motivation' of nurses to deliver very brief advice
      was measured via questionnaire. Semi-structured phone interviews (n = 14) were
      completed and analyzed thematically. A cost consequence analysis was undertaken.
      RESULTS: The intervention improved the 'capability, opportunity and motivation'
      of nurses resulting in a change in knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards
      physical activity. The intervention was both acceptable and practical. Face-to
      face was the preferred mode of delivery, however there was also value in the
      online option. The cost of delivery per participant was L33.87 for face-to-face
      delivery, and L103.83 for online delivery inflated due to low recruitment
      numbers. A significant improvement was seen in delivery of very brief advice at
      12 weeks (Z = -4.39, P <= 0.01). CONCLUSION: The intervention is acceptable,
      practical and improves delivery of very brief advice on physical activity by
      nurses to cancer patients in the short-term. Both face-to-face and online
      delivery should be considered.

PMID- 27370703
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370702
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370704
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370706
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370705
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370707
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370708
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370709
TI  - Heteroprotein complex coacervation: A generic process.
AB  - Proteins exhibit a rich diversity of functional, physico-chemical and
      biodegradable properties which makes them appealing for various applications in
      the food and non-food sectors. Such properties are attributed to their ability to
      interact and assemble into a diversity of supramolecular structures. The present
      review addresses the updated research progress in the recent field of complex
      coacervation made from mixtures of oppositely charged proteins (i.e.
      heteroprotein systems). First, we describe briefly the main proteins used for
      heteroprotein coacervation. Then, through some selected examples, we illustrate
      the particularity and specificity of each heteroprotein system and the
      requirements that drive optimal assembly into coacervates. Finally, possible and
      promising applications of heteroprotein coacervates are mentioned.

PMID- 27370710
TI  - Elevated plasma dihydroorotate in Miller syndrome: Biochemical, diagnostic and
      clinical implications, and treatment with uridine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Miller syndrome (post-axial acrofacial dysostosis) arises from gene
      mutations for the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH).
      Nonetheless, despite demonstrated loss of enzyme activity dihydroorotate (DHO)
      has not been shown to accumulate, but paradoxically urine orotate has been
      reported to be raised, confusing the metabolic diagnosis. METHODS: We analysed
      plasma and urine from a 4-year-old male Miller syndrome patient. DHODH mutations
      were determined by PCR and Sanger sequencing. Analysis of DHO and orotic acid
      (OA) in urine, plasma and blood-spot cards was performed using liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In vitro stability of DHO in distilled
      water and control urine was assessed for up to 60h. The patient received a 3
      month trial of oral uridine for behavioural problems. RESULTS: The patient had
      early liver complications that are atypical of Miller syndrome. DHODH genotyping
      demonstrated compound-heterozygosity for frameshift and missense mutations. DHO
      was grossly raised in urine and plasma, and was detectable in dried spots of
      blood and plasma. OA was raised in urine but undetectable in plasma. DHO did not
      spontaneously degrade to OA. Uridine therapy did not appear to resolve
      behavioural problems during treatment, but it lowered plasma DHO. CONCLUSION:
      This case with grossly raised plasma DHO represents the first biochemical
      confirmation of functional DHODH deficiency. DHO was also easily detectable in
      dried plasma and blood spots. We concluded that DHO oxidation to OA must occur
      enzymatically during renal secretion. This case resolved the biochemical
      conundrum in previous reports of Miller syndrome patients, and opened the
      possibility of rapid biochemical screening.

PMID- 27370711
TI  - Baby Steps - An Online Program Promoting the Well-Being of New Mothers and
      Fathers: A Study Protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parental well-being can be seriously impacted during the challenging
      perinatal period. Most research and support services focus on perinatal
      psychopathology, leaving a need for programs that recognize and enhance the
      strengths and well-being of parents. Furthermore, fathers have received minimal
      attention and support relative to mothers, despite experiencing perinatal
      distress. New parents have limited time and energy to invest in program
      attendance, and web-based programs provide an ideal platform for delivering
      perinatal well-being programs. Such programs are globally accessible, available
      at any time, and can be accessed anywhere with an Internet connection. OBJECTIVE:
      This paper describes the protocol of a randomized controlled trial investigating
      the effects on first-time parents' perinatal well-being, comparing two versions
      of the online program Baby Steps. METHODS: The clinical trial will randomize 240
      primiparous mother-father couples to either (1) Babycare, an online information
      only program providing tips on selected childcare issues, or (2) Well-being, an
      online interactive program including all content from the Babycare program, plus
      parental well-being-focused content with tools for goal-setting and problem
      solving. Both programs will be supported by short message service (SMS) texts at
      two, four, seven, and ten weeks to encourage continued use of the program.
      Primary outcomes will be measures of perinatal distress and quality of life.
      Secondary outcomes will be couple relationship satisfaction, parent self
      efficacy, and social support. Cost-effectiveness will also be measured for each
      Baby Steps program. RESULTS: Participant recruitment commenced March, 2015 and
      continued until October, 2015. Follow-up data collection has commenced and will
      be completed May, 2016 with results expected in July, 2016. CONCLUSIONS:
      Perinatal distress has substantial impacts on parents and their infants, with
      potential to affect later childhood adjustment, relationships, and development.
      This study aims to test the impact of a highly accessible online program to
      support parental coping, and maximize the well-being of both parents. By
      including fathers in the program, Baby Steps has the potential to engage and
      support this often neglected group who can make a substantial contribution to
      familial well-being. CLINICALTRIAL: Australian & New Zealand Clinical Trials
      Registry: ANZCTR12614001256662; https://www.anzctr.org.au/
      Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367277 (Archived by WebCite at
      http://www.webcitation.org/6ibUsjFIL).

PMID- 27370712
TI  - The polymorphic hMSH5 C85T allele augments radiotherapy-induced spermatogenic
      impairment.
AB  - The hMSH5 C85T polymorphism (encoding hMSH5 P29S) is associated with male
      infertility and radiation-induced apoptotic response. To date, however, the
      potential association of hMSH5 C85T polymorphism with DNA damage accumulation in
      spermatozoa of cancer patients treated with radiotherapy is largely unknown. We
      investigated hMSH5 C85T allele and genotype frequencies, routine semen analysis
      and sperm DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) in 113 testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT)
      patients before and after radiotherapy. The hMSH5 C85T allele is not associated
      with the occurrence of TGCT. However, in comparison with the CC genotype, TGCT
      patients with the CT + TT genotypes showed significantly altered sperm counts,
      sperm morphology and DFI after radiotherapy. Finally, the results of the DSB
      repair assay demonstrated that hMSH5 P29S could enhance radiotherapy-induced DNA
      damage by unleashing error-prone non-homologous end joining. Together, our
      studies indicate that the hMSH5 C85T variation could have an impact on the
      severity of radiotherapy-provoked long-term side effects through compromising the
      repair of radiation-induced DNA lesions.

PMID- 27370715
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370714
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370716
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370717
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370718
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370719
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370713
TI  - Mouse models of Hirschsprung disease and other developmental disorders of the
      enteric nervous system: Old and new players.
AB  - Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, intestinal aganglionosis) is a multigenic disorder
      with variable penetrance and severity that has a general population incidence of
      1/5000 live births. Studies using animal models have contributed to our
      understanding of the developmental origins of HSCR and the genetic complexity of
      this disease. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding control of
      enteric nervous system (ENS) development through analyses in mouse models. An
      overview of signaling pathways that have long been known to control the
      migration, proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural progenitors into
      and along the developing gut is provided as a framework for the latest
      information on factors that influence enteric ganglia formation and maintenance.
      Newly identified genes and additional factors beyond discrete genes that
      contribute to ENS pathology including regulatory sequences, miRNAs and
      environmental factors are also introduced. Finally, because HSCR has become a
      paradigm for complex oligogenic diseases with non-Mendelian inheritance, the
      importance of gene interactions, modifier genes, and initial studies on genetic
      background effects are outlined.

PMID- 27370720
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370721
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370722
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370723
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370725
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370724
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370726
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370727
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370729
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370728
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370730
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370731
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370732
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370733
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370734
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370735
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370737
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370736
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370738
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370739
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370740
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370741
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370742
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370743
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370744
TI  - Quality-of-Life Impairments Persist Six Months After Treatment of Graves'
      Hyperthyroidism and Toxic Nodular Goiter: A Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The treatment of hyperthyroidism is aimed at improving health-related
      quality of life (HRQoL) and reducing morbidity and mortality. However, few
      studies have used validated questionnaires to assess HRQoL prospectively in such
      patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of hyperthyroidism
      and its treatment on HRQoL using validated disease-specific and generic
      questionnaires. METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled 88 patients with
      Graves' hyperthyroidism and 68 with toxic nodular goiter from endocrine
      outpatient clinics at two Danish university hospitals. The patients were treated
      with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or surgery. Disease-specific and
      generic HRQoL were assessed using the thyroid-related patient-reported outcome
      (ThyPRO) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form (SF-36), respectively,
      evaluated at baseline and six-month follow-up. The scores were compared with
      those from two general population samples who completed ThyPRO (n = 739) and SF
      36 (n = 6638). RESULTS: Baseline scores for patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism
      and toxic nodular goiter were significantly worse than those for the general
      population scores on all comparable ThyPRO scales and all SF-36 scales and
      component summaries. ThyPRO scores improved significantly with treatment on all
      scales in Graves' hyperthyroidism and four scales in toxic nodular goiter, while
      SF-36 scores improved on five scales and both component summaries in Graves'
      hyperthyroidism and only one scale in toxic nodular goiter. In Graves'
      hyperthyroidism, large treatment effects were observed on three ThyPRO scales
      (Hyperthyroid Symptoms, Tiredness, Overall HRQoL) and moderate effects on three
      scales (Anxiety, Emotional Susceptibility, Impaired Daily Life), while moderate
      effects were seen in two ThyPRO scales in toxic nodular goiter (Anxiety, Overall
      HRQoL). However, significant disease-specific and generic HRQoL deficits
      persisted on multiple domains across both patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: Graves'
      hyperthyroidism and toxic nodular goiter cause severe disease-specific and
      generic HRQoL impairments, and HRQoL deficits persist in both patient groups six
      months after treatment. These data have the potential to improve communication
      between physicians and patients by offering realistic estimates of expected HRQoL
      impairments and treatment effects. Future studies should identify risk factors
      for persistent HRQoL deficits, compare HRQoL effects of the various therapies,
      and thereby aid in determining the optimal treatment strategies.

PMID- 27370745
TI  - Potassium fulvate as co-interpenetrating agent during graft polymerization of
      acrylic acid from cellulose.
AB  - Grafting polymerization of acrylic acid onto cellulose in presence of potassium
      fulvate (KF) as a co-interpenetrating agent results enhanced water sorption
      compared to materials prepared similarly in its absence. The insertion of
      potassium fulvate (KF) did not affect the grafting process and is thought to
      proceed in parallel to the graft polymerization via intensive polycondensation
      reactions of its function groups (-COOH and OH) with COOH of the monomer and OH
      groups of cellulose. The combination of graft copolymerization and
      polycondensation reactions is assumed to produce interpenetrating network
      structure. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirmed successful incorporation
      within the network structure which is an evidence for formation of
      interpenetrating network. The obtained structures showed homogeneous uniform
      surface as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained
      superabsorbent possessed high water absorbency 422 and 48.8g/g in distilled water
      and saline (0.9wt.% NaCl solution), respectively, and enhanced water retention
      even at elevated temperatures as revealed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
      This could be explained by the high content of hydrophilic groups. The new
      superabsorbents proved to be efficient devices for controlled release of
      fertilizers which expands their use in agricultural applications. 

PMID- 27370746
TI  - Extraction, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Broussonetia papyrifera
      fruits polysaccharides.
AB  - Polysaccharides were extracted from Broussonetia papyrifera ((L.) L'Herit. ex
      Vent.) fruits (BPP), and response surface methodology was used to maximize
      extraction yield. The optimum extraction conditions were: ratio of water to
      solid, 30mL/g; extraction duration, 50min; extraction power, 180W; and extraction
      temperature, 60 degrees C. Under these conditions, the yield of BPP was 8.61%.
      Then, BPP was purified, and three purified fractions (designated BPP-1, BPP-2 and
      BPP-3) were obtained for further physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity
      and antibacterial activity analysis. These fractions were mainly composed of
      glucose, mannose and arabinose residue, meanwhile, BPP-3 had a significantly
      higher rhamnose and uronic acid content than BPP-1 and BPP-2. And BPP-3 showed
      the best hydroxyl radial scavenging activity, ferric reducing activity power
      (FRAP), antihemolytic activity and antibacterial activity.

PMID- 27370747
TI  - Antitumor and immunomodulation activities of polysaccharide from Phellinus
      baumii.
AB  - A homogeneous polysaccharide (PPB) was purified from fruiting bodies of Phellinus
      baumii. And in vitro antitumor and immunomodulation activities were investigated
      on HeLa, SGC-7901 and RAW264.7 cell lines. PPB inhibited the proliferation of
      HeLa and SGC-7901 cells significantly, and flow cytometric studies revealed that
      PPB could mediate the cell cycle in the G0/G1 and S phases. Furthermore, PPB
      could promote the growth and phagocytosis of RAW264.7 cells, activate the
      secretion of cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, which indicated that PPB had
      low toxicity. The results make PPB as a candidate adjuvant in cancer therapy. 

PMID- 27370748
TI  - Cytotoxic effect of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum cinereum on colon cancer
      cell line HCT-15.
AB  - The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity
      activity against HCT-15 of fucoidan from Sargassum cinereum. Purification of
      fucoidan was done by DEAE cellulose and dialysis. Physicochemical
      characterization of fucoidan was analysed by calorimetric assay, FT-IR, HPLC and
      NMR. The extracted fucoidan contains 65.753% of fucose and 3.7+/-1.54% of
      sulphate respectively. HPLC results showed that the fucoidan contains the
      monosaccharide composition such as fucose, galactose, mannose and xylose.
      Antioxidant effect of fucoidan in Sargassum Cinereum was determined by DPPH. The
      maximum DPPH activity was found at the concentration of 100MUg, where as the
      crude extract showed the scavenging activity was 63.58+/-0.56%. Cytotoxicity
      effect was done by MTT assay. Fucoidan extract caused about 50% of cell death
      after 24h of incubation with 75+/-0.9037MUg/ml against HCT-15. 

PMID- 27370749
TI  - Interaction of barley beta-d-glucan with wheat starch: Effect on the pasting and
      rheological properties.
AB  - In this study, the effects of barley beta-d-glucan (BBG) on the pasting and
      rheological properties of wheat starch (WS) were studied. Rapid visco-analyzer
      (RVA) results showed that addition of BBG induced a significantly increase of
      pasting viscosities (p<0.05). Steady shear rheological measurements showed that
      BBG increased the consistency index (K, Pasn) and decreased the flow behavior
      index (n). Higher modulus (G', G") and tan delta values were observed in dynamic
      viscoelasticity measurements, suggesting that the pastes were less solid-like in
      the presence of BBG. The median diameter of the pasted starch particles exhibited
      much larger than the control. The swelling power, the solubility and the amount
      of leached amylose increased with the increase of the BBG concentration. All the
      results demonstrated that BBG promoted the pasting process of WS granules,
      supporting that the interaction between WS and BBG could occur in the systems,
      which could also be confirmed by the scanning electron microscope observation.

PMID- 27370751
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370752
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370753
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370754
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370750
TI  - Impact and Effectiveness of Dual Aspiration Technique in Stent-Assisted
      Mechanical Thrombectomy: Recent Improvements in Acute Stroke Management.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To evaluate feasibility and impact of dual aspiration
      technique (DAT) within stent-assisted mechanical thrombectomy on procedural
      parameters and clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within 16 months, 76
      consecutive patients (mean age 70.7 year; range 33-89) underwent stent-assisted
      mechanical thrombectomy. Of 52 enrolled patients (68.4 %) with occlusion of the
      anterior circulation, 22 patients (42.3 %) underwent DAT; 30 patients (57.7 %)
      were treated in conventional monoaspiration technique (MAT). Epidemiological
      data, clinical and imaging characteristics (mRS, NIHSS, ASPECTS) as well as
      procedural details were analyzed (TICI, number of retrieval, procedure time).
      Clinical outcome was determined with mRS at discharge and after 90 days. RESULTS:
      In the context of DAT additional carotid artery stenting was required in 45.5 %
      (10/22) in underlying tandem lesion (vs. 0/30 MAT). No differences were found in
      NIHSS at admission (MAT: 20.5, range 15-29; DAT: 18.6; range 11-25), mRS at
      admission (MAT: 4.6 vs. DAT: 4.57) or ASPECT score (MAT: 8.3, +/-1.5; DAT: 8.4,
      +/-1.5; P > 0.05). TICI >= 2b/3 was conducted in 90 % (MAT) and 100 % (DAT),
      respectively. The procedure time was longer in the MAT group (65 min, +/-25.9,
      range 18-126) compared to the DAT group (49.7 min, +/-15, range 32-101; P =
      0.016). The clinical outcome increased from admission to discharge and in follow
      up after 90 days (mRS >= 2: MAT: 53.3 %, DAT: 54.5 %; P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The
      dual aspiration technique with an additional intermediate guide catheter placed
      closed to the stent retriever leads to decreased procedure time in the anterior
      circulation. Even in cases with higher thrombus load and treated in DAT, clinical
      outcome improved.

PMID- 27370755
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370756
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370757
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370758
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370760
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370759
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370761
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370762
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370764
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370763
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370765
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370766
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370767
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370768
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370769
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370770
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370771
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370772
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370774
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370773
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370775
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370776
TI  - Diabetes mellitus and carotid artery plaques exhibiting high-intensity signals on
      MR angiography are related to increased platelet reactivity after carotid artery
      stenting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increased platelet reactivity after carotid artery stenting (CAS) may
      cause thromboembolic complications. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate
      the incidence of increased platelet reactivity after CAS and to determine the
      factors related to it. METHODS: Patients who underwent CAS were recruited
      prospectively. They received pre-procedural antiplatelet therapy comprising some
      combination of aspirin (100 mg/day), clopidogrel (75 mg/day), and/or cilostazol
      (200 mg/day) for a minimum of 7 days. ADP- and collagen-induced platelet
      aggregation were measured before and 4 days after CAS. Changes in platelet
      reactivity were reported as changes in the categorized platelet reactivity grade
      based on the effective dose 50%. Clinical characteristics of patients with and
      without increased platelet reactivity were compared. RESULTS: Among 38
      consecutive patients who underwent CAS, 18 (47%) exhibited increased platelet
      reactivity. Diabetes mellitus (OR 15.0; 95% CI 2.1 to 106.5; p=0.007) and carotid
      artery plaques exhibiting high-intensity signals (HIS) on time-of-flight MR
      angiography (TOF-MRA) (OR 25.2; 95% CI 2.0 to 316.2; p=0.013) were independently
      associated with increased platelet reactivity in a multivariate analysis.
      CONCLUSIONS: Increased platelet reactivity occurred in nearly half of the studied
      patients subjected to CAS and was independently associated with diabetes mellitus
      and carotid artery plaques exhibiting HIS on TOF-MRA.

PMID- 27370778
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 27370779
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 27370777
TI  - Genetic basis for hyper production of hyaluronic acid in natural and engineered
      microorganisms.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid, or HA, is a rigid and linear biopolymer belonging to the class
      of the glycosaminoglycans, and composed of repeating units of the monosaccharides
      glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. HA has multiple important functions in
      the human body, due to its properties such as bio-compatibility, lubricity and
      hydrophilicity, it is widely applied in the biomedical, food, health and cosmetic
      fields. The growing interest in this molecule has motivated the discovery of new
      ways of obtaining it. Traditionally, HA has been extracted from rooster comb-like
      animal tissues. However, due to legislation laws HA is now being produced by
      bacterial fermentation using Streptococcus zooepidemicus, a natural producer of
      HA, despite it being a pathogenic microorganism. With the expansion of new
      genetic engineering technologies, the use of organisms that are non-natural
      producers of HA has also made it possible to obtain such a polymer. Most of the
      published reviews have focused on HA formulation and its effects on different
      body tissues, whereas very few of them describe the microbial basis of HA
      production. Therefore, for the first time this review has compiled the molecular
      and genetic bases for natural HA production in microorganisms together with the
      main strategies employed for heterologous production of HA. 

PMID- 27370780
TI  - Sarcoptes scabiei infestation does not alter the stability of ectoparasite
      communities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The host represents a heterogeneous ecosystem where multiple parasite
      species co-occur and interact with each other for space and resources. Although
      these interactions may rule the features of an infracommunity and may shape the
      infracommunity response to external perturbations, the resilience of ectoparasite
      communities to new infestations remains poorly explored. METHODS: We analysed the
      composition of the ectoparasite communities found on 214 individual Iberian
      ibexes (Capra pyrenaica) inhabiting the Sierra Nevada Natural Space, southern
      Spain. Using classification and regression trees, we explored how the presence of
      Sarcoptes scabiei (a highly contagious mite), the off-host environment and the
      host sex govern the prevalence and abundance of lice and ticks. Null model
      analysis was applied to assess the impact of S. scabiei on the structure of the
      ectoparasite communities. RESULTS: Our results suggest that S. scabiei
      infestation acts in tandem with off-host environment and host sex to define the
      prevalence and abundance of lice and ticks. We also provided evidence for
      differences in species co-occurrence only at the early stages of S. scabiei
      infestation. Regarding species diversity, we recorded that ectoparasite
      communities in scabietic ibexes reached a high richness faster than those in
      healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Even though we show that ectoparasite burden is
      correlated with S. scabiei infestation, off-host environment and host sex, the
      species response to S. scabiei infestation and climate seem to be highly variable
      and influenced by ectoparasite life-history traits. Ectoparasite communities also
      appear resilient to perturbations which is in agreement with what was previously
      reported for endoparasites. Future refinement of sample collection and the
      incorporation of ecological and epidemiological-related variables may allow us to
      establish causal effects and deepen the knowledge about the mechanisms and
      consequences of ectoparasite interactions.

PMID- 27370782
TI  - Optimal graft stiffness and pre-strain restore normal joint motion and cartilage
      responses in ACL reconstructed knee.
AB  - Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture leads to abnormal loading of the knee
      joint and increases the risk of osteoarthritis. It is unclear how different ACL
      reconstruction techniques affect knee joint motion and mechanics. As the in vivo
      measurement of knee joint loading is not possible, we used finite element
      analysis to assess the outcome of ACL reconstruction techniques. Effects of
      different ACL reconstruction techniques on knee joint mechanics were studied
      using six models during gait; with 1) healthy ACL, 2) ACL rupture, 3) single
      bundle ACL reconstruction, 4) double bundle ACL reconstruction, 5) weakened
      (softer) single bundle reconstruction and 6) single bundle reconstruction with
      less pre-strain. Early in the gait, the ACL rupture caused substantially
      increased tibial translation in the anterior direction as well as a smaller but
      increased lateral translation and internal tibial rotation. ACL rupture
      substantially reduced average stresses and strains, while local peak stresses and
      strains could be either increased or decreased. Single bundle and double bundle
      reconstructions restored joint motion close to normal levels. However, cartilage
      strains and stresses were elevated during the entire gait cycle. Models with
      modulated graft stiffness and pre-strain restored the joint motion and cartilage
      stresses and strains close to the normal, healthy levels. Results suggest that
      rather than the choice of reconstruction technique, stiffness and pre-strain of
      the ACL reconstruction affect the motion and mechanics of the operated knee. We
      suggest that an optimal choice of graft properties might help restore normal knee
      joint function and cartilage responses, thus, minimizing the risk of
      osteoarthritis.

PMID- 27370781
TI  - Classical risk factors, but not HPV status, predict survival after
      chemoradiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Despite the advent of concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), the
      prognosis of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients
      remains particularly poor. Classically, HNSCC, especially oropharyngeal
      carcinomas, associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) exhibits better treatment
      outcomes than HNSCCs in non-infected patients, eliciting a call for the de
      escalation of current therapies. To improve the management of HNSCC patients, we
      aimed to determine the impact of active HPV infection on patient response,
      recurrence and survival after CCRT in a population of heavy tobacco and alcohol
      consumers. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded samples from 218 advanced HNSCC patients,
      mostly smokers and/or drinkers treated by CCRT, were tested for the presence of
      HPV DNA by surrogate type-specific E6/E7 qPCR and p16 immunohistochemistry.
      Associations between the response to CCRT and patient outcomes according to HPV
      status and clinical data were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and both
      univariate and multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS: Type-specific E6/E7 PCR
      demonstrated HPV positivity in 20 % of HNSCC. Regarding HPV status, we did not
      find any significant relation with response to therapy in terms of progression
      free survival or overall survival. However, we observed a significantly worse
      prognosis for consumers of alcohol and tobacco compared to nondrinkers (p =
      0.003) and non-smokers (p = 0.03). Survival analyses also revealed that the
      outcome is compromised in stage IV patients (p = 0.007) and, in particular, for
      oral cavity, hypopharynx and oropharynx carcinoma patients (p = 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: The risk of death from HNSCC significantly increases when patients
      are exposed to tobacco and alcohol during their therapy, regardless of HPV
      status.

PMID- 27370783
TI  - Using wave intensity analysis to determine local reflection coefficient in
      flexible tubes.
AB  - It has been shown that reflected waves affect the shape and magnitude of the
      arterial pressure waveform, and that reflected waves have physiological and
      clinical prognostic values. In general the reflection coefficient is defined as
      the ratio of the energy of the reflected to the incident wave. Since pressure has
      the units of energy per unit volume, arterial reflection coefficient are
      traditionally defined as the ratio of reflected to the incident pressure. We
      demonstrate that this approach maybe prone to inaccuracies when applied locally.
      One of the main objectives of this work is to examine the possibility of using
      wave intensity, which has units of energy flux per unit area, to determine the
      reflection coefficient. We used an in vitro experimental setting with a single
      inlet tube joined to a second tube with different properties to form a single
      reflection site. The second tube was long enough to ensure that reflections from
      its outlet did not obscure the interactions of the initial wave. We generated an
      approximately half sinusoidal wave at the inlet of the tube and took measurements
      of pressure and flow along the tube. We calculated the reflection coefficient
      using wave intensity (RdI and RdI0.5) and wave energy (RI and RI0.5) as well as
      the measured pressure (RdP) and compared these results with the reflection
      coefficient calculated theoretically based on the mechanical properties of the
      tubes. The experimental results show that the reflection coefficients determined
      by all the techniques we studied increased or decreased with distance from the
      reflection site, depending on the type of reflection. In our experiments, RdP,
      RdI0.5 and RI0.5 are the most reliable parameters to measure the mean reflection
      coefficient, whilst RdI and RI provide the best measure of the local reflection
      coefficient, closest to the reflection site. Additional work with bifurcations,
      tapered tubes and in vivo experiments are needed to further understand, validate
      the method and assess its potential clinical use.

PMID- 27370784
TI  - A high current pulsed power generator CQ-3-MMAF with co-axial cable transmitting
      energy for material dynamics experiments.
AB  - A high current pulsed power generator CQ-3-MMAF (Multi-Modules Assembly Facility,
      MMAF) was developed for material dynamics experiments under ramp wave and shock
      loadings at the Institute of Fluid Physics (IFP), which can deliver 3 MA peak
      current to a strip-line load. The rise time of the current is 470 ns (10%-90%).
      Different from the previous CQ-4 at IFP, the CQ-3-MMAF energy is transmitted by
      hundreds of co-axial high voltage cables with a low impedance of 18.6 mOmega and
      low loss, and then hundreds of cables are reduced and converted to tens of cables
      into a vacuum chamber by a cable connector, and connected with a pair of parallel
      metallic plates insulated by Kapton films. It is composed of 32 capacitor and
      switch modules in parallel. The electrical parameters in short circuit are with a
      capacitance of 19.2 MUF, an inductance of 11.7 nH, a resistance of 4.3 mOmega,
      and working charging voltage of 60 kV-90 kV. It can be run safely and stable when
      charged from 60 kV to 90 kV. The vacuum of loading chamber can be up to 10(-2)
      Pa, and the current waveforms can be shaped by discharging in time sequences of
      four groups of capacitor and switch modules. CQ-3-MMAF is an adaptive machine
      with lower maintenance because of its modularization design. The COMSOL Multi
      physics(r) code is used to optimize the structure of some key components and
      calculate their structural inductance for designs, such as gas switches and cable
      connectors. Some ramp wave loading experiments were conducted to check and
      examine the performances of CQ-3-MMAF. Two copper flyer plates were accelerated
      to about 3.5 km/s in one shot when the working voltage was charged to 70 kV. The
      velocity histories agree very well. The dynamic experiments of some polymer
      bonded explosives and phase transition of tin under ramp wave loadings were also
      conducted. The experimental data show that CQ-3-MMAF can be used to do material
      dynamics experiments in high rate and low cost shots. Based on this design
      concept, the peak current of new generators can be increased to 5-6 MA and about
      100 GPa ramp stress can be produced on the metallic samples for high pressure
      physics, and a conceptual design of CQ-5-MMAF was given. 

PMID- 27370785
TI  - Predicting 3D lip movement using facial sEMG: a first step towards estimating
      functional and aesthetic outcome of oral cancer surgery.
AB  - In oral cancer, loss of function due to surgery can be unacceptable, designating
      the tumour as functionally inoperable. Other curative treatments can then be
      considered. Currently, predictions of these functional consequences are
      subjective and unreliable. We want to create patient-specific models to improve
      and objectify these predictions. A first step was taken by controlling a 3D lip
      model with volunteer-specific sEMG activities. We focus on the lips first,
      because they are essential for speech, oral food transport, and facial mimicry.
      Besides, they are more accessible to measurements than intraoral organs. 3D lip
      movement and corresponding sEMG activities are measured in five healthy
      volunteers, who performed 19 instructions repeatedly, to create a quantitative
      lip model by establishing the relationship between sEMG activities of eight
      facial muscles bilaterally on the input side and the corresponding 3D lip
      displacements on the output side. The relationship between 3D lip movement and
      sEMG activities was accommodated in a state-space model. A good relationship
      between sEMG activities and 3D lip movement was established with an average root
      mean square error of 2.43 mm for the first-order system and 2.46 mm for the
      second-order system. This information can be incorporated into biomechanical
      models to further personalise functional outcome assessment after treatment.

PMID- 27370786
TI  - Post-stimulation block of frog sciatic nerve by high-frequency (kHz) biphasic
      stimulation.
AB  - This study determined if high-frequency biphasic stimulation can induce nerve
      conduction block that persists after the stimulation is terminated, i.e., post
      stimulation block. The frog sciatic nerve-muscle preparation was used in the
      study. Muscle contraction force induced by low-frequency (0.5 Hz) nerve
      stimulation was recorded to indicate the occurrence and recovery of nerve block
      induced by the high-frequency (5 or 10 kHz) biphasic stimulation. Nerve block was
      observed during high-frequency stimulation and after termination of the
      stimulation. The recovery from post-stimulation block occurred in two distinct
      phases. During the first phase, the complete block induced during high-frequency
      stimulation was maintained. The average maximal duration for the first phase was
      107 +/- 50 s. During the second phase, the block gradually or abruptly reversed.
      The duration of both first and second phases was dependent on stimulation
      intensity and duration but not frequency. Stimulation of higher intensity (1.4-2
      times block threshold) and longer duration (5 min) produced the longest period
      (249 +/- 58 s) for a complete recovery. Post-stimulation block can be induced by
      high-frequency biphasic stimulation, which is important for future investigations
      of the blocking mechanisms and for optimizing the stimulation parameters or
      protocols in clinical applications.

PMID- 27370787
TI  - Magneto-acoustic imaging by continuous-wave excitation.
AB  - The electrical characteristics of tissue yield valuable information for early
      diagnosis of pathological changes. Magneto-acoustic imaging is a functional
      approach for imaging of electrical conductivity. This study proposes a continuous
      wave magneto-acoustic imaging method. A kHz-range continuous signal with an
      amplitude range of several volts is used to excite the magneto-acoustic signal
      and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. The magneto-acoustic signal amplitude and
      phase are measured to locate the acoustic source via lock-in technology. An
      optimisation algorithm incorporating nonlinear equations is used to reconstruct
      the magneto-acoustic source distribution based on the measured amplitude and
      phase at various frequencies. Validation simulations and experiments were
      performed in pork samples. The experimental and simulation results agreed well.
      While the excitation current was reduced to 10 mA, the acoustic signal magnitude
      increased up to 10-7 Pa. Experimental reconstruction of the pork tissue showed
      that the image resolution reached mm levels when the excitation signal was in the
      kHz range. The signal-to-noise ratio of the detected magneto-acoustic signal was
      improved by more than 25 dB at 5 kHz when compared to classical 1 MHz pulse
      excitation. The results reported here will aid further research into magneto
      acoustic generation mechanisms and internal tissue conductivity imaging.

PMID- 27370788
TI  - Device-based Therapy for Hypertension.
AB  - Hypertension continues to be a major contributor to global morbidity and
      mortality, fuelled by an abundance of patients with uncontrolled blood pressure
      despite the multitude of pharmacological options available. This may occur as a
      consequence of true resistant hypertension, through an inability to tolerate
      current pharmacological therapies, or non-adherence to antihypertensive
      medication. In recent years, there has been a rapid expansion of device-based
      therapies proposed as novel non-pharmacological approaches to treating resistant
      hypertension. In this review, we discuss seven novel devices-renal nerve
      denervation, baroreflex activation therapy, carotid body ablation, central iliac
      arteriovenous anastomosis, deep brain stimulation, median nerve stimulation, and
      vagal nerve stimulation. We highlight how the devices differ, the varying degrees
      of evidence available to date and upcoming trials. This review also considers the
      possible factors that may enable appropriate device selection for different
      hypertension phenotypes.

PMID- 27370789
TI  - Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Perinatal Death and Maternal Exposure to
      Tobacco Smoke During Pregnancy.
AB  - We conducted a systematic review and 3-part meta-analysis to characterize the
      relationship between smoking and perinatal death, defined as the combination of
      stillbirth and neonatal death. The PubMed database was searched (1956-August 31,
      2011) with keywords, and manual reference searches of included articles and
      Surgeon Generals' reports were conducted. The full texts of 1,713 articles were
      reviewed, and 142 articles that examined the associations between active or
      passive smoking and perinatal death were included in the meta-analyses. Data were
      abstracted by 2 reviewers. Any active maternal smoking was associated with
      increased risks of stillbirth (summary relative risk (sRR) = 1.46, 95% confidence
      interval (CI): 1.38, 1.54 (n = 57 studies)), neonatal death (sRR = 1.22, 95% CI:
      1.14, 1.30 (n = 28)), and perinatal death (sRR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.41 (n =
      46)). The risks of stillbirth, neonatal death, and perinatal death increased with
      the amount smoked by the mother. Biases in study publication, design, and
      analysis were present but did not significantly affect the results. These
      findings strengthen the evidence that women should not smoke while pregnant, and
      all women of reproductive age should be warned that smoking increases the risks
      of stillbirth, neonatal death, and perinatal death.

PMID- 27370790
TI  - Fetal Growth and the Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth in a Prospective Cohort
      Study of Nulliparous Women.
AB  - Previous studies have suggested an association between fetal growth restriction
      and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). However, addressing this
      association is methodologically challenging. We conducted a prospective cohort
      study of nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy in Cambridge, United
      Kingdom (2008-2012). Ultrasonic fetal biometry was performed at 20 weeks of
      gestation as per routine clinical care. Participants also had blinded research
      ultrasonography performed at approximately 28 weeks. Biometric measurements were
      expressed as gestational-age-adjusted z scores. Fetal growth velocity was
      quantified by change in z score between 20 weeks and 28 weeks. Risk of sPTB,
      defined as delivery at >=28 weeks and <37 weeks associated with labor in the
      absence of induction, was analyzed using cause-specific Cox regression. Of 3,892
      women, 98 (2.5%) had sPTB. When compared with the other decile groups, the lowest
      decile of growth velocity of the fetal femur between 20 and 28 weeks was
      associated with increased risk of sPTB (hazard ratio = 2.37, 95% confidence
      interval: 1.43, 3.93; P < 0.001). Adjustment for maternal characteristics had no
      material effect (hazard ratio = 2.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.50, 4.14; P <
      0.001). There were no significant associations between other fetal measurements
      and risk of sPTB. To conclude, slow growth velocity of the fetal femur is
      associated with an increased risk of sPTB.

PMID- 27370792
TI  - Occupational Noise Frequencies and the Incidence of Hypertension in a
      Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - Occupational noise exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease, but little
      is known about the contributions of noise frequency components. This
      retrospective study investigated the relationship between exposure to different
      noise frequencies and the incidence of hypertension. A cohort of 1,002 volunteers
      from 4 machinery and equipment manufacturing companies in Taichung, Taiwan, was
      followed from 1973 to 2012. Personal noise measurements and environmental octave
      band analyses were performed to divide subjects into different exposure groups.
      Cox regression models were used to estimate the relative risk of hypertension.
      Participants exposed to >=80 A-weighted decibels (dBA) over 8 years had a higher
      relative risk of hypertension (relative risk = 1.38, 95% confidence interval:
      1.02, 1.85) compared with those exposed to <75 dBA. Significant exposure-response
      patterns were observed between incident hypertension and stratum of noise
      exposure at frequencies of 250 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, and 8 kHz. The strongest
      effect was found at 4 kHz; a 20-dBA increase in noise exposure at 4 kHz was
      associated with a 34% higher risk of hypertension (relative risk = 1.34, 95%
      confidence interval: 1.01, 1.77). Occupational noise exposure may be associated
      with an increased risk of hypertension, and the 4 kHz component of occupational
      noise exposure may have the strongest relationship with hypertension.

PMID- 27370791
TI  - Anthropometry and the Risk of Lung Cancer in EPIC.
AB  - The associations of body mass index (BMI) and other anthropometric measurements
      with lung cancer were examined in 348,108 participants in the European
      Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) between 1992 and 2010. The study
      population included 2,400 case patients with incident lung cancer, and the
      average length of follow-up was 11 years. Hazard ratios were calculated using Cox
      proportional hazard models in which we modeled smoking variables with cubic
      splines. Overall, there was a significant inverse association between BMI (weight
      (kg)/height (m)(2)) and the risk of lung cancer after adjustment for smoking and
      other confounders (for BMI of 30.0-34.9 versus 18.5-25.0, hazard ratio = 0.72,
      95% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.84). The strength of the association declined
      with increasing follow-up time. Conversely, after adjustment for BMI, waist
      circumference and waist-to-height ratio were significantly positively associated
      with lung cancer risk (for the highest category of waist circumference vs. the
      lowest, hazard ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.50). Given the
      decline of the inverse association between BMI and lung cancer over time, the
      association is likely at least partly due to weight loss resulting from
      preclinical lung cancer that was present at baseline. Residual confounding by
      smoking could also have influenced our findings.

PMID- 27370793
TI  - Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and probiotic properties of wild-strain
      Pichia kudriavzevii isolated from frozen idli batter.
AB  - The present research was undertaken to study the probiotic characteristics of
      Pichia kudriavzevii isolated from frozen idli batter. Polymerase chain reaction
      amplification with 18S rRNA primers confirmed Pichia kudriavzevii, a xylose
      utilizing probiotic strain. It was resistant to physiological concentrations of
      bile salts, pepsin and pancreatic enzyme. It also showed efficient auto
      aggregation as well as co-aggregation ability with four commercial probiotic
      yeasts and exhibited good hydrophobicity in xylene and toluene. The strain
      inhibited the growth of 13 enteropathogens and showed a commensal relationship
      with four commercial probiotic yeast and bacteria. Moreover, it was resistant to
      30 antibiotics with different modes of action. The yeast exhibited
      thermotolerance up to 95  degrees C for 2 h. The cell-free supernatants were also
      found to be heat stable, indicating the presence of thermostable secondary
      metabolites. Hence it could be exploited as starter culture, co-culture or
      probiotic in the preparation of fermented products or incorporated in heatable
      foods as well. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27370794
TI  - Heteroreceptor Complexes Formed by Dopamine D1, Histamine H3, and N-Methyl-D
      Aspartate Glutamate Receptors as Targets to Prevent Neuronal Death in Alzheimer's
      Disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder causing progressive
      memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. Anti-AD strategies targeting cell
      receptors consider them as isolated units. However, many cell surface receptors
      cooperate and physically contact each other forming complexes having different
      biochemical properties than individual receptors. We here report the discovery of
      dopamine D1, histamine H3, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor
      heteromers in heterologous systems and in rodent brain cortex. Heteromers were
      detected by co-immunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assays (PLA) in
      the rat cortex where H3 receptor agonists, via negative cross-talk, and H3
      receptor antagonists, via cross-antagonism, decreased D1 receptor agonist
      signaling determined by ERK1/2 or Akt phosphorylation, and counteracted D1
      receptor-mediated excitotoxic cell death. Both D1 and H3 receptor antagonists
      also counteracted NMDA toxicity suggesting a complex interaction between NMDA
      receptors and D1-H3 receptor heteromer function. Likely due to heteromerization,
      H3 receptors act as allosteric regulator for D1 and NMDA receptors. By
      bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), we demonstrated that D1 or H3
      receptors form heteromers with NR1A/NR2B NMDA receptor subunits. D1-H3-NMDA
      receptor complexes were confirmed by BRET combined with fluorescence
      complementation. The endogenous expression of complexes in mouse cortex was
      determined by PLA and similar expression was observed in wild-type and APP/PS1
      mice. Consistent with allosteric receptor-receptor interactions within the
      complex, H3 receptor antagonists reduced NMDA or D1 receptor-mediated excitotoxic
      cell death in cortical organotypic cultures. Moreover, H3 receptor antagonists
      reverted the toxicity induced by beta1-42-amyloid peptide. Thus, histamine H3
      receptors in D1-H3-NMDA heteroreceptor complexes arise as promising targets to
      prevent neurodegeneration.

PMID- 27370795
TI  - The Expression of Toll-like Receptors in Normal Human and Murine Gastrointestinal
      Organs and the Effect of Microbiome and Cancer.
AB  - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors expressed in all parts of
      the alimentary tract. However, analyses comparing expression in different
      segments and data on germ-free animals are lacking. Alimentary tract cancers show
      increased TLR expression. According to the field effect concept, carcinogenetic
      factors induce subtle cancer predisposing alterations in the whole organ. We
      studied TLR1 to TLR9 expression in all segments of the alimentary tract from
      cancer patients' tumor-adjacent normal mucosa, healthy organ donors, and
      conventional and germ-free mice by using immunohistochemistry and quantitative
      PCR. All TLRs were expressed in all segments of the alimentary tract. Expression
      was most intensive in the small intestine in humans and conventional mice, but
      germ-free mice showed less expression in the small intestine. TLR expression
      levels were similar in cancer patients and organ donors. We provide systematic
      baseline data on the TLR expression in the alimentary tract. Normal epithelium
      adjacent to tumor seems to have similar TLR expression compared with healthy
      tissues suggesting absence of any field effect in TLR expression. Accordingly,
      specimens from cancer patients' normal tumor-adjacent tissue can be used as
      control tissues in immunohistochemical TLR studies in gastrointestinal cancer.

PMID- 27370796
TI  - Toxoplasma gondii Infection Promotes Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction of Caco-2
      Cells.
AB  - After oral infection, Toxoplasma gondii invades intestinal cells, induces
      breakdown of intestinal physiology and barrier functions, and causes intestinal
      pathology in some animal species. Although parasites' invasion into host cells is
      a known phenomenon, the effects of T. gondii infection in the intestinal barrier
      are still not well established. To evaluate morphological and physiological
      modifications on the colorectal adenocarcinoma-derived Caco-2 cell line during T.
      gondii infection, microvilli, tight junction integrity, and transepithelial
      electrical resistance (TEER) were investigated under infection. It was observed
      that the dextran uptake (endocytosis) and distribution were smaller in infected
      than in noninfected Caco-2 cells. The infection leads to the partial loss of
      microvilli at the cell surface. Claudin-1, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and
      occludin expressions were colocalized by immunofluorescence and presented
      discontinuous net patterns in infected cells. Immunoblotting analysis at 24 hr
      postinfection revealed decreasing expression of occludin and ZO-1 proteins,
      whereas claudin-1 presented similar expression level compared with noninfected
      cells. T. gondii decreased TEER in Caco-2 cells 24 hr after infection. Our
      results suggest that T. gondii infection may lead to the loss of integrity of
      intestinal mucosa, resulting in impaired barrier function.

PMID- 27370797
TI  - Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Is Confined to Tumor-Associated
      Myofibroblasts and Is Increased With Progression in Gastric Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) inhibits the extracellular
      matrix-degrading activity of several matrix metalloproteinases, thereby
      regulating cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Studies describing the expression
      pattern and cellular localization of TIMP-1 in gastric cancer are, however,
      highly discordant. We addressed these inconsistencies by performing
      immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization analyses in a set of 49 gastric
      cancer lesions to reexamine the TIMP-1 localization. In addition, we correlated
      these findings to clinicopathological parameters. We show that strong expression
      of TIMP-1 protein and mRNA was observed in a subpopulation of stromal fibroblast
      like cells at the periphery of the cancer lesions. In a few cases, a small
      fraction of cancer cells showed weak expression of TIMP-1 protein and mRNA. The
      stromal TIMP-1-expressing cells were mainly tumor-associated myofibroblasts. In
      the normal-appearing mucosa, scattered TIMP-1 protein was only found in
      chromogranin A positive cells. TIMP-1-positive myofibroblasts at the invasive
      front of the tumors were more frequently seen in intestinal than in diffuse
      histological subtype cases (p=0.009). A significant trend to a higher number of
      cases showing TIMP-1 staining in myofibroblasts with increasing tumor, node,
      metastasis (TNM) stage was also revealed (p=0.041). In conclusion, tumor
      associated myofibroblasts are the main source of increased TIMP-1 expression in
      gastric cancer.

PMID- 27370799
TI  - High-resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy as a probe of crystal-field and
      covalency effects in actinide compounds.
AB  - Applying the high-energy resolution fluorescence-detection (HERFD) mode of X-ray
      absorption spectroscopy (XAS), we were able to probe, for the first time to our
      knowledge, the crystalline electric field (CEF) splittings of the [Formula: see
      text] shell directly in the HERFD-XAS spectra of actinides. Using ThO2 as an
      example, data measured at the Th 3d edge were interpreted within the framework of
      the Anderson impurity model. Because the charge-transfer satellites were also
      resolved in the HERFD-XAS spectra, the analysis of these satellites revealed that
      ThO2 is not an ionic compound as previously believed. The Th [Formula: see text]
      occupancy in the ground state was estimated to be twice that of the Th [Formula:
      see text] states. We demonstrate that HERFD-XAS allows for characterization of
      the CEF interaction and degree of covalency in the ground state of actinide
      compounds as it is extensively done for 3d transition metal systems.

PMID- 27370798
TI  - Phosphotyrosine-mediated LAT assembly on membranes drives kinetic bifurcation in
      recruitment dynamics of the Ras activator SOS.
AB  - The assembly of cell surface receptors with downstream signaling molecules is a
      commonly occurring theme in multiple signaling systems. However, little is known
      about how these assemblies modulate reaction kinetics and the ultimate
      propagation of signals. Here, we reconstitute phosphotyrosine-mediated assembly
      of extended linker for the activation of T cells (LAT):growth factor receptor
      bound protein 2 (Grb2):Son of Sevenless (SOS) networks, derived from the T-cell
      receptor signaling system, on supported membranes. Single-molecule dwell time
      distributions reveal two, well-differentiated kinetic species for both Grb2 and
      SOS on the LAT assemblies. The majority fraction of membrane-recruited Grb2 and
      SOS both exhibit fast kinetics and single exponential dwell time distributions,
      with average dwell times of hundreds of milliseconds. The minor fraction exhibits
      much slower kinetics, extending the dwell times to tens of seconds. Considering
      this result in the context of the multistep process by which the Ras GEF (guanine
      nucleotide exchange factor) activity of SOS is activated indicates that kinetic
      stabilization from the LAT assembly may be important. This kinetic proofreading
      effect would additionally serve as a stochastic noise filter by reducing the
      relative probability of spontaneous SOS activation in the absence of receptor
      triggering. The generality of receptor-mediated assembly suggests that such
      effects may play a role in multiple receptor proximal signaling processes.

PMID- 27370800
TI  - Gene targeting of the transcription factor Mohawk in rats causes heterotopic
      ossification of Achilles tendon via failed tenogenesis.
AB  - Cell-based or pharmacological approaches for promoting tendon repair are
      currently not available because the molecular mechanisms of tendon development
      and healing are not well understood. Although analysis of knockout mice provides
      many critical insights, small animals such as mice have some limitations. In
      particular, precise physiological examination for mechanical load and the ability
      to obtain a sufficient number of primary tendon cells for molecular biology
      studies are challenging using mice. Here, we generated Mohawk (Mkx)(-/-) rats by
      using CRISPR/Cas9, which showed not only systemic hypoplasia of tendons similar
      to Mkx(-/-) mice, but also earlier heterotopic ossification of the Achilles
      tendon compared with Mkx(-/-) mice. Analysis of tendon-derived cells (TDCs)
      revealed that Mkx deficiency accelerated chondrogenic and osteogenic
      differentiation, whereas Mkx overexpression suppressed chondrogenic, osteogenic,
      and adipogenic differentiation. Furthermore, mechanical stretch stimulation of
      Mkx(-/-) TDCs led to chondrogenic differentiation, whereas the same stimulation
      in Mkx(+/+) TDCs led to formation of tenocytes. ChIP-seq of Mkx overexpressing
      TDCs revealed significant peaks in tenogenic-related genes, such as collagen type
      (Col)1a1 and Col3a1, and chondrogenic differentiation-related genes, such as SRY
      box (Sox)5, Sox6, and Sox9 Our results demonstrate that Mkx has a dual role,
      including accelerating tendon differentiation and preventing
      chondrogenic/osteogenic differentiation. This molecular network of Mkx provides a
      basis for tendon physiology and tissue engineering.

PMID- 27370801
TI  - Sympatric speciation of spiny mice, Acomys, unfolded transcriptomically at
      Evolution Canyon, Israel.
AB  - Spiny mice, Acomys cahirinus, colonized Israel 30,000 y ago from dry tropical
      Africa and inhabited rocky habitats across Israel. Earlier, we had shown by mtDNA
      that A. cahirinus incipiently sympatrically speciates at Evolution Canyon I (EC
      I) in Mount Carmel, Israel because of microclimatic interslope divergence. The EC
      I microsite consists of a dry and hot savannoid "African" slope (AS) and an
      abutting humid and cool-forested "European" slope (ES). Here, we substantiate
      incipient SS in A. cahirinus at EC I based on the entire transcriptome, showing
      that multiple slope-specific adaptive complexes across the transcriptome result
      in two divergent clusters. Tajima's D distribution of the abutting Acomys
      interslope populations shows that the ES population is under stronger positive
      selection, whereas the AS population is under balancing selection, harboring
      higher genetic polymorphisms. Considerable sites of the two populations were
      differentiated with a coefficient of FST = 0.25-0.75. Remarkably, 24 and 37
      putatively adaptively selected genes were detected in the AS and ES populations,
      respectively. The AS genes involved DNA repair, growth arrest, neural cell
      differentiation, and heat-shock proteins adapting to the local AS stresses of
      high solar radiation, drought, and high temperature. In contrast, the ES genes
      involved high ATP associated with energetics stress. The sharp ecological
      interslope divergence led to strong slope-specific selection overruling the
      interslope gene flow. Earlier tests suggested slope-specific mate choice. Habitat
      interslope-adaptive selection across the transcriptome and mate choice
      substantiate sympatric speciation (SS), suggesting its prevalence at EC I and
      commonality in nature.

PMID- 27370802
TI  - Parents of children having heart surgery at Bristol hospital "were let down".

PMID- 27370803
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370804
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370806
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370805
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370807
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370809
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370808
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370810
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370811
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370812
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370813
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370814
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370815
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370816
TI  - No Reduction in Hemoglobin Level in Severe Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Treated
      with Artesunate in Central Sudan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are few publications on anemia following artesunate treatment.
      OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hemoglobin in patients with severe Plasmodium
      falciparum malaria treated with artesunate or quinine. METHODS: Patients with P.
      falciparum (in Singa, Sudan) were treated by intravenous artesunate or quinine.
      Hemoglobin was measured initially, at day 14 and day 28. RESULTS: The mean (SD)
      of the age was 10.3 (10.9) years. The two groups (61 in each arm) were matched in
      their basic characteristics. Hypotension, convulsions, severe anemia were the
      main presentations. There was no significant difference in the mean (SD)
      hemoglobin level at the initial day, day 14 and at day 28 [11.2 (1.8), 11.3
      (1.6), 11.5 (1.8), p = 0.170], respectively, in both groups. The hemoglobin did
      not change significantly from the baseline in any of the group separately.
      CONCLUSION: There was no difference in hemoglobin concentration in patients with
      severe malaria after treatment with either artesunate or quinine.

PMID- 27370817
TI  - Use of Camphor and Essential Oil Balms for Infants in Cambodia.
AB  - Balms and oils containing terpenic compounds, such as camphor, menthol and
      eucalyptus, are potentially toxic, and numerous reports of adverse events
      stemming from their use in infants and young children have been published. During
      qualitative research on newborn practices in rural Cambodia, these products were
      found to be commonly applied to the skin of newborns and infants and available in
      most households. Parents and caregivers of infants in Cambodia and other settings
      where use of camphor- and menthol-containing products are common should be
      educated on the risks of these to prevent child morbidity and potential
      mortality.

PMID- 27370818
TI  - Bladder pain induced by prolonged peripheral alpha 1A adrenoceptor stimulation
      involves the enhancement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 activity and
      an increase of urothelial adenosine triphosphate release.
AB  - AIM: Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic visceral pain (CVP) are unknown.
      This study explores the association between the sympathetic system and bladder
      nociceptors activity by testing the effect of a prolonged adrenergic stimulation
      on transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activity and on urothelial
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release. METHODS: Female Wistar rats received
      saline, phenylephrine (PHE), PHE + silodosin, PHE + naftopidil or PHE + prazosin.
      TRPV1 knockout and wild-type mice received saline or PHE. Visceral pain behaviour
      tests were performed before and after treatment. Cystometry was performed, during
      saline and capsaicin infusion. Fos immunoreactivity was assessed in L6 spinal
      cord segment. Human urothelial ATP release induced by mechanical and thermal
      stimulation was evaluated. RESULTS: Subcutaneous, but not intrathecal, PHE
      administration induced pain, which was reversed by silodosin, a selective alpha
      1A adrenoceptor antagonist, but not by naftopidil, a relatively selective
      antagonist for alpha 1D adrenoceptor. Silodosin also reversed PHE-induced bladder
      hyperactivity and L6 spinal cord Fos expression. Thus, in subsequent experiments,
      only silodosin was used. Wild-type, but not TRPV1 knockout, mice exhibited
      phenylephrine-induced pain. Capsaicin induced a greater increase in voiding
      contractions in PHE-treated rats than in control animals, and silodosin reversed
      this effect. When treated with PHE, ATP release from human urothelial cells was
      enhanced either by mechanical stimulation or by lowering the thermal threshold of
      urothelial TRPV1, which becomes abnormally responsive at body temperature.
      CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the activation of peripheral alpha 1A
      adrenoceptors induces CVP, probably through its interaction with TRPV1 and ATP
      release.

PMID- 27370819
TI  - Effects of Copper Exposure on Photosynthesis and Growth of the Seagrass Cymodocea
      nodosa: An Experimental Assessment.
AB  - Seagrasses form some of the most important coastal habitats. They may be
      negatively affected by trace metal contamination in certain coastal areas. In
      this study we experimentally assessed selected morphological and physiological
      traits of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa, with increasing concentrations of copper
      (Cu) under controlled laboratory conditions. Short term (21 days) sub-lethal
      effects such as decreased maximum quantum yield, increased leaf necrosis and
      decreased shoot growth and shoot recruitment were clearly observed at the highest
      Cu exposure (5 mg L(-1)), while the effects were weaker at the intermediate
      concentration (2.5 mg L(-1)) and almost absent at the lowest concentration (1 mg
      L(-1)), indicating that this species is highly tolerant to copper exposure, at
      least in the short term. This fact could help to explain its distribution in
      relatively polluted coastal waters. 

PMID- 27370820
TI  - Impact of Irrigation Using Water Containing CuO and ZnO Nanoparticles on Spinach
      oleracea Grown in Soil Media.
AB  - Wastewater reuse is an important adaptation option for mitigating water stress in
      rapidly growing urban centers. Reuse potential of nanoparticles (NPs)
      contaminated wastewater for irrigation of Spinacia oleracea grown in soil media
      were assessed in this study. Irrigation of plant were done with water containing
      CuO and ZnO NPs as single compound and in binary mixture (10, 100, 1000 mg/L)
      till 11 weeks. At 1000 mg/L, reduction in root length: 16 %, 12 % and 18 %, shoot
      length: 22 %, 16 % and 27 %, total weight 37 %, 27 % and 45 %, chlorophyll: 18 %,
      7 % and 29 % and carotenoids: 46 %, 33 % and 54 % were found for CuO NPs, ZnO NPs
      and binary mixture of NPs respectively. Uptake values were found to be 5.65 +/-
      0.8 Zn(2+) and 3.48 +/- 0.75 Cu(2+) mg/g for the case of ZnO and CuO NPs
      respectively (at 1000 mg/L). For mixture of NPs, uptake of 3.18 +/- 1.05 mg/g of
      Cu(2+) and 3.18 +/- 1.05 mg/g of Zn(2+) ions were found. The results shows that
      water containing low concentration of NPs (10 mg/L) can be used for irrigating
      spinach grown in soil media as no significant toxic effect on growth and uptake
      of metal ion were found as compared to control. The results of this study
      evaluated the suitability of reusing water contaminated with NPs in agriculture.
      Further studies are however required to understand the toxic mode of action of
      mixture of NPs on growth and uptake mechanisms. 

PMID- 27370821
TI  - Levels of Mercury in Feathers of Clapper Rails (Rallus crepitans) over 45 Years
      in Coastal Salt Marshes of New Hanover County, North Carolina.
AB  - We sampled clapper rail (Rallus crepitans) feathers from museum specimens
      collected between 1965 and 2010 to investigate changes in mercury (Hg)
      availability in coastal marshes of New Hanover County, North Carolina. Stable
      isotope analysis (delta(13)C and delta(15)N) was conducted to control for dietary
      shifts that may have influenced Hg exposure. Hg concentrations ranged from 0.96
      to 9.22 MUg/g (ppm), but showed no significant trend over time; diet (delta(15)N)
      or foraging habitat (delta(13)C) also provided little to no explanatory power to
      the variation in Hg concentrations among clapper rails. Our findings suggest the
      bioavailability of Hg to clapper rails in coastal North Carolina salt marshes has
      remained consistent over time, despite the global trend of increasing mercury in
      many other bird species, providing an excellent baseline for any future
      assessment of Hg availability to salt marsh birds in coastal North Carolina. 

PMID- 27370823
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370824
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370822
TI  - Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and Syntaphilin collaborate to modulate
      axonal mitochondrial anchoring.
AB  - In neuronal axons, the ratio of motile-to-stationary mitochondria is tightly
      regulated by neuronal activation, thereby meeting the need for local calcium
      buffering and maintaining the ATP supply. However, the molecular players and
      detailed regulatory mechanisms behind neuronal mitochondrial movement are not
      completely understood. Here, we found that neuronal activation-induced
      mitochondrial anchoring is regulated by Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1),
      which is accomplished by functional association with Syntaphilin (SNPH). DISC1
      deficiency resulted in reduced axonal mitochondrial movement, which was partially
      reversed by concomitant SNPH depletion. In addition, a SNPH deletion mutant
      lacking the sequence for interaction with DISC1 exhibited an enhanced
      mitochondrial anchoring effect than wild-type SNPH. Moreover, upon neuronal
      activation, mitochondrial movement was preserved by DISC1 overexpression, not
      showing immobilized response of mitochondria. Taken together, we propose that
      DISC1 in association with SNPH is a component of a modulatory complex that
      determines mitochondrial anchoring in response to neuronal activation.

PMID- 27370826
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370825
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370828
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370827
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370829
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370831
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370830
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370832
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370833
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370835
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370834
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370836
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370837
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370838
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370839
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370840
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370842
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370841
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370843
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370844
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370845
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370846
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370847
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370848
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370849
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370851
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370850
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370852
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370853
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370854
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370855
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370857
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370856
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370858
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370859
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370860
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370861
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370863
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370862
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370864
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370865
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370866
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370867
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370868
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370869
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370870
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370872
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370871
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370873
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370874
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370875
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370876
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370877
TI  - Widespread Pain and Low Widespread Pain Index Scores among Fibromyalgia-positive
      Cases Assessed with the 2010/2011 Fibromyalgia Criteria.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Widespread pain is no longer required for fibromyalgia (FM) diagnosis
      according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2010 preliminary
      diagnostic criteria and its 2011 modification, but its absence may be of concern.
      We investigated whether the widespread pain definition was satisfactory and the
      consequences of having a small number of painful regions or of not satisfying the
      widespread pain criterion. METHODS: We studied 5011 patients who satisfied the
      2011 criteria. FM was identified using the Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and the
      Symptom Severity Scale (SSS): WPI >= 7 and SSS >= 5 or WPI 3-6 and SSS >= 9.
      Widespread pain was 4 quadrants plus axial pain, according to the 1990 ACR FM
      criteria. RESULTS: There were 4700 patients (93.8%) who satisfied the ACR 1990
      widespread pain criterion. Using a new strict definition for 5 pain regions based
      on the WPI sites, a modified widespread pain criterion requiring 4 of 5 regions
      identified 98.8% of criteria-positive patients. Patients without widespread pain
      or those in the low WPI/high SSS group had milder FM and no evidence of increased
      psychological or physical distress. CONCLUSION: In usual clinical and
      epidemiological studies, the 2011 and 2010 criteria work well, but are not as
      effective in patients with asymmetrical or regional pain who do not satisfy a
      widespread pain criterion. A >= 4-pain region widespread pain definition will
      eliminate regional pain false-positives and will identify 98.8% of current 2011
      cases. Future revisions of the 2010/2011 criteria should consider incorporating
      the >= 4-region requirement to avoid misclassification.

PMID- 27370878
TI  - An Open-label, Phase II Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Pirfenidone in
      Patients with Scleroderma-associated Interstitial Lung Disease: the LOTUSS Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD)
      shares a number of clinical features and pathogenic mechanisms with idiopathic
      pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). This study was designed to evaluate the tolerability of
      the IPF treatment pirfenidone in SSc-ILD. The known gastrointestinal, skin, and
      liver adverse events (AE) of pirfenidone are of importance given the involvement
      of these organs in SSc. METHODS: All patients received pirfenidone and were
      randomized 1:1 to either a 2- or 4-week titration starting at 801 mg/day and
      finishing at a maintenance dose of 2403 mg/day. Patients received pirfenidone for
      16 weeks in total. Assessments included treatment-emergent AE (TEAE) and
      exploratory disease outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were randomized;
      96.8% experienced a TEAE and more patients reported TEAE during the titration
      versus the maintenance period. The most commonly reported TEAE were consistent
      with those observed for pirfenidone in IPF (nausea, headache, fatigue) and were
      similar regardless of titration schedule. More patients discontinued treatment
      because of TEAE in the 2- versus 4-week titration group (5 vs 1, respectively);
      all discontinuation events occurred > 3 weeks after reaching the full dose of
      pirfenidone. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), taken by 63.5% of patients in addition
      to pirfenidone, did not appear to affect tolerability. Exploratory disease
      outcomes remained largely unchanged. CONCLUSION: Pirfenidone showed an acceptable
      tolerability profile in SSc-ILD, although a longer titration may be associated
      with better tolerability. Tolerability was not affected by concomitant MMF. The
      present findings support further investigation of pirfenidone in future clinical
      trials in patients with SSc-ILD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov;
      www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01933334.

PMID- 27370880
TI  - Risk of Serious Infection for Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Starting
      Glucocorticoids with or without Antimalarials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare serious infection risk for systemic lupus erythematosus
      (SLE) patients starting glucocorticoids (GC), antimalarials (AM), or their
      combination. METHODS: We conducted a new-user, historical cohort study, Kaiser
      Permanente Northern California, 1997-2013. Cox proportional hazards analysis was
      used to calculate adjusted HR and 95% CI. RESULTS: The study included 3030
      patients with SLE followed an average of 4 years. Compared with patients starting
      AM without GC (9 infections/1461 patient-yrs), the HR for the risk of infection
      was 3.9 (95% CI 1.7-9.2) for those starting GC <= 15 mg/day without AM (14
      infections/252 patient-yrs), while it was 0.0 (0 infections/128 patient-yrs) for
      those starting the combination. We split the 14 patients with a serious infection
      and with GC < 15 mg/day into 2 groups: < 7.5 and >= 7.5-15 mg/day. The HR for <
      7.5 mg/day was 4.6 (95% CI 1.8-11.4) and for >= 7.5-15 mg/day, 3.1 (95% CI 1.0
      9.7). For patients starting GC > 15 mg/day (reflecting more severe SLE), the risk
      of infection was nearly the same for the combination of GC and AM (9
      infections/135 patient-yrs) and GC alone (41 infections/460 patient-yrs), but the
      combination users had evidence of more severe disease. Patients with SLE had a 6-
      to 7-fold greater risk of serious infection than the general population.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the benefits of AM treatment for SLE may
      extend to preventing serious infections. Although the study included > 3000
      patients, the statistical power to examine GC dosages < 15 mg/day was poor.

PMID- 27370879
TI  - Involvement of Mucosal-associated Invariant T cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is characterized by chronic inflammation
      of the axial and peripheral joints and ligamentous attachments. Gut immunity is
      thought to be involved in AS, because a prominent coexistence of gut and joint
      inflammation has been observed in patients with AS. Mucosal-associated invariant
      T (MAIT) cells are preferentially located in the gut lamina propria and produce
      inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha), which are therapeutic targets for AS. This study aimed to
      investigate the involvement of MAIT cells in AS. METHODS: The frequency of MAIT
      cells and their cytokine production were determined in patients with AS and
      healthy controls (HC). The expression of a MAIT cell activation marker (CD69) was
      analyzed in patients with AS by using flow cytometry. RESULTS: The frequency of
      MAIT cells in the peripheral blood was lower in patients with AS compared with
      HC. The levels of IL-17 produced by MAIT cells after activation were higher in
      patients with AS than in the HC. CD69 expression on MAIT cells correlated with
      the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score in patients with AS.
      CONCLUSION: These results suggest the involvement of MAIT cells in the
      pathogenesis of AS.

PMID- 27370881
TI  - ACR/EULAR Definitions of Remission Are Associated with Lower Residual
      Inflammatory Activity Compared with DAS28 Remission on Hand MRI in Rheumatoid
      Arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of residual inflammation [synovitis, bone
      marrow edema (BME), tenosynovitis, and total inflammation] quantified by hand
      magnetic resonance imaging (h-MRI) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in
      remission according to 3 different definitions of clinical remission, and to
      compare these remission definitions. METHODS: A cross-sectional study. To assess
      the level of residual MRI inflammation in remission, cutoff levels associated to
      remission and median scores of MRI residual inflammatory lesions were calculated.
      Data from an MRI register of patients with RA who have various levels of disease
      activity were used. These were used for the analyses: synovitis, BME according to
      the Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring system,
      tenosynovitis, total inflammation, and disease activity composite measures
      recorded at the time of MRI. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used
      to identify the best cutoffs associated with remission for each inflammatory
      lesion on h-MRI. Median values of each inflammatory lesion for each definition of
      remission were also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 388 h-MRI sets of patients
      with RA with different levels of disease activity, 130 in remission, were
      included. Cutoff values associated with remission according to the Simplified
      Disease Activity Index (SDAI) <= 3.3 and the Boolean American College of
      Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) definitions for BME
      and tenosynovitis (1 and 3, respectively) were lower than BME and tenosynovitis
      (2 and 5, respectively) for the Disease Activity Score on 28 joints (DAS28) <=
      2.6. Median scores for synovitis, BME, and total inflammation were also lower for
      the SDAI and Boolean ACR/EULAR remission criteria compared with DAS28.
      CONCLUSION: Patients with RA in remission according to the SDAI and Boolean
      ACR/EULAR definitions showed lower levels of MRI-detected residual inflammation
      compared with DAS28.

PMID- 27370882
TI  - Overestimation of femoral tunnel length during anterior cruciate ligament
      reconstruction using the retrograde outside-in drilling technique.
AB  - PURPOSE: When the femoral tunnel socket is reamed in an oblique direction from
      the wall of inter-condylar notch in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
      reconstruction, the tunnel length can be shorter at the periphery than at the
      centre. Because surgeons can manipulate the direction of tunnel in the outside-in
      femoral tunnel drilling technique, this length mismatch would vary depending on
      the direction of the tunnel. The purpose of this study was to investigate this
      length mismatch when reamed in various directions. METHODS: In total of thirteen
      points were defined as femoral drilling entry points on concentric lines with 0,
      1, 2, and 3 cm radius from the lateral epicondyle of a three-dimensional bone
      model from 40 subjects. Femoral tunnel drilling was simulated on the models by
      connecting the centre of the ACL footprint with each defined point on the lateral
      femoral surface. The mismatch length was measured between the centre and the
      shortest peripheral side of the tunnel socket. RESULTS: When the distance between
      the drilling entry point on the lateral femoral surface and the lateral
      epicondyle was increased to anterior proximal direction, there was a significant
      increase in the mismatch length. The mismatch length became more than 2 mm when
      the entry point was located more than 2 cm away from the lateral epicondyle.
      CONCLUSIONS: When the drilling entry point is set far away from the lateral
      epicondyle, a significant increase was observed in tunnel length mismatch between
      the centre of the tunnel and its shortest peripheral side. Because the tunnel
      length is measured with a guide pin introduced at the centre of the tunnel before
      reaming in retrograde outside-in technique, this length mismatch could cause an
      overestimation of the tunnel length. Surgeons should recognise this mismatch when
      preparing the length of graft and socket to optimise the graft insertion length
      into the socket.

PMID- 27370883
TI  - Knee salvage in revision arthroplasty after massive bone loss of the femur
      condyles (>=Engh III) with a single-modular-hinged knee revision implant.
AB  - PURPOSE: Massive bone loss of the femur condyles in revision arthroplasty often
      requires modular-hinged revision implants to restore a stable joint situation. In
      the present series, the outcome after knee revision surgery using a single
      modular-hinged revision implant in patients with severe bone defects (>Engh III)
      is investigated. METHODS: Sixty patients with severe bone defects (>=Engh III)
      after failed primary and revision knee arthroplasty were included. Medium follow
      up was 47 (range 10-84) months after knee revision surgery. Medium patient age
      was 70 (range 33-87) years at the time of surgery. An average of 2.3 prior knee
      operations per patient was performed. 70 % of the patients required the knee
      revision implant after two-stage revision because of a deep implant infection.
      RESULTS: Estimated 5 year extremity survival was 95 and 65 % implant survival.
      Reasons for implant revision in decreasing order were reinfection (30 %), aseptic
      loosening (13 %), and periprosthetic fracture (9.8 %). The average active range
      of motion in the knee joint was 88 degrees  (range 40 degrees -115 degrees ) for
      flexion. An extension deficit of a mean of -6 degrees  was (range -50-5 degrees 
      hyper-extension) observed. Patient age influenced the functional results
      significantly in terms of reduced walking distances and decreased modified WOMAC
      score. CONCLUSION: In consideration of this complex study, population acceptable
      functional results can be achieved using a modular knee revision endoprosthesis.
      In younger patients (<60 years), satisfying results in terms of walking ability
      and overall satisfactory can be expected. The outcome in older multimorbid
      patients is worse. Yet, operation in these patients can be feasible to restore
      enough mobility for daily household activities.

PMID- 27370884
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370885
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370886
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370887
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370888
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370890
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370889
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370891
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370892
TI  - Analgesic effect of a single dose of betamethasone after ambulatory knee
      arthroscopy: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: Glucocorticoids are reported to improve postoperative analgesia. The
      purpose of the study was to investigate whether a preoperative, single dose of
      betamethasone could reduce pain after ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery.
      METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial including
      patients scheduled for knee arthroscopy. The intervention was an intravenous
      injection of betamethasone 8 mg or placebo. The primary outcome was pain day 1
      evaluated by a verbal descriptor scale (VDS). RESULTS: In total, 74 patients
      (betamethasone = 34; placebo = 40) were randomized. One patient in each group was
      excluded from analysis. During activity day 1 following surgery, the proportion
      with no or minor pain was significantly (p = 0.030) higher in the betamethasone
      group (22 of 33; 67 %) compared with the placebo group (17 of 39; 44 %). At rest,
      the corresponding figures were 26 of 33 (79 %) for betamethasone and 24 of 39 (62
      %) for placebo (p = 0.062). After 3 months of follow-up, no patient receiving
      betamethasone experienced adverse events while six receiving placebo did
      (postoperative nausea and vomiting in five and delayed wound healing in one).
      CONCLUSIONS: An analgesic benefit was seen day 1 following surgery. This
      indicates that betamethasone has a place in ambulatory arthroscopic knee surgery.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ (identifier 2009
      014717-27).

PMID- 27370893
TI  - Roles of endotracheal tubes and slip joints in respiratory pressure loss: a
      laboratory study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The endotracheal tube (ETT) constitutes a significant component of total
      airway resistance. However, a discrepancy between measured and theoretical values
      has been reported in airway resistance through ETTs. The causes of the
      discrepancy were estimated by physical and rheological simulations. METHODS: The
      pressure losses through total lengths of ETTs and slip joints under a volumetric
      flow rate of 30 L/min were measured, and the pressure losses through the tubular
      parts of ETTs with internal diameters (IDs) of 6.0-, 6.5-, 7.0-, 7.5-, and 8.0 mm
      were measured. The Reynolds number of each setting was calculated, and the
      pressure losses through the total length of the ETT, the tubular part, and the
      slip joint of each size of tube were estimated. RESULTS: The Reynolds numbers
      were >5000 in all sizes of ETTs. Measured pressure losses were larger in small
      sized ETTs than in large sized ETTs-520.9 Pascals (Pa) in 6.0-mm ID and 136.4 Pa
      in 8.0-mm ID tubes. The measured pressure losses through the tubular part were
      comparable to the predicted values. The measured pressure losses through the slip
      joints were larger than the predicted values, and they accounted for
      approximately 25-40% of total pressure losses of the ETTs. CONCLUSION: Especially
      in small sized tubes, the pressure loss through the slip joint accounts for a
      large percentage of the total pressure loss through the ETT. The pressure loss
      through the slip joint may play a role in the discrepancy between measured and
      theoretical pressure losses through ETTs.

PMID- 27370895
TI  - Microsatellite instability is associated with reduced disease specific survival
      in stage III colon cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Up to 15% of colorectal cancers exhibit microsatellite instability
      (MSI), where errors in replication go unchecked due to defects in the mismatch
      repair system. This study aimed to determine survival in a large single-centre
      series of 1250 consecutive colorectal cancers subjected to universal MSI testing.
      METHODS: Clinical and pathological features of patients with colorectal cancer
      identified on prospectively maintained colorectal and pathology databases at St.
      Vincent's University Hospital from 2004 to May 2012 were examined. Mismatch
      repair (MMR) status was determined by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier curves,
      the log-rank test and Cox regression were used to associate survival with
      clinical and pathological characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 1250 colorectal
      cancers in the study period, 11% exhibited MSI (n = 138). Patients with MSI
      tumours had significantly lower rates of lymph node and distant metastases (MSI
      N+ rate: 24.8% compared with MSS N+ rate: 46.2%, p < 0.001). For Stage I and II
      disease MSI was associated with improved disease free survival (DSS) compared
      with MSS colon cancer. However, patients with Stage III MSI colon cancers had a
      worse DSS than those with MSS tumours. Stage III MSI tumours exhibited higher
      rates of lymphovascular invasion and perineural invasion than Stage I/II MSI
      tumours. CONCLUSION: MSI is associated with a reduced risk of nodal and distant
      metastases, with an improved DSS in Stage I/II colon cancer. However, when MSI
      tumours progress to Stage III these patients had worse outcomes and pathological
      features. New strategies for this cohort of patients may be required to improve
      outcomes.

PMID- 27370896
TI  - Relapse of both small cell lung cancer and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
      after a 13-year disease-free survival period.
AB  - Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome and only 3%
      of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) patients have LEMS. Moreover, the recurrence
      of SCLC after a disease-free survival (DFS) of more than 10 years is rare. We
      report a patient who had a recurrence of both SCLC and LEMS after a 13-year DFS
      period. A 69-year-old man was diagnosed with LEMS and SCLC (cT0N2M0, stage IIIA)
      13 years ago. Chemoradiotherapy was performed and a complete response was
      achieved. With anticancer treatment, the LEMS symptoms was alleviated. At the age
      of 82 years, gait disturbance appeared followed by left supraclavicular
      lymphadenopathy and further examination revealed the recurrence of SCLC. Careful
      screening for the recurrence of SCLC might be needed when the patient has
      recurrent or secondary paraneoplastic neurological syndrome even after a long DFS
      period. 

PMID- 27370894
TI  - Combined effects of age and polymorphisms in Notch3 in the pathogenesis of
      cerebral infarction disease.
AB  - Cerebral infarction disease is a severe hypoxic ischemic tissue necrosis in the
      brain, often leading to long-term functional disability and residual impairments.
      The Notch signaling pathway plays key roles in proliferation and survival of the
      stem/progenitor cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Notch3 is an
      important member of the pathway, but the relationships between the genetic
      abnormalities and cerebral infarction disease still remain unclear. The aim of
      this work was to evaluate variations in Notch3 gene for their possible
      associations with the cerebral infarction disease. We sequenced the Notch3 gene
      for 260 patients with cerebral infarction disease, 300 normal controls with old
      ages and 300 normal controls with younger ages, and identified the variations.
      The statistical analyses were conducted using Chi-Square Tests as implemented in
      SPSS (version 19.0). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test of the population was
      carried out using the online software OEGE. Six variations, including rs1044116,
      rs1044009, rs1044006, rs10408676, rs1043996 and rs16980398 within or near the
      Notch3 gene, were found. The genetic heterozygosity of rs1044116, rs1044009,
      rs1044006, and rs1043996 was very high, whereas that of rs10408676 and rs16980398
      was very low. Statistical analyses showed that rs1044009 and rs1044006 were
      associated with the risk of cerebral infarction disease in the Chinese Han
      agedness population. The SNPs rs1044009 and rs1044006 in the Notch3 gene were
      associated with the risk of cerebral infarction diseases in the Chinese Han
      agedness population.

PMID- 27370897
TI  - [Tolerance of bevacizumab therapy in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary
      arterial hypertension: A case report].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: No data is available regarding the safety of bevacizumab, an anti
      vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) antibody, in patients with
      pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a condition in which VEGF seems to play a
      significant and probably protective role. CASE REPORT: We report a patient with a
      history of systemic sclerosis-associated PAH, stable under bosentan therapy. She
      was diagnosed with metastatic cervical epidermoid carcinoma and treated by two
      successive cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens. As these treatments failed to control
      disease progression, she was started on anti-angiogenic therapy: 3 infusions of
      bevacizumab 15 mg/kg were administered. Over the course of this treatment, no
      change in the clinical status or echocardiography parameters was noted.
      CONCLUSION: This observation suggests that, under careful clinical and
      echocardiographic follow-up, bevacizumab therapy can be well tolerated in case of
      stable and moderate PAH. Decision of treatment should be taken cautiously, as the
      possibility of PAH worsening is not excluded.

PMID- 27370898
TI  - [Cancer immunotherapy: Rational and recent breakthroughs].
AB  - Cancer immunotherapy has occupied a marginal therapeutic option in cancer despite
      strong arguments documenting the role of the immune system in controlling the
      proliferation of cancers. The recent success of immunotherapy results from a
      change in the past paradigm. From now on, the goal is not only to activate the
      immune system against tumor, but also to take account of the immunosuppressive
      tumor microenvironment Among these mechanisms, negative costimulatory molecules
      (CTLA-4, PD-1, etc.) expressed by T cells in the tumor could explain their lack
      of effectiveness in inhibiting tumor growth. Blocking these molecules allowed the
      reactivation of anti-tumor T cells. Clinically, the administration of anti-CTLA-4
      antibody (ipilimumab: Yervoy(r)) was granted marketing authorization for patients
      with metastatic melanoma. The anti-PD-1 antibodies (nivolumab: Opdivo(r),
      pembrolizumab: Keytruda(r)) have demonstrated clinical efficacy when compared to
      the standard therapy in metastatic melanomas, advanced lung cancers and
      metastatic renal cell carcinoma. In phase I and II clinical trials, other tumors
      (Hodgkin's disease, head and neck cancers, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, etc.)
      appear to be responsive to these immunomodulators. These treatments were
      associated with the occurrence of side effects dominated by autoimmunity
      predictable by unlocking the breaks exerted by immune system to maintain
      tolerance against self-antigen. The optimization of therapeutic combination based
      on these molecules and the search for biomarkers associated with these treatments
      constitute a challenge for the future for this new therapeutic class of drugs for
      oncology.

PMID- 27370899
TI  - A genome-wide association analysis of chromosomal aberrations and Hirschsprung
      disease.
AB  - Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a neurocristopathy characterized by the absence of
      intramural ganglion cells along variable lengths of the gastrointestinal tract.
      Although the RET proto-oncogene is considered to be the main risk factor for
      HSCR, only about 30% of the HSCR cases can be explained by variations in
      previously known genes including RET. Recently, copy number variation (CNV) and
      loss of heterozygosity (LOH) have emerged as new ways to understand human genomic
      variation. The goal of this present study is to identify new HSCR genetic factors
      related to CNV in Korean patients. In the genome-wide genotyping, using
      Illumina's HumanOmni1-Quad BeadChip (1,140,419 markers), of 123 HSCR patients and
      432 unaffected subjects (total n = 555), a total of 8,188 CNVs (1 kb ~ 1 mb) were
      identified by CNVpartition. As a result, 16 CNV regions and 13 LOH regions were
      identified as associated with HSCR (minimum P = 0.0005). Two top CNV regions
      (deletions at chr6:32675155-32680480 and chr22:20733495-21607293) were
      successfully validated by additional real-time quantitative polymerase chain
      reaction analysis. In addition, 2 CNV regions (6p21.32 and 22q11.21) and 2 LOH
      regions (3p22.2 and 14q23.3) were discovered to be unique to the HSCR patients
      group. Regarding the large-scale chromosomal aberrations (>1 mb), 11 large
      aberrations in the HSCR patients group were identified, which suggests that they
      may be a risk factor for HSCR. Although further replication in a larger cohort is
      needed, our findings may contribute to the understanding of the etiology of HSCR.

PMID- 27370900
TI  - Retinal image registration under the assumption of a spherical eye.
AB  - We propose a method for registering a pair of retinal images. The proposed
      approach employs point correspondences and assumes that the human eye has a
      spherical shape. The image registration problem is formulated as a 3D pose
      estimation problem, solved by estimating the rigid transformation that relates
      the views from which the two images were acquired. Given this estimate, each
      image can be warped upon the other so that pixels with the same coordinates image
      the same retinal point. Extensive experimental evaluation shows improved accuracy
      over state of the art methods, as well as robustness to noise and spurious
      keypoint matches. Experiments also indicate the method's applicability to the
      comparative analysis of images from different examinations that may exhibit
      changes and its applicability to diagnostic support.

PMID- 27370901
TI  - Biomarkers of kidney function and prediction of death from cardiovascular and
      other causes in the elderly: A 9-year follow-up study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cystatin C is claimed to be superior to creatinine-based estimates of
      glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcr). The purpose of the study is to analyze
      whether cystatin C, creatinine, and/or estimated glomerular filtration rates
      (eGFR) predicted cardiovascular and/or non-cardiovascular deaths among Finnish
      elderly. METHODS: Hazard ratios (HR) of cystatin C, creatinine and eGFRs for
      cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular deaths. RESULTS: During a 9-year follow-up,
      275 died, 192 deaths were a result of cardiovascular disease. In age-adjusted
      analyses, cystatin C predicted the risk of non-cardiovascular and cardiovascular
      death in men (HR for 0.1-unit increase 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04-1.19] for non-CVD
      deaths and 1.18 [1.09-1.28] for CVD deaths) and women (1.14 [1.07-1.21] and 1.14
      [1.06-1.22], respectively). CKD-EPIcr-cyc predicted the risk of CVD deaths in men
      (HR for 5-unit decrease 1.17 [1.09-1.25]) and women (1.09 [1.02-1.17]) and non
      CVD deaths in women (1.07 [1.01-1.14]). Also, MDRD (HR for 5-unit decrease 1.16
      [1.05-1.27]) and CKD-EPI (HR for 5-unit decrease 1.15 [1.05-1.25]) predicted CVD
      deaths among men. After additional adjustments, predictive value of cystatin C
      remained significant. Also, the predictive value of CKD-EPIcr-cys remained
      significant in non-CVD deaths among women. CONCLUSION: Cystatin C was clearly the
      best predictor for cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular deaths among Finnish
      elderly. Serum cystatin C is more accurate for clinical decision making than
      creatinine-based eGFR equations or the combined CKD-EPIcr-cys equation in persons
      older than 64years.

PMID- 27370902
TI  - Reclassification of Clostridium difficile as Clostridioides difficile (Hall and
      O'Toole 1935) Prevot 1938.
AB  - The recent proposal by Lawson and Rainey (2015) to restrict the genus Clostridium
      to Clostridium butyricum and related species has ramifications for the members of
      the genera that fall outside this clade that should not be considered as
      Clostridium sensu stricto. One such organism of profound medical importance is
      Clostridioides difficile that is a major cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and
      mortality in individuals. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the closest
      relative of Clostridium difficile is Clostridium mangenotii with a 94.7%
      similarity value and both are located within the family Peptostreptococcaceae
      that is phylogenetically far removed from C. butyricum and other members of
      Clostridium sensu stricto. Clostridium difficile is Clostridium mangenotii each
      produce abundant H2 gas when grown in PYG broth and also produce a range of
      straight and branched chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with C16:0 as a
      major product. The cell wall peptidoglycan contains meso-DAP as the diagnostic
      diamino acid. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses,
      novel genus Clostridioides gen. nov. is proposed for Clostridium difficile as
      Clostridioides difficile gen. nov. comb. nov. and that Clostridium mangenotii be
      transferred to this genus as Clostridioides mangenotii comb. nov. The type
      species of Clostridioides is Clostridioides difficile. 

PMID- 27370903
TI  - Climate change impacts and adaptive strategies: lessons from the grapevine.
AB  - The cultivation of grapevines for winemaking, known as viticulture, is widely
      cited as a climate-sensitive agricultural system that has been used as an
      indicator of both historic and contemporary climate change. Numerous studies have
      questioned the viability of major viticulture regions under future climate
      projections. We review the methods used to study the impacts of climate change on
      viticulture in the light of what is known about the effects of climate and
      weather on the yields and quality of vineyard harvests. Many potential impacts of
      climate change on viticulture, particularly those associated with a change in
      climate variability or seasonal weather patterns, are rarely captured. Key
      biophysical characteristics of viticulture are often unaccounted for, including
      the variability of grapevine phenology and the exploitation of microclimatic
      niches that permit successful cultivation under suboptimal macroclimatic
      conditions. We consider how these same biophysical characteristics permit a
      variety of strategies by which viticulture can adapt to changing climatic
      conditions. The ability to realize these strategies, however, is affected by
      uneven exposure to risks across the winemaking sector, and the evolving capacity
      for decision-making within and across organizational boundaries. The role grape
      provenance plays in shaping perceptions of wine value and quality illustrates how
      conflicts of interest influence decisions about adaptive strategies within the
      industry. We conclude by considering what lessons can be taken from viticulture
      for studies of climate change impacts and the capacity for adaptation in other
      agricultural and natural systems.

PMID- 27370904
TI  - Design and properties of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
AB  - In this study, the Voronoi tessellation method has been used to design novel bone
      like three dimension (3D) porous scaffolds. The Voronoi method has been processed
      with computer design software to obtain 3D virtual isotropic porous
      interconnected models, exactly matching the main histomorphometric indices of
      trabecular bone (trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number,
      bone volume to total volume ratio, bone surface to bone volume ratio, etc.).
      These bone like models have been further computed for mechanical (elastic
      modulus) and fluid mass transport (permeability) properties. The results show
      that the final properties of the scaffolds can be controlled during their
      microstructure and histomorphometric initial design stage. It is also shown that
      final properties can be tuned during the design stage to exactly match those of
      trabecular natural bone. Moreover, identical total porosity models can be
      designed with quite different specific bone surface area and thus, this specific
      microstructural feature can be used to favour cell adhesion, migration and,
      ultimately, new bone apposition (i.e. osteoconduction). Once the virtual models
      are fully characterized and optimized, these can be easily 3D printed by additive
      manufacturing and/or stereolitography technologies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE:
      The significance of this article goes far beyond the specific objectives on which
      it is focussed. In fact, it shows, in a guided way, the entire novel process that
      can be followed to design graded porous implants, whatever its external shape and
      geometry, but internally tuned to the exact histomorphometric indices needed to
      match natural human tissues microstructures and, consequently, their mechanical
      and fluid properties, among others. The significance is even more relevant
      nowadays thanks to the available new computing and design software that is easily
      linked to the 3D printing new technologies. It is this transversality, at the
      frontier of different disciplines, the main characteristic that gives this
      article a high scientific impact and interest to a broaden audience.

PMID- 27370905
TI  - Functionalized cell nucleus-penetrating peptide combined with doxorubicin for
      synergistic treatment of glioma.
AB  - Clinical application of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) in cancer therapy is
      greatly restricted due to lack of tissue selectivity and tumor-targeting ability.
      CB5005, a rationally designed CPP that targets and inhibits intracellular NF
      kappaB activation, is constituted by a unique membrane-permeable sequence
      (CB5005M) cascading to a NF-kappaB nuclear localization sequence (CB5005N). In
      vitro cellular evaluation confirmed that CB5005 was effectively taken up by brain
      capillary endothelial cell bEnd.3 and glioma cells U87. The intracellular
      localization analysis further demonstrated that CB5005 could not only penetrate
      into the cells but also enter into their nuclei. More interestingly, CB5005
      permeated deeply into the tumor spheroids of U87 cell. In vivo imaging
      illustrated that the fluorescence-labeled CB5005 distributed itself into the
      brain and accumulated at the tumor site after intravenous injection. Given the
      important role of over expressed NF-kappaB in tumor growth and development, we
      further investigated CB5005 for its potential in treatment of glioma. When
      combined administration in vitro with doxorubicin (DOX), CB5005 exhibited a
      synergistic effect in killing U87 cells. In a nude mice xenograft model, CB5005
      inhibited the growth of tumor when applied alone, and displayed a synergistic
      anti-tumor effect with DOX. In conclusion, CB5005 functioned simultaneously as a
      cell penetrating peptide and a tumor growth inhibitor, therefore can work as a
      potential synergist for chemotherapy of human tumor. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE:
      Clinical application of cell-penetrating peptides in cancer therapy is restricted
      due to lack of tissue selectivity and tumor-targeting ability. In this
      manuscript, we reported a rationally designed peptide, named CB5005, which had an
      attractive capability of translocation into the cell nucleus and blocking nuclear
      translocation of endogenous NF-kappaB protein. CB5005 had unique affinity with
      brain and glioma, and could rapidly accumulate in these tissues after intravenous
      injection. Furthermore, CB5005 showed a synergistic effect on inhibiting gliomas
      when administrated with doxorubicin. This is the first literature report on this
      multi-functionalized peptide, which can work as a potential synergist for
      chemotherapy of tumor. This work should be of general interest to scientists in
      the fields of biomaterials, biology, pharmacy, and oncology.

PMID- 27370906
TI  - A newly identified mechanism involved in regulation of human mesenchymal stem
      cells by fibrous substrate stiffness.
AB  - Stiffness of biomaterial substrates plays a critical role in regulation of cell
      behavior. Although the effect of substrate stiffness on cell behavior has been
      extensively studied, molecular mechanisms of regulation rather than those
      involving cytoskeletal activities still remain elusive. In this study, we
      fabricated aligned ultrafine fibers and treated the fiber with different
      annealing temperatures to produce fibrous substrates with different stiffness.
      Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were then cultured on these fibrous
      substrates. Our results showed that annealing treatment did not change the
      diameter of electrospun fibers but increased their polymer crystallinity and
      mechanical properties. The mRNA expression of RUNX2 was upregulated while the
      mRNA expression of scleraxis was downregulated in response to an increase in
      substrate stiffness, suggesting that increased stiffness favorably drives hMSCs
      into the osteogenic lineage. With subsequent induction of osteogenic
      differentiation, osteogenesis of hMSCs on stiffer substrates was increased
      compared to that of the cells on control substrates. Cells on stiffer substrates
      increasingly activated AKT and YAP and upregulated transcript expression of YAP
      target genes compared to those on control substrates, and inhibition of AKT led
      to decreased expression of YAP and RUNX2. Furthermore, macrophage migration
      inhibitory factor (MIF) was increasingly produced by the cell on stiffer
      substrates, and knocking down MIF by siRNA resulted in decreased AKT
      phosphorylation. Taken together, we hereby demonstrate that simply using the
      annealing approach can manipulate stiffness of an aligned fibrous substrate
      without altering the material chemistry, and substrate stiffness dictates hMSC
      differentiation through the MIF-mediated AKT/YAP/RUNX2 pathway. STATEMENT OF
      SIGNIFICANCE: Stiffness of biomaterial substrates plays a critical role in
      regulation of cell behavior. Although the effect of substrate stiffness on cell
      behavior has been extensively studied, molecular mechanisms of regulation rather
      than those involving cytoskeletal activities still remain elusive. In this
      manuscript, we report our new findings that simply using the annealing approach
      can manipulate stiffness of an aligned fibrous substrate without altering the
      material chemistry, and substrate stiffness dictates human mesenchymal stem cell
      (hMSC) differentiation through the macrophage migration inhibitory factor
      mediated AKT/YAP/RUNX2 pathway. The findings are novel and interesting because we
      have identified a new mechanism rather than those involving cytoskeleton
      activity, by which substrate stiffness regulates hMSC behavior.

PMID- 27370907
TI  - Bioactive glass-based materials with hierarchical porosity for medical
      applications: Review of recent advances.
AB  - Bioactive glasses have been traditionally used in the clinical practice to fill
      and restore osseous defects due to their unique ability to bond to host bone and
      stimulate new bone growth. In the last decade, a new set of bioactive glasses
      characterized by a highly ordered mesoporous texture has been developed and
      studied as a smart platform for the controlled release of biomolecules, in situ
      therapy and regenerative applications. This review points out the great potential
      carried by hierarchical bioactive glass scaffolds that exhibit pore scales from
      the meso- to the macro-range, and their impact in the broad field of tissue
      engineering, including the emerging applications in contact with soft tissues and
      diagnostics. Recent advances in the preparation methods of these multiscale
      constructs (e.g. mono- or multi-phase scaffolds, fibrous meshes, coated systems,
      porous nanospheres, and composites) are examined, along with their strengths and
      weaknesses. A bright future is expected for hierarchical systems based on
      biocompatible mesoporous materials as they can provide a unique set of
      functionalities, including enhanced bioactivity, local release of ions and drugs
      to elicit specific therapeutic effects (improved osteogenesis and angiogenesis,
      antibacterial properties), and implant/drug tracking, which were unthinkable when
      research on bioactive glasses began. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The advent of
      mesoporous bioactive glasses led to the birth of a new class of multifunctional
      biomaterials that have been proposed as smart platforms for local drug release
      and bone regeneration. Furthermore, mesoporous materials have been recently
      employed in the development of hierarchical macro-mesoporous scaffolds,
      composites and implantable systems. This reviews summarizes the latest
      applications of these multiscale biomaterials in tissue engineering, including
      the emerging applications in contact with soft tissues and diagnostics. The
      preparation methods, current uses and potential of these constructs and systems
      are examined and critically discussed to provide a useful, up-to-date
      contribution to the scientists working in the field.

PMID- 27370909
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370908
TI  - Scrambler Therapy((r)) MC-5A for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Case Reports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disorder that is often
      challenging to treat and can be associated with a prolonged course of severe
      pain. Therapy of CRPS remains controversial; the pain often can be very difficult
      to control, and treatment includes medications, physical therapy, regional
      anesthesia, and neuromodulation. AIM: We evaluated Scrambler Therapy((r)) (ST) in
      terms of efficacy, safety, and durability of treatment effect in patients
      suffering from CRPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report the response to ST in four
      patients with CRPS referred to the Pain Center of Bambino Gesu Children's
      Hospital. The patients previously did not respond to conventional and
      nonconventional medical treatments. RESULTS: The treatment with ST was found
      effective in all four of our patients; they obtained pain relief for long periods
      and an improvement in their quality of life. We observed a progressive
      improvement with complete disappearance of neuropathic pain. Patients also
      reported a muscle strength increase that allowed them to resume normal daily
      activities. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We conclude that ST may offer a
      therapeutic opportunity for patients with neuropathic pain resulting from CRPS,
      without side effects and with minimal discomfort during treatment. The observed
      pain relief indicates that ST could be an effective option for such patients.

PMID- 27370910
TI  - Acid-base interactions in amorphous solid dispersions of lumefantrine prepared by
      spray-drying and hot-melt extrusion using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
AB  - This study investigates drug-excipient interactions in amorphous solid
      dispersions (ASDs) of the model basic compound lumefantrine (LMN), with five
      acidic polymers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to measure the
      extent of the protonation of the tertiary amine in LMN by the five acidic
      polymers. The extent/efficiency of protonation of the ASDs was assessed a
      function of polymer type, manufacturing process (hot-melt extrusion vs. spray
      drying), and drug loading (DL). The most strongly acidic polymer, polystyrene
      sulfonic acid (PSSA) was found to be the most efficient polymer in protonating
      LMN, independently of manufacturing method and DL. The rank order for the
      protonation extent of LMN by each polymer is roughtly the same for both
      manufacturing processes. However, protonation efficiency of polymers of similar
      acidic strength ranged from ~0% to 75% (HPMCAS and Eudragit L100-55,
      respectively), suggesting an important role of molecular/mixing effects. For some
      polymers, including Eudragit L100 55 and HPMCP, spray-drying resulted in higher
      protonation efficiency compared to hot-melt extrusion. This result is
      attributable to a more favorable encounter between acid and base groups, when
      exposed to each other in solution phase. Increasing DL led to decreased
      protonation efficiency in most cases, particularly for polyacrylic acid, despite
      having the highest content of acidic groups per unit mass. These results indicate
      that the combined effects of acid strength and mixing phenomena regulate the
      efficiency of acid-base interactions in the ASDs.

PMID- 27370911
TI  - Bactericidal effect of graphene oxide/Cu/Ag nanoderivatives against Escherichia
      coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and
      Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AB  - A systematic analysis of antibacterial activity of individual nanoderivatives,
      e.g. GO nanosheets, Ag and Cu nanoparticles (NPs), as well as combinations of Cu
      Ag NPs, and GO-Cu-Ag nanocomposites against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was performed. Chemical properties of the
      GO, Cu and Ag NPs were determined employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and
      X-Ray-excited Auger electron spectroscopy. Morphology of corresponding
      nanoderivatives was studied employing transmission electron microscopy and
      scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that combination of Cu and Ag NPs, as
      well as GO-Cu-Ag nanocomposite material possess enhanced antibacterial activity
      through a possible synergy between multiple toxicity mechanisms. MRSA showed
      highest resistance in all cases. 

PMID- 27370912
TI  - The effect of liver esterases and temperature on remifentanil degradation in
      vitro.
AB  - Remifentanil is a potent opioid metabolized by serum and tissue esterases; it is
      routinely administered to patients with liver failure as anaesthetic and analgo
      sedative without variation in doses, even if prolonged clinical effects and
      respiratory depression have been observed in these patients. The aim of this
      study was to determine remifentanil enzymatic degradation kinetics bearing in
      mind the effect of liver esterases in order to trace a more accurate
      pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. Solution samples were taken over time and
      analysed to measure remifentanil concentration by HPLC. We reproduced the
      physiological settings, varying temperature and pH in vitro and evaluated the
      kinetics of degradation of remifentanil in the presence of Rhizopus Oryzae
      esterases, equine liver esterases and porcine liver esterases. Remifentanil
      kinetics of degradation was accelerated by porcine liver esterases. Remifentanil
      in vitro half-life decreases with increasing temperatures in the presence of
      porcine liver esterases. A drug model simulation considering the effect of
      temperature in the presence of liver esterases was developed. Remifentanil in
      vitro half-life decreases with increasing temperatures when porcine liver
      esterases are present. In this paper we propose a model for describing
      remifentanil degradation kinetics at various temperatures. 

PMID- 27370913
TI  - Single-Dose Oritavancin Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure
      Infections: SOLO Trial Efficacy by Eron Severity and Management Setting.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Introduction of new antibiotics enabling single-dose
      administration, such as oritavancin may significantly impact site of care
      decisions for patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections
      (ABSSSI). This analysis compared the efficacy of single-dose oritavancin with
      multiple-dose vancomycin in patients categorized according to disease severity
      via modified Eron classification and management setting. METHODS: SOLO I and II
      were phase 3 studies evaluating single-dose oritavancin versus 7-10 days of
      vancomycin for treatment of ABSSSI. Patient characteristics were collected at
      baseline and retrospectively analyzed. Study protocols were amended, allowing
      outpatient management at the discretion of investigators. In this post hoc
      analysis, patients were categorized according to a modified Eron severity
      classification and management setting (outpatient vs. inpatient) and the efficacy
      compared. RESULTS: Overall, 1910 patients in the SOLO trials were categorized
      into Class I (520, 26.5%), II (790, 40.3%), and III (600, 30.6%). Of the 767
      patients (40%) in the SOLO trials who were managed entirely in the outpatient
      setting 40.3% were categorized as Class II and 30.6% were Class III. Clinical
      efficacy was similar between oritavancin and vancomycin treatment groups,
      regardless of severity classification and across inpatient and outpatient
      settings. Class III patients had lower response rates (oritavancin 73.3%,
      vancomycin 76.6%) at early clinical evaluation when compared to patients in Class
      I (82.6%) or II (86.1%); however, clinical cure rates at the post-therapy
      evaluation were similar for Class III patients (oritavancin 79.8%, vancomycin
      79.9%) when compared to Class I and II patients (79.1-85.7%). CONCLUSION: Single
      dose oritavancin therapy results in efficacy comparable to multiple-dose
      vancomycin in patients categorized according to modified Eron disease severity
      classification regardless of whether management occurred in the inpatient or
      outpatient setting. FUNDING: The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ, USA. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers, NCT01252719 (SOLO I) and
      NCT01252732 (SOLO II).

PMID- 27370915
TI  - Medicine and democracy: The importance of institutional quality in the
      relationship between health expenditure and health outcomes in the MENA region.
AB  - Evidence suggests that the effect of health expenditure on health outcomes is
      highly context-specific and may be driven by other factors. We construct a panel
      dataset of 18 countries from the Middle East and North Africa region for the
      period 1995-2012. Panel data models are used to estimate the macro-level
      determinants of health outcomes. The core finding of the paper is that increasing
      health expenditure leads to health outcomes improvements only to the extent that
      the quality of institutions within a country is sufficiently high. The
      sensitivity of the results is assessed using various measures of health outcomes
      as well as institutional variables. Overall, it appears that increasing health
      care expenditure in the MENA region is a necessary but not sufficient condition
      for health outcomes improvements. 

PMID- 27370916
TI  - Health sector employment growth calls for improvements in labor productivity.
AB  - While rising costs of healthcare have put increased fiscal pressure on public
      finance, job growth in the health sector has had a stabilizing force on overall
      employment levels - not least in times of economic crises. In 2014 EU-15
      countries employed 21 million people in the health and social care sector.
      Between 2000 and 2014 the share of employed persons in this sector rose from 9.5%
      to 12.5% of the total labor force in EU-15 countries. Over time labor input
      growth has shifted towards residential care activities and social work while
      labor in human health activities including hospitals and ambulatory care still
      comprises the major share. About half of the human health labor force works in
      hospital. Variation of health and social care employment is large even in
      countries with generally comparable institutional structures. While standard
      measures of productivity in health and social care are not yet comparable across
      countries, we argue that labor productivity of a growing health work force needs
      more attention. The long-term stability of the health system will require care
      delivery models that better utilize a growing health work force in concert with
      smart investments in digital infrastructure to support this transition. In light
      of this, more research is needed to explain variations in health and social care
      labor endowments, to identify effective policy measures of labor productivity
      enhancement including enhanced efforts to develop comparable productivity
      indicators in these areas. 

PMID- 27370914
TI  - Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Community-Associated Clostridium difficile
      Infection: A Narrative Review.
AB  - Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was once considered a primarily nosocomial
      concern. Emerging evidence from the last 20 years has highlighted a drastic shift
      in the known epidemiology of CDI, with disease outside of hospitals apparently
      occurring more frequently and causing severe disease in populations that were
      thought to be at low risk. This narrative review summarises potential pathways
      for infection outside of the hospital environment and highlights likely routes of
      transmission. Further, evidence is presented on potential risk factors for
      development of disease. Understanding the epidemiology of CDI outside of
      hospitals is essential to the ability to prevent and control disease in
      vulnerable populations. 

PMID- 27370917
TI  - Oncological Patient Anxiety in Imaging Studies: the PET/CT Example.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the subjective perception of anxiety
      pre- and post-procedure, and explore the relationship between demographic,
      clinical variables and cancer patients' anxiety during a positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan. Two hundred and thirty-two
      oncological out patients, with clinical indication for performing an 18F-2-fluoro
      2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT scan and attending a nuclear medicine (NM)
      department, participated in the study. Patients' anxiety and subjective
      experience of PET/CT were examined using two self-report questionnaires. The pre
      procedure questionnaire focused on demographic information, level of knowledge
      regarding the scan and subjective perception of anxiety before the procedure. The
      post-procedure questionnaire included the subjective perception anxiety after the
      procedure, information adequacy and satisfaction with the NM department. The self
      reported data indicate that patients were anxious during PET/CT. Furthermore, our
      data revealed a significant difference between the anxiety pre-procedure and post
      procedure (z = -3909, p < 0.05), in which the anxiety pre-procedure has
      significantly higher values. No significant correlation was found between anxiety
      and age of the patients, education levels, adequacy of information or
      satisfaction with the NM Department. Perception of anxiety post-procedure differs
      between gender (U = 5641, p = 0.033). In conclusion, PET/CT generated anxiety
      levels in oncological patients, especially before the procedure. Although
      patients seemed to be satisfied with information delivered by staff and with the
      NM Department, attention has to be focused on effective interventions strategies
      that help patients to reduce anxiety.

PMID- 27370919
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370920
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370918
TI  - A review of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage at a tertiary referral
      centre.
AB  - AIM: To review percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD) procedures performed in
      Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland, over a 6-year period, to determine the 30-day
      morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 119 patients
      undergoing 193 PBD procedures were identified over a 6 year period. Of the
      patients, 6.7% (eight patients) had stone disease, 63% (75 patients) had a
      malignancy, and the remainder were diagnosed with other conditions. Standard
      techniques of PBD and biliary stent insertion were applied, with 73 patients
      (61%) having same-day procedures and all undergoing gelfoam embolisation of
      percutaneous tracts. All patients received intravenous prophylactic antibiotics
      and intravenous hydration prior to PBD. RESULTS: The technical success rate was
      97%, with a mean drop of 105 mmol/l between pre- and post-procedure bilirubin.
      Thirty-day mortality was 10.9% (13 deaths), with major and minor morbidities of
      5% (six patients) and 7.6% (nine patients), respectively. Major complications
      included sepsis in two patients, major haemorrhage in two patients, and renal
      failure in two patients. Minor complications included infection in seven
      patients, bile leak causing self-limiting pain in one patient, and minor
      haemorrhage in one patient. CONCLUSION: The study confirms that PBD and stent
      insertion is a safe and effective technique in Beaumont Hospital, associated with
      an overall acceptable morbidity and mortality comparable with other studies.

PMID- 27370921
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370922
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370923
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370924
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370925
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370926
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370927
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370928
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370929
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370930
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370932
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370931
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370933
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370934
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370935
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370936
TI  - Expression of 14-3-3 transcript isoforms in response to ethanol exposure and
      their regulation by miRNAs.
AB  - The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of highly conserved molecular chaperones
      involved in the regulation of a number of key cellular functions including
      metabolism, stress response, protein trafficking, cell-cycle control, signal
      transduction, transcription, apoptosis and neurotransmission. 14-3-3 proteins
      have also been implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders
      including Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. Recent studies have also shown
      that 14-3-3s are differentially expressed in the frontal cortex of human
      alcoholics suggesting a potential role in the pathophysiology of alcohol use
      disorders. Here we measured the expression of 14-3-3 transcripts in HEK293T cells
      in response to chronic ethanol treatment. Five of the seven transcripts (14-3
      3beta, 14-3-3gamma, 14-3-3zeta, 14-3-3epsilon and 14-3-3theta) were significantly
      down-regulated following chronic exposure to ethanol for a five day period with
      these changes persisting even after withdrawal from ethanol treatment. One
      transcript, 14-3-3sigma, was significantly up-regulated following chronic ethanol
      exposure and 14-3-3eta showed no differences in expression in the same treatment
      model. The pattern of expression changes is similar to those seen in the frontal
      cortex of human alcoholics. To investigate the role of miRNAs in mediating the
      expression changes we measured the expression of the 14-3-3 transcripts following
      transfection with miR-203, miR-144 and miR-7 mimics. Although these miRNAs had
      predicted target sites in the 3'untranslated region of each 14-3-3 isoform, only
      miR-203 resulted in a down-regulation of 14-3-3theta transcript. In addition, the
      expression of 14-3-3gamma was upregulated following transfection with miR-7 and
      miR-144 mimics. MiRNA regulation of these isoforms following alcohol exposure may
      lead to alterations in neurotransmission, the balance between cell survival and
      cell death, as well as changing the rewarding effects of alcohol.

PMID- 27370937
TI  - An electrophysiological study on the effects of BDNF and FGF2 on voltage
      dependent Ca(2+) currents in developing human striatal primordium.
AB  - Over the past decades, studies in both Huntington's disease animal models and
      pilot clinical trials have demonstrated that replacement of degenerated striatum
      and repair of circuitries by grafting fetal striatal primordium is feasible, safe
      and may counteract disease progression. However, a better comprehension of
      striatal ontogenesis is required to assess the fetal graft regenerative
      potential. During neuronal development, neurotrophins exert pleiotropic actions
      in regulating cell fate and synaptic plasticity. In this regard, brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are crucially
      implicated in the control of fate choice of striatal progenitor cells. In this
      study, we intended to refine the functional features of human striatal precursor
      (HSP) cells isolated from ganglionic eminence of 9-12week old human fetuses, by
      studying with electrophysiological methods the effect of BDNF and FGF2 on the
      membrane biophysical properties and the voltage-dependent Ca(2+) currents. These
      features are particularly relevant to evaluate neuronal cell functioning and can
      be considered reliable markers of the developmental phenotype of human striatal
      primordium. Our results have demonstrated that BDNF and FGF2 induced membrane
      hyperpolarization, increased the membrane capacitance and reduced the resting
      total and specific conductance values, suggesting a more efficient control of
      resting ionic fluxes. Moreover, the treatment with both neurotrophins enhanced N
      type Ca(2+) current amplitude and reduced L- and T-type ones. Overall, our data
      indicate that BDNF and FGF2 may help HSP cells to attain a more functionally
      mature phenotype.

PMID- 27370938
TI  - Neurochemical correlation between major depressive disorder and neurodegenerative
      diseases.
AB  - Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening
      forms of mental illnesses affecting elderly people and has been associated with
      poor cognitive function. Recent evidence suggests a strong relationship between
      MDD and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD),
      Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral
      Sclerosis (ALS), as well as natural processes of aging. Changes in the
      neuroplasticity, morphology, and neurotransmission in the brain are seem to be
      associated to both, MDD and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, there is
      evidence that psychological stress and MDD are associated with molecular and
      cellular signs of accelerated aging. This review will highlight the relationship
      between MDD, the aging process, and neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the
      neurochemical processes involved. 

PMID- 27370939
TI  - Electroacupuncture analgesia with different frequencies is mediated via different
      opioid pathways in acute visceral hyperalgesia rats.
AB  - AIMS: To investigate the efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) alleviation of acute
      visceral hyperalgesia, the frequency dependence of this efficacy, and the
      difference in endogenous opioid pathways as underlying mechanism explaining the
      frequency dependence. MAIN METHODS: A visceral hyperalgesia model was established
      by colorectal instillation of 2% acetic acid (AA) in adult rats. EA treatment at
      2Hz, 100Hz, 2/100Hz and sham EA were performed at two bilateral acupoints, ST-36
      and ST-37, in the hind-limbs. Naloxone (NLX, 2mg/kg) was administered
      intraperitoneally 5min before the application of EA. The visceral sensation was
      quantified by scores of abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) and values of rectus
      abdominis electromyograms (EMGs) in response to colorectal distension (CRD). KEY
      FINDINGS: Acute visceral hyperalgesia was produced by instillation of AA. The
      hyperalgesia reached the peak at 2h, and maintained steadily for >6h. EA
      treatment at 2Hz, 100Hz and 2/100Hz attenuated the acute hyperalgesia, and the
      attenuation lasted for 2.5h, 2h and 3h, respectively. Sham EA produced no such
      effect. The analgesic potencies of EA treatment at 2Hz, 100Hz and 2/100Hz were
      completely blocked, almost not affected, and partially blocked by NLX. In the
      latter two frequencies, the analgesic durations were shortened to 1.5h and 2h,
      respectively. SIGNIFICANCE: EA can alleviate acute visceral hyperalgesia.
      Effective EA analgesia at different frequencies are potentially mediated via
      different endogenous opioid pathways.

PMID- 27370940
TI  - The role of the Wnt canonical signaling in neurodegenerative diseases.
AB  - The Wnt/beta-catenin or Wnt canonical pathway controls multiple biological
      processes throughout development and adult life. Growing evidences have suggested
      that deregulation of the Wnt canonical pathway could be involved in the
      pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The Wnt canonical signaling is a
      pathway tightly regulated, which activation results in the inhibition of the
      Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) function and in increased beta-catenin
      activity, that migrates into the nucleus, activating the transcription of the Wnt
      target genes. Conversely, when the Wnt canonical pathway is turned off, increased
      levels of GSK-3beta promote beta-catenin degradation. Hence, GSK-3beta could be
      considered as a key regulator of the Wnt canonical pathway. Of note, GSK-3beta
      has also been involved in the modulation of inflammation and apoptosis,
      determining the delicate balance between immune tolerance/inflammation and
      neuronal survival/neurodegeneration. In this review, we have summarized the
      current acknowledgements about the role of the Wnt canonical pathway in the
      pathogenesis of some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease,
      cerebral ischemia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis
      and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with particular regard to the main in vitro
      and in vivo studies in this field, by reviewing 85 research articles about. 

PMID- 27370942
TI  - An approach for the development of emergency response levels for halogenated
      hydrocarbons.
AB  - Emergency exposure guidance levels have been developed for many halogenated
      hydrocarbons. These can be employed in the event of accidental releases or
      terrorist actions. However, for a chemical release involving a substance without
      existing guidance levels, there is a need to be able to develop one rapidly. Two
      data sources are available, the Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGL) and
      Emergency Response Guideline Levels (ERPG). The subset of halogenated
      hydrocarbons and related substances included in these data sources represent 30
      chemicals and 41 risk assessments. The ratios for serious toxicity/annoyance
      level and for potential lethality/serious toxicity were calculated. On reviewing
      the results, the geometric means provided the best basis for extrapolation. When
      the geometric means of the ratios of ERPG-3/ERPG-2 and AEGL-3/AEGL-2 were
      calculated their combined mean was 4.40. The geometric standard deviation for the
      combined data set was 2.00 suggesting the data were homogeneous. Likewise,
      calculation of the geometric means for ERPG-2/1 and AEGL-2/1 the combined ratio
      was 3.93. The geometric standard deviation for the combined set was 1.46, again
      suggesting homogeneity of the data. The review described in this paper confirmed
      that the time default "n" values of 3 and 1 (ten Berge et al., 1986) are
      appropriate for extrapolation to shorter and longer exposure times, respectively.

PMID- 27370941
TI  - Reduced anaesthetic requirements and postoperative analgesics in patients
      undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: premedication with intravenous
      paracetamol versus ketorolac, a double blind and randomised clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of premedication with intravenous paracetamol
      versus ketorolac, in decreasing intraoperative anaesthetic and postoperative
      opioid analgesics requirements in patients undergoing laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy. METHOD: An experimental, prospective, comparative, double blind,
      and randomised clinical trial was conducted to determine intraoperative opioid
      requirements, and pain and analgesic requirements in the postoperative period in
      100 healthy patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. They were
      randomised into 2 groups: Group 1: pre-medicated with paracetamol 1g, and Group
      2: with ketorolac 30mg (both administered intravenously 30minutes prior to
      surgery). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between
      groups as regards intraoperative remifentanil use (Group 1: 0.0739+/
      0.016MUg/kg/min, Group 2: 0.0741+/-0.018MUg/kg/min). The number of patients in
      Group 2 that had values of VAS>4 points (22.4%) was lower than in Group 1
      (28.6%), but with no statistically significant difference. Of the patients who
      needed postoperative opioid rescue, most required a single rescue and application
      of analgesics during hospitalisation, that prevailed between 3 and 12hours,
      without any significant differences between groups. No adverse effects were
      observed in the study sample. CONCLUSION: Paracetamol 1g IV given preoperatively
      decreased anaesthetic requirements and the need for postoperative analgesics
      similar to the preoperative administration of ketorolac 30mg IV.

PMID- 27370943
TI  - The Relationship Between Television Sports Exposure and Rape Myth Acceptance: The
      Mediating Role of Sexism and Sexual Objectification of Women.
AB  - Rape affects a large proportion of women in the United States but is one of the
      most underreported crimes. It is believed that rape myth acceptance contributes
      to low reporting rates. We tested whether television sports exposure was
      indirectly related to higher acceptance of rape myth beliefs. An online survey
      involving 465 undergraduate students showed that viewing TV sports was positively
      related to hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, and sexual objectification of
      women. Through these variables, TV sports was indirectly and positively
      associated with rape myth acceptance. These results suggest that sports
      programming contributes to the perpetuation of rape myths in society.

PMID- 27370944
TI  - Variability, frequency composition, and temporal regularity of submaximal
      isometric elbow flexion force in subacute stroke.
AB  - We compared variability, frequency composition, and temporal regularity of
      submaximal isometric elbow flexion force at 10, 20, 35, and 50 % of peak torque
      between 34 stroke subjects (5-48 days post-onset, both arms) and 24 age-matched
      controls (dominant arm), and related the findings in the paretic arm to motor
      impairment. Force variability was quantified by the coefficient of variation
      (CV), frequency composition by the median frequency and relative power in 0-3-, 4
      6-, and 8-12-Hz bands, and regularity by the sample entropy (SampEn). The paretic
      elbow flexors showed significantly increased CV and relative power in 0-3-Hz
      band, decreased power in 4-6- and 8-12-Hz bands, and decreased SampEn compared to
      both the non-paretic and control elbow flexors (P <= 0.0002), with no differences
      between the latter two (P >= 0.012). With increasing contraction intensity, the
      relative power in different frequency bands was insufficiently modulated and
      SampEn excessively decreased in the paretic elbow flexors. Also, CV in the
      paretic elbow flexors was non-linearly related to the relative power in different
      frequency bands and SampEn across contraction intensities (rectangular hyperbolic
      fit, 0.21 <= R 2 <= 0.55, P <= 0.006), whereas no force parameter correlated with
      arm motor impairment. These results largely extend our previous findings in the
      paretic knee extensors to the elbow flexors in subacute stroke, except that here
      force variability was increased only in the paretic elbow flexors and modulation
      of force regularity with increasing contraction intensity showed the opposite,
      decreasing pattern, which was considerably exaggerated in the paretic muscles.

PMID- 27370945
TI  - Low back and neck and shoulder pain in members and non-members of adolescents'
      sports clubs: the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of self
      reported low back pain (LBP) and neck and shoulder pain (NSP), and the related
      factors in members and non-members of adolescents' sports clubs. METHODS: This
      cross-sectional study was based on surveys of 14-16-year-olds as a part of the
      Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) Study. The surveys on self-reported
      health behaviours, injuries, and musculoskeletal health were conducted among
      sports club members (n = 962) and non-members (n = 675). Binary logistic
      regression analysis was applied to study the associations between dependent
      variables of LBP and NSP, and the independent factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      LBP during the preceding 3 months was 35.0 % in girls and 24.5 % in boys (p <
      0.05 for sex difference). The prevalence of NSP was 55.9 % in girls and 27.3 % in
      boys (p < 0.001 for sex difference). Being a sports club member increased the
      odds for LBP in boys (odds ratio [OR] 2.35, 95 % CI 1.48-3.72). On the other
      hand, sports club participation was associated with lower odds of frequent NSP in
      girls (OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.33-0.82). No associations were found between other
      leisure-time physical activity and LBP or NSP. Higher screen time (computer
      games, TV/DVD, phone, Internet) during leisure-time increased the odds of NSP in
      boys and LBP in boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, self-reported LBP and
      NSP were already relatively common among adolescents. Girls have a higher risk
      for reporting LBP and NSP. Measures that are more effective in the prevention of
      LBP in male sports club members are needed. Excessive screen time is weakly
      associated with LBP and NSP, which should be taken into account in health
      promotion among adolescents.

PMID- 27370947
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370948
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370946
TI  - Flow diverter effect of LVIS stent on cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics: a
      comparison with Enterprise stents and the Pipeline device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of the new Low
      profile Visualized Intraluminal Support (LVIS(r)D) device and the difference of
      fluid diverting effect compared with the Pipeline device and the Enterprise stent
      using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). METHODS: In this research, we simulated
      three aneurysms constructed from 3D digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The
      Enterprise, LVIS and the Pipeline device were virtually conformed to fit into the
      vessel lumen and placed across the aneurysm orifice. Computational fluid dynamics
      analysis was performed to compare the hemodynamic differences such as WSS,
      Velocity and Pressure among these stents. RESULTS: Control referred to the
      unstented model, the percentage of hemodynamic changes were all compared to
      Control. A single LVIS stent caused more wall shear stress reduction than double
      Enterprise stents (39.96 vs. 30.51 %) and velocity (23.13 vs. 18.64 %).
      Significant reduction in wall shear stress (63.88 %) and velocity (46.05 %) was
      observed in the double-LVIS stents. A single Pipeline showed less reduction in
      WSS (51.08 %) and velocity (37.87 %) compared with double-LVIS stent. The double
      Pipeline stents resulted in the most reduction in WSS (72.37 %) and velocity
      (54.26 %). Moreover, the pressure increased with minuscule extent after stenting,
      compared with the unstented model. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study analyzing
      flow modifications associated with LVIS stents. We found that the LVIS stent has
      certain hemodynamic effects on cerebral aneurysms: a single LVIS stent caused
      more flow reductions than the double-Enterprise stent but less than a Pipeline
      device. Nevertheless, the double-LVIS stent resulted in a better flow diverting
      effect than a Pipeline device.

PMID- 27370949
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370952
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370951
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370950
TI  - It's immoral, but I'd do it! Psychopathy traits affect decision-making in
      sacrificial dilemmas and in everyday moral situations.
AB  - This research investigated whether emotional hyporeactivity affects moral
      judgements and choices of action in sacrificial moral dilemmas and in everyday
      moral conflict situations in which harm to other's welfare is differentially
      involved. Twenty-six participants with high trait psychopathy (HP) and 25 with
      low trait psychopathy (LP) were selected based on the primary psychopathy scale
      of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. HP participants were more likely
      to sacrifice one person to save others in sacrificial dilemmas and to pursue a
      personal advantage in everyday moral situations entailing harm to another's good.
      While deciding in these situations, HP participants experienced lower
      unpleasantness as compared to LP participants. Conversely, no group differences
      emerged in choice of action and unpleasantness ratings for everyday moral
      situations that did not entail harm to others. Importantly, moral judgements did
      not differ in the two groups. These results suggest that high psychopathy trait
      affects choices of action in sacrificial dilemmas because of reduced emotional
      reactivity to harmful acts. The dissociation between choice of action and moral
      judgement suggests that the former is more closely related to emotional
      experience. Also, emotion seems to play a critical role in discriminating harmful
      from harmless acts and in driving decisions accordingly.

PMID- 27370953
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370954
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370955
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370956
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370957
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370958
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370959
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370961
TI  - Mechanism of vasorelaxation induced by eupatorin in the rats aortic ring.
AB  - Previous studies demonstrated that eupatorin content in Orthosiphon stamineus
      fractions correlated with their vasorelaxation activity. Even with previous
      studies, there is still very little information on the vasorelaxation effect of
      eupatorin, and not many scientific studies had been carried out. Therefore, the
      present study was designed to investigate the vasorelaxation activity and
      mechanism of action of eupatorin. The vasorelaxation activity and the underlying
      mechanisms of eupatorin was evaluated on thoracic aortic rings isolated from
      Sprague Dawley rats. Eupatorin caused the relaxation of aortic rings pre
      contracted with phenylephrine with and without endothelium (pD2=6.66+/-0.13,
      EMAX=99.72+/-6.39%; pD2=6.10+/-0.22, EMAX=65.78+/-8.01%), and also the relaxation
      of endothelium-intact aortic rings pre-contracted with potassium chloride
      (pD2=6.20+/-0.30, EMAX=71.89+/-12.25%). In the presence of Nomega-nitro-l
      arginine methyl ester (pD2<4.60, EMAX=24.91+/-6.39%), methylene blue (pD2=6.05+/
      0.38, EMAX=66.79+/-9.69%), ODQ (pD25.84+/-0.32, EMAX=60.47+/-9.6%), indomethacin
      (pD2=6.27+/-0.21, EMAX=76.03+/-9.45%), tetraethylammonium (pD2=6.09+/-0.35,
      EMAX=69.35+/-11.31%), 4-aminopyridine (pD2=6.34+/-0.12, EMAX=76+/-6.1%), barium
      chloride (pD2=6.47+/-0.14, EMAX=79.61+/-10.02%), atropine (pD2=6.36+/-0.29,
      EMAX=86.47+/-12.95%) and propranolol (pD2=6.49+/-0.26, EMAX=83.2+/-12.01%),
      relaxation stimulated by eupatorin was significantly reduced. Eupatorin was also
      found to be active in reducing Ca(2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum and in
      blocking calcium channels. The present study demonstrates the vasorelaxation
      effect of eupatorin involving NO/sGC/cGMP and indomethacin pathways, calcium and
      potassium channels, and muscarinic and beta-adrenergic receptors. 

PMID- 27370960
TI  - Steroid receptor coactivator-3 is a pivotal target of gambogic acid in B-cell Non
      Hodgkin lymphoma and an inducer of histone H3 deacetylation.
AB  - Gambogic acid (GA), the active ingredient from gamboges, has been verified as a
      potent anti-tumor agent in many cancer cells. Nevertheless, its function in
      lymphoma, especially in B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), remains unclear.
      Amplification and/or overexpression of steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3)
      have been detected in multiple tumors and have confirmed its critical roles in
      carcinogenesis, progression, metastasis and therapy resistance in these cancers.
      However, no clinical data have revealed the overexpression of SRC-3 and its role
      in B-cell NHL. In this study, we demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of GA, which
      included cell growth inhibition, G1/S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in B
      cell NHL. We also verified that SRC-3 was overexpressed in B-cell NHL in both
      cell lines and lymph node samples from patients. The overexpressed SRC-3 was a
      central drug target of GA, and its down-regulation subsequently modulated down
      stream gene expression, ultimately contributing to apoptosis. Silencing SRC-3
      decreased the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-6 and cyclin D3, but not of NF-kappaB and
      IkappaB-alpha. GA treatment did not inhibit the activation of AKT signaling
      pathway, but induced the deacetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 and lysine 27.
      Down-regulated SRC-3 was observed to interact with more HDAC1 to mediate the
      deacetylation of H3. As the component of E3 ligase, Cullin3 was up-regulated and
      mediated the degradation of SRC-3. Our results demonstrate that GA is a potent
      anti-tumor agent that can be used for therapy against B-cell NHL, especially
      against those with an abundance of SRC-3. 

PMID- 27370962
TI  - Molecular mechanisms of cryptorchidism development: update of the database,
      disease comorbidity, and initiative for standardization of reporting in
      scientific literature.
AB  - Cryptorchidism is a frequent urogenital abnormality that may be present at birth
      (congenital form) or develop later in life (acquired form). It represents 2-4%
      full-term male births. It has a potential effect on health; defects in testes
      descent usually cause impaired spermatogenesis resulting in reduced fertility and
      increased rates of testicular neoplasia, and testicular torsion. In our previous
      study, we developed a cryptorchidism gene database which consists of 217 genomic
      variations associated with development of cryptorchidism in seven mammalian
      species. The number of studies and study approaches in this field are increasing;
      therefore, update of the database was needed. The search of multi-omics data was
      performed and the updated database includes 280 genomic variations associated
      with cryptorchidism in seven species. The catalog has been complemented with
      additional data including: number of participants (patients/controls),
      race/ethnicity, clinical data (age period at diagnosis), congenital/acquired
      cryptorchidism, unilateral (left/right)/bilateral cryptorchidism, disease
      comorbidity, and disease ontology. Collected data revealed that cryptorchidism
      has been reported to be co-present with 150 comorbid conditions, including
      several syndromes, reproductive, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic, dermatologic,
      mental, and bone disorders, deafness, and cancer. However, updating the database
      is time-consuming because of the heterogeneity of results and methodology in
      scientific literature. The field lacks a standardized format for reporting
      associations between genotype and phenotype which would enable faster development
      of the database, data integration, sharing, and facilitate biomarker development.
      Therefore, in this study, we updated a database of cryptorchidism genes and
      suggested a first step toward standardization of the format for reporting results
      of original as well as review studies which we suggest implementing into the
      scientific literature that reports genotype-cryptorchidism associations.

PMID- 27370964
TI  - Granulomatosis with polyangiitis mimicking infective endocarditis in an
      adolescent male.
AB  - Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare but serious small vessel
      vasculitis with heterogeneous clinical presentation ranging from mainly localised
      disease with a chronic course, to a florid, acute small vessel vasculitic form
      characterised by severe pulmonary haemorrhage and/or rapidly progressive
      vasculitis or other severe systemic vasculitic manifestations. Cardiac
      involvement is, however, uncommon in the paediatric population. We report a case
      of a 16-year-old male who presented with peripheral gangrene and vegetation with
      unusual location on the supporting apparatus of the tricuspid valve, initially
      considered to have infective endocarditis but ultimately diagnosed with GPA. We
      provide an overview of the limited literature relating to cardiac involvement in
      GPA, and the diagnostic challenge relating to infective endocarditis in this
      context, especially focusing on the interpretation of the antineutrophil
      cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and the characteristic clinical features to identify
      in order to promptly recognise GPA, since timely diagnosis and treatment are
      essential for this potentially life-threatening condition. 

PMID- 27370965
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370966
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370963
TI  - Proinflammatory proteins in female and male patients with primary
      antiphospholipid syndrome: preliminary data.
AB  - The latest classification criteria for the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid
      syndrome (APS, an autoimmune disease characterized by thromboses, miscarriages
      and presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (Abs)) emphasized that thrombotic
      manifestations of APS should be without any signs of an inflammatory process.
      However, atherosclerosis (a chronic inflammatory response to the accumulation of
      lipoproteins in the walls of arteries) and APS are characterized by some similar
      features. We evaluated whether proinflammatory proteins were associated with the
      features of the primary APS (PAPS). PAPS patients without obstetric complications
      and with impaired lipid profile were included in the study. Antiphospholipid
      antibodies, TNF-alpha, and apo(a) were determined by ELISA. Complement components
      and hsCRP were measured by immunonephelometry. Decreased C3c was observed in
      female patients with increased titers of IgG anti-beta2gpI (chi(2) = 3.939, P =
      0.047) and in male patients with increased IgM anticardiolipin Abs (chi(2) =
      4.286, P = 0.038). Pulmonary emboli were associated with interleukin (IL)-6 in
      male (chi(2) = 6.519, P = 0.011) and in female (chi(2) = 10.405, P = 0.001)
      patients. Cerebrovascular insults were associated with LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.05,
      95 % CI: 1.003 - 12.739) in female and with apo(a) (P = 0.016, 95 % CI: 0.000
      0.003) in male patients. Older female patients had increased LDL-cholesterol
      levels and frequency of myocardial infarctions. Proinflammatory proteins were
      associated with features of primary APS. No real gender differences in regard to
      proinflammatory protein levels were observed. Premenopausal state of female PAPS
      patients confers lower cardiovascular risk. 

PMID- 27370967
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370969
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370968
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370970
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370971
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370972
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370973
TI  - An oral chitosan DNA vaccine against nodavirus improves transcription of cell
      mediated cytotoxicity and interferon genes in the European sea bass juveniles gut
      and survival upon infection.
AB  - Vaccines for fish need to be improved for the aquaculture sector, with DNA
      vaccines and the oral administration route providing the most promising
      improvements. In this study, we have created an oral chitosan-encapsulated DNA
      vaccine (CP-pNNV) for the nodavirus (NNV) in order to protect the very
      susceptible European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Our data show that the oral
      CP-pNNV vaccine failed to induce serum circulating or neutralizing specific
      antibodies (immunoglobulin M) or to up-regulate their gene expression in the
      posterior gut. However, the vaccine up-regulated the expression of genes related
      to the cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC; tcrb and cd8a) and the interferon pathway
      (IFN; ifn, mx and ifng). In addition, 3 months after vaccination, challenged fish
      showed a retarded onset of fish death and lower cumulative mortality with a
      relative survival of 45%. Thus, we created a chitosan-encapsulated DNA vaccine
      against NNV that is partly protective to European sea bass juveniles and up
      regulates the transcription of genes related to CMC and IFN. However, further
      studies are needed to improve the anti-NNV vaccine and to understand its
      mechanisms.

PMID- 27370974
TI  - Identification and functional analysis of the toll-like receptor 20.2 gene in
      grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella.
AB  - We characterized and identified the cDNA sequence of Toll-like receptor 20.2 in
      Ctenopharyngodon idella (gctlr20.2); it consisted of 3197 bp, with an open
      reading frame of 2835 bp that encoded a 944 amino acid polypeptide. Relatively,
      high expression levels of gctlr20.2 were observed in the spleen, head kidney,
      liver and brain tissues, with lower expression levels in the trunk kidney,
      intestine and heart tissues. In vivo and in vitro, after being challenged with
      Aeromonas hydrophila or grass carp reovirus (GCRV), gctlr20.2 expression was
      induced in C. idella kidney cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, flagellin
      or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Overexpression of gctlr20.2 increased the
      expression of il1beta, il8 and tnf-alpha, but not ifn, and also increased the
      activity of the nf-kappaB signal pathway. Silencing, via siRNA-tlr20.2, inhibited
      gctlr20.2 transcription by 65.7% and down-regulated the expression of
      inflammatory cytokine genes, but not tnf-alpha. This study increases
      understanding of the immune system in C. idella.

PMID- 27370976
TI  - M-Health for Improving Screening Accuracy of Acute Malnutrition in a Community
      Based Management of Acute Malnutrition Program in Mumbai Informal Settlements.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute malnutrition is linked to child mortality and morbidity.
      Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) programs can be
      instrumental in large-scale detection and treatment of undernutrition. The World
      Health Organization (WHO) 2006 weight-for-height/length tables are diagnostic
      tools available to screen for acute malnutrition. Frontline workers (FWs) in a
      CMAM program in Dharavi, Mumbai, were using CommCare, a mobile application, for
      monitoring and case management of children in combination with the paper-based
      WHO simplified tables. A strategy was undertaken to digitize the WHO tables into
      the CommCare application. OBJECTIVE: To measure differences in diagnostic
      accuracy in community-based screening for acute malnutrition, by FWs, using a
      mobile-based solution. METHODS: Twenty-seven FWs initially used the paper-based
      tables and then switched to an updated mobile application that included a
      nutritional grade calculator. Human error rates specifically associated with
      grade classification were calculated by comparison of the grade assigned by the
      FW to the grade each child should have received based on the same WHO tables.
      Cohen kappa coefficient, sensitivity and specificity rates were also calculated
      and compared for paper-based grade assignments and calculator grade assignments.
      RESULTS: Comparing FWs (N = 14) who completed at least 40 screenings without and
      40 with the calculator, the error rates were 5.5% and 0.7%, respectively (p <
      .0001). Interrater reliability (kappa) increased to an almost perfect level
      (>.90), from .79 to .97, after switching to the mobile calculator. Sensitivity
      and specificity also improved significantly. CONCLUSION: The mobile calculator
      significantly reduces an important component of human error in using the WHO
      tables to assess acute malnutrition at the community level.

PMID- 27370975
TI  - Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase: First evidence of expression in rainbow trout
      (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
AB  - The role of enzymes as active antimicrobial agents of the innate immunity in
      teleost fish is proposed in diverse works. Secretion of Indoleamine 2,3
      dioxygenase (IDO) has been described in higher vertebrates; it degrades l
      tryptophan in extracellular environments associated mainly with mucosal organs.
      The effect of IDO on decreasing amino acid concentration may inhibit the growth
      of potential pathogens. In fish the study of this molecule is still. Here we
      report the identification of an Onchorhyncus mykiss IDO homologue (OmIDO). IDO
      was cloned, sequenced, and the primary structure shows conservation of key
      functional sites. The constitutive expression is altered when the fish is
      challenged with LPS as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs). Up
      regulation of IDO was shown preferentially in the fish's mucosal cells. In order
      to obtain evidence of a possible regulation mechanism, an in vitro cell model was
      used for to show that OmIDO is induced by rIFN. These study has identified a
      Indoleamine 2,3-dyoxigenase in O. mykiss will contribute to expands our knowledge
      of the function this protein in fish immune response. These findings allow to
      propose the use of OmIDO as a molecular indicator of strength of the animal's
      immune response and wellbeing.

PMID- 27370977
TI  - Dietary B Vitamins and Serum C-Reactive Protein in Persons With Human
      Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: The Positive Living With HIV (POLH) Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: B vitamins may have beneficial roles in reducing inflammation;
      however, research on the role of B vitamins in inflammation among HIV-infected
      persons is lacking. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the association between B
      vitamins and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in HIV-infected
      persons. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 314 HIV-infected
      persons (180 men and 134 women) aged 18 to 60 years residing in the Kathmandu,
      Nepal. High-sensitive and regular serum CRP concentrations were measured by the
      latex agglutination nephelometry and latex agglutination turbidimetric method,
      respectively. Dietary intake was assessed using 2 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary
      recalls. The relationships between B vitamins and serum CRP concentrations were
      assessed using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: The multivariate-adjusted
      geometric mean of serum CRP concentrations was significantly decreased with an
      increasing B vitamins intake across quartiles of niacin (P for trend = .007),
      pyridoxine (P for trend = .042), and cobalamin (P for trend = .037) in men. In
      men, the mean serum CRP concentrations in the highest quartiles of niacin,
      pyridoxine, and cobalamin were 63%, 38%, and 58%, respectively, lower than that
      in the lowest quartile. In women, the mean serum CRP concentrations in the
      highest quartiles of riboflavin (P for trend = .084) and pyridoxine (P for trend
      = .093) were 37% and 47%, respectively, lower than that in the lowest quartile.
      CONCLUSION: High intake of niacin, pyridoxine, or cobalamin was independently
      associated with decreased serum CRP concentrations among HIV-infected men.
      Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm the role of B vitamins in
      inflammation among HIV-infected persons.

PMID- 27370978
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370979
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370981
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370980
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370982
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370983
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370984
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370985
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370986
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370987
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370988
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370990
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370991
TI  - Pattern of chronic myeloid leukemia in the imatinib era in a Sub-Saharan African
      setting.
AB  - Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is an orphan disease in Africa because of the
      inaccessibility to specific treatment and the high cost of diagnosis and
      monitoring patients. The aim of this study was to report CML treatment response
      in a developing country in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era. We conducted a
      longitudinal study of our cohort of CML patients. Socio-demographic, diagnosis,
      therapeutic, and treatment response parameters were studied. Sokal score, disease
      phase at diagnosis, delay from diagnosis to treatment, and treatment response
      were analyzed for their impact on survival. Fifty-five patients with a diagnosis
      of CML and who received treatment with imatinib for a minimum of 3 months were
      included in this study. Median follow-up was 170 patient-years. The sex ratio
      (M/F) was 1.62 and median age at diagnosis was 42 years. At diagnosis, 85.5 % of
      the patients were in chronic phase (CP), 12.7 % in accelerated phase (AP), and
      1.8 % in blast crisis (BC). Sokal risk score distribution was as follows: low
      risk 29.8 %, intermediate risk 38.3 %, and high risk 31.9 %. Median time from
      first symptoms to first medical visit was 6.2 months and median time from first
      medical visit to cytogenetic and or molecular confirmation was 12.4 months. Mean
      delay time from first medical visit to imatinib initiation was 12.5 months (95 %
      CI 6.3-18.7). The complete hematologic response (CHR) at 3 months, the major
      cytogenetic response (MCR) at 12 months, and the major molecular response (MMR)
      at 24 months were respectively 82.4, 75, and 25 %. The 2-year overall survival
      rate was 81 %. Advanced phase at the diagnosis, discontinuation of imatinib
      therapy over 15 % of the time, lack of CHR at 3 months, lack of MCR at 12 months,
      and progression of the disease during imatinib therapy were associated with a
      risk of death (p <= 0.05). Our data confirm the improved prognosis of CML treated
      with imatinib in the setting of a developing country. However, response rates are
      lower than in developed countries, and additional efforts should be made to
      facilitate early diagnosis and improve access to TKI, treatment compliance, and
      regular molecular monitoring of patients. 

PMID- 27370992
TI  - Long-term outcome following splenectomy for chronic and persistent immune
      thrombocytopenia (ITP) in adults and children : Splenectomy in ITP.
AB  - The purpose of this research is to study the outcomes of splenectomy for chronic
      and persistent immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). This study is a retrospective
      analysis of 254 patients with chronic or persistent ITP who underwent splenectomy
      at CMC, Vellore, India between 1995 and 2009. Responses were assessed based on
      standard criteria. One hundred and sixty seven adults and 87 children with a
      median age of 29 years (range 2-64) with persistent (n = 103) or chronic ITP (n =
      151) was studied. Response was seen in 229 (90.2 %) including CR in 74.4 % at a
      median time of 1 day (range 1-54). Infections following splenectomy were reported
      in 16 %. Deaths related to post splenectomy sepsis occurred in 1.57 % and major
      bleeding in 0.78 %. At median follow-up of 54.3 months (range 1-290), 178 (70.1
      %) remain in remission. The 5-year and 10-year overall survival (OS) is 97.4 +/-
      1.2 % and 94.9 +/- 2.1 %, respectively, while the 5-year and 10-year event-free
      survival (EFS) is 76.5 + 2.9 % and 71.0 + 3.9 %, respectively. Splenectomy is
      associated with long-term remission rates of >70 % in chronic or persistent ITP. 

PMID- 27370993
TI  - Central nervous system relapse in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma:
      analysis of the risk factors and proposal of a new prognostic model.
AB  - Central nervous system (CNS) relapse in patients with diffuse large B cell
      lymphoma (DLBCL) is an uncommon event, and the outcome of patients with CNS
      relapse is poor. However, no reliable prediction models for CNS relapse have been
      developed. We retrospectively analyzed consecutive de novo DLBCL patients
      referred to our department between September 2004 and August 2015 and treated
      with R-CHOP or R-CHOP-like regimens. Of 413 patients analyzed in this study, a
      total of 27 patients (6.5 %) eventually developed CNS relapse. The 5-year
      probability of CNS relapse was 8.4 %. The median time from diagnosis of DLBCL to
      CNS relapse was 15 months, and the median survival after CNS relapse was 7
      months. In univariate analysis, the risk factors significantly associated with
      CNS relapse were Ann Arbor stage 3 or 4, albumin level <3.2 mg/L, number of
      extranodal sites >1, and involvement of retroperitoneal lymph node. We developed
      a new prognostic model consisting of these four factors. The 5-year probability
      of CNS relapse was significantly higher in patients with at least three of these
      four factors than in those with two or fewer factors (26.4 vs. 3.0 %, P < 0.001).
      Using this model, we evaluated the incidence and the risk factors of CNS relapse
      in DLBCL patients. The new risk model consisting of the four factors demonstrated
      good risk stratification for CNS relapse, and could help to identify high-risk
      patients for whom CNS prophylaxis is warranted. 

PMID- 27370994
TI  - Biaxial flexural strength of new Bis-GMA/TEGDMA based composites with different
      fillers for dental applications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the mechanical
      properties of the modern dental composites can be improved by using tetrapodal
      ZnO particles as fillers in a Bis-GMA/TEGDMA matrix. Another aim was to test
      whether the mechanical properties of the composite are influenced by
      functionalization of the ZnO particles with lauric acid to achieve antibacterial
      activity. METHODS: Different filler materials and particle shapes (spherical
      zirconia, spherical zinc oxide, tetrapodal zinc oxide) were used to produce Bis
      GMA/TEGDMA based composites with a filler content of 40wt.-% and 60wt.-%,
      respectively. In addition, functionalization with lauric acid was investigated.
      For the biaxial flexural strength testing 104 test disks (N=8) with a diameter of
      15mm and a thickness of 1.5mm were produced. RESULTS: Functionalization with
      lauric acid resulted in a decrease in biaxial flexural strength for all filler
      materials. The biaxial flexural strength decreased when using a higher filler
      content with spherical particles but increased when using tetrapodal zinc oxide
      particles. SIGNIFICANCE: A higher durability of the composites using tetrapodal
      zinc oxide particles. An antibacterial functionalization with lauric acid cannot
      be recommended as the mechanical stability of the composite will be reduced.

PMID- 27370996
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370997
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370995
TI  - Polymerization stress of experimental composites containing random short glass
      fibers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypotheses that (1) the replacement of particles by
      short fibers does not affect polymerization stress (PS), flexural modulus (FM) or
      volumetric shrinkage (VS) of experimental composites and (2) PS is not affected
      by specimen thickness. METHODS: Three experimental composites were prepared, each
      containing similar mass fractions of BisGMA and TEGDMA and 60 vol% of fillers,
      being 0%, 3% or 6% constituted by 1.6-mm long glass fibers and the remaining by
      1MUm glass particles. PS (n=5) was tested in a high compliance system, using two
      specimen heights (1.5mm and 4.0mm). VS and maximum shrinkage rate were obtained
      in a mercury dilatometer (n=3). FM was tested in three-point bending (n=10). As
      an additional control, a commercial composite (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) was tested.
      Data were recorded 10min after the onset of photoactivation and analyzed by
      ANOVA/Tukey test (FM only) and Kruskal-Wallis (alpha: 5%). RESULTS: At both
      specimen heights, the composite with 3% of fibers presented significantly higher
      PS than the controls (which showed similar PS values). Replacing 6% of particles
      by fibers did not increase PS significantly. FM was reduced in the presence of
      fibers, and 6% of fibers led to a decrease in VS. Shrinkage rate was not affected
      by the fibers. SIGNIFICANCE: Replacing 3vol% of particles by fibers resulted in
      significantly higher PS, which was associated to a decrease in FM compared to the
      control. PS was not affected by specimen height for any of the tested materials.

PMID- 27370998
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27370999
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371001
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371000
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371002
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371003
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371004
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371005
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371006
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371007
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371008
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371009
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371011
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371010
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371012
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371013
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371015
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371014
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371016
TI  - Comparison of gas chromatography-combustion-mass spectrometry and gas
      chromatography-flame ionization detector for the determination of fatty acid
      methyl esters in biodiesel without specific standards.
AB  - GC-FID has been effectively used as a universal quantification technique for
      volatile organic compounds for a long time. In most cases, the use of the ECN
      allows for quantification by GC-FID without external calibration using only the
      response of a single internal standard. In this paper we compare the performance
      characteristics of GC-FID with those of post-column (13)C Isotope Dilution GC
      Combustion-MS for the absolute quantification of organic compounds without the
      need for individual standards. For this comparison we have selected the
      quantification of FAMEs in biodiesel. The selection of the right internal
      standard was critical for GC-FID even when ECN were considered. On the other
      hand, the nature of the internal standard was not relevant when GC-Combustion-MS
      was employed. The proposed method was validated with the analysis of the
      certified reference material SRM 2772 and comparative data was obtained on real
      biodiesel samples. The analysis of the SRM 2772 biodiesel provided recoveries in
      the range 100.6-103.5% and 96.4-103.6% for GC-combustion-MS and GC-FID,
      respectively. The detection limit for GC-combustion-MS was found to be 4.2ng
      compound/g of injected sample. In conclusion, the quantitative performance of GC
      Combustion-MS compared satisfactorily with that of GC-FID constituting a viable
      alternative for the quantification of organic compounds without the need for
      individual standards. 

PMID- 27371017
TI  - Microchip electrophoresis with background electrolyte containing polyacrylic acid
      and high content organic solvent in cyclic olefin copolymer microchips for easily
      adsorbed dyes.
AB  - Plastic microchips can significantly reduce the fabrication cost but the
      adsorption of some analytes limits their application. In this work, background
      electrolyte containing ionic polymer and high content of organic solvent was
      adopted to eliminate the analyte adsorption and achieve highly efficient
      separation in microchip electrophoresis. Two dyes, rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) and
      rhodamine B (RhB) were used as the model analytes. By using methanol as the
      organic solvent and polyacrylic acid (PAA) as a multifunctional additive,
      successful separation of the two dyes within 75MUm id. microchannels was
      realized. The role of PAA is multiple, including viscosity regulator, selectivity
      modifier and active additive for counteracting analyte adsorption on the
      microchannel surface. The number of theoretical plate of 7.0*10(5)/m was attained
      within an effective separation distance of 2cm using background electrolyte
      consisting 80% methanol, 0.36% PAA and 30mmol/L phosphate at pH 5.0. Under
      optimized conditions, relative standard deviations of Rh6G and RhB detection
      (n=5) were no more than 1.5% for migration time and 2.0% for peak area,
      respectively. The limit of detection (S/N=3) was 0.1nmol/L for Rh6G. The proposed
      technique was applied in the determination of both Rh6G and RhB in chilli powder
      and lipstick samples with satisfactory recoveries of 81.3-103.7%. 

PMID- 27371018
TI  - Ultrasonic-microwave method in preparation of polypyrrole-coated magnetic
      particles for vitamin D extraction in milk.
AB  - In this study, a nanocomposite of polypyrrole-coated magnetite nanoparticles
      (Fe3O4@PPy) was prepared by ultrasonic-microwave technique, and employed as
      magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) sorbent for extraction of vitamin D from
      milk samples. The term of the synthesis by ultrasonic-microwave technique was
      dramatically shortened within 4h compared to 20h by conventional stirring-heating
      method. The resultant composites incorporating the pi-pi bonding (between PPy
      coating and the analytes) and magnetic separation can be applied for vitamin D
      analysis in complicated samples. Without saponification or protein precipitation,
      vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 could be captured directly from milk samples by
      Fe3O4@PPy, and separated by magnetic field with only 0.5mL desorption solvent.
      The total preparation time was completed within 15min. A method for the
      determination of vitamin D in milk samples by the Fe3O4@PPy extraction coupled
      with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. The LODs of
      vitamin D2 and vitamin D3, based on signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3, were
      0.02ng/mL and 0.05ng/mL respectively. The recoveries of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3
      from milk samples were in the range of 71.9-90.3%, with relative standard
      deviations ranging between 3.6%-9.9%. The results indicated that the Fe3O4@PPy
      can be favorably used for the extraction of the vitamin D in milk samples. 

PMID- 27371019
TI  - Two-step cleanup procedure for the identification of carotenoid esters by liquid
      chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - Carotenoids are naturally found in both free form and esterified with fatty acids
      in most fruits; however, up to now the great majority of studies only evaluated
      their composition after saponification. This fact is easily explained by the
      difficult to analyze carotenoid esters. Preliminary studies showed that cleanup
      procedures in the extract are necessary for further analysis by LC-MS/MS since
      triacylglycerols (TAGs) impair the MS detection. Considering these facts, we
      developed a new cleanup procedure to remove TAGs and other lipids from carotenoid
      fruit extracts. This procedure is based on physical removal of solid lipids at
      low temperature followed by open column chromatography on MgO and diatomaceous
      earth. Before cleanup, four carotenoid diesters and two free xanthophylls were
      identified in murici (Byrsonyma crassifolia), corresponding to about 65% of the
      total chromatogram area. After carrying out the two-step cleanup procedure, 35
      carotenoids were identified, being 14 monoesters, six free carotenoids and 15
      carotenoid diesters. We can conclude that this two-step procedure was
      successfully applied to murici, an Amazonian fruit, which contains high amounts
      of lipids. 

PMID- 27371020
TI  - Graphene oxide based sol-gel stainless steel fiber for the headspace solid-phase
      microextraction of organophosphate ester flame retardants in water samples.
AB  - In this paper, graphene oxide was coated onto a stainless steel wire through sol
      gel technique and it was used as a solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. The
      prepared fiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which
      displayed that the fiber had crinkled surface and porous structure The
      application of the fiber was evaluated through the headspace SPME of nine
      organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) with different characteristics in
      water samples followed by gas chromatography and nitrogen-phosphorous detector
      (GC/NPD). The major factors influencing the extraction efficiency, including the
      extraction and desorption conditions, were studied and optimized. Under the
      optimum conditions, the proposed method was evaluated, and applied to the
      analysis of organophosphate ester flame retardants in real environmental water
      samples. The results demonstrated the HS-SPME method based on GO sol-gel fiber
      had good linearity (R>0.9928), and limits of detection (1.4-135.6ngL(-1)), high
      repeatability (RSD<9.8%) and good recovery (76.4-112.4%). The GO based sol-gel
      fiber displayed bigger extraction capability than the commercial PDMS fiber and
      the pure sol-gel fiber for both polar and apolar organophosphate esters,
      especially for the OPFRs containing benzene rings. 

PMID- 27371021
TI  - Highly efficient solid-phase derivatization of sugar phosphates with titanium
      immobilized hydrophilic polydopamine-coated silica.
AB  - Sugar phosphates are a type of key metabolic intermediates of glycolysis,
      gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathway, which can regulate tumor energetic
      metabolism. Due to their low endogenous concentrations, poor chromatographic
      retention properties as well as ionization suppression from complex matrix
      interference, the determination of sugar phosphates in biological samples is very
      difficult. In this study, titanium-immobilized hydrophilic polydopamine-coated
      silica microspheres (SiO2@PD-Ti(4+)) were synthesized for highly efficient solid
      phase derivatization of sugar phosphates. Sugar phosphates were selectively
      captured onto the surface of the SiO2@PD-Ti(4+) microspheres by chelating with
      phosphate groups, and then reacted with 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole via reductive
      amination based on solid-phase derivatization, which could not only increase the
      retention and resolution of sugar phosphates on reversed-phase liquid
      chromatography (RPLC), but also improve the mass spectrometry (MS) sensitivity of
      sugar phosphates. The adsorption capacity of SiO2@PD-Ti(4+) microspheres towards
      glucose-6-phosphate is 0.76mg/g, which is much larger than that of commercial
      TiO2. Compared with the traditional liquid-phase derivatization, the solid-phase
      derivatization based on the SiO2@PD-Ti(4+) microspheres displayed several
      superiorities including shorter derivatization time (within 10min), higher
      product purity and much lower limit of detection (up to 38pmol/L). In addition,
      good linearity (R(2)>=0.99), excellent recovery (80.6-118%) and high precision
      (RSDs with 2.8-7.8%) were obtained when the developed method was used for
      quantitative analysis of sugar phosphates. Finally, the SiO2@PD-Ti(4+)
      microspheres combined with RPLC-MS were successfully applied to the determination
      of sugar phosphates from hepatocarcinoma cell lines and could even detect the
      trace sugar phosphates in thousands of cells. 

PMID- 27371022
TI  - A facile and fully automated on-fiber derivatization protocol for direct analysis
      of short-chain aliphatic amines using a matrix compatible solid-phase
      microextraction coating.
AB  - Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) analysis of short-chain aliphatic amines (C3
      C6) in aqueous solutions was investigated using pentafluorobenzaldehyde (PFBAY)
      as on-fiber derivatization reagent. A standard gas generating vial agent was used
      for on-fiber loading of the derivatization agent so as to avoid the need for its
      regeneration at each derivatization cycle. Several parameters such as loading
      time, reaction temperature, and reaction/extraction time were optimized for
      headspace and direct sampling in aqueous solutions. Three different coating
      chemistries were tested and their performances compared in order to achieve the
      best compromise between sensitivity and analysis throughput. The newly developed
      PDMS/DVB/PDMS coating showed superior performance in terms of extraction
      efficiency while the capability to prevent on-fiber degradation of the
      derivatizing products. The optimized method was used for quantitation of short
      chain aliphatic amines in aqueous samples and provided detection limits in the
      low ppb range for all the amines tested with accuracy values between 79 and 120%.
      The method was applied towards the analysis of environmental water samples and
      the accuracy of the results was evaluated by different calibration approaches. 

PMID- 27371023
TI  - Enantioseparation of the constituents involved in the phenylalanine-tyrosine
      metabolic pathway by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - Catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine are well-known
      neurotransmitters playing different roles in the nervous and endocrine system.
      These compounds are biologically synthesized in the phenylalanine-tyrosine
      pathway which consists on the successive conversion of l-phenylalanine into l
      tyrosine, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), dopamine, norepinephrine, and
      epinephrine. This work describes the development of an enantioselective CE-ESI
      MS2 methodology enabling, for the first time, the simultaneous enantioseparation
      of all the constituents involved in the Phe-Tyr metabolic pathway, since all
      these compounds except dopamine are chiral. The developed method was based on the
      use of a dual CDs system formed by 180mM of methyl-beta-CD and 40mM of 2
      hydroxypropyl-beta-CD dissolved in 2M formic acid (pH 1.2) and presented the
      advantage of avoiding the use of any time-consuming labelling procedure. LODs
      ranged from 40 to 150nM and the unequivocal identification of the compounds
      investigated was achieved through their MS2 spectra. The applicability of this
      methodology to the analysis of biological samples (rat plasma) was also
      demonstrated.

PMID- 27371024
TI  - Coupling of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polydimethylsiloxane coated stir bar
      sorptive extraction with pulse glow discharge-ion mobility spectrometry for
      analysis of triazine herbicides in water and soil samples.
AB  - An analytical method based on stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) coupled with
      pulse glow discharge-ion mobility spectrometry (PGD-IMS) was developed for
      analysis of three triazine pesticide residues in water and soil samples. An
      injection port with sealing device and stir bars hold device were designed and
      constructed to directly position the SBSE fiber including the extracted samples
      into the heating device, making desorption and detection of analytes proceeded
      simultaneously. The extraction conditions such as SBSE solid phase material,
      extraction time, extraction temperature, pH value and salt concentration were
      optimized. Mixture of MWCNTs-COOH and PDMS were shown to be effective in
      enriching the triazines. The LODs and LOQs of three triazines were found to be
      0.006-0.015MUgkg(-1) and 0.02-0.05MUgkg(-1), and the linear range was 0.05
      10MUgL(-1) with determination coefficients from 0.9987 to 0.9993. The SBSE-PGD
      IMS method was environmentally friendly without organic solvent consumption in
      the entire experimental procedures, and it was demonstrated to be a commendable
      rapid analysis technique for analysis of triazine pesticide residues in
      environmental samples on site. The proposed method was applied for the analysis
      of real ground water, surface water and soil samples. 

PMID- 27371025
TI  - Effects of two kinds of imidazolium-based ionic liquids on the characteristics of
      steroid-transformation Arthrobacter simplex.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ionic liquids (ILs) are a promising alternative for organic solvents
      because these liquids exhibit unique properties and enhanced steroid 1
      dehydrogenation biotransformation caused by Arthrobacter simplex CPCC 140451
      (ASP). However, the effect of ILs on the whole cell itself remains poorly
      understood and must be further investigated. RESULTS: A comparative investigation
      was performed to determine the effect of imidazolium-based ILs, namely,
      hydrophobic [PrMIm]PF6, and hydrophilic [PrMIm]BF4, on the steroid conversion,
      activity, permeability, and material basis of ASP cells. Both ILs weakened
      permeability barriers, enhanced steroid transformation, whereas reduced the
      activity of cells. The influence of [PrMIm]PF6 on the steroid conversion,
      permeability and activity of cells is more serious than that of [PrMIm]BF4
      Transmission electron microscopy micrographs directly showed wrinkles, gross
      creases, and several small pores in ILs-treated cells surface. The total lipid
      content of [PrMIm]BF4-treated cells reduced by 8.3 %, while that of [PrMIm]PF6
      treated cells reduced twice more, among which the content of long-chain fatty
      acids was decreased, whereas the content of unsaturated fatty acids was
      increased. The protein profile of LC-MS/MS revealed that the reduced proteins of
      cells treated with the two ILs were mainly located in the cytoplasm and plasma
      membrane, 19.27 % of reduced proteins were located on the cell membrane for
      [PrMIm]PF6-pretreated cells, whereas only 12.8 % for [PrMIm]BF4-pretreated cells.
      It suggests that most reduced proteins functioned in energy production and
      conversion, material transport and metabolism, signal recognition and
      transmission, transcription, and translation and posttranslational modification.
      In particular, the identified differential proteins functioned in the pentose
      phosphate pathway, synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, and oxidative
      phosphorylation and fatty acid pathway. CONCLUSION: Treatment with ILs improved
      permeability at the molecular level and exerted significant positive effects on
      steroid conversion. This study provides a material basis and elucidates the
      mechanisms underlying cellular changes that enhanced conversion rate.

PMID- 27371027
TI  - Authors' Response.

PMID- 27371026
TI  - Sarcoptes scabiei: genomics to proteomics to biology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The common scabies mite, Sarcoptes scabiei is a cosmopolitan parasite
      of humans and other mammals. An annotated genome of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis
      has been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
      and VectorBase and a proteomic analysis of proteins in extracts of mite bodies
      and eggs from this strain has been reported. Here we mined the data to identify
      predicted proteins that are known to be involved in specific biological processes
      in other animals. RESULTS: We identified predicted proteins that are associated
      with immunomodulation of the host defense system, and biological processes of the
      mite including oxygen procurement and aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism,
      sensory reception and locating a host, neuronal transmission, stressors (heat
      shock proteins), molting, movement, nutrient procurement and digestion, and
      excretion and water balance. We used these data to speculate that certain
      biological processes may occur in scabies mites. CONCLUSION: This analysis helps
      understand the biology of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis and adds to the data
      already available in NCBI and VectorBase.

PMID- 27371028
TI  - Identification of species and genetic variation in Taenia isolates from human and
      swine of North India.
AB  - Taenia solium is the major cause of taeniasis and
      cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis (NCC) in the developing countries including
      India, but the existence of other Taenia species and genetic variation have not
      been studied in India. So, we studied the existence of different Taenia species,
      and sequence variation in Taenia isolates from human (proglottids and cysticerci)
      and swine (cysticerci) in North India. Amplification of cytochrome c oxidase
      subunit 1 gene (cox1) was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by
      sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. We identified two species of Taenia i.e. T.
      solium and Taenia asiatica in our isolates. T. solium isolates showed similarity
      with Asian genotype and nucleotide variations from 0.25 to 1.01 %, whereas T.
      asiatica displayed nucleotide variations ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 %. These
      findings displayed the minimal genetic variations in North Indian isolates of T.
      solium and T. asiatica. 

PMID- 27371029
TI  - Changes in nociceptin/orphanin FQ levels in rat brain regions after acute and
      chronic cannabinoid treatment in conjunction with the development of
      antinociceptive tolerance.
AB  - It has been indicated that acute and chronic morphine administrations enhance
      nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) levels in the brain, which might play role in the
      development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of morphine. Accordingly,
      N/OFQ receptor (NOP) antagonists have been shown to prevent the development of
      antinociceptive tolerance to morphine. Our aim is to observe whether
      cannabinoids, similarly to opioids, enhance N/OFQ levels in pain-related brain
      regions and whether antagonism of NOP receptors attenuates the development of
      tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of cannabinoids. Hot plate and Tail flick
      tests are used to assess the antinociceptive response in Sprague-Dawley rats.
      N/OFQ levels are measured in cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray,
      nucleus raphe magnus and locus coeruleus of rat brains using Western blotting and
      immunohistochemistry. Within 9 days, animals became completely tolerant to the
      antinociceptive effect of the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 (2, 4, 6 mg/kg,
      i.p.). Chronic administration of JTC-801, a NOP receptor antagonist, at a dose
      that exerted no effect on its own (1 mg/kg, i.p.), attenuated development of
      tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of WIN 55,212-2 (4 mg/kg, i.p.). Western
      blotting and immunohistochemistry results showed that N/OFQ levels significantly
      increased in amygdala, periaqueductal gray, nucleus raphe magnus and locus
      coeruleus of rat brains when WIN 55,212-2 was combined with JTC-801. We
      hypothesize that, similar to opioids, chronic cannabinoid + NOP antagonist
      administration may enhance N/OFQ levels and NOP receptor antagonism prevents
      development of tolerance to cannabinoid antinociception.

PMID- 27371032
TI  - National Survey of Convention Centers' Lactation Facilities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is little published about lactation accommodations in public
      spaces. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine what lactation
      facilities, if any, convention centers in the United States are providing to
      accommodate breastfeeding moms. METHODS: A list of national convention centers
      was collected from meetings-conventions.com and recorded in an Excel spreadsheet,
      with the name of the center, total meeting square feet, number of meeting rooms,
      address, and telephone number. Each convention center was contacted by phone and
      administered the survey. Questions were asked as to what type of lactation
      accommodations were available, if any. RESULTS: A response rate of 78.7% (326 of
      414 convention centers) was achieved. A mere 5.5% reported permanently designated
      lactation rooms, whereas 32% made temporary accommodations. While the phone
      survey was conducted, a wide variety of qualitative responses were provided by
      participants, demonstrating an overall lack of awareness of this as a public
      health issue. CONCLUSION: Return to work and breastfeeding in public are commonly
      reported barriers to breastfeeding. This survey clearly demonstrates a lack of
      accommodations in very public areas that are visited by women on a regular basis.
      Policy changes are necessary so all women can be supported in reaching their
      personal breastfeeding goals.

PMID- 27371030
TI  - Dysregulations of Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking in Schizophrenia.
AB  - Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness which is experienced by about 1 %
      of individuals worldwide and has a debilitating impact on perception, cognition,
      and social function. Over the years, several models/hypotheses have been
      developed which link schizophrenia to dysregulations of the dopamine, glutamate,
      and serotonin receptor pathways. An important segment of these pathways that have
      been extensively studied for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is the
      presynaptic neurotransmitter release mechanism. This set of molecular events is
      an evolutionarily well-conserved process that involves vesicle recruitment,
      docking, membrane fusion, and recycling, leading to efficient neurotransmitter
      delivery at the synapse. Accumulated evidence indicate dysregulation of this
      mechanism impacting postsynaptic signal transduction via different
      neurotransmitters in key brain regions implicated in schizophrenia. In recent
      years, after ground-breaking work that elucidated the operations of this
      mechanism, research efforts have focused on the alterations in the messenger RNA
      (mRNA) and protein expression of presynaptic neurotransmitter release molecules
      in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric conditions. In this review article,
      we present recent evidence from schizophrenia human postmortem studies that key
      proteins involved in the presynaptic release mechanism are dysregulated in the
      disorder. We also discuss the potential impact of dysfunctional presynaptic
      neurotransmitter release on the various neurotransmitter systems implicated in
      schizophrenia.

PMID- 27371035
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371033
TI  - Single best answer question-writing tips for clinicians.
AB  - Assessment is essential for progression in medical careers. Thus, an important
      aspect of developing as a clinical teacher is the ability to produce high-quality
      assessments for junior colleagues. The single best answer (SBA) question format
      is becoming ubiquitous in the assessment of the application of knowledge in
      clinical medicine; writing this style of examination question can be a challenge.
      This concise guide highlights key SBA question-writing tips, aiming to help
      aspiring clinical teachers set high-quality knowledge assessments.

PMID- 27371034
TI  - Doctors getting biggest payments from drug companies don't declare them on new
      website.

PMID- 27371036
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371031
TI  - Long-term survival in advanced non-squamous NSCLC patients treated with first
      line bevacizumab-based therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: First-line bevacizumab-based therapies have been shown to improve
      clinical outcomes in patients with non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC). We aimed to descriptively analyse patients with non-squamous NSCLC who
      received a long-term period of maintenance bevacizumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      This retrospective study included 104 patients who had already reached a
      progression-free survival (PFS) of at least 9 months. RESULTS: Median overall
      survival and PFS were 30.7 and 15.1 months, respectively. The overall response
      rate was 83 %. Weight loss <=5 %, ECOG PS = 0, or low number of metastatic sites
      seem to be predictive factors of good evolution. The incidence of bevacizumab
      related adverse events appeared to be similar as the previous studies.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings show that there is a long-term survivor group whom the
      administration of bevacizumab resulted in a relevant prolongation of response
      without new safety signals. Due to the population heterogeneity, it was not
      possible to identify the standardised predictive factors.

PMID- 27371038
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371037
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371039
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371041
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371040
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371042
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371043
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371045
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371044
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371046
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371047
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371048
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371049
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371050
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371052
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371051
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371053
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371055
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371054
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371056
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371057
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371059
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371058
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371060
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371062
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371061
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371063
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371064
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371066
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371065
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371067
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371068
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371069
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371071
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371070
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371072
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371073
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371075
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371074
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371076
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371077
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371078
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371079
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371080
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371081
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371082
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371083
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371084
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371085
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371086
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371087
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371088
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371090
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371089
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371091
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371092
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371093
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371095
TI  - Concerns when serum retinol concentration is the primary biological indicator of
      vitamin A status in intervention studies.

PMID- 27371094
TI  - Enhanced therapeutic effect of an antiangiogenesis peptide on lung cancer in vivo
      combined with salmonella VNP20009 carrying a Sox2 shRNA construct.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HM-3 is a polypeptide inhibiting angiogenesis. Recent reports suggest
      that the antitumor effect of angiogenesis inhibitors administered alone might be
      limited. Cancer stem cells can survive the lack of oxygen and nutrients. To
      achieve better anti-tumor effect, HM-3 was administered in combination with the
      attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 transformed with a shRNA construct
      against sex determining region Y-box 2 (Sox2). METHODS: Cell invasion assay and
      soft agar colony formation assay were used to assess the migration and growth
      capability of A549 cells once Sox2 was knocked down with the shRNA construct. The
      shRNA construct targeting Sox2 was transformed into VNP20009. After the mouse
      xenograft model of A549 was established, HM-3 was co-administered with VNP20009
      carrying the shRNA construct. The growth of tumor was checked to compare the
      effectiveness of different therapies. Western blotting assay and
      immunohistochemistry staining of the tumor tissue were used to measure the levels
      of proteins associated with the apoptosis pathway. RESULTS: Sox2 was necessary
      for the migration and growth of A549 cells. The expression of Sox2 was down
      regulated in the tumor tissue of the combined treatment group of HM-3 with
      VNP20009 carrying the Sox2 shRNA construct. Together with the accumulation of
      salmonella in tumor and the inhibition of angiogenesis by HM-3, more tumor cells
      went through cell apoptosis with increased expression of Bax, cleaved Caspase 3
      and decreased expression of Bcl2. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the
      combination of antiangiogenesis agent HM-3 with gene therapy targeting Sox2
      delivered by salmonella as a promising strategy for the treatment of lung cancer.

PMID- 27371096
TI  - Reply to SA Tanumihardjo et al.

PMID- 27371097
TI  - Erratum for Hildebrand et al. Association between birth weight and objectively
      measured sedentary time is mediated by central adiposity: data in 10,793 youth
      from the International Children's Accelerometry Database. Am J Clin Nutr
      2015;101:983-90.

PMID- 27371099
TI  - Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (MR3) in saliva of patients with oral lichen
      planus.
AB  - Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a relatively common, chronic, and inflammatory
      mucocutaneous disease. Xerostomia is also a common complaint of most OLP
      patients. Considering the significant role of M3 muscarinic receptors (M3R) in
      secretion of saliva, this study sought to compare the level of this receptor in
      saliva between OLP patients and healthy controls. Forty OLP patients and 40
      healthy controls filled out two questionnaires regarding xerostomia to assess its
      degree of severity. Unstimulated and stimulated salivary samples were obtained of
      both groups and the stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates were
      calculated. Salivary level of M3 muscarinic receptors was measured using the
      ELISA kit. Data were analyzed and compared using unpaired student's t test. P <
      0.05 was considered significant. Stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates
      and M3 muscarinic receptors levels were significantly lower but degree of
      xerostomia was significantly higher in OLP patients compared to healthy controls.
      Salivary M3 muscarinic receptor seems to be low in the patients with OLP and
      these patients suffer from xerostomia and reduced salivary flow rate. 

PMID- 27371100
TI  - A qPCR assay that specifically quantifies Tricholoma matsutake biomass in natural
      soil.
AB  - Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete that produces prized,
      yet uncultivable, "matsutake" mushrooms along densely developed mycelia, called
      "shiro," in the rhizosphere of coniferous forests. Pinus densiflora is a major
      host of this fungus in Japan. Measuring T. matsutake biomass in soil allows us to
      determine the kinetics of fungal growth before and after fruiting, which is
      useful for analyzing the conditions of the shiro and its surrounding
      mycorrhizosphere, predicting fruiting timing, and managing forests to obtain
      better crop yields. Here, we document a novel method to quantify T. matsutake
      mycelia in soil by quantifying a single-copy DNA element that is uniquely
      conserved within T. matsutake but is absent from other fungal species, including
      close relatives and a wide range of ectomycorrhizal associates of P. densiflora.
      The targeted DNA region was amplified quantitatively in cultured mycelia that
      were mixed with other fungal species and soil, as well as in an in vitro co
      culture system with P. densiflora seedlings. Using this method, we quantified T.
      matsutake mycelia not only from shiro in natural environments but also from the
      surrounding soil in which T. matsutake mycelia could not be observed by visual
      examination or distinguished by other means. It was demonstrated that the core of
      the shiro and its underlying area in the B horizon are predominantly composed of
      fungal mycelia. The fungal mass in the A or A0 horizon was much lower, although
      many white mycelia were observed at the A horizon. Additionally, the rhizospheric
      fungal biomass peaked during the fruiting season.

PMID- 27371101
TI  - Correlations of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and serum uric acid with
      subclinical atherosclerosis in obese Chinese adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Existing evidence about the associations of non-alcoholic fatty liver
      disease (NAFLD) and serum uric acid (SUA) with subclinical atherosclerosis is
      controversial. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of
      NAFLD and SUA with subclinical atherosclerosis. METHODS: In the present cross
      sectional study, 1354 obese adults underwent hepatic ultrasonography and
      arteriosclerosis detection. Indices of subclinical atherosclerosis were brachial
      ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) and the ankle-brachial index (ABI). Linear
      regression using multivariable fractional polynomial (MFP) modeling was used to
      examine independent associations of NAFLD and SUA with a-PWV and ABI. RESULTS:
      Compared with controls, mean (+/- SD) ba-PWV was significantly higher in subjects
      with NAFLD (1534 +/- 292 vs 1433 +/- 259 cm/s; P < 0.001) and hyperuricemia (HUA;
      1519 +/- 275 vs 1476 +/- 287 cm/s; P = 0.007). After adjustment for
      sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, NAFLD and SUA were both positively
      related to ba-PWV (beta = 0.120 and 0.064, respectively; P < 0.05 for both). With
      further adjustment for insulin resistance and components of metabolic syndrome
      (MetS), the positive correlations were no longer significant (beta = 0.017 and
      0.006; P > 0.05 for both). In addition, NAFLD, but not SUA, was negatively
      correlated with ABI (beta = -0.073; P = 0.015). Using MFP modeling, the best
      fractional polynomial (FP) transformation model showed that non-linear
      transformations were appropriate for two variables in their relationship with ba
      PWV, namely age and fasting insulin as first-degree FP transformations (age3 and
      1/insulin0.5 , respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Neither NAFLD nor SUA was related to
      ba-PWV with increases in insulin resistance and MetS, but NAFLD was independently
      and negatively correlated with ABI.

PMID- 27371102
TI  - Costs of introducing pneumococcal, rotavirus and a second dose of measles vaccine
      into the Zambian immunisation programme: Are expansions sustainable?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Introduction of new vaccines in low- and lower middle-income
      countries has accelerated since Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance was established in
      2000. This study sought to (i) estimate the costs of introducing pneumococcal
      conjugate vaccine, rotavirus vaccine and a second dose of measles vaccine in
      Zambia; and (ii) assess affordability of the new vaccines in relation to Gavi's
      co-financing and eligibility policies. METHODS: Data on 'one-time' costs of cold
      storage expansions, training and social mobilisation were collected from the
      government and development partners. A detailed economic cost study of routine
      immunisation based on a representative sample of 51 health facilities provided
      information on labour and vaccine transport costs. Gavi co-financing payments and
      immunisation programme costs were projected until 2022 when Zambia is expected to
      transition from Gavi support. The ability of Zambia to self-finance both new and
      traditional vaccines was assessed by comparing these with projected government
      health expenditures. RESULTS: 'One-time' costs of introducing the three vaccines
      amounted to US$ 0.28 per capita. The new vaccines increased annual immunisation
      programme costs by 38%, resulting in economic cost per fully immunised child of
      US$ 102. Co-financing payments on average increased by 10% during 2008-2017, but
      must increase 49% annually between 2017 and 2022. In 2014, the government spent
      approximately 6% of its health expenditures on immunisation. Assuming no real
      budget increases, immunisation would account for around 10% in 2022. Vaccines
      represented 1% of government, non-personnel expenditures for health in 2014, and
      would be 6% in 2022, assuming no real budget increases. CONCLUSION: While the
      introduction of new vaccines is justified by expected positive health impacts,
      long-term affordability will be challenging in light of the current economic
      climate in Zambia. The government needs to both allocate more resources to the
      health sector and seek efficiency gains within service provision.

PMID- 27371103
TI  - Efficacy of various Marek's disease vaccines protocols for prevention of Marek's
      disease virus-induced immunosuppression.
AB  - Marek's disease virus (MDV) induces tumors and severe immunosuppression in
      chickens. MDV-induced immunosuppression (MDV-IS) is very complex and difficult to
      study. In particular, the late MDV-IS (late-MDV-IS) is of great concern since it
      can occur in the absence of lymphoid organ atrophy or gross tumors. We have
      recently developed a model to reproduce late-MDV-IS under laboratory conditions.
      This model measures MDV-IS indirectly by assessing the effect of MDV infection on
      the efficacy of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) vaccination; hence the name
      late-MDV-IS ILT model. In this study, we have used the late-MDV-IS ILT model to
      evaluate if MD vaccination can protect against late-MDV-IS. One experiment was
      conducted to determine whether serotype 1 MD vaccines (CVI988 and Md5DeltaMEQ)
      could induce late-MDV-IS by themselves. Three additional experiments were
      conducted to evaluate efficacy of different MD vaccines (HVT, HVT+SB-1, CVI988,
      and Md5DeltaMEQ) and different vaccine protocols (day-old vaccination, in ovo
      vaccination, and double vaccination) against late-MDV-IS. Our results show that
      none of the currently used vaccine protocols (HVT, HVT+SB-1, or CVI988
      administered at day of age, in ovo, or in double vaccination protocols) protected
      against late-MDV-IS induced by vv+MDV strains 648A and 686. Experimental vaccine
      Md5DeltaMEQ administered subcutaneously at one day of age was the only vaccine
      protocol that significantly reduced late-MDV-IS induced by vv+MDV strain 686.
      This study demonstrates that currently used vaccine protocols confer high levels
      of protection against MDV-induced tumors (protection index=100), but do not
      protect against late-MDV-IS; thus, commercial poultry flocks could suffer late
      MDV-IS even in complete absence of tumors. Our results suggest that MDV-IS might
      not be related to the development of tumors and novel control methods are needed.
      Further evaluation of the experimental vaccine Md5DeltaMEQ might shed light on
      protective mechanisms against late-MDV-IS.

PMID- 27371104
TI  - Low DNA Sequence Diversity of the Intergenic Spacer 1 Region in the Human Skin
      Commensal Fungi Malassezia sympodialis and M. dermatis Isolated from Patients
      with Malassezia-Associated Skin Diseases and Healthy Subjects.
AB  - As DNA sequences of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region in the rRNA gene show
      remarkable intraspecies diversity compared with the small subunit, large subunit,
      and internal transcribed spacer region, the IGS region has been used as an
      epidemiological tool in studies on Malassezia globosa and M. restricta, which are
      responsible for the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis (AD) and seborrheic
      dermatitis (SD). However, the IGS regions of M. sympodialis and M. dermatis
      obtained from the skin of patients with AD and SD, as well as healthy subjects,
      lacked sequence diversity. Of the 105 M. sympodialis strains and the 40 M.
      dermatis strains, the sequences of 103 (98.1 %) and 39 (97.5 %), respectively,
      were identical. Thus, given the lack of intraspecies diversity in the IGS regions
      of M. sympodialis and M. dermatis, studies of the diversity of these species
      should be performed using appropriate genes and not the IGS.

PMID- 27371105
TI  - The Adaptome: Advancing the Science of Intervention Adaptation.
AB  - In the past few decades, prevention scientists have developed and tested a range
      of interventions with demonstrated benefits on child and adolescent cognitive,
      affective, and behavioral health. These evidence-based interventions offer
      promise of population-level benefit if accompanied by findings of implementation
      science to facilitate adoption, widespread implementation, and sustainment.
      Though there have been notable examples of successful efforts to scale up
      interventions, more work is needed to optimize benefit. Although the traditional
      pathway from intervention development and testing to implementation has served
      the research community well-allowing for a systematic advance of evidence-based
      interventions that appear ready for implementation-progress has been limited by
      maintaining the hypothesis that evidence generation must be complete prior to
      implementation. This sets up the challenging dichotomy between fidelity and
      adaptation and limits the science of adaptation to findings from randomized
      trials of adapted interventions. The field can do better. This paper argues for
      the development of strategies to advance the science of adaptation in the context
      of implementation that would more comprehensively describe the needed fit between
      interventions and their settings, and embrace opportunities for ongoing learning
      about optimal intervention delivery over time. Efforts to build the resulting
      adaptome (pronounced "adapt-ohm") will include the construction of a common data
      platform to house systematically captured information about variations in
      delivery of evidence-based interventions across multiple populations and
      contexts, and provide feedback to intervention developers, as well as the
      implementation research and practice communities. Finally, the article identifies
      next steps to jumpstart adaptome data platform development.

PMID- 27371106
TI  - Effectiveness of Goal-Setting Telephone Follow-Up on Health Behaviors of Patients
      with Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adopting healthy behaviors is critical for secondary stroke
      prevention, but many patients fail to follow national guidelines regarding diet,
      exercise, and abstinence from risk factors. Compliance often decreases with time
      after hospital discharge, yet few studies have examined programs promoting long
      term adherence to health behaviors. Goal setting and telephone follow-up have
      been proven to be effective in other areas of medicine, so this study evaluated
      the effectiveness of a guideline-based, goal-setting telephone follow-up program
      for patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS: This was a multicenter, assessor
      blinded, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Ninety-one stroke patients
      were randomized to either a control group or an intervention group. Intervention
      consisted of predischarge education and 3 goal-setting follow-up sessions
      conducted by phone. Data were collected at baseline and during the third and
      sixth months after hospital discharge. RESULTS: Six months after discharge,
      patients in the intervention group exhibited significantly higher medication
      adherence than patients in the control group. There were no statistically
      significant differences in physical activity, nutrition, low-salt diet adherence,
      blood pressure monitoring, smoking abstinence, unhealthy use of alcohol, and
      modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Goal
      setting telephone follow-up intervention for ischemic stroke patients is feasible
      and leads to improved medication adherence. However, the lack of group
      differences in other health behavior subcategories and in themRS score indicates
      a need for more effective intervention strategies to help patients reach
      guideline-recommended targets.

PMID- 27371108
TI  - MicroRNA-506 is up-regulated in the development of pancreatic ductal
      adenocarcinoma and is associated with attenuated disease progression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MicroRNA-506 (miR-506) has been reported to function in several
      tumors as a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene. However, the expression and role
      of miR-506 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. In this
      study, we aimed to evaluate the phenotype of miR-506 in PDAC. METHODS: Using
      miRNA in situ hybridization, we examined the expression of miR-506 in 113 PDACs
      and 87 paired normal pancreatic tissues. We evaluated miR-506 expression in PDAC
      cells, normal pancreatic ducts, and acinus/islands, and we analyzed the
      associations between miR-506 expression and the clinicopathologic characteristics
      of PDAC patients. RESULTS: miR-506 expression was higher in PDAC than in matched
      normal pancreatic ductal cells (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the combined group
      of well and moderately differentiated PDACs showed higher levels of miR-506 than
      the poorly differentiated ones (P = 0.023). Moreover, miR-506 expression was
      negatively associated with pathologic T category (P = 0.004) and lymph node
      metastasis (P = 0.033), suggesting that miR-506 might inhibit the progression of
      PDAC. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that miR-506 either plays a role as an
      oncogene in the tumorigenesis and a tumor suppressor in the progression or serves
      as a house-keeping, tumor-suppressing miRNA, whose expression can be activated by
      oncogenic signals in early development to hinder the progression of PDAC.

PMID- 27371109
TI  - Hydroxychalcone inhibitors of Streptococcus mutans glucosyl transferases and
      biofilms as potential anticaries agents.
AB  - Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as the major etiological agent in the
      initiation and the development of dental caries due to its robust capacity to
      form tenacious biofilms. Ideal therapeutics for this disease will aim to
      selectively inhibit the biofilm formation process while preserving the natural
      bacterial flora of the mouth. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacies of
      flavonols on S. mutans biofilms and have suggested the mechanism of action
      through their effect on S. mutans glucosyltransferases (Gtfs). These enzymes
      metabolize sucrose into water insoluble and soluble glucans, which are an
      integral measure of the dental caries pathogenesis. Numerous studies have shown
      that flavonols and polyphenols can inhibit Gtf and biofilm formation at
      millimolar concentrations. We have screened a group of 14 hydroxychalcones,
      synthetic precursors of flavonols, in an S. mutans biofilm assay. Several of
      these compounds emerged to be biofilm inhibitors at low micro-molar
      concentrations. Chalcones that contained a 3-OH group on ring A exhibited
      selectivity for biofilm inhibition. Moreover, we synthesized 6 additional analogs
      of the lead compound and evaluated their potential activity and selectivity
      against S. mutans biofilms. The most active compound identified from these
      studies had an IC50 value of 44MUM against biofilm and MIC50 value of 468MUM
      against growth displaying >10-fold selectivity inhibition towards biofilm. The
      lead compound displayed a dose dependent inhibition of S. mutans Gtfs. The lead
      compound also did not affect the growth of two commensal species (Streptococcus
      sanguinis and Streptococcus gordonii) at least up to 200MUM, indicating that it
      can selectively inhibit cariogenic biofilms, while leaving commensal and/or
      beneficial microbes intact. Thus non-toxic compounds have the potential utility
      in public oral health regimes.

PMID- 27371107
TI  - Immunomodulators in SLE: Clinical evidence and immunologic actions.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a potentially fatal autoimmune disease.
      Current treatment strategies rely heavily on corticosteroids, which are in turn
      responsible for a significant burden of morbidity, and immunosuppressives which
      are limited by suboptimal efficacy, increased infections and malignancies. There
      are significant deficiencies in our immunosuppressive armamentarium, making
      immunomodulatory therapies crucial, offering the opportunity to prevent disease
      flare and the subsequent accrual of damage. Currently available immunomodulators
      include prasterone (synthetic dehydroeipandrosterone), vitamin D,
      hydroxychloroquine and belimumab. These therapies, acting via numerous cellular
      and cytokine pathways, have been shown to modify the aberrant immune responses
      associated with SLE without overt immunosuppression. Vitamin D is important in
      SLE and supplementation appears to have a positive impact on disease activity
      particularly proteinuria. Belimumab has specific immunomodulatory properties and
      is an effective therapy in those with specific serological and clinical
      characteristics predictive of response. Hydroxychloroquine is a crucial
      background medication in SLE with actions in many molecular pathways. It has
      disease specific effects in reducing flare, treating cutaneous disease and
      inflammatory arthralgias in addition to other effects such as reduced thrombosis,
      increased longevity, improved lipids, better glycemic control and blood pressure.
      Dehydroeipandrosterone is also an immunomodulator in SLE which can have positive
      effects on disease activity and has bone protective properties. This review
      outlines the immunologic actions of these drugs and the clinical evidence
      supporting their use.

PMID- 27371110
TI  - Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of novel hybrid compounds between
      benzofuran and N-aryl piperazine.
AB  - A series of novel hybrid compounds between benzofuran and N-aryl piperazine have
      been designed and prepared. These derivatives were evaluated for their in vitro
      anti-tumor activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines by MTT assay. The
      results demonstrated that amide derivatives were more bioactive than sulfonamide
      compounds in general, and that chloro or trifluoromethyl substituent was vital
      for modulating cytotoxic activity. In particular, compound 13 was found to be the
      most potent compound against 4 strains human tumor cell lines, and exhibited
      cytotoxic activity selectively against Hela (0.03MUM).

PMID- 27371111
TI  - Circadian control of prothoracicotropic hormone release in an adult insect and
      the induction of its rhythmicity by light cues.
AB  - The insect neuropeptide prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is a critical regulator
      of larval development. We recently demonstrated that PTTH is also present in
      adult Rhodnius prolixus and is released by adult brains in vitro with a clear
      daily rhythm during egg development. Here, we employ a well-established in vitro
      bioassay, to show that the daily rhythm of PTTH release by brains in vitro is
      under circadian control since it persists in aperiodic conditions with a free
      running period of around 24h that is temperature compensated. Prolonged exposure
      (3weeks) of insects to continuous constant light (LL) completely eliminated PTTH
      release. Subsequent transfer of such insects from LL to constant darkness (DD)
      rapidly induced rhythmic PTTH release, indicating that the circadian rhythm of
      PTTH release is induced by photic cues. Western analysis identified PTTH in the
      adult hemolymph, suggesting that PTTH acts as a functional neurohormone in the
      adult insect. Dot blot analysis revealed that PTTH levels in the hemolymph also
      cycled with a daily rhythm that persisted in DD and was synchronous with the
      rhythm of PTTH release by brains in vitro. We conclude that the previously
      documented photosensitive clock in the brain regulates rhythmic PTTH release and
      thus generates the rhythm seen in the hemolymph. These results emphasize the
      importance of rhythmic PTTH release in the adult insect and support a role for
      PTTH in adult physiology and possibly within the adult circadian system.

PMID- 27371112
TI  - Are mussels able to distinguish underwater sounds? Assessment of the reactions of
      Mytilus galloprovincialis after exposure to lab-generated acoustic signals.
AB  - This study examined the effects of lab-generated acoustic signals on the
      behaviour and biochemistry of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
      The experiment was carried out in a tank equipped with a video-recording system
      using six groups of five mussels exposed to five acoustic treatments (each
      treatment was replicated three times) for 30min. The acoustic signals, with a
      maximum sound pressure level of 150dB rms re 1MUPa, differed in frequency range
      as follows: low (0.1-5kHz), mid-low (5-10kHz), mid (10-20kHz), mid-high (20
      40kHz) and high (40-60kHz). The exposure to sweeps did not produce any
      significant changes in the mussels' behaviour. Conversely, the specimens exposed
      to the low frequency band treatment showed significantly higher values of the
      following biochemical stress parameters measured in their plasma and tissues:
      glucose, total proteins, total haemocyte number (THC), heat shock protein 70
      (Hsp70) expression, and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The responses
      observed in the mussels exposed to low frequency sweeps enable us to suppose a
      biological and ecological role for this sound, which contains the main
      frequencies produced by both shipping traffic and the acoustic emissions of fish.

PMID- 27371113
TI  - Defining the allometric relationship between size and individual fatty acid
      turnover in barramundi Lates calcarifer.
AB  - An experiment was conducted with barramundi (Asian seabass; Lates calcarifer) to
      examine the allometric scaling effect of individual fatty acids. Six treatment
      size classes of fish were deprived of food for 21days (Treatment A, 10.5+/-0.13g;
      Treatment B, 19.2+/-0.11g; Treatment C, 28.3+/-0.05g; Treatment D, 122.4+/-0.10g;
      Treatment E, 217.6+/-0.36g; Treatment F, 443.7+/-1.48g; mean+/-SD) with each
      treatment comprising of fifteen fish, in triplicate. The assessment of somatic
      losses of whole-body energy and lipid were consistent with previous studies,
      validating the methodology to be extended to individual fatty acids. Live-weight
      (LW) exponent values were determined to be 0.817+/-0.010 for energy and 0.895+/
      0.007 for lipid. There were significant differences among the fatty acids ranging
      from 0.687+/-0.005 for 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and 0.954+/-0.008 for
      18:1n-9 (oleic acid). The LW exponent values were applied to existing fatty acid
      intake and deposition data of barramundi fed with either 100% fish oil or 100%
      poultry oil. From this the maintenance requirement for each fatty acid was
      determined. The metabolic demands for maintenance and growth were then
      iteratively determined for fish over a range of size classes. Application of
      these exponent values to varying levels of fatty acid intake demonstrated that
      the biggest driver in the utilisation of fatty acids in this species is
      deposition demand and despite their reputed importance, the long-chain
      polyunsaturated fatty acids had nominal to no maintenance requirement.

PMID- 27371114
TI  - Higher rates of aneuploidy in blastocysts and higher risk of no embryo transfer
      in recurrent pregnancy loss patients with diminished ovarian reserve undergoing
      in vitro fertilization.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the prediction of aneuploidy rate in blastocysts from
      patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) on the basis of ovarian reserve
      testing. DESIGN: Prospective cohort analysis. SETTING: Private, university
      affiliated fertility clinic. PATIENT(S): A total of 239 patients with RPL,
      defined as two or more clinical miscarriages, were screened for inclusion. One
      hundred two (102) cycles in patients with unexplained RPL resulted in at least
      one euploid embryo transferred. Outcomes were compared by ovarian reserve test
      results, with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) defined as a cycle day 3 FSH >10
      IU/mL and/or antimullerian hormone <1 ng/mL. INTERVENTION(S): In vitro
      fertilization with blastocyst biopsy and aneuploidy screening of all 23
      chromosome pairs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Rate of aneuploidy in blastocysts and
      incidence of IVF cycles with no transfer owing to no euploid blasts. RESULT(S):
      Patients with DOR had a higher percentage of aneuploid blastocysts (57% vs 49%)
      and a higher incidence of no euploid embryos to transfer (25% vs 13%). The higher
      rate of aneuploidy in blastocysts was most significant in patients aged <38 years
      (67% vs 53%). Implantation rates after transfer of euploid blastocysts were
      similar (61% compared with 59%), and miscarriage rates were low (14% and 10%).
      CONCLUSION(S): Unexplained RPL patients with DOR have a higher percentage of
      aneuploid blastocysts and risk of no euploid embryo to transfer compared with
      unexplained RPL patients with normal ovarian reserve testing. The difference is
      most significant in patients aged <38 years. Patients with RPL and DOR with
      euploid embryo transferred had similar outcomes compared with patients with RPL
      and normal ovarian reserve testing.

PMID- 27371115
TI  - Survival studies of a temperate and lytic bacteriophage in bovine faeces and
      slurry.
AB  - AIMS: Cattle are the main reservoir of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC),
      food-borne pathogens that express verocytotoxins (vtx) encoded by temperate
      bacteriophage. Bovine faeces and unturned manure heaps can support the survival
      of VTEC and may propagate and transmit VTEC. This study investigated the survival
      of a vtx2 bacteriophage, phi24B ::Kan, in bovine faeces and slurry. The survival
      of an anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 lytic bacteriophage, e11/2, was examined in
      the same matrices, as a possible bio-control option for VTEC. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: Samples were inoculated with phi24B ::Kan and/or e11/2 bacteriophage at
      a concentration of 7-8 log10  PFU g(-1)  (faeces) or ml(-1) (slurry), stored at 4
      and 14 degrees C and examined every 2 days for 36 days. The ability of phi24B
      ::Kan to transduce E. coli cells was examined. Moreover, E. coli concentrations
      in the faeces and slurry were monitored throughout the experiment as were the pH
      and aw (faeces only). Both bacteriophages survived well in faeces and slurry. In
      addition, phi24B ::Kan was able to form lysogens. CONCLUSIONS: phi24B ::Kan and
      e11/2 phage can survive and remain infective in bovine faeces and slurry for at
      least 30 days under representative Irish temperatures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF
      THE STUDY: Bovine faeces and slurry may act as a reservoir for vtx
      bacteriophages. The survival of the anti-O157 phage suggests it may be a suitable
      bio-control option in these matrices.

PMID- 27371116
TI  - Preclinical assessment of a new recombinant ADAMTS-13 drug product (BAX930) for
      the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
AB  - Essentials ADAMTS-13-deficiency is a cause of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
      (TTP). Preclinical safety of recombinant human ADAMTS-13 (BAX930) was shown in
      animal models. Preclinical efficacy of BAX930 was shown in a mouse model of TTP.
      BAX930 showed advantageous efficacy over fresh frozen plasma, the current
      standard of care. Click to hear Dr Cataland and Prof. Lammle present a seminar on
      Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP): new Insights in Pathogenesis and
      Treatment Modalities. SUMMARY: Background Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
      (TTP) is a rare blood disorder characterized by microthrombosis in small blood
      vessels of the body, resulting in a low platelet count. Baxalta has developed a
      new recombinant ADAMTS-13 (rADAMTS-13) product (BAX930) for on-demand and
      prophylactic treatment of patients with hereditary TTP (hTTP). Objectives To
      evaluate the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of BAX930 in different
      species, by use of an extensive preclinical program. Methods The prophylactic and
      therapeutic efficacies of BAX930 were tested in a previously established TTP
      mouse model. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated after single intravenous bolus
      injection in mice and rats, and after repeated dosing in cynomolgus monkeys.
      Toxicity was assessed in rats and monkeys, safety pharmacology in monkeys, and
      local tolerance in rabbits. Results BAX930 was shown to be efficacious, as
      demonstrated by a stabilized platelet count in ADAMTS-13 knockout mice that were
      thrombocytopenic when treated. Prophylactic efficacy was dose-dependent and
      comparable with that achieved by treatment with fresh frozen plasma, the mainstay
      of hTTP treatment. Therapeutic efficacy was treatment interval-dependent. Safety
      pharmacology evaluation did not show any deleterious effects of BAX930 on
      cardiovascular and respiratory functions in monkeys. The compound's
      pharmacokinetics were similar and dose-proportional in mice, rats, and monkeys.
      BAX930 was well tolerated in rats, monkeys, and rabbits, even at the highest
      doses tested. Conclusions These results demonstrate that BAX930 has a favorable
      preclinical profile, and support the clinical development of rADAMTS-13 for the
      treatment of hTTP.

PMID- 27371117
TI  - Transcription Termination: Variations on Common Themes.
AB  - Transcription initiates pervasively in all organisms, which challenges the notion
      that the information to be expressed is selected mainly based on mechanisms
      defining where and when transcription is started. Together with post
      transcriptional events, termination of transcription is essential for sorting out
      the functional RNAs from a plethora of transcriptional products that seemingly
      have no use in the cell. But terminating transcription is not that easy, given
      the high robustness of the elongation process. We review here many of the
      strategies that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have adopted to dismantle the
      elongation complex in a timely and efficient manner. We highlight similarities
      and diversity, underlying the existence of common principles in a diverse set of
      functionally convergent solutions.

PMID- 27371118
TI  - Disturbance of mitochondrial functions provoked by the major long-chain 3
      hydroxylated fatty acids accumulating in MTP and LCHAD deficiencies in skeletal
      muscle.
AB  - The pathogenesis of the muscular symptoms and recurrent rhabdomyolysis that are
      commonly manifested in patients with mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP)
      and long-chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiencies is still
      unknown. In this study we investigated the effects of the major long-chain
      monocarboxylic 3-hydroxylated fatty acids (LCHFA) accumulating in these
      disorders, namely 3-hydroxytetradecanoic (3HTA) and 3-hydroxypalmitic (3HPA)
      acids, on important mitochondrial functions in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria.
      3HTA and 3HPA markedly increased resting (state 4) and decreased ADP-stimulated
      (state 3) and CCCP-stimulated (uncoupled) respiration. 3HPA provoked similar
      effects in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers, validating the results obtained
      in purified mitochondria. Furthermore, 3HTA and 3HPA markedly diminished
      mitochondrial membrane potential, NAD(P)H content and Ca(2+) retention capacity
      in Ca(2+)-loaded mitochondria. Mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT)
      induction probably underlie these effects since they were totally prevented by
      cyclosporin A and ADP. In contrast, the dicarboxylic analogue of 3HTA did not
      alter the tested parameters. Our data strongly indicate that 3HTA and 3HPA behave
      as metabolic inhibitors, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and mPT inducers
      in skeletal muscle. It is proposed that these pathomechanisms disrupting
      mitochondrial homeostasis may be involved in the muscle alterations
      characteristic of MTP and LCHAD deficiencies. 

PMID- 27371119
TI  - [Mitochondrial Neuro-Gastro-Intestinal Encephalopathy (MNGIE): When and how to
      suspect it in front of an atypical anorexia nervosa?]
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalopathy (MNGIE)
      disease is an extremely underrated syndrome beginning around the age of eighteen
      years. Because of its severity, this diagnosis should be considered when a
      patient presents an atypical anorexia nervosa. MNGIE disease is inherited in an
      autosomal recessive manner and related to mutations of the TYMP gene (ch22q13.32
      qter), encoding the thymidine phosphorylase. The MNGIE is often misdiagnosed and
      is associated with a time to diagnostic of about 12 years after first symptoms.
      Thus this critical review aims to help clinicians better identify symptoms and
      paraclinical markers of the MNGIE as a differential diagnosis of atypical
      anorexia nervosa. METHODS: A literature search was performed using PubMed and
      Google Scholar databases. RESULTS: The clinical diagnosis of the MNGIE disease
      should be based on the association of severe loss of weight and some additional
      symptoms: (1) severe gastrointestinal dysmotility (nausea, vomiting, intestinal
      pseudo-obstruction), (2) ptosis or external ophtalmoplegia and (3) peripheral
      sensorimotor neuropathy. When MNGIE disease is clinically suspected, paraclinical
      testing can help to validate the MNGIE diagnostic: (1) Arterial blood test
      reveals lactic acidemia (e.g. an increased serum concentration of lactate without
      pH modifications), and (2) Brain MRI indicates leukoencephalopathy, usually
      asymptomatic. Direct evidence of MNGIE disease is based on specific testing of:
      (1) the thymidine phopshorylase enzyme activity in leukocytes is less than 10% of
      the control, (2) the increase of plasmatic thymidine (>3MUmol/L) and the increase
      of plamatic deoxyuridine (>5MUmol/L), (3) the evidence of mutations of the TYMP
      gene by molecular genetic testing. CONCLUSION: The MNGIE disease is a severe
      trouble with multisystemic complications. The thymidine phopshorylase enzyme
      activity in leukocytes should be measured as soon as possible when a patient
      presents atypical anorexia nervosa.

PMID- 27371120
TI  - [Psychotherapic interventions for bipolar disorder in children and adolescents].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review the options for psychosocial interventions in pediatric
      bipolar disorders. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review of randomized
      clinical trials and open-label studies was conducted. RESULTS: Randomized
      controlled trials show that psychosocial interventions involving families (i.e.
      family-focused treatment) or individual and family therapy (i.e. multi- or
      individual-family psychoeducational psychotherapy, child- and family-focused
      cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy) may be effective
      through added benefit to pharmacotherapy. All these interventions share numerous
      common therapeutic elements such as psychoeducation and skills training.
      Individual interventions (i.e. interpersonal and social rhythm therapy and
      cognitive-behavioral therapy) are to date less well documented. However that may
      be, outcome studies remain few, and numerous methodological limitations (small
      sample sizes, designs not very rigorous) restrict the interpretability and
      generalisability of their results. In addition, most studies were conducted in
      specialty centers with highly trained therapists, and the feasibility and
      acceptability of these interventions in practice settings remain to be shown.
      CONCLUSION: Despite recent developments in identifying effective psychosocial
      interventions, numerous critical gaps remain, and more longitudinal studies are
      needed to clarify how these interventions work.

PMID- 27371122
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371121
TI  - Single molecule studies of helicases with magnetic tweezers.
AB  - Helicases are a broad family of enzymes that perform crucial functions in DNA
      replication and in the maintenance of DNA and RNA integrity. A detailed
      mechanical study of helicases on DNA and RNA is possible using single molecule
      manipulation methods. Among those, magnetic tweezers (or traps) present a
      convenient, moderate throughput assay (tens of enzymes can be monitored
      simultaneously) that allow for high resolution (single base-pair) studies of
      these enzymes in various conditions and on various substrates (double and single
      stranded DNA and RNA). Here we discuss various implementation of the basic assay
      relevant for these studies.

PMID- 27371123
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371124
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371125
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371126
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371127
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371128
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371129
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371130
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371131
TI  - Seizures and psychiatric manifestations heralding Biermer's disease.

PMID- 27371133
TI  - Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome revealing acute intermittent
      porphyria.

PMID- 27371132
TI  - Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and hypomagnesemia: A
      frequent association?
AB  - Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a serious neurological
      condition encountered in various medical fields. Pathophysiological factor(s)
      common to PRES cases of apparently unrelated etiologies are yet to be found.
      Based on the hypothesis that hypomagnesemia might participate in the cascade
      leading to PRES, our study sought to verify whether hypomagnesemia is frequently
      associated with PRES regardless of etiology. From a retrospective study of a
      cohort of 57 patients presenting with PRES of different etiologies, presented
      here are the findings of 19 patients with available serum magnesium levels (SMLs)
      during PRES. In the acute phase of PRES, hypomagnesemia was present in all 19
      patients in spite of differences in etiology (including immunosuppressive drugs,
      hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, systemic lupus erythematosus, iatrogenic
      etiology and unknown). SMLs were within normal ranges prior to PRES and below
      normal ranges during the first 48h of PRES, with a significant decrease in SMLs
      during the acute phase. In this retrospective study, constant hypomagnesemia was
      observed during the acute phase of PRES regardless of its etiology. These results
      now require larger studies to assess the particular importance of acute
      hypomagnesemia in PRES and especially the possible need to treat PRES with
      magnesium sulfate. 

PMID- 27371134
TI  - Immunologic Targets in Atopic Dermatitis and Emerging Therapies: An Update.
AB  - Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
      It usually begins in childhood, has a considerable impact on patients' quality of
      life, and incurs substantial healthcare costs. The standard-of-care treatments
      for patients with moderate to severe disease are very limited and have variable
      and typically insufficient efficacy and many side effects, some of which are
      quite serious. However, over the last decade, considerable advances in our
      understanding of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis have paved the way for a
      number of new treatments. Most notable are the drugs that target the Th2
      polarized immune system, which is thought to play a key role in many of the signs
      and symptoms characteristic of this disease. In this article, we briefly review
      the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis, while noting that each patient's
      disease phenotype is likely due to a unique interplay of several disease-specific
      dysregulated pathways. Lastly, we cover emerging therapies for atopic dermatitis,
      focusing on those that target specific components of the immune system, which are
      altered in atopic dermatitis. The hope is that these new biologics or small
      molecule antagonists, which have high specificity for their target molecules,
      will decrease the undesirable side effects caused by off-target effects commonly
      observed with current immunosuppressive agents that are characterized by broad
      biological actions.

PMID- 27371135
TI  - Toward isolating the role of dopamine in the acquisition of incentive salience
      attribution.
AB  - Stimulus-reward learning has been heavily linked to the reward-prediction error
      learning hypothesis and dopaminergic function. However, some evidence suggests
      dopaminergic function may not strictly underlie reward-prediction error learning,
      but may be specific to incentive salience attribution. Utilizing a Pavlovian
      conditioned approach procedure consisting of two stimuli that were equally reward
      predictive (both undergoing reward-prediction error learning) but functionally
      distinct in regard to incentive salience (levers that elicited sign-tracking and
      tones that elicited goal-tracking), we tested the differential role of D1 and D2
      dopamine receptors and nucleus accumbens dopamine in the acquisition of sign- and
      goal-tracking behavior and their associated conditioned reinforcing value within
      individuals. Overall, the results revealed that both D1 and D2 inhibition
      disrupted performance of sign- and goal-tracking. However, D1 inhibition
      specifically prevented the acquisition of sign-tracking to a lever, instead
      promoting goal-tracking and decreasing its conditioned reinforcing value, while
      neither D1 nor D2 signaling was required for goal-tracking in response to a tone.
      Likewise, nucleus accumbens dopaminergic lesions disrupted acquisition of sign
      tracking to a lever, while leaving goal-tracking in response to a tone
      unaffected. Collectively, these results are the first evidence of an
      intraindividual dissociation of dopaminergic function in incentive salience
      attribution from reward-prediction error learning, indicating that incentive
      salience, reward-prediction error, and their associated dopaminergic signaling
      exist within individuals and are stimulus-specific. Thus, individual differences
      in incentive salience attribution may be reflective of a differential balance in
      dopaminergic function that may bias toward the attribution of incentive salience,
      relative to reward-prediction error learning only.

PMID- 27371136
TI  - Changes in Substance Use Symptoms Across Adolescence in Youth Perinatally
      Infected with HIV.
AB  - The paper utilizes data collected at three time points in a longitudinal study of
      perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) and a comparison group of perinatally exposed
      but HIV-uninfected (PHEU) youths in the United States (N = 325). Using growth
      curve modeling, the paper examines changes in substance use symptoms among PHIV+
      and PHEU youths as they transition through adolescence, and assesses the
      individual and contextual factors associated with the rate of change in substance
      use symptoms. Findings indicate that substance use symptoms increased over time
      among PHIV+ youths, but not among PHEU youths. The rate of change in these
      symptoms was positively associated with an increasing number of negative life
      events. Study findings underscore the need for early, targeted interventions for
      PHIV+ youths, and interventions to reduce adversities and their deleterious
      effects in vulnerable populations.

PMID- 27371137
TI  - Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms,
      contexts and responses.
AB  - This article examines lake drying and livelihood dynamics in the context of
      multiple stressors through a case study of the "Small Lake Chad" in the Republic
      of Chad. Livelihoods research in regions experiencing persistent lake water
      fluctuations has largely focused on the well-being and security of lakeshore
      dwellers. Little is known about the mechanisms through which lake drying shapes
      livelihood drawbacks and opportunities, and whether locally evolved responses are
      enhancing livelihoods. Here we address these gaps using empirical, mixed-methods
      field research couched within the framework of livelihoods and human well-being
      contexts. The analysis demonstrates that limited opportunities outside
      agriculture, the influx of mixed ethnic migrants and the increasing spate of
      violence all enhance livelihood challenges. Livelihood opportunities centre on
      the renewal effects of seasonal flood pulses on lake waters and the learning
      opportunities triggered by past droughts. Although drying has spurred new
      adaptive behaviours predicated on seasonality, traditional predictive factors and
      the availability of assets, responses have remained largely reactive. The article
      points to where lake drying fits amongst changes in the wider socio-economic
      landscape in which people live, and suggests that awareness of the
      particularities of the mechanisms that connect lake drying to livelihoods can
      offer insights into the ways local people might be assisted by governments and
      development actors.

PMID- 27371139
TI  - A Developmental Perspective of Global and Local Visual Perception in Autism
      Spectrum Disorder.
AB  - Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) demonstrate superior performances
      on visuo-spatial tasks emphasizing local information processing; however,
      findings from studies involving hierarchical stimuli are inconsistent. Wide age
      ranges and group means complicate their interpretability. Children and
      adolescents with and without ASD completed a Navon task wherein they identified
      global and local stimuli composed of either consistent or inconsistent letters.
      Trajectories of reaction time in global and local conditions were similar within
      and between groups when consistent and inconsistent stimuli were considered
      together, but the effect of local-to-global interference was significantly higher
      in participants with than without ASD. Age was not a significant predictor of
      local-to-global interference, suggesting that this effect emerges in childhood
      and persists throughout adolescence in ASD.

PMID- 27371138
TI  - Sociomoral Reasoning, Empathy, and Meeting Developmental Tasks During the
      Transition to Adulthood in Autism Spectrum Disorder.
AB  - This mixed methods study investigated sociomoral reasoning, empathy, and
      challenging and supportive factors during the transition to adulthood in emerging
      adults (18-27-years-old) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to better understand
      how these variables facilitated positive developmental outcomes. Same-aged ASD (n
      = 22) and typically developing (TD) (n = 22) groups completed quantitative and
      qualitative measures assessing these constructs. Compared to the TD group, the
      ASD group had significantly lower sociomoral reasoning and perspective-taking,
      significantly higher personal distress, but similar empathic concern. Inductive
      content analysis showed those with ASD and better developmental outcomes more
      often discussed the value of informal social support and utilized perspective
      taking during challenging sociomoral situations.

PMID- 27371140
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371142
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371141
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371144
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371143
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371145
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371146
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371148
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371147
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371149
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371151
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371150
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371152
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371153
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371154
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371155
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371156
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371157
TI  - Task-related fMRI responses to a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist
      in schizophrenia: A randomized trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: AQW051, an alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist,
      enhanced cognitive function in rodent models of learning and memory. This study
      evaluated brain activation during performance of a working memory task (WMT) and
      an episodic memory task (EMT), and the effect of AQW051 on task-related brain
      activation and performance in subjects with schizophrenia. METHODS: This was a
      double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, 2-period cross-over
      trial (NCT00825539) in participants with chronic, stable schizophrenia.
      Participants, stratified according to smoking status, were randomized
      (1:1:1:1:1:1) to 1 of 6 sequence groups that determined the study drug dose
      (AQW051 7.5mg, 50mg or 100mg) and order of administration versus placebo. The
      primary outcome was brain activation in a priori target regions of interest
      (ROIs) during performance of the WMT and EMT, measured using functional magnetic
      resonance imaging. The effect of AQW051 on task-related (EMT and WMT) brain
      activation and performance was also assessed, as were safety and tolerability.
      RESULTS: Overall, 60 of 68 enrolled participants completed the study (AQW051 then
      placebo: 7.5mg n=9; 50mg n=11; 100mg n=10. Placebo then AQW051: 7.5mg n=10; 50mg
      n=11; 100mg n=9). Significant task-related brain activation (5% significance
      level) was observed with placebo. During the WMT, a medium effect size was
      observed in the inferior prefrontal cortex with AQW051 100mg versus placebo
      (0.431; p=0.105). During the EMT encoding phase, a large effect size was observed
      in the anterior hippocampus (0.795; p=0.007) and a medium effect size in the
      posterior hippocampus (0.476; p=0.079) with AQW051 7.5mg. No other medium/large
      effect sizes were observed with any dose on either task. Effects on brain
      activation were generally not associated with changes in cognitive performance.
      AQW051 was well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile. CONCLUSIONS:
      Overall, no consistent effects of AQW051 on brain regions involved in the
      performance of a WMT or EMT were observed; however, this study presents a model
      for evaluating potential response to pharmacological interventions for cognitive
      impairment in schizophrenia.

PMID- 27371158
TI  - Role of antigen presenting cell invariant chain in the development of hepatic
      steatosis in mouse model.
AB  - The role of Invariant chain (CD74 or Ii) in antigen presentation via Antigen
      Presenting Cells (APC), macrophage recruitment as well as survival, T cell
      activation and B cell differentiation has been well recognized. However, the
      aspect of CD74 which is involved in the development of hepatic steatosis and the
      pathways through which it acts remain to be studied. In this study, we
      investigated the role of CD74 in the inflammatory pathway and its contribution to
      development of hepatic steatosis. For this, wild type C57BL/6J and CD74 deficient
      mice (Ii(-/-) mice) were fed with high fat high fructose (HFHF) diet for 12
      weeks. Chronic consumption of this feed did not develop hepatic steatosis,
      glucose intolerance or change in the level of immune cells in Ii(-/-) mice.
      Moreover, there was relatively delayed expression of genes involved in
      development of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in HFHF fed Ii(-/-) mice
      as compared to that of C57BL/6J phenotype. Taken together, the data suggest that
      HFHF diet fed Ii(-/-) mice fail to develop hepatic steatosis, suggesting that Ii
      mediated pathways play a vital role in the initiation and propagation of liver
      inflammation.

PMID- 27371159
TI  - Bystander Effect Induced by Electroporation is Possibly Mediated by Microvesicles
      and Dependent on Pulse Amplitude, Repetition Frequency and Cell Type.
AB  - Bystander effect, a known phenomenon in radiation biology, where irradiated cells
      release signals which cause damage to nearby, unirradiated cells, has not been
      explored in electroporated cells yet. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether
      bystander effect is present in electroporated melanoma cells in vitro, by
      determining viability of non-electroporated cells exposed to medium from
      electroporated cells and by the release of microvesicles as potential indicators
      of the bystander effect. Here, we demonstrated that electroporation of cells
      induces bystander effect: Cells exposed to electric pulses mediated their damage
      to the non-electroporated cells, thus decreasing cell viability. We have shown
      that shedding microvesicles may be one of the ways used by the cells to mediate
      the death signals to the neighboring cells. The murine melanoma B16F1 cell line
      was found to be more electrosensitive and thus more prone to bystander effect
      than the canine melanoma CMeC-1 cell line. In B16F1 cell line, bystander effect
      was present above the level of electropermeabilization of the cells, with the
      threshold at 800 V/cm. Furthermore, with increasing electric field intensities
      and the number of pulses, the bystander effect also increased. In conclusion,
      electroporation can induce bystander effect which may be mediated by
      microvesicles, and depends on pulse amplitude, repetition frequency and cell
      type.

PMID- 27371160
TI  - UCP3 Regulates Single-Channel Activity of the Cardiac mCa1.
AB  - Mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake (mCa(2+) uptake) is thought to be mediated by the
      mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU). UCP2 and UCP3 belong to a superfamily of
      mitochondrial ion transporters. Both proteins are expressed in the inner
      mitochondrial membrane of the heart. Recently, UCP2 was reported to modulate the
      function of the cardiac MCU related channel mCa1. However, the possible role of
      UCP3 in modulating cardiac mCa(2+) uptake via the MCU remains inconclusive. To
      understand the role of UCP3, we analyzed cardiac mCa1 single-channel activity in
      mitoplast-attached single-channel recordings from isolated murine cardiac
      mitoplasts, from adult wild-type controls (WT), and from UCP3 knockout mice
      (UCP3(-/-)). Single-channel registrations in UCP3(-/-) confirmed a murine voltage
      gated Ca(2+) channel, i.e., mCa1, which was inhibited by Ru360. Compared to WT,
      mCa1 in UCP3(-/-) revealed similar single-channel characteristics. However, in
      UCP3(-/-) the channel exhibited decreased single-channel activity, which was
      insensitive to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inhibition. Our results suggest that
      beyond UCP2, UCP3 also exhibits regulatory effects on cardiac mCa1/MCU function.
      Furthermore, we speculate that UCP3 might modulate previously described
      inhibitory effects of ATP on mCa1/MCU activity as well.

PMID- 27371161
TI  - The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and
      comparison with cortisol.
AB  - Core executive functions such as working memory, inhibition, and cognitive
      flexibility are integral to daily life. A growing body of research has suggested
      that acute stress may impair core executive functions. However, there are a
      number of inconsistencies in the literature, leading to uncertainty about how or
      even if acute stress influences core executive functions. We addressed this by
      conducting a meta-analysis of acute stress effects on working memory, inhibition,
      and cognitive flexibility. We found that stress impaired working memory and
      cognitive flexibility, whereas it had nuanced effects on inhibition. Many of
      these effects were moderated by other variables, such as sex. In addition, we
      compared effects of acute stress on core executive functions to effects of
      cortisol administration and found some striking differences. Our findings
      indicate that stress works through mechanisms aside from or in addition to
      cortisol to produce a state characterized by more reactive processing of salient
      stimuli but greater control over actions. We conclude by highlighting some
      important future directions for stress and executive function research.

PMID- 27371164
TI  - Increased MicroRNA-1266 levels as a biomarker for disease activity in psoriasis
      vulgaris.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence has shown that serum microRNA (miR) levels are
      useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic value in various
      diseases. Psoriasis is characterized by a specific miR expression profile, with a
      characteristic miR signature, distinct from that of healthy skin. OBJECTIVES: To
      understand the role of miR-1266 in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and to explore
      if it has the potential as a blood biomarker. We assessed serum miR-1266 levels
      in patients with psoriasis before and after treatment and compared it with
      controls. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between miR-1266 and
      clinical severity in psoriasis before and after treatment. METHODS: miR-1266 was
      measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction in 35 patients with chronic
      plaque psoriasis and 35 healthy controls before and after treatment. Moreover,
      the correlation between miR-1266 levels and psoriasis area and severity index
      score was determined. RESULTS: Serum miR-1266 levels were considerably higher in
      patients with psoriasis than in healthy control subjects. Furthermore, miR-1266
      levels showed a strong positive correlation with psoriasis area and severity
      index score before and after treatment, having a marked decline with therapy.
      CONCLUSION: miR-1266 may have an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis
      vulgaris. This may presumably have possible future implications on the treatment
      of this chronic disease.

PMID- 27371165
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371162
TI  - Large-scale production of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype Asia1) VLP
      vaccine in Escherichia coli and protection potency evaluation in cattle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious disease
      that infects cloven-hoofed animals. Vaccination is an effective means of
      preventing and controlling FMD. Compared to conventional inactivated FMDV
      vaccines, the format of FMDV virus-like particles (VLPs) as a non-replicating
      particulate vaccine candidate is a promising alternative. RESULTS: In this study,
      we have developed a co-expression system in E. coli, which drove the expression
      of FMDV capsid proteins (VP0, VP1, and VP3) in tandem by a single plasmid. The co
      expressed FMDV capsid proteins (VP0, VP1, and VP3) were produced in large scale
      by fermentation at 10 L scale and the chromatographic purified capsid proteins
      were auto-assembled as VLPs in vitro. Cattle vaccinated with a single dose of the
      subunit vaccine, comprising in vitro assembled FMDV VLP and adjuvant, developed
      FMDV-specific antibody response (ELISA antibodies and neutralizing antibodies)
      with the persistent period of 6 months. Moreover, cattle vaccinated with the
      subunit vaccine showed the high protection potency with the 50 % bovine
      protective dose (PD50) reaching 11.75 PD50 per dose. CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      strongly suggest that in vitro assembled recombinant FMDV VLPs produced from E.
      coli could function as a potent FMDV vaccine candidate against FMDV Asia1
      infection. Furthermore, the robust protein expression and purification approaches
      described here could lead to the development of industrial level large-scale
      production of E. coli-based VLPs against FMDV infections with different
      serotypes.

PMID- 27371163
TI  - Endovascular Management of Infected Iliofemoral Pseudoaneurysms: A Case Series.
AB  - The treatment of infected iliofemoral pseudoaneurysms is challenging and
      controversial. We present our experience regarding the efficacy and outcome of
      endovascular treatment of infected iliofemoral arterial pseudoaneurysms with
      covered stents. Our experience with 5 cases showed that stent grafting combined
      with antibiotic therapy and provisional drainage may be a safe and effective
      option in patients with cancer, patients with history of multiple hip revisions,
      and drug-addicted users. In our small case series, the reinfection rate was null
      and no covered stent thrombosis occurred. These results are fairly encouraging,
      but further studies with longer follow-up in a larger number of patients are
      needed to confirm the efficacy and durability of the technique. 

PMID- 27371167
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371166
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371168
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371169
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371170
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371172
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371171
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371174
TI  - [Experience of a second victims support unit (USVIC)].

PMID- 27371173
TI  - Characterization of the binding pattern of human aquaporin-4 autoantibodies in
      patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The discovery of a highly specific antibody against the aquaporin-4
      (AQP4) water channel (AQP4-IgG) unified the spectrum of neuromyelitis optica
      spectrum disorders (NMOSD), which are considered to be antibody-mediated
      autoimmune diseases. The AQP4 water channel is located on astrocytic end-feet
      processes and consists of six transmembrane helical domains forming three
      extracellular loops A, C, and E in which defined amino acids were already proven
      to be critical for AQP4-IgG binding. However, the clinical relevance of these
      findings is unclear. Therefore, we have characterized the epitope specificity of
      AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD patients. METHODS: We established a cell-based flow
      cytometry assay for the quantitative detection of AQP4-IgG-positive serum
      samples. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells were transiently transfected with an
      EmGFP-tagged AQP4-M23, AQP4-M1, or six AQP4-M23 extracellular loop mutants
      including two mutations in loop A (serial AA substitution, insertion of a myc
      tag), two in loop C (N153Q, insertion of a myc-tag), and two in loop E (H230G,
      insertion of a myc-tag). Fourty-seven baseline and 49 follow-up serum samples and
      six paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) baseline samples of 47 AQP4-IgG-positive
      Austrian NMOSD patients were then tested for their binding capability to AQP4-M1
      and AQP4-M23 isoforms and these six extracellular loop mutants. RESULTS: Overall,
      we could identify two broad patterns of antibody recognition based on
      differential sensitivity to mutations in extracellular loop A. Pattern A was
      characterized by reduced binding to the two mutations in loop A, whereas pattern
      B had only partial or no reduced binding to these mutations. These two patterns
      were not associated with significant differences in demographic and clinical
      parameters or serum titers in this retrospective study. Interestingly, we found a
      change of AQP4-IgG epitope recognition pattern in seven of 20 NMOSD patients with
      available follow-up samples. Moreover, we found different binding patterns in
      five of six paired CSF versus serum samples, with a predominance of pattern A in
      CSF. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that AQP4-IgG in sera of NMOSD patients
      show distinct patterns of antibody recognition. The clinical and diagnostic
      relevance of these findings have to be addressed in prospective studies.

PMID- 27371175
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371176
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371177
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371178
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371179
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371180
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371181
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371182
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371183
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371184
TI  - Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting: the GATHER
      statement.
AB  - Measurements of health indicators are rarely available for every population and
      period of interest, and available data may not be comparable. The Guidelines for
      Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER) define best
      reporting practices for studies that calculate health estimates for multiple
      populations (in time or space) using multiple information sources. Health
      estimates that fall within the scope of GATHER include all quantitative
      population-level estimates (including global, regional, national, or subnational
      estimates) of health indicators, including indicators of health status, incidence
      and prevalence of diseases, injuries, and disability and functioning; and
      indicators of health determinants, including health behaviours and health
      exposures. GATHER comprises a checklist of 18 items that are essential for best
      reporting practice. A more detailed explanation and elaboration document,
      describing the interpretation and rationale of each reporting item along with
      examples of good reporting, is available on the GATHER website.

PMID- 27371186
TI  - Total-body CT for initial diagnosis of severe trauma.

PMID- 27371185
TI  - Immediate total-body CT scanning versus conventional imaging and selective CT
      scanning in patients with severe trauma (REACT-2): a randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Published work suggests a survival benefit for patients with trauma
      who undergo total-body CT scanning during the initial trauma assessment; however,
      level 1 evidence is absent. We aimed to assess the effect of total-body CT
      scanning compared with the standard work-up on in-hospital mortality in patients
      with trauma. METHODS: We undertook an international, multicentre, randomised
      controlled trial at four hospitals in the Netherlands and one in Switzerland.
      Patients aged 18 years or older with trauma with compromised vital parameters,
      clinical suspicion of life-threatening injuries, or severe injury were randomly
      assigned (1:1) by ALEA randomisation to immediate total-body CT scanning or to a
      standard work-up with conventional imaging supplemented with selective CT
      scanning. Neither doctors nor patients were masked to treatment allocation. The
      primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality, analysed in the intention-to-treat
      population and in subgroups of patients with polytrauma and those with traumatic
      brain injury. The chi(2) test was used to assess differences in mortality. This
      trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01523626. FINDINGS:
      Between April 22, 2011, and Jan 1, 2014, 5475 patients were assessed for
      eligibility, 1403 of whom were randomly assigned: 702 to immediate total-body CT
      scanning and 701 to the standard work-up. 541 patients in the immediate total
      body CT scanning group and 542 in the standard work-up group were included in the
      primary analysis. In-hospital mortality did not differ between groups (total-body
      CT 86 [16%] of 541 vs standard work-up 85 [16%] of 542; p=0.92). In-hospital
      mortality also did not differ between groups in subgroup analyses in patients
      with polytrauma (total-body CT 81 [22%] of 362 vs standard work-up 82 [25%] of
      331; p=0.46) and traumatic brain injury (68 [38%] of 178 vs 66 [44%] of 151;
      p=0.31). Three serious adverse events were reported in patients in the total-body
      CT group (1%), one in the standard work-up group (<1%), and one in a patient who
      was excluded after random allocation. All five patients died. INTERPRETATION:
      Diagnosing patients with an immediate total-body CT scan does not reduce in
      hospital mortality compared with the standard radiological work-up. Because of
      the increased radiation dose, future research should focus on the selection of
      patients who will benefit from immediate total-body CT. FUNDING: ZonMw, the
      Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development.

PMID- 27371189
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371187
TI  - The rehabilitation of attention in patients with mild cognitive impairment and
      brain subcortical vascular changes using the Attention Process Training-II. The
      RehAtt Study: rationale, design and methodology.
AB  - Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) may cause attentional and executive cognitive
      deficits. No drug is currently available to improve cognitive performance or to
      prevent dementia in SVD patients, and cognitive rehabilitation could be a
      promising approach. We aimed to investigate: (1) the effectiveness of the
      Attention Process Training-II program in the rehabilitation of patients with mild
      cognitive impairment (MCI) and SVD; (2) the impact of the induced cognitive
      improvement on functionality and quality of life; (3) the effect of training on
      brain activity at rest and the possibility of a training-induced plasticity
      effect. The RehAtt study is designed as a 3-year prospective, single-blinded,
      randomized clinical trial. Inclusion criteria were: (1) MCI defined according to
      Winblad et al. criteria; (2) evidence of impairment across attention
      neuropsychological tests; (3) evidence on MRI of moderate/severe white matter
      hyperintensities. All enrolled patients are evaluated at baseline, and after 6
      and 12 months, according to an extensive clinical, functional, MRI and
      neuropsychological protocol. The baseline RehAtt cohort includes 44 patients (66
      % males, mean +/- SD age and years of education 75.3 +/- 6.8 and 8.3 +/- 4.3,
      respectively). After baseline assessment, patients have been randomly assigned to
      'attention training' or 'standard care'. Treatments and follow-up visits at 6
      months are completed, while follow-up visits at 12 months are ongoing. This study
      is the first attempt to reduce attention deficits in patients affected by MCI
      with SVD. The results of this pilot experience will represent an essential
      background for designing larger multicenter, prospective, double-blinded,
      randomized and controlled clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02033850
      (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier).

PMID- 27371190
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371188
TI  - Evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness in children with migraine: a marker
      of subclinical atherosclerosis.
AB  - Migraine is a commonly seen neurovascular disorder during childhood. Inflammation
      induced by the activation of cytokines and neuropeptides is implied in its
      pathophysiology. There is an association between inflammation and atherosclerosis
      in patients with migraine. In addition, there is a strong correlation between
      early atherosclerotic wall lesions and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). The
      study population consisted of 57 migraine patients aged 5-17 years, as well as 47
      healthy children who served as the control group. Those migraine patients who
      were not receiving any medications at the interictal period were compared to
      healthy controls in terms of their measured lipid levels, thyroid function,
      vitamin B12 levels, serum iron levels, iron binding capacity, complete blood
      count, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT)
      scores, which may comprise risk factors for atherosclerosis. When children in the
      migraine and control groups were compared in terms of those risk factors that are
      known to be related to vascular changes, no significant differences were found.
      However, a significant difference was detected in CIMT values (P < 0.05).
      Atherosclerosis commences in childhood, and there is a long period of time before
      the onset of ischemic symptoms occurs. In children with migraine, an evaluation
      of CIMT can be used as a non-invasive imaging modality to detect atherosclerosis,
      which develops in the context of chronic inflammation. In this way, measures to
      reduce morbidity and mortality, which may result from cardiovascular diseases,
      can be implemented. 

PMID- 27371192
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371191
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371193
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371195
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371194
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371196
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371197
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371198
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371199
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371201
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371200
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371202
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371203
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371205
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371204
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371207
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371206
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371208
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371209
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371210
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371211
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371212
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371213
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371214
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371215
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371216
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371217
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371218
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371219
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371220
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371221
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371222
TI  - Fipronil-induced genotoxicity and DNA damage in vivo: Protective effect of
      vitamin E.
AB  - Fipronil, an insecticide of the phenylpyrazole class has been classified as a
      carcinogen by United States Environmental Protection Agency, yet very limited
      information is available about its genotoxic effects. Adult male and female
      animals were gavaged with various doses of fipronil (2.5, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg body
      weight (bw)) to evaluate micronucleus test (mice), chromosome aberration (CA),
      and comet assay (rats), respectively. Cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg bw;
      intraperitoneal) was used as positive control. Another group of animals were
      pretreated with vitamin E orally (400 mg/kg bw) for 5 days prior to
      administration of fipronil (12.5 mg/kg). Fipronil exposure in both male and
      female mice caused significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in
      polychromatic erythrocytes. Similarly, structural CAs in bone marrow cells and
      DNA damage in the lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in the male
      and female rats exposed to fipronil as compared to their respective controls. The
      average degree of protection (male and female animals combined together) shown by
      pretreatment of vitamin E against fipronil-induced genotoxicity was 63.28%: CAs;
      47.91%: MN formation; and 74.70%: DNA damage. Findings of this study demonstrate
      genotoxic nature of fipronil regardless of gender effect and documents protective
      role of vitamin E.

PMID- 27371223
TI  - Corrigendum: Divergence of a conserved elongation factor and transcription
      regulation in budding and fission yeast.

PMID- 27371225
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371226
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371224
TI  - New insights into renal toxicity of the B-RAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, in patients
      with metastatic melanoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Vemurafenib (VMF) is a B-RAF inhibitor used in the treatment of B-RAF
      V600-mutant metastatic melanomas. Reports of acute kidney injury (AKI) in
      patients treated with VMF are scarce. METHODS: To investigate the incidence and
      severity of AKI, we conducted a retrospective, observational, monocentric study
      in the Lyon Sud Hospital University, France, which included 74 patients with
      metastatic B-RAF-mutated melanomas treated with VMF, between June 2011 and August
      2014. According to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Guidelines, AKI
      is defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration exceeding the
      baseline concentration by 1.5 fold. Serum creatinine was thus determined before
      treatment, on a monthly basis during treatment, and 3 months after treatment
      discontinuation. Patients were divided into two main groups: AKI-positive (AKI+)
      and AKI-negative (AKI-) and further subdivided into three groups according to AKI
      severity (stage 1, 2 or 3). To visualize the tissue damage caused by VMF, kidney
      biopsies were performed for two stage 1 AKI+ patients. RESULTS: Of the 74
      patients, 30 (40.5 %) were AKI-, and of the 44 AKI+ patients (59.5 %), 29 (66 %)
      were diagnosed within the first three months of treatment. There were
      significantly more men in the AKI+ group: n = 33 (75 %) versus n = 12 (40 %)
      women, p = 0.004 with an odds ratio for developing AKI of 4.6 (95 % CI 1.48
      14.23). Most AKI + cases were considered as stage 1 (n = 40; 91 %) and the
      remaining four (9 %) as stage 2 AKI. Kidney biopsies revealed interstitial
      fibrosis and acute focal tubular damage. However, renal failure was reversible in
      80 % of patients within 3 months of VMF discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: We observed
      frequent, reversible, moderately severe AKI with some histological evidence of
      tubular and interstitial damage in VMF-treated patients, suggesting that renal
      function should be carefully monitored in male patients, especially during the
      first 3 months.

PMID- 27371228
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371227
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371229
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371231
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371230
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371232
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371233
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371234
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371235
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371236
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371237
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371238
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371239
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371240
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371241
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371242
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371243
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371244
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371245
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371246
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371247
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371248
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371249
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371250
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371251
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371253
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371252
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371254
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371256
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371255
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371257
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371258
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371259
TI  - Integrated community case management and community-based health planning and
      services: a cross sectional study on the effectiveness of the national
      implementation for the treatment of malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ghana has developed two main community-based strategies that aim to
      increase access to quality treatment for malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia: the
      Home-based Care (HBC) and the Community-based Health Planning and Services
      (CHPS). The objective was to assess the effectiveness of HBC and CHPS on
      utilization, appropriate treatment given and users' satisfaction for the
      treatment of malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia. METHODS: A household survey was
      conducted 2 and 8 years after implementation of HBC in the Volta and Northern
      Regions of Ghana, respectively. The study population was carers of children under
      five who had fever, diarrhoea and/or cough in the last 2 weeks prior to the
      interview. HBC and CHPS utilization were assessed based on treatment-seeking
      behaviour when the child was sick. Appropriate treatment was based on adherence
      to national guidelines and satisfaction was based on the perceptions of the
      carers after the treatment-seeking visit. RESULTS: HBC utilization was 17.3 and
      1.0 % in the Volta and Northern Regions respectively, while CHPS utilization in
      the same regions was 11.8 and 31.3 %, with large variation among districts.
      Regarding appropriate treatment of uncomplicated malaria, 36.7 % (n = 17) and
      19.4 % (n = 1) of malaria cases were treated with ACT under the HBC in the Volta
      and Northern Regions respectively, and 14.7 % (n = 7) and 7.4 % (n = 26) under
      the CHPS in the Volta and Northern Regions. Regarding diarrhoea, 7.6 % (n = 4) of
      the children diagnosed with diarrhoea received oral rehydration salts (ORS) or
      were referred under the HBC in the Volta Region and 22.1 % (n = 6) and 5.6 % (n =
      8) under the CHPS in the Volta and Northern Regions. Regarding suspected
      pneumonia, CHPS in the Northern Region gave the most appropriate treatment with
      33.0 % (n = 4) of suspected cases receiving amoxicillin. Users of CHPS in the
      Volta Region were the most satisfied (97.7 % were satisfied or very satisfied)
      when compared with those of the HBC and of the Northern Region. CONCLUSIONS: HBC
      showed greater utilization by children under-five years of age in the Volta
      Region while CHPS was more utilized in the Northern Region. Utilization of HBC
      contributed to prompt treatment of fever in the Volta Region. Appropriate
      treatment for the three diseases was low in the HBC and CHPS, in both regions.
      Users were generally satisfied with the CHPS and HBC services.

PMID- 27371260
TI  - Modeling Glucose Metabolism in the Kidney.
AB  - The mammalian kidney consumes a large amount of energy to support the
      reabsorptive work it needs to excrete metabolic wastes and to maintain
      homeostasis. Part of that energy is supplied via the metabolism of glucose. To
      gain insights into the transport and metabolic processes in the kidney, we have
      developed a detailed model of the renal medulla of the rat kidney. The model
      represents water and solute flows, transmural fluxes, and biochemical reactions
      in the luminal fluid of the nephrons and vessels. In particular, the model
      simulates the metabolism of oxygen and glucose. Using that model, we have
      identified parameters concerning glucose transport and basal metabolism that
      yield predicted blood glucose concentrations that are consistent with
      experimental measurements. The model predicts substantial axial gradients in
      blood glucose levels along various medullary structures. Furthermore, the model
      predicts that in the inner medulla, owing to the relatively limited blood flow
      and low tissue oxygen tension, anaerobic metabolism of glucose dominates.

PMID- 27371262
TI  - ERRATUM.

PMID- 27371263
TI  - ERRATUM.

PMID- 27371261
TI  - Plasma fatty acids, oxylipins, and risk of myocardial infarction: the Singapore
      Chinese Health Study.
AB  - We aimed to examine the prospective association between plasma FAs, oxylipins,
      and risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a Singapore Chinese population.
      A nested case-control study with 744 incident AMI cases and 744 matched controls
      aged 47-83 years was conducted within the Singapore Chinese Health Study.
      Nineteen plasma FAs and 12 oxylipins were quantified using MS. These were grouped
      into 12 FA clusters and 5 oxylipin clusters using hierarchical clustering, and
      their associations with AMI risk were assessed. Long-chain n-3 FAs [odds ratio
      (OR) = 0.67 per SD increase, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.53-0.84, P < 0.001]
      and stearic acid (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44-0.97, P = 0.03) were inversely
      associated with AMI risk, whereas arachidonic acid (AA) was positively associated
      with AMI risk (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03-1.52, P = 0.02) in the multivariable model
      with adjustment for other FAs. Further adjustment for oxylipins did not
      substantially change these associations. An inverse association was observed
      between AA-derived oxylipin, thromboxane (TX)B2, and AMI risk (OR = 0.81, 95% CI:
      0.71-0.93, P = 0.003). Circulating long-chain n-3 FAs and stearic acid were
      associated with a lower and AA was associated with a higher AMI risk in this
      Chinese population. The association between the oxylipin TXB2 and AMI requires
      further research.

PMID- 27371264
TI  - Evaluation of Vaccines Injection Order on Pain Score of Intramuscular Injection
      of Diphtheria, Whole Cell Pertussis and Tetanus Vaccine.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine, whether or not intramuscular injection of diphtheria,
      pertussis and tetanus (DwPT) vaccine should be given first and subcutaneous
      injection of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) thereafter or vice versa and can
      this cause less pain of DwPT vaccine injection. METHODS: In a randomized parallel
      group clinical trial, seventy 18-mo-old healthy children who were referred for
      routine vaccination to Akbari Health Care Center, Yazd, Iran from September 2014
      through March 2015 were randomly allocated to two groups to receive DwPT and then
      MMR vaccines or MMR first, and then DwPT. Primary outcomes included pain score
      during DwPT injection, pain score during MMR injection, overall pain score of
      vaccination and obtaining a pain score of less than three during DwPT injection.
      Pain scores were assessed based on Modified Behavioral Pain Scale. Secondary
      outcome was crying duration during DwPT injection. RESULTS: Thirty seven girls
      and 33 boys were evaluated in two groups. Pain scores of DwPT and MMR injections,
      the frequency of pain score obtained to be less than three during DwPT injection
      and the crying duration were not different in both groups. But, overall pain
      score of vaccination was lower when subcutaneous injection of MMR vaccine was
      given before intramuscular injection of DwPT vaccine. (14.23 +/- 1.35 vs. 15.61
      +/- 2.65; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Overall pain score of vaccination in multiple
      vaccine injection at the same visit might be reduced if subcutaneous vaccine is
      injected before intramuscular one.

PMID- 27371266
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371267
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371265
TI  - Role of ERCP in Patients With Idiopathic Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis.
AB  - OPINION STATEMENT: Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) is defined based on the
      occurrence of two or more episodes of acute pancreatitis. RAP is differentiated
      from chronic pancreatitis based on the presence of a normal morphological
      appearance of the pancreas between episodes. RAP can be due to a variety of
      etiologies including common bile duct stones or sludge, sphincter of Oddi
      dysfunction (SOD), pancreas divisum (PD), anomalous pancreaticobiliary junction,
      genetic mutations, and alcohol related. In approximately 30 % of patients, the
      etiology of RAP is unclear and the term "idiopathic" is used. Endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be utilized in both the diagnosis
      and the initial management of RAP, but it has known limitations and risks. Since
      gallbladder sludge and SOD account for most cases with RAP, cholecystectomy and,
      eventually, endoscopic biliary and/or pancreatic sphincterotomy are performed as
      a part of management. In patients with PD-associated RAP, data from uncontrolled
      and primarily retrospective studies point toward a benefit from minor papillary
      endoscopic intervention. However, given the lack of quality data from prospective
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs), endoscopic management in such patients
      remains an individualized decision, and RCTs are needed to ascertain its true
      long-term benefit. Future studies to investigate the role of endoscopic therapy
      in preventing progression to chronic pancreatitis are needed.

PMID- 27371268
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371269
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371270
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371272
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371271
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371273
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371274
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371275
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371276
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371277
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371278
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371279
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371280
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371281
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371283
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371282
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371284
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371285
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371286
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371287
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371288
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371289
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371290
TI  - Does meniscus removal affect ACL-deficient knee laxity? An in vivo study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to determine, in vivo, the effect
      of different types of meniscectomy on an ACL-deficient knee. METHODS: Using a
      computer-assisted navigation system, 56 consecutive patients (45 men and 11
      women) were subjected to a biomechanical testing with Lachman test (AP30), drawer
      test (AP90), internal/external rotation test, varus/valgus rotation test and
      pivot-shift test. The patients were divided into three groups according to the
      status of the medial meniscus. Group BH, 8 patients with bucket-handle tear of
      medial meniscus underwent a subtotal meniscectomy; Group PHB, 19 patients with
      posterior horn body of medial meniscus tear underwent a partial meniscectomy; and
      Group CG with isolated ACL rupture, as a control group, with 29 patients.
      RESULTS: A significant difference in anterior tibial translation was seen at 30
      grades and in 90 grades between BH and PHB groups compared to the CG. In response
      to pivot-shift test, no significant differences in terms of AREA and POSTERIOR
      ACC were found among the three groups (n.s). Concerning the anterior displacement
      of the pivot shift a statistically significant differences among the three tested
      groups was found. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that meniscal defects
      significantly affect the kinematics of an ACL-deficient knee in terms of anterior
      tibial translation under static and dynamic testing.

PMID- 27371291
TI  - Anatomic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction improves walking
      economy: hamstrings tendon versus patellar tendon grafts.
AB  - PURPOSE: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is associated with a pathologic
      gait pattern and increased energy cost during locomotion. ACL reconstruction
      could improve the gait pattern. Hamstrings tendon (HAM) and bone-patellar tendon
      bone (BPTB) grafts are usually used for reconstruction. The aim of this study was
      to compare the efficacy of anatomic ACL reconstruction with HAM and BPTB grafts
      on improving and normalizing the energy cost and physiologic reserves during
      flat, uphill, and downhill walking. METHODS: Twenty male subjects with unilateral
      ACL injuries were randomly assigned to ACL reconstruction with a HAM (n = 10) or
      BPTB (n = 10) graft. Ten matched controls were also enrolled. All participants
      performed three 8-min walking tasks at 0, +10, and -10 % gradients before and 9
      months after surgery. Energy cost (oxygen consumption, VO2), heart rate (HR), and
      ventilation (VE) were measured. Lysholm/IKDC scores were recorded. RESULTS: Pre
      operatively, VO2, HR, and VE were higher in the HAM and BPTB groups than in
      controls during walking at 0, +10, and -10 % gradients (p < 0.001-0.01). Post
      operatively, both HAM and BPTB groups showed reduced VO2, HR, and VE during the
      three walking tasks (p < 0.001-0.01). Although the post-operative VO2 in both
      surgical groups reached 90-95 % of the normative (control) value during walking,
      it remained elevated against the value observed in controls (p < 0.001-0.01). The
      HAM and BPTB groups showed no differences in post-surgical VO2 or HR during
      walking at all three gradients. CONCLUSION: Anatomic ACL reconstruction with
      either HAM or BPTB graft resulted in similar short-term improvements in energy
      cost and nearly normalized locomotion economy and cardiorespiratory reserves
      during flat, uphill, and downhill walking. The improved locomotion economy is an
      additional benefit of anatomic ACL reconstruction, irrespective of the type of
      graft used, that the orthopaedic surgeons should consider. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

PMID- 27371292
TI  - Early weight bearing versus delayed weight bearing in medial opening wedge high
      tibial osteotomy: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: The need for a period of non-weight bearing after medial opening wedge
      high tibial osteotomy remains controversial. It is hypothesized that immediate
      weight bearing after medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy would have no
      difference in functional scores at one year compared to delayed weight bearing.
      METHODS: Fifty patients, median age 54 years (range 40-65), with medial
      compartment osteoarthritis, underwent a medial opening wedge high tibial
      osteotomy utilizing a locking plate without bone grafting. Patients were
      randomized into an Immediate or a Delayed (2 months) weight bearing group. All
      patients were assessed at one-year follow-up and the two groups compared. The
      primary outcome measure was the IKS score. Secondary outcome measures included
      the IKDC score, the VAS pain score and rate of complications. RESULTS: The
      functional scores significantly improved in both groups. The IKS score increased
      from 142 +/- 31 to 171 +/- 26 in the Immediate group (p < 0.001) and from 148 +/-
      22 to 178 +/- 23 in the Delayed group (p < 0.001). The IKDC score increased from
      49 +/- 17 pre-operatively to 68 +/- 14 one-year post-operatively in the Immediate
      group (p < 0.0001) and from 44 +/- 16 to 69 +/- 19 in the Delayed group (p <
      0.001). The average VAS for pain 2 months after surgery was 3 +/- 3 in the
      Immediate group and 3 +/- 2 in the Delayed (n.s.). There was no significant
      difference between the two groups in any of the outcome measures. The mean
      mechanical femorotibial angle changed from 6 degrees  of varus (0 degrees -15
      degrees  of varus, SD = 3 degrees ) to 4 degrees  of valgus (5 degrees -11
      degrees  of valgus, SD = 3 degrees ) in the Immediate group and from 5 degrees 
      of varus (0 degrees -10 degrees  of varus, SD = 3 degrees ) to 3 degrees  of
      valgus (2 degrees  of varus to 8 degrees  of valgus, SD = 3 degrees ) in the
      Delayed group. No difference was seen between groups, and no loss of correction
      was observed in any patient. Two cases of non-union occurred, one in each group.
      One infection and one deep vein thrombosis occurred in the Immediate group.
      CONCLUSION: Immediate weight bearing after medial opening wedge high tibial
      osteotomy had no effect on functional scores at 1 year follow-up and did not
      significantly increase the complication rate. Immediate weight bearing after
      medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy appears to be safe and can allow some
      patients a quicker return to activities of daily living and a decreased
      convalescence period. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

PMID- 27371293
TI  - RN-BS Students' Reports of Their Self-Care and Health-Promotion Practices in a
      Holistic Nursing Course.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study explored RN-BS students' self-care and health-promotion
      (SCHP) practices in a semester-long holistic nursing course with emphasis on the
      utility of self-reflection through journal writing. DESIGN: A qualitative single
      case study blended in practical action research. METHOD: Fifteen RN-BS students
      enrolled in the holistic nursing course completed (a) three reflective journal
      entries (beginning, midterm, and conclusion); (b) two IHWA-short form surveys
      (beginning and conclusion); and (c) one demographic form (beginning) of the
      course. FINDINGS: Three reflective journals indicated that students'
      understanding of their SCHP practices progressed from novice, to advanced, and
      finally to competent from the beginning, middle, and at the conclusion of the
      course. Four findings emerged in relation to reports of their SCHP practices: (a)
      new awareness of self, (b) application of SCHP practices knowledge, (c) role
      modeling, and (d) dedication to SCHP practices beyond the semester. Four findings
      emerged in relation to participation in the reflective journaling about reports
      of their SCHP practices: (a) self-discovery, (b) retrospective self-evaluation,
      (c) useful intervention for SCHP, and (d) beneficial learning tool in academic
      environment. CONCLUSIONS: Reflective journaling enhanced students' SCHP practices
      and was recognized as useful instructional strategy to improve learning in the
      classroom.

PMID- 27371294
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371295
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371297
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371296
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371298
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371299
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371300
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371301
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371302
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371303
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371304
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371305
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371306
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371307
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371308
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371309
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371311
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371310
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371312
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371313
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371314
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371315
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371316
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371318
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371317
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371319
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371321
TI  - Canada's new assisted dying law faces legal challenge.

PMID- 27371320
TI  - Cdk2 catalytic activity is essential for meiotic cell division in vivo.
AB  - Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) control the eukaryotic cell cycle by
      phosphorylating serine and threonine residues in key regulatory proteins, but
      some Cdk family members may exert kinase-independent functions that cannot easily
      be assessed using gene knockout approaches. While Cdk2-deficient mice display
      near-normal mitotic cell proliferation due to the compensatory activities of Cdk1
      and Cdk4, they are unable to undergo meiotic generation of gametes and are
      consequently sterile. To investigate whether Cdk2 regulates meiosis via protein
      phosphorylation or by alternative kinase-independent mechanisms, we generated two
      different knockin mouse strains in which Cdk2 point mutations ablated enzyme
      activity without altering protein expression levels. Mice homozygous for the
      mutations Cdk2(D145N/D145N) or Cdk2(T160A/T160A) expressed only 'kinase-dead'
      variants of Cdk2 under the control of the endogenous promoter, and despite
      exhibiting normal expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and complexes,
      both mutations rendered mice sterile. Mouse cells that expressed only 'kinase
      dead' variants of Cdk2 displayed normal mitotic cell cycle progression and
      proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that loss of Cdk2 kinase
      activity exerted little effect on this mode of cell division. In contrast, the
      reproductive organs of Cdk2 mutant mice exhibited abnormal morphology and
      impaired function associated with defective meiotic cell division and inability
      to produce gametes. Cdk2 mutant animals were therefore comparable to gene
      knockout mice, which completely lack the Cdk2 protein. Together, our data
      indicate that the essential meiotic functions of Cdk2 depend on its kinase
      activity, without which the generation of haploid cells is disrupted, resulting
      in sterility of otherwise healthy animals.

PMID- 27371322
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371323
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371325
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371324
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371326
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371327
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371329
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371328
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371331
TI  - On the origin of ear clicks during deglutition or pressure equalization.
AB  - To explore the origin of clicking sounds in the ear during deglutition or other
      pharyngeal movements, which are interpreted differently in the literature.
      Experimental study at a tertiary referral centre. Acoustic phenomena during a
      forced opening test of the Eustachian tube (ET) were studied in a temporal bone
      model. Additionally, in vivo experiments were carried out in healthy volunteers
      for ruling out movements of the ossicular chain or the drumhead as potential
      causes of clicks. Thus, acoustic recordings were performed parallel to stapedius
      or tensor reflex measurements or pneumatic video endoscopies of the tympanic
      membrane. Obviously the acoustic signals (clicks) appear when the tube opens,
      which could be visualized and acoustically recorded during forced opening tests
      in temporal bone experiments. Middle ear muscle contractions with movements of
      the tympanic membrane did not cause any click events. Together with the results
      of a previous paper (9) we interpret the clicks as disruptions of fluid or mucus
      films covering the mucosa during the ET opening. The final goal of our studies is
      to use such clicks as indicators of ET openings in a new tube function test,
      which has to be elaborated.

PMID- 27371330
TI  - Predicting postoperative fever and bacterial colonization on packing material
      following endoscopic endonasal surgery.
AB  - Postoperative fever following endoscopic endonasal surgery is a rare occurrence
      of concern to surgeons. To elucidate preoperative and operative predictors of
      postoperative fever, we analyzed the characteristics of patients and their
      perioperative background in association with postoperative fever. A retrospective
      review of 371 patients who had undergone endoscopic endonasal surgery was
      conducted. Predictors, including intake of antibiotics, steroids, history of
      asthma, preoperative nasal bacterial culture, duration of operation, duration of
      packing and intraoperative intravenous antibiotics on the occurrence of
      postoperative fever, and bacterial colonization on the packing material, were
      analyzed retrospectively. Fever (>=38  degrees C) occurred in 63 (17 %) patients.
      Most incidences of fever occurred on postoperative day one. In majority of these
      cases, the fever subsided after removal of the packing material without further
      antibiotic administration. However, one patient who experienced persistent fever
      after the removal of packing material developed meningitis. History of asthma,
      prolonged operation time (>=108 min), and intravenous cefazolin administration
      instead of cefmetazole were associated with postoperative fever. Odds ratios
      (ORs) for each were 2.3, 4.6, and 2.0, respectively. Positive preoperative
      bacterial colonization was associated with postoperative bacterial colonization
      on the packing material (OR 2.3). Postoperative fever subsided in most patients
      after removal of the packing material. When this postoperative fever persists,
      its underlying cause should be examined.

PMID- 27371332
TI  - Reliability and comparison of gain values with occurrence of saccades in the
      EyeSeeCam video head impulse test (vHIT).
AB  - : The vHIT (video head impulse test) investigates the vestibular function in two
      ways: a VOR (vestibulo-ocular reflex) gain value and a head impulse diagram. From
      the diagram covert and overt saccades can be detected. Evaluation of the
      vestibular function based on vHIT depends on both parameters. There is a lack of
      knowledge regarding the reliability of the two parameters. The objective was to
      investigate the reliability of vHIT by comparing gain values between examiners on
      the same subjects, and to see how differences affected the occurrence of
      saccades. SUBJECTS: 25 subjects who had undergone cochlear implant (CI) surgery.
      Subjects were tested using the vHIT by two of four different examiners. Two
      judges interpreted the occurrence of saccades in the diagram. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: VOR gain values and the occurrence of saccades in the diagram.
      Differences in gain values between examiners varied from 0.2 to 0.58 with an
      average of 0.14 (95 % CI 0.12-0.16) on the right ear and 0.17 (95 % CI 0.15-0.19)
      on the left ear. Occurrences of saccades in the same patient were reproduced in
      93 % of the cases by all examiners. Kappa's coefficient on the occurrence of
      saccades was 0.83. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the gain values
      between examiners ranged from 0.62 to 0.70. Differences in gain values amongst
      examiners did not seem to affect the occurrence of saccades in the same patient.
      The occurrence of saccades, therefore, seems to be more reliable than the gain
      value in the evaluation of the vestibular function. Interpretation of vHIT
      results should, therefore, first depend on the occurrence of saccades and second
      on the gain value.

PMID- 27371334
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371335
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371333
TI  - Minimally invasive resection of extradural dumbbell tumors of thoracic spine:
      surgical techniques and literature review.
AB  - PURPOSE: Dumbbell-shaped thoracic tumors represent a distinct type of tumor and
      involve in both the spinal canal and the posterior thoracic cavity. Successful
      treatment for the tumors depends on gross total resection (GTR) via an open
      laminectomy and facetectomy or transthoracic transpleural approach. In this case
      series, we report our experiments with minimally invasive method for the removal
      of extradural dumbbell thoracic tumor and present related literature review.
      METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed two patients with dumbbell-shaped thoracic
      tumors who underwent minimally invasive resection and unilateral transforaminal
      thoracic intervertebral fusion (TTIF) through unilateral paraspinal muscle
      approachwith a spotlight expandable tubular retractor. Clinical data, tumor
      characteristics, and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Two patients underwent
      successful minimally invasive treatment of their spinal neoplasms. There were no
      procedure-related complications. The efficacy in terms of neurological recovery,
      pain improvement and operative variables (length of incision, operative duration,
      blood loss, and hospital stay) was better when compared with prior published
      studies. Postoperative CT image demonstrated complete resection of dumbbell tumor
      in the patients. The solid fusion was obtained after 3 months follow-up and there
      was no failure of internal fixation. CONCLUSION: If the medial border of
      intracanal component of extradural dumbbell tumor is near the midline of canal
      and the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae to tumor are intact, minimally invasive
      resection of tumor through unilateral paraspinal muscle approach combined with
      unilateral TTIF is good choice.

PMID- 27371336
TI  - Fatty acid composition of spermatozoa is associated with BMI and with semen
      quality.
AB  - High body mass index (BMI) is negatively associated with semen quality. In
      addition, the composition of fatty acids of spermatozoa has been shown to be
      important for their function. The aim of the study was to examine the association
      between BMI and the composition of spermatozoa fatty acids in men spanning a
      broad BMI range. We also analysed the relation between fatty acid composition of
      spermatozoa and semen characteristics, and the relationship between serum fatty
      acids and spermatozoa fatty acids. One hundred forty-four men with unknown
      fertility status were recruited from the general population, from couples with
      identified female infertility and from morbid obesity centres. Standard semen
      analysis (WHO) and sperm DNA integrity (DFI) analysis were performed. Fatty acid
      compositions were assessed by gas chromatography. When adjusted for possible
      confounders, BMI was negatively associated with levels of sperm docosahexaenoic
      acid (DHA) (p < 0.001) and palmitic acid (p < 0.001). The amount of sperm DHA
      correlated positively with total sperm count (r = 0.482), sperm concentration (r
      = 0.469), sperm vitality (r = 0.354), progressive sperm motility (r = 0.431) and
      normal sperm morphology (r = 0.265). A negative association was seen between DHA
      levels and DNA fragmentation index (r = -0.247). Levels of spermatozoa palmitic
      acid correlated positively with total sperm count (r = 0.227), while levels of
      linoleic acid correlated negatively (r = -0.254). When adjusted for possible
      confounders, only the levels of arachidonic acid showed positive correlation
      between spermatozoa and serum phospholipids (r = 0.262). Changes in the fatty
      acid composition of spermatozoa could be one of the mechanisms underlying the
      negative association between BMI and semen quality. The relationship between
      fatty acids of spermatozoa and serum phospholipids was minor, which indicates
      that BMI affects fatty acid composition of spermatozoa through regulation of
      fatty acid metabolism in the testis. The role of dietary intake of fatty acids on
      the spermatozoa fatty acid composition remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 27371337
TI  - RETRACTED ARTICLE: Complex Effect of RNA Spliceosome Inhibition on Amyloid
      Precursor Protein Expression.

PMID- 27371338
TI  - Protective effects of PF-4708671 against N-methyl-d-aspartic acid-induced retinal
      damage in rats.
AB  - We previously demonstrated that rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target
      of rapamycin (mTOR), protects against N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA)-induced
      retinal damage in rats. Rapamycin inhibits mTOR activity, thereby preventing the
      phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, which is a downstream target of S6
      kinase. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether PF-4708671, an inhibitor of S6
      kinase, protects against NMDA-induced retinal injury. Intravitreal injection of
      NMDA (200 nmol/eye) caused cell loss in the ganglion cell layer and
      neuroinflammatory responses, such as an increase in the number of CD45-positive
      leukocytes and Iba1-positive microglia. Surprisingly, simultaneous injection of
      PF-4708671 (50 nmol/eye) with NMDA significantly attenuated these responses
      without affecting phosphorylated S6 levels. These results suggest that PF-4708671
      and rapamycin likely protect against NMDA-induced retinal damage via distinct
      pathways. The neuroprotective effect of PF-4708671 is unlikely to be associated
      with inhibition of the S6 kinase, even though PF-4708671 is reported to be a S6
      kinase inhibitor.

PMID- 27371339
TI  - Changing prevalence and treatment outcomes of patients with p16 human
      papillomavirus related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in New Zealand.
AB  - There has, to our knowledge, been no previous report of changes in the prevalence
      and outcomes of treatment of HPV-positive (+) oropharyngeal squamous cell
      carcinoma (SCC) in New Zealand. We identified all affected patients in the
      greater Wellington region between 1 January 1994 and 30 November 2014 from the
      New Zealand Cancer Registry. Their personal details, characteristics of their
      tumours, treatment, complications, and outcomes were collected retrospectively
      from their casenotes and the New Zealand Death Registry, followed by p16
      immunohistochemical staining. Of the 161 patients included, 131 (81%) were men.
      p16 immunohistochemical staining was done routinely in 13 patients during
      investigations, and retrospectively for 135 patients. The proportion of p16+
      oropharyngeal SCC increased from 24% during 1994-1999, to 76% during 2009-2014
      (p<0.001). Oropharyngeal SCC among Europeans was more likely to be p16+ than in
      non-Europeans (67% compared with 44%, p=0.036). Patients with p16+ disease were
      younger (mean (SD) 56 (10) compared with 66 (9) years, p<0.01) with fewer
      coexisting conditions (mean (SD) Charlson Comorbidity Index: 2.45 (0.82) compared
      with 2.92 (1.16), p=0.01), and less likely to have smoked (57/81(70%) compared
      with 38/42 (91%) p=0.035), or misused alcohol (12/81 (15%) compared with 14/42
      (31%), p=0.042), or both. They were also more likely to have poorly
      differentiated tumours (30/52 (58%) compared with 9/34 (26%), p=0.019) with nodal
      metastases (74/85 (87%) compared with 17/30 (57%), p=0.001). Overall 5-year all
      cause survival was more favourable for patients with p16+ disease (65/86 (76%)
      compared with 15/49 (31%), p=0.000). Interestingly, all-cause age at death was
      younger in p16+ patients (62 (11.1) compared with 71 (11.2) years, p=0.001). The
      prevalence of p16+ oropharyngeal SCC had tripled in this population between 1994
      and 2014, and affected patients have distinct characteristics and outcomes of
      treatment.

PMID- 27371340
TI  - Intraosseous generation of heat during guided surgical drilling: an ex vivo study
      of the effect of the temperature of the irrigating fluid.
AB  - We measured the rise in the intraosseous temperature caused by freehand drilling
      or drilling through a surgical guide, by comparing different temperatures of
      irrigation fluid (10 degrees C, 15 degrees C, and 20 degrees C), for every step
      of the drilling sequence (diameters 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5mm) and using a
      constant drilling speed of 1200rpm. The axial load was controlled at 2.0kg.
      Bovine ribs were used as test models. In the guided group we used 3-dimensional
      printed surgical guides and temperature was measured with a thermocouple. The
      significance of differences was assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of
      variance. Guided drilling with 10 degrees C irrigation yielded a significantly
      lower increment in temperature than the 20 degrees C-guided group. When compared
      with the 20 degrees C freehand group, the reduction in temperature in the 10
      degrees C guided group was significantly more pronounced at all diameters except
      3.5mm. Finally, when the 10 degrees C-guided group was compared with the 15
      degrees C groups, the temperature rise was significantly less at 2.5 and 3.0mm
      than with the guided technique, and at 3.0mm compared with the freehand
      technique. We suggest that the use of 10 degrees C pre-cooled irrigation fluid is
      superior to warmer fluid for keeping temperature down, and this reduces the
      difference between guided and freehand drilling.

PMID- 27371341
TI  - Comparison of insulin lispro mix 25 with insulin lispro mix 50 as insulin starter
      in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (CLASSIFY study): Subgroup
      analysis of a Phase 4 open-label randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Premixed insulins are recommended starter insulins in Chinese
      patients after oral antihyperglycemic medication (OAM) failure. In the present
      study, we compared the efficacy and safety of insulin lispro mix 25 (LM25) twice
      daily (b.i.d.) and insulin lispro mix 50 (LM50) b.i.d. as a starter insulin
      regimen in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who had
      inadequate glycemic control with OAMs. METHODS: The primary efficacy outcome in
      the present open-label parallel randomized clinical trial was change in HbA1c
      from baseline to 26 weeks. Patients were randomized in a ratio of 1:  1 to LM25
      (n = 80) or LM50 (n = 76). A mixed-effects model with repeated measures was used
      to analyze continuous variables. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test with
      stratification factor was used to analyze categorical variables. RESULTS: At the
      end of the study, LM50 was more efficacious than LM25 in reducing mean HbA1c
      levels (least-squares [LS] mean difference 0.48; 95 % confidence interval [CI]
      0.22, 0.74; P < 0.001). More subjects in the LM50 than LM25 group achieved HbA1c
      targets of <7.0 % (72.4 % vs 45.0 %; P = 0.001) or <=6.5 % (52.6 % vs 20.0 %; P <
      0.001). Furthermore, LM50 was more effective than LM25 at reducing HbA1c in
      patients with baseline HbA1c, blood glucose excursion, and postprandial glucose
      greater than or equal to median levels (P <= 0.001). The rate and incidence of
      hypoglycemic episodes and increase in weight at the end of the study were similar
      between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: In Chinese patients with T2DM, LM50 was
      more efficacious than LM25 as a starter insulin.

PMID- 27371342
TI  - Association of COL1A1 polymorphism with subchondral bone degeneration of the
      temporomandibular joint.
AB  - The G/T polymorphism of the COL1A1 gene exhibits a clinically significant
      influence on bone remodelling, leading to a predisposition to degenerative
      diseases. The enhancement of bone turnover and further loss of bone mass are
      thought to be the primary pathological changes in the early degenerative course
      of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA), with the appearance of low
      density lesions. Thus, it was hypothesized that this polymorphism may also affect
      this type of bone lesion in TMJ OA. A total of 130 TMJ OA patients with low
      density lesions (cortical bone erosion, condylar head resorption, cyst-like
      lesion) and 186 healthy individuals were recruited. DNA samples were extracted
      from buccal mucosa swabs; genotyping was performed by high-resolution melting
      assay. The distribution of genotypes in these groups was compared using a
      multivariate logistic regression model. No significant differences in the
      distributions of TT and TG genotypes were observed between the groups (P>0.05).
      Significance was detected for GG homozygous carriers (P=0.043); this genotype
      might be a risk factor for this type of low-density lesion (odds ratio 1.643, 95%
      confidence interval 1.016-2.658). This study indicates that the GG genotype might
      be a risk factor for low-density lesions in the TMJ.

PMID- 27371343
TI  - Neonatal outcomes according to different therapies for gestational diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare different neonatal outcomes according to the different
      types of treatments used in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus.
      METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. The study population comprised
      pregnant women with gestational diabetes treated at a public maternity hospital
      from July 2010 to August 2014. The study included women aged at least 18 years,
      with a singleton pregnancy, who met the criteria for gestational diabetes
      mellitus. Blood glucose levels, fetal abdominal circumference, body mass index
      and gestational age were considered for treatment decision-making. The evaluated
      neonatal outcomes were: type of delivery, prematurity, weight in relation to
      gestational age, Apgar at 1 and 5min, and need for intensive care unit admission.
      RESULTS: The sample consisted of 705 pregnant women. The neonatal outcomes were
      analyzed based on the treatment received. Women treated with metformin were less
      likely to have children who were small for gestational age (95% CI: 0.09-0.66)
      and more likely to have a newborn adequate for gestational age (95% CI: 1.12
      3.94). Those women treated with insulin had a lower chance of having a preterm
      child (95% CI: 0.02-0.78). The combined treatment with insulin and metformin
      resulted in higher chance for a neonate to be born large for gestational age (95%
      CI: 1.14-11.15) and lower chance to be born preterm (95% CI: 0.01-0.71). The type
      of treatment did not affect the mode of delivery, Apgar score, and intensive care
      unit admission. CONCLUSIONS: The pediatrician in the delivery room can expect
      different outcomes for diabetic mothers based on the treatment received.

PMID- 27371344
TI  - Mitochondrial neuropathy affects peripheral and cranial nerves and is primary or
      secondary or both.

PMID- 27371345
TI  - Tacrolimus-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in a pediatric heart transplant
      recipient.
AB  - HUS is a well-known entity primarily associated with bacterial infection and is
      characterized by a classic triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and kidney injury.
      Its atypical form has been associated with calcineurin inhibitors and has been
      extensively discussed in renal transplantation. We present a case of tacrolimus
      associated HUS in a pediatric heart transplant recipient, which we believe to be
      previously unreported in the literature. 

PMID- 27371346
TI  - Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for
      the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
AB  - Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
      (MALDI-TOF MS) was compared with the API NH biochemical method for the
      identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in routine clinical samples. A
      retrospective review of laboratory records for 1090 isolates for which both
      biochemical and MALDI-TOF MS identifications were available was performed. Cases
      of discrepant results were examined in detail for evidence supportive of a
      particular organism identification. Of 1090 isolates, 1082 were identified as N.
      gonorrhoeae by API NH. MALDI-TOF MS successfully identified 984 (91%) of these
      after one analysis, rising to 1081 (99.9%) after two analyses, with a positive
      predictive value of 99.3%. For those isolates requiring a repeat analysis,
      failure to generate an identifiable proteomic signature was the reason in 76% of
      cases, with alternative initial identifications accounting for the remaining 24%.
      MALDI-TOF MS identified eight isolates as N. gonorrhoeae that were not identified
      as such by API NH-examination of these discrepant results suggested that the
      MALDI-TOF MS identification may be the more reliable. MALDI-TOF MS is at least as
      accurate and reliable a method of identifying N. gonorrhoeae as API NH. We
      propose that MALDI-TOF MS could potentially be used as a single method for N.
      gonorrhoeae identification in routine cases by laboratories with access to this
      technology.

PMID- 27371347
TI  - Biotypes analysis of Corynebacterium glutamicum growing in dicarboxylic acids
      demonstrates the existence of industrially-relevant intra-species variations.
AB  - Production enhancement of industrial microbial products or strains has been
      traditionally tackled by mutagenesis with chemical methods, irradiation or
      genetic manipulation. However, the final yield increase must go hand in hand with
      the resistance increasing against the usual inherent toxicity of the final
      products. Few studies have been carried out on resistance improvement and even
      fewer on the initial selection of naturally-generated biotypes, which could
      decrease the artificial mutagenesis. This fact is vital in the case of GRAS
      microorganisms as Corynebacterium glutamicum involved in food, feed and cosmetics
      production.The characteristic wide diversity and plasticity in terms of their
      genetic material of Actinobacteria eases the biotypes generation. Thus,
      differences in morphology, glutamate and lysine production and growth in media
      supplemented with dicarboxylic acids were analysed in four biotypes of C.
      glutamicum ATCC 13032. A 2D-DIGE analysis of these biotypes growing with itaconic
      acid allowed us to define their differences. Thus, an optimized central
      metabolism and better protection against the generated stress conditions present
      the CgL biotype as a suitable platform for production of itaconic acid, which is
      used as a building block (e.g.: acrylic plastic). This analysis highlights the
      preliminary biotypes screening as a way to reach optimal industrial productions.

PMID- 27371348
TI  - Proteomic investigation of the prefrontal cortex in the rat clomipramine model of
      depression.
AB  - : Neonatal rodents chronically treated with the tricyclic antidepressant
      clomipramine show depression-like behavior, which persists throughout adulthood.
      Therefore, this animal model is suitable to investigate the pathomechanism of
      depression, which is still largely unknown at the molecular level beyond
      monoaminergic dysfunctions. Here, we describe protein level changes in the
      prefrontal cortex of neonatally clomipramine-treated adult rats correlating with
      behavioral abnormalities. Clomipramine was administered to rat pups twice daily
      between postnatal days 8-21, while controls received saline injections.
      Behavioral tests were performed on 3months old rats. The proteomic study was
      conducted using two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. We have
      identified 32 proteins by mass spectrometry analysis of the significantly altered
      protein spots. The changed proteins are related to several biological functions,
      such as inflammation, transcription, cell metabolism and cytoskeleton
      organization. Among the altered proteins, the level of macrophage migration
      inhibitory factor showed the largest alteration, which was confirmed with Western
      blot. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor showed widespread distribution and
      was predominantly expressed in astrocytes in the forebrain of rats which were
      described using immunohistochemistry. We conclude that neonatal clomipramine
      exposure induces sustained modification in the proteome, which may form the
      molecular basis of the observed depression-like behavior in adult rats.
      BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is known that some of the psychiatric disorders, such
      as autism, depression or schizophrenia may be at least in part, developmental
      disorders. We hypothesized that clomipramine treatment in early stage of brain
      development, which is known to induce depression-like behavior in adult rats,
      results in pathological distortion in neuronal and glial network development,
      which can be reflected by the cellular proteome in adulthood. Thus, we performed
      an unbiased proteomics experiment in adult rats, which were neonatally
      administered with clomipramine to reveal protein level changes three months after
      treatment. Many of the identified changed proteins are previously associated with
      depressive symptoms, e.g., the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), the
      level of which showed the largest alteration among the identified proteins. Based
      on our data, we suggest that neonatal clomipramine treatment is a reliable model
      to study the developmental effect of psychoactive drugs applied in the sensitive
      early phase of brain development. Furthermore, our findings support the idea that
      the alteration of early development of the brain induced by antidepressant
      treatment could result in sustained pathological changes in the cellular
      phenotype in the prefrontal cortex leading to depression-like behavioral
      symptoms.

PMID- 27371349
TI  - A Cyclin D2-derived peptide acts on specific cell cycle phases by activating
      ERK1/2 to cause the death of breast cancer cells.
AB  - : Protein degradation by the proteasome generates functional intracellular
      peptides. Pep5, a peptide derived from Cyclin D2, induces cell death in tumor
      cell lines and reduces the volume of rat C6 glioblastoma tumors in vivo. Here, we
      chose the human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to evaluate the mechanism of cell
      death induced by pep5 in different phases of the cell cycle. Fluorescently
      labeled pep5, monitored by real time confocal microscopy, entered the MDA-MB-231
      cells 3min after application and localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Pep5
      induced cell death was increased when the MDA-MB-231 cell population was arrested
      at the G1/S transition or in S phase compared to asynchronous cells. Pep5 induced
      permanent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in MDA
      MB-231 cells synchronized in G1/S or S phase. Affinity chromatography followed by
      mass spectrometry identified CLIC1 and Plectin as the only two proteins that
      interacted with pep5 in both asynchronous and synchronized MDA-MB-231 cells.
      These interactions could explain the long-lasting ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the
      cytoskeleton perturbations in the MDA-MB-231 cells, in which the stress fibers'
      integrity is affected by pep5 treatments. These data suggest that pep5 has
      potential therapeutic properties for treating specific types of cancers, such as
      breast cancer cells. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Pep5, a natural intracellular
      peptide formed by the degradation of Cyclin D2 through the ubiquitin-proteasome
      system, induces cell death when reintroduced into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells,
      which express low levels of Cyclin D2, specifically in G1/S arrested cells or in
      cells that are passing through S phase. Under these conditions, pep5 is able to
      interact with different intracellular proteins, primarily cytoskeleton and
      proteasome components, which can lead to cellular apoptosis. Together, our data
      suggest that pep5 is an intracellular peptide with therapeutic potential for
      treating specific types of tumors with low expression of Cyclin D2 by inhibiting
      cell proliferation.

PMID- 27371350
TI  - iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the role of the tonoplast in
      fruit senescence.
AB  - The vacuole is by far the largest multifunctional organelle in fruits and plays a
      functional role in fruit development and fruit quality. Despite its significance,
      little information exists pertaining to the role of the vacuolar membrane
      (tonoplast) in the process of fruit senescence. In the present study, an iTRAQ
      based quantitative proteomic approach was used to characterize the dynamic
      alterations in the tonoplast proteome during fruit senescence. Tonoplasts were
      purified from apple fruit at various stages of senescence using an iodixanol step
      gradient protocol. A total of 345 tonoplast-related proteins were identified with
      diverse functions such as transporters and proton pumps, signal transduction,
      membrane fusion or vesicle trafficking, cellular metabolic process, defense
      response, protein folding and degradation, and cytoskeleton. Changes in protein
      abundance during storage were characterized for the identified proteins. A total
      of 22 proteins displayed differential levels of abundance during storage. The
      senescence-related tonoplast proteins mostly function in the transportation of
      metabolites, signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and stress response. RT
      qPCR analysis was used to quantify the level of expression of nine genes encoding
      some of the differentially abundant proteins. The results of this study provide
      new information regarding the function of the tonoplast during fruit senescence.
      BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Studies on the postharvest physiology and biochemistry
      of apple fruit have been conducted for several decades. Little proteomic
      information is available, however, pertaining to the role of the vacuole in fruit
      ripening and senescence. In the present study, an iTRAQ-based quantitative
      proteomic analysis was conducted on tonoplasts isolated from apple fruit in order
      to gain a global view of alterations in the tonoplast proteome during fruit
      senescence. The information obtained in the present study not only provides basic
      information about the tonoplast proteome in apple fruit but also characterized
      the quantitative changes that occur in the abundance of tonoplast proteins during
      the course of fruit senescence. This study provides a deeper insight into the
      cellular functions of the vacuole during fruit senescence that can serve as a
      basis for the development of future biotechnological strategies for the
      improvement of fruit quality.

PMID- 27371351
TI  - Poor compliance and lack of improvement in birth certificate reporting of
      assisted reproductive technology pregnancies in the United States.

PMID- 27371353
TI  - Cell-free DNA screening in clinical practice: abnormal autosomal aneuploidy and
      microdeletion results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since its commercial release in 2011 cell-free DNA screening has been
      rapidly adopted as a routine prenatal genetic test. However, little is known
      about its performance in actual clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: We sought to
      investigate factors associated with the accuracy of abnormal autosomal cell-free
      DNA results. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 121
      patients with abnormal cell-free DNA results from a referral maternal-fetal
      medicine practice from March 2013 through July 2015. Patients were included if
      cell-free DNA results for trisomy 21, trisomy 18, trisomy 13, or microdeletions
      (if reported by the laboratory) were positive or nonreportable. The primary
      outcome was confirmed aneuploidy or microarray abnormality on either prenatal or
      postnatal karyotype or microarray. Secondary outcomes were identifiable
      associations with in vitro fertilization, twins, ultrasound findings, testing
      platform, and testing laboratory. Kruskal-Wallis or Fisher exact tests were used
      as appropriate. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients had abnormal cell-free DNA
      results for trisomy 21, trisomy 18, trisomy 13, and/or microdeletions. In all,
      105 patients had abnormal cell-free DNA results for trisomy 21, trisomy 18, and
      trisomy 13. Of these, 92 (87.6%) were positive and 13 (12.4%) were nonreportable.
      The results of the 92 positive cell-free DNA were for trisomy 21 (48, 52.2%),
      trisomy 18 (22, 23.9%), trisomy 13 (17, 18.5%), triploidy (2, 2.2%), and positive
      for >1 parameter (3, 3.3%). Overall, the positive predictive value of cell-free
      DNA was 73.5% (61/83; 95% confidence interval, 63-82%) for all trisomies (by
      chromosome: trisomy 21, 83.0% [39/47; 95% confidence interval, 69-92%], trisomy
      18, 65.0% [13/20; 95% confidence interval, 41-84%], and trisomy 13, 43.8% [7/16;
      95% confidence interval, 21-70%]). Abnormal cell-free DNA results were associated
      with positive serum screening (by group: trisomy 21 [17/48, 70.8%]; trisomy 18
      [7/22, 77.8%]; trisomy 13 [3/17, 37.5%]; nonreportable [2/13, 16.7%]; P = .004),
      and abnormal first-trimester ultrasound (trisomy 21 [25/45, 55.6%]; trisomy 18
      [13/20, 65%]; trisomy 13 [6/14, 42.9%]; nonreportable [1/13, 7.7%]; P = .003).
      There was no association between false-positive rates and testing platform, but
      there was a difference between the 4 laboratories (P = .018). In all, 26 patients
      had positive (n = 9) or nonreportable (n = 17) microdeletion results. Seven of 9
      screens positive for microdeletions underwent confirmatory testing; all were
      false positives. CONCLUSION: The positive predictive value of 73.5% for cell-free
      DNA screening for autosomal aneuploidy is lower than reported. The positive
      predictive value for microdeletion testing was 0%. Diagnostic testing is needed
      to confirm abnormal cell-free DNA results for aneuploidy and microdeletions.

PMID- 27371352
TI  - Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy and offspring body composition: The
      Healthy Start Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Consistent evidence of an influence of maternal dietary intake during
      pregnancy on infant body size and composition in human populations is lacking,
      despite robust evidence in animal models. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the
      influence of maternal macronutrient intake and balance during pregnancy on
      neonatal body size and composition, including fat mass and fat-free mass. STUDY
      DESIGN: The analysis was conducted among 1040 mother-offspring pairs enrolled in
      the prospective prebirth observational cohort: the Healthy Start Study. Diet
      during pregnancy was collected using repeated 24-hour dietary recalls (up to 8).
      Direct measures of body composition were obtained using air displacement
      plethysmography. The National Cancer Institute measurement error model was used
      to estimate usual dietary intake during pregnancy. Multivariable partition
      (nonisocaloric) and nutrient density (isocaloric) linear regression models were
      used to test the associations between maternal dietary intake and neonatal body
      composition. RESULTS: The median macronutrient composition during pregnancy was
      32.2% from fat, 15.0% from protein, and 47.8% from carbohydrates. In the
      partition multivariate regression model, individual macronutrient intake values
      were not associated with birthweight or fat-free mass, but were associated with
      fat mass. Respectively, 418 kJ increases in total fat, saturated fat, unsaturated
      fat, and total carbohydrates were associated with 4.2-g (P = .03), 11.1-g (P =
      .003), 5.9-g (P = .04), and 2.9-g (P = .02) increases in neonatal fat mass,
      independent of prepregnancy body mass index. In the nutrient density multivariate
      regression model, macronutrient balance was not associated with fat mass, fat
      free mass, or birthweight after adjustment for prepregnancy body mass index.
      CONCLUSION: Neonatal adiposity, but not birthweight, is independently associated
      with increased maternal intake of total fat, saturated fat, unsaturated fat, and
      total carbohydrates, but not protein, suggesting that most forms of increased
      caloric intake contribute to fetal fat accretion.

PMID- 27371354
TI  - Medical management of ectopic pregnancy with single-dose and 2-dose methotrexate
      protocols: human chorionic gonadotropin trends and patient outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ectopic pregnancy, although rare, is an important cause of female
      morbidity and mortality and early, effective treatment is critical. Systemic
      methotrexate has become widely accepted as a safe and effective alternative to
      surgery in the stable patient. As the number and timing of methotrexate doses
      differ in the 3 main medical treatment regimens, one might expect trends in serum
      human chorionic gonadotropin and time to resolution to vary depending on
      protocol. Furthermore, human chorionic gonadotropin trends and time to resolution
      may predict ultimate treatment success. OBJECTIVE: This study hypothesized that
      the 2-dose methotrexate protocol would be associated with a faster initial
      decline in serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels and a shorter time to
      resolution compared to the single-dose protocol. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective
      multicenter cohort study included clinical data from women who received medical
      management for ectopic pregnancy. Rates of human chorionic gonadotropin change
      and successful pregnancy resolution were assessed. Propensity score modeling
      addressed confounding by indication, the potential for differential assignment of
      patients with better prognosis to the single-dose methotrexate protocol. RESULTS:
      In all, 162 ectopic pregnancies were in the final analysis; 114 (70%) were
      treated with the single-dose methotrexate and 48 (30%) with the 2-dose protocol.
      Site, race, ethnicity, and reported pain level were associated with differential
      protocol allocation (P < .001, P = .011, P < .001, and P = .035, respectively).
      Women had similar initial human chorionic gonadotropin levels in either protocol
      but the mean rate of decline of human chorionic gonadotropin from day 0 (day of
      administration of first dose of methotrexate) to day 7 was significantly more
      rapid in women who received the single-dose protocol compared to those treated
      with the 2-dose protocol (mean change -31.3% vs -10.4%, P = .037, adjusted for
      propensity score and site). The 2 protocols had no significant differences in
      success rate or time to resolution. CONCLUSION: In a racially and geographically
      diverse group of women, the single- and double-dose methotrexate protocols had
      comparable outcomes. The more rapid human chorionic gonadotropin initial decline
      in the single-dose group suggested these patients were probably at lower risk for
      ectopic rupture than those getting the 2-dose protocol. A prospective randomized
      controlled design is needed to remove confounding by indication.

PMID- 27371356
TI  - ?

PMID- 27371355
TI  - Statin use and uterine fibroid risk in hyperlipidemia patients: a nested case
      control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
      inhibitors primarily used for treatment of hyperlipidemia. Recently, they have
      been shown to inhibit proliferation of uterine fibroid cells and inhibit tumor
      growth in fibroid animal models. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the association
      between statin use and the risk of uterine fibroids and fibroid-related symptoms
      in a nationally representative sample of commercially insured women diagnosed
      with hyperlipidemia. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a nested case-control study of
      >190,000 women enrolled in one of the nation's largest commercial health
      insurance programs. From a cohort of women aged 18-65 years diagnosed with
      hyperlipidemia from January 2004 through March 2011, we identified 47,713 cases
      (women diagnosed with uterine fibroids) and 143,139 controls (women without
      uterine fibroids) matched at a 1:3 ratio on event/index date (month and year) and
      age (+/-1 year). We used conditional and unconditional logistic regression to
      calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of uterine
      fibroids and fibroid-related symptoms associated with prior use of statins.
      RESULTS: Exposure to statins within 2 years before the event/index date was
      associated with a decreased risk of uterine fibroids (odds ratio, 0.85; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.83-0.87). In a separate subanalysis restricted to cases,
      statin users had a lower likelihood of having menorrhagia (odds ratio, 0.88; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.84-0.91), anemia (odds ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence
      interval, 0.79-0.88), or pelvic pain (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval,
      0.81-0.91) and of undergoing myomectomy (odds ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence
      interval, 0.66-0.87) compared to nonusers. CONCLUSION: The use of statins was
      associated with a lower risk of uterine fibroids and fibroid-related symptoms.
      Further studies, including randomized controlled trials, may be warranted.

PMID- 27371357
TI  - [Hematidrosis and hemolacrea associated with conversion disorder. About a
      pediatric case].

PMID- 27371358
TI  - [Perianal pemphigus vegetans].

PMID- 27371359
TI  - Characterization of the sensor domain of QseE histidine kinase from Escherichia
      coli.
AB  - In enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), the QseEF two-component system
      causes attaching and effacing (AE) lesion on epithelial cells. QseE histidine
      kinase senses the host hormone epinephrine, sulfate, and phosphate; it also
      regulates QseF response regulator, which activates LEE gene that encodes AE
      lesion. In order to understand the recognition of ligand molecules and signal
      transfer mechanism in pathogenic bacteria, structural studies of the sensor
      domain of QseE of Escherichia coli should be conducted. In this study, we
      describe the overexpression, purification, and structural and biophysical
      properties of the sensor domain of QseE. The fusion protein had a 6*His tag at
      its N-terminus; this protein was overexpressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli
      BL21 (DE3). The protein was denatured in 7M guanidine hydrochloride and refolded
      by dialysis. The purification of the refolded protein was carried out using Ni
      NTA affinity column and size-exclusion chromatography. Thereafter, the
      characteristics of the refolded protein were determined from NMR, CD, and MALS
      spectroscopies. In a pH range of 7.4-5.0, the folded protein existed in a
      monomeric form with a predominantly helical structure. (1)H-(15)N HSQC NMR
      spectra shows that approximately 93% backbone amide peaks are detected at pH 5.0,
      suggesting that the number of backbone signals is sufficient for NMR studies.
      These data might provide an opportunity for structural and functional studies of
      the sensor domain of QseE.

PMID- 27371361
TI  - Complement research in the 18th-21st centuries: Progress comes with new
      technology.
AB  - The complement system has been studied for about 120 years. Progress in defining
      this large and complex system has been dependent on the research technologies
      available, but since the introduction of protein chromatography, electrophoresis,
      and antibody-based assay methods in the 1950s and 60s, and sequencing of proteins
      and DNA in the 70s and 80s, there has been very rapid accumulation of data. With
      more recent improvements in 3D structure determination (nmr and X-ray
      crystallography), the structures of most of the complement proteins have now been
      solved. Complement research since 1990 has been greatly stimulated by the
      discoveries of the multiple proteins in the lectin pathway, the strong
      association of Factor H, C3, Factor B allelic variants with adult macular
      degeneration and atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome, and the introduction of the
      anti-C5 monoclonal antibody as a therapy for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
      and atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome. Potential new roles for complement in
      tissue development and the search for novel therapeutics suggest a very active
      future for complement research.

PMID- 27371360
TI  - Trends in the Diagnosis and Outcomes of Traumatic Carotid and Vertebral Artery
      Dissections among Medicare Beneficiaries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early identification of carotid and vertebral artery dissections has
      been advocated to reduce stroke among trauma patients. We sought to characterize
      trends in the diagnosis of traumatic carotid and vertebral artery dissections and
      association changes in stroke rate among Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS: Using
      Medicare claims, we created a cohort of 5,961 beneficiaries admitted with a new
      traumatic carotid or vertebral artery dissection from 2001 to 2012. We calculated
      rates of stroke during hospitalization and 90 days of discharge. We calculated
      rates of carotid imaging using computed tomography-angiography, carotid duplex,
      and plain angiography index hospitalization. To study concurrent secular trends,
      we created a secondary cohort of patients admitted after any traumatic injury
      from 2001 to 2012 and determined rates of stroke and carotid imaging within this
      cohort. RESULTS: From 2001 to 2012, incidence of traumatic carotid dissection
      increased 72% among Medicare beneficiaries (1.1-1.76 per 100,000 patients; rate
      ratio [RR], 1.72; 95% CI, 1.6-1.9, P < 0.001). Among patients diagnosed with
      traumatic carotid or vertebral artery dissections, the combined in-hospital and
      90-day stroke rate did not change significantly (4.9% in 2001; 5.2% in 2012; RR,
      1.06; 95% CI, 0.93-1.20; P = 0.094). Likewise, there was little change in
      mortality (10.3%; RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.95-1.06; P = 0.88). Among all trauma
      patients, the use of computed tomography angiography has increased 16-fold (2-35
      per 100,000 patients; RR, 16.7; 95% CI, 13-19; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite
      increased diagnosis of carotid or vertebral artery dissection, there has been
      little change in stroke risk among trauma patients. Efforts to more effectively
      target imaging and treatment for these patients are necessary.

PMID- 27371362
TI  - Vaginal Cytology Results in Follow-up of Endometrial Carcinoma After
      Hysterectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our study examined accumulated data on vaginal cytology follow-up
      results of women treated for endometrial carcinoma (EmCa) by hysterectomy in a
      large academic women's hospital practice. METHODS: This study analyzed cases of
      EmCa treated by hysterectomy from January 2006 to December 2008 with documented
      follow-up vaginal cytology and/or vaginal biopsy results available prior to
      September 2013. RESULTS: Of 607 patients with EmCa who had documented
      hysterectomy findings, 420 had either follow-up vaginal biopsy or cytology
      results during a mean follow-up period of 42.5 months, and 414 (98.6%) had at
      least one vaginal cytology follow-up result. Of 414 patients followed with
      vaginal cytology results, 48 (11.6%) had biopsy results while 366 (88.4%) had
      only vaginal cytology results. Recurrent EmCa in the vagina was documented by
      biopsy in 11 patients, eight within 2 years of hysterectomy. Cytology findings of
      neoplastic glandular cells triggered diagnostic vaginal biopsies in two of 11
      cases. CONCLUSIONS: Vaginal recurrences of EmCa were diagnosed in 11 (2.6%) of
      420 patients with documented vaginal follow-up testing. Abnormal vaginal cytology
      findings directly led to vaginal biopsy diagnoses of EmCa in two of the 11
      patients. Vaginal cytology is no longer a recommended routine surveillance option
      for detection of vaginal cuff recurrence of EmCa.

PMID- 27371363
TI  - Thymomas With Extensive Clear Cell Component:  A Clinicopathologic and
      Immunohistochemical Study of Nine Cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Nine cases of thymomas with an extensive clear cell component are
      presented. METHODS: The patients were six men and three women aged between 45 and
      62 years (mean, 52 years). Presenting symptoms included shortness of breath,
      chest pain, and cough. Diagnostic imaging revealed anterior mediastinal masses in
      all patients, and all underwent thymectomy. RESULTS: Grossly, the tumors varied
      from 3 to 9 cm in the greatest dimension. Four cases were invasive and five
      encapsulated. Histologically, the tumors were characterized by an epithelial cell
      component with extensive clear cell change, admixed with lymphocytes in varying
      proportions. Immunohistochemically, the tumors demonstrated the typical
      immunophenotype of thymomas characterized by positive staining of the epithelial
      cells for pancytokeratin and cytokeratin 5/6, absent expression of CD5 and c-kit,
      and reactivity of the lymphocytes for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
      Clinical follow-up available for six patients showed that all were alive and well
      12 to 24 months after surgical resection. CONCLUSIONS: The cases herein presented
      highlight an unusual feature in thymoma that has more commonly been ascribed to
      thymic carcinoma. They also emphasize the importance of correct diagnosis to
      determine the appropriate treatment strategy and to accurately predict prognosis.

PMID- 27371364
TI  - [The current aspects of the use of ecstasy/MDMA in France].
AB  - Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), the active compound of ecstasy, has been
      used for several years, especially by young adults to benefit of psychostimulant
      properties. By raising the level of neuromodulators in the synapsis, MDMA can
      cause psychiatric and physical injuries. After reduced supplies in 2009 (number
      of ecstasy seizures equal to 10 percent of those recorded in 2002), judicial
      authorities now observed an increased availability (a half more part of seizures
      in 2012 than 2010). From its "Spontaneous Notifications" data base and "deaths in
      connection with the abuse of medicine and substances (DRAMES)", "observation of
      illegal drugs and misuse of psychotropic medications" (OPPIDUM), and "observation
      of drug dependencies in ambulatory medicine" (OPEMA) national inquiries, the
      French Addictovigilance network (CEIP-A) highlighted the increasing consumption
      of MDMA. The way of use appeared quite unchanged: users were mainly young men
      between 25 and 30 years; they favored an occasional use but mainly combined other
      products such as alcohol, cannabis and other stimulants. Severity of the clinical
      cases, based on hospital care and forensic data, could be consistent with the
      higher amounts of MDMA measured in pills.

PMID- 27371366
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371365
TI  - In Parkinson's disease STN stimulation enhances responsiveness of movement
      initiation speed to high reward value.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is part of the motor, associative, and
      limbic cortico-striatal circuits through which it can influence a range of
      behaviours, with preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that the STN is
      involved in motivational modulation of behaviour. In the present study, we
      investigated if in Parkinson's disease (PD) motivational modulation of movement
      speed is altered by deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the STN (STN-DBS). METHODS:
      We studied the effect of monetary incentive on speed of movement initiation and
      execution in a computer-based simple reaction time task in 10 operated patients
      with Parkinson's disease using a STN DBS ON/OFF design and also in 11 healthy
      participants. RESULTS: Prospect of reward improved speed of movement initiation
      in PD patients both with STN-DBS ON and OFF. However, only with STN-DBS ON, the
      patients showed greater speeding of initiation time with higher reward magnitude,
      suggesting enhanced responsivity to higher reward value. Also, on the rewarded
      trials, PD patients ON stimulation made more anticipation errors than on
      unrewarded trials, reflecting a propensity to impulsive responses triggered by
      prospect of reward by subthalamic stimulation. The motivational modulation of
      movement speed was preserved and enhanced in PD with STN-DBS. CONCLUSION:
      Motivational modulation of movement speed in PD is maintained with STN-DBS, with
      STN stimulation having a further energizing effect on movement initiation in
      response to greater incentive value. Our results suggest that STN plays a role in
      integrating motivational influences into motor action, which may explain some
      previous reports of STN-DBS induced impulsivity with increased motivational
      salience of stimuli.

PMID- 27371367
TI  - An assessment of dietary exposure to glyphosate using refined deterministic and
      probabilistic methods.
AB  - Glyphosate is a herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds. Some uses of
      glyphosate in crop production can lead to residues of the active substance and
      related metabolites in food. This paper uses data on residue levels, processing
      information and consumption patterns, to assess theoretical lifetime dietary
      exposure to glyphosate. Initial estimates were made assuming exposure to the
      highest permitted residue levels in foods. These intakes were then refined using
      median residue levels from trials, processing information, and monitoring data to
      achieve a more realistic estimate of exposure. Estimates were made using
      deterministic and probabilistic methods. Exposures were compared to the
      acceptable daily intake (ADI)-the amount of a substance that can be consumed
      daily without an appreciable health risk. Refined deterministic intakes for all
      consumers were at or below 2.1% of the ADI. Variations were due to cultural
      differences in consumption patterns and the level of aggregation of the dietary
      information in calculation models, which allows refinements for processing.
      Probabilistic exposure estimates ranged from 0.03% to 0.90% of the ADI, depending
      on whether optimistic or pessimistic assumptions were made in the calculations.
      Additional refinements would be possible if further data on processing and from
      residues monitoring programmes were available. 

PMID- 27371368
TI  - Irreversible down-regulation of miR-375 in the livers of Fischer 344 rats after
      chronic furan exposure.
AB  - Furan, a rodent liver carcinogen, is a chemical contaminant found in a broad
      range of cooked foods. Despite a lack of conclusive evidence regarding furan
      genotoxicity, several reports indicate that furan induces a broad range of non
      genotoxic alterations, including aberrant expression microRNAs (miRNAs). In order
      to clarify the role of miRNA alterations with respect to furan carcinogenicity,
      we investigated the expression of several cancer-related miRNAs in the livers of
      Fischer 344 rats treated continuously with furan. The results demonstrate that
      furan induced marked changes in miRNA expression, characterized by over
      expression of hepatic miRNAs, miR-34a, miR-93, miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-224,
      and down-regulation of miR-375. Interestingly, a majority of furan-induced miRNA
      changes diminished after the cessation of the furan treatment. In contrast, the
      expression of miR-375 steadily decreased in a time-dependent manner following
      furan treatment. The reduced expression of miR-375 was accompanied by cytosine
      DNA hypermethylation and increased lysine methylation of histone H3K9 and H3K27
      at the MiR-375 gene. The significance of miR-375 inhibition with respect to the
      pathogenesis of furan-induced liver toxicity and carcinogenicity may be
      attributed to its role in the up-regulation of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1),
      which is one of the principal events in the liver carcinogenesis. The results of
      the present study support the hypothesis of the non-genotoxic mode of action of
      furan and emphasize the importance of epigenetic alterations in the mechanism of
      furan hepatotoxicity.

PMID- 27371369
TI  - Difference-in-Differences Method in Comparative Effectiveness Research: Utility
      with Unbalanced Groups.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Comparative effectiveness research (CER) often includes observational
      studies utilizing administrative data. Multiple conditioning methods can be used
      for CER to adjust for group differences, including difference-in-differences
      (DiD) estimation. OBJECTIVE: This study presents DiD and demonstrates how to
      apply this conditioning method to estimate treatment outcomes in the CER setting
      by utilizing the MarketScan(r) Databases for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients
      receiving different therapies. METHODS: The sample included 6762 patients, with
      363 in the Test Cohort [glatiramer acetate (GA) switched to fingolimod (FTY)] and
      6399 in the Control Cohort (GA only, no switch) from a US administrative claims
      database. A trend analysis was conducted to rule out concerns regarding
      regression to the mean and to compare relapse rates among treatment cohorts. DiD
      analysis was used to enable comparisons among the Test and Control Cohorts.
      Logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of relapse after
      switching from GA to FTY, and to compare group differences in the pre- and post
      index periods. RESULTS: Crude DiD analysis showed that in the pre-index period
      more patients in the Test Cohort experienced an MS relapse and had a higher mean
      number of relapses than in the Control Cohort. During the pre-index period,
      numeric and relative data for MS relapses in patients in the Test Cohort were
      significantly higher than in the Control Cohort, while no significant between
      group differences emerged during the post-index period. Generalized linear
      modeling with DiD regression estimation showed that the mean number of MS
      relapses decreased significantly in the post-index period among patients in the
      Test Cohort compared with patients in the Control Cohort. CONCLUSION: In this
      study, an MS population was utilized to demonstrate how DiD can be applied to
      estimate treatment effects in a heterogeneous population, where the Test and
      Control Cohorts varied greatly. The results show that DiD offers a robust method
      for comparing diverse cohorts when other risk-adjustment methods may not be
      adequate.

PMID- 27371370
TI  - Gut Microbiota Developments With Emphasis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Report
      From the Gut Microbiota for Health World Summit 2016.

PMID- 27371371
TI  - Elastic Characteristics of the Normal Achilles Tendon Assessed by Virtual Touch
      Imaging Quantification Shear Wave Elastography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the elastic properties of the normal Achilles tendon in
      different age groups by Virtual Touch imaging quantification (VTIQ; Siemens
      Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA) shear wave elastography. METHODS: A total of 326
      healthy volunteers older than 18 years were divided into different groups by sex
      and age. The thickness, shear wave velocity (SWV) in sagittal and axial sections,
      and anisotropic coefficient of the Achilles tendon in a state of relaxation were
      obtained by conventional sonography and Virtual Touch imaging quantification
      elastography. These parameters were compared in different age and sex groups, and
      their correlations with age were evaluated. RESULTS: The thickness of the
      Achilles tendon in men and women increased gradually with age, and it was larger
      in men than in women in each age group (P < .05). The SWV of the tendon in the
      sagittal section decreased slightly with age, but the sagittal and axial SWVs and
      anisotropic coefficient had no significant differences among different age groups
      (P > .05), and they also had no significant differences between men and women
      within any group (P > .05). The SWVs in the sagittal and axial sections and
      anisotropic coefficient had no correlation with age. Intraclass correlation
      coefficients for sagittal and axial SWVs obtained by 2 independent observers were
      0.923 and 0.870, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The thickness of the Achilles tendon
      increased gradually with age. We confirmed that tendinous elastographic
      anisotropy and the stiffness of the tendon had no significant correlation with
      age.

PMID- 27371372
TI  - Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter-Related Upper Extremity Venous Thrombosis
      in Oncology Patients: A Prospective Study Based on Doppler Sonography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are associated with
      an increased risk of venous thrombosis. This study had 2 objectives: to estimate
      the incidence of upper extremity venous thrombosis associated with PICCs in
      oncology patients and to evaluate the role of Doppler sonography in
      antithrombotic prophylaxis. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study with each
      patient being followed for 6 weeks. From April 2014 to October 2014, we analyzed
      a series of 245 consecutive oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy via PICCs,
      for an overall number of 246 PICC placements. We assessed the role of Doppler
      sonography for initiation of antithrombotic prophylaxis. The study group
      encompassed 2 cohorts of patients: those who received regular weekly Doppler
      screening for thrombosis prophylaxis and those who did not. RESULTS: Of 246
      insertions, we observed 90 episodes of upper extremity venous thrombosis
      (36.59%); 62 of them were asymptomatic in the Doppler group, and 28 were
      symptomatic in the no-Doppler group. Patients in the Doppler group had a
      significantly lower rate of thrombosis (0%) than those in the no-Doppler group
      (23.53%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective study suggests that the rate of
      PICC-related upper extremity venous thrombosis in oncology patients is high, and
      the occurrence of symptomatic thrombosis could be lowered with regular weekly
      Doppler screening after PICC insertions.

PMID- 27371373
TI  - Transient Elastography for Spleen Stiffness Measurement in Patients With
      Cirrhosis: Role in Degree of Thrombocytopenia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the relationship between
      spleen stiffness measured by transient elastography and the degree of
      thrombocytopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS: A total of 67
      patients with liver cirrhosis were prospectively enrolled in the study. All
      patients underwent single-day hematologic and biochemical tests, sonography, and
      transient elastography of the liver and spleen. Thrombocytopenia was categorized
      as mild (platelet count, 75,000-150,000/MUL), moderate (50,000-75,000/MUL), and
      severe (<50,000/MUL). RESULTS: The degree of thrombocytopenia was significantly
      correlated with spleen stiffness (P = .001) and spleen size (P = .002) but not
      with liver stiffness (P = .086). In patients without splenomegaly, spleen
      stiffness values were significantly higher in patients with thrombocytopenia than
      in those without thrombocytopenia (P = .035). In patients with splenomegaly,
      spleen stiffness values were significantly higher in patients with moderate to
      severe thrombocytopenia than in those with a normal platelet count or mild
      thrombocytopenia (P = .007). Compared to liver stiffness, spleen stiffness showed
      a better and statistically significant correlation with platelet count and spleen
      size in patients with cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of thrombocytopenia was
      directly correlated with spleen stiffness, irrespective of the presence of
      splenomegaly. The clinical phenomenon of unexpected thrombocytopenia may be
      explained by a subtle or irreversible change in spleen stiffness.

PMID- 27371374
TI  - High-Frequency Color Doppler Sonography of Bullous Pemphigoid: Correlation With
      Histologic Findings.
AB  - Bullous pemphigoid is the most frequent autoimmune-mediated blistering skin
      disease, belonging to the group of subepidermal bullae. We performed high
      frequency color Doppler sonography in 3 cases of bullous pemphigoid, in bullous
      and adjacent non-bullous skin, which showed homogeneous sonographic findings.
      Subepidermal cystic structures with dermal hypoechogenicity were observed in
      bullous skin. In nonbullous skin, the dermis showed hypoechogenicity compared to
      normal skin. Color Doppler signals were increased in both areas. These findings
      correlate histologically with subepidermal bullae and dermal inflammatory
      infiltrates. 

PMID- 27371375
TI  - Intrarenal Reflux: Diagnosis at Contrast-Enhanced Voiding Urosonography.
AB  - Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a childhood condition that is usually diagnosed by
      fluoroscopic voiding cystourethrography (VCUG). Intrarenal reflux (IRR) of
      infected urine is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of
      reflux-associated pyelonephritis and subsequent parenchymal scarring and is
      traditionally depicted by fluoroscopic VCUG. This case series describes the
      phenomenon of IRR occurring in association with VUR in 4 children as depicted by
      contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography. The ability of contrast-enhanced voiding
      urosonography to show IRR when it occurs in conjunction with VUR compares
      favorably to that of fluoroscopic VCUG. 

PMID- 27371376
TI  - Subcutaneous Angioleiomyoma: Clinical and Sonographic Features With
      Histopathologic Correlation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate clinical and sonographic features of subcutaneous
      angioleiomyoma with histopathologic correlation. METHODS: Clinical features of
      141 cases and sonographic appearances of 33 cases of histopathologically proven
      subcutaneous angioleiomyoma were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical information
      included patient age, sex, tumor location, and symptoms. Sonographic features
      included tumor size, location, contour, margin, component, echogenicity,
      calcifications, and vascularity. Sonograms were analyzed with histopathologic
      correlation by a single radiologist and a single pathologist. RESULTS: Clinical
      features of the 141 cases of angioleiomyoma included the following: 78.0% of the
      cases (110 of 141) were on the lower leg or ankle; 55.3% of the patients (78 of
      141) had pain at the tumor location; the female-to-male ratio was 1.61:1.00, and
      most cases occurred in patients in the third through sixth decades. Sonographic
      features of the 33 cases of angioleiomyoma included the following: 85.0% of the
      cases (28 of 33) were smaller than 20 mm; 94.0% to 97.0% were solid, oval,
      parallel to the skin, well defined, and homogeneously hypoechoic and without
      calcifications; 75.8% (25 of 33) were superficially located, close to or in
      contact with the dermis; and 39.4% (13 of 33) showed low or moderate internal
      vascularity. CONCLUSIONS: Typical clinical and sonographic features of
      angioleiomyoma may include a female patient with a painful lower leg or ankle
      subcutaneous mass, a superficial location, especially in contact with the dermis,
      a small size (<20 mm), an oval shape, a parallel orientation to the skin, well
      defined margins, complete solid components, homogeneous hypoechogenicity, low or
      moderate vascular density, and absence of calcifications.

PMID- 27371377
TI  - Erratum to: Pontibacter locisalis Sy30T sp. nov. isolated from soil collected
      from an abandoned saltern.

PMID- 27371378
TI  - Altererythrobacter aurantiacus sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment.
AB  - A Gram-negative, aerobic, coccoid bacterium, strain O30(T), was isolated from a
      deep-sea sediment sample collected from the west Pacific. 16S rRNA gene sequence
      analysis revealed that this strain is affiliated with the family
      Erythrobacteraceae in the class Alphaproteobacteria, and is closely related to
      the members of the genera Erythromicrobium (96.6 %), Porphyrobacter (95.5-96.3
      %), Altererythrobacter (94.1-96.2 %) and Erythrobacter (94.2-96.2 %).
      Phylogenetic analysis including all described species of the family
      Erythrobacteraceae revealed that the isolate forms a clade in the cluster of the
      genus Altererythrobacter. Strain O30(T) was found to grow at 4-40  degrees C, pH
      6.0-10.0 and in the presence of 0.5-7.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Chemotaxonomic analysis
      revealed ubiquinones Q-8, Q-9 and Q-10 as the predominant respiratory quinones,
      summed feature 8 (C18:1 omega7c and/or C18:1 omega6c), C17:1 omega6c and C16:0 as
      major fatty acids, and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid as the major polar lipids. The DNA G +
      C content was determined to be 56.9 mol %. On the basis of phenotypic and
      genotypic data presented in this study, strain O30(T) represents a novel species
      within the genus Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter
      aurantiacus sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is O30(T) (= CGMCC 1.12762(T) =
      JCM 19853(T) = LMG 28110(T) = MCCC 1A09962(T)). 

PMID- 27371379
TI  - Assessment of technical and nontechnical skills in surgical residents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical competence encompasses both technical and nontechnical
      skills. This study seeks to evaluate the validity evidence for a comprehensive
      surgical skills examination and to examine the relationship between technical and
      nontechnical skills. METHODS: Six examination stations assessing both technical
      and nontechnical skills, conducted yearly for surgical trainees (n = 120) between
      2010 and 2014 are included. RESULTS: The assessment tools demonstrated acceptable
      internal consistency. Interstation reliability for technical skills was low
      (alpha = .39). Interstation reliability for the nontechnical skills was lower
      (alpha range -.05 to .31). Nontechnical skills domains were strongly correlated,
      ranging from r = .65, P < .001 to .86, P < .001. The associations between
      nontechnical and technical skills were inconsistent, ranging from poor (r = -.06;
      P = .54) to moderate (r = .45; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple samplings of
      integrated technical and nontechnical skills are necessary to assess overall
      surgical competency.

PMID- 27371380
TI  - Extreme Postnatal Scaling in Bat Feeding Performance: A View of Ecomorphology
      from Ontogenetic and Macroevolutionary Perspectives.
AB  - Ecomorphology studies focus on understanding how anatomical and behavioral
      diversity result in differences in performance, ecology, and fitness. In mammals,
      the determinate growth of the skeleton entails that bite performance should
      change throughout ontogeny until the feeding apparatus attains its adult size and
      morphology. Then, interspecific differences in adult phenotypes are expected to
      drive food resource partitioning and patterns of lineage diversification.
      However, Formal tests of these predictions are lacking for the majority of mammal
      groups, and thus our understanding of mammalian ecomorphology remains incomplete.
      By focusing on a fundamental measure of feeding performance, bite force, and
      capitalizing on the extraordinary morphological and dietary diversity of bats, we
      discuss how the intersection of ontogenetic and macroevolutionary changes in
      feeding performance may impact ecological diversity in these mammals. We
      integrate data on cranial morphology and bite force gathered through longitudinal
      studies of captive animals and comparative studies of free-ranging individuals.
      We demonstrate that ontogenetic trajectories and evolutionary changes in bite
      force are highly dependent on changes in body and head size, and that bats
      exhibit dramatic, allometric increases in bite force during ontogeny.
      Interspecific variation in bite force is highly dependent on differences in
      cranial morphology and function, highlighting selection for ecological
      specialization. While more research is needed to determine how ontogenetic
      changes in size and bite force specifically impact food resource use and fitness
      in bats, interspecific diversity in cranial morphology and bite performance seem
      to closely match functional differences in diet. Altogether, these results
      suggest direct ecomorphological relationships at ontogenetic and
      macroevolutionary scales in bats.

PMID- 27371381
TI  - New Perspectives on the Ontogeny and Evolution of Avian Locomotion.
AB  - Close correspondence between form and function is a central tenet of natural
      selection. One of the most striking, textbook cases for form-function congruence
      is the evolution of flight and the body plan of birds: compared with other
      tetrapods, extant adult birds have highly modified integuments and skeletons, and
      it has traditionally been assumed that many of these modifications are
      adaptations or exaptations for flight. However, developing birds that lack many
      of the morphological signatures of flight capacity nevertheless use their
      developing wings for a variety of flapping behaviors, such as wing-assisted
      incline running and even brief flight. Immature birds thereby demonstrate that
      rudimentary "flight" apparatuses are more functional than traditional assumptions
      about form-function relationships would predict. Here, I review the ontogeny of
      avian locomotion, highlighting how the developmental acquisition of flight in
      extant birds can improve our understanding of form-function relationships in the
      avian body plan, and provide insight into the evolutionary origin of flight among
      extinct non-avian theropod dinosaurs.

PMID- 27371382
TI  - Ecology and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in the Penis and Cirri of
      Barnacles.
AB  - Most barnacles are sessile, simultaneous hermaphrodites that reproduce by
      copulation. This is achieved through the extension of a muscular penis, famous
      for being the proportionally largest in the animal kingdom. The penis is a long
      cylindrical or conical organ, composed of a series of folded rings, allowing it
      to stretch to great lengths. The penises are covered with chemosensory setae
      allowing them to seek out receptive neighbors. For many species, the condition of
      the penis changes seasonally. In the most extreme circumstances, it degenerates
      and is shed during the first post-mating molt and is re-grown for the next mating
      season. Barnacle penises have been shown to exhibit phenotypic plasticity in
      response to many different challenges. When exposed to heavy waves, diameter is
      increased by thickening both the cuticle and muscles. When mates are far, length
      increases by adding ringed annulations. Experiments have shown that these plastic
      traits are modular, capable of changing independently from each other and that
      they improve mating ability. Alternate strategies to increase reproductive
      ability by barnacles include the production of dwarf and complemental males,
      sperm casting and sperm leakage, and aerial copulation. All of these mating
      strategies may have important implications for the study of reproductive biology,
      life history, and sex allocation theory.

PMID- 27371383
TI  - The Use of Filter-feeders to Manage Disease in a Changing World.
AB  - Rapid environmental change is linked to increases in aquatic disease heightening
      the need to develop strategies to manage disease. Filter-feeding species are
      effective biofilters and can naturally mitigate disease risk to humans and
      wildlife. We review the role of filter-feeders, with an emphasis on bivalves, in
      altering disease outcomes via augmentation and reduction. Filtration can reduce
      transmission by removing pathogens from the water column via degradation and
      release of pathogens in pseudofeces. In other cases, filtration can increase
      pathogen transmission and disease risk. The effect of filtration on pathogen
      transmission depends on the selectivity of the filter-feeder, the degree of
      infectivity by the pathogen, the mechanism(s) of pathogen transmission and the
      ability of the pathogen to resist degradation. For example, some bacteria and
      viruses can resist degradation and accumulate within a filter-feeder leading to
      disease transmission to humans and other wildlife upon ingestion. Since bivalves
      can concentrate microorganisms, they are also useful as sentinels for the
      presence of pathogenic microorganisms. While somewhat less studied, other
      invertebrates, including ascidians and sponges may also provide ecosystem
      services by altering pathogen transmission. In all scenarios, climate change may
      affect the potential for filter-feeders to mitigate disease risk. We conclude
      that an assessment including empirical data and modeling of system-wide impacts
      should be conducted before selection of filter-feeders to mitigate disease. Such
      studies should consider physiology of the host and microbe and risk factors for
      negative impacts including augmentation of other pathogens.

PMID- 27371384
TI  - Personality and Social Networks: A Generative Model Approach.
AB  - Social network analysis has produced important insights regarding the causes and
      consequences of animal social structure. Social structure has been shown to
      impact longevity, reproductive success, transmission of pathogens and
      information, and also play important role in the evolution of cooperation.
      Studies of the determinants of social structure have identified environmental,
      genetic, and structural factors in a variety of species. At the same time, most
      studies in the field have been descriptive in approach, statistically identifying
      patterns in social networks constructed from observed interactions. We argue that
      there is a need for predictive theory to complement descriptive studies, moving
      the field from pattern to process. As an example, we provide a simple model of
      the effect of personality on social network structure and social role
      differentiation. Our model suggests that variation in behavioral types can result
      in variation in individual social network traits, and that some patterns found in
      animal networks in the wild, such as assortativity with respect to personality,
      may be outcomes of social inheritance and individual variation in it. Our
      approach and results exemplify the potential of generative models to connect
      individual-level processes to emergent patterns and advance our understanding of
      social complexity in nature.

PMID- 27371385
TI  - MULTIFUNCin: A Multifunctional Protein Cue Induces Habitat Selection by, and
      Predation on, Barnacles.
AB  - Foundation species provide critical resources to ecological community members and
      are major determinants of biodiversity. The barnacle Balanus glandula is one such
      species and dominates space among the higher reaches on wave-swept shores. Here,
      we show that B. glandula produces a 199.6-kDa glycoprotein (named "MULTIFUNCin"),
      and following secretion, a 390-kDa homodimer in its native state. MULTIFUNCin
      expression is localized in the epidermis, cuticle, and new shell material.
      Consequently, this molecule can specify upon contact the immediate presence of a
      live barnacle. Shared, conserved domains place MULTIFUNCin in the alpha2
      macroglobulin (A2M) subgroup of the thioester-containing protein family. Although
      previously undescribed, MULTIFUNCin shares 78% nucleotide sequence homology with
      a settlement-inducing pheromone (SIP) of the barnacle, Amphibalanus amphitrite
      Based on this and further evidence, we propose that the two proteins are
      orthologues and evolved ancestrally in structural and immunological roles. More
      recently, they became exploited as chemical cues for con- and heterospecific
      organisms, alike. MULTIFUNCin and SIP both induce habitat selection (settlement)
      by conspecific barnacle larvae. In addition, MULTIFUNCin acts as a potent feeding
      stimulant to major barnacle predators (sea stars and several whelk species).
      Promoting immigration via settlement on the one hand, and death via predation on
      the other, MULTIFUNCin simultaneously mediates opposing demographic processes
      toward structuring both predator and prey populations. As a multifunctional
      protein cue, MULTIFUNCin provides valuable sensory information, conveys different
      messages to different species, and drives complex biotic interactions.

PMID- 27371386
TI  - Ontogeny of Feeding Mechanics in Smoothhound Sharks: Morphology and Cartilage
      Stiffness.
AB  - The diet of dusky smoothhound sharks, Mustelus canis, shifts over ontogeny from
      soft foods to a diet dominated by crabs. This may be accompanied by changes in
      the skeletal system that facilitates the capture and processing of large and
      bulky prey. The hyoid arch, for example, braces the jaws against the cranium, and
      generates suction for prey capture and intraoral transport. In this study,
      ontogenetic changes in the hyoid arch were investigated by quantifying size,
      mineralization, and stiffness to determine whether increasingly stiffer
      cartilages are associated with the dietary switch. Total length and length of the
      hyomandibula and ceratohyal cartilages over ontogeny were the proxy for body
      size. Cross-sectional area, percent mineralization, and second moment of area
      were quantified in 28 individuals spanning most of the natural size range.
      Mechanical compression tests were conducted to compare flexural stiffness to
      size. Our results show that the morphological characters tested for the
      hyomandibular and ceratohyal cartilages scales isometrically with length. While
      stiffness of the hyomandibular and ceratohyal cartilages scales isometrically
      with length when assessed on morphological characters alone (second moment of
      area), this relationship becomes allometric when mechanical properties are
      included (flexural stiffness). Thus, while the hyoid arch elements grow
      isometrically, the mechanical properties dictate a scaling relationship that
      dwarfs morphological characteristics. The various combinations of morphologies
      and ontogenetic trajectories of chondrichthyan species illustrate the tremendous
      flexibility that they possess in the functional organization of the feeding
      apparatus.

PMID- 27371388
TI  - Urban-Rural Differences in Eye, Bill, and Skull Allometry in House Finches
      (Haemorhous mexicanus).
AB  - Allometry, the proportional scaling of log trait size with log body size, evolves
      to optimize allocation to growth of separate structures and is a major constraint
      on the functional limits of animal traits. While there are many studies
      demonstrating the rigidity of allometry across traits and taxa, comparatively
      less work has been done on allometric variation across environments within
      species. Rapidly changing environments, such as cities, may be prime systems for
      studying the flexibility of allometry because they uniquely alter many
      environmental parameters (e.g., habitat, light, noise). We studied size
      variation, allometry, and allometric dispersion of craniofacial traits in both
      sexes of urban and rural house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) because many traits
      in the head are ecologically critical to the survival and acclimation of birds to
      their environment (e.g., brain: response to cognitive challenges; bill: foraging
      modes). We found that urban finches had shorter eye axial lengths and skull
      widths, but longer (but not wider or deeper) bills, than rural finches. Also,
      allometric slopes of eye, skull, and bill traits differed based on sex and
      environment. In the rural environment, females had a far steeper allometric slope
      for eye axial length than males, but such slopes were similar between males and
      females in the city. Skull allometry was similar for males and females in both
      environments, but urban birds had a shallower slope for skull length (but not
      width) than rural birds. Other traits only differed by sex (males had a steeper
      slope for bill width), and one trait did not differ based on either sex or
      environment (bill depth). The dispersion of points around the allometric line did
      not differ by sex or environment for any craniofacial variable. Due to the
      significant but low genetic divergence between urban and rural finch populations,
      allometric differences are probably largely driven by plastic forces. We suggest
      that differences in diet and cognitive demand of urban environments may drive
      these allometric patterns. Overall, these results indicate that allometry may
      shift due to rapid environmental change and differentially so between the sexes.

PMID- 27371387
TI  - The Metronome of Symbiosis: Interactions Between Microbes and the Host Circadian
      Clock.
AB  - The entrainment of circadian rhythms, physiological cycles with a period of about
      24 h, is regulated by a variety of mechanisms, including nonvisual
      photoreception. While circadian rhythms have been shown to be integral to many
      processes in multicellular organisms, including immune regulation, the effect of
      circadian rhythms on symbiosis, or host-microbe interactions, has only recently
      begun to be studied. This review summarizes recent work in the interactions of
      both pathogenic and mutualistic associations with host and symbiont circadian
      rhythms, focusing specifically on three mutualistic systems in which this
      phenomenon has been best studied. One important theme taken from these studies is
      the fact that mutualisms are profoundly affected by the circadian rhythms of the
      host, but that the microbial symbionts in these associations can, in turn,
      manipulate host rhythms. The interplay between circadian rhythms and symbiosis is
      a promising new field with effects that should be kept in mind when designing
      future studies across biology.

PMID- 27371389
TI  - Small Packages, Big Returns: Uncovering the Venom Diversity of Small Invertebrate
      Conoidean Snails.
AB  - Venomous organisms used in research were historically chosen based on size and
      availability. This opportunity-driven strategy created a species bias in which
      snakes, scorpions, and spiders became the primary subjects of venom research.
      Increasing technological advancements have enabled interdisciplinary studies
      using genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to expand venom investigation to
      animals that produce small amounts of venom or lack traditional venom producing
      organs. One group of non-traditional venomous organisms that have benefitted from
      the rise of -omic technologies is the Conoideans. The Conoidean superfamily of
      venomous marine snails includes, the Terebridae, Turridae (s.l), and Conidae.
      Conoidea venom is used for both predation and defense, and therefore under strong
      selection pressures. The need for conoidean venom peptides to be potent and
      specific to their molecular targets has made them important tools for
      investigating cellular physiology and bioactive compounds that are beneficial to
      improving human health. A convincing case for the potential of Conoidean venom is
      made with the first commercially available conoidean venom peptide drug
      Ziconotide (Prialt(r)), an analgesic derived from Conus magus venom that is used
      to treat chronic pain in HIV and cancer patients. Investigation of conoidean
      venom using -omics technology provides significant insights into predator-driven
      diversification in biodiversity and identifies novel compounds for manipulating
      cellular communication, especially as it pertains to disease and disorders.

PMID- 27371390
TI  - Pre and Post-copulatory Selection Favor Similar Genital Phenotypes in the Male
      Broad Horned Beetle.
AB  - Sexual selection can operate before and after copulation and the same or
      different trait(s) can be targeted during these episodes of selection. The
      direction and form of sexual selection imposed on characters prior to mating has
      been relatively well described, but the same is not true after copulation. In
      general, when male-male competition and female choice favor the same traits then
      there is the expectation of reinforcing selection on male sexual traits that
      improve competitiveness before and after copulation. However, when male-male
      competition overrides pre-copulatory choice then the opposite could be true. With
      respect to studies of selection on genitalia there is good evidence that male
      genital morphology influences mating and fertilization success. However, whether
      genital morphology affects reproductive success in more than one context (i.e.,
      mating versus fertilization success) is largely unknown. Here we use multivariate
      analysis to estimate linear and nonlinear selection on male body size and genital
      morphology in the flour beetle Gnatocerus cornutus, simulated in a non
      competitive (i.e., monogamous) setting. This analysis estimates the form of
      selection on multiple traits and typically, linear (directional) selection is
      easiest to detect, while nonlinear selection is more complex and can be
      stabilizing, disruptive, or correlational. We find that mating generates
      stabilizing selection on male body size and genitalia, and fertilization causes a
      blend of directional and stabilizing selection. Differences in the form of
      selection across these bouts of selection result from a significant alteration of
      nonlinear selection on body size and a marginally significant difference in
      nonlinear selection on a component of genital shape. This suggests that both
      bouts of selection favor similar genital phenotypes, whereas the strong
      stabilizing selection imposed on male body size during mate acquisition is weak
      during fertilization.

PMID- 27371391
TI  - All Features Great and Small-the Potential Roles of the Baculum and Penile Spines
      in Mammals.
AB  - Mammalian penises are morphologically diverse, including a highly variable and
      taxonomically informative baculum (os penis), and variable penile spines, both of
      which are possessed by many-but not all-species. To understand the evolution of
      genital morphologies, as well as the potential role of both the baculum, and
      penile spines that directly interact with female reproductive tract, we undertook
      a comparative study of male penile spines and their relationship with the baculum
      across all mammalian orders. Specifically, we investigated several factors that
      may explain the presence or absence of penile spines in mammals, including mating
      system, risk of sperm competition, female reproductive physiology, presence and
      width of the baculum, and phylogenetic history. We observed that the presence of
      both the baculum and penile spines is correlated with residual testes size,
      suggesting a potential role in sexual selection for these traits. We found no
      association between the presence of spines and mating system, or with the
      presence/width of the baculum, although relative testes mass was marginally
      associated with baculum width. We found no relationship between baculum presence
      or width and mating system. We also noted that spines presence or absence have an
      order-level distribution, and clear phylogenetic patterns of distribution across
      mammals. It is likely that spine morphology and distribution, not just presence,
      play an important role in genital evolution in mammals, but these features are
      poorly described in most groups. Quantitative data collection in most mammalian
      taxa would be useful to further elucidate the evolution of the complex genital
      morphology of this group.

PMID- 27371392
TI  - How to Make a Bird Skull: Major Transitions in the Evolution of the Avian
      Cranium, Paedomorphosis, and the Beak as a Surrogate Hand.
AB  - The avian skull is distinctive in its construction and in its function. Much of
      bird anatomical variety is expressed in the beak; but the beak itself, largely
      formed of the premaxillary bone, is set upon a shortened face and a bulbous,
      enlarged braincase. Here, we use original anatomical observations and
      reconstructions to describe the overall form of the avian skull in a larger
      context and to provide a general account of the evolutionary transformation from
      the early dinosaur skull-the skull of an archosaurian macropredator-to that of
      modern birds. Facial shortening, the enlargement of the braincase around an
      enlarged brain (with consequential reduction of circumorbital elements and the
      adductor chamber), and general thinning and looser articulation of bones are
      trends. Many of these owe to juvenilization or paedomorphosis, something that is
      abundantly evident from comparison of a juvenile early theropod (Coelophysis) to
      early avialans like Archaeopteryx Near the avian crown, the premaxilla becomes
      dramatically enlarged and integrated into the characteristic mobile kinetic
      system of birds. We posit that this addition of a large element onto the skull
      may be biomechanically feasible only because of the paedomorphic shortening of
      the face; and kinesis of the beak only because of the paedomorphic thinning of
      the bones and loosening of articulations, as played out in reverse during the
      maturation of Coelophysis Finally, the beak itself becomes elaborated as the
      hands are integrated into the wing. There are structural, kinematic, and
      neurological similarities between avian pecking and primate grasping. The ability
      to precision-select high-quality food against a complex but depauperate
      background may have permitted crown birds to survive the end-Cretaceous cataclysm
      by feeding on insects, seeds, and other detritus after the collapse of higher
      trophic levels in the food web.

PMID- 27371393
TI  - Re-evaluating the Role of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells:
      New Roles in Image-Forming Functions.
AB  - Recently, researchers identified a novel ganglion cell photoreceptor in
      vertebrates, called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).
      These ipRGCs are photosensitive due to expression of a photopigment, melanopsin.
      Although ipRGCs were initially thought to be a uniform population of cells
      involved solely in subconscious, non-image forming behaviors, recent research
      points to a role for ipRGCs in pattern vision. Here we highlight the emerging
      evidence for this influence of ipRGCs on pattern vision and discuss important
      future directions for understanding this newly appreciated contribution of
      melanopsin signaling to visual processing.

PMID- 27371394
TI  - Lecithin and PLGA-based self-assembled nanocomposite, Lecithmer: preparation,
      characterization, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation.
AB  - The present study investigates the drug delivery potential of polymer lipid
      hybrid nanocomposites (Lecithmer(r)) composed of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide
      (PLGA) and soya lecithin. Core-shell structure of Lecithmer was evident from cryo
      TEM images. Daunorubicin (DNR) and lornoxicam (LNX)-incorporated Lecithmer
      nanocomposites were evaluated for anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity. DNR-
      and LNX-loaded Lecithmer had mean particle size of ~335 and ~282.7 nm,
      respectively. Lecithmer formulated with different cationic lipids resulted in
      lower particle size (~120 nm) and positive zeta potential. Entrapment efficiency
      of DNR and LNX was 93.16 and 88.59 %, respectively. In vitro release of DNR from
      Lecithmer was slower compared to PLGA nanoparticles. DNR release from Lecithmer
      was significantly higher at pH 5.5 (80.96 %) as compared to pH 7.4 (55.95 %),
      providing advantage for selective tumor therapy. Similarly, sustained release of
      LNX (30 % in 10 h) was observed at pH 7.4. DNR in Lecithmer showed superior
      cytotoxicity on human erythroleukemic K562 cells. Pharmacokinetic study in Wistar
      rats with i.v. administered DNR-loaded Lecithmer showed higher volume of
      distribution, lower elimination rate constant, and longer half-life (81.68 L,
      0.3535 h(-1), 1.96 h) as compared to DNR solution (57.46 L, 0.4237 h(-1), 1.635
      h). Pharmacodynamic evaluation of orally administered LNX-loaded Lecithmer showed
      superior anti-inflammatory activity with maximum inhibition of 81.2 % vis-a-vis
      53.57 % in case of LNX suspension. In light of these results, Lecithmer can be
      envisaged as a promising nanosystem for parenteral as well as oral drug delivery.

PMID- 27371395
TI  - Ex vivo investigation of ocular tissue distribution following intravitreal
      administration of connexin43 mimetic peptide using the microdialysis technique
      and LC-MS/MS.
AB  - This study aimed to develop and evaluate an ex vivo eye model for intravitreal
      drug sampling and tissue distribution of connexin43 mimetic peptide (Cx43MP)
      following intravitreal injection using the microdialysis technique and LC-MS/MS.
      An LC-MS/MS method was developed, validated, and applied for quantification of
      Cx43MP in ocular tissues. Microdialysis probes were calibrated for in vitro
      recovery studies. Bovine eyes were fixed in a customized eye holder and after
      intravitreal injection of Cx43MP, microdialysis probes were implanted in the
      vitreous body. Vitreous samples were collected at particular time intervals over
      24 h. Moreover, 24 and 48 h after intravitreal injection ocular tissues were
      collected, processed, and analyzed for Cx43MP concentrations using LC-MS/MS. The
      LC-MS/MS method showed good linearity (r 2 = 0.9991). The mean percent recovery
      for lower (LQC), medium (MQC), and higher quality control (HQC) (0.244, 3.906,
      and 125 MUg/mL) was found to be 83.83, 84.92, and 94.52, respectively, with
      accuracy ranges between 96 and 99 % and limits of detection (LOD) and
      quantification (LOQ) of 0.122 and 0.412 MUg/mL. The in vitro recovery of the
      probes was found to be over 80 %. As per microdialysis sample analysis, the
      Cx43MP concentration was found to increase slowly in the vitreous body up to 16 h
      and thereafter declined. After 48 h, the Cx43MP concentration was higher in
      vitreous, cornea, and retina compared to lens, iris, and aqueous humor. This ex
      vivo model may therefore be a useful tool to investigate intravitreal kinetics
      and ocular disposition of therapeutic molecules after intravitreal injection.

PMID- 27371397
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371396
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371398
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371400
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371399
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371401
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371402
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371404
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371403
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371405
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371406
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371407
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371408
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371409
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371410
TI  - A clinically relevant dose of cyclophosphamide chemotherapy impairs memory
      performance on the delayed spatial alternation task that is sustained over time
      as mice age.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cyclophosphamide chemotherapy is a mainstay of adjuvant breast cancer
      treatment. Unfortunately, this drug is associated with cognitive impairments in
      cancer patients that may accelerate cognitive aging. Memory is particularly
      affected in many patients. In order to better understand the precise cognitive
      impairments caused by this chemotherapy agent, we investigated a clinically
      relevant dose and administration paradigm on delayed spatial memory abilities in
      C57BL/6 mice. We utilized a delayed alternation paradigm similar to a delayed
      match to sample paradigm reported to be sensitive in human neurotoxicology
      research. METHODS: A dose of 200mg/kg cyclophosphamide was administered
      intravenously (at weekly intervals) for 4 weeks to C57BL/6 mice starting at 6 1/2
      months of age. Memory was tested in mice using a reward-based delayed spatial
      alternation paradigm with delay values of 1.5, 3, 6.1, 12.4 and 25s presented
      randomly over 80 sessions (16 reinforcers per session), and testing began at the
      initiation of chemotherapy through 3 months. RESULTS: At the longest delay, i.e.,
      that requiring the greatest memory, mice treated with chemotherapy exhibited a
      significant decline over time in percent correct which leveled off compared to
      controls that continued to improve slightly. CONCLUSIONS: Our clinically relevant
      model shows cyclophosphamide chemotherapy causes a slight decline in delayed
      spatial memories at the longest delay that is sustained over time as mice age.

PMID- 27371411
TI  - Atrial mapping during pulmonary vein pacing: a novel maneuver to detect and close
      residual conduction gaps in an ablation line.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Location of residual conduction gaps on ablation lines around
      pulmonary veins (PV) is challenging, and several maneuvers have been described.
      Atrial mapping during PV pacing-the "pace and map" maneuver-could localize gaps.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: We prospectively studied 209 patients undergoing PV
      isolation at a single institution over a 25-month period. In 24 (11.4 %)
      patients, 26 PV remained connected after an ablation line and an initial
      conventional gap closure protocol. The atrial side of the ablation line was
      mapped with the ablation catheter during PV pacing, and the earliest site was
      considered a gap site. Ablation at these gap sites resulted in bidirectional PV
      conduction block in 22 PV (85 %) in 21 patients (88 %), after 2.2 +/- 1.6
      radiofrequency applications and 8.2 +/- 4.8 min. Early PV reconnection (>=20 min)
      occurred in 0 PV (0 %). During a mean follow-up of 12 +/- 6 months, eight
      patients (33 %) had arrhythmia recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: The "pace and map"
      maneuver is a relatively simple and efficacious means to identify gaps in
      ablation lines around PV, focusing on the atrial rather than the PV side of the
      line. It could be considered among the ways to eliminate residual conduction
      gaps.

PMID- 27371412
TI  - Normal Sinus Rhythm-Sinus Bradycardia is Common in Young Children Post
      extracardiac Fontan.
AB  - We hypothesized that normal sinus rhythm-sinus bradycardia is common in young
      children following extracardiac Fontan. After excluding patients with sinus
      pauses, junctional rhythm, tachy-brady syndrome, frequent ectopics, or ectopic
      atrial rhythm, we found an ambulatory 24-h Holter monitor average heart rate of
      78 +/- 12 beats per minute (bpm) in 33 post-extracardiac Fontan children with a
      median age of 6 years (5-10). A 24-h average heart rate of 78 +/- 12 bpm is
      statistically significantly lower than a 24-h average heart rate value of 90 +/-
      10 bpm derived from a similarly aged control population (p < 0.01). We conclude
      that after excluding those with significant arrhythmias, normal sinus rhythm
      sinus bradycardia is common in children post-extracardiac Fontan. 

PMID- 27371413
TI  - Predictors of Change in Functional Health Status in Adults with Repaired
      Tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) and right ventricular (RV) ejection
      fraction by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) are associated with
      functional health status in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in
      cross-sectional studies, but few longitudinal data are available. This study
      aimed to determine predictors of subsequent decrease in functional health status
      in midterm follow-up. Patients with repaired TOF who had previously completed CMR
      and assessment with the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36) were recruited for repeat
      CMR, SF-36, and exercise test, if they had not had interval pulmonary valve
      replacement (PVR). Patients from the same cohort who had undergone PVR were
      recruited for repeat SF-36. A total of 19 patients (median 33.5 years old,
      interquartile range [IQR] 26-42 years, 53 % male) had not undergone PVR and were
      enrolled at a median of 5.0 years (IQR 4.8-5.3) since prior CMR and SF-36. LVEF
      and RVEF did not change from baseline, while RV end-diastolic volume increased
      (138 +/- 34 vs. 126 +/- 31 ml/m(2), p = 0.02). In the overall cohort, SF-36
      scores remained stable. However, higher baseline RV end-systolic volume and
      pulmonary regurgitant fraction correlated with subsequent decreases in SF-36
      scores. In 9 patients post-PVR (median 35.9 years old, IQR 24-43), physical
      functioning increased compared to those without PVR (change in z-score +0.59 +/-
      0.59 vs. -0.26 +/- 0.72, p = 0.005). In adults with repaired TOF who do not
      undergo PVR, LVEF, RVEF, and functional health status remain stable in midterm
      follow-up. However, baseline RV end-systolic volume correlates with subsequent
      change in functional health status, underscoring its importance in
      prognostication and timing of intervention in this population. 

PMID- 27371414
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371416
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371415
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371417
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371418
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371419
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371420
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371421
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371422
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371423
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371424
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371425
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371426
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371427
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371429
TI  - [LDL-cholesterol targets arrive at the American guidelines].

PMID- 27371428
TI  - Effects of repetitive photodynamic therapy using indocyanine green for acne
      vulgaris.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Indocyanine green (ICG) is a photosensitizer recently introduced for
      the treatment of acne. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of
      photodynamic therapy (PDT) using ICG in subjects with acne vulgaris and to
      evaluate whether there was a difference in the efficacy of ICG-PDT between
      different numbers of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects with acne on the
      face were included. ICG lotion (0.1%) was applied for 30 minutes, and a long
      pulse diode laser was used. Three or five treatments per subject were performed
      over 2 weeks. Acne lesion counts and Leeds revised acne grades were evaluated at
      baseline and 2 weeks after the last treatment. RESULTS: In total, 47 subjects
      completed the study. After both three and five ICG-PDT sessions, a significant
      reduction in acne lesions and significant improvement in Leeds revised acne
      grades were found in all treated subjects compared to baseline. In the subjects
      receiving five ICG-PDT sessions, the reduction of papules/pustules was greater
      than in the subjects receiving three ICG-PDT sessions (P < 0.01, respectively).
      However, there was no significant change in the count of nodules/cysts, although
      it is a negative trend (P = 0.066). Adverse effects were minimal. CONCLUSION: ICG
      PDT using long-pulsed diode laser can be a safe and effective tool for acne
      vulgaris. Moreover, repetitive treatments of five can cause further improvement
      of inflammatory acne lesions.

PMID- 27371430
TI  - [A retrospective, observational and multicentre study on patients with
      hyperactive bladder on treatment with mirabegron and oxybutinine under usual
      clinical practice conditions].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate therapeutic persistence, healthcare resources, medical
      costs and adverse events of oxybutynin and mirabegron treatments in patients with
      overactive bladder in routine medical practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An
      observational, retrospective, multicentre study was carried out using the records
      of patients attended to in 3 different geographic locations (Barcelona, Girona,
      Asturias). An analysis was made on the 2 study groups (oxybutynin and
      mirabegron). Follow-up time was one year. Persistence was defined as the time
      (months), without discontinuation of the initial treatment, or without change of
      treatment at least 60 days after the initial prescription. Primary endpoints:
      comorbidity, healthcare resources used, and adverse events. The data was analysed
      using the SPSSWIN Program, with a significance of P<.05. RESULTS: Of the total
      of1,277 patients included in the study, 42.9% were on oxybutynin and 57.1%
      mirabegron. The mean age was 69.3 years and 53.2% were female. Demographic
      characteristics and morbidity were similar between the drugs and had a similar
      persistence (35.0% oxybutynin vs. 32.2% mirabegron, P=.294), although their costs
      were lower (1,151.2 vs. ?1,809.6, P<.001). The biggest differences were observed
      in the price of medication (279.2 vs. ?692.3, P<.001; a variation of: -?413.1);
      and adverse events (9.7 vs. 4.9%, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with
      oxybutynin vs. mirabegron for overactive bladder had similar persistence with the
      treatment, lower healthcare costs, but with higher oxybutynin vs. mirabegron
      adverse reaction rates.

PMID- 27371431
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371432
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371433
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371434
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371435
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371436
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371437
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371438
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371439
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371440
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371442
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371441
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371443
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371444
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371445
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371446
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371447
TI  - Research participants' skills development as HIV prevention peer educators in
      their communities.
AB  - This article describes the influence of a peer education programme on skills
      development among 22 women participating in HIV prevention trials. Interviews
      were used to collect data on peer educator experiences and their opinions of the
      trainings. The training enhanced their agency and confidence to engage their
      family and community on health promotion, including HIV prevention research
      procedures, thus improving their self-esteem and communication skills. Training
      and partnering with clinical trial participants as peer educators is an effective
      and sustainable community-based approach for HIV prevention.

PMID- 27371448
TI  - Laser biostimulation of wound healing: bioimpedance measurements support
      histology.
AB  - Laser biostimulation in medicine has become widespread supporting the idea of
      therapeutic effects of photobiomodulation in biological tissues. The aim of this
      study was to investigate the biostimulation effect of laser irradiation on
      healing of cutaneous skin wounds, in vivo, by means of bioimpedance measurements
      and histological examinations. Cutaneous skin wounds on rats were subjected to
      635 nm diode laser irradiations at two energy densities of 1 and 3 J/cm2
      separately. Changes in the electrical properties of the wound sites were examined
      with multi-frequency electrical impedance measurements performed on the 3rd, 7th,
      10th, and 14th days following the wounding. Tissue samples were both
      morphologically and histologically examined to determine the relationship between
      electrical properties and structure of tissues during healing. Laser irradiations
      of both energy densities stimulated the wound healing process. In particular,
      laser irradiation of lower energy density had more evidence especially for the
      first days of healing process. On the 7th day of healing, 3 J/cm2 laser
      irradiated tissues had significantly smaller wound areas compared to non
      irradiated wounds (p < 0.05). The electrical impedance results supported the idea
      of laser biostimulation on healing of cutaneous skin wounds. Thus, bioimpedance
      measurements may be considered as a non-invasive supplementary method for
      following the healing process of laser-irradiated tissues.

PMID- 27371451
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371449
TI  - What is the best moment to apply phototherapy when associated to a strength
      training program? A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial :
      Phototherapy in association to strength training.
AB  - The effects of phototherapy (or photobiomodulation therapy) with low-level laser
      therapy (LLLT) and/or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on human performance
      improvement have been widely studied. Few studies have examined its effect on
      muscular training and no studies have explored the necessary moment of
      phototherapy irradiations (i.e., before and/or after training sessions). The aim
      of this study was to determine the optimal moment to apply phototherapy
      irradiation when used in association with strength training. Forty-eight male
      volunteers (age between 18 to 35 years old) completed all procedures in this
      study. Volunteers performed the strength training protocol where either a
      phototherapy and/or placebo before and/or after each training session was
      performed using cluster probes with four laser diodes of 905 nm, four LEDs of 875
      nm, and four LEDs of 640 nm-manufactured by Multi Radiance MedicalTM. The
      training protocol duration was 12 weeks with assessments of peak torque reached
      in maximum voluntary contraction test (MVC), load in 1-repetition maximum test (1
      RM) and thigh circumference (perimetry) at larger cross-sectional area (CSA) at
      baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Volunteers from group treated with
      phototherapy before and placebo after training sessions showed significant (p <
      0.05) changes in MVC and 1-RM tests for both exercises (leg extension and leg
      press) when compared to other groups. With an apparent lack of side effects and
      safety due to no thermal damage to the tissue, we conclude that the application
      of phototherapy yields enhanced strength gains when it is applied before
      exercise. The application may have additional beneficial value in post-injury
      rehabilitation where strength improvements are needed.

PMID- 27371450
TI  - A novel method of facial rejuvenation using a 2940-nm erbium:YAG laser with
      spatially modulated ablation: a pilot study.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a novel
      method of facial rejuvenation using a 2940-nm erbium:YAG laser with Spatially
      Modulated AblationTM. A pilot study was performed in 16 women with moderate to
      severe signs of facial aging relative to chronological age, who underwent two
      treatment sessions with an Er:YAG laser coupled to the RecoSMATM technology
      (Linline, Minsk, Belarus). The whole face was treated in all patients. Clinical
      efficacy, tolerance, adverse effects, complications, and histological changes due
      to the treatment were evaluated. Clinical photographs and biopsies were taken
      before treatment and 3 months after the second treatment session. All patients
      completed the study and presented no significant complications. Histological
      changes in the epidermis and dermis as a result of treatment were found. Fine
      lines, wrinkles, and overall facial aging improved significantly (p < 0.0001).
      The mean reduction of fine lines and wrinkles was 59 % (r = 40-75 %). The mean
      improvement of overall facial aging was 74 % (r = 55-90 %). After showing the
      patients the comparative photographs before and after treatment, 75 % of women
      stated that they were satisfied or very satisfied and would recommend the
      treatment. Preliminary results show an excellent safety/efficacy profile for this
      novel technology, which, based on observed results, can be considered to have
      advantages over other methods of facial rejuvenation with lasers. 

PMID- 27371453
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371452
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371454
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371455
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371456
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371457
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371458
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371459
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371460
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371462
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371461
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371463
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371464
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371466
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371465
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371467
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371468
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371469
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371470
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371471
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371472
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371473
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371474
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371475
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371476
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371477
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371478
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371479
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371480
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371481
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27371482
TI  - Age-Related Increases in Verbal Knowledge Are Not Associated With Word Finding
      Problems in the Cam-CAN Cohort: What You Know Won't Hurt You.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We tested the claim that age-related increases in knowledge interfere
      with word retrieval, leading to word finding failures. We did this by relating a
      measure of crystallized intelligence to tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states and
      picture naming accuracy. METHOD: Participants were from a large (N = 708), cross
      sectional (aged 18-88 years), population-based sample from the Cambridge Centre
      for Ageing and Neuroscience cohort (Cam-CAN; www.cam-can.com). They completed (a)
      the Spot-the-Word Test (STW), a measure of crystallized intelligence in which
      participants circled the real word in word/nonword pairs, (b) a TOT-inducing
      task, and (c) a picture naming task. RESULTS: Age and STW independently predicted
      TOTs, with higher TOTs for older adults and for participants with lower STW
      scores. Tests of a moderator model examining interactions between STW and age
      indicated that STW was a significant negative predictor of TOTs in younger
      adults, but with increasing age, the effect size gradually approached zero.
      Results using picture naming accuracy replicated these findings. DISCUSSION:
      These results do not support the hypothesis that lifelong knowledge acquisition
      leads to interference that causes an age-related increase in TOTs. Instead,
      crystallized intelligence supports successful word retrieval, although this
      relationship weakens across adulthood.

PMID- 27371483
TI  - Margaret McCartney: Optional disclosure of payments is pointless.

PMID- 27371484
TI  - Epilepsy and nonadherence: Did you take your medicine?

PMID- 27371486
TI  - A new biomarker classification system for AD, independent of cognition:
      Agnosticism is a start.

PMID- 27371485
TI  - The ARIC-PET amyloid imaging study: Brain amyloid differences by age, race, sex,
      and APOE.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differences in amyloid deposition in a community-based
      cohort without dementia by age, sex, race, education, and APOE epsilon4 allele
      status. METHODS: Recruited from the longitudinal Atherosclerosis Risk in
      Communities study, 329 participants without dementia, ages 67-88 years, were
      imaged using florbetapir PET at 3 US community sites (Washington County,
      Maryland; Forsyth County, North Carolina; and Jackson, Mississippi). Standardized
      uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were calculated; global cortical SUVR >1.2 was
      evaluated as the primary outcome. Age, race, sex, education level, and number of
      APOE epsilon4 alleles were evaluated in multivariable models including vascular
      risk factors, brain white matter hyperintensity and total intracranial volume,
      and cognitive status. RESULTS: A total of 141 of the participants (43%) were
      black. In multivariable models, odds of elevated SUVR was increased in
      participants with increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.63, 95% confidence interval
      [CI] 1.01-2.65 per 10 years of age) and black race (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.23-3.51)
      but did not differ by educational level. Each epsilon4 allele was associated with
      increased odds of elevated SUVR (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.61-4.39). CONCLUSIONS: In this
      community-based cohort without dementia, florbetapir uptake is associated with
      older age and APOE genotype. Black race was associated with higher SUVR, after
      adjusting for demographics, vascular risk factors, cognitive status, white matter
      hyperintensity volume, and APOE genotype, with effect sizes nearing those seen
      for APOE epsilon4. Replication of these findings is needed in other cohorts, and
      reasons for and consequences of these observed differences by race warrant
      further study.

PMID- 27371487
TI  - Social disinhibition is a heritable subphenotype of tics in Tourette syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify heritable symptom-based subtypes of Tourette syndrome
      (TS). METHODS: Forty-nine motor and phonic tics were examined in 3,494
      individuals (1,191 TS probands and 2,303 first-degree relatives). Item-level
      exploratory factor and latent class analyses (LCA) were used to identify tic
      based subtypes. Heritabilities of the subtypes were estimated, and associations
      with clinical characteristics were examined. RESULTS: A 6-factor exploratory
      factor analysis model provided the best fit, which paralleled the somatotopic
      representation of the basal ganglia, distinguished simple from complex tics, and
      separated out socially disinhibited and compulsive tics. The 5-class LCA model
      best distinguished among the following groups: unaffected, simple tics,
      intermediate tics without social disinhibition, intermediate with social
      disinhibition, and high rates of all tic types. Across models, a phenotype
      characterized by high rates of social disinhibition emerged. This phenotype was
      associated with increased odds of comorbid psychiatric disorders, in particular,
      obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,
      earlier age at TS onset, and increased tic severity. The heritability estimate
      for this phenotype based on the LCA was 0.53 (SE 0.08, p 1.7 * 10(-18)).
      CONCLUSIONS: Expanding on previous modeling approaches, a series of TS-related
      phenotypes, including one characterized by high rates of social disinhibition,
      were identified. These phenotypes were highly heritable and may reflect
      underlying biological networks more accurately than traditional diagnoses, thus
      potentially aiding future genetic, imaging, and treatment studies.

PMID- 27371489
TI  - Lifetime direct costs of stroke for indigenous patients adjusted for
      comorbidities.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the lifetime health costs of stroke by comorbidity and
      indigenous status in Australia's Northern Territory (NT), where a large
      indigenous population resides. METHODS: Incidence-based cohort study using linked
      hospital, primary care, and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data to estimate
      lifetime direct costs for hemorrhagic stroke (HS), ischemic stroke (IS) and
      undetermined stroke (UND). Inverse probability-weighted survival analysis was
      adapted to adjust for loss to follow-up. Log-linear modeling was used to analyze
      the net stroke costs and marginal comorbidity costs by indigenous status.
      RESULTS: Between 1992 and 2013, there were 3,733 patients admitted with stroke in
      the NT (74% were incident strokes, 38% indigenous, 56% male, 56% IS). In
      2012/2013 Australian dollars, the estimated lifetime cost for an incident stroke
      in NT was $302,538 AUD ($207,218 USD) per patient. The net lifetime cost per non
      indigenous female HS patient aged <45 years without comorbidity (reference
      category) was $72,773 AUD ($49,844 USD); IS cost 54% and UND 9% more than HS (p <
      0.01). Stroke cost was greater for indigenous patients (? 44%) and patients with
      renal disease (? 71%), coronary heart disease (? 44%), hypertension (? 30%), and
      diabetes (? 28%) in comparison with the reference category (all p < 0.01).
      Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atrial fibrillation, depression, and
      cancer were negatively associated with lifetime stroke costs. CONCLUSIONS: The
      costs of stroke for indigenous people and patients with different comorbidities
      are substantial and an integrated prevention strategy is needed.

PMID- 27371488
TI  - The clinical spectrum of Caspr2 antibody-associated disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report a large cohort of patients with antibodies against contactin
      associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2) and provide the clinical spectrum of this
      disorder. METHODS: Serum and CSF samples were assessed at 2 neuroimmunology
      centers in Barcelona and Rotterdam. Patients were included if Caspr2 antibodies
      were confirmed with 2 independent techniques, including brain
      immunohistochemistry and cell-based assay. Clinical information was obtained by
      the authors or provided by treating physicians after patients' informed consent.
      RESULTS: Median age at symptom onset was 66 years. Of 38 patients, 34 were male.
      Median time to nadir of disease was 4 months (in 30% >1 year). The most frequent
      syndromes included limbic encephalitis (42%) and Morvan syndrome (29%). Seventy
      seven percent of the patients had >=3 of the following symptoms: encephalopathy
      (cognitive deficits/seizures), cerebellar dysfunction, peripheral nervous system
      hyperexcitability, dysautonomia, insomnia, neuropathic pain, or weight loss. A
      tumor, mostly thymoma, occurred in 19% of the patients. Immunoglobulin G4
      subclass antibodies were present in all patients; 63% also had immunoglobulin G1
      antibodies. Treatment response occurred in 93% of the patients and 25% had
      clinical relapses. CONCLUSIONS: Caspr2 antibodies associate with a treatable
      disorder that predominantly affects elderly men. The resulting syndrome may vary
      among patients but it usually includes a set of well-established symptoms.
      Recognition of this spectrum of symptoms and consideration of the protracted
      clinical course are important for early diagnosis of this disorder. Prompt
      immunotherapy and tumor therapy (if needed) often result in improvement.

PMID- 27371490
TI  - Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs in Germany: A retrospective, population-based
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of patient and drug characteristics on medication
      adherence in people with epilepsy (PWE) in a large cohort representative of the
      German population. METHODS: Information was obtained from the Disease Analyzer
      database that collects anonymous demographic and medical data from practice
      computer systems throughout Germany. From 2010 to 2013, adult PWE were
      retrospectively analyzed regarding demographic characteristics, comorbidities,
      and treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AED). Adherence was measured using the
      medication possession ratio (MPR). Individuals with an MPR <80% were classified
      as nonadherent. Multivariate regression models were applied to assess the
      association of different factors with adherence by calculating adjusted odds
      ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 31,317 PWE were
      included. The mean MPR was 81.1% (SD 25.7%) with 64.7% of patients showing good
      adherence (MPR >80%). Patient-related factors associated with good adherence to
      AED treatment were West German residence (OR 1.23, p < 0.0001) and learning
      disability (OR 1.80, p < 0.0001). Adherence was higher in patients treated with
      new than old (OR 1.52, p < 0.0001) and branded than generic AED (OR 1.44, p <
      0.0001). Among the most common AED, levetiracetam achieved best adherence (OR
      2.85, p < 0.0001), valproate lowest. Two or more daily dosages reduced adherence
      (TID vs QD: OR 0.84, p = 0.005; BID vs QD: OR 0.86, p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: One
      third of PWE treated with AED in Germany showed poor adherence, which was related
      to demographic characteristics and drug properties. Administration of new, well
      tolerated drugs in simple dosage regimens improved AED compliance.

PMID- 27371491
TI  - Global disparities in stroke and why we should care.

PMID- 27371492
TI  - A race effect on amyloid deposition?

PMID- 27371493
TI  - Relation of genomic variants for Alzheimer disease dementia to common
      neuropathologies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of previously reported Alzheimer
      disease (AD) dementia genomic variants with common neuropathologies. METHODS:
      This is a postmortem study including 1,017 autopsied participants from 2
      clinicopathologic cohorts. Analyses focused on 22 genomic variants associated
      with AD dementia in large-scale case-control genome-wide association study (GWAS)
      meta-analyses. The neuropathologic traits of interest were a pathologic diagnosis
      of AD according to NIA-Reagan criteria, macroscopic and microscopic infarcts,
      Lewy bodies (LB), and hippocampal sclerosis. For each variant, multiple logistic
      regression was used to investigate its association with neuropathologic traits,
      adjusting for age, sex, and subpopulation structure. We also conducted power
      analyses to estimate the sample sizes required to detect genome-wide significance
      (p < 5 * 10(-8)) for pathologic AD for all variants. RESULTS: APOE epsilon4
      allele was associated with greater odds of pathologic AD (odds ratio [OR] 3.82,
      95% confidence interval [CI] 2.67-5.46, p = 1.9 * 10(-13)), while epsilon2 allele
      was associated with lower odds of pathologic AD (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.30-0.61, p =
      3.1 * 10(-6)). Four additional genomic variants including rs6656401 (CR1),
      rs1476679 (ZCWPW1), rs35349669 (INPP5D), and rs17125944 (FERMT2) had p values
      less than 0.05. Remarkably, half of the previously reported AD dementia variants
      are not likely to be detected for association with pathologic AD with a sample
      size in excess of the largest GWAS meta-analyses of AD dementia. CONCLUSIONS:
      Many recently discovered genomic variants for AD dementia are not associated with
      the pathology of AD. Some genomic variants for AD dementia appear to be
      associated with other common neuropathologies.

PMID- 27371495
TI  - Comment: Dissecting the genetic architecture of Tourette syndrome into
      subphenotypes.

PMID- 27371494
TI  - A/T/N: An unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease
      biomarkers.
AB  - Biomarkers have become an essential component of Alzheimer disease (AD) research
      and because of the pervasiveness of AD pathology in the elderly, the same
      biomarkers are used in cognitive aging research. A number of current issues
      suggest that an unbiased descriptive classification scheme for these biomarkers
      would be useful. We propose the "A/T/N" system in which 7 major AD biomarkers are
      divided into 3 binary categories based on the nature of the pathophysiology that
      each measures. "A" refers to the value of a beta-amyloid biomarker (amyloid PET
      or CSF Abeta42); "T," the value of a tau biomarker (CSF phospho tau, or tau PET);
      and "N," biomarkers of neurodegeneration or neuronal injury ([(18)F]
      fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, structural MRI, or CSF total tau). Each biomarker
      category is rated as positive or negative. An individual score might appear as
      A+/T+/N-, or A+/T-/N-, etc. The A/T/N system includes the new modality tau PET.
      It is agnostic to the temporal ordering of mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis.
      It includes all individuals in any population regardless of the mix of biomarker
      findings and therefore is suited to population studies of cognitive aging. It
      does not specify disease labels and thus is not a diagnostic classification
      system. It is a descriptive system for categorizing multidomain biomarker
      findings at the individual person level in a format that is easy to understand
      and use. Given the present lack of consensus among AD specialists on terminology
      across the clinically normal to dementia spectrum, a biomarker classification
      scheme will have broadest acceptance if it is independent from any one clinically
      defined diagnostic scheme. 

PMID- 27371496
TI  - Risperidone long-acting injectable in the treatment of treatment-resistant
      schizophrenia with dopamine supersensitivity psychosis: Results of a 2-year
      prospective study, including an additional 1-year follow-up.
AB  - Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis (DSP) resulting from antipsychotic treatment
      is related to treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), and its treatment has not
      been established to date. Maintaining thoroughly stable occupancy of the dopamine
      D2 receptor by risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) is one strategy for
      treatment. In this study, RLAI was given as an adjunctive medication to oral
      antipsychotic(s), which were switched partially and gradually to RLAI in 108
      treatment-resistant patients for an additional 1-year follow-up in a 2-year
      study, and to compare the effects in 72 patients with a DSP history (DSP group)
      and 36 patients without this history (NonDSP group). Although both groups showed
      significant improvements in the total Brief Psychotic Rating Scale (BPRS) score
      during the follow-up period, greater improvement was observed for the DSP group
      than the NonDSP group. High doses (> 850 mg chlorpromazine-dose combined of oral
      antipsychotics and RLAI) did not significantly change in both groups throughout
      the study period; however, extrapyramidal symptoms, including tardive dyskinesia,
      were significantly improved only in the patients with DSP. This study strongly
      suggested that the RLAI treatment, even with only partial switching, provides
      relief from refractory symptoms, particularly for patients with a history of DSP.
      CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: http://www.umin.ac.jp/:UMIN000008487.

PMID- 27371497
TI  - Mephedrone and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine: Comparative psychobiological
      effects as reported by recreational polydrug users.
AB  - AIMS: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mephedrone and 3,4
      methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), as reported by young recreational polydrug
      users. METHODS: 152 MDMA users and 81 mephedrone users were recruited through
      snowballing on social network sites. They completed a standard online
      questionnaire for either mephedrone or MDMA. The questions covered the average
      amount taken per session, the longest duration of usage in the last 12-months,
      subjective effects while on-drug, and recovery effects in the days afterwards.
      RESULTS: Mephedrone users reported a significantly longer maximum session of use
      than MDMA users. Mephedrone users also reported a significantly greater average
      amount used per session. The majority of on-drug subjective ratings did not
      differ between drugs, with similar increases in entactogenic effects. Although
      mephedrone users did report significantly more frequent issues with sleeping,
      anger and anxiety. In relation to recovery, mephedrone users reported more
      frequent craving, nasal irritation, paranoia, and relationship difficulties.
      Mephedrone users also rated general recovery effects as more severe over the
      seven-day period following use, taking more days to feel normal. CONCLUSIONS: The
      acute effects of MDMA and mephedrone were broadly similar. However, the recovery
      period for mephedrone was more enduring, possibly due to the longer duration of
      acute session usage.

PMID- 27371499
TI  - A special issue on the DNA damage response and genomic instability.

PMID- 27371500
TI  - Frequency and predictors of bleeding events after 2nd generation drug-eluting
      stent implantation differ depending on time after implantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet therapy is required after drug-eluting stent (DES)
      implantation, but bleeding events occur unexpectedly. We aimed to assess whether
      bleeding event predictors after 2nd generation DES (2nd DES) implantation
      differed by time after implantation. METHODS: We studied 1912 consecutive
      patients who underwent successful 2nd DES implantation (70+/-10 years, 72% male).
      Bleeding events were recorded as early (<=1 year) and late (>1 year). Major
      bleeding events were defined as a composite of type 5, 3, and 2 bleeding in the
      Bleeding Academic Research Consortium criteria. Predictors were assessed using a
      Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Bleeding event rates were 3.3%, 5.1%, and
      6.7% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, with the highest 1-year rate in year 1
      (p<0.001). Cause and severity of bleeding events were similar between early and
      late bleeding events. Prior history of gastrointestinal bleeding, non-steroidal
      anti-inflammatory drug use, and triple antithrombotic therapy [adjusted risk
      ratio (RR): 3.68, 3.21, 4.57, respectively; p<0.01] were independent predictors
      of early bleeding events. Age >80 years and severe renal dysfunction (adjusted
      RR: 2.27, 2.02, respectively; p<0.01) were independent predictors of late
      bleeding events. Survival rate was significantly lower in patients with bleeding
      events compared with patients without bleeding events (82.4% vs 90.1%; p<0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Frequency and predictors of bleeding events after 2nd DES
      implantation differ by time after implantation. Treatment strategies
      corresponding to individual patients are required.

PMID- 27371501
TI  - Physiological responses to dyadic interactions are influenced by neurotypical
      adults' levels of autistic and empathy traits.
AB  - Autistic traits are distributed on a continuum that ranges from non-clinical to
      clinical condition. Atypical responses to social situations represent a core
      feature of the Autism Spectrum Disorders phenotype. Here, we hypothesize that
      atypical physiological responses to social stimuli may predict non-clinical
      autistic and empathy traits levels. We measured physiological responses (heart
      rate, facial temperature) of 40 adults (20F) while showing them 24 movies
      representing dyadic interactions. Autistic traits were assessed through Autism
      Quotient questionnaire (AQ), while empathy traits were measured using the Empathy
      Quotient questionnaire (EQ). Opposite correlations between AQ and EQ scores and
      physiological responses were found. Analysis of physiological responses revealed
      that individuals with better social abilities, low AQ and high EQ, show opposite
      activation patterns compared to people with high AQ and low EQ. Findings show
      that physiological responses could be biomarkers for people's autistic traits and
      social abilities.

PMID- 27371498
TI  - Antipsychotic-induced sensitization and tolerance: Behavioral characteristics,
      developmental impacts, and neurobiological mechanisms.
AB  - Antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance refer to the increased and decreased
      drug effects due to past drug use, respectively. Both effects reflect the long
      term impacts of antipsychotic treatment on the brain and result from the brain's
      adaptive response to the foreign property of the drug. In this review, clinical
      evidence of the behavioral aspect of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance is
      selectively reviewed, followed by an overview of preclinical literature that
      examines these behavioral characteristics and the related pharmacological and
      nonpharmacological factors. Next, recent work on the developmental impacts of
      adolescent antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance is presented and recent
      research that delineates the neurobiological mechanisms of antipsychotic
      sensitization and tolerance is summarized. A theoretical framework based on "drug
      learning and memory" principles is proposed to account for the phenomena of
      antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance. It is maintained that antipsychotic
      sensitization and tolerance follow basic principles of learning or acquisition
      ("induction") and memory ("expression"). The induction and expression of both
      effects reflect the consequences of associative and nonassociative processing and
      are strongly influenced by various pharmacological, environmental, and behavioral
      factors. Drug-induced neuroplasticity, such as functional changes of striatal
      dopamine D2 and prefrontal serotonin (5-HT)2A receptors and their mediated
      signaling pathways, in principle, is responsible for antipsychotic sensitization
      and tolerance. Understanding the behavioral characteristics and neurobiological
      underpinnings of antipsychotic sensitization and tolerance has greatly enhanced
      our understanding of mechanisms of antipsychotic action, and may have important
      implications for future drug discovery and clinical practice.

PMID- 27371502
TI  - Effects of predator odour on antipredator responses of Nile tilapia.
AB  - Several fish species exhibit antipredator responses when exposed to chemicals
      which indicate risk of predation. One such substance is the scent of a predator
      (a kairomone) that may induce defensive responses in a potential prey. In the
      present study, we show that chemical cues (odour) from predator fish induce
      antipredator and stress responses in Nile tilapia. When exposed to predator
      odour, Nile tilapia decreased activity and increased ventilation rate (VR), but
      no increase in plasma levels of cortisol and glucose was found. Although the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI axis) was not activated, an increase
      in ventilation is a fast response which can provide the fish enough oxygen for a
      'fight or flight' event when facing a predator. Thus, this respiratory response
      suggests an anticipated adjustment in order to prepare the body for a defensive
      response, such as escaping, irrespective of HPI axis activation.

PMID- 27371504
TI  - Young and early.

PMID- 27371503
TI  - 7, 8, 3'-Trihydroxyflavone Promotes Neurite Outgrowth and Protects Against
      Bupivacaine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons.
AB  - BACKGROUND 7, 8, 3'-trihydroxyflavone (THF) is a novel pro-neuronal small
      molecule that acts as a TrkB agonist. In this study, we examined the effect of
      THF on promoting neuronal growth and protecting anesthetics-induced neurotoxicity
      in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Neonatal
      mouse DRG neurons were cultured in vitro and treated with various concentrations
      of THF. The effect of THF on neuronal growth was investigated by neurite
      outgrowth assay and Western blot. In addition, the protective effects of THF on
      bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity were investigated by apoptosis TUNEL assay,
      neurite outgrowth assay, and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS THF promoted
      neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons in dose-dependent manner, with an EC50
      concentration of 67.4 nM. Western blot analysis showed THF activated TrkB
      signaling pathway by inducing TrkB phosphorylation. THF also rescued bupivacaine
      induced neurotoxicity by reducing apoptosis and protecting neurite retraction in
      DRG neurons. Furthermore, the protection of THF in bupivacaine-injured
      neurotoxicity was directly associated with TrkB phosphorylation in a
      concentration-dependent manner in DRG neurons. CONCLUSIONS THF has pro-neuronal
      effect on DRG neurons by promoting neurite growth and protecting against
      bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity, likely through TrkB activation. 

PMID- 27371505
TI  - Research and drug development activities in rare diseases: differences between
      Japan and Europe regarding influence of prevalence.
AB  - Orphan drug legislation has contributed enormously to promote drug development
      for rare diseases but further effective and sustainable approaches are required.
      This study focused on the difference of rare disease prevalence between Japan and
      Europe, classified the rare diseases comprehensively using cluster analysis and
      analyzed the influence of prevalence on research activity and drug development.
      Although overall strong correlative progress of research was found and absolute
      numbers of values were greater in Europe than in Japan, the regional higher
      prevalent diseases demonstrated more progress of research and development
      relatively in the region by examining clusters. Our findings suggest potential
      optimal drug development in consideration of regional differences. Moreover, an
      in-depth analysis of diseases that showed exceptional research achievements
      compared with prevalence speculated important determinants of progress.

PMID- 27371506
TI  - Cell spheroids: the new frontiers in in vitro models for cancer drug validation.
AB  - During the past decades, evaluation of anticancer drugs utilizing 2D cell
      cultures has been in common usage. In contrast to 2D cell cultures however, which
      lack many characteristics of the complex in vivo situation, 3D cell or tissue
      culture systems, such as cellular spheroids, better mimic the crucial tumor
      tissue properties and the microenvironment, and are thus more appropriate for the
      evaluation of pharmaceutical candidates. Taking the characteristics of the tumor
      microenvironment into consideration, crucial aspects and recent advances related
      to cell spheroids in the validation of anticancer drugs are discussed here.

PMID- 27371507
TI  - Enrichment and in vitro features of the putative gonocytes from cryopreserved
      testicular tissue of neonatal bulls.
AB  - Enrichment and propagation of gonocytes or spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) from
      cryopreserved testicular tissue is essential to apply SSCs-related techniques in
      large domestic animals. We previously reported the cryopreservation of adult
      bovine testicular tissue. Here, we conducted the enrichment and culture of
      putative gonocytes from cryopreserved testicular tissues of post-natal 1-day-old
      bulls. The testicular structure was well maintained after freezing and thawing.
      Higher mRNA levels of gonocyte/SSCs markers (PLZF, GFRalpha1, and UCHL-1) than
      those of pluripotency genes (Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) were detected in the frozen
      thawed sex cords. GFRalpha1 was specifically detected in the membrane and
      cytoplasm of gonocytes by immunostaining. Differential plating provided 40-50%
      enrichment of putative gonocytes. They were single, paired-, aligned-cells, or
      grape cluster-like colonies in minimum essential medium (MEM) containing 2.5% FBS
      + 2 mM glutamine + 100 IU/mL penicillin-streptomycin + 40 MUg/mL gentamycin + 15
      mM HEPES + 10 mM beta-mercaptoethanol + 0.1 mM non-essential amino acids + 1 mM
      sodium pyruvate. On day 3, gonocyte progeny increased and the contaminated
      somatic cells spread and concurrently divided slowly. On day 5, gonocyte progeny
      proliferated continuously and typical intercellular bridges formed by incomplete
      cytokinesis in paired-cells or aligned-cysts were observed. Immunochemically,
      they were still GFRalpha1 and PLZF positive. These cells expressed significantly
      higher gonocyte/SSCs marker mRNAs than pluripotency gene mRNAs, concomitant with
      a higher level of differentiated spermatogonia marker c-kit. With time, gonocyte
      progeny colonies appeared in varied sizes and expanded dramatically on day 7.
      After cultured for 9-10 days, however, large colonies collapsed and dispersed as
      some single cells and small syncytial cysts. Together, MEM containing 10%
      dimethyl sulfoxide + 2.5% newborn calf serum provides efficient cryoprotection
      for the testicular tissue from 1-day-old neonatal bulls. Putative gonocytes
      enriched from these nascent tissues present robust proliferation capacity,
      conserved gonocyte/SSCs markers, and SSCs-like in vitro features.

PMID- 27371508
TI  - The Last 2000 Days: Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise.
      Shakespeare (King Lear).
AB  - This essay is an exploration of an extended period of the last 2000 days of
      anticipated mortality from the perspective of an aging gerontologist. The last
      2000 days come at the end of what has come to be referred to as the Third Age
      (Silva, L. R. (2008). [From old age to third age: The historical course of the
      identities linked to the process of ageing]. Historia, ciencias, saude
      Manguinhos, 15: , 155-168. doi:10.1590/S0104-59702008000100009). Life in the last
      2000 days is a period in which the appreciation of finitude comes into new
      prominence, affecting a variety of elements that command attention-from
      individuals and from scholars. The significance of the last 2000 days is explored
      from two perspectives: First, the meaning, if any, of a more than half century
      career spent in gerontology on the personal experience of being old- how I think
      about my own old age, and second, an exploration of a variety of considerations
      that other older persons might be prompted to consider. The last 2000 days will
      be experienced in relatively good stages of "ability," activity, and potential
      engagement. This rumination explores the personal meaning of this penultimate
      life stage, pre-dying. It suggests some systematic consideration of what
      recognition of these days may mean-perception of time, identity and role, status,
      risks and vulnerabilities, dealing with disability, winding up/winding
      down/giving up, legacies, and, of course, death and dying. These issues are
      personal. There is no set value scale that suggests "successful aging" or "failed
      aging."

PMID- 27371510
TI  - Advanced Heart Failure: Prevalence, Natural History, and Prognosis.
AB  - Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome. The natural history of this
      syndrome is progressive. Advanced heart failure is present when a patient has
      signs and symptoms of heart failure that are refractory to therapy. Patients with
      the most advanced disease and worst prognosis can be identified using iterative,
      integrated clinical assessment of symptom burden, effort intolerance, and cardiac
      dysfunction. Recognizing the transition to advanced heart failure is necessary
      for referral to an advanced heart disease program. Advanced heart disease
      specialists can tailor medical therapies, perform risk stratification, and
      evaluate candidacy for mechanical support, transplantation, or end-of-life
      palliative treatment options. 

PMID- 27371509
TI  - Outbreak of hirame rhabdovirus infection in cultured spotted sea bass Lateolabrax
      maculatus on the western coast of Korea.
AB  - In this study, we determined the cause of a disease outbreak in spotted sea bass,
      Lateolabrax maculatus reared in culture cages on the western coast of Korea in
      2013. The major signs in the diseased fish exhibited were haemorrhaging on the
      membranes of the abdomen, gastrointestinal organs and opercular gills, as well as
      an enlarged spleen. No external morphological signs of infection were visible,
      except for a darkening in colour. No parasites or pathological bacteria were
      isolated from the diseased fish; however, epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC)
      cells inoculated with tissue homogenates from the diseased fish showed cytopathic
      effects (CPEs). Virus particles in the EPC cells were bullet-shaped, 185-225 nm
      long and 70-80 nm wide, characteristic of Rhabdoviridae. Polymerase chain
      reaction analyses of homogenized tissues from the diseased fish and supernatants
      of cell cultures with CPEs indicated specific, 553-bp-long fragments
      corresponding to the matrix protein gene of the hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV).
      Phylogenetically, the HIRRV phosphoprotein gene of spotted sea bass was more
      closely related to phosphoproteins from Chinese and Polish HIRRV strains than
      from other Korean strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HIRRV
      infection in cultured spotted sea bass. 

PMID- 27371511
TI  - Cardiorenal Interactions.
AB  - Recently, there has been increased appreciation of the identification and
      management of comorbidities in heart failure patients, and for therapies
      targeting conventional heart failure signs and symptoms. Renal dysfunction is
      common in patients with heart failure and is associated with high morbidity and
      mortality. Early identification of renal damage through novel biomarkers and the
      use of new pharmacological strategies aimed at preserving renal function may
      represent an important objective in the treatment. This article reviews the
      epidemiology and pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome in heart failure, and
      highlights novel biomarkers and improved therapies targeting renal dysfunction. 

PMID- 27371512
TI  - Cardiohepatic Interactions: Implications for Management in Advanced Heart
      Failure.
AB  - Liver disease is a common sequela of heart failure and can range from mild
      reversible liver injury to hepatic fibrosis and, in its most severe form, cardiac
      cirrhosis. Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis due to chronic heart failure have
      important implications for prognosis, medication management, mechanical
      circulatory support, and heart transplantation. This article reviews the current
      understanding of liver disease in heart failure and provides a framework for
      approaching liver disease in the advanced heart failure population. 

PMID- 27371513
TI  - Frailty in Advanced Heart Failure.
AB  - Frailty is defined as a biological syndrome reflecting impaired physiologic
      reserve and heightened vulnerability to stressors. The evolving profile of heart
      failure (HF), increased survival of aging patients with complex comorbidities in
      parallel with the growing population undergoing mechanical circulatory support as
      lifetime therapy, means that advanced HF specialists are becoming aware of the
      burden of frailty and its downstream consequences on postintervention outcomes in
      these patients. The limited data available to date suggest that frailty is highly
      prevalent in patients with advanced HF and appears to provide prognostic
      information not captured by traditional risk assessment. 

PMID- 27371514
TI  - Tailoring Therapies in Advanced Heart Failure.
AB  - Heart failure effects millions of people throughout the world and is a growing
      epidemic with a significant impact on the economics and systems of care delivery.
      The goal of therapy in advanced heart failure is to improve quality of life and
      prolong survival. Standard medical therapies may require tailoring as advanced
      therapies are considered in the context of patient and caregiver goals. The aim
      of this review is to summarize concepts for tailored medical therapy and
      monitoring in advanced heart failure and discuss the importance of tailoring
      systems of care and shared decision making in advanced heart failure. 

PMID- 27371515
TI  - Temporary Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support in Advanced Heart Failure.
AB  - Cardiogenic shock is severe, refractory heart failure caused by significant
      myocardial dysfunction in the setting of adequate preload that is accompanied by
      systemic hypoperfusion. Progressive end-organ dysfunction is a hallmark of
      persistent cardiogenic shock and necessitates intervention to overcome altered
      hemodynamics and restore end-organ perfusion. Temporary percutaneous mechanical
      circulatory support is an established modality in the treatment of cardiogenic
      shock and is increasingly used in patients with cardiogenic shock as a bridge to
      recovery or further definitive therapy. This article reviews the current devices,
      their effects on left ventricular hemodynamics, and the evidence supporting their
      continued use. 

PMID- 27371516
TI  - Role of Durable Mechanical Circulatory Support for the Management of Advanced
      Heart Failure.
AB  - In the past decade, there has been a dramatic evolution in the field of
      mechanical circulatory support. Device-related complications continue to burden
      the field and will be a major obstacle for achieving therapeutic noninferiority
      compared with cardiac transplant. Selected patients with end-stage systolic heart
      failure enjoy an average survival of 80% at 1 year post-ventricular assist device
      implant, vastly better than survival rates of 25% to 50% on chronic inotrope
      support. Early patient referral to an advanced heart failure specialist before
      the onset of significant end-organ dysfunction and malnutrition is critical for
      achieving good operative outcomes. 

PMID- 27371517
TI  - Changing Role of Heart Transplantation.
AB  - Heart transplantation has become standard of care for end-stage heart failure.
      Challenges include the limited supply of donor organs and the increased
      complexity of heart transplant candidates who are at higher risk for poor
      outcomes. Recent advances may address these challenges, including proposed
      changes in heart transplant allocation policy, a better understanding of the
      definition and management of primary graft dysfunction, and advances in the
      management of sensitized heart transplant candidates. Developments in these areas
      may result in more equitable distribution and expansion of the donor pool and
      improved quality of life and survival for heart transplant recipients. 

PMID- 27371518
TI  - Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
      Therapy in Advanced Heart Failure.
AB  - Patients with advanced heart failure are at high risk for progression of their
      disease and sudden cardiac death. The role of device therapy in this patient
      population continues to evolve and is directed toward improving cardiac pump
      function and/or reducing sudden arrhythmic death. 

PMID- 27371519
TI  - Home Inotropes and Other Palliative Care.
AB  - Heart failure is a leading case of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and
      patients with advanced heart failure have limited options without any available
      cure. These options mainly include cardiac transplantation or mechanical
      circulatory support device implantation. Chronic home inotropes are an option in
      these patients for a variety of indications. This report discusses the use of
      chronic home inotropes in palliated heart failure patients and reviews the role
      of palliative care management in end-stage heart failure. 

PMID- 27371520
TI  - Recovery Versus Remission: Clinical Insights.
AB  - Adverse myocardial remodeling can be reversed by medical, surgical, and device
      therapies leading to reduced heart failure (HF) morbidity and mortality and
      significant improvements in the structure and function of the failing heart. The
      growing population of HF patients who experience a degree of myocardial
      improvement should be better studied in terms of long-term outcomes and
      underlying biology to more clearly define the difference between recovery and
      remission. These investigations should also be focused in determining whether in
      chronic HF patients complete myocardial recovery is achievable at a meaningful
      rate and help us better understand, predict, and manipulate cardiac recovery. 

PMID- 27371522
TI  - Advanced Therapies for Advanced Heart Failure: Time to Raise Awareness.

PMID- 27371521
TI  - Novel Biological Therapies Targeting Heart Failure: Myocardial Rejuvenation.
AB  - Recovery of ventricular function occurs in a subset of patients with advanced
      heart failure treated with medical and/or mechanical therapy. Finding strategies
      that induce ventricular recovery through induction of repair, regeneration, or
      "rejuvenation" is a long-sought goal of research programs. Cell-based strategies,
      use of recombinant growth and survival factors, and gene delivery are under
      investigation. In this brief article we highlight a few of the biological
      approaches in development to treat heart failure. 

PMID- 27371523
TI  - Drugs for treating alcohol dependence in England cost nearly L4m in 2014.

PMID- 27371525
TI  - Younger Dual-Eligibles Who Use Federally Qualified Health Centers Have More
      Preventable Emergency Department Visits, but Some Have Fewer Hospitalizations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether younger dual-eligibles receiving care at
      federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) have lower rates of ambulatory care
      sensitive (ACS) hospitalization and emergency department (ED) visits. DATA
      SOURCES: We used the 100% Medicare Part A and Part B institutional claims from
      2007 to 2010 for dual-eligibles younger than 65 years, enrolled in traditional
      fee-for-service Medicare, who received care at an FQHC or lived in a primary care
      service area with an FQHC. METHODS: Our cross-sectional analysis used negative
      binomial regressions to model ACS hospitalizations and ED visits as a function of
      prior year FQHC use. The model adjusted for beneficiary age, gender, race, and
      chronic diseases, as well as county fixed effects, time trends, and race-FQHC use
      interactions. RESULTS: FQHC use is associated with a decrease in ACS
      hospitalization rates for whites (2.8 per 1000 persons), but an increase among
      blacks (2.5 per 1000 persons). FQHC use is also associated with an increase in
      ACS ED visits, from 27 to 33 more visits per 1000 persons per year, depending on
      patient race. CONCLUSIONS: ACS hospital use is higher for FQHC users than
      nonusers, but white FQHC users have fewer ACS hospitalizations. More research is
      needed to understand how this relationship varies within and between centers.

PMID- 27371530
TI  - The Relationship Between Religiosity and Deviance Among Adolescents in a
      Religiously Pluralistic Society.
AB  - Most empirical studies of religion and deviance have employed samples from
      Western countries, especially the United States, where one predominant religion
      Judeo-Christianity-is an embedded fixture of the mainstream culture. By
      comparison, research conducted in East Asia, where religious pluralism is the
      norm rather than the exception, is extremely scarce. Moreover, a large proportion
      of the population in East Asia professes themselves to be atheists. Given the
      drastically different religious climates between East and West, it thus remains
      an important empirical question whether the research findings on religiosity and
      deviance garnered from Western samples can be generalizable to East Asia. Given
      this background, the current study assesses the linkage between religiosity and
      deviance using a sample of adolescents in South Korea, where secular social
      controls emanating from Confucianism are potent. The results of the study show
      that religiosity's deviance-constraining effects are considerably weaker in South
      Korea. In addition, many of the Western findings do not apply to the South Korean
      context.

PMID- 27371531
TI  - Recidivism Patterns Among Two Types of Juvenile Homicide Offenders: A 30-Year
      Follow-Up Study.
AB  - Although juvenile homicide has been a matter of concern in the United States
      since the 1980s, prior research has not addressed long-term recidivism patterns
      for convicted juvenile murderers. Furthermore, a prominent juvenile homicide
      typology had not previously been tested with U.S. offenders. The present study
      examined whether juvenile offenders who killed or attempted to kill during the
      commission of a crime differed from those who killed due to some type of conflict
      on pre-incarceration, incarceration, and post-incarceration variables. These
      offenders were sentenced to adult prison in the early 1980s. Follow-up data
      spanned 30 years. The results indicated that approximately 88% of released
      offenders have been rearrested. Analyses of pre-incarceration variables revealed
      that crime-oriented offenders were significantly more likely to commit the
      homicide offense using accomplices than conflict-oriented offenders, and the
      latter were significantly more likely to use a firearm during the homicide
      incident. The circumstances of the homicide, however, were not significantly
      related to any other pre-incarceration variables, release from prison, number of
      post-release arrests, and number of post-release violent offenses. The
      implications of the findings, their comparability to previous follow-up research
      on this typology, and avenues for future research are discussed.

PMID- 27371532
TI  - Integrating acupuncture into primary health care: the experience of an
      educational model implemented within the Brazilian Unified Health System in
      Florianopolis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Primary health care (PHC) is the main entry point and the first level
      of contact for individuals, families and communities within the Brazilian public
      health system. Considering that few studies have investigated the use of
      acupuncture in PHC, this article presents our experience in the city of
      Florianopolis when integrating acupuncture into PHC using an educational
      programme developed to teach acupuncture to primary care physicians (PCPs).
      METHODS: The course programme was designed using the WHO standards for
      acupuncture training and discussed at three consensus meetings. Between 2011 and
      2014 three iterations of an introductory acupuncture course for PCPs were
      offered. During this period 53 physicians finished the programme. RESULTS: The
      number of acupuncture sessions in PHC rose from 1349 in 2011 to 6488 in 2015. It
      was observed in 2015 that 81% of the course participants working in PHC were
      regularly using acupuncture in their daily practice, with a mean number of
      sessions of 11.35 sessions per month. Moreover, collaborative work, which started
      during the course between the PCPs and the acupuncture specialists in secondary
      and tertiary public health care, helped to increase the quality of acupuncture
      referrals and facilitate clinical case discussions. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience
      in the city of Florianopolis shows that teaching acupuncture to PCPs is a
      sustainable model that can help introduce acupuncture into PHC. Furthermore it
      can expand access to acupuncture treatment for the population and increase the
      communication between PCPs and acupuncture specialists.

PMID- 27371533
TI  - Ultrasonography in acupuncture: potential uses for education and research.

PMID- 27371535
TI  - Nearly half of people with infertility do not seek medical help, survey shows.

PMID- 27371536
TI  - The Veterinary Forensic Necropsy: A Review of Procedures and Protocols.
AB  - Investigation of animal-related crime, and therefore submission of forensic cases
      to veterinary pathology facilities, is increasing, yet many veterinary
      pathologists are unfamiliar and often uncomfortable with involvement in the
      forensic necropsy. This article discusses various aspects of the forensic
      necropsy without specific attention to any particular species group or crime.
      General advice is given on procedures, documentation, and recording of the
      examination, and the article indicates how these features may differ from those
      used in investigation of natural disease. It also discusses evidence management,
      including recordkeeping, identification of evidence, labeling of photographs, and
      use of standard operating procedures and protocols. Various written and visual
      methods for documentation of the forensic necropsy are covered, and adjunctive
      topics such as sample collection, assessment, and description of wounds and
      taphonomy are included. Cause, mechanism, and manner of death are defined, and
      guidance to the use of these terms is given. The aim of this article is to offer
      guidance on procedural aspects of the forensic necropsy that will help those
      developing their forensic services, contribute to standardization of the
      provision of forensic veterinary pathology, and build the confidence of the
      "uncomfortable" forensic veterinary pathologist.

PMID- 27371534
TI  - Hemidesmosome integrity protects the colon against colitis and colorectal cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological and clinical data indicate that patients suffering
      from IBD with long-standing colitis display a higher risk to develop colorectal
      high-grade dysplasia. Whereas carcinoma invasion and metastasis rely on basement
      membrane (BM) disruption, experimental evidence is lacking regarding the
      potential contribution of epithelial cell/BM anchorage on inflammation onset and
      subsequent neoplastic transformation of inflammatory lesions. Herein, we analyse
      the role of the alpha6beta4 integrin receptor found in hemidesmosomes that attach
      intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to the laminin-containing BM. DESIGN: We
      developed new mouse models inducing IEC-specific ablation of alpha6 integrin
      either during development (alpha6DeltaIEC) or in adults (alpha6DeltaIEC-TAM).
      RESULTS: Strikingly, all alpha6DeltaIEC mutant mice spontaneously developed long
      standing colitis, which degenerated overtime into infiltrating adenocarcinoma.
      The sequence of events leading to disease onset entails hemidesmosome disruption,
      BM detachment, IL-18 overproduction by IECs, hyperplasia and enhanced intestinal
      permeability. Likewise, IEC-specific ablation of alpha6 integrin induced in adult
      mice (alpha6DeltaIEC-TAM) resulted in fully penetrant colitis and tumour
      progression. Whereas broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment lowered tissue pathology
      and IL-1beta secretion from infiltrating myeloid cells, it failed to reduce Th1
      and Th17 response. Interestingly, while the initial intestinal inflammation
      occurred independently of the adaptive immune system, tumourigenesis required B
      and T lymphocyte activation. CONCLUSIONS: We provide for the first time evidence
      that loss of IECs/BM interactions triggered by hemidesmosome disruption initiates
      the development of inflammatory lesions that progress into high-grade dysplasia
      and carcinoma. Colorectal neoplasia in our mouse models resemble that seen in
      patients with IBD, making them highly attractive for discovering more efficient
      therapies.

PMID- 27371537
TI  - Pathogenesis of Renal Lesions in Chickens After Experimental Infection With 9a5b
      Newcastle Disease Virus Mutant Isolate.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
      in the chicken kidney. Twenty-six 32-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were
      intranasally inoculated with the 9a5b NDV mutant isolate. Kidney tissue samples,
      collected at 6 and 12 hours postinoculation (hpi) and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 days
      postinoculation (dpi), were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry
      (IHC), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus
      titration. Histopathologically, tubulointerstitial nephritis was detected in the
      renal cortex and predominantly in the medulla. Nephrotropism of 9a5b NDV was
      confirmed by IHC, RT-PCR, and virus isolation. Massive degenerative changes and
      infiltration of CD3-immunopositive cells accompanied replication of the 9a5b NDV
      isolate in chicken kidneys. In conclusion, pathological changes that were caused
      by NDV in chicken kidneys were similar to those caused by avian influenza virus,
      infectious bronchitis virus, and avian nephritis virus, and this highlights the
      importance of including NDV in the differential diagnosis of kidney disease in
      chickens.

PMID- 27371539
TI  - Perianesthetic Mortality in Domestic Animals: A Retrospective Study of Postmortem
      Lesions and Review of Autopsy Procedures.
AB  - Autopsy of animals that die in the perianesthetic period allows identification of
      anesthetic and surgical complications as well as preexisting disease conditions
      that may have contributed to mortality. In most studies to date investigating
      perianesthetic mortality in animals, inclusion of autopsy data is very limited.
      This retrospective study evaluated autopsy findings in 221 cases of
      perianesthetic death submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory from primary
      care and referral hospitals. Canine (n = 105; 48%) and feline (n = 90; 41%) cases
      predominated in the study, involving elective (71%) and emergency (19%)
      procedures. The clinical history provided to the pathologist was considered
      incomplete in 42 of 221 cases (19%), but this history was considered essential
      for evaluating the circumstances of perianesthetic death. Disease had been
      recognized clinically in 69 of 221 animals (31%). Death occurred in the
      premedication or sedation (n = 19; 9%), induction (n = 22; 11%), or maintenance
      (n = 73; 35%) phases or in the 24 hours postanesthesia (n = 93 animals; 45%).
      Lesions indicative of significant natural disease were present in 130 of 221
      animals (59%), mainly involving the heart, upper respiratory tract, or lungs.
      Surgical or anesthesia-associated complications were identified in 10 of 221
      cases (5%). No lesions were evident in 80 of 221 animals (36%), the majority of
      which were young, healthy, and undergoing elective surgical procedures. Lesions
      resulting from cardiopulmonary resuscitation were identified in 75 of 221 animals
      (34%). Investigation of perianesthetic death cases should be done with knowledge
      of prior clinical findings and antemortem surgical and medical procedures; the
      autopsy should particularly focus on the cardiovascular and respiratory system,
      including techniques to identify pneumothorax and venous air embolism.

PMID- 27371540
TI  - Feline Epitheliotropic Mastocytic Conjunctivitis in 15 Cats.
AB  - Mast cell infiltration occurs in malignant, inflammatory (eg, allergic,
      infectious), and idiopathic disease processes in humans and animals. Here, we
      describe the clinical and histological features of a unique proliferative
      conjunctivitis occurring in 15 cats. Ocular specimens were examined
      histologically, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV
      1) was performed on ocular tissues obtained from 10 cats. Cats had a median age
      of 8 years (range: 7 months-17.5 years). The known median duration of ocular
      lesions prior to biopsy was 4 months (range: 1 week-3 years). Ocular disease was
      unilateral in 12 cats, and 9 cats had coexisting corneal disease. Clinically and
      histologically, proliferative or nodular conjunctival lesions were noted in 13
      cats. The nictitating membrane was affected in 10 cats. Histologically, lesions
      were characterized by mixed inflammatory infiltrates with an abundance of Giemsa
      positive and toluidine blue-positive intraepithelial and subepithelial mast
      cells, marked edema, and papillary epithelial hyperplasia. Feline herpesvirus 1
      was demonstrated by PCR in 1 of 10 cats tested. Follow-up information was
      available for 14 cats: 8 had no recurrence during a median follow-up period of
      17.5 months (range: 4.5-30 months), 2 underwent orbital exenteration, 3 had
      recurrence that was medically managed, and 1 cat had diffuse conjunctivitis at
      the time of biopsy and recurrence was deemed irrelevant. Various ocular
      medications were administered before and after surgical biopsy. This condition
      was designated as feline epitheliotropic mastocytic conjunctivitis, with
      intraepithelial mast cells being an essential feature and papillary epithelial
      proliferation being characteristic but not diagnostic alone. The condition
      appears to be uncommon and benign. Although the cause is unknown, an allergic
      component is possible.

PMID- 27371541
TI  - Senecavirus A.
AB  - Senecavirus A (SVA) is the only member of the genus Senecavirus within the family
      Picornaviridae. This virus was discovered as a serendipitous finding in 2002 (and
      named Seneca Valley virus 001 [SVV-001]) while cultivating viral vectors in cell
      culture and has been proposed for use as an oncolytic virus to treat different
      types of human neoplasia. SVA was found in lesions in pigs affected by porcine
      idiopathic vesicular disease in Canada and the USA in 2008 and 2012,
      respectively. In 2014 and 2015, SVA infection was associated with outbreaks of
      vesicular disease in sows as well as neonatal pig mortality in Brazil and the
      USA. Phylogenetic analysis of the SVA VP1 indicates the existence of 3 clades of
      the virus. Clade I contains the historical strain SVV-001, clade II contains USA
      SVA strains identified between 1988 and 1997, and clade III contains global SVA
      strains from Brazil, Canada, China, and the USA identified between 2001 and 2015.
      The aim of this review is to draw the attention of veterinarians and researchers
      to a recently described infectious clinical-pathologic condition caused by a
      previously known agent (SVA). Apart from the intrinsic interest in a novel virus
      infecting pigs and causing economic losses, the major current concern is the
      similarity of the clinical picture to that of other swine diseases, because one
      of them-foot and mouth disease-is a World Organization for Animal Health-listed
      disease. Because the potential association of SVA with disease is rather new,
      there are still many questions to be resolved.

PMID- 27371542
TI  - A Perspective on Veterinary Forensic Pathology and Medicine in the United
      Kingdom.
AB  - Internationally, forensic medicine and pathology are increasingly recognized as
      an important aspect of work done by veterinary clinicians and veterinary
      pathologists. In this article, a forensic veterinary clinician, a forensic
      veterinary pathologist in private practice, and a forensic veterinary pathologist
      at a veterinary school discuss the interactions among veterinary clinicians,
      veterinary pathologists, and law enforcement agencies and how future interactions
      can be improved. The focus is on the United Kingdom, but many of the principles,
      challenges, and suggestions are applicable to other jurisdictions. Clinicians and
      pathologists require forensic training to enable them to apply their veterinary
      knowledge to suspected cases of animal abuse and to subsequently present their
      findings and conclusions to a court of law in a concise, professional, and
      unbiased manner, and some opportunities for such advanced training in the United
      Kingdom are indicated. It is important that forensic veterinary clinicians and
      pathologists interact in an unbiased and collegial manner to answer the questions
      posed by courts of law. Opportunities for improved training, communication, and
      interaction among forensic veterinarians, forensic scientists, and law
      enforcement are discussed.

PMID- 27371543
TI  - [Anesthesiological approach for patients with spinal cord injuries].
AB  - Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are serious medical conditions, which are associated
      with severe and potentially fatal risks and complications depending on the
      location and extent of injury. Traffic accidents, falls and recreational
      activities are the leading causes for traumatic SCI (TSCI) worldwide whereas non
      traumatic spinal cord injuries (NTSCI) are mostly due to tumors and congenital
      diseases. As chronification of the injuries progresses other organ systems are
      affected including anatomical changes, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
      and endocrinological pathways. All these effects have to be considered in the
      anesthesiological management of patients with SCI. Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is
      the most dangerous and life-threatening complication in patients with chronic SCI
      above T6 that results from an overstimulation of sympathetic reflex circuits in
      the upper thoracic spine and can be fatal. This article summarizes the specific
      pathophysiology of SCI and how AD can be avoided as well as also providing
      anesthetists with strategies for perioperative and intensive care management of
      patients with SCI. 

PMID- 27371544
TI  - Clinical Experience With Pharmacological Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in
      the Underweight and Critically Ill.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The optimal regimen for pharmacological prophylaxis of venous
      thromboembolism (VTE) in underweight, critically ill patients is unknown.
      OBJECTIVE: To describe prescribing patterns for VTE prophylaxis in underweight
      (<=50 kg or body mass index <=18.5 kg/m(2)), critically ill patients and identify
      the prevalence of VTE and bleeding. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort
      study that included patients who received standard- or reduced-dose VTE
      prophylaxis for >=48 hours. RESULTS: A total of 295 individuals were included in
      the study. The majority of underweight patients in this study (79.7%) received
      unfractionated heparin, 5000 units 3 times daily. No statistically significant
      difference in the prevalence of clinically relevant VTEs between the reduced- and
      standard-dose groups was observed (4.4% vs 5.6%, P = 1.00), but a higher
      proportion of bleeding events was identified within the standard-dose group (6.7%
      vs 11.2%, P = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Empirical dose reductions of VTE prophylaxis are
      infrequently used in underweight, critically ill patients. Further studies need
      to be conducted that assess the safety and efficacy of reduced-dose VTE
      prophylactic regimens in this population to determine if acceptable efficacy can
      be achieved, with lower risks of bleeding.

PMID- 27371545
TI  - Lincomycin-Induced Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis Confirmed by
      Delayed Reading of Intradermal Testing.

PMID- 27371546
TI  - [Robot-assisted gastrectomy for cancer. German version].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer is commonly considered a
      challenging procedure. The technical drawbacks of laparoscopy have been addressed
      by robotic technology, which can facilitate demanding reconstructions and fine
      dissection. These features confer potential advantages in the execution of
      lymphadenectomy. OBJECTIVES: Here, we illustrate our technique of robotic
      gastrectomy and discuss advantages and drawbacks by reviewing the current
      literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe our technique for robot-assisted
      distal and total gastrectomy for cancer and assess the current literature dealing
      with short-term outcomes, immediate oncologic measures, and long-term oncologic
      outcomes of robot-assisted gastrectomy, in comparison with conventional
      laparoscopic and open surgery. RESULTS: The robotic procedure seems to be as safe
      and effective as conventional gastrectomy for gastric cancer, with a longer
      operative time and decreased blood loss in comparison with laparoscopic
      gastrectomy. CONCLUSION: The technical advantages offered by robotics could help
      to standardize minimally invasive D2 lymphadenectomy and enable surgeons to
      perform this procedure routinely. Despite the scarcity of long-termdata on
      survival, immediate oncological measures (lymph node yield and margin status) are
      encouraging. Further studies investigating the long-term oncological outcomes are
      required.

PMID- 27371547
TI  - Validation of Quantitative Measures of Rotatory Knee Laxity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prior attempts to quantify the pivot-shift examination have been too
      invasive or impractical for clinical use. A noninvasive method for quantifying
      rotatory knee laxity is needed. HYPOTHESIS: Greater quantitative measurements of
      rotatory knee laxity (both of the involved knee as well as compared with the
      contralateral healthy knee) are associated with an increasing clinical pivot
      shift grade. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS:
      A total of 103 patients undergoing anatomic single-bundle anterior cruciate
      ligament (ACL) reconstruction at 4 international centers underwent a standardized
      pivot-shift test preoperatively on both knees while anesthetized. Clinical
      grading of the pivot shift was performed according to the International Knee
      Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee ligament rating system. Two different
      quantitative technologies were used to measure rotatory knee laxity: an inertial
      sensor and an image analysis were independently used to measure tibial
      acceleration and lateral compartment translation, respectively, during the pivot
      shift test. Patients were dichotomized to "high-grade" (abnormal and severely
      abnormal) or "low-grade" (normal and nearly normal) rotatory knee laxity groups
      based on the clinical pivot-shift test result of the involved side. Tibial
      acceleration and lateral compartment translation of the involved knee and the
      side-to-side difference between the involved and contralateral knees were
      separately compared between the high- and low-grade rotatory knee laxity groups
      utilizing t tests; significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS: Forty-three patients
      were in the low-grade rotatory knee laxity group, and 60 patients were in the
      high-grade rotatory knee laxity group. Patients in the high-grade knee laxity
      group had significantly higher lateral compartment translation as measured with
      the image analysis (involved knee: 3.8 +/- 2.3 mm; side-to-side difference: 2.5
      +/- 2.4 mm) compared with patients in the low-grade group (involved knee: 2.0 +/-
      1.4 mm; side-to-side difference: 1.4 +/- 1.5 mm) (both P < .01). As measured with
      the inertial sensor, tibial acceleration for patients in the high-grade group was
      significantly higher (involved knee: 7.2 +/- 5.3 m/s(2); side-to-side difference:
      4.2 +/- 5.4 m/s(2)) compared with patients in the low-grade group (involved knee:
      4.2 +/- 1.6 m/s(2); side-to-side difference: 1.2 +/- 1.2 m/s(2)) (both P < .01).
      CONCLUSION: The inertial sensor and image analysis techniques were able to detect
      differences between low- and high-grade pivot-shift test results. A quantitative
      assessment of the pivot-shift test could augment the diagnosis of an ACL injury
      and improve the ability to detect changes in rotatory knee laxity over time.

PMID- 27371548
TI  - Frequency and Outcomes of a Symptom-Free Waiting Period After Sport-Related
      Concussion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Guidelines and practices for the management of sport-related
      concussion (SRC) have evolved swiftly over the past 2 decades. Despite common
      recommendations for a symptom-free waiting period (SFWP) before returning to
      sport, past reports have suggested poor utilization rates for this intervention.
      PURPOSE: To obtain current estimates of the utilization and characterization of
      SFWPs with high school and collegiate athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive
      epidemiology study. METHODS: Data were extracted from a larger prospective study
      that followed athletes with SRC across 13 institutions in southeastern Wisconsin
      from 2012 to 2014. Participants included 143 contact and collision sport athletes
      who were followed serially through their recoveries after SRCs. RESULTS: In the
      current study sample, 99.3% of athletes used an SFWP. The mean self-reported
      symptom duration was 6.35 days (median, 5 days), with 72.7% reporting symptom
      recovery within 1 week of injury, 93.7% within 2 weeks, and 99.3% within 30 days.
      Rate of same-season repeat concussion was low (3.8%) and was similar to or lower
      than the overall rate of concussion (4.3%). Five same-season repeat concussions
      occurred at a range of 8 to 42 days after initial injuries. CONCLUSION: In
      comparison with prior published data collected from 1999 to 2004, utilization and
      duration of SFWPs were higher in the current study samples (99.3% vs 60.3% of
      athletes reported an SFWP; mean duration, 6.1 vs 3.2 days), and athletes were
      withheld from sports for more days than previously reported (12.3 vs 7.4 days).
      Rate of same-season repeat concussion was equivalent to that of prior published
      data. The findings support improved adherence to clinical management guidelines
      through increased utilization of SFWPs after SRC.

PMID- 27371549
TI  - Does addressing gender inequalities and empowering women and girls improve health
      and development programme outcomes?
AB  - This article presents evidence supporting the hypothesis that promoting gender
      equality and women's and girls' empowerment (GEWE) leads to better health and
      development outcomes. We reviewed the literature across six sectors-family
      planning (FP); maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH); nutrition; agriculture;
      water, sanitation and hygiene; and financial services for the poor-and found 76
      studies from low and middle-income countries that met our inclusion criteria.
      Across these studies, we identified common GEWE variables that emerged repeatedly
      as significant predictors of sector outcomes. We grouped these variables into 10
      thematic categories, which we termed 'gender-related levers'. These levers were
      then classified by the strength of evidence into Wedges, Foundations and
      Facilitators. Wedges are gender-related levers that had strong associations with
      improved outcomes across multiple sectors. They include: 'control over
      income/assets/resources', 'decision-making power' and 'education'. Elements of
      these levers overlap, but combined, they encapsulate agency. Increasing female
      agency promotes equality and broadly improves health and development for women,
      their families and their communities. The second classification, Foundations,
      displayed strong, positive associations across FP, MNCH and nutrition.
      Foundations have a more proximal relationship with sector outcomes and include:
      'equitable interpersonal relationships', 'mobility' and 'personal safety'.
      Finally, the third group of levers, Facilitators, was associated with improved
      outcomes in two to three sectors and include: 'access to information', 'community
      groups', 'paid labour' and 'rights'. These levers make it easier for women and
      girls to achieve their goals and are more traditional elements of development
      programmes. Overall, gender-related levers were associated with improvements in a
      variety of health and development outcomes. Furthermore, these associations were
      cross-sectoral, suggesting that to fully realize the benefits of promoting GEWE,
      the development community must collaborate in co-ordinated and integrated ways
      across multiple sectors. More research is needed to identify the mechanisms by
      which gendered interventions work and under what circumstances.

PMID- 27371550
TI  - A scoping review of cost benefit analysis in reproductive, maternal, newborn and
      child health: What we know and what are the gaps?
AB  - Growing evidence suggests that early life investments in health are associated
      with improved human capital and economic outcomes. Various recent global studies
      have simulated the expected economic returns from alternative packages of
      interventions in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH).
      However, very little is known about the comparability of estimates of the
      economic returns of RMNCH interventions across studies in low and middle income
      countries. Our study aims to fill this gap. We performed a comprehensive scoping
      review of the recent literature (2000-2013) on the economic returns (i.e. benefit
      cost ratios) of RMNCH-related interventions, conducted in low and middle income
      countries. A total of 36 studies were identified. They were read in full and
      information was abstracted on both the estimates of benefit-cost ratios, the
      methodological approach and assumptions used. The estimated economic returns
      fluctuated considerably across settings as the associated costs of disease
      patterns, social behaviours and health systems varied. Yet, greater sources of
      variation stemmed from differences in methodology. The observed methodological
      inconsistencies limit the accuracy and comparability of the estimated returns
      across various contexts. The reviewed studies suggest that the benefit-cost
      ratios are favourable in the majority of cases, providing further support to a
      growing body of economic literature that suggests investments early in life, such
      as those interventions related to RMNCH, are good investments. Beyond advocacy
      purposes, for the reviewed literature to be used by policymakers to inform their
      decisions on investments, a consistent methodological approach should be adopted.

PMID- 27371551
TI  - Simple Tools to Facilitate Project Management of a Nursing Research Project.
AB  - Highly organized project management facilitates rigorous study implementation.
      Research involves gathering large amounts of information that can be overwhelming
      when organizational strategies are not used. We describe a variety of project
      management and organizational tools used in different studies that may be
      particularly useful for novice researchers. The studies were a multisite study of
      caregivers of stroke survivors, an Internet-based diary study of women with
      migraines, and a pilot study testing a sleep intervention in mothers of low-birth
      weight infants. Project management tools were used to facilitate enrollment, data
      collection, and access to results. The tools included protocol and eligibility
      checklists, event calendars, screening and enrollment logs, instrument scoring
      tables, and data summary sheets. These tools created efficiency, promoted a
      positive image, minimized errors, and provided researchers with a sense of
      control. For the studies described, there were no protocol violations, there were
      minimal missing data, and the integrity of data collection was maintained.

PMID- 27371552
TI  - Population attributable risk estimates for factors associated with non-use of
      postnatal care services among women in Nigeria.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine population attributable risks (PARs) estimates for
      factors associated with non-use of postnatal care (PNC) in Nigeria. DESIGN,
      SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The most recent Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey
      (NDHS, 2013) was examined. The study consisted of 20 467 mothers aged 15-49
      years. Non-use of PNC services was examined against a set of demographic, health
      knowledge and social structure factors, using multilevel regression analysis.
      PARs estimates were obtained for each factor associated with non-use of PNC in
      the final multivariate logistic regression model. MAIN OUTCOME: PNC services.
      RESULTS: Non-use of PNC services was attributed to 68% (95% CI 56% to 76%) of
      mothers who delivered at home, 61% (95% CI 55% to 75%) of those who delivered
      with the help of non-health professionals and 37% (95% CI 31% to 45%) of those
      who lacked knowledge of delivery complications in the study population. Multiple
      variable analyses revealed that non-use of PNC services among mothers was
      significantly associated with rural residence, household poverty, no or low
      levels of mothers' formal education, small perceived size of neonate, poor
      knowledge of delivery-related complications, and limited or no access to the mass
      media. CONCLUSIONS: PAR estimates for factors associated with non-use of PNC in
      Nigeria highlight the need for community-based interventions regarding maternal
      education and services that focus on mothers who delivered their babies at home.
      Our study also recommends financial support from the Nigerian government for
      mothers from low socioeconomic settings, so as to minimise the inequitable access
      to pregnancy and delivery healthcare services with trained healthcare personnel.

PMID- 27371553
TI  - Validation of administrative hospital data for identifying incident pancreatic
      and periampullary cancer cases: a population-based study using linked cancer
      registry and administrative hospital data in New South Wales, Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Informing cancer service delivery with timely and accurate data is
      essential to cancer control activities and health system monitoring. This study
      aimed to assess the validity of ascertaining incident cases and resection use for
      pancreatic and periampullary cancers from linked administrative hospital data,
      compared with data from a cancer registry (the 'gold standard'). DESIGN, SETTING
      AND PARTICIPANTS: Analysis of linked statutory population-based cancer registry
      data and administrative hospital data for adults (aged >=18 years) with a
      pancreatic or periampullary cancer case diagnosed during 2005-2009 or a hospital
      admission for these cancers between 2005 and 2013 in New South Wales, Australia.
      METHODS: The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of pancreatic and
      periampullary cancer case ascertainment from hospital admission data were
      calculated for the 2005-2009 period through comparison with registry data. We
      examined the effect of the look-back period to distinguish incident cancer cases
      from prevalent cancer cases from hospital admission data using 2009 and 2013 as
      index years. RESULTS: Sensitivity of case ascertainment from the hospital data
      was 87.5% (4322/4939), with higher sensitivity when the cancer was resected
      (97.9%, 715/730) and for pancreatic cancers (88.6%, 3733/4211). Sensitivity was
      lower in regional (83.3%) and remote (85.7%) areas, particularly in areas with
      interstate outflow of patients for treatment, and for cases notified to the
      registry by death certificate only (9.6%). The PPV for the identification of
      incident cases was 82.0% (4322/5272). A 2-year look-back period distinguished the
      majority (98%) of incident cases from prevalent cases in linked hospital data.
      CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic and periampullary cancer cases and resection use can be
      ascertained from linked hospital admission data with sufficient validity for
      informing aspects of health service delivery and system-level monitoring. Limited
      tumour clinical information and variation in case ascertainment across population
      subgroups are limitations of hospital-derived cancer incidence data when compared
      with population cancer registries.

PMID- 27371554
TI  - Association of inpatient hospital experience with patient safety indicators: a
      cross-sectional, Canadian study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There remains concern regarding the use of survey data to assess
      aspects of healthcare quality. The relationship between patient experience and
      adverse events as documented by patient safety indicators (PSIs) is a timely
      research topic. The objectives were to document the association of PSIs and
      patient experience scores, and to determine risk-adjusted odds of high experience
      scores versus PSI presence. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: From April 2011 to March
      2014, 25 098 patients completed a telephone survey following discharge from 93
      inpatient hospitals in Alberta, Canada. RESEARCH DESIGN: A modified version of
      the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS)
      instrument was used. Surveys were linked to inpatient records and PSI presence
      was documented using a validated algorithm. MEASURES: Three questions about
      overall hospital, physician and nurse ratings were scored on an 11-point Likert
      scale from 0 (worst) to 10 (best). Experience was classified as high (9 or 10)
      versus low (0-8). Demographic/clinical differences between respondents
      with/without a PSI were assessed. Logistic regression examined the relationship
      between factors including PSI and experience ratings. RESULTS: Overall, physician
      and nurse care was rated high by 61.9%, 73.7% and 66.2% of respondents. 1085
      patients (4.3%) had a documented PSI. Most frequent PSIs were haemorrhagic events
      (n=502; 2.0% of sample), events relating to obstetrics (n=373; 1.5%) and surgical
      related events (n=248; 1.0%). Risk-adjusted models showed patients with PSIs had
      decreased odds of having high overall (OR=0.86; 95% CI 0.75 to 0.97), physician
      (OR=0.76; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.87) and nurse (OR=0.83; 95% CI 0.73 to 0.94) ratings.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is clear evidence that inpatient experience ratings are
      associated with PSIs, one element of quality of care. Future research, examining
      individual PSIs and patient experience questions, is warranted, as this may
      inform targeted quality improvement initiatives.

PMID- 27371555
TI  - Impact of approaches in improving male partner involvement in the prevention of
      mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV on the uptake of PMTCT services in
      sub-Saharan Africa: a protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several studies have reported approaches used in improving the
      delivery of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV services
      through the involvement of male partners, but evidence from a systematic review
      is limited. We aim at determining the impact of male partner involvement on PMTCT
      in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This will be a systematic review of
      published literature. Interventional and observational studies on male
      involvement in PMTCT carried out in sub-Saharan Africa will be included
      irrespective of the year and language of publication. OVID Medline, Embase,
      PschINFO, and Cochrane database of controlled trials will be searched. After
      manual searching of articles, authors shall be contacted for further information.
      2 authors (NFT and CJ) will independently screen potential articles for
      eligibility using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Critical Appraisal
      Skills Programme (CASP) tools, Jadad scale and the STROBE checklist will be used
      for critical appraisal, and the 2 authors will independently assess the quality
      of articles. Authors will independently extract data from studies using a pre
      established data collection form, and any discrepancies will be sorted by a third
      author (TRK). Outcomes will be analysed using STATA V.12.0. The random effect
      model will be used to produce forest plots. The heterogeneity chi(2) statistics
      and I(2) will be used to assess for heterogeneity. Publication bias will be
      assessed using funnel plots. This protocol is reported according to the Preferred
      Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P)
      2015 guidelines. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No ethical approval since included
      studies will be published studies that had already obtained ethical approvals.
      The findings will guide HIV programmes on the best approaches towards involving
      male partners in PMTCT with a view to improving PMTCT services in sub-Saharan
      Africa. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: 42016032673.

PMID- 27371557
TI  - Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 2016.

PMID- 27371558
TI  - Awards, Scholarships, and Grants Awarded at the SICB Meeting in January 2016.

PMID- 27371559
TI  - Announcement of New Members.

PMID- 27371556
TI  - Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City,
      Mexico: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We determined the seroprevalence and correlates of Toxoplasma gondii
      infection in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City, Mexico. DESIGN: A cross
      sectional survey. SETTING: Pregnant women were enrolled in the central Mexican
      city of Aguascalientes. PARTICIPANTS: We studied 338 pregnant women who attended
      prenatal care in 3 public health centres. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Women were examined for IgG/IgM antibodies to T. gondii by using commercially
      available enzyme immunoassays, and an avidity test. Multiple analyses were used
      to determine the association of T. gondii seropositivity with the characteristics
      of the pregnant women. RESULTS: Of the 338 pregnant women studied, 21 (6.2%) had
      IgG antibodies to T. gondii, and 1 (4.8%) of them was also positive for IgM
      antibodies to T. gondii. Avidity of IgG antibodies to T. gondii was high in the
      IgM-positive sample. Logistic regression analysis of sociodemographic,
      behavioural and housing variables showed that T. gondii seropositivity was
      associated with white ethnicity (OR=149.4; 95% CI 10.8 to 2054.1; p<0.01), not
      washing hands before eating (OR=6.41; 95% CI 1.73 to 23.6; p=0.005) and use of
      latrine (OR=37.6; 95% CI 4.63 to 306.31; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Results
      demonstrate that pregnant women in Aguascalientes City have a low seroprevalence
      of T. gondii infection. However, this low prevalence indicates that most pregnant
      women are at risk for a primary infection. Factors associated with T. gondii
      exposure found in this study, including food hygiene, may be useful to determine
      preventive measures against T. gondii infection and its sequelae.

PMID- 27371560
TI  - Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on (Marine) Animals: Physiological
      Underpinnings and Evolutionary Consequences.
AB  - Understanding thermal ranges and limits of organisms becomes important in light
      of climate change and observed effects on ecosystems as reported by the IPCC
      (2014). Evolutionary adaptation to temperature is presently unable to keep
      animals and other organisms in place; if they can these rather follow the moving
      isotherms. These effects of climate change on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
      have brought into focus the mechanisms by which temperature and its oscillations
      shape the biogeography and survival of species. For animals, the integrative
      concept of oxygen and capacity limited thermal tolerance (OCLTT) has successfully
      characterized the sublethal limits to performance and the consequences of such
      limits for ecosystems. Recent models illustrate how routine energy demand defines
      the realized niche. Steady state temperature-dependent performance profiles thus
      trace the thermal window and indicate a key role for aerobic metabolism, and the
      resulting budget of available energy (power), in defining performance under
      routine conditions, from growth to exercise and reproduction. Differences in the
      performance and productivity of marine species across latitudes relate to changes
      in mitochondrial density, capacity, and other features of cellular design.
      Comparative studies indicate how and why such mechanisms underpinning OCLTT may
      have developed on evolutionary timescales in different climatic zones and
      contributed to shaping the functional characteristics and species richness of the
      respective fauna. A cause-and-effect understanding emerges from considering the
      relationships between fluctuations in body temperature, cellular design, and
      performance. Such principles may also have been involved in shaping the
      functional characteristics of survivors in mass extinction events during earth's
      history; furthermore, they may provide access to understanding the evolution of
      endothermy in mammals and birds. Accordingly, an understanding is emerging how
      climate changes and variability throughout earth's history have influenced animal
      evolution and co-defined their success or failure from a bio-energetic point of
      view. Deepening such understanding may further reduce uncertainty about projected
      impacts of anthropogenic climate variability and change on the distribution,
      productivity and last not least, survival of aquatic and terrestrial species.

PMID- 27371561
TI  - The Vulnerability of Tropical Ectotherms to Warming Is Modulated by the
      Microclimatic Heterogeneity.
AB  - Most tropical ectotherms live near their physiological limits for temperature.
      Substantial ecological effects of global change are predicted in the tropics
      despite the low amplitude of temperature change. These predictions assume that
      tropical ectotherms experience air temperature as measured by weather stations or
      predicted by global circulation models. The body temperature of ectotherms,
      however, can deviate from ambient air when the organism samples the mosaic of
      microclimates at fine scales. The thermal heterogeneity of tropical landscapes
      has been quantified only rarely in comparison to temperate habitats, limiting our
      ability to infer the vulnerability to warming of tropical ectotherms. Here, we
      used thermal imaging to quantify the heterogeneity in surface temperatures across
      spatial scales, from the micro- up to landscape scale, at the top of an Inselberg
      in French Guiana. We measured the thermal heterogeneity at the scale of Clusia
      nemorosa leaves, by categorizing leaves in full sun versus leaves in the shade to
      quantify the microclimatic variance available to phytophagous insects. Then, we
      measured the thermal heterogeneity at the scales of the single shrub and the
      landscape, for several sites differing in their orientation toward the sun to
      quantify the microclimatic heterogeneity available for larger ectotherms. All
      measurements were made three times per day over four consecutive days. There was
      a high level of thermal heterogeneity at all spatial scales. The thermal variance
      varied between scales, increasing from the within-leaf surface to the landscape
      scale. It also shifted across the day in different ways depending on the spatial
      scale. Then, using a set of published data, we compared the critical temperature
      (CTmax) of neo-tropical ectotherms and temperature distributions. The portion of
      space above the CTmax varied substantially depending on spatial scale and taxa.
      Insects were particularly at risk at the surface of leaves exposed to solar
      radiation but not on shaded leaves. By contrast, ants tolerated elevated surface
      temperatures and can survive almost anywhere in the habitat. We suggest that the
      fine scale mosaic of microclimates in the tropics modulates the vulnerability of
      ectotherms to warming. By moving just a few meters, or even a few centimeters,
      small tropical ectotherms can radically change their microclimatic temperature
      and escape overheating.

PMID- 27371562
TI  - Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase B (AKT)
      Remains Controversial.

PMID- 27371563
TI  - Structural and biochemical insight into the mechanism of Rv2837c from
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a c-di-NMP phosphodiesterase.

PMID- 27371564
TI  - Fractalkine attenuates excito-neurotoxicity via microglial clearance of damaged
      neurons and antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 expression.

PMID- 27371565
TI  - Glypican-1 stimulates Skp2 autoinduction loop and G1/S transition in endothelial
      cells.

PMID- 27371566
TI  - Galphaq-mediated activation of GRK2 by mechanical stretch in cardiac myocytes.
      THE ROLE OF PROTEIN KINASE C.

PMID- 27371567
TI  - Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta induces myogenesis by
      modulating myostatin activity.

PMID- 27371568
TI  - Myostatin induces insulin resistance via Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cblb)
      mediated degradation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) in response to high
      calorie diet intake.

PMID- 27371569
TI  - Pericentric heterochromatin generated by HP1 protein interaction-defective
      histone methyltransferase Suv39h1.

PMID- 27371570
TI  - Multidrug resistance-associated protein-1 (MRP-1)-dependent glutathione disulfide
      (GSSG) efflux as a critical survival factor for oxidant-enriched tumorigenic
      endothelial cells.

PMID- 27371571
TI  - The Journal of Biological Chemistry: 2016 Onward.

PMID- 27371574
TI  - Election 2016: Voting on Variants.
AB  - Genome sequencing studies increasingly identify variants of unknown significance
      in provocative genes. Kim and colleagues present a system with which to
      functionally annotate such variants in a high-throughput, biologically relevant
      series of assays. Cancer Discov; 6(7); 694-6. (c)2016 AACRSee related article by
      Kim et al., p. 714.

PMID- 27371575
TI  - CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Promising Opportunities beyond Breast Cancer.
AB  - Patnaik and colleagues report on the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics,
      and preliminary efficacy of abemaciclib for the treatment of advanced solid
      cancers, demonstrating antitumor activity in advanced breast cancers as well as
      glioblastoma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and
      ovarian cancer. The development of abemaciclib and other CDK4/6 inhibitors should
      now be fully optimized through the use of novel predictive biomarkers of response
      and rational combinations. Cancer Discov; 6(7); 697-9. (c)2016 AACRSee related
      article by Patnaik et al., p. 740.

PMID- 27371576
TI  - An Achilles' Heel for MLL-Rearranged Leukemias: Writers and Readers of H3 Lysine
      36 Dimethylation.
AB  - Histone H3 lysine 36 dimethylation (H3K36me2), a modification associated with
      transcriptional activation, is required for mixed-lineage leukemia-dependent
      transcription and leukemic transformation. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Zhu
      and colleagues map the network of readers, writers, and erasers of H3K36me2 and
      uncover the ASH1L histone methyltransferase as a novel target for therapeutic
      intervention. Cancer Discov; 6(7); 700-2. (c)2016 AACR.See related article by Zhu
      and colleagues, p. 770.

PMID- 27371577
TI  - Help Your Editors to Keep Smiling and a Tenth Birthday Celebration.

PMID- 27371578
TI  - Linkages Within the Reproductive and Maternal Health Continuum of Care in
      Bangladesh.
AB  - The continuum of care (CoC) is a fundamental approach to reproductive, maternal,
      newborn, and child health policy and programs, but linkages along the CoC are
      inadequately understood. This article assesses linkages in reproductive and
      maternal health (RMH) services in Bangladesh using the 2011 Bangladesh
      Demographic and Health Survey (n = 7170). Antenatal care (ANC) was positively
      associated with skilled birth attendance (SBA) among both pre-pregnancy
      contraceptive users and nonusers. Among women who used pre-pregnancy
      contraceptives but did not receive skilled ANC, there was a 26% decreased odds of
      SBA. Pre-pregnancy contraceptive use increased the odds of postpartum
      contraceptive use, but neither ANC nor SBA was associated with postpartum
      contraceptive use. There are clear linkages within maternal health services and
      within reproductive health services, but linkages across life stages were
      variable. Removing barriers to accessing health services early and addressing
      barriers in the transitions within RMH care will facilitate sustained engagement
      along the CoC.

PMID- 27371579
TI  - The Accessory Genome of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Defines a
      Persistent Colonization Type in Cattle.
AB  - Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains can colonize cattle for
      several months and may, thus, serve as gene reservoirs for the genesis of highly
      virulent zoonotic enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Attempts to reduce the human
      risk for acquiring EHEC infections should include strategies to control such STEC
      strains persisting in cattle. We therefore aimed to identify genetic patterns
      associated with the STEC colonization type in the bovine host. We included 88
      persistent colonizing STEC (STEC(per)) (shedding for >=4 months) and 74
      sporadically colonizing STEC (STEC(spo)) (shedding for <=2 months) isolates from
      cattle and 16 bovine STEC isolates with unknown colonization types. Genoserotypes
      and multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) were determined, and the isolates were
      probed with a DNA microarray for virulence-associated genes (VAGs). All STEC(per)
      isolates belonged to only four genoserotypes (O26:H11, O156:H25, O165:H25,
      O182:H25), which formed three genetic clusters (ST21/396/1705, ST300/688, ST119).
      In contrast, STEC(spo) isolates were scattered among 28 genoserotypes and 30
      MLSTs, with O157:H7 (ST11) and O6:H49 (ST1079) being the most prevalent. The
      microarray analysis identified 139 unique gene patterns that clustered with the
      genoserotypes and MLSTs of the strains. While the STEC(per) isolates possessed
      heterogeneous phylogenetic backgrounds, the accessory genome clustered these
      isolates together, separating them from the STEC(spo) isolates. Given the vast
      genetic heterogeneity of bovine STEC strains, defining the genetic patterns
      distinguishing STEC(per) from STEC(spo) isolates will facilitate the targeted
      design of new intervention strategies to counteract these zoonotic pathogens at
      the farm level. IMPORTANCE: Ruminants, especially cattle, are sources of food
      borne infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. Some
      STEC strains persist in cattle for longer periods of time, while others are
      detected only sporadically. Persisting strains can serve as gene reservoirs that
      supply E. coli with virulence factors, thereby generating new outbreak strains.
      Attempts to reduce the human risk for acquiring STEC infections should therefore
      include strategies to control such persisting STEC strains. By analyzing
      representative genes of their core and accessory genomes, we show that bovine
      STEC with a persistent colonization type emerged independently from sporadically
      colonizing isolates and evolved in parallel evolutionary branches. However,
      persistent colonizing strains share similar sets of accessory genes. Defining the
      genetic patterns that distinguish persistent from sporadically colonizing STEC
      isolates will facilitate the targeted design of new intervention strategies to
      counteract these zoonotic pathogens at the farm level.

PMID- 27371580
TI  - (p)ppGpp-Dependent Persisters Increase the Fitness of Escherichia coli Bacteria
      Deficient in Isoaspartyl Protein Repair.
AB  - The l-isoaspartyl protein carboxyl methyltransferase (PCM) repairs protein damage
      resulting from spontaneous conversion of aspartyl or asparaginyl residues to
      isoaspartate and increases long-term stationary-phase survival of Escherichia
      coli under stress. In the course of studies intended to examine PCM function in
      metabolically inactive cells, we identified pcm as a gene whose mutation
      influences the formation of ofloxacin-tolerant persisters. Specifically, a
      Deltapcm mutant produced persisters for an extended period in stationary phase,
      and a DeltaglpD mutation drastically increased persisters in a Deltapcm
      background, reaching 23% of viable cells. The high-persister double mutant showed
      much higher competitive fitness than the pcm mutant in competition with wild type
      during long-term stationary phase, suggesting a link between persistence and the
      mitigation of unrepaired protein damage. We hypothesized that reduced metabolism
      in the high-persister strain might retard protein damage but observed no gross
      differences in metabolism relative to wild-type or single-mutant strains.
      However, methylglyoxal, which accumulates in glpD mutants, also increased
      fitness, suggesting a possible mechanism. High-level persister formation in the
      Deltapcm DeltaglpD mutant was dependent on guanosine pentaphosphate [(p)ppGpp]
      and polyphosphate. In contrast, persister formation in the Deltapcm mutant was
      (p)ppGpp independent and thus may occur by a distinct pathway. We also observed
      an increase in conformationally unstable proteins in the high-persister strain
      and discuss this as a possible trigger for persistence as a response to
      unrepaired protein damage. IMPORTANCE: Protein damage is an important factor in
      the survival and function of cells and organisms. One specific form of protein
      damage, the formation of the abnormal amino acid isoaspartate, can be repaired by
      a nearly universally conserved enzyme, PCM. PCM-directed repair is associated
      with stress survival and longevity in bacteria, insects, worms, plants, mice, and
      humans, but much remains to be learned about the specific effects of protein
      damage and repair. This paper identifies an unexpected connection between
      isoaspartyl protein damage and persisters, subpopulations in bacterial cultures
      showing increased tolerance to antibiotics. In the absence of PCM, the persister
      population in Escherichia coli bacteria increased, especially if the metabolic
      gene glpD was also mutated. High levels of persisters in pcm glpD double mutants
      correlated with increased fitness of the bacteria in a competition assay, and the
      fitness was dependent on the signal molecule (p)ppGpp; this may represent an
      alternative pathway for responding to protein damage.

PMID- 27371581
TI  - Effects of Specimen Collection Methodologies and Storage Conditions on the Short
      Term Stability of Oral Microbiome Taxonomy.
AB  - Community profiling of the oral microbiome requires the recovery of quality
      sequences in order to accurately describe microbial community structure and
      composition. Our objective was to assess the effects of specimen collection
      method, storage medium, and storage conditions on the relative abundance of taxa
      in saliva and plaque identified using 16S rRNA genes. We also assessed short-term
      changes in taxon composition and relative abundance and compared the salivary and
      dental plaque communities in children and adults. Over a 2-week period, four
      successive saliva and dental plaque specimens were collected from four adults
      with no dental decay (108 samples), and two successive specimens were collected
      from six children with four or more erupted teeth (48 samples). There were
      minimal differences in community composition at the phylum and operational
      taxonomic unit levels between dental plaque collection using a scaler and
      collection using a CytoSoft brush. Plaque samples stored in OMNIgene medium
      showed higher within-sample Shannon diversity, were compositionally different,
      and were more similar to each other than plaque stored in liquid dental transport
      medium. Saliva samples stored in OMNIgene recovered similar communities for at
      least a week following storage at room temperature. However, the microbial
      communities recovered from plaque and saliva stored in OMNIgene were
      significantly different in composition from their counterparts stored in liquid
      dental transport medium. Dental plaque communities collected from the same tooth
      type over four successive visits from the same adult did not significantly differ
      in structure or composition. IMPORTANCE: Large-scale epidemiologic studies
      require collection over time and space, often with multiple teams collecting,
      storing, and processing data. Therefore, it is essential to understand how
      sensitive study results are to modest changes in collection and storage protocols
      that may occur with variation in personnel, resources available at a study site,
      and shipping requirements. The research presented in this paper measures the
      effects of multiple storage parameters and collection methodologies on the
      measured ecology of the oral microbiome from healthy adults and children. These
      results will potentially enable investigators to conduct oral microbiome studies
      at maximal efficiency by guiding informed administrative decisions pertaining to
      the necessary field or clinical work.

PMID- 27371582
TI  - Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Close Relatives Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio
      ordalii.
AB  - The genetic heterogeneity of the close relatives Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio
      ordalii, both serious pathogens of fish causing extensive losses in aquaculture,
      was studied. Eight housekeeping genes, i.e., atpA, ftsZ, gapA, gyrB, mreB, rpoA,
      topA, and pyrH, were partially sequenced in 116 isolates from diverse fish
      species and geographical areas. The eight genes appear to be under purifying
      selection, and the genetic diversity in the total data set was estimated to be
      0.767 +/- 0.026. Our multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme identified
      several widespread clonal complexes and resolved the isolates, for the most part,
      according to serotype. Serotype O2b isolates from diseased cod in Norway,
      Ireland, and Scotland were found to be extremely homogeneous. Horizontal gene
      transfer appears to be fairly common within and between clonal complexes. Taken
      together, MLSA and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) calculations suggest
      that some isolates previously characterized as V ordalii, i.e., 12B09, FF93,
      FS144, and FS238, are in fact V. anguillarum isolates. The precise taxonomic
      situation for two isolates from Atlantic cod that display several traits
      consistent with V. ordalii, i.e., NVI 5286 and NVI 5918, and a single
      environmental strain that was previously considered to represent V. ordalii,
      i.e., FF167, is less clear. IMPORTANCE: It is still being debated whether V.
      anguillarum and V ordalii represent separate bacterial species. Our study
      addresses this issue and elucidates the degree of genetic variability within this
      group of closely related bacteria, based on a substantial number of isolates. Our
      results clearly illustrate the existence of different populations among putative
      V ordalii isolates. On the basis of additional full-length genomic analysis, we
      conclude that most environmental isolates previously identified as V ordalii lie
      firmly within the species V. anguillarum While bona fide fish-pathogenic V
      ordalii isolates display a very close genetic relationship with V. anguillarum,
      they combine a clearly divergent evolutionary pattern with clear phenotypic
      differences. The study also highlights the need for further characterization of
      fish-pathogenic isolates from the northern Atlantic region that share phenotypic
      characteristics with V. ordalii but are genetically closer to V. anguillarum The
      retention of taxonomic distinctions between the phenotypically different groups
      of bacteria is of practical advantage to microbial ecologists and veterinarians.

PMID- 27371583
TI  - Evidence of Naturalized Stress-Tolerant Strains of Escherichia coli in Municipal
      Wastewater Treatment Plants.
AB  - Escherichia coli has been proposed to have two habitats-the intestines of
      mammals/birds and the nonhost environment. Our goal was to assess whether certain
      strains of E. coli have evolved toward adaptation and survival in wastewater. Raw
      sewage samples from different treatment plants were subjected to chlorine stress,
      and ~59% of the surviving E. coli strains were found to contain a genetic
      insertion element (IS30) located within the uspC-flhDC intergenic region. The
      positional location of the IS30 element was not observed across a library of 845
      E. coli isolates collected from various animal hosts or within GenBank or whole
      genome reference databases for human and animal E. coli isolates (n = 1,177).
      Phylogenetics clustered the IS30 element-containing wastewater E. coli isolates
      into a distinct clade, and biomarker analysis revealed that these wastewater
      isolates contained a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) biomarker pattern that
      was specific for wastewater. These isolates belonged to phylogroup A, possessed
      generalized stress response (RpoS) activity, and carried the locus of heat
      resistance, features likely relevant to nonhost environmental survival. Isolates
      were screened for 28 virulence genes but carried only the fimH marker. Our data
      suggest that wastewater contains a naturalized resident population of E. coli We
      developed an endpoint PCR targeting the IS30 element within the uspC-flhDC
      intergenic region, and all raw sewage samples (n = 21) were positive for this
      marker. Conversely, the prevalence of this marker in E. coli-positive surface and
      groundwater samples was low (<=5%). This simple PCR assay may represent a
      convenient microbial source-tracking tool for identification of water samples
      affected by municipal wastewater. IMPORTANCE: The results of this study
      demonstrate that some strains of E. coli appear to have evolved to become
      naturalized populations in the wastewater environment and possess a number of
      stress-related genetic elements likely important for survival in this nonhost
      environment. The presence of non-host-adapted strains in wastewater challenges
      our understanding of using E. coli as a microbial indicator of wastewater
      treatment performance, suggesting that the E. coli strains present in human and
      animal feces may be very different from those found in treated wastewater.

PMID- 27371584
TI  - Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Crown Galls Host Distinct Microbiota.
AB  - Crown gall disease of grapevine is caused by virulent Agrobacterium strains and
      establishes a suitable habitat for agrobacteria and, potentially, other bacteria.
      The microbial community associated with grapevine plants has not been
      investigated with respect to this disease, which frequently results in monetary
      losses. This study compares the endophytic microbiota of organs from grapevine
      plants with or without crown gall disease and the surrounding vineyard soil over
      the growing seasons of 1 year. Amplicon-based community profiling revealed that
      the dominating factor causing differences between the grapevine microbiota is the
      sample site, not the crown gall disease. The soil showed the highest microbial
      diversity, which decreased with the distance from the soil over the root and the
      graft union of the trunk to the cane. Only the graft union microbiota was
      significantly affected by crown gall disease. The bacterial community of graft
      unions without a crown gall hosted transient microbiota, with the three most
      abundant bacterial species changing from season to season. In contrast, graft
      unions with a crown gall had a higher species richness, which in every season was
      dominated by the same three bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacteriaceae sp.,
      and Agrobacterium vitis). For in vitro-cultivated grapevine plantlets, A. vitis
      infection alone was sufficient to cause crown gall disease. Our data show that
      microbiota in crown galls is more stable over time than microbiota in healthy
      graft unions and that the microbial community is not essential for crown gall
      disease outbreak. IMPORTANCE: The characterization of bacterial populations in
      animal and human diseases using high-throughput deep-sequencing technologies,
      such as 16S amplicon sequencing, will ideally result in the identification of
      disease-specific microbiota. We analyzed the microbiota of the crown gall disease
      of grapevine, which is caused by infection with the bacterial pathogen
      Agrobacterium vitis. All other Agrobacterium species were found to be avirulent,
      even though they lived together with A. vitis in the same crown gall tumor. As
      has been reported for human cancer, the crown gall tumor also hosted
      opportunistic bacteria that are adapted to the tumor microenvironment.
      Characterization of the microbiota in various diseases using amplicon sequencing
      may help in early diagnosis, to serve as a preventative measure of disease in the
      future.

PMID- 27371585
TI  - A Rapid Method for Quantifying Viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
      in Cellular Infection Assays.
AB  - Determining the viability of bacteria is a key outcome of in vitro cellular
      infection assays. Currently, this is done by culture, which is problematic for
      fastidious slow-growing bacteria such as Mycobacterium avium subsp.
      paratuberculosis, where it can take up to 4 months to confirm growth. This study
      aimed to identify an assay that can rapidly quantify the number of viable M.
      avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells in a cellular sample. Three commercially
      available bacterial viability assays along with a modified liquid culture method
      coupled with high-throughput quantitative PCR growth detection were assessed.
      Criteria for assessment included the ability of each assay to differentiate live
      and dead M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms and their accuracy at low
      bacterial concentrations. Using the culture-based method, M. avium subsp.
      paratuberculosis growth was reliably detected and quantified within 2 weeks.
      There was a strong linear association between the 2-week growth rate and the
      initial inoculum concentration. The number of viable M. avium subsp.
      paratuberculosis cells in an unknown sample was quantified based on the growth
      rate, by using growth standards. In contrast, none of the commercially available
      viability assays were suitable for use with samples from in vitro cellular
      infection assays. IMPORTANCE: Rapid quantification of the viability of
      Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in samples from in vitro cellular
      infection assays is important, as it allows these assays to be carried out on a
      large scale. In vitro cellular infection assays can function as a preliminary
      screening tool, for vaccine development or antimicrobial screening, and also to
      extend findings derived from experimental animal trials. Currently, by using
      culture, it takes up to 4 months to obtain quantifiable results regarding M.
      avium subsp. paratuberculosis viability after an in vitro infection assay;
      however, with the quantitative PCR and liquid culture method developed, reliable
      results can be obtained at 2 weeks. This method will be important for vaccine and
      antimicrobial screening work, as it will allow a greater number of candidates to
      be screened in the same amount of time, which will increase the likelihood that a
      favorable candidate will be found to be subjected to further testing.

PMID- 27371586
TI  - A Diverse Soil Microbiome Degrades More Crude Oil than Specialized Bacterial
      Assemblages Obtained in Culture.
AB  - Soil microbiome modification may alter system function, which may enhance
      processes like bioremediation. In this study, we filled microcosms with gamma
      irradiated soil that was reinoculated with the initial soil or cultivated
      bacterial subsets obtained on regular media (REG-M) or media containing crude oil
      (CO-M). We allowed 8 weeks for microbiome stabilization, added crude oil and
      monoammonium phosphate, incubated the microcosms for another 6 weeks, and then
      measured the biodegradation of crude oil components, bacterial taxonomy, and
      functional gene composition. We hypothesized that the biodegradation of targeted
      crude oil components would be enhanced by limiting the microbial taxa competing
      for resources and by specifically selecting bacteria involved in crude oil
      biodegradation (i.e., CO-M). Postincubation, large differences in taxonomy and
      functional gene composition between the three microbiome types remained,
      indicating that purposeful soil microbiome structuring is feasible. Although
      phylum-level bacterial taxonomy was constrained, operational taxonomic unit
      composition varied between microbiome types. Contrary to our hypothesis, the
      biodegradation of C10 to C50 hydrocarbons was highest when the original
      microbiome was reinoculated, despite a higher relative abundance of alkane
      hydroxylase genes in the CO-M microbiomes and of carbon-processing genes in the
      REG-M microbiomes. Despite increases in the relative abundances of genes
      potentially linked to hydrocarbon processing in cultivated subsets of the
      microbiome, reinoculation of the initial microbiome led to maximum
      biodegradation. IMPORTANCE: In this study, we show that it is possible to
      sustainably modify microbial assemblages in soil. This has implications for
      biotechnology, as modification of gut microbial assemblages has led to improved
      treatments for diseases like Clostridium difficile infection. Although the soil
      environment determined which major phylogenetic groups of bacteria would dominate
      the assemblage, we saw differences at lower levels of taxonomy and in functional
      gene composition (e.g., genes related to hydrocarbon degradation). Further
      studies are needed to determine the success of such an approach in nonsterile
      environments. Although the biodegradation of certain crude oil fractions was
      still the highest when we inoculated with the diverse initial microbiome, the
      possibility of discovering and establishing microbiomes that are more efficient
      in crude oil degradation is not precluded.

PMID- 27371587
TI  - A Small Number of Phylogenetically Distinct Clonal Complexes Dominate a Coastal
      Vibrio cholerae Population.
AB  - Vibrio cholerae is a ubiquitous aquatic microbe in temperate and tropical coastal
      areas. It is a diverse species, with many isolates that are harmless to humans,
      while others are highly pathogenic. Most notable among them are strains belonging
      to the pandemic O1/O139 serogroup lineage, which contains the causative agents of
      cholera. The environmental selective regimes that led to this diversity are key
      to understanding how pathogens evolve in environmental reservoirs. A local
      population of V. cholerae and its close relative Vibrio metoecus from a coastal
      pond and lagoon system was extensively sampled during two consecutive months
      across four size fractions (480 isolates). In stark contrast to previous studies,
      the observed population was highly clonal, with 60% of V. cholerae isolates
      falling into one of five clonal complexes, which varied in abundance in the short
      temporal scale sampled. V. cholerae clonal complexes had significantly different
      distributions across size fractions and the two environments sampled, the pond
      and the lagoon. Sequencing the genomes of 20 isolates representing these five V.
      cholerae clonal complexes revealed different evolutionary trajectories, with
      considerable variations in gene content with potential ecological significance.
      Showing genotypic differentiation and differential spatial distribution, the
      dominant clonal complexes are likely ecologically divergent. Temporal variation
      in the relative abundance of these complexes suggests that transient blooms of
      specific clones could dominate local diversity. IMPORTANCE: Vibrio cholerae is
      commonly found in coastal areas worldwide, with only a single group of this
      bacterium capable of causing severe cholera outbreaks. However, the potential to
      evolve the ability to cause disease exists in many strains of this species in its
      aquatic reservoir. Understanding how pathogenic bacteria evolve requires the
      study of their natural environments. By extensive sampling in a geographically
      restricted location in the United States, we found that most cells of a V.
      cholerae population belong to only a small number of strains. Analysis of their
      genome composition and spatial distribution indicates differential environmental
      adaptations between these strains. Other strains exist in smaller numbers, and
      the population was found to be temporally varied. This suggests frequent bloom
      and collapse cycles on a time scale of weeks. These population dynamics make it
      possible that more virulent strains could stochastically rise to large numbers,
      allowing for infection to occur.

PMID- 27371589
TI  - Corrigendum: Growth and the Environment of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

PMID- 27371588
TI  - Antimicrobial Effects of Free Nitrous Acid on Desulfovibrio vulgaris:
      Implications for Sulfide-Induced Corrosion of Concrete.
AB  - Hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in sewers causes
      odor problems and asset deterioration due to the sulfide-induced concrete
      corrosion. Free nitrous acid (FNA) was recently demonstrated as a promising
      antimicrobial agent to alleviate hydrogen sulfide production in sewers. However,
      details of the antimicrobial mechanisms of FNA are largely unknown. Here, we
      report the multiple-targeted antimicrobial effects of FNA on the SRB
      Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough by determining the growth, physiological,
      and gene expression responses to FNA exposure. The activities of growth,
      respiration, and ATP generation were inhibited when exposed to FNA. These changes
      were reflected in the transcript levels detected during exposure. The removal of
      FNA was evident by nitrite reduction that likely involved nitrite reductase and
      the poorly characterized hybrid cluster protein, and the genes coding for these
      proteins were highly expressed. During FNA exposure, lowered ribosome activity
      and protein production were detected. Additionally, conditions within the cells
      were more oxidizing, and there was evidence of oxidative stress. Based on an
      interpretation of the measured responses, we present a model depicting the
      antimicrobial effects of FNA on D. vulgaris These findings provide new insight
      for understanding the responses of D. vulgaris to FNA and will provide a
      foundation for optimal application of this antimicrobial agent for improved
      control of sewer corrosion and odor management.IMPORTANCE Hydrogen sulfide
      produced by SRB in sewers causes odor problems and results in serious
      deterioration of sewer assets that requires very costly and demanding
      rehabilitation. Currently, there is successful application of the antimicrobial
      agent free nitrous acid (FNA), the protonated form of nitrite, for the control of
      sulfide levels in sewers (G. Jiang et al., Water Res 47:4331-4339, 2013,
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.05.024). However, the details of the
      antimicrobial mechanisms of FNA are largely unknown. In this study, we identified
      the key responses (decreased anaerobic respiration, reducing FNA, combating
      oxidative stress, and shutting down protein synthesis) of Desulfovibrio vulgaris
      Hildenborough, a model sewer corrosion bacterium, to FNA exposure by examining
      the growth, physiological, and gene expression changes. These findings provide
      new insight and underpinning knowledge for understanding the responses of D.
      vulgaris to FNA exposure, thereby benefiting the practical application of FNA for
      improved control of sewer corrosion and odor.

PMID- 27371590
TI  - Erratum: Preparation of Nuclear Extracts from HeLa Cells.

PMID- 27371591
TI  - Prediction and Validation of Native and Engineered Cas9 Guide Sequences.
AB  - Cas9-based technologies rely on native elements of Type II CRISPR-Cas bacterial
      immune systems, including the trans-activating CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA), CRISPR RNA
      (crRNA), Cas9 protein, and protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). The tracrRNA and
      crRNA form an RNA duplex that guides the Cas9 endonuclease to complementary
      nucleic acid sequences. Mechanistically, Cas9 initiates interactions by binding
      to the target PAM sequence and interrogating the target DNA in a 3'-to-5' manner.
      Complementarity between the guide RNA and the target DNA is key. In natural
      systems, precise cleavage occurs when the target DNA sequence contains a PAM
      flanking a sequence homologous to the crRNA spacer sequence. Currently, the
      majority of commercial Cas9-based genome-editing tools are derived from the Type
      II CRISPR-Cas system of Streptococcus pyogenes However, a diverse set of Type II
      CRISPR-Cas systems exist in nature that are potentially valuable for genome
      engineering applications. Exploitation of these systems requires prediction and
      validation of both native and engineered dual and single guide RNAs to drive Cas9
      functionality. Here, we discuss how to identify the elements of these immune
      systems to develop next-generation Cas9-based genome-editing tools. We first
      discuss how to predict tracrRNA sequences and suggest a method for designing
      single guide RNAs containing only critical structural modules. We then outline
      how to predict the PAM sequence, which is crucial for determining potential
      targets for Cas9. Finally, validation of the system elements through
      transcriptome analysis and interference assays is essential for developing next
      generation Cas9-based genome-editing tools.

PMID- 27371592
TI  - Triggering Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Cells with Cytotoxic Drugs.
AB  - Cytotoxic agents are commonly added to cultured cells in the laboratory to
      investigate their efficacy, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential. Most
      of these agents trigger cell death by apoptosis, which is also the most common
      form of cell death during development, aging, homeostasis, and eradication of
      disease. Treatment of cells with cytotoxic agents is therefore useful for
      investigating basic mechanisms of cell death in the human body. Actinomycin D, a
      cytotoxic agent isolated from Streptomyces, induces apoptosis in a variety of
      cell lines including the histiocytic lymphoma cell line U937. Treatment of U937
      cells with actinomycin D provides an ideal model of drug-induced apoptosis that
      can also be used as a positive control for comparison with other treatments.

PMID- 27371593
TI  - Triggering Death of Adherent Cells with Ultraviolet Radiation.
AB  - Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a convenient stimulus for triggering cell death
      that is available in most laboratories. We use a Stratalinker UV cross-linker
      because it is a safe, cheap, reliable, consistent, and easily controlled source
      of UV irradiation. This protocol describes using a Stratalinker to trigger UV
      induced death of HeLa cells.

PMID- 27371594
TI  - Measuring Cell Death by Trypan Blue Uptake and Light Microscopy.
AB  - Trypan blue is a colorimetric dye that stains dead cells with a blue color easily
      observed using light microscopy at low resolution. The staining procedure is
      rapid and cells can be analyzed within minutes. The number of live (unstained)
      and dead (blue) cells can be counted using a hemocytometer on a basic upright
      microscope. Trypan blue staining is therefore a convenient assay for rapidly
      determining the overall viability of cells in a culture before commencing
      scientific experimentation, or for quantitating cell death following treatment
      with any cytotoxic stimuli.

PMID- 27371595
TI  - Measuring Cell Death by Propidium Iodide Uptake and Flow Cytometry.
AB  - Propidium iodide (PI) is a small fluorescent molecule that binds to DNA but
      cannot passively traverse into cells that possess an intact plasma membrane. PI
      uptake versus exclusion can be used to discriminate dead cells, in which plasma
      membranes become permeable regardless of the mechanism of death, from live cells
      with intact membranes. PI is excited by wavelengths between 400 and 600 nm and
      emits light between 600 and 700 nm, and is therefore compatible with lasers and
      photodetectors commonly available in flow cytometers. This protocol for PI
      staining can be used to quantitate cell death in most modern research facilities
      and universities.

PMID- 27371596
TI  - Optimized Affinity Capture of Yeast Protein Complexes.
AB  - Here, we describe an affinity isolation protocol. It uses cryomilled yeast cell
      powder for producing cell extracts and antibody-conjugated paramagnetic beads for
      affinity capture. Guidelines for determining the optimal extraction solvent
      composition are provided. Captured proteins are eluted in a denaturing solvent
      (sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis sample buffer) for gel
      based proteomic analyses. Although the procedures can be modified to use other
      sources of cell extract and other forms of affinity media, to date we have
      consistently obtained the best results with the method presented.

PMID- 27371597
TI  - Native Elution of Yeast Protein Complexes Obtained by Affinity Capture.
AB  - This protocol describes two options for the native (nondenaturing) elution of
      protein complexes obtained by affinity capture. The first approach involves the
      elution of complexes purified through a tag that includes a human rhinovirus 3C
      protease (PreScission protease) cleavage site sequence between the protein of
      interest and the tag. Incubation with the protease cleaves immobilized complexes
      from the affinity medium. The second approach involves the release of protein A
      tagged protein complexes using a competitive elution reagent called PEGylOx. The
      degree of purity of the native assemblies eluted is sample dependent and strongly
      influenced by the affinity capture. It should be noted that the efficiency of
      native elution is commonly lower than that of elution by a denaturing agent
      (e.g., SDS) and the release of the complex will be limited by the activity of the
      protease or the inhibition constant (Ki) of the competitive release agent.
      However, an advantage of native release is that some nonspecifically bound
      materials tend to stay adsorbed to the affinity medium, providing an eluted
      fraction of higher purity. Finally, keep in mind that the presence of the
      protease or elution peptide could potentially affect downstream applications;
      thus, their removal should be considered.

PMID- 27371598
TI  - Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation to Isolate Endogenous Protein Complexes
      after Affinity Capture.
AB  - This protocol describes the isolation of native protein complexes by density
      gradient ultracentrifugation. The outcome of an affinity capture and native
      elution experiment is generally a mixture of (1) the complex(es) associated with
      the protein of interest under the specific conditions of capture, (2) fragments
      of the complex generated by degradation or disassembly during the purification
      procedure, and (3) the protease or reagent used to natively elute the sample. To
      separate these components and isolate a homogeneous complex, an additional step
      of purification is required. Rate-zonal density gradient ultracentrifugation is a
      reliable and powerful technique for separating particles based on their
      hydrodynamic volume. The density gradient is generated by mixing low- and high
      density solutions of a suitable low-molecular-weight inert solute (e.g., sucrose
      or glycerol). The gradient is formed in a solvent that could be any of the
      solvents used for the affinity capture and native elution and should help to
      preserve the structure and activity of the assembly.

PMID- 27371599
TI  - Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Using Chemical
      Fixation.
AB  - Establishing the subcellular distribution of molecules of interest and the
      dynamics of their spatial control underpins all areas of cell and developmental
      biology. Although the ability to monitor the distribution of fluorescent fusion
      proteins has revolutionized cell and developmental biology, indirect
      immunofluorescence microscopy of fixed samples remains an essential complement to
      this approach. Immunofluorescence is often a more appropriate approach for the
      study of subcellular architecture. It avoids potential artifacts caused by
      studying fusion proteins, which might show altered function under stressful
      imaging conditions. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of multiple cells in
      an unperturbed population by immunofluorescence invariably provides a more
      accurate assessment of the spatial and temporal control of a particular process
      than does the analysis of individual cells that is the hallmark of live-cell
      imaging. Parallel studies of living and fixed cells often provide complementary
      data sets, both of which can be considered necessary for a comprehensive
      understanding of molecular function. This protocol provides a method for the
      visualization of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe microtubule cytoskeleton by
      indirect immunofluorescence microscopy following chemical fixation with
      formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. It includes discussion of common modifications
      used to monitor the distribution of other fission yeast antigens and forms a
      basis from which to develop protocols to localize new molecules of interest.

PMID- 27371600
TI  - Recording Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Currents
      (Ih) in Neurons.
AB  - Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are voltage
      gated ion channels that play a crucial role in many physiological processes such
      as memory formation and spatial navigation. Alterations in expression and
      function of HCN channels have also been associated with multiple disorders
      including epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and anxiety/depression. Interestingly,
      neuronal HCN currents (Ih) have diverse biophysical properties in different
      neurons. This is likely to be in part caused by the heterogeneity of the HCN
      subunits expressed in neurons. This variation in biophysical characteristics is
      likely to influence how Ih affects neuronal activity. Thus, it is important to
      record Ih directly from individual neurons. This protocol describes voltage-clamp
      methods that can be used to record neuronal Ih under whole-cell voltage-clamp
      conditions, in cell-attached mode, or with outside-out patches. The information
      obtained using this approach can be used in combination with other techniques
      such as computational modeling to determine the significance of Ih for neuronal
      function.

PMID- 27371601
TI  - Protein Complex Purification by Affinity Capture.
AB  - Affinity capture has become a powerful technique for consistently purifying
      endogenous protein complexes, facilitating biochemical and biophysical assays on
      otherwise inaccessible biological assemblies, and enabling broader interactomic
      exploration. For this procedure, cells are broken and their contents separated
      and extracted into a solvent, permitting access to target macromolecular
      complexes thus released in solution. The complexes are specifically enriched from
      the extract onto a solid medium coupled with an affinity reagent-usually an
      antibody-that recognizes the target either directly or through an appended
      affinity tag, allowing subsequent characterization of the complex. Here, we
      discuss approaches and considerations for purifying endogenous yeast protein
      complexes by affinity capture.

PMID- 27371602
TI  - Historical Evolution of Laboratory Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - Budding yeast strains used in the laboratory have had a checkered past.
      Historically, the choice of strain for any particular experiment depended on the
      suitability of the strain for the topic of study (e.g., cell cycle vs. meiosis).
      Many laboratory strains had poor fermentation properties and were not
      representative of the robust strains used for domestic purposes. Most strains
      were related to each other, but investigators usually had only vague notions
      about the extent of their relationships. Isogenicity was difficult to confirm
      before the advent of molecular genetic techniques. However, their ease of growth
      and manipulation in laboratory conditions made them "the model" model organism,
      and they still provided a great deal of fundamental knowledge. Indeed, more than
      one Nobel Prize has been won using them. Most of these strains continue to be
      powerful tools, and isogenic derivatives of many of them-including entire
      collections of deletions, overexpression constructs, and tagged gene products-are
      now available. Furthermore, many of these strains are now sequenced, providing
      intimate knowledge of their relationships. Recent collections, new isolates, and
      the creation of genetically tractable derivatives have expanded the available
      strains for experiments. But even still, these laboratory strains represent a
      small fraction of the diversity of yeast. The continued development of new
      laboratory strains will broaden the potential questions that can be posed. We are
      now poised to take advantage of this diversity, rather than viewing it as a
      detriment to controlled experiments.

PMID- 27371603
TI  - Fixed-Cell Imaging of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
AB  - The acknowledged genetic malleability of fission yeast has been matched by
      impressive cytology to drive major advances in our understanding of basic
      molecular cell biological processes. In many of the more recent studies,
      traditional approaches of fixation followed by processing to accommodate
      classical staining procedures have been superseded by live-cell imaging
      approaches that monitor the distribution of fusion proteins between a molecule of
      interest and a fluorescent protein. Although such live-cell imaging is uniquely
      informative for many questions, fixed-cell imaging remains the better option for
      others and is an important-sometimes critical-complement to the analysis of
      fluorescent fusion proteins by live-cell imaging. Here, we discuss the merits of
      fixed- and live-cell imaging as well as specific issues for fluorescence
      microscopy imaging of fission yeast.

PMID- 27371604
TI  - Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Currents in Neurons.
AB  - Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are voltage
      gated ion channels that activate at potentials more negative than -50 mV and are
      predominantly permeable to Na(+) and K(+) ions. Four HCN subunits (HCN1-4) have
      been cloned. These subunits have distinct expression patterns and biophysical
      properties. In addition, cyclic nucleotides as well as multiple intracellular
      substances including various kinases and phosphatases modulate the expression and
      function of the subunits. Hence, the characteristics of the current, Ih, are
      likely to vary among neuronal subtypes. In many neuronal subtypes, Ih is present
      postsynaptically, where it plays a critical role in setting the resting membrane
      potential and the membrane resistance. By influencing these intrinsic properties,
      Ih will affect synaptic potential shapes and summation and thereby affect
      neuronal excitability. Additionally, Ih can have an effect on resonance
      properties and intrinsic neuronal oscillations. In some neurons, Ih may also be
      present presynaptically in axons and synaptic terminals, where it modulates
      neuronal transmitter release. Hence the effects of Ih on neuronal excitability
      are complex. It is, however, necessary to fully understand these as Ih has a
      significant impact on physiological conditions such as learning as well as
      pathophysiological states such as epilepsy.

PMID- 27371605
TI  - Guide RNAs: A Glimpse at the Sequences that Drive CRISPR-Cas Systems.
AB  - CRISPR-Cas systems provide adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea. Although
      there are two main classes of CRISPR-Cas systems defined by gene content,
      interfering RNA biogenesis, and effector proteins, Type II systems have recently
      been exploited on a broad scale to develop next-generation genetic engineering
      and genome-editing tools. Conveniently, Type II systems are streamlined and rely
      on a single protein, Cas9, and a guide RNA molecule, comprised of a CRISPR RNA
      (crRNA) and trans-acting CRISPR RNA (tracrRNA), to achieve effective and
      programmable nucleic acid targeting and cleavage. Currently, most commercially
      available Cas9-based genome-editing tools use the CRISPR-Cas system from
      Streptococcus pyogenes (SpyCas9), although many orthogonal Type II systems are
      available for diverse and multiplexable genome engineering applications. Here, we
      discuss the biological significance of Type II CRISPR-Cas elements, including the
      tracrRNA, crRNA, Cas9, and protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), and look at the
      native function of these elements to understand how they can be engineered,
      enhanced, and optimized for genome editing applications. Additionally, we discuss
      the basis for orthogonal Cas9 and guide RNA systems that would allow researchers
      to concurrently use multiple Cas9-based systems for different purposes.
      Understanding the native function of endogenous Type II CRISPR-Cas systems can
      lead to new Cas9 tool development to expand the genetic manipulation toolbox.

PMID- 27371606
TI  - Growing potential of small aortic valve with aortic coarctation or interrupted
      aortic arch after bilateral pulmonary artery banding.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Bilateral pulmonary artery banding (bPAB) is utilized for some
      patients with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and aortic coarctation (CoA) or
      interrupted aortic arch (IAA). We evaluated aortic valve (AoV) diameter and
      patient outcomes following bPAB. METHODS: Between August 2010 and September 2015,
      10 consecutive patients with VSD and patent ductus arteriosus-dependent CoA or
      IAA underwent bPAB because of an AoV diameter of approximately <50% of the normal
      value (n = 6), severe subaortic stenosis and poor patient condition (n = 1,
      respectively), or low birthweight (n = 2). RESULTS: Second-stage operations were
      conventional total repair in five and Damus-Kaye-Stansel anastomosis, aortic arch
      reconstruction and right ventricle-pulmonary artery shunt (modified Norwood) type
      repair in five. After modified Norwood-type repair, four patients were Yasui-type
      repair candidates and one was a Fontan candidate. For all patients, the mean AoV
      diameter increased from 3.7 +/- 0.7 mm before bPAB to 4.6 +/- 0.8 mm before the
      second-stage operation. In five patients with CoA or IAA type A, the AoV diameter
      significantly increased from 3.5 +/- 0.3 mm to 4.5 +/- 0.5 mm during the term
      between bPAB and the second-stage operation, with an AoV Z-score increase from 
      5.82 +/- 0.92 to -4.28 +/- 0.86. IAA type B showed a slight increase in the AoV
      diameter. CONCLUSIONS: Initial palliation with bPAB enables AoV diameter growth
      in some patients, improving the likelihood of conventional total repair
      adaptation rate, particularly for CoA or IAA type A.

PMID- 27371607
TI  - Mediastinal paraganglioma fed by the left circumflex artery.
AB  - A 60-year-old male patient who previously underwent carotid and jugular
      paraganglioma resections was referred because of a mediastinal recurrence at the
      root of the great vessels. Coronary angiography confirmed the circumflex artery
      of the left coronary artery as the feeding artery of the tumour. The patient
      underwent surgery due to the tumour's location and malignant potential. Upon mass
      resection, histopathological examination characterized the tumour as a secondary
      paraganglioma. Neuroendocrine tumours arising from chromaffin tissues at the
      extra-adrenal paraganglions of the autonomic nervous system are termed
      paragangliomas. Clinically, they are divided into functional and non-functional
      types, depending on their catecholamine secretion. The mediastinal location is
      exceptional and its treatment is challenging.

PMID- 27371608
TI  - A clinical score to predict acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in a
      Southeast-Asian population.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Acute kidney injury (AKI) post-cardiac surgery is associated with
      significant in-hospital and long-term morbidity. This study aimed to develop a
      risk score for postoperative AKI in a Southeast-Asian population. METHODS: A
      total of 2508 patients underwent cardiac surgery at the two main heart centres in
      Singapore between July 2008 and November 2011, of which 2385 met the inclusion
      criteria. The primary outcome was AKI, defined using the Acute Kidney Injury
      Network (AKIN) criteria. The scoring model was developed on the test cohort of
      2385 and validated with another 500 prospectively recruited patients. Logistic
      regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of AKI. RESULTS:
      The risk factors in this model are age >=65 years, hypertension, estimate
      glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <=60 ml/min, use of intra-aortic balloon pump
      and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time >=120 min, which were similar to previous
      AKI risk models. Other risk factors in our model include preoperative anaemia,
      intraoperative red blood cell transfusion and lowest haematocrit during CPB,
      which have not been described previously. The clinical score ranged from 0 to 14
      points with three major risk categories. The AKI frequencies are as follows: 0-4
      points (18%), 5-8 points (39%) and 9-14 points (64%). The area under the receiver
      operating curve (ROC) for the test cohort was 0.70 (95% CI 0.68-0.72), similar to
      the validation cohort (0.75; 95% CI 0.70-0.80). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the
      risk model is valid in predicting AKI post-cardiac surgery and can be used for
      the early diagnosis and treatment of AKI.

PMID- 27371609
TI  - Risk factors for infections due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
      after open heart surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patients undergoing major surgery are at increased risk of developing
      infections due to resistant organisms, including carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella
      pneumoniae (CR-Kp). In this study, we assessed risk factors for CR-Kp infections
      after open heart surgery in a teaching hospital in northern Italy. METHODS: A
      retrospective study was conducted from January to December 2014. The primary
      outcome measure was postoperative CR-Kp infection, defined as a time-to-event end
      point. The effect of potentially related variables was assessed by univariable
      and multivariable analyses. Secondary end-points were in-hospital mortality and
      180-day postoperative mortality. RESULTS: Among 553 patients undergoing open
      heart surgery, 32 developed CR-Kp infections (6%). In the final multivariable
      model, CR-Kp colonization [hazard ratio (HR) 227.45, 95% confidence intervals
      (CI) 67.13-1225.20, P < 0.001], cardiopulmonary bypass time in minutes (HR 1.01,
      95% CI 1.01-1.02, P < 0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR 3.99, 95%
      CI 1.61-9.45, P = 0.004), SOFA score (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.08-1.53, P = 0.007),
      preoperative mechanical ventilation (HR 8.10, 95% CI 1.31-48.57, P = 0.026),
      prolonged mechanical ventilation (HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.08-6.15, P = 0.032) and
      female sex (HR 2.08, 95% CI 1.00-4.36, P = 0.049) were associated with the
      development of CR-Kp infection. Increased in-hospital mortality and 180-day
      mortality were observed in patients who developed CR-Kp infections in comparison
      with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, CR-Kp colonization was an
      important predictor of CR-Kp infection after open heart surgery. CR-Kp infection
      after surgery significantly affected survival. Preventing colonization is
      conceivably the most effective current strategy to reduce the impact of CR-Kp.

PMID- 27371610
TI  - Do rapid deployment aortic valves improve outcomes compared with surgical aortic
      valve replacement?
AB  - A best evidence topic was written according to a structured protocol. The
      question addressed was 'In patients requiring an aortic valve replacement, are
      rapid deployment aortic valve systems better than conventional aortic valve
      prostheses in terms of mortality, morbidity and/or valve function?' A total of
      508 papers were found using the reported search, of which 11 represented the best
      evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country
      of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results
      of these papers are tabulated. The rapid deployment valves (RDVs) implanted in
      these studies include balloon expandable [Intuity (Edwards Lifesciences, CA, USA)
      and 3F Enable (Medtronic, MN, USA)] and self-expanding [Perceval (Sorin,
      Saluggia, Italy)] stented bioprostheses. Available data from these studies
      demonstrate that rapid deployment valves are invariably associated with shorter
      aortic cross-clamp times (30-56 vs 49-88 min). Despite this, postoperative
      mortality (0-5.8 vs 0-6%), ICU (1-3 vs 0.9-2.8 days) and hospital length of stay
      (6-14.1 vs 6-15.9 days) are similar compared with conventional aortic valve
      replacement (AVR). However, reduced postoperative bleeding (328 vs 564 ml), blood
      transfusion requirements (1.4 vs 2.4 units), ventilation time (4.9-9.5 vs 7-16.6
      h) and renal injury (5.3 vs 14.7%) have been demonstrated with RDVs indicating
      possible clinical benefit to shorter procedural time. Importantly, patient risk
      profiles were similar to or higher across studies in patients undergoing RDVs
      compared with conventional AVR. From a functional perspective, transvalvular
      gradients were frequently lower with rapid deployment valves compared with
      conventional AVR, indicating an improved haemodynamic profile. However, in some
      studies using the Perceval RDV, the transvalvular gradients were higher than with
      conventional AVR. Also, mean valve sizes were often larger in those receiving
      RDVs. Rates of paravalvular regurgitation were similar between RDVs and
      conventional AVR in most studies, although pacemaker implantation occurred more
      often with RDV in some studies (2-28.5 vs 0-8.5%). Accepting these limitations,
      and without long-term data, RDVs would appear to be a reasonable alternative to
      conventional aortic valve prostheses in selected cases.

PMID- 27371611
TI  - Cancer stem cells in moderately differentiated oral tongue squamous cell
      carcinoma express components of the renin-angiotensin system.

PMID- 27371612
TI  - Intermediate microRNA expression profile in Graves' disease falls between that of
      normal thyroid tissue and papillary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - AIMS: Many studies have previously reported a higher prevalence of papillary
      thyroid carcinomas (PTC) in patients with Graves' disease (GD). MicroRNAs
      (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that are upregulated in PTC compared with
      benign thyroid tissue. The objective of the study was to examine the miRNA
      expression of selected miRNAs that are known to be upregulated in PTC in patients
      with GD. METHODS: Paraffin embedded thyroid tissue from 159 patients with GD was
      screened for expression of the miRNAs 146b, 181b, 21, 221 and 222 by RT-PCR. The
      expression profiles of four normal thyroids, 50 PTCs without concomitant GD and
      11 patients with untreated GD served as the controls. RESULTS: The expression
      pattern of these miRNAs in patients with GD is intermediate between that of
      benign thyroid tissue (p<0.001) and PTC (in three out of five miRNAs, p<0.001).
      This corresponds to a 15-fold change for GD versus PTC, and a 31-fold change for
      GD versus normal thyroid tissue. The miRNA expression in 11 papillary
      microcarcinomas found in our study (a prevalence of 0.07) was not different from
      that in PTC samples from patients without GD for four of five miRNA types.
      Furthermore, we found a significant difference in the expression of miRNA 221/222
      between treated and untreated GD tissue. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we found an
      intermediate expression of specific miRNAs in thyroid tissue from patients with
      GD that fell between the expression levels found in normal thyroid glands and
      PTC, which suggests a possible influence of certain miRNAs on developing PTC in
      patients with GD.

PMID- 27371613
TI  - Differing expression profiles of Notch/enterocyte and Wnt/secretory lineage
      signallings are associated with morphological diversity of appendiceal tumours.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tumours of appendix, including classic carcinoid tumour (CCT), goblet
      cell carcinoid (GCC), low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm, high-grade
      appendiceal mucinous neoplasm/mucinous carcinoma (MCA) and non-mucinous
      adenocarcinoma (NMA), show different and sometimes mixed morphological features.
      It was hypothesised that these tumours originate from common tumour stem cell(s)
      with potential of various cell lineage differentiation. In normal intestinal
      epithelium, absorptive lineage (enterocytes) differentiation is driven by Notch
      Hes1 pathway, while secretory lineage is driven by Wnt-Math1 pathway and further
      separated by different downstream signallings into three sublineages (Gfi1
      Klf4/Elf3 for goblet cells, Gfi1-Sox9 for Paneth cells and Ngn3-Pdx1/Beta2/Pax4
      for enteroendocrine cells). METHODS: The expressions of various signalling
      proteins in different appendiceal tumours were detected by immunohistochemistry
      on tumour tissue microarray. RESULTS: CCT showed reduced Hes1/Elf3 and Sox9/Klf4
      coupled with elevated Math1, in keeping with endocrine phenotype. As compared
      with CCT, GCC showed higher Klf4 and similar Ngn3/Pax4, indicative of a shift of
      differentiation towards goblet cells as well as endocrine cells. GCC displayed a
      Notch signalling similar to adenocarcinoma. Mucinous tumours showed lower Elf3
      than normal appendiceal epithelium and higher Math1/Gfi1/Klf4, suggestive of a
      differentiation towards less enterocytes but more goblet cells. NMA showed Notch
      signalling similar to other glandular tumours, but lower Klf4. However, some
      seemingly paradoxical changes were also observed, probably suggesting gene
      mutations and/or our incomplete understanding of the intestinal cell
      differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Wnt/secretory lineage protein and Notch/absorptive
      lineage protein expression profiles are generally associated with the tumour cell
      differentiation and morphological diversity of common appendiceal tumours.

PMID- 27371614
TI  - Rapamycin results in Bim-mediated loss of thymic regulatory T cells during
      development in organ culture.
AB  - Thymus-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of
      immunological tolerance. Diverse signalling pathways contribute to thymic Treg
      cells (tTregs) development; however, the role of mammalian target of rapamycin
      (mTOR) remains unclear. Rapamycin is a well-characterized inhibitor of mTOR
      complex 1 signalling and a potent inducer of Treg cells in the periphery.
      However, the effect of rapamycin on the development of tTregs is poorly defined.
      Here we have used thymic organ culture to investigate the effect of rapamycin on
      tTreg development. We show that, contrary to its effect in the periphery,
      rapamycin inhibits the development of tTregs in wild-type thymi. The inhibition
      of tTregs by rapamycin could be rescued by a deficiency of Bim. However,
      rapamycin did not inhibit the development of antigen-specific TCR transgenic
      tTregs in response to exogenous peptide antigen, indicating that the development
      of thymic Foxp3+CD4+ cells was not intrinsically inhibited by rapamycin.
      Collectively our data demonstrate that rapamycin results in a reduction of tTregs
      because of Bim-mediated apoptosis of immature tTregs via a cell extrinsic
      mechanism. These findings are important not only for understanding the mechanism
      of tTreg induction but also for an appreciation of the impact of the clinical
      application of rapamycin.

PMID- 27371615
TI  - Highlights from the Current Issue: July 2016.

PMID- 27371616
TI  - The Potential of Life with CHEER.

PMID- 27371617
TI  - Regent: A New Otolaryngology Clinical Data Registry.

PMID- 27371618
TI  - Bridging the Otolaryngology Peer Review Knowledge Gap: A Call for a Residency
      Development Program.
AB  - Current otolaryngology literature and future scientific direction rely heavily on
      a rigorous peer review process. Just as manuscripts warrant thoughtful review
      with constructive feedback to the authors, the same can be said for critiques
      written by novice peer reviewers. Formal scientific peer review training programs
      are lacking. Recognizing this knowledge gap, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
      is excited to offer its new Resident Reviewer Development Program. All
      otolaryngology residents who are postgraduate year 2 and above and in excellent
      academic standing are eligible to participate in this mentored program, during
      which they will conduct 6 manuscript reviews under the direction of a seasoned
      reviewer in his or her subspecialty area of interest. By completing reviews
      alongside a mentor, participants gain the required skills to master the peer
      review process-a first step that often leads to journal editorial board and
      associate editor invitations.

PMID- 27371619
TI  - Ethics of Placebo Control in Trials for Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing
      Loss.
AB  - Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL) involves sudden loss of
      hearing from cochlear or retrocochlear origin of unknown cause. Systemic
      corticosteroids may be considered in the management of ISSNHL. However, an
      updated Cochrane systematic review concludes that "the value of steroids in the
      treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss remains unclear since
      the evidence obtained from randomized controlled trials is contradictory in
      outcome." Therefore, a new clinical trial that addresses this question is
      mandatory. A first step in its design is to determine if placebo control would be
      ethically acceptable. We conclude that there is equipoise (uncertainty) about the
      use of corticosteroids for ISSHL. A new trial is justified-but with the inclusion
      of interim analyses to detect early imbalances on efficacy or safety and with the
      ability to stop the trial if needed.

PMID- 27371620
TI  - Ethics of Placebo Control in Trials for Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing
      Loss: Counterpoint.

PMID- 27371621
TI  - Meniere's Disease: A CHEER Database Study of Local and Regional Patient Encounter
      and Procedure Patterns.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: (1) Integrate practice-based patient encounters using the Dartmouth
      Atlas Medicare database to understand practice treatments for Meniere's disease
      (MD). (2) Describe differences in the practice patterns between academic and
      community providers for MD. STUDY DESIGN: Practice-based research database
      review. SETTING: CHEER (Creating Healthcare Excellence through Education and
      Research) network academic and community providers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: MD
      patient data were identified with ICD-9 and CPT codes. Demographics, unique
      visits, and procedures per patient were tabulated. The Dartmouth Atlas of Health
      Care was used to reference regional health care utilization. Statistical analysis
      included 1-way analyses of variance, bivariate linear regression, and Student's t
      tests, with significance set at P < .05. RESULTS: A total of 2071 unique patients
      with MD were identified from 8 academic and 10 community otolaryngology-head and
      neck surgery provider centers nationally. Average age was 56.5 years; 63.9% were
      female; and 91.4% self-reported white ethnicity. There was an average of 3.2
      visits per patient. Western providers had the highest average visits per patient.
      Midwest providers had the highest average procedures per patient. Community
      providers had more visits per site and per patient than did academic providers.
      Academic providers had significantly more operative procedures per site (P =
      .0002) when compared with community providers. Health care service areas with
      higher total Medicare reimbursements per enrollee did not report significantly
      more operative procedures being performed. CONCLUSION: This is the first practice
      based clinical research database study to describe MD practice patterns. We
      demonstrate that academic otolaryngology-head and neck surgery providers perform
      significantly more operative procedures than do community providers for MD, and
      we validate these data with an independent Medicare spending database.

PMID- 27371622
TI  - Thyroid Disease and Surgery in CHEER: The Nation's Otolaryngology-Head and Neck
      Surgery Practice-Based Network.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: (1) Describe thyroid-related diagnoses and procedures in Creating
      Healthcare Excellence through Education and Research (CHEER) across academic and
      community sites. (2) Compare management of malignant thyroid disease across these
      sites. (3) Provide practice-based data related to flexible laryngoscopy vocal
      fold assessment before and after thyroid surgery based on the American Academy of
      Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation's clinical practice guidelines.
      STUDY DESIGN: Review of retrospective data collection (RDC) database of the CHEER
      network using ICD-9 and CPT codes related to thyroid conditions. SETTING:
      Multisite practice-based network. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: There were 3807 thyroid
      patients (1392 malignant, 2415 benign) with 10,160 unique visits identified from
      1 year of patient data in the RDC. Analysis was performed for identified cohort
      of patients using demographics, site characteristics, and diagnostic and
      procedural distribution. RESULTS: Mean number of patients with thyroid disease
      per site was 238 (range, 23-715). In community practices, 19% of patients with
      thyroid disease had cancer versus 45% in the academic setting (P < .001). While
      academic sites manage more cancer patients, community sites are also surgically
      treating thyroid cancer and performed more procedures per cancer patient (4.2 vs
      3.5, P < .001). Vocal fold function was assessed by flexible laryngoscopy in
      34.0% of preoperative patients and in 3.7% postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This is
      the first overview of malignant and benign thyroid disease through CHEER. It
      shows how the RDC can be used alone and with national guidelines to inform of
      clinical practice patterns in academic and community sites. This demonstrates the
      potential for future thyroid-related studies utilizing the otolaryngology-head
      and neck surgery practice-based research network.

PMID- 27371623
TI  - Tonsillectomy Bleed Rates across the CHEER Practice Research Network: Pursuing
      Guideline Adherence and Quality Improvement.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: (1) Compare postoperative bleeding in the CHEER network (Creating
      Healthcare Excellence through Education and Research) among age groups,
      diagnoses, and practice types. (2) Report the incidence of bleeding by individual
      CHEER practice site based on practice guidelines. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective
      data collection database review of the CHEER network based on ICD-9 and CPT codes
      related to tonsillectomy patients. SETTING: Multisite practice-based network.
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 8347 subjects underwent tonsillectomy as
      determined by procedure code within the retrospective data collection database,
      and 107 had postoperative hemorrhage. These subjects had demographic information
      and related diagnoses based on the CPT and ICD-9 codes collected. Postoperative
      ICD-9 and CPT codes were used to identify patients who also had postoperative
      bleed. Variables included age (<12 vs >=12 years), diagnoses (infectious vs
      noninfectious), and practice type (community vs academic). Statistical analysis
      included multivariate logistic regression variables predictive of postoperative
      bleeding, with P < .05 considered significant. RESULTS: Thirteen sites
      contributed data to the study (7 academic, 6 community). There was postoperative
      bleeding for an overall bleed rate of 1.3%. Patients >=12 years old had a
      significantly increased bleed rate when compared with the younger group (odds
      ratio, 5.98; 95% confidence interval: 3.79-9.44; P < .0001). There was no
      significant difference in bleed rates when practices or diagnoses were compared.
      CONCLUSION: A site descriptor database built to expedite clinical research can be
      used for practice assessment and quality improvement. These data were also useful
      to identify patient risk factors for posttonsillectomy bleed.

PMID- 27371624
TI  - Multi-institutional Study of Voice Disorders and Voice Therapy Referral: Report
      from the CHEER Network.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess perspectives of patients with voice problems and identify
      factors associated with the likelihood of referral to voice therapy via the CHEER
      (Creating Healthcare Excellence through Education and Research) practice-based
      research network infrastructure. STUDY DESIGN: Prospectively enrolled cross
      sectional study of CHEER patients seen for a voice problem (dysphonia). SETTING:
      The CHEER network of community and academic sites. METHODS: Patient-reported
      demographic information, nature and severity of voice problems, clinical
      diagnoses, and proposed treatment plans were collected. The relationship between
      patient factors and voice therapy referral was investigated. RESULTS: Patients (N
      = 249) were identified over 12 months from 10 sites comprising 30 otolaryngology
      physicians. The majority were women (68%) and white (82%). Most patients reported
      a recurrent voice problem (72%) and symptom duration >4 weeks (89%). The most
      commonly reported voice-related diagnoses were vocal strain, reflux, and benign
      vocal fold lesions. Sixty-seven percent of enrolled patients reported receiving a
      recommendation for voice therapy. After adjusting for sociodemographic and other
      factors, diagnoses including vocal strain/excessive tension and vocal fold
      paralysis and academic practice type were associated with increased likelihood of
      reporting a referral for voice therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The CHEER network
      successfully enrolled a representative sample of patients with dysphonia. Common
      diagnoses were vocal strain, reflux, and benign vocal fold lesions; commonly
      reported treatment recommendations included speech/voice therapy and antireflux
      medication. Recommendation for speech/voice therapy was associated with academic
      practice type.

PMID- 27371625
TI  - Variation in the Use of Vestibular Diagnostic Testing for Patients Presenting to
      Otolaryngology Clinics with Dizziness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We used a national otolaryngology practice-based research network
      database to characterize the utilization of vestibular function testing in
      patients diagnosed with dizziness and/or a vestibular disorder. STUDY DESIGN:
      Database review. SETTING: The Creating Healthcare Excellence through Education
      and Research (CHEER) practice-based research network of academic and community
      providers SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Dizzy patients in the CHEER retrospective
      database were identified through ICD-9 codes; vestibular testing procedures were
      identified with CPT codes. Demographics and procedures per patient were
      tabulated. Analysis included number and type of vestibular tests ordered,
      stratified by individual clinic and by practice type (community vs academic). Chi
      square tests were performed to assess if the percentage of patients receiving
      testing was statistically significant across clinics. A logistic regression model
      was used to examine the association between receipt of testing and being tested
      on initial visit. RESULTS: A total of 12,468 patients diagnosed with dizziness
      and/or a vestibular disorder were identified from 7 community and 5 academic
      CHEER network clinics across the country. One-fifth of these patients had at
      least 1 vestibular function test. The percentage of patients tested varied widely
      by site, from 3% to 72%; academic clinics were twice as likely to test. Initial
      visit vestibular testing also varied, from 0% to 96% of dizzy patients, and was
      15 times more likely in academic clinics. CONCLUSION: There is significant
      variation in use and timing of vestibular diagnostic testing across
      otolaryngology clinics. The CHEER network research database does not contain
      outcome data. These results illustrate the critical need for research that
      examines outcomes as related to vestibular testing.

PMID- 27371626
TI  - Evaluation of Compliance for Treatment of Sudden Hearing Loss: A CHEER Network
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to describe the presentation and
      management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss for patients seen in academic and
      community-based practices within the context of the American Academy of
      Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation's "Clinical Practice Guideline:
      Sudden Hearing Loss." The intention is to use these findings to guide
      implementation strategies and quality improvement initiatives and as pilot data
      for the development of clinical research initiatives. STUDY DESIGN: A cross
      sectional study of patients with sudden hearing loss. SETTING: Patients were
      recruited from practices within the Creating Healthcare Excellence through
      Education and Research (CHEER) network. The CHEER network is an National
      Institutes of Health-funded network of 30 otolaryngology sites across the
      country, half of which are community based and half of which are academic
      practices. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 173 patients were recruited. Data
      were gathered via custom questionnaires collected by study site coordinators and
      entered into a secure online platform. Descriptive analyses and correlation
      statistics were run with SAS 9.3.1. RESULTS: Of the 13 guideline statements in
      the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation's
      clinical practice guideline on sudden hearing loss, 11 statements were evaluable
      through this study. Compliance for otolaryngologists was >95% for key action
      statements (KASs) 1, 3, and 6; 90% to 95% for KASs 5 and 10; and <90% for KASs 7
      and 13. Compliance was <45% for nonotolaryngologists for KASs 3 and 5-7.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is opportunity for nonotolaryngologists to improve for
      statements 3 and 5-7. Otolaryngologists are compliant with many of the KASs
      overall, but there is significant room for improvement.

PMID- 27371627
TI  - Does an Otolaryngology-Specific Database Have Added Value? A Comparative
      Feasibility Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There are multiple nationally representative databases that support
      epidemiologic and outcomes research, and it is unknown whether an otolaryngology
      specific resource would prove indispensable or superfluous. Therefore, our
      objective was to determine the feasibility of analyses in the National Ambulatory
      Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
      (NHAMCS) databases as compared with the otolaryngology-specific Creating
      Healthcare Excellence through Education and Research (CHEER) database. STUDY
      DESIGN: Parallel analyses in 2 data sets. SETTING: Ambulatory visits in the
      United States. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To test a fixed hypothesis that could be
      directly compared between data sets, we focused on a condition with expected
      prevalence high enough to substantiate availability in both. This query also
      encompassed a broad span of diagnoses to sample the breadth of available
      information. Specifically, we compared an assessment of suspected risk factors
      for sensorineural hearing loss in subjects 0 to 21 years of age, according to a
      predetermined protocol. We also assessed the feasibility of 6 additional
      diagnostic queries among all age groups. RESULTS: In the NAMCS/NHAMCS data set,
      the number of measured observations was not sufficient to support reliable
      numeric conclusions (percentage standard error among risk factors: 38.6-92.1).
      Analysis of the CHEER database demonstrated that age, sex, meningitis, and
      cytomegalovirus were statistically significant factors associated with pediatric
      sensorineural hearing loss (P < .01). Among the 6 additional diagnostic queries
      assessed, NAMCS/NHAMCS usage was also infeasible; the CHEER database contained
      1585 to 212,521 more observations per annum. CONCLUSION: An otolaryngology
      specific database has added utility when compared with already available national
      ambulatory databases.

PMID- 27371628
TI  - A structured approach to hypotheses involving continuous exposures over the life
      course.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidemiologists are often interested in examining different
      hypotheses for how exposures measured repeatedly over the life course relate to
      later-life outcomes. A structured approach for selecting the hypotheses most
      supported by theory and observed data has been developed for binary exposures.
      The aim of this paper is to extend this to include continuous exposures and allow
      for confounding and missing data. METHODS: We studied two examples, the
      association between: (i) maternal weight during pregnancy and birthweight; and
      (ii) stressful family events throughout childhood and depression in adolescence.
      In each example we considered several plausible hypotheses including
      accumulation, critical periods, sensitive periods, change and effect
      modification. We used least angle regression to select the hypothesis that
      explained the most variation in the outcome, demonstrating appropriate methods
      for adjusting for confounders and dealing with missing data. RESULTS: The
      structured approach identified a combination of sensitive periods: pre-pregnancy
      weight, and gestational weight gain 0-20 weeks and 20-40 weeks, as the best
      explanation for variation in birthweight after adjusting for maternal height. A
      sensitive period hypothesis best explained variation in adolescent depression,
      with the association strengthening with the proximity of stressful family events.
      For each example, these models have theoretical support at least as strong as any
      competing hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: We have extended the structured approach to
      incorporate continuous exposures, confounding and missing data. This approach can
      be used in either an exploratory or a confirmatory setting. The interpretation,
      plausibility and consistency with causal assumptions should all be considered
      when proposing and choosing life course hypotheses.

PMID- 27371629
TI  - 'Because it's the wife who has to look after the man': A descriptive qualitative
      study of older women and the intersection of gender and the provision of family
      caregiving at the end of life.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Research indicates that women are the primary family caregivers for
      others at life's end and, because of ageing populations, will keep fulfilling
      this role as they age. Yet, little is known about how the gendered nature of
      caregiving contributes to older women's understandings of providing care. AIM: To
      explore how gender norms constructed older women's views about the appropriate
      roles of women and men in providing palliative and end-of-life care for family
      members. DESIGN: Six focus groups were conducted with 39 community dwelling older
      adults (36 women and 3 men) using two vignettes to prompt discussion about
      experience of end of life caring and attitudes towards Advance Care Planning.
      This article reports on data gathered from female participants' reactions to
      Vignette 1 which prompted significant discussion regarding the intersection of
      gender and older women's caregiving experience. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A total of
      36 women in the age ranges of '50-59 years' through to '90-99 years' from New
      Zealand. RESULTS: Three themes regarding gender and caregiving were identified:
      the expectation women will care, women's duty to care and women's construction of
      men in relation to caregiving and illness. The women adhered to stereotypical
      gender norms that regard women as primary caregivers. There was little connection
      between the burden they associated with caregiving and this gender construction.
      CONCLUSION: The expectation that older women will provide end-of-life care even
      when experiencing considerable burden is an unacknowledged outcome of gender
      norms that construct women as caregivers.

PMID- 27371631
TI  - Ibrutinib Inhibits VLA-4-Dependent Adhesion in CLL-Letter.

PMID- 27371632
TI  - Ibrutinib Inhibits VLA-4-Dependent Adhesion in CLL-Reply.

PMID- 27371633
TI  - Molecular Profile and FDG-PET Metabolic Volume at Staging in DLBCL-Letter.

PMID- 27371634
TI  - Molecular Profile and FDG-PET Metabolic Volume at Staging in DLBCL-Response.

PMID- 27371635
TI  - miR-10b expression in breast cancer stem cells supports self-renewal through
      negative PTEN regulation and sustained AKT activation.

PMID- 27371636
TI  - Intellectual disability-associated dBRWD3 regulates gene expression through
      inhibition of HIRA/YEM-mediated chromatin deposition of histone H3.3.

PMID- 27371637
TI  - Effect of Implicit Perceptual-Motor Training on Decision-Making Skills and
      Underpinning Gaze Behavior in Combat Athletes.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of a 12-session, implicit perceptual-motor
      training program on decision-making skills and visual search behavior of highly
      skilled junior female karate fighters (M age = 15.7 years, SD = 1.2). Eighteen
      participants were required to make (physical or verbal) reaction decisions to
      various attacks within different fighting scenarios. Fighters' performance and
      eye movements were assessed before and after the intervention, and during
      acquisition through the use of video-based and on-mat decision-making tests. The
      video-based test revealed that following training, only the implicit perceptual
      motor group (n = 6) improved their decision-making accuracy significantly
      compared to a matched motor training (placebo, n = 6) group and a control group
      (n = 6). Further, the implicit training group significantly changed their visual
      search behavior by focusing on fewer locations for longer durations. In addition,
      the session-by-session analysis showed no significant improvement in decision
      accuracy between training session 1 and all the other sessions, except the last
      one. Coaches should devote more practice time to implicit learning approaches
      during perceptual-motor training program to achieve significant decision-making
      improvements and more efficient visual search strategy with elite athletes. 

PMID- 27371638
TI  - Computer-Detected Attention Affects Foreign Language Listening but Not Reading
      Performance.
AB  - No quantitative study has explored the influence of attention on learning English
      as a foreign language (EFL). This study investigated whether computer-detected
      attention is associated with EFL reading and listening and reading and listening
      anxiety. Traditional paper-based English tests used as entrance examinations and
      tests of general trait anxiety, reading, listening, reading test state anxiety,
      and listening test state anxiety were administered in 252 Taiwan EFL college
      students who were divided into High Attention (Conners' Continuous Performance
      Test, CPT < 50) and Low Attention (CPT >= 50) groups. No differences were found
      between the two groups for traditional paper-based English tests, trait
      anxieties, general English reading anxiety scales, and general English listening
      anxiety scales. The Low Attention group had higher test state anxiety and lower
      listening test scores than the High Attention group, but not in reading. State
      anxiety during listening tests for EFL students with computer-detected low
      attention tendency was elevated and their EFL listening performance was affected,
      but those differences were not found in reading. 

PMID- 27371639
TI  - ADDENDUM: T Cells Expressing CD19/CD20 Bispecific Chimeric Antigen Receptors
      Prevent Antigen Escape by Malignant B Cells.

PMID- 27371640
TI  - Battling With Child Health and Nutrition in Southeast Asia.

PMID- 27371641
TI  - Management of critical illness with non-invasive ventilation by an Australian
      HEMS.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) therapy is widely used for the
      management of acute respiratory failure. The objective of this study was to
      investigate the current use of NIV during interhospital retrievals in an
      Australian physician-led aeromedical service. METHODS: We reviewed patients
      receiving NIV during interhospital retrieval at the Greater Sydney Area
      Helicopter Medical Services (GSA-HEMS) over a 14-month period. The main
      objectives were to describe the number of retrievals using NIV, the need for
      intubation in NIV patients and the effect of the therapy on mission duration.
      RESULTS: Over the study period, 3018 missions were reported; 106 cases (3.51%)
      involved administration of NIV therapy during the retrieval. The most common
      indication for NIV was pneumonia (34.0%). 86/106 patients received a successful
      trial of NIV therapy prior to interhospital transfer. 58 patients were
      transferred on NIV, while 28 patients had NIV removed during transport. None of
      these 86 patients required intubation or died, although 17/86 ultimately required
      intubation within 24 hours at the receiving centre. 20/106 patients required
      intubation at the referring hospital after a failed trial of NIV therapy. NIV was
      successfully used in all available transport platforms including rotary wing.
      Patients receiving NIV were found to have prolonged mission durations compared
      with other GSA-HEMS patients (222.5 vs 193 min). This increase in mission
      duration was largely attributable to NIV failure, resulting in a need for Rapid
      Sequence Intubation at the referring hospital. CONCLUSIONS: With careful patient
      selection, the use of interhospital NIV is feasible and appears to be safe in a
      retrieval system with care provided by a critical care physician.

PMID- 27371642
TI  - The use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
      to classify the factors influencing mobility reported by persons with an
      amputation: An international study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amputation of lower limb results in limitations in mobility which are
      amenable to multiple rehabilitation interventions. The challenges faced by the
      persons with lower limb amputation vary internationally. The International
      Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health provides a common language
      to describe the function of persons with lower limb amputation across various
      countries. OBJECTIVES: This article reports the concepts in mobility important to
      persons with lower limb amputation across six countries using the International
      Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative
      study using focus groups and individual interviews. METHODS: Focus groups and
      individual interviews of persons with lower limb amputation were organised across
      six countries to identify the issues faced by patients with an amputation during
      and after their amputation, subsequent rehabilitation and on an ongoing basis in
      their daily life. Meaningful concepts were extracted from the responses and
      linked to suitable second-level and where applicable third-level International
      Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categories. International
      Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categorical frequencies were
      analysed to represent the prevalence and spread of International Classification
      of Functioning, Disability and Health categories by location. RESULTS: A total of
      133 patients were interviewed. A large percentage (93%) of the identified
      concepts could be matched to International Classification of Functioning,
      Disability and Health categories for quantitative analysis. CONCLUSION: The
      important concepts in mobility were similar across different countries. The
      comprehensiveness of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
      Health as a classification system for human function and its universality across
      the globe is demonstrated by the large proportion of the concepts contained in
      the interviews from across the study centres that could be matched to
      International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health categories.
      Clinical relevance The activity and participation restrictions faced by a person
      with lower limb amputation vary internationally and are amenable to multiple
      rehabilitation interventions. The International Classification of Functioning,
      Disability and Health may provide a common language to report and quantify the
      various concepts important to the patient in their rehabilitation journey.

PMID- 27371643
TI  - A New Method for Determining the Optical Constants of Highly Transparent Solids.
AB  - Highly transparent substrates are of interest for a variety of applications, but
      it is difficult to measure their optical constants precisely, especially the
      absorption index in the transparent spectral region. In this paper, a combination
      technique (DOPTM-EM) using both the double optical pathlength transmission method
      (DOPTM) and the ellipsometry method (EM) is presented to obtain the optical
      constants of highly transparent substrates, which overcomes the deficiencies of
      both the two methods. The EM cannot give accurate result of optical constants
      when the absorption index is very weak. The DOPTM is suitable to retrieve the
      weak absorption index; however, two sets of solutions exist for the retrieved
      refractive index and absorption index, and only one is the true value that needs
      to be identified. In the DOPTM-EM, the optical constants are measured first by
      using the EM and set as the initial value in the gradient-based inverse method
      used in the DOPTM, which ensures only the true optical constants are retrieved.
      The new method simultaneously obtains the refractive index and the absorption
      index of highly transparent substrate without relying on the Kramers-Kronig
      relation. The optical constants of three highly transparent substrates
      (polycrystalline BaF2, CaF2, and MgF2) were experimentally determined within
      wavelength range from ultraviolet to infrared regions (0.2-14 um). The presented
      method will facilitate the measurement of optical constants for highly
      transparent materials.

PMID- 27371644
TI  - In Small We Trust: Lay Theories About Small and Large Groups.
AB  - Day-to-day interactions often involve individuals interacting with groups, but
      little is known about the criteria that people use to decide which groups to
      approach or trust and which to avoid or distrust. Seven studies provide evidence
      for a "small = trustworthy" heuristic, such that people perceive numerically
      smaller groups as more benevolent in their character and intentions. As a result
      of this, individuals in trust-sensitive contexts are more likely to approach and
      engage with groups that are relatively small than those that are relatively
      large. We provide evidence for this notion across a range of contexts, including
      analyses of social categories (Studies 1 and 2), ad hoc collections of
      individuals (Study 3), interacting panels (Studies 4-6), and generalized,
      abstract judgments (Study 7). Findings suggest the existence of a general lay
      theory of group size that may influence how individuals interact with groups.

PMID- 27371645
TI  - Quantifying Disease in Challenging Conditions: Incidence and Prevalence of
      Rheumatoid Arthritis.

PMID- 27371646
TI  - Qualitative Methods in Systemic Sclerosis Research.

PMID- 27371647
TI  - Clinical Usefulness of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography for
      Enthesitis-related Arthritis Diagnosis.

PMID- 27371648
TI  - Early Onset of Chronic Rheumatic Disease May Lead to Creative Expression: The
      Stories of Antoni Gaudi and Maud Lewis.

PMID- 27371649
TI  - Cell Membrane-bound TLR2 and TLR4: Potential Predictors of Active Systemic Lupus
      Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis.

PMID- 27371650
TI  - Canakinumab for Childhood Sight-threatening Refractory Uveitis: A Case Series.

PMID- 27371651
TI  - Occurrence of Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Patient Treated with Anakinra for
      Schnitzler Syndrome: A Case Report.

PMID- 27371652
TI  - Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis Developing in Conjunction with Gorlin Syndrome.

PMID- 27371654
TI  - NLRP3 A439V Mutation in a Large Family with Cryopyrin-associated Periodic
      Syndrome: Description of Ophthalmologic Symptoms in Correlation with Other Organ
      Symptoms.

PMID- 27371653
TI  - Severe Sensory Neuronopathy in Primary Sjogren Syndrome Resulting in Charcot
      Arthropathy.

PMID- 27371657
TI  - Clostridium Sordellii as an Uncommon Cause of Fatal Toxic Shock Syndrome in a
      Postpartum 33-Year-Old Asian Woman, and the Need for Antepartum Screening for
      This Clostridia Species in the General Female Population.
AB  - Clostridium sordellii (C. sordellii) is an anaerobic gram-positive rod most
      commonly found in the soil and sewage but also as part of the normal flora of the
      gastrointestinal tract and vagina of a small percentage of healthy individuals.
      C. sordellii infection is considered to result from childbirth, abortion, and/or
      gynecological procedures. Although many strains of C. sordellii are
      nonpathogenic, virulent toxin-producing strains exist. Infection with this
      organism typically manifests as a patient experiencing septic shock rapidly
      followed by end-organ failure. Identification of C. sordelli has been successful
      by traditional culture, mass spectrometry methods, and via molecular methods.
      Herein, we present a fatal case of C. sordellii infection of a postpartum 33-year
      old Asian woman. The organism was isolated by culture and identified using matrix
      assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) technology. With
      the advent of rapid detection methods, antepartum screening for the fatal
      Clostridium species should be implemented in the general female population. 

PMID- 27371658
TI  - Workplace violence against medical staff in healthcare facilities in Barbados.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anecdotal evidence suggests increasing workplace violence against
      healthcare workers in the Caribbean, but the prevalence is largely undocumented.
      AIMS: To determine the prevalence of workplace violence reported by medical staff
      at primary care clinics in Barbados. METHODS: A study utilizing a modified
      version of the standard World Health Organization Workplace Violence
      Questionnaire, designed to assess the incidence, types and features of workplace
      violence. All nursing and physician staff on duty at the island's eight primary
      care clinics during the study period were invited to participate. RESULTS: Of the
      102 respondents (72% response rate), 63% of nursing and physician staff at the
      polyclinics in Barbados reported at least one episode of violence in the past
      year. The majority reported being exposed to verbal abuse (60%) and 19% reported
      being exposed to bullying. Seven percent of the staff reported incidents of
      sexual harassment, 3% physical violence and another 3% reported racial
      harassment. Patients emerged as the main perpetrators of violence (64%). Logistic
      regression showed statistically significant associations between gender and
      workplace violence. Females and nurses were more predisposed to experience
      violent incidents than males and physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Over a half of medical
      staff surveyed reported experiencing some type of violence in the past year,
      female gender being a significant predictor of abuse. Adequate documentation and
      implementing clear policies and violence prevention programmes in health
      institutions are crucial steps towards addressing this issue.

PMID- 27371660
TI  - Smart detection of atrial fibrillation?.
AB  - Aims: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in
      clinical practice, and its paroxysmal nature makes its detection challenging. In
      this trial, we evaluated a novel App for its accuracy to differentiate between
      patients in AF and patients in sinus rhythm (SR) using the plethysmographic
      sensor of an iPhone 4S and the integrated LED only. Methods and results: For
      signal acquisition, we used an iPhone 4S, positioned with the camera lens and LED
      light on the index fingertip. A 5 min video file was recorded with the pulse wave
      extracted from the green light spectrum of the signal. RR intervals were
      automatically identified. For discrimination between AF and SR, we tested three
      different statistical methods. Normalized root mean square of successive
      difference of RR intervals (nRMSSD), Shannon entropy (ShE), and SD1/SD2 index
      extracted from a Poincare plot. Eighty patients were included in the study (40
      patients in AF and 40 patients in SR at the time of examination). For
      discrimination between AF and SR, ShE yielded the highest sensitivity and
      specificity with 85 and 95%, respectively. Applying a tachogram filter resulted
      in an improved sensitivity of 87.5%, when combining ShE and nRMSSD, while
      specificity remained stable at 95%. A combination of SD1/SD2 index and nRMSSD led
      to further improvement and resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 95%.
      Conclusion: The algorithm tested reliably discriminated between SR and AF based
      on pulse wave signals from a smartphone camera only. Implementation of this
      algorithm into a smartwatch is the next logical step.

PMID- 27371661
TI  - Successful retrieval of an active fixation leadless pacemaker in a 74-year-old
      woman 506 days post-implant.

PMID- 27371659
TI  - Histone and DNA Modifications as Regulators of Neuronal Development and Function.
AB  - DNA and histone modifications, together with constraints imposed by nuclear
      architecture, contribute to the transcriptional regulatory landscape of the
      nervous system. Here, we provide select examples showing how these regulatory
      layers, often referred to as epigenetic, contribute to neuronal differentiation
      and function. We describe the interplay between DNA methylation and Polycomb
      mediated repression during neuronal differentiation, the role of DNA methylation
      and long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in Protocadherin promoter choice,
      and the contribution of heterochromatic silencing and nuclear organization in
      singular olfactory receptor expression. Finally, we explain how the activity
      dependent expression of a histone variant determines the longevity of olfactory
      sensory neurons.

PMID- 27371662
TI  - Relationship between cumulative exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane and incidence
      risk of cholangiocarcinoma among offset printing workers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cumulative
      exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) and incidence risk of
      cholangiocarcinoma among workers in the offset proof-printing section of a small
      printing company in Osaka, Japan. METHODS: We identified 95 workers of a printing
      company (78 men and 17 women) who had been exposed to 1,2-DCP between 1987 and
      2006, and calculated the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) of cholangiocarcinoma
      from 1987 to 2012. We estimated cumulative exposure to 1,2-DCP and calculated
      SIRs in four exposure categories. We also calculated incidence rate ratios (RRs)
      adjusted by sex, age, calendar year and dichloromethane (DCM) exposure for three
      exposure categories using Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: Cumulative
      exposures to 1,2-DCP ranged from 32 to 3433 ppm-years (mean, 851 ppm-years) and
      the SIR was 1171 (95% CI 682 to 1875). In the analysis of the four exposure
      categories, SIRs increased significantly in the three highest exposure
      categories, but not in the lowest category. Adjusted RRs in the middle and high
      exposure categories were 14.9 (95% CI 4.1 to 54.3) and 17.1 (95% CI 3.8 to 76.2),
      respectively, in the analysis without lag time, and were 11.4 (95% CI 3.3 to
      39.6) and 32.4 (95% CI 6.4 to 163.9), respectively, in the analysis with a 5-year
      lag. The trend analysis revealed a significant increase in RR in association with
      increasing cumulative exposure to 1,2-DCP. DCM exposure was not significantly
      associated with the development of cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The present
      study demonstrated an exposure-response relationship between exposure to 1,2-DCP
      and the development of cholangiocarcinoma.

PMID- 27371664
TI  - 'Should we consider renaming 'Mesoamerican Nephropathy' as Nephropathy of Unknown
      Cause in Agricultural Labourers (NUCAL)?'

PMID- 27371663
TI  - Atrazine in public water supplies and risk of ovarian cancer among postmenopausal
      women in the Iowa Women's Health Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated environmental chemical exposures in
      relation to ovarian cancer. We previously found an increased risk of ovarian
      cancer among postmenopausal women in Iowa associated with higher nitrate levels
      in public water supplies (PWS). However, elevated nitrate levels may reflect the
      presence of other agricultural chemicals, such as atrazine, one of the most
      commonly detected pesticides in Iowa PWS. METHODS: We evaluated the association
      between atrazine in drinking water and incident ovarian cancer (N=145, 1986-2010)
      among 13 041 postmenopausal women in the Iowa Women's Health Study who used their
      PWS for >=11 years as reported in 1989. Average levels of atrazine (1986-1987),
      nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N, 1955-1988) and estimated levels of total trihalomethanes
      (TTHM, 1955-1988) from PWS monitoring data were linked to the participants'
      cities of residence. We computed HRs and 95% CIs by categories of the average
      atrazine level (not detected, <= or >0.37 parts per billion=median) using Cox
      proportional hazards regression adjusting for ovarian cancer risk factors.
      RESULTS: Atrazine was detected in water samples from 69 cities where 4155 women
      (32%) lived and levels were moderately correlated with NO3-N (rho=0.35) and TTHM
      (rho=0.24). Atrazine levels were not associated with ovarian cancer risk with or
      without adjusting for NO3-N and TTHM levels (p-trend=0.50 and 0.81,
      respectively). Further, there was no evidence for effect modification of the
      atrazine association by NO3-N or TTHM levels. CONCLUSIONS: In our study with low
      atrazine detection rates, we found no association between atrazine in PWS and
      postmenopausal ovarian cancer risk.

PMID- 27371665
TI  - Childhood placement in out-of-home care in relation to psychosocial outcomes in
      adults with fetal alcohol syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Even in adulthood, the disabilities associated with fetal alcohol
      spectrum disorders (FASD) may have a major impact on life, but different
      environmental circumstances during childhood may also be influential. This study
      aimed to investigate placements in out-of-home care, and number of early
      separations from caregivers, related to psychosocial outcomes in adults with
      fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Additional analyses were then done on a subgroup's
      cognitive development and mental health. METHODS: Data on education and living
      with biological parents or in out-of-home care were obtained from childhood
      medical records on 51 adults (43% women), mean age 32, all diagnosed with FAS.
      Adult psychosocial outcomes (e.g. highest completed education, economic status,
      care due to alcohol or illicit drug abuse, mental health and conviction for
      crime) were obtained from national registers. RESULTS: No significant within
      group differences related to the adult psychosocial outcomes were found.
      Psychiatric disorders, psychotropic drug prescriptions and crime convictions were
      equally common, regardless of whether placement in care was early or late, or
      whether the participants had experienced few or many early separations.
      CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that the findings illustrate the heterogeneity among
      individuals with FASD. Welfare authorities' decisions concerning special
      education and placement in out-of-home care should be tailored to each
      individual. Interventions from society are still needed for individuals with FAS
      over 22 years old.

PMID- 27371666
TI  - Patterns of life expectancy before and during economic recession, 2003-12: a
      European regions panel approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous research has reported a decrease in all-cause mortality
      during times of economic recession. Our objective was to identify the short-term
      effects of the current Great Recession on life expectancy at birth in Europe, and
      the role of social protection typology, income and gender. METHODS: We used a
      pooled time series cross-sectional design, with 232 European regions (level 2 of
      the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) as the unit of analysis
      over 10 years (2003-12). The dependent variable was life expectancy at birth, and
      the independent variable was unemployment rate. We fit a model in first
      differences for the periods before and during the Great Recession (2003-07 and
      2008-12, respectively), and stratified by sex, social protection typology
      (Eastern, Mediterranean and Northern) and regional income per capita RESULTS: We
      observed a negative association during the Great Recession between life
      expectancy (in years) and in unit change in unemployment among men and women in
      low-income Mediterranean regions [-0.048(95%CI: -0.081,-0.014) and -0.050(95%CI:
      0.091,-0.007), respectively] but no change in trend, and a change in trend to a
      non-significant negative association among men in high-income Mediterranean and
      Northern regions (P = 0.005 and P = 0.002, respectively). We also observed a
      positive association among men in middle-income Mediterranean regions [0.044
      (95%CI:0.004,0.084)], with change in trend (P = 0.047), and Eastern regions
      [0.042 (95%CI:0.001,0.072)] without change in trend. CONCLUSION: Overall, our
      data do not support the notion that increased life expectancy is associated with
      unemployment during the Great Recession.

PMID- 27371667
TI  - Ethnic differences in sleep duration at 5 years, and its relationship with
      overweight and blood pressure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies on adult population indicate shorter sleep duration in ethnic
      minority groups than host populations. We examined ethnic differences in sleep
      duration and its relationship with overweight and blood pressure (BP) among
      children living in Amsterdam. METHODS: Participants include 2384 children (aged 5
      years) and their mothers from the Amsterdam-based longitudinal study. Sleep was
      categorised into short sleep (<10 h/night) and normal sleep (10-11 h/night).
      Linear regressions ( Beta: were used to study association between sleep duration
      and systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). Prevalence ratios (PRs) were used
      to study ethnic differences in sleep duration and its association with overweight
      and raised BP. RESULTS: Minority groups reported shorter sleep duration compared
      to native Dutch, with prevalence ranging from 11.3% in Dutch to 53.1% in
      Ghanaians. Age-adjusted PRs ranged from 3.38 (95%CI 2.63-4.34) in Moroccans to
      4.78 (95%CI 3.36-6.82) in Ghanaian compared with Dutch children. Increased
      prevalence of overweight was observed among children with short sleep in Dutch
      and Moroccans only, but this risk was no longer statistically significant after
      further adjustment for socioeconomic status. Short sleep was not related to SBP
      and DBP in all groups. No relationship was observed between short sleep and
      raised BP except for African Surinamese (3.65, 95% CI 1.23-10.8). CONCLUSION:
      Like adults, children from ethnic minority populations sleep less hours than
      Dutch children. Efforts to improve ethnic inequalities in sleep hygiene should
      also include children at younger age. Associations as reported in adults with
      overweight and BP could not consistently be replicated in children, however.

PMID- 27371668
TI  - Health-based risk neutralization in private disability insurance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exclusions are used by insurers to neutralize higher than average
      risks of sickness absence (SA). However, differentiating risk groups according to
      one's medical situation can be seen as discrimination against people with health
      problems in violation of a 2006 United Nations convention. The objective of this
      study is to investigate whether the risk of SA of insured persons with exclusions
      added to their insurance contract differs from the risk of persons without
      exclusions. METHODS: A dynamic cohort of 15 632 applicants for private disability
      insurance at a company insuring only college and university educated self
      employed in the Netherlands. Mean follow-up was 8.94 years. Duration and number
      of SA periods were derived from insurance data to calculate the hazard of SA
      periods and of recurrence of SA periods. RESULTS: Self-employed with an exclusion
      added to their insurance policy experienced a higher hazard of one or more
      periods of SA and on average more SA days than self-employed without an
      exclusion. CONCLUSION: Persons with an exclusion had a higher risk of SA than
      persons without an exclusion. The question to what extent an individual should
      benefit from being less vulnerable to disease and SA must be addressed in a
      larger societal context, taking other aspects of health inequality and solidarity
      into account as well.

PMID- 27371669
TI  - Common Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis and the Comorbidities of Epilepsy.
AB  - The importance of comorbidities in determining the quality of life of individuals
      with epilepsy and their families has received increasing attention in the past
      decade. Along with it has come a recognition that in some individuals, certain
      comorbidities may have preexisted, and may have contributed to their developing
      epilepsy. Many mechanisms are capable of interconnecting different dysfunctions
      that manifest as distinct disorders, often diagnosed and managed by different
      specialists. We review the human data from the perspective of epidemiology as
      well as insights gathered from neurodiagnostic and endocrine studies. Animal
      studies are reviewed to refine our mechanistic understanding of the connections,
      because they permit the narrowing of variables, which is not possible when
      studying humans.

PMID- 27371670
TI  - Regulation of Cellular Metabolism and Hypoxia by p53.
AB  - The p53 protein is essential for the implementation of the cellular response to
      challenging environmental conditions. Reacting to stochastic nutrient stress, p53
      integrates the activity of key metabolite-sensing pathways to coordinate an
      appropriate cell response. During starvation, p53 activity augments cell survival
      pathways, inhibits unnecessary growth, and promotes efficient nutrient
      generation, utilization, and conservation. Similarly, during oxygen stress, p53
      facilitates redirection of cellular metabolism toward energy generation through
      nonoxidative means, the suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation,
      and ROS detoxification-promoting cell survival. However, if adverse conditions
      are too acute or persistent, p53 can switch roles to implement canonical cell
      killing. The ability of p53 to regulate metabolism is a powerful feature of p53
      biology that can both promote cell survival and act as a check on the
      inappropriate proliferation of cancer cells.

PMID- 27371671
TI  - MDMX (MDM4), a Promising Target for p53 Reactivation Therapy and Beyond.
AB  - The MDMX protein was identified as a p53-interacting protein with a strong
      similarity to MDM2. Like Mdm2, Mdmx expression is essential for curbing p53
      activity during embryonic development, indicating nonredundant functions of Mdmx
      and Mdm2. There is now a large body of evidence indicating that cancers
      frequently up-regulate MDMX expression as a means to dampen p53 tumor-suppressor
      function. Importantly, MDMX also shows p53-independent oncogenic functions. These
      data make MDMX an attractive therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Here, we
      summarize the mechanisms used by cancer cells to increase MDMX expression and
      promising pharmacological strategies to target MDMX in cancer-in particular, the
      recent findings that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be used to efficiently
      modulate MDMX messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing.

PMID- 27371672
TI  - The Epilepsy Spectrum: Targeting Future Research Challenges.
AB  - There have been tremendous recent advances in our understanding of the biological
      underpinnings of epilepsy and associated comorbidities that justify its
      representation as a spectrum disorder. Advances in genetics, electrophysiology,
      and neuroimaging have greatly improved our ability to differentiate, diagnose,
      and treat individuals with epilepsy. However, we have made little overall
      progress in preventing epilepsy, and the number of patients who are cured remains
      small. Likewise, the comorbidities of epilepsy are often underdiagnosed or not
      adequately treated. In this article, we suggest a few areas in which additional
      research will likely pay big dividends for patients and their families.

PMID- 27371674
TI  - Biologic Approaches in Sports Medicine: Potential, Perils, and Paths Forward.

PMID- 27371675
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of Various Imaging Modalities for Suspected Lower Extremity
      Stress Fractures: Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 27371673
TI  - Association of Plasma DPP4 Activity With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly
      Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the GDMD Study in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hyperglycemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress are thought to be
      involved in the pathogenesis of cognitive decline. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4)
      is a newly identified adipokine related to these risk factors. Hence, we aimed to
      investigate the association between plasma DPP4 activities and mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
      METHODS: We evaluated plasma DPP4 activity, inflammatory markers, and oxidative
      stress parameters in a cross-sectional sample of 1,160 patients with type 2
      diabetes aged 60 years or older in China. MCI was diagnosed based on criteria
      established by the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups
      RESULTS: Patients in the highest quartile of DPP4 activity had higher HbA1c,
      interleukin 6 (IL-6), CRP, nitrotyrosine, 8-iso-PGF2a, and lower Montreal
      Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores compared with subjects in the lowest quartile
      (P < 0.001). In the highest DPP4 quartile, MCI risk was higher (odds ratio 3.49;
      95% CI 1.97-4.57) than in the lowest quartile after adjustment for potential
      confounders. The risk for MCI increased more with higher levels of DPP4 activity,
      IL-6, CRP, nitrotyrosine, and 8-iso-PGF2a (P < 0.05), but not with higher levels
      of HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that increased DPP4 activities are
      independently associated with MCI in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The
      mechanisms might be partly explained by the effect of DPP4 on inflammation and
      oxidative stress. These observations raise further interest in DPP4 activity for
      its potential effect on these MCI-related risk factors as a biological marker or
      even a possible therapeutic target for MCI.

PMID- 27371676
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of Various Imaging Modalities for Suspected Lower Extremity
      Stress Fractures: Response.

PMID- 27371677
TI  - Could Isokinetic Evaluation Contribute to the Assessment of Sex Differences in
      the Incidence of ACL, MCL, and Meniscal Injuries in Collegiate and High School
      Sports? Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 27371678
TI  - Could Isokinetic Evaluation Contribute to the Assessment of Sex Differences in
      the Incidence of ACL, MCL, and Meniscal Injuries in Collegiate and High School
      Sports? Response.

PMID- 27371679
TI  - Corrigendum.
AB  - Dragoo JL, Wasterlain AS, Braun HJ, Nead KT. Platelet-rich plasma as a treatment
      for patellar tendinopathy: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J
      Sports Med. 2014;42(3):610-618. (Original DOI: 10.1177/0363546513518416). 

PMID- 27371680
TI  - Pericapillary basement membrane thickening in human skeletal muscles.
AB  - The basement membrane (BM) surrounding capillaries in skeletal muscles varies
      physiologically in thickness according to age, physical fitness, and anatomical
      site in humans. Furthermore, the pericapillary BM thickness (CBMT) increases
      pathophysiologically during several common disease states, including peripheral
      arterial disease and diabetes mellitus. This review on CBM thickening in human
      skeletal muscles is two pronged. First, it addresses the advantages/disadvantages
      of grid- and tablet-based measuring and morphometric techniques that are
      implemented to assess the CBMT on transmission electron micrographs. Second, it
      deals with the biology of CBM thickening in skeletal muscles, particularly its
      possible causes, molecular mechanisms, and functional impact. CBM thickening is
      triggered by several physical factors, including diabetes-associated glycation,
      hydrostatic pressure, and inflammation. Increased biosynthesis of type IV
      collagen expression or repetitive cycles in pericyte or endothelial cell
      degeneration/proliferation appear to be most critical for CBM accumulation. A
      thickened CBM obviously poses a greater barrier for diffusion, lowers the
      microvascular elasticity, and impedes transcytosis of inflammatory cells. Our own
      morphometric data reveal the CBM enlargement to be not accompanied by the
      pericyte coverage. Owing to an overlap or redundancy in the capillary supply, CBM
      thickening in skeletal muscles might not be such a devastating occurrence as in
      organs with endarterial circulation (e.g., kidney and retina). CBM growth in
      skeletal muscles can be reversed by training or administration of antidiabetic
      drugs. In conclusion, CBM thickening in skeletal muscles is a microvascular
      remodeling process by which metabolic, hemodynamic, and inflammatory forces are
      integrated together and which could play a hitherto underestimated role in
      etiology/progression of human diseases.

PMID- 27371681
TI  - Pregnancy mitigates cardiac pathology in a mouse model of left ventricular
      pressure overload.
AB  - In Western countries heart disease is the leading cause of maternal death during
      pregnancy. The effect of pregnancy on the heart is difficult to study in patients
      with preexisting heart disease. Since experimental studies are scarce, we
      investigated the effect of pressure overload, produced by transverse aortic
      constriction (TAC) in mice, on the ability to conceive, pregnancy outcome, and
      maternal cardiac structure and function. Four weeks of TAC produced left
      ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dysfunction with marked interstitial fibrosis,
      decreased capillary density, and induced pathological cardiac gene expression.
      Pregnancy increased relative LV and right ventricular weight without affecting
      the deterioration of LV function following TAC. Surprisingly, the TAC-induced
      increase in relative heart and lung weight was mitigated by pregnancy, which was
      accompanied by a trend towards normalization of capillary density and natriuretic
      peptide type A expression. Additionally, the combination of pregnancy and TAC
      increased the cardiac phosphorylation of c-Jun, and STAT1, but reduced
      phosphoinositide 3-kinase phosphorylation. Finally, TAC did not significantly
      affect conception rate, pregnancy duration, uterus size, litter size, and pup
      weight. In conclusion, we found that, rather than exacerbating the changes
      associated with cardiac pressure overload, pregnancy actually attenuated
      pathological LV remodeling and mitigated pulmonary congestion, and pathological
      gene expression produced by TAC, suggesting a positive effect of pregnancy on the
      pressure-overloaded heart.

PMID- 27371682
TI  - Ventricular stimulus site influences dynamic dispersion of repolarization in the
      intact human heart.
AB  - The spatial variation in restitution properties in relation to varying stimulus
      site is poorly defined. This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying
      stimulus site on apicobasal and transmural activation time (AT), action potential
      duration (APD) and repolarization time (RT) during restitution studies in the
      intact human heart. Ten patients with structurally normal hearts, undergoing
      clinical electrophysiology studies, were enrolled. Decapolar catheters were
      placed apex to base in the endocardial right ventricle (RVendo) and left
      ventricle (LVendo), and an LV branch of the coronary sinus (LVepi) for transmural
      recording. S1-S2 restitution protocols were performed pacing RVendo apex, LVendo
      base, and LVepi base. Overall, 725 restitution curves were analyzed, 74% of
      slopes had a maximum slope of activation recovery interval (ARI) restitution
      (Smax) > 1 (P < 0.001); mean Smax = 1.76. APD was shorter in the LVepi compared
      with LVendo, regardless of pacing site (30-ms difference during RVendo pacing, 25
      ms during LVendo, and 48-ms during LVepi; 50th quantile, P < 0.01). Basal LVepi
      pacing resulted in a significant transmural gradient of RT (77 ms, 50th quantile:
      P < 0.01), due to loss of negative transmural AT-APD coupling (mean slope 0.63 +/
      0.3). No significant transmural gradient in RT was demonstrated during
      endocardial RV or LV pacing, with preserved negative transmural AT-APD coupling
      (mean slope -1.36 +/- 1.9 and -0.71 +/- 0.4, respectively). Steep ARI restitution
      slopes predominate in the normal ventricle and dynamic ARI; RT gradients exist
      that are modulated by the site of activation. Epicardial stimulation to initiate
      ventricular activation promotes significant transmural gradients of
      repolarization that could be proarrhythmic.

PMID- 27371683
TI  - Endogenous nitric oxide derived from NOS I or II in thoracic spinal cord exerts
      opposing tonic modulation on sympathetic vasomotor tone via disparate mechanisms
      in anesthetized rats.
AB  - The sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) in the thoracic spinal cord regulate
      vasomotor tone via norepinephrine released from sympathetic terminals and adrenal
      medulla. We assessed the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthase I (NOS I)- and NOS
      II-derived nitric oxide (NO) in the thoracic spinal cord differentially modulate
      sympathetic outflow and that the adrenal medulla may be involved in those
      modulatory actions. In Sprague-Dawley rats, NOS I immunoreactivity was
      distributed primarily in the perikaryon, proximal dendrites, or axons of SPN, and
      small clusters of NOS II immunoreactivity impinged mainly on the circumference of
      SPN. Intrathecal administration of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a specific NOS I
      antagonist, into the thoracic spinal cord significantly reduced arterial
      pressure, heart rate, and basal or baroreflex-mediated sympathetic vasomotor
      tone. On the other hand, intrathecal application of S-methylisothiourea (SMT), a
      specific NOS II antagonist, elevated arterial pressure with a transient reduction
      of heart rate, induced a surge of plasma norepinephrine, and reduced baroreflex
      mediated but not basal sympathetic vasomotor tone. Bilateral adrenalectomy
      significantly exacerbated the cardiovascular responses to 7-NI but antagonized
      those to SMT. We conclude that both NOS I and NOS II are present in the thoracic
      spinal cord and are tonically active under physiological conditions. Furthermore,
      the endogenous NO generated by NOS I-containing SPN exerts a tonic excitatory
      action on vasomotor tone mediated by norepinephrine released from the adrenal
      medulla and sympathetic nerve terminals. On the other hand, NO derived from NOS
      II exerts a tonic inhibitory action on sympathetic outflow from the SPN that
      targets primarily the blood vessels.

PMID- 27371684
TI  - Sympathetic neural reactivity to mental stress in offspring of hypertensive
      parents: 20 years revisited.
AB  - A number of recent studies have highlighted large interindividual variability of
      muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) responsiveness to mental stress in
      humans. The purpose of this study was to examine blood pressure (BP) and MSNA
      responsiveness to mental stress in a large and generalizable cohort of young
      adults with and without family history of hypertension (FHH). We hypothesized
      that subjects with FHH would demonstrate greater sympathoexcitation to mental
      stress than subjects without FHH. A total of 87 subjects (55 men and 32 women, 18
      40 yr of age) from recently published (n = 45) and ongoing (n = 42) studies were
      examined; 57 subjects (19 with FHH and 38 without FHH) had complete MSNA
      recordings at baseline. Heart rate (HR), BP, and MSNA were recorded during 5 min
      of supine rest and 5 min of mental stress (mental arithmetic). Resting MSNA and
      HR were not statistically different between subjects with and without FHH (P >
      0.05), whereas resting mean arterial pressure was higher in subjects with FHH (86
      +/- 2 vs. 80 +/- 1 mmHg, P < 0.05). Mental stress increased MSNA in subjects with
      FHH (Delta5 +/- 1 bursts/min), but not in subjects without FHH [Delta1 +/- 1
      burst/min, P < 0.01 (time * group)]. Mental stress increased mean arterial
      pressure (Delta12 +/- 1 and Delta10 +/- 1 mmHg, P < 0.001) and HR (Delta19 +/- 2
      and Delta16 +/- 2 beats/min, P < 0.001) in subjects with and without FHH, but
      these increases were not different between groups [P >= 0.05 (time * group)].
      MSNA and BP reactivity to mental stress were not correlated in either group. In
      conclusion, FHH was associated with heightened MSNA reactivity to mental stress,
      despite a dissociation between MSNA and BP responsiveness.

PMID- 27371686
TI  - Functional assessment of the stenotic carotid artery by CFD-based pressure
      gradient evaluation.
AB  - The functional assessment of a hemodynamic significant stenosis base on blood
      pressure variation has been applied for evaluation of the myocardial ischemic
      event. This functional assessment shows great potential for improving the
      accuracy of the classification of the severity of carotid stenosis. To explore
      the value of grading the stenosis using a pressure gradient (PG)-we had
      reconstructed patient-specific carotid geometries based on MRI images
      computational fluid dynamics were performed to analyze the PG in their stenotic
      arteries. Doppler ultrasound image data and the corresponding MRI image data of
      19 patients with carotid stenosis were collected. Based on these, 31 stenotic
      carotid arterial geometries were reconstructed. A combinatorial boundary
      condition method was implemented for steady-state computer fluid dynamics
      simulations. Anatomic parameters, including tortuosity (T), the angle of
      bifurcation, and the cross-sectional area of the remaining lumen, were collected
      to investigate the effect on the pressure distribution. The PG is highly
      correlated with the severe stenosis (r = 0.902), whereas generally, the T and the
      angle of the bifurcation negatively correlate to the pressure drop of the
      internal carotid artery stenosis. The calculation required <10 min/case, which
      made it prepared for the fast diagnosis of the severe stenosis. According to the
      results, we had proposed a potential threshold value for distinguishing severe
      stenosis from mild-moderate stenosis (PG = 0.88). In conclusion, the PG could
      serve as the additional factor for improving the accuracy of grading the severity
      of the stenosis.

PMID- 27371685
TI  - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure constricts the mouse ductus
      arteriosus in utero.
AB  - Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is common during
      pregnancy. Fetal exposure to SSRIs is associated with persistent pulmonary
      hypertension of the newborn (PPHN); however, a direct link between the two has
      yet to be established. Conversely, it is well known that PPHN can be caused by
      premature constriction of the ductus arteriosus (DA), a fetal vessel connecting
      the pulmonary and systemic circulations. We hypothesized that SSRIs could induce
      in utero DA constriction. Using isolated vessels and whole-animal models, we
      sought to determine the effects of two commonly prescribed SSRIs, fluoxetine and
      sertraline, on the fetal mouse DA. Cannulated vessel myography studies
      demonstrated that SSRIs caused concentration-dependent DA constriction and made
      vessels less sensitive to prostaglandin-induced dilation. Moreover, in vivo
      studies showed that SSRI-exposed mice had inappropriate DA constriction in utero.
      Taken together, these findings establish that SSRIs promote fetal DA constriction
      and provide a potential mechanism by which SSRIs could contribute to PPHN.

PMID- 27371687
TI  - A gap junction inhibitor, carbenoxolone, induces spatiotemporal dispersion of
      renal cortical perfusion and impairs autoregulation.
AB  - Renal autoregulation dynamics originating from the myogenic response (MR) and
      tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) can synchronize over large regions of the kidney
      surface, likely through gap junction-mediated electrotonic conduction and
      reflecting distributed operation of autoregulation. We tested the hypotheses that
      inhibition of gap junctions reduces spatial synchronization of autoregulation
      dynamics, abrogates spatial and temporal smoothing of renal perfusion, and
      impairs renal autoregulation. In male Long-Evans rats, we infused the gap
      junction inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) or the related glycyrrhizic acid (GZA)
      that does not block gap junctions into the renal artery and monitored renal blood
      flow (RBF) and surface perfusion by laser speckle contrast imaging. Neither CBX
      nor GZA altered RBF or mean surface perfusion. CBX preferentially increased
      spatial and temporal variation in the distribution of surface perfusion,
      increased spatial variation in the operating frequencies of the MR and TGF, and
      reduced phase coherence of TGF and increased its dispersion. CBX, but not GZA,
      impaired dynamic and steady-state autoregulation. Separately, infusion of the Rho
      kinase inhibitor Y-27632 paralyzed smooth muscle, grossly impaired dynamic
      autoregulation, and monotonically increased spatial variation of surface
      perfusion. These data suggest CBX inhibited gap junction communication, which in
      turn reduced the ability of TGF to synchronize among groups of nephrons. The
      results indicate that impaired autoregulation resulted from degraded
      synchronization, rather than the reverse. We show that network behavior in the
      renal vasculature is necessary for effective RBF autoregulation.

PMID- 27371688
TI  - The adipokine chemerin amplifies electrical field-stimulated contraction in the
      isolated rat superior mesenteric artery.
AB  - The adipokine chemerin causes arterial contraction and is implicated in blood
      pressure regulation, especially in obese subjects with elevated levels of
      circulating chemerin. Because chemerin is expressed in the perivascular adipose
      tissue (PVAT) that surrounds the sympathetic innervation of the blood vessel, we
      tested the hypothesis that chemerin (endogenous and exogenous) amplifies the
      sympathetic nervous system in mediating electrical field-stimulated (EFS)
      contraction. The superior mesenteric artery, with or without PVAT and with
      endothelium and sympathetic nerve intact, was mounted into isolated tissue baths
      and used for isometric contraction and stimulation. Immunohistochemistry
      validated a robust expression of chemerin in the PVAT surrounding the superior
      mesenteric artery. EFS (0.3-20 Hz) caused a frequency-dependent contraction in
      isolated arteries that was reduced by the chemerin receptor ChemR23 antagonist
      CCX832 alone (100 nM; with, but not without, PVAT), but not by the inactive
      congener CCX826 (100 nM). Exogenous chemerin-9 (1 MUM)-amplified EFS-induced
      contraction in arteries (with and without PVAT) was blocked by CCX832 and the
      alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin. CCX832 did not directly inhibit,
      nor did chemerin directly amplify, norepinephrine-induced contraction. Whole
      mount immunohistochemical experiments support colocalization of ChemR23 with the
      sympathetic nerve marker tyrosine hydroxylase in superior mesenteric PVAT and, to
      a lesser extent, in arteries and veins. These studies support the idea that
      exogenous chemerin modifies sympathetic nerve-mediated contraction through
      ChemR23 and that ChemR23 may be endogenously activated. This is significant
      because of the well-appreciated role of the sympathetic nervous system in blood
      pressure control.

PMID- 27371690
TI  - The TIDieR Checklist Will Benefit the Physical Therapy Profession.

PMID- 27371689
TI  - Estimation of the Effect of the Predator Scytodes globula (Araneae: Scytodidae)
      on Loxosceles laeta (Araneae: Sicariidae) Populations.
AB  - It has been reported that Scytodes spiders are predators of spiders of the genus
      Loxosceles, but the question of the effect of Scytodes globula Nicolet on
      Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet) populations is still unanswered. The goal of this
      study is to analyze the population effect of S. globula on the population
      dynamics of L. laeta by means of simulation with projection matrices, considering
      the seasonal fluctuation of fecundity, random meetings between the predator and
      the prey, and limited growth of the L. laeta population. We found that the most
      important parameters to predict the characteristics of the population at
      equilibrium are the fertility and the survival function of the spider of advanced
      developmental stage. Also, the predator S. globula significantly decreases
      population size, population fluctuations, and the proportion of reproductive
      individuals of L. laeta The most probable effect of S. globula on L. laeta
      populations is a decrease of 20% of the population size. This is insufficient to
      consider this species as an agent of biological control of L. laeta However, the
      action of S. globula is not negligible because decreasing the L. laeta population
      by about 20% could mean a decrease of about 15% in the incidence of loxoscelism.
      This action is probably less effective than other epidemiological measures such
      as house cleaning and insecticides or arachnicides and probably similar to the
      direct action of humans eliminating one or two spiders per year in their houses,
      but it helps.

PMID- 27371691
TI  - Cochrane Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine: A New Field to Bridge Between Best
      Evidence and the Specific Needs of Our Field of Competence.

PMID- 27371692
TI  - The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016
      Statement.
AB  - We developed a reporting guideline to provide authors with guidance about what
      should be reported when writing a paper for publication in a scientific journal
      using a particular type of research design: the single-case experimental design.
      This report describes the methods used to develop the Single-Case Reporting
      guideline In BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016. As a result of 2 online
      surveys and a 2-day meeting of experts, the SCRIBE 2016 checklist was developed,
      which is a set of 26 items that authors need to address when writing about single
      case research. This article complements the more detailed SCRIBE 2016 Explanation
      and Elaboration article (Tate et al., 2016) that provides a rationale for each of
      the items and examples of adequate reporting from the literature. Both these
      resources will assist authors to prepare reports of single-case research with
      clarity, completeness, accuracy, and transparency. They will also provide journal
      reviewers and editors with a practical checklist against which such reports may
      be critically evaluated. We recommend that the SCRIBE 2016 is used by authors
      preparing manuscripts describing single-case research for publication, as well as
      journal reviewers and editors who are evaluating such manuscripts. SCIENTIFIC
      ABSTRACT: Reporting guidelines, such as the Consolidated Standards of Reporting
      Trials (CONSORT) Statement, improve the reporting of research in the medical
      literature (Turner et al., 2012). Many such guidelines exist and the CONSORT
      Extension to Nonpharmacological Trials (Boutron et al., 2008) provides suitable
      guidance for reporting between-groups intervention studies in the behavioral
      sciences. The CONSORT Extension for N-of-1 Trials (CENT 2015) was developed for
      multiple crossover trials with single individuals in the medical sciences
      (Shamseer et al., 2015; Vohra et al., 2015), but there is no reporting guideline
      in the CONSORT tradition for single-case research used in the behavioral
      sciences. We developed the Single-Case Reporting guideline In BEhavioural
      interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 to meet this need. This Statement article describes
      the methodology of the development of the SCRIBE 2016, along with the outcome of
      2 Delphi surveys and a consensus meeting of experts. We present the resulting 26
      item SCRIBE 2016 checklist. The article complements the more detailed SCRIBE 2016
      Explanation and Elaboration article (Tate et al., 2016) that provides a rationale
      for each of the items and examples of adequate reporting from the literature.
      Both these resources will assist authors to prepare reports of single-case
      research with clarity, completeness, accuracy, and transparency. They will also
      provide journal reviewers and editors with a practical checklist against which
      such reports may be critically evaluated.

PMID- 27371694
TI  - ERRATUM.

PMID- 27371696
TI  - The target of ACPA.

PMID- 27371693
TI  - Silicon enhances leaf remobilization of iron in cucumber under limited iron
      conditions.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Retranslocation of iron (Fe) from source tissues enhances
      plant tolerance to Fe deficiency. Previous work has shown that silicon (Si) can
      alleviate Fe deficiency by enhancing acquisition and root to shoot translocation
      of Fe. Here the role of Si in Fe mobilization in older leaves and the subsequent
      retranslocation of Fe to young leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants
      growing under Fe-limiting conditions was investigated. METHODS: Iron ((57)Fe or
      naturally occurring isotopes) was measured in leaves at different positions on
      plants hydroponically growing with or without Si supply. In parallel, the
      concentration of the Fe chelator nicotianamine (NA) along with the expression of
      nicotianamine synthase (NAS) involved in its biosynthesis and the expression of
      yellow stripe-like (YSL) transcripts mediating Fe-NA transport were also
      determined. KEY RESULTS: In plants not receiving Si, approximately half of the
      total Fe content remained in the oldest leaf. In contrast, Si-treated plants
      showed an almost even Fe distribution among leaves with four different
      developmental stages, thus providing evidence of enhanced Fe remobilization from
      source leaves. This Si-stimulated Fe export was paralleled by an increased NA
      accumulation and expression of the YSL1 transporter for phloem loading/unloading
      of the Fe-NA complex. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that Si enhances
      remobilization of Fe from older to younger leaves by a more efficient NA-mediated
      Fe transport via the phloem. In addition, from this and previous work, a model is
      proposed of how Si acts to improve Fe homeostasis under Fe deficiency in
      cucumber.

PMID- 27371697
TI  - Vein inflammation and ultrasound in Behcet's syndrome.

PMID- 27371698
TI  - Long-term follow-up results of the multicenter phase II trial of regorafenib in
      patients with metastatic and/or unresectable GI stromal tumor after failure of
      standard tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This investigator-initiated trial provided the justification for the
      phase III GRID study resulting in worldwide regulatory approval of regorafenib as
      a third-line therapy for patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors
      (GIST). We report the genotype analyses, long-term safety, and activity results
      from this initial trial of regorafenib in GIST. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The trial
      was conducted between February 2010 and January 2014, among adult patients with
      metastatic GIST, after failure of at least imatinib and sunitinib. Patients
      received regorafenib orally, 160 mg once daily, days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle.
      Clinical benefit rate (CBR), defined as complete or partial response (PR), or
      stable disease lasting >=16 weeks per RECIST 1.1, progression-free survival
      (PFS), overall survival (OS), long-term safety data, and metabolic response by
      functional imaging were assessed. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients received at
      least one dose of regorafenib. The median follow-up was 41 months. CBR was
      documented in 25 of 33 patients [76%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 58% to 89%],
      including six PRs. The median PFS was 13.2 months (95% CI 9.2-18.3 months)
      including four patients who remained progression-free at study closure, each
      achieving clinical benefit for more than 3 years (range 36.8-43.5 months). The
      median OS was 25 months (95% CI 13.2-39.1 months). Patients whose tumors harbored
      a KIT exon 11 mutation demonstrated the longest median PFS (13.4 months), whereas
      patients with KIT/PDGFRA wild-type, non-SDH-deficient tumors experienced a median
      1.6 months PFS (P < 0.0001). Long-term safety profile is consistent with previous
      reports; hand-foot skin reaction and hypertension were the most common reasons
      for dose reduction. Notably, regorafenib induced objective responses and durable
      benefit in SDH-deficient GIST. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up of patients with
      metastatic GIST treated with regorafenib suggests particular benefit among
      patients with primary KIT exon 11 mutations and those with SDH-deficient GIST.
      Dose modifications are frequently required to manage treatment-related
      toxicities. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT01068769.

PMID- 27371705
TI  - ADEA Mission, Strategic Directions, and Key Priorities, 2015-18.

PMID- 27371704
TI  - Bylaws of the American Dental Education Association: (With changes approved by
      the 2016 House of Delegates).

PMID- 27371706
TI  - ADEA Staff (as of June 2016).

PMID- 27371707
TI  - The role of infrapatellar fat pad resection in total knee arthroplasty.

PMID- 27371709
TI  - Spatially-Optimized Sequential Sampling Plan for Cabbage Aphids Brevicoryne
      brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Canola Fields.
AB  - The cabbage aphid is a significant pest worldwide in brassica crops, including
      canola. This pest has shown considerable ability to develop resistance to
      insecticides, so these should only be applied on a "when and where needed" basis.
      Thus, optimized sampling plans to accurately assess cabbage aphid densities are
      critically important to determine the potential need for pesticide applications.
      In this study, we developed a spatially optimized binomial sequential sampling
      plan for cabbage aphids in canola fields. Based on five sampled canola fields,
      sampling plans were developed using 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 proportions of plants
      infested as action thresholds. Average sample numbers required to make a decision
      ranged from 10 to 25 plants. Decreasing acceptable error from 10 to 5% was not
      considered practically feasible, as it substantially increased the number of
      samples required to reach a decision. We determined the relationship between the
      proportions of canola plants infested and cabbage aphid densities per plant, and
      proposed a spatially optimized sequential sampling plan for cabbage aphids in
      canola fields, in which spatial features (i.e., edge effects) and optimization of
      sampling effort (i.e., sequential sampling) are combined. Two forms of
      stratification were performed to reduce spatial variability caused by edge
      effects and large field sizes. Spatially optimized sampling, starting at the edge
      of fields, reduced spatial variability and therefore increased the accuracy of
      infested plant density estimates. The proposed spatially optimized sampling plan
      may be used to spatially target insecticide applications, resulting in cost
      savings, insecticide resistance mitigation, conservation of natural enemies, and
      reduced environmental impact.

PMID- 27371708
TI  - Socioeconomic status inequalities in low-grade inflammation during childhood.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Family socioeconomic status (SES) is an important source of child
      health disparities in the USA. Chronic stress is one way SES may impact
      children's physiology with implications for later health inequalities. These
      processes may work differently across childhood due to differences in exposure
      and susceptibility to stressors at different ages. We assess associations between
      family SES and one biomarker of chronic stress exposure-low-grade inflammation
      detected by elevated C reactive protein (CRP)-and evaluate differences in the
      associations by child age. METHODS: We used nationally representative data from
      the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Tobit regression models
      to estimate SES associations with CRP and the moderating effects of age for
      children age 2-18 years. Our sample was limited to CRP <=10 mg/l to focus on low
      grade inflammation (N=13 165). RESULTS: Children whose parent had less than a
      high school degree had 35% higher CRP than those with a college graduate parent;
      and, poor children had 24% higher CRP than those with high family income, net of
      controls. When children's body mass index was accounted for, low education and
      poverty associations were reduced to 19% and 15%, respectively. Child age
      interactions were negative and significant for both parental education and family
      income. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new evidence that SES is associated with
      low-grade inflammation in children, and that these associations may be
      particularly strong during early and mid-childhood. Future research should
      further our understanding of stressors related to low family SES that may lead to
      immune system dysregulation during childhood.

PMID- 27371710
TI  - Supercooling Capacity and Cold Tolerance of the Wild Silkworm, Antheraea pernyi
      (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).
AB  - While wild silkworms have served humans for several thousand years, little
      attention on cold hardiness has been paid to these economically important
      species. In the present study, supercooling capacity and low temperature
      tolerance of Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Guerin-Meneville)
      (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), an economic insect reared both for silk production as
      well as human food, were examined under laboratory conditions. The supercooling
      points (SCPs) of pupae dropped significantly from a mean of -15.6 degrees C in
      prediapause to -20.1 degrees C in diapause, and then increased to -17.5 degrees C
      during postdiapause development. Sex and voltinism influenced body mass but had
      no significant effect on the SCP. Our data demonstrated that cold tolerance of A.
      pernyi is tightly linked to life stage. Exposure of eggs to -5 degrees C for up
      to 8 h had no effect on the hatching rate, whereas silkworm larvae failed to
      break through the chorion and hatch following a 4-8-h exposure to -10 degrees C.
      Mean SCPs of intact eggs and naked larvae one day before hatching were similar, 
      23.3 degrees C and -22.3 degrees C, respectively, indicating that chorion does
      not significantly affect SCP. Comparison of lower lethal temperature (LLT50) and
      SCP means suggested that both pupae and eggs of A. pernyi are chill intolerant.
      These data will improve our understanding of low temperature tolerance in this
      commercially important species.

PMID- 27371711
TI  - Inhibition of Cathepsin B Alleviates Secondary Degeneration in Ipsilateral
      Thalamus After Focal Cerebral Infarction in Adult Rats.
AB  - Secondary degeneration in areas beyond ischemic foci can inhibit poststroke
      recovery. The cysteine protease Cathepsin B (CathB) regulates cell death and
      intracellular protein catabolism. To investigate the roles of CathB in the
      development of secondary degeneration in the ventroposterior nucleus (VPN) of the
      ipsilateral thalamus after focal cerebral infarction, infarct volumes,
      immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and Western blotting analyses were
      conducted in a distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) stroke model in
      adult rats. We observed marked neuron loss and gliosis in the ipsilateral
      thalamus after dMCAO, and the expression of CathB and cleaved caspase-3 in the
      VPN was significantly upregulated; glial cells were the major source of CathB.
      Although it had no effect on infarct volume, delayed intracerebroventricular
      treatment with the membrane-permeable CathB inhibitor CA-074Me suppressed the
      expression of CathB and cleaved caspase-3 in ipsilateral VPN and accordingly
      alleviated the secondary degeneration. These data indicate that CathB mediates a
      novel mechanism of secondary degeneration in the VPN of the ipsilateral thalamus
      after focal cortical infarction and suggest that CathB might be a therapeutic
      target for the prevention of secondary degeneration in patients after stroke.

PMID- 27371712
TI  - Regulation of programmed cell death by phytoglobins.
AB  - Programmed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental plant process in growth and
      development and in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Nitric oxide
      (NO) is a central component in determining whether a cell undergoes PCD, either
      as a direct elicitor of the response or as a factor in signal transduction from
      various hormones. Both NO and hormones that use NO as a signal transducer are
      mobile in the plant. Why do one set of cells die while adjacent cells remain
      alive, if this is the case? There is evidence to suggest that phytoglobins (Pgbs;
      previously termed non-symbiotic hemoglobins) may act as binary switches to
      determine plant cellular responses to perturbations. There are anywhere from one
      to five Pgb genes in plants that are expressed in response to growth and
      development and to stress. One of their main functions is to scavenge NO. This
      review will discuss how Pgb modulates cellular responses to auxin, cytokinin, and
      jasmonic acid during growth and development and in response to stress. The
      moderation in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by Pgbs and the
      effects on PCD will also be discussed. An overall mechanism for Pgb involvement
      will be presented.

PMID- 27371713
TI  - One train may hide another: look beyond the aortic valve for cardiac amyloidosis.

PMID- 27371714
TI  - Prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: bridging the gaps in
      knowledge.
AB  - Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the most devastating complication of hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy (HCM). Although the annual rate of SCD in the general HCM
      population is <1% per year according to contemporary series, there is still a
      small subset of patients who are at increased risk of SCD. The greatest challenge
      in the management of HCM is identifying those at increased risk as an implantable
      cardioverter defibrillator is a potentially life-saving therapy. In this review,
      we sought to summarize the available data on SCD in HCM and provide a clinical
      perspective on the current differing and somewhat conflicting European and
      American recommendations on risk stratification, with balanced guidance with
      regards to rational clinical decision making. Additionally, we sought to learn
      more on the actual implementation of the guidelines by HCM experts worldwide.

PMID- 27371715
TI  - Zooming in on microRNAs for refining cardiovascular risk prediction in secondary
      prevention.

PMID- 27371716
TI  - Eminence, common sense, and evidence: a comment to the Andreas Gruntzig lecture
      2015.

PMID- 27371717
TI  - Two hearts, one soul: heterotopic heart transplantation follow-up with cardiac
      computed tomography.

PMID- 27371718
TI  - Echo-navigation to guide transfemoral tricuspid edge-to-edge repair.

PMID- 27371719
TI  - An evaluation of the effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on the
      growth rate of small abdominal aortic aneurysms: a randomized placebo-controlled
      trial (AARDVARK).
AB  - AIMS: The AARDVARK (Aortic Aneurysmal Regression of Dilation: Value of ACE
      Inhibition on RisK) trial investigated whether ACE-inhibition reduces small
      abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) growth rate, independent of blood pressure (BP)
      lowering. METHODS AND RESULTS: A three-arm, multi-centre, single-blind, and
      randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN51383267) was conducted in 14 hospitals in
      England. Subjects aged >=55 years with AAA diameter 3.0-5.4 cm were randomized
      1:1:1 to receive perindopril arginine 10 mg, or amlodipine 5 mg, or placebo and
      followed 3-6 monthly over 2 years. The primary outcome was aneurysm growth rate
      (based on external antero-posterior ultrasound measurements in the longitudinal
      plane), determined by multi-level modelling to provide maximum likelihood
      estimates. Two hundred and twenty-four subjects were randomized (2011-2013) to
      placebo (n = 79), perindopril (n = 73), or amlodipine (n = 72). Mean (SD) changes
      in mid-trial systolic BP (12 months) were 0.5 (14.3) mmHg, P = 0.78 compared with
      baseline, -9.5 (13.1) mmHg (P < 0.001), and -6.7 (12.0) mmHg (P < 0.001),
      respectively. No significant differences in the modelled annual growth rates were
      apparent [1.68 mm (SE 0.2), 1.77 mm (0.2), and 1.81 mm (0.2), respectively]. The
      estimated difference in annual growth between the perindopril and placebo groups
      was 0.08 mm (CI -0.50, 0.65). Similar numbers of AAAs in each group reached 5.5
      cm diameter and/or underwent elective surgery: 11 receiving placebo, 10
      perindopril, and 11 amlodipine. CONCLUSION: Small AAA growth rates were lower
      than anticipated, but there was no significant impact of perindopril compared
      with placebo or placebo and amlodipine, combined despite more effective BP
      lowering.

PMID- 27371720
TI  - Avoiding non-responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy: a practical guide.
AB  - Over two decades after the introduction of cardiac resynchronization therapy
      (CRT) into clinical practice, ~30% of candidates continue to fail to respond to
      this highly effective treatment of drug-refractory heart failure (HF). Since the
      causes of this non-response (NR) are multifactorial, it will require
      multidisciplinary efforts to overcome. Progress has, thus far, been slowed by
      several factors, ranging from a lack of consensus regarding the definition of NR
      and technological limitations to the delivery of therapy. We critically review
      the various endpoints that have been used in landmark clinical trials of CRT, and
      the variability in response rates that has been observed as a result of these
      different investigational designs, different sample populations enrolled and
      different means of therapy delivered, including new means of multisite and left
      ventricular endocardial simulation. Precise recommendations are offered regarding
      the optimal device programming, use of telemonitoring and optimization of
      management of HF. Potentially reversible causes of NR to CRT are reviewed, with
      emphasis on loss of biventricular stimulation due to competing arrhythmias. The
      prevention of NR to CRT is essential to improve the overall performance of this
      treatment and lower its risk-benefit ratio. These objectives require
      collaborative efforts by the HF team, the electrophysiologists and the cardiac
      imaging experts.

PMID- 27371721
TI  - Beyond EMT: Epithelial STAT3 as a Central Regulator of Fibrogenesis.

PMID- 27371722
TI  - Natural history and the dawning of a new era for familial ALS.

PMID- 27371723
TI  - 4DGenome: a comprehensive database of chromatin interactions.

PMID- 27371724
TI  - The Membrane Phospholipid Binding Protein Annexin A2 Promotes Phagocytosis and
      Nonlytic Exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans and Impacts Survival in Fungal
      Infection.
AB  - Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen with a unique intracellular
      pathogenic strategy that includes nonlytic exocytosis, a phenomenon whereby
      fungal cells are expunged from macrophages without lysing the host cell. The
      exact mechanism and specific proteins involved in this process have yet to be
      completely defined. Using murine macrophages deficient in the membrane
      phospholipid binding protein, annexin A2 (ANXA2), we observed a significant
      decrease in both phagocytosis of yeast cells and the frequency of nonlytic
      exocytosis. Cryptococcal cells isolated from Anxa2-deficient (Anxa2(-/-)) bone
      marrow-derived macrophages and lung parenchyma displayed significantly larger
      capsules than those isolated from wild-type macrophages and tissues.
      Concomitantly, we observed significant differences in the amount of reactive
      oxygen species produced between Anxa2(-/-) and Anxa2(+/+) macrophages. Despite
      comparable fungal burden, Anxa2(-/-) mice died more rapidly than wild-type mice
      when infected with C. neoformans, and Anxa2(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced
      inflammatory responses, suggesting that the reduced survival reflected greater
      immune-mediated damage. Together, these findings suggest a role for ANXA2 in the
      control of cryptococcal infection, macrophage function, and fungal morphology.

PMID- 27371725
TI  - ERAAP Shapes the Peptidome Associated with Classical and Nonclassical MHC Class I
      Molecules.
AB  - The peptide repertoire presented by classical as well as nonclassical MHC class I
      (MHC I) molecules is altered in the absence of the endoplasmic reticulum
      aminopeptidase associated with Ag processing (ERAAP). To characterize the extent
      of these changes, peptides from cells lacking ERAAP were eluted from the cell
      surface and analyzed by high-throughput mass spectrometry. We found that most
      peptides found in wild-type (WT) cells were retained in the absence of ERAAP. In
      contrast, a subset of "ERAAP-edited" peptides was lost in WT cells, and ERAAP
      deficient cells presented a unique "unedited" repertoire. A substantial fraction
      of MHC-associated peptides from ERAAP-deficient cells contained N-terminal
      extensions and had a different molecular composition than did those from WT
      cells. We found that the number and immunogenicity of peptides associated with
      nonclassical MHC I was increased in the absence of ERAAP. Conversely, only
      peptides presented by classical MHC I were immunogenic in ERAAP-sufficient cells.
      Finally, MHC I peptides were also derived from different intracellular sources in
      ERAAP-deficient cells.

PMID- 27371726
TI  - Molecular Profile of Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cell Hypofunction in a Transplantable
      Murine Cancer Model.
AB  - Mechanisms of self-tolerance often result in CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes (TIL) with a hypofunctional phenotype incapable of tumor clearance.
      Using a transplantable colon carcinoma model, we found that CD8(+) T cells became
      tolerized in <24 h in an established tumor environment. To define the collective
      impact of pathways suppressing TIL function, we compared genome-wide mRNA
      expression of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells from the tumor and periphery.
      Notably, gene expression induced during TIL hypofunction more closely resembled
      self-tolerance than viral exhaustion. Differential gene expression was refined to
      identify a core set of genes that defined hypofunctional TIL; these data comprise
      the first molecular profile of tumor-specific TIL that are naturally responding
      and represent a polyclonal repertoire. The molecular profile of TIL was further
      dissected to determine the extent of overlap and distinction between pathways
      that collectively restrict T cell functions. As suggested by the molecular
      profile of TIL, protein expression of inhibitory receptor LAG-3 was
      differentially regulated throughout prolonged late-G1/early-S phase of the cell
      cycle. Our data may accelerate efficient identification of combination therapies
      to boost anti-tumor function of TIL specifically against tumor cells.

PMID- 27371727
TI  - Quantification of Human Kallikrein-Related Peptidases in Biological Fluids by
      Multiplatform Targeted Mass Spectrometry Assays.
AB  - Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a group of 15 secreted serine
      proteases encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the
      human genome. KLKs are involved in coordination of numerous physiological
      functions including regulation of blood pressure, neuronal plasticity, skin
      desquamation, and semen liquefaction, and thus represent promising diagnostic and
      therapeutic targets. Until now, quantification of KLKs in biological and clinical
      samples was accomplished by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Here, we
      developed multiplex targeted mass spectrometry assays for the simultaneous
      quantification of all 15 KLKs. Proteotypic peptides for each KLK were carefully
      selected based on experimental data and multiplexed in single assays. Performance
      of assays was evaluated using three different mass spectrometry platforms
      including triple quadrupole, quadrupole-ion trap, and quadrupole-orbitrap
      instruments. Heavy isotope-labeled synthetic peptides with a quantifying tag were
      used for absolute quantification of KLKs in sweat, cervico-vaginal fluid, seminal
      plasma, and blood serum, with limits of detection ranging from 5 to 500 ng/ml.
      Analytical performance of assays was evaluated by measuring endogenous KLKs in
      relevant biological fluids, and results were compared with selected ELISAs. The
      multiplex targeted proteomic assays were demonstrated to be accurate,
      reproducible, sensitive, and specific alternatives to antibody-based assays.
      Finally, KLK4, a highly prostate-specific protein and a speculated biomarker of
      prostate cancer, was unambiguously detected and quantified by immunoenrichment
      SRM assay in seminal plasma and blood serum samples from individuals with
      confirmed prostate cancer and negative biopsy. Mass spectrometry revealed
      exclusively the presence of a secreted isoform and thus unequivocally resolved
      earlier disputes about KLK4 identity in seminal plasma. Measurements of KLK4 in
      either 41 seminal plasma or 58 blood serum samples revealed no statistically
      significant differences between patients with confirmed prostate cancer and
      negative biopsy. The presented multiplex targeted proteomic assays are an
      alternative analytical tool to study the biological and pathological roles of
      human KLKs.

PMID- 27371728
TI  - Proteomic Analysis of the Plasmodium berghei Gametocyte Egressome and Vesicular
      bioID of Osmiophilic Body Proteins Identifies Merozoite TRAP-like Protein (MTRAP)
      as an Essential Factor for Parasite Transmission.
AB  - Malaria transmission from an infected host to the mosquito vector requires the
      uptake of intraerythrocytic sexual precursor cells into the mosquito midgut. For
      the release of mature extracellular gametes two membrane barriers-the parasite
      parasitophorous vacuole membrane and the host red blood cell membrane-need to be
      dissolved. Membrane lysis occurs after the release of proteins from specialized
      secretory vesicles including osmiophilic bodies. In this study we conducted
      proteomic analyses of the P. berghei gametocyte egressome and developed a
      vesicular bioID approach to identify hitherto unknown proteins with a potential
      function in gametocyte egress. This first Plasmodium gametocyte egressome
      includes the proteins released by the parasite during the lysis of the
      parasitophorous vacuole membrane and red blood cell membrane. BioID of the
      osmiophilic body protein MDV1/PEG3 revealed a vesicular proteome of these
      gametocyte-specific secretory vesicles. Fluorescent protein tagging and gene
      deletion approaches were employed to validate and identify a set of novel factors
      essential for this lysis and egress process. Our study provides the first in vivo
      bioID for a rodent malaria parasite and together with the first Plasmodium
      gametocyte egressome identifies MTRAP as a novel factor essential for mosquito
      transmission. Our data provide an important resource for proteins potentially
      involved in a key step of gametogenesis.

PMID- 27371730
TI  - Long Noncoding RNA MALAT1 Promotes Aggressive Pancreatic Cancer Proliferation and
      Metastasis via the Stimulation of Autophagy.
AB  - Recently, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has emerged as one of the most
      aggressive malignant tumors with the worst prognosis. Previous studies have
      demonstrated that long noncoding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma
      transcript 1 (MALAT1) is increased in pancreatic cancer and is identified as a
      diagnostic biomarker. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism of elevated MALAT1
      levels and tumor aggressiveness remains unknown. In this study, MALAT1 was found
      to be highly expressed in PDAC tissues, and elevated expression was associated
      with poorer prognoses. In addition, MALAT1 was positively linearly correlated
      with the expression of LC3B mRNA. Furthermore, several molecules involved in
      cellular autophagic flux were modulated following the downregulation of MALAT1,
      including LC3, P62, and LAMP-2. Mechanistically, we found that MALAT1 interacted
      with RNA binding protein HuR, and silencing of MALAT1 greatly enhanced the
      posttranscriptional regulation of TIA-1 and had further effects on inhibiting
      autophagy. MALAT1 was speculated to regulate tumorigenesis via HuR-TIA-1-mediated
      autophagic activation. Hence, we investigated the biological properties of MALAT1
      in terms of tumor proliferation and metastasis by promoting autophagy in vitro In
      brief, these data demonstrate that MALAT1 could facilitate the advanced
      progression of tumors in vivo Our study highlights the new roles of MALAT1 on
      protumorigenic functioning and anticancer therapy via activating autophagy in
      pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2232-43. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27371729
TI  - Covalent Targeting of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibits Metastatic
      Breast Cancer.
AB  - Therapeutic targeting of late-stage breast cancer is limited by an inadequate
      understanding of how tumor cell signaling evolves during metastatic progression
      and by the currently available small molecule inhibitors capable of targeting
      these processes. Herein, we demonstrate that both beta3 integrin and fibroblast
      growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) are part of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      (EMT) program that is required to facilitate metastatic outgrowth in response to
      fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2). Mechanistically, beta3 integrin physically
      disrupts an interaction between FGFR1 and E-cadherin, leading to a dramatic
      redistribution of FGFR1 subcellular localization, enhanced FGF2 signaling and
      increased three-dimensional (3D) outgrowth of metastatic breast cancer cells.
      This ability of beta3 integrin to drive FGFR signaling requires the enzymatic
      activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Consistent with these mechanistic data,
      we demonstrate that FGFR, beta3 integrin, and FAK constitute a molecular
      signature capable of predicting decreased survival of patients with the basal
      like subtype of breast cancer. Importantly, covalent targeting of a conserved
      cysteine in the P-loop of FGFR1-4 with our newly developed small molecule, FIIN
      4, more effectively blocks 3D metastatic outgrowth as compared with currently
      available FGFR inhibitors. In vivo application of FIIN-4 potently inhibited the
      growth of metastatic, patient-derived breast cancer xenografts and murine-derived
      metastases growing within the pulmonary microenvironment. Overall, the current
      studies demonstrate that FGFR1 works in concert with other EMT effector molecules
      to drive aberrant downstream signaling, and that these events can be effectively
      targeted using our novel therapeutics for the treatment of the most aggressive
      forms of breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2096-106. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27371731
TI  - Macrophage micro-RNA-155 promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in
      mice and rats.
AB  - Micro-RNA (miR)-155 is a novel gene regulator with important roles in
      inflammation. Herein, our study aimed to explore the role of miR-155 in LPS
      induced acute lung injury(ALI). ALI in mice was induced by intratracheally
      delivered LPS. Loss-of-function experiments performed on miR-155 knockout mice
      showed that miR-155 gene inactivation protected mice from LPS-induced ALI, as
      manifested by preserved lung permeability and reduced lung inflammation compared
      with wild-type controls. Bone marrow transplantation experiments identified
      leukocytes, but not lung parenchymal-derived miR-155-promoted acute lung
      inflammation. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression of miR-155 in
      lung tissue was greatly elevated in wild-type mice after LPS stimulation. In situ
      hybridization showed that miR-155 was mainly expressed in alveolar macrophages.
      In vitro experiments performed in isolated alveolar macrophages and polarized
      bone marrow-derived macrophages confirmed that miR-155 expression in macrophages
      was increased in response to LPS stimulation. Conversely, miR-155 gain-of
      function in alveolar macrophages remarkably exaggerated LPS-induced acute lung
      injury. Molecular studies identified the inflammation repressor suppressor of
      cytokine signaling (SOCS-1) as the downstream target of miR-155. By binding to
      the 3'-UTR of the SOCS-1 mRNA, miR-155 downregulated SOCS-1 expression, thus,
      permitting the inflammatory response during lung injury. Finally, we generated a
      novel miR-155 knockout rat strain and showed that the proinflammatory role of miR
      155 was conserved in rats. Our study identified miR-155 as a proinflammatory
      factor after LPS stimulation, and alveolar macrophages-derived miR-155 has an
      important role in LPS-induced ALI.

PMID- 27371732
TI  - Phospholipase C-epsilon signaling mediates endothelial cell inflammation and
      barrier disruption in acute lung injury.
AB  - Phospholipase C-epsilon (PLC-epsilon) is a unique PLC isoform that can be
      regulated by multiple signaling inputs from both Ras family GTPases and
      heterotrimeric G proteins and has primary sites of expression in the heart and
      lung. Whereas the role of PLC-epsilon in cardiac function and pathology has been
      documented, its relevance in acute lung injury (ALI) is unclear. We used PLC
      epsilon(-/-) mice to address the role of PLC-epsilon in regulating lung vascular
      inflammation and injury in an aerosolized bacterial LPS inhalation mouse model of
      ALI. PLC-epsilon(-/-) mice showed a marked decrease in LPS-induced
      proinflammatory mediators (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, macrophage
      inflammatory protein 2, keratinocyte-derived cytokine, monocyte chemoattractant
      protein 1, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), lung neutrophil
      infiltration and microvascular leakage, and loss of VE-cadherin compared with PLC
      epsilon(+/+) mice. These data identify PLC-epsilon as a critical determinant of
      proinflammatory and leaky phenotype of the lung. To test the possibility that PLC
      epsilon activity in endothelial cells (EC) could contribute to ALI, we determined
      its role in EC inflammation and barrier disruption. RNAi knockdown of PLC-epsilon
      inhibited NF-kappaB activity in response to diverse proinflammatory stimuli,
      thrombin, LPS, TNF-alpha, and the nonreceptor agonist phorbol 13-myristate 12
      acetate (phorbol esters) in EC. Depletion of PLC-epsilon also inhibited thrombin
      induced expression of NF-kappaB target gene, VCAM-1. Importantly, PLC-epsilon
      knockdown also protected against thrombin-induced EC barrier disruption by
      inhibiting the loss of VE-cadherin at adherens junctions and formation of actin
      stress fibers. These data identify PLC-epsilon as a novel regulator of EC
      inflammation and permeability and show a hitherto unknown role of PLC-epsilon in
      the pathogenesis of ALI.

PMID- 27371733
TI  - Glucocorticoid and TNF signaling converge at A20 (TNFAIP3) to repress airway
      smooth muscle cytokine expression.
AB  - Airway smooth muscle is a major target tissue for glucocorticoid (GC)-based
      asthma therapies, however, molecular mechanisms through which the GC receptor
      (GR) exerts therapeutic effects in this key airway cell type have not been fully
      elucidated. We previously identified the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)
      inhibitor, A20 (TNFAIP3), as a mediator of cytokine repression by glucocorticoids
      (GCs) in airway epithelial cells and defined cooperative regulation of anti
      inflammatory genes by GR and NF-kappaB as a key mechanistic underpinning of
      airway epithelial GR function. Here, we expand on these findings to determine
      whether a similar mechanism is operational in human airway smooth muscle (HASM).
      Using HASM cells derived from normal and fatal asthma samples as an in vitro
      model, we demonstrate that GCs spare or augment TNF-mediated induction of A20
      (TNFAIP3), TNIP1, and NFKBIA, all implicated in negative feedback control of NF
      kappaB-driven inflammatory processes. We applied chromatin immunoprecipitation
      and reporter analysis to show that GR and NF-kappaB directly regulate A20
      expression in HASM through cooperative induction of an intronic enhancer. Using
      overexpression, we show for the first time that A20 and its interacting partner,
      TNIP1, repress TNF signaling in HASM cells. Moreover, we applied small
      interfering RNA-based gene knockdown to demonstrate that A20 is required for
      maximal cytokine repression by GCs in HASM. Taken together, our data suggest that
      inductive regulation of A20 by GR and NF-kappaB contributes to cytokine
      repression in HASM.

PMID- 27371734
TI  - Boysenberry ingestion supports fibrolytic macrophages with the capacity to
      ameliorate chronic lung remodeling.
AB  - Lung fibrosis negatively impacts on lung function in chronic asthma and is linked
      to the development of profibrotic macrophage phenotypes. Epidemiological studies
      have found that lung function benefits from increased consumption of fruit high
      in polyphenols. We investigated the effect of boysenberry consumption, in both
      therapeutic and prophylactic treatment strategies in a mouse model of chronic
      antigen-induced airway inflammation. Boysenberry consumption reduced collagen
      deposition and ameliorated tissue remodeling alongside an increase in the
      presence of CD68+CD206+arginase+ alternatively activated macrophages in the lung
      tissue. The decrease in tissue remodeling was associated with increased
      expression of profibrolytic matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein in total lung
      tissue. We identified alternatively activated macrophages in the mice that
      consumed boysenberry as a source of the matrix metalloproteinase-9. Oral
      boysenberry treatment may moderate chronic tissue remodeling by supporting the
      development of profibrolytic alternatively activated macrophages expressing
      matrix metalloproteinase-9. Regular boysenberry consumption therefore has the
      potential to moderate chronic lung remodeling and fibrosis in asthma and other
      chronic pulmonary diseases.

PMID- 27371735
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor regulates NMDA receptor-mediated airway smooth muscle
      contractile function and airway responsiveness.
AB  - We have shown that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) are receptor-operated
      calcium entry channels in human airway smooth muscle (HASM) during contraction.
      Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) augments smooth muscle contractility by influencing
      pathways that regulate intracellular calcium flux and can alter NMDA-R expression
      and activity in cortical neurons and glial cells. We hypothesized that NMDA-R
      mediated Ca(2+) and contractile responses of ASM can be altered by inflammatory
      mediators, including TNF. In cultured HASM cells, we assessed TNF (10 ng/ml, 48
      h) effect on NMDA-R subunit abundance by quantitative PCR, confocal imaging, and
      immunoblotting. We observed dose- and time-dependent changes in NMDA-R
      composition: increased obligatory NR1 subunit expression and altered regulatory
      NR2 and inhibitory NR3 subunits. Measuring intracellular Ca(2+) flux in Fura-2
      loaded HASM cultures, we observed that TNF exposure enhanced cytosolic Ca(2+)
      mobilization and changed the temporal pattern of Ca(2+) flux in individual
      myocytes induced by NMDA, an NMDA-R selective analog of glutamate. We measured
      airway responses to NMDA in murine thin-cut lung slices (TCLS) from allergen
      naive animals and observed significant airway contraction. However, NMDA acted as
      a bronchodilator in TCLS from house dust mice-challenged mice and in allergen
      naive TCLS subjected to TNF exposure. All contractile or bronchodilator responses
      were blocked by a selective NMDA-R antagonist, (2R)-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate,
      and bronchodilator responses were prevented by N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester
      (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) or indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor).
      Collectively, we show that TNF augments NMDA-R-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization in
      HASM cells, whereas in multicellular TCLSs allergic inflammation and TNF exposure
      leads to NMDA-R-mediated bronchodilation. These findings reveal the unique
      contribution of ionotrophic NMDA-R to airway hyperreactivity.

PMID- 27371737
TI  - ErbB2: From an EGFR Relative to a Central Target for Cancer Therapy.

PMID- 27371738
TI  - Commentary on "Participation of p53 Protein in the Cellular Response to DNA
      Damage".

PMID- 27371740
TI  - Abstract statistics.

PMID- 27371742
TI  - Aims and Scope.

PMID- 27371739
TI  - Systemic DC Activation Modulates the Tumor Microenvironment and Shapes the Long
      Lived Tumor-Specific Memory Mediated by CD8+ T Cells.
AB  - Strategies to reprogram the tumor microenvironment are being explored to improve
      cancer immunotherapy. In one approach, we have targeted dendritic cells (DC) to
      improve their function with adjuvant vector cells (aAVC) that are engineered from
      NKT ligand-loaded CD1d(+) allogeneic cells transfected with tumor antigen mRNAs.
      Here, we report the finding that this approach also programs local immune
      responses by establishing tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), which include
      expanded antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell clones, mobilized DCs, and normalized
      tumor vasculature. aAVC therapy also expanded specific Vbeta-expressing antitumor
      T-cell clones, leading to the formation of long-term memory T cells. When
      combined with PD-1 blockade, aAVC infusion triggered regression of poorly
      immunogenic tumor cells that did not respond to PD-1 blockade alone, as well as
      expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell clones in the tumor. The findings of
      this study help to inform a next-generation platform for the generation of
      efficacious cancer vaccines. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3756-66. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27371745
TI  - Pathways for salvage and protection of the heart under stress: novel routes for
      cardiac rejuvenation.
AB  - The world population is aging, and by 2017, there will be more people over the
      age of 65 than under age 5, and by 2050, two billion of the estimated nine
      billion people on Earth will be older than 60. Aging itself is a major
      cardiovascular risk factor, affecting morbidity and mortality of the aging
      population. At the same time, aging increases the likelihood of the presence of
      other risk factors. The aged myocardium is characterized by several structural
      and functional progressive changes that impair its ability to respond
      appropriately to stressful conditions. Although some progress to understand the
      complex mechanisms that underlie these phenotypic changes, the molecular pathways
      that determine the balance between aging and rejuvenation in the aged myocardium
      still remain elusive. In this article, we review molecular mechanisms responsible
      for the phenotypic changes observed with aging in the heart, providing insight
      into molecular pathways and pharmacological interventions that may rejuvenate the
      aged myocardium. A better understanding of these pathways is essential for
      determining their therapeutic potential in humans, improving the possibility that
      the increase in life expectancy that we are observing will be accompanied by a
      parallel increase in healthspan.

PMID- 27371746
TI  - Biventricular metastatic invasion from cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Metastasis to the heart has been previously described with primary lung and
      breast carcinoma, lymphoma, leukaemia, mesothelioma and melanoma. However, left
      ventricular cardiac metastasis from primary cervical squamous cell carcinoma is
      poorly described. This report describes the clinical presentation of a patient
      with cardiac metastatic invasion from cervical cancer. 

PMID- 27371757
TI  - Retraction: Confounding of the Association between Radiation Exposure from CT
      Scans and Risk of Leukemia and Brain Tumors by Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes.

PMID- 27371756
TI  - Anticipating the "Silver Tsunami": Prevalence Trajectories and Comorbidity Burden
      among Older Cancer Survivors in the United States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer survivors are a growing population, due in large part to the
      aging of the baby boomer generation and the related "silver tsunami" facing the
      U.S. health care system. Understanding the impact of a graying nation on cancer
      prevalence and comorbidity burden is critical in informing efforts to design and
      implement quality cancer care for this population. METHODS: Incidence and
      survival data from 1975 to 2011 were obtained from the Surveillance,
      Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program to estimate current cancer
      prevalence. SEER-Medicare claims data were used to estimate comorbidity burden.
      Prevalence projections were made using U.S. Census Bureau data and the Prevalence
      Incidence Approach Model, assuming constant future incidence and survival trends
      but dynamic projections of the U.S. RESULTS: In 2016, there were an estimated
      15.5 million cancer survivors living in the United States, 62% of whom were 65
      years or older. The prevalent population is projected to grow to 26.1 million by
      2040, and include 73% of survivors who are 65 years and older. Comorbidity burden
      was highest in the oldest survivors (those >=85 years) and worst among lung
      cancer survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults, who often present with complex
      health needs, now constitute the majority of cancer survivors and will continue
      to dominate the survivor population over the next 24 years. IMPACT: The oldest
      adults (i.e., those >75 years) should be priority populations in a pressing
      cancer control and prevention research agenda that includes expanding criteria
      for clinical trials to recruit more elderly participants and developing relevant
      supportive care interventions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(7); 1029-36.
      (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27371758
TI  - Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure or Continuous Positive Airway Pressure: A
      Randomized Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is currently no clear evidence that nasal-biphasic positive
      airway pressure (n-BiPAP) confers any advantage over nasal-continuous positive
      airway pressure (n-CPAP). Our hypothesis was that preterm infants born before 30
      weeks' gestation and <2 weeks old when extubated onto n-BiPAP will have a lower
      risk of extubation failure than infants extubated onto n-CPAP at equivalent mean
      airway pressure. METHODS: We conducted an unblinded multicenter randomized trial
      comparing n-CPAP with n-BiPAP in infants born <30 weeks' gestation and <2 weeks
      old. The primary outcome variable was the rate of extubation failure within 48
      hours after the first attempt at extubation. Block randomization stratified by
      center and gestation (<28 weeks or >=28 weeks) was performed. RESULTS: A total of
      540 infants (270 in each group) were eligible to be included in the statistical
      analysis; 57 (21%) of n-BiPAP group and 55 (20%) of n-CPAP group failed
      extubation at 48 hours postextubation (adjusted odds ratio 1.01; 95% confidence
      interval 0.65-1.56; P = .97). Subgroup analysis of infants born before and after
      28 weeks' gestation showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. There
      were no significant differences between arms in death; oxygen requirement at 28
      days; oxygen requirement at 36 weeks' corrected gestation; or intraventricular
      hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery, or pneumothorax.
      CONCLUSIONS: This trial shows that there is no added benefit to using n-BIPAP
      over n-CPAP at equivalent mean airway pressure in preventing extubation failures
      in infants born before 30 weeks' gestation and <2 weeks old.

PMID- 27371759
TI  - Adolescents, Family History, and Inherited Disease Risk: An Opportunity.

PMID- 27371760
TI  - Asymptomatic Kawasaki Disease in a 3-Month-Old Infant.
AB  - Kawasaki disease (KD) is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children
      in the United States. It is a systemic vasculitis characterized by diffuse
      inflammation of medium and small blood vessels. If untreated it can lead to
      myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, or sudden death. Early recognition
      and treatment decrease the incidence of coronary consequences, resulting in
      improved clinical outcomes. Incomplete KD is much less likely to fulfill major
      clinical diagnostic criteria. Infants <12 months of age are more likely to have
      an incomplete presentation, and children <6 months of age are more likely to
      develop cardiac complications. We present a case of a 3-month-old, previously
      healthy white boy who was noted to have a new transient cardiac murmur during a
      routine health assessment. He was completely asymptomatic, and physical
      examination was otherwise within normal limits. An echocardiogram was performed
      and showed abnormal dilation of several coronary arteries, consistent with the
      coronary ectasia associated with KD. Laboratory evaluation was significant for
      values suggestive of systemic inflammation. Based on these results, a presumed
      diagnosis of incomplete KD was made and treatment administered. Close
      surveillance was undertaken, and serial laboratory studies and imaging showed
      gradual resolution of inflammatory markers and cardiac ectasia. This unique case
      of incomplete KD without any of the physical signs normally associated with the
      disease emphasizes the spectrum of presentation and the possibility of missing a
      diagnosis of incomplete disease, reinforcing the need to remain vigilant.

PMID- 27371761
TI  - Functional specialization of areas along the anterior-posterior axis of the
      primate prefrontal cortex.
AB  - Functional specialization of areas along the anterior-posterior axis of the
      lateral prefrontal cortex has been speculated but little evidence exists about
      distinct neurophysiological properties between prefrontal sub-regions. To address
      this issue we divided the lateral prefrontal cortex into a posterior-dorsal, a
      mid-dorsal, an anterior-dorsal, a posterior-ventral, and an anterior ventral
      region. Selectivity for spatial locations, shapes, and colors was evaluated in
      six monkeys never trained in working memory tasks, while they viewed the stimuli
      passively. Recordings from over two thousand neurons revealed systematic
      differences between anterior and posterior regions. In the dorsal prefrontal
      cortex, anterior regions exhibited the largest receptive fields, longest response
      latencies, and lowest amount of information for stimuli. In the ventral
      prefrontal cortex, posterior regions were characterized by a low percentage of
      responsive neurons to any stimuli we used, consistent with high specialization
      for stimulus features. Additionally, spatial information was more prominent in
      the dorsal and color in ventral regions. Our results provide neurophysiological
      evidence for a rostral-caudal gradient of stimulus selectivity through the
      prefrontal cortex, suggesting that posterior areas are selective for stimuli even
      when these are not releant for execution of a task, and that anterior areas are
      likely engaged in more abstract operations.

PMID- 27371762
TI  - Volume Loss of the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert is Associated with Atrophy of
      Innervated Regions in Mild Cognitive Impairment.
AB  - Extensive research suggests that basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons are
      selectively vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unknown
      whether volume loss of BF cholinergic compartments parallels structural changes
      of their innervated regions in prodromal AD. To this aim, we have correlated
      volume of each BF compartment with cortical thickness and hippocampus/amygdala
      volume in 106 healthy older (HO) adults and 106 amnestic mild cognitive
      impairment (aMCI) patients. Correlations were limited to regions affected by
      atrophy in aMCI. The volume of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM/Ch4) was
      positively correlated with thickness of the temporal cortex in aMCI, and with
      volume of amygdala in HO and aMCI, separately. Volume of the medial
      septum/diagonal band of Broca (Ch1-Ch3) was also positively correlated with
      volume of the hippocampus within the 2 groups. Only correlations between the NBM
      and their innervated regions showed diagnostic value. Unlike men, aMCI women
      showed a stronger association between volume of the NBM and thickness of the
      temporal lobe when compared with HO women. Altogether, these results reveal, for
      the first time in humans, that atrophy of NBM is associated with structural
      changes of their innervated regions in prodromal AD, being this relationship more
      evident in women.

PMID- 27371763
TI  - Developmental Alcohol Exposure Impairs Activity-Dependent S-Nitrosylation of
      NDEL1 for Neuronal Maturation.
AB  - Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is involved in diverse signaling cascades that
      regulate neuronal development and functions via S-Nitrosylation-mediated
      mechanism or the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate
      (cGMP) pathway activated by nitric oxide. Although it has been studied
      extensively in vitro and in invertebrate animals, effects on mammalian brain
      development and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we report
      that genetic deletion of "Nos1" disrupts dendritic development, whereas
      pharmacological inhibition of the sGC/cGMP pathway does not alter dendritic
      growth during cerebral cortex development. Instead, nuclear distribution element
      like (NDEL1), a protein that regulates dendritic development, is specifically S
      nitrosylated at cysteine 203, thereby accelerating dendritic arborization. This
      post-translational modification is enhanced by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
      mediated neuronal activity, the main regulator of dendritic formation. Notably,
      we found that disruption of S-Nitrosylation of NDEL1 mediates impaired dendritic
      maturation caused by developmental alcohol exposure, a model of developmental
      brain abnormalities resulting from maternal alcohol use. These results highlight
      S-Nitrosylation as a key activity-dependent mechanism underlying neonatal brain
      maturation and suggest that reduction of S-Nitrosylation of NDEL1 acts as a
      pathological factor mediating neurodevelopmental abnormalities caused by maternal
      alcohol exposure.

PMID- 27371765
TI  - The absence of attenuating effect of red light exposure on pre-existing
      melanopsin-driven post-illumination pupil response.
AB  - It has been proposed that after activation by blue light, activated melanopsin is
      converted back to its resting state by long wavelength red light exposure, a
      putative mechanism of melanopsin chromophore recovery in vivo. We tested this
      hypothesis by investigating whether red light attenuates the ongoing post
      illumination pupil response (PIPR) induced by melanopsin-activating blue light.
      Pupillary light responses were tested using "Blue+Red" double flashes and "Blue
      Only" single flash stimuli in 10 visually normal subjects. For "Blue+Red"
      conditions, PIPR was induced with an intense blue flash, followed by experimental
      red light exposure of variable intensity and duration (Experiment 1) immediately
      or 9s after the offset of the blue flash (Experiment 2). For "Blue Only"
      conditions, only the PIPR-inducing blue stimuli were presented (reference
      condition). PIPR was defined as the mean pupil size from 10 to 30s (Experiment 1)
      and from 25 to 60s (Experiment 2) after the offset of blue light stimuli. The
      results showed that PIPR from "Blue+Red" conditions did not differ significantly
      from those of "Blue Only" conditions (p=0.55) in Experiment 1. The two
      stimulation conditions also did not differ in Experiment 2 (p=0.38). We therefore
      conclude that red light exposure does not alter the time course of PIPR induced
      by blue light. This finding does not support the hypothesis that long wavelength
      red light reverses activated melanopsin; rather it lends support to the
      hypothesis that the wavelengths of stimuli driving both the forward and backward
      reactions of melanopsin may be similar.

PMID- 27371766
TI  - Selective orienting to pleasant versus unpleasant visual scenes.
AB  - We investigated the relative attentional capture by positive versus
      simultaneously presented negative images in extrafoveal vision for female
      observers. Pairs of task-irrelevant pleasant and unpleasant visual scenes were
      displayed peripherally (?5 degrees  away from fixation) during a task-relevant
      letter-discrimination task at fixation. Selective attentional orienting was
      assessed by the probability of first fixating each scene and the time until first
      fixation. Results revealed a higher first fixation probability and shorter entry
      times, followed by longer dwell times, for pleasant relative to unpleasant
      scenes. The attentional capture advantage by pleasant scenes occurred in the
      absence of differences in perceptual properties. Processing of affective scene
      significance automatically occurs through covert attention in peripheral vision
      early. At least in non-threatening conditions, the attentional system is tuned to
      initially orient to pleasant images when competing with unpleasant ones.

PMID- 27371764
TI  - Individual Differences in the Alignment of Structural and Functional Markers of
      the V5/MT Complex in Primates.
AB  - Extrastriate visual area V5/MT in primates is defined both structurally by
      myeloarchitecture and functionally by distinct responses to visual motion.
      Myelination is directly identifiable from postmortem histology but also
      indirectly by image contrast with structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI).
      First, we compared the identification of V5/MT using both sMRI and histology in
      Rhesus macaques. A section-by-section comparison of histological slices with in
      vivo and postmortem sMRI for the same block of cortical tissue showed precise
      correspondence in localizing heavy myelination for V5/MT and neighboring MST.
      Thus, sMRI in macaques accurately locates histologically defined myelin within
      areas known to be motion selective. Second, we investigated the functionally
      homologous human motion complex (hMT+) using high-resolution in vivo imaging.
      Humans showed considerable intersubject variability in hMT+ location, when
      defined with myelin-weighted sMRI signals to reveal structure. When comparing
      sMRI markers to functional MRI in response to moving stimuli, a region of high
      myelin signal was generally located within the hMT+ complex. However, there were
      considerable differences in the alignment of structural and functional markers
      between individuals. Our results suggest that variation in area identification
      for hMT+ based on structural and functional markers reflects individual
      differences in human regional brain architecture.

PMID- 27371767
TI  - Impact of active smoking on survival of patients with metastatic lung
      adenocarcinoma harboring an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation.
AB  - Lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers demonstrates distinct genetic profiles,
      and cigarette smoking affects epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) function
      and causes secondary EGFR tyrosine kinase resistance. We evaluated the effect of
      active smoking in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. A total of 132
      metastatic lung adenocarcinoma patients, diagnosed between 2008 and 2013, with
      known EGFR mutation status, were evaluated retrospectively. Among these patients,
      40 had an activating EGFR mutation. Patients who continued smoking during the
      treatment were defined as active smokers. Former smokers and never smokers were
      together defined as non-smokers. The outcomes of the treatment in relation to the
      EGFR mutation and smoking status were evaluated. The median follow-up time was
      10.5 months. The overall response rate for the first-line therapy was
      significantly higher among the EGFR-mutant patients (p = 0.01), however, smoking
      status had no impact on the response rate (p = 0.1). The EGFR-mutant active
      smokers progressed earlier than the non-smokers (p < 0.01). The overall survival
      (OS) of the non-smokers and patients treated with erlotinib was significantly
      longer (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Smoking status did not affect the
      OS in EGFR wild type tumors (p = 0.49) but EGFR-mutant non-smokers had a longer
      OS than the active smokers (p = 0.01).The active smokers treated with erlotinib
      had poorer survival than the non-smokers (p = 0.03). Multivariate analysis of
      EGFR-mutant patients showed that erlotinib treatment at any line and non-smoking
      were independent prognostic factors for the OS (p = 0.04 and p = 0.01,
      respectively). Smoking during treatment is a negative prognostic factor in
      metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with an EGFR mutation.

PMID- 27371768
TI  - "Model age-based" and "copy when uncertain" biases in children's social learning
      of a novel task.
AB  - Theoretical models of social learning predict that individuals can benefit from
      using strategies that specify when and whom to copy. Here the interaction of two
      social learning strategies, model age-based biased copying and copy when
      uncertain, was investigated. Uncertainty was created via a systematic
      manipulation of demonstration efficacy (completeness) and efficiency (causal
      relevance of some actions). The participants, 4- to 6-year-old children (N=140),
      viewed both an adult model and a child model, each of whom used a different tool
      on a novel task. They did so in a complete condition, a near-complete condition,
      a partial demonstration condition, or a no-demonstration condition. Half of the
      demonstrations in each condition incorporated causally irrelevant actions by the
      models. Social transmission was assessed by first responses but also through
      children's continued fidelity, the hallmark of social traditions. Results
      revealed a bias to copy the child model both on first response and in continued
      interactions. Demonstration efficacy and efficiency did not affect choice of
      model at first response but did influence solution exploration across trials,
      with demonstrations containing causally irrelevant actions decreasing exploration
      of alternative methods. These results imply that uncertain environments can
      result in canalized social learning from specific classes of model.

PMID- 27371770
TI  - The contributions of biomass burning to primary and secondary organics: A case
      study in Pearl River Delta (PRD), China.
AB  - Synchronized online measurements of gas- and particle- phase organics including
      non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs)
      and submicron organic matters (OM) were conducted in November 2010 at Heshan,
      Guangdong provincial supersite, China. Several biomass burning events were
      identified by using acetonitrile as a tracer, and enhancement ratios (EnRs) of
      organics to carbon monoxide (CO) obtained from this work generally agree with
      those from rice straw burning in previous studies. The influences of biomass
      burning on NMHCs, OVOCs and OM were explored by comparing biomass burning
      impacted plumes (BB plumes) and non-biomass burning plumes (non-BB plumes). A
      photochemical age-based parameterization method was used to characterize primary
      emission and chemical behavior of those three organic groups. The emission ratios
      (EmRs) of NMHCs, OVOCs and OM to CO increased by 27-71%, 34-55% and 67% in BB
      plumes, respectively, in comparison with non-BB plumes. The estimated formation
      rate of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in BB plumes was found to be 24% faster
      than non-BB plumes. By applying the above emission ratios to the whole PRD, the
      annual emissions of VOCs and OM from open burning of crop residues would be 56.4
      and 3.8Gg in 2010 in PRD, respectively. 

PMID- 27371769
TI  - Testosterone and depressive symptoms among men in the Diabetes Prevention
      Program.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We examined associations between intensive lifestyle intervention
      (ILS) and changes in testosterone and associations with mood among middle-aged
      men. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of men (n=886) participating in the Diabetes
      Prevention Program which randomized glucose-intolerant, overweight men to ILS,
      metformin, or placebo between 1996 and 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in
      testosterone between baseline and 1-year follow-up asnd associations of these
      changes with mood measures (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI-II], Beck Anxiety
      Inventory [BAI]). RESULTS: Median baseline testosterone was 10.98nmol/l and 44%
      (n=385) had testosterone<10.41nmol/l or 300ng/dl. Testosterone increases were
      greater among men randomized to ILS vs. metformin vs. placebo (1.15nmol/l vs. 
      0.12nmol/l vs. -0.27nmol/l, p<0.001). The association between changes in
      testosterone and mood differed by study arm (p<0.001 for interaction); there were
      no significant associations between changes in testosterone and mood changes
      among men in the ILS or placebo arms. Among men in the metformin arm, increases
      in testosterone were significantly associated with decreases in BDI-II (improved
      depressive symptoms) (beta-coefficient -0.2336, p=0.0002) indicating a 0.23
      decrease in BDI-II for every 1nmol/l increase in testosterone and decreases in
      BAI (improved anxiety symptoms) (beta-coefficient -0.2147, p=0.0014). Similar
      patterns were observed for bioavailable testosterone. CONCLUSIONS: Among
      overweight middle-aged men with glucose-intolerance, ILS increased endogenous
      testosterone slightly but without significant improvements in mood. Metformin did
      not increase testosterone, but among metformin users, testosterone increases were
      associated with improvements in mood. Thus, interventions that increase
      endogenous testosterone may not also improve mood.

PMID- 27371771
TI  - Heavy metal removal by GLDA washing: Optimization, redistribution, recycling, and
      changes in soil fertility.
AB  - Soil washing, an emerging method for treating soils contaminated by heavy metals,
      requires an evaluation of its efficiency in simultaneously removing different
      metals, the quality of the soil following remediation, and the reusability of the
      recycled washing agent. In this study, we employed N,N-bis (carboxymethyl)-l
      glutamic acid (GLDA), a novel and readily biodegradable chelator to remove Cd,
      Pb, and Zn from polluted soils. We investigated the influence of washing
      conditions, including GLDA concentration, pH, and contact time on their removal
      efficiencies. The single factor experiments showed that Cd, Pb, and Zn removal
      efficiencies reached 70.62, 74.45, and 34.43% in mine soil at a GLDA
      concentration of 75mM, a pH of 4.0, and a contact time of 60min, and in polluted
      farmland soil, removal efficiencies were 69.12, 78.30, and 39.50%, respectively.
      We then employed response surface methodology to optimize the washing parameters.
      The optimization process showed that the removal efficiencies were 69.50, 88.09,
      and 40.45% in mine soil and 71.34, 81.02, and 50.95% in polluted farmland soil
      for Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Moreover, the overall highly effective removal
      of Cd and Pb was connected mainly to their highly effective removal from the
      water-soluble, exchangeable, and carbonate fractions. GLDA-washing eliminated the
      same amount of metals as EDTA-washing, while simultaneously retaining most of the
      soil nutrients. Removal efficiencies of recycled GLDA were no >5% lower than
      those of the fresh GLDA. Therefore, GLDA could potentially be used for the
      rehabilitation of soil contaminated by heavy metals. 

PMID- 27371772
TI  - Combining natural background levels (NBLs) assessment with indicator kriging
      analysis to improve groundwater quality data interpretation and management.
AB  - The natural background level (NBL) concept is revisited and combined with
      indicator kriging method to analyze the spatial distribution of groundwater
      quality within a groundwater body (GWB). The aim is to provide a methodology to
      easily identify areas with the same probability of exceeding a given threshold
      (which may be a groundwater quality criteria, standards, or recommended limits
      for selected properties and constituents). Three case studies with different
      hydrogeological settings and located in two countries (Portugal and Italy) are
      used to derive NBL using the preselection method and validate the proposed
      methodology illustrating its main advantages over conventional statistical water
      quality analysis. Indicator kriging analysis was used to create probability maps
      of the three potential groundwater contaminants. The results clearly indicate the
      areas within a groundwater body that are potentially contaminated because the
      concentrations exceed the drinking water standards or even the local NBL, and
      cannot be justified by geogenic origin. The combined methodology developed
      facilitates the management of groundwater quality because it allows for the
      spatial interpretation of NBL values. 

PMID- 27371773
TI  - Influence of adipocytokines in periprostatic adipose tissue on prostate cancer
      aggressiveness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation between the level of adipocytokines
      expression in periprostatic adipose tissue and the prostate cancer
      aggressiveness. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The periprostatic adipose tissues were
      collected from 30 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy. The
      subcutaneous adipose, periprostatic adipose tissues and prostate cancer tissue
      from the same patient were collected from 10 patients for match research. The
      expression level of IL-6, Leptin and Adiponectin was detected by
      immunohistochemistry and by Real-time quantitative PCR in periprostatic adipose
      tissues. RESULT: There were differences in the positive rates of IL-6, Leptin and
      Adiponectin expression in the periprostate adipose between prostate cancer and
      control (P<0.001, P=0.032, 0.003). Nothing but the "IL-6 expression intensity"
      was seen in difference with the aggressiveness of prostate cancer (P=0.001), and
      was relevant with the prostate cancer aggressiveness (rs=0.668, P<0.001); The
      mRNA expression of IL-6 in periprostatic adipose tissues of prostate cancer was
      higher than that of control (P=0.049), and the mRNA expression of Adiponectin was
      lower (P<0.0001); IL-6 mRNA expression in periprostate adipose tissue and
      prostate cancer tissue were higher than that in subcutaneous adipose (P<0.001,
      P=0.001); IL-6 mRNA expression in periprostate adipose was correlated with that
      in prostate cancer tissue (r=0.663, p=0.036); Adiponectin mRNA expression in
      prostate cancer tissue was lower than that in periprostate adipose (P=0.006), and
      Adiponectin mRNA expression in periprostate adipose was correlated with that in
      prostate cancer tissue (r=0.707, p=0.022). CONCLUSION: IL-6, Leptin and
      Adiponectin were expressed in the periprostatic adipose tissues, which constitute
      the microenvironment of prostate cancer aggressiveness. There might be intimate
      relationship between periprostate adipose and prostate cancer tissue.

PMID- 27371774
TI  - Y-box protein-1/p18 as novel serum marker for ovarian cancer diagnosis: A study
      by the Tumor Bank Ovarian Cancer (TOC).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The cold shock Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) fulfills important
      roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Overexpression occurs
      in various tumor cells. Given the existence of extracellular YB-1 we set out to
      determine the diagnostic, predictive and prognostic role of serum YB-1/p18 for
      patients with primary epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS: The protein
      fragment YB-1/p18 was quantified by sandwich ELISA in serum samples from 132
      healthy female volunteers and 206 patients with histological diagnosis of primary
      EOC. The ELISA sensitivity and specificity to detect EOC were calculated using
      receiver operating curves. Survival data were calculated using Kaplan Maier
      curves. RESULTS: Median age at the time of diagnosis was 60years and follow-up
      ended with a mean of 44.8month. 188 (91%) patients were diagnosed at advanced
      stages (FIGO III/IV) and 188 patients (91%) suffered from high-grade serous
      ovarian carcinoma. YB-1/p18 levels were significantly decreased in older patients
      (p=0.021). Significantly lower serum levels of YB-1/p18 were detected in the EOC
      cohort when compared to the control group (p<0.0001, AUC=0.827; 95% CI, 0.787
      0.867). Using the expression of serum YB-1/p18 in early stages I and II cases
      these could be differentiated from control cases (p<0.0001, AUC=0.816; 95% CI
      0.704-0.929). No other significant associations between clinical prognostic
      factors and YB-1/p18 serum levels were detected. Immunoblotting results with
      serum samples suggest that masking of epitopes by the YB-1/p18 fragment in
      multiprotein-complexes under non reducing conditions leads to the observed
      reduced ELISA readings in the EOC cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The quantification of
      fragment YB-1/p18 derived from cold shock protein YB-1 in serum samples could be
      useful for the early diagnosis of EOC.

PMID- 27371775
TI  - Salivary levels of inflammatory cytokines and their association to periodontal
      disease in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. A case-control study.
AB  - Both Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and periodontal disease (PD) present a
      similar immunological profile mainly characterized by altered cytokine levels. In
      this study we sought to investigate the salivary levels of inflammatory cytokines
      and their association with PD in SLE patients. 60 patients with SLE and 54
      systemically healthy individuals underwent a full periodontal clinical
      examination. They were then grouped according to their periodontal status.
      Stimulated saliva was collected in order to evaluate the salivary levels of
      interferon (IFN-gamma), Interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17, IL-1beta, and IL-4.
      Systemically healthy individuals with periodontitis (group P) presented higher
      levels of cytokines when compared to systemically healthy individuals, with no
      periodontal disease (group S) (p<0.05). Additionally, in the P group, patients
      presented similar levels of cytokines to those of the patients with SLE,
      regardless of the presence of PD (p>0.05), for most of the analyzed cytokines.
      There was a positive correlation in SLE patients, including IL-1beta and all
      periodontal clinical parameters (p<0.05), and between IL-4 and gingival bleeding
      index and the presence of biofilm (p<0.05). Thus, our results confirmed, that
      patients with PD showed higher salivary levels of cytokines and, in SLE patients,
      the increased levels of salivary cytokines were observed even in the absence of
      periodontitis. IL-1beta and IL-4 salivary levels were also positively correlated
      with periodontal status indicating their potential as markers of the amount and
      extent of periodontal damage in patients with SLE.

PMID- 27371776
TI  - Preliminary observations on the association between serum IL-6 and hydration
      status and cardiovascular risk in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Systemic inflammation, as defined by elevated blood IL-6, is a
      strong independent predictor of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient survival. The
      present study has aimed to determine whether there exists a particular
      "phenotype" associated with high systemic IL-6 that characterizes PD patients in
      terms of their fluid status and cardiac parameters. METHODS: Fifty-seven
      prevalent PD patients were classified according to serum concentrations of IL-6.
      The degree of overhydration was assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA).
      Echocardiography and serum concentrations of NT-proBNP and troponin T were used
      to assess cardiovascular risk. RESULTS: Patients with high serum IL-6 were older,
      more often diabetic, treated with PD for longer, and significantly more
      overhydrated. There was a significant correlation between serum IL-6, hydration
      status (r=0.38; p=0.002) and serum albumin (r=-0.35; p=0.009). Multivariate
      regression analysis confirmed a strong association of overhydration,
      hypoalbuminemia, and systemic IL-6 concentration. Patients with high IL-6 had
      significantly increased levels of both NT-proBNP (r=0.36; p=0.006) and TnT
      (r=0.50; p<0.001) in the absence of abnormalities in echocardiography.
      CONCLUSIONS: High systemic IL-6 identifies PD patients with increased
      cardiovascular risk that is significantly related to overhydration. Thus, the
      measurement of serum IL-6 may contribute to the more accurate assessment of
      cardiovascular status in patients undergoing PD.

PMID- 27371777
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 27371778
TI  - All-cause mortality and its risk factors among type 1 and type 2 diabetes
      mellitus in a country facing diabetes epidemic.
AB  - AIM: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of premature death
      mainly secondary to macrovascular and microvascular complications. Mortality data
      from the Eastern Mediterranean region known for its high diabetes prevalence are
      lacking. We aimed to assess all-cause mortality and its predictors using large
      cohort from the Saudi National Diabetes Registry (SNDR). METHODS: The study
      population comprised of 40,827 individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
      mellitus aged ?25years registered in SNDR between January 2007 and December 2013.
      All patients were followed until death, according to the date of death or
      reaching 100years of age or end of the study. Death was verified from the
      national civil affairs database. The general population during the study period
      was used as a reference for standardized mortality ratio (SMR) calculation.
      RESULTS: With a total of 152,038 person-years of follow up, 2582 patients were
      deceased giving all-cause mortality rate of 16.98 per 1000 person-years and SMR
      (95% CI) of 1.93 (1.86-2.00). Mortality rates were higher among men and increased
      with age, while SMR attenuated with increasing age. The independent predictors
      for all-cause mortality were longer diabetes duration, presence of macrovascular
      complications, nephropathy, retinopathy, hypertension, male gender and older age,
      while morbid obesity and the presence of hyperlipidemia were associated with
      reduced risk. CONCLUSIONS: The unexpectedly low mortality rate in this population
      would be associated with higher number of deaths as a result of the high
      prevalence of diabetes and its complications. Reducing the prevalence of diabetes
      and its complications would reduce the risk of mortality.

PMID- 27371779
TI  - Distribution and clinical association of plasma soluble ST2 during the
      development of type 2 diabetes.
AB  - AIM: ST2 plays important roles in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However,
      the distribution and changes in plasma soluble ST2 during the development of type
      2 diabetes remain unclear. METHODS: In the present study, 525 subjects were
      recruited and divided into three groups: normal, prediabetic and diabetic
      subjects. The sST2 levels of all subjects were measured using a high-sensitivity
      assay. RESULTS: sST2 levels were modestly but significantly elevated in patients
      with diabetes (26.1ng/ml) compared with normal subjects (19.3ng/ml, P<0.001) and
      persons with prediabetes (20.3ng/ml, P<0.001). The third and fourth quartiles
      (21.3 and 29.1ng/ml, respectively) of the sST2 levels were associated with a 2.31
      and 4.00-fold increased risk of having diabetes. With the prediabetic group as a
      reference population, patients with sST2 levels in the fourth quartiles had a
      higher increased risk of having diabetes mellitus (odds ratios=2.19, P<0.05).
      Furthermore, each SD log sST2 was associated with a 1.57-fold increased risk of
      atherosclerosis when all relevant variables was added to the multivariable
      logistic regression models. After adjustment for age and sex, all markers of
      liver and renal function, HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and smoking status
      showed a significant association with sST2 levels. CONCLUSION: Elevated sST2
      levels were not only associated with metabolic characteristics of diabetes but
      also with a significantly increased risk of having diabetes.

PMID- 27371780
TI  - Comparison of screening scores for diabetes and prediabetes.
AB  - AIMS: There are numerous risk or screening scores for the prediction of type-2
      diabetes mellitus (DM). In contrast, few scores are available for preDM. In this
      paper, we compare the two screening scores from the American Diabetes Association
      (ADA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that can be used for
      DM as well as preDM. METHODS: Adult participants (N=9391) without known DM from
      the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009-12 were included. We
      fitted the factors/items in the ADA and CDC scores in logistic regression with
      the outcomes of undiagnosed DM, preDM, and combination, and assessed the
      association and discrimination accuracy. We also evaluated the suggested
      cutpoints that define high risk individuals. We mimicked the original
      models/settings but also tested various deviations/modifications often
      encountered in practice. RESULTS: Both scores performed well and robustly, while
      the ADA score performed somewhat better (e.g., AUC=0.77 for ADA and 0.73-0.74 for
      CDC for DM; 0.72-0.74 and 0.70-0.71 for preDM). The same predictors and scoring
      rules seem to be reasonably justified with different cutpoints for DM and preDM,
      which can make usage easier and consistent. Some factors such as race and HDL/LDL
      cholesterols may be useful additions to health education. CONCLUSIONS: Current DM
      education and screening focus on the prevention and management of DM. The ADA and
      CDC scores could further help when we identify individuals at high risk for
      preDM, and teach the importance of preDM during which lifestyle intervention can
      be effective and urgently needed.

PMID- 27371781
TI  - Frequency of diabetic retinopathy and related factors in patients with diabetes
      having coronary artery disease.

PMID- 27371782
TI  - Plasma copeptin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in
      comparison to healthy controls.
AB  - In a cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus the trial
      tested the hypothesis that copeptin levels are associated with kidney function,
      biometrical data and quality of diabetes control. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total
      of 141 subjects were recruited to participate in the trial: 80 patients with type
      1 diabetes (13.0+/-3.4years, HbA1c 7.85+/-1.42%) and 61 healthy controls (12.4+/
      2.8years). Clinical and socio-economic data were assessed. A sandwich immunoassay
      (B.R.A.H.M.S. GmbH/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany) was
      used for measuring plasma copeptin levels. RESULTS: The mean concentration of
      copeptin in the diabetic patients was 4.75+/-3.46pmol/l. There was a strong
      inverse correlation between copeptin and GFR (r=-0.86, p=0.021), as well as with
      total cholesterol (r=-0.23, p=0.041), LDL-cholesterol (r=-0.24, p=0.036), but not
      with serum creatinine, albuminuria, HbA1c, blood glucose, MAGE, CRP, systolic or
      diastolic blood pressure or age, diabetes duration, weight, height and BMI.
      Comparing patients with a diabetes duration of ?7years (n=45) with those with a
      diabetes duration <7years (n=35), patients with a longer duration of diabetes had
      higher copeptin levels (5.24+/-2.26 vs 4.13+/-2.86, p=0.045). Performing
      multivariate analyses only GFR could be identified as a parameter associated with
      copeptin (R-square=0.05, beta=-0.23, p=0.032). In the healthy controls mean
      copeptin concentration was 5.56+/-3.15pmol/l. The copeptin concentration and GFR
      were inversely correlated as well (r=-0.61, p=0.034). However, other correlation
      and multivariate analyses revealed no further significant results. Comparing
      patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus with the healthy controls, the diabetes
      patients revealed no significant difference with respect to copeptin (p=0.24),
      serum creatinine (49.8+/-11.9 vs 50.4+/-11.0MUmol/l, p=0.53) or GFR (102.4+/-23.3
      vs 104.5+/-19.1ml/min, p=0.47). On the other hand, patients with type 1 diabetes
      had lower concentrations of CRP (1.66+/-3.91 vs 3.21+/-3.04MUg/ml, p=0,013),
      triglycerides (0.88+/-0.53 vs 1.13+/-0.60mmol/l, p=0.010), and a lower ratio of
      LDL-/HLD-cholesterol (1.73+/-0.69 vs 2.32+/-0.80, p<0.001), as well as lower body
      weight (51.3+/-18.0 vs 60.3+/-15.7kg, p=0.002) and BMI (19.7+/-3.8 vs 23.2+/
      2.9kg/m(2), p<0.001). In contrast to the controls, the diabetes patients had
      higher blood glucose levels at the time of examination (8.2+/-3.8 vs 4.7+/
      0.5mmol/l, p<0.001), higher HDL-cholesterol levels (1.59+/-0.34 vs 1.26+/
      0.24mmol/l, p<0.001), as well as higher education and higher educational levels
      of the mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The present trial revealed a clear association
      between GFR and copeptin in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
      mellitus. Hence, copeptin can be considered as a marker of renal function.

PMID- 27371783
TI  - The feasibility of shoulder motion tracking during activities of daily living
      using inertial measurement units.
AB  - Measurements of shoulder kinematics during activities of daily living (ADL) can
      be used to evaluate patient function before and after treatment and help define
      device testing conditions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the
      feasibility of using wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) to track shoulder
      joint angles while performing actual ADLs outside of laboratory simulations. IMU
      data of 5 subjects with normal shoulders was collected for 4h at the subjects'
      workplace and up to 4h off-work. An Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) enhanced with
      gyroscope bias modeling and zero velocity updates demonstrated an accuracy of
      about 2 degrees  and was used to estimate relative upper arm angles from the IMU
      data. The overall averaged 95th percentile angles were: flexion 128.8 degrees ,
      abduction 128.4 degrees , and external rotation 69.5 degrees . These peaks angles
      are similar to other investigator's reports using laboratory simulations of ADLs
      measured with optical and electromagnetic technologies. Additionally, with a
      Fourier transform the 50th percentile frequency was determined and used to
      extrapolate the typical number of arm cycles in a 10year period to be 649,000.
      Application of the UKF with the additional drift correction made substantial
      improvements in shoulder tracking performance and this feasibility data suggests
      that IMUs with the UKF are suitable for extended use outside of laboratory
      settings. The data provides a novel description of arm motion during ADLs
      including an estimate for the 10 year cycle count of upper arm motion.

PMID- 27371784
TI  - Effect of the 6-minute walk test on plantar loading and capability to produce
      ankle plantar flexion forces.
AB  - The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is used to evaluate the ambulatory capacity of
      patients suffering from respiratory disorders, obesity or neuromuscular diseases.
      Our primary aim was to evaluate the effects of the 6MWT on the postural sway and
      the ankle plantar flexion forces in healthy subjects. We measured the ankle
      plantar flexion forces and the plantar contact area before and after a 6MWT in
      normal weight and overweight subjects with no history of respiratory, cardiac,
      and neuromuscular disorders. A post-6MWT sensation of bodily fatigue was
      evaluated by Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) and Pichot fatigue scales.
      A computerized pedobarographic platform was used to collect the mean plantar
      contact area, the changes of the center of pressure (CoP) surface and its medial
      and lateral deviations. In a limited number of subjects, the reproducibility of
      all the measurements was explored. In both groups, the 6MWT elicited a sensation
      of bodily fatigue. It also significantly reduced the ankle plantar flexion
      forces, and increased both the mean plantar contact area and the CoP surface, the
      changes being not apparent after 10min. The post-6MWT lateral CoP deviations were
      accentuated in normal weight subjects, while an increase in medial CoP deviations
      occurred in overweight ones. The 6MWT-induced changes in the plantar flexion
      force and pedobarographic variables were reproducible. Because this study clearly
      showed some post-6MWT alterations of the subjects' posture sway of our subjects,
      we questioned the possible mechanisms occurring that could explain the altered
      muscle force and the transient destabilization of posture after the 6MWT.

PMID- 27371786
TI  - A novel hybrid MCDM model for performance evaluation of research and technology
      organizations based on BSC approach.
AB  - Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a strategic evaluation tool using both financial and
      non-financial indicators to determine the business performance of organizations
      or companies. In this paper, a new integrated approach based on the Balanced
      Scorecard (BSC) and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are proposed to
      evaluate the performance of research centers of research and technology
      organization (RTO) in Iran. Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory
      (DEMATEL) are employed to reflect the interdependencies among BSC perspectives.
      Then, Analytic Network Process (ANP) is utilized to weight the indices
      influencing the considered problem. In the next step, we apply four MCDM methods
      including Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS), Complex Proportional Assessment
      (COPRAS), Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (MOORA), and Technique
      for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for ranking of
      alternatives. Finally, the utility interval technique is applied to combine the
      ranking results of MCDM methods. Weighted utility intervals are computed by
      constructing a correlation matrix between the ranking methods. A real case is
      presented to show the efficacy of the proposed approach.

PMID- 27371785
TI  - Blueberry inhibits invasion and angiogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
      (DMBA)-induced oral squamous cell carcinogenesis in hamsters via suppression of
      TGF-beta and NF-kappaB signaling pathways.
AB  - Aberrant activation of oncogenic signaling pathways plays a pivotal role in tumor
      initiation and progression. The purpose of the present study was to investigate
      the chemopreventive and therapeutic efficacy of blueberry in the hamster buccal
      pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis model based on its ability to target TGF-beta,
      PI3K/Akt, MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling and its impact on invasion and
      angiogenesis. Squamous cell carcinomas were induced in the HBP by 7,12
      dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The effect of blueberry on the oncogenic
      signaling pathways and downstream events was analyzed by quantitative real-time
      PCR and immunoblotting. Experiments with the ECV304 cell line were performed to
      explore the mechanism by which blueberry regulates angiogenesis. Blueberry
      supplementation inhibited the development and progression of HBP carcinomas by
      abrogating TGF-beta and PI3K/Akt pathways. Although blueberry failed to influence
      MAPK, it suppressed NF-kappaB activation by preventing nuclear translocation of
      NF-kappaB p65. Blueberry also modulated the expression of the oncomiR miR-21 and
      the tumor suppressor let-7. Collectively, these changes induced a shift to an
      anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic phenotype as evidenced by downregulating matrix
      metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor. Blueberry also
      inhibited angiogenesis in ECV304 cells by suppressing migration and tube
      formation. The results of the present study suggest that targeting oncogenic
      signaling pathways that influence acquisition of cancer hallmarks is an effective
      strategy for chemointervention. Identification of modulatory effects on
      phosphorylation, intracellular localization of oncogenic transcription factors
      and microRNAs unraveled by the present study as key mechanisms of action of
      blueberry is critical from a therapeutic perspective.

PMID- 27371787
TI  - Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis: yes, no, maybe?
AB  - An epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process of cell remodeling
      critical during embryonic development and organogenesis. During an EMT,
      epithelial cells lose their polarized organization and acquire migratory and
      invasive capabilities. While a plethora of experimental results have indicated
      that manipulating an EMT also affects cancer metastasis, its reverse process, a
      mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), seems to support metastatic outgrowth
      in distant organs. Moreover, recent reports investigating cancer cells
      circulating in the blood stream or employing genetic lineage-tracing have
      questioned a critical role of an EMT in metastasis formation. Hence, we need to
      better understand the molecular networks underlying the cell plasticity conferred
      by an EMT or a MET and its functional contribution to malignant tumor
      progression.

PMID- 27371788
TI  - Direct correlation of diffusion and pore size distributions with low field NMR.
AB  - The time-dependent diffusion coefficient (D) is a powerful tool to probe
      microstructure in porous media, and can be obtained by the NMR method. In a real
      porous sample, molecular diffusion is very complex. Here we present a new method
      which directly measures the relationship between effective diffusion coefficients
      and pore size distributions without knowing surface relaxivity. This method is
      used to extract structural information and explore the relationship between D and
      a in porous media having broad pore size distributions. The diffusion information
      is encoded by the Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) method and the pore size
      distributions are acquired by the Decay due to Diffusion in the Internal Field
      (DDIF) method. Two model samples were measured to verify this method. Restricted
      diffusion was analyzed, and shows that most fluid molecules experience pore wall.
      The D(a) curves obtained from correlation maps were fitted to the Pade
      approximant equation and a good agreement was found between the fitting lines and
      the measured data. Then a sandstone sample with unknown structure was measured.
      The state of confined fluids was analyzed and structural information, such as
      pore size distributions, were extracted. The D - T1 correlation maps were also
      obtained using the same method, which yielded surface relaxivities for different
      samples. All the experiments were conducted on 2MHz NMR equipment to obtain
      accurate diffusion information, where internal gradients can be neglected. This
      method is expected to have useful applications in the oil industry, particularly
      for NMR logging in the future.

PMID- 27371789
TI  - PCDH19-related epilepsy and Dravet Syndrome: Face-off between two early-onset
      epilepsies with fever sensitivity.
AB  - Aim of this study is to compare PCDH19-related epilepsy and Dravet Syndrome (DS)
      in order to find out differences between these two infantile epilepsies with
      fever sensitivity. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 15 patients
      with PCDH19-related epilepsy and 19 with DS. Comparisons were performed with
      Fisher's exact test or Student's t-test. Females prevailed in PCDH19-related
      epilepsy. Epilepsy onset was earlier in DS (5.0+2.1 vs 11.2+7.0months; p<0.05).
      The second seizure/cluster occurred after a longer latency in PCDH19-related
      epilepsy rather than in DS (10.1+/-13.6 vs 2.2+/-2.1months; p<0.05). Seizures
      were mainly single and prolonged seizures in DS, and brief and clustered in
      PCDH19-related epilepsy. Myoclonic and clonic seizures have been found only in
      DS. Other types of seizures were found in both epilepsies with a prevalence of
      GTCS and atypical absences in DS, and focal motor and hypomotor seizures in
      PCDH19-related epilepsy. Seizures with affective symptoms have been confirmed to
      be typical of PCDH19-related epilepsy. Status Epilepticus equally occurred in
      both groups. Photosensitivity was detected only in DS. No differences were found
      about the presence of intellectual disabilities and behavioral disturbances. We
      were able to find out some distinctive features, which could address the
      diagnosis towards DS or PCDH19-related epilepsy, since first manifestation. These
      considerations suggest to definitively considering PCDH19 gene as cause of a
      proper epileptic phenotype.

PMID- 27371790
TI  - Large-scale functional network reorganization in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
      revealed by modularity analysis.
AB  - The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with cognitive impairments
      and a 41% risk of developing schizophrenia. While several studies performed on
      patients with 22q11DS showed the presence of abnormal functional connectivity in
      this syndrome, how these alterations affect large-scale network organization is
      still unknown. Here we performed a network modularity analysis on whole-brain
      functional connectomes derived from the resting-state fMRI of 40 patients with
      22q11DS and 41 healthy control participants, aged between 9 and 30 years old. We
      then split the sample at 18 years old to obtain two age subgroups and repeated
      the modularity analyses. We found alterations of modular communities affecting
      the visuo-spatial network and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in both age
      groups. These results corroborate previous structural and functional studies in
      22q11DS that showed early impairment of visuo-spatial processing regions.
      Furthermore, as ACC has been linked to the development of psychotic symptoms in
      22q11DS, the early impairment of its functional connectivity provide further
      support that ACC alterations may provide potential biomarkers for an increased
      risk of schizophrenia. Finally, we found an abnormal modularity partition of the
      dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) only in adults with 22q11DS, suggesting
      the presence of an abnormal development of functional network communities during
      adolescence in 22q11DS.

PMID- 27371791
TI  - Proteomics study revealed altered proteome of Dichogaster curgensis upon exposure
      to fly ash.
AB  - Fly ash is toxic and its escalating use as a soil amendment and disposal by
      dumping into environment is receiving alarming attention due to its impact on
      environment. Proteomics technology is being used for environmental studies since
      proteins respond rapidly when an organism is exposed to a toxicant, and hence
      soil engineers such as earthworms are used as model organisms to assess the toxic
      effects of soil toxicants. This study adopted proteomics technology and profiled
      proteome of earthworm Dichogaster curgensis that was exposed to fly ash, with
      main aim to elucidate fly ash effects on cellular and metabolic pathways. The
      functional classification of identified proteins revealed carbohydrate metabolism
      (14.36%), genetic information processing (15.02%), folding, sorting and
      degradation (10.83%), replication and repair (3.95%); environmental information
      processing (2.19%), signal transduction (9.61%), transport and catabolism
      (17.27%), energy metabolism (6.69%), etc. in the proteome. Proteomics data and
      functional assays revealed that the exposure of earthworm to fly ash induced
      protein synthesis, up-regulation of gluconeogenesis, disturbed energy metabolism,
      oxidative and cellular stress, and mis-folding of proteins. The regulation of
      ubiquitination, proteasome and modified alkaline comet assay in earthworm
      coelomocytes suggested DNA-protein cross link affecting chromatin remodeling and
      protein folding. 

PMID- 27371792
TI  - Improvement in methanol production by regulating the composition of synthetic gas
      mixture and raw biogas.
AB  - Raw biogas can be an alternative feedstock to pure methane (CH4) for methanol
      production. In this investigation, we evaluated the methanol production potential
      of Methylosinus sporium from raw biogas originated from an anaerobic digester.
      Furthermore, the roles of different gases in methanol production were
      investigated using synthetic gas mixtures of CH4, carbon dioxide (CO2), and
      hydrogen (H2). Maximum methanol production was 5.13, 4.35, 6.28, 7.16, 0.38, and
      0.36mM from raw biogas, CH4:CO2, CH4:H2, CH4:CO2:H2, CO2, and CO2:H2,
      respectively. Supplementation of H2 into raw biogas increased methanol production
      up to 3.5-fold. Additionally, covalent immobilization of M. sporium on chitosan
      resulted in higher methanol production from raw biogas. This study provides a
      suitable approach to improve methanol production using low cost raw biogas as a
      feed containing high concentrations of H2S (0.13%). To our knowledge, this is the
      first report on methanol production from raw biogas, using immobilized cells of
      methanotrophs. 

PMID- 27371793
TI  - A combined sodium phosphate and sodium sulfide pretreatment for enhanced
      enzymatic digestibility and delignification of corn stover.
AB  - Na3PO4 and Na2S were employed as efficient alkaline catalysts for the
      pretreatment of corn stover. To systematically obtain optimal conditions, the
      effects of critical pretreatment parameters including sodium phosphate
      concentration (1-4%), sulfidity (0-20%), pretreatment temperature (100-120
      degrees C), and reaction time (20-60min) on the reducing sugar yield of
      pretreated substrates were evaluated in a lab-scale using the response surface
      methodology. Pretreated under the sodium phosphate concentration of 4%, sulfidity
      of 10%, temperature of 120 degrees C, and reaction time of 40min, the reducing
      sugar yield and glucose yield of the pretreated corn stover achieved 91.11% and
      64.01%, respectively, with a moderate enzyme loading of 30FPU/g substrate.
      Additionally, a strong correlation (R(2)=0.971 and R(2)=0.954) between the
      delignification and the reducing sugar yield (or glucose yield) was observed by
      this pretreatment method. These results evidently support that the combined
      Na3PO4-Na2S pretreatment is an effective and feasible method for processing
      lignocellulosic biomass. 

PMID- 27371794
TI  - Enhanced succinate production from glycerol by engineered Escherichia coli
      strains.
AB  - In this study, an engineered strain Escherichia coli MLB (ldhA(-)pflB(-)) was
      constructed for production of succinate from glycerol. The succinate yield was
      0.37mol/mol in anaerobic culture, however, the growth and glycerol consumption
      rates were very slow, resulting in a low succinate level. Two-stage fermentation
      was performed in flasks, and the succinate yield reached 0.93mol/mol, but the
      succinate titer was still low. Hence, overexpression of malate dehydrogenase,
      malic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase (PCK)
      from E. coli, and pyruvate carboxylase from Corynebacterium glutamicum in MLB was
      investigated for improving succinate production. Overexpression of PCK resulted
      in remarkable enhancement of glycerol consumption and succinate production. In
      flask experiments, the succinate concentration reached 118.1mM, and in a 1.5-L
      bioreactor the succinate concentration further increased to 360.2mM. The highest
      succinate yield achieved 0.93mol/mol, which was 93% of the theoretical yield, in
      the anaerobic stage. 

PMID- 27371795
TI  - Co-generation of biohydrogen and biomethane through two-stage batch co
      fermentation of macro- and micro-algal biomass.
AB  - Aquatic micro-algae can be used as feedstocks for gaseous biofuel production via
      biological fermentation. However, micro-algae usually have low C/N ratios, which
      are not advantageous for fermentation. In this study, carbon-rich macro-algae
      (Laminaria digitata) mixed with nitrogen-rich micro-algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa
      and Nannochloropsis oceanica) were used to maintain a suitable C/N ratio of 20
      for a two-stage process combining hydrogen and methane fermentation. Co
      fermentation of L. digitata and micro-algae facilitated hydrolysis and
      acidogenesis, resulting in hydrogen yields of 94.5-97.0mL/gVS; these values were
      15.5-18.5% higher than mono-fermentation using L. digitata. Through the second
      stage of methane co-fermentation, a large portion of energy remaining in the
      hydrogenogenic effluents was recovered in the form of biomethane. The two-stage
      batch co-fermentation markedly increased the energy conversion efficiencies
      (ECEs) from 4.6-6.6% during the hydrogen fermentation to 57.0-70.9% in the
      combined hydrogen and methane production. 

PMID- 27371796
TI  - Thermo-chemical pretreatment of rice straw for further processing for levulinic
      acid production.
AB  - A variety of pretreatment protocols for rice straw fiber reconstruction were
      evaluated under mild conditions (upto 0.2%wt. and 121 degrees C) with the object
      of improving polymer susceptibility to chemical attack while preserving
      carbohydrate sugars for levulinic acid (LA) production. Each of the protocols
      tested significantly enhanced pretreatment recoveries of carbohydrate sugars and
      lignin, and a NaOH protocol showed the most promise, with enhanced carbohydrate
      preservation (upto 20% relative to the other protocols) and more effective lignin
      dissolution (upto 60%). Consequently, post-pretreatment fibers were evaluated for
      LA preparation using an existing co-solvent system consisting of HCl and THF, in
      addition supplementation of DMSO was attempted, in order to improve final product
      recovery. In contrast to pretreatment response, H2SO4 protocol fibers yielded
      highest LA conc. (21%wt. with 36% carbohydrate conversion efficiency) under the
      modest reaction conditions. Apparent spectroscopic analysis witnessed for fiber
      destruction and delocalization of inherent constituents during pretreatment
      protocols. 

PMID- 27371797
TI  - Structural changes and enzymatic response of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
      stem induced by alkaline pretreatment.
AB  - Napier grass is a promising energy crop in the tropical region. Feasible alkaline
      pretreatment technologies, including NaOH, Ca(OH)2, NH3, and alkaline H2O2
      (aH2O2), were used to delignify lignocellulose with the aim of improving glucose
      recovery from Napier grass stem cellulose via enzymatic saccharification. The
      influences of the pretreatments on structural alterations were examined using
      SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA, and the relationships between these changes and the
      enzymatic digestibility of cellulose were addressed. The extensive removal of
      lignin (84%) in NaOH-pretreated fibre agreed well with the high glucan conversion
      rate (94%) by enzymatic hydrolysis, while the conversion rates for fibre
      pretreated with Ca(OH)2, NH3, and aH2O2 approached 60%, 51%, and 42%,
      respectively. The substantial solubilisation of lignin created porosity, allowing
      increased cellulose accessibility to cellulases in NaOH-pretreated fibre. In
      contrast, high lignin content, lignin redeposition on the surface, and residual
      internal lignin and hemicellulose impeded enzymatic performance in Ca(OH)2-, NH3
      , and aH2O2-pretreated fibres, respectively. 

PMID- 27371798
TI  - A multi-technique approach for detecting and evaluating material inconsistencies
      in historical banknotes.
AB  - The identification of forged and genuine historical banknotes is an important
      problem for private collectors and researchers responsible for the care of
      numismatic collections. This paper presents a research approach for detecting
      material differences in historical banknotes through the use of microfading
      spectrometry along with other techniques such as hyperspectral image analysis,
      Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
      Microfading spectrometry results showed higher sensitivity to light irradiation
      for an overprint ink used on a suspicious banknote relative to its counterparts.
      In addition, the spectrocolorimetric changes experienced by the paper substrates
      during microfade testing also provided a way for discriminating between two
      groups of banknotes. These variations have been confirmed after analyzing the
      spectral and physico-chemical data obtained using the abovementioned
      complementary techniques. 

PMID- 27371799
TI  - Elevation of post mortem vitreous humour sodium and chloride levels can be used
      as a reliable test in cases of suspected salt water drowning when the immersion
      times are less than one hour.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies in salt water drowning deaths (SWD) demonstrated an
      observable elevation of post mortem vitreous sodium and chloride (PMVSC) levels.
      It remains unclear what the underlying mechanism responsible for this change is:
      whether this is due to rapid electrolyte changes from salt water
      inhalation/ingestion during drowning or from electrolyte diffusion and/or osmosis
      across the outer coats of the eyeballs during immersion. A recent animal study
      using sacrificed bovine eyeballs immersed in salt water demonstrated no
      significant elevations in PMVSC when immersed for less than one hour. Assuming
      similar physical properties between human and bovine, we extrapolate that an
      elevation in PMVSC in SWD with immersion times of less than one hour (SWD-1)
      would not be from immersion, but from drowning. AIM: Investigate whether there is
      an elevation in PMVSC in SWD-1. METHODS: Retrospective study comparing PMVSC in
      SWD-1 with controls from 2012 to 2015 inclusive. RESULTS: PMVSC in SWD-1 was
      significantly elevated compared with controls. A PMVSC of 259mmol/L has a
      sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of 0.9, 0.9 and 7.6, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The elevation in PMVSC in SWD-1 is due to drowning. A PMVSC of
      259mmol/L and above is a reliable ancillary test in diagnosing drowning in bodies
      immersed in salt water for less than one hour.

PMID- 27371800
TI  - Childhood trauma, PTSD, and psychosis: Findings from a highly traumatized,
      minority sample.
AB  - Trauma, especially early life trauma, is a risk factor for the development of
      both posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosis. The goal of the present study
      was to determine specific associations between exposure to childhood abuse, PTSD
      symptoms, and current psychotic disorder. Subjects were recruited from a public,
      urban hospital (N=328, >90% African American). Psychotic disorders were measured
      using the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview, PTSD was measured using
      the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, child abuse was measured with the
      Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and lifetime trauma exposure was measured with
      the Traumatic Events Inventory. Logistic regression analyses showed that both
      child abuse and current PTSD were statistically significant predictors of
      psychotic disorder beyond the effects of lifetime trauma load. When PTSD symptom
      clusters were examined, avoidance and numbing symptoms showed unique association
      with psychotic disorder independent of demographic variables and trauma exposure.
      Using bootstrapping techniques, we found a full indirect effect of PTSD on the
      association between child abuse and, suggesting a particularly important role of
      PTSD symptoms in relation to psychotic disorder in the presence of early life
      trauma. Because this is a cross-sectional study, continued research is needed to
      determine causality of such models. Identifying co-occurring psychosis and PTSD,
      particularly in populations with high levels of trauma exposure, is critical and
      will likely aid in more successful treatment interventions.

PMID- 27371801
TI  - An international study of hospitalized cancer patients' health status, nursing
      care quality, perceived individuality in care and trust in nurses: A path
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Providing high quality nursing care for patients with malignancies is
      complex and driven by many factors. Many of the associations between nursing care
      quality, trust, health status and individualized care remain obscure. OBJECTIVE:
      To empirically test a model of association linking hospitalized cancer patients'
      health status, nursing care quality, perceived individuality in care and trust in
      nurses. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, exploratory and correlational study design was
      used. SETTINGS: This multi-site study was conducted in cancer care clinics, in
      patient wards of five tertiary care hospitals in Cyprus, Finland, Greece and
      Sweden. SAMPLE: Out of 876 hospitalized patients with a confirmed
      histopathological diagnosis of cancer approached to participate in the study in
      consecutive order, 599 (response rate 68%) agreed to participate and the data
      from 590 were used for path analysis. METHODS: Data were collected in 2012-2013
      with the Individualized Care Scale-Patient (ICS-Patient), the Oncology Patients'
      Perceptions of Quality Nursing Care Scale (OPPQNCS), the Euro-Qol (EQ-5D-3L) and
      the Trust in Nurses Scale. Data were analysed statistically using descriptive and
      inferential statistics. Mplus version 7.11 was used to determine the best Trust
      model with path analysis. RESULTS: Although the model fit indices suggested that
      the hypothesized model did not perfectly to the data, a slightly modified model
      which includes the reciprocal path between individualized care and nursing care
      quality demonstrated a good fit. CONCLUSION: A model of trust in nurses was
      developed. Health status, individualized care, and nursing care quality were
      found to be associated with trust. The model highlights the complexity of caring
      for cancer patients. Trust in nurses is influenced by the provision of
      individualized care. Generating and promoting trust requires interventions, which
      promote nursing care quality, individuality and patients' health status.

PMID- 27371802
TI  - Positive association between trait impulsivity and high gambling-related
      cognitive biases among college students.
AB  - The present study examined whether people with high gambling-related cognitive
      bias are more likely to have higher levels of impulsivity than are those with low
      gambling-related cognitive bias. We used Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11,
      Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire and the Iowa gambling task to explore
      differences in impulsivity between high and low gambling-related cognitive bias
      groups. Extreme group design was applied. 110 participants (high gambling related
      cognition group=58, low one=52) were recruited to complete the gambling related
      cognition scale, impulsivity self-rating scales and Iowa gambling task.
      Impulsivity self-rating scores were higher among subjects with high than among
      those with low gambling-related cognitive bias. Compared with individuals with
      low gambling-related cognitive bias, those with high levels of such bias showed
      greater degrees of trait impulsivity. We are unable to identify group differences
      on IGT. State and trait impulsivity may be dissociated.

PMID- 27371803
TI  - Risk-taking behavior and impulsivity among HCV-infected patients.
AB  - The association between risk behaviors and hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been
      extensively studied. It is also proved that impulsivity is associated with risk
      behaviors. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the association
      between HCV and impulsivity, a characteristic that can contribute directly to
      these risk behaviors. This study aimed to investigate HCV-infected individuals'
      impulsivity and whether this feature mediates risk behavior. Adult patients with
      liver diseases (n=269) were divided into two groups: viral group (n=157) -
      patients with HCV and nonviral group (n=112). Risk behaviors were evaluated by a
      sociodemographic questionnaire. Impulsivity was assessed through Barratt
      Impulsiveness Scale - BIS-11. Psychiatric comorbidities were investigated by the
      Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0.0. The viral group patients had
      higher impulsivity than the nonviral group in all domains: attentional
      impulsivity, motor impulsivity, and nonplanning. Risk behaviors were also shown
      to be associated with impulsivity levels. Our results suggest that HCV-infected
      patients are more impulsive than individuals with other liver diseases, even when
      analyses are controlled for the presence of comorbid mental disorders. In
      addition, at-risk behavior was significantly mediated by impulsivity.

PMID- 27371804
TI  - Advanced age and decisional capacity: The effect of age on the ability to make
      health care decisions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cognitive disorders, including dementia, have been shown to be
      predictors of decisional incapacity, even more than psychotic or substance use
      disorders. Nonetheless, the impact of advanced age on decisional capacity remains
      understudied. METHOD: Out of more than 2500 consecutive psychiatric consultations
      performed by the Consultation-Liaison service at Bellevue Hospital Center in New
      York City, 266 completed decisional capacity assessments were identified and
      analyzed with respect to the indications for referral and the impact of age and
      other sociodemographic, medical and psychiatric variables on decisional capacity.
      RESULTS: By itself, in this sample advanced age was not associated with impaired
      medical decision-making. In individuals >=65years old, among whom only 27% were
      deemed to have decisional incapacity, cognitive disorders including dementia
      remained the strongest association with this incapacity; meanwhile, in patients
      <65, decisional impairment was evident in 62%, and delirium, psychosis and
      neurological disorders caused more decisional impairment. The main indications
      for referral were placement refusals in those >=65, while young patients were
      largely seen due to their desire to leave the hospital against medical advice.
      CONCLUSION: Advanced age by itself failed to be associated with decisional
      incapacity in this sample. In those >=65, cognitive disorders remained the main
      association with such incapacity, versus psychosis, substance use and
      neurological disorders in younger patients.

PMID- 27371805
TI  - Interaction of single-walled carbon nanotubes and saxitoxin: Ab initio
      simulations and biological responses in hippocampal cell line HT-22.
AB  - Saxitoxins (STXs) are potent neurotoxins that also induce cytotoxicity through
      the generation of reactive oxygen species. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are
      nanomaterials that can promote a Trojan horse effect, facilitating the entry of
      toxic molecules to cells when adsorbed to nanomaterials. The interaction of
      pristine single-walled (SW)CNTs and carboxylated (SWCNT-COOH) nanotubes with STX
      was evaluated by ab initio simulation and bioassays using the cell line HT-22.
      Cells (5 * 104  cells/mL) were exposed to SWCNT and SWCNT-COOH (5 MUg mL-1 ), STX
      (200 MUg L-1 ), SWCNT+STX, and SWCNT-COOH+STX for 30 min or 24 h. Results of ab
      initio simulation showed that the interaction between SWCNT and SWCNT-COOH with
      STX occurs in a physisorption. The interaction of SWCNT+STX induced a decrease in
      cell viability. Cell proliferation was not affected in any treatment after 30 min
      or 24 h of exposure (p > 0.05). Treatment with SWCNT-COOH induced high reactive
      oxygen species levels, an effect attenuated in SWCNT-COOH+STX treatment. In terms
      of cellular oxygen consumption, both CNTs when coexposed with STX antagonize the
      toxin effect. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the results
      obtained in vitro corroborate the semiempirical evidence found using density
      functional theory ab initio simulation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1728-1737.
      (c) 2016 SETAC.

PMID- 27371806
TI  - Acetylshikonin inhibits growth of oral squamous cell carcinoma by inducing
      apoptosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Recently, shikonin derivatives from Lithospermum erythrorhizon have
      been suggested as potential chemotherapeutic agents against numerous types of
      cancers in addition to their traditional uses, e.g., as anti-inflammatory agents.
      Acetylshikonin, one of shikonin derivatives, has also been reported to possess
      anticancer activity. However, few studies of the effectiveness of acetylshikonin
      against cancer cells have been conducted, and there are no studies of oral
      cancers. In this study, we investigated the usefulness of acetylshikonin as a
      treatment regimen for oral cancers by observing the growth inhibitory function of
      acetylshikonin and the involved mechanisms. DESIGNS: The viability, cell cycle,
      and ratio of apoptotic cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells were
      observed after treatment with acetylshikonin using MTT assay, flow cytometric
      analysis, and Annexin V/PI staining, respectively. In addition, molecular changes
      of apoptosis-related pathways and the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were
      analyzed in acetylshikonin-treated cells. RESULTS: We observed that
      acetylshikonin significantly suppressed the growth of OSCC cells by inducing
      apoptotic cell death, and acetylshikonin affected the viability of a normal
      keratinocyte cell line HaCaT to a lesser degree, suggesting that acetylshikonin
      may be a good chemotherapeutic reagent with less toxicity to normal tissues. In
      addition, we found that acetylshikonin-induced apoptosis of OSCC cells is
      mediated by ROS as well as G2 cell cycle arrest. ROS production in response to
      acetylshikonin treatment enhanced the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK, which
      are in the major pathways of apoptotic cell death mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: In
      summary, our data suggest that acetylshikonin is a strong candidate for use as a
      selective chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of OSCC.

PMID- 27371807
TI  - Dental pulp cells promote the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor
      kappaB ligand, prostaglandin E2 and substance P in mechanically stressed
      periodontal ligament cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the expression of receptor activator of
      nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells co
      cultured with dental pulp (DP) cells following mechanical stress in vitro.
      Furthermore, the expression of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and substance P (SP) by the
      PDL cells and by the DP cells were also examined. DESIGN: PDL and DP cells were
      obtained from 10 rats. The experimental group consisted of PDL cells subjected to
      centrifugal force as mechanical stress and co-cultured with DP cells. The 3
      control groups of PDL cells were: 1) PDL cells without mechanical stress, 2) PDL
      cells treated with mechanical stress and 3) PDL cells co-cultured with DP cells.
      The 2 control groups of DP cells were: 1) DP cells without mechanical stress and
      2) DP cells co-cultured with PDL cells. In each group, both cells were examined
      at day 1 and day 3, and mRNA levels of RANKL by PDL cells were analyzed using
      Real time quantitative Reverse Transcription (RT)-PCR. Furthermore, RANKL
      expression was observed using Immunofluorescence staining. PGE2 and SP expression
      levels by PDL cells and DP cells were characterized by ELISA analysis. RESULTS:
      The expression of RANKL by PDL cells under mechanical stress increased by co
      culture with DP cells. PGE2 and SP expressions were increased in the group of PDL
      cells subjected to mechanical stress and co-cultured with DP cells. CONCLUSION:
      DP cells may facilitate the expression of RANKL in PDL cells under mechanical
      stress via PGE2 and SP.

PMID- 27371809
TI  - The role of mating in oviduct biology.
AB  - The oviduct connects the ovary to the uterus, and is subject to changes that
      influence gamete transport, fertilization, and early embryo development. The
      ovarian steroids estradiol and progesterone are largely responsible for
      regulating oviduct function, although mating signals also affect the female
      reproductive tract, both indirectly, through sensory stimulation, and directly,
      through contact with seminal plasma or spermatozoa. The resulting alterations in
      gene and protein expression help establish a microenvironment that is appropriate
      for sperm storage and selection, embryo development, and gamete transport. Mating
      may also induce the switch from a non-genomic to a genomic pathway of estradiol
      accelerated oviduct egg transport, reflecting a novel example of the functional
      plasticity in well-differentiated cells. This review highlights the physiological
      relevance of various aspects of mating to oviduct biology and reproductive
      success. Expanding our knowledge of the mating-associated molecular and cellular
      events in oviduct cells would undoubtedly facilitate new therapeutic strategies
      to treat infertility attributable to oviduct pathologies. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83:
      875-883, 2016 (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27371808
TI  - Creation of a protective pulmonary bioshield against inhaled organophosphates
      using an aerosolized bioscavenger.
AB  - In addition to the global use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides for agriculture,
      OP nerve agents and pesticides have been employed on battlefields and by
      terrorists (e.g., a recent sarin attack in Syria). These occurrences highlight
      the need for an effective countermeasure against OP exposure. Human
      butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE) is a leading candidate, but injection of the high
      doses required for protection present pharmacokinetic challenges. An aerosolized
      recombinant form (aer-rHuBChE) that can neutralize inhaled OPs at the portal of
      entry has been assessed for its efficacy in protecting macaques against
      respiratory toxicity following inhalation exposure to the pesticide paraoxon (aer
      Px). While protection in macaques has been demonstrated using the MicroSprayer(r)
      delivery device, administration to humans will likely employ a vibrating mesh
      nebulizer (VMN). Compared to the 50-70% lung deposition achieved in adult humans
      with a VMN, deposition in macaques is <5%, an initial major obstacle to
      demonstrating protection. Such problems have been partly overcome by using a more
      efficient modified VMN and proportionally higher doses, which together generate
      an effective rHuBChE pulmonary bioshield and protect against high levels of
      inhaled Px.

PMID- 27371810
TI  - Is Cumulative Exposure to Suicide Attempts and Deaths a Risk Factor for Suicidal
      Behavior Among Firefighters? A Preliminary Study.
AB  - The association between cumulative exposure to suicide attempts and deaths and
      suicidal behavior was examined in a sample of 61 professional firefighters. On
      average, firefighters reported 13.1 (SD = 16.6) exposures over the course of
      their lifetime. Cumulative exposure to suicide attempts and deaths was positively
      correlated with suicidal behavior (r = .38, p = .004). Moreover, firefighters
      with 12+ exposures were more likely to screen positive for risk of suicidal
      behavior (OR = 7.885, p = .02). Additional research on the potential impact of
      cumulative exposure to suicide attempts and deaths on firefighters' health and
      safety is needed.

PMID- 27371812
TI  - Increased autumn rainfall disrupts predator-prey interactions in fragmented
      boreal forests.
AB  - There is a pressing need to understand how changing climate interacts with land
      use change to affect predator-prey interactions in fragmented landscapes. This is
      particularly true in boreal ecosystems facing fast climate change and
      intensification in forestry practices. Here, we investigated the relative
      influence of autumn climate and habitat quality on the food-storing behaviour of
      a generalist predator, the pygmy owl, using a unique data set of 15 850 prey
      items recorded in western Finland over 12 years. Our results highlighted strong
      effects of autumn climate (number of days with rainfall and with temperature <0 
      degrees C) on food-store composition. Increasing frequency of days with
      precipitation in autumn triggered a decrease in (i) total prey biomass stored,
      (ii) the number of bank voles (main prey) stored, and (iii) the scaled mass index
      of pygmy owls. Increasing proportions of old spruce forests strengthened the
      functional response of owls to variations in vole abundance and were more prone
      to switch from main prey to alternative prey (passerine birds) depending on local
      climate conditions. High-quality habitat may allow pygmy owls to buffer negative
      effects of inclement weather and cyclic variation in vole abundance.
      Additionally, our results evidenced sex-specific trends in body condition, as the
      scaled mass index of smaller males increased while the scaled mass index of
      larger females decreased over the study period, probably due to sex-specific
      foraging strategies and energy requirements. Long-term temporal stability in
      local vole abundance refutes the hypothesis of climate-driven change in vole
      abundance and suggests that rainier autumns could reduce the vulnerability of
      small mammals to predation by pygmy owls. As small rodents are key prey species
      for many predators in northern ecosystems, our findings raise concern about the
      impact of global change on boreal food webs through changes in main prey
      vulnerability.

PMID- 27371813
TI  - Contrasting habitat selection amongst cephalopods in the Mediterranean Sea: When
      the environment makes the difference.
AB  - Conservation of fish habitat requires a deeper knowledge of how species
      distribution patterns are related to environmental factors. Habitat suitability
      modelling is an essential tool to quantify species' realised niches and
      understand species-environment relationships. Cephalopods are important players
      in the marine food web and a significant resource for fisheries; they are also
      very sensitive to environmental changes. Here a time series of fishery
      independent data (1998-2011) was used to construct habitat suitability models and
      investigate the influence of environmental variables on four commercial
      cephalopods: Todaropsis eblanae, Illex coindetii, Eledone moschata and Eledone
      cirrhosa, in the central Mediterranean Sea. The main environmental predictors of
      cephalopod habitat suitability were depth, seafloor morphology, chlorophyll-a
      concentration, sea surface temperature and surface salinity. Predictive maps
      highlighted contrasting habitat selection amongst species. This study identifies
      areas where the important commercial species of cephalopods are concentrated and
      provides significant information for a future spatial based approach to fisheries
      management in the Mediterranean Sea. 

PMID- 27371811
TI  - Inflammatory Markers and the Risk of Hip and Vertebral Fractures in Men: the
      Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS).
AB  - Cytokines play major roles in regulating bone remodeling, but their relationship
      to incident fractures in older men is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that
      men with higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers have a higher risk of
      fracture. We used a case-cohort design and measured inflammatory markers in a
      random sample of 961 men and in men with incident fractures including 120
      clinical vertebral, 117 hip, and 577 non-spine fractures; average follow-up 6.13
      years (7.88 years for vertebral fractures). We measured interleukin (IL)-6, C
      reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), soluble receptors
      (SR) of IL-6 (IL-6SR) and TNF (TNFalphaSR1 and TNFalphaSR2), and IL-10. The risk
      of non-spine, hip, and clinical vertebral fracture was compared across quartiles
      (Q) of inflammatory markers using Cox proportional hazard models with tests for
      linear trend. In multivariable-adjusted models, men with the highest (Q4) TNFa
      cytokine concentrations and their receptors had a 2.0-4.2-fold higher risk of hip
      and clinical vertebral fracture than men with the lowest (Q1). Results were
      similar for all non-spine fractures, but associations were smaller. There was no
      association between CRP and IL-6SR and fracture. Men in the highest Q of IL-10
      had a 49% lower risk of vertebral fracture compared with men in Q1. Among men
      with >=3 inflammatory markers in the highest Q, the hazard ratio (HR) for hip
      fractures was 2.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-3.71) and for vertebral
      fracture 3.06 (1.66-5.63). The HRs for hip fracture were attenuated by 27%, 27%,
      and 15%, respectively, after adjusting for appendicular lean mass (ALM),
      disability, and bone density, suggesting mediating roles. ALM also attenuated the
      HR for vertebral fractures by 10%. There was no association between inflammation
      and rate of hip BMD loss. We conclude that inflammation may play an important
      role in the etiology of fractures in older men. (c) 2016 American Society for
      Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 27371814
TI  - Stable patients and patients with advanced disease: consensus definitions to
      support sustained scale up of antiretroviral therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: As guidelines are evolving towards recommending starting
      antiretroviral therapy (ART) in all HIV-positive individuals irrespective of
      clinical and immunological status, HIV programmes will be challenged to manage an
      increasingly diverse set of patient needs. To support global guideline
      recommendations for differentiated service delivery, WHO developed consensus
      definitions for two distinct patient populations: patients presenting with
      advanced disease and patients who are stable on ART. METHODS: An expert panel
      consisting of 73 respondents from 28 countries across all six WHO regions
      supported the development of these definitions. The panel included clinicians,
      researchers, programme managers, technical advisors and patient group
      representatives. RESULTS: Patients presenting with advanced disease at
      presentation to care were defined as CD4 count <200 CD4 cells/mm(3) or WHO Stage
      III & IV defining illness. Patients stable on ART were defined as those who were
      receiving ART for at least 1 year with no adverse drug reactions requiring
      regular monitoring, no current illnesses or pregnancy, a good understanding of
      lifelong adherence, and evidence of treatment success. Treatment success was
      defined as two consecutive undetectable viral load measures or, in the absence of
      viral load monitoring, rising CD4 counts or CD4 counts above 200 cells/mm(3) and
      an objective adherence measure. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who are stable on ART
      should be offered a less intensive care package that can lead to improved
      outcomes while saving resources, including less frequent clinic visits, out-of
      clinic drug refills and reduced laboratory monitoring. This will allow for clinic
      resources to be directed towards reducing morbidity and mortality among patients
      presenting with advanced disease.

PMID- 27371815
TI  - Identification, Response, and Referral of Suicidal Youth Following Applied
      Suicide Intervention Skills Training.
AB  - Gatekeeper training is a public health approach to suicide prevention that
      encourages community members to identify those at risk for suicide, respond
      appropriately, and refer for clinical services. Despite widespread use, few
      studies have examined whether training results in behavior change in
      participants. This study employed a naturalistic pre-post design to follow 434
      participants in Applied Suicide Intervention Skills Training, finding small but
      significant increases in self-reported identification of at-risk youth, some
      helpful responses to youth, and numbers of youth referred to treatment from pre
      test to 6- to 9-month follow-up. Changes in active listening and helping
      behaviors meant to support treatment referrals (such as convincing a youth to
      seek treatment) were not observed over time. Additional analyses explored
      predictors of self-reported skill utilization including identification as a
      "natural helper" and attitudes about suicide prevention.

PMID- 27371816
TI  - Charge carrier mobilities in organic semiconductor crystals based on the spectral
      overlap.
AB  - The prediction of substance-related charge-transport properties is important for
      the tayloring of new materials for organic devices, such as organic solar cells.
      Assuming a hopping process, the Marcus theory is frequently used to model charge
      transport. Here another approach, which is already widely used for exciton
      transport, is adapted to charge transport. It is based on the spectral overlap of
      the vibrational donor and acceptor spectra. As the Marcus theory it is derived
      from Fermi's Golden rule, however, it contains less approximations, as the
      molecular vibrations are treated quantum mechanically. In contrast, the Marcus
      theory reduces all vibrational degrees of freedom to one and treats its influence
      classically. The approach is tested on different acenes and predicts most of the
      experimentally available hole mobilities in these materials within a factor of 2.
      This represents a significant improvement to values obtained from Marcus theory
      which is qualitatively correct but frequently overestimates the mobilities by
      factors up to 10. Furthermore, the charge-transport properties of two derivatives
      of perylene bisimide are investigated. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27371817
TI  - Metabolomic analysis of glycerophospholipid signatures of inflammation treated
      with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced-RAW264.7 cells using (1)H NMR
      and U-HPLC/Q-TOF-MS.
AB  - Non-destructive proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy and
      highly sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of
      flight mass spectrometry (U-HPLC/Q-TOF-MS) coupled to data processing methods
      were applied to analyze the metabolic profiling changes of glycerophospholipids
      (GPLs) in RAW264.7 cells from inflammation to prognosis. Analysis of (1)H NMR was
      shown that the models were grouped successfully, illustrating that all of them
      had significant differences. Based on the highly simple, accurate, non-targeted
      and non-destructively advantages of (1)H NMR, it could be used as a new screening
      tool of anti-inflammatory drugs in the metabolic profiling of GPLs. 58 GPLs were
      identified by U-HPLC/Q-TOF-MS, and 19 components were firstly identified in this
      study compared with our previous results. In addition, ten potential biomarkers
      were proved, of which phosphatidylcholine (PC) (16:0/18:1) and (18:0/18:1)
      changed consistently in three drug-induced groups and might be the important
      biomarkers. Compared with (1)H NMR, U-HPLC/Q-TOF-MS showed higher sensitivity and
      specificity and was more suitable for the determination of biomarkers apart from
      the deficiency of time-consuming sample preparation steps and unambiguous
      metabolite identification. Therefore, it is feasible to analyze the changes of
      GPLs during inflammation by combining (1)H NMR spectroscopy with U-HPLC/Q-TOF-MS.
      The metabolic profiling of GPLs provides valuable evidence for inflammation
      diagnosis and prognosis, and might unravel the mechanisms involved in
      inflammation progression. 

PMID- 27371818
TI  - Design considerations for patient-specific surgical templates for total hip
      arthroplasty with respect to acetabular cartilage.
AB  - Patient-specific instruments (PSIs) are clinically used to support the surgeon
      during a planned intervention. The planning is typically done based on volumetric
      image data from medical imaging systems, e.g. computed tomography (CT). The PSI
      uses the known surface structure of a bone for orientation during the
      intervention. Some surfaces of human bone are covered with a layer of cartilage
      which is hardly visible in clinically applied CT-imaging. This experimental study
      investigates ten different PSI designs and their effect to the overall accuracy
      when neglecting the cartilage in the design process. Therefore, a model of an
      acetabulum is used to simulate the use case of PSI in total hip arthroplasty. The
      concept of the different designs is to create structural elasticities in the PSI
      to avoid shifting of the whole instrument and rather have a small part of it
      deformed by cartilage. A needle array structure, for instance, should also be
      able to oust or penetrate remaining soft tissue in the acetabulum.

PMID- 27371819
TI  - The nurse-patient communication: voices from nursing students.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Effective communication skills have been found to be one of the
      pivotal factors in building positive interpersonal relationships. Little is known
      about nursing undergraduates' perspectives on communicating with patients.
      OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore nursing students' perspectives and
      experiences of nurse-patient communication in their clinical placement. METHODS:
      The participants included 21 second-year undergraduates and 21 first-year
      master's students. Interviews were conducted in Cantonese and then transcribed in
      Chinese and translated into English. A content analysis approach was adopted to
      analyze the data. RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the interview data. 'The
      necessity of nurse-patient communication' reveals why the students valued nurse
      patient communication. 'The conversation contents' describes the content of the
      conversations that students typically had with patients. The third theme is 'self
      reflection on the nurse-patient communication'. The last two themes, 'the
      communication pattern in different hospital settings' and 'the obstacles impeding
      nurse-patient communication', are about the students' communication styles in
      different hospitals and the barriers they encounter. DISCUSSION: To improve
      students' communication skills, educators and clinical staff should listen to
      students, enhance students' reflective skills and strengthen their confidence.
      CONCLUSION: Through understanding students' difficulties in the nurse-patient
      communication experience and the skills that they lack, educators can provide
      them with helpful recommendations to improve their communication skills in
      clinical practice. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The results of this study reveal that
      students' nurse-patient communication skills need to be improved.

PMID- 27371820
TI  - Optimizing enrollment in pediatric obese patients: reflections on recruitment
      characteristics.
AB  - Clinical research involving children and adolescents with obesity is challenging
      due to recruitment, transportation barriers, parents/guardians working multiple
      jobs and the need to coordinate the schedule of the participant and the
      parent/guardian. We describe recruitment efforts and successes for a longitudinal
      observational study of adolescents with obesity.

PMID- 27371821
TI  - Antithrombotic and cytotoxic activities of four Bangladeshi plants and PASS
      prediction of their isolated compounds.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate whether tested organic extracts
      possess antithrombotic properties with minimal or no toxicity and to predict the
      activity of some of their isolated compounds. METHODS: An in vitro thrombolytic
      model was used to check the clot lysis effect of four Bangladeshi herbal extracts
      viz., roots of Curculigo recurvata W.T. Aiton (Satipata), leaf of Amorphophallus
      bulbifer Roxb. (Olkachu), leaf of Phyllanthus sikkimensis Muell. Arg., and whole
      plant of Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. (Nillata) using streptokinase as a positive
      control and water as a negative control. Cytotoxicity was screened by brine
      shrimp lethality bioassay using vincristine sulfate as positive control. In
      silico prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction was
      applied for phytoconstituents, namely, nyasicoside, glucomannan, grandifloric
      acid, serine, and alanine. RESULTS: Using an in vitro thrombolytic model, C.
      recurvata, A. bulbifer, P. sikkimensis, and T. grandiflora showed 28.10+/-1.64%,
      42.47+/-1.96%, 32.86+/-1.92%, and 25.51+/-1.67% of clot lysis, respectively.
      Reference drug streptokinase exhibited 75.00+/-3.04% clot lysis. Examined herbs
      showed significant (p<0.001) percentage (%) of clot lysis compared to negative
      control. In brine shrimp cytotoxic assay, C. recurvata, A. bulbifer, P.
      sikkimensis, and T. grandiflora showed LC50 values 210.64+/-3.44, 98.51+/-1.47,
      187.29+/-2.01, and 386.43+/-3.02 MUg/mL, respectively, with reference to
      vincristine sulfate (LC50 0.76+/-0.04). PASS predicted that examined
      phytoconstituents have a wide range of biological activity. CONCLUSIONS: Through
      our study it was found that A. bulbifer and P. sikkimensis could be considered as
      very promising and beneficial thrombolytic agents.

PMID- 27371822
TI  - Age-dependent features of CYP3A, CYP2C, and CYP2E1 functioning at metabolic
      syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complex investigations of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms with
      metabolic syndrome (MS) development are limited, and specific features of
      adolescent's metabolisms are generally disregarded. The aim of present study was
      a comparative estimation of MS-mediated changes in CYP3A, CYP2C, and CYP2E1 mRNA
      expression and enzymatic activities, as well as antioxidant system parameters of
      adult and pubertal rats. METHODS: Wistar albino male rats of two age categories
      [young animals of 21 days age (50-70 g) and adults (160-180 g)] were divided into
      four groups (eight animals in each group): (1) control 1 (intact young rats), (2)
      control 2 (intact adult rats), (3) MS3 (young rats with MS), and (4) MS4 (adult
      rats with MS). The MS was induced by full replacement of drinking water by 20%
      fructose solution (200 g/L). After 60 days of MS modeling, the investigation of
      rat liver CYP3A, CYP2C, and CYP2E1 mRNA expressions, their enzyme-marker
      activities, as well as the antioxidant system parameters was conducted. RESULTS:
      Levels of liver CYP2E1 mRNA expression increased with MS: 40% (adults) and 80%
      (pubertal rats). Pubertal rats had also increased CYP3A2 mRNA expression (30%)
      and decreased CYP2C mRNA expression (30%). Changes in CYP2E1 and CYP2C enzymatic
      activities were consistent with the changes of corresponding gene expressions at
      both age-groups with MS. Simultaneously, liver reduced glutathione contents, and
      glutathione transferase and reductase activities were decreased in pubertal
      animals. CONCLUSIONS: CYP isoform expression rates and glutathione system were
      greatly violated with MS. The greater changes were observed in pubertal rats with
      MS.

PMID- 27371823
TI  - Tissue injury and repair following cutaneous exposure of mice to sulfur mustard.
AB  - In mouse skin, sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent vesicant, damaging both the
      epidermis and the dermis. The extent of wounding is dependent on the dose of SM
      and the duration of exposure. Initial responses include erythema, pruritus,
      edema, and xerosis; this is followed by an accumulation of inflammatory
      leukocytes in the tissue, activation of mast cells, and the release of mediators,
      including proinflammatory cytokines and bioactive lipids. These proinflammatory
      mediators contribute to damaging the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous
      glands and to disruption of the epidermal basement membrane. This can lead to
      separation of the epidermis from the dermis, resulting in a blister, which
      ruptures, leading to the formation of an eschar. The eschar stimulates the
      formation of a neoepidermis and wound repair and may result in persistent
      epidermal hyperplasia. Epidermal damage and repair is associated with
      upregulation of enzymes generating proinflammatory and pro-growth/pro-wound
      healing mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2, which generates prostanoids,
      inducible nitric oxide synthase, which generates nitric oxide, fibroblast growth
      factor receptor 2, and galectin-3. Characterization of the mediators regulating
      structural changes in the skin during SM-induced tissue damage and wound healing
      will aid in the development of therapeutic modalities to mitigate toxicity and
      stimulate tissue repair processes.

PMID- 27371824
TI  - A convenient purification method for silver nanoclusters and its applications in
      fluorescent pH sensors for bacterial monitoring.
AB  - Herein, we report a convenient approach to purify water-soluble dihydrolipoic
      acid (DHLA)-capped Ag nanoclusters (Ag NCs) by pH-induced precipitation under
      acidic conditions. The fluorescence of Ag NCs could be completely recovered by re
      dispersing the precipitate into a basic solution using DHLA and NaBH4 as
      stabilizing ligands and etching reagent. DHLA-Ag NCs-doped agarose hydrogels have
      been prepared to monitor pH with a wide range from 8.0 to 4.0. When pH decreased,
      the fluorescence of the hydrogels under a UV lamp decreased and completely
      disappeared after pH 5. The DHLA-Ag NCs-doped agarose hydrogels biosensor showed
      low cytotoxicity and long stability. Accordingly, a fluorescent pH sensor for
      bacterial monitoring has been employed based on the "OFF-ON" signal switch of the
      Ag NCs-agarose hydrogel. 

PMID- 27371825
TI  - Live cell monitoring of glycine betaine by FRET-based genetically encoded
      nanosensor.
AB  - Glycine betaine (GB) is one of the key compatible solutes that accumulate in the
      cell at exceedingly high level under the conditions of high salinity. It plays a
      crucial role in the maintenance of osmolarity of the cell without affecting the
      physiological processes. Analysis of stress-induced physiological conditions in
      living cells, therefore, requires real-time monitoring of cellular GB level.
      Glycine Betaine Optical Sensor (GBOS), a genetically-encoded FRET-based
      nanosensor developed in this study, allows the real-time monitoring of GB levels
      inside living cells. This nanosensor has been developed by sandwiching GB binding
      protein (ProX) between the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair, the
      cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP).
      Conformational change in ProX, which was used as sensory domain, reported the
      change in the level of this compatible solute in in vitro and in vivo conditions.
      Binding of the GB to the sensory domain fetches close to both the fluorescent
      moieties that result in the form of increased FRET ratio. So, any change in the
      concentration of GB is correlated with change in FRET ratio. This sensor also
      reported the GB cellular dynamics in real-time in Escherichia coli cells after
      the addition of its precursor, choline. The GBOS was also expressed in yeast and
      mammalian cells to monitor the intracellular GB. Therefore, the GBOS represents a
      unique FRET-based nanosensor which allows the non-invasive ratiometric analysis
      of the GB in living cells. 

PMID- 27371826
TI  - A Continuous Solution to the Norming Problem.
AB  - Conventional methods for producing test norms are often plagued with "jumps" or
      "gaps" (i.e., discontinuities) in norm tables and low confidence for assessing
      extreme scores. We propose a new approach for producing continuous test norms to
      address these problems that also has the added advantage of not requiring
      assumptions about the distribution of the raw data: Norm values are established
      from raw data by modeling the latter ones as a function of both percentile scores
      and an explanatory variable (e.g., age). The proposed method appears to minimize
      bias arising from sampling and measurement error, while handling marked
      deviations from normality-such as are commonplace in clinical samples. In
      addition to step-by-step instructions in how to apply this method, we demonstrate
      its advantages over conventional discrete norming procedures using norming data
      from two different psychometric tests, employing either age norms ( N = 3,555) or
      grade norms ( N = 1,400).

PMID- 27371827
TI  - Dopamine and opioid systems interact within the nucleus accumbens to maintain
      monogamous pair bonds.
AB  - Prairie vole breeder pairs form monogamous pair bonds, which are maintained
      through the expression of selective aggression toward novel conspecifics. Here,
      we utilize behavioral and anatomical techniques to extend the current
      understanding of neural mechanisms that mediate pair bond maintenance. For both
      sexes, we show that pair bonding up-regulates mRNA expression for genes encoding
      D1-like dopamine (DA) receptors and dynorphin as well as enhances stimulated DA
      release within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We next show that D1-like receptor
      regulation of selective aggression is mediated through downstream activation of
      kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and that activation of these receptors mediates
      social avoidance. Finally, we also identified sex-specific alterations in KOR
      binding density within the NAc shell of paired males and demonstrate that this
      alteration contributes to the neuroprotective effect of pair bonding against drug
      reward. Together, these findings suggest motivational and valence processing
      systems interact to mediate the maintenance of social bonds.

PMID- 27371828
TI  - N(6)-methyladenosine of HIV-1 RNA regulates viral infection and HIV-1 Gag protein
      expression.
AB  - The internal N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) methylation of eukaryotic nuclear RNA
      controls post-transcriptional gene expression, which is regulated by
      methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m(6)A-binding proteins
      (readers) in cells. The YTH domain family proteins (YTHDF1-3) bind to m(6)A
      modified cellular RNAs and affect RNA metabolism and processing. Here, we show
      that YTHDF1-3 proteins recognize m(6)A-modified HIV-1 RNA and inhibit HIV-1
      infection in cell lines and primary CD4(+) T-cells. We further mapped the YTHDF1
      3 binding sites in HIV-1 RNA from infected cells. We found that the
      overexpression of YTHDF proteins in cells inhibited HIV-1 infection mainly by
      decreasing HIV-1 reverse transcription, while knockdown of YTHDF1-3 in cells had
      the opposite effects. Moreover, silencing the m(6)A writers decreased HIV-1 Gag
      protein expression in virus-producing cells, while silencing the m(6)A erasers
      increased Gag expression. Our findings suggest an important role of m(6)A
      modification of HIV-1 RNA in viral infection and HIV-1 protein synthesis.

PMID- 27371830
TI  - Sustainability of Community-Based Youth Smoking Cessation Programs: Results From
      a 3-Year Follow-Up.
AB  - A national survey of 591 community-based youth smoking cessation programs
      provided an opportunity to assess the sustainability of health promotion
      programming over a 3-year period. Initial survey questions were mapped to five
      sustainability domains (local ownership, organizational alignment, resources,
      demand, and standard operating procedures) and examined to identify correlates of
      sustained operation. Follow-up surveys were completed with 305 programs. Assuming
      loss to follow-up indicated failure to sustain, the overall rate of program
      continuation was 32%. Baseline correlates of sustaining operation included the
      following: serving more youth, training staff in smoking cessation, longer time
      in operation at the initial survey, and receiving state funding as a sole source
      of support. Primary reasons for discontinuation related to lack of funding,
      insufficient enrollment, change of focus from tobacco cessation, and scheduling
      difficulty. Replication of studies like this survey of youth smoking cessation
      programs with other types of health promotion and public health programming can
      further test sustainability frameworks, provide validated measures, and
      ultimately inform a robust and replicable array of lasting, effective, evidence
      based public health programs.

PMID- 27371829
TI  - 53BP1 and USP28 mediate p53-dependent cell cycle arrest in response to centrosome
      loss and prolonged mitosis.
AB  - Mitosis occurs efficiently, but when it is disturbed or delayed, p53-dependent
      cell death or senescence is often triggered after mitotic exit. To characterize
      this process, we conducted CRISPR-mediated loss-of-function screens using a cell
      based assay in which mitosis is consistently disturbed by centrosome loss. We
      identified 53BP1 and USP28 as essential components acting upstream of p53,
      evoking p21-dependent cell cycle arrest in response not only to centrosome loss,
      but also to other distinct defects causing prolonged mitosis. Intriguingly, 53BP1
      mediates p53 activation independently of its DNA repair activity, but requiring
      its interacting protein USP28 that can directly deubiquitinate p53 in vitro and
      ectopically stabilize p53 in vivo. Moreover, 53BP1 can transduce prolonged
      mitosis to cell cycle arrest independently of the spindle assembly checkpoint
      (SAC), suggesting that while SAC protects mitotic accuracy by slowing down
      mitosis, 53BP1 and USP28 function in parallel to select against disturbed or
      delayed mitosis, promoting mitotic efficiency.

PMID- 27371831
TI  - Corrigendum to 'Hybrid two-stage repair of thoracoabdominal aortic
      aneurysm'[Multimedia Man Cardiothoracic Surg 13 May 2016].

PMID- 27371832
TI  - Do Health Systems Have Consistent Performance Across Locations and Is Consistency
      Associated With Higher Performance?
AB  - This study addresses whether health systems have consistent diabetes care
      performance across their ambulatory clinics and whether increasing consistency is
      associated with improvements in clinic performance. Study data included 2007 to
      2013 diabetes care intermediate outcome measures for 661 ambulatory clinics in
      Minnesota and bordering states. Health systems provided more consistent
      performance, as measured by the standard deviation of performance for clinics in
      a system, relative to propensity score-matched proxy systems created for
      comparison purposes. No evidence was found that improvements in consistency were
      associated with higher clinic performance. The combination of high performance
      and consistent care is likely to enhance a health system's brand reputation,
      allowing it to better mitigate the financial risks of consumers seeking care
      outside the organization. These results suggest that larger health systems are
      most likely to deliver the combination of consistent and high-performance care.
      Future research should explore the mechanisms that drive consistent care within
      health systems.

PMID- 27371834
TI  - [Intraperitoneal transplantation of acellular extracellular matrix-derived
      biomaterial has no response to innate immunity in mice].
AB  - Objective To explore the effect of acellular extracellular matrix (ECM)
      transplantation on the innate immunity (including macrophages and neutrophils) of
      mice, and establish a method evaluating the immunogenicity of acellular ECM
      material in mice as experimental animals. Methods Fresh membrane material and
      newly-processed acellular ECM material without DNA were separately
      intraperitoneally transplanted into mice. Seven days later, samples were
      collected to measure spleen index. The absolute numbers of neutrophils in
      peripheral blood and macrophages in peritoneal fluid were determined by BD
      Trucount tubes. The concentrations of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6,
      interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-17A and
      IL-10 in the plasma and peritoneal fluid were detected by BD(TM) Cytometric Bead
      Array (CBA) mouse Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine kit. Results Compared with sham group,
      the body mass is not increased in the mice transplanted with fresh membrane
      material, but the spleen index increased. The fresh material could dramatically
      increase the numbers of neutrophils in peripheral blood and macrophages in
      peritoneal fluid, and increase IL-6 and IFN-gamma production. However, acellular
      ECM material prepared by improved technique only had minor or even no effect on
      those parameters. Conclusion Acellular ECM material with DNA removed has no
      obvious response to the inherent immunity in mice. 

PMID- 27371833
TI  - The Evolutionary Fates of a Large Segmental Duplication in Mouse.
AB  - Gene duplication and loss are major sources of genetic polymorphism in
      populations, and are important forces shaping the evolution of genome content and
      organization. We have reconstructed the origin and history of a 127-kbp segmental
      duplication, R2d, in the house mouse (Mus musculus). R2d contains a single
      protein-coding gene, Cwc22 De novo assembly of both the ancestral (R2d1) and the
      derived (R2d2) copies reveals that they have been subject to nonallelic gene
      conversion events spanning tens of kilobases. R2d2 is also a hotspot for
      structural variation: its diploid copy number ranges from zero in the mouse
      reference genome to >80 in wild mice sampled from around the globe. Hemizygosity
      for high copy-number alleles of R2d2 is associated in cis with meiotic drive;
      suppression of meiotic crossovers; and copy-number instability, with a mutation
      rate in excess of 1 per 100 transmissions in some laboratory populations. Our
      results provide a striking example of allelic diversity generated by duplication
      and demonstrate the value of de novo assembly in a phylogenetic context for
      understanding the mutational processes affecting duplicate genes. 

PMID- 27371835
TI  - [Secretory acid phosphatase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits the autophagy
      of murine macrophages].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of secretory acid phosphatase as a virulence
      factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (SapM) on the autophagy of murine
      macrophages. Methods GFP-LC3-Raw264.7 cells were treated with SapM, wortmannin,
      or starvation. Then the formation of autophagosomes was observed under a
      fluorescence microscope. The level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light
      chain 3 (LC3) II was detected using Western blotting. After chloroquine was added
      in the SapM-treated cells, LC3II level was again tested by Western blotting.
      Results Both starvation and SapM increased the number of GFP-LC3 puncta and the
      level of LC3 II. There was no further increase of LC3 II level in SapM-treated
      cells after chloroquine addition. Conclusion SapM can block autophagosome
      lysosome fusion and inhibit autophagy of murine macrophages. 

PMID- 27371836
TI  - [Lipid derivative of benzylidene malononitrile AG490 attenuates airway
      inflammation of mice with neutrophilic asthma].
AB  - Objective To observe the effect of lipid derivative of benzylidene malononitrile
      AG490 on the airway inflammation in a mouse model of neutrophilic asthma (NA).
      Methods Fifty-four specific pathogen-free (SPF) female C57BL/6 mice were randomly
      divided into 3 groups: NA group, AG490-treated NA (NAAG) group, and normal
      control (NC) group, 18 mice in each group. The NA group and the NAAG group were
      sensitized by airway instillation of ovalbumin (OVA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      on day 0, 6 and 13. The NAAG group was injected with AG490 (500 MUg/mouse, i.p.)
      three times a week, from day 0 after the first sensitization, for 3 weeks. Mice
      were challenged on day 21, 22 for 1 hour/time with an aerosol of 10 g/L OVA. At
      24 hours after the final challenge, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was
      collected. The total number and differential counts of nucleated cells and the
      percentage of each type were determined. HE staining and PAS staining was
      employed for observing the lung pathological changes. The percentages of Th17
      cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) in the lung issue were determined by flow
      cytometry. The level of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in BALF was measured using ELISA.
      Results Compared with the NA group, the total number of nucleated cells, the
      percentage of neutrophils and the percentage of eosinophils in BALF in the NAAG
      group were obviously reduced; lung tissue pathologic changes were improved in the
      NAAG group; goblet cell hyperplasia and the level of IL-17 in BALF in the NAAG
      group were significantly down-regulated; the proportion of Treg in the lung
      increased and the proportion of Th17 cells in the lung decreased in the NAAG
      group. Conclusion After NA mice are treated with AG490 during the sensitization
      phase, the proportion of Treg in the lung would increase and the proportion of
      Th17 cells in the lung would decrease. AG490 could attenuate the airway
      inflammation in the mouse model of NA. 

PMID- 27371837
TI  - [The preventive effect of total saponins of Panax japonicus on nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy].
AB  - Objective To investigate the preventive effect of total saponins of Panax
      japonicus (SPJ) on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced intestinal
      injuries in mice. Methods NSAID-induced intestinal mucosal damaged models were
      established by intragastric administration of 5 mg/mL diclofenac sodium in mice
      for continuous 2 days. Since 4 days before the modeling, the mice in the
      experimental group were given SPJ once a day for 6 days. The small intestinal
      mucosal permeability was detected by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-DT)
      and Evans blue staining. The small intestinal mucosal lesions were observed by HE
      staining; immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the expressions of
      endoplasmic reticulum stress response protein glucose transporter protein 78
      (GRP78) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the intestinal mucosal
      epithelial cells. Results In the model group, small intestinal mucosal injury was
      serious. Evans blue staining and FITC-DT labeling showed the blue spots were
      denser and mucosal permeability increased significantly in the model group. HE
      staining revealed the intestinal mucosal villus degeneration, necrosis, shedding,
      and inflammatory cell infiltration in the model group, which meant the intestinal
      mucosal damage models were successfully established. And different concentrations
      of SPJ protected intestinal mucosa, meanwhile the expressions of GRP78 and TNF-
      alpha were significantly reduced in the intestinal epithelial cells as indicated
      by immunofluorescence staining. Conclusion There is a certain preventive effect
      of total SPJ on NSAID-induced intestinal injuries via the endoplasmic reticulum
      stress pathway. 

PMID- 27371838
TI  - [Phospholipase C delta1 (PLCD1) inhibits the proliferation, invasion and
      migration of CAPAN-1 and BXPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells].
AB  - Objective To explore the effect of phospholipase C delta1 (PLCD1) transfection on
      the biological behaviors of pancreatic cancer cells. Methods HPDE6C7 normal human
      pancreatic ductal epithelial cells and CAPAN-1, PANC-1, ASPC-1 and BXPC-3
      pancreatic cancer cells were cultured. Reverse transcription PCR was used to
      screen the pancreatic cancer cells with low expression level of PLCD1.
      Recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-PLCD1 transfected pancreatic cancer cells CAPAN-1
      and BXPC-3 with low expression level of PLCD1, and meanwhile the corresponding
      vector pcDNA3.1 transfection group was set up. The expression level of PLCD1 mRNA
      was detected by reverse transcription PCR, and the protein level was examined by
      Western blotting in pancreatic cancer cells CAPAN-1 and BXPC-3 after
      transfection. After the expression of PLCD1 was upregulalted in CAPAN-1 and BXPC
      3 pancreatic cancer cells, the cell proliferation was analyzed by CCK-8 assay;
      flow cytometry was used to test the cell cycle and apoptosis; Transwell(TM) assay
      was performed to evaluate the invasion and migration ability of the cells.
      Results The study obtained CAPAN-1 and BXPC-3 cells with lower expression of
      PLCD1. The expression levels of PLCD1 mRNA and protein obviously increased in
      CAPAN-1 and BXPC-3 cells after transfected with plasmid pcDNA3.1-PLCD1, and the
      abilities of cell proliferation, invasion and migration were restrained. The cell
      cycle was arrested in G0/G1 phase, and cell apoptosis was remarkably promoted.
      Conclusion PLCD1 transfection can induce the apoptosis of CAPAN-1 and BXPC-3
      cells, arrest the cell cycle in G0 /G1 phase. Meanwhile, it inhibits the
      abilities of cell proliferation, invasion and migration of CAPAN-1 and BXPC-3
      cells. 

PMID- 27371839
TI  - [Eukaryotic expression and application of HCV Hebei strain E2 extracellular core
      region].
AB  - Objective To express core region of HCV1b (Hebei strain) E2 protein (E2c) by
      eukaryotic system, and establish the detection method of specific anti-HCV E2
      antibody in the sera from hepatitis C patients. Methods Based on the literature,
      the E2c gene was modified from the HCV1b gene and synthesized via overlapping
      PCR. Thereafter, the E2c gene including tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)
      signal peptide was cloned into the pCI-neo eukaryotic expression vector, and the
      product was named pCI-tpa-1bE2c. After HEK293T cells were transfected with pCI
      tpa-1bE2c, the supernatant was collected, condensed and purified. Its specificity
      was identified by Western blotting. Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)-based
      ELISA was used to detect the antibody against HCVE2 in the sera from hepatitis C
      patients. Results Modified HCV E2c protein was successfully expressed in HEK293T
      cells and the GNA-based ELISA was developed for detecting the antibody against
      HCV E2 in the sera from hepatitis C patients. Conclusion HCV-1bE2c protein can be
      effectively expressed in HEK293T cells and applied clinically. 

PMID- 27371840
TI  - [beta-catenin is involved in BMP9-induced differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells into
      cardiomyocyte-like cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the role of beta-catenin in the differentiation of
      C3H10T1/2 cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells induced by bone morphogenetic
      protein 9 (BMP9). Methods C3H10T1/2 cells were transfected with the recombinant
      adenovirus expressing BMP9 (Ad-BMP9) and differentiated into cardiomyocytes in
      vitro for up to 21 days. The activated level of beta-catenin in the cells after
      cultivated with Ad-BMP9 and different concentrations of beta-catenin specific
      inhibitor XAV-939 was detected by Western blotting. Real-time quantitative PCR
      (qRT-PCR) was performed to evaluate the expressions of cardiac specific gene
      myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) and GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) in the
      cells one week after induced by Ad-BMP9 and different concentrations of XAV-939.
      Three weeks after the transfection, the expressions of connexin 43 (Cx43) and
      cardiac troponin T (cTnT) were analyzed by Western blotting, and the location of
      Cx43 in the cells was observed by immunofluorescence technique. Results While the
      transfection was successful in 50% of the cells positive for BMP9, beta-catenin
      was excessively activated and their phosphorylation level remarkably increased.
      After XAV-939 inhibited the activity of beta-catenin, the expressions of MEF2C,
      GATA4, Cx43, cTnT in C3H10T1/2 cells induced by BMP9 were significantly
      suppressed. Conclusion The beta-catenin can be activated by BMP9 and the
      activation of beta-catenin plays an important role in the differentiation of
      C3H10T1/2 cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells induced by BMP9. 

PMID- 27371841
TI  - [Tripartite motif-containing protein 34 (TRIM34) colocalized with micronuclei
      chromosome and hampers its movement to equatorial plate during the metaphase
      stage of mitosis].
AB  - Objective To examine whether tripartite motif-containing protein 34 (TRIM34) is
      colocalized with micronuclei and investigate the influence on the movement of
      micronuclei chromosome in mitosis. Methods The eukaryotic expression vector
      TRIM34-pEGFP-N3 was constructed, identified and then transfected into HEK293T
      cells. With 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 2HCI (DAPI) staining, the
      colocalization between TRIM34 and micronuclei was observed under a fluorescence
      microscope. Moreover, MitoTracker(R)Deep Red was used to identify the
      colocalization between the complex of TRIM34-micronulei and mitochondria under a
      confocal microscope. Finally, the effect of TRIM34 on the movement of micronuclei
      chromosome in mitosis was examined. Results DNA sequencing confirmed that the
      vector TRIM34-pEGFP-N3 was constructed successfully. A fluorescence microscope
      revealed that TRIM34 could be colocalized with micronuclei in HEK293T cells
      transfected with TRIM34-pEGFP-N3. In the same manner, a confocal microscope
      distinctly showed that TRIM34 was colocalized with micronuclei similarly in
      appearance. However, there was no distinguished colocalization relationship
      between the complex of TRIM34-micronulei and mitochondria. Interestingly, the
      micronuclei chromosome conjugated with TRIM34 was hardly transferred to
      equatorial plate during the metaphase stage of mitosis. Conclusion TRIM34 is
      colocalized with micronuclei chromosome and hampers its movement to equatorial
      plate in mitosis. 

PMID- 27371842
TI  - [The establishment of 5637 bladder cancer cell line with stable overexpression of
      miR-449c].
AB  - Objective To establish a human bladder cancer cell line that stably overexpresses
      miR-449c. Methods The DNA fragments encoding pre-miR-449c were amplified from
      genomic DNA templates of HEK293 cells using high-fidelity PCR and cloned into
      FtetUGW-T vector. The recombinant plasmid was verified by sequencing and applied
      for lentivirus packaging. Human bladder cancer 5637 cells were infected with the
      lentivirus and the infected cells after selection with puromycin were observed
      using an inverted fluorescent microscope for enhanced green fluorescent protein
      (EGFP) expression, real-time quantitative PCR for miR-449c expression and Western
      blotting for the expression of its downstream target C-myc. Results The FtetUGW
      T/miR-449C lentivirus was successfully established. The human 5637 bladder cancer
      cells infected with the lentivirus expressed EGFP and overexpressed miR-449c. The
      expression of c-myc in the cells that stably overexpressed miR-449c was
      significantly reduced compared with control cells. Conclusion 5637 bladder cancer
      cell line that stably overexpresses miR-449c is successfully established. 

PMID- 27371843
TI  - [Overexpression of SEPP1 inhibits the proliferation and induces cell cycle G2/M
      arrest of 786-O and 769-P human renal carcinoma cells].
AB  - Objective To establish selenoprotein P, plasma 1 (SEPP1) gene recombinant
      lentiviral vector and investigate the effect of SEPP1 on the proliferation of
      human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells. Methods cDNA sequence of
      SEPP1 was cloned from the total cDNA of HEK293T cells by PCR. Then, the cDNA
      fragment was combined with the pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro vector and the constructed
      plasmid pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro-SEPP1 was transfected into HEK293T cells for packaging
      the virus. Forty-eight hours after transfected with the virus supernatant, the
      level of SEPP1 protein in 769-P and 786-O cells were tested by Western blotting.
      Cells were divided into recombinant lentivirus-infected cells, empty vector
      lentivirus-infected cells and the blank control cells. Cell proliferation rate
      was detected by MTS assay, colony forming ability was evaluated by plate clony
      formation assay and cell cycle change was assayed by flow cytometry after
      transfected with pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro-SEPP1 or empty pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro vector. Results
      Enzyme digestion analysis and DNA sequencing showed that the recombinant plasmid
      pLV-EGFP(2A)Puro-SEPP1 was constructed successfully. After being infected by the
      virus supernatant, the 786-O and 769-P cells expressed EGFP. Compared with the
      empty vector group and the blank control group, expression level of SEPP1 in the
      experimental group was much higher. The cell proliferative ability was inhibited
      in the cells overexpressing SEPP1, and the colony forming ability of SEPP1
      overexpressed cells evidently decreased. Cell cycle was arrested in G2/M phase in
      786-O cells overexpressing SEPP1. Conclusion The recombinant plasmid pLV
      EGFP(2A)Puro-SEPP1 has been constructed successfully. Overexpression of SEPP1
      could significantly reduce the proliferation rate of 786-O and 769P cells, and
      cause G2/M phase arrest of 786-O cells. 

PMID- 27371844
TI  - [Qiyusanlong decoction inhibits the level of PD-1/PD-L1 in mice bearing Lewis
      lung carcinoma].
AB  - Objective To investigate the anti-tumor effect of Qiyusanlong decoction (QYSL) in
      the mice with Lewis lung cancer (LLC) and its effect on the expression of
      programmed death 1 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1). Methods The model
      of lung cancer subcutaneous allograft was established using LLC cells. The model
      mice were randomly divided into six groups: a model group, a chemotherapy group,
      three QYSL groups of high, middle and low doses, and a combined group, each group
      containing 8 mice. On the 11th day, the low-, middle- and high-dose QYSL groups
      were respectively given intragastric administration of 20.12, 40.24, 80.48
      g/(kg.d) QYSL; the chemotherapy group were intraperitoneally injected with 0.4 mL
      cisplatin; the combined group were administrated with cisplatin and high-dose
      QYSL; the model group were administrated with the same amount of normal saline,
      once a day for 10 days. Tumor volume was examined and tumor growth curve was
      drawn. Tumors were weighed and tumor inhibition rates were calculated. The
      expressions of PD-1, PD-L1 mRNA and protein in spleens and tumor tissues of mice
      were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting, respectively.
      Results Compared with the model group, the high-dose QYSL group could inhibit
      tumor growth with tumor inhibition rate being 23.86%; the tumor inhibition rate
      between the combined group and the chemotherapy group was equal. The high-dose
      QYSL could significantly decrease the expression of PD-1 mRNA and protein in
      spleen and inhibited the expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein in tumor. The
      levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 protein in the combined group were obviously lower than
      those in the chemotherapy group, but the interaction effect of the other
      indicators had no statistical significance. Conclusion QYSL can moderately
      inhibit the growth of the transplanted tumor by decreasing PD-1/PD-L1 level. 

PMID- 27371845
TI  - [Dynamic changes of circulating monocyte subsets in high-NaCl diet fed mice].
AB  - Objective To observe the dynamic changes of the circulating monocyte subsets in
      C57BL/6 mice fed with high-NaCl diet. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly
      divided into three groups: 9, 40 and 80 g/L NaCl groups. Before the treatment and
      4, 8 and 12 weeks after the treatment, the cardiac function was dynamically
      determined by echocardiography and the blood pressure was measured by tail-cuff
      plethysmography. Flow cytometry analysis of circulating monocyte subsets was
      performed. HE staining was used to observe cardiac pathological changes at the
      time of sacrifice. Results Systolic blood pressure significantly increased with
      the progression of the high-salt diet. Compared with 9 g/L NaCl group, the
      ejection fraction of the other two groups slightly increased at week 4, followed
      by a significant decreasing trend up to week 12, in addition, the percentage of
      Ly6C(high) monocyte subset showed a progressive increase during high-salt feeding
      and reached a plateau at week 4, and then abruptly went down up to week 12. On
      the contrary, Ly6C(low) monocyte subset had an opposite trend, whereas Ly6C(int)
      monocyte subset remained constant. HE staining showed that cardiomyocyte size, as
      determined by the myocyte cross-sectional area, became enlarged obviously in the
      latter two groups. Conclusion Circulating monocyte subsets dynamically changed in
      the mice fed with high-salt diet. 

PMID- 27371846
TI  - [Lily polysaccharide 1 enhances the effect of metformin on proliferation and
      apoptosis of human breast carcinoma cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of metformin, alone or in combination with
      Lily polysaccharide 1 (LP1), on cell viability and apoptosis in MCF-7 human
      breast cancer cells. Methods LP1 (0.5, 1.0 mg/mL) and metformin (5, 10, 20, 50
      mmol/L) were added into MCF-7 cell culture medium, followed by incubating for 72
      hours in carbon dioxide incubators at 37DegreesCelsius. MCF-7 cell proliferation
      was determined using MTT assay; the apoptosis and cell cycle of MCF-7 cells were
      examined using annexin V-FITC/PI double staining combined with flow cytometry;
      Western blotting was used to determine the content of Bcl-2, Bax, adenosine
      monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphorated AMPK (p-AMPK)
      proteins. Results Metformin-induced inhibition of MCF-7 cell proliferation was
      significantly enhanced when 1 mg/mL LP1 was added in. Compared with the control
      group and the metformin only group, more cells were arrested to G1 and the
      apoptosis rate was raised obviously in the metformin and LP1 combination group.
      LP1 promoted the downregulated expression of Bcl-2 and the upregulated expression
      of Bax induced by metformin, but it didn't show any impact on the metformin
      activated AMPK pathway. Conclusion LP1 enhances the proliferation-inhibitory and
      apoptosis-promoting effect of metformin on human breast carcinoma cells. The
      mechanism may be related with Bcl-2 downregulation and Bax upregulation. 

PMID- 27371847
TI  - [Astaxanthin inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of A549 lung cancer
      cells via blocking JAK1/STAT3 pathway].
AB  - Objective To investigate the anti-tumor effects of astaxanthin on A549 lung
      cancer cells and the related mechanisms. Methods A549 cells were cultured with
      various concentrations of astaxanthin (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 MUmol/L), and DMSO at
      the same concentrations served as vehicle controls. The viability of A549 cells
      was detected by CCK-8 assay; cell cycle and apoptosis were observed by flow
      cytometry; and the expressions of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X
      protein (Bax), signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3), and
      Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) were evaluated by Western blotting. Results CCK-8 assay
      showed that astaxanthin decreased the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose
      dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that astaxanthin increased the number of
      cells in the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Western blotting
      showed that astaxanthin up-regulated the expression of Bax and down-regulated the
      expressions of Bcl-2, STAT3 and JAK1. Conclusion Astaxanthin functions as a
      potent inhibitor of A549 lung cancer cell growth by targeting JAK1/STAT3
      signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27371848
TI  - [Knockdown of STAT3 reduces the level of survivin and promotes the apoptosis of
      U87MG glioma cells].
AB  - Objective To investigate the effect of signal transducer and activator of
      transcription (STAT3)-specific siRNA (siSTAT3) on the apoptosis of U87MG human
      glioma cells and its mechanism. Methods U87MG glioma cells were cultured in
      vitro. The effect of siSTAT3 on U87MG human glioma cells was evaluated by MTT
      assay to observe cell proliferation and by flow cytometry and acridine orange
      staining to observe cell apoptosis. Reverse transcription PCR and Western
      blotting were used to detect the expression of survivin. Results Compared with
      mock and si-scrambled groups, siSTAT3 expression plasmid inhibited the
      proliferation of U87MG cells obviously. Flow cytometry and acridine orange
      staining showed that siSTAT3 plasmid significantly promoted glioma cell
      apoptosis. In addition, siSTAT3 plasmid significantly inhibited the mRNA and
      protein levels of survivin. Conclusion Knockdown of STAT3 in U87MG cells can
      downregulate the level of survivin and remarkably promote the apoptosis of glioma
      cells. 

PMID- 27371849
TI  - [Expression and clinical significance of IL-33 in patients with non-small cell
      lung cancer].
AB  - Objective To investigate the expression of interleukin 33 (IL-33) in cancer and
      adjacent non-cancerous tissues from patients with non-small cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC). Methods Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to detect the mRNA
      expression of IL-33 in 61 pairs of cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissues.
      In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression and
      location of IL-33 on paraffin sections in selected 12 cases with different
      pathological types, to analyze the correlation of IL-33 expression with
      clinicopathological variables and overall survival. Results The expression of IL
      33 mRNA in cancer tissues was significantly lower than that in adjacent non
      cancerous tissues. The immunohistochemical results showed that IL-33 protein was
      mainly localized in the nucleus, and was obviously down-regulated in NSCLC.
      Besides, the expression of IL-33 was associated with histological type, but was
      not associated with age, gender, smoking history, differentiation status and
      pathological TNM stage. According to the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the expression of
      IL-33 mRNA was evidently associated with post-operative overall survival of
      patients suffering from NSCLC. Conclusion IL-33 may play an important role in the
      development of NSCLC and the targeted therapy. 

PMID- 27371850
TI  - [The enhanced expression of Toll-like receptor 2 in CD8(+)T cells of chronic HBV
      infected patients].
AB  - Objective To detect the level of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in CD8(+)T cells of
      chronic HBV infected patients without antiviral treatment. Methods Forty chronic
      HBV infected donors without antivirus treatment and 19 healthy donors were
      enrolled in our study. All donors were divided into three groups: a high viral
      load (HBV DNA>1*10(4) copies/mL) group, a low viral load (HBV DNA>1*10(4)
      copies/mL) group, and a healthy control group. After the isolation and staining
      of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the levels of TLR2, CD38, HLA-DR,
      CD95, programmed death-1 (PD-1) in CD8(+)T cells were detected by flow cytometry
      to further analyze the correlations between TLR2 and CD38, HLA-DR, CD95, PD-1.
      Results The expression of TLR2 in CD8(+)T cells of the HBV infected patients were
      significantly higher than that in the healthy donors. The expression of TLR2 in
      CD8(+)T cells of the low viral load group was significantly higher than that in
      the high viral load group. There were no correlations between the expression of
      TLR2 and the expressions of CD38, HLA-DR, CD95 and PD-1 in CD8(+)T cells in the
      chronic HBV infected patients. Conclusion The expression of TLR2 in CD8(+)T cells
      increases in chronic HBV infected patients. 

PMID- 27371852
TI  - [Silencing of ezrin gene inhibits proliferation and invasion of human prostate
      cancer PC-3 cells].
AB  - Objective To observe the expression of ezrin in prostate cancer tissues and
      explore the effect of ezrin gene silencing on the proliferation and invasion of
      human prostate cancer PC-3 cells and involved mechanisms. Methods The paraffin
      embedded specimens of prostate cancer (n=20) and benign prostatic hyperplasia
      (n=20) were collected. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used
      to detect the expression of ezrin mRNA and protein in prostate tissues,
      respectively. After culturing, human prostate cancer PC-3 cells were treated with
      culture solution, Scramble siRNA and ezrin siRNA for 48 hours. Cell proliferation
      was analyzed through MTT method. Cell invasion ability was measured using
      Transwell(TM) invasion experiment. In addition, the levels of E-cadherin and N
      cadherin were examined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting.
      Results The expression levels of ezrin mRNA and protein in prostate cancer
      tissues were higher than those in the tissues from benign prostatic hyperplasia
      patients. In comparison with PC-3 cells treated with Scramble siRNA, following
      the downregulation of ezrin expression, PC-3 cell proliferation was significantly
      inhibited and mean cell number of penetrated membrane and N-cadherin level were
      reduced, whereas E-cadherin level was raised. There was no statistical difference
      in the above indicators between Scramble siRNA-treated PC-3 cells and pure
      culture solution-treated PC-3 cells. Conclusion Ezrin is highly expressed in
      prostate cancer tissues. Gene silence of ezrin inhibits the proliferation and
      invasion of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells, meanwhile the level of E-cadherin
      is upregulated and N-cadherin is downregulated. 

PMID- 27371851
TI  - [Ag85B and BCG enhance immune activity of dendritic cells in patients with
      initially treated tuberculosis].
AB  - Objective To investigate the regulatory effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      major secreted protein Ag85B and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) on the immune
      function of dendritic cells (DCs) in the patients with tuberculosis who have
      received an initial treatment. Methods The peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      were collected and separated in 26 healthy subjects and 31 patients with
      tuberculosis who had been treated initially. Every specimen was divided into 4
      groups and DCs were induced and cultured. On the 6th day, the DCs in the three
      experimental groups were treated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), BCG, Ag85B,
      respectively and no-treated DCs served as a control group. After 24-hour
      treatment, DCs were collected and examined for the levels of CD83, CD86, HLA-DR
      and CD11c using flow cytometry. Moreover, the levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12),
      IL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in the supernatants were measured by
      ELISA. Results The expression levels of CD83 and IL-10 in the patient control
      group were significantly lower than those in healthy subject control group. The
      levels of CD83, CD86 and IFN-gamma in the Ag85B treated group were obviously high
      than those in the control group. The level of IFN-gamma in the BCG treated group
      was significantly high than that in the control group. The levels of CD83, CD86,
      HLA-DR and IL-10 in the LPS treated group were remarkably higher than those in
      the control group. The levels of CD83, CD86 and IL-10 in the healthy subject LPS
      treated group were significantly higher than those in the healthy subject control
      group. Conclusion The immune-enhancing effect of Ag85B on DCs is superior to that
      of BCG in the patients with initially treated tuberculosis. 

PMID- 27371853
TI  - [Construction and panning of scFv phage display library against recombinant
      interleukin 4 receptor].
AB  - Objective To construct the recombinant human interleukin 4 receptor (rhIL-4R)
      single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody library by phage display technique to obtain the
      anti-IL-4R scFv clones selected from the library. Methods Total RNA was extracted
      from splenocytes of the BALB/c mice immunized with rhIL-4R. Complementary DNA
      fragments of variable heavy (VH) and variable light (VL) chains of the antibodies
      were prepared by reverse transcription PCR and assembled into scFv by splice
      overlap extension PCR (SOE-PCR). Both scFv and the pCANTAB5E vector were
      respectively double-digested with restriction endonuclease Sfi I and Not I,
      connected with T4 ligase, and then transformed into the competent cells E.coli
      TG1; it was cultured in medium to obtain the phage scFv antibody library; after
      three rounds of enrichment and panning, the specific antigen scFv with high
      affinity was selected for the sequencing. Results After three rounds of panning,
      we obtained a diversity of approximately 2*10(8) anti-rhIL-4R scFv antibody
      library. Sequencing analysis of one positive clone showed that the anti-rhIL-4R
      scFv was 741 bp and coded 247 amino acids. The analysis of VBASE2 database
      indicated that VH and VL gene sequences of anti-rhIL-4R protein all had three
      complementarity determining regions and four backbone areas.Conclusion The anti
      rhIL-4R scFv was obtained from the scFv antibody library. 

PMID- 27371854
TI  - Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Novel 4-Amino-Flavanes Series Diastereomers
      on a Polysaccharide-Type Chiral Stationary Phase.
AB  - Two broad approaches for the syntheses of a series of 4-aminoflavanes are used in
      this study, and they have been prepared in 30-99% overall yields using the
      reductive condensation of flavanone with primary amine, as a key step. By this
      methodology, the formyl derivatives of several secondary amines were obtained in
      good to excellent yields. The structures of all new products have been confirmed
      by spectral experiences (IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR). However, the present non
      stereoselective synthesis results in a mixture of 2-7: diastereomers, which
      differ from the configuration of the flavanone atom asymmetric center. Since each
      diastereomer may have different biological activity and pharmacokinetic profile,
      analytical methods have to be developed for their separation. The 4-aminoflavanes
      diastereomers were separated using polysaccharide chiral stationary phases
      columns consisting of cellulose (Chiralcel(r) OD-H and Chiralcel(r)OJ) by high
      performance liquid chromatography; the separation was affected by the nature and
      concentration of the alcohol modifiers in the mobile phase. Separations were
      carried out under normal phase mode on the Chiralcel(r)OJ column. This method can
      properly separate the two diastereoisomers (Rs > 2) within an analysis time of
      <50 min.

PMID- 27371855
TI  - Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry: Developments and Applications
      in the Period 2010-2015: A Review.
AB  - The sensitive detection of chiral compounds by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in
      biological samples remains a significant challenge and is currently considered a
      bottleneck in many chiral analysis projects. Chiral CE-MS can significantly
      improve the limit of detection and provide high sensitivity compared with chiral
      CE-UV. Chiral selectors such as modified cyclodextrins (CDs) and polymeric
      surfactants (a.k.a. molecular micelles, MoMs) in electrokinetic chromatography
      (EKC), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and capillary
      electrochromatography (CEC) have been developed to address the need for high
      sensitivity by CE-MS. However, several problems remain to be investigated to
      fully understand the potential of these hyphenation modes. This review provides
      introduction to major chiral CE-MS modes for the novice and highlights the
      important working principles of each mode of chiral CE-MS. Next, recent practical
      developments and progress in chiral CE-MS dating from January 2010 to September
      2015 are described. The achievements in clinical and biomedical sciences using a
      variety of chiral selectors such as CDs and MoMs in EKC-MS, MEKC-MS and CEC-MS
      are discussed. Finally, conclusions and future prospects of CE-MS in chiral
      analysis are drafted.

PMID- 27371856
TI  - Dissection of quantitative traits by bulk segregant mapping in a protoploid yeast
      species.
AB  - Since more than a decade ago, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model
      to dissect complex traits, revealing the genetic basis of a large number of
      traits in fine detail. However, to have a more global view of the genetic
      architecture of traits across species, the examination of the molecular basis of
      phenotypes within non-conventional species would undoubtedly be valuable. In this
      respect, the Saccharomycotina yeasts represent ideal and potential non-model
      organisms. Here we sought to assess the feasibility of genetic mapping by bulk
      segregant analysis in the protoploid Lachancea kluyveri (formerly S. kluyveri)
      yeast species, a distantly related species to S. cerevisiae For this purpose, we
      designed a fluorescent mating-type marker, compatible with any mating-competent
      strains representative of this species, to rapidly create a large population of
      haploid segregants (>10(5) cells). Quantitative trait loci can be mapped by
      selecting and sequencing an enriched pool of progeny with extreme phenotypic
      values. As a test bed, we applied this strategy and mapped the causal loci
      underlying halotolerance phenotypes in L. kluyveri Overall, this study
      demonstrates that bulk segregant mapping is a powerful way for investigating the
      genetic basis of natural variations in non-model yeast organisms and more
      precisely in L. kluyveri.

PMID- 27371857
TI  - The birth of enthusiasm and passion for science.
AB  - In this paper I describe the main aspects of my career and focus on the
      retrospective on my life and my work.

PMID- 27371858
TI  - Morphology of mitochondrial nucleoids in respiratory-deficient yeast cells varies
      depending on the unit length of the mitochondrial DNA sequence.
AB  - We investigated the morphology of mitochondrial nucleoids (mt-nucleoids) and
      mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae rho(+) and rho(-) cells with DAPI
      staining and mitochondria-targeted GFP. Whereas the mt-nucleoids appeared as
      strings of beads in wild-type rho(+) cells at log phase, the mt-nucleoids in
      hypersuppressive rho(-) cells (HS40 rho(-) cells) appeared as distinct punctate
      structures. In order to elucidate whether the punctate mt-nucleoids are common to
      other rho(-) cells, we observed the mt-nucleoids in rho(-) strains that retain
      different unit lengths of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence. As a result,
      rho(-) cells that have long mtDNA sequences, of more than 30 kb, had mt-nucleoids
      with a strings-of-beads appearance in tubular mitochondria. In contrast, rho(-)
      cells that have short mtDNA sequences, of <1 kb, had punctate mt-nucleoids in
      tubular mitochondria. This indicates that the morphology of mt-nucleoids in rho(
      ) cells significantly varies depending on the unit length of their mtDNA
      sequence. Analyses of mt-nucleoids suggest that the punctate mt-nucleoids in HS40
      rho(-) cells consist of concatemeric mtDNAs and oligomeric circular mtDNAs
      associated with Abf2p and other nucleoid proteins.

PMID- 27371859
TI  - Contributions of the Individual Differences Approach to Cognitive Aging.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To review selected research in cognitive aging incorporating an
      individual differences approach. METHOD: Three contributions of the individual
      differences perspective in cognitive aging are illustrated with data from the
      Virginia Cognitive Aging Project. RESULTS: Research capitalizing on the
      variability among individuals has been used to: (a) improve sensitivity and
      validity of measurement of cognitive functioning, and evaluate possible age
      differences in the meaning of the measures; (b) investigate relations between age
      and individual cognitive measures in the context of other types of cognitive
      measures; and (c) examine the degree to which age-related influences on target
      measures are statistically independent of age-related influences on other
      cognitive measures. DISCUSSION: Although the primary focus of much of the
      research in cognitive aging has been on mean differences between people of
      different ages, people differ in many respects besides age. A fundamental
      assumption of the individual differences perspective is that at least some of
      those differences may be informative about the nature, and causes, of the
      relations between age and cognitive functioning.

PMID- 27371860
TI  - Deciding on Therapy: New Tools Factor In Cost of Care.

PMID- 27371861
TI  - Everolimus Effectively Treats Neuroendocrine Tumors of Gut and Lungs.

PMID- 27371862
TI  - High Glycemic Index Associated With Increased Lung Cancer Risk.

PMID- 27371864
TI  - Solutions To Reduce Racial Mistrust.

PMID- 27371865
TI  - Poly(2-ethyloxazoline) as matrix for highly active electrospun enzymes in organic
      solvents.
AB  - Nanofibers are advantageous carriers for biocatalysts, because they show lower
      diffusion limitations due to their high surface/volume ratio. Only a few samples
      are known where enzymes are directly spun into nanofibers, mostly because there
      are not many suited polymer carriers. In this study, poly(2-ethyloxazoline)
      (PEtOx) was explored regarding its usefulness to activate various enzymes in
      organic solvents by directly electrospinning them from aqueous solutions
      containing the polymer. It was found that the concentration of PEtOx in the
      spinning solution and also the swellability of the fibers play a great role in
      the activity of the enzymes in organic solvents. Using electrospun lipase B from
      Candida antarctica (CaLB) under optimized conditions revealed a higher carrier
      activity than the commercial Novozyme 435 with 10 times less immobilized protein.
      The electrospinning of PEtOx/CaLB fibers onto a stirrer is used to realize a
      biocatalytic stirrer for organic solvents. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 39-45.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27371866
TI  - Interatrial septal pacing to suppress atrial fibrillation in patients with dual
      chamber pacemakers: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is of frequent occurrence in a population
      with bradycardia indicated for permanent dual chamber pacing. Whether selective
      site pacing at interatrial septum (IAS) could better prevent AF as compared with
      standard atrial pacing (AP) from right atrial appendage or high right atrium in
      these conditions remains in question. Its safety profile has yet to be
      elucidated. METHODS: Major web databases were searched up to February 2015 for
      controlled, randomized clinical trials on IAS versus conventional pacing. The
      primary end point was freedom from persistent/permanent AF. Secondary outcomes
      included device-recorded AF burden and frequency of AF episodes, lead-related
      complications, and major adverse events (MAEs). RESULTS: We identified 10
      eligible studies incorporating a total of 1245 patients. Compared to conventional
      AP, IAS pacing conferred no additional benefit on the persistent/permanent AF
      free survival (hazard ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48 to 1.22); it
      was associated with notably reduced device-detected AF burden (standard mean
      difference [SMD] -0.32, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.09) and AF frequency (SMD -0.54, 95%
      CI -0.83 to -0.24). The odds of lead-related complications (odds ratio [OR] 1.64,
      95% CI 0.87 to 3.08) and combined rate of MAEs (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.60 to 1.82)
      were similar between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: IAS pacing has no influence on the
      persistent/permanent AF progression and MAEs, although it appears to lower device
      detected AF burden and AF frequency, and may carry similar risks of lead-related
      complications as compared to standard AP.

PMID- 27371867
TI  - Subcortical correlates of auditory perceptual organization in humans.
AB  - To make sense of complex auditory scenes, the auditory system sequentially
      organizes auditory components into perceptual objects or streams. In the
      conventional view of this process, the cortex plays a major role in perceptual
      organization, and subcortical mechanisms merely provide the cortex with
      acoustical features. Here, we show that the neural activities of the brainstem
      are linked to perceptual organization, which alternates spontaneously for human
      listeners without any stimulus change. The stimulus used in the experiment was an
      unchanging sequence of repeated triplet tones, which can be interpreted as either
      one or two streams. Listeners were instructed to report the perceptual states
      whenever they experienced perceptual switching between one and two streams
      throughout the stimulus presentation. Simultaneously, we recorded event related
      potentials with scalp electrodes. We measured the frequency-following response
      (FFR), which is considered to originate from the brainstem. We also assessed
      thalamo-cortical activity through the middle-latency response (MLR). The results
      demonstrate that the FFR and MLR varied with the state of auditory stream
      perception. In addition, we found that the MLR change precedes the FFR change
      with perceptual switching from a one-stream to a two-stream percept. This
      suggests that there are top-down influences on brainstem activity from the
      thalamo-cortical pathway. These findings are consistent with the idea of a
      distributed, hierarchical neural network for perceptual organization and suggest
      that the network extends to the brainstem level.

PMID- 27371868
TI  - Correlation between word recognition score and intracochlear new bone and fibrous
      tissue after cochlear implantation in the human.
AB  - Cochlear implantation is an effective, established procedure for patients with
      profound deafness. Although implant electrodes have been considered as
      biocompatible prostheses, surgical insertion of the electrode induces various
      changes within the cochlea. Immediate changes include insertional trauma to the
      cochlea. Delayed changes include a tissue response consisting of inflammation,
      fibrosis and neo-osteogenesis induced by trauma and an immunologic reaction to a
      foreign body. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of these delayed
      changes on the word recognition scores achieved post-operatively. Seventeen
      temporal bones from patients who in life had undergone cochlear implantation were
      prepared for light microscopy. We digitally calculated the volume of fibrous
      tissue and new bone within the cochlea using Amira((r)) three-dimensional
      reconstruction software and assessed the correlations of various clinical and
      histologic factors. The postoperative CNC word score was positively correlated
      with total spiral ganglion cell count. Fibrous tissue and new bone were found
      within the cochlea of all seventeen specimens. The postoperative CNC word score
      was negatively correlated with the % volume of new bone within the scala tympani,
      scala media/vestibuli and the cochlea, but not with the % volume of fibrous
      tissue. The % volume of new bone in the scala media/vestibuli was positively
      correlated with the degree of intracochlear insertional trauma, especially trauma
      to the basilar membrane. Our results revealed that the % volume of new bone as
      well as residual total spiral ganglion cell count are important factors
      influencing post-implant hearing performance. New bone formation may be reduced
      by limiting insertional trauma and increasing the biocompatibility of the
      electrodes.

PMID- 27371869
TI  - Challenges in Determining Genotypes for Pharmacogenetics in Allogeneic
      Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients.
AB  - As part of a pharmacogenetic study, paired blood and oral fluid samples were
      tested for the IL28B polymorphism (rs12979860) before and after hematopoietic
      cell transplantation (HCT) to evaluate changes in the genotype and investigate
      the utility of genotyping in oral fluid in HCT recipients. In 54 patients with
      leukemia >18 years of age, samples were collected approximately 7 days before HCT
      and 60 days after HCT. IL28B polymorphism testing was performed using real-time
      PCR with allele-specific probes. Twenty-four patients had the same genotype as
      their donors. In 30 patients, the genotype was different from that of the donor.
      In the oral fluid samples, 4 retained the recipient's genotype, and 18 had a
      genotype that matched that of the donor. In the remaining 8 patients, the results
      could not be characterized and appeared to be a combination of both, suggesting
      mixed proportions of donor and recipient cells. The assumption was that the
      sloughed epithelial cells of the mouth are of recipient origin. However, oral
      fluid is a mixture that contains varying numbers of cells of the recipient and
      immunomodulatory cells from the donor. Therefore, the use of oral fluid after HCT
      for clinical pharmacogenetics purposes needs further investigation.

PMID- 27371870
TI  - Fabrication and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)-TiO2 nanocomposite films
      for orthopedic applications.
AB  - Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is reinforced with TiO2 nanoparticles in order to
      enhance thermo-mechanical stabilities, surface characteristics and osteoblastic
      cell adhesion. PVA-TiO2 nanocomposite films with desirable mechanical, thermal
      and biocompatible properties are fabricated through solution casting method
      followed by de-hydrothermal cross-linking treatment. The composition of TiO2
      nanoparticles was standardized to achieve mechanically stable nanocomposite
      films, based on tensile strength measurements composition of TiO2 is determined
      as optimal at 3wt%. PVA-TiO2 nanocomposite films were characterized by Scanning
      electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy,
      Ultra violet and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques. Elemental
      mapping studies substantiate incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles within the PVA
      matrix. Dimensional stability evaluated by soaking films in SBF for 24h
      insinuates the role of TiO2 in the direction of controlling degree of swelling.
      In-vitro bioactivity test and cell adhesion results also predict that presence of
      TiO2 is advantageous to enhance apatite growth and promote cell-substrate
      interaction. SEM studies illustrate improved surface morphology of PVA-TiO2
      nanocomposite film with homogenously distributed TiO2 nanoparticles, which help
      to enhance thermo-mechanical behavior. TiO2 nanoparticles construct cell-adhesive
      hydrophilic nano-domains that act as potential cell adhesion sites and promotes
      osteointegration. Bio compatibility studies proved that thermally cross-linked
      PVA is non-toxic in relation to PVA cross-linked with glutaraldehyde.
      Cytotoxicity and cell adhesion of nanocomposite films evaluated through cell
      viability (MMT) assay and crystal violet staining revealed that PVA-3wt%
      TiO2nanocomposite could act as an excellent composite and hence suitable to be
      used in bone implant applications.

PMID- 27371871
TI  - Evolution of proteolytic and physico-chemical characteristics of Norwegian dry
      cured ham during its processing.
AB  - Proteolytic activity and physico-chemical characteristics were studied for
      Norwegian dry-cured ham at four different times of processing: raw hams, post
      salted hams (3 months of processing), hams selected in the middle of the
      production (12 months of processing) and hams at the end of the processing (24
      months). Cathepsin H activity decreased until negligible values after 3 months of
      processing, whereas cathepsins B and B+L were inactive at 12 months. AAP was the
      most active aminopeptidase whereas RAP and MAP were active just during the first
      12 months of processing. Proteolysis index reached a value of 4.56+/-1.03 % with
      non-significant differences between 12 and 24 months of ripening. Peptide
      identification by LC-MS/MS was done and two peptides (GVEEPPKGHKGNKK and
      QAISNNKDQGSY) showing a linear response with the time of processing were found.
      Unfreezable water content and glass transition temperature were investigated
      using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique with non-significant
      differences in the temperature of glass transition for 12 and 24 months of
      processing. 

PMID- 27371872
TI  - Relocation of Infrapositioned Ankylosed Teeth: Description of Orthodontic Bone
      Stretching and Case Series.
AB  - Different treatments have been proposed to manage the consequences of ankylosed
      teeth. This clinical report, which includes several different clinical
      conditions, describes an orthodontic bone-stretching procedure that can be used
      to relocate ankylosed teeth. The orthodontic bone-stretching technique involves
      only partial osteotomies, without the mobilization or repositioning of the
      alveolar segment, combined with orthodontic forces. The applied force facilitates
      tooth movement to the occlusal plane and can modify the axis of the ankylosed
      tooth. This relocation is possible because of a bone-stretching phenomenon in the
      surgical area. In all of the cases, relocation of the ankylosed teeth was
      successfully performed and the gingival margins were corrected to improve the
      esthetic results. 

PMID- 27371873
TI  - Is Counterclockwise Rotation of the Maxillomandibular Complex Stable Compared
      With Clockwise Rotation in the Correction of Dentofacial Deformities? A
      Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare postsurgical skeletal stability between counterclockwise
      rotation (CCWR) of the maxillomandibular complex (MMC) and clockwise rotation
      (CWR) of the MMC for the correction of dentofacial deformities. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: To address the study purpose, we designed and implemented a systematic
      review with meta-analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic
      Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search strategy was developed,
      and a search of major databases-PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of
      Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)-was conducted to find all pertinent articles
      published from inception through March 2016. The inclusion criteria were
      randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, retrospective studies,
      and case series with the aim of comparing postsurgical stability of CCWR and CWR
      of the MMC. The analysis was performed using lateral cephalometric analysis of
      postsurgical mean values and correlation between the surgical and postsurgical
      changes of the occlusal plane angle and linear changes at A point and B point. A
      weighted mean difference analysis using a random-effects model with 95%
      confidence intervals was performed. RESULTS: A total of 133 patients were
      enrolled from 3 studies (CCWR, n = 83; CWR, n = 50). All included studies were at
      moderate risk of bias. There was a statistically significant difference between
      CCWR and CWR of the MMC in the postsurgical changes of the occlusal plane angle
      (P = .034), but no statistically significant difference was found in the
      correlation between the surgical and postsurgical changes of the occlusal plane
      angle in the 2 groups. There was no statistically significant difference between
      CCWR and CWR of the MMC for stability between assessments immediately after
      surgery and at longest follow-up relative to the vertical and horizontal
      positions at A point and B point (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: CCWR compared with CWR
      for the correction of dentofacial deformities in the absence of pre-existing
      temporomandibular joint pathology is skeletally stable relative to the
      postsurgical changes of the occlusal plane, as well as the vertical and
      horizontal changes of the maxilla and mandible.

PMID- 27371874
TI  - Epiproteomics: quantitative analysis of histone marks and codes by mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Histones are a group of proteins with a high number of post-translational
      modifications, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and
      monoubiquitination, which play critical roles in every chromatin-templated
      activity. The quantitative analysis of these modifications using mass
      spectrometry (MS) has seen significant improvements over the last decade. It is
      now possible to perform large-scale surveys of dozens of histone marks and
      hundreds of their combinations on global chromatin. Here, we review the
      development of three MS strategies for analyzing histone modifications that have
      come to be known as Bottom Up, Middle Down, and Top Down. We also discuss
      challenges and innovative solutions for characterizing and quantifying
      complicated isobaric species arising from multiple modifications on the same
      histone molecule.

PMID- 27371875
TI  - Advances and challenges in understanding histone demethylase biology.
AB  - Within the last decade we have witnessed significant progress in the field of
      chromatin methylation, ranging from the discovery that chromatin methylation is
      reversible, to the identification of two classes of oxidative chromatin
      demethylases. Multiple genetic and cellular studies emphasize the role of members
      of the amine oxidase and 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase enzyme families involved in
      methyl-lysine in physiology and disease. Advances in understanding of the
      underlying biochemistry have resulted in development of first series of clinical
      inhibitors and tool compounds which continue to resolve and help understand the
      complex relationships between chromatin modification, control of gene expression
      and metabolic states.

PMID- 27371877
TI  - Two-Step Forward Genetic Screen in Mice Identifies the Ral Pathway as a Central
      Drug Target in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

PMID- 27371876
TI  - Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC 3) as emerging drug target in NF-kappaB-mediated
      inflammation.
AB  - Activation of inflammatory gene expression is regulated, among other factors, by
      post-translational modifications of histone proteins. The most investigated type
      of histone modifications is lysine acetylations. Histone deacetylases (HDACs)
      remove acetylations from lysines, thereby influencing (inflammatory) gene
      expression. Intriguingly, apart from histones, HDACs also target non-histone
      proteins. The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway is an important regulator
      in the expression of numerous inflammatory genes, and acetylation plays a crucial
      role in regulating its responses. Several studies have shed more light on the
      role of HDAC 1-3 in inflammation with a particular pro-inflammatory role for HDAC
      3. Nevertheless, the HDAC-NF-kappaB interactions in inflammatory signalling have
      not been fully understood. An important challenge in targeting the regulatory
      role of HDACs in the NF-kappaB pathway is the development of highly potent small
      molecules that selectively target HDAC iso-enzymes. This review focuses on the
      role of HDAC 3 in (NF-kappaB-mediated) inflammation and NF-kappaB lysine
      acetylation. In addition, we address the application of frequently used small
      molecule HDAC inhibitors as an approach to attenuate inflammatory responses, and
      their potential as novel therapeutics. Finally, recent progress and future
      directions in medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at HDAC 3-selective inhibitors
      are discussed.

PMID- 27371878
TI  - Rectal Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs to Reduce the Rate and Severity of
      Pancreatitis After Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: Still
      Grappling With Fundamental Questions.

PMID- 27371879
TI  - Screening for Celiac Disease in Individuals With Symptoms Suggestive of Irritable
      Bowel Syndrome: Still a Worthwhile Exercise.

PMID- 27371880
TI  - PPIs and Chronic Kidney Disease: Another Association to Worry About?

PMID- 27371881
TI  - Effects of A1 receptor agonist/antagonist on spontaneous seizures in pilocarpine
      induced epileptic rats.
AB  - Adenosine is an endogenous anticonvulsant that activates pre- and postsynaptic
      adenosine A1 receptors. A1 receptor agonists increase the latency for the
      development of seizures and status epilepticus following pilocarpine
      administration. Although hippocampal adenosine is increased in the chronic phase
      of the pilocarpine model, it is not known whether the modulation of A1 receptors
      may influence the frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Here, we
      tested the hypothesis that the A1 receptor agonist RPia ([R]-N
      phenylisopropyladenosine) and the A1 antagonist DPCPX (8-Cyclopentyl-1,3
      dipropylxanthine) administered to chronic pilocarpine epileptic rats would
      respectively decrease and increase the frequency of SRS and hippocampal
      excitability. Four months after Pilo-induced SE, chronic epileptic rats were
      video-monitored for the recording of SRS before (basal) and after a 2-week
      treatment with RPia (25MUg/kg) or DPCPX (50MUg/kg). Following sacrifice, brain
      slices were studied with electrophysiology. We found that rats given RPia had a
      93% nonsignificant reduction in the frequency of seizures compared with their own
      pretreatment baseline. In contrast, the administration of DPCPX resulted in an
      87% significant increase in seizure rate. Nontreated epileptic rats had a similar
      frequency of seizures along the study. Corroborating our behavioral data, in
      vitro recordings showed that slices from animals previously given DPCPX had a
      shorter latency to develop epileptiform activity, longer and higher DC shifts,
      and higher spike amplitude compared with slices from nontreated Pilo controls. In
      contrast, smaller spike amplitude was recorded in slices from animals given RPia.
      In summary, the administration of A1 agonists reduced hippocampal excitability
      but not the frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures in chronic epileptic
      rats, whereas A1 receptor antagonists increased both.

PMID- 27371882
TI  - Sexual problems in people with refractory epilepsy.
AB  - Sexual dysfunction is an important but often neglected aspect of epilepsy. The
      objective of this study was to explore the prevalence and types of sexual
      problems in patients with epilepsy and compare the results with similar data
      obtained from a representative sample of the general population. At the National
      Centre for Epilepsy in Norway, 171 of 227 consecutive adult inpatients and
      outpatients with epilepsy (response rate: 75.3%) and their neurologists
      participated in a questionnaire study about epilepsy and sexuality. The results
      were compared with data available from 594 adult Norwegians who had completed the
      same questionnaire. Patients with epilepsy had a significantly higher prevalence
      of sexual problems (women: 75.3% vs. 12.0%; men: 63.3% vs. 9.6%). The most
      commonly reported problems (>30%) were reduced sexual desire, orgasm problems,
      erection problems, and vaginal dryness. The patients reported considerable
      dissatisfaction regarding sexual functioning. Significantly more sexual problems
      were found in patients of both sexes with reduced quality of life and in women
      with symptoms of depression. We found no significant association between sexual
      problems and age of epilepsy onset, type of epilepsy, or use of enzyme-inducing
      antiepileptic drugs. Whereas age at sexual debut did not differ between the
      patients with epilepsy and the general population, men with epilepsy had a lower
      number of partners during the last 12months, and the proportion of women with a
      low frequency of intercourse was higher in the group with epilepsy. In
      conclusion, sexual problems are significantly greater in Norwegian patients with
      epilepsy than in the general adult population. As no single epilepsy type or
      treatment could be identified as a specific predisposing factor, it seems likely
      that there are multiple causes underlying our results, including both organic and
      psychosocial factors.

PMID- 27371883
TI  - Putting children forward for epilepsy surgery: A qualitative study of UK parents'
      and health professionals' decision-making experiences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Against a backdrop of recommendations for increasing access to and
      uptake of early surgical intervention for children with medically intractable
      epilepsy, it is important to understand how parents and professionals decide to
      put children forward for epilepsy surgery and what their decisional support needs
      are. AIM: The aim of this study was to explore how parents and health
      professionals make decisions regarding putting children forward for pediatric
      epilepsy surgery. METHODS: Individual interviews were conducted with nine parents
      of children who had undergone pediatric epilepsy surgery at a specialist
      children's hospital and ten healthcare professionals who made up the children's
      epilepsy surgery service multidisciplinary healthcare team (MDT). Three MDT
      meetings were also observed. Data were analyzed thematically. FINDINGS: Four
      themes were generated from analysis of interviews with parents: presentation of
      surgery as a treatment option, decision-making, looking back, and interventions.
      Three themes were generated from analysis of interviews/observations with health
      professionals: triangulating information, team working, and patient and family
      perspectives. DISCUSSION: Parents wanted more information and support in deciding
      to put their child forward for epilepsy surgery. They attempted to balance the
      potential benefits of surgery against any risks of harm. For health
      professionals, a multidisciplinary approach was seen as crucial to the decision
      making process. Advocating for the family was perceived to be the responsibility
      of nonmedical professionals. CONCLUSION: Decision-making can be supported by
      incorporating families into discussions regarding epilepsy surgery as a potential
      treatment option earlier in the process and by providing families with additional
      information and access to other parents with similar experiences.

PMID- 27371884
TI  - A longitudinal, randomized, and prospective study of nocturnal monitoring in
      children and adolescents with epilepsy: Effects on quality of life and sleep.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Most studies on seizure detection systems focus more on the
      effectiveness of devices than on their practicability in and impact on everyday
      life. Our study investigated the impact of a technical monitoring system on
      subjective quality of sleep and the lives of affected families. Furthermore, we
      evaluated the impact of anxiety levels on seizure monitoring and vice versa.
      METHODS: Forty-three patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy were included.
      Initially, the families decided whether they did (group 1, n=27) or did not
      (group 2, n=16) want to use a monitoring device. In group 1, patients were
      randomly assigned to using Epi-Care(r) (group 1A, n=14) or an audio baby monitor
      (group 1B, n=13). Quality of life was assessed at two points (t1, at the start of
      the study and t2, at 5-7months of follow-up) using the SF-12, Kindl-R, and
      "Familien-Belastungs-Fragebogen" (German version of the "Impact on Family
      Scale"). In addition, parental anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety
      Inventory, and subjective quality of sleep was measured using the Pittsburgh
      Sleep Quality Index. Statistical analysis focused on the possible differences
      between groups 1 and 2 that may influence parents' decisions and the effects of
      the presence and types of technical monitoring over time. RESULTS: Anxiety levels
      were not significantly different between the groups with and without monitoring
      (group 1 vs. group 2). We also found no statistically significant, substantial
      baseline differences between the Epi-Care(r) and audio baby monitor groups, with
      at least medium effect sizes (group 1A vs. group 1B). Parents' health-related
      mental quality of life measured via the SF-12 increased significantly over time
      in all groups. By tendency, the fear of further seizures as well as the frequency
      of cosleeping arrangements in the monitoring group decreased during the study and
      approached the stable values of the control group. SIGNIFICANCE: Individual
      parental anxiety levels are not crucial in the decision regarding the use of a
      monitoring device. A monitoring system may help some families in certain aspects
      of daily life. During the first months following a diagnosis of epilepsy, quality
      of life increases independently of the use of a monitoring system.

PMID- 27371885
TI  - The psychosocial impact of exercising with epilepsy: A narrative analysis.
AB  - Research has presented the benefits of and barriers to exercise for people with
      epilepsy through quantitative means. However, individual experiences through
      qualitative investigations have been absent. This research will present the
      narratives of people with epilepsy exercising over time and, as a result, develop
      further understanding of the psychosocial impact of exercising with epilepsy.
      Four interviews were conducted over the course of one year (one every three to
      four months) with four participants (aged 23-38years) who varied in seizure type
      and control (16 interviews in total). A narrative analysis was used to analyze
      their exercise experiences. Results showed that exercise creates a positive
      effect on psychological and physical well-being. However, prevention from
      exercise as a result of medical advice or recurrent seizures can create negative
      effects such as social isolation, anxiety, lack of confidence, frustration, and
      anger. Adaptations of decreasing exercise intensity level and partaking in
      different physical activities are techniques used to lessen the negative impact
      and maintain an exercise routine. Time was shown to be an important factor in
      this adaptation as well as portrayed the cyclical responses of negative and
      positive emotions in regard to their exercise life. These findings provide
      valuable insight into the psychosocial benefits of and barriers to exercising
      with epilepsy and draw attention to the individual differences in how a person
      with epilepsy copes with uncontrolled seizures and their impact on his/her
      exercise routine. This knowledge can lead to future research in exploring how a
      person with epilepsy can overcome these barriers to exercise and encourage more
      people with epilepsy to enjoy the benefits of exercise.

PMID- 27371887
TI  - Choosing and succeeding in academic medicine: advice for students, trainees, and
      junior faculty.

PMID- 27371888
TI  - CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio progression in HIV-HCV infected patients after achievement
      of SVR.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In HIV-HCV co-infected patients, the long-term effects of HCV
      eradication on HIV disease progression are still unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study
      aims to determine if CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio slopes improved after anti-HCV
      treatment in patients achieving a sustained virological response (SVR). STUDY
      DESIGN: A total of 116 HIV-HCV co-infected patients, previously treated with Peg
      IFN/RBV, were divided into two groups: SVR (55 patients who had achieved SVR),
      and non-SVR (61 patients). Retrospective data before and after anti-HCV therapy
      were obtained for all patients, with a median 8 year-follow-up. Multilevel mixed
      models were fitted to assess the trends over time of FIB-4 score, APRI score,
      CD4, CD8 cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio. RESULTS: Median HIV-infection duration,
      HCV-RNA and GGT baseline levels were higher in non-SVR compared to the SVR group.
      A significantly decreased FIB-4 (p<0.001) and APRI trend (p<0.001) after SVR was
      observed in SVR patients compared to those non-SVR. After adjustment for HIV
      duration, there was no significant difference between the two groups for absolute
      CD4 (p=0.08) or percentage CD4 slope (p=0.6) over time. The CD4/CD8 ratio trend
      also demonstrated a similar progressive increase in both groups (p=0.2). During
      follow-up, six deaths were reported in the non-SVR group versus no death for the
      SVR group, while no difference in AIDS and non-AIDS events was observed.
      CONCLUSIONS: Achievement of SVR determines an important beneficial impact in
      terms of liver-related mortality and fibrosis regression, but does not seem to
      alter neither the slope of long term CD4 gain nor the CD4/CD8 ratio evolution in
      ART-treated HIV-HCV co-infected patients.

PMID- 27371886
TI  - The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel diseases.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic diseases of unclear etiology that
      affect over 1 million individuals in the United States and over 2.5 million
      people in Europe. However, they are also expanding globally, affecting
      populations in Asia, South America, and the Middle East as they become more
      industrialized. These diseases are believed to arise from the convergence of
      genetic, environmental, and microbial factors that trigger aberrant immune and
      tissue responses, resulting in intestinal inflammation. Advances in cultivation
      independent investigations, experimental models, and bioinformatics approaches
      have improved our understanding of the role of gut microbiota in IBD. However,
      determining and understanding the functional consequences of gut dysbiosis and
      altered host-microbiota interactions in IBD remain a challenge due to the limits
      of current experimental models and difficulty in establishing causal links in
      human-based investigations. Continued development of new methodologies and
      improvements in clinical study design are needed to better understand the
      interplay of genetic, microbial, and immunological factors in IBD. This knowledge
      can then be applied clinically to improve therapeutic strategies and outcomes for
      IBD.

PMID- 27371889
TI  - The dynamic mechanical properties of cellularised aggregates.
AB  - Cellularised materials are composed of cells interfaced through specialised
      intercellular junctions that link the cytoskeleton of one cell to that of its
      neighbours allowing for transmission of forces. Cellularised materials are common
      in early development and adult tissues where they can be found in the form of
      cell sheets, cysts, or amorphous aggregates and in pathophysiological conditions
      such as cancerous tumours. Given the growing realisation that forces can regulate
      cell physiology and developmental processes, understanding how cellularised
      materials deform under mechanical stress or dissipate stress appear as key
      biological questions. In this review, we will discuss the dynamic mechanical
      properties of cellularised materials devoid of extracellular matrix.

PMID- 27371890
TI  - Identification and binding mechanism of phage displayed peptides with specific
      affinity to acid-alkali treated titanium.
AB  - Acid-alkali treatment is one of means widely used for preparing bioactive
      titanium surfaces. Peptides with specific affinity to titanium surface modified
      by acid-alkali two-steps treatment were obtained via phage display technology.
      Out of the eight new unique peptides, titanium-binding peptide 54 displayed by
      monoclonal M13 phage at its pIII coat protein (TBP54-M13 phage) was proved to
      have higher binding affinity to the substrate. The binding interaction occurred
      at the domain from phenylalanine at position 1 to arginine at position 6 in the
      sequences of TBP54 (FAETHRGFHFSF) mainly via the reaction of these residues with
      the Ti surface. Together the coordination and electrostatic interactions
      controlled the specific binding of the phage to the substrate. The binding
      affinity was dependent on the surface basic hydroxyl group content. In addition,
      the phage showed a different interaction way with the Ti surface without acid
      alkali treatment along with an impaired affinity. This study could provide more
      understanding of the interaction mechanism between the selected peptide and its
      specific substrate, and develop a promising method for the biofunctionalization
      of titanium. 

PMID- 27371891
TI  - Phenylboronic acid-functionalized polyamidoamine-mediated Bcl-2 siRNA delivery
      for inhibiting the cell proliferation.
AB  - In this study, the conjugation of phenylboronic acid (PBA) to amine-terminated
      polyamidoamine (PAMAM) was successfully conducted to prepare a tumor-targeted
      gene carrier PBA-functionalized PAMAM (PPP) for Bcl-2 siRNA delivery, using a
      heterobifunctional crosslinker NHS-PEG5k-Mal. The carrier possessed favorable
      capacity for siRNA condensation and could protect siRNA from the degradation
      against RNase and serum. The introduction of PBA could facilitate the cellular
      uptake and further transfection of Bcl-2 siRNA demonstrated by confocal laser
      scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Meanwhile, PPP-mediated transfection of
      Bcl-2 siRNA could significantly inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 gene at both mRNA
      and protein levels. Furthermore, owing to the knock-down of Bcl-2, PPP/siRNA
      could significantly inhibit the cell proliferation by inducing the cell
      apoptosis, and also enhance the antitumor efficiency of doxorubicin by
      suppressing the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics. In conclusion,
      the PPP-mediated Bcl-2 siRNA delivery could potentially be an effective platform
      for solving the drug resistance and further achieving the combined chemotherapy
      and gene therapy in tumor treatment. 

PMID- 27371893
TI  - A novel gelatin-based micro-cavitary hydrogel for potential application in
      delivery of anchorage dependent cells: A study with vasculogenesis model.
AB  - Hydrogels have been widely regarded as promising tissue engineering scaffolds and
      cell delivery vehicles, however, their inherent submicron- or nano-scale polymer
      networks severely inhibit the settlement of anchorage dependent cells (ADCs).
      Here, using endothelial progenitor outgrowth cells (EPOCs) as the typical ADCs, a
      gelatin-based micro-cavitary gel (namely Gel-MCG) is developed with gelatin
      methacrylate and gelatin microspheres as precursor and porogens, respectively, to
      promote cellular focal adhesion and functions. The introduction of micro-cavitary
      structures within the Gel-MCG improves its physical properties as well as creates
      numerous gel-microcavity interfaces within gel-based matrices. Compared with
      conventional gelatin gel (Gel-G) scaffold, the Gel-MCG provides more suitable
      microenvironments for EPOCs' attachment, spreading, and proliferation, and then
      which leads to enhanced endothelial differentiation and vascularization as
      demonstrated by higher expressions of endothelial markers. The Gel-MCG system
      shows great potential as vehicle for the delivery of ADCs in tissue engineering. 

PMID- 27371892
TI  - A robust way to prepare blood-compatible and anti-fouling polyethersulfone
      membrane.
AB  - Functional copolymers were successfully grafted onto polyethersulfone (PES)
      membrane surfaces by free radical mechanism using ammonium persulfate (APS) as an
      initiator. The anti-coagulant and anti-fouling properties of the membranes were
      well controlled by changing the functional copolymer compositions. Attenuated
      total reflection-Fourier transforminfrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron
      spectrometer spectrum (XPS), water contact angles (WCAs), and scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) images were used to characterize the membranes. The results of
      protein adsorption, clotting times, platelet adhesion and bacteria attachment
      indicated that the membranes had good blood-compatibility and/or anti-fouling
      ability. Meanwhile, the modification didn't cause an adverse effect on the
      membrane permeability. This new method provides a general, robust and flexible
      way to adjust membrane surface performance and potentially has wide applications.

PMID- 27371894
TI  - Redox-responsive minimized fragmentation of three-armed oligo(ethylene glycol)
      gels for protein release.
AB  - Redox-responsive drug delivery system (DDS) carriers cross-linked by disulfide
      bonds have attracted attention, because disulfide bonds can be cleaved in the
      presence of high glutathione (GSH) concentrations found in cancer cells. In this
      study, to obtain redox-responsive degradable hydrogels, three-armed
      oligo(ethylene glycol) (trisOEG) gels were prepared through terminal cross
      linking reaction that linked together low-molecular-weight trisOEG molecules via
      a disulfide bond. The stability of the trisOEG gels was investigated in the
      presence of a reductant, dithiothreitol (DTT) or reduced GSH, in phosphate
      buffered saline solution. TrisOEG gels were fragmented by a redox-stimulus,
      returning the decomposed hydrophilic oligomers to a low-molecular-weight state,
      similar to the raw material that would be expected to be excreted in vivo by the
      renal system. In addition, protein-immobilized trisOEG micro-gels were prepared.
      While no release of entrapped protein from trisOEG micro-gel was observed in the
      absence of GSH, release of entrapped protein was observed in the presence of GSH
      at a concentration found in cytoplasm. 

PMID- 27371895
TI  - Polymeric membranes modulate human keratinocyte differentiation in specific
      epidermal layers.
AB  - In vitro models of human bioengineered skin substitutes are an alternative to
      animal experimentation for testing the effects and toxicity of drugs, cosmetics
      and pollutants. For the first time specific and distinct human epidermal strata
      were engineered by using membranes and keratinocytes. To this purpose,
      biodegradable membranes of chitosan (CHT), polycaprolactone (PCL) and a polymeric
      blend of CHT-PCL were prepared by phase-inversion technique and characterized in
      order to evaluate their morphological, physico-chemical and mechanical
      properties. The capability of membranes to modulate keratinocyte differentiation
      inducing specific interactions in epidermal membrane systems was investigated.
      The overall results demonstrated that the membrane properties strongly influence
      the cell morpho-functional behaviour of human keratinocytes, modulating their
      terminal differentiation, with the creation of specific epidermal strata or a
      fully proliferative epidermal multilayer system. In particular, human
      keratinocytes adhered on CHT and CHT-PCL membranes, forming the structure of the
      epidermal top layers, such as the corneum and granulosum strata, characterized by
      withdrawal or reduction from the cell cycle and cell proliferation. On the PCL
      membrane, keratinocytes developed an epidermal basal lamina, with high
      proliferating cells that stratified and migrated over time to form a complete
      differentiating epidermal multilayer system. 

PMID- 27371896
TI  - Clinical efficacy and safety of eperisone for low back pain: A systematic
      literature review.
AB  - Eperisone, an analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant has been in use for
      the treatment of low back pain (LBP). The present systematic review evaluates the
      efficacy and safety of eperisone in patients with LBP. Cochrane Back and Neck
      (CBN) Group and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta
      Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were adopted to perform this systematic review. For
      risk of bias assessment CBN Group and Moga tools were used. Seven (5 randomized
      controlled trials [RCTs] and 2 uncontrolled studies) studies involving 801
      participants were included. Eperisone intervention may be effective in acute LBP
      patients with less adverse effects (relative risk, 0.25; 95% confidence interval,
      0.15-0.41; p<0.0001). Eperisone also improved paraspinal blood flow and was found
      to have efficacy similar to tizanidine in chronic LBP patients. The included
      studies in this review are of smaller sample size and short duration to support
      eperisone use in LBP. However, we recommend well-designed RCTs of high quality
      with larger sample size and longer follow-up to confirm the clinical benefits of
      eperisone in the treatment of acute or chronic LBP. 

PMID- 27371897
TI  - Protective effects of MCR-1329, a dual alpha1 and angII receptor antagonist, in
      mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With the prototypical structures of losartan and prazosin as the axis
      of our research, MCR-1329 emerged as a potential designed multiple ligand from a
      series of compounds designed to possess dual antagonistic activity on the alpha1
      and AT1 receptor. After confirming the activity of MCR-1329 in in vitro and acute
      in vivo models, the present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of MCR
      1329 in a mammalian test system. METHODS: A rat model of deoxycorticosterone
      acetate (DOCA)-salt induced renal hypertension following unilateral nephrectomy
      was utilized to determine the effect of MCR-1329. For mechanistic evaluations,
      MCR-1329 was evaluated on rat aortic strips in vitro and on rat aortic smooth
      muscle cells to determine the role of MCR-1329 on phosphoinositide 3 kinase
      (PI3K) signaling. RESULTS: Results of the study showed that MCR-1329 prevents
      development of arterial hypertension. It was also observed that MCR-1329 upheld
      the intimal structures of major arteries like the thoracic aorta. Acetylcholine
      (Ach)-mediated relaxation remained intact in arteries from MCR-1329 treated
      animals. It was observed that MCR-1329 partially prevents Thr-308 phosphorylation
      of Akt following ligand-mediated receptor stimulation in vascular smooth muscle
      cells. Addition of LY294002 to the reaction medium caused a near-complete
      inhibition of Akt-phosphorylation. This suggested that MCR-1329 elicits its
      antihypertensive role by blocking activation of receptor-mediated PI3K-Akt
      downstream signaling as well as through preservation of arterial integrity.
      CONCLUSIONS: MCR-1329 has the potential to be evaluated further for clinical
      development as a potential antihypertensive agent with multiple mechanisms of
      action.

PMID- 27371898
TI  - Traxoprodil augments the antidepressant-like activity of agomelatine but not of
      mianserin or tianeptine in the forced swim test in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The main objective of our study was to evaluate the influence of
      traxoprodil on the activity of the atypical antidepressant drugs (agomelatine,
      mianserin, tianeptine). METHODS: The forced swim test (FST) in mice was used to
      determine the antidepressant-like activity of the tested agents. Drugs levels in
      brain tissue were assessed by a high performance liquid chromatography method.
      RESULTS: Concurrent intraperitoneal administration of per se ineffective doses of
      traxoprodil (10mg/kg) and agomelatine (20mg/kg) shortened the immobility time of
      animals in the FST. The observed effect was associated with elevated brain levels
      of traxoprodil. Similar interaction was not detected for traxoprodil and
      mianserin (10mg/kg) or tianeptine (15mg/kg). CONCLUSION: Traxoprodil-agomelatine
      interaction is pharmacokinetic in nature. A combination of these agents has a
      potential to become an interesting strategy in the treatment of depression.

PMID- 27371899
TI  - Inflammation influences steroid hormone receptors targeted by progestins in
      endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis.
AB  - Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease characterised by the growth of
      endometrial epithelial and stromal cells outside the uterus creating a chronic
      inflammatory environment that further contributes to disease progression. The
      first choice treatment for endometriosis is currently progestin mediated hormone
      modulation. In addition to their progestogenic activity however, progestins also
      have the potential to bind to other nuclear receptors influencing their local
      activity on endometriotic cells. This local activity will be dependent on the
      steroid hormone receptor expression that occurs in endometrial cells in a chronic
      inflammatory environment. We therefore aimed to quantify receptors targeted by
      progestins in endometrial stromal cells after exposure to inflammation. Using
      primary endometrial stromal cells isolated from women with endometriosis we
      examined the mRNA and protein expression of the progesterone receptors A and B,
      membrane progesterone receptors 1 and 2, androgen receptors, mineralocorticoid
      receptors and glucocorticoid receptors after exposure to the inflammatory
      cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin 1beta (IL
      1beta). The results indicate that both cytokines reduced the expression of
      progesterone receptors and increased the expression of the glucocorticoid
      receptors in the endometrial stromal cells. The change in expression of progestin
      targets in endometrial stromal cells in an inflammatory environment could
      contribute to the progesterone resistance observed in endometriotic cells and
      ultimately influence the design of hormonal therapies aimed at treating this
      disease.

PMID- 27371900
TI  - Increased percentage of Th17 cells in peritoneal fluid is associated with
      severity of endometriosis.
AB  - AIM: Th17 cells are a newly discovered T helper lymphocyte subpopulation,
      producing interleukin IL-17. Th17 cells are present in blood and peritoneal fluid
      (PF) at different stages of endometriosis. We aim to establish their potential
      importance in the pathogenesis and clinical features of the disease. METHODS: The
      percentage of Th17 cells among T helper lymphocytes was determined in the PF and
      peripheral blood (PB) of patients with endometriosis and in the control group by
      flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies: anti-CD-4-FITC, anti-CD-3-PE/Cy5, and
      anti-IL-17A-PE. RESULTS: Th17 percentage is increased in PF in comparison with PB
      in both endometriotic patients and in the control group. In severe endometriosis,
      the percentage of Th17 cells in PF was higher than with early (I/II stage)
      endometriosis. A positive correlation between the percentage of Th17 cells in PF
      and the white blood cell count in PB was found in patients with endometriosis.
      CONCLUSION: Targeting the activity of PF Th17 cells may have an influence on the
      proliferation of ectopic tissue and clinical manifestations of the disease.

PMID- 27371901
TI  - Body mass index reference charts for individuals with Down syndrome aged 2-18
      years.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop Brazilian growth charts for body mass index (BMI-for-age)
      for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The secondary objective was to compare
      the BMI-for-age with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standards
      (CDC). METHODS: A retrospective and cross-sectional growth study of 706 youth
      with DS (56.7% males) was performed in 51 centers in Sao Paulo state, Brazil.
      Weight and height were used to calculate the BMI (kg/m2). The LMS method was
      applied to construct the growth charts. Z-scores were based on the CDC 2000
      growth standards. RESULTS: The BMI-for-age reference charts showed excellent
      goodness of fit statistics for boys and girls with DS aged 2-18 years. At 2 years
      of age, the mean BMI Z-scores of boys and girls with DS were lower compared to
      those of the CDC (Z-score=-0.2). In contrast, children with DS aged 3-18 years
      had higher mean Z-scores for BMI-for-age when compared to those of the CDC (Z
      scores=+0.2 to +1.3). CONCLUSIONS: The BMI of Brazilian youth with DS differs
      from those references established by CDC. These are the first Brazilian BMI-for
      age charts for individuals with DS and will hopefully guide clinicians and
      parents in the evaluation and management of the nutritional status in children
      and adolescents with DS in Brazil.

PMID- 27371902
TI  - Analysis of microbiota on abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) in South Korea for
      improved product management.
AB  - Abalone is a popular seafood in South Korea; however, because it contains various
      microorganisms, its ingestion can cause food poisoning. Therefore, analysis of
      the microbiota on abalone can improve understanding of outbreaks and causes of
      food poisoning and help to better manage seafood products. In this study, we
      collected a total of 40 abalones from four different regions in March and July,
      which are known as the maximum abalone production areas in Korea. The microbiota
      were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, and bacterial loads on abalone
      were quantified by real-time PCR. Over 2700 species were detected in the samples,
      and Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria were the predominant classes. The differences
      in microbiota among regions and at each sampling time were also investigated.
      Although Psychrobacter was the dominant genus detected on abalone in both March
      and July, the species compositions were different between the two sampling times.
      Five potential pathogens (Lactococcus garvieae, Yersinia kristensenii,
      Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus warneri, and Staphylococcus
      epidermidis) were detected among the abalone microbiota. In addition, we analyzed
      the influence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection on shifts in abalone
      microbiota during storage at different temperatures. Although the proportion of
      Vibrio increased over time in infected and non-infected abalone, the shifts of
      microbiota were more dynamic in infected abalone. These results can be used to
      better understand the potential of food poisoning caused by abalone consumption
      and manage abalone products according to the microbiota composition. 

PMID- 27371903
TI  - The use of propidium monoazide in conjunction with qPCR and Illumina sequencing
      to identify and quantify live yeasts and bacteria.
AB  - Culture-independent methods of microbial identification have been developed,
      which allow for DNA extraction directly from environmental samples without
      subjecting microbes to growth on nutrient media. These methods often involve next
      generation DNA sequencing (NGS) for identifying microbes and qPCR for quantifying
      them. Despite the benefits of extracting all DNA from the sample, results may be
      compromised by amplifying DNA from dead cells. To address this short-coming, the
      use of propidium monoazide (PMA) has been used to deactivate DNA in non-viable
      cells. Nevertheless, its optimization has not been fully explored under a variety
      of conditions. In this study, we optimized the PMA method for both yeasts and
      bacteria. Specifically, we explored the effect different PMA concentrations and
      different cell densities had on DNA amplification (as part of next generation DNA
      sequencing) from both dead and viable bacterial and yeast cells. We found PMA was
      effective in eliminating DNA that was associated with dead yeast and bacterial
      cells for all cell concentrations. Nevertheless, DNA (extracted from viable yeast
      and bacterial cells) amplified most abundantly when PMA concentration was at 6MUM
      and when yeast densities ranged between 10(6) to 10(7)CFU/mL and bacterial
      densities were approximately 10(8)CFU/mL. 

PMID- 27371904
TI  - Trunk muscle reflexes are elicited by small continuous perturbations in healthy
      subjects and patients with low-back pain.
AB  - Low-back pain (LBP) has been recognized as the leading cause of disability
      worldwide. Lumbar instability has been considered as an important mechanism of
      LBP and one potential contributor to lumbar stability is trunk muscle reflex
      activity. However, due to the differences in experimental paradigms used to
      quantify trunk mechanics and trunk reflexes it remains unclear as to what extent
      the reflex pathway contributes to overall lumbar stability. The goal of this work
      was to determine to what extent reflexes of various trunk muscles were elicited
      by the small continuous perturbations normally used to quantify trunk mechanics.
      Electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured bilaterally from 3 trunk extensor
      muscles and 3 trunk flexor muscles at four epochs: 25-50ms, 50-75ms, 75-100ms and
      100-125ms following each perturbation. Reflex activity was seen in all muscles as
      34 of the 48 muscle-epoch combinations showed a significant reflex response to
      either perturbations in the forward or backward direction. However, the reflex
      EMG activity did not correlate with mechanical estimates of the reflex response.
      Thus, even though reflexes are indeed elicited by the small perturbations used to
      quantify trunk mechanics, their exact contribution to overall lumbar stability
      remains unknown. 

PMID- 27371905
TI  - Effects of whole body vibration on muscle contractile properties in exercise
      induced muscle damaged females.
AB  - Determining muscle contractile properties following exercise is critical in
      understanding neuromuscular function. Following high intensity training,
      individuals often experience exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD). The purpose
      of this investigation was to determine the effect of whole-body vibration (WBV)
      on muscle contractile properties following EIMD. Twenty-seven females volunteered
      for 7 sessions and were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. Muscle
      contractile properties were assessed via voluntary torque (VT), peak twitch
      torque (TT), time to reach peak torque, half relaxation time of twitch torque,
      percent activation (%ACT), rate of rise (RR), rate of decline (RD), mean and peak
      electromyography during maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Two testing sets
      were collected each day, consisting of pre measures followed by WBV or control
      and post measures. A mixed factor analysis of variance was conducted for each
      variable. %ACT measures found baseline being less than day 1 in both measures in
      the control group. TT was found to be greater in the control group compared to
      WBV group. TT and VT baseline measures were greater than all other time points.
      RR showed control group had higher values than WBV group. These results indicate
      that WBV following EIMD had some positive effects on muscle contractile
      properties. 

PMID- 27371906
TI  - Medically unexplained somatic symptoms and bipolar spectrum disorders: A
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with bipolar spectrum disorders (BSD) frequently report
      medically unexplained somatic symptoms. However, the prevalence and the
      consequences for treatment and outcome are currently unknown. METHODS: To
      estimate the prevalence of somatic symptoms in BSD, we conducted a systematic
      review and meta-analysis of empirical studies published between 1980 and 2015.
      The odds for somatic symptoms in BSD were compared with unipolar depression (UPD)
      and general population or mixed psychiatric controls. Studies were retrieved from
      four electronic databases utilizing Boolean operations and reference list
      searches. Pooled data estimates were derived using random-effects methods.
      RESULTS: Out of 2634 studies, 23 were eligible for inclusion, yielding an N of
      106,785 patients. The estimated prevalence of somatic symptoms in BSD was 47.8%.
      The estimated prevalence of BSD in persons with somatic symptoms was 1.4%.
      Persons with BSD had a higher prevalence of somatic symptoms compared with
      population or mixed psychiatric controls (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.14-2.92). Persons
      with BSD had a similar prevalence of somatic symptoms compared with UPD controls
      (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.68-1.44). LIMITATIONS: This study is correlational; thus
      causal inferences cannot be made. Reporting of somatic symptoms likely varies
      with BSD severity and subtype. Some studies reported insufficient information
      regarding comorbid medical conditions and medications. CONCLUSIONS: Persons with
      BSD suffer from somatic symptoms at a rate nearly double that of the general
      population, a rate similar to persons with UPD. Our results suggest the utility
      of an integrated care model in which primary care and specialist physicians
      collaborate with mental health professionals to jointly address psychological and
      bodily symptoms.

PMID- 27371907
TI  - Identifying depression with the PHQ-2: A diagnostic meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is interest in the use of very brief instruments to identify
      depression because of the advantages they offer in busy clinical settings. The
      PHQ-2, consisting of two questions relating to core symptoms of depression (low
      mood and loss of interest or pleasure), is one such instrument. METHOD: A
      systematic review was conducted to identify studies that had assessed the
      diagnostic performance of the PHQ-2 to detect major depression. Embase, MEDLINE,
      PsychINFO and grey literature databases were searched. Reference lists of
      included studies and previous relevant reviews were also examined. Studies were
      included that used the standard scoring system of the PHQ-2, assessed its
      performance against a gold-standard diagnostic interview and reported data on its
      performance at the recommended (>=3) or an alternative cut-off point (>=2). After
      assessing heterogeneity, where appropriate, data from studies were combined using
      bivariate diagnostic meta-analysis to derive sensitivity, specificity, likelihood
      ratios and diagnostic odds ratios. RESULTS: 21 studies met inclusion criteria
      totalling N=11,175 people out of which 1529 had major depressive disorder
      according to a gold standard. 19 of the 21 included studies reported data for a
      cut-off point of >=3. Pooled sensitivity was 0.76 (95% CI =0.68-0.82), pooled
      specificity was 0.87 (95% CI =0.82-0.90). However there was substantial
      heterogeneity at this cut-off (I(2)=81.8%). 17 studies reported data on the
      performance of the measure at cut-off point >=2. Heterogeneity was I(2)=43.2%
      pooled sensitivity at this cut-off point was 0.91 (95% CI =0.85-0.94), and pooled
      specificity was 0.70 (95% CI =0.64-0.76). CONCLUSION: The generally lower
      sensitivity of the PHQ-2 at cut-off >=3 than the original validation study (0.83)
      suggests that >=2 may be preferable if clinicians want to ensure that few cases
      of depression are missed. However, in situations in which the prevalence of
      depression is low, this may result in an unacceptably high false-positive rate
      because of the associated modest specificity. These results, however, need to be
      interpreted with caution given the possibility of selectively reported cut-offs.

PMID- 27371908
TI  - Peer counselling for doctors in Norway: A qualitative study of the relationship
      between support and surveillance.
AB  - RATIONALE: Peer support can entail collegial responsibility for counselling and
      support as well as reactions to academic or ethical failure. These considerations
      can be complementary, but also conflicting. OBJECTIVE: This article focuses on
      how the peer support programme in Norway addresses these considerations. METHODS:
      Focus group interviews held with Norwegian peer counsellors from August 2011 to
      June 2012 were analysed by a stepwise deductive-inductive method. RESULTS: Based
      on organisational theory, two "ideal types" of counsellors were identified from
      the data, and these were then used to reanalyse the text. We found that the
      organisational framework is associated with the peer counsellors' role conception
      and thereby the relationship between the counsellor and the help-seeking doctor.
      The relationship between informal frameworks like collegiality, confidence and
      discretion, and more formalized incentive-driven frameworks, appear to influence
      the accessibility to peer support, the mandate to provide relevant help and the
      understanding of what peer support represents. CONCLUSION: The study showed the
      need for a continuous awareness of a balance between the informal and the more
      formalized elements in the framework for peer support. This is of importance for
      how the service can contribute to better health among doctors and to secure
      quality and safety in the treatment of patients. The analysis can also be used to
      demonstrate the consequences of how the peer support program is designed - such
      as the degree of formalisation and the balance between "hard" and "soft" ways to
      regulate the interaction between peer counsellors and doctors - for the ability
      to achieve the stated objectives of the service.

PMID- 27371909
TI  - Polytherapy with sodium channel-blocking antiepileptic drugs is associated with
      arrhythmogenic ST-T abnormality in patients with epilepsy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recent reports have documented the appearance of Brugada-type ST
      elevation in cases of overdose of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, little is
      known about changes on electrocardiographs (ECGs) during AED use at therapeutic
      doses. AEDs may cause Brugada-type ST elevation or J-wave-like intraventricular
      conduction delays through an ion channel-blocking effect. In the present study,
      we sought to elucidate ECG abnormalities in patients on AED therapy. METHODS: The
      study population consisted of 120 consecutive patients with epilepsy who
      continued to take AEDs and had ECGs recorded during these therapies. Their
      clinical background and ECGs were retrospectively analyzed. Brugada-type ST
      elevation was classified according to the consensus report on Brugada syndrome. A
      J-wave-like ECG abnormality was defined as the appearance of notching or slurring
      of the QRS complex (>0.1mV) in the inferior/lateral leads. RESULTS: Of the 120
      patients, 15 (12.5%) exhibited Brugada-type ST elevation and 35 (29.2%) showed a
      J-wave-like ECG abnormality. Polytherapy with sodium channel-blocking AEDs (e.g.,
      carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine) was more frequently observed in patients
      with Brugada-type ST elevation (p=0.048). However, the serum concentrations of
      these medicines did not differ between patients with and without ECG
      abnormalities (carbamazepine: 7.9+/-4.1 vs. 7.2+/-5.9MUg/dL; phenytoin: 12.7+/
      4.1 vs. 15.5+/-9.5MUg/dL, NS). CONCLUSION: ST-T abnormalities were frequently
      seen in patients using AEDs. The presence of Brugada-type ST elevation was
      associated with polytherapy with sodium channel-blocking AEDs.

PMID- 27371910
TI  - Considerations and challenges for patients with refractory and relapsed acute
      myeloid leukaemia.
AB  - Despite advances in understanding the complexities of acute myeloid leukaemia
      (AML), the treatment of refractory or relapsed AML (rrAML) remains a daunting
      clinical challenge. Numerous clinical trials have failed to identify new
      treatments or combinations of existing therapies that substantially improve
      outcomes and survival. This may be due, at least in part, to heterogeneity among
      study patients with respect to multiple inter-related factors that have been
      shown to affect treatment outcomes for patients with rrAML; such factors include
      age, cytogenetics, immunophenotypic changes, and (in the case of relapsed AML)
      duration of first complete remission, or if the patient has had a previous blood
      and marrow transplant (BMT). A clear understanding of disease characteristics and
      patient-related factors that influence treatment response, as well as expected
      outcomes with existing and emerging therapies, can aid clinicians in helping
      their patients navigate through this complex disease state.

PMID- 27371911
TI  - The many unanswered questions related to the German skin cancer screening
      programme.
AB  - In 2008, the first nationwide skin cancer screening (SCS) programme in the world
      was established in Germany. The main reason to implement the SCS programme in
      Germany was the expected reduction of costs of care due to earlier detection of
      skin cancer. The aim of this commentary is to raise and discuss several
      unanswered questions related to the German SCS programme. The evidence of a
      temporary mortality decline of skin melanoma after SCS in Schleswig-Holstein is
      lower than previously assumed and the temporary decline may have been caused by
      other factors than screening (e.g. awareness effects, selection bias, data
      artifact, and random fluctuation). The evaluation of the nationwide effect of SCS
      on skin cancer mortality is hampered by birth cohort effects and low quality of
      the routine cause-of-death statistics. The nationwide skin melanoma mortality did
      not decrease from 2007 through 2014. The time interval between screenings after a
      screening without pathological findings is unclear. Appropriate research designs
      are needed that monitor and evaluate the effect of SCS not only on skin cancer
      mortality but also on other factors that may help to judge the potential benefits
      and harms of SCS including aggressiveness of therapy, costs of care, quality of
      life, and stage-specific incidence rates of skin cancer. Furthermore, SCS may
      profit from a high-risk strategy instead of population-wide screening and from
      newer technologies for early detection of skin cancer (e.g. dermoscopy).

PMID- 27371912
TI  - Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological studies of copper complexes of
      flavone derivatives as potential anti-tuberculosis agents.
AB  - Novel series of different hydroxyflavone derivatives and their copper complexes
      were synthesized. They were characterized using analytical and spectral
      techniques. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activity of the synthesized
      complexes demonstrated that copper complex of L(10) has promising SOD-mimetic
      activity than other ligands & complexes. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of
      the synthesized compounds were tested against the bacterial species and fungal
      species. The DNA binding properties of copper complexes were studied using cyclic
      voltametry and electronic absorption techniques. Anti-tuberculosis activity was
      also performed. The effective complexes was subjected to antimycobacterial
      activity using MABA method and summarized. The antimycobacterial activity of
      copper complexes have been evaluated and discussed. 

PMID- 27371913
TI  - Liposomal nanoformulations of rhodamine for targeted photodynamic inactivation of
      multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria in sewage treatment plant.
AB  - The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is an alternative method for killing
      bacterial cells in view of the rising problem of antibiotic resistance
      microorganisms. The present study examined the effect of a water soluble
      photosensitizer, Rhodamine 6G (R6G) in stealth liposomes on multidrug resistant
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of visible light. Liposomes were prepared
      with cholesterol and phospholipids that extracted from hen eggs in a cost
      effective way and characterized by light microscopy, particle size analyzer,
      electron microscopy, steady state spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry. The
      photoefficacies of R6G in polymer encapsulated liposomes and positively charged
      liposomes are much higher compared to the free R6G (R6G in water) in terms of
      singlet oxygen quantum yield. This high potential of producing more reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) by liposomal nanoformulated R6G leads to efficient
      photodynamic inactivation of multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria in waste
      water. Though the singlet oxygen quantum yield of polymer coated liposomal R6G
      was higher than the cationic liposomal formulation, a faster decrease in
      bacterial survival was observed for positively charged liposomal R6G treated
      bacteria due to electrostatic charge interactions. Therefore, it can be concluded
      that the positively charged liposomal nanoformulations of laser dyes are
      efficient for photodynamic inactivation of multiple drug resistant gram negative
      microorganisms. 

PMID- 27371914
TI  - Improving the luminescence properties of aequorin by conjugating to CdSe/ZnS
      quantum dot nanoparticles: Red shift and slowing decay rate.
AB  - Changing the properties of photoprotein aequorin such as the wavelength emission
      and decay half-life by using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)
      phenomenon is the main aim in this paper. BRET system was set up with CdSe/ZnS
      quantum dot nanoparticles as an acceptor molecule and photoprotein as an energy
      donor molecule. Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles with very
      interesting optical properties, including broad excitation spectra, narrow and
      the symmetric band width emission spectra, tunable by their sizes, compositions,
      negligible photo-bleaching and good chemical and photo-stability. In this QD-BRET
      system, aequorin is conjugated to the carboxyl groups on quantum dot surface by
      EDC/NHS chemistry as cross linker. Bioluminescence energy generates by aequorin
      upon adding Ca(2+) and transfers to the quantum dots in a radiationless manner
      and emits at a longer wavelength. The determined bioluminescent parameters for
      this method included aequorin activity, emission spectra and decay half-life
      time. In fact, this spectrum tuning strategy resulted in a change in
      bioluminescent properties of photoprotein, therefore, the maximum emission
      wavelength shifted from 455 to 540nm and the decay time increased from 3.76 to
      12.11s. Nowadays, photoproteins with different characteristics are capable of
      being employed as a reporter in multi-analyte detections and in vivo imaging. 

PMID- 27371915
TI  - Spectroscopic investigation of biosynthesized nickel nanoparticles and its
      larvicidal, pesticidal activities.
AB  - Methanolic extract of Cocos nucifera (C. nucifera) was collected using Soxhlet
      apparatus. C. nucifera methanolic extract was used to prepare Nickel
      nanoparticles (Ni NPs). Eco-friendly synthesized Ni NPs were confirmed by several
      analytical techniques such as UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform
      Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron
      Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Transmission Electron
      Microscope (TEM) and Zeta potential. The obtained results infer that green
      synthesized Ni NPs are in cubical shape with an average particle size of 47nm.
      Synthesized Ni NPs were subjected to pesticidal activity against agricultural
      pest Callasobruchus maculates (C. maculates) which resulted in 97.31% mortality.
      These results were compared with commercially available standard Azadirachtin.
      Also we have studied larvicidal activity against Aedes ageypti (A. ageypti)
      larvae which resulted in LC 50 and LC 90 value of 259.24, 446.99ppm respectively
      and the result proved to be significant which were processed by ANOVA LSD Tukey's
      test. 

PMID- 27371916
TI  - Determination of the threshold dose distribution in photodynamic action from in
      vitro experiments.
AB  - The concept of threshold in photodynamic action on cells or microorganisms is
      well observed in experiments but not fully explored on in vitro experiments. The
      intercomparison between light and used photosensitizer among many experiments is
      also poorly evaluated. In this report, we present an analytical model that allows
      extracting from the survival rate experiments the data of the threshold dose
      distribution, ie, the distribution of energies and photosensitizer concentration
      necessary to produce death of cells. Then, we use this model to investigate
      photodynamic therapy (PDT) data previously published in literature. The concept
      of threshold dose distribution instead of "single value of threshold" is a rich
      concept for the comparison of photodynamic action in different situations,
      allowing analyses of its efficiency as well as determination of optimized
      conditions for PDT. We observed that, in general, as it becomes more difficult to
      kill a population, the distribution tends to broaden, which means it presents a
      large spectrum of threshold values within the same cell type population. From the
      distribution parameters (center peak and full width), we also observed a clear
      distinction among cell types regarding their response to PDT that can be
      quantified. Comparing data obtained from the same cell line and used
      photosensitizer (PS), where the only distinct condition was the light source's
      wavelength, we found that the differences on the distribution parameters were
      comparable to the differences on the PS absorption. At last, we observed evidence
      that the threshold dose distribution matches the curve of apoptotic activity for
      some PSs. 

PMID- 27371917
TI  - The challenges of including impacts on biodiversity in agricultural life cycle
      assessments.
AB  - Agriculture is considered to be one of the main drivers for worldwide
      biodiversity loss but the impacts of agricultural production on biodiversity have
      not been extensively considered in Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs). Recent
      realisation that biodiversity impact should be included in comprehensive LCAs has
      led to attempts to develop and implement methods for biodiversity impact
      assessment. In this review, twenty-two different biodiversity impact assessment
      methods have been analysed to identify their strengths and weaknesses in terms of
      their comprehensiveness in the evaluation of agricultural products. Different
      criteria, which had to meet the specific requirements of biodiversity research,
      life cycle assessment methodology, and the evaluation of agricultural products,
      were selected to investigate the identified methods. Very few of the methods were
      developed with the specific intention of being used for agricultural LCAs.
      Furthermore, none of the methods can be applied globally while at the same time
      being able to differentiate between various agricultural intensities. Global
      value chains and the increasing awareness of different biodiversity impacts of
      agricultural production systems demand the development of evaluation methods that
      are able to overcome these shortcomings. Despite the progress that has already
      been achieved, there are still unresolved difficulties which need further
      research and improvement. 

PMID- 27371919
TI  - Walking impairs cognitive performance among people with multiple sclerosis but
      not controls.
AB  - People with multiple sclerosis (MS) complain of problems completing two tasks
      simultaneously; sometimes called 'dual-tasking' (DT). Previous research in DT
      among people with MS has focused on how adding a cognitive task interferes with
      gait and few have measured how adding a motor task could interfere with
      cognition. We aimed to determine the extent to which walking affects a concurrent
      working memory task in people with MS compared to healthy controls. We recruited
      MS participants (n=13) and controls (n=10) matched by age (+/-3years), education
      (+/-3years) and gender. Participants first completed the cognitive task
      (subtracting 7's from the previous number) and then again while walking on an
      instrumented walkway. Although there were no baseline differences in cognition or
      walking between MS participants and controls, MS participants demonstrated a 52%
      decrease in number of correct answers during DT (p<0.001). Mental Tracking Rate
      (% correct answers/min) correlated strongly with MS-related disability measured
      using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS; r(11)=-0.68, p<0.01). We
      propose that compromised mental tracking during walking could be related to
      limited neural resource capacity and could be a potentially useful outcome
      measure to detect ecologically valid dual tasking impairments. 

PMID- 27371918
TI  - Laterality of repetitive finger movement performance and clinical features of
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Impairments in acoustically cued repetitive finger movement often emerge at rates
      near to and above 2Hz in persons with Parkinson's Disease (PD) in which some
      patients move faster (hastening) and others move slower (bradykinetic). The
      clinical features impacting this differential performance of repetitive finger
      movement remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare repetitive
      finger movement performance between the more and less affected side, and the
      difference in clinical ratings among performance groups. Forty-one participants
      diagnosed with idiopathic PD completed an acoustically cued repetitive finger
      movement task while "on" medication. Eighteen participants moved faster, 10 moved
      slower, and 13 were able to maintain the appropriate rate at rates above 2Hz.
      Clinical measures of laterality, disease severity, and the UPDRS were obtained.
      There were no significant differences between the more and less affected sides
      regardless of performance group. Comparison of disease severity, tremor, and
      rigidity among performance groups revealed no significant differences. Comparison
      of posture and postural instability scores revealed that the participants that
      demonstrated hastening had worse posture and postural instability scores.
      Consideration of movement rate during the clinical evaluation of repetitive
      finger movement may provide additional insight into varying disease features in
      persons with PD. 

PMID- 27371920
TI  - Metabonomic identification of the effects of the Zhimu-Baihe saponins on a
      chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced rat model of depression.
AB  - The herbal pair Zhimu-Baihe (Zhimu: Anemarrhena asphodeloides; Baihe: Lilium
      brownii var. viridulum) is a traditional Chinese medicament used for the
      treatment of depression. However, the relevant mechanisms of action has not been
      clarified. This study investigated the anti-depressant activity of the total
      saponins from Zhimu and Baihe and the mechanisms underlying using a chronic
      unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced rat model of depression. High
      performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) was
      applied to determine the levels of three monoamine neurotransmitters, 5
      hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NE) and dopamine (DA), in the rat
      hippocampus. Optimized pretreatment of samples and mass spectrometry conditions
      were used to analyse the metabonomic profile of the hippocampus. The 5-HT and NE
      levels in the CUMS group were reduced compared with the control group, whereas
      all groups had similar DA levels. The metabonomic profile of the hippocampus
      revealed 32 differential metabolites between the CUMS and control group, among
      which 18 metabolites were significantly recovered in the Anemarrhena saponins and
      Lilium saponins (AL) combination intervention group. These results suggested an
      anti-depressant effect of AL. Moreover, 24 metabolites in AL group were better
      recovered compared with the Anemarrhena saponins (AS) or Lilium saponins (LS)
      intervention groups, suggesting a synergetic effect of AS and LS in the treatment
      of depression. The anti-depressant effect might be related to the regulation of
      several metabolic pathways, including monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis
      (especially 5-HT and NE), and amino acid, fatty acid, and phospholipid metabolism
      in rats. 

PMID- 27371921
TI  - Quantitative assay of photoinduced DNA strand breaks by real-time PCR.
AB  - Real-time PCR (qPCR) - a modern methodology primarily used for studying gene
      expression has been employed for the quantitative assay of an important class of
      DNA damage - single strand breaks. These DNA lesions which may lead to highly
      cytotoxic double strand breaks were quantified in a model system where double
      stranded DNA was sensitized to UV photons by labeling with 5-bromo-2'
      deoxyuridine. The amount of breaks formed due to irradiation with several doses
      of 320nm photons was assayed by two independent methods: LC-MS and qPCR. A very
      good agreement between the relative damage measured by the two completely
      different analytical tools proves the applicability of qPCR for the quantitative
      analysis of SSBs. Our results suggest that the popularity of the hitherto
      underestimated though accurate and site-specific technique of real-time PCR may
      increase in future DNA damage studies. 

PMID- 27371922
TI  - Novel (2,6-difluorophenyl)(2-(phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)methanones with
      restricted conformation as potent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
      against HIV-1.
AB  - To elucidate the structure-geometry-activity relationship in diarylpyrimidine
      family (DAPYs) containing carbonyl linker between the central pyrimidine core and
      phenyl type B-arm, a series of (2,6-difluorophenyl)(2-(phenylamino)pyrimidin-4
      yl)methanones was designed, prepared and tested for their anti-HIV-1 activity.
      The carbonyl linker bearing B phenyl arm was successfully attached at both C-2
      and C-4 positions of the central pyrimidine ring using a new synthetic approach.
      Further modifications of target compounds are present at C-5 position of the
      pyrimidine ring. In vitro anti-HIV-1 activity study performed on a series of 22
      compounds confirmed the crucial importance of both conformational rigidity
      between phenyl B arm and the pyrimidine core linked through the carbonyl bridge,
      as well as presence of fluoro substituents in ortho-positions of phenyl B moiety.
      The most potent derivative of the series, compound 17, having almost
      perpendicular angle within the two planes made from the B aromatic arm and the
      pyrimidine ring, exhibited low nanomolar anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50 = 4 nM) with
      no significant toxicity (CC50 > 57.1 MUM). 

PMID- 27371923
TI  - Syntheses of new 3-thiazolyl coumarin derivatives, in vitro alpha-glucosidase
      inhibitory activity, and molecular modeling studies.
AB  - 3-Thiazolylcoumarin derivatives 1-14 were synthesized via one-pot two step
      reactions, and screened for in vitro alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. All
      compounds showed inhibitory activity in the range of IC50 = 0.12 +/- 0.01-16.20
      +/- 0.23 MUM as compared to standard acarbose (IC50 = 38.25 +/- 0.12 MUM), and
      also found to be nontoxic. Molecular docking study was carried out in order to
      establish the structure-activity relationship (SAR) which demonstrated that
      electron rich centers at one and electron withdrawing centers at the other end of
      the molecules showed strong inhibitory activity. All the synthesized compounds
      were characterized by spectroscopic techniques such as EI-MS, HREI-MS, (1)H NMR
      and (13)C NMR. CHN analysis was also performed. 

PMID- 27371924
TI  - Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of berberine-benzimidazole hybrids as
      new type of potentially DNA-targeting antimicrobial agents.
AB  - A series of novel berberine-benzimidazole derivatives were conveniently and
      efficiently synthesized and characterized by NMR, IR, MS and HRMS spectra. Most
      of the prepared compounds showed effective antimicrobial activities in contrast
      with clinical norfloxacin, chloromycin and fluconazole. Especially, compound 5d
      exhibited good anti-MRSA, anti-Escherichia coli, and anti-Salmonella typhi
      activity with low MIC values of 2-8 MUg/mL, which were comparable or even
      superior to reference drugs. The preliminarily interactive investigation revealed
      that the most active compound 5d could effectively intercalate into DNA to form
      5d-DNA complex and cleavage DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis experiments. It
      was also found that compound 5d was able to efficiently permeabilize the
      membranes of both Gram-positive (MRSA) and Gram-negative (E. coli DH52) bacteria.
      Experiments and molecular docking both showed that human serum albumin (HSA)
      could effectively transport compound 5d and hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen
      bonds play important roles in the association of compound 5d with HSA. 

PMID- 27371925
TI  - Engineering another class of anti-tubercular lead: Hit to lead optimization of an
      intriguing class of gyrase ATPase inhibitors.
AB  - A structure based medium throughput virtual screening campaign of BITS-Pilani in
      house chemical library to identify novel binders of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      gyrase ATPase domain led to the discovery of a quinoline scaffold. Further
      medicinal chemistry explorations on the right hand core of the early hit,
      engendered a potent lead demonstrating superior efficacy both in the enzyme and
      whole cell screening assay. The binding affinity shown at the enzyme level was
      further corroborated by biophysical characterization techniques. Early
      pharmacokinetic evaluation of the optimized analogue was encouraging and provides
      interesting potential for further optimization. 

PMID- 27371926
TI  - Synthesis of a series of novel dihydroartemisinin monomers and dimers containing
      chalcone as a linker and their anticancer activity.
AB  - A new series of monomer and dimer derivatives of dihydroartemisinin (DHA)
      containing substituted chalcones as a linker were synthesized and investigated
      for their cytotoxicity in human cancer cell lines HL-60 (leukemia), Mia PaCa-2
      (pancreatic cancer), PC-3 (prostate cancer), LS180 (colon cancer) and HEPG2
      (hepatocellular carcinoma). Some of these derivatives have greater
      antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in tested cell lines than parent compound
      DHA. The structures of the all compounds were confirmed by IR, (1)H NMR and mass
      spectral data. Among the new derivatives, compounds 8, 14, 15, 20 and 24 were
      found to be more active than parent DHA against tested human cancer cell lines.
      DHA derivatives were found to be most active in human leukemia cell lines with
      compounds 8, 14, 15, 20 and 24 showed IC50 values less than 1 MUM for 48 h
      whereas DHA has IC50 value of 2 MUM at same time period. The most potent
      compounds 8 with IC50 = 0.3 MUM (at par with doxorubicin (IC50 = 0.3 MUM)) and 15
      with IC50 = 0.4 MUM, of the series, six and three times active than DHA (with
      IC50 = 2 MUM) respectively were selected for further mechanistic work in human
      leukemia HL-60 cells. 

PMID- 27371927
TI  - Design, synthesis, and anti-proliferative activity of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-12
      hydroxymethyl-p-carborane derivatives.
AB  - 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-12-hydroxymethyl-p-carborane (2a), which is a precursor to
      the previously developed potent carborane-containing ER agonist BE120, exhibited
      weak cell growth inhibitory activity against four human cancer cell lines (MCF-7,
      MDA-MB-453, LNCaP, and PC-3). The biological evaluation of a series of
      derivatives of 2a revealed that an increased number of methoxy groups on the
      benzene ring of 2a enhanced the cell growth inhibitory activity. Trimethoxyphenyl
      derivative 2g afforded the most potent cell growth inhibitory activity (mean GI50
      value: 5.8 MUM) in a panel screening using 39 human cancer cell lines. Moreover,
      2g induced for MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cell lines an arrest of the cell cycle in
      the G2/M phase and apoptosis mediated by caspase-3/7. 

PMID- 27371928
TI  - Does nitrate co-pollution affect biological responses of an aquatic plant to two
      common herbicides?
AB  - Aquatic systems in agricultural landscapes are subjected to multiple stressors,
      among them pesticide and nitrate run-off, but effects of both together have
      rarely been studied. We investigated possible stress-specific and interaction
      effects using the new OECD test organism, Myriophyllum spicatum, a widespread
      aquatic plant. In a fully factorial design, we used two widely applied
      herbicides, isoproturon and mesosulfuron-methyl, in concentration-response curves
      at two nitrate levels (219.63 and 878.52mg N-NO3). We applied different endpoints
      reflecting plant performance such as growth, pigment content, content in phenolic
      compounds, and plant stoichiometry. Relative growth rates based on length (RGR-L)
      were affected strongly by both herbicides, while effects on relative growth rate
      based on dry weight (RGR-DW) were apparent for isoproturon but hardly visible for
      mesosulfuron-methyl due to an increase in dry matter content. The higher nitrate
      level further reduced growth rates, specifically with mesosulfuron-methyl.
      Effects were visible between 50 and 500MUgL(-1) for isoproturon and 0.5-5MUgL(-1)
      for mesosulfuron-methyl, with some differences between endpoints. The two
      herbicides had opposite effects on chlorophyll, carotenoid and nitrogen contents
      in plants, with values increasing with increasing concentrations of isoproturon
      and decreasing for mesosulfuron-methyl. Herbicides and nitrate level exhibited
      distinct effects on the content in phenolic compounds, with higher nitrate levels
      reducing total phenolic compounds in controls and with isoproturon, but not with
      mesosulfuron-methyl. Increasing concentrations of mesosulfuron-methyl lead to a
      decline of total phenolic compounds, while isoproturon had little effect.
      Contents of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus changed depending on the stressor
      combination. We observed higher phosphorus levels in plants exposed to certain
      concentrations of herbicides, potentially indicating a metabolic response. The
      C:N molar ratio decreased strongly with isoproturon and increased with
      mesosulfuron-methyl. The C:P and N:P ratios did not vary for most herbicide
      concentrations, indicating homeostasis. Nitrate level had no effect on the C:N
      ratio, but the N:P ratio increased in high nitrate level treatments, indicating
      that the former is more strictly regulated by the plant than the latter. We
      conclude that the multi-stress impacts caused to aquatic primary producers by
      herbicides and nitrate enrichment, as often observed in agricultural run-off, not
      only affected growth and pigment content, but also structural traits (dry matter
      content) and other physiological traits (elemental stoichiometry, phenolic
      compounds). Changes in those might have indirect effects on biotic interactions
      and elemental cycles. We suggest considering some of these endpoints in future
      studies in environmental risk assessment for agricultural run-off. 

PMID- 27371929
TI  - The short-term association of road traffic noise with cardiovascular,
      respiratory, and diabetes-related mortality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Road traffic noise has well-documented effects on cardiovascular,
      respiratory, and metabolic health. Numerous studies have reported long-term
      associations of urban noise with some diseases and outcomes, including death.
      However, to date there are no studies on the short-term association between this
      pollutant and a set of various specific causes of death. OBJECTIVES: To
      investigate the short-term association of road traffic noise with daily cause
      specific mortality. METHODS: We used a time-stratified case-crossover design with
      Poisson regression. Predictor variables were daytime, nighttime, and 24-h
      equivalent noise levels, and maximum daytime and nighttime noise levels. Outcome
      variables were daily death counts for various specific causes, stratifying by
      age. We adjusted for primary air pollutants (PM2.5 and NO2) and weather
      conditions (mean temperature and relative humidity). RESULTS: In the >=65 age
      group, increased mortality rates per 1 dBA increase in maximum nocturnal noise
      levels at lag 0 or 1 day were 2.9% (95% CI 1.0, 4.8%), 3.5% (95% CI 1.1, 6.1%),
      2.4% (95% CI 0.1, 4.8%), 3.0% (95% CI 0.2, 5.8%), and 4.0% (95% CI 1.0, 7.0%),
      for ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease,
      pneumonia, and COPD, respectively. For diabetes, 1 dBA increase in equivalent
      nocturnal noise levels at lag 1 was associated with an increased mortality rate
      of 11% (95% CI 4.0, 19%). In the <65 age group, increased mortality rates per 1
      dBA increase in equivalent nocturnal noise levels at lag 0 were 11% (95% CI 4.2,
      18%) and 11% (95% CI 4.2, 19%) for ischemic heart disease and myocardial
      infarction, respectively. CONCLUSION: Road traffic noise increases the short-term
      risk of death from specific diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and
      metabolic systems.

PMID- 27371930
TI  - Cardiovascular and stress responses to short-term noise exposures-A panel study
      in healthy males.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While previous epidemiological studies report adverse effects of long
      term noise exposure on cardiovascular health, the mechanisms responsible for
      these effects are unclear. We sought to elucidate the cardiovascular and stress
      response to short-term, low (31.5-125Hz) and high (500-2000Hz) frequency noise
      exposures. METHODS: Healthy male (n=10) participants were monitored on multiple
      visits during no noise, low- or high-frequency noise exposure scenarios lasting
      40min. Participants were fitted with an ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) and
      blood pressure measures and saliva samples were taken before, during and after
      noise exposures. ECGs were processed for measures of heart rate variability
      (HRV): high-frequency power (HF), low-frequency power (LF), the root of the mean
      squared difference between adjacent normal heart beats (N-N) intervals (RMSSD),
      and the standard deviation of N-N intervals (SDNN). Systolic blood pressure
      (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DPB), and pulse were reported and saliva was
      analyzed for salivary cortisol and amylase. Multivariate mixed-effects linear
      regression models adjusted for age were used to identify statistically
      significant difference in outcomes by no noise, during noise or after noise
      exposure periods and whether this differed by noise frequency. RESULTS: A total
      of 658, 205, and 122, HRV, saliva, and blood pressure measurements were performed
      over 41 person days. Reductions in HRV (LF and RMSSD) were observed during noise
      exposure (a reduction of 19% (-35,-3.5) and 9.1% (-17,-1.1), respectively). After
      adjusting for noise frequency, during low frequency noise exposure, HF, LF, and
      SDNN were reduced (a reduction of 32% (-57,-6.2), 34% (-52,-15), and 16% (-26,
      6.1), respectively) and during high frequency noise exposure, a 21% (-39,-2.3)
      reduction in LF, as compared to during no noise exposure, was found. No
      significant (p<0.05) changes in blood pressure, salivary cortisol, or amylase
      were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that exposure to noise, and in
      particular, to low-frequency noise, negatively impacts HRV. The frequencies of
      noise should be considered when evaluating the cardiovascular health impacts of
      exposure.

PMID- 27371931
TI  - Freeze desalination of seawater using LNG cold energy.
AB  - With the aid of cold energy from regasification of liquefied natural gas (LNG),
      freeze desalination (FD) is an emerging technology for seawater desalination
      because of its low energy characteristics and insensitivities to fouling
      problems. This work aims to investigate the major operating parameters of FD such
      as coolant temperature, freezing duration, supercooling, seeding, agitation,
      crystallizer material and subsequent washing procedure on ice production and
      water quality. It was found that the optimal freezing duration per batch was 1 h
      for an iron crystallizer and 1.5 h for a glass crystallizer. The optimal coolant
      temperature should be around -8  degrees C. The optimal amount of washing water
      to clean the raw ice was about 50 wt% of the raw ice. Over 50 wt% of the feed
      could be recovered as raw ice within 1 h, which means an overall ice recovery
      rate of higher than 25% (of the original seawater), considering the consumption
      of washing water. Both artificial and real seawater were tested under the
      optimized conditions. The total dissolved solid in the product ice was around 300
      ppm, which met the World Health Organization (WHO) potable water salinity
      standard of 500 ppm. Therefore, the process parameters optimized in this study
      can be directly used for the freeze desalination of seawater.

PMID- 27371932
TI  - Prediction of three-dimensional structures and structural flexibilities of wild
      type and mutant cytochrome P450 1A2 using molecular dynamics simulations.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the effect of genetic polymorphism on the three
      dimensional (3D) conformation of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) using molecular
      dynamics (MD) simulations. CYP1A2, a major drug-metabolizing enzyme among
      cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), is known to have many variant alleles. The
      genetic polymorphism of CYP1A2 may cause individual differences in the
      pharmacokinetics of medicines. By performing 100ns or longer MD simulations, we
      investigated the influence of amino acid mutation on the 3D structures and the
      dynamic properties of proteins. The results show that the static structures were
      changed by the mutations of amino acid residues, not only near the mutated
      residues but also in distant portions of the proteins. Moreover, the mutation of
      only one amino acid was shown to change the structural flexibility of proteins,
      which may influence the substrate recognition and enzymatic activity. Our results
      clearly suggest that it is necessary to investigate the dynamic property as well
      as the static 3D structure for understanding the change of the enzymatic activity
      of mutant CYP1A2.

PMID- 27371933
TI  - Binding mechanism of CDK5 with roscovitine derivatives based on molecular
      dynamics simulations and MM/PBSA methods.
AB  - Roscovitine derivatives are potent inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 5
      (CDK5), but they exhibit different activities, which has not been understood
      clearly up to now. On the other hand, the task of drug design is difficult
      because of the fuzzy binding mechanism. In this context, the methods of molecular
      docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and binding free energy analysis are
      applied to investigate and reveal the detailed binding mechanism of four
      roscovitine derivatives with CDK5. The electrostatic and van der Waals
      interactions of the four inhibitors with CDK5 are analyzed and discussed. The
      calculated binding free energies in terms of MM-PBSA method are consistent with
      experimental ranking of inhibitor effectiveness for the four inhibitors. The
      hydrogen bonds of the inhibitors with Cys83 and Lys33 can stabilize the
      inhibitors in binding sites. The van der Waals interactions, especially the
      pivotal contacts with Ile10 and Leu133 have larger contributions to the binding
      free energy and play critical roles in distinguishing the variant bioactivity of
      four inhibitors. In terms of binding mechanism of the four inhibitors with CDK5
      and energy contribution of fragments of each inhibitor, two new CDK5 inhibitors
      are designed and have stronger inhibitory potency.

PMID- 27371934
TI  - 1 H and 13 C NMR spectral assignments of novel adamantyl and di-adamantyl
      derivatives of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalenes, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalenes, 2,3
      dihydroxynaphthalenes, 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalenes and 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalenes.

PMID- 27371935
TI  - Long-term follow-up after endovascular treatment of hepatic venous outflow
      obstruction following liver transplantation.
AB  - Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) is a rare complication after liver
      transplantation (LT) associated with significant morbidity and reduced graft
      survival. Endovascular intervention has become the first-line treatment for HVOO,
      but data on long-term outcomes are lacking. We have analysed outcomes after
      endovascular intervention for HVOO in 905 consecutive patients who received 965
      full-size LT at our unit from January 2007 to June 2014. There were 27 (3%)
      patients who underwent hepatic venogram for suspected HVOO, with persistent
      ascites being the most common symptom triggering the investigation (n = 19, 70%).
      Of those, only 10 patients demonstrated either stricture or pressure gradient
      over 10 mmHg on venogram, which represents a 1% incidence of HVOO. The
      endovascular interventions were balloon dilatation (n = 3), hepatic vein stenting
      (n = 4) and stenting with dilatation (n = 3). Two patients required restenting
      due to stent migration. The symptoms of HVOO completely resolved in all but one
      patient, with a median follow-up period of 74 (interquartile range 39-89) months.
      There were no procedure-related complications or mortality. In conclusion, the
      incidence of HVOO in patients receiving full-size LT is currently very low.
      Endovascular intervention is an effective and safe procedure providing symptom
      relief with long-lasting primary patency. 

PMID- 27371936
TI  - The role of oxidative stress in organophosphate and nerve agent toxicity.
AB  - Organophosphate (OP) nerve agents exert their toxicity through inhibition of
      acetylcholinesterase. The excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors rapidly
      causes neuronal damage, seizures, death, and long-term neurological impairment in
      those that survive. Owing to the lethality of organophosphorus agents and the
      growing risk they pose, medical interventions that prevent OP toxicity and the
      delayed injury response are much needed. Studies have shown that oxidative stress
      occurs in models of subacute, acute, and chronic exposure to OP agents. Key
      findings of these studies include alterations in mitochondrial function and
      increased free radical-mediated injury, such as lipid peroxidation. This review
      focuses on the role of reactive oxygen species in OP neurotoxicity and its
      dependence on seizure activity. Understanding the sources, mechanisms, and
      pathological consequences of OP-induced oxidative stress can lead to the
      development of rational therapies for treating toxic exposures.

PMID- 27371937
TI  - Savanna woody encroachment is widespread across three continents.
AB  - Tropical savannas are a globally extensive biome prone to rapid vegetation change
      in response to changing environmental conditions. Via a meta-analysis, we
      quantified savanna woody vegetation change spanning the last century. We found a
      global trend of woody encroachment that was established prior the 1980s. However,
      there is critical regional variation in the magnitude of encroachment. Woody
      cover is increasing most rapidly in the remaining uncleared savannas of South
      America, most likely due to fire suppression and land fragmentation. In contrast,
      Australia has experienced low rates of encroachment. When accounting for land
      use, African savannas have a mean rate annual woody cover increase two and a half
      times that of Australian savannas. In Africa, encroachment occurs across multiple
      land uses and is accelerating over time. In Africa and Australia, rising
      atmospheric CO2 , changing land management and rainfall are likely causes. We
      argue that the functional traits of each woody flora, specifically the N-fixing
      ability and architecture of woody plants, are critical to predicting encroachment
      over the next century and that African savannas are at high risk of widespread
      vegetation change.

PMID- 27371938
TI  - Predictors and Outcomes of Psychiatric Hospitalization in Youth Presenting to the
      Emergency Department with Suicidality.
AB  - Youth suicide attempters presenting to the emergency department (ED) are
      frequently admitted to psychiatric inpatient hospitals, yet little is known about
      how clinicians decide which youths to admit versus discharge to outpatient care.
      We examine predictors of inpatient hospitalization and describe service use
      outcomes associated with hospitalization in 181 youths drawn from consecutive ED
      admissions for suicidality. Predictors of hospitalization include ED site,
      suicide plan, and parent report of problems. Hospitalization was associated with
      improved linkage to outpatient treatment and more intensive service use. Future
      research is needed to understand the best service delivery and treatments for
      these high-risk youth.

PMID- 27371939
TI  - Heat resistance throughout ontogeny: body size constrains thermal tolerance.
AB  - Heat tolerance is a trait of paramount ecological importance and may determine a
      species' ability to cope with ongoing climate change. Although critical thermal
      limits have consequently received substantial attention in recent years, their
      potential variation throughout ontogeny remained largely neglected. We
      investigate whether such neglect may bias conclusions regarding a species'
      sensitivity to climate change. Using a tropical butterfly, we found that
      developmental stages clearly differed in heat tolerance. It was highest in pupae
      followed by larvae, adults and finally eggs and hatchlings. Strikingly, most of
      the variation found in thermal tolerance was explained by differences in body
      mass, which may thus impose a severe constraint on adaptive variation in stress
      tolerance. Furthermore, temperature acclimation was beneficial by increasing heat
      knock-down time and therefore immediate survival under heat stress, but it
      affected reproduction negatively. Extreme temperatures strongly reduced survival
      and subsequent reproductive success even in our highly plastic model organism,
      exemplifying the potentially dramatic impact of extreme weather events on
      biodiversity. We argue that predictions regarding a species' fate under changing
      environmental conditions should consider variation in thermal tolerance
      throughout ontogeny, variation in body mass and acclimation responses as
      important predictors of stress tolerance.

PMID- 27371940
TI  - An Interpretive Phenomenological Inquiry of Family and Friend Reactions to
      Suicide Disclosure.
AB  - Suicide attempt survivors' interpretations of reactions to attempts are
      understudied, yet could inform prevention efforts concerning subsequent attempts.
      Interviews with 40 attempt survivors about family and friend reactions were
      analyzed using interpretive phenomenological techniques. Three distinct patterns
      emerged as follows: (a) Stigmatizing statements and emphasis on reactor's
      feelings were interpreted as signs that attempt survivors were a burden to
      others, (b) avoidant reactions and excessive monitoring were interpreted as cues
      that suicidal behavior must remain hidden to not be a burden, and (c) asking
      questions and projecting strength were interpreted as signs that attempt
      survivors belonged and were not a burden. These findings highlight the importance
      of working with family and friends to encourage reactions that reduce the risk of
      future attempts.

PMID- 27371941
TI  - Limitations in current acetylcholinesterase structure-based design of oxime
      antidotes for organophosphate poisoning.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7), an essential enzyme of cholinergic
      neurotransmission in vertebrates, is a primary target in acute nerve agent and
      organophosphate (OP) pesticide intoxication. Catalytically inactive OP-AChE
      conjugates formed between the active-center serine and phosphorus of OPs can, in
      principle, be reactivated by nucleophilic oxime antidotes. Antidote efficacy is
      limited by the structural diversity of OP-AChE conjugates resulting from
      differences in the structure of the conjugated OP, the different active-center
      volumes they occupy when conjugated to the active-center serine of AChE, and the
      distinct chemical characteristics of both OPs and oximes documented in numerous X
      ray structures of OP-conjugated AChEs. Efforts to improve oxime reactivation
      efficacy by AChE structure-based enhancement of oxime structure have yielded only
      limited success. We outline here the potential limitations of available AChE X
      ray structures that preclude an accurate prediction of oxime structures, which
      are necessary for association in the OP-AChE gorge and nucleophilic attack of the
      OP-conjugated phosphorus.

PMID- 27371942
TI  - Impact of ART on the fertility of HIV-positive women in sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Understanding the fertility of HIV-positive women is critical to
      estimating HIV epidemic trends from surveillance data and to planning resource
      needs and coverage of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in sub
      Saharan Africa. In the light of the considerable scale-up in antiretroviral
      therapy (ART) coverage over the last decade, we conducted a systematic review of
      the impact of ART on the fertility outcomes of HIV-positive women. METHODS: We
      searched Medline, Embase, Popline, PubMed and African Index Medicus. Studies were
      included if they were conducted in sub-Saharan Africa and provided estimates of
      fertility outcomes (live births or pregnancies) among women on ART relative to a
      comparison group. RESULTS: Of 2070 unique references, 18 published papers met all
      eligibility criteria. Comparisons fell into four categories: fertility of HIV
      positive women relative to HIV-negative women; fertility of HIV-positive women on
      ART compared to those not yet on ART; fertility differences by duration on ART;
      and temporal trends in fertility among HIV-positive women. Evidence indicates
      that fertility increases after approximately the first year on ART and that while
      the fertility deficit of HIV-positive women is shrinking, their fertility remains
      below that of HIV-negative women. These findings, however, were based on limited
      data mostly during the period 2005-2010 when ART scaled up. CONCLUSIONS: Existing
      data are insufficient to characterise how ART has affected the fertility of HIV
      positive women in sub-Saharan Africa. Improving evidence about fertility among
      women on ART is an urgent priority for planning HIV resource needs and
      understanding HIV epidemic trends. Alternative data sources such as antenatal
      clinic data, general population cohorts and population-based surveys can be
      harnessed to understand the issue.

PMID- 27371943
TI  - Positive and Negative Expectations of Hopelessness as Longitudinal Predictors of
      Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicidal Behavior in High-Risk Adolescents.
AB  - The relationship between hopelessness and depression in predicting suicide
      related outcomes varies based on the anticipation of positive versus negative
      events. In this prospective study of adolescents at elevated risk for suicide, we
      used two Beck Hopelessness Scale subscales to assess the impact of positive and
      negative expectations in predicting depression, suicidal ideation, and suicidal
      behavior over a 2- to 4-year period. In multivariate regressions controlling for
      depression, suicidal ideation, and negative-expectation hopelessness, positive
      expectation hopelessness was the only significant predictor of depressive
      symptoms and suicidal behavior. Clinical interventions may benefit from
      bolstering positive expectations and building optimism.

PMID- 27371944
TI  - Midterm Outcomes of the Nellix Endovascular Aneurysm Sealing System: A Dual
      Center Experience.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report midterm outcomes of the Nellix Endovascular Aneurysm Sealing
      (EVAS) System in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS:
      Between September 2013 and July 2014, 64 AAA patients (mean age 76.6+/-6.8 years;
      61 men) were treated with the EVAS system at 2 centers (only procedures performed
      at least 12 months prior to the analysis were included). Most patients were
      treated for a stable AAA, while 1 patient was treated for a ruptured aneurysm.
      Mean aneurysm diameter was 57.3+/-9.3 mm. The proximal neck measured a mean
      21.5+/-3.3 mm in diameter and 27.0+/-12.1 mm long; the neck angle was 16.9
      degrees +/-19.3 degrees . Eleven (17.2%) patients were treated outside the
      instructions for use (IFU). RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 63 (98.4%)
      of 64 patients; 1 type Ia endoleak was treated intraoperatively. One (1.6%)
      aneurysm-related death occurred at 4 months due to a secondary aortoenteric
      fistula. Overall, endoleaks occurred in 3 (4.7%) patients (2 type Ia, 1 type II).
      The estimated rates for 18-month overall survival, freedom from aneurysm-related
      death, and freedom from secondary interventions were 92.7%, 98.4%, and 95.0%,
      respectively. Patients treated outside the IFU had a significantly higher
      incidence of device-related complications (p=0.03). CONCLUSION: The use of the
      Nellix device in everyday clinical practice is safe and offers promising midterm
      results. The risk of secondary aortoenteric fistula requires further analysis.
      Longer follow-up is needed to assess the actual efficacy of the device, although
      the risk of migration with late endoleak seems low.

PMID- 27371945
TI  - A novel drug management system in the Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined
      Trial: A description of a pharmacy system designed to supply medications directly
      to patients within a prospective multicenter randomised clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trials of investigational medicinal products are required to adhere
      to strict guidelines with regard to the handling and supply of medication.
      Information technology offers opportunities to approach clinical trial
      methodology in new ways. This report summarises a novel pharmacy system designed
      to supply trial medications directly to patients by post in the Febuxostat versus
      Allopurinol Streamlined Trial. METHOD: A bespoke web-based software package was
      designed to facilitate the direct supply of trial medications to Febuxostat
      versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial participants from a pharmacy based in the
      Medicines Monitoring Unit, University of Dundee. RESULTS: To date, 65,467 packs
      of medication have been dispensed using the system to 3978 patients. Up to 238
      packs per day have been dispensed. CONCLUSION: The Medicines Monitoring Unit
      Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial drug management system is an
      effective method of administering the complex drug supply requirements of a large
      scale clinical trial with advantages over existing arrangements. A low rate of
      loss to follow-up in the Febuxostat versus Allopurinol Streamlined Trial may be
      attributable to the drug management system.

PMID- 27371946
TI  - Identification of Cargo for Adaptor Protein (AP) Complexes 3 and 4 by Sucrose
      Gradient Profiling.
AB  - Intracellular vesicle trafficking is a fundamental process in eukaryotic cells.
      It enables cellular polarity and exchange of proteins between subcellular
      compartments such as the plasma membrane or the vacuole. Adaptor protein
      complexes participate in the vesicle formation by specific selection of the
      transported cargo. We investigated the role of the adaptor protein complex 3 (AP
      3) and adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) in this selection process by screening
      for AP-3 and AP-4 dependent cargo proteins. Specific cargo proteins are expected
      to be mis-targeted in knock-out mutants of adaptor protein complex components.
      Thus, we screened for altered distribution profiles across a density gradient of
      membrane proteins in wild type versus ap-3beta and ap-4beta knock-out mutants. In
      ap-3beta mutants, especially proteins with transport functions, such as
      aquaporins and plasma membrane ATPase, as well as vesicle trafficking proteins
      showed differential protein distribution profiles across the density gradient. In
      the ap-4beta mutant aquaporins but also proteins from lipid metabolism were
      differentially distributed. These proteins also showed differential
      phosphorylation patterns in ap-3beta and ap-4beta compared with wild type. Other
      proteins, such as receptor kinases were depleted from the AP-3 mutant membrane
      system, possibly because of degradation after mis-targeting. In AP-4 mutants,
      membrane fractions were depleted for cytochrome P450 proteins, cell wall proteins
      and receptor kinases. Analysis of water transport capacity in wild type and
      mutant mesophyll cells confirmed aquaporins as cargo proteins of AP-3 and AP-4.
      The combination of organelle density gradients with proteome analysis turned out
      as a suitable experimental strategy for large-scale analyses of protein
      trafficking.

PMID- 27371948
TI  - Mortality and cancer incidence at a fire training college.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An investigation into concerns about possible health effects of fire
      training practices at an Australian training facility recommended a study to
      investigate the risk of cancer and mortality of those with risk of chronic
      occupational exposure to several chemicals. AIMS: To investigate mortality and
      cancer incidence in firefighters at the Country Fire Authority (CFA) Fiskville
      training facility, Victoria, Australia, between 1971 and 1999. METHODS: CFA
      supplied human resources records, supplemented by self-reported information for a
      retrospective cohort, and allocated firefighters to low, medium or high groups
      based on probability of exposure. We linked the cohort to state and national
      cancer and mortality data. We calculated standardized mortality ratios and
      standardized cancer incidence ratios (SIRs). RESULTS: The high group (n = 95) had
      a clearly increased risk of overall cancers SIR = 1.85 (95% CI 1.20-2.73),
      testicular cancer SIR = 11.9 (1.44-42.9) and melanoma SIR = 4.59 (1.68-9.99)
      relative to the population of Victoria. Brain cancer was significantly increased
      for the medium group (n = 256): SIR = 5.74 (1.56-14.7). Mortality was
      significantly reduced for all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Dealing with supplied records
      can be problematic but despite the small numbers, we identified an increased risk
      of cancer for the high group. The mortality data suggested that there was under
      ascertainment for the medium and low groups which underestimated risk and a
      possible reporting bias for brain cancer. Small cohorts can still provide
      statistically significant findings when investigating locations for cancer risk.

PMID- 27371947
TI  - Dynamics and control of phloem loading of indole-3-acetic acid in seedling
      cotyledons of Ricinus communis.
AB  - During seed germination, sugars and auxin are produced from stored precursors or
      conjugates respectively, and transported to the seedling axis. To elucidate the
      mode of travel of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) into the phloem, a solution of
      [(3)H]IAA, together with [(14)C]sucrose, was injected into the endosperm cavity
      harboring the cotyledons of germinating seedlings of Ricinus communis Phloem
      exudate from the cut hypocotyl was collected and the radioactivity recorded.
      Sucrose loading into the phloem was inhibited at higher IAA levels, and the rate
      of filling of the transient pool(s) was reduced by IAA. IAA was detected within
      10min, with the concentration increasing over 30min and reaching a steady-state
      by 60min. The kinetics indicated that phloem loading of IAA involving both an
      active, carrier-based, and a passive, diffusion-based component, with IAA
      traveling along a pathway containing an intermediary pool, possibly the
      protoplasts of mesophyll cells. Phloem loading of IAA was altered by sucrose,
      K(+), and a range of non-specific and IAA-specific analogs and inhibitors in a
      manner that showed that IAA moves into the phloem from the extra cotyledonary
      solution by multiple pathways, with a carrier-mediated pathway playing a
      principal role.

PMID- 27371949
TI  - Evaluating Patient-Level Medication Regimen Complexity Over Time in Heart
      Transplant Recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medication regimen complexity describes multiple characteristics of a
      patient's prescribed drug regimen. Heart transplant recipients must comply with a
      lifelong regimen that consists of numerous medications. However, a systematic
      assessment of medication regimen complexity over time has not been conducted in
      this, or any other, transplant population. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study
      was to quantify patient-level medication regimen complexity over time following
      primary heart transplantation and heart retransplantation, using the validated
      patient-level Medication Regimen Complexity Index (pMRCI) tool. METHODS:
      Medication lists were reviewed at transplant discharge and years 1, 3, and 5 post
      primary heart transplant, and at transplant discharge and years 1 and 3 post
      heart retransplantation. Medications were categorized as transplant-specific,
      other prescription, and over-the-counter (OTC). RESULTS: In primary heart
      transplant recipients (n = 60), mean total medication count was 14.3 +/- 3.4 at
      transplant discharge and did not change significantly over time ( P = 0.64).
      Transplant-specific medication count decreased significantly from discharge (2.9
      +/- 0.4) to year 5 (2.3 +/- 0.6); P = 0.02. However, 32% of patients were taking
      16 or more total medications at year 5 posttransplant. More than 70% of the pMRCI
      score was attributed to other prescription and OTC medications, which was largely
      driven by dosing frequency in this cohort. Medication complexity did not differ
      significantly between heart retransplant recipients (n = 11) and matched primary
      heart transplant controls (n = 22). CONCLUSION: Together, these data highlight
      the substantial medication burden after heart transplantation and reveal
      opportunities to address medication regimen complexity in this, and other,
      transplant populations.

PMID- 27371950
TI  - Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Medication Regimen Complexity
      Index Adapted to Spanish.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The most widely used validated instrument to assess the complexity of
      medication regimens is the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI). OBJECTIVE:
      This study aimed to translate, adapt, and validate a reliable version of the MRCI
      adapted to Spanish (MRCI-E). METHODS: The cross-cultural adaptation process
      consisted of an independent translation by 3 clinical pharmacists and a
      backtranslation by 2 native English speakers. A reliability analysis was
      conducted on 20 elderly randomly selected patients. Two clinical pharmacists
      calculated the MRCI-E from discharge treatments and 2 months later. For the
      validity analysis, the sample was augmented to 60 patients. Convergent validity
      was assessed by analyzing the correlation between the number of medications;
      discriminant validity was stratified by gender; and predictive validity was
      determined by analyzing the ability to predict readmission and mortality at 3 and
      6 months. RESULTS: The MRCI-E retained the original structure of 3 sections. The
      reliability analysis demonstrated an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's
      alpha=0.83), and the intraclass correlation coefficient exceeded 0.9 in all
      cases. The correlation coefficient with the number of medications was 0.883 (
      P<0.001). No significant differences were found when stratified by gender (3.6;
      95%CI=-2.9 to 10.2; P=0.27). Patients who were readmitted at 3 months had a
      higher MRCI-E score (10.7; 95%CI=4.4 to 17.2; P=0.001). The differences remained
      significant in patients readmitted at 6 months, but differences in mortality were
      not detected. CONCLUSIONS: The MRCI-E retains the reliability and validity of the
      original index and provides a suitable tool to assess the complexity of
      medication regimens in Spanish.

PMID- 27371951
TI  - Identification of QTLs Associated with Virulence Related Traits and Drug
      Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans.
AB  - Cryptococcus neoformans is a basidiomycete fungus capable of causing deadly
      meningoenchephilitis, primarily in immunocompromised individuals. Formerly, C.
      neoformans was composed of two divergent lineages, but these have recently been
      elevated to species status, now C. neoformans (formerly C. neoformans var.
      grubii) and C. deneoformans (formerly C. neoformans var. neoformans). While both
      species can cause deadly infections in humans, C. neoformans is much more
      prevalent in clinical settings than C. deneoformans However, the genetic factors
      contributing to their significant differences in virulence remain largely
      unknown. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a powerful tool that can be
      used to identify genomic regions associated with phenotypic differences between
      strains. Here, we analyzed a hybrid cross between these two species and
      identified a total of 23 QTL, including five for melanin production, six for cell
      size, one for cell wall thickness, five for the frequency of capsule production,
      three for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole in broth, and
      three for MIC on solid medium. For the fluconazole resistance-associated QTL,
      three showed environment and/or concentration-specific effects. Our results
      provide a large number of candidate gene regions from which to explore the
      molecular bases for phenotypic differences between C. neoformans and C.
      deneoformans.

PMID- 27371952
TI  - Scan-o-matic: High-Resolution Microbial Phenomics at a Massive Scale.
AB  - The capacity to map traits over large cohorts of individuals-phenomics-lags far
      behind the explosive development in genomics. For microbes, the estimation of
      growth is the key phenotype because of its link to fitness. We introduce an
      automated microbial phenomics framework that delivers accurate, precise, and
      highly resolved growth phenotypes at an unprecedented scale. Advancements were
      achieved through the introduction of transmissive scanning hardware and software
      technology, frequent acquisition of exact colony population size measurements,
      extraction of population growth rates from growth curves, and removal of spatial
      bias by reference-surface normalization. Our prototype arrangement automatically
      records and analyzes close to 100,000 growth curves in parallel. We demonstrate
      the power of the approach by extending and nuancing the known salt-defense
      biology in baker's yeast. The introduced framework represents a major advance in
      microbial phenomics by providing high-quality data for extensive cohorts of
      individuals and generating well-populated and standardized phenomics databases.

PMID- 27371953
TI  - Simple Test of Manual Dexterity Can Help to Identify Persons at High Risk for
      Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Community.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early identification of individuals at high risk of developing
      neurodegenerative diseases is essential for timely preventive intervention.
      However, simple methods that can be used for risk assessment in general practice
      are lacking. METHODS: Within the population-based Rotterdam Study, we used the
      Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) to assess manual dexterity in 4,856 persons (median
      age 70 years, 58% women) free of parkinsonism and dementia between 2000 and 2004.
      We followed these persons until January 1, 2012 for the onset of
      neurodegenerative diseases (defined as first diagnosis of parkinsonism or
      dementia). We determined the association of PPT scores with incident
      neurodegenerative disease, adjusting for age, sex, study cohort, level of
      education, smoking, preferred hand, parental history, memory complaints, and Mini
      Mental State Examination. Furthermore, we determined the incremental predictive
      value of PPT, expressed as change in risk classification and discrimination.
      RESULTS: During follow-up (median 9.2 years), 277 participants were diagnosed
      with a neurodegenerative disease (227 with dementia and 50 with parkinsonism).
      Lower PPT scores were associated with higher risk of incident neurodegenerative
      diseases (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-1.41) and
      improved discrimination of incident neurodegenerative diseases. We also observed
      significant associations of PPT scores separately with incident dementia (HR =
      1.25; 95% CI: 1.14-1.39]) and incident parkinsonism (HR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.19
      1.67). CONCLUSIONS: A rapid, nonlaboratory test of manual dexterity may help to
      identify persons at high risk for neurodegenerative diseases. This highlights the
      importance of motor function in the preclinical phase of both dementia and
      parkinsonism and may aid in selecting individuals for refined screening and
      neuroprotective trials.

PMID- 27371954
TI  - Thyroid Status and Mortality Risk in Older Adults With Normal Thyrotropin: Sex
      Differences in the Milan Geriatrics 75+ Cohort Study.
AB  - Background: Thresholds of optimal thyroid status in old age are controversial. We
      investigated the longitudinal association between thyroid parameters and 10-year
      all-cause mortality risk in older outpatients with normal thyrotropin (TSH) and
      modification by sex and age. Methods: Baseline TSH, free thyroxine (fT4), and
      free triiodothyronine (fT3) were assessed in the Milan Geriatrics 75+ Cohort
      Study. 324 men and 609 women older than 75 years had normal TSH. Hazard ratios
      (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the associations
      between thyroid parameters and mortality risk using Cox regression. Sex
      stratified analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities.
      Results: 233 men and 367 women died during follow-up. After adjustment, each 1
      mU/L higher TSH was associated with decreased mortality risk in men (HR 0.83, 95%
      CI 0.69-0.98), but not in women (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.95-1.24) (p for sex
      interaction = .006). Each 1-ng/L higher fT4 was associated with increased
      mortality risk in men (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.22), but not in women (HR 0.98, 95%
      CI 0.93-1.04) (p for sex interaction = .013). Each 1-pg/mL higher fT3 was
      associated with decreased mortality risk in women (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.60-0.98),
      but not in men (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.57-1.13). The inverse association between TSH
      and mortality was most pronounced in men older than 85 years. Conclusions: Among
      older outpatients with normal TSH, higher TSH and lower fT4 were associated with
      decreased mortality risk in men but not in women. When assessing thyroid status,
      sex and age should be taken into account.

PMID- 27371956
TI  - Optimization of hard clams, polychaetes, physical disturbance and denitrifying
      bacteria of removing nutrients in marine sediment.
AB  - Marine organisms are known to play important roles in transforming nutrients in
      sediments, however, guidelines to optimize sediment restoration are not
      available. We conducted a laboratory mesocosm experiment to investigate the role
      of hard clams, polychaetes, the degree of physical disturbance and denitrifying
      bacterial concentrations in removing total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP),
      and total organic carbon (TOC) in marine sediments. Response surface methodology
      was employed to analyze the results of initial experiments and in a subsequent
      experiment identified optimal combinations of parameters. Balancing the TN, TP,
      TOC removal efficiency, our model predicted 39% TN removal, 33% TP removal, and
      42% TOC removal for a 14-day laboratory bioremediation trial using hard clams
      biomass of 1.2kgm(-2), physical disturbance depth of 16.4cm, bacterial density of
      0.18Lm(-2), and polychaetes biomass of 0.16kgm(-2), respectively. These results
      emphasize the value of combining different species in field-based bioremediation.

PMID- 27371955
TI  - Species- and Strain-Specific Adaptation of the HSP70 Super Family in Pathogenic
      Trypanosomatids.
AB  - All eukaryotic genomes encode multiple members of the heat shock protein 70
      (HSP70) family, which evolved distinctive structural and functional features in
      response to specific environmental constraints. Phylogenetic analysis of this
      protein family thus can inform on genetic and molecular mechanisms that drive
      species-specific environmental adaptation. Here we use the eukaryotic pathogen
      Leishmania spp. as a model system to investigate the evolution of the HSP70
      protein family in an early-branching eukaryote that is prone to gene
      amplification and adapts to cytotoxic host environments by stress-induced and
      chaperone-dependent stage differentiation. Combining phylogenetic and comparative
      analyses of trypanosomatid genomes, draft genome of Paratrypanosoma and recently
      published genome sequences of 204 L. donovani field isolates, we gained unique
      insight into the evolutionary dynamics of the Leishmania HSP70 protein family. We
      provide evidence for (i) significant evolutionary expansion of this protein
      family in Leishmania through gene amplification and functional specialization of
      highly conserved canonical HSP70 members, (ii) evolution of trypanosomatid
      specific, non-canonical family members that likely gained ATPase-independent
      functions, and (iii) loss of one atypical HSP70 member in the Trypanosoma genus.
      Finally, we reveal considerable copy number variation of canonical cytoplasmic
      HSP70 in highly related L. donovani field isolates, thus identifying this locus
      as a potential hot spot of environment-genotype interaction. Our data draw a
      complex picture of the genetic history of HSP70 in trypanosomatids that is driven
      by the remarkable plasticity of the Leishmania genome to undergo massive intra
      chromosomal gene amplification to compensate for the absence of regulated
      transcriptional control in these parasites.

PMID- 27371957
TI  - Environmental quality in sediments of Cadiz and Algeciras Bays based on a weight
      of evidence approach (southern Spanish coast).
AB  - This research applies an integrated sediment quality assessment method using a
      weight of evidence approach to Cadiz and Algeciras Bays (southern Spain). The
      method is composed of several analyses (particle size profile, aqua regia
      extractable metals, acid labile metals, total organic carbon, toxicity bioassay
      with Photobacterium phosphoreum and macrobenthic community alteration). The
      proposed method provides a single result, the environmental degradation index
      (EDI). EDI defined samples as low degraded (outer areas of both bays) and
      moderately degraded (Inner Bay of Cadiz Bay, the surroundings of Algeciras port
      and the northern part of Algeciras Bay). These samples showed the highest
      concentration of aqua regia extractable metals, which exceeded effects range-low
      (ERL) for Zn (51-176mg/l), Cu (11-54mg/l), As (4.3-9.5mg/l), Hg (0.17-0.28mg/l),
      Ni (23-82mg/l), and. Cr (37-134mg/l). They also exceeded some quality criteria
      for total organic carbon (4.0-6.5%) and toxicity (120-240TU/g) and showed poor
      results for macrobenthic community. 

PMID- 27371958
TI  - Antibiotic and metal resistance in a ST395 Pseudomonas aeruginosa environmental
      isolate: A genomics approach.
AB  - We analyzed the resistome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa E67, an epiphytic isolate
      from a metal-contaminated estuary. The aim was to identify genetic determinants
      of resistance to antibiotics and metals, assessing possible co-selection
      mechanisms. Identification was based on phylogenetic analysis and average
      nucleotide identity value calculation. MLST affiliated E67 to ST395, previously
      described as a high-risk clone. Genome analysis allowed identifying genes
      probably involved in resistance to antibiotics (e.g. beta-lactams,
      aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol) and metals (e.g. mercury and copper),
      consistent with resistance phenotypes. Several genes associated with efflux
      systems, as well as genetic determinants contributing to gene motility, were
      identified. Pseudomonas aeruginosa E67 possesses an arsenal of resistance
      determinants, probably contributing to adaptation to a polluted ecosystem.
      Association to mobile structures highlights the role of these platforms in multi
      drug resistance. Physical links between metal and antibiotic resistance genes
      were not identified, suggesting a predominance of cross-resistance associated
      with multidrug efflux pumps. 

PMID- 27371959
TI  - The Neonatal Research Network: History since 2003, future directions and
      challenges.
AB  - The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
      Development (NICHD) Neontal Research Network (NRN) was established in 1986 in
      response to the need for rigorous studies to guide care and management of sick
      and premature newborns. The network is comprise of clinical centers that perform
      clinical protocols to investigate the safety and efficay of treatment and
      management strategies for newborn infants as well as a data cordinating center.
      Infrastructure is set up for observational and interventional studies as well as
      neurodevelopmental follow-up of patients. The network has conducted trials and
      observational studies on major neonatal problems including pulmonary disease,
      neuroprotection, sepsis and infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, vaccine
      administration to preterm infants, retinopathy of prematurity, cardiovascular
      issues including blood pressure, human milk, growth and nutrition, hematologic
      issues, resuscitation, pulmonary hypertension, and neurodevelopmental outcome.
      This mechanism of clinical research for newborns has led to changes in care
      practices leading to improved outcomes for high-risk infants.

PMID- 27371960
TI  - Re: The effect of venous anatomy on the morphology of multiple sclerosis lesions:
      a susceptibility-weighted imaging study. A reply.

PMID- 27371961
TI  - Lesions of the jaws presenting as radiolucencies on cone-beam CT.
AB  - In order to compliment the current interest in lesions affecting the face and
      jaws in Clinical Radiology, this overview addresses recent developments in the
      classification, nomenclature, clinical and radiological diagnosis, and outcomes
      of treatment of the most important and frequent lesions that present as
      radiolucencies on conventional radiography of the jaws. Although termed "benign"
      a significant proportion of each odontogenic neoplasm can recur after
      conservative surgery. Two diagnostic flowcharts take the clinician from the
      radiological presentation of a lesion in the jaw to an appropriate diagnosis. The
      recent advent of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) can enhance the quality of
      the diagnosis and preoperative assessment of such lesions. CBCT images of typical
      benign neoplasms, cysts, and other phenomena affecting the face and jaws are
      included. The relative period prevalences of the lesions, based on the most
      recent UK reports, are included. The importance to the radiologist of an emerging
      lesion of the jaws, the glandular odontogenic cyst, is discussed. 

PMID- 27371962
TI  - Re: The effect of venous anatomy on the morphology of multiple sclerosis lesions:
      a susceptibility-weighted imaging study.

PMID- 27371963
TI  - Association between the extent of sigmoid sinus dehiscence and an occurrence of
      pulsatile tinnitus: a retrospective imaging study.
AB  - AIM: To assess the extent of sigmoid sinus dehiscence (SSD) on high-resolution
      computed tomography venography (HRCTV) or high-resolution computed tomography
      (HRCT) images in pulsatile tinnitus (PT) and non-PT groups to determine whether
      there is an association between the extent of SSD and occurrence of PT. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Twenty-eight SSD patients with ipsilateral PT and 28 age- and gender
      matched SSD patients without PT who underwent HRCTV or HRCT were enrolled in this
      study and categorised into two groups: "PT group" and "non-PT group". The extent
      of SSD in each group was calculated and compared. RESULTS: The largest transverse
      diameter and largest vertical diameter of SSD in the PT group were 6.21+/-1.7 and
      6.15+/-2.19 mm, respectively. The largest transverse diameter and largest
      vertical diameter of SSD in the non-PT group were 3.06+/-1.38 and 2.51+/-1.03 mm,
      respectively. The extent of SSD was statistically different between the two
      groups (p<0.001; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: As a cause of PT, SSD can also occur in
      individuals without PT symptoms. Preliminary findings suggest that there may be a
      potential correlation between the extent of SSD and an occurrence of PT.

PMID- 27371964
TI  - Yew (Taxus baccata) and foxglove (Digitalis spp.): toxic principles are very
      different.

PMID- 27371965
TI  - Eosinophil polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and its potential control of
      inflammation and allergy.
AB  - Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit a range of biological effects, many
      of which are mediated through the formation and actions of their bioactive
      metabolites. It is well appreciated that dietary PUFA balance affects
      inflammation and/or allergic diseases, and recent advances in liquid
      chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based mediator lipidomics have
      revealed a potential link between PUFA metabolism and biological phenotypes. This
      review presents insights into the emerging roles of eosinophil PUFA metabolism in
      controlling inflammatory responses and its potential involvement in allergy
      control. 

PMID- 27371966
TI  - Does bathing frequency matter in pediatric atopic dermatitis?

PMID- 27371967
TI  - Treatment of moderate to severe pediatric asthma: Omalizumab and potential future
      use of monoclonal antibodies.

PMID- 27371968
TI  - The case for uniform controls in drug policy studies.

PMID- 27371969
TI  - Managing pregnancy-associated breast cancer: Is more really better?

PMID- 27371970
TI  - Radial scars diagnosed on breast core biopsy: Frequency of atypia and carcinoma
      on excision and implications for management.
AB  - AIMS: The risk of finding carcinoma in excisions following a core needle biopsy
      diagnosis of radial scar is not well defined and clinical management is variable.
      The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of high-risk lesions, ductal
      carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma in excisions following a core biopsy
      diagnosis of radial scar. METHODS AND RESULTS: Dedicated breast pathologists and
      radiologists correlated the histologic and radiologic findings and categorized
      radial scars as the target lesion or an incidental finding. High-risk lesions
      were defined as atypical hyperplasia or classical lobular carcinoma in situ. Of
      the 79 radial scars identified over a 14-year period, 22 were associated with
      atypia or carcinoma in the core biopsy. Thirty-seven (37) of the 57 benign radial
      scars underwent excision with benign findings in 30 (81%), high-risk lesions in
      six (16%), and flat epithelial atypia in one (3%). There were no upgrades to
      carcinoma. One patient with a benign radial scar developed a 3-mm focus of
      intermediate-grade estrogen receptor-positive ductal carcinoma in situ in the
      same quadrant of the ipsilateral breast 72 months after excision. One patient
      with an incidental un-excised benign radial scar was diagnosed with ductal
      carcinoma in situ at a separate site of suspicious calcifications. CONCLUSIONS:
      In this series, none of the benign radial scars was upgraded to carcinoma. Radial
      scar was the targeted lesion in all cases with high-risk lesions on excision.
      Surgical excision may not be mandatory for patients with benign incidental radial
      scars on core biopsy.

PMID- 27371971
TI  - Follicular right shift: Xenografting queens' ovarian tissue into severe combined
      imunnodeficiency mice and its responses to exogenous gonadotropin.
AB  - Ovarian xenografting is an auxiliary reproductive technique that allows the
      conservation of germplasm of high-value livestock and endangered species. The use
      of exogenous gonadotropins assists in developing xenografted tissues and
      obtaining viable follicles for in vitro embryo production; however, this use has
      not been reported in the xenografting of cats' (Felis catus) ovaries with C57BL/6
      female SCID mice (Mus musculus) as recipients. Therefore, the aim of this study
      was to evaluate the responses of queens' ovaries to eCG when grafted into C57BL/6
      female SCID mice. Ovarian cortex fragments from queens were grafted under the
      kidney capsule of 15 C57BL/6 SCID mice after bilateral ovariectomy. After 45
      days, the recipients were divided into two groups: those that did not receive
      hormone induction (eCG-), which were euthanized at the time of induction, and
      those that received hormonal induction (eCG+), which were euthanized 48 hours
      later. All the tissues collected were histologically processed. The proportions
      of the different ovarian follicles were compared by chi-square test. The
      morphology of the follicles was compared between the experimental groups by Tukey
      (primordial, primary, and secondary follicles) and Kruskal-Wallis (antral
      follicles) tests. Macroscopically, we observed a few antral follicles that were
      over 1 mm in size in grafts treated with eCG. Microscopically, follicles of all
      categories were observed in the grafts, and all had normal morphology for the
      species studied. However, larger primordial and primary follicles were observed
      in the eCG+ transplants than those in the eCG- transplants. There was a decrease
      in primordial follicles and an increase in the other follicles, particularly in
      the antral follicles of the eCG+ group, a phenomenon that we propose to term
      "follicular right shift". Luteinized follicles were also observed in grafts
      treated with eCG. Therefore, treatment with eCG is effective for follicular
      development but does not provoke a good superovulatory response, so the correct
      application time should be identified. Other protocols should be tested, to
      obtain viable follicles that can be used for in vitro embryo production. 

PMID- 27371972
TI  - Accelerated follicle growth during the culture of isolated caprine preantral
      follicles is detrimental to follicular survival and oocyte meiotic resumption.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of androstenedione (A4) alone or in
      association with different concentrations of bovine recombinant FSH on the IVC of
      isolated goat preantral follicles. Follicles were mechanically isolated from
      ovarian tissue and cultured for 18 days in alpha-minimum essential medium
      supplemented or not with A4 (10 ng/mL) alone or in association with fixed (A4 +
      FixFSH: 100 ng/mL) or sequential (A4 + SeqFSH: Day 0, 100 ng/mL; Day 6, 500
      ng/mL; Day 12, 1000 ng/mL) concentrations of FSH. After 18 days, the oocytes were
      recovered for IVM and fluorescence analysis. At Day 18 of culture, only A4 +
      SeqFSH treatment showed a lower (P < 0.05) rate of intact follicles, survival
      probability, and meiotic resumption, as well as higher (P < 0.05) percentage of
      degeneration and/or extrusion after antrum formation. Taken together, these
      results reported a positive correlation between fast-growing follicles and
      follicles that degenerated and/or extruded after antrum formation. When compared
      with control, the addition of A4 alone or in association of FSH did not increase
      (P > 0.05) the estradiol production or androstenedione levels on Day 6. However,
      on Day 18, the androstenedione levels were significantly lower in A4 + SeqFSH
      treatment when compared with A4 alone or to A4 + FixFSH treatments, whereas the
      estradiol production did not differ (P > 0.05). In summary, this study found that
      accelerated follicle growth negatively impacted the morphology of caprine
      preantral follicle cultured in vitro. In addition, the association of
      androstenedione with increasing concentration of FSH was detrimental to
      follicular survival and oocyte meiotic resumption. 

PMID- 27371973
TI  - Pin-photodiode array for the measurement of fan-beam energy and air kerma
      distributions of X-ray CT scanners.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patient dose estimation in X-ray computed tomography (CT) is generally
      performed by Monte Carlo simulation of photon interactions within anthropomorphic
      or cylindrical phantoms. An accurate Monte Carlo simulation requires an
      understanding of the effects of the bow-tie filter equipped in a CT scanner, i.e.
      the change of X-ray energy and air kerma along the fan-beam arc of the CT
      scanner. To measure the effective energy and air kerma distributions, we devised
      a pin-photodiode array utilizing eight channels of X-ray sensors arranged at
      regular intervals along the fan-beam arc of the CT scanner. METHODS: Each X-ray
      sensor consisted of two plate type of pin silicon photodiodes in tandem - front
      and rear photodiodes - and of a lead collimator, which only allowed X-rays to
      impinge vertically to the silicon surface of the photodiodes. The effective
      energy of the X-rays was calculated from the ratio of the output voltages of the
      photodiodes and the dose was calculated from the output voltage of the front
      photodiode using the energy and dose calibration curves respectively. RESULTS:
      The pin-photodiode array allowed the calculation of X-ray effective energies and
      relative doses, at eight points simultaneously along the fan-beam arc of a CT
      scanner during a single rotation of the scanner. CONCLUSIONS: The fan-beam energy
      and air kerma distributions of CT scanners can be effectively measured using this
      pin-photodiode array.

PMID- 27371974
TI  - Modeling complement-driven diseases in transgenic mice: Values and limitations.
AB  - Remarkable advances have been made over past decades in understanding the
      pathogenesis of complement-mediated diseases. This has led to development of new
      therapies for, and in some cases re-classification of, complement-driven
      diseases. This success is due to not only insight from human patients but also
      studies using transgenic animal models. Animal models that mimic human diseases
      are useful tools to understand the mechanism of disease and develop new therapies
      but there are also limitations due to species differences in their complement
      systems. This review provides a summary of transgenic animal models for three
      human diseases that are at the forefront of anti-complement therapy, paroxysmal
      nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3
      glomerulopathy (C3G). They are discussed here as examples to highlight the values
      and limitations of animal modeling in complement-driven diseases.

PMID- 27371975
TI  - Complement-coagulation crosstalk on cellular and artificial surfaces.
AB  - The humoral serine proteases of the complement system and the coagulation system
      play central roles during the events of an inflammatory response. While the
      complement system confers immunoprotective and -regulatory functions, the
      coagulation cascade is responsible to ensure hemostatic maintenance. Although
      these two systems individually unfold during inflammation, several studies have
      reported on the "crosstalk" between components of the complement and the
      coagulation system in the fluid phase. However, both cascades are usually
      initiated on or in close proximity to foreign or activated surfaces, and there is
      increasing evidence for interacting complement and coagulation proteins on
      various superficial areas on endothelium, circulating entities like platelets,
      leukocytes, microparticles and pathogens, and even on artificial surfaces. This
      review aims at summarizing these interactions to complete the picture.

PMID- 27371976
TI  - A new perspective on the application of mosquito repellents.

PMID- 27371978
TI  - Medicalisation and its discontents.

PMID- 27371977
TI  - Efficacy of topical mosquito repellent (picaridin) plus long-lasting insecticidal
      nets versus long-lasting insecticidal nets alone for control of malaria: a
      cluster randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although effective topical repellents provide personal protection
      against malaria, whether mass use of topical repellents in addition to long
      lasting insecticidal nets can contribute to a further decline of malaria is not
      known, particularly in areas where outdoor transmission occurs. We aimed to
      assess the epidemiological efficacy of a highly effective topical repellent in
      addition to long-lasting insecticidal nets in reducing malaria prevalence in this
      setting. METHODS: A cluster randomised controlled trial was done in the 117 most
      endemic villages in Ratanakiri province, Cambodia, to assess the efficacy of
      topical repellents in addition to long-lasting insecticidal nets in controlling
      malaria in a low-endemic setting. We did a pre-trial assessment of village
      accessibility and excluded four villages because of their inaccessibility during
      the rainy season. Another 25 villages were grouped because of their proximity to
      each other, resulting in 98 study clusters (comprising either a single village or
      multiple neighbouring villages). Clusters were randomly assigned (1:1) to either
      a control (long-lasting insecticidal nets) or intervention (long-lasting
      insecticidal nets plus topical repellent) study group after a restricted
      randomisation. All clusters received one long-lasting insecticidal net per
      individual, whereas those in the intervention group also received safe and
      effective topical repellents (picaridin KBR3023, SC Johnson, Racine, WI, USA),
      along with instruction and promotion of its daily use. Cross-sectional surveys of
      65 randomly selected individuals per cluster were done at the beginning and end
      of the malaria transmission season in 2012 and 2013. The primary outcome was
      Plasmodium species-specific prevalence in participants obtained by real-time PCR,
      assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Complete safety analysis data will
      be published seperately; any ad-hoc adverse events are reported here. This trial
      is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01663831. FINDINGS: Of the 98
      clusters that villages were split into, 49 were assigned to the control group and
      49 were assigned to the intervention group. Despite having a successful
      distribution system, the daily use of repellents was suboptimum. No post
      intervention differences in PCR plasmodium prevalence were observed between study
      groups in 2012 (4.91% in the control group vs 4.86% in the intervention group;
      adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.01 [95% CI 0.60-1.70]; p=0.975) or in 2013 (2.96% in
      the control group vs 3.85% in the intervention group; aOR 1.31 [0.81-2.11];
      p=0.266). Similar results were obtained according to Plasmodium species (1.33% of
      participants in the intervention group vs 1.10% in the intervention group were
      infected with Plasmodium falciparum; aOR 0.83 [0.44-1.56]; p=0.561; and 1.85% in
      the control group vs 2.67% in the intervention group were infected with
      Plasmodium vivax; aOR 1.51 [0.88-2.57]; p=0.133). 41 adverse event notifications
      from nine villages were received, of which 33 were classified as adverse
      reactions (11 of these 33 were cases of repellent abuse through oral ingestion,
      either accidental or not). All participants with adverse reactions fully
      recovered and 17 were advised to permanently stop using the repellent.
      INTERPRETATION: Mass distribution of highly effective topical repellents in
      resource-sufficient conditions did not contribute to a further decline in malaria
      endemicity in a pre-elimination setting in the Greater Mekong subregion. Daily
      compliance and appropriate use of the repellents remains the main obstacle.
      FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

PMID- 27371979
TI  - Does the United Nations care about mental health?

PMID- 27371981
TI  - Corrections.

PMID- 27371980
TI  - Schizophrenia: inorganic no more.

PMID- 27371982
TI  - Corrections.

PMID- 27371983
TI  - Scaling-up of treatment of depression and anxiety - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27371984
TI  - Scaling-up of treatment of depression and anxiety.

PMID- 27371985
TI  - Psychiatric beds and increased suicide rates in England - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27371986
TI  - Psychiatric beds and increased suicide rates in England.

PMID- 27371988
TI  - Luciana Berger: UK Shadow Minister for Mental Health.

PMID- 27371989
TI  - Concordance of ICD-11 and DSM-5 definitions of alcohol and cannabis use
      disorders: a population survey.
AB  - The proposed criteria for alcohol and cannabis use disorders in the 11th edition
      of ICD (ICD-11) will be presented to the World Health Assembly in 2017, but the
      beta-phase descriptions have been released. We compared them with those in the
      tenth edition (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association's DSM fourth
      edition (DSM-IV) and fifth edition (DSM-5), in a nationally representative sample
      of adult Australians. Disorders were assessed with the WHO World Mental Health
      Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The proportions classified as being
      dependent on alcohol and cannabis were similar with ICD-10, ICD-11, and DSM-IV,
      whereas for DSM-5, the proportion of lifetime users meeting the criteria for
      moderate to severe use (most comparable to dependence in the other systems) was
      far higher. We assessed whether criteria for alcohol and cannabis use described
      unidimensional syndromes for each, and all definitions seemed to do so.
      Classification of alcohol and cannabis use disorders, although simplified in ICD
      11, was in almost perfect agreement with the classifications of ICD-10 and DSM
      IV. With DSM-5, use disorder seemed to capture a different aspect of problematic
      use and selected a different group of individuals from the other systems. How the
      newest definitions will become used remains to be seen. The choice of
      classification might depend on the clinical population of interest. 

PMID- 27371990
TI  - Persecutory delusions: a cognitive perspective on understanding and treatment.
AB  - A spectrum of severity of paranoia (unfounded thoughts that others are
      deliberately intending to cause harm) exists within the general population. This
      is unsurprising: deciding whether to trust or mistrust is a vital aspect of human
      cognition, but accurate judgment of others' intentions is challenging. The
      severest form of paranoia is persecutory delusions, when the ideas are held with
      strong conviction. This paper presents a distillation of a cognitive approach
      that is being translated into treatment for this major psychiatric problem.
      Persecutory delusions are viewed as threat beliefs, developed in the context of
      genetic and environmental risk, and maintained by several psychological processes
      including excessive worry, low self-confidence, intolerance of anxious affect and
      other internal anomalous experiences, reasoning biases, and the use of safety
      seeking strategies. The clinical implication is that safety has to be relearned,
      by entering feared situations after reduction of the influence of the maintenance
      factors. An exciting area of development will be a clinical intervention science
      of how best to enhance learning of safety to counteract paranoia. 

PMID- 27371991
TI  - Tumor dose-volume response in image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for cervical
      cancer: A meta-regression analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Image-guided adaptive brachytherapy is a high precision technique that
      allows dose escalation and adaptation to tumor response. Two monocentric studies
      reported continuous dose-volume response relationships, however, burdened by
      large confidence intervals. The aim was to refine these estimations by performing
      a meta-regression analysis based on published series. METHODS AND MATERIALS:
      Eligibility was limited to series reporting dosimetric parameters according to
      the Groupe Europeen de Curietherapie-European SocieTy for Radiation Oncology
      recommendations. The local control rates reported at 2-3 years were confronted to
      the mean D90 clinical target volume (CTV) in 2-Gy equivalent using the probit
      model. The impact of each series on the relationships was pondered according to
      the number of patients reported. RESULTS: An exhaustive literature search
      retrieved 13 series reporting on 1299 patients. D90 high-risk CTV ranged from
      70.9 to 93.1 Gy. The probit model showed a significant correlation between the
      D90 and the probability of achieving local control (p < 0.0001). The D90
      associated to a 90% probability of achieving local control was 81.4 Gy (78.3-83.8
      Gy). The planning aim of 90 Gy corresponded to a 95.0% probability (92.8-96.3%).
      For the intermediate-risk CTV, less data were available, with 873 patients from
      eight institutions. Reported mean D90 intermediate-risk CTV ranged from 61.7 to
      69.1 Gy. A significant dose-volume effect was observed (p = 0.009). The D90 of 60
      Gy was associated to a 79.4% (60.2-86.0%) local control probability. CONCLUSION:
      Based on published data from a high number of patients, significant dose-volume
      effect relationships were confirmed and refined between the D90 of both CTV and
      the probability of achieving local control. Further studies based on individual
      data are required to develop nomograms including nondosimetric prognostic
      criteria.

PMID- 27371992
TI  - A female case of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency responsive to MAO
      B inhibition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is an autosomal
      recessive disorder, caused by defects in the DDC gene. AADC catalyzes the
      synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin from l-dopa and 5-HT
      respectively. Most patients are bed ridden for life, with little response to
      treatment. We now report one female patient who improved her motor and cognitive
      function after being prescribed a MAO-B inhibitor. CASE: A five years old female
      presented with the typical clinical features of AADC deficiency. She was floppy,
      with no head control, had intermittent limb dystonia, and an upward deviation of
      the eyes (oculogyric crisis). This patient possessed compound heterozygous
      mutations in DDC (p.Trp105Cys, p.Pro129Ser), with a CSF draw indicating abnormal
      patterns of biogenic amine metabolites, compatible with AADC deficiency. RESULTS:
      After her diagnosis at 3years of age, medication with levodopa and vitamin B6
      failed to show any efficacy. Subsequent administration with a MAO-B inhibitor
      improved her psychomotor functions to the extent that at 5years of age she could
      walk several meters with support. CONCLUSION: Our analyses of chemical findings,
      together with in silico structure predictions, lead us to hypothesize that this
      patient retained some AADC activity. In these cases, accurate diagnosis and early
      treatment should improve patient outcome.

PMID- 27371993
TI  - Protein-energy wasting and nutritional supplementation in patients with end-stage
      renal disease on hemodialysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Protein-Energy Wasting (PEW) is the depletion of
      protein/energy stores observed in the most advanced stages of Chronic Kidney
      Disease (CKD). PEW is highly prevalent among patients on chronic dialysis, and is
      associated with adverse clinical outcomes, high morbidity/mortality rates and
      increased healthcare costs. This narrative review was aimed at exploring the
      pathophysiology of PEW in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. The
      main aspects of nutritional status evaluation, intervention and monitoring in
      this clinical setting were described, as well as the current approaches for the
      prevention and treatment of ESRD-related PEW. METHODS: An exhaustive literature
      search was performed, in order to identify the relevant studies describing the
      epidemiology, pathogenesis, nutritional intervention and outcome of PEW in ESRD
      on hemodialysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The pathogenesis of PEW is
      multifactorial. Loss of appetite, reduced intake of nutrients and altered lean
      body mass anabolism/catabolism play a key role. Nutritional approach to PEW
      should be based on a careful and periodic assessment of nutritional status and on
      timely dietary counseling. When protein and energy intakes are reduced,
      nutritional supplementation by means of specific oral formulations administered
      during the hemodialysis session may be the first-step intervention, and
      represents a valid nutritional approach to PEW prevention and treatment since it
      is easy, effective and safe. Omega-3 fatty acids and fibers, now included in
      commercially available preparations for renal patients, could lend relevant added
      value to macronutrient supplementation. When oral supplementation fails,
      intradialytic parenteral nutrition can be implemented in selected patients.

PMID- 27371994
TI  - Associations between sheep farmer attitudes, beliefs, emotions and personality,
      and their barriers to uptake of best practice: The example of footrot.
AB  - There is interest in understanding how farmers' behaviour influences their
      management of livestock. We extend the theory of planned behaviour with farmers
      attitudes, beliefs, emotions and personality to investigate how these are
      associated with management of livestock disease using the example of footrot (FR)
      in sheep. In May 2013 a one-year retrospective questionnaire was sent to 4000
      sheep farmers in England, requesting data on lameness prevalence, management of
      footrot, farm/flock descriptors, and farmer-orientated themes: barriers to
      treating footrot, opinions and knowledge of footrot, relating to other people and
      personality. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to make composite
      variables from explanatory variables and latent class (LC) analysis was used to
      subgroup farmers, based on nine managements of FR. Associations between LC and
      composite variables were investigated using multinomial logistic regression.
      Negative binomial regression was used to investigate associations between the
      proportion of lame sheep and composite and personality variables. The useable
      response rate was 32% and 97% of farmers reported having lame sheep; the
      geometric mean prevalence of lameness (GMPL) was 3.7% (95% CI 3.51%-3.86%).
      Participants grouped into three latent classes; LC1 (best practice-treat FR
      within 3days of sheep becoming lame; use injectable and topical antibiotics;
      avoid foot trimming), 11% farmers), LC2 (slow to act, 57%) and LC3 (slow to act,
      delayed culling, 32%), with GMPL 2.95%, 3.60% and 4.10% respectively. Farmers who
      reported the production cycle as a barrier to treating sheep with FR were more
      likely to be in LC2 (RRR 1.36) than LC1. Negative emotions towards FR were
      associated with higher risk of being in LC2 (RRR 1.39) than LC1. Knowledge of
      preventing FR spread was associated with a lower risk of being in LC2 (RRR 0.46)
      or LC3 (RRR 0.34) than LC1. Knowledge about FR transmission was associated with a
      lower risk of being in LC3 (RRR 0.64) than LC1. An increased risk of lameness was
      associated with the production cycle being a barrier to treating sheep with FR
      (IRR 1.13), negative emotions towards FR (IRR 1.13) and feelings of hopelessness
      towards FR (IRR 1.20). Conscientiousness (IRR 0.95) and understanding the
      importance of active control of lameness (IRR 0.76) were associated with reduced
      risk of lameness. We conclude that emotions and personality are associated with
      differences in farmer management of FR and prevalence of lameness. Further
      understanding how personality and emotions influence change in behaviour is key
      to increasing uptake of new information.

PMID- 27371997
TI  - The effect of a platelet-rich fibrin conduit on neurosensory recovery following
      inferior alveolar nerve lateralization: a preliminary clinical study.
AB  - This retrospective study aimed to assess the recovery of neurosensory dysfunction
      following modified inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) lateralization surgery compared
      to the conventional approach. Data from two groups of patients who underwent IAN
      lateralization in 2014 were included in this study. In one group, platelet-rich
      fibrin was placed over the IAN and this was protected with a collagen membrane
      conduit; the other group underwent the conventional IAN lateralization procedure.
      Implants were placed immediately. Neurosensory dysfunction was evaluated at 3, 6,
      and 12 months post-surgery. Demographic, neurosensory disturbance (NSD),
      subjective two-point discrimination test (TPD), and static light touch test (SLT)
      data were obtained. Twenty-three IAN lateralization procedures with the placement
      of 51 implants were performed in 14 patients. At the 6-month follow-up, the
      number of patients experiencing normal sensation was greater in the modified
      surgery group, but the 12-month follow-up results were the same in the two
      groups. More precise sensation was observed with the TPD in the modified group at
      6 months, and the modified group demonstrated better SLT scores at 6 months.
      Although the two groups had comparable results at the 12-month follow-up, it was
      observed that the modified technique accelerated neural healing within 6 months
      and reduced the length of the discomfort period. 

PMID- 27371996
TI  - Calcinosis is associated with digital ulcers and osteoporosis in patients with
      systemic sclerosis: A Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify the clinical factors associated with calcinosis
      in an international multicenter collaborative effort with the Scleroderma
      Clinical Trials Consortium (SCTC). METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study
      of 5218 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Logistic regression was used to
      obtain odds ratios (OR) relating calcinosis to various clinical features in
      multivariate analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1290 patients (24.7%) had calcinosis.
      In univariate analyses, patients with calcinosis were older than patients without
      calcinosis, more likely to be female, and had longer disease duration from the
      first non-Raynaud phenomenon symptom. Patients with calcinosis were more likely
      to have digital ulcers, telangiectasias, acro-osteolysis, cardiac disease,
      pulmonary hypertension, gastrointestinal involvement, arthritis, and
      osteoporosis, but less likely to have muscle disease. Anti-Scl-70, RNA-polymerase
      III, and U1-RNP autoantibodies were significantly less common in patients with
      calcinosis, while anticentromere (ACA), anti-PM/Scl, and anticardiolipin
      antibodies were more frequent. In multivariate analysis, the strongest
      associations with calcinosis were digital ulcers (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 2.7-5.5; p <
      0.0001) and osteoporosis (OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 2.3-7.9; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: One
      quarter of patients with SSc have calcinosis at some time during their illness.
      Our data confirm a strong association of calcinosis with digital ulcers, and
      support a novel association with osteoporosis.

PMID- 27371998
TI  - The impact of treatment on quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer
      and its association with prognosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Information is scarce regarding the impact of treatment on Health
      Related Quality of Life (HRQL) of patients with Head and Neck (H&N) cancers. We
      assessed the effect of treatment on HRQL and its association with prognosis in
      H&N cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with H&N cancer in whom HRQL was
      assessed before and after treatment. The European Organization for Research and
      Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and QLQ-H&N35 instruments were used.
      Association of changes in patients' HRQL after treatment with Loco-Regional
      Recurrence (LRR) and Overall Survival (OS) was investigated. RESULTS: One hundred
      sixty patients were included; scales of the baseline assessment of HRQL were
      moderately associated with LRR and OS, but the impact of treatment on most HRQL
      scales was strongly associated with OS. By multivariate analysis, baseline
      assessment of Global Health, Physical, HN Teeth, HN Dry mouth, and HN Cough
      scales, and impact of treatment on the Physical and Pain scales comprised
      independent variables associated with LRR. Male gender, positive lymph nodes,
      baseline assessment of Role, HN Pain, HN Cough, and impact of treatment on
      Emotion, Pain, Financial, HN Swallowing, HN Social contact, and the interaction
      of HN Pain-change in Pain scales were associated with OS. Both multivariate
      models were adjusted by the neoplasm's site of origin. CONCLUSION: Aside from
      well-known clinical-pathologic prognostic factors in H&N cancers, HRQL
      assessment, both prior to and after treatment, provides significant prognostic
      information and should be measured. Design of therapeutic clinical trials in
      patients with H&N cancers should consider these novel prognostic factors.

PMID- 27371999
TI  - Percutaneous thermal ablation: A new treatment line in the multidisciplinary
      management of metastatic leiomyosarcoma?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of percutaneous thermal ablation (PTA) in the
      multidisciplinary management of metastatic leiomyosarcoma (LMS) has not been
      thoroughly evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single institution retrospective
      review of all patients with LMS metastases treated with PTA from June 2004 to
      December 2014. Iterative PTAs were performed as a multifocal treatment for all
      recurrent or residual macroscopic metastases discovered on imaging after
      completion of systemic treatment, or alternatively as a targeted treatment of
      selective metastases found to be progressive on systemic treatment. The primary
      endpoint was the time to untreatable progression (TTUP), recorded as the time
      elapsed between the first PTA and the re-initiation of systemic chemotherapy to
      treat disease progression. Secondary endpoints were overall survival, the 1, 3
      and 5-year survival rates, and local control rate. RESULTS: A total of 93 LMS
      metastases (average diameter 18.2 mm, range 3-45 mm) were successfully treated in
      30 patients over 50 treatment sessions with a median follow-up of 34.6 months.
      The median TTUP was 14.2 months (range 2.4-122.8). The median overall survival
      after PTA was 48.3 months and the 1, 3 and 5-year overall survival rates were
      96.7% (95%CI 84.3-100.0%), 62.0% (95%CI 45.8-84.0%), and 28.3% (95%CI 13.5-59.1%)
      respectively. Local control rate at 1 year was 95.2% and at 3 years was 89.4%.
      CONCLUSION: Iterative PTA is an effective treatment line option for appropriately
      selected patients with metastatic LMS that can delay re-initiation of systemic
      chemotherapy.

PMID- 27372000
TI  - Immediate pedicled gracilis flap in radial forearm flap phalloplasty for
      transgender male patients to reduce urinary fistula.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Radial forearm phalloplasty is accompanied by high rates of
      fistula formation. We examined the effect of placing a pedicled gracilis
      myofascial flap around the urethral anastomosis at the time of radial forearm
      flap transfer on the development of postoperative urethrocutaneous fistula.
      METHODS: Fifteen patients underwent phalloplasty with urethroplasty between June
      2012 and October 2015, and they met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the
      study. We retrospectively reviewed patients' medical records and extracted
      patient demographic data, prelamination technique used (mucosa, skin graft, both,
      or neither), and whether or not a gracilis myofascial flap was harvested at the
      time of flap transfer and used to reinforce the native-neourethral anastomosis.
      The chi-squared test was used to evaluate the association between the presence of
      a gracilis flap and fistula formation. RESULTS: Four patients received a gracilis
      flap as part of their primary phalloplasty operation. None of these patients
      developed a fistula. Eleven patients did not receive a gracilis flap at the time
      of initial surgery and seven developed a fistula. DISCUSSION: In our patient
      series, inclusion of a pedicled myofascial gracilis flap at the time of radial
      forearm phalloplasty with urethroplasty was associated with an absence of fistula
      formation. Therefore, we have since made inclusion of this flap a standard
      practice for all transmales undergoing phalloplasty with urethroplasty.

PMID- 27372001
TI  - When Maxwellian demon meets action at a distance: Comment on "Disentangling DNA
      molecules" by Alexander Vologodskii.

PMID- 27372003
TI  - The lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap in tunnelled technique to cover
      complicated tissue defects located between the craniocervical and cervicothoracic
      junction following spinal surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: Stable coverage of complicated defects located between the
      craniocervical and cervicothoracic junction following wound healing disturbance
      after spinal surgery can be challenging. Especially in cases where devices are
      exposed, well-vascularized coverage is required to achieve stable wound
      conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical
      outcome of the lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap (LTIMF) as a possible
      treatment option. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four patients with a mean age of 68.8
      years (ranging from 50 to 93 years) with wound healing disturbance following
      spinal surgery leading to defects of the dorsal neck/upper back refractory to
      conservative treatment and surgical debridement were included. All defects were
      reconstructed with a LTIMF based on the transverse cervical artery. RESULTS: Mean
      follow-up was 16.5 months (ranging from 5 to 30 months). No major flap failure
      occurred; minor complications in three patients including lateral superficial
      skin necrosis were easily handled. In all patients, excellent functional and
      aesthetic results were achieved. CONCLUSION: The lower trapezius island
      myocutaneous flap represents a reliable treatment option to cover complicated
      defects located between the craniocervical and cervicothoracic junction following
      wound disturbance after spinal surgery.

PMID- 27372002
TI  - Muscle Strength and Poststroke Hemiplegia: A Systematic Review of Muscle Strength
      Assessment and Muscle Strength Impairment.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To systematically review (1) psychometric properties of criterion
      isokinetic dynamometry testing of muscle strength in persons with poststroke
      hemiplegia (PPSH); and (2) literature that compares muscle strength in patients
      poststroke with that in healthy controls assessed by criterion isokinetic
      dynamometry. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search of 7 databases was
      performed. STUDY SELECTION: Included studies (1) enrolled participants with
      definite poststroke hemiplegia according to defined criteria; (2) assessed muscle
      strength or power by criterion isokinetic dynamometry; (3) had undergone peer
      review; and (4) were available in English or Danish. DATA EXTRACTION: The
      psychometric properties of isokinetic dynamometry were reviewed with respect to
      reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Furthermore, comparisons of strength
      between paretic, nonparetic, and comparable healthy muscles were reviewed. DATA
      SYNTHESIS: Twenty studies covering 316 PPSH were included. High intraclass
      correlation coefficient (ICC) inter- and intrasession reliability was reported
      for isokinetic dynamometry, which was independent of the tested muscle group,
      contraction mode, and contraction velocity. Slightly higher ICC values were found
      for the nonparetic extremity. Standard error of the mean (SEM) values showed that
      a change of 7% to 20% was required for a real group change to take place for most
      muscle groups, with the knee extensors showing the smallest SEM% values. The
      muscle strength of paretic muscles showed deficits when compared with both
      healthy and nonparetic muscles, independent of muscle group, contraction mode,
      and contraction velocity. Nonparetic muscles only showed minor strength
      impairments when compared with healthy muscles. CONCLUSIONS: Criterion isokinetic
      dynamometry is a reliable test in persons with stroke, generally showing marked
      reductions in muscle strength of paretic and, to a lesser degree, nonparetic
      muscles when compared with healthy controls, independent of muscle group,
      contraction mode, and contraction velocity.

PMID- 27372004
TI  - Enhanced mannan-derived fermentable sugars of palm kernel cake by mannanase
      catalyzed hydrolysis for production of biobutanol.
AB  - Catalytic depolymerization of mannan composition of palm kernel cake (PKC) by
      mannanase was optimized to enhance the release of mannan-derived monomeric sugars
      for further application in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Efficiency
      of enzymatic hydrolysis of PKC was studied by evaluating effects of PKC
      concentration, mannanase loading, hydrolysis pH value, reaction temperature and
      hydrolysis time on production of fermentable sugars using one-way analysis of
      variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA results revealed that all factors studied had highly
      significant effects on total sugar liberated (P<0.01). The optimum conditions for
      PKC hydrolysis were 20% (w/v) PKC concentration, 5% (w/w) mannanase loading,
      hydrolysis pH 4.5, 45 degrees C temperature and 72h hydrolysis time. Enzymatic
      experiments in optimum conditions revealed total fermentable sugars of 71.54+/
      2.54g/L were produced including 67.47+/-2.51g/L mannose and 2.94+/-0.03g/L
      glucose. ABE fermentation of sugar hydrolysate by Clostridium
      saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 resulted in 3.27+/-1.003g/L biobutanol. 

PMID- 27372005
TI  - Saccharification of microalgae biomass obtained from wastewater treatment by
      enzymatic hydrolysis. Effect of alkaline-peroxide pretreatment.
AB  - An enzymatic method for the carbohydrate hydrolysis of different microalgae
      biomass cultivated in domestic (DWB) and pig manure (PMWB) wastewaters, at
      different storage conditions (fresh, freeze-dried and reconstituted), was
      evaluated. The DWB provided sugars yields between 40 and 63%, although low xylose
      yields (< 23.5%). Approximately 2% of this biomass was converted to byproducts as
      succinic, acetic and formic acids. For PMWB, a high fraction of the sugars (up to
      87%) was extracted, but mainly converted into acetic, butyric and formic acids,
      which was attributed to the bacterial action. In addition, the performance of an
      alkaline-peroxide pretreatment, conducted for 1h, 50 degrees C and H2O2
      concentrations from 1 to 7.5% (w/w), was essayed. The hydrolysis of pretreated
      microalgae supported a wide range of sugars extraction for DWB (55-90%), and 100%
      for PMWB. Nevertheless, a large fraction of these sugars (~30% for DWB and 100%
      for PMWB) was transformed to byproducts. 

PMID- 27372006
TI  - A novel paradigm for the high-efficient production of phycocyanin from Galdieria
      sulphuraria.
AB  - A novel cultivation strategy called "Sequential Heterotrophy-Dilution
      Photoinduction" was successfully applied in the cultivation of Galdieria
      sulphuraria for efficient production of phycocyanin (PC). Algae cells were
      firstly cultivated heterotrophically to achieve high cell density. The maximal
      dry cell weight of 17.8gL(-1) and maximal biomass productivity of 103.1mgL(-1)h(
      1) were obtained. Then, a dilution step was applied to obtain a suitable cell
      concentration and finally these cells were transferred to high light condition
      for phycocyanin accumulation. During the photoinduction step, cells could
      accumulate phycocyanin up to 13.88% of dry cell weight in a cultivation period of
      8days. By this technology, total PC productivity far surpassed those reported in
      all literatures of Galdieria sulphuraria, and was 147-fold and 12-fold of those
      in photoautotrophic and heterotrophic technologies, respectively. Therefore, this
      strategy provides a promising approach for high-efficient phycocyanin production
      from Galdieria sulphuraria to meet its mass cultivation and commercialization
      application. 

PMID- 27372007
TI  - Improvement of the catalytic performance of a Bispora antennata cellulase by
      replacing the N-terminal semi-barrel structure.
AB  - The aim of this work was to study the contribution of the N-terminal structure to
      cellulase catalytic performance. A wild-type cellulase (BaCel5) of glycosyl
      hydrolase (GH) family 5 from Bispora antennata and two hybrid enzymes
      (BaCel5(127) and BaCel5(167)) with replacement of the N-terminal (betaalpha)3
      (127 residues) or (betaalpha)4 (167 residues)-barrel with the corresponding
      sequences of TeEgl5A from Talaromyces emersonii were produced in Pichia pastoris
      and biochemically characterized. BaCel5 exhibited optimal activity at pH 5.0 and
      50 degrees C but had low catalytic efficiency (25.4+/-0.8mLs(-1)mg(-1)). In
      contrast, BaCel5(127) and BaCel5(167) showed similar enzymatic properties but
      improved catalytic performance. When using CMC-Na, barley beta-glucan, lichenan,
      and cellooligosaccharides as substrates, BaCel5(127) and BaCel5(167) had
      increased specific activities and catalytic efficiencies by ~1.8-6.7-fold and
      ~1.0-4.7-fold, respectively. The catalytic efficiency of BaCel5(167) was even
      higher than that of parental proteins. The underlying mechanism was analyzed by
      molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. 

PMID- 27372008
TI  - Performance of a microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for online monitoring in an
      integrated system combining microbial fuel cell and upflow anaerobic sludge bed
      reactor.
AB  - A hybrid system integrating a microbial fuel cell (MFC)-based biosensor with
      upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) was investigated for real-time online
      monitoring of the internal operation of the UASB reactor. The features concerned
      were its rapidity and steadiness with a constant operation condition. In
      addition, the signal feedback mechanism was examined by the relationship between
      voltage and time point of changed COD concentration. The sensitivity of different
      concentrations was explored by comparing the signal feedback time point between
      the voltage and pH. Results showed that the electrical signal feedback was more
      sensitive than pH and the thresholds of sensitivity were S=3*10(-5)V/(mg/L) and
      S=8*10(-5)V/(mg/L) in different concentration ranges, respectively. Although only
      0.94% of the influent COD was translated into electricity and applied for
      biosensing, this integrated system indicated great potential without additional
      COD consumption for real-time monitoring. 

PMID- 27372009
TI  - Enhanced adsorption of cesium on PVA-alginate encapsulated Prussian blue-graphene
      oxide hydrogel beads in a fixed-bed column system.
AB  - A continuous fixed-bed column study was performed using PVA-alginate encapsulated
      Prussian blue-graphene oxide (PB-GO) hydrogel beads as a novel adsorbent for the
      removal of cesium from aqueous solutions. The effects of different operating
      parameters, such as initial cesium concentration, pH, bed height, flow rate, and
      bead size, were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of the PB-GO
      hydrogel beads was 164.5mg/g at an initial cesium concentration of 5mM, bed
      height of 20cm, and flow rate of 0.83mL/min at pH 7. The Thomas, Adams-Bohart,
      and Yoon-Nelson models were applied to the experimental data to predict the
      breakthrough curves using non-linear regression. Although both the Thomas and
      Yoon-Nelson models showed good agreement with the experimental data, the Yoon
      Nelson model was found to provide the best representation for cesium adsorption
      on the adsorbent, based on the chi(2) analysis. 

PMID- 27372010
TI  - Rheological characterization of digested sludge by solid sphere impact.
AB  - An impact method was applied to investigate the rheological characteristics of
      digested sludge and reveal its transient dynamics. A high-speed camera allowed
      visualizing the dynamic impact process and observing interaction between
      impacting sphere and targeted sludge. A damping oscillation was observed after
      the impact. The crater diameter followed an exponential function, while the
      crater depth varied as a logarithmic function of both sphere diameter and free
      fall height. Furthermore, the viscosity and elasticity of digested sludge were
      evaluated by establishing a simplified impact drag force model. The impact
      elastic modulus was consistent with the Young's modulus measured by a
      penetrometer. The impact viscosity was reasonable as the estimated impact shear
      stress was greater than the yield stress of digested sludge resulting in the
      formation of crater. The impact method offers an alternative way to reveal the
      viscoelasticity of digested sludge through a dynamic process. 

PMID- 27372011
TI  - The feasibility of an up-flow partially aerated biological filter (U-PABF) for
      nitrogen and COD removal from domestic wastewater.
AB  - An up-flow partially aerated biological filter (U-PABF) was developed to study
      the removal of nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from synthetic domestic
      wastewater. The removal of NH4(+)-N was primarily attributed to adsorption in the
      zeolite U-PABF and to bioprocesses in the ceramic U-PABF. When the hydraulic
      retention time (HRT) was 5.2h, the ceramic U-PABF achieved a good performance and
      the NH4(+)-N, total nitrogen (TN), and COD removal efficiency reached 99.08+/
      8.79%, 72.83+/-0.68%, and 89.38+/-1.04%, respectively. The analysis of NH4(+)-N,
      NO3(-)-N, NO2(-)-N, and TN at different depths revealed the simultaneous
      existence of nitrification-denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation
      (anammox) in ceramic U-PABF. Illumina pyrosequencing confirmed the existence of
      Planctomycetes, which are responsible for anammox. The results indicated that the
      nitrification-denitrification and anammox all contributed to the high removal of
      NH4(+)-N, TN, and COD in the U-PABF. 

PMID- 27372012
TI  - Production of a bioflocculant from Pseudomonas veronii L918 using the hydrolyzate
      of peanut hull and its application in the treatment of ash-flushing wastewater
      generated from coal fired power plant.
AB  - In this study, bioflocculant produced by Pseudomonas veronii L918 was applied to
      treat ash-flushing wastewater. The strain L918 could convert the hydrolyzate of
      peanut hull into bioflocculant, which can effectively reduce the production cost
      of bioflocculant. The yield of 3.39g/L bioflocculant MBF-L918 was achieved when
      300mL/L peanut hull hydrolyzate was used as carbon source. The bioflocculant MBF
      L918 contains 77.14% polysaccharides and 4.84% proteins, and the molecular weight
      (MW) of MBF-L918 is 24.77kDa. Furthermore, MBF-L918 showed good flocculating
      efficiency of 92.51% to ash-flushing wastewater when 2.83mg/L MBF-L918 was added,
      and thus achieved the recycling of ash-flushing wastewater. This study reported
      for the first time that the bioflocculant was produced using peanut hull
      hydrolyzate and effectively applied in the treatment of coal ash-flushing
      wastewater. 

PMID- 27372013
TI  - Fabrication of core-shell structured magnetic nanocellulose base polymeric ionic
      liquid for effective biosorption of Congo red dye.
AB  - Ionic liquids are considered to be a class of environmentally friendly compounds
      as combination of them with bioresource polymeric substances such as; cellulose,
      constitute emerging coating materials. Biosorption by polymeric ionic liquids
      exhibits an attractive green way that involves low cost and irrespective of
      toxicity. As a result, a novel polymeric ionic liquid has been developed by the
      reaction of one step synthesized Fe3O4-cellulose nanohybrid, epichlorohydrin and
      1-methylimidazole and employed as a green sorbent for efficient biosorption of
      Congo red dye. Effective parameters on dye removing as well as their interactions
      were determined with response surface methodology (RSM). Congo red adsorption
      showed fast equilibrium time (11min) with maximum uptake of 131mgg(-1). Isotherm
      study revealed that Langmuir adsorption model can better describe dye adsorption
      behavior. Regeneration of the sorbent was performed with a mixture of methanol
      acetone-NaOH (3.0molL(-1)) solution. 

PMID- 27372014
TI  - Regulation of Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene-I (RIG-I) Activation by the Histone
      Deacetylase 6.
AB  - Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pathogen recognition
      receptor that initiates the immune response against many RNA viruses. Upon RNA
      ligand binding, RIG-I undergoes a conformational change facilitating its homo
      oligomerization and activation that results in its translocation from the cytosol
      to intracellular membranes to bind its signaling adaptor protein, mitochondrial
      antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). Here we show that RIG-I activation is
      regulated by reversible acetylation. Acetyl-mimetic mutants of RIG-I do not form
      virus-induced homo-oligomers, revealing that acetyl-lysine residues of the RIG-I
      repressor domain prevent assembly to active homo-oligomers. During acute
      infection, deacetylation of RIG-I promotes its oligomerization upon ligand
      binding. We identify histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) as the deacetylase that
      promotes RIG-I activation and innate antiviral immunity to recognize and restrict
      RNA virus infection. 

PMID- 27372015
TI  - Assessing Hemodynamically Significant CAD by Difference in Contrast Opacification
      of CT Angiograms: An Exercise in Seeing and Believing.

PMID- 27372016
TI  - Impact of TCFA on Unanticipated Ischemic Events in Medically Treated Diabetes
      Mellitus: Insights From the PROSPECT Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study sought to investigate the relationship between thin-cap
      fibroatheromas (TCFAs) on major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) arising from
      medically treated nonculprit lesions (NCLs) in patients with acute coronary
      syndromes (ACS) with and without diabetes mellitus (DM). BACKGROUND: MACEs occur
      frequently in patients with DM and ACS. The impact of plaque composition on
      subsequent MACEs in DM patients with ACS is unknown. METHODS: In the PROSPECT
      (Providing Regional Observations Study Predictors of Events in the Coronary Tree)
      study, using 3-vessel radiofrequency intravascular ultrasound, we analyzed the
      incidence of NCL-MACE in 2 propensity-matched groups according to the presence of
      DM and TCFA. RESULTS: Among 697 patients, 119 (17.7%) had DM. The 3-year total
      MACE rate (29.4% vs. 18.8%; p = 0.01) was significantly higher in patients with
      versus without DM, driven by a higher rate of NCL-MACE in DM (18.7% vs. 10.4%; p
      = 0.02). Propensity score matching generated 2 balanced groups with and without
      DM of 82 patients each. Among DM patients, the presence of >=1 TCFA was
      associated with higher NCL-MACE at 3 years (27.8% vs. 8.9% in patients without a
      TCFA, hazard ratio: 3.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.98 to 12.96; p = 0.04). DM
      patients without a TCFA had a similar 3-year rate of NCL-MACE as patients without
      DM (8.9% vs. 8.9%; hazard ratio: 1.09; 95% confidence interval: 0.27 to 4.41; p =
      0.90). CONCLUSIONS: ACS patients with DM and >=1 TCFA have a high rate of NCL
      MACE at 3 years. In contrast, the prognosis of ACS patients with DM but no TCFAs
      is favorable and similar to patients without DM.

PMID- 27372017
TI  - Influence of Coronary Artery Diameter on Intracoronary Transluminal Attenuation
      Gradient During CT Angiography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to assess the effect of coronary artery
      diameter on luminal attenuation and the correlation between the transluminal
      attenuation gradient (TAG) and transluminal diameter gradient (TDG) on computed
      tomography (CT) coronary angiography. BACKGROUND: Recent studies have reported
      promising results of TAG in detecting significant stenosis. However, because of
      the intrinsic nature of CT reconstruction algorithms, luminal attenuation may be
      affected by vessel diameter. METHODS: In this 3-part study, phantom simulating
      vessels of various diameters immersed in different contrast mixtures were
      scanned, and intraluminal attenuations were measured. In addition, dynamic volume
      CT scanning was performed in 3 mongrel dogs (untreated, a stenosis model, and an
      occlusion model) using 320-row area detector computed tomography and intraluminal
      attenuations, and TAGs were calculated at each temporal scan and compared. In a
      separate clinical study, TAGs and TDGs of 152 coronary arteries from 62 patients
      who underwent 320-row area detector computed tomography coronary angiography and
      invasive angiography were measured and compared. RESULTS: Intraluminal
      attenuation of phantom vessels gradually decreased along with a decrease in
      diameter. Animal studies revealed that the peak attenuation of distal smaller
      coronary arteries did not reach that of proximal larger coronary arteries: 55.2%
      to 78.1% peak attenuation of proximal coronary arteries. No differences in TAG
      were found between stenotic and normal left circumflex arteries at temporal scans
      (all, p > 0.05). The clinical study demonstrated significant correlation between
      TAG and TDG (r = 0.580; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Intraluminal attenuation was
      shown to decrease with diminution of vessel diameters. In addition, TAG exhibited
      a significant correlation with TDG, implying that TAG may be a secondary result
      because of differences in diameters.

PMID- 27372018
TI  - Clinical Utility of Combined FDG-PET/MR to Assess Myocardial Disease.

PMID- 27372019
TI  - CT Imaging of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease for TAVR.

PMID- 27372020
TI  - Temporal Change in CAC Score and Prognosis: Follow-Up Score Is Simpler and as
      Good as a Change in Score.

PMID- 27372021
TI  - Using Imaging to Identify the High-Risk Diabetic Patient: Are We Any Closer?

PMID- 27372023
TI  - Progression of CAC Score and Risk of Incident CVD.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to determine the relative contributions of
      baseline coronary artery calcification (CAC), follow-up CAC, and CAC progression
      on incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). BACKGROUND: Repeat CAC scanning has
      been proposed as a method to track progression of total atherosclerotic burden.
      However, whether CAC progression is a useful predictor of future CVD events
      remains unclear. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of 5,933
      participants free of CVD who underwent 2 examinations, including CAC scores, and
      subsequent CVD event assessment. CAC progression was calculated using the square
      root method. The primary outcome was total CVD events (CVD death, nonfatal
      myocardial infarction, nonfatal atherosclerotic stroke, coronary artery bypass
      surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention). Secondary outcomes included hard
      CVD events, total coronary heart disease (CHD) events, and hard CHD events.
      RESULTS: CAC was detected at baseline in 2,870 individuals (48%). The average
      time between scans was 3.5 +/- 2.0 years. After their second scan, 161
      individuals experienced a total CVD event during a mean follow-up of 7.3 years.
      CAC progression was significantly associated with total CVD events (hazard ratio:
      1.14, 95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 1.30 per interquartile range; p = 0.042)
      in the model including baseline CAC, but the contribution of CAC progression was
      small relative to baseline CAC (chi-square 4.16 vs. 65.92). Furthermore, CAC
      progression was not associated with total CVD events in the model including
      follow-up CAC instead of baseline CAC (hazard ratio: 1.05, 95% confidence
      interval: 0.92 to 1.21; p = 0.475). A model that included follow-up CAC alone
      performed as well as the model that included baseline CAC and CAC progression.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although CAC progression was independently, but modestly, associated
      with CVD outcomes, this relationship was no longer significant when including
      follow-up CAC in the model. These findings imply that if serial CAC scanning is
      performed, the latest scan should be used for risk assessment, and in this
      context, CAC progression provides no additional prognostic information.

PMID- 27372022
TI  - A Bicuspid Aortic Valve Imaging Classification for the TAVR Era.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate transcatheter aortic valve replacement
      (TAVR) in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) aortic stenosis (AS), with a particular
      emphasis on TAVR-directed bicuspid aortic valve imaging (BAVi) of morphological
      classification. BACKGROUND: TAVR has been used to treat BAV-AS but with
      heterogeneous outcomes and uncertainty regarding the relevance of morphology.
      METHODS: In 14 centers in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia, 130 BAV-AS
      patients underwent TAVR. Baseline cardiac computed tomography (CT) was analyzed
      by a dedicated Corelab. Outcomes were assessed in line with Valve Academic
      Research Consortium criteria. RESULTS: Bicommissural BAV (vs. tricommissural)
      accounted for 68.9% of those treated in North America, 88.9% in Europe, and 95.5%
      in Asia (p = 0.003). For bicommissural bicuspids, non-raphe type (vs. raphe type)
      BAV accounted for 11.9% of those treated in North America, 9.4% in Europe, and
      61.9% in Asia (p < 0.001). Overall rates of 30-day mortality (3.8%) and
      cerebrovascular events (3.2%) were favorable and similar among anatomical
      subsets. The rate of new permanent pacemaker insertion was high (26.2%) and
      similar between balloon-expandable (BE) and self-expanding (SE) designs (BE:
      25.5% vs. SE: 26.9%; p = 0.83); there was a trend to greater permanent pacemaker
      insertion in BE TAVR in the presence of coronary cusp fusion BAV morphology.
      Paravalvular aortic regurgitation (PAR) >= moderate was 18.1% overall but lower
      at 11.5% in those with pre-procedural CT. In the absence of pre-procedural CT,
      there was an excess of PAR in BE TAVR that was not the case in those with a pre
      procedural CT; SE TAVR required more post-dilation. Predictors of PAR included
      intercommissural distance for bicommissural bicuspids (odd ratio [OR]: 1.37; 95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 1.02 to 1.84; p = 0.036) and lack of a baseline CT for
      annular measurement (OR: 3.03; 95% CI: 1.20 to 7.69; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: In
      this multicenter study, TAVR achieved favorable outcomes in patients with pre
      procedural CT, with the exception of high permanent pacemaker rates for all
      devices and shapes.

PMID- 27372024
TI  - Massive gastrointestinal bleeding in AIDS patients secondary to histoplasma and
      cytomegalovirus infection.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus that affects the host and
      remains latent. When cellular immunity is suppressed, the virus is reactivated
      and can cause an asymptomatic or devastating infection in immunosuppressed
      patients. On the other hand, Histoplasmosis is typically a respiratory condition.
      However, in immunosuppressed patients, it may be found in unusual locations, as
      in the case of an intestinal condition. In some cases, this can be fatal. Small
      intestine CMV location is extremely rare. CASE PRESENTATION: 40-year-old man with
      AIDS presenting secondary massive lower gastrointestinal bleeding (MLGB) symptoms
      and ulcer granulomatous injuries located in the proximal ileum produced by the
      association of CMV and histoplasmosis. CONCLUSION: Lower gastrointestinal
      bleeding diagnosis and treatment pose a challenge, considering the intestine
      extension and difficulties for its exploration. On the other hand, the
      association between Histoplasmosis and CMV as a massive gastrointestinal bleeding
      cause has not been described. There is no bibliography on the matter.

PMID- 27372025
TI  - Spontaneous breast cancer remission: A case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous breast cancer remission is a rare phenomenon. We report
      the disappearance from the remaining breast of a new primary carcinoma that had
      been confirmed through cytology of a pathological specimen, in a case that is
      strongly suspected to be spontaneous remission. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 44-year
      old woman underwent breast-conserving surgery for a tumor located on the border
      between the upper-outer and lower-outer quadrants of the left breast (T2, N1, M0;
      Stage IIB). Eleven years after surgery, computed tomography indicated a mass in
      the upper-inner quadrant of the left breast. Excisional biopsy was initially
      planned for treatment following the definitive diagnosis because cytology
      revealed malignancy. The patient had noticed tumor regression one month after
      fine-needle aspiration and repeat ultrasonography performed the day before
      excisional biopsy confirmed the tumor reduction. On pathological examination, no
      tumor cells were observed in the mass. DISCUSSION: There was a discrepancy
      between FNA cytology and pathological diagnosis in our patient. The cytological
      findings indicated malignancy, but the pathological findings did not. When a
      tumor's pathological diagnosis is not malignant even though its FNA cytology
      diagnosis was malignant, sampling error, cytological over-diagnosis or some other
      error may have occurred. In this case, however, these were not detected. Because
      fibrosis was visible on pathological examination, we believe that these events
      corresponded to spontaneous remission. CONCLUSION: We report a rare case of
      spontaneous remission in which the cancer disappeared on pathological examination
      although the cytological diagnosis had been malignant.

PMID- 27372026
TI  - Malignant chondroid syringoma in a West African cancer institute: A case report.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report a case of malignant chondroid syringoma, a rare skin tumor
      at Joliot Curie Cancer Institute in Dakar. RESULTS: We report a case of malignant
      chondroid syringoma of the deltoid and axilla in a 53year old patient. Malignant
      chondroid syringoma is an extremely rare tumor of the sweat glands. It is
      included in myoepithelial tumors of the skin. It has an epithelial component with
      eccrin or apocrin differentiation, and myoepithelial component. It preferentially
      seat at the extremities. We report an unusual case with deltoid presentation and
      axillary mass masqueriding as metastatic lymph node. Surgery is the main
      treatment. It has a poor prognosis.

PMID- 27372027
TI  - Psoas muscle abscess simulating acute appendicits: A case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Psoas abscess is a rare clinical entity with vague symptomatology.
      We report a psoas abscess that simulated symptoms of acute appendicitis.
      PRESENTATION OF CASE: A twenty-five year old male presented pain irradiating to
      the right iliac fossa and lumbar region associated with thigh flexion.
      Laboratorial exams revealed leukocytosis with a neutrophil shift to the left.
      Abdominal Ultrasound showed significant intestinal distension and a small
      quantity of free fluid at the right iliac fossa. Laparotomy and an appendectomy
      were performed. During immediate post-operative, the patient evolved with
      worsening of the pain and the leukocytosis, therefore, we chose to maintain his
      antalgic posture. An abdominal Computerized Tomography scan with contrast was
      solicited, revealing an increase of the iliac and psoas muscles of the right
      side, and multiple bacterial focuses. A retroperitoneal access was performed and
      300ml of purulent secretion was drained. Afterwards, we implanted a Penrose
      Drain. The patient had a good post-op evolution, being discharged 7days after the
      drainage. DISCUSSION: The psoas muscle is a flexor of the thigh. Psoas abscess is
      an underdiagnosed condition, its main treatment is surgery associated with
      antibiotic therapy. CT scan seems to be the best choice of diagnostic image exam,
      although some authors prefer the nuclear magnetic resonance. CONCLUSION: The
      psoas muscle abscess is uncommon and poorly characterized in its etiology,
      clinical associations, and its therapeutic approach. On the other hand, acute
      appendicitis is the most common abdominal emergency, with a 7% death rate, and
      surgery is its main treatment.

PMID- 27372028
TI  - Stoppa approach for intrapelvic damage control and reconstruction of complex
      acetabular defects with intra-pelvic socket migration: A case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Failed hip arthroplasty with intrapelvic acetabular migration can
      be challenging due to the potential damage of intrapelvic structures.
      PRESENTATION OF THE CASE: We present a case of a 75 year-old lady with failed hip
      arthroplasty with loosening of implants and intra-pelvic migration of the cup,
      antiprotrusio cage mesh, screws and plate. A modified Stoppa approach was
      performed, a part of the migrated elements were safely removed, the intrapelvic
      structures were controlled, and the bone defect was reconstructed through the
      Stoppa approach combined with the lateral window of ilioinguinal approach by
      means of bone struts and metallic plates, which is a novel technique. Then an
      extended posterolateral hip approach was done and the acetabulum was
      reconstructed using porous tantalum augments and morselized allograft. A cemented
      constrained socket was implanted. After one-year follow-up the patient is able to
      walk with one crutch without pain. DISCUSSION: Due to intrapelvic migration, the
      implants used in hip arthroplasty may become entrapped between the anatomical
      structures lodged in the pelvis and cause damage to them. A careful preoperative
      assessment and planning are mandatory. A migrated socket can be inaccessible
      through a conventional hip approach and removal could be very difficult and
      dangerous. CONCLUSION: The Stoppa approach in hip revision surgery can be a
      complement to traditional approaches to control the intrapelvic structures,
      remove migrated implants of previous surgery and reconstruct the pelvic defect.

PMID- 27372029
TI  - Testicular seminoma metastasis to duodenum. Misdiagnosed as primary duodenal
      tumor.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in Males aged 15-35
      years. Its incidence comprises 0.8% of all Male cancers worldwide, with a
      mortality rate of 0.1%. Rarely it metastasizes to the retroperitoneum and invades
      upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Complications like intestinal obstruction,
      hemorrhage, and perforation are usually present. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We report
      a 30 year-old male, presented to GIT unit with severe anemia due to upper GIT
      bleeding. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) documented duodenal growth.
      Histopathology findings of biopsy taken from the growth revealed, moderately
      differentiated adenocarcinoma of duodenum. Abdominal computed tomogram (CT) scan
      showed retroperitoneal mass which could be primary duodenal tumor or para -
      aortic lymph node. The patient was referred to surgery unit for pancreatico -
      duodenectomy with the diagnosis of primary duodenal malignancy. In Surgery unit,
      a left testicular mass was discovered. Ultrasound revealed suspicious mass in
      left testis. Review of duodenal biopsy (by another pathologist) was asked for.
      Duodenal metastatic seminoma was the diagnosis which was confirmed by
      immunohistochemical Stains (that was not done before). Left testicular biopsy
      showed testicular seminoma .Patient was treated by high inguinal orchiectomy
      followed by chemotherapy. One year, later the patient had no GIT symptoms, was
      not anemic and started to put on weight. Follow up endoscopy showed no evidence
      of tumor in duodenum. There was no evidence of retroperitoneal growth by follow
      up CT scan. DISCUSSION: Testis lymphatic drainage is through para aortic lymph
      nodes .These are in contact with GIT. When testicular malignancy metastasizes to
      retroperitoneum it may invade GIT causing confusion whether symptoms are
      primarily from GIT, or they are primarily extra intestinal. CONCLUSION: High
      index of suspicion for testicular seminoma must be raised when treating young
      males with GIT complications like hemorrhage. Testicular seminoma is the most
      common solid tumor at this age. Sometimes it is the cause behind this
      complication.

PMID- 27372030
TI  - Omental patch reinforced with polypropylene mesh and split-thickness skin
      grafting: A new procedure to close the "open abdomen".
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The "open abdomen" expression widely used to define a full
      thickness defect of the abdominal wall intentionally made in some situations like
      abdominal compartment syndrome, has been replaced by a newest one called
      "laparostomy". The definitive closure of an open abdomen with a giant full
      abdominal thickness defect remains a problem. CASE REPORT: We present a 67-year
      old male with a descompressive laparostomy treated with a greater omentum flap
      sutured hermetically with interrupted stitches at the edges of the muscle wall,
      reinforced with large mesh of polypropylene (PP) placed on-lay and sutured to the
      fascia by two concentric running sutures of polypropylene. A vacuum-assisted
      closure device was placed on the second postoperative day and it was kept during
      three weeks. By then the PP mesh was completely integrated so skin grafts were
      applied to the surface of the granulation tissue. An incisional hernia was easily
      repaired at three years of follow-up. Eight months after the last surgery the
      patient is satisfied with the result achieved. DISCUSSION: The great omentum has
      immunological and angiogenic properties that allow a rapid integration of the
      polypropylene mesh, even in septic environments, facilitating the engraftment of
      split-thickness skin graft. The reactive fibrosis caused by the PP mesh replaces
      the fat tissue but the inner surface is preserved, thereby avoiding subsequent
      adhesion and facilitates surgical access to the abdominal cavity if necessary in
      the future. CONCLUSION: The structure achieved is a strong structure, capable of
      visceral isolation that can be useful to close some OA.

PMID- 27372031
TI  - Looking for sufficient change: Evaluation of counsellor training for STI
      syndromic management in India.
AB  - In India, public health care of Sexually Transmitted Infections is delivered
      through Designated STI/RTI Clinics (DSRCs) using syndromic management. This paper
      describes efforts, over three years, to improve in-service training for
      counsellors positioned at DSRCs-using a data approach. The programme managers
      realised, through rigorous monitoring of initial induction training reports that,
      while knowledge and attitudes of most trainees had improved as evident from t
      tests, at least one-quarter scored worse on post-training assessments (n=859).
      Therefore, they undertook a survey using a competency approach to diagnose what
      critical competencies are influenced through training: counselling skills, risk
      reduction suggestions, labelling male and female anatomy, record-keeping and STI
      patient education (n=132). Survey results demonstrated that trainees failed to
      pass a two-thirds cutoff score in most competencies. These findings led the
      programme managers to modify training and implement tighter quality measures. In
      the second round of training - refresher training - outcomes on competency
      assessments before and after training showed more acceptable performance (n=833).
      The paper describes how programme managers, after an acceptance of such initial
      short-comings, developed customized assessments when literature provided limited
      guidance and how they worked to achieve change that was acceptable for programme
      needs.

PMID- 27372032
TI  - Editorial overview: Host-microbe interactions: parasites: How eukaryotic
      parasites meet the challenges of life in a host.

PMID- 27372033
TI  - Esophago-jejunal anastomosis after laparoscopic total gastrectomy.

PMID- 27372034
TI  - Comments on " Emergency laparoscopy: Role and implementation " Journal de
      Chirurgie Viscerale (2015) 152, S12-S19.

PMID- 27372035
TI  - Pyopneumothorax and peritonitis due to perforated duodenal ulcer and associated
      pleuroperitoneal communication.
AB  - Pleuroperitoneal communication is an anatomic entity that is typically
      asymptomatic but sometimes responsible for hydrothorax. This pleural
      manifestation can be explained by progressive transdiaphragmatic passage of intra
      abdominal fluid because of abdominal hyperpressure. The object of this report is
      to present a hitherto unreported association of concomitant pleural effusion and
      acute infectious abdominal disease, due to perforated duodenal ulcer. This
      underscores that pleural effusion associated with acute abdominal pain may reveal
      the existence of a communication of this type, and requires surgical management. 

PMID- 27372036
TI  - Atrial tissue expression of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE)
      and atrial fibrosis in patients with mitral valve disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been reported that receptor for advanced glycation end
      products (RAGE) plays a significant role in cardiac fibrosis. Nonetheless, the
      precise relationship between the RAGE and atrial fibrosis has never been studied
      in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether degree of atrial
      fibrosis was associated with atrial tissue expression of RAGE in patients with
      mitral valve disease (MVD). METHODS: We collected human left atrial (LA)
      appendage tissue from 25 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery. We
      quantified the expression of RAGE and other protein markers by Western blotting
      and compared these levels with histological evaluations. RESULTS: RAGE expression
      in the LA appendage tissue was significantly correlated with atrial fibrosis
      (r=0.681, p=0.001). RAGE expression (regression coefficient [B] 9.49, 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 4.76-14.2, p<0.001) and LA diameter (B 0.43, 95% CI 0.13
      0.74, p=0.008) were independently associated with degree of atrial fibrosis in
      multiple linear regression analysis. RAGE expression was significantly correlated
      with protein expression of von Willebrand factor (r=0.659, p<0.001), vascular
      endothelial cadherin (r=0.757, p<0.001), ICAM-1 (r=0.568, p=0.003), and PECAM-1
      (r=0.423, p=0.035) in the LA appendage tissue. In addition, patients with severe
      mitral stenosis (MS) had higher atrial RAGE expression than those with no, mild,
      or moderate MS (p=0.013). Patients with MVD and atrial fibrillation (AF) had more
      severe atrial fibrosis (p=0.024) and higher RAGE expression (p=0.047) than those
      who remained in sinus rhythm. CONCLUSIONS: Atrial tissue expression of RAGE was
      significantly associated with atrial fibrosis, severe MS, and AF rhythm in
      patients with MVD.

PMID- 27372037
TI  - Short and long-term outcomes of alcohol septal ablation with the trans-radial
      versus the trans-femoral approach: A single center-experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the trans-radial approach (TR) has been applied to various
      subsets of patients in percutaneous coronary intervention, the feasibility,
      efficacy, acute procedural and long-term outcomes of TR versus trans-femoral
      approach (TF) for alcohol septal ablation (ASA) have not yet been determined.
      OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the short and long-term outcomes
      of ASA with the TR approach compared to the TF approach. METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed 240 patients who underwent an ASA procedure at our
      institution from November 1999 to November 2015. The TR approach was performed in
      172 cases and the TF approach in the remaining 68 cases. RESULTS: The use of TR
      approach progressively increased from 62% in 1999-2005 to 91% in 2011-2015
      (p=0.0001). The TF and TR group had similar age, baseline NYHA class (NYHA 3 or
      4) and mean left ventricular outflow tract peak gradient before ASA. Total
      contrast used (TR: 73.2+/-47.2ml; TF: 88.7+/-49.3ml, p=0.11), total radiation Air
      kerma area product (TR: 43.7+/-48.0Gycm(-2); TF: 55.9+/-48.2Gycm(-2); p=0.39) and
      peak left ventricular outflow tract gradient immediately after ASA (TR: 19.1+/
      19.6mmHg; TF: 20.4+/-18.0mmHg, p=0.63) were similar in both groups. Procedural
      success was 91.9% and 91.2% in the TR and TF groups, respectively (p=0.53). At
      30days, there was 2 intra-hospital death (1 in TF and 1 in TR), 1 major stroke in
      the TF group and 1 coronary artery dissection in the TR group. Vascular
      complications were less frequent in the TR group (0.58% vs. 7.3%; p=0.002). The
      mean length of follow-up was 4.56+/-4.34years (IQR 0.69-8.2; median 2.92years;
      maximum: 15.5years). By Kaplan-Meier estimate, the observed survival in the
      overall cohort was comparable to the expected survival for a sex and age-matched
      comparable general French population at 10years (86.9 vs. 83.6%, p=0.88).
      Survival was similar between the TR and TF group (92.1% vs. 89.7% at 6years,
      respectively; p=0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol septal ablation from the radial
      approach can be performed with similar acute and long-term success, but with
      lower vascular complications compared to the femoral approach.

PMID- 27372038
TI  - A brief review on the mechanisms of aspirin resistance.
AB  - Aspirin is the most widely prescribed drug for the primary and secondary
      prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, a large
      number of patients continue to experience thromboembolic events despite aspirin
      therapy, a phenomenon referred to as aspirin resistance or treatment failure.
      Aspirin resistance is often observed along with a high incidence of unstable
      plaque, cardiovascular events and cerebrovascular accident. Studies have shown
      that aspirin reduces the production of TXA2, but not totally inhibits the
      activation of platelets. In this review, we analyze current and past research on
      aspirin resistance, presenting important summaries of results regarding the
      potential contributive roles of single nucleotide polymorphisms, inflammation,
      metabolic syndrome and miRNAs. The aim of this article is to provide a brief
      review on aspirin resistance and platelet function, which will provide important
      insights into the research of aspirin resistance. 

PMID- 27372039
TI  - ECG predictors of T wave oversensing in subcutaneous implantable cardioverter
      defibrillators.
AB  - BACKGROUND: T wave oversensing (TWOS) is the commonest cause of inappropriate
      shocks in subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S-ICDs). We
      hypothesise that predictors of TWOS can be derived from surface ECG parameters.
      METHODS: In a cohort of SICD recipients in two UK centres, all patients who had
      TWOS (study group) were compared to all those who had not (control group). The
      pre-implant screen was scanned and the R wave, T wave amplitudes, QRS interval,
      time to peak T wave, QT interval and R:T ratio was measured using digital
      callipers. Logistic regression was performed to identify ECG predictors of TWOS.
      RESULTS: One hundred one patients were studied. Six (5.9%) had TWOS. The mean age
      of the population was 58.6+/-18years and the median follow-up was 19.5months. By
      univariate analysis, the predictors of TWOS are QRS duration (140.7+/-28.7 vs.
      105.9+/-24.6, P=0.007), time to peak T wave (corrected for heart rate, pTc)
      (403.9+/-22.6 vs. 347.8+/-41.4, P=0.006), QTc interval (500.4+/-41.2 vs. 446.8+/
      49.7, P=0.021), and R:T ratio (3.5+/-1.1 vs. 9.5+/-13.2, P=0.034). By
      multivariate analysis, time to pTc is the most predictive of TWOS. A time to pTc
      of 390ms cut-off point provided a sensitivity 38.5%, a specificity of 98.9%, a
      positive predictive value for TWOS of 83.3%, and a negative predictive value of
      91.6% (AUC=0.687). CONCLUSION: In this study, time to pTc is the most powerful
      ECG predictor of TWOS.

PMID- 27372040
TI  - Prevalence of parameters of suboptimal scaffold deployment following angiographic
      guided bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation in real world practice - an
      optical coherence tomography analysis.
AB  - AIM: To assess the prevalence of suboptimal bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS,
      Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, California) deployment in real world practice with
      intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. METHODS: Consecutive
      patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention using BVS and the final
      optimization assessed with OCT imaging in two tertiary care centers between
      December 2012 and February 2015 were evaluated for parameters of suboptimal
      scaffold deployment by OCT. RESULTS: Overall, 36 scaffolds were implanted in 27
      patients during this period. Mean age of the population was 54.7+/-8.2years and
      19 (70.4%) were type B2/C lesions. The prevalence of parameters of suboptimal
      scaffold deployment were: underexpansion-22(61.1%), geographic miss-3(8.3%),
      tissue prolapse-7(25.9%), scaffold pattern irregularity-1(2.8%), longitudinal
      elongation-7(38.8%). Of the 7 overlaps imaged: excessive overlap was observed in
      3 and scaffold gap in one. The median duration of follow up was 679days (range
      193-963days). There were four events during this period. None were associated
      with suboptimal scaffold deployment. CONCLUSION: OCT based parameters of
      suboptimal scaffold deployment are common in real world scenario and were not
      associated with adverse outcomes on long term follow up. These findings need to
      be confirmed in larger studies.

PMID- 27372041
TI  - Familial non-syndromal thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections - Incidence and
      family screening outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-syndromal thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (ns-TAAD) is a
      genetic aortopathy, with uncertain incidence. This study documented the incidence
      of ns-TAAD and outcomes of family screening over 15years. METHODS: Consecutive
      series of 2385 patients with aortic disease in prospective registry (2000 to
      2014), including 675 undergoing surgery. Diagnosis of ns-TAAD included family
      history, aortic imaging, tissue pathology and mutation testing. Screening was
      offered to relatives of ns-TAAD probands, with follow-up for affected
      individuals. RESULTS: There were 270 ns-TAAD probands (74% males), including 116
      (43%) presenting with aortic dissection. Among surgical cases, a diagnosis of ns
      TAAD was established for 116 (17%). Age of probands was 50.4+/-14.1years, with
      aortic diameter of 51+/-12mm. Screening of 581 at-risk relatives identified 216
      new ns-TAAD cases (detection rate=37%). Among 71 probands with known family
      history, screening identified 130 new affected relatives and among 53 probands
      with no family history, screening identified 86 new affected relatives. Mean age
      of new affected relatives at diagnosis was 44+/-18years, with aortic diameter of
      42+/-7mm, including 42 with diameter>50mm. Ten-year mortality was similar for
      probands without dissection (7.7+/-3.1%) and new affected relatives (11.4+/-4.0%)
      but greater for probands surviving initial dissection (27.6+/-7.8%, p=0.003).
      CONCLUSIONS: Up to 1 in 6 patients undergoing aortic surgery have features of ns
      TAAD, frequently presenting as aortic dissection but at later age than other
      genetic aortopathies. Family screening identifies affected relatives in up to
      half of ns-TAAD probands, many of whom already have significant aortic
      dilatation.

PMID- 27372042
TI  - Elevated levels of triglycerides and vldl-cholesterol provoke activation of nlrp1
      inflammasome in endothelial cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Soluble stimuli present in the plasma of patients with peripheral
      arterial disease (PAD) are capable of directly stimulating intracellular
      signalling in endothelium. Oxidized-LDL (oxLDL) induces NLRP3 inflammasome
      activation in macrophages. However, it is not clear how lipid profile affect
      NLRP1 inflammasome gene expression in endothelial cells. In this study, the
      effect of cholesterol and TG of plasma of patients with PAD on NLRP1 inflammasome
      gene expression in human arterial endothelial cells (HAECS) was assessed.
      METHODS: We included 113 patients with symptomatic PAD. HAECs were stimulated for
      2h using the plasma samples of the study participants. The NLRP1 quantification
      of the transcription was carried out on the 7500 real-time PCR system using the
      Taqman(r) Universal PCR Master Mix and Assays on demand. Relative quantification
      of the NLRP1 expression was carried out using the DeltaDeltaCt (threshold cycle)
      comparative method. RESULTS: Plasma from patients with elevated VLDL-cholesterol
      levels (>33.6mg/dL, the median value of the sample) provoked a higher expression
      of NLRP1 inflammasome in HAECs (RQ=1.15+/-0.23 vs. 1.05+/-0.69; p=0.045), as well
      as plasma from patients with elevated TGs levels (>168mg/dL, the median value of
      the sample) (RQ=1.15+/-0.23 vs. 1.05+/-0.69; p=0.045). A positive correlation was
      found between NLRP1 inflammasome expression and VLDL-cholesterol plasma levels
      (r=0.4; p<0.001) as between NLRP1 inflammasome expression and TG levels (r=0.4;
      p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Plasma TG and VLDL cholesterol of patients with
      atherosclerosis, manifested as PAD, promote the in vitro NLRP1 inflammasome
      expression in HAECs.

PMID- 27372043
TI  - Association between long-term prescription of aldosterone antagonist and the
      progression of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in hypertensive
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypertension complicated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and
      diastolic dysfunction is independently related to increasing risk of subsequent
      incident heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This study was
      designed to evaluate the influences of long-term aldosterone antagonist
      prescription in these patients. METHODS: Using a propensity score matching of 1:2
      ratio, this retrospective claims database study compared spironolactone
      prescription (n=65) and non-spironolactone therapy (n=130) in hypertensive
      patients with LVH [left ventricular mass index (LVMI)>125g/m(2) for men and
      >110g/m(2) for women] and suspected diastolic dysfunction (E/E' ratio between 8
      and 15) and without clinical signs or symptoms of heart failure. RESULTS: With a
      median follow-up of 7.4years, the new-onset symptomatic HFpEF occurred in 3 of 65
      patients in the spironolactone group and 21 of 130 patients in the non
      spironolactone group (P=0.021). Spironolactone also generated more prominent
      improvement in diastolic function and LVH. And multivariate logistic regression
      model revealed that spironolactone prescription (OR 0.177, 95% CI: 0.045-0.687,
      P=0.012) was associated with a reduced risk of new onset of symptomatic HFpEF,
      and the elevation of LVMI (OR 1.053, 95% CI: 1.011-1.097, P=0.012) or E/E' (OR
      1.280, 95% CI: 1.015-1.615, P=0.037) was associated with a high risk of new onset
      of symptomatic HFpEF. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term aldosterone antagonist exposure was
      associated with protective effects in terms of the incidence of new-onset
      symptomatic HFpEF, LV diastolic dysfunction and LVH in hypertensive patients,
      which might be beneficial for the delay of HFpEF progression.

PMID- 27372044
TI  - Advanced research on the microRNA mechanism in heart failure.
AB  - Heart failure is the end stage of most cardiac diseases and also an important
      cardiovascular disease. Ventricular remodeling, a complicated pathophysiological
      process involving multiple molecular pathways, is a crucial mechanism for the
      occurrence and development of heart failure. A microRNA (miRNA) is a highly
      conservative noncoding molecule containing 18-25 nucleotides. miRNA is different
      from other RNAs. It mainly serves as an endogenous gene-regulating factor, and is
      a member of the complex regulatory network. It induces gene repression of target
      transcripts by affecting mRNA at the post-transcriptional level Vasudevan et al.
      (2007) . This study aimed at determining the mechanism of miRNA action in heart
      failure. 

PMID- 27372045
TI  - Management of coronary artery aneurysms using abciximab in children with Kawasaki
      disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There are limited data regarding the possible benefits of abciximab
      in children with Kawasaki disease (KD), who developed serious cardiac
      abnormalities non-responsive to standard treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      retrospectively identified children with KD who were treated with abciximab from
      2007 to 2015. Data regarding clinical course, treatment, echocardiographic data
      and follow-up at 1 and 6months were retrieved. RESULTS: During the study period,
      fifteen children were identified who were diagnosed with KD and were given
      abciximab. The median age at onset of symptoms was 11months (range: 2months
      6years). The median day of disease at admission was 10days (range: 4-26days) and
      the median day of administration of abciximab was 17days (range: 9-40). Twelve
      children were diagnosed with complete and three with incomplete KD. Aneurysms
      were found in 8 children: 2 had ectatic coronary arteries and 5 presented with
      both ectasia and aneurysms. At 1month follow-up, echocardiographic findings
      showed regression in the size of aneurysms in 11 children, resolution of the
      aneurysms or ectasia of coronary arteries in 3 children, while one child who
      could not take aspirin because of G6PD deficiency died. After 6months of follow
      up, echocardiographic findings showed resolution of coronary abnormalities in 12
      (80%) children, whereas 2 children (13.3%) presented with significant regression
      of aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS: Abciximab may have an important role in the management
      of severe cardiac complications of KD, although prospective randomized controlled
      studies are needed to fully evaluate its role.

PMID- 27372046
TI  - Recurrence, lingering recovery course, mild variants, and "chronic" forms, of
      takotsubo syndrome.

PMID- 27372047
TI  - On-admission high endothelin-1 level independently predicts in-hospital adverse
      cardiac events following ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 27372048
TI  - Is elite sport activity associated with specific supranormal left ventricular
      contractility? (Insights from the three-dimensional speckle-tracking
      echocardiographic MAGYAR-Sport Study).

PMID- 27372049
TI  - Prevalence of aortic valve dystrophy and insufficiency in a cohort of 255 HIV
      positive patients followed-up in a cardiology department between 2012 and 2014.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To study valve appearance and the presence of valve disease in a
      cohort of people living with HIV (PLHIV). DESIGN: A prospective study of PLHIV
      examined at the cardiology department of the Clermont Ferrand university hospital
      group (CHU) between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2014. Were excluded those
      with a history of infection associated with a possible endocarditis. METHODS:
      Demographic, medical characteristics and cardiovascular disease risk factors at
      time of cardiovascular examination and Doppler-echocardiography were recorded and
      analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 903 PLHIV were examined in the infectious diseases
      department, 255 of whom were included. These consisted of 67 women (26.3%) and
      188 men, of a mean age of 51.2+/-9.7years, in whom coronary artery disease was
      diagnosed in 18 patients (7.0%), two women and 16 men, representing a prevalence
      of 3.0% in females and 8.5% in males. The appearance of the aortic cusps was
      considered dystrophic in 14.1% of cases (36/255), dysplastic in two cases (0.8%),
      exhibiting a bicuspid deformity in one case. The prevalence of aortic valve
      abnormality was therefore 6.0% in the women (4/67) and 17.0% in the men (32/188).
      On facing off this data with the Kora Monica study findings, an increase in
      prevalence appears only to truly manifest after 50years of age. We registered 35
      aortic insufficiency cases (13.7%), representing a higher incidence than that of
      the Framingham cohort, with age and masculine gender being the determining
      factors. CONCLUSION: Valve disease, along with coronary artery disease, should be
      closely monitored in PLHIV.

PMID- 27372050
TI  - The impact of renal sympathetic denervation on cardiac electrophysiology and
      arrhythmias: A systematic review of the literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Increased central sympathetic activity has a central role in the
      pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias. Despite the recently published negative
      results regarding the impact of renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) on resistant
      hypertension treatment, the beneficial effects of this intervention on cardiac
      arrhythmias seems to be promising. The aim of this systematic review is to
      analyze the existing data regarding the impact of RDN on atrial and ventricular
      arrhythmias. METHODS: We systematically searched MEDLINE/PubMed database until
      January 2016 by using the algorithm "renal denervation AND (arrhythmias OR atrial
      OR ventricular)" without limitations. Additionally, the reference lists of the
      included studies and the relevant review studies were also manually searched.
      RESULTS: Of the 467 studies yielded from the initial search, 34 were finally
      included in the systematic review (15 human studies, 18 animal studies and 1
      study with both experimental and clinical data). The critical analysis of data
      from both human and animal studies indicates that RDN can modulate atrial and
      ventricular electrophysiological properties and exerts favorable effects in the
      development and recurrence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. CONCLUSION: In
      this systematic review we showed that RDN reduces the burden of atrial and
      ventricular arrhythmias in various experimental and clinical settings.
      Appropriately designed randomized sham controlled trials are needed in order to
      elucidate the exact impact of RDN on arrhythmia management.

PMID- 27372051
TI  - Prediction of atrial fibrillation in patients with supraventricular
      tachyarrhythmias treated with catheter ablation or not. Classical scores are not
      useful.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
      (SVTA) [atrial flutter (AFL), atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia
      (AVNRT), atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) and preexcitation syndrome
      (PS)] are frequently associated. We assessed the AF occurrence frequency and
      predictors according to the nature of SVTA and completion of SVTA ablation.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: 4169 patients were referred for SVTA (typical AVNRT: 1338,
      AVRT over a concealed accessory pathway: 329, atypical AVNRT: 205, AFL: 1321; PS:
      976); mean age was 50+/-20years; electrophysiological study (EPS) was systematic;
      patients were followed for a mean duration of 3+/-4.5years. Ablation of SVTA was
      performed in 2949 patients (71%) and 1220 patients were not treated or treated
      with antiarrhythmic drugs. AF developed in 469 patients (11.2%). In the
      multivariable model, AF prior to ablation, history of AF, nature of SVTA (AFL),
      and presence of heart disease were associated with a high risk of AF during
      follow-up. Presence of heart failure, old age, diabetes and vascular disease were
      not predictive of AF. Ablation was a weak but significant factor of AF
      prevention. A score based on nature of SVTA, presence of heart disease and
      history of AF is proposed. CONCLUSIONS: AF occurrence in patients with SVTA
      cannot be predicted by the presence of heart failure, old age, diabetes and
      vascular disease, but only by the following criteria, presence of heart disease,
      history of AF and nature of the SVTA (SVTA).

PMID- 27372052
TI  - Inhibition of cholesterol transport in an intestine cell model by pine-derived
      phytosterols.
AB  - We have quantified the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol transport by pine
      derived phytosterols using an HT29-MTX intestine cell model that forms a mucus
      layer similar to that in the intestine. An artificial intestinal fluid consisting
      of digested fat, bile salt, cholesterol, and phytosterols was formulated in order
      to mimic the conditions in the intestine. The apparent permeability coefficient
      (Papp) of the positive control, i.e., 0.1mM of cholesterol solubilized in the
      artificial intestine fluid, was found to be 0.33 (+/-0.17)*10-6cm/s. When 0.1mM
      beta-sitosterol was solubilized alongside, Papp was effectively zero,
      corresponding to a total inhibition of cholesterol transport. A similar strong
      inhibition was found when commercial pine-derived phytosterols, PinVitaTM FSP
      DuPont, were co-solubilized with cholesterol in the dietary model micelles,
      leading to Papp=0.06 (+/-0.06)*10-6cm/s, i.e., 5.5 times lower than the
      cholesterol positive control. Additionally, the effect of potential oral
      administration formulations generated by the pine-derived phytosterols was also
      characterized. The formulations were produced as a liquid formulation of the
      cholesterol-containing artificial intestine fluid. Six liquid formulations were
      tested of which four displayed a Papp in the range of 0-0.09*10-6cm/s. The
      remaining two formulations did not show any inhibition effect on cholesterol
      transport and even enhanced cholesterol transport. It was furthermore observed
      that the phytosterols were found in the collected intestine cells but not
      transported to the basolateral region in the intestinal cell model system.

PMID- 27372053
TI  - Health Care Delivery Practices in Huntington's Disease Specialty Clinics: An
      International Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the organization of clinical services for
      Huntington's disease (HD). OBJECTIVE: To describe how health care services are
      organized and delivered in HD-clinics taking part in or eligible for the Enroll
      HD study. METHODS: In 2014, a 69-item survey was administered to sites taking
      part in or eligible for the Enroll-HD study. RESULTS: Of 231 sites surveyed, 121
      (52.2%) sites in Europe, North America, Latin America, and Oceania responded.
      Most sites in the sample serve large populations, with 61.1% serving more than
      1.5 million people, and a further 33% serving >500,000. Almost all (86.0%)
      centers see patients from outside their region. The majority of centers (59.7%)
      follow 50-199 patients, 21.9% care for more than 200. Most centers provide care
      in all stages of HD, and nearly all review pre-symptomatic cases.
      Multidisciplinary case reviews are offered in 54.5% of sites, with outreach
      clinics offered by 48.1%. Videoconferencing and telemedicine are used by 23.6%.
      Separate consultations for caregivers are offered in more than half of the
      centers. Most centers (70.4%) report following published guidelines or local care
      pathways for HD. CONCLUSIONS: Most centers serve a large population and use a
      multidisciplinary approach. The survey gives insight into factors underpinning HD
      service delivery globally. There is a need for more in-depth studies of clinical
      practice to understand how services are organized and how such features may be
      associated with quality of care.

PMID- 27372055
TI  - The role of the human cerebellum in performance monitoring.
AB  - While the cerebellum has traditionally been thought of as mainly involved in
      motor functions, evidence has been accumulating for cerebellar contributions also
      to non-motor, cognitive functions. The notion of a cerebellar internal model
      underlying prediction and processing of sensory events and coordination and fine
      tuning of appropriate responses has put the cerebellum right at the interface of
      motor behavior and cognition. Along these lines, the cerebellum may critically
      contribute to performance monitoring, a set of cognitive and affective functions
      underlying adaptive behavior. This review presents and integrates evidence from
      recent neuroimaging and clinical studies for a cerebellar role in performance
      monitoring with focus on sensory prediction, error and conflict processing,
      response inhibition, and feedback learning. Together with evidence for
      involvement in articulatory monitoring during working memory, these findings
      suggest monitoring as the cerebellum's overarching function.

PMID- 27372054
TI  - Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Huntington's Disease Research: Progress and
      Opportunity.
AB  - Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from controls and patients can act
      as a starting point for in vitro differentiation into human brain cells for
      discovery of novel targets and treatments for human disease without the same
      ethical limitations posed by embryonic stem cells. Numerous groups have
      successfully produced and characterized Huntington's disease (HD) iPSCs with
      different CAG repeat lengths, including cells from patients with one or two HD
      alleles. HD iPSCs and the neural cell types derived from them recapitulate some
      disease phenotypes found in both human patients and animal models. Although these
      discoveries are encouraging, the use of iPSCs for cutting edge and reproducible
      research has been limited due to some of the inherent problems with cell lines
      and the technological differences in the way laboratories use them. The goal of
      this review is to summarize the current state of the HD iPSC field, and to
      highlight some of the issues that need to be addressed to maximize their
      potential as research tools.

PMID- 27372056
TI  - The prevalence and treatment patterns of diabetes in the Greek population based
      on real-world data from the nation-wide prescription database.
AB  - AIMS: Epidemiological data regarding diabetes in Greece are based on regional,
      small-scale studies. We aimed to identify all citizens with prescribed
      pharmacological treatment for diabetes, to further explore type 1 diabetes
      prevalence and describe pharmacological treatment patterns in type 2 diabetes.
      METHODS: The electronic prescription database of the National Organization for
      Health Care Services Provision was used to identify individuals who received at
      least two prescriptions with an ICD-10 code relevant to diabetes, dispensed
      between June 1st, 2014 and May 31st, 2015. Type-1 diabetes was defined in those
      receiving at least two fully-reimbursable insulin prescriptions with an ICD-10
      code of E10 (insulin-dependent diabetes). RESULTS: The study population consisted
      of 10,222,779 individuals, accounting for 95% of the Greek population. Prevalence
      of medication-prescribed diabetes was 7.0% (720,764 individuals), ranging from
      0.08% in children and adolescents, to 8.2% in adults, and 30.3% in those ?75years
      old. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes was 0.24%, with a clear male predominance and
      more than half of cases developing after 14years of age. Metformin was the most
      frequently prescribed medication (77.4%) in type-2 diabetes followed by DPP-4
      inhibitors (44.8%) and sulphonylureas (34.5%), while insulin was used by 19.4% of
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: This nation-wide real-world data analysis on medication
      prescribed diabetes demonstrates that the current prevalence in Greece is 7.0%,
      with wide age variation and high figures in older adults. Identification of
      pharmacological patterns among patients with type 2 diabetes is a valuable guide
      in policy-makers' efforts to balance a cost-effective, quality-acceptable disease
      management.

PMID- 27372057
TI  - Reporting on cyclist crashes in Australian newspapers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess information on cyclist crashes reported in Australian
      newspapers. METHODS: The Factiva news archive was searched for articles on
      cyclist crashes published in major Australian newspapers between 2010 and 2013.
      Information on the circumstances of cyclist crashes were extracted and coded.
      RESULTS: A total of 160 cyclist crashes were covered by 198 newspaper articles,
      with 44% of crashes resulting in cyclist fatalities. Crashes reported by more
      than one newspaper were more likely to involve public figures or protracted court
      cases. Individual characteristics of cyclists as well as the location of the
      crash were reported for more than 80% of crashes. The road user at fault was
      reported for more than half of crashes. In contrast, information on helmet use,
      alcohol and cycling lanes was mentioned for only about 10% of crashes. Fewer than
      one in five articles mentioned prevention strategies including education
      campaigns, legislative and infrastructure changes. CONCLUSION: Australian
      newspapers tend to focus on the most dramatic and more 'newsworthy' aspects of
      cyclist crashes. Cycling advocates need to work with journalists to improve the
      quality of this coverage. IMPLICATIONS: Better communication between cycling
      advocates and journalists is likely to have a positive impact on the safety and
      the uptake of cycling in the community.

PMID- 27372058
TI  - Artemisinin protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from hydrogen
      peroxide-induced oxidative damage through activation of ERK/CREB signaling.
AB  - The pathological increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the
      retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is implicated in the development of age-related
      macular degeneration (AMD). The discovery of drug candidates to effectively
      protect RPE cells from oxidative damage is required to resolve the pathological
      aspects and modify the process of AMD. In this study, a FDA-approved anti-malaria
      drug, Artemisinin was found to suppress hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell
      death in human RPE cell-D407 cells. Further study showed that Artemisinin
      significantly suppressed H2O2- induced D407 cell death by restoring abnormal
      changes in nuclear morphology, intracellular ROS, mitochondrial membrane
      potential and apoptotic biomarkers. Western blotting analysis showed that
      Artemisinin was able to activate extracellular regulated ERK/CREB survival
      signaling. Furthermore, Artemisinin failed to suppress H2O2-induced cytotoxicity
      and the increase of caspase 3/7 activity in the presence of the ERK inhibitor
      PD98059. Taken together, these results suggest that Artemisinin is a potential
      protectant with the pro-survival effects against H2O2 insult through activation
      of the ERK/CREB pathway.

PMID- 27372059
TI  - High performance computing for three-dimensional agent-based molecular models.
AB  - Agent-based simulations are increasingly popular in exploring and understanding
      cellular systems, but the natural complexity of these systems and the desire to
      grasp different modelling levels demand cost-effective simulation strategies and
      tools. In this context, the present paper introduces novel sequential and
      distributed approaches for the three-dimensional agent-based simulation of
      individual molecules in cellular events. These approaches are able to describe
      the dimensions and position of the molecules with high accuracy and thus, study
      the critical effect of spatial distribution on cellular events. Moreover, two of
      the approaches allow multi-thread high performance simulations, distributing the
      three-dimensional model in a platform independent and computationally efficient
      way. Evaluation addressed the reproduction of molecular scenarios and different
      scalability aspects of agent creation and agent interaction. The three approaches
      simulate common biophysical and biochemical laws faithfully. The distributed
      approaches show improved performance when dealing with large agent populations
      while the sequential approach is better suited for small to medium size agent
      populations. Overall, the main new contribution of the approaches is the ability
      to simulate three-dimensional agent-based models at the molecular level with
      reduced implementation effort and moderate-level computational capacity. Since
      these approaches have a generic design, they have the major potential of being
      used in any event-driven agent-based tool.

PMID- 27372060
TI  - Clinical significance of post-surgical residual tumor burden and radiation
      therapy in treating patients with lacrimal adenoid cystic carcinoma.
AB  - Retrospective analyses were done on 19 lacrimal adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC)
      patients who underwent curative treatment between 1997 and 2013. Nine patients
      (47.4%) had T1-2 disease and ten (52.6%) had T4 disease. Surgical procedures were
      globe-preserving tumor resection in 11 patients (57.9%), incisional biopsy in
      five (26.3%), and orbital exenteration was undertaken in three (15.8%). Residual
      tumor burdens were R0/1 in 12 patients (63.2%) and R2 in seven (36.8%). Radiation
      therapy (RT) was recommended to all patients, and 16 (84.2%) completed RT (median
      60 Gy). After median follow-up of 57.5 months, seven (36.8%) developed
      progression and three (15.8%) died. Local recurrence occurred in four patients
      (21.1%), distant metastasis in one (5.3%), and combined local recurrence and
      distant metastasis in two (10.5%). Progression-free survival and overall survival
      rates at 5-years were 64.5% and 82.6%, respectively. Among 12 patients following
      R0/1 resection, two (16.7%) developed local recurrence and none died, while among
      seven following R2 resection, five (71.4%) developed progression and three
      (42.9%) died. RT following R0/R1 resection could reduce progression. Globe
      preserving surgery and RT seemed optimal strategy for T1-2 disease. Careful
      attention should to be paid to minimize residual tumor burden at surgery and
      effort for safe radiation dose escalation would be desired.

PMID- 27372061
TI  - Profiling the mobile-only population in Australia: insights from the Australian
      National Health Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Australian population that relies on mobile phones exclusively
      has increased from 5% in 2005 to 29% in 2014. Failing to include this mobile-only
      population leads to a potential bias in estimates from landline-based telephone
      surveys. This paper considers the impacts on selected health prevalence estimates
      with and without the mobile-only population. METHODS: Using data from the
      Australian Health Survey - which, for the first time, included a question on
      telephone status - we examined demographic, geographic and health differences
      between the landline-accessible and mobile-only population. These groups were
      also compared to the full population, controlling for the sampling design and
      differential non-response patterns in the observed sample through weighting and
      benchmarking. RESULTS: The landline-accessible population differs from the mobile
      only population for selected health measures resulting in biased prevalence
      estimates for smoking, alcohol risk and private health insurance coverage in the
      full population. The differences remain even after adjusting for age and gender.
      CONCLUSIONS: Using landline telephones only for conducting population health
      surveys will have an impact on prevalence rate estimates of health risk factors
      due to the differing profiles of the mobile-only population from the landline
      accessible population.

PMID- 27372062
TI  - Changes in the sexual health behaviours of New Zealand secondary school students,
      2001-2012: findings from a national survey series.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in self-reported sexual and reproductive health
      behaviours among New Zealand secondary school students. METHODS: Nationally
      representative health and wellbeing surveys conducted in 2001 (n=9,699), 2007
      (n=9,107) and 2012 (n=8,500) were analysed. Logistic regressions were used to
      explore variations in sexual health outcomes between 2001 and 2012. RESULTS:
      'Ever had sex' (-6.9%, p<0.001); 'currently sexually active' (- 2.3%, p<0.001);
      'always use condoms' (-3.3%, p=0.006); 'condoms at last sex' (-7.0, p=0.002);
      'contraception at last sex' (-5.8%, p<0.001) and sexually transmitted infections
      (-0.3%, p=0.001) have reduced over time. 'Always use contraception' did not
      change significantly (-1.4%, p=0.514) over time. Maori (OR 0.7), Pacific (OR 0.5)
      and socioeconomically deprived students (OR 0.7) less frequently used condoms.
      Maori (OR 0.6), Pacific (OR 0.4), Asian (OR 0.5), younger (OR 0.6), and
      socioeconomically deprived (OR 0.6) students less frequently used contraception.
      CONCLUSIONS: Students in 2012 were more likely to delay sexual activity, but were
      less likely to use condoms and contraception consistently, compared to students
      in 2001. Declining contraceptive use over an 11-year period suggests that current
      strategies are inadequate, particularly for Maori, Pacific and socioeconomically
      deprived students. Appropriate and accessible sexual and reproductive health
      services are urgently required.

PMID- 27372063
TI  - Indoor particulate matter exposure is associated with increased black carbon
      content in airway macrophages of former smokers with COPD.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with
      worse morbidity in individuals with COPD. Inhaled PM is phagocytosed by airway
      macrophages (AM), and black carbon measured in AM may serve as a biomarker of air
      pollution exposure. As there is little data on how indoor PM exposure may
      influence AM black carbon content in those with respiratory disease, we
      investigated the association of indoor PM2.5 concentration to AM black carbon
      content in adults with COPD. METHODS: Former smokers (>10 pack-years smoking
      history, quit date >1 year prior to enrollment) older than 40 years of age with
      moderate-severe COPD were eligible. Indoor air PM2.5 concentrations were measured
      over 5-7 days at baseline, 3 month, and 6 month intervals. Sputum induction was
      performed during clinic visits concordant with home monitoring. A total of 50
      macrophages per sputum specimen were photographed and quantified using
      appropriate software by trained staff blinded to PM concentrations. Longitudinal
      analyses using generalized estimating equations were used to assess the
      relationship between indoor PM exposure and AM black carbon content. RESULTS:
      Participants (n=20) were older (mean (SD) age 67 (4) years), predominantly
      Caucasian (85%) and male (70%), with an average smoking history of 52 pack-years
      and mean (SD) quit date of 13 (9) years prior to enrollment. The majority of
      daily time was reported to be spent indoors (>23h). Mean indoor PM2.5
      concentration was 12.8 (13.5)ug/m(3). The mean area of black carbon quantified in
      airway macrophages was 1.2 (0.7)um(2). In multivariate cross-sectional and
      longitudinal analyses, each 10ug/m(3) increase in indoor PM2.5 was significantly
      associated with a 0.26um(2) and 0.19um(2) increase in airway macrophage black
      carbon total area, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Higher indoor PM2.5
      concentration is associated with an increase in black carbon content of AM in
      individuals with COPD. These data support the potential for AM black carbon
      content to be a useful non-invasive biomarker of exposure to indoor PM.

PMID- 27372064
TI  - Mercury, hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate in skin lightening products in
      West Africa and Canada.
AB  - Skin lightening products are types of cosmetics (creams, gels, lotions and soaps)
      applied voluntarily on skin. Several of these products contain a variety of
      active ingredients that are highly toxic. Among those toxic agents, the present
      study focuses on mercury, hydroquinone, and clobetasol propionate. Out of the 93
      lightening soaps and 98 creams purchased in large city markets in sub-Saharan
      West Africa and in small ethnic shops in Canada, 68-84% of all creams and 7.5-65%
      of all soaps exceeded regulatory guidelines for at least one active ingredient
      when considering different regulations. Mercury was found in high concentrations
      mainly in soaps, while hydroquinone and clobetasol propionate concentrations
      exceeded US FDA standards in some creams for all countries included in our study.
      Concentrations of the three compounds declared on labels of soaps and creams
      usually did not correspond to concentrations actually measured, particularly for
      mercury and hydroquinone. Overall, our results indicate that most studied skin
      lightening products are potentially toxic and that product labels are frequently
      inaccurate with respect to the presence of toxic agents.

PMID- 27372065
TI  - Dietary exposure and human risk assessment of phthalate esters based on total
      diet study in Cambodia.
AB  - Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products, and human
      exposure to this class of compounds is widespread. Nevertheless, studies on
      dietary exposure of human to phthalates are limited. In this study, to assess the
      daily intakes of phthalate esters and the possible adverse health impacts,
      different food samples were collected from three areas of Cambodia, one of the
      poorest countries in the world. The ?phthalate ester concentrations in Kampong
      Cham, Kratie and Kandal provinces ranged from 0.05 to 2.34 (median 0.88) MUgg(
      1), 0.19-1.65 (median 0.86) MUgg(-1) and 0.24-3.05 (median 0.59) MUgg(-1) wet
      weight (ww), respectively. Di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl
      phthalate (DiBP) were the predominant compounds among all foodstuffs. The
      estimated daily intake (EDI) of phthalate esters for the general population in
      Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal was 34.3, 35.6 and 35.8MUgkg(-1) bw d(-1),
      respectively. The dietary daily intake of DEHP, benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and
      di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal were below the
      tolerable daily intakes (TDI) imposed by the European Food Safety Authority
      (EFSA) and reference doses (RfD) imposed by The United States Environmental
      Protection Agency (USEPA). Rice contributed the greatest quantity of DEHP to the
      daily intake in Cambodia so may deserve further exploration. To our knowledge,
      this is the first study to investigate the occurrence and the daily intakes of
      phthalate esters in Cambodia.

PMID- 27372069
TI  - Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a powerful prognostic marker in
      patients with triple-negative breast cancer enrolled in the IBCSG phase III
      randomized clinical trial 22-00.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic and predictive value of
      tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)
      cohort of the phase III IBCSG trial 22-00, comparing low-dose oral 'metronomic'
      cyclophosphamide-methotrexate maintenance chemotherapy (CM-maintenance) to no-CM
      maintenance in early breast cancer. TILs were evaluated in full-face hematoxylin
      and-eosin-stained sections of tumor samples confirmed centrally as TNBC (< 1 % of
      ER and PgR immunoreactivity and absence of HER2 overexpression or amplification).
      Mononuclear cells were evaluated in the stromal area within the borders of the
      invasive tumor. The primary endpoint was breast cancer-free interval (BCFI). Cox
      proportional hazards regression model assessed the association of BCFI and
      secondary endpoints with TILs score. In the 647 tumor samples, the median
      percentage of TILs was 18 % (IQR = 8-40 %), with 18 % having TILs >= 50 %
      (lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer, LPBC). At a median follow-up of 6.9 years,
      TILs were associated with better prognosis. For every 10 % increase of TILs, BCFI
      risk reduction was 13 % (HR 0.87, 95 % CI 0.79-0.95,P = 0.003). DFS, DRFI, and OS
      risk reductions were 11 % (P = 0.005), 16 % (P = 0.003), and 17 % (P < 0.001),
      respectively. Multivariable analysis confirmed the independent prognostic value
      of TILs. No significant TILs-by-treatment interaction was observed (P = 0.39) for
      associations of TILs with BCFI, although patients with LPBC receiving CM
      maintenance had a greater breast cancer risk reduction (HR 0.64,95 % CI 0.23
      1.78) than those with non-LPBC (TILs < 50 %) (HR 0.96, 95 % CI 0.67-1.40). TILs
      score is a potent prognostic factor in patients with TNBC. Low-dose chemotherapy
      confers a greater (not statistically significant) clinical benefit in patients
      with LPBC.

PMID- 27372071
TI  - Stress Detection Using Low Cost Heart Rate Sensors.
AB  - The automated detection of stress is a central problem for ambient assisted
      living solutions. The paper presents the concepts and results of two studies
      targeted at stress detection with a low cost heart rate sensor, a chest belt. In
      the device validation study ( n = 5), we compared heart rate data and other
      features from the belt to those measured by a gold standard device to assess the
      reliability of the sensor. With simple synchronization and data cleaning
      algorithm, we were able to select highly (>97%) correlated, low average error
      (2.2%) data segments of considerable length from the chest data for further
      processing. The protocol for the clinical study ( n = 46) included a relax phase
      followed by a phase with provoked mental stress, 10 minutes each. We developed a
      simple method for the detection of the stress using only three time-domain
      features of the heart rate signal. The method produced accuracy of 74.6%,
      sensitivity of 75.0%, and specificity of 74.2%, which is impressive compared to
      the performance of two state-of-the-art methods run on the same data. Since the
      proposed method uses only time-domain features, it can be efficiently implemented
      on mobile devices.

PMID- 27372070
TI  - Recurrent and pathological gene fusions in breast cancer: current advances in
      genomic discovery and clinical implications.
AB  - Gene fusions have long been considered principally as the oncogenic events of
      hematologic malignancies, but have recently gained wide attention in solid tumors
      due to several milestone discoveries and the advancement of deep sequencing
      technologies. With the progress in deep sequencing studies of breast cancer
      transcriptomes and genomes, the discovery of recurrent and pathological gene
      fusions in breast cancer is on the focus. Recently, driven by new deep sequencing
      studies, several recurrent or pathological gene fusions have been identified in
      breast cancer, including ESR1-CCDC170, SEC16A-NOTCH1, SEC22B-NOTCH2, and ESR1
      YAP1 etc. More important, most of these gene fusions are preferentially
      identified in the more aggressive breast cancers, such as luminal B, basal-like,
      or endocrine-resistant breast cancer, suggesting recurrent gene fusions as
      additional key driver events in these tumors other than the known drivers such as
      the estrogen receptor. In this paper, we have comprehensively summarized the
      newly identified recurrent or pathological gene fusion events in breast cancer,
      reviewed the contributions of new genomic and deep sequencing technologies to new
      fusion discovery and the integrative bioinformatics tools to analyze these data,
      highlighted the biological relevance and clinical implications of these fusion
      discoveries, and discussed future directions of gene fusion research in breast
      cancer.

PMID- 27372072
TI  - Problem solving, impulse control and planning in patients with early- and late
      stage Huntington's disease.
AB  - Sub-domains of executive functions, including problems with planning, accuracy,
      impulsivity, and inhibition, are core features of Huntington's disease. It is
      known that the decline of cognitive function in Huntington's disease is related
      to the anatomical progression of pathology in the basal ganglia. However, it
      remains to be determined whether the severity of executive dysfunction depends on
      the stage of the disease. To examine the severity of sub-domains of executive
      dysfunction in early- and late-stage Huntington's disease, we studied performance
      in the Tower of London task of two groups of Huntington's disease patients (Group
      1: early, n = 23, and Group 2: late stage, n = 29), as well as a third group of
      age, education, and IQ matched healthy controls (n = 34). During the task, we
      measured the total number of problems solved, total planning time, and total
      number of breaks taken. One aspect of executive function indexed by the number of
      solved problems seems to progress in the course of the disease. Late-stage
      Huntington's disease patients scored significantly worse than early-stage
      patients and controls, and early-stage patients scored significantly worse than
      controls on this measure of accuracy. In contrast, late- and early-stage HD
      patients did not differ in terms of planning time and number of breaks. Early-
      and late-stage HD pathology has a different impact on executive sub-domains.
      While accuracy differs between early- and late-stage HD patients, other domains
      like planning time and number of breaks do not. Striatal degeneration, which is a
      characteristic feature of the disease, might not affect all aspects of executive
      function in HD. 

PMID- 27372073
TI  - Association of Lactase Persistence Genotypes with High Intake of Dairy Saturated
      Fat and High Prevalence of Lactase Non-Persistence among the Mexican Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Lactase (LCT) -13910 C>T and -22018 G>A polymorphisms associated
      with the lactase non-persistence (LNP)/persistence (LP) phenotypes vary globally.
      LP has been associated with obesity in Europeans. However, it has not been
      genetically evaluated in Mexico, a country with admixed population, recent
      introduction of dairy, and a high prevalence of obesity. Thus, we aimed to
      determine the distribution of the LCT polymorphisms and their association with
      the nutritional profile of West Mexico's populations. METHODS: Genotyping of
      1,196 individuals (natives and mestizos) was carried out by a Taqman allelic
      discrimination assay. Descriptive statistics and interpopulation analyzes were
      performed by SPSS, Arlequin, and Structure software. Demographic, anthropometric,
      biochemical and dietary data were analyzed in 212 mestizos. RESULTS: LNP
      genotypes mainly prevailed (CC 68.7% and GG 68.2%); both predominated in native
      Huicholes and Nahuas (>97.7%). Among the mestizos, the LP genotypes were
      associated with a higher intake of saturated fat (9.9 +/- 3.9% vs. 8.5 +/- 4.0%,
      p = 0.018; OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.29-5.03, p = 0.006) and a daily/more frequent
      consumption of dairy (88.8 vs. 78.0%; p = 0.049) than LNP genotypes. CONCLUSION:
      The LNP trait was predominant in Mexicans with a major Amerindian ancestry. A
      daily consumption of dairy was associated with a higher intake of saturated fat
      in LP individuals.

PMID- 27372074
TI  - Aortic valve aneurysm associated with infective endocarditis: case report and
      review of literature.
AB  - Although there are several mitral valve aneurysm reports, studies on aortic valve
      aneurysm are extremely rare. This paper describes an uncommon case of a large
      saccular aortic valve aneurysm associated with infective endocarditis. A 37-year
      old man was hospitalized in our hospital with fever and dyspnea. Echocardiography
      found severe aortic regurgitation and aortic valve aneurysm of the non-coronary
      cusp going in and out of the left ventricular chamber. Blood cultures grew
      Streptococcus viridance. Therefore, the patient underwent aortic valve
      replacement. During the operation, we observed a 30 * 20 mm ruptured aneurysm
      that arose from the non-coronary cusp. The aortic valve containing the aneurysm
      was resected and replaced with a mechanical heart valve. Histopathological
      examination of the aortic valve aneurysm showed active inflammatory changes.
      Infective endocarditis was considered to be the cause of this aortic valve
      aneurysm.

PMID- 27372075
TI  - Multiplex assay for subtyping avian influenza A viruses by cDNA hybridization and
      adapter-mediated amplification.
AB  - Multiple subtypes of influenza A viruses circulating in animals must be closely
      monitored to understand their risk to humans and animal populations. Many
      molecular-based subtyping methods require constant monitoring of viral genomes
      for primer and/or probe mismatches and are prone to primer-primer interactions.
      This report presents a new approach that involves target enrichment through cDNA
      hybridization followed by adapter-mediated amplification for subtyping influenza
      virus (AmASIV). As a proof of concept, the AmASIV assay was multiplexed to
      specifically detect and differentiate influenza A virus subtypes (H5, N5, N7, and
      N9) in a single reaction without cross-recognition of nontarget subtypes or
      influenza B virus. The limit of detection (LOD) of AmASIV, as measured by 50 %
      egg-infective dose per reaction (EID50/reaction), was comparable to that of
      singleplex TaqMan(r) qPCR assays with LODs of 10(-0.6) (H5), 10(2) (N5), 10(-0.3)
      (N7), and 10(-0.5) (N9) EID50/reaction. The AmASIV will strengthen animal
      influenza virus surveillance and laboratory capacity to improve prevention and
      control of influenza. 

PMID- 27372076
TI  - Characterization of novel DeoR-family member from the Streptomyces ahygroscopicus
      strain CK-15 that acts as a repressor of morphological development.
AB  - Wuyiencin is produced by Streptomyces ahygroscopicus var. wuyiensis, which has
      been widely used in China as an industrially produced biopesticide to control
      various fungal diseases. Although its mechanism of action, breeding, and
      fermentation had been extensively characterized, less is known about the
      regulatory functions that affect its biosynthesis or morphological development.
      The wysR3 gene of S. ahygroscopicus strain CK-15, a novel member of the DeoR
      family of regulatory genes, was assessed to determine its function by gene
      knockdown. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that DeoR family proteins
      derived from the same source are likely to be a single branch in a phylogenetic
      tree and show that wysR3 acts as a repressor for its morphological development
      without effecting wuyiencin production. We found that the DeltawysR3 strain can
      grow quickly to reach a plateau stage of maximum biomass at 60 h, which is ~12 h
      faster than the wild-type strain. In the industrial fermentation production
      process, the DeltawysR3 strain can reduce consumption and save both time and
      money. 

PMID- 27372077
TI  - Association of markers of endothelial dysregulation Ang1 and Ang2 with acute
      kidney injury in critically ill patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of endothelial dysregulation with acute kidney injury (AKI)
      in critically ill patients is unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed the
      associations of AKI with biomarkers of endothelial function and inflammation
      among 948 subjects admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at Harborview
      Medical Center (Seattle, WA, USA). From plasma obtained within 24 h of
      enrollment, we measured angiopoietin (Ang)-1 and Ang-2 alongside biomarkers of
      inflammation, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17 and granulocyte colony
      stimulating factor. We tested for associations between standardized
      concentrations of biomarkers and AKI, defined by serum creatinine, from ICU
      admission to up to 7 days later. RESULTS: All biomarkers of inflammation and
      endothelial dysfunction were associated with AKI. After adjustment for
      demographics, comorbidities, and IL-6 concentration, every standard deviation of
      Ang-1 concentration was associated with a 19 % lower risk of AKI (relative risk
      (RR) = 0.85, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.77-0.93, p < 0.001). Conversely,
      higher Ang-2 concentration was associated with higher risk of AKI (RR per
      standard deviation = 1.17, 95 % CI 1.13-1.22, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In
      critically ill patients, plasma concentration of the endothelial growth factors
      Ang-1 and Ang-2 are associated with AKI, independently of inflammation.

PMID- 27372078
TI  - Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in
      comparison with age- and sex-matched controls: results of a claims data analysis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the vaccination status for influenza and
      pneumonia and the prevalence of hospitalised pneumonia in rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) patients and population controls in Germany. Members of a large statutory
      health insurance fund in Germany who were continuously insured between 2009 and
      2013 and had a diagnosis of RA in 2013 were age and sex matched 1:5 to members
      without RA. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations were evaluated with regard to
      age, sex and region of residence. Logistic regression models were used to
      determine predictors for influenza vaccination in RA patients. Prevalences of
      pneumonia that required hospitalisation were compared to regional vaccination
      rates. The data of 111,482 RA patients and 557,410 matched controls were
      available for analysis. Compared to controls, RA patients were vaccinated more
      frequently against influenza (40.8 vs. 32.2 %) and pneumonia (15.0 vs. 10.0 %).
      Vaccination rates increased with older age and differed between the federal
      states (highest in East Germany, lowest in South Germany). The region of
      residence, comorbidities, rheumatologic care and biologic treatment was
      associated with a higher probability of an influenza vaccination. Prevalences of
      pneumonia that required hospitalisation were 2-3 times higher in patients
      compared to controls and tended to be higher in regions with low vaccination
      rates. The increased pneumonia prevalence in RA patients confirms their status as
      a risk group. RA patients are vaccinated more frequently than controls, but
      vaccination rates are still low. The lower pneumonia prevalence in East Germany
      indicates that vaccination may help to reduce pneumonia in RA. 

PMID- 27372081
TI  - Practical Application of Elastography in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules in
      Children and Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ultrasound elastography is a noninvasive method of imaging based on
      the estimation of the mechanical properties of tissue. Data in adults indicate
      that decreased flexibility in comparison to the surrounding healthy tissue is
      characteristic of malignancy (in most thyroid carcinomas, except for follicular
      thyroid carcinoma). The purpose of our study was to assess the deformation of
      thyroid nodules and to evaluate the usefulness of elastography in predicting
      malignant thyroid nodules in adolescent patients. METHODS: We examined 47
      children with 62 thyroid nodules. All patients underwent elastography and fine
      needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). RESULTS: Thirty-seven girls (79%) and 10 boys
      (21%) were included in the study. A strain ratio <2 was observed in 17 nodules
      (27% of the study group), a strain ratio between 2 and 4.9 in 34 nodules (55%)
      and a strain ratio >5 in 11 nodules (18%). According to cytological examination,
      3 nodules (4.8% of the study group) were malignant. Two of them were hard (strain
      ratio >=5), and 1 nodule had a strain ratio of 2. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      suggest that elastography can be complementary to conventional ultrasonography
      and useful while making a decision about FNAC. At the same time, it should not
      replace the cytological assessment of thyroid nodules in children and
      adolescents.

PMID- 27372080
TI  - Short-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for Crohn's disease patients treated
      with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents.
AB  - PURPOSE: The impact of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) treatment for
      Crohn's disease (CD) on surgical outcomes is still controversial. The aim of this
      study was to assess the feasibility of laparoscopic surgery for CD patients
      treated preoperatively with anti-TNFalpha agents. METHODS: We investigated,
      retrospectively, the clinical features and surgical outcomes of 35 consecutive CD
      patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery after receiving scheduled anti
      TNFalpha treatment preoperatively. We compared the surgical outcomes of an "early
      surgery group", comprised of patients who underwent surgery less than 3 years
      after the initiation of anti-TNFalpha treatment, with those of a "late surgery
      group", comprised of patients who underwent surgery more than 3 years after the
      initiation of anti-TNFalpha treatment. RESULTS: The mean operating time and blood
      loss were 203 min and 259 mL, respectively. The rates of conversion to open
      surgery and postoperative complications were 8.6 and 11.4 %, respectively.
      Operating time and blood loss were correlated with the interval between the
      initiation of anti-TNFalpha agent treatment and the time of surgery. The
      proportion of patients with acquired resistance to anti-TNFalpha agents and the
      rate of conversion to open surgery were higher and operating times were longer in
      the late surgery group than in the early surgery group. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic
      surgery can be performed safely for CD patients treated preoperatively with anti
      TNFalpha agents, although operating times may be longer and estimated blood loss
      (EBL) greater for those who have been on prolonged anti-TNFalpha treatment.

PMID- 27372079
TI  - Centre-related variability in hospital admissions of patients with
      spondyloarthritis.
AB  - The aim of this study was to explore the variability in hospital admissions of
      patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) in Spain, and the centre factors that may
      influence that variability. Descriptive cross-sectional study, part of the emAR
      II study, performed in Spain (2009-2010). Health records of patients with a
      diagnosis of SpA and at least one visit to the rheumatology units within the
      previous 2 years were reviewed. Variables related to hospital admissions, to the
      SpA, and to the patient and centre were collected. A multilevel logistic
      regression analysis of random intercept with non-random slopes was performed to
      assess variability between centres. From 45 centres, 1168 patients' health
      records were reviewed. Main SpA forms were ankylosing spondylitis (55.2 %) and
      psoriatic arthritis (22.2 %). A total of 248 admissions were registered for 196
      patients (19.2 %, n = 1020). An adjusted variability of 17.6 % in
      hospitalizations between centres was noted. The following hospital-related
      factors showed a significant association with admissions: the total number of
      admissions of the centre, the existence of electronic admission, and the
      availability of ultrasound in rheumatology. However, these factors only explained
      42.9 % of the inter-centre variability. The risk of a patient with SpA of being
      admitted could double (median OR 2.09), depending on the hospital where the
      patient was being managed. Hospital admissions of patients with SpA varied
      between hospitals due to centre characteristics. Further studies are needed to
      ascertain which specific factors may be causing the variation, as studied
      variables explained less than half of the variability. 

PMID- 27372084
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372083
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372082
TI  - In vitro digestibility and proteases inhibitory effect of several feedstuffs for
      Parachromis dovii juveniles and P. dovii hybrid larvae.
AB  - Parachromis dovii, a native cichlid from Costa Rica, is highly appreciated for
      its size and flesh quality. Further, P. dovii easily accept inert feed from the
      beginning of exogenous feeding; however, its growth is low compared to live food.
      For this reason, evaluation of several feedstuffs using two in vitro techniques
      was done. The quantification of the in vitro inhibitory effect of seven plant
      ingredients on the alkaline protease activity was done using enzymatic extracts
      from larvae samples of 6, 15, 22 and 30 days after hatching (DAH). The in vitro
      alkaline digestibility assays were run for six protein sources (from animal and
      plant origin) using the enzymatic extract from larvae 30 DAH. Independent of fish
      age, all plant feedstuffs reduced alkaline digestive proteases activity; however,
      the wheat flour (14.1 % at 6 DAH, 33.4 % at 15 DAH) and broken rice meal (51.6 %
      at 22 DAH) showed the lowest inhibition percentage of alkaline digestive
      activity, whereas the highest inhibition percentage was found with soybean and
      palm kernel meals (92.5 % at 30 DAH and 87.4 %, respectively) (P < 0.05). The
      alkaline proteases inhibition percentage of feedstuffs varied during larvae
      ontogeny. From six protein dietary sources tested, tankage and fish meal
      presented the highest in vitro digestibility values, 113.9 and 74.9 %,
      respectively. Contrary, the lowest digestibility was found for blood and soybean
      meals (38.07 and 19.82 %, respectively).

PMID- 27372085
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372086
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372087
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372088
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372089
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372090
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372091
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372092
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372093
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372094
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372095
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372096
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372097
TI  - Pleurodesis with Thulium Cyber Laser versus talc poudrage: a comparative
      experimental study.
AB  - Sclerosing fluids to achieve pleurodesis could be hardly replaced for bed-side
      procedures, but other devices may be successfully applied during thoracoscopy.
      Thulium Cyber Laser was experimented for this purpose and compared to talc
      poudrage. Twenty pigs underwent operative videothoracoscopy (VATS). Ten models
      were subjected to double-port VATS and parietal pleura photoevaporation using
      Thulium Cyber LaserTM (TCL) 150 W 2010 nm on the posterior third of three ribs;
      the pleural surface was homogeneously treated inside the target perimeter. The
      remaining ten pigs underwent uniportal thoracoscopy; talc poudrage was performed
      using the current clinical practice dosage (1 g/18 kg) with accurate talc powder
      spread over the whole pleural surface. All models were followed up for 60 days.
      Pleurodesis firmness was graded on a three-tier scale (none-moderate-firm) and
      site-matching topographical expectancy was evaluated. TCL produced pleurodesis in
      all models: 7/10 were firm and 3/10 moderate. Talc poudrage pleurodesis was firm
      in 4/10 and moderate in 6/10. Pleural adhesions were found exclusively in the
      treated area after laser treatment, while talc created a wide spectrum of
      effects, most commonly anarchic jagged adhesions obliterating less than 50 % of
      the pleural cavity (7/10), mostly declivous. The pathologist found more
      aggressive inflammation (sometimes severe) in the talc group. Expected localized
      pleurodesis was always registered in laser group (10/10), while talc poudrage was
      found poorly effective if consistent pleurodesis is expected in an apico-dorsal
      position (2/10). Laser pleurodesis appears more homogeneous, qualitatively not
      inferior, and topographically more predictable than talc pleurodesis. Parietal
      photoevaporation seems effective and the localized pleurodesis is reproducible. 

PMID- 27372100
TI  - Thermal destruction of wastes containing polychlorinated naphthalenes in an
      industrial waste incinerator.
AB  - A series of verification tests were carried out in order to confirm that
      polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) contained in synthetic rubber products
      (Neoprene FB products) and aerosol adhesives, which were accidentally imported
      into Japan, could be thermally destroyed using an industrial waste incinerator.
      In the verification tests, Neoprene FB products containing PCNs at a
      concentration of 2800 mg/kg were added to industrial wastes at a ratio of 600 mg
      Neoprene FB product/kg-waste, and then incinerated at an average temperature of
      985  degrees C. Total PCN concentrations were 14 ng/m3N in stack gas, 5.7 ng/g in
      bottom ash, 0.98 ng/g in boiler dust, and 1.2 ng/g in fly ash. Destruction
      efficiency (DE) and destruction removal efficiency (DRE) of congener No. 38/40,
      which is considered an input marker congener, were 99.9974 and 99.9995 %,
      respectively. The following dioxin concentrations were found: 0.11 ng-TEQ/m3N for
      the stack gas, 0.096 ng-TEQ/g for the bottom ash, 0.010 ng-TEQ/g for the boiler
      dust, and 0.072 ng-TEQ/g for the fly ash. Since the PCN levels in the PCN
      destruction test were even at slightly lower concentrations than in the baseline
      test without PCN addition, the detected PCNs are to a large degree
      unintentionally produced PCNs and does not mainly stem from input material. Also,
      the dioxin levels did not change. From these results, we confirmed that PCNs
      contained in Neoprene FB products and aerosol adhesives could be destroyed to a
      high degree by high-temperature incineration. Therefore, all recalled Neoprene FB
      products and aerosol adhesives containing PCNs were successfully treated under
      the same conditions as the verification tests.

PMID- 27372099
TI  - Clinical Phenotype of Adult Fragile X Gray Zone Allele Carriers: a Case Series.
AB  - Considerable research has focused on patients with trinucleotide (CGG) repeat
      expansions in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene that fall within
      either the full mutation (>200 repeats) or premutation range (55-200 repeats).
      Recent interest in individuals with gray zone expansions (41-54 CGG repeats) has
      grown due to reported phenotypes that are similar to those observed in
      premutation carriers, including neurological, molecular, and cognitive signs. The
      purpose of this manuscript is to describe a series of adults with FMR1 alleles in
      the gray zone presenting with movement disorders or memory loss. Gray zone
      carriers ascertained in large FMR1 screening studies were identified and their
      clinical phenotypes studied. Thirty-one gray zone allele carriers were included,
      with mean age of symptom onset of 53 years in patients with movement disorders
      and 57 years in those with memory loss. Four patients were chosen for
      illustrative case reports and had the following diagnoses: early-onset Parkinson
      disease (PD), atypical parkinsonism, dementia, and atypical essential tremor.
      Some gray zone carriers presenting with parkinsonism had typical features,
      including bradykinesia, rigidity, and a positive response to dopaminergic
      medication. These patients had a higher prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and
      psychiatric complaints than would be expected. The patients seen in memory
      clinics had standard presentations of cognitive impairment with no apparent
      differences. Further studies are necessary to determine the associations between
      FMR1 expansions in the gray zone and various phenotypes of neurological
      dysfunction.

PMID- 27372098
TI  - Interhemispheric Connectivity Characterizes Cortical Reorganization in Motor
      Related Networks After Cerebellar Lesions.
AB  - Although cerebellar-cortical interactions have been studied extensively in animal
      models and humans using modern neuroimaging techniques, the effects of cerebellar
      stroke and focal lesions on cerebral cortical processing remain unknown. In the
      present study, we analyzed the large-scale functional connectivity at the
      cortical level by combining high-density electroencephalography (EEG) and source
      imaging techniques to evaluate and quantify the compensatory reorganization of
      brain networks after cerebellar damage. The experimental protocol comprised a
      repetitive finger extension task by 10 patients with unilateral focal cerebellar
      lesions and 10 matched healthy controls. A graph theoretical approach was used to
      investigate the functional reorganization of cortical networks. Our patients,
      compared with controls, exhibited significant differences at global and local
      topological level of their brain networks. An abnormal rise in small-world
      network efficiency was observed in the gamma band (30-40 Hz) during execution of
      the task, paralleled by increased long-range connectivity between cortical
      hemispheres. Our findings show that a pervasive reorganization of the brain
      network is associated with cerebellar focal damage and support the idea that the
      cerebellum boosts or refines cortical functions. Clinically, these results
      suggest that cortical changes after cerebellar damage are achieved through an
      increase in the interactions between remote cortical areas and that
      rehabilitation should aim to reshape functional activation patterns. Future
      studies should determine whether these hypotheses are limited to motor tasks or
      if they also apply to cerebro-cerebellar dysfunction in general.

PMID- 27372102
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372103
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372101
TI  - Phthalate pollution in an Amazonian rainforest.
AB  - Phthalates are ubiquitous contaminants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals that
      can become trapped in the cuticles of insects, including ants which were
      recognized as good bioindicators for such pollution. Because phthalates have been
      noted in developed countries and because they also have been found in the Arctic,
      a region isolated from direct anthropogenic influence, we hypothesized that they
      are widespread. So, we looked for their presence on the cuticle of ants gathered
      from isolated areas of the Amazonian rainforest and along an anthropogenic
      gradient of pollution (rainforest vs. road sides vs. cities in French Guiana).
      Phthalate pollution (mainly di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) was higher on ants
      gathered in cities and along road sides than on those collected in the pristine
      rainforest, indicating that it follows a human-mediated gradient of disturbance
      related to the use of plastics and many other products that contain phthalates in
      urban zones. Their presence varied with the ant species; the cuticle of
      Solenopsis saevissima traps higher amount of phthalates than that of compared
      species. However, the presence of phthalates in isolated areas of pristine
      rainforests suggests that they are associated both with atmospheric particles and
      in gaseous form and are transported over long distances by wind, resulting in a
      worldwide diffusion. These findings suggest that there is no such thing as a
      "pristine" zone. 

PMID- 27372105
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372104
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372106
TI  - Chemoprevention of Keratinocyte Carcinomas: An Updated Review.
AB  - A well-established link between ultraviolet exposure and the carcinogenesis of
      keratinocyte carcinomas exists. Despite increased sun protection efforts, skin
      cancer remains the most common cancer in the USA. Numerous studies on the topic
      of chemoprevention investigate alternative topical, oral, and injectable agents
      to reduce skin cancer incidence in those at risk. Such agents include sunscreen,
      numerous vitamins and minerals, difluoromethylornithine, non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs, various peptides, field therapy, statins, and polyphenols. In
      this focused review, we discuss the risks and benefits of chemoprotective agents
      reported in clinical studies conducted in humans. We report several agents that
      may reduce skin cancer incidence in those at risk.

PMID- 27372107
TI  - Striking Effects of Storage Buffers on Apparent Half-Lives of the Activity of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa Arylsulfatase.
AB  - To obtain the label enzyme for enzyme-linked-immunoabsorbent-assay of two
      components each time in one well with conventional microplate readers, molecular
      engineering of Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase (PAAS) is needed. To compare
      thermostability of PAAS/mutants of limited purity, effects of buffers on the half
      activity time (t 0.5) at 37  degrees C were tested. At pH 7.4, PAAS showed non
      exponential decreases of activity, with the apparent t 0.5 of ~6.0 days in 50 mM
      HEPES, but ~42 days in 10 mM sodium borate with >85 % activity after 15 days;
      protein concentrations in both buffers decreased at slower rates after there were
      significant decreases of activities. Additionally, the apparent t 0.5 of PAAS was
      ~14 days in 50 mM Tris-HCl, and ~21 days in 10 mM sodium phosphate. By sodium
      dodecyl-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified PAAS gave single
      polypeptide; after storage for 14 days at 37  degrees C, there were many soluble
      and insoluble fragmented polypeptides in the HEPES buffer, but just one principal
      insoluble while negligible soluble fragmented polypeptides in the borate buffer.
      Of tested mutants in the neutral borate buffer, rates for activity decreases and
      polypeptide degradation were slower than in the HEPES buffer. Hence, dilute
      neutral borate buffers were favorable for examining thermostability of
      PAAS/mutants.

PMID- 27372109
TI  - Omarigliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Omarigliptin is a new once-weekly dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor
      developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is indicated to have favorable
      effects on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting and postmeal plasma glucose.
      It potently but reversibly inhibits DPP-4 enzyme, which prolongs the circulating
      half-life of glucagon-like peptide-1 that increases insulin secretion in a
      glucose-dependent manner. Benefiting from glucose-dependent insulin secretion,
      omarigliptin is associated with low risk of hypoglycemia. In contrast to the once
      daily dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (e.g., alogliptin, linagliptin,
      sitagliptin), once-weekly omarigliptin can improve patients' adherence and thus
      achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy. Herein, I review the pharmacological and
      clinical profile of omarigliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes based on
      the available clinical data.

PMID- 27372110
TI  - An observational study of the impact of the 2014 XX Commonwealth Games on the
      sexual and reproductive health services in Glasgow, Scotland.
AB  - Background: Large sporting events have raised concerns about the effect on the
      sexual and reproductive health (SRH) of visiting and resident populations to the
      host city and increased demand on SRH services. However, there is little evidence
      to support these concerns. The aim of this study is to investigate if the 2014 XX
      Commonwealth Games had an effect on the service demands of a Glasgow city-wide
      integrated SRH service. Methods: Electronic patient records, city-wide pharmacy
      data and case note review was used to assess aspects of SRH; this included
      overall attendance at integrated services, clinic and community emergency
      contraception prescriptions, victims of sexual assault, acute sexually
      transmissible infections (STIs), post exposure prophylaxis after sexual exposure
      (PEPSE) prescriptions, condom distribution and termination of pregnancy. Results:
      There was a significant decrease in core sexual health attendances, total acute
      STIs and emergency hormonal contraception prescriptions. There was no change in
      PEPSE prescriptions or the number of reported sexual assaults throughout the
      city. Conclusions: This study found no evidence that the 2014 XX Commonwealth
      Games placed any increased demand on the local SRH services, and showed no
      increase in STIs, emergency hormonal contraception prescriptions or sexual
      assaults. These findings will help service planning in host cities hosting future
      large sporting events.

PMID- 27372112
TI  - Hepatorenal syndrome.

PMID- 27372108
TI  - Sleep Duration and Obesity in Adults: What Are the Connections?
AB  - Collectively, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on self-reported sleep
      duration and obesity do not show a clear pattern of association with some showing
      a negative linear relationship, some showing a U-shaped relationship, and some
      showing no relationship. Associations between sleep duration and obesity seem
      stronger in younger adults. Cross-sectional studies using objectively measured
      sleep duration (actigraphy or polysomnography (PSG)) also show this mixed pattern
      whereas all longitudinal studies to date using actigraphy or PSG have failed to
      show a relationship with obesity/weight gain. It is still too early and a too
      easy solution to suggest that changing the sleep duration will cure the obesity
      epidemic. Given novel results on emotional stress and poor sleep as mediating
      factors in the relationship between sleep duration and obesity, detection and
      management of these should become the target of future clinical efforts as well
      as future research. 

PMID- 27372113
TI  - Variation in assimilable organic carbon formation during chlorination of
      Microcystis aeruginosa extracellular organic matter solutions.
AB  - This study investigated the chlorination of Microcystis aeruginosa extracellular
      organic matter (EOM) solutions under different conditions, to determine how the
      metabolites produced by these organisms affect water safety and the formation of
      assimilable organic carbon (AOC). The effects of chlorine dosages, coagulant
      dosage, reaction time and temperature on the formation of AOC were investigated
      during the disinfection of M.aeruginosa metabolite solutions. The concentration
      of AOC followed a decreasing and then increasing pattern with increasing
      temperature and reaction time. The concentration of AOC decreased and then
      increased with increasing chlorination dosage, followed by a slight decrease at
      the highest level of chlorination. However, the concentration of AOC decreased
      continuously with increasing coagulant dosage. The formation of AOC can be
      suppressed under appropriate conditions. In this study, chlorination at 4mg/L,
      combined with a coagulant dose of 40mg/L at 20 degrees C over a reaction time of
      12hr, produced the minimum AOC. 

PMID- 27372114
TI  - Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for
      forward osmosis.
AB  - Polyethylene terephthalate mesh (PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were
      fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters
      that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including
      the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the
      temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The
      water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis (FO)
      mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The
      optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean
      thickness of about 148.2MUm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was
      tested using 0.2mol/L NaCl as the feed solution and 1.5mol/L glucose as the draw
      solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47L/(m(2).hr) and salt
      rejection of 95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode,
      the water flux was 4.74L/(m(2).hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of
      water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane
      has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable
      membranes. 

PMID- 27372115
TI  - Effects of Al(3+) doping on the structure and properties of goethite and its
      adsorption behavior towards phosphate.
AB  - Al substitution in goethite is common in soils, and has strong influence on the
      structure and physicochemical properties of goethite. In this research, a series
      of Al-doped goethites were synthesized, and characterized by powder X-ray
      diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and extended
      X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The adsorption behavior of
      these samples towards PO4(3-) was also investigated. Characterization results
      demonstrated that increasing Al content in goethite led to a reduction in
      crystallinity, increase in specific surface area (SSA), and morphology change
      from needle-like to granular. Rietveld structure refinement revealed that the
      lattice parameter a remained almost constant and b slightly decreased, but c was
      significantly reduced, and the calculated crystal density increased. EXAFS
      analysis demonstrated that the Fe(Al)-O distance in the structure of the doped
      goethites was almost the same, but the Fe-Fe(Al) distance decreased with
      increasing Al content. Surface analysis showed that, with increasing Al content,
      the content of OH groups on the mineral surface increased. The adsorption of
      phosphate per unit mass of Al-doped goethite increased, while adsorption per unit
      area decreased owing to the decrease of the relative proportion of (110) facets
      in the total surface area of the minerals. The results of this research
      facilitate better understanding of the effect of Al substitution on the structure
      and properties of goethite and the cycling of phosphate in the environment. 

PMID- 27372116
TI  - Effect of non-solvent additives on the morphology, pore structure, and direct
      contact membrane distillation performance of PVDF-CTFE hydrophobic membranes.
AB  - Four common types of additives for polymer membrane preparation including organic
      macromolecule and micromolecule additives, inorganic salts and acids, and the
      strong non-solvent H2O were used to prepare poly (vinylidene fluoride-co
      chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF-CTFE) hydrophobic flat-sheet membranes. Membrane
      properties including morphology, porosity, hydrophobicity, pore size and pore
      distribution were investigated, and the permeability was evaluated via direct
      contact membrane distillation (DCMD) of 3.5g/L NaCl solution in a DCMD
      configuration. Both inorganic and organic micromolecule additives were found to
      slightly influence membrane hydrophobicity. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), organic
      acids, LiCl, MgCl2, and LiCl/H2O mixtures were proved to be effective additives
      to PVDF-CTFE membranes due to their pore-controlling effects and the capacity to
      improve the properties and performance of the resultant membranes. The occurrence
      of a pre-gelation process showed that when organic and inorganic micromolecules
      were added to PVDF-CTFE solution, the resultant membranes presented a high
      interconnectivity structure. The membrane prepared with dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
      showed a nonporous surface and symmetrical cross-section. When H2O and LiCl/H2O
      mixtures were also used as additives, they were beneficial for solid-liquid
      demixing, especially when LiCl/H2O mixed additives were used. The membrane
      prepared with 5% LiCl+2% H2O achieved a flux of 24.53kg/(m(2).hr) with 99.98%
      salt rejection. This study is expected to offer a reference not only for PVDF
      CTFE membrane preparation but also for other polymer membranes. 

PMID- 27372117
TI  - Fate and transport of the beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine hydrochloride in
      soil-water systems.
AB  - The feed additive ractopamine hydrochloride was fortified at four concentrations
      into batch vials containing soils that differed in both biological activity and
      organic matter (OM). Sampling of the liquid layer for 14days demonstrated that
      ractopamine rapidly dissipated from the liquid layer. Less than 20% of the
      fortified dose remained in the liquid layer after 4hr, and recoveries of dosed
      ractopamine ranged from 8 to 18% in the liquid layer at 336hr. Sorption to soil
      was the major fate for ractopamine in soil:water systems, i.e., 42%-51% of the
      dose at 14days. The major portion of the sorbed fraction was comprised of non
      extractables; a smaller fraction of the sorbed dose was extracted into water and
      acetone, portions which would be potentially mobile in the environment.
      Partitioning coefficients for all soils suggested strong sorption of ractopamine
      to soil which is governed by hydrophobic interactions and cation exchange
      complexes within the soil OM. Ractopamine degradation was observed, but to mostly
      non-polar compounds which had a higher potential than ractopamine to sorb to
      soil. The formation of volatiles was also suggested. Therefore, despite rapid and
      extensive soil sorption, these studies indicated a portion of ractopamine,
      present in manures used to fertilize soils, may be mobile in the environment via
      water-borne events. 

PMID- 27372118
TI  - Biosorption and retention of orthophosphate onto Ca(OH)2-pretreated biomass of
      Phragmites sp.
AB  - The biosorption of phosphorus in the form of orthophosphate (Po) from wastewater
      using biomass as the sorbent is of potential importance because the Po-loaded
      biomass could be applied in the agricultural sector as fertilizer and soil
      conditioner. However, biomass generally displays a very low affinity for Po
      sorption and therefore biomass surface modification is required. In the present
      study, the biomass (as model grinded leaves of Phragmites sp. were used) was
      pretreated with Ca(OH)2 to enhance Po biosorption capacity (qe). The results
      indicate that the alkaline pretreatment resulted in a modification of surface
      functional groups. It was concluded that the main sorption mechanisms were ligand
      exchange and electrostatic attraction. A series of experiments were conducted to
      investigate the performance of the pretreated biomass for Po uptake under various
      conditions. Isotherm and thermodynamic studies were also applied and analyzed.
      The biosorption process was best described by the pseudo-second order kinetic
      model and Langmuir isotherm, which gave a qmax of 12.27mgP/g at 25 degrees C and
      pH7. The Ca(OH)2 treated Phragmites biomass applied in this study for Po recovery
      may present some potential advantages in terms of costs and environmental impact.

PMID- 27372119
TI  - Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow
      groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain.
AB  - Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as the discharge of
      domestic and industrial water pollutants, increases pressures on locally scarce
      and vulnerable water resources in the North China Plain. In order to: (a)
      understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify
      nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using
      qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC) a
      one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double
      cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was
      undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the
      shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and
      nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8mg/L NH4-N and 6.8mg/L
      NO3-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to
      134.8mg/L NO3-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess
      nitrogen input of about 320kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only
      detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6mg/L NH4-N
      and 1.8mg/L NO3-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated
      cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with
      partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite the current
      removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat
      to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore
      recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the
      aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered. 

PMID- 27372120
TI  - Importance of storage time in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste.
AB  - Storage was used as a pretreatment to enhance the methanization performance of
      mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. Food wastes were separately stored
      for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 12days, and then fed into a methanogenic reactor for
      a biochemical methane potential (BMP) test lasting up to 60days. Relative to the
      methane production of food waste stored for 0-1day (285-308mL/g-added volatile
      solids (VSadded)), that after 2-4days and after 5-12days of storage increased to
      418-530 and 618-696mL/g-VSadded, respectively. The efficiency of hydrolysis and
      acidification of pre-stored food waste in the methanization reactors increased
      with storage time. The characteristics of stored waste suggest that methane
      production was not correlated with the total hydrolysis efficiency of organics in
      pre-stored food waste but was positively correlated with the storage time and
      acidification level of the waste. From the results, we recommend 5-7days of
      storage of food waste in anaerobic digestion treatment plants. 

PMID- 27372121
TI  - Removal of ofloxacin antibiotic using heterogeneous Fenton process over modified
      alginate beads.
AB  - The aim of this work is to study the heterogeneous oxidative degradation of
      ofloxacin antibiotic using a composite material prepared from sodium alginate and
      cyclohexane dinitrilo tetraacetic acid (CDTA). The characterization tests
      indicated the successful incorporation of metal chelator and iron. It was also
      demonstrated that the synthesized beads are mesoporous. The influence of several
      experimental parameters (i.e.: H2O2 dose, working temperature, beads loading and
      initial drug concentration) on the process performances was evaluated. The
      reaction temperature significantly affects the drug conversion efficiency. It was
      also observed that the synthesized material was efficient toward the target
      antibiotic degradation in the presence of small quantities of hydrogen peroxide.
      Under optimum conditions (0.05 g of granules, initial drug concentration=10mg/L,
      25MUL of 10mmol/L H2O2), conducted in a batch reaction, 94% degradation of
      ofloxacin was reached. The results also indicate that the composite material
      showed a reasonable stability; a relatively low decrease of activity after four
      successive runs (only 9%) and a negligible iron leaching (0.8%) have been
      observed. The synthesized composite material offered interesting advantages in
      terms of simplicity, good stability, ease of recovery from the liquid medium
      after use and its efficiency in the presence of low quantities of oxidant. It
      constitutes a good candidate in the water treatment area. 

PMID- 27372122
TI  - Bio-remediation of acephate-Pb(II) compound contaminants by Bacillus subtilis
      FZUL-33.
AB  - Removal of Pb(2+) and biodegradation of organophosphorus have been both widely
      investigated respectively. However, bio-remediation of both Pb(2+) and
      organophosphorus still remains largely unexplored. Bacillus subtilis FZUL-33,
      which was isolated from the sediment of a lake, possesses the capability for both
      biomineralization of Pb(2+) and biodegradation of acephate. In the present study,
      both Pb(2+) and acephate were simultaneously removed via biodegradation and
      biomineralization in aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to study
      the influence of pH, interaction time and Pb(2+) concentration on the process of
      removal of Pb(2+). At the temperature of 25 degrees C, the maximum removal of
      Pb(2+) by B.subtilis FZUL-33 was 381.31+/-11.46mg/g under the conditions of
      pH5.5, initial Pb(2+) concentration of 1300mg/L, and contact time of 10min. Batch
      experiments were conducted to study the influence of acephate on removal of
      Pb(2+) and the influence of Pb(2+) on biodegradation of acephate by B.subtilis
      FZUL-33. In the mixed system of acephate-Pb(2+), the results show that
      biodegradation of acephate by B.subtilis FZUL-33 released PO4(3+), which promotes
      mineralization of Pb(2+). The process of biodegradation of acephate was affected
      slightly when the concentration of Pb(2+) was below 100mg/L. Based on the
      results, it can be inferred that the B.subtilis FZUL-33 plays a significant role
      in bio-remediation of organophosphorus-heavy metal compound contamination. 

PMID- 27372123
TI  - Electrochemical decolorization of dye wastewater by surface-activated boron-doped
      nanocrystalline diamond electrode.
AB  - Complex organics contained in dye wastewater are difficult to degrade and often
      require electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) to treat it. Surface
      activation of the electrode used in such treatment is an important factor
      determining the success of the process. The performance of boron-doped
      nanocrystalline diamond (BD-NCD) film electrode for decolorization of Acid Yellow
      (AY-36) azo dye with respect to the surface activation by electrochemical
      polarization was studied. Anodic polarization found to be more suitable as
      electrode pretreatment compared to cathodic one. After anodic polarization, the
      originally H-terminated surface of BD-NCD was changed into O-terminated, making
      it more hydrophilic. Due to the oxidation of surface functional groups and some
      portion of sp(2) carbon in the BD-NCD film during anodic polarization, the
      electrode was successfully being activated showing lower background current,
      wider potential window and considerably less surface activity compared to the non
      polarized one. Consequently, electrooxidation (EO) capability of the anodically
      polarized BD-NCD to degrade AY-36 dye was significantly enhanced, capable of
      nearly total decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal even after
      several times of re-using. The BD-NCD film electrode favored acidic condition for
      the dye degradation; and the presence of chloride ion in the solution was found
      to be more advantageous than sulfate active species. 

PMID- 27372124
TI  - Preliminary study of acrylamide monomer decomposition during methane fermentation
      of dairy waste sludge.
AB  - Polyacrylamide (PAM) used in sludge dewatering exists widely in high-solid
      anaerobic digestion. Acrylamide is registered in the list of chemicals
      demonstrating toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Therefore, it is
      reasonable to ask about the mobility of such residual substances in the
      environment. The study was carried out to assess the impact of the mesophilic
      (39+/-1 degrees C) and thermophilic (54+/-1 degrees C) fermentation process on
      the level of acrylamide monomer (AMD) content in the dairy sludge. The material
      was analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for
      quantification of AMD. The results indicate that the process of methane
      fermentation continues regardless of the temperature effects on the degradation
      of AMD in dairy sludge. The degree of reduction of acrylamide monomer for
      thermophilic fermentation is 100%, while for mesophilic fermentation it is 91%.
      In practice, this means that biogas technology eliminates the risk of AMD
      migration to plant tissue. Moreover, it should be stressed that 90% of cumulative
      biogas and methane production was reached one week earlier under thermophilic
      conditions - the dynamics of the methanisation process were over 20% faster. 

PMID- 27372125
TI  - The contribution of mediated oxidation mechanisms in the electrolytic degradation
      of cyanuric acid using diamond anodes.
AB  - In this work, the contribution of mediated oxidation mechanisms in the
      electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid using boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes
      was investigated in different electrolytes. A complete mineralization of cyanuric
      acid was obtained in NaCl; however lower degrees of mineralization of 70% and 40%
      were obtained in Na2SO4 and NaClO4, respectively. This can be explained by the
      nature of the oxidants electrogenerated in each electrolyte. It is clear that the
      contribution of active chlorine (Cl2, HClO, ClO(-)) electrogenerated from
      oxidation of chlorides on BDD is much more important in the electrolytic
      degradation of cyanuric acid than the persulfate and hydroxyl radicals produced
      by electro-oxidation of sulfate and water on BDD anodes. This could be explained
      by the high affinity of active chlorine towards nitrogen compounds. No organic
      intermediates were detected during the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid
      in any the electrolytes, which can be explained by their immediate depletion by
      hydroxyl radicals produced on the BDD surface. Nitrates and ammonium were the
      final products of electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid on BDD anodes in all
      electrolytes. In addition, small amounts of chloramines were formed in the
      chloride medium. Low current density (<=10mA/cm(2)) and neutral medium (pH in the
      range 6-9) should be used for high efficiency electrolytic degradation and
      negligible formation of hazardous chlorate and perchlorate. 

PMID- 27372126
TI  - Adsorptive removal of As(III) ions from water using spent grain modified by
      polyacrylamide.
AB  - In order to enhance the removal efficiency of As(III), a pre-oxidation process is
      generally applied first to convert As(III) to As(V), which may cause unwanted new
      contaminants. To overcome this problem, efforts were made to develop an effective
      way to remove As(III) directly without an oxidation step. The effect of
      polyacrylamide polymers (PAMs) such as anionic PAM, cationic PAM and nonionic
      PAM, on As(III) ion adsorption by spent grain (SG) was investigated. The physico
      chemical properties of the three PAM-polymerized SGs (APSG (anionic PAM
      polymerized modified spent grain), CPSG (cationic PAM-polymerized spent grain)
      and NPSG (nonionic PAM-polymerized spent grain)) were analyzed using Fourier
      transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and zeta
      potential. Batch experimental data showed that the sequence of preferential
      adsorption for As(III) was APSG>CPSG>NPSG. Active functional groups such as amino
      group (NH2), carbonyl group (CO), C-N bond of the amide group (CONH2), and
      hydroxyl group (O-H) were responsible for As(III) adsorption. Many tubular
      structures occurring on the surface of APSG possibly increase the specific
      surface areas and favor the adsorption of As(III) ions. A fixed-bed study was
      carried out by using APSG as an adsorbent for As(III) from water. Three factors
      such as bed height, initial concentration and flow rate were studied, and
      breakthrough curves of As(III) were obtained. The Adams-Bohart model was used to
      analyze the experimental data and the model parameters were evaluated. 

PMID- 27372127
TI  - Nutrient variability and its influence on nitrogen processes in a highly turbid
      tropical estuary (Bangpakong, Gulf of Thailand).
AB  - Estuarine ecosystems in SE Asia have been poorly studied when compared to other
      tropical environments. Important gaps exist particularly in the understanding of
      their biogeochemical function and contribution to global change. In this work we
      looked into N-turnover in the water column and sediments of the Bangpakong
      estuary (13 degrees N). A seasonal sampling program was performed along the
      salinity gradient covering different stretches of the estuary (68km). Key
      physical and chemical characteristics were also monitored in order to unravel
      possible environmental controls. Results showed the occurrence of active
      denitrification in sediments (5.7-50.9nmol N-N2/(cm(3).hr)), and water column
      (3.5-1044pmol N-N2/(cm(3).hr)). No seasonal or spatial variability was detected
      for denitrification potential in sediment samples. However, in the water column,
      the denitrification activity peaked during the transition season in the
      downstream sites coinciding with high turbidity levels. Therefore, in that period
      of the year, the water column compartment may be an important contributor to
      nitrate reduction within the estuary. The rather low nitrification rates detected
      were not always measurable, probably due to the reduced oxygen content and high
      siltation. This study is one of the few dealing simultaneously with sediments and
      water column processes in a highly turbid tropical estuary. Therefore, it emerges
      as a valuable contribution for the understanding of the dynamics of the nitrogen
      cycle in tropical environments by exploring the role of estuarine N microbial
      activity in reducing the effects of increased nitrogen loads. 

PMID- 27372128
TI  - Rapid adsorption of toxic Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution using multiwall
      carbon nanotubes synthesized by microwave chemical vapor deposition technique.
AB  - Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized using a tubular microwave
      chemical vapor deposition technique, using acetylene and hydrogen as the
      precursor gases and ferrocene as catalyst. The novel MWCNT samples were tested
      for their performance in terms of Pb(II) binding. The synthesized MWCNT samples
      were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Brunauer, Emmett and
      Teller (BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis, and
      the adsorption of Pb(II) was studied as a function of pH, initial Pb(II)
      concentration, MWCNT dosage, agitation speed, and adsorption time, and process
      parameters were optimized. The adsorption data followed both Freundlich and
      Langmuir isotherms. On the basis of the Langmuir model, Qmax was calculated to be
      104.2mg/g for the microwave-synthesized MWCNTs. In order to investigate the
      dynamic behavior of MWCNTs as an adsorbent, the kinetic data were modeled using
      pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order equations. Different thermodynamic
      parameters, viz., ?H(0), ?S(0) and ?G(0) were evaluated and it was found that the
      adsorption was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The statistical
      analysis revealed that the optimum conditions for the highest removal (99.9%) of
      Pb(II) are at pH5, MWCNT dosage 0.1g, agitation speed 160r/min and time of
      22.5min with the initial concentration of 10mg/L. Our results proved that
      microwave-synthesized MWCNTs can be used as an effective Pb(II) adsorbent due to
      their high adsorption capacity as well as the short adsorption time needed to
      achieve equilibrium. 

PMID- 27372129
TI  - Water uptake of multicomponent organic mixtures and their influence on
      hygroscopicity of inorganic salts.
AB  - The hygroscopic behaviors of atmospherically relevant multicomponent water
      soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) and their effects on ammonium sulfate (AS) and
      sodium chloride were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential
      mobility analyzer (HTDMA) in the relative humidity (RH) range of 5%-90%. The
      measured hygroscopic growth was compared with predictions from the Extended
      Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) and Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson (ZSR) method. The
      equal mass multicomponent WSOCs mixture containing levoglucosan, succinic acid,
      phthalic acid and humic acid showed gradual water uptake without obvious phase
      change over the whole RH range. It was found that the organic content played an
      important role in the water uptake of mixed particles. When organic content was
      dominant in the mixture (75%), the measured hygroscopic growth was higher than
      predictions from the E-AIM or ZSR relation, especially under high RH conditions.
      For mass fractions of organics not larger than 50%, the hygroscopic growth of
      mixtures was in good agreement with model predictions. The influence of
      interactions between inorganic and organic components on the hygroscopicity of
      mixed particles was related to the salt type and organic content. These results
      could contribute to understanding of the hygroscopic behaviors of multicomponent
      aerosol particles. 

PMID- 27372130
TI  - Influence factors for the oxidation of pyrite by oxygen and birnessite in aqueous
      systems.
AB  - The oxidation of exposed pyrite causes acid mine drainage, soil acidification,
      and the release of toxic metal ions. As the important abiotic oxidants in
      supergene environments, oxygen and manganese oxides participate in the oxidation
      of pyrite. In this work, the oxidation processes of natural pyrite by oxygen and
      birnessite were studied in simulated systems, and the influence of pH, Fe(II) and
      Cr(III) on the intermediates and redox rate was investigated. SO4(2-) and
      elemental S were formed as the major and minor products, respectively, during the
      oxidation processes. Ferric (hydr) oxides including Fe(OH)3 and goethite were
      formed with low degree of crystallinity. Low pH and long-term reaction
      facilitated the formation of goethite and ferric hydroxide, respectively. The
      rate of pyrite oxidation by birnessite was enhanced in the presence of air
      (oxygen), and Fe(II) ions played a key role in the redox process. The addition of
      Fe(II) ions to the reaction system significantly enhanced the oxidation rate of
      pyrite; however, the presence of Cr(III) ions remarkably decreased the pyrite
      oxidation rate in aqueous systems. The introduction of Fe(II) ions to form a
      Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple facilitated the electron transfer and accelerated the
      oxidation rate of pyrite. The present work suggests that isolation from air and
      decreasing the concentration of Fe(II) ions in aqueous solutions might be
      effective strategies to reduce the oxidation rate of pyrite in mining soils. 

PMID- 27372131
TI  - Effect of algal flocculation on dissolved organic matters using cationic starch
      modified soils.
AB  - Modified soils (MSs) are being increasingly used as geo-engineering materials for
      the sedimentation removal of cyanobacterial blooms. Cationic starch (CS) has been
      tested as an effective soil modifier, but little is known about its potential
      impacts on the treated water. This study investigated dissolved organic matters
      in the bloom water after algal removal using cationic starch modified soils (CS
      MSs). Results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could be decreased
      by CS-MS flocculation and the use of higher charge density CS yielded a greater
      DOC reduction. When CS with the charge density of 0.052, 0.102 and 0.293meq/g
      were used, DOC was decreased from 3.4 to 3.0, 2.3 and 1.7mg/L, respectively. The
      excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy and UV254 analysis indicated
      that CS-MS exhibits an ability to remove some soluble organics, which contributed
      to the DOC reduction. However, the use of low charge density CS posed a potential
      risk of DOC increase due to the high CS loading for effective algal removal. When
      CS with the charge density of 0.044meq/g was used, DOC was increased from 3.4 to
      3.9mg/L. This study suggested, when CS-MS is used for cyanobacterial bloom
      removal, the content of dissolved organic matters in the treated water can be
      controlled by optimizing the charge density of CS. For the settled organic
      matters, other measures (e.g., capping treatments using oxygen loaded materials)
      should be jointly applied after algal flocculation. 

PMID- 27372132
TI  - In vitro assessment of thyroid hormone receptor activity of four organophosphate
      esters.
AB  - Previous animal experiments have implied that organophosphate esters (OPEs) have
      a disruption effect on the thyroid endocrine system. However, knowledge of the
      toxicological mechanism remains limited. In this study, the activities of four
      OPEs have been characterized against the thyroid hormone (TH) nuclear receptor
      (TR) using two in vitro models, with the aim of evaluating their toxicity
      mechanisms towards the TR. The results of a TH-dependent cell proliferation assay
      showed that tris(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl)phosphate (TDCPP) could induce
      cell growth, while the other three OPEs had no effect. The results of a
      luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that all four of the OPEs tested in the
      current study showed agonistic activity towards TRbeta, with TDCPP being the most
      potent one. Moreover, molecular docking revealed that all the tested OPEs could
      fit into the ligand binding pocket of TRbeta, with TDCPP binding more effectively
      than the other three OPEs. Taken together, these data suggest that OPEs might
      disrupt the thyroid endocrine system via a mechanism involving the activation of
      TR. 

PMID- 27372133
TI  - Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking
      water treatment residuals.
AB  - Phosphate is one of the most predominant pollutants in natural waters. Laboratory
      experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphate adsorption performance of
      a (NFS) made from drinking water treatment residuals. The adsorption of phosphate
      on the NFS fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order
      kinetic models. At pH7.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.03mg/g was
      achieved at 15 degrees C corresponding to the wastewater temperature in cold
      months, and increased notably to 1.31mg/g at 35 degrees C. Under both acidic
      conditions (part of the adsorption sites was consumed) and basic conditions
      (negative charges formed on the surface of NFS, which led to a static repulsion
      of PO4(3-) and HPO4(2-)), the adsorption of phosphate was slightly inhibited.
      Further study showed that part of the adsorption sites could be recovered by
      0.25mol/L NaOH. The activation energy was calculated to be above 8.0kJ/mol,
      indicating that the adsorption of phosphate on NFS was probably a chemical
      process. Considering the strong phosphate adsorption capacity and recoverability,
      NFS showed great promise on enhancing phosphate removal from the secondary
      treated wastewater in the filtration process. 

PMID- 27372134
TI  - Oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state (UASS) with anaerobic
      filter (AF) system.
AB  - In order to investigate the oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid
      state (UASS) with anaerobic filter (AF) system, the effect of microaeration on
      thermophilic anaerobic digestion of maize straw was investigated under batch
      conditions and in the UASS with AF system. Aeration intensities of 0-431mL O2/gvs
      were conducted as pretreatment under batch conditions. Aeration pretreatment
      obviously enhanced anaerobic digestion and an aeration intensity of 431mL O2/gvs
      increased the methane yield by 82.2%. Aeration intensities of 0-355mL O2/gvs were
      conducted in the process liquor circulation of the UASS with AF system. Dissolved
      oxygen (DO) of UASS and AF reactors kept around 1.39+/-0.27 and 0.99+/-0.38mg/L,
      respectively. pH was relatively stable around 7.11+/-0.04. Volatile fatty acids
      and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration in UASS reactor were higher than
      those in AF reactor. Methane yield of the whole system was almost stable at 85+/
      7mL/gvs as aeration intensity increased step by step. The UASS with AF system
      showed good oxygen tolerance capacity. 

PMID- 27372135
TI  - Response of soil CO2 efflux to precipitation manipulation in a semiarid
      grassland.
AB  - Soil CO2 efflux (SCE) is an important component of ecosystem CO2 exchange and is
      largely temperature and moisture dependent, providing feedback between C cycling
      and the climate system. We used a precipitation manipulation experiment to
      examine the effects of precipitation treatment on SCE and its dependences on soil
      temperature and moisture in a semiarid grassland. Precipitation manipulation
      included ambient precipitation, decreased precipitation (-43%), or increased
      precipitation (+17%). The SCE was measured from July 2013 to December 2014, and
      CO2 emission during the experimental period was assessed. The response curves of
      SCE to soil temperature and moisture were analyzed to determine whether the
      dependence of SCE on soil temperature or moisture varied with precipitation
      manipulation. The SCE significantly varied seasonally but was not affected by
      precipitation treatments regardless of season. Increasing precipitation resulted
      in an upward shift of SCE-temperature response curves and rightward shift of SCE
      moisture response curves, while decreasing precipitation resulted in opposite
      shifts of such response curves. These shifts in the SCE response curves suggested
      that increasing precipitation strengthened the dependence of SCE on temperature
      or moisture, and decreasing precipitation weakened such dependences. Such shifts
      affected the predictions in soil CO2 emissions for different precipitation
      treatments. When considering such shifts, decreasing or increasing precipitation
      resulted in 43 or 75% less change, respectively, in CO2 emission compared with
      changes in emissions predicted without considering such shifts. Furthermore, the
      effects of shifts in SCE response curves on CO2 emission prediction were greater
      during the growing than the non-growing season. 

PMID- 27372136
TI  - Identifying the major fluorescent components responsible for ultrafiltration
      membrane fouling in different water sources.
AB  - Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) coupled with
      parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was performed for a total of 18 water samples
      taken from three water sources (two lakes and one wastewater treatment plant
      (WWTP) secondary effluent), with the purpose of identifying the major
      ultrafiltration (UF) membrane foulants in different water sources. Three
      fluorescent components (C1, C2 and C3) were identified, which represented
      terrestrially derived humic-like substances (C1), microbially derived humic-like
      substances (C2), and protein-like substances (C3). The correlations between the
      different fluorescent components and UF membrane fouling were analyzed. It was
      shown that for the WWTP secondary effluent, all three components (C1, C2 and C3)
      made a considerable contribution to the irreversible and total fouling of the UF
      membrane. However, for the two lakes, only the C3 exhibited a strong correlation
      with membrane fouling, indicating that the protein-like substances were the major
      membrane foulants in the lake waters. Significant attachment of C1, C2 and C3 to
      the UF membrane was also confirmed by mass balance analyses for the WWTP
      secondary effluent; while the attachment of C1 and C2 was shown to be negligible
      for the two lakes. The results may provide basic formation for developing
      suitable fouling control strategies for sustainable UF processes. 

PMID- 27372137
TI  - Remediation of saline-sodic soil with flue gas desulfurization gypsum in a
      reclaimed tidal flat of southeast China.
AB  - Salinization and sodicity are obstacles for vegetation reconstruction of coastal
      tidal flat soils. A study was conducted with flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
      gypsum applied at rates of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60Mg/ha to remediate tidal flat
      soils of the Yangtze River estuary. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP),
      exchangeable sodium (ExNa), pH, soluble salt concentration, and composition of
      soluble salts were measured in 10cm increments from the surface to 30cm depth
      after 6 and 18months. The results indicated that the effect of FGD-gypsum is
      greatest in the 0-10cm mixing soil layer and 60Mg/ha was the optimal rate that
      can reduce the ESP to below 6% and decrease soil pH to neutral (7.0). The
      improvement effect was reached after 6months, and remained after 18months. The
      composition of soluble salts was transformed from sodic salt ions mainly
      containing Na(+), HCO3(-)+CO3(2-) and Cl(-) to neutral salt ions mainly
      containing Ca(2+) and SO4(2-). Non-halophyte plants were survived at 90%. The
      study demonstrates that the use of FGD-gypsum for remediating tidal flat soils is
      promising. 

PMID- 27372138
TI  - Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge
      components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing,
      China.
AB  - Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological
      wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A
      better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable
      sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several
      fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale
      wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components
      investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to
      9478mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736mg/L), extracellular polymeric
      substances (2088mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464mg/L) among others.
      Moreover, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in composition profiles
      of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters
      affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well
      as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical
      methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge
      depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater
      characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was
      conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of
      residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the
      conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor.
      Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the
      sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and
      extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge. 

PMID- 27372139
TI  - Two-step fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil production
      using microwave absorbent and HZSM-5 catalyst.
AB  - A novel technology of two-step fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis (fMAP) of corn
      stover for bio-oil production was investigated in the presence of microwave
      absorbent (SiC) and HZSM-5 catalyst. Effects of fMAP temperature and catalyst-to
      biomass ratio on bio-oil yield and chemical components were examined. The results
      showed that this technology, employing microwave, microwave absorbent and HZSM-5
      catalyst, was effective and promising for biomass fast pyrolysis. The fMAP
      temperature of 500 degrees C was considered the optimum condition for maximum
      yield and best quality of bio-oil. Besides, the bio-oil yield decreased linearly
      and the chemical components in bio-oil were improved sequentially with the
      increase of catalyst-to-biomass ratio from 1:100 to 1:20. The elemental
      compositions of bio-char were also determined. Additionally, compared to one-step
      fMAP process, two-step fMAP could promote the bio-oil quality with a smaller
      catalyst-to-biomass ratio. 

PMID- 27372140
TI  - New insight into adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from
      waste activated sludge for heavy metals.
AB  - The adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of the biosorbent from waste
      activated sludge were investigated by adsorbing Pb(2+) and Zn(2+) in aqueous
      single-metal solutions. A pH value of the metal solutions at 6.0 was beneficial
      to the high adsorption quantity of the biosorbent. The optimal mass ratio of the
      biosorbent to metal ions was found to be 2. A higher adsorption quantity of the
      biosorbent was achieved by keeping the reaction temperature below 55 degrees C.
      Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the biosorption processes,
      and the developed mathematical equations showed high determination coefficients
      (above 0.99 for both metal ions) and insignificant lack of fit (p=0.0838 and
      0.0782 for Pb(2+) and Zn(2+), respectively). Atomic force microscopy analyses
      suggested that the metal elements were adsorbed onto the biosorbent surface via
      electrostatic interaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicated
      the presence of complexation (between -NH2, -CN and metal ions) and ion-exchange
      (between -COOH and metal ions). The adsorption mechanisms could be the combined
      action of electrostatic interaction, complexation and ion-exchange between
      functional groups and metal ions. 

PMID- 27372141
TI  - Volatile organic compound emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils and
      their relations to bacterial communities: A laboratory study.
AB  - A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound (VOC)
      emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations
      with bacterial communities for a period of 66days under non-flooded and flooded
      conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2
      butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the
      10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the
      two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils
      under the non-flooded condition (5924ng C/(kg.hr)) was significantly higher than
      that under the flooded condition (2211ng C/(kg.hr)). One "peak emission window"
      appeared at days 0-44 or 4-44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during
      the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis
      using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that a relative
      increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and gamma-Proteobacteria
      but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw
      amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the
      soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in
      line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most
      of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial
      species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated
      negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two
      water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play
      an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils. 

PMID- 27372142
TI  - [Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection, is it important the age?]

PMID- 27372143
TI  - [Diagnostic microbiology in mastitis. What do we know about counts and
      significant microorganisms?]

PMID- 27372144
TI  - Microbiological findings in burn patients treated in a general versus a
      designated intensive care unit: Effect on length of stay.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infection is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity
      in burn patients. The incidence and frequency of microbiological micro-organisms
      are known to vary across different models of intensive care units. To date, no
      study has attempted to describe the different findings in burn patients treated
      in an open, general intensive care unit (GICU) versus a dedicated burns intensive
      care unit (BICU). Only limited data is available on the effect of these
      microbiological micro-organisms on patients' length of stay. AIM: To characterize
      and compare the microbiological flora and antibiotic resistance patterns
      encountered in two different models of burn intensive care and to determine the
      effect of specific microbiological types on length of intensive care unit (ICU)
      and overall stay. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study of 209 burn
      patients treated in two highly specialized, Western burn referral centres between
      September 2009 and March 2014. RESULTS: 9710 culture results were analysed, of
      which 2590 (26.7%) yielded positive results (1537 in the GICU and 1050 in the
      BICU). Gram-positive cultures were more frequently found in the GICU, whereas
      Gram-negative and yeast cultures were more prevalent in the BICU. The most
      frequently encountered micro-organisms in both units were similar and included
      Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase-negative staphylococci
      (CoNS) and Candida albicans. Significantly more resistant bacteria were detected
      in the BICU. Testing positive across all types of microbiological isolates, as
      well as for both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria significantly prolonged
      patient length of stay. This effect was even more pronounced if the micro
      organisms were resistant to antimicrobial therapy. CONCLUSION: There are notable
      differences in the microbiological isolate and antibiotic resistance patterns
      between burn patients treated in a GICU compared to a designated BICU. In both
      units, testing positive for resistant microbiological micro-organisms is
      significantly associated with longer hospital stay.

PMID- 27372145
TI  - Response to Letter to the Editor "A new method for scar tissue assessment:
      Modified POSAS observer scale".

PMID- 27372146
TI  - Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in patients with complex abdominal wall
      hernias.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic muscle wasting, or sarcopenia, has been associated with poor
      health outcomes after major surgical procedures. Here, we explore the utility of
      CT-generated determinations of sarcopenia as markers of risk in patients
      undergoing evaluation for complex ventral hernia repair. METHODS: In 148
      successive patients being evaluated for complex ventral hernia repair, CT scans
      were analyzed retrospectively for attributes of the hernia and indices of core
      muscle mass, correlating them with preoperative clinical/laboratory profiles and
      outcomes in 82 patients who had undergone surgery. RESULTS: Prevalence of
      sarcopenia, and sarcopenia corrected for obesity, was 26% and 20% respectively.
      Sarcopenia was associated with age, some laboratory indicators, and increased
      hospital length of stay but not with a higher likelihood of surgical site
      occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity may obscure the value of sarcopenia as a marker
      of metabolic disturbance and postoperative outcome. Image-based measurements of
      core-muscle mass should be used with caution as predictors of risk in similar
      surgical populations.

PMID- 27372147
TI  - Frame-of-reference training for simulation-based intraoperative communication
      assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of frame-of
      reference (FOR) training on assessments of intraoperative communication skills
      and identify areas of need to inform curricular efforts. METHODS: Simulation
      instructors (M.D., Ph.D., Research Fellow, Simulation Technician) underwent a 2
      hour FOR training session with the operating room communication instrument. They
      then independently rated communication skills of 19 PGY1s who participated in a
      team-based simulation. Residents completed self-assessments via video review of
      the scenario. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to examine inter
      rater reliability. Relationships between trained raters and resident scores were
      assessed with Pearson correlation coefficients and paired sample t tests.
      RESULTS: Inter-reliability after FOR training was .91. The correlation between
      trained rater scores and resident evaluations was nonsignificant. Residents
      significantly underestimated their intraoperative communication skills (P < .05).
      Use of names, closed loop communication, and sharing information with team
      members demonstrated consistently low ratings among all residents. CONCLUSIONS:
      These findings reveal that a number of individuals can be trained to reliably
      rate resident intraoperative communication performance and that residents tend to
      under-rate their communication skills.

PMID- 27372148
TI  - Bioanalytical challenge: A review of environmental and pharmaceuticals
      contaminants in human milk.
AB  - An overview of bioanalytical methods for the determination of environmental and
      pharmaceutical contaminants in human milk is presented. The exposure of children
      to these contaminants through lactation has been widely investigated. The human
      milk contains diverse proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and the concentration
      of these components is drastically altered during the lactation period providing
      a high degree of an analytical challenge. Sample collection and pretreatment are
      still considered the Achilles' heel. This review presents liquid chromatographic
      methods developed in the last 10 years for this complex matrix with focuses in
      the extraction and quantification steps. Green sample preparation protocols have
      been emphasized.

PMID- 27372149
TI  - Corrigendum to "Sonicating multi-lumen sliced catheter tips after the roll-plate
      technique improves the detection of catheter colonization in adults" [J.
      Microbiol. Methods 122 (2016) 20-22].

PMID- 27372150
TI  - Reduction in Clostridium difficile infection associated with the introduction of
      hydrogen peroxide vapour automated room disinfection.
AB  - The clinical impact of implementing hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) disinfection
      of rooms vacated by patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was
      evaluated. Breakpoint time series analysis indicated a significant reduction
      (P<0.001) in the CDI rate at the time when HPV disinfection was implemented,
      resulting in a reduction in the CDI rate from 1.0 to 0.4 cases per 1000 patient
      days in the 24 months before HPV usage compared with the first 24 months of HPV
      usage. HPV should be considered to augment the terminal disinfection of rooms
      vacated by patients with CDI. 

PMID- 27372151
TI  - Quali-quantitative analysis of the phenolic fraction of the flowers of Corylus
      avellana, source of the Italian PGI product "Nocciola di Giffoni": Isolation of
      antioxidant diarylheptanoids.
AB  - There is only limited information available on the chemical composition of the
      non-edible parts of Corylus avellana, source of the Italian PGI product "Nocciola
      di Giffoni" (hazelnut). An initial LC-MS profile of the methanolic extract of the
      male flowers of C. avellana, cultivar 'Tonda di Giffoni' led to the isolation of
      12 compounds, of which the structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. These
      were identified as three previously undescribed diarylheptanoids, named giffonins
      Q-S, along with nine known compounds. Furthermore, the quantitative determination
      of the main compounds occurring in the methanolic extract of C. avellana flowers
      was carried out by an analytical approach based on LC-ESI(QqQ)MS, using the
      Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) experiment. In order to explore the
      antioxidant ability of C. avellana flowers, the methanolic extract and the
      isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on human plasma
      lipid peroxidation induced by H2O2 and H2O2/Fe(2+), by measuring the
      concentration of TBARS. 

PMID- 27372152
TI  - Prevention policies addressing packaging and packaging waste: Some emerging
      trends.
AB  - Packaging waste is a major issue in several countries. Representing in
      industrialized countries around 30-35% of municipal solid waste yearly generated,
      this waste stream has steadily grown over the years even if, especially in
      Europe, specific recycling and recovery targets have been fixed. Therefore, an
      increasing attention starts to be devoted to prevention measures and
      interventions. Filling a gap in the current literature, this explorative paper is
      a first attempt to map the increasingly important phenomenon of prevention
      policies in the packaging sector. Through a theoretical sampling, 11
      countries/states (7 in and 4 outside Europe) have been selected and analyzed by
      gathering and studying primary and secondary data. Results show evidence of three
      specific trends in packaging waste prevention policies: fostering the adoption of
      measures directed at improving packaging design and production through an
      extensive use of the life cycle assessment; raising the awareness of final
      consumers by increasing the accountability of firms; promoting collaborative
      efforts along the packaging supply chains. 

PMID- 27372153
TI  - The economic value of increasing geospatial access to tetanus toxoid immunization
      in Mozambique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With tetanus being a leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity
      and mortality in low and middle income countries, ensuring that pregnant women
      have geographic access to tetanus toxoid (TT) immunization can be important.
      However, immunization locations in many systems may not be placed to optimize
      access across the population. Issues of access must be addressed for vaccines
      such as TT to reach their full potential. METHODS: To assess how TT immunization
      locations meet population demand in Mozambique, our team developed and utilized
      SIGMA (Strategic Integrated Geo-temporal Mapping Application) to quantify how
      many pregnant women are reachable by existing TT immunization locations, how many
      cannot access these locations, and the potential costs and disease burden of not
      covering geographically harder-to-reach populations. Sensitivity analyses covered
      a range of catchment area sizes to include realistic travel distances and to
      determine the area some locations would need to cover in order for the existing
      system to reach at least 99% of the target population. RESULTS: For 99% of the
      population to reach health centers, people would be required to travel up to
      35km. Limiting this distance to 15km would result in 5450 (3033-7108) annual
      cases of neonatal tetanus that could be prevented by TT, 144,240 (79,878-192,866)
      DALYs, and $110,691,979 ($56,180,326-$159,516,629) in treatment costs and
      productivity losses. A catchment area radius of 5km would lead to 17,841 (9929
      23,271) annual cases of neonatal tetanus that could be prevented by TT, resulting
      in 472,234 (261,517-631,432) DALYs and $362,399,320 ($183,931,229-$522,248,480)
      in treatment costs and productivity losses. CONCLUSION: TT immunization locations
      are not geographically accessible by a significant proportion of pregnant women,
      resulting in substantial healthcare and productivity costs that could potentially
      be averted by adding or reconfiguring TT immunization locations. The resulting
      cost savings of covering these harder to reach populations could help pay for
      establishing additional immunization locations.

PMID- 27372154
TI  - Mumps-specific cross-neutralization by MMR vaccine-induced antibodies predicts
      protection against mumps virus infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Similar to other recent mumps genotype G outbreaks worldwide, most
      mumps patients during the recent mumps genotype G outbreaks in the Netherlands
      had received 2 doses of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine during
      childhood. Here, we investigate the capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies to
      neutralize wild type mumps virus strains, including mumps virus genotype G.
      METHODS: In this study, we tested 105 pre-outbreak serum samples from students
      who had received 2 MMR vaccine doses and who had no mumps virus infection (n=76),
      symptomatic mumps virus infection (n=10) or asymptomatic mumps virus infection
      (n=19) during the mumps outbreaks. In all samples, mumps-specific IgG
      concentrations were measured by multiplex immunoassay and neutralization titers
      were measured against the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain and against wild type
      genotype G and genotype D mumps virus strains. RESULTS: The correlation between
      mumps-specific IgG concentrations and neutralization titers against Jeryl Lynn
      was poor, which suggests that IgG concentrations do not adequately represent
      immunological protection against mumps virus infection by antibody
      neutralization. Pre-outbreak neutralization titers in infected persons were
      significantly lower against genotype G than against the vaccine strain.
      Furthermore, antibody neutralization of wild type mumps virus genotype G and
      genotype D was significantly reduced in pre-outbreak samples from infected
      persons as compared with non-infected persons. No statistically significant
      difference was found for the vaccine strain. The sensitivity/specificity ratio
      was largest for neutralization of the genotype G strain as compared with the
      genotype D strain and the vaccine strain. CONCLUSIONS: The reduced neutralization
      of wild type mumps virus strains in MMR vaccinated persons prior to infection
      indicates that pre-outbreak mumps virus neutralization is partly strain-specific
      and that neutralization differs between infected and non-infected persons.
      Therefore, we recommend the use of wild type mumps virus neutralization assays as
      preferred tool for surveillance of protection against mumps virus infection.

PMID- 27372155
TI  - PLGA-microencapsulation protects Salmonella typhi outer membrane proteins from
      acidic degradation and increases their mucosal immunogenicity.
AB  - Salmonella (S.) enterica infections are an important global health problem with
      more than 20 million individuals suffering from enteric fever annually and more
      than 200,000 lethal cases per year. Although enteric fever can be treated
      appropriately with antibiotics, an increasing number of antibiotic resistant
      Salmonella strains is detected. While two vaccines against typhoid fever are
      currently on the market, their availability in subtropical endemic areas is
      limited because these products need to be kept in uninterrupted cold chains.
      Hence, the development of a thermally stable vaccine that induces mucosal immune
      responses would greatly improve human health in endemic areas. Here, we have
      combined the high structural stability of Salmonella typhi outer membrane
      proteins (porins) with their microencapsulation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic
      acid) (PLGA) to generate an orally applicable vaccine. Encapsulated porins were
      protected from acidic degradation and exhibited enhanced immunogenicity following
      oral administration. In particular, the vaccine elicited strong S. typhi-specific
      B cell responses in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. In sum, PLGA
      microencapsulation substantially improved the efficacy of oral vaccination
      against S. typhi.

PMID- 27372157
TI  - Response to commentary re 'Is glans penis width a risk factor for complications
      after hypospadias repair?'.

PMID- 27372156
TI  - Transmission-blocking activity is determined by transmission-reducing activity
      and number of control oocysts in Plasmodium falciparum standard membrane-feeding
      assay.
AB  - Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) are potentially helpful tools for
      malaria eradication. The standard membrane-feeding assay (SMFA) is considered one
      of the "gold standard" assays for TBV development. However, lack of consensus in
      reporting results from SMFA has made it very challenging to compare results from
      different studies. Two main readouts, % inhibition in mean oocyst count per
      mosquito (TRA) and % inhibition in prevalence of infected mosquitoes (TBA), have
      been used widely. In this study, we statistically modeled the oocyst data in SMFA
      using data from 105 independent feeding experiments including 9804 mosquitoes.
      The model was validated using an independent data set that included 10,790
      mosquitoes from 110 feeding studies. The model delineates a relationship between
      TRA, the mean oocyst count in the control mosquitoes (mo-contl), and TBA. While
      TRA was independent from mo-contl, TBA values changed depending on mo-contl.
      Regardless of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies tested, there were strong
      concordances between observed TBA and predicted TBA based on the model using mo
      contl and observed TRA. Simulations showed that SMFA with lower true control
      means had increased uncertainty in TRA estimates. The strong linkage between TBA,
      TRA and mo-contl inspired creation of a standardized TBA, a model-based TBA
      standardized to a target control mean, which allows comparison across multiple
      feeds regardless of mo-contl. This is the first study showing that the observed
      TBA can be reasonably predicted by mo-contl and the TRA of the test antibody
      using independent experimental data. This study indicates that TRA should be used
      to compare results from multiple feeds with different levels of mo-contl. If a
      measure of TBA is desired, it is better to report standardized TBA rather than
      observed TBA. These recommendations support rational comparisons of results from
      different studies, thus benefiting future TBV development.

PMID- 27372158
TI  - Spontaneous regression of suspected cystic dysplasia of the rete testis in three
      neonates.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cystic dysplasia of the rete testis (CDRT) is a rare cause of
      scrotal swelling during infancy. It is a benign lesion that is often associated
      with ipsilateral renal, ureteral or genital abnormalities. Leissring and
      Oppenheimer described it for the first time in 1973. CASE REPORTS: Since 2006,
      three neonates were referred to our pediatric surgery department because of a
      scrotal swelling related to intra-testicular cysts. Physical examination showed
      enlarged testicles without pain or inflammation. The ultrasound scan (USS) showed
      enlarged testicles related to multiple small cysts surrounded by normal
      parenchyma, and no other urinary abnormalities. As CDRT was suspected, a
      conservative strategy was proposed with repeated clinical examinations and USS.
      The cysts gradually regressed and disappeared in all cases, with a mean follow-up
      of 52 months. DISCUSSION: As reported by Jeyaratnam et al., mean age at
      presentation was around 6 years. The most frequently associated urinary
      abnormalities were renal agenesis and multicystic dysplasia of the kidney.
      Differential diagnosis of CDRT included single testicular cyst, epidermoid cyst,
      albugina cyst, teratoma, cystic lymphangioma, testicular juvenile granulosa cell
      tumor, cystic transformation after orchitis, or spermatic cord torsion.
      Ultrasonography was the method of choice for the diagnosis of CDRT and its follow
      up. The USS showed multiple small cysts with normal, but compressed, surrounding
      testicular parenchyma. A high-frequency transducer was mandatory to exclude other
      causes of scrotal swelling. With the involution of the cysts, the aspect of the
      parenchyma could be slightly heterogeneous or confused with microlithiasis.
      Historically, orchidectomy was the proposed treatment. However, because of a more
      precise diagnosis with USS, a conservative approach has been proposed.
      Nonetheless, recurrence after sparing surgery was frequent, as reported by many
      authors. Non-surgical management was reported in selected cases, sometimes after
      a surgical biopsy to confirm a benign lesion. Spontaneous regression of CDRT
      without any sequelae has been reported in six cases (see Summary Table) but long
      term follow-up in the adult population has never been published. Limitations of
      the present series were related to the small number of cases, the absence of
      follow-up beyond puberty, and the absence of biopsy to confirm the diagnosis of
      CDRT. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous regression of CDRT was possible, and conservative
      attitude was an option, as CDRT is a benign lesion. Careful and prolonged 'watch
      and wait' management was a safe alternative to surgery, but other causes of
      scrotal swelling must be excluded, possibly with a testicular biopsy.

PMID- 27372159
TI  - Disinfection Efficacy of Current Regenerative Endodontic Protocols in Simulated
      Necrotic Immature Permanent Teeth.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The lack of mechanical debridement and reduced concentrations
      suggested for chemical debridement to maintain stem cell viability call into
      question the disinfection efficacy of current regenerative protocols. Current
      protocols vary in the concentration and type of antibiotic medicaments used. The
      aim of this study was to determine if simulated immature teeth infected with
      Enterococcus faecalis can be completely disinfected by following current
      standardized regenerative protocols and to evaluate the probable effects of
      residual bacteria on stem cell toxicity. METHODS: Sixty-eight caries-free
      maxillary incisors were used. S1 sampling protocols were validated in both
      negative and positive control groups via culture, scanning electron microscopy,
      and confocal laser scanning microscopy. All teeth, except the negative controls,
      were inoculated with E. faecalis. The teeth were divided into the following
      groups: group 1, triple antibiotic paste
      (ciprofloxacin:metronidazole:minocycline) at concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1
      mg/mL; group 2, double antibiotic paste (ciprofloxacin:metronidazole) at
      concentrations of 10, 1, and 0.1 mg/mL; group 3: Ultracal XS calcium hydroxide
      (Ultradent, St Louis, MO); and controls, negative and positive controls. Current
      regenerative protocols recommended by the American Association of Endodontists
      were followed. S2 sampling was performed after 4 weeks and tested for bacterial
      presence via culturing, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning
      microscopic analysis. RESULTS: The data showed that calcium hydroxide and the
      current recommended antibiotic concentrations are not capable of completely
      eliminating bacteria from simulated necrotic immature permanent teeth.
      CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study focuses on the need to re-evaluate the balance
      between stem cell toxicity and bacterial elimination in order to determine the
      appropriate concentrations and medicaments for successful regenerative endodontic
      procedures.

PMID- 27372160
TI  - Evaluation of the Effect of Rotary Systems on Stresses in a New Testing Model
      Using a 3-Dimensional Printed Simulated Resin Root with an Oval-shaped Canal: A
      Finite Element Analysis Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This finite element analysis study was aimed at evaluating the
      effects of rotary systems on stresses in photopolymerized resin root models with
      oval-shaped canals. METHODS: Among the data collected by computed tomographic
      imaging, a mandibular second premolar tooth with an oval-shaped canal was
      selected, recorded as Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, and
      transferred to Materialise's Interactive Medical Image Control System software.
      Three-dimensional modeling was performed to produce photopolymerized resin root
      models. Root canals were prepared by OneShape (OS; MicroMega, Besancon, France);
      ProTaper Universal (PTU; Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK); WaveOne (WO, Dentsply
      Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland); Mtwo (MT; VDW, Munich, Germany); Twisted
      File (TF; Kerr Dental, Orange, CA); ProTaper Next (PTN, Dentsply Tulsa Dental),
      and hand files (HFs) (control). The models were scanned (micro-computed
      tomographic imaging; SkyScan 1174; Kontich, Belgium), finite element analysis
      models were created, and stresses were calculated under 300-N loading (at a 45
      degrees  angle and vertically). RESULTS: The maximum stress values were found to
      be higher when the roots were loaded at an angle. The range of the stress values
      was PTU > MT > WO > HF > PTN > OS > TF. The stresses were forwarded toward the
      apical area in the PTN, OS, and TF models. When loaded vertically, the highest
      maximum stress values were recorded in the WO model. High stress concentrations
      were observed at coronal, thus less stress was forwarded toward the apical,
      giving an advantage to the root. The range of the others was as follows: PTN >=
      PTU > MT > TF > OS >= HF. The TF model showed lower maximum stress values,
      whereas the HF model showed more homogenous stress distribution. CONCLUSIONS:
      Considering the stress distributions and stress values within the models, it can
      be concluded that oval-shaped canals prepared by HFs and WO were less likely to
      result in root fracture.

PMID- 27372161
TI  - Bacteremia after Endodontic Procedures in Patients with Heart Disease: Culture
      and Molecular Analyses.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Infective endocarditis (IE) is still associated with high
      mortality, and antibiotic prophylaxis strategies are under intense debate. We
      evaluated the incidence of bacteremia after root canal preparation in teeth with
      necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis. METHODS: Blood samples were taken before
      and 5 and 30 minutes after endodontic treatment in teeth with apical
      periodontitis from individuals at high (n = 21) or no risk (n = 11) for IE. The
      former received prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Bacteriologic samples were taken
      from root canals before chemomechanical preparation to confirm pulp infection.
      Samples were subjected to aerobic and anaerobic culture and quantitative real
      time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), the latter to determine the total
      bacterial and streptococcal levels. RESULTS: Culture revealed no bacteremia in
      all individuals. Analysis by qPCR showed that bacterial DNA occurred in all root
      canal samples. qPCR showed a similar incidence of bacteremia between patients who
      received or did not receive prophylactic antibiotic therapy (P > .05). In blood
      samples taken 5 minutes after endodontic procedures, bacteria were detected in 2
      of 11 (18%) individuals not taking antibiotics and in 4 of 21 (19%) patients
      under prophylaxis. After 30 minutes, the incidence of bacteremia decreased to 2
      of 21 (10%) in patients taking antibiotics and was undetectable in patients at no
      risk of IE. The incidence of bacteremia by streptococci was identical as that for
      total bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: No detectable bacteremia was evident by culture
      after treatment of infected root canals. Molecular analysis revealed bacterial
      DNA and streptococci in blood from some patients without a significant difference
      between individuals receiving or not receiving antibiotic prophylaxis.

PMID- 27372162
TI  - Ability of Cone-beam Computed Tomography to Detect Periapical Lesions That Were
      Not Detected by Periapical Radiography: A Retrospective Assessment According to
      Tooth Group.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The detection of periapical lesions by periapical radiography (PR)
      can be hampered by structural noise, the impact of which differs among tooth
      groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of cone-beam
      computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging to detect periapical lesions that could not
      be detected with PR according to tooth group. METHODS: This study retrospectively
      evaluated teeth that (1) had previously undergone root canal treatment (178 teeth
      from 86 patients), (2) had coincidentally been located within the field of view
      of CBCT scans performed for endodontic reasons, and (3) had also been examined
      with PR. The teeth of interest for the CBCT examinations were excluded to avoid
      sampling bias. Two dentists evaluated both the CBCT and PR images for periapical
      lesions. The McNemar test was used to compare the ability of CBCT imaging and PR
      to identify periapical lesions (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: The overall periapical
      lesion detection rates of PR and CBCT imaging were 31.5% and 52.2%, respectively
      (P < .0001). The ability of CBCT imaging to identify periapical lesions that were
      not detected by PR was statistically significant for the maxillary
      incisors/canines (P < .0001) and maxillary molars (P < .005). CONCLUSIONS: Within
      the limitations of this investigation, it can be concluded that CBCT imaging is
      effective at detecting periapical lesions that cannot be detected on PR,
      particularly in the maxillary incisors/canines and molars. Our findings suggest
      that the influence of structural noise in the maxillary anterior region and
      maxillary posterior region should not be overlooked during the interpretation of
      PR images.

PMID- 27372163
TI  - The dual role of ROS, antioxidants and autophagy in cancer.
AB  - In this issue of the Biomedical Journal, we highlight a review revealing that the
      effect of autophagy, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidants in cancer may be a
      question of timing and context. We also discuss original research showing that
      the prevalence of cleft lip with or without palate in Taiwan has declined over
      the past 20 years, and what this might mean in terms of trends in abortion.
      Finally, we also learn about risk factors for recurrent hospital-acquired
      infection with multi-drug resistant bacteria, and the value of dental screening
      for patients with tinnitus. 

PMID- 27372164
TI  - Honoring antiparasitics: The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
AB  - Protozoa and helminths are the two main groups that cause parasitic diseases with
      a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms. Protozoa are unicellular organisms like
      the malaria parasite Plasmodium, which is responsible for the majority of deaths
      associated with parasitic infections. Helminths are alternative parasites that
      can produce debilitating diseases in hosts, some of which result in chronic
      infections. The discovery of effective therapeutic drugs is the key to improving
      health in regions of poverty and poor sanitation where these parasites usually
      occur. It is very encouraging that the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
      was awarded to Youyou Tu as well as William C. Campbell and Satoshi Omura for
      their considerable contributions in discovering artemisinin and avermectin,
      respectively. Both drugs revolutionized therapies for filariasis and malaria,
      significantly reducing by large percentages their morbidity and mortality. 

PMID- 27372166
TI  - Clinical applications of spectral domain optical coherence tomography in retinal
      diseases.
AB  - Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was introduced about two decades ago and has
      revolutionized ophthalmic practice in recent years. It is a noninvasive
      noncontact imaging modality that provides a high-resolution cross-sectional image
      of the cornea, retina, choroid and optic nerve head, analogous to that of the
      histological section. Advances in OCT technology in signal detection technique
      from time-domain (TD) to spectral-domain (SD) detection have given us the
      potential to study various retinal layers more precisely and in less time. SD-OCT
      better delineates structural changes and fine lesions in the individual retinal
      layers. Thus, we have gained substantial information about the pathologic and
      structural changes in ocular conditions with primary or secondary retinal
      involvement. This review we discuss the clinical application of currently
      available SD-OCT in various retinal pathologies. Furthermore, highlights the
      benefits of SD-OCT over TD. With the introduction of enhanced depth imaging and
      swept - source OCT visualization of the choroid and choriocapillaris has become
      possible. Therefore, OCT has become an indispensable ancillary test in the
      diagnosis and management of diseases involving the retina and/or the choroid. As
      OCT technology continues to develop further it will provide new insights into the
      retinal and choroidal structure and the pathogenesis of posterior segment of the
      eye. 

PMID- 27372167
TI  - Continuous epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor
      administration in primary lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring favorable
      mutations with controlled target lung tumors dose not hinder survival benefit
      despite small new lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the efficacy of continuous epidermal
      growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) administration in
      lung adenocarcinoma patients harboring favorable mutations regarding the
      progressive disease (PD) status with appearance of indolent new lesions. METHODS:
      From June 2010 to October 2012, 102 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, harboring
      favorable EGFR mutations and treated with EGFR-TKI were analyzed. Definite new
      lesions were detected during EGFR-TKI therapy, even though the primary target
      tumors were controlled. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients, 57 continued and 45
      discontinued EGFR-TKI therapy. The median overall survival was 529 days for the
      discontinuation group and 791 days for the continuation group (p = 0.0197).
      Median survival time after the discontinuation of EGFR-TKI was 181 days and 115
      days in the discontinuation and continuation groups, respectively (p = 0.1776),
      whereas median survival time after the appearance of indolent new lesions was 204
      days and 262 days, respectively (p = 0.0237). CONCLUSION: Continuous EGFR-TKI
      administration in favorable EGFR-mutative lung adenocarcinoma patients with
      controlled primary tumors did not hinder the survival benefit, despite the
      appearance of new lesions.

PMID- 27372165
TI  - Metabolic, autophagic, and mitophagic activities in cancer initiation and
      progression.
AB  - Cancer is a complex disease marked by uncontrolled cell growth and invasion.
      These processes are driven by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic
      alterations that promote cancer initiation and progression. Contributing to
      genome changes are the regulation of oxidative stress and reactive species
      induced damage to molecules and organelles. Redox regulation, metabolic
      plasticity, autophagy, and mitophagy play important and interactive roles in
      cancer hallmarks including sustained proliferation, activated invasion, and
      replicative immortality. However, the impact of these processes can differ
      depending on the signaling pathways altered in cancer, tumor type, tumor stage,
      and/or the differentiation state. Here, we highlight some of the representative
      studies on the impact of oxidative and nitrosative activities, mitochondrial
      bioenergetics, metabolism, and autophagy and mitophagy in the context of
      tumorigenesis. We discuss the implications of these processes for cellular
      activities in cancer for anti-cancer-based therapeutics. 

PMID- 27372169
TI  - The occlusal imaging and analysis system by T-scan III in tinnitus patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of
      temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in tinnitus patients ranges from 7% to 95%,
      and it is reported in literature that idiopathic tinnitus patients should be
      referred to a dentist to define whether or not the tinnitus is associated with
      TMD. However, the possible pathophysiological relation between TMDs and tinnitus
      is not generally investigated in clinical practice. METHODS: The patterns and
      forces of occlusal contacts have been studied by means of T-scan III in 47
      tinnitus patients (23 suffering from idiopathic tinnitus and 24 affected by
      Meniere disease [MD]) and 13 healthy subjects. RESULTS: The center of force
      target was offset in the opposite direction in 15/23 idiopathic tinnitus and in
      7/24 MD patients (p = 0.026). No significant variation was found in the occlusal
      force. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a diagnostic screening method for
      occlusal stability in the intercuspidal position might be clinically useful in
      idiopathic tinnitus patients.

PMID- 27372168
TI  - Risk factors of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii recurrence after
      successful eradication in ventilated patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinically, multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB)
      recurrence is found in some patients although identified as successfully
      eradicated. We aim to discover the characteristics of patients with MDR-AB
      recurrence in the respiratory tract. METHODS: We retrospectively collected 106
      chronic respiratory failure patients with MDR-AB harvest in pulmonary secretion
      culture. RESULTS: MDR-AB was successfully eradicated in 69 patients. Diabetes
      mellitus (p = 0.030, odds ratio [OR]: 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-6.4)
      and acute respiratory distress syndrome (p = 0.001, OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 1.8-12.7)
      reduce the MDR-AB eradication rate. Besides, a classification of colonization or
      infection was made beyond the 69 MDR-AB eradicated patients. In the colonization
      group, diabetes mellitus (p = 0.009; OR = 5.1, 95% CI: 1.5-17.6) is the only
      independent factor to increase the recurrence rate. Glycated hemoglobin level is
      also analyzed for each group to investigate diabetes control effect, but no
      significant difference found. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor of
      MDR-AB recurrence among MDR-AB-colonized patients; the impact of localized
      pneumonia patch in MDR-AB-infected patients requires further study to be
      clarified.

PMID- 27372170
TI  - A comparison between the effects of propofol-fentanyl with propofol-ketamine for
      sedation in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
      outside the operating room.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The efficient and secure techniques of anesthesia and sedation have
      always been needed for. One of these procedures is endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), due to its painfulness and long duration, has
      high sensitivity. We compare the effects of propofol-fentanyl (PF) with propofol
      ketamine (PK) to sedate patients undergoing ERCP. METHODS: In this clinical
      trial, patients were divided into two groups of 49 people. A group received a
      pharmaceutical combination of PK, and another group received a pharmaceutical
      combination of PF. Vital signs of patients, Ramsey Sedation Score, and pain of
      patients were assessed. The total dosage of used propofol was also recorded.
      RESULTS: There was no significant difference seen in the patients' hemodynamic
      characteristics in both groups. Pain at the end of surgery and an hour after it
      in the PK group was less that was not statistically significant. By Ramsey
      Sedation Score also significant differences were not seen between groups (p =
      0.68). By using total dose of propofol used also a significant difference was not
      observed between the two groups (p = 0.36). Rate of apnea in PK group was 32% and
      in the PF group was 63%, which this difference was statistically significant (p <
      0.05). CONCLUSION: A comparison between the two drugs combination shows that
      although in terms of hemodynamic and sedation criteria both groups were similar,
      but because of the lower amount of pain and apnea in the PK group, this
      combination may generally in the ERCP procedure is more efficient and safer.

PMID- 27372171
TI  - Time trend of incidence rates of cleft lip/palate in Taiwan from 1994 to 2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was to estimate the incidence rate of cleft lip and/or
      cleft palate (CL/P) in Taiwan from 1994 to 2013, and to assess the time trend
      over these years. METHODS: Retrospective data analysis was performed on records
      of all newborns with CL/P treated at Chang Gung Craniofacial Center, the only
      treatment center for CL/P in Taiwan, from 1994 to 2013. Three-year moving average
      rates were computed and linear regression was used to explore the annual average
      percentage change. RESULTS: From 1994 to 2013, 7282 newborns with CL/P were
      identified, corresponding to an annual rate of 1.480/00 (95% confidence interval
      (CI) = 1.450/00-1.520/00). There was a significant decline of rate of cleft lip
      with or without cleft palate (CL +/- P) (-2.9% +/- 0.2%, p < 0.0001) but slightly
      increase of rate of cleft palate (CP) only (+0.2% +/- 0.07%, p = 0.004).
      CONCLUSION: From 1994 to 2013, the annual rate of incidence of CL/P was 1.480/00
      in Taiwan. The 2.9% annual decline of the rate was mainly from the CL +/- P
      group, not the CP group.

PMID- 27372172
TI  - Esophageal mucormycosis in an immunocompetent child: A rare presentation.
AB  - Invasive mucormycosis of the esophagus (rare) and gastrointestinal tract is
      emerging as an important cause of concern in children. It usually affects
      immunosuppressed individuals. However, infection of immunocompetent children is
      also seen. The diagnosis of mucormycosis is difficult both at the clinical and
      the laboratory level, hence leading to unsatisfactory treatment and high
      mortality rates. The infection is usually life threatening so an early diagnosis
      and prompt administration of antifungal therapy is imperative. 

PMID- 27372173
TI  - Contraceptive behaviour in North India.

PMID- 27372174
TI  - Meeting the unmet needs of family planning.

PMID- 27372175
TI  - Quantifying trabecular bone material anisotropy and orientation using low
      resolution clinical CT images: A feasibility study.
AB  - Accounting for spatial variation of trabecular material anisotropy and
      orientation can improve the accuracy of quantitative computed tomography-based
      finite element (FE) modeling of bone. The objective of this study was to
      investigate the feasibility of quantifying trabecular material anisotropy and
      orientation using clinical computed tomography (CT). Forty four cubic volumes of
      interest were obtained from micro-CT images of the human radius. Micro-FE
      modeling was performed on the samples to obtain orthotropic stiffness entries as
      well as trabecular orientation. Simulated computed tomography images (0.32, 0.37,
      and 0.5mm isotropic voxel sizes) were created by resampling micro-CT images with
      added image noise. The gray-level structure tensor was used to derive fabric
      eigenvalues and eigenvectors in simulated CT images. For 'best case' comparison
      purposes, Mean Intercept Length was used to define fabric from micro-CT images.
      Regression was used in combination with eigenvalues, imaged density and FE to
      inversely derive the constants used in Cowin and Zysset-Curnier fabric-elasticity
      equations, and for comparing image derived fabric-elasticity stiffness entries to
      those obtained using micro-FE. Image derived eigenvectors (which indicated
      trabecular orientation) were then compared to orientation derived using micro-FE.
      When using clinically available voxel sizes, gray-level structure tensor derived
      fabric combined with Cowin's equations was able to explain 94-97% of the variance
      in orthotropic stiffness entries while Zysset-Curnier equations explained 82-88%
      of the variance in stiffness. Image derived orientation deviated by 4.4-10.8
      degrees  from micro-FE derived orientation. Our results indicate potential to
      account for spatial variation of trabecular material anisotropy and orientation
      in subject-specific finite element modeling of bone using clinically available
      CT.

PMID- 27372176
TI  - Genetic and molecular basis of diabetic foot ulcers: Clinical review.
AB  - Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) are major complications associated with diabetes and
      often correlate with peripheral neuropathy, trauma and peripheral vascular
      disease. It is necessary to understand the molecular and genetic basis of
      diabetic foot ulcers in order to tailor patient centred care towards particular
      patient groups. This review aimed to evaluate whether current literature was
      indicative of an underlying molecular and genetic basis for DFUs and to discuss
      clinical applications. From a molecular perspective, wound healing is a process
      that transpires following breach of the skin barrier and is usually mediated by
      growth factors and cytokines released by specialised cells activated by the
      immune response, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, phagocytes, platelets
      and keratinocytes. Growth factors and cytokines are fundamental in the
      organisation of the molecular processes involved in making cutaneous wound
      healing possible. There is a significant role for single nucleotide polymorphism
      (SNPs) in the fluctuation of these growth factors and cytokines in DFUs.
      Furthermore, recent evidence suggests a key role for epigenetic mechanisms such
      as DNA methylation from long standing hyperglycemia and non-coding RNAs in the
      complex interplay between genes and the environment. Genetic factors and
      ethnicity can also play a significant role in the development of diabetic
      neuropathy leading to DFUs. Clinically, interventions which have improved
      outcomes for people with DFUs or those at risk of DFUs include some systemic
      therapeutic drug interventions which improve microvascular blood flow, surgical
      interventions, human growth factors, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy, negative
      pressure wound therapy, skin replacement or shockwave therapy and the use of
      topical treatments. Future treatment modalities including stem cell and gene
      therapies are promising in the therapeutic approach to prevent the progression of
      chronic diabetic complications.

PMID- 27372177
TI  - Lacking the 'protective label' of diabetes: Phenytoin-induced distal symmetrical
      peripheral neuropathy. A clinical case report.
AB  - This report documents an unusual case of distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy
      (DSPN) in an otherwise healthy patient without diabetes mellitus (DM) presenting
      to a podiatric wound care clinic. The development of gas gangrene coupled with
      Charcot neuroarthropathic changes ultimately resulted in a potentially life
      saving transmetatarsal (TMT) amputation. Causation of, or at least a contributor
      to, the DSPN was likely phenytoin usage for epileptic seizures. Long-term use of
      phenytoin can lead to axonal shrinkage and random clusters of nerve demyelination
      [1]. Clinical standards for DM-induced DSPN indicate that annual comprehensive
      neurological assessment to detect nerve function deterioration is warranted [2].
      This can aid in identifying patients at high risk of diabetic foot ulceration.
      However, oftentimes, patients exhibiting medication-induced neuropathy are not
      assessed to determine severity of the neuropathy nor are they educated about
      ulcer prevention in the same manner as patients with DM. This report advocates
      for a standardized threshold of diagnostic and preventative investigation for
      neuropathy of all aetiologies; diabetic, traumatic, viral, medication-induced and
      idiopathic.

PMID- 27372178
TI  - Trichilemmoma in Childhood.

PMID- 27372179
TI  - Defence sugarcane glycoproteins disorganize microtubules and prevent nuclear
      polarization and germination of Sporisorium scitamineum teliospores.
AB  - Microtubules (MTs) are involved in the germination of Sporisorium scitamineum
      teliospores. Resistant varieties of sugar cane plants produce defence
      glycoproteins that prevent the infection of the plants by the filamentous fungi
      Sporisorium scitamineum. Here, we show that a fraction of these glycoproteins
      prevents the correct arrangement of MTs and causes nuclear fragmentation defects.
      As a result, nuclei cannot correctly migrate through the growing hyphae, causing
      germinative failure. Arginase activity contained in defence glycoproteins is
      already described for preventing fungal germination. Now, its enzymatically
      active form is presented as a link between the defensive capacity of
      glycoproteins and the MT disorganization in fungal cells. Active arginase is
      produced in healthy and resistant plants; conversely, it is not detected in the
      juice from susceptible varieties, which explains why MT depolarization, nuclear
      disorganization as well as germination of teliospores are not significantly
      affected by glycoproteins from non-resistant plants. Our results also suggest
      that susceptible plants try to increase their levels of arginase after detecting
      the presence of the pathogen. However, this signal comes "too late" and such
      defensive mechanism fails. 

PMID- 27372180
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Nylanderia fulva virus 1, a positive-sense,
      single-stranded RNA virus infecting the tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva.
AB  - We report the discovery of Nylanderia fulva virus 1 (NfV-1), the first virus
      identified and characterized from the ant, Nylanderia fulva. The NfV-1 genome
      (GenBank accession KX024775) is 10,881 nucleotides in length, encoding one large
      open reading frame (ORF). Helicase, protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and
      jelly-roll capsid protein domains were recognized within the polyprotein.
      Phylogenetic analysis placed NfV-1 in an unclassified clade of viruses. Electron
      microscopic examination of negatively stained samples revealed particles with
      icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of 28.7+/-1.1nm. The virus was detected by
      RT-PCR in larval, pupal, worker and queen developmental stages. However, the
      replicative strand of NfV-1 was only detected in larvae. Vertical transmission
      did not appear to occur, but horizontal transmission was facile. The inter
      colonial field prevalence of NfV-1 was 52+/-35% with some local infections
      reaching 100%. NfV-1 was not detected in limited samples of other Nylanderia
      species or closely related ant species.

PMID- 27372182
TI  - [Primary hyperoxaluria: A review].
AB  - Primary hyperoxalurias (PH) are inborn errors in the metabolism of glyoxalate and
      oxalate with recessive autosomal transmission. As a result, an increased
      endogenous production of oxalate leads to exessive urinary oxalate excretion. PH
      type 1, the most common form, is due to a deficiency of the peroxisomal enzyme
      alanine: Glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT) in the liver. PH type 2 is due to the
      deficiency of the glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductase, present in the
      cytosol of hepatocytes and leucocytes. PH type 3 is linked to the gene HOGA1,
      encoding a mitochondrial enzyme, the 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-glutarate aldolase.
      Recurrent urolithiaisis and nephrocalcinosis are the markers of the disease. As a
      result, a progressive dysfunction of the kidneys is commonly observed. At the
      stage of severe chronic kidney disease, plasma oxalate increase leads to a
      systemic oxalosis. Diagnostic is often delayed and it based on stone analysis,
      cristalluria, oxaluria determination and DNA analysis. Early initiation of
      conservative treatment including high fluid intake and long-term co
      administration of inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and pyridoxine,
      could efficiently prevent end stage renal disease. In end stage renal failure, a
      combined liver-kidney transplantation corrects the enzyme defect.

PMID- 27372183
TI  - Beneficial effects of rapid introduction of adaptive servo-ventilation in the
      emergency room in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) at home has been used for patients
      with chronic heart failure. However, its effect on acute cardiogenic pulmonary
      edema (ACPE) is not clear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of
      ASV use in the emergency room in patients with ACPE. METHODS: We enrolled 198
      consecutive patients with ACPE. Eighty patients received standard therapies, such
      as oxygen inhalation and vasodilators (conventional therapy group), and 118
      received ASV in addition to standard therapy (ASV therapy group). ASV was
      initiated in the emergency room immediately after diagnosis. The procedure was
      switched over from ASV to endotracheal intubation (ETI) when oxygenation was
      insufficient. RESULTS: The ETI rate in the ASV therapy group was significantly
      lower than that in the conventional therapy group (3% vs. 21%, p<0.01). The
      intensive care unit and/or high care unit length of stay in the ASV therapy group
      was also significantly shorter than that in the conventional therapy group (1.9+/
      2.1 days vs. 5.3+/-6.8 days, p<0.01). Consequently, the hospitalization period in
      the ASV therapy group was shorter than that in the conventional therapy group
      (19.3+/-11.0 days vs. 26.3+/-16.6 days, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: In patients with
      ACPE, rapid introduction of ASV in the emergency room reduces the need for ETI
      and decreases the hospitalization period.

PMID- 27372181
TI  - Contributions of P2- and P22-like prophages to understanding the enormous
      diversity and abundance of tailed bacteriophages.
AB  - We identified 9371 tailed phage prophages of 20 known types in reported complete
      genome sequences of 3298 bacteria in the Salmonella genus. These include 4758 P2
      type and 744 P22 type prophages. The latter prophage types were found in the
      genome sequences of 127 and 24 bacterial host genera, increasing the known host
      ranges of phages in these groups by 114 and 20 genera, respectively. These
      prophage nucleotide sequences displayed much more diversity than was previously
      known from the 48 P2 and 24 P22 type authentic phages whose genomes have been
      sequenced. More detailed analysis of these prophage sequences indicated that
      major capsid protein (MCP) gene exchange between tailed phage clusters or types
      is extremely rare and that P22 prophage-encoded tailspikes correspond perfectly
      with their hosts' surface polysaccharide structure; thus, MCP and tailspike
      sequences accurately predict tailed phage type (and thus lifestyle) and host cell
      surface polysaccharide structure, respectively.

PMID- 27372184
TI  - Efficacy of Prophylactic Antibiotics in Simple Knee Arthroscopy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the association between the use of preoperative antibiotics
      and the risk of postoperative infection after simple knee arthroscopy. METHODS:
      The electronic medical records of a large integrated health care organization
      were used to identify patients who underwent simple knee arthroscopy between 2007
      and 2012. Patient demographics, potential infection risk factors, and antibiotic
      administration data were extracted. Simple knee arthroscopy included debridement,
      meniscectomy, meniscus repair, synovectomy, microfracture, and lateral release.
      Complex knee arthroscopy, septic knees, and cases involving fractures were
      excluded. Deep infection was defined as a positive synovial fluid culture or
      signs and symptoms of infection and gross pus in the knee. Superficial infection
      was defined as clinical signs of infection localized to a portal site and
      treatment with an antibiotic. RESULTS: Of 40,810 simple knee arthroscopies,
      32,836 (80.5%) received preoperative antibiotics and 7,974 (19.5%) did not. There
      were 25 deep infections in the antibiotic group (0.08%) and 11 in the no
      antibiotics group (0.14%) (risk ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.27 to
      1.12, P = .10). There were 134 superficial infections in the antibiotic group
      (0.41%) and 32 in the no-antibiotics group (0.40%) (risk ratio = 1.01, 95%
      confidence interval: 0.29 to 1.49, P = .93). CONCLUSIONS: In our large sample of
      patients who underwent simple knee arthroscopy, there was no association between
      preoperative antibiotic use and postoperative deep or superficial infection rates
      at the 95% confidence level (P = .05). There was an association between
      preoperative antibiotic use and a decreased deep infection rate at the P = .10
      level. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

PMID- 27372185
TI  - Identification of microRNAs in rice root in response to nitrate and ammonium.
AB  - Nitrate and ammonium are two major nitrogen (N) sources for higher plants, but
      they differ in utilization and signaling. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an essential
      role in N signal transduction; however, knowledge remains limited about the
      regulatory role of miRNAs responsive to different N sources, especially in crop
      plants. To get global overview on miRNAs involved in N response in rice, we
      performed high-throughput small RNA-sequencing under different nitrate and
      ammonium treatments. The results demonstrated that only 16 and 11 miRNAs were
      significantly induced by nitrate and ammonium under short-term treatment,
      respectively. However, 60 differentially expressed miRNAs were found between
      nitrate and ammonium under long-term cultivation. These results suggested that
      miRNA response greatly differentiates between nitrate and ammonium treatments.
      Furthermore, 44 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between high-
      and low-N conditions. Our study reveals comprehensive expression profiling of
      miRNAs responsive to different N sources and different N treatments, which
      advances our understanding on the regulation of different N signaling and
      homeostasis mediated by miRNAs.

PMID- 27372186
TI  - 3-Substituted-4-hydroxycoumarin as a new scaffold with potent CDK inhibition and
      promising anticancer effect: Synthesis, molecular modeling and QSAR studies.
AB  - A new series of 3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives was designed,
      synthesized, and evaluated for CDK inhibiting and anticancer activities. All the
      synthesized target compounds showed remarkably high affinity and selectivity
      towards CDK1B, compared to flavopiridol, with Ki values in the low nanomolar
      range (Ki=0.35-0.88nM). Most of them elicited considerable inhibiting effect
      against CDK9T1 (Ki=3.26-23.45nM). Moreover, all the target compounds were tested
      in vitro against eighteen types of human tumor cell lines. The hydrazone 3a, N
      phenylpyrazoline derivative 6b and 2-aminopyridyl-3-carbonitrile derivative 8c
      were the most potent anticancer agents against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line
      (IC50=0.21, 0.21 and 0.23nM, respectively). The target compounds 3a, 6b and 8c
      were further evaluated in MCF-7 breast cancer mouse xenograft model and showed in
      vivo efficacy at 10mg/kg dose. The docking study confirmed a unique binding mode
      in the active site of CDK1B with better score than flavopiridol. Quantitative
      structure activity relationship study was done and revealed a highly predictive
      power R(2) of 0.81.

PMID- 27372187
TI  - A combination of three-dimensional printing and computer-assisted virtual
      surgical procedure for preoperative planning of acetabular fracture reduction.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Treatment of acetabular fractures remains one of the most challenging
      tasks that orthopaedic surgeons face. An accurate assessment of the injuries and
      preoperative planning are essential for an excellent reduction. The purpose of
      this study was to evaluate the feasibility, accuracy and effectiveness of
      performing 3D printing technology and computer-assisted virtual surgical
      procedures for preoperative planning in acetabular fractures. We hypothesised
      that more accurate preoperative planning using 3D printing models will reduce the
      operation time and significantly improve the outcome of acetabular fracture
      repair. METHODS: Ten patients with acetabular fractures were recruited
      prospectively and examined by CT scanning. A 3-D model of each acetabular
      fracture was reconstructed with MIMICS14.0 software from the DICOM file of the CT
      data. Bone fragments were moved and rotated to simulate fracture reduction and
      restore the pelvic integrity with virtual fixation. The computer-assisted 3D
      image of the reduced acetabula was printed for surgery simulation and plate pre
      bending. The postoperative CT scan was performed to compare the consistency of
      the preoperative planning with the surgical implants by 3D-superimposition in
      MIMICS14.0, and evaluated by Matta's method. RESULTS: Computer-based pre
      operations were precisely mimicked and consistent with the actual operations in
      all cases. The pre-bent fixation plates had an anatomical shape specifically fit
      to the individual pelvis without further bending or adjustment at the time of
      surgery and fracture reductions were significantly improved. Seven out of 10
      patients had a displacement of fracture reduction of less than 1mm; 3 cases had a
      displacement of fracture reduction between 1 and 2mm. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D
      printing technology combined with virtual surgery for acetabular fractures is
      feasible, accurate, and effective leading to improved patient-specific
      preoperative planning and outcome of real surgery. The results provide useful
      technical tips in planning pelvic surgeries.

PMID- 27372188
TI  - Covered Stent for Large Coronary Arterial Fistula and Adjacent Atherosclerotic
      Plaque With Stenosis in a Patient With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial
      Infarction.

PMID- 27372189
TI  - Right Coronary Artery With Anomalous Origin: The Role of Imaging Techniques.

PMID- 27372191
TI  - Unraveling a Knot in the Heart: Tackling an Unanticipated Complication.

PMID- 27372190
TI  - The Impact of Timing of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Events on Mortality After
      Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The ADAPT-DES Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to understand the impact of the timing of
      ischemic and hemorrhagic events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
      with drug-eluting stents on subsequent mortality. BACKGROUND: These events have
      been strongly associated with subsequent death. METHODS: In the multicenter,
      prospective ADAPT-DES (Assessment of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Drug Eluting
      Stents) study, patients at 11 clinical sites with successful PCI with drug
      eluting stents underwent assessment of platelet function and were followed for 2
      years. Events occurring after PCI-definite or probable stent thrombosis (ST),
      myocardial infarction (MI) not related to ST, and clinically relevant bleeding
      (CB)-were classified as early (<=30 days), late (31 to 365 days), or very late
      (>365 days). Mortality within 30 days of each event was estimated by Kaplan-Meier
      methodology. Cox regression multivariate modeling was used to analyze the
      relationship between each event (as a time-updated variable) and mortality over
      the entire study period. RESULTS: Among 8,582 patients, 1,060 (12.4%) had events
      691 (8.1%) had CB, 294 (3.4%) had MI, and 75 (0.9%) had ST-and 7,522 (87.6%) had
      no events. The highest risk was associated with early ST (38.5% mortality at 30
      days after the event), whereas very late MI (7.5%) and late CB (7.3%) were less
      dangerous. By multivariate analysis, each event was independently predictive of
      death, with hazard ratios of 2.4, 1.8, and 11.4, respectively (p < 0.0001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 8 patients successfully undergoing PCI with drug
      eluting stents had CB, MI, or ST during the ensuing 2 years. These events are
      associated with an increased hazard of mortality, particularly within the first
      30 days following the event, warranting efforts to prevent their occurrence.

PMID- 27372192
TI  - High-Risk Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement With Evolut-R CoreValve to
      Simultaneously Treat Severe Calcific Aortic Stenosis and a Large Aortic Root
      Pseudoaneurysm.

PMID- 27372193
TI  - Why Radial Access Is Better.

PMID- 27372194
TI  - Adapting DAPT to Improve Outcomes After Coronary Stenting.

PMID- 27372195
TI  - Radial Versus Femoral Access for Coronary Interventions Across the Entire
      Spectrum of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized
      Trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to provide a quantitative appraisal of the
      effects on clinical outcomes of radial access for coronary interventions in
      patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND: Randomized trials
      investigating radial versus femoral access for percutaneous coronary
      interventions have provided conflicting evidence. No comprehensive quantitative
      appraisal of the risks and benefits of each approach is available across the
      whole spectrum of patients with stable or unstable CAD. METHODS: The PubMed,
      Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov
      databases were searched for randomized trials comparing radial versus femoral
      access for coronary interventions. Data were pooled by meta-analysis using a
      fixed-effects or a random-effects model, as appropriate. Pre-specified subgroup
      analyses according to clinical presentation, in terms of stable CAD, non-ST
      segment elevation acute coronary syndromes, or ST-segment elevation myocardial
      infarction were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies enrolling 22,843
      participants were included. Compared with femoral access, radial access was
      associated with a significantly lower risk for all-cause mortality (odds ratio
      [OR]: 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59 to 0.87; p = 0.001, number needed
      to treat to benefit [NNTB] = 160), major adverse cardiovascular events (OR: 0.84;
      95% CI: 0.75 to 0.94; p = 0.002; NNTB = 99), major bleeding (OR: 0.53; 95% CI:
      0.42 to 0.65; p < 0.001; NNTB = 103), and major vascular complications (OR: 0.23;
      95% CI: 0.16 to 0.35; p < 0.001; NNTB = 117). The rates of myocardial infarction
      or stroke were similar in the 2 groups. Effects of radial access were consistent
      across the whole spectrum of patients with CAD for all appraised endpoints.
      CONCLUSIONS: Compared with femoral access, radial access reduces mortality and
      MACE and improves safety, with reductions in major bleeding and vascular
      complications across the whole spectrum of patients with CAD.

PMID- 27372196
TI  - Stuck Leaflet After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement With a SAPIEN-3 Valve:
      New Valve, Old Complication.

PMID- 27372197
TI  - Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes cf. neuquenensis and Ixodes sigelos
      ticks from the Patagonian region of Argentina.
AB  - This study was conducted to detect Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato infection in
      ixodid ticks from the Patagonia region in the south of Argentina. Therefore,
      ticks were collected on rodents in the provinces of Chubut, Rio Negro and Santa
      Cruz. These ticks were identified as nymphs of Ixodes cf. neuquenensis and Ixodes
      sigelos. The B. burgdorferi s.l. infection was tested by a battery of PCR methods
      targeting the gene flagellin (fla) and the rrfA-rrlB intergenic spacer region
      (IGS). Three pools of I. sigelos nymphs from Chubut and Santa Cruz provinces as
      well as one pool of I. cf. neuquenensis nymphs from Rio Negro province were
      tested positive in the fla-PCR. The samples of I. sigelos were also positive for
      the IGS-PCR. Phylogenetically, the haplotypes found in the positive ticks belong
      to the B. burgdorferi s.l. complex, and they were closely related to Borrelia
      chilensis, a genospecies isolated from Ixodes stilesi in Chile. The pathogenic
      relevance of the Borrelia genospecies detected in both I. neuquenensis and I.
      sigelos is unknown. 

PMID- 27372198
TI  - Challenges facing an understanding of the nature of low-energy excited states in
      photosynthesis.
AB  - While the majority of the photochemical states and pathways related to the
      biological capture of solar energy are now well understood and provide paradigms
      for artificial device design, additional low-energy states have been discovered
      in many systems with obscure origins and significance. However, as low-energy
      states are naively expected to be critical to function, these observations pose
      important challenges. A review of known properties of low energy states covering
      eight photochemical systems, and options for their interpretation, are presented.
      A concerted experimental and theoretical research strategy is suggested and
      outlined, this being aimed at providing a fully comprehensive understanding.

PMID- 27372199
TI  - Hepatocellular carcinoma: Exploring the impact of ethnicity on molecular biology.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world and
      the third leading cause of cancer-related death. The high rate of diagnosis in
      non-curable stages and the lack of novel active treatments make it necessary to
      review all the possible sources of misleading results in this scenario. The
      incidence of HCC shows clear geographical variation with higher annual incidence
      in Asia and Africa than in Western countries; we aimed to review the literature
      to find if there are different trends in the main activated molecular pathways.
      Hyperactivation of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling and epithelial to
      mesenchymal transition (EMT) process are more prevalent in the Western
      population; however, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor
      beta (TGFbeta) and Notch pathways seems to be more relevant in Asian population.
      Whether these variations just reflect the distinct distribution of known causes
      of HCC or proper ethnical differences remain to be elucidated. Nevertheless,
      these clearly different patterns are relevant to regional or worldwide clinical
      trial design. If this information is neglected by sponsors and researchers the
      rate of failure in HCC trials will not improve. 

PMID- 27372200
TI  - Immunotherapy advances in uro-genital malignancies.
AB  - Immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer has made significant progresses over
      the last 20 years. Multiple efforts have been attempted to restore immune
      mediated tumor elimination, leading to the development of several targeted
      immunotherapies. Data from recent clinical trials suggest that these agents might
      improve the prognosis of patients with advanced genito-urinary (GU) malignancies.
      Nivolumab has been the first immune checkpoint-inhibitor approved for pre-treated
      patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Pembrolizumab and atezolizumab
      have shown promising results in both phase I and II trials in urothelial
      carcinoma. Brentuximab vedotin has demonstrated early signals of clinical
      activity and immunomodulatory effects in highly pre-treated patients with
      testicular germ cell tumors. In this review, we have summarized the major
      clinical achievements of immunotherapy in GU cancers, focusing on immune
      checkpoint blockade as well as the new immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies
      (mAbs) under clinical evaluation for these malignancies. 

PMID- 27372201
TI  - Congenital philtral fistula revealing epidermoid cyst: An unusual case.

PMID- 27372203
TI  - Growth hormone positive effects on craniofacial complex in Turner syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Turner syndrome occurs in phenotypic females with complete or partial
      absence of X chromosome. The leading symptom is short stature, while numerous but
      mild stigmata manifest in the craniofacial region. These patients are commonly
      treated with growth hormone to improve their final height. The aim of this study
      was to assess the influence of long-term growth hormone therapy on craniofacial
      morphology in Turner syndrome patients. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study
      cephalometric analysis was performed on 13 lateral cephalograms of patients with
      45,X karyotype and the average age of 17.3 years, who have received growth
      hormone for at least two years. The control group consisted of 13 Turner syndrome
      patients naive to growth hormone treatment, matched to study group by age and
      karyotype. Sixteen linear and angular measurements were obtained from standard
      lateral cephalograms. Standard deviation scores were calculated in order to
      evaluate influence of growth hormone therapy on craniofacial components. RESULTS:
      In Turner syndrome patients treated with growth hormone most of linear
      measurements were significantly larger compared to untreated patients. Growth
      hormone therapy mainly influenced posterior face height, mandibular ramus height,
      total mandibular length, anterior face height and maxillary length. While the
      increase in linear measurements was evident, angular measurements and facial
      height ratio did not show statistically significant difference. Acromegalic
      features were not found. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term growth hormone therapy has
      positive influence on craniofacial development in Turner syndrome patients, with
      the greatest impact on posterior facial height and mandibular ramus. However, it
      could not compensate X chromosome deficiency and normalize craniofacial features.

PMID- 27372202
TI  - Tongue implant for assistive technologies: Test of migration, tissue reactivity
      and impact on tongue function.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Tongue Drive System (TDS) is a new wearable assistive technology
      (AT), developed to translate voluntary tongue movements to user-defined computer
      commands by tracking the position of a titanium-encased magnetic tracer (Ti-Mag)
      implanted into the tongue. TDS application, however, is constrained by limited
      information on biological consequence and safety of device implantation into the
      tongue body. Here we implant a stainless-steel pellet in the rat tongue and assay
      pellet migration, tongue lick function, and tongue histology to test the safety
      and biocompatibility of unanchored tongue implants. DESIGN: Water consumption,
      weight and lick behavior were measured before and for >24days after implantation
      of a stainless-steel spherical pellet (0.5mm) into the anterior tongue body of
      twelve adult male rats. X-rays were obtained weekly to assess pellet migration.
      Pellet location and tissue reaction to implantation were determined by post
      mortem dissection and histology of the anterior tongue. RESULTS: By dissection
      pellets were distributed across the transverse plane of the tongue. Measures of
      water consumption, weight, and lick behavior were unchanged by implantation
      except for a decrease in consumption immediately post-implantation in some
      animals. By X-ray, there was no migration of the implant, a finding supported by
      pellet encapsulation demonstrated histologically. Measures of lick behavior were
      minimally impacted by implantation. CONCLUSION: A smooth spherical stainless
      steel implant in the anterior tongue of the rat does not migrate, is encapsulated
      and does not substantially impact lick behavior. These findings support the
      implantation of small tracers in the anterior tongue in humans for operating
      wearable assistive technologies.

PMID- 27372204
TI  - Different 57Fe microenvironments in the nanosized iron cores in human liver
      ferritin and its pharmaceutical analogues on the basis of temperature dependent
      Mossbauer spectroscopy.
AB  - Mossbauer spectra of human liver ferritin and its pharmaceutical analogues Ferrum
      Lek and Maltofer(r) measured at various temperatures within the range of 295-83K
      were fitted using five quadrupole doublets related to different 57Fe
      microenvironments in various layers/regions of the ferrihydrite and akaganeite
      iron cores. The observed anomalous temperature dependences of some Mossbauer
      parameters were considered as a result of low temperature structural
      rearrangements in different layers/regions in the iron core.

PMID- 27372205
TI  - Basal testosterone, leadership and dominance: A field study and meta-analysis.
AB  - This article examines the role of basal testosterone as a potential biological
      marker of leadership and hierarchy in the workplace. First, we report the result
      of a study with a sample of male employees from different corporate organizations
      in the Netherlands (n=125). Results showed that employees with higher basal
      testosterone levels reported a more authoritarian leadership style, but this
      relationship was absent among those who currently held a real management position
      (i.e., they had at least one subordinate). Furthermore, basal testosterone levels
      were not different between managers and non-managers, and testosterone was not
      associated with various indicators of status and hierarchy such as number of
      subordinates, income, and position in the organizational hierarchy. In our meta
      analysis (second study), we showed that basal testosterone levels were not
      associated with leadership in men nor in women (9 studies, n=1103). Taken
      together, our findings show that basal testosterone is not associated with having
      a leadership position in the corporate world or related to leadership styles in
      leaders. We suggest that basal testosterone could play a role in acquiring
      leadership positions through dominant and authoritarian behavior.

PMID- 27372206
TI  - Impact of adipose tissue composition on cardiovascular risk assessment in
      patients with stable coronary artery disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), unlike subcutaneous adipose
      tissue (SAT), is highly correlated with cardiovascular risk factors. This study
      aimed to evaluate the predictive value of adipose tissue composition, as measured
      by computed tomography, for cardiovascular events in patients with stable
      coronary artery disease. METHODS: 357 consecutive patients who underwent 64-slice
      computed tomography and elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were
      recruited. The ratio of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT/SAT) was
      calculated. Patients were divided into three groups in accordance with VAT/SAT
      (low VAT/SAT, <0.55 [<25th percentile]; moderate VAT/SAT, 0.55-1.03 [25th-75th
      percentile]; high VAT/SAT, >=1.03 [>=75th percentile]). The investigated risk
      factors were hypertension, hyperglycaemia, and dyslipidaemia. We analysed the
      incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as the composite
      of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and any revascularization. RESULTS: The
      rate of patients with two or more concomitant risk factors was significantly
      higher in the high VAT/SAT group (p = 0.006). During 1480 person-years, 109
      events were documented. There was a significant association between the incidence
      of MACE and VAT/SAT, with the worst event-free survival rate in the high VAT/SAT
      group (log-rank, p = 0.01). In Cox analysis, the hazard ratio of high VAT/SAT for
      MACE was 2.72 (95% confidence interval 1.04-7.09, p = 0.04) compared with the low
      VAT/SAT after adjustment for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Increased VAT/SAT
      is independently associated with the incidence of MACE, indicating that adipose
      tissue composition is a useful predictor of cardiovascular outcome, after
      elective PCI.

PMID- 27372208
TI  - Clinician prediction of survival versus the Palliative Prognostic Score: Which
      approach is more accurate?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinician prediction of survival (CPS) has low accuracy in the
      advanced cancer setting, raising the need for prediction models such as the
      palliative prognostic (PaP) score that includes a transformed CPS (PaP-CPS) and
      five clinical/laboratory variables (PaP-without CPS). However, it is unclear if
      the PaP score is more accurate than PaP-CPS, and whether PaP-CPS helps to improve
      the accuracy of PaP score. We compared the accuracy among PaP-CPS, PaP-without
      CPS and PaP-total score in patients with advanced cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      In this prospective study, PaP score was documented in hospitalised patients seen
      by palliative care. We compared the discrimination of PaP-CPS versus PaP-total
      and PaP-without CPS versus PaP-total using four indices: concordance statistics,
      area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC), net
      reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement for 30-day
      survival and 100-day survival. RESULTS: A total of 216 patients were enrolled
      with a median survival of 109 d (95% confidence interval [CI] 71-133 d). The AUC
      for 30-day survival was 0.57 (95% CI 0.47-0.67) for PaP-CPS, 0.78 (95% CI 0.7
      0.87) for PaP-without CPS, and 0.73 (95% CI 0.64-0.82) for PaP-total score. PaP
      total was significantly more accurate than PaP-CPS according to all four indices
      for both 30-day and 100-day survival (P < 0.001). PaP-without CPS was
      significantly more accurate than PaP-total for 30-day survival (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: We found that PaP score was more accurate than CPS, and the addition
      of CPS to the prognostic model reduced its accuracy. This study highlights the
      limitations of clinical gestalt and the need to use objective prognostic factors
      and models for survival prediction.

PMID- 27372209
TI  - Understanding the 'Silver Book' - An important reference for standardised
      nomenclature in clinical laboratory sciences.
AB  - Clinical laboratories perform a wide menu of testing (examinations). Successful
      requesting, examination, and ordering in this environment requires clear
      standardised nomenclature. The Silver Book (SB) is an IUPAC (International Union
      of Pure and Applied Chemistry) publication, produced with the support of both
      IUPAC and the IFCC (International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory
      Medicine), that makes recommendations on logical standardised nomenclature,
      symbols, properties, and units in many disciplines of the clinical laboratory
      sciences. These recommendations are founded on and in agreement with the
      principles and work of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
      Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), IUPAC, and the IFCC. Practical
      applications described are based on those scientific principles. The SB
      recommendations apply to all types of examination, not only to measurement of
      quantities but also examination of nominal properties where no magnitude is
      involved. The SB is applicable not only to clinical chemistry, but to many other
      clinical laboratory disciplines. For examples, reports regarding haemostasis,
      toxicology, clinical microbiology, reproduction and fertility, clinical
      pharmacology, clinical allergology, clinical molecular biology, and clinical
      immunohaematology have been published by the IUPAC and the IFCC. Peak scientific
      bodies such as the IUPAC and the IFCC have important roles in the development of
      sound international standards for nomenclature of examinations. Such standards
      support safe and effective representation of patient health information, foster
      portability, and empower future decision support systems.

PMID- 27372207
TI  - Quantifying the effect of side branches in endothelial shear stress estimates.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Low and high endothelial shear stress (ESS) is associated
      with coronary atherosclerosis progression and high-risk plaque features. Coronary
      ESS is currently assessed via computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation of
      coronary blood flow in the lumen geometry determined from invasive imaging such
      as intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography. This process
      typically omits side branches of the target vessel in the CFD model as invasive
      imaging of those vessels is not usually clinically-indicated. The purpose of this
      study was to determine the extent to which this simplification affects the
      determination of those regions of the coronary endothelium subjected to
      pathologic ESS. METHODS: We determined the diagnostic accuracy of ESS profiling
      without side branches to detect pathologic ESS in the major coronary arteries of
      5 hearts imaged ex vivo with computed tomography angiography (CTA). ESS of the
      three major coronary arteries was calculated both without (test model), and with
      (reference model) inclusion of all side branches >1.5 mm in diameter, using
      previously-validated CFD approaches. Diagnostic test characteristics (accuracy,
      sensitivity, specificity and negative and positive predictive value [NPV/PPV])
      with respect to the reference model were assessed for both the entire length as
      well as only the proximal portion of each major coronary artery, where the
      majority of high-risk plaques occur. RESULTS: Using the model without side
      branches overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV were 83.4%,
      54.0%, 96%, 95.9% and 55.1%, respectively to detect low ESS, and 87.0%, 67.7%,
      90.7%, 93.7% and 57.5%, respectively to detect high ESS. When considering only
      the proximal arteries, test characteristics differed for low and high ESS, with
      low sensitivity (67.7%) and high specificity (90.7%) to detect low ESS, and low
      sensitivity (44.7%) and high specificity (95.5%) to detect high ESS. CONCLUSIONS:
      The exclusion of side branches in ESS vascular profiling studies greatly reduces
      the ability to detect regions of the major coronary arteries subjected to
      pathologic ESS. Single-conduit models can in general only be used to rule out
      pathologic ESS.

PMID- 27372210
TI  - A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin
      F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha) including pediatric reference interval.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress has been implicated in numerous diseases, including
      arthritis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension,
      and inflammation. 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha, a member of the F2 isoprostane
      family, has been well-accepted as a valuable biomarker for the assessment of
      oxidative stress. METHODS: We report the development and validation of an ultra
      sensitive LC-MS/MS assay for urinary 8-iso-PGF2alpha measurements in pediatric
      population. RESULTS: The assay was linear from 0.024 to 20nmol/l (R(2)=0.99).
      Recoveries were above 85% and matrix effects were below 5%. The variability was
      determined at nmol/l concentration: the intra-day variability (%CV) ranged from
      3.9% to 4.5% (n=20); and the inter-day variability ranged from 4.3% to 5.7%
      (n=20). The accuracy of our laboratory developed test was evaluated with a
      clinical reference laboratory (n=39), and a correlation coefficient of 0.9257 was
      observed. Reference interval were established to be <0.5ng/mg creatinine in a
      group of pediatric population (2months-18years, n=123). CONCLUSIONS: The
      precision of the assay will allow for accurate assessment of oxidative stress,
      and is acceptable for patient testing, particularly in pediatric population.

PMID- 27372211
TI  - Asymmetric gradient coil design for use in a short, open bore magnetic resonance
      imaging scanner.
AB  - A conventional cylindrical whole-body MRI scanner has a long bore that may cause
      claustrophobia for some patients in addition to being inconvenient for healthcare
      workers accessing the patient. A short-bore scanner usually offers a small sized
      imaging area, which is impractical for imaging some body parts, such as the
      torso. This work proposes a novel asymmetric gradient coil design that offers a
      full-sized imaging area close to one end of the coil. In the new design, the
      primary and shielding coils are connected at one end whilst separated at the
      other, allowing the installation of the cooling system and shim trays. The
      proposed coils have a larger wire gap, higher efficiency, lower inductance, less
      resistance and a higher figure of merit than the non-connected coils. This half
      connected coil structure not only improves the coils' electromagnetic
      performance, but also slightly attenuates acoustic radiation at most frequencies
      when compared to a non-connected gradient coil. It is also quieter in some
      frequency bands than a conventional symmetric gradient coil.

PMID- 27372212
TI  - Arterial spin-labeled perfusion for vascular anomalies in the pediatric head and
      neck.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the arterial spin-labeled (ASL) imaging features of vascular
      anomalies in the head and neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The presence or absence of
      ASL signal was evaluated for each vascular anomaly, and a comparison with
      conventional magnetic resonance (MR) sequences was performed. RESULTS: Twenty
      five children were identified with vascular anomalies. All proliferating
      infantile hemangiomas demonstrated hyperintense ASL signal. There were eight
      cases that ASL imaging provided additional information when compared with
      conventional MR sequences, including increased lesion conspicuity and altered
      perfusion. CONCLUSIONS: ASL imaging of cutaneous vascular anomalies shows
      specific signal intensity patterns and can provide additional value when compared
      to conventional MR sequences.

PMID- 27372214
TI  - The European Histamine Research Society 45th Annual Meeting, May 11-14, 2016
      Florence, Italy.

PMID- 27372213
TI  - Comparison of Healthcare Workers Transferring Patients Using Either Conventional
      Or Robotic Wheelchairs: Kinematic, Electromyographic, and Electrocardiographic
      Analyses.
AB  - Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the musculoskeletal and physical
      strain on healthcare workers, by measuring range of motion (ROM), muscle
      activity, and heart rate (HR), during transfer of a simulated patient using
      either a robotic wheelchair (RWC) or a conventional wheelchair (CWC). Methods.
      The subjects were 10 females who had work experience in transferring patients and
      another female adult as the simulated patient to be transferred from bed to a RWC
      or a CWC. In both experimental conditions, ROM, muscle activity, and HR were
      assessed in the subjects using motion sensors, electromyography, and
      electrocardiograms. Results. Peak ROM of shoulder flexion during assistive
      transfer with the RWC was significantly lower than that with the CWC. Values for
      back muscle activity during transfer were lower with the RWC than with the CWC.
      Conclusions. The findings suggest that the RWC may decrease workplace injuries
      and lower back pain in healthcare workers.

PMID- 27372215
TI  - Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease are Associated with Alterations
      in Reward-Related Cortical Oscillations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Impulse control disorders (ICDs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are
      related to treatment with dopamine agonists, which is thought to deregulate the
      dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway and impair reward evaluation. EEG studies in
      healthy controls (HCs) have suggested that the increase in theta power observed
      after negative outcome is a marker of reward processing. OBJECTIVE: To compare
      outcome-locked, event-related spectral perturbation in a gambling task in PD
      patients with and without ICDs and in HCs. METHODS: Twelve PD patients with ICDs,
      12 PD patients without ICDs and 14 HCs underwent EEG while performing a gambling
      task. The groups were compared in terms of (i) the peak EEG power in the theta (4
      7 Hz), alpha (8-14 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) frequency bands between 200 and 500 ms
      after the outcome, and (ii) time-frequency plots at Fz, FCz and Cz. RESULTS:
      Positive outcomes were associated with greater theta power than negative outcomes
      in patients without ICDs and in HCs, but not in patients with ICDs. Patients with
      ICDs and HCs displayed greater theta power following unexpectedly high outcomes.
      HCs displayed greater beta power following high amplitude than low amplitude
      outcomes, whereas patients with ICD showed the opposite pattern. CONCLUSIONS: In
      PD, ICDs are associated with (i) weaker modulation of frontocentral theta power
      by reward valence, (ii) greater frontocentral theta power following unexpected,
      high outcomes, and (iii) a reversal of the effect of risk on beta oscillations.
      These observations are consistent with an impairment in prediction error
      computation in the medial prefrontal cortex.

PMID- 27372216
TI  - Increased Cognitive Control During Execution of Finger Tap Movement in People
      with Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies employed demanding and complex hand tasks to study
      the brain activation in people with Parkinson's Disease (PD). There is
      inconsistent finding about the cerebellar activity during movement execution of
      this patient population. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the brain
      activation patterns of PD individuals in the on-state and healthy control
      subjects in a simple finger tapping task. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with PD
      and 22 age-matched healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Subjects were
      instructed to perform simple finger tapping tasks under self- and cue-initiated
      conditions in separate runs while their brain activations were captured using
      fMRI. RESULTS: Healthy subjects had higher brain activity in contralateral
      precentral gyrus during the self-initiated task, and higher brain activity in the
      ipsilateral middle occipital gyrus during the cue-initiated task. PD patients had
      higher brain activity in the cerebellum Crus I (bilateral) and lobules VI
      (ipsilateral) during the self-initiated task and higher brain activity in the
      contralateral middle frontal gyrus during the cue-initiated task. When compared
      with healthy controls, PD patients had lower brain activity in the contralateral
      inferior parietal lobule during the self-initiated task, and lower brain activity
      in the ipsilateral cerebellum lobule VIII, lobule VIIB and vermis VIII, and
      thalamus during the cue-initiated task. Conjunction analysis indicated that both
      groups had activation in bilateral cerebellum and SMA and ipsilateral precentral
      gyrus and postcentral gyrus during both self- and cue-initiated movement.
      Individuals with PD exhibited higher brain activity in the executive zone
      (cerebellum Crus I and II) during self-initiated movement, and lower brain
      activity in the sensorimotor zone (i.e. lobule VIIb and VIII of the cerebellum)
      during cue-initiated movement. DISCUSSIONS: The findings suggest that individuals
      with PD may use more executive control when performing simple movements.

PMID- 27372217
TI  - Corrigendum to "Quantifying the strength of miRNA-target interactions" [Methods
      (2015) 90-99].

PMID- 27372218
TI  - Does substance use moderate the association of neighborhood disadvantage with
      perceived stress and safety in the activity spaces of urban youth?
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study investigates the association of activity space-based
      exposure to neighborhood disadvantage with momentary perceived stress and safety,
      and the moderation of substance use on those associations, among a sample of 139
      urban, primarily African American, adolescents. METHOD: Geospatial technologies
      are integrated with Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to capture exposure to
      neighborhood disadvantage and perceived stress and safety in the activity space.
      A relative neighborhood disadvantage measure for each subject is calculated by
      conditioning the neighborhood disadvantage observed at the EMA location on that
      of the home neighborhood. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) are used to
      model the effect of relative neighborhood disadvantage on momentary perceived
      stress and safety, and the extent to which substance use moderates those
      associations. RESULTS: Relative neighborhood disadvantage is significantly
      associated with higher perceived stress, lower perceived safety, and greater
      substance use involvement. The association of relative neighborhood disadvantage
      with stress is significantly stronger among those with greater substance use
      involvement. CONCLUSION: This research highlights the value of integrating
      geospatial technologies with EMA and developing personalized measures of
      environmental exposure for investigating neighborhood effects on substance use,
      and suggests substance use intervention strategies aimed at neighborhood
      conditions. Future research should seek to disentangle the causal pathways of
      influence and selection that relate neighborhood environment, stress, and
      substance use, while also accounting for the role of gender and family and peer
      social contexts.

PMID- 27372220
TI  - Decreased diversion by doctor-shopping for a reformulated extended release
      oxycodone product (OxyContin).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Doctor-shopping (obtaining prescriptions from multiple
      prescribers/pharmacies) for opioid analgesics produces a supply for diversion and
      abuse, and represents a major public health issue. METHODS: An open cohort study
      assessed changes in doctor-shopping in the U.S. for a brand extended release (ER)
      oxycodone product (OxyContin) and comparator opioids before (July, 2009 to June,
      2010) versus after (January, 2011 to June, 2013) introduction of reformulated
      brand ER oxycodone with abuse-deterrent properties, using IMS LRx longitudinal
      data covering >150 million patients and 65% of retail U.S. prescriptions.
      RESULTS: After its reformulation, the rate of doctor-shopping decreased 50% (for
      2+ prescribers/3+ pharmacies) for brand ER oxycodone, but not for comparators.
      The largest decreases in rates occurred among young adults (73%), those paying
      with cash (61%) and those receiving the highest available dose (62%), with a 90%
      decrease when stratifying by all three characteristics. The magnitude of doctor
      shopping reductions increased with increasing number of prescribers/pharmacies
      (e.g., 75% reduction for >=2 prescribers/>=4 pharmacies). CONCLUSIONS: The rate
      of doctor-shopping for brand ER oxycodone decreased substantially after its
      reformulation, which did not occur for other prescription opioids. The largest
      reductions in doctor-shopping occurred with characteristics associated with
      higher abuse risk such as youth, cash payment and high dose, and with more
      specific thresholds of doctor-shopping. A higher prescriber and/or pharmacy
      threshold also increased the magnitude of the decrease, suggesting that it better
      captured the effect of the reformulation on actual doctor-shoppers.

PMID- 27372221
TI  - Cost-utility analysis of an integrated care model for multimorbid patients based
      on a clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cost-utility analysis on an integrated healthcare model
      comprising an assigned internist and a hospital liaison nurse for patients with
      multimorbidity, compared to a conventional reactive healthcare system. METHODS: A
      cluster randomised clinical trial was conducted. The model consisted of a
      reference internist and a liaison nurse, who aimed to improve coordination and
      communication between levels and to enhance continuity of care after
      hospitalisation. We recorded sociodemographic data, diagnoses and corresponding
      clinical categories, functional status, use of healthcare resources and quality
      of life. Data were collected by reviewing electronic medical records and
      administering questionnaires. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses
      both for utilities and total costs. Bootstrapping methods were applied to
      calculate the confidence ellipses of incremental costs and efficiency. RESULTS:
      We recruited a total of 140 patients. The model assessed was not found to be
      efficient in general. We found an incremental cost of ?1,035.90 and an
      incremental benefit of -0.0762 QALYs for the initiative compared to standard care
      after adjusting for the main variables. However, the subgroup of patients under
      80 years of age with three or more clinical categories resulted in an 89% cost
      saving in the simulations. CONCLUSIONS: The integrated model was not suitable for
      all study patients. However, the subgroup analysis identified a narrow target
      population that should be analysed in future studies.

PMID- 27372222
TI  - Comparison of ETView SL, Airtraq, and Macintosh laryngoscopes for face-to-face
      tracheal intubation: a randomized crossover manikin trial.

PMID- 27372219
TI  - Longitudinal changes in smoking abstinence symptoms and alternative reinforcers
      predict long-term smoking cessation outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transdermal nicotine, with behavioral counseling, is among the most
      popular approaches used to quit smoking. Yet, 6-month cessation rates rarely
      exceed 20-25%. Identifying factors associated with cessation success may help
      researchers and clinicians develop enhanced interventions that can improve quit
      rates. This study examined longitudinal changes in withdrawal, craving,
      depression and anxiety symptoms, and alternative reinforcers, from a baseline
      assessment to a 6-month outcome, as predictors of 6-month smoking cessation
      outcomes following 8 weeks of nicotine patch treatment and counseling. METHODS: A
      sample of 180 smokers, who completed an effectiveness trial that provided
      counseling and 8 weeks of 21mg nicotine patches, was analyzed. Generalized
      estimating equations evaluated changes in withdrawal and craving, depression and
      anxiety symptoms, and alternative reinforcers over time, between participants who
      were smoking at 6-months and participants who were abstinent (confirmed with
      carbon monoxide) at 6-months. Multiple logistic regression assessed changes in
      these variables as predictors of relapse. RESULTS: Controlling for covariates
      associated with cessation (i.e., nicotine dependence, patch adherence, and rate
      of nicotine metabolism), participants who were abstinent at 6 months showed
      significantly lower craving and withdrawal and significantly higher substitute
      reinforcers from baseline to 6 months, vs. those who were smoking at 6 months
      (p<0.001). An increase in craving predicted relapse to smoking (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: These results support continued efforts to strengthen interventions
      that reduce withdrawal and craving and the development of interventions to
      address alternative reinforcers in order to promote long-term smoking abstinence
      following nicotine patch treatment.

PMID- 27372223
TI  - Optimal adaptive IMRT strategy to spare the parotid glands in oropharyngeal
      cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: In oropharyngeal cancer adaptive radiation therapy (ART), this study
      aimed to quantify the dosimetric benefit of numerous replanning strategies,
      defined by various numbers and timings of replannings, with regard to parotid
      gland (PG) sparing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirteen oropharyngeal cancer patients
      had one planning and then six weekly CT scans during the seven weeks of IMRT.
      Weekly doses were recalculated without replanning or with replanning to spare the
      PG. Sixty-three ART scenarios were simulated by considering all the combinations
      of numbers and timings of replanning. The PG cumulated doses corresponding to
      "standard" IMRT and ART scenarios were estimated and compared, either by
      calculating the average of weekly doses or using deformable image registration
      (DIR). RESULTS: Considering average weekly doses, the mean PG overdose using
      standard IMRT, compared to the planned dose, was 4.1Gy. The mean dosimetric
      benefit of 6 replannings was 3.3Gy. Replanning at weeks 1, 1-5, 1-2-5, 1-2-4-5
      and 1-2-4-5-6 produced the lowest PG mean doses, 94% of the maximum benefit being
      obtained with 3 replannings. The percentage of patients who had a benefit
      superior to 5Gy for the contralateral PG was 31% for the three-replannings
      strategy. The same conclusions were found using DIR. CONCLUSION: Early
      replannings proved the most beneficial for PG sparing, three replannings (weeks 1
      2-5), representing an attractive combination for ART in oropharyngeal cancer.

PMID- 27372224
TI  - Long-term observations of radiation-induced creatinine clearance reduction and
      renal parenchymal volume atrophy.
AB  - PURPOSE: The kidney is a dose-limiting organ for upper abdominal radiotherapy. In
      this study, radiation-induced kidney injury represented by changes of creatinine
      clearance (Ccr) and renal parenchymal volume measured by computed tomography (CT)
      were evaluated by analysing dose-volume histograms (DVHs) in patients with
      primary gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PGDLBCL) treated with
      chemoradiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight PGDLBCL patients (seventy
      six kidneys) treated with chemoradiotherapy were included in this study. At least
      4 years of follow-up was required for eligibility. Patients underwent (immuno-)
      chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy with approximately 40Gy to the whole
      stomach and perigastric lymph nodes. Ccr and CT were obtained at least annually.
      Changes of Ccr and renal parenchymal volume before and 4years after radiotherapy
      were compared using DVH parameters. RESULTS: Mean Ccr decreased significantly
      from 82.7mL/min (range, 39-124mL/min) before radiotherapy to 70.4mL/min (range,
      35-109mL/min) (p=0.01) 4years after radiotherapy. Mean reduction of bilateral
      renal parenchymal volume was 12% (range, -5-37%) in the same time period. Ccr and
      renal parenchymal volume tended to lower over time more than 4years after
      radiotherapy. Concerning DVH analysis, V20Gy?26.6% and D30%?19Gy had a
      significant risk of bilateral renal atrophy of ?14% and reduction of the
      Ccr?20mL/min. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that there was a definite
      relationship between DVH, renal atrophy and Ccr reduction. V20Gy<26.6% and
      D30%<19Gy appeared to be safe dose constraints for a Ccr reduction of <20mL/min
      4years after radiotherapy.

PMID- 27372225
TI  - Risk factors for the development of active methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus (MRSA) infection in patients colonized with MRSA at hospital admission.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients who present to Veterans Affairs hospitals are screened for
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization. Those who test
      positive are isolated during their hospital stay. However, it is unknown which of
      these patients are most likely to subsequently develop active MRSA infections.
      METHODS: This retrospective case-control study characterized risk factors for
      active MRSA infection among patients colonized with MRSA at hospital admission.
      Potential demographic and clinical risk factors were identified using electronic
      queries and manual chart abstraction; data were compared by standard statistical
      tests, and variables with P <= .05 in bivariable analysis were entered into a
      multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: There were 71 cases and 213
      controls. Risk factors associated with MRSA infection included diabetes mellitus
      with or without end organ damage (26% vs 14%, P = .02), hemiplegia (9% vs 2%, P =
      .01), chronic kidney disease (33% vs 20%, P = .03), postcolonization inpatient
      admission within 90 days (44% vs 29%, P = .03), surgery (41% vs 9%, P < .01), and
      dialysis (10% vs 3%, P = .02). On multivariable analysis, surgery during follow
      up, dialysis during follow-up, and hemiplegia remained significant. CONCLUSIONS:
      Among patients with MRSA colonization, surgery or dialysis during follow-up and
      history of hemiplegia were associated with subsequent MRSA infection. Knowledge
      of these risk factors may allow for future targeted interventions to prevent MRSA
      infections among colonized patients.

PMID- 27372226
TI  - Persistent racial and ethnic disparities in flu vaccination coverage: Results
      from a population-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends annual
      flu vaccination for all adults. We aimed to identify predictors of receiving a
      flu vaccination, with an emphasis on the impact of race and ethnicity. METHODS:
      We used data from the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey and included
      all individuals aged >=18 years. We performed a survey-weighted logistic
      regression on receipt of flu vaccination within the last year, adjusted by
      demographic and socioeconomic variables, and calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Our study included a population-weighted
      sample of 27,796,484 individuals. Overall, 35.8% received a flu vaccination
      within the last year. Blacks were 33% less likely (95% CI, 21%-43%) to have been
      vaccinated than whites. Conversely, Koreans (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.35-2.33) and
      Vietnamese (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.19-2.07) were more likely than whites to have
      been vaccinated. No differences were seen between whites and the remaining racial
      and ethnic groups (Latino, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, South Asian, Asian other,
      and other). CONCLUSIONS: Racial and ethnic disparities in flu vaccination uptake
      exist in California. Namely, blacks have lower vaccination rates than whites, and
      there are disparate vaccination rates among the Asian-American subgroups. Efforts
      to increase vaccination rates among these groups are needed.

PMID- 27372227
TI  - Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology and management: Comparison of
      results of a prospective study with a retrospective one in a reference teaching
      and research hospital in Northern Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is the most common
      infectious antibiotic-associated diarrhea and is a growing health care problem.
      Prevention of Clostridium difficile infection focuses on clinical and
      epidemiologic infection control measures. METHODS: Between 2008 and 2009, we
      conducted a retrospective study that showed an incidence of CDAD among the
      highest reported in the literature. Subsequently, we developed a preventive
      protocol that was adopted in our hospital in 2010. We then conducted a
      prospective study to investigate prevalence, incidence, and mortality of CDAD and
      to compare the results with those of the retrospective study, evaluating
      adherence to preventive measures and their efficacy. RESULTS: In both studies,
      prevalence and incidence significantly increased in older patients. Crude
      prevalence was similar in the 2 studies. The incidence rate increased by 36%,
      with a significant increase only in the C and D wards. In-hospital mortality rose
      in both prevalent and incident cases. Regarding adhesion to hospital protocol,
      77% of prevalent cases were treated with the required procedure. The highest
      percentage of isolated patients was achieved in C and D wards. In these wards we
      detected lower training hours per nurse. However, in 2013, we observed a
      significant decrease in incidence of CDAD and found a hospital prevalence of
      0.33%. CONCLUSIONS: Health care personnel education could be more important than
      the possibility of isolating infected patients in single rooms.

PMID- 27372228
TI  - [Standard of care of carcinomas on cancer of unknown primary site in 2016].
AB  - Patients with Cancer of unknown primary (cup) represent 2-10%, and have
      disseminated cancers for which we cannot find the primary site despite the
      clinical, pathological and radiological exams at our disposal. Diagnosis is based
      on a thorough clinical and histopathologic examination as well as new imaging
      techniques. Several clinicopathologic entities requiring specific treatment can
      be identified. Genome sequencing and liquid biopsy (circulating tumor cells and
      tumor free DNA) could allow further advances in the diagnosis. Therapeutically,
      in addition to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, precision medicine
      provides new therapeutic approaches. 

PMID- 27372229
TI  - Unpaid carers: where is public health?

PMID- 27372230
TI  - Redesign and commissioning of sexual health services in England - a qualitative
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Responsibility for the commissioning of sexual and reproductive
      health (SRH) services transferred from the National Health Service to local
      authorities in England in 2013. This transfer prompted many local authorities to
      undertake new procurements of these SRH services. This study was undertaken to
      capture some of the lessons learnt in order to inform future commissioning and
      system redesign. STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative study was carried out involving semi
      structured interviews. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with 13 local authority
      sexual health commissioners in Yorkshire and the Humber from 11 interviews.
      Thematic analysis was used to identify themes from transcripts of the interviews
      with the 13 participants. RESULTS: Key themes identified were as follows: the
      challenge and complexity to those new to clinical commissioning; the
      prerequisites of robust infrastructural inputs to undertake the process,
      including technical expertise, a dependable project team, with clarity over the
      timescales and the budget; the requirement for good governance, stakeholder
      engagement and successful management of relationships with the latter; and the
      need to focus on the outcomes, aiming for value for money and improved system
      performance. CONCLUSIONS: Several key issues emerged from our study that
      significantly influenced the outcome of the redesign and commissioning process
      for sexual health services. An adapted model of the Donabedian evaluation
      framework was developed to provide a tool to inform future system redesign. Our
      model helps identify the key determinants for successful redesign in this context
      which is essential to both mitigate potential risks and maximize the likelihood
      of successful outcomes. Our model may have wider applications.

PMID- 27372231
TI  - Successful revision of involved margins under frozen section control.

PMID- 27372232
TI  - Skeletal stability after sagittal split ramus osteotomy with physiological
      positioning in patients with skeletal mandibular prognathism and facial
      asymmetry.
AB  - The correction of deformities of the jaw in patients with facial asymmetry is
      challenging because of the high rate of relapse, which may partly be caused by
      skeletal interference and inappropriate seating of the condylar head. We
      evaluated outcomes in 30 patients who were treated by short lingual osteotomy
      with physiological positioning. Nine had facial symmetry (absolute displacement
      of the menton<2mm), 14 had minor asymmetry (displacement of >2 to <4mm), and 7
      severe asymmetry (displacement of >4mm). The postoperative position of the menton
      (Me) was stable in each group, but deviated by 3.56mm in those with severe
      asymmetry. This deviation remained immediately after operation and after more
      than one year in this group, which implies that the Me was not on the mandibular
      midline. The lateral swing of both sides of the proximal segment did not change
      immediately after operation in any group. Although short lingual osteotomy with
      physiological positioning can result in skeletal stability, it is important to
      assess the association between the dental arch and the mandible using computed
      tomography to ensure a good outcome in patients with a skeletal class III
      deformity and facial asymmetry.

PMID- 27372233
TI  - Unilateral complex syngnathia of the maxilla, mandible, and zygomatic complex in
      a newborn baby.

PMID- 27372234
TI  - Compliance With the Healthy Eating Standards in YMCA After-School Programs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In 2011, the YMCA of the US adopted Healthy Eating standards for all
      of their after-school programs (ASPs). The extent to which YMCA ASPs comply with
      the standards is unknown. METHODS: Twenty ASPs from all YMCA ASPs across South
      Carolina (N = 102) were invited to participate. Direct observation of the food
      and beverages served and staff behaviors were collected on 4 nonconsecutive days
      per ASP. RESULTS: One ASP did not serve a snack. Of the remaining ASPs, a total
      of 26% served a fruit or vegetable and 32% served water every day; 26% served
      sugar-sweetened beverages, 47% served sugar-added foods, and only 11% served
      whole grains when grains were served. Staff members sat with the children (65%)
      or verbally promoted healthy eating (15%) on at least 1 observation day. Staff
      drank non-approved drinks (25%) or foods (45%) on at least 1 observation day. No
      ASPs served snacks family-style every day. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:
      Additional efforts are required to assist YMCA-operated ASPs in achieving these
      important nutrition standards.

PMID- 27372235
TI  - Red-light running violation prediction using observational and simulator data.
AB  - In the United States, 683 people were killed and an estimated 133,000 were
      injured in crashes due to running red lights in 2012. To help prevent/mitigate
      crashes caused by running red lights, these violations need to be identified
      before they occur, so both the road users (i.e., drivers, pedestrians, etc.) in
      potential danger and the infrastructure can be notified and actions can be taken
      accordingly. Two different data sets were used to assess the feasibility of
      developing red-light running (RLR) violation prediction models: (1) observational
      data and (2) driver simulator data. Both data sets included common factors, such
      as time to intersection (TTI), distance to intersection (DTI), and velocity at
      the onset of the yellow indication. However, the observational data set provided
      additional factors that the simulator data set did not, and vice versa. The
      observational data included vehicle information (e.g., speed, acceleration, etc.)
      for several different time frames. For each vehicle approaching an intersection
      in the observational data set, required data were extracted from several time
      frames as the vehicle drew closer to the intersection. However, since the
      observational data were inherently anonymous, driver factors such as age and
      gender were unavailable in the observational data set. Conversely, the simulator
      data set contained age and gender. In addition, the simulator data included a
      secondary (non-driving) task factor and a treatment factor (i.e.,
      incoming/outgoing calls while driving). The simulator data only included vehicle
      information for certain time frames (e.g., yellow onset); the data did not
      provide vehicle information for several different time frames while vehicles were
      approaching an intersection. In this study, the random forest (RF) machine
      learning technique was adopted to develop RLR violation prediction models. Factor
      importance was obtained for different models and different data sets to show how
      differently the factors influence the performance of each model. A sensitivity
      analysis showed that the factor importance to identify RLR violations changed
      when data from different time frames were used to develop the prediction models.
      TTI, DTI, the required deceleration parameter (RDP), and velocity at the onset of
      a yellow indication were among the most important factors identified by both
      models constructed using observational data and simulator data. Furthermore, in
      addition to the factors obtained from a point in time (i.e., yellow onset),
      valuable information suitable for RLR violation prediction was obtained from
      defined monitoring periods. It was found that period lengths of 2-6m contributed
      to the best model performance. 

PMID- 27372237
TI  - Internal adaptation of resin composites at two configurations: Influence of
      polymerization shrinkage and stress.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study compared internal adaptation of composites under different
      C-factors and examined the relationship between internal adaptation and
      polymerization shrinkage parameters. METHODS: Cylindrical cavities 3mm in
      diameter were prepared in 100 human third molars in two depths: 4mm high C-factor
      (H-CF) or 1mm low C-factor (L-CF). After adhesive application (Clearfil SE One,
      Kuraray Noritake), the composite was placed in two increments in three subgroups:
      Filtek Supreme (FS, 3M ESPE); Charisma Diamond (CD, Heraeus Kulzer); Amelogen
      Plus (AP, Ultradent); and as a single increment in two subgroups: Tetric EvoCeram
      Bulk Fill (TB, Ivoclar Vivadent) and Venus Bulk Fill (VB, Heraeus Kulzer). After
      thermo-mechanical load-cycles, imperfect margin percentage (%IM) was calculated
      using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) imaging. The
      relationships between %IM and linear shrinkage (LS) and shrinkage stress,
      measured under either zero-compliance (PS0) or compliance-allowed (PS) conditions
      were evaluated. RESULTS: The %IM was significantly different between H-CF and L
      CF groups. The %IM in H-CF turned out to be as groups CD, FS<=TB<AP, VB. The %IM
      in L-CF showed as groups CD, TB<=FS, AP<VB. There were significant correlations
      between shrinkage parameters and %IM, except between PS0 and %IM in L-CF.
      SIGNIFICANCE: Internal adaptation in a high C-factor cavity was inferior to that
      in a low C-factor cavity for both conventional and bulk-filled composites.
      Internal adaptation, polymerization shrinkage, and stress were different among
      composite materials. Polymerization stress under the compliance-allowed condition
      showed significant correlations with internal adaptations in high and low C
      factor cavities.

PMID- 27372236
TI  - Cervical repair of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula: Complications lurking!
AB  - AIM: Esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) consist of a
      spectrum of rare congenital abnormalities. Although EA surgical treatment is well
      established, the outcome of EA with proximal fistula (type B and D EA) or
      isolated H-type fistula (type E EA) is poorly explored. These forms of EA shared
      a common surgical step: the need of a cervical approach to close the fistula.
      Therefore, the aim of present study is to evaluate postoperative outcomes of
      patients treated for Gross type B-D and E EA, on regards of their cervical
      surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective case series analysis of all
      patients affected by type B-D and E EA, and admitted to our tertiary care center
      between January 2003 and December 2014 was performed. All patients underwent
      preoperative flexible laryngo-tracheobronchoscopy (LTBS) as part of our
      standardized preoperative diagnostic assessment to define the diagnosis, evaluate
      preoperative vocal cord motility and to cannulate the fistula when required.
      Fistula closure was always performed through a right cervical access. Analysis of
      all cases and comparison between type B-D and E EA were performed. Mann-Whitney
      test, Chi-squared test and unpaired t test were used as appropriate; p<0.05 was
      considered significant. RESULTS: During the study period, 180 EA newborns were
      treated. Proximal or isolated TEF was found in 18 patients (10%): 7 type B, 11
      type E EA. Patients affected by type B and E EA/TEF frequently present associated
      major malformations (27%), and major cardiac abnormalities (44%). Major
      postoperative complications were: vocal cord paralysis (5 patients), bilateral in
      2 infants requiring tracheostomy, cerebral ischemia (1 patient), and cardiac
      failure (1 patient). CONCLUSION: Patients affected by type B and E EA have a high
      rate of associated abnormalities, and risk of possible sequelae. Postoperative
      complications are common, with possible transient vocal cord dismotility, but in
      some cases persistent paralysis may require tracheostomy. Therefore, both
      preoperative and postoperative LTBS is highly recommended to evaluate the
      presence of a proximal fistula, and vocal cord motility, even in asymptomatic
      patients, to rule out any possible intraoperative "surprise" and any vocal cord
      abnormality and to possibly define its pathogenesis (congenital vs. iatrogenic).

PMID- 27372238
TI  - Replacement of glass particles by multidirectional short glass fibers in
      experimental composites: Effects on degree of conversion, mechanical properties
      and polymerization shrinkage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypothesis that the replacement of a small fraction
      of glass particles with random short glass fibers does not affect degree of
      conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS), fracture toughness (FT) and post-gel
      polymerization shrinkage (PS) of experimental composites. METHODS: Four
      experimental photocurable composites containing 1 BisGMA:1 TEGDMA (by weight) and
      60vol% of fillers were prepared. The reinforcing phase was constituted by barium
      glass particles (2MUm) and 0%, 2.5%, 5.0% or 7.5% of silanated glass fibers
      (1.4mm in length, 7-13MUm in diameter). DC (n=4) was obtained using near-FTIR. FS
      (n=10) was calculated via biaxial flexural test and FT (n=10) used the "single
      edge notched beam" method. PS at 5min (n=8) was determined using the strain gage
      method. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/Tukey test (DC, FS, PS) or Kruskal
      Wallis/Dunn's test (FT, alpha: 5% for both tests). RESULTS: DC was similar among
      groups (p>0.05). Only the composite containing 5.0% of fibers presented lower FS
      than the control (p<0.001). FT increased significantly between the control (1.3+/
      0.17MPam(0.5)) and the composites containing either 5.0% (2.7+/-0.6MPam(0.5)) or
      7.5% of fibers (2.8+/-0.6MPam(0.5), p<0.001). PS in relation to control was
      significantly reduced at 2.5% fibers (from 0.81+/-0.13% to 0.57+/-0.13%) and
      further reduced between 5.0% and 7.5% (from 0.42+/-0.12% to 0.23+/-0.07%,
      p<0.001). SIGNIFICANCE: The replacement of a small fraction of filler particles
      with glass fibers significantly increased fracture toughness and reduced post-gel
      shrinkage of experimental composites.

PMID- 27372239
TI  - Impaired functional default mode network in patients with mild neurological
      Wilson's disease.
AB  - Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized
      by cognitive, psychiatric and motor signs and symptoms that are associated with
      structural and pathological brain abnormalities, in addition to liver changes.
      However, functional brain connectivity pattern of WD patients remains largely
      unknown. In the present study, we investigated functional brain connectivity
      pattern of WD patients using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging.
      Particularly, we studied default mode network (DMN) using posterior cingulate
      cortex (PCC) based seed functional connectivity analysis and graph theoretic
      functional brain network analysis tools, and investigated the relationship
      between the DMN's functional connectivity pattern of WD patients and their
      attention functions examined using the attention network test (ANT). Our results
      demonstrated that WD patients had altered DMN's functional connectivity and lower
      local and global network efficiency compared with normal controls (NCs). In
      addition, the functional connectivity between left inferior temporal cortex and
      right lateral parietal cortex was correlated with altering function, one of the
      attention functions, across WD and NC subjects. These findings indicated that the
      DMN's functional connectivity was altered in WD patients, which might be
      correlated with their attention dysfunction.

PMID- 27372240
TI  - Exploring cortical atrophy and its clinical and biochemical correlates in
      Wilson's disease using voxel based morphometry.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine cortical grey matter (GM) changes and their clinical and
      biochemical correlates in patients with Wilson's disease using voxel based
      morphometry (VBM). METHODS: Clinical and imaging data of 10 patients (all male,
      mean age 16.0 +/- 6.3years) with Wilson's Disease were analyzed. T1W volumetric
      MRI data of patients without obvious cortical atrophy or signal changes on
      conventional MRI was compared with MRI of 11 matched control subjects using VBM
      analysis with Statistical Parametric Mapping 8. Results were expressed at
      statistical threshold of p < 0.05 (FWE corrected) and p < 0.001 (uncorrected).
      Multiple regression analysis was done to analyze possible relation between GM
      atrophy, duration of disease and biochemical abnormalities. RESULTS: Compared to
      controls, patients showed scattered areas of reduced GM volume in bilateral
      caudate head, medial part of right globus pallidus and body of right caudate (FWE
      corrected p < 0.05). At p < 0.001(uncorrected) widespread areas of cortical
      atrophy were also noted involving the frontal and temporal lobes, lentiform
      nuclei, cerebellum and thalamus. Significant positive correlation (uncorrected p
      < 0.001) were noted between (i) duration of disease and cortical GM volume of
      frontal, parietal and temporal lobes and cerebellum (ii) serum copper levels and
      GM volume of right medial frontal gyrus and paracentral lobule. CONCLUSIONS: To
      the best of our knowledge, this is the first VBM study in patients with Wilson's
      disease. In spite of apparently normal cortex on visual inspection of MRI,
      decreased cortical GM volume was detected using VBM. In addition, serum copper
      may act as surrogate marker of cortical abnormalities in Wilson's disease.

PMID- 27372242
TI  - Disseminated choroid plexus papillomas in adults: A case series and review of the
      literature.
AB  - Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are uncommon, usually intraventricular, low
      grade tumors, accounting for less than 1% of all intracranial neoplasms and 2-4%
      of brain tumors in children. Dissemination of CPPs to multiple levels of the
      neuraxis has been seldom observed. Thus far, only 26 adult patients have been
      reported in the English language literature. With some exceptions, disseminated
      CPPs have been observed in adults and involved multiple sites along the
      cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Occasionally, intraparenchymal extension has been
      documented, and secondary involvement of the suprasellar region has been reported
      in only five patients. Postoperative treatment of CPPs has not been standardized.
      Most recommended therapies have been extrapolated from a series of atypical
      papillomas or carcinomas of the choroid plexus in children. We herein report a
      series of three patients of disseminated choroid plexus papillomas providing
      additional insights into this relatively rare entity. 

PMID- 27372241
TI  - Cancer in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We examined the prevalence of cancer in patients with Parkinson's
      disease (PD) and controls evaluated at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida,
      between 2003 and 2014. METHODS: We retrospectively collected information
      regarding cancer diagnoses and diagnosis of PD from 971 unrelated PD patients and
      478 controls, and all were white. For PD patients, we examined cancers diagnosed
      before and after PD diagnosis separately in addition to considering all cancer
      diagnoses. RESULTS: Twenty different cancers were identified. In PD patients, the
      most common types of cancer were skin cancer (17.3% overall; 10.6% before PD),
      followed by nonmelanoma skin cancer (16.0% overall; 9.7% before PD), prostate
      cancer in men (12.8% overall; 9.2% before PD), breast cancer in women (10.6%
      overall; 6.3% before PD), and melanoma (2.4% overall; 1.1% before PD). Compared
      to controls, a significantly lower frequency of nonmelanoma skin cancer (odds
      ratio [OR]: 0.62, P = 0.0024) and any skin cancer (OR: 0.57, P = 0.0002) was
      observed in PD patients. These differences were greater when considering only
      cases with cancers that occurred before PD diagnosis (OR: 0.49, P < 0.0001; OR:
      0.45, P < 0.0001, respectively), and there was a lower frequency of melanoma and
      any cancer preceding PD diagnosis compared to controls (OR: 0.31, P = 0.003; OR:
      0.36, P < 0.0001). There was no evidence of a frequency difference for any other
      cancer. CONCLUSIONS: PD patients had a lower frequency of skin cancers or any
      cancer prior to PD diagnosis compared to controls, suggesting that cancer may
      have a protective effect on PD risk.

PMID- 27372245
TI  - Author Reply.

PMID- 27372243
TI  - Oxygen Sensing via the Ethylene Response Transcription Factor RAP2.12 Affects
      Plant Metabolism and Performance under Both Normoxia and Hypoxia.
AB  - Subgroup-VII-ethylene-response-factor (ERF-VII) transcription factors are
      involved in the regulation of hypoxic gene expression and regulated by proteasome
      mediated proteolysis via the oxygen-dependent branch of the N-end-rule pathway.
      While research into ERF-VII mainly focused on their role to regulate anoxic gene
      expression, little is known on the impact of this oxygen-sensing system in
      regulating plant metabolism and growth. By comparing Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis
      thaliana) plants overexpressing N-end-rule-sensitive and insensitive forms of the
      ERF-VII-factor RAP2.12, we provide evidence that oxygen-dependent RAP2.12
      stability regulates central metabolic processes to sustain growth, development,
      and anoxic resistance of plants. (1) Under normoxia, overexpression of N-end-rule
      insensitive Delta13RAP2.12 led to increased activities of fermentative enzymes
      and increased accumulation of fermentation products, which were accompanied by
      decreased adenylate energy states and starch levels, and impaired plant growth
      and development, indicating a role of oxygen-regulated RAP2.12 degradation to
      prevent aerobic fermentation. (2) In Delta13RAP2.12-overexpressing plants,
      decreased carbohydrate reserves also led to a decrease in anoxic resistance,
      which was prevented by external Suc supply. (3) Overexpression of Delta13RAP2.12
      led to decreased respiration rates, changes in the levels of tricarboxylic acid
      cycle intermediates, and accumulation of a large number of amino acids, including
      Ala and gamma-amino butyric acid, indicating a role of oxygen-regulated RAP2.12
      abundance in controlling the flux-modus of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (4) The
      increase in amino acids was accompanied by increased levels of immune-regulatory
      metabolites. These results show that oxygen-sensing, mediating RAP2.12
      degradation is indispensable to optimize metabolic performance, plant growth, and
      development under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.

PMID- 27372244
TI  - Genome-Scale Metabolic Model for the Green Alga Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 395
      Accurately Predicts Phenotypes under Autotrophic, Heterotrophic, and Mixotrophic
      Growth Conditions.
AB  - The green microalga Chlorella vulgaris has been widely recognized as a promising
      candidate for biofuel production due to its ability to store high lipid content
      and its natural metabolic versatility. Compartmentalized genome-scale metabolic
      models constructed from genome sequences enable quantitative insight into the
      transport and metabolism of compounds within a target organism. These metabolic
      models have long been utilized to generate optimized design strategies for an
      improved production process. Here, we describe the reconstruction, validation,
      and application of a genome-scale metabolic model for C. vulgaris UTEX 395,
      iCZ843. The reconstruction represents the most comprehensive model for any
      eukaryotic photosynthetic organism to date, based on the genome size and number
      of genes in the reconstruction. The highly curated model accurately predicts
      phenotypes under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic conditions. The
      model was validated against experimental data and lays the foundation for model
      driven strain design and medium alteration to improve yield. Calculated flux
      distributions under different trophic conditions show that a number of key
      pathways are affected by nitrogen starvation conditions, including central carbon
      metabolism and amino acid, nucleotide, and pigment biosynthetic pathways.
      Furthermore, model prediction of growth rates under various medium compositions
      and subsequent experimental validation showed an increased growth rate with the
      addition of tryptophan and methionine.

PMID- 27372246
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 27372247
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27372248
TI  - Remediation of aquaculture water in the estuarine wetlands using coal cinder
      zeolite balls/reed wetland combination strategy.
AB  - In this paper, the modified coal cinders and zeolite powders in proportion of 2:1
      were mixed with modified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a ratio of 20:1 (w/v) to
      make a new sorbent and biological carrier-the coal cinder-zeolite balls (CCZBs).
      The maximum absorption capacities of ammonia nitrogen and Chemical Oxygen Demand
      (CODCr) on CCZBs, adsorption process were evaluated in batch experiments. And
      then they were combined with reed wetland for bioremediation of micro-polluted
      aquaculture water in estuarine wetlands. The results showed that the removal
      efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen and CODCr improved with the decrease in water
      inflow and increase in inflow concentrations. Efficiencies of 67.3% and 71.3% for
      ammonia nitrogen and CODCr under water flow of 10 L/h were obtained when their
      inflow concentrations were 1.77 and 56.0 mg/L respectively. This strategy can be
      served as a model system for bioremediation in situ of aquaculture water and
      other organic polluted or eutrophic water. 

PMID- 27372249
TI  - Elimination of textile dyes using activated carbons prepared from vegetable
      residues and their characterization.
AB  - In this study, three mesoporous activated carbons prepared from vegetable
      residues were used to remove acid, basic, and direct dyes from aqueous solutions,
      and reactive and vat dyes from textile wastewater. Granular carbons obtained by
      chemical activation at 673 K with phosphoric acid from prickly pear peels
      (CarTunaQ), broccoli stems (CarBrocQ), and white sapote seeds (CarZapQ) were
      highly efficient for the removal of dyes. Adsorption equilibrium studies were
      carried out in batch systems and treated with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.
      The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from the Langmuir isotherms ranged
      between 131.6 and 312.5 mg/g for acid dyes, and between 277.8 and 500.0 mg/g for
      basic dyes at 303 K. Our objective in this paper was to show that vegetable
      wastes can serve as precursors for activated carbons that can be used for the
      adsorption of dyes. Specifically CarBrocQ was the best carbon produced for the
      removal of textile dyes. The color removal of dyes present in textile wastewaters
      was compared with that of a commercial powdered carbon, and it was found that the
      carbons produced using waste material reached similar efficiency levels. Carbon
      samples were characterized by bulk density, point of zero charge,
      thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, methylene blue adsorption isotherms
      at 303 K, and nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K (SBET). The results show that
      the activated carbons possess a large specific surface area (1025-1177 m(2)/g)
      and high total pore volume (1.06-2.16 cm(3)/g) with average pore size diameters
      between 4.1 and 8.4 nm. Desorption and regeneration tests were made to test the
      viability of reusing the activated carbons. 

PMID- 27372250
TI  - Models of reforestation productivity and carbon sequestration for land use and
      climate change adaptation planning in South Australia.
AB  - Environmental management and regional land use planning has become more complex
      in recent years as growing world population, climate change, carbon markets and
      government policies for sustainability have emerged. Reforestation and
      agroforestry options for environmental benefits, carbon sequestration, economic
      development and biodiversity conservation are now important considerations of
      land use planners. New information has been collected and regionally-calibrated
      models have been developed to facilitate better regional land use planning
      decisions and counter the limitations of currently available models of
      reforestation productivity and carbon sequestration. Surveys of above-ground
      biomass of 264 reforestation sites (132 woodlots, 132 environmental plantings)
      within the agricultural regions of South Australia were conducted, and combined
      with spatial information on climate and soils, to develop new spatial and
      temporal models of plant density and above-ground biomass productivity from
      reforestation. The models can be used to estimate productivity and total carbon
      sequestration (i.e. above-ground + below-ground biomass) under a continuous range
      of planting designs (e.g. variable proportions of trees and shrubs or plant
      densities), timeframes and future climate scenarios. Representative spatial
      models (1 ha resolution) for 3 reforestation designs (i.e. woodlots, typical
      environmental planting, biodiverse environmental plantings) * 3 timeframes (i.e.
      25, 45, 65 years) * 4 possible climates (i.e. no change, mild, moderate, severe
      warming and drying) were generated (i.e. 36 scenarios) for use within land use
      planning tools. 

PMID- 27372251
TI  - Accounting for substitution and spatial heterogeneity in a labelled choice
      experiment.
AB  - Many environmental valuation studies using stated preferences techniques are
      single-site studies that ignore essential spatial aspects, including possible
      substitution effects. In this paper substitution effects are captured explicitly
      in the design of a labelled choice experiment and the inclusion of different
      distance variables in the choice model specification. We test the effect of
      spatial heterogeneity on welfare estimates and transfer errors for minor and
      major river restoration works, and the transferability of river specific utility
      functions, accounting for key variables such as site visitation, spatial
      clustering and income. River specific utility functions appear to be
      transferable, resulting in low transfer errors. However, ignoring spatial
      heterogeneity increases transfer errors. 

PMID- 27372252
TI  - Effects of solids retention time on the fate of tetracycline resistance in SBRs
      for the treatment of carcass leachate.
AB  - In the event of a foot and mouth disease outbreak, further spread of the virus is
      generally prevented by culling of infected animals in burial pits. This practice
      may eventually lead to groundwater contamination through leaching of wastewater
      from the animal carcasses. Wastewater from carcass leachate often contains
      antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes as well as traces of pharmaceuticals, and
      a high nutrient content. The role of operational parameters used in activated
      sludge treatment of this wastewater in the spread of antibiotic resistance has
      not been fully understood. This study investigated the fate of tetracycline
      resistant bacteria and genes in sequencing batch reactors with synthetic carcass
      leachate at different solid retention times. Escherichia coli DH5alpha was used
      as the representative tetracycline-resistant bacteria with multiple antibiotic
      resistant genes encoded in plasmid pB10. Solids retention time contributed to an
      increase in antibiotic resistance in SBRC (SRT = 25 days) with TRB values up to
      1.25 * 10(7) CFU/mL which is one log higher than the influent. Microbial
      community analysis of the DNA samples from effluent of SBRC showed four major
      phyla: Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria under which
      are ecologically-important microbial species. It was shown that antibiotic
      resistance genes cannot be eliminated during treatment of synthetic carcass
      leachate in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor. 

PMID- 27372253
TI  - Mercury contamination in deposited dust and its bioaccumulation patterns
      throughout Pakistan.
AB  - Mercury (Hg) contamination of environment is a major threat to human health in
      developing countries like Pakistan. Human populations, particularly children, are
      continuously exposed to Hg contamination via dust particles due to the arid and
      semi-arid climate. However, a country wide Hg contamination data for dust
      particles is lacking for Pakistan and hence, human populations potentially at
      risk is largely unknown. We provide the first baseline data for total mercury
      (THg) contamination into dust particles and its bioaccumulation trends, using
      scalp human hair samples as biomarker, at 22 sites across five altitudinal zones
      of Pakistan. The human health risk of THg exposure via dust particles as well as
      the proportion of human population that are potentially at risk from Hg
      contamination were calculated. Our results indicated higher concentration of THg
      in dust particles and its bioaccumulation in the lower Indus-plain agricultural
      and industrial areas than the other areas of Pakistan. The highest THg
      contamination of dust particles (3000ppb) and its bioaccumulation (2480ppb) were
      observed for the Lahore district, while the highest proportion (>40%) of human
      population was identified to be potentially at risk from Hg contamination from
      these areas. In general, children were at higher risk of Hg exposure via dust
      particles than adults. Regression analysis identified the anthropogenic
      activities, such as industrial and hospital discharges, as the major source of Hg
      contamination of dust particles. Our results inform environmental management for
      Hg control and remediation as well as the disease mitigation on potential
      hotspots. 

PMID- 27372254
TI  - The ACIPS: Moving forward in the assessment of negative symptoms.

PMID- 27372255
TI  - News from the graveyard: Neuropathological research on schizophrenia is alive and
      productive.

PMID- 27372256
TI  - Syncope in the young athlete: Assessment of prognosis in subjects with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Syncope is a common but concerning event in young athletes. Although mostly due
      to benign reflex causes, syncope may be arrhythmic and precede sudden cardiac
      death. Efforts must therefore be made to distinguish post-exertional syncope from
      syncope during exercise, which can be an ominous sign of a possible underlying
      heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prevention requires
      cooperation between physician and athlete, in order to identify individuals at
      risk and to protect them from sudden death. Solving this diagnostic dilemma may
      lead to recommendations for athletes to be cleared to play or disqualified from
      competitive sports, and presents challenging and controversial decisions to the
      health care provider that can prove difficult to implement. Although exercise
      contributes to physical and psychological well-being, there are insufficient data
      to indicate whether an athlete with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosed after a
      syncopal episode can safely resume competitive physical activity. The purpose of
      this study was to review the literature on syncope in young athletes and its
      relationship to individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, in order to enable
      accurate assessment of prognosis and the possibility of resuming competitive
      sports. 

PMID- 27372257
TI  - Clinical care ratios: quantifying clinical versus non-clinical care for allied
      health professionals.
AB  - Objective Clinical care ratios (CCRs) are a useful tool that can be used to
      quantify and benchmark the clinical and non-clinical workloads of allied health
      professionals. The purpose of this study was to determine if CCRs are influenced
      by level of seniority, type of role or profession. This will provide meaningful
      information for allied health service managers to better manage service demand
      and capacity. Method Data was collected from 2036 allied health professionals
      from five professions across 11 Australian tertiary hospitals. Mean (95%
      confidence intervals) CCRs were calculated according to profession, seniority and
      role type. A two-way ANOVA was performed to assess the association of CCRs
      (dependent variable) with seniority level and profession (independent variables).
      Post-hoc pairwise comparisons identified where significant main or interaction
      effects occurred (alpha=0.05). Results Significant main effects for seniority
      level and profession were identified (P<0.05), but there was no interaction
      effect. Post-hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between all tier
      combinations (P<0.05) with more senior staff having the lowest CCRs. Conclusion
      The direct and non-direct clinical components of the allied health professional's
      workload can be quantified and benchmarked with like roles and according to
      seniority. The benchmarked CCRs for predominantly clinical roles will enable
      managers to compare and evaluate like roles and modify non-direct clinical
      components according to seniority and discipline. What is known about the topic?
      CCRs are a useful tool to quantify, monitor and compare workloads of allied
      health professionals. They are thought to change with increased seniority of
      roles. The CCRs for different allied health professional roles has yet to be
      defined in the literature. What does this paper add? CCRs decrease as level of
      seniority increases, indicating higher seniority increases non-clinical time.
      CCRs differ across professions, suggesting that benchmarking with CCRs must be
      profession specific. What are the implications for practitioners? The direct and
      non-direct clinical components of a workload can be quantified, defined and
      benchmarked with like roles to ensure cost-effective and optimal service delivery
      and patient outcomes.

PMID- 27372258
TI  - Biosimilars: A new scenario in biologic therapies.
AB  - There is no doubt that biologic therapies provide added value for health systems.
      However, due to their special nature, they also raise some questions that make
      highly rigorous and demanding quality control and monitoring of their use
      indispensable. This circumstance is reinforced with the appearance on the scene
      of biosimilars, which, given their lower cost, are having an increasing impact on
      the international market. The purpose of this article is to review the major
      issues posed by their manufacture, distribution and control systems, as well as
      the most important aspects related to their safety in clinical practice. In this
      report, we assess the pharmacovigilance of these products, with special attention
      to traceability, as a key tool to enable earlier detection of adverse events.

PMID- 27372259
TI  - Social identity, perceived urban neighborhood quality, and physical inactivity: A
      comparison study of China, Taiwan, and South Korea.
AB  - Asian countries are currently witnessing unprecedented increase in physical
      inactivity and subsequent negative health outcomes; however, few cross-country
      studies documenting this trend exist. This paper presents the findings of a
      nationally representative sample, based on the East Asian Social Survey in 2011.
      The study sought to examine the association of social identity factors, such as
      objective socio-economic position, perceived social status and neighborhood
      quality with physical inactivity, while controlling for psychosocial and physical
      health. A sample of 5222 adults living in urban areas across China, Taiwan, and
      South Korea were surveyed. METHODS: Multivariate nested logistic regressions were
      constructed. RESULTS: Perceived social status was positively associated with
      physical activity. Gender difference in physical activity was significant, and
      this difference widened as educational levels increased. Class division in
      physical activity was also found. Perceived physical and social features of
      neighborhood such as suitability for walking and jogging, air quality, and help
      from neighbors were to different degrees associated with physical inactivity.
      CONCLUSION: Gender, marital status, education and perceived social status were
      common factors associated with physical inactivity in East Asian countries.
      Perceived urban neighborhood quality is particularly important for Chinese people
      to stay physically active. Cultural-behavioral norms for physical activity
      associated with gender and social status call for more studies on cultural
      perspective for health behaviors in cross-cultural contexts.

PMID- 27372260
TI  - Evaluation of rs62527607 [GT] single nucleotide polymorphism located in BAALC
      gene in children with acute leukemia using mismatch PCR-RFLP.
AB  - Acute leukemia is the most common cancer in children and involves several factors
      that contribute to the development of multidrug resistance and treatment failure.
      According to our recent studies, the BAALC gene is identified to have high mRNA
      expression levels in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and those with
      multidrug resistance. Several polymorphisms are associated with the expression of
      this gene. To date, there has been no study on the rs62527607 [GT] single
      nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of BAALC gene and its link with childhood acute
      lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia (AML). The purpose of this study is to
      evaluate the prevalence of this polymorphism in pediatric acute leukemia, as well
      as its relationship with prognosis. DNA samples were extracted from bone marrow
      slides of 129 children with ALL and 16 children with AML. The rs62527607 [GT] SNP
      was evaluated using mismatch polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)-based analysis. The association between the SNP
      alleles and patient disease-free survival was then assessed. The prevalence of
      the T-allele of rs62527607 [GT] SNP in childhood T-ALL and pre-B-ALL was 28.3%
      and 11.2%, respectively. In the pre-B-ALL patients, 3 year disease free survival
      was associated with the GG genotype. Results showed a robust association between
      the rs62527607 SNP and the risk of relapse in ALL, but not AML, patients. T-ALL
      patients with the GT genotype had an 8.75 fold higher risk of relapse. The
      current study demonstrates a significant association between the genotype GT and
      the polymorphic allele G424T, and introduces this SNP as a negative prognostic
      factor in children with ALL.

PMID- 27372261
TI  - Adsorption of As(III), As(V) and Cu(II) on zirconium oxide immobilized alginate
      beads in aqueous phase.
AB  - A composite adsorbent to remove arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)], and copper
      [Cu(II)] from aqueous phase was synthesized by immobilizing zirconium oxide on
      alginate beads (ZOAB). The composition (wt%) of ZOAB (Zr-34.0; O-32.7; C-21.3; Ca
      1.0) was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Sorption studies
      were conducted on single and binary sorbate systems, and the effects of contact
      time, initial adsorbate concentration, and pH on the adsorption performance of
      ZOAB (pHPZC = 4.3) were monitored. The sorption process for As(III)/As(V) and
      Cu(II) reached an equilibrium state within 240 h and 24 h, respectively, with
      maximum sorption capacities of 32.3, 28.5, and 69.9 mg g(-1), respectively. The
      addition of Cu(II) was favorable for As(V) sorption in contrast to As(III). In
      the presence of 48.6 mg L(-1) Cu(II), the sorption capacity of As(V) increased
      from 1.5 to 3.8 mg g(-1) after 240 h. The sorption data for As(III)/As(V) and
      Cu(II) conformed the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively. The
      adsorption of As(III), As(V), and Cu(II) followed pseudo second order kinetics.
      The effect of arsenic species on Cu(II) sorption was insignificant. The results
      of present study demonstrated that the synthesized sorbent could be useful for
      the simultaneous removal of both anionic and cationic contaminants from
      wastewaters. 

PMID- 27372262
TI  - A hybrid process combining homogeneous catalytic ozonation and membrane
      distillation for wastewater treatment.
AB  - A novel catalytic ozonation membrane reactor (COMR) coupling homogeneous
      catalytic ozonation and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was developed
      for refractory saline organic pollutant treatment from wastewater. An ozonation
      process took place in the reactor to degrade organic pollutants, whilst the DCMD
      process was used to recover ionic catalysts and produce clean water. It was found
      that 98.6% total organic carbon (TOC) and almost 100% salt were removed and
      almost 100% metal ion catalyst was recovered. TOC in the permeate water was less
      than 16 mg/L after 5 h operation, which was considered satisfactory as the TOC in
      the potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) feed water was as high as 1000 mg/L.
      Meanwhile, the membrane distillation flux in the COMR process was 49.8% higher
      than that in DCMD process alone after 60 h operation. Further, scanning electron
      microscope images showed less amount and smaller size of contaminants on the
      membrane surface, which indicated the mitigation of membrane fouling. The tensile
      strength and FT-IR spectra tests did not reveal obvious changes for the
      polyvinylidene fluoride membrane after 60 h operation, which indicated the good
      durability. This novel COMR hybrid process exhibited promising application
      prospects for saline organic wastewater treatment. 

PMID- 27372263
TI  - A humic substance analogue AQDS stimulates Geobacter sp. abundance and enhances
      pentachlorophenol transformation in a paddy soil.
AB  - Soil humic substances can be used as redox mediators in accelerating the
      biotransformation of organic pollutants, and humus-respiring bacteria are widely
      distributed in soils. However, the impact of humic substances on the soil
      microbial community during the biotransformation of organic pollutants is
      expected to be crucial while remains to be unclear. In this study, the
      biostimulation of indigenous microbial communities and the consequent effects on
      anaerobic transformation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by a model humic substance,
      anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS), were systematically investigated in a paddy
      soil. The addition of AQDS was observed to increase the production of HCl
      extractable Fe(II) and enhance the PCP transformation rates consequently. The
      pseudo-first-order rate constants of the PCP transformation showed a positive
      exponential relationship with the AQDS dosage. The terminal restriction fragment
      length polymorphism (T-RFLP) results indicated the substantial effect of added
      AQDS on soil microbial community. The enhanced abundance of Geobacter sp. was
      disclosed to be most critical for accelerated PCP transformation when with AQDS,
      in which Geobacter sp. functioned for promoting the generation of active Fe(II)
      and consequently enhancing the PCP transformation rates. The transformation rates
      of PCP were exponentially correlated with the abundance of Geobacter sp.
      positively. The findings are expected to improve the understanding of diversity
      and ubiquity of microorganisms in humic substances-rich soils for accelerating
      the transformations of soil chlorinated pollutants. 

PMID- 27372264
TI  - Using aquatic vegetation to remediate nitrate, ammonium, and soluble reactive
      phosphorus in simulated runoff.
AB  - Within the agriculturally-intensive Mississippi River Basin of the United States,
      significant conservation efforts have focused on management practices that reduce
      nutrient runoff into receiving aquatic ecosystems. Only a small fraction of those
      efforts have focused on phytoremediation techniques. Each of six different
      aquatic macrophytes were planted, in monoculture, in three replicate mesocosms
      (1.2 m * 0.15 m * 0.65 m). Three additional unvegetated mesocosms served as
      controls for a total number of 21 mesocosms. Over two years, mesocosms were
      amended once each summer with sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium
      phosphate dibasic to represent nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural runoff.
      System retention was calculated using a simple aqueous mass balance approach.
      Ammonium retention in both years differed greatly, as Panicum hemitomon and
      Echinodorus cordifolius retentions were significantly greater than controls in
      the first year, while only Myriophyllum aquaticum and Typha latifolia were
      significantly greater than controls in the second year. Greater soluble reactive
      phosphorus retention was observed in T. latifolia compared to controls in both
      years. Several other significant differences were observed in either the first or
      second year, but not both years. In the first year's exposure, P. hemitomon was
      significantly more efficient than the control, Saururus cernuus, and T. latifolia
      for overall percent nitrate decrease. Results of this novel study highlight
      inherent variability within and among species for nutrient specific uptake and
      the temporal variations of species for nutrient retention. By examining this
      natural variability, scientists may design phytoremediation systems with greater
      impact on improving agricultural runoff water quality. 

PMID- 27372265
TI  - Application of UV based advanced oxidation to treat sulfolane in an aqueous
      medium.
AB  - Several oxidative methods were studied to degrade sulfolane in an aqueous medium.
      These include UVA and UVC irradiation with suitable photoactive oxidants,
      including ozone, H2O2, and TiO2 based photocatalysis and their combinations.
      Since sulfolane lacks absorption bands in the UV range beyond 200 nm, initiation
      of reactions depends on the spectra and photochemistry of the oxidants. Among all
      the advanced oxidation processes investigated, combinations of (a) UVC with H2O2
      and O3 (b) UVC with H2O2 and (c) UVC with O3 led to the highest rate of sulfolane
      loss in synthetic water samples. Experiments on sulfolane contaminated
      groundwater samples also indicated that these three combinations can efficiently
      degrade sulfolane. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed in the
      combination of H2O2 and O3 photolysis. 

PMID- 27372266
TI  - Accumulation of atmospheric radionuclides and heavy metals in cryoconite holes on
      an Arctic glacier.
AB  - Surface of glaciers is covered by mineral and organic dust, together with
      microorganisms forming cryoconite granules. Despite fact that glaciers and ice
      sheets constitute significance part of land surface, reservoir of freshwater, and
      sites of high biological production, the knowledge on the cryoconite granules
      still remain unsatisfactory. This study presents information on radionuclide and
      heavy metal contents in cryoconites. Cryoconites collected from the Hans Glacier
      in SW Spitsbergen reveal high activity concentrations of anthropogenic
      ((238,239,240)Pu, (137)Cs, (90)Sr) and natural ((210)Pb) radionuclides. The
      (238)Pu/(239+240)Pu activity ratios in these cryoconites significantly exceed the
      mean global fallout ratio (0.025). The (238)Pu/(239+240)Pu ranged from 0.064 to
      0.118. The (239+240)Pu/(137)Cs varied from 0.011 +/- 0.003 to 0.030 +/- 0.007.
      Such activity ratios as observed in these cryoconites were significantly higher
      than the values characterizing global fallout, pointing to possible contributions
      of these radionuclides from other sources. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and
      Mn) in cryoconites exceed both UCC concentrations and local rocks'
      concentrations, particularly for cadmium. The concentration ratios of stable lead
      isotopes ((206)Pb/(207)Pb, (208)Pb/(206)Pb) were determined to discriminate
      between the natural and anthropogenic sources of Pb in cryoconites and to confirm
      the strong anthropogenic contribution to heavy metal deposition in the Arctic. In
      investigated cryoconite holes, two groups of invertebrates, both extremophiles,
      Tardigrada and Rotifera were detected. Our study indicate that cryoconites are
      aggregates of mineral and organic substances on surfaces of glaciers are able to
      accumulate large amounts of airborne pollutants bound to extracellular polymeric
      substances secreted by microorganisms. 

PMID- 27372267
TI  - Partial Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Other New Mechanisms of Kidney
      Fibrosis.
AB  - Kidney fibrosis is the unavoidable consequence of chronic kidney disease
      irrespective of the primary underlying insult. It is a complex phenomenon
      governed by the interplay between different cellular components and intricate
      networks of signaling pathways, which together lead to loss of renal
      functionality and replacement of kidney parenchyma with scar tissue. An immense
      effort has recently been made to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms
      leading to kidney fibrosis. The cellular protagonists of this process include
      myofibroblasts, tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. We
      discuss here the most recent findings, including partial epithelial-to
      mesenchymal transition (EMT), in the initiation and progression of tissue
      fibrosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A deep understanding of these
      mechanisms will allow the development of effective therapies.

PMID- 27372268
TI  - Quantification of cell membrane permeability induced by monopolar and high
      frequency bipolar bursts of electrical pulses.
AB  - High-frequency bipolar electric pulses have been shown to mitigate undesirable
      muscle contraction during irreversible electroporation (IRE) therapy. Here, we
      evaluate the potential applicability of such pulses for introducing exogenous
      molecules into cells, such as in electrochemotherapy (ECT). For this purpose we
      develop a method for calculating the time course of the effective permeability of
      an electroporated cell membrane based on real-time imaging of propidium transport
      into single cells that allows a quantitative comparison between different pulsing
      schemes. We calculate the effective permeability for several pulsed electric
      field treatments including trains of 100MUs monopolar pulses, conventionally used
      in IRE and ECT, and pulse trains containing bursts or evenly-spaced 1MUs bipolar
      pulses. We show that shorter bipolar pulses induce lower effective membrane
      permeability than longer monopolar pulses with equivalent treatment times. This
      lower efficiency can be attributed to incomplete membrane charging. Nevertheless,
      bipolar pulses could be used for increasing the uptake of small molecules into
      cells more symmetrically, but at the expense of higher applied voltages. These
      data indicate that high-frequency bipolar bursts of electrical pulses may be
      designed to electroporate cells as effectively as and more homogeneously than
      conventional monopolar pulses.

PMID- 27372269
TI  - Small-for-gestational-age infants among uncomplicated pregnancies at term: a
      secondary analysis of 9 Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most small (birthweight <10%) for-gestational-age cases occur at
      term, in uncomplicated pregnancies, and are not identified during prenatal visits
      as having fetal growth restriction. Hence, they do not benefit from antepartum
      surveillance and timed delivery. There is dismissive and disquieting opinion that
      small for gestational age among uncomplicated pregnancies is not associated with
      increased morbidities and, therefore, does not warrant improved detection. Our
      hypothesis was that among uncomplicated pregnancies at term, small for
      gestational age have significantly higher morbidity and mortality than
      appropriate (birthweight 10-89%) for gestational age. OBJECTIVE: We sought to
      compare composite neonatal morbidity among uncomplicated term singleton
      pregnancies with small vs appropriate for gestational age. STUDY DESIGN: We
      culled collected data from 9 completed Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units studies
      conducted from 1989 through 2004. All data were collected prospectively by
      trained staff. We excluded women who delivered <37 weeks and those with
      hypertension or diabetes, multiple gestation, known anomalies, and birthweight of
      >=90% for gestational age. Using multivariable analysis, we compared composite
      neonatal morbidity, which included stillbirth and neonatal mortality between
      small and appropriate for gestational age. Random effect logistic regressions
      were used to account for study heterogeneity, with adjustment for potential
      confounders. We calculated adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
      RESULTS: Of the >91,000 women enrolled in the studies, 60% (n = 50,011) met the
      inclusion criteria. Among the uncomplicated pregnancies, 10.8% (n = 5416) were
      small for gestational age. The rate of composite neonatal morbidity of 16% in
      small for gestational age and 10% in appropriate for gestational age persisted
      (adjusted odds ratio, 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.71-1.78). After adjustment
      for confounders, the following neonatal morbidities were significantly more
      common among term small than appropriate for gestational age: Apgar <4 at 5
      minutes, respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation, necrotizing
      enterocolitis grade 2 or 3, and neonatal sepsis. Lastly, rate of stillbirths (3.5
      vs 0.9/1000 births; adjusted odds ratio, 3.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.83
      6.67) and neonatal mortality (1.1 vs 0.4/1000 births; adjusted odds ratio, 2.56;
      95% confidence interval, 1.83-3.57) were significantly more common with small
      than appropriate for gestational age. In secondary analyses the composite
      neonatal morbidity among newborns at <5% and at 5-9% was significantly higher
      than appropriate for gestational age. Lastly, in subgroup analyses of women who
      delivered at 37.0-38.6 weeks or at >=39.0 weeks, the increased rate of composite
      neonatal morbidity, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality among small for
      gestational age persisted. CONCLUSION: Among uncomplicated pregnancies at term,
      small- compared to appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns have a significantly
      higher likelihood of composite neonatal morbidity, stillbirth, and neonatal
      mortality. A large multicenter trial is warranted to determine if improved
      detection of small for gestational age among uncomplicated pregnancies can
      mitigate morbidities and mortality, without disproportionate interventions and
      iatrogenic complications.

PMID- 27372270
TI  - Proposed diagnostic criteria for the case definition of amniotic fluid embolism
      in research studies.
AB  - Amniotic fluid embolism is a leading cause of maternal mortality in developed
      countries. Our understanding of risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
      is hampered by a lack of uniform clinical case definition; neither histologic nor
      laboratory findings have been identified unique to this condition. Amniotic fluid
      embolism is often overdiagnosed in critically ill peripartum women, particularly
      when an element of coagulopathy is involved. Previously proposed case definitions
      for amniotic fluid embolism are nonspecific, and when viewed through the eyes of
      individuals with experience in critical care obstetrics, would include women with
      a number of medical conditions much more common than amniotic fluid embolism. We
      convened a working group under the auspices of a committee of the Society for
      Maternal-Fetal Medicine and the Amniotic Fluid Embolism Foundation whose task was
      to develop uniform diagnostic criteria for the research reporting of amniotic
      fluid embolism. These criteria rely on the presence of the classic triad of
      hemodynamic and respiratory compromise accompanied by strictly defined
      disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. It is anticipated that limiting research
      reports involving amniotic fluid embolism to women who meet these criteria will
      enhance the validity of published data and assist in the identification of risk
      factors, effective treatments, and possibly useful biomarkers for this condition.
      A registry has been established in conjunction with the Perinatal Research Branch
      of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
      Development to collect both clinical information and laboratory specimens of
      women with suspected amniotic fluid embolism in the hopes of identifying unique
      biomarkers of this condition.

PMID- 27372271
TI  - Using Interdisciplinary Workgroups to Educate Surgery Residents in Systems-Based
      Practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Meaningful education of residents in systems-based practice is
      notoriously challenging, despite its recognition as 1 of the 6 Accreditation
      Council for Graduate Medical Education core competencies. To address this
      challenge, surgery residents and other members of the health care team were
      organized into interdisciplinary workgroups that were tasked with developing
      solutions to "systems issues" confronted on a daily basis. The project's goals
      included providing more meaningful, hands-on educational experience for residents
      in system-based practice, while also generating practical solutions to workflow
      issues through interprofessional collaboration. PROJECT DESIGN: Project
      participants included all surgery residents at the University of Virginia in
      Charlottesville, VA, as well as surgical health care professionals across all
      disciplines. Participants were organized into workgroups. Over the course of 3
      sessions, each of 1-hour, each workgroup identified commonly encountered systems
      issues, chose 1 issue to address, and determined an implementable solution for
      this issue. In total, 140 participants were divided among 13 workgroups. PROJECT
      EXECUTION: Workgroup topics ranged from improving paging etiquette to
      standardizing interdisciplinary communication. In total, 9 of the 13 proposals
      have been piloted or fully implemented as standard practice at our institution,
      either within a single unit or over the entire health system. DISCUSSION: This
      project demonstrates an innovative approach toward resident education in system
      based practice, providing residents with a hands-on experience in problem solving
      from a systems perspective. These interdisciplinary workgroups generated
      effective solutions to issues that were meaningful to frontline health care
      providers. Interdisciplinary collaboration within the workgroups served as a
      valuable team-building exercise to improve relations between the disciplines.
      This project can serve as a model for other institutions desiring meaningful
      education in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education competency
      of systems-based practice.

PMID- 27372272
TI  - Exploring Senior Residents' Intraoperative Error Management Strategies: A
      Potential Measure of Performance Improvement.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to determine whether residents' error management
      strategies changed across 2 simulated laparoscopic ventral hernia (LVH) repair
      procedures after receiving feedback on their initial performance. We hypothesize
      that error detection and recovery strategies would improve during the second
      procedure without hands-on practice. DESIGN: Retrospective review of participant
      procedural performances of simulated laparoscopic ventral herniorrhaphy. A total
      of 3 investigators reviewed procedure videos to identify surgical errors. Errors
      were deconstructed. Error management events were noted, including error
      identification and recovery. SETTING: Residents performed the simulated LVH
      procedures during a course on advanced laparoscopy. Participants had 30 minutes
      to complete a LVH procedure. After verbal and simulator feedback, residents
      returned 24 hours later to perform a different, more difficult simulated LVH
      repair. PARTICIPANTS: Senior (N = 7; postgraduate year 4-5) residents in
      attendance at the course participated in this study. RESULTS: In the first LVH
      procedure, residents committed 121 errors (M = 17.14, standard deviation = 4.38).
      Although the number of errors increased to 146 (M = 20.86, standard deviation =
      6.15) during the second procedure, residents progressed further in the second
      procedure. There was no significant difference in the number of errors committed
      for both procedures, but errors shifted to the late stage of the second
      procedure. Residents changed the error types that they attempted to recover
      (chi25=24.96, p<0.001). For the second procedure, recovery attempts increased for
      action and procedure errors, but decreased for strategy errors. Residents also
      recovered the most errors in the late stage of the second procedure (p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Residents' error management strategies changed between procedures
      following verbal feedback on their initial performance and feedback from the
      simulator. Errors and recovery attempts shifted to later steps during the second
      procedure. This may reflect residents' error management success in the earlier
      stages, which allowed further progression in the second simulation. Incorporating
      error recognition and management opportunities into surgical training could help
      track residents' learning curve and provide detailed, structured feedback on
      technical and decision-making skills.

PMID- 27372273
TI  - iPAD or PADi-'tablets' with therapeutic disease potential?
AB  - Over the last five years, a growing body of literature has strengthened the
      rationale for the involvement of PAD (protein arginine deiminase) enzymes in
      diverse diseases, through direct roles of citrullination in mechanisms such as
      neutrophil extracellular trap formation and immune complex formation. The recent
      development of inhibitors of the PAD family, coupled with the availability of
      mice genetically deficient in PAD2 or PAD4, has accelerated understanding of the
      role of these targets in varied disease models. This review surveys the recent
      literature to confirm the therapeutic potential of PAD inhibitors as a new class
      of drugs to treat human autoimmune disease.

PMID- 27372274
TI  - Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes relating to beta-alanine use among
      professional footballers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate beta-alanine supplementation use and level of
      knowledge amongst professional footballers. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of
      Australian professional football players. METHODS: Questionnaires assessing beta
      alanine supplementation behaviours, level of knowledge and sources of information
      were completed by professional rugby union (RU) (n=87), rugby league (RL) (n=180)
      and Australian Rules Football (ARF) (n=303) players. RESULTS: Approximately 61%
      of athletes reported beta-alanine use, however use by ARF football players (44%)
      was lower than that of RU (80%) and RL players (80%). The majority of respondents
      were not using beta-alanine in accordance with recommendations. Only 35% of the
      participants were able to correctly identify the potential benefits of beta
      alanine supplementation. The main information sources that influenced players'
      decision to use beta-alanine were strength and conditioning coach (71%) and
      dietitian (52%). Forty-eight per cent of athletes never read labels prior to
      supplementing and only 11% completed their own research on beta-alanine. Compared
      to RL and ARF players, RU players had both a greater knowledge of beta-alanine
      supplementation and better supplementation practices. CONCLUSIONS: Despite over
      half the surveyed professional footballers using beta-alanine, the majority of
      athletes used beta-alanine in a manner inconsistent with recommendations. A
      better understanding of the environment and culture within professional football
      codes is required before supplement use becomes consistent with evidence based
      supplement recommendations.

PMID- 27372275
TI  - Field evaluation of a random forest activity classifier for wrist-worn
      accelerometer data.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Wrist-worn accelerometers are convenient to wear and associated with
      greater wear-time compliance. Previous work has generally relied on choreographed
      activity trials to train and test classification models. However, validity in
      free-living contexts is starting to emerge. Study aims were: (1) train and test a
      random forest activity classifier for wrist accelerometer data; and (2) determine
      if models trained on laboratory data perform well under free-living conditions.
      DESIGN: Twenty-one participants (mean age=27.6+/-6.2) completed seven lab-based
      activity trials and a 24h free-living trial (N=16). METHODS: Participants wore a
      GENEActiv monitor on the non-dominant wrist. Classification models recognising
      four activity classes (sedentary, stationary+, walking, and running) were trained
      using time and frequency domain features extracted from 10-s non-overlapping
      windows. Model performance was evaluated using leave-one-out-cross-validation.
      Models were implemented using the randomForest package within R. Classifier
      accuracy during the 24h free living trial was evaluated by calculating agreement
      with concurrently worn activPAL monitors. RESULTS: Overall classification
      accuracy for the random forest algorithm was 92.7%. Recognition accuracy for
      sedentary, stationary+, walking, and running was 80.1%, 95.7%, 91.7%, and 93.7%,
      respectively for the laboratory protocol. Agreement with the activPAL data
      (stepping vs. non-stepping) during the 24h free-living trial was excellent and,
      on average, exceeded 90%. The ICC for stepping time was 0.92 (95% CI=0.75-0.97).
      However, sensitivity and positive predictive values were modest. Mean bias was
      10.3min/d (95% LOA=-46.0 to 25.4min/d). CONCLUSIONS: The random forest classifier
      for wrist accelerometer data yielded accurate group-level predictions under
      controlled conditions, but was less accurate at identifying stepping verse non
      stepping behaviour in free living conditions Future studies should conduct more
      rigorous field-based evaluations using observation as a criterion measure.

PMID- 27372276
TI  - Perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy: A
      literature review of quantitative and qualitative evidence.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Identify perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity during
      pregnancy to inform future interventions aimed at improving physical activity
      levels in pregnancy. DESIGN: PubMed/Medline and Web of Science databases were
      systematically searched using a reference period between 1986 and January/2016.
      METHODS: A comprehensive search strategy was developed combining the following
      keywords: (barriers OR constraints OR perceptions OR attitudes) AND (physical
      activity OR exercise OR motor activity) AND (pregnancy OR pregnant women OR
      antenatal OR prenatal). Thematic synthesis was conducted to analyze the data. A
      socioecological model was used to categorize the reported barriers. RESULTS:
      Twelve quantitative studies and 14 qualitative studies were included. Barriers
      belonging to the intrapersonal level of the socioecological model were the most
      reported in the studies and were categorized in five themes as follows: (1)
      Pregnancy-related symptoms and limitations; (2) Time constraints; (3) Perceptions
      of already being active, (4) Lack of motivation and (5) Mother-child safety
      concerns. At the interpersonal level, barriers were coded into two descriptive
      themes: (1) Lack of advice and information and (2) Lack of social support. Two
      other themes were used to summarize Environmental, Organizational and Policy
      barriers: (1) Adverse weather and (2) Lack of resources. CONCLUSIONS: A range of
      relevant barriers to leisure-time physical-activity engagement during pregnancy
      were identified in this literature review. Pregnancy-related symptoms and
      limitations barriers were the most reported in studies, regardless of study
      design. Mother-child safety concerns, lack of advice/information and lack of
      social support were also important emphasized pregnancy-related barriers to be
      targeted in future interventions.

PMID- 27372277
TI  - Acclimation improves salt stress tolerance in Zea mays plants.
AB  - Plants exposure to low level salinity activates an array of processes leading to
      an improvement of plant stress tolerance. Although the beneficial effect of
      acclimation was demonstrated in many herbaceous species, underlying mechanisms
      behind this phenomenon remain poorly understood. In the present study we have
      addressed this issue by investigating ionic mechanisms underlying the process of
      plant acclimation to salinity stress in Zea mays. Effect of acclimation were
      examined in two parallel sets of experiments: a growth experiment for agronomic
      assessments, sap analysis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and
      confocal laser scanning imaging; and a lab experiment for in vivo ion flux
      measurements from root tissues. Being exposed to salinity, acclimated plants (1)
      retain more K(+) but accumulate less Na(+) in roots; (2) have better vacuolar
      Na(+) sequestration ability in leaves and thus are capable of accumulating larger
      amounts of Na(+) in the shoot without having any detrimental effect on leaf
      photochemistry; and (3) rely more on Na(+) for osmotic adjustment in the shoot.
      At the same time, acclimation affect was not related in increased root Na(+)
      exclusion ability. It appears that even in a such salt-sensitive species as
      maize, Na(+) exclusion from uptake is of a much less importance compared with the
      efficient vacuolar Na(+) sequestration in the shoot. 

PMID- 27372278
TI  - Generation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate from acetate in higher plants: Detection
      of acetoacetyl CoA reductase- and PHB synthase- activities in rice.
AB  - It has been reported that Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is generated from
      acetate in the rice root. However, no information is available about the
      biosynthetic pathway of PHB from acetate in plant cells. In the bacterium
      Ralstonia eutropha H16 (R. eutropha), PHB is synthesized from acetyl CoA by the
      consecutive reaction of three enzymes: beta-ketothiolase (EC: 2.3.1.9),
      acetoacetyl CoA reductase (EC: 1.1.1.36) and PHB synthase (EC: 2.3.1.-). Thus, in
      this study, we examined whether the above three enzymatic activities were also
      detected in rice seedlings. The results clearly showed that the activities of the
      above three enzymes were all detected in rice. In particular, the PHB synthase
      activity was detected specifically in the sonicated particulate fractions (2000g
      10min precipitate (ppt) and the 8000g 30min ppt) of rice roots and leaves. In
      addition to these enzyme activities, several new experimental results were
      obtained on PHB synthesis in higher plants: (a) (14)C-PHB generated from 2-(14)C
      acetate was mainly localized in the 2000g 10min ppt and the 8000g 30min ppt of
      rice root. (b) Addition of acetate (0.1-10mM) to culture medium of rice seedlings
      did not increase the content of PHB in the rice root or leaf. (c) In addition to
      C3 plants, PHB was generated from acetate in a C4 plant (corn) and in a CAM plant
      (Bryophyllum pinnatum). d) Washing with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
      strongly suggested that the PHB synthesized from acetate was of plant origin and
      was not bacterial contamination. 

PMID- 27372279
TI  - Does a pre-intervention functional assessment increase intervention
      effectiveness? A meta-analysis of within-subject interrupted time-series studies.
AB  - This study examined the relative effectiveness of interventions based on a pre
      intervention functional behavioral assessment (FBA), compared to interventions
      not based on a pre-intervention FBA. We examined 19 studies that included a
      direct comparison between the effects of FBA- and non-FBA-based interventions
      with the same participants. A random effects meta-analysis of effect sizes
      indicated that FBA-based interventions were associated with large reductions in
      problem behaviors when using non-FBA-based interventions as a reference
      intervention (Effect size=0.85, 95% CI [0.42, 1.27], p<0.001). In addition, non
      FBA based interventions had no effect on problem behavior when compared to no
      intervention (0.06, 95% CI [-0.21, 0.33], p=0.664). Interestingly, both FBA-based
      and non-FBA-based interventions had significant effects on appropriate behavior
      relative to no intervention, albeit the overall effect size was much larger for
      FBA-based interventions (FBA-based: 1.27, 95% CI [0.89, 1.66], p<0.001 vs. non
      FBA-based: 0.35, 95% CI [0.14, 0.56], p=0.001). In spite of the evidence in favor
      of FBA-based interventions, the limited number of comparative studies with high
      methodological standards underlines the need for further comparisons of FBA-based
      versus non-FBA-based interventions.

PMID- 27372280
TI  - Characterization of hemorrhages in the tenderloins of slaughter pigs.
AB  - Muscle hemorrhages are regularly observed in especially the tip of the tenderloin
      muscles of slaughter pigs. In order to characterize the hemorrhages, a macro- and
      microscopic examination of tenderloins with (n=5) and without (n=4) hemorrhages
      and the associated vertebral column was carried out. Furthermore, all columns
      were radiographed and two were CT scanned. Histologically, the muscle hemorrhages
      contained cells from bone marrow and growth line cartilage. Ventral
      epiphysiolysis in either the cranial or caudal epiphysis of the first lumbar
      vertebrae (L1) in 8 out of the 9 vertebral columns was present. In the 5 cases
      with tenderloin hemorrhage, similar hemorrhage with growth line cartilage was
      found within the fracture of the epiphysis. The hemorrhages develop secondarily
      to epiphysiolysis in the lumbar vertebrae, where the tenderloin attaches to the
      spine. The lesions probably develop around the time of stunning. 

PMID- 27372281
TI  - Utilization of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular cancer in the
      United States: Results from the National Cancer Database (1998-2011).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for the treatment of
      testicular cancer is a relatively rare and complex operation that may contribute
      to differences in utilization. We sought to characterize the use of RPLND between
      different categories of cancer center facilities in the United States. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with germ cell
      tumors treated at different types of cancer centers between 1998 and 2011. The
      proportion of patients who underwent RPLND was stratified by stage and histology
      and then compared between treatment facilities. RPLND utilization was then
      compared between facility types as a function of time. RESULTS: A total of 59,652
      patients met inclusion criteria and 5,475 (9.2%) underwent RPLND. The proportion
      of patients treated with RPLND for non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) was
      significantly different between cancer center types for all stages (P<0.001) and
      used most often in academic comprehensive cancer centers. There was no difference
      in the proportion of RPLND utilization for stage II and III seminoma stratified
      by treatment facility. There was a significantly decreased trend in the
      utilization of RPLND for stage I (P = 0.032) NSGCT whereas utilization was
      increased for stage III NSGCT (P<=0.001) over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The
      proportion of patients undergoing RPLND for NSGCT varies significantly by the
      type of cancer center and is used most often in academic cancer centers.
      Utilization of RPLND decreased for stage I NSGCT and increased for stage III
      NSGCTs during the study period.

PMID- 27372282
TI  - Determinants of radical cystectomy operative time.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with radical cystectomy operative time
      among Medicare beneficiaries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using linked Surveillance,
      Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data, we identified 4,975 patients who
      underwent a radical cystectomy during 1991 to 2007. Using a validated method of
      using anesthesia administrative data to quantify operative time, we used
      generalized estimating equations to examine the association of patient, provider,
      and hospital factors on radical cystectomy operative time. RESULTS: We found that
      mean operative time decreased by 5 minutes per year (Delta = -5.3min/y, P<0.001).
      Longer operative times were found in academic centers (Delta =+39.0min vs.
      nonacademic), continent diversion (Delta =+34.9min vs. ileal conduit), surgical
      excision of>=11 lymph nodes (Delta =+24.9min vs. 1-5), female (Delta =+32.3min
      vs. male sex), and perioperative anesthesia procedures such as placement of
      central venous catheters or arterial lines (Delta =+47.2min vs. no procedures),
      respectively (all P<0.01). In adjusted analysis, higher surgeon volume (Delta =
      22.0min vs. lowest volume) was associated with shorter operative times (P =
      0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Operative times for cystectomy have been steadily decreasing
      annually. There is notable variation based on academic affiliation, diversion
      type and extent of lymphadenectomy, surgeon and hospital volumes, as well as use
      of anesthetic procedures. Efforts to improve operative time by selective referral
      to high-volume surgeons or hospitals or both, or judicious use of perioperative
      procedures may have a positive effect on health care costs and overall quality of
      care for patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.

PMID- 27372283
TI  - Calibrated kallikrein generation in human plasma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The physiological role of the contact system remains inconclusive. No
      obvious clinical complications have been observed for factor XII (FXII),
      prekallikrein (PK), or high molecular weight kininogen deficiencies even though
      the contact system in vitro is associated with coagulation, fibrinolysis, and
      inflammation. A global generation assay measuring the initial phase of the
      contact system could be a valuable tool for studies of its physiological role.
      DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated whether such a method could be developed
      using the principle of the Calibrated Automated Thrombin generation method as a
      template. RESULTS: A suitable kallikrein specific fluorogenic substrate was
      identified (KM=0.91mM, kcat=19s-1), and kallikrein generation could be measured
      in undiluted plasma when silica was added as activator. Disturbing effects,
      including substrate depletion and the inner-filter effect, however, affected the
      signal. These problems were corrected for by external calibration with alpha2
      macroglobulin-kallikrein complexes. Selectivity studies of the substrate,
      experiments with FXII and PK depleted plasmas, and plasma with high or low
      complement C1-esterase inhibitor activity indicated that the obtained and
      calibrated signal predominantly was related to FXII-dependent kallikrein
      activity. CONCLUSIONS: The findings described show that establishment of a
      kallikrein generation method is possible. Potentially, this setup could be used
      for clinical studies of the contact system.

PMID- 27372284
TI  - Experiences from using LC-MS/MS for analysis of immunosuppressive drugs in a TDM
      service.
AB  - A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method is presented that was
      applied for over five years for routine measurement of the immunosuppressant
      drugs ciclosporin, everolimus, sirolimus and tacrolimus in blood. The method has
      been used for analysis of 142 thousand unknowns and has been running 7days a week
      without a single day shutdown during the entire time. The measuring ranges were
      10-1500ng/mL for ciclosporin and 1-50ng/mL for everolimus, sirolimus and
      tacrolimus. The method validation showed performance meeting the EMA validation
      guideline requirements and acceptable performance in a proficiency control
      program. The routine work was based on daily calibrations on two parallel
      instrument systems, one with multiplexing providing a capacity of 55
      injections/h. During week-days up to six batches of samples were run to meet
      requirements of short reporting times. Although there is still room for method
      improvements our main conclusion is that the liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry technique provides a viable platform for an analytical routine
      service for therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs that meet
      clinical needs of reporting times and reliable results. We also describe early
      involvement and education of clinicians to gain acceptance and correct clinical
      interpretation of analytical results more accurate and precise, but differing
      from those obtained by immunoassay. 

PMID- 27372285
TI  - Performance of a phosphoflow assay to determine phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal
      protein as a pharmacodynamic read out for mTOR inhibition.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP) is phosphorylated by the mammalian
      target of rapamycin (mTOR). The objective of this study was to assess the
      analytical suitability of a commercial kit-based phosphoflow cytometry protocol
      using whole blood (WBS) to measure the level of phosphorylated S6RP (p-S6RP) in T
      cell subsets to study the pharmacodynamic effects of mTOR inhibitors (mTORi).
      DESIGN AND METHODS: A kit was used for fixation and permeabilization of mitogen
      stimulated cells, and p-S6RP was assessed separately in CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+
      cells by employing an anti-phospho-Ser235/236 antibody. Specificity, linearity,
      within-run precision and stability were investigated in either WBS spiked with
      everolimus and non-mTORi immunosuppressants or in WBS from patients on
      immunosuppressive therapy (n=56). In addition, healthy controls (n=10) and
      patients without immunosuppression (n=10) were included. A comparison (n=15) with
      an established western blot method based on anti-phospho p70S6 kinase (Thr389)
      was made by splitting WBS. RESULTS: Everolimus decreased p-S6RP in vitro
      concentration dependently (0.00-27.4MUg/L). This effect was also confirmed in
      vivo after a single dose of everolimus to healthy volunteers (n=3). However,
      spiking WBS with 500MUg/L cyclosporine also decreased p-S6RP. The within-run
      coefficient of variation was <18% in transplant patients and <27% in healthy
      controls for both cell subsets. Sample stability for p-S6RP analysis was limited
      (<24h). p-S6RP was significantly decreased in CD3+CD8+ cells of patients treated
      with sirolimus (p=0.02) but not with everolimus. No significant correlation
      between the phosphoflow- and western blot method was noted. CONCLUSION: The
      phosphoflow assay of p-S6RP performed well analytically, but sample stability,
      specificity, and method comparison results question its fitness for clinical
      purposes.

PMID- 27372286
TI  - Imaging of hypoxia in mouse atherosclerotic plaques with (64)Cu-ATSM.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United
      States. The identification of vulnerable plaque at risk of rupture has been a
      major focus of research. Hypoxia has been identified as a potential factor in the
      formation of vulnerable plaque, and it is clear that decreased oxygen plays a
      role in the development of plaque angiogenesis leading to plaque destabilization.
      The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of copper-64 labeled
      diacetyl-bis (N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-ATSM), a positron-emitting
      radiopharmaceutical taken up in low-oxygen-tension cells, for the identification
      of hypoxic and potentially unstable atherosclerotic plaque in a mouse model.
      METHODS: (64)Cu-ATSM PET was performed in 21 atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E
      knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice, 6 of which were fed high-fat diet (HFD) while the
      others received standard-chow diet (SCD), and 13 control wild type mice fed SCD.
      4 SCD ApoE(-/-) mice and 4 SCD wild type mice also underwent (18)F
      fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging one day
      prior to (64)Cu-ATSM PET. RESULTS: (64)Cu-ATSM uptake was increased in the aortic
      arch in SCD ApoE(-/-) mice (average aortic arch/muscle (A/M) standardized uptake
      value ratio 7.5-30min post injection: (5.66+/-0.23) compared to control mice (A/M
      SUV ratio 7.5-30min post injection (3.87+/-0.22), p<0.0001). HFD ApoE(-/-) mice
      also showed similarly increased aortic arch uptake on PET imaging in comparison
      to control mice. Immunohistochemistry in both HFD and SCD ApoE(-/-) mice revealed
      noticeable hypoxia by pimonidazole stain in atherosclerosis which was co
      localized to macrophage by CD68 staining. Autoradiography assessment demonstrated
      the presence of hypoxia by (64)Cu-ATSM uptake correlated with pimonidazole uptake
      within the ex vivo atherosclerotic aortic arch specimens. A significant increase
      in (18)F-FDG uptake in the SCD ApoE(-/-) mice in comparison to controls was also
      observed at delayed time points. CONCLUSION: This pre-clinical study suggests
      that (64)Cu-ATSM is a potential PET tracer for hypoxia imaging in
      atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE: While
      studies in humans are necessary for conclusive data, in the long term, a (64)Cu
      ATSM PET imaging strategy could help facilitate the study of plaque biology in
      human patients.

PMID- 27372287
TI  - Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of a natural like glycoconjugate
      polycyclic compound.
AB  - A natural like O-glycoconjugate polycyclic compound 4 was obtained by a multistep
      procedure starting from N-(3-methyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)acetamide.
      The glycosyl derivative 4 showed antiproliferative activity against all the
      tumoral cell lines of the NCI panel in the range 0.47-5.43 MUM. Cytofluorimetric
      analysis performed on MDA-MB231, a very aggressive breast cancer cell line, which
      does not express estrogen, progesterone and HER-2/neu receptors, showed that 4 is
      able to induce prolonged cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and morphological signs
      of differentiation. These events are correlated with down-regulation of both
      cyclin B1 and cdc2, the cyclins involved in G2/M transition, as well as up
      regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 Cip1/Waf1. 

PMID- 27372288
TI  - Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives
      as new c-myc G-quadruplex ligands.
AB  - A series of 4-anilinoquinazoline derivatives were designed and synthesized as
      novel c-myc promoter G-quadruplex binding ligands. Subsequent biophysical and
      biochemical evaluation demonstrated that the introduction of aniline group at 4
      position of quinazoline ring and two side chains with terminal amino group
      improved their binding affinity and stabilizing ability to G-quadruplex DNA. RT
      PCR assay and Western blot showed that compound 7a could down-regulate
      transcription and expression of c-myc gene in Hela cells, which was consistent
      with the behavior of an effective G-quadruplex ligand targeting c-myc oncogene.
      More importantly, RTCA and colony formation assays indicated that 7a obviously
      inhibited Hela cells proliferation, without influence on normal primary cultured
      mouse mesangial cells. Flow cytometric assays suggested that 7a induced Hela
      cells to arrest in G0/G1 phase both in a time-dependent and dose-dependent
      manner. 

PMID- 27372289
TI  - Dietary Interventions and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Review of the Evidence.
AB  - Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the best studied of the functional
      gastrointestinal disorders. It is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by
      symptoms of abdominal pain, bloating, and disordered bowel habits, which may
      include constipation, diarrhea, or both. IBS has a significant negative impact on
      patients, both financially and with regard to their quality-of-life. At present,
      there is no cure for IBS, and while there are a number of pharmacological
      therapies available to treat IBS symptoms, they are not uniformly effective. For
      this reason, many patients and providers are turning to dietary interventions in
      an attempt to ameliorate IBS symptoms. At first glance, this approach appears
      reasonable as dietary interventions are generally safe and side effects,
      including potential adverse reactions with medications, are rare. However,
      although dietary interventions for IBS are frequently recommended, there is a
      paucity of data to support their use. The goals of this article are to answer key
      questions about diets currently recommended for the treatment of IBS, using the
      best available data from the literature. 

PMID- 27372290
TI  - Endoscopic Management of Gallbladder Stones: Can We Eliminate Cholecystectomy?
AB  - The gold standard for the management of acute cholecystitis is laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy. In patients that are not fit for surgery, percutaneous
      cholecystostomy is the standard treatment. However, the procedure is only a
      temporary measure for controlling gallbladder symptoms and it is frequently
      associated with morbidities. Recently, endoscopic options for management of acute
      cholecystitis have been developed. The approach avoids the need for a
      percutaneous drain and may allow endoscopic treatment of the gallstone. The aim
      of this article is to provide an overview on the current status of endoscopic
      management of acute cholecystitis. 

PMID- 27372291
TI  - Sarcopenia in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: Can It Be Altered by Diet and
      Exercise?
AB  - Sarcopenia, a loss of muscle mass, is being increasingly recognized to have a
      deleterious effect on outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease. Factors
      related to diet and the inflammatory nature of chronic liver disease contribute
      to the occurrence of sarcopenia in these patients. Sarcopenia adversely
      influences quality of life, performance, morbidity, success of transplantation,
      and even mortality. Specific deficiencies in macronutrients (protein,
      polyunsaturated fatty acids) and micronutrients (vitamins C, D, and E,
      carotenoids, and selenium) have been linked to sarcopenia. Lessons learned from
      nutritional therapy in geriatric patient populations may provide strategies to
      manage sarcopenia in patients with liver disease. Combining diet modification and
      nutrient supplementation with an organized program of exercise may help
      ameliorate or even reverse the effects of sarcopenia on an already complex
      disease process. 

PMID- 27372292
TI  - Determinants of cancer screening in Asian-Americans.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recent data suggest that Asian-Americans (AsAs) are more likely to
      present with advanced disease when diagnosed with cancer. We sought to determine
      whether AsAs are under-utilizing recommended cancer screening. METHODS: Cross
      sectional analysis of the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
      comprising of AsAs and non-Hispanic White (NHW) community-dwelling individuals
      (English and Spanish speaking) eligible for colorectal, breast, cervical, or
      prostate cancer screening according to the United States Preventive Services Task
      Force recommendations. Age, education and income level, residence location,
      marital status, health insurance, regular access to healthcare provider, and
      screening were extracted. Complex samples logistic regression models quantified
      the effect of race on odds of undergoing appropriate screening. Data were
      analyzed in 2015. RESULTS: Weighted samples of 63.3, 33.3, 47.9, and 30.3 million
      individuals eligible for colorectal, breast, cervical, and prostate cancer
      screening identified, respectively. In general, AsAs were more educated, more
      often married, had higher levels of income, and lived in urban/suburban
      residencies as compared to NHWs (all p < 0.05). In multivariable analyses, AsAs
      had lower odds of undergoing colorectal (odds ratio [OR] 0.78, 95 % confidence
      interval [CI] 0.63-0.96), cervical (OR 0.45, 95 % CI 0.36-0.55), and prostate
      cancer (OR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.39-0.78) screening and similar odds of undergoing
      breast cancer (OR 1.29, 95 % CI 0.92-1.82) screening as compared to NHWs.
      CONCLUSIONS: AsAs are less likely to undergo appropriate screening for
      colorectal, cervical, and prostate cancer. Contributing reasons include
      limitations in healthcare access, differing cultural beliefs on cancer screening
      and treatment, and potential physician biases. Interventions such as increasing
      healthcare access and literacy may improve screening rates.

PMID- 27372293
TI  - Systematic review of the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      in patients with advanced melanoma.
AB  - Several immunomodulatory checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for the
      treatment of patients with advanced melanoma, including ipilimumab, nivolumab and
      pembrolizumab. Talimogene laherparepvec is the first oncolytic virus to gain
      regulatory approval in the USA; it is also approved in Europe. Talimogene
      laherparepvec expresses granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM
      CSF), and with other GM-CSF-expressing oncolytic viruses in development,
      understanding the clinical relevance of this cytokine in treating advanced
      melanoma is important. Results of trials of GM-CSF in melanoma have been mixed,
      and while GM-CSF has the potential to promote anti-tumor responses, some
      preclinical data suggest that GM-CSF may sometimes promote tumor growth. GM-CSF
      has not been approved as a melanoma treatment. We undertook a systematic
      literature review of studies of GM-CSF in patients with advanced melanoma (stage
      IIIB-IV). Of the 503 articles identified, 26 studies met the eligibility
      criteria. Most studies investigated the use of GM-CSF in combination with another
      treatment, such as peptide vaccines or chemotherapy, or as an adjuvant to
      surgery. Some clinical benefit was reported in patients who received GM-CSF as an
      adjuvant to surgery, or in combination with other treatments. In general,
      outcomes for patients receiving peptide vaccines were not improved with the
      addition of GM-CSF. GM-CSF may be a valuable therapeutic adjuvant; however,
      further studies are needed, particularly head-to-head comparisons, to confirm the
      optimal dosing regimen and clinical effectiveness in patients with advanced
      melanoma.

PMID- 27372295
TI  - When Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is not ARDS.

PMID- 27372294
TI  - Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of PADI4 and HLA-DRB1 Alleles with
      Susceptibility to Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Lung Diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Lung diseases (LD) are common extra-articular manifestations in
      rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, little is known about factors associated with
      susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis-related lung diseases (RA-LD). The aim of
      the present study was to investigate whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms
      (SNPs) of PADI4 and HLA-DRB1 alleles were associated with RA-LD. METHODS: Blood
      samples and clinical data were collected from 116 consecutive RA patients who
      satisfied the 1987 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. RA
      LD was diagnosed using high-resolution computed tomography of the chest. All
      patients were genotyped for SNPs of PADI4 and HLA-DRB1 alleles and analyzed for
      full amino acid sequence of the HLA protein corresponding to a 4-digit HLA
      typing. Data were analyzed by independent t test (or Mann-Whitney test) for
      continuous variables, Chi-square test (or Fisher's exact test) and trend test for
      categorical variables, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-four
      (81.0 %) RA patients had LD, of which eight (6.9 %) had interstitial lung disease
      (ILD) and 92 (79.3 %) had airway abnormalities in which 64 (55.2 %) showed
      bronchiectasis and 47 (40.5 %) revealed bronchial wall thickening. The recessive
      genotype of padi4_92 was susceptible to airway abnormalities (OR = 2.22, 95 % CI
      = 1.05-4.49, p = 0.034). Tryptophan at position 9 of HLA-DRB1 sequence was
      associated with the susceptibility to RA-ILD (OR = 22.89, 95 % CI = 1.20-432.56,
      p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: PADI4 polymorphisms and HLA-DRB1 alleles could attribute
      differently to the development of airway abnormalities and ILD, respectively, in
      RA.

PMID- 27372296
TI  - Anorectal malformations associated spinal cord anomalies.
AB  - PURPOSE: The present study aims to identify clinical and pathological factors
      that can predict the risk of spinal cord anomalies (SCA) in patients with
      anorectal malformations (ARM), the need for neurosurgery, and to define the
      impact of SCA on the outcome of patients with ARM. METHODS: A 16-year
      retrospective analysis of all patients treated at a single tertiary children's
      Hospital with diagnosis of ARM. Data were collected to assess the impact of
      defined clinical characteristics on prevalence of SCA (detected at MRI). Children
      surgically treated or not for SCA were compared for age, clinical symptoms and
      type of anomalies at surgery or at last follow-up, respectively. Moreover,
      patients with intermediate/high ARMs, with or without SCA were compared for
      neurogenic bladder (NB), constipation, soiling and need for bowel management
      (BM). RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-five children were treated for ARM in the
      study period, 142 had spinal MRI that showed SCA in 85. Patients with SCA had
      significantly higher prevalence of preterm birth (p < 0.05), cardiac anomalies (p
      = 0.02), vertebral anomalies (p = 0.0075), abnormal sacrum (p < 0.0001), and
      VACTERL association (p = 0.0233). Ten patients were surgically treated for SCA.
      The prevalence of neurological bladder and neuro-motor deficits, of vertebral and
      genital anomalies, particularly cryptorchidism, was significantly higher in the
      operated group (p < 0.01, for each analysis). In patients with intermediate/high
      ARMs, no significant difference was observed between those with or without SCA,
      in terms of prevalence of NB, intestinal function and need for BM. CONCLUSIONS:
      In patients with ARM, factors that can predict a higher prevalence of SCA and
      also determine an increased indication to neurosurgery may be identified. SCA by
      itself does not seem to affect the functional prognosis of children with
      intermediate/high ARM. These data may help physicians in stratifying the clinical
      and diagnostic pathway of patients with ARM.

PMID- 27372297
TI  - Novel use of porcine urinary bladder matrix for pediatric pilonidal wound care:
      preliminary experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extracellular matrix is used in various applications. We present our
      preliminary experience using a new device that consists of a porcine
      extracellular matrix with an epithelial basement membrane (MatriStem((r)), ACell,
      Inc. Columbia, MD, USA) for adolescent pilonidal disease. METHODS: A
      retrospective review of four patients with pilonidal disease was undertaken.
      Three occurred in the gluteal cleft, and the fourth in the umbilicus. In the
      first patient, the wound deficit was filled with lyophilized MicroMatrix powder
      and a sheet of Multilayer Wound Matrix was placed to cover the wound. In the
      second patient, two sinus tracts were debrided, packed with MicroMatrix, and a
      sheet of fenestrated Burn Matrix was applied. In the third patient, MicroMatrix
      and Surgical Matrix PSMX (six-layer) was applied as a roll filling the dead
      space. In the last patient, an umbilical sinus 3 cm deep was packed with
      MicroMatrix powder followed by a rolled sheet of 2-ply Surgical Matrix RS.
      Patients were evaluated weekly post-operatively, and more MicroMatrix and sheet
      material was added if a wound deficit was still present. Measurements were taken
      in two dimensions, diameter and depth, to characterize wounds. RESULTS:
      Resolution of wound deficit was graphed versus time. Pain was assessed by scoring
      0-10. Rapid wound closure was achieved. Two of the patients had failed wound
      healing with saline dressing changes prior to MatriStem application. These two
      patients in particular were highly satisfied with the comfort of the MatriStem
      approach relative to their time with saline dressings. Most had no pain after 1
      week when bolster sutures were removed. CONCLUSION: In the treatment of open
      pilonidal wounds in adolescents, porcine urinary bladder matrix wound care
      devices offer closure times and cost similar to well-established methods while
      offering a substantial advantage in terms of patient comfort and convenience.
      This preliminary experience supports a prospective study.

PMID- 27372298
TI  - Primary sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy for chronic idiopathic constipation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present our experience in patients with chronic idiopathic
      constipation complicated by megarectosigmoid and fecal incontinence who underwent
      a primary sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy. METHODS: We reviewed eight patients
      referred to the Colorectal Center from 2014 to 2016 with chronic idiopathic
      constipation and undergoing a sigmoidectomy and appendicostomy. We analyzed the
      previous medical treatment, indications for the surgical procedure, and outcomes.
      RESULTS: Age at operation was 5-19 years. Time with constipation was 4-15 years.
      All patients received multiple laxatives, mainly polyethylene glycol, and all had
      severe social problems. Four patients have autism. The indication for surgery was
      an unsuccessful laxative trial, refusal to continue with rectal enemas or both,
      and social fear of continued fecal incontinence. Post-operatively, all patients
      were having daily bowel movements without fecal accidents. CONCLUSION: Selected
      patients with chronic idiopathic constipation complicated by megarectosigmoid and
      fecal incontinence can obtain great benefit from primary sigmoidectomy and
      appendicostomy.

PMID- 27372299
TI  - Subcutaneous trigeminal nerve field stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: a
      cohort analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurosurgical pain management of drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia
      (TN) is highly challenging. Microvascular decompression is a first-line
      neurosurgical approach for classical TN with neurovascular conflict, but can show
      clinical relapse despite proper decompression. Second-line destructive techniques
      like radiofrequency thermocoagulation have become reluctantly used due to their
      potential for irreversible side effects. Subcutaneous peripheral nerve field
      stimulation (sPNFS) is a minimally invasive neuromodulatory technique which has
      been shown to be effective for chronic localised pain conditions. Reports on
      sPNFS for the treatment of trigeminal pain (sTNFS) are still sparse and primarily
      focused on pain intensity as outcome measure. Detailed data on the impact of
      sTNFS on attack frequency are currently not available. METHODS: Patients were
      classified according to the International Headache Society classification (ICHD-3
      beta). Three patients had classical TN without (n = 3) and another three TN with
      concomitant persistent facial pain (n = 3). Two patients suffered from post
      herpetic trigeminal neuropathy (n = 2). All eight patients underwent a trial
      stimulation of at least 7 days with subcutaneous leads in the affected trigeminal
      area connected to an external neurostimulator. Of those, six patients received
      permanent implantation of a neurostimulator. During the follow-up (6-29 months,
      mean 15.2), VAS-scores, attack frequencies, oral drug intake, complications and
      side effects were documented. RESULTS: Seven out of eight patients responded to
      sTNFS (i.e. >=50 % pain reduction) during the test trial. The pain intensity
      (according to VAS) was reduced by 83 +/- 16 % (mean +/- SD) and the number of
      attacks decreased by 73 +/- 26 % (mean +/- SD). Five out of six patients were
      able to reduce or stop pain medication. One patient developed device infection.
      Two patients developed stimulation-related side effects which could be resolved
      by reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment by sTNFS is a beneficial option for
      patients with refractory trigeminal pain. Prospective randomised trials are
      required to systematically evaluate efficacy rates and safety of this low
      invasive neurosurgical technique.

PMID- 27372300
TI  - Evidence of an excessive gender gap in the risk of psychotic disorder among North
      African immigrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Epidemiological studies in the Netherlands have reported an excessive
      gender gap in the risk for non-affective psychotic disorder (NAPD) among
      immigrants from Morocco with a higher risk elevation in males compared to
      females. We examined the consistency of these findings and their generalizability
      to immigrants from the Maghreb (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya)
      in other European countries. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
      Medline, PsychINFO and EMBASE databases were searched for publications in the
      period from January 1970 to April 2014. We included incidence and prevalence
      studies of non-affective psychotic disorder (NAPD) among migrants from the
      Maghreb in Europe and studies of subclinical psychotic symptoms (SPS) in
      representative samples. A meta-analysis was performed on the subgroup of
      incidence studies. RESULTS: Five incidence and three prevalence studies of NAPD,
      and two prevalence studies of SPS, conducted in the Netherlands (n=7), Belgium
      (n=1), France (n=1) and Italy (n=1) met our inclusion criteria. Across all
      research designs, the risks of NAPD and SPS were consistently increased among
      male, not female immigrants from the Maghreb. The meta-analysis of incidence
      studies of NAPD yielded male-to-female risk ratios of 5.1 [95 % confidence
      interval (CI) 3.1-8.4] for migrants from the Maghreb, 2.0 (95 % CI 1.6-2.5) for
      other migrant groups, and 1.8 (95 % CI 1.3-2.5) for non-migrant Europeans.
      CONCLUSIONS: The marked gender gap in psychosis risk among migrants from the
      Maghreb appears a consistent finding, foremost among the Moroccan-Dutch. The
      small number of studies limits the strength of conclusions that can be drawn
      about countries other than the Netherlands. Achievement-expectation mismatch,
      social marginalization and an increased prevalence of illicit drug use are
      possible explanations.

PMID- 27372301
TI  - Sex differences in the relationships between body dissatisfaction, quality of
      life and psychological distress.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction is associated with impairment in women's quality
      of life (QoL). To date, research has not examined the relationship between body
      dissatisfaction and men's QoL, or sex differences in this relationship. METHODS:
      A community sample of 966 males and 1,031 females living in Australia provided
      information about their body dissatisfaction, mental health and physical health
      related QoL, and eating disorder symptoms. Data were analysed using three
      hierarchical multiple regressions and interactions between body dissatisfaction
      and sex were examined. RESULTS: For both sexes, increasing levels of body
      dissatisfaction were associated with poorer mental and physical health-related
      QoL and greater psychological distress. The adverse associations between body
      dissatisfaction and mental health-related QoL, and between body dissatisfaction
      and psychological distress, were more pronounced for males. CONCLUSION: High
      levels of body dissatisfaction may threaten the psychological and physical
      wellbeing of both men and women. Body dissatisfaction appears to be a public
      health problem, distinct from the eating disorders and other adverse
      psychological phenomena for which body dissatisfaction is commonly discussed as a
      risk factor. Males, historically understudied and underrepresented in body image
      research, warrant increased empirical attention.

PMID- 27372303
TI  - Genomic Landscape of poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma.
AB  - Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
      (ATC) are aggressive thyroid tumors associated with a high mortality rate of 38
      57 % and almost 100 % respectively. Several recent studies utilizing next
      generation sequencing techniques have shed lights on the molecular pathogenesis
      of these tumors, providing evidence to support a stepwise tumoral progression
      from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated, and finally to anaplastic
      thyroid carcinomas. While BRAF (V600E) and RAS mutations remain the main drivers
      in aggressive thyroid carcinoma, PDTC and ATC gains additional mutations, e.g.,
      TERT promoter mutation, TP53 mutation, as well as frequent alterations in PIK3CA
      PTEN-AKT-mTOR pathway, SWI-SNF complex, histomethyltransferases, and mismatch
      repair genes. RAS-mutated PDTCs are commonly associated with a histologic
      phenotype defined by Turin proposal, high frequency of distant metastasis, high
      thyroid differentiation score, and a RAS-like gene expression profile, whereas
      BRAF-mutated PDTCs are usually defined solely by the Memorial Sloan Kettering
      Cancer Center (MSKCC) criteria with a propensity for nodal metastasis and are
      less differentiated with a BRAF-like expression signature. Such demarcation is
      largely lost in ATC which is characterized by genomic complexity, heavy mutation
      burden, and profound undifferentiation. Additionally, several molecular events,
      e.g., EIF1AX mutation, mutation burden, and chromosome 1q gain in PDTCs, as well
      as EIF1AX mutation, chromosome 13q loss, and 20q gains in ATCs, may serve as
      adverse prognostic markers predicting poor clinical outcome. 

PMID- 27372304
TI  - Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans: a promising alternative yeast for
      biotechnology and basic research.
AB  - Blastobotrys adeninivorans (syn. Arxula adeninivorans) is a non-conventional, non
      pathogenic, imperfect, haploid yeast, belonging to the subphylum
      Saccharomycotina, which has to date received comparatively little attention from
      researchers. It possesses unusual properties such as thermo- and osmotolerance,
      and a broad substrate spectrum. Depending on the cultivation temperature B. (A.)
      adeninivorans exhibits different morphological forms and various post
      translational modifications and protein expression properties that are strongly
      correlated with the morphology. The genome has been completely sequenced and, in
      addition, there is a well-developed transformation/expression platform, which
      makes rapid, simple gene manipulations possible. This yeast species is a very
      good host for homologous and heterologous gene expression and is also a useful
      gene donor. Blastobotrys (A.) adeninivorans is able to use a very wide range of
      substrates as carbon and/or nitrogen sources and is an interesting organism owing
      to the presence of many metabolic pathways, for example degradation of n-butanol,
      purines and tannin. In addition, its unusual properties and robustness make it a
      useful bio-component for whole cell biosensors. There are currently a number of
      products on the market produced by B. (A.) adeninivorans and further
      investigation may contribute further innovative solutions for current challenges
      that exist in the biotechnology industry. Additionally it may become a useful
      alternative to existing commercial yeast strains and as a model organism in
      research. In this review we present information relevant to the exploitation of
      B. (A.) adeninivorans in research and industrial settings. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27372306
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372302
TI  - Influence of metabolic syndrome on upper gastrointestinal disease.
AB  - A recent increase in the rate of obesity as a result of insufficient physical
      exercise and excess food consumption has been seen in both developed and
      developing countries throughout the world. Additionally, the recent increased
      number of obese individuals with lifestyle-related diseases associated with
      abnormalities in glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, defined as
      metabolic syndrome (MS), has been problematic. Although MS has been highlighted
      as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease and arteriosclerotic diseases, it was
      also recently shown to be associated with digestive system disorders, including
      upper gastrointestinal diseases. Unlike high body weight and high body mass
      index, abdominal obesity with visceral fat accumulation is implicated in the
      onset of various digestive system diseases because excessive visceral fat
      accumulation may cause an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, inducing the
      release of various bioactive substances, known as adipocytokines, including tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, resistin, leptin, and adiponectin. This
      review article focuses on upper gastrointestinal disorders and their association
      with MS, including obesity, visceral fat accumulation, and the major upper
      gastrointestinal diseases. 

PMID- 27372305
TI  - The development and validation of a new survey tool: the first step to profiling
      New Zealanders' eating styles and moving patterns.

PMID- 27372307
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372309
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372308
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372310
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372311
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372313
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372314
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372315
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372312
TI  - Antipsychotic Drug-Induced Somnolence: Incidence, Mechanisms, and Management.
AB  - Somnolence is a common side effect of antipsychotics. To assess the incidence of
      this side effect, we performed a MEDLINE search for randomized, double-blinded,
      placebo- or active-controlled studies of adult patients treated with
      antipsychotics for schizophrenia, mania, bipolar depression, or bipolar disorder.
      We extracted rates of somnolence from original publications and pooled them based
      on the dose of each antipsychotic in the same psychiatric condition, then
      estimated the absolute risk increase (ARI) and the number needed to harm (NNH) of
      an antipsychotic relative to placebo or an active comparator in the same
      psychiatric condition. According to the ARI in acute schizophrenia, bipolar
      mania, and bipolar depression, antipsychotics can be classified as high
      somnolence (clozapine), moderate somnolence (olanzapine, perphenazine,
      quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone), and low somnolence (aripiprazole,
      asenapine, haloperidol, lurasidone, paliperidone, cariprazine). The risk of
      somnolence with blonanserin, brexpiprazole, chlorpromazine, iloperidone,
      sertindole, and zotepine needs further investigation. The rates of somnolence
      were positively correlated to dose and duration for some antipsychotics, but not
      for others. Many factors, including antipsychotic per se, the method used to
      measure somnolence, patient population, study design, and dosing schedule, might
      affect the incidence of antipsychotic-induced somnolence. The mechanisms of
      antipsychotic-induced somnolence are likely multifactorial, although the blockade
      of histamine 1 receptors and alpha1 receptors may play a major role. The
      management of antipsychotic-induced somnolence should include sleep hygiene
      education, choosing an antipsychotic with a lower risk for somnolence, starting
      at a lower dose with a slower titration based on psychiatric diagnoses, adjusting
      doses when necessary, and minimizing concurrent somnolence-prone agents. Since
      most cases of somnolence were mild to moderate, allowing tolerance to develop
      over at least 4 weeks is reasonable before discontinuing an antipsychotic.

PMID- 27372316
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372318
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372317
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372319
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372320
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372321
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372322
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372323
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372324
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372325
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372326
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372327
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372328
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372329
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372331
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372330
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372332
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372333
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372334
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372335
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372338
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372336
TI  - A seed-based cross-modal comparison of brain connectivity measures.
AB  - Human neuroimaging methods have provided a number of means by which the
      connectivity structure of the human brain can be inferred. For instance,
      correlations in blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal time series are
      commonly used to make inferences about "functional connectivity." Correlations
      across samples in structural morphometric measures, such as voxel-based
      morphometry (VBM) or cortical thickness (CT), have also been used to estimate
      connectivity, putatively through mutually trophic effects on connected brain
      areas. In this study, we have compared seed-based connectivity estimates obtained
      from four common correlational approaches: resting-state functional connectivity
      (RS-fMRI), meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM), VBM correlations, and CT
      correlations. We found that the two functional approaches (RS-fMRI and MACM) had
      the best agreement. While the two structural approaches (CT and VBM) had better
      than-random convergence, they were no more similar to each other than to the
      functional approaches. The degree of correspondence between modalities varied
      considerably across seed regions, and also depended on the threshold applied to
      the connectivity distribution. These results demonstrate some degrees of
      similarity between connectivity inferred from structural and functional
      covariances, particularly for the most robust functionally connected regions
      (e.g., the default mode network). However, they also caution that these measures
      likely capture very different aspects of brain structure and function.

PMID- 27372337
TI  - Axon diameter relates to synaptic bouton size: structural properties define
      computationally different types of cortical connections in primates.
AB  - Neural connections are implemented by axons of different diameters, whose
      spectrum increases depending on species and areas. Axon diameter determines
      conduction velocity and is proportional to the size of the cell body of origin.
      We describe that in motor, callosal connections of the monkey thick axons
      distribute larger boutons than thin axons, suggesting that faster axons also
      release more neurotransmitter at their termination, probably activating more
      powerfully their targets.

PMID- 27372339
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372340
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372341
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372342
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372343
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372345
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372344
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372347
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372346
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372348
TI  - Treatment of adult and pediatric high-grade gliomas with Withaferin A: antitumor
      mechanisms and future perspectives.
AB  - Resistance mechanisms employed by high-grade gliomas allow them to successfully
      evade current standard treatment of chemotherapy and radiation treatment.
      Withaferin A (WA), utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries, is attracting
      attention for its antitumor capabilities. Here we review pertinent literature on
      WA as a high-grade glioma treatment, and discuss the cancerous mechanisms it
      affects. WA is relatively nontoxic and has shown potential in crossing the blood
      brain barrier. WA prevents p53 alterations and inactivates overexpressed MDM2
      through ARF and ROS production. Furthermore, WA upregulates Bax, inducing
      mitochondrial death cascades, inhibits mutated Akt, mTOR, and NF-kappaB pathways,
      and inhibits angiogenesis in tumors. Therapy with WA for high-grade gliomas is
      supported through the literature. Further investigation is warranted and
      encouraged to fully unearth its abilities against malignant gliomas.

PMID- 27372349
TI  - Ferulic acid ameliorates chronic constriction injury induced painful neuropathy
      in rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study focuses on the evaluation of phenolic compound ferulic acid
      (FA, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) in the chronic constriction injury (CCI)
      of sciatic nerve induced neuropathy in rats. METHODS: Thirty-six animals were
      randomly divided into six groups. Left sciatic nerve was exposed and ligated,
      animals in the control, standard, and test groups were treated orally with
      respective drugs for 21 days. Nociceptive thresholds (THERMAL hyperalgesia,
      mechanical hyperalgesia, and tactile allodynia) were assessed at 0 days and
      thereafter every 3 days till 3 weeks. Three weeks later, the sciatic nerve tissue
      homogenate was prepared and subjected for estimation of oxidative markers namely
      total protein, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidase, interleukins (IL-1beta and IL-6).
      RESULTS: Pregabalin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and ferulic acid (10, 20, 30 mg/kg, p.o.),
      significantly and dose dependently, decreased all nociceptive thresholds (thermal
      hyperalgesia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and tactile allodynia) and biochemical
      markers (total protein, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidase, and interleukins).
      CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of FA in rats receiving
      CCI might partly be attributed to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity
      and is associated with the maintenance of neuropathic pain and could be useful as
      an adjuvant to conventional medicines.

PMID- 27372350
TI  - Effect of sphingosine-1-phosphate on L-type calcium current and Ca(2+) transient
      in rat ventricular myocytes.
AB  - Modulation of Ca(2+) homoeostasis in cardiac myocytes plays a major role in beat
      to-beat regulation of heart function. Previous studies suggest that sphingosine-1
      phosphate (S1P), a biologically active sphingomyelin metabolite, regulates Ca(2+)
      handling in cardiac myocytes, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In the
      present study, we tested the hypothesis that S1P-induced functional alteration of
      intracellular Ca(2+) handling includes the L-type calcium channel current (ICa,L)
      via a signalling pathway involving P21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1). Our results
      show that, in rat ventricular myocytes, S1P (100 nM) does not affect the basal
      activity of ICa,L but is able to partially reverse the effect of the beta
      adrenergic agonist Isoproterenol (ISO, 100 nM) on ICa,L. S1P (25 nM) also
      significantly prevents ISO (5 nM)-induced Ca(2+) waves and diastolic Ca(2+)
      release in these cells. Our further molecular characterisation demonstrates that
      Pak1 activity is increased in myocytes treated with S1P (25 nM) compared with
      those myocytes without treatment of S1P. By immunoprecipitation we demonstrate
      that Pak1 and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are associated in ventricular tissue
      indicating their functional interaction. Thus the results indicate that S1P
      attenuates beta-adrenergic stress-induced alteration of intracellular Ca(2+)
      release and L-type Ca(2+) channel current at least in part via Pak1-PP2A-mediated
      signalling. 

PMID- 27372351
TI  - Treatment with Parkinsonia aculeata combats insulin resistance-induced oxidative
      stress through the increase in PPARgamma/CuZn-SOD axis expression in diet-induced
      obesity mice.
AB  - Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) is a traditional ethnomedicine and has
      been used for the empiric treatment of hyperglycemia, without scientific
      background. Mechanistic analyses at molecular level from the antioxidant
      mechanism observed by P. aculeata are required. Herein the effects of the
      treatment by hydroethanolic extract partitioned with ethyl acetate of P. aculeata
      aerial parts (HEPa/EtOAc) in mice fed a high-fat diet that share many obesity
      phenotypes with humans were evaluated. The animals were treated orally with
      HEPa/EtOAc (125 and 250 mg/kg/day) and pioglitazone (5 mg/kg/day), for 16 days.
      After the treatment, HEPa/EtOAc reduced fasting serum glucose and insulin levels,
      as well as homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance. In addition, an
      improvement in glucose intolerance was also observed. Indeed, a reduction in the
      circulating levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 was also observed. Furthermore, at
      molecular level, it was demonstrated that the HEPa/EtOAc treatment was able to
      improve these physiological parameters, through the activation of peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) per si, as well as the
      enhancement of antioxidant mechanism by an increase in PPARgamma/Cu(2+), Zn(2+)
      superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) axis expression in liver and adipose tissue. In
      sum, P. aculeata is effective to improve insulin resistance in a mouse model of
      obesity and this effect seems to involve the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
      mechanisms through the increase in PPARgamma/CuZn-SOD axis expression. 

PMID- 27372352
TI  - Go in! Go out! Inducible control of nuclear localization.
AB  - Cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to regulate the enormous complexity of
      processes taking place inside them. One mechanism consists in tightly controlling
      the localization of macromolecules, keeping them away from their place of action
      until needed. Since a large fraction of the cellular response to external stimuli
      is mediated by gene expression, it is not surprising that transcriptional
      regulators are often subject to stimulus-induced nuclear import or export. Here
      we review recent methods in chemical biology and optogenetics for controlling the
      nuclear localization of proteins of interest inside living cells. These methods
      allow researchers to regulate protein activity with exquisite spatiotemporal
      control, and open up new possibilities for studying the roles of proteins in a
      broad array of cellular processes and biological functions.

PMID- 27372353
TI  - [Are schizophrenic patients being told their diagnosis today in France?]
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The progressive shifts in the legal and social contexts, along with
      major changes in information seeking habits with the development of the Internet,
      have placed patients' information at the core of medical practice. This has to be
      applied to the psychiatric fields as well, and to questions about how
      schizophrenic patients are being told their diagnosis nowadays in France.
      METHODS: This paper is a national and international literature review about
      schizophrenia diagnosis disclosure practices, from 1972 to 2014, using French and
      English languages and various psychology and medical databases. The used key
      words were "diagnosis", "disclosure", "communication", "breaking bad news",
      "information", "schizophrenia" and "psychosis". RESULTS: Proportions of diagnosis
      announcement: our results show that the proportion of psychiatrists delivering
      schizophrenia diagnosis to their patients varies between countries. Although we
      must acknowledge that the questionnaires and samples are diverse, we have found
      that psychiatrists are in general less prone to deliver diagnosis information in
      France (from 13,5% to 39% given the studies), Germany (28%), Italy (30%), and
      Japan (30%), than in Anglo-Saxon countries. Thus, 70% of the psychiatrists in
      North America and 56% in Australia claim that they disclose their diagnosis to
      schizophrenic patients. In the United-Kingdom, a study targeting psychotic
      patients themselves has shown that 47% of them had been told their diagnosis by
      their doctor. Even in the countries where the proportion of diagnosis disclosure
      is the highest, there remains a substantial difference with other mental
      illnesses such as affective or anxiety disorders, which are almost always labeled
      as such in the information communicated to the patient (90% in North America).
      Diagnostic information about schizophrenia continues therefore to appear
      problematic for health professionals, which can seem a paradox given the recent
      social and legal evolutions, the therapeutic progress, the proved benefits of
      disclosure on compliance and therapeutic alliance, and the fact that numerous
      studies have shown that a majority of patients already know their diagnosis
      having discovered it on the Internet or by reading their treatments' notice.
      Reasons alleged for not disclosing diagnosis: the reasons alleged by
      psychiatrists for not disclosing diagnosis are various, including fear of
      aggravating the stigma and the emotional state of the patient, fear of giving a
      wrong diagnosis, fear of suicidal behavior, risk of misunderstanding, low level
      of patient's insight, absence of therapeutic advantage, or absence of request
      from the patient. Evolution of the French position about diagnosis disclosure:
      The publication of the relatively large study of Bayle et al. in 1999, as well as
      the patients' rights evolutions, has led to a debate among psychiatrists about
      the reasons alleged in France for not disclosing diagnosis. Among other
      explanations, it appeared that the theoretical reference of the psychiatrist
      plays a role, a psychoanalytic practice leading to increased reluctance in
      breaking the bad news. Thus, the psychiatrist's view of the disease, in terms of
      etiology and prognosis, is important as the diagnosis could become accusing if
      the psychiatrist believes the family environment played a role, or harmful if he
      has a pessimistic conception of prognosis. The question of stigma: among other
      reasons alleged by psychiatrists for not announcing the diagnosis, the fear of
      causing an increased stigma is frequently reported by professionals. In France,
      stigma about schizophrenia is high, not only among the general population but
      also among health practitioners. Even if the context has evolved during the past
      30 years and the therapeutic efficiency has improved, French representations of
      schizophrenia remain often tinted with catastrophism and should be modified.
      Benefits of diagnosis disclosure: however, the benefits of disclosing diagnosis
      have been constantly proved in France as in other environments. Several studies
      have shown that patients knowing their diagnosis were likely to develop a better
      compliance and a stronger therapeutic alliance with their doctor. No aggravation
      of symptoms, suicidal risk or anxiety has been linked to the diagnosis
      disclosure. On the contrary, the relief of being able to put some words on
      symptoms, better recognize them and anticipate them, and be part of a group of
      patients sharing the same symptomatology has been described by patients.
      Furthermore, disclosing a schizophrenia diagnosis can be essential to the
      psychotherapeutic project, in the sense that it places the patient into an active
      role towards the disease and the care plan. Last but not least, the relatives can
      benefit from the disclosure as well and build a partnership with health
      professionals about medical care. Existing recommendations: in the French
      context, apart from individual recommendations produced by a few authors in the
      literature, there are no official specific recommendations about how to disclose
      a difficult diagnosis in the psychiatric field; only recommendations concerning
      severe chronic somatic disease are available. The complexity of the schizophrenia
      diagnosis disclosure has led some researchers - especially in North America and
      Australia - to adapt and use in the context of schizophrenia protocols,
      recommendations and even communication skills training programs that have been
      developed in oncology or in the field of severe chronic somatic disease.
      DISCUSSION: For the situation to evolve in France, tools able to measure
      patients' consent - including consent to hear the bad news - ability could be
      used. The question of how much information and what kind of information the
      patients really wish should therefore be explored in deep. Also, we have seen
      that schizophrenia representations should be modified in the general public
      understanding as well as in the professional environment. Families should be more
      included in the reflection about diagnosis announcement, as psycho-education
      programs have shown their efficiency and usefulness for both patients and
      relatives. Finally, in order to overcome some of the difficulties related to
      breaking the bad news about a schizophrenia diagnosis, developing the existing
      Anglo-Saxon models and recommendations in France, where only very few protocols
      exist, could allow a positive evolution in clinical practice and help to set a
      therapeutic and partnering approach of diagnosis disclosure. However, in order to
      better understand the situation in France regarding schizophrenia diagnosis
      disclosure, the present state of clinical practice still remains to be analyzed
      precisely, as the last study on a relatively large sample was made only in 1999.
      Thus, the obvious limits of our study lie in the fact that most available surveys
      in France are not recent enough to have taken into account legal and social
      evolutions. Also, the studies that we used for this paper use different
      methodologies, in the majority focus solely on health professionals, and they are
      not representative enough in terms of size or sample to inform about the present
      state of the practice. CONCLUSION: As a conclusion, having stressed the lack of
      recent data about schizophrenia diagnosis disclosure in France, we suggest a new
      study using validated tools on a representative sample and taking into account
      both perceptions of psychiatrist and patient. As has been the case for other
      severe pathologies, we also suggest that a consensus conference take place on the
      subject of schizophrenia diagnostic information in order to elaborate guidelines
      to support this difficult disclosure.

PMID- 27372354
TI  - [Out of addictions: Alcohol, or alcohol to alcohol].
AB  - : Pathways from alcoholism to recovery are documented; less often are those from
      drug addiction to alcoholism. Biographical approaches allow analyzing how people
      change their uses and talk about their trajectories of recovery. METHODS: Three
      hundred and forty-one people (34% women) in the Paris area were questioned on
      their trajectories with a biographical questionnaire. Some open questions were
      aimed to understand the connection they made between events in their lives, how
      recovered they felt and what they considered strengths or obstacles. All the
      participants had stopped at least one product. Their mean age was 43, and 26%
      were over 50. STUDY OBJECTIVES: How can the differences between one substance
      addicts and dual abusers be explained? Can we hypothesize a better result for the
      patients with a single dependence to alcohol in their lives for the following two
      reasons? (1) They could really be taken in charge for their alcoholism whereas
      the dual abusers mostly receive cared for their illicit drug problems with an
      under estimation of their problem with alcohol. In this case, they turn to
      alcohol after weaning themselves from their drug dependence so as to return to a
      social consumption, especially when they are given an opiate treatment. (2)
      Conversely could we suggest that the dual substance abusers had different
      trajectories from their childhood (more adverse events, more social difficulties,
      mental health problems), and that this accumulation explains their skipping from
      one substance or behaviour to another without any real recovery for decades?
      RESULTS: All respondents were polydrug users. Eighty-two had been dependent
      mainly on alcohol. One hundred and twenty-one people had been drug addicts
      (mostly heroin), which they had stopped on average ten years before the survey.
      The last group included 138 persons who had been heroin or cocaine addicts and
      alcoholics in their lives, a third of whom had been dependent on alcohol before
      their drug addiction (35%), a tenth on both at the same time (10%) and more than
      half of the users (55%) had turned from drug addiction to alcoholism. The group
      concerning alcohol dependence includes the oldest participants, on average 49.7,
      and 55% of them were abstinent at the survey. Conversely, the group "with no
      alcohol dependence" had mainly turned to opiate treatments. Their histories in
      dependence and in various social statuses also showed a longer duration out of
      employment, in sickness or invalidity, or in prison, for the drug dependents as
      opposed to the "mainly" alcoholics. The population with dual substance abuse
      experienced twice as many adverse childhood events as the others (P<0.005): it
      was the case for 19.5% in "mainly alcohol" dependence compared to 38.4% in dual
      abuse. The recovery capital gave a mean score of 7.56+/-2.35 (median 7). A score
      below 6 was considered low. The score was significantly different according to
      the dependence groups: while 7.3% of "mainly alcohol" dependents had a score
      below 6, this was the case for 30.4% of the dual group (with alcohol and drugs),
      and 19% for the "mainly drug dependence" group. Controlling ages, sexes and
      groups of dependence in a logistic regression, the risk of having a recovery
      capital below six was more than four times higher for the dual dependents as
      opposed to the "mainly alcohol" dependents. CONCLUSION: Some people stay for
      decades in drug addiction centers switching from one dependence to another. Their
      alcohol drinking should be addressed earlier to prevent them from turning to
      drinking excessively in order to wean themselves from their drug addiction.

PMID- 27372355
TI  - The impact of the neurodevelopmental traction technique on activation of lateral
      abdominal muscles in children aged 11-13 years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the activation of lateral
      abdominal muscles (LAM) in response to neurodevelopmental traction technique as
      assessed by ultrasounds as well as to compare the effects of different traction
      forces. OBJECTIVE: An experiment with repeated measurements of the dependent
      variables was conducted. Thirty-seven children (22 girls) participated. METHODS:
      Measurements of LAM thickness (indicating LAM activation) were performed
      bilaterally during traction of 5% body weight: 1) in neutral position, 2) in 20
      degrees  posterior trunk inclination; during traction of 15% body weight: 3) in
      neutral position, 4) in 20 degrees  posterior trunk inclination. The ultrasound
      technology was employed. RESULTS: When applying the lighter traction the
      superficial LAM (external and internal oblique muscles) showed significant
      changes. The mean thickness of both muscles during traction increased (both p <
      0.001). The deepest transversus abdominis showed no response (p > 0.05). Stronger
      traction elicited smaller changes. External and internal oblique muscles showed
      significant increases (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). Transversus abdominis
      became less thick during stronger traction (p < 0.01). CONCUSIONS: The
      neurodevelopmental traction technique elicits the changes in LAM thickness in
      children with typical development. The superficial LAM show more distinct
      responses than the profound LAM. Stronger traction induces smaller LAM thickness
      changes than lighter traction.

PMID- 27372356
TI  - Functional assessment of immediate task planning and execution by adults with
      acquired brain injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) often struggle planning
      and executing tasks outside daily routines. Given the pervasive effects executive
      functioning challenges have on independent living, professionals need methods of
      assessing these skills. OBJECTIVE: This study's purpose was to evaluate an
      ecologically-valid procedure to assess novel task planning and execution by
      adults with ABI. METHODS: The researchers implemented a single group design
      across two phases. Participants included nine adults with severe ABI. In the
      first experimental phase, participants created a plan for executing tasks that
      required adherence to pre-determined rules; in the second phase, participants
      executed the tasks. The researchers tallied information units recorded during the
      planning phase, performed momentary time-sampling to document observations about
      participant behaviors, and collected speed, accuracy, and rule violation data
      about task completion. RESULTS: Planning strategies implemented by most
      participants were limited to word-for-word copying of some or all of the
      specified tasks. On average, participants attempted and accurately performed less
      than half the required tasks and exhibited high rule violation rates.
      CONCLUSIONS: Given further development and refinement, the implemented procedures
      may serve as a basis for developing an ecologically-valid tool for evaluating
      executive functioning in adults with ABI.

PMID- 27372357
TI  - The effectiveness of psychological interventions for aggressive behavior
      following acquired brain injury: A meta-analysis and systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The consequences of aggressive behavior following ABI have an impact
      at both an individual and systemic level. In contrast to other ABI sequelae,
      aggressive behavior has been shown to increase over time without appropriate
      timely interventions. OBJECTIVE: The current meta-analysis aimed to
      systematically review the current literature examining psychological
      interventions for aggressive behavior following ABI. The meta-analysis also aimed
      to provide a statistical synthesis of the available evidence. METHOD: Following
      the PRISMA guidelines, an electronic and ancestral search of the available
      literature identified eleven studies (N = 123) that met the inclusion criteria
      for the review. Non-overlap effect sizes (Tau-U) were calculated to synthesize
      the available evidence from single case experimental design studies (SCEDs; N =
      7). Standardized mean difference effect sizes (d) were calculated to synthesize
      the available evidence from group studies (N = 4). RESULTS: A medium omnibus
      effect size (weighted d = -0.46, 95% CI: -0.69 <> -0.24) was found for group
      studies. Similarly, the overall effect size (Tau-U) for SCEDs was -0.59 (95% CI: 
      0.72 <> -0.46), indicating a 59% reduction in aggressive behaviour compared to
      baseline. CONCLUSION: The findings of the meta-analysis suggest that
      psychological interventions for aggressive behavior are at least moderately
      effective at reducing aggressive behavior following ABI.

PMID- 27372358
TI  - Coping and adaptive strategies of traumatic brain injury survivors and primary
      caregivers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Qualitative research methods allowed the investigator to contribute
      to the development of new theories and to examine change in processes over time,
      which added rich detail to existing knowledge of the use of coping and adaptive
      strategies by traumatic brain injury survivors and their primary caregivers
      (Ponsford, Sloan, & Snow, 2013). The advantages of phenomenological study were
      that it allows flexibility to explore and understand meanings attached by people
      to well-studied concepts such as coping, resiliency, and adaptation or
      compensation. Phenomenological study was sensitive to contextual factors. It also
      permitted the study of in-depth dynamics of coping and adaptive strategies of TBI
      survivors and primary caregivers, while understanding the social and
      psychological implications of the phenomenon. OBJECTIVE: To explore the needs and
      deficits of adult traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors and primary caregivers;
      and to identify their self-initiated coping and adaptive strategies. Significant
      to this study was the development of coping and adaptive strategies by the
      participants after their discharge from inpatient and rehabilitation treatment.
      The compensatory skills taught in treatment settings did not transfer to the home
      environment. Therefore, these strategies developed independently from previous
      treatment recommendations contributed to the development of theory related to
      rehabilitation and counseling. Distinctive to this study was the similarity of
      coping and adaptive strategies developed from both mild and severe traumatic
      brain injury survivors. METHODS: This study consisted of eleven with TBI and six
      primary caregivers (N = 17), who participated in a series of semi-structured
      interviews aimed at discovering the coping and adaptive strategies utilized in
      dealing with the effects of brain injury. A Qualitative Phenomenological design
      was employed. RESULTS: Patience and understanding, support, and professional help
      were identified by TBI survivors and caregivers as being their most relevant
      needs. Self-reported deficits included short-term memory loss (STM), fatigue,
      anger, and personality changes, and the strategies that TBI survivors and
      caregivers identified tended to address their problems with these specific day-to
      day deficits. Problem focused, emotion focused, and avoidant coping were utilized
      to some degree in their adjustment to home life and activities of daily living.
      Participants offered suggestions for mental health professionals addressing how
      to more effectively work with brain injury survivors and their primary
      caregivers. CONCLUSION: TBI survivors and caregivers had multiple self-reported
      unaddressed needs following their discharge from facility-based treatment. They
      reported spontaneously engaging in various coping and adaptive strategies to
      address their needs and deficits. However, further education regarding potential
      post-TBI challenges and strategies for addressing them are needed, including a
      need for community and mental health resources.

PMID- 27372359
TI  - Driving assessment and rehabilitation using a driving simulator in individuals
      with traumatic brain injury: A scoping review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to the heterogeneity of the lesion following a traumatic brain
      injury (TBI) and the complexity of the driving task, driving assessment and
      rehabilitation in TBI individuals is challenging. Conventional driving assessment
      (on-road and in-clinic evaluations) has failed demonstrating effectiveness to
      assess fitness to drive in TBI individuals. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine if
      driving simulators represent an interesting opportunity in assessing and
      rehabilitating driving skills in TBI individuals. METHODS: We searched PubMed,
      CINAHL and Cochrane library databases between 27-02-2014 and 08-04-2014 for
      articles published since 2000 with the contents of simulator driving assessment
      and rehabilitation. RESULTS: Out of 488, eight articles with the subject of
      simulator driving assessment and two with the subject of simulator driving
      rehabilitation in individuals with TBI were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Driving
      simulators represent a promising avenue for the assessment and rehabilitation of
      driving skills in TBI individuals as it allows control of stimuli in a safe,
      challenging and ecologically valid environment and offer the opportunity to
      measure and record driving performance. Additional studies, however, are needed
      to document strengths and limitations of this method.

PMID- 27372360
TI  - Impact of central facial palsy and dysarthria on quality of life in patients with
      stroke: The KOSCO study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are a few reports on the impact of central facial palsy and
      dysarthria on quality of life (QOL) in stroke patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate
      the impact of central facial palsy on QOL compared with dysarthria during the
      chronic phase in patients with first-ever strokes. METHODS: This study represents
      an interim analysis of the Korean Stroke Cohort for Functioning and
      Rehabilitation study. We selected data from patients with functional independence
      of 0 or 1 by the modified Rankin Scale at 6 months after stroke onset, who showed
      an impairment only in National Institute of Health Stroke Scale items 4 (facial
      palsy) or 10 (dysarthria). Assessments included the European Quality of Life-5
      Dimensions (EQ-5D) and the Geriatric depression scale-short form (GDS-SF).
      RESULTS: Data from 149 patients were selected for this analysis from 3,929
      patients who were followed up at 6 months. Thirty-nine and 110 patients were
      classified into the facial palsy and dysarthria groups, respectively. The groups
      did not differ significantly in baseline characteristics or functional
      assessments. EQ-5D was significantly lower in the facial palsy group than in the
      dysarthria group at 6 months after stroke (p = 0.036). GDS-SF was significantly
      higher in the facial palsy group than in the dysarthria group (p = 0.005).
      CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study revealed that central facial palsy clearly
      has a more negative impact on QOL than dysarthria in chronic stroke patients with
      functional independence.

PMID- 27372361
TI  - Action research in rehabilitation with chronic stroke recovery: A case report
      with a focus on neural plasticity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic stroke patients are primarily referred to general
      rehabilitation, rather than to specific neurorehabilitation. Currently, there are
      no Danish clinical guidelines for chronic stroke, but recent research in
      neuroplasticity has contributed to possible rehabilitation interventions for
      these patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this project is to describe the use of
      a specialized neuroplastic approach in combination with an already existing
      training program. METHODS: The project is designed as an action research project
      concerning four participants with chronic stroke. Through ten intervention, a
      neuroplastic focus has been added to their group training program including daily
      home training. Participants were tested before and after the intervention with
      MAS, DGI, 6MWT, SSQLS. RESULTS: All four participants improved their functional
      levels and their quality of life following the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: This
      report indicates that a specific neuroplastic focus in combination with action
      research has an impact on the participants with chronic stroke. However, there is
      still no clarity regarding what type of rehabilitation methods can be considered
      the most efficacious in promoting neuroplasticity. This case report serves as a
      pilot project for further studies of how to implement neuroplasticity in physical
      therapy.

PMID- 27372362
TI  - Swallowing characteristics in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Motor neurone disease also commonly known as Amyotrophic Lateral
      Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurological condition which affects various motor functions
      of the body. Dysphagia (disordered swallowing) is commonly seen in patients with
      ALS having bulbar symptoms. OBJECTIVES: Research reveals presence of dysphagia in
      patients with ALS at various stages of swallowing using instrumental assessment.
      However, very few studies have been done focussing on clinical profiling of
      swallowing in these patients. Hence, a need was felt to profile the specific
      characteristics. METHODOLOGY: Five patients diagnosed with ALS were assessed for
      presence of swallowing disorder using a swallowing checklist which focussed on
      assessing each stage of swallowing. RESULTS: Results revealed that patients with
      ALS exhibit difficulties in oral preparatory, oral and pharyngeal stages of
      swallowing. Inability to hold bolus, reduced mastication, residue in the oral
      cavity and nasal regurgitation while swallow were observed due to the affected
      oromotor functions. Swallow reflex was delayed in all the patients. Cough before
      and during swallow was also observed. CONCLUSION: Dysphagia is a common symptom
      in patients with ALS and occurs due to the affected oromotor functions. Specific
      information of the stages of swallowing helps in planning treatment in clinical
      practice.

PMID- 27372363
TI  - Walking with a powered robotic exoskeleton: Subjective experience, spasticity and
      pain in spinal cord injured persons.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Powered robotic exoskeletons represent an emerging technology for the
      gait training of Spinal Cord Injured (SCI) persons. The analysis of the
      psychological and physical impact of such technology on the patient is crucial in
      terms of clinical appropriateness of such rehabilitation intervention for SCI
      persons. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the acceptability of overground robot-assisted
      walking and its effect on pain and spasticity. METHODS: Twenty-one SCI persons
      participated in a walking session assisted by a powered robotic exoskeleton. Pain
      assessed using a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and muscle spasticity, assessed as
      subjective perception using an NRS scale and as objective assessment using the
      Modified Ashworth scale and the Penn scale, were evaluated before and after the
      walking experience. Positive and negative sensations were investigated using a
      questionnaire. The patient's global impression of change (PGIC) scale was
      administrated as well. RESULTS: After the walking session a significant decrease
      in the muscle spasticity and pain intensity was observed. The SCI persons
      recruited in this study reported (i) a global change after the walking session,
      (ii) high scores on the positive and (iii) low scores on the negative sensations,
      thus indicating a good acceptability of the robot-assisted walking. CONCLUSIONS:
      The overground robot-assisted walking is well accepted by SCI persons and has
      positive effects in terms of spasticity and pain reduction.

PMID- 27372364
TI  - Treadmill training combined with water and land-based exercise programs: Effects
      on Parkinson's disease patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a need for studies about the effects of treadmill training
      (TT) on Parkinson's disease (PD) patients when combined with other exercise
      training modalities. OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of a multicomponent
      rehabilitation program on the illness impact, quality of life and fitness level
      in Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Participants were assigned to two exercise
      groups: water and land-based exercise (WL) or water and land-based exercise plus
      treadmill training (TWL). The water and land-based exercise group performed one
      water-based exercise and one land-based exercise session per week for 15 weeks.
      Participants in the water and land-based exercise plus treadmill training added
      two sessions of treadmill training to this schedule. The Senior Fitness Test
      (SFT) was used to assess the sample's fitness level. RESULTS: Participants in the
      water and land-based exercise Group experienced significant benefits in the
      disease impact (UPDRS t = 3.083; p = 0.029) and quality of life (PDQ-39 t =
      2.942; p = 0.036). The addition of treadmill training did not have any
      significant effect on these variables. Both programs showed similar effects on
      the fitness components evaluated. CONCLUSION: Adding treadmill training to a
      combination of water and land-based exercise programs may have limited effects on
      quality of life and the impact on the disease.

PMID- 27372365
TI  - Real-life experience with fampridine (Fampyra(r)) for patients with multiple
      sclerosis and gait disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fampridine is a broad-spectrum voltage-dependent potassium channel
      blocker that enhances synaptic transmission. The drug has been shown to be able
      to ameliorate conduction in demyelinated axons, thereby leading to improved gait
      in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE: To assess the "real-life"
      efficacy and safety of fampridine prescribed for gait disorders in MS. This was
      an observational and prospective study carried out at MS Units participating in
      the Brazilian Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. METHODS: Patients with MS and gait
      disorders were prescribed fampridine (10 mg twice a day), irrespectively of the
      degree of disability determined by MS. Neurological disability determined by MS
      was assessed with the expanded disability scale score (EDSS). Outcomes for
      efficacy and safety of the drug were evaluated by the 25 foot-walk test and by
      the adverse events of fampridine. RESULTS: The time taken to walk 25 feet
      decreased by 20% or more in 62 patients (70%). Twenty-five patients were
      considered to be non-responders to this treatment. Improvement in walking speed
      was independent of improvement of disability. Mild or moderate adverse events
      were reported in 8% of patients. CONCLUSION: Fampridine is an efficient and safe
      therapeutic option for patients with MS and gait disorders.

PMID- 27372366
TI  - Relationships between trunk performance, gait and postural control in persons
      with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disease of the
      central nervous system. Compared to healthy individuals, persons with multiple
      sclerosis (PwMS) have increased postural sway in quiet stance, decreased gait
      speed and increased fall incidence. Trunk performance has been implicated in
      postural control, gait dysfunction, and fall prevention in older adults. However,
      the relationship of trunk performance to postural control and gait has not been
      adequately studied in PwMS. OBJECTIVE: To compare trunk muscle structure and
      performance in PwMS to healthy age and gendered-matched controls (HC); to
      determine the effects of isometric trunk endurance testing on postural control in
      both populations; and to determine the relationship of trunk performance with
      postural control, gait and step activity in PwMS. METHODS: Fifteen PwMS and HC
      completed ultrasound imaging of trunk muscles, 10 m walk test, isometric trunk
      endurance tests, and postural sway test. Participants wore a step activity
      monitor for 7 days. RESULTS: PwMS had worse isometric trunk endurance compared to
      HC. PwMS trunk flexion endurance negatively correlated to several postural
      control measures and positively correlated to gait speed and step activity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should consider evaluation and interventions directed at
      impaired trunk endurance in PwMS.

PMID- 27372367
TI  - Meta-analysis about cognitive intervention effect applied to dementia patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study tries to explore what effects multiple cognitive
      intervention, computer-based intervention, and memory training program had on
      dementia patients through meta-analysis. METHOD: Data was collected using an
      overseas search engine and 13 pieces of research published from January 2001 to
      April 2015 were selected. On papers that fit the selection criteria qualitative
      evaluation was conducted using Jadad evaluation and using pre-post average,
      standard deviation, and sample size of cognitive function, meta-analysis was
      conducted. RESULTS: The 13 studies selected included 6 multiple interventions, 4
      computer-based interventions, and 3 memory training programs. In the Jadad
      evaluation all had 3 points or higher and there were 474 research participants
      and in the result of effect size analysis memory training intervention was found
      to be 'large effect size', computer-based intervention 'medium effect size', and
      multiple cognitive intervention 'small effect size'. All three intervention
      methods were all statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It was found
      that the effect on dementia patients was in the order of memory training
      intervention, computer-based intervention, and multiple cognitive intervention.
      Clinically, this can be objective basis for treatment method for cognitive
      intervention of dementia patients.

PMID- 27372368
TI  - Exploring interest and goals for videoconferencing delivered cognitive
      rehabilitation with rural individuals with mild cognitive impairment or dementia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Goal oriented cognitive rehabilitation is a promising intervention
      for individuals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia due to
      Alzheimer Disease (AD). Videoconferencing delivered cognitive rehabilitation is a
      potential avenue for increasing accessibility for rural patients and their
      families. OBJECTIVE: First, we were concerned with the accessibility of the
      treatment for individuals in rural and remote areas. Second, client-centered goal
      setting was explored by asking this sample about their goals for cognitive
      rehabilitation. METHOD: We mailed questions to all active patients with diagnoses
      of MCI or dementia due to AD of a rural memory clinic and compare features of the
      responders versus the non-responders. We asked about interest in
      videoconferencing delivered treatment and about goals for cognitive
      rehabilitation, which were thematically analyzed. RESULTS: The responders (N =
      25) were similar to non-responders in severity, depression, and caregiver burden.
      Of the responders, 80% were interested in videoconferencing developed treatment.
      A thematic analysis coded 95% of responses as amenable to cognitive
      rehabilitation. Participants' goals were focused on memory, household activities,
      other cognitive domains, recreation, and higher order tasks. CONCLUSIONS: This
      work informs the development of both in-person and videoconferencing delivered
      cognitive rehabilitation for individuals diagnosed with MCI or dementia.

PMID- 27372369
TI  - Animal and human models to understand ageing.
AB  - Human ageing is the gradual decline in organ and tissue function with increasing
      chronological time, leading eventually to loss of function and death. To study
      the processes involved over research-relevant timescales requires the use of
      accessible model systems that share significant similarities with humans. In this
      review, we assess the usefulness of various models, including unicellular yeasts,
      invertebrate worms and flies, mice and primates including humans, and highlight
      the benefits and possible drawbacks of each model system in its ability to
      illuminate human ageing mechanisms. We describe the strong evolutionary
      conservation of molecular pathways that govern cell responses to extracellular
      and intracellular signals and which are strongly implicated in ageing. Such
      pathways centre around insulin-like growth factor signalling and integration of
      stress and nutritional signals through mTOR kinase. The process of cellular
      senescence is evaluated as a possible underlying cause for many of the frailties
      and diseases of human ageing. Also considered is ageing arising from systemic
      changes that cannot be modelled in lower organisms and instead require studies
      either in small mammals or in primates. We also touch briefly on novel
      therapeutic options arising from a better understanding of the biology of ageing.

PMID- 27372370
TI  - Discoidin Domains as Emerging Therapeutic Targets.
AB  - Discoidin (DS) domains are found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic extracellular and
      transmembrane multidomain proteins. These small domains play different functional
      roles and can interact with phospholipids, glycans, and proteins, including
      collagens. DS domain-containing proteins are often involved in cellular adhesion,
      migration, proliferation, and matrix-remodeling events, while some play a major
      role in blood coagulation. Mutations in DS domains have been associated with
      various disease conditions. This review provides an update on the structure,
      function, and modulation of the DS domains, with a special emphasis on two
      circulating blood coagulation cofactors, factor V and factor VIII, and the
      transmembrane neuropilin receptors that have been targeted for inhibition by
      biologics and small chemical compounds.

PMID- 27372371
TI  - Therapeutic progress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-beginning to learning.
AB  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease
      associated with motor neuron degeneration, muscle weakness, paralysis and finally
      death. The proposed mechanisms of ALS include glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative
      stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and proteasomal
      dysfunction. Although numerous pathological mechanisms have been explained, ALS
      remains incurable disease because of failure of clinical trials and lack of any
      effective therapy. The rapid advancement in genetic discoveries in ALS emphasizes
      the point that ALS is a multi-subtype syndrome rather than a single disease. This
      can be argued as one of the single reason why many previous therapeutic drug
      trials have failed. Efforts to develop novel ALS treatments which target specific
      pathomechanisms are currently being pursued. Herein, we review the recent
      discovery and preclinical characterization of neuroprotective compounds and
      compare their effects on disease onset, duration and survival. Furthermore, the
      structure-activity relationships of these agents are analyzed with the overall
      goal of developing a screening strategy for future clinical applications. 

PMID- 27372372
TI  - Obesity Paradox in Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: Does It Benefit the
      Elderly?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The obesity paradox is a well-known phenomenon in cardiovascular
      disease; how it interferes with coronary artery revascularization remains
      controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of obesity
      body mass index (BMI > 30; in kg/m2) on short- and long-term survival and major
      adverse cardiovascular event (MACE)-free survival in obese patients after off
      pump coronary artery bypass operation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our
      prospective cohort of 1,400 consecutive and systematic patients who underwent off
      pump coronary artery bypass operation between September 1996 and November 2007
      and identified 448 (32%) with preoperative BMI greater than 30. RESULTS: Patients
      with BMI greater than 30 patients were younger and had a higher prevalence of
      diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and percutaneous coronary interventions
      than patients with BMI less than 30. Thirty-day mortality and perioperative
      myocardial infarction were similar in both groups. No significant difference was
      observed for wound infections, sternal dehiscence, and reoperation for bleeding.
      Overall, long-term survival was comparable in the two groups, although obese
      patients older than 65 years had a better survival than the nonobese patients
      even after correction for risk factors (p = 0.04). MACE-free survival at 10 years
      was 65.3% +/- 5.7% in obese and 76.3% +/- 2.3% in nonobese patients (p = 0.007).
      Statistical significance was maintained (p = 0.008) after correction for risk
      factors. Among MACE, only new episodes of congestive heart failure were more
      prevalent in obese patients (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In our series of off-pump
      coronary artery bypass operation, obesity was not an independent cause of short-
      and long-term mortality and was shown beneficial for older patients. However,
      obese patients had a lower MACE-free survival because of an increased incidence
      of rehospitalization for congestive heart failure.

PMID- 27372373
TI  - Long-Term Survival in Patients With Acute Kidney Injury After Acute Type A Aortic
      Dissection Repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although acute kidney injury (AKI) is known as a serious complication
      after operation for acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD), the long-term impact
      of AKI remains unclear. The aim of the present study is to investigate the long
      term survival in patients with AKI after operation for AAAD. METHODS: This study
      included 403 patients who underwent operation for AAAD from 1990 to 2011 at Jichi
      Medical University, Saitama Medical Center. Postoperative AKI was identified
      according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Kaplan-Meier
      survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were modeled to analyze
      the association between the AKI stage and postoperative long-term survival.
      RESULTS: Of 403 patients, 181 (44.9%) experienced postoperative AKI. Kaplan-Meier
      estimates for long-term survival were significantly different among patients
      without AKI and patients with stage 1, 2, and 3 AKI (p < 0.001). Hazard ratios of
      long-term survival for patients with stages 1, 2, and 3 AKI compared with
      patients without AKI were 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84 to 2.26), 1.82
      (95% CI: 0.95 to 3.51), and 3.79 (95% CI: 1.95 to 7.37), respectively. More
      patients with AKI died because of cardiovascular disease after discharge than
      patients without AKI (1.8% versus 6.0%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Stage 3 AKI is
      significantly associated with lower long-term survival after operation for AAAD.
      Patient follow-up after discharge that focuses on cardiovascular issues may
      benefit patients who survive AKI after AAAD operation.

PMID- 27372374
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27372375
TI  - Presentation and Medical Management of Fibrocartilaginous Embolism in the
      Emergency Department.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fibrocartilaginous embolism is an exceedingly rare condition that was
      formerly a clinical diagnosis based on mechanism of injury, physical examination
      findings, and older magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies without a
      specific histologic diagnosis. Spinal cord MRI diffusion-weighted imaging allows
      for a more specific diagnosis. CASE REPORT: A 14-year-old male felt a sudden pop
      in his back while running sprints in his gym class. He slowly developed bilateral
      lower extremity weakness and urinary incontinence, prompting an emergency
      department evaluation. A MRI scan of his lumbar spine revealed degeneration,
      desiccation, and bulging of the T12-L1 disc with an accompanying subacute
      Schmorl's nodule. There was adjacent cord swelling and central cord T2
      hyperintensity, with accompanying restricted diffusion consistent with spinal
      cord infarction. These findings, in conjunction with paraplegia and mechanism of
      injury, were highly suggestive of fibrocartilaginous embolism. WHY SHOULD AN
      EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: An emergent MRI scan with the proper
      sequencing and immediate consultation with a spine surgery specialist are
      important to exclude a compressive myelopathy that would necessitate acute
      surgical decompression. There is significant uncertainty in the initial
      management and stabilization of this rare condition that has not been addressed
      in the emergency medicine literature.

PMID- 27372376
TI  - Care of the Critically Ill Pregnant Patient and Perimortem Cesarean Delivery in
      the Emergency Department.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal resuscitation in the emergency department requires planning
      and special consideration of the physiologic changes of pregnancy. Perimortem
      cesarean delivery (PMCD) is a rare but potentially life-saving procedure for both
      mother and fetus. Emergency physicians should be aware of the procedure's
      indications and steps because it needs to be performed rapidly for the best
      possible outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We sought to review the approach to the critically
      ill pregnant patient in light of new expert guidelines, including indications for
      PMCD and procedural techniques. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of maternal cardiac
      arrest and survival outcomes of PMCD in the emergency department setting are
      difficult to estimate. Advanced cardiovascular life support protocols should be
      followed in maternal arrest with special considerations made based on the
      physiologic changes of pregnancy. The latest recommendations for maternal
      resuscitation are reviewed, including advance planning, rapid determination of
      gestational age, emergent delivery, and postprocedure considerations for PMCD.
      CONCLUSIONS: Maternal resuscitation requires knowledge of physiologic changes and
      evidence-based recommendations. PMCD outcomes are best for both mother and fetus
      when the procedure is performed rapidly and efficiently in the appropriate
      setting. Emergency physicians should be familiar with this unique clinical
      scenario so they are adequately prepared to intervene in order to improve
      maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 27372377
TI  - The Integration of Electronic Medical Student Evaluations Into an Emergency
      Department Tracking System is Associated With Increased Quality and Quantity of
      Evaluations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medical student evaluations are essential for determining clerkship
      grades. Electronic evaluations have various advantages compared to paper
      evaluations, such as increased ease of collection, asynchronous reporting, and
      decreased likelihood of becoming lost. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether
      electronic medical student evaluations (EMSEs) provide more evaluations and
      content when compared to paper shift card evaluations. METHODS: This before and
      after cohort study was conducted over a 2.5-year period at an academic hospital
      affiliated with a medical school and emergency medicine residency program. EMSEs
      replaced the paper shift evaluations that had previously been used halfway
      through the study period. A random sample of the free text comments on both paper
      and EMSEs were blindly judged by medical student clerkship directors for their
      helpfulness and usefulness. Logistic regression was used to test for any
      relationship between quality and quantity of words. RESULTS: A total of 135 paper
      evaluations for 30 students and then 570 EMSEs for 62 students were collected. An
      average of 4.8 (standard deviation [SD] 3.2) evaluations were completed per
      student using the paper version compared to 9.0 (SD 3.8) evaluations completed
      per student electronically (p < 0.001). There was an average of 8.8 (SD 8.5)
      words of free text evaluation on paper evaluations when compared to 22.5 (SD
      28.4) words for EMSEs (p < 0.001). A statistically significant (p < 0.02)
      association between quality of an evaluation and the word count existed.
      CONCLUSIONS: EMSEs that were integrated into the emergency department tracking
      system significantly increased the number of evaluations completed compared to
      paper evaluations. In addition, the EMSEs captured more "helpful/useful"
      information about the individual students as evidenced by the longer free text
      entries per evaluation.

PMID- 27372378
TI  - Bleomycin-Induced Flagellate Hyperpigmentation.

PMID- 27372379
TI  - Assessment of TruviewPCD videolaryngoscope for intubation in children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this observational prospective study was to evaluate the
      usefulness of TruviewPCD for tracheal intubation in clinical practice, and to
      provide data for future studies. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A study was conducted on 86
      consecutive children undergoing ear, nose and throat (ENT) or paediatric
      procedures under general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation. Children with two
      or more difficult airway criteria were excluded. A descriptive statistical
      analysis was performed. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients were successfully
      intubated with TruviewPCD. Demographic data: Age 4.9 (2.8) years, weight 19.5
      (7.7)kg. Seventy-nine children needed one attempt and four required two attempts
      at intubation. Time for glottis view and tracheal intubation was 10.8 (5.6) and
      30 [27.9-37] seconds, respectively. Eighty-one patients were classified as easy
      or very easy to intubate, and only two cases were considered difficult. No
      significant complications were registered. CONCLUSIONS: TruviewPCD is a good
      device for paediatric airway management. It would be interesting to have an
      intermediate blade between size 1 and 2, as the difference between both is too
      wide.

PMID- 27372380
TI  - Analgesic effect of a single-dose of perineural dexamethasone on ultrasound
      guided femoral nerve block after total knee replacement.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Total knee replacement is usually a very painful procedure. A
      single-dose of femoral nerve block has been shown to provide similar analgesia to
      an epidural, with fewer side effects, but limited in time. OBJECTIVE: To compare
      the analgesia provided by dexamethasone used at perineural level in the femoral
      nerve block after total knee replacement with the one used at intravenous level,
      and with that of a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective,
      randomised, double-blind controlled trial was conducted on 81 patients randomly
      assigned to one of three groups: 1)IV dexamethasone (8mg); 2)perineural
      dexamethasone (8mg), and 3)placebo. All patients received 20ml of ropivacaine
      0.5% for femoral nerve block. The primary outcome was the duration of the sensory
      analgesic block of the femoral nerve block. The secondary outcomes included pain
      intensity measurements, patient satisfaction, and incidence of complications.
      RESULTS: Randomisation was effective. Analgesia duration was significantly higher
      (P<.0001) in the perineural dexamethasone group (mean 1152.2min, 95% confidence
      interval [95% CI]: 756.9-1547.6) in comparison with the control group (mean
      186min, 95%CI: 81.2-292) and dexamethasone IV group (mean 159.4min, 95%CI: 109.8
      209). Postoperative pain, complications and side effects were also lower in this
      group. CONCLUSIONS: Dexamethasone prolongs sensory block of single dose of
      femoral nerve block using ropivacaine. It also provides better analgesia and
      patient satisfaction, with fewer side effects.

PMID- 27372381
TI  - Hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha: A critical factor for the immune response to
      pathogens and Leishmania.
AB  - Organisms typically react to foreign pathogens by initiating an inflammatory
      response. However, in order to limit inflammatory tissue injury, it is essential
      for the organism to maintain the balance between inflammatory and anti
      inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of this process can result in the strong
      inhibition of protective pro-inflammatory responses, and ultimately in pathogen
      persistence. Chronic infections are often associated with inflammation and tissue
      disruption. Inflamed tissues are characterized by low levels of oxygen and
      glucose, a microenvironment that triggers the stabilization of the hypoxia
      inducible transcription factor HIF-1alpha. HIF-1alpha is the master regulator of
      the response to hypoxia. Here, we review the role of HIF-1alpha in the immune
      response to various pathogens and we highlight how certain microorganisms,
      including Leishmania parasites, have evolved to hijack the HIF-1 pathway to their
      advantage.

PMID- 27372382
TI  - Cylindromatosis (Cyld) gene mutation in T cells promotes the development of an IL
      9-dependent allergic phenotype in experimental asthma.
AB  - Cylindromatosis (CYLD) is a ubiquitously expressed deubiquitinating enzyme which
      removes activating ubiquitin residues from important signaling molecules of the
      NF-kappaB pathway. In CYLDex7/8 transgenic mice, a naturally occurring short
      isoform (sCYLD) is overexpressed in the absence of full length CYLD, leading to
      excessive NF-kappaB activity. Herein, we investigated the impact of the CYLDex7/8
      mutation selectively in T cells on the development of experimental allergic
      airway disease induced by sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin. Compared
      with their wildtype littermates, mice bearing the T cell-specific mutation
      (CD4+CYLDex7/8) display stronger eosinophilia and mucus production in the lungs
      and higher IgE serum levels. The reason for these observations is excessive
      production of T cell-derived IL-9, a cytokine to whom allergy-promoting
      properties were ascribed. Consequently, blockade of IL-9 in CD4+CYLDex7/8 mice
      alleviates the development of disease symptoms. Thus, by polarization of the T
      cell cytokine response, sCYLD can favor the development of allergic airway
      disease.

PMID- 27372383
TI  - A Quantitative Analysis of Cold Water for Human Consumption in Hospitals in
      Spain.
AB  - An estimation of the water used for human consumption in hospitals is essential
      to determine possible savings and to fix criteria to improve the design of new
      water consumption models. The present work reports on cold water for human
      consumption (CWHC) in hospitals in Spain and determines the possible savings. In
      the period of 2005-2012, 80 Eco-Management and Audit Schemes (EMAS) from 20
      hospitals were analysed. The results conclude that the average annual consumption
      of CWHC is 1.59 m(3)/m(2) (with a standard deviation of 0.48 m(3)/m(2)), 195.85
      m(3)/bed (standard deviation 70.07 m(3)/bed), or 53.69 m(3)/worker (standard
      deviation 16.64 m(3)/worker). The results demonstrate the possibility of saving
      5,600,000 m(3) of water per year. Assuming the cost of water as approximately
      1.22 ?/m(3), annual savings are estimated as 6,832,000 ?. Furthermore, 2,912 MWh
      of energy could be saved, and the emission of 22,400 annual tonnes of CO2 into
      the atmosphere could be avoided.

PMID- 27372384
TI  - Dosimetric evaluation of total marrow irradiation using 2 different planning
      systems.
AB  - This study compared 2 different treatment planning systems (TPSs) for quality and
      efficiency of total marrow irradiation (TMI) plans. The TPSs used in this study
      were VOxel-Less Optimization (VoLO) (Accuray Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) using helical
      dose delivery on a Tomotherapy Hi-Art treatment unit and Eclipse (Varian Medical
      Systems Inc, Palo Alto, CA) using volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) dose
      delivery on a Varian iX treatment unit. A total dose of 1200cGy was prescribed to
      cover 95% of the planning target volume (PTV). The plans were optimized and
      calculated based on a single CT data and structure set using the Alderson Rando
      phantom (The Phantom Laboratory, Salem, NY) and physician contoured target and
      organ at risk (OAR) volumes. The OARs were lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, brain,
      and small bowel. The plans were evaluated based on plan quality, time to optimize
      the plan and calculate the dose, and beam on time. The resulting mean and maximum
      doses to the PTV were 1268 and 1465cGy for VoLO and 1284 and 1541cGy for Eclipse,
      respectively. For 5 of 6 OAR structures the VoLO system achieved lower mean and
      D10 doses ranging from 22% to 52% and 3% to 44%, respectively. Total
      computational time including only optimization and dose calculation were 0.9
      hours for VoLO and 3.8 hours for Eclipse. These times do not include user
      dependent target delineation and field setup. Both planning systems are capable
      of creating high-quality plans for total marrow irradiation. The VoLO planning
      system was able to achieve more uniform dose distribution throughout the target
      volume and steeper dose fall off, resulting in superior OAR sparing. VoLO's
      graphics processing unit (GPU)-based optimization and dose calculation algorithm
      also allowed much faster creation of TMI plans. 

PMID- 27372385
TI  - Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics: Toxicity
      and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation.
AB  - The effects of polystyrene microbeads (micro-PS; mix of 2 and 6 MUm; final
      concentration: 32 MUg L(-1)) alone or in combination with fluoranthene (30 MUg L(
      1)) on marine mussels Mytilus spp. were investigated after 7 days of exposure and
      7 days of depuration under controlled laboratory conditions. Overall,
      fluoranthene was mostly associated to algae Chaetoceros muelleri (partition
      coefficient Log Kp = 4.8) used as a food source for mussels during the
      experiment. When micro-PS were added in the system, a fraction of FLU transferred
      from the algae to the microbeads as suggested by the higher partition coefficient
      of micro-PS (Log Kp = 6.6), which confirmed a high affinity of fluoranthene for
      polystyrene microparticles. However, this did not lead to a modification of
      fluoranthene bioaccumulation in exposed individuals, suggesting that micro-PS had
      a minor role in transferring fluoranthene to mussels tissues in comparison with
      waterborne and foodborne exposures. After depuration, a higher fluoranthene
      concentration was detected in mussels exposed to micro-PS and fluoranthene, as
      compared to mussels exposed to fluoranthene alone. This may be related to direct
      effect of micro-PS on detoxification mechanisms, as suggested by a down
      regulation of a P-glycoprotein involved in pollutant excretion, but other factors
      such as an impairment of the filtration activity or presence of remaining beads
      in the gut cannot be excluded. Micro-PS alone led to an increase in hemocyte
      mortality and triggered substantial modulation of cellular oxidative balance:
      increase in reactive oxygen species production in hemocytes and enhancement of
      anti-oxidant and glutathione-related enzymes in mussel tissues. Highest
      histopathological damages and levels of anti-oxidant markers were observed in
      mussels exposed to micro-PS together with fluoranthene. Overall these results
      suggest that under the experimental conditions of our study micro-PS led to
      direct toxic effects at tissue, cellular and molecular levels, and modulated
      fluoranthene kinetics and toxicity in marine mussels. 

PMID- 27372386
TI  - Adjuvant Proton Beam Therapy in the Management of Thymoma: A Dosimetric
      Comparison and Acute Toxicities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We evaluated the dosimetric differences between proton beam therapy
      (PBT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for resected thymoma. We
      simultaneously report our early clinical experience with PBT in this cohort.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 4 patients with thymoma or thymic carcinoma
      treated at our center from 2012 to 2014 who completed adjuvant PBT to a median
      dose of 57.0 cobalt Gy equivalents (CGE; range, 50.4-66.6 CGE) after definitive
      resection. Adjuvant radiation was indicated for positive (n = 3) or close margin
      (n = 1). Median age was 45 (range, 32-70) years. Stages included II (n = 2), III
      (n = 1), and IVA (n = 1). Analogous IMRT plans were generated for each patient
      for comparison, and preset dosimetric endpoints were evaluated. Early toxicities
      were assessed according to retrospective chart review. RESULTS: Compared with
      IMRT, PBT was associated with lower mean doses to the lung (4.6 vs. 8.1 Gy; P =
      .02), esophagus (5.4 vs. 20.6 Gy; P = .003), and heart (6.0 vs. 10.4 Gy; P =
      .007). Percentages of lung, esophagus, and heart receiving radiation were
      consistently lower in the PBT plans over a wide range of radiation doses. There
      was no difference in mean breast dose (2.68 vs. 3.01 Gy; P = .37). Of the 4
      patients treated with PBT, 3 patients experienced Grade 1 radiation dermatitis,
      and 1 patient experienced Grade 2 dermatitis, which resolved after treatment.
      With a median follow-up of 5.5 months, there were no additional Grade >= 2 acute
      or subacute toxicities, including radiation pneumonitis. CONCLUSION: PBT is
      clinically well tolerated after surgical resection of thymoma, and is associated
      with a significant reduction in dose to critical structures without compromising
      coverage of the target volume. Prospective evaluation and longer follow-up is
      needed to assess clinical outcomes and late toxicities.

PMID- 27372387
TI  - APIC salutes the 2016 Heroes of Infection Prevention.

PMID- 27372388
TI  - Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination among women of
      childbearing age-United States, 2013.
AB  - The incidence of pertussis in the United States has increased since the 1990s.
      Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccination of pregnant women
      provides passive protection to infants. Tdap vaccination is currently recommended
      for pregnant women during each pregnancy, but coverage among pregnant women and
      women of childbearing age has been suboptimal. Data from the 2013 Behavioral Risk
      Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and 2013 National Health Interview Survey
      (NHIS) were used to determine national and state-specific Tdap vaccination
      coverage among women of childbearing age by self-reported pregnancy status at the
      time of the survey. Although this study could not assess coverage of Tdap
      vaccination received during pregnancy because questions on whether Tdap
      vaccination was received during pregnancy were not asked in BRFSS and NHIS,
      demographic and access-to-care factors associated with Tdap vaccination coverage
      in this population were assessed. Tdap vaccination coverage among all women 18-44
      years old was 38.4% based on the BRFSS and 23.3% based on the NHIS. Overall,
      coverage did not differ by pregnancy status at the time of the survey. Coverage
      among all women 18-44 years old varied widely by state. Age, race and ethnicity,
      education, number of children in the household, and access-to-care
      characteristics were independently associated with Tdap vaccination in both
      surveys. We identified associations of demographic and access-to-care
      characteristics with Tdap vaccination that can guide strategies to improve
      vaccination rates in women during pregnancy.

PMID- 27372389
TI  - Prevention of transmitted infections in a pet therapy program: An exemplar.
AB  - The focus of the patient experience in health care delivery has afforded the
      opportunity to integrate pet therapy as a part of patient care. The purpose of
      this article is to present the implementation of a pet therapy program that
      includes guidelines for the prevention of transmitted infections. Consideration
      of infection prevention strategies has resulted in a 16-year program with no
      documented incidences of transmitted infections, averaging 20,000 pet therapy
      interactions per year.

PMID- 27372390
TI  - The first point prevalence survey of health care-associated infection and
      antimicrobial use in a Japanese university hospital: A pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Point prevalence surveys (PPSs) in Japanese hospitals have not yet
      been reported. The purpose of this pilot PPS study was to evaluate the
      epidemiology of health care-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial use in
      a Japanese tertiary university hospital. METHODS: A 1-day, cross-sectional PPS
      was performed at a Japanese university hospital. Data on demographics, active
      HAIs, and antimicrobial use of all inpatients were collected using a data
      collection form. RESULTS: Of 841 patients, 85 (10.1%) had 90 active HAIs, and 308
      patients (36.6%) were administered 494 antimicrobials. Among the 90 HAIs and 58
      pathogens, the most frequent infection and isolated pathogen were pneumonia
      (20.0%) and Enterobacteriaceae (27.6%), respectively. Of the 118 antimicrobials
      used for treatment of HAIs, carbapenems were the most frequently administered
      category of antimicrobials (22.9%). In regard to antimicrobials for surgical
      prophylaxis, 37 of 119 (31.1%) were administered to patients on postoperative day
      3 or later, and 48 of 119 (40.3%) were administered orally. CONCLUSIONS: The
      incidence of HAIs is higher than in other developed countries. The social and
      medical situation in Japan may affect patient demographics, active HAIs, and
      antimicrobial use. Multicenter PPSs are necessary to uncover the real
      epidemiology of HAIs and antimicrobial use in Japan.

PMID- 27372391
TI  - Cancer Risk in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
      Outlining a Novel (Epi)Genotype Specific Histotype Targeted Screening Protocol.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare tumor risk in the 4 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS)
      molecular subgroups: Imprinting Control Region 1 Gain of Methylation (ICR1-GoM),
      Imprinting Control Region 2 Loss of Methylation (ICR2-LoM), Chromosome 11p15
      Paternal Uniparental Disomy (UPD), and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1C gene
      (CDKN1C) mutation. STUDY DESIGN: Studies on BWS and tumor development published
      between 2000 and 2015 providing (epi)genotype-cancer correlations with histotype
      data were reviewed and meta-analysed with cancer histotypes as measured outcome
      and (epi)genotype as exposure. RESULTS: A total of 1370 patients with BWS were
      included: 102 developed neoplasms (7.4%). Tumor prevalence was 2.5% in ICR2-LoM,
      13.8% in UPD, 22.8% in ICR1-GoM, and 8.6% in patients with CDKN1C mutations.
      Cancer ORs were 12.8 in ICR1-GoM, 6.5 in UPD, and 2.9 in patients with CDKN1C
      mutations compared with patients with ICR2-LoM. Wilms tumor was associated with
      ICR1-GoM (OR 68.3) and UPD (OR 13.2). UPD also was associated with hepatoblastoma
      (OR 5.2) and adrenal carcinoma (OR 7.0), and CDKN1C mutations with neuroblastic
      tumors (OR 7.2). CONCLUSION: Cancer screening in BWS could be differentiated on
      the basis of (epi)genotype and target specific histotypes. Patients with ICR1-GoM
      and UPD should undergo renal ultrasonography scanning, given their risk of Wilms
      tumor. Alpha feto protein monitoring for heptaoblastoma is suggested in patients
      with UPD. Adrenal carcinoma may deserve screening in patients with UPD. Patients
      with CDKN1C mutations may deserve neuroblastoma screening based on urinary
      markers and ultrasonography scanning. Finally, screening appears questionable in
      cases of ICR2-LoM, given low tumor risk.

PMID- 27372392
TI  - The Electronic Medical Record and Computerized Physician Order Entry: Challenges
      and Opportunities for Pediatrics.

PMID- 27372393
TI  - Mobility Status as a Predictor of Obesity, Physical Activity, and Screen Time Use
      among Children Aged 5-11 Years in the United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine physical activity participation, screen time habits, and
      the prevalence of overweight/obesity among children in the general population
      with mobility limitations and those enrolled in special education services. STUDY
      DESIGN: An observational, cross-sectional analysis of the 2011-2014 National
      Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative sample of the US
      population. Mobility limitations, special education services utilization, proxy
      reported physical activity and screen time, and overweight/obesity status were
      assessed in children aged 5-11 years. RESULTS: Boys with mobility limitations
      were less likely to meet physical activity guidelines (>=60 minutes daily)
      compared with those with no limitations (58.1% vs 74.4%, adjusted F = 4.61, P =
      .04). In a logistic regression model, boys with mobility limitations had
      significantly lower odds (0.42, 95% CI 0.20-0.86) of meeting physical activity
      guidelines. The prevalence of children meeting screen time recommendations (<=2
      hours daily) among those receiving special education services (42.4%) was lower
      than children not receiving services (53.2%; adjusted F = 8.87, P < .01). In a
      logistic regression model, children receiving special education services showed a
      trend toward significantly lower odds (0.74, 95% CI 0.54-1.03, P = .07) of
      meeting screen time recommendations. No statistically significant differences for
      overweight/obesity were found. CONCLUSIONS: Clear differences were present in
      physical activity between boys with and without mobility limitations.
      Furthermore, children receiving special education services demonstrated a lower
      likelihood of meeting screen time recommendations. Children with disabilities may
      benefit from targeted interventions aimed at increasing physical activity while
      decreasing screen time.

PMID- 27372394
TI  - Readmissions for Heart Failure in Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of inpatient 30-day readmission for heart
      failure in children with cardiomyopathy discharged after an admission for heart
      failure and the impact of discharge pharmacotherapy on readmissions. STUDY
      DESIGN: The Pediatric Health Information System Database was queried for patients
      <=18 years of age with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
      Revision code for heart failure (428.xx) or cardiomyopathy (425.xx) discharged
      from 2004 to 2013. Patients were excluded if they had congenital heart disease,
      expired on the initial admission, or underwent cardiac surgery. Patient admission
      characteristics were documented and discharge medications were captured.
      Frequency of 30-day readmission for heart failure was identified, and mixed
      effects multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine
      factors significant for readmission. RESULTS: A total of 2386 patients met study
      criteria (52.1% male, median age 8.1 years [IQR 1.2-14.6 years]). Vasoactive
      medications were used in 70.3% of patients on initial admission, the most common
      of which was milrinone (62.8%). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and beta
      blockers were given at discharge to 67.4% and 35.9%, respectively. Frequency of
      30-day readmission for heart failure was 12.9%. Duration of milrinone or beta
      blocker use at discharge and institutional heart failure patient volume were
      associated with a greater odds of 30-day readmission, whereas mechanical
      ventilation on initial admission was associated with decreased odds of
      readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with cardiomyopathy and heart
      failure have a high frequency of heart failure-related 30-day readmission.
      Outpatient pharmacotherapy at discharge does not appear to influence readmission.

PMID- 27372395
TI  - Pathology of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil: a case series.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Zika virus is an arthropod-borne virus that is a member of the family
      Flaviviridae transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Although
      usually asymptomatic, infection can result in a mild and self-limiting illness
      characterised by fever, rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. An increase in the
      number of children born with microcephaly was noted in 2015 in regions of Brazil
      with high transmission of Zika virus. More recently, evidence has been
      accumulating supporting a link between Zika virus and microcephaly. Here, we
      describe findings from three fatal cases and two spontaneous abortions associated
      with Zika virus infection. METHODS: In this case series, formalin-fixed paraffin
      embedded tissue samples from five cases, including two newborn babies with
      microcephaly and severe arthrogryposis who died shortly after birth, one 2-month
      old baby, and two placentas from spontaneous abortions, from Brazil were
      submitted to the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch at the US Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) between December, 2015, and
      March, 2016. Specimens were assessed by histopathological examination,
      immunohistochemical assays using a mouse anti-Zika virus antibody, and RT-PCR
      assays targeting the NS5 and envelope genes. Amplicons of RT-PCR positive cases
      were sequenced for characterisation of strains. FINDINGS: Viral antigens were
      localised to glial cells and neurons and associated with microcalcifications in
      all three fatal cases with microcephaly. Antigens were also seen in chorionic
      villi of one of the first trimester placentas. Tissues from all five cases were
      positive for Zika virus RNA by RT-PCR, and sequence analyses showed highest
      identities with Zika virus strains isolated from Brazil during 2015.
      INTERPRETATION: These findings provide strong evidence of a link between Zika
      virus infection and different congenital central nervous system malformations,
      including microcephaly as well as arthrogryposis and spontaneous abortions.
      FUNDING: None.

PMID- 27372396
TI  - Surveillance of Zika virus infection and microcephaly in Brazil.

PMID- 27372397
TI  - Strengthening maternal immunisation to improve the health of mothers and infants.

PMID- 27372398
TI  - Congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil: a case series of the first 1501
      livebirths with complete investigation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In November, 2015, an epidemic of microcephaly was reported in
      Brazil, which was later attributed to congenital Zika virus infection. 7830
      suspected cases had been reported to the Brazilian Ministry of Health by June 4,
      2016, but little is known about their characteristics. We aimed to describe these
      newborn babies in terms of clinical findings, anthropometry, and survival.
      METHODS: We reviewed all 1501 liveborn infants for whom investigation by medical
      teams at State level had been completed as of Feb 27, 2016, and classified
      suspected cases into five categories based on neuroimaging and laboratory results
      for Zika virus and other relevant infections. Definite cases had laboratory
      evidence of Zika virus infection; highly probable cases presented specific
      neuroimaging findings, and negative laboratory results for other congenital
      infections; moderately probable cases had specific imaging findings but other
      infections could not be ruled out; somewhat probable cases had imaging findings,
      but these were not reported in detail by the local teams; all other newborn
      babies were classified as discarded cases. Head circumference by gestational age
      was assessed with InterGrowth standards. First week mortality and history of rash
      were provided by the State medical teams. FINDINGS: Between Nov 19, 2015, and Feb
      27, 2015, investigations were completed for 1501 suspected cases reported to the
      Brazilian Ministry of Health, of whom 899 were discarded. Of the remainder 602
      cases, 76 were definite, 54 highly probable, 181 moderately probable, and 291
      somewhat probable of congenital Zika virus syndrome. Clinical, anthropometric,
      and survival differences were small among the four groups. Compared with these
      four groups, the 899 discarded cases had larger head circumferences (mean Z
      scores -1.54 vs -3.13, difference 1.58 [95% CI 1.45-1.72]); lower first-week
      mortality (14 per 1000 vs 51 per 1000; rate ratio 0.28 [95% CI 0.14-0.56]); and
      were less likely to have a history of rash during pregnancy (20.7% vs 61.4%,
      ratio 0.34 [95% CI 0.27-0.42]). Rashes in the third trimester of pregnancy were
      associated with brain abnormalities despite normal sized heads. One in five
      definite or probable cases presented head circumferences in the normal range
      (above -2 SD below the median of the InterGrowth standard) and for one third of
      definite and probable cases there was no history of a rash during pregnancy. The
      peak of the epidemic occurred in late November, 2015. INTERPRETATION: Zika virus
      congenital syndrome is a new teratogenic disease. Because many definite or
      probable cases present normal head circumference values and their mothers do not
      report having a rash, screening criteria must be revised in order to detect all
      affected newborn babies. FUNDING: Brazilian Ministry of Health, Pan American
      Health Organization, and Wellcome Trust.

PMID- 27372399
TI  - Zika and histopathology in first trimester infections.

PMID- 27372400
TI  - Inexperienced examiners and the Foot Posture Index: A reliability study.
AB  - The Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) is a reliable (experienced examiners) assessment
      tool used in clinical practice to classify foot posture. No work has been
      completed to determine the reliability of the FPI-6 between novice examiners.
      Therefore, the aim was to determine the inter-examiner reliability of the FPI-6
      using two novice examiners (graduate level osteopathy students). The FPI-6 was
      used to classify the feet of 83 students recruited as part of a larger study.
      Data were collected simultaneously by both examiners, but there was no
      communication between them. The scoring system provided by the FPI-6 manual was
      used to assess all feet. Collated data were assessed between examiners for
      reliability based on raw, transformed and foot type scores. The inter-examiner
      reliability was high for both left (intra-class correlation coefficient ICC2,1 =
      0.86) and right (ICC2,1 = 0.85) feet for the novice examiners. When data were
      assessed based on foot type classification the examiners agreed on 76% of the
      left feet and 82% of the right feet with Kappa values of 0.73 and 0.72
      respectively. The FPI-6 is a robust clinical tool that can be reliably utilised
      by inexperienced clinicians.

PMID- 27372401
TI  - New Structural Insights into Translational Miscoding.
AB  - The fidelity of translation depends strongly on the selection of the correct
      aminoacyl-tRNA that is complementary to the mRNA codon present in the ribosomal
      decoding center. The ribosome occasionally makes mistakes by selecting the wrong
      substrate from the pool of aminoacyl-tRNAs. Here, we summarize recent structural
      advances that may help to clarify the origin of missense errors that occur during
      decoding. These developments suggest that discrimination between tRNAs is based
      primarily on steric complementarity and shape acceptance rather than on the
      number of hydrogen bonds between the molding of the decoding center and the codon
      anticodon duplex. They strengthen the hypothesis that spatial mimicry, due either
      to base tautomerism or ionization, drives infidelity in ribosomal translation.

PMID- 27372402
TI  - Dopaminergic Effects on Brown Adipose Tissue (DEBAT): A prospective physiological
      study.

PMID- 27372403
TI  - Patient perceptions and willingness to participate in clinical trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gynecologic oncology patients' perceptions and willingness
      to participate in randomized clinical trials (RCT) among an inner city
      population. METHODS: Informed consent was obtained. Demographics were collected
      and willingness to participate in a RCT was measured by the Attitudes on
      Randomized Trials Questionnaire (ARTQ). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      estimated levels of anxiety and depression. A Perception Survey was created and
      tested as a screening tool for patients considering RCTs. Standard statistical
      tests were used. RESULTS: One hundred and one women participated, 54 (53.5%) were
      black, 31 (30.7%) were white, non-Hispanic and 15 (14.9%) were Hispanic.
      Screening for anxiety and depression revealed an 18.8% rate of moderate to severe
      anxiety and an 11.9% rate of moderate to severe depression. Willingness to
      participate in a RCT as measured by ARTQ scores was not significantly associated
      with race, levels of anxiety or depression. Twenty-eight percent of women would
      agree to participate in a clinical trial at baseline. An additional, 33 (32.7%),
      for a total of 61.4%, indicated agreement after targeted education with no
      statistical differences by race or psychological stressor. However, sixty-one
      percent of these women were black. The Perception Survey approximated the results
      of the ARTQ with reasonable accuracy (AUC 0.758, p<0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Neither
      race nor psychological stressor were significant indicators of willingness to
      participate in a RCT. Targeted education resulted in a majority of patients
      indicating willingness to participate in trials, especially among black women.
      Additionally, a novel screening tool was tested and performed well in this
      setting.

PMID- 27372404
TI  - Protective effect of Caralluma fimbriata against high-fat diet induced testicular
      oxidative stress in rats.
AB  - High-fat diet (HFD) promotes the oxidative stress formation, which in turn has
      hazardous effects on reproductive system and fertility. The objective of this
      study was to evaluate the protective effect of Caralluma fimbriata on high-fat
      diet-induced oxidative stress in the testis of rat. Male Wistar rats were
      randomly divided into five groups: Control (C), Control treated with CFE (C+
      CFE), High fat diet fed (HFD), High fat diet fed treated with CFE (HFD+CFE) and
      High fat diet fed treated with Metformin (HFD+Met). CFE was orally administered
      (200mg/kg body weight) for 90days to groups-C+CFE and HFD+CFE rats. The effects
      of HF-diet on the reproductive organs were determined by measuring relative and
      absolute testes and epididymal fat pads weights. Regarding testes antioxidant
      status, high-fat fed rats showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation, protein
      oxidation, polyol pathway enzymes and lower GSH levels and lower activities of
      antioxidants, while CFE treatment prevented all these observed abnormalities. The
      present study clearly indicates that CFE offers a significant protection against
      HF-diet induced testicular oxidative stress in rats.

PMID- 27372405
TI  - Synergistic inhibition of sunitinib and ethaselen against human colorectal cancer
      cells proliferation.
AB  - Sunitinib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been widely used in
      the therapy of advanced renal cell cancer and imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal
      stromal tumors. However, little benefits could be obtained from sunitinib for
      patients with other types of solid tumors including colorectal cancer (CRC).
      Ethaselen (BBSKE), a specific thioredoxin reductase 1 inhibitor, has shown
      convincing anticancer effects both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we
      explored the combinatory effect of sunitinib and BBSKE in human CRC cell lines
      LoVo, HT-29 and RKO. Cotreatment of BBSKE and sunitinib with the ratio of 2:1 for
      24h displayed synergistic effect against CRC cells proliferation. Apoptosis
      analysis also revealed that combination treatment of BBSKE and sunitinib (2:1)
      for 24h induced higher apoptosis rate than either single treatment. The
      synergistic effect against LoVo cells proliferation may be explained by sharp
      reduction of Bcl-2/Bax protein expression ratio, decrease of pro-Caspase-3
      protein expression along with significantly augmented Caspase-3 enzymatic
      activity, and release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytoplasm in the
      combination treatment group. The significant inhibition of vascular endothelial
      growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) phosphorylation might also account for the
      synergism in cotreatment group. In short, sunitinib plus BBSKE is perhaps a
      promising strategy for colorectal cancer therapy.

PMID- 27372406
TI  - Protective effect of Tephrosia purpurea in diabetic cataract through aldose
      reductase inhibitory activity.
AB  - PURPOSE: Tephrosia purpurea (T. purpurea) has been reported to prevent cataract
      formation in senile cataract model as well as proven effective in STZ induced
      type 1 diabetes. Aldose reductase (AR) is a key enzyme in the intracellular
      polyol pathway responsible for the development of diabetic cataract. OBJECTIVE:
      To investigate the effects of T. purpurea in the light of inhibition of aldose
      reductase enzyme in polyol pathway. METHODS: We studied the effects of alcoholic
      extract and flavonoid fraction of T. purpurea in streptozotocin (STZ, 45mg/kg,
      i.v.)-induced type I diabetic cataract in rats. The animals were divided into
      five groups as control, control treated with alcoholic and flavonoid fraction,
      diabetic control and diabetic treated with alcoholic and flavonoid fraction. In
      vitro aldose reductase inhibitory activity was also evaluated. Further, molecular
      docking study was performed with crystal structure of aldose reductase and its
      known chemical constituents of the plant. RESULTS: The IC50 value of alcoholic
      extract for aldose reductase inhibition was found to be 209.13MUg/ml, and that of
      flavonoid fraction was found to be 46.73MUg/ml. Administration of STZ produced
      significantly abnormal levels of serum glucose, serum insulin, soluble protein
      and antioxidants in the lens homogenate. Treatment with alcoholic extract and
      flavonoid fraction of T. purpurea were able to normalize these levels. Some of
      the active constituents of T. purpurea showed significant interactions with
      aldose reductase enzyme in molecular docking studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      suggested that both the extracts might be helpful in delaying the development of
      diabetic cataract due to the presence of rutin and quercetin. This beneficial
      effect may be due to its significant inhibition of aldose reductase enzyme and
      anti-oxidant activity.

PMID- 27372407
TI  - Co-delivery of IL17RB siRNA and doxorubicin by chitosan-based nanoparticles for
      enhanced anticancer efficacy in breast cancer cells.
AB  - Overexpression of IL17RB is associated with poor prognosis and short survival of
      the breast cancer patients.IL17RB/IL17B signaling triggers a substantial increase
      in the cell growth, proliferation and migration through the activation of NF
      kappaB as well as the up-regulation of the Bcl-2. In this study we designed
      carboxymethyl dextran (CMD) Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) to encapsulated IL17RB
      siRNA and doxorubicin (DOX) as an anticancer drug. Then we investigated the
      efficiency of the simultaneous delivery of drug/siRNA on viability and gene
      expression of MDA-MB361 cell lines. Furthermore the efficacy of dual agent
      nanoparticles to induce apoptosis and inhibit migration of breast cancer cells
      was assessed by Annexin-V and wound healing assays respectively. Our results
      showed that DOX-siRNA-CMD-ChNPs had about 114nm size; with polydispersity index
      and zeta potential about 0.3 and 10.1mV respectively. Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of DOX-siRNA-CMD-ChNPs complex. In
      addition IL17RB siRNA had significant effect on DOX-induced cytotoxicity in MDA
      MB361 cells. Furthermore treatment with dual agent nanoparticles resulted in a
      significant silencing of NF-kappaB and Bcl-2 relative gene expression, apoptosis
      induction and migration inhibition in MDA-MB361 cells. In conclusion, co-delivery
      of IL17RB siRNA and DOX can be considered as an effective system for the
      treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 27372408
TI  - Postpartum depression symptoms among Amazonian and Northeast Brazilian women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies analyzing the prevalence of postpartum depression in Brazil
      have recently increased. However, few studies have examined the Northeast region
      of Brazil, and no studies have investigated the Amazon region. Therefore, the aim
      of this study was to investigate postpartum depression in these two regions.
      METHODS: We administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale to a total of
      3060 women who used the Brazilian public health system and had given birth
      between one and three months prior to the interview. A cut-off score >=11 was
      used to indicate symptoms of postpartum depression. After calculating the
      prevalence, univariate logistic regressions were performed separately for several
      possible risk factors (p<0.05). RESULTS: The overall rate of reported symptoms of
      postpartum depression was 19.5%. The prevalence in the northeast region and
      Amazon region were 19.0% and 20.3%, respectively (p=0.36). In the univariate
      logistic regression, low education level (<7 years: p<0.001; 8-10 years:
      p=0.003), ethnicity (Black: p=0.02; Pardo: p=0.02), few prenatal visits (1 or 2
      visits: p=0.04), prenatal care self-assessed as "not very good" (p<0.001) and the
      prenatal care adequacy index of partially suitable (p=0.01) or not suitable
      (p<0.001) were identified as significant risk factors for postpartum depression
      symptoms. LIMITATIONS: Mothers who did not bring their children for immunization.
      The cross-sectional study does not allow for causality to be established.
      CONCLUSION: the prevalence rates of postpartum depression were similar to the
      rates observed for developing countries and higher than the rates observed in
      developed countries. Based on these findings, we recommend that screening and
      treatment of pregnant women should be considered a public health priority.

PMID- 27372409
TI  - Sub-threshold depressive symptoms and brain structure: A magnetic resonance
      imaging study within the Whitehall II cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Late-life sub-threshold depressive symptoms (i.e. depressive symptoms
      that do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder) are
      associated with impaired physical health and function, and increased risk of
      major depressive disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies examining
      late-life major depressive disorder find structural brain changes in grey and
      white matter. However, the extent to which late-life sub-threshold depression is
      associated with similar hallmarks is not well established. METHODS: Participants
      with no history of major depressive disorder were selected from the Whitehall
      Imaging Sub-Study (n=358, mean age 69+/-5 years, 17% female). Depressive symptoms
      were measured using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES
      D) at three previous Whitehall II Study phases (2003-04, 2007-09 and 2012-13) and
      at the time of the MRI scan (2012-14). The relationships between current and
      cumulative depressive symptoms and MRI brain measures were explored using Voxel
      Based Morphometry (VBM) for grey matter and Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS)
      for white matter. RESULTS: Current sub-threshold depressive symptoms were
      associated with significant reductions in fractional anisotropy and increases in
      axial and radial diffusivity. There were no significant relationships between
      current depressive symptoms and grey matter measures, or cumulative depressive
      symptoms and MRI measures. LIMITATIONS: The prevalence (10%) of sub-threshold
      depressive symptoms means that analyses may be underpowered to detect subtle
      differences in brain structure. CONCLUSIONS: Current sub-threshold depressive
      symptoms are associated with changes in white matter microstructure, indicating
      that even mild depressive symptoms are associated with similar MRI hallmarks to
      those in major depressive disorder.

PMID- 27372410
TI  - Subsidies to target specialist outreach services into more remote locations: a
      national cross-sectional study.
AB  - Objective Targeting rural outreach services to areas of highest relative need is
      challenging because of the higher costs it imposes on health workers to travel
      longer distances. This paper studied whether subsidies have the potential to
      support the provision of specialist outreach services into more remote locations.
      Methods National data about subsidies for medical specialist outreach providers
      as part of the Wave 7 Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life
      (MABEL) Survey in 2014. Results Nearly half received subsidies: 19% (n=110) from
      a formal policy, namely the Australian Government Rural Health Outreach Fund
      (RHOF), and 27% (n=154) from other sources. Subsidised specialists travelled for
      longer and visited more remote locations relative to the non-subsidised group. In
      addition, compared with non-subsidised specialists, RHOF-subsidised specialists
      worked in priority areas and provided equally regular services they intended to
      continue, despite visiting more remote locations. Conclusion This suggests the
      RHOF, although limited to one in five specialist outreach providers, is important
      to increase targeted and stable outreach services in areas of highest relative
      need. Other subsidies also play a role in facilitating remote service
      distribution, but may need to be more structured to promote regular, sustained
      outreach practice. What is known about this topic? There are no studies
      describing subsidies for specialist doctors to undertake rural outreach work and
      whether subsidies, including formal and structured subsidies via the Australian
      Government RHOF, support targeted outreach services compared with no financial
      support. What does this paper add? Using national data from Australia, we
      describe subsidisation among specialist outreach providers and show that
      specialists subsidised via the RHOF or another source are more likely to provide
      remote outreach services. What are the implications for practitioners? Subsidised
      specialist outreach providers are more likely to provide remote outreach
      services. The RHOF, as a formally structured comprehensive subsidy, further
      targets the provision of priority services into such locations on a regular,
      ongoing basis.

PMID- 27372411
TI  - GATA transcription factor as a likely key regulator of the Caenorhabditis elegans
      innate immune response against gut pathogens.
AB  - Invertebrate defence against pathogens exclusively relies on components of the
      innate immune system. Comprehensive information has been collected over the last
      years on the molecular components of invertebrate immunity and the involved
      signalling processes, especially for the main invertebrate model species, the
      fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Yet,
      the exact regulation of general and specific defences is still not well
      understood. In the current study, we take advantage of a recently established
      database, WormExp, which combines all available gene expression studies for C.
      elegans, in order to explore commonalities and differences in the regulation of
      nematode immune defence against a large variety of pathogens versus food
      microbes. We identified significant overlaps in the transcriptional response
      towards microbes, especially pathogenic bacteria. We also found that the GATA
      motif is overrepresented in many microbe-induced gene sets and in targets of
      other previously identified regulators of worm immunity. Moreover, the activated
      targets of one of the known C. elegans GATA transcription factors, ELT-2, are
      significantly enriched in the gene sets, which are differentially regulated by
      gut-infecting pathogens. These findings strongly suggest that GATA transcription
      factors and particularly ELT-2 play a central role in regulating the C. elegans
      immune response against gut pathogens. More specific responses to distinct
      pathogens may be mediated by additional transcription factors, either acting
      alone or jointly with GATA transcription factors. Taken together, our analysis of
      the worm's transcriptional response to microbes provides a new perspective on the
      C. elegans immune system, which we propose to be coordinated by GATA
      transcription factor ELT-2 in the gut.

PMID- 27372412
TI  - In situ derivatization-ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction for the determination of neurotransmitters in Parkinson's rat
      brain microdialysates by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Simultaneous monitoring of several neurotransmitters (NTs) linked to Parkinson's
      disease (PD) has important scientific significance for PD related pathology,
      pharmacology and drug screening. A new simple, fast and sensitive analytical
      method, based on in situ derivatization-ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid
      liquid microextraction (in situ DUADLLME) in a single step, has been proposed for
      the quantitative determination of catecholamines and their biosynthesis
      precursors and metabolites in rat brain microdialysates. The method involved the
      rapid injection of the mixture of low toxic bromobenzene (extractant) and
      acetonitrile (dispersant), which containing commercial Lissamine rhodamine B
      sulfonyl chloride (LRSC) as derivatization reagent, into the aqueous phase of
      sample and buffer, and the following in situ DUADLLME procedure. After
      centrifugation, 50MUL of the sedimented phase (bromobenzene) was directly
      injected for ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.
      This interesting combination brought the advantages of speediness, simpleness,
      low matrix effects and high sensitivity in an effective way. Parameters of in
      situ DUADLLME and UHPLC-MS/MS conditions were all optimized in detail. The
      optimum conditions of in situ DUADLLME were found to be 30MUL of microdialysates,
      150MUL of acetonitrile containing LRSC, 50MUL of bromobenzene and 800MUL of
      NaHCO3-Na2CO3 buffer (pH 10.5) for 3.0min at 37 degrees C. Under the optimized
      conditions, good linearity was observed with LODs (S/N>3) and LOQs (S/N>10) of
      LRSC derivatized-NTs in the range of 0.002-0.004 and 0.007-0.015 nmol/L,
      respectively. It also brought good precision (3.2-12.8%, peak area CVs%),
      accuracy (94.2-108.6%), recovery (94.5-105.5%) and stability (3.8-8.1%, peak area
      CVs%) results. Moreover, LRSC derivatization significantly improved
      chromatographic resolution and MS detection sensitivity of NTs when compared with
      the reported studies through the introduction of a permanent charged moiety from
      LRSC into NTs. Taken together, this in situ DUADLLME method was successfully
      applied for the simultaneous determination of six NTs in biological samples. 

PMID- 27372413
TI  - Multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and high-performance liquid
      chromatographic characterization of silica, grafted with specifically deuterated
      4-((propylamino)methyl)benzoic acid.
AB  - Specifically deuterated 4-((propylamino)methyl)benzoic acid-grafted silica (PAMBA
      silica) was prepared by benzylation of propylamino-grafted silica (PA-silica) by
      either in situ reduction by sodium cyanoborodeuteride (NaCNBD3) of the Schiff
      base, formed by the reaction between PA-silica and 4-formylbenzoic acid, or by
      NaCNBD3 reduction of the isolated Schiff base. The PAMBA-silicas, which contain
      amine and carboxylic acid functionalities, were characterized by elemental
      analysis, (13)C, (29)Si, and (2)H solid state NMR, and HPLC. Solid state (13)C
      NMR revealed that PAMBA-silica prepared by the in situ method consists of di
      benzylated, mono-benzylated, and unreacted amino-groups while PAMBA-silica
      prepared by the two-step synthesis consists of only mono-benzylated and unreacted
      amino-groups. (29)Si solid-state NMR spectra indicated that no significant loss
      of propylamine groups had occurred during benzylation. Nearly ideal uniaxial
      rigid-limit (2)H NMR spectra of grafted 4-PAMBA ligands indicates that they form
      a rigid structure, which provides effective electrostatic screening of inner
      positive charges when the ligands are in zwitterionic form. HPLC columns packed
      with PAMBA-silica and PA-silica were evaluated for ionic solutes at different pH
      of the mobile phase. Retention times increased for cations and decreased for
      anions at increasing pH. These trends show that PAMBA-silicas act as cation and
      anion exchangers at high and low pH, respectively. The pKa values of grafted
      carboxylic acid, determined from HPLC of weakly retaining solutes, are close to
      pKa of the solution PAMBA. 

PMID- 27372414
TI  - Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for
      the simultaneous determination of wine polyphenols and target contaminants.
AB  - A novel system for comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to
      a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is described for the analysis of wine
      components. The first dimension consisted of a 250-mm microbore cyano column
      utilizing 5MUm diameter particles, interfaced to a 50-mm superficially-porous
      particle C18 column with 2.7MUm diameter particles. Both columns were operated
      under reversed-phase conditions. Correlation between the two chromatographic
      separation modes was decreased by designing a 60-s shift gradient program in the
      second dimension, and the increase in orthogonality was evaluated quantitatively
      utilizing a number of orthogonality metrics. The system was employed for the
      analysis of a red wine sample, without preliminary clean-up procedures, and a
      total of 43 polyphenols were separated and identified. Comparison with a one
      dimensional LC system showed a large increase in the number of identified
      components with the two-dimensional system. Optimized multiple reaction
      monitoring experiments allowed for the determination of trans-resveratrol, which
      is one of the most active antioxidant component of wine, and for monuron, a plant
      protection product (herbicide) of interest to regulatory agencies. The estimated
      limits of detection and of quantification were 0.3MUgL(-1) and 1MUgL(-1),
      respectively, well below the minimum detection limit (10MUgL(-1)) set by current
      regulation. 

PMID- 27372415
TI  - Optimization of a single phase method for lipid extraction from milk.
AB  - For LC-MS-based lipidomic analysis of milk, total lipid extraction from raw milk
      is generally conducted with Folch or Bligh and Dyer methods; both methods are
      based on two-phase partition of lipids, and thus time-consuming. In this work,
      three solvent systems for one-phase extraction of milk lipids were compared with
      the standard Folch method. Two of the solvent systems (butanol/methanol, 3:1 and
      1:1) previously tested for lipid extraction from plasma were found to provide
      adequate extraction for polar lipids, but incomplete extraction for
      triglycerides, especially highly lipophilic species. By contrast, our newly
      designed solvent mix composed of butanol, methanol and chloroform (at a 3:5:4
      ratio) provided similar extraction efficiency for triglycerides and higher yield
      for some of the phospholipids, as compared to the Folch method. This new one
      phase extraction method is very simple yet comprehensive and thus suitable for
      high throughput lipid analysis of milk samples. 

PMID- 27372416
TI  - Enantioselective extraction of phenylsuccinic acid in aqueous two-phase systems
      based on acetone and beta-cyclodextrin derivative: Modeling and optimization
      through response surface methodology.
AB  - A novel aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD)
      derivative and acetone was developed for enantioselective extraction of racemic
      phenylsuccinic acid (PSA). Binodal curves, tie-lines, and critical points for the
      investigated ATPS were determined and the experimental tie-lines data were
      successfully correlated by Othmer-Tobias, Bancroft, and Setschenow-type
      equations. ATPS containing sulfobutyl ether-beta-CD (SBE-beta-CD) exhibited
      better enantioselectivity than that using carboxymethyl-beta-CD (CM-beta-CD). To
      optimize enantioselective partitioning conditions of PSA in acetone/SBE-beta-CD
      ATPS, three factors (PSA concentration, pH, and equilibrium temperature) were
      analyzed by using central composite design in response surface methodology. The
      calculated equilibrium constants of inclusion complexation are 1638.64M-1 for SBE
      beta-CD-(R)-PSA and 835.84M-1 for SBE-beta-CD-(S)-PSA, respectively. Under the
      optimized conditions, the separation factor of 3.14 and high enrichment
      efficiency (ER=98.06%, ES=99.25%) were simultaneously achieved in a single step.

PMID- 27372417
TI  - Enantiomeric separation of non-protein amino acids by electrokinetic
      chromatography.
AB  - New analytical methodologies enabling the enantiomeric separation of a group of
      non-protein amino acids of interest in the pharmaceutical and food analysis
      fields were developed in this work using Electrokinetic Chromatography. The use
      of FMOC as derivatization reagent and the subsequent separation using acidic
      conditions (formate buffer at pH 2.0) and anionic cyclodextrins as chiral
      selectors allowed the chiral separation of eight from the ten non-protein amino
      acids studied. Pyroglutamic acid, norvaline, norleucine, 3,4
      dihydroxyphenilalanine, 2-aminoadipic acid, and selenomethionine were
      enantiomericaly separated using sulfated-alpha-CD while sulfated-gamma-CD enabled
      the enantiomeric separation of norvaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenilalanine, 2
      aminoadipic acid, selenomethionie, citrulline, and pipecolic acid. Moreover, the
      potential of the developed methodologies was demonstrated in the analysis of
      citrulline and its enantiomeric impurity in food supplements. For that purpose,
      experimental and instrumental variables were optimized and the analytical
      characteristics of the proposed method were evaluated. LODs of 2.1*10-7 and
      1.8*10-7M for d- and l-citrulline, respectively, were obtained. d-Cit was not
      detectable in any of the six food supplement samples analyzed showing that the
      effect of storage time on the racemization of citrulline was negligible.

PMID- 27372418
TI  - Obesity conveys poor outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by
      transarterial chemoembolization.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the impact of
      obesity on radiologic outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
      treated by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total
      of 100 TACE procedures performed in 57 patients (42 men, 15 women) with a mean
      age of 62 years+/-8.4 (SD) (range: 39-83 years) were retrospectively reviewed.
      The 1-2-month follow-up computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging
      examinations was assessed for new or residual disease and radiologic response
      using mRECIST criteria. Patients were categorized into two groups according to
      body mass index (BMI). Patients with BMI<25kg/m2 were further referred as to low
      BMI patients and those with BMI>=25kg/m2 as high BMI patients. Outcomes were
      compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Low and high BMI patients were similar
      in regard to age, gender, HCC etiology and stage, and pre-procedure disease
      burden. TACE for high BMI, compared to low BMI, patients resulted in lower
      complete response (39% vs. 66%) and higher progressive disease (21% vs. 5%) rates
      (P=0.04), and higher rates of residual disease (63% vs. 39%, P=0.02) and new
      lesions in untreated liver (39% vs. 18%, P=0.04) on 1-2-month follow-up imaging.
      CONCLUSIONS: High BMI is associated with significantly more residual disease, new
      lesions, and progressive disease in patients with HCC treated by TACE.

PMID- 27372419
TI  - Educational Attainment and Gestational Weight Gain among U.S. Mothers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Education is an important social determinant of many health outcomes,
      but the relationship between educational attainment and the amount of weight
      gained over the course of a woman's pregnancy (gestational weight gain [GWG]) has
      not been established clearly. METHODS: We used data from 1979 through 2010 for
      women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) cohort (n = 6,344
      pregnancies from 2,769 women). We used generalized estimating equations to
      estimate the association between educational attainment and GWG adequacy (as
      defined by 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines), controlling for diverse social
      factors from across the life course (e.g., income, wealth, educational
      aspirations and expectations) and considering effect measure modification by
      race/ethnicity and prepregnancy overweight status. RESULTS: In most cases, women
      with more education had increased odds of gaining a recommended amount of
      gestational weight, independent of educational aspirations and educational
      expectations and relatively robust to sensitivity analyses. This trend manifested
      itself in a few different ways. Those with less education had higher odds of
      inadequate GWG than those with more education. Among those who were not
      overweight before pregnancy, those with less education had higher odds of
      excessive GWG than college graduates. Among women who were White, those with less
      than a high school degree had higher odds of excessive GWG than those with more
      education. CONCLUSION: The relationship between educational attainment and GWG is
      nuanced and nonlinear.

PMID- 27372420
TI  - An Examination of Victim, Assailant, and Assault Characteristics among Cases
      Classified as Predatory Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) can be characterized as
      predatory, where the survivor is covertly or forcibly administered an
      incapacitating or disinhibiting drug. The purpose of our study was to determine
      what factors, if any, are associated with cases classified as predatory DFSA.
      METHODS: Cases were classified on toxicological testing as predatory where there
      was an unexpected drug(s) found and non-predatory where a drug(s) found had been
      voluntarily consumed or no drugs at all were found in collected urine samples.
      RESULTS: One hundred eighty-four suspected intentional drugging cases were seen
      at one of seven participating hospital-based sexual assault treatment centers.
      Urine specimens were analyzed from 178 of these cases, of which 48.9% were
      classified as predatory. In a logistic regression model, the odds of having
      experienced a predatory DFSA were lower if the survivor was a student or
      assaulted by a single assailant, but higher if the survivor self-reported mental
      health problems in the previous 6 months or that the mode of suspected drugging
      was a recreational drug or non-alcoholic drink (versus an alcoholic drink).
      CONCLUSIONS: These differences in survivor, assailant, and assault
      characteristics between cases classified as predatory and non-predatory DFSAs may
      have important implications for intervention and prevention.

PMID- 27372421
TI  - In situ diselenide-crosslinked polymeric micelles for ROS-mediated anticancer
      drug delivery.
AB  - Stimuli-responsive micelles have emerged as the drug carrier for cancer therapy
      since they can exclusively release the drug via their structural changes in
      response to the specific stimuli of the target site. Herein, we developed the in
      situ diselenide-crosslinked micelles (DCMs), which are responsive to the abnormal
      ROS levels of tumoral region, as anticancer drug carriers. The DCMs were
      spontaneously derived from selenol-bearing triblock copolymers consisting of
      polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypeptide derivatives. During micelle formation,
      doxorubicine (DOX) was effectively encapsulated in the hydrophobic core, and
      diselenide crosslinks were formed in the shell. The DCMs maintained their
      structural integrity, at least for 6 days in physiological conditions, even in
      the presence of destabilizing agents. However, ROS-rich conditions triggered
      rapid release of DOX from the DOX-encapsulating DCMs (DOX-DCMs) because the
      hydrophobic diselenide bond was cleaved into hydrophilic selenic acid
      derivatives. Interestingly, after their systemic administration into the tumor
      bearing mice, DOX-DCMs delivered significantly more drug to tumors (1.69-fold and
      3.73-fold higher amount compared with their non-crosslinked counterparts and free
      drug, respectively) and effectively suppressed tumor growth. Overall, our data
      indicate that DCMs have great potential as drug carriers for anticancer therapy.

PMID- 27372422
TI  - The fluorescent bioprobe with aggregation-induced emission features for
      monitoring to carbon dioxide generation rate in single living cell and early
      identification of cancer cells.
AB  - A novel fluorescent probe, tris (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl)-4,4',4"-(1H-pyrrole
      1,2,5-triyl) tribenzoate (TPP-TMAE), with aggregation-enhanced emission (AEE)
      feature showed a simple, highly selective, specific, and instant response to
      trace amount carbon dioxide (CO2). Because of this special characteristic, TPP
      TMAE is ideal to be a biomarker for in-situ monitoring of the CO2 generation rate
      during the metabolism of single living cell. The rates in single living HeLa
      cell, MCF-7 cell, and MEF cell were 6.40 * 10(-6)+/-6.0 * 10(-8) MUg/h, 5.78 *
      10(-6)+/-6.0 * 10(-8) MUg/h, and 4.27 * 10(-7)+/-4.0 * 10(-9) MUg/h,
      respectively. The distinct responses of TPP-TMAE to CO2 generated from cancer
      cells and normal cells suggested TPP-TMAE as a useful tool for deeper
      understanding metabolism process and distinguishing cancer cells from normal
      cells during the early diagnosis of cancers.

PMID- 27372423
TI  - Laminin-511 and laminin-521-based matrices for efficient hepatic specification of
      human pluripotent stem cells.
AB  - Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have gained a solid foothold in basic
      research and drug industry as they can be used in vitro to study human
      development and have potential to offer limitless supply of various somatic cell
      types needed in drug development. Although the hepatic differentiation of hPSCs
      has been extensively studied, only a little attention has been paid to the role
      of the extracellular matrix. In this study we used laminin-511, laminin-521, and
      fibronectin, found in human liver progenitor cells, as culture matrices for hPSC
      derived definitive endoderm cells. We observed that laminin-511 and laminin-521
      either alone or in combination support the hepatic specification and that
      fibronectin is not a vital matrix protein for the hPSC-derived definitive
      endoderm cells. The expression of the laminin-511/521-specific integrins
      increased during the definitive endoderm induction and hepatic specification. The
      hepatic cells differentiated on laminin matrices showed the upregulation of liver
      specific markers both at mRNA and protein levels, secreted human albumin, stored
      glycogen, and exhibited cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and inducibility.
      Altogether, we found that laminin-511 and laminin-521 can be used as stage
      specific matrices to guide the hepatic specification of hPSC-derived definitive
      endoderm cells.

PMID- 27372424
TI  - Cathepsin S-cleavable, multi-block HPMA copolymers for improved SPECT/CT imaging
      of pancreatic cancer.
AB  - This work continues our efforts to improve the diagnostic and radiotherapeutic
      effectiveness of nanomedicine platforms by developing approaches to reduce the
      non-target accumulation of these agents. Herein, we developed multi-block HPMA
      copolymers with backbones that are susceptible to cleavage by cathepsin S, a
      protease that is abundantly expressed in tissues of the mononuclear phagocyte
      system (MPS). Specifically, a bis-thiol terminated HPMA telechelic copolymer
      containing 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) was
      synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)
      polymerization. Three maleimide modified linkers with different sequences,
      including cathepsin S degradable oligopeptide, scramble oligopeptide and oligo
      ethylene glycol, were subsequently synthesized and used for the extension of the
      HPMA copolymers by thiol-maleimide click chemistry. All multi-block HPMA
      copolymers could be labeled by (177)Lu with high labeling efficiency and
      exhibited high serum stability. In vitro cleavage studies demonstrated highly
      selective and efficient cathepsin S mediated cleavage of the cathepsin S
      susceptible multi-block HPMA copolymer. A modified multi-block HPMA copolymer
      series capable of Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) was utilized to
      investigate the rate of cleavage of the multi-block HPMA copolymers in monocyte
      derived macrophages. Confocal imaging and flow cytometry studies revealed
      substantially higher rates of cleavage for the multi-block HPMA copolymers
      containing the cathepsin S-susceptible linker. The efficacy of the cathepsin S
      cleavable multi-block HPMA copolymer was further examined using an in vivo model
      of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Based on the biodistribution and SPECT/CT
      studies, the copolymer extended with the cathepsin S susceptible linker exhibited
      significantly faster clearance and lower non-target retention without
      compromising tumor targeting. Overall, these results indicate that exploitation
      of the cathepsin S activity in MPS tissues can be utilized to substantially lower
      non-target accumulation, suggesting this is a promising approach for the
      development of diagnostic and radiotherapeutic nanomedicine platforms.

PMID- 27372425
TI  - Dispensability of a sulfolipid for photoautotrophic cell growth and
      photosynthesis in a marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.
AB  - Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, which mainly comprises thylakoid membranes in
      oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, plays species-dependent roles in freshwater
      microbes. In this study, a sulfoquinovosyl-diacylglycerol deficient mutant was
      generated in a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, for the first time
      among marine microbes to gain more insight into its physiological significance.
      The mutation had little deleterious impact on photoautotrophic cell growth, and
      functional and structural properties of the photosystem II complex. These
      findings were similar to previous observations for a freshwater cyanobacterium,
      Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, but were distinct from those for another
      freshwater cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, and a green alga,
      Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, both of which require sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol
      for cell growth and/or photosystem II. Therefore, the functionality of PSII to
      dispense with sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002,
      similar to that in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, seemed to have been excluded
      from the evolution of the PSII complex from cyanobacteria to green algal
      chloroplasts. Meanwhile, sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol was found to contribute
      to photoheterotrophic growth of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, which revealed a
      novel species-dependent strategy for utilizing SQDG in physiological processes.

PMID- 27372426
TI  - WITHDRAWN: Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia attenuates radiation-induced
      heart damage in rats.

PMID- 27372427
TI  - Arabidopsis COP1-interacting protein 1 is a positive regulator of ABA response.
AB  - COP1-interacting protein 1 (CIP1, At5g41790) was the first reported interacting
      protein for CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) of Arabidopsis; however its
      physiological function has remained unknown for two decades. Here we show that
      CIP1 is a positive regulator of abscisic acid (ABA) response. CIP1 is mainly
      expressed in the photosynthetic cells and the vascular tissue, and its promoter
      activity can be induced by osmotic stress and ABA. The CIP1 protein is localized
      to the plasma membrane. A T-DNA insertion mutant cip1-1 was then characterized.
      The mutant is sensitive to osmotic stress and has ABA insensitive phenotypes. RNA
      sequencing showed that cip1-1 has lower levels of gene expression in abiotic
      stress response compared with the wild-type. Meanwhile, transcript levels of ABA
      biosynthesis genes are higher in cip1-1 than in the wild-type. These results
      suggested that CIP1 is positively involved in ABA response.

PMID- 27372428
TI  - Spironolactone and glucose metabolism, a systematic review and meta-analysis of
      randomized controlled trials.
AB  - Diabetes predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD); some drugs are effective for CVD
      prevention but increase the risk of diabetes. In a systematic review and meta
      analysis of placebo-controlled trials, we assessed if spironolactone, a
      mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, affected glycemic control. We searched
      PubMed using ("spironolactone" or "aldactone") and trial and ("glucose" or
      "diabetes" or "insulin" or "insulin resistance") until January 4, 2016. In total,
      18 eligible trials were identified; 10 on fasting glucose, 8 on hemoglobin A1c
      (HbA1c), 7 on homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance (IR), and 8
      on insulin. Spironolactone increased HbA1c (0.16%, 95% confidence interval 0.02
      to 0.30) but had no clear effect on fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, and insulin. A
      mechanistic randomized controlled trial in people with and without diabetes might
      provide insight concerning these pleiotropic effects on diabetes and CVD relevant
      to prevention of both diseases.

PMID- 27372429
TI  - Initial Results and Long-Term Follow-up of Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty in
      Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) is an attractive
      therapeutic approach in patients with mitral stenosis. The aim of this study was
      to assess the immediate and long-term clinical, echocardiographic and
      haemodynamic outcomes of PMV in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension
      (PAH). METHODS: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty was performed in 157
      consecutive patients; 60 patients (38.2%) had significant PAH defined as baseline
      pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) >= 30mm Hg (Group 1) and 97 patients
      (61.8%) had PAMP <= 30mmHg (Group 2). Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP),
      mortality, need for mitral valve replacement or new PMV, and valve restenosis
      were evaluated during follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age was 44.2 years and 88.5% (139
      patients) were women. Primary success was achieved in 79.6% of the patients (125
      patients) without differences between the groups. Mitral valve area increased
      from 0.90cm2 to 1.76cm2, PASP fell from 57mmHg to 35mmHg in Group 1 and from
      38mmHg to 30mmHg in Group 2. Median PASP in Group 1 was 35, 32, 36, 38 and 34mmHg
      at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months. There were no significant differences in mitral
      valve area, PASP and clinical status between the groups. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous
      balloon mitral valvuloplasty is a safe and effective technique for the treatment
      of patients with mitral stenosis and PAH. A significant decrease in pulmonary
      pressure was observed after valvuloplasty. Although there was a gradual decrease
      of MVA at long-term follow-up, most patients remained asymptomatic and PASP was
      stable.

PMID- 27372430
TI  - Iron Deficiency in COPD Associates with Increased Pulmonary Artery Pressure
      Estimated by Echocardiography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency (ID) might augment chronic pulmonary hypertension in
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This observational study
      investigates the association between ID and systolic pulmonary artery pressure
      estimated by echocardiography in non-anaemic COPD outpatients. METHODS: Non
      anaemic COPD patients (GOLD II-IV) with no history of cardiovascular disease were
      recruited from outpatient clinics. Iron deficiency was defined as
      ferritin<100MUg/L. Pulmonary artery pressure was estimated from the tricuspid
      regurgitation maximum velocity (TR Vmax). Tricuspid regurgitation Vmax indicative
      of pulmonary hypertension was considered present for values >= 2.9 m/s. RESULTS:
      In a total of 75 included patients, 31 (41%) had ID. These patients had a
      significantly higher TR Vmax (3.02 vs. 2.77 m/s, p=0.01) and lower diffusion
      capacity of carbon monoxide (40% vs. 50% of predicted, p<0.01), though similar in
      age, sex, pack years, FEV1 and high-sensitive CRP (p>0.05). Ferritin inversely
      correlated with TR Vmax in ID patients (-0.37 (p=0.04)). The prevalence of TR
      Vmax >= 2.9 m/s was twice as high in patients with ID (58% vs. 29%) and odds
      ratio of pulmonary hypertension in ID (compared to no ID) was 3.3 (95% CI 1.3
      8.6, p=0.015). CONCLUSION: Iron deficiency in non-anaemic COPD patients was
      associated with a modest increase in systolic pulmonary artery pressure and
      limitation of diffusion capacity.

PMID- 27372431
TI  - Increment of HFABP Level in Coronary Artery In-Stent Restenosis Segments in
      Diabetic and Nondiabetic Minipigs: HFABP Overexpression Promotes Multiple Pathway
      Related Inflammation, Growth and Migration in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our previous study suggested that heart-type fatty acid-binding
      protein (HFABP) levels were greatly elevated in the conditioned medium of explant
      culture of in-stent restenosis (ISR) tissue from diabetic minipigs compared with
      those of non-ISR tissue. We here verified this result in animal tissues and
      investigated the impact of HFABP overexpression in human aortic smooth muscle
      cells (hASMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS: In Western blot and real-time RT-PCR, HFABP
      protein and mRNA levels were significantly higher in ISR than in non-ISR tissues
      from minipigs, and higher in the ISR tissue from diabetic minipigs than that from
      nondiabetic minipigs. The mRNA microarray and cellular effects of hASMC
      retroviral overexpression of HFABP and vector was analyzed. Compared with vector,
      HFABP transduction activates multiple signaling pathways (e.g. adipokine, TGF
      beta, Toll-like receptor, Wnt, Hedgehog, ErbB and Notch) and promotes
      inflammation, growth and migration in hASMCs whereas the knockdown of HFABP by
      small hairpin RNA attenuates these effects. CONCLUSION: HFABP expression is
      significantly higher in ISR tissue than in non-ISR tissue from diabetic and
      nondiabetic minipigs. Overexpression of HFABP induces multiple pathway-related
      promotion of inflammation, growth and migration in vascular SMCs, suggesting a
      potential role in coronary artery ISR.

PMID- 27372432
TI  - Selective COX-2 Inhibition Exerts No Negative Effects on Peripheral Blood
      Lymphocytes in Allergic Asthmatics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) reduces the
      production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which can have both pro- and anti
      inflammatory effects on allergic inflammation. Moreover, in vitro PGE2 has been
      shown to affect inflammation through the modulation of lymphocyte responses.
      METHODS: Sixteen subjects with mild allergic asthma were recruited to a two
      period cross-over study: one treatment period with the selective COX-2 inhibitor
      etoricoxib and one without. Each treatment period ended with an airway challenge
      with the patient's relevant allergen. Antigen-specific proliferation with the
      major cat allergen, Fel d 1, was analysed in PBMCs. CD4+ T cells were phenotyped
      using flow cytometry, and mRNA expression of FOXP3 in anti-CD3-stimulated CD4+
      cells were analysed. RESULTS: No significant impact of in vivo inhibition of COX
      2 was detected on the proportion of Th1, Th2, or Treg cells in peripheral blood.
      Likewise, the treatment had minor effects on the stimulated expression of FOXP3
      mRNA in CD4+ T cells. Proliferation of PBMCs to the major cat allergen Fel d 1
      was slightly reduced by etoricoxib treatment in cat-allergic patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: Short-term treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor etoricoxib had a minor
      impact on T-cell responses, supporting its safe use also in subjects exposed to
      triggers of lymphocyte activation.

PMID- 27372433
TI  - The Patient Participation Culture Tool for healthcare workers (PaCT-HCW) on
      general hospital wards: A development and psychometric validation study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patient participation is an important subject for modern healthcare.
      In order to improve patient participation on a ward, the ward's culture regarding
      patient participation should first be measured. In this study a measurement tool
      for patient participation culture from the healthcare worker's perspective, the
      Patient Participation Culture Tool for healthcare workers (PaCT-HCW), was
      developed and psychometrically evaluated. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was
      to develop and validate a tool that measures the healthcare worker-related
      factors of patient participation and information sharing and dialogue in patient
      participation from the healthcare worker's perspective in order to represent the
      patient participation culture on general and university hospital wards. DESIGN: A
      four-phased validation study was conducted: (1) defining the construct of the
      PaCT-HCW, (2) development of the PaCT-HCW, (3) content validation, and (4)
      psychometric evaluation. SETTINGS: The Belgian Federal Government invited all
      Flemish general and university hospitals by e-mail to distribute the PaCT-HCW in
      their organization. Fifteen general hospitals took part in the study.
      PARTICIPANTS: Units for surgery, general medicine, medical rehabilitation,
      geriatric and maternal care were included. Intensive care-units, emergency room
      units, psychiatric units and units with no admitted patients (e.g. radiology)
      were excluded. The respondents had to be caregivers, with hands-on patient
      contact, who worked on the same ward for more than six months. Nursing students
      and other healthcare workers with short-time internship on the ward were
      excluded. The tool was completed by 1329 respondents on 163 wards. METHODS: The
      PaCT-HCW was psychometrically evaluated by use of an exploratory factor analysis
      and calculation of the internal consistency. RESULTS: A model containing eight
      components was developed through a literature review, individual interviews, and
      focus interviews. The developed model showed high sampling adequacy and the
      Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant. An exploratory factor analysis
      identified eight components, explaining 49.88% of the variances. The eight
      original included components were retained. The PaCT-HCW also showed high
      internal consistency. CONCLUSION: The PaCT-HCW offers an in-depth and
      differentiated perspective of the healthcare worker-related factors of patient
      participation and information sharing and dialogue in patient participation. The
      PaCT-HCW has been developed thoroughly, resulting in a strong, psychometric
      evaluated tool and is a valuable measure for both scientists and clinicians to
      measure these two aspects in general and university hospitals. By using the PaCT
      HCW, the opportunity is created to develop specific actions to improve patient
      participation.

PMID- 27372434
TI  - Comparison of the effects of lidocaine pre-administration and local warming of
      the intravenous access site on propofol injection pain: Randomized, double-blind
      controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lidocaine reduces pain that occurs upon the intravenous injection of
      propofol. But, there are few non-pharmacological nursing interventions to reduce
      propofol injection pain. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of lidocaine pre
      administration and local warming of the intravenous access site on propofol
      injection pain. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
      SETTING: The 555 bed, non-teaching National Cancer Center in Kyunggido, South
      Korea. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 96 patients who underwent thyroidectomy under
      total intravenous general anesthesia with propofol were randomly allocated to the
      control, lidocaine pre-administration (LA) or local warming (LW) group. METHODS:
      All three groups received 2% propofol with an effect-site target at 3MUg/mL for
      induction dose. The control group received 2% propofol with no intervention. The
      lidocaine pre-administration group received 2% propofol 30s after 1% lidocaine
      30mg. The local warming group received 2% propofol after warming of the
      intravenous access site for 1min using 43 degrees C forced air. Propofol
      injection pain was assessed by four-point verbal categorial scoring (VCS),
      numerical rating scale (NRS) and surgical pleth index (SPI). RESULTS: Pain VCS of
      the LA group (mean+/-SD, 1.11+/-0.45) was significantly reduced (U=-3.92, p<.001)
      compared to the control group (mean+/-SD, 1.71+/-0.74). Pain VCS of the LW group
      (mean+/-SD, 0.76+/-0.44) was significantly reduced (U=-5.17, p<.001) compared to
      the control group (mean+/-SD, 1.71+/-0.74). Pain VCS of the LW group was
      significantly reduced compared to the LA group (U=-3.33, p=.001]. Pain NRS of the
      LA group (mean+/-SD, 4.31+/-2.32) was significantly reduced (mean difference,
      1.82; 95% CI, 0.63-3.00; p=.003) compared to the control group (mean+/-SD, 6.13+/
      2.39). Pain NRS of the LW group (mean+/-SD, 3.06+/-2.37) was significantly
      reduced (mean difference, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.63-4.51; p<.009) compared to the
      control group. There were significant differences in pain NRS between the LA
      group and the LW group (mean difference, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.09-2.42; p=.035). SPI of
      the LA group (mean+/-SD, 64.1+/-16.3) was significantly reduced (mean difference
      control versus LA, 8.36; 95% CI, 1.64-15.1; p=.016) compared to the control group
      (mean+/-SD, 72.5+/-9.56). SPI of the LW group (mean+/-SD, 55.0+/-16.2) was
      significantly reduced (mean difference control versus LW, 17.4; 95% CI, 10.8
      24.0; p<.001) compared to the control group. There was a significant difference
      in SPI between the LA group and LW group (mean difference, 9.06; 95% CI, 1.02
      17.1; p=.028). CONCLUSION: Local warming of the intravenous access site by 43
      degrees C forced air for 1min is slightly more effective in reducing propofol
      injection pain compared to lidocaine pre-administration.

PMID- 27372435
TI  - Radical formation in the FMN-photosensitized reactions of unsaturated fatty acids
      bearing double bonds at different positions.
AB  - Although the reaction mechanisms through which flavin mononucleotide works as an
      endogenous photosensitizer have been investigated (Baier et al., 2006; Edwards
      and Silva, 2001; Pajares et al., 2001; Criado et al., 2003; Massad et al., 2008)
      [23-27], few studies have been performed for the reactions of flavin
      mononucleotide with unsaturated fatty acids. To examine the reactions of flavin
      mononucleotide with unsaturated fatty acids bearing a double bond at different
      positions, an electron spin resonance, a high performance liquid chromatography
      electron spin resonance and a high performance liquid chromatography-electron
      spin resonance-mass spectrometry were employed. The control reaction mixtures
      contained 25MUmolL(-1) of flavin mononucleotide, 1.0mmolL(-1) of FeSO4(NH4)2SO4,
      10mmolL(-1) of cholic acid, 30mmolL(-1) of phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.1molL(
      1) of alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone in deuterium oxide. In
      addition, it also contained 4.3mmolL(-1) of one of the following: (z)-11
      octadecenoic acid, (z)-6-octadecenoic acid, (z)-9-octadecenoic acid or (z, z)-9,
      12-octadecadienoic acid. The control reaction mixtures without FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 and
      alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone were exposed to the visible light
      at 436nm (7.8Jcm(-2)). After the irradiation, alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert
      butylnitrone was added. The reactions started from adding FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 and
      performed at 25 degrees C for 1min. Electron spin resonance measurements of the
      control reaction mixtures showed prominent signals (alpha(N)=1.58mT and
      alpha(Hbeta)=0.26mT). High performance liquid chromatography-electron spin
      resonance analyses of the control reaction mixtures showed prominent peaks at the
      retention times of 31.1min {(z)-6-octadecenoic acid}, 39.6min {(z)-9-octadecenoic
      acid}, 44.9min {(z)-11-octadecenoic acid} and 40.2min {(z, z)-9, 12
      octadecadienoic acid}. High performance liquid chromatography-electron spin
      resonance-mass analyses of the control reaction mixtures showed that 4
      carboxybutyl, 7-carboxyheptyl and 9-carboxynonyl radicals formed in the control
      reaction mixtures of (z)-6-octadecenoic acid, (z)-9-octadecenoic acid {or (z, z)
      9,12-octadecadienoic acid} and (z)-11-octadecenoic acid, respectively. The 4
      carboxybutyl, 7-carboxyheptyl and 9-carboxynonyl radicals are all generated
      through beta-scission of alkoxy radicals formed on carboxyl ends of the double
      bonds of the unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, we could reveal reactive sites of
      unsaturated fatty acids in the photosensitized reaction of flavin mononucleotide
      with unsaturated fatty acids bearing a double bond at different positions. 

PMID- 27372436
TI  - Impact of sleep quality on the quality of life of patients with Parkinson's
      disease: a questionnaire based study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Poor sleep quality contributes to the inferior quality of life of
      patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) despite appropriate treatment of motor
      symptoms. The literature about the impact of sleep quality on quality of life of
      patients with PD is as yet sparse. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred patients of
      PD diagnosed as per UK Brain Bank criteria were assessed for severity and stage
      of PD using UPDRS and modified Hoehn &Yahr scales. The quality of sleep was
      assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and excessive daytime somnolence (EDS)
      was evaluated using Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 
      39 (PDQ-39) was used to determine quality of life of the patients. Comorbid
      depression and anxiety were assessed using Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Self
      Rated and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Pearson's correlation and multiple
      linear regressions were used to analyze relation of sleep quality with quality of
      life of patients. RESULTS: Fifty patients had poor sleep quality. EDS was present
      in only 9 patients. Co-morbid depression and anxiety were present in 52 and 34
      patients respectively. While the motor severity assessed by UPDRS-III was
      observed to adversely affect quality of life, it did not negatively impact
      quality of sleep. Higher score on UPDRS-total and UPDRS IV suggesting advanced
      disease correlated with poor sleep quality. Depression and anxiety were
      significantly more frequent in patients with poor sleep quality (p<0.01).
      Patients with poor sleep quality had worse quality of life (r=0.338, p<0.05).
      Depression and anxiety were also observed to have significant negative impact on
      quality of life of PD patients (p<0.01). Poor sleep quality was not found to be
      an independent predictor of quality of life using multiple linear regression
      analysis. CONCLUSION: Poor sleep quality along with comorbid depression, anxiety
      and advanced stage of disease is associated with poor quality of life.

PMID- 27372437
TI  - Predictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A
      systematic review.
AB  - This systematic review aimed to synthesise the evidence relating to pre-treatment
      predictors of gambling outcomes following psychological treatment for disordered
      gambling across multiple time-points (i.e., post-treatment, short-term, medium
      term, and long-term). A systematic search from 1990 to 2016 identified 50
      articles, from which 11 socio-demographic, 16 gambling-related, 21
      psychological/psychosocial, 12 treatment, and no therapist-related variables,
      were identified. Male gender and low depression levels were the most consistent
      predictors of successful treatment outcomes across multiple time-points. Likely
      predictors of successful treatment outcomes also included older age, lower
      gambling symptom severity, lower levels of gambling behaviours and alcohol use,
      and higher treatment session attendance. Significant associations, at a minimum
      of one time-point, were identified between successful treatment outcomes and
      being employed, ethnicity, no gambling debt, personality traits and being in the
      action stage of change. Mixed results were identified for treatment goal, while
      education, income, preferred gambling activity, problem gambling duration,
      anxiety, any psychiatric comorbidity, psychological distress, substance use,
      prior gambling treatment and medication use were not significantly associated
      with treatment outcomes at any time-point. Further research involving consistent
      treatment outcome frameworks, examination of treatment and therapist predictor
      variables, and evaluation of predictors across long-term follow-ups is warranted
      to advance this developing field of research.

PMID- 27372438
TI  - The relationship between bupropion and suicide in post-mortem investigations.
AB  - We reviewed the 33727 postmortem toxicology investigations performed in Finland
      over a period of 5years (2009-2013) and identified those in which the
      antidepressant bupropion was detected. Cases positive for other antidepressant
      drugs were reviewed for comparison. The postmortem toxicological examination
      included, in all cases, the routine screening and quantification of hundreds of
      drugs and poisons using quality-controlled methods. Bupropion was detected in 65
      cases. A large proportion of the bupropion-positive deaths resulted from suicide
      (55%). In fatal poisoning cases found positive for bupropion, the proportion of
      suicide was even higher (77%). The measured median bupropion postmortem blood
      concentration (0.69mg/L) was markedly higher than the normal therapeutic range in
      plasma in the treatment of depression (up to 0.1mg/L) and even higher in fatal
      bupropion poisonings (13mg/L). Only 14% of the deceased positive for bupropion
      were estimated to be drug abusers. However, nearly all of the drug abuse cases
      were from the last year of the study (2013), indicating a recent increase of the
      use of bupropion among drug abusers and possibly even abuse of bupropion itself.
      Suicide victims positive for bupropion were younger than those who died with
      other antidepressant drugs in their blood. In addition, the percentage of fatal
      poisonings among bupropion-positive postmortem cases was higher than among the
      users of other antidepressant drugs. Suicide was significantly more common among
      the deceased positive for bupropion than among users of other antidepressant
      drugs. An unknown degree of bupropion degradation before the assay and post
      mortem redistribution of bupropion may have impacted the measured levels.
      Nonetheless, all post-mortem concentrations of bupropion were elevated and
      especially high concentrations were detected in suicides. 

PMID- 27372439
TI  - Re: 'Long-term Mortality in Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis:
      Implications for Statin Therapy'.

PMID- 27372440
TI  - Not all minds wander equally: The influence of traits, states and road
      environment factors on self-reported mind wandering during everyday driving.
AB  - Inattention is a road safety problem, but few studies have focused specifically
      on mind wandering during everyday driving. This paper explores differences in
      self-reported mind wandering according to driver demographic characteristics
      (including age and gender), cognitive traits (such as tendency toward cognitive
      failure or mindful attention), states (such as feeling tired or stressed) and
      road environment factors (such as route familiarity). Five hundred and two
      participants (113 male, average age 44.4 years, SD=14.0years) completed a series
      of questionnaires (Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), Cognitive
      Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ)), as well
      as study-specific questions about mind wandering during different personal states
      and across a range of road and traffic situations. All respondents reported mind
      wandering during driving at least some of the time. Mind wandering was more
      likely to be reported on familiar roads than on unfamiliar roads and when drivers
      are tired. Drivers who reported relatively more mind wandering were younger,
      reported less mindful attention in daily life, more cognitive failures, and more
      driving violations and lapses. Together, the findings suggest that mind wandering
      is common in everyday driving, however any link with crash risk remains unclear.
      Future research using self-report and naturalistic methods could provide more
      insight into relationships between mind wandering, error and crash risk. 

PMID- 27372441
TI  - Rural casualty crashes on the Kings Highway: A new approach for road safety
      studies.
AB  - This paper will consider the contribution that changes in road geometry and
      driver visual information make to the incidence and distribution of road
      casualties in different driving environments. This relationship will be explored
      specifically for the Kings Highway, a major arterial road connecting Queanbeyan
      with coastal southern New South Wales, Australia. It introduces and suggests a
      new empirical approach of plotting crashes with road segmentation, calculating
      sinuosity indices and grades as key features of road geometry, and critical
      visual points as a behavioural component of road curvature, within a GIS context.
      It is an approach that might be used when detailed road geometry data is not
      available. The visualisation and segmentation approach in this research might be
      used for summarising crash rates and road geometry factors, and for comparing
      day/night and eastbound/westbound driving conditions. The results suggest some
      early interpretations for detailed road safety studies that might be considered
      at local or national levels. The rate of crashes increases according to changes
      in road geometry factors during the day and for eastbound travel. This is not the
      case for night driving where the incidence of crashes is similar on both straight
      and curved roads segments due to the headlight effect and limited background
      visual field. Crash clusters at day-time may be due to the stronger effect of
      road geometry (e.g. combination of curvature and vertical grade) on driver
      behaviour travelling eastbound. The outcomes suggest that it might be essential
      to consider the effect of environmental factors in any road safety and crash
      analysis studies. 

PMID- 27372442
TI  - Mineral and metabolic profiles in tea leaves and flowers during flower
      development.
AB  - Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the most popular non-alcoholic
      beverage crops in the world, and the physiological processes and gene regulations
      involved in development in tea plants have been well characterized. However,
      relatively little is known about the metabolic changes combined with mineral
      distributions that occur during flower development. Here we detected the contents
      of 11 elements in tea leaves and flowers and found that, some of them, especially
      phosphorus, sulfur and copper, showed significant changes during tea flowering.
      We also detected 122 metabolites in tea leaves and flowers and found that, 72 of
      them showed significant differences between flowers and leaves, of which sugars,
      organic acids, and flavonoids dominated. The sugars, such as trehalose and
      galactose, all accumulated in tea flowers, and the organic acids, such as malic
      acid, citric acid and fumaric acid involved in TCA cycle. The flavonoids, like
      epicatechin, catechin gallate and epigallocatechin, were more abundant in leaves.
      Furthermore, we found that the contents of 33 metabolites changed during the
      development of flowers. Especially, citric acid, phenylalanine and most
      flavonoids decreased while fructose and galactose increased during flowering
      stages in flowers. We also analyzed the correlations between the ions and
      metabolites and found that, some mineral nutrients including phosphorus, sulfur,
      manganese and zinc had close relations to organic acids, flavonoids, sugars and
      several amino acids during flowering. We mapped the metabolic pathway according
      to the KEGG database. This work will serve as the foundation for a systems
      biology approach to the understanding of mineral metabolism. 

PMID- 27372443
TI  - Inverse modeling of the 137Cs source term of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power
      Plant accident constrained by a deposition map monitored by aircraft.
AB  - The amount of 137Cs released by the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant
      accident of 11 March 2011 was inversely estimated by integrating an atmospheric
      dispersion model, an a priori source term, and map of deposition recorded by
      aircraft. An a posteriori source term refined finer (hourly) variations comparing
      with the a priori term, and estimated 137Cs released 11 March to 2 April to be
      8.12 PBq. Although time series of the a posteriori source term was generally
      similar to those of the a priori source term, notable modifications were found in
      the periods when the a posteriori source term was well-constrained by the
      observations. Spatial pattern of 137Cs deposition with the a posteriori source
      term showed better agreement with the 137Cs deposition monitored by aircraft. The
      a posteriori source term increased 137Cs deposition in the Naka-dori region (the
      central part of Fukushima Prefecture) by 32.9%, and considerably improved the
      underestimated a priori 137Cs deposition. Observed values of deposition measured
      at 16 stations and surface atmospheric concentrations collected on a filter tape
      of suspended particulate matter were used for validation of the a posteriori
      results. A great improvement was found in surface atmospheric concentration on 15
      March; the a posteriori source term reduced root mean square error, normalized
      mean error, and normalized mean bias by 13.4, 22.3, and 92.0% for the hourly
      values, respectively. However, limited improvements were observed in some periods
      and areas due to the difficulty in simulating accurate wind fields and the lack
      of the observational constraints.

PMID- 27372444
TI  - A comparative study of terrestrial gamma dose rate in air measured by
      thermoluminescent dosimeter, portable survey meter and HPGe gamma spectrometer.
AB  - In this paper, three different widely-used measurement techniques for
      environmental gamma dose rate were studied and compared, i.e., the
      thermoluminescent dosimeter, the portable survey meter and the spectrometric
      analysis. Thirteen investigation sites were selected, and the TLDs were arranged
      to accumulate the radiation signals during an interval of about one quarter, the
      instant dose rates by using a portable survey meter were collected around the
      site, and top surface soils were sampled in the surroundings for radionuclides
      analyzing in laboratory. The results from these methods were compared, which
      revealed high correlations. The differences and possible uncertainties for the
      three methods were analyzed, inspired a further study should be conducted to have
      more successful estimation of dose rate in surface air.

PMID- 27372445
TI  - 'Not good enough:' Exploring self-criticism's role as a mediator between
      childhood emotional abuse & adult binge eating.
AB  - Empirical studies have identified emotional abuse in childhood (CEA) as a risk
      factor with long-term implications for psychological problems. Indeed, recent
      studies indicate it is more prevalent than behavioral forms of abuse, (i.e.
      childhood sexual and physical abuse) and the childhood trauma most clearly
      associated with subsequent eating pathology in adulthood. However, relatively
      little is understood about the mechanisms linking these distal experiences. This
      study explores three psychological mechanisms - self-criticism (SC), depression
      and anxiety symptoms - as plausible mediators that may account for the
      relationship between CEA and binge eating (BE) among adult women. Detailed
      telephone interviews conducted with a community-based sample of 498 adult women
      (mean age 44) assess BE, CEA and SC along with the most frequently researched
      psychological variables, anxiety and depression. Regression analyses reveal that
      BE is partially explained by CEA along with the three mediators. Bootstrapping
      analysis, which compares multiple mediators within a single model using thousands
      of repeated random sampling observations from the data set, reveals a striking
      finding: SC is the only psychological variable that makes a significant
      contribution to explaining BE severity. The unique role of punitive self
      evaluations vis-a-vis binge eating warrants additional research and, in the
      interim, that clinicians consider broadening treatment interventions accordingly.

PMID- 27372446
TI  - Changes in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control in High-,
      Middle-, and Low-Income Countries: An Update.
AB  - The aim of this paper was to critically evaluate recent publications on
      hypertension treatment and control in regions by income. Prevalence of
      hypertension is increasing worldwide, most prominently in low-income countries.
      Awareness, treatment, and control are most successful in North America while
      remaining a challenge in middle- and low-income countries. Easy access to medical
      care and aggressive use of pharmacotherapy are the key strategies which have
      proved to be successful in reducing the burden of hypertension on the population
      level.

PMID- 27372448
TI  - Estimating the effects of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol on stochastic population
      growth rate of fathead minnows: a population synthesis of empirically derived
      vital rates.
AB  - Urban freshwater streams in arid climates are wastewater effluent dominated
      ecosystems particularly impacted by bioactive chemicals including steroid
      estrogens that disrupt vertebrate reproduction. However, more understanding of
      the population and ecological consequences of exposure to wastewater effluent is
      needed. We used empirically derived vital rate estimates from a mesocosm study to
      develop a stochastic stage-structured population model and evaluated the effect
      of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), the estrogen in human contraceptive pills, on
      fathead minnow Pimephales promelas stochastic population growth rate. Tested EE2
      concentrations ranged from 3.2 to 10.9 ng L(-1) and produced stochastic
      population growth rates (lambda S ) below 1 at the lowest concentration,
      indicating potential for population decline. Declines in lambda S compared to
      controls were evident in treatments that were lethal to adult males despite
      statistically insignificant effects on egg production and juvenile recruitment.
      In fact, results indicated that lambda S was most sensitive to the survival of
      juveniles and female egg production. More broadly, our results document that
      population model results may differ even when empirically derived estimates of
      vital rates are similar among experimental treatments, and demonstrate how
      population models integrate and project the effects of stressors throughout the
      life cycle. Thus, stochastic population models can more effectively evaluate the
      ecological consequences of experimentally derived vital rates. 

PMID- 27372447
TI  - Recent Updates on the Proximal Tubule Renin-Angiotensin System in Angiotensin II
      Dependent Hypertension.
AB  - It is well recognized that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists not only as
      circulating, paracrine (cell to cell), but also intracrine (intracellular)
      system. In the kidney, however, it is difficult to dissect the respective
      contributions of circulating RAS versus intrarenal RAS to the physiological
      regulation of proximal tubular Na(+) reabsorption and hypertension. Here, we
      review recent studies to provide an update in this research field with a focus on
      the proximal tubular RAS in angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced hypertension. Careful
      analysis of available evidence supports the hypothesis that both local synthesis
      or formation and AT1 (AT1a) receptor- and/or megalin-mediated uptake of
      angiotensinogen (AGT), ANG I and ANG II contribute to high levels of ANG II in
      the proximal tubules of the kidney. Under physiological conditions, nearly all
      major components of the RAS including AGT, prorenin, renin, ANG I, and ANG II
      would be filtered by the glomerulus and taken up by the proximal tubules. In ANG
      II-dependent hypertension, the expression of AGT, prorenin, and (pro)renin
      receptors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is upregulated rather than
      downregulated in the kidney. Furthermore, hypertension damages the glomerular
      filtration barrier, which augments the filtration of circulating AGT, prorenin,
      renin, ANG I, and ANG II and their uptake in the proximal tubules. Together,
      increased local ANG II formation and augmented uptake of circulating ANG II in
      the proximal tubules, via activation of AT1 (AT1a) receptors and Na(+)/H(+)
      exchanger 3, may provide a powerful feedforward mechanism for promoting Na(+)
      retention and the development of ANG II-induced hypertension.

PMID- 27372449
TI  - Survival and long-term outcomes in late-onset Pompe disease following
      alglucosidase alfa treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - A number of studies have assessed the efficacy of alglucosidase alfa as an enzyme
      replacement therapy (ERT) on motor and respiratory endpoints in patients with
      late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD). A previous review evaluated the clinical
      efficacy and safety of alglucosidase alfa; however, it is difficult to draw
      inferences from individual studies due to small patient populations, particularly
      in evaluating the benefit on survival. To evaluate the current evidence on the
      long-term efficacy of alglucosidase alfa with regard to survival, motor, and
      respiratory function in patients with LOPD in relation to the natural progression
      of the disease, a new systematic literature review was performed identifying
      studies that assessed either mortality, percent predicted forced vital capacity
      (% FVC), or the 6-min walk test (6MWT) among treated and untreated LOPD patients.
      Patient overlap was avoided by removing smaller studies or ensuring the use of
      only one conflicting study per outcome. Mortality was modeled using Poisson
      models for each treatment group. Outcomes were modeled using first- and second
      order fractional polynomial meta-analysis with fixed- and random-effects. Meta
      regression was used to explore sources of heterogeneity. Twenty-two publications
      pertaining to 19 studies/trials were selected, including 438 patients when
      accounting for overlaps, with the average study duration being 45.7 months.
      Patients treated with alglucosidase alfa in these studies had a nearly five-fold
      lower mortality rate than untreated patients (rate ratio: 0.21; 95 % credible
      interval: 0.11, 0.41). On average, % FVC declined consistently among untreated
      patients, including a 2.3 % decline after 12 months follow-up and 6.2 % decline
      after 48 months. This is in contrast to alglucosidase alfa-treated patients, who,
      on average, improved rapidly, with an increase of 1.4 % FVC after 2 months,
      followed by a slow regression back to baseline over a three-year period.
      Nonetheless, the relative difference between those treated and not grew over
      time, from 4.5 % FVC after 12 months to 6 % FVC after 48 months. In the 6MWT,
      alglucosidase alfa-treated patients on average had the largest improvement over
      the first 20 months of treatment of approximately 50 meters increase over
      baseline, with its substantial stabilization in the following years. By
      comparison, untreated patients do not show 6MWT improvement over time.
      Alglucosidase alfa has a beneficial effect in LOPD patients as demonstrated by
      improvements in survival and ambulation maintained over time, as well as
      prevention of deterioration in respiratory function.

PMID- 27372451
TI  - Age-period-cohort analysis of trends in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis incidence.
AB  - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease
      with an unknown cause. Studies have reported that the incidence rate of ALS might
      be changing. As ALS is an age related disease, crude incidence could increase as
      population structure changes and overall life expectancy improves. Age-period
      cohort (APC) models are frequently used to investigate trends in demographic
      rates such as incidence. Age-specific incidence rate for ALS from 1996 to 2014
      were taken from a population-based ALS register in Ireland. To circumvent the
      well-known identifiability issue in APC models, we apply the method of Partial
      Least Squares Regression to separate the effects of Age, Period and Cohort on ALS
      incidence over time. This APC analysis shows no cohort effect and the initial
      signs of a period effect; increasing incidence of ALS in the most recently
      diagnosed group. As further years of data accrue to the Irish register it will
      become clear if this effect emerges as a strong trend in the incidence of ALS in
      Ireland and replication of these analyses in other populations will show if our
      findings on temporal patterns in ALS incidence are shared elsewhere. 

PMID- 27372450
TI  - Hearing and dementia.
AB  - Hearing deficits associated with cognitive impairment have attracted much recent
      interest, motivated by emerging evidence that impaired hearing is a risk factor
      for cognitive decline. However, dementia and hearing impairment present immense
      challenges in their own right, and their intersection in the auditory brain
      remains poorly understood and difficult to assess. Here, we outline a clinically
      oriented, symptom-based approach to the assessment of hearing in dementias,
      informed by recent progress in the clinical auditory neuroscience of these
      diseases. We consider the significance and interpretation of hearing loss and
      symptoms that point to a disorder of auditory cognition in patients with
      dementia. We identify key auditory characteristics of some important dementias
      and conclude with a bedside approach to assessing and managing auditory
      dysfunction in dementia.

PMID- 27372452
TI  - Gender-specific health implications of minority stress among lesbians and gay
      men.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Lesbians and gay men are exposed to unique minority stressors. We
      examined the health implications of one type of distal minority stressor
      (victimisation) and one type of proximal minority stressor (sexual identity
      concealment due to anticipated stigma) among lesbians and gay men. Gender
      specific health implications were assessed. METHODS: Data were collected via an
      online survey involving an Australian sample of 1,470 gay men and 1,264 lesbians.
      Survey questions assessed demographics, experiences of different forms of sexual
      identity-related victimisation and sexual identity concealment in a variety of
      contexts. Health outcomes included self-reported general health, illicit drug
      use, frequency of alcohol consumption, smoking status, and weight status.
      RESULTS: Gay men reported higher rates of victimisation and identity concealment
      than lesbians. Controlling for demographic differences, experiences of
      victimisation were associated with poorer self-rated health, illicit drug use,
      and smoking among both gay men and lesbians. In contrast, identity concealment
      was linked with poorer health outcomes among lesbians only. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings offer new insights into the potential antecedents of the health
      inequalities that have previously been reported for these populations.

PMID- 27372454
TI  - Evidence for wild waterfowl origin of H7N3 influenza A virus detected in captive
      reared New Jersey pheasants.
AB  - In August 2014, a low-pathogenic H7N3 influenza A virus was isolated from
      pheasants at a New Jersey gamebird farm and hunting preserve. In this study, we
      use phylogenetic analyses and calculations of genetic similarity to gain
      inference into the genetic ancestry of this virus and to identify potential
      routes of transmission. Results of maximum-likelihood (ML) and maximum-clade
      credibility (MCC) phylogenetic analyses provide evidence that A/pheasant/New
      Jersey/26996-2/2014 (H7N3) had closely related H7 hemagglutinin (HA) and N3
      neuraminidase (NA) gene segments as compared to influenza A viruses circulating
      among wild waterfowl in the central and eastern USA. The estimated time of the
      most recent common ancestry (TMRCA) between the pheasant virus and those most
      closely related from wild waterfowl was early 2013 for both the H7 HA and N3 NA
      gene segments. None of the viruses from waterfowl identified as being most
      closely related to A/pheasant/New Jersey/26996-2/2014 at the HA and NA gene
      segments in ML and MCC phylogenetic analyses shared >=99 % nucleotide sequence
      identity for internal gene segment sequences. This result indicates that specific
      viral strains identified in this study as being closely related to the HA and NA
      gene segments of A/pheasant/New Jersey/26996-2/2014 were not the direct
      predecessors of the etiological agent identified during the New Jersey outbreak.
      However, the recent common ancestry of the H7 and N3 gene segments of waterfowl
      origin viruses and the virus isolated from pheasants suggests that viral
      diversity maintained in wild waterfowl likely played an important role in the
      emergence of A/pheasant/New Jersey/26996-2/2014. 

PMID- 27372453
TI  - Sugar addiction: the state of the science.
AB  - PURPOSE: As obesity rates continue to climb, the notion that overconsumption
      reflects an underlying 'food addiction' (FA) has become increasingly influential.
      An increasingly popular theory is that sugar acts as an addictive agent,
      eliciting neurobiological changes similar to those seen in drug addiction. In
      this paper, we review the evidence in support of sugar addiction. METHODS: We
      reviewed the literature on food and sugar addiction and considered the evidence
      suggesting the addictiveness of highly processed foods, particularly those with
      high sugar content. We then examined the addictive potential of sugar by
      contrasting evidence from the animal and human neuroscience literature on drug
      and sugar addiction. RESULTS: We find little evidence to support sugar addiction
      in humans, and findings from the animal literature suggest that addiction-like
      behaviours, such as bingeing, occur only in the context of intermittent access to
      sugar. These behaviours likely arise from intermittent access to sweet tasting or
      highly palatable foods, not the neurochemical effects of sugar. CONCLUSION: Given
      the lack of evidence supporting it, we argue against a premature incorporation of
      sugar addiction into the scientific literature and public policy recommendations.

PMID- 27372455
TI  - Leaching Behavior of Selected Trace and Toxic Metals in Coal Fly Ash Samples
      Collected from Two Thermal Power Plants, India.
AB  - Studies on leaching behavior of metals associated with coal fly ash (FA) are of
      great concern because of possible contamination of the aquatic environment. In
      the present study, leaching behavior of metals (As, Se, Cr, Pb, V, Zn, etc.) in
      two different FA samples (FA1 and FA2) was investigated at various pH (2-12),
      temperatures of leachate solution and using TCLP. At pH 2, the highest leaching
      was observed for Fe (21.6 and 32.8 ug/g), whereas at pH 12, Arsenic was found to
      have the highest leaching (1.5 and 2.4 ug/g) in FA1 and FA2. Leachate solution
      temperature showed a positive effect on the metal's leachability. In TCLP, most
      of the metal's leachability was observed to be higher than that of batch leaching
      tests. The present study suggests that, leaching of As and Se from FA samples can
      moderately affect ground/surface water quality at the study locations. 

PMID- 27372456
TI  - Chloride Transport Parameters Prediction for a Clay-Loam Soil Column.
AB  - Water scarcity makes treated wastewater an unavoidable supplementary irrigation
      water source. Furthermore treated municipal wastewater quality depends on the
      fresh water quality and usage as well as on the wastewater treatment plant's
      degree and efficiency. The main recipient of all chemical compounds contained in
      this effluent, via irrigation, is soil. Models have been developed to predict
      factors involved in contaminants movement phenomenon through soil. In the reused
      effluent, chloride is much of a concern as a conservative pollutant. In this work
      the chloride breakthrough curves were determined for a clay-loam packed soil
      column by applying a one dimensional advection dispersion equation, to obtain
      estimates of the solute transport parameters. The comparisons between
      experimental and calculated results were satisfactory and also conclusions were
      derived about the flow conditions in the soil column and its uniformity. Also
      comparisons were made between calculated and cited in the literature values of
      the parameters satisfactorily.

PMID- 27372457
TI  - Kinetic Study of Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solutions Using Copper-Coated Iron
      Nanoparticles.
AB  - Nitrates are considered hazard compounds for human health due to their tendency
      to be reduced to nitrites, in particular in reducing environment. Nano zero
      valent iron (nZVI) represents an efficient and low-cost adsorbent/reductive agent
      for nitrate removal from groundwater and wastewaters and a little addition of a
      second metal species (Cu, Pd, Ni, Ag) has proven to increase process
      effectiveness, by enhancing stability and oxidation resistance of nanoparticles.
      In this work Cu/Fe nanoparticles were loaded in a NO3- solution (100 mg L-1) and
      the removal efficiency was tested by monitoring nitrate concentration at selected
      time intervals. Results showed that the nitrate removal process involves both
      reduction and adsorption processes: the removal mechanism has been investigated,
      and the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order-adsorption kinetic models were
      successfully tested.

PMID- 27372459
TI  - Publishers' note.

PMID- 27372458
TI  - Modified head shake sensory organization test: Sensitivity and specificity.
AB  - The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) of Computerized Dynamic Posturography
      (EquiTestTM equipment) is a valuable tool for investigating how an individual
      uses balance system sensory input (vestibular, vision,
      proprioception/somatosensory) to maintain quiet stance; however, it is limited as
      a screening tool for identifying peripheral vestibular system dysfunction.
      Previous research has shown that adding horizontal head-shake to portions of the
      standard SOT battery improved the identification of peripheral vestibular system
      asymmetry; however, flaws in the methods were noted. The objective of this work
      was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the modified head-shake SOT
      (HS-SOT) protocol for identification of peripheral vestibular system lesion.
      Fifteen patients with chief complaint of instability, vertigo, and/or
      lightheadedness, with and without a caloric unilateral weakness (UW) and fifteen
      age-matched healthy controls were included in the final analysis. Ten of the 15
      patients demonstrated a caloric UW>=25%. Participants completed standard
      conditions 2 and 5 of SOT with head still and during four horizontal head-shaking
      tasks (i.e., HS-SOT2-60 degrees /s, HS-SOT2-120 degrees /s, HS-SOT5-15 degrees
      /s, and HS-SOT5-60 degrees /s). Average equilibrium scores decreased as condition
      difficulty increased (SOT2, HS-SOT2-60 degrees /s, HS-SOT2-120 degrees /s, SOT 5,
      HS-SOT5-15 degrees /s, and HS-SOT5-60 degrees /s) for each group; as expected, a
      lower decline was noted for controls (slope=-6.59) compared to patients (slope=
      11.69). The HS-SOT5-15 degrees /s condition was superior for identifying
      peripheral vestibular asymmetry (AUC=0.90 sensitivity=70%, specificity=100%),
      with the strongest correlation to caloric UW% (rs=-0.743, p=0.000006). HS-SOT5-15
      degrees /s appears to be a promising screening measure for peripheral vestibular
      asymmetry.

PMID- 27372460
TI  - Arts, public health and the National Arts and Health Framework: a lexicon for
      health professionals.

PMID- 27372461
TI  - [The empowerment of the elderly patient in interaction with the geriatric
      physician].
AB  - Previous studies have shown that there has been an increase in the empowerment of
      different groups of patients in their contact with physicians and nurses.
      However, no research to date has specifically focussed on the empowerment of
      elderly patients from the geriatrician's perspective . Research in this area is
      important in view of the rise in the ageing population, as elderly patients more
      frequently come into contact with physicians and more patient participation is
      required in care through processess such as 'shared decision making' and
      'informed consent'. Through interviews with geriatricians from hospitals, this
      study attempted to gain insights into empowerment of elderly patients in
      consultations with geriatric physicians. Results show that there is a large
      degree of variation in empowerment among patients. The main factors that hinder
      or promote empowerment are the patients' cognitive state, their medical knowledge
      and educational level. Family and caregivers also appear to play a large role in
      the empowerment that elderly patients show in the physician's office. Three forms
      of active communication (asking questians, giving opinions, and expressing
      concerns) are the predominant manifestations of empowerment in elderly patients.
      Geriatricians unanimously agreed that empowerment influences the communication
      and relationship between the physician and the patient and also impacts decision
      making. Empowerment usually leads to greater therapy adherence and to more
      extensive patient examinations. 

PMID- 27372462
TI  - Clinical benefit of midodrine hydrochloride in symptomatic orthostatic
      hypotension: a phase 4, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, tilt-table
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Midodrine hydrochloride is a short-acting pressor agent that raises
      blood pressure in the upright position in patients with orthostatic hypotension.
      The US Food and Drug Administration's Subpart H approval, under which midodrine
      was initially approved, requires post-marketing studies to confirm midodrine's
      clinical benefit in this indication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      the clinical benefit of midodrine with regard to symptom response. METHODS: This
      was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover, multicenter study
      (NCT01518946). Following screening, patients aged >=18 years with severe
      symptomatic orthostatic hypotension and on a stable dose of midodrine for at
      least 3 months were randomized to treatment with either their previous midodrine
      dose or placebo on day 1 and the respective alternate treatment on day 2. The
      primary endpoint measured time to syncopal symptoms or near-syncope using a 45
      min tilt-table test at 1 h post-dose. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were
      screened for inclusion: 19 received at least one dose of midodrine and had at
      least one post-dose measurement of the primary endpoint. The least-squares mean
      time to syncopal symptoms or near-syncope after tilt-table initiation (mean +/-
      standard error) was 1626.6 +/- 186.8 s for midodrine and 1105.6 +/- 186.8 s for
      placebo (difference, 521.0 s; 95 % confidence interval 124.2-971.7 s; p =
      0.0131). There were 15 adverse events in 10 patients; all of these were mild or
      moderate in severity, with none considered by the investigators to be related to
      midodrine. INTERPRETATION: Midodrine is a well-tolerated and clinically effective
      treatment for symptomatic orthostatic hypotension.

PMID- 27372463
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372464
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372465
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372466
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372467
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372468
TI  - Editor's Note.

PMID- 27372469
TI  - Moonshot Toward a Cure for Cancer.

PMID- 27372470
TI  - Unsuspected Herniated Lung Obstructing the Right Internal Jugular Vein and
      Internal Carotid Artery in a Patient with Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: MRI/MRA and
      MRV.

PMID- 27372471
TI  - Physicians' Perception of Sickle-cell Disease Pain.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the physician's perception of pain
      experienced by patients with sickle-cell disease (SCD). Pain experiences reported
      by patients were compared with physicians' perception of the patient's pain, and
      the treatment decision-making process was evaluated. Fifty-two patient-physician
      pairs were assessed. Before the clinic visit, the patients completed a 3-item on
      pain experienced 24 h prior to the visit and the PHQ-9. After the patient visit,
      the physicians completed a questionnaire assessing their perception of the
      patient's pain and a questionnaire on the factors taken into consideration when
      evaluating the patient's pain experience. The physicians rated the patients' pain
      as more intense than did the patients themselves; and there was agreement between
      pain intensity measurements (p < 0.05). The physicians' perception was influenced
      by the pain intensity reported by the patient, results of blood count at the time
      of the patient visit, and medication availability in the public health services.
      However, these factors were not predictive of the patient's pain intensity
      perceived by the physician. Patients' depressive symptoms were not predictive
      factor of the physicians' perception. Biochemical, genetic and symptomatic
      characteristics of SCD influenced the physicians' perception of the patient's
      pain experience, while psychosocial aspects did not.

PMID- 27372472
TI  - Disparities in Revascularization After ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)
      Before and After the 2002 IOM Report.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine nationwide trends for racial disparities in Percutaneous
      Coronary Intervention after ST elevated Myocardial Infarction (STEMI).
      BACKGROUND: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report published in 2002 showed that
      African Americans were less likely to receive coronary revascularization such as
      CABG and stents even after controlling for socioeconomics. It recommended
      increased awareness of these disparities among health professionals to reduce
      this. We hypothesized that increased awareness of disparities since this report
      would have translated to reduction in racial disparities in percutaneous coronary
      intervention. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the
      Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality's (AHRQ) National Inpatient Sample
      (NIS) 1998-2007. All patients with STEMI during this period were identified. The
      proportion that received Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) during the
      incident admission was compared by different ethnicities over the time period.
      Multivariable regression for each year was conducted using Poisson regression
      with robust variances. The analysis controlled for gender, insurance status, co
      morbidities, hospital bed size, location and teaching status. RESULTS: Based on
      the database, about 2.04 million patients were managed for acute Myocardial
      Infarction from 1998 to 2007, of these 938,176 had STEMI. The primary PCI rate
      after STEMI among Caucasians was 29.1%, African Americans-23.3% and Hispanics
      28.3% [P < 0.001] On multivariate regression, compared to Caucasians, African
      Americans and Hispanics respectively were 26% (IRR = 0.74) and 16% (IRR = 0.84)
      less likely to receive PCI (both with P < 0.001) during the entire study period.
      CONCLUSION: Ethnic disparities in primary PCI after STEMI persist despite the
      2002 IOM report.

PMID- 27372474
TI  - Erratum to "Mortality in African-Americans Following Cardiac Resynchronization
      Therapy: A Single Center Experience" Journal of the National Medical Association
      2016:108(1) February 30-39.

PMID- 27372473
TI  - Pleural Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: A Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare neoplasm of vascular origin that
      can arise in multiple and varied tissue sites. Pleural epithelioid
      hemangioendothelioma (PEH), a subtype of EHE, is particularly less reported.
      Herein, we describe a case of PEH presented with left-sided back pain in a 68
      year-old female, and her chest CT scan revealed thickening of the left pleura and
      left pleural effusion, the histological diagnosis was confirmed by both
      conventional examination and immunohistochemistry. A literature search utilizing
      PubMed, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane, Wanfang and Chinese National Knowledge
      infrastructure (CNKI) for PEH was conducted to investigate the characteristics of
      the disease, 26 related articles were retrieved and 40 cases of PEH were
      reported. According to available literature, the average age at presentation is
      51.8 years and the disease occurred more often in men than women. The etiology of
      the disease remained unknown. Chest pain, cough, and dyspnea were the common
      symptoms. Computed tomography usually revealed pleural effusion and pleural
      thickening. Histological examinations revealed mainly epithelioid cells.
      Immunohistochemical stains were positive for vascular endothelial markers. PEH
      tends to have more aggressive behavior than tumors in other locations, thus
      effective treatment has not yet been established until now. Further studies are
      needed to analyze the prognostic factors, clinical features and treatment of PEH.

PMID- 27372475
TI  - The Health Care Institution, Population Health and Black Lives.
AB  - The ongoing existence of institutionalized racism and discriminatory practices in
      various systems (education, criminal justice, housing, employment) serve as root
      causes of poor health in Blacks Lives. Furthermore, these unjust social
      structures and their complex interplay result in inefficient utilization of
      health services and reactive or futile interactions with medical providers.
      Collectively, these factors contribute to racial disparities in health and
      treatment represents a significant portion of the nation's health care
      expenditures. In order for health care systems to optimize population health
      goals, racism must be recognized as a determinant of health. As anchor
      institutions in their respective communities, we offer hospitals and health
      systems a conceptual framework to address the issue within internal and external
      constructs.

PMID- 27372477
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372476
TI  - Up-to date of glomerular disease.

PMID- 27372478
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372479
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372480
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372481
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372482
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372483
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372484
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372486
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372485
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372487
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372488
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372489
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372490
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372492
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372491
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372493
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372495
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372494
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372496
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372497
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372499
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372498
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372500
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372501
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372502
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372503
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372504
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372505
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372506
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372508
TI  - Social stressors, coping behaviors, and depressive symptoms: A latent profile
      analysis of adolescents in military families.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between context-specific social stressors,
      coping behaviors, and depressive symptoms among adolescents in active duty
      military families across seven installations (three of which were in Europe) (N =
      1036) using a person-centered approach and a stress process theoretical
      framework. Results of the exploratory latent profile analysis revealed four
      distinct coping profiles: Disengaged Copers, Troubled Copers, Humor-intensive
      Copers, and Active Copers. Multinomial logistic regressions found no relationship
      between military-related stressors (parental separation, frequent relocations,
      and parental rank) and profile membership. Analysis of variance results revealed
      significant and meaningful differences between the coping profiles and depressive
      symptomology, specifically somatic symptoms, depressive affect, positive affect,
      and interpersonal problems. Post-hoc analyses revealed that Active Copers, the
      largest profile, reported the fewest depressive symptoms. Accordingly, frequent
      use of diverse, active coping behaviors was associated with enhanced resilience.
      Discussion is provided regarding the promotion of adaptive coping behaviors
      within this developmental period and the context of military family life.

PMID- 27372507
TI  - Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Delivery of Therapeutics in CNS Infection.
AB  - Despite the significant advances in neurological medicine, it remains difficult
      to treat ailments directly involving the brain. The blood brain barrier (BBB) is
      a tightly regulated, selectively permeable barrier that restricts access from the
      blood into the brain extracellular fluid (BEF). Many conditions such as tumors or
      infections in the brain are difficult to treat due to the fact that drugs and
      other therapeutic agents are unable to easily pass through this relatively
      impermeable barrier. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) presents a particular
      problem as it is able to remain dormant in the brain for years protected from
      antiretroviral drugs by the BBB. The development of nanoscale carriers over the
      past few decades has made possible the delivery of therapies with the potential
      to overcome membrane barriers and provide specific, targeted delivery. This
      review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of
      nanoparticle formulation and their applications in improving the delivery
      efficiency of drugs, specifically antiretroviral therapeutics to the brain to
      treat HIV.

PMID- 27372509
TI  - Interaction between Pin1 and its natural product inhibitor epigallocatechin-3
      gallate by spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations.
AB  - The binding of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to wild type Pin1 in solution
      was studied by spectroscopic methods and molecular dynamics simulations in this
      research to explore the binding mode and inhibition mechanism. The binding
      constants and number of binding sites per Pin1 for EGCG were calculated through
      the Stern-Volmer equation. The values of binding free energy and thermodynamic
      parameters were calculated and indicated that hydrogen bonds, electrostatic
      interaction and Van der Waals interaction played the major role in the binding
      process. The alterations of Pin1 secondary structure in the presence of EGCG were
      confirmed by far-UV circular dichroism spectra. The binding model at atomic-level
      revealed that EGCG was bound to the Glu12, Lys13, Arg14, Met15 and Arg17 in WW
      domain. Furthermore, EGCG could also interact with Arg69, Asp112, Cys113 and
      Ser114 in PPIase domain. 

PMID- 27372510
TI  - A study on the spectroscopic, energy band, and optoelectronic properties of
      alpha,omega-dihexylsexithiophene/tris(8-hydroxyquinolinate) gallium blends;
      DH6T/Gaq3 composite system.
AB  - In this work the optical response, spectroscopic behaviour, and optoelectronic
      properties of solution and solid state composite systems based on alpha,omega
      dihexylsexithiophene/tris(8-hydroxyquinolinate) gallium (DH6T/Gaq3) are studied
      upon the incorporation of different molar percentages of Gaq3. UV-vis, PL, FTIR
      spectrophotometers and SEM technique were utilized to perform the investigations.
      The results showed a reduced energy band (Eg) (from 2.33eV to 1.83eV) and a
      broadened absorption spectrum for the blend system when 29.8% molar of Gaq3 was
      incorporated. These were attributed to the enhanced intermolecular interactions
      that are brought about by the increased strength of pi-pi overlap between the
      molecular moieties. A mathematical formula was developed to interpret the non
      monotonic change occurred in Eg, while numerical calculations have been made to
      assign the type and nature of the electronic transitions governing the
      spectroscopic behaviour of the system. The results were elaborated and
      comprehensively discussed in terms of the exciton generation, energy band theory,
      molecular interactions, and spatial geometry. 

PMID- 27372511
TI  - Spectroscopic studies of anthracyclines: Structural characterization and in vitro
      tracking.
AB  - A broad spectroscopic characterization, using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and
      Fourier transform infrared absorption as well as Raman scattering, of two
      commonly used anthracyclines antibiotics (DOX) daunorubicin (DNR), their epimers
      (EDOX, EDNR) and ten selected analogs is presented. The paper serves as a
      comprehensive spectral library of UV-vis, IR and Raman spectra of anthracyclines
      in the solid state and in solution. The particular advantage of Raman
      spectroscopy for the measurement and analysis of individual antibiotics is
      demonstrated. Raman spectroscopy can be used to monitor the in vitro uptake and
      distribution of the drug in cells, using both 488nm and 785nm as source
      wavelengths, with submicrometer spatial resolution, although the cellular
      accumulation of the drug is different in each case. The high information content
      of Raman spectra allows studies of the drug-cell interactions, and so the method
      seems very suitable for monitoring drug uptake and mechanisms of interaction with
      cellular compartments at the subcellular level. 

PMID- 27372512
TI  - Cysteamine capped CdS quantum dots as a fluorescence sensor for the determination
      of copper ion exploiting fluorescence enhancement and long-wave spectral shifts.
AB  - We described a turn-on fluorescence sensor for the determination of Cu(2+) ions,
      utilizing the quantum confinement effect of cadmium sulfide quantum dots capped
      with cysteamine (Cys-CdS QDs). The fluorescence intensity of the Cys-CdS QDs was
      both enhanced and red shifted (from blue-green to yellow) in the presence of
      Cu(2+). Fluorescence enhancement was linearly proportional to the concentration
      of Cu(2+) in the concentration range 2 to 10MUM. Other cations at the same
      concentration level did not significantly change the intensity and spectral
      maxima of Cys-CdS QDs, except Ag(+). The limit of detection was 1.5MUM. The
      sensor was applied to the determination of Cu(2+) in (spiked) real water samples
      and gave satisfactory results, with recoveries ranging from 96.7 to 108.2%, and
      with RSDs ranging from 0.3 to 2.6%. 

PMID- 27372513
TI  - Micro-Raman spectroscopy in the identification of wulfenite and vanadinite in a
      Sasanian painted stucco fragment of the Ghaleh Guri in Ramavand, western Iran.
AB  - This paper reports the results of studies performed on a painted stucco fragment
      excavated at the Ghaleh Guri in Ramavand, western Iran, and dated back to the
      late Sasanian period (224-651AD). Analytical studies including micro-Raman
      spectroscopy (MU-Raman), micro-X-ray spectrometry (MU-XRF) and optical microscopy
      showed that red lead and vermilion were used as main pigments on this fragment.
      Moreover, carbon black was diagnosed to thinly cover some parts of the red lead.
      Peculiarly, wulfenite (PbMoO4) associated with vanadinite (Pb5(VO4)3Cl) was
      identified to compose a yellow stain sporadically dispersed on the other
      pigments. 

PMID- 27372514
TI  - Specific transfer effects following variable priority dual-task training in older
      adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: Past divided attention training studies in older adults have suggested
      that variable priority training (VPT) tends to show larger improvement than fixed
      priority training (FPT). However, it remains unclear whether VPT leads to larger
      transfer effects. METHODS: In this study, eighty-three older adults aged between
      55 and 65 received five 1-hour sessions of VPT, FPT or of an active placebo. VPT
      and FPT subjects trained on a complex dual-task condition with variable stimulus
      timings in order to promote more flexible and self-guided strategies with regard
      to attentional priority devoted to the concurrent tasks. Real-time individualized
      feedback was provided to encourage improvement. The active placebo group attended
      computer classes. Near and far modality transfer tasks were used to assess the
      generalization of transfer effects. RESULTS: Results showed that VPT induced
      significantly larger transfer effects than FPT on a near modality transfer task.
      Evidence for larger transfer effects in VPT than FPT on a far modality transfer
      task was also observed. Furthermore, the superiority of VPT on FPT in transfer
      effects was specific to the ability to coordinate two concurrent tasks.
      CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study help better understand the benefits of VPT
      attentional training on transfer effects, which is an essential outcome for
      cognitive training effectiveness and relevancy.

PMID- 27372515
TI  - Factors influencing the response to high-frequency repetitive transcranial
      magnetic stimulation in patients with subacute stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic
      stimulation (rTMS) aids motor recovery in patients with subacute stroke. However,
      the response to high-frequency rTMS is highly variable between patients. The aim
      of this study was to identify the factors associated with improved motor function
      in response to high-frequency rTMS in subacute stroke patients with moderate to
      severe upper extremity motor involvement. METHODS: Sixty-two patients with
      subacute stroke were enrolled. rTMS was applied over the primary motor cortex of
      the affected hemisphere at 10 Hz with 1,000 pulses/day for 10 days. Upper limb
      motor function was scored with the upper limb of Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA-UL)
      score before intervention and immediately after intervention. All FMA-UL changes
      greater than or equal to 5 points were considered clinically significant.
      Potential influencing factors considered included patient characteristics, motor
      function, corticospinal tract (CST) integrity assessments, and genetics.
      Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the significance
      of each of these factors. RESULTS: We found that the two factors with the
      greatest impact on the improvement in FMA-UL score were: 1) the functional
      integrity of the CST, and 2) the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
      genotype (p < 0.05). Age tended to influence clinically significant changes in
      the FMA-UL score, although this effect was not significant. CONCLUSION: Our
      findings suggest that high-frequency rTMS interventions aimed at improving upper
      extremity motor function in patients with subacute stroke with moderate to severe
      motor involvement should be individually tailored according to functional CST
      status and BDNF genotype.

PMID- 27372516
TI  - [Main parasitic skin disorders].
AB  - Cutaneous parasitic skin diseases are frequent in human pathology. There are few
      reliable epidemiological data on the prevalence and/or incidence of such
      diseases. Skin parasites are cosmopolitan but their global distribution is
      heterogenous; prevalence is especially high in subtropical and tropical
      countries. They are mainly due to arthropods (insects and mites). Many species of
      parasites are involved, explaining the diversity of their clinical signs. The
      most common are caused by ectoparasites such as scabies or pediculosis (head
      lice, body lice and pubic lice). Clinical signs may be related to the penetration
      of the parasite under the skin, its development, the inoculation of venom or
      allergic symptoms. Diagnosis can be easy when clinical signs are pathognomonic
      (e.g. burrows in the interdigital web spaces in scabies) or sometimes more
      difficult. Some epidemiological characteristics (diurnal or nocturnal bite,
      seasonality) and specific clinical presentation (single or multiple bites, linear
      or grouped lesions) can be a great diagnostic help. Modern non-invasive tools
      (dermoscopy or confocal microscopy) will play an important role in the future but
      the eye and experience of the specialist (dermatologist, parasitologist,
      infectious disease specialist or entomologist) remains for the time the best way
      to guide or establish a diagnosis. For most skin parasites, therapeutic proposals
      are rarely based on studies of high level of evidence or randomized trials but
      more on expert recommendations or personal experience.

PMID- 27372517
TI  - [Choice of initial regimen for antiretroviral-naive HIV patients: Analysis of
      motivation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Several therapeutic combination antiretroviral therapy regimen are
      available for initial treatment in naive HIV infected patients. The choice of a
      particular regimen remains often subjective. The aim of this study was to
      determine factors associated with the choice of molecules in initial ARV
      prescriptions. METHODS: From 01/01 to 30/10/2014, every initial cART prescription
      was analyzed regarding patients and physicians characteristics. Then,
      prescriptions were evaluated by an independent committee of ART prescribers.
      RESULTS: One hundred and thirty two consecutive initial prescriptions by 34
      physicians of 11 medical centers were included: 71 M, migrants: 57 %, MSM: 21 %,
      CD4<200/mm3: 26 %, HIV RNA>100 000 cp/mL (33 %). cART regimen were: NRTI/PI (43
      %), NRTI/NNRTI (29.5 %), NRTI/integrase inhibitor (23 %). 75 % of initial cART
      regimen were consistent with expert guidelines recommendations. The choice of
      initial cART was not influenced by the type of HIV contamination risk group,
      patient's geographic origin, CD4 levels. In contrast, working or not (P=0.007),
      pregnancy wish (P=0.07), pregnancy (P=0.001), HIV RNA levels (P=0.02) and HIV
      primary infection (P=0.049) influenced the initial choice. Neither physician's
      age, nor physician's experience influenced this choice. The prescription's non
      accordance to 2013 French guidelines was mainly related to integrase inhibitor
      utilisation (P= 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Overall, cART initial choice is mostly
      consistent with guidelines. Primary HIV infection, procreation features and high
      viral load are the main factors influencing this choice. New regimen with better
      tolerability is prescribed even if it is not yet included in the guidelines.

PMID- 27372518
TI  - Corrigendum to "Global and gene-specific DNA methylation alterations in the
      adolescent amygdala and hippocampus in an animal model of caregiver maltreatment"
      [Behav. Brain Res. 298 (Pt A) (2016) 55-61].

PMID- 27372519
TI  - MicroRNA-106a targets autophagy and enhances sensitivity of lung cancer cells to
      Src inhibitors.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) significantly inhibit cell
      migration and invasion in lung cancer cell lines with minor cytotoxic effects. In
      clinical trials, however, they show modest activity in combination with
      chemotherapeutic agents. Possible resistance mechanisms include the induction of
      cytoprotective autophagy upon Src inhibition. Autophagy is a cellular recycling
      process that allows cell survival in response to a variety of stress stimuli
      including responses to various treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We screened
      autophagic activity in A549, H460, and H1299 NSCLC cell lines treated with two
      different Src-TKIs (saracatinib, dasatinib) or shRNA targeting SRC. The autophagy
      response was determined by LC3B-I to -II conversion, increased ULK1 epxression
      and increased GFP-LC3B dot formation. Autophagy was inhibited by pharmacological
      (bafilomycin A, chloroquine) or genetic (ULK1 shRNA) means. Expression of miR
      106a and miR-20b was analyzed by qPCR, and we used different lentivral vectors
      for ectopic expression of either miR-106a mimetics, anti-sense miR-106a or
      different miR-106a-363 cluster constructs. RESULTS: In the current study we found
      that Src-TKIs induce autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and that a
      combination of autophagy and Src tyrosine kinase inhibition results in cell
      death. Moreover, Src-TKI induced autophagy depends on the induction of the key
      autophagy kinase ULK1. This ULK1 upregulation is caused by downregulation of the
      ULK1-targeting microRNA-106a. An inverse correlation of miR-106a and ULK1
      expression was seen in lung adenocarcinoma. Accordingly, ectopic expression of
      miR-106a in combination with Src-TKI treatment resulted in significant cell death
      as compared to control transduced cells. CONCLUSIONS: Autophagy protects lung
      adenocarcinoma cells from Src-TKIs via a newly identified miR-106a-ULK1 signaling
      pathway. The combined inhibition of Src and ULK1/autophagy might represent a
      promising treatment option for future clinical trials. Lastly, our data might
      challenge the term "oncogenic" miR-106a as it can promote sensitivity to Src-TKIs
      thereby underlining the context-dependent function of miRNAs.

PMID- 27372520
TI  - USP7 inhibitors, downregulating CCDC6, sensitize lung neuroendocrine cancer cells
      to PARP-inhibitor drugs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: CCDC6 gene product is a tumor-suppressor pro-apoptotic protein,
      substrate of ATM, involved in DNA damage response and repair. Altered levels of
      CCDC6 expression are dependent on post-translational modifications, being the de
      ubiquitinating enzyme USP7 responsible of the fine tuning of the CCDC6 stability.
      Thus, our aim was to investigate CCDC6 and USP7 expression levels in Lung
      Neuroendocrine Tumors (L-NETs) to verify if they correlate and may be exploited
      as novel predictive therapeutic markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumor tissues
      from 29 L-NET patients were investigated on tissue microarrays. CCDC6 levels were
      scored and correlated with immunoreactivity for USP7. Next generation sequencing
      (NGS) of a homogenous group of Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC) (N=8)
      was performed by Ion AmpliSeq NGS platform and the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot
      Panel v2. The inhibition of USP7, using P5091, was assayed in vitro to accelerate
      CCDC6 turnover in order to sensitize the neuroendocrine cancer cells to PARP
      inhibitors, alone or in association with cisplatinum. RESULTS: The immunostaining
      of 29 primary L-NETs showed that the intensity of CCDC6 staining correlated with
      the levels of USP7 expression (p<=0.05). The NGS analysis of 8 LCNEC revealed
      mutations in the hot spot regions of the p53 gene (in 6 out of 8). Moreover, gene
      polymorphisms were identified in the druggable STK11, MET and ALK genes. High
      intensity of p53 immunostaining was reported in the 6 tissues carrying the TP53
      mutations. The inhibition of USP7 by P5091 accelerated the degradation of CCDC6
      versus control in cycloheximide treated L-NET cells in vitro and sensitized the
      cells to PARP-inhibitors alone and in combination with cisplatinum. CONCLUSION:
      Our data suggest that CCDC6 and USP7 have a predictive value for the clinical
      usage of USP7 inhibitors in combination with the PARP-inhibitors in L-NET in
      addition to standard therapy.

PMID- 27372521
TI  - Prophylactic mesh can be used safely in the prevention of incisional hernia after
      bilateral subcostal laparotomies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of prophylactic mesh to prevent incisional hernia is becoming
      increasingly common in midline laparotomies and colostomies. The incidence of
      incisional hernia after subcostal laparotomies is lower than after midline
      incisions. Nevertheless, the treatment of subcostal incisional hernia is
      considered to be more complex. Currently, there are no published data about mesh
      augmentation procedures to close these laparotomies. METHODS: This was a
      longitudinal, prospective, cohort study of patients undergoing a bilateral
      subcostal laparotomy in elective operations. The mesh group was a group of
      patients operated consecutively between 2011 and 2013 with a prophylactic self
      fixation mesh. The control group was selected from a retrospective analysis of
      patients operated between 2009 and 2010 and closed with a conventional protocol
      of 2-layer closure. The incidence of incisional hernia was recorded both
      clinically and radiologically for 2 years. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients were
      included in the control group and 58 in the mesh group. Most patients underwent
      gastric, hepatic, and pancreatic operations. Both groups were homogeneous in
      terms of their clinical and demographic characteristics. Operative time and
      hospital stay were similar in both groups. Both groups had a comparable rate of
      local and systemic complications. Ten patients (17.5%) in the control group
      developed an incisional hernia, and only 1 patient (1.7%) in the mesh group
      developed an incisional hernia (P = .0006). CONCLUSION: The incidence of
      incisional hernia after a conventional closure of bilateral subcostal laparotomy
      is significant. The use of a mesh augmentation procedure for closing bilateral
      subcostal laparotomies is safe and may reduce the incidence of incisional hernia.

PMID- 27372522
TI  - Congenital diaphragmatic hernia manifesting after an altitude flight.

PMID- 27372523
TI  - Treatment recommendations by clinicians in stage I non-small cell lung cancer: A
      study of factors that influence the likelihood of accounting for the patient's
      preference.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Surgery and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) are both
      curative treatment options for patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC). Shared decision making (SDM) has been advocated in this patient group.
      This study explored clinician decision making in relation to the stated treatment
      preferences of patients. METHODS: In a previous study, we conducted a binary
      choice experiment with hypothetical cases among 126 clinicians. Secondary data
      analysis was performed using multilevel logistic regression models, in which
      random differences between clinicians' decisions were taken into account. We
      analyzed the influence of patient- and clinician-related characteristics, and
      uncertainty as experienced by clinicians about their recommendation on the
      clinician's decision (either in line with the patient's preference or not).
      RESULTS: Significant interactions were observed between patient- and clinician
      related characteristics, indicating that patient preferences were selectively
      taken into account, depending on clinicians' specialty, their views about the
      comparability of cancer-related outcomes following surgery and SABR, and the
      degree of uncertainty about the treatment recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings suggest that SDM for stage I NSCLC care is largely influenced by how
      clinicians weigh available scientific evidence. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians
      should involve lung cancer patients more and ask for their preferences in making
      treatment recommendations.

PMID- 27372524
TI  - An e-health intervention to support the transition of young people with long-term
      illnesses to adult healthcare services: Design and early use.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Co-design information and website to support adolescents and young
      adults with long-term illnesses in their transition to adult healthcare. METHODS:
      A participatory iterative process involving a survey (n=207), twenty-one
      interviews, six participatory workshops, six video recordings, two advisory
      groups, and a co-design group to identify needs and preferences for e-health and
      information provision, was used to develop an appropriate intervention. RESULTS:
      Adolescents and young people expressed preferences for information that was
      trustworthy, empowering, colorful, easily downloaded online and written using non
      patronizing language. They desired video testimonials of experiences from young
      adults who had transitioned to adult healthcare and wanted advice about becoming
      more independent, managing their condition, preparing for the transition, and
      information about medications and the differences between child and adult
      healthcare. They also wanted information about the location and configuration of
      adult healthcare, key hospital personnel, and frequently asked questions.
      CONCLUSION: The participatory iterative process led to the development of an
      online resource specifically tailored to the adolescents and young people's
      transition needs and information preferences. Preliminary feedback indicates that
      it is a valued resource. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The www.SteppingUP.ie website has
      the potential to help prepare its target population group for the transition to
      adult healthcare.

PMID- 27372525
TI  - Nurse-led patient-centered self-management support improves HbA1c in patients
      with type 2 diabetes-A randomized study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a patient
      centered self-management support, in type 2 diabetes (T2D) with regard to
      metabolic changes. METHODS: 182 patients were randomized into group intervention
      (GI), individual intervention (II) or internal controls (IC). An external control
      (EC) group was recruited from another county council. The intervention consisted
      of six sessions that featured themes, which regarded different views of their
      illness experiences. Data were collected in 2010 and 2011. RESULTS: HbA1c was
      significantly decreased at 12-month follow-up with 5mmol/mol in the GI and
      4mmol/mol in the II. In the IC group, the HbA1c was close to baseline. The EC
      group had increased HbA1c, though not significantly. When the HbA1c difference at
      baseline was adjusted, there was a significant difference between intervention
      groups and the EC-group. CONCLUSION: Patient-centered self-management support,
      led by nurses, can lower HbA1c among patients with type 2 diabetes. PRACTICE
      IMPLICATIONS: It is possible to train diabetes specialist nurses in clinical
      patient-centered care, and simultaneously influence patients' metabolic balance
      positively.

PMID- 27372526
TI  - Worldwide Hypertension: The Growing Threat and the Potential Opportunities.

PMID- 27372527
TI  - Hypertension and Related Cardiovascular Disease Burden in China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With rapid economic development, urbanization, and an aging
      population, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the leading cause of death
      in China. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review
      on the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension (HTN) as
      well as blood pressure (BP)-related morbidity and mortality of CVD in Chinese
      adults over time. FINDINGS: The prevalence of HTN in China is high and
      increasing. Recent estimates are variable but indicate 33.6% (35.3% in men and
      32% in women) or 335.8 million (178.6 million men and 157.2 million women) of the
      Chinese adult population had HTN in 2010, which represents a significant increase
      from previous surveys. BP-related CVD remains the leading cause of death in
      Chinese adults, with stroke being the predominant cause of cardiovascular deaths.
      Of those with HTN, 33.4% (30.4% in men and 36.7% in women) were aware of their
      condition, 23.9% (20.6% in men and 27.7% in women) were treated, and only 3.9%
      (3.5% in men and 4.3% in women) were controlled to the currently recommended
      target of BP <140/90 mm Hg. Awareness and treatment of HTN have improved over
      time, but HTN control has not. Geographic differences in the prevalence,
      awareness, treatment, and control of HTN are evident, both in terms of a north
      south gradient and urban-rural disparity. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HTN is
      high and increasing, while the control rate is low in Chinese adults. Combatting
      HTN and BP-related morbidity and mortality will require a comprehensive approach
      at national and local levels. The major challenge moving forward is to develop
      and implement effective, practical, and sustainable prevention and treatment
      strategies in China.

PMID- 27372528
TI  - Sodium Intake, Blood Pressure, and Dietary Sources of Sodium in an Adult South
      Indian Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association between prevalence of hypertension and its
      relationship with dietary sodium intake has never been published from large
      epidemiological studies in the South Indian population before. OBJECTIVES: To
      assess sodium intake and its association with blood pressure, and major dietary
      sources of sodium in an adult population in southeastern India. METHODS: This
      study included a representative population-based sample of 8080 individuals (57%
      women) >20 years of age. Individuals with previous history of hypertension and
      outliers for sodium intake were excluded, resulting in a sample size of 6876,
      with 4269 from semi-urban/urban and 2607 from rural areas. Baseline measurements
      included evaluation of systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures,
      anthropometric, sociodemographic, and psychosocial parameters. Based on 24-hour
      recall, we calculated total daily sodium intake and the percentage contributed by
      each food group to the total sodium intake. Participants were assigned based on
      quintiles of dietary sodium intake. Mixed-effects multivariable linear regression
      models assessed the association of SBP and DBP with sodium intake. FINDINGS: Men
      had higher mean sodium intake (4.1 +/- 2 versus 3.2 +/- 1.7 g/day; P < 0.01) with
      higher mean SBP and DBP (123/77 versus 117/74 mm Hg; P < 0.01), and higher
      prevalence of hypertension (22.2% versus 12.9%; P < 0.01) compared with women.
      Mean dietary sodium intake was significantly higher in the hypertensive men (4.2
      +/- 2 g/day) and women (3.2 +/- 1.7 g/day) compared with normotensive men (4 +/-
      2 g/day), and women (3.2 +/- 1.7 g/day; P < 0.05). Significant (P < 0.01)
      increases in SBP and DBP were evident in men, but not women with increasing
      quintile of sodium intake. After multivariable adjustments, sodium intake was
      independently associated with SBP, but not DBP, in both sexes. The predominant
      source of dietary sodium in both semi-urban/urban and rural populations was from
      homemade foods where salt is part of the traditional recipe. CONCLUSION: In a
      South Indian population, the dietary intake of sodium was higher than
      recommendations by major dietary guidelines and was an independent predictor of
      SBP.

PMID- 27372529
TI  - Expanding the Role of Nurses to Improve Hypertension Care and Control Globally.
AB  - The role of the nurse in improving hypertension control has expanded over the
      past 50 years, complementing and supplementing that of the physician. Nurses'
      involvement began with measuring and monitoring blood pressure (BP) and patient
      education and has expanded to become one of the most effective strategies to
      improve BP control. Today the roles of nurses and nurse practitioners (NPs) in
      hypertension management involve all aspects of care, including (1) detection,
      referral, and follow up; (2) diagnostics and medication management; (3) patient
      education, counseling, and skill building; (4) coordination of care; (5) clinic
      or office management; (6) population health management; and (7) performance
      measurement and quality improvement. The patient-centered, multidisciplinary team
      is a key feature of effective care models that have been found to improve care
      processes and control rates. In addition to their clinical roles, nurses lead
      clinic and community-based research to improve the hypertension quality gap and
      ethnic disparities by holistically examining social, cultural, economic, and
      behavioral determinants of hypertension outcomes and designing culturally
      sensitive interventions to address these determinants.

PMID- 27372530
TI  - Research and Development of Information and Communication Technology-based Home
      Blood Pressure Monitoring from Morning to Nocturnal Hypertension.
AB  - Asians have specific characteristics of hypertension (HTN) and its relationship
      with cardiovascular disease. The morning surge in blood pressure (BP) in Asians
      is more extended, and the association slope between higher BP and the risk for
      cardiovascular events is steeper in this population than in whites. Thus, 24-hour
      BP control including at night and in the morning is especially important for
      Asian patients with HTN. There are 3 components of "perfect 24-hour BP control":
      the 24-hour BP level, adequate dipping of nocturnal BP (dipper type), and
      adequate BP variability such as the morning BP surge. The morning BP-guided
      approach using home BP monitoring (HBPM) is the first step toward perfect 24-hour
      BP control. After controlling morning HTN, nocturnal HTN is the second target. We
      have been developing HBPM that can measure nocturnal BP. First, we developed a
      semiautomatic HBPM device with the function of automatic fixed-interval BP
      measurement during sleep. In the J-HOP (Japan Morning Surge Home Blood Pressure)
      study, the largest nationwide home BP cohort, we successfully measured nocturnal
      home BP using this device with data memory, 3 times during sleep (2, 3, and 4
      am), and found that nocturnal home BP is significantly correlated with organ
      damage independently of office and morning BP values. The second advance was the
      development of trigger nocturnal BP (TNP) monitoring with an added trigger
      function that initiates BP measurements when oxygen desaturation falls below a
      variable threshold continuously monitored by pulse oximetry. TNP can detect the
      specific nocturnal BP surges triggered by hypoxic episodes in patients with sleep
      apnea syndrome. We also added the lowest heart rate-trigger function to TNP to
      detect the "basal nocturnal BP," which is determined by the circulating volume
      and structural cardiovascular system without any increase in sympathetic tonus.
      This double TNP is a novel concept for evaluating the pathogenic pressor
      mechanism of nocturnal BP. These data are now collected using an information and
      communication technology (ICT)-based monitoring system. The BP variability
      includes different time-phase variability from the shortest beat-by-beat,
      positional, diurnal, day-by-day, visit-to-visit, seasonal, and the longest yearly
      changes. The synergistic resonance of each type of BP variability would produce
      great dynamic BP surges, which trigger cardiovascular events. Thus, in the
      future, the management of HTN based on the simultaneous assessment of the
      resonance of all of the BP variability phenotypes using a wearable "surge" BP
      monitoring device with an ICT-based data analysis system will contribute to the
      ultimate individualized medication for cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 27372532
TI  - Hypertension in Canada: Past, Present, and Future.
AB  - Canada has an extremely successful hypertension detection and treatment program.
      The aim of this review was to highlight the historic and current infrastructure
      and initiatives that have led to this success, and the outlook moving forward
      into the future. We discuss the evolution of hypertension awareness and control
      in Canada; contributions made by organizations such as the Canadian Hypertension
      Society, Blood Pressure Canada, and the Canadian Hypertension Education Program;
      the amalgamation of these organizations into Hypertension Canada; and the impact
      that Hypertension Canada has had on hypertension care in Canada. The important
      contribution that public policy and advocacy can have on prevention and control
      of blood pressure in Canada is described. We also highlight the importance of
      population-based strategies, health care access and organization, and accurate
      blood pressure measurement (including ambulatory, home, and automated office
      modalities) in optimizing hypertension prevention and management. We end by
      discussing how Hypertension Canada will move forward in the near and longer term
      to address the unmet residual risk attributable to hypertension and associated
      cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension Canada will continue to strive to
      enhance hypertension prevention and control rates, thereby improving the quality
      of life and cardiovascular outcomes of Canadians, while at the same time creating
      a hypertension care model that can be emulated across the world.

PMID- 27372531
TI  - Modern Management and Diagnosis of Hypertension in the United Kingdom: Home Care
      and Self-care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effective diagnosis and management of hypertension is one of the
      most important parts of cardiovascular prevention internationally and this is no
      different in the United Kingdom. Approximately 14% of the UK population currently
      receive treatment for hypertension. Recent UK guidelines from the National
      Institute of Health and Care Excellence have placed greater emphasis on the
      utilization of out-of-office measurement of blood pressure to more accurately
      diagnose hypertension. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to provide a
      state-of-the-art review of the evidence for screening, diagnosing, and managing
      hypertension, as implemented in the United Kingdom, with an emphasis on the role
      of self-monitored and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in routine clinical
      care. METHOD: Consideration was given to the use of ambulatory and home
      monitoring to confirm a diagnosis of hypertension and the use of self-monitoring
      and self-management to monitor and guide treatment. The evidence for the use of
      self-monitoring in patients with hypertension was examined, both in isolation,
      and in combination with lifestyle and treatment interventions. FINDINGS: There is
      a place for self-monitored blood pressure in specific underresearched populations
      such as the elderly, specialist conditions, ethnic groups, and during pregnancy
      and this is discussed here. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence supporting the use of out
      of-office monitoring in all aspects of routine clinical care has increased
      substantially in recent years and is reflected in increased utilization by
      patients and clinicians alike. Several areas require further research but it is
      clear that out-of-office monitoring is here to stay and is fast becoming an
      important part of hypertension management in the United Kingdom.

PMID- 27372533
TI  - Heart Disease in Syrian Refugee Children: Experience at Jordan University
      Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since March 2011, an estimated 600,000 Syrian refugees crossed into
      Jordan, of which 52% were children. Demand for health care is overwhelming. The
      burden of heart disease in Syrian refugee children is not known. The aim of this
      study WAS to describe heart disease in Syrian refugee children in terms of
      diagnoses, presentation, outcome, and funding sources for treatment. METHODS:
      From April 1, 2012 to April 30, 2014, data on Syrian refugee children who were
      referred to the Pediatric Cardiology Department at Jordan University Hospital and
      were found to have heart disease was recorded. In this study, we describe
      diagnoses, presentations, complications, and mortality. We discuss therapeutic
      procedures and their funding sources. Patients were followed until July 31, 2014.
      FINDINGS: In all, 119 children, median age 2 years (6 days to 16 years), were
      diagnosed with heart disease. At presentation, 37% had failure to thrive, 13% had
      severe complications, and 32% of cyanotic patients had severe hypoxia with oxygen
      saturation of <70%. Mortality rate was 14% by end of follow up. Of 73 surgical
      procedures recommended, only 28 were funded and performed; others have been
      waiting for a median of 223 days (35-534 days). Funding for procedures came from
      multiple sources; including the United Nations, governmental and nongovernmental
      organizations, and individual donations. CONCLUSION: Heart disease in Syrian
      refugee children constitutes a major problem for both patients and health systems
      of host countries. Late presentation and diagnosis, high rate of complications,
      suboptimal living conditions, lack of funding, shortage of specialized centers
      and personnel, and high mortality rates are among the major challenges facing
      this patient population.

PMID- 27372534
TI  - Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology in India.
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD), are epidemic in
      India. The Registrar General of India reported that CHD led to 17% of total
      deaths and 26% of adult deaths in 2001-2003, which increased to 23% of total and
      32% of adult deaths in 2010-2013. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Global
      Burden of Disease Study also have highlighted increasing trends in years of life
      lost (YLLs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CHD in India. In
      India, studies have reported increasing CHD prevalence over the last 60 years,
      from 1% to 9%-10% in urban populations and <1% to 4%-6% in rural populations.
      Using more stringent criteria (clinical +/- Q waves), the prevalence varies from
      1%-2% in rural populations and 2%-4% in urban populations. This may be a more
      realistic prevalence of CHD in India. Case-control studies have reported that
      important risk factors for CHD in India are dyslipidemias, smoking, diabetes,
      hypertension, abdominal obesity, psychosocial stress, unhealthy diet, and
      physical inactivity. Suitable preventive strategies are required to combat this
      epidemic.

PMID- 27372535
TI  - Efficient regioselective acylation of quercetin using Rhizopus oryzae lipase and
      its potential as antioxidant.
AB  - The present investigation describes the regioselective enzymatic acylation of
      quercetin with ferulic acid using Rhizopus oryzae lipase. Optimization of
      reaction parameters resulted in 93.2% yield of the ester synthesized using 750IU
      of lipase in cyclo-octane at a temperature of 45 degrees C. The reaction was
      successfully carried out upto 25g scale. The ester synthesized was analyzed by
      (1)H Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The ester synthesized (quercetin
      ferulate) showed higher antiradical activity as compared to ascorbic acid using
      the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical method. These results on enzyme
      catalyzed acylation of quercetin might be used to prepare and scale-up other
      flavonoids derivatives. 

PMID- 27372536
TI  - A Computer-Aided Detection System for Digital Chest Radiographs.
AB  - Computer-aided detection systems aim at the automatic detection of diseases using
      different medical imaging modalities. In this paper, a novel approach to
      detecting normality/pathology in digital chest radiographs is proposed. The
      problem tackled is complicated since it is not focused on particular diseases but
      anything that differs from what is considered as normality. First, the areas of
      interest of the chest are found using template matching on the images. Then, a
      texture descriptor called local binary patterns (LBP) is computed for those
      areas. After that, LBP histograms are applied in a classifier algorithm, which
      produces the final normality/pathology decision. Our experimental results show
      the feasibility of the proposal, with success rates above 87% in the best cases.
      Moreover, our technique is able to locate the possible areas of pathology in
      nonnormal radiographs. Strengths and limitations of the proposed approach are
      described in the Conclusions.

PMID- 27372537
TI  - Interobserver variance in diagnostic arthroscopy of the knee : "Wie objektiv sind
      arthroskopische Befunde wirklich?".
AB  - We assessed the interindividual diagnostic variance of 39 experienced
      arthroscopists by the Kappa Cohen interobserver variation analysis using
      videotapes of eight different patients with different diagnoses. Arthroscopically
      normal findings showed a relatively acceptable interobserver correlation.
      Pathological changes, in contrast, often showed very little correlation,
      especially in the synovial membrane of the suprapatellar recess, in the cartilage
      of the femoropatellar groove and the posterior cruciate ligament. In patellar
      alignment there was also great interobserver variation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When
      comparing arthroscopic findings with other imaging techniques the above results
      should be taken into account. Furthermore, these results will affect the
      significance of medical expertise based only on pictures. In addition, medical
      cost billing, which is based on arthroscopic findings, has to take into account
      that a wrong diagnosis is possible and therefore charges will be wrong.

PMID- 27372538
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372539
TI  - Recent Advances in Sarcopenia Research in Asia: 2016 Update From the Asian
      Working Group for Sarcopenia.
AB  - Sarcopenia was recently classified a geriatric syndrome and is a major challenge
      to healthy aging. Affected patients tend to have worse clinical outcomes and
      higher mortality than those without sarcopenia. Although there is general
      agreement on the principal diagnostic characteristics, initial thresholds for
      muscle mass, strength, and physical performance were based on data from
      populations of predominantly Europid ancestry and may not apply worldwide. The
      Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) issued regional consensus guidelines in
      2014, and many more research studies from Asia have since been published; this
      review summarizes recent progress. The prevalence of sarcopenia estimated by the
      AWGS criteria ranges between 4.1% and 11.5% of the general older population;
      however, prevalence rates were higher in Asian studies that used European Working
      Group on Sarcopenia in Older People cut-offs. Risk factors include age, sex,
      heart disease, hyperlipidemia, daily alcohol consumption, and low protein or
      vitamin intake; physical activity is protective. Adjusting skeletal muscle mass
      by weight rather than height is better in showing the effect of older age in
      sarcopenia and identifying sarcopenic obesity; however, some Asian studies found
      no significant skeletal muscle loss, and muscle strength might be a better
      indicator. Although AWGS 2014 diagnostic cut-offs were generally well accepted,
      some may require further revision in light of conflicting evidence from some
      studies. The importance of sarcopenia in diverse therapeutic areas is
      increasingly evident, with strong research interest in sarcopenic obesity and the
      setting of malignancy. Pharmacologic interventions have been unsatisfactory, and
      the core management strategies remain physical exercise and nutritional
      supplementation; however, further research is required to determine the most
      beneficial approaches.

PMID- 27372540
TI  - Spontaneous Bilateral Chylothorax Caused by a Sneeze: An Unusual Entity with Good
      Prognosis.

PMID- 27372541
TI  - Diffuse Idiopathic Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia, Tumorlets and Typical
      Carcinoid Tumors.

PMID- 27372542
TI  - Efficacy of Double Bronchodilation (LABA+LAMA) in Patients with Chronic
      Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Lung Cancer.

PMID- 27372543
TI  - Embedding continuous quality improvement processes in multidisciplinary teams in
      cancer care: exploring the boundaries between quality and implementation science.
AB  - Objective The aim of the present study was to identify key enabling factors for
      engaging multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) in cancer care across the spectrum of
      translational research and quality improvement (QI) projects. Methods The study
      was conducted in two large Sydney metropolitan hospitals. Qualitative methods,
      including structured observations of MDT meetings and semi-structured interviews
      with MDT leaders and champions, were used to identify how teams interact with and
      generate research and implementation initiatives. Enabling factors for and
      barriers to the engagement of MDTs in translational research and QI were
      identified. Results Four key enabling factors emerged from the analysis of data
      generated from observing 43 MDT meetings and 18 semi-structured interviews: (1)
      access to high-quality data around individual and team performance; (2) research
      active team leaders; (3) having experts, such as implementation scientists,
      embedded into teams; and (4) having dedicated research or QI-focused meetings.
      Barriers included a lack of time, administrative support, research expertise and
      access to real-time data. Conclusions The identification of enabling factors for
      and barriers to translational research and QI provides evidence for how
      multidisciplinary cancer care teams may best be engaged in research and QI that
      aims to improve service and care outcomes. What is known about the topic? MDTs
      are key to the delivery of cancer care in Australia, but there is scant research
      into how teams can best be engaged in translating research from basic science
      through to implementation science and QI. What does this paper add? This paper
      provides new evidence from an immersive study of cancer care MDTs in two large
      metropolitan hospitals in Sydney (NSW, Australia), regarding the key enabling
      factors for and barriers to successful engagement in translational research and
      QI in cancer care. What are the implications for practitioners? Cancer care
      professionals in MDTs are presented with an opportunity to embed translational
      research and QI into cancer care. MDTs can operate as an ideal vehicle to look
      beyond individual patient outcomes to broader trends and population health
      outcomes.

PMID- 27372544
TI  - Lichen Nitidus Arising on Vitiligo: A New Variant of the Isotopic Coresponse.

PMID- 27372545
TI  - Systemic Absorption of Topical Tacrolimus in Metastatic Crohn Disease With Skin
      Ulcers.

PMID- 27372546
TI  - Gene-environment interactions in a rat model of depression. Maternal separation
      affects neurotensin in selected brain regions.
AB  - Although the etiology of major psychiatric disorders has not been elucidated,
      accumulating evidence indicates that both genetic and early environmental factors
      play a role. We have previously demonstrated behavioral and neurochemical changes
      both in non-manipulated genetic rat models of depression, such as Flinders
      Sensitive Line (FSL) and Fawn Hooded (FH), and in normal rats following maternal
      separation (MS). The aim of the present study was to extend this work by
      exploring whether neurotensin (NT), a peptide implicated in several psychiatric
      disorders, is altered in a new animal model based on gene - environment
      interactions. More specifically, we used the FSL rats as a genetic model of
      depression and the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) as controls and subjected them
      to MS. Pups randomly assigned to the MS procedure were separated from the dam as
      a litter for 180min daily between postnatal day 2 to 14. On postnatal day 90,
      rats were weighed and sacrificed by a two second high energy focused microwave
      irradiation and several brain regions were obtained by micropuncture. Neurotensin
      like immunoreactivity (NT-LI) was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results
      showed that the FSL rats compared to the FRL rats have higher baseline NT-LI
      concentrations in the temporal cortex and periaqueductal gray and a markedly
      different response to maternal separation. The only observed change following
      maternal separation in the FRL rats was an NT-LI increase in the periaqueductal
      gray. In contrast, in the FSL significant increases were found in the nucleus
      accumbens, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex and a decrease was seen in the
      temporal cortex after MS. The present study revealed baseline regional
      differences in NT-LI concentrations between the FSL and FRL strains and
      demonstrated that early MD differentially affects the two strains. The relevance
      of these alterations for depression as well as possible mechanisms underlying
      this gene-environment interaction are discussed.

PMID- 27372548
TI  - Practical Estimation of Amorphous Solubility Enhancement Using Thermoanalytical
      Data: Determination of the Amorphous/Crystalline Solubility Ratio for Pure
      Indomethacin and Felodipine.
AB  - Use of amorphous phases can mitigate the low in vivo exposures of poorly soluble,
      crystalline active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, it remains challenging to
      accurately predict the solubility enhancement offered even by a pure amorphous
      phase relative to the crystalline form. In this work, a methodology is presented
      that allows estimation of the amorphous:crystalline solubility ratio, alpha,
      using only measured thermodynamic quantities for each of the pure phases. With
      this approach, alpha values of 7.6 and 4.7 were calculated for indomethacin and
      felodipine, respectively, correlating more closely than previous predictions with
      the experimentally measured values of 4.9 and 4.7 reported in the literature.
      There are 3 key benefits to this approach. First, it uses simple mathematical
      functions to more precisely relate the temperature variations in the heat
      capacity (Cp) to allow a more accurate estimation of the configurational energy
      difference between the 2 phases, whereas traditional models typically assume that
      Cp of both phases are constant(s). Second, the Hoffman equation is leveraged in
      translating the free energy of crystal lattice formation to the actual
      temperature of interest (selected to be 25 degrees C/298K in this work), again,
      for better accuracy. Finally, as only 2 modulated differential scanning
      calorimetry scans are required (one for each phase), it is attractive from an
      experimental simplicity standpoint.

PMID- 27372547
TI  - Soy Phosphatidylinositol-Containing Lipid Nanoparticle Prolongs the Plasma
      Survival and Hemostatic Efficacy of B-domain-Deleted Recombinant Canine Factor
      VIII in Hemophilia A Dogs.
AB  - Soy phosphatidylinositol (PI)-containing lipid nanoparticles prolong plasma
      survival, improve hemostatic efficacy, and decrease immunogenicity of human B
      domain-deleted factor VIII (BDD FVIII) in hemophilia A (HA) mice. We hypothesize
      that PI-associated BDD FVIII is more potent than the free protein and, using
      mathematical modeling, have projected that PI-associated BDD FVIII could be used
      for once-weekly prophylactic dosing in patients. To facilitate translation to the
      clinic, comparative plasma survival and ex vivo efficacy of PI-associated
      recombinant canine FVIII (PI-rcFVIII) were evaluated in HA dogs. Two HA dogs were
      administered a 50-U/kg intravenous dose of free or PI-rcFVIII. rcFVIII activity
      measurements and ex vivo efficacy analyses such as whole blood clotting time and
      thromboelastography were conducted on recovered plasma and whole blood samples.
      PI association decreased clearance (~25%) and increased plasma exposure (~1.4
      fold) of rcFVIII. PI-rcFVIII-treated animals had prolonged improvements in whole
      blood clotting time and thromboelastography parameters compared to free rcFVIII
      treated animals. Because rcFVIII is a BDD form of FVIII, these studies provide
      proof of principle that observations with human BDD FVIII in mice translate to
      higher animal species. In addition, PI-rcFVIII has potential applications in
      canine HA management and as a bypass therapy in inhibitor-positive HA patients.

PMID- 27372549
TI  - Evaluation of the Impact of Excipients and an Albendazole Salt on Albendazole
      Concentrations in Upper Small Intestine Using an In Vitro Biorelevant
      Gastrointestinal Transfer (BioGIT) System.
AB  - An in vitro biorelevant gastrointestinal transfer (BioGIT) system was assessed
      for its ability to mimic recently reported albendazole concentrations in human
      upper small intestine after administration of free base suspensions to fasted
      adults in absence and in presence of supersaturation promoting excipients
      (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and lipid self-emulsifying vehicles). The in vitro
      method was also used to evaluate the likely impact of using the sulfate salt on
      albendazole concentrations in upper small intestine. In addition, BioGIT data
      were compared with equilibrium solubility data of the salt and the free base in
      human aspirates and biorelevant media. The BioGIT system adequately simulated the
      average albendazole gastrointestinal transfer process and concentrations in upper
      small intestine after administration of the free base suspensions to fasted
      adults. However, the degree of supersaturation observed in the duodenal
      compartment was greater than in vivo. Albendazole sulfate resulted in minimal
      increase of albendazole concentrations in the duodenal compartment of the BioGIT,
      despite improved equilibrium solubility observed in human aspirates and
      biorelevant media, indicating that the use of a salt is unlikely to lead to any
      significant oral absorption advantage for albendazole.

PMID- 27372550
TI  - Quantitative (13)C Solid-State NMR Spectra by Multiple-Contact Cross-polarization
      for Drug Delivery: From Active Principles to Excipients and Drug Carriers.
AB  - In this contribution, we present an analysis of the main parameters influencing
      the efficiency of the (1)H -> (13)C multiple-contact cross-polarization nuclear
      magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment in the context of solid pharmaceutical
      materials. Using the optimum experimental conditions, quantitative (13)C NMR
      spectra are then obtained for porous metal-organic frameworks (potential drug
      carriers) and for components present in drug formulations (active principle
      ingredient and excipients, amorphous or crystalline). Finally, we show that
      mixtures of components can also be quantified with this method and, hence, that
      it represents an ideal tool for quantification of pharmaceutical formulations by
      (13)C cross-polarization under magic-angle spinning NMR in the industry as it is
      robust and easy to set up, much faster than direct (13)C polarization and is
      efficient for samples at natural abundance.

PMID- 27372551
TI  - Regulatory Considerations of Bioequivalence Studies for Oral Solid Dosage Forms
      in Japan.
AB  - Bioequivalence (BE) studies are used to infer the therapeutic equivalence of
      generic drug products to original drug products throughout the world. In BE
      studies, bioavailability (BA) should be compared between the original and generic
      drug products, with BA defined as the rate and extent of absorption of active
      pharmaceutical ingredients or active metabolites from a product into the systemic
      circulation. For most of BE studies conducted during generic drug development, BA
      comparisons are performed in single-dose studies. In Japan, the revised
      "Guideline for Bioequivalence Studies of Generic Products" was made available in
      2012 by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, and generic drug development
      is currently conducted based on this guideline. Similarly, the U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration and European Medicines Agency have published guidance and
      guideline on generic drug development. This article introduces the guideline on
      Japanese BE studies for oral solid dosage forms and the dissolution tests for the
      similarity and equivalence evaluation between the original and generic drug
      products. Additionally, we discuss some of the similarities and differences in
      guideline between Japan, the United States, and the European Union.

PMID- 27372552
TI  - Interrelationships Between Structure and the Properties of Amorphous Solids of
      Pharmaceutical Interest.
AB  - This commentary explores fundamental issues associated with the structure of
      amorphous solids of pharmaceutical interest in terms of the effects of such
      structure on: various thermodynamic properties; the glass transition temperature,
      Tg, physical aging of glasses, polyamorphism; molecular mobility by primary
      diffusive and secondary Johari-Goldstein relaxations; solid-state
      crystallization; water vapor absorption; and the formation of active
      pharmaceutical ingredients-polymer dispersions. Recognizing that small organic
      molecules, as well as polymers used pharmaceutically, tend to exhibit highly
      "fragile" behavior in the supercooled liquid state, that is, significant
      increases in relaxation time or viscosity with decreasing temperature as Tg is
      approached, particular emphasis has been placed on local and global structural
      factors, that appear to give rise to the nonexponential dependence of the
      structural relaxation time and viscosity associated with spatial and temporal
      heterogeneity, at temperatures below the "crossover temperature," Tx, (1.2-1.4
      Tg), using theoretical random close packing and "jamming" models. Utilizing a "2
      region" structural model of the glassy state, wherein glasses consist of
      clustered domains surrounded by a higher energy and less dense "microstructure,"
      it has been possible to better understand the underlying structural factors that
      give rise to a number of important phenomena which occur in the glassy state.

PMID- 27372553
TI  - Monosodium glutamate is not likely to be genotoxic.
AB  - The International Glutamate Technical Committee (IGTC) wishes to comment on a
      recent publication in the Journal entitled "Genotoxicity of monosodium glutamate"
      (authored by Ataseven N, Yuzbasioglu D, Keskin AC and Unal F) (Ataseven et al.
      2016). In particular, we wish to highlight that, in our considered view, the
      results of this study were inappropriately discussed and that references were
      selectively used. 

PMID- 27372554
TI  - LARS(r) band and tube for extensor mechanism reconstructions in proximal tibial
      modular endoprostheses after bone tumors.
AB  - Wide tumor resections around the proximal tibia (pT) are related to compromised
      function and high complication rates. This retrospective study aims to present
      the technique employed as well as functional and surgical outcomes of patients
      undergoing a Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System (LARS(r)) reconstruction of
      the knee extensor apparatus after tumor resection and modular endoprosthetic
      reconstruction of the proximal tibia. Twenty-five patients who received an
      artificial ligament after pT resection (11 men and 14 women; mean age, 29years;
      range 11 to 75years, with a minimum follow-up of 24months) were analyzed
      regarding the ISOLS failure mode classification. Twenty patients received LARS(r)
      during primary surgery, five patients during a revision of a pT modular
      endoprosthesis. LARS(r) was available as a band or a tube. The mean extension lag
      was nine degrees (range, 0 to 30 degrees ), the mean flexion was 103 degrees 
      (range, 60 to 130 degrees ). The mean extension lag and active flexion in primary
      implanted LARS were 7.8 degrees  and 101 degrees  versus secondarily implanted 45
      degrees  and 115 degrees  (p<0.0001; p=0.15). Eleven out of 14 primary implanted
      LARS(r) band/tubes (71%) did well with extension lag (0 to 10 degrees ). LARS(r)
      usage as a band or as a tube showed similar results. The estimated five-year
      survival of LARS(r) was 92%. The median survival of LARS(r) implanted primarily
      was better than in the case of secondary implantation (p=0.006). Extensor
      mechanism reconstruction by LARS(r) band or tube shows excellent function and
      satisfactory implant survival after primary reconstruction of the extensor
      mechanism after proximal tibia resection. We experienced no LARS(r) rupture for
      only mechanical reasons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV retrospective study.

PMID- 27372555
TI  - Use of a pneumatic tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty increases the risk of
      distal deep vein thrombosis: A prospective, randomized study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been controversy regarding the incidence of deep vein
      thrombosis (DVT) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with or without the use of a
      tourniquet. The aim of this randomized, prospective study was to clarify the
      effects of tourniquet use on DVT in TKA. METHODS: The subjects were 109 patients
      scheduled to undergo TKA from April 2008 to March 2009 before the establishment
      of the American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) practice guidelines.
      They were randomized into two groups: 51 patients in the tourniquet group (group
      T) and 52 patients in the control group without a tourniquet (group C). We
      investigated the thrombotic presence using ultrasonography one week after surgery
      and compared both groups. RESULTS: There was no difference in the rate of
      proximal DVTs (P=0.63). However, the risk of distal DVT was significantly higher
      in group T than in group C (52.9% vs. 23.1%; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Use of the
      tourniquet in TKA increased the risk of distal DVT.

PMID- 27372556
TI  - A prospective randomized trial evaluating two different tensioning techniques for
      medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the literature, graft tension was mostly assessed under direct
      arthroscopy vision for a MPFL reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to
      prospectively assess the outcomes of MPFL reconstruction with graft tension of
      self-balance technique in comparison with arthroscopy-view technique. METHODS:
      Sixty patients with recurrent patellar dislocation were randomly divided into two
      groups to undergo MPFL reconstruction with graft tension either by the self
      balance technique (SB group) or the arthroscopy-view technique (AV group). At a
      minimum of 24months of follow up, patellar stability was evaluated with the
      apprehension test. Patellofemoral morphology was measured on an axial CT scan and
      knee function was evaluated using the Kujala and Lysholm scores. RESULTS: Twenty
      three patients in the SB group and 25 patients in the AV group were followed for
      a minimum of 24months. No recurrent dislocation or subluxation was reported.
      Apprehension signs remained in two patients in the SB group and in one patient in
      the AV group. The postoperative Kujala score for the SB group and AV group were
      91.4+/-5.1 and 90.3+/-5.5, respectively, and the Lysholm score was 90.1+/-6.4 and
      88.4+/-6.3, respectively, with no significant differences. On CT images,
      congruence angle, patellar tilt angle and lateral patellar angle were restored to
      the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: At a minimum of 24months of follow-up, graft
      tensioning using the self-balance technique yielded similar patellar stability
      and knee function compared with the arthroscopy-view procedure in the MPFL
      reconstruction. The self-balance technique as a simple procedure is recommended
      as a good alternative method for graft tensioning in the MPFL reconstruction.

PMID- 27372557
TI  - Correlation between radio-induced lymphocyte apoptosis measurements obtained from
      two French centres.
AB  - PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH: In the era of modern treatment delivery, increasing the
      dose delivered to the target to improve local control might be modulated by the
      patient's intrinsic radio-sensitivity. A predictive assay based on radio-induced
      lymphocyte apoptosis quantification highlighted the significant correlation
      between CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte apoptosis and grade 2 or 3 radiation-induced
      late toxicities. By conducting this assay at several technical platforms, the aim
      of this study was to demonstrate that radio-induced lymphocyte apoptosis values
      obtained from two different platforms were comparable. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For
      25 patients included in the PARATOXOR trial running in Dijon the radio-induced
      lymphocyte apoptosis results obtained from the laboratory of Montpellier (IRCM,
      Inserm U1194, France), considered as the reference (referred to as Lab 1), were
      compared with those from the laboratory located at the Institut de cancerologie
      de Lorraine (ICL, France), referred to as Lab 2. Different statistical methods
      were used to measure the agreement between the radio-induced lymphocyte apoptosis
      data from the two laboratories (quantitative data). The Bland-Altman plot was
      used to identify potential bias. RESULTS: All statistical tests demonstrated good
      agreement between radio-induced lymphocyte apoptosis values obtained from both
      sites and no major bias was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Since radio-induced
      lymphocyte apoptosis values, which predict tolerance to radiotherapy, could be
      assessed by two laboratories and showed a high level of robustness and
      consistency, we can suggest that this assay be extended to any laboratories that
      use the same technique.

PMID- 27372558
TI  - Analysis of rare periparotid recurrence after parotid gland-sparing intensity
      modulated radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Periparotid recurrence is an uncommon phenomenon after intensity
      modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This study aimed to
      discuss the clinical characteristics, reasonable causes and feasible therapeutic
      modalities of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and periparotid recurrence.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 1852 patients with non-metastatic
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with initial IMRT between January 2008 and
      December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed, and nine patients were finally found
      to have developed periparotid recurrence after IMRT. After periparotid failure,
      four received radiotherapy and chemotherapy, two had surgery, two had surgery and
      adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and one received radiotherapy alone.
      RESULT: The incidence rate of periparotid recurrence was 4.90/00. According to
      pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, all patients had both
      ipsilateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes metastasis with 66.7% of extracapsular
      spread and level II lymphadenopathy with all extracapsular spread. The median
      time interval to periparotid failure was 14.8 months, and six patients were found
      to have a relapse in the primary sites of unsuspicious parotid nodules. After a
      median follow-up of 46.4 months, five patients developed distant metastasis,
      three of them developed local failure. In addition, one developed regional
      failure, one developed locoregional recurrence, and only one was alive without
      evidence of disease at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: Periparotid recurrences
      are rare after definitive IMRT for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, patients
      with ipsilateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes or level II nodal extracapsular
      spread on pretreatment MRI could be suspicious of metastatic periparotid nodules.
      Distant metastases were the main treatment failure despite a combination of
      several salvage treatment of periparotid recurrence. More effective chemotherapy
      should be explored.

PMID- 27372559
TI  - Retention of Ultrasound Skills and Training in "Point-of-Care" Cardiac
      Ultrasound.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the growth of point-of-care ultrasound has resulted in a
      proliferation of teaching programs, few data exist on the maintenance of
      proficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the retention of cardiac
      ultrasound skills and training in physicians up to 7 years after a formal focused
      curriculum in residency. METHODS: Thirty internal medicine physicians, deemed
      proficient at graduation and having passed a practical examination that confirms
      imaging skills and knowledge base when a score of >=80% correct is attained, were
      retested. Twenty graduates (the NOPREP group) did not study any relevant
      material, and 10 graduates (the PREP group) were encouraged to study online
      videos. Scores were categorized by length of time (1-7 years) from graduates'
      last performance of ultrasound. RESULTS: The mean original test score of the
      physicians was 90 +/- 6%. With retesting NOPREP (n = 20), seven physicians were
      within 1 year of their last use, and five (71%) repassed the examination, scoring
      80 +/- 15%. Among the remaining 13 NOPREP physicians who had >1 year of nonuse,
      none repassed, scoring 58 +/- 17%. In retesting PREP (n = 10), one physician was
      within 1 year of last use and repassed, scoring 95%. Among the remaining nine
      PREP physicians with >1 year since last use, three (33%) repassed (P = .05),
      scoring 72 +/- 21%. Diagnostic knowledge was significantly higher when good
      quality images were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Learned skills in cardiac ultrasound
      diminish notably within 2 years of nonuse.

PMID- 27372560
TI  - Early Hemodynamic Improvement after Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair Evaluated by
      Noninvasive Pressure-Volume Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mitral regurgitation represents a volume load on the left ventricle
      leading to congestion and symptoms of heart failure. The aim of this study was to
      characterize early hemodynamic adaptions after percutaneous mitral valve (MV)
      repair. METHODS: Forty-six consecutive patients with symptomatic high-grade MV
      insufficiency (mean age, 72 years; 54% men) were prospectively included in the
      study and examined before and after successful catheter-based clip implantation.
      Seventy percent of patients had secondary mitral regurgitation. Noninvasive
      pressure-volume loops were reconstructed from echocardiography with simultaneous
      blood pressure measurements. RESULTS: MV repair reduced left ventricular end
      diastolic volume index from 87 +/- 41 to 80 +/- 40 mL/m(2) (P < .0001). End
      systolic volume index was 55 +/- 37 mL/m(2) before versus 54 +/- 37 mL/m(2) after
      repair (P = .52). Hence, total stroke volume decreased from 60 +/- 23 to 49 +/-
      16 mL (P < .0001), as did total ejection fraction (from 41 +/- 14% to 37 +/- 13%,
      P = .002) and global longitudinal strain (from -11 +/- 4.9% to -9.1 +/- 4.4%, P =
      .0001). Forward stroke volume, forward ejection fraction, and forward cardiac
      output remained constant (43 +/- 12 mL vs 42 +/- 11 mL, 33 +/- 17% vs 35 +/- 18%,
      and 3.2 +/- 0.9 L/min vs 3.4 +/- 0.8 L/min, respectively). Parameters of left
      ventricular contractility (end-systolic elastance and peak power index) and
      measurements of afterload (arterial elastance, end-systolic wall stress, and
      total peripheral resistance) were similar before and after MV repair. Forward
      ejection fraction correlated more strongly with end-systolic elastance (r = 0.61,
      P < .0001) than did total ejection fraction (r = 0.35, P = .0007) or global
      longitudinal strain (r = -0.38, P = .0002). Total mechanical energy (pressure
      volume area) decreased from 10,903 +/- 4,410 to 9,124 +/- 2,968 mm Hg * mL (P =
      .0007) because of reduced stroke work (5,546 +/- 2,241 mm Hg * mL vs 4,414 +/-
      1,412 mm Hg * mL, P < .0001). At 3 months, symptom status had improved (76% of
      patients in New York Heart Association classes I and II), and 97% of patients had
      mitral regurgitation grade <=2+. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular contractility and
      forward cardiac output remained unchanged after percutaneous MV repair despite
      decreases in total ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain. The left
      ventricle was unloaded through reduced end-diastolic volume. Thus, MV repair is
      associated with an improved hemodynamic state in noninvasive pressure-volume
      analysis.

PMID- 27372561
TI  - Do sex and age affect strategic behavior and inequity aversion in children?
AB  - The ultimatum game is commonly used to explore fairness in adults in bargaining
      situations. Although the changes in responses that occur during development have
      been investigated in children, the results have been mixed. Whereas some studies
      show that proposers offer more when they grow older, others indicate the
      opposite. Moreover, these studies are outcome-based and leave intentions out of
      the scene, although intentions play a relevant role in daily life. The mini
      ultimatum game offers the opportunity to test both outcomes and intentions, but
      one major obstacle for accurately pinpointing developmental transitions in
      strategic behavior and inequity aversion so far has been the multiple confounds
      that have plagued previous studies, including different methods, small sample
      sizes, and reduced age differences. We administered an anonymous direct-method
      one-shot mini-ultimatum game to 478 6- and 10-year-old children. Strategic
      behavior was present at 10 years of age; older participants matched more
      accurately what responders would accept than younger participants. However, this
      was true only for older girls. No sex differences were detected in younger
      children. No age group seemed to consider the proposer's intentions given that
      the rejections of the default option were not significant across conditions. Both
      disadvantageous and advantageous inequity aversions were present in 6-year-olds.
      However, older children exhibited significantly more disadvantageous inequity
      aversion than younger children. This contrast made the pattern of rejection of 6
      year-olds look more similar to the pattern of rejection found in adults. No sex
      differences were found in responders' behavior.

PMID- 27372562
TI  - Clinicopathologic Features of Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Translocation renal cell carcinomas (TFE3 RCC) are associated with
      variable genetic rearrangements of the TFE3 gene on chromosome Xp11.2.
      Translocation tumors represent 1% to 5% of all cases of RCC, with the greatest
      frequency among children and young adults. We sought to characterize the
      clinicopathologic features of translocation RCC at a Middle Eastern institution.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical and pathologic data from a single institution
      were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 14 patients with translocation RCC had
      been diagnosed from 2005 to 2014. The outcome measures included patient
      characteristics, clinical manifestations, pathologic features, treatment
      outcomes, cancer-specific survival, and progression-free survival. RESULTS: The
      mean age at diagnosis was 35 years. Of the 14 patients, 5 were female.
      Translocation RCC was an incidental diagnosis for all but 2 of the 14 patients.
      The mean tumor size was 9 cm; 1 patient had bilateral tumors, and 3 presented
      with positive lymph nodes. Three patients underwent partial nephrectomy. Three
      patients had developed metastasis at 4 months, 5 months, and 3 years after
      diagnosis. One patent had died 4 months after surgery and one had died 21 months
      after surgery (both of metastases). The disease-free survival rate was 71% at a
      mean follow-up of 31 months. CONCLUSION: Translocation RCC is a rare and
      potentially aggressive subtype of kidney cancer. An overall survival of > 3 years
      has been noted, unless metastasis is present at diagnosis.

PMID- 27372563
TI  - Anti-hIgE gene therapy of peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a humanized murine model
      of peanut allergy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peanuts are the most common food to provoke fatal or near-fatal
      anaphylactic reactions. Treatment with an anti-hIgE mAb is efficacious but
      requires frequent parenteral administration. OBJECTIVE: Based on the knowledge
      that peanut allergy is mediated by peanut-specific IgE, we hypothesized that a
      single administration of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene transfer vector
      encoding for anti-hIgE would protect against repeated peanut exposure in the host
      with peanut allergy. METHODS: We developed a novel humanized murine model of
      peanut allergy that recapitulates the human anaphylactic response to peanuts in
      NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull mice transferred with blood mononuclear cells from donors
      with peanut allergy and then sensitized with peanut extract. As therapy, we
      constructed an adeno-associated rh.10 serotype vector coding for a full-length,
      high-affinity, anti-hIgE antibody derived from the Fab fragment of the anti-hIgE
      mAb omalizumab (AAVrh.10anti-hIgE). In the reconstituted mice peanut-specific IgE
      was induced by peanut sensitization and hypersensitivity, and reactions were
      provoked by feeding peanuts to mice with symptoms similar to those of human
      subjects with peanut allergy. RESULTS: A single administration of AAVrh.10anti
      hIgE vector expressed persistent levels of anti-hIgE. The anti-hIgE vector,
      administered either before sensitization or after peanut sensitization and
      manifestation of the peanut-induced phenotype, blocked IgE-mediated alterations
      in peanut-induced histamine release, anaphylaxis scores, locomotor activity, and
      free IgE levels and protected animals from death caused by anaphylaxis.
      CONCLUSION: If this degree of persistent efficacy translates to human subjects,
      AAVrh.10anti-hIgE could be an effective 1-time preventative therapy for peanut
      allergy and possibly other severe, IgE-mediated allergies.

PMID- 27372564
TI  - Identification of a subset of human natural killer cells expressing high levels
      of programmed death 1: A phenotypic and functional characterization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is an immunologic checkpoint that limits
      immune responses by delivering potent inhibitory signals to T cells on
      interaction with specific ligands expressed on tumor/virus-infected cells, thus
      contributing to immune escape mechanisms. Therapeutic PD-1 blockade has been
      shown to mediate tumor eradication with impressive clinical results. Little is
      known about the expression/function of PD-1 on human natural killer (NK) cells.
      OBJECTIVE: We sought to clarify whether human NK cells can express PD-1 and
      analyze their phenotypic/functional features. METHODS: We performed
      multiparametric cytofluorimetric analysis of PD-1+ NK cells and their functional
      characterization using degranulation, cytokine production, and proliferation
      assays. RESULTS: We provide unequivocal evidence that PD-1 is highly expressed
      (PD-1bright) on an NK cell subset detectable in the peripheral blood of
      approximately one fourth of healthy subjects. These donors are always
      serologically positive for human cytomegalovirus. PD-1 is expressed by CD56dim
      but not CD56bright NK cells and is confined to fully mature NK cells
      characterized by the NKG2A-KIR+CD57+ phenotype. Proportions of PD-1bright NK
      cells were higher in the ascites of a cohort of patients with ovarian carcinoma,
      suggesting their possible induction/expansion in tumor environments. Functional
      analysis revealed a reduced proliferative capability in response to cytokines,
      low degranulation, and impaired cytokine production on interaction with tumor
      targets. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified and characterized a novel subpopulation
      of human NK cells expressing high levels of PD-1. These cells have the phenotypic
      characteristics of fully mature NK cells and are increased in patients with
      ovarian carcinoma. They display low proliferative responses and impaired
      antitumor activity that can be partially restored by antibody-mediated disruption
      of PD-1/programmed death ligand interaction.

PMID- 27372565
TI  - Opposing functions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin-responsive basophils and
      dendritic cells in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis.

PMID- 27372566
TI  - CD23 surface density on B cells is associated with IgE levels and determines IgE
      facilitated allergen uptake, as well as activation of allergen-specific T cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that the low-affinity receptor for IgE,
      CD23, plays an important role in controlling the activity of allergen-specific T
      cells through IgE-facilitated allergen presentation. OBJECTIVE: We sought to
      determine the number of CD23 molecules on immune cells in allergic patients and
      to investigate whether the number of CD23 molecules on antigen-presenting cells
      is associated with IgE levels and influences allergen uptake and allergen
      specific T-cell activation. METHODS: Numbers of CD23 molecules on immune cells of
      allergic patients were quantified by using flow cytometry with QuantiBRITE beads
      and compared with total and allergen-specific IgE levels, as well as with
      allergen-induced immediate skin reactivity. Allergen uptake and allergen-specific
      T-cell activation in relation to CD23 surface density were determined by using
      flow cytometry in combination with confocal microscopy and T cells transfected
      with the T-cell receptor specific for the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1,
      respectively. Defined IgE-allergen immune complexes were formed with human
      monoclonal allergen-specific IgE and Bet v 1. RESULTS: In allergic patients the
      vast majority of CD23 molecules were expressed on naive IgD+ B cells. The density
      of CD23 molecules on B cells but not the number of CD23+ cells correlated with
      total IgE levels (RS = 0.53, P = .03) and allergen-induced skin reactions (RS =
      0.63, P = .008). Uptake of allergen-IgE complexes into B cells and activation of
      allergen-specific T cells depended on IgE binding to CD23 and were associated
      with CD23 surface density. Addition of monoclonal IgE to cultured PBMCs
      significantly (P = .04) increased CD23 expression on B cells. CONCLUSION: CD23
      surface density on B cells of allergic patients is correlated with allergen
      specific IgE levels and determines allergen uptake and subsequent activation of T
      cells.

PMID- 27372567
TI  - Traffic-related air pollution exposure is associated with allergic sensitization,
      asthma, and poor lung function in middle age.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure is associated with
      allergic airway diseases and reduced lung function in children, but evidence
      concerning adults, especially in low-pollution settings, is scarce and
      inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether exposure to TRAP in
      middle age is associated with allergic sensitization, current asthma, and reduced
      lung function in adults, and whether these associations are modified by variants
      in Glutathione S-Transferase genes. METHODS: The study sample comprised the
      proband 2002 laboratory study of the Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study. Mean
      annual residential nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure was estimated for current
      residential addresses using a validated land-use regression model. Associations
      between TRAP exposure and allergic sensitization, lung function, current wheeze,
      and asthma (n = 1405) were investigated using regression models. RESULTS:
      Increased mean annual NO2 exposure was associated with increased risk of atopy
      (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.28 per 1 interquartile range
      increase in NO2 [2.2 ppb]) and current wheeze (aOR, 1.14; 1.02-1.28). Similarly,
      living less than 200 m from a major road was associated with current wheeze (aOR,
      1.38; 95% CI, 1.06-1.80) and atopy (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.99-1.62), and was also
      associated with having significantly lower prebronchodilator and
      postbronchodilator FEV1 and prebronchodilator forced expiratory flow at 25% to
      75% of forced vital capacity. We found evidence of interactions between living
      less than 200 m from a major road and GSTT1 polymorphism for atopy, asthma, and
      atopic asthma. Overall, carriers of the GSTT1 null genotype had an increased risk
      of asthma and allergic outcomes if exposed to TRAP. CONCLUSIONS: Even relatively
      low TRAP exposures confer an increased risk of adverse respiratory and allergic
      outcomes in genetically susceptible individuals.

PMID- 27372568
TI  - Predominant Api m 10 sensitization as risk factor for treatment failure in honey
      bee venom immunotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Component resolution recently identified distinct sensitization
      profiles in honey bee venom (HBV) allergy, some of which were dominated by
      specific IgE to Api m 3 and/or Api m 10, which have been reported to be
      underrepresented in therapeutic HBV preparations. OBJECTIVE: We performed a
      retrospective analysis of component-resolved sensitization profiles in HBV
      allergic patients and association with treatment outcome. METHODS: HBV-allergic
      patients who had undergone controlled honey bee sting challenge after at least 6
      months of HBV immunotherapy (n = 115) were included and classified as responder
      (n = 79) or treatment failure (n = 36) on the basis of absence or presence of
      systemic allergic reactions upon sting challenge. IgE reactivity to a panel of
      HBV allergens was analyzed in sera obtained before immunotherapy and before sting
      challenge. RESULTS: No differences were observed between responders and
      nonresponders regarding levels of IgE sensitization to Api m 1, Api m 2, Api m 3,
      and Api m 5. In contrast, Api m 10 specific IgE was moderately but significantly
      increased in nonresponders. Predominant Api m 10 sensitization (>50% of specific
      IgE to HBV) was the best discriminator (specificity, 95%; sensitivity, 25%) with
      an odds ratio of 8.444 (2.127-33.53; P = .0013) for treatment failure. Some but
      not all therapeutic HBV preparations displayed a lack of Api m 10, whereas Api m
      1 and Api m 3 immunoreactivity was comparable to that of crude HBV. In line with
      this, significant Api m 10 sIgG4 induction was observed only in those patients
      who were treated with HBV in which Api m 10 was detectable. CONCLUSIONS:
      Component-resolved sensitization profiles in HBV allergy suggest predominant IgE
      sensitization to Api m 10 as a risk factor for treatment failure in HBV
      immunotherapy.

PMID- 27372569
TI  - Do we really need asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome?
AB  - The association of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the
      same patient, which is designated as mixed asthma-COPD phenotype or overlap
      syndrome (ACOS), remains a controversial issue. This is primarily because many
      conflicting aspects in the definition of ACOS remain, and it is extremely
      difficult to summarize the distinctive features of this syndrome. Furthermore, we
      are realizing that asthma, COPD, and ACOS are not single diseases but rather
      syndromes consisting of several endotypes and phenotypes and, consequently,
      comprising a spectrum of diseases. The umbrella term ACOS blurs the lines between
      asthma and COPD and allows an approach that simplifies therapy. However, this
      approach contradicts the modern concept according to which we must move toward
      more targeted and personalized therapies to treat patients with these diseases.
      Therefore we argue that the term ACOS must be abandoned and ultimately replaced
      when new phenotypes and underlying endotypes are identified and a new taxonomy of
      airway diseases is generated.

PMID- 27372571
TI  - Facile synthesis of a ratiometric oxygen nanosensor for cellular imaging.
AB  - A new type of cell-penetrating ratiometric fluorescence oxygen sensing
      nanoparticle was prepared through a facile co-precipitation method. Amphiphilic
      polymer poly (styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) was firstly cooperated with
      polystyrene (PS) to envelop the highly photostable phosphorescent oxygen
      indicator, platinum(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtTFPP, emission at
      648nm), and the reference fluorophore, poly(9, 9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO, emission
      at 440nm ), via hydrophobic interaction in aqueous solution. To improve the
      sensor biocompatibility, the biomacromolecule poly-l-lysine (PLL) was selected to
      act as a shell via electrostatic forces. The as-prepared PtTFPP doped core-shell
      nanoparticles (called PPMA/PLL NPs) exhibited an excellent ratiometric
      luminescence response to O2 content with high quenching efficiency and full
      reversibility in the oxygen sensing. More importantly, these oxygen nanosensors
      passed across the cell membrane after co-incubation without external force.
      Labeled cells exhibited high brightness in the matching blue and red channels of
      a digital camera. And most nanosensors were found locating in cytoplasm rather
      than being trapped in endosomes. 

PMID- 27372570
TI  - IL-33 promotes food anaphylaxis in epicutaneously sensitized mice by targeting
      mast cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cutaneous exposure to food allergens predisposes to food allergy,
      which is commonly associated with atopic dermatitis (AD). Levels of the
      epithelial cytokine IL-33 are increased in skin lesions and serum of patients
      with AD. Mast cells (MCs) play a critical role in food-induced anaphylaxis and
      express the IL-33 receptor ST2. The role of IL-33 in patients with MC-dependent
      food anaphylaxis is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the role and
      mechanism of action of IL-33 in patients with food-induced anaphylaxis in a model
      of IgE-dependent food anaphylaxis elicited by oral challenge of epicutaneously
      sensitized mice. METHODS: Wild-type, ST2-deficient, and MC-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh
      mice were epicutaneously sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and then challenged
      orally with OVA. Body temperature was measured by means of telemetry, Il33 mRNA
      by means of quantitative PCR, and IL-33, OVA-specific IgE, and mouse mast cell
      protease 1 by means of ELISA. Bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC) degranulation
      was assessed by using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Il33 mRNA expression was
      upregulated in tape-stripped mouse skin and scratched human skin. Tape stripping
      caused local and systemic IL-33 release in mice. ST2 deficiency, as well as ST2
      blockade before oral challenge, significantly reduced the severity of oral
      anaphylaxis without affecting the systemic TH2 response to the allergen. Oral
      anaphylaxis was abrogated in KitW-sh/W-sh mice and restored by means of
      reconstitution with wild-type but not ST2-deficient BMMCs. IL-33 significantly
      enhanced IgE-mediated degranulation of BMMCs in vitro. CONCLUSION: IL-33 is
      released after mechanical skin injury, enhances IgE-mediated MC degranulation,
      and promotes oral anaphylaxis after epicutaneous sensitization by targeting MCs.
      IL-33 neutralization might be useful in treating food-induced anaphylaxis in
      patients with AD.

PMID- 27372572
TI  - Biomimetic nanochannels based biosensor for ultrasensitive and label-free
      detection of nucleic acids.
AB  - A very simple sensing device based on biomimetic nanochannels has been developed
      for label-free, ultrasensitive and highly sequence-specific detection of DNA.
      Probe DNA was modified on the inner wall of the nanochannel surface by layer-by
      layer (LBL) assembly. After probe DNA immobilization, DNA detection was realized
      by monitoring the rectified ion current when hybridization occurred. Due to three
      dimensional (3D) nanoscale environment of the nanochannel, this special geometry
      dramatically increased the surface area of the nanochannel for immobilization of
      probe molecules on the inner-surface and enlarged contact area between probes and
      target-molecules. Thus, the unique sensor reached a reliable detection limit of
      10 fM for target DNA. In addition, this DNA sensor could discriminate
      complementary DNA (c-DNA) from non-complementary DNA (nc-DNA), two-base
      mismatched DNA (2bm-DNA) and one-base mismatched DNA (1bm-DNA) with high
      specificity. Moreover, the nanochannel-based biosensor was also able to detect
      target DNA even in an interfering environment and serum samples. This approach
      will provide a novel biosensing platform for detection and discrimination of
      disease-related molecular targets and unknown sequence DNA. 

PMID- 27372573
TI  - Simultaneous and multiplexed detection of exosome microRNAs using molecular
      beacons.
AB  - Simultaneous and multiplexed detection of microRNAs (miRNAs) in a whole exosome
      is developed, which can be utilized as a PCR-free efficient diagnosis method for
      various diseases. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that contain
      biomarker miRNAs from parental cells. Because they circulate throughout bodily
      fluids, exosomal biomarkers offer great advantages for diagnosis in many aspects.
      In general, PCR-based methods can be used for exosomal miRNA detection but they
      are laborious, expensive, and time-consuming, which make them unsuitable for high
      throughput diagnosis of diseases. Previously, we reported that single miRNA in
      the exosomes can be detected specifically using an oligonucleotide probe or
      molecular beacon. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that multiple miRNAs
      can be detected simultaneously in exosomes using miRNA-targeting molecular
      beacons. Exosomes from a breast cancer cell line, MCF-7, were used for the
      production of exosomes because MCF-7 has a high level of miR-21, miR-375, and miR
      27a as target miRNAs. Molecular beacons successfully hybridized with multiple
      miRNAs in the cancer cell-derived exosomes even in the presence of high human
      serum concentration. In addition, it is noteworthy that the choice of
      fluorophores for multiplexing biomarkers in an exosome is crucial because of its
      small size. The proposed method described in this article is beneficial to high
      throughput analysis for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment
      because it is a time-, labor-, and cost-saving technique. 

PMID- 27372574
TI  - Peptidic beta-sheet binding with Congo Red allows both reduction of error
      variance and signal amplification for immunoassays.
AB  - Although conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and related
      assays have been widely applied for the diagnosis of diseases, many of them
      suffer from large error variance for monitoring the concentration of targets over
      time, and insufficient limit of detection (LOD) for assaying dilute targets. We
      herein report a readout mode of ELISA based on the binding between peptidic beta
      sheet structure and Congo Red. The formation of peptidic beta-sheet structure is
      triggered by alkaline phosphatase (ALP). For the detection of P-Selectin which is
      a crucial indicator for evaluating thrombus diseases in clinic, the 'beta-sheet
      and Congo Red' mode significantly decreases both the error variance and the LOD
      (from 9.7ng/ml to 1.1 ng/ml) of detection, compared with commercial ELISA (an
      existing gold-standard method for detecting P-Selectin in clinic). Considering
      the wide range of ALP-based antibodies for immunoassays, such novel method could
      be applicable to the analysis of many types of targets. 

PMID- 27372575
TI  - Chondrosarcoma of the small toe in an adult with Down syndrome.

PMID- 27372576
TI  - The tax-free year in Iceland: A natural experiment to explore the impact of a
      short-term increase in labor supply on the risk of heart attacks.
AB  - Evidence is mixed on whether society-wide economic conditions affect
      cardiovascular health and the reasons for the suggested relationship are largely
      untested. We explore whether a short-term increase in labor supply affects the
      probability of acute myocardial infarctions, using a natural experiment in
      Iceland. In 1987 personal income taxes were temporarily reduced to zero,
      resulting in an overall increase in labor supply. We merge and analyze individual
      level, registry-based data on earnings and AMIs including all Icelandic men and
      women aged 45-74 during the period 1982-1992. The results support the prominent
      hypothesis of increased work as a mechanism explaining worsening heart health in
      upswings, for men aged 45-64 who were self-employed. We furthermore find a larger
      increase in probability of AMIs during the tax-free year in men aged 45-54 than
      men aged 55-64.

PMID- 27372577
TI  - The anticipatory effects of Medicare Part D on drug utilization.
AB  - While health care policies are frequently signed into law well before they are
      implemented, such lags are ignored in most empirical work. This paper
      demonstrates the importance of implementation lags in the context of Medicare
      Part D, the prescription drug benefit that took effect two years after it was
      signed into law. Exploiting the differential responses of chronic and acute drugs
      to anticipated future prices, I show that individuals reduced drug utilization
      for chronic but not acute drugs in anticipation of Part D's implementation.
      Accounting for this anticipatory response substantially reduces the estimated
      total treatment effect of Part D.

PMID- 27372578
TI  - Integration of genomic and proteomic data to identify candidate genes in HT-29
      cells after incubation with Bifidobacterium bifidum ATCC 29521.
AB  - As the predominant group inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract,
      bifidobacteria play a vital role in human nutrition, therapeutics, and health by
      shaping and maintaining the gut ecosystem, reducing blood cholesterol, and
      promoting the supply of nutrients. The interaction between bacterial cells and
      human intestinal epithelial cell lines has been studied for decades in an attempt
      to understand the mechanisms of action. These studies, however, have been limited
      by lack of genomic and proteomic database to aid in achieving comprehensive
      understanding of these mechanisms at molecular levels. Microarray data (GSE:
      74119) coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)
      were performed to detect differentially expressed genes and proteins in HT-29
      cells after incubation with Bifidobacterium bifidum. Real-time quantitative PCR,
      gene ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were further
      conducted for mRNA validation, functional annotation, and pathway identification,
      respectively. According to the results of microarray, 1,717 differentially
      expressed genes, including 1,693 upregulated and 24 downregulated genes, were
      selected and classified by the gene ontology database. The iTRAQ analysis
      identified 43 differentially expressed proteins, where 29 proteins were
      upregulated and 14 proteins were downregulated. Eighty-two candidate genes
      showing consistent differences with microarray and iTRAQ were further validated
      in HT-29 and Caco-2 cells by real-time quantitative PCR. Nine of the top genes
      showing interesting results with high confidence were further investigated in
      vivo in mice intestine samples. Integration of genomic and proteomic data
      provides an approach to identify candidate genes that are more likely to function
      in ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, positive regulation of apoptosis, membrane
      proteins, and transferase catalysis. These findings might contribute to our
      understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating the interaction between
      probiotics and intestinal epithelial cell lines. 

PMID- 27372579
TI  - Characterization and adsorption of Lactobacillus virulent phage P1.
AB  - Bacteriophage infection of lactic acid bacteria is considered an important
      problem worldwide in the food fermentation industry, as it may produce low
      quality or unsafe foods, cause fermentation failure, and result in economic
      losses. To increase current knowledge on the properties of Lactobacillus virulent
      phages, we evaluated the effect of divalent cations, temperature, pH, and
      chloramphenicol on the adsorption ability of Lactobacillus virulent phage P1.
      Phage P1 was isolated from the abnormal fermentation liquid of Lactobacillus
      plantarum IMAU10120. The results showed that this phage belonged to the
      Siphoviridae family. The latent period of this phage was 45min, and the burst
      time was 90min. Burst size was 132.88+/-2.37 phage counts expressed per
      milliliter per infective center. This phage showed good tolerance at different
      temperatures, but incubation at 50 degrees C only affected its adsorption.
      Adsorption rate reached a maximum value between 30 and 42 degrees C. A high
      adsorption value of phage infectivity was obtained from pH 6 to 8. Moreover,
      calcium ions promoted and increased the adsorption capacity of phage P1, but
      magnesium ions had negative effects. Chloramphenicol had no effect on phage
      adsorption. This study increased current knowledge on the characterization and
      biological aspects of Lactobacillus virulent phages, and may provide some basic
      information that can be used to design successful antiphage strategies in the
      food industry. 

PMID- 27372580
TI  - Use of on-farm data to guide treatment and control mastitis caused by
      Streptococcus uberis.
AB  - Treatment of mastitis is the most common reason for use of antimicrobial agents
      in dairy cattle. The responsible use of antimicrobials could be strengthened by
      knowledge of predictors for cure, which would help to tailor treatment decisions.
      Ideally, to allow for widespread uptake, this would be achieved using data that
      are routinely available. To assess whether this is feasible in practice, farmers
      were invited to submit milk samples from mastitis cases to their veterinary
      practice for bacteriological culture. Among 624 culture-positive samples, 251
      were positive for Streptococcus uberis. Using cow-level data, cases were
      classified as severe, first nonsevere, repeat, or subclinical. Additional data
      were collected at the cow level [somatic cell count (SCC), parity, lactation
      stage, milk yield, fat and protein contents, treatment] and at the herd level
      (housing, bedding, premilking teat disinfection, postmilking teat disinfection).
      Severe cases were overrepresented among heifers and animals in early lactation,
      and repeat cases were overrepresented in cows with 3 or more lactations. The
      probability of cure was higher among first- and second-parity animals than among
      older cows, and was higher in animals with a single elevated cow-level SCC than
      in animals with multiple high SCC records. Results obtained in the current study
      are similar to those previously described for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis.
      Thus, routinely available cow-level information can help to predict the outcome
      of antimicrobial treatment of the most common causes of gram-positive mastitis. 

PMID- 27372581
TI  - Genetic parameters for dry matter intake in primiparous Holstein, Nordic Red, and
      Jersey cows in the first half of lactation.
AB  - Dry matter intake (DMI) is a key component of feed efficiency in dairy cattle. In
      this study, we estimated genetic parameters of DMI over the first 24 lactation
      weeks in 3 dairy cattle breeds: Holstein, Nordic Red, and Jersey. In total, 1,656
      primiparous cows (717 Holstein, 663 Nordic Red, and 276 Jersey) from Denmark,
      Finland, and Sweden were studied. For each breed, variance components,
      heritability, and repeatability for weekly DMI were estimated in 6 consecutive
      periods of the first 24 lactation weeks based on a repeatability animal model.
      Genetic correlations for DMI between different lactation periods were estimated
      using bivariate models. Based on our results, Holstein and Nordic Red cows had
      similar DMI at the beginning of lactation, but later in lactation Holstein cows
      had a slightly higher DMI than Nordic Red cows. In comparison, Jersey cows had a
      significantly lower DMI than the other 2 breeds within the first 24 lactation
      weeks. Heritability estimates for DMI ranged from 0.20 to 0.40 in Holsteins, 0.25
      to 0.41 in Nordic Red, and 0.17 to 0.42 in Jerseys within the first 24 lactation
      weeks. Genetic and phenotypic variances for DMI varied along lactation within
      each breed and tended to be higher in the middle of lactation than at the
      beginning of the lactation. High genetic correlations were noted for DMI in
      lactation wk 5 to 24 in all 3 breeds, whereas DMI at early lactation (lactation
      wk 1 to 4) tended to be genetically different from DMI in the middle of
      lactation. The 3 breeds in this study might differ in their genetic variances for
      DMI, but the differences were not statistically significant in most of the
      studied periods. Breed differences for the genetic variance tended to be more
      obvious than for heritability. The potential breed differences in genetic
      variation for DMI should be considered in a future study using feed intake
      information from multiple breeds. 

PMID- 27372582
TI  - Short communication: Initial evidence supporting existence of potential rumen
      epidermal stem and progenitor cells.
AB  - The bovine rumen epidermis is a keratinized multilayered tissue that experiences
      persistent cell turnover. Because of this constant cell turnover, epidermal stem
      cells and their slightly more differentiated daughter cells, epidermal progenitor
      cells, must exist in the stratum basale of rumen epidermis. To date, these 2
      epidermal cell populations and any unique cellular markers they may possess
      remain completely uncharacterized in the bovine rumen. An important first step in
      this new research area is the demonstration of the relative abundance and
      existence of markers for these cells in rumen tissue. A related second step is to
      document rumen epidermal proliferative responses to an extrinsic signal such as
      nutrient concentration within the rumen. The objectives of this experiment were
      to evaluate the extrinsic effect of diet on (1) gene expression of 6 potential
      rumen epidermal stem or progenitor cell markers and (2) rumen epidermal cell
      proliferation within the stratum basale. Twelve preweaned Holstein heifers were
      fed either a restricted diet (R) or an enhanced diet (EH). Animals on R received
      a milk replacer (MR) diet fed at 0.44kg of powder dry matter (DM)/d (20.9% crude
      protein, 29.8% fat, DM basis) and EH received MR at 1.08kg of powder dry matter/d
      (28.9% crude protein, 26.2% fat, DM basis). All calves had access to a 20% crude
      protein starter and were weaned during wk 7 of the experiment. Lifetime DM intake
      was 0.73kg of DM/calf per day for R (5.88 Mcal of net energy/calf per day) and
      1.26kg of DM/calf per day for EH (10.68 Mcal of net energy/calf per day). Twenty
      four hours before slaughter heifers received an intravenous dose of 5-bromo-2'
      deoxyuridine to label proliferating cells. Heifers were slaughtered at 8 wk of
      age, and rumen samples from the ventral sac region were obtained and stored in
      RNA preservative and processed for routine histology. Quantitative real-time
      reverse transcriptase PCR was used to analyze relative abundance of genes.
      Candidate genes for markers of epidermal stem and progenitor cells were beta1
      integrin (ITGB1), tumor protein p63 (TP63), keratin-14 (KRT14), Notch-1 (NOTCH1),
      Leu-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5-expressing (LGR5), and
      musashi-1 (MSI1). All genes were detected in the rumen tissue; ITGB1 was
      increased in EH compared with R. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine immunohistochemistry
      revealed that both R and EH rumen tissue had proliferating cells within the
      stratum basale of the rumen epidermis at the time of analysis. The EH diet
      resulted in an additive effect on cell proliferation. The percentage of cells in
      the stratum basale synthesizing DNA in preparation for mitosis nearly doubled
      (23.8+/-2.4% for EH vs. 14.7+/-2.0% for R) compared with calves fed R. This work
      represents the first attempt at characterizing rumen epidermal stem and
      progenitor cells. We demonstrated the relative abundance and existence of
      potential markers in rumen tissue and showed a rumen epidermal proliferative
      response to the extrinsic stimulus of nutrient concentration in the form of diet.

PMID- 27372583
TI  - Use of rumination and activity monitoring for the identification of dairy cows
      with health disorders: Part III. Metritis.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the performance of an automated
      health-monitoring system (AHMS) to identify cows with metritis based on an alert
      system (health index score, HIS) that combines rumination time and physical
      activity; (2) the number of days between the first HIS alert and clinical
      diagnosis (CD) of metritis by farm personnel; and (3) the daily rumination time,
      physical activity, and HIS patterns around CD. In this manuscript, the overall
      performance of HIS to detect cows with all disorders of interest in this study
      [ketosis, displaced abomasum, indigestion (companion paper, part I), mastitis
      (companion paper, part II), and metritis] is also reported. Holstein cattle
      (n=1,121; 451 nulliparous and 670 multiparous) were fitted with a neck-mounted
      electronic rumination and activity monitoring tag (HR Tags, SCR Dairy, Netanya,
      Israel) from at least -21 to 80 d in milk (DIM). Raw data collected in 2-h
      periods were summarized per 24 h as daily rumination and activity. An HIS (0 to
      100 arbitrary units) was calculated daily for individual cows with an algorithm
      that used rumination and activity. A positive HIS outcome was defined as an HIS
      of <86 units during at least 1 d from -5 to 2 d after CD. Blood concentrations of
      nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, total calcium, and haptoglobin
      were determined in a subgroup of cows (n=459) at -11+/-3, -4+/-3, 0, 3+/-1, 7+/
      1, 14+/-1, and 28+/-1 DIM. The overall sensitivity of HIS was 55% for all cases
      of metritis (n=349), but it was greater for cows with metritis and another
      disorder (78%) than for cows with metritis only (53%). Cows diagnosed with
      metritis and flagged based on HIS had substantial alterations in their
      rumination, activity, and HIS patterns around CD, alterations of blood markers of
      metabolic and health status around calving, reduced milk production, and were
      more likely to exit the herd than cows not flagged based on the HIS and cows
      without disease, suggesting that cows flagged based on the HIS had a more severe
      episode of metritis. Including all disorders of interest for this study, the
      overall sensitivity was 59%, specificity was 98%, positive predictive value was
      58%, negative predictive value was 98%, and accuracy was 96%. The AHMS was
      effective for identifying cows with severe cases of metritis, but less effective
      for identifying cows with mild cases of metritis. Also, the overall accuracy and
      timing of the AHMS alerts for cows with health disorders indicated that AHMS that
      combine rumination and activity could be a useful tool for identifying cows with
      metabolic and digestive disorders, and more severe cases of mastitis and
      metritis. 

PMID- 27372584
TI  - Use of rumination and activity monitoring for the identification of dairy cows
      with health disorders: Part II. Mastitis.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the performance of an automated
      health-monitoring system (AHMS) to identify cows with mastitis based on an alert
      system (health index score, HIS) that combines rumination time and physical
      activity; (2) the number of days between the first HIS alert and clinical
      diagnosis (CD) of mastitis by farm personnel; and (3) the daily rumination time,
      physical activity, and HIS patterns around CD. Holstein cows (n=1,121; 451
      nulliparous and 670 multiparous) were fitted with a neck-mounted electronic
      rumination and activity monitoring tag (HR Tags, SCR Dairy, Netanya, Israel.)
      from at least -21 to 80 d in milk (DIM). Raw data collected in 2-h periods were
      summarized per 24 h as daily rumination and activity. An HIS (0 to 100 arbitrary
      units) was calculated daily for individual cows with an algorithm that used
      rumination and activity. A positive HIS outcome was defined as an HIS of <86
      units during at least 1 d from -5 to 2 d after CD. Blood concentrations of
      nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, total calcium, and haptoglobin
      were also determined in a subgroup of cows (n=459) at -11+/-3, -4+/-3, 0, 3+/-1,
      7+/-1, 14+/-1, and 28+/-1 DIM. The sensitivity of the HIS was 58% [95% confidence
      interval (CI): 49, 67] for all cases of clinical mastitis (n=123), and 55% (95%
      CI: 46, 64; n=114) and 89% (95% CI: 68, 100; n=9) for cases of mastitis alone or
      concurrent with other health disorders, respectively. Among clinical cases,
      sensitivity was 80.7% (95% CI: 67, 97) for cases caused by Escherichia coli
      (n=31) and ranged from 45 to 48% for cases caused by gram-positive bacteria
      (n=39; Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus
      uberis, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Trueperella pyogenes),
      Staphylococcus aureus (n=11), or cases with no bacterial growth (n=25). Days
      between the first HIS <86 and CD were -0.6 (95% CI: -1.1, -0.2) for all cases of
      mastitis. Cows diagnosed with mastitis had alterations of their rumination,
      activity, HIS patterns, and reduced milk production around CD depending on the
      type of mastitis case. Cows with mastitis also had some alterations of their
      calcium and haptoglobin concentrations around calving. The AHMS used in this
      study was effective for identifying cows with clinical cases of mastitis caused
      by E. coli and cows with another disease occurring during an event of mastitis,
      but it was less effective in identifying cows with mastitis not caused by E.
      coli. 

PMID- 27372585
TI  - Precision-feeding dairy heifers a high rumen-degradable protein diet with
      different proportions of dietary fiber and forage-to-concentrate ratios.
AB  - The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding a high
      rumen-degradable protein (RDP) diet when dietary fiber content is manipulated
      within differing forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C) on nutrient utilization of
      precision-fed dairy heifers. Six cannulated Holstein heifers (486.98+/-15.07kg of
      body weight) were randomly assigned to 2 F:C, low- (45% forage; LF) and high
      forage (90% forage; HF) diets and to a fiber proportion sequence [33% grass hay
      and wheat straw (HS), 67% corn silage (CS; low fiber); 50% HS, 50% CS (medium
      fiber); and 67% HS, 33% CS (high fiber)] within forage proportion administered
      according to a split-plot, 3*3 Latin square design (16-d periods). Heifers fed LF
      had greater apparent total-tract organic matter digestibility coefficients (dC),
      neutral detergent fiber, and cellulose than those fed LC diets. Substituting CS
      with HS resulted in a linear reduction in dry matter, organic matter, and
      cellulose dC. Nitrogen dC was not different between F:C or with increasing
      proportions of HS in diets, but N retention tended to decrease linearly as HS was
      increased in the diets. Predicted microbial protein flow to the duodenum
      decreased linearly with HS addition and protozoa numbers HS interacted linearly,
      exhibiting a decrease as HS increased for LF, whereas no effects were observed
      for HF. Blood urea N increased linearly as HS was incorporated. The LF-fed
      heifers had a greater ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration. We noted a
      tendency for a greater dry matter, and a significantly higher liquid fraction
      turnover rate for HF diets. There was a linear numerical increase in the liquid
      and solid fraction turnover rate as fiber was added to the diets. Rumen
      fermentation parameters and fractional passages (solid and liquid) rates support
      the reduction in dC, N retention, and microbial protein synthesis observed as
      more dietary fiber is added to the rations of dairy heifers precision-fed a
      constant proportion of rumen-degradable protein. 

PMID- 27372586
TI  - Feeding a higher plane of nutrition and providing exogenous estrogen increases
      mammary gland development in Holstein heifer calves.
AB  - Feeding heifers a higher plane of nutrition postweaning but before puberty can
      negatively affect mammary gland development and future milk yield. However,
      enhanced nutrition preweaning may promote development and future production. Our
      objectives were to determine the effects of enhanced feeding preweaning and
      exogenous estrogen immediately postweaning on mammary gland development and the
      composition of the mammary parenchyma (PAR) and mammary fat pad (MFP). Thirty-six
      Holstein heifer calves (<1 wk old) were reared on 1 of 2 dietary treatments for 8
      wk: (1) a restricted milk replacer fed at 0.45 kg/d (R; 20% crude protein, 20%
      fat), or (2) an enhanced milk replacer fed at 1.13 kg/d (EH; 28% crude protein,
      25% fat). Upon weaning, calves from each diet (n=6) were given either a placebo
      or estrogen implant for 2 wk, creating 4 treatments: R, R + estrogen (R-E2), EH,
      and EH + estrogen (EH-E2). Calves were housed individually with ad libitum access
      to water. Starter feeding began at wk 5 and was balanced between treatments.
      Udders were evaluated by palpation and physical measurements weekly. Subsets of
      calves were killed at weaning (n=6 per diet) and at the conclusion of the trial
      (n=6 per treatment). Udders were removed, dissected, and weighed. At wk 8, EH
      calves had longer front and rear teats. Providing estrogen to EH calves increased
      the length of rear teats during wk 9 and 10. Enhanced-fed calves had 5.2-fold
      more trimmed mammary gland mass than R calves. Providing estrogen to EH calves
      further increased mammary gland weight. Masses of PAR and MFP were markedly
      greater for EH calves than for R calves (e.g., 7.3-fold greater PAR tissue).
      Estrogen increased the mass of both PAR and MFP in EH calves. Feeding a higher
      plane of nutrition increased total protein, DNA, and fat in the MFP and total
      protein and DNA in the PAR. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry estimates of mammary
      fat mass were highly correlated with biochemical analyses of fat content. From
      histological study, we observed that the degree of expansion of epithelium into
      the adjacent stromal tissue and the complexity of ductal development were minimal
      in R, increased in EH, and increased by estrogen in both dietary treatments.
      Results provide compelling evidence that preweaning nutrition and estrogen
      administration immediately postweaning markedly increase mammary gland
      development in dairy calves. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for
      these differences are currently under study. 

PMID- 27372587
TI  - Invited review: Opportunities for genetic improvement of metabolic diseases.
AB  - Metabolic disorders are disturbances to one or more of the metabolic processes in
      dairy cattle. Dysfunction of any of these processes is associated with the
      manifestation of metabolic diseases or disorders. In this review, data recording,
      incidences, genetic parameters, predictors, and status of genetic evaluations
      were examined for (1) ketosis, (2) displaced abomasum, (3) milk fever, and (4)
      tetany, as these are the most prevalent metabolic diseases where published
      genetic parameters are available. The reported incidences of clinical cases of
      metabolic disorders are generally low (less than 10% of cows are recorded as
      having a metabolic disease per herd per year or parity/lactation). Heritability
      estimates are also low and are typically less than 5%. Genetic correlations
      between metabolic traits are mainly positive, indicating that selection to
      improve one of these diseases is likely to have a positive effect on the others.
      Furthermore, there may also be opportunities to select for general disease
      resistance in terms of metabolic stability. Although there is inconsistency in
      published genetic correlation estimates between milk yield and metabolic traits,
      selection for milk yield may be expected to lead to a deterioration in metabolic
      disorders. Under-recording and difficulty in diagnosing subclinical cases are
      among the reasons why interest is growing in using easily measurable predictors
      of metabolic diseases, either recorded on-farm by using sensors and milk tests or
      off-farm using data collected from routine milk recording. Some countries have
      already initiated genetic evaluations of metabolic disease traits and currently
      most of these use clinical observations of disease. However, there are
      opportunities to use clinical diseases in addition to predictor traits and
      genomic information to strengthen genetic evaluations for metabolic health in the
      future. 

PMID- 27372588
TI  - Characterization of the indigenous microflora in raw and pasteurized buffalo milk
      during storage at refrigeration temperature by high-throughput sequencing.
AB  - The effect of refrigeration on bacterial communities within raw and pasteurized
      buffalo milk was studied using high-throughput sequencing. High-quality samples
      of raw buffalo milk were obtained from 3 dairy farms in the Guangxi province in
      southern China. Five liters of each milk sample were pasteurized (72 degrees C;
      15 s); and both raw and pasteurized milks were stored at refrigeration
      temperature (1-4 degrees C) for various times with their microbial communities
      characterized using the Illumina Miseq platform (Novogene, Beijing, China).
      Results showed that both raw and pasteurized milks contained a diverse microbial
      population and that the populations changed over time during storage. In raw
      buffalo milk, Lactococcus and Streptococcus dominated the population within the
      first 24h; however, when stored for up to 72h the dominant bacteria were members
      of the Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter genera, totaling more than 60% of the
      community. In pasteurized buffalo milk, the microbial population shifted from a
      Lactococcus-dominated community (7d), to one containing more than 84%
      Paenibacillus by 21d of storage. To increase the shelf-life of buffalo milk and
      its products, raw milk needs to be refrigerated immediately after milking and
      throughout transport, and should be monitored for the presence of Paenibacillus.
      Results from this study suggest pasteurization should be performed within 24h of
      raw milk collection, when the number of psychrotrophic bacteria are low; however,
      as Paenibacillus spores are resistant to pasteurization, additional antimicrobial
      treatments may be required to extend shelf-life. The findings from this study are
      expected to aid in improving the quality and safety of raw and pasteurized
      buffalo milk. 

PMID- 27372589
TI  - Differential glucocorticoid-induced closure of the blood-milk barrier during
      lipopolysaccharide- and lipoteichoic acid-induced mastitis in dairy cows.
AB  - Bacteria invading the mammary gland can cause pathogen-dependent differences in
      the permeability of the blood-milk barrier leading to the differential
      paracellular transfer of blood and milk components. Glucocorticoids such as
      prednisolone (PRED) are known to increase the integrity of the blood-milk barrier
      and quickly restore the decreased milk quality associated with mastitis. The
      objective of this study was to examine the effect of intramammary PRED on the
      differential permeability of the blood-milk barrier during mastitis induced by
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from
      Staphylococcus aureus. Thirty-one dairy cows, divided into 6 groups, were
      injected via a teat canal with LPS, LTA, LPS and PRED, LTA and PRED, saline
      (control), or PRED. Milk and blood samples were collected 0 to 8h after challenge
      and analyzed for somatic cell count, IgG, serum albumin, and lactate
      dehydrogenase in milk, or alpha-lactalbumin in plasma. Somatic cell count was
      similarly elevated in LPS- and LTA-challenged quarters and was reduced to control
      quarter levels only in LTA-challenged quarters with PRED administration. Lactate
      dehydrogenase activity was highly elevated in LPS quarters and only slightly
      elevated in LTA quarters, but decreased to control quarter levels with PRED
      administration. For serum albumin and IgG, only LPS quarters showed an elevation
      in concentration and PRED treatment reduced the concentration to control quarter
      level. We found no differences in alpha-lactalbumin concentrations in plasma in
      PRED-treated cows compared with cows that only received LPS or LTA. In
      conclusion, the pathogen-specific appearance of blood constituents in milk during
      mastitis demonstrates a differential activation of the blood-milk barrier that,
      in turn, can be manipulated by intramammary glucocorticoids. The results show
      that the administration of PRED during mastitis increases the blood-milk barrier
      integrity but has implications in reducing the transfer of IgG that specifically
      occurs during E. coli mastitis. In addition, it can also reduce the number of
      migrating immune cells dependent on the mastitis-inducing pathogen. Potential
      effects of PRED on the cure of naturally occurring mastitis have to be taken into
      consideration. 

PMID- 27372590
TI  - Utilization of konjac glucomannan as a fat replacer in low-fat and skimmed
      yogurt.
AB  - Konjac glucomannan (KGM) has been reported to be beneficial to human health, as
      well as having potential functional properties as a fat replacer in dairy
      products. In this study, 0.5% KGM solution was added to prepare low-fat (LFKGM)
      and skimmed (SKKGM) yogurts, and their physicochemical properties were compared
      with those of full-fat yogurt control (FFC), low-fat yogurt control (LFC), and
      skimmed yogurt control (SKC). Properties and composition were determined and the
      microscopic structures of all yogurts were observed during storage at 4 degrees C
      for 21d. Generally, addition of KGM to yogurts had no significant effect on
      composition, pH, and titratable acidity at each storage day. The LFKGM and SKKGM
      had higher whiteness, greenness, and yellowness hues compared with those of the
      LFC and SKC. The proteolysis of LFKGM and SKKGM was similar to that of FFC,
      whereas it was lower than in LFC and SKC after 14d of storage. Addition of KGM
      had no positive effects on the water-holding capacity, but led to a decrease in
      syneresis and spontaneous whey separation in LFKGM and SKKGM compared with those
      of LFC and SKC. The spontaneous whey separation of LFKGM was similar to that of
      FFC. Presence of KGM in skimmed yogurt affected textural characteristics, while
      having little effect on texture of low-fat yogurt. Additionally, LFKGM and SKKGM
      showed stronger and more stable gel structures than those of FFC, LFC, and SKC.
      Overall, no substantial changes were found in the characteristics for each yogurt
      during storage, except for pH and gel structures. Results indicated that KGM may
      be a good fat replacer to develop reduced-fat yogurts with desired
      characteristics. 

PMID- 27372591
TI  - Use of rumination and activity monitoring for the identification of dairy cows
      with health disorders: Part I. Metabolic and digestive disorders.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the performance of an automated
      health-monitoring system (AHMS) to identify cows with metabolic and digestive
      disorders-including displaced abomasum, ketosis, and indigestion-based on an
      alert system (health index score, HIS) that combines rumination time and physical
      activity; (2) the number of days between the first HIS alert and clinical
      diagnosis (CD) of the disorders by farm personnel; and (3) the daily rumination
      time, physical activity, and HIS patterns around CD. Holstein cattle (n=1,121;
      451 nulliparous and 670 multiparous) were fitted with a neck-mounted electronic
      rumination and activity monitoring tag (HR Tags, SCR Dairy, Netanya, Israel) from
      at least -21 to 80 d in milk (DIM). Raw data collected in 2-h periods were
      summarized per 24 h as daily rumination and activity. A HIS (0 to 100 arbitrary
      units) was calculated daily for individual cows with an algorithm that used
      rumination and activity. A positive HIS outcome was defined as a HIS of <86
      during at least 1 d from -5 to 2 d after CD. Blood concentrations of
      nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, total calcium, and haptoglobin
      were determined in a subgroup of cows (n=459) at -11+/-3, -4+/-3, 0, 3+/-1, 7+/
      1, 14+/-1, and 28+/-1 DIM. The sensitivity of the HIS was 98% [95% confidence
      interval (CI): 93, 100] for displaced abomasum (n=41); 91% (95% CI: 83, 99) for
      ketosis (n=54); 89% (95% CI: 68, 100) for indigestion (n=9); and 93% (95% CI: 89,
      98) for all metabolic and digestive disorders combined (n=104). Days (mean and
      95% CI) from the first positive HIS <86 and CD were -3 (-3.7, -2.3), -1.6 (-2.3, 
      1.0), -0.5 (-1.5, 0.5), and -2.1 (-2.5, -1.6) for displaced abomasum, ketosis,
      indigestion, and all metabolic and digestive disorders, respectively. The
      patterns of rumination, activity, and HIS for cows flagged by the AHMS were
      characterized by lower levels than for cows without a health disorder and cows
      not flagged by the AHMS from -5 to 5 d after CD, depending on the disorder and
      parameter. Differences between cows without health disorders and those flagged by
      the AHMS for blood markers of metabolic and health status confirmed the
      observations of the CD and AHMS alerts. The overall sensitivity and timing of the
      AHMS alerts for cows with metabolic and digestive disorders indicated that AHMS
      that combine rumination and activity could be a useful tool for identifying cows
      with metabolic and digestive disorders. 

PMID- 27372592
TI  - Changes throughout lactation in phenotypic and genetic correlations between
      methane emissions and milk fatty acid contents predicted from milk mid-infrared
      spectra.
AB  - The aim of this study was to estimate phenotypic and genetic correlations between
      methane production (Mp) and milk fatty acid contents of first-parity Walloon
      Holstein cows throughout lactation. Calibration equations predicting daily Mp
      (g/d) and milk fatty acid contents (g/100 dL of milk) were applied on milk mid
      infrared spectra related to Walloon milk recording. A total of 241,236
      predictions of Mp and milk fatty acids were used. These data were collected
      between 5 and 305 d in milk in 33,555 first-parity Holstein cows from 626 herds.
      Pedigree data included 109,975 animals. Bivariate (i.e., Mp and a fatty acid
      trait) random regression test-day models were developed to estimate phenotypic
      and genetic parameters of Mp and milk fatty acids. Individual short-chain fatty
      acids (SCFA) and groups of saturated fatty acids, SCFA, and medium-chain fatty
      acids showed positive phenotypic and genetic correlations with Mp (from 0.10 to
      0.16 and from 0.23 to 0.30 for phenotypic and genetic correlations,
      respectively), whereas individual long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), and groups of
      LCFA, monounsaturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fatty acids showed null to
      positive phenotypic and genetic correlations with Mp (from -0.03 to 0.13 and from
      -0.02 to 0.32 for phenotypic and genetic correlations, respectively). However,
      these correlations changed throughout lactation. First, de novo individual and
      group fatty acids (i.e., C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, SCFA group)
      showed low phenotypic or genetic correlations (or both) in early lactation and
      higher at the end of lactation. In contrast, phenotypic and genetic correlations
      between Mp and C16:0, which could be de novo synthetized or derived from blood
      lipids, were more stable during lactation. This fatty acid is the most abundant
      fatty acid of the saturated fatty acid and medium-chain fatty acid groups of
      which correlations with Mp showed the same pattern across lactation. Phenotypic
      and genetic correlations between Mp and C17:0 and C18:0 were low in early
      lactation and increased afterward. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between Mp
      and C18:1 cis-9 originating from the blood lipids were negative in early
      lactation and increased afterward to become null from 18 wk until the end of
      lactation. Correlations between Mp and groups of LCFA, monounsaturated fatty
      acids, and unsaturated fatty acids showed a similar or intermediate pattern
      across lactation compared with fatty acids that compose them. Finally, these
      results indicate that correlations between Mp and milk fatty acids vary following
      lactation stage of the cow, a fact still often ignored when trying to predict Mp
      from milk fatty acid profile. 

PMID- 27372593
TI  - Associations of behavior-based measurements and clinical disease in preweaned,
      group-housed dairy calves.
AB  - Producers report bovine respiratory disease and neonatal calf diarrhea as the 2
      most common diseases in preweaned calves, both of which can affect calf
      performance and welfare. Housing calves in groups during the preweaning period
      has increased in popularity and has the potential to improve calf welfare, but
      only if producers can detect and treat disease efficiently. A health-screening
      tool is needed that allows producers to identify suspect animals but minimize the
      time spent examining healthy animals. The objective of this study was to
      determine if disease in preweaned, group-housed dairy calves was associated with
      behavioral measures of illness. This cross-sectional study included the
      evaluation of preweaned, group-housed calves (n=206) on 4 farms in Wisconsin,
      United States. Farm visits included the scoring of key behaviors (abnormal
      posture when lying or standing, isolation from the group, lethargy, and 2
      approach tests that tested the willingness of calves to approach a stationary
      person) that were hypothesized to be components of sickness behavior. Following
      the behavior scoring, calves underwent an individual health assessment for bovine
      respiratory disease, neonatal calf diarrhea, and umbilical infections. Each
      behavior category was scored as normal (0 points) or abnormal (1 point), and then
      categories were summed to obtain a total behavior score for each calf. Behavior
      scores ranged from 0 (normal) to 5 (severely abnormal). A total behavior score of
      3 or greater was considered positive for disease. The outcome of a positive or
      negative test on the behavior score were analyzed using PROC LOGISTIC (SAS
      Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and the model controlled for calf age and farm. Bovine
      respiratory disease was significantly associated with a behavior score of 3 or
      greater. The use of a behavior score shows promise as a screening tool for
      disease in preweaned calves. 

PMID- 27372594
TI  - Plasma exosome profiles from dairy cows with divergent fertility phenotypes.
AB  - Cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions may be
      influenced by neighboring cells, distant tissues, or local environmental factors.
      Exosomes are specific subsets of extracellular vesicles that internalize and
      deliver their content to near and distant sites. Exosomes may play a role in the
      maternal-embryo crosstalk vital for the recognition and maintenance of a
      pregnancy; however, their role in dairy cow reproduction has not been
      established. This study aimed to characterize the exosome profile in the plasma
      of 2 strains of dairy cow with divergent fertility phenotypes. Plasma was
      obtained and characterized on the basis of genetic ancestry as fertile (FERT;
      <23% North American genetics, New Zealand Holstein-Friesian strain, n=8) or
      subfertile (SUBFERT; >92% North American genetics, North American Holstein
      Friesian strain, n=8). Exosomes were isolated by differential and buoyant density
      centrifugation and characterized by size distribution (nanoparticle tracking
      analysis, NanoSight NS500, NanoSight Ltd., Amesbury, UK), the presence of CD63
      (Western blot), and their morphology (electron microscopy). The total number of
      exosomes was determined by quantifying the immunoreactive CD63 (ExoELISA kit,
      System Biosciences), and the protein content established by mass spectrometry.
      Enriched exosome fractions were identified as cup-shape vesicles with diameters
      around 100 nm and positive for the CD63 marker. The concentration of exosomes was
      50% greater in FERT cows. Mass spectrometry identified 104 and 117 proteins in
      FERT and SUBFERT cows, of which 23 and 36 were unique, respectively. Gene
      ontology analysis revealed enrichment for proteins involved in immunomodulatory
      processes and cell-to-cell communication. Although the role of exosomes in dairy
      cow reproduction remains to be elucidated, their quantification and content in
      models with divergent fertility phenotypes could provide novel information to
      support both physiological and genetic approaches to improving dairy cow
      fertility. 

PMID- 27372595
TI  - Effects of lactic acid bacteria silage inoculation on methane emission and
      productivity of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle.
AB  - Inoculants of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used to improve silage quality and
      prevent spoilage via increased production of lactic acid and other organic acids
      and a rapid decline in silage pH. The addition of LAB inoculants to silage has
      been associated with increases in silage digestibility, dry matter intake (DMI),
      and milk yield. Given the potential change in silage and rumen fermentation
      conditions accompanying these silage additives, the aim of this study was to
      investigate the effect of LAB silage inoculants on DMI, digestibility, milk
      yield, milk composition, and methane (CH4) production from dairy cows in vivo.
      Eight mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were grouped into 2 blocks of 4
      cows (multiparous and primiparous) and used in a 4*4 double Latin square design
      with 21-d periods. Methane emissions were measured by indirect calorimetry.
      Treatments were grass silage (mainly ryegrass) with no inoculant (GS), with a
      long-term inoculant (applied at harvest; GS+L), with a short-term inoculant
      (applied 16h before feeding; GS+S), or with both long and short-term inoculants
      (GS+L+S). All diets consisted of grass silage and concentrate (75:25 on a dry
      matter basis). The long-term inoculant consisted of a 10:20:70 mixture of
      Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactococcus lactis, and Lactobacillus buchneri, and the
      short-term inoculant was a preparation of Lc. lactis. Dry matter intake was not
      affected by long-term or short-term silage inoculation, nor was dietary neutral
      detergent fiber or fat digestibility, or N or energy balance. Milk composition
      (except milk urea) and fat and protein-corrected milk yield were not affected by
      long- or short-term silage inoculation, nor was milk microbial count. However,
      milk yield tended to be greater with long-term silage inoculation. Methane
      expressed in units of grams per day, grams per kilogram of DMI, grams per
      kilogram of milk, or grams per kilogram of fat and protein-corrected milk yield
      was not affected by long- or short-term silage inoculation. However, CH4
      expressed in units of kilojoules per kilogram of metabolic body weight per day
      tended to be greater with long-term silage inoculation. Results of this study
      indicate minimal responses in animal performance to both long- and short-term
      inoculation of grass silage with LAB. Strain and dose differences as well as
      different basal silages and ensiling conditions are likely responsible for the
      lack of significant effects observed here, although positive effects have been
      observed in other studies. 

PMID- 27372596
TI  - Platelet-to-White Blood Cell Ratio: A Prognostic Predictor for 90-Day Outcomes in
      Ischemic Stroke Patients with Intravenous Thrombolysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study is aimed to investigate the relationship between platelet
      to-white blood cell ratio (PWR) and 90-day outcomes in acute stroke patients with
      intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis
      was performed on 168 patients receiving IVT for acute ischemic stroke. Complete
      blood count evaluation was conducted at admission before IVT. A modified Rankin
      Scale (mRS) score of 3-6 at 90 days was considered an unfavorable outcome.
      RESULTS: A total of 168 patients were included from 2013 to 2015. The mean age of
      the sample was 64.6 (+/-12.3) years, and 23.2% were women. The median baseline
      National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 7.5 (interquartile range
      [IQR] 8.0) and the 90-day mRS score was 2 (IQR 2). In our multivariate logistic
      regression model, a PWR greater than 23.52 (odds ratio .454, 95% confidence
      interval: .212-.973, P < .050) was a predictor of 90-day outcomes. In addition,
      there was a significant difference in the PWR values of patients between
      favorable outcome and unfavorable outcome in the large-artery atherosclerosis
      subtype (28.241 +/- 11.581 and 21.899 +/- 9.107, respectively; P = .005).
      CONCLUSIONS: The PWR at admission predicts 90-day outcomes in ischemic stroke
      patients with IVT. With the easy and routine use of hemogram analysis, the PWR
      should be investigated in further prospective randomized controlled trials of
      acute stroke.

PMID- 27372597
TI  - Pediatric Sleep Apnea Syndrome: An Update.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) may be central neurologic (<5%) or
      obstructive (>95%) in origin and is a relatively prevalent condition in children.
      It affects 1%-5% of children aged 2-8 years and is caused by a variety of
      different pathophysiologic abnormalities. Cardiovascular, metabolic, and
      neurocognitive comorbidities can occur in both children and adults when left
      untreated. It also can cause severe behavioral problems in children. The American
      Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all children be screened with an
      appropriate history and physical examination for symptoms and signs suggestive of
      OSAS. The diagnosis is primarily made clinically and confirmed by
      polysomnographic findings. Treatment depends on the child's age, underlying
      medical problems, polysomnography findings, and whether or not there is upper
      airway obstruction usually secondary to enlarged adenoids and/or tonsils,
      allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, acute and chronic sinusitis, and other upper
      airway pathology. If enlarged adenoid or tonsils or both conditions exist, an
      adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, or adenotonsillectomy remains the treatment of
      choice. Pharmacotherapy of OSAS has shown some effect in children with mild
      symptoms. This paper reviews the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical
      presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of OSAS.

PMID- 27372598
TI  - Internet and food allergy: What patients are seeking and what they do with the
      information.

PMID- 27372599
TI  - Burden of Obesity on Pediatric Inpatients with Acute Asthma Exacerbation in the
      United States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity and asthma are common health problems in the United States.
      OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and economic
      burdens of obesity on hospitalized children with acute asthma exacerbation in
      2012. METHODS: Hospital discharge records of patients aged 2 to 18 years with a
      diagnosis of asthma were obtained from the 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database, wherein
      the data were compiled by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The
      discharge records were weighted to estimate the number of hospitalizations
      because of asthma exacerbations in the United States. To classify whether the
      patient was obese or not, we used the International Classification of Diseases,
      Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 278.0x. We compared the odds of using
      noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, mean total charges for inpatient
      service, and length of hospital stay between obese and nonobese patients.
      RESULTS: A total of 74,338 patient discharges were extracted. Of these, 3,494
      discharges were excluded because of chronic medical conditions. Using discharge
      weight variables, we estimated a total of 100,157 hospitalizations with asthma
      exacerbations among children aged between 2 and 18 years in 2012. Obesity was
      significantly associated with higher odds of using mechanical ventilation (odds
      ratio 1.59, 95% CI 1.28-1.99), higher mean total hospital charges (adjusted
      difference: $1588, 95% CI $802-$2529), and longer mean length of hospital stay
      (0.24 days, 95% CI 0.17-0.32 days) compared with nonobesity. CONCLUSIONS: These
      findings suggest that obesity is a significant risk factor of severe asthma
      exacerbation that requires mechanical ventilation, and obesity is an economically
      complicating factor.

PMID- 27372600
TI  - No association between atopic outcomes and type of pertussis vaccine given in
      children born on the Isle of Wight 2001-2002.

PMID- 27372601
TI  - H1-Antihistamine Premedication in NSAID-Associated Urticaria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Therapeutic options for pain management are restricted in patients
      with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced or NSAID-exacerbated
      urticaria because strong cyclooxygenase (COX)-I inhibiting NSAID cannot be used.
      Alternative NSAID such as weak COX-I inhibitors or selective COX-II inhibitors
      are sometimes not sufficiently effective or have potentially troublesome adverse
      effects. OBJECTIVE: To date, prophylactic premedication with H1-antihistamines is
      rarely practiced in patients concurrently suffering from recurrent pain and NSAID
      associated urticaria. Our data analysis aims to clarify whether prophylactic
      premedication before the intake of NSAID is effective, safe, and practicable.
      METHODS: Data of 21 patients with NSAID-induced or NSAID-exacerbated urticaria
      who underwent single dose NSAID provocation 30 minutes after premedication with 5
      mg desloratadine were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: After H1-antihistamine
      premedication, 17 patients tolerated 16 single dose provocation tests with strong
      COX-I inhibitors and 2 tests with weak COX-I inhibitors. Despite H1-antihistamine
      premedication, 2 patients developed acute urticaria after intake of 400 mg
      ibuprofen. Another 2 patients with acute urticaria after intake of 800 mg
      ibuprofen tolerated 400 mg ibuprofen and 1000 mg paracetamol, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In the majority of patients with NSAID
      induced or NSAID-exacerbated urticaria concurrently suffering from intermittent
      pain, a premedication regimen with 5 mg desloratadine 30 minutes before intake of
      a strong COX-I inhibitor seems to be effective, safe, and practicable.

PMID- 27372602
TI  - GPCRs in immunity: Atypical receptors and novel concepts.

PMID- 27372603
TI  - 3,3'-Diindolylmethane induces anti-human gastric cancer cells by the miR-30e-ATG5
      modulating autophagy.
AB  - 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a class of relatively non-toxic indole derivatives
      from cruciferous vegetables, has been reported as a promising anticancer
      phytochemical, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not completely
      elucidated. In the present study we report a novel regulation of autophagy by DIM
      in human gastric cancer cells. We found that DIM dose-dependently inhibited the
      growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, ATG5 and LC3 were
      activated by DIM in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, miR-30e was down-regulated
      by DIM and miR-30e targeted the 3'-UTR of ATG5 to inhibit its translation.
      Overall, these results suggest that DIM may through the miR-30e-ATG5 modulating
      autophagy inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cells.

PMID- 27372604
TI  - Outcomes following acute hospitalised myocardial infarction in France: An
      insurance claims database analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mortality and complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in
      France have declined over the last twenty years, but still remain high. Practice
      guidelines recommend secondary prevention measures to reduce these. Insurance
      claims databases can be used to assess the management of post MI and other
      cardiovascular outcomes in everyday practice. METHODS: A cohort study was
      performed in a 1/97 representative sample of the French nationwide claims and
      hospitalisation database (EGB database). All adults with a documented
      hospitalisation for MI between 2007 and 2011 were included, and followed for
      three years. Data was extracted on demographics, the index admission, reimbursed
      medication, comorbidities, post-MI events and death. RESULTS: During the study
      period, 1977 individuals hospitalised for an MI were identified, with a mean (+/
      SD) age of 63.8 (+/-14.3) years, 65.8% were men, 82.4% had hypertension and 37.6%
      hypercholesterolaemia. The mean duration of hospitalisation was seven days and
      8.3% of patients died during hospitalisation. After discharge, the majority of
      patients received secondary prevention with statins (92.2%), anti-platelet drugs
      (95.6%), beta-blockers (86.0%) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
      (71.4%). After three years of follow-up post-discharge, cumulative mortality was
      20.5% [18.4%;22.5%] and the cumulative incidence of reinfarction and stroke/TIA
      were 4.7% [95% CI: 3.7%;5.7%] and 4.1% [3.1%;5.0%], respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      Despite high use of secondary prevention at discharge, mortality and incidence of
      serious cardiovascular events following MI remain high. This underscores the need
      to improve secondary prevention.

PMID- 27372605
TI  - Alexithymia affects the time from symptom onset to calling the emergency system
      in STEMI patients referred for primary PCI.
AB  - BACKGROUND: STEMI programs have been found to reduce the time to reperfusion but
      do not address the time delay caused by patients. In this study we sought to
      assess whether and to what extent alexithymia, defined as the inability to
      recognize and describe somatic feelings appropriately, impacts on this delay.
      METHODS: Ninety-five STEMI patients referred by the Emergency Medical System
      (EMS) to our hospital for primary percutaneous coronary intervention were
      studied. The time from symptom onset to the EMS call (time to call) as well as
      the time from the EMS call to the first intervention that restored patency of the
      culprit vessel (system delay) and the total ischemic time was calculated in
      patients categorized into two groups according to the Toronto Alexithymia scale
      (TAS-20): patients with higher alexithymia scores (>=61), and patients with lower
      scores of alexithymia (<61). RESULTS: According to the TAS-20, we identified 27
      patients as being alexithymic and 68 patients as not. The time to call and the
      total ischemic time were longer in alexithymic compared to non alexithymic
      patients (respectively, 159min vs 35min, and 258.5 vs 139 , p=0.001), while the
      system delay was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Alexithymia is one trait of
      the patient personality which appears to have negative implications in the
      setting of a STEMI network by interfering with prompt seeking of care. This
      information could help in guiding novel strategies to motivate patients to call
      EMS quickly and further shorten the total ischemic time.

PMID- 27372606
TI  - Early left atrial tissue features in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation
      and sinus rhythm: Alterations of not remodeled left atria.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Left atrial (LA) enlargement, a compensatory mechanism in chronic
      mitral regurgitation (MR) increasing the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and
      predictive of cardiac events, involves structural alterations. We characterized
      LA features in patients in sinus rhythm with severe degree of MR, similar degrees
      of left ventricular remodeling but divergent LA size. METHODS: Among a
      consecutive series of 163 patients in stable sinus rhythm undergoing isolated
      mitral valve surgery for severe non-rheumatic MR, two groups were arbitrarily
      selected according to their LA size (antero-posterior): NRLA group (non-remodeled
      LA) included 8 patients with LA<=40mm, RLA group (remodeled LA) included 8
      patients with LA>55mm. LA biopsies were processed for paraffin inclusion and
      sectioning. Fibrosis, cardiomyocytes morphology, capillaries density, cytochrome
      c and F-actin expression were evaluated by microscopy. RESULTS: Histology and
      immunohistochemistry demonstrated alteration of moderate entity: higher amounts
      of endomysial fibrosis (not of collagen type III) and of hypertrophic
      cardiomyocytes in RLA than in NRLA. Confocal microscopy displayed focally
      disorganized F-actin and no nuclear fragmentation in both groups, but more intra
      cytoplasm cytochrome c in RLA vs. NRLA, possibly indicative of more successful
      escape to apoptosis by NRLA cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the
      presence of early cellular and interstitial alterations in LA tissue in patients
      with chronic MR and sinus rhythm. These features were analogous to those of
      patients with AF, and suggest that macroscopic remodeling LA in the settings of
      MR is preceded by structural changes, paving the way to further investigation on
      the preventive role of early mitral valve repair.

PMID- 27372607
TI  - Echocardiographic prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Brazilian
      schoolchildren: Data from the PROVAR study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accurate estimates of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) burden are needed
      to justify improved integration of RHD prevention and screening into the public
      health systems, but data from Latin America are still sparse. OBJECTIVE: To
      determine the prevalence of RHD among socioeconomically disadvantaged youth (5
      18years) in Brazil and examine risk factors for the disease. METHODS: The PROVAR
      program utilizes non-expert screeners, telemedicine, and handheld and standard
      portable echocardiography to conduct echocardiographic screening in
      socioeconomically disadvantaged schools in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cardiologists in
      the US and Brazil provide expert interpretation according to the 2012 World Heart
      Federation Guidelines. Here we report prevalence data from the first 14months of
      screening, and examine risk factors for RHD. RESULTS: 5996 students were screened
      across 21 schools. Median age was 11.9 [9.0/15.0] years, 59% females. RHD
      prevalence was 42/1000 (n=251): 37/1000 borderline (n=221) and 5/1000 definite
      (n=30). Pathologic mitral regurgitation was observed in 203 (80.9%), pathologic
      aortic regurgitation in 38 (15.1%), and mixed mitral/aortic valve disease in 10
      (4.0%) children. Older children had higher prevalence (50/1000 vs. 28/1000,
      p<0.001), but no difference was observed between northern (lower resourced) and
      central areas (34/1000 vs. 44/1000, p=0.31). Females had higher prevalence
      (48/1000 vs. 35/1000, p=0.016). Age (OR=1.15, 95% CI:1.10-1.21, p<0.001) was the
      only variable independently associated with RHD findings. CONCLUSIONS: RHD
      continues to be an important and under recognized condition among
      socioeconomically disadvantaged Brazilian schoolchildren. Our data adds to the
      compelling case for renewed investment in RHD prevention and early detection in
      Latin America.

PMID- 27372608
TI  - ATPase activity measurement of DNA replicative helicase from Bacillus
      stearothermophilus by malachite green method.
AB  - The DnaB helicase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (DnaBBst) was a model protein
      for studying the bacterial DNA replication. In this work, a non-radioactive
      method for measuring ATPase activity of DnaBBst helicase was described. The
      working parameters and conditions were optimized. Furthermore, this method was
      applied to investigate effects of DnaG primase, ssDNA and helicase loader protein
      (DnaI) on ATPase activity of DnaBBst. Our results showed this method was
      sensitive and efficient. Moreover, it is suitable for the investigation of
      functional interaction between DnaB and related factors.

PMID- 27372609
TI  - Characterization of protein expression levels with label-free detected reverse
      phase protein arrays.
AB  - In reverse-phase protein arrays (RPPA), one immobilizes complex samples (e.g.,
      cellular lysate, tissue lysate or serum etc.) on solid supports and performs
      parallel reactions of antibodies with immobilized protein targets from the
      complex samples. In this work, we describe a label-free detection of RPPA that
      enables quantification of RPPA data and thus facilitates comparison of studies
      performed on different samples and on different solid supports. We applied this
      detection platform to characterization of phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT)
      expression levels in Acanthamoeba lysates treated with artemether and the results
      were confirmed by Western blot studies.

PMID- 27372610
TI  - Hippocampal Area CA2: An Overlooked but Promising Therapeutic Target.
AB  - While the hippocampus has long been recognized as a brain structure specialized
      in mapping 'space' in rodents, human studies and now recent data from rodents
      have shown that its function extends well beyond spatial coding. Recently, an
      overlooked area of the hippocampus, CA2, has emerged as a critical region for
      social memory. This area is also uniquely altered during several pathologies such
      as schizophrenia and age-related dementia. Because of its singular connectivity,
      we propose that area CA2 resides at the interface between emotional brain
      activity and higher cognitive function. Furthermore, because of the unique
      expression of multiple neuromodulator receptors in area CA2, we posit that this
      region may represent a fruitful therapeutic target for diseases where social
      dysfunction occurs.

PMID- 27372611
TI  - Association between Vitamin D and arterial stiffness.

PMID- 27372612
TI  - Arterial stiffness parameters associated with vitamin D deficiency and
      supplementation in patients with normal cardiac functions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Arterial stiffness parameters including pulse wave velocity (PWV) and
      augmentation index (AIx) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular
      disease. A close relationship has been demonstrated between vitamin D deficiency
      and cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate
      effects of vitamin D deficiency and supplementation on arterial stiffness
      parameters in patients with normal cardiac functions. METHODS: Study population
      consisted of 45 patients with vitamin D deficiency and normal cardiac functions.
      Median age (interquartile range) was 45.0 (12.00) years, and 33 patients were
      female. Patients were treated with oral administration of vitamin D3. Arterial
      stiffness parameters were evaluated using Mobil-O-Graph arteriograph system,
      which detected signals from the brachial artery before and after treatment.
      RESULTS: Vitamin D levels significantly increased after treatment (9.0 [6.00]
      nmol/L vs 29.0 [11.50] nmol/L, p<0.001). No significant difference was observed
      among conventional echocardiographic parameters before or after treatment. Post
      treatment PVW and AIx were significantly lower than baseline measurements (6.8
      [1.55] m/s vs 6.4 [1.30] m/s, p<0.001 and 23.0 [22.00]% vs 31.0 [14.50]%,
      p<0.001, respectively). Baseline vitamin D levels significantly correlated with
      PWV (r=-0.352, p=0.018). Post-treatment vitamin D levels also significantly
      correlated with post-treatment PWV (r=-0.442, p=0.002) and AIx (r=-0.419,
      p=0.004). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed no independent
      predictor of baseline log-transformed PWV. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation
      has beneficial effects on arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness parameters may
      aid in the assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients with vitamin D
      deficiency.

PMID- 27372614
TI  - [Effect of pulmonary endarterectomy on six-minute walking test and
      echocardiography in the early stage].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Pre- and postoperative changes in echocardiographic parameters and
      results of 6-minute walking test (6-MWT) were investigated in the present study.
      METHODS: Seventy-six patients (32 males, 44 females; mean age 45.9+/-15.1 years)
      were included. Before and after surgery, 6-MWT and echocardiography were
      performed. Changes in postoperative parameters were compared to basal walking
      test and other basal parameters. RESULTS: Distance covered in 6-MWT significantly
      increased after surgery (p<0.001). Significant decrease in right ventricular
      diameter and pressure, and significant increase in left ventricular diameter were
      also observed. While changes in ejection fraction (EF) were not significant,
      significant reduction in systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and tricuspid
      regurgitation were observed. No statistically significant correlation was
      observed between baseline 6-MWT results and echocardiographic parameters.
      CONCLUSION: The present study was the first to investigate the correlation
      between baseline 6-MWT results and right ventricular echocardiographic
      parameters. Myocardial performance index (MPI) and TAPSE were important
      parameters in follow-up after pulmonary endarterectomy. Improvement in quality of
      life parameters was also important.

PMID- 27372613
TI  - Relation of elastic properties of pulmonary artery with left ventricular
      abnormalities and aortic stiffness in patients with moderate to severe
      obstructive sleep apnea: A cross-sectional echocardiographic study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, the associations between pulmonary artery stiffness
      (PAS) and aortic stiffness, left ventricular diastolic parameters, and left
      ventricular mass (LVM) index in moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea
      syndrome (OSAS) patients without coexisting disorders were investigated. METHODS:
      A total of 66 non-diabetic, non-hypertensive, and non-smoking volunteers were
      enrolled. Participants were categorized by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI;
      event/hour). The control group was defined as no OSAS: AHI<5 (n=35), and OSAS
      group had moderate to severe OSAS: AHI>15 (n=31).Echocardiographic and
      biochemical tests, including measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), were
      performed. PAS (kHz/s) was calculated by dividing the maximal frequency shift of
      the pulmonary flow by the acceleration time. RESULTS: PAS (kHz/s), obtained by
      echocardiography, was statistically significantly higher in the OSAS group than
      the control group (28+/-5 vs 18+/-4, p<0.001), and was positively correlated with
      AHI, CRP, aortic stiffness index, E/E', and LVM index (p=0.034, p=0.039, p<0.001,
      p=0.040, and p<0.001, respectively), and negatively correlated with aortic strain
      (AS), aortic distensibility (AD), E/A, E'/A', and E' (p<0.001). Regression
      analyses indicated that CRP and PAS are independent predictors of aortic
      stiffness (p<0.05). E/A and LVM index were independent predictors of PAS (p=0.002
      and p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Increased PAS is associated with aortic
      stiffness, left ventricular diastolic function, and increased LVM index. PAS may
      be a more effective indicator of aortic stiffness in OSAS patients than CRP.

PMID- 27372615
TI  - Evaluation of heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery ectasia and
      coronary artery disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study compared heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in
      patients with coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and coronary artery disease (CAD).
      METHODS: The study population consisted of 60 consecutive patients with CAE (14
      women; mean age 51.63+/-7.44 years), 60 consecutive patients with CA (15 women;
      mean age 53.67+/-9.31 years), and 59 healthy individuals (13 women; mean age
      52.85+/-8.19 years). Electrocardiograms, 24-hour Holter analyses, and routine
      biochemical tests were performed, and clinical characteristics were evaluated.
      Coronary angiography images were analyzed. Time-domain HRV parameters, including
      the standard deviation (SD) of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) and the root
      mean square of difference in successive normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD) were
      evaluated, as were frequency-domain HRV parameters including low-frequency (LF),
      very low-frequency (VLF), high-frequency (HF), the proportion derived by dividing
      low- and high-frequency (LF/HF), and total power (TP). RESULTS: SDNN was lower in
      both the CAE and CAD groups, compared to the healthy group (140.85+/-44.21,
      96.51+/-31.28, and 181.05+/-48.67, respectively). A significant difference in
      RMSSD values among the groups was determined (p=0.004). Significantly decreased
      VLF and HF values were found in the CAE group, compared with the healthy group
      (VLF p<0.001; HF, p=0.007). TP, VLF, and HF values were significantly lower
      (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively), but LF and LF/HF values were
      significantly higher (p<0.001 for both) in the CAD group than in the healthy
      group. TP values were significantly higher (p<0.001), and LF and LF/HF values
      were lower in the CAE group, compared with the CAD group (p<0.001 for both).
      CONCLUSION: A decrease in vagal modulation or an increase in sympathetic activity
      of cardiac function, assessed by HRV analysis, is worse in patients with CAD than
      in patients with CAE.

PMID- 27372616
TI  - A rare pathology: Levoatriocardinal vein.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Levoatriocardinal vein (LACV) is a rare cardiac pathology that
      represents a connection between the pulmonary venous and cardinal systems. The
      aim of the present study was to discuss morphological and clinical
      characteristics, as well as diagnostic methods, of experience with LACV. METHODS:
      Records of 11 patients (4 male, 7 female; mean age 79+/-1.83 days; range 1-390
      days) diagnosed with LACV between 2010 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.
      Presence of LACV was confirmed with echocardiography. The primary obstructive
      lesion associated with cardiac defects and the integrity of the interatrial
      septum was identified in each patient with left-sided obstruction. RESULTS: Mean
      weight was 4.4+/-0.4 kg (range: 2-8). Age at presentation was under 1 year in 82%
      of patients. Nine patients had left-sided obstruction, and 2 had normal
      intracardiac anatomy and pulmonary venous return. In patients with left-sided
      obstruction, LACV was initially demonstrated with echocardiographic evaluation,
      performed in apical 4-chamber, high parasternal, and subcostal views. Atrial
      septum was restrictive or intact in patients with left-sided obstructions. LACV
      originated directly from the left atrium in all patients. CONCLUSION:
      Levoatriocardinal vein is an extremely rare cardiac pathology, presenting almost
      exclusively in patients with left-sided obstructive lesions. In patients with
      left-sided obstructions, LACV must be kept in mind. It may also present in
      patients with normal intracardiac anatomy and pulmonary venous return.

PMID- 27372617
TI  - Status of Turkey's top publications in cardiovascular medicine, revisited after 4
      years.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present assessment was to identify "genuine" medical
      papers generated by Turkey's institutions that have contributed most to
      cardiovascular medicine. METHODS: Based on Web of Science data, 160 papers were
      identified as having received 40 or more citations as of late July 2015. Papers
      with more than minor contribution from international authors were excluded.
      RESULTS: A total of 127 primary authors generated 160 papers, each receiving >=40
      (95% confidence interval 40-165) citations. These papers corresponded in quality
      to the global top 15% and were estimated to represent a global share of 3 per
      mille. Half were published between 2001 and 2006, with a median exposure period
      of 10.4 years. An estimated 9 of these papers have been produced in Turkey
      annually since around the turn of the century. Cardiology generated 120 articles,
      cardiovascular surgery 35, and pediatric cardiology 6. These papers originated
      from only 28 medical faculties, Gulhane Military Medical Academy (GATA), and 9
      hospitals that are not academically affiliated. A majority of related Turkish
      institutions have shown disappointing performance. CONCLUSION: The present
      assessment demonstrates that the unsatisfactory performance of Turkey's
      contribution to cardiovascular medicine has further regressed, if slightly,
      particularly since 2006. Unless a wide-scale concerted effort is made to build an
      environment focused on research with a potential to contribute, Turkey's gap in
      the field is likely to widen.

PMID- 27372618
TI  - Tricuspid valve chordal rupture after a motorbike accident.
AB  - Cardiac valve injury, a condition that can follow blunt thoracic trauma, has a
      wide range of clinical presentations, depending on the structures involved. Post
      traumatic tricuspid regurgitation is relatively rare, caused by increase in
      intrathoracic pressure when the tricuspid valve leaflets close, leading to
      rupture of the chordae tendineae. A case of severe tricuspid regurgitation due to
      chordal rupture presenting with atrial flutter following a motorbike accident is
      described in the present report. 

PMID- 27372619
TI  - Aortopulmonary window in adulthood: Surviving at 22 years without intervention or
      pulmonary vascular disease.
AB  - Aortopulmonary window is a rare anomaly, a communication between the ascending
      aorta and the main pulmonary artery. Prognosis in the absence of correction is
      poor, with mortality of around 40% in the first year of life. A case of
      aortopulmonary window without pulmonary vascular disease in adulthood is
      described in the present report. 

PMID- 27372620
TI  - Resolution of left ventricular thrombus with apixaban in a patient with
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Anticoagulation with warfarin is the main treatment of intracardiac thrombus.
      While novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been approved by the US Food and
      Drug Administration (FDA) for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular
      atrial fibrillation (AF), they are not indicated for resolution of intracardiac
      thrombus. The case of a 60-year-old woman with left ventricular (LV) thrombus
      secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and AF is described in the present
      report. Indications for oral anticoagulation were AF and LV thrombus. Thrombus
      was dissolved after 1 month of apixaban treatment. To the best of our knowledge,
      this is the first report that describes the resolution of LV thrombus with
      apixaban treatment in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. 

PMID- 27372621
TI  - [Long-term survival in a case of unoperated single ventricle].
AB  - Single ventricle is a rare congenital heart disease, typically diagnosed with
      dyspnea and cyanosis. The number of patients who reach adulthood without having
      undergone surgical treatment is limited due to poor prognosis. While some reports
      describe patients who have reached the 2nd and 3rd decades of life, it is very
      interesting that the case of the patient who has lived the longest with
      unoperated single ventricle is reported in Turkey. 

PMID- 27372622
TI  - DOCK8 deficiency in a boy who presented with a giant aortic aneurysm between
      aortic root and iliac bifurcation.
AB  - Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 protein (DOCK8) deficiency is an autosomal recessive,
      inherited form of hyper-immunoglobulin E (hyper-IgE) syndrome, characterized by
      persistent cutaneous viral infections, elevated IgE, eosinophilia, and allergic
      manifestations. The case of a 10-year-old boy who presented with giant aortic
      aneurysm between the aortic root and iliac bifurcation is described in the
      present report. Aortic aneurysm of this size has not yet been reported. 

PMID- 27372623
TI  - "Not-so-identical" twins with trisomy 21 and perimembranous ventricular septal
      defects.
AB  - While trisomy 21 is a common genetic disorder in singletons, the incidence among
      identical twins is very rare, occurring in approximately 1-2 per 1000 twin
      gestations. Trisomy 21 is associated with high incidence of congenital heart
      defects, and commonly occurs with ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Physiologic
      burden of VSDs depends on prevalence of anatomic and other circulatory factors. A
      case of identical twins with trisomy 21 and large VSDs is described in the
      present report. Though genetically identical, phenotypes varied significantly.
      One twin was managed medically, while the other developed more significant heart
      failure, requiring operative repair. 

PMID- 27372625
TI  - Case images: Percutaneous closure of transseptal puncture-related non-coronary
      cusp perforation with Amplatzer Duct Occluder II.

PMID- 27372624
TI  - Case images: Cardiac hydatid cyst presenting as double-chambered left ventricle.

PMID- 27372626
TI  - Case images: Ortner's Syndrome caused by ductus arteriosus aneurysm.

PMID- 27372627
TI  - Case images: Mediastinal mass compressing the right atrium.

PMID- 27372628
TI  - Case images: Aortic stent implantation in patient with subtotal aortic
      interruption.

PMID- 27372629
TI  - Relationship between epicardial fat thickness and hypertension.

PMID- 27372630
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27372631
TI  - Can utilization of therapeutic hypothermia with cold saline infusion and external
      cooling be increased in Turkey?

PMID- 27372632
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27372633
TI  - Facile synthesis of flower-like platinum nanostructures as an efficient
      electrocatalyst for methanol electro-oxidation.
AB  - This paper presents a facile approach for the synthesis of a novel Pt/graphene
      nickel foam (Pt/GNF) electrode composed of flower-like Pt nanoparticles (NPs) and
      3D graphene. The fabrication process involved the chemical vapor deposition of
      graphene onto Ni foam as a substrate and the subsequent growth of Pt NPs via a
      galvanic replacement reaction without using any seed and organic solvent. The
      surface morphology and composition of the prepared materials were characterized.
      Meanwhile, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were
      employed to confirm their typical electrochemical characteristics. The as
      prepared nanocomposites displayed enhanced catalytic activity and kinetics toward
      methanol electro-oxidation. Such an excellent performance can be ascribed to the
      high dispersion of flower-like Pt NPs and to the exposure of more sites provided
      by the flower-like structure. The improved stability, decreased charge transfer
      resistance, and enhanced reaction rate of the nanocomposites promise new
      opportunities for the development of direct methanol fuel cells. 

PMID- 27372634
TI  - Formation and stabilization of nanoemulsions using biosurfactants: Rhamnolipids.
AB  - Nanoemulsions are used in the food, cosmetics, personal care and pharmaceutical
      industries to provide desirable optical, textural, stability, and delivery
      characteristics. In many industrial applications, it is desirable to formulate
      nanoemulsions using natural ingredients so as to develop label-friendly products.
      Rhamnolipids are biosurfactants isolated from certain microorganisms using
      fermentation processes. They are glycolipids that have a polar head consisting of
      rhamnose units and a non-polar tail consisting of a hydrocarbon chain. In this
      study, the interfacial characteristics of this natural surfactant at medium chain
      triglyceride (MCT) oil-water interfaces were characterized, and its ability to
      form nanoemulsions was compared to that of another natural surfactant (quillaja
      saponins). The influence of rhamnolipid concentration, homogenization pressure,
      and oil type on the mean droplet diameter of emulsions produced by
      microfluidization was determined. Rhamnolipids were highly effective at forming
      small droplets (d32<0.15MUm) at low surfactant-to-oil ratios (SOR<1:10) for MCT
      oil. Rhamnolipids could also be used to form small droplets using long chain
      triglyceride oils, such as corn and fish oil. Rhamnolipid-coated droplets were
      stable to aggregation over a range of pH values (5-9), salt concentrations
      (<100mM NaCl) and temperatures (20-90 degrees C). However, droplet aggregation
      was observed at highly acidic (pH 2-4) and high ionic strength (200-500mM NaCl)
      conditions. These effects were attributed to a reduction in electrostatic
      repulsion at low pH and high salt levels. Rhamnolipid-coated droplets had a high
      negative charge at neutral pH that decreased in magnitude with decreasing pH.
      These results indicate that rhamnolipids are effective natural surfactants that
      may be able to replace synthetic surfactants in certain commercial applications. 

PMID- 27372635
TI  - Sensorimotor therapy and time to full oral feeding in <33weeks infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that oral stimulation improves feeding
      skills in preterm infants. However, it remains unclear whether other sensorimotor
      therapies have similar effect. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of
      sensorimotor therapy on the time to reach full oral feeding (FOF) in infants
      <33weeks. METHODS: Retrospective review compared two time periods between 2009
      and 2014, before (PRE TX) and after (POST TX) initiation of sensorimotor therapy
      to infants <33weeks. Type and number of sensorimotor therapy, time to FOF and
      length of stay (LOS) were collected. Statistical analysis used SPSS 22 for
      descriptive, non-parametric testing, chi-square and multivariate linear
      regression computation. RESULTS: Of 245 records, 137 were excluded due to death,
      record unavailability/incompleteness or transfer. The remaining 55 in PRE TX and
      53 in POST TX infants differed by small for gestational age (SGA) (36.4% vs.
      28.3%, p=0.02); sepsis (81.8% vs. 54.7%, p=0.002); patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
      (5.5% vs. 22.6%, p=0.01) and bradycardia (47.3% vs. 83%, p<0.0001). Infants in
      (POST TX) achieved FOF in 6.3+/-4.3days vs. 8.8+/-6.6days in (PRE TX) (p=0.02);
      their LOS was 56.8+/-26.4 vs. 52.2+/-25.1 (p=0.36). Predictors of days to FOF
      were any number of therapy sessions (beta=-4.31; 95% CI: -6.47:-2.15), LOS
      (beta=0.05; 95% CI: 0.004:0.09), PDA (beta=3.23; 95% CI: 0.27:6.19) and
      bradycardia (beta=2.94; 95% CI: 0.62:5.26). CONCLUSION: Providing any type of
      sensorimotor therapy decreased time to reach FOF in infants <33weeks. Structured
      guidelines may help optimize this effect.

PMID- 27372636
TI  - Assessment of general movements and heart rate variability in prediction of
      neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adverse neurologic outcome in preterm infants could be associated
      with abnormal heart rate (HR) characteristics as well as with abnormal general
      movements (GMs) in the 1st month of life. AIMS: To demonstrate to what extent GMs
      assessment can predict neurological outcome in preterm infants in our clinical
      setting; and to assess the clinical usefulness of time-domain indices of heart
      rate variability (HRV) in improving predictive value of poor repertoire (PR) GMs
      in writhing period. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative assessment of GMs at 1 and 3 months
      corrected age; 24h electrocardiography (ECG) recordings and analyzing HRV at 1
      month corrected age. SUBJECTS: Seventy nine premature infants at risk of
      neurodevelopmental impairments were included prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed at the age of 2 years corrected. Children
      were classified as having normal neurodevelopmental status, minor neurologic
      dysfunction (MND), or cerebral palsy (CP). RESULTS: We found that GMs in writhing
      period (1 month corrected age) predicted CP at 2 years with sensitivity of 100%,
      and specificity of 72.1%. Our results demonstrated the excellent predictive value
      of cramped synchronized (CS) GMs, but not of PR pattern. Analyzing separately a
      group of infants with PR GMs we found significantly lower values of HRV
      parameters in infants who later developed CP or MND vs. infants with PR GMs who
      had normal outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of GMs was predictive for
      neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years. Prediction of PR GMs was significantly
      enhanced with analyzing HRV parameters.

PMID- 27372637
TI  - The sex ratio at birth in France was unchanged 9months after the 1998 FIFA World
      Cup.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Positive psychological phenomena such as increased feelings of
      belonging linked to hosting the FIFA World Cup were observed in France 1998 and
      South Africa 2010. Approximately nine months after South Africa hosted the 2010
      World Cup the sex ratio at birth increased significantly. Given the similarity of
      positive psychological phenomena between the two countries, this study sought to
      determine if the sex ratio at birth increased in France circa nine months after
      the 1998 World Cup. METHODS: Anonymized publicly available live birth data from
      1994 to 2004 inclusive was obtained from the Insee (Institut National de la
      Statistique et des Etudes/Economiques - National Institute of Statistics and
      Economic Studies). For statistical analysis, chi-squared tests were used.
      RESULTS: The sex ratio at birth for March and April 1999 did not differ
      significantly from that of the rest of same period from 1996 to 2000 (p=0.558),
      there was also no significant difference for February and March 1999. CONCLUSION:
      The sex ratio at birth did not increase in France after it hosted the 1998 World
      Cup. Possible reasons why the sex ratio at birth did not increase as it did in
      South Africa include a higher French prevalence of modern contraceptive use and a
      different kind/level of excitement for the World Cup in France since it has
      previously hosted large international sports tournaments. The influence of the
      World Cup on the sex ratio at birth depends on the context of a specific country.

PMID- 27372638
TI  - Sirtuin 2 Inhibition Improves Cognitive Performance and Acts on Amyloid-beta
      Protein Precursor Processing in Two Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models.
AB  - The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are extracellular
      plaques built up by the accumulation of the amyloid-beta protein precursor
      (AbetaPP)-derived peptide beta (Abeta), and intracellular tangles of
      hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is a member of the sirtuin
      family, featuring conserved enzymes with deacetylase activity and involved in
      several cell molecular pathways. We investigated the importance of SIRT2
      inhibition in AD. We inhibited SIRT2 by small molecules (AGK-2, AK-7) and
      examined AbetaPP metabolism in H4-SW neuroglioma cells overexpressing AbetaPP and
      two AD transgenic mouse models (3xTg-AD and APP23). The in vitro studies
      suggested that the inhibition of SIRT2 reduced Abeta production; in vivo data
      showed an improvement of cognitive performance in the novel object recognition
      test, and an effect on AbetaPP proteolytic processing leading to a reduction of
      soluble beta-AbetaPP and an increase of soluble alpha-AbetaPP protein. In 3xTg-AD
      mice, we noticed that total tau protein level rose. Overall, our pre-clinical
      data support a role for SIRT2 inhibition in the improvement of cognitive
      performance and the modulation of molecular mechanisms relevant for AD, thus
      deserving attention as possible therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 27372639
TI  - Fine Particulate Matter, Residential Proximity to Major Roads, and Markers of
      Small Vessel Disease in a Memory Study Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with
      impaired cognitive function and vascular disease in older adults, but little is
      known about these associations among people with concerns about memory loss.
      OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between exposures to fine particulate matter
      and residential proximity to major roads and markers of small vessel disease.
      METHODS: From 2004-2010, 236 participants in the Massachusetts Alzheimer's
      Disease Research Center Longitudinal Cohort participated in neuroimaging studies.
      Residential proximity to major roads and estimated 2003 residential annual
      average of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) were linked to measures of
      brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and
      cerebral microbleeds. Associations were modeled using linear and logistic
      regression and adjusted for clinical and lifestyle factors. RESULTS: In this
      population (median age [interquartile range] = 74 [12], 57% female) living in a
      region with median 2003 PM2.5 annual average below the current Environmental
      Protection Agency (EPA) standard, there were no associations between living
      closer to a major roadway or for a 2MUg/m3 increment in PM2.5 and smaller BPF,
      greater WMH volume, or a higher odds of microbleeds. However, a 2MUg/m3 increment
      in PM2.5 was associated with -0.19 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.37, -0.005)
      lower natural log-transformed WMH volume. Other associations had wide confidence
      intervals. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, where median 2003 estimated PM2.5
      levels were below the current EPA standard, we observed no pattern of association
      between residential proximity to major roads or 2003 average PM2.5 and greater
      burden of small vessel disease or neurodegeneration.

PMID- 27372640
TI  - Behavioral and Electrophysiological Correlates of Memory Binding Deficits in
      Patients at Different Risk Levels for Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Deficits in visual short-term memory (VSTM) binding have been proposed as an
      early and specific marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, no studies have
      explored the neural correlates of this domain in clinical categories involving
      prodromal stages with different risk levels of conversion to AD. We assessed
      underlying electrophysiological modulations in patients with mild cognitive
      impairment (MCI), patients in the MCI stages of familial AD carrying the mutation
      E280A of the presenilin-1 gene (MCI-FAD), and healthy controls. Moreover, we
      compared the behavioral performance and neural correlates of both patient groups.
      Participants completed a change-detection VSTM task assessing recognition of
      changes between shapes or shape-color bindings, presented in two consecutive
      arrays (i.e., study and test) while event related potentials (ERPs) were
      recorded. Changes always occurred in the test array and consisted of new features
      replacing studied features (shape-only) or features swapping across items (shape
      color binding). Both MCI and MCI-FAD patients performed worse than controls in
      the shape-color binding condition. Early electrophysiological activity (100-250
      ms) was significantly reduced in both clinical groups, particularly over fronto
      central and parieto-occipital regions. However, shape-color binding performance
      and their reduced neural correlates were similar between MCI and MCI-FAD. Our
      results support the validity of the VSTM binding test and their neural correlates
      in the early detection of AD and highlight the importance of studies comparing
      samples at different risk for AD conversion. The combined analysis of behavioral
      and ERP data gleaned with the VSTM binding task can offer a valuable memory
      biomarker for AD.

PMID- 27372641
TI  - An 18-mer Peptide Derived from Prosaposin Ameliorates the Effects of Abeta1-42
      Neurotoxicity on Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Memory Deficit in Mice.
AB  - The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include amyloid-beta
      (Abeta) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, synaptic dysfunction, and
      neuronal loss. The present study was performed to investigate the protective
      effects and mechanism of action of a prosaposin-derived 18-mer peptide (PS18:
      LSELIINNATEELLIKGL) on mice hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation,
      neurogenesis, and memory tasks after intracerebroventricular injection of Abeta1
      42 peptide. Seven days after Abeta1-42 injection, significant proliferation of
      hippocampal progenitor cells and memory impairment were evident. Two weeks after
      Abeta1-42 peptide injection, elevated numbers of surviving 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine
      cells and newly formed neurons were detected. Treatment with PS18 attenuated
      these effects evoked by Abeta1-42. Our data indicate that treatment with PS18
      partially attenuated the increase in hippocampal neurogenesis caused by Abeta1-42
      induced neuroinflammation and prevented memory deficits associated with increased
      numbers of activated glial cells. We observed an increase in ADAM10 and decreases
      in BACE1, PS1/2, and AbetaPP protein levels, suggesting that PS18 enhances the
      nonamyloidogenic AbetaPP cleavage pathway. Importantly, our results further
      showed that PS18 activated the PI3K/Akt pathway, phosphorylated GSK-3alpha/beta,
      and, as a consequence, exerted a neuroprotective effect. In addition, PS18 showed
      a protective effect against Abeta1-42-induced neurotoxicity via suppression of
      the caspase pathway; upregulation of Bcl-2; downregulation of BAX, attenuating
      mitochondrial damage; and inhibition of caspase-3. These findings suggest that
      PS18 may provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of progressive
      neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.

PMID- 27372642
TI  - Formulaic Language in People with Probable Alzheimer's Disease: A Frequency-Based
      Approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Language change can be a valuable biological marker of overall
      cognitive change in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia.
      Previous reports have described increased use of language formulas in AD, i.e.,
      combinations likely processed in a holistic manner. Words that commonly occur
      together are more likely to become a formula. OBJECTIVE: To determine if
      frequency of co-occurrence as one indicator for formulaic language can
      distinguish people with probable AD from controls and if variables are sensitive
      to time post-symptom onset. METHODS: We developed the Frequency in Language
      Analysis Tool (FLAT), which indicates degrees of formulaicity in an individual
      language sample. The FLAT accomplishes this by comparing individual language
      samples to co-occurrence data from the British National Corpus (BNC). Our
      analysis also contained more conventional language variables in order to assess
      novel contributions of the FLAT. We analyzed data from the Pitt Corpus, which is
      part of DementiaBank. RESULTS: Both conventional and co-occurrence variables were
      able to distinguish AD and control groups. According to co-occurrence data,
      people with probable AD produced more formulaic language than controls. Only co
      occurrence variables correlated with disease progression. DISCUSSION: Frequency
      of word co-occurrences is one indicator for formulaicity and a valuable
      contribution to characterizing language change in AD.

PMID- 27372643
TI  - Partial Amelioration of Synaptic and Cognitive Deficits by Inhibiting Cofilin
      Dephosphorylation in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - The loss of synaptic structure and function has been linked to the cognitive
      impairment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton,
      which plays a key role in regulating the integrity of synapses and the transport
      of synaptic proteins, has been suggested to contribute to the pathology of AD. In
      this study, we found that glutamate receptor surface expression and synaptic
      function in frontal cortical neurons were significant diminished in a familial AD
      (FAD) model, which was correlated with the reduction of phosphorylated cofilin, a
      key protein regulating the dynamics of actin filaments. Injecting a cofilin
      dephosphorylation inhibitory peptide to FAD mice led to the partial rescue of the
      surface expression of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits, as well as the partial
      restoration of AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents. Moreover, the
      impaired working memory and novel object recognition memory in FAD mice were
      partially ameliorated by injections of the cofilin dephosphorylation inhibitory
      peptide. These results suggest that targeting the cofilin-actin signaling holds
      promise to mitigate the physiological and behavioral abnormality in AD.

PMID- 27372645
TI  - Physical and Cognitive Stimulation Using an Exergame in Subjects with Normal
      Aging, Mild and Moderate Cognitive Impairment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of Serious exerGames (SeG) as enriched environments (EE),
      which promotes cognitive simulation with physical activity in a positive
      emotional context, has been proposed to represent a powerful method to slow down
      the decline due to neurodegenerative diseases (ND), such as Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). However, so far, no SeG targeting EE has been tested in ND subjects.
      OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the usability and short-term training
      effects of X-Torp, an action SeG designed for elderly ND subjects with mild
      cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. METHODS: X-Torp is a SeG played using the
      Microsoft(r) KinectTM. 10 ND subjects and 8 healthy elderly controls (HEC) were
      enrolled in a 1-month program with three training sessions per week. Usability
      was evaluated through game time, game performance, the aerobic intensity level
      reached, perceived emotions, and perceived usability. RESULTS: All participants
      successfully completed the training program. ND subjects played less and had a
      lower game performance compared to HEC. During the sessions, ND subjects
      maintained a light intensity of aerobic activity, while HEC maintained a moderate
      intensity. Both groups experienced only positive emotions, and reported a
      'moderate' to 'high' perceived competence, a 'moderate' game difficulty, and a
      'high' interest in the game. CONCLUSION: Usability results suggest that X-Torp
      represents a usable EE for healthy subjects and persons with MCI and AD. However,
      in order to reach moderate or high intensity of aerobic activity, X-Torp control
      modes should be adapted to become more physically stimulating.

PMID- 27372644
TI  - Reversal of ApoE4-Driven Brain Pathology by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
      Treatment.
AB  - Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), the most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's
      disease (AD), is associated with increased neurodegeneration and vascular
      impairments. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), originally described as a
      key angiogenic factor, has recently been shown to play a crucial role in the
      nervous system. The objective of this research is to examine the role of VEGF in
      mediating the apoE4-driven pathologies. We show that hippocampal VEGF levels are
      lower in apoE4 targeted replacement mice compared to the corresponding apoE3
      mice. This effect was accompanied by a specific decrease in both VEGF receptor-2
      and HIF1-alpha. We next set to examine whether upregulation of VEGF can reverse
      apoE4-driven pathologies, namely the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau
      (AT8) and Abeta42, and reduced levels of the pre-synaptic marker, VGluT1, and of
      the ApoE receptor, ApoER2. This was first performed utilizing intra-hippocampal
      injection of VEGF-expressing-lentivirus (LV-VEGF). This revealed that LV-VEGF
      treatment reversed the apoE4-driven cognitive deficits and synaptic pathologies.
      The levels of Abeta42 and AT8, however, were increased in apoE3 mice, masking any
      potential effects of this treatment on the apoE4 mice. Follow-up experiments
      utilizing VEGF-expressing adeno-associated-virus (AAV-VEGF), which expresses VEGF
      specifically under the GFAP astrocytic promoter, prevented this effects on apoE3
      mice, and reversed the apoE4-related increase in Abeta42 and AT8. Taken together,
      these results suggest that apoE4-driven pathologies are mediated by a VEGF
      dependent pathway, resulting in cognitive impairments and brain pathology. These
      animal model findings suggest that the VEGF system is a promising target for the
      treatment of apoE4 carriers in AD.

PMID- 27372646
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI and Additional [18F]FDG-PET for Behavioral Variant
      Frontotemporal Dementia in Patients with Late Onset Behavioral Changes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging has a reasonable accuracy to differentiate behavioral
      variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) from other neurodegenerative disorders,
      its value for the differentiation of bvFTD among subjects with acquired
      behavioral disturbances is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic
      accuracy of MRI, additional [18F]FDG-PET, and their combination for bvFTD among
      subjects with late onset behavioral changes. METHODS: Patients with late onset
      behavioral changes referred to a memory clinic or psychiatric services were
      included. At baseline, 111 patients had a brain MRI scan and 74 patients received
      an additional [18F]FDG-PET when the MRI was inconclusive. The consensus diagnosis
      after two-year-follow-up was used as the gold standard to calculate sensitivity
      and specificity for baseline neuroimaging. RESULTS: 27 patients had
      probable/definite bvFTD and 84 patients had a non-bvFTD diagnosis (primary
      psychiatric diagnosis or other neurological disorders). MRI had a sensitivity of
      70% (95% CI 52-85%) with a specificity of 93% (95% CI 86-97%). Additional
      [18F]FDG-PET had a sensitivity of 90% (95% CI 66-100%) with a specificity of 68%
      (95% CI 56-79%). The sensitivity of combined neuroimaging was 96% (95% CI 85
      100%) with a specificity of 73% (95% CI 63-81%). In 66% of the genetic FTD cases,
      MRI lacked typical frontotemporal atrophy. 40% of cases with a false positive
      [18F]FDG-PET scan had a primary psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSION: A good
      diagnostic accuracy was found for MRI and additional [18F]FDG-PET for bvFTD in
      patients with late onset behavioral changes. Caution with the interpretation of
      neuroimaging results should especially be taken in cases with a genetic
      background and in cases with a primary psychiatric differential diagnosis where
      [18F]FDG-PET is the only abnormal investigation.

PMID- 27372647
TI  - Neurocognitive Deficits Distinguishing Mild Dementia with Lewy Bodies from Mild
      Alzheimer's Disease are Associated with Parkinsonism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cognitive profile of mild dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) versus
      mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been extensively studied, and the relation
      of cognitive deficits to the core diagnostic criteria for DLB (fluctuations,
      visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism) remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To
      compare the cognitive profile in patients with mild DLB to patients with mild AD
      and investigate the relation between cognitive deficits distinguishing DLB from
      AD and the core diagnostic features in DLB. METHODS: Patients with mild dementia
      were recruited from the southwestern part of Norway and patients diagnosed with
      probable AD (n = 113) or probable DLB (n = 77) were included. The DLB core
      diagnostic symptoms were assessed using standardized clinical measures, and
      standardized neurocognitive tests assessing attention, language, memory, and
      visuospatial functions were administered. Univariate and multivariate comparisons
      of cognitive tests were performed, and tests distinguishing between AD and DLB
      were subjected to correlational analyses with the core diagnostic symptoms.
      RESULTS: DLB patients performed worse than AD patients on test of
      visuoconstruction, but not visual perception and on all tests involving attention
      and executive functions, except verbal fluency. The multivariate model
      distinguished between DLB and AD with a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of
      82%. Tests where DLB performed worse than AD were highly correlated with degree
      of parkinsonism, but not with cognitive fluctuations or visual hallucinations.
      CONCLUSIONS: The cognitive profile in mild DLB can be useful in distinguishing AD
      from DLB. The strong relation between relative deficits in DLB and parkinsonism
      warrants further studies.

PMID- 27372648
TI  - Alzheimer's Disease: Assessing the Role of Spirochetes, Biofilms, the Immune
      System, and Amyloid-beta with Regard to Potential Treatment and Prevention.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an infectious disease caused by spirochetes, and
      these spirochetes form biofilms, which attract the innate immune system. The
      innate immune system first responder, Toll-like receptor 2, generates both NF
      kappaB and TNF-alpha which try to kill the spirochetes in the biofilm, but cannot
      penetrate the "slime". NF-kappaB is also responsible for the generation of
      amyloid-beta (Abeta) which itself is anti-microbial. Abeta cannot penetrate the
      biofilm either, and its accumulation leads to destruction of the cerebral
      neurocircuitry. Treatment with penicillin (as in tertiary syphilis, the
      comparator to AD) is outlined; a biofilm dispersing agent may need to be added to
      the protocol.

PMID- 27372649
TI  - Impaired VEGF Signaling in Lungs with Hypoplastic Esophageal Atresia and Effects
      on Branching Morphogenesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal
      fistula (TEF) often suffer chronic respiratory tract disease. We previously
      reported that primary lung maldevelopment caused by deficient branching of
      embryonal airways in experimental EA-TEF was induced by Adriamycin. In this
      study, we investigated the Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway in
      the developing lung in an EA-TEF rat model. We further analyzed the effect of
      recombinant VEGF treatment in vitro on branching morphogenesis of embryo lungs in
      experimental EA-TEF. METHODS: Pregnant rats received either Adriamycin or vehicle
      on E7, E8 and E9. Lungs were recovered at E15, E18 and E21. Expression of VEGF
      and receptors (Flk-1 and Flt-1) were assessed by quantitative PCR,
      immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. E13 lungs were cultured for 72 hours
      with 50 ng/mL of recombinant rat VEGF in serum-free medium. The rates of increase
      in bud count and airway contour were evaluated. RESULTS: Our results showed a
      significant downregulation of VEGF during pseudoglandular and canalicular stages.
      In contrast, there were significantly higher levels of the Flt-1 receptor in the
      canalicular stage, which may represent a compensatory response to decreased VEGF.
      However, both variables returned to normal levels at the saccular stage.
      Exogenous VEGF treatment enhanced hypoplastic lung growth, evidenced by the
      increase in bud count and airway contour. CONCLUSIONS: A VEGF signaling defect
      possibly plays an important role in defective embryonic airway branching.
      Additionally, VEGF treatment may accelerate lung growth in EA-TEF lungs.

PMID- 27372650
TI  - Overexpression of Phosphoserine Aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) Predicts Poor
      Prognosis and Associates with Tumor Progression in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell
      Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) is over-expressed in
      many carcinoma tissues, however little is known regarding its expression and
      function in esophageal carcinogenesis. This study investigated the expression of
      PSAT1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues to determine the
      relationship between PSAT1 expression and clinicopathological factors. METHODS:
      The expression of PSAT1 in 64 surgical resections from esophageal carcinogenesis
      patients was examined by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry and the
      results were compared with clinicopathological factors. In vitro experiments were
      performed in ESCC cells overexpressing PSAT1 to measure cell viability and
      invasion. Tumor formation in vivowas examined by injection of tumor cells into
      immunocompromised mice subcutaneously. RESULTS: PSAT1 expression was elevated in
      ESCC tissues compared to normal esophageal tissues. Increased PSAT1 expression
      was significantly associated with stage of disease, lymph node metastasis,
      distant metastasis and poor prognosis. In vitro, PSAT1 overexpression promoted
      ESCC cell proliferation and matrigel invasion. In vivo, injection of mice with
      ECSS cells overexpressing PSAT1 enhanced tumor formation. Western blot analysis
      revealed that PSAT1 upregulated the expression and/or activity of GSK3beta/Snail.
      CONCLUSION: PSAT1 plays a crucial role in the development of ESCC and predicts
      poor survival. Therefore, PSAT1 may be a promising novel anticancer therapeutic
      target.

PMID- 27372651
TI  - Geniposide Prevents Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Apoptosis in H9c2 Cells:
      Improvement of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Activation of GLP-1R and the
      PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major cause of
      morbidity and mortality associated with coronary heart disease. Many studies have
      demonstrated that natural products are promising chemotherapeutic drugs
      counteracting the loss of cardiomyocytes. Thus, the purpose of the present study
      was to investigate the effects of geniposide, a traditional Chinese herb extract
      from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, on cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by
      hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in H9c2 cells, and their underlying mechanisms.
      METHODS: Cell viability and apoptosis ratio were assessed using the cell counting
      kit-8 assay and Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining. The concentrations of
      lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), intracellular total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD),
      and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by microplate reader. The production of
      reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), the level of
      mitochondrial calcium, and mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization were
      measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Mitochondrial morphology was
      visualized using transmission electron microscopy. The expressions of Bcl-2 mRNA
      and Caspase-3 mRNA were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain
      reaction (RT-PCR). The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, AKT, p
      AKTserine473, cytochrome-c were detected by western bloting. RESULTS: Geniposide
      pretreatment increased cell viability, decreased LDH levels in the supernatant,
      and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis caused by H/R. Furthermore, geniposide
      reversed mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing oxidative stress products
      (ROS/RNS and MDA), increasing anti-oxidative enzyme (T-SOD) level, improving
      mitochondrial morphology, attenuating mitochondrial calcium overload and blunting
      depolarization of mitochondrial membrane. Moreover, geniposide pretreatment
      increased Bcl-2 level and decreased Bax level, thus enhancing the Bcl-2/Bax
      ratio. Consistent with the above result, Bcl-2 mRNA expression was upregulated
      and caspase-3 mRNA expression was downregulated by geniposide. In addition,
      geniposide decreased the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome-c
      and increased the level p-AKTserine473. The protective effects of geniposide were
      partially reversed by glucagon-like pepitide-1 receptor antagonist exendin-(9-39)
      and the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results suggest that geniposide pretreatment inhibits H/R-induced myocardial
      apoptosis by reversing mitochondrial dysfunction, an effect in part due to
      activation of GLP-1R and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

PMID- 27372652
TI  - Phytoextraction, phytotransformation and rhizodegradation of ibuprofen associated
      with Typha angustifolia in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland.
AB  - Widespread occurrence of trace pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environments is
      of great concerns due to the potential chronic toxicity of certain
      pharmaceuticals including ibuprofen on aquatic organisms even at environmental
      levels. In this study, the phytoextraction, phytotransformation and
      rhizodegradation of ibuprofen associated with Typha angustifolia were
      investigated in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland system. The
      experimental wetland system consisted of a planted bed with Typha angustifolia
      and an unplanted bed (control) to treat ibuprofen-loaded wastewater (~107.2 MUg
      L(-1)). Over a period of 342 days, ibuprofen was accumulated in leaf sheath and
      lamina tissues at a mean concentration of 160.7 ng g(-1), indicating the
      occurrence of the phytoextraction of ibuprofen. Root-uptake ibuprofen was
      partially transformed to ibuprofen carboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy ibuprofen and 1
      hydroxy ibuprofen which were found to be 1374.9, 235.6 and 301.5 ng g(-1) in the
      sheath, respectively, while they were 1051.1, 693.6 and 178.7 ng g(-1) in the
      lamina. The findings from pyrosequencing analysis of the rhizosphere bacteria
      suggest that the Dechloromonas sp., the Clostridium sp. (e.g. Clostridium
      saccharobutylicum), the order Sphingobacteriales, and the Cytophaga sp. in the
      order Cytophagales were most probably responsible for the rhizodegradation of
      ibuprofen.

PMID- 27372653
TI  - 3-Fluorophenmetrazine, a fluorinated analogue of phenmetrazine: Studies on in
      vivo metabolism in rat and human, in vitro metabolism in human CYP isoenzymes and
      microbial biotransformation in Pseudomonas Putida and wastewater using GC and LC
      coupled to (HR)-MS techniques.
AB  - Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as means to estimate illicit drug and new
      psychoactive substance (NPS) consumption with spatial and temporal resolution is
      gaining increasing attention. In order to evaluate a given NPS using WBE, in vivo
      metabolism and microbial biotransformation of excretion products and unchanged
      compounds need evaluation. The aims of this study were to identify in vivo phase
      I and II metabolites of the NPS 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) in human and rat
      urine and study the in vitro contribution of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes in
      phase I metabolism. Additionally, to study microbial biotransformation products
      (MBPs) of 3-FPM from incubations in wastewater and in a wastewater isolated
      Pseudomonas Putida strain. To these aims gas chromatography and liquid
      chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were applied. Metabolites and MBPs
      were isolated from urine and microbial incubations after solid phase extraction
      and precipitation with or without enzymatic conjungate cleaving. The main
      transformation pathways were N-oxidation, aryl hydroxylation and subsequent O
      methylation, alkyl hydroxylation, oxidation, and degradation of the ethyl-bridge
      yielding the O/N-bis-dealkylated metabolite, combinations thereof and further
      glucuronidation or sulfations. The main excretion products in the human urine
      sample were the unchanged compound and the N-oxide, and the main MBPs were the N
      oxide and hydroxylation with subsequent oxidations on the alpha-methyl position.
      Based on these findings, the proposed strategy for WBE analysis of 3-FPM is
      quantitative determination of unchanged 3-FPM together with qualitative
      verification of a number of selected metabolites to verify consumption and rule
      out discharge. 

PMID- 27372654
TI  - Epithelial-mesenchymal transition of the retinal pigment epithelium causes
      choriocapillaris atrophy.
AB  - Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium
      (RPE) is commonly observed at sites of choroidal neovascularization in patients
      suffering from age-related macular degeneration. To learn in an experimental
      model how RPE EMT affects the biology of the choroidal vasculature, we studied
      transgenic mice (betaB1-TGF-beta1) with ocular overexpression of transforming
      growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). RPE EMT was detectable at postnatal day (P)1 and
      included marked structural and functional alterations such as loss of the outer
      blood-retina barrier and reduced mRNA expression of the RPE-characteristic
      molecules Rlbp1, Rpe65, Rbp1 and Vegfa. Moreover, vascular endothelial growth
      factor (VEGF) was not detectable by immunohistochemistry at the RPE/choroid
      interface, while RPE cells stained intensely for alpha-smooth muscle actin. The
      choriocapillaris, the characteristic choroidal capillary network adjacent to the
      RPE, developed normally and was not obviously changed in embryonic transgenic
      eyes but was absent at P1 indicating its atrophy. At around the same time,
      photoreceptors stopped to differentiate and photoreceptor apoptosis was abundant
      in the second week of life. Structural changes were also seen in the retinal
      vasculature of transgenic animals, which did not form intraretinal vessels, and
      the hyaloid vasculature, which did not regress. In addition, the amounts of
      retinal HIF-1alpha and its mRNA were markedly reduced. We conclude that high
      amounts of active TGF-beta1 in the mouse eye cause transdifferentiation of the
      RPE to a mesenchymal phenotype. The loss of epithelial differentiation leads to
      the diminished synthesis of RPE-characteristic molecules including that of VEGF.
      Lack of RPE-derived VEGF causes atrophy of the choriocapillaris, a scenario that
      disrupts photoreceptor differentiation and finally results in photoreceptor
      apoptosis. Lack of retinal vessel formation and of hyaloid vessel regression
      might be caused by the decrease in the metabolic requirements of the neuroretina
      leading to low amounts of retinal HIF-1alpha. In summary, our data indicate that
      failure of RPE differentiation may well precede and cause atrophy of the
      choriocapillaris. In contrast, RPE EMT is not sufficient to cause choroidal
      neovascularization.

PMID- 27372655
TI  - Severe adverse skin reaction and desensitization to sorafenib.

PMID- 27372656
TI  - Food allergy education program at an elementary school: A pilot study.

PMID- 27372657
TI  - Objective measurement of frequency and pattern of nocturnal cough in children
      with asthma exacerbation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although a number of patients with asthma report experiencing
      persistent cough during sleep, it has not yet been objectively investigated.
      OBJECTIVE: To classify cough severity and evaluate a characteristic pattern of
      cough frequency in children with asthma using an objective cough monitoring
      system. METHODS: An objective cough monitoring system that specialized in
      children was used to measure cough frequency and nocturnal cough patterns. Coughs
      were recorded with microphone and accelerometer and analyzed using a customized
      software program. The number of nocturnal coughs and the pattern of cough
      frequency in 30-minute intervals were measured along with the severity of each
      asthma exacerbation, and the results were compared with children without asthma.
      RESULTS: The total overnight cough count of 34 children with asthma was higher
      than that of 15 children without asthma (P < .001). The total overnight cough
      count in children with severe asthma exacerbation was higher than that in
      children with moderate asthma exacerbation (P < .05). The cough counts were
      significantly increased at the time of falling asleep and waking. This pattern
      was not observed in children without asthma. The total cough counts and cough
      patterns in children with asthma were not affected by sex, age, cause of asthma
      exacerbation, or therapy. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate huge cough counts and
      characteristic nocturnal cough patterns in children with asthma. Objective and
      precise cough monitoring is useful for the management of childhood asthma.

PMID- 27372658
TI  - PM2.5 particulates and metallic elements (Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) study in a mixed
      area of summer season in Shalu, Taiwan.
AB  - PM2.5 has become an important environmental issue in Taiwan during the past few
      years. Moreover, electricity increased significantly during the summertime and
      TTPP generated by coal burning base is the main electricity provider in central
      Taiwan. Therefore, summer season has become the main research target in this
      study. The ambient air concentrations of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10
      collected by using VAPS at a mixed characteristic sampling site were studied in
      central Taiwan. The results indicated that the average daytime PM2.5 and PM10
      particulate concentrations were occurred in May and they were 44.75 and 57.77
      ug/m3 in this study. The results also indicated that the average nighttime PM2.5
      and PM10 particulate concentrations were occurred in June and they were 38.19 and
      45.79 ug/m3 in this study. The average PM2.5/PM10 ratios were 0.7 for daytime,
      nighttime and 24-h sampling periods in the summer for this study. This value was
      ranked as the lowest ratios when compared to the other seasons in previous study.
      Noteworthy, the results further indicated that the metallic element Pb has the
      mean highest concentrations for 24-h, daytime and nighttime sampling periods when
      compared to those of the other metallic elements (Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd). The average
      mean highest metallic Pb concentrations in PM10 were 110.7, 203.0 and 207.2 ng/m3
      for 24-h, daytime and nighttime sampling periods in this study. And there were
      59.53, 105.2 and 106.6 ng/m3 for Pb in PM2.5 for 24-h, daytime and nighttime
      sampling periods, respectively. Moreover, the results further indicated that mean
      metallic element Pb concentrations on PM2.5 and PM10 were all higher than those
      of the other elements for 24 h, day and nighttime.

PMID- 27372659
TI  - Occurrence and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in riverine
      sediments of Shanghai: a combinative study with human serum from the locals.
AB  - Herein, we studied the occurrence and profiles of thirteen PBDE congeners in 30
      river sediment samples from Shanghai, China. The concentrations of Sigma13PBDEs
      ranged from 110 to 13,071 pg g -1 dw, with an average value of 2,841 pg g -1 dw.
      BDE-209 was the predominant congener accounting for more than 65 % of total
      PBDEs, demonstrating that the major source of PBDEs in sediment samples was
      associated with the prevalent use of technical deca-BDE products. Moreover, low
      brominated BDEs in sediments also came from the degradation of higher brominated
      BDEs. In addition, taking into consideration of dietary exposure, PBDEs in serum
      samples collected from the locals were also detected with range of 419-26,744 pg
      g-1 (average 5,561 pg g -1), which suggested a relatively low burden of PBDEs
      contamination to human body compared with the condition in other place. And in
      serum, low brominated compounds constituted the majority of total PBDE congeners.

PMID- 27372660
TI  - Farmers' Preferences for Future Agricultural Land Use Under the Consideration of
      Climate Change.
AB  - Cultural landscapes in Austria are multifunctional through their simultaneous
      support of productive, habitat, regulatory, social, and economic functions. This
      study investigates, if changing climatic conditions in Austria will lead to
      landscape change. Based on the assumption that farmers are the crucial decision
      makers when it comes to the implementation of agricultural climate change
      policies, this study analyzes farmers' decision-making under the consideration of
      potential future climate change scenarios and risk, varying economic conditions,
      and different policy regimes through a discrete choice experiment. Results show
      that if a warming climate will offer new opportunities to increase income, either
      through expansion of cash crop cultivation or new land use options such as short
      term rotation forestry, these opportunities will almost always be seized. Even if
      high environmental premiums were offered to maintain current cultural landscapes,
      only 43 % of farmers would prefer the existing grassland cultivation. Therefore,
      the continuity of characteristic Austrian landscape patterns seems unlikely. In
      conclusion, despite governmental regulations of and incentives for agriculture,
      climate change will have significant effects on traditional landscapes. Any
      opportunities for crop intensification will be embraced, which will ultimately
      impact ecosystem services, tourism opportunities, and biodiversity.

PMID- 27372661
TI  - Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in skin lesions of classic Kaposi's sarcoma.
AB  - Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the most potent producers of type I
      interferons (IFNs), which allows them to provide anti-viral resistance and to
      link the innate and adaptive immunity by controlling the function of myeloid DCs,
      lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. pDCs are involved in the pathogenesis of
      several infectious [especially viral, such as Molluscum contagiosum (MC)],
      inflammatory/autoimmune, and neoplastic entities. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a
      multifocal, systemic lympho-angioproliferative tumor associated with Kaposi's
      sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. Microscopy typically exhibits a
      chronic inflammatory lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in addition to the vascular
      changes and spindle cell proliferation. Despite the extensive research done on
      the immune evasion strategies employed by KSHV, pDCs role in relation to KS has
      only rarely been investigated. Given this, we intend to investigate pDC
      occurrence and activity in the skin lesions of KS. Immunohistochemical staining
      for BDCA-2 (specific pDC marker) and MxA (surrogate marker for local type I IFN
      production) was performed on classic KS (n = 20) with the control group
      comprising inflamed MC (n = 20). As expected, BDCA-2+ pDCs were present in
      abundance with diffuse and intense MxA expression (indicative of local type I IFN
      production) in all inflamed MC cases (20 of 20, 100 %). Though present in all the
      KS cases, pDCs were significantly less abundant in KS than in inflamed MC cases,
      and MxA expression was patchy/weak in most KS cases. In summary, pDCs are part of
      the inflammatory host response in KS; however, they were generally low in number
      with decreased type I IFN production which is probably related to KSHV's ability
      to evade the immune system through the production of different viral proteins
      capable of suppressing IFN production as well as pDC function. 

PMID- 27372662
TI  - Dental treatments, tooth extractions, and osteonecrosis of the jaw in Japanese
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the IORRA cohort study.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate dental treatments, tooth extractions, and
      osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA). Patients with RA enrolled in our cohort completed self-administered
      questionnaires, which included questions regarding their dental treatments, tooth
      extractions by dentists during the past 6 months, and past history of ONJ. The
      history of ONJ was validated with the patients' medical records. Logistic
      regression was used to determine the association of variables with dental
      treatments and tooth extractions during the past 6 months. Among 5695 Japanese
      patients with RA who responded to the questionnaires (mean age, 61.0 years; 85.6
      % female), 2323 patients (40.8 %) and 378 patients (6.6 %) reported having had
      dental treatments and tooth extractions performed by a dentist within the past 6
      months, respectively. In multivariate models, advanced age was significantly (P <
      0.0001) associated with both dental treatments and tooth extractions during the
      prior 6-month period, and ever smoking was significantly (P = 0.023) correlated
      with tooth extractions during that time. Among patients who reported a history of
      ONJ, we confirmed five cases of ONJ with patient medical records. The prevalence
      of ONJ was 0.094 % among all RA patients and 0.26 % among female RA patients >=65
      years of age (n = 1888). Our data suggest that more than a few Japanese patients
      with RA have dental complications that require care by dentists, and that
      Japanese rheumatologists and dentists should cooperate to improve dental health
      in patients with RA.

PMID- 27372663
TI  - Raloxifene and Tamoxifen Reduce PARP Activity, Cytokine and Oxidative Stress
      Levels in the Brain and Blood of Ovariectomized Rats.
AB  - It is well known that 17beta-estradiol (E2) has an antioxidant role on
      neurological systems in the brain. Raloxifene (RLX) and tamoxifen (TMX) are
      selective estrogen receptor modulators. An E2 deficiency stimulates mitochondrial
      functions for promoting apoptosis and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      production. However, RLX and TMX may reduce the mitochondrial ROS production via
      their antioxidant properties in the brain and erythrocytes of ovariectomized
      (OVX) rats. We aimed to investigate the effects of E2, RLX, and TMX on oxidative
      stress, apoptosis, and cytokine production in the brain and erythrocytes of OVX
      rats.Forty female rats were divided into five groups. The first group was used as
      a control group. The second group was the OVX group. The third, fourth, and fifth
      groups were OVX + E2, OVX + TMX, and OVX + RLX groups, respectively. E2, TMX, and
      RLX were given subcutaneously to the OVX + E2 and OVX + TMX, OVX + RLX groups for
      14 days after the ovariectomy respectively.While brain and erythrocyte lipid
      peroxidation levels were high in the OVX group, they were low in the OVX + E2,
      OVX + RLX, and OVX + TMX groups. OVX + E2, OVX + RLX, and OVX + TMX treatments
      increased the lowered glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes and the
      brain and reduced glutathione and vitamin E concentrations in the brain. beta
      carotene and vitamin A concentrations in the brain and TNF-alpha and interleukin
      (IL)-1beta levels in the plasma of the five groups were not significantly changed
      by the treatments. However, increased plasma IL-4 levels and Western blot results
      for brain poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the OVX groups were decreased by
      E2, TMX, and RLX treatments, although proapoptotic procaspase 3 and 9 activities
      were increased by the treatments.In conclusion, we observed that E2, RLX, and TMX
      administrations were beneficial on oxidative stress, inflammation, and PARP
      levels in the serum and brain of OVX rats by modulating antioxidant systems, DNA
      damage, and cytokine production. 

PMID- 27372665
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372666
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372664
TI  - The significance of early screening with echocardiography in eosinophilic
      granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
AB  - Loffler endocarditis is a serious complication of idiopathic hypereosinophilic
      syndrome characterized by a peculiar type of fibrosing endocarditis. It results
      in heart failure due to restrictive cardiomyopathy and systemic embolism due to
      intracardiac thrombus. Here we present a case of a 57-year-old man with Loffler
      endocarditis concomitant with eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. A
      thrombus in the left ventricular apex was noted on transthoracic echocardiography
      performed as a screening of left ventricular dilatation, which seemed to be a
      typical finding of Loffler endocarditis. But there were no findings that
      indicated restrictive cardiomyopathy. He was diagnosed with Loffler endocarditis
      at the thrombotic stage and was given methylprednisolone. The thrombus got
      markedly smaller within 1 month after initiation of the medical treatment. He has
      been doing well for more than 2 years since then without eosinophilia or left
      ventricular thrombosis. In the present case, we could successfully detect the
      thrombus in the left ventricular apex with echocardiography before the occurrence
      of embolism and provide early medical treatment. Early detection and initiation
      of medical treatment are extremely important to treat this unusual but often life
      threatening condition because methylprednisolone is effective in the necrotic
      stage and thrombotic stage. 

PMID- 27372667
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372668
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372669
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372670
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372672
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372671
TI  - Survey of smokefree signage at playgrounds: the potential value of comparisons
      with dog control signage.

PMID- 27372673
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372674
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372675
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372676
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372677
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372678
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372679
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372680
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372681
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372682
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372683
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372684
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372685
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372686
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372687
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372688
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372690
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372689
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372691
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372692
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372693
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372694
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372695
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372696
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372697
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372699
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372698
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372700
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372701
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372702
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372703
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372704
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372705
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372706
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372707
TI  - Analysis of mammographic diagnostic errors in breast clinic.
AB  - Mammography is the gold standard for detection of early breast cancer and it is
      still the only diagnostic tool which shows reduction of the mortality from that.
      Despite that, there is a high chance of false negatives that can lead to
      diagnostic errors resulting in delays of treatment and worsening of prognosis.
      The aim of this study is to analyze the rate of false negative in mammography and
      assess the source of diagnostic errors. Two radiologists have retrospectively
      evaluated 500 mammograms performed between January 2008 and December 2011 in
      Breast Imaging Clinic. 250 patients (Group A) had been operated for breast cancer
      and 250 patients (Group B) were healthy woman submitted to mammography according
      to the guideline for early detection of breast cancer. In Group A, 138 patients
      (55.2 %) were true missed cancer, 61 had minimal sign (24.4 %) and 53 were false
      negative (FN) (20.4 %). The source of errors amongst the FN were in 42 % of cases
      due to perception, in 15 % to interpretation, in 10 % to subtle/unusual lesion
      characteristics, in 9 % error for satisfaction of search, in 7 % to inherent
      limitations of mammography, in 4 % to poor technique and 13 % for inadequate
      clinical management. The diagnostic errors in breast clinic services are not
      negligible. The largest number of FN results from perception errors,
      misinterpretation and inadequate clinical management. These can be related to
      factors such as inattention, fatigue or lack of experience. To reduce it, it is
      necessary to have a dedicated multidisciplinary staff and adequate equipment and
      workloads.

PMID- 27372708
TI  - Evaluation of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and MR spectroscopy (MRS) as early
      response biomarkers in cervical cancer patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To prospectively assess whether choline levels and Apparent Diffusion
      Coefficient (ADC) values within cervical cancers before, during, and after non
      surgical therapy are predictive of tumour response. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      Patients undergoing MR examination for staging of cervical cancer, candidate for
      non-surgical therapy, were prospectively enrolled. According to the status at the
      end of therapies, patients were divided into responders and non-responders. The
      final outcome after a 5-year follow-up was classified as No Evidence of Disease
      (NED) or Progression of Disease (PD). Baseline values of mean ADC and Cho/H2O
      were compared between responders and non-responders, as well as between patients
      with NED and PD. The percent variation of ADC and Cho/H2O values over time was
      compared. P values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: 16 patients were
      included. There was no significant difference at baseline between responders (n =
      12) and non-responders (n = 4), nor between NED (n = 11) PD patients (n = 5), in
      ADC values and Cho/H2O ratio. There was no significant difference in percent
      variation of ADC values and of Cho/H2O, comparing responders and non-responders.
      There was a significant increase in absolute values of ADC from the initial to
      mid-therapy MRI (p = 0.0001), while Cho/H2O was stable (p value: 0.61). In the
      four non-responders, the ADC increase was not significant (p value: 0.25), while
      it was significant in the 11 responders (p value: 0.001). Values of spectroscopy
      were stable in both responders and non-responders. CONCLUSIONS: High increases of
      ADC values from baseline to mid-therapy MR reflect response to therapies. There
      were no significant variations in choline/water ratios over time.

PMID- 27372709
TI  - Involving immigrant religious organizations in HIV/AIDS prevention: The role of
      bonding and bridging social capital.
AB  - Immigrant religious organizations in the United States are uniquely positioned to
      address critical issues beyond religion because of their moral, social and
      cultural prominence in community life. Increasingly, religious organizations have
      taken on a leadership role around health issues such as decreasing HIV/AIDS
      stigma and misinformation. However, there are barriers for some religious leaders
      and organizations in adopting new health programs, especially if the issue is
      seen as controversial. Our study examines how social network structures among
      religious members influence organizational acceptance of new information or
      controversial ideas, like HIV/AIDS. Using social network analysis methods on data
      from 2841 contacts in 20 immigrant Chinese Buddhist temples and Christian
      churches in New York City, we tested whether an immigrant religious
      organization's likelihood of being involved in HIV/AIDS activities was associated
      with the presence of bonding or bridging social capital. These two forms of
      social capital have been found to mediate the levels of exposure and openness to
      new ideas. We found HIV/AIDS-involved religious organizations were more likely to
      have lower levels of bonding social capital as indicated by members having fewer
      ties and fewer demographic attributes in common. We also found HIV/AIDS-involved
      religious organizations were more likely to have higher levels of bridging social
      capital as indicated by members having significantly more ties to people outside
      of their organization. Our study highlights the importance of looking beyond
      religion type and leadership attributes to social network structures among
      members in order to better explain organization-level receptiveness to HIV/AIDS
      involvement.

PMID- 27372710
TI  - Association between polymorphisms in genes related to DNA base-excision repair
      with risk and prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: We examined the influence of OGG1 c.977C>G (rs1052133), APEX1 c.444T>G
      (rs1130409), XRCC1 c.-77T>C (rs3213245), c.580C>T (rs1799782), c.839G>A (rs25489)
      and c.1196G>A (rs25487) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), involved in base
      excision repair (BER) pathway, on oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)
      risk and prognosis. METHODS: Aiming to identify the genotypes, DNA from 200
      consecutive OPSCC patients and 200 controls was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. The
      prognostic impact of genotypes of SNPs on progression-free survival (PFS) and
      overall survival of OPSCC patients was examined using the Kaplan-Meier estimates
      and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: XRCC1 c.580CT or TT genotypes (19.5 vs.
      11.0 %, P = 0.04) and XRCC1 TTGG haplotype from c.-77T>C, c.580C>T, c.839G>A and
      c.1196G>A SNPs (17.5 vs. 10.0 %, P = 0.04) were more common in patients with
      OPSCC than in controls. Carriers of combined genotypes of c.580C>T and TTGG
      haplotype of XRCC1 gene were under 3.35- and 3.22-fold increased risk of OPSCC
      than others. For survival analysis, we selected only patients with tumor at stage
      IV. The median follow-up time was 24.5 months. At 24 months of follow-up, PFS was
      shorter in patients with OGG1 c.977CC genotype when compared with others
      genotypes (35.5 vs. 52.1 %, log-rank test, P = 0.03). After multivariate Cox
      analysis, patients with OGG1 c.977CC genotype had more chance to present tumor
      progression when compared with others (HR 1.68, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      present, for the first time, evidence that inherited OGG1 c.977C>G; XRCC1 c.
      77T>C, c.580C>T, c.839G>A and c.1196G>A abnormalities of DNA BER pathway are
      important determinants of OPSCC and predictors of patient outcomes.

PMID- 27372711
TI  - An unusual, iatrogenic cause of massive airleak.

PMID- 27372712
TI  - Chloroplast avoidance movement as a sensitive indicator of relative water content
      during leaf desiccation in the dark.
AB  - In the context of global climate change, drought is one of the major stress
      factors with negative effect on photosynthesis and plant productivity. Currently,
      chlorophyll fluorescence parameters are widely used as indicators of plant
      stress, mainly owing to the rapid, non-destructive and simple measurements this
      technique allows. However, these parameters have been shown to have limited
      sensitivity for the monitoring of water deficit as leaf desiccation has
      relatively small effect on photosystem II photochemistry. In this study, we found
      that blue light-induced increase in leaf transmittance reflecting chloroplast
      avoidance movement was much more sensitive to a decrease in relative water
      content (RWC) than chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in dark-desiccating leaves
      of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Whereas the
      inhibition of chloroplast avoidance movement was detectable in leaves even with a
      small RWC decrease, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F V/F M, V J, F
      PSII, NPQ) changed markedly only when RWC dropped below 70 %. For this reason, we
      propose light-induced chloroplast avoidance movement as a sensitive indicator of
      the decrease in leaf RWC. As our measurement of chloroplast movement using
      collimated transmittance is simple and non-destructive, it may be more suitable
      in some cases for the detection of plant stresses including water deficit than
      the conventionally used chlorophyll fluorescence methods. 

PMID- 27372713
TI  - Externalizing religious health beliefs and health and well-being outcomes.
AB  - Certain religious beliefs related to perceptions of internal or external health
      control (including belief in the existence of miraculous healing, and beliefs
      deferring responsibility for health outcomes from the self and onto God) may be
      related to health behaviors and in turn to health outcomes. Using data from a
      nationally representative US survey of religion and health (N = 2948) this study
      evaluates a series of two structural equation models of the relationships between
      religious activity, externalizing religious health beliefs (belief in healing
      miracles and divine health deferral), health outcomes, and life satisfaction.
      Believing in healing miracles was related to greater divine health deferral.
      Greater divine health deferral was associated with poorer symptoms of physical
      health. Belief in miracles was related to greater life satisfaction. Comparison
      of coefficients across models indicated that externalizing beliefs had a
      significant suppressor effect on the relationship between religious activity and
      physical symptoms, but did not significantly mediate its relationship with life
      satisfaction. Religious beliefs emphasizing divine control over health outcomes
      may have negative consequences for health outcomes, although the same beliefs may
      contribute to a better sense of life satisfaction.

PMID- 27372714
TI  - The role of appraisal and coping style in relation with societal participation in
      fatigued patients with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional multiple mediator
      analysis.
AB  - To determine the relationship between appraisal and societal participation in
      fatigued patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and whether this relation is
      mediated by coping styles. 265 severely-fatigued MS patients. Appraisal, a latent
      construct, was created from the General Self-Efficacy Scale and the helplessness
      and acceptance subscales of the Illness Cognition Questionnaire. Coping styles
      were assessed using the Coping Inventory Stressful Situations (CISS21) and
      societal participation was assessed using the Impact on Participation and
      Autonomy. A multiple mediator model was developed and tested by structural
      equation modeling on cross-sectional data. We corrected for confounding by
      disease-related factors. Mediation was determined using a product-of-coefficients
      approach. A significant relationship existed between appraisal and participation
      (beta = 0.21, 95 % CI 0.04-0.39). The pathways via coping styles were not
      significant. In patients with severe MS-related fatigue, appraisal and societal
      participation show a positive relationship that is not mediated by coping styles.

PMID- 27372715
TI  - Metabolic fate of desomorphine elucidated using rat urine, pooled human liver
      preparations, and human hepatocyte cultures as well as its detectability using
      standard urine screening approaches.
AB  - Desomorphine is an opioid misused as "crocodile", a cheaper alternative to
      heroin. It is a crude synthesis product homemade from codeine with toxic
      byproducts. The aim of the present work was to investigate the metabolic fate of
      desomorphine in vivo using rat urine and in vitro using pooled human liver
      microsomes and cytosol as well as human liver cell lines (HepG2 and HepaRG) by
      Orbitrap-based liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry or
      hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. According to the identified
      metabolites, the following metabolic steps could be proposed: N-demethylation,
      hydroxylation at various positions, N-oxidation, glucuronidation, and sulfation.
      The cytochrome P450 (CYP) initial activity screening revealed CYP3A4 to be the
      only CYP involved in all phase I steps. UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT) initial
      activity screening showed that UGT1A1, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT1A10, UGT2B4, UGT2B7,
      UGT2B15, and UGT2B17 formed desomorphine glucuronide. Among the tested in vitro
      models, HepaRG cells were identified to be the most suitable tool for prediction
      of human hepatic phase I and II metabolism of drugs of abuse. Finally,
      desomorphine (crocodile) consumption should be detectable by all standard urine
      screening approaches mainly via the parent compound and/or its glucuronide
      assuming similar kinetics in rats and humans. 

PMID- 27372716
TI  - Monitoring antigenic protein integrity during glycoconjugate vaccine synthesis
      using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.
AB  - A capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method was developed for
      the characterization and integrity assessment of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      (MTB) antigens TB10.4 and Ag85B and their chemically produced glycoconjugates,
      which are glycovaccine candidates against tuberculosis (TB). In order to prevent
      protein adsorption to the inner capillary wall and to achieve efficient
      separation of the antigen proteoforms, a polyionic multilayer coating of
      polybrene-dextran sulfate-polybrene (PB-DS-PB) was used in combination with 1.5 M
      acetic acid as background electrolyte (BGE). Coupling of CE to high-resolution
      time-of-flight MS was achieved by a coaxial interface employing a sheath liquid
      of isopropanol-water (50:50, v/v) containing 0.1 % formic acid. The MTB antigens
      were exposed to experimental conditions used for chemical glycosylation (but no
      activated saccharide was added) in order to investigate their stability during
      glycovaccine production. CE-MS analysis revealed the presence of several closely
      related degradation products, including truncated, oxidized and conformational
      variants, which were assigned by accurate mass. Analysis of synthesized mannose
      conjugates of TB10.4 and Ag85B allowed the determination of the glycoform
      composition of the neo-glycoproteins next to the characterization of degradation
      products which were shown to be partly glycoconjugated. Moreover, the selectivity
      of CE-MS allowed specific detection of deamidated species (protein mass change of
      1.0 Da only), indicating that chemical glycosylation increased susceptibility to
      deamidation. Overall, the results show that CE-MS represents a useful analytical
      tool for the detailed characterization and optimization of neo-glycoconjugate
      products. Graphical Abstract Flowchart illustrating Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      (MTB) antigen glycosylation, glycoconjugate variant and degradation product
      separation by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and their characterization by intact
      mass spectrometry (MS). 

PMID- 27372717
TI  - Unusual stacking with electrokinetic injection of cationic analytes from micellar
      solutions in capillary zone electrophoresis.
AB  - Electrokinetic injection (EKI) in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) of charged
      analytes is by the electroosmotic flow (EOF) and electrophoretic mobility of
      analytes. In most forms of stacking with EKI, the sample ions were introduced via
      electrophoretic mobility and concentrated in a stacking boundary inside the
      capillary. In this work, we describe the unusual stacking of cationic analytes
      via EKI of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles into a fused silica capillary
      filled with acidic background solution (BGS) with 40-50 % acetonitrile. The
      analytes prepared with SDS micelles were injected because of their interaction
      with micelles or effective electrophoretic mobility. We observed two peaks from
      an analyte, and this suggested the concentration of analytes into two stacking
      zones. These two adjacent stacking zones were surprisingly maintained inside the
      capillary during EKI although the EOF was moving towards the inlet. The zones
      were identified as the SDS micelles (micelles zone) and organic solvent-rich
      stacking zone (solvent-rich zone) where the micelles zone was closer to the inlet
      end of capillary. The analytes concentrated in the solvent-rich zone through the
      mechanism of micelle to solvent stacking (MSS). The concentrated analytes in the
      micelles zone were from the concentrated analytes that electrophoretically
      migrated into the micelles zone from the solvent-rich zone during EKI. The
      analytes in the micelles zone were then re-stacked by MSS and formed the second
      sharp peak in CZE. This was prevented by reduction of acetonitrile concentration
      in the inlet BGS. A sensitivity enhancement factor of more than 100 was obtained
      for model cationic drugs (diphenhydramine and imipramine).

PMID- 27372718
TI  - Ultrasound assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction (US-DLLME)-a fast new approach to measure phthalate metabolites
      in nails.
AB  - A new, fast, and environmentally friendly method based on ultrasound assisted
      extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (US-DLLME) was
      developed and optimized for assessing the levels of seven phthalate metabolites
      (including the mono(ethyl hexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)
      phthalate (5-OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (5-oxo-MEHP), mono-n
      butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monoethyl phthalate
      (MEP), and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP)) in human nails by UPLC-MS/MS. The
      optimization of the US-DLLME method was performed using a Taguchi combinatorial
      design (L9 array). Several parameters such as extraction solvent, solvent volume,
      extraction time, acid, acid concentration, and vortex time were studied. The
      optimal extraction conditions achieved were 180 MUL of trichloroethylene
      (extraction solvent), 2 mL trifluoroacetic acid in methanol (2 M), 2 h extraction
      and 3 min vortex time. The optimized method had a good precision (6-17 %). The
      accuracy ranged from 79 to 108 % and the limit of method quantification (LOQm)
      was below 14 ng/g for all compounds. The developed US-DLLME method was applied to
      determine the target metabolites in 10 Belgian individuals. Levels of the
      analytes measured in nails ranged between <12 and 7982 ng/g. The MEHP, MBP
      isomers, and MEP were the major metabolites and detected in every sample.
      Miniaturization (low volumes of organic solvents used), low costs, speed, and
      simplicity are the main advantages of this US-DLLME based method. Graphical
      Abstract Extraction and phase separation of the US-DLLME procedure. 

PMID- 27372719
TI  - Conducting Fibers: Downsized Sheath-Core Conducting Fibers for Weavable
      Superelastic Wires, Biosensors, Supercapacitors, and Strain Sensors (Adv. Mater.
      25/2016).
AB  - Using intelligent textiles for clothing represents one possibility for weavable
      superelastic conducting fibers that can store energy, sense body motions, and
      detect biochemicals. On page 4998, S. Yin, R. H. Baughman, and co-workers
      demonstrate that these hair-like-diameter fibers, comprising buckled carbon
      nanotube sheaths on a rubber core, can be used as glucose sensors,
      supercapacitors, ultrafast strain sensors, and electrical interconnectors. The
      performance of these structures is maintained also under giant strain. 

PMID- 27372721
TI  - Atomic Layers: Tellurium-Assisted Epitaxial Growth of Large-Area, Highly
      Crystalline ReS2 Atomic Layers on Mica Substrate (Adv. Mater. 25/2016).
AB  - H. Xu, J. Zhang, and co-workers synthesize anisotropic 2D-layered rhenium
      disulfide with high crystal quality and uniform monolayer thickness. As described
      on page 5019, tellurium-assisted epitaxial growth on a mica substrate is chosen
      to generate such structures. 

PMID- 27372722
TI  - Gallium Adhesion: Phase Change of Gallium Enables Highly Reversible and
      Switchable Adhesion (Adv. Mater. 25/2016).
AB  - M. Sitti and co-workers find that gallium exhibits highly reversible and
      switchable adhesive characteristics during the liquid-solid phase change. As
      described on page 5088, this reversible adhesive allows miniature capsule-like
      robots, which are able to easily pick-and-place objects with irregular geometries
      and rough surfaces, and thus assemble such objects into a complex structure. The
      contact interface between gallium and the rough object is illustrated in the
      magnified image. 

PMID- 27372723
TI  - Ferromagnetism: Sulfur Doping Induces Strong Ferromagnetic Ordering in Graphene:
      Effect of Concentration and Substitution Mechanism (Adv. Mater. 25/2016).
AB  - R. Zboril and co-workers show that doping a graphene lattice with sulfur induces
      magnetic centers which display ferromagnetic order below ~62 K. As described on
      page 5045, sulfur doping promotes magnetically active configurations resembling
      the gamma-thiothiapyrone motif. Enhanced magnetic properties of sulfur-doped
      graphene are attributed to two unpaired electrons from each sulfur atom injected
      into the graphene conducting band where they are delocalized between the S and C
      atoms. 

PMID- 27372724
TI  - Carbon Nanosheets: Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Nanosheets Templated from g-C3 N4
      as Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction (Adv.
      Mater. 25/2016).
AB  - T. Zhang and co-workers report the synthesis of nitrogen-doped porous carbon
      nanosheets with extremely high nitrogen content and high surface areas using
      graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) as template, nitrogen source, and porogen. As
      described on page 5080, the nanosheets exhibit outstanding oxygen reduction
      catalytic activities which are comparable to commercial Pt/C catalysts in
      alkaline media. 

PMID- 27372726
TI  - Mailed specimen collection for HIV testing in regional Queensland, Australia: a
      second attempt.

PMID- 27372727
TI  - Calcified left ventricular noncompaction with complete atrioventricular block.

PMID- 27372728
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - The aim of this study was to identify, in (pre-) clinically obtained data,
      parameters predicting the outcome of patients with multiple trauma and severe
      head injury. Fifty-eight patients aged 27+/-10 years were investigated an average
      of 5.8 years after the accident. The Hanover Polytrauma Score was 34+/-11 points,
      the initially assessed Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 6.2+/-3.2 points; and the
      duration of coma was 15.4+/-14.4 days. The primary length of stay in hospital
      averaged 33.4 days, including 22.9 days in the intensive care unit and 20.2 days
      of ventilation. For a further 223 days the patients were treated at the
      Neurologic Clinic of Hessisch Oldendorf. Besides different neurologic deficiency
      symptoms, the psychometric tests showed deficits in all areas. In particular,
      information processing speed, concentration, recent memory and learning
      performance were impaired. There was free mobility of all joints in 33% of the
      patients. Due to injury the elbow and ankle joint developed the worst
      restriction. Central paralysis and heterotopic ossification also caused a
      restriction in joint mobility. Half of the patients were confronted with
      different social changes. The rate of return to work was dependent on age. Some
      42% of all patients had taken up their former profession, 5% were still in
      training or at college, 32% were retrained to other professions, 16% were
      unemployed and 5% were completely retired on pension. Age, injury severity, GCS,
      duration of coma and duration of weaning were suitable predictors in correlation-
      and regression analysis. The Glasgow Outcome Scale showed good recovery and
      moderate disability in 53%, severe disability in 33% and persistent vegetative
      state in 14% of the patients. 

PMID- 27372729
TI  - Cardiac and Circulatory Load When Playing Golf: Normal Subjects versus Patients
      with Coronary Heart Disease.

PMID- 27372730
TI  - Comparative proteomic analysis of the response to silver ions and yeast extract
      in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root cultures.
AB  - Biotic and abiotic stresses can inhibit plant growth, resulting in losses of crop
      productivity. However, moderate adverse stress can promote the accumulation of
      valuable natural products in medicinal plants. Elucidating the underlying
      molecular mechanisms thus might help optimize the variety of available plant
      medicinal materials and improve their quality. In this study, Salvia miltiorrhiza
      hairy root cultures were employed as an in vitro model of the Chinese herb
      Danshen. A comparative proteomic analysis using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis
      and MALDI-TOF-MS was performed. By comparing the gel images of groups exposed to
      the stress of yeast extract (YE) combined with Ag(+) and controls, 64 proteins
      were identified that showed significant changes in protein abundance for at least
      one time point after treatment. According to analysis based on the KEGG and
      related physiological experimental verification, it was found that YE and Ag(+)
      stress induced a burst of reactive oxygen species and activated the
      Ca(2+)/calmodulin signaling pathway. Expression of immune-suppressive proteins
      increased. Epidermal cells underwent programmed cell death. Energy metabolism was
      enhanced and carbon metabolism shifted to favor the production of secondary
      metabolites such as lignin, tanshinone and salvianolic acids. The tanshinone and
      salvianolic acids were deposited on the collapsed epidermal cells forming a
      physicochemical barrier. The defense proteins and these natural products together
      enhanced the stress resistance of the plants. Since higher levels of natural
      products represent good quality in medicinal materials, this study sheds new
      light on quality formation mechanisms of medicinal plants and will hopefully
      encourage further research on how the planting environment affects the efficacy
      of herbal medicines. 

PMID- 27372731
TI  - Chimeric antigen receptors: driving immunology towards synthetic biology.
AB  - The advent of second generation chimeric antigen receptors and the CD19 paradigm
      have ushered a new therapeutic modality in oncology. In contrast to earlier forms
      of adoptive cell therapy, which were based on the isolation and expansion of
      naturally occurring T cells, CAR therapy is based on the design and manufacture
      of engineered T cells with optimized properties. A new armamentarium, comprising
      not only CARs but also chimeric costimulatory receptors, chimeric cytokine
      receptors, inhibitory receptors and synthetic Notch receptors, expressed in
      naive, central memory or stem cell-like memory T cells, is being developed for
      clinical use in a wide range of cancers. Immunological principles are thus
      finding a new purpose thanks to advances in genetic engineering, synthetic
      biology and cell manufacturing sciences.

PMID- 27372732
TI  - High-throughput genomic profiling of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes.
AB  - Tumors are complex ecosystems comprised of diverse cell types including malignant
      cells, mesenchymal cells, and tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs). While TILs
      are well known to play important roles in many aspects of cancer biology, recent
      developments in immuno-oncology have spurred considerable interest in TILs,
      particularly in relation to their optimal engagement by emerging immunotherapies.
      Traditionally, the enumeration of TIL phenotypic diversity and composition in
      solid tumors has relied on resolving single cells by flow cytometry and
      immunohistochemical methods. However, advances in genome-wide technologies and
      computational methods are now allowing TILs to be profiled with increasingly high
      resolution and accuracy directly from RNA mixtures of bulk tumor samples. In this
      review, we highlight recent progress in the development of in silico tumor
      dissection methods, and illustrate examples of how these strategies can be
      applied to characterize TILs in human tumors to facilitate personalized cancer
      therapy.

PMID- 27372733
TI  - Bimodality of Latitudinal Gradients in Marine Species Richness.
AB  - The paradigm for the latitudinal gradient in species richness is that it is
      unimodal with a tropical peak. For 27 published studies, and global datasets of
      65 000 recent and 50 000 fossil marine species, we found that almost all datasets
      were significantly bimodal with a dip in species richness near the equator. The
      locations of mid-latitude peaks varied between taxa and were higher in the
      northern hemisphere where the continental shelf is greatest. Our findings support
      hypotheses of tropical species evolving in response to temperature variation near
      the edges of the tropics and available high-productivity habitat. They suggest
      that the equator may already be too hot for some species and that the modes may
      move further apart due to climate warming.

PMID- 27372734
TI  - Comparison of the anogenital distance and anthropometry of the perineum in
      patients with and without pelvic organ prolapse.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there are differences in the anthropometric
      measures of the perineum for women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse who are
      candidates for surgery, with or without urinary incontinence, and for patients
      without pelvic floor dysfunction. The main objective was to measure the
      anogenital distance in its 2 variants: anoclitoral and anofourchette. The
      anogenital distance appears to be determined prenatally and is influenced by the
      intrauterine hormonal environment. The secondary objective was to measure the
      length of the genital hiatus, the perineal body and the distance between the 2
      ischial tuberosities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational case-control study
      was conducted with 58 patients. The cases (n=22) were patients with stages >II 2
      in the Baden-Walker classification system. The controls were patients with normal
      pelvic floors. Measurements were performed with a digital calliper. The patients'
      tocogynecological history, lifestyle habits and risk factors were recorded.
      RESULTS: The case patients had a significantly shorter anogenital anofourchette
      distance than that of the control patients (P=.001), a significantly longer
      anogenital anoclitoral distance than the control patients (P=.0001) and a
      significantly longer genital hiatus length than the control patients (P=.02).
      CONCLUSIONS: This was an observational study with a small sample. We cannot
      determine whether the difference in these distances are caused by or are the
      result of this disease. Given that the anogenital distance appears to be
      determined prenatally, we question whether this changed distance could be a risk
      factor for developing pelvic floor dysfunction.

PMID- 27372735
TI  - Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Randomized trials investigating the efficacy of aminosalicylates for
      the treatment of mildly to moderately active Crohn's disease have yielded
      conflicting results. A systematic review was conducted to critically examine
      current available data on the efficacy of sulfasalazine and mesalamine for
      inducing remission or clinical response in these patients. OBJECTIVES: To
      evaluate the efficacy of aminosalicylates compared to placebo, corticosteroids,
      and other aminosalicylates (alone or in combination with corticosteroids) for the
      treatment of mildly to moderately active Crohn's disease. SEARCH METHODS: We
      searched PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Library from inception
      to June 2015 to identify relevant studies. There were no language restrictions.
      We also searched reference lists from potentially relevant papers and review
      articles, as well as proceedings from annual meetings (1991-2015) of the American
      Gastroenterological Association and American College of Gastroenterology.
      SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials that evaluated the efficacy of
      sulfasalazine or mesalamine in the treatment of mildly to moderately active
      Crohn's disease compared to placebo, corticosteroids, and other aminosalicylates
      (alone or in combination with corticosteroids) were included. DATA COLLECTION AND
      ANALYSIS: Data extraction and assessment of methodological quality was
      independently performed by the investigators and any disagreement was resolved by
      discussion and consensus. We assessed methodological quality using the Cochrane
      risk of bias tool. The overall quality of the evidence supporting the outcomes
      was evaluated using the GRADE criteria. The primary outcome measure was a well
      defined clinical endpoint of induction of remission or response to treatment.
      Secondary outcomes included mean Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) scores,
      adverse events, serious adverse events and withdrawal due to adverse events. For
      dichotomous outcomes we calculated the pooled risk ratio (RR) and corresponding
      95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. For continuous
      outcomes we calculated the mean difference (MD) and 95% CI using a random-effects
      model. Sensitivity analyses based on a fixed-effect model and duration of therapy
      were conducted where appropriate. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty studies (2367 patients)
      were included. Two studies were judged to be at high risk of bias due to lack of
      blinding. Eight studies were judged to be at high risk of bias due to incomplete
      outcomes data (high drop-out rates) and potential selective reporting. The other
      10 studies were judged to be at low risk of bias. A non-significant trend in
      favour of sulfasalazine over placebo for inducing remission was observed, with
      benefit confined mainly to patients with Crohn's colitis. Forty-five per cent
      (63/141) of sulfasalazine patients entered remission at 17-18 weeks compared to
      29% (43/148) of placebo patients (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.89, 2 studies). A
      GRADE analysis rated the overall quality of the evidence supporting this outcome
      as moderate due to sparse data (106 events). There was no difference between
      sulfasalazine and placebo in adverse event outcomes. Sulfasalazine was
      significantly less effective than corticosteroids and inferior to combination
      therapy with corticosteroids (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.86, 1 study, 110
      patients). Forty-three per cent (55/128) of sulfasalazine patients entered
      remission at 17 to 18 weeks compared to 60% (79/132) of corticosteroid patients
      (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.91; 2 studies, 260 patients). A GRADE analysis rated
      the overall quality of the evidence supporting this outcome as moderate due to
      sparse data (134 events). Sulfasalazine patients experienced significantly fewer
      adverse events than corticosteroid patients (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.82; 1
      study, 159 patients). There was no difference between sulfasalazine and
      corticosteroids in serious adverse events or withdrawal due to adverse events.
      Olsalazine was less effective than placebo in a single trial (RR 0.36, 95% CI
      0.18 to 0.71; 91 patients). Low dose mesalamine (1 to 2 g/day) was not superior
      to placebo for induction of remission. Twenty-three per cent (43/185) of low dose
      mesalamine patients entered remission at week 6 compared to 15% (18/117) of
      placebo patients (RR = 1.46, 95% CI 0.89 to 2.40; n = 302). A GRADE analysis
      indicated that the overall quality of the evidence supporting this outcome was
      low due to risk of bias (incomplete outcome data) and sparse data (61 events).
      There was no difference between low dose mesalamine and placebo in the proportion
      of patients who had adverse events (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.96; 3 studies, 342
      patients) or withdrew due to adverse events (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.95; 3
      studies, 342 patients). High dose controlled-release mesalamine (4 g/day) was not
      superior to placebo, inducing a clinically non significant reduction in CDAI (MD 
      19.8 points, 95% CI -46.2 to 6.7; 3 studies, 615 patients), and was also inferior
      to budesonide (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.78; 1 study, 182 patients, GRADE = low).
      While high dose delayed-release mesalamine (3 to 4.5 g/day) was not superior to
      placebo for induction of remission (RR 2.02, 95% CI 0.75 to 5.45; 1 study, 38
      patients, GRADE = very low), no significant difference in efficacy was found when
      compared to conventional corticosteroids (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.36; 3
      studies, 178 patients, GRADE = moderate) or budesonide (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.76 to
      1.05; 1 study, 307 patients, GRADE = moderate). However, these trials were
      limited by risk of bias (incomplete outcome data) and sparse data (small numbers
      of events). There was a lack of good quality clinical trials comparing
      sulfasalazine with other mesalamine formulations. Adverse events that were
      commonly reported included headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and
      diarrhea. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Sulfasalazine is only modestly effective with a
      trend towards benefit over placebo and is inferior to corticosteroids for the
      treatment of mildly to moderately active Crohn's disease. Olsalazine and low dose
      mesalamine (1 to 2 g/day) are not superior to placebo. High dose mesalamine (3.2
      to 4 g/day) is not more effective than placebo for inducing response or
      remission. However, trials assessing the efficacy of high dose mesalamine (4 to
      4.5 g/day) compared to budesonide yielded conflicting results and firm
      conclusions cannot be made. Future large randomized controlled trials are needed
      to provide definitive evidence on the efficacy of aminosalicylates in active
      Crohn's disease.

PMID- 27372736
TI  - Hazardous waste management system design under population and environmental
      impact considerations.
AB  - This paper presents a multi objective mixed integer location/routing model that
      aims to minimize transportation cost and risks for large-scale hazardous waste
      management systems (HWMSs). Risks induced by hazardous wastes (HWs) on both
      public and the environment are addressed. For this purpose, a new environmental
      impact definition is proposed that considers the environmentally vulnerable
      elements including water bodies, agricultural areas, coastal regions and
      forestlands located within a certain bandwidth around transportation routes. The
      solution procedure yields to Pareto optimal curve for two conflicting objectives.
      The conceptual model developed prior to mathematical formulation addresses waste
      to-technology compatibility and HW processing residues to assure applicability of
      the model to real-life HWMSs. The suggested model was used in a case study
      targeting HWMS in Turkey. Based on the proposed solution, it was possible to
      identify not only the transportation routes but also a set of information on HW
      handling facilities including the types, locations, capacities, and
      investment/operational cost. The HWMS of this study can be utilized both by
      public authorities and private sector investors for planning purposes.

PMID- 27372737
TI  - A tale of two rain gardens: Barriers and bridges to adaptive management of urban
      stormwater in Cleveland, Ohio.
AB  - Green infrastructure installations such as rain gardens and bioswales are
      increasingly regarded as viable tools to mitigate stormwater runoff at the parcel
      level. The use of adaptive management to implement and monitor green
      infrastructure projects as experimental attempts to manage stormwater has not
      been adequately explored as a way to optimize green infrastructure performance or
      increase social and political acceptance. Efforts to improve stormwater
      management through green infrastructure suffer from the complexity of overlapping
      jurisdictional boundaries, as well as interacting social and political forces
      that dictate the flow, consumption, conservation and disposal of urban wastewater
      flows. Within this urban milieu, adaptive management-rigorous experimentation
      applied as policy-can inform new wastewater management techniques such as the
      implementation of green infrastructure projects. In this article, we present a
      narrative of scientists and practitioners working together to apply an adaptive
      management approach to green infrastructure implementation for stormwater
      management in Cleveland, Ohio. In Cleveland, contextual legal requirements and
      environmental factors created an opportunity for government researchers,
      stormwater managers and community organizers to engage in the development of two
      distinct sets of rain gardens, each borne of unique social, economic and
      environmental processes. In this article we analyze social and political barriers
      to applying adaptive management as a framework for implementing green
      infrastructure experiments as policy. We conclude with a series of lessons
      learned and a reflection on the prospects for adaptive management to facilitate
      green infrastructure implementation for improved stormwater management.

PMID- 27372739
TI  - Transradial versus transfemoral access for female patients who underwent primary
      PCI in STEMI: Two years follow-up data from acute STEMI interventional registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Female patients possess a higher risk for poorer outcome in ST
      segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There is possibility that
      transradial access (TRA) for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)
      could provide better outcome than transfemoral access (TFA) in female patients
      with STEMI. METHODS: From 2008 to 2010, 418 female patients (out of 1808
      patients) underwent PPCI for acute STEMI. The registry recruited all-comers
      patients with acute STEMI. Cardiac mortality, major bleeding, and overall MACE
      rates (composite of death, stroke, re MI and target vessel revascularization-TVR)
      after 2years follow-up were compared between TRA and TFA. RESULTS: TRA for PPCI
      was performed in 261 patients and 157 underwent TFA PPCI. The 30-days, 1year
      mortality and 2year mortality rates were lower in TRA compared to TFA (6.9%
      vs.14.6%, p=0.012, 8.8% vs. 15.3%, p=0.045, and 9.2% vs. 16.6%,
      p=0.027respectively). After 2years follow-up, the overall MACE rates were similar
      (26.4% vs. 31.2%, p=0.336). The overall major bleeding and major vascular access
      site bleeding were more favorable for TRA than TFA (4.4 vs. 14%, p<0.001, and 2.7
      vs. 10.8%, p<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Transradial access for primary PCI
      in female patients provided better clinical outcomes with lower cardiac mortality
      and reduced major bleeding in comparison to TFA. There was no significant
      difference at 2years MACE between TRA and TFA.

PMID- 27372740
TI  - Current uses of ISACS-TC registry in Mostar.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes greatly to inequalities in health in
      Europe. The acute myocardial infarction (MI) in hospital death rate in Bosnia and
      Herzegovina is three fold higher than in European Union countries before the
      enlargement in 2004. There is also a striking difference in mortality between
      Bosnia and Herzegovina and Central and East European countries that joined the EU
      in 2004. Rapid development of high technology treatment procedures, which
      followed the economic recovery of the European Union countries, still have only
      limited influence on the overall control of MI death rate. Large potential to
      control MI death rate lies in developing PCI capable network with target to rapid
      reperfusion therapy in MI patients. The hypothesis that social factors may
      contribute to explain high MI death rate is attractive, but still is an
      assumption. However, if confirmed, transforming such knowledge into a practical
      health policy would be a great challenge. A resource-saving balanced assessment
      approach to health technology development is warrant in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
      An international help is needed. 

PMID- 27372738
TI  - Integrated Proteogenomic Characterization of Human High-Grade Serous Ovarian
      Cancer.
AB  - To provide a detailed analysis of the molecular components and underlying
      mechanisms associated with ovarian cancer, we performed a comprehensive mass
      spectrometry-based proteomic characterization of 174 ovarian tumors previously
      analyzed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), of which 169 were high-grade serous
      carcinomas (HGSCs). Integrating our proteomic measurements with the genomic data
      yielded a number of insights into disease, such as how different copy-number
      alternations influence the proteome, the proteins associated with chromosomal
      instability, the sets of signaling pathways that diverse genome rearrangements
      converge on, and the ones most associated with short overall survival. Specific
      protein acetylations associated with homologous recombination deficiency suggest
      a potential means for stratifying patients for therapy. In addition to providing
      a valuable resource, these findings provide a view of how the somatic genome
      drives the cancer proteome and associations between protein and post
      translational modification levels and clinical outcomes in HGSC. VIDEO ABSTRACT. 

PMID- 27372741
TI  - Carbon Catabolite Regulation of Secondary Metabolite Formation and Morphological
      Differentiation in Streptomyces coelicolor.
AB  - In the genus Streptomyces, carbon utilization is of significant importance for
      the expression of genes involved in morphological differentiation and antibiotic
      production. However, there is little information about the mechanism involved in
      these effects. In the present work, it was found that glucose exerted a
      suppressive effect on the Streptomyces coelicolor actinorhodin (Act) and
      undecylprodigiosin (Red) production, as well as in its morphological
      differentiation. Accordingly, using a high-density microarray approach in S.
      coelicolor grown under glucose repression, at early growth stages, a negative
      effect was exerted on the transcription of genes involved in Act and Red
      production, when compared with non-repressive conditions. Seven genes of Act and
      at least ten genes of Red production were down-regulated by glucose. Stronger
      repression was observed on the initial steps of antibiotics formation. On the
      contrary, the coelimycin P1 cluster was up-regulated by glucose. Regarding
      differentiation, no sporulation was observed in the presence of glucose and
      expression of a set of genes of the bld cascade was repressed as well as chaplins
      and rodlins genes. Finally, a series of transcriptional regulators involved in
      both processes were up- or down-regulated by glucose. This is the first global
      transcriptomic approach performed to understand the molecular basis of the
      glucose effect on the synthesis of secondary metabolism and differentiation in
      the genus Streptomyces. The results of this study are opening new avenues for
      further exploration.

PMID- 27372742
TI  - Caffeine ingestion improves power output decrement during 3-min all-out exercise.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of caffeine ingestion on the 3-min all-out
      test (3MT) performance and plasma electrolytes in athletes. METHODS: Fifteen
      collegiate male basketball players were recruited and completed two trials
      separated by at least 1 week in caffeine (CAF, 6 mg kg(-1)) and placebo
      conditions. During the first visit, participants performed an incremental cycling
      test to determine their 3MT resistance. After a familiarization trial,
      participants performed a CAF or PL trial according to a randomized crossover
      design. One hour after ingesting capsules, the participants performed the 3MT to
      estimate the end-test power (EP) and work done above EP (WEP). Blood samples for
      sodium (Na(+)), potassium (K(+)), pH, and lactate concentrations were drawn
      pretest, 1 h after ingestion, and posttest. RESULTS: Significant differences in
      WEP (CAF vs. PL, 13.4 +/- 3.0 vs. 12.1 +/- 2.7 kJ, P < 0.05) but not in EP (CAF
      vs. PL, 242 +/- 37 vs. 244 +/- 42 W, P > 0.05) were determined between the
      conditions. Compared with the PL condition, the CAF condition yielded
      significantly higher power outputs (60-150 s), a lower fatigue rate during the
      3MT (CAF vs. PL, 0.024 +/- 0.007 vs. 0.029 +/- 0.006 s(-1), P < 0.05), a
      significantly higher lactate concentration after the 3MT, and significantly lower
      K(+) concentrations at 1 h after caffeine ingestion. There were no significant
      interaction effects for pH and Na(+) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine
      ingestion did not change EP but improved WEP and the rate of decline in power
      output during short-term, severe exercise.

PMID- 27372743
TI  - Association of green tea consumption with mortality from all-cause,
      cardiovascular disease and cancer in a Chinese cohort of 165,000 adult men.
AB  - Tea is the most ancient and popular beverage in the world, and its beneficial
      health effects has attracted tremendous attention worldwide. However, the
      prospective evidence relating green tea consumption to total and cause-specific
      mortality is still limited and inconclusive. We recruited 164,681 male
      participants free of pre-existing disease during 1990-1991, with green tea
      consumption and other covariates assessed by the standardized questionnaire and
      mortality follow up continued until 2006 (mean 11 years; total person-years:
      1,961,791). Cox regression analyses were used to quantify the associations of
      green tea consumption with all-cause (n = 32,700), CVD (n = 11,839) and cancer (n
      = 7002) mortality, adjusting simultaneously for potential confounders. At
      baseline, 18 % reported regular consumption of green tea. Compared with non-green
      tea drinkers, regular drinkers had significantly lower all-cause mortality, with
      adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) being 0.94 (95 % CI 0.89, 0.99) for <=5 g/day, 0.95
      (0.91, 0.99) for 5-10 g/day and 0.89 (0.85, 0.93) for >10 g/day. For CVD
      mortality, the corresponding HRs were 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) 0.91 (0.85, 0.98) and
      0.86 (0.79, 0.93), respectively, while for cancer they were 0.86 (0.78, 0.98),
      0.92 (0.83, 1.00) and 0.79 (0.71, 0.88), respectively. The patterns of these
      associations varied by smoking, alcohol drinking and locality. This large
      prospective study shows that regular green tea consumption is associated with
      significantly reduced risk of death from all-cause, CVD and cancer among Chinese
      adults.

PMID- 27372744
TI  - Introduction.

PMID- 27372745
TI  - Lymph node ratio predicts survival in hypopharyngeal cancer with positive lymph
      node metastasis.
AB  - The lymph node density (LND) has been reported to be a significant prognostic
      factor in various types of carcinoma. This study investigated whether the LND is
      associated with survival in patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
      (HPSCC) who have positive lymph nodes without distant metastasis. Forty-six
      patients who were pathologically diagnosed with HPSCC with positive lymph nodes
      and without distant metastasis were enrolled in this study. The LND was defined
      as the ratio of positive lymph nodes to the total number of lymph nodes. An LND
      of >=0.09 was found to be significantly correlated with a shorter overall (p =
      0.044) and disease-specific (p = 0.019) survival according to a log-rank test. In
      a multivariate survival analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted
      for the pathological T category (pT3-4/pT1-2), pathological N category (pN2/pN1)
      and positive surgical margin and/or extracapsular spread (presence/absence), both
      an LND of >=0.09 and pT3-4 category were associated with significantly shorter
      overall survival (p < 0.01) and disease-specific survival (p < 0.01). These
      results suggest that the LND functions as a prognostic factor for HPSCC patients
      with positive lymph nodes who do not have distant metastasis.

PMID- 27372746
TI  - Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a tool for the analysis of nonhuman
      skeletal remains in a medico-legal setting.
AB  - To confirm the nature and forensic significance of questioned skeletal material
      submitted a medico-legal setting is a relatively common procedure, although not
      without difficulties when the remains are fragmented or burned. Different
      methodologies have been described for this purpose, many of them invasive, time
      and money consuming or dependent on the availability of the analytical
      instrument. We present a case in which skeletal material with unusual conditions
      of preservation and curious discovery was sent to a medico-legal setting to
      determine its human/nonhuman origin. A combined strategy of imagenological
      procedures (macroscopic, radiographic and cone beam computed tomography - CBCT
      technology) was performed as non-invasive and rapid methods to assess the
      nonhuman nature of the material, specifically of pig (Sus scrofa) origin. This
      hypothesis was later confirmed by DNA analysis. CBCT data sets provide accurate
      three-dimensional reconstructions, which demonstrate its reliable use as a
      forensic tool. 

PMID- 27372747
TI  - In Vitro Chromatin Assembly: Strategies and Quality Control.
AB  - Chromatin accessibility is modulated by structural transitions that provide
      timely access to the genetic and epigenetic information during many essential
      nuclear processes. These transitions are orchestrated by regulatory proteins that
      coordinate intricate structural modifications and signaling pathways. In vitro
      reconstituted chromatin samples from defined components are instrumental in
      defining the mechanistic details of such processes. The bottleneck to appropriate
      in vitro analysis is the production of high quality, and quality-controlled,
      chromatin substrates. In this chapter, we describe methods for in vitro chromatin
      reconstitution and quality control. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of
      various approaches and emphasize quality control steps that ensure reconstitution
      of a bona fide homogenous chromatin preparation. This is essential for optimal
      reproducibility and reliability of ensuing experiments using chromatin
      substrates.

PMID- 27372748
TI  - Preparation, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Chromatin
      Enzyme/Nucleosome Complexes.
AB  - Structural studies of chromatin complexes composed of chromatin factors or
      enzymes bound to the nucleosome have been constrained by the ability to produce
      high-quality complexes in the amounts appropriate for biophysical studies and by
      the difficulty of crystallizing these complexes. We describe here procedures and
      approaches to prepare chromatin complexes, to crystallize chromatin complexes,
      and to improve diffraction properties through postcrystallization soaks. Special
      attention is paid to evaluating the quality of the purified chromatin complexes
      as well as assessing the presence of the chromatin protein or enzyme in crystals.
      The methods described for preparing and purifying chromatin complexes should be
      applicable to biochemical, biophysical, and other structural approaches including
      cryoelectron microscopy.

PMID- 27372749
TI  - Preparation of Recombinant Centromeric Nucleosomes and Formation of Complexes
      with Nonhistone Centromere Proteins.
AB  - Centromeres are present on each chromosome to direct proper segregation during
      cell division. The understanding of how the histone H3 variant, CENP-A,
      epigenetically marks the location of the centromere on the chromosome has been
      advanced, in part, through the study of histone complexes, nucleosomes, and
      nucleosomal complexes with nonhistone centromere proteins. In this chapter, we
      describe the preparation of recombinant versions of these complexes. The
      methodology is firmly rooted in classic nucleosome reconstitution methods, but we
      highlight the aspects of the preparations that diverge from those used for the
      methods established with canonical histones. We also provide a method for
      producing PCR-amplified nucleosomal DNA sequences in milligram quantities that is
      particularly useful for studies where multiple sequences and/or chemical
      modifications are desired. Lastly, we describe our approach to assemble and
      analyze a complex between the recombinant human CENP-A nucleosome and one of its
      binding partners, CENP-C.

PMID- 27372750
TI  - Functional Characterization of Histone Chaperones Using SNAP-Tag-Based Imaging to
      Assess De Novo Histone Deposition.
AB  - Histone chaperones-key actors in the dynamic organization of chromatin-interact
      with the various histone variants to ensure their transfer in and out of
      chromatin. In vitro chromatin assembly assays and isolation of protein complexes
      using tagged histone variants provided first clues concerning their binding
      specificities and mode of action. Here, we describe an in vivo method using SNAP
      tag-based imaging to assess the de novo deposition of histones and the role of
      histone chaperones. This method exploits cells expressing SNAP-tagged histones
      combined with individual cell imaging to visualize directly de novo histone
      deposition in vivo. We show how, by combining this method with siRNA-based
      depletion, we could assess the function of two distinct histone chaperones. For
      this, we provide the details of the method as applied in two examples to
      characterize the function of the histone chaperones CAF-1 and HIRA. In both
      cases, we document the impact of their depletion on the de novo deposition of the
      histone variants H3.1 and H3.3, first in a normal context and second in response
      to DNA damage. We discuss how this cellular assay offers means to define in a
      systematic manner the function of any chosen chaperone with respect to the
      deposition of a given histone variant.

PMID- 27372751
TI  - Analysis of Nucleosome Sliding by ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes.
AB  - ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes carry out diverse transformations of
      chromatin. Understanding their mechanisms requires assays that can monitor the
      kinetics or chromatin remodeling. In this chapter, we describe complimentary
      native gel-based and FRET-based methods for assaying the kinetics of ATP-driven
      nucleosome sliding. These methods can be readily adapted to investigate other
      types of nucleosomal transformations carried out by chromatin remodeling ATPases.

PMID- 27372753
TI  - Preparation and Biochemical Analysis of Classical Histone Deacetylases.
AB  - Histone deacetylase assays were first developed in the 1970s, and subsequently
      refined in the 1990s with the cloning of HDAC enzymes. Most of these early
      assays, relying on traditional in vitro chemical methodologies, are still
      applicable today. More recently, however, cell-based HDAC assays that measure
      HDAC activities in physiological conditions are emerging. Also, there is a
      continuing development of assays that can measure an isolated HDAC in the absence
      of other HDAC activities. This chapter reviews some of the older established
      methods for assaying HDAC activities, as well as introduces more recently
      developed nontraditional assays.

PMID- 27372752
TI  - In Vitro Activity Assays for MYST Histone Acetyltransferases and Adaptation for
      High-Throughput Inhibitor Screening.
AB  - Lysine acetylation is a posttranslational modification that is carried out by
      acetyltransferases. The MYST proteins form the largest and most diverse family of
      acetyltransferases, which regulate gene expression, DNA repair, and cell cycle
      homeostasis, among other activities, by acetylating both histone and nonhistone
      proteins. This chapter will describe methods for the preparation and biochemical
      characterization of MYST family acetyltransferases, including protocols for the
      preparation of recombinant protein, enzyme assays for measuring steady-state
      parameters, and binding assays to measure cofactor and inhibitor binding. We also
      provide details on adapting these assays for high-throughput screening for small
      molecule MYST inhibitors. This chapter seeks to prepare researchers for some
      hurdles that they may encounter when studying the MYST proteins so that there may
      be better opportunity to plan appropriate controls and obtain high-quality data.

PMID- 27372754
TI  - Recombinant Preparation, Biochemical Analysis, and Structure Determination of
      Sirtuin Family Histone/Protein Deacylases.
AB  - Lysine acetylation is long known as a regulatory posttranslational modification
      of histone proteins and is emerging as a ubiquitous intracellular protein
      modification. Additional lysine acylations such as succinylation and
      glutarylation have also been found on histones and other proteins. Acylations are
      reversibly attached through nonenzymatic acylation mechanisms and the action of
      protein acyl transferases and protein deacylases (PDACs). Sirtuins are an
      evolutionary defined class of PDACs and act as metabolic sensors by catalyzing a
      unique deacylation reaction that requires the cosubstrate NAD(+). Sirtuins are
      found in all domains of life, and the mammalian sirtuin family comprises seven
      isoforms in different cellular compartments. They regulate a wide range of
      cellular targets and functions, such as energy metabolism and stress responses,
      and they have been implicated in aging processes and aging-related diseases. A
      large body of functional, biochemical, biophysical, and structural work on
      isolated sirtuins has provided many important insights that complement the many
      physiological studies on this enzyme family. They enabled the comprehensive
      structural and biochemical analysis of sirtuin catalysis, substrate selectivity,
      and regulation. Here, we describe the recombinant production of sirtuin proteins,
      with an emphasis on the mammalian isoforms. We then describe their application in
      activity and binding assays and for crystal structure analysis. We provide
      protocols for these procedures, and we discuss typical pitfalls in studying this
      enzyme family and how to avoid them. This information will support further
      molecular studies on sirtuin mechanisms and functions.

PMID- 27372755
TI  - Preparation, Biochemical Analysis, and Structure Determination of SET Domain
      Histone Methyltransferases.
AB  - In eukaryotes, several lysine residues on histone proteins are methylated. This
      posttranslational modification is linked to a myriad of nuclear-based
      transactions such as epigenetic inheritance of heterochromatin, regulation of
      gene expression, DNA damage repair, and DNA replication. The majority of the
      enzymes responsible for writing these marks onto chromatin belong to the SET
      domain family of histone lysine methyltransferases. Although they often share
      important structural features, including a conserved catalytic domain, SET domain
      enzymes use different mechanisms to achieve substrate recognition, mono-, di-, or
      trimethylate lysine residues and some require other proteins to achieve maximal
      methyltransferase activity. In this chapter, we summarize our efforts to purify,
      crystallize, and enzymatically characterize SET domain enzymes with a specific
      focus on the histone H3K27 monomethyltransferase ATXR5.

PMID- 27372756
TI  - Expression, Purification, and Biochemical Analysis of the LSD1/KDM1A Histone
      Demethylase.
AB  - Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of histones play important roles in the
      regulation of chromatin architecture and gene transcription. A decade ago, it was
      still believed that methyl groups could not be removed from histones, until the
      first histone demethylase LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1; also known as
      KDM1A) was identified. This discovery initiated an era in the understanding of
      chromatin dynamic regulation by active histone demethylation. Since then, the
      repertoire of histone demethylases has expanded, and our understanding of the
      molecular mechanisms, structures, and macromolecular complexes of the
      demethylases has grown significantly. Histone demethylases have emerged as
      important players in developmental processes and have been linked to human
      diseases and cancer. Studies highlighting the functions of LSD1 have
      significantly increased our understanding of chromatin biology and have revealed
      that new facets of histone demethylases remain to be discovered. In vitro methods
      have been developed to assess the biochemistry, structure, and enzymology of
      lysine demethylases. Here, we describe the methods of expression, purification,
      and biochemical analysis that we have successfully used in characterizing the
      functions of LSD1.

PMID- 27372757
TI  - LSD1 Histone Demethylase Assays and Inhibition.
AB  - The lysine-specific demethylase (LSD1) is a flavin-dependent amine oxidase that
      selectively removes one or two methyl groups from histone H3 at the Lys4
      position. Along with histone deacetylases 1 and 2, LSD1 is involved in
      epigenetically silencing gene expression. LSD1 has been implicated as a potential
      therapeutic target in cancer and other diseases. In this chapter, we discuss
      several approaches to measure LSD1 demethylase activity and their relative
      strengths and limitations for inhibitor discovery and mechanistic
      characterization. In addition, we review the principal established chemical
      functional groups derived from monoamine oxidase inhibitors that have been
      investigated in the context of LSD1 as demethylase inhibitors. Finally, we
      highlight a few examples of recently developed LSD1 mechanism-based inactivators
      and their biomedical applications.

PMID- 27372758
TI  - Purification, Biochemical Analysis, and Structure Determination of JmjC Lysine
      Demethylases.
AB  - Jumonji C (JmjC) lysine demethylases (KDMs) catalyze the site- and state-specific
      demethylation of lysine residues in histone and nonhistone protein substrates.
      These enzymes have been implicated in diverse genomic processes, including
      epigenetic gene regulation, DNA damage response, DNA replication, and regulation
      of heterochromatin structure. In addition, a number of JmjC KDMs contribute to
      the incidence of numerous cancers, rendering them targets for the development of
      novel chemotherapeutic drugs. Using the JMJD2 KDM subfamily as representative
      examples, this chapter outlines strategies for purifying highly active,
      recombinant JmjC KDMs lacking inhibitory transition metal ions, characterizing
      kinetic parameters of these enzymes using a coupled fluorescent assay, and
      determining crystal structures of the enzymes in complex with methylated histone
      peptides. Together, these approaches provide a foundation for structural and
      biochemical characterization of the JmjC KDMs and facilitate efforts to identify
      small molecule inhibitors through high-throughput screening and structure-guided
      design.

PMID- 27372759
TI  - Preparation and Analysis of Native Chromatin-Modifying Complexes.
AB  - Nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin, are decorated with a myriad of
      posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by the action of chromatin modifiers.
      These enzymes function almost exclusively as part of stable protein complexes
      that assist their recruitment to specific genomic loci, specify their substrate,
      and provide allosteric control. By altering the interactions within nucleosomes
      or with neighboring nucleosomes and serving as a platform to engage effector
      proteins, PTMs deposited by histone-modifying complexes influence virtually every
      nuclear process and are at the heart of the epigenetic mechanisms. Hence, it is
      critical to identify their components, define their structures, and characterize
      their biochemical activities. Here we describe protocols for tandem affinity
      purification (TAP) of native histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and
      methyltransferase (HMT) complexes from human cells engineered to express bait
      proteins from a genomic safe harbor or their endogenous chromosomal genes, using
      zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), TAL effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered
      regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 systems. The
      approaches presented aim to preserve natural transcriptional and
      posttranscriptional regulation and minimize biochemical artifacts due to ectopic
      expression. Near homogenous preparations of native complexes are obtained in
      sufficient amounts to perform biochemical assays and characterize their
      components.

PMID- 27372760
TI  - Preparation, Biochemical Analysis, and Structure Determination of the
      Bromodomain, an Acetyl-Lysine Binding Domain.
AB  - The bromodomain (BrD) represents an evolutionarily conserved protein domain whose
      function mostly is to recognize acetylated lysine residues in histones and
      nuclear proteins in regulation of gene transcription in chromatin. The highly
      conserved BrD structure features an unusual left-handed, antiparallel four-helix
      bundle and a hydrophobic pocket between the interhelical ZA and BC loops
      important for acetyl-lysine binding. Many proteins, particularly transcriptional
      activators, contain BrDs, and mutation or deletion of the BrDs impairs the
      protein function, implying their critical role in human biology and disease. In
      this chapter, we provide general protocols of the preparation, biochemical
      analysis, and structure determination of BrDs, aiming to offer a general
      guideline for structural and biochemical functional characterization of BrD
      containing proteins.

PMID- 27372761
TI  - Preparation, Biochemical Analysis, and Structure Determination of Methyllysine
      Readers.
AB  - In-depth in vitro characterization of methyllysine reader domains and their
      association with cognate methyllysine substrates is essential to better
      understand fundamental mechanisms of chromatin regulation and to design targeted
      therapeutics that disrupt these interactions. In this chapter, we summarize
      commonly used methods for preparation, biochemical characterization, and
      determination of structures of methyllysine reader domains. We provide a detailed
      protocol for the preparation of a GST-tagged methyllysine reader domain and for
      analysis of histone-binding activities using a combination of pull-down,
      tryptophan fluorescence, and NMR assays, and describe initial steps toward
      crystallization of the complexes.

PMID- 27372762
TI  - Quantification of Oxidized 5-Methylcytosine Bases and TET Enzyme Activity.
AB  - In eukaryotic DNA, cytosine can be enzymatically modified to yield up to four
      epigenetic base variants. DNA methyltransferases convert cytosine to 5
      methylcytosine (mC), which plays critical roles in gene regulation during
      development. Ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes can sequentially oxidize mC
      to three products: 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC), 5-formylcytosine (fC), and 5
      carboxylcytosine (caC). These oxidized bases have been found in numerous
      mammalian cell types, where they potentially carry out independent epigenetic
      functions and aid in DNA demethylation. To gain insight into the mechanisms and
      functions of TET family enzymes, rigorous approaches are needed to quantify
      genomic cytosine modifications in cells and track TET enzyme activity in vitro.
      Here, we present tools developed by our lab and others to report on each of the
      five forms of cytosine (unmodified, mC, hmC, fC, and caC) with high specificity
      and sensitivity. We provide detailed protocols for qualitative and quantitative
      analysis of cytosine modifications in genomic DNA by dot blotting and LC-MS/MS.
      We then describe methods for generating synthetic oligonucleotide substrates for
      biochemical studies, provide optimized reaction conditions, and introduce several
      chemoenzymatic assays, as well as HPLC, mass spectrometry, and scintillation
      counting methods to quantify cytosine modifications in vitro. These approaches
      enable mechanistic studies of TET activity, which are key to understanding the
      role of these enzymes in epigenetic regulation.

PMID- 27372763
TI  - Characterization of How DNA Modifications Affect DNA Binding by C2H2 Zinc Finger
      Proteins.
AB  - Much is known about vertebrate DNA methylation and oxidation; however, much less
      is known about how modified cytosine residues within particular sequences are
      recognized. Among the known methylated DNA-binding domains, the Cys2-His2 zinc
      finger (ZnF) protein superfamily is the largest with hundreds of members, each
      containing tandem ZnFs ranging from 3 to >30 fingers. We have begun to
      biochemically and structurally characterize these ZnFs not only on their sequence
      specificity but also on their sensitivity to various DNA modifications. Rather
      than following published methods of refolding insoluble ZnF arrays, we have
      expressed and purified soluble forms of ZnFs, ranging in size from a tandem array
      of two to six ZnFs, from seven different proteins. We also describe a
      fluorescence polarization assay to measure ZnFs affinity with oligonucleotides
      containing various modifications and our approaches for cocrystallization of ZnFs
      with oligonucleotides.

PMID- 27372764
TI  - Crystallographic Studies of Telomerase.
AB  - Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that maintain the ends of our chromosomes
      thus providing genomic stability. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein reverse
      transcriptase that replicates the short tandem repeats of DNA known as telomeres.
      The telomeric DNA is specifically associated with two major complexes, the
      shelterin and CST complexes both of which are involved in telomere length
      regulation and maintenance along with telomerase. Obtaining structural
      information on these nucleoprotein complexes has been a major bottleneck in fully
      understanding the mechanism of action of telomeric nucleoproteins for over two
      decades. The recent advances in molecular and structural biology have enabled us
      to obtain atomic resolution structures of telomeric proteins alone and in complex
      with their nucleic acid substrates transforming the field and our understanding
      and interpretation of this unique biological pathway. Here we report our approach
      to obtain the structure of the Triobolium castaneum catalytic subunit of
      telomerase TERT (tcTERT) in its apo- and substrate-bound states.

PMID- 27372765
TI  - Detection and Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs.
AB  - Recent genome-wide studies have yielded new insights into the biological function
      of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), predominantly through analysis of their genomic
      addresses. These studies have revealed that a large number of lncRNAs map to
      regulatory elements in eukaryotic genome regions known as promoter and enhancer
      elements. Here, we review the principles of current methodologies for analyzing
      lncRNAs with high-throughput sequencing approaches. These include (1) direct RNA
      sequencing, (2) sequencing coupled with transcription, and (3) isolation of
      protein complexes associated with lncRNAs followed by high-throughput sequencing.
      Within these categories, we also describe detailed protocols for chromatin
      associated RNA sequencing, nascent transcript Global run-on sequencing, and
      photoactivatable ribonucleoside-enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation.

PMID- 27372766
TI  - Identifying Centromeric RNAs Involved in Histone Dynamics In Vivo.
AB  - Over the last decade, the long accepted dogma that heterochromatin is silent has
      been challenged by increasing evidence of active transcription in these
      apocryphally annotated quiescent regions of the genome. The recent discovery of
      noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) originating from, or localizing to, centromeres,
      pericentromeres, and telomeres (ie, constitutive heterochromatin) suggest a
      potential role for ncRNAs in genome integrity. This new paradigm suggests that
      ncRNAs may recruit chromatin-binding factors, stabilize the higher order folded
      state of the chromatin fiber, and participate in regulation of processes such as
      transcription-mediated nucleosome assembly. Thus, identifying, purifying, and
      elucidating the function of ncRNAs has the potential to provide key insights into
      genome organization and is currently a topic of intense experimental
      investigation.

PMID- 27372767
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 27372768
TI  - Preprocedural Assessment for Sedation in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
AB  - The role of the anesthesia service in sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy
      (GIE) has been steadily increasing. The goals of preprocedural assessment are
      determined by the specific details of the procedure, the issues related to the
      illness that requires the endoscopy, comorbidities, the goals for sedation, and
      the risk of complications from the sedation and the endoscopic procedure. Rather
      than consider these issues as separate entities, they should be considered as
      part of a continuum of preparation for GIE. This is told from the perspective of
      an anesthesiologist who regularly participates in the full range of sedation for
      GIE. 

PMID- 27372769
TI  - Training and Competency in Sedation Practice in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
AB  - The practice of endoscopic sedation requires a thorough understanding of
      preprocedural assessment, sedation pharmacology, intraprocedure monitoring,
      adverse event management, and postprocedural care. The training process has
      become increasingly standardized and entails knowledge and practice-based
      components. The use of propofol in particular requires a higher level of
      structured training owing to its narrow therapeutic window. Simulation has
      increased opportunities for practice-based training in a controlled environment.
      After completion of training, the endoscopist must demonstrate competence in
      theoretical understanding and technical ability to administer sedation. Although
      individual institutions have certification processes, there is a lack of
      validated, standardized methods to confirm competence. 

PMID- 27372770
TI  - Endoscopic Sedation: Medicolegal Considerations.
AB  - Goals of endoscopic sedation are to provide patients with a successful procedure,
      and ensure that they remain safe and are relieved from anxiety and discomfort;
      agents should provide efficient, appropriate sedation and allow patients to
      recover rapidly. Sedation is usually safe and effective; however, complications
      may ensue. This paper outlines some medicolegal aspects of endoscopic sedation,
      including informed consent, possible withdrawal of consent during the procedure,
      standard of care for monitoring sedation, use of anesthesia personnel to deliver
      sedation, and new agents and devices. 

PMID- 27372771
TI  - Non-Operating Room Anesthesia in the Endoscopy Unit.
AB  - The term, non-operating room anesthesia, describes a location remote from the
      main operating suites and closer to the patient, including areas that offer
      specialized procedures, like endoscopy suites, cardiac catheterization
      laboratories, bronchoscopy suites, and invasive radiology suites. There has been
      an exponential growth in such procedures and they present challenges in both
      organizational aspects and administration of anesthesia. This article explores
      the requirements for the location, preoperative evaluation and patient selection,
      monitoring, anesthesia technique, and postoperative management at these sites.
      There is a need to better define the role of the anesthesia personnel at these
      remote sites. 

PMID- 27372772
TI  - Endoscopist-Directed Propofol.
AB  - Endoscopist-directed propofol (EDP) refers to delivery of propofol for endoscopic
      sedation under the direction of an endoscopist without any involvement of an
      anesthesia specialist (anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist). EDP has been
      proven to be safe and is also cost-effective compared with the anesthetist
      delivered sedation for endoscopy. EDP has been endorsed by US gastroenterology
      societies as an appropriate paradigm for clinical practice. EDP has proliferated
      in Switzerland and Germany, but its expansion in the United States has been
      limited by financial disincentives, concerns about medical-legal risk for
      endoscopists, and regulatory obstacles. 

PMID- 27372773
TI  - Extended Monitoring during Endoscopy.
AB  - Gastrointestinal endoscopic sedation has improved procedural and patient outcomes
      but is associated with attendant risks of oversedation and hemodynamic
      compromise. Therefore, close monitoring during endoscopic procedures using
      sedation is critical. This monitoring begins with appropriate staff trained in
      visual assessment of patients and analysis of basic physiologic parameters. It
      also mandates an array of devices widely used in practice to evaluate
      hemodynamics, oxygenation, ventilation, and depth of sedation. The authors review
      the evidence behind monitoring practices and current society recommendations and
      discuss forthcoming technologies and techniques that are poised to improve
      noninvasive monitoring of patients under endoscopic sedation. 

PMID- 27372774
TI  - Sedation and Monitoring in the Pediatric Patient during Gastrointestinal
      Endoscopy.
AB  - Sedation is a fundamental component of pediatric gastrointestinal procedures. The
      2 main types of sedation for pediatric endoscopy remain general anesthesia and
      procedural sedation. Although anesthesiologist-administered sedation protocols
      are more common, there is no ideal regimen for endoscopy in children. This
      article discusses specific levels of sedation for endoscopy as well as various
      regimens that can be used to achieve each. Risks and considerations that may be
      specific to performing gastrointestinal procedures in children are reviewed.
      Finally, potential future directions for sedation and monitoring that may change
      the practice of pediatric gastroenterology and ultimately patient outcomes are
      examined. 

PMID- 27372775
TI  - Sedation Challenges: Obesity and Sleep Apnea.
AB  - This article reviews the data for diagnostic and uncomplicated therapeutic upper
      endoscopy, which show it is safe and effective to perform the procedure under
      moderate sedation with a combination of benzodiazepine and opioids. For more
      complex procedures or for superobese patients anesthesia support is recommended.
      Performing endoscopy in this population should alert providers to plan carefully
      and individualize sedation plans because there is no objective way to quantify
      this risk pre-endoscopically. 

PMID- 27372776
TI  - Sedation in the Ambulatory Endoscopy Center: Optimizing Safety, Expectations and
      Throughput.
AB  - In the United States, sedation and analgesia are the standard of practice when
      endoscopic procedures are performed in the ambulatory endoscopy center. Over the
      last 30 years, there has been a dramatic shift of endoscopic procedures from the
      hospital outpatient department to ambulatory endoscopy centers. This article will
      discuss sedation and analgesia in the ambulatory endoscopy center as it relates
      to optimizing safety, patient expectations, and efficiency. 

PMID- 27372777
TI  - Quality Assurance in the Endoscopy Suite: Sedation and Monitoring.
AB  - Recent development and expansion of endoscopy units has necessitated similar
      progress in the quality assurance of procedure sedation and monitoring. The large
      number of endoscopic procedures performed annually underlies the need for
      standardized quality initiatives focused on mitigating patient risk before,
      during, and immediately after endoscopic sedation, as well as improving procedure
      outcomes and patient satisfaction. Specific standards are needed for newer
      sedation modalities, including propofol administration. This article reviews the
      current guidelines and literature concerning quality assurance and endoscopic
      procedure sedation. 

PMID- 27372778
TI  - Computer-Assisted and Patient-Controlled Sedation Platforms.
AB  - As the number and complexity of endoscopic procedures increase, the role of
      sedation has been integral in patient and physician satisfaction. This article
      discusses the advances of computer-assisted and patient-controlled platforms.
      These computer-assisted and patient-controlled platforms use different
      anesthetics and analgesics, all with the intent of achieving improved consistency
      in the level of sedation, appropriate to the needs of patients, while also
      improving patient safety. These systems have been around for decades; however,
      few are approved for use in the United States, and several still require further
      study before broad clinical application. 

PMID- 27372779
TI  - On the Horizon: The Future of Procedural Sedation.
AB  - Sedation plays an integral part in endoscopy. By achieving patient comfort, it
      allows for a better examination and enhances patient satisfaction. Various
      medications have been used, propofol being the current favorite. With emphasis on
      patient safety and quality of endoscopy, various new medications in different
      combinations are being used to achieve adequate sedation and not escalate the
      cost of the procedure. With the advent of newer medications and newer modalities
      to administer these medications, there is need for more specialized training for
      the endoscopist to feel comfortable while using these medications. 

PMID- 27372780
TI  - Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: An Uneasy State of the Art.

PMID- 27372781
TI  - Sedation and Monitoring in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.

PMID- 27372782
TI  - Cancer treatment-related cardiac toxicity: prevention, assessment and management.
AB  - Cancer therapies, especially anthracyclines and monoclonal antibodies, have been
      linked with increased rates of cardiotoxicity. The development of some cardiac
      side effects happens over several months, and changes in ejection fraction can be
      detected long before permanent damage or disability occurs. Advanced heart
      failure could be averted with better and earlier detection. Methodologies for
      early detection of cardiac changes include stress echocardiograms, cardiac
      velocity measurements, radionuclide imaging, cardiac MRI and several potential
      biomarkers. Many agents have been described for prophylaxis of cardiac events
      precipitated by cancer therapy. Prophylactic use of beta-blockers and ACE
      inhibitors may be considered for use with trastuzumab in breast cancer as
      tolerated. Recovery of cardiac function is possible early after the injury from a
      cancer therapy. Late complications for coronary artery disease, hypertension and
      arrhythmia are underappreciated. Treatments for severe cancer therapy-related
      cardiac complications follow the existing paradigms for congestive heart failure
      and coronary artery disease, although outcomes for cancer patients differ from
      outcomes for non-cancer patients. 

PMID- 27372784
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372783
TI  - Failure mode and effects analysis of witnessing protocols for ensuring
      traceability during PGD/PGS cycles.
AB  - Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and aneuploidy testing (PGD/PGS) use is
      constantly growing in IVF, and embryo/biopsy traceability during the additional
      laboratory procedures needed is pivotal. An electronic witnessing system (EWS),
      which showed a significant value in decreasing mismatch occurrence and increasing
      detection possibilities during standard care IVF, still does not guarantee the
      same level of efficiency during PGD/PGS cycles. Specifically, EWS cannot follow
      single embryos throughout the procedure. This is however critical when an
      unambiguous diagnosis corresponds to each embryo. Failure Mode and Effects
      Analysis (FMEA) is a proactive method generally adopted to define tools ensuring
      safety along a procedure. Due to the implementation of a large quantitative PCR
      (qPCR)-based blastocyst stage PGD/PGS programme in our centre, and to evaluate
      the potential procedural risks, a FMEA was performed in September 2014. Forty
      four failure modes were identified, among which six were given a moderate risk
      priority number (>15) (RPN; product of estimated occurrence, severity and
      detection). Specific corrective measures were then introduced and implemented,
      and a second evaluation performed six months later. The meticulous and careful
      application of such measures allowed the risks to be decreased along the whole
      protocol, by reducing their estimated occurrence and/or increasing detection
      possibilities. 

PMID- 27372785
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372786
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372787
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372788
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372789
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372790
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372792
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372791
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372793
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372795
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372794
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372796
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372798
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372797
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372799
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372800
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372801
TI  - Examining the independent protective effect of subjective well-being on severe
      psychological distress among Canadian adults with a history of child
      maltreatment.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine the independent protective effect of
      subjective well-being on severe psychological distress among adult Canadians with
      a history of child maltreatment. Data for this study were obtained from the 2012
      Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health (CCHS-MH). A sample of 8126
      respondents aged 20-69 years old who experienced at least one child maltreatment
      event was analyzed using binary logistic regression with severe psychological
      distress as the outcome variable. Of the 8126 respondents with a history of child
      maltreatment, 3.9% experienced severe psychological distress within the past
      month. Results from the multivariate logistic regression revealed that emotional
      and psychological well-being each had a significant effect on severe
      psychological distress. For each unit increase in emotional well-being, the odds
      of a respondent having severe psychological distress were predicted to decrease
      by a factor of 28% and for each unit increase in psychological well-being, the
      odds of a respondent having severe psychological distress were predicted to
      decrease by a factor of 10%, net the effect of demographic, socioeconomic, and
      health factors. Other factors associated with psychological distress included:
      younger age, poor self-perceived physical health, and chronic condition. Having
      post-secondary education, having a higher income, and being non-White predicted
      lower odds of severe psychological distress. Although, child maltreatment is
      associated with stressful life events later in adulthood, subjective well-being
      could serve as a protective factor against severe psychological distress among
      adults who experienced maltreatment when they were children.

PMID- 27372802
TI  - Molecular mechanism of lipid-induced cardiac insulin resistance and contractile
      dysfunction.
AB  - Long-chain fatty acids are the main cardiac substrates from which ATP is
      generated continually to serve the high energy demand and sustain the normal
      function of the heart. Under healthy conditions, fatty acid beta-oxidation
      produces 50-70% of the energy demands with the remainder largely accounted for by
      glucose. Chronically increased dietary lipid supply often leads to excess lipid
      accumulation in the heart, which is linked to a variety of maladaptive phenomena,
      such as insulin resistance, cardiac hypertrophy and contractile dysfunction.
      CD36, the predominant cardiac fatty acid transporter, has a key role in setting
      the heart on a road to contractile dysfunction upon the onset of chronic lipid
      oversupply by translocating to the cell surface and opening the cellular 'doors'
      for fatty acids. The sequence of events after the CD36-mediated myocellular lipid
      accumulation is less understood, but in general it has been accepted that the
      excessively imported lipids cause insulin resistance, which in turn leads to
      contractile dysfunction. There are several gaps of knowledge in this proposed
      order of events which this review aims to discuss. First, the molecular
      mechanisms underlying lipid-induced insulin resistance are not yet completely
      disclosed. Specifically, several mediators have been proposed, such as
      diacylglycerols, ceramides, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR),
      inflammatory kinases and reactive oxygen species (ROS), but their relative
      contributions to the onset of insulin resistance and their putatively synergistic
      actions are topics of controversy. Second, there are also pieces of evidence that
      lipids can induce contractile dysfunction independently of insulin resistance.
      Perhaps, a more integrative view is needed, in which several lipid-induced
      pathways operate synergistically or in parallel to induce contractile
      dysfunction. Unraveling of these processes is expected to be important in
      designing effective therapeutic strategies to protect the lipid-overloaded heart.

PMID- 27372803
TI  - Assessing the Impact of Food Assistance on Stigma Among People Living with HIV in
      Uganda Using the HIV/AIDS Stigma Instrument-PLWA (HASI-P).
AB  - HIV-related stigma among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) is prevalent
      throughout sub-Saharan Africa. There is limited evidence, however, on which
      interventions are effective in reducing it. We used data from a prospective
      impact evaluation of a 12-month food assistance intervention among 904
      antiretroviral therapy (ART)- naive PLHIV in Uganda to examine the program impact
      on stigma. Stigma was measured using the comprehensive HASI-P scale, which
      demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.87) and was
      correlated with several related constructs including physical and mental health
      related quality of life, disclosure, and physical health symptoms in the sample.
      Using quasi-experimental difference-in-difference matching methods to better
      infer causality, we tested whether the intervention improved the overall stigma
      scale and its subscales. The food assistance intervention had a significant
      effect on reported internalized (but not external) stigma of approximately 0.2 SD
      (p < 0.01). The HASI-P stigma scale is a useful tool for measuring and tracking
      stigma. Food assistance interventions, embedded in an HIV care program, can
      reduce internalized stigma.

PMID- 27372804
TI  - Injection of tennis elbow: Hit and miss? A cadaveric study of injection accuracy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Different injection therapies are used in the treatment of lateral
      epicondylitis (LE). Usually, the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) tendon is
      affected. Therefore, an injection should be aimed at the origin of this tendon.
      This study demonstrates the accuracy of manual injections in the treatment of LE.
      METHODS: Ten surgeons have injected a cadaver elbow with acrylic paint, using the
      same injection technique (i.e. number of perforations, amount of injected fluid)
      that they in daily practice would use in the treatment of LE. After the
      injection, an arthroscopy and dissection of the elbow were performed. The
      injection technique and localization of acrylic paint were reported. RESULTS:
      Only a third of the injections were (partially) localized in the ECRB tendon; 60
      % were localized intra-articular. CONCLUSION: Injections carried out manually for
      the treatment of LE are not accurate, resulting in the majority being localized
      intra-articular. For future research to the effect of injection therapy in the
      treatment of LE, it is important that injections should be performed in a
      reproducible and standardized way.

PMID- 27372805
TI  - Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Properties of Hot Pepper Flower (Capsicum annuum
      L.).
AB  - At present, the various medical treatments of obesity involve side effects. The
      aim of the research is therefore to find natural compounds that have anti-obesity
      activity with minimum disadvantages. In this study, the hypolipidemic effect of
      hydroalcoholic extract of flowers from Capsicum annuum L. was examined through
      the evaluation of inhibition of pancreatic lipase. Antioxidant activity was
      assessed using different tests: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric
      oxide (NO) and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Phytochemical analysis
      indicated that total phenolic and flavonoid content in the extract was 128.7 +/-
      4.5 mg chlorogenic acid equivalent/g of crude extract and 17.66 +/- 0.11 mg of
      quercetin equivalent/g of crude extract, respectively. The extract inhibited
      pancreatic lipase with IC50 value equal to 3.54 +/- 0.18 mg/ml. It also inhibited
      lipid peroxidation with IC50 value of 27.61 +/- 2.25 MUg/ml after 30 min of
      incubation and 41.69 +/- 1.13 MUg/ml after 60 min of incubation. The IC50 value
      of radical scavenging activity was 51.90 +/- 2.03 MUg/ml. The extract was also
      able to inhibit NO production (IC50 = of 264.3 +/- 7.98 MUg/ml) without showing
      any cytotoxic effect. 

PMID- 27372806
TI  - Production of (28)Mg by bombardment of (nat)Cl with 200MeV protons: Proof-of
      concept study for a stacked LiCl target.
AB  - A stacked target consisting of ten Al-encapsulated LiCl discs, for producing
      (28)Mg via the (nat)Cl(p,X)(28)Mg process in the energy region 50-200MeV, is
      described. This target was irradiated with a 200MeV beam at an intensity of
      100nA, providing information on both yield and outscattering losses. Results of a
      Monte Carlo modelling of the beam and target, by means of the code MCNPX, are
      also presented. Similar Al-encapsulated LiCl discs were individually irradiated
      with 66MeV proton beams of 65 and 90MUA, respectively, to study their behaviour
      under high-intensity bombardment. Once removed from the Al encapsulation, the
      (28)Mg can be separated from the LiCl target material efficiently, using a 12.5cm
      x 1cm(2) column containing Purolite S950 chelating resin. The eluate contains
      (7)Be but no other measurable radio-contaminants. The removal of the (7)Be
      contaminant is performed by cation exchange chromatography in malate media, with
      (28)Mg being retained by the resin and (7)Be eluted. 

PMID- 27372807
TI  - Automated synthesis of 4-[(18)F]fluoroanisole, [(18)F]DAA1106 and 4-[(18)F]FPhe
      using Cu-mediated radiofluorination under "minimalist" conditions.
AB  - The application of the "minimalist" approach to Cu-mediated radiofluorination
      allows the efficient preparation of (18)F-labeled arenes regardless of their
      electronic properties. The implementation of this methodology on a commercially
      available synthesis module (hotbox(three), Scintomics, Germany) enabled the
      automated production of 4-[(18)F]fluoroanisole as well as the clinically relevant
      PET-tracers, 4-[(18)F]FPhe and [(18)F]DAA1106, in radiochemical yields of 41-61%
      and radiochemical purities of >95% within 30-60min. These results demonstrated
      the high efficacy and versatility of the developed method that will open up
      opportunities for a broad application of Cu-mediated radiofluorination in PET
      chemistry. 

PMID- 27372808
TI  - In vivo spatial correlation between (18)F-BPA and (18)F-FDG uptakes in head and
      neck cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Borono-2-(18)F-fluoro-phenylalanine ((18)F-BPA) has been
      used to estimate the therapeutic effects of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT),
      while (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) is the most commonly used positron
      emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceutical in a routine clinical use. The aim
      of the present study was to evaluate spatial correlation between (18)F-BPA and
      (18)F-FDG uptakes using a deformable image registration-based technique. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Ten patients with head and neck cancer were recruited from January
      2014 to December 2014. All patients underwent whole-body (18)F-BPA PET/computed
      tomography (CT) and (18)F-FDG PET/CT within a 2-week period. For each patient,
      (18)F-BPA PET/CT and (18)F-FDG PET/CT images were aligned based on a deformable
      image registration framework. The voxel-by-voxel spatial correlation of
      standardized uptake value (SUV) within the tumor was analyzed. RESULTS: Our image
      processing framework achieved accurate and validated registration results for
      each PET/CT image. In 9/10 patients, the spatial distribution of SUVs between
      (18)F-BPA and (18)F-FDG showed a significant, positive correlation in the tumor
      volume. CONCLUSIONS: Deformable image registration-based voxel-wise analysis
      demonstrated a spatial correlation between (18)F-BPA and (18)F-FDG uptakes in the
      head and neck cancer. A tumor sub-volume with a high (18)F-FDG uptake may predict
      high accumulation of (18)F-BPA.

PMID- 27372809
TI  - Development of novel 1,4-benzodiazepine-based Michael acceptors as
      antitrypanosomal agents.
AB  - Novel 1,4-benzodiazepines, endowed with a Michael acceptor moiety, were designed
      taking advantage of a computational prediction of their pharmacokinetic
      parameters. Among all the synthesized derivatives, we identified a new lead
      compound (i.e., 4a), bearing a vinyl ketone warhead and endowed with a promising
      antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (IC50=5.29MUM),
      coupled with a lack of cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells (TC50 >100MUM).

PMID- 27372811
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372810
TI  - Stress-related biobehavioral responses, symptoms, and physical activity among
      female veterans in the community: An exploratory study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Female veterans experience multiple stresses during their lifetime.
      Some of them seek care in the civilian community. Common physical and
      psychological symptoms among female veterans include pain, fatigue, sleep
      quality, and depression. Physical activity has the potential to improve their
      well-being. OBJECTIVES: This study was guided by the concept of allostasis. The
      purpose of the study was to determine the associations among stress-related
      biobehavioral responses and symptoms as well as to determine if physical activity
      moderated these associations among female veterans.
      DESIGN/SETTINGS/PARTICIPANTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional and exploratory design
      was implemented among 82 female veterans (46+/-10.57years old) at a community
      event. Self-reported questionnaires and blood and hair samples were collected.
      Descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses were applied in this secondary
      data analysis. FINDINGS: Female veterans experienced moderate perceived stress
      and greater body mass index, C-reactive protein, and hair cortisol levels at the
      same time as they reported moderate levels of pain and fatigue, poor sleep
      quality, and considerable depressive symptoms. The findings showed that greater
      body mass index was significantly associated with more severe pain and poor sleep
      quality. Physical activity negatively moderated the relationship between
      perceived stress and pain. CONCLUSION: Female veterans need services to manage
      body weight and help them engage in physical activity. Nurse educators are
      responsible for instructing nurses to properly identify female veterans in the
      civilian community facility and to provide care in a respectful manner.

PMID- 27372812
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372813
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372814
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372815
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372817
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372816
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372818
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372820
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372819
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372821
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372822
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372823
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372825
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372824
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372826
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372827
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372829
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372828
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372830
TI  - Special Issue on the "Interrelations between non-linguistic and linguistic
      representations of cognition and action in development".

PMID- 27372831
TI  - The Benefits and Costs of a Rose-Colored Hindsight.
AB  - Self-serving biases lead people to see themselves and their future through rose
      colored glasses. New research by Kouchaki and Gino suggests this rosy view also
      extends backwards: memories of unethical behavior are less vivid than memories of
      good deeds. This so-called 'unethical amnesia' has many individual benefits, but
      also carries social costs.

PMID- 27372832
TI  - Prevalence of Adolescent Problem Gambling: A Systematic Review of Recent
      Research.
AB  - Previous research has shown that gambling is a popular activity among
      adolescents. Following a rapid expansion of legalized gambling opportunities and
      the emergence of new forms of gambling, many researchers have carried out studies
      on adolescent gambling and problem gambling. The present paper reviews studies
      that have been conducted worldwide since 2000, and then presents a more detailed
      picture of adolescent gambling research in Europe, by providing a country-by
      country analysis. After an extensive search on academic databases and following
      an exclusion process, 44 studies were identified. The findings showed that 0.2
      12.3 % of youth meet criteria for problem gambling, notwithstanding differences
      among assessment instruments, cut-offs, and timeframes. However, despite this
      variability, several demographic characteristics were associated with adolescent
      gambling involvement and problem gambling. It is concluded that a small but
      significant minority of adolescents have gambling-related problems. Such findings
      will hopefully encourage more research into youth gambling to further understand
      the determinants of this phenomenon.

PMID- 27372833
TI  - Successful implementation of Lynch syndrome screening in a safety net
      institution.
AB  - Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common cause of hereditary colorectal cancer
      (CRC), and national guidelines recommend screening patients with CRC for LS.
      However, there is a paucity of data related to Lynch syndrome in the underserved
      population, in which unique issues of access, cultural beliefs regarding cancer,
      language barriers, immigration status, and financial restraints exist. We
      performed a descriptive, retrospective review of a selective LS screening
      protocol at an urban safety net hospital between 2009 and 2014 with the aim of
      describing the detected prevalence of LS as well as reporting the high quality
      and suboptimal screening rates. A total of 154 cases of CRC were identified over
      the 5-year period, of which 57 met selective LS screening criteria. Eleven
      patients had a positive screen, and three patients were diagnosed with LS,
      leading to an overall detected LS prevalence of 1.9 %. The rate of high quality
      screen was greater than 90 %, consistent with prior studies. Thus, we show that
      screening for LS in a safety net hospital can be successful in achieving high
      quality screening and provide an example for other public hospitals considering
      implementation of hereditary cancer screening. 

PMID- 27372834
TI  - Counsellee's experience of cancer genetic counselling with pedigrees that
      automatically incorporate genealogical and cancer database information.
AB  - While pedigree drawing software is often utilised in genetic services, the use of
      genealogical databases in genetic counselling is unusual. This is mainly because
      of the unavailability of such databases in most countries. Electronically
      generated pedigrees used for cancer genetic counselling in Iceland create
      pedigrees that automatically incorporate information from a large, comprehensive
      genealogy database and nation-wide cancer registry. The aim of this descriptive
      qualitative study was to explore counsellees' experiences of genetic services,
      including family history taking, using these electronically generated pedigrees.
      Four online focus groups with 19 participants were formed, using an asynchronous
      posting method. Participants were encouraged to discuss their responses to
      questions posted on the website by the researcher. The main themes arising were
      motivation, information and trust, impact of testing and emotional responses.
      Most of the participants expressed trust in the method of using electronically
      generated pedigrees, although some voiced worries about information safety. Many
      experienced worry and anxiety while waiting for results of genetic testing, but
      limited survival guilt was noted. Family communication was either unchanged or
      improved following genetic counselling. The use of electronically generated
      pedigrees was well received by participants, and they trusted the information
      obtained via the databases. Age did not seem to influence responses. These
      results may be indicative of the particular culture in Iceland, where
      genealogical information is well known and freely shared. Further studies are
      needed to determine whether use of similar approaches to genealogical information
      gathering may be acceptable elsewhere. 

PMID- 27372835
TI  - Consonantal overlap effects in a perceptual matching task.
AB  - This study investigates the processing of letter position coding by exploring
      whether or not two explicitly presented words that share the same consonants, but
      that differ in their vowels, exert mutual interference more than two words that
      do not share their consonants. In an explicit perceptual matching task, word
      targets were preceded by a word reference that could share all the consonants
      either at the same position or in a different absolute position (while keeping
      their relative position intact) or preceded by an unrelated reference. Experiment
      1 showed larger discrimination costs for pairs sharing the consonants at the same
      position than for pairs sharing their consonants in a different position.
      Experiment 2 investigated when and how the types of overlap influence word target
      processing by using event-related potential recordings. The ERP results showed a
      Relatedness effect only for targets that share the consonants at the same
      position from 120 to 600 ms post-target onset, whereas targets that share their
      consonants in different positions in the string produced null effects.
      Altogether, these data suggest that targets containing the same consonants
      included in the references in the same positions are processed as being highly
      similar to them, thus distorting target processing. Furthermore, these data
      suggest possible mechanisms of competition between lexical representations of the
      reference and target stimuli.

PMID- 27372836
TI  - A pilot study exploring the relationship between lifelong learning and factors
      associated with evidence-based medicine.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore possible relationships between residents' lifelong
      learning orientation, skills in practicing evidence-based medicine (EBM), and
      perceptions of the environment for learning and practicing EBM. METHODS: This was
      a pilot study with a cross-sectional survey design. Out of 60 residents in a
      medical residency program, 29 participated in the study. Data were collected
      using a survey that comprised three sections: the JeffSPLL Scale, EBM Environment
      Scale, and an EBM skill questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS and were
      reported with descriptive and inferential statistics (mean, standard deviation,
      Pearson's correlation, and a two-sample t-test). RESULTS: Mean scores on the
      JeffSPLL Scale were significantly correlated with perceptions of the EBM Scale
      and use of EBM resources to keep up to date or solve a specific patient care
      problem. There was a significant correlation between mean scores on the EBM Scale
      and hours per week spent in reading medical literature to solve a patient care
      problem. Two-sample t-tests show that residents with previous training in
      research methods had significantly higher scores on the JeffSPLL Scale (p=0.04),
      EBM Scale (p=0.006), and self-efficacy scale (p =0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Given the
      fact that physicians are expected to be lifelong learners over the course of
      their professional career, developing residents' EBM skills and creating
      interventions to improve specific areas in the EBM environment would likely
      foster residents' lifelong learning orientation.

PMID- 27372837
TI  - Sex-Specific Effects of Prenatal Stress on Memory and Markers of Neuronal
      Activity in Juvenile Rats.
AB  - Stress during pregnancy can increase the incidence of emotional problems,
      learning and language difficulties in human infants and pre-adolescents. Most
      preclinical studies in rats that attempted to find experimental support for these
      observations were performed in adult male offspring, but the results are
      inconsistent. The aim of the current study was to examine the effect of prenatal
      stress on novel object recognition (NOR) and spatial learning and memory in the
      Morris water maze (MWM) of juvenile rats of both sexes. By the use of
      fluorescence immunohistochemistry and protein measurements by Western blot, we
      measured the expression of markers of neurogenesis (doublecortin, DCX) and
      neuronal activity that are important for synaptic plasticity and learning (c-fos,
      GluR1, nNOS). Since neuronal activity in the developing and adult brain can be
      regulated by astrocytes, we also measured the number of astrocytes and the
      expression of two astroglial proteins (GFAP and S100B) in the stress-responsive
      hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Experiments were performed on littermates of rats
      in which its effects on behavior were measured. We found for the first time that
      juvenile females performed better than males in the NOR and MWM tests. They also
      had higher densities of DCX and c-fos in the DG, together with the expression of
      nNOS and GluR1 in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG. There were no sex
      differences in the expression of GFAP and S100B in astrocytes. Prenatal stress
      did not affect NOR in females, but improved it in males, together with an
      increase in DCX+ and c-fos, the number of GFAP-expressing astrocytes and the
      intensity of GFAP and S100B immunofluorescence in the DG. Staining intensity of
      GluR1 and nNOS in the hilus and SGZ of the DG, and protein expression in the
      whole DG, was unchanged in prenatally stressed males. Thus, prenatal stress
      changed the behavior and expression of key proteins in the DG to resemble that in
      females. A reduction in plasma testosterone, which although not attaining
      statistical significance was associated with that in anogenital distance, may
      contribute to the effect of prenatal stress in males. In females, prenatal stress
      had no effect on c-fos, DCX or the number of astrocytes but reduced the staining
      intensity of GluR1 and nNOS. Protein expression of nNOS was also significantly
      lower than that in prenatally stressed males. The differential effects of
      prenatal stress on hippocampal neuronal and glial markers may help to explain the
      sex-dependent effect on spatial learning in prepubertal rats.

PMID- 27372838
TI  - Effects of 8-halo-7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine triphosphate on DNA synthesis by DNA
      polymerases and cell proliferation.
AB  - 8-OxodG (8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine) is representative of nucleoside damage and
      shows a genotoxicity. To significantly reveal the contributions of 7-NH and C8
      oxygen to the mutagenic effect of 8-oxodG by DNA polymerases, we evaluated the
      effects of the 8-halo-7-deaza-dG (8-halogenated 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine)
      derivatives by DNA polymerases. 8-Halo-7-deaza-dGTPs were poorly incorporated by
      both KF(exo(-)) and human DNA polymerase beta opposite dC or dA into the template
      DNA. Furthermore, it was found that KF(exo(-)) was very sensitive to the
      introduction of the C8-halogen, while polymerase beta can accommodate the C8
      halogen resulting in an efficient dCTP insertion opposite the 8-halo-7-deaza-dG
      in the template DNA. These results indicate that strong hydrogen bonding between
      7-NH in the 8-oxo-G nucleobase and 1-N in the adenine at the active site of the
      DNA polymerase is required for the mutagenic effects. Whereas, I-deaza-dGTP shows
      an antiproliferative effect for the HeLa cells, suggesting that it could become a
      candidate as a new antitumor agent.

PMID- 27372839
TI  - Synthesis, photophysical properties of triazolyl-donor/acceptor chromophores
      decorated unnatural amino acids: Incorporation of a pair into Leu-enkephalin
      peptide and application of triazolylperylene amino acid in sensing BSA.
AB  - The research in the field of design and synthesis of unnatural amino acids is
      growing at a fast space for the increasing demand of proteins of potential
      therapeutics and many other diversified novel functional applications. Thus, we
      report herein the design and synthesis of microenvironment sensitive fluorescent
      triazolyl unnatural amino acids (UNAA) decorated with donor and/or acceptor
      aromatic chromophores via click chemistry. The synthesized fluorescent amino
      acids show interesting solvatochromic characteristic and/or intramolecular charge
      transfer (ICT) feature as is revealed from the UV-visible, fluorescence
      photophysical properties and DFT/TDDFT calculation. HOMO-LUMO distribution shows
      that the emissive states of some of the amino acids are characterized with more
      significant electron redistribution between the triazolyl moiety and the aromatic
      chromophores linked to it leading to modulated emission property. A pair of donor
      acceptor amino acid shows interesting photophysical interaction property
      indicating a FRET quenching event. Furthermore, one of the amino acid, triazolyl
      perylene amino acid, has been exploited for studying interaction with BSA and
      found that it is able to sense BSA with an enhancement of fluorescence intensity.
      Finally, we incorporated a pair of donor/acceptor amino acids into a Leu
      enkephalin analogue pentapeptide which was found to adopt predominantly type II
      beta-turn conformation. We envisage that our investigation is of importance for
      the development of new fluorescent donor-acceptor unnatural amino acids a pair of
      which can be exploited for generating fluorescent peptidomimetic probe of
      interesting photophysical property for applications in studying peptide-protein
      interaction.

PMID- 27372840
TI  - Novel FXR (farnesoid X receptor) modulators: Potential therapies for cholesterol
      gallstone disease.
AB  - Metabolic disorders such as diabetes are known risk factors for developing
      cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD). Cholesterol gallstone disease is one of the
      most prevalent digestive diseases, leading to considerable financial and social
      burden worldwide. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only bile acid drug approved
      by FDA for the non-surgical treatment of gallstones. However, the molecular link
      between UDCA and CGD is unclear. Previous data suggest that the farnesoid X
      receptor (FXR), a bile acid nuclear receptor, may protect against the development
      of CGD. In studies aimed at identifying the role of FXR, we recently identify a
      novel chemical tool, 6EUDCA (6-alphaethyl-ursodeoxycholic acid), a synthetic
      derivative of UDCA, for studying FXR. We found that 6EUDCA binds FXR stronger
      than UDCA in a TR-FRET binding assay. This result was supported by computational
      docking models that suggest 6EUDCA forms a more extensive hydrogen bound network
      with FXR. Interestingly, neither compound could activate FXR target genes in
      human nor mouse liver cells, suggesting UDCA and 6EUDCA activate non-genomic
      signals in an FXR-dependent manner. Overall these studies may lead to the
      identification of a novel mechanism by which bile acids regulate cell function,
      and 6EUDCA may be an effective targeted CGD therapeutic.

PMID- 27372841
TI  - Hybrid palliation and pulmonary artery architecture.

PMID- 27372842
TI  - Hemodynamic and ventilatory responses during exercise in chronic thromboembolic
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic thromboembolic disease (CTED) may suffer from
      exercise intolerance without pulmonary hypertension at rest. Pulmonary
      endarterectomy (PEA) for symptomatic CTED results in improvement of symptoms and
      quality of life. Neither the pathophysiology of the exercise limitation nor the
      underlying mechanisms of the PEA-induced improvement have been studied
      previously. OBJECTIVES: We studied hemodynamic and ventilatory responses upon
      exercise in 14 patients with CTED. After 1 year, we studied the underlying
      physiologic mechanisms of the PEA-induced symptomatic improvement. METHODS:
      Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was performed during right heart
      catheterization, and noninvasive CPET was performed 1 year postoperatively.
      RESULTS: During exercise, we observed abnormal pulmonary vascular responses, that
      is, a steep mean pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac output (2.7 +/- 1.2 mm
      Hg.min.L(-1)), and low pulmonary vascular compliance (2.8 +/- 1.1 mL.mm Hg(-1));
      mean pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac output slope correlated with dead-space
      ventilation (r = 0.586; P = .028) and ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide
      slope (r = .580; P = .030). Postoperatively, the improvement observed in exercise
      capacity was related to improvements in CPET-derived parameters pointing to
      restoration of right ventricle stroke volume response (oxygen pulse: 11.7 +/- 3.1
      to 13.3 +/- 3.3; P = .027; heart rate response: 80.9 +/- 12.4 to 72.0 +/- 5.7; P
      = .003); and, indicating improved ventilatory efficiency, the ventilatory
      equivalents for carbon dioxide slope decreased from 38.2 +/- 3.6 to 32.8 +/- 7.0
      (P = .014). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CTED showed an abnormal pulmonary vascular
      response to exercise and a decreased ventilatory efficiency. Responses after PEA
      point to restoration of right ventricle stroke volume response and ventilatory
      efficiency.

PMID- 27372843
TI  - Center of Pressure Speed Changes with tDCS Versus GVS in Patients with
      Lateropulsion after Stroke.

PMID- 27372844
TI  - Tolerability of Repeated Application of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation with
      Limited Outputs to Healthy Subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The safety and tolerability of limited output transcranial electrical
      stimulation (tES) in clinical populations support a non-significant risk
      designation. The tolerability of long-term use in a healthy population had
      remained untested. OBJECTIVE: We tested the tolerability and compliance of two
      tES waveforms, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and modulated high
      frequency transcranial pulsed current stimulation (MHF-tPCS) compared to sham
      tDCS, applied to healthy subjects for three to five days (17-20 minutes per day)
      per week for up to six weeks in a communal setting. MHF-tPCS consisted of
      asymmetric high-frequency pulses (7-11 kHz) having a peak amplitude of 10-20 mA
      peak, adjusted by subject, resulting in an average current of 5-7 mA. METHOD: A
      total of 100 treatment blind healthy subjects were randomly assigned to one of
      three treatment groups: tDCS (n = 33), MHF-tPCS (n = 30), or sham-tDCS (n = 37).
      In order to test the role of waveform, electrode type and montage were fixed
      across tES and sham-tDCS arms: high-capacity self-adhering electrodes on the
      right lateral forehead and back of the neck. We conducted 1905 sessions (636 sham
      tDCS, 623 tDCS, and 646 MHF-tPCS sessions) on study volunteers over a period of
      six weeks. RESULTS: Common adverse events were primarily restricted to influences
      upon the skin and included skin tingling, itching, and mild burning sensations.
      The incidence of these events in the active tES treatment arms (MHF-tPCS, tDCS)
      was equivalent or significantly lower than their incidence in the sham-tDCS
      treatment arm. Other adverse events had a rarity (<5% incidence) that could not
      be significantly distinguished across the treatment groups. Some subjects were
      withdrawn from the study due to atypical headache (sham-tDCS n = 2, tDCS n = 2,
      and MHF-tPCS n = 3), atypical discomfort (sham-tDCS n = 0, tDCS n = 1, and MHF
      tPCS n = 1), or atypical skin irritation (sham-tDCS n = 2, tDCS n = 8, and MHF
      tPCS n = 1). The rate of compliance, elected sessions completed, for the MHF-tPCS
      group was significantly greater than the sham-tDCS group's compliance (p =
      0.007). There were no serious adverse events in any treatment condition.
      CONCLUSION: We conclude that repeated application of limited output tES across
      extended periods, limited to the hardware, electrodes, and protocols tested here,
      is well tolerated in healthy subjects, as previously observed in clinical
      populations.

PMID- 27372846
TI  - Is osseointegration inflammation-triggered?
AB  - Bioinert endosteal implants cause a foreign body reaction, whereas bioactive ones
      cause osseointegration. However, the mechanisms responsible for the two modi of
      host response remain unclear. COX-2(-/-) animal models showed the dependence of
      osseointegration on prostaglandins. PGE2, a product of COX-2, augments Wnt
      signalling, a pathway that promotes the regeneration in many types of tissues.
      Recently, we demonstrated the ability of bioactive implants to recruit
      neutrophils and to trigger neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are a
      potent source of PGE2. In bioinert implants no PGE2 release has been ascertained.
      Collectively, these findings suggest that osseointegration might be the host
      response to bioactive implants, novel and quite different to the so-called
      foreign body reaction. 

PMID- 27372847
TI  - Hydroxychloroquine, a promising choice for coronary artery disease?
AB  - Coronary artery disease is a common disease that seriously threaten the health of
      more than 150 million people per year. Atherosclerosis is considered to be the
      main cause of coronary artery disease which begins with damage or injury to the
      inner layer of a coronary artery, sometimes as early as childhood. The damage may
      be caused by various factors, including: smoking, high blood pressure,
      hypercholesterolemia, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes and insulin resistance. Once
      a coronary artery disease has developed, all patients need to be treated with
      long term standard treatment, including heart-healthy lifestyle changes,
      medicines, and medical procedures or surgery. Hydroxychloroquine, an original
      antimalarial drug, prevents inflammation caused by lupus erythematosus and
      rheumatoid arthritis. It is relatively safe and well-tolerated during the
      treatment. Since atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis have resemble mechanism
      and increasing clinical researches confirm that hydroxychloroquine has an
      important role in both anti-rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular protection
      (such as anti-platelet, anti-thrombotic, lipid-regulating, anti-hypertension,
      hypoglycemia, and so on), we hypothesize that hydroxychloroquine might be a
      promising choice to coronary artery disease patients for its multiple benefits. 

PMID- 27372848
TI  - Use of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 producing recombinant colicins for treatment
      of IBD patients.
AB  - Patients with Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis infected with Adherent
      Invasive Escherichia coli strains constitute the largest group among Inflammatory
      Bowel Disease subjects, when taking into account all known etiological agents of
      the disease. A possible link between these pathogenic bacteria and inflammation
      process has gained the confidence in recently published papers. Observed enteric
      neuroglial cells apoptosis and epithelial gaps of ileum are probably the key
      manifestations of inflammation, which has been shown in IBD patients in contrary
      to the samples taken from healthy individuals. The cascade of consecutive events
      from bacterial infection via inflammation to excessive apoptosis in IBD patients
      leads up to the aim of our hypothesis about designing of new therapeutic strategy
      directed to Adherent-Invasive E. coli strains. The main advantage of biological
      method, which will rely on application of E. coli Nissle 1917 strain as a carrier
      for specific recombinant colicins against AIEC strains, could probably cause a
      long-lasting remission of inflammation in CD and UC patients. 

PMID- 27372845
TI  - Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016.
AB  - This review updates and consolidates evidence on the safety of transcranial
      Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). Safety is here operationally defined by, and
      limited to, the absence of evidence for a Serious Adverse Effect, the criteria
      for which are rigorously defined. This review adopts an evidence-based approach,
      based on an aggregation of experience from human trials, taking care not to
      confuse speculation on potential hazards or lack of data to refute such
      speculation with evidence for risk. Safety data from animal tests for tissue
      damage are reviewed with systematic consideration of translation to humans.
      Arbitrary safety considerations are avoided. Computational models are used to
      relate dose to brain exposure in humans and animals. We review relevant dose
      response curves and dose metrics (e.g. current, duration, current density,
      charge, charge density) for meaningful safety standards. Special consideration is
      given to theoretically vulnerable populations including children and the elderly,
      subjects with mood disorders, epilepsy, stroke, implants, and home users.
      Evidence from relevant animal models indicates that brain injury by Direct
      Current Stimulation (DCS) occurs at predicted brain current densities (6.3-13
      A/m(2)) that are over an order of magnitude above those produced by conventional
      tDCS. To date, the use of conventional tDCS protocols in human trials (<=40 min,
      <=4 milliamperes, <=7.2 Coulombs) has not produced any reports of a Serious
      Adverse Effect or irreversible injury across over 33,200 sessions and 1000
      subjects with repeated sessions. This includes a wide variety of subjects,
      including persons from potentially vulnerable populations.

PMID- 27372849
TI  - Can a transient exertion-related carotid (TERC) murmur heard during a symptom
      limited exercise test be used as a means for managing sports concussion?
AB  - We hypothesize that a transient exertion-related carotid (TERC) murmur flow
      murmur similar in nature to a "bruit" heard best at the carotid artery during
      exercise in healthy individuals can be used as a means for assessing post
      concussion injury exertion tolerance. Typically there are no arterial sounds
      heard at the carotid artery in healthy individuals. Bruit, heard at rest, is an
      indicator of cardiovascular disease. Listening for a flow murmur or bruit-like
      sounds during exercise may indicate brain blood flow autoregulation and that this
      audible change in brain blood flow autoregulation could be used to assess
      exercise tolerance. We present very preliminary evidence supporting our
      hypothesis in that a transient exertion-related carotid (TERC) murmur is heard at
      a HR (HR) of approximately 150 beats per minute (bpm) in healthy individuals and
      120bpm in concussion patients. Future prospective clinical studies to validate
      this hypothesis and these methods may aid clinicians who manage concussion
      patients by using this method to help guide exertion protocols. 

PMID- 27372850
TI  - Could angiotensin-(1-7) be connected with improvement of microvascular function
      in diabetic patients? Angiotensin-(1-7) iontophoresis may provide the answer.
AB  - Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder with significant global health care
      burden, causes chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications that still
      comprise a therapeutic challenge. Angiotensin-(1-7), a heptapeptide with
      vasodilatory properties, has been found to restore vascular reactivity and
      endothelial cell function, mostly in experiments on larger isolated animal
      vessels and in cell cultures. The presented hypothesis suggests that angiotensin
      (1-7) might have beneficial effects on microvascular function that is damaged in
      diabetic patients, alleviating endothelial dysfunction and increasing
      microvascular reactivity to various vasoactive agents in diabetes. It is further
      proposed that iontophoresis with angiotensin-(1-7) might be used to explore this
      potential beneficial effect, as well as provide a possible future therapeutic
      delivery method for angiotensin-(1-7). Since other peptides and proteins have
      been previously tested and used in iontophoretic transdermal delivery, it is
      plausible that angiotensin-(1-7) would be a suitable candidate for transdermal
      iontophoretic application for research (and potentially therapeutic) purposes. If
      confirmed, the delineated hypothesis would have immense implications for more
      effective care of diabetic patients, as well as for better understanding of
      microcirculatory pathophysiological mechanisms in diabetes. 

PMID- 27372851
TI  - Chronic l-menthol-induced browning of white adipose tissue hypothesis: A putative
      therapeutic regime for combating obesity and improving metabolic health.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Obesity constitutes a serious global health concern reaching
      pandemic prevalence rates. The existence of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT)
      in adult humans has provoked intense research interest in the role of this
      metabolically active tissue in whole-body energy balance and body weight
      regulation. A number of environmental, physiological, pathological, and
      pharmacological stimuli have been proposed to induce BAT-mediated thermogenesis
      and functional thermogenic BAT-like activity in white adipose tissue (WAT),
      opening new avenues for therapeutic strategies based on enhancing the number of
      beige adipocytes in WAT. HYPOTHESIS: Recent evidence support a role of l-menthol
      cooling, mediated by TRPM8 receptor, on UCP1-dependent thermogenesis and BAT-like
      activity in classical WAT depots along with the recruitment of BAT at specific
      anatomical sites. l-Menthol-induced BAT thermogenesis has been suggested to occur
      by a beta-adrenergic-independent mechanism, avoiding potential side-effects due
      to extensive beta-adrenergic stimulation mediated by available beta receptor
      agonists. l-Menthol has been also linked to the activation of the cold-gated ion
      channel TRPA1. However, its role in l-menthol-induced UCP1-dependent thermogenic
      activity in BAT and WAT remains undetermined. White adipose tissue plasticity has
      important clinical implications for obesity prevention and/or treatment because
      higher levels of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis can lead to enhanced energy
      expenditure at a considerable extent. We hypothesize that chronic dietary l
      menthol treatment could induce TRPM8- and TRPA1-dependent WAT adaptations,
      resembling BAT-like activity, and overall improve whole-body metabolic health in
      obese and overweight individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The putative impact of chronic l
      menthol dietary treatment on the stimulation of BAT-like activity in classical
      WAT depots in humans remains unknown. A detailed experimental design has been
      proposed to investigate the hypothesized l-menthol-induced browning of WAT. If
      our hypothesis was to be confirmed, TRPM8/TRPA1-induced metabolic adaptations of
      WAT to BAT-like activity could provide a promising novel therapeutic approach for
      increasing energy expenditure, regulating body weight, and preventing obesity and
      its related co-morbidities in humans.

PMID- 27372852
TI  - Molecules in seminal plasma related to platelets in preeclampsia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Prostaglandins present in seminal fluid are actively involved in
      vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle maintenance, reproduction, and
      inflammatory processes. Seminal plasma contains molecules, such as oxylipins,
      which possess cell signaling functions. Several studies have shown that specific
      molecules in seminal fluid can increase passive diffusion, and cause interactions
      in the female reproductive tract. This may provoke a cascade of cellular and
      molecular changes in general health and certain diseases. This study examines the
      hypothesis that the molecules in seminal fluid are involved in platelet activity.
      The molecules diffuse through cells and membranes, affecting Hoxa 10, binding
      ganglioside pathways, and acting over platelet function. When these molecules are
      at low levels, they may trigger prothrombotic states, explaining the
      pathophysiology of haemostatic response, such as preeclampsia, and increased risk
      of cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 27372853
TI  - The effect of physical exercise on orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides and its
      role on long-term feeding control.
AB  - Over the past decades, life-styles changing have led to exacerbated food and
      caloric intake and a reduction in energy expenditure. Obesity, main outcome of
      these changes, increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular
      disease and metabolic syndrome, the leading cause of death in adult and middle
      age population. Body weight and energy homeostasis are maintained via complex
      interactions between orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides that take place
      predominantly in the hypothalamus. Overeating may disrupt the mechanisms of
      feeding control, by decreasing the expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and
      alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and increasing orexigenic
      neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), which leads to a
      disturbance in appetite control and energy balance. Studies have shown that
      regular physical exercise might decrease body-weight, food intake and improve the
      metabolic profile, however until the currently there is no consensus about its
      effects on the expression of orexigenic/anorexigenic neuropeptides expression.
      Therefore, we propose that the type and length of physical exercise affect
      POMC/alphaMSH and NPY/AgRP systems differently and plays an important role in
      feeding behavior. Moreover, based on the present reports, we hypothesize that
      increased POMC/alphaMSH overcome NPY/AgRP expression decreasing food intake in
      long term physical exercise and that results in amelioration of several
      conditions related to overweight and obesity. 

PMID- 27372854
TI  - Oocyte activation and latent HIV-1 reactivation: AMPK as a common mechanism of
      action linking the beginnings of life and the potential eradication of HIV-1.
AB  - In all mammalian species studied to date, the initiation of oocyte activation is
      orchestrated through alterations in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling.
      Upon sperm binding to the oocyte plasma membrane, a sperm-associated
      phospholipase C (PLC) isoform, PLC zeta (PLCzeta), is released into the oocyte
      cytoplasm. PLCzeta hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to
      produce diacylglycerol (DAG), which activates protein kinase C (PKC), and
      inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), which induces the release of Ca(2+) from
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) stores. Subsequent Ca(2+) oscillations are
      generated that drive oocyte activation to completion. Ca(2+) ionophores such as
      ionomycin have been successfully used to induce artificial human oocyte
      activation, facilitating fertilization during intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection
      (ICSI) procedures. Early studies have also demonstrated that the PKC activator
      phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) acts synergistically with Ca(2+) ionophores
      to induce parthenogenetic activation of mouse oocytes. Interestingly, the Ca(2+)
      induced signaling cascade characterizing sperm or chemically-induced oocyte
      activation, i.e. the "shock and live" approach, bears a striking resemblance to
      the reactivation of latently infected HIV-1 viral reservoirs via the so called
      "shock and kill" approach, a method currently being pursued to eradicate HIV-1
      from infected individuals. PMA and ionomycin combined, used as positive controls
      in HIV-1 latency reversal studies, have been shown to be extremely efficient in
      reactivating latent HIV-1 in CD4(+) memory T cells by inducing T cell activation.
      Similar to oocyte activation, T cell activation by PMA and ionomycin induces an
      increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations and activation of DAG, PKC, and
      downstream Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways necessary for proviral
      transcription. Interestingly, AMPK, a master regulator of cell metabolism that is
      activated thorough the induction of cellular stress (e.g. increase in Ca(2+)
      concentration, reactive oxygen species generation, increase in AMP/ATP ratio) is
      essential for oocyte maturation, T cell activation, and mitochondrial function.
      In addition to the AMPK kinase LKB1, CaMKK2, a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase
      that also activates AMPK, is present in and activated on T cell activation and is
      also present in mouse oocytes and persists until the zygote and two-cell stages.
      It is our hypothesis that AMPK activation represents a central node linking T
      cell activation-induced latent HIV-1 reactivation and both physiological and
      artificial oocyte activation. We further propose the novel observation that
      various compounds that have been shown to reactivate latent HIV-1 (e.g. PMA,
      ionomycin, metformin, bryostatin, resveratrol, etc.) or activate oocytes (PMA,
      ionomycin, ethanol, puromycin, etc.) either alone or in combination likely do so
      via stress-induced activation of AMPK. 

PMID- 27372855
TI  - Responding to the existentials of non-life-threatening chronic conditions.
AB  - Diagnosis of a major life-threatening illness can prompt a range of existential
      responses that typically include strong emotions and a reassessment of
      priorities. What has not attracted attention are the existential responses to
      being told about less major but permanent medical conditions. A conceptual frame
      is developed for identifying and speaking about the existential dynamics of
      permanent change. It introduces two key concepts, finitude and transcendence, and
      uses them to explain the common sequence of responses first from being told about
      a chronic condition through to when its presence has become integrated into
      everyday life. Based on this analysis, a range of recommendations are provided on
      what types of conversations are helpful through the various stages of adjustment.

PMID- 27372856
TI  - Home-applied IPL epilation may prevent the problems due to hair follicle in
      amputees.
AB  - Amputees may suffer from dermatoses such as folliculitis and pilonidal sinus
      caused by pressure on the stump in hairy parts of the skin. These conditions
      commonly cause pain and need treatment that result in abandonment of prosthesis
      use and disrupt the patient's daily living activities. We believe these
      conditions may be easily, effectively and cheaply prevented with the use of
      intense pulsed light technology, which is produced for home epilation. The use of
      this kind of epilator in the early period post-amputation may prevent the
      development of folliculitis and pilonidal sinus. This application may also be
      cost-effective in long term. 

PMID- 27372857
TI  - General vulnerability to stuttering: The experience of stuttering and conditions
      bringing about invulnerability.
AB  - General vulnerability to stuttering is the broad awareness of stuttering and the
      ever-present, experiential sense of a person who stutters (PWS). It is defined by
      stuttering in all its forms and the awareness of its presence, both in moments of
      stuttering and moments of perceivably fluent speech. Under the heading of general
      vulnerability to stuttering is specific vulnerability to stuttering, which
      includes the actual events of stuttering (i.e., overt symptoms, covert symptoms,
      subperceptual stuttering, and anticipation of stuttering). The differentiation
      between the two is that specific vulnerability requires a specific moment of
      stuttering where general vulnerability does not. 

PMID- 27372858
TI  - Transitionality in addiction: A "temporal continuum" hypotheses involving the
      aberrant motivation, the hedonic dysregulation, and the aberrant learning.
AB  - Addiction is a chronic compulsion and relapsing disorder. It involves several
      brain areas and circuits, which encode vary functions such as reward, motivation,
      and memory. Drug addiction is defined as a "pathological pattern of use of a
      substance", characterized by the loss of control on drug-taking-related
      behaviors, the pursuance of those behaviors even in the presence of negative
      consequences, and a strong motivated activity to assume substances. Three
      different theories guide experimental research on drug addiction. Each of these
      theories consider singles features, such as an aberrant motivation, a hedonic
      dysregulation, and an aberrant habit learning as the main actor to explain the
      entire process of the addictive behaviors. The major goal of this study is to
      present a new hypotheses of transitionality from a controlled use to abuse of
      addictive substances trough the overview of the three different theories,
      considering all the single features of each single theory together on the same
      "temporal continuum" from use to abuse of addictive substances. Recently, it has
      been suggested that common neural systems may be activated by natural and
      pharmacological stimuli, raising the hypotheses that binge-eating disorders could
      be considered as addictive behaviors. The second goal of this study is to present
      evidences in order to highlight a possible psycho-bio-physiological
      superimposition between drug and "food addiction". Finally, interesting questions
      are brought up starting from last findings about a theoretical/psycho-bio
      physiological superimposition between drug and "food addiction" and their
      possibly same transitionality along the same "temporal continuum" from use to
      abuse of addictive substances in order to investigate new therapeutic strategies
      based on new therapeutic strategies based on the individual moments
      characterizing the transition from the voluntary intake of substances to the
      maladaptive addictive behavior. 

PMID- 27372859
TI  - Is prostate cancer screening responsible for the negative results of prostate
      cancer treatment trials?
AB  - Clinical guidelines continue to move away from routine prostate specific antigen
      screening (PSA), once a widespread medical practice. A curious difference exists
      between early prostate cancer and early breast cancer. While randomized trials of
      therapy in early breast cancer continue to show overall survival benefit, this is
      not the case in prostate cancer, where prostatectomy was no better than
      observation in a recent trial, and where early androgen deprivation is no better
      than late androgen deprivation. Here, I make the case that prostate cancer
      screening contributes so greatly to over diagnosis that even treatment trials
      yield null results due to contamination with non-life threatening disease. 

PMID- 27372860
TI  - Microsatellite instability as a predictive factor for immunotherapy in malignant
      melanoma.
AB  - Immunotherapy has attracted attention as a novel treatment modality for malignant
      melanoma. Although the use of immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma has shown
      promising results, there remains a lack of predictive biomarkers indicating
      treatment benefit from immunotherapy. There is growing evidence suggesting that
      microsatellite instability (MSI) as a product of DNA mismatch repair deficiency,
      may be one of possible predictive markers in malignant melanoma. It has been
      proposed that the immunogenicity of some tumors might be determined by mutational
      heterogeneity and could be the key to the success of immune therapies. This is
      also supported by the fact that tumors with the highest amount of somatic
      mutations, such as malignant melanoma have showed positive results with immune
      checkpoint inhibitors. There are promising data regarding the association between
      MSI status and immunogenicity from studies with colorectal cancer, where MSI is
      linked to improved prognosis compared to microsatellite stable cancers. MSI in
      colon cancer is linked to a significant increase of immunocompetent cells
      responsible for the antitumor activity - CD3(+), CD8(+), CD45RO(+), and T-bet(+)
      lymphocytes and decrease of inhibition factors such as Foxp3, IL-6, IL-17, and
      TGF-beta. On the other hand, taking into account the progression-dependent
      accumulation of somatic mutations in MSI tumors and consequent high levels of neo
      antigens, the possible drug resistance of MSI tumors to traditional treatment,
      and the presence of inhibition checkpoints within the MSI tumors, there is a
      solid rationale for the use of novel therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy
      in MSI melanomas. We presume that the MSI phenotype in malignant melanoma might
      be helpful to identify patients, who would be more likely to profit from
      immunotherapy than from conventional therapy. 

PMID- 27372861
TI  - Targeting the ecology within: The role of the gut-brain axis and human microbiota
      in drug addiction.
AB  - Despite major advances in our understanding of the brain using traditional
      neuroscience, reliable and efficacious treatments for drug addiction have
      remained elusive. Hence, the time has come to utilize novel approaches,
      particularly those drawing upon contemporary advances in fields outside of
      established neuroscience and psychiatry. Put another way, the time has come for a
      paradigm shift in the addiction sciences. Apropos, a revolution in the area of
      human health is underway, which is occurring at the nexus between enteric
      microbiology and neuroscience. It has become increasingly clear that the human
      microbiota (the vast ecology of bacteria residing within the human organism),
      plays an important role in health and disease. This is not surprising, as it has
      been estimated that bacteria living in the human body (approximately 1kg of mass,
      roughly equivalent to that of the human brain) outnumber human cells 10 to 1.
      While advances in the understanding of the role of microbiota in other areas of
      human health have yielded intriguing results (e.g., Clostridium difficile,
      irritable bowel syndrome, autism, etc.), to date, no systematic programs of
      research have examined the role of microbiota in drug addiction. The current
      hypothesis, therefore, is that gut dysbiosis plays a key role in addictive
      disorders. In the context of this hypothesis, this paper provides a rationale for
      future research to target the "gut-brain axis" in addiction. A brief background
      of the gut-brain axis is provided, along with a series of hypothesis-driven ideas
      outlining potential treatments for addiction via manipulations of the "ecology
      within." 

PMID- 27372862
TI  - Role of reduced insulin-stimulated bone blood flow in the pathogenesis of
      metabolic insulin resistance and diabetic bone fragility.
AB  - Worldwide, 387 million adults live with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and an additional
      205 million cases are projected by 2035. Because T2D has numerous complications,
      there is significant morbidity and mortality associated with the disease.
      Identification of early events in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2D
      might lead to more effective treatments that would mitigate health and monetary
      costs. Here, we present our hypothesis that impaired bone blood flow is an early
      event in the pathogenesis of whole-body metabolic insulin resistance that
      ultimately leads to T2D. Two recent developments in different fields form the
      basis for this hypothesis. First, reduced vascular function has been identified
      as an early event in the development of T2D. In particular, before the onset of
      tissue or whole body metabolic insulin resistance, insulin-stimulated,
      endothelium-mediated skeletal muscle blood flow is impaired. Insulin resistance
      of the vascular endothelium reduces delivery of insulin and glucose to skeletal
      muscle, which leads to tissue and whole-body metabolic insulin resistance. Second
      is the paradigm-shifting discovery that the skeleton has an endocrine function
      that is essential for maintenance of whole-body glucose homeostasis.
      Specifically, in response to insulin signaling, osteoblasts secret osteocalcin,
      which stimulates pancreatic insulin production and enhances insulin sensitivity
      in skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver. Furthermore, the skeleton is not
      metabolically inert, but contributes to whole-body glucose utilization, consuming
      20% that of skeletal muscle and 50% that of white adipose tissue. Without insulin
      signaling or without osteocalcin activity, experimental animals become
      hyperglycemic and insulin resistant. Currently, it is not known if insulin
      stimulated, endothelium-mediated blood flow to bone plays a role in the
      development of whole body metabolic insulin resistance. We hypothesize that it is
      a key, early event. Microvascular dysfunction is a primary cause of diabetic
      nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy and poor bone blood flow is associated
      with bone loss. Therefore, we also hypothesize that dysfunction of the bone
      vascular endothelium contributes to the bone fragility observed in T2D. The most
      important consequence of our-dual hypothesis is the public health significance.
      Namely, identification of the proximal cause of T2D and associated bone
      complications allows pursuit of the appropriate therapeutic target to treat and
      prevent T2D. If our hypothesis that reduced bone blood flow is an early event in
      the pathogenesis of T2D and diabetic bone fragility is correct, then the
      endothelium of the bone vasculature should be a therapeutic target. 

PMID- 27372863
TI  - Fructose surges damage hepatic adenosyl-monophosphate-dependent kinase and lead
      to increased lipogenesis and hepatic insulin resistance.
AB  - Fructose may be a key contributor to the biochemical alterations which promote
      the metabolic syndrome (MetS), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type
      2 diabetes (T2DM): (a) its consumption in all forms but especially in liquid form
      has much increased alongside with incidence of MetS conditions; (b) it is
      metabolized almost exclusively in the liver, where it stimulates de novo
      lipogenesis to drive hepatic triglyceride (TG) synthesis which (c) contributes to
      hepatic insulin resistance and NAFLD (Lustig et al., 2015; Weiss et al., 2013;
      Lim et al., 2010; Schwarzet al., 2015; Stanhope et al., 2009, 2013) [1-6]. The
      specifics of fructose metabolism and its main location in the liver serve to
      explain many of the possible mechanisms involved. It also opens questions, as the
      consequences of large increases in fructose flux to the liver may wreak havoc
      with the regulation of metabolism and would produce two opposite effects
      (inhibition and activation of AMP dependent kinase-AMPK) that would tend to
      cancel each other. We posit that (1) surges of fructose in the portal vein lead
      to increased unregulated flux to trioses accompanied by unavoidable methylglyoxal
      (MG) production, (2) the new, sudden flux exerts carbonyl stress on the three
      arginines on the gamma subunits AMP binding site of AMPK, irreversible blocking
      some of the enzyme molecules to allosteric modulation, (3) this explains why,
      even when fructose quick phosphorylation increases AMP and should therefore
      activate AMPK, the effects of fructose are compatible with inactivation of AMPK,
      which then solves the apparent metabolic paradox. We put forward the hypothesis
      that fructose loads, via the increase in MG flux worsens the fructose-driven
      metabolic disturbances that lead to unrestricted de novo lipogenesis, fatty liver
      and hepatic insulin resistance. It does so via the silencing of AMPK. Our
      hypothesis is testable and if proven correct will shed some further light on
      fructose metabolism in the liver. It will also open new roads in glycation
      research, as modulation of MG catabolism may be a way to dampen the damage.
      Research on this area may have important therapeutic potential, e.g., more
      momentum to find new and improved carbonyl quenchers, new insights on the action
      of metformin, more evidence for the role of GAPDH inactivation due to
      mitochondrial overload in diabetes complications. AMPK plays a central role in
      metabolism, and its function varies in different tissues. For that reason,
      synthetic activators will always stumble with unwanted or unpredictable effects.
      Preventing MG damage on the protein could be a safer therapeutic avenue. 

PMID- 27372864
TI  - A re-examination of the role of the acute phase protein response in innate cancer
      defence.
AB  - Anti-cancer host defense mechanisms are traditionally considered to consist of
      tumor suppressor genes and immune surveillance by cells of the innate and
      adaptive immune systems. However, there is mounting evidence that components of
      the acute phase protein response (APPR), and, in particular, certain cationic
      host defense peptides (HDPs), also contribute to anti-cancer host defense. In a
      number of in vitro studies, certain HDPs have been shown to be cytotoxic to tumor
      cells either directly through cancer cell membrane destabilization and lysis or
      through the initiation of apoptosis in the cancer cell. In addition, many cancer
      cells elaborate the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6, which in turn
      produces an APPR that involves the release of HDPs. It is therefore possible that
      the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by cancer cells initiates a poorly
      understood anti-tumor response by the host that involves HDP induction. We
      hypothesize that the APPR may form an important anti-cancer host defense
      response. This may be an important consideration in light of cancer treatments
      designed to decrease systemic inflammation. Blunting of the anti-cancer effect of
      the APPR may also contribute to the increased cancer rates seen in chronic
      immunosuppressive states. 

PMID- 27372865
TI  - Therapeutic effect of recombinant lentiviral vector containing succinate
      dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein on the treatment of experimental autoimmunity
      myocarditis.
AB  - Cardiac autoimmune reaction takes part in myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and
      heart failure. Existing literature has confirmed that the occurrence of
      cardiomyopathy belongs to mitochondrial diseases and is related to the oxidative
      respiratory chain subunit. The special structure of iron-sulfur protein (ISP) is
      responsible for the oxidative stress in oxidative phosphorylation, which is also
      a target that is easily attacked by various damage factors. Using gene therapy
      technology to restore succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein (SDISP)
      function- and thus resume myocardial mitochondria function and myocardial
      function is hypothesized to alleviate the experimental autoimmunity myocarditis
      (EAM). 

PMID- 27372866
TI  - A hypothesis of target cell formation in sickle cell disease.
AB  - A fraction of erythrocytes appear as target cells in stained blood smears in
      sickle cell disease, due to a inheritance of the hemoglobin variant Hb S,
      polymerizing upon deoxygenation. These cells appear in a three dimension as thin
      cups. A process of their formation in this disease is proposed based on a band 3
      based mechanism of the erythrocyte shape control, able to explain the erythrocyte
      echinocytosis by glucose depletion. It indicates that their formation is due to a
      stomatocytogenic slow outward transport of the dibasic form of endogenous Pi with
      an H(+) by band 3, promoted by the decrease of the Donnan ratio, which decreases
      cell pH and volume, attributed by a decrease of cell KCl concentration by the
      higher efflux of K(+)Cl(-) cotransport and Ca(2+) activation of the Gardos
      channel. Its implications are briefly discussed with respect to target cells per
      se, target cell formation in other hemoglobinopathies, acquired and inherited
      disorders of the lipid metabolism and dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis as
      well as a stomatocyte presence in a double heterozygote of Hb S and Hb C and of
      an involvement of the process of target cell formation in acanthocytosis in
      acquired and inherited disorders. 

PMID- 27372867
TI  - Ageing is a process where the growth effect of neuronal noradrenaline changes
      progressively in favour of the flow mediated, neurodegenerative and inflammatory
      effect of plasma noradrenaline.
AB  - The noradrenaline stimulus has two components, one excitor, the other inhibitory.
      Neuronal noradrenaline is the excitor component and plasma noradrenaline is the
      inhibitory. The balance of effect between the two, the noradrenergic balance, is
      the controlled variable of the sympathetic system and determines the effect of
      noradrenaline. Neuronal noradrenaline stimulates tissues by diffusion from their
      sympathetic nerve endings, plasma noradrenaline does so by diffusion from their
      microcirculations. Changes in microcirculatory flow, by altering the flow
      mediated effect of plasma noradrenaline, are mainly responsible for altering the
      noradrenergic balance in the peripheral tissues; changes in CSF flow are
      speculated to be mainly responsible for doing the same in the brain, by altering
      the balance between synaptic noradrenaline in the brain and nonsynaptic
      noradrenaline in the subarachnoid CSF. When plasma noradrenaline alters the
      noradrenergic balance it triggers afferent sympathetic activity that alerts
      hypothalamic neurons to the event and they restore the balance and tissue
      homeostasis, within milliseconds, by adjusting the level of efferent sympathetic
      activity they project back to the affected tissue. Because the restoration is so
      rapid the effect of plasma noradrenaline is normally unobservable and dismissed
      as not having occurred. Because the hypothalamus is not involved with the
      responses of isolated canine lateral saphenous vein segments to noradrenaline,
      the effects of plasma noradrenaline in that preparation are not countered by
      reactive efferent activity and, consequently, are readily apparent in it.
      Quantitatively, they have been found to be a function of microcirculatory flow
      and noradrenaline concentration and, qualitatively, to be inhibitory, dilator,
      pro inflammatory and neurodegenerative. In life, due to a progressive increase in
      plasma noradrenaline concentration and, more so, in microcirculatory flow, the
      noradrenergic balance moves progressively in favour of the neurodegenerative and
      inflammatory effects of plasma noradrenaline. These observations are the basis of
      an hypothesis that ageing is caused by a genetically programmed shift in balance
      away from the growth and anti-inflammatory effects of neuronal noradrenaline,
      early in life, towards the neurodegenerative and pro-inflammatory effects of
      plasma noradrenalin, later in life. Death is believed to occur when plasma
      noradrenaline has damaged the structure of the sympathetic system so much that it
      can no longer create the minimum quantity of neurotransmitter needed to maintain
      the level of noradrenergic balance and homeostasis necessary for life. 

PMID- 27372868
TI  - Chemogenetic approach to model hypofrontality.
AB  - Clinical evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is hypofunctional in
      disorders including schizophrenia, drug addiction, and attention
      deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In schizophrenia, hypofrontality has been
      further suggested to cause both the negative and cognitive symptoms, and
      overactivity of dopamine neurons that project to subcortical areas. The latter
      may contribute to the development of positive symptoms of the disorder.
      Nevertheless, what causes hypofrontality and how it alters dopamine transmission
      in subcortical structures remain unclear due, in part, to the difficulty in
      modeling hypofrontality using previous techniques (e.g. PFC lesioning, focal
      cooling, repeated treatment with psychotomimetic drugs). We propose that the use
      of designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs)
      chemogenetic technique will allow precise interrogations of PFC functions.
      Combined with electrophysiological recordings, we can investigate the effects of
      PFC hypofunction on activity of dopamine neurons. Importantly, from a drug target
      discovery perspective, the use of DREADDs will enable us to examine whether
      chemogenetically enhancing PFC activity will reverse the behavioral abnormalities
      associated with PFC hypofunction and dopamine neuron overactivity, and also
      explore druggable targets for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders
      associated with abnormalities via modulation of the G-protein coupled receptor
      signaling pathway. In conclusion, the use of the DREADDs technique has several
      advantages over other previously employed strategies to simulate PFC hypofunction
      not only in terms of disease modeling but also from the viewpoint of drug target
      discovery. 

PMID- 27372869
TI  - Inflammasome activation by cell volume regulation and inflammation-associated
      hyponatremia: A vicious cycle.
AB  - Inflammasomes are caspase-1-activating molecular platforms that produce active
      interleukin (IL)-1beta and are implicated in various central nervous system (CNS)
      diseases. These multi-protein complexes can be activated by exposure of cells to
      low osmolality. The inflammasome nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
      like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is hereby the main sensor
      of cellular osmolality. IL-1beta was found to stimulate the secretion of
      antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland either by action of
      prostaglandins or indirectly by causing the release of IL-6. Based on these
      findings, we hypothesize that the hyponatremia caused by a wide range of CNS
      diseases is able to induce significant cell swelling with induction of a
      hyposmotic intracellular environment, which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome,
      causing the release of IL-1beta and induced by IL-1beta, IL-6, which increases
      the production of ADH that leads to more profound hyponatremia. Supportive
      evidence for this hypothesis is the finding that IL-1 injection can induce ADH
      release and hyposmotic effect of ADH induced hyponatremia can, via the mechanical
      effect of cell swelling, activate transient receptor potential channels, which
      via transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 activate NLRP3.
      Implications of this hypothesis, if confirmed, would include that hyponatremia
      can be exacerbated through this vicious cycle but also that the inflammasomes are
      key mediators of this process. Confirmation of this hypothesis would have
      implications for prevention and clinical management of changes in patients sodium
      levels related to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
      (SIADH) with interventions targeting inflammatory mediator production and
      function of inflammasomes with the potential of prevention of permanent brain
      damage in a wide range of CNS diseases. 

PMID- 27372870
TI  - Sexual arousal and rhythmic synchronization: A possible effect of vasopressin.
AB  - Music is ubiquitous. Yet, its biological relevance is still an ongoing debate.
      Supporting the view that music had an ancestral role in courtship displays, a
      pilot study presented here provides preliminary evidence on the link between
      music and sexual selection. The underlying hypothesis is based on the fact that
      the sexually dimorphic neuropeptide vasopressin has its receptors in the part of
      the brain involved in music and dance performance (the basal ganglia), and its
      concentrations rise during sexual arousal in men. In addition, music, dance, and
      courtship phenotypes seem to be in part regulated by vasopressin and its genes.
      Hence, to test this hypothesis, a rhythmic synchronization task was employed here
      on one male subject during sexual arousal. Results revealed a significant effect
      of sexual arousal on rhythm synchronization. This is the first report that
      empirically supports the hypothesis on the role of music in sexual selection.
      Further studies are clearly required. 

PMID- 27372871
TI  - Anthropogenic and temporal components in a complex trigger of type 1 diabetes
      suggest the active participation of antipyretics.
AB  - Tremendous efforts in research without a conclusion on the cause of type 1
      diabetes allow the presumption that there is still a blind spot in the
      development of T1D that is not covered by current hypotheses. The review of
      geographical knowledge suggests that there is a well-expressed anthropogenic
      element within the complex environmental trigger of T1D. On the other hand, the
      initiation of T1D's directed autoimmunity is temporally related to the organism's
      immune response, induced by entero-viruses, most expectedly. Consequently, the
      searched for anthropogenic environmental factor is a player temporally linked to
      enteroviral infections. This paper discusses the participation of antipyretic
      medicines, and especially paracetamol, with a whole century's history of growing
      sales and popularity, including indirect influence through phenacetin during the
      first half of the 20th century. As proposed by several independent studies, the
      use of pharmaceuticals to reduce fever may counteract with the protective
      features of the immune system and create favourable conditions for a virus to
      spread within the organism and damage specific tissue. A preliminary comparison
      of paracetamol sales with the incidence of T1D data in Lithuania and the other
      countries in the North-eastern Baltic region supports this hypothesis. 

PMID- 27372872
TI  - A systemic evolutionary approach to cancer: Hepatocarcinogenesis as a paradigm.
AB  - The systemic evolutionary theory of cancer pathogenesis posits that cancer is
      generated by the de-emergence of the eukaryotic cell system and by the re
      emergence of its archaea (genetic material and cytoplasm) and prokaryotic
      (mitochondria) subsystems with an uncoordinated behavior. This decreased
      coordination can be caused by a change in the organization of the eukaryote
      environment (mainly chronic inflammation), damage to mitochondrial DNA and/or to
      its membrane composition by many agents (e.g. viruses, chemicals, hydrogenated
      fatty acids in foods) or damage to nuclear DNA that controls mitochondrial energy
      production or metabolic pathways, including glycolysis. Here, we postulate that
      the two subsystems (the evolutionarily inherited archaea and the prokaryote) in a
      eukaryotic differentiated cell are well integrated, and produce the amount of
      clean energy that is constantly required to maintain the differentiated status.
      Conversely, when protracted injuries impair cell or tissue organization, the
      amount of energy necessary to maintain cell differentiation can be restricted,
      and this may cause gradual de-differentiation of the eukaryotic cell over time.
      In cirrhotic liver, for example, this process can be favored by reduced oxygen
      availability to the organ due to an altered vasculature and the fibrotic barrier
      caused by the disease. Thus, hepatocarcinogenesis is an ideal example to support
      our hypothesis. When cancer arises, the pre-eukaryote subsystems become
      predominant, as shown by the metabolic alterations of cancer cells (anaerobic
      glycolysis and glutamine utilization), and by their capacity for proliferation
      and invasion, resembling the primitive symbiotic components of the eukaryotic
      cell. 

PMID- 27372873
TI  - CTC immune escape mediated by PD-L1.
AB  - Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women around the world. Most
      breast cancer-related deaths are from CTC (circulating tumor cells) metastasis.
      CTC is associated with the breast cancer patients' prognosis. But recently,
      circulating clusters were found and its metastasis and tumor formation ability is
      23-50 times as CTC. However, its mechanism has not been clarified. These days,
      researchers have successfully completed CTC cluster separation, CTC cell culture,
      and PD-L1 was found to be related with histological grading of tumor. Meanwhile,
      the high expression of PD-L1 in CTC surface has also been reported. Since PD-L1
      can mediate Treg to play the role of immunosuppression, we propose that CTC with
      positive PD-L1 is easier to connect PD-L1, immune cells (Treg regulatory T cells,
      MDSC bone marrow inhibitory cells) and CK cytokines etc. On one hand, Treg cells
      can protect CTC from being attacked by the immune system through the
      immunosuppression, on the other hand, they can weaken CTL killing ability and
      trigger more MDSC. Finally, CTC formed the metastatic lesion. 

PMID- 27372874
TI  - The potential synergism by combining external counterpulsation with intermittent
      theta burst stimulation in post-stroke motor function recovery.
AB  - Upper limb weakness and incoordination is a common disability following ischemic
      stroke. Previous studies have showed that the single application of external
      counterpulsation (ECP) and intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) can
      effectively enhance the cortical motor excitability and facilitate recovery.
      However, it remains uncertain if sequential application of these therapies would
      further augment the recovery. We hypothesize a synergistic effect of ECP followed
      by iTBS to upper limb function may happen through improvements in both cerebral
      perfusion and neuron excitability. 

PMID- 27372875
TI  - Adipose-derived stem cells: A novel source of parathyroid cells for treatment of
      hypoparathyroidism.
AB  - Hypoparathyroidism is characterized by decreased function of the parathyroid
      glands with underproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which can lead to low
      levels of calcium in the blood, often causing cramping and twitching of muscles
      or tetany, and several other symptoms. Severe hypocalcemia is a life-threatening
      condition. At present, both medical and surgical treatments are offered to
      improve the blood calcium, but they are not a cure. Adipose-derived stem cells
      (ADSCs), derived from the adipose tissue, are confirmed to be multipotent with
      adipogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic, myogenic and osteogenic capabilities. Our
      hypothesis is that human ADSCs in culture can be differentiated into parathyroid
      cells, and used to reconstitute function. 

PMID- 27372876
TI  - A specific hygiene hypothesis.
AB  - Allergic diseases have reached epidemic proportions in Western populations in the
      last several decades. The hygiene hypothesis proposed more than twenty years ago
      has helped us to understand the epidemic and has been verified with numerous
      studies. However, translational measures deduced from these studies to prevent
      allergic diseases have not proven effective. Recent studies on immigrants'
      allergies and any potential association between oral infection and allergic
      diseases prompt me to propose a specific hygiene hypothesis to explain how oral
      hygiene practices might have contributed to the uprising of hay fever, the most
      common allergic disease. The historic oral hygiene level in US is closely
      associated with the emerging allergic epidemic. Future studies to test the
      hypothesis are needed and verification of the hypothesis can potentially yield
      highly effective measures to prevent allergic diseases. 

PMID- 27372877
TI  - Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced hepatotoxicity.
AB  - Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have been abused for decades by both
      professional and amateur athletes in order to improve physical performance or
      muscle mass. AAS abuse can cause adverse effects, among which are hepatotoxic
      effects. These effects include cholestatic icterus and possibly peliosis hepatis
      and hepatocellular carcinoma or adenoma. In particular, 17alpha-alkylated AAS
      appear to be hepatotoxic, whereas nonalkylated AAS appear not to be. The 17alpha
      alkyl substitution retards hepatic metabolism of the AAS rendering it orally
      bioavailable. The mechanism responsible for the hepatotoxicity induced by 17alpha
      alkylated AAS remains poorly understood. However, oxidative stress has been
      repeatedly shown to be associated with it. In this manuscript we present a
      hypothesis which describes a potential mechanism responsible for AAS-induced
      hepatotoxicity, based on several observations from the literature which suggest
      oxidative stress being a causal factor. 

PMID- 27372878
TI  - Is age-related failure of metabolic reprogramming a principal mediator in
      idiopathic Parkinson's disease? Implications for treatment and inverse cancer
      risk.
AB  - Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a neurodegenerative disorder
      characterized by selective degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta
      (SNc), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and other vulnerable nervous system
      regions characterized by extensive axonal arborization and intense energy
      requirements. Systemic age-related depression of mitochondrial function,
      oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and depressed expression of genes supporting
      energy homeostasis is more severe in IPD than normal aging such that energy
      supply may exceed regional demand. In IPD, the overall risk of malignancy is
      reduced. Cancer is a collection of proliferative diseases marked by malignant
      transformation, dysregulated mitosis, invasion and metastasis. Many cancers
      demonstrate normal mitochondrial function, preserved OXPHOS, competent mechanisms
      of energy homeostasis, and metabolic reprogramming capacities that are lacking in
      IPD. Metabolic reprogramming adjusts OXPHOS and glycolytic pathways in response
      to changing metabolic needs. These opposite metabolic features form the basis of
      a two component hypothesis. First, that depressed mitochondrial function, OXPHOS
      deficiency and impaired metabolic reprogramming contribute to focal energy
      failure, neurodegeneration and disease expression in IPD. Second, that the same
      systemic metabolic deficits inhibit development and proliferation of malignancies
      in IPD. Studies of mitochondrial aging, familial PD (FPD), the lysosomal storage
      disorder, Gaucher's disease, Parkinson's disease cybrids, the mitochondrial
      cytopathies, and disease-related metabolic reprogramming both in IPD and cancer
      provide support for this model. 

PMID- 27372879
TI  - Possible role of Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid in prevention of oxidative stress
      mediated neuroinflammation in Parkinson disorders.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease involving
      oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids
      (EETs) are arachidonic acid metabolites and they play a role in cytoprotection by
      modulating various cell signaling pathways. This cytoprotective role of EETs are
      well established in cerebral stroke, cardiac failure, and hypertension, and it is
      due to their ability to attenuate oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress,
      inflammation, caspase activation and apoptosis. The actions of EETs in brain
      closely parallel the effects which is observed in the peripheral tissues. Since
      many of these effects could potentially contribute to neuroprotection, EETs are,
      therefore, one of the potential therapeutic candidates in PD. Therefore, by
      increasing the half life of endogenous EETs in vivo via inhibition of sEH, its
      metabolizing enzyme can, therefore, constitutes an important therapeutic strategy
      in PD. 

PMID- 27372880
TI  - Pathogenesis of Rushton bodies: A novel hypothesis.
AB  - Rushton bodies (RBs) are one of the characteristic features seen in the
      epithelial lining of odontogenic cysts mainly radicular, dentigerous and
      odontogenic keratocyst. It has two different histo-morphological appearances;
      granular and homogeneous. Although widely investigated, the exact pathogenesis
      and histogenesis of RBs is still an enigma. Many hypotheses were made in the
      literature but none has explained conceivably the two histo-morphological
      appearances of RBs and their association with inflammation. In the present paper
      the various pathogenesis for the formation of RBs proposed till date are
      discussed along with proposal for a novel hypothesis. The given hypothesis is
      mainly related to inflammation and its effect on pore size of basement membrane
      of odontogenic cystic epithelium. It explains RBs association with inflammation
      as well as existence of two histo-morphological appearances. The proposed
      hypothesis also justifies the RB's presence inside the lining epithelium of
      odontogenic cyst despite its hematogenous origin. Future studies are advocated
      for isolating RBs using laser capture microdissection and subsequent biochemical,
      histochemical and electron microscopic analysis to substantiate the proposed
      hypothesis. 

PMID- 27372881
TI  - The predictive validity of common risk assessment tools in men with intellectual
      disabilities and problematic sexual behaviors.
AB  - This CIHR-funded study examined whether certain current risk assessment tools
      were effective in appraising risk of recidivism in a sample of sex offenders with
      intellectual disabilities (ID). Fifty men with ID who had engaged in problematic
      sexual behavior (PSB) were followed for an average of 2.5 years. Recidivism was
      defined and measured as any illegal or problematic behavior, as well as any
      problematic but not necessarily illegal behavior. At the beginning of the study,
      each participant was rated on two risk assessment tools: the Violence Risk
      Appraisal Guide (VRAG) and the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG). During
      each month of follow-up, participants were also rated on the Short-Dynamic Risk
      Scale (SDRS), an assessment tool intended to measure the risk of future
      problematic behaviors. Data was analyzed using t-tests, Cohen's d and area under
      the curve (AUC) to test predictive validity of the assessment tools. Using the
      AUC, results showed that the VRAG was predictive of sexual (AUC=0.74), sexual
      and/or violent (AUC=0.71) and of any criminally chargeable event (AUC=0.69). The
      SORAG was only significantly predictive of sexual events (AUC=0.70) and the SDRS
      was predictive of violent events (AUC=0.71). The t-test and Cohen's d analyses,
      which are less robust to deviations from the assumptions of normal and continuous
      distribution than AUC, did not yield significant results in each category, and
      therefore, while the results of this study suggest that the VRAG and the SORAG
      may be effective tools in measuring the short term risk of sexual recidivism; and
      the VRAG and SDRS may be effective tools in appraising long term risk of sexual
      and/or violent recidivism in this population, it should be used with caution.
      Regardless of the assessment tool used, risk assessments should take into account
      the differences between sex offenders with and without ID to ensure effective
      measurement. 

PMID- 27372882
TI  - The experiences and support needs of people with intellectual disabilities who
      identify as LGBT: A review of the literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: People who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT)
      can face many challenges in society including accessing education, care and
      support appropriate to individual needs. However, there is a growing and evolving
      evidence base about the specific needs of people with intellectual disabilities
      (ID) in this regard. AIMS: The aim of this review was to explore the experiences
      of people with ID who identified as LGBT through an examination of studies that
      addressed their views and highlighted specific issues, concerns and service
      responses. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A comprehensive search of relevant databases
      from February 1995 to February 2015 was conducted. Studies were identified that
      met specific criteria that included: empirical peer reviewed studies, the use of
      recognised research methods and focused on people with ID whom identified as
      LGBT. The search yielded 161 papers in total. The search was narrowed and 37
      papers were screened using rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 14
      papers were considered suitable for the review. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The data
      were analysed and key themes identified that included accessing health services,
      gender and sexual identity, attitudes of people with ID regarding their LGBT
      status, and education, supports and therapeutic interventions. CONCLUSIONS AND
      IMPLICATIONS: There is a need for service providers and carers to be more
      responsive to the concerns of people with ID who identify as LGBT to improve
      their health and well-being by reducing stigma and discrimination and by
      increasing awareness of their care and support needs. The implications are
      discussed in terms of policy, education, research and practice developments.

PMID- 27372883
TI  - Sponsorship of junior sport development programs in Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the nature and extent of unhealthy food,
      beverage, alcohol and gambling sponsors of children's sport development programs.
      METHODS: Websites of junior development sport programs (n=56) associated with
      sporting organisations that received funding from the Australian Sporting
      Commission were analysed. Sponsors were considered unhealthy if they were alcohol
      or gambling companies or sold food and/or beverages that failed independent
      nutrition criteria. The websites of the sport development programs were also
      analysed for types of promotion. RESULTS: There were 246 sponsors identified.
      Eleven (4.5%) sponsors were food, beverage, alcohol or gambling companies of
      which 10 (91%) were unhealthy. Surf Lifesaving (n=4) and athletics (n=3) websites
      had the highest number of unhealthy sponsors. Promotions associated with
      unhealthy sponsorship included logo placement on homepages (100%), naming rights
      (31%), logo on sport uniforms (27%) and branded participant packs (31%).
      CONCLUSIONS: The majority of food and beverage company sponsors in sport
      development programs are companies associated with unhealthy products. Two
      websites hosting junior development program information included an alcohol
      company sponsor and a gambling company sponsor. IMPLICATIONS: Unhealthy product
      sponsorship of children's sport should be addressed as part of a comprehensive
      regulation designed to reduce exposure to marketing of unhealthy foods.

PMID- 27372884
TI  - Electrophysiological properties of lumbosacral primary afferent neurons
      innervating urothelial and non-urothelial layers of mouse urinary bladder.
AB  - Pelvic nerve (PN) bladder primary afferent neurons were retrogradely labeled by
      intraparenchymal (IPar) microinjection of fluorescent tracer or intravesical
      (IVes) infusion of tracer into the bladder lumen. IPar and IVes techniques
      labeled two distinct populations of PN bladder neurons differentiated on the
      basis of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) soma labeling, dye distribution within the
      bladder, and intrinsic electrophysiological properties. IPar (Fast blue)- and
      IVes (DiI)-labeled neurons accounted for 91.5% (378.3+/-32.3) and 8% (33.0+/
      26.0) of all labeled neurons, respectively (p<0.01), with only 2.0+/-1.2 neurons
      labeled by both techniques. When dyes were switched, IPar (DiI)- and IVes (Fast
      blue) labeled neurons accounted for 77.6% (103.0+/-25.8) and 22.4% (29.8+/-10.5),
      respectively (P<0.05), with 6.0+/-1.5 double-labeled neurons. Following IPar
      labeling, DiI was distributed throughout non-urothelial layers of the bladder. In
      contrast, dye was contained within the urothelium and occasionally the submucosa
      after IVes labeling. Electrophysiological properties of DiI-labeled IPar and IVes
      DRG neurons were characterized by whole-mount, in situ patch-clamp recordings.
      IPar- and IVes-labeled neurons differed significantly with respect to rheobase,
      input resistance, membrane capacitance, amplitude of inactivating and sustained
      K(+) currents, and rebound action potential firing, suggesting that the IVes
      population is more excitable. This study is the first to demonstrate that IVes
      labeling is a minimally invasive approach for retrograde labeling of PN bladder
      afferent neurons, to selectively identify urothelial versus non-urothelial
      bladder DRG neurons, and to elucidate electrophysiological properties of
      urothelial and non-urothelial afferents in an intact DRG soma preparation.

PMID- 27372885
TI  - Meta-analysis of the association between serum iron levels and Parkinson's
      disease: Evidence from 11 publications.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on the serum iron levels and Parkinson's
      disease (PD). The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta
      analysis to analyse the relationship between serum iron levels and PD risk.
      METHODS: We searched the databases of PubMed, Web of knowledge, Embase, the
      Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and China
      Biology Medical literature to assess the association between serum iron levels
      and PD risk. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals
      (CI) with random-effect model were used to combine the results. RESULTS: Eleven
      related articles met our selection criteria and contained a total of 829PD
      patients and 1219 healthy controls. Our meta-analysis results revealed that the
      serum iron levels in PD patients were significantly higher than those in healthy
      controls (SMD=0.27, 95% CI=0.18, 0.37, P<0.001). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity
      showed that the serum iron levels in PD patients were significantly higher than
      controls both in Asian populations and European populations. Significant
      associations were also found in prospective studies and case-control studies.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis showed strong evidence that a significantly higher
      serum iron levels are present in PD patients when compared to the healthy
      controls.

PMID- 27372886
TI  - Britain's vote to leave the EU-what now for health?

PMID- 27372887
TI  - Bioactive lipids as modulators of immunity, inflammation and emotions.
AB  - Lipids are not only constituents of cellular membranes but also key signaling
      mediators, thus acting as 'bioactive lipids'. Among the prominent roles exerted
      by bioactive lipids are immune regulation, inflammation and maintenance of
      homeostasis. Accumulated evidence indicates the existence of a bidirectional
      relationship between immune and nervous systems, whereby inflammatory mediators
      can directly modulate emotions that, in turn, can strongly influence immune
      responses, thus affecting health. This review summarizes current knowledge on the
      ability of several families of bioactive lipids to regulate immunity and
      inflammation (through pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects), as well as
      to control emotions and mood-related manifestations, advocating these substances
      as an attractive interface between 'mind' and 'body', and as a potential target
      to treat inflammatory/immune-mediated mood disorders.

PMID- 27372888
TI  - Relation of Periodontitis to Risk of Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality (from
      a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study).
AB  - Periodontitis and atherosclerosis are highly prevalent chronic inflammatory
      diseases, and it has been suggested that periodontitis is an independent risk
      factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and that a causal link may exist between
      the 2 diseases. Using Danish national registers, we identified a nationwide
      cohort of 17,691 patients who received a hospital diagnosis of periodontitis
      within a 15-year period and matched them with 83,003 controls from the general
      population. We performed Poisson regression analysis to determine crude and
      adjusted incidence rate ratios of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke,
      cardiovascular death, major adverse cardiovascular events, and all-cause
      mortality. The results showed that patients with periodontitis were at higher
      risk of all examined end points. The findings remained significant after
      adjustment for increased baseline co-morbidity in periodontitis patients compared
      with controls, for example, with adjusted incidence rate ratio 2.02 (95% CI 1.87
      to 2.18) for cardiovascular death and 2.70 (95% CI 2.60 to 2.81) for all-cause
      mortality. Patients with a hospital diagnosis of periodontitis have a high burden
      of co-morbidity and an increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. In
      conclusion, our results support that periodontitis may be an independent risk
      factor for CVD.

PMID- 27372889
TI  - In vitro characterisation of fresh and frozen sex-sorted bull spermatozoa.
AB  - This study sought to compare the in vitro characteristics of fresh and frozen non
      sorted (NS) and sex-sorted (SS) bull spermatozoa. Experiment 1: Holstein-Friesian
      ejaculates (n=10 bulls) were split across four treatments and processed: (1) NS
      fresh at 3*106 spermatozoa, (2) X-SS frozen at 2*106 spermatozoa, (3) X-SS fresh
      at 2*106 spermatozoa and (4) X-SS fresh at 1*106 spermatozoa. NS frozen controls
      of 20*106 spermatozoa per straw were sourced from previously frozen ejaculates
      (n=3 bulls). Experiment 2: Aberdeen Angus ejaculates (n=4 bulls) were split
      across four treatments and processed as: (1) NS fresh 3*106 spermatozoa, (2) Y-SS
      fresh at 1*106 spermatozoa, (3) Y-SS fresh at 2*106 spermatozoa and (4) X-SS
      fresh at 2*106 spermatozoa. Controls were sourced as per Experiment 1. In vitro
      assessments for progressive linear motility, acrosomal status and oxidative
      stress were carried out on Days 1, 2 and 3 after sorting (Day 0=day of sorting.
      In both experiments SS fresh treatments had higher levels of agglutination in
      comparison to the NS fresh (P<0.001), NS frozen treatments had the greatest PLM
      (P<0.05) and NS spermatozoa exhibited higher levels of superoxide anion
      production compared with SS spermatozoa (P<0.05). Experiment 1 found both fresh
      and frozen SS treatments had higher levels of viable acrosome-intact spermatozoa
      compared with the NS frozen treatments (P<0.01).

PMID- 27372890
TI  - The impact of chemical pollution on the resilience of soils under multiple
      stresses: A conceptual framework for future research.
AB  - Soils are faced with man-made chemical stress factors, such as the input of
      organic or metal-containing pesticides, in combination with non-chemical
      stressors like soil compaction and natural disturbance like drought. Although
      multiple stress factors are typically co-occurring in soil ecosystems, research
      in soil sciences on this aspect is limited and focuses mostly on single
      structural or functional endpoints. A mechanistic understanding of the reaction
      of soils to multiple stressors is currently lacking. Based on a review of
      resilience theory, we introduce a new concept for research on the ability of
      polluted soil (xenobiotics or other chemical pollutants as one stressor) to
      resist further natural or anthropogenic stress and to retain its functions and
      structure. There is strong indication that pollution as a primary stressor will
      change the system reaction of soil, i.e., its resilience, stability and
      resistance. It can be expected that pollution affects the physiological adaption
      of organisms and the functional redundancy of the soil to further stress. We
      hypothesize that the recovery of organisms and chemical-physical properties after
      impact of a follow-up stressor is faster in polluted soil than in non-polluted
      soil, i.e., polluted soil has a higher dynamical stability (dynamical
      stability=1/recovery time), whereas resilience of the contaminated soil is lower
      compared to that of not or less contaminated soil. Thus, a polluted soil might be
      more prone to change into another system regime after occurrence of further
      stress. We highlight this issue by compiling the literature exemplarily for the
      effects of Cu contamination and compaction on soil functions and structure. We
      propose to intensify research on effects of combined stresses involving a
      multidisciplinary team of experts and provide suggestions for corresponding
      experiments. Our concept offers thus a framework for system level analysis of
      soils paving the way to enhance ecological theory. 

PMID- 27372891
TI  - Granulometric and magnetic properties of deposited particles in the Beijing
      subway and the implications for air quality management.
AB  - The subway system is an important traffic facility in Beijing and its internal
      air quality is an environmental issue that could potentially affect millions of
      people every day. Due to the intrinsic nature of rail abrasion in subway tunnels,
      iron-containing particles can be generated and become suspended in the subway
      environment. While some studies (e.g. Li et al., 2006) have monitored the in
      train levels of PM2.5 (particles<2.5MUm), there is a lack of systematic
      assessment of the concentration and characteristics of iron-containing particles
      in the Beijing subway system. Here we report results of a study on the
      granulometric and magnetic properties of deposited particle samples collected at
      different localities of the Beijing subway system. Our results show that the
      subway samples are characterized by the presence of fine particles. Volume
      proportions of 6.1+/-1.3% for particles<2.5MUm and 27.5+/-6.1% for
      particles<10MUm are found in the bulk subway samples. These samples exhibit a
      strong magnetic signal, which is approximately two orders of magnitude higher
      than that in naturally deposited particles collected in Beijing. Fine grained
      ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic minerals (e.g. iron and magnetite, respectively)
      are identified from mineral magnetic measurements and scanning electric
      microscopy. The samples collected from the Beijing stations with platform screen
      doors are found to be magnetically stronger and finer than those without them,
      suggesting that platform screen doors have failed to block the fine iron
      containing particles released from the rail tunnel. Given the potential health
      consequences of fine suspended iron-containing particles, our results have
      important implications for air quality management in the Beijing subway system. 

PMID- 27372892
TI  - The effect of a structured personalized ergonomic intervention program for
      hospital nurses with reported musculoskeletal pain: An assigned randomized
      control trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intervention programs for hospital nurses with musculoskeletal pain
      present a challenge for the health professions. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect
      of a structured personalized ergonomic intervention program for hospital nurses
      with musculoskeletal pain. METHODS: In a randomised controlled trial, 31 nurses
      from one central hospital with musculoskeletal pain were observed at work. A
      multi-stage study that included the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire,
      Karasek's questionnaire, The Rapid Entire Body Assessment, and an intervention
      program was completed with 14 nurses, while the remaining 17 were assigned to a
      control group. The intervention program was carried out by one physiotherapist
      and included four meetings over three months. The control group received only
      instruction sheets. Data on body posture and frequency and intensity of pain were
      collected before and at three months after the termination of the intervention
      program. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the intervention group showed
      an improvement in REBA scores and in posture that is considered risk factor for
      work-related musculoskeletal discomfort disorders [p < 0.001], but there were no
      significant differences in the number of body parts in pain or in the level of
      musculoskeletal pain. CONCLUSIONS: The intervention was shown to be effective in
      reducing risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders over a short
      follow-up period. A long-term study is required to determine if this effect is
      preserved over a longer period and to determine whether the intervention can
      reduce musculoskeletal symptoms.

PMID- 27372893
TI  - The effect of psychosocial stress on muscle activity during computer work:
      Comparative study between desktop computer and mobile computing products.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The popularity of mobile computing products is well known. Thus, it
      is crucial to evaluate their contribution to musculoskeletal disorders during
      computer usage under both comfortable and stressful environments. OBJECTIVE: This
      study explores the effect of different computer products' usages with different
      tasks used to induce psychosocial stress on muscle activity. METHODS: Fourteen
      male subjects performed computer tasks: sixteen combinations of four different
      computer products with four different tasks used to induce stress.
      Electromyography for four muscles on the forearm, shoulder and neck regions and
      task performances were recorded. RESULTS: The increment of trapezius muscle
      activity was dependent on the task used to induce the stress where a higher level
      of stress made a greater increment. However, this relationship was not found in
      the other three muscles. Besides that, compared to desktop and laptop use, the
      lowest activity for all muscles was obtained during the use of a tablet or smart
      phone. The best net performance was obtained in a comfortable environment.
      However, during stressful conditions, the best performance can be obtained using
      the device that a user is most comfortable with or has the most experience with.
      CONCLUSIONS: Different computer products and different levels of stress play a
      big role in muscle activity during computer work. Both of these factors must be
      taken into account in order to reduce the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders
      or problems.

PMID- 27372894
TI  - Nutritional and food insecurity of construction workers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Construction workers have intensive contact with their workplace and
      are possibly susceptible to Nutritional and Food Insecurity. OBJECTIVE: This
      paper assessed the Food Security status, diet and anthropometric measures of
      workers in the Construction Industry living in the city of Joao Pessoa, PB.
      METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 59 workers housed at construction
      sites. The workers were given the Brazilian Scale for Measuring Food Insecurity
      and Nutrition, had anthropometric measures taken and completed the Diet Quality
      Index, comparing their eating at the construction site and at home. Statistical
      analyses described the mean, standard deviation, frequency and Pearson
      correlations. RESULTS: Food Insecurity was reported by 71.2% of the workers, and
      69.5% were overweight. The mean values of the Healthy Eating Index suggested that
      the workers' diets were in need of modification. There were statistically
      significant inverse associations among the Healthy Eating Index and Body Mass
      Index, waist circumference, percentage of total fat and cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS:
      Values obtained using the Scale showed Food Insecurity coupled with high excess
      weight and dietary inadequacies, revealing that these workers are at risk for
      health problems.

PMID- 27372895
TI  - Construction fatality due to electrical contact in Ontario, Canada, 1997-2007.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Electrical contact is a leading cause of occupational fatality in the
      construction industry. However, research on the factors that contribute to
      electricity-related fatality in construction is limited. OBJECTIVES: To
      characterize, using an adapted Haddon's Matrix, the factors that contribute to
      electricity-related occupational fatalities in the construction industry in
      Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Coroner's data on occupational electricity-related
      fatalities between 1997-2007 in the construction industry were acquired from the
      Ontario Ministry of Labour. Using an adapted Haddon's Matrix, we characterized
      worker, agent, and environmental characteristics of electricity-related
      occupational fatalities in the province through a narrative text analysis.
      RESULTS: Electrical contact was responsible for 15% of all occupational
      fatalities among construction workers in Ontario. Factors associated with said
      occupational fatalities included direct contact with electrical sources, lower
      voltage sources, and working outdoors. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a profile
      of electricity-related occupational fatalities among construction workers in
      Ontario, and can be used to inform safety regulations.

PMID- 27372896
TI  - An interview guide for clinicians to identify a young disabled person's
      motivation to work.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The percentage of young people with disabilities who are employed is
      relatively low. Motivation is considered to be an important factor in
      facilitating or hindering their ability to obtain employment. OBJECTIVE: We aimed
      to develop a topic list that could serve as an interview guide for professionals
      in occupational health care which would aid them in their discussion of work
      motivation-related issues with this group. METHODS: We systematically searched
      Pubmed, PsychInfo and Picarta. Studies were included if they described aspects of
      work motivation and/or instruments that assess work motivation. Based on the
      results of our literature survey, we developed a list of topics that had been
      shown to be related to work motivation. RESULTS: Our search resulted in 12
      articles describing aspects of work motivation and 17 articles describing
      instruments that assess work motivation. The aspects that we found were intrinsic
      motivation, extrinsic motivation, goal setting, self-efficacy, expectancy, values
      and work readiness. Based on this information we developed an interview guide
      that includes seven topic areas: intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, goal
      setting, expectancy, values, self- efficacy, and work readiness. CONCLUSION: The
      topics within the interview guide and the literature survey data that is
      presented will shed light on the role that motivation plays on the work
      participation among young people with disabilities.

PMID- 27372897
TI  - The effects of gardening on quality of life in people with stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Compared with traditional rehabilitation, gardening has been viewed
      as a more occupation-based intervention to help patients improve functional
      performance. However, there is still a need for evidence-based research into what
      factors interact to create the beneficial effects of gardening for people who
      have sustained a cerebral vascular accident (CVA). OBJECTIVE: To explore how
      plant, gender, and the time after stroke onset influenced improvements in the
      quality of life of patients in a gardening program. METHODS: One treatment of
      tending short-term plants, and another treatment of tending long-term plants were
      compared. Quality of life improvement was evaluated according to three factors:
      plant, gender, and the time after stroke onset. The data were analyzed with 2k
      replicated factorial designs. RESULTS: The 2k factorial design with replication
      indicated significant effects on both the social role and the family role. For
      the social role, the interaction of plant and gender difference was significant.
      For the family role, the significant effects were found on interaction of plant
      with both gender and the time after stroke onset. CONCLUSIONS: Tending plants
      with different life cycles has varied effects on the quality of life of people
      who have sustained a CVA. Factors related to gender and the time after stroke
      onset influenced role competency in this sample.

PMID- 27372898
TI  - Accompanying citizen of persons with traumatic brain injury in a community
      integration project: An exploration of the role.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The APIC (Citizen Accompaniment Project for Community Integration) is
      an innovative program that seeks to increase the community integration of people
      with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) by offering the support of an accompanying
      citizen (AC) in the accomplishment of significant life activities. OBJECTIVE:
      This article aims to better define the AC's role in this process, by underlining
      the mental health risks they face, the strategies they use, and the impacts the
      role has on their own lives. METHODS: This qualitative study is based on the
      analysis of interviews conducted with the AC following the first year of
      implementation. The data is part of a larger project aimed at the implementation
      and evaluation of APIC program. The data were analysed according to the rules of
      thematic content analysis, which encourages grouping main ideas into categories.
      This is an iterative process allowing for the constant emergence of new
      categories during the analysis. RESULTS: Accompaniment is full of joys and
      positive moments for the AC and participants. However, some difficult situations
      are encountered and the AC are constantly faced with challenges and constraints.
      The emerging study themes are as follows: the environment, the characteristics of
      the person accompanied, the AC's personal limits, and the ambiguities in the
      accompanier-accompanied relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Five principles drawn from the
      results will help oversee this practice more efficiently and limit the mental
      health risks of accompaniers. These findings may permit further development of
      this type of program for people living with disabilities.

PMID- 27372899
TI  - Role of heparin and non heparin binding serpins in coagulation and angiogenesis:
      A complex interplay.
AB  - Pro-coagulant, anti-coagulant and fibrinolytic pathways are responsible for
      maintaining hemostatic balance under physiological conditions. Any deviation from
      these pathways would result in hypercoagulability leading to life threatening
      diseases like myocardial infarction, stroke, portal vein thrombosis, deep vein
      thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Angiogenesis is the process of
      sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones and plays a critical role
      in vascular repair, diabetic retinopathy, chronic inflammation and cancer
      progression. Serpins; a superfamily of protease inhibitors, play a key role in
      regulating both angiogenesis and coagulation. They are characterized by the
      presence of highly conserved secondary structure comprising of 3 beta-sheets and
      7-9 alpha-helices. Inhibitory role of serpins is modulated by binding to
      cofactors, specially heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on
      cell surfaces and extracellular matrix. Heparin and HSPGs are the mainstay of
      anti-coagulant therapy and also have therapeutic potential as anti-angiogenic
      inhibitors. Many of the heparin binding serpins that regulate coagulation cascade
      are also potent inhibitors of angiogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanism
      of the switch between their specific anti-coagulant and anti-angiogenic role
      during inflammation, stress and regular hemostasis is important. In this review,
      we have tried to integrate the role of different serpins, their interaction with
      cofactors and their interplay in regulating coagulation and angiogenesis.

PMID- 27372900
TI  - Trifluoroethanol modulates alpha-synuclein amyloid-like aggregate formation,
      stability and dissolution.
AB  - The conversion of proteins into amyloid fibrils and other amyloid-like aggregates
      is closely connected to the onset of a series of age-related pathologies. Upon
      changes in environmental conditions, amyloid-like aggregates may also undergo
      disassembly into oligomeric aggregates, the latter being recognized as key
      effectors in toxicity. This indicates new possible routes for in vivo
      accumulation of toxic species. In the light of the recognized implication of
      alpha-Synuclein (alphaSN) in Parkinson's disease, we present an experimental
      study on supramolecular assembly of alphaSN with a focus on stability and
      disassembly paths of such supramolecular aggregate species. Using spectroscopic
      techniques, two-photon microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force
      microscopy, we report evidences on how the stability of alphaSN amyloid-like
      aggregates can be altered by changing solution conditions. We show that amyloid
      like aggregate formation can be induced at high temperature in the presence of
      trifluoroethanol (TFE). Moreover, sudden disassembly or further structural
      reorganisation toward higher hierarchical species can be induced by varying TFE
      concentration. Our results may contribute in deciphering fundamental mechanisms
      and interactions underlying supramolecular clustering/dissolution of alphaSN
      oligomers in cells.

PMID- 27372901
TI  - Preferential solvation of lysozyme in dimethyl sulfoxide/water binary mixture
      probed by terahertz spectroscopy.
AB  - We report the changes in the hydration dynamics around a model protein hen egg
      white lysozyme (HEWL) in water-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) binary mixture using THz
      time domain spectroscopy (TTDS) technique. DMSO molecules get preferentially
      solvated at the protein surface, as indicated by circular dichroism (CD) and
      Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study in the mid-infrared region, resulting in
      a conformational change in the protein, which consequently modifies the
      associated hydration dynamics. As a control we also study the collective
      hydration dynamics of water-DMSO binary mixture and it is found that it follows a
      non-ideal behavior owing to the formation of DMSO-water clusters. It is observed
      that the cooperative dynamics of water at the protein surface does follow the
      DMSO-mediated conformational modulation of the protein.

PMID- 27372902
TI  - Targeting alertness to improve cognition in older adults: A preliminary report of
      benefits in executive function and skill acquisition.
AB  - Efficient self-regulation of alertness declines with age exacerbating normal
      declines in performance across multiple cognitive domains, including learning and
      skill acquisition. Previous cognitive intervention studies have shown that it is
      possible to enhance alertness in patients with acquired brain injury and marked
      attention impairments, and that this benefit generalizes to improvements in more
      global cognitive functions. In the current preliminary studies, we sought to test
      whether this approach, that targets both tonic (over a period of minutes) and
      phasic (moment-to-moment) alertness, can improve key executive functioning
      declines in older adults, and enhance the rate of skill acquisition. The results
      of both Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrate that, compared to active control (AC)
      training, alertness training significantly enhanced performance in several
      validated executive function measures. In Experiment 2, alertness training
      significantly improved skill acquisition compared to AC training in a well
      characterized speed of processing (SOP) task, with the largest benefits shown in
      the most challenging SOP blocks. The results of the current study suggest that
      targeting intrinsic alertness through cognitive training provides a novel
      approach to improve executive functions in older adults and may be a useful
      adjunct treatment to enhance benefits gained in other clinically validated
      treatments.

PMID- 27372903
TI  - A systematic review of the effect of telephone, internet or combined support for
      carers of people living with Alzheimer's, vascular or mixed dementia in the
      community.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of
      interventions delivered by telephone, internet or combined formats to support
      carers of community dwelling people living with Alzheimer's Disease, vascular
      dementia or mixed dementia. METHOD: English language literature published up to
      2016 was searched. The initial search included: MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to
      Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), and PsycINFO. A second search was conducted
      using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and keywords for eight databases. The
      review included randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials,
      quasi-experimental and pre-post studies from published and grey literature.
      Studies selected for retrieval were assessed by three independent reviewers for
      methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardised
      critical appraisal instruments. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were included in the
      review of which 13 were studies of telephone-delivered interventions, five were
      internet-delivered interventions and four were delivered in a combination of
      telephone and internet formats. In this review the successful outcomes from the
      combined telephone and internet delivery exceeded that of telephone alone and
      internet alone. Very few studies addressed programs for specific types of
      dementia. CONCLUSION: When considering the ratio of number of studies to
      successful outcomes, combined telephone and internet delivery of multicomponent
      interventions demonstrated relatively more positive outcomes in reducing
      depression, burden and increasing self-efficacy than telephone alone or internet
      alone. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of
      interventions targeted at specific types of dementia and to understand which
      components of interventions are most effective.

PMID- 27372904
TI  - Visinin-Like Protein-3 Modulates the Interaction Between Cytochrome b 5 and NADH
      Cytochrome b 5 Reductase in a Ca2+-Dependent Manner.
AB  - Visinin-like proteins (VILIPs) belong to the calcium sensor protein family. VILIP
      1 has been examined as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker and as a potential
      indicator for cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is
      known about VILIP-3 protein biochemistry. We performed co-immunoprecipitation
      experiments to examine whether VILIP-3 can interact with reduced nicotine adenine
      dinucleotide (NADH)-cytochrome b 5 reductase. We also evaluated the specificity
      of cytochrome b 5 within the visinin-like protein subfamily and identified
      cytochrome P450 isoforms in the brain. In this study, we show that cytochrome b 5
      has an affinity for hippocalcin, neurocalcin-delta, and VILIP-3, but not visinin
      like protein-1. VILIP-3 was also shown to interact with NADH-cytochrome b 5
      reductase in a Ca2+-dependent manner. These results suggest that VILIP-3,
      hippocalcin, and neurocalcin-delta provide a Ca2+-dependent modulation to the
      NADH-dependent microsomal electron transport. The results also suggest that
      future therapeutic strategies that target calcium-signaling pathways and VILIPs
      may be of value.

PMID- 27372905
TI  - Identifying potential environmental impacts of waste handling strategies in
      textile industry.
AB  - Waste management is a successful instrument to minimize generated waste and
      improve environmental conditions. In spite of the large share of developing
      countries in the textile industry, limited information is available concerning
      the waste management strategies implemented for textiles on those countries and
      their environmental impacts. In the current study, two waste management
      approaches for hazardous solid waste treatment of acrylic fibers (landfill and
      incineration) were investigated. The main research questions were: What are the
      different impacts of each waste management strategy? Which waste management
      strategy is more ecofriendly? Life cycle assessment was employed in order to
      model the environmental impacts of each waste streaming approach separately then
      compare them together. Results revealed that incineration was the more
      ecofriendly approach. Highest impacts of both approaches were on ecotoxicity and
      carcinogenic potentials due to release of metals from pigment wastes. Landfill
      had an impact of 46.8 % on human health as compared to 28 % by incineration.
      Incineration impact on ecosystem quality was higher than landfill impact (68.4
      and 51.3 %, respectively). As for resources category, incineration had a higher
      impact than landfill (3.5 and 2.0 %, respectively). Those impacts could be
      mitigated if state-of-the-art landfill or incinerator were used and could be
      reduced by applying waste to energy approaches for both management systems In
      conclusion, shifting waste treatment from landfill to incineration would decrease
      the overall environmental impacts and allow energy recovery. The potential of
      waste to energy approach by incineration with heat recovery could be considered
      in further studies. Future research is needed in order to assess the
      implementation of waste management systems and the preferable waste management
      strategies in the textile industry on developing countries. 

PMID- 27372906
TI  - Spinal Koebner phenomenon: Medullar sarcoidosis facing a discal hernia.

PMID- 27372907
TI  - Cardiovascular disease risk in young Indigenous Australians: a snapshot of
      current preventive health care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine preventive health attendance and recording of type 2
      diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors and their management in young
      Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders (Indigenous Australians) at
      primary health care centres (PHCs). METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional
      study audited medical records of 1,986 Indigenous people aged 15-34 years
      attending 93 Australian PHCs. Measurements included blood pressure (BP), blood
      glucose level (BGL), smoking status, body mass index (BMI) and lipid profile.
      RESULTS: Last attendance was most commonly for acute care (46%); 12% attended for
      preventive assessment. BP was recorded in 85% (1,686/1,986), BGL 63%
      (1,244/1,986), smoking status 52% (1,033/1,986), BMI 37% (743/1,986) and lipids
      31% (625/1,986). Of those with a recorded assessment, elevated BGL (39%,
      479/1,244), smoking (63%, 649/1,033), overweight/obesity (51%, 381/743) and
      dyslipidaemia (73%, 458/625) were common. Follow-up of abnormal results was
      documented for elevated BP 28% (34/120), elevated BGL 17% (79/479), smoking 65%
      (421/649), overweight/obesity 11% (40/381) and abnormal lipids 16% (75/458).
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of raising awareness and
      assessment of chronic disease risk factors in young Indigenous people and
      implementing preventive health care strategies. IMPLICATIONS: Strengthening the
      capacity of PHCs to provide preventive health care may contribute to reducing the
      chronic disease burden experienced by young Indigenous people.

PMID- 27372908
TI  - Association of concurrent acid-suppression therapy with survival outcomes and
      adverse event incidence in oncology patients receiving erlotinib.
AB  - PURPOSE: Acid-suppression therapy is known to decrease the systemic exposure of
      erlotinib. The erlotinib prescribing information recommends staggering dosing
      with a histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) and avoiding concurrent use of a
      proton pump inhibitor (PPI). This retrospective analysis evaluated the frequency
      of concurrent acid-suppression therapy in oncology patients receiving erlotinib
      and its association with outcomes. METHODS: All patients prescribed erlotinib
      within UC San Diego Health System between February 26, 2011, and February 28,
      2014, were assessed for eligibility, survival outcomes and adverse events.
      RESULTS: Of the 76 patients in the analysis, 24 were prescribed both a PPI and an
      H2RA with erlotinib therapy (31.6 %). The two patient groups, with (n = 24) and
      without PPI/H2RA (n = 52), were similar in clinical characteristics and erlotinib
      dose. One patient received an H2RA therapy alone and was excluded from the
      analysis; no one received PPI therapy alone. Patients receiving erlotinib alone
      had a longer median progression-free survival (PFS) compared to patients with
      concurrent PPI/H2RA therapy (11.0 months vs. 5.3 months; P = 0.029). Overall
      survival (OS) and incidence of rash and/or diarrhea did not correlate with use of
      acid-suppression therapy. CONCLUSION: Nearly one-third of patients received acid
      suppression therapy. Patients treated with erlotinib and PPI/H2RA therapy had
      shorter PFS, but similar OS and adverse event profile compared to those who did
      not receive acid-suppression.

PMID- 27372909
TI  - Evaluation of Macular Ganglion Cell Complex and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber
      Layer in Primary Craniopharyngioma by Fourier-Domain Optical Coherence
      Tomography.
AB  - BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the differences in macular
      ganglion cell complex (GCC) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL)
      in child and adult patients with primary craniopharyngioma by Fourier-domain
      optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and to evaluate their significance in the
      diagnosis of primary craniopharyngioma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety-six
      participants were divided into 3 groups: 32 in the child craniopharyngioma group
      (CCG) and 32 in the adult craniopharyngioma group (ACG) who were treated in
      Beijing Tiantan Hospital between November 2013 and October 2014, and 32 in the
      normal group (NG). All subjects were scanned by FD-OCT to map GCC and pRNFL
      thicknesses. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation
      between GCC and pRNFL thickness, and pRNFL thickness and optic nerve head (ONH)
      parameters, including horizontal cup-disc ratio (HCDR), vertical cup-disc ratio
      (VCDR), optic disc area (ODA), and cup area (CA), respectively. RESULTS The
      correlation between GCC and pRNFL thickness in the CCG was slightly stronger
      compared with the ACG. A significant difference in GCC thickness was observed
      among the CCG, ACG, and NG. Although the pRNFL thickness in both the CCG and ACG
      was significantly higher than that in NG, no significant difference in pRNFL
      thickness was detected between the 2 craniopharyngioma groups. The average,
      superior, and inferior pRNFL thicknesses were negatively correlated with VCDR in
      the CCG (in double eyes) and ACG (only in left eyes). CONCLUSIONS GCC was more
      sensitive than pRNFL in detecting optic nerve damage in the eyes of
      craniopharyngioma patients. A thinner pRNFL was especially correlated with VCDR
      in child craniopharyngioma patients. 

PMID- 27372910
TI  - Erratum to: Transvaginal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy-results of a randomized
      clinical trial after 6 months.

PMID- 27372911
TI  - Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: A combined clinical and pathologic approach to
      diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection.
AB  - In view of the varied biologic behavior and the costs of treatment for canine
      cutaneous mast cell tumors, development of appropriate treatment plans for
      individual affected dogs can be difficult, but decisions regarding treatment
      should be made using a systematic, evidence-based approach. This manuscript
      reviews the current state of diagnostics and prognostication of canine cutaneous
      mast cell tumors, and suggests a combined approach based on clinical and
      pathologic assessment for decision making regarding treatment choices. The
      current state of histologic grading, evaluation of proliferation indices,
      evaluation of mutations in the c-kit gene and KIT expression, evaluation of
      excision and clinical staging are examined. On the basis of the current
      understanding of prognostication and treatment response, algorithms for selection
      of local and systemic therapy are presented. 

PMID- 27372912
TI  - Nanosilica-based molecularly imprinted polymer nanoshell for specific recognition
      and determination of rhodamine B in red wine and beverages.
AB  - A new and facile rhodamine B (RhB)-imprinted polymer nanoshell coating for SiO2
      nanoparticles was readily prepared by a combination of silica gel modification
      and molecular surface imprinting. The RhB-imprinted polymers (RhB-MIPs) were
      characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron
      microscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy; the binding properties and selectivity of
      these MIPs were investigated in detail. The uniformly imprinted nanoparticles
      displayed a rather thin shell thickness (23nm) with highly effective recognition
      sites, showing homogenous distribution and monolayer adsorption. The maximum MIP
      adsorption capacity (Qm) was as high as 45.2mgg(-1), with an adsorption
      equilibrium time of about 15min at ambient temperature. Dynamic rebinding
      experiments showed that chemical adsorption is crucial for RhB binding to RhB
      MIPs. The adsorption isotherm for RhB-MIPs binding could also be described by the
      Langmuir equation at different temperatures and pH values. Increasing temperature
      led to an enhanced Qm, a decreased dissociation constant (K'd), and a more
      negative free energy (DeltaG), indicating that adsorption is favored at higher
      temperatures. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of RhB was remarkably affected by
      pH. At pH>7, the adsorption of RhB was driven by hydrogen bonding interactions,
      while at pH<7 electrostatic forces were dominant. Additionally, the MIPs also
      showed specific recognition of RhB from the standard mixture solution containing
      five structurally analogs. This method was also successfully employed to
      determine RhB content in red wine and beverages using three levels of spiking,
      with recoveries in the range of 91.6-93.1% and relative standard deviations lower
      than 4.1%. 

PMID- 27372913
TI  - Facial synthesis of nickel(II)-immobilized carboxyl cotton chelator for
      purification of histidine-tagged proteins.
AB  - Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) technique is frequently used in
      the purification of histidine-tagged (His-tagged) recombinant proteins. In this
      study, nickel(II)-immobilized carboxyl cotton chelator (CCC-Ni2+) fibers was
      synthesized by a simple method based on the coordination effect between Ni2+ and
      carboxyl group. The nickel content of the CCC-Ni2+ fibers was determined to be 5
      times larger than that of Ni2+-immobilized sulfhydryl cotton fiber (SCF-Ni2+)
      fibers developed in our previous work. The prepared CCC-Ni2+ fibers were then
      applied for the selective and rapid separation of His-tagged protein from
      escherichia coli (E. coli) cell lysates on the basis of the high affinity of Ni2+
      to 6*His with a lab-in-syringe format. Benefiting from the good biological
      compatibility and high nickel content, the results showed that CCC-Ni2+ fibers
      were able to selectively capture His-tagged proteins from complex E. coli cell
      lysates and exhibited a relatively large adsorption capacity toward His-tagged
      protein. The recoveries of His-tagged GFP in E. coli cell lysates were in the
      range of 89.8%-106.7% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 9.4%
      (intra-day) and 10.3% (inter-day). Taken together, this efficient approach for
      the purification of recombinant proteins extends the application of CCC-based
      fibrous materials in biological analysis.

PMID- 27372914
TI  - A proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) promotes IL-10 production and regulatory
      functions of human B cells.
AB  - B cells may have a negative regulatory role, mainly mediated by interleukin 10
      (IL-10). We recently showed that regulatory B-cell functions are impaired in
      patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and that mice transgenic for a
      proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are protected against collagen-induced
      arthritis. We aimed to explore the effect of APRIL on human B-cell IL-10
      production, in healthy subjects and in patients with RA. The IL-10 production of
      B-cell was greater with APRIL than with BLyS or control medium, in a dose
      dependent manner. TACI expression was greater in IL-10 producing B cells (B10)
      than non-IL-10-producing B cells whereas BAFF-R expression was lower. TNF-alpha
      and IFN-gamma secretion of T-cells were decreased by APRIL-stimulated B cells.
      APRIL stimulated STAT3 and STAT3 inhibition decreased B10 cells. APRIL also
      promoted B10 cells in RA patients. In conclusion, APRIL but not BLyS promotes IL
      10 production by CpG-activated B cells and enhances the regulatory role of B
      cells on T cells. B10 cells in RA patients are responsive to APRIL, which
      suggests a possible therapeutic application of APRIL to expand B10 cells. This
      could also explain the difference of clinical efficacy observed between belimumab
      and atacicept in RA.

PMID- 27372915
TI  - Annexin A2, autoimmunity, anxiety and depression.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is associated with neurological
      manifestations and one of the novel autoantigens associated with this disease is
      Annexin A2 (ANXA2). In this work we have examined the effect of high levels of
      autoantibodies to ANXA2 on the brain in a mouse model. METHODS: Recombinant ANXA2
      emulsified in adjuvant was used to immunize mice while mice immunized with
      adjuvant only served as controls. At peak antibody levels the animal underwent
      behavioral and cognitive tests and their brains were examined for ANXA2
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) and expression of ANXA2 and the closely linked protein
      p11. RESULTS: Very high levels of anti-ANXA2 antibodies (Abs) were associated
      with reduced anxiety in the open field 13.14% +/- 0.89% of the time in the center
      compared to 8.64% +/- 0.91% observed in the control mice (p < 0.001 by t-test). A
      forced swim test found significantly less depression manifested by immobility in
      the ANXA2 group. The changes in behavior were accompanied by a significant
      reduction in serum corticosteroid levels of ANXA2 group compared to controls.
      Moreover, higher levels of total IgG and p11 expression were found in ANXA2 group
      brains. Lower levels of circulating anti-ANXA2 Abs were not associated with
      behavioral changes. CONCLUSIONS: We have established an animal model with high
      levels of anti-ANXA2 Abs which induced IgG accumulation in the brain and specific
      anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects. This model promises to further our
      understanding of autoimmune disease such as APS and to provide better
      understanding of the role of the ANXA2-p11 complex in the brain.

PMID- 27372916
TI  - Ingested (oral) rituximab inhibits EAE.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blocking CD20 can inhibit autoimmune diseases such as multiple
      sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVE: We examined whether an
      antibody against CD20, rituximab (RTX) (Rituxan(r)), used clinically in oncology,
      MS and RA would have similar anti-inflammatory effects in EAE after oral
      administration. DESIGN/METHODS: B6 mice were immunized with MOG peptide 35-55 and
      gavaged with control saline or RTX during ongoing disease. Splenocytes or CD4(+)
      T cells from control fed or RTX fed mice were adoptively transferred into active
      MOG peptide 35-55 immunized recipient mice during ongoing disease. Actively fed
      and recipient mice were examined for disease inhibition, inflammation, and
      cytokine responses. RESULTS: Ingested (oral) RTX inhibited ongoing disease and
      decreased inflammation. Adoptively transferred cells from RTX fed donors
      protected against actively induced disease and decreased inflammation. There was
      a decrease in Th1-like cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-12, IL-17 and TNF-alpha in
      active fed and adoptively treated recipients without upregulation of counter
      regulatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Ingested (orally administered) RTX can inhibit
      disease, CNS inflammation, decrease pro-inflammatory IL-17 and Th1-like cytokines
      without increases in Th2-like anti-inflammatory cytokines.

PMID- 27372917
TI  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha neutralization has no direct effect on parasite
      burden, but causes impaired IFN-gamma production by spleen cells from human
      visceral leishmaniasis patients.
AB  - The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has an important
      role in control of experimental Leishmania donovani infection. Less is known
      about the role of TNF-alpha in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Evidence for a
      protective role is primarily based on case reports of VL development in
      individuals treated with TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody. In this study, we have
      evaluated how TNF-alpha neutralization affects parasite replication and cytokine
      production in ex vivo splenic aspirates (SA) from active VL patients. The effect
      of TNF-alpha neutralization on cell mediated antigen specific responses were also
      evaluated using whole blood cultures. Neutralization of TNF-alpha did not affect
      parasite numbers in SA cultures. Interferon (IFN)-gamma levels were significantly
      reduced, but interleukin (IL)-10 levels were unchanged in these cultures.
      Leishmania antigen stimulated SA produced significant TNF-alpha which suggests
      that TNF-alpha is actively produced in VL spleen. Further it stimulates IFN-gamma
      production, but no direct effect on parasite replication.

PMID- 27372918
TI  - Importance of fluorine in 2,3-dihydroquinazolinone and its interaction study with
      lysozyme.
AB  - The main aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of 7-fluoro-2,2
      dimethyl-2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-one with lysozyme through various
      spectrophotometric studies. The graph such as Stern-Volmer plot, modified Stern
      Volmer plot, double logarithmic plot and Van't Hoff plot were plotted to
      determine the various parameters essential for predicting the interaction. The
      interaction of the ligand with the protein was further confirmed by circular
      dichroism and NMR study. The molecular docking was performed and the results
      obtained were correlated with the other studies. The importance of fluorine was
      justified through the prediction of pKa values and the possible metabolic pathway
      using the in silico tools. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the compound was
      carried out using HeLa cancer cell. 

PMID- 27372919
TI  - Fetal sex determination using NIPT and ultrasound as a method for diagnosing
      important fetal sex abnormalities.

PMID- 27372920
TI  - (1)H, (15)N, and (13)C resonance assignments of Staphylococcus aureus
      extracellular adherence protein domain 4.
AB  - The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus has evolved to actively evade many
      aspects of the human innate immune system by expressing a series of secreted
      inhibitory proteins. Among these, the extracellular adherence protein (Eap) has
      been shown to inhibit the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system.
      By binding to complement component C4b, Eap is able to inhibit formation of the
      CP/LP C3 pro-convertase. Secreted full-length, mature Eap consists of four ~98
      residue domains, all of which adopt a similar beta-grasp fold, and are connected
      through a short linker region. Through multiple biochemical approaches, it has
      been determined that the third and fourth domains of Eap are responsible for C4b
      binding. Here we report the backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of the
      11.3 kDa fourth domain of Eap. The assignment data has been deposited in the BMRB
      database under the accession number 26726.

PMID- 27372921
TI  - Recombinant chicken interferon-alpha inhibits the replication of exogenous avian
      leukosis virus (ALV) in DF-1 cells.
AB  - Chickeninterferon alpha (ChIFNalpha) belongs to type I IFNs that are important
      antiviral cytokines. We investigated whether ChIFNalpha plays a role in avian
      leukosis virus (ALV) infections of chickens. Firstly, we explored the immune
      response to ALV in vivo by measuring cytokine expression profiles in the spleens
      and bursas of chickens during the late stages of ALV-J infection. The results
      indicated that ALV-J infection could induce a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine response by
      elevating levels of both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-10. In contrast, tumor
      necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels decreased in the spleen while interferon
      beta (IFNbeta) and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) expression levels in the bursa
      increased significantly. This indicated that ALV-J stimulates a Type I IFN
      response. Next, we found that different ALV subgroups or strains up-regulated
      chicken IFN regulatory factor 3 (ChIRF-3) promoter activity, suggesting that ALV
      infection could trigger Type I IFNs pathway in vitro. Accordingly, we further
      investigated ChIFNalpha antiviral effects on ALV replication in DF-1 cells by
      successfully expressing recombinant ChIFNalpha in Escherichia coli (E. coli)
      strain BL21. The specific activity of the purified rChIFNalpha protein was
      determined to be 4*10(7)U/mL. When added at 4000U/mL, the recombinant protein
      restrained ALV replication as measured by decreases in viral protein p27 levels
      and mRNA expression. This new reagent may be useful for prophylactic and
      therapeutic drug design.

PMID- 27372922
TI  - The alteration of pharmacokinetics of erlotinib and OSI420 in type 1 diabetic
      rabbits.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alterations in blood glucose levels observed in diabetes, may change
      the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs and in consequence, the efficacy
      and safety of therapy. Many oncological patients are diabetics and it is
      important to determine the interaction of anticancer drugs with this chronic
      disease. Erlotinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), approved for the
      treatment of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer in
      combination with gemcitabine. The aim of the study was to investigate the
      influence of the diabetes on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib in rabbits.
      Additionally, the effect of erlotinib on glucose levels was examined. METHODS:
      The pharmacokinetics of erlotinib was studied in healthy rabbits (n=6, control
      group) and type 1 diabetic rabbits (n=6, diabetic group). Erlotinib was
      administered in a single oral dose of 25mg. Plasma concentrations of erlotinib
      and its metabolite (OSI420) were measured with the validated method. RESULTS: The
      plasma concentrations of erlotinib and OSI420 were markedly increased in diabetic
      rabbits. Statistically significant differences between the groups were revealed
      for almost all analysed pharmacokinetic parameters for erlotinib and OSI420. The
      maximum glycaemia drop of 7.7-33.5% was observed in the diabetic animals, but no
      significant changes in glucose concentration were observed in the control group.
      CONCLUSIONS: The research proved the significant influence of diabetes on the
      pharmacokinetics of erlotinib and OSI420. Due to higher exposure to erlotinib,
      there may be an increased risk of adverse drug reactions in diabetic patients.
      Therefore, in some cases lower doses of the drug should be considered.

PMID- 27372923
TI  - Transforming growth factor beta-related genes in human retinal pigment epithelial
      cells after tacrolimus treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family plays an
      important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including fibrotic
      pathologies of the eyes. The difficulties of surgical procedures contribute to
      the search for new treatment strategies for proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
      Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of
      TGFbeta isoforms, their receptors, and TGFbeta-related genes in human retinal
      pigment epithelial cells (RPE) after tacrolimus (FK-506) treatment in the
      presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. METHODS:
      The expression profile was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarrays and
      quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
      techniques. RESULTS: Analysis using oligonucleotide microarrays revealed 20
      statistically significant differentially expressed TGFbeta-related genes after
      LPS treatment in relation to control cells, and after tacrolimus and LPS
      treatment in relation to LPS-treated cells. Moreover, our results showed that
      mRNA levels for TGFbeta2 and TGFbetaR3 after tacrolimus treatment, and for
      TGFbetaR3 after tacrolimus and LPS treatment in RPE cells were decreased. In
      turn, in the presence of LPS-induced inflammation, TGFbeta2 mRNA level was
      increased. CONCLUSIONS: These results can be important in regard to the treatment
      of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, pathogenesis of which is associated with
      processes regulated by TGFbeta, such as inflammation, proliferation, epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT), and fibrosis.

PMID- 27372924
TI  - Hydrogen sulfide down-regulates BACE1 and PS1 via activating PI3K/Akt pathway in
      the brain of APP/PS1 transgenic mouse.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may have multiple physiological
      functions in brain. Our previous study showed that H2S improved spatial memory
      impairment and decreased the production of Abeta in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.
      However, many of the underlying mechanisms are not still being elucidated. The
      aim of the present study is to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of H2S
      involving in the activity of beta-secretase (BACE1), gamma-secretase (PS1) and
      alpha-secretase (ADAM17). METHODS: Morris water maze was used to measure the
      behavior change. The levels of Abeta40 and Abeta42 were quantified using
      colorimetric ELISA kits and immunohistochemical analysis. The levels of BACE1,
      PS1, ADAM17, pAkt, pp38MAPK, pERK and pJNK were tested by Western blot analysis
      in normal mice, APP/PS1 transgenic mice and 50MUmol/kg-NaHS-treated transgenic
      mice. On the basis of exogenous H2S treatment, LY294002 (inhibitors of PI3K/Akt)
      or PD98059 (inhibitors of MAPK/ERK) was injected into lateral cerebral ventricle.
      RESULTS: The levels of BACE1, PS1 and pp38MAPK were increased and ADAM17 were
      decreased in the APP/PS1 transgenic mice. After intraperitoneal administration of
      an H2S donor (NaHS) into APP/PS1 mice, the levels of BACE1, PS1 and pp38MAPK were
      reduced and ADAM17 increased. The level of pp38 MAPKs, pAkt and pERK1/2 was
      increased in APP/PS1 transgenic mice compared with normal mice (p<0.05). There
      was no difference in the expression of pJNK between AD transgenic mice and normal
      mice (p>0.05). These results demonstrated that LY294002 inhibited the effect of
      H2S on decreasing the BACE1 and PS1, reducing the level of Abeta and improving
      memory impairment in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. PD98059 had no influence on the
      expression of BACE1 and PS1. CONCLUSIONS: H2S inhibits the expression of BACE1
      and PS1 by activating PI3K/Akt pathway in AD.

PMID- 27372925
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372927
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372926
TI  - Potential causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in households with preschool
      children: prevalence, risk factors, clinical relevance and household
      transmission.
AB  - Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) morbidity remains high amongst preschool children,
      posing a significant societal burden. Empirical data on AGE-causing agents is
      needed to gauge their clinical relevance and identify agent-specific targets for
      control. We assessed the prevalence, risk factors and association with symptoms
      for enteropathogens in households with preschool children. A monthly-repeated
      cross-sectional survey of enteropathogens in households with preschool children
      was performed. A parent-child pair per household (n = 907 households) provided
      faecal samples and reported their symptoms and potential risk exposures. Samples
      were tested by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
      for 19 enteropathogens. Associations were assessed using logistic regression.
      28.3 % of children (n = 981) and 15.6 % of parents (n = 971) carried pathogenic
      bacteria and/or Escherichia coli-associated pathogenicity genes, and 6.5 % and
      3.3 % carried viruses, respectively. Giardia lamblia (4.6 % of children, 2.5 % of
      parents) and Dientamoeba fragilis (36 %, 39 %, respectively) were the main
      parasites, and were associated with pet exposure. Living in rural areas was
      associated with carriage of pathogenic E. coli, norovirus I and D. fragilis.
      Pathogenic E. coli was associated with summertime and livestock exposure.
      Attending day-care centres increased the risk of carrying norovirus, sapovirus
      and G. lamblia. Viruses occurred mainly in winter and were associated with AGE
      symptoms. Child-parent associations were found for bacterial pathogenicity genes,
      viruses, G. lamblia and D. fragilis. Enteropathogens spread widely in households
      with preschool children, particularly viruses, which more often cause symptoms.
      While bacteria predominate during summer and in those exposed to livestock,
      viruses predominate in wintertime and, like G. lamblia, are widespread amongst
      day-care centre attendees. 

PMID- 27372928
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372929
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372930
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372931
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372932
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372933
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372935
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372934
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372936
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372937
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372938
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372939
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372940
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372941
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372942
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372944
TI  - A minimally invasive micro sampler for quantitative sampling with an ultrahigh
      aspect-ratio microneedle and a PDMS actuator.
AB  - This study describes a novel micro sampler consisting of an ultrahigh-aspect
      ratio microneedle and a PDMS actuator. The microneedle was fabricated by a new
      method which introduced reshaped photoresist technology to form a flow channel
      inside. The microneedle includes two parts: shaft and pedestal. In this study,
      the shaft length is 1500 MUm with a 45 degrees  taper angle on the tip and
      pedestal is 1000 MUm. Besides, the shaft and pedestal are connected by an arc
      connection structure with a length of 600 MUm. The microneedles have sufficient
      mechanical strength to insert into skin with a wide safety margin which was
      proved by mechanics tests. Moreover, a PDMS actuator with a chamber inside was
      designed and fabricated in this study. The chamber, acting as a reservoir in
      sampling process as well as providing power, was optimized by finite element
      analysis (FEA) to decrease dead volume and improve sampling precision. The micro
      sampler just needs finger press to activate the sampling process as well as used
      for quantitative micro injection to some extent. And a volume of 31.5 +/- 0.8 MUl
      blood was successfully sampled from the ear artery of a rabbit. This micro
      sampler is suitable for micro sampling for diagnose or therapy in biomedical
      field.

PMID- 27372943
TI  - Abnormalities in the Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols in the Liver
      of the Goto-Kakizaki Rat: A Model for Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is widely used as an animal model for spontaneous
      onset type 2 diabetes without obesity; nevertheless, little information is
      available on the metabolism of fatty acids and triacylglycerols (TAG) in their
      livers. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the alterations in the
      metabolism of fatty acids and TAG in their livers, in comparison with Zucker
      (fa/fa) rats, which are obese and insulin resistant. Lipid profiles, the
      expression of genes for enzymes and proteins related to the metabolism of fatty
      acid and TAG, de novo synthesis of fatty acids and TAG in vivo, fatty acid
      synthase activity in vitro, fatty acid oxidation in liver slices, and very-low
      density-lipoprotein (VLDL)-TAG secretion in vivo were estimated. Our results
      revealed that (1) the TAG accumulation was moderate, (2) the de novo fatty acid
      synthesis was increased by upregulation of fatty acid synthase in a post
      transcriptional manner, (3) fatty acid oxidation was also augmented through the
      induction of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, and (4) the secretion rate of
      VLDL-TAG remained unchanged in the livers of GK rats. These results suggest that,
      despite the fact that GK rats exhibit non-obese type 2 diabetes, the upregulation
      of de novo lipogenesis is largely compensated by the upregulation of fatty acid
      oxidation, resulting in only moderate increase in TAG accumulation in the liver.

PMID- 27372945
TI  - Universal disease-specific outcome instruments for spine trauma: a global
      perspective on relevant parameters to evaluate clinical and functional outcomes
      of thoracic and lumbar spine trauma patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Besides a patient reported outcome measure, the AOSpine Knowledge Forum
      Trauma aims to develop a new concept of a surgeon reported outcome measure (SROM)
      for spine trauma patients. This study aims to identify parameters that spine
      surgeons consider relevant to evaluate clinical and functional outcomes of
      thoracic and lumbar spine trauma patients. METHODS: An international cross
      sectional web-based survey was conducted among spine surgeons from the five
      AOSpine International world regions. They were asked to evaluate the relevance of
      a compilation of 16 clinical and radiological parameters for thoracic and lumbar
      spine trauma patients, both for the short term (3 months-2 years) and long term
      (>=2 years), on a five-point scale. The responses were analyzed using descriptive
      statistics, frequency analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: Out of the 279
      invited members of AOSpine International and the International Spinal Cord
      Society, 118 (42.3 %) participated in this study. Of the 16 surveyed parameters,
      5 were identified as relevant by at least 70 % of the participants. Neurological
      status was identified as most relevant. In contrast, five parameters were not
      deemed relevant for any spine region or time period, except for comorbidity. Only
      minor differences were observed when analyzing the responses according to each
      world region, spine surgeons' clinical experience, or professional background.
      CONCLUSIONS: Including a large and representative sample of spine trauma experts,
      this study identified parameters to evaluate clinical and functional outcomes of
      thoracic and lumbar spine trauma patients. The results form the basis for the
      development of a SROM for this specific patient population.

PMID- 27372946
TI  - Characterization of the median sacral artery course at the sacral promontory
      using contrast-enhanced computed tomography.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Laparoscopic sacral colpopexy (SC) is increasingly
      utilized in the surgical management of apical prolapse. It involves attachment of
      a synthetic mesh to the sacral promontory and to the prolapsed vaginal walls. The
      median sacral artery (MSA) runs close to the site of mesh attachment and is
      therefore prone to intraoperative injury, which may lead to profound
      hemorrhaging. The aim of this study was to determine the location of the MSA at
      the level of the sacral promontory with regard to adjacent visible anatomical
      landmarks. Surgeons may use this information to reduce the risk for presacral
      bleeding. METHODS: Sixty consecutive contrast-enhanced pelvic computed tomography
      scans were revised, and the location of the MSA at the level of the sacral
      promontory was determined in relation to the ureters, iliac arteries, sacral
      midline, and aortic bifurcation. RESULTS: The MSA runs 0.2 +/- 3.9 mm left to the
      midline of the sacral promontory and 48.0 +/- 15.4 mm caudal to the aortic
      bifurcation. The ureters, internal and external iliac arteries on the right were
      significantly closer to the MSA than on the left (30.0 +/- 7.1 vs 35.2 +/- 8.8
      mm, p = 0.001; 21.5 +/- 6.8 vs 30.3 +/- 8.4 mm, p < 0.0001; 32.8 +/- 10.2 vs 41.9
      +/- 14.5 mm, p = 0.005 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The MSA, which runs left to
      the midline of the sacral promontory, and its location can be determined
      intraoperatively in relation to adjacent visible anatomical structures. The iliac
      vessels and ureter on the right are significantly closer to the MSA than those on
      the left. This information may help surgeons performing SC to avoid MSA injury,
      thus reducing operative morbidity.

PMID- 27372947
TI  - If you could see what we see, would it bother you?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine whether the anatomic
      threshold for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) diagnosis and surgical success remains
      valid when the patient sees what we see on exam. METHODS: Two hundred
      participants were assigned, by computer-generated block randomization, to see one
      of four videos. Each video contained the same six clips representative of various
      degrees of anterior vaginal wall support. Participants were asked questions
      immediately after each clip. They were asked: "In your opinion, does this patient
      have a bulge or something falling out that she can see or feel in the vaginal
      area?" Similarly, they were asked to give their opinion on surgical outcome on a
      4-point Likert scale. RESULTS: The proportion of participants who identified the
      presence of a vaginal bulge increased substantially at the level of early stage 2
      prolapse (1 cm above the hymen), with 67 % answering yes to the question
      regarding bulge. The proportion of participants who felt that surgical outcome
      was less desirable also increased substantially at early stage 2 prolapse (1 cm
      above the hymen), with 52 % describing that outcome as "not at all" or "somewhat"
      successful. CONCLUSION: Early stage 2 POP (1 cm above the hymen) is the anatomic
      threshold at which women identify both a vaginal bulge and a less desirable
      surgical outcome when they see what we see on examination.

PMID- 27372948
TI  - Commentary.

PMID- 27372950
TI  - The Psychology of Quality of Life.

PMID- 27372949
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27372951
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372952
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27372953
TI  - Regional Level Influenza Study with Geo-Tagged Twitter Data.
AB  - The rich data generated and read by millions of users on social media tells what
      is happening in the real world in a rapid and accurate fashion. In recent years
      many researchers have explored real-time streaming data from Twitter for a broad
      range of applications, including predicting stock markets and public health
      trend. In this paper we design, implement, and evaluate a prototype system to
      collect and analyze influenza statuses over different geographical locations with
      real-time tweet streams. We investigate the correlation between the Twitter flu
      counts and the official statistics from the Center for Disease Control and
      Prevention (CDC) and discover that real-time tweet streams capture the dynamics
      of influenza cases at both national and regional level and could potentially
      serve as an early warning system of influenza epidemics. Furthermore, we propose
      a dynamic mathematical model which can forecast Twitter flu counts with high
      accuracy. 

PMID- 27372954
TI  - Multimodality Imaging Guidelines of Patients with Transposition of the Great
      Arteries: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in
      Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and the
      Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography.

PMID- 27372955
TI  - Your New President and Value of Teamwork.

PMID- 27372956
TI  - Learning a New Skill Set.

PMID- 27372958
TI  - A Piece of Our Mind/The Many Faces of FASE.

PMID- 27372957
TI  - Training in Perioperative Echocardiography: Time to Think Outside the Box.

PMID- 27372959
TI  - Incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Aboriginal people in Western Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence of malignant mesothelioma (MM) in
      Aboriginal people in Western Australia (WA) and determine the main routes of
      exposure to asbestos in this population. METHODS: All MM cases in Western
      Australia, as well as the primary source of asbestos exposure, are recorded in
      the WA Mesothelioma Register. Aboriginal cases up to the end of 2013 were
      extracted from the register and compared with non-Aboriginal cases with respect
      to the primary means/source of exposure. Age-standardised incidence rates for
      each decade from 1980 were calculated for both Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals.
      Age-standardised mortality rates were calculated for the period 1994-2008 and
      compared with international rates. RESULTS: There were 39 cases (77% male) of MM
      among WA Aboriginal people. Twenty-six (67%) were a direct result of the mining
      of crocidolite at Wittenoom and the subsequent contamination of the surrounding
      lands. Of the non-Aboriginal MM cases (n = 2070, 86.3% male), fewer than 25% can
      be attributed to Wittenoom. Aboriginals had consistently higher 10-year incidence
      rates than non-Aboriginals and, when compared to world populations, the highest
      mortality rate internationally. CONCLUSION: When incidence rates in Aboriginal
      people are compared with non-Aboriginal people, the Wittenoom mining operation
      has had a disproportionate effect on MM incidence in the local Aboriginal
      population.

PMID- 27372960
TI  - Clinical nurses' knowledge and attitudes toward patients with epilepsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Insufficient knowledge and negative attitudes of clinical nurses
      regarding epilepsy may affect the quality of health care for patients with
      epilepsy. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate knowledge and attitudes of
      nurses working at a university hospital located in eastern Turkey regarding
      epilepsy. METHOD: The descriptive study was conducted with 85 nurses working at
      the internal medicine clinics at Yakutiye Research Hospital in Erzurum, Turkey in
      March 2014. The data comprised the personal information form, epilepsy knowledge
      scale, and epilepsy attitude scale. RESULTS: Clinical nurses obtained a mean
      score of 12.62+/-2.77 on the epilepsy knowledge scale and 55.43+/-6.59 on the
      epilepsy attitude scale. There was a significant difference between the
      educational status of nurses and mean scores on the epilepsy knowledge scale and
      epilepsy attitude scale (P<0.05). There was a positive, significant correlation
      between knowledge scores and attitude scores of clinical nurses regarding
      epilepsy (r=0.227, P<0.05). In addition, more than half of nurses (57.6%) knew
      that epileptic seizures would not pose a danger to other people. Unfortunately,
      approximately one-third of clinical nurses (36.5%) believed that epilepsy was
      incurable. CONCLUSION: As a result of the study, it was determined that nurses
      had a moderate level of knowledge regarding epilepsy, and they generally
      displayed a positive attitude, but it was not sufficient. In addition, more
      knowledge was associated with a more positive attitude.

PMID- 27372961
TI  - Suicide among people with epilepsy: A population-based analysis of data from the
      U.S. National Violent Death Reporting System, 17 states, 2003-2011.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed suicide data in the general population from the
      U.S. National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) to investigate suicide
      burden among those with epilepsy and risk factors associated with suicide and to
      suggest measures to prevent suicide among people with epilepsy. METHODS: The
      NVDRS is a multiple-state, population-based, active surveillance system that
      collects information on violent deaths including suicide. Among people 10years
      old and older, we identified 972 suicide cases with epilepsy and 81,529 suicide
      cases without epilepsy in 17 states from 2003 through 2011. We estimated their
      suicide rates, evaluated suicide risk among people with epilepsy, and
      investigated suicide risk factors specific to epilepsy by comparing those with
      and without epilepsy. In 16 of the 17 states providing continual data from 2005
      through 2011, we also compared suicide trends in people with epilepsy (n=833) and
      without epilepsy (n=68,662). RESULTS: From 2003 through 2011, the estimated
      annual suicide mortality rate among people with epilepsy was 16.89/100,000 per
      persons, 22% higher than that in the general population. Compared with those
      without epilepsy, those with epilepsy were more likely to have died from suicide
      in houses, apartments, or residential institutions (81% vs. 76%, respectively)
      and were twice as likely to poison themselves (38% vs. 17%) (P<0.01). More of
      those with epilepsy aged 40-49 died from suicide than comparably aged persons
      without epilepsy (29% vs. 22%) (P<0.01). The proportion of suicides among those
      with epilepsy increased steadily from 2005 through 2010, peaking significantly in
      2010 before falling. SIGNIFICANCE: For the first time, the suicide rate among
      people with epilepsy in a large U.S. general population was estimated, and the
      suicide risk exceeded that in the general population. Suicide prevention efforts
      should target people with epilepsy 40-49years old. Additional preventive efforts
      include reducing the availability or exposure to poisons, especially at home, and
      supporting other evidence-based programs to reduce mental illness comorbidity
      associated with suicide.

PMID- 27372962
TI  - Impact of an educational comic book on epilepsy-related knowledge, awareness, and
      attitudes among school children in Ethiopia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is of worldwide public health importance because it is
      common, often accompanied by physical and cognitive disabilities, and is widely
      stigmatized. The incidence of epilepsy in Ethiopia was reported to be 64/100,000
      population and a prevalence of 520/100,000 population. A minority of subjects is
      treated, and religious and sociocultural beliefs influence the nature of
      treatment and care. One approach to support the development of positive attitudes
      toward individuals with disabilities is through the use of comics. Comics have
      been effective in creating awareness and educating about epilepsy. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among randomly selected students
      from two preparatory schools (one from a city and the other from a rural area) in
      June 2014. We collected information using a structured KAP questionnaire before
      and after reading a comic book. The comic book relevance was assessed by 40
      health professionals. RESULT: One hundred sixteen students from urban and 110
      from rural high schools were enrolled in the present study with an age
      distribution of 31.9% in 16-17years, 48.7% in 18-19years, and 19.5% in 20+years.
      Thirty percent of the urban school was male compared with sixty-five percent of
      the rural school. The comic book was recommended as useful educational material
      to be distributed among school children by 90% of interviewed health
      professionals (internists, neurologist, psychiatrists, residents, GPs, and
      nurses). CONCLUSION: The comic book was appreciated by the Ethiopian high school
      students. After brief exposure to the comic book, students could extract a great
      deal of information, it could change misconceptions and provide correct
      information about epilepsy, and can be an effective approach to epilepsy
      awareness creation. Health professionals found the comic book to be very
      informative and recommended its distribution to students, teachers, nurses,
      libraries, and community/religious leaders. Illustrations were Ethiopian
      oriented.

PMID- 27372963
TI  - Prevalence and correlates of Mycoplasma genitalium infection among prostatitis
      patients in Shanghai, China.
AB  - Background: Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium) has been shown to be involved
      in chronic non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). However, the prevalence and
      determinants of this emerging sexually transmissible infection among prostatitis
      patients remain obscure. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-five patients diagnosed
      with prostatitis and 152 health controls from sexually transmitted diseases (STD)
      clinics in Shanghai, China, were selected. M. genitalium was detected in the
      initial voided urine (VB1), midstream of urine (VB2), expressed prostatic
      secretion (EPS) and the opening urine after massage (VB3) by quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) targeting the Mycoplasma genitalium adhesion
      protein (MgPa). An infection of the prostate was considered positive if a
      uropathogen was found only in the EPS sample or VB3, or if it was at least four
      fold greater in EPS or VB3 than in VB1 or VB2. The prostatitis patients with M.
      genitalium infection were treated with azithromycin. Results: The prevalence of
      M. genitalium infection was significantly higher among the prostatitis group than
      the control group (10 vs 3%, P = 0.005). Among the prostatitis group, M.
      genitalium infection was significantly associated with those patients who
      received treatment for genitourinary infection previously than those patients who
      did not (17 vs 6%; adjusted OR, 4.011; 95% CI, 1.562-10.300). The symptoms were
      totally or partially improved in 83% per cent (19/23) of prostatitis patients
      with M. genitalium, positive in EPS and M. genitalium turned negative after
      azithromycin treatment. Conclusions: M. genitalium was prevalent in the patients
      with prostatitis, particularly in those who received ineffective antibiotic
      treatment for the bacterium, and was identified as having a significant
      association of prostatitis.

PMID- 27372964
TI  - Assessing patients' and GPs' ability to recognise overweight and obesity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of GPs and patients to recognise overweight and
      obesity, determine factors associated with accurate weight perception, and
      identify methods used by patients and GPs to manage patient overweight and
      obesity. METHODS: Data were collected in a substudy of the BEACH research program
      (a continuous, randomised, national cross-sectional survey of general practice
      activity in Australia). RESULTS: Of 1,599 sampled adult patients, 31.5% were
      overweight, 23.7% obese and 4.7% morbidly obese. One in four (26.8%)
      overweight/obese patients (BMI >=25.0) did not consider themselves overweight.
      There was an association between patient age and sex and accurate weight
      perception. Overweight/obese females and those aged 45-64 years were most likely
      to recognise their overweight. GPs correctly identified 60.8% of overweight
      patients, but underestimated 35.7% as normal weight. They also identified 60.0%
      of obese patients, but incorrectly categorised 37.0% as overweight and 3.0%
      normal weight. There was no association between GP age and sex and accurate
      weight perception. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' and GPs' perception of weight can often
      be inaccurate, with many not recognising overweight and obesity. Improvement in
      recognition of overweight and obesity may increase management and encourage early
      intervention to prevent disease associated with these weight problems.

PMID- 27372965
TI  - No official identity: a data linkage study of birth registration of Aboriginal
      children in Western Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Evidence of identity, particularly a birth certificate, is essential
      to access many rights. However, the births of many Aboriginal Australians are not
      registered when they are infants. We examined factors related to birth
      registration among Western Australian children born to Aboriginal mothers.
      METHODS: All births to Aboriginal mothers in the Midwives Notification System in
      Western Australia (WA) from 1980 to 2010 were linked to birth registrations.
      Associations between registration and maternal and child characteristics were
      examined for children aged under 16 years in 2012. RESULTS: Among 49,694 births
      between 1980 and 2010, 18% of those aged under 16 years had unregistered births,
      compared to 3% of those aged 16-32 years. Unregistered births were most strongly
      associated with young maternal age at first birth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]
      5.22; 95%CI 3.07-8.86; for 16 years or younger vs 30 years or older, among non
      smokers), remoteness (AOR 2.17; 95%CI 1.87-2.52; very remote vs major cities),
      mothers whose own birth was unregistered (AOR 3.00; 95%CI 1.78-5.07) and no
      private hospital insurance (AOR 0.19; 95%CI 0.11-0.31; insured vs uninsured).
      CONCLUSIONS: Unregistered births are common among WA Aboriginal children,
      particularly in disadvantaged families. IMPLICATIONS: Assistance before discharge
      from hospital may increase birth registrations.

PMID- 27372966
TI  - BIRC5 Genomic Copy Number Variation in Early-Onset Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat-containing 5 (BIRC5) gene
      is an inhibitor of apoptosis that expresses in human embryonic tissues but it is
      absent in most healthy adult tissues. The copy number of BIRC5 has been indicated
      to be highly increased in tumor tissues; however, its association with the age of
      onset in breast cancer is not well understood. METHODS: Forty tumor tissues of
      breast cancer were obtained from Tumor Bank of Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini
      Hospital, Tehran, Iran. BIRC5 gene copy number variation (CNV) was evaluated
      using Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) and then compared
      with the age of onset for each patient. RESULTS: BIRC5 amplification was seen in
      17.5% of cases. Also, a significant association was observed between BIRC5 gene
      amplification and individuals under 40 years of age (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: BIRC5
      gene has the potential to be a marker for the detection and prognosis of cancer
      at an early age.

PMID- 27372968
TI  - Don't trust this smartphone app to measure your blood pressure.

PMID- 27372967
TI  - Brief report: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 11, 16, and 18 Seroprevalence Among
      Males and Females Entering Military Service During 2011-2012.

PMID- 27372969
TI  - DASH diet may lower stroke risk.

PMID- 27372970
TI  - My doctor told me I have stage C heart failure.  He wants to start a number of
      medications.  Are all these necessary?

PMID- 27372971
TI  - study helps affirm evidence of statins' muscle-related side effects.  Cleveland
      Clinic researchers explore statin intolerance, making a strong argument on behalf
      of patients who complained of muscle pain caused by cholesterol drugs.

PMID- 27372973
TI  - drink more water to cut calories, fat, and sugar.

PMID- 27372972
TI  - Dietary nitrate may lower risk of glaucoma.

PMID- 27372974
TI  - Is diabetes taking a bite out of your teeth?

PMID- 27372975
TI  - Time to deflate the spare tire.

PMID- 27372976
TI  - Transmission.  Messages need to focus on all types of MSM risk.

PMID- 27372977
TI  - Prevention.  Raltegravir, maraviroc show promise as PrEP drugs in studies.

PMID- 27372978
TI  - Prevention. Antibody to be tested for effectiveness, safety.

PMID- 27372979
TI  - Needle exchange.  UN report encourages syringe exchanges to reduce HIV.

PMID- 27372980
TI  - Do you need a depression screening?

PMID- 27372981
TI  - Couch potato in midlife, smaller brain later?

PMID- 27372982
TI  - Mammograms identify heart disease risk.

PMID- 27372983
TI  - Study shows mind-body approaches better than pain relievers for sore backs.

PMID- 27372984
TI  - Treatment.  Tenofovir-resistant HIV increasing in Africa.

PMID- 27372985
TI  - More research, treatment options to prevent transmission in women.

PMID- 27372986
TI  - I just turned 65, and I'm increasing concerned about my loss of muscle mass.  How
      can I turn the tide?

PMID- 27372987
TI  - What are some of the dangers of insect bites, and how can I protect against them?

PMID- 27372988
TI  - Knee buckling raises the risk of falls.

PMID- 27372989
TI  - Flavonoids associated with better erectile function.

PMID- 27372991
TI  - Exercise may improve emotional, physical outcomes of a heart attack.

PMID- 27372990
TI  - Health conditions for travellers to Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage to Mecca
      (Hajj), 2016.

PMID- 27372992
TI  - Index, Volume 91, 2016, Nos. 1-27.

PMID- 27372993
TI  - Atrial flutter: why you shouldn't ignore palpitations that linger.

PMID- 27372994
TI  - Unstable knees may contribute to recurrent falls and injuries.

PMID- 27372995
TI  - Moderate alcohol consumption may reduce diabetes risk.

PMID- 27372996
TI  - Getting out of the chair boosts metabolism in postmenopausal women.

PMID- 27372998
TI  - Test may diagnose prostate cancer more accurately.

PMID- 27372997
TI  - How long should you take a bisphosphonate for osteoporosis?

PMID- 27372999
TI  - Men's hearts age differently from women's.

PMID- 27373000
TI  - Your guide to everyday eating for optimal health.

PMID- 27373002
TI  - Access to medical records gets a boost.

PMID- 27373001
TI  - Culinary medicine: a prescription for healthier eating.

PMID- 27373004
TI  - Downward-dog don'ts.

PMID- 27373003
TI  - Do you really need that cancer screening?

PMID- 27373005
TI  - Taming stubborn gout.

PMID- 27373006
TI  - PSA testing do-overs.

PMID- 27373007
TI  - Injections beat laser for retinopathy.

PMID- 27373008
TI  - Are you a DDT daughter?

PMID- 27373009
TI  - Ringing in a promising tinnitus treatment.

PMID- 27373010
TI  - Revisions to Exceptions Applicable to Certain Human Cells,   Tissues, and
      Cellular and Tissue-Based Products. Final rule.
AB  - : The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency or we) is issuing this final
      rule to amend certain regulations regarding donor eligibility, including the
      screening and testing of donors of particular human cells, tissues, and cellular
      and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps), and related labeling. This final rule is in
      response to our enhanced understanding in this area and in response to comments
      from stakeholders regarding the importance of embryos to individuals and couples
      seeking access to donated embryos.

PMID- 27373011
TI  - Modification of Treatment of Certain Health Organizations. Final regulations.
AB  - This document contains final regulations that provide guidance to Blue Cross and
      Blue Shield organizations, and certain other organizations, on computing and
      applying the medical loss ratio and the consequences for not meeting the medical
      loss ratio threshold. The final regulations reflect the enactment of a technical
      correction to section 833(c)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code by the Consolidated
      and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2015. The final regulations affect
      Blue Cross and Blue Shield organizations, and certain other organizations
      involved in providing health insurance.

PMID- 27373012
TI  - International Conference on Harmonisation; Electronic   Transmission of
      Postmarket Individual Case Safety Reports for Drugs and Biologics, Excluding
      Vaccines; Availability of Food and Drug   Administration Regional Implementation
      Specifications for ICH E2B(R3)  Reporting to the Food and Drug Administration
      Adverse Event Reporting System. Notice of Availability.
AB  - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing the availability of its FDA
      Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Regional Implementation Specifications for
      the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) E2B(R3) Specification. FDA is
      making this technical specifications document available to assist interested
      parties in electronically submitting individual case safety reports (ICSRs) (and
      ICSR attachments) to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) and the
      Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER). This document, entitled "FDA
      Regional Implementation Specifications for ICH E2B(R3) Implementation: Postmarket
      Submission of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) for Drugs and Biologics,
      Excluding Vaccines" supplements the "E2B(R3) Electronic Transmission of
      Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) Implementation Guide--Data Elements and
      Message Specification" final guidance for industry and describes FDA's technical
      approach for receiving ICSRs, for incorporating regionally controlled
      terminology, and for adding region-specific data elements when reporting to
      FAERS.

PMID- 27373013
TI  - Medicare Program; Medicare Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Tests   Payment System.
      Final rule.
AB  - This final rule implements requirements of section 216 of the Protecting Access
      to Medicare Act of 2014 (PAMA), which significantly revises the Medicare payment
      system for clinical diagnostic laboratory tests. This final rule also announces
      an implementation date of January 1, 2018 for the private payor rate-based fee
      schedule required by PAMA.

PMID- 27373014
TI  - Penalty Inflation Adjustments for Civil Money Penalties. Interim Final Rule.
AB  - In accordance with the Federal Civil Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990,
      as amended by the Debt Collection Improvement Act of 1996, and further amended by
      the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015, section 701: Federal Civil Penalties Inflation
      Adjustment Act Improvements Act of 2015, this interim final rule incorporates the
      penalty inflation adjustments for the civil money penalties contained in the
      Social Security Act

PMID- 27373015
TI  - Medical Devices; General and Plastic Surgery Devices;   Classification of the
      Electrosurgical Device for Over-the-Counter   Aesthetic Use. Final order.
AB  - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is classifying the electrosurgical device
      for over-the-counter aesthetic use into class II (special controls). The special
      controls that will apply to the device are identified in this order and will be
      part of the codified language for the electrosurgical device for over-the-counter
      aesthetic use's classification. The Agency is classifying the device into class
      II (special controls) in order to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and
      effectiveness of the device.

PMID- 27373016
TI  - Revised Medical Criteria for Evaluating Neurological Disorders. Final rule.
AB  - We are revising the criteria in the Listing of Impairments (listings) that we use
      to evaluate disability claims involving neurological disorders in adults and
      children under titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act (Act). These
      revisions reflect our program experience; advances in medical knowledge,
      treatment, and methods of evaluating neurological disorders; comments we received
      from medical experts and the public at an outreach policy conference; responses
      to an advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM); and public comments we
      received in response to a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) and a Federal
      Register notice that reopened the NPRM comment period.

PMID- 27373017
TI  - Finally, working on a health system for 21st-century Canadians.

PMID- 27373018
TI  - Did you know....

PMID- 27373020
TI  - Examining medical assistance in dying from all sides.

PMID- 27373019
TI  - Everything that grows, changes.

PMID- 27373021
TI  - Introduction to psychometric measurement.

PMID- 27373022
TI  - Indigenous Nurse Leaders Share Success Stories.

PMID- 27373023
TI  - Ready to Embrace the Future?

PMID- 27373024
TI  - Innovative Leadership Program Expands Reach.

PMID- 27373025
TI  - Overcoming Barriers to Access, One Community Support at a Time.

PMID- 27373026
TI  - An oral cancer therapy nurse navigator role.

PMID- 27373027
TI  - In tune with living well.

PMID- 27373028
TI  - A profession looking to gain more prestige through academia.

PMID- 27373029
TI  - [Short-term complications in reconstruction of the postoperative defects with
      free jejunum graft in patients with pharyngeal, laryngeal or cervical esophageal
      cancers].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical effects and short-term complications of using
      free jejunum graft (FJG) to reconstruct the defects by resections of pharyngeal,
      laryngeal or cervical esophageal cancers. METHOD: Fifty-eight cases of
      pharyngeal, laryngeal or cervical esophageal cancers were reconstructed with FJG.
      All cases were analyzed retrospectively. RESULT: The success rate of FJG
      transplantations was 91.4% (53/58). The incidence of post-operative short-term
      complication was 43.1% (25/58), which was not related to age or BMI. The most
      common complication was anastomotic leakage (18.9%), which was not related to per
      operative radiation therapy. However, BMI > 25 cases had significantly higher
      incidence of anastomotic leakage than BMI <= 25 cases (P = 0.009). The second and
      third most common complications were respiratory system complications (10. 3%)
      and FJG necrosis (8. 6%). Para-operative death rate was 3.4% (2/58). Two-year
      overall survival rates of hypopharyngeal cancer and cervical esophageal cancer
      were 49% and 67% respectively. The group with no short-term complications had a
      slightly better survival rate than the group with short-term complications from
      the Kaplan-Meier curve, but there was no significant difference (P = 0.103).
      CONCLUSION: FJG is ideal to reconstruct cervical digestive tract circumferential
      defects with a high success rate and a low mortality. However, the post-operative
      complication rate is high. Intensive observation, early detection and timely
      treatment of complications are crucial.

PMID- 27373030
TI  - [Application of narrow band imaging in early diagnosis of pharyngolaryngeal
      tumors].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application value of narrow band imaging (NBI) in
      early diagnosis of pharyngolaryngeal tumors. METHOD: A total of 106 patients
      received NBI endoscopy in the endoscopic diagnosis. Lesions found under the white
      light endoscopy mode and NBI endoscopy mode were compared in the morphology of
      capillaries on lesiorn surface and the clarity of lesion rim. Biopsy was
      performed in suspected areas with those two endoscopies for the lesions found
      under white-light endoscopy and NBI endoscopy, the morphology of capillaries on
      the surface of lesion and the clarity of lesion boundary were compared between
      both. Biopsy was performed for suspected areas under two modes, and specimens
      were preserved in 10% formaldehyde for pathological examination. The
      characteristic, position and endoscopic diagnosis under two modes were recorded.
      All the patients underwent corresponding laryngeal tumor resection according to
      the histopathological result of biopsy, and the histopathological result of
      resected tissues was taken as the gold standard for diagnosis. The biopsy
      detection rate and biopsy correct detection rate of malignant lesions in two
      groups were calculated and statistical compared. RESULT: The diagnostic accuracy
      under white-light mode was 75.47%, while that under NBI mode was 96.23%, and the
      difference between them was statistically significant (chi2 = 18.375, P < 0.01).
      The biopsy correct detection rate under white-light mode was 82.08%, while that
      under NBI mode was 95.28%, and the difference between them was statistically
      significant (chi2 = 12.071, P < 0.01). The correct detection rate of malignant
      tumor under white-light mode was 48.15%, while that under NBI mode was 92.59%,
      and the difference between them was statistically significant (chi2 = 10.083, P <
      0.01). CONCLUSION: Using NBI endoscopy to observe the morphological changes of
      capillaries on the pharyngolaryneal mucosa surface can increase the detection
      rate of early pharyngolaryngeal tumors, so it is worth to be widely applied.

PMID- 27373031
TI  - [Acoustic analysis in patients with unilateral arytenoid dislocation and
      unilateral vocal fold paralysis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analysis the acoustic characteristics in patients with unilateral
      arytenoid dislocation and unilateral vocal fold paralysis, and evaluate the
      application value of acoustic analysis technique in these two diseases. METHOD:
      The voice signals of sustained vowel /a/ were measured using the software MDVP in
      50 healthy adults and 67 patients with unilateral vocal cord movement disorders.
      The acoustic parameters (jitter, shimmer, NHR and F0) were analyzed. All patients
      were divided into arytenoid dislocation group (36 cases) and vocal fold paralysis
      group (31 cases) through the laryngeal electromyography. All groups were divided
      into male and female group again. The acoustic characteristics between the two
      experimental groups and normal control groups were observed and compared. Results
      were analyzed using Rank sum test. RESULT: (1) In both male or female groups,
      there were significant differences in jitter and shimmer between two experimental
      group and control group. In both male or female groups, there were significant
      differences in NHR between arytenoid dislocation group and control group. There
      were no significant differences in NHR between vocal fold paralysis group and
      control group. Except for the male vocal fold paralysis group, there were
      significant differences in F between the other experimental groups and control
      groups. (2) In both male or female groups, there were no significant differences
      in jitter and shimmer between vocal fold paralysis group and arytenoid
      dislocation group. There were significant differences in NHR. CONCLUSION: The
      acoustic parameters are effective parameters to measure the voice quality of
      patients with unilateral arytenoid dislocation and unilateral vocal fold
      paralysis. NHR is the most sensitive parameter in the distinction of vocal cord
      paralysis and arytenoid dislocation.

PMID- 27373032
TI  - [The value of otolith function test in the prognosis of sudden sensorineural
      hearing].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics and prognosis of sudden sensorineural
      hearing loss through vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. METHOD: Fifty
      patients with unilateral sudden hearing loss underwent an ear test battery,
      including audiometry, cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) and
      ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential(oVEMP). The cVEMP and oVEMP in
      patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss were investigated. Their
      associations with initial hearing threshold, the type of audiogram, the results
      of coloric test and hearing recovery were also accessed. RESULT: After one-month
      treatment, the average threshold declined significantly in affected ears, with
      normal VEMP rates improved significantly (P < 0.05). Initial hearing threshold
      and hearing recovery were significantly associated with the results of coloric
      test and the results of VEMP test (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study indicated
      that vestibular evoked myogenic potential examination was not only a useful
      additional diagnostic tool in the neurotological evaluation of patients suffering
      sudden hearing loss, but also very valuable in the prognosis of sudden
      sensorineural hearing loss.

PMID- 27373033
TI  - [The role of Th9, Th17 and Treg cells on pathogenesis of nasal polyps].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression levels of Th9, Th17 and Treg cells in
      peripheral blood of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
      (CRSwNP), and explore the role of Th9, Th17 and Treg cells in the progression of
      CRSwNP. METHOD: Forty-six cases with CRSwNP served as an experimental group,
      while 22 cases with simple nasal bleeding or nasal septum deviation served as a
      control group. The peripheral blood of patients in both groups was collected and
      analyzed. (1) Using flow cytometry (FCM) to detect the expression rates of Th9,
      Th17 and Treg cells in peripheral blood. (2) Using qRT-PCR to detect the
      expression of relevant transcription factor of Th9, Th17 and Treg cells (IL
      9mRNA, PU. 1, IRF-4, RoRc, and Foxp3). (3) Using SPSS16.0 to analyse the
      differentiations and the revelance among these three cells. RESULT: (1) The
      expression rates of Th9 and Th17 cells in patients with CRSwNP (1.29% +/- 0.18%,
      4.03% +/- 0.69%) was higher than the control group (0.45% +/- 0.14%, 1.35% +/-
      0.26%). But the expression rates of Treg cells in the experimental group (2.98%
      +/- 0.13%) was significantly lower than the control group (5.44% +/- 0.57%). The
      differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). (2) The expression of
      revelant transcription factor (IL-9mRNA, PU.1, IRF-4, RoRc) in NP group was also
      higher than the control group. The expression of Foxp3 in the control group was
      higher than NP, the differences both were statistically significant (P < 0.05).
      (3) The difference between Th9 and Th17 in patients with NP was not significant
      (P > 0.05), and the negative correlation was found between Th17 and Treg (r = 
      0.549, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The high expression level of Th9 and Th17 cells
      might promote the development of NP, whereas the low expression level of Treg
      cells might further aggravate the occurrence of NP. The main function of the
      imbalance of Th17/Treg cells may be immune regulation in the pathogenesis of
      nasal polys.

PMID- 27373034
TI  - [Taxane-cisplatin-fluorouracil as induction chemotherapy for advanced head and
      neck cancer: a Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the efficacy and safety of taxane, cisplatin,
      and fluorouracil (Tax-PF) as induction chemotherapy for advanced head and neck
      cancer. METHOD: Literature about the efficacy and safety of Taxane-cisplatin
      fluorouracil as induction chemotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer was
      retrieved from digital databases of PubMed, Embase, SpringerLink, MEDLINE and the
      Cochrane Library before February 2015. Data extraction and quality assessment of
      included studies were conducted by two reviewers independently. Stata 13.0 was
      then used to perform Meta-analysis. RESULT: A total 7 randomized controlled
      trials involving 2,702 were included. The 3-year OS rate [HR = 1.14, 95% CI
      (1.03, 1.25), P < 0.01], 3-year PFS rate [HR = 1.24, 95% CI (1.08, 1.43), P <
      0.01], 5-year OS rate [HR = 1.30, 95% CI (1.09, 1. 55), P < 0. 01], 5-year PFS
      rate [HR = 1.39, 95% CI (1.14, 1.70), P < 0.01] and ORR to chemotherapy [OR =
      1.66, 95% CI (1.35, 2.05), P < 0.01] of the patients in the Tax-PF group were
      statistically superior to those in the PF group. In terms of toxicities, the
      incidence of febrile neutropenia [OR = 2.36, 95% CI (1.62, 3.46), P < 0.01],
      alopecia [OR = 8.22, 95% CI (3.99, 16.92), P < 0.01], diarrhea [OR = 1.57, 95% CI
      (1.05, 2.36), P< 0.05] and leucopenia [OR = 2.79, 95% CI (1.86, 4.21), P < 0.01]
      was higher in the Tax-PF group than that in the PF group. CONCLUSION: The Tax-PF
      induction chemotherapy improved PFS and OS, and the ORR was better as compared to
      PF-based therapy regimens at the cost of a higher incidence of adverse events.

PMID- 27373035
TI  - [Association between MKK4 promoter-1304T/G polymorphism and genetic
      susceptibility in sporadic nasopharyngeal carcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between-1304T/G polymorphism in the
      promoter of MKK4 gene and the susceptibility in sporadic nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma. METHOD: MKK4-1304T/G genotypes were determined by polymerase chain
      reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 90 NPC cases and
      30 healthy controls. RESULT: The number of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
      carrying with TG+GG genotype was much higher than those of controls (82.2% vs
      66.7%, chi2 =10.076, P < 0.05). Analysis showed that compared with the-1304TT
      genotype, -1304TG heterozygous reduced risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma 0.56 fold
      (95% CI = 0.164-1.178, P < 0.01) and-1304GG lower 0.58 fold (95% CI = 0.126
      1.381, P < 0.01), TG+ GG genotype variation risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      decreased 0.72 fold (95% CI = 0.105-0.753, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: MKK4 gene
      1304TG genotype can reduce risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and it may be an
      independent protection factor in sporadic nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PMID- 27373036
TI  - [Efficient evaluation of standardized specific immunotherapy in personalized
      maintenance phase to patients of allergic rhinitis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of individualized subcutaneous immunotherapy
      (SCIT) in allergic rhinitis(AR) maintain phase. METHOD: Compare nasal symptom
      scores (VAS) and special disease scale--nasal conjunctivitis quality of life
      questionnaire(RQLQ) score after 3 years treatment to evaluate the therapeutic
      effect of each group and the level of improving patients quality of life. Take
      patients' blood to detect the serum level of IL-10 by enzyme linked immunosorbent
      test (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). RESULT: After 3 years treatment, there
      was no difference of VAS between the conventional SCIT group and the
      individualized SCIT group. ELISA results showed that the level of IL-10 was
      significantly higher in the drug symptomatic treatment group than that in the
      healthy group, the levels of IL-10 were significantly lower in the conventional
      SCIT group and the individualized SCIT group than that in the healthy group, but
      there was no difference between the conventional SCIT and the individualized SCIT
      group. CONCLUSION: After 3 years treatment, there was no difference between
      conventional and individualized SCIT groups. But the efficacy of the conventional
      and individualized SCIT groups were significantly better than that in the drug
      symptomatic treatment group.

PMID- 27373037
TI  - [Effectiveness of different click stimuli in diagnosing superior canal dehiscence
      using cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials].

PMID- 27373038
TI  - [Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome in adults aged over 60
      yeaes in dongying city].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To survey the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea
      syndrome(OSAHS) in adults aged over 60 years in Dongying city,and analyze the
      risk factors and the extent of damage to the quality of life for the elderly to
      provide the basis for prevention and treatment of OSAHS people. METHOD: One
      thousand subjects were derived from a random cluster sampling in seven districts
      of Dongying city:they were asked to answer the questions from questionnaires.
      According to the questionnaire scoring, 100 subjects in high-risk group were
      selected randomly to make polysomnography monitoring for a whole night,so that
      the prevalence of the disease was calculated and the related risk factors were
      analyzed; elderly patients diagnosed with OSAHS were asked to assess the quality
      of life assessment questionnaire by face to face to understand the quality of
      life dimensions injury. RESULT: The actual number of completed surveys was 934,
      and the efficiency was 93.4%. The estimated prevalence of OSARS in elder people
      defined by apnea-hypopnea index (AHI >= 5) was 32.5%; Multivariate analysis
      revealed that age smoking, family snoring,neck circumference, waist
      circumference, and abnormality of the upper airway were respectively independent
      risk factors of OSAHS,and the abnormalities of the upper airway had the most
      obvious impact on AHI. The damage caused by OSAHS to the quality of life for
      elderly people followed their daily work life, social relationships, symptoms,
      alertness, emotional, general health, symptoms. CONCLUSION: The estimated
      prevalences of OSAHS in elder people were high. Actively promoting good habits to
      older people, weight loss, early detection and correct upper airway abnormalities
      may reduce the estimated prevalence of OSAHS. In the treatment process, the
      patient's physician should pay attention to their emotional and groom their
      psychological problems to improve the quality of life in elder people.

PMID- 27373039
TI  - [Effect of CPAP therapy on sleep quality and quality of life in patients with
      moderate or severe OSAHS].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of CPAP therapy on sleep quality and quality of
      life in patients with moderate or severe OSAHS. METHOD: Seventy-two patients
      diagnosed as OSAHS by polysomnography (PSG) were assigned to receive CPAP therapy
      for 3 months. At baseline and three months after treatment patients underwent
      polysomnography (PSG). Analyze the results of PSG, sleep quality, excessive
      daytime sleepiness, quality of life and the general well-being. RESULT: The
      lowest average oxygen saturation and the average blood oxygen saturation improved
      significantly after CPAP therapy, and the longest sleep apnea time and AHI
      decreased obviously (P < 0.01). Except body pain, the other seven dimensions of
      SF-36 improved obviously (P < 0.01); ESS, PSQI and GWB also improved (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: For patients with moderate or severe OSAHS, CPAP therapy can
      obviously improve the sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, improve
      patients' life quality and the general well-being.

PMID- 27373040
TI  - [Relationship between Testin expression and clinicopathological characteristics
      in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of Testin gene, and analyze its possible
      relationship with the clinicopathological features of human nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma. METHOD: The expression of Testin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues
      were detected by immunohistochemistry methods, semi-quantitative reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The correlations of
      Testin to clinicopathologic features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were analyzed.
      RESULT: The positive expression rate of Testin in NPC biopsy tissue was 37.8%
      (17/ 45), while it was 88.9% (40/45) in the normal tissue; The expression of
      Testin mRNA was significantly lower than that in the normal tissue (P < 0.01);
      The expression levels of Testin protein in the NPC biopsy tissue by Western blot
      were lower than that in the normal tissue (P < 0.01); The expression of Testin in
      the tumor tissue had no significant correlation with sex, age (P > 0.05); but it
      had significant correlation with lympho node metastasis, distant metastasis and
      differentiation degree. CONCLUSION: The decreased expression of Testin gene may
      play an importmant role in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. And thus
      Testin gene might be a novel candidate of tumor-suppressor. It may be an
      objective marker for prognostic factor and malignant level for nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma.

PMID- 27373041
TI  - [Combined inhibition of STAT3 and HIF-1alpha for enhancement of chemosensitivity
      in the model of human laryngeal squamous cacinoma in nude mice].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of combined inhibition of signal transducer
      and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF
      1alpha) in the enhancement of chemosensitivity of the model of human laryngeal
      squamous cacinoma in nude mice. METHOD: Model nude mice were divided into six
      groups randomly: control group(A) , cisplatin group(B) , cisplatin and AG490
      group(C) , cisplatin and HIF-1alpha-/- group (D), cisplatin combined AG490 and
      HIF-1alpha-/- group (E), HIF-1alpha-/- group (F) (only in calculating tumor
      inhibition rate). 3mg/kg cisplatin was administered by peritoneal injection for 3
      days. Then cisplatin and 10 mg/kg AG490 were administered every other day for 12
      days. The expression of Ki67 and HIF-1alpha was detected by immunocytochemical
      method. Western blot was used to detect the expression of p-STAT3. RESULT: The
      expression of HIF-1alpha in group C and group D were lower than that in group B,
      and there were significant difference respectively (t1 = 2.782, t2 = 3.873, P <
      0.05); The expression of HIF-1alpha in group E was lower than that in group C and
      group D respectively, and there were significant difference respectively (t1 =
      6.140, t2 = 3.667, P < 0.01). The expression level of p-STAT3 in group C was
      markedly lower compared with that in group B, and there were significant
      difference between them (t = 17.840, P < 0.01); There were no difference between
      the expression level of p-STAT3 in group D and that in group B (t = 0.038, P >
      0.05); The expression level of p-STAT3 in group E was significantly lower
      compared with that in group C and group D respectively (P < 0.01). Tumor
      inhibition rate of group E was higher than that in group B, group C , as well as
      group D respectively and there were significant difference respectively (t1 =
      5.509, P < 0.01; t2 = 3.422, P < 0.05; t3 = 2.718, P < 0.05 ). Ki67 index of
      group E was lower than that in group B, group C as well as group D respectively
      and there were significant difference respectively(t1 = 8.307, P < 0.01; t2 =
      3.736, P < 0.05; t3 = 4.524, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Combined inhibition of STAT3
      and HIF-1alpha could enhance chemo-sensitivity in the model of human laryngeal
      squamous cacinoma in nude mice.

PMID- 27373042
TI  - [The significance of lymph node dissection in the VI area of cN0 thyroid
      papillary carcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The significance of lymph node dissection in the VI area of cN0
      thyroid papillary carcinoma. METHOD: Collect 150 cases of patients diagnosed with
      cNO thyroid papillary carcinoma and they were performed thyroid gland lobe and
      isthmic portion excision including lateral VI area lymph node cleaning. The
      specimens were pathologic examined to determinate the size, the position,
      invasion of thyroid papillary carcinoma,the number and metastasis of lymph node,
      etc. RESULT: In the 150 patients performed the lymph node VI area groups
      cleaning, 93 cases had VI area of lymph node metastases, so the transfer rate was
      62.0%. In the VI area, metastasis rate of tracheal side lymph nodes was 62.0%
      (93/150), lymph node before throat group was 4.67% (7/150), lymph node before
      trachea group was 3.33% (5/150), lymph nodes near the trachea laryngeal recurrent
      nerve ventral group was 52.0% (78/150), and next to the trachea laryngeal
      recurrent nerve dorsal lymph node group was 21.33% (32/ 150). CONCLUSION: In CN0
      thyroid papillary carcinoma, VI zone of lymph node metastasis rate is high, and
      region VI lymph node metastasis rate from high to low in order for: paratracheal
      lymph node, prelaryngeal lymph node, pretracheal lymph node. The metastasis rate
      of paratracheal throat back nerve ventral lymph node was the highest in central
      lymph node.

PMID- 27373043
TI  - [The operation-effect analysis of 8 cases of the first branchial fistula through
      Epidural catheter].

PMID- 27373044
TI  - [The application of ligaSure and loups in the precise surgery of large benign
      thyroid tumor].

PMID- 27373045
TI  - [Application of fibroptic-bronchoscope for intubation in high-risk epiglottic
      cyst surgery].

PMID- 27373046
TI  - [Ectopic internal carotid artery of the oropharynx: two cases report].
AB  - Ectopic internal carotid artery (ICA) is a very rare congenital variation. Unless
      the diagnosis is made before neck or tonsil surgery, massive hemorrhage and even
      death may result from injury to the vessel. Therefore, knowledge of the presence
      of ectopic ICAs may be important. We report two cases suffering from dysphagia
      associated with ectopic ICA manifesting itself as a pulsative protruding of the
      right lateral wall of the oropharynx.

PMID- 27373047
TI  - [The resection of the huge mediastinal schwannoma by the jugulal approach: one
      case report].
AB  - Neurogenic tumors located in the posterior mediastinum, generally require surgery
      which be confronted with greater risk,therefore, to design the best surgical
      approach and surgical methods is essential. A 67-year-old female patient had
      pharyngeal foreign body sensation and dysphagia. Thyroid ultrasound showed the
      right thyroid had a little nodule, and the left thyroid had a hypoechoic lumps.
      Neck enhanced CT showd mediastinal mass, esophageal tumor origin or stromal
      tumor? We used the jugular approach to resect the tumor which eventually
      diagnosed as schwannoma. The meditational benign tumor with an envelope easy to
      peel can employ the jugular approach to resect it completely.

PMID- 27373048
TI  - [Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of nasopharyngeal: a case report].
AB  - This case reports of nasopharyngeal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma mainly for a
      stuffy nose, runny nose with blood, and without typical clinical manifestations.
      Electronic laryngoscopy tip: nasopharyngeal neoplasm. MRI tip: nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma. By pathological and immunohistochemical examinations, it finally was
      diagnosed with nasopharyngeal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma.

PMID- 27373049
TI  - [The research progress of Treacher Collins syndrome].
AB  - Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS, OMIM 154500), also known as Franceschetti-Klein
      syndrome, is a rare disorder that affects the first and second branchial arches.
      The estimated incidence is 1/50 000 live births. Mutations in TCOF1 (78%-93%) and
      POLR1C or POLR1D (8%) cause the disease. Most of TCS cases are inherited in a
      dominant pattern, while a small proportion are inherited in a recessive pattern.
      TCS has a variable phenotype with typical clinical characteristics including
      downward-slant of palpebral fissure, malar hypoplasia, mandibular hypoplasia and
      microtia. TCS management is a multidisciplinary affair, as interventions range
      from reconstructive to psychosocial. For hearing rehabilitation, TCS patients may
      have the choices of BAHA, ponto, vibrant soundbridge or bonebridge implantation.
      In this review, we summarize the TCS clinical malformations, diagnosis, genetics,
      management and auditory rehabilitation.

PMID- 27373050
TI  - [Advance research on the pathogenesis of middle ear cholesteatoma].
AB  - Cholesteatoma is a non-neoplastic, keratinizing lesion, characterized by the
      proliferation of epithelium with aberrant micro-architecture into the middle ear
      or mastoid cavity. The exact pathogenic molecular mechanisms behind the formation
      and propagation of cholesteatoma remain unclear. Without timely detection and
      intervention, cholesteatomas can become dangerous and result in numerous
      intracranial and extracranial complications. In this review, the current
      researches about inflammatory mediators, enzymatic activity, growth factors,
      oxidative stress,infection and genetics in acquired cholesteatoma pathogenesis
      are discussed.

PMID- 27373051
TI  - [Advances in treatment of congenital posterior choanal atresia].
AB  - Congenital posterior choanal atresia is a rare congenital deformity. Due to the
      influence of nose and face and intellectual development, its preferred surgical
      treatment. But surgical treatment methods and technology are in dispute. The
      using of high resolution display systems combine with micro tools can effectively
      reduce postoperative scarring and adhesion formation which is the key point to
      prevent restenosis. There is also the focus of controversy whether should place
      an expansive tube after operation. Currently nasal endoscopic approach has become
      the first choice for otolaryngologist treating congenital posterior choanal
      atresia.

PMID- 27373052
TI  - Editorial: ASET'S Open Letter to Employers.

PMID- 27373053
TI  - Kathleen Mears Memorial Lecture: Stay Relevant.

PMID- 27373054
TI  - Contemporaneous Evaluation of Intraoperative Ulnar and Median Nerve Somatosensory
      Evoked Potentials for Patient Positioning: A Review of Four Cases.
AB  - Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) are a valuable tool for assessing changes
      in peripheral nerve pathways caused by patient positioning during spinal
      surgeries. These changes, when left undiagnosed, may lead to postoperative
      neurological sequelae. Why an upper extremity SSEP attenuates due to positioning
      is not necessarily clear and can be multifactorial, affecting the peripheral
      nerves or elements of the brachial plexus. A conduction block can occur at any
      point along the course of the nerve secondary to entrapment, compression, and
      ischemia. These mechanisms of injury may be caused by extreme body habitus, the
      length of the procedure, or the patient's metabolic underpinnings. The goal of
      neuromonitoring for positional injury is to predict and prevent both peripheral
      nerve and brachial plexus injuries. Using ulnar and median nerve SSEPs
      contemporaneously may lead to better identification of compromised structures
      when an SSEP change to one or both of the nerves occurs. The investigators
      provide four case reports where intraoperative SSEP assessment of contemporaneous
      ulnar and median nerves prevented postoperative upper extremity neural deficits.

PMID- 27373055
TI  - Sharp Slow Waves in the EEG.
AB  - There exists a paucity of data in the EEG literature on characteristics of
      "atypical" interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), including sharp slow waves
      (SSWs). This article aims to address the clinical, neurophysiological, and
      neuropathological significance of SSW The EEGs of 920 patients at a tertiary-care
      facility were prospectively reviewed over a period of one year. Thirty-six
      patients had SSWs in their EEG. Of these, 6 patients were excluded because of
      inadequate clinical data. The clinical and neuroimaging data of the remaining 30
      patients were then retrospectively collected and reviewed, and the findings were
      correlated. The data revealed that SSWs were rare and age-related EEG events
      occurring primarily in the first two decades of life. All patients with SSWs had
      documented epilepsy, presenting clinically with partial or generalized epilepsy.
      It is notable that one-third of the patients with SSWs had chronic or static
      central nervous system (CNS) pathology, particularly congenital CNS anomalies.
      Though more than one mechanism may be involved in the pathogenesis of SSWs, this
      research indicates that the most compelling theory is a deeply seated cortical
      generator giving rise to this EEG pattern. The presence of SSWs should alert
      clinicians to the presence of partial or generalized epilepsy or an underlying
      chronic or static CNS pathology, in particular congenital CNS anomalies,
      underscoring the significance of brain magnetic resonance imaging in the work-up
      of this population.

PMID- 27373056
TI  - A Case Study of Gamma Waves in a Woman with Recent Psychotic Symptoms.
AB  - Reported here is the case of a 41-year-old female who developed paranoia and
      delusions. Physical examination, laboratory studies, and neuroimaging were
      unremarkable. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia and treated with risperidone,
      ultimately at a dose of 3 mg daily, with improvement. Her EEG showed bursts of 30
      40 Hz gamma activity in the frontal regions, a finding sometimes noted on the
      resting EEGs of patients with schizophrenia. This report discusses gamma activity
      as well as other EEG abnormalities that may occur on the resting EEG of patients
      with schizophrenia. Additionally discussed is recent research suggesting that 35
      45 Hz gamma activity associated with active information processing and cognition
      may be decreased in patients with schizophrenia compared to normal individuals.
      The role of gamma activity, both in the resting state and during cognitive
      activity, could be an area of importance for future research in schizophrenia and
      possibly other disorders.

PMID- 27373057
TI  - Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.
AB  - Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a newly described disease
      process. Patients are generally young females who present with psychiatric
      symptoms and progress to have seizures, abnormal movements, and. autonomic
      instability. Diagnosis is made based on serum and cerebrospinal fluid results,
      However, a characteristic EEG pattern described as extreme delta brush has been
      associated with this disorder making it especially relevant to neurodiagnostic
      technologists in practice today. Our case presentations follow two patients
      through the course of their illness and recovery.

PMID- 27373058
TI  - WAVEFORM WINDOW #36. "Shake, Rattle, and Roll": The Importance of Recognizing and
      Documenting Physiologic Artifacts during Routine, Continuous, or Ambulatory EEG.

PMID- 27373059
TI  - Summary of Auger-Related Entanglement Incidents Occurring Inside Agricultural
      Confined Spaces.
AB  - Entanglements in energized equipment, including augers found in agricultural
      workplaces, have historically been a significant cause of traumatic injury.
      Incidents involving augers located inside agricultural confined spaces (primarily
      grain storage structures and forage silos), although relatively rare events, are
      a widely recognized problem due to the relative severity of the resulting
      injuries and the complexities of victim extrication. However, this problem is
      neither well documented nor elucidated in the research literature, other than
      anecdotal observations relating to medical treatment of auger-related injuries
      and citations for non-compliance with federal and state workplace safety
      regulations. A review of nearly 1,650 cases documented in the Purdue Agricultural
      Confined Spaces Incident Database from 1964 to 2013 identified 167 incidents
      involving entanglement in an energized auger that occurred while the victim was
      working inside an agricultural confined space. These incidents primarily included
      in-floor unloading augers, sweep augers, stirring augers, and auger components
      found on silo unloaders. Cases involving portable tube augers used to handle
      grain outside grain storage structures were not included. Based on analysis of
      the data, approximately 98% of known victims were male, with the 21-45 age group
      reporting the largest number of incidents. Nearly one-third (32.3%) of incidents
      were fatal, and lower limb amputation was the most frequently reported injury
      type. (It is believed that non-fatal incidents are grossly under-reported in the
      data set due to a lack of comprehensive reporting requirements, especially for
      most farms, feedlots, and seed processing operations, which are generally exempt
      from compliance with OSHA machine guarding, confined-space, and grain-handling
      standards.) The type of auger identified most frequently as the agent of injury
      was the exposed in-floor auger (48), which frequently resulted in amputation of
      one or more lower limbs when the victim stepped into an unguarded opening or well
      in the floor of the confined space. The primary reason identified as to why
      workers were exposed to energized augers in the cases documented was to assist in
      the removal of residual or out-of-condition grain. The large number of cases
      involving augers on top-unloading silo unloaders (36) was not anticipated. Silo
      unloaders also accounted for the largest number of documented fatalities (15).
      This analysis is the first known attempt to provide a better understanding of the
      frequency, severity, and causative factors of these incidents. Those key
      causative factors were found to be: (1) lack of or inadequate guarding, (2)
      unintentional energizing of components due to a lack of lockout/tagout training
      and provisions, and (3) exposure of untrained or inexperienced workers to
      energized and unguarded components during procedures to remove residual grain or
      other agricultural crops from storage structures. It is hoped that the results
      and recommendations presented will raise awareness of the hazards related to
      using energized equipment in confined spaces as well as contribute to development
      of new evidenced-based educational resources, engineering safety standards, and
      workplace safety regulations.

PMID- 27373060
TI  - Object Detection for Agricultural and Construction Environments Using an
      Ultrasonic Sensor.
AB  - This study tested an ultrasonic sensor's ability to detect several objects
      commonly encountered in outdoor agricultural or construction environments: a
      water jug, a sheet of oriented strand board (OSB), a metalfence post, a human
      model, a wooden fence post, a Dracaena plant, a juniper plant, and a dog model.
      Tests were performed with each target object at distances from 0.01 to 3 m. Five
      tests were performed with each object at each location, and the sensor's ability
      to detect the object during each test was categorized as "undetected,"
      "intermittent," "incorrect distance," or "good." Rigid objects that presented a
      larger surface area to the sensor, such as the water jug and OSB, were better
      detected than objects with a softer surface texture, which were occasionally not
      detected as the distance approached 3 m. Objects with extremely soft surface
      texture, such as the dog model, could be undetected at almost any distance from
      the sensor. The results of this testing should help designers offuture systems
      for outdoor environments, as the target objects tested can be found in nearly any
      agricultural or construction environment.

PMID- 27373061
TI  - Development and Validation of Written Exam Items for the Agricultural Hazardous
      Occupations Orders (AgHOs) Certification Training Program.
AB  - Research was conducted to develop and validate a pool of exam items that can be
      used to test the readiness of youth, ages 14-15 years, to be certified under the
      current federally mandated Agricultural Hazardous Occupations Orders (AgHOs). The
      AgHOs require training prior to employment in agricultural workplaces that the
      Secretary of Labor has determined are especially hazardous for youth within the
      prescribed age range. Under the current provisions of the AgHOs certification
      process, non-exempt youth seeking employment in agriculture are required to pass
      a written exam concentrating on safe work practices as partial satisfaction to
      receive certification of eligibility for employment to perform certain tasks.
      However, the regulations provide little guidance concerning the format of the
      exam, subject matter to be covered, degree of difficulty, or minimum passing
      score. As part of the USDA-sponsored Hazardous Occupations Safety Training in
      Agriculture (HOSTA) initiative, efforts have been made to develop consistent and
      evidence-based testing methods for disseminating the test protocols to
      instructors. The goal was to expand, enhance, and maintain the reliability of the
      exam item pool for the AgHOs certification process. Item development was based on
      the HOSTA-supported Gearing Up for Safety: Production Agriculture Safety Training
      for Youth curriculum. To ensure adequate item availability, the current item pool
      was expanded to include a minimum of two test items for each of the 157 cognitive
      based core competencies developed as part of the Gearing Up curriculum design
      process. Administering 70-item exams that were generated from the item pool to
      568 youth, ages 13-18 years, provided evidence of item validity. The result was a
      pool of 367 validated exam items.

PMID- 27373062
TI  - Youth Personality Factors as Predictors of Risky All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV)
      Driving Behaviors.
AB  - Children and youth account for a disproportionately high number of all-terrain
      vehicle (ATV) related injuries and deaths. This study explored whether and how
      youth personality factors such as sensation seeking (including thrill seeking and
      behavioral intensity) and youth safety consciousness predict risky A TV riding
      behaviors. Survey information was collected from farm families in Georgia having
      youth who were active on farms. Data were analyzed from 104 youth between the
      ages 10 through 14 years who were active users ofATVs. Boys and girls had similar
      exposure to ATVs. Risky ATV riding behaviors were associated with age but not
      with gender. Boys and girls were equally likely to drive adult-sized ATVs, drive
      ATVs on public roads, drive ATVs fast, and carry extra passengers on single-seat
      ATVs. Boys had higher scores than girls on personality factors like thrill
      seeking and behavioral intensity. Hierarchical regression revealed that although
      there were multiple determinants of risky ATV riding behaviors of youth, thrill
      seeking appeared to be an important factor, which was moderated by safety
      consciousness. Youth who are low in thrill seeking and have a high level of
      safety consciousness reported less risky ATV riding behaviors. High thrill
      seekers were more likely to report indulging in risky ATV riding behaviors
      regardless of their level of safety consciousness. Our results suggest that
      personality traits (such as sensation seeking) of the target population should be
      considered when developing ATV safety interventions, as these traits will likely
      influence an intervention's level of success. Low thrill seekers would be prime
      candidates for safety training, as an increase in their safety consciousness may
      be more likely to result in decreased risky riding behaviors. High thrill seekers
      may be less amenable to training and will more likely require interventions
      external to the individual, including legislation, improved ATV safety design,
      use of crush protection devices, and safe riding rules monitored and strictly
      enforced by parents.

PMID- 27373063
TI  - Approaching Safety through Quality: Factors Influencing College Student
      Perceptions.
AB  - Quality management practices have been identified by previous literature as a
      factor that could potentially reduce the level of safety incidents and hazards in
      agricultural work environments. The present study used multivariate analysis to
      examine the effect of independent variables such as quality and safety awareness,
      work experience, safety and quality management experience, and the perceived
      importance of safety and quality on the role of quality management practices as a
      mitigating factor for safety hazards and incidents in agriculture. Variables were
      measured on a five-point scale using a survey questionnaire. Data were collected
      from approximately 900 undergraduates enrolled in the College of Agriculture and
      Life Sciences at a large land grant university in the U.S. The level of student
      work experience and student perceptions of the importance of quality explained a
      significant amount of the variance in student views of quality management
      practices as a mitigating factor for safety hazards and incidents. The findings
      of this study provide further evidence for using quality management practices as
      a basis for safety interventions targeted at the agricultural workforce.

PMID- 27373064
TI  - [Analysis of proposals received and funded in discipline of microbiology of the
      National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2011 to 2015].
AB  - Based on a wrap-up of the research proposals received and awards made during 2011
      through 2015 in the discipline of microbiology of the Department of Life
      Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, this article presents a
      statistic analysis of award recipient institutions and main research trends, and
      attempts a prospective prioritization of the funding areas from the points of
      encouraging interdisciplinary research, optimizing funding instruments and
      strengthening talent training, with a view to providing reference for scientists
      and researchers in the field of microbiology.

PMID- 27373065
TI  - [Classification and prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes
      in China--A review].
AB  - Quinolone antibacterial drugs, developing from the treatment of urinary tract
      infection in early time and now from the treatment of intestinal infection and
      respiratory infection, have been widely used in clinical, animal husbandry and
      aquaculture. Bacteria gradually become resistant to them and resistance mechanism
      is more and more complicated. Quinolone resistance mechanism is mainly divided
      into chromosome mediated resistance and plasmid mediated resistance, the latter
      plays an important role in spreading of antibiotic resistance. In 1998, plasmid
      mediated quinolone resistance mechanism was reported for the first time, namely
      the qnr gene mediated fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism. qnr genes can spread
      rapidly in different bacteria, which causes the infection difficult to control,
      makes the nosocomial infection popular in a wide range. In addition, qnr genes
      are usually associated with beta-lactamase resistance gene. They exist in complex
      integron and integrate with the other varieties of resistance genes, which
      narrows the space of clinical medicine choose or drug combinations use to treat
      related bacterial infection and brings us a serious challenge. In this review, we
      provide a detailed overview for the historical discovery, classification, the
      resistance mechanisms of qnr genes, and the prevalence of those genes in China.

PMID- 27373066
TI  - [Research progress in biofilm formation and regulatory mechanism of Campylobacter
      jejuni].
AB  - Biofilm of Campylobacter jejuni was formed by cross-linking its extracellular
      secretion, polysaccharides, various extracellular proteins, nucleic acids etc to
      enhance its survival in hostile environments, especially for detergents,
      antibiotics and disinfectants. This paper elaborated C. jejuni biofilm formation
      and regulation mechanisms in the surface properties of the media, temperatures,
      gas environment, the regulation of gene etc, also analysed and discussed a
      variety of biofilm removal practical applications. We hope it can provide a
      reference for studies on biofilm control of C. jejuni.

PMID- 27373067
TI  - [Advances in humans and animals opportunistic pathogens from environment
      infecting plants by crossing kingdoms].
AB  - Some pathogenic microorganisms ubiquitous in the environment could cross kingdoms
      to infect diverse hosts. Several cross-kingdom human pathogens were summarized in
      this paper, including Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas
      aeuriginosa. They are ubiquitous in the nature and could cause plant diseases
      using the same or different infection strategies with which they infect humans
      and broaden host range. Among these bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae causes top
      rot disease of maize in the nature, revealing some plants in the environment
      could serve as a reservoir of various pathogens which might infect animals and
      probably humans when conditions are favorable, and even potentially harm food.
      Research on these cross-kingdom pathogens may play a very important role in the
      epidemiology of human, animal and plant diseases and be a hot topic in
      environment science.

PMID- 27373068
TI  - [Advances in new vaccines against human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli--A
      review].
AB  - Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common cause of diarrhea,
      which is a second leading cause of death for the children under five years old
      from all over the world. The key factors of ETEC contain both colonization
      factors (CFs) and enterotoxins including heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and heat
      stable enterotoxin (ST). CFs mediated the binding of bacteria to the host
      intestinal epithelial cells, whereas LT and ST stimulated the over-secretion of
      body fluids and electrolytes, resulting in the destruction of the host fluid
      balance and leading diarrhea. The vaccine against CFs and enterotoxins could
      stimulate the host immune response, blocking ETEC adhesion and neutralizing
      enterotoxins, which is effective in the prevention of ETEC diarrhea. For the
      moment, depending on the stimulated immune response against LT, a cholera vaccine
      called Dukoral has been approved for use in some countries for the short-term
      protection and prevention of travelers' diarrhea. ETEC candidate vaccines are
      still in progress, which is designed to provide a long and wide-spectrum
      protection for ETEC infections. This paper briefly summarizes the advanced
      findings and key problems of vaccine development, and discusses prospects for
      future research.

PMID- 27373069
TI  - [Genetic manipulation system and genomic library of Streptomyces luteosporeus
      NRRL 2401].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To clone the biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, we
      developed the genetic modification system and constructed a genomic library of
      Streptomyces luteosporeus NRRL 2401. METHODS: The genetic modification system was
      developed by using conjugal transfer vectors pSET152, pPM927 and pJTU1278 which
      were transferred from Escherichia coli ET12567/pUZ8002 to S. luteosporeus. The
      genomic library of S. luteosporeus NRRL 2401 was constructed by the fosmid vector
      pCClFOS, with E. coli EP1300 -T1 as the host strain. A PCR-based method was then
      developed for screening the biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites
      in the constructed genomic library. RESULTS: Vectors pSET152, pPM927 and pJTU1278
      were successfully transferred into S. luteosporeus for genetic modification, with
      pSET152 presenting the highest transformation efficiency. The constructed genomic
      library of S. luteosporeus NRRL 2401 contained 2880 clones with an average -35 kb
      inserted DNA fragment in each clone, indicating the 99.99% coverage of the genome
      in the library. In this genomic library, we detected 9 clones containing possible
      indolmycin biosynthesis genes by the PCR-based screening method. CONCLUSION: A
      stable, efficient genetic modification system and high-quality genomic library
      could be used for discovery of the biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary
      metabolites in S. luteosporeus NRRL 2401.

PMID- 27373070
TI  - [Virtual screening and antibacterial activity of lead compounds targeting to
      penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to obtain lead compounds targeting
      penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by virtual
      screening. METHODS: UCSF dock 6.5 was used for the virtual screening from a
      database containing 1.04 million small molecules. Hit compounds with simple
      structures were synthesized and then evaluated for their antibacterial
      activities. RESULTS: Grid score was used for the first round of screening, and
      60000 small molecules whose scores lower than -30 kcal/mol were screened out from
      the database. These molecules were subjected to the second round of screening
      using amber score. Approximately 200 hit compounds with scores lower than -20
      kcal/mol were analyzed and 4 of them were selected as lead compounds and then
      synthesized. The minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) of the lead compounds
      were between 175-275 MUg/mL, which were lower than that of Sulfadiazine (500
      MUg/mL) significantly. Meanwhile, these compounds were effective for both Gram
      negative and Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSION: The lead compounds had potential
      to become new antibacterial agents for conquering the drug resistance of P.
      aeruginosa.

PMID- 27373071
TI  - [Phylogenetic comparison between Spirulina and Arthrospira based on 16S rRNA and
      rpoC1 gene].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Based on 16S rRNA and rpoC1 gene sequences, the phylogenetic
      relationship between Spirulina and Arthrospira were studied and compared.
      METHODS: We amplified, sequenced and analyzed 16S rRNA and rpoC1 of 84 strains.
      Then the phylogenetic trees were constructed and compared. RESULTS: The conserved
      sites percentage, average G+C content and sequence identity of rpoC1 were 49.7%,
      47.7%, 76%-100% respectively, significantly lower than 79.4%, 55.6% and 91%-100%
      of 16S rRNA, and the heterogeneity degree was higher. The trees generated with
      two different genes showed similar topologies and thus inferred consistent
      phylogenetic relationships. Eighty-four experimental strains were divided into 3
      groups belonging to 2 genera: F-35 1, F-904-2, F-1070 and TJBC14 were Spirulina
      and the rest were Arthrospira. Although morphospecies and geographical species
      could not be distinguished based on 16S rRNA and rpoC1 gene sequences, the
      bootstrap value of rpoC1 (100%) was higher than that of 16S rRNA (99%). Moreover,
      clustering effect of rpoC1 for Spirulina and Arthrospirai was better than 16S
      rRNA. CONCLUSION: Spirulina and Arthrospira were different genera, rpoC1 gene has
      more advantage to distinguish the strains in the same genus than that of 16S rRNA
      gene.

PMID- 27373072
TI  - [Diversity and bioactivity of actinomycetes isolated from medicinal plant Taxus
      chinensis and rhizospheric soil].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In order to provide strains with high activity of anti-phytopathogenic
      fungi and antitumor activity, we studied the diversity and bioactivity of
      actinomycetes isolated from medicinal plant Taxus chinensis and rhizospheric
      soil. METHODS: Seven selective media were used to isolate actinomycetes.
      Experiments of anti-phytopathogenic fungi, cytotoxicity activity, and the 16S
      rRNA gene sequencing of them were carried out to evaluate the diversity and
      bioactivity. Strains with high activity were identified. RESULTS: A total of 277
      actinomycetes were isolated, of which 111 strains were selected and assigned to 6
      suborders, 7 families and 8 genera, in which Streptomyces can be divided into 10
      groups. The bioactivity testing results indicated that: 30.9% isolates showed
      activity against at least one of the 12 phytopathogenic fungi; 44.1% strains and
      33.3% strains showed cytotoxicity activity with inhibition rate above 40% against
      stomach cancer cell line SGC-7901 and lung cancer cell line NCI-H460
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Actinomycetes isolated from Taxus chinensis and
      rhizospheric soil is of high diversity and a good source for the selection of
      bioactive compounds. Streptomyces KLBMP 2170 is an excellent resource with
      antifungal and cytotoxicity activity for further studies.

PMID- 27373073
TI  - [Bacterial community characterization of rearing water of marine recirculating
      aquaculture systems for yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoara)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to reveal the bacterial community characteristics
      of rearing water of marine recirculating aquaculture system for yellow grouper
      (Epinephelus awoara), and compare the differences between bacterial community
      structure of healthy rearing water and sick rearing water in order to elucidate
      the relationship between bacterial community and fish disease. METHODS: The next
      generation sequencing method was used, and the bacterial community structure and
      alpha-diversity indices (species richness, species evenness and phylogenetic
      diversity) between the rearing water of healthy and diseased groups were studied
      and compared. In addition, the traditional cultivation method was used to isolate
      suspected pathogens from the niduses of diseased yellow groupers. RESULTS: There
      was no significant difference between the alpha-diversities of healthy and
      diseased rearing water bodies, however, the results of principal coordinates
      analysis (PCoA) and the sample clustering of heatmap showed that the bacterial
      communities of healthy and diseased rearing water bodies were quite different.
      Although phyla Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes were all the
      predominant ones in both communities, their relative abundance varied greatly. In
      diseased community, the relative abundances of alpha-Proteobacteria (25.07%) and
      gamma-Protebacteria (22.74%) were similar, whereas the proportion of gamma
      Protebacteria (40.49%) was much higher than alpha-Proteobacteria (10.87%) in the
      healthy community. The differences of Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidetes between
      the healthy and the diseased rearing water were also significant with relative
      abundances of 10.9% and 26.4%, and 20.9% and 12.3%, respectively. The
      significantly different families were Rhodobacteraceae and Rhodospirillaceae
      within class alpha-Proteobacteria; Alteromonadaceae and HTCC2188 within class
      gamma-Protebacteria; Verrucomicrobiaceae within Verrucomicrobia; Cryomorphaceae
      within Bacteroidetes. The healthy and the diseased communities owned specific
      core microbes themselves. Glaciecola, HTCC, Sediminicola and Prevotella were the
      core genera in healthy rearing water, and Vibrio, Rubritalea and Oleibacter in
      diseased rearing water. Twenty strains of Vibrio spp. and one of Acinetobacter
      haemolyticus were isolated from skin, liver and spleen of diseased yellow
      grouper. CONCLUSION: The shift of bacterial community structure and relative
      abundance of rearing water will help monitor the healthy status of recirculating
      aquaculture system. Our study provides theory and experimental basis to diagnosis
      and monitor of Vibrio disease for yellow grouper recirculating aquaculture
      system.

PMID- 27373074
TI  - [E75, R78 and D82 of Escherichia coli FtsZ are key residues for FtsZ cellular
      self-assembly and FtsZ-MreB interaction].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore effects of FtsZ mutants FtsZ(E75A), FtsZ(R78G) and
      FtsZ(D82A) on FtsZ self-assembly and interaction of FtsZ with MreB in Escherichia
      coli strains. METHODS) We constructed FtsZ and its mutant's plasmids by molecular
      clone and site-directed mutagenesis methods, and purified targeted proteins by
      affinity chromatography. QN6(ftsZ::yfp-cat), QN7(tsZ::yfp-cat),
      QN8(ftsZ(R78G)::yfp-cat) and QN9 (ftsZ(D82A):.:yfp-cat) strains were constructed
      by linear DNA homologous recombination. We observed cellular localization pattern
      of FtsZ and its mutants in E. coli by living cell imaging experiments, examined
      interaction of FtsZ/FtsZ*-FtsZ* and FtsZ/FtsZ*-MreB by Coimmunoprecipitation and
      bacteria two hybrid, and analyzed assembly characteristics of FtsZ mutants by
      Light scattering. RESULTS) The Yfp-labeled FtsZ(E75A), FtsZ(R78G) and FtsZ(D82A)
      mutant proteins failed to assemble into functional Z-ring structure and localize
      correctly in E. coli strains. Interaction of FtsZ with its mutants, or FtsZ*
      FtsZ* and FtsZ*-MreB interaction were weakened or completely disappeared. In
      addition, in vitro experiments show that E75A, R78G and D82A mutations decreased
      the polymerization efficiency of FtsZ monomer. CONCLUSION: FtsZ E75, R78 and D82
      are critical amino acids in the assembly, function of FtsZ protein and FtsZ-MreB
      interaction in E. coli strains.

PMID- 27373075
TI  - [Isolation and characterization of a Streptococcus suis serotype 9 from a wild
      cat].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic pathogenic
      bacterium capable of infecting piglets and human and with sporadic infections in
      a variety of mammalian species. The aim of this study is to investigate the
      prevalence of S. suis in wild cats. METHODS: We isolated an S. suis strain from a
      wild cat. We tested the serotype of the isolated strain by anti-serum
      agglutination and PCR. We determined the sequence type (ST) of the isolated
      strain by multilocus sequence typing tests (MLST). We constructed the 16S rRNA
      phylogenetic tree of the isolation and S. suis strains in NCBI database to
      demonstrated genetic relationship of different strains. We measured the
      antibiotic resistance of the isolated strain by triple disk diffusion method. We
      detected the virulence of the isolated strain by mice infection experiments.
      RESULTS: We isolated an S. suis strain m70 from a wild cat, which belongs to
      serotype 9. MLST showed that m70 fell into a new ST. The 16S rRNA phylogenetic
      tree of m70 and S. suis strains in NCBI database demonstrated that m70 was in a
      separate cluster. m70 was resistant to tetracycline, intermediate to
      erythromycin, and sensitive to ampicillin, corresponding to clinical S. suis
      isolates in China. The mortality of mice infected with 10(8) CFU of m70 was
      achieved 60%-80% (3/5-4/5). The mean LD50 of mice infected with m70 was 5.1 x
      10(7) CFU, while the mean LD50 of virulent S. suis strain HA9801 was 3.9 x 10(7)
      CFU. There is no significant difference between the LD50 of the two strains (P <
      0.05). CONCLUSION: We isolated an S. suis strain from a wild cat, which belongs
      to the prevalent serotype and was a virulent strain, indicating the potential of
      transmission of S. suis from wild cats to humans, especially some prevalent
      serotype strains.

PMID- 27373076
TI  - [Identifying immunogenic proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae C43065 by MALDI
      TOF mass spectrometry and cloning their encoding genes].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify immunogenic proteins of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
      C43065. METHODS: Antigens were extracted from E. rhusiopathiae C43065 by the
      alkaline extraction method. Proteins in the NaOH-extracted antigen were separated
      by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and then Western
      blotting was performed with rabbit antiserum against the NaOH-extracted antigens.
      The immunogenic protein bands were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The
      genes encoding 5 major immunogenic proteins was amplified by PCR from the genomic
      DNA of E. rhusiopathiae C43065, and inserted into the pMD18-T vector and then
      sequenced. RESULTS: A total of 9 immunogenic surface proteins in the NaOH
      extracted antigen from E. rhusiopathiae C43065 were successfully identified by
      MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Four of the proteins were putative virulence
      associated proteins: enolase, ATP-binding cassette transporter, glyceraldehyde-3 
      phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class-II. The genes
      encoding the chaperone protein GroEL, enolase, ATP-binding cassette transporter,
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase class
      II were 1614, 1296, 1260, 1005 and 867 bp in length, and the nucleotide sequences
      homologies of the genes between the C43065 strain and the previously reported E.
      rhusiopathiae Fujisawa strain was more than 98%. CONCLUSION: Several putative
      virulence-associated proteins in the NaOH-extracted antigen of E. rhusiopathiae
      C43065 will be useful for elucidating the roles of these proteins in the
      pathogenesis of the organism.

PMID- 27373077
TI  - [Gene deletion and functional analysis of the heptyl glycosyltransferase (waaF)
      gene in Vibrio parahemolyticus O-antigen cluster].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To construct heptyl glycosyltransferase gene II (waaF) gene deletion
      mutant of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and explore the function of the waaF gene in
      Vibrio parahaemolyticus. METHODS: The waaF gene deletion mutant was constructed
      by chitin-based transformation technology using clinical isolates, and then the
      growth rate, morphology and serotypes were identified. The different sources (O3,
      O5 and O10) waaF gene complementations were constructed through E. coli
      S17lambdapir strains conjugative transferring with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and
      the function of the waaF gene was further verified by serotypes. RESULTS: The
      waaF gene deletion mutant strain was successfully constructed and it grew
      normally. The growth rate and morphology of mutant were similar with the wild
      type strains (WT), but the mutant could not occurred agglutination reaction with
      O antisera. The O3 and O5 sources waaF gene complementations occurred
      agglutination reaction with O antisera, but the O10 sources waaF gene
      complementations was not. CONCLUSION: The waaF gene was related with O-antigen
      synthesis and it was the key gene of O-antigen synthesis pathway in Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus. The function of different sources waaF gene were not the same.

PMID- 27373078
TI  - [Correlation between superior enzymatic properties of beta-mannanase AuMan5A/Af
      and its residue Asp(320)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: AuMan5A is a glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 5 beta-mannanase from
      Aspergillus usamii. To improve its enzymatic properties, we have previously
      constructed a mutant with loop substitution, AuMan5A/Af, by substituting a loop
      of seven residues (316KSPDGGN322) in its substrate binding groove with the
      corresponding region (PSPNDHF) of A. fumigatus GH family 5 beta-mannanase. To
      reveal the correlation between the superior enzymatic properties of AuMan5A/Af
      and its residue Asp320, site-directed mutagenesis was used to obtain a new mutant
      enzyme AuMan5A/Af(D320G). METHODS: Using megaprimer PCR method, we constructed a
      new mutant-encoding gene, Auman5A/Af(D320G) by mutating an Asp320 -encoding codon
      GAC of Auman5A/Af into a Gly320 -encoding GGT. Then, Auman5A/Af(D320G) was
      extracellularly expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115, and the enzymatic properties
      of the expressed product were analyzed. RESULTS: Analytical results indicated
      that the optimal and melting temperature of AuMan5A/Af(D320G) was 70.0 degrees C
      and 71.5 degrees C, repectively, higher than those of AuMan5A (T(opt) = 65.0
      degrees C, T(m) = 64.5 degrees C) and lower than those of AuMan5A/Af (T(opt) =
      75.0 degrees C, T(m) =76.6 degrees C); its half-life at 70.0 degrees C was 40
      min, 10 min longer than that of AuMan5A but greatly shorter than 480 min of
      AuMan5A/Af. Besides, its specific activity was 2.7 fold and 0.3 fold that of
      AuMan5A and AuMan5A/Af, respectively, and its catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m))
      was 3.9 fold and 0.3 fold that of AuMan5A and AuMan5A/Af. CONCLUSION: The
      mutation of ASP320 into Gly320 greatly affected the temperature characteristics
      and catalytic activity of AuMan5A/Af, demonstrating that Asp320 plays an
      improtant role in temperature characteristics, specific activity and catalytic
      efficiency improving of AuMan5A after loop substitution.

PMID- 27373079
TI  - [Characterization of a malic enzyme isoform V from Mucor circinelloides].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed at characterizing a malic enzyme isoform V from Mucor
      circinelloides. METHODS: me1 gene encoding malic enzyme isoform V was amplified
      and cloned into expression vector pET28a. High-purity recombinant protein BLME1
      was obtained by affinity chromatography using. Ni-NTA column and characterized
      subsequently. RESULTS: The optimum conditions were pH at 8.0 and temperature at
      33 degrees C. Under optimum conditions, BLME1 activity achieved 92.8 U/mg. The
      K(m) for L-malate and NADP+ were 0.74960 +/- 0.06120 mmol/L and 0.22070 +/-
      0.01810 mmol/L, the V(max) for L-malate and NADP+ were 72.820 +/- 1.077 U/mg and
      86.110 +/- 1.665 U/mg, respectively. In addition, ions played important roles in
      BLME1 activity; several ions such as Mn2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Ni2+ could activate BLME1,
      whereas Ca2+, Cu2+ could be used as inhibitors. Additionally, the metabolic
      intermediates such as oxaloacetic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid inhibited the
      activity of BLME1, whereas succinic acid activated it. CONCLUSION: A malic enzyme
      isoform V from Mucor circinelloides was characterized, providing the references
      for further studies on this enzyme.

PMID- 27373080
TI  - [Isolation and characterization of siphovirus phages infecting bovine
      Streptococcus agalactiae].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To isolate and identify Streptococcus agalactiae phages and screen
      candidate phages to control infection caused by bovine S. agalactiae. METHODS: We
      used two methods for isolation of S. agalactiae phages, namely (1) isolation of
      phages from milk and environmental samples, and (2) isolation of phages via
      induction of lysogens with Mitomycin C. Double-layer agar culture method was used
      to purify phages. Then the newly obtained phages, with S. agalactiae phage JX01
      isolated from mastitis milk, were comparatively analyzed in the following
      aspects: morphology of phages by transmission electron microscopy, host range of
      phages to 55 S. agalactiae strains and other Streptococcus strains, phages DNA
      using EcoR I, Xba I, Pst I and Sal I, the optical multiplicity of infection,
      absorption curve and one step growth curve, and the stability of phages at
      different storage conditions. RESULTS: The comparative analysis of the 3 novel
      phages LYGO9, HZ04 and pA11 (induced from S. agalctiae bovine clinical isolate
      HAJL2011070601) with JX01 showed that the 4 phages were classified as the member
      of Siphovirdae family. EcoR I, Sal I, Xba I and Pst I separately digested the 4
      phages DNA provided 4, 3, 3 and 2 profiles, respectively. This suggested that
      they were different strains. All the 4 phages specifically infected bovine S.
      agalactiae isolates. LYGO9, pA11, JX01 and HZ04 could lyse 12, 13, 20 and 23 of
      42 tested bovine S. agalctiae isolates, respectively. This clearly indicated that
      these 4 phages are closely related. CONCLUSION: The 3 new phages which
      specifically lyse bovine S. agalactiae isolates are siphovirus phages. Phage
      LYGO9 was shown having a short latent period and a larger burst size.

PMID- 27373081
TI  - [Clinical characteristic and therapeutic strategy of eosinophilic chronic
      rhinosinusitis].

PMID- 27373082
TI  - [Phenotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: the progresses in
      precision medicine].

PMID- 27373084
TI  - [Problems and strategies on diagnosis and exclusion of non-allergic rhinitis].

PMID- 27373083
TI  - [Chronic nasal sinus mucosa inflammation mechanism research and clinical
      diagnosis].

PMID- 27373085
TI  - [Expression and clinical significance of Eotaxin-3 in chronic rhinosinusitis with
      and without nasal polyps].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of Eotaxin-3
      in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. METHOD: The ethmoid
      inflammation mucosa of 15 cases diagnosed as chronic rhinosinusitis (sinusitis
      group), the nasal polyps in the middle meatus of 25 cases diagnosed as nasal
      polyps (nasal polyp group) and the ethmoid or uncinate process mucosa of 7 cases
      diagnosed as sinonasal non-inflamnatory diseases (control group), were collected
      as the research object. Eotaxin-3 expression was detected in the tissues by
      immunohistochemical SABC assay and the correlation between Eotaxin-3 and blood
      eosinophil counts was analyzed. RESULT: Eotaxin-3 were detected both in sinusitis
      group and nasal polyp group, and the expression level in sinusitis group and
      nasal polyp group were higher than that in control group. The difference was
      statistically significant (P < 0.05). The Eotaxin-3 expression in nasal polyps
      group was higher than that in sinusitis group, and the difference was
      statistically significant (P < 0.05). The expression of Eotaxin-3 in nasal polyps
      group and sinusitis group were both significantly positively correlated with the
      eosinophil counts in the blood (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Eotaxin-3 may be
      involved,in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal
      polyps, and further research will help us to understand the pathophysiology of
      chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps.

PMID- 27373086
TI  - [Staphylococcus aureus biofilm influences the expression of lysozyme, SLPI and
      gp340 in a human sinonasal explant model].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influences of staphylococcus aureus in planktonic
      and biofilm forms on the expression of lysozyme, SLPI and gp340 in the human
      sinonasal explant model. METHOD: Mucosa samples from ethmoid sinus were collected
      from ten patients of cerebrospinal fluid leak and were cultured with and without
      S. aureus biofilms and planktonic cells. After the infection, the explant model
      was confirmed by CLSM, and the secretion of lysozyme, SLPI and gp340 was detected
      by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 8, 16, and 24 h after S. aureus
      challenge. Expressions of lysozyme, SLPI and gp340 in mRNA and protein levels
      after 24 h S. aureus challenge were detected using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry
      and Western bolt assay respectively. RESULT: The secretion of lysozyme, SLPI and
      gp340 in the explant model was observed with a trend to increase in a time
      dependent manner. At 8 and 16 h after S. aureus challenge, the secretion of
      lysozyme, SLPI and gp340 in biofilms group was significantly higher than these in
      planktonic cells group and control group (P<0. 05). S. aureus biofilms enhanced
      the mRNA expressions of lysozyme, SLPI and gp340 significantly compared with
      planktonic cells and controls, and the mRNA expressions in the explant model
      challenged by planktonic cells were significantly higher than controls (P <
      0.05). Although the Western bolt assay showed no differences between the lysozyme
      expression in the planktonic cells group and control group (P > 0.05), the
      biofilms enhanced the expressions of lysozyme, SLPI and gp340 significantly
      compared with planktonic cells and controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: S. aureus
      biofilm induced the expressions of lysozyme, SLPI and gp340 to a higher level
      than planktonic cells, indicating that S. aureus biofilm was an influencing
      factor on the innate immune system.

PMID- 27373087
TI  - [Clinical pilot study on the rhinitis due to laryngopharyngeal reflux].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the relevance between nasal symptoms and laryngopharyngeal
      reflux disease in patients with allergic rhinitis. METHOD: Thirty patients of
      laryngopharyngeal reflux disease were diagnosed in ENT outpatient department in
      our hospital. All patients have symptoms of sneeze, nasal discharge as chief
      complaint and they responded no effect for other normal treatment for nasal
      sinusitis at least three months. Orally before meals, a dose of 5 mg Mosapride
      citrate each time, three times a day for 7 days. Orally before meals, a dose of
      20 mg Esomeprazole each time, two times a. day for 2-3 months. Nasal spray, one
      spray of azelastine hydrochloride once, two times a day for 2 month. RESULT:
      Laryngopharyngeal reflux symptom scores at four time points (the first visit,
      post treatment 15 days, 45 days, 75 days) were analyzed by repeated measures
      analysis of variance. There is a significant difference in four time points.
      CONCLUSION: Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease has a strong association with
      allergic rhinitis. Patients who has allergic rhinitis nasal symptoms as chief
      complaint must be exclude, the laryngopharyngeal reflux disease first.

PMID- 27373088
TI  - [Long-term outcome of budesonide middle meatus treatment for chronic
      rhinosinusitis patients following endoscopic sinus surgery].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long term clinical effect of budesonide treatment
      in middle meatus for chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) following endoscopic sinus
      surgery (ESS). METHOD: A total number of 53 patients with CRS received ESS were
      divided into two groups according to budesonide treatment: budesonide-treated
      group with 21 cases (39.6%) and control group with 32 cases (60.4%). Gelatin
      sponges soaked with 1 ml budesonide suspension were put in middle meatus in
      budesonide-treated group, while only gelatin sponges were put in middle meatus in
      control group. Visual analogy score (VAS), sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22)
      and Lund-Kennedy endoscopic scale were carried out before ESS and two years after
      ESS. RESULT: In budesonide-treated group, there were a statistical difference
      before and after ESS in the VAS, SNOT-20 and Lund-Kennedy score (P<. 05). In
      control group, difference was also significant in VAS, SNOT-20 and Lund-Kennedy
      score before and after ESS (P < 0.05). The VAS gap of post-operative and pre
      operative in two groups are significantly different (P<. 05). However, there was
      no significant difference in the SNOT-20 and Lund-Kennedy endoscopic scale gap
      before or after the operation between two groups. CONCLUSION: It is safe,
      convenient and practicable to perform budesonide treatment in middle meatus
      following ESS, which can significantly ease the post-operative discomfort of
      nose.

PMID- 27373089
TI  - [Individual nasal endoscopic surgery for non-sinusitis-related rhinogenous
      headache: our experience in 68 cases].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of anatomical abnormalities in non-sinusitis
      related rhinogenous headache and to evaluate effects of nasal endoscopic surgery
      for non-sinusitis-related rhinogenous headache. METHOD: Sixty-eight patients
      diagnosed as non-sinusitis-related rhinogenous headache were selected in this
      study. They were treated with nasal endoscopic surgery after failed long-term
      medical treatment. Data from this group were analyzed retrospectively. RESULT:
      Multiple anatomical abnormalities were noted by endoscopy and sinus computed
      tomographic scans in the 66 patients. These included nasal septum deviation in 46
      cases (67.6%), middle turbinate gasfication in 20 cases (29.4%), protruding
      ethmoid bulla or uncinate processor in 10 cases (14.7%) and abnormal middle
      turbinate in 8 case (11.8%). Fifty-six (82.4%) patients showed significant
      improvement after surgery. CONCLUSION: Non-sinusitis-related rhinogenous headache
      can be significantly minimized with individual nasal endoscopic surgery, as long
      as a precise identification of the etiologic anatomical factor can be made.

PMID- 27373090
TI  - [Observe the origin of antrochoanal polyp and the comparison of the curative
      effect of antrochoanal polyp].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the curative effect and origin of antrochoanal polyp (ACP)
      with various approaches. METHOD: Fifty-seven patients with ACP were included in
      the study. All the ACP patients were examined by preoperative endoscopy and
      computer tomographic (CT) scans. The patients were treated by various endoscopic
      approaches including endoscopic middle meatus antrostomy, inferior meatus
      antrostomy combined with endoscopic middle meatus antrostomy or endoscopic medial
      maxillectomy combined with endoscopic middle meatus antrostomy respectively. The
      relationship between polyp location in middle meatus and lesions in the antrum
      was explored during the surgery. Pathological examination was carried out and
      patients were regularly followed up after operation. RESULT: Fifty-seven ACP
      develops from antral cyst. In 22 cases of endoscopic middle meatus antrostomy,
      two patients relapsed. In 17 cases of inferior meatus antrostomy combined with
      endoscopic middle meatus antrostomy, one patients relapsed. In 18 cases of
      endoscopic medial maxillectomy combined with endoscopic middle meatus antrostomy,
      no one relapsed. CONCLUSION: Our data indicated that the ACP mainly originates in
      antral cyst, and capsule wall herniates to middle meatus through the antral
      ostium. ACP are common in unilateral, rare in both sides. The endoscopic
      approaches of middle meatus antrostomy and inferior meatus antrostomy combined
      with endoscopic middle meatus antrostomy might guarantee good prognosis. If the
      cyst is on the anterior wall of maxillary sinus, the approach of endoscopic
      medial maxillectomy can obtain a better vision and completely remove the lesions.

PMID- 27373091
TI  - [The regulatory effect of IL-35 on the balance of Treg/Th17 cells in allergic
      rhinitis patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the regulatory effect of IL-35 on the balance of Treg/Th17
      cells in AR patients. METHOD: In this study, 30 cases were randomly selected from
      outpatients of otolaryngological department in the second hospital of Hebei
      Medical university who were diagnosed as AR. Another 20 healthy cases enrolled
      from physical examination branch of our hospital were control group. The
      expression level of IL-35 and IL-17 in peripheral blood were detected by using
      ELISA and defeced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cell and CD4+IL-17+T cell expression level
      were identified via flow cytometry. RESULT: The expression level of IL-35 in AR
      group was obviously lower than that in control group, and the difference was a
      statistically significance (t = -8.145, P < 0.01). The expression level of IL-17
      in AR group was obviously higher than that in control group, and the difference
      was a statistically significance (t = 14.969, P < 0.01). There was a remarkable
      negative correlation between the IL-35 and IL-17 expression in the serum of AR
      group (r = -0.773, P < 0.01). The percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cell in CD4+ T
      cell was significant lower in AR group than that in control group (t = -13.678, P
      < 0.01). The percentage of CD4+IL-17+ T cell in CD4+ T cell was much higher in AR
      group than that in control group (t = 5.632, P < 0.01). There was a remarkable
      negative correlation between the Treg and Th17 expression in the peripheral blood
      of AR group (r = -0.613, P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between the
      expression of CD4+ CD25+Foxp3+ T cell and IL-35. There was a negative correlation
      between the IL-35 and Th17 in AR group (r = 0. -594, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The
      lower expression of IL-35 was related to the incidence of AR, and it was an
      important cytokines for that. The lower expression of IL-35 may inhibit the
      proliferation of Treg cells, lead to hyper function of Th17 cells, increase
      secretion of s IL-17 and result in unbalance of Treg/Th17 cells; these may be the
      important mechanism of the occurrence of AR, thus regulation of IL-35 may become
      a new target for the immunological therapy of AR.

PMID- 27373092
TI  - [The clinical significance and changes of serum tumor necrosis factor and plasma
      endothelium in patients with OSAHS associated Type 2 diabetes mellites].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the significance of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF
      alpha) and plasma endothelium (ET) in pathophysiologic process of patients with
      obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      (T2DM). METHOD: All observed subjects were divided into 4 groups. A number of 80
      patients with OSAHS, 65 cases of OSAHS with T2DM patients, 20 patients with T2DM,
      and 32 cases of healthy control group were observed in this study. The serum
      levels of TNF-alpha and ET were detected by double antibody sandwich ELISA, the
      content of TNF-alpha and ET were compared between OSAHS group and OSAHS + T2DM
      group. It were also compared before and after treatment of CPAP or surgery.
      RESULT: TNF-alpha level is higher in OSAHS+T2DM group than that in the OSAHS
      group, T2DM group and the control group (P < 0.05); TNF-alpha level in OSAHS
      group and the T2DM group are higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05),
      but there was no difference in TNF-alpha level between the OSAHS group and the
      T2DM group. There was also no difference in ET level of the four groups. There
      were significant differences of TNF-alpha before and after treatment of CPAP or
      surgery in OSAHS group and OSAHS+T2DM group (P < 0.05). But there was no
      significant differences of ET before and after treatment of CPAP or surgery in
      the OSAHS+T2DM group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: TNF-alpha may be involved in the
      development of OSAHS and T2DM, while ET may have little effect on the occurrence
      and development of OSAHS and T2DM.

PMID- 27373093
TI  - [The expression and role of MIF, NF-kappaB and IL-1beta in nasal polyps].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of MIF, NF-kappaB p65 and IL-1beta in
      the tissue of nasal polyps and normal inferior turbinate, to analyze their
      relevance, and to explore their role in nasal polyps. METHOD: The infiltrating
      results of EOS and others inflammatory cells in 48 cases diagnosed as nasal
      polyps (nasal polyps group) were detected by HE staining, and the expression of
      MIF, NF-kappaB p65 and IL-1beta were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Twenty
      one patients who were performed septoplasty orthotics were included as the
      control group; the VAS and Lund-Kennedy score were used to evaluate the degree of
      nasal polyps in patients and the correlation analysis was conducted between the
      disease severity and the expression levels of this three factors. RESULT: (1) The
      infiltrating results of EOS and the expression level of MIF, NF-kappaB p65, IL
      1beta in nasal polyps group are obviously higher than these in the control group
      (P < 0.05); Spearman correlation analysis shows that MIF, NF-kappab p65 and IL
      1beta are positively correlated with each other (r = 0.74, 0.66, 0.60, P < 0.05);
      the nuclear activation rate of NF-kappaB p65 is positively correlated with MIF,
      IL-1beta (r = 0.67, 0.63, P < 0.05); the infiltration degree of EOS is positively
      correlated with MIF, IL-1beta (r = 0.49, 0.55, P < 0.05), but has no correlation
      with the NF-kappaB p65 and its nuclear activation rate. (2) The VAS grade of the
      nasal polyps group is 8.24 +/- 1.72 and the nasal endoscopic examination grade is
      8.63 +/- 3.81. Spearman correlation analysis shows that the VAS grade is
      positively correlated with the level of MIF (r = 0.71, P < 0.05), but had no
      correlation with NF-kappaB p65, its nuclear activation rate and IL-1beta. The
      nasal endoscopic examination grade is positively correlated with MIF and the
      nuclear activation rate of NF-kappaB p65 (r = 0.79, 0.73, P < 0.05), but has no
      correlation with the level of NF-kappaB p65 and IL-1beta (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      MIF, NF-kappaB p65 and IL-1beta may promote the development of the nasal polyps,
      and there may exist the IL-1beta--NF-kappaB--MIF approach in nasal polyps; MIF
      and NF-kappaB may participate in maintaining physiological function of inferior
      turbinate and have relations with the lightest sustained inflammation of inferior
      turbinate. The MIF and NF-kappaB p65 nuclear activation rate can be used as a
      standard of the nasal polyp severity and the judgement prognosis.

PMID- 27373094
TI  - [Effect and mechanism of IL-1beta/JNK transduction pathway on the nasal mucosa
      remodeling in allergic rhinitis rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the role of JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) signal transduction
      pathway on the nasal mucosa remodeling in allergic rhinitis rats, to explore
      whether IL-1beta participates the nasal mucosa remodeling in allergic rhinitis by
      JNK signal transduction pathway. METHOD: Totally 60 male Wistar rats (weighing
      about 200-250 g)were randomly divided into A (AR group) and B group (control
      group). The rats in A group were sensitized for inducing AR by intraperitoneal
      injection ovalbumin and Al(OH)3. Ovalbumin was respectively dropped in each nasal
      cavity of every rat for 4,8,12 weeks(A4,A8,or A12 group) each had 10 rats. The
      rats in B group were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection saline. Saline was
      respectively dropped in each nasal cavity of every rat for 4,8, 12 weeks(B4, B8,
      or B12 group), and each had 10 rats. The concentration of IL-1beta in serum and
      nasal lavage fluid were tested by ELASA. The protein expressions of P-JNK and P-c
      Jun were detected by immunohistochemical technique. Linear correlation analysis
      showed the correlation between levels of IL-1beta in serum and P-JNK protein,
      levels of IL-1beta in nasal lavage fluid and P-JNK protein. RESULT: The
      concentrations of IL-1beta in serum and nasal lavage fluid of A group were all
      significantly higher than those of the corresponding B group (all P < 0.01).
      Compared with A4 group and A8 group, concentrations of IL-1beta in nasal lavage
      fluid of A12 group were significantly increased (all P < 0.01). However the
      levels of IL-1beta in serum were not significantly different among them (all P >
      0.05). Mean absorbance values of P-JNK and P-c-Jun in A group were significantly
      higher than those in corresponding B group (all P < 0.01) and compared with A4
      group and A8 group, those of A12 group were significantly increased (all P <
      0.01). Strong positive correlation were found between P-JNK and concentration of
      IL-1beta in serum or nasal lavage fluid (r = 0.835 and r = 0.902, all P < 0.01).
      CONCLUSION: JNK signal transduction pathway plays important role in the nasal
      mucosa remodeling in allergic rhinitis rats. IL-1beta participates in AR nasal
      mucosa remodeling possibly partly through activating JNK signal transduction
      pathway.

PMID- 27373095
TI  - [Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy with
      dermatophagoides farina drops on children with allergic rhinitis. METHOD: This
      was retrospective study analyzing the efficacy of dermatophaguides farinae drops
      SLIT in 110 patients (aged 4-14 years old) with house dust mites induced allergic
      rhinitis (without asthma). All the patients were divided into the SLIT group (n =
      60) and drug group (n = 50). Patients in SLIT group received sublingual
      immunotherapy combined with symptomatic medication, and patients in drug group
      only received symptomatic medication. We recorded and evaluated the total nasal
      symptom scores (TNSS), total medication scores (TMS) and visual analogue scale
      (VAS) of the 2 groups at three time points, before the treatment, and the
      treatment for 1-year and 2-year. RESULT: After 1-year and 2-year treatment,
      compared with drug group, TMS, TNSS and VAS in SLIT group decreased significantly
      (P < 0.01). When compared with baseline, we got the similar result as compared
      with drug group. Besides, the TMS of drug group increased significantly after
      treatment (P < 0.01). And no significant difference was observed in TNSS and VAS.
      In addition, there was significant difference in the Proportion of patients
      withdrawing symptomatic medication in SLIT group and drug group (68.33%,16.00%,
      respectively; P < 0.01). There were 4 local adverse reactions occurred during the
      treatment and no serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSION: Sublingual
      immunotherapy with Dermatophagoides farinae drops showed significant clinical
      efficacy in children with allergic rhinitis comparing with pharmacotherapy.

PMID- 27373096
TI  - [Clinical analysis of 249 cases of children with foreign bodies in the nasal
      cavity and paranasal sinus].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Insertion of a foreign body in the nasal cavity is a very common
      incident in children. It is easily diagnosed, but the type of foreign body varies
      and the extraction can sometimes be difficult with risk of complications. The
      present study reported nasal foreign bodies diagnosed in emergency in our ENT
      department, with an update on the state of knowledge. METHOD: A prospective study
      between Feb 2013 to Sept 2015 included patients admitted to the ENT emergency
      unit for nasal foreign body. Data comprised age, gender, circumstances of
      discovery, symptoms, type of foreign body, extraction method and complications.
      Many patients required anterior rhinoscope for the diagnosis and removal
      (179/249, 71. 9%), and 170 cases were directly removed and 9 cases were into
      alimentary canal; Most irregularly shaped objects were removed by a endoscope
      under general anesthesia (70/249, 28.1%), including button batteries (n= 65),
      nasal calculi (n = 2) and chopsticks (n = 3). RESULT: The main types of foreign
      body were vegetal forms (61.8%). The incident was discovered following nasal
      symptoms in 24.9% (n = 62). Extraction was easy by using forceps, micro-hooks or
      suction in 71.9% of qn:Nasal sinuses foreign body on prevention, detailed history
      and make the necessary inspection, can improve the correct diagnostic rate.

PMID- 27373097
TI  - [The clinical features and drug therapy of unilateral idiopathic vocal fold
      paralysis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical features and medication of unilateral
      idiopathic vocal fold paralysis. METHOD: Thirty-nine of medical treated patients
      with unilateral idiopathic vocal fold paralysis were retrospectively studied, and
      relevant literatures were reviewed. RESULT: After 4 to 19 days of medical
      therapy, 9 patients were cured, the vocal fold movement of 18 sufferers were
      improved, and 12 pantients were not healed. CONCLUSION: Unilateral idiopathic
      vocal fold paralysis is common, and the treatment efficacy of medicine is almost
      the same with others. Unilateral idiopathic vocal fold paralysis is a disease
      with spontaneous recovery, which should be followed up.

PMID- 27373098
TI  - [Application of straight bite cutting sinus forcep in infant supraglottoplasty].

PMID- 27373099
TI  - [Clinical analysis of 12 cases of sinonasal schwannomas].

PMID- 27373100
TI  - [Personalized surgical operation of nasal septum deviation with endoscope].

PMID- 27373101
TI  - [The operation treatment analysis of middle advanced thyroid carcinoma].

PMID- 27373102
TI  - [Clinical manifestations of HIV-positive patients in otolaryngology head and neck
      surgery disease].

PMID- 27373103
TI  - [Nasal endoscope surgery of acinic cell carcinoma of salivary gland on nasal
      septum: a case report].
AB  - A 67-year-old male patient was admitted because of "the right side nasal
      obstruction repeatedly for 4 years". He got nasal obstruction 4 years ago,
      especially for the right side nasal cavity, sometimes got blood in his nasal
      discharge, then the symptom relieved after accepting treatment in local hospital.
      During the 4 years, the symptom repeatedly occurrence. Three days before
      hospitalization, the CT examination indicated abnormal things in his nasal cavity
      and the bone of his nasal sinus had been destroyed. Some abnormal organism were
      sent to pathological examination, and the report indicated it is acinic cell
      carcinoma of salivary gland. During the nasal endoscope surgery, a red goiter was
      found in his nose with its surface crude and brittle. Then we cut the goiter by
      nasal endoscope, during the operation we find the bottom of the goiter is on the
      nasal septum. Two weeks after the operation, the patient received the radiation
      therapy. One year after the operation he doesn't get the abnormal symptom and the
      nasal MRI not found recidivation.

PMID- 27373104
TI  - [One cases of nasal synovial sarcoma].
AB  - Synovial sarcoma is a rare tumour found in soft tissue; it is a mesenchymal
      spindle cell tumour that is not related to the synovial membrane. This tumour has
      a low incidence, and the most frequent place of occurrence is the lower
      extremities in young adults. Synovial sarcoma of the head and neck accounts for
      3%-5% of sarcomas in this anatomical region. The tumor in the nasal cavity is
      less than 1%. The treatment of choice for synovial sarcoma of the head and neck
      is complete surgical excision of the tumour mass followed by adjuvant
      radiotherapy.

PMID- 27373105
TI  - [Nasal endoscopic surgery for osteoid osteoma of the periorbital skull base: a
      case report].
AB  - Osteoid osteoma was first reported in 1935 by Jaffe. It is a kind of benign bone
      disease with the limitation of well-defined lesions. It is rarely seen in the
      periorbital region. The only symptom of the patient was unilateral proptosis of
      right. The result of MRI examination was cystic masses in the edge of the right
      orbit. The tumor was complete removed by the nasal endoscopic approach during the
      surgery. Pathology result was reported as osteoid osteoma. There was no
      significant complications of diplopia, visual acuity decreased, enophthalmos,
      cerebrospinal fluid leakage and others.

PMID- 27373106
TI  - [The review of transoral laser microsurgery in laryngeal cancer].
AB  - Transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) has developed more than 40 years in the
      treatment of laryngeal cancer. TLM is especially important in the minimally
      invasive surgery of laryngeal carcinoma. Compared with the traditional open
      surgery, it is a major breakthrough, which has the significant advantages such as
      safety, effectiveness, low rate of local recurrence and high rate of larynx
      preservation. Not only can cure early laryngeal cancer, but also more and more
      the use of TLM in advanced supraglottic and glottic laryngeal cancer were
      reported. This article will review the characteristics, indications, superiority,
      surgical options and efficacy of the TLM in laryngeal carcinomas.

PMID- 27373107
TI  - PRESERVATIVES FROM THE EYE DROPS AND THE OCULAR SURFACE.
AB  - The use of preservatives in eye drops (eyewashes) has known glory at the
      beginning, but the side effects that they have on the ocular surface have led to
      a decrease of their popularity. Lachrymal film dysfunction, ocular hyperemia,
      dotted keratitis or toxic keratopathy were reported and analyzed in terms of
      pathophysiological mechanism of the role played by preservatives in ophthalmic
      drops (eyewashes). This article reviews the most common preservatives and the
      existing alternatives for the maintenance of the eye sterile drops. Keywords:
      preservatives, eye drops, ocular surface

PMID- 27373108
TI  - COGAN'S SYNDROME.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to review the current knowledge on
      Cogan's syndrome, including etiology, diagnosis and treatment. Systematic review
      methodology: Relevant publications on Cogan's syndrome from 1945 to 2014 were
      studied. CONCLUSIONS: Cogan's syndrome is a rare autoimmune vasculitis, with
      unknown pathogenesis. Infection was thought to have played a role in the
      pathogenesis of the disease, but now the autoimmunity hypothesis is considered
      more likely to be true. Cogan's syndrome is characterized by ocular and
      audiovestibular symptoms similar to those of Meniere's syndrome. Approximately
      70% of the patients have systemic disease, of which vasculitis is considered the
      pathological mechanism. Corticosteroids are the first line of treatment; multiple
      immunosuppressive drugs were also used with varying degrees of success. The
      novelty in the treatment of the disease is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha
      blockers, but more studies are necessary to establish their efficacy.

PMID- 27373109
TI  - PLATEAU IRIS--DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to review the current knowledge on the
      diagnosis and treatment options of plateau iris configuration and syndrome.
      SYSTEMATIC REVIEW METHODOLOGY: Relevant publications on plateau iris that were
      published until 2014. CONCLUSIONS: Plateau iris syndrome is a form of primary
      angle closure glaucoma caused by a large or anteriorly positioned ciliary body
      that leads to mechanical obstruction of trabecular meshwork. This condition is
      most often found in younger patients. Plateau iris has been considered an
      abnormal anatomic variant of the iris that can be diagnosed on ultrasound
      biomicroscopy or optical coherence tomography of anterior segment. Patients with
      plateau iris syndrome can be recognized by the lack of response in angle opening
      after iridotomy. The treatment of choice in these cases is argon laser peripheral
      iridoplasty.

PMID- 27373110
TI  - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY AND HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NORMAL
      CORNEA.
AB  - The evaluation of the cornea through confocal microscopy is a revolutionary non
      invasive technique, which provides the ophthalmologist the histological and
      cytological in vivo images of the cornea, similar to those obtained through
      conventional histochemical methods. The current paper tries to prove and justify
      the similarity between the histological section model and the images obtained
      through confocal scanning, reflecting our experience with HRT II Cornea module.

PMID- 27373111
TI  - NEOVASCULAR SECONDARY GLAUCOMA, ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS.
AB  - RATIONALE: Neovascular secondary glaucoma is a condition characterized by
      increased intraocular pressure due to the neovascularization occurring at the
      iridocorneal angle and iris, the most common complication of end-stage ischemic
      retina. The early diagnosis and treatment of this disease are important, because
      the functional prognosis is reserved. OBJECTIVE: Knowing and understanding the
      etiology and pathogenesis of neovascular secondary glaucoma. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      Review of the angiogenesis theory to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of
      neovascular secondary glaucoma. VEGF is the most studied proangiogenic factor
      involved in the neovascular glaucoma pathogenesis. The 9 isoforms contain
      consensus signal sequences for extracellular secretion, all of them binding to a
      specific receptor subtype and stimulating tissue specific angiogenesis. VEGF and
      VEGF-m RNA levels are significantly increased in the ischemic retina. Diabetes
      mellitus (with diabetic retinopathy), central retinal vein thrombosis and
      repeated retinal detachments are diseases that cause neovascular glaucoma through
      ischemia. DISCUSSION: Correct evaluation of the iris neovascularization followed
      by a proper treatment is the most important in a case of secondary neovascular
      glaucoma. Repeated gonioscopy is indicated in cases with high risk of developing
      neovascular glaucoma. Close monitoring of a patient with high thromboembolic
      risk: valvular heart disease, open-heart surgery, other angioplasties.

PMID- 27373112
TI  - IRIS COLOUR CLASSIFICATION SCALES--THEN AND NOW.
AB  - Eye colour is one of the most obvious phenotypic traits of an individual. Since
      the first documented classification scale developed in 1843, there have been
      numerous attempts to classify the iris colour. In the past centuries, iris colour
      classification scales has had various colour categories and mostly relied on
      comparison of an individual's eye with painted glass eyes. Once photography
      techniques were refined, standard iris photographs replaced painted eyes, but
      this did not solve the problem of painted/ printed colour variability in time.
      Early clinical scales were easy to use, but lacked objectivity and were not
      standardised or statistically tested for reproducibility. The era of automated
      iris colour classification systems came with the technological development.
      Spectrophotometry, digital analysis of high-resolution iris images, hyper
      spectral analysis of the human real iris and the dedicated iris colour analysis
      software, all accomplished an objective, accurate iris colour classification, but
      are quite expensive and limited in use to research environment. Iris colour
      classification systems evolved continuously due to their use in a wide range of
      studies, especially in the fields of anthropology, epidemiology and genetics.
      Despite the wide range of the existing scales, up until present there has been no
      generally accepted iris colour classification scale.

PMID- 27373113
TI  - CORRELATIONS BETWEEN OPHTHALMOLOGY AND ORTHOPEDICS.
AB  - Although orthopedics and ophthalmology seem to be two different medical
      specialties, numerous studies that have been conducted in the past 35 years have
      shown a tight connection between several ocular pathologies and an increased risk
      of hip fractures due to falling. This article aims to review the ocular
      pathologies that have been proven to be associated with an increased risk of
      falling, to integrate the results of several studies showing a direct
      relationship between ocular pathologies and an increased risk of falling and
      finally to suggest ways in which the incidence of traumatic orthopedic injuries
      can be reduced by applying ophthalmologic principles.

PMID- 27373114
TI  - THE ADVANTAGES OF FEMTOSECOND LASER-ASSISTED CATARACT SURGERY.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present the advantages of performing femtosecond laser-assisted
      (Alcon-LenSx Inc.) cataract surgery. METHODS: Cataract surgery was performed with
      the LenSx femtosecond laser (Alcon-LenSx Inc.) in 50 eyes of 50 patients. The
      laser was programmed to perform a 4,9-4,5 mm capsulorhexis, a 2,3 mm main corneal
      incision, two 1,3 mm side-port incisions and either a hybrid-pattern or a
      cylinder-pattern fragmentation of the nucleus. The evaluated parameters were the
      capsulotomy, the corneal wounds and the nucleus fragmentation.
      Phacoemulsification of the nucleus and aspiration of the cortex were performed
      with the Alcon Centurion Vision System and monofocal, toric and multifocal IOLs
      were successfully implanted. RESULTS: A continuous, central, curvilinear
      capsulorhexis was performed in 48 cases, 96% (free-floating capsulotomy). In 2
      cases, micro-adhesions were reported and detached with the Utrata forceps.
      Femtolaser capsulotomy resulted in a complete overlap of the anterior capsule
      over the IOL optics in all cases. Horizontal decentration was found in 2 cases,
      4% and vertical decentration in 1 case, 2%. The main corneal incision was self
      sealing in 49 cases, 98%. Sutures were used in 1 case, 2%. The hybrid pattern of
      nucleus fragmentation was used in 42 cases, 84% and the cylindrical pattern in 8
      cases, 16%. The fragmentation was incomplete in one case of white cataract and in
      one case of traumatic cataract. CONCLUSIONS: The main advantages of femtolaser
      cataract surgery are standardized corneal incisions, perfectly centered, round
      capsulorhexis, and lens nucleus fragmentation even in eyes with hard cataracts.
      The laser precision is due to the real time OCT software programs, which cover
      the whole anterior segment, up to the posterior lens capsule.

PMID- 27373115
TI  - FIGHTING MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE: EFFECTS OF UV-ACTIVATED CHLORPROMAZINE ON
      RABBIT'S EYE PSEUDOTUMOURS.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Multiple drug resistance requires a flexible approach to find
      medicines able to overcome it. One method could be the exposure of existing
      medicines to UV laser beams to generate active photoproducts against bacteria
      and/or malignant tumors. METHODS: The interaction of Chlorpromazine (CPZ)
      (irradiated with 266 nm pulsed laser beams) was studied at concentrations of 10
      mg/ml and 20 mg/ ml in ultrapure water, with pseudotumors of rabbits eyes.
      RESULTS: The use of CPZ water solution exposed to 266 nm in the treatment of
      pseudotumor tissues produced on rabbit eyes showed that treatment results depend
      on initial (before irradiation) CPZ concentration and exposure time. At this
      stage, one could not specify which out of the generated photoproducts, individual
      or as a group, was/were efficient in pseudotumor cure but overall effects were
      observable. Application of CPZ irradiated solutions on rabbit eyes pseudotumors
      seemed to produce a faster recovery of tissues with respect to control, untreated
      eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Histologic findings in the treated tissues showed a good anti
      inflammatory response. The results obtained open perspectives to fight MDR and/or
      development of pseudotumoral processes with substances that were not initially
      made for this purpose (non-antibiotics, for instance).

PMID- 27373116
TI  - SCHOOL INTEGRATION FOR PATIENTS WITH AMBLYOPIA.
AB  - AIM: to identify the difficulties of social integration in patients with
      amblyopia, as well as the correlation between school results and the level of
      amblyopia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational prospective study was performed
      in an interval of 2 years (2012-2014) for 43 amblyopic patients (24 females and
      19 males), with age between 7 and 24 years. Patients were treated in "Sf.
      Spiridon" Hospital and Stereopsis Ophthalmological Clinic, Iasi. The patient or
      the assistant (parent, social assistant or grandparent) have filled in a
      questionnaire with 15 topics about school results and integration. Clinical
      parameters were registered for each patient: corrected visual acuity, type of
      optical correction, type of amblyopia, type of school attended, position in the
      desk, school results, behavior attitude, family involvement. All data was
      statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The cases were classified in three types of
      amblyopia: strabic amblyopia (11,63%), refractive amblyopia (67,44%) and
      deprivation amblyopia (20,93%). Depending on the value of visual acuity, one eye
      was with prosthetic, 11, 62% had moderate amblyopia and 32, 56% were cases with
      severe amblyopia. The majority of children were enrolled in normal schools
      (81,39%), 11,63% in special schools for children with low-vision and 2 patients
      were students (4,65%). Position of children in classroom was in 81,4% in first or
      second desk. Only 27,0% had very good results in school. Students had a social
      integration for study in faculties. CONCLUSIONS: A child with severe amblyopia
      has good or very good scholar results if the involvement of family and society is
      increased. There is no correlation between the position in the desk and the level
      of preparation. It is necessary an individualized educational attention for
      patients with amblyopia.

PMID- 27373117
TI  - ACUTE POSTERIOR MULTIFOCAL PLACOID PIGMENT EPITHELIOPATHY FOLLOWING INFLUENZA
      VACCINATION.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report a case of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment
      epitheliopathy (APMPPE), following influenza vaccination. CASE REPORT: An 18-year
      old female patient developed a painless significant bilateral decrease of vision,
      moderate photophobia, metamorphopsia and intermittent headaches two weeks after
      having a seasonal anti-flu immunization. Clinical evaluation and ancillary
      testing pointed toward the diagnosis of APMPPE. The case evolved favorable after
      oral prednisone 0.5 mg/kg/day gradually decreased for over 4 weeks. A total
      recovery of visual function and no recurrences were noticed at 1, 3 and 5 years
      follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Previous case reports already suggested a possible
      relationship between various immunizations and APMPPE onset. This case is the
      first one reported in our country. Epidemiological studies are required to link
      APMPPE occurrence and vaccination.

PMID- 27373118
TI  - VASCULAR ORBITAL TUMORS AT THE EXTREMES OF THE AGE SPECTRUM.
AB  - Vascular orbital lesions are rare and, due to the controversy surrounding their
      origin, frequently difficult to diagnose. Studies showed that approximately 10%
      of orbital space-occupying lesions are of vascular origin. The most frequent are
      capillary hemangioma in children and cavernous hemangioma, which, although
      congenital, reveals itself in adults. Two cases of vascular tumors in patients,
      at the extremes of the age spectrum are presented.

PMID- 27373119
TI  - POSTERIOR UVEITIS OR WET AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION? CASE REPORT.
AB  - We present the case of a 61-year-old patient without previous ophthalmic or
      general history, who developed unilateral posterior pole granuloma and was
      diagnosed with posterior uveitis most likely due to a systemic Toxocara canis
      infection. Clinical examination and ancillary investigations showed elements that
      were also consistent with wet ARMD, but laboratory tests and successful use of
      oral anti-helminthic and corticosteroid therapy in decreasing the macular lesion
      and improving visual acuity, confirmed the diagnosis of posterior uveitis.

PMID- 27373120
TI  - CANALOPLASTY AFTER LASER TRABECULOPLASTY.
AB  - The paper presents a case of a pseudoexfoliative glaucoma previously treated with
      argon laser trabeculoplasty in a tertiary center, who was scheduled for
      canaloplasty in the Ophthalmology Department of the County Hospital Piatra Neamt,
      Romania. Although the status post laser trabeculoplasty is not among the best
      indications for canaloplasty, the article confirms the fact that this procedure
      can also be successfully performed in these cases.

PMID- 27373121
TI  - Metallic VS2 Monolayer Polytypes as Potential Sodium-Ion Battery Anode via ab
      Initio Random Structure Searching.
AB  - We systematically investigated the potential of single-layer VS2 polytypes as Na
      battery anode materials via density functional theory calculations. We found that
      sodiation tends to inhibit the 1H-to-1T structural phase transition, in contrast
      to lithiation-induced transition on monolayer MoS2. Thus, VS2 can have better
      structural stability in the cycles of charging and discharging. Diffussion of Na
      atom was found to be very fast on both polytypes, with very small diffusion
      barriers of 0.085 eV (1H) and 0.088 eV (1T). Ab initio random structure searching
      was performed in order to explore stable configurations of Na on VS2. Our search
      found that both the V top and the hexagonal center sites are preferred adsorption
      sites for Na, with the 1H phase showing a relatively stronger binding. Notably,
      our random structures search revealed that Na clusters can form as a stacked
      second layer at full Na concentration, which is not reported in earlier works
      wherein uniform, single-layer Na adsorption phases were assumed. With reasonably
      high specific energy capacity (232.91 and 116.45 mAh/g for 1H and 1T phases,
      respectively) and open-circuit voltage (1.30 and 1.42 V for 1H and 1T phases,
      respectively), VS2 is a promising alternative material for Na-ion battery anodes
      with great structural sturdiness. Finally, we have shown the capability of the ab
      initio random structure searching in the assessment of potential materials for
      energy storage applications. 

PMID- 27373122
TI  - Cooperation of return-to-work professionals: the challenges of multi-actor work
      disability management.
AB  - PURPOSE: This article explores which concrete factors hinder or facilitate the
      cooperation of return-to-work (RTW) professionals in a complex system of multiple
      stakeholders. METHOD: The empirical material consists of in-depth interviews with
      24 RTW professionals from various organizations involved in work disability
      management in Finland. The interviews were analyzed using thematic content
      analysis. RESULTS: The study revealed several kinds of challenges in the
      cooperation of the professionals. These were related to two partly interrelated
      themes: communication and distribution of responsibility. The most difficult
      problems were connected to the cooperation between public employment offices and
      other stakeholders. However, the study distinguished notable regional differences
      depending primarily on the scale of the local network. The main areas of
      improvement proposed by the interviewees were related to better networking of
      case managers and expansion of expertise. CONCLUSIONS: The article argues for the
      importance of systematic networking and stresses the role of public employment
      services in the multi-actor management of work disabilities. The article
      contributes to existing work disability case management models by suggesting the
      employment administration system as an important component in addition to health
      care, workplace and insurance systems. The study also highlights the need for
      expansion of expertise in the field. Implications for Rehabilitation Cooperation
      between RTW professionals in public employment offices and other organizations
      involved in work disability management was considered inadequate. In order to
      improve the cooperation of RTW professionals, the stakeholders need to create
      more systematic ways of communication and networking with professionals in other
      organizations. There is a need to expand the expertise in work disability
      management and rehabilitation, partly by increasing the role of other
      professionals than physicians.

PMID- 27373123
TI  - Preface.
AB  - This chapter briefly discusses the topics addressed in Volume 55 of the series
      Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 

PMID- 27373124
TI  - Ni-Catalyzed Enantioselective C-Acylation of alpha-Substituted Lactams.
AB  - A new strategy for catalytic enantioselective C-acylation to generate alpha
      quaternary-substituted lactams is reported. Ni-catalyzed three-component coupling
      of lactam enolates, benzonitriles, and aryl halides produces beta-imino lactams
      that then afford beta-keto lactams by acid hydrolysis. Use of a readily available
      Mandyphos-type ligand and addition of LiBr enable the construction of quaternary
      stereocenters on alpha-substituted lactams to form beta-keto lactams in up to 94%
      ee.

PMID- 27373125
TI  - The immunomodulatory activity of secondary metabolites isolated from Streptomyces
      calvus on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The natural products derived from micro-organisms are potential
      candidates for the discovery of novel drugs. Streptomyces bacteria are prolific
      sources of secondary metabolites with a wide variety of biological activities.
      Streptomyces calvus (S. calvus) is one strain of this genus and may be an
      appropriate candidate for isolating new compounds. In this study, the
      immunomodulatory effects of S. calvus secondary metabolites on the expression of
      various cytokine genes by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were
      evaluated. METHODS: A bacterial sample was inoculated in Mueller Hinton Broth and
      secondary metabolites were extracted. PBMCs were isolated from venous blood and
      were treated with S. calvus secondary metabolites for 48 h. The cell
      proliferation was assessed by Methyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and
      quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays to survey mRNA
      expressions of selected pro-inflammatory and inhibitory cytokine genes. RESULTS:
      Secondary metabolites augmented interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma gene
      expression in PBMCs at low doses and also reduced the levels of immunosuppressive
      cytokine interleukin-10. In addition, the proliferation of PBMCs substantially
      increased in response to metabolite treatment in a concentration-dependent manner
      (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This in vitro study revealed that the secondary
      metabolites from S. calvus can successfully stimulate human PBMCs. Therefore,
      these metabolites have the potential to serve as robust immunomodulators.

PMID- 27373126
TI  - Pilomatrixoma of the breast in a patient with type 1 myotonic dystrophy:
      successful surgical approach.
AB  - Malherbe?s calcifying epithelioma is an uncommon cutaneous tumour that originates
      from the matrix cells of hair follicle. It was initially described by Malherbe as
      a benign calcifying epithelioma. Several ultra-structural and electron
      microscopic studies later demonstrated its origin from matrix cells and the term
      pilomatrixoma was introduced. The treatment of this tumour remains mainly
      surgical. Malignant cases with post-surgical recurrences have been described in
      literature and recurrences have been related to an incomplete surgical treatment
      or tumour aggressiveness. We present the case of 31-year-old female patient with
      pilomatrixoma of the breast, which was very similar to fibroadenoma, in terms of
      size and other clinical features. We successfully treated this patient
      surgically, and the aesthetic results were good, despite the proximity of the
      tumour to the areola-nipple complex. Fifteen months later, the patient is doing
      well, free of any clinical local recurrence.

PMID- 27373127
TI  - 5-hydroxytryptamine and Lyme disease. Opportunity for a novel therapy to reduce
      the cerebellar tremor?
AB  - Lyme boreliosis is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burdorferi, which is
      transmitted by ticks. A 59 year-old woman developed pyrexia, strong headaches,
      ataxia, dysarthria and tremor of the limbs after a tick bite. She was unable to
      work and eat on her own. She was hospitalized three times and diagnosed with
      cerebellar intention tremor, cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria, bilateral horizontal
      gaze paralysis and a central lesion of the left facial nerve. There were no
      pyramidal, sensory or psychiatric disturbances. The brain MRI showed multifocal
      leucoencephalopathy with many hyperintense areas in both hemispheres, as well as
      in the left superior pedunculus cerebellaris. Diagnosis was confirmed by
      serologic examination. Treatment with cephtriaxone, doxycycline,
      methylprednisolone, cephixime and ciprofloxacine was administered without effect
      on the tremor, ataxia and horizontal gaze paralysis. Treatment was then
      administered with 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT) in increased doses. The result of
      the three-month treatment with 5-HT was a gradual diminution of the tremor and
      the ataxia and an increase in the ability to eat, walk and work independently.

PMID- 27373128
TI  - Isolated CMV infection causing perianal and sacral ulceration in a patient with
      aids.
AB  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a DNA virus estimated to infect 70-90% of the world?s
      population, producing minimal symptoms in immunocompetent hosts. In the
      immunocompromised host, CMV infection can be potentially fatal, producing
      systemic or localized forms. We report the case of a 52-year-old female with
      acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) who presented multiple sacral and perineal
      ulcers clinically and histopathologically consistent with CMV ulcerations. We
      discuss the patient?s clinical presentation and histologic findings to remind
      physicians to consider CMV as a cause for cutaneous and systemic infection in the
      immunocompromised host.

PMID- 27373129
TI  - Coexistent trichilemmoma and trichoblastoma without associated nevus sebaceus.
AB  - Trichilemmoma and trichoblastoma are benign adnexal neoplasms derived from the
      hair follicle unit. While trichilemmomas are closely associated with the
      epidermis, trichoblastomas are found within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
      Both tumors have been reported to arise within nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn (NSJ).
      We present a 42-year-old white male with a 5 mm crusted, erythematous papule on
      the right occipital scalp that had been present for years. A shave biopsy was
      performed and read as trichilemmoma involving the biopsy base. The patient
      returned for follow-up 2 months later with recurrence of a crusted papule,
      measuring 9 mm in greatest diameter at the site of the previous biopsy. The
      lesion was excised for complete histologic evaluation, diagnosed as trichilemmoma
      with verrucoid features and associated basaloid proliferation with adnexal
      differentiation, again involving the biopsy base. The lesion recurred 2 months
      later in the form of an 8 mm multilobulated pink nodule. It was again excised and
      diagnosed as trichoblastoma with overlying trichilemmoma. The significance of
      this finding is that coexistent lesions do not necessarily necessitate a
      preexisting nevus sebaceous. Rather, this finding supports the notion of a common
      stem cell capable of differentiating toward the various portions of the hair
      follicle unit and adnexal structures. The idea is that any portion of the skin
      adnexal structure may develop out of a pluripotential germ cell and develop into
      a tumor.

PMID- 27373130
TI  - Biofibre hair implant ? impact on the quality of life.
AB  - Body image refers to how we feel about our bodies. It does not refer to what we
      actually look like, but rather to our perceptions, opinions and ways of thinking
      about our appearance. How we feel about our appearance is part of our body image
      and self-image. The hair is a significant part of this image. The problem of
      alopecia affects both sexes and all ages with significant sequelae. Along with
      androgenetic alopecia, there are forms of alopecia of various origins: traumatic,
      surgical, pharmacological and others. Polyamide artificial hair implant
      (Biofibre(r)) is one of the current techniques used to treat this problem.

PMID- 27373131
TI  - Biofibre hair implant: what is new, what is true?
AB  - Ensuring the safety of hair implant fibers is essential. At the same time, good
      aesthetic quality and durability should also be considered in order to maintain
      expected result over the years. The main features required are biocompatibility,
      resistance to traction, absence of capillarity, resistance to physical-chemical
      stress, and low tissue trauma, in addition to good aesthetics. Biofibre(r)
      medical hair prosthetic fibers meet all the biocompatibility and safety
      requirements established by international standards for medical devices. They are
      available in 13 colors, with different lengths (15, 30 or 45 cm) and various
      shapes (straight, wavy, curly and afro). Biofibre(r) hair implants are indicated
      for diffuse hair loss or hair thinning in cases where an immediate aesthetic
      result is required, when patients request minor surgery without hospitalization,
      both for male and female patients, in combination with other hair restoration
      techniques to improve the final aesthetic result, to correct scars or scalp burns
      and in cases of poor donor areas. Biofibre(r) Hair Implant is in fact a minor
      surgery technique, performed under local anesthesia by either a manual implanter
      or an automatic machine which enables an immediate aesthetic result and the
      desired quantity of hair without pain or hospitalization. Clinical and
      histological studies have demonstrated that Biofibre(r) hair Implants are safe
      and well tolerated by patients and can be totally reversible if the need arises.
      This technique requires good after-care, periodical check-ups and yearly implant
      re-touches to maintain the best cosmetic result.

PMID- 27373132
TI  - Uncommon clinical presentation of Kimura?s disease as bilateral retroauricular
      masses in a young Malian male: successful surgical approach.
AB  - We present a case of a 27 year-old Malian male referred to our hospital for two
      large, painless retroauricolar masses that had appeared two years earlier.
      Bilateral cervical painless lymphadenopathy was present at physical examination,
      without any other systemic symptoms. His history was relevant for bilateral
      Kimura?s disease lesions resected 5 years earlier in the same locations.
      Lymphocytosis and a mild hypereosinophilia were found in routine blood tests,
      together with increased total IgE levels. After surgery, histology showed
      lymphoid infiltrates with reactive prominent germinal centres containing
      eosinophils, suggesting relapse of Kimura?s disease, in the context of
      nonencapsulated fibrous proliferation with discontinuous collagen fibers,
      consistent with keloid. Three months after removal of retroauricular masses,
      abnormal laboratory findings reverted to normal. To the best our knowledge, this
      is the first case in literature of bilateral keloid lesions developed after
      surgery for Kimura Disease and harbouring its histopathologic features.
      Clinicians should be aware of these unusual reactive phenomena and their possible
      simulators.

PMID- 27373133
TI  - Langerhans cell sarcoma: an unusual microscopic presentation.
AB  - A 70-year-old Caucasian male presented to our clinic for a pruritic eruption
      progressing over several months. He complained of fatigue with a 20-pound weight
      loss over the past year. On presentation, the patient had browny-yellow to
      violaceous, purpuric, macular and papular lesions on the legs, arms, lower
      abdomen and back. Initial biopsy showed an angiocentric infiltrate with a
      suggestion of intraluminal proliferation; CD31 and Fli-1 positivity suggested
      either reactive angioendotheliomatosis or an unusual intravascular histiocytosis.
      Further excisional biopsies demonstrated perivascular collections of cells with
      ample cytoplasm, prominent nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic activity. The nuclei
      demonstrated nuclear folding, grooves and indentations. The atypical cells were
      S100, CD1a and CD56 positive with immunohistochemistry. A diagnosis of Langerhans
      cell sarcoma (LCS) was made. LCS is a rare, aggressive malignancy that can
      involve multiple organs including the skin, lymph nodes, lung, bone marrow,
      spleen, heart, and brain. The skin and lymph nodes are commonly involved, and the
      cutaneous presentation varies greatly. Immunohistochemistry characteristically
      shows CD1a and S100 positivity. CD56 expression is uncommon and often portends a
      poor prognosis. There is no established treatment of LCS due to its rarity.
      Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been used with varied outcomes. Our
      patient was treated with prednisone with improvement of cutaneous disease. He did
      not develop systemic involvement, but died 1.5 years later from complications
      associated with heart failure. Langerhans cell sarcoma should be considered when
      faced with an unusual angiocentric infiltrate in which initial
      immunohistochemical staining results may be misleading.

PMID- 27373134
TI  - Pulmonary and abdominal sarcoidosis, the great imitators on imaging?
AB  - Sarcoidosis is an insidious disorder that virtually affects every body organ.
      Lungs are the site most often affected (in up to 90% of patients) followed by
      intra thoracic more often than peripheral lymph nodes and other sites can be
      involved in different percentages. The evaluation of pulmonary sarcoidosis is
      best performed with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), as traditional
      chest X-ray has a low resolution and can be negative or give non-significant
      results. Disorders such as interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), tuberculosis, lung
      cancer and lymphangitis carcinomatosis can manifest with similar radiological
      findings that can deceive clinics and radiologists. The need of a clear
      distinction between these conditions is important not only for diagnostic
      purposes but also because treatment differs significantly in different
      conditions. However, conventional Ultrasound (US) can be negative if small
      lesions are present and false negative images can result if US is not followed by
      a contrast-imaging technique. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and
      magnetic resonance imaging (CEMRI) are preferred to detect single or multiple
      masses, which appear hypodense and hypointense after contrast agent
      administration, respectively. We think that a correct algorithm should include a
      thorough clinical and radiological evaluation, a definite biopsy of affected
      tissues revealing classical non-caseating granulomas and a certain exclusion of
      conditions that can give similar clinical/histophatological patterns before
      considering the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Only in these cases, a diagnosis of
      sarcoidosis can be sufficiently achieved before starting an appropriate
      treatment.

PMID- 27373135
TI  - Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis demonstrating small, discrete skin-colored
      papules.
AB  - We report the case of a 67-year-old female with a rare variant of interstitial
      granulomatous dermatitis showing multiple skin-colored papules. Clinically,
      numerous skin-colored or reddish papules were distributed on her back and
      posterior thighs with itchy scaly erythema on the upper back. After topical
      steroid application, skin-colored papules still remained after the disappearance
      of itchy scaly erythema. Histopathologically, perivascular and interstitial
      infiltration of lymphocytes and histiocytes with occasional multinucleated giant
      cells were observed in the superficial and mid reticular dermis, accompanied by
      mild mucin deposition. Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis is similar to
      interstitial granuloma annulare, but can be differentiated from it by lesser
      degrees of collagen degeneration with mucin deposition and frequent association
      with arthritis or rheumatic diseases. As previously reported, multiple
      asymptomatic skin-colored papules are considered a rare but distinct variant of
      interstitial granulomatous dermatitis. Although no apparent underlying disorder
      has developed in the presented case, careful follow-up needs to be continued.

PMID- 27373136
TI  - Medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevus of the forehead, glabella and temple ?
      surgical treatment and long-term follow-up.
AB  - Congenital melanocytic nevi can be stigmatising for the patient. Larger nevi bear
      an increased risk for melanoma development. Large congenital melanocytic nevi may
      be a symptom of neurocutaneous melanosis. We report on a 5-year-old boy with an
      extensive hair-bearing facial congenital melanocytic nevus, covering forehead,
      glabella and temple region associated with unilateral brow and blepharoptosis.
      The lesion was excised en bloc. The resulting defect had been closed by full
      thickness skin graft. Healing was unremarkable and long-term follow-up over 13
      years demonstrated a satisfying esthetic and functional outcome. There was no
      evidence of melanoma development. Surgery is an option for disfiguring larger
      congenital melanocytic nevi as long as esthetics and function can be preserved.
      Long-term follow-up is recommended due to the increased risk of melanoma.

PMID- 27373137
TI  - Giant congenital melanocytic nevus in a bulgarian newborn.
AB  - Giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) is a rare disorder affecting 1 in
      200,000?500,000 live births. Central nervous system defects such as spina bifida,
      meningocele, Dandy Walker malformation may accompany it and thus cause
      significant morbidity. Despite the related risk for malignant transformation,
      GCMNs may be associated with neurocutaneous melanosis, a rare syndrome in which a
      giant CMN or multiple smaller CMNs are accompanied by melanocytic deposition in
      the brain and the spinal cord. We present a case of a 5-day-old newborn with
      giant congenital melanocytic nevus on his back, as we discuss the diagnostic and
      treatment approach.

PMID- 27373138
TI  - Multifocal infantile progressive hemangiomatosis with ocular involvement: unique
      presentation in a Bulgarian newborn.
AB  - Vascular disorders are considered a common finding among infants and in general,
      hemangioma is the most common. Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis is a rare and
      frequently fatal variant of them. We describe a case of a 2-months-old infant
      with multiple cutaneous hemangiomatosis and ocular involvement. To the best of
      our knowledge, this is the first reported case. We focus on the different
      treatment modalities and current diagnostic approaches.

PMID- 27373139
TI  - Novel antidiabetic drugs and cardiovascular risk: Primum non nocere.
AB  - AIMS: Diabetes treatments aim at preventing undesirable metabolic effects of
      hyperglycemia and at preventing/reducing tissue damage, including cardiovascular
      (CV) events. For approval, novel diabetes drugs undergo early systematic
      investigation to assess CV safety. This review provides an updated analysis of
      the results of recent studies examining novel diabetes medications and CV
      outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: The new regulatory guidelines enforce adjudication of
      all CV events when testing novel diabetes drugs. Endpoints of CV mortality,
      myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and hospitalization for heart failure (HF)
      were included in the most recent clinical studies on novel antihyperglycemics.
      These are: the incretin mimetics glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor
      agonists (GLP1-RA), the incretin enhancers dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4)
      inhibitors (DPP4-I or gliptins), and the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT2)
      inhibitors (SGLT2-I or gliflozins). The studies ELIXA and EXAMINE, testing
      lixisenatide and alogliptin, respectively, revealed non-inferiority versus
      placebo in terms of CV safety. The SAVOR-TIMI 53 results confirmed overall CV
      safety of saxagliptin, but raised a warning related to the increase in the risk
      of hospitalization for HF in the saxagliptin group. Recently, TECOS revealed a
      particularly favorable CV profile for sitagliptin while EMPA-REG showed a
      significant CV risk reduction in empagliflozin treated subjects. Ongoing studies
      will provide additional data on CV safety for other GLP1-RAs, DPP4-I and SGLT2-I.
      CONCLUSIONS: Results of safety outcome studies focused on CV events, including HF
      and mortality for CV causes, are not homogeneous. A critical analysis of these
      studies may help cardiologists and diabetes specialists to adapt their
      therapeutic choices to individual patients.

PMID- 27373140
TI  - Expression of kisspeptin/kiss1r system in developing hypothalamus of female rat
      and the possible effects on reproduction development and maintenance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The kisspeptin/kiss1r system, expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate
      nucleus, has been proclaimed as one of the most powerful factors of the
      reproduction axis, according to recent researches in the reproductive field. The
      aim of this study was to ascertain the expression of kisspeptin, its receptor
      (kiss1r), and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and to explore the role on
      the development and maintenance of the reproductive function of developing female
      rats. METHODS: Expressions of the kisspeptin/kiss1r system were examined by
      immunohistochemistry and Real time Quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Expressions of
      estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone were
      analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Expression of the
      kisspeptin/kiss1r system increased time dependently with aging, and their peak
      expression was demonstrated in the adult stage. GnRH showed a similar expression
      pattern to that of the kisspeptin/kiss1r system. ELISA results demonstrated that
      the E2, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion increased
      time dependently from infancy to prepuberty to puberty. However, E2 level
      decreased significantly in adult rats. Morphological changes of ovaries showed
      that primordial follicles, primary follicles, and growing follicle inhabited the
      dominant status in infancy, prepuberty, and puberty stages, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: GnRH neurons may play an intermediate role in the activation and
      maintenance of the reproductive function regulated by the kisspeptin/kiss1r
      system, which may also indirectly regulate the serum level of luteinizing
      hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and E2.

PMID- 27373141
TI  - Epidemiological trends for hospital admissions for acute rotavirus
      gastroenteritis in Belgium following the introduction of routine rotavirus
      vaccination and the subsequent switch from lyophilized to liquid formulation of
      RotarixTM.
AB  - This study describes epidemiological trends for acute rotavirus gastroenteritis
      (RVGE) in Belgium in children aged ?5 years during the period June 2007 to May
      2014 after the introduction of routine rotavirus (RV) vaccination. This period
      encompassed the switch from lyophilized to the liquid formulation of RotarixTM
      (GlaxoSmithKline, Belgium) in August 2011. Uptake of RV vaccine remained
      consistently high throughout the study period with Rotarix the brand most often
      used. RV was present in 9% (1139/12 511) of hospitalized cases with acute
      gastroenteritis included in the study. Epidemiological trends for hospital
      admissions for RVGE remained consistent throughout the study period, with no
      evidence of any change associated with the switch from lyophilized to liquid
      formulation of Rotarix. This suggests both formulations perform similarly, with
      the liquid formulation not inferior regarding ability to reduce hospital
      admissions for acute RVGE in children aged ?5 years. A strong seasonal effect was
      observed with most RVGE occurring in the winter months but with some variability
      in intensity, with highest incidence found in those aged 6-24 months. The main
      observation was the decreased number of hospital admissions for RVGE in Belgium
      that occurred during winter 2013/2014.

PMID- 27373142
TI  - Mutations in ash1 and trx enhance P-element-dependent silencing in Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - In Drosophila melanogaster, the mini-w(+) transgene in Pci is normally expressed
      throughout the adult eye; however, when other P or KP elements are present, a
      variegated-eye phenotype results, indicating random w(+) silencing during
      development called P-element-dependent silencing (PDS). Mutant Su(var)205 and
      Su(var)3-7 alleles act as haplo-suppressors/triplo-enhancers of this variegated
      phenotype, indicating that these heterochromatic modifiers act dose dependently
      in PDS. Previously, we recovered a spontaneous mutation of P{lacW}ci(Dplac)
      called P{lacW}ci(DplacE1) (E1) that variegated in the absence of P elements,
      presumably due to the insertion of an adjacent gypsy element. From a screen for
      genetic modifiers of E1 variegation, we describe here the isolation of five
      mutations in ash1 and three in trx that enhance the E1 variegated phenotype in a
      dose-dependent and cumulative manner. These mutant alleles enhance PDS at E1, and
      in E1/P{lacW}ci(Dplac), but suppress position effect variegation (PEV) at
      In(1)w(m)(4). This opposite action is consistent with a model where ASH1 and TRX
      mark transcriptionally active chromatin domains. If ASH1 or TRX function is lost
      or reduced, heterochromatin can spread into these domains creating a sink that
      diverts heterochromatic proteins from other variegating locations, which then may
      express a suppressed phenotype. 

PMID- 27373143
TI  - Ospemifene May Not Treat Vulvar Atrophy: A Report of Two Cases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ospemifene (Osphena, Shionogi Inc, Florham, NJ, USA) is an estrogen
      agonist and antagonist approved by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration for the
      treatment of "moderate to severe dyspareunia, a symptom of vulvar and vaginal
      atrophy, due to menopause." Although published, peer-reviewed, placebo-controlled
      studies have shown objective improvement in dyspareunia and in vaginal atrophy,
      there are no published data that have assessed changes in vulvar atrophy after
      the use of ospemifene. AIM: To present two cases of women with severe vulvar
      atrophy that showed no improvement with the use of ospemifene. METHODS: A review
      of two recent cases of a clinic specializing in the treatment of vulvovaginal
      disorders was performed. Case 1 was a 53-year-old menopausal woman who presented
      with non-provoked vulvar and vaginal discomfort and introital dyspareunia. She
      had used ospemifene 60 mg/d for 1.5 years without improvement in her symptoms
      before presentation. Case 2 was a 57-year-old menopausal woman who also presented
      with non-provoked vulvar rawness, burning, irritation, vaginal dryness, and
      introital dyspareunia. She had started ospemifene 60 mg/d 1 year before
      presentation and reported mild improvement in her vaginal dryness but no
      improvement in her vulvar irritation or introital dyspareunia. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Change in vulvar atrophy and introital dyspareunia. CONCLUSION: These
      cases highlight the need to perform additional clinical trials that specifically
      assess the efficacy of ospemifene for changes in vulvar atrophy.

PMID- 27373145
TI  - Precision Imaging: more descriptive, predictive and integrative imaging.
AB  - Medical image analysis has grown into a matured field challenged by progress made
      across all medical imaging technologies and more recent breakthroughs in
      biological imaging. The cross-fertilisation between medical image analysis,
      biomedical imaging physics and technology, and domain knowledge from medicine and
      biology has spurred a truly interdisciplinary effort that stretched outside the
      original boundaries of the disciplines that gave birth to this field and created
      stimulating and enriching synergies. Consideration on how the field has evolved
      and the experience of the work carried out over the last 15 years in our centre,
      has led us to envision a future emphasis of medical imaging in Precision Imaging.
      Precision Imaging is not a new discipline but rather a distinct emphasis in
      medical imaging borne at the cross-roads between, and unifying the efforts behind
      mechanistic and phenomenological model-based imaging. It captures three main
      directions in the effort to deal with the information deluge in imaging sciences,
      and thus achieve wisdom from data, information, and knowledge. Precision Imaging
      is finally characterised by being descriptive, predictive and integrative about
      the imaged object. This paper provides a brief and personal perspective on how
      the field has evolved, summarises and formalises our vision of Precision Imaging
      for Precision Medicine, and highlights some connections with past research and
      current trends in the field.

PMID- 27373144
TI  - Common and unique genetic interactions of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1
      and PARP2 with DNA double-strand break repair pathways.
AB  - In mammalian cells, chromatin poly(ADP-ribos)ylation (PARylation) at sites of DNA
      Double-Strand Breaks (DSBs) is mediated by two highly related enzymes, PARP1 and
      PARP2. However, enzyme-specific genetic interactions with other DSB repair
      factors remain largely undefined. In this context, it was previously shown that
      mice lacking PARP1 and H2AX, a histone variant that promotes DSB repair
      throughout the cell cycle, or the core nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) factor
      Ku80 are not viable, while mice lacking PARP1 and the noncore NHEJ factor DNA
      PKcs are severely growth retarded and markedly lymphoma-prone. Here, we have
      examined the requirement for PARP2 in these backgrounds. We find that, like
      PARP1, PARP2 is essential for viability in mice lacking H2AX. Moreover, treatment
      of H2AX-deficient primary fibroblasts or B lymphocytes with PARP inhibitors leads
      to activation of the G2/M checkpoint and accumulation of chromatid-type breaks in
      a lineage- and gene-dose dependent manner. In marked contrast to PARP1, loss of
      PARP2 does not result in additional phenotypes in growth, development or
      tumorigenesis in mice lacking either Ku80 or DNA-PKcs. Altogether these findings
      highlight specific nonoverlapping functions of PARP1 and PARP2 at H2AX-deficient
      chromatin during replicative phases of the cell cycle and uncover a unique
      requirement for PARP1 in NHEJ-deficient cells.

PMID- 27373146
TI  - Image-guided interventions and computer-integrated therapy: Quo vadis?
AB  - Significant efforts have been dedicated to minimizing invasiveness associated
      with surgical interventions, most of which have been possible thanks to the
      developments in medical imaging, surgical navigation, visualization and display
      technologies. Image-guided interventions have promised to dramatically change the
      way therapies are delivered to many organs. However, in spite of the development
      of many sophisticated technologies over the past two decades, other than some
      isolated examples of successful implementations, minimally invasive therapy is
      far from enjoying the wide acceptance once envisioned. This paper provides a
      large-scale overview of the state-of-the-art developments, identifies several
      barriers thought to have hampered the wider adoption of image-guided navigation,
      and suggests areas of research that may potentially advance the field.

PMID- 27373147
TI  - Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptors Make Dissociable Contributions to Dorsolateral
      Prefrontal Cortical Regulation of Rule-Guided Oculomotor Behavior.
AB  - Studies of neuromodulation of spatial short-term memory have shown that dopamine
      D1 receptor (D1R) stimulation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) dose
      dependently modulates memory activity, whereas D2 receptors (D2Rs) selectively
      modulate activity related to eye movements hypothesized to encode movement
      feedback. We examined localized stimulation of D1Rs and D2Rs on DLPFC neurons
      engaged in a task involving rule representation in memory to guide appropriate
      eye movements toward or away from a visual stimulus. We found dissociable effects
      of D1R and D2R on DLPFC physiology. D1R stimulation degrades memory activity for
      the task rule and increases stimulus-related selectivity. In contrast, D2R
      stimulation affects motor activity tuning only when eye movements are made to the
      stimulus. Only D1R stimulation degrades task performance and increases impulsive
      responding. Our results suggest that D1Rs regulate rule representation and
      impulse control, whereas D2Rs selectively modulate eye-movement-related dynamics
      and not rule representation in the DLPFC.

PMID- 27373148
TI  - 2.8-A Cryo-EM Structure of the Large Ribosomal Subunit from the Eukaryotic
      Parasite Leishmania.
AB  - Leishmania is a single-cell eukaryotic parasite of the Trypanosomatidae family,
      whose members cause an array of tropical diseases. The often fatal outcome of
      infections, lack of effective vaccines, limited selection of therapeutic drugs,
      and emerging resistant strains, underline the need to develop strategies to
      combat these pathogens. The Trypanosomatid ribosome has recently been highlighted
      as a promising therapeutic target due to structural features that are distinct
      from other eukaryotes. Here, we present the 2.8-A resolution structure of the
      Leishmania donovani large ribosomal subunit (LSU) derived from a cryo-EM map,
      further enabling the structural observation of eukaryotic rRNA modifications that
      play a significant role in ribosome assembly and function. The structure
      illustrates the unique fragmented nature of leishmanial LSU rRNA and highlights
      the irregular distribution of rRNA modifications in Leishmania, a characteristic
      with implications for anti-parasitic drug development.

PMID- 27373149
TI  - PCNA Retention on DNA into G2/M Phase Causes Genome Instability in Cells Lacking
      Elg1.
AB  - Loss of the genome maintenance factor Elg1 causes serious genome instability that
      leads to cancer, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Elg1 forms the major
      subunit of a replication factor C-like complex, Elg1-RLC, which unloads the ring
      shaped polymerase clamp PCNA from DNA during replication. Here, we show that
      prolonged retention of PCNA on DNA into G2/M phase is the major cause of genome
      instability in elg1Delta yeast. Overexpression-induced accumulation of PCNA on
      DNA causes genome instability. Conversely, disassembly-prone PCNA mutants that
      relieve PCNA accumulation rescue the genome instability of elg1Delta cells.
      Covalent modifications to the retained PCNA make only a minor contribution to
      elg1Delta genome instability. By engineering cell-cycle-regulated ELG1 alleles,
      we show that abnormal accumulation of PCNA on DNA during S phase causes moderate
      genome instability and its retention through G2/M phase exacerbates genome
      instability. Our results reveal that PCNA unloading by Elg1-RLC is critical for
      genome maintenance.

PMID- 27373150
TI  - Impaired Recall of Positional Memory following Chemogenetic Disruption of Place
      Field Stability.
AB  - The neural network of the temporal lobe is thought to provide a cognitive map of
      our surroundings. Functional analysis of this network has been hampered by coarse
      tools that often result in collateral damage to other circuits. We developed a
      chemogenetic system to temporally control electrical input into the hippocampus.
      When entorhinal input to the perforant path was acutely silenced, hippocampal
      firing patterns became destabilized and underwent extensive remapping. We also
      found that spatial memory acquired prior to neural silencing was impaired by loss
      of input through the perforant path. Together, our experiments show that
      manipulation of entorhinal activity destabilizes spatial coding and disrupts
      spatial memory. Moreover, we introduce a chemogenetic model for non-invasive
      neuronal silencing that offers multiple advantages over existing strategies in
      this setting.

PMID- 27373151
TI  - NeuCode Proteomics Reveals Bap1 Regulation of Metabolism.
AB  - We introduce neutron-encoded (NeuCode) amino acid labeling of mice as a strategy
      for multiplexed proteomic analysis in vivo. Using NeuCode, we characterize an
      inducible knockout mouse model of Bap1, a tumor suppressor and deubiquitinase
      whose in vivo roles outside of cancer are not well established. NeuCode
      proteomics revealed altered metabolic pathways following Bap1 deletion, including
      profound elevation of cholesterol biosynthetic machinery coincident with reduced
      expression of gluconeogenic and lipid homeostasis proteins in liver. Bap1 loss
      increased pancreatitis biomarkers and reduced expression of mitochondrial
      proteins. These alterations accompany a metabolic remodeling with hypoglycemia,
      hypercholesterolemia, hepatic lipid loss, and acinar cell degeneration. Liver
      specific Bap1 null mice present with fully penetrant perinatal lethality, severe
      hypoglycemia, and hepatic lipid deficiency. This work reveals Bap1 as a metabolic
      regulator in liver and pancreas, and it establishes NeuCode as a reliable
      proteomic method for deciphering in vivo biology.

PMID- 27373152
TI  - Smc5/6 Mediated Sumoylation of the Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 Complex Promotes Removal of
      Recombination Intermediates.
AB  - Timely removal of DNA recombination intermediates is critical for genome
      stability. The DNA helicase-topoisomerase complex, Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 (STR), is the
      major pathway for processing these intermediates to generate conservative
      products. However, the mechanisms that promote STR-mediated functions remain to
      be defined. Here we show that Sgs1 binds to poly-SUMO chains and associates with
      the Smc5/6 SUMO E3 complex in yeast. Moreover, these interactions contribute to
      the sumoylation of Sgs1, Top3, and Rmi1 upon the generation of recombination
      structures. We show that reduced STR sumoylation leads to accumulation of
      recombination structures, and impaired growth in conditions when these structures
      arise frequently, highlighting the importance of STR sumoylation.
      Mechanistically, sumoylation promotes STR inter-subunit interactions and
      accumulation at DNA repair centers. These findings expand the roles of
      sumoylation and Smc5/6 in genome maintenance by demonstrating that they foster
      STR functions in the removal of recombination intermediates.

PMID- 27373153
TI  - Spinal Microgliosis Due to Resident Microglial Proliferation Is Required for Pain
      Hypersensitivity after Peripheral Nerve Injury.
AB  - Peripheral nerve injury causes neuropathic pain accompanied by remarkable
      microgliosis in the spinal cord dorsal horn. However, it is still debated whether
      infiltrated monocytes contribute to injury-induced expansion of the microglial
      population. Here, we found that spinal microgliosis predominantly results from
      local proliferation of resident microglia but not from infiltrating monocytes
      after spinal nerve transection (SNT) by using two genetic mouse models
      (CCR2(RFP/+):CX3CR1(GFP/+) and CX3CR1(creER/+):R26(tdTomato/+) mice) as well as
      specific staining of microglia and macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of SNT
      induced microglial proliferation correlated with attenuated neuropathic pain
      hypersensitivities. Microglial proliferation is partially controlled by
      purinergic and fractalkine signaling, as CX3CR1(-/-) and P2Y12(-/-) mice show
      reduced spinal microglial proliferation and neuropathic pain. These results
      suggest that local microglial proliferation is the sole source of spinal
      microgliosis, which represents a potential therapeutic target for neuropathic
      pain management.

PMID- 27373154
TI  - Asymmetric Inheritance of Aggregated Proteins and Age Reset in Yeast Are
      Regulated by Vac17-Dependent Vacuolar Functions.
AB  - Age can be reset during mitosis in both yeast and stem cells to generate a young
      daughter cell from an aged and deteriorated one. This phenomenon requires
      asymmetry-generating genes (AGGs) that govern the asymmetrical inheritance of
      aggregated proteins. Using a genome-wide imaging screen to identify AGGs in
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we discovered a previously unknown role for
      endocytosis, vacuole fusion, and the myosin-dependent adaptor protein Vac17 in
      asymmetrical inheritance of misfolded proteins. Overproduction of Vac17 increases
      deposition of aggregates into cytoprotective vacuole-associated sites,
      counteracts age-related breakdown of endocytosis and vacuole integrity, and
      extends replicative lifespan. The link between damage asymmetry and vesicle
      trafficking can be explained by a direct interaction between aggregates and
      vesicles. We also show that the protein disaggregase Hsp104 interacts physically
      with endocytic vesicle-associated proteins, such as the dynamin-like protein,
      Vps1, which was also shown to be required for Vac17-dependent sequestration of
      protein aggregates. These data demonstrate that two physiognomies of aging
      reduced endocytosis and protein aggregation-are interconnected and regulated by
      Vac17.

PMID- 27373155
TI  - Protein Prenylation Constitutes an Endogenous Brake on Axonal Growth.
AB  - Suboptimal axonal regeneration contributes to the consequences of nervous system
      trauma and neurodegenerative disease, but the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate
      axon growth remain unclear. We screened 50,400 small molecules for their ability
      to promote axon outgrowth on inhibitory substrata. The most potent hits were the
      statins, which stimulated growth of all mouse- and human-patient-derived neurons
      tested, both in vitro and in vivo, as did combined inhibition of the protein
      prenylation enzymes farnesyltransferase (PFT) and geranylgeranyl transferase I
      (PGGT-1). Compensatory sprouting of motor axons may delay clinical onset of
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accordingly, elevated levels of PGGT1B,
      which would be predicted to reduce sprouting, were found in motor neurons of
      early- versus late-onset ALS patients postmortem. The mevalonate-prenylation
      pathway therefore constitutes an endogenous brake on axonal growth, and its
      inhibition provides a potential therapeutic approach to accelerate neuronal
      regeneration in humans.

PMID- 27373156
TI  - Transcription Factor NFIB Is a Driver of Small Cell Lung Cancer Progression in
      Mice and Marks Metastatic Disease in Patients.
AB  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor, and no
      effective treatment is available to date. Mouse models of SCLC based on the
      inactivation of Rb1 and Trp53 show frequent amplifications of the Nfib and Mycl
      genes. Here, we report that, although overexpression of either transcription
      factor accelerates tumor growth, NFIB specifically promotes metastatic spread.
      High NFIB levels are associated with expansive growth of a poorly differentiated
      and almost exclusively E-cadherin (CDH1)-negative invasive tumor cell population.
      Consistent with the mouse data, we find that NFIB is overexpressed in almost all
      tested human metastatic high-grade neuroendocrine lung tumors, warranting further
      assessment of NFIB as a tumor progression marker in a clinical setting.

PMID- 27373157
TI  - Identification and Targeting of Long-Term Tumor-Propagating Cells in Small Cell
      Lung Cancer.
AB  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a neuroendocrine lung cancer characterized by
      fast growth, early dissemination, and rapid resistance to chemotherapy. We
      identified a population of long-term tumor-propagating cells (TPCs) in a mouse
      model of SCLC. This population, marked by high levels of EpCAM and CD24, is also
      prevalent in human primary SCLC tumors. Murine SCLC TPCs are numerous and highly
      proliferative but not intrinsically chemoresistant, indicating that not all
      clinical features of SCLC are linked to TPCs. SCLC TPCs possess a distinct
      transcriptional profile compared to non-TPCs, including elevated MYC activity.
      Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of MYC in SCLC cells to non-TPC levels
      inhibits long-term propagation but not short-term growth. These studies identify
      a highly tumorigenic population of SCLC cells in mouse models, cell lines, and
      patient tumors and a means to target them in this most fatal form of lung cancer.

PMID- 27373158
TI  - The Zfhx3-Mediated Axis Regulates Sleep and Interval Timing in Mice.
AB  - An AT motif-dependent axis, modulated by the transcription factor Zfhx3,
      influences the circadian clock in mice. In particular, gain of function of Zfhx3
      significantly shortens circadian rhythms and alters the transcriptional activity
      of an important class of neuropeptides that controls intercellular signaling in
      the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The ZFHX3/AT axis revealed
      an important, largely cell-nonautonomous control of the circadian clock. Here, by
      studying the recently identified circadian mouse mutant Zfhx3(Sci/+), we identify
      significant effects on sleep homeostasis, a phenomenon that is outside the
      canonical circadian clock system and that is modulated by the activity of those
      neuropeptides at a circuit level. We show that the Zfhx3(Sci/+) mutation
      accelerates the circadian clock at both the hourly scale (i.e., advancing
      circadian rhythms) and the seconds-to-minutes scale (i.e., anticipating
      behavioral responses) in mice. The in vivo results are accompanied by a
      significant presence of sleep targets among protein-protein interactions of the
      Zfhx3(Sci/+)-dependent network.

PMID- 27373159
TI  - Structural Insights into Arl1-Mediated Targeting of the Arf-GEF BIG1 to the trans
      Golgi.
AB  - The GTPase Arf1 is the major regulator of vesicle traffic at both the cis- and
      trans-Golgi. Arf1 is activated at the cis-Golgi by the guanine nucleotide
      exchange factor (GEF) GBF1 and at the trans-Golgi by the related GEF BIG1 or its
      paralog, BIG2. The trans-Golgi-specific targeting of BIG1 and BIG2 depends on the
      Arf-like GTPase Arl1. We find that Arl1 binds to the dimerization and cyclophilin
      binding (DCB) domain in BIG1 and report a crystal structure of human Arl1 bound
      to this domain. Residues in the DCB domain that bind Arl1 are required for BIG1
      to locate to the Golgi in vivo. DCB domain-binding residues in Arl1 have a
      distinct conformation from those in known Arl1-effector complexes, and this
      plasticity allows Arl1 to interact with different effectors of unrelated
      structure. The findings provide structural insight into how Arf1 GEFs, and hence
      active Arf1, achieve their correct subcellular distribution.

PMID- 27373160
TI  - Activation of CDK4 Triggers Development of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
AB  - The development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multiple step
      process. Here, we show that activation of cdk4 triggers the development of NAFLD.
      We found that cdk4 protein levels are elevated in mouse models of NAFLD and in
      patients with fatty livers. This increase leads to C/EBPalpha phosphorylation on
      Ser193 and formation of C/EBPalpha-p300 complexes, resulting in hepatic
      steatosis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The disruption of this
      pathway in cdk4-resistant C/EBPalpha-S193A mice dramatically reduces development
      of high-fat diet (HFD)-mediated NAFLD. In addition, inhibition of cdk4 by
      flavopiridol or PD-0332991 significantly reduces development of hepatic
      steatosis, the first step of NAFLD. Thus, this study reveals that activation of
      cdk4 triggers NAFLD and that inhibitors of cdk4 may be used for the
      prevention/treatment of NAFLD.

PMID- 27373161
TI  - Differences in Strength and Timing of the mtDNA Bottleneck between Zebrafish
      Germline and Non-germline Cells.
AB  - We studied the mtDNA bottleneck in zebrafish to elucidate size, timing, and
      variation in germline and non-germline cells. Mature zebrafish oocytes contain,
      on average, 19.0 * 10(6) mtDNA molecules with high variation between oocytes.
      During embryogenesis, the mtDNA copy number decreases to ~170 mtDNA molecules per
      primordial germ cell (PGC), a number similar to that in mammals, and to ~50 per
      non-PGC. These occur at the same developmental stage, implying considerable
      variation in mtDNA copy number in (non-)PGCs of the same female, dictated by
      variation in the mature oocyte. The presence of oocytes with low mtDNA numbers,
      if similar in humans, could explain how (de novo) mutations can reach high
      mutation loads within a single generation. High mtDNA copy numbers in mature
      oocytes are established by mtDNA replication during oocyte development.
      Bottleneck differences between germline and non-germline cells, due to early
      differentiation of PGCs, may account for different distribution patterns of
      familial mutations.

PMID- 27373162
TI  - A Role for Timp3 in Microbiota-Driven Hepatic Steatosis and Metabolic
      Dysfunction.
AB  - The effect of gut microbiota on obesity and insulin resistance is now recognized,
      but the underlying host-dependent mechanisms remain poorly undefined. We find
      that tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 knockout (Timp3(-/-)) mice fed a
      high-fat diet exhibit gut microbiota dysbiosis, an increase in branched chain and
      aromatic (BCAA) metabolites, liver steatosis, and an increase in circulating
      soluble IL-6 receptors (sIL6Rs). sIL6Rs can then activate inflammatory cells,
      such as CD11c(+) cells, which drive metabolic inflammation. Depleting the
      microbiota through antibiotic treatment significantly improves glucose tolerance,
      hepatic steatosis, and systemic inflammation, and neutralizing sIL6R signaling
      reduces inflammation, but only mildly impacts glucose tolerance. Collectively,
      our results suggest that gut microbiota is the primary driver of the observed
      metabolic dysfunction, which is mediated, in part, through IL-6 signaling. Our
      findings also identify an important role for Timp3 in mediating the effect of the
      microbiota in metabolic diseases.

PMID- 27373163
TI  - Nucleic Acid-Targeting Pathways Promote Inflammation in Obesity-Related Insulin
      Resistance.
AB  - Obesity-related inflammation of metabolic tissues, including visceral adipose
      tissue (VAT) and liver, are key factors in the development of insulin resistance
      (IR), though many of the contributing mechanisms remain unclear. We show that
      nucleic-acid-targeting pathways downstream of extracellular trap (ET) formation,
      unmethylated CpG DNA, or ribonucleic acids drive inflammation in IR. High-fat
      diet (HFD)-fed mice show increased release of ETs in VAT, decreased systemic
      clearance of ETs, and increased autoantibodies against conserved nuclear
      antigens. In HFD-fed mice, this excess of nucleic acids and related protein
      antigens worsens metabolic parameters through a number of mechanisms, including
      activation of VAT macrophages and expansion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells
      (pDCs) in the liver. Consistently, HFD-fed mice lacking critical responders of
      nucleic acid pathways, Toll-like receptors (TLR)7 and TLR9, show reduced
      metabolic inflammation and improved glucose homeostasis. Treatment of HFD-fed
      mice with inhibitors of ET formation or a TLR7/9 antagonist improves metabolic
      disease. These findings reveal a pathogenic role for nucleic acid targeting as a
      driver of metabolic inflammation in IR.

PMID- 27373164
TI  - Kataegis Expression Signature in Breast Cancer Is Associated with Late Onset,
      Better Prognosis, and Higher HER2 Levels.
AB  - Kataegis is a mutational process observed in ~55% of breast tumors that results
      in hypermutation in localized genomic regions. Using whole-genome sequence data
      of 97 tumors, we examined the distribution of kataegis loci, showing that these
      somatic mutations are over-represented on chromosomes 8, 17, and 22 and enriched
      in genic regions and active chromatin elements. We show that tumors harboring
      kataegis are associated with transcriptome-wide expression changes consistent
      with low invasive potential. We exploit the kataegis expression signature to
      predict kataegis status in 412 breast cancers with transcriptome but not whole
      genome sequence data and show that kataegis loci are enriched in high-grade,
      HER2(+) tumors in patients diagnosed with breast cancer at an older age and who
      have a later age at death. Our study demonstrates that kataegis loci are
      associated with important clinical features in breast cancer and may serve as a
      marker of good prognosis.

PMID- 27373165
TI  - NKp80 Defines a Critical Step during Human Natural Killer Cell Development.
AB  - Human natural killer (NK) cells develop in secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs)
      through distinct stages. We identified two SLT lineage (Lin)(-)CD34(-)CD117(+/
      )CD94(+)CD16(-) "stage 4" subsets according to expression of the C-type lectin
      like surface-activating receptor, NKp80: NKp80(-) (stage "4a") and NKp80(+)
      (stage "4b"). Whereas stage 4b cells expressed more of the transcription factors
      T-BET and EOMES, produced interferon-gamma, and were cytotoxic, stage 4a cells
      expressed more of the transcription factors RORgammat and AHR and produced
      interleukin-22, similar to SLT Lin(-)CD34(-)CD117(+)CD94(-)CD16(-) "stage 3"
      cells, whose phenotype overlaps with that of group 3 innate lymphoid cells
      (ILC3s). Co-culture with dendritic cells or transplantation into immunodeficient
      mice produced mature NK cells from stage 3 and stage 4a populations. These data
      identify NKp80 as a marker of NK cell maturity in SLTs and support a model of
      human NK cell development through a stage 4a intermediate with ILC3-associated
      features.

PMID- 27373166
TI  - Oxidative Homeostasis Regulates the Response to Reductive Endoplasmic Reticulum
      Stress through Translation Control.
AB  - Reductive stress leads to the loss of disulfide bond formation and induces the
      unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPR(ER)), necessary to
      regain proteostasis in the compartment. Here we show that peroxide accumulation
      during reductive stress attenuates UPR(ER) amplitude by altering translation
      without any discernible effect on transcription. Through a comprehensive genetic
      screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we identify modulators of reductive stress
      induced UPR(ER) and demonstrate that oxidative quality control (OQC) genes
      modulate this cellular response in the presence of chronic but not acute
      reductive stress. Using a combination of microarray and relative quantitative
      proteomics, we uncover a non-canonical translation attenuation mechanism that
      acts in a bipartite manner to selectively downregulate highly expressed proteins,
      decoupling the cell's transcriptional and translational response during reductive
      ER stress. Finally, we demonstrate that PERK, a canonical translation attenuator
      in higher eukaryotes, helps in bypassing a ROS-dependent, non-canonical mode of
      translation attenuation.

PMID- 27373167
TI  - Transmission of violet and blue light through conventional (layered) and bulk
      cured resin-based composites.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study measured the transmission of light in the 'violet'
      (350<=lambda<=425nm) and 'blue' (425<lambda<=550nm) spectral ranges from a
      polywave((r)) LED curing light through different thicknesses of four commercial,
      resin-based composites (RBCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Samples of conventional
      layered RBCs (Tetric EvoCeram A2, Filtek Supreme Ultra A2B), and bulk-curing
      resins (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill IVA, and SureFil SDR Flow U) were prepared.
      Three samples of each RBC were made at thicknesses of 0.1, 0.7, 1, 2, and 4-mm.
      The uncured RBC specimens were affixed at the entrance aperture of a 6-inch
      integrating sphere and light-cured once for 20s using a polywave((r)) LED curing
      light (Bluephase G2) on its high power setting. The spectral radiant power
      transmitted through each RBC in the 'violet' and 'blue' regions was measured
      using a fiberoptic spectrometer. RESULTS: As RBC thickness increased, an
      exponential attenuation of transmitted light was measured (R(2)>0.98).
      Attenuation was greater for the 'violet' than for the 'blue' spectral regions. At
      the light tip, the violet light component represented 15.4% of the light output.
      After passing through 4-mm of RBC, the violet light represented only between 1.2
      3.1% of the transmitted light depending on the RBC. Depending on RBC,
      approximately 100mW from the Bluephase G2 was transmitted through 0.1-mm of RBC
      in the 'violet' range, falling at most to 11mW after passing through 2-mm of RBC,
      and to only 2mW at 4-mm depth. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing RBC thickness results in
      an exponential decrease in light transmission. This attenuation is RBC-dependent
      with shorter wavelengths (violet) attenuated to a greater extent than longer
      wavelengths (blue). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite the increased translucency of
      bulk curing RBCs, spectral radiant power shorter than 425nm from a curing light
      is unlikely to be effective at a depth of 4-mm or more.

PMID- 27373168
TI  - Comparative effects of amphetamine-like psychostimulants on rat hippocampal cell
      genesis at different developmental ages.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the effects of amphetamine-like
      psychostimulant drugs (i.e., MDMA, methamphetamine, D-amphetamine) on rat
      hippocampal cell genesis at different developmental ages (i.e., early adolescence
      vs. young adulthood) to determine if there were periods of vulnerability to drug
      induced brain changes. Although adolescence is a period of great vulnerability to
      the neurochemical effects of specific drugs of abuse, several reports suggest
      that adult rats are more susceptible than adolescents to the negative effects of
      these drugs. The main results suggest that the effects of these amphetamine drugs
      on cell genesis depend on the rat's developmental age, with the young adult
      period being more sensitive than the early adolescent one. In particular, MDMA
      and methamphetamine, but not D-amphetamine impaired hippocampal cell genesis
      (i.e., cell proliferation and cell survival) in young adult rats. These effects
      were dependent on the accumulative dose administered, as they were only observed
      with the highest dose tested (12 pulses of 5mg/kg over 4days: 60mg/kg total). The
      present results extend previous reports on adolescent insensitivity (i.e., better
      adaptation) to amphetamine-drugs and suggest for young adult rats certain degree
      of hippocampal damage that may mediate some of the addiction-like behaviors that
      depend on this brain region. Moreover, the present results, in line with previous
      data, suggest a possible role for the neuroplasticity marker BDNF and serotonin
      in regulating cell survival, as mBDNF protein regulation paralleled hippocampal
      cell survival and 5-HT2C-receptor content in young adult rats treated with these
      psychostimulant drugs.

PMID- 27373169
TI  - Pearls of Publishing: Advice for Increasing Your Acceptance Odds.
AB  - Pearls of wisdom can be a convenient and efficient strategy to improve
      performance. As Editors, we employ pearls to standardize the review and editorial
      process, and we offer our own pearls to you to help facilitate acceptance of
      submitted research manuscripts with the ultimate goal of strengthening scientific
      conclusions that can affect patient care, and ultimately, improve outcome.

PMID- 27373170
TI  - Regarding "Biomechanical and Computed Tomography Analysis of Adjustable Femoral
      Cortical Fixation Devices for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in a
      Cadaveric Human Knee Model".

PMID- 27373171
TI  - Authors' Reply.

PMID- 27373172
TI  - Regarding "Trends in Arthroscopic Procedures Performed During Orthopaedic
      Residency: An Analysis of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education
      Case Log Data".

PMID- 27373173
TI  - Regarding "Does Gracilis Preservation Matter in Anterior Cruciate Ligament
      Reconstruction? A Systematic Review".

PMID- 27373174
TI  - Authors' Reply.

PMID- 27373175
TI  - Authors' Reply.

PMID- 27373176
TI  - Editorial Commentary: PRP: Platelet-Rich Plasma or Promising but Rarely Proven?
AB  - Cost-utility analysis using a Markov decision model finds that platelet-rich
      plasma (PRP) is not cost-effective in rotator cuff repair because of no added
      outcomes benefit or improvement in retear rate according to best current evidence
      (Level I to III studies). To achieve the willingness-to-pay threshold, PRP would
      need to reduce rotator cuff retear rates. The authors have opened dialogue for us
      to determine what is the value and what should be the cost for PRP when it comes
      to rotator cuff repair.

PMID- 27373177
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Just a Bit Outside: Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament
      Research Requires Critical Appraisal.
AB  - Elbow ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) in Major League Baseball
      players using either a docking technique or a modified Jobe technique (modified
      to avoid flexor-pronator detachment) is effective treatment in experienced hands.
      The study of UCLR in Major League Baseball players requires recording and
      reporting of the actual number of athletes treated by individual surgeons using
      different techniques, to determine practice patterns. Absent these data, and with
      poor response rate by the solicited physicians (41%), survey results may be
      misleading. In addition, although transient ulnar neuritis may occur during UCLR,
      permanent ulnar neuropathy is exceedingly rare.

PMID- 27373178
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Ischiofemoral Impingement: Is This the "New"
      Femoroacetabular Impingement?
AB  - In a single-surgeon study of more than 1,000 hip operations, 30 patients were
      identified with possible ischiofemoral impingement (IFI). Only 17 of these 30
      (56.6%) patients ultimately were diagnosed as having IFI on the basis of magnetic
      resonance imaging, injections, arthroscopy, and the 2 clinical tests described.
      The IFI test and the long-stride walking test were both highly accurate for the
      purported diagnosis; however, the most accurate test that was not specifically
      prospectively studied was quadriceps muscle edema on magnetic resonance imaging,
      which was present only in otherwise confirmed cases of IFI and not seen with any
      other diagnosis.

PMID- 27373179
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Ligamentum Teres Tears and Femoroacetabular Impingement:
      Complex Coexistence of Impingement and Instability.
AB  - In a large Level IV case series of 2,213 hip arthroscopies with the diagnosis of
      femoroacetabular impingement, the intraoperative status of the ligamentum teres
      (LT) was recorded as normal in 11%, frayed and/or partially torn in 88%, and
      completely torn in 1.5% of hips. Although specific physical examination maneuvers
      for detecting LT tears were not available early in the study period, thus
      limiting a detailed assessment of such tests, the authors identified that female
      gender, a lower lateral center edge angle, a higher Tonnis angle, and capsular
      laxity were all associated with complete LT tears. This study further supports
      the complex coexistence of impingement and instability.

PMID- 27373180
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Shall We Just Get It All Done With? Simultaneous Versus
      Staged Bilateral Hip Arthroscopy.
AB  - Simultaneous bilateral hip arthroscopies have comparable patient-reported
      outcomes and little risk of complications when compared with staged bilateral hip
      arthroscopies in the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. There will always
      be a selection bias, however: rehabilitation requiring 4-point gait will be more
      difficult, and some would consider that a simultaneous bilateral operation is
      more suited for the young, motivated, physically fit patient.

PMID- 27373181
TI  - Editorial Commentary: A Task May Be Done Quickly, but Not Necessarily Well.
AB  - The value of video gaming in relation to endoscopic surgical skills is explored
      in this article. Subjects who had more experience and performed better on 3
      dimensional games also performed better on an arthroscopic simulator during tasks
      requiring manipulation of tools. Although the correlation is established, no data
      are presented to support causation. Video gaming holds promise in assisting the
      trainee attempting to develop components of endoscopic skill. Further
      investigation is required to demonstrate that improvements in performance can be
      expected to result.

PMID- 27373182
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Ankle Arthroscopy: Correct Portals and Distraction Are the
      Keys to Success.
AB  - Access to all areas of the ankle during arthroscopy is always problematic. The
      use of the correct portals and distraction increases access in both the supine
      and prone positions. Noninvasive distraction up to 30 pounds is safe and
      effective to perform arthroscopy in the supine position, and avoids the potential
      complications of pin distraction.

PMID- 27373183
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Improving Proficiency in Arthroscopic Knot Tying: Focus on
      Performance Over Appearance.
AB  - Arthroscopic knot tying is a challenging motor skill that is best learned at the
      benchtop, before surgery on patients. Recent studies suggest that these skills
      can be improved by direct assessment of knot biomechanics, providing the learner
      with immediate and objective feedback. To optimize proficiency at arthroscopic
      knot tying, we focus on performance over appearance.

PMID- 27373184
TI  - Editorial Commentary: The Search for the Cartilage "Holy Grail": Are We There
      Yet?
AB  - A study by Zhang et al. provided a Level IV systematic review of 23 studies (13
      clinical and 10 basic science) that examined the current state of single-stage
      procedures for cartilage repair. The results of this review suggested that in the
      short-term (minimum 2-year follow-up), single-stage cell-based cartilage
      procedures significantly improve pain and function from the preoperative state
      and provide comparable defect fill and tissue quality as compared with their
      predecessor 2-stage procedures. The authors should be commended for summarizing
      the current state of single-stage cartilage repair techniques; however, further
      work must be done to find the cartilage restoration "holy grail."

PMID- 27373185
TI  - Does calling alcoholism an illness make a difference? The public image of
      alcoholism in Italy.
AB  - AIMS: Using data from a population survey in two communities in the region of
      Sardinia, Italy, we examined the association between illness definition and
      attribution of personal characteristics to people with alcoholism. METHODS: Quota
      samples, stratified by gender and age, were drawn from the general population
      (males: 48%; mean age 48+/-18; range: 15-90). A fully-structured interview was
      conducted face-to-face with 404 respondents. The assessment of the public view of
      'alcoholics' was measured by their reactions to stimulus words rated on bipolar
      scales, and defined with adjectives with opposite meanings at each end. RESULTS:
      322 participants (80%) rated the 'alcoholic' as 'ill'. The definition of the
      'alcoholic' as being ill showed a statistically higher odd of stigma across all
      the dimensions of personal attributes. CONCLUSIONS: The expectation that people
      adopting the illness model would tend to blame less those afflicted for their
      condition and, consequently, stigmatize them less, was not confirmed.

PMID- 27373186
TI  - Differential sensitivity to learning from positive and negative outcomes in
      cocaine users.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Altered sensitivity to positive and negative outcomes may be linked
      to the maladaptive choices characteristic of substance use disorders. Few studies
      have determined the distinct roles that positive and negative outcomes play in
      stimulus-response learning in cocaine users. The purpose of the present study was
      to investigate sensitivity to learning from positive and negative outcomes on a
      probabilistic learning task in cocaine users employing human laboratory and
      crowdsourcing techniques. METHODS: Individuals who reported cocaine use were
      recruited for a laboratory study (Experiment 1) or an online study on
      Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk (mTurk) (Experiment 2). All participants completed a
      feedback-based probabilistic learning task in which images were classified into
      categories (A versus B). Positive and negative outcomes were provided in a
      probabilistic manner on separate trials. Proportion of optimal responses and
      response times were recorded. RESULTS: Active cocaine users were less sensitive
      to learning from positive relative to negative outcomes. These effects were
      consistent across image type and session in the laboratory sample. Similarly,
      reduced sensitivity to learning from positive outcomes was observed in cocaine
      users on mTurk. Control participants did not show suboptimal performance
      following positive or negative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study extends the
      limited research on feedback-based learning in drug users by demonstrating
      reduced sensitivity to positive outcomes in cocaine users recruited in the human
      laboratory and online. Future studies on the clinical significance and mechanisms
      underlying this bias are needed to understand its relevance as a target for
      intervention development.

PMID- 27373187
TI  - Outcomes After Surgical Pulmonary Embolectomy for Acute Pulmonary Embolus: A
      Multi-Institutional Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) has been sparingly used for the
      successful treatment of massive and submassive pulmonary emboli. To date, all
      data regarding SPE have been limited to single-center experiences. The purpose of
      this study was to document short-term outcomes after SPE for acute pulmonary
      emboli (PE) at four high-volume institutions. METHODS: A retrospective review of
      multiple local Society of Thoracic Surgeons databases of adults undergoing SPE
      from 1998 to 2014 for acute PE was performed (n = 214). Demographic, operative,
      and outcomes data were collected and analyzed. Patients were summarily
      categorized as having either massive or submassive PEs based on the presence or
      absence of preoperative vasopressors. RESULTS: A total of 214 patients with acute
      PE were treated by SPE. The mean age was 56.0 +/- 14.5 years, and 92 (43.6%)
      patients were female. Of those, 176 (82.2%) PEs were submassive and 38 (17.8%)
      were massive. Fifteen (7.0%) patients underwent concomitant cardiac procedures,
      with 10 (4.7%) having simultaneous valvular interventions and 5 (2.4%) undergoing
      concomitant bypass grafting. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was used for all cases.
      Cardioplegic arrest was used for 80 (37.4%) patients. The median CPB and aortic
      cross clamp times were 71.5 (interquartile range [IQR], 47.0-109.5) and 46.0
      (IQR, 26.0-74.5), respectively. Notably, only 25 (11.7%) patients died in the
      hospital. Mortality was highest among the 28 patients who experienced
      preoperative cardiac arrest (9, 32.1%) CONCLUSIONS: These data represent the
      first multicenter experience with SPE for acute pulmonary emboli. Surgical
      pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive and submassive PE is safe and can be
      performed with acceptable in-hospital outcomes; the procedure should be included
      in the multimodality treatment of life-threatening pulmonary emboli.

PMID- 27373188
TI  - Patient Safety: Disclosure of Medical Errors and Risk Mitigation.

PMID- 27373189
TI  - Early and Late Results of the Nuss Procedure in Surgical Treatment of Pectus
      Excavatum in Different Age Groups.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was a comparison of early and late results in
      surgical treatment of funnel chest using the Nuss method in patients in various
      age groups to find the optimal age to perform the corrective procedure. METHODS:
      Six hundred eighty patients operated on from June 2002 to October 2012 were
      included in the retrospective analysis. Patients were divided into 3 different
      age groups: group A = 156 patients from 7 to 14 years, group B = 328 patients
      aged 15 to 20 years, and group C = 196 patients older than 20 years of age. The
      mean follow-up was 33 months. RESULTS: Early non-life-threatening complications
      developed in 238 (35.0%) patients and frequency increased with age (group A,
      24.3%; group B, 37.8%; group C, 38.8%; p = 0.0063). Good and very good corrective
      effects were achieved in 97.7 % of the entire patient population. Recurrence of
      the deformity was observed more often in younger patients (group A, 3.2 %) than
      in the other patients (group B, 1.2%; group C, 1.5%), although the difference
      between the studied groups was not significant (p = 0.3251). CONCLUSIONS: Good
      cosmetic results obtained with the use of the Nuss operation were not related to
      the age of the patients. The high incidence of minor complications in older
      patients seems to be an acceptable cost of a good cosmetic outcome and stable
      correction. Surgical morbidity is lowest in younger patients; however, the
      frequency of the recurrence of deformation is higher than in other groups.

PMID- 27373190
TI  - Ecosystem experiment reveals benefits of natural and simulated beaver dams to a
      threatened population of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
AB  - Beaver have been referred to as ecosystem engineers because of the large impacts
      their dam building activities have on the landscape; however, the benefits they
      may provide to fluvial fish species has been debated. We conducted a watershed
      scale experiment to test how increasing beaver dam and colony persistence in a
      highly degraded incised stream affects the freshwater production of steelhead
      (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Following the installation of beaver dam analogs (BDAs),
      we observed significant increases in the density, survival, and production of
      juvenile steelhead without impacting upstream and downstream migrations. The
      steelhead response occurred as the quantity and complexity of their habitat
      increased. This study is the first large-scale experiment to quantify the
      benefits of beavers and BDAs to a fish population and its habitat. Beaver
      mediated restoration may be a viable and efficient strategy to recover ecosystem
      function of previously incised streams and to increase the production of
      imperiled fish populations.

PMID- 27373191
TI  - Corrigendum to "Determining treatment requirements for turbid river water to
      avoid clogging of aquifer storage and recovery wells in siliceous alluvium"
      [Water Res. 66 (2014) 99-110].

PMID- 27373192
TI  - Comments to article "Accessibility to health care of diabetic patients with ST
      segment elevation acute coronary syndrome".

PMID- 27373193
TI  - Cleaning Puparia for Forensic Analysis.
AB  - We tested procedures for removing adipocere from insect samples to allow
      identification. An acceptable procedure was determined: (i) Samples were sorted
      in petri dishes with 75% alcohol to remove any larvae, adult insects, or other
      soft-bodied material. (ii) Samples of up to 24 puparia were placed in a vial with
      15 mL of 95% acetone, capped, and vortexed for a total of 30-90 sec in 10- to 15
      sec bursts. This step removed large masses of adipocere or soil from specimen.
      (iii) Specimens were removed from acetone and placed in a vial of 15 mL of 2%
      potassium hydroxide (KOH) and vortexed in 10- to 15-sec bursts until all puparia
      appeared clean (with our samples this required a total of 60-120 sec). (iv)
      Specimens were removed from the 2% KOH, placed in 75% ethanol, and examined
      microscopically. (v) Material was stored in 75% ethanol for identification and
      long-term preservation. 

PMID- 27373194
TI  - Improving pancreas surgery over time: Performance factors related to transition
      of care and patient volume.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pancreas surgery has evolved with better diagnostic imaging, changing
      indications, and improved patient selection. Outside high-volume tertiary
      centers, the documented effect of evolution in care and volumes are limited.
      Thus, we aimed to review indications and outcomes in pancreas surgery during the
      transition from community-based hospital to a university hospital. METHODS: All
      pancreatic surgeries performed between 1986 and 2012 within a well-defined
      Norwegian population were identified from the hospital's database. Indications
      and postoperative outcomes, including mortality, were investigated. RESULTS: Of
      the 219 included patients (54% males; median age, 64 years), 150 (69%) underwent
      pancreatoduodenectomy; 55 (25%), distal resection; and 5 (2%), enucleation. The
      annual number of operations increased during the study period (from <10/yr to
      >20/yr). Most patients (169; 77%) underwent surgery for suspected malignancy. The
      30-day mortality decreased significantly over time among patients treated for
      pancreatic cancer (from 16.1% to 3.5%; p = 0.012). Over time, significant
      reductions in median hospitalization time (19 versus 12 days; p < 0.001), re
      operation rate (37.1% versus 8.4%; p < 0.001), and median ICU stay (3 versus 0
      days; p < 0.001) were observed. CONCLUSION: The transition to university hospital
      and increase in volume has led to significant improvements in several performance
      metrics and reduced postoperative mortality. We believe improved perioperative
      management and focused, multidisciplinary care-bundles to be of importance.

PMID- 27373195
TI  - The GerdQ questionnaire and high resolution manometry support the hypothesis that
      proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia is a GERD-related
      phenomenon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relationship between proton pump inhibitor
      responsive oesophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE), eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and
      gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). AIM: To compare high resolution
      manometry features and symptom profiles of patients with EoE, PPI-REE and GERD.
      METHODS: Consecutive patients diagnosed with EoE or PPI-REE according to
      international criteria (presence of at least one typical symptom of oesophageal
      dysfunction; at least 15 eosinophils per high-power field at mid/proximal
      oesophagus, persistence or resolution of eosinophils after an 8-week PPI trial),
      and a group of patients with proven GERD and oesophageal eosinophilia,
      prospectively completed the GerdQ questionnaire and underwent high resolution
      manometry. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients with EoE, 17 with PPI-REE and 27 with
      GERD were enrolled. When compared to GERD, both EoE and PPI-REE had higher rates
      of dysphagia (15% vs. 94% vs. 88%, P < 0.0001), patients with EoE reported
      heartburn and regurgitation less frequently (26% vs. 85%, and 17% vs. 74%,
      respectively; P < 0.001 for each and had lower GerdQ score [1 (0-6) vs. 8 (6-12),
      P < 0.001] than GERD patients. There was no significant difference comparing PPI
      REE and GERD patients. Patients with PPI-REE had a higher prevalence of erosive
      oesophagitis than patients with EoE (35% vs. 9%, P = 0.04), which was similar to
      that of GERD (48%, P = 0.54). Patients with EoE had a lower frequency of high
      resolution manometry features associated with GERD than patients with PPI-REE.
      There was no significant difference between PPI-REE and GERD patients.
      CONCLUSION: GERD, as assessed by GerdQ and high resolution manometry is common in
      patients with PPI-REE, which may share similar pathogenic mechanisms.

PMID- 27373196
TI  - Online obituaries are a reliable and valid source of mortality data.

PMID- 27373197
TI  - New insights into smoking cessation question the effectiveness of nicotine
      replacement therapy.

PMID- 27373198
TI  - The effectiveness of psychostimulants in ADHD treatment: Reversing
      parasympathetic promoting environmental influences?

PMID- 27373199
TI  - The role of PDGF-B/TGF-beta1/neprilysin network in regulating endothelial-to
      mesenchymal transition in pulmonary artery remodeling.
AB  - Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) has been recognized as a major
      reason for the pulmonary artery remodeling (PAR) in pulmonary artery hypertension
      (PAH). However, the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways involved in the
      EndoMT remain undefined. In the present study, we have confirmed that EndoMT was
      occurred in pulmonary arteries of rats induced by hypoxia and monocrotaline and
      in hypoxic pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). Moreover, hypoxia
      increased the expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and
      transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and decreased the expression of
      neprilysin (NEP), which contributed to the hypoxia-induced EndoMT of PAECs.
      Furthermore, a reciprocal regulation of PDGF-B and TGF-beta1 induced by
      decreasing NEP promoted the EndoMT of PAECs under hypoxia, which was a novel
      molecular mechanism to reveal the EndoMT participating in PAR. More importantly,
      imatinib, a PDGF receptor antagonist, relieved PAR and EndoMT in PAH rats. Thus,
      our results identify a novel mechanism to reveal the formation of EndoMT in PAH,
      and imply that imatinib may serve as a new therapeutic approach for treatment of
      the third cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 27373200
TI  - In situ characterization of protein aggregates in human tissues affected by light
      chain amyloidosis: a FTIR microspectroscopy study.
AB  - Light chain (AL) amyloidosis, caused by deposition of amyloidogenic
      immunoglobulin light chains (LCs), is the most common systemic form in
      industrialized countries. Still open questions, and premises for developing
      targeted therapies, concern the mechanisms of amyloid formation in vivo and the
      bases of organ targeting and dysfunction. Investigating amyloid material in its
      natural environment is crucial to obtain new insights on the molecular features
      of fibrillar deposits at individual level. To this aim, we used Fourier transform
      infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy for studying in situ unfixed tissues (heart and
      subcutaneous abdominal fat) from patients affected by AL amyloidosis. We compared
      the infrared response of affected tissues with that of ex vivo and in vitro
      fibrils obtained from the pathogenic LC derived from one patient, as well as with
      that of non amyloid-affected tissues. We demonstrated that the IR marker band of
      intermolecular beta-sheets, typical of protein aggregates, can be detected in
      situ in LC amyloid-affected tissues, and that FTIR microspectroscopy allows
      exploring the inter- and intra-sample heterogeneity. We extended the infrared
      analysis to the characterization of other biomolecules embedded within the
      amyloid deposits, finding an IR pattern that discloses a possible role of lipids,
      collagen and glycosaminoglycans in amyloid deposition in vivo.

PMID- 27373203
TI  - Autophagy modulators regulate survival motor neuron protein stability in
      motoneurons.

PMID- 27373204
TI  - Subthalamic deep brain stimulation alters neuronal firing in canonical pain
      nuclei in a 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chronic pain is one of the most common non-motor symptoms of
      Parkinson's disease (PD) affecting up to 85% of patients. Previous studies have
      established that reduced mechanical and thermal thresholds occur in both
      idiopathic PD patients and animal models of PD, suggesting that changes may occur
      in sensory processing circuits. Improvements in sensory thresholds are achieved
      using subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS), however the
      mechanism by which this occurs remains unresolved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      examined unilateral medial forebrain bundle 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) rat model
      of PD to determine whether STN DBS alters neuronal firing rates in brain areas
      involved in ascending and descending pain processing. Specifically, single unit
      in vivo recordings were conducted in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the
      periaqueductal grey (PAG), and the ventral posteriolateral nucleus of the
      thalamus (VPL), before, during and after stimulation was applied to the STN at 50
      or 150Hz. RESULTS: Sham and 6OHDA lesioned animals have similar neuronal firing
      activity in the VPL, ACC and PAG before stimulation was applied (p>0.05). In
      6OHDA lesioned rats, both low frequency stimulation (LFS) (p<0.01) and high
      frequency stimulation (HFS) (p<0.05) attenuated firing frequency in the ACC. In
      shams, only LFS decreased firing frequency. A subset of neurons in the PAG was
      significantly attenuated in both sham and 6OHDA lesioned animals during HFS and
      LFS (p<0.05), while another subset of PAG neuronal activity significantly
      increased in 6OHDA lesioned rats during HFS (p<0.05). Finally, low or high
      frequency STN DBS did not alter neuronal firing frequencies in the VPL.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that STN DBS alters neuronal firing in
      descending pain circuits. We hypothesize that STN DBS attenuates excitatory
      projections from the ACC to the PAG in 6OHDA lesioned rats. Following this,
      neurons in the PAG respond by either increasing (during HFS only) or decreasing
      (during both LFS and HFS), which may modulate descending facilitation or
      inhibition at the level of the spinal cord. Future work should address specific
      neuronal changes in the ACC and PAG that occur in a freely moving parkinsonian
      animal during a pain stimulus treated with STN DBS.

PMID- 27373205
TI  - Pseudophosphorylation of tau at S422 enhances SDS-stable dimer formation and
      impairs both anterograde and retrograde fast axonal transport.
AB  - In Alzheimer's disease (AD), tau undergoes numerous modifications, including
      increased phosphorylation at serine-422 (pS422). In the human brain, pS422 tau
      protein is found in prodromal AD, correlates well with cognitive decline and
      neuropil thread pathology, and appears associated with increased oligomer
      formation and exposure of the N-terminal phosphatase-activating domain (PAD).
      However, whether S422 phosphorylation contributes to toxic mechanisms associated
      with disease-related forms of tau remains unknown. Here, we report that S422
      pseudophosphorylated tau (S422E) lengthens the nucleation phase of aggregation
      without altering the extent of aggregation or the types of aggregates formed.
      When compared to unmodified tau aggregates, the S422E modification significantly
      increased the amount of SDS-stable tau dimers, despite similar levels of
      immunoreactivity with an oligomer-selective antibody (TOC1) and another antibody
      that reports PAD exposure (TNT1). Vesicle motility assays in isolated squid
      axoplasm further revealed that S422E tau monomers inhibited anterograde, kinesin
      1 dependent fast axonal transport (FAT). Unexpectedly, and unlike unmodified tau
      aggregates, which selectively inhibit anterograde FAT, aggregates composed of
      S422E tau were found to inhibit both anterograde and retrograde FAT. Highlighting
      the relevance of these findings to human disease, pS422 tau was found to
      colocalize with tau oligomers and with a fraction of tau showing increased PAD
      exposure in the human AD brain. This study identifies novel effects of pS422 on
      tau biochemical properties, including prolonged nucleation and enhanced dimer
      formation, which correlate with a distinct inhibitory effect on FAT. Taken
      together, these findings identify a novel mechanistic basis by which pS422
      confers upon tau a toxic effect that may directly contribute to axonal
      dysfunction in AD and other tauopathies.

PMID- 27373206
TI  - Benefits of commercial weight-loss programs on blood pressure and lipids: a
      systematic review.
AB  - Our objective was to compare the effect of commercial weight-loss programs on
      blood pressure and lipids to control/education or counseling among individuals
      with overweight/obesity. We conducted a systematic review by searching MEDLINE
      and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to November 2014 and
      references identified by the programs. We included randomized, controlled trials
      >=12weeks in duration. Two reviewers extracted information on study design,
      interventions, and mean change in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood
      pressure (DBP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides, and total cholesterol and
      assessed risk of bias. We included 27 trials. Participants' blood pressure and
      lipids were normal at baseline in most trials. At 12months, Weight Watchers
      showed little change in blood pressure or lipid outcomes as compared to
      control/education (2 trials). At 12months, Atkins' participants had higher HDL-c
      and lower triglycerides than counseling (4 trials). Other programs had
      inconsistent effects or lacked long-term studies. Risk of bias was high for most
      trials of all programs. In conclusion, limited data exist regarding most
      commercial weight-loss programs' long-term effects on blood pressure and lipids.
      Clinicians should be aware that Weight Watchers has limited data that demonstrate
      CVD risk factor benefits relative to control/education. Atkins may be a
      reasonable option for patients with dyslipidemia. Additional well-designed, long
      term trials are needed to confirm these conclusions and evaluate other commercial
      programs.

PMID- 27373207
TI  - Food reinforcement during infancy.
AB  - The motivation to eat, as operationalized by measuring how hard someone will work
      for food, is cross-sectionally and prospectively related to obesity. Persons high
      in food reinforcement consume more calories, and energy intake mediates the
      relationship between food reinforcement and obesity. Research has shown avid
      sucking for milk in early infancy predicts later adiposity, and the relationship
      between food reinforcement and excess body weight has been observed in infants as
      young as 9months of age. New methodological developments in studying food
      reinforcement in infants and young children provide the first opportunity to
      study the origin of food reinforcement. This review seeks to provide background
      on the measurement of food reinforcement, and to present, for the first time,
      prenatal and postnatal predictors of infant food reinforcement. Lastly, potential
      mechanisms for an increasing trajectory of food reinforcement throughout
      development are proposed.

PMID- 27373208
TI  - The emerging public discourse on state legalization of marijuana for recreational
      use in the US: Analysis of news media coverage, 2010-2014.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: US states have begun to legalize marijuana for recreational use. In
      the absence of clear scientific evidence regarding the likely public health
      consequences of legalization, it is important to understand how the risks and
      benefits of this policy are being discussed in the national dialogue. To assess
      the public discourse on recreational marijuana policy, we assessed the volume and
      content of US news media coverage of the topic. METHOD: We analyzed the content
      of a 20% random sample of news stories published/aired in high
      circulation/viewership print, television, and Internet news sources from 2010 to
      2014 (N=610). RESULTS: News media coverage of recreational marijuana policy was
      heavily concentrated in news outlets from the four states (AK, CO, OR, WA) and DC
      that legalized marijuana for recreational use during the study period. Overall,
      53% of news stories mentioned pro-legalization arguments and 47% mentioned anti
      legalization arguments. The most frequent pro-legalization arguments posited that
      legalization would reduce criminal justice involvement/costs (20% of news
      stories) and increase tax revenue (19%). Anti-legalization arguments centered on
      adverse public health consequences, such as detriments to youth health and well
      being (22%) and marijuana-impaired driving (6%). Some evidence-informed public
      health regulatory options, like marketing and packaging restrictions, were
      mentioned in 5% of news stories or fewer. CONCLUSION: As additional states
      continue to debate legalization of marijuana for recreational use, it is critical
      for the public health community to develop communication strategies that
      accurately convey the rapidly evolving research evidence regarding recreational
      marijuana policy.

PMID- 27373209
TI  - Brief interventions to prevent sexually transmitted infections suitable for in
      service use: A systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are more common in young
      people and men who have sex with men (MSM) and effective in-service interventions
      are needed. METHODS: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
      of waiting-room-delivered, self-delivered and brief healthcare-provider-delivered
      interventions designed to reduce STIs, increase use of home-based STI testing, or
      reduce STI-risk behavior was conducted. Six databases were searched between
      January 2000 and October 2014. RESULTS: 17,916 articles were screened. 23 RCTs of
      interventions for young people met our inclusion criteria. Significant STI
      reductions were found in four RCTs of interventions using brief one-to-one
      counselling (2 RCTs), video (1 RCT) and a STI home-testing kit (1 RCT). Increase
      in STI test uptake was found in five studies using video (1 RCT), one-to-one
      counselling (1 RCT), home test kit (2 RCTs) and a web-based intervention (1 RCT).
      Reduction in STI-risk behavior was found in seven RCTs of interventions using
      digital online (web-based) and offline (computer software) (3 RCTs), printed
      materials (1 RCT) and video (3 RCTs). Ten RCTs of interventions for MSM met our
      inclusion criteria. Three tested for STI reductions but none found significant
      differences between intervention and control groups. Increased STI test uptake
      was found in two studies using brief one-to-one counselling (1 RCT) and an online
      web-based intervention (1 RCT). Reduction in STI-risk behavior was found in six
      studies using digital online (web-based) interventions (4 RCTs) and brief one-to
      one counselling (2 RCTs). CONCLUSION: A small number of interventions which could
      be used, or adapted for use, in sexual health clinics were found to be effective
      in reducing STIs among young people and in promoting self-reported STI-risk
      behavior change in MSM.

PMID- 27373210
TI  - Evaluation of a Staff Training Programme using Positive Psychology coaching with
      film and theatre elements in care homes: views and attitudes of residents, staff
      and relatives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a recognised need to improve staff training in care homes.
      The aim of this study was to conduct a qualitative evaluation of the Ladder to
      the Moon Culture Change Studio Engagement Programme (CCSEP), a staff training
      programme aimed at enhancing staff-resident communication. METHOD: Focus groups
      were conducted with residents able to provide consent; staff and relatives and
      managers were interviewed in two care homes. A theoretical framework was
      developed to interpret the impact of CCSEP using Framework Analysis. RESULTS:
      Residents noted that the programme appeared to result in staff interacting more
      with them, as well as enjoying working together as a team. Staff reported an
      improved sense of teamwork, developing more positive attitudes towards residents,
      as well as their concerns about using theatrical techniques in the care setting.
      Relatives identified care home organisational aspects as being barriers to
      implementation, and some regarded CCSEP simply as 'entertainment' rather than
      'creative care'. DISCUSSION: This study provides an insight into the potential of
      this staff training programme to improve staff-resident interactions. However,
      participants' varying views of CCSEP highlight the need to brief staff, residents
      and relatives before implementation so as to enable full understanding of the
      aim.

PMID- 27373211
TI  - Colonisation of basal cell carcinoma by lentigo maligna: a case report, review of
      the literature, and series follow-up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Melanocytic tumours which colonise basal cell carcinomas (BCC) may be
      considered as either lentigo maligna (LM) (in situ) or invasive melanomas.
      OBJECTIVES: To highlight the diagnostic approach and long-term prognosis of LM
      which colonises BCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using Satter et al.'s classification,
      we identified a case of BCC colonised by LM and reviewed similar cases in the
      literature with long-term follow-up. RESULTS: In the absence of melanocytic
      extension beyond the lamina propria of the BCC compartment, mixed tumours may be
      considered as LM colonising the BCC, allowing for less invasive surgery. The
      absence of long-term relapse in our short series supports this diagnosis, rather
      than invasive melanomas. CONCLUSION: Our case report, review of the literature,
      and series follow-up illustrate the most recent assessment of melanocytic/BCC
      tumours, and guide the physician and the pathologist in their recognition and
      classification, thus allowing them to make the most appropriate therapeutic
      decisions.

PMID- 27373212
TI  - Targeting of MCT1 and PFKFB3 influences cell proliferation and apoptosis in
      bladder cancer by altering the tumor microenvironment.
AB  - Phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) and monocarboxylate
      transporter 1 (MCT1) play important roles in tumor endothelial cells (ECs) and
      several biological processes. The present study was conducted to study the
      effects of PFKFB3 and MCT1 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in the tumor
      microenvironment by co-culture of HUVECs and T24, a bladder cancer (BC) cell
      line, using a microfluidic device. Immunofluorescence assay showed that HUVEC
      activity was significantly enhanced under co-culture with T24 cells, according to
      the stronger fluorescence intensity of CD31 and CD105 than that in the signal
      cultured cells. Quercetin treatment inhibited MCT1 expression but did not affect
      PFKFB3 expression. Knockdown of MCT1 or/and PFKFB3 increased the apoptosis rate
      of the HUVECs under single-culture and co-culture situations by staining with
      calcein and propidium iodide. Meanwhile, cell proliferation and lactic
      concentration were significantly decreased after the blocking of MCT1 or/and
      PFKFB3, as compared with that in the control group. No obvious differences in the
      effects on apoptosis, proliferation and lactic concentration were found between
      cells treated with quercetin and siMCT1. Thus, we concluded that the targeting of
      MCT1 and PFKFB3 regulated cell proliferation and apoptosis in BC cells by
      altering the tumor microenvironment, and quercetin exhibited a potential
      antitumor effect by targeting MCT1. 

PMID- 27373213
TI  - Comprehensive characterization of C-glycosyl flavones in wheat (Triticum aestivum
      L.) germ using UPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMSn and mass defect filtering.
AB  - A comprehensive characterization of C-glycosyl flavones in wheat germ has been
      conducted using multi-stage high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMSn ) in
      combination with a mass defect filtering (MDF) technique. MDF performed the
      initial search of raw data with defined C-glycosyl flavone mass windows and mass
      defect windows to generate the noise-reduced data focusing on targeted
      flavonoids. The high specificity of the exact mass measurement permits the
      unambiguous discrimination of acyl groups (nominal masses of 146, 162 and 176.)
      from sugar moieties (rhamnose, glucose or galactose and glucuronic acid). A total
      of 72 flavone C-glycosyl derivatives, including 2 mono-C-glycosides, 34 di-C
      glycosides, 15 tri-glycosides, 14 acyl di-C-glycosides and 7 acyl tri-glycosides,
      were characterized in wheat germ, some of which were considered to be important
      marker compounds for differentiation of whole grain and refined wheat products.
      The 7 acylated mono-O-glycosyl-di-C-glycosyl flavones and some acylated di-C
      glycosyl flavones are reported in wheat for the first time. The frequent
      occurrence of numerous isomers is a remarkable feature of wheat germ flavones.
      Both UV and mass spectra are needed to maximize the structure information
      obtained for data interpretation. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27373214
TI  - Defective regulation of POMC precedes hypothalamic inflammation in diet-induced
      obesity.
AB  - Obesity is the result of a long-term positive energy balance in which caloric
      intake overrides energy expenditure. This anabolic state results from the
      defective activity of hypothalamic neurons involved in the sensing and response
      to adiposity. However, it is currently unknown what the earliest obesity-linked
      hypothalamic defect is and how it orchestrates the energy imbalance present in
      obesity. Using an outbred model of diet-induced obesity we show that defective
      regulation of hypothalamic POMC is the earliest marker distinguishing obesity
      prone from obesity-resistant mice. The early inhibition of hypothalamic POMC was
      sufficient to transform obesity-resistant in obesity-prone mice. In addition, the
      post-prandial change in the blood level of beta-endorphin, a POMC-derived
      peptide, correlates with body mass gain in rodents and humans. Taken together,
      these results suggest that defective regulation of POMC expression, which leads
      to a change of beta-endorphin levels, is the earliest hypothalamic defect leading
      to obesity.

PMID- 27373215
TI  - Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for
      refractory nocturnal enuresis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Nocturnal enuresis is a common pediatric condition with limited
      treatment options. In older children, pharmacologic therapy is often the
      preferred treatment. Pharmacologic therapies including desmopressin (DDAVP) or
      imipramine are effective in 40-50% of children. However, imipramine has serious
      safety concerns. Desmopressin in combination with a fixed dose anticholinergic
      has been shown to be useful in individuals who fail desmopressin monotherapy, but
      still fails to achieve success rates greater than 60%. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to
      explore the efficacy and safety of using combination therapy desmopressin plus
      oxybutynin with increasing dose of oxybutynin in patients refractory to standard
      combination therapy. STUDY DESIGN: This was a single institution, IRB-approved,
      retrospective chart review of 61 patients (ages 7-18 years) including those with
      monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis and non-monosymptomatic enuresis with
      controlled daytime voiding symptoms (CDVS) treated initially with desmopressin.
      All patients who failed initial therapy with desmopressin were started on
      combination therapy desmopressin (0.6 mg) plus standard dose (5 mg) oxybutynin.
      In patients who failed standard combination therapy, the dose of oxybutynin was
      titrated upwards until a response or the maximum dose of 10 mg was achieved.
      Demographic and medical history data were evaluated to determine predictive
      factors associated with response/failure to different therapy groups. RESULTS:
      The use of escalating doses of oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin
      achieved an overall response rate of 96.7% defined as a 2-week period without any
      enuretic events following initiation of treatment. Low-dose combination therapy
      (LDCT) (0.6 mg of desmopressin+5 mg of oxybutynin) had a response rate of 68%
      (Table). Advanced dose combination therapy (ADCT) (0.6 mg of desmopressin+7.5-10
      mg of oxybutynin) had a response rate of 75.0%. A statistically significant
      relationship was found correlating both attention deficit disorder/attention
      deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADD/ADHD) and CDVS with failure on monotherapy. No
      patients in the study reported any adverse events or side effects from the
      medications. DISCUSSION: The overall success rate of 96.7% with titrated doses of
      oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin is considerably higher than the
      response rates on fixed dose combination therapy quoted in the literature and
      supports the need for further evaluation in larger studies. Additionally, we
      found a statistically significant association between monotherapy failure and
      children with either ADD/ADHD or controlled daytime voiding symptoms. Our study
      is limited by small numbers and larger studies are needed to confirm these
      results. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ADCT is a safe and effective
      treatment option for primary nocturnal enuresis refractory to standard and low
      dose combination therapy.

PMID- 27373216
TI  - ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 Promote ABA-Mediated Chlorophyll Degradation and Leaf
      Senescence by Transcriptional Activation of Chlorophyll Catabolic Genes and
      Senescence-Associated Genes in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Chlorophyll (Chl) degradation is an integral process of leaf senescence, and
      NYE1/SGR1 has been demonstrated as a key regulator of Chl catabolism in diverse
      plant species. In this study, using yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified
      three abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element (ABRE)-binding transcription
      factors, ABF2 (AREB1), ABF3, and ABF4 (AREB2), as the putative binding proteins
      of the NYE1 promoter. Through the transactivation analysis, electrophoretic
      mobility shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that
      ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 directly bound to and activated the NYE1 promoter in vitro
      and in vivo. ABA is a positive regulator of leaf senescence, and exogenously
      applied ABA can accelerate Chl degradation. The triple mutant of the ABFs,
      abf2abf3abf4, as well as two ABA-insensitive mutants, abi1-1 and snrk2.2/2.3/2.6,
      exhibited stay-green phenotypes after ABA treatment, along with decreased
      induction of NYE1 and NYE2 expression. In contrast, overexpression of ABF4
      accelerated Chl degradation upon ABA treatment. Interestingly, ABF2/3/4 could
      also activate the expression of two Chl catabolic enzyme genes, PAO and NYC1, by
      directly binding to their promoters. In addition, abf2abf3abf4 exhibited a
      functional stay-green phenotype, and senescence-associated genes (SAGs), such as
      SAG29 (SWEET15), might be directly regulated by the ABFs. Taken together, our
      results suggest that ABF2, ABF3, and ABF4 likely act as key regulators in
      mediating ABA-triggered Chl degradation and leaf senescence in general in
      Arabidopsis.

PMID- 27373217
TI  - Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, not glaucoma, in a child with iris
      colobomas.
AB  - Corneal haze and elevated measured intraocular pressure in a young child with
      iris abnormalities are suggestive for glaucoma, but primary corneal disease is
      another possibility. We highlight the case of a 10-year-old boy with these
      clinical signs who was initially treated for glaucoma but in fact had congenital
      hereditary endothelial dystrophy, iris colobomas, and no glaucoma.

PMID- 27373218
TI  - Staffing and the incidence of pressure ulcers in German hospitals: A multicenter
      cross-sectional study.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the association between nurse and physician
      staffing and the incidence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in acute care
      hospitals in Germany. The study population, derived from the Quality Reports of
      German Hospitals and the Hospital Directory, consisted of 710 hospitals covering
      716,281 cases in the first quarter of 2010, and 672 hospitals covering 757,665
      cases in the first quarter of 2012. The relationship between staffing variables
      and the standardized incidence ratios of pressure ulcers was examined using
      bivariate and multivariable linear regression models. Estimates were controlled
      for several patient and hospital characteristics. The total number of nurses and
      physicians per 100 beds did not show significant associations with outcome
      variables. However, the proportion of nurses with at least 3 years of training to
      total nursing staff was inversely associated with the incidence of pressure
      ulcers at hospital level, indicating a higher efficacy of pressure ulcer
      prevention measures.

PMID- 27373219
TI  - Habitat use of bats in relation to wind turbines revealed by GPS tracking.
AB  - Worldwide, many countries aim at countering global climate change by promoting
      renewable energy. Yet, recent studies highlight that so-called green energy, such
      as wind energy, may come at environmental costs, for example when wind turbines
      kill birds and bats. Using miniaturized GPS loggers, we studied how an open-space
      foraging bat with high collision risk with wind turbines, the common noctule
      Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774), interacts with wind turbines. We compared
      actual flight trajectories to correlated random walks to identify habitat
      variables explaining the movements of bats. Both sexes preferred wetlands but
      used conventionally managed cropland less than expected based on availability.
      During midsummer, females traversed the land on relatively long flight paths and
      repeatedly came close to wind turbines. Their flight heights above ground
      suggested a high risk of colliding with wind turbines. In contrast, males
      recorded in early summer commuted straight between roosts and foraging areas and
      overall flew lower than the operating range of most turbine blades, suggesting a
      lower collision risk. Flight heights of bats suggest that during summer the risk
      of collision with wind turbines was high for most studied bats at the majority of
      currently installed wind turbines. For siting of wind parks, preferred bat
      habitats and commuting routes should be identified and avoided.

PMID- 27373220
TI  - Human chondroprogenitors in alginate-collagen hybrid scaffolds produce stable
      cartilage in vivo.
AB  - The goal of this study was to evaluate human epiphyseal chondroprogenitor cells
      (ECPs) as a potential new cell source for cartilage regeneration. ECPs were
      compared to human bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) and human adult articular
      chondrocytes (ACs) for their chondrogenic potential and phenotypic stability in
      vitro and in vivo. The cells were seeded in Optimaix-3D scaffolds at 5 * 104
      cells/mm3 and gene expression, matrix production and mechanical properties were
      analysed up to 6 weeks. In vitro, ECPs synthesized consistently high collagen 2
      and low collagen 10. AC-seeded constructs exhibited high donor variability in
      GAG/DNA values as well as in collagen 2 staining, but showed low collagen 10
      production. MSCs, on the other hand, expressed high levels of collagen 2 but also
      of collagens 1 and 10, and were therefore not considered further. In vivo, there
      was considerable loss of matrix proteins in ECPs compared to in vitro cultured
      samples. To overcome this, a second implantation study investigated the effect of
      mixing cells with alginate prior to seeding in the scaffold. ECPs in alginate
      maintained their cartilage matrix and resisted mineralization and vessel
      infiltration better 6 weeks after subcutaneous implantation, whereas ACs lost
      their chondrogenic matrix completely. This study shows the great potential of
      ECPs as an off-the-shelf, highly chondrogenic cell type that produces stable
      cartilage in vivo. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27373221
TI  - In Situ Formation of Crystallographically Oriented Semiconductor Nanowire Arrays
      via Selective Vaporization for Optoelectronic Applications.
AB  - Direct transformation of bulk crystals to single-crystalline crystallographically
      oriented semiconductor nanowire arrays is presented. Real-time imaging during in
      situ environmental scanning electron microscopy experiment clearly demonstrates
      that the nanowire arrays form through a selective vaporization process with
      respect to the crystallography of wurtzite crystals. Due to the high quality of
      the prepared semiconductor nanowire arrays, photodetectors constructed from them
      can present superior optoelectronic performances. 

PMID- 27373222
TI  - Is a blood filled heart more susceptible to electric shock?

PMID- 27373223
TI  - Public-access AED pad application and outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac
      arrests in Osaka, Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Actual application of public-access automated external defibrillator
      (AED) pads to patients with an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) by the
      public has been poorly investigated. METHODS: AED applications, prehospital
      characteristics, and one-month outcomes of OHCAs occurring in Osaka Prefecture
      from 2011 to 2012 were obtained from the Utstein Osaka Project registry. Patients
      with a non-traumatic OHCA occurring before emergency medical service attendance
      were enrolled. The proportion of AED pads that were applied to the patients'
      chests by the public and one-month outcomes were analysed according to the
      location of OHCA. RESULTS: In total, public-access AED pads were applied to 3.5%
      of OHCA patients (351/9978) during the study period. In the multivariate
      analyses, OHCAs that occurred in public places and received bystander-initiated
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation were associated with significantly higher
      application of public-access AEDs. Among the patients for whom public-access AED
      pads were applied, 29.6% (104/351) received public-access defibrillation. One
      month survival with a favourable neurological outcome was significantly higher
      among patients who had an AED applied compared to those who did not (19.4% vs.
      3.0%; OR: 2.76 [95% CI: 1.92-3.97]). CONCLUSION: The application of public-access
      AEDs leads to favourable outcomes after an OHCA, but utilisation of available
      equipment remains insufficient, and varies considerably according to the location
      of the OHCA event. Alongside disseminating public-access AEDs, further strategic
      approaches for the deployment of AEDs at the scene, as well as basic life support
      training for the public are required to improve survival rates after OHCAs.

PMID- 27373224
TI  - Reply to letter: "Is a blood filled heart more susceptible to electric shock?".

PMID- 27373225
TI  - Ice nucleation of an insect lipoprotein ice nucleator (LPIN) correlates with
      retardation of the hydrogen bond dynamics at the myo-inositol ring.
AB  - Remarkably little is known about the mechanism of action of ice nucleation
      proteins (INPs), although their ability to trigger ice nucleation could be used
      in a broad variety of applications. We present CD measurements of an insect
      lipoprotein ice nucleator (LPIN) which show that the lipoproteins consist of a
      high amount of beta-structures (35%). Terahertz absorption spectroscopy is used
      to probe the influence of the LPIN on the H-bond network dynamics. We observe a
      small, but significant THz excess, as an indication of an influence on the H-bond
      network dynamics. When adding the ice nucleation inhibitor sodium borate, this
      effect is considerably reduced, similar to that observed before for antifreeze
      glycoproteins (AFGPs). We propose that myo-inositol, the functional group of
      phosphatidylinositols, is crucial for the observed change of the H-bond network
      dynamics of hydration water. This hypothesis is confirmed by additional THz
      experiments which revealed that the influence of myo-inositol on the hydrogen
      bond network can be blocked by sodium borate, similar to the case of LPINs.
      Interestingly, we find a less significant effect when myo-inositol is replaced
      for chiro- and allo-inositol which underlines the importance of the exact
      positioning of the OH groups for the interaction with the H-bond network. We
      propose that a local ordering of water molecules is supporting ice nucleation
      activity for the LPIN in a similar way to that found for AFP activity in the case
      of hyperactive insect AFPs. 

PMID- 27373226
TI  - Hydrogenation vs. H-D isotope scrambling during the conversion of ethylene with
      hydrogen/deuterium catalyzed by platinum under single-collision conditions.
AB  - The catalytic hydrogenation of olefins promoted by transition metals, represented
      here by the conversion of ethylene with platinum, was studied under a unique
      regime representing pressures in the mTorr range and single-collision conditions.
      Isotope labeling was used to follow the concurrent H-D exchange steps that occur
      during this conversion. Multiple isotope substitutions were observed in the
      resulting ethane products, reflecting the operability of the reversible stepwise
      mechanism proposed a long time ago by Horiuti and Polanyi. In fact, the ethane
      isotopologue distributions obtained in these experiments reflect a much higher
      probability for the dehydrogenation of ethyl intermediates back to the olefin,
      relative to the hydrogenation to ethane, than typically seen in this catalysis.
      In addition, a second mechanistic pathway was clearly identified, responsible for
      most of the dideuteroethane produced. Based on the dependence of the rates of
      formation of each isotopologue on the fluxes of deuterium and ethylene, it is
      argued that this second route may be a "reverse" Eley-Rideal step between gas
      phase ethylene and two deuterium atoms adsorbed on adjacent sites of the platinum
      surface. The clear identification of this second pathway is new, and was possible
      thanks to our ability to explore a new single-collision intermediate pressure
      regime. 

PMID- 27373227
TI  - Applications of graphene and its derivatives in intracellular biosensing and
      bioimaging.
AB  - Graphene has a unique planar structure, as well as excellent electronic
      properties, and has attracted a great deal of interest from scientists. Graphene
      and its derivatives display advantageous characteristics as a biosensing platform
      due to their high surface area, good biocompatibility and ease of
      functionalization. Moreover, graphene and its derivatives exhibit excellent
      optical properties; thus they are considered to be promising and attractive
      candidates for bioimaging, mainly of cells and tissues. Following an introduction
      and a discussion of the optical properties of graphene, this review assesses the
      methods for engineering the functions of graphene and its derivatives. Specific
      examples are given on the use of graphene and its derivatives in fluorescence
      bioimaging, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging, and magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). Finally, the prospects and further developments in this
      exciting field of graphene-based materials are suggested. 

PMID- 27373228
TI  - Gold-catalysed facile access to indene scaffolds via sequential C-H
      functionalization and 5-endo-dig carbocyclization.
AB  - A concise synthesis of functionalized indene derivatives via the gold(i)
      catalysed cascade C-H functionalization/conia-ene type reaction of electron-rich
      aromatics with o-alkynylaryl alpha-diazoesters has been developed. In this
      transformation, the gold catalyst not only catalysed the formation of the
      zwitterionic intermediate via intermolecular C-H functionalization but promoted
      the subsequent intramolecular 5-endo-dig cyclization via activation of alkynes.
      The reaction is characterized by high chemo- and site-selectivity, readily
      available starting materials, nice functional-group tolerance and mild reaction
      conditions. 

PMID- 27373229
TI  - Effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on aortic blood pressure and
      aortic augmentation index in young and older adults.
AB  - PURPOSE: Aging is associated with elevated blood pressure (peripheral and aortic;
      BP) and aortic augmentation index (AIx) which may contribute to aortic BP.
      Although inorganic nitrate consumption reduces peripheral BP in both young and
      older adults, the effects of nitrate consumption on aortic BP and wave reflection
      in young and older adults is unknown. Therefore, we sought to characterize the
      effects of nitrate consumption on aortic BP and AIx in young and older adults.
      METHODS: Noninvasive aortic pressure waveforms were synthesized from high
      fidelity radial pressure waveforms via applanation tonometry before and following
      (60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min) consumption of a nitrate-rich beetroot juice in
      26 healthy adults (young: 25 +/- 4 years, n = 14; older: 64 +/- 5 years, n = 12).
      Aortic BP and indices of aortic wave reflection (AIx and AIx normalized for heart
      rate; AIx@75bpm) were calculated from the generated aortic pressure waveform.
      RESULTS: Nitrate consumption increased plasma nitrite in both groups 60-180 min
      following beetroot consumption (P < 0.001). Nitrate consumption reduced
      peripheral and aortic BP in both young and older adults (P < 0.05), with the
      change being similar between age groups. Conversely, indices of aortic wave
      reflection were reduced only in young adults following nitrate consumption (range
      of change from baseline over time: AIx@75bpm, -4.3 to -8.8%, P < 0.05), whereas
      aortic AIx remained unchanged in the older adults. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together,
      our results suggest that acute dietary nitrate supplementation reduces peripheral
      and aortic BP similarly in young and older adults despite differential effects on
      aortic AIx between age groups.

PMID- 27373230
TI  - Tumor Phenotype and Gene Expression During Early Mammary Tumor Development in
      Offspring Exposed to Alcohol In Utero.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alcohol exposure in utero increases susceptibility to carcinogen
      induced mammary tumorigenesis in adult offspring and causes tumors with a more
      malignant phenotype. This study was conducted to identify changes early in tumor
      development that might lead to this outcome. METHODS: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley
      rats were fed a liquid diet containing 6.7% ethanol (alcohol), an isocaloric
      liquid diet without alcohol (pair-fed), or rat chow ad libitum (ad lib) from
      gestation day 7 until parturition. At birth, female progeny were cross-fostered
      to control dams. Pups were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 21 and fed rat chow ad
      libitum for the remainder of the experiment. Female offspring were administered N
      nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU; 50 mg/kg body weight) on PND 50. Mammary glands were
      palpated weekly, and offspring were euthanized at 16 weeks post-NMU injection.
      RESULTS: At 16 weeks post-NMU, tumor multiplicity was greater in alcohol-exposed
      offspring compared with control groups. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) mRNA
      expression was decreased in tumors from alcohol-exposed offspring, and these
      animals developed more ER-negative tumors relative to the pair-fed group. Alcohol
      exposed offspring also tended to develop more progesterone receptor (PR)-positive
      tumors. All tumors were HER2-negative. PR positivity was associated with higher
      Ki67 expression, suggesting that PR-positive tumors were more proliferative.
      Tumors from alcohol-exposed animals exhibited increased mRNA expression of the
      insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family members IGF-II and IGFBP-5. IGF-II and
      DNA methyltransferase mRNA tended to be greater in the normal contralateral
      mammary glands of these animals. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that alcohol
      exposure in utero may shift NMU-induced tumor development toward a more
      aggressive phenotype and that alterations in IGF-II expression may contribute to
      these changes. Additional studies should be aimed at epigenetic mechanisms that
      underlie IGF-II expression to further delineate how this gene is altered in
      mammary glands of adults exposed to alcohol in utero.

PMID- 27373231
TI  - Overexpression of Bmi1 in Lymphocytes Stimulates Skeletogenesis by Improving the
      Osteogenic Microenvironment.
AB  - To investigate whether overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate
      skeletogenesis by improving the osteogenic microenvironment, we examined the
      skeletal phenotype of EMUBmi1 transgenic mice with overexpression of Bmi1 in
      lymphocytes. The size of the skeleton, trabecular bone volume and osteoblast
      number, indices of proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal
      stem cells (BM-MSCs) were increased significantly, ROS levels were reduced and
      antioxidative capacity was enhanced in EMUBmi1 mice compared to WT mice. In
      PTHrP1-84 knockin (Pthrp(KI/KI)) mice, the expression levels of Bmi1 are reduced
      and potentially can mediate the premature osteoporosis observed. We therefore
      generated a Pthrp(KI/KI) mice overexpressing Bmi1 in lymphocytes and compared
      them with Pthrp(KI/KI) and WT littermates. Overexpression of Bmi1 in Pthrp(KI/KI)
      mice resulted in a longer lifespan, increased body weight and improvement in
      skeletal growth and parameters of osteoblastic bone formation with reduced ROS
      levels and DNA damage response parameters. Our results demonstrate that
      overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate osteogenesis in vivo and
      partially rescue defects in skeletal growth and osteogenesis in Pthrp(KI/KI)
      mice. These studies therefore indicate that overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes
      can stimulate skeletogenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress and improving the
      osteogenic microenvironment.

PMID- 27373232
TI  - A Gordian knot: disentangling comorbidities in heart failure.

PMID- 27373233
TI  - Japanese Multicenter Outcomes With the HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist
      Device in Patients With Small Body Surface Area.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The HeartMate II (HMII) continuous-flow LVAD was approved for
      Japanese health insurance coverage in April 2013 as a bridge to transplantation
      (BTT). We report on post-approval Japanese multicenter outcomes, and a comparison
      between patients with low and high body surface area (BSA). METHODS AND RESULTS:
      HMII LVAD was implanted in 104 consecutive patients at 15 Japanese centers
      between April 2013 and July 2014. Perioperative data were submitted to the
      Japanese Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support. Patients were
      divided into 2 groups on the basis of BSA less or greater than 1.5 m(2). Survival
      outcomes, New York Heart Association functional class, and adverse event rates
      were compared between the 2 groups. Preoperative hemodynamics and INTERMACS
      profiles were similar between groups. There were more females and younger
      patients in the low BSA group. The respective 6-month and 1-year death- or pump
      exchange-free survival rates were excellent: 90% and 90% in the BSA <1.5 group
      vs. 90% and 85% in the BSA >=1.5 group. In the BSA <1.5 group, occurrence of
      hemorrhagic stroke was 10% and occurrence of embolic stroke was 0%, vs. 12% and
      8% in BSA >=1.5 group. Driveline infection was encountered more frequently in the
      BSA <1.5 group. CONCLUSIONS: Results for HMII LVAD as BTT in the post-approval
      era showed excellent survival and functional capacity improvement. Of particular
      interest to the Japanese patient population are the excellent results in patients
      with small BSA. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1931-1936).

PMID- 27373234
TI  - Effects of Proximal Pulmonary Artery Occlusion on Pulsatile Right Ventricular
      Afterload in Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients with proximal pulmonary artery (PA) thromboembolism, an
      increased PA resistance contributes to abnormal right ventricular (RV) afterload.
      However, the effects of proximal thromboembolism on the dynamic properties of RV
      afterload, which is determined by PA impedance, have not been analyzed
      quantitatively. The present study aimed to identify changes in PA impedance after
      the pulmonary perfusion volume was greatly reduced by unilateral proximal PA
      occlusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. PA flow
      and pressure waveforms were recorded during irregular pacing, before and 10 min
      after left PA occlusion. PA impedance was parameterized by using a three-element
      Windkessel model consisting of peripheral resistance (RP), arterial compliance
      (CP) and characteristic impedance (ZC). After proximal PA occlusion, PA impedance
      modulus increased over a frequency range of interest.ZCincreased significantly
      (after PA occlusion vs. baseline: 0.128+/-0.016 vs. 0.074+/-0.010 mmHg.min/ml,
      P<0.001), whereasCPandRPdid not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Proximal PA
      occlusion increasedZCwith the attenuation ofRPincrease andCPdecrease predicted
      from the decreased pulmonary perfusion volume. The insignificant changes
      inRPandCPindicate that a recruitment phenomenon may result in this attenuation.
      The existence of compensation by a recruitment mechanism suggests the relative
      importance of increasedZCin defining abnormal RV afterload in patients with
      proximal PA thromboembolism. (Circ J 2016; 80: 2010-2018).

PMID- 27373235
TI  - Hope or Hype - Does Cryoballoon Simplify Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Technique
      or Just Another Costly Toy?

PMID- 27373236
TI  - Motivational interviewing-based training enhances clinicians' skills and
      knowledge in psoriasis: findings from the Pso Well(r) study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common long-term, immune-mediated skin condition
      associated with behavioural factors (e.g. smoking, excess alcohol, obesity),
      which increase the risk of psoriasis onset, flares and comorbidities.
      Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based approach to health-related
      behaviour change that has been used successfully for patients with long-term
      conditions. This study assessed change in clinicians' MI skills and psoriasis
      knowledge following Psoriasis and Wellbeing (Pso Well(r) ) training. OBJECTIVES:
      To investigate whether the Pso Well training intervention improves clinicians' MI
      skills and knowledge about psoriasis-related comorbidities and risk factors; and
      to explore the acceptability and feasibility of the Pso Well training content,
      delivery and evaluation. METHODS: Clinicians attended the 1-day training
      programme focused on MI skills development in the context of psoriasis. MI skills
      were assessed pre- and post-training using the Behaviour Change Counselling
      Index. Knowledge about psoriasis-related comorbidity and risk factors was
      assessed with a novel 22-point measure developed for the study. Interviews with
      clinicians were analysed qualitatively to identify perceptions about the
      feasibility and acceptability of the training. RESULTS: Sixty-one clinicians
      completed the training (35 dermatology nurses, 23 dermatologists and three
      primary-care clinicians). Clinicians' MI skills (P < 0.001) and knowledge (P <
      0.001) increased significantly post-training. Clinicians found the training
      valuable and relevant to psoriasis management. CONCLUSIONS: Attendance at the Pso
      Well training resulted in improvements in clinicians' knowledge and skills to
      manage psoriasis holistically. Clinicians deemed the training itself and the
      assessment procedures used both feasible and acceptable. Future research should
      investigate how this training may influence patient outcomes.

PMID- 27373237
TI  - Effect of video lag on laparoscopic surgery: correlation between performance and
      usability at low latencies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few telesurgery studies assess the impact of latency on user
      experience, low latencies are often not studied despite evidence of negative
      effects, and some studies recruit inexperienced subjects instead of surgeons
      without evidence that latency affects both groups similarly. METHODS: Fifteen
      trainees and fourteen laparoscopic surgeons conducted two tasks on a laparoscopy
      home-trainer at six latencies below 200 milliseconds (ms). Completion time and
      usability (perceived awareness of latency, inefficiency, disturbance,
      adaptability, and impact on patient safety) were measured. RESULTS: Weak
      correlation between completion time and usability was found. There was
      significant deterioration in performance and user experience at 105 ms added
      latency. Surgeons were more negatively affected. CONCLUSION: Objective measures
      insufficiently describe the impact of latency therefore standard measures of user
      experience should be incorporated in studies. Even low latencies may be
      detrimental to laparoscopic surgery. Results from non-experts cannot predict the
      impact of latency on experienced surgeons. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 27373238
TI  - Die tumorimmunologische Revolution in der Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen
      Melanoms.

PMID- 27373239
TI  - Ausschreibung fur Forschungsprojekte zur Pathogenese, Diagnostik und Therapie der
      Sklerodermie.

PMID- 27373240
TI  - Nebenwirkungsmanagement bei Immun-Checkpoint-Blockade durch CTLA-4- und PD1
      Antikorper beim metastasierten Melanom.

PMID- 27373241
TI  - Management of side effects of immune checkpoint blockade by anti-CTLA-4 and anti
      PD-1 antibodies in metastatic melanoma.
AB  - CTLA-4 and PD-1 are potential targets for tumor-induced downregulation of
      lymphocytic immune responses. Immune checkpoint-modifying monoclonal antibodies
      oppose these effects, inducing T cell-mediated immune responses to various tumors
      including melanoma. Both anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies modify the
      interaction between tumor, antigen-presenting cells, and T lymphocytes. With
      respect to overall survival, clinical studies have shown a major benefit for the
      anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab as well as the two anti-PD-1 antibodies nivolumab
      and pembrolizumab. Following approval of ipilimumab in 2011, the latter two
      achieved market authorization in the summer of 2015. Immune responses thus
      induced and enhanced inevitably entail autoimmune phenomena, affecting various
      organs to varying degrees. Knowledge of these side effects is crucial with regard
      to prevention and management by treating physicians. Typically occurring early on
      and presenting with pronounced and persistent diarrhea, colitis represents a
      major and severe side effect. Other immune-mediated disorders include dermatitis,
      hypophysitis, thyroiditis, hepatitis, iridocyclitis as well as other less common
      autoimmune phenomena. Early recognition and initiation of treatment can reduce
      risks and sequelae for patients. This review describes the mechanisms of action
      of immune checkpoint blockade as well as its clinical effects in metastatic
      melanoma, with a detailed focus on the spectrum of adverse events and their
      therapeutic management. 

PMID- 27373242
TI  - Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a milestone in the treatment of melanoma.
AB  - It has been known for decades that the immune system is able to detect and
      destroy tumor cells. In the past, this knowledge - mostly acquired through animal
      experiments - could not be used to benefit our patients, because immuno
      oncological therapeutic approaches in humans had constantly failed over recent
      decades. With the exception of adjuvant interferon therapy, none of these
      approaches had found its way into everyday clinical practice, and only very few
      patients were able to enjoy long-term survival associated with good quality of
      life. With the advent of novel immunological approaches, the meaning of long-term
      survival as well as quality of life has been redefined for oncological patients.
      For the first time, a significant percentage of patients responds to treatment
      with immune checkpoint inhibitors, showing long-term remission and even cure. It
      has already become apparent that immunotherapy will in the future be one of the
      therapeutic mainstays in the treatment of metastatic melanoma as well as many
      other tumor types. The present review article presents the most important new
      treatment modalities, their mechanism of action, clinical data regarding
      treatment response, and adverse events to be expected. 

PMID- 27373243
TI  - Checkpoint-Inhibitoren in der Immuntherapie: Ein Meilenstein in der Behandlung
      des malignen Melanoms.
AB  - Seit Jahrzehnten ist bekannt, dass Tumoren vom Immunsystem erkannt und zerstort
      werden konnen. Diese, vor allem in Tierversuchen gewonnene Erkenntnis konnte
      jedoch in der Vergangenheit nicht zum Nutzen unserer Patienten umgesetzt werden,
      da immunonkologische Therapieansatze in den letzten Jahrzehnten in der Anwendung
      beim Menschen stets versagt haben. Daher hat, mit Ausnahme der adjuvanten
      Interferontherapie, keines dieser Verfahren den Einzug in die klinische
      Versorgung gefunden. Langzeituberleben unter guter Lebensqualitat war dabei sehr
      wenigen Patienten vorbehalten. Mit den neuen immunologischen Therapieansatzen
      wird jedoch sowohl das Langzeituberleben als auch die Lebensqualitat
      onkologischer Patienten neu definiert. Auf die neuen "Immun-Checkpoint
      Inhibitoren" spricht erstmals ein relevanter Teil der behandelten Patienten an
      und diese zeigen in der Regel langandauernde Remissionen bis hin zur Heilung.
      Schon jetzt ist klar, dass die Immuntherapie in Zukunft eine der wesentlichen
      Therapiesaulen bei der Behandlung des metastasierten Melanoms und auch vieler
      anderer fortgeschrittener Tumoren bilden wird. In dieser Ubersicht werden die
      wichtigsten neuen Therapiemodalitaten besprochen und sowohl deren Wirkprinzip als
      auch klinische Daten zum Therapieansprechen und zu erwartenden Nebenwirkungen der
      Therapie referiert. 

PMID- 27373244
TI  - Survey zu sensibilisierenden Inhaltsstoffen von oxidativen Haarfarben
      (Konsumenten- und Kabinettware) in Deutschland.
AB  - HINTERGRUND: Bestandteile oxidativer Haarfarben, wie z. B. p-Toluylendiamin, sind
      zum einen teils hochpotente Kontaktallergene, zum anderen sind zahlreiche
      Verbraucher, Friseurkunden bzw. Friseure exponiert. METHODIK: Survey zur
      Exposition gegenuber aktiven Komponenten oxidativer Haarfarben in Deutschland,
      basierend auf der Erfassung der qualitativen Produktrezeptur nach INCI, gesondert
      fur Konsumenten- und die in den Salons verwendete "Kabinett"-Ware, bei der auch
      das gemeinsame Vorkommen der Bestandteile dargestellt wird. ERGEBNISSE: Die 20 am
      haufigsten verwendeten Stoffe sind nahezu ausnahmslos starke oder sehr starke
      Sensibilisatoren; Spitzenreiter ist p-Toluylendiaminsulfat, das in 88 % aller
      Produkte enthalten ist. Zwischen Produkten im Einzelhandel und professionellen
      Produkten im Friseurfachhandel bestehen nur geringe Haufigkeitsunterschiede.
      Haufige Kombinationen bestehen zwischen p-Toluylendiamin, Resorcin sowie m
      Aminophenol, wobei die Einsatzkonzentrationen, die in dieser Studie nicht
      untersucht werden konnten, je nach Nuance sehr unterschiedlich sind.
      SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Die univariate Betrachtung zeigt, dass die aktuelle
      "Friseurstoff-Reihe" der Deutschen Kontaktallergie-Gruppe das Expositions
      Spektrum von Allergenen nicht gut abdeckt; uberdies legen auch Ergebnisse anderer
      Studien nahe, dass eine Reihe weiterer Allergene getestet werden sollte. Daruber
      hinaus bedarf der Effekt einer kombinierten Exposition gegenuber mehreren
      Allergenen gleichzeitig, mit der besonderen dynamischen Allergokinetik oxidativer
      Haarfarben, hinsichtlich des Sensibilisierungsrisikos weiterer Forschung.

PMID- 27373245
TI  - Survey of sensitizing components of oxidative hair dyes (retail and professional
      products) in Germany.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Components of oxidative hair dyes, such as p-toluylenediamine, are
      very potent contact sensitizers to which many consumers as well as hairdressers
      and their clients are commonly exposed. METHODS: Based on the qualitative
      composition of both retail and professional haircare products as determined by
      package labeling (according to INCI), we conducted a survey on the exposure to
      active components of oxidative hair dyes in Germany. The joint occurrence of
      components is also discussed. RESULTS: Nearly all of the 20 most commonly used
      substances are potent or very potent contact sensitizers. Contained in 88 % of
      all products, p-toluylenediamine is the most common component. There are only
      minor differences between retail and professional products. A frequent
      combination of substances includes p-toluylenediamine (sulfate), resorcinol as
      well as m-aminophenol. However, their actual concentrations (which were not
      investigated in this study) may vastly differ depending on the shade of the
      individual hair dye. CONCLUSIONS: Descriptive univariate analysis reveals that
      the currently used patch test series "Hairdressing Chemicals", as recommended by
      the German Contact Allergy Research Group (DKG), does not adequately cover the
      spectrum of allergens consumers and professionals are exposed to. Other studies
      have also suggested that a number of other allergens should be tested as well.
      Taking into account the dynamic kinetics of oxidative hair dyes with respect to
      allergy development, the effects of combined simultaneous exposure to multiple
      allergens on the risk of sensitization requires further research.

PMID- 27373246
TI  - Spirituelles Wohlbefinden und Coping bei Sklerodermie, Lupus erythematodes und
      malignem Melanom.
AB  - HINTERGRUND UND ZIELE: Religios-spirituelles Wohlbefinden ist verbunden mit
      hoherer Vitalitat und verminderter Depressionsneigung. In unserer Studie
      untersuchten wir die Strategien zur Krankheitsbewaltigung und die Rolle von
      Religiositat-Spiritualitat (R-S) zur Verbesserung des subjektiven Wohlbefindens.
      PATIENTEN UND METHODIK: 149 Patienten (107 Frauen), 44 mit systemischer
      Sklerodermie (SKL), 48 mit Lupus erythematodes (LE) und 57 mit malignem Melanom
      (MM), Stadium I-II, wurden mittels eines selbstentwickelten Fragebogens zum
      subjektiven Wohlbefinden, zu den mit der Erkrankung einhergehenden Umstanden
      sowie mit dem Multidimensionalen Inventar (MI-RSB) zu R-S befragt. ERGEBNISSE: LE
      Patienten sind zum Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung starker belastet als SKL- und
      MM-Patienten. SKL- und LE-Patienten konnen erst nach Jahren die Erkrankung
      akzeptieren. Der Gesamtscore des religios-spirituellen Befindens liegt bei LE
      Patienten signifikant unter dem Wert der Normalbevolkerung. Fotosensitivitat und
      Gelenksschmerzen sind bei LE-Patienten negativ assoziiert mit der Fahigkeit
      Vergeben zu konnen. SKL-Patienten mit Gesichtsveranderungen und Lungenbeteiligung
      zeigen hohere allgemeine Religiositat. MM-Patienten haben hohere Werte fur
      transzendente Hoffnung. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Vortrage uber die Krankheit und
      psychologische Betreuung sind die wichtigsten Bedurfnisse von Patienten mit SKL,
      LE und MM an ihre Betreuer. Religios-spirituelle Angebote zur
      Krankheitsverarbeitung scheinen derzeit eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen,
      konnten aber eine wichtige Ressource sein, der man in Zukunft mehr Aufmerksamkeit
      schenken sollte.

PMID- 27373247
TI  - Spiritual well-being and coping in scleroderma, lupus erythematosus, and
      melanoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Religious/spiritual (R-S) well-being is associated
      with greater vitality and lower depression scores. In this study, we investigated
      strategies for coping with disease and the role of religiosity/spirituality with
      respect to improving subjective well-being. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and
      forty-nine patients (107 women), 44 of whom with systemic sclerosis (SSc), 48
      with lupus erythematosus (LE), and 57 with stage I or II malignant melanoma (MM)
      were surveyed using a self-designed questionnaire, which addressed subjective
      well-being and disease-related circumstances, as well as the Multidimensional
      Inventory for Religious/Spiritual Well-Being (MI-RSWB). RESULTS: At the time of
      diagnosis, disease burden is greater in LE patients than in patients with SSc and
      MM. Only after several years are SSc and LE patients able to accept their
      disease. Compared with healthy individuals, the overall score of R-S well-being
      is significantly lower in LE patients. In LE, photosensitivity and joint pain are
      inversely correlated with the ability to forgive. SSc patients with facial
      lesions and pulmonary involvement show greater religiosity. MM patients display
      significantly higher values for transcendental hope. CONCLUSION: Talks about the
      disease and psychological support are the most important needs of patients with
      SSc, LE, and MM. At present, programs aimed at improving R-S coping skills do not
      seem to play a significant role, but could be an important resource that should
      be addressed in the future.

PMID- 27373248
TI  - Polyneuritic variant of pure neuritic leprosy with extensive involvement of
      peripheral nerves and sparing of the polio affected limb: a rare case report.

PMID- 27373249
TI  - Polyneuritische Variante einer rein neuritischen Lepra mit massiver Beteiligung
      der peripheren Nerven und Verschonung der von Polio betroffenen Extremitat: Ein
      seltenes Fallbeispiel.

PMID- 27373250
TI  - Primar kutane Diphtherie: Management, Diagnostik und therapeutische Konsequenzen
      anhand eines seltenen Fallberichts.

PMID- 27373252
TI  - Correspondence to Hirai I, Sakiyama T, Konohana A, et al. A case of neutrophilic
      dermatosis of the dorsal hand in acute leukemia - a distributional variant of
      Sweet's syndrome.

PMID- 27373251
TI  - Primary cutaneous diphtheria: management, diagnostic workup, and treatment as
      exemplified by a rare case report.

PMID- 27373253
TI  - Inzidenz epithelialer Proliferationen bei Vemurafenib-behandelten Patienten.

PMID- 27373254
TI  - Incidence of epithelial proliferations in patients treated with vemurafenib.

PMID- 27373255
TI  - Pityriasis versicolor atrophicans mit epidermaler Atrophie.

PMID- 27373256
TI  - Limited availability of diagnostic allergens for patch testing compromises
      patient care.

PMID- 27373257
TI  - Eingeschrankte Verfugbarkeit diagnostischer Epikutantest-Allergene gefahrdet die
      Patientenversorgung.

PMID- 27373258
TI  - Multiple eruptive Angiofibrome bei einem 14-jahrigen Madchen.

PMID- 27373259
TI  - Multiple eruptive angiofibromas in a 14-year-old girl.

PMID- 27373260
TI  - Unklare Nabelveranderung mit Induration.

PMID- 27373261
TI  - Unclear periumbilical infiltration with induration.

PMID- 27373262
TI  - Retroaurikular gestielte Lappenplastik zur Rekonstruktion grobetaer Ohrhelix- und
      Anthelixdefekte.

PMID- 27373263
TI  - Retroauricular pedicled flap for reconstruction of large helix and antihelix
      defects.

PMID- 27373268
TI  - Konferenzkalender in der gedruckten Ausgabe des JDDG.

PMID- 27373270
TI  - Kongresskalender 2016.

PMID- 27373269
TI  - Anmerkung zur Printausgabe Juni 2016.

PMID- 27373271
TI  - Bilateral pedicle anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap combined with bilateral
      sartorius muscle flap for reconstruction of extensive perineoscrotal and medial
      thigh defect because of Fournier's gangrene.
AB  - Fournier's gangrene is an acute and potentially lethal necrotizing fasciitis that
      can lead to extensive defects of the perineoscrotal area and lower abdominal wall
      as well. Such defect poses challenging tasks for both functional and cosmetic
      reconstruction. Local perforator pedicle flaps and muscle flaps can be employed
      and combined for such a reconstruction. In this report we present a case of
      reconstruction of a massive perineoscrotal and upper medial thigh defect because
      of Fournier's gangrene using a bilateral pedicle anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap
      and sartorius muscle flap. A 61 year-old male who suffered from Fournier's
      gangrene resulted in a perineal, scrotal, and medial thigh defect of 27 * 30 cm2
      with exposure of the femoral vessels. A bilateral pedicle ALT flap measuring 30 *
      9 cm2 based on two perforators and a bilateral sartorius muscle flap were
      harvested for soft tissue defect reconstruction and inguinal vessels coverage,
      respectively. The flaps survived completely, with no recipient or donor site
      morbidity. The length of follow-up was 6 months and was uneventful. A bilateral
      pedicle ALT flap combined with bilateral sartorius flap may be considered as a
      valid and safe option for an extensive inguinal and perineoscrotal reconstruction
      in selected cases. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:669-673,
      2017.

PMID- 27373272
TI  - Mechanisms of SU5416, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor
      receptor, as a radiosensitizer for colon cancer cells.
AB  - Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Previous studies
      suggest that chemoradiotherapy is more effective for the treatment of colorectal
      cancer than is radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. To enhance the
      radiosensitivity of tumor cells, several investigators have used targeted
      therapeutic agents that act as radiosensitizers. In the present study, we provide
      a scientific rationale for the clinical application of SU5416, an inhibitor of
      vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, as a radiosensitizer for
      colorectal cancer. Two human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, HCT116 and HT
      29, were treated with SU5416 and radiation alone or radiation followed by SU5416.
      In vitro tests were performed using colony forming assays, flow cytometric
      analysis, immunohistochemistry, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, tumor
      cell motility and invasion assays. The combination of radiation and SU5416
      synergistically inhibited cell survival and induced apoptosis through reactive
      oxygen species, enhanced IR-induced premature senescence, and inhibited DNA
      repair activity, cell migration and invasion. Collectively, our results favor the
      use of SU5416 and radiotherapy as a combination therapy for the treatment of
      colon cancer and it can be combined successfully with a radiation regimen to
      potentiate its antitumor and antimetastatic activities for future clinical
      trials. 

PMID- 27373273
TI  - Effects of losartan on experimental varicocele-induced testicular germ cell
      apoptosis.
AB  - To investigate the potential protective effects of losartan on varicocele-induced
      germ cell apoptosis, 24 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three
      groups: a sham operation was performed in SHAM group, and experimental left
      varicocele was created in VAR and VAR + LOS groups. Additionally, in VAR + LOS
      group, losartan was administered for 30 days starting on the day of surgery. At
      the end of 30 days, all animals were sacrificed and left orchiectomy was
      performed. Testicular injury and spermatogenesis were evaluated according to
      Johnsen scoring system. To assess the nitrosative stress, immunohistochemical
      staining for endothelial nitric oxide synthase was used and evaluated by H-score
      and apoptotic index (AI) of germ cells was analysed by TUNEL method. A
      significant decrease in the mean Johnsen score (JS) was observed in VAR group
      compared with SHAM (p < .001). The mean H-score and AI were significantly higher
      in VAR group compared with SHAM (p < .001). After losartan administration, mean
      JS was significantly increased (p < .001) and mean H-score and AI were
      significantly decreased compared with VAR group (p < .001 and .01, respectively).
      Findings of this suggest that losartan acts as a potent protective agent against
      varicocele-induced germ cell apoptosis. 

PMID- 27373274
TI  - Structure and activation of pro-activin A.
AB  - Activins are growth factors with multiple roles in the development and
      homeostasis. Like all TGF-beta family of growth factors, activins are synthesized
      as large precursors from which mature dimeric growth factors are released
      proteolytically. Here we have studied the activation of activin A and determined
      crystal structures of the unprocessed precursor and of the cleaved pro-mature
      complex. Replacing the natural furin cleavage site with a HRV 3C protease site,
      we show how the protein gains its bioactivity after proteolysis and is as active
      as the isolated mature domain. The complex remains associated in conditions used
      for biochemical analysis with a dissociation constant of 5 nM, but the pro-domain
      can be actively displaced from the complex by follistatin. Our high-resolution
      structures of pro-activin A share features seen in the pro-TGF-beta1 and pro-BMP
      9 structures, but reveal a new oligomeric arrangement, with a domain-swapped,
      cross-armed conformation for the protomers in the dimeric protein.

PMID- 27373275
TI  - How do different designs of femoral stem affect total hip arthroplasty applied to
      Crowe type III and type IV dysplastic hips.
AB  - PURPOSE: A comparison was made of the clinical and radiological results of
      cylindrical fully porous-coated femoral stems (Group A) and Zweymuller-type
      femoral stems (Group B) used for the treatment of hip osteoathrosis, secondary to
      Crowe III and IV dysplasia, with total hip arthroplasty combined with femoral
      transverse shortening osteotomy. METHOD: This study is a retrospective evaluation
      of 86 hips in 50 patients. Group A comprised of 43 hips and Group B comprised of
      43 hips. During final follow-up evaluation, patients were clinically assessed
      with Harris Hip Score (HHS), Merle d'Aubigne-Postel scale (MAP), and SF-36 scale.
      For radiological examination the Gulman THA score was used. Femoral osteotomy
      union, osteolysis around the components and component migration were also
      recorded and evaluated. RESULTS: In Group B, nonunion of the osteotomy site was
      found in 18.6% and delayed union in 20.9% of the hips. In Group A, delayed union
      was found in 7% of the hips. Patients' mean daily walking distance was found to
      be lower in Group A when compared to Group B. When the postoperative clinical
      HSS, and MAP and the radiological Gulman scores were compared, no statistically
      significant differences (p = 0.275) were found. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with hip
      osteoarthritis secondary to Crowe III and IV dysplasia, who were treated with THA
      and transverse osteotomy showed a higher incidence of osteotomy complications
      when the Zweymuller femoral stem was used. However, these complications did not
      affect clinical outcomes.

PMID- 27373276
TI  - Similar rate of infection eradication for functional articulating, prefabricated
      and custom-made spacers in 2-stage revision of the infected total hip: a
      literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: 2-stage revision with the use of an antibiotic-loaded interval spacer
      is therapy of choice in late periprosthetic joint infection for most surgeons.
      For the spacer, either a prefabricated, functional articulating or custom-made
      spacer can be used. Little is known about which type of spacer provides optimal
      outcome after 2-stage revision. The aim of this study was to determine which type
      of spacer provides the best results, when used in 2-stage revision of an infected
      THA. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature to analyse which
      type of interval spacer provides highest infection eradication rate and best
      functional outcome after a minimum 2 year follow-up. Exclusion criteria were
      follow-up of less than 2 years, single-stage revision, or 2-stage revision
      without use of a spacer. RESULTS: 25 studies were included. Infection eradication
      rate was similar with rates of 96%, 93% and 95% for the prefabricated-,
      functional articulating- and custom-made spacers respectively. Functional outcome
      was scarcely described. Postoperative HHS was 81, 90 and 83 respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Functional articulating spacers achieve a comparable rate of
      infection eradication in the treatment of periprosthetic hip joint infections as
      compared to preformed or custom-made antibiotic-loaded spacers. There is
      insufficient evidence concerning rehabilitation and functional outcome after 2
      stage revision hip arthroplasty to advocate or discourage the use of either kind
      of interval spacer.

PMID- 27373277
TI  - Hydrodynamic coupling of particle inclusions embedded in curved lipid bilayer
      membranes.
AB  - We develop theory and computational methods to investigate particle inclusions
      embedded within curved lipid bilayer membranes. We consider the case of spherical
      lipid vesicles where inclusion particles are coupled through (i) intramembrane
      hydrodynamics, (ii) traction stresses with the external and trapped solvent
      fluid, and (iii) intermonolayer slip between the two leaflets of the bilayer. We
      investigate relative to flat membranes how the membrane curvature and topology
      augment hydrodynamic responses. We show how both the translational and rotational
      mobility of protein inclusions are effected by the membrane curvature, ratio of
      intramembrane viscosity to solvent viscosity, and intermonolayer slip. For
      general investigations of many-particle dynamics, we also discuss how our
      approaches can be used to treat the collective diffusion and hydrodynamic
      coupling within spherical bilayers. 

PMID- 27373278
TI  - A118G Polymorphism in MU-Opioid Receptor Gene and Interactions with Smoking and
      Drinking on Risk of Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of A118G and its
      interaction with smoking and drinking on oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
      (ESCC) risk. METHODS: A total of 960 subjects (545 males and 415 females) with a
      mean age of 58.1 +/- 13.4 years were selected, including 490 ESCC patients and
      470 normal control subjects. A logistic regression model was used to examine the
      association between A118G and ESCC and its interaction with A118G and current
      smoking and drinking. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confident interval (95%CI) were
      calculated. RESULTS: The frequency for the A allele of A118G was significantly
      higher in ESCC cases, OR (95%CI) = 1.22 (1.08-1.59). Logistic regression analysis
      showed a significant association between the A allele in A118G and increased ESCC
      risk. The ESCC risk was significantly higher in carriers of the A allele of the
      A118G polymorphism than those with GG (AG + AA vs. GG, adjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.20
      (1.05-1.53)). We found that current smokers with AG or AA of the A118G genotype
      have the highest ESCC risk compared with never smokers with a GG genotype; the OR
      (95%CI) was 2.57 (1.66-3.33). Current drinkers with AG or AA of the A118G
      genotype have the highest ESCC risk compared with not currently drinking subjects
      with the GG genotype, OR (95%CI) = 2.36 (1.47-3.25), after adjusting for
      covariates. CONCLUSION: The A allele of A118G and ESCC and additional interaction
      between the A allele of A118G and smoking or drinking were associated with
      increased ESCC risk.

PMID- 27373279
TI  - Taxonomic dissection of Achromobacter denitrificans Coenye et al. 2003 and
      proposal of Achromobacter agilis sp. nov., nom. rev., Achromobacter pestifer sp.
      nov., nom. rev., Achromobacter kerstersii sp. nov. and Achromobacter deleyi sp.
      nov.
AB  - The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of a historical collection of
      strains identified as Achromobacter denitrificanswere examined. Sequence analysis
      of a 765 bp nrdA gene fragment revealed that eight of these strains belonged to
      the recently described Achromobacter aegrifaciens, Achromobacter mucicolens, and
      Achromobacter insolitus, and that one strain belonged to Achromobacter
      xylosoxidans. The analysis also suggested the presence of four novel species of
      the genus Achromobacter among the remaining strains. The latter was confirmed by
      multilocus sequence analysis of concatenated nusA, eno, rpoB, gltB, lepA, nuoL
      andnrdA gene fragments and extensive genotypic and phenotypic characterization.
      We propose to name these novel species as Achromobacter agilis sp. nov., nom.
      rev. (type strain LMG 3411T=CCUG 62454T), Achromobacter pestifer sp. nov., nom.
      rev. (type strain LMG 3431T=CCUG 61959T) , Achromobacter kerstersii sp. nov.
      (type strain LMG 3441T=CCUG 62449T) and Achromobacter deleyi sp. nov. (type
      strain LMG 3458T=CCUG 62433T).

PMID- 27373280
TI  - [The quality indicators of multiple inflammatory bowel disease centers in China
      should be consistent with the consensus].

PMID- 27373281
TI  - [Enteral nutritional therapy in inflammatory bowel disease].

PMID- 27373282
TI  - [Standardized training for resident and re-organization of general internal
      medicine].

PMID- 27373283
TI  - [Clinical analysis of cutaneous manifestations and related factors in patients
      with ulcerative colitis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cutaneous manifestations in patients with
      ulcerative colitis (UC) and related factors. METHODS: Patients admitted to
      Department of Gastroenterology Peking University First Hospital from January 1994
      to December 2014 and diagnosed as UC were retrospectively enrolled in this study.
      Skin disorders were confirmed by the dermatologists. Clinical data were collected
      and compared between patients with and without cutaneous manifestations. RESULTS:
      Among the total 373 UC patients, there were 34 cases (9.1%) with cutaneous
      manifestations, including 11 pyoderma gangrenosum, 8 erythema nodosum, 6 eczema,
      3 psoriasis, 2 pemphigus, 1 granulomatous cheilitis, 1 ichthyosis, 1 acne
      rosacea, and 1 impetigo. The skin manifestations may occur after the diagnosis,
      simultaneously or even before the diagnosis of UC, which were 24, 7 and 3
      patients respectively. The mean age in patients with skin lesions was (47.2+/
      12.1) years, male to female ratio 0.79?1. More patients with skin manifestations
      had severe activity of UC compared with non-skin group [50.0%(17/34) vs
      25.1%(85/339), P=0.01]. In addition, the proportion of extensive colitis in skin
      lesion group was significantly higher than that in non-skin group [76.5%(26/34)
      vs 54.6%(185/339), P=0.04]. CONCLUSIONS: The cutaneous manifestations associated
      with UC are polymorphic, erythema nodosums and pyoderma gangrenosums are the most
      common skin lesions seen in UC patients. Skin lesions occur concurrently, pre or
      post the diagnosis of UC. Skin lesions in UC patients suggest more severe disease
      activity. Clinicians need to pay more attention to this group.

PMID- 27373284
TI  - [A comparison of clinical characteristics between non-erosive reflux disease and
      reflux esophagitis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical symptoms of patients with non-erosive reflux
      disease(NERD) and reflux esophagitis(RE), which is helpful to the differential
      diagnosis. METHODS: Out-patients who met the criteria of NERD or RE according to
      the Montreal definition in Gastroenterology Department Wuhan Union Hospital from
      2010-2014 were enrolled in our study. Clinical data were comprehensively
      collected. Incidence of disease, severity, frequency of esophageal and
      extraesophageal symptoms, and the rates of overlapping with functional dyspepsia
      (FD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were all studied. RESULTS: Totally 446
      subjects were recruited, including 225 patients with NERD and 221 patients with
      RE. The occurrence rates of esophageal symptoms including heartburn
      [76.0%(171/225) vs 52.0%(115/221), P<0.01] and acid regurgitation [74.7%(168/225)
      vs 54.3%(120/221), P<0.05] in NERD group were significantly higher than those in
      RE patients, with more severe and frequent (P<0.05). Despite the rates of food
      regurgitation were similar, NERD patients behaved more severely and frequently
      (P<0.05). Extraesophageal symptoms including throat burning and foreign body
      sensation in NERD group [40.9%(92/225) vs 27.6%(61/221), 42.2%(95/225) vs
      31.7%(70/221), all P<0.05] were also higher than those in RE group, the degree of
      which was more severe too (P<0.05). RE patients claimed a higher proportion of
      chronic cough. The incidences of overlapping with IBS in two groups were similar.
      But there were more patients with FD in NERD group [72.0%(162/225) vs
      62.9%(139/221), P<0.05] than in RE group. CONCLUSIONS: The menifestations and
      degree of esophageal and extraesophageal symptoms in patients with NERD or RE are
      different, as well as comorbidities such as FD and IBS. These results suggest
      that NERD and RE are independent diseases.

PMID- 27373285
TI  - [An analysis of clinical characteristics and factors in Parkinson's disease
      patients with excessive daytime sleepiness].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in
      patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and
      to identify whether EDS could influence the sleep architecture and sleep apnea
      related parameters. METHODS: A total of 130 PD patients were eligible and
      enrolled in the study.By the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), patients were
      divided into the EDS group (ESS>=10) with 61 patients and the non-EDS group
      (ESS<10) with 69 patients.All underwent a video-polysomnography (PSG). Clinical
      characteristics were mainly evaluated by the unified Parkinson's disease rating
      scale (UPDRS) and the Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)stage.while other related scales were
      applied for evaluating depression, cognitive function, quality of sleep and
      quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 61 patients (46.92%) were diagnosed as EDS
      (ESS>=10). Compared to the non-EDS group, the EDS group had significantly higher
      score of HAMD, UPDRSIand UPDRSII, and significantly lower score of MoCA and PDQ
      (all P<0.05). Non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the scores
      of HAMD and UPDRSI were the main prognostic factors for EDS.Significantly
      decreased sleep latency (SL) was found in the EDS group by PSG (P=0.008). The
      score of ESS was showed to be correlated with the scores of HAMD, MoCA, UPDRSI,
      UPDRSII, PDQ and SL. CONCLUSIONS: PD patients with EDS have more severe
      depression and cognitive dysfunction and worse quality of life.Sleep structure is
      altered in those patients with decreased sleep latency.Mental status is closely
      associated with EDS, but not sleep apnea.

PMID- 27373286
TI  - [A comparison of the outcome of therapy between fractional flow reserve guided-
      versus coronary angiography guided-strategy in acute coronary syndrome patients
      with moderate coronary lesions].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes between coronary angiography (CAG ) guided-
      and fractional flow reserve (FFR) guided-strategy in acute coronary syndrome
      (ACS) patients with moderate lesions. METHODS: Totally, 249 ACS subjects with
      moderate lesions examined by CAG in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from July 1, 2014 to
      July 30, 2015 were included in the present analysis. Among them, 98 patients were
      further examined by FFR and 151 were not. All the patients were treated with
      medication either guided by CAG or by FFR. Subjects were followed up for an
      average of 10 months. The end points included death, nonfatal myocardial
      infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and hospitalization
      costs. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as death, nonfatal MI,
      and TVR. RESULTS: At the end of follow-up, 29 patients had MACE with 6 cases
      (6.5%) in the FFR-guided group, and 23 cases (16.2%) in the CAG-guided group
      (P=0.036). Patients treated with FFR-guided strategy had significantly lower rate
      of TVR than those treated with CAG-guided strategy (5.4% vs 14.8%, P=0.045). No
      statistical difference was observed in nonfatal MI (2.2% vs 3.5%, P=0.242)
      between the two groups, and no cardiac death occurred in the two groups. However,
      the rate of patients treated with stains (P=0.033) and the hospitalization costs
      (P=0.001) were significantly increased in the FFR-guided group. CONCLUSIONS: FFR
      guided strategy for patients with ACS results in lower TVR and MACE, but higher
      cost when compared with CAG-guided strategy.

PMID- 27373287
TI  - [The application of (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography in the diagnosis and treatment of
      dermatomyositis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the value of (18)F fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography ((18)F FDG-PET-CT) in the diagnosis and the
      evaluation of disease activity and remission of dermatomyositis(DM). METHODS: DM
      patients who were admitted to the Department of Rheumatology, the People's
      Liberation Army General Hospital (PLAGH) and underwent (18)F FDG-PET-CT
      examination were retrospectively reviewed from January 2012 to May 2015.Gender
      and age matched healthy controls (HC) were also enrolled.The standardized uptake
      value (SUV) of proximal limb girdle muscles in both groups were recorded and
      compared, so as between patients with DM or subclinical DM.The correlation
      between myodynamia of proximal limb girdle muscle, creatine kinase(CK), CK-MB,
      serum ferritin and SUV of each muscle group were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 58
      patients with DM and 29 controls consecutively recruited in the study.The SUV of
      upper arms (1.814+/-0.830) g/ml, shoulders (2.134+/-0.797) g/ml and hips (1.883+/
      0.683) g/ml in patients with classic DM were significantly higher than those with
      subclinical DM [(0.938+/-0.218) g/ml, (1.152+/-0.315) g/ml, (0.945+/-0.249) g/ml;
      P<0.05]. SUV of muscles in newly diagnosed patients was (1.051+/-0.031) g/ml,
      which was higher than that in subclinical patients.But the difference was not
      statistically significant (P>0.05). The average SUV of evaluated muscles in DM
      group (2.033+/-0.858) g/ml was significantly higher than that in controls
      (1.076+/-0.167) g/ml (P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) analysis
      revealed the area under the curve(AUC) of abnormal SUV detected by (18)F FDG-PET
      CT for diagnosing DM was 0.953.The myodynamia of upper arms and SUV was
      negatively correlated (rs=-0.440, P=0.031). However, the level of serum creatine
      kinase and SUV was positively correlated (rs=0.500, P=0.013). The average SUV of
      patients whose time to remission was less than 3 months (1.746+/-0.466) g/ml was
      obviously less than that of patients with 3 to 6 months to obtain remission
      (2.815+/-0.848) g/ml (P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The SUV of proximal limb girdle
      muscles detected by (18)F FDG-PET-CT has a positive diagnostic value for
      DM.Moreover, the SUV in upper arms is correlated with the muscle strength and the
      level of creatine kinase, which reflect disease activity. (18)F FDG-PET-CT might
      be an alternative method to evaluate the response of treatment.

PMID- 27373288
TI  - [The application of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and 7 joints ultrasonic score in
      assessment of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the significance of serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP
      3) and joint ultrasonography in assessing the activity of rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) by comparing MMP-3 level and the ultrasonic 7 joints (US7) score in RA
      patients. METHODS: Serum MMP-3 level and US7 score were measured in 133 RA
      patients by immune turbidity and Doppler ultrasound. Synchronous 53 healthy
      subjects were recruited as controls. Clinical data were collected. Erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate (ESR), serum level of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)
      antibody, health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) and disease activity score 28
      (DAS28) were measured. The level of disease activity is interpreted as
      remission(DAS28<2.6), low(DAS 28>=2.6-<3.2), moderate(DAS 28>=3.2-<5.1),
      high(DAS28>=5.1). The discriminating validity of MMP-3 and US7 score in disease
      was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis with
      DAS28 as the reference standard. RESULTS: Compared with that in healthy controls
      [35.20(25.90, 48.90) MUg/L] and remission patients[33.40(22.60, 678.40) MUg/L],
      the MMP-3 level in moderate [105.1(61.70, 172.70) MUg/L] and high [363.1(161.50,
      475.90) MUg/L] groups increased dramatically. US7 score in patients with high
      disease activity was significantly higher than that in other groups. The level of
      MMP-3 was significantly correlated with DAS28, HAQ, US7 score, yet did not have
      correlation with anti-CCP antibody. Serum level of MMP-3 was positively
      correlated with US7 score(r=0.566, P<0.001). In evaluating the disease activity,
      US7 score combined with MMP-3 (AUC 0.863 2) was not superior to MMP-3 alone (AUC
      0.854 3), but significantly better than single US7 score (AUC 0.764 3, P<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: MMP-3 is an effective and simple index in evaluating RA disease
      activity. The combination of MMP-3 and US7 score does not further improve the
      efficacy to evaluate disease activity than MMP-3 alone in patients with RA.

PMID- 27373289
TI  - [A Meta-analysis of the accuracy of interferon-gamma release assays in
      differentiating intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease in Asia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This meta-analysis assessed the value of interferon-gamma release
      assays (IGRAs) in the differential diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis (ITB)
      from Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: Systematic search without language
      restriction was conducted in the main computerized databases until June 2015.
      Studies that have evaluated the performance of IGRAs (QuantiFERON-TB Gold or T
      SPOT.TB) in distinguishing ITB from CD were eligible. Main outcome measures
      included sensitivity and specificity. Area under the curve (AUC) of the summary
      receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curve was used to evaluate the accuracy
      of IGRAs. RESULTS: Twelve studies (all from Asia) were finally included. The
      pooled sensitivity and specificity of IGRAs for the differential diagnosis of ITB
      from CD were 82.8% (95%CI 78.4%-86.6%) and 86.7% (95%CI 83.2%-89.6%)
      respectively. The positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio
      (NLR) were 6.870 (95%CI 5.345-8.830) and 0.171 (95%CI 0.105-0.279). The
      diagnostic odds ratio was 44.030 (95%CI 27.964-69.325). And the AUC of sROC was
      0.939. CONCLUSIONS: IGRAs have a high sensitivity and specificity for the
      diagnosis of ITB, and specificity is consistent from study to study. IGRAs may be
      considered as a supplementary method in the differential diagnosis of ITB from
      CD.

PMID- 27373290
TI  - [The correlation study between the changes of intestinal mucosa predominant
      bacteria and Toll-like receptor 2, Toll-like receptor 4 gene expressions in
      diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome patients].
AB  - Based on high throughput sequencing and PCR detection technology, this study has
      found out that intestinal microbial diversity was impaired and the quantities of
      two main bacteria flora (Bacteroidetes and Clostridium) were significantly
      reduced in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS).
      Meanwhile mucosal expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 were
      significantly enhanced, which was inversely correlated with the reduction of
      Bacteroidetes and Clostridium. Thus, it suggests that D-IBS may be associated
      with TLR signal transduction triggered by the intestinal dysbacteriosis. 

PMID- 27373291
TI  - [A clinical analysis of insulin antibody in type 2 diabetic patients].
AB  - This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between serum insulin
      levels and the production of insulin antibody (IA) in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). A
      total of 647 T2DM were included. Among them, 20.9% patients were IA positive, who
      were elder and had a longer duration, lower BMI, a higher positive rate of
      glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody(GADAb) and higher serum insulin levels
      during an insulin secretion test. More patients were treated with insulin in IA
      positive group than in IA negative group (65.9% vs 41.0%, P=0.000). Fasting serum
      insulin level was associated with occurrence of IA in all patients (OR=1.02,
      P=0.001) and insulin treated patients (OR=1.033, P=0.002). The cut-off point of
      fasting serum insulin level for predicting IA positive was 17.87 mIU/L
      (sensitivity 55.1%, specificity 89.0%). Exogenous insulin use is associated with
      the presence of IA. Fasting serum insulin level can be used as a predictor for
      the production of IA in insulin-treated patients. 

PMID- 27373292
TI  - [A case of mesenteric panniculitis].

PMID- 27373293
TI  - [A case report of POEMS syndrome with multiple endocrine abnormalities as the
      main manifestations].

PMID- 27373294
TI  - [A case of fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes].

PMID- 27373295
TI  - [The management model of endocrine and metabolic diseases in the minorities of
      the border areas].

PMID- 27373296
TI  - [Esophageal dysmotility of eosinophilic esophagitis].

PMID- 27373297
TI  - [An update of rituximab treatment in idiopathic membranous nephropathy].

PMID- 27373298
TI  - [The mechanism of innate immune response to Acinetobacter baumannii infection].

PMID- 27373299
TI  - [The Chinese expert recommendation on prevention of gastrointestinal injury
      related to antithrombotic therapy].

PMID- 27373300
TI  - [The Chinese Delphi consensus on quality indicators for inflammatory bowel
      disease centers].

PMID- 27373301
TI  - [The Chinese expert consensus on reteplase thrombolytic therapy for acute ST
      segment elevation myocardial infarction].

PMID- 27373302
TI  - [The 451(th) case: intermittent rash, fever and headache].
AB  - A 29-year-old woman was admitted to the Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union
      Medical College Hospital due to intermittent rashes, fever and headache. Palpable
      purpura were symmetrically distributed on the extremities and trunk. Other
      manifestations included headache with nausea and vomiting. Elevated white blood
      cell (WBC) count, platelet (PLT) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and
      C-reactive protein were the main laboratory findings. Antinuclear antibodies and
      antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative. Examination of the
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed high intracranial pressure, while routine
      cytology and biochemical tests of CSF were normal. Head MRI scan and PET-CT did
      not detect remarkable findings. A diagnosis of systemic vasculitis was confirmed
      by the biopsy of skin lesion which showed inflammatory infiltration of the
      muscular vessel wall. Combination therapy of corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide
      lead to a rapid improvement in clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters. The
      patient was in stable remission till 6 month follow-up. 

PMID- 27373304
TI  - ER/LA Opioid Analgesics REMS: Overview of Ongoing Assessments of Its Progress and
      Its Impact on Health Outcomes.
AB  - Objective: Opioid abuse is a serious public health concern. In response, the Food
      and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that a risk evaluation and mitigation
      strategy (REMS) for extended-release and long-acting (ER/LA) opioids was
      necessary to ensure that the benefits of these analgesics continue to outweigh
      the risks. Key components of the REMS are training for prescribers through
      accredited continuing education (CE), and providing patient educational
      materials. Methods: The impact of this REMS has been assessed using diverse
      metrics including evaluation of prescriber and patient understanding of the risks
      associated with opioids; patient receipt and comprehension of the medication
      guide and patient counseling document; patient satisfaction with access to
      opioids; drug utilization and changes in prescribing patterns; and surveillance
      of ER/LA opioid misuse, abuse, overdose, addiction, and death. Results and
      Conclusions: The results of these assessments indicate that the increasing rates
      of opioid abuse, addiction, overdose, and death observed prior to implementation
      of the REMS have since leveled off or started to decline. However, these benefits
      cannot be attributed solely to the ER/LA opioid analgesics REMS since many other
      initiatives to prevent abuse occurred contemporaneously. These improvements
      occurred while preserving patient access to opioids as a large majority of
      patients surveyed expressed satisfaction with their access to opioids.

PMID- 27373305
TI  - Layer-Controlled Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of MoS2 Vertical
      Heterostructures via van der Waals Epitaxy.
AB  - The fascinating semiconducting and optical properties of monolayer and few-layer
      transition metal dichalcogenides, as exemplified by MoS2, have made them
      promising candidates for optoelectronic applications. Controllable growth of
      heterostructures based on these layered materials is critical for their
      successful device applications. Here, we report a direct low temperature chemical
      vapor deposition (CVD) synthesis of MoS2 monolayer/multilayer vertical
      heterostructures with layer-controlled growth on a variety of layered materials
      (SnS2, TaS2, and graphene) via van der Waals epitaxy. Through precise control of
      the partial pressures of the MoCl5 and elemental sulfur precursors, reaction
      temperatures, and careful tracking of the ambient humidity, we have successfully
      and reproducibly grown MoS2 vertical heterostructures from 1 to 6 layers over a
      large area. The monolayer MoS2 heterostructure was verified using cross-sectional
      high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) while Raman and
      photoluminescence spectroscopy confirmed the layer-controlled MoS2 growth and
      heterostructure electronic interactions. Raman, photoluminescence, and energy
      dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mappings verified the uniform coverage of the
      MoS2 layers. This reaction provides an ideal method for the scalable layer
      controlled growth of transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures via van der
      Waals epitaxy for a variety of optoelectronic applications.

PMID- 27373306
TI  - Modeling Ti/Ge Distribution in LiTi2-xGex(PO4)3 NASICON Series by (31)P MAS NMR
      and First-Principles DFT Calculations.
AB  - Ti/Ge distribution in rhombohedral LiTi2-xGex(PO4)3 NASICON series has been
      analyzed by (31)P magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR)
      spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
      Nuclear magnetic resonance is an excellent probe to follow Ti/Ge disorder, as it
      is sensitive to the atomic scale environment without long-range periodicity
      requirements. In the samples considered here, PO4 units are surrounded by four
      Ti/Ge octahedra, and then, five different components ascribed to P(OTi)4,
      P(OTi)3(OGe), P(OTi)2(OGe)2, P(OTi)(OGe)3, and P(OGe)4 environments are expected
      in (31)P MAS NMR spectra of R3c NASICON samples. However, (31)P MAS NMR spectra
      of analyzed series display a higher number of signals, suggesting that, although
      the overall symmetry remains R3c, partial substitution causes a local decrement
      in symmetry. With the aid of first-principles DFT calculations, 10 detected (31)P
      NMR signals have been assigned to different Ti4-nGen arrangements in the R3
      subgroup symmetry. In this assignment, the influence of octahedra of the same or
      different R2(PO4)3 structural units has been considered. The influence of bond
      distances, angles and atom charges on (31)P NMR chemical shieldings has been
      discussed. Simulation of the LiTi2-xGex(PO4)3 series suggests that detection of
      10 P environments is mainly due to the existence of two oxygen types, O1 and O2,
      whose charges are differently affected by Ge and Ti occupation of octahedra. From
      the quantitative analysis of detected components, a random Ti/Ge distribution has
      been deduced in next nearest neighbor (NNN) sites that surround tetrahedral PO4
      units. This random distribution was supported by XRD data displaying Vegard's
      law.

PMID- 27373308
TI  - Nucleotide diversity, natural variation, and evolution of Flexible culm-1 and
      Strong culm-2 lodging resistance genes in rice.
AB  - Lodging resistance is one of the vital traits in yield improvement and
      sustainability. Culm wall thickness, diameter, and strength are different traits
      that can govern the lodging resistance in rice. The genes SCM2 and FC1 have been
      isolated for culm thickness, strength, and flexibility, but their functional
      nucleotide variations were still unknown. We used a 13* deep sequence of 795
      diverse genotypes to present the functional variation and SNP diversity in SCM2
      and FC1. The major functional variant for the SCM2 gene was at position 27480181
      and for the FC1 gene at position 31072992. Haplotype analysis of both genes
      provided their various allelic differences among haplotypes. SCM2 alleles further
      presented the evolution of Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica and subsp. japonica
      genomes from common parent in different geographical zones, while the haplotypes
      of FC1 suggested their evolution from different strains of the common parent
      Oryza rufipogon. SCM2 showed purifying selection and functional associations with
      rare alleles, while FC1 displayed balanced selection favored by multiple
      heterozygous alleles. Genotypes with an allelic combination of SCM2-3 and FC1-2
      in japonica background exhibited striking resistance against lodging, which can
      be used in further breeding programs. 

PMID- 27373309
TI  - A case of human papillomavirus-associated squamous cell carcinoma with bone
      invasion and verruca vulgaris of the fingernails.

PMID- 27373307
TI  - Identification of the genomic mutation in Epha4(rb-2J/rb-2J) mice.
AB  - The EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase is involved in numerous cell-signalling
      activities during embryonic development. EphA4 has the ability to bind to both
      types of ephrin ligands, the ephrinAs and ephrinBs. The C57BL/6J-Epha4rb-2J/GrsrJ
      strain, denoted Epha4(rb-2J/rb-2J), is a spontaneous mouse mutant that arose at
      The Jackson Laboratory. These mutants exhibited a synchronous hind limb
      locomotion defect or "hopping gait" phenotype, which is also characteristic of
      EphA4 null mice. Genetic complementation experiments suggested that Epha4(rb-2J)
      corresponds to an allele of EphA4, but details of the genomic defect in this
      mouse mutant are currently unavailable. We found a single base-pair deletion in
      exon 9 resulting in a frame shift mutation that subsequently resulted in a
      premature stop codon. Analysis of the predicted structure of the truncated
      protein suggests that both the kinase and sterile alpha motif (SAM) domains are
      absent. Definitive determination of genotype is needed for experimental studies
      of mice carrying the Epha4(rb-2J) allele, and we have also developed a method to
      ease detection of the mutation through RFLP. Eph-ephrin family members are
      reportedly expressed as numerous isoforms. Hence, delineation of the specific
      mutation in EphA4 in this strain is important for further functional studies,
      such as protein-protein interactions, immunostaining and gene compensatory
      studies, investigating the mechanism underlying the effects of altered function
      of Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases on phenotype. 

PMID- 27373310
TI  - Etude Par Ponction Tracheale De La Flore Bacterienne Des Pneumopathies
      Infectieuses.
AB  - The authors analyse the bacteriological data gathered by 100 successive tracheal
      Punctures and compare these results to those obtained by sputum cultures, which
      had either been collected by routine or when withdrawing the catheter for
      tracheal aspiration. This plain and not hazardous technique allows to draw the
      following conclusions : 1) The culture of routinely collected sputum at the
      patient's bed-side often misleads the physician (6 times on 10) whereas newly
      expectorated sputum brought immediately to the laboratory more truly shows the
      tracheo-bronchic flora (valuable results in 75 % of the cases). 2) The tracheal
      puncture, which reduces the causes of errors, due to the contamination of the
      sputum by the rhino-pharyngeal flora, to a minimum, particularly is indicated in
      the following cases : patients who do not expectorate (including suspects of
      pulmonary tuberculosis), instantly earnest pneumopathia, bad response to applied
      antibiotic therapy, tests of the true efficiency of an antibiotic therapy. 3) The
      bacteriological study of these punctures performed on patients, who caused
      therapeutical problems and who had been submitted to antibiotic therapies
      evidenced the following data : 40 % of the punctures were sterile, 39 % showed
      one single germ (18 Gram negative, 16 Gram positive, 2 BK, 3 aspergillus), 15 %
      showed 2 simultaneous germs and 6 % were not significant. 

PMID- 27373311
TI  - Essai de L'Association Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole dans les Infections Broncho
      Pulmonaires.
AB  - The authors studied the effectiveness of a compound drug, sulphamethoxazole
      trimethoprim, in acute pulmonary disease of moderate gravity. :They reviewed the
      numerous criteria used in medical papers during clinical trials concerning
      antibiotics. They emphasized the value of transtracheal aspiration for the
      correct interpretation of the bacteriological flora in the tracheo-bronchial
      tree. The treatment was effective in 24 cases (19 good and 5 fair) over 31 (70
      %). No toxic reaction was noted during this short term trial. 

PMID- 27373313
TI  - Virtual screening, molecular dynamics, and binding free energy calculations on
      human carbonic anhydrase IX catalytic domain for deciphering potential leads.
AB  - Carbonic anhydrase IX is a tumor-associated membrane-bound metallo-enzyme which
      catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2) to bicarbonate (HCO3-)
      and proton (H+) ions. It is a hypoxia-inducible enzyme and plays a critical role
      in tumor pH homeostasis favoring tumor cell invasiveness and drug resistance.
      Over expression of CAIX is documented in cancers of breast, lung, kidney,
      colon/rectum, etc. Chemical inhibition of CAIX activity has proven to be an
      effective therapeutic modality towards targeting cancer. Hence, in this study, we
      intend to identify potential molecules from NCI (National Cancer Institute) and
      Maybridge databases implementing high-throughput virtual screening. CAIX co
      crystallized with acetazolamide (a known inhibitor of CAIX) (PDB ID: 3IAI) was
      used for reference-guided docking protocol. The potential inhibitors among the
      coupled data sets were finalized based on Glide docking score, Prime/MMGBSA
      scoring, significant intermolecular interactions, ADMET (absorption,
      distribution, metabolism and excretion, toxicity) prediction and stability of
      complex formation, molecular dynamics simulation, and comparative analysis. By
      this study, we propose NSC_93618, NSC_170253, NSC_93618, JFD03677, SEW06488, and
      BTB09372 to be highly significant, as all these compounds were found to qualify
      as potential leads surpassing all the stringent filtering process. However,
      NSC_93618 was found to be the most potential, as it featured with higher complex
      stability with strong bonded interactions, binding affinity synonymous to
      acetazolamide. Hence, these proposed compounds shall prove to be effective in
      targeting CAIX towards modulating carcinogenesis.

PMID- 27373314
TI  - Promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by Frizzled2 is involved in the
      metastasis of endometrial cancer.
AB  - The Wnt signaling pathway is essential for embryonic development, and genetic
      alteration in this network is closely correlated with tumorigenesis and
      progression. Previous research has shown that Wnt receptor Frizzled2 (Fzd2) is
      elevated in many metastatic cancer cell lines and high grade tumors. Yet, little
      is known about the Fzd2 expression and activity in human endometrial cancer (EC).
      In this study, we present evidence of a direct role of Fzd2 in human EC. We found
      that Fzd2 expression was higher in EC than that in adjacent normal tissues, and
      was correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. Next, it was
      determined that the stable overexpression of Fzd2 in HEC-1B and Ishikawa cells
      promoted cell migration and induced an EMT phenotype. Conversely, RNA
      interference-mediated depletion of Fzd2 inhibited EC cell migration.
      Additionally, mechanistic investigation revealed that elevated Fzd2 expression
      activated canonical Wnt signaling and was blocked by canonical Wnt signaling
      inhibitor XAV939. However, Fzd2 did not influence the proliferation of EC cells.
      Thus, Fzd2 may be a potential marker for EC metastasis and a target for future
      therapies for this disease. 

PMID- 27373315
TI  - Riemerella anatipestifer infection in domestic ducks in Japan, 2014.
AB  - The outbreak of Riemerella anatipestifer (RA) infection has been confirmed in
      meat-type domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) for the first time in 27 years in
      Japan. In January 2014, increased mortality in a 14- to 21-day-old duck flock was
      reported to veterinary officials by the owner. The affected ducks exhibited
      reduced movement, ataxia and dorsal recumbency with leg paddling. Pathological
      findings were typical for an RA infection. Fibrinous and heterophilic
      pericarditis, airsacculitis, perihepatitis, ventriculitis and meningitis were
      observed. The bacterial isolate from duck organs was identified as RA by PCR
      based 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing.

PMID- 27373316
TI  - COL11A1 is overexpressed in recurrent non-small cell lung cancer and promotes
      cell proliferation, migration, invasion and drug resistance.
AB  - Collagen type XI alpha1 (COL11A1), a minor fibrillar collagen, has been
      demonstrated to be involved in cell proliferation, migration and the
      tumorigenesis of many human malignancies. Previous studies have shown that
      COL11A1 may be a valuable diagnostic marker for non-small cell lung carcinoma
      (NSCLC). However, its biological function in NSCLC progression remains largely
      unclear. In the present study, we investigated the expression levels of COL11A1
      in different human NSCLC samples, and found that COL11A1 was overexpressed in
      NSCLC with lymph node metastasis and in recurrent NSCLC tissues. We also revealed
      that COL11A1 promoted the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC
      cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, our results highlighted the importance of
      COL11A1 in chemoresistance to cisplatin. Mechanistically, we found that the
      effects of the overexpression of COL11A1 in NSCLC cells were mediated by Smad
      signaling. Collectively, our findings suggest that COL11A1 may sever as a
      biomarker for metastatic NSCLC, and can be used to predict recurrence after
      surgical resection. Therapeutic approaches targeting COL11A1 may facilitate the
      optimization of cisplatin treatment of NSCLC by overcoming chemoresistance. 

PMID- 27373317
TI  - Management of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Impulse control disorders (ICDs) have become a widely recognized non
      motor complication of Parkinson's disease (PD) in patients taking dopamine
      replacement therapy (DRT). There are no current evidence-based recommendations
      for their treatment, other than reducing their dopaminergic medication. METHODS:
      This study reviews the current literature of the treatment of ICDs including
      pharmacological treatments, deep brain stimulation, and psychotherapeutic
      interventions. RESULTS: Dopamine agonist withdrawal is the most common and
      effective treatment, but may lead to an aversive withdrawal syndrome or motor
      symptom degeneration in some individuals. There is insufficient evidence for all
      other pharmacological treatments in treating ICDs in PD, including amantadine,
      serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors, antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and
      opioid antagonists (e.g. naltrexone). Large randomized control trials need to be
      performed before these drugs can be routinely used for the treatment of ICDs in
      PD. Deep brain stimulation remains equivocal because ICD symptoms resolve in some
      patients after surgery but may appear de novo in others. Cognitive behavioral
      therapy has been shown to improve ICD symptoms in the only published study,
      although further research is urgently needed. CONCLUSIONS: Further research will
      allow for the development of evidence-based guidelines for the management of ICDs
      in PD.

PMID- 27373318
TI  - The bright side of psychoactive substances: cannabinoid-based drugs in motor
      diseases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Psychoactive substances are associated with the idea of drugs with
      high addictive liability, affecting mental states, cognition, emotion and motor
      behavior. However these substances can modify synaptic transmission and help to
      disclose some mechanisms underlying alterations in brain processing and
      pathophysiology of motor disease. Hence, the 'bright side' of e cannabinoid-based
      drugs must be thoroughly examined to be identified within the latter framework.
      AREAS COVERED: We will analyze the preclinical and clinical evidence of
      cannabinoid-based drugs, discussing their therapeutic value in basal ganglia
      motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington disease. Expert
      commentary: Despite the knowledge acquired in the last years, the therapeutic
      potential of cannabinoid-based drugs should be further tested by novel routes of
      investigation. This should be focused on the role of cannabinoid signaling system
      in mitochondrial function as well as on the physical and functional interaction
      with other key receptorial targets belonging to this network.

PMID- 27373319
TI  - Isolation of a new beta-carboline alkaloid from aerial parts of Triclisia
      sacleuxii and its antibacterial and cytotoxicity effects.
AB  - A new beta-carboline alkaloid named sacleuximine A (1) together with known
      compounds palmatine (2), isotetrandrine (3), trans-N-feruloyltyramine (4), trans
      N-caffeoyltyramine (5), yangambin (6), syringaresinol (7), sesamin (8), (+) epi
      quercitol (9), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (10), beta-sitosterol (11), quercetin 3-O
      rutinoside (12) and myricetin 3-O-beta-glucose (1->6) alpha-rhamnoside (13) have
      been isolated from methanol extract of Triclisia sacleuxii aerial parts.
      Compounds 1-10 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human adenocarcinoma
      (HeLa), human hepatocarcinoma (Hep3B) and human breast carcinoma (MCF-7) cells
      lines and also for antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram
      negative bacteria. The cytotoxicity (IC50) values ranged between 0.15 and 36.7
      MUM while the minimum inhibitory concentrations were found to be in the range of
      3.9 and 125 MUM, respectively. This is the first report of antibacterial
      compounds and the isolation of lignans together with a beta-carboline alkaloid
      from T. sacleuxii.

PMID- 27373320
TI  - An Open and Shut Case: The Interaction of Magnesium with MST Enzymes.
AB  - The shikimate pathway of bacteria, fungi, and plants generates chorismate, which
      is drawn into biosynthetic pathways that form aromatic amino acids and other
      important metabolites, including folates, menaquinone, and siderophores. Many of
      the pathways initiated at this branch point transform chorismate using an MST
      enzyme. The MST enzymes (menaquinone, siderophore, and tryptophan biosynthetic
      enzymes) are structurally homologous and magnesium-dependent, and all perform
      similar chemical permutations to chorismate by nucleophilic addition (hydroxyl or
      amine) at the 2-position of the ring, inducing displacement of the 4-hydroxyl.
      The isomerase enzymes release isochorismate or aminodeoxychorismate as the
      product, while the synthase enzymes also have lyase activity that displaces
      pyruvate to form either salicylate or anthranilate. This has led to the
      hypothesis that the isomerase and lyase activities performed by the MST enzymes
      are functionally conserved. Here we have developed tailored pre-steady-state
      approaches to establish the kinetic mechanisms of the isochorismate and
      salicylate synthase enzymes of siderophore biosynthesis. Our data are centered on
      the role of magnesium ions, which inhibit the isochorismate synthase enzymes but
      not the salicylate synthase enzymes. Prior structural data have suggested that
      binding of the metal ion occludes access or egress of substrates. Our kinetic
      data indicate that for the production of isochorismate, a high magnesium ion
      concentration suppresses the rate of release of product, accounting for the
      observed inhibition and establishing the basis of the ordered-addition kinetic
      mechanism. Moreover, we show that isochorismate is channeled through the synthase
      reaction as an intermediate that is retained in the active site by the magnesium
      ion. Indeed, the lyase-active enzyme has 3 orders of magnitude higher affinity
      for the isochorismate complex relative to the chorismate complex. Apparent
      negative-feedback inhibition by ferrous ions is documented at nanomolar
      concentrations, which is a potentially physiologically relevant mode of
      regulation for siderophore biosynthesis in vivo.

PMID- 27373321
TI  - The role of the inflammasome in patients with autoinflammatory diseases.
AB  - Autoinflammatory diseases are disorders of the innate immune system,
      characterized by systemic inflammation often driven by inflammasomes, and
      independent of infection and autoreactive antibodies or antigen-specific T cells.
      These diseases are increasingly recognized as disorders of immune dysregulation,
      presenting with a constellation of fevers, rashes, and mucosal symptoms in many
      cases, which suggests that the allergist/immunologist is the appropriate
      specialist for these patients. However, many practicing physicians are unaware of
      these disorders in their pediatric and adult patient populations, leading to
      substantial delays in diagnosis. Recognizing autoinflammatory disease symptom
      patterns, performing appropriate diagnostic tests, and instituting early
      effective therapy are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality in these
      patients. This review will focus on understanding the molecular basis of
      inflammasomes, recognizing the distinguishing features of the classic
      autoinflammatory disorders, and appreciating the treatment modalities available.

PMID- 27373322
TI  - Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with chronic
      inflammation affecting predominantly the lung parenchyma and peripheral airways
      that results in largely irreversible and progressive airflow limitation. This
      inflammation is characterized by increased numbers of alveolar macrophages,
      neutrophils, T lymphocytes (predominantly TC1, TH1, and TH17 cells), and innate
      lymphoid cells recruited from the circulation. These cells and structural cells,
      including epithelial and endothelial cells and fibroblasts, secrete a variety of
      proinflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and
      lipid mediators. Although most patients with COPD have a predominantly
      neutrophilic inflammation, some have an increase in eosinophil counts, which
      might be orchestrated by TH2 cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells though
      release of IL-33 from epithelial cells. These patients might be more responsive
      to corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Oxidative stress plays a key role in
      driving COPD-related inflammation, even in ex-smokers, and might result in
      activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF
      kappaB), impaired antiprotease defenses, DNA damage, cellular senescence,
      autoantibody generation, and corticosteroid resistance though inactivation of
      histone deacetylase 2. Systemic inflammation is also found in patients with COPD
      and can worsen comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and
      osteoporosis. Accelerated aging in the lungs of patients with COPD can also
      generate inflammatory protein release from senescent cells in the lung. In the
      future, it will be important to recognize phenotypes of patients with optimal
      responses to more specific therapies, and development of biomarkers that identify
      the therapeutic phenotypes will be important.

PMID- 27373323
TI  - Regulation of inflammasomes by autophagy.
AB  - Inflammasomes detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns to induce
      inflammatory innate immune responses and play a key role in host defense against
      infectious agents. However, inflammasomes are often wrongly activated by
      metabolites, amyloids, and environmental irritants. This induces massive
      inflammation, causing severe tissue damage, and results in the development of
      inflammatory diseases. Hence cellular machineries regulating both "activation"
      and "inactivation" of inflammasomes are definitely important. Recent studies have
      shown that autophagy, an intracellular degradation system associated with
      maintenance of cellular homeostasis, plays a key role in inflammasome
      inactivation. Notably, autophagy deficiency caused by gene mutation disrupts
      organelle elimination and thus induces aberrant activation of inflammasomes,
      leading to severe tissue damage. Here we review recent findings regarding the
      involvement of autophagy in the regulation of inflammasome activation and
      development of inflammatory disorders.

PMID- 27373324
TI  - Interferons and inflammasomes: Cooperation and counterregulation in disease.
AB  - Interferons and the IL-1 family of cytokines have important roles in host defense
      against invading viruses and bacteria. Inflammasomes, multimeric cytosolic
      sensors of infection, are required for IL-1beta and IL-18 processing and release.
      Interferons, IL-1beta, and IL-18 are also implicated in autoimmune disease and
      chronic inflammation. Although independent but complementary pathways induce
      these cytokine subsets during infection, in some circumstances the cross-talk
      between these key inflammatory mediators is a particular requirement for
      effective host defense. In this review we will summarize recent discoveries
      concerning the potentiation of inflammasome responses by type I interferons,
      particularly in patients with gram-negative bacterial infections, and reflect on
      the molecular mechanisms of IFN-beta's immunosuppressive effects through
      modulation of inflammasome and IL-1beta signaling in patients with tuberculosis
      and multiple sclerosis.

PMID- 27373326
TI  - United Nations Climate Change Conferences: COP21 a lost opportunity for asthma
      and allergies and preparing for COP22.

PMID- 27373325
TI  - Current concepts in chronic inflammatory diseases: Interactions between microbes,
      cellular metabolism, and inflammation.
AB  - Recent research indicates that chronic inflammatory diseases, including allergies
      and autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases, share common pathways of cellular
      and molecular dysregulation. It was the aim of the International von-Behring
      Rontgen Symposium (October 16-18, 2014, in Marburg, Germany) to discuss recent
      developments in this field. These include a concept of biodiversity; the
      contribution of urbanization, lifestyle factors, and nutrition (eg, vitamin D);
      and new mechanisms of metabolic and immune dysregulation, such as extracellular
      and intracellular RNAs and cellular and mitochondrial stress. Epigenetic
      mechanisms contribute further to altered gene expression and therefore to the
      development of chronic inflammation. These novel findings provide the foundation
      for further development of preventive and therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 27373328
TI  - The safety of intranasal steroids during pregnancy: A good start.

PMID- 27373330
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27373331
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27373329
TI  - Efficacy of 2 months of allergen-specific immunotherapy with Bet v 1-derived
      contiguous overlapping peptides in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis:
      Results of a phase IIb study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An immunotherapy formulation consisting of 3 contiguous overlapping
      peptides (COPs) derived from Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, showed
      good clinical tolerability in a previous phase I/IIa clinical trial. OBJECTIVES:
      We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of allergen-specific immunotherapy
      using 2 dose regimens of Bet v 1 COPs versus placebo in subjects with birch
      pollen-induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind,
      placebo-controlled phase IIb clinical trial was performed to assess the efficacy
      of Bet v 1 COP immunotherapy during the 2013 birch pollen season. Before the
      season, Bet v 1 COPs (50 and 100 MUg in aluminum hydroxide) or placebo (saline
      and aluminum hydroxide) were administered as 5 subcutaneous injections to 239
      adults with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis to birch pollen. Bet v 1 COPs at 25 or
      50 MUg were administered on day 1, and 50 or 100 MUg was administered on days 8,
      15, 29, and 57, respectively. Patients were monitored for adverse events during
      the treatment period and assessed for combined rhinoconjunctivitis symptom and
      medication scores, as well as quality of life. RESULTS: Rhinoconjunctivitis
      symptom and medication scores improved in both Bet v 1 COP-treated groups,
      reaching statistical significance over placebo in the 50-MUg group (least squares
      mean, -0.23; 26% improvement; P = .015). Both active groups showed significant
      improvement in quality of life and nighttime nasal symptom scores, supporting the
      primary end point findings. Bet v 1 COP injections were well tolerated, with a
      higher frequency of systemic adverse events in the 100-MUg group. CONCLUSION: Two
      months of preseasonal immunotherapy with 3 COPs derived from Bet v 1 at a 50-MUg
      dose showed promising efficacy, small risk for systemic reactions, and
      immunomodulatory changes in this single-season, dose-finding, phase IIb trial in
      patients allergic to birch pollen.

PMID- 27373332
TI  - Prevalent, Dynamic, and Conserved R-Loop Structures Associate with Specific
      Epigenomic Signatures in Mammals.
AB  - R-loops are three-stranded nucleic acid structures formed upon annealing of an
      RNA strand to one strand of duplex DNA. We profiled R-loops using a high
      resolution, strand-specific methodology in human and mouse cell types. R-loops
      are prevalent, collectively occupying up to 5% of mammalian genomes. R-loop
      formation occurs over conserved genic hotspots such as promoter and terminator
      regions of poly(A)-dependent genes. In most cases, R-loops occur co
      transcriptionally and undergo dynamic turnover. Detailed epigenomic profiling
      revealed that R-loops associate with specific chromatin signatures. At promoters,
      R-loops associate with a hyper-accessible state characteristic of unmethylated
      CpG island promoters. By contrast, terminal R-loops associate with an enhancer-
      and insulator-like state and define a broad class of transcription terminators.
      Together, this suggests that the retention of nascent RNA transcripts at their
      site of expression represents an abundant, dynamic, and programmed component of
      the mammalian chromatin that affects chromatin patterning and the control of gene
      expression.

PMID- 27373333
TI  - Structure of a Complete ATP Synthase Dimer Reveals the Molecular Basis of Inner
      Mitochondrial Membrane Morphology.
AB  - We determined the structure of a complete, dimeric F1Fo-ATP synthase from yeast
      Yarrowia lipolytica mitochondria by a combination of cryo-EM and X-ray
      crystallography. The final structure resolves 58 of the 60 dimer subunits.
      Horizontal helices of subunit a in Fo wrap around the c-ring rotor, and a total
      of six vertical helices assigned to subunits a, b, f, i, and 8 span the membrane.
      Subunit 8 (A6L in human) is an evolutionary derivative of the bacterial b
      subunit. On the lumenal membrane surface, subunit f establishes direct contact
      between the two monomers. Comparison with a cryo-EM map of the F1Fo monomer
      identifies subunits e and g at the lateral dimer interface. They do not form
      dimer contacts but enable dimer formation by inducing a strong membrane curvature
      of ~100 degrees . Our structure explains the structural basis of cristae
      formation in mitochondria, a landmark signature of eukaryotic cell morphology.

PMID- 27373335
TI  - eIF3 Peripheral Subunits Rearrangement after mRNA Binding and Start-Codon
      Recognition.
AB  - mRNA translation initiation in eukaryotes requires the cooperation of a dozen
      eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) forming several complexes, which leads to
      mRNA attachment to the small ribosomal 40S subunit, mRNA scanning for start
      codon, and accommodation of initiator tRNA at the 40S P site. eIF3, composed of
      13 subunits, 8 core (a, c, e, f, h, l, k, and m) and 5 peripheral (b, d, g, i,
      and j), plays a central role during this process. Here we report a cryo-electron
      microscopy structure of a mammalian 48S initiation complex at 5.8 A resolution.
      It shows the relocation of subunits eIF3i and eIF3g to the 40S intersubunit face
      on the GTPase binding site, at a late stage in initiation. On the basis of a
      previous study, we demonstrate the relocation of eIF3b to the 40S intersubunit
      face, binding below the eIF2-Met-tRNAi(Met) ternary complex upon mRNA attachment.
      Our analysis reveals the deep rearrangement of eIF3 and unravels the molecular
      mechanism underlying eIF3 function in mRNA scanning and timing of ribosomal
      subunit joining.

PMID- 27373334
TI  - BRCA1/FANCD2/BRG1-Driven DNA Repair Stabilizes the Differentiation State of Human
      Mammary Epithelial Cells.
AB  - An abnormal differentiation state is common in BRCA1-deficient mammary epithelial
      cells, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we report a convergence
      between DNA repair and normal, cultured human mammary epithelial (HME) cell
      differentiation. Surprisingly, depleting BRCA1 or FANCD2 (Fanconi anemia [FA]
      proteins) or BRG1, a mSWI/SNF subunit, caused HME cells to undergo spontaneous
      epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and aberrant differentiation. This
      also occurred when wild-type HMEs were exposed to chemicals that generate DNA
      interstrand crosslinks (repaired by FA proteins), but not in response to double
      strand breaks. Suppressed expression of DeltaNP63 also occurred in each of these
      settings, an effect that links DNA damage to the aberrant differentiation
      outcome. Taken together with somatic breast cancer genome data, these results
      point to a breakdown in a BRCA/FA-mSWI/SNF-DeltaNP63-mediated DNA repair and
      differentiation maintenance process in mammary epithelial cells that may
      contribute to sporadic breast cancer development.

PMID- 27373336
TI  - Allosteric Activation of Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases by beta-Propeller Proteins
      UAF1 and WDR20.
AB  - Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) constitute the largest family of
      deubiquitinating enzymes, whose catalytic competency is often modulated by their
      binding partners through unknown mechanisms. Here we report on a series of
      crystallographic and biochemical analyses of an evolutionarily conserved
      deubiquitinase, USP12, which is activated by two beta-propeller proteins, UAF1
      and WDR20. Our structures reveal that UAF1 and WDR20 interact with USP12 at two
      distinct sites far from its catalytic center. Without increasing the substrate
      affinity of USP12, the two beta-propeller proteins potentiate the enzyme through
      different allosteric mechanisms. UAF1 docks at the distal end of the USP12
      Fingers domain and induces a cascade of structural changes that reach a critical
      ubiquitin-contacting loop adjacent to the catalytic cleft. By contrast, WDR20
      anchors at the base of this loop and remotely modulates the catalytic center of
      the enzyme. Our results provide a mechanistic example for allosteric activation
      of USPs by their regulatory partners.

PMID- 27373338
TI  - Maximising fitness in the face of parasites: a review of host tolerance.
AB  - Tolerance, the ability of a host to limit the negative fitness effects of a given
      parasite load, is now recognised as an important host defence strategy in
      animals. Together with resistance, the ability of a host to limit parasite load,
      these two host strategies represent two disparate host responses to parasites,
      each with different predicted evolutionary consequences: resistance is predicted
      to reduce parasite prevalence, whereas tolerance could be neutral towards, or
      increase, parasite prevalence in a population. The distinction between these two
      strategies might have far-reaching epidemiological consequences. Classically, a
      reaction norm defines host tolerance because it depicts the change in host
      fitness as a function of parasite load, where a shallow negative slope indicates
      that host fitness slowly deteriorates as parasite load increases (i.e., high
      tolerance). Despite the fact that tolerance was only recently acknowledged to be
      an important component in an animal's immune repertoire, it is frequently
      referenced, so our aim is to emphasise the current advances on the topic. We
      begin by summarising the ways in which biologists measure the two components of
      tolerance, parasite load and fitness, as well as the ways in which the concept
      has been defined (i.e., point and range tolerance). It is common to test for
      variation in host tolerance according to intrinsic, innate factors, where
      variation exists among populations, genders or genotypes. Such variation in
      tolerance is pervasive across animal taxa, and we briefly review some of the
      mechanistic bases of variation that have recently begun to be explored. Three
      further novel advancements in the tolerance field are the appreciation of the
      role of extrinsic, environmental factors on tolerance, host tolerance in multi
      host-parasite systems and individual-based approaches to tolerance measures. We
      explore these topics using recent examples and suggest some future perspectives.
      It is becoming increasingly clear that an appreciation of tolerance as a defence
      strategy can provide significant insights into how hosts coexist with parasites.

PMID- 27373337
TI  - Structural Basis for Cooperative Function of Mettl3 and Mettl14
      Methyltransferases.
AB  - N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) is a prevalent, reversible chemical modification of
      functional RNAs and is important for central events in biology. The core m(6)A
      writers are Mettl3 and Mettl14, which both contain methyltransferase domains. How
      Mettl3 and Mettl14 cooperate to catalyze methylation of adenosines has remained
      elusive. We present crystal structures of the complex of Mettl3/Mettl14
      methyltransferase domains in apo form as well as with bound S-adenosylmethionine
      (SAM) or S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in the catalytic site. We determine that
      the heterodimeric complex of methyltransferase domains, combined with CCCH
      motifs, constitutes the minimally required regions for creating m(6)A
      modifications in vitro. We also show that Mettl3 is the catalytically active
      subunit, while Mettl14 plays a structural role critical for substrate
      recognition. Our model provides a molecular explanation for why certain mutations
      of Mettl3 and Mettl14 lead to impaired function of the methyltransferase complex.

PMID- 27373339
TI  - Biological invasions and host-parasite coevolution: different coevolutionary
      trajectories along separate parasite invasion fronts.
AB  - Host-parasite coevolution has rarely been observed in natural systems. Its study
      often relies on microparasitic infections introducing a potential bias in the
      estimation of the evolutionary change of host and parasite traits. Using
      biological invasions as a tool to study host-parasite coevolution in nature can
      overcome these biases. We demonstrate this with a cross-infection experiment in
      the invasive macroparasite Mytilicola intestinalis and its bivalve host, the blue
      mussel Mytilus edulis. The invasion history of the parasite is well known for the
      southeastern North Sea and is characterised by two separate invasion fronts that
      reached opposite ends of the Wadden Sea (i.e. Texel, The Netherlands and Sylt,
      Germany) in a similar time frame. The species' natural history thus makes this
      invasion an ideal natural experiment to study host-parasite coevolution in
      nature. We infected hosts from Texel, Sylt and Kiel (Baltic Sea, where the
      parasite is absent) with parasites from Texel and Sylt, to form sympatric,
      allopatric and naive infestation combinations, respectively. We measured
      infection rate, host condition and parasite growth to show that sympatric host
      parasite combinations diverged in terms of pre- and post-infection traits within
      <100 generations since their introduction. Texel parasites were more infective
      and more efficient at exploiting the host's resources. Hosts on Texel, on the
      other hand, evolved resistance to infection, whereas hosts on Sylt may have
      evolved tolerance. This illustrates that different coevolutionary trajectories
      can evolve along separate invasion fronts of the parasite, highlighting the use
      of biological invasions in studies of host-parasite coevolution in nature.

PMID- 27373340
TI  - Comparative transcriptomics of stickleback immune gene responses upon infection
      by two helminth parasites, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum and Schistocephalus
      solidus.
AB  - Immune systems of vertebrates are much more diverse than previously thought, in
      particular at the base of the vertebrate clade. RNA-seq was used to describe in
      detail the transcriptomic response of stickleback hosts to infection by two
      helminth parasites, the trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (2 genotypes plus
      a genotype mix) and the cestode Schistocephalus solidus. Based on a global
      transcription profiling, we present immune genes that are active during chronic
      or multiple repeated infection. We found that the transcription profiles of D.
      pseudospathaceum genotypes were as divergent as those of the two parasite
      species. When comparing the host immune response, only 5 immune genes were
      consistently upregulated upon infection by both species. These genes indicated a
      role for enhanced toll like receptor (TLR) activity (CTSK, CYP27B1) and an
      associated positive regulation of macrophages (CYP27B1, THBS1) for general
      helminth defense. We interpret the largely differentiated gene expression
      response among parasite species as general redundancy of the vertebrate immune
      system, which was also visible in genotype-specific responses among the different
      D. pseudospathaceum infections. The present study provides the first evidence
      that IL4-mediated activation of T-helper lymphocyte cells is also important in
      anti-helminthic immune responses of teleost fish.

PMID- 27373341
TI  - Risk factors associated with recanalization of incompetent saphenous veins
      treated with radiofrequency ablation catheter.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the occlusion rate of
      incompetent great saphenous veins (GSVs) and small saphenous veins (SSVs) treated
      with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and individualize variables associated with
      recanalization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 311 veins (256
      GSVs and 55 SSVs) in 211 patients [177 women, 34 men; mean age, 45 years+/-12
      (SD) (range: 18-75 years)] with incompetent GSVs and/or SSVs who were treated
      using new-generation RFA catheters was performed. The clinical results, occlusion
      rates, and variables associated with recanalization for the incompetent GSVs and
      SSVs were analyzed. RESULTS: No major complications were observed in the study
      population. Ten months after RFA, the occlusion rate was 89% (227/256) for GSVs
      and 91% (50/55) for SSVs. An increased pre-procedure diameter of the incompetent
      GSVs was associated with a higher rate of recanalization (OR: 0.825; 95% CI:
      0.715-0.952) (P<0.05). No significant differences in age, gender, and side of
      treated veins were found between patients with recanalization of treated veins
      and those without recanalization. CONCLUSION: Our results show that pre-procedure
      diameter of the GSV is the single risk factor for recanalization after RFA.

PMID- 27373342
TI  - Testing Molecular Homogeneity at the Nanoscale with Massive Cluster Secondary Ion
      Mass Spectrometry.

PMID- 27373343
TI  - Ultradispersed Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Assembled in Graphene Aerogel for
      Continuous Photo-Fenton Reaction and Enhanced Lithium Storage Performance.
AB  - The Photo-Fenton reaction is an advanced technology to eliminate organic
      pollutants in environmental chemistry. Moreover, the conversion rate of
      Fe(3+)/Fe(2+) and utilization rate of H2O2 are significant factors in Photo
      Fenton reaction. In this work, we reported three dimensional (3D) hierarchical
      cobalt ferrite/graphene aerogels (CoFe2O4/GAs) composites by the in situ growing
      CoFe2O4 crystal seeds on the graphene oxide (GO) followed by the hydrothermal
      process. The resulting CoFe2O4/GAs composites demonstrated 3D hierarchical pore
      structure with mesopores (14~18 nm), macropores (50~125 nm), and a remarkable
      surface area (177.8 m(2 )g(-1)). These properties endowed this hybrid with the
      high and recyclable Photo-Fenton activity for methyl orange pollutant
      degradation. More importantly, the CoFe2O4/GAs composites can keep high Photo
      Fenton activity in a wide pH. Besides, the CoFe2O4/GAs composites also exhibited
      excellent cyclic performance and good rate capability. The 3D framework can not
      only effectively prevent the volume expansion and aggregation of CoFe2O4
      nanoparticles during the charge/discharge processes for Lithium-ion batteries
      (LIBs), but also shorten lithium ions and electron diffusion length in 3D
      pathways. These results indicated a broaden application prospect of 3D-graphene
      based hybrids in wastewater treatment and energy storage.

PMID- 27373345
TI  - Estrogen as an Environmental Pollutant.

PMID- 27373344
TI  - A novel role for pigment genes in the stress response in rainbow trout
      (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
AB  - In many vertebrate species visible melanin-based pigmentation patterns correlate
      with high stress- and disease-resistance, but proximate mechanisms for this trait
      association remain enigmatic. Here we show that a missense mutation in a
      classical pigmentation gene, melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor (MC1R), is
      strongly associated with distinct differences in steroidogenic melanocortin 2
      receptor (MC2R) mRNA expression between high- (HR) and low-responsive (LR)
      rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We also show experimentally that cortisol
      implants increase the expression of agouti signaling protein (ASIP) mRNA in skin,
      likely explaining the association between HR-traits and reduced skin melanin
      patterning. Molecular dynamics simulations predict that melanocortin 2 receptor
      accessory protein (MRAP), needed for MC2R function, binds differently to the two
      MC1R variants. Considering that mRNA for MC2R and the MC1R variants are present
      in head kidney cells, we hypothesized that MC2R activity is modulated in part by
      different binding affinities of the MC1R variants for MRAP. Experiments in
      mammalian cells confirmed that trout MRAP interacts with the two trout MC1R
      variants and MC2R, but failed to detect regulation of MC2R signaling, possibly
      due to high constitutive MC1R activity.

PMID- 27373346
TI  - Comparison of mathematical methods for the evaluation of wastewater settleability
      by settling column tests.
AB  - Particulate matter (PM), which may serve as a vector of pollutants in both
      natural and human-impacted waters, is of primary interest in water quality
      studies, particularly for those conducted in urban areas. Separating solids from
      the liquid phase is one of the main goals of water treatment practices. Above
      all, the settling process is the most commonly used for this purpose. Generally,
      settling column tests are used in the laboratory to assess the total PM removal.
      Besides the traditional graphical method used for the interpretation of the
      laboratory results, other mathematical methods were developed - with the goal of
      simplifying the settling efficiency evaluation procedure and making it less
      subjective. To make a contribution in that direction, a study based on the
      comparison of four different mathematical methods for estimating PM removal
      efficiencies was conducted. The analysis was carried out on 15 samples of
      wastewater and showed that only two methods gave satisfactory results, and only
      one of them was physically based. Consequently, it is recommended to assess the
      overall PM removal, Etot, by a monoparametric exponential function, depending on
      the settling time (t) and on the first-order decay coefficient (k).

PMID- 27373347
TI  - Sentinel Lymph Node Frozen-Section Utilization Declines After Publication of
      American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 Trial Results With No Change in
      Subsequent Surgery for Axillary Lymph Node Dissection.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate use of sentinel lymph node (SLN) frozen section (FS)
      before and after publication of the Z0011 trial. METHODS: We identified 116 pre
      Z0011 and 134 post-Z0011 patients from 18 months before and after Z0011-initiated
      changes. Clinicopathologic features were assessed by chart review. RESULTS: Post
      Z0011 SLN FS use markedly declined when performed with breast-conserving therapy
      (BCT) (P < .0001), with SLN FS in 53 (73.6%) of 72 and 19 (25.0%) of 76 in pre-
      and post-Z0011 groups, respectively. There was post-Z0011 decline in axillary
      lymph node dissection (ALND) (P = .014) but no difference in later procedures for
      ALND. SLN positivity was associated with larger (>=1.6 cm) tumor size (P = .002).
      Nodal upstage was more frequent with invasive lobular (3/32; 9.4%) vs other
      invasive (2/188; 1.1%) subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support reduced need
      for SLN FS for BCT patients post-Z0011. However, those with specific
      clinicopathologic features may derive greater benefit from SLN FS.

PMID- 27373348
TI  - Toxicogenomic applications of Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) in aquatic
      toxicology.
AB  - Rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), a Chinese native species, are an excellent
      emerging model organism for aquatic toxicity testing and chemical safety
      assessment. "Big data" omics approaches (i.e., genomics, proteomics, and
      metabolomics) to inform mechanistic toxicology are now applied to studies in rare
      minnows to better understand toxicity and molecular pathways perturbed by
      chemicals. This review highlights recent applications of toxicogenomics to study
      changes in the gene and protein expression profiles in rare minnows in response
      to chemicals. Here we briefly describe studies that utilized cDNA microarrays in
      characterization of the cellular effects of rare minnows in single and mixed
      chemical exposures. Then we compare gel-based proteomics studies in liver of rare
      minnows following treatment with endocrine disrupting chemicals including 17beta
      estradiol, 17alpha-methyltestosterone, pentachlorophenol, and perfluorooctanoic
      acid. A total of 90 proteins identified in these studies were functionally
      annotated and categorized. These responsive proteins have roles in biological
      processes that include metabolism (37.8%), response to oxidation/chemicals
      (16.7%), signal transduction (11.1%), transport (10%), cytoskeleton (6.7%) and
      others (17.8%). In addition, recent investigations of endocrine disrupting
      effects and neurotoxicity of benzotriazole, an emerging contaminant, are
      summarized. The objective is to continue to enrich genome and protein databases
      for this species and to integrate molecular datasets to consider temporal effects
      and complex regulation at the level of the genome and proteome. 

PMID- 27373350
TI  - Preventing the BDNF and NGF loss involved in the effects of cornel iridoid
      glycoside on attenuation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.
AB  - The present study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of cornel
      iridoid glycoside (CIG), a main component extract from Cornus officinalis, on
      neurotrophin expression in mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE),
      a classical model of multiple sclerosis (MS). After EAE initiation, CIG was
      intragastrically administered daily for 32 days and reduced disease severity.
      Histopathological staining and western blotting both showed that CIG could
      prevent brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)
      loss in the spinal cord of EAE mice. In conclusion, our findings indicated that
      CIG treatment suppressed disease severity of EAE partially through blocking
      downregulation of neurotrophic factor expression such as BDNF and NGF, suggesting
      that CIG may have beneficial effects for the treatment of demyelinating diseases
      such as MS. 

PMID- 27373349
TI  - Local Patterns to Global Architectures: Influences of Network Topology on Human
      Learning.
AB  - A core question in cognitive science concerns how humans acquire and represent
      knowledge about their environments. To this end, quantitative theories of
      learning processes have been formalized in an attempt to explain and predict
      changes in brain and behavior. We connect here statistical learning approaches in
      cognitive science, which are rooted in the sensitivity of learners to local
      distributional regularities, and network science approaches to characterizing
      global patterns and their emergent properties. We focus on innovative work that
      describes how learning is influenced by the topological properties underlying
      sensory input. The confluence of these theoretical approaches and this recent
      empirical evidence motivate the importance of scaling-up quantitative approaches
      to learning at both the behavioral and neural levels.

PMID- 27373351
TI  - Digital monitoring and care: Virtual medicine.
AB  - Remote digital health monitoring technologies can be synergistically organized to
      create a virtual medical system providing more continuous care centered on the
      patient rather than the bricks and mortar medical complex. Utilization of the
      digitalized patient health monitoring can facilitate diagnosis, treatment plans,
      physician-patient interaction, and accelerate the progress of medical research,
      education, and training. The field of cardiac electrophysiology has been an early
      adopter of this shift in care and serves as a paradigm applicable to all areas of
      medicine. The overall impact of this remote virtual care model on the quality of
      medical care and patient experience requires greater study, as well as vigilance
      as to the differences between technology and care in order to preserve the
      intangible and immeasurable factors that bring humanity to the art and science of
      medicine.

PMID- 27373352
TI  - [The importance of"talk"between clinical laboratories and clinicians in precision
      medicine].

PMID- 27373353
TI  - [The significance of clinical-examination communication in the total process of
      bone marrow cell morphology and bone marrow biopsy].

PMID- 27373354
TI  - [The importance of communication between laboratory and clinic for hemostasis and
      thrombosis tests].

PMID- 27373355
TI  - [The meaning and implement of clinical communication in accreditation of medical
      laboratory].

PMID- 27373357
TI  - [Impact of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase on clinical outcome and medical cost
      in patients with bloodstream infection due to Klebsiella pneumoniae].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) on
      clinical outcome and medical cost in patients with bloodstream infection (BSI)
      due to Klebsiella pneumoniae. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in
      patients admitted into Changhai Hospital between January 2013 and December 2014,
      who suffered from BSI due to Klebsiella pneumoniae during hospitalization.
      Patients were divided into two groups according to whether Klebsiella pneumoniae
      produced ESBL (ESBL positive group and ESBL negative group). They were matched
      with propensity score matching method in a 1?1 ratio and then multiple regression
      model was used to analyze the impact of ESBL on clinical outcome and medical
      cost. Clinical outcome was evaluated by 30-day mortality post BSI; medical cost
      was evaluated by total length of stay (LOS), post-BSI LOS, total hospital cost
      and antimicrobial cost. RESULTS: Before matching, the two groups were
      significantly different in age, nosocomial infection rate, LOS before BSI and
      surgical rate during hospitalization (all P<0.05). The ESBL-positive group had
      higher 30-day mortality post BSI (21.3% vs 8.7%, P=0.054), and higher total LOS
      [25.0(12.0, 33.0) vs 16.0(10.0, 23.0) d, P=0.015], post-BSI LOS [16.0(9.0, 26.0)
      vs 10.0(5.0, 16.0) d, P=0.006], total hospital cost [69 409(40 605, 198 021) vs
      45 683(28 448, 67 000) ?, P<0.001] and antimicrobial cost [10 279(4 815, 25 500)
      vs 3 783(1 596, 11 879) ?, P<0.001]. After matching, the two groups had no
      significant differences in clinical characteristics such as sex, age, nosocomial
      infection rate, LOS before BSI, APACHEII score, Charlson Comorbidity Index,
      underlying diseases and surgical rate during hospitalization (all P>0.05).
      Multiple regression analysis indicated that ESBL could significantly increase the
      total LOS, post-BSI LOS, total hospital cost and antimicrobial cost (all
      P<0.001), but did not increase the 30-day mortality post BSI (P=0.910).
      CONCLUSIONS: ESBL can significantly increase the medical cost in patients with
      BSI due to Klebsiella pneumoniae but does not increase the 30-day mortality post
      BSI.

PMID- 27373356
TI  - [Clinical features of irritable bowel syndrome with small intestinal bacterial
      overgrowth and a preliminary study of effectiveness of Rifaximin].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and clinical features of small
      intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel
      syndrome (IBS-D) patients detected by hydrogen and methane in lactulose breath
      test (LBT), and to study the effects of rifaximin in IBS-D patients. METHODS:
      Consecutive patients with IBS-D who met Rome III criteria, and gender- and age
      matched healthy volunteers were enrolled from March 2015 to January 2016 in
      Peking University Third Hospital. All the ISB-D patients underwent LBT to detect
      the prevalence of SIBO. The clinical and LBT features of IBS with SIBO (IBS-P
      group) and without SIBO (IBS-N group) were analyzed. The effects of rifaximin
      therapy (0.4 g, twice per day for 4 weeks) in IBS-D patients were evaluated by
      comparing changes in clinical features and LBT results after treatment. RESULTS:
      (1) Eighty-four IBS-D patients and 22 healthy controls were enrolled. The
      prevalence of SIBO in IBS-D patients was 41.67% (35/84), with 27 (77.14%) only
      hydrogen-positive, 5 (14.29%) methane-positive, and 3 (8.57%) both methane- and
      hydrogen-positive. (2) The body mass index (BMI) in the IBS-P group was lower
      than in the IBS-N group [(21.61+/-0.57) vs (23.44+/-0.54) kg/m(2,) P<0.05], the
      maximum stool frequency was also less than in the IBS-N group [(3.85+/-0.23) vs
      (4.88+/-0.35) times/day, P<0.05]. (3) No significant difference was found in oro
      cecal transit time (OCTT) among IBS-P, IBS-N and healthy controls. The hydrogen
      concentration in small intestinal and colonic sections in breath of the IBS-P
      group was higher than that of both healthy controls and the IBS-N group, while
      methane concentration in small intestinal and colonic sections (160 min) was
      higher than that of the IBS-N group (all P<0.05). (4) There was no linear
      relationship between mean hydrogen and methane concentrations in LBT among the
      IBS-P, the IBS-N and healthy control groups (all r<0.35, P>0.05). (5) Totally 13
      IBS-P patients received rifaximin therapy, in whom the symptoms of abdomen pain,
      bloating, fecal consistency, stool frequency, and stool satisfactory were
      significantly improved after treatment (all P<0.05); 8 IBS-N patients received
      rifaximin therapy, in whom fecal consistency, stool frequency, and satisfactory
      were significantly improved (all P<0.05). (6) And 5/13 of the IBS-P patients
      receiving rifaximin presented negative LBT results after rifaximin therapy, with
      lower hydrogen concentration at all the time points, especially in colonic
      section (120 min) [(34.54+/-7.32) *10(-6) vs (52.23+/-9.40) *10(-6,) P<0.05] and
      lower methane concentration especially in small intestinal section (80 min)
      [(8.54+/-0.95) *10(-6) vs (11.31+/-0.94) *10(-6,) P<0.05]. CONCLUSIONS: About
      41.67% of the IBS-D patients meeting Rome III criteria have SIBO, which can be
      better screened by combining hydrogen and methane in LBT compared with only
      hydrogen in LBT. SIBO can affect nutritional status in IBS-D patients. Rifaximin
      can improve the systematic symptoms of IBS-D patients with SIBO, also reduce
      hydrogen and methane concentration in breath, while only improving diarrhea in
      IBS-D patients without SIBO. Some differences in gut microbiota may exist between
      IBS-D with and without SIBO.

PMID- 27373358
TI  - [Effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on inhaled induction of anesthesia
      with sevoflurane of pediatric patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of intranasal midazolam premedication on
      children who undergoing inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane.
      METHODS: One hundred American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)I-II children
      undergoing elective operations in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and
      Hospital from June 2014 to June 2015 were randomly assigned into 2 groups, and 50
      cases in each group. Patients received different intranasal premedication giving
      30 min before anesthesia: midazolam 0.3 mg/kg (control group) and normal saline
      (placebo group) 2 ml. The following data were observed: the anxiety scores of the
      children in the preoperative interview (T1), before intranasal premedication
      (T2), during the induction room play (T3) and in the beginning of sevoflurane
      inhaled induction (T4) using Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS);
      the satisfaction scores of parents when children entering the operating room
      using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); and the cooperation scores of the children
      receiving the sevoflurane-inhaled induction using Induction Compliance Checklist
      (ICC). The process of induction, the induction of sevoflurane and adverse
      incident were recorded. RESULTS: The scores of m-YPAS of the induction room play
      (T3) and in the beginning of sevoflurane-inhaled induction (T4) of the control
      group were (26.48+/-9.04) and (40.88+/-17.31)scores, while those of the placebo
      group were (32.38+/-10.67) and (56.50+/-20.02) scores. The m-YPAS scores of the
      control group were significantly lower than those of the placebo group (t=2.983,
      4.173, all P<0.05). The VAS of the control group and placebo group were (6.55+/
      1.55) and (8.18+/-1.46) scores, the VAS of the control group was significantly
      lower than that of the placebo group (t=5.504, P<0.05). The total time of
      induction of the control group was (84.35+/-22.47)s, which was significantly
      shorter than that of the placebo group((104.21+/-31.05)s, t=3.664, P<0.05). The
      scores of m-YPAS in the preoperative interview (T1), before intranasal
      premedication (T2), the scores of ICC, the time of closing eyes and excitement
      phase of 2 groups had no significant difference (all P>0.05). There was no
      adverse incident happened in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal midazolam
      provided as premedication can reduce the anxiety for children undergoing inhaled
      induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane, and shorten the time of induction. It's
      a safe and effective method for premedication of pediatric anesthesia.

PMID- 27373359
TI  - [Analysis of disease spectrum of biliary surgery among 30 years in a single
      center].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the changing trend and clinical significance of disease
      spectrum of biliary surgery among 30 years in PLA General Hospital. METHODS: We
      retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 21 189 consecutive patients with
      biliary diseases in PLA General Hospital between January 1985 and December 2014
      according to the inclusion criteria. Taking 5 years as a research group, all
      patients were divided into 6 groups, and then the 30 years of the disease
      spectrum of biliary surgery was described. RESULTS: (1) From January 1985 to
      December 2014, the PLA General Hospital performed 21 189 cases of patients with
      biliary surgery diseases, including 9 460 cases of male, 11 729 cases of female
      (female?male=1.24?1). The average age was 52.1+/-13.5 years old (6-98 years). (2)
      Of the all cases, the most patients was cholelithiasis, accounting for 65.26%,
      and gallbladder stones accounting for 53.61%. The following disease was
      cholangiocarcinoma, accounting for 12.79%, and hilar cholangiocarcinoma
      accounting for 5.95%. (3) From the perspective of disease spectrum changing
      trend, the proportion of patients with cholelithiasis were decreased gradually,
      from 74.9% to 65.2%, while the proportion of patients with cholangiocarcinoma
      showed a gradual upward trend, rising from 6% to 14% (P<0.05); and the proportion
      of bile duct cystic dilatation and gallbladder carcinoma shared a gradual
      increase(P<0.05), however, the variation of proportion of gallbladder polyps and
      biliary stricture were not statistically significant (P>0.05). (4) In patients
      with cholelithiasis, the proportion of patients with gallbladder stones increased
      gradually from 71.9% to 82%, while the proportion of patients with bile duct
      stones decreased gradually from 28.1% to 18%. There was no statistical
      significance in the proportion of different types of cholangiocarcinoma patients
      (P>0.05) (40% of the patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma, 25% of the
      intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and 35% of the extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma).
      CONCLUSION: With the time changing, the disease spectrum of biliary surgery has
      also changed. The proportion of patients with cholelithiasis, especially the
      patients with bile duct stones, was declining gradually, and the proportion of
      patients with cholangiocarcinoma was increasing gradually.

PMID- 27373360
TI  - [Clinical possibility of low ligation of inferior mesenteric artery and lymph
      nodes dissection in laparoscopic low anterior resection].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical possibility of low ligation of inferior
      mesenteric artery (IMA) and lymph nodes dissection in laparoscopic low anterior
      resection. METHODS: Data was collected retrospectively from 216 patients who
      underwent laparoscopic low anterior resection in our hospital from June 2011 to
      January 2015.Patients were divided into control group (132 cases) and observation
      group (84 cases). The observation group was treated with low ligation of IMA and
      lymph nodes dissection, and the control group was cured by high ligation of IMA
      and lymph nodes dissection. We analyzed the operation time, the number of lymph
      nodes dissection, the number of lymph nodes removed around the root of IMA, the
      rate of lymph node metastasis around the root of IMA, the incidence of
      anastomotic leakage and the ventilation time after the operation. RESULTS: There
      was no significant difference between the two group in the pre-operative data,
      operation time, the number of lymph nodes dissection the number of lymph nodes
      removed around the root of IMA, the rate of lymph node metastasis around the root
      of IMA and the incidence of anastomotic leakage (P>0.05). The observation group
      were significantly better than the control group the in the ventilation time
      after the operation (P<0.05). The follow up time was 12 to 67 months. The median
      follow up time was 37 months. One patient in observation group died of
      cardiovascular disease. One patient in control group died of metastatic
      carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Detection of low ligation of inferior mesenteric artery
      and lymph nodes dissection in laparoscopic low anterior resection is safe and
      practicable, which should be widely applied.

PMID- 27373361
TI  - [Prenatal diagnosis of Thailand deletion of alpha-thalassemia 1 families].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To conduct analysis and prenatal diagnosis on 11 couples carrying
      Thailand deletion (--(THAlphaI)) alpha-thalassemia 1, so as to provide
      information for clinical genetic counseling on alpha-thalassemia 1. METHODS:
      Altogether 11 Thailand deletion (--(THAlphaI)) alpha-thalassemia 1 families were
      collected from Fujian Maternal and Children Health Hospital from May 2009 to
      September 2015. Gap-polymerase chain reaction (gap-PCR) and reverse dot blot
      (RDB) technology were used to detect the thalassemia mutations in the couples and
      fetuses. RESULTS: In one family, Thailand deletion alpha-thalassemia 1 was
      detected in both the pregnant woman and her husband. In 10 families, Thailand
      deletion alpha-thalassemia 1 was detected in either the pregnant women or the
      husband, while the spouses had alpha-thalassemia heterozygote (1 combined with
      beta thalassemia heterozygote). Thailand deletion alpha-thalassemia 1 family
      members all had lower mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular
      hemoglobin (MCH). In prenatal diagnosis of the 12 fetuses, 4 fetuses were found
      with hemoglobin(Hb) Bart's hydrops fetalis syndrome, 5 were with alpha
      thalassemia heterozygote, and 3 were normal. CONCLUSIONS: For couples with
      positive hematological phenotype but normal results in routine genetic
      examination of alpha-thalassemia, attention should be paid especially for with a
      history of having babies of hydrops fetalis syndrome or hemoglobin H disease. It
      is necessary to consider the possibility of the rare Thailand deletion (-
      (THAlphaI)) alpha-thalassemia 1. Prenatal diagnosis for high-risk families plays
      an important role.

PMID- 27373362
TI  - [Analysis of treatment and prognosis in post-operative patients with urachal
      carcinoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Urachal carcinoma is a kind of urogenital tract malignancy with a very
      low incidence. The objective of this study was to observe the clinical
      presentation, pathological condition, treatment method and outcome of patients
      with urachal carcinoma. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of thirty-six cases of
      urachal carcinoma diagnosed over a period of 10 years from 2003 to 2013 was
      carried out. All pathologic specimens were reviewed by two separate pathologists.
      Clinical and histological features, treatment condition, patient follow-up and
      survival outcome was reviewed and calculated. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis
      was 53 years. Of the thirty-six patients, twenty-five were male. All patients
      underwent partial cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. All
      cases were adenocarcinoma, including 20 mucinous adenocarcinoma, 7 moderately
      differentiated adenocarcinoma, 5 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, 1 signet
      ring cell carcinoma, 3 hybrid adenocarcinoma. The Sheldon pathologic stage was
      stage II in 11, III in 16 and IVa in 9 cases. All patients received medical
      oncological therapy. The median follow-up period was 27 months. The median
      overall survival was 36 months. One-year survival rate was 70% and five-year
      survival rate was 28%. CONCLUSIONS: Urachal carcinomas are rare and usually at
      locally advanced stage at diagnosis with a high tendency of metastases. Surgery
      is a key method of primary treatment and medical oncological therapy may play a
      role in decreasing the chances of recurrence which still needs to be explained by
      prospective clinical trials.

PMID- 27373363
TI  - [The application and mechanism analysis of postoperative intracranial pressure
      monitoring in giant meningioma(clinical analysis of 7 cases)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate varying patterns of intracranial pressure(ICP)after
      giant meningioma resection and analyze the causes of the variation of ICP in
      different postoperative phases. METHODS: Clinical data, surgical approachs and
      the ICP monitoring data of 7 patients with giant meningioma in different
      positions who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow
      University from October 2013 to July 2014 and received microsurgical resection
      via different approachs were analysed retrospectively. The tumour locations were
      in convexity(n=1), olfactory groove(n=1), sphenoidal ridge(n=2),
      parasagittal(n=1), falx(n=1), petroclival(n=1) and resected via longitudinal
      fissure approach, subfrontal approach, extensive pterional approach, subtemporal
      approach. ICP monitoring probe was placed subdurally and average monitoring time
      was 9 days. Dehydrating agent was administered in all cases postoperatively.
      RESULTS: Tumors were totally resected (Simpson Grade I or II ) in all patients.
      The increase of ICP was observed on the 3(rd) day, peaked on the 4(th) day and
      reduced to normal on the 5(th)-7(th) day. Decompressive craniectomy and
      tracheotomy were performed in one case due to consciousness deterioration, severe
      brain edema and continuous ICP augment on the third day after operation. All the
      patients recovered well except for the cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea occurring
      in one case postoperatively, whose symptom ameliorated significantly after
      conservative treatment. CONCLUSION: ICP monitoring exerts an important role on
      the postoperative management of giant meningioma. Simultaneously, The summary of
      vast ICP monitoring data concerning to giant meningioma provides the evidence and
      experience for protecting neurological function via abundant preoperative
      preparations, reasonable operative approach, careful postoperative management.

PMID- 27373364
TI  - [Regulation effect of beta-catenin pathway on TGF-beta1 induced pulmonary pro
      fibrosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulation effect of beta-catenin pathway on
      transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) induced pulmonary pro-fibrosis.
      METHODS: The rat alveolar typeII cells (RLE-6TN) were divided into four groups:
      A1.control group; B1.TGF-beta1 group was treated with 5 MUg/L TGF-beta1;
      C1.pcDNA+ TGF-beta1 group was transiently transfected with eukaryotic expression
      vector pcDNA3.0 (pcDNA) and followed by TGF-beta1 treatment (5 MUg/L); D1.F-(beta
      TrCP)-Ecad+ TGF-beta1 group was transiently transfected with beta-catenin protein
      knockout vector [F-(beta-TrCP)-Ecad] and followed by TGF-beta1 treatment (5
      MUg/L). After 24 hours, cells were observed under the inverted phase contrast
      microscope, then the expressions of E-cadherin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha
      SMA) and fibronectin (Fn) in each group were measured by Western blot and the
      mRNA levels of Snail which was the downstream profibrotic transcription
      production in cell culture supernatants of each group were detected by real-time
      fluorescence quantification-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .The rat alveolar
      macrophages (CRL-2192) were divided into five groups: A2.control group;
      B2.Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) group was treated by 20 MUg/L IFN-gamma; C2.TGF
      beta1+ IFN-gamma group was treated by 20 MUg/L IFN-gamma with 10 MUg/L TGF-beta1;
      D2.F-(beta-TrCP)-Ecad+ TGF-beta1+ IFN-gamma group was transfected with F-(beta
      TrCP)-Ecad and other dispose was the same as group C2; E2.WTbeta-catenin+ TGF
      beta1+ IFN-gamma group was transfected with WTbeta-catenin and other dispose was
      the same as group C2.After 24 hours, protein levels of beta-catenin in group A2,
      B2, C2 were determined by Western blot.Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
      mRNA levels of each group were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: The RLE-6TN cells of
      group B1, C1 showed a change in morphology to spindle-shaped cells, the cells of
      group D1 maintained a cobblestone morphology. Protein expressions of the
      fibroblast markers alpha-SMA and Fn, and mRNA expressions of the downstream
      profibrotic transcription production Snail of group B1, C1 were significantly
      higher than group A1, while protein expressions of the epithelial marker E
      cadherin were significantly lower.The protein expressions of alpha-SMA, Fn and
      mRNA expressions Snail of group D1 were significantly lower than group C1
      (0.352+/-0.076 vs 0.937+/-0.303, 0.319+/-0.072 vs 0.903+/-0.211, 3.675+/-0.642 vs
      9.708+/-2.031), while the protein expressions of E-cadherin were significantly
      higher (1.482+/-0.227 vs 0.604+/-0.121) (all P<0.05). The steady state protein
      levels of beta-catenin in CRL-2192 cells was low and beta-catenin protein
      expressions of CRL-2192 cells in group A2, B2 and C2 had no significantly
      statistical differences.The mRNA expressions of iNOS of group B2 cells were
      significantly higher than group A2, C2, D2, E2 (64.95+/-4.47 vs 9.87+/-0.73,
      21.32+/-2.41, 18.35+/-3.61, 22.87+/-3.14) (all P<0.01), the expressions of iNOS
      of group C2, D2, E2 were all higher than group A2 (all P<0.05), but there were no
      significant differences among group C2, D2 and E2. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of
      beta-catenin pathway inhibits TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      (EMT) and has no effect on its anti-inflammation effect.Therefore, beta-catenin
      pathway regulates the pulmonary pro-fibrosis effect of TGF-beta1.

PMID- 27373365
TI  - [The influence of lumbar sympathetic ganglion radiofrequency thermocoagulation on
      the activation of microglia in rats with diabetic neuropathic pain].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of lumbar sympathetic ganglion radiofrequency
      thermocoagulation on the activation of spinal microglia in rats with diabetic
      neuropathic pain (DNP). METHODS: Thirty-six painful diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats
      induced by 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection were randomly
      divided into diabetic neuropathic pain group (group DNP, n=12), Sham operation
      group (group Sham, n=12) and radiofrequency thermocoagulation group (group R,
      n=12). Meanwhile another 12 age-matched rats were allocated as normal control
      group (group N), rats in group N received intraperitoneal injection of equal
      volume of normal saline. Twenty-eight days after STZ injection, rats in group R
      received L3 lumbar sympathetic ganglia radiofrequency thermocoagulation on the
      left side under X-ray guideline after anesthesia with damage time 60 s and damage
      temperature 60 C. Rats in group Sham received puncture positioning, but not
      thermocoagulation therapy. The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) were
      performed before STZ injection, 7, 14, 21, 28 days after STZ injection and 1, 3,
      5, 7, 14 days after radiofrequency thermocoagulation, respectively. Blood glucose
      were performed before STZ injection, 3, 28 days after STZ injection and 1, 14days
      after radiofrequency thermocoagulation. After the final behavioral testing, L3-L5
      spinal cord tissues were removed to exam the expression of microglia marker OX42
      by Western blotting and immunofluorescence technique, and the changes in the
      expression of inflammation factor IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha were detected by
      ELISA technique. RESULTS: Compared with group N, after 14, 21, 28 days of STZ
      injection and 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days of radiofrequency thermocoagulation, the PWT of
      group DNP and group Sham decreased significantly (P<0.05); Before radiofrequency
      thermocoagulation, the PWT of rats in group DNP was (3.84+/-0.83) g, the PWT of
      rats in group R was (4.45+/-0.88) g, there was no statistically significant
      difference between group DNP and group R (t=1.514, P>0.05), but after
      radiofrequency thermocoagulation, compared with DNP group, the PWT of rats in
      group R increased significantly (P<0.05), and lasted to 14 d after radiofrequency
      thermocoagulation. The ratio of spinal microglia marker OX42 and GAPDH, the
      expression of inflammation factor IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in group N were
      0.074+/-0.023, (35.93+/-6.16) pg/ml, (92.11+/-13.23) pg/ml, and (169.50+/-22.64)
      pg/ml, respectively. The ratio of spinal microglia marker OX42 and GAPDH, the
      expression of inflammation factor IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in group DNP were
      1.023+/-0.185, (73.82+/-9.25) pg/ml, (155.33+/-21.82) pg/ml, and (298.30+/-33.21)
      pg/ml, respectively. The ratio of spinal microglia marker OX42 and GAPDH, the
      expression of inflammation factor IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in group Sham
      were 0.951+/-0.103, (73.00+/-7.54) pg/ml, (151.02+/-24.26) pg/ml, and (294.01+/
      36.37) pg/ml, respectively. The ratio of spinal microglia marker OX42 and GAPDH,
      the expression of inflammation factor IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in group R
      were 0.563+/-0.019, (51.81+/-7.36) pg/ml, (123.24+/-16.13) pg/ml, and (229.23+/
      29.16) pg/ml, respectively. Compared with group N, the expression of spinal
      microglia marker OX42 and inflammation factor IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in
      group DNP, group Sham and group R increased significantly (F=7.501, 348.698,
      568.021, 145.110, all P<0.05). Compared with DNP group, the expression of spinal
      microglia marker OX42 and inflammation factor IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha of
      group R reduced significantly (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The lumbar sympathetic
      ganglion radiofrequency thermocoagulation can alleviate diabetic neuropathic
      pain. The mechanism may relate with the inhibition of spinal microglia activation
      and the lower expression of inflammation factor.

PMID- 27373366
TI  - Influence of Environmental Factors on the Active Substance Production and
      Antioxidant Activity in Potentilla fruticosa L. and Its Quality Assessment.
AB  - Environmental factors may influence types and contents of active substances. This
      study investigated the influence of environmental factors on the active substance
      contents and antioxidant activity of Potentilla fruticosa L. from different
      regions of China. Also, HPLC fingerprint similarity analysis (SA) coupled with
      hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were further
      introduced for the accurate classification and quality assessment of P.
      fruticosa. The results showed that altitude was significantly and negatively
      correlated to the content of tannin (P < 0.05). Annual sunshine duration and
      altitude were significantly and positively correlated to the flavonoids content,
      rutin content and antioxidant activity (P < 0.05). Annual mean temperature was
      significantly and negatively correlated to the content of total phenolics, while
      altitude was significantly and positively correlated to the content of total
      phenolics (P < 0.05). Eight samples were unambiguously separated into three
      groups. Two types of discriminant functions with a 100% discrimination ratio were
      constructed. All data consistently supported the conclusion that P. fruticosa
      produced from Kangding, Sichuan Province had high quality among all samples,
      therefore, Kangding in Sichuan Province with favorable environmental conditions
      is recommended as a preferable production location.

PMID- 27373367
TI  - 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl Borate Potentiates CRAC Current by Directly Dilating the
      Pore of Open Orai1.
AB  - 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) elicits potentiation current (Ip) on Ca(2+)
      release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels. An accurate investigation into this
      modulation mechanism would reveal how STIM1-dependent channel gating is enhanced,
      and benefit the future immune enhancer development. Here, we directly probed the
      pore diameter of CRAC channels and found that 2-APB enlarged the pore size of
      STIM1-activated Orai1 from 3.8 to 4.6 A. We demonstrated that ions with small
      sizes, i.e., Ca(2+) and Na(+), mediated prominent 2-APB-induced Ip on the
      wildtype (WT) Orai1 channels of narrow pore sizes, while conducted decreased or
      no Ip on Orai1-V102C/A/G mutant channels with enlarged pore diameters. On the
      contrary, large Cs(+) ions blocked the WT channels, while displayed large 2-APB
      induced Ip on pore-enlarged Orai1-V102C/A/G mutant channels, and the potentiation
      ratio was highest on Orai1-V102C with an intermediate pore size. Furthermore, we
      showed that 2-APB potentiated Cs(+) current on constitutively active Orai1
      V102C/A/G mutants independent of STIM1. Our data suggest that 2-APB directly
      dilates the pore of open Orai1 channels, both ion size and pore diameter jointly
      determine the amplitude of Ip on CRAC channels, and the generation of Ip requires
      the open state of Orai1, not STIM1 itself.

PMID- 27373368
TI  - Continued Role of Splenectomy in the Management of Patients With Myelofibrosis.

PMID- 27373370
TI  - Neuroimaging supports behavioral personality assessment: Overlapping activations
      during reflective and impulsive risk taking.
AB  - Personality assessment has been challenged by the fact that different assessment
      methods (implicit measures, behavioral measures and explicit rating scales) show
      little or no convergence in behavioral studies. In this neuroimaging study we
      address for the first time, whether different assessment methods rely on separate
      or overlapping neuronal systems. Fifty nine healthy adult participants completed
      two objective personality tests of risk propensity: the more implicit Balloon
      Analogue Risk Task (BART) and the more explicit Game of Dice Task (GDT).
      Significant differences in activation, as well as connectivity patterns between
      both tasks were observed. In both tasks, risky decisions yielded significantly
      stronger activations than safe decisions in the bilateral caudate, as well as the
      bilateral Insula. The finding of overlapping brain areas validates different
      assessment methods, despite their behavioral non-convergence. This suggests that
      neuroimaging can be an important tool of validation in the field of personality
      assessment.

PMID- 27373369
TI  - The neuritic plaque facilitates pathological conversion of tau in an Alzheimer's
      disease mouse model.
AB  - A central question in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is whether the neuritic plaque is
      necessary and sufficient for the development of tau pathology.
      Hyperphosphorylation of tau is found within dystrophic neurites surrounding beta
      amyloid deposits in AD mouse models but the pathological conversion of tau is
      absent. Likewise, expression of a human tau repeat domain in mice is insufficient
      to drive the pathological conversion of tau. Here we developed an Abeta
      amyloidosis mouse model that expresses the human tau repeat domain and show that
      in these mice, the neuritic plaque facilitates the pathological conversion of
      wild-type tau. We show that this tau fragment seeds the neuritic plaque-dependent
      pathological conversion of wild-type tau that spreads from the cortex and
      hippocampus to the brain stem. These results establish that in addition to the
      neuritic plaque, a second determinant is required to drive the conversion of wild
      type tau.

PMID- 27373371
TI  - Theta phase coherence in affective picture processing reveals dysfunctional
      sensory integration in psychopathic offenders.
AB  - Psychopathic offenders are described as emotionally cold, displaying deficits in
      affective responding. However, research demonstrates that many of the psychopathy
      related deficits are moderated by attention, such that under conditions of high
      attentional and perceptual load psychopathic offenders display deficits in
      affective responses, but do not in conditions of low load. To date, most studies
      use measures of defensive reflex (i.e., startle) and conditioning manipulations
      to examine the impact of load on psychopathy-related processing, but have not
      examined more direct measures of attention processing. In a sample of adult male
      offenders, the present study examined time-frequency EEG phase coherence in
      response to a picture-viewing paradigm that manipulated picture familiarity to
      assess neural changes in processing based on perceptual demands. Results
      indicated psychopathy-related differences in the theta response, an index of
      readiness to perceive and integrate sensory information. These data provide
      further evidence that psychopathic offenders have disrupted integration of
      sensory information.

PMID- 27373372
TI  - Identification of Novel FAM134B (JK1) Mutations in Oesophageal Squamous Cell
      Carcinoma.
AB  - Mutation of FAM134B (Family with Sequence Similarity 134, Member B) leading to
      loss of function of its encoded Golgi protein and has been reported induce
      apoptosis in neurological disorders. FAM134B mutation is still unexplored in
      cancer. Herein, we studied the DNA copy number variation and novel mutation sites
      of FAM134B in a large cohort of freshly collected oesophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma (ESCC) tissue samples. In ESCC tissues, 37% (38/102) showed increased
      FAM134B DNA copies whereas 35% (36/102) showed loss of FAM134B copies relative to
      matched non-cancer tissues. Novel mutations were detected in exons 4, 5, 7, 9 as
      well as introns 2, 4-8 of FAM134B via HRM (High-Resolution Melt) and Sanger
      sequencing analysis. Overall, thirty-seven FAM134B mutations were noted in which
      most (31/37) mutations were homozygous. FAM134B mutations were detected in all
      the cases with metastatic ESCC in the lymph node tested and in 14% (8/57) of the
      primary ESCC. Genetic alteration of FAM134B is a frequent event in the
      progression of ESCCs. These findings imply that mutation might be the major
      driving source of FAM134B genetic modulation in ESCCs.

PMID- 27373373
TI  - Zeolite/iron oxide composite as sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of
      benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes from water samples prior to gas
      chromatography?mass spectrometry.
AB  - This study reports a new composite based on ZSM-5 zeolite decorated with iron
      oxide magnetic nanoparticles as a valuable sorbent for magnetic solid-phase
      extraction (MSPE). A proposal is made to determine benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene
      and xylenes (BTEX) as model analytes in water samples using gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry. A two-step multivariate optimization strategy, using
      Plackett?Burman and circumscribed central composite designs, was employed to
      optimize experimental parameters affecting MSPE. The method was evaluated under
      optimized extraction conditions (i.e., amount of sorbent, 138mg; extraction time,
      11min; sample pH, pH of water (i.e., 5.5?6.5); eluent solvent volume, 0.5mL; and
      elution time, 5min), obtaining a linear response from 1 to 100MUgL(?1) for
      benzene; from 10 to 100MUgL(?1) for toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene; and from
      10 to 75MUgL(?1) for m,p-xylene. The repeatability of the proposed method was
      evaluated at a 40MUgL(?1) spiking level and coefficients of variation ranged
      between 8 and 11% (n=5). Limits of detection were found to be 0.3MUgL(?1) for
      benzene and 3MUgL(?1) for the other analytes. These values satisfy the current
      normative of the Environmental Protection Agency and European Union for BTEX
      content in waters for human consumption. Finally, drinking water, wastewater and
      river water were selected as real water samples to assess the applicability of
      the method. Relative recoveries varied between 85% and 114% showing negligible
      matrix effects. 

PMID- 27373374
TI  - Purification of organic acids by chromatography with strong anionic resins:
      Investigation of uptake mechanisms.
AB  - Bio-based organic acids are promising renewable carbon sources for the chemical
      industry. However energy-consuming purification processes are used, like
      distillation or crystallization, to reach high purities required in some
      applications. That is why preparative chromatography was studied as an
      alternative separation technique. In a previous work dealing with the
      purification of lactic, succinic and citric acids, the Langmuir model was
      insufficient to explain the elution profiles obtained with a strong anionic
      resin. Consequently the Langmuir model was coupled with a usual ion-exchange
      model to take into account the retention of their conjugate bases (<2%), which
      are commonly neglected at low pH (<1.5). Elution simulations with both uptake
      mechanisms fitted very well with experimental pulse tests. Only two parameters
      were optimized (equilibrium constant of acid uptake and ion-exchange selectivity
      coefficient of conjugate base) and their value were coherent with experimental
      and resin suppliers' data. These results confirmed that the singular tailing and
      apparent delay observed with succinic and citric acids can be explained by the
      high affinity of succinate and citrate for resin cationic sites. The model was
      implemented in a preparative chromatography simulation program in order to
      optimize operating parameters of our pilot-scale ISMB unit (Improved Simulated
      Moving Bed). The comparison with experimental ISMB profiles was conclusive. 

PMID- 27373375
TI  - Determination of 15 N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors in different water matrices
      by automated on-line solid-phase extraction ultra-high-performance-liquid
      chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - A new methodology based on on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) ultra-high
      performance-liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass
      spectrometer (UHPLC-MS-MS) for the determination of 15 individual anthropogenic N
      nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors was developed. On-line SPE was performed
      by passing 2mL of the water sample through a Hypersil GOLD aQ column and
      chromatographic separation was done using a Kinetex Biphenyl column using
      methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as a mobile phase. For unequivocal
      identification and confirmation, two selected reaction monitoring (SRM)
      transitions were monitored per compound. Quantification was performed by internal
      standard approach and matrix match calibration. The main advantages of the
      developed method are high sensitivity (limits of detection in the sub ng/L
      range), selectivity due to the use of tandem mass spectrometry, precision and
      minimum sample manipulation as well as fast analytical response. Process
      efficiency and recovery were also evaluated for all the target compounds. As part
      of the validation procedure, the method was applied in a sampling campaign for
      the analysis of influent and secondary effluent of a wastewater treatment plant
      (WWTP) in Girona, Spain. Additionally, the effluent from a nanofiltration (NF)
      membrane system used for water recycling was monitored. The percentage of NDMA
      formation explained by the measured precursors was also quantified. 

PMID- 27373376
TI  - Micro-solid phase extraction followed by thermal extraction coupled with gas
      chromatography-mass selective detector for the determination of polybrominated
      diphenyl ethers in water.
AB  - A method of analyzing environmental contaminants in water based on micro-solid
      phase extraction (MU-SPE) followed by thermal extraction (TE) and a cold-trapping
      step, coupled with gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) was
      developed and validated. MU-SPE-TE- GC-MSD was employed in the determination of
      five polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The MU-SPE sorbent was chitosan-graphene
      oxide (CS-GO) composite, which was prepared by mixing CS and GO by means of
      ultrasonication. The CS in the composite was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde.
      After MU-SPE, the analytes in the extract were extracted thermally in a thermal
      desorption unit tube combined with a cooled injection system, coupled to GC-MSD.
      The extraction conditions were optimized for the detection of the target
      compounds in water. This method provided linearity ranges of between 0.1 and
      20MUgL(-1) (depending on the analytes), with coefficients of determination, r(2),
      >=0.9982. The calculated relative recoveries were between 71.52 and 96.15%
      whereas precision (based on % relative standard deviations) was between 3.54 and
      11.36%. The method showed limit of detection and limit of quantification ranges
      of between 0.007 and 0.016MUgL(-1), and between 0.023 and 0.054MUgL(-1), for the
      two groups of analytes, respectively. The method was applied to the determination
      of the target analytes in water. 

PMID- 27373377
TI  - Response to Letter to the Editor by T. Matys Grygar, 2015 Assessment of the
      contamination of riparian soil and vegetation by trace metals - A Danube River
      case study.

PMID- 27373378
TI  - Land use and soil contamination with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in urban areas.
AB  - Because soil contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts is increasingly
      recognized as a major source of infection for humans, in this study, we
      investigated the spatial pattern of soil contamination with T. gondii oocysts in
      urban area of northeastern Mainland China. From April 2014 to May 2015, more than
      9000 soil samples were collected. Detection of T. gondii oocysts was performed
      applying real-time quantitative PCR. Sensitivity was improved by analyzing four
      replicates for each sampling point. T. gondii was detected in 30.3% of all
      samples. Subsequently, a maximum entropy model was used to evaluate the effect of
      land use and intrinsic soil properties on the risk of contamination with oocysts.
      Jackknife analysis revealed that the likelihood for positive results is
      significantly enhanced in soil originating from foci of human habitation, wood
      land and grass land. Furthermore, soil temperature and humidity significantly
      influence the probability of contamination with T. gondii oocysts. Our findings
      indicate that land use may affect distribution of T. gondii oocysts in urban
      areas. 

PMID- 27373379
TI  - Evaluating the relationship between biotic and sediment metrics using mesocosms
      and field studies.
AB  - An ongoing research challenge is the detection of biological responses to
      elevated sediment and the identification of sediment-specific bioassessment
      metrics to evaluate these biological responses. Laboratory mesocosms and field
      observations in rivers in Ireland were used to evaluate the relationship between
      a range of biological and sediment metrics and to assess which biological metrics
      were best at discerning the effects of excess sediment on macroinvertebrates.
      Results from the mesocosm study indicated a marked decrease in the abundance of
      sensitive taxa with increasing sediment surface cover. % EPT (Ephemeroptera,
      Plecoptera, Trichoptera) and % E abundances exhibited the strongest negative
      correlation with sediment surface cover in the mesocosm study. The field study
      revealed that % EPT abundance was most closely correlated with % sediment surface
      cover, explaining 13% of the variance in the biological metric. Both studies
      revealed weaker relationships with a number of other taxonomy-based metrics
      including total taxon abundance, total taxon richness and moderate relationships
      with the Proportion of Sediment-sensitive Invertebrates metric (PSI). All trait
      based metrics were poorly correlated with sediment surface cover in the field
      study. In terms of sediment metrics, % surface cover was more closely related to
      biological metrics than either re-suspendable sediment or turbidity. These
      results indicate that % sediment surface cover and % EPT abundance may be useful
      metrics for assessing the effect of excessive sediment on macroinvertebrates.
      However, EPT metrics may not be specific to sediment impact and therefore when
      applied to rivers with multiple pressures should be combined with observations on
      sediment cover. 

PMID- 27373380
TI  - Soil attributes and microclimate are important drivers of initial deadwood decay
      in sub-alpine Norway spruce forests.
AB  - Deadwood is known to significantly contribute to global terrestrial carbon stocks
      and carbon cycling, but its decay dynamics are still not thoroughly understood.
      Although the chemistry of deadwood has been studied as a function of decay stage
      in temperate to subalpine environments, it has generally not been related to
      time. We therefore studied the decay (mass of deadwood, cellulose and lignin) of
      equal-sized blocks of Picea abies wood in soil-mesocosms over two years in the
      Italian Alps. The 8 sites selected were along an altitudinal sequence, reflecting
      different climate zones. In addition, the effect of exposure (north- and south
      facing slopes) was taken into account. The decay dynamics of the mass of
      deadwood, cellulose and lignin were related to soil parameters (pH, soil texture,
      moisture, temperature) and climatic data. The decay rate constants of Picea abies
      deadwood were low (on average between 0.039 and 0.040y(-1)) and of lignin close
      to zero (or not detectable), while cellulose reacted much faster with average
      decay rate constants between 0.110 and 0.117y(-1). Our field experiments showed
      that local scale factors, such as soil parameters and topographic properties,
      influenced the decay process: higher soil moisture and clay content along with a
      lower pH seemed to accelerate wood decay. Interestingly, air temperature
      negatively correlated with decay rates or positively with the amount of wood
      components on south-facing sites. It exerted its influence rather on moisture
      availability, i.e. the lower the temperature the higher the moisture
      availability. Topographic features were also relevant with generally slower decay
      processes on south-facing sites than on north-facing sites owing to the drier
      conditions, the higher pH and the lower weathering state of the soils (less clay
      minerals). This study highlights the importance of a multifactorial consideration
      of edaphic parameters to unravel the complex dynamics of initial wood decay. 

PMID- 27373381
TI  - Impact of liposomal amphotericin B therapy on chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical response and renal toxicity observed in
      chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) patients receiving >=1 short-courses of
      liposomal amphotericin (LAmB) (AmBisome(r)) therapy. METHODS: A retrospective
      audit of clinical response and renal function was undertaken in 71 CPA patients
      (41 male) treated with LAmB at the National Aspergillosis Centre, including 20
      patients receiving repeated treatment courses or long-term therapy (n = 5).
      RESULTS: Median age was 64 years (range 29-86 years). Treatment indications
      included respiratory symptoms (n = 33; 46.5%), constitutional symptoms (n = 2;
      2.8%) or both (n = 36; 50.7%). 48 patients (73.8%) responded to their first LAmB
      course. Quality of life (QOL) improvements occurred in 37 (92.5%) of 40 patients
      with sufficient data available. Response rates for repeated short-courses of LAmB
      were 76.6%; QOL improvements were observed in 91.7% of treatment courses. All
      patients on long-term therapy demonstrated a response. 34 (50%) and 17 (25%)
      patients respectively developed an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) or
      actual AKI with their first treatment; a significant reduction in geometric mean
      eGFR was observed and a similar pattern occurred following their second treatment
      course. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst CPA is responsive to LAmB, caution should be
      exercised with repeated courses, if other treatments are available.

PMID- 27373382
TI  - Corrigendum to "p65 down-regulates DEPTOR expression in response to LPS
      stimulation in hepatocytes" [Gene 589/1 (2016) 12-19].

PMID- 27373383
TI  - Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery: 20 years on.

PMID- 27373384
TI  - Professor Jan Gerben Frans Worst.

PMID- 27373385
TI  - Facilitating cortical aspiration after insertion of a capsular tension ring.
AB  - We describe a simple, effective technique to prevent the cortical entrapment that
      can occur after a capsular tension ring (CTR) is implanted during
      phacoemulsification. Before the epinucleus has been removed, the blunt tip of an
      ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) cannula is burrowed centrally in the
      cortical/epinuclear plate and OVD is injected as the cannula is advanced. The
      cannula is turned superiorly and dissection continued to the lens equator. The
      cleavage plane is extended for approximately 2 clock hours in the direction of
      the intended CTR insertion. The CTR is then inserted below the
      cortical/epinuclear plate. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has a
      financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373386
TI  - Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery in complex cases.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the use of the femtosecond laser in complex cataract cases.
      SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado,
      USA. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: This was a single-center
      retrospective review of consecutive complex cataract surgery cases in which the
      Lensx femtosecond laser was used between October 2012 and February 2015. Complex
      cases were defined as white cataracts, dense brunescent cataracts, or cataracts
      in which zonulopathy was identified preoperatively. Outcome measures included an
      assessment of the capsulotomy, surgical complications, and postoperative
      corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA). RESULTS: Thirty-four eyes of 34 patients
      were included in this study; 27 had white cataract, 3 had dense brunescent
      cataract, and 6 had zonulopathy (2 of these also had white cataract). Three
      patients had an incomplete capsulotomy, and 3 had small radial tears in the
      anterior capsule. Four patients (11.7%) developed posterior capsule tears during
      phacoemulsification; 1 of these subsequently had pars plana vitrectomy for a
      retained lens fragment. Twenty-eight (97%) of 29 patients had a postoperative
      CDVA of 20/40 or better. Three patients were identified with comorbidities that
      limited postoperative CDVA. One patient developed postoperative cystoid macular
      edema. CONCLUSION: The femtosecond laser was useful in the surgical approach to
      patients with complex cataracts, especially for the creation of the capsulotomy.
      FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest
      in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373387
TI  - Intraoperative aberrometry versus standard preoperative biometry and a toric IOL
      calculator for bilateral toric IOL implantation with a femtosecond laser: One
      month results.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare astigmatic outcomes in patients with bilateral cataracts
      having toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation with intraoperative aberrometry
      measurements in 1 eye and standard power calculation and a toric IOL calculator
      with inked axis marking in the contralateral eye. SETTING: Twelve sites in the
      United States. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. METHODS: The eye with the more
      visually significant cataract was randomized to intraoperative aberrometry
      measurements (Ocular Response Analyzer with Verifeye) or standard preoperative
      biometry and use of a toric calculator with the contralateral eye automatically
      assigned to the other group. The primary effectiveness outcome was the proportion
      of eyes with a postoperative refractive astigmatism of 0.50 diopter (D) or less
      at 1 month. RESULTS: Of the 130 patients (260 eyes) enrolled, 124 (248 eyes) were
      randomized; 121 (242 eyes) completed the trial. The percentage of eyes with
      astigmatism of 0.50 D or less at 1 month was higher in the intraoperative
      aberrometry group than in the standard group (89.2% versus 76.6%) (P = .006). The
      mean postoperative refractive astigmatism was lower in the intraoperative
      aberrometry group (0.29 D +/- 0.28 [SD] versus 0.36 +/- 0.35 D) (P = .041).
      Secondary effectiveness endpoints, including manifest refraction spherical
      equivalent prediction error, uncorrected distance visual acuity, and corrected
      distance visual acuity, were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with standard
      methods, the use of the intraoperative aberrometry system increased the
      proportion of eyes with postoperative refractive astigmatism of 0.50 D or less
      and reduced the mean postoperative refractive astigmatism at 1 month. Other
      efficacy outcomes were similar. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: Drs. Woodcock, Lehmann,
      and Cionni are consultants to Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Dr. Breen is an employee
      of Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Dr. Scott has no financial or proprietary interest in
      any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373388
TI  - Anterior capsule opacification after femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery:
      Clinical classification versus Scheimpflug device densitometry values.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the clinical classification of anterior capsule opacification
      (ACO) after femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery with the mean density
      values of ACO provided by rotating Scheimpflug device (Pentacam HR) densitometry
      software and to determine which densitometry method correlates best with the
      clinical classification. SETTING: Ophthalmology Department, Donostia University
      Hospital, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain. DESIGN: Prospective comparative study.
      METHODS: Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery was performed using the
      Victus platform between June 2014 and March 2015. Inclusion criteria were age
      between 55 years and 85 years, a pupil diameter larger than 6.0 mm in full
      mydriasis, no intraoperative complications, a curvilinear anterior capsulotomy
      without tears, and an intraocular lens in the correct intracapsular position at
      the end surgery. The ACO was measured by a clinical classification ranging from 0
      to 4. In addition, ACO density was measured with the Scheimpflug device using 3
      densitometry methods (area, linear, and peak). RESULTS: The study comprised 32
      eyes of 32 patients. Area and linear densitometry values provided by the
      Scheimpflug device had a strong correlation with the values obtained by clinical
      classification, whereas peak densitometry values had a very weak correlation at 6
      months (area densitometry: Spearman rho = 0.78; P < .0005; linear densitometry:
      rho = 0.73; P < .0005; peak densitometry rho = 0.21; P = .2). CONCLUSION: The
      Scheimpflug device provided an objective measurement of ACO after cataract
      surgery. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has a financial or proprietary
      interest in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373389
TI  - Cataract surgery in patients with chronic severe graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the surgical outcomes of cataract extraction with
      phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in patients with severe
      chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). SETTING: University of South
      Florida Eye Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA. DESIGN: Retrospective case study.
      METHODS: A chart review was performed to identify patients with clinically
      severe, biopsy-proven chronic ocular GVHD who had cataract extraction. Outcome
      parameters included preoperative and postoperative corrected distance visual
      acuity (CDVA), type of cataract, postoperative complications, type of underlying
      malignancy, and time from bone marrow transplant to cataract extraction. RESULTS:
      This study comprised 10 eyes of 6 patients with severe GVHD. Posterior
      subcapsular cataract accounted for all cataracts that were surgically removed in
      this patient cohort. The mean preoperative CDVA was 20/84, which improved to
      20/30 at the 1-month postoperative visit and remained stable at 20/28 at the
      final visit noted in the charts (both P < .05). Two patients developed
      postoperative corneal melting. All but 1 patient had improved visual acuity after
      surgery. CONCLUSIONS: With meticulous preoperative biometric measurements and
      calculations and aggressive assessment and treatment of dry-eye syndrome,
      patients with severe ocular GVHD who had cataract extraction had excellent
      postsurgical refractive outcomes. Postoperative corneal melting was a
      complication seen with greater frequency than anticipated in this patient cohort.
      FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest
      in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373390
TI  - Refractive outcomes after phacovitrectomy surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the refractive accuracy of intraocular lens (IOL) power
      calculation after phacovitrectomy. SETTING: Eye Hospital Zonnestraal and
      Department of Ophthalmology Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
      DESIGN: Retrospective comparative case series. METHODS: Refraction results 1
      month after phacovitrectomy or phacoemulsification were compared with predicted
      refractions calculated using the IOLMaster 500 and the Haigis formula.
      Indications for vitrectomy were macular pucker, macular hole, vitreous floaters,
      vitreous hemorrhage, and vitreomacular traction. Enrolled eyes had an axial
      length (AL) between 20.13 mm and 29.43 mm. RESULTS: The phacovitrectomy group
      comprised 133 eyes (133 patients) and the phacoemulsification group, 132 eyes
      (132 patients). The refractive outcomes after phacovitrectomy (-0.06 diopter [D]
      +/- 0.50 [SD]) and phacoemulsification (-0.08 +/- 0.47 D) were comparable (P =
      .74). The final postoperative refraction was within +/-1.00 D of the preoperative
      refractive target in 94.9% and 94.6% of phacovitrectomy cases and
      phacoemulsification cases, respectively. Subgroup analysis found no increased
      risk for refractive surprises after gas tamponade or in eyes with an AL of 26.00
      mm or greater. CONCLUSIONS: Standard IOL power calculation used in regular
      phacoemulsification surgery was accurate in phacovitrectomy procedures in eyes
      with a wide range of AL and a wide range of vitrectomy indications. No tendency
      toward a myopic shift was found. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Dr. Lapid-Gortzak is a
      clinical investigator for, speaker for, and consultant to Alcon Laboratories,
      Inc., Hanita Lenses, a speaker for Santen Pharmaceutical Co., and a consultant to
      Sanoculis and Orca Surgical. None of the authors has a financial or proprietary
      interest in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373391
TI  - Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty in eyes with transscleral
      sutured intraocular lenses.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes and complications of Descemet-stripping
      automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) with a transscleral-sutured
      intraocular lens (IOL) and solitary DSAEK. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology,
      Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS:
      Cases with simultaneous transscleral-sutured IOLs or post-transscleral-sutured
      IOLs and solitary DSAEK cases were studied. The logMAR acuity, astigmatism,
      endothelial cell density (ECD), graft survival rate, and complications (eg, IOL
      dislocation, cystoid macular edema [CME]) were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-seven
      DSAEK cases with simultaneous transscleral-sutured IOLs or post-transscleral
      sutured IOLs and 147 solitary DSAEK cases were evaluated. The logMAR corrected
      distance visual acuity (CDVA) improved significantly at 24 months, from 1.34 +/-
      0.49 (SD) to 0.48 +/- 0.38 after DSAEK with transscleral-sutured IOLs and from
      1.17 +/- 0.69 to 0.17 +/- 0.25 after solitary DSAEK. The logMAR CDVA after DSAEK
      with transscleral-sutured IOLs was significantly worse than that with solitary
      DSAEK at 6, 12, and 24 months (P < .01). The postoperative astigmatism with DSAEK
      with transscleral-sutured IOLs was significantly higher than with solitary DSAEK
      because of the larger sclerocorneal incision (P < .02). There were no significant
      differences in ECD or graft survival rates between DSAEK with transscleral
      sutured IOLs and solitary DSAEK. The incidence of CME in DSAEK with transscleral
      sutured IOLs (4/37 eyes [11%]) was higher than with solitary DSAEK (2/147 [1.4%])
      (P = .02). The CME resolved with topical diclofenac and sub-Tenon injection of
      triamcinolone acetonide in all eyes. CONCLUSION: The graft survival rates after
      DSAEK with transscleral-sutured IOLs were equivalent to those after solitary
      DSAEK, although the incidence of CME was higher than after solitary DSAEK.
      FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest
      in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373392
TI  - Standardized approach to training for cataract surgery skill evaluation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess interrater reliability in grading cataract surgery performance
      of ophthalmology residents and attending physicians before and after rater skill
      training. SETTING: Metropolitan Chicago, Illinois, USA. DESIGN: Prospective
      interventional test design. METHODS: Video versions of a previously validated
      scoring key for rating cataract surgery were created for participant training.
      All participants received 2 frame-of-reference training sessions lasting 2 hours
      each. Participants graded 4 videorecorded cataract surgeries before training
      (pretest) and 4 more after training (posttest). Intraclass correlation
      coefficients (ICCs), which measured the degree of rater agreement, were
      calculated before and after training. Participants completed a subjective
      confidence questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS:
      The study participants included 9 postgraduate year (PGY)-3 residents, 8 PGY-4
      residents, and 5 ophthalmology attending physicians from 4 medical centers in
      metropolitan Chicago. The rater training sessions had the greatest increase in
      ICCs among PGY-3 residents. The ICC improvement between the PGY-4 residents and
      attending physicians was uneven. After training, all residents felt more
      confident about their ability to rate and to perform cataract surgery.
      CONCLUSIONS: Learning to effectively grade performance of cataract surgery by
      reviewing video clips has the potential to be an important part of ophthalmology
      residency education. The benefit of such a protocol was greatest in the early
      stages of residency education and might provide a guideline for quality
      assessment that accelerates surgical skill development. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE:
      None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or
      method mentioned.

PMID- 27373393
TI  - Change in light scattering caused by glistenings in hydrophobic acrylic
      intraocular lenses from 10 to 15 years after surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the long-term change in light scattering caused by
      glistenings in hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs) and the clinical
      implications on high-contrast and low-contrast visual acuity. SETTING: Department
      of Clinical Sciences/Ophthalmology, Umea University Hospital, Umea, Sweden.
      DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal case series. METHODS: The study comprised
      patients who had an Acrysof MA60BM IOL implanted between 1997 and 1998. Light
      scattering from the IOLs was assessed with digital analysis using Scheimpflug
      photography (Pentacam HR) from both the 10- year and 15-year follow-up.
      Associations were made between corrected distance visual acuity, low-contrast
      visual acuity (LCVA) 10.0%, LCVA 2.5%, and the degree of light scattering from
      the IOL. RESULTS: At the 15-year follow-up, the majority of the 90 patients had
      an increased amount of light scattering in all parts measured in the IOL than the
      patients at the 10-year follow-up. A subgroup of 71 patients without coexisting
      ocular pathology was selected for the visual function analyses. There was no
      correlation between light scattering and dioptric power. No clinically relevant
      reduction in visual function was detected in eyes with more pronounced light
      scattering. Patients with a larger increase in total light scattering of the IOL
      at the 15-year follow-up had significantly worse LCVA 2.5% than at the 10-year
      follow-up (P = .042). CONCLUSIONS: Glistenings continued to increase in
      hydrophobic acrylic IOLs from 10 to 15 years after surgery. At 15 years, most
      patients had severe glistenings with a high level of light scattering from the
      IOL. No clinically significant effect on everyday visual function was found.
      FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in
      any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373394
TI  - Outcomes of implantation of modified capsule tension rings with multiple black
      occluder paddles for eyes with congenital and acquired iris defects: Report 3.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Morcher 50F iris diaphragm
      implantation to manage moderate to large defects of the human iris. SETTING:
      Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. DESIGN: Prospective
      nonrandomized interventional case series. METHODS: The demographic, preoperative,
      and postoperative data of patients who had implantation of modified capsular
      tension rings and followed to 1 year were reviewed. Safety measures included loss
      of corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), surgical complications, adverse
      events, and secondary surgical interventions. Efficacy measures included CDVA
      with glare, daytime and nighttime glare symptom scores, and subjective cosmesis
      scores. RESULTS: The study comprised 12 patients. The median CDVA was 20/70
      before surgery and 20/20 after surgery. There were no lost lines of CDVA and no
      intraoperative complications. The most common postoperative complication was
      posterior capsule opacification. Two adverse events were unrelated to the device.
      Four patients had secondary surgical interventions, the most common of which was
      laser capsulotomy. The median CDVA with glare improved from less than 20/400
      before surgery to 20/50 after surgery. One patient worsened. The median
      subjective daytime glare symptom score improved from 9 to 3 on a 10-point scale
      (P = .001). The median nighttime subjective glare symptom score improved from 8
      to 2 (P = .001). The subjective cosmetic appearance of the eye stayed the same or
      improved for all patients (P = .031). CONCLUSION: Iris diaphragm implantation was
      relatively safe and effective for reducing light and glare sensitivity in eyes
      with iris defects when combined with cataract extraction and intraocular lens
      implantation. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has a financial or
      proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373395
TI  - Patient-reported outcomes 5 years after laser in situ keratomileusis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess vision-related, quality-of-life outcomes 5 years after laser
      in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and determine factors predictive of patient
      satisfaction. SETTING: Optical Express, Glasgow, Scotland. DESIGN: Retrospective
      case series. METHODS: Data from patients who had attended a clinical examination
      5 years after LASIK were analyzed. All treatments were performed using the Visx
      Star S4 IR excimer laser. Patient-reported satisfaction, the effect of eyesight
      on various activities, visual phenomena, and ocular discomfort were evaluated 5
      years postoperatively. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to
      determine factors affecting patient satisfaction. RESULTS: The study comprised
      2530 patients (4937 eyes) who had LASIK. The mean age at the time of surgery was
      42.4 years +/- 12.5 (SD), and the preoperative manifest spherical equivalent
      ranged from -11.0 diopters (D) to +4.88 D. Five years postoperatively, 79.3% of
      eyes were within +/-0.50 D of emmetropia and 77.7% of eyes achieved monocular
      uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and 90.6% of eyes achieved binocular
      UDVA of 20/20 or better. Of the patients, 91.0% said they were satisfied with
      their vision and 94.9% did not wear distance correction. Less than 2.0% of
      patients noticed visual phenomena, even with spectacle correction. Major
      predictors of patient satisfaction 5 years postoperatively were postoperative
      binocular UDVA (37.6% variance explained by regression model), visual phenomena
      (relative contribution of 15.0%), preoperative and postoperative sphere and their
      interactions (11.6%), and eyesight-related difficulties with various activities
      such as night driving, outdoor activities, and reading (10.2%). CONCLUSION:
      Patient-reported quality-of-life and satisfaction rates remained high 5 years
      after LASIK. Uncorrected vision was the strongest predictor of satisfaction.
      FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Dr. S.C. Schallhorn is a consultant to Abbott Medical
      Optics, Inc., Zeiss Meditec AG, and Autofocus Inc. and a global medical director
      for Optical Express. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in
      any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373397
TI  - Changes in stereopsis after photorefractive keratectomy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on the
      stereopsis of myopic and hyperopic patients. SETTING: Farabi Eye Hospital,
      Tehran, Iran. DESIGN: Prospective case series. METHODS: This study included
      patients having PRK to achieve emmetropia. The patients were divided into the
      following 3 groups: low myopia (<-6.0 diopters [D]), high myopia (>-6.0 D), and
      hyperopia (<+4.0 D). Near stereoacuity was measured using the Randot test under
      photopic conditions (with corrective glasses) at 40 cm preoperatively (with
      corrective glasses) and 1, 3, and 12 months postoperatively. Repeated-measure
      analysis of variance was used to assess changes in stereopsis over time in the 3
      groups. RESULTS: Each group comprised 60 patients. The mean preoperative
      stereoacuity was 121.16 seconds of arc (arcsec) +/- 149.92 (SD), improving to
      83.66 +/- 75.84 arcsec 1 month postoperatively and 80.66 +/- 64.31 arcsec at 3
      months (both P < .001). It remained unchanged (83.33 +/- 75.01 arcsec) at 12
      months (P = .610). Patients with high myopia had the greatest improvement in
      stereopsis after PRK compared with low myopic and hyperopic patients (P < .001).
      The improvement in stereoacuity was significantly higher in the severe
      anisometropic group; the lowest improvement was in the group without
      anisometropia. CONCLUSION: Photorefractive keratectomy could result in an
      improvement in stereopsis. Patients with high myopia benefitted most from PRK in
      terms of improvement in stereopsis. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has
      a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373396
TI  - Photorefractive keratectomy combined with corneal wavefront-guided and
      hyperaspheric ablation profiles to correct myopia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) combined
      with corneal wavefront-guided ablation profiles and hyperaspheric ablation
      profiles on changes in higher-order aberrations (HOAs). SETTING: Yonsei
      University College of Medicine and Eyereum Clinic, Seoul, South Korea. DESIGN:
      Comparative observational case series. METHODS: Medical records of patients who
      had corneal wavefront-guided hyperaspheric PRK, corneal wavefront-guided mild
      aspheric PRK, or non-corneal wavefront-guided mild-aspheric PRK were analyzed.
      The logMAR uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), manifest refraction
      spherical equivalent (MRSE), and changes in corneal aberrations (root-mean-square
      [RMS] HOAs, spherical aberration, coma) were evaluated 1, 3, and 6 months
      postoperatively. RESULTS: The records of 61 patients (96 eyes) were reviewed.
      There was no statistically significant difference in logMAR UDVA or MRSE between
      the 3 groups at any timepoint. Corneal RMS HOAs were significantly smaller in the
      corneal wavefront-guided hyperaspheric group and the corneal wavefront-guided
      mild-aspheric group than in the noncorneal wavefront-guided mild-aspheric group
      at each timepoint. Corneal spherical aberration was significantly smaller for
      corneal wavefront-guided hyperaspheric PRK than for noncorneal wavefront-guided
      mild-aspheric PRK 6 months postoperatively. Changes in corneal spherical
      aberration (preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively) in corneal wavefront
      guided hyperaspheric PRK were significantly smaller than in corneal wavefront
      guided mild-aspheric PRK (P = .046). Corneal coma was significantly smaller with
      corneal wavefront-guided hyperaspheric PRK and corneal wavefront-guided mild
      aspheric PRK than with noncorneal wavefront-guided mild-aspheric PRK 3 months and
      6 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Corneal wavefront-guided hyperaspheric PRK
      induced less corneal spherical aberration 6 months postoperatively than corneal
      wavefront-guided mild-aspheric PRK and noncorneal wavefront-guided mild-aspheric
      PRK. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has a financial or proprietary
      interest in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373398
TI  - Comparability of an image-guided system with other instruments in measuring
      corneal keratometry and astigmatism.
AB  - PURPOSE: To test whether keratometry (K) and astigmatism measurements provided by
      the Verion Reference Unit (an image-guided system) compared well with the Tonoref
      II automated tonometer-refractometer, IOLMaster partial coherence interferometry
      (PCI) biometer, AL-Scan optical biometer, Pentacam rotating Scheimpflug camera,
      and OPD Scan III wavefront aberrometer. SETTING: Augenklinik am Neumarkt,
      Cologne, Germany. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: Patients having
      routine cataract surgery had standard preoperative assessment including biometry
      measurement with all study devices. The K values, power of astigmatism, axis, and
      the lens power of an imaginary intraocular lens (IOL) were analyzed for each
      device. RESULTS: One hundred five eyes of 62 patients with a mean age of 68.5
      years +/- 11.9 (SD) (range 27.2 to 89.7 years) were included in the study. The
      mean differences in flat K readings between the image-guided system and the
      tonometer-refractometer, PCI biometer, optical biometer (2.4 and 3.2 mm),
      rotating Scheimpflug camera, and wavefront aberrometer were -0.03 mm, 0.00 mm,
      0.01 mm (both 2.4 and 3.2 mm), -0.03 mm, and -0.01 mm, respectively (P < .001).
      Differences were slightly greater for steep K readings as follows: -0.04 mm, 
      0.01 mm, -0.02 (optical biometer 2.4 mm), -0.03 mm (optical biometer 3.2 mm), 
      0.04 mm, and -0.06 mm, respectively (P < .001). The calculated power of an
      imaginary IOL from the study devices fell within 0.28 diopter of one another (P >
      .05). CONCLUSIONS: The image-guided system compared well with and provided
      astigmatism measurements similar to those of currently available diagnostic
      measurement devices. This system can aid appropriate preoperative IOL power
      calculations. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: Drs. Schultz, Oberheide, and Kermani have
      received honoraria from Alcon Pharma GmbH for corporate presentations.

PMID- 27373399
TI  - Immunomodulatory therapy with anti-interleukin-1 after photorefractive
      keratectomy in the New Zealand white rabbit.
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine the safety and efficacy of topical anti-interleukin-1 (anti
      IL-1) following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in rabbit eyes. SETTING: Joint
      Warfighter Refractive Surgery Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, USA.
      DESIGN: Experimental study. METHODS: After standard PRK, 48 eyes of 24 New
      Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 treatment arms and 1 control arm. Eyes
      in the treatment arms were randomized to receive fluorometholone 0.1% or an anti
      IL-1 suspension (2.50 mg, 1.25 mg, or 0.25 mg doses) plus standard moxifloxacin,
      balanced salt solution (BSS), and an ocular lubricant (Systane) 4 times a day.
      Control eyes received only moxifloxacin, balanced salt solution, and ocular
      lubricant. RESULTS: No adverse events were observed with anti-IL-1. The safety of
      anti-IL-1 was affirmed because there was no statistically significant difference
      in time to epithelial closure, foam-layer histology and thickness, or final
      stromal thickness measurements between the anti-IL-1 and the steroid or control
      groups. No increase in haze was observed with anti-IL-1. There was a trend toward
      decreased haze with anti-IL-1 at several data points compared with the control
      and steroid groups. Finally, there was a trend toward less haze in all metrics at
      almost every timepoint for the 2.50 mg anti-IL-1 group compared with lesser
      concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-IL-1 therapy might be a safe, effective
      alternative to steroids for haze prevention after PRK. Of the doses studied, 2.50
      mg of anti-IL-1 4 times a day appeared to be most effective. Further studies in
      human eyes are needed. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Dr. Reilly has been a consultant to
      Alcon Laboratories, Inc., and Abbott Medical Optics, Inc. None of the authors has
      a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373400
TI  - Surgical correction of presbyopia.
AB  - Presbyopia is the most common refractive disorder for people older than 40 years.
      It is characterized by a gradual and progressive decrease in accommodative
      amplitude. Many surgical procedures for the correction of presbyopia exist, with
      additional procedures on the horizon. This review describes the prevalent
      theories of presbyopia and discusses the available surgical options for
      correction. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Proprietary or commercial disclosures are
      listed after the references.

PMID- 27373402
TI  - Inaccurate use of sign/symbol to represent corneal astigmatism.

PMID- 27373401
TI  - Late-onset, snowstorm-like appearance of calcium deposits coating a poly(methyl
      methacrylate) posterior chamber intraocular lens.
AB  - An 81-year-old man developed decreased vision associated with diffuse
      precipitates on his poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) posterior chamber
      intraocular lens (IOL), on his corneal endothelium, and in his anterior chamber
      approximately 35 years after IOL implantation. Slitlamp evaluation showed diffuse
      white material on the surface of the IOL, white precipitates on the corneal
      endothelium, and visible debris in the anterior chamber. The patient had IOL
      exchange, and pathological analysis showed numerous calcium deposits within the
      Soemmerring ring that diffusely spread to the anterior surface of the PMMA IOL.
      This case of diffuse calcium precipitates on the IOL and the corneal endothelium
      and in the anterior chamber 35 years after implantation shows that even long
      after IOL implantation, lens epithelium proliferation and metabolism can result
      in sequestered material that can be released many years later. FINANCIAL
      DISCLOSURE: None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any
      material or method mentioned.

PMID- 27373403
TI  - Long-term outcomes of cataract surgery: 15-year results of a prospective study.

PMID- 27373404
TI  - Safety of intracameral phenylephrine.

PMID- 27373405
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27373406
TI  - Intraocular lens placement with inadequate capsule support.

PMID- 27373408
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27373407
TI  - Cystoid macular edema after femtosecond laser-assisted versus phacoemulsification
      cataract surgery: Letter 1.

PMID- 27373409
TI  - Cystoid macular edema after femtosecond laser-assisted versus phacoemulsification
      cataract surgery: Letter 2.

PMID- 27373411
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27373410
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27373412
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27373413
TI  - Repressed PKCdelta activation in glycodelin-expressing cells mediates resistance
      to phorbol ester and TGFbeta.
AB  - Glycodelin is a glycoprotein mainly expressed in well-differentiated epithelial
      cells in reproductive tissues. In normal secretory endometrium, the expression of
      glycodelin is abundant and regulated by progesterone. In hormone-related cancers
      glycodelin expression is associated with well-differentiated tumors. We have
      previously found that glycodelin drives epithelial differentiation of HEC-1B
      endometrial adenocarcinoma cells, resulting in reduced tumor growth in a
      preclinical mouse model. Here we show that glycodelin-transfected HEC-1B cells
      have repressed protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) activation, likely due to
      downregulation of PDK1, and are resistant to phenotypic change and enhanced
      migration induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). In control cells,
      which do not express glycodelin, the effects of PMA were abolished by using
      PKCdelta and PDK1 inhibitors, and knockdown of PKCdelta, MEK1 and 2, or ERK1 and
      2 by siRNAs. Similarly, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-induced
      phenotypic change was only seen in control cells, not in glycodelin-producing
      cells, and it was mediated by PKCdelta. Taken together, these results strongly
      suggest that PKCdelta, via MAPK pathway, is involved in the glycodelin-driven
      cell differentiation rendering the cells resistant to stimulation by PMA and
      TGFbeta.

PMID- 27373414
TI  - Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Technical Refinement for
      Complication Avoidance.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Microvascular decompression (MVD) represents the most effective and
      safe surgical option for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia since it was first
      popularized by Jannetta 50 years ago. Despite several advances, complications
      such as cerebellar and vascular injury, hearing loss, muscular atrophy,
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, postoperative cutaneous pain, and sensory
      disturbances still occur and may negatively affect the outcome. We propose some
      technical nuances of the surgical procedure that were used in our recent series.
      METHODS: We used a novel hockey stick-shaped retromastoid skin incision,
      preserving the major nerves of the occipital and temporal areas. Microsurgical
      steps were performed without the use of retractors. CSF leakage was prevented
      with a watertight dural closure and multilayer osteodural reconstruction.
      RESULTS: The refined surgical steps were perfected in the last consecutive 15
      cases of our series. In these cases we did not record any cutaneous pain, sensory
      disturbances, or CSF leakage. The average diameter of the craniectomy was 18 mm.
      No patient reported major complications related to the intradural microsurgical
      maneuvers. In all cases the neurovascular conflict was found and solved with a
      good outcome in terms of pain disappearance. CONCLUSIONS: Our minimally invasive
      approach was demonstrated to guarantee an optimal exposure of the
      cerebellopontine angle and minimize the rate of complications related to skin
      incision and muscular dissection, microsurgical steps, and closure.

PMID- 27373415
TI  - Treatment Strategies to Attenuate Perihematomal Edema in Patients With
      Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
AB  - Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) continues to be a significant cause
      of neurologic morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Although recent
      advances in the treatment of SICH have significantly decreased mortality rates,
      functional recovery has not been dramatically improved by any intervention to
      date. There are 2 predominant mechanisms of brain injury from intracerebral
      hemorrhage: mechanical injury from the primary hematoma (including growth of that
      hematoma), and secondary injury from perihematomal inflammation. For instance, in
      the hours to weeks after SICH as the hematoma is being degraded, thrombin and
      iron are released and can result in neurotoxicity, free radical damage,
      dysregulated coagulation, and harmful inflammatory cascades; this can clinically
      and radiologically manifest as perihematomal edema (PHE). PHE can contribute to
      mass effect, cause acute neurologic deterioration in patients, and has even been
      associated with poor long-term functional outcomes. PHE therefore lends itself to
      being a potential therapeutic target. In this article, we will review 1) the
      pathogenesis and time course of the development of PHE, and 2) the clinical
      series and trials exploring various methods, with a focus on minimally invasive
      surgical techniques, to reduce PHE and minimize secondary brain injury. Promising
      areas of continued research also will be discussed.

PMID- 27373416
TI  - Gamma Knife Surgery for Cavernous Sinus Hemanginoma: A Report of 32 Cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cavernous sinus hemangioma (CSH) is a rare type of benign vascular
      tumor. Microsurgery for CSH treatment usually results in profuse bleeding and
      cranial nerve injury. Radiosurgery is an alternative treatment for CSH. The
      objective of this study was to elucidate the efficacy and safety of gamma knife
      surgery (GKS) for the treatment of CSH. METHODS: A total of 32 patients with CSH
      underwent 34 times of GKS as a primary and exclusive treatment from 2009 to 2015
      at West China Hospital. The diagnosis was mainly based on findings of magnetic
      resonance imaging. The treatment was performed with the Leksell Gamma Knife model
      C. The follow-up period was from 12-67 months. Changes in imaging results and
      signs or symptoms were analyzed. Studies of patients who had undergone
      radiosurgery and microsurgery were compared. RESULTS: Clinical improvement was
      observed after GKS in 26 of 27 patients who presented with signs or symptoms of
      CSH. Tumor shrinkage was detected in all cases. A reduction in tumor volume of 0
      25%, 26%-50%, 51%-75%, and 76%-100% was observed in 3, 2, 8, and 19 cases,
      respectively. Remarkable tumor shrinkage occurred within 6-12 months after GKS.
      According to a retrospective analysis of 151 patients diagnosed with CSH, 77
      patients underwent GKS without any complications, 17 of 74 patients were treated
      with microsurgery and exhibited persistent complications, and 1 patient died.
      CONCLUSIONS: GKS is a safe and effective treatment for most cases of CSH. The
      concept of GKS as an adjuvant treatment for CSH requires reconsideration.

PMID- 27373417
TI  - Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality After Elective Anterior Cervical Fusion in
      Patients with Chronic and End-Stage Renal Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the postoperative morbidity and mortality
      rate of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease
      (ESRD) undergoing elective anterior cervical fusion (ACF). METHODS: The
      Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2002-2011 was used to identify adult
      patients who underwent elective ACF for degenerative spine disease. Major
      complication rates and in-hospital mortality were compared among 3 groups-no
      kidney disease, CKD, and ESRD (dialysis dependent). A multiple logistic
      regression analysis was conducted to assess the independent effect of CKD and
      ESRD on outcome. RESULTS: There were 164,097 patients who met inclusion criteria.
      Among these, 1047 had CKD (0.64%) and 270 had ESRD (0.16%). After multiple
      logistic regression analysis, patients with CKD (odds ratio [OR] 1.51; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 1.13-2.01; P = 0.005) and ESRD (OR 1.96; 95% CI, 1.20
      3.21; P = 0.007) were significantly more likely to incur a postoperative
      complication when compared with patients without kidney disease (the reference
      group). Compared with patients without kidney disease, patients with CKD did not
      have higher odds of postoperative mortality (OR 2.25; 95% CI, 0.83-6.06; P =
      0.108). However, in-hospital mortality was 15 times higher for patients with ESRD
      compared with patients without kidney disease (OR 15.2; 95% CI, 5.67-40.88; P <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Chronic and end-stage renal disease may significantly
      increase the risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality after ACF. Future
      research into preoperative optimization of these patients and on the potential
      benefits of undergoing surgery until after renal transplantation is warranted.

PMID- 27373418
TI  - Stereo-electro-encephalography-Guided Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation: From In
      Vitro and In Vivo Data to Technical Guidelines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deep brain electrodes have been used for the past 10 years to produce
      bipolar stereo-electro-encephalography-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation
      (SEEG RF-TC). However, this technique is based on empiric knowledge. The aim of
      this study is 3-fold: 1) provide in vivo animal data concerning the effect of
      bipolar RF-TC on brain and its safety; 2) assess the parameters of this procedure
      (current delivery and dipole selection) that produce the most efficient lesion;
      and 3) provide technical guidelines. METHODS: First we achieved in vivo RF-TC on
      rabbit brains with several conditions (power delivered and lesioning duration)
      and analyzed their influence on the lesion produced. Only a difference in terms
      of volume was found, and type of histologic lesions was similar whatever the
      settings were. We then performed multiple RF-TC in vitro on egg albumen, first
      with several parameters of radiofrequency and then with different dipole spatial
      selections. The end point was the size of the radiofrequency thermolesion
      produced. RESULTS: Using unfixed parameters of radiofrequency current delivery
      and increasing it until the power delivered by the generator collapsed produced
      significantly larger lesions (P = 0.008) than other conditions. Concerning the
      dipole selection, the use of contiguous contacts on electrodes led to lesions
      with a higher volume (P = 7.7 * 10-13) than those produced with noncontiguous
      ones. CONCLUSION: Besides the target selection in SEEG RF-TC, which is summarized
      on the basis of a literature review, we report the optimal parameters:
      Radiofrequency current must be increased until the power delivered collapses, and
      dipoles should be constituted by contiguous electrode contacts.

PMID- 27373419
TI  - Signaling mechanisms underlying the glioprotective effects of resveratrol against
      mitochondrial dysfunction.
AB  - Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grapes and red wine, exhibits antioxidant,
      anti-inflammatory, anti-aging and, neuroprotective effects. Resveratrol also
      plays a significant role modulating glial functionality, protecting the health of
      neuroglial cells against several neuropsychiatric in vivo and in vitro
      experimental models. Mitochondrial impairment strongly affected astrocyte
      functions and consequently brain homeostasis. Molecules that promote astrocyte
      mitochondrial protection are fundamental to maintain brain energy balance and
      cellular redox state, contributing to brain healthy. Thus, the present study was
      designed to evaluate some glioprotective mechanisms of resveratrol against
      mitochondrial damage promoted by azide exposure in hippocampal primary astrocyte
      cultures. Azide treatment provoked deleterious effects, including the dysfunction
      of mitochondria, the deterioration of redox homeostasis, the augmentation of pro
      inflammatory cytokines and impairment of glutamate uptake activity. However,
      resveratrol prevented these effects, protecting hippocampal astrocytes against
      azide-induced cytotoxicity through the heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway and
      inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and nuclear factor
      kappa B (NFkappaB) activation. Resveratrol also protected astrocytes via
      phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt. These results contribute to the
      comprehension of the mechanisms by which resveratrol mediates hippocampal
      astrocyte protection against mitochondrial failure and implicate resveratrol as
      an important glioprotective molecule.

PMID- 27373420
TI  - Rejection of adenovirus infection is independent of coxsackie and adenovirus
      receptor expression in cisplatin-resistant human lung cancer cells.
AB  - The adenovirus vector-based cancer gene therapy is controversial. Low
      transduction efficacy is believed to be one of the main barriers for the
      decreased expression of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) on tumor cells.
      However, the expression of CAR on primary tumor tissue and tumor tissue survived
      from treatment has still been not extensively studied. The present study analyzed
      the adenovirus infection rates and CAR expression in human lung adenocarcinoma
      cell line A549 and its cisplatin-resistant subline A549/DDP. The results showed
      that although the CAR expression in A549 and A549/DDP was not different, compared
      with the A549, A549/DDP appeared obviously to reject adenovirus infection.
      Moreover, we modified CAR expression in the two cell lines with proteasome
      inhibitor MG-132 and histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), and
      analyzed the adenovirus infection rates after modifying agent treatments. Both
      TSA and MG-132 pretreatments could increase the CAR expression in the two cell
      lines, but the drug pretreatments could only make A549 cells more susceptible to
      adenovirus infectivity. 

PMID- 27373421
TI  - Comparative Analysis of Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Commercially
      Important Fish and Shellfish from Sri Lanka and Japan.
AB  - Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, allowing plenty of fishes to be
      caught. Moreover, these fishes represent one of the undocumented fish resources
      in the world and their detailed lipid profiles have not been previously examined.
      In this study, the lipid content and fatty acid composition of 50 commercially
      important fishes from the Indian Ocean (Sri Lanka) and the Pacific Ocean (Japan)
      were compared. The total lipid content and fatty acid composition, including
      eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA),
      differed significantly among species. Fish from the Pacific Ocean had higher
      proportions of fatty acids, including EPA and DHA. Herrings and mackerels from
      both oceanic areas demonstrated high levels of EPA and DHA, and n-3/n-6 ratio.
      Brackish and freshwater fishes from both groups showed low levels of PUFAs. Fish
      from the Indian Ocean were high in n-6 fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acid
      levels were high in omnivorous fish from the Pacific Ocean, and saturated fatty
      acid levels were high in fish from the Indian Ocean. The results of this study
      will be of value in determining the dietary usefulness of fish caught in Sri
      Lanka. 

PMID- 27373422
TI  - Synthesis and Monolayer Behaviors of Novel Hybrid Corynomycolic Acids Containing
      Semifluoroalkyl Groups.
AB  - In this work, novel hybrid-type corynomycolic acids [hybrid-OH and hybrid-COOH,
      with semifluoroalkyl groups (Rf-(CH2)n-: Rf = C4F9, n = 6 and Rf = C6F13, n = 3)
      located on the carbon atoms attached to the hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups
      (C-OH and C-COOH), respectively] were successfully synthesized. The behaviors and
      formation of hybrid corynomycolic acid monolayers at the air-water interface were
      investigated by surface tension and surface pressure-area (pi-A) measurements to
      clarify the effects of the Rf chain length, position of the semifluoroalkyl
      group, and surfactant molecule stereochemistry. Compared to dialkyl corynomycolic
      acid, both the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the surface tension at
      the CMC (gammaCMC) of hybrid corynomycolic acids were reduced by the presence of
      the Rf group. With respect to the surface tension versus log concentration (gamma
      vs. log C) isotherms, all syn-isomers of the hybrid-OH and hybrid-COOH acids
      showed two break points, while the anti-isomers showed only one break point.
      These different isotherms can be explained in terms of the steric repulsion
      between the two hydrophilic groups (OH and COO(-)), which depend on the
      stereochemistry of the surfactant. No effect of the location of the
      semifluoroalkyl group was observed. With respect to the formation of a monolayer
      film, four parameters-the lift-off area (AL), zero-pressure molecular area (A0),
      maximum of the Gibbs elastic modulus [EG (max)], and monolayer collapse pressure
      (pic)-were measured. Both AL and A0 of all hybrid corynomycolic acids were larger
      than the corresponding dialkyl acids due to the bulky and rigid Rf groups.
      Interestingly, syn- and anti-hybrids had almost identical isotherms on
      compression, although the values of pic of anti-hybrids were higher than those of
      syn-isomers. In addition, the values of EG (max) of hybrid-COOHs were slightly
      larger than those of the corresponding hybrid-OHs. Using the nascent soap method
      (agent-in-oil method), we found that anti-F4C6-OH (a hybrid corynomycolic acid)
      is a promising emulsifier for a ternary system comprising octane, water, and
      perfluoropolyether oil. 

PMID- 27373423
TI  - Cynaropicrin is dual regulator for both degradation factors and synthesis factors
      in the cartilage metabolism.
AB  - AIMS: The molecular mechanism of osteoarthritis (OA) has never been understood
      clearly, but it has been suggested that imbalance of degradation and synthesis in
      cartilage contribute to the underlying mechanisms of OA. In this study, we
      investigated the effectiveness in the cartilage metabolism of the artichoke
      extract that includes the compound cynaropicrin. MAIN METHODS: We evaluated the
      efficacy of the artichoke extract or cynaropicrin in the cartilage metabolism
      factors and NF-kappaB signaling activity stimulated by inflammatory cytokine in
      chondrogenic cell lines, OUMS-27 and SW1353, using qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence
      and immunoblotting. KEY FINDINGS: We initially found that an artichoke extract
      and cynaropicrin both inhibited the increase of cartilage degradation factor
      MMP13 and further decreased the synthesis factor aggrecan induced by TNF-alpha in
      OUMS-27. In addition, cynaropicrin suppressed the enhancement of master regulator
      HIF-2alpha on cartilage degradation and further reduced the master regulator Sox9
      on cartilage synthesis induced by TNF-alpha. We observed that cynaropicrin
      suppresses NF-kappaB signaling, which controls HIF-2alpha and Sox9. Since, HIF
      2alpha is induced by p65 (RelA), we evaluated the effect of cynaropicrin and
      observed that it suppressed the nuclear transport of p65 (RelA) by inhibiting
      phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. Moreover, cynaropicrin not only suppressed TNF
      alpha stimulation, it had a similar effect on IL-1beta stimulation. No
      significant cytotoxicity with cynaropicrin was observed. SIGNIFICANCE: These
      finding suggest that cynaropicrin is an effective substance that can improve the
      balance of cartilage metabolism, by altering the equilibrium of cartilage
      degradation and synthesis induced by multiple mediators know to contribute to OA.

PMID- 27373424
TI  - Estrogens do not protect, but androgens exacerbate, collagen accumulation in the
      female mouse kidney after ureteric obstruction.
AB  - AIMS: Controversy surrounds the gender basis of progression in chronic kidney
      disease. Unfortunately, most experimental studies addressing this question do not
      distinguish between direct effects of estrogen and indirect activation of
      estrogen receptors through conversion of testosterone to 17beta-estradiol by
      aromatase. We examined the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis in female aromatase
      knockout (ArKO) mice, which lack circulating and stored estrogens, while having
      normal levels of testosterone. MAIN METHODS: ArKO mice and their wild-type (ArWT)
      counterparts were subjected to unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), with kidney
      tissue collected at day(D) 0, 3 and 9 post-UUO. Effects of 5alpha
      dihydrotestosterone (DHT) administration on each genotype were also studied.
      Tissue was assessed biochemically and histochemically for fibrosis. Western blot
      analysis was used to measure alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression and
      TGF-beta1 signalling. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity was measured by
      zymography. KEY FINDINGS: UUO increased collagen content over time (p<0.05 (D3)
      and p<0.01 (D9) vs day 0), with no difference between genotypes in qualitative
      (collagen IV staining) and quantitative (hydroxyproline concentration) analyses.
      Systemic administration of non-aromatizable DHT increased collagen content after
      3days of UUO in both genotypes. This was not paralleled by any change in alpha
      SMA (myofibroblast burden) or TGF-beta1 signalling but was commensurate with DHT
      reducing MMP2 activity in both genotypes (p<0.05 vs genotype controls).
      SIGNIFICANCE: Physiological concentrations of estrogens do not protect the
      injured kidney from fibrosis progression. Androgens rather than estrogens are the
      relevant factor involved in regulating disease-related renal scarring in this
      model.

PMID- 27373425
TI  - The link between TLR7 signaling and hepatitis B virus infection.
AB  - Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in recognition and induction of
      appropriate immune responses against viral infections, including hepatitis B.
      TLR7 detects intracellular viral single strand RNA which leads to the activation
      of several pro-inflammatory transcription factors via the MYD88 dependent
      pathway. Patients with prolonged infectious forms of hepatitis B, including
      active and inactive chronic forms, are unable to clear HBV from hepatocytes
      completely. It is believed that the differences in genetic and immunological
      parameters of the patients and clearance subjects, who successfully clear HBV
      infections, are the main factors responsible for allowing the long term
      infections to persist. It appears that defective expression of TLR7 may result in
      impaired immune responses against HBV. The aim of this review is to address the
      recent information regarding the crucial roles played by TLR7 in hepatitis B
      infection and also the main mechanisms used by HBV to escape from recognition by
      TLR7 in prolonged HBV infected patients. Considering that chronic hepatitis B
      infection is not yet curable, it could be possible to activate TLR7-related
      immunological pathways as a therapy directed towards persistent HBV infection.
      Hence, another aim of this study is to present recent developments of TLR7
      agonists as a therapeutic strategy for chronic hepatitis B. 

PMID- 27373426
TI  - Structural characterization, catalytic, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of
      Aspergillus oryzae tannase.
AB  - Tannase (EC.3.1.1.20) from Aspergillus oryzae was purified using ammonium
      sulphate precipitation (75%), gel filtration chromatography through Sephadex G
      100, and G-200. The purified enzyme was monomeric protein with a molecular mass
      of 106kDa. The activation energy for tannic acid hydrolysis was 32.6kJmol-1 and
      its temperature quotient (Q10) was 1.0. The pKa1 and pKa2 values of acidic and
      basic limbs of the active site residues were 4.6 and 6.4. The calculated values
      of thermodynamic parameters for tannic acid hydrolysis, were as follows:
      DeltaH*=30.02kJmol-1, DeltaG*=59.75kJmol-1 DeltaS*=-95.90Jmol-1K-1, (DeltaG*E
      S)=3.66kJmol-1 and DeltaG*E-T -12.61kJmol-1. The pure enzyme exhibited Km, Vmax
      and kcat of 4.13mM, 3507Umgprotein-1 and 551.4s-1. The calculated half-life time
      at 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, and 70 degrees C was 955.15, 142.0, 30.28, 17.88, 8.23 and
      2.95min, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters for irreversible thermal
      inactivation at different temperatures (40-70 degrees C) were determined. The
      enzyme was activated by Ca2+, and Mg2+ while Hg2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+ strongly
      inhibited it. Hydrolysis of tannic acid by the pure enzyme indicated that gallic
      acid was the end-product.

PMID- 27373427
TI  - Galactoxyloglucan-doxorubicin nanoparticles exerts superior cytotoxic effects on
      cancer cells-A mechanistic and in silico approach.
AB  - Galactoxyloglucan (PST001), isolated from seed kernel of Tamarindus indica is a
      non-toxic immunostimlatory agent with selective cytotoxicity on cancer cells.
      Toxicity associated with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (Dox) is the major
      barrier in its clinical application. Stable, spherically shaped PST-Dox
      nanoparticles with an average size of 10nm were prepared via ionic gelation of
      Dox with PST001 which displayed a pH dependent cumulative Dox release kinetics.
      PST-Dox nanoparticles demonstrated cancer-specific enhanced cytotoxic effects
      than PST001 and Dox in cancer cells by enhanced cellular uptake of Dox through
      the induction of apoptosis, sparing normal cells and RBCs. Elucidation of
      molecular mechanism by whole genome microarray revealed down-regulation of
      tyrosine kinase oncogenic pathways as PST-Dox mode of action. An in silico model
      of PST-Dox was developed and computed the activity against topoisomerase IIbeta,
      human Abl kinase and protein tyrosine kinases. Computational studies further
      affirmed the findings of genomic and proteomic investigations with an increased
      interaction energy between PST-Dox complexes with target system than with Dox and
      PST001 alone. The important findings and profoundly restrained methodologies
      highlighted in the current study will accelerate the therapeutic potential of
      this nanoparticle formulation for substantial clinical studies and testing in
      several cancers. To conclude, PST-Dox nanoparticles represent a superior drug
      delivery nanosystem for the effective treatment of cancer even though detailed
      investigations are warranted.

PMID- 27373428
TI  - Physicochemical of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm fronds as potential
      methylene blue adsorbents.
AB  - The present study sheds light on the physical and chemical characteristics of
      microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) isolated from oil palm fronds (OPF) pulps. It
      was found that the OPF MCC was identified as cellulose II polymorph, with higher
      crystallinity index than OPF alpha-cellulose (CrIOPFMCC: 71%>CrIOPFalpha
      cellulose: 47%). This indicates that the acid hydrolysis allows the production of
      cellulose that is highly crystalline. BET surface area of OPF MCC was found to be
      higher than OPF alpha-cellulose (SBETOPFMCC: 5.64m2g-1>SBETOPFalpha-cellulose:Qa0
      2.04m2g-1), which corroborates their potential as an adsorbent. In batch
      adsorption studies, it was observed that the experimental data fit well with
      Langmuir adsorption isotherm in comparison to Freundlich isotherm. The monolayer
      adsorption capacity (Qa0) of OPF MCC was found to be around 51.811mgg-1 and the
      experimental data fitted well to pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

PMID- 27373429
TI  - Homogeneous synthesis of Ag nanoparticles-doped water-soluble cellulose acetate
      for versatile applications.
AB  - We report a facile and efficient approach for synthesis of well-dispersed and
      stable silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using water-soluble cellulose acetate (CA)
      as both reductant and stabilizer. Partially substituted CA with highly active
      hydroxyl groups and excellent water-solubility is able to reduce silver ions in
      homogeneous aqueous medium effectively. The synthesized Ag NPs were characterized
      by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
      transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope
      analysis. The as-prepared Ag NPs were well-dispersed, showing a surface plasmon
      resonance peak at 426nm. The resulted Ag NPs@CA nanohybrids exhibit high
      catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the
      presence of NaBH4. Meanwhile, the nanohybrids are also effective in inhibiting
      the growth of bacterial. This environmentally friendly method promotes the use of
      renewable natural resources to prepare a variety of inorganic-organic materials
      for catalysis, antibacterial, sensors and other applications.

PMID- 27373430
TI  - Cryptosporidium species and Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes in dairy calves and
      goat kids reared under traditional farming systems in Turkey.
AB  - Molecular characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. in ruminants reared under
      traditional animal management systems are scarce and studies conducted thus far
      have revealed largely an absence of the pathogenic and zoonotic species
      Cryptosporidium parvum in pre-weaned animals. In this study, we examined
      Cryptosporidium species and subtype distribution in free-range pre-weaned dairy
      calves and goat kids with diarrhea. Cryptosporidium-positive specimens from pre
      weaned calves on 10 farms and goat kids on 4 farms in Ankara, Balikesir, Corum,
      Kirikkale, and Kirsehir Provinces, Turkey were genotyped by PCR-restriction
      length polymorphism analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene, which identified C.
      parvum in 27 calves and 9 goat kids and Cryptosporidium ryanae in 1 calf. Among
      the C. parvum isolates successfully subtyped by DNA sequence analysis of the 60
      kDa glycoprotein gene, three subtypes were detected in calves, including
      IIaA13G2R1 (20/23), IIdA18G1 (2/23), and IIdA20G1b (1/23), and four subtypes were
      detected in goat kids, including IIaA13G2R1 (3/8), IIaA15G1R1 (2/8), IIdA22G1
      (2/8), and IIdA18G1 (1/8). Data of the study suggest that dairy calves reared in
      a traditional cow-calf system in Turkey are mainly infected with a C. parvum
      subtype rarely seen elsewhere, whereas goat kids are infected with diverse
      subtypes. As all five C. parvum subtypes found in this study are known human
      pathogens, pre-weaned farm animals could play a potential role in the
      transmission of human cryptosporidiosis.

PMID- 27373431
TI  - In vivo and in vitro effects of the herbicide Roundup((r)) on developmental
      stages of the trematode Echinostoma paraensei.
AB  - The exposure of wildlife and humans to toxic residues of Roundup((r)) through
      agricultural practices or the food chain has been reported since the herbicide
      was found contaminating rivers. Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine acid, is a
      nonselective post-emergent herbicide and is formulated as an isopropylamine salt
      with the surfactant taloamine polyethoxylate (POEA) representing the commercial
      formulation of Roundup((r)). There is little knowledge about the effects of the
      herbicide on helminth parasites, particularly those whose life cycle is related
      to water bodies. Here we investigated the effects of the Roundup((r)) on the food
      borne trematode Echinostoma paraensei in experimental conditions using different
      developmental stages (eggs, miracidia, cercariae, metacercariae, newly excysted
      larvae (NEL), helminths at seven days and helminths at fourteen days). Three
      different herbicide concentrations were tested based on concentrations typically
      applied in the field: 225, 450 and 900 mg/L. Specimens were analyzed in vitro for
      hatching miracidia, mortality and excystment rate of metacercariae and in vivo
      for parasitic load and egg production. There was a significant difference in the
      hatching miracidia rate only for the newly embryonated eggs. The mortality of
      specimens and excystment rate of metacercariae were concentration-dependent.
      There was a significant difference in the miracidia mortality with respect to
      concentration until 56.3 mg/L. The same effect was observed for cercariae, and
      mortality was observed from 15 min onwards at concentrations of 225-900 mg/L. At
      low concentrations, mortality was detected after 30 min. The effects of the
      herbicide concentration on NEL and on helminths at seven and fourteen days showed
      a significant difference after 24 h. There was no significant difference in
      parasitic load and egg production after infection of rodents with exposed
      metacercariae. All developmental stages of the trematode E. paraensei were
      affected by Roundup((r)) exposure under experimental conditions. These results
      suggest that dynamics of transmission of the trematode could be affected in the
      natural environments. The study also reinforces the usefulness of this trematode
      as a good model organism to test pesticides regarding human and environmental
      health. 

PMID- 27373432
TI  - A Plasmodium falciparum S33 proline aminopeptidase is associated with changes in
      erythrocyte deformability.
AB  - Infection with the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause
      of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One of the striking features of this
      parasite is its ability to remodel and decrease the deformability of host red
      blood cells, a process that contributes to disease. To further understand the
      virulence of Pf we investigated the biochemistry and function of a putative Pf
      S33 proline aminopeptidase (PfPAP). Unlike other P. falciparum aminopeptidases,
      PfPAP contains a predicted protein export element that is non-syntenic with other
      human infecting Plasmodium species. Characterization of PfPAP demonstrated that
      it is exported into the host red blood cell and that it is a prolyl
      aminopeptidase with a preference for N-terminal proline substrates. In addition
      genetic deletion of this exopeptidase was shown to lead to an increase in the
      deformability of parasite-infected red cells and in reduced adherence to the
      endothelial cell receptor CD36 under flow conditions. Our studies suggest that
      PfPAP plays a role in the rigidification and adhesion of infected red blood cells
      to endothelial surface receptors, a role that may make this protein a novel
      target for anti-disease interventions strategies. 

PMID- 27373433
TI  - Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Adult Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: An
      Observational Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: 1) To characterize the nutritional treatment of hypoglycemia in adult
      patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 2) to compare the characteristics of
      participants who follow the recommendations with the characteristics of those who
      do not. METHODS: A total of 121 adults with type 1 diabetes were included in this
      cross-sectional analysis. Participants completed a food record and a glycemia and
      insulin doses logbook to collect data on mild to moderate hypoglycemic events
      (glycemia <4.0 mmol/L or 4.0 to 5.0 mmol/L with symptoms) and their treatments
      over a 2-day period. Participants were identified as overcorrecting if they
      consumed, within 15 minutes after the episode, >20g of carbohydrates for
      correction. Self-administered questionnaires about fear of hypoglycemia were
      completed, and cardiometabolic profile variables were measured (glycated
      hemoglobin, blood pressure, lipid profile and body mass indexes). RESULTS: Of the
      121 participants, 94 (78%) reported at least 1 hypoglycemic event, for a total of
      271 events (2.2+/-2.1 episodes per patient). Of these events, 64% were treated
      within 15 minutes, and they were treated primarily with fruit juice or sweet
      beverages (39%) or mixed snacks (29%). Average carbohydrate intake for treatment
      was 32+/-24 grams. Of the participants, 73% overtreated their episodes. They were
      significantly younger and had greater fear of hypoglycemia than those who treated
      the episodes adequately. No difference was observed for cardiometabolic
      variables. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients in our cohort overtreated their
      hypoglycemic episodes. These results suggest that hypoglycemia-correction
      education needs to be reinforced.

PMID- 27373434
TI  - Factors Affecting Number of Diabetes Management Activities Provided by
      Pharmacists.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Legislative changes since 2007 have given Alberta pharmacists
      additional authorizations and new practice settings, which should enhance
      provision of clinical services to patients. This study examined whether these
      changes are related to the number of diabetes management activities provided by
      pharmacists. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys of Alberta pharmacists were
      conducted in 2006 and 2015. Both questionnaires contained 63 diabetes management
      activities, with response options to indicate how frequently the activity was
      provided. Respondents were grouped by survey year, practice setting, diabetes
      specific training and additional authorizations. The number of diabetes
      management activities provided often or always were compared among groups by
      using analysis of variance. RESULTS: Data from 128 pharmacists participating in
      the 2006 survey were compared with 256 pharmacists participating in the 2015
      survey; overall mean age was 41.6 (+/-10.9) years, 245 (64%) were women, mean
      duration of practice was 16.1 (+/-11.8) years, 280 (73%) were community
      pharmacists, 75 (20%) were certified diabetes educators (CDEs), and 100 (26%) had
      additional prescribing authorization (APA). Pharmacists provided a mean of 28.7
      (95% CI 26.3 to 31.2) diabetes management activities in 2006 and 35.2 (95% CI
      33.4-37.0) activities in 2015 (p<0.001). Pharmacists who were CDEs provided
      significantly more activities compared to other pharmacists (p<0.001). In 2015,
      working in a primary care network and having APA were also associated with
      provision of more activities (p<0.05 for both comparisons). CONCLUSIONS:
      Pharmacists provided more diabetes management activities in 2015 than in 2006.
      The number of diabetes management activities was also associated with being a
      CDE, working in a primary care network or having APA.

PMID- 27373436
TI  - Can a short internet training program improve social isolation and self-esteem in
      older adults with psychiatric conditions?
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an educational training
      course on using the internet and touchscreen technology (TT) would decrease
      social isolation and improve self-esteem in residents living in a low-level
      residential facility. Twelve sessions over six weeks with two facilitators were
      provided to five participants with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Measures
      were completed before and after the 12 sessions. There were no statistically
      significant improvements or worsening in social isolation (mean score 6.2, SD
      3.35) or self-esteem (mean score 18.2, SD 3.56) post the training sessions for
      the residents. Qualitative feedback suggested that the residents enjoyed this
      experience and learnt new skills. Further study is recommended using larger
      samples and alternative outcomes measures.

PMID- 27373435
TI  - Effects of S-Allylcysteine on Biomarkers of the Polyol Pathway in Rats with Type
      2 Diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effects of S-allylcysteine (SAC) on biomarkers of
      the polyol pathway in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)-induced diabetes in
      rats. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in male albino Wistar rats by intraperitoneal
      administration of STZ (55 mg kg-1 bw-1) and NA (110 mg kg-1 bw-1). SAC (150 mg kg
      1 bw-1) was orally administered to the rats with diabetes for 45 days to assess
      its effects on blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, glycated hemoglobin,
      aldose reductase (AR), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), sorbitol, fructose,
      thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxide, hemoglobin and
      glutathione (GSH). RESULTS: On SAC administration in the rats with diabetes, the
      levels of blood glucose, insulin resistance, glycated hemoglobin, AR, SDH,
      sorbitol, fructose, TBARS and hydroperoxide increased significantly (p<0.05),
      whereas those of insulin, hemoglobin and GSH decreased. SAC showed therapeutic
      effects similar to those of gliclazide in decreasing blood glucose, AR, SDH,
      sorbitol, fructose, glycosylated hemoglobin, TBARS and hydroperoxides levels and
      significant increases in insulin, hemoglobin and GSH activity in rats with
      diabetes. Moreover, histopathologic studies also revealed the protective effect
      of SAC on pancreatic beta cells. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that SAC
      prevents complications of diabetes by reducing the influx of glucose in the
      polyol pathway, thereby elevating the GSH level and reducing the activities of AR
      and SDH. Therefore, SAC may have imperative implications for the deterrence and
      early treatment of type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 27373437
TI  - Redox-responsive star-shaped magnetic micelles with active-targeted and magnetic
      guided functions for cancer therapy.
AB  - Highly efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to target sites is of great
      importance for achieving excellent therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment.
      Here, we report a redox-responsive star-shaped magnetic micelle with both active
      targeted and magnetic-guided functions. The magnetic star-shaped micelles are
      formed by self-assembly of four-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-poly(epsilon
      caprolactone) (PCL) copolymers with disulfide bonds as intermediate linkers.
      Anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4)
      are simultaneously encapsulated into the hydrophobic cores. PBA ligands are
      chemically conjugated to the end of the hydrophilic PEG segments, endowing the
      active targeting of nanocarriers. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of
      the intracellular uptake of these micelles with active-targeting and dual
      targeting are performed in vitro by cultured with salic acid (SA)-positive tumor
      cells (human liver carcinoma cell line HepG2, human cervical cancer cell line
      HeLa) and SA-negative tumor cells (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7,
      human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549) in the presence or absence of a
      permanent magnetic field. In vivo biodistribution studies with active-targeting
      and dual-targeting and in vivo anti-tumor effect are carried out in detail after
      being applied to the BALB/c mice bearing mouse H22 hepatocarcinoma cells tumor
      model. These in vivo results demonstrate that a great amount of dual-targeted
      magnetic micelles accumulate around the tumor tissues by the magnetic-guiding and
      in turn are taken up by the tumor cells through SA-mediated endocytosis, leading
      to a high therapeutic efficacy to the artificial solid tumor. STATEMENT OF
      SIGNIFICANCE: A redox-responsive star-shaped magnetic micelle with both active
      targeted and magnetic-guided functions was developed. Both qualitative and
      quantitative analysis of the intracellular uptake with dual-targeting of these
      micelles were performed in vitro by salic acid (SA)-positive tumor cells. The in
      vivo results demonstrate that a great amount of dual-targeted magnetic micelles
      accumulated around the tumor tissues, leading to a high therapeutic efficacy to
      artificial solid tumor.

PMID- 27373438
TI  - A novel inhaled phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (CHF6001) reduces the allergen
      challenge response in asthmatic patients.
AB  - CHF6001 is an inhaled phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor in development for the
      treatment of obstructive lung diseases. The efficacy and safety of CHF6001 were
      investigated in a double blind, placebo controlled, 3-way cross-over study using
      the allergen challenge model. Thirty-six atopic asthmatics who were not taking
      inhaled corticosteroids and who demonstrated a late asthmatic response (LAR) to
      inhaled allergen at screening were randomised to receive CHF6001 400 MUg or 1200
      MUg or placebo administered once a day using a dry powder inhaler. The three
      treatment periods were 9 days; allergen challenges were performed on day 9 and
      induced sputum was obtained after 10 h from challenge. Washout periods between
      treatments were up to 5 weeks. Both CHF6001 doses significantly attenuated the
      LAR; the primary endpoint analysis showed that CHF6001 400 MUg and 1200 MUg
      caused reductions of 19.7% (p = 0.015) and 28.2% (p < 0.001) respectively of the
      weighted FEV1 AUC4-10h compared with placebo. The difference between the CHF6001
      doses was not statistically significant (p = 0.223). Compared with placebo,
      CHF6001 caused greater reduction in sputum eosinophil counts, although these
      changes were not statistically significant. CHF6001 was well tolerated, with
      similar numbers of adverse events in each treatment period. This inhaled PDE4
      inhibitor has the potential to provide clinical benefits in patients with atopic
      asthma.

PMID- 27373439
TI  - Impact of statins on ALI/ARDS: A meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Statins may be beneficial in treating acute lung injury (ALI) or
      acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but their application remains
      controversial. OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis of published studies investigated
      their potential benefit in ALI/ARDS treatment. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Google
      Scholar and Cochrane databases were searched and all randomized controlled trials
      (RCT) and cohort studies with head-to-head comparison between statin and standard
      care were included. RESULTS: Three RCTs and six cohort studies were included.
      Overall, statins treatment had no significant effect on mortality compared with
      placebo (RCTs: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.72, 1.37; cohorts: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.71,
      1.37). In addition, ventilator-free days were comparable between the two groups
      (RCTs: SMD = 0.08, 95% CI = -0.03, 0.19; cohorts: SMD = 0.06, 95% CI = -0.17,
      0.29). The one-way sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of results.
      CONCLUSION: The results did not show that statins had effects on mortality and
      ventilator-free days among ALI/ARDS patients. However, this meta-analysis is
      limited by the number of RCTs included.

PMID- 27373440
TI  - Low reversibility of intracellular cAMP accumulation in mouse Leydig tumor cells
      (MLTC-1) stimulated by human Luteinizing Hormone (hLH) and Chorionic Gonadotropin
      (hCG).
AB  - In order to study the intracellular cAMP response kinetics of Leydig cells to
      hormones with LH activity, we used MLTC-1 cells transiently expressing a chimeric
      cAMP-responsive luciferase so that real-time variations of intracellular cAMP
      concentration could be followed using oxiluciferin luminescence produced from
      catalyzed luciferin oxidation. The potencies of the different LHs and CGs were
      evaluated using areas under the curves (AUC) of their kinetics over 60 min
      stimulation. All mammalian LHs and CGs tested were found to stimulate cAMP
      accumulation in these cells. The reversibility of this stimulation was studied by
      removing the hormone from the culture medium after 10 min of incubation. The
      ratios of kinetics AUC after removing or not the hormone were used to evaluate
      the stimulation reversibility of each hormone. Natural and recombinant hLHs and
      hCGs were found to exhibit slowly reversible activation compared to pituitary
      rat, ovine, porcine, camel and equine LHs, serum-derived eCG (PMSG) and
      recombinant eLH/CGs. Carbohydrate side chains are not involved in this phenomenon
      since natural and recombinant homologous hormones exhibit the same reversibility
      rates. It is still unknown whether only one human subunit, alpha or beta, is
      responsible for this behaviour or whether it is due to a particular feature of
      the hLH and hCG quaternary structure.

PMID- 27373441
TI  - Coats-like retinopathy in Joubert syndrome.
AB  - An 11-year-old girl with Joubert syndrome was evaluated for a dim red reflex in
      her left eye. Fundus examination revealed retinal telangiectasias bilaterally
      compatible with Coats-like pigmentary retinopathy, a phenomenon not previously
      reported in Joubert syndrome. Coats-like exudative retinopathy may result in
      permanent visual loss if left untreated. The exudative retinopathy was controlled
      after multiple sessions of indirect laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy, with
      a good visual outcome.

PMID- 27373442
TI  - Dental Age Estimation: A Test of the Reliability of Correctly Identifying a
      Subject Over 18 Years of Age Using the Gold Standard of Chronological Age as the
      Comparator.
AB  - This study was designed to test the reliability of using the third molars to
      demarcate between child and adult status. A total of 2000 dental panoramic
      tomographs were used for assessment of the calculated age using the 8-stage
      system of tooth development and applied to all four third molars. The LL8 was
      also assessed using this 8-stage system. For each tooth development stage, the
      Normal distribution and percentile summary data were estimated. The calculated
      dental age compared with the chronological age was statistically significantly
      different (p < 0.001) for both females and males giving underestimates of the
      true age. Comparison of single tooth dental age and chronological age was only
      slightly different. The most important finding is that the assignment to above or
      below the 18-year threshold, in the age range 17 years to 19 years, could be
      wrong on up to 50% of occasions. 

PMID- 27373445
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27373444
TI  - The ENT boot camp: an effective training method for ENT induction.

PMID- 27373446
TI  - Does leaf shedding protect stems from cavitation during seasonal droughts? A test
      of the hydraulic fuse hypothesis.
AB  - During droughts, leaves are predicted to act as 'hydraulic fuses' by shedding
      when plants reach critically low water potential (Psiplant ), thereby slowing
      water loss, stabilizing Psiplant and protecting against cavitation-induced loss
      of stem hydraulic conductivity (Ks ). We tested these predictions among trees in
      seasonally dry tropical forests, where leaf shedding is common, yet variable,
      among species. We tracked leaf phenology, Psiplant and Ks in saplings of six tree
      species distributed across two forests. Species differed in their timing and
      extent of leaf shedding, yet converged in shedding leaves as they approached the
      Psiplant value associated with a 50% loss of Ks and at which their model
      estimated maximum sustainable transpiration rate approached zero. However, after
      shedding all leaves, the Psiplant value of one species, Genipa americana,
      continued to decline, indicating that water loss continued after leaf shedding.
      Ks was highly variable among saplings within species and seasons, suggesting a
      minimal influence of seasonal drought on Ks . Hydraulic limits appear to drive
      diverse patterns of leaf shedding among tropical trees, supporting the hydraulic
      fuse hypothesis. However, leaf shedding is not universally effective at
      stabilizing Psiplant , suggesting that the main function of drought deciduousness
      may vary among species.

PMID- 27373447
TI  - Comment on Roughan et al.: Meloxicam prevents COX-2-mediated post-surgical
      inflammation but not pain following laparotomy in mice.

PMID- 27373448
TI  - Authors' reply to the comment by Ruan.

PMID- 27373449
TI  - Convergence and divergence in a long-term old-field succession: the importance of
      spatial scale and species abundance.
AB  - Whether plant communities in a given region converge towards a particular stable
      state during succession has long been debated, but rarely tested at a
      sufficiently long time scale. By analysing a 50-year continuous study of post
      agricultural secondary succession in New Jersey, USA, we show that the extent of
      community convergence varies with the spatial scale and species abundance
      classes. At the larger field scale, abundance-based dissimilarities among
      communities decreased over time, indicating convergence of dominant species,
      whereas incidence-based dissimilarities showed little temporal tend, indicating
      no sign of convergence. In contrast, plots within each field diverged in both
      species composition and abundance. Abundance-based successional rates decreased
      over time, whereas rare species and herbaceous plants showed little change in
      temporal turnover rates. Initial abandonment conditions only influenced community
      structure early in succession. Overall, our findings provide strong evidence for
      scale and abundance dependence of stochastic and deterministic processes over old
      field succession.

PMID- 27373450
TI  - Effect of Potassium Bromate on the Liver of Adult Male Albino Rat and A Possible
      Protective Role of Vitamin C: Histological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical
      Study.
AB  - Potassium bromate (KBrO3 ) is a food additive which is used primarily as a
      maturing agent for flour. It is proved as a toxic agent with significant
      reduction in the activities of antioxidant capacity. The therapeutic efficacy of
      vitamin C as antioxidant may provide a possible solution to KBrO3 mediated
      oxidative damage. Twenty four adult male albino rats were used to evaluate the
      protective role of vitamin C against KBrO3 induced hepatotoxicity and divided
      into four groups; Group 1 (control), Group 2: received 30 mg/Kg/day vitamin C
      orally for 4 weeks, Group 3: received 20 mg/Kg/dose KBrO3 orally twice weekly for
      4 weeks and Group 4: received both KBrO3 and vitamin C. Liver specimens were
      processed for histological study by light and electron microscopes and stained
      immunohistochemically to detect glial fibriller acidic protein (GFAP). Serum
      levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
      were estimated as well as the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH)
      and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all dissected tissues were
      determined. KBrO3 induced histological alterations in the form of degeneration,
      cellular infiltration and significant increase in collagen deposition in portal
      tracts with a significant increase in immunoexpression of GFAP. Significant rise
      in serum levels of AST, ALT, and MDA in liver tissues were recorded. However,
      levels of GSH and SOD were significantly decreased. Most of these changes were
      improved by vitamin C treatment. In conclusion, vitamin C ameliorates the
      histological and biochemical alterations of the liver induced by KBrO3 . Anat
      Rec, 299:1256-1269, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27373451
TI  - Peracetic Acid Depolymerization of Biorefinery Lignin for Production of Selective
      Monomeric Phenolic Compounds.
AB  - Lignin is the largest source of renewable material with an aromatic skeleton.
      However, due to the recalcitrant and heterogeneous nature of the lignin polymer,
      it has been a challenge to effectively depolymerize lignin and produce high-value
      chemicals with high selectivity. In this study, a highly efficient lignin-to
      monomeric phenolic compounds (MPC) conversion method based on peracetic acid
      (PAA) treatment was reported. PAA treatment of two biorefinery lignin samples,
      diluted acid pretreated corn stover lignin (DACSL) and steam exploded spruce
      lignin (SESPL), led to complete solubilization and production of selective
      hydroxylated monomeric phenolic compounds (MPC-H) and monomeric phenolic acid
      compounds (MPC-A) including 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid,
      vanillic acid, syringic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The maximized MPC
      yields obtained were 18 and 22 % based on the initial weight of the lignin in
      SESPL and DACSL, respectively. However, we found that the addition of niobium
      pentoxide catalyst to PAA treatment of lignin can significantly improve the MPC
      yields up to 47 %. The key reaction steps and main mechanisms involved in this
      new lignin-to-MPC valorization pathway were investigated and elucidated. 

PMID- 27373452
TI  - Transvenous stimulation of the phrenic nerve for the treatment of central sleep
      apnoea: 12 months' experience with the remede(r) System.
AB  - AIMS: Patients with central sleep apnoea (CSA) often have poor quality of life
      and are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. This study sought to
      evaluate the 12-month clinical outcomes of patients with CSA treated with
      unilateral transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation in the prospective, multicentre,
      non-randomized remede(r) System pilot study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-seven
      patients with CSA were treated with the remede(r) System (Respicardia Inc.,
      Minnetonka, MN, USA) for a minimum of 3 months. Sleep-disordered breathing
      parameters were evaluated by polysomnography (PSG) at 3, 6, and 12-month follow
      up. Sleep symptoms and quality of life were also evaluated. Forty-one patients
      completed all follow-up PSGs and were included in the analysis. At 12 months,
      there was sustained improvement compared with baseline in the apnoea-hypopnoea
      index (49.9 +/- 15.1 vs. 27.5 +/- 18.3 events/h, P < 0.001) and central apnoea
      index (28.2 +/- 15.0 vs. 6.0 +/- 9.2 events/h, P < 0.001). Sustained improvement
      in the oxygen desaturation index (46.1 +/- 19.1 vs. 26.9 +/- 18.0 events/h, P <
      0.001), rapid eye movement sleep (11.4 +/- 6.1% vs. 17.1 +/- 8.0%, P < 0.001),
      and sleep efficiency (69.3 +/- 16.9% vs. 75.6 +/- 17.1%, P = 0.024) were also
      observed. There were also continued favourable effects on sleepiness and quality
      of life. Three deaths unrelated to remede(r) System therapy and five serious
      adverse events occurred over 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: The present
      study demonstrates that in patients with CSA, unilateral transvenous phrenic
      nerve stimulation is associated with sustained improvement in key sleep
      parameters, sleep symptoms, and quality of life over 12 months of follow-up.

PMID- 27373453
TI  - Voriconazole exposure regulates distinct cell-cycle and terminal differentiation
      pathways in primary human keratinocytes.

PMID- 27373454
TI  - Predictors of psychological outcomes in a longitudinal study of Latina breast
      cancer survivors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study sought to investigate the unique contributions of socio
      ecological, cultural and cancer treatment-related factors in predicting
      depressive symptoms and cancer-specific distress among Latinas. DESIGN:
      Participants were 140 English or Spanish-speaking Latinas (Mage = 50.6) with non
      metastatic breast cancer who were assessed within two years of diagnosis (Time 1)
      and three months later (Time 2). MAIN MEASURES: Hierarchical regression analyses
      identified predictors of depressive symptoms and cancer-specific distress at Time
      1 and 2. RESULTS: Most women scored above the clinical cut-offs for depressive
      symptoms and cancer-specific distress. After adjusting for socio-ecological
      factors, greater Latino enculturation, measured by Latino ethnic identity, was
      significantly associated with greater cancer-specific distress at Time 1 (beta =
      .20, p < .05). A significant interaction (p < .01) revealed that among women high
      on Latino identity, lower English language use was associated with more cancer
      specific distress than higher English language use. After adjusting for socio
      ecological factors, greater satisfaction with surgical treatment predicted
      improved depressive symptoms and cancer-specific distress across time (betas
      range from -.31 to -.18, ps < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Findings elucidate the complex
      relationship between culture and psychological outcomes in the breast cancer
      context and suggest that treatment satisfaction might be an important
      intervention target for Latinas.

PMID- 27373455
TI  - The detection of hydrogen peroxide involved in plant virus infection by
      fluorescence spectroscopy.
AB  - The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) forms part of the defense
      reaction of plants against invading pathogens. ROS have multifaceted signaling
      functions in mediating the establishment of multiple responses. To verify whether
      hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) contributes to plant virus infection and the
      development of induced symptoms, we used fluorescence to monitor the generation
      of H2 O2 and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to investigate the
      subcellular distribution of H2 O2 in leaves. In this study, the M strain of
      Cucumber mosaic virus (M-CMV) induced heavy chlorotic symptoms in Nicotiana
      tabacum cv. white burley during systemic infection. Compared with mock-inoculated
      leaves, H2 O2 accumulation in inoculated leaves increased after inoculation, then
      decreased after 4 days. For systemically infected leaves that showed chlorotic
      symptoms, H2 O2 accumulation was always higher than in healthy leaves.
      Subcellular H2 O2 localization observed using CLSM showed that H2 O2 in
      inoculated leaves was generated mainly in the chloroplasts and cell wall, whereas
      in systemically infected leaves H2 O2 was generated mainly in the cytosol. The
      levels of coat protein in inoculated and systemically infected leaves might be
      associated with changes in the level of H2 O2 and symptom development. Further
      research is needed to elucidate the generation mechanism and the relationship
      between coat protein and oxidative stress during infection and symptom
      development. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 27373456
TI  - Bilateral polyorchidism with ipsilateral two undescended testes: a rare
      congenital anomaly.
AB  - Polyorchidism is defined as the presence of more than two testes. This rare
      congenital anomaly has been reported with only 140 pathologically proven cases in
      the published literature to date. While triorchidism is the most common variation
      and generally affects the left side, bilateral polyorchidism is even rare and
      only seven cases of patients with four testes have been reported in the
      literature. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the management of
      supernumerary testis due to its rareness. We report such a rare case of a 20-year
      old male patient, who was presented with left-sided scrotal mass and right
      inguinal swelling and, diagnosed as polyorchidism including four distinct testes,
      with two of them in left hemiscrotum and the other two testes in the right
      inguinal canal. The patient underwent orchiopexy for the normal looking right
      sided testis, and orchiectomy for the right-sided supernumerary testis being
      dysmorphic and potential malignancy risk. Histopathological examination confirmed
      the excised tissue to be severely atrophic testicle. The patient is still
      following with regular self-examination and scrotal ultrasonography.
      Polyorchidism should be keep in mind especially for the differential diagnosis of
      extratesticular and paratesticular masses. Physical examination may not be
      sufficient, and radiologic examination can provide accurate diagnosis.
      Conservative, extirpative or reconstructive approaches could be performed based
      on individual basis by reproductive potential and location of supernumerary
      testis, coexistence of other disorders and suspicion of malignancy.

PMID- 27373457
TI  - TEMPO Monolayers on Si(100) Electrodes: Electrostatic Effects by the Electrolyte
      and Semiconductor Space-Charge on the Electroactivity of a Persistent Radical.
AB  - This work demonstrates the effect of electrostatic interactions on the
      electroactivity of a persistent organic free radical. This was achieved by
      chemisorption of molecules of 4-azido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperdinyloxy (4
      azido-TEMPO) onto monolayer-modified Si(100) electrodes using a two-step chemical
      procedure to preserve the open-shell state and hence the electroactivity of the
      nitroxide radical. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the surface
      electrochemical reaction are investigated experimentally and analyzed with the
      aid of electrochemical digital simulations and quantum-chemical calculations of a
      theoretical model of the tethered TEMPO system. Interactions between the
      electrolyte anions and the TEMPO grafted on highly doped, i.e., metallic,
      electrodes can be tuned to predictably manipulate the oxidizing power of surface
      nitroxide/oxoammonium redox couple, hence showing the practical importance of the
      electrostatics on the electrolyte side of the radical monolayer. Conversely, for
      monolayers prepared on the poorly doped electrodes, the electrostatic
      interactions between the tethered TEMPO units and the semiconductor-side, i.e.,
      space-charge, become dominant and result in drastic kinetic changes to the
      electroactivity of the radical monolayer as well as electrochemical nonidealities
      that can be explained as an increase in the self-interaction "a" parameter that
      leads to the Frumkin isotherm.

PMID- 27373459
TI  - Cout et Succes Du Traitement De L'Insuffisance Renale Terminale En Belgique: D'Ou
      Venons-Nous Et Ou Allons-Nous ?

PMID- 27373458
TI  - High-speed atomic force microscopy reveals strongly polarized movement of
      clostridial collagenase along collagen fibrils.
AB  - Bacterial collagenases involved in donor infection are widely applied in many
      fields due to their high activity and specificity; however, little is known
      regarding the mechanisms by which bacterial collagenases degrade insoluble
      collagen in host tissues. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy, we
      simultaneously visualized the hierarchical structure of collagen fibrils and the
      movement of a representative bacterial collagenase, Clostridium histolyticum type
      I collagenase (ColG), to determine the relationship between collagen structure
      and collagenase movement. Notably, ColG moved ~14.5 nm toward the collagen N
      terminus in ~3.8 s in a manner dependent on a catalytic zinc ion. While ColG was
      engaged, collagen molecules were not only degraded but also occasionally
      rearranged to thicken neighboring collagen fibrils. Importantly, we found a
      similarity of relationship between the enzyme-substrate interface structure and
      enzyme migration in collagen-collagenase and DNA-nuclease systems, which share a
      helical substrate structure, suggesting a common strategy in enzyme evolution.

PMID- 27373460
TI  - Quantification of Monoclonal Immunoglobulins by Immunochemical and Densitometry
      Techniques.
AB  - In comparing four currently available immunochemical methods for immunoglobulin
      quantification, i.e. radial immunodiffusion (RID), rate nephelometry (RN), laser
      nephelometry (LN) and turbidimetry (T), highly divergent results were obtained
      for monoclonal immunoglobulins. Comparison with data obtained by densitometric
      scanning (D) of the serum protein electrophoresis on cellulose acetate showed
      that these immunochemical techniques cannot be recommended for the quantification
      of monoclonal immunoglobulins, they may however remain useful for assessing
      relative changes in concentration during treatment. 

PMID- 27373461
TI  - Septicaemia And Endocarditis Due to Streptococci of Lancefield Group.
AB  - Though beta haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group B are important in the
      infectious pathology of the newborn, they are much less common in the adult and
      for this reason less well-known. In connection with a case of endocarditis due to
      streptococci of group B in an adult, we have reviewed the relatively scanty
      literature on the subject which describes only 38 cases. After defining the
      populations at special risk and indicating the reservoirs of groupe B
      streptococci in man, we report a number of uncommon features associated with
      endocarditis due to this organism and finish by discussine the theraphy. 

PMID- 27373462
TI  - Medicaments Recemment Enregistres.

PMID- 27373463
TI  - Extraction and Purification of DNA from Complex Biological Sample Matrices Using
      Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Real-Time PCR.
AB  - The determination of extremely small quantities of DNA from complex biological
      sample matrices represents a significant bottleneck in nucleic acid analysis. In
      this study, polymeric ionic liquid (PIL)-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME)
      was applied for the extraction and purification of DNA from crude bacterial cell
      lysate with subsequent quantification by real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. Using an
      on-fiber ultraviolet initiated polymerization technique, eight different PIL
      sorbent coatings were generated and their DNA extraction performance evaluated
      using qPCR. The PIL sorbent coating featuring halide anions and carboxylic acid
      groups in the cationic portion exhibited superior DNA extraction capabilities
      when compared to the other studied PILs and a commercial polyacrylate SPME fiber.
      Electrostatic interactions as well as an ion-exchange mechanism were identified
      as the driving forces in DNA extraction by the PIL sorbents. The selectivity of
      the PIL sorbent coating for DNA was demonstrated in the presence of PCR
      inhibitors at high concentration, where a quantifiable amount of template DNA was
      extracted from aqueous samples containing CaCl2 and FeCl3. Furthermore, the PIL
      based SPME method was successfully applied for the extraction of DNA from crude
      bacterial cell lysate spiked with 1 pg mL(-1) template DNA without requiring the
      use of organic solvents or centrifugation steps. Following PIL-based SPME of DNA
      from a dilute cell lysate, the qPCR amplification efficiency was determined to be
      100.3%, demonstrating the feasibility of the developed method to extract high
      purity DNA from complex sample matrices.

PMID- 27373464
TI  - Exploring Ag(111) Substrate for Epitaxially Growing Monolayer Stanene: A First
      Principles Study.
AB  - Stanene, a two-dimensional topological insulator composed of Sn atoms in a
      hexagonal lattice, is a promising contender to Si in nanoelectronics. Currently
      it is still a significant challenge to achieve large-area, high-quality monolayer
      stanene. We explore the potential of Ag(111) surface as an ideal substrate for
      the epitaxial growth of monolayer stanene. Using first-principles calculations,
      we study the stability of the structure of stanene in different epitaxial
      relations with respect to Ag(111) surface, and also the diffusion behavior of Sn
      adatom on Ag(111) surface. Our study reveals that: (1) the hexagonal structure of
      stanene monolayer is well reserved on Ag(111) surface; (2) the height of
      epitaxial stanene monolayer is comparable to the step height of the substrate,
      enabling the growth to cross the surface step and achieve a large-area stanene;
      (3) the perfect lattice structure of free-standing stanene can be achieved once
      the epitaxial stanene monolayer is detached from Ag(111) surface; and finally (4)
      the diffusion barrier of Sn adatom on Ag(111) surface is found to be only 0.041
      eV, allowing the epitaxial growth of stanene monolayer even at low temperatures.
      Our above revelations strongly suggest that Ag(111) surface is an ideal candidate
      for growing large-area, high-quality monolayer stanene.

PMID- 27373465
TI  - Influence of the ultrasound pretreatment on anaerobic digestion of cattle manure,
      food waste and crude glycerine.
AB  - To increase the production of methane, when cattle manure (CM) is digested,
      pretreatments can be applied and/or the manure can be co-digested with other
      wastes. In this research work, a mixture of CM, food waste (FW) and raw glycerine
      (Gly) in a proportion in weight of 87% CM, 10% FW and 3% Gly was digested, (a)
      without pretreatment and (b) with pretreatment by ultrasound, applying a
      sonication energy of 1040 kJ/kg total solids. Specific methane production was 290
      L CH4/kg volatile solids (VS) without pretreatment and 520 L CH4/kg VS with
      pretreatment. With respect to the volumetric methane production, 1.07 L
      CH4/Lreactor.day was produced in the first case, and in the second case, 1.98 L
      CH4/Lreactor.day. We can conclude that the application of ultrasound pretreatment
      significantly improved the production of biogas.

PMID- 27373466
TI  - Probing the spontaneous reduction mechanism of platinum ions confined in the
      nanospace by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy.
AB  - The reduction mechanism of Pt(4+) ions confined in the channel of multi-walled
      carbon nanotubes was mainly investigated using X-ray absorption fine structure
      (XAFS) spectroscopy, with the aid of TEM, Raman, XRD and ICP-AES studies. The
      XAFS spectra revealed the spontaneous formation of Pt nanoparticles when H2PtCl6
      was confined in multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The Pt L3-edge X-ray
      absorption near edge structure (XANES) coupled with the C K-edge NEXAFS results
      indicated that the reduction of Pt(4+) from tetravalent to zerovalent was
      attributed to the electron transfer from MWCNTs. The Fourier transform R-space of
      the Pt L3-edge XAFS data displayed that the nanoconfinement effect of MWCNTs
      promoted the formation of Pt nanoparticles. Moreover, the Pt-Pt bond length in
      confined Pt nanoparticles became shorter than that of Pt in the bulk state.
      Furthermore, by varying the inner diameter of MWCNTs from 15 nm to 10 nm and 5
      nm, the Pt-Pt bond length of nanoconfined Pt nanoparticles decreased gradually.
      The results clearly revealed that MWCNTs acting as enriched electron donors can
      continuously reduce the confined Pt ions to Pt nanoparticles, thereby showing a
      great potential for the design of a new type of confined nanocatalysts. 

PMID- 27373467
TI  - Ultrathin two-dimensional layered metal hydroxides: an emerging platform for
      advanced catalysis, energy conversion and storage.
AB  - The unique properties of graphene are triggering a great deal of attention toward
      the family of ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) structures. Ultrathin layered metal
      hydroxides (LMHs) are increasingly being recognized as an important category in
      2D nanomaterials, and the corresponding research has been experiencing a
      significant renaissance. Due to the flexible tunability of metal ions, their
      naturally positively charged plane and 2D anisotropy with nanometre thickness,
      ultrathin LMHs and their derived hybrids have shown exciting perspectives in many
      fields, such as catalysis, and energy storage and conversion. As for practical
      application, ultrathin 2D LMHs have exhibited high performances in
      electrocatalysis (e.g. the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions),
      photocatalysis and supercapacitors. In particular, hybrid materials based on
      ultrathin LMHs have proven to further improve the catalytic performance by
      synergistic effects derived from the hybrid interfaces. Nevertheless, studies on
      ultrathin LMHs are still in the infant stage and lag far behind other important
      2D nanomaterials. Hence, it is essential to update the reported work in this
      emerging research area. In this tutorial review, we aim to summarize recent
      developments in ultrathin LMHs and their derived hybrids. The quite dispersed
      literature regarding ultrathin LMH-based materials is classified under the
      framework of catalysis- and energy-related properties and applications. 

PMID- 27373468
TI  - Cavity-containing supramolecular gels as a crystallization tool for hydrophobic
      pharmaceuticals.
AB  - We present two approaches to low-molecular-weight supramolecular gels bearing
      hydrophobic cavities based on calixarene-containing building blocks. Gels are
      formed by a calixarene based tetrahydrazide gelator or a co-gel of a calixarene
      diammonium salt and a bis-crown ether. The calixarene hydrophobic cavity enables
      the complexation of hydrophobic drug molecules in a generic fashion thus
      providing an anchor site on the surface of the gel fibre to initiate drug crystal
      nucleation and growth. This technique potentially represents a route to growth of
      hard-to-nucleate polymorphic modifications. The co-gel comprising two components
      holding together by non-covalent ammonium-crown ether interaction can be easily
      switched back to the sol state by adding competitive binding cations. 

PMID- 27373469
TI  - Wetting against the nap - how asperity inclination determines unidirectional
      spreading.
AB  - We have carried out wetting experiments on textured surfaces with high aspect
      ratio asperities in the Wenzel state. When inclination is imparted to the
      asperities, we observe a strictly unidirectional spreading opposite to the
      direction in which the asperities point. The advancing contact angle decreases
      markedly as inclination increases. A crude numerical analysis successfully
      accounts for this behaviour, highlighting the interplay between Gibbs pinning at
      the top of the structures and imbibition along the valleys between them. In Gibbs
      pinning non-linearities play a major role and we find that simple line averaging 
      i.e. a rule of mixture - cannot account for this evolution except for weak
      surface perturbations, i.e. large inclinations. 

PMID- 27373471
TI  - [Current situation and thoughts on precision medicine about the treatment of
      tumor in China].
AB  - With United States starting"precision medical plan", it is widespread all over
      the world and opens a new direction to the development of medicine. Our country
      also starts the plan, trying to take the opportunity. At present, tumor threats
      human health with high incidence and mortality. In China, the incidence and
      mortality of tumor has been on the rise.So the tumor has become one of the most
      important fields of precision medicine.Precision medicine, hoping to reveal the
      Chinese characteristics of precision medicine, and getting the personal and
      social maximize health benefits are discussed in the paper. 

PMID- 27373472
TI  - [Operation treatment method of Bismuth-Corlette III, IV hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma].
AB  - Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) is also known as cancer at the upper part of bile
      duct, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma or Klatskin tumor, etc.Bismuth-Corlette type
      III hilar cholangiocarcinoma refers to tumor invading right hepatic duct (IIIa)
      or left hepatic duct (IIIb). While Bismuth-Corlette type IV hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma refers to both left and right intrahepatic bile ducts being
      invaded. Under the premise of strictly grasping the indications of surgery, if
      preoperative management is conducted carefully, extended hepatic resection is a
      safe and feasible surgery to remove Bismuth-Corlette type III and type IV hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma. When conducting extended hepatic resection, right hepatectomy
      and combined caudate lobectomy should be conducted depending on the
      circumstances. Routine skeletization lymph node dissection of the hepatoduodenal
      ligament is performed, which could be expanded into celiac trunk, para-aortic
      area and the rear of pancreatic head. In the premise of radical resection,
      invaded vessels should be removed and then reconstructed depending on
      circumstances. 

PMID- 27373470
TI  - Molecular cloning, expression and the adjuvant effects of interleukin-8 of
      channel catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) against Streptococcus iniae.
AB  - Interleukin-8 (IL-8) as an important cytokine involving in inflammatory and
      immune response, has been studied as effective adjuvants for vaccines in mammals.
      However, there are fewer reports about the characterization and adjuvant effects
      of IL-8 in fish. In this study, cloning and sequence analysis of IL-8 coding
      region of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were conducted, mature IL-8(rtIL
      8) was expressed and evaluated for its adjuvant effects on the immunoprotection
      of subunit vaccine encoding alpha-enolase (rENO) of Streptococcus iniae from
      several aspects in channel catfish. The results showed co-vaccination of rENO
      with rtIL-8 enhanced immune responses including humoral and cellular immunity,
      with higher relative percent survival(RPS,71.4%) compared with the moderate RPS
      of rENO alone(50%) against S. iniae infection at 4 week post vaccination. While
      rtIL-8 failed to maintain long-lasting immune protection, only with RPS of 26.67%
      in rENO + rtIL-8-vaccinated fish compared with that of rENO alone(20%) at 8 week,
      signifying that IL-8 hold promise for use as potential immunopotentiator in
      vaccines against bacterial infections in fish, whereas it is insufficient to
      extend the immunoprotection for long time, and further studies are required to
      understand the mechanisms of IL-8 used as an adjuvant and seek for more effective
      way to strengthen the adjuvanticity of IL-8.

PMID- 27373473
TI  - [Prognostic factors analysis for the long-term survival in solitary large
      hepatocellular carcinoma patients after hepatectomy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the prognostic factors that have affected the long-term
      survival of solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma (SLHCC) patients after
      hepatectomy. METHODS: The clinical data of 215 SLHCC patients accepted
      hepatectomy in the Xiangya Hospital, Central South University from January 2004
      to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 182 males and 33
      females aged from 24 to 69 years(median age was 46 years). Using a variety of
      statistical methods, including the Kaplan-Meier estimator and the Log-rank test,
      the impacts of an array of clinicopathologic factors, such as age, gender, liver
      cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis, the Child-Pugh grading, microvascular
      invasion, macrovascular invasion and TNM staging, on the overall survival and the
      disease-free survival of SLHCC patients after hepatectomy were analyzed.The
      prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses for the
      long-term survival of SLHCC patients after hepatectomy. RESULTS: The whole group
      of patients with SLHCC showed 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates of 88.1%,
      60.2%, and 41.7%, respectively, and exhibited 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease-free
      survival rates of 80.1%, 49.4%, and 33.6%, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year
      overall survival rates and disease-free survival rates of SLHCC patients with
      microvascular invasion were 82.0%, 45.1%, 29.0% and 69.6%, 36.1%, 23.5%,
      respectively. In addition, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates and
      disease-free survival rates of SLHCC patients with macrovascular invasion were
      64.7%, 34.3%, 18.3% and 54.2%, 24.1%, 0, respectively. In contrast, the 1-, 3-,
      and 5-year overall survival rates and disease-free survival rates of SLHCC
      patients without vascular invasion were 95.0%, 72.3%, 51.8% and 90.1%, 60.9%,
      42.9%, respectively. The results of univariate analysis indicated that liver
      cirrhosis, microvascular invasion, macrovascular invasion, TNM staging were
      hazardous factors for the overall survival of SLHCC patients(chi(2)=4.953, 8.835,
      15.237, 19.789 respectively, all P<0.05); while microvascular invasion,
      macrovascular invasion, TNM staging were risk factors for the disease-free
      survival of SLHCC patients(chi(2)=12.974, 13.247, 24.516 respectively, all
      P<0.05). Furthermore, the multivariate analysis suggested that microvascular
      invasion, macrovascular invasion, TNM staging were the independent prognostic
      factors that have affected the overall survival and disease-free survival of
      SLHCC patients(all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Microvascular invasion, macrovascular
      invasion and TNM staging were the independent prognostic factors for the long
      term survival of patients with SLHCC after hepatectomy.

PMID- 27373474
TI  - [Laparoscopic reoperation for recurred antireflux surgery of gastroesophageal
      reflux disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic
      reoperation for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) recurred
      form previous anti-reflux surgery. METHODS: Totally 19 patients received
      laparoscopic reoperation for symptomatic and anatomic recurred GERD in Department
      of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Rocket Force General Hospital from January
      2008 to September 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 12 male and 7
      female patients. The average reoperation age was (48+/-14) years, the average
      duration of reoperation from original ones was (43+/-38) months. The patients
      underwent preoperative barium, endoscopy, manometry and 24-hour pH studies.
      Laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair plus fundoplication was carried out for
      reoperation. Gastroesophageal reflux related symptoms (reflux, heartburn, chest
      pain, chough, wheezing, chest tightness and globus sensation) before and after
      surgery were compared by a questionnaire. The patients' medication consumption,
      complications and satisfaction of the reoperation were investigated as well. The
      repeated measures analysis of variance was used for statistical comparison of
      data preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS: No major complication and death
      occurred. Six cases (32%) had complications such as diarrhea, increased passing
      wind, flatulence, dysphagia and abdominal pain. The GERD related symptom score of
      reflux, heartburn, chest pain, chough, wheezing, chest tightness and globus
      sensation all significantly decreased (F: 25.0 to 56.7; P: 0.000 to 0.001) after
      the reoperation, with 68% good outcome of all the patients. After a follow-up of
      (33+/-22) months after reoperation, 1 case had partial recurrence at the 3(rd)
      month after reoperation. For all the patients, 12 cases felt very satisfied or
      satisfied with the reoperation. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic reoperation is generally
      effective with acceptable morbidity rates for patients with esophageal and
      extraesophageal symptoms recurred form previous hiatal repair and (or)
      fundoplication.

PMID- 27373476
TI  - [Developmental characteristics of various types of hand bones of Poland's
      syndrome].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore development status in different types of the hand bone and
      its developmental characteristics with Poland syndrome. METHODS: There were 32
      cases with Poland's syndrome who accepted bilateral hand X-ray examination in
      Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from February 2013 to
      August 2014.There were 24 male and 8 female patients aged from 1.0 to 15.0 years
      with median age of 2.4 years. Right hand deformity was 23 cases and left hand
      deformity was 9 cases. According to Tanner-Whitehouse skeletal age scoring
      system, 20 bones (radius and ulna, 7 carpal bones, 11 metacarpal and phalangeal
      bones) selected from the affected and contralateral limb respectively, were
      evaluated. Besides, hand deformity of the cases was classified into 5 types based
      on relevant literature. Each bone was given an individual age using the
      references of Greulich-Pyle chart. The average of all individual ages was taken
      as gross bone age, the average of individual ages of radius and ulna was taken as
      bone age of long bones, the average of individual ages of carpal bone was taken
      as bone age of carpal bones, and the average of individual age of metacarpal and
      phalangeal bones was taken as bone age of short bones.The delay of bone age was
      evaluated by correlation test, while the curve of cubic equation was used for
      analyzing the variance of skeletal development with age. RESULTS: The delay of
      long bone age of patients with Poland's syndrome in this study were 0-1.9 years
      ((0.5+/-0.5) years), 0-2.2 years ((0.7+/-0.5)years) for carpal bone, 0.5-2.0
      years((0.6+/-0.4) years)for short bone and 0.1-1.7 years((0.6+/-0.4)years) for
      gross bone.Twelve cases in type II hand deformity, 15 cases in type III and 5
      cases in type IV. The delay of bone ages, including long bone age, carpal bone
      age, short bone age and gross bone age, was not related with gender and side(all
      P>0.05), but related with degree of deformity(F=3.663-12.971, P=0.000-0.038).
      CONCLUSION: Compared with normal upper limb, the bone age in the affected limb in
      Poland's syndrome is delayed and it is correlated with gender, age and the extent
      of hand deformity and negative with side.

PMID- 27373475
TI  - [Clinical amalysis of left subclavian artery revascularization by stented trunk
      fenestration for acute Stanford type A aortic dissection].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To summarize the results and methods of left subclavian artery
      revascularization by stented trunk fenestration for acute Stanford type A aortic
      dissection. METHODS: Clinical data of 67 patients (54 male and 13 female, mean
      age of (50+/-10) years) underwent surgical treatment of left subclavian artery
      fenestration for acute Stanford A aortic dissection in Department of
      Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical College
      between September 2008 and December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. The
      origin of the left subclavian artery was in the true lumen and no dissection
      existed near the artery's starting. There were 18 cases of Marfan's syndrome.
      Preoperative echocardiography showed moderate to severe aortic regurgitation in
      10 cases, and mitral regurgitation in 3 cases. Electrocardiogram showed
      myocardial ischemia in 5 cases. Three patients had acute impaired renal function.
      All the patients received total arch replacement combined with stented elephant
      trunk implantation. Left subclavian artery revascularization was performed by
      stented trunk fenestration as follows: firstly, stented elephant trunk was
      implanted to completely cover the left subclavian artery, then part of stented
      trunk's polyester lining was removed which is located at the origin of left
      subclavian artery. Aortic root procedures included aortic valve replacement in 2
      cases, Bentall procedure in 21 cases and aortic valve sparing in 44 cases. Three
      patients received mitral valve repair and 6 patients received coronary artery
      bypass grafting. RESULTS: The cardiopulmonary bypass time, cross-clamp time, and
      circulatory arrest time were (179+/-32) minutes, (112+/-25) minutes, and (26+/
      10) minutes, respectively. The in-hospital mortality was 7.5% (5/67): 2 patients
      died of multiple organ failure, 1 patient died of acute renal failure and another
      2 patients died of severe infection shock. Two patients required reexploration
      for root bleeding. Transient neurology dysfunction developed in 6 patients. Six
      patients received tracheotomy and prolonged ventilation due to pulmonary
      infection. All patients discharged from the hospital were followed up for 1 to 5
      years. During long-term follow-up, the survival rate was 100% and 89.8% at 1 and
      5 years, respectively. CT angiography was performed once per year after
      discharged. The left subclavian artery perfusion was good. No dissection or
      anastomosis leakage was identified in any case. Stroke and left limb ischemia did
      not develope. CONCLUSION: For acute Stanford type A aortic dissection whose
      origin of the left subclavian artery is in the true lumen and no dissection
      existed near the artery's starting, the left subclavian artery revascularization
      by stented trunk fenestration technique during total arch replacement combined
      with stented elephant trunk implantation is reliable and effective.

PMID- 27373477
TI  - [Radiographic study of Coflex interspinous device for lumbar spinal stenosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the radiography change of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS)
      treated with the implantation of Coflex interspinous device retrospectively.
      METHODS: Sixty patients (34 male and 26 female) with LSS who underwent the
      decompression and Coflex device implanted surgery from January 2010 to December
      2013 were followed up. The mean age of the patients was 59.4 years. There were 33
      cases underwent Coflex surgery and 27 cases underwent Topping-off surgery. The
      Coflex segment ranged from L1/2 to L4/5 (L1-2: 1, L2-3: 5, L3-4: 19, L4-5: 35).
      The foraminal height, foraminal width and intervertebral space height change of
      the Coflex segment as well as its adjacent segment were recorded pre-/post
      operatively and at last follow-up.Meanwhile, the Oswestry Disability Index(ODI)
      and Visual Analog Scale(VAS) were measured in all patient pre-/post-operatively
      and at last follow-up. The measurement data was recorded asx+/-s. And the
      independent and paired samples t-test was used to conduct the statistical
      analysis. RESULTS: The foraminal height(FH) increased from (19.82+/-2.38) mm to
      (22.28+/-2.95) mm (P<0.05) post-operatively, and the FH decreased to (19.31+/
      3.32) mm at the last follow up(P>0.05, compared to the post-operation). The
      average foraminal width(FW) was 11.2 mm, 11.58 mm and 11.12 mm at pre-/post
      operation and follow up, which had no significant different change(P>0.05). The
      post-operative intervertebral space height (ISH) increased from (7.84+/-1.56) mm
      to (10.05+/-2.39) mm(P<0.05), and the ISH decreased to (7.91+/-1.77) mm at the
      last follow up(P>0.05, compared to the post-operation). The amount of the
      decreased FH and ISH had no significant difference when comparing the Coflex
      segment with its adjacent (Coflex+/-1) segments (P>0.05). The lumbar lordosis(LL)
      was 43.13 degrees +/-15.93 degrees , 38.41 degrees +/-10.82 degrees  and 43.10
      degrees +/-13.21 degrees  at pre-/post-operation and follow up, there was no
      significant difference between pre- and post-operation(P>0.05). All patients
      showed statistically significant improvement(P<0.05) in the clinical outcome
      assessed in the VAS and ODI at the time of follow up compared to the pre
      operation. The ODI score decreased from 65.12+/-13.56 to 9.89+/-1.77; the VAS
      score decreased from 8.02+/-1.81 to 1.66+/-0.51. CONCLUSIONS: Coflex device could
      temporarily improve the FH and ISH after operation. However, it could not
      maintain the improvement as the follow-up time extended. The surgical
      decompression is the responsible factor for the good clinical outcome but not the
      improvement of FH.

PMID- 27373478
TI  - [The clinical analysis of instrumentation failure after corrective surgery for
      thoracolumbar focal kyphosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the etiology of instrumentation failure after corrective
      surgery for thoracolumbar focal kyphosis, and make suggestion for treatment.
      METHODS: Retrospective study for 8 patients with thoracolumbar focal kyphosis who
      underwent surgical treatment and suffered instrumentation failure from June 2005
      to December 2011 was made. The surgical procedures included pedicle subtraction
      osteotomy (PSO), anterior opening-posterior closing osteotomy and correction
      (AOPC), and posterior vertebral column resection (VCR). The reasons of
      instrumentation failure were analyzed and revision surgeries were performed.
      RESULTS: The incidence of instrumentation failure was 6.3%. The average
      occurrence time was 22.5 months after surgery. Except one had failure in 3 months
      after surgery, all cases happened after 1 year. In this series, there were 5
      cases with post-tuberculosis, 2 cases with post-traumatic kyphosis and 1 case
      with congenital kyphosis. For the surgical procedure, 7 cases underwent VCR and 1
      case AOPC. After the instrumentation failure, all cases had back pain, and 3 of
      them had combined neurological symptoms. The reasons or risk factors of
      instrumentation failure included non-fusion of bone graft, VCR procedure, sink of
      the titanium mesh, insufficiency of anchor sites, and more severe kyphosis. All
      the 8 cases were treated with revision surgery and got good results. CONCLUSIONS:
      The instrumentation failure of thoracolumbar focal kyphosis is relatively late
      occurred, and can develop with various reasons. Positive revision surgery is
      suggested for the instrumentation failure, and good results can be expected.

PMID- 27373479
TI  - [Clinical analysis of 67 cases of surgical site infection after spine surgery].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the treatment of surgical site infection(SSI) after
      spine surgery. METHODS: Sixty-seven patients (aged 20-77 years with mean age of
      51 years) with etiologically-confirmed surgical site infection after spine
      surgery in Peking University Third Hospital between July 2004 and December 2012
      were retrospectively analyzed. There were 39 male and 28 female patients; 47
      lumbar infections, 4 thoracic infections, 7 lower cervical infections and 8 upper
      cervical infections; 64 early infections and 3 delayed infections; 23 superficial
      infections and 44 deep infections; 47 monomicrobial infections and 20
      polymicrobial infections. Ninety-six strains of bacteria were identified from the
      bacterial culture of 67 patients. Sixty strains were gram-positive pathogenic
      bacteria (62.5%), and the top three species were Staphylococcus aureus, S.
      epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. The remaining 36 strains were gram
      negative pathogenic bacteria (37.5%), and the 3 species most predominant were
      Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. All the
      patients with SSI were administered antibiotics. Debridement and irrigation
      suction was performed if little symptomatic improvement was achieved in two-to
      three days of antibiotics treatment, patients underwent 1-5 times of debridements
      (mean 1.5 times). RESULTS: One patient was dead of MRSA septicemia, whom
      manifested as high fever, alalia and incision swelling when the infection
      occurred. The patient underwent polymicrobial of pulmonary infection and urinary
      tract infection during the period of hospitalization, and finally died of
      multiple organ failure. Sixty-six cases had wound healed, and they were followed
      up for 25-117 months (average 70 months), no recurrence of infection was found at
      last follow-up. Among the 65 cases of internal fixation, 56 cases reserved the
      implants, while implants were removed in other 9 cases for controlling infection.
      CONCLUSION: Reasonable antibiotics and irrigation-suction are effective methods
      for managing surgical site infections after spine surgery and prevent removal of
      implants.

PMID- 27373480
TI  - [Survival analysis of surgically treated renal cell carcinoma: an analysis of 10
      year data from single center].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore how clinical features of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) relate
      to cancer patients' prognosis and survival. METHODS: A total of 1 497 renal cell
      carcinoma patients received surgical treatments in Department of Urology, Peking
      Union Medical College were admitted between January 2002 and December 2012.
      Telephone interviews and complimentary medical records review were carried out to
      acquire follow-up data, including post-surgery adjuvant therapy, disease
      progression and survival. RESULTS: There were 1 326 of all 1 497 RCC cases
      successfully followed up, including 899 male and 427 female cases. The median age
      was 54(18) years (M(QR)). There were 1 049 T1 cases (79.11%), 139 T2 cases
      (10.48%), 125 T3 cases (9.43%), and 13 T4 cases (0.98%). As for types of surgery,
      there were 584 (44.04%) nephron-sparing surgery cases, and 742 (55.96%) radical
      nephrectomy cases. As for pathological subtypes, it included 1 153 (86.95%) clear
      cell renal cell carcinoma cases, and 173 (13.05%) non-clear cell renal cell
      carcinoma cases. Median length of follow-up was 43.6 months. During follow-up,
      147 patients developed RCC related progression, with a median progression free
      survival of 18.2 months.Sixty-four patients died from RCC related progression,
      with a median cancer specific survival (CSS) of 27.7 months. RESULTS of data
      analysis showed that CSS rates of 1-, 5-, 10-year of T1 stage post-surgical RCC
      were 99.61%, 97.24%, 92.08%, respectively; CSS rates of 1-, 5-, 10-year of T2
      stage were 98.51%, 92.01%, 85.08%, respectively; and CSS rates of 1-, 5-, 10-year
      of T3-4 stage were 92.40%, 77.99%, 42.56%, respectively. Multivariable Cox
      regression analysis showed that signs of lung metastasis, signs of bone
      metastasis, tumor N stage, pathological subtype, microscopic sarcomatoid
      changing, and types of progression were major risk factors for RCC cancer
      specific survival (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Surgery is the primary choice of
      treatment in RCC. The survival is not same with different T stage. T stage
      affects the progression of renal cell carcinoma. N stage, lung and bone symptoms,
      pathological type, sarcomatoid changes and postoperative metastasis of renal cell
      carcinoma will affect the mortality of patients.

PMID- 27373481
TI  - [A multicenter study on the prognostic factors of one year outcomes in patients
      with poor grade intracranial aneurysm after early treatment].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore the one year outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
      patients with poor grade intracranial aneurysm who underwent early treatment
      (within 72 hours), and to analyze the possible predictors of the prognosis.
      METHODS: This clinical study was a prospective, multicenter, observational
      registry of SAH patients with poor grade intracranial aneurysm. Data pertaining
      to 203 SAH patients with poor grade intracranial aneurysm between October 2010
      and March 2013 from 10 medical centers. There were 100 male and 103 female
      patients. Neurological outcomes at 12 months after the surgery were measured
      using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Genders, age, smoke, breath, herniation,
      aneurysm location, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade, CT
      Fisher's grade, alcohol consumption, aneurysm diameter, surgical procedure and
      operation time were identified as possible prognostic factors, the association
      between possible prognostic factors and outcome were analyzed, using univariate
      and multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis included Wilcoxon rank sum test,
      Kruskal-Wallis H test and Nemenyi test, multivariate analysis included Logistic
      regression test. RESULTS: Among 203 patients, 94 patients were WFNS grade IV, and
      109 patients were WFNS grade V; 31 patients were CT Fisher's grade 1 to 2, 172
      patients were CT Fisher's grade 3 to 5. Herniation (OR=2.535, 95%CI: 1.204 to
      5.339, P=0.014), WFNS grade V (OR=3.728, 95%CI: 1.972 to 7.043, P=0.000), CT
      Fisher's grade 3 to 5 (OR=5.641, 95%CI: 2.032 to 15.643, P=0.001), and anterior
      circulation location (OR=6.234, 95%CI: 1.996 to 19.472, P=0.002) were found to be
      independent prognostic factors of unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Early
      surgical treatment could improve the prognosis of SAH patients with poor-grade
      aneurysm. The patients with herniation, WFNS grade V, CT Fisher's grade 3 to 5,
      anterior circulation aneurysms suffered unfavorable prognosis.

PMID- 27373482
TI  - [Using (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and gene ontology to
      establish pathological staging model for esophageal cancer patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: By combining the metabolomics and computational biology, to explore
      the relationship between metabolic phenotype and pathological stage in esophageal
      cancer patients, to find the mechanism of metabolic network disturbance and
      develop a new method for fast preoperative clinical staging. METHODS: A
      prospective cohort study (from April 2013 to January 2016) was conducted. The
      preoperative patients from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, who were
      diagnosed with esophageal cancer from May 2013 to April 2014 were included, and
      their serum samples were collected to detect (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) metabolomics for the purpose of drawing the metabolic fingerprinting in
      different stages of patients with esophageal cancer. The data were processed with
      these methods-principal components analysis: partial least squares regression and
      support vector machine, for the exploration of the enzyme-gene network regulatory
      mechanism in abnormal esophageal cancer metabolic network regulation and to build
      the quantitative prediction model of esophageal cancer staging in the end. All
      data were processed on high-performance computing platforms Matalab. The
      comparison of data had used Wilcoxon test, variance analysis, chi(2) test and
      Fisher exact test. RESULTS: Twenty patients with different stages of esophageal
      cancer were included; and their serum metabolic fingerprinting could
      differentiate different tumor stages. There were no difference among the five
      teams in the age (F=1.086, P>0.05), the body mass index (F=1.035, P>0.05), the
      distance from the incisors to tumor (F=1.078, P>0.05). Among the patients with
      different TNM stages, there was a significant difference in plasma metabolome.
      Compared to IIB, IIIA, IVstage patients, increased levels of butanone, ethanol
      amine, homocysteine, hydroxy acids and estriol, together with decreased levels of
      glycoprotein, creatine, choline, isobutyricacid, alanine, leucine, valine, were
      observed inIB, IIA stage patients. Four metabolic markers (ethanol amine, hydroxy
      propionic acid, homocysteine and estriol) were eventually selected. gene ontology
      analysis showed that 54 enzymes and genes regulated the 4 key metabolic markers.
      The quantitative prediction model of esophageal cancer staging based on
      esophageal cancer NMR spectrum were established. Cross-validation results showed
      that the predicted effect was good (root mean square error=5.3, R(2)=0.47,
      P=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: The systems biology approaches based on metabolomics and
      enzyme-gene regulatory network analysis can be used to quantify the metabolic
      network disturbance of patients with advanced esophageal cancer, and to predict
      preoperative clinical staging of esophageal cancer patients by plasma NMR
      metabolomics.

PMID- 27373483
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of solid pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas].
AB  - Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas (SPN) is a rare neoplasm which
      primarily affects young women without specific clinical manifestation. Computed
      tomography and magnetic resonance imaging contribute to the preoperative
      diagnosis of SPN. Surgery is the main treatment approach for SPN and more
      research of radiation and chemotherapy is needed. Tumor diameter larger than 5
      cm, tumor infiltrating nerve, vessel or adipose tissue can increase the risk of
      recurrence. However, these patients can still get good prognosis after surgical
      resection. 

PMID- 27373484
TI  - [Progress in diagnosis and treatment of ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft
      fracture].
AB  - Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures are rare injuries, which are often
      caused by high-energy trauma and combined with multiple injuries, such as
      thoracic and abdominal injury, head injuries, and fractures of other
      sites.Delayed or missed diagnosis of the ipsilateral femoral neck fracture often
      occurs.When patients with femoral shaft fractures caused by high-energy trauma
      are admitted into hospital, physical examination should be conducted carefully.In
      addition to femoral shaft fractures, radiographs of the ipsilater hip and knee
      joints should been taken, simultaneously taking into consideration the potential
      effect of anteversion angle on the demonstration of femoral neck
      fracture.Computed tomograph and magnetic resonance imaging are advised to perform
      if necessary to facilitate early and accurate diagnosis of ipsilateral femoral
      neck fracture.Comprehensive evaluation should be done based on age, physical
      condition, associated injuries as well as fracture site, classification and
      injury severity.Accordingly, proper and reasonable surgical plan is made.During
      the operation, anatomical reduction of the fractures, especially femoral neck
      fractures, should be achieved, and then fixed with appropriate internal
      implants.Besides, attention should also be paid to the treatment of associated
      injuries as well as the prevention and management of complications. 

PMID- 27373485
TI  - Corrigendum: The changing shape of vaccination: improving immune responses
      through geometrical variations of a microdevice for immunization.

PMID- 27373486
TI  - [Exploratory factorial analysis and factorial complexity: Beyond rotations].

PMID- 27373487
TI  - Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor regulates repair of ultraviolet B-induced
      DNA damage in human keratinocytes in vivo.
AB  - The activation status of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R)
      regulates the cellular response of keratinocytes to ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure,
      both in vitro and in vivo. Geriatric skin is deficient in IGF-1 expression
      resulting in an aberrant IGF-1R-dependent UVB response which contributes to the
      development of aging-associated squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, our lab and
      others have reported that geriatric keratinocytes repair UVB-induced DNA damage
      less efficiently than young adult keratinocytes. Here, we show that IGF-1R
      activation influences DNA damage repair in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes.
      Specifically, in the absence of IGF-1R activation, the rate of DNA damage repair
      following UVB-irradiation was significantly slowed (using immortalized human
      keratinocytes) or inhibited (using primary human keratinocytes). Furthermore,
      inhibition of IGF-1R activity in human skin, using either ex vivo explant
      cultures or in vivo xenograft models, suppressed DNA damage repair. Primary
      keratinocytes with an inactivated IGF-1R also exhibited lower steady-state levels
      of nucleotide excision repair mRNAs. These results suggest that deficient UVB
      induced DNA repair in geriatric keratinocytes is due in part to silenced IGF-1R
      activation in geriatric skin and provide a mechanism for how the IGF-1 pathway
      plays a role in the initiation of squamous cell carcinoma in geriatric patients.

PMID- 27373488
TI  - TNF-alpha-308/-238 polymorphisms are associated with gastric cancer: A case
      control family study in China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Associations of TNF-alpha-308 (rs1800629) and -238 (rs361525) with
      gastric cancer had the inconsistent indication among different populations.
      METHODS: In this case-control family study, 47 families were determined with the
      probands diagnosed with gastric cancer (case family, n=296), accordingly 47
      families without gastric cancer were matched with the case families by
      multivariate distribution of age, sex, social class, and pedigree size (control
      family, n=319). Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length
      polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) was used to identify the TNF genotype. Chi-square test
      was used to compare the groups regarding genotype and the allele frequencies, HWE
      test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RESULTS: The frequencies of TNF-alpha-308 GA
      and AA genotypes were significantly higher in case family than that in control
      family. The risk of gastric cancer was increased in GA and AA carriers in the
      first degree (OR=2.06, 95% CI=1.20-3.51 and OR=4.89, 95% CI=2.74-8.74), however
      the similar result was not found in the second degree. Helicobacter pylori
      infection status were significantly associated with risk of gastric cancer in
      first-degree relatives (OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.26-3.05) while no statistical
      significance was noted in the second-degree relatives. Haplotypes of TNF-alpha
      308/-238 alleles, GA/GG, AA/GG and AA/GA indicated the susceptibilities to
      gastric cancer with OR and 95% confident intervals resulting 2.07 (1.34-3.21),
      4.49 (2.74-7.33) and 4.98 (1.76-14.01) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TNF-alpha-G308A
      (rs1800629) polymorphisms are associated with gastric cancer in Chinese
      population. Haplotypes of TNF-alpha-308/-238 GA/GG, AA/GG and AA/GA increase the
      susceptibilities to gastric cancer. The first-degree relatives are more likely to
      develop into gastric cancer with TNF-alpha-G308 polymorphisms and H. pylori
      positive than the second-degree are.

PMID- 27373489
TI  - Constitutive expression of recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 by Pichia
      pastoris.
AB  - PH20 is known as sperm adhesion molecule 1 (SPAM1) and also has hyaluronidase
      function to preferentially hydrolyze the glycosidic linkage of hyaluronic acid
      (HA). A DNA fragment containing core domain of human PH20 gene was cloned into a
      constitutive expression plasmid (pGAPZalphaC) of Pichia pastoris to produce a
      fusion protein with alpha factor signal in the N-terminus and 6 * His as well as
      c-Myc tags in the C-terminus. The resulting plasmid pGAPZalphaC-PH20 was
      integrated into the genome of P. pastoris strain GS115. Functional recombinant
      human PH20 (rHuPH20) was successfully expressed and secreted by the recombinant
      P. pastoris transformant. Highest hyaluronidase activity of 2 mU/mL could be
      obtained at 3 day in an YPD culture. After purified by phenylboronic acid resin
      adsorption, rHuPH20 with a specific activity of 230 mU/mg was obtained. Via
      periodic acid-Schiff staining and zymogram analysis, the partially purified
      rHuPH20 was determined to be highly glycosylated to various extents with
      molecular mass in the range of 100-300 kDa. The enzyme showed a maximal activity
      at pH 5.0 but no appreciable activity at pH <=3 and pH >=8. The hyaluronidase
      activity could be stably maintained at 4 degrees C but lost 40% after incubating
      at 30 degrees C for 4 h. Both N-acetyl cysteine and glutathione showed a half
      maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 8 mM against rHuPH20.

PMID- 27373490
TI  - Comparative evaluation of short-term stress of Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), As(III)
      and Cr(VI) on anammox granules by batch test.
AB  - Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the short-term effects of Cd(II),
      Hg(II), Pb(II), As(III) and Cr(VI) on anammox activity, which are considered to
      be the top 5 toxic heavy metals in China. The IC50 values of Cd(II), Hg(II),
      Pb(II) and Cr(VI) were calculated to be 7.00, 2.33, 10.40 and 9.84 mg/L,
      respectively, while As(III) caused only 29.67% decrease in SAA even at the dosage
      of 60 mg/L. The evaluation of metal concentrations in liquid and sludge revealed
      that anammox biomass hold a high heavy-metal accumulation ability, which was
      hypothesized to be the key reason of activity inhibition. The functional groups
      possessed by anammox biomass and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
      might contribute to the attachment of heavy metals. Especially, microbial
      reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) inside the granules was discovered, which was
      considered to relieve the Cr(VI) inhibition under concentrations lower than 8.96
      mg/L.

PMID- 27373492
TI  - Breast reconstruction and risk of lymphedema after mastectomy: A prospective
      cohort study with 10 years of follow-up.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the incidence and risk factors for
      lymphedema in women submitted to mastectomy, with or without breast
      reconstruction. METHODS: A cohort study was performed on women submitted to
      mastectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy in a single center. The follow-up
      included clinical evaluation and arm column measurements before surgery, at 30
      days, 6 months, 5 years, and 10 years after surgery. For women subjected to late
      reconstruction, the time of occurrence of lymphedema (before or after
      reconstruction) was observed. RESULTS: We followed up on 622 patients submitted
      to mastectomy and axillary lymphadenectomy for an average period of 57 months
      after surgery. In total, 94 women were submitted to breast reconstruction, 47
      (8%) of them immediate and 47 (8%) late reconstructions. Incidence of lymphedema
      in the whole group was 33% (n = 204). Among the patients submitted to
      reconstruction, 28% of them developed lymphedema, on average, 93 months (CI 95%,
      88-98) after surgical treatment. In women not subjected to reconstruction, 179
      (34%) developed lymphedema, on average, after 106 months (CI 95%, 96-116) (p =
      0.03). Breast reconstruction reduced lymphedema risk in 36% (HR = 0.64, CI 96%,
      0.42-0.98, p = 0.04). After adjustment for pathological staging and radiotherapy,
      this was not statistically significant (HR = 0.79, CI 95%, 0.52-1.21, p = 0.28).
      CONCLUSION: Breast reconstruction does not increase the risk of lymphedema in
      long-term follow-up.

PMID- 27373491
TI  - Early Experience in the Management of Postoperative Lymphatic Leakage Using
      Lipiodol Lymphangiography and Adjunctive Glue Embolization.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Lipiodol lymphangiography and 3
      adjunctive N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue embolization techniques for the
      management of postoperative lymphatic leakage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This
      retrospective study included 27 patients with postoperative lymphatic leakage (17
      with ascites, 3 with chylothorax, 6 with lymphoceles, and 1 with a skin fistula)
      who underwent Lipiodol lymphangiography for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
      in 3 tertiary referral centers between August 2010 and January 2016. Adjunctive
      glue embolization was performed as needed by using 3 different techniques:
      "lymphopseudoaneurysm" embolization, closest upstream lymph node embolization, or
      direct upstream lymphatic vessel embolization. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were
      observed to determine the therapeutic effect of lymphangiography, and 8 patients
      (50%) recovered without further embolization. In 16 patients, including 11 who
      underwent immediate embolization after lymphangiography and 5 who underwent
      delayed embolization, a total of 28 embolizations (12 lymphopseudoaneurysms, 14
      lymph nodes, and 2 lymphatic vessels) were performed. The technical and clinical
      success rates of the adjunctive embolizations were 89% (25 of 28) and 94% (15 of
      16), respectively. The overall clinical success rate was 85% (23 of 27). The
      median time from initial lymphangiography to recovery was 5 days. No procedure
      related major complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Lipiodol lymphangiography
      and adjunctive glue embolization techniques appear safe and provide promising
      efficacy for the management of postoperative lymphatic leakage.

PMID- 27373495
TI  - Revealing the morphological architecture of a shape memory polyurethane by
      simulation.
AB  - The lack of specific knowledge of the network structure in shape memory polymers
      (SMPs) has prevented us from gaining an in-depth understanding of their
      mechanisms and limited the potential for materials innovation. This paper firstly
      reveals the unit-cell nanoscale morphological architecture of SMPs by simulation.
      The phase separated architecture of a segmented shape memory polyurethane (SMPU)
      with a 30 wt% hard segment content (HSC, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)
      and 1,4-butanediol (BDO)) showing good shape memory properties was investigated
      by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. A linked-spherical netpoint
      frame phase of MDI, a matrix-switch phase of polycaprolactone (PCL) and a
      connected-spider-like interphase for BDO were obtained for this SMPU. The BDO
      interphase can reinforce the MDI network. Based on these simulation results, a
      three-dimensional (3D) overall morphological architectural model of the SMPU can
      be established. This theoretical study has verified, enriched and integrated two
      existing schematic models: one being the morphological model deduced from
      experiments and the other the frame model for SMPs reported before. It can serve
      as a theoretical guide for smart polymeric materials design. This method for the
      simulation of polymer structure at the nanoscale can be extended to many areas
      such as photonic crystals where nanoscale self-assembly plays a vital role.

PMID- 27373494
TI  - How to make a sex chromosome.

PMID- 27373493
TI  - Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing by ADAR1 is essential for normal murine
      erythropoiesis.
AB  - Adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine residues to
      inosine in double-stranded RNA. In vivo, ADAR1 is essential for the maintenance
      of hematopoietic stem/progenitors. Whether other hematopoietic cell types also
      require ADAR1 has not been assessed. Using erythroid- and myeloid-restricted
      deletion of Adar1, we demonstrate that ADAR1 is dispensable for myelopoiesis but
      is essential for normal erythropoiesis. Adar1-deficient erythroid cells display a
      profound activation of innate immune signaling and high levels of cell death. No
      changes in microRNA levels were found in ADAR1-deficient erythroid cells. Using
      an editing-deficient allele, we demonstrate that RNA editing is the essential
      function of ADAR1 during erythropoiesis. Mapping of adenosine-to-inosine editing
      in purified erythroid cells identified clusters of hyperedited adenosines located
      in long 3'-untranslated regions of erythroid-specific transcripts and these are
      ADAR1-specific editing events. ADAR1-mediated RNA editing is essential for normal
      erythropoiesis.

PMID- 27373496
TI  - The effects of oral glutamine on clinical and survival outcomes of non-small cell
      lung cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of oral glutamine (Gln) supplementation on
      clinical and survival outcomes of patients with locally advanced non-small cell
      lung cancer (LA-NSCLC). MATERIALS/METHODS: Between 2010 and 2014, 122 stage III
      NSCLC patients were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received curative
      intent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Prophylactic oral Gln powder was applied at a
      dose of 10 g tid. Effect of oral Gln supplementation in the prevention of severe
      (>=grade 2-3) acute radiation-induced esophagitis (ARE) and weight loss, and
      their relation with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was
      measured. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 13.14 months (range; 1.97-55.36). Fifty
      six (46%) patients had received oral Gln. Severe ARE was significantly lower in
      Gln-supplemented group (30% vs 70%; p = 0.002). Gln-free patients demonstrated a
      higher weight loss (p = 0.0001). In multivariate analysis hemoglobin (hb) level
      (<12 g/dL; p = 0.01) and nodal stage (N3; p = 0.01) were poor prognostic factors
      that affect OS; Weight loss (p = 0.06) and Gln-free (p = 0.05) reached nearly
      significant levels that poorly affect OS. Similarly, nodal stage (N3, p = 0.014)
      and Gln-free (p = 0.035) were poor prognostic factors that affect DFS. Weight
      loss (>=2%, p = 0.06) and hb level (<12 g/dL, p = 0.07) reached borderline
      significance that poorly affect DFS. Nodal stage (N3) was the only poor
      prognostic factor that affect OS and DFS in univariate analysis (p = 0.01, p =
      0.009; respectively). CONCLUSION: Oral Gln supplementation significantly reduces
      grade 2-3 esophagitis and weight loss and also no negative impact on tumor
      control and survival outcomes in patients with LA-NSCLC.

PMID- 27373497
TI  - Indirect calorimetry in nutritional therapy. A position paper by the ICALIC study
      group.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: This review aims to clarify the use of indirect calorimetry
      (IC) in nutritional therapy for critically ill and other patient populations. It
      features a comprehensive overview of the technical concepts, the practical
      application and current developments of IC. METHODS: Pubmed-referenced
      publications were analyzed to generate an overview about the basic knowledge of
      IC, to describe advantages and disadvantages of the current technology, to
      clarify technical issues and provide pragmatic solutions for clinical practice
      and metabolic research. The International Multicentric Study Group for Indirect
      Calorimetry (ICALIC) has generated this position paper. RESULTS: IC can be
      performed in in- and out-patients, including those in the intensive care unit, to
      measure energy expenditure (EE). Optimal nutritional therapy, defined as energy
      prescription based on measured EE by IC has been associated with better clinical
      outcome. Equations based on simple anthropometric measurements to predict EE are
      inaccurate when applied to individual patients. An ongoing international academic
      initiative to develop a new indirect calorimeter aims at providing innovative and
      affordable technical solutions for many of the current limitations of IC.
      CONCLUSION: Indirect calorimetry is a tool of paramount importance, necessary to
      optimize the nutrition therapy of patients with various pathologies and
      conditions. Recent technical developments allow broader use of IC for in- and out
      patients.

PMID- 27373498
TI  - Validation of the 2013 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against
      Rheumatism classification criteria for systemic sclerosis in patients from a
      capillaroscopy clinic.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To validate the 2013 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for systemic
      sclerosis (SSc) in patients from a capillaroscopy clinic. METHODS: All patients
      attended in a capillaroscopy clinic were included. Sociodemographic and SSc
      related variables were collected. Using as gold standard for SSc the clinical
      judgement, the performance (sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and
      likelihood ratios) of the 2013 ACR/EULAR criteria were analyzed. Receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were
      calculated for the global score and individual items, and the best cutoffs were
      obtained. RESULTS: We included 327 patients (84% women, mean age at
      capillaroscopy 48 years). Main reasons for capillaroscopy referral were Raynaud's
      phenomenon (39%) and SSc evaluation (27%). The most frequent final clinical
      diagnosis were SSc (32.4%) and primary Raynaud's phenomenon (25.7%). The 2013
      ACR/EULAR SSc classification criteria were met by 116 patients (35.5%).
      Sensitivity and specificity of the new criteria were 98.1% and 94.6%,
      respectively, and positive and negative predictive values were 89.7% and 99.1%.
      The individual variables with the best sensitivity were Raynaud's phenomenon
      (99.1%) and abnormal nailfold capillaries (81.1%). All the individual variables,
      except Raynaud's phenomenon, puffy fingers and sclerodactily showed high
      specificity values, over 90%. The best cutoffs of the total score were >=8, >=9,
      and >=10, and the AUC = 0.993. CONCLUSIONS: We validated the new ACR/EULAR
      classification criteria for SSc in unselected patients from a capillaroscopy
      clinic. Global score and individual items included in the new criteria show high
      diagnostic accuracy and discriminatory capacity.

PMID- 27373499
TI  - Active peripheral inflammation is associated with pro-atherogenic lipid profile
      in psoriatic arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The association between psoriatic arthritis (PsA) disease activity and
      lipid profiles has not been explored. We studied the association between active
      peripheral arthritis and/or enthesitis/daclylitis with lipid measurements in PsA.
      METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of PsA patients enrolled in the
      Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North American (CORRONA) registry. Low
      activity was defined as Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) <= 10 without
      enthesitis or dactylitis. Moderate-to-high peripheral disease activity was
      defined as CDAI > 10 and/or the presence of enthesitis/dactylitis. RESULTS: Of
      the 4672 patients with PsA enrolled in the CORRONA registry from June 2008 to
      October 2012, 725 (15.5%) had complete data on CDAI and lipid measurements. Of
      them, 284 (39%) patients had CDAI > 10 and/or enthesitis/dactylitis. Moderate-to
      high group included more women and more current smokers. Patients with moderate
      to-high disease activity had shorter duration of disease, and were more likely to
      be on prednisone, but less likely to use tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors.
      Moderate-to-high peripheral disease activity was associated with abnormal total
      cholesterol (TC) (>200mg/dl), odds ratio (OR) = 1.58; 95% CI: (1.11, 2.24); p =
      0.01, and abnormal triglycerides (TG) (>150mg/dl), OR = 1.64; 95% CI: (1.16,
      2.32); p = 0.005, after adjusting for gender, duration of PsA, smoking, body mass
      index, diabetes, modified Heath Assessment Questionnaire scores, as well as the
      following medications: methotrexate, other non-biologic disease modifying anti
      rheumatic drugs, prednisone, TNF inhibitors, cholesterol lowering medications,
      and fish oil. The presence of enthesitis and/or dactylitis, irrespective of CDAI
      scores, was associated with abnormal TC, OR = 1.64; 95% CI: (1.08, 2.48); p =
      0.02. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest an association between peripheral joint
      inflammation and lipid dysregulation in PsA. Further studies are needed to
      determine if treating PsA improves lipid profiles and cardiovascular mortality.

PMID- 27373500
TI  - The association of clinical parameters and ultrasound verified inflammation with
      patients' and physicians' global assessments in psoriatic arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To study the association of clinical and/or ultrasound variables with
      patients' (PGA) and physicians' (EGA) global assessment of disease activity in
      psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The correlation of these parameters with the
      discordance between PGA and EGA, as well as with PGA/EGA changes over 6 months
      was also investigated. METHODS: Prospective study of 83 consecutive PsA patients
      with 2 visits scheduled 6 months apart. All patients underwent the following
      assessments: tender (TJC) and swollen joint count (SJC), PASI, dactylitis and
      Leeds enthesitis index. PGA, patients' level of pain (pain VAS), EGA, and HAQ
      were also recorded. Grey scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) ultrasound were
      performed at 68 joints (evaluating synovia and tendons) and 14 entheses.
      Regression analyses were performed to assess the association of these variables
      with PGA and EGA. Two new variables "PGAminusEGA" and "PGAchange - EGAchange"
      were developed to explore the discrepancy between PGA and EGA and the consistency
      of PGA/EGA changes over time, respectively. RESULTS: The parameters explaining
      most of PGA and EGA variability were pain VAS (30.5%) and SJC (48.5%),
      respectively. The correlation between EGA and joint counts was stronger in
      patients with high vs. low levels of ultrasound verified inflammation.
      PGAminusEGA was mainly explained by pain and SJC. Pain was the most important
      predictor of PGA change whereas TJC and HAQ were more closely associated with EGA
      changes. "PGAchange-EGAchange" was linked to pain and SJC. Ultrasound scores were
      not linked with either of these variables. CONCLUSIONS: Pain VAS and joint counts
      are the most important clinical parameters explaining patients' and physicians'
      perception of disease activity, whereas the correlation of active inflammation as
      verified by sonography with these factors is limited.

PMID- 27373501
TI  - Alternation in the gap-junctional intercellular communication capacity during the
      maturation of osteocytes in the embryonic chick calvaria.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The intercellular network of cell-cell communication among
      osteocytes is mediated by gap junctions. Gap junctional intercellular
      communication (GJIC) is thought to play an important role in the integration and
      synchronization of bone remodeling. To further understand the mechanism of bone
      development it is important to quantify the difference in the GJIC capacity of
      young and developmentally mature osteocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We first
      established an embryonic chick calvaria growth model to show the growth of the
      calvaria in embryos at 13 to 21days of age. We then applied a fluorescence
      recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique to compare the difference in the
      GJIC capacity of young osteocytes with that of developmentally mature osteocytes.
      Finally, we quantified the dye (Calcein) diffusion from the FRAP data using a
      mathematic model of simple diffusion which was also used to identify simple
      diffusion GJIC pattern cells (fitted model) and accelerated diffusion GJIC
      pattern cells (non-fitted model). RESULTS: The relationship between the longest
      medial-lateral length of the calvaria (frontal bone) and the embryonic age fit a
      logarithmic growth model: length=5.144*ln(day)-11.340. The morphometric data
      during osteocyte differentiation showed that the cellular body becomes more
      spindle-shaped and that the cell body volume decreased by approximately 22% with
      an increase in the length of the processes between the cells. However, there were
      no significant differences in the cellular body surface area or in the distance
      between the mass centres of the cells. The dye-displacement rate in young
      osteocytes was significantly higher than that in developmentally mature
      osteocytes: dye displacement only occurred in 26.88% of the developmentally
      mature osteocytes, while it occurred in 64.38% of the young osteocytes.
      Additionally, in all recovered osteocytes, 36% of the developmentally mature
      osteocytes comprised non-fitted model cells while 53.19% of the young osteocytes
      were the non-fitted model, which indicates the active transduction of dye
      molecules. However, there were no statistically significant differences between
      the young and developmentally mature osteocytes with regard to the diffusion
      coefficient, permeability coefficient, or permeance of the osteocyte processes,
      which were 3.93+/-3.77 (*10(-8)cm(2)/s), 5.12+/-4.56 (*10(-5)cm(2)/s) and 2.99+/
      2.47 (*10(-13)cm(2)/s) (mean+/-SD), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These experiments
      comprehensively quantified the GJIC capacity in the embryonic chick calvaria and
      indicated that the cell-cell communication capacity of the osteocytes in the
      embryonic chick calvaria was related to their development.

PMID- 27373502
TI  - Prophylactic pamidronate partially protects from glucocorticoid-induced bone loss
      in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
AB  - Glucocorticoids are extensively used to treat patients with Duchenne muscular
      dystrophy because of their ability to delay muscle damage, prolong ambulation and
      extend life. However, use of glucocorticoids significantly increases bone loss,
      fragility and fractures. To determine if antiresorptive bisphosphonates could
      prevent the effects of glucocorticoids on bone quality, we used dystrophic mdx
      mice treated with the glucocorticoid prednisone during 8weeks of rapid bone
      growth from 5 to 13weeks of age and treated some mice with the bisphosphonate
      pamidronate during the first two weeks of prednisone administration. Prednisone
      reduced long bone growth, decreased cortical bone thickness and area and
      decreased the strength of the femurs. Pamidronate treatment protected mice from
      cortical bone loss but did not increase bone strength. The combination of
      prednisone and pamidronate inhibited remodeling of metaphyseal trabecular bone
      with large numbers of trabeculae containing remnants of calcified cartilage.
      Prednisone improved muscle strength in the mdx mice and decreased serum creatine
      kinase with evidence of improved muscle histology and these effects were
      maintained in mice treated with pamidronate.

PMID- 27373503
TI  - Emerging therapies for the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting in chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease.
AB  - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that
      constitutes a major global health burden. A significant proportion of patients
      experience skeletal muscle wasting and loss of strength as a comorbidity of their
      COPD, a condition that severely impacts on their quality of life and survival. At
      present, the lung pathology is considered to be largely irreversible; however,
      the inherent adaptability of muscle tissue offers therapeutic opportunities to
      tackle muscle wasting and potentially reverse or delay the progression of this
      aspect of the disease, to improve patients' quality of life. Muscle wasting in
      COPD is complex, with contributions from a number of factors including
      inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, growth and anabolic hormones,
      nutritional status, and physical activity. In this review, we discuss current and
      emerging therapeutic approaches to treat muscle wasting in COPD, including a
      number of pharmacological therapies that are in development for muscle atrophy in
      other pathological states that could be of relevance for treating muscle wasting
      in COPD patients.

PMID- 27373505
TI  - Microglia activation states and cannabinoid system: Therapeutic implications.
AB  - Microglial cells are recognized as the brain's intrinsic immune cells, mediating
      actions that range from the protection against harmful conditions that modify CNS
      homeostasis, to the control of proliferation and differentiation of neurons and
      their synaptic pruning. To perform these functions, microglia adopts different
      activation states, the so-called phenotypes that depending on the local
      environment involve them in neuroinflammation, tissue repair and even the
      resolution of the inflammatory process. There is accumulating evidence indicating
      that cannabinoids (CBs) might serve as a promising tool to modify the outcome of
      inflammation, especially by influencing microglial activity. Microglia has a
      functional endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system, composed of cannabinoid
      receptors and the complete machinery for the synthesis and degradation of eCBs.
      The expression of cannabinoid receptors - mainly CB2 - and the production of eCBs
      have been related to the activation profile of these cells and therefore, the
      microglial phenotype, emerging as one of the mechanisms by which microglia
      becomes alternatively activated. Here, we will discuss recent studies that
      provide new insights into the role of CBs and their endogenous counterparts in
      defining the profile of microglia activation. These actions make CBs a promising
      therapeutic tool to avoid the detrimental effects of inflammation and possibly
      paving the way to target microglia in order to generate a reparative milieu in
      neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 27373504
TI  - Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for the treatment of solid tumors:
      Defining the challenges and next steps.
AB  - Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has shown promise in CD19
      expressing hematologic malignancies, but how to translate this success to solid
      malignancies remains elusive. Effective translation of CAR T cells to solid
      tumors will require an understanding of potential therapeutic barriers, including
      factors that regulate CAR T cells expansion, persistence, trafficking, and fate
      within tumors. Herein, we describe the current state of CAR T cells in solid
      tumors; define key barriers to CAR T cell efficacy and mechanisms underlying
      these barriers, outline potential avenues for overcoming these therapeutic
      obstacles, and discuss the future of translating CAR T cells for the treatment of
      patients with solid malignancies.

PMID- 27373506
TI  - Preclinical and clinical studies on afatinib in monotherapy and in combination
      regimens: Potential impact in colorectal cancer.
AB  - Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with monoclonal antibodies
      (mAbs) or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has been an interesting therapeutic
      strategy because aberrant activation of this receptor plays an important role in
      the tumorgenesis of many cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). After
      the initial promising results of EGFR-targeted therapies, therapeutic resistance
      is a major clinical problem. In order to overcome resistance to these EGFR
      targeted therapies, new treatment options are necessary. In contrast to first
      generation EGFR inhibitors, afatinib (BIBW2992) is a second-generation
      irreversible ErbB family blocker that inhibits EGFR as well as HER2 and HER4.
      Consequently, treatment with afatinib may result in a distinct and more
      pronounced therapeutic benefit. Preclinical studies have reported promising
      results for afatinib in monotherapy as well as in combination with other drugs in
      CRC model systems. Furthermore, clinical studies examining afatinib as single
      agent and in combination therapy demonstrated manageable safety profile.
      Nevertheless, only limited antitumor activity has been observed in CRC patients.
      Although several combination treatments with afatinib have already been
      investigated, no optimal combination has been identified for CRC patients yet. As
      molecular tumor characteristics have gained increased importance in the choice of
      treatment, additional studies with biomarker-driven patient recruitment are
      required to further explore afatinib efficacy in CRC.

PMID- 27373507
TI  - Nanobodies(r) as inhaled biotherapeutics for lung diseases.
AB  - Local pulmonary delivery of biotherapeutics may offer advantages for the
      treatment of lung diseases. Delivery of the therapeutic entity directly to the
      lung has the potential for a rapid onset of action, reduced systemic exposure and
      the need for a lower dose, as well as needleless administration. However,
      formulation of a protein for inhaled delivery is challenging and requires
      proteins with favorable biophysical properties suitable to withstand the forces
      associated with formulation, delivery, and inhalation devices. Nanobodies are the
      smallest functional fragments derived from a naturally occurring heavy chain-only
      immunoglobulin. They are highly soluble, stable, and show biophysical
      characteristics that are particularly well suited for pulmonary delivery. This
      paper highlights a number of clinical and preclinical studies on antibodies
      delivered via the pulmonary route and describes the advantages of using
      Nanobodies for inhaled delivery to the lung. The latter is illustrated by the
      specific example of ALX-0171, a Nanobody in clinical development for the
      treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections.

PMID- 27373508
TI  - Regulation of amino acid transporters in pluripotent cell populations in the
      embryo and in culture; novel roles for sodium-coupled neutral amino acid
      transporters.
AB  - The developmental outcomes of preimplantation mammalian embryos are regulated
      directly by the surrounding microenvironment, and inappropriate concentrations of
      amino acids, or the loss of amino acid-sensing mechanisms, can be detrimental and
      impact further development. A specific role for l-proline in the differentiation
      of embryonic stem (ES) cells, a cell population derived from the blastocyst, has
      been shown in culture. l-proline acts as a signalling molecule, exerting its
      effects through cell uptake and subsequent metabolism. Uptake in ES cells occurs
      predominantly through the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2,
      Slc38a2 (SNAT2). Dynamic expression of amino acid transporters has been shown in
      the early mammalian embryo, reflecting functional roles for amino acids in
      embryogenesis. The expression of SNAT2 and family member Slc38a1 (SNAT1) was
      determined in mouse embryos from the 2-cell stage through to the early post
      implantation pre-gastrulation embryo. Key changes in expression were validated in
      cell culture models of development. Both transporters showed temporal dynamic
      expression patterns and changes in intracellular localisation as differentiation
      progressed. Changes in transporter expression likely reflect different amino acid
      requirements during development. Findings include the differential expression of
      SNAT1 in the inner and outer cells of the compacted morula and nuclear
      localisation of SNAT2 in the trophectoderm and placental lineages. Furthermore,
      SNAT2 expression was up-regulated in the epiblast prior to primitive ectoderm
      formation, an expression pattern consistent with a role for the transporter in
      later developmental decisions within the pluripotent lineage. We propose that the
      differential expression of SNAT2 in the epiblast provides evidence for an l
      proline-mediated mechanism contributing to the regulation of embryonic
      development.

PMID- 27373509
TI  - Phylogenetic distribution of extracellular guanyl-preferring ribonucleases renews
      taxonomic status of two Bacillus strains.
AB  - The potential of microbial ribonucleases as promising antitumor and antiviral
      agents, determines today's directions of their study. One direction is connected
      with biodiversity of RNases. We have analyzed completed and drafted Bacillus
      genomes deposited in GenBank for the presence of coding regions similar to the
      gene of an extracellular guanyl-preferring RNase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
      (barnase). Orthologues of the barnase gene were detected in 9 species out of 83.
      All of these belong to "B. subtilis" group within the genus. B. subtilis itself,
      as well as some other species within this group, lack such types of RNases.
      RNases similar to barnase were also found in species of "B. cereus" group as a
      part of plasmid-encoded S-layer toxins. It was also found that taxonomic states
      of culture collection strains, which were initially described based on a limited
      set of phenotypic characteristics, can be misleading and need to be confirmed.
      Using several approaches such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time
      of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), sequencing of genes for 16S ribosomal
      RNA and RNA polymerase subunit beta followed by reconstruction of phylogenetic
      trees, we have re-identified two RNase-secreting Bacillus strains: B.
      thuringiensis B-388 which should be assigned as B. altitudinis B388 and B.
      intermedius 7P which should be renamed as B. pumilus 7P. Therefore, small
      secreted guanyl-preferring RNases are the feature of "B. subtilis" group only,
      which is characterized by distinctive lifestyle and adaptation strategies to
      environment. 

PMID- 27373510
TI  - Steroid 5-reductases are functional during early frog development and are
      regulated via DNA methylation.

PMID- 27373511
TI  - ADAR-Mediated RNA Editing Predicts Progression and Prognosis of Gastric Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUD & AIMS: Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of global cancer
      mortality. Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is a recently described novel
      epigenetic mechanism involving sequence alterations at the RNA but not DNA level,
      primarily mediated by ADAR (adenosine deaminase that act on RNA) enzymes.
      Emerging evidence suggests a role for RNA editing and ADARs in cancer, however,
      the relationship between RNA editing and GC development and progression remains
      unknown. METHODS: In this study, we leveraged on the next-generation sequencing
      transcriptomics to demarcate the GC RNA editing landscape and the role of ADARs
      in this deadly malignancy. RESULTS: Relative to normal gastric tissues, almost
      all GCs displayed a clear RNA misediting phenotype with ADAR1/2 dysregulation
      arising from the genomic gain and loss of the ADAR1 and ADAR2 gene in primary
      GCs, respectively. Clinically, patients with GCs exhibiting ADAR1/2 imbalance
      demonstrated extremely poor prognoses in multiple independent cohorts.
      Functionally, we demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that ADAR-mediated RNA
      misediting is closely associated with GC pathogenesis, with ADAR1 and ADAR2
      playing reciprocal oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles through their catalytic
      deaminase domains, respectively. Using an exemplary target gene PODXL
      (podocalyxin-like), we demonstrate that the ADAR2-regulated recoding editing at
      codon 241 (His to Arg) confers a loss-of-function phenotype that neutralizes the
      tumorigenic ability of the unedited PODXL. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights a
      major role for RNA editing in GC disease and progression, an observation
      potentially missed by previous next-generation sequencing analyses of GC focused
      on DNA alterations alone. Our findings also suggest new GC therapeutic
      opportunities through ADAR1 enzymatic inhibition or the potential restoration of
      ADAR2 activity.

PMID- 27373513
TI  - Hepatitis C Virus RNA Persists in Liver Explants of Most Patients Awaiting Liver
      Transplantation Treated With an Interferon-Free Regimen.
AB  - We assessed the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in liver explants from 39
      patients awaiting liver transplantation who were treated with an interferon-free
      regimen and had undetectable serum HCV RNA at the time of liver transplantation.
      Interestingly, HCV RNA was detected in most liver explants (67%). Patients with
      HCV RNA-positive explants had received shorter courses of treatment, and HCV RNA
      was undetectable in serum for shorter periods before transplantation compared to
      patients with HCV RNA-negative explants (P = .014 and P = .013, respectively).
      Levels of HCV RNA in explants were significantly higher in patients with a
      relapse of HCV infection than patients who responded to treatment (P = .016), but
      most patients (85%) with residual HCV-RNA in the explant achieved a sustained
      virologic response after receiving their liver transplant.

PMID- 27373512
TI  - Genetic Complexity of Crohn's Disease in Two Large Ashkenazi Jewish Families.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Crohn's disease (CD) is a highly heritable disease that is
      particularly common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. We studied 2 large
      Ashkenazi Jewish families with a high prevalence of CD in an attempt to identify
      novel genetic risk variants. METHODS: Ashkenazi Jewish patients with CD and a
      positive family history were recruited from the University College London
      Hospital. We used genome-wide, single-nucleotide polymorphism data to assess the
      burden of common CD-associated risk variants and for linkage analysis. Exome
      sequencing was performed and rare variants that were predicted to be deleterious
      and were observed at a high frequency in cases were prioritized. We undertook
      within-family association analysis after imputation and assessed candidate
      variants for evidence of association with CD in an independent cohort of
      Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. We examined the effects of a variant in DUOX2 on
      hydrogen peroxide production in HEK293 cells. RESULTS: We identified 2 families
      (1 with >800 members and 1 with >200 members) containing 54 and 26 cases of CD or
      colitis, respectively. Both families had a significant enrichment of previously
      described common CD-associated risk variants. No genome-wide significant linkage
      was observed. Exome sequencing identified candidate variants, including a
      missense mutation in DUOX2 that impaired its function and a frameshift mutation
      in CSF2RB that was associated with CD in an independent cohort of Ashkenazi
      Jewish individuals. CONCLUSIONS: In a study of 2 large Ashkenazi Jewish with
      multiple cases of CD, we found the genetic basis of the disease to be complex,
      with a role for common and rare genetic variants. We identified a frameshift
      mutation in CSF2RB that was replicated in an independent cohort. These findings
      show the value of family studies and the importance of the innate immune system
      in the pathogenesis of CD.

PMID- 27373515
TI  - Four Approaches to Reinvigorate Learning for the 21st Century Gastroenterologist.

PMID- 27373514
TI  - Duodenal Bacteria From Patients With Celiac Disease and Healthy Subjects
      Distinctly Affect Gluten Breakdown and Immunogenicity.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Partially degraded gluten peptides from cereals trigger celiac
      disease (CD), an autoimmune enteropathy occurring in genetically susceptible
      persons. Susceptibility genes are necessary but not sufficient to induce CD, and
      additional environmental factors related to unfavorable alterations in the
      microbiota have been proposed. We investigated gluten metabolism by opportunistic
      pathogens and commensal duodenal bacteria and characterized the capacity of the
      produced peptides to activate gluten-specific T-cells from CD patients. METHODS:
      We colonized germ-free C57BL/6 mice with bacteria isolated from the small
      intestine of CD patients or healthy controls, selected for their in vitro gluten
      degrading capacity. After gluten gavage, gliadin amount and proteolytic
      activities were measured in intestinal contents. Peptides produced by bacteria
      used in mouse colonizations from the immunogenic 33-mer gluten peptide were
      characterized by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and their
      immunogenic potential was evaluated using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from
      celiac patients after receiving a 3-day gluten challenge. RESULTS: Bacterial
      colonizations produced distinct gluten-degradation patterns in the mouse small
      intestine. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen from CD patients,
      exhibited elastase activity and produced peptides that better translocated the
      mouse intestinal barrier. P aeruginosa-modified gluten peptides activated gluten
      specific T-cells from CD patients. In contrast, Lactobacillus spp. from the
      duodenum of non-CD controls degraded gluten peptides produced by human and P
      aeruginosa proteases, reducing their immunogenicity. CONCLUSIONS: Small
      intestinal bacteria exhibit distinct gluten metabolic patterns in vivo,
      increasing or reducing gluten peptide immunogenicity. This microbe-gluten-host
      interaction may modulate autoimmune risk in genetically susceptible persons and
      may underlie the reported association of dysbiosis and CD.

PMID- 27373516
TI  - Circulating Biomarkers in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Current Status and Future
      Challenges.
AB  - Despite recent advances, non-small-cell lung cancer remains a devastating disease
      and carries a grim prognosis. Major contributing factors include difficulties in
      diagnosing the disease early in its course during the asymptomatic stage and the
      poor understanding of the biology underlying disease progression. Liquid
      biopsies, noninvasive blood tests that detect circulating biomarkers such as
      circulating tumor cells and tumor-derived nucleic acid fragments, are in a
      rapidly evolving field of research that could provide answers to both of these
      unmet needs. Herein, we review the relevant data concerning the diagnostic,
      predictive, and prognostic significance of 3 distinct but potentially
      complementary circulating biomarkers in non-small-cell lung cancer: circulating
      tumor cells, cell-free DNA, and microRNAs.

PMID- 27373517
TI  - A CgIFNLP receptor from Crassostrea gigas and its activation of the related genes
      in human JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
AB  - Interferon is a highly pleiotropic cytokine, once binding to its receptors, can
      activate JAK kinases and STAT transcription factors to initiate the transcription
      of genes downstream from interferon-stimulated response elements. In the present
      study, a cytokine receptor-like 3 molecule was selected and cloned from oyster
      Crassostrea gigas, which contained a fibronectin type III domain (designed CgIFNR
      3). The expression pattern of CgIFNR-3 mRNA was detected in all the tested
      tissues including mantle, gills, hepatopancreas, muscle, and hemocytes, with the
      highest expression level in hemocytes. After poly (I: C) stimulation, the
      expression level of CgIFNR-3 in hemocytes was observed to significantly increase
      at 3 h (13.06-fold, p < 0.01). CgIFNR-3 was indicated to interact with CgIFNLP by
      in vitro GST pull-down assay, and to activate the expression of transcription
      factors including ISRE, STAT3 and GAS, in human Janus kinase signal transducer
      and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway after co-transfection in HEK
      293T cells in the reporter luciferase activity assay. These results suggested
      that CgIFNR-3 could bind to CgIFNLP as an interferon receptor and participate in
      the activation of JAK/STAT pathway in human, which will benefit for intensive
      studies of interferon signaling pathway in mollusc.

PMID- 27373518
TI  - Pleiotropic effects of survivin in vascular endothelial cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of survivin (SVV)in vascular endothelial cells.
      METHODS: In this study, we applied a gain-of-function approach and ectopically
      expressed SVV in rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) using a SVV-expressing
      adenovirus. The resulting SVV expression on the steady-state mRNA and protein
      level in RAECs was determined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and
      Western blot, respectively. Cell viability, apoptosis, and migration were
      assessed in vitro by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay,
      respectively. The effect of SVV on in vivo angiogenesis was evaluated by
      immunohistochemistry in nude mice. Non-infected RAECs and those infected with GFP
      expressing control adenovirus were used as controls. RESULTS: Compared to non
      infected or control adenovirus-infected RAECs in vitro, SVV-expressing cells had
      increased viability and migratory capability, but reduced apoptosis. In vivo, SVV
      expressing RAECs were associated with a higher level of angiogenesis. CONCLUSION:
      SVV is a positive regulator of endothelial cell survival and migration, and thus,
      stabilizes endothelial cells and stimulates angiogenesis.

PMID- 27373519
TI  - Influence of co-culture on osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bone marrow
      mesenchymal stem cells and aortic endothelial cells.
AB  - Co-culture of bone forming cells and endothelial cells to induce pre
      vascularization is one of the strategies used to solve the insufficient
      vascularization problem in bone tissue engineering attempts. In the study,
      primary cells isolated from 2 different tissues of the same animal, rat bone
      marrow stem cells (RBMSCs) and rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were co
      cultured to study the effects of co-culturing on both osteogenesis and
      angiogenesis. The formation of tube like structure in 2D culture was observed for
      the first time in the literature by the co-culture of primary cells from the same
      animal and also osteogenesis and angiogenesis were investigated at the same time
      by using this co-culture system. Co-cultured cells mineralized and formed
      microvasculature beginning from 14days of incubation. After 28days of incubation
      in the osteogenic medium, expression of osteogenic genes in co-cultures was
      significantly upregulated compared to RBMSCs cultured alone. These results
      suggest that the co-culture of endothelial cells with mesenchymal stem cells
      induces both osteogenesis and angiogenesis.

PMID- 27373520
TI  - Aberrant methylation of TRIM58 in hepatocellular carcinoma and its potential
      clinical implication.
AB  - TRIM58 (tripartite motif containing 58) has been reported as a novel methylated
      gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by methylation microarrays. However, its
      associations with mRNA expression and clinicopathological characteristics have
      not been evaluated. In this study, we explored the potential clinical
      implications of TRIM58 methylation in HCC. We analyzed the methylation level of
      TRIM58 in 181 HCC tissues, 172 matched adjacent non-tumor tissues and 13 normal
      liver tissues using methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme based quantitative
      PCR and bisulfite genomic sequencing. Further, the mRNA expression level of
      TRIM58 was measured in 46 paired HCC and adjacent non-tumor tissues by
      quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, the relationship between TRIM58 methylation
      and mRNA expression, the clinicopathological features, as well as prognostic
      value were evaluated. The results showed that TRIM58 methylation was
      significantly higher in HCC tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues and
      normal liver tissues (both p<0.0001). Using 10% as the cut-off value,
      hypermethylation of TRIM58 was specific in HCC tissues (28.18%, 51/181), with a
      tendency to correlate with unfavorable disease-free survival (p=0.047). Moreover,
      TRIM58 expression was significantly decreased in HCC tissues compared with
      adjacent non-tumor tissues (p<0.0001), and showed a negative association with DNA
      methylation (p=0.015, rs= -0.260). Our data indicate that TRIM58 methylation is a
      common event in HCC and may contribute to downregulation of its mRNA expression.
      Furthermore, hypermethylation of TRIM58 tends to be associated with worse DFS
      after hepatectomy. However, the potential clinical application of TRIM58 need to
      be further investigated. 

PMID- 27373522
TI  - Preperitoneal pelvic packing: Technique and outcomes.
AB  - Significant pelvic ring fractures are usually secondary to high-energy trauma,
      and when associated with other life-threatening injuries and hemodynamic
      instability, result in high mortality rates ranging from 40 to 60%. The major
      cause of death during the first 24 h after pelvic trauma is attributed to acute
      blood loss, with later mortality secondary to multisystem organ failure. In a
      majority of patients, the source of pelvic bleeding is from disruption of the
      presacral venous plexus and bony fracture sites, while arterial injury is present
      in only 10-15%. The optimal management algorithm for hemodynamically unstable
      patients with pelvic fractures remains controversial. The principles of care
      center on resuscitation, external stabilization of the pelvis, and hemorrhage
      control with angiography and embolization (AE) and/or preperitoneal pelvic
      packing (PPP). AE is effective in controlling arterial bleeding and its role in
      the management of hemodynamically unstable patients with pelvic fractures is
      supported by the EAST guidelines. However, since most patients suffer from venous
      bleeding, PPP can be an alternate life saving technique to control hemorrhage,
      especially if AE is not immediately available.

PMID- 27373521
TI  - Management of alternative pathology detected using CT KUB in suspected ureteric
      colic.
AB  - Acute flank pain is a common presentation to the emergency department (ED), and
      imaging studies play an important role in establishing an accurate diagnosis.
      Computed Tomography of Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (CT KUB) has surpassed all other
      imaging modalities to become the gold standard in detection of ureteric calculi.
      The purpose of this study is to identify the range and management of alternative
      diagnoses established by CT KUB in patients with suspected ureteric colic. Two
      hundred and fifteen consecutive CT KUB examinations ordered in the ED of a
      tertiary-care centre for suspected ureteric colic were retrospectively reviewed.
      This comprised of 134 male (62.3%) and 81 female (37.7%) patients with a mean age
      of 53 years old. The positive detection rate for ureteric calculi in males was
      43.3% compared to a lower rate for females of 29.6% (p < 0.05). Almost two-thirds
      of patients were discharged following CT KUB imaging, and admission rates were
      significantly higher in those with alternative radiological findings (p < 0.04)
      Alternative radiological findings occurred in 72 patients (33.5%), including 15
      patients (7.0%) who had clinically important alternative pathology. The rate of
      clinically important alternative findings was significantly higher in males than
      females, 9.7% versus 2.5% respectively (p = 0.04). Surgical intervention was more
      common in patients with alternative radiological findings classified as
      gastrointestinal (18.2%) compared to non-gastrointestinal (3.6%), however this
      did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07). In conclusion, significant
      alternative pathology was identified using CT KUB in 7% of patients with
      suspected ureteric colic. The low rates of detection of ureteric calculi and
      significant alternative pathology in female patients suggests a more thorough
      clinical assessment is warranted to improve their management, prior to ordering
      investigations with exposure to radiation. 

PMID- 27373523
TI  - Commentary to: PREvention STudy On preventing or reducing disability from
      musculoskeletal complaints in music school students (PRESTO): protocol of a
      randomised controlled trial.

PMID- 27373524
TI  - Commentary to: A workplace exercise versus health promotion intervention to
      prevent and reduce the economic and personal burden of non-specific neck pain in
      office personnel: protocol of a cluster-randomised controlled trial.

PMID- 27373525
TI  - Commentary to: Effect of Schroth exercises on curve characteristics and clinical
      outcomes in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: protocol for a multicentre
      randomised controlled trial.

PMID- 27373526
TI  - Stroke4Carers: training modules to help the carers of people following stroke.

PMID- 27373527
TI  - Creating a lesion-specific "roadmap" for ambulatory care following surgery for
      complex congenital cardiac disease.
AB  - Over the past 20 years, the successes of neonatal and infant surgery have
      resulted in dramatically changed demographics in ambulatory cardiology. These
      school-aged children and young adults have complex and, in some cases, previously
      unexpected cardiac and non-cardiac consequences of their surgical and/or
      transcatheter procedures. There is a growing need for additional cardiac and non
      cardiac subspecialists, and coordination of care may be quite challenging. In
      contrast to hospital-based care, where inpatient care protocols are common, and
      perioperative expectations are more or less predictable for most children,
      ambulatory cardiologists have evolved strategies of care more or less
      independently, based on their education, training, experience, and individual
      styles, resulting in highly variable follow-up strategies. We have proposed a
      combination proactive-reactive collaborative model with a patient's primary
      cardiologist, primary-care provider, and subspecialists, along with the patient
      and their family. The goal is to help standardise data collection in the
      ambulatory setting, reduce patient and family anxiety, increase health literacy,
      measure and address the non-cardiac consequences of complex cardiac disease, and
      aid in the transition to self-care as an adult.

PMID- 27373528
TI  - Research & development in the dark: what does it take to make one medicine? And
      what could it take?
AB  - Earlier this year a series of advertisements appeared in London's Westminster
      tube stations asking viewers to consider a seemingly simple question, 'what does
      it take to make one medicine?' But as it turns out, this question is not so
      simple to answer. In this commentary we highlight some key considerations and
      questions on what it takes to make one medicine, and what it could take to
      develop medicines that meet people's health needs and are accessible and
      affordable for all who need them. 

PMID- 27373529
TI  - Staffing for infectious diseases, clinical microbiology and infection control in
      hospitals in 2015: results of an ESCMID member survey.
AB  - We aimed to assess the current status of infectious diseases (ID), clinical
      microbiology (CM) and infection control (IC) staffing in hospitals and to analyse
      modifiers of staffing levels. We conducted an Internet-based survey of European
      Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases members and affiliates,
      collecting data on hospital characteristics, ID management infrastructure, ID/IC
      related activities and the ratio of physicians per 100 hospital beds. Regression
      analyses were conducted to examine factors associated with the physician-bed
      ratio. Five hundred sixty-seven hospital responses were collected between April
      and June 2015 from 61 countries, 81.2% (384/473) from Europe. A specialized
      inpatient ward for ID patients was reported in 58.4% (317/543) of hospitals.
      Rates of antibiotic stewardship programmes (ASP) and surveillance activities in
      survey hospitals were high, ranging from 88% to 90% for local antibiotic
      guidelines and 70% to 82% for programmes monitoring hospital-acquired infections.
      The median ID/CM/IC physician per 100 hospital beds ratio was 1.12 (interquartile
      range 0.56-2.13). In hospitals performing basic ASP and IC (including local
      antibiotic guidelines and monitoring device-related or surgical site infections),
      the ratio was 1.21 (interquartile range 0.57-2.14). Factors independently
      associated with higher ratios included compliance with European Union of Medical
      Specialists standards, smaller hospital size, tertiary-care institution, presence
      of a travel clinic, beds dedicated to ID and a CM unit. More than half of
      respondents estimated that additional staffing is needed for appropriate IC or ID
      management. No standard of physician staffing for ID/CM/IC in hospitals is
      available. A ratio of 1.21/100 beds will serve as an informed point of reference
      enabling ASP and infection surveillance.

PMID- 27373530
TI  - A single session of exercise as a modulator of short-term learning in healthy
      individuals.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A single session of aerobic exercise is linked to faster motor
      responses; however, the effect on rate of short-term learning is less clear. The
      objective was to evaluate the influence of a single bout of aerobic exercise on
      the rate of short-term acquisition of a shape-letter association task requiring a
      motor response. METHODS: 23 [11 females, age 20.8+/-2.7years] healthy young
      adults were evaluated using a randomly assigned crossover design which was
      counterbalanced for order before and after moderate (exercise) and light
      (control) intensity cycle ergometry. Participants performed 3 blocks, with each
      block consisting of one round of training and testing. During training,
      participants were tasked with learning 6 unique shape-letter associations.
      Subsequent testing required a key press response to a visually presented shape
      pattern. Response time and error rates were used to assess acquisition over the 3
      blocks of testing. RESULTS: Mean response time was faster post-exercise relative
      to the other testing periods, and approached statistical significance compared to
      post-control (p<0.07). However, no significant difference in response time
      reduction (difference between test block 1 and test block 3) was identified
      between the four evaluations (pre and post the exercise and control conditions).
      Error rate reduction (test block 1 minus test block 3) revealed that individuals
      had the smallest change in error rate post-exercise (p<0.05). Follow-up analyses
      revealed fewer errors in test block 1 and test block 2 post-exercise which
      approached statistical significance (p=0.06) suggesting near-perfect error rates
      were obtained after only 2 testing blocks post-exercise compared to 3 blocks in
      the other testing periods. CONCLUSIONS: Support for augmentation of short-term
      learning was mixed as errors were reduced post-exercise while response time was
      not different between evaluations. Future work should include neurophysiological
      evaluation and a retention test to better elucidate the influence of aerobic
      exercise on rate of short-term learning.

PMID- 27373531
TI  - Traumatic brain injury accelerates amyloid-beta deposition and impairs spatial
      learning in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Several pathological and epidemiological studies have demonstrated a possible
      relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
      However, the exact contribution of TBI to AD onset and progression is unclear.
      Hence, we examined AD-related histopathological changes and cognitive impairment
      after TBI in triple transgenic (3*Tg)-AD model mice. Five- to seven-month-old
      3*Tg-AD model mice were subjected to either TBI by the weight-drop method or a
      sham treatment. In the 3*Tg-AD mice subjected to TBI, the spatial learning was
      not significantly different 7 days after TBI compared to that of the sham-treated
      3*Tg-AD mice. However, 28 days after TBI, the 3*Tg-AD mice exhibited
      significantly lower spatial learning than the sham-treated 3*Tg-AD mice.
      Correspondingly, while a few amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques were observed in both
      sham-treated and TBI-treated 3*Tg-AD mouse hippocampus 7 days after TBI, the
      Abeta deposition was significantly greater in 3*Tg-AD mice 28 days after TBI.
      Thus, we demonstrated that TBI induced a significant increase in hippocampal
      Abeta deposition 28 days after TBI compared to that of the control animals, which
      was associated with worse spatial learning ability in 3*Tg-AD mice. The present
      study suggests that TBI could be a risk factor for accelerated AD progression,
      particularly when genetic and hereditary predispositions are involved.

PMID- 27373532
TI  - Electrophysiological mechanisms of biased response to smoking-related cues in
      young smokers.
AB  - Cigarette smoking during young adult may result in serious health issues in later
      life. Hence, it is extremely necessary to study the smoking neurophysiological
      mechanisms in this critical transitional period. However, few studies revealed
      the electrophysiological mechanisms of cognitive processing biases in young adult
      smokers. In present study, nineteen young smokers with 12h abstinent and 19
      matched nonsmokers were recruited. By employing event-related potentials (ERP)
      measurements during a smoking cue induced craving task, electrophysiological
      brain responses were compared between the young adult smokers and nonsmokers. The
      Slow Positive Wave (SPW) amplitude of smoking-related cues was enhanced in young
      adult smokers compared with nonsmokers. In addition, increased P300/SPW component
      of smoking-related cues relative to neutral cues were found in young adult
      smokers. Meanwhile, a positive correlation between Cigarette Per Day (CPD) and
      the amplitude of ERPs wave (P300/SPW) at anterior (Fz), central (Cz) were
      observed in young adult smokers. Our findings provided direct
      electrophysiological evidence for the cognitive processing bias of smoking cue
      and may shed new insights into the smoking behavior in young adult smokers.

PMID- 27373533
TI  - Microinjection of acetylcholine into cerebellar fastigial nucleus induces blood
      depressor response in anesthetized rats.
AB  - It is well known that the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) is involved in
      cardiovascular modulation, and has direct evidence of cholinergic activity;
      however, whether and how acetylcholine (ACh) in the FN modulates blood pressure
      has not been investigated. In this study, we analyzed mean arterial pressure,
      maximal change in mean arterial pressure, and the reaction time of blood pressure
      changes after microinjection of cholinergic reagents into the FN in anesthetized
      rats. The results showed that ACh evoked a concentration-dependent (10, 30 and
      100mM) effect on blood pressure down-regulation. The muscarinic ACh (mACh)
      receptor antagonist atropine, but not the nicotinic ACh (nACh) receptor
      antagonist mecamylamine, blocked the ACh-mediated depressor response. The mACh
      receptor agonist oxotremorine M, rather than nACh receptor agonist nicotine,
      mimicked the ACh-mediated blood pressure decrease in a dose-dependent manner (10,
      30 and 100mM). These results indicate that cholinergic input in the cerebellar FN
      exerts a depressor effect on systemic blood pressure regulation, and such effects
      are substantially contributed by mACh rather than nACh receptors, although the
      precise mechanism concerning the role of mACh receptor in FN-mediated blood
      pressure modulation remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 27373534
TI  - Pseudotenacibaculum haliotis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member within the
      Tenacibaculum-Polaribacter clade of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from
      the intestine of adult abalones, Haliotis diversicolor and H. discushannai.
AB  - Two rod-shaped marine bacterial strains named FDZSB0410T and FDZWPB0420, were
      isolated from the intestine of two adult abalone species, Haliotis diversicolor
      and Haliotis discushannai, respectively. The strains were non-flagellated, motile
      by gliding, oxidase-positive but catalase-negative, and agar-degrading. The two
      strains had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences with the highest sequence
      similarity less than 96.0 % with species of the genera Tenacibaculumand
      Polaribacter within the family Flavobacteriaceae. Phylogenetic analysis indicated
      the strains represented an independent cluster neighbouring with the species of
      the genera Tenacibaculum and Polaribacter. Strain FDZSB0410T can grow under
      conditions at 15 to 37  degrees C with optimum of 30  degrees C, salinity range
      from 3 to 4 % (NaCl, w/v) with optimum of 3 %, and pH range from 7 to 8 with
      optimum of pH 7. The predominant fatty acids of strain FDZSB0410T consisted of
      iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 :1 G, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1omega7c/C16 :
      1omega6c), iso-C13 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The ubiquinone
      system detected was MK-6. The flexirubin pigment was absent, but the carotenoid
      was present. The polar lipids were identified as aminolipid, glycolipid,
      phosphatidylglycerol, an unknown phospholipid and four unknown lipids. The DNA
      G+C content was 35.3 mol%. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic
      characterizations, strain FDZSB0410T and strain FDZWPB0420 represent a novel
      species of a new genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name
      Pseudotenacibaculum haliotis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of
      the type species is FDZSB0410T (=KCTC 52127T=MCCC 1A01897T).

PMID- 27373535
TI  - Stent migration and bail-out strategies.
AB  - Stent migration is an inherent complication of stent deployment. A number of
      factors are responsible for this dreaded complication. The stent may eventually
      migrate to the heart or lungs or in the process of migration damage structures en
      route to its final destination. A number of techniques are available to bail out
      interventionalists if such a situation should arise. Occasionally a wait and
      watch approach may be prudent. 

PMID- 27373536
TI  - Vascular access scenario in Italy: evolution and comparison by two surveys (1998
      2013).
AB  - PURPOSE: Dialysis settings have generally improved over the last decades, but the
      vascular access setting did not see significant advances and experienced a
      progressive worsening in epidemiology and clinical features. The aim of the study
      was to describe and compare evolution of vascular access in Italy over time.
      METHODS: A national survey implemented in Italy last year is presented and
      compared to a previous survey performed in 1998. Present survey collected data
      from almost 50% of centers involved in vascular access. RESULTS: The nephrologist
      participates in the management of vascular access in 97% of centers. Almost 40%
      of centers declare more than 40% of central venous catheters (CVCs) at first
      dialysis with maximum value being 60%. Prevalence of CVCs is greater than 20% in
      chronic prevalent patients in 38.8% of centers. According to the 2013 survey,
      CVCs account for 51.6% of procedures, while arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and
      prostheses represent 42.4% and 6%, respectively. Nephrologists perform 73% of
      procedures on CVCs.From 1998 to 2013, a sharp increase in CVC prevalence was
      seen, in both incident and prevalent dialysis patients. This activity, mostly due
      to CVC management, is almost completely carried by nephrologists. DISCUSSION: The
      variability in CVC utilization among centers suggests the lack of a shared policy
      in patients and access coupling. Quantitative criteria should be used to reduce
      inappropriate strategy in vascular access creation. Since this activity in Italy
      is organized at a local level without a shared organizational model, we should
      inquire whether a system managed so well in the past should now be rebuilt on the
      model of organ transplantation.

PMID- 27373537
TI  - The dwell time and survival rates of PICC placement after balloon angioplasty in
      patient with unexpected central venous obstruction.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the dwell time and actual survival rates of peripherally
      inserted central catheter (PICC) placements after balloon angioplasty in patients
      with unexpected central venous obstructions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were
      obtained on all PICC insertions performed in a tertiary care hospital from August
      2008 to December 2013. Thirty-five PICCs attempted after balloon angioplasty in
      25 patients (15 male and 10 female patients; mean age, 63 years). Fisher's exact
      test was used to test for differences in reasons for catheter removal between the
      groups of patients with stenosis or obstructions. Survival curves for PICC dwell
      time of all patients, stenosis group, and obstruction group were generated
      separately using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and compared with log-rank tests.
      RESULTS: There were a total 21 obstructions and 14 stenoses. The overall
      technical success rate of PICC placement after balloon angioplasty was 94% (33 of
      35 procedures). The PICC dwell time was determined for 27 PICCs and ranged from 4
      to 165 days (mean, 39.6 days). Among all PICCs, 16 were removed early, resulting
      in an actual survival rate of 40.7% (11 of 27 PICCs). There were no significant
      differences in reasons for catheter removal between the stenosis and obstruction
      groups (p = 0.24). The dwell times for both groups were not significantly
      different by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS: PICC placement after
      balloon angioplasty is a good treatment option for patients with unexpected
      central venous lesions, and offers high technical success rates. The actual
      survival rate was relatively lower (40.7%) than that from previous studies.

PMID- 27373538
TI  - Effector-Triggered Immunity Determines Host Genotype-Specific Incompatibility in
      Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis.
AB  - Symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia leads to the formation of N2-fixing root
      nodules. In soybean, several host genes, referred to as Rj genes, control
      nodulation. Soybean cultivars carrying the Rj4 gene restrict nodulation by
      specific rhizobia such as Bradyrhizobium elkanii We previously reported that the
      restriction of nodulation was caused by B. elkanii possessing a functional type
      III secretion system (T3SS), which is known for its delivery of virulence factors
      by pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis
      for the T3SS-dependent nodulation restriction in Rj4 soybean. Inoculation tests
      revealed that soybean cultivar BARC-2 (Rj4/Rj4) restricted nodulation by B.
      elkanii USDA61, whereas its nearly isogenic line BARC-3 (rj4/rj4) formed nitrogen
      fixing nodules with the same strain. Root-hair curling and infection threads were
      not observed in the roots of BARC-2 inoculated with USDA61, indicating that Rj4
      blocked B. elkanii infection in the early stages. Accumulation of H2O2 and
      salicylic acid (SA) was observed in the roots of BARC-2 inoculated with USDA61.
      Transcriptome analyses revealed that inoculation of USDA61, but not its T3SS
      mutant in BARC-2, induced defense-related genes, including those coding for
      hypersensitive-induced responsive protein, which act in effector-triggered
      immunity (ETI) in Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that B. elkanii T3SS
      triggers the SA-mediated ETI-type response in Rj4 soybean, which consequently
      blocks symbiotic interactions. This study revealed a common molecular mechanism
      underlying both plant-pathogen and plant-symbiont interactions, and suggests that
      establishment of a root nodule symbiosis requires the evasion or suppression of
      plant immune responses triggered by rhizobial effectors. 

PMID- 27373539
TI  - Breeding system diversification and evolution in American Poa supersect.
      Homalopoa (Poaceae: Poeae: Poinae).
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Poa subgenus Poa supersect. Homalopoa has diversified
      extensively in the Americas. Over half of the species in the supersection are
      diclinous; most of these are from the New World, while a few are from South-East
      Asia. Diclinism in Homalopoa can be divided into three main types: gynomonoecism,
      gynodioecism and dioecism. Here the sampling of species of New World Homalopoa is
      expanded to date its origin and diversification in North and South America and
      examine the evolution and origin of the breeding system diversity. METHODS: A
      total of 124 specimens were included in the matrix, of which 89 are species of
      Poa supersect. Homalopoa sections Acutifoliae, Anthochloa, Brizoides, Dasypoa,
      Dioicopoa, Dissanthelium, Homalopoa sensu lato (s.l.), Madropoa and Tovarochloa,
      and the informal Punapoa group. Bayesian and parsimony analyses were conducted on
      the data sets based on four markers: the nuclear ribosomal internal tanscribed
      spacer (ITS) and external transcribed spacer (ETS), and plastid trnT-L and trnL
      F. Dating analyses were performed on a reduced Poa matrix and enlarged Poaceae
      outgroup to utilize fossils as calibration points. A relaxed Bayesian molecular
      clock method was used. KEY RESULTS: Hermaphroditism appears to be pleisiomorphic
      in the monophyletic Poa supersect. Homalopoa, which is suggested to have
      originated in Eurasia 8.4-4.2 million years ago (Mya). The ancestor of Poa
      supersect. Homalopoa radiated throughout the New World in the Late Miocene-Early
      Pliocene, with major lineages originating during the Pliocene to Pleistocene (5-2
      Mya). Breeding systems are linked to geographic areas, showing an evolutionary
      pattern associated with different habitats. At least three major pathways from
      hermaphroditism to diclinism are inferred in New World Homalopoa: two leading to
      dioecism, one via gynodioecism in South America and another directly from
      hermaphroditism in North America, a result that needs to be checked with a
      broader sampling of diclinous species in North America. A third pathway leads
      from hermaphroditism to gynomonoecism in Andean species of South America, with
      strictly pistillate species evolving in the highest altitudes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Divergence dating provides a temporal context to the evolution of breeding
      systems in New World Poa supersect. Homalopoa The results are consistent with the
      infrageneric classification in part; monophyletic sections are confirmed, it is
      proposed to reclassify species of sect. Acutifoliae, Dasypoa and Homalopoa s.l.
      and it is acknowledged that revision of the infrageneric taxonomy of the
      gynomonoecious species is needed.

PMID- 27373541
TI  - "They made me go through like weeks of appointments and everything": Documenting
      women's experiences seeking abortion care in Yukon territory, Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Abortion has been legal without restriction in Canada since 1988 and
      is recognized as a medically necessary service. However, research indicates that
      women still face numerous barriers to accessing care, challenges that are
      amplified for women living in rural, remote and northern regions in Canada.
      OBJECTIVES: This qualitative study aimed to document women's experiences seeking
      and obtaining abortion services while residing in Yukon Territory, identify
      financial and personal costs and explore avenues through which services could be
      improved. METHODS: We conducted 16 in-depth semi-structured phone interviews with
      women who accessed abortion services on/after January 1, 2005, while residing in
      the Yukon. We employed an iterative multiphase analytic approach centering on
      content and themes, using both inductive and deductive techniques. RESULTS: With
      the Yukon's sole facility offering first trimester abortions twice a month, women
      experienced difficulty navigating a fragmented process and long wait times. Women
      found the process of attending multiple pre-procedure appointments at multiple
      locations with multiple health care providers, all while enduring pregnancy
      symptoms and handling other life commitments, physically, financially and
      emotionally taxing. CONCLUSION: Efforts to streamline the process of obtaining an
      abortion and providing women with more information at the first point of contact
      would improve service access and quality. Mifepristone has the potential to
      improve access for rural and remote populations, reduce wait times and alleviate
      privacy concerns, but only if the medication abortion regimen is affordable and
      available at a range of service delivery points and provision requirements are
      aligned with the global evidence. IMPLICATIONS: By documenting women's
      experiences, the identified barriers and outlined suggestions for improvement
      offer realistic avenues through which current abortion services in Yukon
      Territory can be modified in order to increase access. This study highlights
      future reproductive health care initiatives that warrant prioritization in
      Canada's North.

PMID- 27373540
TI  - Medications to ease intrauterine device insertion: a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Potential barriers to intrauterine device (IUD) use include provider
      concern about difficult insertion, particularly for nulliparous women. OBJECTIVE:
      This study aims to evaluate the evidence on the effectiveness of medications to
      ease IUD insertion on provider outcomes (i.e., ease of insertion, need for
      adjunctive insertion measures, insertion success). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched
      the PubMed database for peer-reviewed articles published in any language from
      database inception through February 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined medications to ease interval
      insertion of levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs and copper T IUDs. RESULTS: From 1855
      articles, we identified 15 RCTs that met our inclusion criteria. Most evidence
      suggested that misoprostol did not improve provider ease of insertion, reduce the
      need for adjunctive insertion measures or improve insertion success among general
      samples of women seeking an IUD (evidence Level I, good to fair). However, one
      RCT found significantly higher insertion success among women receiving
      misoprostol prior to a second IUD insertion attempt after failed attempt versus
      placebo (evidence Level I, good). Two RCTs on 2% intracervical lidocaine as a
      topical gel or injection suggested no positive effect on provider ease of
      insertion (evidence Level I, good to poor), and one RCT on diclofenac plus 2%
      intracervical lidocaine as a topical gel suggested no positive effect on provider
      ease of insertion (evidence Level I, good). Limited evidence from two RCTs on
      nitric oxide donors, specifically nitroprusside or nitroglycerin gel, suggested
      no positive effect on provider ease of insertion or need for adjunctive insertion
      measures (evidence Level I, fair). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, most studies found no
      significant differences between women receiving interventions to ease IUD
      insertion versus controls. Among women with a recent failed insertion who
      underwent a second insertion attempt, one RCT found improved insertion success
      among women using misoprostol versus placebo.

PMID- 27373542
TI  - Home or office etonogestrel implant insertion after pregnancy: a randomized
      trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether home visits for contraceptive implant insertion
      result in an increase in postpartum uptake compared to clinic insertion and to
      assess the feasibility of home insertions. STUDY DESIGN: We randomized women
      within 10 weeks of a birth or dilation and curettage (D&C) for abortion or
      miscarriage to home or standard office insertion. The primary outcome was
      successful insertion of the implant. To achieve 80% power to detect a 40%
      difference in visit attendance, 20 women were assigned to each group. The
      secondary outcome was attendance of the 4-week postpartum visit. RESULTS: From
      June 2013 through February 2014, we screened 45 women and 40 were randomly
      assigned to home and office insertion visits. We enrolled 37 postpartum women and
      3 women post-D&C. Because of the significant under enrollment of the latter, we
      chose to report results of only the postpartum women. The results were similar
      whether we included or excluded post-abortion women. A majority of women desired
      a home visit for their implant insertion appointment at time of enrollment.
      Postpartum appointment attendance rates were similar between home and office
      visits at 53% and 50% (p=1.00), respectively. Home visits resulted in a trend
      toward increased implant uptake [12/19 (63%) vs 6/18 (33%), p=.10]. CONCLUSION:
      Home insertion of the contraceptive implant may be a feasible option. Future
      studies that examine the feasibility and uptake in both postpartum and post-D&C
      women are warranted. IMPLICATIONS: Women reported preference for home insertion
      visits in this pilot study. We also showed that a greater proportion of women
      received the etonogestrel implant at a home visit compared to the current
      standard of care, which may warrant larger studies that would have sufficient
      power to evaluate smaller differences.

PMID- 27373543
TI  - Contraceptive practices among women: the second Australian study of health and
      relationships.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To document the use of contraception by a representative sample of
      Australian women aged 16-49 years and compare it with 2001-2002. METHODS: Women
      were asked about their use of contraception and method used or reason for non-use
      during computer-assisted telephone interviews in 2012-2013. Women were sampled by
      random digit dialling of landline and mobile phones (participation rate 67.2%).
      RESULTS: Of a weighted sample of 5654 heterosexually active women interviewed 81%
      were using a method of contraception including sterilisation; this amounts to 66%
      of all women aged 16-49. Of those who were not using a method, 42% were pregnant
      or wanted a baby, 25% said they or their partners were infertile, 5% were
      currently not having intercourse, 3% were past menopause and 25% were apparently
      at risk of unintended pregnancy. Of those who used a method, 33% used oral
      contraceptives, 30% condoms and 19% sterilisation as their primary method. Use of
      condoms, intrauterine devices, implants and emergency contraception has increased
      since 2002, and use of sterilisation has fallen. Method used varied by age group,
      location, occupational group, relationship status and parity. A third of women
      had ever used emergency contraception, with the highest rate among women in their
      20s. CONCLUSION: Australian women have access to a wide range of effective
      contraceptive methods. IMPLICATIONS: Given the high levels of use, most
      unintended pregnancies in Australia are likely to be attributable to method
      failure or inconsistent use.

PMID- 27373544
TI  - Parental social networks during childhood and offspring depression in early
      adulthood: a lifecourse approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known on how parental social relationships may affect their
      children's mental health. We sought to examine the relation between parental
      social relationship characteristics and subsequent offspring depression in young
      adulthood. METHODS: We used 2009 Trajectoires Epidemiologiques en Population
      (TEMPO) study data from 1087 French young adults ages 22 to 35 and parental data
      from the corresponding Gaz et Electricite (GAZEL) study in 1991. Multivariable
      logistic regression was used to examine parental social networks, quality of
      parental relationships, and reciprocity of parental social support measured in
      1991 in relation to offspring depression in young adulthood measured using the
      Adult Self Report in 2009. Analyses were stratified by participant sex. RESULTS:
      In adjusted models, daughters of parents who reported giving more support to
      others than they received had 1.72 higher odds (95% CI, 1.09-2.70) of depression
      in young adulthood. Daughters of parents who were unsatisfied with their social
      relationships had 2.14 (95% CI, 1.22-3.76) higher odds of depression. Among male
      participants, there was no statistically significant association between parental
      relationship satisfaction, reciprocity of parental exchanges, and depression.
      CONCLUSIONS: Parental relationships during mid-childhood have long-term
      associations with offspring depression. Results suggest that enhancing social
      support for parents may have positive implications for their children's mental
      health.

PMID- 27373545
TI  - The role of microRNAs in respiratory viral infection: friend or foe?
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a class of regulatory RNAs in host-pathogen
      interactions. Aberrant miRNA expression seems to play a central role in the
      pathology of several respiratory viruses, promoting development and progression
      of infection. miRNAs may thus serve as therapeutic and prognostic factors for
      respiratory viral infectious disease caused by a variety of agents. We present a
      comprehensive review of recent findings related to the role of miRNAs in
      different respiratory viral infections and discuss possible therapeutic
      opportunities aiming to attenuate the burden of viral infections. Our review
      supports the emerging concept that cellular and viral-encoded miRNAs might be
      broadly implicated in human respiratory viral infections, with either positive or
      negative effects on virus life cycle. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27373546
TI  - They Sell Skulls Online?! A Review of Internet Sales of Human Skulls on eBay and
      the Laws in Place to Restrict Sales.
AB  - Internet sales of human remains occur despite the existence of laws prohibiting
      such action in most jurisdictions. The most popular public platform for online
      sales, eBay, allows users to postskeletal material for sale, largely anonymously
      and without much fear of legal repercussions. This survey of skeletal sales was
      conducted 10 years after the first article published about online human remains
      sales. A review of current laws reveals that, while many states have laws that
      restrict any sale of human remains, those laws have questionable deterrent
      effect. Assessing the skeletal material posted for sale provides law enforcement
      agencies with a necessary starting point to curtail the sale of human remains
      through enforcement of existing laws. Ultimately, the goal is to stem the
      commodification of such items and to recover skeletal material, especially that
      which may be of archaeological or forensic significance, and provide the proper
      final disposition for such material. 

PMID- 27373547
TI  - Prospective Memory Performance in Persons With Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
      and Healthy Persons.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is a paucity of studies comparing prospective memory (PM)
      impairment between persons with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The aim of
      this study was to directly compare PM performances of these two groups and
      healthy controls. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 44 persons with schizophrenia
      and 76 with bipolar disorder, and 44 healthy controls formed the study sample.
      FINDINGS: Patients were found to be impaired in PM relative to controls and the
      two patient groups showed similar level of PM performance after controlling
      confounding sociodemographic and clinical variables. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The
      findings add to the evidence concerning the neurocognitive similarity between
      cohorts of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with respect to PM. Rehabilitative
      effort in PM remedies for both patient groups is warranted.

PMID- 27373549
TI  - Liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry screening
      procedure for urine samples in forensic casework compared to gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - This work represents the development, validation, and application of a liquid
      chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) screening
      method for the detection of pharmaceutical substances and illicit drugs (acidic,
      basic, and neutral organic drugs) in urine samples. Time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry was performed using an LC-Triple TOF 5600 system with electrospray
      ionization operated in both positive and negative mode, respectively. The limits
      of detection (LODs), determined for 34 substances, were < 10 ng/mL for 91% of the
      compounds. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were < 20 ng/mL for 91% of the
      substances. The identification of the compounds was based on exact mass (< +/- 5
      ppm), retention time (<2%) if available, isotopic pattern fit (<10%) and library
      hit (>70%). These four parameters served as identification criteria and are
      discussed according to their role in identifying compounds even without reference
      substances. In routine casework, two in-house XIC (extracted ion chromatogram)
      lists, consisting of 456 protonated and 26 deprotonated compounds were used and
      retention times for 365 compounds were available. Compared to the results found
      with the established gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) procedure, the
      findings with the LC-QTOF-MS screening method showed a good comparability.
      Results that were not detected by LC-QTOF-MS because of a missing entry in the
      targeted XIC list could retrospectively be confirmed by simply entering the
      elemental formula of the relevant substance into the software and reprocessing
      the sample. LC-QTOF-MS offers an attractive technique for the fast and specific
      identification of illicit drugs and toxic compounds in urine samples. Copyright
      (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27373550
TI  - Diverse Ligand-Functionalized Mixed-Valent Hexamanganese Sandwiched
      Silicotungstates with Single-Molecule Magnet Behavior.
AB  - Under hydrothermal conditions, replacement of the water molecules in the [Mn(III)
      4 Mn(II) 2 O4 (H2 O)4 ](8+) cluster of mixed-valent Mn6 sandwiched
      silicotungstate [(B-alpha-SiW9 O34 )2 Mn(III) 4 Mn(II) 2 O4 (H2 O)4 ](12-) (1 a)
      with organic N ligands led to the isolation of five organic-inorganic hybrid, Mn6
      -substituted polyoxometalates (POMs) 2-6. They were all structurally
      characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis,
      diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy, and powder and single-crystal X-ray
      diffraction. Compounds 2-6 represent the first series of mixed-valent {Mn(III) 4
      Mn(II) 2 O4 (H2 O)4-n (L)n } sandwiched POMs covalently functionalized by organic
      ligands. The preparation of 1-6 not only indicates that the double-cubane
      {Mn(III) 4 Mn(II) 2 O4 (H2 O)4-n (L)n } clusters are very stable fragments in
      both conventional aqueous solution and hydrothermal systems and that organic
      functionalization of the [Mn(III) 4 Mn(II) 2 O4 (H2 O)4 ](8+) cluster by
      substitution reactions is feasible, but also demonstrates that hydrothermal
      environments can promote and facilitate the occurrence of this substitution
      reaction. This work confirms that hydrothermal synthesis is effective for making
      novel mixed-valent POMs substituted with transition-metal (TM) clusters by
      combining lacunary Keggin precursors with TM cations and tunable organic ligands.
      Furthermore, magnetic measurements reveal that 3 and 6 exhibit single-molecule
      magnet behavior. 

PMID- 27373548
TI  - Biogenesis of a new type of extracellular vesicles in gastrointestinal stromal
      tumors: ultrastructural profiles of spheresomes.
AB  - Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an intercellular communication
      mediator in cancer. They seem to be involved in tumor processes by means of
      transformation of surrounding cells previous to metastasis by transferring miRNAs
      and oncogenic proteins. It is known that EVs, depending on their source, can be
      exosomes or ectosomes. Although the first type constitutes a specific population
      formed from the endosomal system, via multivesicular bodies, the ectosome
      biogenesis is not yet well known. In this study, we report a new type of EVs
      which has been termed spheresomes. While exosomes come from multivesicular bodies
      and ectosomes from direct budding of plasma membrane, spheresomes present a new
      mechanism of shedding from a spherical membrane structure which we have named
      multivesicular spheres. These EVs are first described in gastrointestinal stromal
      tumor cells in the present study. But moreover, these new membrane spherical
      structures appear not only next to tumoral cells but also different distances
      from them. Since some other authors have evidenced oncogenic KIT-containing EVs,
      it is also suggested here that surrounding cells uptake of these first described
      EVs, GIST-derived spheresomes, could induce tumor invasiveness. That is why the
      prevention of signaling processes developed by these new EVs may represent an
      alternative approach for GIST treatment.

PMID- 27373551
TI  - Fetal Membrane Ultrastructure and Development in the Oviparous Milksnake
      Lampropeltis triangulum (Colubridae) with Reference to Function and Evolution in
      Snakes.
AB  - In eggs of oviparous reptiles, fetal membranes maintain developing embryos
      through the exchange of respiratory gases and provision of water and calcium. As
      part of a survey of reptilian fetal membranes, we used scanning electron
      microscopy to study fetal membrane morphology in the oviparous Pueblan milksnake,
      Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli. The chorioallantois initially is an avascular
      structure lined by enlarged chorionic and allantoic epithelia. Upon
      vascularization, the chorionic epithelium becomes greatly attenuated, enhancing
      the potential for gas exchange; the allantoic epithelium also flattens. The
      bilaminar omphalopleure of the yolk sac lacks blood vessels, but it becomes
      vascularized by allantoic capillaries and transformed into an omphalallantois.
      Upon regression of the isolated yolk mass, this membrane is converted to
      chorioallantois, equipping it for gas exchange. Allantoic fluid serves as a water
      reservoir, and we postulate that it facilitates water uptake by establishing an
      osmotic gradient. Early in development, epithelia of both the chorion and the
      omphalopleure show apical microvilli that greatly increase the cell surface area
      available for water uptake. However, these features are incompatible with gas
      exchange and are lost as oxygen needs take precedence. A comparison of the fetal
      membranes to those of other squamate species (both oviparous and viviparous)
      reveals characteristics that are probably ancestral for snakes, some of which are
      plesiomorphic for Squamata. The widespread phylogenetic distribution of these
      features reflects their utility as adaptations that serve functional requirements
      of squamate embryos.

PMID- 27373552
TI  - Safety of peritoneal and pleural drain placement in pediatric stem cell
      transplant recipients with severe veno-occlusive disease.
AB  - Hepatic VOD (veno-occlusive disease) is a serious complication of HSCT
      (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) and has historically been associated
      with high mortality. This obstruction to hepatic flow often results in fluid
      collections in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. Catheter placement to drain
      ascites or pleural fluid may reduce intra-abdominal hypertension and/or improve
      respiratory parameters. The safety of these interventions among critically ill,
      immunocompromised children is unknown. Among 32 HSCT recipients (2000-2012) with
      severe VOD, we assessed the primary outcome of procedural complication from
      peritoneal drain placement. Twenty-four (75%) patients underwent peritoneal drain
      placement. No patient sustained visceral perforation or hemorrhage with drain
      placement. Overall mortality was 47% (n = 15). The procedure was not associated
      with increased overall mortality (p > 0.99). Eight (25%) peritoneal drains
      required replacement for malfunction. Of 24 patients with peritoneal drains, one
      (4%) patient had a positive culture from ascitic fluid. Eight (25%) patients
      underwent pleural drain placement. No pleural drain-related procedural
      complication or infection occurred. Four (50%) of the eight patients with pleural
      drains had de-escalation in oxygen requirement at drain removal, compared to time
      of placement. In this study, peritoneal and pleural drains were safe
      interventions for children with severe VOD.

PMID- 27373553
TI  - Drug-specific CD4+ T-cell immune responses are responsible for antituberculosis
      drug-induced maculopapular exanthema and drug reaction with eosinophilia and
      systemic symptoms syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A multidrug regimen including isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and
      ethambutol is commonly used as first-line treatment for tuberculosis. However,
      this regimen can occasionally result in severe adverse drug reactions, such as
      drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome and drug
      induced liver injury. The culprit drug and mechanistic basis for the
      hypersensitive reaction are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To investigate drug-specific T
      cell responses in patients with antituberculosis drug (ATD)-induced cutaneous
      hypersensitivity and its underlying mechanism. METHODS: We enrolled eight
      patients with ATD-induced maculopapular exanthema and DRESS and performed a
      lymphocyte transformation test. Subsequently, drug-specific T-cell clones were
      generated from four of the patients who showed proliferation in response to ATDs.
      We measured the drug-specific proliferative responses and counted the drug
      specific interferon (IFN)-gamma/granzyme B-producing cells after drug
      stimulation. Antihuman leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II blocking
      antibodies were used to analyse human leukocyte antigen-restricted T-cell
      responses. RESULTS: Positive proliferative responses to ATDs were mostly found in
      patients with cutaneous hypersensitivity. Furthermore, we isolated
      isoniazid/rifampicin-specific T cells from patients, which consisted primarily of
      CD4+ T cells. Drug-specific CD4+ T cells proliferated and secreted IFN
      gamma/granzyme B when stimulated with isoniazid or rifampicin, respectively.
      Isoniazid-responsive T-cell clones did not proliferate in the presence of
      rifampicin and vice versa. Drug-specific T-cell responses were blocked in the
      presence of anti-HLA class II antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies the
      presence of isoniazid/rifampicin-specific T cells in patients with ATD-induced
      maculopapular exanthema and DRESS. Furthermore, it highlights the important role
      of drug-specific T-cell immune responses in the pathogenesis of these reactions.

PMID- 27373554
TI  - Understanding behavioural clusters: Identifying differences between clusters of
      health behaviours on key constructs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To uncover the rationale underlying the perceived distinction between
      clusters of health behaviours by identifying cognitive constructs that
      differentiate among them, and creating a 'cognitive profile' for each behavioural
      cluster. Thus, different determinants and characteristics of health behaviours
      (e.g. 'perceived behavioural control', 'impact on health', 'effort', 'non-health
      rewards', 'habit') were used to compare health behaviour meta-clusters (physical
      and psychosocial) and clusters (e.g. nutrition behaviours, substance abuse,
      medical practices). METHODS: A sample of lay people (N = 1956) judged items
      representing behavioural clusters delineated in the Health Behaviour Taxonomy on
      14 constructs. RESULTS: Significant differences emerged between the physical and
      psychosocial meta-clusters, as well as among their sub-clusters. For example,
      physical behaviours were higher on 'perceived behavioural control' and 'impact on
      health' compared to psychosocial behaviours, and nutrition was perceived highest
      on 'effort' and 'non-health rewards' compared to the other clusters of the
      physical meta-cluster. CONCLUSION: The findings increase our understanding of the
      logic underlying lay people's cognitive schema of health behaviour clusters.
      'Cognitive profiles' that explain differences between the clusters were
      identified, which can be used to design health messages and interventions
      targeting multiple health behaviours.

PMID- 27373555
TI  - eNOS gene T786C, G894T and 4a4b polymorphisms and male infertility
      susceptibility: a meta-analysis.
AB  - : The association between polymorphism of eNOS and male infertility in several
      studies was controversial. To explore a more precise estimation of the
      association, a meta-analysis of eight case-control studies, including 1,968 cases
      and 1,539 controls, were selected. The meta-analysis was conducted by calculating
      the pooled odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Overall, the
      association between T786C and risk of male infertility was obvious (TC vs. TT:
      OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42; CC vs. TT: OR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.65-6.87; TC/CC vs.
      TT: OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.25-1.73; CC vs. TT/TC: OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.54-6.56; TC
      vs. TT: OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.27-2.03). However, no overall association was
      observed between the other two polymorphisms of eNOS (G894T and 4a4b) and male
      infertility. Stratified analysis showed that significantly strong association
      between T786C polymorphism and semen quality was present in all three types of
      male infertility (azoospermia, oligozoospermia and asthenozoospermia). In the
      subgroup analysis based on ethnicity, both T786C and 4a4b could influence the
      risk of male infertility in Asian and Caucasian. Further studies of polymorphisms
      of eNOS with their biological functions are needed to understand the role in the
      development of male infertility.

PMID- 27373557
TI  - Miniaturized Linear Wire Ion Trap Mass Analyzer.
AB  - We report a linear ion trap (LIT) in which the electric field is formed by fine
      wires held under tension and accurately positioned using holes drilled in two end
      plates made of plastic. The coordinates of the hole positions were optimized in
      simulation. The stability diagram and mass spectra using boundary ejection were
      compared between simulation and experiment and good agreement was found. The mass
      spectra from experiments show peak widths (fwhm) in units of mass-to-charge of
      around 0.38 Th using a scan rate of 3830 Th/s. The limits of detection are 137
      ppbv and 401 ppbv for benzene and toluene, respectively. Different sizes of the
      wire ion trap can be easily fabricated by drilling holes in scaled positions.
      Other distinguishing features, such as high ion and photon transmission, low
      capacitance, high tolerance to mechanical and assembly error, and low weight, are
      discussed.

PMID- 27373556
TI  - A Two-Year Treatment of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment using a Compound
      Chinese Medicine: A Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial.
AB  - We aimed to investigate the long-term therapeutic effects of a compound Chinese
      medicine, the Bushen capsule, on cognition and brain connectivity in patients
      with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Thus, sixty aMCI participants
      were recruited to this 24-month study and were randomly divided into treatment
      (30 with a Bushen capsule) and placebo (30 with a placebo capsule) groups.
      Neuropsychological tests with MMSE and episodic memory as the primary outcomes
      and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were analyzed
      before and after the treatment over 24 month period. In contrast to the placebo
      group, the drug group presented improved or stable general cognitive function,
      memory, language and executive function especially the primary outcomes MMSE and
      episodic memory with Bushen capsule treatment. FMRI results showed increased
      connectivity in the right precuneus and the global connectivity indexed with
      goodness of fit (GOF) of the default mode network (DMN) in the drug group and
      decreased GOF in the placebo group. More importantly, we found the GOF change was
      positively correlated with changes in MMSE and memory scores after 24 months in
      the drug group. Over 24 months, treatment with the compound Chinese medicine
      Bushen capsule can improve multiple domains of cognition and increase the
      functional local (right precuneus) and global connectivity within the DMN, which
      are associated with better performance.

PMID- 27373558
TI  - On-Chip Quantitative Measurement of Mechanical Stresses During Cell Migration
      with Emulsion Droplets.
AB  - The ability of immune cells to migrate within narrow and crowded spaces is a
      critical feature involved in various physiological processes from immune response
      to metastasis. Several in-vitro techniques have been developed so far to study
      the behaviour of migrating cells, the most recent being based on the fabrication
      of microchannels within which cells move. To address the question of the
      mechanical stress a cell is able to produce during the encounter of an obstacle
      while migrating, we developed a hybrid microchip made of parallel PDMS channels
      in which oil droplets are sparsely distributed and serve as deformable obstacles.
      We thus show that cells strongly deform droplets while passing them. Then, we
      show that the microdevice can be used to study the influence of drugs on
      migration at the population level. Finally, we describe a quantitative analysis
      method of the droplet deformation that allows measuring in real-time the
      mechanical stress exerted by a single cell. The method presented herein thus
      constitutes a powerful analytical tool for cell migration studies under
      confinement.

PMID- 27373560
TI  - New insights into the vibrational and optical signatures of trans-stilbene via
      integrated experimental and quantum mechanical approaches.
AB  - The structure, spectroscopic parameters and optical properties of stilbene have
      been investigated by a computational protocol including suitable treatment of
      anharmonic contributions together with new experimental results. A full
      reproduction of the 500-3500 cm(-1) IR spectrum has been possible using the VPT2
      approach and new insights are provided in the 6000 cm(-1) region where typical
      signatures have been characterized as a set of overtones and combination bands.
      Vibrational contributions to electronic transitions have been taken into account
      to simulate the optical (absorption and emission) properties of stilbene. Spectra
      simulated by employing the state-of-the-art Adiabatic Hessian model coupled to
      global hybrid functionals are in remarkable agreement with their experimental
      counterparts and the inclusion of Herzberg-Teller contributions further improves
      the results with respect to those delivered by the basic Franck-Condon model. 

PMID- 27373559
TI  - Detection of Novel Gene Variants Associated with Congenital Hypothyroidism in a
      Finnish Patient Cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as the lack of thyroid
      hormones at birth. Mutations in at least 15 different genes have been associated
      with this disease. While up to 20% of CH cases are hereditary, the majority of
      cases are sporadic with unknown etiology. Apart from a monogenic pattern of
      inheritance, multigenic mechanisms have been suggested to play a role in CH. The
      genetics of CH has not been studied in Finland so far. Therefore, multigenic
      sequencing of CH candidate genes was performed in a Finnish patient cohort with
      both familial and sporadic CH. METHODS: A targeted next-generation sequencing
      (NGS) panel, covering all exons of the major CH genes, was applied for 15
      patients with sporadic and 11 index cases with familial CH. RESULTS: Among the
      familial cases, six pathogenic mutations were found in the TPO, PAX8, and TSHR
      genes. Furthermore, pathogenic NKX2.1 and TG mutations were identified from
      sporadic cases, together with likely pathogenic variants in the TG, NKX2.5,
      SLC26A4, and DUOX2 genes. All identified novel pathogenic mutations were
      confirmed by Sanger-sequencing and characterized in silico and/or in vitro.
      CONCLUSION: In summary, the CH panel provides an efficient, cost-effective, and
      multigenic screening tool for both known and novel CH gene mutations. Hence, it
      may be a useful method to identify accurately the genetic etiology for
      dyshormogenic, familial, or syndromic forms of CH.

PMID- 27373561
TI  - In vitro monitoring of time and dose dependent cytotoxicity of aminated
      nanoparticles using Raman spectroscopy.
AB  - Investigation of possible adverse health effects of nanomaterials, in a rapid
      multi-parametric fashion, has become increasingly important, due to their
      increased production and potential uses in a wide range of application areas,
      from cosmetics to pharmaceutics. Although conventional in vitro cytotoxicological
      techniques provide valuable information about the particle toxicity, the
      importance of gaining high content information in a single assay with the
      analysis of multiple parameters in a non-invasive and label-free way is still one
      of the biggest challenges in nanotoxicology. As a vibrational spectroscopic
      technique, the power of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of cells, tissues and
      also nanoparticle localization within cells has been shown previously. In this
      study, the ability of Raman spectroscopy to fingerprint the dose and time
      dependent cellular responses and effect of cytotoxic events on biochemical
      constituents of the cells is monitored. A549 human lung carcinoma cells and
      aminated polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NH2) are used as a model cell line and
      nanoparticle, respectively. Following the determination of cellular responses in
      the presence of toxic PS-NH2 by using conventional cellular assays, Alamar Blue
      (AB) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid (MTT), and
      calculation of EC50 values for both assays, Raman spectroscopy was employed at
      response related doses and time points. Multiple point spectra from the
      cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleolus of 20 cells were acquired using Raman
      spectroscopy for each exposure dose and timepoint. Unsupervised principle
      components analysis (PCA) was applied to the Raman data sets for the comparison
      of exposed and unexposed cells as well as different exposure doses and times. The
      study shows the ability of Raman spectroscopy to provide information about
      cellular responses at different particle concentrations and exposure times with
      the aid of multivariate analysis. In the chosen range of concentrations, the most
      significant changes were observed in the cytoplasm for both time dependent and
      dose dependent cases due to the route of endocytosis. The Raman spectral markers
      for lipidosis, ROS formation and oxidative stress related biochemical damage are
      determined and correlated with exposure dose and time, and the responses are
      correlated with conventional cytotoxicity assays. 

PMID- 27373562
TI  - Relativistic DFT and experimental studies of mono- and bis-actinyl complexes of
      an expanded Schiff-base polypyrrole macrocycle.
AB  - The computationally- and experimentally-determined molecular structures of a bis
      uranyl(vi) complex of an expanded Schiff-base polypyrrolic macrocycle [(UO2)2(L)]
      are in close agreement only if the pyridine in the fifth equatorial donor site on
      the uranium is included in the calculations. The relativistic density functional
      theory (DFT) calculations presented here are augmented from those on previously
      reported simpler frameworks, and demonstrate that other augmentations, such as
      the incorporation of condensed-phase media and the changes in the peripheral
      groups of the ligand, have only a slight effect. Synthetic routes to pure samples
      of the bis- and mono-uranyl(vi) complexes have been developed using pyridine and
      arene solvents, respectively, allowing the experimental determination of the
      molecular structures by X-ray single crystal diffraction; these agree well with
      the calculated structures. A comprehensive set of calculations has been performed
      on a series of actinyl AnO2n+ complexes of this macrocyclic ligand. These include
      both bis- and mono-actinyl adducts for the metals U, Np and Pu, and formal
      oxidation states VI and V. The reduction potentials of the complexes for U, Np,
      and Pu, incorporating both solvation and spin-orbit coupling considerations, show
      the order Np > Pu > U. The agreement between experimental and computed data for U
      is excellent, suggesting that at this level of computation predictions made about
      the significantly more radiotoxic Np and Pu molecules should be accurate. A
      particularly unusual structure of the mononuclear plutonyl(v) complex was
      predicted by quantum chemical calculations, in which a twist in the macrocycle
      allows one of the two endo-oxo groups to form a hydrogen bond to one pyrrole
      group of the opposite side of the macrocycle, in accordance with this member of
      the set containing the most Lewis basic oxo groups.

PMID- 27373563
TI  - UV gelation of single-component polyacrylates bearing dinitrobenzoate side
      groups.
AB  - Polyacrylates bearing dinitrobenzoate side groups undergo sol-gel-sol
      transformations in DMF or THF solutions regulated by alternating UV light and
      dark conditions. The formation and recombination of radical ionic species via
      photoinduced electron transfer may be responsible. 

PMID- 27373564
TI  - Sub-nanometre mapping of the aquaporin-water interface using multifrequency
      atomic force microscopy.
AB  - Aquaporins are integral membrane proteins that regulate the transport of water
      and small molecules in and out of the cell. In eye lens tissue, circulation of
      water, ions and metabolites is ensured by a microcirculation system in which
      aquaporin-0 (AQP0) plays a central role. AQP0 allows water to flow beyond the
      diffusion limit through lens membranes. AQP0 naturally arranges in a square
      lattice. The malfunction of AQP0 is related to numerous diseases such as
      cataracts. Despite considerable research into its structure, function and
      dynamics, the interface between the protein and the surrounding liquid and the
      effect of the lattice arrangement on the behaviour of water at the interface with
      the membrane are still not fully understood. Here we use a multifrequency atomic
      force microscopy (AFM) approach to map both the liquid at the interface with AQP0
      and the protein itself with sub-nanometer resolution. Imaging using the
      fundamental eigenmode of the AFM cantilever probes mainly the interfacial water
      at the surface of the membrane. The results highlight a well-defined region that
      surrounds AQP0 tetramers and where water exhibits a higher affinity for the
      protein. Imaging in the second eigenmode is dominated by the mechanical response
      of the protein and provides sub-molecular details of the protein surface and the
      sub-surface structure. The relationship between modes and harmonics is also
      examined.

PMID- 27373566
TI  - [Pay attention to the fine management of the diagnosis and treatment of
      glaucoma].
AB  - During the clinical practice of glaucoma, the fine management is needed in
      patient's eye history taking, clinical material organization, the
      standardization, normalization, advantage complement of clinical examination and
      compliance evaluation of anti-glaucoma medication. The fine management of the
      glaucoma diagnosis and treatment will enable the greatest extent of visual
      protection.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 401-403). 

PMID- 27373567
TI  - [The role of choroidal thickness change in acute attack of primary angle closure
      glaucoma].
AB  - The mechanism of acute attack of primary angle closure glaucoma is unclear.
      Several studies showed that choroidal thickness was thicker in acute attack eyes
      than in follow eyes and normal eyes. However, these results are not enough to
      support the point that choroidal thickness increase is the cause for acute attack
      of primary angle closure glaucoma. Narrow anterior chamber angle, shallow
      anterior chamber are risk factors for primary angle closure glaucoma. Dynamic
      changes of iris, cilliary body crystalline lens and choroid all have effect on
      the angle width. They could contribute to the acute attack of angle closure.
      Thus, the acute attack of primary angle closure glaucoma should be the results of
      interaction effect of multiple risk factors. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 404
      406). 

PMID- 27373565
TI  - Genome-wide analysis of HIF-2alpha chromatin binding sites under normoxia in
      human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) suggests its diverse functions.
AB  - Constitutive functional HIF-2alpha was recently identified in cancer and stem
      cell lines under normoxia. In this study, BEAS-2B, a bronchial epithelial cell
      line, was shown to constitutively express active HIF-2alpha under normoxia and
      exhibit markers of pluripotency including Oct-4, Nanog, and sphere formation. Oct
      4 expression was reduced after knockdown of HIF-2alpha under normoxia. Global
      enrichment analysis of HIF-2alpha demonstrated the diverse functions of HIF
      2alpha under normoxia. Bioinformatics analysis of the enriched loci revealed an
      enhancer role of HIF-2alpha binding sites, involvement of HIF-2alpha interacting
      proteins, and enriched de novo motifs which suggest the diverse role of HIF
      2alpha in pseudohypoxia. The low ratio of the discovered loci overlapping with
      those revealed in cancer cell lines 786-O (16.1%) and MCF-7 (15.9%) under hypoxia
      indicated a prevailing non-canonical mechanism. Hypoxia had positive, marginal or
      adverse effects on the enrichment of the selected loci in ChIP-PCR assays.
      Deletion of the N-terminal activation domain (N-TAD) of HIF-2alpha disrupted the
      reporting activity of two of the loci annotated to ELN and ANKRD31. Hypoxia
      incurring abundance variation of HIF-2alpha may misrepresent the N-TAD functions
      as canonical hypoxia inducible features via C-TAD activation. Elucidation of the
      pseudohypoxia functions of constitutive HIF-2alpha is useful for resolving its
      role in malignancy and pluripotency.

PMID- 27373568
TI  - [Effectiveness of unilateral selective laser trabeculoplasty for primary open
      angle glaucoma].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of unilateral selective laser
      trabeculoplasty (SLT) on the both eyes of patients with primary open-angle
      glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: This was a self-controlled clinical study. Thirty-two
      patients of 32 eyes with OAG who used same anti-glaucoma medications for both
      eyes were included aat the Department of Ophthalmology Peking University third
      Hospital from February 2010 to April 2014. SLT was performed for the poorly
      controlled eye for each patient. Patients were examined before operation and 1
      hour, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation. The intraocular
      pressure was examined after 1 hour of SLT. The rest time points were examined by
      visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), slit lamp microscope, fundus
      ophthalmoscope and visual field. The paired t test (Bonferroni) was used to
      compare the IOP at each time point after SLT with the baseline IOP before SLT.
      Single factor analysis of variance was used to compare the percentage of IOP
      drop. Linear correlation analysis was used to analyze the amplitude of the
      decrease of IOP between treated eyes and untreated eyes at 6-month post
      operatively and analyze the IOP between preoperative eyes and 6-month post
      operative eyes. The magnitude of the decrease of IOP in patients with glaucoma
      medication and 6 months after surgery was analyzed. We also analyzed the types of
      antiglaucoma medications and IOP reductions range for 6 month after SLT. RESULTS:
      The preoperative mean IOP was (18.9+/-2.5) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) in the treated
      eye of patients with OAG. Mean IOP reduction for 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months after
      SLT were (1.7+/-2.9) mmHg, (2.5+/-2.5) mmHg, (3.5+/-2.8) mmHg, (3.4+/-2.5) mmHg
      and the percentage of IOP reduction were (8+/-16) %, (13+/-13) % (18+/-14) %,
      (18+/-12) % respectively (compared with the baseline, P< 0.05) . With the success
      criteria of IOP reduction >=3.0 mmHg or >=20%, the success rate of SLT in the
      treated eye after 1 week, 1, 3, 6 months was 38%, 52%, 50% and 60% respectively.
      For the untreated fellow eyes, the preoperative mean IOP was (17.3+/-2.4) mmHg.
      Mean IOP reduction for 1 week, 1month, 3 month, and 6 month after SLT were (1.1+/
      2.0) mmHg, (1.0+/-2.7) mmHg, (2.6+/-2.2) mmHg and (2.5+/-2.2) mmHg respectively
      (compared with the baseline, P<0.05) . There was a positive correlation between
      preoperative IOP and IOP reduction either in the treated or in the untreated eyes
      at 6-month post-SLT (R=0.63, P<0.01; R=0.60, P<0.01) . There was a positive
      correlation in IOP reduction between treated eyes and untreated eyes at 6-month
      post-operative (R=0.66, P<0.01). All patients didn't need further treatment such
      as another laser treatment or surgery. Anti-glaucoma medications were remained
      unchanged after SLT. CONCLUSIONS: In poorly anti-glaucoma medication controlled
      Chinese POAG eyes with mean IOP about 18.0 mmHg, unilateral STL can reduce the
      IOP about 18% at 6-month post-operative for the treated eyes. There was also a
      continuous IOP reduction effects for the fellow eyes.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016,
      52: 410-415).

PMID- 27373569
TI  - [Effect of suture canalization on the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma: 3
      years clinical observation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Suture Canalization,
      which is a kind of Schlemm canal surgery, on the treatment of patients with
      primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: Retrospective cases series study.
      Fifty-two patients (52 eyes) with POAG were recruited from October 2007 to July
      2009 from Hospital of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University.
      Twenty-six patients (26 eyes) were included in the study group, who were treated
      with the Suture Canalization surgery with trabeculectomy. Twenty-six patients (26
      eyes) were included as the control group, who were treated with trabeculectomy
      only. Best correct visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), bleb
      morphology, postoperative treatment of medicine of anti-glaucoma and
      complications of surgery were recorded at 1 d, 1 week, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30
      and 36 months after surgery. After testing the normality and homogeneity of
      variance of the data of the multiple sets of measurement data, the variance
      analysis was adopted, and the t test was used in the comparison of two groups.
      Counting data using chi-square test, the level of variables between the groups
      should be compared with the rank sum test. RESULTS: No significant difference was
      found in baseline data, as well as the changes of BCVA between the study group
      and control group at the last visit (chi(2)=3.06, P=0.08) . Complete and
      qualified success was achieved in 18 (69.2%) and 23 (88.5%) cases separately in
      study group, 16 (61.5%) and 22 (84.6%) cases separately in control group
      (chi(2)=0.17, P=0.69) . There was no significant difference between two groups.
      IOP was decreased post-operatively: from (32.4+/-9.3) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)to
      (16.9+/-3.5) mmHg at the last visit in study group and (31.3+/-10.0) mmHg to
      (15.5+/-4.6) mmHg at the last visit in control group. There were significant
      difference between last visit and preoperative IOP between two groups (study
      group: t=8.12, P<0.01; control group: t=7.20, P<0.01). No significant difference
      was found between two groups in the decreased amplitude of IOP with treatment at
      the last visit (t=0.23, P=0.63), as well as the postoperative IOP at the
      different visits (P>0.05). 65.4% of cases in the study group and 61.5% patients
      in control group formed functional blebs (diffuse type and microcapsule type) at
      the last visit. No significant difference between the IOP of patients with
      functional blebs (15.5+/-3.5) mmHg and those with non-functional blebs (16.0+/
      3.4) mmHg in study group at the last visit (t=-0.49, P=0.64). No serious
      complications during and after surgery were found in subjects of the both groups.
      No significant difference was present in medicine amounts at last visit between
      the two groups (t=2.93, P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Suture Canalization is a safe and
      effective surgical procedure to decrease intraocular pressure in patients with
      POAG, through Schlemm canal and external filtration. While it maybe not suitable
      to the patient with high pre-operative IOP.(Chin J OPhthalmol, 2016, 52: 416
      421).

PMID- 27373570
TI  - [Analysis of morphologic changes of lamina cribrosa in primary open angle
      glaucoma using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the morphologic changes of the lamina cribrosa (LC) in
      primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients using enhanced depth imaging optical
      coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). METHODS: This was a case-control study. Serial
      horizontal and vertical B-scans of the optic nerve head were obtained from one
      eye of 52 POAG patients and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects by EDI-OCT.
      The number and location of focal LC defects as well as their relationship with
      retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) defects were investigated in glaucomatous eyes
      and compared with healthy controls. The LC thickness was measured at the center
      of mid-superior, central, and mid-inferior horizontal B-scans. The intra- and
      interobserver reproducibility were evaluated by intraclass correlation
      coefficient (ICC). A repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze regional
      differences of the LC thickness. Independent t-test was conducted to compare LC
      thickness between POAG and healthy controls. A Pearson correlation was calculated
      for variation in LC thickness relative to global mean RNFL thickness. Spearman
      rank correlation was calculated to test the strength of the relationship between
      LC thickness and visual field mean deviation (MD). RESULTS: Twenty-six focal LC
      defects were found in 20 eyes (38.5%) with glaucoma versus none in the healthy
      controls. There were 13 (50.0%) focal LC defects in the inferotemporal sector, 6
      (23.1%) defects in the inferior sector, 4 (15.4%) in the superotemporal sector,
      and 3 (11.5%) in the superior sector. Twenty-five of 26 focal LC defects (96.2%)
      corresponded to the RNFL defects. The intra- and interobserver ICCs of LC
      thickness measurement ranged from 0.90 to 0.95 and 0.84 to 0.90, respectively.
      The thicknesses of the superior midperipheral, central, and inferior
      midperipheral LC in POAG eyes were 180.7+/-26.3, 196.7+/-24.0, and 184.1+/-23.5
      MUm, respectively. In healthy controls, the laminar thicknesses were 203.2+/
      21.0, 225.2+/-22.7, and 202.6+/-16.5 MUm, respectively. In both groups, the
      midperipheral LC was significantly thinner than the central LC (P<0.01). The mean
      LC thickness was (187.2+/-19.4) MUm in POAG eyes. It was significantly thinner
      than that in healthy controls (210.3+/-17.4 MUm) (t=5.06, P<0.01). The superior
      midperipheral, central, and inferior midperipheral regions of the LC were also
      significantly thinner in POAG than in controls (t=3.52 to 4.96, P<0.01). In POAG
      patients, mean LC thickness was found to significantly correlate with both global
      mean RNFL thickness (r=0.45, P<0.01) and visual field MD (rs=-0.58, P<0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: The LC thickness was thinner in POAG than in healthy eyes, and
      correlated with the severity of POAG. Focal LC defects occurred frequently in
      POAG eyes, and might be associated with RNFL defect. EDI-OCT is a useful tool for
      the evaluation of LC deformation in glaucoma.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 422
      428).

PMID- 27373571
TI  - [Vision-and health-related quality of life in patients with uveitis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate vision-and health-related quality of life in patients with
      uveitis, and to evaluate the relationship between quality of life and visual
      acuity. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. One hundred and eleven patients with
      uveitis were enrolled in the study from January 1, 2013 to April 1, 2014 in
      Peking University First Hospital. Clinical data collected included medical
      history, complete ophthalmologic examination and best corrected visual acuity
      (LogMAR). Basic clinical data (gender, diagnosis, etc.) was also collected. The
      National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) and the 36
      Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were administered. The patients were
      divided into two groups, anterior uveitis group (ATU), and other types of uveitis
      in this study (OTU). T-test was used for analysis of the data which obey standard
      normal distribution, otherwise rank sum test was used for data analysis.
      Correlation and Linear regression were constructed between bilateral visual
      acuity and the scores of NEI VFQ-25 and SF-36 questionnaires. RESULTS: For all
      the 111 cases included in this study, 87 (78.4%) of them were anterior uveitis
      (ATU), 5 of them were intermediate uveitis, 7 of them were posterior uveitis and
      12 of them were pan uveitis. Mean visual acuity of better and worse eye were 0.0
      and 0.2 in ATU patients, respectively. Mean visual acuity of better and worse eye
      were 0.1 and 0.4 in OTU patients, respectively. Patients rated the general health
      subscale score of NEI VFQ-25 and SF-36 lower than other subscales, respectively
      (score of general health was 25.0 (25.0-50.0) in NEI VFQ-25 and 46.8 (19.8) in SF
      36). ATU group scored higher that OTU group (Mean score of SF-36 was 77.5 (10.7)
      and 68.8 (16.9) in ATU and OTU group respectively, P value of SF-36< 0.01,
      t=9.54. Mean score of NEI VFQ-25 was 77.3 (12.8) and 59.1 (16.5) in ATU and OTU
      group respectively, P value of NEI VFQ-25<0.01, t=33.16). Mean score of NEI VFQ
      25 of all patients was 73.4 (15.5). Mean visual acuity of better eye and worse
      eye of all patients were 0.0 (-0.2-1.0) and 0.3 (0.5), respectively. The
      correlation coefficient was -0.497 (P<0.01, t=-5.98) between NEI VFQ -25 score
      and visual acuity in better eye, and -0.32 (t=-3.48, P<0.01) between NEI VFQ-25
      score and visual acuity in worse eye. The coefficient was -3.9 in linear
      regression of visual acuity in better eye against NEI VFQ-25 score (t=-5.98,
      P<0.01), and -1.1 of visual acuity in worse eye against NEI VFQ-25 score (t=
      3.48,P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: General health was more affected than other function
      subscales in uveitis. The quality of life in anterior uveitis was higher than
      other types of uveitis in this study. Vision-related quality of life correlated
      with both eyes.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 429-436).

PMID- 27373573
TI  - [Protection of Verapamil against AGE induced apoptosis of human lens epithelial
      cell].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protection of Verapamil against advanced glycation
      end products (AGE) induced human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) apoptosis. METHODS:
      Experiment study. SRA01/04 (HLEC line) was cultivated and passaged to the third
      generation and then divided into four groups. A group was named as control group,
      and B group was named as AGE group (LEC was treated by 20 MUmol/L AGE). C group
      was AGE+SB202190 group (LEC was treated 2 hours by SB2012190 and then treated by
      15 MUmol/L AGE). D group was AGE+ Verapamil group (LEC was treated 2 hours by 50
      MUmol/L Verapamil and then treated by AGE). MTT was used to evaluate the cell
      viability. Flow cytometry with Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection was used to
      assess cell apoptosis.The expression of p-p38 and caspase3 was detected by
      Western blot between groups. One way Chi-square analysis was used for data
      analysis. LSD-t test was used as comparison between every two groups. RESULTS:
      After 24 hours, LEC viability (A570) was (0.28+/-0.08) in B group, which was
      significantly lower than A group (0.97+/-0.05) (LSD-t test, P=0.008). LEC
      viability in C and D group was (0.79+/-0.06) and (0.62+/-0.07) separately, which
      can partly higher than it was in B group (F=34.52, P=0.001). The apoptosis cells
      were (19.9+/-1.1)% in B group, which were significantly higher than they were in
      A group (2.5+/-0.6)% (P=0.003). The apoptosis cells in C and D group were (4.23+/
      1.20) and (5.79+/-1.75) separately, which were significant lower than they were
      in B group (F=371.61, P<0.01). In additional, expressions of p-p38, Caspase3
      proteins in the cells of group B were (223.35+/-20.15) and (256.77+/-19.88)
      separately, which were higher than it were in A group,which were (106.44+/-10.74)
      and (100.26+/-18.65) separately. However, they were (139.17+/-19.10) and
      (142.75+/-23.36) in group C and (154.79+/-21.87) and (139.79+/-25.73) in group D
      (F=248.01, F=76.68; P<0.01), which were lower than they were in A group.
      CONCLUSION: p38 pathway is involved in the apoptotic procedure of LEC induced by
      AGE. Verapamil can interdict the p38 signal pathway and protect LEC apoptosis.
      (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 444-448).

PMID- 27373572
TI  - [Salubrinal protects human lens epithelial cells against endoplasmic reticulum
      stress-associated apoptosis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of Salubrinal on human lens epithelial
      cells and its mechanism in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). METHODS: Hydrogen
      peroxide (H2O2 200 MUmol/L) was used to intervene in the cultured human lens
      epithelial cells B3 (HLE-B3) so as to create an oxidative stress model and induce
      ERS in the model. Different concentration of Salubrinal (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and
      35 MUmol/L) were added to the cultured HLE-B3 with or without H2O2 intervention.
      Then the cells were cultured for 24 hours. The cell counting kit (CCK-8) assay
      was used to test the viability of HLE-B3. The HLE-B3 cells were divided into
      three groups: Group A (normal control group), Group B (H2O2 200 MUmol/L group),
      and Group C (H2O2 200 MUmol/L+ Salubrinal 25 MUmol/L group). After 48 h, TUNEL
      and flow cytometry assay (FCM) were used to examine the effect of Salubrinal on
      HLE-B3 apoptosis. The expression of glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78), C/EBP
      homologous protein (CHOP), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 12 (Caspase
      12) and phosphorylation eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (p
      elF2alpha) were tested by western blot at different points in time. Data from
      different groups was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) while
      Dunnett t test was used under an equal condition, Dunnett's T3 for the unequal
      variances. RESULTS: CCK-8 results showed that without the intervention of H2O2,
      different concentrations of Salubrinal had no inhibitive effect on HLE-B3
      viability, and that survival rates were (98.6+/-3.3) %, (98.7+/-2.6) %, (99.4+/
      3.2) %, (98.6+/-1.9) %, (98.8+/-2.5) %, (99.3+/-3.2) % and (99.5+/-2.4) %. There
      was no statistically significant difference between them (F=0.09, P=0.10). With
      the increasing of Salubrinal concentration, the survival rates of HLE-B3 in the
      presence of H2O2 intervention were (52.9+/-4.7) %, (65.0+/-3.6) %, (72.9+/-3.8)
      %, (84.5+/-3.6) %, (91.6+/-2.1) %, (93.1+/-2.9) %, (92.0+/-3.3) %. There was
      statistically significant difference from the control group (all P<0.01).
      However, the survival rates no longer increased (P=0.56, 0.88) if the Salubrinal
      concentration was greater than 25 MUmol/L. FCM results indicated that apoptosis
      rates of Group A, B and C were (1.9+/-0.7) %, (8.8+/-0.5) %, (4.3+/-0.3) %,
      respectively and the differences were statistically significant (F=396.26,
      P<0.01, comparing with Group A, all P<0.01). TUNEL results showed that apoptosis
      indexes of Group A, B, and C were (7.7+/-1.0) %, (36.9+/-1.0) %, (16.7+/-2.2) %,
      respectively and the differences were statistically significant. (F=618.39,
      P<0.01, comparing with Group A, all P<0.01). RESULTS of western blotting in group
      B at different points in time (0, 12, 24, 36, 48 h) showed that p-elF2alpha had
      increased by (2.16+/-0.38) times at 6 h; GRP78 had increased by (2.56+/-0.15)
      times at 12 h; CHOP started to rise after 12 h until it dropped after 24 h, and
      its amount had increased by (2.49+/-0.23) times at 48 h; Caspase-12 had increased
      significantly by (3.53+/-0.30) times at 48 h. The expression of GRP78, CHOP and p
      elF2alpha in group C was greater than that in Group B, but the expression of
      Caspase-12 in Group C was lower than that in Group B (GRP78: F=37.85, P<0.01;
      CHOP: F=61.09, P<0.01; Caspse-12: F=22.27, P<0.01; p-eIF2alpha: F=15.11, P<0.01).
      CONCLUSION: Salubrinal might protect HLE-B3 against H2O2-induced apoptosis by
      inhibiting ERS related apoptosis pathways.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 437-443).

PMID- 27373574
TI  - [Microcirculation of optic nerve head and glaucoma].
AB  - Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness world widely. The
      pathogenesis of glaucoma is still not fully understood. It is proposed that the
      microcirculation of optic nerve head (ONH) may play an important role in
      glaucomatous optic neuropathy, but the hypothesis is still lack of direct
      evidence. In this review, we summarized the technical developments in ONH blood
      flow examination and findings on relationship between decreased ONH
      microcirculation and glaucoma. These evidences implicate that damaged ONH
      microcirculation involves in pathogenesis of glaucoma. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016,
      52: 466-470). 

PMID- 27373575
TI  - [Novel therapeutic targets for reduction of intraocular pressure in primary open
      angle glaucoma].
AB  - Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness in China and the world. Currently, all
      therapeutic means in treating open-angle glaucoma are limited to control the
      progression of optic neuropathy by lowering intraocular pressure (IOP).
      Clinically available medicines lower IOP by either enhancing the uveoscleral
      pathway or inhibiting aqueous humor production. Since the primary cause of IOP
      elevation in POAG is elevated outflow resistance in the trabecular outflow
      pathway, current medicines are not able to correct the underlying pathogenesis
      and pathophysiology of the disease. In this review article, we discuss a series
      of new therapeutic targets and therapeutic approaches that are designed to
      directly modify the pathological changes related to the reduction in trabecular
      outflow in glaucoma patients. Some of these targets and approaches may produce a
      significant breakthrough in the treatment of this devastating disease. (Chin J
      Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 471-475). 

PMID- 27373576
TI  - [Role of microRNA in primary open-angle glaucoma].
AB  - The pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is still unclear. The
      trabecular meshwork (TM) plays an important role for regulation of aqueous humor
      outflow. The alteration of morphology, structure of TM cells and expression of
      extracellular matrix (ECM) components contribute to the abnormal increase of
      outflow resistance leading to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Recently, it
      has been confirmed that a variety of microRNA (miRNA) such as miRNA-29, 24, 200c
      and so on were expressed in TM tissue and different miRNA can affect the TM
      function and the synthesis of ECM in different ways. In this paper, we will
      review the role of miRNA in POAG pathogenesis, in order to provide the basis for
      probing into pathogenesis of glaucoma. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 476-480). 

PMID- 27373577
TI  - Corrigendum: Graphene Oxide promotes embryonic stem cell differentiation to
      haematopoietic lineage.

PMID- 27373578
TI  - 'Proyecto Orgullo', an HIV prevention, empowerment and community mobilisation
      intervention for gay men and transgender women in Callao/Lima, Peru.
AB  - We used qualitative, quantitative, and observational methods to assess the
      feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of Proyecto Orgullo (PO), a
      pilot community mobilisation intervention to decrease sexual risk, promote health
      seeking behaviours, and facilitate personal and community empowerment among gay
      men (GM) and transgender women (TW) in Peru. PO was adapted from Mpowerment and
      Hermanos de Luna y Sol, two US interventions. PO included six interrelated core
      elements: (1) Self-reflection Small Group sessions; (2) Supporting peers in HIV
      prevention; (3) Mobilisation Activities addressing HIV, GM/TW issues, and
      community empowerment; (4) A Core Group (staff + GM/TW volunteers)
      designing/implementing those activities; (5) A Project Space; (6) Publicity. PO
      included specific components for TW, but promoted that GM/TW, who historically
      have not worked well together, collaborate for a common goal. We found that PO
      was embraced by GM/TW. PO positively influenced GM/TW's HIV prevention beliefs,
      self-efficacy, and behaviours; provided social support and created community;
      facilitated individual and community empowerment; achieved that GM/TW
      collaborate; and established a functional Community Centre for
      socialising/conducting mobilisation activities. Community mobilisation
      strategies, lacking from HIV prevention efforts in Peru but considered key to HIV
      prevention, can help improve health-seeking behaviours and consolidate social
      norms supporting preventive behaviours among GM/TW.

PMID- 27373580
TI  - Ulcerative colitis: A scientometric approach to the global research output and
      network.

PMID- 27373579
TI  - The determinants of defensive medicine in Italian hospitals: The impact of being
      a second victim.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Defensive medicine affects healthcare systems worldwide. The concerns
      and perception about medical liability could lead practitioners to practise
      defensive medicine. Second victim is a healthcare worker involved in an
      unanticipated adverse patient event. The role of being second victim and the
      other possible determinants for defensive medicine is mostly unclear. OBJECTIVE:
      To study the condition of being second victim as a possible determinants of
      defensive medicine among Italian hospital physicians. DESIGN, SETTING AND
      PARTICIPANTS: A secondary analysis of the database of the national survey study
      on the prevalence and the costs of defensive medicine in Italy that was carried
      out between April 2014 and June 2014 in 55 Italian hospitals was performed for
      this study. The demographic section of the questionnaire was selected including
      the physician's age, gender, specialty, activity volume, grade and the variable
      being a second victim after an adverse event. RESULTS: A total sample of 1313
      physicians (87.5% response rate) was used in the data analyses. Characteristics
      of the participants included a mean age 49.2 of years and 19.4 average years of
      experience. The most prominent predictor for practising defensive medicine was
      the physicians' experience of being a second victim after an adverse event
      (OR=1.88; 95%CI, 1.38-2.57). Other determinants included age, years of
      experience, activity volume and risk of specialty. CONCLUSIONS: Malpractice
      reform, effective support to second victims in hospitals together with a
      systematic use of evidence-based clinical guidelines, emerged as possible
      recommendations for reducing defensive medicine.

PMID- 27373581
TI  - A PTSD symptoms trajectory mediates between exposure levels and emotional support
      in police responders to 9/11: a growth curve analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) on
      9/11/2001 resulted in continuing stress experience manifested as Posttraumatic
      Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms in a minority of the police responders. The WTC
      Health Registry has followed up a large number of individuals, including police
      officers, at three waves of data collection from 2003 to 2011. This analysis
      examines the relationship between initial exposure levels, long-term PTSD
      symptoms, and subsequent emotional support among police responders. METHODS: The
      study population included police responders who had reported their 9/11 exposure
      levels at Wave 1 (2003/4), provided three waves of data on PTSD symptoms using
      the 17-item PCL scale, and rated their received emotional support at Wave 3 (N =
      2,204, 1,908 men, 296 women, mean age: 38 years at exposure). A second-order
      growth curve reflected a PTSD symptom trajectory which was embedded in a
      structural equation model, with exposure level specified as an exogenous
      predictor, and emotional support specified as an endogenous outcome. RESULTS:
      Exposure had a main effect on mean symptom levels (intercept) across three waves
      but it made no difference in changes in symptoms (slope), and no difference in
      emotional support. The symptom trajectory, on the other hand, had an effect on
      emotional support. Its intercept and slope were both related to support,
      indicating that changes in symptoms affected later emotional support.
      CONCLUSIONS: Initial trauma exposure levels can have a long-term effect on mean
      symptom levels. Emotional support is lower in police responders when PTSD
      symptoms persist over seven years, but becomes higher when reduction in symptoms
      occurs.

PMID- 27373582
TI  - A comparative study between the implementation of the FRIDEX calibration and the
      NOGG guideline in the management of osteoporosis in routine clinical practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The recent FRIDEX calibration proposed cost-effectiveness thresholds
      for the Spanish population. The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of its
      application in routine clinical practice and to compare its thresholds with those
      of the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross
      sectional study in women referred to a bone densitometry unit who were not
      receiving antiresorptive therapy. The absolute risk of major fracture or hip
      fracture was calculated with the Spanish and British formulas of the FRAX(r) tool
      using the intervention thresholds of the FRIDEX calibration and the NOGG
      guideline, respectively. RESULTS: The study included 607 women with a median age
      of 59.4 (IQR=14) years. Treatment was initiated in 31.4% after bone mineral
      densitometry. With the application of the FRIDEX calibration, bone mineral
      density testing would have been indicated in 35.4% of the sample and treatment in
      26.7%, reducing costs by 18.8% over a 5-year period. The NOGG guideline would
      have recommended testing in 32% and treatment in 21.3% of the participants,
      resulting in a reduction in costs of 35% over 5years, when compared with the
      standard approach. Agreement between the FRIDEX calibration and the NOGG
      guideline, as defined by Cohen's kappa coefficient, was low in terms of both
      diagnostic (0.16 [95%CI, 0.09-0.24]) and therapeutic indications (0.39 [95%CI,
      0.31-0.47]). CONCLUSIONS: The application of the FRIDEX calibration and the NOGG
      guideline improves efficiency in the management of osteoporosis, although the
      level of agreement between the two is low.

PMID- 27373583
TI  - Profile of patients with fibromyalgia being treated in primary care centers in
      Terrassa, a city in northeastern Spain.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To perform an extensive clinical and epidemiological characterization
      of our fibromyalgia patients. PATIENTS, MATERIAL, AND METHOD: Two-year
      observational study in 3 primary care centers in Terrassa, Spain. We recruited a
      sample of 235 individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia being treated in primary
      care or rheumatology clinics who, when offered inclusion in a multidisciplinary
      program, agreed to provide the initial data we requested. The main measures were
      sociodemographic data, unhealthy habits and physical activity, comorbidities,
      treatment for fibromyalgia, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Hospital
      Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and a family functioning scale (family
      APGAR). MAIN RESULTS: In all, 97.8% were women and the average age was 54.6
      years. Most of the patients had a primary school education and the majority was
      on sick leave. Ninety-four percent had associated comorbidity and only 3% were
      not taking any medication for their disease. Many were taking drugs with no
      proven efficacy in fibromyalgia. The majority had intermediate scores on the FIQ,
      the HADS showed that 63% and 53% had an anxious and/or probable depressive
      disorder, respectively, and, according to the family APGAR score, 62% received
      proper family support. CONCLUSIONS: In agreement with the literature, the major
      findings in our fibromyalgia patients were a marked predominance of women, a high
      incidence of comorbidities-mainly psychiatric disorders-a moderate impact of the
      disease and widespread use of drugs with no demonstrated efficacy.

PMID- 27373584
TI  - Biological therapy and neurological manifestations. What do we know?
AB  - Biological therapy has changed the course of inflammatory rheumatic diseases. The
      safety is well documented in national and international studies. Neurological
      manifestations are uncommon and it is difficult to establish a clear causal
      relationship. The neurological signs and symptoms that may appear are multiple
      and sometimes mimic demyelinating neurological diseases and/or neurodegenerative
      diseases. Knowledge and disclosure of these cases is essential for a
      comprehensive management of biological therapy in our patients.

PMID- 27373585
TI  - Low-level laser therapy versus 5% amlexanox: a comparison of treatment effects in
      a cohort of minor aphthous ulcers patients-a commentary.

PMID- 27373586
TI  - Influence of anatomic position and intraoperative exposure of the inferior
      alveolar nerve on neurosensory disturbance after sagittal split ramus osteotomy:
      a three-dimensional computed tomography study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the anatomic position and intraoperative
      exposure of the inferior alveolar nerve on neurosensory disturbance (NSD) in
      sagittal split ramus osteotomy. STUDY DESIGN: The anatomic factors of the nerve
      were measured on preoperative three-dimensional computed tomography in 98
      patients. The intraoperative nerve exposure was assessed. NSD was evaluated for 1
      year after surgery. The correlations between NSD and the factors were analyzed.
      RESULTS: The NSD decreased as the lateral marrow space from the nerve increased
      (P < .01). The complete nerve exposure increased NSD by 7.6 times (P = .01). The
      nerve exposure increased as the buccal plate thickness increased (P = .01) and
      decreased as the vertical marrow space from the nerve increased (P = .01).
      CONCLUSIONS: The nerve exposure and the lateral marrow space from the nerve
      affected NSD. The buccal plate thickness and the vertical marrow space indirectly
      affected NSD through nerve exposure.

PMID- 27373587
TI  - Alterations in Cardiac Mechanics Following Ultra-Endurance Exercise: Insights
      from Left and Right Ventricular Area-Deformation Loops.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to use novel area-deformation (epsilon)
      loops to interrogate the interaction between the right ventricular (RV) and left
      ventricular (LV) mechanics following a 100-mile endurance run. METHODS: Fifteen
      participants (mean body mass, 70.1 +/- 8.8 kg; mean age, 40 +/- 8 years) were
      recruited for the study. Echocardiography was performed before the race, after
      the race, and 6 hours into recovery. RV and LV area and longitudinal epsilon were
      assessed using standard and speckle-tracking echocardiography. Following cubic
      spline interpolation, these variables were obtained across the same cardiac cycle
      and used to derive area-epsilon loops. RESULTS: The RV area-epsilon loop
      demonstrated a rightward shift after the race, with increased RV area (from 26.0
      to 27.1 cm(2)) and reduced peak RV epsilon (from -28.6% to -25.8%). The recovery
      RV area-epsilon loop was similar to the postrace loop. A leftward shift was
      observed in the LV area-epsilon loop after the race, secondary to reduced LV area
      (from 35.8 to 32.5 cm(2)) and reduced peak epsilon (from -18.3% to -16.6%). In
      recovery, LV epsilon values returned toward baseline. CONCLUSIONS: A 100-mile
      ultramarathon resulted in a rightward shift in the RV area-epsilon loop as a
      result of RV dilatation. There was a concomitant leftward shift in the LV area
      epsilon loop as a result of underfilling of the left ventricle. At 6 hours after
      exercise, there was a partial recovery of the left ventricle, while RV function
      remained depressed. It appears that changes in RV function do not have a serial
      impact on the left ventricle during recovery from ultra-endurance activity.

PMID- 27373588
TI  - Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the longitudinal association between dietary advanced
      glycation end products (AGEs) and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a
      population-based study. DESIGN AND SETTING: In a longitudinal design study,
      participants were evaluated after approximately 3 years. Daily consumption of
      carboxymethyl lysine, a major type of dietary AGEs, was determined using a
      validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Estimated glomerular
      filtration rate in this study was calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal
      Disease formula. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60
      mL/min/1.73 m(2) based on the national kidney foundation guidelines. SUBJECTS: A
      total of 1,692 participants, free of baseline CKD with complete follow-up data,
      out of 3,462 subjects, age >=27 years of the third phase of Tehran Lipid and
      Glucose Study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The association between dietary AGEs and
      CKD was assessed using the multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: The
      mean age of participants was 43.4 +/- 11.4 years. The mean dietary intake of
      energy-adjusted AGEs was 8,336 +/- 1,532 kU/day. By increasing trend of AGE
      consumption, the percentage of fat intake increased (P < .001), whereas the
      percentage of carbohydrates and total fiber intake decreased (P < .001).
      Longitudinal analysis indicated that compared to the first quartile category of
      AGE intakes from fat, in participants of the fourth quartile category, the risk
      of CKD increased (odds ratio: 2.02; 95% confidence interval: 1.16-3.54). The odds
      of CKD had increasing trends across increasing categories of AGE intakes from fat
      (P for trend <.05). CONCLUSION: Higher consumption of AGEs through dietary fat
      was associated with higher risk of CKD incidence.

PMID- 27373589
TI  - Insulin influenced expression of myelin proteins in diabetic peripheral
      neuropathy.
AB  - Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the downstream complications of
      diabetes. This complication is caused by the deficiency of insulin action and
      subsequent hyperglycemia, but the details of their pathogenesis remain unclear.
      Hence, it is of critical importance to understand how such hormonal variation
      affects the expression of myelin proteins such as myelin basic protein (MBP) and
      myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) in the peripheral nerve. An earlier report
      from our lab has demonstrated the expression of insulin receptors (IR) in Schwann
      cells (SCs) of sciatic nerve. To assess the neurotrophic role of insulin in
      diabetic neuropathy, we studied the expression of these myelin proteins under
      control, DPN and insulin treated DPN subjects at developmental stages. Further,
      the expression of these myelin proteins was correlated with the expression of
      insulin receptor. Expression of myelin proteins was significantly reduced in the
      diabetic model compared to normal, and upregulated in insulin treated diabetic
      rats. Similarly, an in vitro study was also carried out in SCs grown at high
      glucose and insulin treated conditions. The expression pattern of myelin proteins
      in SCs was comparable to that of in vivo samples. In addition, quantitative study
      of myelin genes by real time PCR has also showed the significant expression
      pattern change in the insulin treated and non-treated DPN subjects. Taken
      together, these results corroborate the critical importance of insulin as a
      neurotrophic factor in demyelinized neurons in diabetic neuropathy.

PMID- 27373590
TI  - Analysis of glucose metabolism of (18)F-FDG in major depression patients using
      PET imaging: Correlation of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase.
AB  - Current diagnosis of Major depressive disorder (MDD) depends on its clinical
      symptoms, not on the results of any laboratory examinations. Establishing
      biological markers for diagnosis of MDD is one of the most important problems to
      be solved in psychiatry practice. MDD patients (n=8) and a healthy control group
      (n=8) were recruited in this study. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
      assessments were completed and saliva samples were collected for assessments of
      salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA). PET examination was
      performed. Salivary cortisol and sAA in the MDD patients group were significantly
      higher than the healthy control group (P<0.001). MDD patients showed lower
      glucose metabolism of 18F-FDG in Cingulate Gyrus (BA24), Superior Frontal Gyrus
      (BA6), Rectal Gyrus (BA11) and Orbital Gyrus (BA11/47) compared with the healthy
      control group. The severity of depression, salivary cortisol and sAA correlated
      negatively with regional glucose metabolism in Cingulate Gyrus (BA 24), Superior
      Frontal Gyrus (BA 6), Rectal Gyrus (BA 11) and Orbital Gyrus (BA 11/47). The
      combination of salivary cortisol, sAA, superior frontal gyrus and rectal gyrus
      was the potential predictor of depression for MDD patients (DeltaR(2)=0.981,
      p<0.001). The present study showed that, MDD patients group showed higher
      salivary cortisol, sAA levels and lower glucose metabolism of (18)F-FDG in
      several brain areas compared with the healthy control group. The combination of
      salivary cortisol, sAA, glucose metabolism of (18)F-FDG of superior frontal gyrus
      and rectal gyrus may serve as a simple clinical tool for the early diagnosis of
      MDD.

PMID- 27373591
TI  - Effect of acute imipramine administration on the pattern of forced swim-induced c
      Fos expression in the mouse brain.
AB  - The forced swim test (FST) has been widely used for the preclinical evaluation of
      antidepressant drugs. Despite considerable differences in the protocol,
      equivalence of the FST for rats and mice has been rarely questioned. Previous
      research on the FST for rats revealed that repeated administration of
      antidepressant drugs attenuates the c-Fos response to swim stress in the
      hypothalamus and limbic regions. However, few studies have made similar
      investigations using the FST for mice. In the present study, we explored the
      mouse brain through immunohistochemistry staining for c-Fos after acute
      administration of imipramine or saline with or without a subsequent swim session.
      Imipramine enhanced the c-Fos density in regions of the central extended
      amygdala, while forced swim stress increased c-Fos expression in some
      hypothalamic (the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus and dorsomedial nucleus) and
      brain stem regions, which is consistent with previous reports. In contrast to
      previous literature with rats, swim stress brought a significant increase in c
      Fos expression in the lateral septal nucleus and some other regions in the
      hypothalamus (the intermediate hypothalamic area, the paraventricular and arcuate
      nucleus) only in the imipramine-pretreated group, which has not been observed
      previously. In the arcuate nucleus, double immunostaining revealed that c-Fos was
      rarely co-expressed with proopiomelanocortin or tyrosine hydroxylase regardless
      of imipramine treatment. The present results suggest that the activation of
      several regions in the lateral septum and the hypothalamus underlies
      antidepressant-like effect in the mouse FST.

PMID- 27373592
TI  - Light-melt adhesive based on dynamic carbon frameworks in a columnar liquid
      crystal phase.
AB  - Liquid crystal (LC) provides a suitable platform to exploit structural motions of
      molecules in a condensed phase. Amplification of the structural changes enables a
      variety of technologies not only in LC displays but also in other applications.
      Until very recently, however, a practical use of LCs for removable adhesives has
      not been explored, although a spontaneous disorganization of LC materials can be
      easily triggered by light-induced isomerization of photoactive components. The
      difficulty of such application derives from the requirements for simultaneous
      implementation of sufficient bonding strength and its rapid disappearance by
      photoirradiation. Here we report a dynamic molecular LC material that meets these
      requirements. Columnar-stacked V-shaped carbon frameworks display sufficient
      bonding strength even during heating conditions, while its bonding ability is
      immediately lost by a light-induced self-melting function. The light-melt
      adhesive is reusable and its fluorescence colour reversibly changes during the
      cycle, visualizing the bonding/nonbonding phases of the adhesive.

PMID- 27373594
TI  - [Serious concerns about multimodal treatments of cervical cancer].

PMID- 27373593
TI  - A Combinatorial Algorithm for Microbial Consortia Synthetic Design.
AB  - Synthetic biology has boomed since the early 2000s when it started being shown
      that it was possible to efficiently synthetize compounds of interest in a much
      more rapid and effective way by using other organisms than those naturally
      producing them. However, to thus engineer a single organism, often a microbe, to
      optimise one or a collection of metabolic tasks may lead to difficulties when
      attempting to obtain a production system that is efficient, or to avoid toxic
      effects for the recruited microorganism. The idea of using instead a microbial
      consortium has thus started being developed in the last decade. This was
      motivated by the fact that such consortia may perform more complicated functions
      than could single populations and be more robust to environmental fluctuations.
      Success is however not always guaranteed. In particular, establishing which
      consortium is best for the production of a given compound or set thereof remains
      a great challenge. This is the problem we address in this paper. We thus
      introduce an initial model and a method that enable to propose a consortium to
      synthetically produce compounds that are either exogenous to it, or are
      endogenous but where interaction among the species in the consortium could
      improve the production line.

PMID- 27373595
TI  - Safety of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine administered routinely to infants and toddlers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The combination DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine was licensed in the United
      States in 2008 for children ages 6weeks through 4years with doses administered at
      2, 4, 6, and 15-18months of age. The aim of this study was to assess the safety
      of DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine routinely administered as part of clinical care to
      infants at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. METHODS: This was an
      observational, retrospective study that included all 2-month-old infants
      vaccinated with either DTaP-IPV/Hib or another DTaP-containing vaccine. We
      monitored all subjects for non-elective hospitalizations, emergency department
      visits and selected outpatient outcomes (seizures, Guillain-Barre Syndrome,
      encephalopathy, encephalitis, alteration of consciousness, meningitis,
      hypersensitivity reactions, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic anemia,
      type 1 diabetes, and Kawasaki disease) beginning with their first dose through
      6months after a 4th dose or until 24months of age. We calculated incidence rate
      ratios (IRRs) in the primary analysis by comparing rates of outcomes during the
      post-vaccination risk interval with rates during a comparison interval more
      remote from vaccination. Secondary analyses compared outcomes after DTaP-IPV/Hib
      with those after other DTaP-containing vaccines. We reviewed the medical records
      of selected outcomes. RESULTS: From October 1, 2008 through July 31, 2010, 14,042
      subjects received a first dose of DTaP-IPV/Hib, 13,194 received 2 doses, 12,548
      received 3 doses and 6702 received 4 doses. Overall, there were 166 comparisons
      with significantly elevated IRRs and 165 comparisons with significantly reduced
      IRRs. Medical record review of outcomes with significantly elevated IRRs in both
      the primary and secondary analyses did not suggest any relationship with DTaP
      IPV/Hib. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not detect any safety concerns following
      DTaP-IPV/Hib and provides reassurance that DTaP-IPV/Hib administered as part of
      routine care was not associated with unexpected safety risks. ClinicalTrials.gov
      Identifier: NCT00804284.

PMID- 27373596
TI  - Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines expressing EV71 virus-like particles
      elicit strong immune responses and protect newborn mice from lethal challenges.
AB  - Enterovirus 71 (EV71) belonging to the Picornaviridae family is considered the
      most frequently detected causative agent in hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD)
      and is a serious threat to public health in the Asia-Pacific region. There are
      currently no approved vaccines or effective drugs for EV71. In this study, using
      recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) expressing viral VP1 protein (mVP1)
      of EV71 as a control, we generated two types of rVSVs that can form EV71 virus
      like particles (VLPs). First, we co-infected two rVSVs singly expressing P1 (mP1)
      and 3CD (m3CD) of EV71. Second, we inserted P1 and 3CD into one VSV backbone to
      generate an rVSV expressing P1 and 3CD together (mP1-3CD). When P1 and 3CD were
      expressed in the cells either co-infected with mP1 and m3CD (mP1/m3CD) or
      infected with mP1-3CD, P1 was cleaved by 3CD and produced VP1, VP3, and VP0 to
      form VLPs. Furthermore, mice immunized with mP1/m3CD or mP1-3CD showed higher
      humoral and cellular immunity responses than mice immunized with mVP1. Finally,
      the rVSVs expressing the EV71 proteins were evaluated in mice to determine their
      potential to protect against a lethal EV71 virus challenge, and among all the
      rVSVs, the mP1-3CD was shown to be the most promising vaccine candidate for EV71
      protection.

PMID- 27373597
TI  - Common genetic variants of GPC1 gene reduce risk of biliary atresia in a Chinese
      population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biliary atresia (BA) is a major neonatal cholestatic disease and main
      indication for pediatric liver transplantation in the world. Recently, GPC1 has
      been implicated as a risk gene for BA by genetic studies and follow-up functional
      experiments on zebrafish. METHODS: Two common genetic variants of GPC1, rs2292832
      and rs3828336, were selected systematically through 'SNPinfo', and were examined
      using TaqMan Genotyping Assays for association studies in a Chinese population
      containing 134 cases and 618 controls. RESULTS: Of the two single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs), we found a significantly decreased BA risk associated with
      rs2292832 (additive model: OR=0.638, 95% CI: 0.467-0.873, P=0.005), and a
      marginal effect for rs3828336 (heterozygous model: OR=0.564, 95% CI: 0.312-1.020,
      P=0.058). The haplotype analysis indicated that either Crs2292832
      Crs3828336&Trs3828336 or Trs2292832-Trs3828336 conferred a protective effect from
      BA (OR=0.569, 95% CI=0.414-0.783, P<0.001; OR=0.528, 95% CI: 0.301-0.926,
      P=0.026). Moreover, bioinformatics analysis suggested that rs2292832 altered GPC1
      expression via effect on transcription-factor-binding sites (TFBS) of upstream
      binding transcription factor (UBTF), as a regulatory DNA variation in
      Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) hypersensitive sites (DHSs). CONCLUSION: Common
      variants of GPC1 gene were genetically involved in BA risk.

PMID- 27373598
TI  - The dirty side of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation.
AB  - Whereas the extrinsic pathway of coagulation seals off bleeding at the cut tissue
      edges, it is proposed that the intrinsic pathway exploits the dirt from the skin
      surface to generate an outer coagulum of the oozing blood. Activated Factor XII
      (FXIIa) in this outer cap generates Factor XIa, which triggers clotting, and
      kallikrein that feeds back to form more FXIIa to promote the process. This dirty
      wound hypothesis of coagulation function by the intrinsic pathway is supported by
      the use of dirt-based compounds in activated partial thromboplastin time assays
      as well as the evolutionary record where marine life that do not have skin
      adherent dirt lack Factor XII, including marine mammals that have returned to sea
      life. 

PMID- 27373599
TI  - The role of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment in the
      perinatal period.
AB  - Substance use during pregnancy is at least as common as many of the medical
      conditions screened for and managed during pregnancy. While harmful and costly,
      it is often ignored or managed poorly. Screening, brief intervention, and
      referral to treatment is an evidence-based approach to manage substance use. In
      September 2012, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened an
      Expert Meeting on Perinatal Illicit Drug Abuse to help address key issues around
      drug use in pregnancy in the United States. This article reflects the formal
      conclusions of the expert panel that discussed the use of screening, brief
      intervention, and referral to treatment during pregnancy. Screening for substance
      use during pregnancy should be universal. It allows stratification of women into
      zones of risk given their pattern of use. Low-risk women should receive brief
      advice, those classified as moderate risk should receive a brief intervention,
      whereas those who are high risk need referral to specialty care. A brief
      intervention is a patient-centered form of counseling using the principles of
      motivational interviewing. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to
      treatment has the potential to reduce the burden of substance use in pregnancy
      and should be integrated into prenatal care.

PMID- 27373600
TI  - A method for sex estimation using the proximal femur.
AB  - The assessment of sex is crucial to the establishment of a biological profile of
      an unidentified skeletal individual. The best methods currently available for the
      sexual diagnosis of human skeletal remains generally rely on the presence of well
      preserved pelvic bones, which is not always the case. Postcranial elements,
      including the femur, have been used to accurately estimate sex in skeletal
      remains from forensic and bioarcheological settings. In this study, we present an
      approach to estimate sex using two measurements (femoral neck width [FNW] and
      femoral neck axis length [FNAL]) of the proximal femur. FNW and FNAL were
      obtained in a training sample (114 females and 138 males) from the Luis Lopes
      Collection (National History Museum of Lisbon). Logistic regression and the C4.5
      algorithm were used to develop models to predict sex in unknown individuals.
      Proposed cross-validated models correctly predicted sex in 82.5-85.7% of the
      cases. The models were also evaluated in a test sample (96 females and 96 males)
      from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (University of Coimbra),
      resulting in a sex allocation accuracy of 80.1-86.2%. This study supports the
      relative value of the proximal femur to estimate sex in skeletal remains,
      especially when other exceedingly dimorphic skeletal elements are not accessible
      for analysis. 

PMID- 27373601
TI  - Development of a novel immuno-PCR for detection of avian leukosis virus.
AB  - Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is an important pathogen for various neoplasms,
      including lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid neoplasms, and it causes significant
      economic loss in the poultry industry. Several efficient methods for the
      detection of ALV have been reported. However, these previously developed
      approaches are based on either PCR or immunoassays. Here, we used a proximity
      ligation technique and combined PCR with the immunoassay to develop a novel
      immuno-PCR (Im-PCR) approach for the detection of ALV. Our data showed that the
      Im-PCR had high specificity and sensitivity to ALV. The Im-PCR method selectively
      reacted to ALV but not to the other avian viruses tested. The limit of detection
      of Im-PCR could reach 0.5 TCID50. Moreover, the results of Im-PCR were in
      agreement with results from commercial ELISA when the clinical cloaca samples
      were used for ALV detection. The present results demonstrate that the novel Im
      PCR method can be efficiently applied to detect ALV in a clinical setting. Our
      data also highlight that Im-PCR may have promising applications in the diagnosis
      of pathogens.

PMID- 27373602
TI  - Large scale production of a mammalian cell derived quadrivalent hepatitis C virus
      like particle vaccine.
AB  - A method for the large-scale production of a quadrivalent mammalian cell derived
      hepatitis C virus-like particles (HCV VLPs) is described. The HCV core E1 and E2
      coding sequences of genotype 1a, 1b, 2a or 3a were co-expressed in Huh7 cell
      factories using a recombinant adenoviral expression system. The structural
      proteins self-assembled into VLPs that were purified from Huh7 cell lysates by
      iodixanol ultracentrifugation and Stirred cell ultrafiltration. Electron
      microscopy, revealed VLPs of the different genotypes that are morphologically
      similar. Our results show that it is possible to produce large quantities of
      individual HCV genotype VLPs with relative ease thus making this approach an
      alternative for the manufacture of a quadrivalent mammalian cell derived HCV VLP
      vaccine.

PMID- 27373603
TI  - Community-engaged strategies to promote hepatitis B testing and linkage to care
      in immigrants of Florida.
AB  - To improve early identification and linkage to treatment and preventive services
      for hepatitis B virus (HBV) in persons born in countries with intermediate or
      high (>2%) HBV prevalence, the University of Florida Center for HIV/AIDS
      Research, Education, and Services (UF CARES) employed community-engaged
      strategies to implement the Hepatitis B Awareness and Service Linkage (HBASL)
      program. In this brief report, we present a summary of program components,
      challenges, and successes. Faith and community-based networks were established to
      improve HBV testing and screening and to increase foreign born nationals (FBNs)
      access to HBV care. A total of 1516 FBNs were tested and screened for hepatitis
      B. The majority were females (50.4%), Asians (62.8%), non-Hispanic (87.2%), and
      they also received post-test counseling (54.8%). Noted program advantages
      included the development of community networks and outreach to a large population
      of FBNs. The major challenges were institutional delays, pressures related to
      meeting program deliverables, and diversity within FBNs populations. Community
      health workers in the United States can replicate this program in their
      respective communities and ensure success by maintaining a strong community
      presence, establishing partnerships and linkage processes, developing a
      sustainability plan, and ensuring the presence of dedicated program staff.

PMID- 27373604
TI  - Optimised method to estimate octanol water distribution coefficient (logD) in a
      high throughput format.
AB  - Lipophilicity is one of the molecular properties assessed in early drug
      discovery. Direct measurement of the octanol-water distribution coefficient
      (logD) requires an analytical method with a large dynamic range or multistep
      dilutions, as the analyte's concentrations span across several orders of
      magnitude. In addition, water/buffer and octanol phases which have very different
      polarity could lead to matrix effects and affect the LC-MS response, leading to
      erroneous logD values. Most compound libraries use DMSO stocks as it greatly
      reduces the sample requirement but the presence of DMSO has been shown to
      underestimate the lipophilicity of the analyte. The present work describes the
      development of an optimised shake flask logD method using deepwell 96 well plate
      that addresses the issues related to matrix effects, DMSO concentration and
      incubation conditions and is also amenable to high throughput. Our results
      indicate that the equilibrium can be achieved within 30min by flipping the plate
      on its side while even 0.5% of DMSO is not tolerated in the assay. This study
      uses the matched matrix concept to minimise the errors in analysing the two
      phases namely buffer and octanol in LC-MS. 

PMID- 27373605
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two different landiolol formulations in
      a healthy Caucasian group.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date, no data have been reported on the pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic properties of landiolol, a fast-acting cardioselective beta1
      adrenergic antagonist, in non-Asian subjects. The aim of this study was to
      compare two landiolol formulations in healthy Caucasian subjects. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We conducted a single-center, prospective, double-blinded, randomized
      study in two cross-over periods with 12 healthy subjects (7 women and 5 men) each
      receiving three doses (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3mg/kg BW) of Onoact(r) 50 Lyophilized
      powder (50mg) or Rapibloc(r) concentrate IV (20mg/2mL) to evaluate the
      pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), safety, and tolerability of the two
      landiolol formulations. RESULTS: For both formulations, maximum blood
      concentrations of landiolol were rapidly reached (median tmax 2.3+/-0.65 and
      2.8+/-1.13min for the high dose of each formulation). The compounds had a short
      half-life (t1/2=3.2+/-1.2min and 3.0+/-1.1min for the low dose of the concentrate
      formulation and the lyophilized powder, respectively). The results showed no
      statistically significant differences between both formulations of landiolol for
      any PK parameters, at study doses. Both formulations dose-dependently and
      significantly decreased the heart rate values from 62.2bpm at baseline to minimum
      values of 55-56, 52-53, and 50-52bpm after 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3mg/kg respectively.
      This bradycardic effect was achieved within 1 to 3min. The decrease in systolic
      blood pressure (baseline: 107mmHg, minimum values were around 99mmHg) was
      significant but not dose dependent, and occurred within 3 to 12min. Seven mild to
      moderate AEs occurred after administration of the concentrate formulation. No
      SAEs were reported in this study. CONCLUSION: In Caucasians, both landiolol
      formulations showed similar pharmacokinetic behaviours, displaying very short
      half-lives (3.0 to 3.6min). In addition, after administration of both
      formulations, the landiolol-induced heart rate reduction showed fast onset and
      dose dependence, whilst the decrease of systolic blood pressure occurred more
      slowly, was less pronounced, and dose independent. In summary, both landiolol
      formulations delivered comparable plasma concentration profiles and showed good
      local tolerability. Overall, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic reactions
      observed in Caucasians were comparable to those described in Japanese subjects.

PMID- 27373606
TI  - Spectrum of Alcoholic Liver Disease.
AB  - Liver disease from excessive alcohol consumption is an important cause of
      morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is a clear relationship between alcohol
      and a variety of health and socioeconomic problems. According to the World Health
      Organization, 3.3 million people die of alcohol-related causes annually. Despite
      public knowledge of its potential adverse effects, alcohol consumption and the
      morbidity and mortality from alcoholic liver disease (ALD) have increased. ALD
      comprises a spectrum of injury, including simple steatosis, acute alcoholic
      hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Rather than being distinct disease entities, these
      pathologic processes frequently overlap.

PMID- 27373607
TI  - Unhealthy Alcohol Use.
AB  - Unhealthy alcohol use is common and routine screening is essential to identify
      patients and initiate appropriate treatment. At-risk or hazardous drinking is
      best managed with brief interventions, which can be performed by any provider and
      are designed to enhance patients' motivations and promote behavioral change.
      Alcohol withdrawal can be managed, preferably with benzodiazepines, using a
      symptom-triggered approach. Twelve-step programs and provider-driven behavioral
      therapies have robust data supporting their effectiveness and patients with
      alcohol use disorder should be referred for these services. Research now support
      the use of several FDA-approved medications that aid in promoting abstinence and
      reducing heavy drinking. 

PMID- 27373608
TI  - Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease.
AB  - Alcoholic liver disease includes a broad clinical-histological spectrum from
      simple steatosis, cirrhosis, acute alcoholic hepatitis with or without cirrhosis
      to hepatocellular carcinoma as a complication of cirrhosis. The pathogenesis of
      alcoholic liver disease can be conceptually divided into (1) ethanol-mediated
      liver injury, (2) inflammatory immune response to injury, (3) intestinal
      permeability and microbiome changes. Corticosteroids may improve outcomes, but
      this is controversial and probably only impacts short-term survival. New
      pathophysiology-based therapies are under study, including antibiotics, caspase
      inhibition, interleukin-22, anakinra, FXR agonist and others. These studies
      provide hope for better future outcomes for this difficult disease. 

PMID- 27373609
TI  - Diagnosis of Alcoholic Liver Disease: Key Foundations and New Developments.
AB  - Alcoholic liver disease is a spectrum of conditions that include alcoholic fatty
      liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic alcoholic liver disease. The
      diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease remains founded in an accurate patient
      history and detailed physical examination. Concurrent with the physical
      examination, objective data from laboratory, imaging, and histologic studies are
      helpful to confirm a diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. Novel biomarkers,
      scoring systems, and imaging modalities are improving the ability to diagnose and
      manage alcoholic liver disease, but for most practicing clinicians, these have
      not been adopted widely because of their cost, but also because of limitations
      and uncertainty in their performance characteristics. 

PMID- 27373610
TI  - The Pathology of Alcoholic Liver Disease.
AB  - The term "alcoholic liver disease" encompasses a spectrum of pathologic
      conditions ranging from isolated steatosis to established cirrhosis. Within this
      spectrum, varying degrees of inflammation, hepatocellular ballooning
      degeneration, hepatocyte necrosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis may be encountered.
      This article reviews the characteristic histologic features of the many forms of
      alcoholic liver disease. Histologic scoring systems are described, and diseases
      with overlapping morphologic features and comorbid conditions are also discussed.

PMID- 27373611
TI  - Prognosis and Prognostic Scoring Models for Alcoholic Liver Disease and Acute
      Alcoholic Hepatitis.
AB  - Multiple prognostic scoring systems have been developed to predict mortality from
      acute alcoholic hepatitis. Some systems, such as the modified discriminant
      function, are specific to alcoholic hepatitis. Others, such as the model for end
      stage liver disease, apply to a broad range of liver diseases. Prognostic factors
      are better at predicting patients who are likely to survive rather than die of
      this condition at 30 and 90 days. This important shortcoming may be improved by
      combining scores for better prediction accuracy. 

PMID- 27373612
TI  - Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis, the Clinical Aspects.
AB  - Alcoholic hepatitis is an acute form of alcoholic liver disease with variable
      severity that develops in patients who usually have a history of prolonged and
      recent alcohol abuse. The diagnosis is clinical and depends on history, physical
      examination, and laboratory derangements. Liver biopsy is diagnostic but not
      universally performed, and noninvasive diagnostic modalities are under
      development. Scoring systems are used to assess severity of disease, predict
      mortality, and guide decisions for initiation of specific therapies. The natural
      history and long-term outcomes of alcoholic hepatitis, including recurrence,
      progression to cirrhosis, and mortality, vary and depend partly on abstinence
      from alcohol use. 

PMID- 27373613
TI  - Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis: Therapy.
AB  - Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) causes great morbidity and mortality in the United
      States and throughout the world. Advances in therapy have proven difficult. In
      part, this reflects challenges in diagnosis, including the distinction between AH
      and acute-on-chronic liver failure. Liver biopsy is the best method to clarify
      the cause in circumstances whereby conflicting clinical data confound the
      diagnosis. All treatment of AH begins with abstinence from alcohol. All patients
      with AH should be given sufficient nutrition. Prednisolone has become the
      principal agent for treating patients with severe AH. 

PMID- 27373614
TI  - Alcoholic Liver Disease and Liver Transplantation.
AB  - Excessive alcohol use is a common health care problem worldwide and is associated
      with significant morbidity and mortality. Alcoholic liver disease represents the
      second most frequent indication for liver transplantation in North America and
      Europe. The pretransplant evaluation of patients with alcoholic liver disease
      should aim at identifying those at high risk for posttransplant relapse of
      alcohol use disorder, as return to excessive drinking can be deleterious to graft
      and patient survival. Carefully selected patients with alcoholic liver disease,
      including those with severe alcoholic hepatitis, will have similar short-term and
      long-term outcomes when compared with other indications for liver
      transplantation.

PMID- 27373616
TI  - Long-Term Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease.
AB  - The key to management of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is early recognition by
      the patient and physician. Excessive alcohol consumption, ranging from drinking
      more than recommended amounts to abuse, is one of the most preventable causes of
      death and disability. The US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines recommend
      screening for alcoholism in the primary care setting. Abstinence is the
      cornerstone of therapy and it decreases mortality and morbidity significantly.
      Alcoholic cirrhosis can cause varices that need to be followed closely with upper
      endoscopy to prevent or treat hemorrhage. In this review, we describe an approach
      to long-term management of ALD. 

PMID- 27373615
TI  - Nutrition and Alcoholic Liver Disease: Effects of Alcoholism on Nutrition,
      Effects of Nutrition on Alcoholic Liver Disease, and Nutritional Therapies for
      Alcoholic Liver Disease.
AB  - Malnutrition is the most frequent and nearly universal consequence in alcoholic
      liver disease (ALD) that adversely affects clinical outcomes. Sarcopenia or
      skeletal muscle loss is the major component of malnutrition in liver disease.
      There are no effective therapies to prevent or reverse sarcopenia in ALD because
      the mechanisms are not well understood. Consequences of liver disease including
      hyperammonemia, hormonal perturbations, endotoxemia and cytokine abnormalities as
      well as the direct effects of alcohol and its metabolites contribute to
      sarcopenia in ALD. This article focuses on the prevalence, methods to quantify
      malnutrition, specifically sarcopenia and potential therapies including novel
      molecular targeted treatments.

PMID- 27373617
TI  - Alcoholic Liver Disease: High Risk or Low Risk for Developing Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma?
AB  - In this review we critically assess the literature to evaluate the level of risk
      posed by alcohol as both a primary etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and
      as a cofactor in its development. Although there have been conflicting findings,
      based on the body of evidence to date, it appears that the linkage between
      compensated alcoholic liver disease-associated cirrhosis and HCC is best
      characterized as medium-high risk, with the risk increasing with age and with
      quantity and duration of alcohol consumption and is more pronounced in females.
      While abstinence is the most effective way to reduce HCC risk, its effect seems
      largely dependent on the severity of liver damage at the point of cessation.
      Alcohol clearly interacts with other etiologies and conditions including viral
      hepatitis B and C, hereditary hemochromatosis, diabetes, and obesity to increase
      the risk for developing HCC, either synergistically or additively. Continued
      progress in genetics, especially through mechanistic-based and genome-wide
      association studies may ultimately identify which single nucleotide polymorphisms
      are risk factors for the onset of alcoholic liver disease and its progression to
      HCC and lead to the development of targeted therapeutics which may help providers
      better manage at-risk patients. 

PMID- 27373618
TI  - The Effects of Alcohol on Other Chronic Liver Diseases.
AB  - Alcohol consumption is often a comorbid condition in other chronic liver
      diseases. It has been shown to act in synergy to increase liver injury in viral
      hepatitis, hereditary hemochromatosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
      (NAFLD), leading to an increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and
      liver-related mortality. Data suggest that modest alcohol consumption may be
      inversely related to the risk of developing NAFLD and lower rates of progression
      of NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This article reviews data on the
      relationship between alcohol consumption and other chronic liver diseases. 

PMID- 27373620
TI  - Alcoholic Liver Disease.

PMID- 27373619
TI  - Infection and Alcoholic Liver Disease.
AB  - Acute and chronic alcohol use leads to an impaired immune response and
      dysregulated inflammatory state that contributes to a markedly increased risk of
      infection. Via shared mechanisms of immune-mediated injury, alcohol can alter the
      clinical course of viral infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human
      immunodeficiency virus. These effects are most evident in patients with alcoholic
      hepatitis and cirrhosis. This article provides an overview of alcohol's effect on
      the immune system and contribution to the risks and outcomes of specific
      infectious diseases. 

PMID- 27373621
TI  - Foreword.

PMID- 27373622
TI  - pi-Delocalized Lipophilic Cations as New Candidates for Antimalarial,
      Antitrypanosomal and Antileishmanial Agents: Synthesis, Evaluation of
      Antiprotozoal Potency, and Insight into Their Action Mechanisms.
AB  - The search for new drugs that could treat tropical protozoan diseases, such as
      malaria or neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), motivates many medicinal chemists.
      New classes of antiprotozoal drugs that act through a novel mechanism of action
      must be developed. This review presents our efforts toward finding new candidate
      treatments for malaria, American trypanosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis
      and leishmaniasis based on pi-delocalized lipophilic cations (DLCs). DLCs, such
      as rhodacyanines, azarhodacyanines, beta-carbolinium salts, and phenoxazinium
      salts, displayed strong antiprotozoal activities with highly selective indices.
      Several DLCs displayed moderate to excellent in vivo efficacies against
      Plasmodium berghei when administered intraperitoneally or orally. This review
      also discusses chemical biology approaches to understanding the mechanism of
      action underlying the antimalarial rhodacyanines. 

PMID- 27373623
TI  - Mechanism of Creaming Down Based on Chemical Characterization of a Complex of
      Caffeine and Tea Catechins.
AB  - The component of a precipitate resulting from creaming down, which was made from
      caffeine and a catechin mixture, was determined by an integrated value of H2
      proton signals of tea catechins in the quantitative (1)H-NMR spectrum. The
      results showed that gallate-type catechins formed a precipitate by creaming down
      more predominantly than non-gallate-type catechins. X-ray crystallographic
      analysis showed that the gallate-type catechin (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate
      (EGCg), (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECg) formed 2 : 2 and 2 : 4 complexes with
      caffeine, respectively, and the non-gallate-type catechin (-)-epicatechin (EC)
      and caffeine formed a 1 : 1 complex. The 2 : 2, 2 : 4 complexes of caffeine and
      EGCg, ECg formed a hydrophobic space with three aromatic A, B, and B' rings of
      two EGCg, ECg molecules, and one caffeine molecule was captured in this
      hydrophobic space. However, no such hydrophobic space in the 1 : 1 complex of
      caffeine and EC formed. It was thought that the hydrophobicity of the 2 : 2, 2 :
      4 complexes of caffeine and EGCg, ECg was stronger than that of the 1 : 1 complex
      of caffeine and EC, with the result that the 2 : 2, 2 : 4 complexes of caffeine
      and EGCg, ECg precipitated by creaming down more predominantly than the 1 : 1
      complex of caffeine and EC in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the molecular
      capture of various heterocyclic compounds by formation of the 2 : 2 complex of
      EGCg from the aqueous solution was investigated using the quantitative (1)H-NMR
      spectrum. 

PMID- 27373624
TI  - Chemical Approaches to Elucidate Enzymatic Profiles of UDP-Glucose: Glycoprotein
      Glucosyltransferase.
AB  - In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucose: glycoprotein
      glucosyltransferase 1 (UGGT1) recognizes misfolded glycoproteins and transfers a
      glucose residue to the specific non-reducing end of high-mannose-type glycans.
      However, precise molecular mechanism by which UGGT1 senses the folding has not
      been understood clearly. To address this issue, various model substrates for
      UGGT1 have been prepared using biological approaches. Recently, we introduced
      chemical approaches using synthetic glycan probes that were designed for studying
      N-glycan processing in the ER and Golgi apparatus. Our approach can outfit the
      homogeneous and functionalized glycan probes. In this review, recent results on
      functional analysis of UGGT1 are summarized. 

PMID- 27373625
TI  - Bromopyrrole Alkaloids from Okinawan Marine Sponges Agelas spp.
AB  - In our continuing study for structurally and biogenetically interesting natural
      products from marine organisms, Okinawan marine sponges Agelas spp. were
      investigated, resulting in the isolation of 18 unique alkaloids including five
      dimeric bromopyrrole alkaloids (1-5), ten monomeric bromopyrrole alkaloids (6
      15), and three conjugates of monomeric bromopyrrole alkaloid and
      hydroxykynurenine (16-18). In this mini-review, the isolation, structure
      elucidation, and antimicrobial activities of these alkaloids are summarized. 

PMID- 27373626
TI  - Chiral Integrated Catalysts Composed of Bifunctional Thiourea and Arylboronic
      Acid: Asymmetric Aza-Michael Addition of alpha,beta-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids.
AB  - The first intermolecular asymmetric Michael addition of nitrogen-nucleophiles to
      alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids was achieved through a new type of
      arylboronic acid equipped with chiral aminothiourea. The use of BnONH2 as a
      nucleophile gives a range of enantioenriched beta-(benzyloxy)amino acid
      derivatives in good yields and with high enantioselectivity (up to 90% yield, 97%
      enantiomeric excess (ee)). The obtained products are efficiently converted to
      optically active beta-amino acid and 1,2-diamine derivatives. 

PMID- 27373627
TI  - Beckmann Fragmentation and Successive Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation Using Grignard
      Reagents via Phosphonium Salt Intermediates.
AB  - The intermediates formed during the Beckmann fragmentation of alpha-alkoxy and
      alpha-alkoxy-alpha-alkyl oxime acetates have been successfully trapped as
      phosphonium salts, which were subsequently reacted with a variety of Grignard
      reagents to give the corresponding substituted products in good yields. Notably,
      this reaction proceeded smoothly even from alpha-alkoxy-alpha-alkyl oxime
      acetates. 

PMID- 27373628
TI  - Isopetrosynol, a New Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor, from the Marine
      Sponge Halichondria cf. panicea Collected at Iriomote Island.
AB  - A new polyacetylene compound, isopetrosynol (1), was isolated from the Okinawan
      marine sponge Halichondria cf. panicea together with petrosynol (2),
      adociacetylene D (3), (5R)-3,15,27-triacontatriene-1,29-diyn-5-ol (4), and
      petrosterol (5). The structure of 1 was assigned on the basis of spectroscopic
      data for 1 and 2. Compound 1 inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)
      activity with an IC50 value of 8.2+/-0.3 uM, while compound 2, a diastereomer of
      1, showed only 28.9+/-4.5% inhibition at 21.6 uM. The IC50 values of compounds 3
      and 4 were 7.8+/-0.5 and 12.2+/-0.5 uM, respectively. Oleanolic acid, a positive
      control, inhibited PTP1B activity at 0.7+/-0.1 uM (IC50) in the same experiment.
      The inhibitory activity of 1 was stronger than that of its diastereomer (2). This
      is the first study to show the inhibitory effects of polyacetylene compounds on
      PTP1B. 

PMID- 27373629
TI  - Enhanced Structural Variety of Nonplanar N-Oxyl Radical Catalysts and Their
      Application to the Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic C-H Bonds.
AB  - The design and synthesis of structurally variable, nonplanar N-oxyl radical
      catalysts and their application to the aerobic oxidation, etherification, and
      acetoamidation of benzylic C-H bonds are described. The catalytic oxidation of C
      H bonds represents a powerful tool to synthesize oxygenated functional molecules
      from simple hydrocarbons in a straightforward way. Electron-deficient N-oxyl
      radical catalysts, such as phthalimidoyl N-oxyl (PINO) radical, generated from N
      hydroxyphthalimide (1), have attracted much attention because of their
      applications in the oxidation of C-H bonds with high bond dissociation energy
      (BDE). However, a few sites in 1 are available for structural modifications and
      improvements of the catalytic performance. By replacing one carbonyl group in 1
      with a trifluoromethyl (CF3)-substituted sp(3)-carbon, we generated an additional
      tunable site and a nonplanar backbone, while retaining the desirable electron
      withdrawing properties and increasing the lipophilicity with respect to 1. We
      synthesized a variety of N-hydroxy precatalysts containing such a CF3 moiety, and
      investigated their utility in the aerobic oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds.
      Precatalysts with electron-withdrawing substituents, such as trifluoroethoxy and
      the acetophenone moieties, afforded higher yields than a corresponding methoxy
      substituted analogue. The introduction of substituents at the aromatic ring was
      also effective, as evident from the performance of 7-CF3 and 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoro
      precatalysts. Especially the combination of trifluoroethoxy- and 4,5,6,7
      tetrafluoro substitution afforded a superior performance. These catalyst systems
      exhibited high functional group tolerance during the aerobic oxidation of C-H
      bonds, and benzylic etherification and Ritter-type reactions could be carried out
      at room temperature when a selected precatalyst and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) were
      used. 

PMID- 27373630
TI  - N-Methylniphatyne A, a New 3-Alkylpyridine Alkaloid as an Inhibitor of the Cancer
      Cells Adapted to Nutrient Starvation, from an Indonesian Marine Sponge of
      Xestospongia sp.
AB  - In the course of searching for selective growth inhibitors of the cancer cells
      adapted to nutrient starvation, a new 3-alkylpyridine alkaloid named N
      methylniphatyne A (1) was isolated from an Indonesian marine sponge of
      Xestospongia sp. The chemical structure of 1 was determined on the basis of the
      spectroscopic analysis and comparison with the synthesized 1 and its analogues.
      Compound 1 showed the cytotoxic activity against PANC-1 cells under the condition
      of glucose starvation with IC50 value of 16 uM, whereas no growth-inhibition was
      observed up to 100 uM under the general culture conditions. 

PMID- 27373631
TI  - Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Furan-Containing
      Polyketide.
AB  - Enantioselective total synthesis of the proposed structure of furan-containing
      polyketide was accomplished. The key features include a chemo- and
      enantioselective epoxidation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene by Shi asymmetric epoxidation,
      a regioselective epoxide ring opening, chemo- and diastereoselective
      dihydroxylation of the conjugated dienone derivative, and vinylation of the
      lactone accompanied by formation of the furan ring. 

PMID- 27373632
TI  - Additional Nucleophile-Free FeCl3-Catalyzed Green Deprotection of 2,4
      Dimethoxyphenylmethyl-Protected Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids.
AB  - The deprotection of the methoxyphenylmethyl (MPM) ether and ester derivatives can
      be generally achieved by the combinatorial use of a catalytic Lewis acid and
      stoichiometric nucleophile. The deprotections of 2,4-dimethoxyphenylmethyl (DMPM)
      protected alcohols and carboxylic acids were found to be effectively catalyzed by
      iron(III) chloride without any additional nucleophile to form the deprotected
      mother alcohols and carboxylic acids in excellent yields. Since the present
      deprotection proceeds via the self-assembling mechanism of the 2,4-DMPM
      protective group itself to give the hardly-soluble resorcinarene derivative as a
      precipitate, the rigorous purification process by silica-gel column
      chromatography was unnecessary and the sufficiently-pure alcohols and carboxylic
      acids were easily obtained in satisfactory yields after simple filtration. 

PMID- 27373634
TI  - Conversion of Vindoline into 11-Mesyloxytabersonine.
AB  - Conversion of readily available vindoline to 11-mesyloxytabersonine, a versatile
      synthetic intermediate for indole alkaloids, has been achieved by a 9-step
      sequence in 39% overall yield. 

PMID- 27373633
TI  - Synthesis and GGCT Inhibitory Activity of N-Glutaryl-L-alanine Analogues.
AB  - gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT) is an important enzyme that cleaves gamma
      glutamyl-amino acid in the gamma-glutamyl cycle to release 5-oxoproline and amino
      acid. Eighteen N-acyl-L-alanine analogues including eleven new compounds have
      been synthesized and examined for their inhibitory activity against recombinant
      human GGCT protein. Simple N-glutaryl-L-alanine was found to be the most potent
      inhibitor for GGCT. Other N-glutaryl-L-alanine analogues having methyl and
      dimethyl substituents at the 2-position were moderately effective, while N-(3R
      aminoglutary)-L-alanine, the substrate having an (R)-amino group at the 3
      position or N-(N-methyl-3-azaglutaryl)-L-alanine, the substrate having an N
      methyl substituent on the 3-azaglutaryl carbon, in constract, exhibited excellent
      inhibition properties. 

PMID- 27373636
TI  - Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Structurally Simplified
      Syringolin A Analogues.
AB  - In this study, we designed and synthesized a structurally simplified syringolin A
      analogue 4, which could have a switched hydrogen bonding interaction with the
      beta5 subunit of 20S proteasome. This analogue exhibits potent beta5 proteasome
      inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 107 nM. It also shows cytotoxicity
      against a range of human cancer cells at submicromolar level (109-254 nM). This
      analogue is expected to be a lead compound as a next generation proteasome
      inhibitor because of its simple structure. 

PMID- 27373635
TI  - Construction of Azabicyclo[6.4.0]dodecatrienes Based on Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed
      Intramolecular [6+2] Cycloaddition between Azetidine, Allene, and Alkynes.
AB  - Treatment of the allenylazetidine-alkynes with a catalytic amount of
      [RhCl(CO)dppp]2 (dppp: 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) effected the
      intramolecular hetero-[6+2]-type ring-closing reaction via the C-C bond cleavage
      of the azetidine ring to produce azabicyclo[6.4.0]dodecatriene derivatives in
      good to excellent yields. The formation of the oxa analogue could also be
      achieved. 

PMID- 27373637
TI  - Peptide Nucleic Acid with a Lysine Side Chain at the beta-Position: Synthesis and
      Application for DNA Cleavage.
AB  - This paper reports the synthesis of new beta-Lys peptide nucleic acid (PNA)
      monomers and their incorporation into a 10-residue PNA sequence. PNA containing
      beta-Lys PNA units formed a stable hybrid duplex with DNA. However, incorporation
      of beta-Lys PNA units caused destabilization of PNA-DNA duplexes to some extent.
      Electrostatic attractions between beta-PNA and DNA could reduce this
      destabilization effect. Subsequently, bipyridine-conjugated beta-Lys PNA was
      prepared and exhibited sequence selective cleavage of DNA. Based on the
      structures of the cleavage products and molecular modeling, we reasoned that
      bipyridine moiety locates within the minor groove of the PNA-DNA duplexes. The
      lysine side chain of beta-PNA is a versatile handle for attaching various
      functional molecules. 

PMID- 27373638
TI  - Convergent Synthesis of 2-Aryl-Substituted Quinolines by Gold-Catalyzed Cascade
      Reaction.
AB  - Gold-catalyzed auto-tandem catalysis has been developed for synthesizing 2-aryl
      substituted quinolines. The reaction of an aniline bearing an acetal moiety with
      an aryl alkyne proceeded via formal [4+2]-cycloaddition, which involved the
      addition of gold acetylide to an oxonium ion to give amino alkyne intermediate
      and sequential 6-endo-dig cyclization of amino alkyne intermediate by attacking
      of nitrogen to alkyne moiety activated by gold catalyst. The cationic gold
      catalyst promoted two different processes by enhancing the nucleophilicity and
      electrophilicity of alkyne. This convergent synthetic methodology enabled the
      synthesis of a variety of 2-aryl-substituted quinolines. 

PMID- 27373639
TI  - Substituent Effect at the C4-Position of 1,3a,6a-Triazapentalene.
AB  - Various 2,4-disubstituted-1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes possessing methyl and phenyl
      groups at the C4-position were synthesized. Fluorescence observation of the
      synthetic 4-methyl- and 4-phenyl-1,3a,6a-triazapentalenes revealed that the
      introduction of a substituent at the C4-position allowed a long-wavelength shift
      of the fluorescence maximum. Furthermore, the phenyl group at the C4-position was
      found to induce a substantial increase in the extinction coefficient value. 

PMID- 27373640
TI  - Glycosylation Reaction of Thioglycosides by Using Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent
      as an Excellent Promoter.
AB  - Thioglycosides are available donors in glycosylation due to the stability of the
      anomeric C-S bond under general reaction conditions of protection and
      deprotection, and offer orthogonality in their activation. We report now that the
      hypervalent iodine effectively induced glycosylation reaction of thioglycosides
      with various alcohols. This method features a high efficiency, completion in a
      short time, and proceeding under very mild conditions. 

PMID- 27373641
TI  - Gold-Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkyne Alcohols: Regioselective Construction of
      Functionalized 6,6- and 6,7-Bicyclic Ethers.
AB  - We describe an efficient regioselective formation of six-/seven-membered cyclic
      ethers based on gold-catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation. Sequential gold
      catalyzed cyclization and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions afforded
      6,6-bicyclic ethers, while reversing the reaction sequence (cross-coupling then
      cyclization) afforded 6,7-bicyclic ethers. This methodology should provide access
      to a range of functional polycyclic ethers. 

PMID- 27373642
TI  - Synthesis and Antigenicity against Human Sera of a Biotin-Labeled Oligosaccharide
      Portion of a Glycosphingolipid from the Parasite Echinococcus multilocularis.
AB  - Synthesis of a biotinylated analog of the carbohydrate portion of a
      glycosphingolipid from the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis has been
      achieved. We synthesized beta-D-Galp-(1->6)-beta-D-Galp-(1->6)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1
      >3)]-beta-D-Galp-(1->R: biotin probe) (1) and compared the antigenicity by an
      enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with biotinylated trisaccharide alpha-D
      Galp-(1->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1->3)-alpha-D-Galp-(1->R: biotin probe) (F), which has
      been shown to have significant antigenicity. Both of the oligosaccharides reacted
      with sera of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) patients, but showed different
      reactivity. Among the 60 sera of AE patients, more sera reacted with the linear
      sequence Galalpha1->4Galbeta1->3GalNAcalpha1->R of oligosaccharide (F) than for
      branched compound 1. Some sera showed high specificity to one of the compound,
      indicating that the antibodies in the sera of AE patients differ in their
      specificity to recognize carbohydrate sequences of glycosphingolipids. Our
      results demonstrate that both of the biotinylated oligosaccharides 1 and F have
      good serodiagnostic potential and are complementary to detect infections caused
      by the parasite Echinococcus multilocularis. 

PMID- 27373643
TI  - Aromatase Inhibitory Activity of Geranylated Coumarins, Mammeasins C and D,
      Isolated from the Flowers of Mammea siamensis.
AB  - A methanol extract of the flowers of Mammea siamensis (Calophyllaceae) was found
      to inhibit enzymatic activity against aromatase (IC50=16.5 ug/mL). From the
      extract, two new geranylated coumarins, mammeasins C (1) and D (2), were isolated
      together with seven coumarins: 8-hydroxy-5-methyl-7-(3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6
      dienyl)-9-(2-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-4,5-dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]chromen-2-one (9), 8
      hydroxy-5-methyl-7-(3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienyl)-9-(3-methyl-1-oxobutyl)-4,5
      dihydropyrano[4,3,2-de]chromen-2-one (10), mammeas A/AA (14), A/AB (15), A/AA
      cyclo D (18), E/BA (23), and E/BC cyclo D (25). The structures of 1 and 2 were
      elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Among the isolates including
      17 previously reported coumarins, 1 (IC50=2.7 uM), 2 (3.6 uM), and mammea B/AB
      cyclo D (21, 3.1 uM) showed relatively strong inhibitory activities comparable to
      the activity of the synthetic nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor aminoglutethimide
      (2.0 uM). 

PMID- 27373645
TI  - Total Synthesis of Thailandepsin B, a Potent HDAC Inhibitor Isolated from a
      Microorganism.
AB  - Thailandepsin B, a bicyclic depsipeptide histone deacetylase inhibitor, was
      efficiently synthesized in 51% overall yield in eight steps, starting from
      commercially available D-norleucine methyl ester and known (S,E)-3-(4
      methoxybenzyloxy)-7-(tritylthio)hept-4-enoic acid. The method features a
      convergent approach in which the corresponding seco-acid, a key precursor in
      macrolactonization, is directly assembled through the condensation of a D-allo
      isoleucine-D-cysteine-containing segment with a D-norleucine-containing segment. 

PMID- 27373644
TI  - Structure-Activity Relationship Study of 3-Amino-2-indolyllactam Derivatives:
      Development of Inhibitors of Oxidative Stress-Induced Necrosis.
AB  - Modification of our previously reported selective inhibitor of oxidative stress
      induced necrosis, 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-pentylamino-maleimide (IM-54) by
      regioselective reduction of the C-4 carbonyl group afforded a 3-amino-2
      indolyllactam (IL-1) with more potent activity. To examine the structure-activity
      relationship of IL derivatives, we developed new synthetic routes with
      flexibility to incorporate a range of substituents at a late stage. The
      synthesized IL derivatives were evaluated for activity to inhibit necrotic cell
      death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Among them, IL-12 showed the most potent
      activity (IC50=49 nM) among the IL and indolylmaleimide (IM) derivatives
      examined. 

PMID- 27373646
TI  - Theagalloflavic Acid, a New Pigment Derived from Hexahydroxydiphenoyl Group, and
      Lignan Oxidation Products Produced by Aerobic Microbial Fermentation of Green
      Tea.
AB  - Chinese ripe pu-erh tea is produced by aerobic microbial fermentation of green
      tea. To clarify the microbial degradation of tea polyphenols, Japanese commercial
      green tea was mixed with Chinese ripe pu-erh tea, which retains microorganisms,
      and fermented for 5 d. Chromatographic separation yielded a novel water-soluble
      yellow pigment termed theagalloflavic acid. Spectroscopic and chemical evidence
      suggested that this pigment was produced by oxidative ring cleavage of
      hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters. In addition, two new oxygenated lignin metabolites,
      (+)-5,5'-dihydroxypinoresinol and 5-hydroxydihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol,
      were also isolated together with known degradation products of quercetin and tea
      catechins. 

PMID- 27373647
TI  - Acylated Triterpene Saponins from the Stem Bark of Acer nikoense (Aceraceae).
AB  - Three new acylated triterpene saponins, acernikoenosides A-C (1-3), were isolated
      from the stem bark of Acer nikoense, together with a known sterol glucoside.
      Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic
      analyses. This study provided the first example of triterpene saponins isolated
      from this plant. The anti-genotoxic activity of 1, 3 and 4 against ultraviolet
      irradiation was evaluated by comet assay. 

PMID- 27373648
TI  - Acceleration of Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis in a Biphasic System by Sodium
      Tetracyanocyclopentadienides.
AB  - The hydrolysis of tert-butyldimethylsilyl L-menthyl ether (3) in a CH2Cl2-1 M HCl
      biphasic solvent system was accelerated by the addition of sodium
      tetracyanocyclopentadienides 1. Particularly, the reaction rate was enhanced
      using sodium salt 1a-c with a lipophilic substituent on the cyclopentadienide
      ring. From the results obtained by a triphasic experiment, hydrolysis proceeds
      via the formation of hydronium ion 2 in the aqueous phase by ion exchange,
      followed by the transfer of 2 to the CH2Cl2 phase. 

PMID- 27373649
TI  - Efficient N-Acyldopamine Synthesis.
AB  - N-Acyldopamines are endogenous analogs of capsaicin that exhibit cannabinoid-like
      activities and were identified from brain extracts. Among them, N
      arachidonoyldopamine (AADA) and N-oleoyldopamine (ODA) were characterized as
      transient receptor potential vanilloid type V1 channel (TRPV1) ligands. Recently,
      it was shown that N-acyldopamines may possess diverse physiological roles in
      addition to their ligand activities. To study the multiple functions and action
      mechanisms of endogenous N-acyldopamines, a simple and efficient method of N
      acyldopamine synthesis was investigated. The eighteen potentially endogenous N
      acyldopamines and two deuterated ones, N-palmitoyl dopamine-d5 and N-stearoyl
      dopamine-d5, were efficiently synthesized without protective groups in CH2Cl2
      under optimized conditions using propylphosphoric acid cyclic anhydride (PPACA)
      as a condensation agent. 

PMID- 27373650
TI  - Tandem Reaction of Enynyl Acetate: Precursor of Allenyl Ketones.
AB  - Deacetylation of enynyl acetates under basic conditions allows convenient access
      to reactive allenyl ketones, which can then undergo 1,4-addition of nucleophiles
      to furnish beta,gamma-unsaturated ketones. Benzofuran and indole derivatives have
      also been obtained from enynyl acetates with an o-hetero-atom-substituted aryl
      group via intramolecular 1,4-addition. 

PMID- 27373651
TI  - Identification and Heterologous Expression of the Topopyrone Nonaketide Synthase
      Gene from Phoma sp.
AB  - Non-reducing iterative type I polyketide synthase genes, pnk1 and pnk2, were
      cloned from the fungus Phoma sp. BAUA2861, which produces the topoisomerase I
      inhibitors, topopyrones A to D. Heterologous expression of these polyketide
      synthase genes under the alpha-amylase promoter in Aspergillus oryzae was carried
      out to identify their functions. The pnk2 transformant produced topopyrones C, D,
      and haematommone. Therefore, the pnk2 gene was found to encode for the topopyrone
      nonaketide synthase. 

PMID- 27373652
TI  - Metabolome Analysis of Oryza sativa (Rice) Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass
      Spectrometry for Characterizing Organ Specificity of Flavonoids with Anti
      inflammatory and Anti-oxidant Activity.
AB  - Oryza sativa L. (rice) is an important staple crop across the world. In the
      previous study, we identified 36 specialized (secondary) metabolites including 28
      flavonoids. In the present study, a metabolome analysis using liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry was conducted on the leaf, bran, and brown and
      polished rice grains to better understand the distribution of these metabolites.
      Principal component analysis using the metabolome data clearly characterized the
      accumulation patterns of the metabolites. Flavonoids, e.g., tricin, tricin 7-O
      rutinoside, and tricin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, were mainly present in the
      leaf and bran but not in the polished grain. In addition, anti-inflammatory and
      anti-oxidant activity of the metabolites were assayed in vitro. Tricin 4'-O
      (erythro-beta-guaiacylglyceryl)ether and isoscoparin 2"-O-(6'''-(E)-feruloyl)
      glucopyranoside showed the strongest activity for inhibiting nitric oxide (NO)
      production and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging,
      respectively. 

PMID- 27373653
TI  - Antimalarial Phenanthroindolizine Alkaloids from Ficus septica.
AB  - During the screening of antimalarial substances, MeOH extract from the twigs of
      Ficus septica was shown to have potent antimalarial activity. Bioassay-guided
      fractionation of a methanol extract of the twigs of F. septica led to the
      isolation of a new seco-phenanthroindolizine alkaloid and three known
      phenanthroindolizine alkaloids. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of
      NMR analysis. All isolated compounds were tested against Plasmodium falciparum.
      Compounds 2-4 displayed antimalarial activity against the 3D7 strain of P.
      falciparum with IC50 values 0.028-0.42 uM, whereas a new compound 1 exhibited a
      moderate antimalarial activity. 

PMID- 27373654
TI  - Simple Synthesis of Sakuranetin and Selinone via a Common Intermediate, Utilizing
      Complementary Regioselectivity in the Deacetylation of Naringenin Triacetate.
AB  - Sakuranetin and selinone were successfully synthesized utilizing the
      regioselective deacetylation of naringenin triacetate. Deacetylation of the
      latter at C-7 with imidazole in 1,4-dioxane at 40 degrees C furnished the
      corresponding diacetate in 80% yield. Methylation of the obtained free hydroxy
      group and subsequent removal of the remaining two acetyl groups gave sakuranetin,
      which was previously isolated as a phytoalexin against rice blast disease fungus,
      Pyricularia oryzae, in 71% overall yield. The same intermediate, naringenin
      triacetate, was subjected to transesterification with 2-propanol in
      tetrahydrofuran, catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B. A contrasting
      regioselective preference for C-4' deacetylation was observed, giving an isomeric
      diacetate in 82% yield. Prenylation of the free hydroxy group under Mitsunobu
      conditions and subsequent deprotection furnished selinone, which was previously
      isolated from Monotes engleri and exhibits antifungal activity against Candida
      albicans, in 55% overall yield. 

PMID- 27373655
TI  - Chemistry of Ecteinascidins. Part 5: An Additional Proof of Cytotoxicity
      Evaluation of Ecteinascidin 770 Derivatives.
AB  - Eleven 2'-N-acyl derivatives (5a-k) were prepared from ecteinascidin 770 (Et 770:
      1b) via known 18,6'-O-bisallyl-protected compound (3) in three steps. Their in
      vitro cytotoxicities were determined by measuring IC50 values against human cell
      lines HCT116 and DU145. 5-Isoxazolecarboylamide derivative (5i) and 4
      methoxybenzoylamide derivative (5k) were found to be promising leads for further
      optimization. 

PMID- 27373656
TI  - Structures of Aromatic Glycosides from the Seeds of Cassia auriculata.
AB  - A new benzocoumarin glycoside, cassiaglycoside I (1), a new naphthol glycoside,
      cassiaglycoside II (2), a new chromon glycoside, cassiaglycoside III (3), a new
      phenylethyl glycoside, cassiaglycoside IV (4), were isolated from the seeds of
      Cassia auriculata, together with seven known constituents. The chemical
      structures of four new constituents were characterized on the basis of chemical
      and physicochemical evidence. 

PMID- 27373657
TI  - Hyrtinadines C and D, New Azepinoindole-Type Alkaloids from a Marine Sponge
      Hyrtios sp.
AB  - New bisindole alkaloids, hyrtinadines C (1) and D (2), have been isolated from an
      Okinawan marine sponge Hyrtios sp. The structures of hyrtinadines C (1) and D (2)
      were elucidated based on analyses of the spectral data. Hyrtinadines C (1) and D
      (2) were the relatively rare alkaloids possessing a 3,4-fused azepinoindole
      skeleton. Hyrtinadines C (1) and D (2) showed antimicrobial activity. 

PMID- 27373658
TI  - Biosynthetic Study of Amphidinin A and Amphidinolide P.
AB  - The biogenetic origins of amphidinin A (1) and amphidinolide P (2) were
      investigated by feeding experiments with (13)C-labeled acetates. (13)C-NMR data
      of (13)C-enriched samples revealed that the all carbons of 1 and 2 were derived
      from acetates. The polyketide chain of 1 was formed from one triketide chain, two
      diketide chains, and three unusual isolated C1 units derived from C-2 of cleaved
      acetates, while the polyketide chain of 2 was formed from one pentaketide chain,
      two acetate units, and three unusual isolated C1 units derived from C-2 of
      cleaved acetates. The all branched C1 units of 1 and 2 were derived from C-2 of
      cleaved acetates. 

PMID- 27373659
TI  - Synthesis of Androprostamine A and Resormycin.
AB  - Syntheses of androprostamine A (1), and resormycin (3), anti-prostate cancer
      peptidyl natural products produced by microorganisms, were completed. The
      characteristic enamide structures of these compounds were installed using the
      Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction from the corresponding phosphonates in
      reasonable Z-selectivity. 

PMID- 27373660
TI  - In Vitro Antitrypanosomal Activity of the Secondary Metabolites from the Mutant
      Strain IU-3 of the Insect Pathogenic Fungus Ophiocordyceps coccidiicola NBRC
      100683.
AB  - During the search for new antitrypanosomal drug leads, four antitrypanosomal
      compounds, of three depsipeptides and one nortriterpenoid, were isolated from
      cultures of the mutant strain IU-3 of the insect pathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps
      coccidiicola NBRC 100683. Their structures were identified by the analysis of
      high resolution-electron ionization (HR-EI)-MS and HR-FAB-MS, and (1)H- and (13)C
      NMR spectra, including extensive two dimensional (2D)-heteronuclear NMR
      experiments, and comparison with literature data for destruxin A (1), destruxin B
      (2), destruxin E chlorohydrin (3) and helvolic acid (4). Compounds 1-4 showed in
      vitro antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei GUTat3.1 with
      IC50 values of 0.33, 0.16, 0.061 and 5.08 ug/mL, respectively. 

PMID- 27373661
TI  - Yezo'otogirins D-H, Acylphloroglucinols and Meroterpenes from Hypericum yezoense.
AB  - Investigation of the methanolic extract from the aerial parts of Hypericum
      yezoense resulted in the isolation of three new acylphloroglucinols,
      yezo'otogirins D-F (1-3), and two new meroterpenes, yezo'otogirins G (4) and H
      (5). The structures of 1-5 were assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data.
      Yezo'otogirin D (1) is an acylphloroglucinol with a monoterpene moiety linked
      through an ether bond, while yezo'otogirins E (2) and F (3) are polyprenylated
      acylphloroglucinols possessing a tricyclic core. Yezo'otogirins G (4) and H (5)
      are linear meroterpenes with an enolized beta-diketone moiety. Yezo'otogirin E
      (2) exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
      aureus. 

PMID- 27373662
TI  - Novel 3,4,7-Substituted Benzofuran Derivatives Having Binding Affinity to kappa
      Opioid Receptor.
AB  - A series of novel 3,4,7-trisubstituted benzofuran derivatives were synthesized,
      and their binding affinity to kappa- (KOR) and MU-opioid receptors (MOR) were
      evaluated. Several aryl ethers showed moderate binding activities to KOR
      (IC50=3.9-11 uM) without binding to MOR. 

PMID- 27373663
TI  - Functional Interrogation of the N-Terminal Lid of MDMX in p53 Binding via Native
      Chemical Ligation.
AB  - The homologous proteins MDM2 and MDMX negatively regulate the tumor suppressor
      protein p53 by antagonizing p53 transactivation activity and targeting p53 for
      degradation. MDM2 and MDMX bind to p53 via N-terminal p53-binding domains to
      control the level of p53. The N-terminal regions of MDM2 and MDMX are modified in
      vivo under stressed conditions, suggesting that modifications to MDM2/MDMX also
      may affect the p53-MDM2/MDMX interaction. Ample evidence suggests that the MDM2
      lid (residues 1-24) is partially structured and significantly reduces its binding
      affinity with p53 several fold. Since MDM2 and MDMX possess very similar p53
      binding domains but different lids, however, the function of the N-terminal lid
      of MDMX still remains poorly understood. Using a native chemical ligation
      technique, the p53-binding domain of MDMX, (1-108)MDMX, and its N-terminal lid
      (residues 1-23) truncated analogue (24-108)MDMX were chemically synthesized. We
      comparatively characterized their structures by circular dichroism (CD) spectra,
      and measured their binding affinities with a panel of p53-derived peptide ligands
      by fluorescence polarization and surface plasmon resonance assays. Our results
      indicate that, as opposed to the lid of MDM2, the lid of MDMX has little effect
      on p53-binding, adopts no structural conformation, and has rare auto-inhibitory
      function. Different lid modifications of MDM2 and MDMX are functionally different
      with respect to p53 binding, which should be considered when designing dual
      specific inhibitors of MDM2 and MDMX. 

PMID- 27373664
TI  - O-Glycosylation of 4-(Substituted benzyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one
      Derivatives with 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl Bromide via N1
      Acetylation of the Pyrazole Ring.
AB  - A practical preparation of 4-(substituted benzyl)-3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acyl-beta-D
      glucopyranosyloxy)-1H-pyrazole derivative 2 is described. O-Glycosylation of 4
      (substituted benzyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one derivative 3 was facilitated by
      introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents, such as an acetyl group, at
      the N1-position of the pyrazole ring. 1-Acetyl-4-(substituted benzyl)-1,2-dihydro
      3H-pyrazol-3-one 10 reacted with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl
      bromide 5 in the presence of potassium carbonate in acetonitrile to provide the 1
      acetyl-4-(substituted benzyl)-3-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)
      1H-pyrazole derivative 11 in high yield. When 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-alpha-D
      glucopyranosyl bromide (5b) was used as a glycosyl donor, the resulting O
      glycosylated product 11 was N1-deacetylated in the presence of potassium
      bicarbonate in methanol without unfavorable deprotection of the glycosyl moiety
      to provide 2 in excellent yield. The synthetic intermediate 2b of Remogliflozin
      etabonate (1b) was synthesized using this strategy. 

PMID- 27373665
TI  - Iriomoteolides-10a and 12a, Cytotoxic Macrolides from Marine Dinoflagellate
      Amphidinium Species.
AB  - Two new macrolides, iriomoteolides-10a (1) and -12a (2), have been isolated from
      a marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. (KCA09053 strain), and their structures
      were elucidated on the basis of a detailed two dimensional (2D)-NMR analysis.
      Compound 1 is a novel 21-membered Amphidinium macrolide, which contains one
      tetrahydrofuran ring, two ketone carbonyls, two hydroxyl groups, and six one
      carbon branches. Compound 2 is a new 12-membered macrolide related to
      amphidinolide Q. Compound 1 exhibited cytotoxic activity against human cervix
      adenocarcinoma HeLa and murine hepatocellular carcinoma MH134 cells. 

PMID- 27373666
TI  - Molecular Orbital Study of the Formation of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding of a
      Ligand Molecule in a Protein Aromatic Hydrophobic Pocket.
AB  - The natural product argadin is a cyclopentapeptide chitinase inhibitor that binds
      to chitinase B (ChiB) from the pathogenic bacteria Serratia marcescens. N(omega)
      Acetyl-L-arginine and L-aminoadipic acid of argadin form intramolecular ionic
      hydrogen bonds in the aromatic hydrophobic pocket of ChiB. We performed ab initio
      molecular orbital and density functional theory calculations to elucidate the
      role of this intramolecular hydrogen bonding on intermolecular interactions
      between argadin and ChiB. We found that argadin accrues large stabilization
      energies from the van der Waals dispersion interactions, such as CH-pi, pi-pi,
      and pi-lone pair interactions, in the aromatic hydrophobic pocket of ChiB,
      although intramolecular hydrogen bonding within argadin might result in loss of
      entropy. The intramolecular ionic hydrogen bonding formation canceled local
      molecular charges and provided good van der Waals interactions with surrounding
      aromatic residues. 

PMID- 27373667
TI  - Reaction of 2a,8b-Dihydrobenzo[b]cyclobute[d]pyran-3-ones with
      Dimethylsulfoxonium Methylide.
AB  - Using dimethylsulfoxonium methylide as the methylene transfer reagent, 2a,8b
      dihydrobenzo[b]cyclobute[d]pyran-3-ones were converted into 2,2'-biphenol
      derivatives as major products and dihydrodibenzofurans as minor products. The
      reaction mechanism was extrapolated from a deuteration experiment with
      CD2=S(O)(CD3)2. 

PMID- 27373668
TI  - Sesquiterpenoids from the Rhizomes of Curcuma phaeocaulis and Their Inhibitory
      Effects on LPS-Induced TLR4 Activation.
AB  - Two new guaiane-type (2, 6) and one new furanogermacrane-type (11)
      sesquiterpenoids have been isolated along with twelve known compounds from an
      EtOAc-soluble extract of Curcuma phaeocaulis rhizomes. The structures of the
      isolated compounds were elucidated using a combination of NMR, MS, and circular
      dichroism (CD) spectra. The inhibitory effects of each compound on
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation in THP-1
      Blue cells were assessed, and compound 4 showed more potent inhibitory activity
      against LPS-stimulated TLR4 activation. 

PMID- 27373669
TI  - Synthesis of Dendrimers with a Bidentate Phosphine Core Ligand Having Carboxy
      Groups at the Peripheral Layer and Their Application to Aqueous Media Cross
      Coupling Reactions.
AB  - We prepared a series of dendrimers with a bidentate phosphine core ligand having
      carboxy groups at the peripheral layer. By employing the corresponding water
      soluble dendritic phosphine-palladium complex as a catalyst, the aqueous media
      Suzuki-Miyaura reaction and Tsuji-Trost reaction proceeded to provide the
      corresponding cross-coupling product. 

PMID- 27373671
TI  - Radiofrequency ablation of symptomatic cervical inlet patch using a through-the
      scope device: a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The cervical inlet patch (CIP) is an area of heterotopic
      gastric mucosa at the proximal esophagus, which can secrete both acid and mucus.
      Attributable symptoms include chronic globus sensation and sore throat. Previous
      studies have demonstrated improvement in symptoms after ablation using argon
      plasma coagulation. Our aim was to assess a through-the-scope radiofrequency
      ablation (RFA) catheter for ablation of symptomatic CIP. METHODS: Ten patients
      with endoscopically and histologically proven CIP and symptoms of globus or sore
      throat were included in the study. An ablation protocol of 3 ablations at 12
      J/cm2, without removal of coagulated tissue between ablations, was used. A
      maximum of 2 RFA sessions, 3 months apart, was allowed. A visual analog score was
      completed at baseline, 6 weeks (on proton pump inhibitor), 3 months (off proton
      pump inhibitor), and 12 months after treatment. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 56
      years (+/-3 years, standard error of the mean), 60% were men, and 80% were white.
      Barrett's esophagus was present in 50%. The mean number of CIPs was 2 (range, 1
      4) with a median surface area of 2 cm2 (range, .5-14). After a median of 2
      treatments, 80% achieved complete endoscopic and histologic resolution, with a
      mean follow-up of 14 months (range, 12-17). Globus, sore throat, and cough
      significantly improved from baseline (P < .05). No strictures or buried glands
      were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective pilot study demonstrates that RFA
      using a through-the-scope device is safe and effective for treating patients with
      symptomatic CIP. One-year follow-up data suggest the effect is durable.

PMID- 27373670
TI  - Pharmacokinetic models of morphine and its metabolites in neonates:: Systematic
      comparisons of models from the literature, and development of a new meta-model.
AB  - Morphine is commonly used for pain management in preterm neonates. The aims of
      this study were to compare published models of neonatal pharmacokinetics of
      morphine and its metabolites with a new dataset, and to combine the
      characteristics of the best predictive models to design a meta-model for morphine
      and its metabolites in preterm neonates. Moreover, the concentration-analgesia
      relationship for morphine in this clinical setting was also investigated. A
      population of 30 preterm neonates (gestational age: 23-32weeks) received a
      loading dose of morphine (50-100MUg/kg), followed by a continuous infusion (5
      10MUg/kg/h) until analgesia was no longer required. Pain was assessed using the
      Premature Infant Pain Profile. Five published population models were compared
      using numerical and graphical tests of goodness-of-fit and predictive
      performance. Population modelling was conducted using NONMEM(r) and the $PRIOR
      subroutine to describe the time-course of plasma concentrations of morphine,
      morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide, and the concentration
      analgesia relationship for morphine. No published model adequately described
      morphine concentrations in this new dataset. Previously published population
      pharmacokinetic models of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6
      glucuronide were combined into a meta-model. The meta-model provided an adequate
      description of the time-course of morphine and the concentrations of its
      metabolites in preterm neonates. Allometric weight scaling was applied to all
      clearance and volume terms. Maturation of morphine clearance was described as a
      function of postmenstrual age, while maturation of metabolite elimination was
      described as a function of postnatal age. A clear relationship between morphine
      concentrations and pain score was not established. 

PMID- 27373672
TI  - Adverse Outcomes in Relation to Polypharmacy in Robust and Frail Older Hospital
      Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between polypharmacy and adverse outcomes
      among older hospital inpatients stratified according to their frailty status.
      DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective study of 1418 patients, aged 70 and older,
      admitted to 11 hospitals across Australia. MEASUREMENTS: The interRAI Acute Care
      (AC) assessment tool was used for all data collection, including the derivation
      of a frailty index calculated using the deficit accumulation method. Polypharmacy
      was categorized into 3 groups based on the number of regular drugs prescribed.
      Recorded adverse health outcomes were falls, delirium, functional and cognitive
      decline, discharge to a higher level of care and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS:
      Patients had a mean (SD) age of 81 (6.8) years and 55% were women. Polypharmacy
      (5-9 drugs per day) was observed in 48.2% (n = 684) and hyper-polypharmacy (>=10
      drugs) in 35.0% (n = 497). Severe cognitive impairment was significantly
      associated with nonpolypharmacy compared with polypharmacy and hyper-polypharmacy
      groups combined (P = .004). In total, 591 (42.5%) patients experienced at least 1
      adverse outcome. The only adverse outcome associated with polypharmacy was
      delirium. Within each polypharmacy category, frailty was associated with adverse
      outcomes and the lowest overall incidence was among robust patients prescribed 10
      or more drugs. CONCLUSION: While polypharmacy may be a useful signal for
      medication review, in this study it was not an independent predictor of adverse
      outcomes for older inpatients. Assessing the frailty status of patients better
      appraised risk. Extensive de-prescribing in all older inpatients may not be an
      intervention that directly improves outcomes.

PMID- 27373674
TI  - Aquaporin-4 deficiency facilitates fear memory extinction in the hippocampus
      through excessive activation of extrasynaptic GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors.
AB  - Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) is the predominant water channel in the brain and primarily
      expressed in astrocytes. Astrocytes have been generally believed to play
      important roles in regulating synaptic plasticity and information processing. A
      growing number of evidence shows that AQP-4 plays a potential role in the
      regulation of astrocyte function. However, little is known about the function of
      AQP-4 for synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Therefore, we evaluated long
      term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus and the extinction of fear memory of AQP
      4 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. We found that AQP-4 deficiency
      facilitated fear memory extinction and NMDA receptors (NMDARs)-dependent LTD in
      the CA3-CA1 pathway. Furthermore, AQP-4 deficiency selectively increased GluN2B
      NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). The excessive activation
      of extrasynaptic GluN2B-NMDAR contributed to the facilitation of NMDAR-dependent
      LTD and enhancement of fear memory extinction in AQP-4 KO mice. Thus, it appears
      that AQP-4 may be a potential target for intervention in fear memory extinction.
      This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Ionotropic glutamate
      receptors'.

PMID- 27373673
TI  - Synergy as a new and sensitive marker of basal ganglia dysfunction: A study of
      asymptomatic welders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multi-digit synergies, a recently developed, theory-based method to
      quantify stability of motor action, are shown to reflect basal ganglia
      dysfunction associated with parkinsonian syndromes. In this study, we tested the
      hypothesis that multi-digit synergies may capture early and subclinical basal
      ganglia dysfunction. We chose asymptomatic welders to test the hypothesis because
      the basal ganglia are known to be most susceptible to neurotoxicity caused by
      welding-related metal accumulation (such as manganese and iron). METHODS: Twenty
      right-handed welders and 13 matched controls were invited to perform single- and
      multi-finger pressing tasks using the fingers of the right or left hand. Unified
      Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and Grooved Pegboard scores were used to gauge
      gross and fine motor dysfunction, respectively. High-resolution (3T) T1-weighted,
      T2-weighted, T1 mapping, susceptibility, and diffusion tensor MRIs were obtained
      to reflect manganese, iron accumulation, and microstructural changes in basal
      ganglia. The synergy index stabilizing total force and anticipatory synergy
      adjustments were computed, compared between groups, and correlated with estimates
      of basal ganglia manganese [the pallidal index, R1 (1/T1)], iron [R2* (1/T2*)],
      and microstructural changes [fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity].
      RESULTS: There were no significant differences in Unified Parkinson's Disease
      Rating Scale (total or motor subscale) or Grooved Pegboard test scores between
      welders and controls. The synergy index during steady-state accurate force
      production was decreased significantly in the left hand of welders compared to
      controls (p=0.004) but did not reach statistical significance in the right hand
      (p=0.16). Anticipatory synergy adjustments, however, were not significantly
      different between groups. Among welders, higher synergy indices in the left hand
      were associated significantly with higher fractional anisotropy values in the
      left globus pallidus (R=0.731, p<0.001) but not with the pallidal index, R1, or
      R2* values in the basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that multi-digit
      synergy metrics may serve as preclinical markers for basal ganglia dysfunction in
      welders and other populations at risk for neurodegenerative diseases involving
      parkinsonian symptoms. This finding may have important clinical, scientific, and
      public/occupational health implications.

PMID- 27373675
TI  - Activation of the FAK/PI3K pathway is crucial for AURKA-induced epithelial
      mesenchymal transition in laryngeal cancer.
AB  - Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most common malignant
      tumors, and the main cause of death is metastasis. Overexpression of aurora
      kinase A (AURKA) plays an important role in the metastasis of LSCC. However, the
      mechanism by which AURKA promotes the metastasis of LSCC is poorly understood.
      Recent accumulating evidence indicates that epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      (EMT) may be one of the mechanisms of tumor metastasis. In the present study, we
      studied whether AURKA may induce EMT to promote the metastasis of LSCC. CCK-8 and
      plate colony-formation assays were carried out to show that AURKA significantly
      promoted the proliferation of Hep2 cells. Immunofluorescence staining and western
      blotting showed that EMT-related proteins changed in a time-dependent manner
      along with the alteration of AURKA, with decreased expression of N-cadherin,
      vimentin and slug and increased expression of E-cadherin. Additionally,
      downregulation of the expression of AURKA inhibited FAK/PI3K pathway activity.
      Inhibition of the FAK/PI3K pathway caused less mesenchymal-like characteristics
      and reduced the mobility, migration and invasion of Hep2 cells. In conclusion,
      AURKA may induce EMT to promote metastasis via activation of the FAK/PI3K pathway
      in LSCC. Those regulatory factors may present new diagnostic biomarkers and
      potential therapeutic targets for LSCC. 

PMID- 27373676
TI  - A novel nonsense mutation in LMNA gene identified by Exome Sequencing in an
      atrial fibrillation family.
AB  - Genetic factor plays an important role in cardiac arrhythmias. Several loci have
      been identified associated with this disease. However, they only explained parts
      of it and more genes and loci remain to be identified. In present study, we
      recruited a four generation family from the north of China. Four members of this
      family were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation by electrocardiogram (ECG). We
      used Exome Sequencing and Sanger sequencing to explore the candidate mutation for
      cardiac arrhythmia in this family. A nonsense mutation (c.G1494A, p.Trp498Ter) in
      the LMNA gene were identified as the candidate mutation. This variant is a novel
      mutation and has not yet been reported for any actual databases. This novel
      mutation co-segregated exactly with the disease in this family. Meanwhile, it was
      not detected in 524 control subjects of matched ancestry. According to structural
      model prediction, the mutation is expected to affect the Lamin Tail Domain (LTD)
      of lamin A/C protein. So the nonsense mutation discovered in the family probably
      was a novel mutation associated with familial atrial fibrillation. This discovery
      expands the mutation spectrum of LMNA and indicates the importance of LMNA in AF.

PMID- 27373677
TI  - Socio-economic indicators are independently associated with intake of animal
      foods in French adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The specific role of major socio-economic indicators (education,
      occupation, income) in influencing consumer choice of animal foods (AF) intake
      could reveal distinct socio-economic facets, thus enabling elucidation of
      mechanisms leading to social inequalities in health. We investigated the
      independent association of each indicator with intake of different AF and their
      effect modification. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. AF intake was estimated using
      three 24 h dietary records. Associations between socio-economic factors and AF
      intake and interactions between socio-economic indicators were assessed using
      ANCOVA adjusted for age and energy intake. Analyses were performed separately for
      men and women, since gender interactions were found. SETTING: France. SUBJECTS:
      Adults (n 92 036) participating in the NutriNet-Sante Study. RESULTS: Low
      educated persons had higher intake of red meat (+9-12 g/d), processed meat (+6-9
      g/d) and poultry (for men, +7 g/d) than those with a higher education level.
      Percentage of fish consumers was lower in individuals of the lowest income class
      compared with those in higher classes. Manual workers had a higher intake of
      cream desserts (for men, +14 g/d) than managerial staff. Few significant
      interactions were found. In stratified analyses, persons with the highest income
      consumed more yoghurt than those who had lower income, only in low educated
      individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-economic disparities in AF intake varied
      according to the socio-economic indicator, suggesting the specific influence of
      each indicator on AF intake. In particular, lower education was associated with
      higher intake of red and processed meats and cream desserts, and had an effect
      modification on the relationship between income and AF intake.

PMID- 27373678
TI  - Histone methyltransferase Suv39h1 attenuates high glucose-induced fibronectin and
      p21(WAF1) in mesangial cells.
AB  - Suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1 (Suv39h1) is a histone methyltransferase
      that trimethylates lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me3), which results in gene
      silencing. A previous study found that H3K9me3 and Suv39h1 were decreased in
      diabetic mouse vascular smooth muscle cells whereas Suv39h1 overexpression
      attenuated ischemic myocardial injury. Moreover, high glucose (HG) decreased
      H3K9me3 and Suv39h1 levels in some cells. Thus, we studied the roles of Suv39h1
      in HG-induced effects in MES13 (mouse mesangial) cells. We found that HG,
      chaetocin (a Suv39h1 inhibitor) and Suv39h1 siRNA decreased Suv39h1 while
      increasing fibronectin and p21(WAF1) protein levels. HG increased mRNA while
      chaetocin increased transcription of fibronectin and p21(WAF1)genes. Both HG and
      chaetocin decreased histone H3K9me3 levels at the promoters of fibronectin and
      p21(WAF1) genes. Additionally, Suv39h1 overexpression attenuated HG-induced
      fibronectin and p21(WAF1) mRNA and protein expressions while attenuating HG
      induced cell hypertrophy. Suv39h1 overexpression also attenuated HG-suppressed
      histone H3K9me3 levels at the promoters of fibronectin and p21(WAF1) genes.
      Moreover, LY294002 or the dominant-negative phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)
      mutant (Deltap85) attenuated HG-decreased Suv39h1 and HG-induced fibronectin and
      p21(WAF1) protein expressions. We concluded that HG decreased Suv39h1 via the
      PI3K pathway in mesangial cells. Inhibition of Suv39h1 increased fibronectin and
      p21(WAF1) expressions. Moreover, Suv39h1 overexpression attenuated HG-induced
      fibronectin and p21(WAF1) expressions and cell hypertrophy while attenuating HG
      suppressed histone H3K9me3 levels at the promoters of fibronectin and p21(WAF1)
      genes.

PMID- 27373679
TI  - Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and inflammation: Molecular mechanisms,
      diseases and promising therapies.
AB  - Over the last few decades, many different groups have been engaged in studies of
      new roles for mitochondria, particularly the coupling of alterations in the redox
      pathway with the inflammatory responses involved in different diseases, including
      Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, atherosclerosis, cerebral cavernous
      malformations, cystic fibrosis and cancer. Mitochondrial dysfunction is important
      in these pathological conditions, suggesting a pivotal role for mitochondria in
      the coordination of pro-inflammatory signaling from the cytosol and signaling
      from other subcellular organelles. In this regard, mitochondrial reactive oxygen
      species are emerging as perfect liaisons that can trigger the assembly and
      successive activation of large caspase-1- activating complexes known as
      inflammasomes. This review offers a glimpse into the mechanisms by which
      inflammasomes are activated by mitochondrial mechanisms, including reactive
      oxygen species production and mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, and the roles they can
      play in several inflammatory pathologies.

PMID- 27373680
TI  - Advanced glycation end products and their receptor in age-related, non
      communicable chronic inflammatory diseases; Overview of clinical evidence and
      potential contributions to disease.
AB  - Age-related, non-communicable chronic inflammatory diseases represent the major
      21st century health problem. Especially in Western countries, the prevalence of
      non-communicable diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
      cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis are exponentially rising
      as the population ages. These diseases are determined by common risk factors and
      share an age-related onset. The affected organs display evidence of accelerated
      ageing, and are hallmarked by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. The
      receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been implicated in a
      number of inflammatory diseases and plays a central role in amplifying
      inflammatory responses. Advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and
      accumulation is accelerated under these conditions. Advanced glycation end
      products are not only linked to RAGE signaling and inflammation, but to various
      hallmarks of the ageing process. In addition to these biological functions,
      circulating levels of the soluble form of RAGE and of advanced glycation end
      products are candidate biomarkers for many age-related inflammatory diseases. The
      purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the mechanistic connections
      between RAGE and advanced glycation end products and the processes of
      inflammation and ageing. Furthermore, through the presented overview of AGE-RAGE
      alterations that have been described in clinical studies in chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis, and
      insight obtained from mechanistic in vitro and animal studies, it can be
      concluded that these AGE-RAGE disturbances are a common contributing factor to
      the inflammatory state and pathogenesis of these various conditions.

PMID- 27373681
TI  - Tumor promoter PMA enhances kindlin-2 and decreases vimentin recruitment into
      cell adhesion sites.
AB  - Phorbol diester PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) is a well-known promoter of
      tumor progression. PMA also regulates cell adhesion by several mechanisms
      including conformational activation of integrins and integrin clustering. Here,
      PMA was shown to induce lamellipodia formation and reorganization of the adhesion
      sites as well as actin and vimentin filaments independently of integrin
      preactivation. To further analyze the mechanism of PMA action, the protein
      composition in the alpha1beta1 integrin/collagen IV adhesion sites was analyzed
      by mass spectrometry and proteomics. In four independent experiments we observed
      the reduced recruitment of vimentin in relation to integrin alpha1 subunit. This
      was in full agreement with the fact that we also detected the retraction of
      vimentin from cell adhesions by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, the
      accumulation of kindlin-2 into cell adhesions was significantly increased after
      PMA treatment. Kindlin-2 siRNA inhibited cell spreading as well as the formation
      of actin fibrils and cell adhesions, but did not prevent the effect of PMA on
      lamellipodia formation. Thus, kindlin-2 recruitment was considered to be a
      consequence rather than the primary cause for the loss of connection between
      vimentin and the adhesion sites.

PMID- 27373682
TI  - Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase-1 interacts with perilipin1 to modulate
      lipolysis.
AB  - Lipolysis leads to the breakdown of stored triglycerides (TAG) to release free
      fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol which is utilized by energy expenditure pathways
      to generate energy. Therefore, a decrease in lipolysis augments fat accumulation
      in adipocytes which promotes weight gain. Conversely, if lipolysis is not
      complemented by energy expenditure, it leads to FFA induced insulin resistance
      and type-2 diabetes. Thus, lipolysis is under stringent physiological regulation,
      although the precise mechanism of the regulation is not known. Deletion of
      inositol hexakisphosphate kinase-1 (IP6K1), the major inositol pyrophosphate
      biosynthetic enzyme, protects mice from high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity and
      insulin resistance. IP6K1-KO mice are lean due to enhanced energy expenditure.
      Therefore, IP6K1 is a target in obesity and type-2 diabetes. However, the
      mechanism/s by which IP6K1 regulates adipose tissue lipid metabolism is yet to be
      understood. Here, we demonstrate that IP6K1-KO mice display enhanced basal
      lipolysis. IP6K1 modulates lipolysis via its interaction with the lipolytic
      regulator protein perilipin1 (PLIN1). Furthermore, phosphorylation of IP6K1 at a
      PKC/PKA motif modulates its interaction with PLIN1 and lipolysis. Thus, IP6K1 is
      a novel regulator of PLIN1 mediated lipolysis.

PMID- 27373683
TI  - TFEB regulates PER3 expression via glucose-dependent effects on CLOCK/BMAL1.
AB  - It has been reported that metabolites regulate circadian rhythms through direct
      effects on clock genes. A metabolic network involving PER3 raises the possibility
      that some metabolic regulators are directly involved in the mammalian clock.
      Here, we show that the bHLH family transcription factor TFEB regulates PER3
      through the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex. In the liver, TFEB expression displays circadian
      rhythms. A loss of TFEB function disrupts and dampens the expression of PER3 but
      not the expression of other circadian genes, such as PER1, PER2, CRY1 and CRY2.
      TFEB physically interacts with CLOCK/BMAL1 through its N-terminal region. In the
      presence of TFEB, BMAL1/CLOCK-mediated transcription is enhanced. Moreover, the
      TFEB/CLOCK/BMAL1 complex is regulated by glucose. These results show that TFEB
      has a role in the mammalian clock mechanism.

PMID- 27373685
TI  - Organization of the native ribosome-translocon complex at the mammalian
      endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In eukaryotic cells, many proteins have to be transported across or
      inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane during their biogenesis on the
      ribosome. This process is facilitated by the protein translocon, a highly dynamic
      multi-subunit membrane protein complex. SCOPE OF REVIEW: The aim of this review
      is to summarize the current structural knowledge about protein translocon
      components in mammals. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Various structural biology approaches
      have been used in synergy to characterize the translocon in recent years. X-ray
      crystallography and cryoelectron microscopy single particle analysis have yielded
      highly detailed insights into the structure and functional mechanism of the
      protein-conducting channel Sec61, which constitutes the functional core of the
      translocon. Cryoelectron tomography and subtomogram analysis have advanced our
      understanding of the overall structure, molecular organization and compositional
      heterogeneity of the translocon in a native membrane environment. Tomography
      densities at subnanometer resolution revealed an intricate network of
      interactions between the ribosome, Sec61 and accessory translocon components that
      assist in protein transport, membrane insertion and maturation. GENERAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: The protein translocon is a gateway for approximately one third of
      all synthesized proteins and numerous human diseases are associated with
      malfunctioning of its components. Thus, detailed insights into the structure and
      molecular organization of the translocon will not only advance our understanding
      of membrane protein biogenesis in general, but they can potentially pave the way
      for novel therapeutic approaches against human diseases.

PMID- 27373684
TI  - Alteramide B is a microtubule antagonist of inhibiting Candida albicans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alteramide B (ATB), isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes C3, was a
      new polycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PTM). ATB exhibited potent inhibitory
      activity against several yeasts, particularly Candida albicans SC5314, but its
      antifungal mechanism is unknown. METHODS: The structure of ATB was established by
      extensive spectroscopic analyses, including high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1D
      and 2D-NMR, and CD spectra. Flow cytometry, fluorescence microscope,
      transmission electron microscope, molecular modeling, overexpression and site
      directed mutation studies were employed to delineate the anti-Candida molecular
      mechanism of ATB. RESULTS: ATB induced apoptosis in C. albicans through inducing
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by disrupting microtubules. Molecular
      dynamics studies revealed the binding patterns of ATB to the beta-tubulin
      subunit. Overexpression of the wild type and site-directed mutants of the beta
      tubulin gene (TUBB) changed the sensitivity of C. albicans to ATB, confirming the
      binding of ATB to beta-tubulin, and indicating that the binding sites are L215,
      L217, L273, L274 and R282. In vivo, ATB significantly improved the survival of
      the candidiasis mice and reduced fungal burden. CONCLUSION: The molecular
      mechanism underlying the ATB-induced apoptosis in C. albicans is through
      inhibiting tubulin polymerization that leads to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M
      phase. The identification of ATB and the study of its activity provide novel
      mechanistic insights into the mode of action of PTMs against the human pathogen.
      GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that ATB is a new microtubule inhibitor
      and a promising anti-Candida lead compound. The results also support beta-tubulin
      as a potential target for anti-Candida drug discovery.

PMID- 27373687
TI  - Chryseomicrobium palamuruense sp. nov., a haloalkalitolerant bacterium isolated
      from a sediment sample.
AB  - A novel Gram-stain-positive, rod shaped, motile bacterium, designated strain
      PU1T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from a drainage near hostel
      of Palamuru University, Mahabubnagar district, T.S, India (16 degrees 43'23"N 77
      degrees 58'49"E). Cells of strain PU1T are positive for catalase, oxidase,
      phosphatase, lipase and urease, and negative for gelatinase, amylase, protease,
      cellulase, lysine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase. The fatty acids were
      dominated by saturated fatty acids (82.7 %), with a high abundance of iso-C15 : 0
      (48.8 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (7.3 %), iso-C16 : 0 (11.9 %), C16 : 1omega7c alcohol
      (11.8 %) and iso-C17 : 0 (5.3 %). Strain PU1T contained MK-8 as the major
      respiratory quinone and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and
      phosphatidylethanolamine make up the phospholipid composition. The cell-wall
      peptidoglycan contains meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid and cell-wall
      sugars are d-glucose and d-galactose. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated
      Chryseomicrobium imtechense and Chryseomicrobiumamylolyticum, members of family
      Planococcaceae within the phylum Firmicutes, are the closest related species with
      16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 99 %. Other members of the family
      Planococcaceae had sequence similarities of 99 %, and DNA-DNA relatedness values
      between strain PU1T and Chryseomicrobium imtechense MW 10T,
      Chryseomicrobiumamylolyticum JC16T were 38 and 32 % respectively. The G+C content
      of DNA of strain PU1T is 48.5 mol%. Based on the above-mentioned phenotypic and
      phylogenetic characteristics, strain PU1T represents a novel species of the genus
      Chryseomicrobium for which the name Chryseomicrobiumpalamuruense sp. nov. is
      proposed. The type strain is PU1T(=CCUG 59101T=JCM 16712T=KCTC
      13722T=NBRC106750T).

PMID- 27373686
TI  - Neisseriae internalization by epithelial cells is enhanced by TLR2 stimulation.
AB  - Neisseria meningitidis (NM) is an opportunistic gram-negative human pathogen that
      colonizes the human nasopharyngeal epithelium. Asymptomatic carriage is common,
      but some meningococcal strains can invade nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and
      proceed to cause severe and often fatal infections. Invasion is predominantly
      driven by expression of bacterial virulence factors and host cell cognate
      receptors for bacterial recognition. Porins are among the Neisserial components
      involved in host cell activation and bacterial internalization processes. Similar
      to other virulence factors, porins present antigenic and structure variability
      among strains. Such sequence variability in the surface-exposed loop regions has
      been correlated to bacterial invasiveness and to variability in host cell
      responses via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Here, we examined whether TLR2
      signaling by porins influences recovery of intracellular Neisseriae from
      epithelial cells in vitro. Our results show that TLR2 stimulation, either by the
      organism or exogenously, generally enhances Neisseriae internalization by
      epithelial cells. TLR2-driven intracellular signaling via ERK1/2, JNK and
      particularly NF-kappaB plays a role in this process. Based on these results, it
      is possible that expression of porin sequence variants that strongly induce TLR2
      activation may be a mechanism to enhance the invasive features of pathogenic
      Neisseriae strains.

PMID- 27373689
TI  - A novel, lineage-primed prestalk cell subtype involved in the morphogenesis of D.
      discoideum.
AB  - Dictyostelium morphogenesis requires the tip, which acts as an organizer and
      conducts orchestrated cell movement and cell differentiation. At the slug stage
      the tip region contains prestalk A (pstA) cells, which are usually recognized by
      their expression of reporter constructs that utilize a fragment of the promoter
      of the ecmA gene. Here, using the promoter region of the o-methyl transferase 12
      gene (omt12) to drive reporter expression, we demonstrate the presence, also
      within the pstA region, of a novel prestalk cell subtype: the pstV(A) cells.
      Surprisingly, a sub-population of the vegetative cells express a pstV(A): GFP
      marker and, sort out to the tip, both when developing alone and when co-developed
      with an excess of unmarked cells. The development of such a purified GFP-marked
      population is greatly accelerated: by precocious cell aggregation and tip
      formation with accompanying precocious elevation of developmental gene
      transcription. We therefore suggest that the tip contains at least two prestalk
      cell subtypes: the developmentally-specified pstA cells and the lineage-primed
      pstV(A) cells. It is presumably the pstV(A) cells that play the dominant role in
      morphogenesis during the earlier stages of development. The basis for the lineage
      priming is, however, unclear because we can find no correlation between pstV(A)
      differentiation and nutrient status during growth or cell cycle position at the
      time of starvation, the two known determinants of probable cell fate. 

PMID- 27373688
TI  - The Genome of a Southern Hemisphere Seagrass Species (Zostera muelleri).
AB  - Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that evolved from land plants but returned to
      the sea around 140 million years ago during the early evolution of
      monocotyledonous plants. They successfully adapted to abiotic stresses associated
      with growth in the marine environment, and today, seagrasses are distributed in
      coastal waters worldwide. Seagrass meadows are an important oceanic carbon sink
      and provide food and breeding grounds for diverse marine species. Here, we report
      the assembly and characterization of the Zostera muelleri genome, a southern
      hemisphere temperate species. Multiple genes were lost or modified in Z. muelleri
      compared with terrestrial or floating aquatic plants that are associated with
      their adaptation to life in the ocean. These include genes for hormone
      biosynthesis and signaling and cell wall catabolism. There is evidence of whole
      genome duplication in Z. muelleri; however, an ancient pan-commelinid duplication
      event is absent, highlighting the early divergence of this species from the main
      monocot lineages.

PMID- 27373690
TI  - Dithiothreitol (DTT) rescues mitochondria from nitrofurantoin-induced
      mitotoxicity in rat.
AB  - Nitrofurantoin (N-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidine) 1-amino-hydantoine; NIT) is mainly
      used for the treatment of acute urinary tract infections. However, its
      administration can be associated with liver failure or cirrhosis. The aim of this
      study was to determine whether NIT is a mitochondrial toxicant, if so, what
      mechanism(s) is involved. The rat liver mitochondria were isolated and treated
      with different doses of NIT alone or in combination with a reagent of choice for
      protecting thiol groups, dithiothreitol (DTT). Several mitochondrial parameters,
      including succinate dehydrogenase activity (also called 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2
      yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay), lipid peroxidation, superoxide
      dismutase activity, Reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG),
      and GSSG (oxidized glutathione) levels were determined. The results from this
      study showed that simultaneous treatment of mitochondria with NIT and DTT
      significantly reduces the toxicity. Here, we provide evidence that mitochondrial
      dysfunction followed by depletion of reduced glutathione can be reversed by DTT
      administration.

PMID- 27373691
TI  - The Suppressive Effects of the Petroleum Ether Fraction from Atractylodes lancea
      (Thunb.) DC. On a Collagen-Induced Arthritis Model.
AB  - In Chinese traditional medicine, the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.
      (A. lancea) is used extensively for the treatment of several diseases such as
      rheumatic diseases, but its actions on rheumatoid arthritis have not been
      clarified. The purpose of this article was to investigate the pharmacological
      effect of an A. lancea rhizome extract on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in
      rats. The CIA model was induced by the injection of bovine type II collagen. The
      rats were orally administered the petroleum ether (PE) fraction of the A. lancea
      rhizome (0.82 and 1.64 mg/kg), methotrexate (0.3 mg/kg body weight), or a vehicle
      from day 7 to day 15 after the model was established. The histological
      examination and radiological observation showed that the PE fraction
      significantly reduced the inflammatory responses and collagen loss in the joints
      of the rats with CIA. The PE fraction inhibited the production of tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-17, and IL-6 in the sera. Moreover, the
      treatment with the PE fraction in vivo was able to reduce the level of Beclin 1
      protein in the synovial tissue of the rats. These results highlight the
      antiarthritic potential of the PE fraction of the A. lancea rhizome and provide
      further evidence of the involvement of Beclin 1 inhibition in the effects of the
      PE fraction of the A. lancea rhizome. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27373692
TI  - ATP phosphoribosyltransferase from symbiont Entomomyces delphacidicola invovled
      in histidine biosynthesis of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal).
AB  - Histidine is an essential amino acid assumed to be synthesized by an obligatory
      yeast-like symbiont (Entomomyces delphacidicola str. NLU) in Nilaparvata lugens,
      an important rice pest. The adenosine-triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP
      PRTase) facilities the committed first step of the histidine biosynthesis
      pathway. In the current study, a putative ATP-PRTase was cloned and verified to
      be of E. delphacidicola origin (EdePRTase). The expression of the gene was
      spatial and temporal universal with a profile that matched the distribution of
      the fungal symbiont. RNA interference aided the knockdown of the EdePRTase
      suppressed EdePRTase expression by 32-48 %. Hemolymph histidine level was also
      reduced followed by significant reduction of adult body weight. However, other
      performance characters including nymph development, survival, and adult sex ratio
      were not adversely affected by the knockdown. Furthermore, forced histidine
      exposure (through injection or feeding) significantly inhibited the EdePRTase
      mRNA levels at higher concentrations, but significantly increased EdePRTase
      expression levels at lower concentrations (feeding only). The significance of
      these findings support that the EdePRTase is from symbiont E. delphacidicola, and
      its involvement in histidine biosynthesis of N. lugens was discussed. The results
      provide a better understanding of EdePRTase and the encoded functional ATP-PRTase
      enzyme regulation in N. lugens and insects in general.

PMID- 27373693
TI  - Influenza C infections in Western Australia and Victoria from 2008 to 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Influenza C is usually considered a minor cause of respiratory
      illness in humans with many infections being asymptomatic or clinically mild.
      Large outbreaks can occur periodically resulting in significant morbidity.
      OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at analyzing the available influenza C clinical
      samples from two widely separated states of Australia, collected over a 7-year
      period and to compare them with influenza C viruses detected in other parts of
      the world in recent years. PATIENTS/METHODS: Between 2008 and 2014, 86
      respiratory samples that were influenza C positive were collected from subjects
      with influenza-like illness living in the states of Victoria and Western
      Australia. A battery of other respiratory viruses were also tested for in these
      influenza C-positive samples. Virus isolation was attempted on all of these
      clinical samples, and gene sequencing was performed on all influenza C-positive
      cultures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Detections of influenza C in respiratory
      samples were sporadic in most years studied, but higher rates of infection
      occurred in 2012 and 2014. Many of the patients with influenza C had coinfections
      with other respiratory pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length
      hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion (HE) gene found that most of the viruses grouped in
      the C/Sao Paulo/378/82 clade with the remainder grouping in the C/Kanagawa/1/76
      clade.

PMID- 27373694
TI  - Practical applications of balanced steady-state free-precession (bSSFP) imaging
      in the abdomen and pelvis.
AB  - : Balanced steady-state free-precession (bSSFP) is an important pulse sequence
      that may be underutilized in abdominal and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI). bSSFP offers several advantages for abdominal and pelvic MRI that include:
      bright blood effects, a relative insensitivity to the dephasing effects which
      occur in structures with linear movement, low specific absorption rate (SAR),
      high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), high spatial resolution, and rapid acquisition
      times. Bright blood effects can be exploited to diagnose or confirm vascular
      pathologies when gadolinium-enhanced imaging cannot be performed, is
      indeterminate, or is degraded by artifact. The relative insensitivity to
      dephasing artifact in areas of linear movement is useful when imaging the
      biliary, urinary, and gastrointestinal tracts where dephasing artifacts may mimic
      filling defects such as calculi or polyps. Low SAR imaging is important in
      pediatric and pregnant patients and may be useful in patients with medical
      devices that restrict SAR levels. Rapid acquisition times and high SNR are
      extremely valuable assets in abdominal and pelvic MRI and bSSFP (which can be
      performed as static or cine acquisitions) and can be added to most existing
      abdominal and pelvic protocols when deemed suitable without significantly
      prolonging examination times. This article reviews the fundamentals of bSSFP
      imaging, presents vascular and nonvascular applications of bSSFP in abdominal and
      pelvic MRI, and discusses potential limitations (including imaging artifacts) of
      bSSFP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:11-20.

PMID- 27373695
TI  - Optimal cut-off value of alanine aminotransferase level to precisely estimate the
      presence of fatty liver in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Optimal cut-off value of ALT level to precisely estimate the presence of fatty
      liver was as low as 28.0 U/L. We should consider the possibility of fatty liver
      even when ALT level is within normal range in subjects with poorly controlled
      type 2 diabetes. 

PMID- 27373696
TI  - A Highly Water-Tolerant Magnesium(II) Coordination Polymer Derived from a
      Flexible Layered Structure.
AB  - A two-dimensional (2D) layered Mg(II) coordination polymer (CP) with a high
      tolerance for H2 O was designed, synthesised, and crystallographically
      characterised. The synthesis was achieved by the introduction of a flexible 2D
      layered structure composed of Mg(II) ions and isonicotinate N-oxide ligands.
      Owing to its high H2 O tolerance, the obtained 2D layered structure has the
      flexibility to repeatedly adsorb a large amount of H2 O associated with
      interlayer expansion and enable the removal of H2 O from a H2 O/2-propanol mixed
      vapour. These results indicate that the CP could be an excellent dehydrating
      agent. 

PMID- 27373697
TI  - The first description of how to take a picture from the microscope with an m
      phone.

PMID- 27373699
TI  - Topical herbal medicines for atopic eczema: a systematic review of randomized
      controlled trials.
AB  - Despite the availability of medicines with proven efficacy, many patients use
      complementary or alternative medicines (CAMs) to manage atopic eczema (AE). Due
      to the lack of objective information on topical CAMs, this systematic review
      evaluates the current evidence for the efficacy and safety of topical herbal
      preparations in AE. Using Cochrane systematic review methodology, PubMed, the
      Cochrane Library, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL),
      CINAHL (via EBSCO), MEDLINE (via EBSCO), Proquest Health and Medical Complete,
      GREAT and CAM-QUEST were searched from inception until June 2014. Bibliographies
      of retrieved studies were hand searched for further relevant trials. All
      controlled clinical trials of topical herbal medicines for AE in humans of any
      age were included regardless of the control intervention or randomization. Only
      English-language publications were considered. Eight studies met the inclusion
      criteria. Seven investigated extracts of single plants and one an extract from
      multiple plants. Only two studies that showed a positive effect were considered
      to have a low risk of bias across all domains (those of liquorice gel and
      Hypericum perforatum). In these two, the test product was reported to be superior
      to placebo. Despite variations in diagnostic criteria and lack of validated tools
      for outcome assessments in one of these, the promising results may warrant
      continued research in better-designed studies. No meta-analysis was performed due
      to heterogeneity in all studies. There is currently insufficient evidence of
      efficacy for any topical herbal extract in AE. Many studies had methodological
      flaws and even those showing efficacy were single trials with small patient
      cohorts.

PMID- 27373698
TI  - Progressive increase of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae urinary isolates from
      kidney transplant recipients over the past decade: narrowing of the therapeutic
      options.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance is an emerging phenomenon in kidney
      transplantation (KT). METHODS: We compared species distribution and antimicrobial
      susceptibility patterns in 1052 isolates from urine cultures obtained in 2
      different cohorts of kidney transplant recipients in a single center (Cohort A:
      189 patients undergoing KT between January 2002 and December 2004 [336 isolates];
      Cohort B: 115 patients undergoing KT between January 2011 and December 2013 [716
      isolates]). RESULTS: Asymptomatic bacteriuria accounted for most of the isolates
      (86.9% in Cohort A and 92.3% in Cohort B). Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.5% vs.
      15.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.8% vs. 7.9%), and Enterobacter cloacae (0.6%
      vs. 3.1%) were significantly more common in Cohort B. The isolation of K.
      pneumoniae in Cohort B was associated with the occurrence of acute pyelonephritis
      (9.8% of all K. pneumoniae isolates vs. 2.8% of the remaining uropathogens; P =
      0.001). Non-susceptibility rates among Enterobacteriaceae in Cohort B were higher
      for every class of antibiotics (P <= 0.003) with the exception of fosfomycin.
      Compared to Cohort A, significant increases were seen in isolates from Cohort B
      for multidrug-resistant (MDR) (43.9% vs. 67.8%, respectively; P = 0.001),
      extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing (6.6% vs. 26.1%; P = 0.001),
      and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains (0.0% vs. 5.0%; P =
      0.001). Such differences were mostly attributable to K. pneumoniae (as 54.5% and
      13.4% of isolates in Cohort B were ESBL-producing and carbapenemase-producing,
      respectively). MDR isolates were responsible for 69.1% of episodes of symptomatic
      urinary tract infection in Cohort B. CONCLUSION: The increase in resistance rates
      among Enterobacteriaceae uropathogens is significant and may have an effect on KT
      programs.

PMID- 27373700
TI  - Parent readiness for discharge from a tertiary care pediatric cardiology unit.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to measure parents' readiness for discharge from a
      pediatric cardiology/cardiac surgical inpatient unit. DESIGN AND METHODS: An
      observational study was conducted at a single tertiary care pediatric cardiac
      surgical program; parents received teaching from a discharge coordinator, bedside
      nurse, and, if needed, dietician and pharmacist. We surveyed parents/guardians on
      the day of discharge and 2 weeks later. RESULTS: We enrolled 181 participants,
      53% with children <12 months of age. Length of hospital admission ranged from <=7
      days (54%) to >4 weeks (8%). The most common diagnoses were ventricular septal
      defect (n = 39), atrial septal defect (n = 28), and coarctation of the aorta (n =
      20). Home enteral feeding was required for 21 (12%) children, and 167 (92%) were
      discharged on medications. Nearly all parents (n = 173, 96%) felt they were ready
      to take their child home as planned. With respect to medical needs, problems to
      watch for, who and when to call, what their child was allowed and not allowed to
      do, and knowledge about follow-up, >90% of respondents rated their knowledge 8+
      (range 0-10). Only 68% of respondents rated their knowledge >=8 regarding
      services available in their community. Twenty percent experienced challenges at
      home for which they felt unprepared. These included infection, pain, and
      gastrointestinal concerns. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Most parents felt ready for
      discharge following multidisciplinary teaching. Greater emphasis is needed on
      teaching families about services available in the community. Further study is
      required to determine which parents need additional support and education to
      avoid unanticipated challenges post discharge.

PMID- 27373701
TI  - Supplemental insurance reduces out-of-pocket costs in medicare observation
      services.

PMID- 27373702
TI  - Prolonged intravenous instead of oral antibiotics for acute hematogenous
      osteomyelitis in children.

PMID- 27373703
TI  - Hydration assessment among marathoners using urine specific gravity and
      bioelectrical impedance analysis.
AB  - The present study examined the relationship between urine specific gravity (Usg),
      body mass (BM) and bioelectrical impedance determined variables [total body water
      (TBW), per cent TBW and impedance values] before and after a marathon (n = 25
      men; 10 women). A significant reduction in BM (pre: 71.2 +/- 12.4 kg; post: 69.6
      +/- 12.0 kg; p < 0.001) and an increase in Usg (pre: 1.009 +/- 0.007; post: 1.018
      +/- 0.009; p < 0.001) was observed post-race. TBW was not significantly decreased
      (pre: 42.7 +/- 8.0 kg; post: 42.4 +/- 7.7 kg) while per cent TBW significantly
      increased post-race (pre: 60.0 +/- 3.9%; post: 60.8 +/- 3.8%; p < 0.001).
      Impedance values were significantly greater post-race (pre: 3288 +/- 482; post:
      3416 +/- 492 Omega; p < 0.001). There was no correlation between the change in
      Usg and the change in BM or any of the bioelectrical impedance determined
      variables. On average, BM, Usg and impedance values appear to express changes in
      hydration; however, the observed changes among these variables for a given
      individual appear to be inconsistent with one another. 

PMID- 27373704
TI  - Quantitative assessment of chemical artefacts produced by propionylation of
      histones prior to mass spectrometry analysis.
AB  - Histone PTMs play a crucial role in regulating chromatin structure and function,
      with impact on gene expression. MS is nowadays widely applied to study histone
      PTMs systematically. Because histones are rich in arginine and lysine, classical
      shot-gun approaches based on trypsin digestion are typically not employed for
      histone modifications mapping. Instead, different protocols of chemical
      derivatization of lysines in combination with trypsin have been implemented to
      obtain "Arg-C like" digestion products that are more suitable for LC-MS/MS
      analysis. Although widespread, these strategies have been recently described to
      cause various side reactions that result in chemical modifications prone to be
      misinterpreted as native histone marks. These artefacts can also interfere with
      the quantification process, causing errors in histone PTMs profiling. The work of
      Paternoster V. et al. is a quantitative assessment of methyl-esterification and
      other side reactions occurring on histones after chemical derivatization of
      lysines with propionic anhydride [Proteomics 2016, 16, 2059-2063]. The authors
      estimate the effect of different solvents, incubation times, and pH on the extent
      of these side reactions. The results collected indicate that the replacement of
      methanol with isopropanol or ACN not only blocks methyl-esterification, but also
      significantly reduces other undesired unspecific reactions. Carefully titrating
      the pH after propionic anhydride addition is another way to keep methyl
      esterification under control. Overall, the authors describe a set of experimental
      conditions that allow reducing the generation of various artefacts during histone
      propionylation.

PMID- 27373705
TI  - Accelerated chemical shift imaging of hyperpolarized (13) C metabolites.
AB  - PURPOSE: Chemical shift imaging (CSI) has long been considered the gold standard
      method for in vivo hyperpolarized (13) C metabolite imaging because of its high
      sensitivity. However, CSI requires a large number of excitations so it is
      desirable to reduce the number of RF excitations and the total acquisition time.
      METHODS: Centric phase encoding and three-dimensional compressed sensing methods
      were adopted into a CSI acquisition to improve efficiency and reduce the number
      of excitations required for imaging hyperpolarized metabolites. The new method
      was implemented on a GE MR750W scanner for routine real time metabolic imaging
      experiments. RESULTS: Imaging results from phantoms and in vivo animals using
      hyperpolarized (13) C tracers demonstrate that when the entire CSI dataset is
      treated as a single object, compressed sensing can be satisfactorily applied to
      spectroscopic CSI. Centric k-space trajectory data collection also greatly
      improves the acquisition efficiency. This combination of compressed sensing CSI
      and acquisition time reduction was used to perform a hyperpolarized (13) C
      dynamic study. CONCLUSION: Compressed sensing can be satisfactorily applied to
      conventional CSI in hyperpolarized (13) C metabolite MR imaging to reduce the
      number of RF excitations and accelerate the imaging speed to take advantage of
      conventional CSI in providing high sensitivity and a large spectral bandwidth.
      Magn Reson Med 76:1033-1038, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27373706
TI  - Dr Jekyll and Mrs Hyde: Risky hybrid sex by amphibian-parasitizing chytrids in
      the Brazilian Atlantic Forests.
AB  - In their article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Jenkinson et al. () and
      colleagues address a worrying question-how could arguably the most dangerous
      pathogen known to science, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), become even more
      virulent? The answer: start having sex. Jenkinson et al. present a case for how
      the introduction into Brazil of the globally invasive lineage of Bd, BdGPL, has
      disrupted the relationship between native amphibians and an endemic Bd lineage,
      BdBrazil. BdBrazil is hypothesized to be native to the Atlantic Forest and so
      have a long co-evolutionary history with biodiverse Atlantic Forest amphibian
      community. The authors suggest that this has resulted in a zone of hybrid Bd
      genotypes which are potentially more likely to cause fatal chytridiomycosis than
      either parent lineage. The endemic-nonendemic Bd hybrid genotypes described in
      this study, and the evidence for pathogen translocation via the global amphibian
      trade presented, highlights the danger of anthropogenic pathogen dispersal. This
      research emphasizes that biosecurity regulations may have to refocus on lineages
      within species if we are to mitigate against the danger of new, possibly
      hypervirulent genotypes of pathogens emerging as phylogeographic barriers are
      breached.

PMID- 27373707
TI  - Co-evolution of marine worms and their chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts:
      unexpected host switches explained by ecological fitting?
AB  - Mutualistic associations of bacteria and invertebrates are widespread and
      encompass an enormous diversity on the side of both partners. The advantages
      gained from the symbiosis favour reciprocal adaptations that increase the
      stability of the association and can lead to codiversification of symbiont and
      host. While numerous examples of a strictly vertical transfer of the symbionts
      from parent to offspring among intracellular associations abound, little is known
      about the fidelity of the partners in extracellular associations, where symbionts
      colonize the surface or body cavity of their host. In this issue of Molecular
      Ecology, Zimmermann et al. () investigated the evolutionary history of the
      symbiotic association between a monophyletic clade of sulphur-oxidizing
      Gammaproteobacteria and two distantly related lineages of marine worms (nematodes
      and annelids). The study supports the surprising conclusion that partner fidelity
      does not necessarily increase with the intimacy of the association. Ectosymbionts
      on the cuticle of the nematodes seem to be cospeciating with their hosts, whereas
      endosymbionts housed in the body cavity of the annelids must have originated
      multiple times, probably by host switching, from ectosymbionts of sympatric
      nematodes. This excellent case study on the evolutionary history of invertebrate
      microbe interactions supports the emerging concept that the co-evolutionary
      processes shaping such mutualistic symbioses include both codiversification and
      ecological fitting.

PMID- 27373708
TI  - A wide mesio-distal gap in sites of congenitally missing maxillary lateral
      incisors is related to a thin alveolar ridge.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate (i) a possible correlation between the mesio-distal gap
      width and the alveolar ridge (AR) dimensions in patients missing the maxillary
      lateral incisor (I2) either due to agenesis or loss and (ii) the possibility of
      straightforward implant placement based on simulation. METHODS: The bucco-palatal
      width, area, and height of the AR at the position of I2, and the mesio-distal gap
      width between the central incisor and the canine, were assessed in maxillary CT
      scans of three groups: Patients with (i) agenesis of I2 (TA ; n = 40); (ii) I2
      regularly erupted but extracted (TL ; n = 24); (iii) I2 regularly erupted and in
      situ (C; n = 40). Further, the possibility of straightforward placement of an
      implant 3 or 3.5 mm in diameter *10 mm in length, with 1 mm distance from the
      buccal and palatal plate of the alveolar ridge was simulated and compared to the
      actual treatment delivered. RESULTS: Bucco-palatal width and area of the AR at I2
      and the adjacent teeth was significantly reduced in TA compared to TL and C.
      Further, in TA , but not TL , an increasing mesio-distal gap width between the
      central incisor and canine resulted in a significantly reduced bucco-palatal
      width of the edentulous AR. This impeded a simulated straightforward implant
      placement in >50% of the cases in TA , even with a reduced implant diameter.
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients congenitally missing I2, an increased mesio-distal gap
      width correlates significantly with reduced edentulous AR dimensions. A mesio
      distal gap of >6 mm was associated with thin bucco-palatal alveolar ridges,
      precluding straightforward implant placement in 60-80% of the cases.

PMID- 27373709
TI  - Differential expression of microRNAs in retinal vasculopathy caused by selective
      Muller cell disruption.
AB  - Vascular changes and photoreceptor degeneration are features of age-related
      macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and macular telangiectasis. We have
      profiled the differential expression of microRNAs and analysed their target genes
      in transgenic mice in which induced Muller cell disruption results in
      photoreceptor degeneration, vascular leak and deep retinal neovascularisation. We
      identified 9 miRNAs which were differentially expressed during the development of
      retinal neovascularization and chose miR-200b and its target genes for further
      study. Using qRT-PCR and western blot analysis, we found that downregulation of
      miR-200b was negatively correlated with its target genes, including zinc finger E
      box binding homeobox (ZEB) 1 and 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor
      receptor 1. Double immunofluorescence labelling revealed that the newly formed
      vessels in the outer retina were positive for ZEB2. Furthermore, intravitreal
      injections of a miR-200b-mimic and anti-miR-200b confirmed the negative
      correlation of miR-200b and its target gene expression. We also found that the
      miR-200b-mimic inhibited vascular leak in the established mild vascular lesions,
      whereas anti-miR-200b promoted it. Taken together, these data suggest that miR
      200b may play a role in the development of intraretinal neovascularisation.

PMID- 27373710
TI  - Metal working fluid exposure and diseases in Switzerland.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to metal working fluids (MWF) is common in machining
      processes worldwide and may lead to diseases of the skin and the respiratory
      tract. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate exposure and diseases
      due to MWF in Switzerland between 2004 and 2013. METHODS: We performed
      descriptive statistics including determination of median and 90th percentile
      values of MWF concentrations listed in a database of Suva. Moreover, we clustered
      MWF-induced occupational diseases listed in a database from the Swiss Central
      Office for Statistics in Accident Insurance, and performed linear regression over
      time to investigate temporal course of the illnesses. RESULTS: The 90th
      percentile for MWF air concentration was 8.1 mg (aerosol + vapor)/m3 and 0.9 mg
      aerosol/m3 (inhalable fraction). One thousand two hundred and eighty skin
      diseases and 96 respiratory diseases were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This is the
      first investigation describing exposure to and diseases due to MWF in Switzerland
      over a timeframe of 10 years. In general, working conditions in the companies of
      this investigation were acceptable. Most measured MWF concentrations were below
      both the Swiss and most international occupational exposure limits of 2014. The
      percentage of workers declared unfit for work was 17% compared to the average of
      other occupational diseases (12%).

PMID- 27373711
TI  - Multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Glycans and Proteins from the Same
      Tissue Section.
AB  - On-tissue digestion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
      imaging (MALDI-MSI) can be used to record spatially correlated molecular
      information from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. In
      this work, we present the in situ multimodal analysis of N-linked glycans and
      proteins from the same FFPE tissue section. The robustness and applicability of
      the method are demonstrated for several tumors, including epithelial and
      mesenchymal tumor types. Major analytical aspects, such as lateral diffusion of
      the analyte molecules and differences in measurement sensitivity due to the
      additional sample preparation methods, have been investigated for both N-glycans
      and proteolytic peptides. By combining the MSI approach with extract analysis, we
      were also able to assess which mass spectral peaks generated by MALDI-MSI could
      be assigned to unique N-glycan and peptide identities.

PMID- 27373713
TI  - CO chemisorption at vacancies of supported graphene films: a candidate for a
      sensor?
AB  - We investigate CO adsorption at single vacancies of graphene supported on Ni(111)
      and polycrystalline Cu. The borders of the vacancies are chemically inert but, on
      the reactive Ni(111) substrate, CO intercalation occurs. Adsorbed CO dissociates
      at 380 K, leading to carbide formation and mending of the vacancies, thus
      preventing their effectiveness in sensor applications. 

PMID- 27373712
TI  - Unexpected electronic structure of the alloyed and doped arsenene sheets: First
      Principles calculations.
AB  - We study the equilibrium geometry and electronic structure of alloyed and doped
      arsenene sheets based on the density functional theory calculations. AsN, AsP and
      SbAs alloys possess indirect band gap and BiAs is direct band gap. Although AsP,
      SbAs and BiAs alloyed arsenene sheets maintain the semiconducting character of
      pure arsenene, they have indirect-direct and semiconducting-metallic transitions
      by applying biaxial strain. We find that B- and N-doped arsenene render p-type
      semiconducting character, while C- and O-doped arsenene are metallic character.
      Especially, the C-doped arsenene is spin-polarization asymmetric and can be tuned
      into the bipolar spin-gapless semiconductor by the external electric field.
      Moreover, the doping concentration can effectively affect the magnetism of the C
      doped system. Finally, we briefly study the chemical molecule adsorbed arsenene.
      Our results may be valuable for alloyed and doped arsenene sheets applications in
      mechanical sensors and spintronic devices in the future.

PMID- 27373714
TI  - Calorimetric studies of the interactions of metalloenzyme active site mimetics
      with zinc-binding inhibitors.
AB  - The binding of drugs to metalloenzymes is an intricate process that involves
      several interactions, including binding of the drug to the enzyme active site
      metal, as well as multiple interactions between the drug and the enzyme residues.
      In order to determine the free energy contribution of Zn(2+) binding by known
      metalloenzyme inhibitors without the other interactions, valid active site zinc
      structural mimetics must be formed and binding studies need to be performed in
      biologically relevant conditions. The potential of each of five ligands to form a
      structural mimetic with Zn(2+) was investigated in buffer using Isothermal
      Titration Calorimetry (ITC). All five ligands formed strong 1 : 1 (ligand :
      Zn(2+)) binary complexes. The complexes were used in further ITC experiments to
      study their interaction with 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) and/or acetohydroxamic
      acid (AHA), two bidentate anionic zinc-chelating enzyme inhibitors. It was found
      that tetradentate ligands were not suitable for creating zinc structural mimetics
      for inhibitor binding in solution due to insufficient coordination sites
      remaining on Zn(2+). A stable binary complex, [Zn(BPA)](2+), which was formed by
      a tridentate ligand, bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (BPA), was found to bind one AHA
      in buffer or a methanol : buffer mixture (60 : 40 by volume) at pH 7.25 or one 8
      HQ in the methanol : buffer mixture at pH 6.80, making it an effective structural
      mimetic for the active site of zinc metalloenzymes. These results are consistent
      with the observation that metalloenzyme active site zinc ions have three residues
      coordinated to them, leaving one or two sites open for inhibitors to bind. Our
      findings indicate that Zn(BPA)X2 can be used as an active site structural mimetic
      for zinc metalloenzymes for estimating the free energy contribution of zinc
      binding to the overall inhibitor active site interactions. Such use will help aid
      in the rational design of inhibitors to a variety of zinc metalloenzymes. 

PMID- 27373716
TI  - Gold-catalyzed intermolecular formal (3+2) cycloaddition of stabilized vinyldiazo
      derivatives and electronically unbiased allenes.
AB  - The reaction of electronically unbiased allenes with alkenyldiazo compounds in
      the presence of gold catalysts provided alkylidenecyclopentene derivatives
      resulting from a formal intermolecular (3+2) carbocyclization. A stepwise
      mechanism involving initial activation of the diazo component and subsequent
      formation of an allyl cation intermediate has been proposed. This process
      represents the first intermolecular gold-catalyzed cycloaddition involving non
      activated allenes. 

PMID- 27373715
TI  - Use of electrospinning and dynamic air focusing to create three-dimensional cell
      culture scaffolds in microfluidic devices.
AB  - Organs-on-a-chip has emerged as a powerful tool for pharmacological and
      physiological studies. A key part in the construction of such a model is the
      ability to pattern or culture cells in a biomimetic fashion. Most of the reported
      cells-on-a-chip models integrate cells on a flat surface, which does not
      accurately represent the extracellular matrix that they experience in vivo.
      Electrospinning, a technique used to generate sub-micron diameter polymer fibers,
      has been used as an in vitro cell culture substrate and for tissue engineering
      applications. Electrospinning of fibers directly into a fully sealed fluidic
      channel using a conventional setup has not been possible due to issues of
      confining the fibers into a discrete network. In this work, a dynamic focusing
      method was developed, with this approach enabling direct deposition of
      electrospun fibers into a fully sealed fluidic channel, to act as a matrix for
      cell culture and subsequent studies under continuous flowing conditions. Scanning
      electron microscopy of electrospun polycaprolactone fibers shows that this method
      enables the formation of fibrous layers on the inner wall of a 3D-printed fluidic
      device (mean fiber size = 1.6 +/- 0.6 MUm and average pore size = 113 +/- 19
      MUm(2)). Cells were able to be cultured in this 3D scaffold without the addition
      of adhesion proteins. Media was pumped through the channel at high flow rates (up
      to 400 MUL min(-1)) during a dynamic cell culture process and both the fibers and
      the cells were found to be strongly adherent. A PDMS fluidic device was also
      prepared (from a 3D printed mold) and coated with polycaprolactone fibers. The
      PDMS device enables optical detection and confocal imaging of cultured cells on
      the fibers. Finally, macrophages were cultured in the devices to study how the
      fibrous scaffold can affect cell behavior. It was found that under
      lipopolysaccharide stimulation, macrophages cultured on PCL fibers inside of a
      channel secreted significantly more cytokines than those cultured on a thin layer
      of PCL in a channel or directly on the inner channel wall. Overall, this study
      represents a new approach for in vitro cell studies, where electrospinning can be
      used to easily and quickly create 3D scaffolds that can improve the culture
      conditions in microfluidic devices. 

PMID- 27373717
TI  - Rheological characterizations and molecular dynamics simulations of self-assembly
      in an anionic/cationic surfactant mixture.
AB  - The formation of self-assemblies in mixed amino acid-based anionic N
      hexadecanoylglutamic acid (HGA) and cationic benzyldimethyl hexadecylammonium
      chloride (HDBAC) surfactants in aqueous solutions has been characterized. With
      rheological analysis, the viscoelastic properties of the mixed system are found
      to be completely dependent on the concentration of HDBAC. Molecular dynamics
      simulation results suggest that the morphology of self-assembly can be regulated
      from spherical micelles to wormlike micelles by the addition of HDBAC. The
      aromatic group of HDBAC adsorption provides a "charge-neutral" function to the
      micelle corona; the repulsive interactions within the head group of HGA are
      progressively screened and closely packed. In addition, the dynamic processes and
      formation mechanisms of self-assembly were analyzed in detail with molecular
      simulation techniques. 

PMID- 27373719
TI  - The minimization of mechanical work in vibrated granular matter.
AB  - Experiments and computer simulations are carried out to investigate phase
      separation in a granular gas under vibration. The densities of the dilute and the
      dense phase are found to follow a lever rule and obey an equation of state. Here
      we show that the Maxwell equal-areas construction predicts the coexisting
      pressure and binodal densities remarkably well, even though the system is far
      from thermal equilibrium. This construction can be linked to the minimization of
      mechanical work associated with density fluctuations without invoking any concept
      related to equilibrium-like free energies.

PMID- 27373718
TI  - Diagnostic test accuracy of anti-glycopeptidolipid-core IgA antibodies for
      Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta
      analysis.
AB  - Currently, an anti-glycopeptidolipid (GPL)-core IgA antibody assay kit for
      diagnosing Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is commercially available. We
      conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to reveal the precise
      diagnostic accuracy of anti-GPL-core IgA antibodies for MAC pulmonary disease
      (MAC-PD). We systematically searched reports that could provide data for both
      sensitivity and specificity by anti-GPL-core IgA antibody for clinically
      diagnosed MAC-PD. Diagnostic test accuracy was estimated using the bivariate
      model. Of the 257 articles that we had found through primary search, we finally
      included 16 reports consisted of 1098 reference positive subjects and 2270
      reference negative subjects. The diagnostic odds ratio was 24.8 (95% CI 11.6
      52.8, I(2) = 5.5%) and the area under the hierarchical summary receiver operating
      characteristic curves was 0.873 (95% CI 0.837-0.913). With a cutoff value of 0.7
      U/mL, the summary estimates of sensitivity and specificity were 0.696 (95% CI
      0.621-0.761) and 0.906 (95% CI 0.836-0.951), respectively. The positive and
      negative likelihood ratios were 7.4 (95% CI 4.1-13.8) and 0.34 (95% CI 0.26
      0.43), respectively. The demanding clinical diagnostic criteria may be a cause of
      false positive of the index test. The index test had good overall diagnostic
      accuracy and was useful to ruling in MAC-PD with the cutoff value.

PMID- 27373720
TI  - Comparing open and minimally invasive surgical procedures for oesophagectomy in
      the treatment of cancer: the ROMIO (Randomised Oesophagectomy: Minimally Invasive
      or Open) feasibility study and pilot trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Localised oesophageal cancer can be curatively treated with surgery
      (oesophagectomy) but the procedure is complex with a risk of complications,
      negative effects on quality of life and a recovery period of 6-9 months. Minimal
      access surgery may accelerate recovery. OBJECTIVES: The ROMIO (Randomised
      Oesophagectomy: Minimally Invasive or Open) study aimed to establish the
      feasibility of, and methodology for, a definitive trial comparing minimally
      invasive and open surgery for oesophagectomy. Objectives were to quantify the
      number of eligible patients in a pilot trial; develop surgical manuals as the
      basis for quality assurance; standardise pathological processing; establish a
      method to blind patients to their allocation in the first week post surgery;
      identify measures of postsurgical outcome of importance to patients and
      clinicians; and establish the main cost differences between the surgical
      approaches. DESIGN: Pilot parallel three-arm randomised controlled trial nested
      within feasibility work. SETTING: Two UK NHS departments of upper
      gastrointestinal surgery. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged >= 18 years with
      histopathological evidence of oesophageal or oesophagogastric junctional
      adenocarcinoma, squamous cell cancer or high-grade dysplasia, referred for
      oesophagectomy or oesophagectomy following neoadjuvant chemo(radio)therapy.
      INTERVENTIONS: Oesophagectomy, with patients randomised to open surgery, a hybrid
      open chest and minimally invasive abdomen or totally minimally invasive access.
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcome measure for the pilot trial was the
      number of patients recruited per month, with the main trial considered feasible
      if at least 2.5 patients per month were recruited. RESULTS: During 21 months of
      recruitment, 263 patients were assessed for eligibility; of these, 135 (51%) were
      found to be eligible and 104 (77%) agreed to participate, an average of five
      patients per month. In total, 41 patients were allocated to open surgery, 43 to
      the hybrid procedure and 20 to totally minimally invasive surgery. Recruitment is
      continuing, allowing a seamless transition into the definitive trial.
      Consequently, the database is unlocked at the time of writing and data presented
      here are for patients recruited by 31 August 2014. Random allocation achieved a
      good balance between the arms of the study, which, as a high proportion of
      patients underwent their allocated surgery (69/79, 87%), ensured a fair
      comparison between the interventions. Dressing patients with large bandages,
      covering all possible incisions, was successful in keeping patients blind while
      pain was assessed during the first week post surgery. Postsurgical length of stay
      and risk of adverse events were within the typical range for this group of
      patients, with one death occurring within 30 days among 76 patients. There were
      good completion rates for the assessment of pain at 6 days post surgery (88%) and
      of the patient-reported outcomes at 6 weeks post randomisation (74%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Rapid recruitment to the pilot trial and the successful refinement
      of methodology indicated the feasibility of a definitive trial comparing
      different approaches to oesophagectomy. Although we have shown a full trial of
      open compared with minimally invasive oesophagectomy to be feasible, this is
      necessarily based on our findings from the two clinical centres that we could
      include in this small preliminary study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled
      Trials ISRCTN59036820. FUNDING: This project was funded by the NIHR Health
      Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health
      Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 48. See the NIHR Journals Library website for
      further project information.

PMID- 27373722
TI  - Lactobacillus and health.

PMID- 27373721
TI  - Prognostic significance of Livin expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma after
      radiotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the expression levels of the
      inhibitor of apoptosis protein Livin in nasopharyngeal cancer tissues and its
      prognostic significance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: A total of 83 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who received
      radiotherapy were enrolled in this study from January 2008 to October 2010. Livin
      expression in nasopharynx pathological specimens extracted from patients was
      detected by immunohistochemistry. A Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to
      explore the effects of clinicopathological features and Livin expression on the
      overall survival and progression-free survival of patients with nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma, and explore its prognosis relevance after radiotherapy. RESULTS: Of
      the 83 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the overall Livin positive
      expression rate was 65.1% (54 patients), and the overall response rate of
      radiotherapy was 81.9% (68 patients). Significant differences in radiotherapy
      efficacy were found between patients who did not express Livin and those who did
      (P<0.05). The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that Livin expression, high clinical
      staging, cervical lymph node metastasis, high T-staging and high N-staging were
      significantly correlated with a decrease in the overall survival of patients with
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma (all P<0.05). A Cox multivariate survival analysis
      showed that Livin expression, clinical staging and N-staging were independent
      risk factors for the overall survival of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
      treated with radiation (all P<0.05). Furthermore, Livin expression and clinical
      staging were independent risk factors for the progression-free survival of
      patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma once radiotherapy was introduced (all
      P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Expression of Livin, an inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, may
      be closely linked with poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma post
      radiotherapy and hence it may be a new therapeutic target in the treatment of the
      disease.

PMID- 27373723
TI  - Predicting coin flips: using resampling and hierarchical models to help untangle
      the NHL's shoot-out.
AB  - Roughly 14% of regular season National Hockey League games since the 2005-06
      season have been decided by a shoot-out, and the resulting allocation of points
      has impacted play-off races each season. But despite interest from fans, players
      and league officials, there is little in the way of published research on team or
      individual shoot-out performance. This manuscript attempts to fill that void. We
      present both generalised linear mixed model and Bayesian hierarchical model
      frameworks to model shoot-out outcomes, with results suggesting that there are
      (i) small but statistically significant talent gaps between shooters, (ii)
      marginal differences in performance among netminders and (iii) few, if any,
      predictors of player success after accounting for individual talent. We also
      provide a resampling strategy to highlight a selection bias with respect to
      shooter assignment, in which coaches choose their most skilled offensive players
      early in shoot-out rounds and are less likely to select players with poor past
      performances. Finally, given that per-shot data for shoot-outs do not currently
      exist in a single location for public use, we provide both our data and source
      code for other researchers interested in studying shoot-out outcomes.

PMID- 27373724
TI  - Elements affecting food waste in the food service sector.
AB  - Avoidable food waste is produced in the food service sector, with significant
      ecological and economical impacts. In order to understand and explain better the
      complex issue of food waste a qualitative study was conducted on the reasons for
      its generation in restaurants and catering businesses. Research data were
      collected during three participatory workshops for personnel from three different
      catering sector companies in Finland. Based on synthesized qualitative content
      analysis, eight elements influencing production and reduction of food waste were
      identified. Results revealed the diversity of managing food waste in the food
      service sector and how a holistic approach is required to prevent and reduce it.
      It is crucial to understand that food waste is manageable and should be an
      integral component of the management system. The model of eight factors provides
      a framework for recognition and management of food waste in the food service
      sector. 

PMID- 27373725
TI  - Implementation of a Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plan (SCAMP)
      for Food Challenges.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oral food challenges (OFCs) are routinely used to confirm ongoing
      food allergy. Serum-specific IgE (sIgE) and skin prick testing (SPT) are
      imperfect predictors of which patients will pass OFCs. OBJECTIVE: The objective
      of this study was to describe the design and implementation of a Standardized
      Clinical Assessment and Management Plan (SCAMP) to study and iteratively improve
      sIgE and SPT thresholds to determine when and where to conduct OFCs for patients.
      METHODS: Allergists consulted recommended sIgE and SPT thresholds when ordering
      challenges although diversions were permitted. Criteria were iteratively improved
      after periodic analyses of challenge outcome and diversions. RESULTS: Over 3
      years, allergists ordered 2368 food challenges for 1580 patients with histories
      of IgE-mediated reactions to food: 1386 in an outpatient clinic and 945 in a
      higher resource infusion center. Reactions to challenge were observed in 13% of
      clinic and 23% of infusion center challenges. Six patients challenged in clinic
      required treatment with epinephrine compared with 22 in the infusion center. The
      need for epinephrine was more common in patients with asthma-5% of asthmatic
      patients required epinephrine compared with 1% of nonasthmatic patients (P <
      .01). Recommended sIgE and SPT thresholds were incrementally changed and, using
      the control chart methodology, a significant decrease was noted in the proportion
      of challenges ordered in the higher resource location. CONCLUSIONS: By setting
      and continually refining sIgE and SPT recommendations using the SCAMP method,
      allergists can better determine the risk of severe reaction and triage patients
      to the appropriate setting for an OFC.

PMID- 27373726
TI  - Knowledge and Beliefs That Promote or Hinder Collaboration among Registered
      Dietitian Nutritionists and Certified Exercise Professionals-Results of a Survey.

PMID- 27373727
TI  - Evaluating the Applicability of Data-Driven Dietary Patterns to Independent
      Samples with a Focus on Measurement Tools for Pattern Similarity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diet is a key modifiable risk for many chronic diseases, but it
      remains unclear whether dietary patterns from one study sample are generalizable
      to other independent populations. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study
      was to assess whether data-driven dietary patterns from one study sample are
      applicable to other populations. The secondary objective was to assess the
      validity of two criteria of pattern similarity. METHODS: Six dietary patterns
      Western (n=3), Mediterranean, Prudent, and Healthy- from three published studies
      on breast cancer were reconstructed in a case-control study of 973 breast cancer
      patients and 973 controls. Three more internal patterns (Western, Prudent, and
      Mediterranean) were derived from this case-control study's own data. STATISTICAL
      ANALYSIS: Applicability was assessed by comparing the six reconstructed patterns
      with the three internal dietary patterns, using the congruence coefficient (CC)
      between pattern loadings. In cases where any pair met either of two commonly used
      criteria for declaring patterns similar (CC >=0.85 or a statistically significant
      [P<0.05] Pearson correlation), then the true similarity of those two dietary
      patterns was double-checked by comparing their associations to risk for breast
      cancer, to assess whether those two criteria of similarity are actually reliable.
      RESULTS: Five of the six reconstructed dietary patterns showed high congruence
      (CC >0.9) to their corresponding dietary pattern derived from the case-control
      study's data. Similar associations with risk for breast cancer were found in all
      pairs of dietary patterns that had high CC but not in all pairs of dietary
      patterns with statistically significant correlations. CONCLUSIONS: Similar
      dietary patterns can be found in independent samples. The P value of a
      correlation coefficient is less reliable than the CC as a criterion for declaring
      two dietary patterns similar. This study shows that diet scores based on a
      particular study are generalizable to other populations.

PMID- 27373728
TI  - Spontaneous Right Coronary Artery Rupture and Acute Cardiac Tamponade in Behcet's
      Disease.
AB  - Coronary involvement in Behcet's disease is extremely rare and it can bring
      devastating consequences when it occurs. In this report, we present a 29-year-old
      male patient with Behcet's disease who developed rapidly changing and progressive
      coronary artery involvements under medical treatment.

PMID- 27373729
TI  - A Long Term Follow-up Study of Carriers of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Mutations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adults who test positive for a mutation associated with the
      development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) but who have not manifested left
      ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) at the time of that diagnosis are now commonly
      identified in the era of genetic testing. There are little published data,
      however, on the long-term outlook for these phenotypically normal gene carriers.
      METHODS: Fifteen genotype positive/LVH negative patients with HCM were
      identified, seven of which were children when first diagnosed as gene carriers.
      Fourteen were followed up with clinical examinations, electrocardiography and
      echocardiography to determine if their clinical status had changed over time.
      Measurements included electrocardiographic changes, changes in wall thickness,
      diastolic function and global longitudinal stain. RESULTS: Ten participants were
      followed up for a total of 18 years, two for a total of 17 years, one for 11
      years and one for 8 years. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies
      were performed on 11 participants. Eleven participants carried a mutation for the
      MYBPC3 gene and three carried a mutation for the MYH7 gene. One patient, an adult
      at the time of initial investigation, developed phenotypic features of HCM on
      echocardiography and MRI, one an increase in wall thickness diagnostic for HCM
      only on MRI and another to be borderline for HCM on MRI. CONCLUSION: Hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy can develop in adult life in carriers who may be negative for LVH
      at the time of gene diagnosis and warrants periodic supervision of carriers
      throughout their lives.

PMID- 27373730
TI  - Interhemispheric Asymmetry in Distribution of Infarct Lesions among Acute
      Ischemic Stroke Patients Presenting to Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: This study aimed to investigate the possible asymmetric distribution
      of acute ischemic infarct lesions between patients with right-sided stroke versus
      left-sided stroke. METHODS: Acute ischemic stroke patients with unilateral
      infarct who underwent magnetic resonance imaging scan within 24 hours of onset
      were included. Infarct lesions were segmented on diffusion-weighted-imaging
      series and coregistered on the MNI-152 brain map. After flipping all lesions to
      the left side, voxel-based analysis was performed to evaluate for asymmetric
      distribution of infarct lesions using the stroke side as an independent variable.
      Symptom severity at admission was evaluated using the National Institutes of
      Health Stroke Scale score, and early clinical outcome with the modified Rankin
      Scale score at discharge. RESULTS: Of the 218 patients included in this study,
      110 had right-sided ischemic infarcts whereas 108 had left-sided ischemic
      infarcts. There was no significant difference between patients with right-sided
      stroke versus left-sided stroke in terms of admission symptom severity, rate of
      treatment, stroke risk factors, and early clinical outcome. However, voxel-based
      analysis showed that ischemic infarcts of insular ribbon and lentiform nucleus
      were asymmetrically more common on the left-sided stroke compared to the right
      sided stroke. The admission symptoms were more severe among patients with left
      insular ribbon and lentiform nucleus infarct compared to those with infarction of
      mirrored right anatomical regions (P = .019). CONCLUSIONS: Acute ischemic
      infarcts of the left insular ribbon and lentiform nucleus are asymmetrically more
      common compared to mirrored counterpart regions, presumably due to more severe
      symptoms at presentation. Otherwise, distribution of symptomatic infarcts to the
      rest of the brain is roughly symmetric.

PMID- 27373731
TI  - Effect of DNA bending on transcriptional interference in the systems of closely
      spaced convergent promoters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the past years there are increasing evidences that the interplay
      between two molecules of RNA polymerases, initiating transcription from
      promoters, oriented in opposite (convergent) directions, can serve as a
      regulatory factor of gene expression. The data concerning the molecular
      mechanisms of this so-called transcriptional interference (TI) are not well
      understood. METHODS: The interaction of RNA polymerase with circular DNA
      templates, containing the convergent promoters, was investigated in a series of
      in vitro transcription assays and atomic force microscopy (AFM). RESULTS: In this
      work, to study the mechanisms of transcription interference a series of plasmids
      with oppositely oriented closely spaced artificial promoters, recognized by
      Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, was constructed. The constructs differ in
      promoter structure and distance between the transcription start sites. We have
      demonstrated that the transcripts ratio (RNA-R/RNA-L) and morphology of
      convergent open promoter complexes (OPC) are highly dependent on the
      interpromoter distance. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results allowed us to suggest
      the novel model of TI, which assumes the DNA bending upon binding of RNA
      polymerase with promoters and explains the phenomenon of complete inactivation of
      weaker promoter by the stronger one. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results show that
      the conformational transitions in DNA helix, associated with DNA bending upon
      binding of RNA polymerase with promoters, play crucial role in OPC formation in
      the systems with convergent promoters.

PMID- 27373732
TI  - Plastoglobules in algae: A comprehensive comparative study of the presence of
      major structural and functional components in complex plastids.
AB  - Plastoglobules (PG) are lipophilic droplets attached to thylakoid membranes in
      higher plants and green algae and are implicated in prenyl lipid biosynthesis.
      They might also represent a central hub for integration of plastid signals under
      stress and therefore the adaptation of the thylakoid membrane under such
      conditions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, PG contain around 30 specific proteins of
      which Fibrillins (FBN) and Activity of bc1 complex kinases (ABC1K) represent the
      majority with respect to both number and protein mass. However, nothing is known
      about the presence of PG in most algal species, which are responsible for about
      50% of global primary production. Therefore, we searched the genomes of publicly
      available algal genomes for components of PG and the associated functional
      network in order to predict their presence and potential evolutionary
      conservation of physiological functions. We could identify homologous sequences
      for core components of PG, like FBN and ABC1K, in most investigated algal
      species. Furthermore, proteins at central and interesting positions within the PG
      functional coexpression network were identified. Phylogenetic sequence analysis
      revealed diversity within FBN and ABC1K sequences among algal species with
      complex plastids of the red lineage and large differences compared with green
      lineage species. Two types of FBN were detected that differ in their isoelectric
      point which seems to correlate with subcellular localization. Subgroups of FBN
      were shared between many investigated species and modeling of their 3D-structure
      implied a conserved structure. FBN and ABC1K are essential structural and
      functional components of PG. Their occurrence in investigated algal species
      suggests presence of PG therein and functions in prenyl lipid metabolism and
      adaptation of the thylakoid membrane that are conserved during evolution. 

PMID- 27373733
TI  - Dynamic and modular gene regulatory networks drive the development of
      gametogenesis.
AB  - Gametogenesis is a complex process, which includes mitosis and meiosis and
      results in the production of ovum and sperm. The development of gametogenesis is
      dynamic and needs many different genes to work synergistically, but it is lack of
      global perspective research about this process. In this study, we detected the
      dynamic process of gametogenesis from the perspective of systems biology based on
      protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) and functional analysis. Results
      showed that gametogenesis genes have strong synergistic effects in PPINs within
      and between different phases during the development. Addition to the synergistic
      effects on molecular networks, gametogenesis genes showed functional consistency
      within and between different phases, which provides the further evidence about
      the dynamic process during the development of gametogenesis. At last, we detected
      and provided the core molecular modules of different phases about gametogenesis.
      The gametogenesis genes and related modules can be obtained from our Web site
      Gametogenesis Molecule Online (GMO, http://gametsonline.nwsuaflmz.com/index.php),
      which is freely accessible. GMO may be helpful for the reference and application
      of these genes and modules in the future identification of key genes about
      gametogenesis. Summary, this work provided a computational perspective and frame
      to the analysis of the gametogenesis dynamics and modularity in both human and
      mouse.

PMID- 27373734
TI  - A comprehensive overview of computational resources to aid in precision genome
      editing with engineered nucleases.
AB  - Genome editing with engineered nucleases (zinc finger nucleases, TAL effector
      nucleases s and Clustered regularly inter-spaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR
      associated) has recently been shown to have great promise in a variety of
      therapeutic and biotechnological applications. However, their exploitation in
      genetic analysis and clinical settings largely depends on their specificity for
      the intended genomic target. Large and complex genomes often contain highly
      homologous/repetitive sequences, which limits the specificity of genome editing
      tools and could result in off-target activity. Over the past few years, various
      computational approaches have been developed to assist the design process and
      predict/reduce the off-target activity of these nucleases. These tools could be
      efficiently used to guide the design of constructs for engineered nucleases and
      evaluate results after genome editing. This review provides a comprehensive
      overview of various databases, tools, web servers and resources for genome
      editing and compares their features and functionalities. Additionally, it also
      describes tools that have been developed to analyse post-genome editing results.
      The article also discusses important design parameters that could be considered
      while designing these nucleases. This review is intended to be a quick reference
      guide for experimentalists as well as computational biologists working in the
      field of genome editing with engineered nucleases.

PMID- 27373735
TI  - Screening and validation of lncRNAs and circRNAs as miRNA sponges.
AB  - Intensive research in past two decades has uncovered the presence and importance
      of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which includes microRNAs (miRs) and long ncRNAs
      (lncRNAs). These two classes of ncRNAs interact to a certain extent, as some
      lncRNAs bind to miRs to sequester them. Such lncRNAs are collectively called
      'competing endogenous RNAs' or 'miRNA sponges'. In this study, we screened for
      lncRNAs that may act as miRNA sponges using the publicly available data sets and
      databases. To uncover the roles of miRNA sponges, loss-of-function experiments
      were conducted, which revealed the biological roles as miRNA sponges. LINC00324
      is important for the cell survival by binding to miR-615-5p leading to the de
      repression of its target BTG2. LOC400043 controls several biological functions
      via sequestering miR-28-3p and miR-96-5p, thereby changing the expressions of
      transcriptional regulators. Finally, we also screened for circular RNAs
      (circRNAs) that may function as miRNA sponges. The results were negative at least
      for the selected circRNAs in this study. In conclusion, miRNA sponges can be
      identified by applying a series of bioinformatics techniques and validated with
      biological experiments.

PMID- 27373736
TI  - Comparison of methods to detect differentially expressed genes between single
      cell populations.
AB  - We compared five statistical methods to detect differentially expressed genes
      between two distinct single-cell populations. Currently, it remains unclear
      whether differential expression methods developed originally for conventional
      bulk RNA-seq data can also be applied to single-cell RNA-seq data analysis. Our
      results in three diverse comparison settings showed marked differences between
      the different methods in terms of the number of detections as well as their
      sensitivity and specificity. They, however, did not reveal systematic benefits of
      the currently available single-cell-specific methods. Instead, our previously
      introduced reproducibility-optimization method showed good performance in all
      comparison settings without any single-cell-specific modifications.

PMID- 27373737
TI  - BrowseVCF: a web-based application and workflow to quickly prioritize disease
      causative variants in VCF files.
AB  - Following variant calling and annotation, accurate variant filtering is a crucial
      step to extract meaningful information from sequencing data and to investigate
      disease aetiology. However, the variant call format (VCF) used to store this
      information is not easy to handle for non-bioinformaticians. We present
      BrowseVCF, a flexible and intuitive software to enable researchers to browse and
      filter millions of variants in a few seconds. Key features include querying user
      defined gene lists, grouping samples for family or tumour/normal studies and
      exporting results in spreadsheet format. BrowseVCF's significant advantages over
      most existing tools include the ability to process data from any DNA sequencing
      experiment (exome, whole-genome and amplicons) and to correctly parse files
      annotated with Variant Effect Predictor. BrowseVCF can be used either locally on
      personal computers or as part of automated pipelines. Its user interface has been
      carefully designed to minimize tunable parameters. BrowseVCF is freely available
      from https://github.com/BSGOxford/BrowseVCF/releases/latest.

PMID- 27373738
TI  - More than carbon sequestration: Biophysical climate benefits of restored savanna
      woodlands.
AB  - Deforestation and climate change are interconnected and represent major
      environmental challenges. Here, we explore the capacity of regional-scale
      restoration of marginal agricultural lands to savanna woodlands in Australia to
      reduce warming and drying resulting from increased concentration of greenhouse
      gases. We show that restoration triggers a positive feedback loop between the
      land surface and the atmosphere, characterised by increased evaporative fraction,
      eddy dissipation and turbulent mixing in the boundary-layer resulting in enhanced
      cloud formation and precipitation over the restored regions. The increased
      evapotranspiration results from the capacity deep-rooted woody vegetation to
      access soil moisture. As a consequence, the increase in precipitation provides
      additional moisture to soil and trees, thus reinforcing the positive feedback
      loop. Restoration reduced the rate of warming and drying under the transient
      increase in the radiative forcing of greenhouse gas emissions (RCP8.5). At the
      continental scale, average summer warming for all land areas was reduced by 0.18
      (o)C from 4.1 (o)C for the period 2056-2075 compared to 1986-2005. For the
      restored regions (representing 20% of Australia), the averaged surface
      temperature increase was 3.2  degrees C which is 0.82  degrees C cooler compared
      to agricultural landscapes. Further, there was reduction of 12% in the summer
      drying of the near-surface soil for the restored regions.

PMID- 27373739
TI  - Bioaccumulation and biotransformation of the beta-blocker propranolol in
      multigenerational exposure to Daphnia magna.
AB  - Multigenerational bioaccumulation and biotransformation activity and short-term
      kinetics (e.g., uptake and depuration) of propranolol in Daphnia magna were
      investigated at environmental concentration. The body burden and the major
      metabolite, desisopropyl propranolol (DIP), of propranolol were quantified using
      LC-MS/MS at the end of each generation after exposure for 11 generations. The
      accumulation of propranolol in D. magna at an environmental concentration of 0.2
      MUg/L was not much different between the parent (F0) and the eleventh filial
      (F10) generation. However, at 28 MUg/L, its accumulation was 1.6 times higher-up
      to 18.9 MUg/g-in the F10 generation relative to the F0. In contrast to
      propranolol, DIP intensity gradually increased from F0 to F10 at 0.2 MUg/L,
      reflecting an increase in detoxification load and biotransformation performance;
      no increasing trend was observed at 28 MUg/L. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF)
      showed higher values with a lower concentration and longer period of exposure.
      The average values of the BAF for 21 days of long-term exposure in successive 11
      generations were 440.4 +/- 119.7 and 1026.5 +/- 208.6 L/kg for 28 MUg/L and 0.2
      MUg/L, respectively. These are comparable to the BAF of 192 for the short-term 72
      h exposure at 28 MUg/L in the parent generation. It is also recommended that
      future studies for pharmaceutical ingredients be conducted on drug-drug
      interaction and structural characteristics on the prediction of biotransformation
      activity and bioaccumulation rate. 

PMID- 27373740
TI  - Metal-induced rapid transformation of diamond into single and multilayer graphene
      on wafer scale.
AB  - The degradation of intrinsic properties of graphene during the transfer process
      constitutes a major challenge in graphene device fabrication, stimulating the
      need for direct growth of graphene on dielectric substrates. Previous attempts of
      metal-induced transformation of diamond and silicon carbide into graphene suffers
      from metal contamination and inability to scale graphene growth over large area.
      Here, we introduce a direct approach to transform polycrystalline diamond into
      high-quality graphene layers on wafer scale (4 inch in diameter) using a rapid
      thermal annealing process facilitated by a nickel, Ni thin film catalyst on top.
      We show that the process can be tuned to grow single or multilayer graphene with
      good electronic properties. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the
      mechanism of graphene growth on polycrystalline diamond. In addition, we
      demonstrate the lateral growth of free-standing graphene over micron-sized pre
      fabricated holes, opening exciting opportunities for future graphene/diamond
      based electronics.

PMID- 27373741
TI  - Corrigendum to "Cardiac sympathetic activity in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome" [Int.
      J. Cardiol. 212 (2016) 346-351].

PMID- 27373742
TI  - Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinases in Patients With Stroke During Intensive
      Rehabilitation Therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as
      potential markers of recovery during intensive rehabilitation therapy (IRT) after
      stroke. DESIGN: Prospective and descriptive 3-month follow-up study. SETTING:
      Rehabilitation unit and research center. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with first-ever
      ischemic stroke (n=15) enrolled to IRT (>=3h/d and 5d/wk) and healthy volunteers
      (n=15) (N=30). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary
      outcome was to measure plasma MMP3, MMP12, and MMP13 levels and evaluate
      potential associations with motor/functional scales using a battery of tests
      (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin scale, Barthel
      Index, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Functional Ambulation Categories, Medical Research
      Council scale, Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory, and the 10-m walk test)
      before IRT and at 1- and 3-month follow-ups. The secondary outcome was to
      evaluate the use of these MMPs as biomarkers as predictors of patient's outcome.
      RESULTS: MMP levels remained stable during the study period and were similar to
      those in the healthy volunteer group. However, baseline MMP12 and MMP13 levels
      were strongly associated with stroke severity and were found to be elevated in
      those patients with the poorest outcomes. Interestingly, plasma MMP3 was
      independent of baseline stroke characteristics but was found to be increased in
      patients with better motor/functional recovery and in patients with larger
      improvements during rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: MMPs might act as biologic
      markers of recovery during rehabilitation therapy related to their roles in both
      injury and tissue remodeling. Future confirmatory investigations in multicenter
      studies are warranted by our data.

PMID- 27373743
TI  - Difficulty in Identifying Factors Responsible for Pressure Ulcer Healing in
      Veterans With Spinal Cord Injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics associated with pressure ulcer (PrU)
      healing for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Secondary analysis
      of a large clinical trial's data for healing PrUs in individuals with SCI;
      prospective Delphi process was conducted with SCI and/or PrU experts. SETTING:
      Spinal cord injury centers. PARTICIPANTS: There were 629 screening and 162
      treatment participants (N=791); 185 SCI clinicians/national PrU/wound care
      experts participated in the Delphi process. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURE: PrU healing of 50% and 100% at weeks 4 and 12. RESULTS: Poisson
      regression models using the top Delphi-recommended factors found that only ulcer
      stage consistently predicted 50% and 100% healing at weeks 4 and 12.
      Additionally, ischial/perineal location was associated with 33% higher likelihood
      of 50% healing at week 4. Patient noncompliance with treatment recommendations,
      the top-ranked Delphi factor, did not predict healing at week 4 or 12. Expanded
      models found that at week 4, baseline PrU size, PrU stage IV, PrU pain, and
      American Spinal Injury Association grade A significantly predicted 100% healing,
      while at week 12, only PrU stage (IV) significantly predicted 100% healing.
      Significant predictors of 50% healing at week 4 included baseline PrU size,
      stage, ischial/perianal location body mass index >30kg/m2, foul odor, and signs
      of infection. At week 12, PrU duration, paraplegia predicted 50% healing. SCI
      center identifiers consistently showed 2- to 5-fold variation in predicting 50%
      PrU healing at weeks 4 and 12. CONCLUSIONS: Delphi panel-recommended factors (eg,
      patient compliance) did not predict PrU healing. Reducing center-level
      variability in wound healing by learning from best practices should be a health
      system goal. PrU healing in SCI is still poorly understood, and future studies
      should focus on as yet unidentified or underappreciated factors.

PMID- 27373744
TI  - Multivariable Prediction of Return to Work at 6-Month Follow-Up in Patients With
      Mild to Moderate Acute Stroke.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate predictors of return to work (RTW) in a poststroke
      sample. DESIGN: Retrospective investigation of archival data from an inception
      cohort; acute care records and 6-month follow-up telephone interview data were
      obtained for analysis. SETTING: The Brain Recovery Core, a collaborative
      interinstitutional endeavor among an academic medical center, an acute care
      hospital, and a rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: Data from patients with
      stroke from the Brain Recovery Core (N=298). Excluded cases included those with
      nontraditional and/or nonpaid job status, no National Institute of Health Stroke
      Scale (NIHSS) score, and an NIHSS score >16. Our final sample included 244
      individuals (age range, 25-87y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Sociodemographic variables, stroke severity (NIHSS), and physical and
      neurocognitive measures. RESULTS: Adding predictor variables to our logistic
      regression model increased accuracy by approximately 18%. Greater independence in
      the FIM sit-to-stand movement predicted improved RTW rates (odds ratio [OR], 1.8;
      95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-3.1), whereas nonwhite race (OR, 2.52; 95% CI,
      1.16-5.47) and greater impairment on the NIHSS (OR, .88; 95% CI, .77-.99)
      predicted attenuated RTW rates. CONCLUSIONS: Valid measures of stroke severity
      and a clinician-rated sit-to-stand movement have utility in the acute prediction
      of later RTW in patients with mild to moderate stroke. Given the complexity of
      the RTW construct and the acute measurement of these variables, we believe that
      our findings can be used to inform clinical decisions and appropriately tailor
      rehabilitative strategies that improve quality of life for stroke survivors.

PMID- 27373745
TI  - Two Different Types of High-Frequency Physical Therapy Promote Improvements in
      the Balance and Mobility of Persons With Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the mobility and postural balance improvements that could
      be achieved in a cohort of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) who participated
      in a motor adaptation protocol and a cohort of persons with MS who participated
      in a therapeutic exercise protocol. DESIGN: A cohort design, where subjects were
      evaluated before and after a 6-week intervention period. SETTING: Clinical
      laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals (N=42) with relapsing-remitting or
      secondary progressive MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] scores, 3.0
      6.5) were initially screened for eligibility for participation in the study, from
      which those who fit the inclusion criteria (n=32) were enrolled in the study.
      Subjects were pseudorandomly assigned to a treatment group and matched based on
      EDSS scores. Fourteen individuals in the motor adaptation cohort (MAC) (mean age
      +/- SD, 52.6+/-9y; mean EDSS score +/- SD, 5.5+/-0.9) and 13 individuals in the
      therapeutic exercise cohort (TEC) (mean age +/- SD, 54.0+/-9y; mean EDSS score +/
      SD, 5.3+/-0.9) completed the entire duration of their respective programs.
      INTERVENTIONS: Both cohorts completed their therapy twice a day, 5 days each
      week, for 6 weeks. Each session of the MAC program consisted of balance and gait
      training that encouraged new ways to adapt to challenging task demands. The TEC
      program was similar to a traditional exercise program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The
      Sensory Organization Test, 6-minute walk test, and gait spatiotemporal
      kinematics. RESULTS: Collectively, both treatment groups had improvements in
      postural balance (P=.001), walking endurance (P=.002), walking speed (P=.004),
      and step length (P<.001) after therapy. However, there were no statistical
      differences between the 2 treatment groups for any of the outcome variables (P
      values >.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our exploratory results suggest that a high frequency
      of physical therapy rather than a specific activity focus might be an important
      parameter for persons with MS.

PMID- 27373746
TI  - Reliability and Validity of Nonradiologic Measures of Forward Flexed Posture in
      Parkinson Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the intertester reliability and validity of 5 nonradiologic
      measures of forward flexed posture in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD).
      DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: University outpatient
      facility and community centers. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals (N=28) with PD with
      Hoehn and Yahr scores of 1 through 4. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Occiput to wall status, tragus to wall distance, C7 to wall distance,
      photographically derived trunk flexion angle, and inclinometric kyphosis measure.
      RESULTS: Participants were older adults (mean, 69.7+/-10.6y) with a 14-month to
      15-year (mean, 5.9+/-3.5y) history of PD. Intertester reliability was excellent
      for all measures (kappa=.89 [cued condition] and 1.0 [relaxed condition] for
      occiput to wall status; intraclass correlation coefficients, .779-.897 for tragus
      to wall distance, C7 to wall distance, flexion angle, and inclinometric kyphosis
      measure). Convergent validity was supported for all measures by significant
      correlations between the same measures obtained during relaxed and cued
      conditions (eg, occiput to wall relaxed and cued) and for most measures by
      significant correlations between measures obtained under the same condition (eg,
      occiput to wall cued and tragus to wall cued). Significant correlations between
      tragus to wall distance, C7 to wall distance, flexion angle, and inclinometric
      kyphosis measure and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale item 28 (posture)
      also supported convergent validity. Significant differences between tragus to
      wall distance, C7 to wall distance, and inclinometric kyphosis measure values
      under relaxed and cued conditions supported known condition validity. Known group
      validity was demonstrated by significant differences in tragus to wall distance,
      C7 to wall distance, and inclinometric kyphosis measure obtained from individuals
      able and individuals unable to touch their occiput to wall when cued to stand
      tall. CONCLUSIONS: Tragus to wall distance, C7 to wall distance, and
      inclinometric kyphosis measure are reliable and valid nonradiologic measures of
      forward flexed posture in PD.

PMID- 27373747
TI  - Social Support and Actual Versus Expected Length of Stay in Inpatient
      Rehabilitation Facilities.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe impairment-specific patterns in shorter- and longer-than
      expected lengths of stay in inpatient rehabilitation, and examine the independent
      effects of social support on deviations from expected lengths of stay. DESIGN:
      Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation facilities.
      PARTICIPANTS: Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries (N=119,437) who were
      discharged from inpatient rehabilitation facilities in 2012 after stroke, lower
      extremity fracture, or lower extremity joint replacement. INTERVENTION: Not
      applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Relative length of stay (actual minus
      expected). The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services posts annual expected
      lengths of stay based on patients' clinical profiles at admission. We created a 3
      category outcome variable: short, expected, long. Our primary independent
      variable (social support) also included 3 categories: family/friends, paid/other,
      none. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD actual lengths of stay for joint replacement,
      fracture, and stroke were 9.8+/-3.6, 13.8+/-4.5, and 15.8+/-7.3 days,
      respectively; relative lengths of stay were -1.2+/-3.1, -1.6+/-3.7, and -1.7+/
      5.2 days. Nearly half of patients (47%-48%) were discharged more than 1 day
      earlier than expected in all 3 groups, whereas 14% of joint replacement, 15% of
      fracture, and 20% of stroke patients were discharged more than 1 day later than
      expected. In multinomial regression analysis, using family/friends as the
      reference group, paid/other support was associated (P<.05) with higher odds of
      long stays in joint replacement. No social support was associated with lower odds
      of short stays in all 3 impairment groups and higher odds of long stays in
      fracture and joint replacement. CONCLUSIONS: Inpatient rehabilitation experiences
      and outcomes can be substantially affected by a patient's level of social
      support. More research is needed to better understand these relationships and
      possible unintended consequences in terms of patient access issues and provider
      level quality measures.

PMID- 27373748
TI  - Marinicrinis sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment.
AB  - Novel Gram-stain-variable, bent rods or long filaments that were endospore
      forming, facultatively anaerobic, oxidase- and catalase-negative, and designated
      strain NC2-42T, were isolated from sediment on the coast of Weihai, China.
      Optimal growth occurred at 37  degrees C, pH 7.5 and with 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. MK-7
      was the sole respiratory quinone and meso-diaminopimelic acid was a diagnostic
      diamino acid in the peptidoglycan. The polar lipid profile of this novel isolate
      consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown
      phospholipid, an unknown phosphoaminolipid, two unknown glycolipids and an
      unknown lipid. The major cellular fatty acids in strain NC2-42T were anteiso-C15
      : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain NC2
      42T was 58.11  mol% (HPLC). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene
      sequences revealed that strain NC2-42T showed the highest similarity (92.32 %) to
      Paenibacillus profundus within the family Paenibacillaceae. Based on data from
      this taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach, the isolate is proposed to
      represent a novel species of a new genus within the family Paenibacillaceae, with
      the name Marinicrinis sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type
      species is NC2-42T (=KCTC 33676T=MCCC 1K01238T).

PMID- 27373749
TI  - Stain Normalization using Sparse AutoEncoders (StaNoSA): Application to digital
      pathology.
AB  - Digital histopathology slides have many sources of variance, and while
      pathologists typically do not struggle with them, computer aided diagnostic
      algorithms can perform erratically. This manuscript presents Stain Normalization
      using Sparse AutoEncoders (StaNoSA) for use in standardizing the color
      distributions of a test image to that of a single template image. We show how
      sparse autoencoders can be leveraged to partition images into tissue sub-types,
      so that color standardization for each can be performed independently. StaNoSA
      was validated on three experiments and compared against five other color
      standardization approaches and shown to have either comparable or superior
      results.

PMID- 27373750
TI  - Combination treatment with proteasome inhibitors and antiestrogens has a
      synergistic effect mediated by p21WAF1 in estrogen receptor-positive breast
      cancer.
AB  - Although antiestrogens significantly improve the survival of patients with ER
      positive breast cancer, therapeutic resistance remains a major limitation. The
      combinatorial use of antiestrogen with other therapies was proposed to increase
      their efficiency and more importantly, to prevent or delay the resistance
      phenomenon. In the present study, we addressed their combined effects with
      proteasome inhibitors (PIs). The effects of antiestrogens (hydroxyl-tamoxifen,
      raloxifen and fulvestrant) currently used in endocrine therapy were tested in
      combination with PIs, bortezomib or MG132, on the growth of three ER-positive
      breast cancer cell lines and in two cellular models of acquired antiestrogen
      resistance. When compared to single treatments, these combined treatments were
      significantly more effective in preventing the growth of the cell lines. The
      regulation of key cell cycle proteins, the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors,
      p21WAF1 and p27KIP1, were also studied. Bortezomib and MG132 drastically
      increased p21WAF1 expression through elevation of its mRNA concentration.
      Notably, p27KIP1 regulation was quite different from that of p21WAF1.
      Furthermore, the effect of bortezomib in combination with antiestrogen was
      evaluated on antiestrogen-resistant cell lines. The growth of two antiestrogen
      resistant cell lines appeared responsive to proteasome inhibition and was
      strongly decreased by a combined therapy with an antiestrogen. Collectively,
      these findings provide new perspectives for the use of PIs in combination with
      endocrine therapies for breast cancer and possibly to overcome acquired hormonal
      resistance. 

PMID- 27373751
TI  - Influence of enrichment and isolation media on the detection of Campylobacter
      spp. in naturally contaminated chicken samples.
AB  - Investigating Campylobacter epidemiology requires adequate technique and media to
      ensure optimal culturing and accurate detection and isolation of Campylobacter
      strains. In the present study, we investigated the performances of three
      enrichment durations in Bolton broth (0, 24 and 48h) and compared four isolation
      media (mCCDA, Karmali, Butzler no. 2 and CampyFood agar (CFA)) for the detection
      of Campylobacter positive samples and the identification of Campylobacter
      species, from naturally contaminated broiler chicken samples (caeca, neck skin
      from carcasses, and skin from thighs). We compared our local results to those we
      obtained with samples from a European survey (caeca and neck skin) and a national
      survey (neck skin, thigh skin, and breast). Direct plating favored the detection
      of positive samples highly contaminated by Campylobacter (caeca and neck skin
      from carcasses) whatever the media. A longer enrichment reduced the rates of
      Campylobacter recovery except when using Butzler no. 2, more particularly for
      neck skin which background microflora was less important than in caeca. As a
      matter of fact, enrichment allowed a higher detection rate of positive samples
      with low Campylobacter contamination levels (breast, thigh skin), this detection
      being enhanced when using Butzler no. 2. When comparing the 3 other selective
      media, CFA was the 2nd most efficient media prior to mCCDA and Karmali.
      Interestingly, enrichment promoted the growth of Campylobacter coli but this
      promotion was least with Butzler no. 2 agar. Our study has confirmed the need to
      adapt the method to the types of samples for improving the detection of
      Campylobacter and that the method may affect the prevalence of the species.

PMID- 27373752
TI  - Erratum to: Relationship Dynamics and Partner Beliefs About Viral Suppression: A
      Longitudinal Study of Male Couples Living with HIV/AIDS (The Duo Project).

PMID- 27373753
TI  - Evaluation of geometrical effects of microneedles on skin penetration by CT scan
      and finite element analysis.
AB  - Computerized tomography scan (CT scan) imaging and finite element analysis were
      employed to investigate how the geometric composition of microneedles affects
      their mechanical strength and penetration characteristics. Simulations of
      microneedle arrays, comprising triangular, square and hexagonal microneedle base,
      revealed a linear dependence of the mechanical strength to the number of vertices
      in the polygon base. A laser-enabled, micromoulding technique was then used to
      fabricate 3*3 microneedle arrays, each individual microneedle having triangular,
      square or hexagonal base geometries. Their penetration characteristics into ex
      vivo porcine skin, were investigated for the first time by CT scan imaging. This
      revealed greater penetration depths for the triangular and square-based
      microneedles, demonstrating CT scan as a powerful and reliable technique for
      studying microneedle skin penetration. 

PMID- 27373754
TI  - Unsaturated fatty acids lactose esters: cytotoxicity, permeability enhancement
      and antimicrobial activity.
AB  - Sugar based surfactants conjugated with fatty acid chains are an emerging broad
      group of highly biocompatible and biodegradable compounds with established and
      potential future applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food
      industries. In this work, we investigated absorption enhancing and antimicrobial
      properties of disaccharide lactose, monoesterified with unsaturated fatty acids
      through an enzymatic synthetic approach. After chemical and cytotoxicity
      characterizations, their permeability enhancing activity was demonstrated using
      intestinal Caco-2 monolayers through transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER)
      and permeability studies. The synthesized compounds, namely lactose palmitoleate
      (URB1076) and lactose nervonate (URB1077), were shown to exhibit antimicrobial
      activity versus eight pathogenic species belonging to Gram-positive, Gram
      negative microorganisms and fungi. 

PMID- 27373755
TI  - Early nutrition transition in Haiti: linking food purchasing and availability to
      overweight status in school-aged children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to examine the association of socio-economic
      factors and diet with overweight (including obesity) among school-aged children
      in Haiti. The secondary aim was to describe food availability and the physical
      activity built environment in participating schools. DESIGN: This cross-sectional
      study examined baseline data from the intervention Mamba study assessing the
      effectiveness of a fortified peanut butter paste in school-aged children.
      Logistic regression modelling was used to test hypothesized factors in
      association with overweight status. SETTING: Six primary schools in Cap-Haitien,
      the second largest city in Haiti. SUBJECTS: Children (n 968) aged 3-13 years, in
      good health and enrolled in a participating school for the 2012/13 school year.
      RESULTS: Child age (adjusted OR (AOR); 95 % CI=0.25; 0.12, 0.56), child age
      squared (1.08; 1.03, 1.13), always purchasing food at school (3.52; 1.12, 11.08),
      mother's BMI (1.10; 1.04, 1.16) and household ownership of a bicycle (0.28; 0.11,
      0.71) were significantly associated with overweight (likelihood ratio=36,
      P<0.0001). Consumption of fish was significantly lower in overweight children in
      the binary analysis (P=0.033) and improved the fit of the model. Schools had
      limited time and space for physical activity and foods sold by vendors were
      predominantly high in sugar or fat. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge the present
      study is the first to examine the covariates of childhood overweight or describe
      school food availability and physical activity built environments in Haiti.
      Further research is necessary to identify intervention targets and feasible, cost
      effective approaches for prevention of obesity in Haiti children.

PMID- 27373756
TI  - High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Immunological Characteristics of the TRB-/IgH
      CDR3 Region of Umbilical Cord Blood.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences of immunological characteristics between
      newborn and adults, we performed high-throughput sequencing to reveal the
      diversity of umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood at both T-cell
      receptor beta chain (TRB) and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) levels. STUDY
      DESIGN: High-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the expression of TRB
      CDR3 and IGH-CDR3 in circulating T and B cells isolated from 20 healthy adults,
      56 pregnant women, and 40 newborns. RESULTS: Our results revealed different
      immunological characteristics between newborn and adults, such as distinctive
      complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) lengths, usage bias of variable and
      joining segments, random nucleotide addition, a large number of unique CDR3
      peptides, and a greater repertoire diversity. Moreover, each newborn had a
      distinctive TRB-/IGH-CDR3 repertoire that was independent of the maternal immune
      status. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents comprehensive, unrestricted profiles of
      the TRB/IGH-CDR3 repertoire of newborns, pregnant women, and healthy adults at a
      sequence-level resolution. Our data may contribute to a better understanding of
      the immune system of newborns and benefit the efficient application of umbilical
      cord blood transplantation in future.

PMID- 27373757
TI  - RETRACTED: Evaluation of behavioral problems after prenatal dexamethasone
      treatment in Swedish adolescents at risk of CAH.
AB  - This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal
      (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article has been retracted
      at the request of the authors due to technical errors that have called into
      question the reliability of the data used to inform the author's conclusions.All
      data on cognitive and behavioral outcomes in CAH and non-CAH cases, treated or
      not treated with DEX prenatally, were put into a single Excel database. The
      authors had in total four different patient groups for each age group (5-6 y, 7
      17 y and 18-35 y). The database consisted of 237 cases in total and there were
      multiple columns for the different outcome measures.When the behavioral data for
      the sub-cohort described in this paper (first trimester treated non-CAH cases and
      healthy population controls, age 7-17 y) were copied to another sheet and
      compressed/modified in preparation for statistical analysis in SPSS, an error
      occurred. This technological issue caused rows to shift and the data from the
      different groups got mixed up. In particular, the non-CAH group versus the
      control group were "contaminated" with cases from the wrong patient group.The
      authors discovered this mistake when they started to analyse the data from the
      other sub-groups of patients, the CAH cases and the adult cohort, which was after
      their original results had already been published in Hormones and Behavior in
      this manuscript "Evaluation of behavioral problems after prenatal dexamethasone
      treatment in Swedish adolescents at risk of CAH".It then became apparent that the
      entire data set was unreliable and needed to be re-analysed which is what has
      motivated the retraction of this article. The authors have recently completed
      this re-analysis and the results have been published here:
      https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X17300752

PMID- 27373759
TI  - Anthraquinones as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery targeting nucleotide
      binding proteins.
AB  - Anthraquinones are condensed aromatic hydrocarbons found naturally in medicinal
      plants and known for their potential medical and dye applications. Anthraquinones
      were developed as P2 receptor antagonists and ectonucleotidase inhibitors and
      feature very different characteristic properties regarding the binding site for
      anthraquinones. This demonstrates that the anthraquinone scaffold appears to
      behave as a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry targeting nucleotide
      binding proteins, and the substitution pattern, especially in the 4-position, can
      direct its interaction with specific targets. This article will cover the
      structure activity relationships of anthraquinones for three different targets:
      P2Y12 receptor, ecto-5'-nucleotidase and P2X2 receptor.

PMID- 27373758
TI  - Interaction of bisphenol A (BPA) and soy phytoestrogens on sexually dimorphic
      sociosexual behaviors in male and female rats.
AB  - Concerns have been raised regarding the potential for endocrine disrupting
      compounds (EDCs) to alter brain development and behavior. Developmental exposure
      to bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous EDC, has been linked to altered sociosexual
      and mood-related behaviors in various animal models and children but effects are
      inconsistent across laboratories and animal models creating confusion about
      potential risk in humans. Exposure to endocrine active diets, such as soy, which
      is rich in phytoestrogens, may contribute to this variability. Here, we tested
      the individual and combined effects of low dose oral BPA and soy diet or the
      individual isoflavone genistein (GEN; administered as the aglycone genistin
      (GIN)) on rat sociosexual behaviors with the hypothesis that soy would obfuscate
      any BPA-related effects. Social and activity levels were unchanged by
      developmental exposure to BPA but soy diet had sex specific effects including
      suppressed novelty preference, and open field exploration in females. The data
      presented here reinforce that environmental factors, including anthropogenic
      chemical exposure and hormone active diets, can shape complex behaviors and even
      reverse expected sex differences.

PMID- 27373760
TI  - Open for collaboration: an academic platform for drug discovery and development
      at SciLifeLab.
AB  - The Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development (SciLifeLab DDD)
      platform reaches out to Swedish academia with an industry-standard infrastructure
      for academic drug discovery, supported by earmarked funds from the Swedish
      government. In this review, we describe the build-up and operation of the
      platform, and reflect on our first two years of operation, with the ambition to
      share learnings and best practice with academic drug discovery centers globally.
      We also discuss how the Swedish Teacher Exemption Law, an internationally unique
      aspect of the innovation system, has shaped the operation. Furthermore, we
      address how this investment in infrastructure and expertise can be utilized to
      facilitate international collaboration between academia and industry in the best
      interest of those ultimately benefiting the most from translational
      pharmaceutical research - the patients.

PMID- 27373761
TI  - Innovating clinical kidney transplant education by a massive open online course.

PMID- 27373762
TI  - Neutral processes and species sorting in benthic microalgal community assembly:
      effects of tidal resuspension.
AB  - Benthic microalgae (BMA) provide vital food resources for heterotrophs and
      stabilize sediments with their extracellular secretions. A central goal in
      ecology is to understand how processes such as species interactions and
      dispersal, contribute to observed patterns of species abundance and distribution.
      Our objectives were to assess the effects of sediment resuspension on microalgal
      community structure. We tested whether taxa-abundance distributions could be
      predicted using neutral community models (NCMs) and also specific hypotheses
      about passive migration: (i) As migration decreases in sediment patches, BMA
      alpha-diversity will decrease, and (ii) As migration decreases, BMA community
      dissimilarity (beta-diversity) will increase. Co-occurrence indices (checkerboard
      score and variance ratio) were also computed to test for deterministic factors,
      such as competition and niche differentiation, in shaping communities. Two
      intertidal sites (mudflat and sand bar) differing in resuspension regime were
      sampled throughout the tidal cycle. Fluorometry and denaturing gradient gel
      electrophoresis were utilized to investigate diatom community structure. Observed
      taxa-abundances fit those predicted from NCMs reasonably well (R2 of 0.68-0.93),
      although comparisons of observed local communities to artificial randomly
      assembled communities rejected the null hypothesis that diatom communities were
      assembled solely by stochastic processes. No co-occurrence tests indicated a
      significant role for competitive exclusion or niche partitioning in microalgal
      community assembly. In general, predictions about relationships between migration
      and species diversity were supported for local community dynamics. BMA at low
      tide (lowest migration) exhibited reduced alpha-diversity as compared to periods
      of immersion at both mudflat and sand bar sites. beta-diversity was higher during
      low tide emersion on the mudflat, but did not differ temporally at the sand bar
      site. In between-site metacommunity comparisons, low- and high-resuspension sites
      exhibited distinct community compositions while the low-energy mudflats contained
      higher microalgal biomass and greater alpha-diversity. To our knowledge this is
      the first study to test the relevance of neutral processes in structuring marine
      microalgal communities. Our results demonstrate a prominent role for stochastic
      factors in structuring local BMA community assembly, although unidentified
      nonrandom processes also appear to play some role. High passive migration, in
      particular, appears to help maintain species diversity and structure communities
      in both sand and muddy habitats.

PMID- 27373763
TI  - Lifestyle treatments in cystic fibrosis: The NHS should pay.
AB  - With the NHS under increasing financial pressure and healthcare costs soaring
      year on year, it is perhaps not surprising that assessment agencies focus on cost
      effectiveness analysis when assessing new therapies. Such an approach does not
      however, always take sufficient account of treatment burden, lifestyle and
      patient choice and therefore new equally effective but perhaps "easier to take"
      formulations and faster delivery systems for current therapies do not always take
      precedence in current treatment guidelines. In arguing that the NHS should pay
      for so-called lifestyle treatments in cystic fibrosis the counterintuitive nature
      of some of the current decision making is discussed and a more holistic approach
      to improve NHS efficiency is presented. 

PMID- 27373764
TI  - An expedited approach for sustained delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-7 to
      bone defects using gene activated fragments of subcutaneous fat.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) to bone defects can
      be improved by applying gene transfer methods. However, traditional ex vivo gene
      therapy approaches are cumbersome and costly, requiring the extraction and
      culturing of cells. Therefore, we evaluated a novel, expedited ex vivo BMP-7 gene
      transfer technology based on the use of fragments of subcutaneous fat tissue.
      METHODS: We created 5-mm mid-femoral bone defects in the right femora of 23 male,
      syngeneic Fischer 344 rats. Adipose tissue was harvested from the subcutaneous
      fat depot of two donor rats. Bone defects were treated with either unmodified fat
      (control group) or adenovirally BMP-7 transduced fat fragments (treatment group).
      Healing of bone defects was assessed by radiographs, microcomputed tomography
      (MUCT) and histology at 6 weeks after the implantation of fat tissue fragments.
      RESULTS: Radiographs, MUCT-imaging and histology revealed relevant bone formation
      in six out of 10 rats treated with BMP-7 activated fat grafts. Two of the defects
      were bridged. By contrast, femora of the control group receiving unmodified fat
      did not display signs of osseous healing. BMP-7 gene activated fat treatment led
      to a significantly higher bone volume (11.18 +/- 9.48 mm(3) ) than treatment with
      unmodified fat grafts (3.19 +/- 1.68 mm(3) ) (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS:
      Implantation of BMP-7 gene activated fat tissue fragments can elicit regeneration
      of large bone defects in rats and could become a clinically expeditious strategy
      for in vivo bone tissue engineering. However, gene expression must be improved in
      order to reliably induce osseous bridging of critical-size bone defects.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27373765
TI  - Decline of multidrug-resistant Gram negative infections with the routine use of a
      multiple decontamination regimen in ICU.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We have shown that the routine use of a multiple decontamination
      regimen with oropharyngeal and digestive polymyxin/tobramycin/amphotericin B plus
      mupirocin/chlorhexidine in intubated patients reduced all-cause acquired
      infections (AIs) in the intensive care unit (ICU). We now assessed the long-term
      impact of this strategy on AIs involving multidrug-resistant aerobic Gram
      negative bacilli (AGNB) and acquired episodes of extended-spectrum betalactamase
      (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae rectal carriage. METHODS: This was an
      observational single center study of all patients admitted to an ICU over 5 years
      (study population). Decontamination was given for the period of intubation and
      standard care otherwise. AIs and colonization rates were prospectively recorded.
      AIs rates were compared between the study period and a 1-year pre-intervention
      period. During study, trends were analyzed by semester using a Poisson regression
      model. RESULTS: The incidence rate of multidrug-resistant AGNB AIs was lower
      during the study (1.59 per 1000 patient-days, versus pre-intervention: 5.430/00,
      p < 0.001) and declined with time (adjusted OR = 0.85, 95 percent confidence
      interval 0.77-0.93, p < 0.001). ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae acquired
      colonization episodes (OR = 0.94 [0.88-1.00] P = 0.04) and the use of five major
      antibiotics (p < 0.001) also declined. CONCLUSION: A multiple decontamination
      regimen did not favor the emergence of multidrug-resistant AGNB. In contrast,
      infection and colonization rates declined with time.

PMID- 27373766
TI  - A family cluster of imported ZIKV cases: Viremia period may be longer than
      previously reported.

PMID- 27373767
TI  - Microbial biotechnology for the synthesis of (pro)vitamins, biopigments and
      antioxidants: challenges and opportunities.
AB  - Vitamins and related compounds, such as provitamins, biopigments and
      antioxidants, belong to those few chemicals that appeal in a positive way to most
      people. These terms sound synonymous to vitality, good health and mental
      strenght, even to the layman. Everyone of us needs his/her daily intake of
      (pro)vitamins and antioxidants, normally provided by a balanced and varied diet.
      However, current food habits or preferences, food availabilities, as well as food
      processing, preservation or cooking methodologies and technologies, do not always
      assure a sufficient balanced natural daily (pro)vitamin supply to a healthy
      individual, and even more so for a stressed or sick human being. Today, modern
      society is seldom confronted with the notorious avitaminoses of the past, well
      known to the Western World, but they do still occur frequently in overpopulated,
      war-ridden, poverty- or famine-struck regions on our globe, as well as for
      surprisingly large population groups in developed countries.

PMID- 27373768
TI  - Framing memories: How the retrieval query format shapes the neural bases of
      remembering.
AB  - The way memory questions are framed influences the information that is searched,
      retrieved, and monitored during remembering. This fMRI study aimed at clarifying
      how the format of the retrieval query shapes the neural basis of source
      recollection. During encoding, participants made semantic (pleasantness) or
      perceptual (number of letters) judgments about words. Subsequently, in a source
      memory test, the retrieval query was manipulated such that for half of the items
      from each encoding task, the retrieval query emphasized the semantic source
      (i.e., semantic query format: "Is this word from the pleasantness task?"),
      whereas for the other half the retrieval query emphasized the alternate,
      perceptual source (i.e., perceptual query format: "Is this word from the letter
      task?"). The results showed that the semantic query format was associated with
      higher source recognition than the perceptual query format. This behavioral
      advantage was accompanied by increased activation in several regions associated
      to controlled semantic elaboration and monitoring of internally-generated
      features about the past event. In particular, for items semantically encoded, the
      semantic query, relative to the perceptual query, induced activation in medial
      prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampal, parahippocampal and middle temporal cortex.
      Conversely, for items perceptually encoded, the semantic query recruited the
      lateral PFC and occipital-fusiform areas. Interestingly, the semantic format also
      influenced the processing of new items, eliciting greater L lateral and medial
      PFC activation. In contrast, the perceptual query format (versus the semantic
      format) only prompted greater activation in R orbitofrontal cortex and the R
      inferior parietal lobe, for items encoded in a perceptual manner and for new
      items, respectively. The results highlight the role of the retrieval query format
      in source remembering, showing that the retrieval query that emphasizes the
      semantic source promotes the use of semantic strategies via medial and L lateral
      PFC activations. These frontal activations are accompanied by differential
      recruitment of more posterior regions, depending on the type of information that
      had been encoded.

PMID- 27373770
TI  - Synthesis, Characterization and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel Thiochromanone
      Derivatives Containing Indole Skeleton.
AB  - Invasive fungal disease constitutes a growing health problem and development of
      novel antifungal drugs with high potency and selectivity against new fungal
      molecular targets are urgently needed. In order to develop potent antifungal
      agents, a novel series of 6-alkyl-indolo[3,2-c]-2H-thiochroman derivatives were
      synthesized. Microdilution broth method was used to investigate antifungal
      activity of these compounds. Most of them showed good antifungal activity in
      vitro. Compound 4o showed the best antifungal activity, which (inhibition of
      Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans) can be achieved at the
      concentration of 4 ug/mL. Compounds 4b (inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans),
      4j (inhibition of Cryptococcus neoformans), 4d (inhibition of Candida albicans)
      and 4h (inhibition of Candida albicans) also showed the best antifungal activity
      at the concentrations of 4 ug/mL. The molecular interactions between 4o and the N
      myristoyltransferase of Candida albicans (PDB ID: 1IYL) were finally investigated
      through molecular docking. The results indicated that these thiochromanone
      derivatives containing indole skeleton could serve as promising leads for further
      optimization as novel antifungal agents. 

PMID- 27373769
TI  - Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Well-Differentiated and Intermediate
      Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung.
AB  - Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a rare, heterogeneous group of malignancies that
      arise from neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, with the lungs and GI tract
      being the most common sites of origin. Despite increasing incidence, awareness of
      lung NETs remains low among thoracic specialists who are often involved in the
      assessment and early treatment of these patients. Successful treatment requires
      accurate and timely diagnosis; however, classification can be challenging,
      particularly for well-differentiated and intermediate-differentiated lung NET
      types (typical carcinoids [TC] and atypical carcinoids [AC]). Diagnosis and
      management of lung NETs are further complicated by the nonspecificity of
      symptoms, variable natural history, and lack of high-level clinical evidence; a
      multidisciplinary approach is required, which has been shown to improve
      prognosis. Currently, surgery remains the only curative option for TC/AC.
      Inconsistencies between guideline recommendations for systemic therapies,
      especially for chemotherapy, result in a lack of consensus on a standardized
      treatment for unresectable disease. Recent data from the Phase III RAD001 in
      Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fourth Trial (RADIANT-4), which contained a large
      population of patients with advanced, well-differentiated, nonfunctional lung
      NETs in addition to those with GI NETs, found a reduced risk of disease
      progression and death with everolimus compared with placebo, leading to US
      approval of everolimus in these patient populations. This study is the first high
      level therapeutic evidence in patients with TC/AC, and everolimus is currently
      the only agent approved for treatment of TC/AC. Increased awareness, prompt
      diagnosis, and additional adequately powered controlled clinical trials of
      patients with well-differentiated and intermediate-differentiated lung NETs are
      needed to further improve evidence-based care.

PMID- 27373771
TI  - Decreased neuron loss and memory dysfunction in pilocarpine-treated rats pre
      exposed to hypoxia.
AB  - Preconditioning can induce a cascade of cellular events leading to
      neuroprotection against subsequent brain insults. In this study, we investigated
      the chronic effects of hypoxic preconditioning on spontaneous recurrent seizures
      (SRS), neuronal death, and spatial memory performance in rats subjected to
      pilocarpine (Pilo)-induced status epilepticus (SE). Rats underwent a short
      hypoxic episode (7% O2+93% N2; 30min on two consecutive days) preceding a 4-h SE
      (HSE group). Control groups were rats submitted to SE only (SE), rats subjected
      to hypoxia only (H) or normoxia-saline (C). Animals were monitored for the
      occurrence of SRS, and spatial memory performance was evaluated in the radial-arm
      maze. Hippocampal sections were analyzed for cell death and mossy fiber sprouting
      at 1 or 60days after SE. Compared to SE group, HSE had increased SE latency,
      reduced number of rats with SRS, reduced mossy fiber sprouting at 60days, and
      reduced cell death in the hilus and the CA3 region 1 and 60days after SE.
      Additionally, HSE rats had better spatial memory performance than SE rats. Our
      findings indicated that short hypoxic preconditioning preceding SE promotes long
      lasting protective effects on neuron survival and spatial memory.

PMID- 27373772
TI  - ISX-9 can potentiate cell proliferation and neuronal commitment in the rat
      dentate gyrus.
AB  - Adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be modulated by various physiological and
      pathological conditions, including stress, affective disorders, and several
      neurological conditions. Given the proposed role of this form of structural
      plasticity in the functioning of the hippocampus (namely learning and memory and
      affective behaviors), it is believed that alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis
      might underlie some of the behavioral deficits associated with these psychiatric
      and neurological conditions. Thus, the search for compounds that can reverse
      these deficits with minimal side effects has become a recognized priority. In the
      present study we tested the pro-neurogenic effects of isoxazole 9 (Isx-9), a
      small synthetic molecule that has been recently identified through the screening
      of chemical libraries in stem cell-based assays. We found that administration of
      Isx-9 for 14days was able to potentiate cell proliferation and increase the
      number of immature neurons in the hippocampal DG of adult rats. In addition, Isx
      9 treatment was able to completely reverse the marked reduction in these initial
      stages of the neurogenic process observed in vehicle-treated animals (which were
      submitted to repeated handling and exposure to daily intraperitoneal injections).
      Based on these results, we recommend that future neurogenesis studies that
      require repeated handling and manipulation of animals should include a naive (non
      manipulated) control to determine the baseline levels of hippocampal cell
      proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Overall, these findings demonstrate
      that Isx-9 is a promising synthetic compound for the mitigation of stress-induced
      deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Future studies are thus warranted to
      evaluate the pro-neurogenic properties of Isx-9 in animal models of affective and
      neurological disorders associated with impaired hippocampal structural
      plasticity.

PMID- 27373773
TI  - Transparency in drug regulation: public assessment reports in Europe and
      Australia.
AB  - Openness and transparency are important considerations for medicines regulators,
      where public health is of paramount concern. As part of their commitment to
      transparency, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Therapeutic Goods
      Administration (TGA) in Australia publish information relating to their
      evaluation of medicines via public assessment reports. European Public Assessment
      Reports (EPARs) and Australian Public Assessment Reports (AusPARs) provide
      information about the considerations that led the regulator to approve or refuse
      the application. The reports summarise assessments by each regulator of the
      information provided on the quality, safety, and efficacy of the medicine under
      evaluation. Here, we describe the experiences of two established medicines
      regulators in publishing public assessment reports, and reflect on their future
      role in communicating medicines information.

PMID- 27373775
TI  - Report of ACPGBI President, 2016.

PMID- 27373779
TI  - High cell-density production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in a membrane bioreactor.
AB  - Agro-industrial residues with a low carbon content, such as whey, stillage or
      wastewater from plant oil mills are abundant and cheap. However, they cannot be
      used directly in highly productive industrial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB)
      production, as the classical fed-batch fermentation strategy requires highly
      concentrated feed streams. This problem has been circumvented in this report by
      retaining the cells during the fermentation in the bioreactor using an external
      microfiltration module. Synthetic medium containing a glucose concentration of
      50g/L was continuously fed to Cupriavidus necator, which converted the sugar to
      P3HB. With this setup we were able to achieve high productivities (3.10g
      P3HB/(Lh)) and reach high cell densities (148g/L) containing 76% P3HB, and
      obtained good yields (0.33g P3HB/g added glucose). The added sugar from the feed
      was instantly consumed by the bacteria, resulting in a negligible loss of sugar
      to the permeate. This approach creates the possibility of polyhydroxyalkanoate
      production from a range of cheap and easily available substrates, for which only
      waste water treatment or biogas production has been cost-competitive until now.

PMID- 27373780
TI  - The Mechanisms of Pharmacological Activities of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Fungi.
AB  - The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, formerly known as Cordyceps
      sinensis, has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment
      of many illnesses. In recent years its usage has increased dramatically because
      of the improvement of people's living standard and the emphasis on health. Such
      demands have resulted in over-harvesting of this fungus in the wild. Fortunately,
      scientists have demonstrated that artificially cultured and fermented mycelial
      products of O. sinensis have similar pharmacological activities to wild O.
      sinensis. The availability of laboratory cultures will likely to further expand
      its usage for the treatment of various illnesses. In this review, we summarize
      recent results on the pharmacological activities of the components of O. sinensis
      and their putative mechanisms of actions. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 27373781
TI  - Untargeted mass spectrometric approach in metabolic healthy offspring of patients
      with type 2 diabetes reveals medium-chain acylcarnitine as potential biomarker
      for lipid induced glucose intolerance (LGIT).
AB  - Offspring of type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients have increased risk to develop
      diabetes, due to inherited genetic susceptibility that directly interferes with
      the individual adaption to environmental conditions. We characterise T2D
      offspring (OSP) to identify metabolic risk markers for early disease prediction.
      Plasma of metabolically healthy OSP individuals (n = 43) was investigated after
      an oral lipid tolerance test (oLTT) by an untargeted mass spectrometric approach
      for holistic metabolome analyses. Two subgroups of OSP probands can be separated
      by oLTT, although not differing in general clinical parameters. Analyses of the
      plasma metabolome revealed mainly medium-chain acylcarnitines and very long-chain
      fatty acids with differential abundance in the subgroups. The study presented
      indicates that metabolically healthy OSP of T2D patients differ upon metabolic
      challenging in serum metabolite composition, especially medium-chain
      acylcarnitines. The difference suggest that postprandial lipid induced glucose
      intolerance (LGIT) may serve as a further valuable marker for early diabetes
      prediction.

PMID- 27373782
TI  - Epidemiology of pediatric hospitalizations at general hospitals and freestanding
      children's hospitals in the United States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children may be hospitalized at general hospitals or freestanding
      children's hospitals. Knowledge about how inpatient care differs at these
      hospitals is important to inform national research and quality efforts.
      OBJECTIVE: To describe the volume and characteristics of pediatric
      hospitalizations at acute care general and freestanding children's hospitals in
      the United States. DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study of
      hospitalizations in the United States among children <18 years, excluding in
      hospital births, using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's 2012 Kids'
      Inpatient Database. MEASUREMENT: We examined differences between hospitalizations
      at general and freestanding children's hospitals, applying weights to generate
      national estimates. Reasons for hospitalization were categorized using a
      pediatric grouper, and differences in hospital volumes were assessed for common
      diagnoses. RESULTS: A total of 1,407,822 (standard deviation 50,456)
      hospitalizations occurred at general hospitals, representing 71.7% of pediatric
      hospitalizations. Hospitalizations at general hospitals accounted for 63.6% of
      hospital days and 50.0% of pediatric inpatient healthcare costs. Median volumes
      of pediatric hospitalizations, per hospital, were significantly lower at general
      hospitals than freestanding children's hospitals for common medical and surgical
      diagnoses. Although the most common reasons for hospitalization were similar, the
      most costly conditions differed. CONCLUSIONS: In 2012, more than 70% of pediatric
      hospitalizations occurred at general hospitals in the United States. Differences
      in patterns of care at general hospitals and freestanding children's hospitals
      may inform clinical programs, research, and quality improvement efforts. Journal
      of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:743-749. (c) 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 27373783
TI  - Incorporating 3D laparoscopy for the management of locally advanced cervical
      cancer: a comparison with open surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To test the effects of the implementation of 3D laparoscopic technology
      for the execution of nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy. METHODS: Thirty patients
      undergoing nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy via 3D laparoscopic (3D-LNSRH, n =
      10) or open surgery (NSRH, n = 20) were studied prospectively. RESULTS: No
      significant differences were observed in baseline patient characteristics.
      Operative times were similar between groups. We compared the first 10 patients
      undergoing 3D-LNSRH with the last 20 patients undergoing NSRH. Baseline
      characteristics were similar between groups (p>0.2). Patients undergoing 3D-LNSRH
      had longer operative time (264.4 +/- 21.5 vs 217.2 +/- 41.0 minutes; p = 0.005),
      lower blood loss (53.4 +/- 26.1 vs 177.7 +/- 96.0 mL; p<0.001), and shorter
      length of hospital stay (4.3 +/- 1.2 vs 5.4 +/- 0.7 days; p = 0.03) in comparison
      to patients undergoing open abdominal procedures. No intraoperative complication
      occurred. One (10%) patient had conversion to open surgery due to technical
      difficulties and the inability to insert the uterine manipulator. A trend towards
      higher complication (grade 2 or worse) rate was observed for patients undergoing
      NSRH in comparison to 3D-LNSRH (p = 0.06). Considering only severe complications
      (grade 3 or worse), no difference was observed (0/10 vs 2/20; p = 0.54).
      CONCLUSIONS: 3D-laparoscopic nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy is a safe and
      effective procedure. The implementation of 3D laparoscopic technology allows the
      execution of challenging operations via minimally invasive surgery, thus reducing
      open abdominal procedure rates. Further large prospective studies are warranted.

PMID- 27373784
TI  - A case of pseudoachalasia hiding a malignant pleural mesothelioma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer with a poor
      prognosis. We describe a case of MPM with an uncommon onset, characterized by
      pseudoachalasia as demonstrated with high-resolution manometry (HRM). METHODS: A
      56-year-old man was referred to our hospital reporting worsening dysphagia. On
      the hypothesis of an esophageal motor disorder, the patient was referred for an
      HRM examination, which revealed features consistent with a diagnosis of type II
      achalasia. RESULTS: At the time of the first pneumatic dilation the endoscopist
      stopped the procedure in order to prevent perforation when he noticed only
      partial expansion of the pneumatic balloon. A CT scan and subsequent CT-guided
      excisional biopsy revealed an epithelioid pleural mesothelioma infiltrating the
      muscle wall. Given his good clinical condition, the patient was eligible for
      chemotherapy with cisplatin 75 mg/m2 and pemetrexed 500 mg/m2, resulting in a
      good response with partial remission of the disease and resolution of the
      dysphagia symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Pseudoachalasia as the first or only
      manifestation of mesothelioma is a rare occurrence that may expose patients to
      the risk of diagnostic delay. Close attention should be paid whenever a patient
      with symptoms and signs consistent with achalasia shows unusual features.

PMID- 27373785
TI  - Open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgery for rectal cancer: medium-term
      comparative outcomes from a multicenter study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Several studies have demonstrated the oncologic equivalence of
      laparoscopic (LS) and open (OS) rectal cancer surgeries and have shown how
      challenging LS may become. Robotic surgery (RS) has emerged as a practical
      alternative, offering interesting advantages in comparison to both LS and OS. The
      aim of this study is to resolve the clinicopathologic outcome advantages of RS
      with respect to OS and LS techniques. METHODS: Patients with rectal cancer
      undergoing OS, RS, or LS were evaluated within the period from April 2009 to
      August 2011. The evaluations were carried out in 4 Italian hospitals.
      Perioperative clinicopathologic data, postoperative complications, and 3-year
      overall and disease-free survival (DFS) rates were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of
      160 patients (94 male, 66 female) were included. A total of 105 patients
      underwent mini-invasive procedure (40 LS; 65 RS), whereas OS was performed in 55
      patients. Anterior resection of rectal cancer was the most performed surgical
      procedure (139; 87%). Median operation time was significantly longer in the RS
      group (p<0.01). Regarding complication rates and quality of the surgical specimen
      evaluation, no statistical difference was found among the 3 groups. The shortest
      hospital stay (p<0.01) was obtained from the LS and RS groups. The median follow
      up was 33 months without any significant difference in overall and DFS rates.
      CONCLUSIONS: Although RS for rectal cancer requires more time to be performed
      than LS and OS techniques, the analysis shows comparatively the feasibility and
      safety of RS in terms of perioperative clinicopathologic and medium-term
      outcomes.

PMID- 27373787
TI  - Re-evaluation of 'drug-induced' erythema multiforme in the medical literature.

PMID- 27373786
TI  - Persistent T2*-hypointensity of the liver parenchyma after irradiation to the
      SPIO-accumulated liver: An imaging marker for responses to radiotherapy in
      hepatic malignancies.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine whether T2*-weighted MRI has the ability to visualize the
      irradiated liver parenchyma and liver tumor after irradiation to the previously
      superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-accumulated liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      examined 24 liver tumor-bearing rats. Nine rats (Group 1) received 20 umol Fe/kg
      SPIO and subsequent 70-Gy irradiation to the tumor-bearing liver lobe. Four rats
      (Group 2) received SPIO and sham irradiation. Six rats (Group 3) received saline
      and irradiation. Finally, five rats (Group 4) received saline and sham
      irradiation. We acquired sequential 3 Tesla T2*-weighted images of the liver on
      day 7, and assessed MR image findings including signal intensity of the tumors
      and tumor-bearing liver lobes. RESULTS: In six rats in Group 1, tumors shrunk by
      39-100% (303-0 mm3 ), and severely, well-defined hypointense irradiated areas
      were observed. In the other two rats, tumors enlarged by 25 and 172% (595 and
      1148 mm3 ), and hypointense rings surrounded the tumors. The normalized relative
      signal intensity of the irradiated areas was significantly lower than that of the
      tumor (0.53 +/- 0.06 versus 0.94 +/- 0.06; P < 0.05). The severely, well-defined
      hypointense areas were not observed in the other groups. Histologically, necrotic
      regions dominated and minimal nonnecrotic tumor cells remained in irradiated
      areas. The number of CD68-positive cells was higher in irradiated areas than in
      nonirradiated areas. CONCLUSION: T2*-weighted MR imaging visualized the
      irradiated liver parenchyma as markedly, well-defined hypointense areas and liver
      cancer lesions as hyperintense areas only when SPIO was administered before
      irradiation. The visualization of the hypointense area was associated with tumor
      regression after irradiation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging
      2017;45:303-312.

PMID- 27373788
TI  - Work-family conflict, lack of time for personal care and leisure, and job strain
      in migraine: Results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA
      Brasil).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Work-family conflict and time scarcity may affect health. We
      investigated the association between these issues and migraine, taking into
      account job strain. METHODS: Baseline data from ELSA-Brasil (6,183 women; 5,664
      men) included four indicators of work-family conflict: time- and strain-based
      interference of work with family (TB-WFC, SB-WFC), interference of family with
      work (FWC) and lack of time for personal care and leisure (LOT). Migraine was
      classified according to International Headache Society criteria. RESULTS: Among
      women, definite migraine was associated with SB-WFC (odds ratio [OR] = 1.28; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.55), FWC (OR = 1.32; 1.00-1.75), and LOT (OR =
      1.30; 1.08-1.58). Probable migraine was associated with SB-WFC (OR = 1.17; 1.00
      1.36). High psychological job demands and low social support interacted with LOT
      in association with definite migraine. Among men, probable migraine was
      associated with LOT (OR = 1.34; 1.09-1.64), and there were interactions between
      job strain and WFC for probable migraine. CONCLUSIONS: Balancing the demands of
      professional and domestic spheres could be highly relevant in the management of
      migraines. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:987-1000, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27373790
TI  - Rapid Communications.

PMID- 27373789
TI  - 18th Annual Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders & 8th
      Biennial Conference of the International Society for Affective Disorders, July 13
      16, 2016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

PMID- 27373791
TI  - Insight on the Interaction of Methanol-Selective Oxidation Intermediates with Au-
      or/and Pd-Containing Monometallic and Bimetallic Core@Shell Catalysts.
AB  - Using density functional theory (DFT), the interaction of crucial molecules
      involved in the selective partial oxidation of methanol to methyl formate (MF)
      with monometallic Au and Pd and bimetallic Au/Pd and Pd/Au core@shell catalysts
      is systematically investigated. The core@shell structures modeled in this study
      consist of Au(111) and Pd(111) cores covered by a monolayer of Pd and Au,
      respectively. Our results indicate that the adsorption strength of the molecules
      examined as a function of catalytic surface decreases in the order of Au/Pd(111)
      > Pd(111) > Au(111) > Pd/Au(111) and correlates well with the d-band center
      model. The preadsorption of oxygen is found to have a positive impact on the
      selective partial oxidation reaction because of the stabilization of CH3OH and
      HCHO on the catalyst surface and the simultaneous intensification of MF
      desorption. On the basis of a dynamical matrix approach combined with statistical
      thermodynamics, we propose a simple route for evaluating the Gibbs free energy of
      adsorption as a function of temperature. This method allows us to anticipate the
      relative temperature stability of molecules involved in the selective partial
      oxidation of methanol to MF in terms of catalytic surface.

PMID- 27373793
TI  - Photoelectron spectroscopic and computational study of the PtMgH3,5(-) cluster
      anions.
AB  - The two cluster anions, PtMgH3(-) and PtMgH5(-), were studied by photoelectron
      spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Experimentally-determined electron
      affinity (EA) and vertical detachment energy (VDE) values were compared with
      those predicted by our computations; excellent agreement was found. The
      calculated structures of PtMgH3(-) and PtMgH3 both exhibit eta2-bonded H2
      moieties. Activation of these H2 moieties is implied by the elongation of their
      bond lengths relative to the bond length of free H2. The calculated structures of
      PtMgH5(-) and PtMgH5 both exhibit all-hydrogen, five-member, sigma-aromatic
      rings. These attributes are responsible for this anion's special stability. 

PMID- 27373792
TI  - Working conditions, psychosocial environmental factors, and depressive symptoms
      among wage workers in South Korea.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In South Korea, the number of workers suffering from mental
      illnesses, such as depression, has rapidly increased. There is growing concern
      about depressive symptoms being associated with both working conditions and
      psychosocial environmental factors. OBJECTIVES: To investigate potential
      psychosocial environmental moderators in the relationship between working
      conditions and occupational depressive symptoms among wage workers. METHODS: Data
      were obtained from the wage worker respondents (n = 4,095) of the Korean National
      Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2009. First, chi-square tests
      confirmed the differences in working conditions and psychosocial characteristics
      between depressive and non-depressive groups. Second, multivariate logistic
      regression analysis was performed to examine the moderating effects of the
      psychosocial environmental factors between working conditions and depressive
      symptoms. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential covariates, the likelihood of
      depressive symptomatology was high among respondents who had dangerous jobs and
      flexible work hours compared to those who had standard jobs and fixed daytime
      work hours (OR = 1.66 and 1.59, respectively). Regarding psychosocial factors,
      respondents with high job demands, low job control, and low social support were
      more likely to have depressive symptoms (OR = 1.26, 1.58 and 1.61, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to develop non-occupational intervention programs,
      which provide workers with training about workplace depression and improve social
      support, and the programs should provide time for employees to have active
      communication. Additionally, companies should provide employees with support to
      access mental healthcare thereby decreasing the occurrence of workplace
      depression.

PMID- 27373794
TI  - Effects of landscape anthropization on mosquito community composition and
      abundance.
AB  - Anthropogenic landscape transformation has an important effect on vector-borne
      pathogen transmission. However, the effects of urbanization on mosquito
      communities are still only poorly known. Here, we evaluate how land-use
      characteristics are related to the abundance and community composition of
      mosquitoes in an area with endemic circulation of numerous mosquito-borne
      pathogens. We collected 340 829 female mosquitoes belonging to 13 species at 45
      localities spatially grouped in 15 trios formed by 1 urban, 1 rural and 1 natural
      area. Mosquito abundance and species richness were greater in natural and rural
      areas than in urban areas. Environmental factors including land use, vegetation
      and hydrological characteristics were related to mosquito abundance and community
      composition. Given the differing competences of each species in pathogen
      transmission, these results provide valuable information on the transmission
      potential of mosquito-borne pathogens that will be of great use in public and
      animal health management by allowing, for instance, the identification of the
      priority areas for pathogen surveillance and vector control.

PMID- 27373795
TI  - Liquid Nebulization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry Based Quantification of
      Nanoparticle-Protein Conjugate Formation.
AB  - Despite the importance of examining the formation of nanoparticle-protein
      conjugates, there is a dearth of routine techniques for nanoparticle-protein
      conjugate characterization. The most prominent change to a nanoparticle
      population upon conjugate formation is a shift in the nanoparticle size
      distribution function. However, commonly employed dynamic light scattering based
      approaches for size distribution characterization are ineffective for
      nonmonodisperse samples, and further they are relatively insensitive to size
      shifts of only several nanometers, which are common during conjugate formation.
      Conversely, gas phase ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) techniques can be used to
      reliably examine polydisperse samples, and are sensitive to ~1 nm size
      distribution function shifts; the challenge with IMS is to convert nanoparticle
      protein conjugates to aerosol particles without bringing about nonspecific
      aggregation or conjugate formation. Except in limited circumstances, electrospray
      based aerosolization has proven difficult to apply for this purpose. Here we show
      that via liquid nebulization (LN) with online, high-flow-rate dilution (with
      dilution factors up to 10 000) it is possible to aerosolize nanoparticle-protein
      conjugates, enabling IMS measurements of their conjugate size distribution
      functions. We specifically employ the LN-IMS system to examine bovine serum
      albumin binding to gold nanoparticles. Inferred maximum protein surface coverages
      (~0.025 nm(-2)) from measurements are shown to be in excellent agreement with
      reported values for gold from quartz crystal microbalance measurements. It is
      also shown that LN-IMS measurements can be used to detect size distribution
      function shifts on the order of 1 nm, even in circumstances where the size
      distribution function itself has a standard deviation of ~5 nm. In total, the
      reported measurements suggest that LN-IMS is a potentially simple and robust
      technique for nanoparticle-protein conjugate characterization.

PMID- 27373796
TI  - Adding muscle where you need it: non-uniform hypertrophy patterns in elite
      sprinters.
AB  - Sprint runners achieve much higher gait velocities and accelerations than average
      humans, due in part to large forces generated by their lower limb muscles.
      Various factors have been explored in the past to understand sprint biomechanics,
      but the distribution of muscle volumes in the lower limb has not been
      investigated in elite sprinters. In this study, we used non-Cartesian MRI to
      determine muscle sizes in vivo in a group of 15 NCAA Division I sprinters.
      Normalizing muscle sizes by body size, we compared sprinter muscles to non
      sprinter muscles, calculated Z-scores to determine non-uniformly large muscles in
      sprinters, assessed bilateral symmetry, and assessed gender differences in
      sprinters' muscles. While limb musculature per height-mass was 22% greater in
      sprinters than in non-sprinters, individual muscles were not all uniformly
      larger. Hip- and knee-crossing muscles were significantly larger among sprinters
      (mean difference: 30%, range: 19-54%) but only one ankle-crossing muscle was
      significantly larger (tibialis posterior, 28%). Population-wide asymmetry was not
      significant in the sprint population but individual muscle asymmetries exceeded
      15%. Gender differences in normalized muscle sizes were not significant. The
      results of this study suggest that non-uniform hypertrophy patterns, particularly
      large hip and knee flexors and extensors, are advantageous for fast sprinting.

PMID- 27373797
TI  - Concentrations of buparvaquone in milk and tissue of dairy cows.
AB  - AIM: To determine the concentration of the anti-theilerial drug buparvaquone in
      the milk and tissue of dairy cattle following treatment with two different
      formulations, and to assess the effect of clinical theileriosis on the
      concentration of buparvaquone in milk. METHODS: Healthy lactating dairy cows
      (n=25) were injected once (Day 0) I/M with 2.5 mg/kg of one of two formulations
      of buparvaquone (Butalex; n=12 or Bupaject; n=13). Milk samples were collected
      from all cows daily until Day 35. Five cows were slaughtered on each of Days 56,
      119, 147, 203 and 328, and samples of liver, muscle and injection site tissue
      collected. Milk samples were also collected from cows (n=14) clinically affected
      with theileriosis for up to 21 days after treatment with buparvaquone. Milk and
      tissue samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; limits
      of detection (LOD) were 0.00018 mg/kg for muscle and 0.00023 mg/L for milk.
      Concentrations of buparvaquone in milk and tissues were log10-transformed for
      analysis using multivariate models. RESULTS: In healthy cows, concentrations of
      buparvaquone in milk declined with time post-treatment (p<0.001), but were above
      the LOD in 11 of 25 cows at Day 35. Concentration in milk was higher one day
      after treatment in cows treated with Butalex than in cows treated with Bupaject,
      but not different thereafter (p=0.007). Concentrations of buparvaquone in muscle
      were below the LOD for four of five animals at Day 119 and for all animals by Day
      147, but were above the LOD at the injection site of one cow, and in the liver of
      three cows at Day 328. Tissue concentrations did not differ with formulation nor
      was there a formulation by time interaction (p>0.3). Concentrations of
      buparvaquone in the milk of clinically affected animals were not different from
      those of healthy animals at 1 and 21 days post-treatment (p=0.72). Between 21 and
      25 days post-treatment concentrations were below the LOD in 9/14 milk samples
      from clinically affected cows. CONCLUSIONS: Detectable concentrations of
      buparvaquone were found in the milk of some cows for at least 35 days and in the
      liver and injection site of some cows until at least 328 days after injection.
      There were no biologically meaningful differences in milk or tissue
      concentrations between the formulations, or in the milk concentrations for cows
      that were clinically affected compared with those that were healthy at the time
      of treatment.

PMID- 27373798
TI  - Factors favoring regain of the lost vertical spinal height through posterior
      spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AB  - Height gain is a common beneficial consequence following correction surgery in
      adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), yet little is known concerning factors
      favoring regain of the lost vertical spinal height (SH) through posterior spinal
      fusion. A consecutive series of AIS patients from February 2013 to August 2015
      were reviewed. Surgical changes in SH (DeltaSH), as well as the multiple coronal
      and sagittal deformity parameters were measured and correlated. Factors
      associated with DeltaSH were identified through Pearson correlation analysis and
      multivariate regression analysis. A total of 172 single curve and 104 double
      curve patients were reviewed. The DeltaSH averaged 2.5 +/- 0.9 cm in single curve
      group and 2.9 +/- 1.0 cm in double curve group. The multivariate regression
      analysis revealed the following pre-operative variables contributed significantly
      to DeltaSH: pre-op Cobb angle, pre-op TK (single curve group only), pre-op GK
      (double curve group only) and pre-op LL (double curve group only) (p < 0.05).
      Thus change in height (in cm) = 0.044 * (pre-op Cobb angle) + 0.012 * (pre-op TK)
      (Single curve, adjusted R(2) = 0.549) or 0.923 + 0.021 * (pre-op Cobb angle1) +
      0.028 * (pre-op Cobb angle2) + 0.015 * (pre-op GK)-0.012 * (pre-op LL) (Double
      curve, adjusted R(2) = 0.563). Severer pre-operative coronal Cobb angle and
      greater sagittal curves were beneficial factors favoring more contribution to the
      surgical lengthening effect in vertical spinal height in AIS.

PMID- 27373800
TI  - Glycosylated platinum(iv) prodrugs demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy
      in cancer cells and minimized side-effects.
AB  - Conjugates (A1-A5) of the Pt(iv) derivative (A6) with amino groups from peracetyl
      glucose, rhamnose and mannose with a propyl amino or ethyl amino linker at the
      reducing end were synthesized and exhibited significant therapeutic efficacy in
      tumour cells, especially for prostate cancer (PCa). The antitumor activities are
      greatly affected by glycosyl groups. Cytotoxic experiments in vitro indicated
      that the antitumor activities were increased by 5-fold when its Pt(iv) derivative
      was conjugated to S18 (IC50 = 4.82 +/- 0.45 MUM) and by 12-fold when conjugated
      to S21 (IC50 = 1.9 +/- 0.67 MUM). The mannose substituted Pt(iv) complexes A4 and
      A5 were also over an order of magnitude more potent towards HeLa, A549, MCF-7 and
      PC3 than cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Importantly, the glycosylated Pt(iv)
      derivatives A4 and A5 displayed potential safety for clinical therapeutic
      exposure with IC50 of 84 MUM and 169 MUM compared with cisplatin (IC50 = 8 MUM)
      to 3T3. Cellular uptake and DNA platination are higher than cisplatin and
      oxaliplatin. ESI-MS analysis of A5 binding to 5'-dGMP revealed that bifunctional
      DNA lesions were formed. The antitumor activities in vivo showed that the MTD and
      LD50 for A4 and A5 are nearly 4-fold higher than that of oxaliplatin indicating
      the potential safety for the glycosylated Pt(iv) complexes. 

PMID- 27373801
TI  - Integrated on-chip mass spectrometry reaction monitoring in microfluidic devices
      containing porous polymer monolithic columns.
AB  - Chip-based microfluidics enable the seamless integration of different functions
      into single devices. Here, we present microfluidic chips containing porous
      polymer monolithic columns as a means to facilitate chemical transformations as
      well as both downstream chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric
      analysis. Rapid liquid phase lithography prototyping creates the multifunctional
      device economically. 

PMID- 27373799
TI  - Acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: current understanding and future
      directions.
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) complicates recovery from cardiac surgery in up to 30 %
      of patients, injures and impairs the function of the brain, lungs, and gut, and
      places patients at a 5-fold increased risk of death during hospitalization. Renal
      ischemia, reperfusion, inflammation, hemolysis, oxidative stress, cholesterol
      emboli, and toxins contribute to the development and progression of AKI.
      Preventive strategies are limited, but current evidence supports maintenance of
      renal perfusion and intravascular volume while avoiding venous congestion,
      administration of balanced salt as opposed to high-chloride intravenous fluids,
      and the avoidance or limitation of cardiopulmonary bypass exposure. AKI that
      requires renal replacement therapy occurs in 2-5 % of patients following cardiac
      surgery and is associated with 50 % mortality. For those who recover from renal
      replacement therapy or even mild AKI, progression to chronic kidney disease in
      the ensuing months and years is more likely than for those who do not develop
      AKI. Cardiac surgery continues to be a popular clinical model to evaluate novel
      therapeutics, off-label use of existing medications, and nonpharmacologic
      treatments for AKI, since cardiac surgery is fairly common, typically elective,
      provides a relatively standardized insult, and patients remain hospitalized and
      monitored following surgery. More efficient and time-sensitive methods to
      diagnose AKI are imperative to reduce this negative outcome. The discovery and
      validation of renal damage biomarkers should in time supplant creatinine-based
      criteria for the clinical diagnosis of AKI.

PMID- 27373802
TI  - Opposite counter-ion effects on condensed bundles of highly charged
      supramolecular nanotubes in water.
AB  - Although ion specificity in aqueous solutions is well known, its manifestation in
      unconventional strong electrostatic interactions remains implicit. Herein, the
      ionic effects in dense packing of highly charged polyelectrolytes are
      investigated in supramolecular nanotube prototypes. Distinctive behaviors of the
      orthorhombic arrays composed of supramolecular nanotubes in various aqueous
      solutions were observed by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), depending on the
      counter-ions' size and affiliation to the surface -COO(-) groups. Bigger tetra
      alkyl ammonium (TAA(+)) cations weakly bonding to -COO(-) will compress the
      orthorhombic arrays, while expansion is induced by smaller alkaline metal (M(+))
      ions with strong affiliation to -COO(-). Careful analysis of the changes in the
      SAXS peaks with different counter/co-ion combinations indicates dissimilar
      mechanisms underlying the two explicit types of ionic effects. The pH
      measurements are in line with the ion specificity by SAXS and reveal the strong
      electrostatic character of the system. It is proposed that the small distances
      between the charged surfaces, in addition to the selective adsorption of counter
      ions by the surface charge, bring out the observed distinctive ionic effects. Our
      results manifest the diverse mechanisms and critical roles of counter-ion effects
      in strong electrostatic interactions. 

PMID- 27373803
TI  - DNA barcoding identifies a cosmopolitan diet in the ocean sunfish.
AB  - The ocean sunfish (Mola mola) is the world's heaviest bony fish reaching a body
      mass of up to 2.3 tonnes. However, the prey M. mola consumes to fuel this
      prodigious growth remains poorly known. Sunfish were thought to be obligate
      gelatinous plankton feeders, but recent studies suggest a more generalist diet.
      In this study, through molecular barcoding and for the first time, the diet of
      sunfish in the north-east Atlantic Ocean was characterised. Overall, DNA from the
      diet content of 57 individuals was successfully amplified, identifying 41
      different prey items. Sunfish fed mainly on crustaceans and teleosts, with
      cnidarians comprising only 16% of the consumed prey. Although no adult fishes
      were sampled, we found evidence for an ontogenetic shift in the diet, with
      smaller individuals feeding mainly on small crustaceans and teleost fish, whereas
      the diet of larger fish included more cnidarian species. Our results confirm that
      smaller sunfish feed predominantly on benthic and on coastal pelagic species,
      whereas larger fish depend on pelagic prey. Therefore, sunfish is a generalist
      predator with a greater diversity of links in coastal food webs than previously
      realised. Its removal as fisheries' bycatch may have wider reaching ecological
      consequences, potentially disrupting coastal trophic interactions.

PMID- 27373804
TI  - Highly conductive and flexible color filter electrode using multilayer film
      structure.
AB  - In this paper, a high performance flexible component that serves as a color
      filter and an electrode simultaneously is suggested. The suggested highly
      conductive and flexible color filter electrode (CFE) has a multilayer film
      structure composed of silver (Ag) and tungsten trioxide (WO3). The CFE maintained
      its color filtering capability even when the films were bent on a polyethylene
      terephthalate (PET) film. Low sheet resistance of the CFE was obtained using WO3
      as a bridge layer that connects two Ag layers electrically. The sheet resistance
      was less than 2 Omega/sq. and it was negligibly changed after bending the film,
      confirming the flexibility of the CFE. The CFE can be easily fabricated using a
      thermal evaporator and is easily patterned by photolithography or a shadow mask.
      The proposed CFE has enormous potential for applications involving optical
      devices including large area devices and flexible devices.

PMID- 27373805
TI  - Crystal structure of a complex between beta-glucopyranose and a macrocyclic
      receptor with dendritic multicharged water solubilizing chains.
AB  - Using commercial screens for crystallization of biomolecules and taking advantage
      of the use of racemic crystallography allowed the production of X-ray quality
      single crystals and the elucidation at 1.08 A resolution of the solid state
      structure of a difficult target: the complex between glucopyranose and a water
      soluble macrocyclic receptor equipped with dendritic multianionic solubilizing
      chains. 

PMID- 27373807
TI  - Effect of hand paddles and parachute on backstroke coordination and stroke
      parameters.
AB  - Hand paddles and parachutes have been used in order to overload swimmers, and
      consequently increase the propulsive force generation in swimming. However, their
      use may affect not only kinematical parameters (average speed, stroke length and
      stroke rate), but also time gaps between propulsive phases, assessed through the
      index of coordination (IdC). The objective of this study was to assess the
      effects of hand paddles and parachute use, isolated or combined, on kinematical
      parameters and coordination. Eleven swimmers (backstroke 50-m time: 29.16 +/-
      1.43 s) performed four 15-m trials in a randomised order at maximal intensity:
      (1) without implements (FREE), (2) with hand paddles (HPD), (3) with parachute
      (PCH) and (4) with hand paddles plus parachute (HPD+PCH). All trials were video
      recorded (60 Hz) in order to assess average speed, stroke rate, stroke length,
      five stroke phases and index of coordination. When average swimming speed was
      compared to FREE, it was lower in PCH and HPD+PCH, and higher in HPD. Stroke rate
      decreased in all overloaded trials compared to FREE. The use of hand paddles and
      parachute increased and decreased stroke length, respectively. In addition,
      propulsive phase duration was increased when hand paddles were used, and time
      gaps shifted towards zero (no time gap), especially when hand paddles were
      combined with parachute. It is conceivable that the combined use of hand paddles
      and parachute, once allowing overloading both propulsive and resistive forces,
      provides a specific stimulus to improve muscle strength and propulsive
      continuity.

PMID- 27373806
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in the assessment of
      mandibular invasion by squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Influence on
      surgical management and post-operative course.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Preoperative evaluation of the bone for invasion by oral cavity
      squamous cell carcinoma remains challenging. The aim of our study was to compare
      the accuracy of MRI and CT in detecting mandibular invasion by oral squamous cell
      carcinoma of the oral cavity, with histologic results as the reference standard,
      and to assess the influence on surgical management and post-operative course.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who were clinically suspected of having bone
      invasion from oral cavity carcinoma were retrospectively included. A single
      senior radiologist reviewed MRI images and CT-scans, independently, for the
      presence or absence of mandibular invasion. The different surgical procedures
      were compared in terms of length of hospital stay and occurrence of surgical
      complications. RESULTS: Histological mandibular invasion occurred in 9 of 35
      patients (25.7%). None of the preoperative imaging tests failed to detect bone
      invasion which resulted in a sensitivity of 100% for both MRI and CT. CT had
      slightly higher specificity than MRI (61.9% and 57.1% respectively) in predicting
      bone invasion, but no statistically significant difference was found (P=0.32).
      Specificity of CT and MRI was higher in the edentulous group (75% and 625%
      respectively) than in the dentate group (53.8% both), although no statistically
      significant difference was found. The length of hospital stay was increased in
      the segmental resection group (25+/-14.5 days) compared to the marginal resection
      group (13+/-4.6 days; P=0.004) and to the hemimandibulectomy group (15+/-7.2
      days; P=0.014). Occurrence of post-operative complications, across all
      categories, was increased in the segmental resection group (70%, n=7/10; P=0.006)
      compared to the marginal resection group (8.3%, n=1/12) and to the
      hemimandibulectomy group (23.1%, n=3/13; P=0.04). CONCLUSION: MRI and CT being
      equivalent in detecting mandibular invasion, we suggest MRI as single imaging
      technique in the preoperative assessment of oral cavity SCC. Specificity could be
      increased if combined with PET/CT, in order to reduce the number of unnecessary
      mandibular interruptions.

PMID- 27373808
TI  - New graduate transition to practice: how can the literature inform support
      strategies?
AB  - Objective The transition to practice for new graduate health professionals has
      been identified as challenging, with health services typically adopting a range
      of support and management strategies to assist safe professional practice.
      Queensland's state-wide Occupational Therapy Clinical Education Program
      supporting new graduates within public sector health facilities conducted a
      narrative literature review to identify evidence-based recommended actions that
      would assist new graduate occupational therapists' to transition from student to
      practitioner. Method Searches of Medline, CINAHL and PubMed databases were used
      to locate articles describing or evaluating occupational therapy new graduate
      support actions. Results The themes of supervision, support and education emerged
      from the literature. Additionally, four interactions were identified as factors
      potentially influencing and being influenced by the processes and outcomes of
      supervision, support and education actions. The interactions identified were
      professional reasoning, professional identity, an active approach to learning and
      reflective practice. Conclusions The interactions emerging from the literature
      will serve to inform the delivery and focus of supervision, support and education
      for new graduate occupational therapists as they transition to practice. The
      results may have application for other health professions. What is known about
      the topic? The transition to practice for new graduate occupational therapists
      has been reported as challenging with health services implementing various
      actions to support and assist this transition. A previous literature review of
      recommended support strategies could not be found providing an impetus for this
      enquiry. What does this paper add? This narrative literature review identified
      three themes of actions supporting the transition of new graduates from student
      to practitioner. In addition to these themes of supervision, support and
      education, also emerging from the literature were factors identified as important
      to facilitating the transition of new graduates to the workplace. These factors,
      or interactions, are identified in this paper as professional reasoning,
      professional identity, an active approach to learning, and reflective practice.
      It is proposed that these interactions have an effect on and can be effected by
      supervision, support and education actions. The articulation between the
      interactions and the themes was a notable outcome emerging from this literature
      review. What are the implications for practitioners? This literature review will
      assist those planning actions to guide new graduates' transition into practice.
      It is proposed that the methods of implementing supervision, support and
      education actions are optimised by the identified interactions.

PMID- 27373809
TI  - Graphene-like 2D nanomaterial-based biointerfaces for biosensing applications.
AB  - Due to their unique structures and multifunctionalities, two-dimensional (2D)
      nanomaterials have aroused increasing interest in the construction of the novel
      biointerfaces for biosensing applications. Efforts in constructing novel
      biointerfaces led to exploit the more versatile and tunable graphene-like 2D
      nanomaterials (e.g. graphitic carbon nitride, boron nitride, transition metal
      dichalcogenides, and transition metal oxides) with various structural and
      compositional characteristics. This review highlights recent efforts in the
      design of graphene-like 2D nanomaterials and their derived biointerfaces and
      exploitation of their research on fluorescent sensors and a series of
      electrochemical sensors, including amperometric, electrochemiluminescence,
      photoelectrochemical and field-effect transistor sensors. Finally, we discuss
      some critical challenges and future perspectives in this field.

PMID- 27373810
TI  - Variant lumbrical musculature of the left hand: Clinico-anatomic elucidation.
AB  - Human hand is haughtily described in literature as 'revolution in evolution'.
      Lumbricals form an intricate part of its musculature playing a vital role in
      complex digital movements. By virtue of their origin from the volar aspect of
      palm and their insertion onto the dorsal aspect to the extensor digital expansion
      of the digits, lumbricals display complex actions flexing the metacarpophalangeal
      joint and extending the interphalangeal joints. Such manoeuvres of the digits are
      vital for skilful and precision movements. During routine dissection of the
      teaching program of undergraduate medical students, unusual origin and morphology
      of all the four lumbrical muscles in the left hand of a male cadaver was
      observed. Clinicians and hand surgeons should be aware of its variations while
      designing and dealing with hand surgeries. An attempt has been made to comprehend
      its clinical, embryological and phylogenetic aspects.

PMID- 27373811
TI  - Association between oestrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) gene polymorphisms and
      endometriosis: a meta-analysis of 24 case-control studies.
AB  - The PvuII (C > T), XbaI (A > G) and (TA)n polymorphisms of ESR1 gene are
      potentially associated with susceptibility to endometriosis. A meta-analysis was
      conducted to evaluate comprehensively the associations between endometriosis and
      ESR1 polymorphisms. Twenty-four studies, including 2740 cases and 3208 controls,
      were retrieved through searches of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CBM and CNKI.
      Meta-analyses showed that PvuII was associated with endometriosis only for stage
      I-III, only under a recessive model (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.21; P = 0.025).
      The short allele and TA13 of (TA)n were associated with a higher risk of
      endometriosis (ORS = 1.71, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.81, P = 0.046; ORTA13 = 1.45, 95% CI
      1.06 to 1.97, PTA13 = 0.019); TA20 repeats was associated with a lower risk (OR =
      0.36, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.80; P = 0.012). No statistically significant association
      was found in the XbaI polymorphism. This meta-analysis indicated that the PvuII
      and XbaI polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of endometriosis,
      whereas stage classification of endometriosis was likely to influence the
      association of PvuII polymorphism. The (TA)n polymorphisms might play roles in
      the susceptibility to, or protection against, the pathogenesis of endometriosis. 

PMID- 27373812
TI  - Non-invasive ventilation by helmet more effective than face mask in acute
      respiratory distress syndrome.

PMID- 27373814
TI  - Glycolysis inhibition as a cancer treatment and its role in an anti-tumour immune
      response.
AB  - Increased glycolysis is the main source of energy supply in cancer cells that use
      this metabolic pathway for ATP generation. Altered energy metabolism is a
      biochemical fingerprint of cancer cells that represents one of the "hallmarks of
      cancer". The immune system can prevent tumour growth by eliminating cancer cells
      but this editing process ultimately results in poorly immunogenic cells remaining
      allowing for unchallenged tumour growth. In this review we look at the glycolysis
      pathway as a target for cancer treatments. We also examine the interplay between
      the glycolysis modulation and the immune response as an anti-cancer therapy.

PMID- 27373813
TI  - Hypoxia causes transgenerational impairments in reproduction of fish.
AB  - Hypoxia is amongst the most widespread and pressing problems in aquatic
      environments. Here we demonstrate that fish (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to
      hypoxia show reproductive impairments (retarded gonad development, decrease in
      sperm count and sperm motility) in F1 and F2 generations despite these progenies
      (and their germ cells) having never been exposed to hypoxia. We further show that
      the observed transgenerational reproductive impairments are associated with a
      differential methylation pattern of specific genes in sperm of both F0 and F2
      coupled with relevant transcriptomic and proteomic alterations, which may impair
      spermatogenesis. The discovered transgenerational and epigenetic effects suggest
      that hypoxia might pose a dramatic and long-lasting threat to the sustainability
      of fish populations. Because the genes regulating spermatogenesis and epigenetic
      modifications are highly conserved among vertebrates, these results may also shed
      light on the potential transgenerational effects of hypoxia on other vertebrates,
      including humans.

PMID- 27373815
TI  - Prevalence and Clinical Significance of FLT3 Mutation Status in Acute Myeloid
      Leukemia Patients: A Multicenter Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: FLT3-ITD mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are
      associated with a poor prognosis. In Latin America, little epidemiological data
      exist about these mutations and their influence on clinical evolution and
      prognosis. Standardization and well-established clinical correlation make FLT3
      mutational analysis by molecular methods an invaluable tool to decide among
      treatment options and to determine AML prognosis. METHODS: We assessed the
      prevalence of FLT3-ITD mutations in 138 patients with AML at four hematology
      referral centers from Mexico and Colombia. Molecular methods based on polymerase
      chain reaction (PCR) were employed for determining FLT3-ITD status. RESULTS:
      Mutations were present in 28 patients indicating a prevalence of 20.28%. Median
      age was 47 years (5-96). The FLT3 mutation positive group was older, had higher
      WBC and hemoglobin values and lower platelet counts but without statistical
      significance. A not previously described mutation in the FLT3 gene was found in
      one patient involving a nucleotide exchange of timine for cytosine at the 66608
      position. A high mortality was found in the FLT3-mutated group, 67.8 vs. 42.72%
      in the non-mutated group and median survival was 4.9 months vs. 20.4 months, p =
      0.009. A mutated FLT3 did not confer poor prognosis to those with M3 AML. The
      mutated FLT3 population had poor overall survival (OS) despite hematoprogenitor
      stem cell transplantation (HSCT). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of FLT3-ITD mutation in
      AML was present in a proportion comparable to other populations and, when
      present, was associated with a very poor prognosis.

PMID- 27373816
TI  - Temporal windows of reproductive opportunity reinforce species barriers in a
      marine broadcast spawning assemblage.
AB  - Prezygotic isolating mechanisms act to limit hybridization and maintain the
      genetic identity of closely-related species. While synchronous intraspecific
      spawning is a common phenomenon amongst marine organisms and plays an important
      role in reproductive success, asynchronous spawning between potentially
      hybridizing lineages may also be important in maintaining species boundaries. We
      tested this hypothesis by comparing reproductive synchrony over daily to hourly
      timescales in a sympatric assemblage of intertidal fucoid algae containing
      selfing hermaphroditic (Fucus spiralis and Fucus guiryi) and dioecious (Fucus
      vesiculosus and Fucus serratus) species. Our results confirm that gametes are
      released on semi-lunar cycles in all species. However, sister species with
      different mating systems showed asynchronous spawning at finer circadian
      timescales, thus providing evidence for a partial reproductive barrier between
      hermaphroditic and dioecious species. Finally, our data also emphasize the
      ecological, developmental, and/or physiological constraints that operate to
      restrict reproduction to narrow temporal windows of opportunity in the intertidal
      zone and more generally the role of ecological factors in marine speciation.

PMID- 27373817
TI  - Extra-intestinal findings on magnetic resonance enterography in children with
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - AIM: To determine the occurrence of extra-intestinal findings on magnetic
      resonance enterography (MRE) in a large cohort of children with known or
      suspected inflammatory bowel disease, characterise those findings, determine the
      technique and frequency of follow-up imaging, and associated costs. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Imaging reports from 757 MRE examinations in 671 children with known or
      suspected IBD from 2011 through 2012 were analysed retrospectively. Reported
      extra-intestinal findings were categorised by two radiologists in consensus as
      normal, normal variants or commonly seen findings without clinical significance,
      or abnormal. Prior imaging reports of the patients with abnormal findings were
      reviewed to identify which findings were new or substantially changed. Subsequent
      imaging examinations, their associated costs, and additional work-up of extra
      intestinal findings were recorded in each group. RESULTS: A total of 403 extra
      intestinal findings were reported in 290 MRE (38.3%) examinations performed in
      269 children (40.1%). Of these, 189 (46.9%) findings were abnormal and new or
      significantly changed from prior imaging, 88 (21.8%) were abnormal and stable, 50
      (12.4%) were normal variants or commonly seen findings with no clinical
      significance, and 76 (18.9%) were normal. Abnormal findings included 34.7%
      associated with IBD and 65.3% considered unrelated. Follow-up imaging was
      performed for 69 (17.1%) mostly abnormal findings in 94 patients (8.3%). Magnetic
      resonance imaging (51%) and ultrasound (28%) were the most commonly utilised
      imaging methods. CONCLUSION: MRE identifies a large number of previously unknown
      extra-intestinal abnormalities in children with known or suspected IBD, most
      unrelated to IBD. Although <10% of children having MRE undergo subsequent imaging
      of extra-intestinal abnormalities, given the rapid uptake of MRE in the
      paediatric population, emphasis should be given to avoiding techniques utilising
      ionising radiation at follow-up.

PMID- 27373818
TI  - Competition and screening with motivated health professionals.
AB  - Two hospitals compete for the exclusive services of health professionals, who are
      privately informed about their ability and motivation. Hospitals differ in their
      ownership structure and in the mission they pursue. The non-profit hospital
      sacrifices some profits to follow its mission but becomes attractive for
      motivated workers. In equilibrium, when both hospitals are active, the sorting of
      workers to hospitals is efficient and ability-neutral. Allocative distortions are
      decreasing in the degree of competition and disappear when hospitals are similar.
      The non-profit hospital tends to provide a higher amount of care and offer lower
      salaries than the for-profit one.

PMID- 27373820
TI  - The prognostic impact of thyroid function in pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Thyroid disease is common in patients with pulmonary hypertension
      (PH), but its effect on long-term survival remains unknown. We examined the
      prognostic significance of thyroid hormone levels of free triiodothyronine (fT3)
      and free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid hormone
      replacement (THR) therapy in PH. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis
      of 1,756 patients enrolled in the Giessen PH Registry in 1999 to 2013 with
      baseline thyroid function data; of these, 355, 533, 498, and 370 had pulmonary
      arterial hypertension (PAH); including 192 with idiopathic PAH (iPAH), PH due to
      left heart disease, PH due to lung diseases, and chronic thromboembolic PH
      (CTEPH), respectively. Thyroid function parameters associated with mortality were
      identified using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS: Transplant
      free survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 86.7%, 65.6%, and 53.0%, respectively.
      Absence of THR therapy was an independent predictor of death in iPAH
      (multivariate hazard ratio [HR], 2.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-5.75).
      In patients without THR therapy, TSH levels in the lowest and highest quartiles
      (compared with the middle 2 quartiles) independently predicted death in iPAH (HR,
      1.98; 95% CI, 1.07-3.67), whereas reduced fT3 levels were independently
      associated with increased death in PAH (HR, 8.30; 95% CI, 2.50-25.00) and CTEPH
      (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.14-4.20). CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid hormone levels and THR
      therapy are prognostic factors in iPAH, PAH, and CTEPH. Prospective studies are
      warranted to verify the prognostic significance of thyroid function and the
      effect of THR therapy in PH.

PMID- 27373819
TI  - Longitudinal structural, functional, and cellular myocardial alterations with
      chronic centrifugal continuous-flow left ventricular assist device support.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support triggers adaptations
      within failing hearts. The HeartWare (HeartWare International, Inc., Framingham,
      MA) LVAD exhibits different flow profiles and afterload dependence compared with
      previous-generation devices, which may alter remodelling patterns. We sought to
      characterize myocardial adaptation to third-generation centrifugal-flow LVADs at
      a functional, hemodynamic, and structural level in addition to profiling
      transcriptomal changes using next-generation sequencing platforms. METHODS: We
      studied 37 patients supported with the HeartWare device with paired measurements
      of invasive hemodynamics, serial longitudinal left ventricular (LV) and right
      ventricular (RV) 3-dimensional echocardiography, and N-terminal of the prohormone
      brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurements. Paired samples for comparison
      of histologic myocardial cellular size and transcriptomal profiling were
      performed on specimens taken at pump implant and transplantation. RESULTS: The
      mean support duration was 280 +/- 163 days. Mechanical unloading after HeartWare
      support resulted in reduced filling pressures (mean pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure 27.1 +/- 6.6 to 14.8 +/- 5.1 mm Hg, p < 0.0001). Mean LV cardiomyocyte
      cell size decreased from 2,789.7 +/- 671.8 to 2,290.8 +/- 494.2 MUm2 (p = 0.02).
      LV and RV ejection fractions improved significantly (24% +/- 8% to 35% +/- 9% [p
      < 0.001] and 35% +/- 11% to 40% +/- 8% [p < 0.02], respectively). NT-proBNP
      levels fell 4.8-fold by Day 90 after support, consistent with a decrease in LV
      wall stress. Despite these concordant beneficial findings, the microRNA
      transcriptome did not change significantly across the group. CONCLUSIONS: Reverse
      remodelling is evident at multiple levels with chronic HeartWare support in the
      absence of changes in the microRNA transcriptome. Successful myocardial unloading
      is associated with a decrease in wall stress, regression of cardiomyocyte
      hypertrophy, and an improvement in LV and RV ejection fractions.

PMID- 27373821
TI  - Changing demographics and outcomes of lung transplantation recipients with cystic
      fibrosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common diagnoses in adult and
      pediatric patients undergoing lung transplantation (LTx). A changing pattern of
      indications for LTx among patients with CF has been noted. This study analyzes
      the prevalence and characteristics of patients with CF who underwent LTx in the
      current era. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed using data from the
      United Network of Organ Sharing database of all LTx performed from 1999 to 2013
      (N = 20,345). Sub-analyses focused on children (<18 years old). Patients with CF
      who underwent LTx were assigned to early (1999-2003), mid (2004-2008), and
      current (2009-2013) eras based on the date of the procedure as well as before and
      after implementation of the new lung allocation score system in 2005. RESULTS: CF
      was the indication for LTx in 14% (2,877) of who patients underwent LTx, a
      decrease from >17% in the early era to <13% in the current era (p < 0.001). In
      the pediatric cohort, CF was the indication for LTx in 383 (53%) patients, a
      proportion that also decreased across eras (early, 60%; mid, 53%; current, 47%; p
      = 0.009). The mean age of patients with CF undergoing LTx increased across the
      eras (early, 28 years +/- 10; mid. 28 years +/- 10; current, 30 years +/- 11; p <
      0.001). Pre-transplant ventilator use and incidence of pan-resistant infections
      also increased (p < 0.001), whereas pre-transplant forced expiratory volume in 1
      second and waitlist times decreased (p < 0.001) in patients with CF. Graft
      survival across the eras remained similar (p > 0.05) at 5.1 years overall.
      CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of LTx performed for CF has significantly decreased
      over time, a trend especially pronounced in pediatric patients. The change in pre
      transplant characteristics across eras indicates a trend to perform LTx in more
      clinically ill and older patients with CF. The overall post-LTx survival has not
      changed.

PMID- 27373822
TI  - Novel echocardiographic parameters of aortic insufficiency in continuous-flow
      left ventricular assist devices and clinical outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic performance of
      novel echocardiographic (transthoracic echocardiography, or TTE) parameters for
      grading aortic insufficiency (AI) severity in patients with continuous-flow left
      ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs). The development of AI after CF-LVAD
      implantation is common, although the clinical significance remains unclear. We
      previously described novel TTE parameters that outperformed traditional TTE
      parameters in grading AI severity in these patients. METHODS: CF-LVAD patients
      with varying degrees of AI (N = 57) underwent Doppler TTE of the LVAD outflow
      cannula. Patients had AI severity graded by the novel parameters
      (systolic/diastolic velocity ratio and the diastolic acceleration of the LVAD
      outflow cannula) and the traditional vena contracta. The prognostic performance
      of novel and traditional AI parameters was determined by comparing rates of
      congestive heart failure re-admission, need for aortic valve intervention, urgent
      transplantation and death (composite end-points) for each parameter. RESULTS:
      Grading AI severity using novel AI parameters led to reclassification of 32% of
      patients from trace/mild AI to moderate or greater AI (N = 18). Using traditional
      AI parameters, there was no difference in the occurrence of the composite end
      point between the moderate or greater group and the trace/mild group (1.50 vs
      1.18 events/person, p = 0.46). With the novel AI parameters, there were
      significantly more events in the patients with moderate or greater AI compared to
      those with trace/mild AI (1.57 vs 0.13 events/person, p = 0.002). Novel
      parameters also better predicted the need for aortic valve intervention, urgent
      transplantation or death than traditional methods (p = 0.024 vs p = 0.343).
      CONCLUSIONS: In patients with CF-LVADs, traditional parameters tend to
      underestimate AI severity and future cardiac events. Novel AI TTE parameters are
      better able to discriminate AI severity and predict clinically meaningful
      outcomes.

PMID- 27373823
TI  - Influence of graft ischemic time and geographic distance between donor and
      recipient on survival in children after lung transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The optimal ischemic time in pediatric lung transplantation (LTx) is
      unclear, as recent studies have challenged the relevance of 6 hours as an upper
      limit to acceptable ischemic time. METHODS: Pediatric LTx recipients transplanted
      between 1987 and 2013 were identified in the United Network for Organ Sharing
      (UNOS) registry to compare survival according to ischemic time, which was
      categorized as <4 hours, 4 to 6 hours and >6 hours. RESULTS: Nine hundred thirty
      patients, all <18 years of age and receiving a first-time LTx from a cadaveric
      donor, were included in our investigation. Compared with <4 hours of ischemic
      time, univariate analysis showed a significant reduction in mortality hazard with
      4 to 6 hours (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.640; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.502 to
      0.816; p < 0.001) but not >6 hours (HR = 0.985; 95% CI 0.755 to 1.284; p =
      0.909). A multivariate Cox model confirmed the lowest mortality hazard to be 4 to
      6 hours, as compared with <4 hours (HR = 0.533; 95% CI 0.376 to 0.755; p <
      0.001). A prolonged ischemic time of >6 hours was associated with increased
      mortality hazard relative to the 4 to 6 hours (HR = 1.613; 95% CI 1.193 to 2.181;
      p = 0.002). Supplementary analyses examining geographic distance between donor
      and recipient identified no association between geographic distance and recipient
      mortality hazard. CONCLUSIONS: An ischemic time of 4 to 6 hours was associated
      with optimal long-term survival in first-time pediatric LTx recipients, whereas a
      very short ischemic time of <4 hours and a prolonged ischemic time >6 hours were
      both associated with higher mortality hazard in this population.

PMID- 27373824
TI  - De-novo donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies 30 days after lung transplantation are
      associated with a worse outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of de-novo donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) on
      patient and graft survival after lung transplantation remains controversial. We
      analyzed DSA that developed at Day 7 and Month (M) 1, M3, M6 and M12 after lung
      transplantation and evaluated their impact on chronic lung allograft dysfunction
      (CLAD) development and survival. METHODS: One hundred thirty-four patients who
      underwent lung transplantation at our institution between November 2007 and
      August 2013 were included in this study. During the first post-transplant year,
      82 (61%) patients developed de novo DSA and 52 (39%) patients did not. Three mean
      fluorescence intensity (MFI) intervals were used to define scores of anti-HLA
      antibody positivity: score 4 if MFI was 500 to 1,000; score 6 if MFI was 1,000 to
      3,000; and score 8 if MFI was >=3,000. Patients' records were retrospectively
      reviewed. RESULTS: DSA with MFI scores of >=4 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.21, 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 4.54, p = 0.03), 6 (HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.27 to
      5.20, p < 0.01) and 8 (HR 2.83, 95% CI 1.42 to 5.67, p < 0.01) at M1; female
      gender (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.87, P = 0.01); and with post-operative
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (HR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.28, p = 0.02) were
      significantly associated with CLAD. Multivariate analysis identified score 8 at
      M1 (HR 2.71, 95% CI 1.34 to 5.47, p < 0.01) as an independent risk factor for
      mortality. Overall, 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 76%, 52% and 41%
      compared with 84%, 74% and 70% for patients with or without de-novo DSA at M1,
      respectively (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Early de-novo DSA may significantly impact
      long-term outcomes after lung transplantation and should therefore prompt regular
      screening.

PMID- 27373825
TI  - Combined Transarterial Embolization and Propranolol as Effective Treatment for
      Hepatic Hemangioma with Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome and Heart Failure in a Neonate.

PMID- 27373826
TI  - Dietary omega-3 but not omega-6 fatty acids down-regulate maternal dyslipidemia
      induced oxidative stress: A three generation study in rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal nutrition modulates fetal metabolic programming and
      development later. Maternal dyslipidemia effects on oxidative stress (OS) in
      offsprings and its modulation by dietary fatty acids over generations remains to
      be elucidated. The objective of present study was to assess the long-term (three
      generations) effect of omega-3 fatty acids on OS under dyslipidemia. METHODS:
      Weanling female Wistar rats were fed with control diet (7% lard), high fat diet
      (35% lard, HFL), high fat with fish oil (21% fish oil + 14% lard, HFF), high fat
      with canola oil (21% canola oil + 14% lard, HFC) and high fat with sunflower oil
      (21% sunflower oil + 14% lard, HFS). Following 60 days feeding, the female rats
      were mated with sexually matured males (fed normal chow diet) and continued with
      the above diet regimen during pregnancy and lactation. The pups after lactation
      were continued with their maternal diet for 60 days and subjected to mating and
      feeding trial as above for two generations. Serum lipid profiles, OS markers
      (lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide release and protein carbonyl) and antioxidant
      defence enzymes (catalase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione
      transferase) were assessed in serum, liver and uterus of rats fed on experimental
      and control diets for three generations. RESULTS: Feeding HFL diet increased
      blood lipids, OS and lowered the antioxidant enzymes activity in serum, liver and
      uterus (p < 0.05). The reduction in the antioxidant enzymes in HFL group were
      higher in third followed by second generation compared to first generation (p <
      0.05). Omega-3 fatty acids prevented the dyslipidemia induced loss of antioxidant
      enzyme activities in serum, liver and uterus. CONCLUSIONS: Our data show for the
      first time that offsprings born to dyslipidemic mothers' exhibit diminished
      enzymatic antioxidant defence and its progressive reduction in future generation,
      and dietary omega-3 fatty acids restore the enzymatic antioxidant defence in
      offsprings and suppress the markers of OS.

PMID- 27373827
TI  - Interaction of serologically defined colon cancer antigen-3 with Arf6 and its
      predominant expression in the mouse testis.
AB  - ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that regulates endosomal
      trafficking and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Here, we identified the
      serologically defined colon antigen-3 (SDCCAG3) as an Arf6-interacting protein by
      yeast two-hybrid screening with a constitutively active Arf6 mutant. SDCCAG3
      interacts specifically with Arf6 among the Arf family members through its 101  C
      terminal amino acids. SDCCAG3 is expressed most intensely in the testis at the
      mRNA and protein levels. In the testis, SDCCAG3 is expressed in spermatocytes and
      spermatids. We also show that full-length SDCCAG3, but not a mutant lacking the
      ability to interact with Arf6, is recruited to the midbody during cytokinesis
      when expressed exogenously in HeLa cells. These findings suggest that SDCCAG3
      might function in endosomal trafficking downstream of Arf6.

PMID- 27373828
TI  - 4-Phenylbutyric acid reduces mutant-TGFBIp levels and ER stress through
      activation of ERAD pathway in corneal fibroblasts of granular corneal dystrophy
      type 2.
AB  - Granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) is caused by a point mutation (R124H) in
      the transforming growth factor beta-induced (TGFBI) gene. In GCD2 corneal
      fibroblasts, secretion of the accumulated mutant TGFBI-encoded protein (TGFBIp)
      is delayed via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-dependent secretory pathway.
      However, ER stress as the pathogenic mechanism underlying GCD2 has not been fully
      characterized. The aim of this study was to confirm whether ER stress is linked
      to GCD2 pathogenesis and whether the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4
      PBA), could be exploited as a therapy for GCD2. We found that the ER chaperone
      binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)
      were elevated in GCD2. Western bolt analysis also showed a significant increase
      in both the protein levels and the phosphorylation of the key ER stress kinases,
      inositol-requiring enzyme 1alpha (IRE1alpha) and double stranded RNA activated
      protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase, as well as in levels of their downstream
      targets, X box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) and activating transcription factor 4,
      respectively, in GCD2 corneal fibroblasts. GCD2 cells were found to be more
      susceptible to ER stress-induced cell death than were wild-type corneal
      fibroblasts. Treatment with 4-PBA considerably reduced the levels of BiP,
      IRE1alpha, and XBP1 in GCD2 cells; notably, 4-PBA treatment significantly reduced
      the levels of TGFBIp without change in TGFBI mRNA levels. In addition, TGFBIp
      levels were significantly reduced under ER stress and this reduction was
      considerably suppressed by the ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor MG132, indicating
      TGFBIp degradation via the ER-associated degradation pathway. Treatment with 4
      PBA not only protected against the GCD2 cell death induced by ER stress but also
      significantly suppressed the MG132-mediated increase in TGFBIp levels under ER
      stress. Together, these results suggest that ER stress might comprise an
      important factor in GCD2 pathophysiology and that the effects of 4-PBA treatment
      might have important implications for the development of GCD2 therapeutics.

PMID- 27373829
TI  - EGFR and KRAS mutational analysis in a large series of Italian non-small cell
      lung cancer patients: 2,387 cases from a single center.
AB  - Activating EGFR mutations are important genetic alterations that have strong
      therapeutic implications for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.
      However, the role of KRAS mutations in this process is still under evaluation.
      Here, we report on the feasibility of a large-scale EGFR and KRAS mutation
      analysis in the daily routine of a single center. NSCLCs from 2,387 patients were
      screened for EGFR and KRAS mutations from January 2010 to September 2015.
      Mutational analyses were performed in a single laboratory using single strand
      conformation polymorphism (SSCP)-Sanger sequencing and matrix-assisted laser
      desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) on Sequenom platform for EGFR
      and pyrosequencing for KRAS. Activating EGFR mutations were found in 14.1% of all
      tumors, whereas KRAS mutations were found in 30.5% of all tumors. Direct
      sequencing showed analyzable cytological, small biopsy and surgical specimen
      percentages of 90.3, 90.9 and 98.1%, respectively, whereas the MALDI-TOF platform
      showed analyzable cytological samples, small biopsies and surgical specimens
      percentages of 94.6, 95.7 and 96.9%, respectively. The mean analytical turnaround
      times (TAT) were 4 and 3 days for direct sequencing and the MALDI-TOF platform,
      respectively. Our results confirm that small biopsy or cytological samples can be
      used for reliable EGFR and KRAS mutation testing and indicate that adopting the
      MALDI-TOF platform reduces the rate of missed samples among the samples.
      Moreover, the 3-day analytical TAT of the MALDI-TOF multi-target technique is
      appropriate for clinical management and reduces the overall treatment decision
      time. 

PMID- 27373830
TI  - Spontaneous Synaptic Activation of Muscarinic Receptors by Striatal Cholinergic
      Neuron Firing.
AB  - Cholinergic interneurons (CHIs) play a major role in motor and learning functions
      of the striatum. As acetylcholine does not directly evoke postsynaptic events at
      most striatal synapses, it remains unclear how postsynaptic cholinergic receptors
      encode the firing patterns of CHIs in the striatum. To examine the dynamics of
      acetylcholine release, we used optogenetics and paired recordings from CHIs and
      medium spiny neurons (MSNs) virally overexpressing G-protein-activated inwardly
      rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. Due to the efficient coupling between
      endogenous muscarinic receptors and GIRK channels, we found that firing of
      individual CHIs resulted in monosynaptic spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic
      currents (IPSCs) in MSNs. Paired CHI-MSN recordings revealed that the high
      probability of acetylcholine release at these synapses allowed muscarinic
      receptors to faithfully encode physiological activity patterns from individual
      CHIs without failure. These results indicate that muscarinic receptors in
      striatal output neurons reliably decode CHI firing. 

PMID- 27373831
TI  - Histone Methylation by the Kleefstra Syndrome Protein EHMT1 Mediates Homeostatic
      Synaptic Scaling.
AB  - Homeostatic plasticity, a form of synaptic plasticity, maintains the fine balance
      between overall excitation and inhibition in developing and mature neuronal
      networks. Although the synaptic mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity are well
      characterized, the associated transcriptional program remains poorly understood.
      We show that the Kleefstra-syndrome-associated protein EHMT1 plays a critical and
      cell-autonomous role in synaptic scaling by responding to attenuated neuronal
      firing or sensory drive. Chronic activity deprivation increased the amount of
      neuronal dimethylated H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), the catalytic product of EHMT1
      and an epigenetic marker for gene repression. Genetic knockdown and
      pharmacological blockade of EHMT1 or EHMT2 prevented the increase of H3K9me2 and
      synaptic scaling up. Furthermore, BDNF repression was preceded by EHMT1/2
      mediated H3K9me2 deposition at the Bdnf promoter during synaptic scaling up, both
      in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that H3K9me2-mediated changes in
      chromatin structure govern a repressive program that controls synaptic scaling.

PMID- 27373832
TI  - SRGAP2 and Its Human-Specific Paralog Co-Regulate the Development of Excitatory
      and Inhibitory Synapses.
AB  - The proper function of neural circuits requires spatially and temporally balanced
      development of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. However, the molecular
      mechanisms coordinating excitatory and inhibitory synaptogenesis remain unknown.
      Here we demonstrate that SRGAP2A and its human-specific paralog SRGAP2C co
      regulate the development of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in cortical
      pyramidal neurons in vivo. SRGAP2A promotes synaptic maturation, and ultimately
      the synaptic accumulation of AMPA and GABAA receptors, by interacting with key
      components of both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic scaffolds, Homer and
      Gephyrin. Furthermore, SRGAP2A limits the density of both types of synapses via
      its Rac1-GAP activity. SRGAP2C inhibits all identified functions of SRGAP2A,
      protracting the maturation and increasing the density of excitatory and
      inhibitory synapses. Our results uncover a molecular mechanism coordinating
      critical features of synaptic development and suggest that human-specific
      duplication of SRGAP2 might have contributed to the emergence of unique traits of
      human neurons while preserving the excitation/inhibition balance.

PMID- 27373833
TI  - Persistent Structural Plasticity Optimizes Sensory Information Processing in the
      Olfactory Bulb.
AB  - In the mammalian brain, the anatomical structure of neural circuits changes
      little during adulthood. As a result, adult learning and memory are thought to
      result from specific changes in synaptic strength. A possible exception is the
      olfactory bulb (OB), where activity guides interneuron turnover throughout
      adulthood. These adult-born granule cell (GC) interneurons form new GABAergic
      synapses that have little synaptic strength plasticity. In the face of persistent
      neuronal and synaptic turnover, how does the OB balance flexibility, as is
      required for adapting to changing sensory environments, with perceptual
      stability? Here we show that high dendritic spine turnover is a universal feature
      of GCs, regardless of their developmental origin and age. We find matching
      dynamics among postsynaptic sites on the principal neurons receiving the new
      synaptic inputs. We further demonstrate in silico that this coordinated
      structural plasticity is consistent with stable, yet flexible, decorrelated
      sensory representations. Together, our study reveals that persistent, coordinated
      synaptic structural plasticity between interneurons and principal neurons is a
      major mode of functional plasticity in the OB.

PMID- 27373834
TI  - Activation of Direct and Indirect Pathway Medium Spiny Neurons Drives Distinct
      Brain-wide Responses.
AB  - A central theory of basal ganglia function is that striatal neurons expressing
      the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors exert opposing brain-wide influences. However,
      the causal influence of each population has never been measured at the whole
      brain scale. Here, we selectively stimulated D1 or D2 receptor-expressing neurons
      while visualizing whole-brain activity with fMRI. Excitation of either inhibitory
      population evoked robust positive BOLD signals within striatum, while downstream
      regions exhibited significantly different and generally opposing responses
      consistent with-though not easily predicted from-contemporary models of basal
      ganglia function. Importantly, positive and negative signals within the striatum,
      thalamus, GPi, and STN were all associated with increases and decreases in single
      unit activity, respectively. These findings provide direct evidence for the
      opposing influence of D1 and D2 receptor-expressing striatal neurons on brain
      wide circuitry and extend the interpretability of fMRI studies by defining cell
      type-specific contributions to the BOLD signal.

PMID- 27373835
TI  - Behavior Reveals Selective Summation and Max Pooling among Olfactory Processing
      Channels.
AB  - The olfactory system is divided into processing channels (glomeruli), each
      receiving input from a different type of olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). Here we
      investigated how glomeruli combine to control behavior in freely walking
      Drosophila. We found that optogenetically activating single ORN types typically
      produced attraction, although some ORN types produced repulsion. Attraction
      consisted largely of a behavioral program with the following rules: at fictive
      odor onset, flies walked upwind, and at fictive odor offset, they reversed. When
      certain pairs of attractive ORN types were co-activated, the level of the
      behavioral response resembled the sum of the component responses. However, other
      pairs of attractive ORN types produced a response resembling the larger component
      (max pooling). Although activation of different ORN combinations produced
      different levels of behavior, the rules of the behavioral program were
      consistent. Our results illustrate a general method for inferring how groups of
      neurons work together to modulate behavioral programs.

PMID- 27373837
TI  - Sample size calculations in human electrophysiology (EEG and ERP) studies: A
      systematic review and recommendations for increased rigor.
AB  - There is increasing focus across scientific fields on adequate sample sizes to
      ensure non-biased and reproducible effects. Very few studies, however, report
      sample size calculations or even the information needed to accurately calculate
      sample sizes for grants and future research. We systematically reviewed 100
      randomly selected clinical human electrophysiology studies from six high impact
      journals that frequently publish electroencephalography (EEG) and event-related
      potential (ERP) research to determine the proportion of studies that reported
      sample size calculations, as well as the proportion of studies reporting the
      necessary components to complete such calculations. Studies were coded by the two
      authors blinded to the other's results. Inter-rater reliability was 100% for the
      sample size calculations and kappa above 0.82 for all other variables. Zero of
      the 100 studies (0%) reported sample size calculations. 77% utilized repeated
      measures designs, yet zero studies (0%) reported the necessary variances and
      correlations among repeated measures to accurately calculate future sample sizes.
      Most studies (93%) reported study statistical values (e.g., F or t values). Only
      40% reported effect sizes, 56% reported mean values, and 47% reported indices of
      variance (e.g., standard deviations/standard errors). Absence of such information
      hinders accurate determination of sample sizes for study design, grant
      applications, and meta-analyses of research and whether studies were adequately
      powered to detect effects of interest. Increased focus on sample size
      calculations, utilization of registered reports, and presenting information
      detailing sample size calculations and statistics for future researchers are
      needed and will increase sample size-related scientific rigor in human
      electrophysiology research.

PMID- 27373836
TI  - NBLAST: Rapid, Sensitive Comparison of Neuronal Structure and Construction of
      Neuron Family Databases.
AB  - Neural circuit mapping is generating datasets of tens of thousands of labeled
      neurons. New computational tools are needed to search and organize these data. We
      present NBLAST, a sensitive and rapid algorithm, for measuring pairwise neuronal
      similarity. NBLAST considers both position and local geometry, decomposing
      neurons into short segments; matched segments are scored using a probabilistic
      scoring matrix defined by statistics of matches and non-matches. We validated
      NBLAST on a published dataset of 16,129 single Drosophila neurons. NBLAST can
      distinguish neuronal types down to the finest level (single identified neurons)
      without a priori information. Cluster analysis of extensively studied neuronal
      classes identified new types and unreported topographical features. Fully
      automated clustering organized the validation dataset into 1,052 clusters, many
      of which map onto previously described neuronal types. NBLAST supports additional
      query types, including searching neurons against transgene expression patterns.
      Finally, we show that NBLAST is effective with data from other invertebrates and
      zebrafish. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

PMID- 27373838
TI  - Structural and Physicochemical Studies of Olopatadine Hydrochloride
      Conformational Polymorphs.
AB  - Crystal and molecular structures of 2 conformational polymorphs (forms I and II)
      of olopatadine hydrochloride, an antiallergic agent, are presented. Both crystal
      modifications crystallize in the monoclinic crystal system with 1 olopatadine
      hydrochloride molecule in the Z configuration in the asymmetric unit. Molecules
      are arranged into the centrosymmetric association through the interactions of the
      intermolecular strong and weak hydrogen bonds of N-H...Cl, O-H...Cl and C-H...Cl,
      C-H...O types. Conformational change between polymorphs is proved by calculations
      of a maximum torsion angle deviation (max[Deltatheta]) and a root-mean-square
      deviation between the atomic positions (rmsd[r]). The physicochemical
      characterization of polymorphs is performed by X-ray powder diffraction, infrared
      and Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry. The comparison of the
      melting points and heats of fusions shows that the forms are monotropically
      related.

PMID- 27373839
TI  - Trimerization Dictates Solution Opalescence of a Monoclonal Antibody.
AB  - Opalescence, sometimes observed in antibody solutions, is thought to be mediated
      by light scattering of soluble oligomers or insoluble particulates. However,
      mechanistic features, such as stoichiometry and self-association affinity of
      oligomeric species related to opalescence, are poorly understood. Here,
      opalescence behavior of a monoclonal antibody (mAb-1) solution was studied over a
      wide range of solution conditions including different protein concentrations, pH,
      and in the presence or absence of salt. Hydrodynamic and thermodynamic properties
      of mAb-1 solutions were studied by analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic
      light scattering. Opalescence in mAb-1 solutions is pH and concentration
      dependent. The degree of opalescence correlates with reversible monomer-trimer
      equilibrium detected by analytical ultracentrifugation. Increased trimer
      formation corresponds to increased opalescence in mAb-1 solutions at higher pH
      and protein concentrations. Addition of NaCl shifts this equilibrium toward
      monomer and reduces solution opalescence. This study demonstrates that
      opalescence in mAb-1 solutions does not arise from the light scattering of
      monomer or random molecular self-associations but is strongly correlated with a
      specific self-association stoichiometry and affinity. Importantly, at pH 5.5 (far
      below isoelectric point of mAb-1), the solution is not opalescent and with
      nonideal behavior. This study also dissects several parameters to describe the
      hydrodynamic and thermodynamic nonideality.

PMID- 27373841
TI  - Should We Perform the Intraoperative Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of performing
      a selective intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer
      patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients in this prospective study were women
      with breast cancer seen at our hospital in 2014. These patients were divided into
      2 groups on the basis of the clinical criteria age, tumor size, and molecular
      subtype: (1) Group A: women with clinical criteria indicative of the need to
      perform an intraoperative analysis of the sentinel lymph node (SLN); and (2)
      Group B: women in whom postoperative analysis of the SLN was performed. The final
      anatomopathologic findings obtained for the SLNs were analyzed and the
      sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive
      value of the clinical criteria used to decide between intraoperative or
      postoperative analysis of the SLN were estimated. RESULTS: A total of 170
      patients were included: 106 in group A and 64 in group B. The number of positive
      SLNs was 29 (22 in group A and 7 in group B; P = .09). The sensitivity of our
      clinical criteria for establishing the indication to perform an axillary SLNB was
      75.86% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56.05%-88.98%), the specificity was 40.43%
      (95% CI, 32.35%-49.03%), the positive predictive value was 20.75% (95% CI, 13.73%
      29.95%), and the negative predictive value was 89.06% (95% CI, 78.16%-95.12%).
      CONCLUSIONS: The clinical findings used to decide whether or not to perform an
      SLNB exhibit low sensitivity and specificity and must therefore not be used to
      decide the need for an intraoperative SLNB.

PMID- 27373842
TI  - A novel arrangement of midgut epithelium and hepatic cells implies a novel
      regulation of the insulin signaling pathway in long-lived millipedes.
AB  - Nutrients absorbed by the epithelial cells of the millipede midgut are channeled
      to a contiguous population of hepatic cells where sugars are stored as glycogen.
      In insects and other arthropods, however, nutrients absorbed by midgut epithelia
      are first passed across the epithelial basal surface to the hemolymph before
      storage in fat body. The inter-digitation of cellular processes at the interface
      of hepatic and midgut epithelial cells offers a vast surface area for exchange of
      nutrients. At this interface, numerous small vesicles with the dimensions of
      exosomes (~30nm) may represent the mediators of nutrient exchange. Longevity and
      the developmental arrest of diapause are associated with reduced insulin
      signaling. The long lifespans for which millipedes are known may be attributable
      to a novel pathway with reduced insulin signaling represented by the novel
      arrangement of hepatic storage cells and midgut epithelial absorbing cells.

PMID- 27373840
TI  - The vaginal microbiota, host defence and reproductive physiology.
AB  - The interaction between the human host and the vaginal microbiota is highly
      dynamic. Major changes in the vaginal physiology and microbiota over a woman's
      lifetime are largely shaped by transitional periods such as puberty, menopause
      and pregnancy, while daily fluctuations in microbial composition observed through
      culture-independent studies are more likely to be the results of daily life
      activities and behaviours. The vaginal microbiota of reproductive-aged women is
      largely made up of at least five different community state types. Four of these
      community state types are dominated by lactic-acid producing Lactobacillus spp.
      while the fifth is commonly composed of anaerobes and strict anaerobes and is
      sometimes associated with vaginal symptoms. The production of lactic acid has
      been associated with contributing to the overall health of the vagina due to its
      direct and indirect effects on pathogens and host defence. Some species
      associated with non-Lactobacillus vaginal microbiota may trigger immune responses
      as well as degrade the host mucosa, processes that ultimately increase
      susceptibility to infections and contribute to negative reproductive outcomes
      such as infertility and preterm birth. Further studies are needed to better
      understand the functional underpinnings of how the vaginal microbiota affect host
      physiology but also how host physiology affects the vaginal microbiota.
      Understanding this fine-tuned interaction is key to maintaining women's
      reproductive health.

PMID- 27373843
TI  - Co-administration of cannabidiol and capsazepine reduces L-DOPA-induced
      dyskinesia in mice: Possible mechanism of action.

PMID- 27373844
TI  - Membrane topology of human monoacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 and identification
      of regions important for its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum.
AB  - Acyl CoA:2-monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT)-2 has an important role in
      dietary fat absorption in the intestine. MGAT2 resides in the endoplasmic
      reticulum and catalyzes the synthesis of diacylglycerol which is then utilized as
      a substrate for triacylglycerol synthesis. This triacylglycerol is then
      incorporated into chylomicrons which are released into the circulation. In this
      study, we determined the membrane topology of human MGAT2. Protease protection
      experiments showed that the C-terminus is exposed to the cytosol, while the N
      terminus is partially buried in the ER membrane. MGAT2, like murine DGAT2, was
      found to have two transmembrane domains. We also identified a region of MGAT2
      associated with the ER membrane that contains the histidine-proline-histidine
      glycine sequence present in all DGAT2 family members that is thought to comprise
      the active site. Proteolysis experiments demonstrated that digestion of total
      cellular membranes from cells expressing MGAT2 with trypsin abolished MGAT
      activity, indicating that domains that are important for catalysis face the
      cytosol. We also explored the role that the five cysteines residues present in
      MGAT2 have in catalysis. MGAT activity was sensitive to two thiol modifiers, N
      ethylmaleimide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Furthermore, mutation of
      four cysteines resulted in a reduction in MGAT activity. However, when the C
      terminal cysteine (C334) was mutated, MGAT activity was actually higher than that
      of wild-type FL-MGAT2. Lastly, we determined that both transmembrane domains of
      MGAT2 are important for its ER localization, and that MGAT2 is present in
      mitochondrial-associated membranes.

PMID- 27373845
TI  - Anal Canal Adenocarcinoma in a Patient with Longstanding Crohn's Disease Arising
      From Rectal Mucosa that Migrated From a Previously Treated Rectovaginal Fistula.
AB  - BACKGROUND This study reports the pathogenesis of anal canal adenocarcinoma in a
      patient with longstanding Crohn's disease (CD). CASE REPORT A 50-year-old woman
      with a 33-year history of CD presented with perianal pain of several months'
      duration. She had been treated surgically for a rectovaginal fistula 26 years
      earlier and had been treated with infliximab (IFX) for the previous 4 years. A
      biopsy under anesthesia revealed an anal canal adenocarcinoma, which was removed
      by abdominoperineal resection. Pathological examination showed that a large part
      of the tumor consisted of mucinous adenocarcinoma at the same location as the
      rectovaginal fistula had been removed 26 years earlier. There was no evidence of
      recurrent rectovaginal fistula, but thick fibers surrounded the tumor, likely
      representing part of the previous rectovaginal fistula. Immunohistochemical
      analysis using antibodies against cytokeratins (CK20 and CK7) revealed that the
      adenocarcinoma arose from the rectal mucosa, not the anal glands. CONCLUSIONS
      Mucinous adenocarcinoma can arise in patients with CD, even in the absence of
      longstanding perianal disease, and may be associated with adenomatous
      transformation of the epithelial lining in a former fistula tract. 

PMID- 27373846
TI  - Time-dependent impact of glutamatergic modulators on the promnesiant effect of 5
      HT6R blockade on mice recognition memory.
AB  - Selective antagonists at serotonin 5-HT6 receptors (5-HT6R) improve memory
      performance in rodents and are currently under clinical investigations. If
      blockade of 5-HT6R is known to increase glutamate release, only two studies have
      so far demonstrated an interaction between 5-HT6R and glutamate transmission, but
      both, using the non-competitive NMDA antagonist MK-801, insensitive to variations
      of glutamate concentrations. In a place recognition task, we investigated here in
      mice the role of glutamate transmission in the beneficial effects of 5-HT6R
      blockade (SB-271046). Through the use of increasing intervals (2, 4 and 6h)
      between acquisition and retrieval, we investigated the time-dependent impact of
      two different glutamatergic modulators. NMDAR-dependant glutamate transmission
      (NMDA Receptors) was either blocked by the competitive antagonist at NMDAR, CGS
      19755, or potentiated by the glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT1) inhibitor, NFPS.
      Results showed that neither SB-271046, nor CGS 19755, nor NFPS, alter behavioural
      performances after short intervals, i.e. when control mice displayed significant
      memory performances (2h and 4h) (respectively 10, 3, and 0.625mg.kg-1).
      Conversely, with the 6h-interval, a situation in which spontaneous forgetting is
      observed in control mice, SB-271046 improved recognition memory performances.
      This beneficial effect was prevented when co-administered with either CGS 19755
      or NFPS, which themselves had no effect. Interestingly, a dose-dependent effect
      was observed with NFPS, with promnesic effect observed at lower dose (0.156mg.kg
      1) when administrated alone, whereas it did no modify promnesic effect of SB
      271046. These results demonstrate that promnesiant effect induced by 5-HT6R
      blockade is sensitive to the competitive blockade of NMDAR and underline the need
      of a fine adjustment of the inhibition of GlyT1. Overall, our findings support
      the idea of a complex crosstalk between serotonergic and glutamatergic systems in
      the promnesic properties of 5-HT6R antagonists.

PMID- 27373847
TI  - Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum total cholesterol with
      depressive symptoms in Korean adults: the Fifth Korean National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V, 2010-2012).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the association between vitamin D
      deficiency and depressive symptoms is dependent upon total cholesterol level in a
      representative national sample of the South Korean population. DESIGN: This was a
      population-based cross-sectional study. SETTING: The Fifth Korean National Health
      and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V, 2010-2012). SUBJECTS: We included
      7198 adults aged 20-88 years. RESULTS: The incidence of depressive symptoms in
      individuals with vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<20 ng/ml) was
      1.54-fold (95 % CI 1.20, 1.98) greater than in individuals without vitamin D
      deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D >=20 ng/ml). The relationship was stronger
      in individuals with normal-to-borderline serum total cholesterol (serum total
      cholesterol<240 mg/dl; OR=1.60; 95 % CI 1.23, 2.08) and non-significant in
      individuals with high serum total cholesterol (OR=0.97; 95 % CI 0.52, 1.81) after
      adjustment for confounding variables (age, sex, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking
      status, regular exercise, income level, education level, marital status, changes
      in body weight, perceived body shape, season of examination date and cholesterol
      profiles). CONCLUSIONS: The association between vitamin D deficiency and
      depressive symptoms was weakened by high serum total cholesterol status. These
      findings suggest that both vitamin D and total cholesterol are important targets
      for the prevention and treatment of depression.

PMID- 27373848
TI  - Donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory
      response in murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 through inhibition of nuclear
      factor kappa B translocation.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that the pharmacotherapy with donepezil, an
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, suppresses cardiac remodeling in a mouse model of
      ischemic heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the precise
      mechanisms of the cardioprotective effect of donepezil have not been completely
      delineated. Because post-ischemic inflammation is a pathological key event in the
      cardiac remodeling process following MI, we investigated the hypothesis that
      donepezil acts as an inhibitor of inflammatory mediators. RAW 264.7 murine
      macrophage cells were pretreated with donepezil (100uM) prior to a pro
      inflammatory stimulation by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10ng/ml).
      Donepezil significantly reduced intra- and extracellular levels of various kinds
      of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-18 after
      the LPS stimulation, and attenuated LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear
      factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). These results indicate that donepezil possesses an
      anti-inflammatory property. However, the inhibitory effect of donepezil on the
      macrophage inflammatory responses was never reproduced by ACh, nor was disrupted
      by ACh receptor blockers. Moreover, other kinds of acetylcholinesterase
      inhibitors failed to inhibit the inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated
      macrophage cells. These results suggest that a cholinergic anti-inflammatory
      pathway would not be involved in the anti-inflammatory effect of donepezil and
      that the specific characteristics of donepezil in suppressing the LPS-induced
      cytokine release and the NF-kappaB activation would be independent of its
      acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The present study showed that donepezil exerts
      an anti-inflammatory effect independently of acetylcholinesterase inhibitory
      action, thereby donepezil may contribute to cardioprotection during cardiac
      remodeling process in an ischemic heart failure after MI. 

PMID- 27373849
TI  - Block of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger by SEA0400 in human right atrial preparations
      from patients in sinus rhythm and in atrial fibrillation.
AB  - The Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) plays a major role in myocardial Ca(2+)
      homoeostasis, but is also considered to contribute to the electrical instability
      and contractile dysfunction in chronic atrial fibrillation (AF). Here we have
      investigated the effects of the selective NCX blocker SEA0400 in human right
      atrial cardiomyocytes from patients in sinus rhythm (SR) and AF in order to
      obtain electrophysiological evidence for putative antiarrhythmic activity of this
      new class of drugs. Action potentials were measured in right atrial trabeculae
      using conventional microelectrodes. Human myocytes were enzymatically isolated.
      Rat atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes were used for comparison. Using
      perforated-patch, NCX was measured as Ni(2+)-sensitive current during ramp
      pulses. In ruptured-patch experiments, NCX current was activated by changing the
      extracellular Ca(2+) concentration from 0 to 1mM in Na(+)-free bath solution
      (100mM Na(+) intracellular, "Hilgemann protocol"). Although SEA0400 was effective
      in rat cardiomyocytes, 10uM did not influence action potentials and
      contractility, neither in SR nor AF. SEA0400 (10MUM) also failed to affect human
      atrial NCX current measured with perforated patch. With the "Hilgemann protocol"
      SEA0400 concentration-dependently suppressed human atrial NCX current, and its
      amplitude was larger in AF than in SR cardiomyocytes. Our results confirm higher
      NCX activity in AF than SR. SEA0400 fails to block Ni(2+)-sensitive current in
      human atrial cells unless unphysiological conditions are used. We speculate that
      block of NCX with SEA0400 depends on intracellular Na(+) concentration. 

PMID- 27373850
TI  - A pharmacological profile of the high-affinity GluK5 kainate receptor.
AB  - Mouse GluK5 was expressed in Sf9 insect cells and radiolabelled with [(3)H]
      kainate in receptor binding assays (Kd=6.9nM). Western immunoblotting indicated
      an Sf9 GluK5 band doublet corresponding to the glycosylated (128kDa) and
      deglycosylated (111kDa) protein, which was identical to the band pattern of
      native rat brain GluK5. A pharmacological profile of the high-affinity kainate
      receptor GluK5 is described which is distinct from the profiles of other kainate
      receptors (GluK1-3). The 27 tested ligands generally show a preferential affinity
      to GluK1 over GluK5, the exceptions being: dihydrokainate, (S)-5
      fluorowillardiine, (S)-glutamate and quisqualate, where the affinity is similar
      at GluK1 and GluK5. In contrast, quisqualate shows 40-fold higher affinity at
      GluK5 over GluK3 whereas (S)-1-(2'-amino-2'-caboxyethyl)thienol[3,4-d]pyrimidin
      2,4-dione (NF1231), (RS)-2-amino-3-(5-tert-butyl-3-hydroxyisoxazol-4
      yl)propionate (ATPA), dihydrokainate and (2S,4R)-4-methyl-glutamate (SYM2081)
      have higher affinity at GluK3 compared to GluK5. Since some studies have
      indicated that GluK5 is associated with various diseases in the central nervous
      system (e.g. schizophrenia, temporal lobe epilepsy, bipolar disorder), selective
      GluK5 ligands could have therapeutic potential. The distinct pharmacological
      profile of GluK5 suggests that it would be possible to design ligands with
      selectivity towards GluK5. 

PMID- 27373852
TI  - Activation of PPAR-gamma inhibits PDGF-induced proliferation of mouse renal
      fibroblasts.
AB  - Recent studies have shown that activation of peroxisome proliferators activated
      receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) in
      animal model. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain still largely
      unknown. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that activation of PPAR-gamma
      regulates renal remodeling by modulating proliferation of primary cultured renal
      fibroblasts. In our present study, platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), a
      key isoform of PDGF superfamily as mitogen in RIF, was applied to stimulate renal
      fibroblasts, the selective inhibitor or sequence specific siRNA of PI3K, skp2 or
      PPAR-gamma was used to investigate the involvement of above molecular mediators
      in PDGF-AA-induced cell proliferation. Our results demonstrate that PDGF-AA
      induced proliferation of renal fibroblasts by activating PI3K/AKT signaling and
      resultant skp2 production. Pre-stimulation of cells with rosiglitazone or
      adenovirus carrying PPAR-gamma cDNA (AdPPAR-gamma) blocked PDGF-AA-stimulated
      cell proliferation, this effect was particularly coupled to PPAR-gamma inhibition
      of AKT phosphorylation and skp2 expression. Inhibition of PPAR-gamma by GW9662
      restored the suppression of activated PPAR-gamma on phosphorylation of AKT and
      subsequent skp2 production. Our results indicate that activation of PI3K/AKT
      signaling and resultant skp2 generation mediated PDGF-induced proliferation of
      renal fibroblasts. Activation of PPAR-gamma inhibited cell proliferation by
      inhibition of AKT phosphorylation and its down-streams. 

PMID- 27373851
TI  - Chronic beta1-adrenoceptor blockade impairs ischaemic tolerance and
      preconditioning in murine myocardium.
AB  - beta-adrenoceptor antagonists are commonly used in ischaemic heart disease (IHD)
      patients, yet may impair signalling and efficacy of 'cardioprotective'
      interventions. We assessed effects of chronic beta1-adrenoceptor antagonism on
      myocardial resistance to ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury and the ability of
      cardioprotective interventions [classic ischaemic preconditioning (IPC); novel
      sustained ligand-activated preconditioning (SLP)] to reduce IR injury in murine
      hearts. Young male C57Bl/6 mice were untreated or received atenolol (0.5g/l in
      drinking water) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, two cardioprotective stimuli were
      evaluated: morphine pellets implanted (to induce SLP, controls received placebo)
      5 days prior to Langendorff heart perfusion, and IPC in perfused hearts (3*1.5min
      ischaemia/2min reperfusion). Atenolol significantly reduced in vivo heart rate.
      Untreated control hearts exhibited substantial left ventricular dysfunction (~50%
      pressure development recovery, ~20mmHg diastolic pressure rise) with significant
      release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, tissue injury indicator) after 25min
      ischaemia/45min reperfusion. Contractile dysfunction and elevated LDH were
      reduced >50% with IPC and SLP. While atenolol treatment did not modify baseline
      contractile function, post-ischaemic function was significantly depressed
      compared to untreated hearts. Atenolol pre-treatment abolished beneficial effects
      of IPC, whereas SLP protection was preserved. These data indicate that chronic
      beta1-adrenoceptor blockade can exert negative effects on functional IR tolerance
      and negate conventional IPC (implicating beta1-adrenoceptors in IR injury and IPC
      signalling). However, novel morphine-induced SLP is resistant to inhibition by
      beta1-adrenoceptor antagonism. 

PMID- 27373853
TI  - Mitochondria dysfunction: A novel therapeutic target in pathological lung
      remodeling or bystander?
AB  - The renascence in mitochondrial research has fueled breakthroughs in our
      understanding of mitochondrial biology identifying major roles in biological
      processes ranging from cellular oxygen sensing and regulation of intracellular
      calcium levels through to initiation of apoptosis or a shift in cell phenotype.
      Chronic respiratory diseases are no exception to the resurgent interest in
      mitochondrial biology. Microscopic observations of lungs from patients with
      chronic respiratory diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, asthma and
      COPD show accumulation of dysmorphic mitochondria and provide the first evidence
      of mitochondrial dysfunction in diseased lungs. Recent mechanistic insights have
      established links between mitochondrial dysfunction or aberrant biogenesis and
      the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases through playing a causative role
      in structural remodeling of the lung. The aim here is to discuss the case for a
      mitochondrial basis of lung remodeling in patients with chronic respiratory
      diseases. The present article will focus on the question of whether currently
      available data supports mitochondrial mechanisms as a viable point of therapeutic
      intervention in respiratory diseases and suggestions for future avenues of
      research in this rapidly evolving field.

PMID- 27373855
TI  - Patient stratification and the unmet need in asthma.
AB  - Asthma is often described as an inflammatory disease of the lungs and in most
      patients symptomatic treatment with bronchodilators or inhaled corticosteroids is
      sufficient to control disease. Unfortunately there are a proportion of patients
      who fail to achieve control despite treatment with the best current treatment.
      These severe asthma patients have been considered a homogeneous group of patients
      that represent the unmet therapeutic need in asthma. Many novel therapies have
      been tested in unselected asthma patients and the effects have often been
      disappointing, particularly for the highly specific monoclonal antibody-based
      drugs such as anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-5. More recently, it has become clear that
      asthma is a syndrome with many different disease drivers. Clinical trials of anti
      IL-13 and anti-IL-5 have focused on biomarker-defined patient groups and these
      trials have driven the clinical progression of these drugs. Work on asthma
      phenotyping indicates that there is a group of asthma patients where T helper
      cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines and inflammation predominate and these type 2 high
      (T2-high) patients can be defined by biomarkers and response to therapies
      targeting this type of immunity, including anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-13. However,
      there is still a subset of T2-low patients that do not respond to these new
      therapies. This T2-low group will represent the new unmet medical need now that
      the T2-high-targeting therapies have made it to the market. This review will
      examine the current thinking on patient stratification in asthma and the
      identification of the T2-high subset. It will also look at the T2-low patients
      and examine what may be the drivers of disease in these patients.

PMID- 27373854
TI  - From bones to blood pressure, developing novel biologic approaches targeting the
      osteoprotegein pathway for pulmonary vascular disease.
AB  - Osteoprotegerin (tnfsf11b, OPG) is a soluble member of the TNF superfamily
      originally described as an important regulator of osteoclastogenesis almost
      20years ago. OPG is a heparin-binding secreted glycoprotein that exists as a 55
      62kDa monomer or a 110-120kDa disulphide-linked homodimer. Acting as a soluble
      decoy receptor for RANKL, OPG actively regulates RANK signalling, and thereby
      osteoclastogenesis. OPG has subsequently been shown to also be a decoy receptor
      TNF related apoptosis inducing-ligand (tnfsf10, TRAIL, Apo2L). TRAIL is a type II
      transmembrane protein that is widely expressed in a variety of human tissues,
      including the spleen, lung, and prostate. Through binding to TRAIL, OPG can
      inhibit TRAIL-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. More recently, OPG has been
      demonstrated to be secreted by, and influence, vascular smooth muscle cells
      phenotype particularly related to vascular calcification and pulmonary vascular
      remodelling. In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) suppression of BMP,
      induction of 5-HT and IL-1 signalling have been shown to stimulate the release of
      OPG in vitro, which causes cell migration and proliferation. Patients with
      idiopathic PAH (IPAH) demonstrate increased circulating and tissue levels of OPG,
      and circulating serum levels predict survival. In pre-clinical models, OPG levels
      correlate with disease severity. Since OPG is a naturally circulating protein, we
      are investigating the potential of novel biologic antibody therapies to rescue
      PAH phenotype in disease models. Further pre-clinical and mechanistic data are
      forthcoming, but we believe current published data identify OPG as an exciting
      and novel therapeutic target in PAH.

PMID- 27373857
TI  - From Best Practice to Next Practice in Nutrition Education.

PMID- 27373856
TI  - Neuropharmacological efficacy of the traditional Japanese Kampo medicine
      yokukansan and its active ingredients.
AB  - Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive dysfunction,
      and is often complicated by behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
      (BPSD) including excitement, aggression, and hallucinations. Typical and atypical
      antipsychotics are used for the treatment of BPSD, but induce adverse events. The
      traditional Japanese Kampo medicine yokukansan (YKS), which had been originated
      from the traditional Chinese medicine Yi-Gan-San, has been reported to improve
      BPSD without severe adverse effects. In the preclinical basic studies, there are
      over 70 research articles indicating the neuropharmacological efficacies of YKS.
      In this review, we first describe the neuropharmacological actions of YKS and its
      bioactive ingredients. Multiple potential actions for YKS were identified, which
      include effects on serotonergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic,
      adrenergic, and GABAergic neurotransmissions as well as neuroprotection, anti
      stress effect, promotion of neuroplasticity, and anti-inflammatory effect.
      Geissoschizine methyl ether (GM) in Uncaria hook and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid
      (GA) in Glycyrrhiza were responsible for several pharmacological actions of YKS.
      Subsequently, we describe the pharmacokinetics of GM and GA in rats. These
      ingredients were absorbed into the blood, crossed the blood-brain barrier, and
      reached the brain, in rats orally administered YKS. Moreover, autoradiography
      showed that [(3)H]GM predominantly distributed in the frontal cortex and [(3)H]GA
      in the hippocampus. Thus, YKS is a versatile herbal remedy with a variety of
      neuropharmacological effects, and may operate as a multicomponent drug including
      various active ingredients.

PMID- 27373858
TI  - Summer is Different: What That Means for Nutrition Educators.

PMID- 27373859
TI  - Participant and Household Characteristics Associated With Graduation From the
      Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine empirically participant and household characteristics
      associated with Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) graduation
      and to determine whether they differ across 2 counties. DESIGN: Survey of EFNEP
      participants from 2011 to 2012. SETTING: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education
      Program sites serving limited-resource families in 1 rural and 1 urban/suburban
      county in Washington State. PARTICIPANTS: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education
      Program participants (urban/suburban: n = 647; rural: n = 569). MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURE: Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program completion/graduation.
      ANALYSIS: Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations of
      participant (ethnicity, race, age, education, pregnancy status, and nutrition
      knowledge/behavior at baseline) and household (number of people in the house,
      place of residence, and public assistance services) characteristics with EFNEP
      graduation. RESULTS: Associations were moderated by county. For the
      urban/suburban county, participants living with more people (after controlling
      for the total number of adults) were more likely to graduate. For the rural
      county, participants living with fewer total adults (after controlling for the
      total number in the house) and those with better food safety practices at
      baseline were more likely to graduate. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: This study
      aids in understanding which participants are more or less likely to complete
      EFNEP successfully, and therefore can inform strategies aimed at increasing
      graduation rates.

PMID- 27373861
TI  - Barriers and Facilitators to Improve Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among WIC
      Eligible Pregnant Latinas: An Application of the Health Action Process Approach
      Framework.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Identify barriers and facilitators to improve prenatal fruit and
      vegetable (F&V) intake among Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
      Infants, and Children (WIC)-eligible Latinas using the Health Action Process
      Approach framework. DESIGN: Qualitative data were collected via audiotaped in
      depth interviews as part of a larger study to design an intervention to increase
      prenatal F&V intake. SETTING: Hartford, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-five WIC
      eligible Latinas completed the study. Included women were: >= 18 years old; in
      2nd or 3rd trimester; having a singleton pregnancy; overweight or obese (ie,
      pregravid body mass index >= 25); not on a restricted diet; nonsmokers.
      PHENOMENON OF INTEREST: Prenatal factors that promote and hinder F&V intake.
      ANALYSIS: Transcripts were independently read and coded, and a consensus was
      reached about emerging themes. RESULTS: Ten factors influenced prenatal F&V
      intake: social support, family structure, F&V access, F&V preferences, F&V
      knowledge, F&V health outcome expectations, self-efficacy, intentions, F&V
      action/coping planning strategies, and maternal health status. CONCLUSIONS AND
      IMPLICATIONS: Social support from family/friends emerged as the primary distal
      factor driving prenatal F&V intake. Interventions designed to empower pregnant
      Latinas to gain the access, confidence, knowledge, and strategies necessary to
      consume more F&Vs must consider strengthening support to achieve the desired
      outcome.

PMID- 27373862
TI  - Motives Underlying Food Choice for Children and Perception of Nutritional
      Information Among Low-Income Mothers in a Latin American Country.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of
      nutritional information on how low-income mothers select food for their children.
      DESIGN: Five focus groups, each consisting of 5-10 participants, were conducted.
      PARTICIPANTS: Women, older than 18 years, mothers of young children who were
      beneficiaries of one of the national food stamps programs in Uruguay. PHENOMENON
      OF INTEREST: Focus group discussions were held around motives underlying food
      choices for children and perception of labeling systems. ANALYSIS: Transcripts of
      the focus group discussions were analyzed using inductive coding. RESULTS: Forty
      two women, aged between 18 and 40 years, participated in 5 focus groups. Results
      showed that low-income mothers do not consider nutritional information when
      selecting food their children. Traditional nutritional labeling was perceived as
      complex, difficult to find, and difficult to understand. Participants stressed
      that they relied on the nutrition claims included on labels for assessing the
      healthfulness of food products. Semi-directive and directive front-of-pack labels
      were positively evaluated in terms of ease of interpretation. Participants
      preferred the traffic light system over other alternatives. CONCLUSIONS AND
      IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest the need to implement simplified nutritional
      labeling and to regulate the use of nutrition claims on products targeted at
      children.

PMID- 27373860
TI  - Parental Nutrition Knowledge Rather Than Nutrition Label Use Is Associated With
      Adiposity in Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Determine how parental nutrition label use, label literacy, and
      nutrition knowledge may be associated with cardiovascular health in parents and
      their children. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analyses of 2006 data from
      the Healthy Heart Project in Montreal, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: Among community
      recruited families, parents were predominantly mothers (n = 127 [80%]; mean age,
      45.0 years) and half of their children were female (44%; mean age, 12.5 years).
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure, lipids, and weight. Nutrition label use,
      label literacy, and nutrition knowledge among parents were collected using
      existing scales. ANALYSES: Multivariable linear regression models. RESULTS: Among
      parents, nutrition label use was associated with lower total cholesterol (B[SE] =
      -.53 [.20]; P = .009), lower low-density lipoprotein (B[SE] = -.57 [.21]; P =
      .007), and lower total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio
      (B[SE] = -.82 [.30]; P = .008) but was not associated with adiposity. Among
      children, greater parental nutrition knowledge was associated with lower body
      mass index percentiles (B[SE] = -3.6 [1.49]; P = .02), lower waist circumference
      (B[SE] = -1.27 [.55]; P = .02), and lower percent body fat (B[SE] = -1.28 [.47];
      P = .008). Parental nutrition label use or nutrition knowledge was not associated
      with children's lipids. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Parents with greater
      nutrition label use had more favorable lipids, but children's lipids were
      unaffected. Children of parents with greater nutrition knowledge had lower
      adiposity. Further research on the correlates of label use and health is needed.

PMID- 27373863
TI  - Self-Perceived Eating Habits and Food Skills of Canadians.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study identified and described Canadians' self-perceived eating
      habits and food skills through the use of population-based data. DESIGN: Data
      from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2013 Rapid Response on Food Skills was
      used to examine the eating quality and patterns of Canadians. Data were collected
      from all provinces in January and February 2013. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Respondent variables (sex, age, Aboriginal/immigrant status) were examined to
      assess differentiations between socio-demographic groupings (family structure,
      marital status, education, and income). ANALYSIS: Logistic regression was used to
      determine whether demographic variables increased the likelihood of certain
      responses. RESULTS: Forty-six percent of Canadians believe they have
      excellent/very good eating habits, with 51% categorizing their habits as good or
      fair. Similarly, the majority report having good food skills. Sex and age were
      significantly associated with food skills, with women rating their cooking skill
      proficiency higher than men (72% vs 55%), and older Canadians reporting higher
      food skill knowledge than their younger counterparts. CONCLUSIONS AND
      IMPLICATIONS: Results indicate that while portions of the Canadian population
      have adequate food skills, others are lacking, which may negatively impact their
      diet. Findings from this study have implications for education and health
      promotion programs focusing on foods skills, particularly among vulnerable target
      groups.

PMID- 27373864
TI  - A Qualitative Investigation of Parents' Perspectives About Feeding Practices With
      Siblings Among Racially/Ethnically and Socioeconomically Diverse Households.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Little is known about parent feeding practices with siblings. Because
      this is a new area of research, qualitative research is needed to understand
      parents' perspectives about how they make decisions about feeding siblings and
      whether they adapt their feeding practices dependent on sibling characteristics
      such as weight status. The main objective of the current study was to describe
      parent feeding practices with siblings. DESIGN: Qualitative cross-sectional study
      with 88 parents with at least 2 siblings. SETTING: Parents were interviewed in
      their homes in Minneapolis/St Paul Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS: Parents were from
      racially/ethnically diverse (64% African American) and low-income households (77%
      earned < $35,000/y). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Parents' perceptions of feeding
      practices with siblings. ANALYSIS: Qualitative interviews were coded using a
      hybrid deductive and inductive content analysis approach. RESULTS: Parents
      indicated that they used child food preferences, in-the-moment decisions, and
      planned meals when deciding how to feed siblings. Additionally, the majority of
      parents indicated that they managed picky eating by making 1 meal or giving some
      flexibility/leeway to siblings about having other food options. Furthermore,
      parents endorsed using different feeding practices (eg, food restriction, portion
      control, pressure-to-eat, opportunities for healthful eating) with siblings
      dependent on child weight status or age/developmental stage. CONCLUSIONS AND
      IMPLICATIONS: Findings from the current study may inform future research
      regarding how to measure parent feeding practices with siblings in the home
      environment and the development of interventions tailored for families with
      multiple children in the home. Future quantitative research is needed to confirm
      these qualitative findings.

PMID- 27373865
TI  - Use of Blended Learning to Improve Nutrition Knowledge in Third-Graders.

PMID- 27373866
TI  - This Way to Produce: Strategic Use of Arrows on Grocery Floors Facilitate Produce
      Spending Without Increasing Shopper Budgets.

PMID- 27373867
TI  - An audit of patient-controlled analgesia after appendicectomy in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is commonly used after
      appendicectomy in children. AIM: The aim of this study was to characterize the
      analgesic use of children prescribed PCA after appendicetomy, in order to
      rationalize future use of this modality. METHODS: We retrospectively audited all
      cases of acute appendicitis over a 4-year period in a single pediatric hospital,
      recording demographics, surgical approach, pathology, analgesia use, pain scores,
      and duration of PCA. We preplanned subgroup analyses for surgical approach,
      pathology, and intraoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
      administration. We subsequently identified a patient subgroup who were unlikely
      to require PCA and conducted a (2 months) prospective audit of such patients
      (uncomplicated appendicitis with intraoperative NSAID) having non-PCA (oral)
      analgesia. RESULTS: Of the 649 patients undergoing appendicectomy for acute
      appendicitis, 85% were prescribed an opioid PCA, 8% received an opioid infusion
      (younger patients), and 7% received neither PCA nor infusion. Of the 541 bolus
      only PCA patients, 49% had laparoscopic surgery, 36% had complicated
      appendicitis, and 49% received intraoperative NSAID (diclofenac). Mean (SD)
      duration of PCA was shorter with uncomplicated vs complicated appendicitis (21.9
      +/- 10.7 vs 32.8 +/- 21.1 h, P < 0.001, difference in means [95% CI]: 10.9 [7.7
      14.1]), and with intraoperative NSAID (23.2 +/- 14.4 vs 28.4 +/- 17.4 h, P <
      0.001, difference in means [95% CI]: 5.2 [2.5-7.9]). There was no difference in
      the time to PCA cessation between laparoscopic and open approach. Morphine
      consumption and pain scores were lower in the early postoperative period for
      those patients receiving intraoperative NSAID. In the prospective audit, 44 of 69
      patients had uncomplicated appendicitis. Thirty-eight of these were prescribed
      oral analgesia and none required any parenteral opioid or acute pain service
      intervention postoperatively. Parental satisfaction level was high (>90%) with
      oral analgesia. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible that children with uncomplicated
      appendicitis given intraoperative NSAID can be successfully managed without PCA.

PMID- 27373868
TI  - Urinary biomarkers in childhood lupus nephritis.
AB  - Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is a rare, severe multisystem
      autoimmune disease affecting the kidney (Lupus Nephritis, LN) in up to 80% of
      children. LN is more severe in children than adults, with potential for
      irreversible kidney damage requiring dialysis or transplant. Renal biopsy is
      currently the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring LN, however, it is
      invasive and associated with complications. Urine biomarkers have been shown to
      be better than serum biomarkers in differentiating renal disease from other organ
      manifestations. Over the past decade, there have been an increasing number of
      studies investigating specific candidate biomarkers implicated in the
      pathogenesis of LN or screening for urinary biomarkers using hypothesis free
      methods. In this review, developments in urine biomarkers for LN will be
      reviewed, highlighting those that are of relevance to children and have gone
      through validation in independent international patient cohorts, bringing them
      close to clinical translation.

PMID- 27373869
TI  - Characterization of the outer membrane subproteome of the virulent strain
      Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344.
AB  - : Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) play an important role in the interaction of
      bacterial pathogens with host cells. Indeed, some OMPs from different Gram
      negative bacteria have been recognized as important virulence factors for host
      immune recognition. This scenario has led to the study of the outer membrane (OM)
      subproteome of pathogenic bacteria as an essential step for gaining insight into
      the mechanisms of pathogenesis and for the identification of virulence factors.
      Although progress in the characterization of the OM has recently been reported,
      detailed protein composition of this subcellular localization has not been
      clearly defined for most pathogens. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is
      not only a leading cause of human gastroenteritis in high-income countries but is
      also one of the main causes of invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis (iNTS) in
      middle- and low-income countries. The incidence of non-typhoidal salmonellosis is
      increasing worldwide, causing millions of infections and deaths among humans each
      year. Regrettably, antimicrobial resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics is
      common among non-Typhi Salmonella strains. Therefore, the development of vaccines
      targeting this leading invasive pathogen is warranted. In the present study we
      have identified the OM protein profile of the virulent S. Typhimurium strain
      SL1344 by means of sarkosyl extraction. SIGNIFICANCE: Salmonella enterica serovar
      Typhimurium causes food-borne gastroenteritis around the world, but is also
      responsible for a more serious manifestation of the disease through a form of
      invasive illness, invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease, which is
      considered a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries.
      Even though some studies have been carried out in order to characterize the outer
      membrane subproteome of this human pathogen, as far as we know, this is the first
      report in which the most indicated methodology has been used in order to extract
      the outer membrane proteins and to check the presence of the proteins in the
      SL1344 genome; indeed all the previous studies were carried out before the genome
      sequence was available in 2012. Outer membrane proteins are key elements for the
      interaction of Gram-negative bacteria with their environment - including the host
      - and have fundamental roles in both infection and resistance processes.
      Therefore, a detailed knowledge of the outer membrane composition will certainly
      play a key role in providing new targets to fight this pathogen in further
      studies.

PMID- 27373870
TI  - An in-depth snake venom proteopeptidome characterization: Benchmarking Bothrops
      jararaca.
AB  - : A large-scale proteomic approach was devised to advance the understanding of
      venom composition. Bothrops jararaca venom was fractionated by OFFGEL followed by
      chromatography, generating peptidic and proteic fractions. The latter was
      submitted to trypsin digestion. Both fractions were separately analyzed by
      reversed-phase nanochromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry.
      This strategy allowed deeper and joint characterizations of the peptidome and
      proteome (proteopeptidome) of this venom. Our results lead to the identification
      of 46 protein classes (with several uniquely assigned proteins per class)
      comprising eight high-abundance bona fide venom components, and 38 additional
      classes in smaller quantities. This last category included previously described
      B. jararaca venom proteins, common Elapidae venom constituents (cobra venom
      factor and three-finger toxin), and proteins typically encountered in lysosomes,
      cellular membranes and blood plasma. Furthermore, this report is the most
      complete snake venom peptidome described so far, both in number of peptides and
      in variety of unique proteins that could have originated them. It is hypothesized
      that such diversity could enclose cryptides, whose bioactivities would contribute
      to envenomation in yet undetermined ways. Finally, we propose that the broad
      range screening of B. jararaca peptidome will facilitate the discovery of
      bioactive molecules, eventually leading to valuable therapeutical agents.
      BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our proteopeptidomic strategy yielded unprecedented
      insights into the remarkable diversity of B. jararaca venom composition, both at
      the peptide and protein levels. These results bring a substantial contribution to
      the actual pursuit of large-scale protein-level assignment in snake venomics. The
      detection of typical elapidic venom components, in a Viperidae venom, reinforces
      our view that the use of this approach (hand-in-hand with transcriptomic and
      genomic data) for venom proteomic analysis, at the specimen-level, can greatly
      contribute for venom toxin evolution studies. Furthermore, data were generated in
      support of a previous hypothesis that venom gland secretory vesicles are
      specialized forms of lysosomes. Two testable hypotheses also emerge from the
      results of this work. The first is that a nucleobindin-2-derived protein could
      lead to prey disorientation during envenomation, aiding in its capture by the
      snake. The other being that the venom's peptidome might contain a population of
      cryptides, whose biological activities could lead to the development of new
      therapeutical agents.

PMID- 27373871
TI  - Diabetic retinopathy: Proteomic approaches to help the differential diagnosis and
      to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms.
AB  - : Diabetic retinopathy is the most common diabetic eye disease and a leading
      cause of blindness among patients with diabetes. The appearance and the severity
      of the symptoms correlate with the duration of diabetes and poor blood glucose
      level management. Diabetic retinopathy is also categorized as a chronic low-level
      inflammatory disease; the high blood glucose level promotes the accumulation of
      the advanced glycation end products and leads to the stimulation of monocytes and
      macrophages. Examination of protein level alterations in tears using state-of the
      art proteomics techniques have identified several proteins as possible biomarkers
      for the different stages of the diabetic retinopathy. Some of the differentially
      expressed tear proteins have a role in the barrier function of tears linking the
      diabetic retinopathy with another eye complication of diabetes, namely the
      diabetic keratopathy resulting in impaired wound healing. Understanding the
      molecular events leading to the eye complications caused by hyperglycemia may
      help the identification of novel biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets in
      order to improve quality of life of diabetic patients. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
      Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the leading cause of blindness among diabetic patients
      can develop without any serious symptoms therefore the early detection is
      crucial. Because of the increasing prevalence there is a high need for improved
      screening methods able to diagnose DR as soon as possible. The non-invasive
      collection and the relatively high protein concentration make the tear fluid a
      good source for biomarker discovery helping the early diagnosis. In this work we
      have reviewed the administration of advanced proteomics techniques used in tear
      biomarker studies and the identified biomarkers with potential to improve the
      already existing screening methods for DR detection.

PMID- 27373872
TI  - Superstitious behavior in sport: A literature review.
AB  - The objective of this first literature review, in this area, is to unveil the
      current status of knowledge on superstition in sport. Its outcome reveals that
      superstitious behaviors vary with the type of sport, athletic level, as well as
      athletic role. In agreement with past theories, they increase with the level of
      challenge, as reflected by the importance of the competition, as well as with the
      level of uncertainty. Cultural factors, in conjunction with the education level,
      as well as gender, have a strong influence on superstitious behaviors in sports.
      Based on current thoughts, religiosity and superstition are different
      psychological constructs used as psychological aids by several athletes.
      Personality factors appear to mediate the manifestation of the behavior. Elite
      athletes are clearly more superstitious than non-elite athletes, An interaction
      between athletic skill and task-difficulty emerges to be another strong predictor
      of superstition in sport. It is evident that a set of complex personal and
      situational factors interact in the manifestation of superstitious behavior in
      sport that is used for the regulation of emotions in a quest for optimal
      performance. It is concluded that the objective benefits (i.e., success) of
      superstition in sport may be ascribed to the placebo effect that yields an
      increased sense of control and mental reassurance in unpredictable contest
      situations. 

PMID- 27373873
TI  - Synthesis of Arylazide- and Diazirine-Containing CrAsH-EDT2 Photoaffinity Probes:
      Unfortunately, in the article.

PMID- 27373874
TI  - Impact of dose-response calorie reduction or supplementation of a covertly
      manipulated lunchtime meal on energy compensation.
AB  - Numerous studies have examined energy compensation following overfeeding regimes
      whereas much less is known about the impact of acute underfeeding on energy
      compensation and fewer still have compared energy reduction and addition in the
      same group of individuals. This study compared the effects of consuming lunches
      with varying energy content (7.2-fold difference) on subsequent energy intake. A
      total of 27 healthy males took part in this randomized, crossover study with five
      treatments: 163kcal (very low energy meal, VLEM), 302kcal (low energy meal, LEM),
      605kcal (control), 889kcal (high energy meal, HEM), and 1176kcal (very high
      energy meal, VHEM) served as a noodle soup. Participants were instructed to
      consume a standardized breakfast in the morning and they were provided with one
      of the five treatments for lunch on non-consecutive test day. Test lunches were
      matched for palatability, sensory properties, and volume. Participants were
      provided with an afternoon snack and ad libitum dinner on each test day and
      recorded food intake for the rest of the day. Appetite ratings were measured at
      regular intervals. As the energy content of treatments increased, participants'
      hunger, desire to eat, and prospective consumption decreased significantly
      whereas fullness increased significantly. However, no significant difference in
      subsequent meal intake was found between the treatments (P=0.458): 1003kcal VLEM,
      1010kcal LEM, 1011kcal control, 940kcal HEM, and 919kcal VHEM. Total daily energy
      intake was statistically significantly different between the treatments (P<0.001)
      and was varied directly with the energy content of the lunchtime meal. Despite
      the large difference in energy content between the treatments, participants did
      not compensate for the "missing calories" or "additional calories" at subsequent
      meals. These results suggest that covertly manipulated, equally palatable,
      sensory and volume matched meals have the potential to promote either positive or
      negative energy balance if the effects seen in this single meal study are
      sustained.

PMID- 27373875
TI  - Phytochemistry, micromorphology and bioactivities of Ajuga chamaepitys (L.)
      Schreb. (Lamiaceae, Ajugoideae): Two new harpagide derivatives and an unusual
      iridoid glycosides pattern.
AB  - Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb, well-known as Camaepitium or Ground Pine, is an
      annual herb typical of the Mediterranean area accounting several uses in the
      traditional medicine. In this work we have, analyzed the plant iridoid fraction
      together with the essential oil composition and study of the plant indumentum.
      Finally, we assayed the polar extracts and essential oil obtained from the aerial
      parts for antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity on tumor cells. The analysis of
      the monoterpene glycosides allowed us to isolate from roots and aerial parts and
      to structurally elucidate by NMR and MS the following compounds: ajugoside (1),
      reptoside (2), 8-O-acetylharpagide (3), harpagide (4), 5-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl
      harpagide (5), asperulosidic acid (6), deacetyl asperulosidic acid (7) and 5-O
      beta-d-glucopyranosyl-8-O-acetylharpagide (8), among which 5 and 8 were two new
      natural products. Chemotaxomic relevance of these constituents was discussed. The
      chemical analysis of A. chamaepitys essential oil by GC-FID and GC-MS showed
      ethyl linoleate (13.7%), germacrene D (13.4%), kaurene (8.4%), beta-pinene
      (6.8%), and (E)-phytol (5.3%) as the major volatile components. The
      micromorphological and histochemical study showed that iridoids and essential oil
      are mainly produced in the type III capitates and peltate trichomes of leaves and
      flowers. Biological evaluations of A. chamaepitys polar extracts and essential
      oil showed that the former were more potent as radical scavengers than the
      latter. MTT assay revealed that essential oil and ethanolic extracts were
      moderately cytotoxic on tumor cells with IC50 of 36.88 and 59.24MUg/mL on MDA-MB
      231 cell line, respectively, and IC50 of 60.48 and 64.12MUg/mL on HCT116,
      respectively. 

PMID- 27373876
TI  - Life sciences today and tomorrow: emerging biotechnologies.
AB  - The purpose of this review is to survey current, emerging and predicted future
      biotechnologies which are impacting, or are likely to impact in the future on the
      life sciences, with a projection for the coming 20 years. This review is intended
      to discuss current and future technical strategies, and to explore areas of
      potential growth during the foreseeable future. Information technology approaches
      have been employed to gather and collate data. Twelve broad categories of
      biotechnology have been identified which are currently impacting the life
      sciences and will continue to do so. In some cases, technology areas are being
      pushed forward by the requirement to deal with contemporary questions such as the
      need to address the emergence of anti-microbial resistance. In other cases, the
      biotechnology application is made feasible by advances in allied fields in
      biophysics (e.g. biosensing) and biochemistry (e.g. bio-imaging). In all cases,
      the biotechnologies are underpinned by the rapidly advancing fields of
      information systems, electronic communications and the World Wide Web together
      with developments in computing power and the capacity to handle extensive
      biological data. A rationale and narrative is given for the identification of
      each technology as a growth area. These technologies have been categorized by
      major applications, and are discussed further. This review highlights:
      Biotechnology has far-reaching applications which impinge on every aspect of
      human existence. The applications of biotechnology are currently wide ranging and
      will become even more diverse in the future. Access to supercomputing facilities
      and the ability to manipulate large, complex biological datasets, will
      significantly enhance knowledge and biotechnological development.

PMID- 27373877
TI  - What is a children's hospital and does it even matter?

PMID- 27373878
TI  - Socioeconomic factors and penile cancer risk and mortality; a population-based
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible associations between socioeconomic status
      (SES) and penile cancer risk, stage at diagnosis, and mortality.
      PATIENTS/SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population-based register study including men in
      Sweden diagnosed with penile cancer between 2000 and 2012 (1676 men) and randomly
      chosen controls (9872 men). Data were retrieved from the National Penile Cancer
      Register (NPECR) and several other population-based healthcare and
      sociodemographic registers. Educational level, disposable income, marital status,
      and number of individuals in the household, were assessed as indicators of SES.
      The risk of penile cancer and penile cancer death in relation to SES were
      estimated using logistic regression and proportional hazards models,
      respectively. Cumulative cause-specific mortality (CSM) estimates by SES were
      calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: A low educational level and
      low disposable income were associated with an increased risk of invasive penile
      cancer. Furthermore, low educational level was associated with more advanced
      primary tumour stage. Divorced and never married men had a generally increased
      risk of penile cancer and were diagnosed with more advanced primary tumour
      stages. However, neither educational level nor marital status was associated with
      lymph node or distant metastases. Also, men in single-person households had an
      increased risk of both non-invasive and invasive disease. In men with invasive
      penile cancer, there were no significant associations of indicators of SES and
      CSM. CONCLUSIONS: Low educational level, low disposable income, being divorced or
      never married, and living in a single-person household, all increase the risk of
      advanced stage penile cancer, but not lymph node or distant metastases. The
      assessed indicators of SES did not influence penile CSM. In conclusion, our
      findings indicates that SES influences the risk and stage of penile cancer, but
      not survival.

PMID- 27373879
TI  - Transient risk factors for acute occupational hand injuries among metal
      manufacturing workers: A case-crossover study in southern China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute occupational hand injuries are a common occurrence in China's
      metal manufacturing industries. This study aimed to explore the transient risk
      factors for acute occupational hand injuries among metal manufacturing workers.
      METHODS: A case-crossover study was conducted from October 2013 through December
      2013 in Zhongshan city, southern China. Face-to-face interviews were used to
      collect information on the occurrence of 12 transient risk factors during the
      "hazard" period (a 60-min period prior to occupational hand injury) and a
      "control" period (the week before the injury). RESULTS: One hundred ninety-four
      qualified acute occupational hand injury cases (139 male, 55 female) were
      enrolled in this study, with a mean age of 35.5 (standard deviation [SD] 10.4)
      years. The most common (64.9%) type of work was punching, and the most common
      injures were crushes and fractures (28.8 and 23.7%, respectively). Of these
      cases, 62.9% were regarded as severe or major. Among the 12 transient risk
      factors, 11 ones were significantly associated with acute occupational hand
      injuries occurring during the hazard period: "replacing sharp knives" (IRR =
      14.38, 95%CI 11.43-18.08), "using malfunctioning machinery" (IRR = 30.59, 95%CI
      17.84-52.48), "using different tools" (IRR = 10.96, 95%CI 4.77-25.17), "using
      different machines" (IRR = 5.20, 95%CI 2.25-12.00), "performing unusual work
      tasks" (IRR = 24.38, 95%CI 14.11-42.15), "working overtime" (IRR = 13.40, 95%CI
      7.70-23.29), "performing a task with a different method" (IRR = 56.41, 95%CI
      23.61-134.81), "being in a bad mood" (IRR = 108.11, 95%CI 55.10-211.11), "feeling
      ill" (RR = 12.27, 95%CI 4.95-30.43), "rushing" (IRR = 5.16, 95%CI 2.49-10.70),
      and "not wearing gloves" (IRR = 1.63, 95%CI 1.23-2.15). CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      suggested that multiple transient risk factors were responsible for the acute
      occupational hand injuries in China's metal manufacturing industries. Am. J. Ind.
      Med. 59:832-840, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27373881
TI  - Paenibacillus segetis sp. nov., isolated from soil of a tropical rainforest.
AB  - A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming, irregular rod
      shaped bacterium, designated DB13260T, was isolated from tropical rainforest soil
      in Jianfengling Nature Reserve in Hainan, China. The isolate was found to grow
      with 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl, at 5-40  degrees C and pH 6.0-10.5, with an optimum of 0 %
      NaCl, 30-37  degrees C and pH 8.5-9.0, respectively. The predominant isoprenoid
      quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7), and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0,
      iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 53.7 mol%.
      Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain DB13260T showed an affiliation
      of the strain with the genus Paenibacillus, sharing 98.3 % and 97.8 % 16S rRNA
      gene sequence similarities with the closest relatives Paenibacillus anaericanus
      MH21T and Paenibacillus selenii W126T, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization
      values between strain DB13260T and the two type strains were 60.4 % and 42.6 %,
      respectively. The combined phenotypic and DNA-DNA hybridization data supported
      the conclusion that strain DB13260T represents a novel species of the genus
      Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillussegetis sp. nov. is proposed. The
      type strain is DB13260T (=CGMCC 1.12769T=DSM 28014T).

PMID- 27373880
TI  - Transferrin receptor 1: a target for antibody-mediated cancer therapy.

PMID- 27373883
TI  - Retinoic Acid Modulates PTGDR Promoter Activity.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Vitamin A has been linked to the development of
      allergic diseases although its role is not fully understood, Retinoic acid (RA),
      a metabolite of Vitamin A, has been previously associated with the prostaglandin
      pathway, and PTGDR, a receptor of PGD2, has been proposed as a candidate gene in
      allergy and asthma. Considering the role of PTGDR in allergy, the goal of this
      study was to analyze the effect of RA on the activation of the promoter region of
      the PTGDR gene. METHODS: A549 lung epithelial cells were transfected with 4
      combinations of genetic variants of the PTGDR promoter and stimulated with all
      trans RA (ATRA); luciferase assays were performed using the Dual Luciferase
      Reporter System, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to
      measure the expression of PTGDR, CYP26A1, RARA, RARB, RARG, and RXRA in basal
      A549 cell cultures and after ATRA treatment. We also performed an in silico
      analysis. RESULTS: After ATRA treatment increased expression of CYP26A1 (12-fold)
      and RARB (4-fold) was detected. ATRA activated PTGDR promoter activity in
      transfected cells (P<.001) and RA response element sequences were identified in
      silico in this promoter region. CONCLUSIONS: RA modulated PTGDR promoter
      activity. Differential response to RA and to new treatments based on PTGDR
      modulation could depend on genetic background in allergic asthmatic patients.

PMID- 27373882
TI  - Anterograde-propagation of axonal degeneration in the visual system of wlds mice
      characterized by diffusion tensor imaging.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to
      characterize the temporospatial profile of axonal degeneration and its relation
      to blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal
      DTI was performed in Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) mice following retinal
      ischemia. In parallel, gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced T1 -weighted imaging (Gd-T1 WI)
      was performed to evaluate BBB permeability in white matter during axonal
      degeneration. To confirm the in vivo findings, immunohistochemistry using SMI-31
      and myelin basic protein (MBP) was performed to examine the axons and myelin,
      respectively, and Evans blue was used to evaluate the permeability of the BBB.
      RESULTS: Reduced axial diffusivity was found in the optic nerve (ON, -15%, P =
      0.0063) 1 week and optic tact (OT, -18%, P = 0.0077) 2 weeks after retinal
      ischemia, which were respectively associated with an 11% (P = 0.0116) and 25% (P
      = 0.0001) axonal loss. Increased radial diffusivity was found 1-2 weeks after the
      colocated decrease of axial diffusivity (35% increase, P = 0.0388 in the ON at
      week 2 and an 80% increase, P = 0.0015 in the OT at week 4). No significant
      changes were observed using Gd-T1 WI (P = 0.13-0.75), although an approximately 1
      fold increase in Evans blue staining intensity was found in the injured ON and OT
      starting 1 week after retinal ischemia. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the utility
      of DTI to characterize anterograde-propagating axonal degeneration through the ON
      and OT following retinal damage. Evans blue staining revealed serum albumin
      accumulation at injured sites, although there was no BBB leakage detectable using
      Gd-T1 WI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:482-491.

PMID- 27373884
TI  - A quantification model for the structure of clay materials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this paper, the quantification for clay structure is explicitly
      explained, and the approach and goals of quantification are also discussed. The
      authors consider that the purpose of the quantification for clay structure is to
      determine some parameters that can be used to quantitatively characterize the
      impact of clay structure on the macro-mechanical behaviour. METHODS: According to
      the system theory and the law of energy conservation, a quantification model for
      the structure characteristics of clay materials is established and three
      quantitative parameters (i.e., deformation structure potential, strength
      structure potential and comprehensive structure potential) are proposed. And the
      corresponding tests are conducted. RESULTS: The experimental results show that
      these quantitative parameters can accurately reflect the influence of clay
      structure on the deformation behaviour, strength behaviour and the relative
      magnitude of structural influence on the above two quantitative parameters,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These quantitative parameters have explicit mechanical
      meanings, and can be used to characterize the structural influences of clay on
      its mechanical behaviour.

PMID- 27373885
TI  - Preparation, structure and luminescent properties of Eu3+ doped MBPO5 (M = Ca,
      Sr, Ba) red phosphor for white LED.
AB  - MOTIVATION: A suite of MBPO5 (borophosphates-BPO):Eu3+ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) red
      emitting phosphors were synthesized and their luminescent properties were studied
      by excitation and emission spectra. RESULTS: The energy gap of CBPO, SBPO and
      BBPO are 5.481, 5.498 and 5.604 eV, respectively. While, these samples showed
      similar total and partial densities of states. The x-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
      patterns indicated that the samples were simple MPBO5 phase. According to the
      absorption spectra, the band gap energies of CBPO:Eu3+, SBPO: Eu3+ and BBPO:Eu3+
      were calculated to be 5.499, 5.516 and 5.659 eV, respectively. The spectra of all
      three MBPO5:Eu3+ samples were similar with main excitation and emission peaks at
      394 nm and 594 nm, respectively. The concentration quenching did not appear with
      the increase of the concentration of Eu3+. The charge compensator can improve the
      emission intensity. The average decay time of CBPO:0.05Eu3+, SBPO:0.05Eu3+ and
      BBPO:0.05Eu3+ was 3.29, 2.54, and 3.15 ms, respectively. The above results
      suggested that this phosphor was qualified as red phosphor, which could be used
      as a near UV-based white LED.

PMID- 27373886
TI  - Novel method for fabrication of samples for cell testing of bioceramics in
      granular form.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bioceramic granules are a widely studied material for regeneration of
      human tissues, and their biological assessment with in vitro cell cultures plays
      a fundamental role in the development of bioceramics. Design of samples for cell
      testing represents an important aspect of the biological evaluation, as it
      dictates how cells will interact with the biomaterial. The aim of this study was
      to develop samples for cell testing of bioceramic granules with a novel design
      that would enable direct physical contacts between cells and bioceramic and
      improved handling properties for efficient laboratory work. The goal was to
      produce a bilayered polycaprolactone-bioceramic composite with polycaprolactone
      serving as a bottom layer and support for a uniform and dense layer of bioceramic
      granules (upper layer), which would be only partly embedded and physically
      stabilized in the polymer with at least one face of granules still free of any
      polymer residues and available for direct attachment of cells. METHODS: A novel
      method for preparation of samples in six steps was developed. A bilayered design
      of samples with exposed bioceramic particles was accomplished by the application
      of a water-soluble alginate as a sacrificial polymer in the method protocol.
      Samples were analyzed with SEM/EDX and ToF-SIMS. RESULTS: Bioceramic granules had
      a uniform and dense morphology and were partly embedded in the polycaprolactone
      support. Detailed ToF-SIMS study showed that granules were clean and free of any
      polymer residues. CONCLUSIONS: The developed samples enable direct exposure of
      bioceramic granules to cells and surrounding physiological solution during cell
      testing, and possess improved handling characteristics.

PMID- 27373887
TI  - Crystal structure and luminescent properties of Sr2SiO4:Eu2+ phosphor prepared by
      sol-gel method.
AB  - MOTIVATION: A series of Eu2+ (0.0025<= * <=0.025) activated Sr2SiO4:xEu2+
      (SSO:xEu2+) phosphors were synthesized via a sol-gel method. The phosphors were
      characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and
      photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The differences between alpha' and beta
      phase of SSO in the density of states and energy band gap were investigated.
      RESULTS: The energy gap of alpha'-SSO and beta-SSO are 4.489 and 4.106 eV,
      respectively. While, two samples showed similar total and partial densities of
      states. Under the excitation by the ultra violet (UV) light (365 nm), the
      SSO:xEu2+ phosphor exhibited a green emission band from 400 to 700 nm, which was
      corresponding to the transition of 5d -> 4f of Eu2+ ions. Two emission peaks at
      464 and 532 nm could be obtained through Gauss fitting curves. The ratio of the
      blue to green emission peak decreased with the Eu2+ concentration and the peaks
      shifted regularly with it. The thermal quenching property was investigated and
      its activation energy was calculated. The results indicated that this phosphor
      could be a candidate of green phosphor for UV-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

PMID- 27373888
TI  - The effects of different technologies on synthesis of CuInSe2 prepared by
      coreduction.
AB  - Solution thermal method was used to synthesize CuInSe2 powders from metal
      chlorides and SeO2 at 160~200 degrees C. The phases of product samples were
      analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), the size and morphology of the products were
      observed by JSM6380LA scanning electron microscope (SEM). The aim is to explore
      the best technology to obtain the pure CuInSe2 powders. Experimental results show
      that, CuInSe2 phase can be formed with metal chlorides by reacting for 20 h at
      160 degrees C, 180 degrees C and 200 degrees C and has XRD peaks corresponding to
      (112), (204) and (312) crystal planes, respectively. It consists of irregular
      spherical grains with about 0.2~0.5 MUm in diameter, which agglomerate larger
      particles with average particle size about 1~3 MUm. CuInSe2 phase was formed more
      easily at the temperature higher than 180 degrees C and shows better
      crystallinity. 

PMID- 27373889
TI  - Accelerated life assessment of coating on the radar structure components in
      coastal environment.
AB  - AIMS: This paper aimed to build an accelerated life test scheme and carry out
      quantitative analysis between accelerated life test in the laboratory and actual
      service for the coating composed of epoxy primer and polyurethane paint on
      structure components of some kind of radar served in the coastal environment of
      South China Sea. METHODS: The accelerated life test scheme was built based on the
      service environment and failure analysis of the coating. The quantitative
      analysis between accelerated life test and actual service was conducted by
      comparing the gloss loss, discoloration, chalking, blistering, cracking and
      electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the coating. RESULTS: The main factors
      leading to the coating failure were ultraviolet radiation, temperature, moisture,
      salt fog and loads, the accelerated life test included ultraviolet radiation,
      damp heat, thermal shock, fatigue and salt spray. The quantitative relationship
      was that one cycle of the accelerated life test was equal to actual service for
      one year. CONCLUSIONS: It was established that one cycle of the accelerated life
      test was equal to actual service for one year. It provided a precise way to
      predict actual service life of newly developed coatings for the manufacturer.

PMID- 27373891
TI  - Acute kidney injury: short-term and long-term effects.
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common cause of organ dysfunction in
      critically ill adults, with a single episode of AKI, regardless of stage,
      carrying a significant morbidity and mortality risk. Since the consensus on AKI
      nomenclature has been reached, data reflecting outcomes have become more apparent
      allowing investigation of both short- and long-term outcomes.Classically the
      short-term effects of AKI can be thought of as those reflecting an acute
      deterioration in renal function per se. However, the effects of AKI, especially
      with regard to distant organ function ("organ cross-talk"), are being elucidated
      as is the increased susceptibility to other conditions. With regards to the long
      term effects, the consideration that outcome is a simple binary endpoint of
      dialysis or not, or survival or not, is overly simplistic, with the reality being
      much more complex.Also discussed are currently available treatment strategies to
      mitigate these adverse effects, as they have the potential to improve patient
      outcome and provide considerable economic health savings. Moving forward, an
      agreement for defining renal recovery is warranted if we are to assess and
      extrapolate the efficacy of novel therapies. Future research should focus on
      targeted therapies assessed by measure of long-term outcomes. 

PMID- 27373890
TI  - Natural (Mineral, Vegetable, Coconut, Essential) Oils and Contact Dermatitis.
AB  - Natural oils include mineral oil with emollient, occlusive, and humectant
      properties and the plant-derived essential, coconut, and other vegetable oils,
      composed of triglycerides that microbiota lipases hydrolyze into glycerin, a
      potent humectant, and fatty acids (FAs) with varying physico-chemical properties.
      Unsaturated FAs have high linoleic acid used for synthesis of ceramide-I
      linoleate, a barrier lipid, but more pro-inflammatory omega-6:-3 ratios above
      10:1, and their double bonds form less occlusive palisades. VCO FAs have a low
      linoleic acid content but shorter and saturated FAs that form a more compact
      palisade, more anti-inflammatory omega-6:-3 ratio of 2:1, close to 7:1 of olive
      oil, which disrupts the skin barrier, otherwise useful as a penetration enhancer.
      Updates on the stratum corneum illustrate how this review on the contrasting
      actions of NOs provide information on which to avoid and which to select for
      barrier repair and to lower inflammation in contact dermatitis genesis. 

PMID- 27373892
TI  - Therapeutic Targeting of the IL-6 Trans-Signaling/Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin
      Complex 1 Axis in Pulmonary Emphysema.
AB  - RATIONALE: The potent immunomodulatory cytokine IL-6 is consistently up-regulated
      in human lungs with emphysema and in mouse emphysema models; however, the
      mechanisms by which IL-6 promotes emphysema remain obscure. IL-6 signals using
      two distinct modes: classical signaling via its membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL
      6R), and trans-signaling via a naturally occurring soluble IL-6R. OBJECTIVES: To
      identify whether IL-6 trans-signaling and/or classical signaling contribute to
      the pathogenesis of emphysema. METHODS: We used the gp130F/F genetic mouse model
      for spontaneous emphysema and cigarette smoke-induced emphysema models. Emphysema
      in mice was quantified by various methods including in vivo lung function and
      stereology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
      assay was used to assess alveolar cell apoptosis. In mouse and human lung
      tissues, the expression level and location of IL-6 signaling-related genes and
      proteins were measured, and the levels of IL-6 and related proteins in sera from
      emphysematous mice and patients were also assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN
      RESULTS: Lung tissues from patients with emphysema, and from spontaneous and
      cigarette smoke-induced emphysema mouse models, were characterized by excessive
      production of soluble IL-6R. Genetic blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling in
      emphysema mouse models and therapy with the IL-6 trans-signaling antagonist
      sgp130Fc ameliorated emphysema by suppressing augmented alveolar type II cell
      apoptosis. Furthermore, IL-6 trans-signaling-driven emphysematous changes in the
      lung correlated with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 hyperactivation,
      and treatment of emphysema mouse models with the mechanistic target of rapamycin
      complex 1 inhibitor rapamycin attenuated emphysematous changes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Collectively, our data reveal that specific targeting of IL-6 trans-signaling may
      represent a novel treatment strategy for emphysema.

PMID- 27373894
TI  - IQRray, a new method for Affymetrix microarray quality control, and the
      homologous organ conservation score, a new benchmark method for quality control
      metrics.

PMID- 27373893
TI  - Components of treatment delay in rheumatoid arthritis differ according to
      autoantibody status: validation of a single-centre observation using national
      audit data.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether time to treatment following symptom onset differs
      between RA patients according to autoantibody status. METHODS: A single-centre
      retrospective analysis of a UK early RA inception cohort was first undertaken to
      identify those components of the patient journey that differed by serological
      subtype. Data from a UK national audit of early inflammatory arthritis patients
      was accessed to replicate the key finding. RESULTS: A total of 173 RA patients
      were diagnosed over a 31-month period, of whom 80 (46%) were ACPA/RF double
      seropositive (ACPA(+)/RF(+)), 53 (31%) ACPA(-)/RF(-), 17 (10%) ACPA(+)/RF(-) and
      23 (13%) RF(+)/ACPA(-) Overall, ACPA(+)/RF(+) patients experienced significantly
      longer symptom duration before DMARD initiation. This was accounted for by delays
      in their presentation to primary care following symptom onset-a finding that was
      robustly confirmed in an independent dataset of 2192 UK early RA patients. In
      contrast, ACPA(-)/RF(-) patients were significantly more likely to experience
      delays in DMARD initiation after presenting to secondary care. CONCLUSION: Causes
      of treatment delays in early RA differ according to patients' autoantibody
      status. More insidious symptom onset and/or distinct health-seeking behaviours
      among ACPA(+)/RF(+) patients may contribute to late presentations in primary
      care, whereas ACPA(-)/RF(-) patients experience delayed diagnosis and treatment
      in secondary care. These observations inform the research agenda, potentially
      influencing the design of service delivery for early arthritis patients.

PMID- 27373895
TI  - Chemical Swarming: Depending on Concentration, an Amphiphilic Ruthenium
      Polypyridyl Complex Induces Cell Death via Two Different Mechanisms.
AB  - The crystal structure and in vitro cytotoxicity of the amphiphilic ruthenium
      complex [3](PF6 )2 are reported. Complex [3](PF6 )2 contains a Ru-S bond that is
      stable in the dark in cell-growing medium, but is photosensitive. Upon blue-light
      irradiation, complex [3](PF6 )2 releases the cholesterol-thioether ligand 2 and
      an aqua ruthenium complex [1](PF6 )2 . Although ligand 2 and complex [1](PF6 )2
      are by themselves not cytotoxic, complex [3](PF6 )2 was unexpectedly found to be
      as cytotoxic as cisplatin in the dark, that is, with micromolar effective
      concentrations (EC50 ), against six human cancer cell lines (A375, A431, A549,
      MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and U87MG). Blue-light irradiation (lambda=450 nm, 6.3 J cm(
      2) ) had little influence on the cytotoxicity of [3](PF6 )2 after 6 h of
      incubation time, but it increased the cytotoxicity of the complex by a factor 2
      after longer (24 h) incubation. Exploring the unexpected biological activity of
      [3](PF6 )2 in the dark elucidated an as-yet unknown bifaceted mode of action that
      depended on concentration, and thus, on the aggregation state of the compound. At
      low concentration, it acts as a monomer, inserts into the membrane, and can
      deliver [1](2+) inside the cell upon blue-light activation. At higher
      concentrations (>3-5 MUm), complex [3](PF6 )2 forms supramolecular aggregates
      that induce non-apoptotic cell death by permeabilizing cell membranes and
      extracting lipids and membrane proteins. 

PMID- 27373896
TI  - Dietary behaviour, food and nutrient intake of women do not change during
      pregnancy in Southern Ethiopia.
AB  - Although pregnant women are required to increase food and nutrient intake to
      accommodate for the increased nutritional demands, information on dietary
      behaviour and nutrient intake is limited. This study aimed to identify the
      adequacy and differences in intake between pregnant and non-pregnant women in a
      rural community of Butajira district, Southern Ethiopia. Simple random sampling
      was used to recruit 159 pregnant and 164 non-pregnant women. An interactive
      multiple pass 24-h recall survey was used to evaluate the food and nutrient
      intake of the study participants. Except for iron, vitamin A and C, intakes of
      macro and micronutrient were below the recommendations. Almost all study
      participants were deficient in energy, protein, calcium, folate and niacin
      intakes. There was no significant difference in the mean dietary intake of all
      nutrients between pregnant and non-pregnant women (p > 0.05). The prevalence of
      inadequacy was comparable between pregnant and non-pregnant women in all of the
      nutrient intakes except for Zn, where the prevalence of inadequacy was much
      higher among the pregnant women. Nearly all (99.0%) of the pregnant women were
      deficient in niacin, folate and calcium. Although all pregnant women considered
      it important to increase food intake during pregnancy, only a quarter of women
      reported to do so. In conclusion, pregnant women in the rural community of
      Butajira district do not make significant dietary intake adjustments to account
      for increased nutrient needs during pregnancy. In food insecure areas, such as
      ours, nutritional counselling complemented with supplementary feeding programmes
      could be key to ensure adequate dietary intake. (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27373897
TI  - A guide to the selection of switchable functional groups for CO2-switchable
      compounds.
AB  - Many CO2-responsive species, including many of the CO2-switchable surfactants,
      solvents, solutes, gels, colloids, and surfaces, rely on the ability of CO2 to
      lower the pH of water. Uncharged basic groups on the CO2-responsive species are
      therefore converted from a neutral state to a protonated cationic state (a
      bicarbonate salt), which causes dramatic and useful changes to the properties of
      the species. However, this switching process only works correctly if a basic
      group of appropriate basicity has been selected. This article presents a
      comprehensive guide to the selection of basic groups for CO2-switchable species
      for use in water. The appropriate basicity, as measured by the pKaH (the pKa of
      the protonated compound), is a function of the concentration of the switchable
      species, the temperature, the pressure of CO2, the presence or absence of an
      organic liquid phase, and the solubility of the neutral form of the compound. 

PMID- 27373898
TI  - A systematic analysis of the needs of people with HIV in Australia: stakeholder
      views of the key elements for a healthy life.
AB  - Background: The HealthMap project is developing an intervention to reduce
      cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV. As part of the formative stages of
      the intervention design, we sought to understand the needs of people with HIV
      (PWHIV). Methods: Two concept-mapping workshops with PWHIV (n=10), and one with
      HIV care providers (n=6) were conducted. The workshop findings were consolidated
      into a questionnaire administered to PWHIV (n=300) and HIV care providers
      (n=107). Participants were asked to rate the importance of each of 81 presented
      needs and the degree to which it was currently being met. Results: Workshops
      provided insights into what PWHIV perceive they need, to live with and manage
      their condition, and its impact on their life; these included: (1) clinical
      science research and development; (2) information and support; (3) personal
      situation; (4) healthcare quality; (5) access to services; (6) access to services
      specific to ageing; and (7) social justice. Questionnaire results revealed that
      PWHIV considered information and support, and research and development most
      important. For providers, healthcare quality, clients' personal situation, and
      social justice were most important. In terms of unmet needs, PWHIV and providers
      both highlighted issues in the areas of social justice, and access to aged care
      services. Conclusions: PWHIV and HIV providers continue to report unmet needs in
      the areas of social justice and emerging concerns about access to aged care
      services. Services must continue to address these issues of access and equity.

PMID- 27373899
TI  - Age of human papillomavirus vaccination?

PMID- 27373901
TI  - Gradient pre-emphasis to counteract first-order concomitant fields on asymmetric
      MRI gradient systems.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a gradient pre-emphasis scheme that prospectively counteracts
      the effects of the first-order concomitant fields for any arbitrary gradient
      waveform played on asymmetric gradient systems, and to demonstrate the
      effectiveness of this approach using a real-time implementation on a compact
      gradient system. METHODS: After reviewing the first-order concomitant fields that
      are present on asymmetric gradients, we developed a generalized gradient pre
      emphasis model assuming arbitrary gradient waveforms to counteract their effects.
      A numerically straightforward, easily implemented approximate solution to this
      pre-emphasis problem was derived that was compatible with the current hardware
      infrastructure of conventional MRI scanners for eddy current compensation. The
      proposed method was implemented on the gradient driver subsystem, and its real
      time use was tested using a series of phantom and in vivo data acquired from two
      dimensional Cartesian phase-difference, echo-planar imaging, and spiral
      acquisitions. RESULTS: The phantom and in vivo results demonstrated that unless
      accounted for, first-order concomitant fields introduce considerable phase
      estimation error into the measured data and result in images with spatially
      dependent blurring/distortion. The resulting artifacts were effectively prevented
      using the proposed gradient pre-emphasis. CONCLUSION: We have developed an
      efficient and effective gradient pre-emphasis framework to counteract the effects
      of first-order concomitant fields of asymmetric gradient systems. Magn Reson Med
      77:2250-2262, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in
      Medicine.

PMID- 27373900
TI  - Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus 16/18 AS04
      adjuvanted vaccine in women older than 25 years: 7-year follow-up of the phase 3,
      double-blind, randomised controlled VIVIANE study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is greatest
      in young women, women older than 25 years remain at risk. We present data from
      the VIVIANE study of the HPV 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in adult women after 7
      years of follow-up. METHODS: In this phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled
      trial, healthy women older than 25 years were enrolled (age stratified: 26-35
      years, 36-45 years, and >=46 years). Up to 15% in each age stratum had a history
      of HPV infection or disease. Women were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive HPV
      16/18 vaccine or aluminium hydroxide control, with an internet-based system. The
      primary endpoint was vaccine efficacy against 6-month persistent infection or
      cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or greater (CIN1+) associated with HPV
      16/18. We did analyses in the according-to-protocol cohort for efficacy and total
      vaccinated cohort. Data for the combined primary endpoint in the according-to
      protocol cohort for efficacy were considered significant when the lower limit of
      the 96.2% CI around the point estimate was greater than 30%. For all other
      endpoints and cohorts, data were considered significant when the lower limit of
      the 96.2% CI was greater than 0%. This study is registered with
      ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00294047. FINDINGS: The first participant was
      enrolled on Feb 16, 2006, and the last study visit took place on Jan 29, 2014.
      4407 women were in the according-to-protocol cohort for efficacy (n=2209 vaccine,
      n=2198 control) and 5747 women in the total vaccinated cohort (n=2877 vaccine,
      n=2870 control). At month 84, in women seronegative for the corresponding HPV
      type in the according-to-protocol cohort for efficacy, vaccine efficacy against 6
      month persistent infection or CIN1+ associated with HPV 16/18 was significant in
      all age groups combined (90.5%, 96.2% CI 78.6-96.5). Vaccine efficacy against HPV
      16/18-related cytological abnormalities (atypical squamous cells of undetermined
      significance and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and CIN1+ was also
      significant. We also noted significant cross-protective efficacy against 6-month
      persistent infection with HPV 31 (65.8%, 96.2% CI 24.9-85.8) and HPV 45 (70.7%,
      96.2% CI 34.2-88.4). In the total vaccinated cohort, vaccine efficacy against
      CIN1+ irrespective of HPV was significant (22.9%, 96.2% CI 4.8-37.7). Serious
      adverse events related to vaccination occurred in five (0.2%) of 2877 women in
      the vaccine group and eight (0.3%) of 2870 women in the control group.
      INTERPRETATION: In women older than 25 years, the HPV 16/18 vaccine continues to
      protect against infections, cytological abnormalities, and lesions associated
      with HPV 16/18 and CIN1+ irrespective of HPV type, and infection with non-vaccine
      types HPV 31 and HPV 45 over 7 years of follow-up. FUNDING: GlaxoSmithKline
      Biologicals SA.

PMID- 27373902
TI  - Field comparison of two inhalable samplers used in Italy to measure the wood dust
      exposure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Particle size affects the performance of personal air samplers used
      to measure dust exposure in the workplace. Few field studies have been conducted
      for comparing the performance of personal inhalable samplers. OBJECTIVE: To
      compare wood dust sampling with two inhalable samplers: IOM (Institute of
      Occupational Medicine) and Italian cone. METHODS: 136 Italian cone/IOM paired
      samples and 136 passive IOM samples were collected in 30 Italian woodworking
      industries. The valid number of sample pairs was 114. Ultra-large particles were
      collected by passive IOM. The sampling membranes were weighed and the size
      particles were measured. Mass differences in active and passive IOM samples were
      calculated (IOM-Delta). RESULTS: Statistical analysis of all 114 Italian
      cone/active IOM paired results showed a significant mass difference (P < 0.05)
      and no significant mass difference for sanding and cutting woodworking processes.
      The Italian cone/IOM-Delta paired results consistently showed no statistically
      significant mass differences in any woodworking processes. Both samplers
      performed similarly when ultra-large particles mass contribution was not
      considered. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the presence of ultra-large
      particles in woodworking. The Italian cone and IOM samplers can be used
      interchangeably for personal wood dust exposure assessment, when the wood
      activities produce small-size particles.

PMID- 27373903
TI  - Maternal outcome in pregnant women with lupus nephritis. A prospective
      multicenter study.
AB  - Retrospective studies reported a high incidence of maternal complications in
      pregnant women with lupus. In this paper we prospectively assessed the rate of
      risk and the risk factors of maternal outcome in women with stable lupus
      nephritis who received pre-pregnancy counseling. This prospective multicenter
      study includes 71 pregnancies in 61 women with lupus nephritis who became
      pregnant between 2006 and 2013. Complete renal remission was present before
      pregnancy in 56 cases (78.9%) and mild active nephritis in 15 cases. All women
      underwent a screening visit before pregnancy and were closely monitored by a
      multidisciplinary team. Lupus anticoagulant, serum C3 and C4 complement
      fractions, anti-DNA antibodies, anti-C1q antibodies, anticardiolipin IgG and IgM
      antibodies, anti-beta2 IgG and IgM antibodies were tested at screening visit, at
      first, second, third trimester of pregnancy, and one year after delivery. Renal
      flares of lupus during or after pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome were
      defined as adverse maternal outcomes. Fourteen flares (19.7%), six cases of pre
      eclampsia (8.4%) and two cases of HELLP (2.8%) occurred during the study period.
      All flares responded to therapy and the manifestations of pre-eclampsia and HELLP
      were promptly reversible. Low C3, high anti-DNA antibodies and predicted all
      renal flares. High anti-C1q antibodies and low C4 predicted early flares. The
      body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased risk of late flares. History
      of previous renal flares and the presence of clinically active lupus nephritis at
      conception did not increase the risk of renal flares during pregnancy. History of
      renal flares before pregnancy, arterial hypertension, and longer disease
      predicted pre-eclampsia/HELLP. In pregnant women with lupus nephritis adverse
      maternal outcomes were relatively common but proved to be reversible when
      promptly diagnosed and treated. Immunological activity, arterial hypertension and
      BMI may predispose to maternal complications.

PMID- 27373904
TI  - Success and failure of biological treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus: A
      critical analysis.
AB  - Patients affected with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) still display increased
      mortality and decreased quality of life in respect to general population. The
      major determinant of poor long term prognosis is organ damage, which is
      predictive of more damage and death. Damage is in turn triggered by uncontrolled
      disease activity and especially by the long-standing corticosteroid use which
      often accompanies SLE patients over their disease course, owing both to the need
      of reaching disease remission and to the habit of keeping patients on a small
      steroid dose for an indefinite period of time. Hence, the need for new drugs and
      therapeutic strategies aiming at minimizing damage accrual through a better
      control of disease activity and a steroid-sparing potential is paramount. So far,
      however, the therapeutic strategy in SLE requires a multitarget approach which is
      not devoid of widespread immunesuppression. In fact, several studies have been
      carried out in recent years targeting both the adaptive and the innate immune
      system, the majority of which did not achieve their primary endpoint, being often
      divergent from successful clinical experience and thereby committing physician to
      off-label use of targeted therapies in face of refractory SLE manifestations. The
      study designs and the chosen endpoints were often blamed for inadequacy, being at
      least in part responsible for study failures. In this review, we go over major
      clinical trials conducted in SLE by analyzing any critical aspects related to
      study design, predefined endpoints and biological activity of novel compounds
      that may have hampered study outcome, despite the great effort of providing less
      toxic drugs within a targeted, pathogenic-based approach.

PMID- 27373905
TI  - Highly sensitive gas-phase explosive detection by luminescent microporous polymer
      networks.
AB  - We propose microporous networks (MPNs) of a light emitting spiro-carbazole based
      polymer (PSpCz) as luminescent sensor for nitro-aromatic compounds. The MPNs used
      in this study can be easily synthesized on arbitrarily sized/shaped substrates by
      simple and low-cost electrochemical deposition. The resulting MPN afford an
      extremely high specific surface area of 1300 m(2)/g, more than three orders of
      magnitude higher than that of the thin films of the respective monomer. We
      demonstrate, that the luminescence of PSpCz is selectively quenched by nitro
      aromatic analytes, e.g. nitrobenzene, 2,4-DNT and TNT. In striking contrast to a
      control sample based on non-porous spiro-carbazole, which does not show any
      luminescence quenching upon exposure to TNT at levels of 3 ppm and below, the
      microporous PSpCz shows a clearly detectable response even at TNT concentrations
      as low as 5 ppb, clearly demonstrating the advantage of microporous films as
      luminescent sensors for traces of explosive analytes. This level states the vapor
      pressure of TNT at room temperature.

PMID- 27373906
TI  - Activation of the sigma receptor 1 modulates AMPA receptor-mediated light-evoked
      excitatory postsynaptic currents in rat retinal ganglion cells.
AB  - Sigma receptor (sigmaR), a unique receptor family, is classified into three
      subtypes: sigmaR1, sigmaR2 and sigmaR3. It was previously shown that sigmaR1
      activation induced by 1MUM SKF10047 (SKF) suppressed N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)
      receptor-mediated responses of rat retinal ganglion cells (GCs) and the
      suppression was mediated by a distinct Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase C (PLC)
      protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. In the present work, using whole-cell patch-clamp
      techniques in rat retinal slice preparations, we further demonstrate that SKF of
      higher dosage (50MUM) significantly suppressed AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated
      light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (L-EPSCs) of retinal ON-type GCs
      (ON GCs), and the effect was reversed by the sigmaR1 antagonist BD1047,
      suggesting the involvement of sigmaR1. The SKF (50MUM) effect was unlikely due to
      a change in glutamate release from bipolar cells, as suggested by the unaltered
      paired-pulse ratio (PPR) of AMPAR-mediated EPSCs of ON GCs. SKF (50MUM) did not
      change L-EPSCs of ON GCs when the G protein inhibitor GDP-beta-S or the protein
      kinase G (PKG) inhibitor KT5823 was intracellularly infused. Calcium imaging
      further revealed that SKF (50MUM) did not change intracellular calcium
      concentration in GCs and persisted to suppress L-EPSCs when intracellular calcium
      was chelated by BAPTA. The SKF (50MUM) effect was intact when protein kinase A
      (PKA) and phosphatidylinostiol (PI)-PLC signaling pathways were both blocked. We
      conclude that the SKF (50MUM) effect is Ca(2+)-independent, PKG-dependent, but
      not involving PKA, PI-PLC pathways.

PMID- 27373908
TI  - Cooperative binding and extraction of sodium nitrite by a ditopic receptor
      incorporated into a polymeric resin.
AB  - Simple ion pair receptors were synthesised and characterized in solution. The
      modular design of these receptors facilitated the preparation of a functionally
      analogous polymeric material able to extract sodium nitrite from acetonitrile
      solution. 

PMID- 27373909
TI  - Clinical response to liposomal doxorubicin and rituximab in HHV-8-associated
      multicentric Castleman's disease in an HIV-positive patient.
AB  - We report a patient with HIV-associated multicentric Castleman's disease who had
      recurrent human herpesvirus-8 viremia associated with intermittent febrile
      exanthema and lymphadenopathy. Although the patient relapsed after single-agent
      treatment with liposomal doxorubicin, weekly infusions of rituximab led to
      complete remission even though the reactivation of the Kaposi's sarcoma was
      unfortunately observed. Rituximab could not only eliminate the accumulation of
      HHV-8 load but also play a part in the modulation of dysregulated CD20-positive B
      cells in HIV-associated multicentric Castleman's disease.

PMID- 27373907
TI  - Nucleolin interacts with influenza A nucleoprotein and contributes to viral
      ribonucleoprotein complexes nuclear trafficking and efficient influenza viral
      replication.
AB  - Influenza viruses replicate their single-stranded RNA genomes in the nucleus of
      infected cells and these replicated genomes (vRNPs) are then exported from the
      nucleus to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane before budding. To achieve this
      export, influenza viruses hijack the host cell export machinery. However, the
      complete mechanisms underlying this hijacking remain not fully understood. We
      have previously shown that influenza viruses induce a marked alteration of the
      nucleus during the time-course of infection and notably in the nucleolar
      compartment. In this study, we discovered that a major nucleolar component,
      called nucleolin, is required for an efficient export of vRNPs and viral
      replication. We have notably shown that nucleolin interacts with the viral
      nucleoprotein (NP) that mainly constitutes vRNPs. Our results suggest that this
      interaction could allow vRNPs to "catch" the host cell export machinery, a
      necessary step for viral replication.

PMID- 27373910
TI  - Do refined consensus guidelines improve the uniformity of clinical target volume
      delineation for rectal cancer? Results of a national review project.
AB  - In a previous national central review project, 74% of the rectal cancer clinical
      target volumes (CTVs) needed a modification. In a follow-up initiative, we
      evaluated whether the use of refined international consensus guidelines improves
      the uniformity of CTV delineation in clinical practice.

PMID- 27373911
TI  - Changes in treatment patterns and impact of radiotherapy for early stage diffuse
      large B cell lymphoma after Rituximab: A population-based analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Use of Rituximab for diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has improved
      outcomes and led to further questions regarding the benefit of consolidative
      radiation therapy (RT). This study sought to determine changes in RT utilization
      following the incorporation of Rituximab for treatment of early stage DLBCL and
      to examine survival outcomes. MATERIALS/METHODS: We included patients in the
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, diagnosed with Stage I-II
      DLBCL between 1992 and 2011. Linear regression was performed to determine rate of
      RT utilization over time during the pre- and post-Rituximab eras (1992-2001 vs.
      2002-2011). Kaplan-Meier and Cox Regression were performed to compare overall
      survival (OS) for patients treated with or without RT. Propensity-score matching
      was used to compare survival outcomes to account for indication bias. RESULTS:
      34,680 patients met the specified criteria. RT utilization was 35.2% in the pre
      Rituximab era and 29.9% in the post-Rituximab era (P<0.001). Linear regression
      revealed that in the pre-Rituximab era the slope of the best fit line for RT
      utilization by year was positive (m=0.01, P=0.0046), while the slope was negative
      in the post-Rituximab era (m=-0.008, P=0.0102). RT use was associated with
      improved OS in both the pre-Rituximab era (hazard ratio [HR]=0.797; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 0.756-0.841) and the post-Rituximab era (HR=0.745; 95%
      CI 0.702-0.789). Propensity-score matched analysis confirmed that RT use improved
      OS in the pre-Rituximab era (HR=0.844; 95% CI 0.793-0.897) and post-Rituximab era
      (0.754; 95% CI 0.703-0.809). CONCLUSION: RT utilization has decreased following
      incorporation of Rituximab for first line treatment of DLBCL. RT use is
      associated with improved OS in both pre- and post-Rituximab eras, suggesting that
      RT should continue to be used for management of early stage DLBCL, even in the
      era of Rituximab.

PMID- 27373912
TI  - Agromyces aureus sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Salix caprea L. grown
      in a heavy-metal-contaminated soil.
AB  - A Gram-reaction-positive, motile, yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped bacterial
      strain, designated AR33T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Salix caprea L.
      growing in a former zinc/lead mining and processing site in Austria. A polyphasic
      approach was applied to determine its taxonomic position. 16S rRNA gene sequence
      analysis, and morphological and chemotaxonomic properties showed that strain
      AR33T belongs to the genus Agromyces. Strain AR33T had peptidoglycan type B2gamma
      and the major menaquinones were MK-11, MK-10 and MK-12. The main branched-chain
      fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. Strain AR33T
      showed catalase and oxidase activity and multiple heavy metal resistances to
      zinc, lead and cadmium. The DNA G+C content was 70.1 mol%. Levels of 16S rRNA
      gene sequence similarity with closely related recognized species of the genus
      Agromyces ranged between 98 and 99 %. However, DNA-DNA hybridization between
      strain AR33T and the type strains of three Agromyces species showed values lower
      than 42 % relatedness. Therefore, differential phenotypic characteristics
      together with DNA-DNA relatedness suggested that strain AR33T can be recognized
      as representing a distinct Agromyces species, for which the name Agromyces aureus
      sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AR33T (=DSM 101731T=LMG 29235T).

PMID- 27373913
TI  - Rheological Properties of a Heat-reversible Gel of Water-soluble Soybean
      Polysaccharide Extracted under Acidic Conditions.
AB  - We studied the rheological properties of a heat-reversible gel formed with water
      soluble soybean polysaccharides (RG-SSPS) which had been extracted from purified
      polysaccharides of soybean cotyledon meal at pH 2 and 80 degrees C for 90 min. It
      was found that the gelling point and melting point of this heat-reversible gel
      were at approximately 51 degrees C and 46 degrees C, respectively. Gelation was
      observed in aqueous solutions with a concentration of over 3%, but not at 1%, at
      5 degrees C. The influence of pH on the gel strength of RG-SSPS was strong.
      Especially on the acidic side, the G' and G" values, which were highest at pH 7,
      were remarkably low and no gel was formed at pH 5. The addition of EDTA lowered
      the G' and G" values, while the addition of Ca raised them. These findings and
      the analytical results for the fractions obtained from RG-SSPS after reheating at
      pH 5 and 120 degrees C for 90 min, under which conditions the non-gel-forming
      polysaccharides were extracted, suggest that gelation was due to weak bonding and
      cross-linking between polyvalent cations and low-methoxyl uronic acid regions in
      the homogalacturonic or rhamnogalacturonic main chain of the RG-SSPS structure.
      The results also suggest that the heat reversibility was due to weakness of the
      bonding which did not conform to the egg-box model, like the mechanism for low
      methoxyl pectin or sodium alginate, because the neutral sugar side chains of the
      RG-SSPS structure are thought to limit their mutual proximity. 

PMID- 27373914
TI  - Enzymes Responsible for Acetate Oxidation by Acetic Acid Bacteria.
AB  - Several acetic acid bacteria of the genus Acetobacter oxidize much acetate
      oxidation, which is not desired in vinegar manufacturing. Acetobacter rancens SKU
      1111, a strong acetate oxidant, grew rapidly with a biphasic growth curve while
      consuming acetate in the second growth phase. Acetobacter aceti IFO 3284 did not
      show extensive acetate oxidation. Addition of glycerol to the culture medium of
      Acetobacter rancens SKU 1111 increased acetate oxidation and resulted in more
      biomass in the second growth phase than when glycerol was not added. Enzyme
      activities of acetyl-CoA synthetase and phosphotransacetylase in the organism
      were high during acetate oxidation. The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate
      carboxylase was most stimulated by a trace amount of acetyl-CoA among the enzymes
      of glycerol catabolism. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in A. rancens SKU 1111
      showed a sigmoidal saturation curve with acetyl-CoA. This finding suggested that
      strong acetate oxidation caused by acetyl-CoA synthetase or phosphotransacetylase
      activity, together with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, increased the biomass. 

PMID- 27373915
TI  - Synthesis of (+/-)-Methyl Tuberonate, a Potato Tuber-forming Substance, and Its
      Epimer.
AB  - Methyl esters of (+/-)-tuberonic acid and (+/-)-12-hydroxyjasmonic acid (trans
      tuberonic acid), the aglycons of strong potato tuber-forming substances, were
      synthesized from norbornene via side-chain elongation and Baeyer-Villiger
      oxidation as key steps. 

PMID- 27373916
TI  - Crystallization and Properties of NADPH-Dependent L-Sorbose Reductase from
      Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3294.
AB  - NADPH-Dependent L-sorbose reductase (SORD, synonimously NADP-dependent D-srobitol
      dehydrogenase) was purified and crystallized for the first time from the
      cytosolic fraction of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3294. The enzyme catalyzed
      oxidoreduction between D-sorbitol and L-sorbose in the presence of NADP or NADPH.
      Affinity chromatography by a Blue-dextran Sepharose 4B column was effective for
      purifying the enzyme giving about 770-fold purification with an overall yield of
      more than 50%. The crystalline enzyme showed a single sedimentation peak in
      analytical ultracentrifugation, giving an apparent sedimentation constant of 3.8
      s. Gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column gave the molecular mass of 60 kDa to
      the enzyme, which dissociated into 30 kDa subunit on SDS-PAGE, indicating that
      the enzyme is composed of 2 identical subunits. Reduction of L-sorbose to D
      sorbitol predominated in the presence of NADPH with the optimum pH of 5.0-7.0.
      Oxidation of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose was observed in the presence of NADP at the
      optimum pH of 7.0-9.0. The relative rate of L-sorbose reduction was more than
      seven times higher to that of D-sorbitol oxidation. NAD and NADH were inert for
      both reactions. D-Fructose reduction in the presence of NADPH did not occur with
      SORD. Since the reaction rate in L-sorbose reduction highly predominated over D
      sorbitol oxidation over a wide pH range, the enzyme could be available for direct
      enzymatic measurement of L-sorbose. Even in the presence of a large excess of D
      glucose and other substances, oxidation of NADPH to NADP was highly specific and
      stoichiometric to the L-sorbose reduced. Judging from the enzymatic properties,
      SORD would contribute to the intracellular assimilation of L-sorbose incorporated
      from outside the cells where L-sorbose is accumulated in huge amounts in the
      culture medium. 

PMID- 27373917
TI  - Lipase-catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of (+/-)-trans- and cis-2-Azidocycloalkanols.
AB  - The lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of trans- and cis-2-azidocycloalkanols
      and the preparation of enantiomerically pure trans- and cis-2-aminocycloalkanols
      are described. Four kinds of lipases were screened for the acetylation of trans-
      and cis-2-azidocycloalkanols. Among them, Pseudomonas sp. lipases (lipase PS and
      lipase AK, Amamo Pharmaceutical Co.) showed the highest enantioselectivity. These
      products were converted to the corresponding 2-aminocycloalkanols to determine
      their enantiomeric excess (ee) and absolute configurations by HPLC and CD
      analyses, using (S)-TBMB carboxylic acid [(S)-2-tert-butyl-2-methyl-1,3
      benzodioxole-4-carboxylic acid] as the chiral conversion reagent. The results of
      the CD analysis proved N,O-bis-(S)-TBMB carboxylated cis-2-aminocycloalkanols to
      adopt a predominantly N-equatorial conformation. The partially resolved trans-
      and cis-2-aminocycloalkanols, except for trans-2-aminocyclopentanol, were
      recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give enantiomerically pure forms. 

PMID- 27373918
TI  - Production of D-Glutamate from L-Glutamate with Glutamate Racemase and L
      Glutamate Oxidase.
AB  - We studied production of D-glutamate from L-glutamate using a bioreactor
      consisting of two columns of sequentially connected immobilized glutamate
      racemase (EC 5.1.1.3, from Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336) and L-glutamate oxidase
      (EC 1.4.3.11, from Streptomyces sp. X119-6): L-glutamate was racemized by the
      glutamate racemase column, and then L-glutamate was oxidized by the L-glutamate
      oxidase column. Consequently only D-glutamate remained, and was easily separated
      from the alpha-ketoglutarate formed by anion-exchange chromatography. Both
      enzymes were highly stabilized by immobilization. The pH and temperature optima
      of immobilized glutamate racemase (pH 8, 40 degrees C) were similar to those of
      immobilized L-glutamate oxidase (pH 7, 50 degrees C). Accordingly, we connected
      the two columns tandemly to do both enzyme reactions under the same conditions.
      Actually 4.5 MUmol of D-glutamate was produced and isolated from 10 MUmol of L
      glutamate, about 90% of the theoretical yield. 

PMID- 27373919
TI  - Subsite Structure of alpha-Amylase II from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris R-47.
AB  - We estimated the subsite structure of alpha-amylase II (TVA II) from
      Thermoactinomyces vulgaris R-47 expressed in Escherichia coli. TVA II has eight
      subsites, and the catalytic site is between the 5th and 6th subsite from the non
      reducing end side. The subsite affinities, A-5, A-4, A-3, A-2, (A-1+A+1), A+2,
      and A+3, were calculated to be -0.35, 0.93, 0.55, 2.56, 1.18, 1.71, and 0.01 kcal
      mol(-1), respectively. 

PMID- 27373920
TI  - High-level Expression of a Recombinant Thermostable Phytase in Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - An efficient expression system was developed in Bacillus subtilis for the large
      scale production of phytase. The phytase gene with a native promoter derived from
      Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was cloned in the Bacillus expression vector pJH27
      under a strong BJ27 promoter and its expression was optimized. The expression of
      the phytase gene occurred during late exponential growth and the extracellular
      phytase production was 2.0 units/ml, which constituted over 90% of the total
      protein. The yield was 100-fold higher than wild type Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
      DS11. 

PMID- 27373921
TI  - Competing Effect of Polyols on the Thermal Stability and Gelation of Soy Protein.
AB  - The thermal denaturation temperature of a soy protein isolate was increased, but
      its gel-melting temperature was decreased by the addition of polyols with
      increasing concentration and number of hydroxyl groups of the polyols. This
      inverse stabilizing effect of polyols on the protein structure and gel is
      discussed in terms of the competing solvent effects on intra- and intermolecular
      hydrophobic interactions and on the peptide-peptide hydrogen bonds of the
      protein. 

PMID- 27373922
TI  - Optical Resolution by the Replacing Crystallization of DL-Threonine with L
      Alanine as an Optically Active Cosolute.
AB  - DL-Threonine (DL-Thr) was optically resolved by replacing crystallization with L
      alanine (L-Ala) as an optically active cosolute. D-Thr was preferentially
      crystallized from a supersaturated aqueous solution of DL-Thr in the presence of
      L-Ala. Optical resolution was successfully achieved to afford D-Thr with an
      optical purity of 96-98% and L-Thr of 91-95%. The partially resolved D- and L-Thr
      were recrystallized from water, taking account of the solubility of DL-Thr, to
      efficiently yield both enantiomers in an optically pure form. 

PMID- 27373923
TI  - Organic photoredox catalysis for the oxidation of silicates: applications in
      radical synthesis and dual catalysis.
AB  - Metal free photooxidation of alkyl bis(catecholato)silicates with the organic dye
      1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyano-benzene (4CzIPN) allows the smooth
      formation of alkyl radicals. The latter can be efficiently engaged either with
      radical acceptors to provide homolytic addition products or in photoredox/nickel
      dual catalysis reactions to obtain cross-coupling products. 

PMID- 27373924
TI  - Self-perceived Sleep Quality and Quantity in Adults With Asthma: Findings From
      the CosteAsma Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nocturnal asthma symptoms are associated with poor
      sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness, and poor daytime functioning. The
      aim of this study was to describe self-perceived sleep quality and quantity in
      asthmatic adults in a real-world setting according to different determinants of
      patient health status. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational, seasonal,
      multiwave survey was designed. Allergists nationwide were asked to consecutively
      survey adult asthmatics aged 18 to 65 years, evenly distributed by seasons and
      asthma severity (Global Initiative for Asthma criteria). Sleep quality and
      quantity were assessed using the self-administered Medical Outcomes Study (MOS)
      Sleep Scale. The Asthma Control Test was applied to ascertain the degree of
      asthma symptom control. RESULTS: A total of 1098 individuals (58.7% females, 41.2
      [13.6] years) were analyzed. Asthma severity was associated with poor sleep
      quality and quantity; patients with more severe disease scored higher on the MOS
      Sleep Scale (P<.001) and also reported significantly fewer daily average hours of
      sleep (0.3-0.5 hours, P<.001). Level of symptom control and asthma severity were
      both associated with poor sleep quality and quantity, with the following mean MOS
      sleep problem index scores: 25.3 (fully controlled asthma), 26.4 (controlled),
      32.6 (partly controlled), and 44.6 (uncontrolled) (P<.001), and 48.4 (severe
      asthma), 39.0 (moderate), 32.6 (mild), and 26.5 (intermittent) (P<.001). Sex was
      significantly associated with the summary MOS sleep problem index. CONCLUSIONS:
      Sleep quality and quantity was significantly associated with poor health status
      in asthmatic patients. Guidelines should recommend asking about nocturnal asthma
      symptoms and encourage clinicians to take a global sleep history. Better control
      of nocturnal asthma symptoms could lead to improved sleep quality and a decrease
      in daytime sleep-related symptoms.

PMID- 27373926
TI  - Dopamine D2 Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Pancreatic beta Cell Mass.
AB  - Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate beta cell mass and
      proliferation is important for the treatment of diabetes. Here, we identified
      domperidone (DPD), a dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) antagonist that enhances beta
      cell mass. Over time, islet beta cell loss occurs in dissociation cultures, and
      this was inhibited by DPD. DPD increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of
      beta cells through increasing intracellular cAMP. DPD prevented beta cell
      dedifferentiation, which together highly contributed to the increased beta cell
      mass. DRD2 knockdown phenocopied the effects of domperidone and increased the
      number of beta cells. Drd2 overexpression sensitized the dopamine responsiveness
      of beta cells and increased apoptosis. Further analysis revealed that the
      adenosine agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, a previously identified
      promoter of beta cell proliferation, acted with DPD to increase the number of
      beta cells. In humans, dopamine also modulates beta cell mass through DRD2 and
      exerts an inhibitory effect on adenosine signaling.

PMID- 27373925
TI  - Regulation of the DNA Methylation Landscape in Human Somatic Cell Reprogramming
      by the miR-29 Family.
AB  - Reprogramming to pluripotency after overexpression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC
      is accompanied by global genomic and epigenomic changes. Histone modification and
      DNA methylation states in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been shown
      to be highly similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, epigenetic
      differences still exist between iPSCs and ESCs. In particular, aberrant DNA
      methylation states found in iPSCs are a major concern when using iPSCs in a
      clinical setting. Thus, it is critical to find factors that regulate DNA
      methylation states in reprogramming. Here, we found that the miR-29 family is an
      important epigenetic regulator during human somatic cell reprogramming. Our
      global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation analysis shows that DNA
      demethylation is a major event mediated by miR-29a depletion during early
      reprogramming, and that iPSCs derived from miR-29a depletion are epigenetically
      closer to ESCs. Our findings uncover an important miRNA-based approach to
      generate clinically robust iPSCs.

PMID- 27373927
TI  - Potential Pitfalls of the Mx1-Cre System: Implications for Experimental Modeling
      of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis.
AB  - Conditional knockout mice are commonly used to study the function of specific
      genes in hematopoiesis. Different promoters that drive Cre expression have been
      utilized, with the interferon-inducible Mx1-Cre still being the most commonly
      used "deleter strain" in experimental hematology. However, different pitfalls
      associated with this system could lead to misinterpretation in functional
      studies. We present here two of these issues related to the use of Mx1-Cre:
      first, a high spontaneous recombination rate when applying commonly used
      techniques in experimental hematology, and second, undesired short-term
      consequences of the use of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, including changes in
      cellular phenotypes that, however, resolve within days. Our studies emphasize
      therefore that proper controls are crucial when modeling gene deletion using the
      Mx1-Cre transgene.

PMID- 27373928
TI  - Propofol infusion syndrome: early blood purification to the rescue?

PMID- 27373930
TI  - Remifentanil for labour analgesia.

PMID- 27373929
TI  - Metformin inhibits Branched Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) derived ketoacidosis and
      promotes metabolic homeostasis in MSUD.
AB  - Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is an inherited disorder caused by the
      dysfunction in the branched chain keto-acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) enzyme. This
      leads to buildup of branched-chain keto-acids (BCKA) and branched-chain amino
      acids (BCAA) in body fluids (e.g. keto-isocaproic acid from the BCAA leucine),
      leading to numerous clinical features including a less understood skeletal muscle
      dysfunction in patients. KIC is an inhibitor of mitochondrial function at disease
      relevant concentrations. A murine model of intermediate MSUD (iMSUD) shows
      significant skeletal muscle dysfunction as by judged decreased muscle fiber
      diameter. MSUD is an orphan disease with a need for novel drug interventions.
      Here using a 96-well plate (liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LC-MS)
      based drug-screening platform we show that Metformin, a widely used anti-diabetic
      drug, reduces levels of KIC in patient-derived fibroblasts by 20-50%. This
      Metformin-mediated effect was conserved in vivo; Metformin-treatment
      significantly reduced levels of KIC in the muscle (by 69%) and serum (by 56%)
      isolated from iMSUD mice, and restored levels of mitochondrial metabolites (e.g.
      AMP and other TCA). The drug also decreased the expression of mitochondrial
      branched chain amino transferase (BCAT) which produces KIC in skeletal muscle.
      This suggests that Metformin can restore skeletal muscle homeostasis in MSUD by
      decreasing mitochondrial KIC production.

PMID- 27373931
TI  - Reducing Flightless I expression decreases severity of psoriasis in an imiquimod
      induced murine model of psoriasiform dermatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common chronic skin condition characterized by
      excessive inflammation and aberrant epidermal proliferation. Flightless I (Flii)
      is an actin-remodelling protein that regulates these processes, suggesting a
      possible role in psoriasis. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine whether a benefit
      in psoriasiform dermatitis might occur after modulating Flii gene expression or
      reducing its levels using neutralizing antibodies. METHODS: Biopsies of psoriatic
      skin lesions from patients were assessed for Flii levels. Psoriasis-like lesions
      were induced in Flii heterozygous (Flii+/- ), wild-type (Flii+/+ ) and Flii
      transgenic (FliiTg/Tg ) mice using topical application of imiquimod.
      Additionally, psoriasis-induced wild-type mice were treated with topical
      application of Flii neutralizing antibodies and erythema, inflammation and
      histology were assessed. RESULTS: Flii was elevated in psoriatic lesions from
      patients with psoriasis compared with normal human skin. Reducing Flii decreased
      erythema, inflammatory cell infiltrate, proinflammatory cytokines and the
      thickness of the epidermis. Topical application of Flii neutralizing antibodies
      to wild-type mice treated with imiquimod resulted in significantly reduced
      psoriasiform dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Flii is a novel target involved in
      psoriasiform dermatitis and reducing cutaneous Flii could potentially be a new
      approach for treating patients with psoriasis.

PMID- 27373932
TI  - Cervical Spine Surgery: Approach-Related Complications.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cervical spine surgery is a common procedure for treatment of wide
      variety of pathologies. In this paper we report approach-related complication
      rates experienced by our patients. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated data
      from patients who were treated surgically for cervical pathologies from February
      2011 to October 2013. Medical records were collected and evaluated. We compared
      the anterior cervical approach with the posterior cervical approach for patients
      operated for all cervical pathologies, and a subanalysis was performed for
      patients with cervical myelopathy. RESULTS: The study included 251 patients (192
      anterior vs. 59 posterior). The anterior approach patients were younger (not
      significant), but the indications for surgery varied significantly. Mean number
      of levels treated was 2.2 and 3.5 for anterior and posterior approaches,
      respectively (statistically significant). Neurologic status change was favorable
      for both surgical approaches. Total and deep wound infection rates (5.8% vs.
      11.9%; P = 0.008; 0.5% vs. 8.5%; P < 0.0005) were significantly greater for the
      posterior approach As well as total complication rate (7.8% vs. 20.3%; P =
      0.005). A subanalysis that included only cervical myelopathy patients (131
      anterior vs. 33 posterior) demonstrated again greater levels of deep wound
      infections and total infection rates for posterior approach (0% vs. 12%; P <
      0.0005; 12% vs. 1.5%; P < 0.005). Total complication rate in the myelopathy group
      was greater for the posterior approach (6.1% vs. 18.1%; P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS:
      Both the posterior and the anterior approaches are highly efficacious in
      preventing neurologic deterioration and in most cases improve neurological
      function. This study demonstrates that the anterior approach was associated with
      significantly lower rates of complication especially infection related
      complications.

PMID- 27373933
TI  - CREST Study Update.

PMID- 27373934
TI  - Intracranial Infantile Myofibromatosis Mimicking Malignant Brain Tumor: A Case
      Report and Literature Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myofibroma is a fibrous tumor of infancy that sometimes affects a
      single patient in a multiple fashion (infantile myofibromatosis). Its
      intracranial involvement is extremely rare, and its clinical picture has been
      poorly characterized. Here we report an interesting case of myofibromatosis with
      an intracranial lesion that behaved like an aggressive tumor and yet demonstrated
      very benign pathology. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 36-year-old man had never been
      diagnosed with infantile myofibromatosis despite his lifelong history of multiple
      tumors of various diagnoses. He presented with simple partial seizure and
      progressive right finger paresis. A series of brain magnetic resonance imaging
      scans revealed a rapidly growing lesion at his left frontal convexity, which
      corresponded to a high uptake area on a (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron
      emission tomography scan, highly suspicious of malignancy. He underwent complete
      tumor resection and his symptoms quickly resolved postoperatively. The
      pathological diagnosis was myofibroma with a MIB-1 labeling index of 1%-2%. A
      retrospective review of his previous tumors demonstrated the same pathology,
      which led to the diagnosis of myofibromatosis. Follow-up magnetic resonance
      imaging illustrated stabilization or regression of other preexisting lesions as
      well as formation of a new intracranial lesion. CONCLUSIONS: The discrepancy
      between rapid tumor growth associated with increased uptake on metabolic imaging
      and benign pathologic findings with a low proliferative index is noteworthy and
      should be recognized in the management of an intracranial lesion in a patient
      with infantile myofibromatosis. Given de novo formation of a lesion in this adult
      patient, long-term follow-up is essential in this disease.

PMID- 27373935
TI  - Neurocritical Care in China: Past, Present, and Future.
AB  - Despite the lack of resources and materials, there has been an increasing demand
      for acute neurologic care owing to the heavy burden of neurocritical illness in
      most developing countries, including China, where the morbidity and mortality of
      severe neurologic and neurosurgical disorders remains high. Neurointensive care
      units did not start appearing in China until the late 1980s. Although great
      progress has been made over the past 2 decades in the establishment of equipped
      neurocritical care centers, advancements in medical infrastructure, streamlining
      of resident training programs, and implementation of multidisciplinary care
      teams, there remain areas that warrant improvement to care for our growing
      patient population. Here we review and discuss the history, present state, and
      future of neurocritical care in the People's Republic of China.

PMID- 27373936
TI  - Role of Surgical Resection in Patients with Single Large Brain Metastases:
      Feasibility, Morbidity, and Local Control Evaluation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and the feasibility
      of surgery for single large brain metastases. METHODS: This retrospective study
      included 69 patients. All received a "supramarginal resection" according to
      functional boundaries, defined as a microsurgical excision with an extension
      larger at least 5 mm greater than the enhancing T1-weighted magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) sequence borders with dural attachment radicalization.
      Hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery on the tumor bed, using 30 Gy in 3
      fractions, was performed within 1 month after surgery. Clinical outcome was
      evaluated at 30 days postoperative and by MRI performed every 3 months. The
      appearance of postoperative neurologic deficits, local control (LC), brain
      distant progression (BDP), and overall survival were evaluated. RESULTS: Clinical
      remission of symptomatology was obtained in 90.5% of patients. None of them had
      new neurologic deficits or worsening of preoperative functional status. No major
      complications or cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred. No residual tumor was
      detected on postoperative MRI. The median follow-up was 24 months (range 4-33
      months). The 1- to 2-year LC was 100%. Twenty-four (29% of) patients had new BDP,
      and 75% had extracranial progression. The median 1- to 2-year overall survival
      was 24 months, 91.3% and 73%. At the last observation time, 15 patients (21.7%)
      were dead and 54 patients (78.3%) were alive. CONCLUSION: Supramarginal resection
      along with dural attachment radicalization have proved to be safe and effective
      for selected patients with single large brain metastases.

PMID- 27373937
TI  - Stabilization of the Craniovertebral Junction with Clivus Plate Constructs:
      Biomechanical Comparison with Conventional Technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ventral defect caused by resection of the lesions involving the upper
      cervical spine commonly has been reconstructed with a fabricated mesh cage.
      Recently, a clival screw and plate fitted to the osseous anatomy of the
      craniovertebral junction was developed for this pathologic status. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate the stability a clivus plate system fixation (CPSF) for the
      craniovertebral junction and compare it with a conventional fashioned mesh cage
      fixation (FMCF). METHODS: Seven human fresh cadaveric specimens (occiput [Oc],
      atlas [C1], axis [C2], third cervical vertebra [C3], fourth cervical vertebra
      [C4]) were tested with intact and destabilization-reconstruction conditions. FMCF
      and CPSF were applied randomly to the clivus to the C3 segment combined with
      posterior occipitocervical fixation applied from the occiput to C4 segment,
      respectively. Specimens were subjected to a pure moment of 1.5 Nm in flexion,
      extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, respectively. The range of motion
      (ROM) and neutral zone (NZ) from the occiput to C3 were calculated and compared
      between two anterior fixations. RESULTS: Motions were reduced significantly in
      all directions following FMCF and CPSF fixations when compared with the intact.
      The CPSF resulted in smaller ROM in lateral bending (0.3 degrees  vs. 0.6 degrees
      , P = 0.015), axial rotation (0.6 degrees  vs. 1.2 degrees , P = 0.023) and
      flexion (0.1 degrees  vs. 0.3 degrees , P = 0.019), but similar ROM in extension
      (0.2 degrees  vs. 0.4 degrees , P = 0.273) when compared with the FMCF. NZs with
      the CPSF were 0.1 degrees  in flexion-extension, 0.1 degrees  in lateral bending
      and 0.2 degrees  in axial rotation, respectively, and similar to NZs with the
      FMCF. CONCLUSIONS: The clivus plate system fixation is biomechanically superior
      to the conventional fashioned mesh cage fixation in flexion, lateral bending and
      axial rotation, but equavalent in extension.

PMID- 27373938
TI  - Olfactory Groove Meningiomas: Comparison of Extent of Frontal Lobe Changes After
      Lateral and Bifrontal Approaches.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Olfactory groove meningiomas often are behaviorally silent. Numerous
      surgical approaches have been described in the literature for the successful
      removal of these meningiomas. Lateral (pterional/frontolateral) and anterior
      (bifrontal/fronto-orbito-basal) approaches with their various modifications
      remain the 2 major corridors in resecting them. In this study, we discuss our
      experience in microsurgical treatment of these tumors at our institution and
      assess the extent of frontal lobe damage after the resection of tumor. METHODS:
      We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent surgical excision of
      olfactory groove meningiomas from 1990 to 2014. To measure the extent of frontal
      lobe damage via lateral and anterior approaches, we measured the volume of
      porencephalic cave in the postoperative magnetic resonance imaging by using
      Brainlab software. The ratio of volume of porencephalic cave to tumor was
      measured between 2 sides and 2 approaches. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients with
      olfactory groove meningiomas, who underwent 62 microsurgical resection procedures
      in 1990-2014 were included in the study (74% were more than 5 cm at
      presentation). Pterional and bifrontal craniotomies were the most commonly used
      approaches. At follow-up, the volume of porencephalic cave after lateral approach
      was significantly less in the side contralateral to craniotomy irrespective of
      tumor size. The difference between ratio of volume of porencephalic cave and
      initial tumor was significantly less after lateral approaches, when compared to
      anterior approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Lateral approaches (pterional/frontolateral)
      resulted in less frontal lobe change and better olfactory preservation in
      comparison to anterior approaches in present series.

PMID- 27373939
TI  - A Case of Optic Neuritis Concomitant with Pituitary Tumor During Pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Optic neuritis (ON) is unilateral painful optic nerve inflammation in
      a young healthy female diagnosed by excluding glaucoma. ON onset during pregnancy
      is rare, with only 2 cases reported to date. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 35-year-old
      previously healthy parous woman who was pregnant with her second child suffered
      rapidly progressive visual acuity loss. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed
      a pituitary tumor. Emergency surgery was performed for optic nerve compression;
      however, her visual impairment worsened. Postoperative diffusion-weighted MRI
      showed high intensity in the bilateral optic nerves, and ON was diagnosed.
      Administration of methylprednisolone was effective, and her visual acuity
      recovered over 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Associated pituitary macroadenoma
      complicated the true diagnosis of ON, because contrast medium cannot be used in
      pregnant women. The diffusion-weighted MRI findings were useful for diagnosing
      this complex clinical condition.

PMID- 27373940
TI  - Heterologous expression and purification of plantaricin NC8, a two-peptide
      bacteriocin against Salmonella spp. from Lactobacillus plantarum ZJ316.
AB  - Bacteriocin, which is produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), has the potential
      to act as natural preservatives in the food industry. To develop strategies to
      overproduce such peptides, plantaricin NC8, a class IIb LAB bacteriocin that
      consists of two peptides, PLNC8alpha and PLNC8beta, was successfully
      heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). PLNC8alpha and PLNC8beta
      peptides were expressed as His6-tag fusion proteins and were separated by Ni(2+)
      chelating affinity chromatography. To get the PLNC8alpha and PLNC8beta peptides
      without extra amino acids in the N-terminus, the fusion proteins were cleaved by
      enterokinase and further purified using the Ni-NTA SefinoseTM Resin Kit. The
      molecular masses of peptides were checked using Tricine-SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF
      MS. The yield of purified PLNC8alpha was around 2-2.5 mg/L, and the yield of
      PLNC8beta was around 1.5-2 mg/L. The antimicrobial spectrum of cleaved peptides
      was detected and the synergistic action of PLNC8alpha and PLNC8beta was
      preliminarily confirmed. It was found that E. coli was a suitable host for
      heterologous expression of plantaricin NC8 with a significant yield. Importantly,
      the bacteriocin appeared to be very active for controlling and inhibiting the
      food-borne pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella spp., and might be useful
      as a natural preservative candidate.

PMID- 27373941
TI  - Rhizodegradation potential and tolerance of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh in
      phenanthrene and pyrene contaminated sediments.
AB  - A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the dissipation of phenanthrene and
      pyrene in spiked sediments with presence of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. The
      rhizosphere environment was set up using a self-design nylon rhizo-bag which
      divided the sediment into the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. Results showed
      that the dissipation of phenanthrene and pyrene were significantly enhanced in
      the rhizosphere compared with non-rhizosphere sediments. Plant roots promoted
      dissipation significantly greater than the contribution of direct plant uptake
      and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene. The activities of antioxidant and
      detoxification enzymes in roots and leaves significantly increased against
      oxidative stress with increasing PAH concentrations. Furthermore, a significant
      relationship (R(2)>0.91) between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations
      and the residual of PAHs in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere sediments was
      observed after 120days planting. Results indicated that rhizome mediation with A.
      marina is a useful approach to promote the depletion of PAHs in contaminated
      mangrove sediments. 

PMID- 27373942
TI  - Impact of prolonged storm activity on the Ecological Status of intertidal benthic
      habitats within oyster (Crassostrea gigas) trestle cultivation sites.
AB  - The Ecological Status (ES; sensu the Water Framework Directive) of intertidal
      benthic communities within six oyster trestle cultivation sites was found to be
      negatively impacted along the access routes to trestles in a 2013 study. All
      cultivation sites occur within Natura 2000 sites. The current study revisited
      four of the 2013 cultivation sites in February 2014 one month after the storm
      activity of winter 2013/14 to test if the compaction effect along access routes
      persisted after the storms. Three levels of the fixed factor treatment were
      sampled; immediately below the trestles, along the access route and 300m away
      from any anthropogenic activity. The compaction effect at the Access treatment
      persisted in spite of the major storm activity. The current study showed the IQI
      to be effective for assessing the impacts of aquaculture and highlights the IQI
      as a tool for monitoring Conservation Status of intertidal communities under the
      Habitats Directive. 

PMID- 27373943
TI  - Twenty two years of sewage sludge marine disposal monitoring in the Eastern
      Mediterranean Sea: Impact on sediment quality and infauna and the response to
      load reduction.
AB  - Effects of sewage sludge disposal on sediments and infauna are presented in a
      unique long-term (22years) data set from the Eastern Mediterranean. While organic
      carbon (Corg) and metals affected sediment quality in an area which size varied
      seasonally, the infauna exhibited seasonal "boom and bust" cycle. Metal
      concentrations declined following load reduction. However, Corg did not decrease
      and infaunal abundance, closely related to Corg, varied with changes in
      environmental forcing. Mild winters affected the infaunal populations at the
      heavily impacted stations, due to anoxic conditions. Planned cessation of
      disposal is estimated to reduce Corg and metal concentrations to pre-discharge
      levels. Yet the resettling biota is expected to differ significantly from the pre
      discharge one and consist in large part of Erythraean non indigenous species. 

PMID- 27373944
TI  - Turning the tide on mangrove loss.

PMID- 27373945
TI  - Oil spill impacts on mangroves: Recommendations for operational planning and
      action based on a global review.
AB  - Mangrove tidal wetland habitats are recognised as highly vulnerable to large and
      chronic oil spills. This review of current literature and public databases covers
      the last 6 decades, summarising global data on oil spill incidents affecting, or
      likely to have affected, mangrove habitat. Over this period, there have been at
      least 238 notable oil spills along mangrove shorelines worldwide. In total, at
      least 5.5milliontonnes of oil has been released into mangrove-lined, coastal
      waters, oiling possibly up to around 1.94millionha of mangrove habitat, and
      killing at least 126,000ha of mangrove vegetation since 1958. However, there were
      assessment limitations with incomplete and unavailable data, as well as unequal
      coverage across world regions. To redress the gaps described here in reporting on
      oil spill impacts on mangroves and their recovery worldwide, a number of
      recommendations and suggestions are made for refreshing and updating standard
      operational procedures for responders, managers and researchers alike. 

PMID- 27373946
TI  - Behavioral verification of associative learning in whiskers-related fear
      conditioning in mice.
AB  - Fear-conditioning is one of the most widely used paradigms in attempts to unravel
      the processes and mechanisms underlying learning and plasticity. In most of the
      Pavlovian conditioning paradigms auditory stimulus is used as a conditioned
      stimulus (CS), but conditioning can be accomplished also to tactile CS. The
      whisker-to-barrel tactile system in mice offers convenient way to investigate the
      brain pathways and mechanisms of learning, and plasticity of the brain cortex. To
      support a claim that an animal learns during conditioning session and that the
      plastic changes are associative in nature, objective measures of behavior are
      necessary. Multiple types of conditioned responses can develop, depending on the
      training situation, CS and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) characteristics. These
      include physiological responses, such as salivation, heart rate, galvanic skin
      reaction, and also behavioral responses, such as startle reflex potentiation or
      suppression of the ongoing behavior. When studying learning with the whisker
      system in behaving mice, stimulation of individual whiskers in a well-controlled
      manner may require animal restrain with a disadvantage of only limited behavioral
      responses observed. Stimulation of whiskers in the neck-restraining apparatus
      evokes head movements. When whiskers stimulation (CS) is paired with an aversive
      UCS during conditioning, the head movements decrease in the course of the
      training. This reaction, called minifreezing, resembles freezing response,
      frequently used behavioral measure, however applicable only in freely moving
      animals. This article will review experimental evidences confirming that
      minifreezing is a relevant index of association formation between the neutral CS
      and the and the aversive UCS. 

PMID- 27373947
TI  - Functional correlates of brain aging: beta and gamma frequency band responses to
      age-related cortical changes.
AB  - The brain as a system with gradually declined resources by age maximizes its
      performance by neural network reorganization for greater efficiency of neuronal
      oscillations in a given frequency band. Whether event-related high-frequency band
      responses are related to plasticity in neural recruitment contributed to the
      stability of sensory/cognitive mechanisms accompanying aging or are underlined
      pathological changes seen in aging brain remains unknown. Aged effect on brain
      electrical activity was studied in auditory discrimination task (low-frequency
      and high-frequency tone) at particular cortical locations in beta (beta1: 12.5
      20; beta2: 20.5-30 Hz) and gamma frequency bands (gamma1: 30.5-49; gamma2: 52-69
      Hz) during sensory (post-stimulus interval 0-250 ms) and cognitive processing
      (250-600 ms). Beta1 activity less affected by age during sensory processing.
      Reduced beta1 activity was more widespread during cognitive processing. This
      difference increased in fronto-parietal direction more expressed after high
      frequency tone stimulation. Beta2 and gamma activity were more pronounced with
      progressive age during sensory processing. Reducing regional-process specificity
      with progressing age characterized age-related and tone-dependent beta2 changes
      during sensory, but not during cognitive processing. Beta2 and gamma activity
      diminished with age on cognitive processes, except the higher frontal tone
      dependent gamma activity during cognitive processing. With increasing age, larger
      gamma2 activity was more expressed over the frontal brain areas to high tone
      discrimination and hand reaction choice. These gamma2 differences were shifted
      from posterior to anterior brain regions with advancing age. The aged influence
      was higher on cognitive processes than on perceptual ones. 

PMID- 27373948
TI  - Inhibition of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase does not affect the
      analgesic effects of NMDA antagonists in visceral inflammatory pain.
AB  - Previously we described the antinociceptive effect of magnesium sulfate and
      dizocilpine (MK-801) in the visceral and somatic rat models of pain. In the
      somatic model of pain, we established the influence of selective inhibitors of
      neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase on the antihyperalgesic effects of
      magnesium sulfate and dizocilpine. Therefore, the objective of the present study
      was to determine in the rat model of visceral pain whether same mechanisms are
      involved in the antinociceptive action of magnesium sulfate and dizocilpine.
      Analgesic activity was assessed using the acetic acid-induced writhing test in
      rats. Subcutaneous injection of either magnesium sulfate (15 mg/kg) or
      dizocilpine (0.01 mg/kg) decreased the number of writhes by about 60 and 70%,
      respectively. The role of nitric oxide on the effects of magnesium sulfate and
      dizocilpine was evaluated using selective inhibitor of neuronal (N-omega-Propyl-L
      arginine hydrochloride (L-NPA)) and inducible (S-methylisothiourea (SMT)) nitric
      oxide synthase, which per se did not affect the number of writhes. We observed
      that the antinociceptive effect of magnesium sulfate or dizocilpine did not
      change in the presence of L-NPA (2 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and SMT (0.015 and 10
      mg/kg, i.p.). We conclude that, nitric oxide produced by neuronal and inducible
      nitric oxide synthase does not modulate the effects of magnesium sulfate and
      dizocilpine in the visceral inflammatory model of pain in the rat. 

PMID- 27373949
TI  - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor,
      DMNG-3.
AB  - DMNG-3(3beta-Methyl-[2-(4-nitrophenoxy)ethyl]-amino]con-5-enine), is a new and
      the potentially most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor recently obtained from
      conessine by N-demethylation and nucleophilic substitution reaction. In the
      present study, a step-down passive avoidance test was used to investigate whether
      DMNG-3 could modulate impairment of learning and memory induced by scopolamine,
      and a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method for the determination
      of DMNG-3 in biological samples was applied to study its pharmacokinetics and
      tissues distribution. Separation was achieved on C18 column using a mobile phase
      consisting methanol-water (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The intra-
      and inter-day precisions were good and the RSD was all lower than 1.30%. The mean
      absolute recovery of DMNG-3 in plasma ranged from 88.55 to 96.45 %. Our results
      showed oral administration of DMNG-3(10,25,50 mg/kg/day) can significantly
      improve the latency and number of errors and had a positive effect of improvement
      of learning and memory in mice in passive avoidance tests. The elimination half
      life (T1/2) was 14.07+/-1.29, 15.87+/-1.03h, and the total clearance (CL) values
      were 0.70+/-0.11, 0.78+/-0.13 L/h/kg, respectively. The pharmacokinetic studies
      showed that DMNG-3 has a slowly clearance and large distribution volume in
      experimental animals, and its disposition is linear over the range of doses
      tested. The liver, small intestine, stomach, and large intestine were the major
      distribution tissues of DMNG-3 in mice. It was found that DMNG-3 could be
      detected in brain, suggesting that DMNG-3 can cross the blood-brain barrier. The
      present study shows that DMNG-3 can be possible developed as a new drug for the
      treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the future. 

PMID- 27373950
TI  - Surgical injury-induced early neocortical microvascular changes and
      characteristics of the cells populating the peri-lesion zone.
AB  - Adult mammalian brain contains a number of specialized neurovascular structures
      termed "niches" that act as sources of neuronal cells throughout the individual's
      life. Some of the niches generate neurons to satisfy the need for 'replacement'
      neurons within the same or closely located brain structures, whereas the other
      can provide such cells for more distant destinations in the brain. A common
      characteristic of known neurovascular niches is the presence of a complex 3
      dimensional network of basal lamina processes, called fractones. It apparently
      plays a major role in communication between the various niche-populating cell
      types as well as in niche activity and output. We hypothesized that similar
      niches may form ad hoc after a mechanical brain trauma, and tested this
      possibility in a rat model of surgical brain injury. Four days after removing a
      small fragment of sensorimotor cortex, the peri-wound region showed numerous
      symptoms of active repair and remodeling of brain parenchyma, including the
      presence of multiple cell types of immature phenotypes. The latter, as shown by a
      variety of light and electron microscopy techniques, included endothelial cell
      precursors as well as nestin-positive immature neural cells of astrocytic or non
      glial characteristics. However, there was no evidence of in situ neurogenesis or
      a considerable migration of cells from SVZ. The centers of the said repair
      processes were capillary blood vessels connected with basal lamina-formed
      fractones. These results indicate that surgical brain trauma causes the formation
      of a vascular niche with no apparent neurogenic potential. 

PMID- 27373951
TI  - Effects of harmonics on aesthetic judgments of music: an ERP study involving
      laypersons and experts.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to test whether aesthetic judgments of music are
      affected by expertise or harmonic violation of musical sequences. The
      participants were 14 musical experts and 13 laypersons; they were asked to judge
      the beauty and correctness of extracts from J. S. Bach's chorales. Experts and
      laypersons showed different late positive potential (LPP) responses to the
      appraisal of correctness. LPP also proved to be sensitive to the extent to which
      the extracts violated harmonic expectations. The relationship between the early
      right anterior negativity potential (ERAN) and the harmonic correctness of chords
      was similar in laypersons and experts. 

PMID- 27373952
TI  - Prolonged activity evokes potentiation and the "sag" phenomenon in slow motor
      units of rat soleus.
AB  - Slow motor units (MUs) have no sag in their unfused tetani. This study in
      anesthetized rats shows that the sag can be observed in slow soleus MUs after
      prolonged activity. Twitches and unfused tetanic contractions were recorded from
      male (n=35) and female (n=39) MUs before and after the four minutes of the
      fatigue test (trains of 13 pulses at 40 Hz repeated every second). After this
      activity twitch contractions potentiated and a shift in the steep part of the
      force-frequency curve towards lower frequencies was observed in both sexes.
      Initially no sag was visible in unfused tetani, but after the fatigue test the
      phenomenon was observed in 77% of male, while in 13% of female MUs, the result
      consistent with the previously reported higher content of IIa myosin and faster
      contraction of MUs in male soleus. The decomposition of tetani with sag into
      trains of twitch-shape responses to consecutive stimuli revealed higher forces of
      initial decomposed twitches than later. The revealed alterations the force
      development due to long-lasting activation of slow MUs were sex-related and more
      pronounced in male soleus. 

PMID- 27373953
TI  - Somatic and dendritic perforated-patch recordings reveal b-adrenergic receptor
      induced depolarization in medial prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons.
AB  - The aim of this perforated-patch study was to test the effect of isoproterenol on
      the membrane potential in mPFC (medial prefrontal cortex) pyramidal neurons.
      Isoproterenol depolarized the membrane potential recorded from the soma. This
      effect was absent in the presence of metoprolol, suggesting the involvement of
      beta1-adrenergic receptors. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin also
      depolarized the membrane potential. Moreover, the effect of isoproterenol was
      abolished by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ 22536. This suggested that
      adenylate cyclase was involved in mediating the effect of the beta-adrenergic
      receptor agonist. The isoproterenol-induced depolarization persisted after
      inhibition of protein kinase A with H-89. The effect of beta-adrenergic receptor
      activation on the membrane potential was dependent on Ih channels because it was
      abolished in the presence of the Ih channel inhibitor ZD 7288. Dendritic
      recordings were also performed. In the dendritic segments between 100 microm and
      150 microm from the soma and between 200 microm and 250 microm from the soma,
      isoproterenol also depolarized the membrane potential. The magnitude of the beta
      adrenergic receptor-stimulated depolarization was the same in the soma and in
      both dendritic localizations. The depolarization exerted by isoproterenol may
      influence PFC cognitive functions. 

PMID- 27373954
TI  - Woodward's Words: Elegant and Commanding.
AB  - Robert Burns Woodward's publications exhibit a beauty and majesty infrequently
      seen in the scientific literature. Excerpts from Woodward's publications are
      presented along with a discussion of his literary personality and the effect of
      his writings on his contemporaries and on the style of the chemical literature
      that followed.

PMID- 27373955
TI  - Biotic interchange between the Indian subcontinent and mainland Asia through
      time.
AB  - Biotic interchange after the connection of previously independently evolving
      floras and faunas is thought to be one of the key factors that shaped global
      biodiversity as we see it today. However, it was not known how biotic interchange
      develops over longer time periods of several million years following the
      secondary contact of different biotas. Here we present a novel method to
      investigate the temporal dynamics of biotic interchange based on a
      phylogeographical meta-analysis by calculating the maximal number of observed
      dispersal events per million years given the temporal uncertainty of the
      underlying time-calibrated phylogenies. We show that biotic influx from mainland
      Asia onto the Indian subcontinent after Eocene continental collision was not a
      uniform process, but was subject to periods of acceleration, stagnancy and
      decrease. We discuss potential palaeoenvironmental causes for this fluctuation.

PMID- 27373956
TI  - Colloidal particle adsorption at liquid interfaces: capillary driven dynamics and
      thermally activated kinetics.
AB  - The adsorption of single colloidal microparticles (0.5-1 MUm radius) at a water
      oil interface has been recently studied experimentally using digital holographic
      microscopy [Kaz et al., Nat. Mater., 2012, 11, 138-142]. An initially fast
      adsorption dynamics driven by capillary forces is followed by an unexpectedly
      slow relaxation to equilibrium that is logarithmic in time and can span hours or
      days. The slow relaxation kinetics has been attributed to the presence of surface
      "defects" with nanoscale dimensions (1-5 nm) that induce multiple metastable
      configurations of the contact line perimeter. A kinetic model considering
      thermally activated transitions between such metastable configurations has been
      proposed [Colosqui et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2013, 111, 028302] to predict both
      the relaxation rate and the crossover point to the slow logarithmic regime.
      However, the adsorption dynamics observed experimentally before the crossover
      point has remained unstudied. In this work, we propose a Langevin model that is
      able to describe the entire adsorption process of single colloidal particles by
      considering metastable states produced by surface defects and thermal motion of
      the particle and liquid interface. Invoking the fluctuation dissipation theorem,
      we introduce a drag term that considers significant dissipative forces induced by
      thermal fluctuations of the liquid interface. Langevin dynamics simulations based
      on the proposed adsorption model yield close agreement with experimental
      observations for different microparticles, capturing the crossover from (fast)
      capillary driven dynamics to (slow) thermally activated kinetics. 

PMID- 27373957
TI  - Unilateral flank ovariohysterectomy in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).
AB  - AIMS: To describe a simple, minimally invasive method of ovariohysterectomy via a
      unilateral flank approach in guinea pigs, for use in routine desexing of healthy
      female guinea pigs or treatment of ovarian cysts. METHODS: The subjects of this
      retrospective study were 41 client-owned guinea pigs submitted for routine
      desexing or treatment of ovarian cysts. They included 16 healthy female guinea
      pigs aged 8-12 months (Group 1), and 15 females aged from 9 months to 3 years
      (Group 2), and 10 females aged from 3 to 7 years (Group 3) with different-sized
      ovarian cysts. Prior to surgery, the animals received clinical examination, blood
      testing (complete blood count and serum biochemistry profile) and examination of
      the abdomen using ultrasonography, to assess the condition of the reproductive
      tract and ensure the guinea pigs were fit for surgery. Ovariohysterectomy was
      performed via a unilateral flank incision made close to the erector spinae muscle
      starting approximately 1 cm caudal to the last rib. Both ovaries, uterine horns,
      and the uterine cervix were localised, ligated, and dissected through this
      unilateral retroperitoneal incision. RESULTS: Ovariohysterectomy was successfully
      completed via a single flank incision in 38/41 (93%) guinea pigs. Three guinea
      pigs with ovarian cysts from Group 3, which were >6 years old died during surgery
      due to circulatory and respiratory failure under anaesthesia. In the remaining 38
      cases, surgery proceeded without complications. A further two guinea pigs from
      Group 3 were reluctant to move or eat for the first 3 days after surgery but
      recovered after provision of supportive care. All 38 animals fully recovered and
      wound healing was normal. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of
      ovariohysterectomy via a unilateral flank incision in guinea pigs. This approach
      is a simple, minimally invasive and safe alternative to the midline or bilateral
      flank approaches currently used for surgery of the reproductive tract in guinea
      pigs.

PMID- 27373958
TI  - Rex in Clostridium kluyveri is a global redox-sensing transcriptional regulator.
AB  - Clostridium kluyveri is unique in fermenting ethanol and acetate to butyrate,
      caproate, and H2. The genes encoding butyrate-producing enzymes, including
      electron-bifurcating butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase/electron transfer flavoprotein
      complex and NADH-dependent reduced ferredoxin:NADP(+) oxidoreductase, form a
      cluster, which is preceded by a gene annotated as the transcriptional regulator
      Rex. Northern blotting and RT-PCR experiments indicated that the gene cluster
      forms a large transcriptional unit that possibly includes several small
      transcriptional units. The deduced Rex protein contains a winged helix DNA
      binding domain and a Rossmann fold potentially interacting with NAD(H).
      Bioinformatics analysis revealed that Rex can bind the promoter regions of
      numerous genes, which are involved in carbon and energy metabolism, including
      NADH oxidation, hydrogen production, ATP synthesis, butyrate formation, and
      succinate metabolism. Rex may regulate the transcription of genes encoding
      certain transcriptional regulators and transporters. Electrophoretic mobility
      shift and isothermal titration calorimetry assays revealed that Rex specifically
      formed protein-DNA complexes with the promoter regions of target genes, which
      could be inhibited by NADH but restored by an excess amount of NAD(+). These
      results suggest that Rex plays a key role in the carbon and energy metabolism of
      C. kluyveri as a global transcriptional regulator in response to the cellular
      NADH/NAD(+) ratio. 

PMID- 27373959
TI  - Religiosity and telomere length: One step forward, one step back.

PMID- 27373960
TI  - Family functioning mediates adaptation in caregivers of individuals with Rett
      syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate factors related to
      family functioning and adaptation in caregivers of individuals with Rett syndrome
      (RS). METHODS: A cross-sectional quantitative survey explored the relationships
      between demographics, parental self-efficacy, coping methods, family functioning
      and adaptation. A forward-backward, step-wise model selection procedure was used
      to evaluate variables associated with both family functioning and adaptation.
      Analyses also explored family functioning as a mediator of the relationship
      between other variables and adaptation. RESULTS: Bivariate analyses (N=400)
      revealed that greater parental self-efficacy, a greater proportion of problem
      focused coping, and a lesser proportion of emotion-focused coping were associated
      with more effective family functioning. In addition, these key variables were
      significantly associated with greater adaptation, as was family functioning,
      while controlling for confounders. Finally, regression analyses suggest family
      functioning as a mediator of the relationships between three variables (parental
      self-efficacy, problem-focused coping, and emotion-focused coping) with
      adaptation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the potentially predictive roles
      of expectations and coping methods and the mediator role of family functioning in
      adaptation among caregivers of individuals with RS, a chronic developmental
      disorder. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: A potential target for intervention is
      strengthening of caregiver competence in the parenting role to enhance caregiver
      adaptation.

PMID- 27373961
TI  - Longitudinal testing of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model of
      self-care among adults with type 2 diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study's aim was to test prospective associations between
      information, motivation, and behavioral skills (IMB model) and self-care
      behaviors (diet, exercise, and blood glucose testing) among patients with type 2
      diabetes. METHODS: 295 participants were surveyed one (T1), six (T2), and 12 (T3)
      months after a diabetes course. Cross-lagged panel analyses were performed to
      test unidirectional and bidirectional relationships between IMB model variables
      and self-care behaviors. RESULTS: Blood-glucose testing at T1 was positively
      related to information at T2, which in turn was positively related to blood
      glucose testing at T3. Controlled motivation at T1 was positively related to
      exercise at T2. Autonomous motivation at T2 was positively associated with
      exercise at T3. There was a positive bidirectional relationship across time
      between behavioral skills and general diet. CONCLUSION: Patterns of prospective
      associations between IMB model variables and diabetes self-care depend on the
      self-care behavior considered. This model offers an interesting framework for
      examining how diabetes self-care behaviors evolve. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS:
      Diabetes education programs should provide information about current health
      status and promote experiential learning to help patients realize the impact of
      their behaviors on glycemic control; should foster autonomous motivation for long
      term change; and should build on patients' strengths and skills.

PMID- 27373963
TI  - The next 20 years of hospital medicine: Continuing to foster the mind, heart, and
      soul of our field.

PMID- 27373962
TI  - Health literacy and barriers to health information seeking: A nationwide survey
      in South Korea.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the level of health literacy and barriers to information
      seeking and to explore the predictors of health literacy. METHODS: A cross
      sectional descriptive design was used. A total of 1000 Korean adults were
      recruited through proportional quota sampling. Health literacy, barriers to
      health information seeking, sociodemographics, and health-related characteristics
      were surveyed. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were
      performed for data analysis. RESULTS: About 61% of participants were classified
      as inadequately health literate. "No health fairs/activities near home" was the
      most frequently reported barrier. Older age, lower education, living in the
      capital city, barriers regarding how to get information and access to expensive
      books and magazines were predictors of inadequate health literacy. CONCLUSION:
      Strategies for improving health literacy and reducing barriers to health
      information seeking should be designed. Education on how to access health-related
      information with easily accessible sources either free or inexpensive could be a
      way to help adults with limited health literacy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Health
      care professionals should assess clients' health literacy levels, particularly
      amongst those who are older or have less education. They should provide clients
      with information on how to access credible and readily available sources of
      health-related information, considering their health literacy level.

PMID- 27373964
TI  - Diabetes research in China: making progress.

PMID- 27373965
TI  - Correction to Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; published online May 27.
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30041-9.

PMID- 27373966
TI  - Electrolyte transport pathways induced in the midgut epithelium of Drosophila
      melanogaster larvae by commensal gut microbiota and pathogens.
AB  - KEY POINTS: The digestive tract of larval and adult Drosophila is an excellent
      analogue of the mammalian gut. Enterocytes of the posterior midgut are separated
      by septa, with no paracellular path, and therefore perform both immune and
      transport functions. Using microperfusion electrophysiology, we show that larvae
      emerging from the embryo into sterile medium have symmetrical apical and basal
      membrane conductances while larvae emerging into non-sterile medium have apical
      membranes fivefold more conductive than basal membranes. The channels inserted
      into the apical membranes could originate in microbiata or host and mediate
      recognition of microbes. Entomopathogenic cyclic peptide toxins deplete
      intracellular ions reversibly, forming transient ion channels that do not conduct
      water, unlike an ionophore like nystatin that depletes ions irreversibly. We show
      the feasibility of studying the interaction of a single microbial species, or
      tractable combinatorials of microbial species, with only enterocytes in the
      primary epithelial barrier. ABSTRACT: Microbiota colonizing exposed epithelial
      surfaces are vital for sustenance of metazoan life, but communication between
      microbiota, epithelial cells and the host immune system is only beginning to be
      understood. We address this issue in the posterior midgut epithelium of
      Drosophila larvae where nutrient transport and immune functions are exclusively
      transcellular. We showed that larvae emerging into a sterile post-embryonic
      environment have symmetrical apical and basal membranes. In contrast, larvae
      emerging into non-sterile media, the source of microbiota, have markedly
      asymmetrical membranes, with apical membrane conductance more than fivefold
      higher than the basal membrane. As an example of pathogen action, we showed that
      the entomopathogenic fungal toxin destruxin A (Dx) depleted intracellular ions.
      Reversibility of action of Dx was verified by bilayer reconstitution in forming
      transient non-specific channels that conduct ions but not water. Dx was also less
      effective from the apical side as compared to the basal side of the epithelium.
      We also showed that intercellular septa are not conductive in non-sterile cells,
      even though most cells are isopotential. Luminal microbiota therefore impart
      asymmetry to the epithelium, by activation of apical membrane conductance,
      enhancing inter-enterocyte communication, separated by insulating septa, via the
      gut lumen. These results also open the possibility of studying the basis of
      bidirectional molecular conversation specifically between enterocytes and
      microbiota that enables discrimination between commensals and pathogens,
      establishment of the former, and elimination of the latter.

PMID- 27373967
TI  - Anti-amyloidogenic effects of glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibitors occur
      independently of ganglioside alterations.
AB  - Evidence has suggested that ganglioside abnormalities may be linked to the
      proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease
      (AD) and that pharmacological inhibition of ganglioside synthesis may reduce
      amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) production. In this study, we assessed the
      usefulness of two well-established glycosphingolipid (GSL) synthesis inhibitors,
      the synthetic ceramide analog D-PDMP (1-phenyl 2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1
      propanol) and the iminosugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ or miglustat), as
      anti-amyloidogenic drugs in a human cellular model of AD. We found that both GSL
      inhibitors were able to markedly inhibit Abeta production, although affecting
      differently the APP cleavage. Surprisingly, the L-enantiomer of PDMP, which
      promotes ganglioside accumulation, acted similarly to D-PDMP to inhibit Abeta
      production. Concurrently, both D- and L-PDMP strongly and equally reduced the
      levels of long-chain ceramides. Altogether, our data suggested that the anti
      amyloidogenic effects of PDMP agents are independent of the altered cellular
      ganglioside composition, but may result, at least in part, from their ability to
      reduce ceramide levels. Moreover, our current study established for the first
      time that NB-DNJ, a drug already used as a therapeutic for Gaucher disease (a
      lysosomal storage disorder), was also able to reduce Abeta production in our
      cellular model. Therefore, our study provides novel information regarding the
      possibilities to target amyloidogenic processing of APP through modulation of
      sphingolipid metabolism and emphasizes the potential of the iminosugar NB-DNJ as
      a disease modifying therapy for AD.

PMID- 27373968
TI  - Immune Reconstitution Syndrome secondary to Rhodococcus equi infection in a
      patient with HIV and Burkitt's lymphoma.
AB  - Immune Reconstitution Syndrome (IRIS) has been associated with a variety of
      infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, we are
      reporting the first case of IRIS secondary to Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) in a
      patient with HIV. We report the case of a 48-year-old male found to have HIV
      infection in the setting of Burkitt's lymphoma. While on anti-retroviral therapy
      and chemotherapy, he had developed IRIS secondary to R. equi that manifested as a
      cavitating pneumonia. This report outlines the successful management of the R.
      equi infection with the use of a combination of antibiotics, radiographic follow
      up and suppressive antibiotic while on chemotherapy.

PMID- 27373970
TI  - Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease.
AB  - Immune-mediated damage to glomerular structures is largely responsible for the
      pathology associated with the majority of glomerular diseases. Therefore, a
      detailed understanding of the basic immune mechanisms responsible for glomerular
      damage is needed to inform the design of novel intervention strategies.
      Glomerular injury of immune origin is complex and involves both inflammatory and
      non-inflammatory processes driven by elements of the innate and adaptive immune
      system. This review summarizes the basic immune mechanisms that cause glomerular
      injury leading to the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes. A major focus of the
      review is to highlight the mechanisms by which antibodies cause glomerular injury
      through their interactions with glomerular cells, complement proteins, phagocytes
      bearing complement and Fcgamma receptors, and dendritic cells expressing the
      neonatal receptor for IgG, FcRn. 

PMID- 27373969
TI  - Highly specific and potently activating Vgamma9Vdelta2-T cell specific nanobodies
      for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
AB  - Vgamma9Vdelta2-T cells constitute the predominant subset of gammadelta-T cells in
      human peripheral blood and have been shown to play an important role in
      antimicrobial and antitumor immune responses. Several efforts have been initiated
      to exploit these cells for cancer immunotherapy, e.g. by using phosphoantigens,
      adoptive cell transfer, and by a bispecific monoclonal antibody based approach.
      Here, we report the generation of a novel set of Vgamma9Vdelta2-T cell specific
      VHH (or nanobody). VHH have several advantages compared to conventional
      antibodies related to their small size, stability, ease of generating
      multispecific molecules and low immunogenicity. With high specificity and
      affinity, the anti-Vgamma9Vdelta2-T cell receptor VHHs are shown to be useful for
      FACS, MACS and immunocytochemistry. In addition, some VHH were found to
      specifically activate Vgamma9Vdelta2-T cells. Besides being of possible
      immunotherapeutic value, these single domain antibodies will be of great value in
      the further study of this important immune effector cell subset.

PMID- 27373971
TI  - Evaluation of AD-MSC (adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells) as a vehicle for
      IFN-beta delivery in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
AB  - Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is commonly used as a disease modifying drug for the
      treatment of relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS). However, the
      underlying mechanism by which IFN-beta mediate this immunosuppressive effect is
      still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effects of genetically modified
      adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) expressing murine interferon
      beta (MSCs-VP/IFN-beta) on the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune
      encephalomyelitis (EAE). Lymph node mononuclear cells and serum were examined by
      using RT-PCR and ELISA methods to measure the production of IL-10 and IL-17 gene
      and protein expression, respectively. Our results indicated that in the MSCs
      VP/IFN-beta treated group induction of Tregs and IL-10 and reduction of IL-17
      were significant. Taken together, we showed that using AD-MSCs expressing IFN
      beta as an anti-inflammatory agent, offer evidence supporting that the stem cell
      therapies in EAE conceivably will improve the valuable effects of IFN-beta in
      this autoimmune disease.

PMID- 27373972
TI  - Special issue on retinal remodeling.

PMID- 27373975
TI  - A negative stimulus movement effect in pigeons.
AB  - Rhesus monkeys and humans perform more accurately in matching-to-sample tasks
      when the sample stimulus moves through space (Washburn et al., 1989; Washburn,
      1993). This Stimulus Movement Effect (SME) is believed to be due to movement
      increasing attention toward the sample stimulus, creating an easier
      discrimination between the sample and choice stimuli. To date, there is no
      evidence for this phenomenon in a non-mammalian species. In the current study, we
      investigate the possibility of an SME in an avian species. Across three
      experiments, pigeons were tested with moving and stationary sample stimuli in a
      non-matching- to-sample task. The area and velocity by which the sample stimulus
      traveled was manipulated but no advantage for moving over stationary sample
      trials was found within or across sessions. Even when a delay condition was
      implemented, there was no advantage for moving sample trials. Contrary to the
      results found in humans and monkeys, pigeons performed better when the sample was
      stationary, a negative SME, and no evidence was found that stimulus movement
      increases discrimination performance. 

PMID- 27373973
TI  - Lens glutathione homeostasis: Discrepancies and gaps in knowledge standing in the
      way of novel therapeutic approaches.
AB  - Cataract is the major cause of blindness worldwide. The WHO has estimated around
      20 million people have bilateral blindness from cataract, and that number is
      expected to reach 50 million in 2050. The cataract surgery is currently the main
      treatment approach, though often associated with complications, such as Posterior
      Capsule Opacification (PCO)-also known as secondary cataract. The lens is an
      avascular ocular structure equipped with an unusually high level of glutathione
      (GSH), which plays a vital role in maintaining lens transparency by regulating
      lenticular redox state. The lens epithelium and outer cortex are thought to be
      responsible for providing the majority of lens GSH via GSH de novo synthesis,
      assisted by a continuous supply of constituent amino acids from the aqueous
      humor, as well as extracellular GSH recycling from the gamma-glutamyl cycle.
      However, when de novo synthesis is impaired, in the presence of low GSH levels,
      as in the aging human lens, compensatory mechanisms exist, suggesting that the
      lens is able to uptake GSH from the surrounding ocular tissues. However, these
      uptake mechanisms, and the GSH source and its origin, are largely unknown. The
      lens nucleus does not have the ability to synthesize its own GSH and fully relies
      on transport from the outer cortex by yet unknown mechanisms. Understanding how
      aging reduces GSH levels, particularly in the lens nucleus, how it is associated
      with age-related nuclear cataract (ARNC), and how the lens compensates for GSH
      loss via external uptake should be a major research priority. The intent of this
      review, which is dedicated to the memory of David C. Beebe, is to summarize our
      current understanding of lens GSH homeostasis and highlight discrepancies and
      gaps in knowledge that stand in the way of pharmacologically minimizing the
      impact of declining GSH content in the prevention of age-related cataract.

PMID- 27373974
TI  - Autophagy and mechanotransduction in outflow pathway cells.
AB  - Because of elevations in IOP and other forces, cells in the trabecular meshwork
      (TM) are constantly subjected to mechanical strain. In order to preserve cellular
      function and regain homeostasis, cells must sense and adapt to these
      morphological changes. We and others have already shown that mechanical stress
      can trigger a broad range of responses in TM cells; however, very little is known
      about the strategies that TM cells use to respond to this stress, so they can
      adapt and survive. Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway, has emerged as an
      important cellular homeostatic mechanism promoting cell survival and adaptation
      to a number of cytotoxic stresses. Our laboratory has reported the activation of
      autophagy in TM cells in response to static biaxial strain and high pressure.
      Moreover, our newest data also suggest the activation of chaperon-assisted
      selective autophagy, a recently identified tension-induced autophagy essential
      for mechanotransduction, in TM cells under cyclic mechanical stress. In this
      review manuscript we will discuss autophagy as part of an integrated response
      triggered in TM cells in response to strain, exerting a dual role in repair and
      mechanotransduction, and the potential effects of dysregulated in outflow pathway
      pathophysiology.

PMID- 27373976
TI  - Effectiveness of a high relaxivity contrast agent administered at half dose in
      dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI of brain gliomas.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine whether half of the approved dose of gadobenate dimeglumine
      (MultiHance) is as effective as a full dose of gadoterate meglumine (Dotarem) for
      qualitative and quantitative cerebral blood volume (CBV) perfusion evaluation at
      3T in patients with brain gliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 65 adult
      patients in an interindividual comparative study. Patients were randomized to one
      of two study arms: 33 patients received 0.1 mmol/kg body weight (bw) of
      gadoterate, 32 patients received 0.05 mmol/kg bw of gadobenate. The patients
      underwent identical examinations at 3T. Arterial input function (AIF), tissue
      function (TF), and the maximum tumor CBV (CBV_T) were obtained from each patient.
      The quality of the CBV maps were independently reviewed by two neuroradiologists
      blinded to the administered contrast agent. RESULTS: The administration of a half
      dose of gadobenate led to a roughly 40% reduction in signal drop compared to that
      achieved with a full dose of gadoterate (P values for AIF and TF maximum and
      integral were <0.01); quantitative and qualitative assessment of CBV maps
      revealed no difference between contrast agents (P values for CBV_T of high- and
      low-grade gliomas, image quality evaluation were 0.87, 0.48, >0.65, respectively)
      CONCLUSION: The CBV maps obtained with a half dose gadobenate (0.05 mmol/kg bw)
      are of comparable diagnostic quality as the corresponding images acquired with a
      full dose of gadoterate (0.1 mmol/kg bw). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 J. Magn. Reson.
      Imaging 2017;45:500-506.

PMID- 27373977
TI  - Populibacterium corticicola gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family
      Jonesiaceae, isolated from symptomatic bark of Populus * euramericana canker.
AB  - Four Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile bacterial strains were isolated from
      the bark tissue of Populus * euramericana canker. Growth occurred between 10 and
      37  degrees C and at pH 6-10, with optimal growth at 28-30  degrees C and pH 7.0
      8.0. Growth occurred at 0-3 % (w/v) salinity. The strains were positive for
      oxidase and catalase activity. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16
      : 0. The phospholipid profiles contained diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, two phospholipids and five
      glycolipids. The peptidoglycan type was A4alpha, which is based on l-Lys-d-Ser-d
      Asp. The DNA G+C content was 58.5 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis,
      as well as physiological and biochemical characteristics, the strains are
      considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Jonesiaceae.
      The name proposed is Populibacterium corticicola gen. nov., sp. nov. The type
      strain of Populibacterium corticicola is 2D-4T (=CFCC 11886T=KCTC 33576T).

PMID- 27373978
TI  - Down-Regulation of SOX2 Underlies the Inhibitory Effects of the Triphenylmethane
      Gentian Violet on Melanoma Cell Self-Renewal and Survival.
AB  - Human melanomas contain a population of tumor-initiating cells that are able to
      maintain the growth of the tumor. We previously showed that the embryonic
      transcription factor SOX2 is essential for self-renewal and tumorigenicity of
      human melanoma-initiating cells. However, targeting a transcription factor is
      still challenging. Gentian violet (GV) is a cationic triphenylmethane dye with
      potent antifungal and antibacterial activity. Recently, a combination therapy of
      imiquimod and GV has shown an inhibitory effect against melanoma metastases.
      Whether and how GV affects melanoma cells remains unknown. Here we show that GV
      represses melanoma stem cell self-renewal through inhibition of SOX2.
      Mechanistically, GV hinders EGFR activation and inhibits the signal transducer
      and activator of transcription-3 [(STAT3)/SOX2] axis. Importantly, we show that
      GV treatment decreases STAT3 phosphorylation at residue tyrosine 705, thus
      preventing the translocation of STAT3 into the nucleus and its binding to SOX2
      promoter. In addition, GV affects melanoma cell growth by promoting mitochondrial
      apoptosis and G2 cell cycle arrest. This study shows that in melanoma, GV affects
      both the stem cell and the tumor bulk compartments, suggesting the potential use
      of GV in treating human melanoma alone or in combination with targeted therapy
      and/or immunotherapy.

PMID- 27373980
TI  - Histamine restores hemorrhage induced hypotension by activating cholinergic
      neurons in nucleus tractus solitarius.
AB  - The purpose of the current study is to investigate the functional connections
      between the central histaminergic and cholinergic systems at NTS level in
      hypotensive condition. Experiments were carried out in male Wistar Albino rats.
      The hypotension was achieved by withdrawing a total volume of 1.5ml blood/100g
      bodyweight over a period of 10min. A microdialysis study was performed in NTS
      area to measure extracellular ACh and Ch levels. The hemorrhage produced a severe
      and long-lasting decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and increase in
      extracellular ACh and Ch levels in NTS. Administration of histamine
      intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or into the NTS reversed the hemorrhagic
      hypotension by increasing MAP and heart rate. I.c.v. injection of histamine also
      caused the additional increase in extracellular ACh and Ch levels. Moreover,
      central histamine injection augmented intracytoplasmic AChE immunoreactivity in
      NTS. These changes were completely blocked by histaminergic H1 receptor
      antagonist chlorpheniramine, but histaminergic H2 receptor blocker ranitidine and
      histaminergic H3/H4 receptor antagonist thioperamide failed to produce these
      effects. In conclusion, these findings are interpreted that brain histaminergic
      H1 receptor activation by central histamine injection may promote cholinergic
      stimulation in the NTS and subsequently reverses the hypotension.

PMID- 27373979
TI  - Cathepsin L knockdown enhances curcumin-mediated inhibition of growth, migration,
      and invasion of glioma cells.
AB  - Curcumin can be used to prevent and treat cancer. However, its exact underlying
      molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine
      protease, is overexpressed in several cancer types. This study aimed to determine
      the role of cathepsin L in curcumin-mediated inhibition of growth, migration, and
      invasion of glioma cells. Results revealed that the activity of cathepsin L was
      enhanced in curcumin-treated glioma cells. Cathepsin L knockdown induced by RNA
      interference significantly promoted curcumin-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and
      cell cycle arrest. The knockdown also inhibited the migration and invasion of
      glioma cells. Our results suggested that the inhibition of cathepsin L can
      enhance the sensitivity of glioma cells to curcumin. Therefore, cathepsin L may
      be a new target to enhance the efficacy of curcumin against cancers.

PMID- 27373981
TI  - The effectiveness of the Danish Organic Action Plan 2020 to increase the level of
      organic public procurement in Danish public kitchens.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To measure the effect of organic food conversion projects on the
      percentage of organic food used in Danish public kitchens participating in the
      Danish Organic Action Plan 2020. DESIGN: The current longitudinal study was based
      on measurements of organic food percentages in Danish public kitchens before and
      after kitchen employees participated in conversion projects. SETTING: Public
      kitchens participating in the nine organic food conversion projects under the
      Danish Organic Action Plan 2020, initiated during autumn 2012 and spring 2013 and
      completed in summer 2015. SUBJECTS: A total of 622 public kitchens. RESULTS: The
      average (median) increase in organic food percentage from baseline to follow-up
      was 24 percentage points (P<0.001) during an overall median follow-up period of
      1.5 years. When analysing data according to public kitchen type, the increase
      remained significant for seven out of eight kitchens. Furthermore, the proportion
      of public kitchens eligible for the Organic Cuisine Label in either silver (60-90
      % organic food procurement) or gold (90-100 % organic food procurement) level
      doubled from 31 % to 62 %, respectively, during the conversion period. Conversion
      project curriculum mostly included elements of 'theory', 'menu planning',
      'network' and 'Organic Cuisine Label method' to ensure successful implementation.
      CONCLUSIONS: The study reports significant increases in the level of organic food
      procurement among public kitchens participating in the Danish Organic Action Plan
      2020. Recommendations for future organic conversion projects include adding key
      curriculum components to the project's educational content and measuring changes
      in organic food percentage to increase the chances of successful implementation.

PMID- 27373982
TI  - Topological water wave states in a one-dimensional structure.
AB  - Topological concepts have been introduced into electronic, photonic, and phononic
      systems, but have not been studied in surface-water-wave systems. Here we study a
      one-dimensional periodic resonant surface-water-wave system and demonstrate its
      topological transition. By selecting three different water depths, we can
      construct different types of water waves - shallow, intermediate and deep water
      waves. The periodic surface-water-wave system consists of an array of cylindrical
      water tanks connected with narrow water channels. As the width of connecting
      channel varies, the band diagram undergoes a topological transition which can be
      further characterized by Zak phase. This topological transition holds true for
      shallow, intermediate and deep water waves. However, the interface state at the
      boundary separating two topologically distinct arrays of water tanks can exhibit
      different bands for shallow, intermediate and deep water waves. Our work studies
      for the first time topological properties of water wave systems, and paves the
      way to potential management of water waves.

PMID- 27373983
TI  - Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 Deletion Led to Coronary Atherosclerosis and
      Ischemic Heart Disease in Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice on
      Modified Western-type Diet.
AB  - AIM: Atherosclerosis-prone apolipoprotein E (apoE) or low-density lipoprotein
      receptor (LDL-R) knockout (KO) mice are generally resistant to developing
      coronary atherosclerosis (CA) and ischemic heart disease (IHD). However, studies
      have demonstrated the occurrence of spontaneous CA and IHD in scavenger receptor
      class B type 1 (SR-BI)/apoE double KO (dKO) mice, which suggests that SR-BI could
      be a potential target for the prevention and therapy of CA and IHD. This
      possibility was later investigated in SR-BI/LDL-R dKO mice, but no signs of CA or
      IHD was identified when mice were fed a normal western-type diet. Here we
      explored whether SR-BI deletion could result in CA and IHD in LDL-R KO mice when
      fed a modified western-type diet containing higher (0.5%) cholesterol. METHODS:
      Cardiac functions were detected by electrocardiography, single photon emission
      computed tomography (SPECT), echocardiography (Echo) and 2,3,5
      triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. CA was visualized by hematoxylin-eosin
      staining. RESULTS: After 12 weeks on the modified diet, SR-BI/LDL-R dKO mice
      developed cardiac ischemia/infarction, together with systolic dysfunction and
      left ventricular dilatation. CA was most severe at the aortic sinus level to an
      extent that no dKO mice survived to 20 weeks on the modified diet. None of
      control mice, however, developed CA or IHD. CONCLUSIONS: SR-BI deletion led to CA
      and IHD in LDL-R KO mice when fed the modified western-type diet. We established
      SR-BI/LDL-R dKO mice as a diet-induced murine model of human IHD and developed
      detection methods, using a combination of SPECT and Echo, for effective in vivo
      evaluation of cardiac functions.

PMID- 27373984
TI  - Reference Values for The Triglyceride to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
      Ratio and Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Korean Children and
      Adolescents: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007
      2013.
AB  - AIM: Cholesterol levels vary throughout childhood and adolescence. The aim of the
      present study was to evaluate and identify age- and gender-specific reference
      values for serum lipid concentrations including non-high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and the triglyceride to HDL-C ratio (TG/HDL-C ratio) in
      apparently healthy Korean children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 6197
      participants aged 10 to 19 years old from the 2007-2013 Korean National Health
      and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Serum lipid concentrations were
      evaluated according to age and gender. RESULTS: The overall mean concentration of
      non-HDL-C was 105.5+/-25.6 mg/dL, with a significant gender difference: 103.3+/
      26.1 mg/dL in boys and 107.9+/-24.7 mg/dL in girls (p=0.028). The median values
      of non-HDL-C concentrations in boys and girls, respectively, were 111 and 112
      mg/dL in the 10-year-old age group, 95 and 103 mg/dL in the 15-year-old age
      group, and 109 and 103 mg/dL in the 19-year-old age group. The overall mean
      TG/HDL-C ratio was 1.74+/-1.22, and there were no significant gender differences:
      1.77+/-1.25 in boys and 1.72+/-1.22 in girls (p=0.183). The median values of the
      TG/HDL-C ratio in boys and girls were 1.16 and 1.00 in the 10-year-olds, 1.54 and
      0.95 in the 15-year-olds, and 1.74 and 0.84 in the 19-year-olds, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Age- and gender-specific reference values for non-HDL-C and for the
      TG/HDL-C ratio in children and adolescents could provide valuable information for
      individualized interpretations of lipid profiles and interventions as well as for
      strategies to prevent and manage childhood and adolescent dyslipidemia.

PMID- 27373986
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 27373985
TI  - The Superiority of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Over
      Chemotherapy Alone in the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients with Mixed
      Lineage Leukemia (MLL) Rearrangements.
AB  - BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with mixed lineage leukemia
      (MLL) gene rearrangements always had a very poor prognosis. In this study, we
      report the incidence of MLL rearrangements in AML patients using gene analysis,
      as well as the clinical significance and prognostic features of these
      rearrangements. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study took place from
      April 2008 to November 2011 in the People's Liberation Army General Hospital. A
      total 433 AML patients were screened by multiple nested reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the incidence of the 11 MLL gene
      rearrangements. There were 68 cases of MLL gene rearrangements, for a positive
      rate of 15.7%. A total of 24 patients underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem
      cell transplantation (Allo-HSCT), and 34 patients received at least 4 cycles of
      chemotherapy. Ten patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS The median follow-up
      was 29 months. The complete remission (CR) rate was 85.4%. The overall survival
      (OS) was 57.4+/-5.9 months for the Allo-HSCT group and 21.0+/-2.1 months for the
      chemotherapy group. The Allo-HSCT group had superior survival compared with the
      chemotherapy group (5-year OS: 59+/-17% vs. 13+/-8%, P<0.01; 5-year disease-free
      survival [DFS]: 65+/-10% vs. 40+/-16%, P>0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that
      transplantation, platelets >50*10^9/L at onset, and CR are associated with a
      better OS in MLL rearranged AML patients. Patients with thrombocytopenia and
      extramedullary involvement were prone to relapse. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest
      that Allo-HSCT is superior to chemotherapy alone for treating MLL rearranged AML
      patients. Patients treated with Allo-HSCT have a better prognosis and a longer
      survival. CR is an independent prognostic factor for OS, and extramedullary
      involvement is an independent prognostic factor for DFS. MLL rearranged AML
      patients with thrombocytopenia at onset <50*10^9 had very bad OS and DFS. 

PMID- 27373987
TI  - Knockdown of TAZ modifies triple-negative breast cancer cell sensitivity to EGFR
      inhibitors by regulating YAP expression.
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) constitutes ~10-15% of breast cancer
      patients and represents an aggressive subtype with poor overall prognosis. TNBC
      is an important clinical challenge because it does not respond well to endocrine
      therapy and have a higher rate of early recurrence and distant metastasis
      following chemotherapy. Although it has been reported that the epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR) was overexpressed in ~80% of TNBC, anti-EGFR therapy
      showed limited clinical benefit according to phase II studies. In this study, we
      first observed that knockdown of the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding
      domain (TAZ) gene can regulate the sensitivity of TNBC cell lines to EGFR
      inhibitors (EGFRI) in a cell context-depended manner. Furthermore, in certain
      breast cancer cell lines the YES-associated protein, paralog of TAZ (YAP)
      expression can be upregulated by TAZ inhibition which leads to EGFRI resistance.
      These results suggest a specific inhibitor to TAZ/YAP combined with anti-EGFR
      therapy may prove effective and provide a reason why targeting EGFR showed
      limited clinical benefit in TNBC treatment. 

PMID- 27373988
TI  - Association Between Asthma and Sensitization to Allergens of Dermatophagoides
      pteronyssinus.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the role of molecular diagnosis
      in house dust mite (HDM) allergy. In this study, we investigated the association
      between the sensitization profile of adolescent and adult HDM-allergic patients
      and asthma in a region with high rates of exposure to HDM. METHODS: We conducted
      a cross-sectional study of 384 HDM-allergic patients (38.5%, males; median age,
      28 years). A total of 368 patients (95.8%) had rhinitis, and 175 (45.6%) had
      asthma. Specific IgE (sIgE) to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, nDer p 1, rDer p
      2, and rPen a 1 was measured in all patients. sIgE to Lepidoglyphus destructor
      was measured in patients (n=301) with a positive skin test result. RESULTS:
      Significantly higher concentrations of sIgE to Der p 1 and sIgE to Der p 2 were
      observed in patients with asthma than in those without asthma. The proportion of
      asthmatic patients was higher among individuals who reacted (>=0.35 kUA/L) to
      both Der p 1 and Der p 2 (147/291, 50.5%) than among those who reacted to only 1
      allergen (either Der p 1 or Der p 2, 18/55, 32.7%) or neither allergen (10/38,
      26.3%, P=.002). Reactivity to both allergens was associated with asthma after
      adjusting for age and sex (OR, 2.87; 95%CI, 1.32-6.20). Higher concentrations of
      sIgE to L destructor were observed in patients with asthma than in patients
      without asthma. Tropomyosin sIgE >=0.35 kUA/L was detected in only 6 individuals
      (1.6%). CONCLUSIONS: L destructor may be a relevant allergen in high-exposure
      areas. Dual sensitization (ie, IgE to both Der p 1 and Der p 2) may help to
      identify HDM-allergic patients who are at risk of asthma.

PMID- 27373989
TI  - Bullous pemphigoid-like skin blistering disease in a rhesus macaque (Macaca
      mulatta).
AB  - Autoimmune bullous disease is very uncommon in non-human primates. We observed a
      bullous skin disease in a male rhesus monkey while conducting porcine islet
      xenotransplantation. Fifty days after the transplantation, multiple bullous skin
      lesions were observed. There was no mucosal involvement. Skin biopsy results
      demonstrated a subepidermal blister with no necrotic keratinocytes.
      Immunofluorescent staining showed linear IgG deposition at the roof of the
      blister. These skin lesions spontaneously disappeared. Considering these results,
      this monkey was diagnosed with bullous pemphigoid (BP). As far as we know, this
      is the first report of BP in non-human primates.

PMID- 27373990
TI  - Parenchymal Airspace Profiling: Sensitive Quantification and Characterization of
      Lung Structure Evaluating Parenchymal Destruction.
AB  - Lung morphometry was introduced over 50 years ago to provide quantitative
      evaluation of the lung structure. The existing parameters, such as mean linear
      intercept and destructive index, suffer from simplistic data interpretation and a
      subjective data acquisition process. To overcome these existing shortcomings,
      parenchymal airspace profiling (PAP) was developed to provide a more detailed and
      unbiased quantitative method. Following the standard protocols of fixation,
      embedding, and sectioning, lung micrographs were: (1) marked with nonparenchymal
      area, preprocessed, and binarized under the researcher's supervision; (2)
      analyzed with a statistical learning method, Gaussian mixture model, to provide
      an unbiased categorization of parenchymal airspace compartments, corresponding to
      a single alveolus, alveolar sac, and ductal/destructive airspace; and (3) further
      quantified into morphometric parameters, including reference volume, alveolar
      count, and ductal/destructive fraction (DF) based on stereological principles.
      PAP was performed on hematoxylin and eosin-stained lung sections from mice and
      rabbits. Unbiased categorization revealed differences in alveolar size among
      several mouse strains (NZW/LacJ<AKR/J<A/J<C57BL/6J) and across species
      (mouse<rabbit). Further quantification indicates that parenchymal destruction,
      modeled in mouse lungs with 1-month smoke exposure, resulted in decreased
      alveolar count, increased DF, but no significant differences in mean linear
      intercept. DF also provides a robust measurement that is not biased by processing
      artifacts, magnification, or reference volume, which are common limitations in
      human lung biopsies or data obtained from different laboratories. PAP is a novel
      approach to lung morphometry that offers more detailed characterization of the
      lung structure, sensitivity, and robustness than presently used methods for
      evaluating parenchymal destruction.

PMID- 27373991
TI  - Reversible sclerosing cholangitis with ulcerative colitis.
AB  - Sclerosing cholangitis (SC) with granulocytic epithelial lesion (GEL) responds
      well to immunosuppression therapy. We treated a 42-year-old Japanese female with
      ulcerative colitis, who was admitted for further evaluation of both an elevated
      alkaline phosphatase level and dilated intrahepatic bile ducts. A liver biopsy on
      the fourth hospital day revealed the infiltration of neutrophils into the bile
      duct epithelium, which was diagnosed as GEL. Because her ulcerative colitis was
      in an active stage, prednisolone (PSL) therapy was started. After the
      administration of PSL, laboratory data dramatically decreased. A liver biopsy was
      performed on the 66th hospital day to confirm the lesion around bile ducts in the
      portal tract. The infiltration of neutrophils into the bile duct epithelium
      disappeared after PSL administration, and IgG4-positive plasma cells were not
      found in the liver. Herein, we report a rare case of GEL-positive SC. The present
      case provides early evidence of treatment-induced histological changes as well as
      serial changes in biochemical data during the course of immunosuppression
      therapy.

PMID- 27373993
TI  - Application of rapid test kits for the determination of paralytic shellfish
      poisoning (PSP) toxins in bivalve molluscs from Great Britain.
AB  - Six different commercial rapid screening assays for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
      toxins were assessed with the analysis of shellfish samples from GB. The
      performance of each kit was assessed through comparison with the current
      regulatory HPLC method. Samples assessed consisted of a wide variety of shellfish
      species of importance to the shellfish industry in GB. These had been sourced
      over a number of years and with a wide variety of geographical origins. One
      lateral flow immunoassay was found to provide a quick qualitative assessment of
      PSP toxicity, with a low proportion of false negative results for PSP-positive
      samples, but with higher numbers of false positives. The performance of the five
      quantitative ELISA assays varied considerably, with two demonstrating an
      inappropriate linear range, with others either over-estimating or under
      estimating toxicity. One ELISA from R-Biopharm was found to show a good
      correlation with the HPLC toxicity results. All ELISAs, however, returned some
      false negative results, most notably for samples containing high proportions of
      toxins with low cross reactivity to saxitoxin such as GTX1&4. Whilst the lateral
      flow assays on the market are of particular use to Food Business Operators for
      end product testing, further work is required in parallel with instrumental
      testing methods using a larger number of samples to assess the reliability and
      accuracy of these kits over the long term. 

PMID- 27373994
TI  - Development of a chicken-derived antivenom against the taipan snake (Oxyuranus
      scutellatus) venom and comparison with an equine antivenom.
AB  - A chicken-derived antivenom (ChDAv) towards taipan snake (Oxyuranus scutellatus)
      venom was produced by purifying anti-taipan IgY from egg yolks of hens immunized
      with taipan venom. The productivity, antivenomic profile, neutralization ability,
      pharmacokinetic properties and immunogenicity of the ChDAv were compared with
      those of an antivenom produced in horses (EDAv). We found that 382 eggs are
      required to produce the mass of anti-taipan antibodies contained in one liter of
      equine hyperimmune plasma, and that 63 chickens would be needed to generate the
      amount of anti-taipan antibodies annually produced by one horse. It was estimated
      that, in Costa Rica, the production of anti-taipan antibodies could be 40%
      cheaper if chickens were used as immunoglobulin source, instead of horses. During
      antivenomic assessment, ChDAv showed lower ability to immunocapture the alpha
      subunit of taipoxin, the most important neurotoxin in the venom. ChDAv showed a
      lower ability to neutralize the coagulant and lethal activities of taipan venom.
      ChDAv was more immunogenic in rabbits than EDAv, probably due to the fact that
      chickens are phylogenetically more distant to rabbits than horses. This finding
      may explain why clearance from rabbit bloodstream was faster for chicken-IgY than
      for equine-IgG in a pharmacokinetic study. In conclusion, the production of anti
      taipan antivenom was less effective when chicken egg yolks were used as source of
      immunoglobulins instead of horses. 

PMID- 27373995
TI  - A quantitative method for analyzing species-specific vocal sequence pattern and
      its developmental dynamics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Songbirds are a preeminent animal model for understanding the neural
      basis underlying the development and evolution of a complex learned behavior,
      bird song. However, only a few quantitative methods exist to analyze these
      species-specific sequential behaviors in multiple species using the same
      calculation method. NEW METHOD: We report a method of analysis that focuses on
      calculating the frequency of characteristic syllable transitions in songs. This
      method comprises two steps: The first step involves forming correlation matrices
      of syllable similarity scores, named syllable similarity matrices (SSMs); these
      are obtained by calculating the round-robin comparison of all the syllables in
      two songs, while maintaining the sequential order of syllables in the songs. In
      the second step, each occurrence rate of three patterns of binarized "2 rows*2
      columns" cells in the SSMs is calculated to extract information on the
      characteristic syllable transitions. RESULTS: The SSM analysis method allowed
      obtaining species-specific features of song patterns and intraspecies individual
      variability simultaneously. Furthermore, it enabled quantitative tracking of the
      developmental trajectory of the syllable sequence patterns. COMPARISON WITH
      EXISTING METHOD: This method enables us to extract the species-specific song
      patterns and dissect the regulation of song syntax development without human
      biased procedures for syllable identification. This method can be adapted to
      study the acoustic communication systems in several animal species, such as
      insects and mammals. CONCLUSIONS: This present method provides a comprehensive
      qualitative approach for understanding the regulation of species specificity and
      its development in vocal learning.

PMID- 27373996
TI  - Safe and Effective Use of Pharmacologic and Device Therapy for Peripartum
      Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an uncommon, idiopathic complication of
      pregnancy associated with significant (10-30%) mortality. The disease occurs late
      in pregnancy or in the months following delivery, resulting in reduced systolic
      function and heart failure (HF) symptoms. Limited direction is provided for the
      management of PPCM, and the safe and effective use of medications in pregnant and
      breastfeeding women with PPCM presents a unique challenge. Although several HF
      therapies in pregnant and lactating women are supported by robust evidence,
      evidence to support the use of other therapies is significantly lacking. Current
      guidelines recommend treatment as in other forms of HF with reduced left
      ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but with consideration for the important
      nuances in this population as well as the unique and potential teratogenic
      effects of these therapies. Since most patients with PPCM recover their LVEF, the
      duration of therapy is currently unknown and warrants further study. We review
      the available literature surrounding pharmacologic and device therapy for PPCM
      and provide insight into managing patients with the condition.

PMID- 27373997
TI  - Identification of Indole-Based Chalcones: Discovery of a Potent, Selective, and
      Reversible Class of MAO-B Inhibitors.
AB  - A series of 11 indole-based chalcones (IC1-11) with various electron donating and
      withdrawing groups at the para position of the phenyl ring B were synthesized.
      All the compounds were tested for their human monoamine oxidase (hMAO)-A and hMAO
      B inhibitory potencies. Most of the synthesized candidates proved to be potent
      and selective inhibitors of MAO-B rather than MAO-A, with a reversible and
      competitive mode. Among them, compound IC9 was found to be a potent inhibitor of
      hMAO-B with Ki  = 0.01 +/- 0.005 MUM and a selectivity index of 120. It was found
      to be better than the standard drug, selegiline (hMAO-B with Ki  = 0.20 +/- 0.020
      MUM) with a selectivity index of 30.55. PAMPA assays were carried out for all the
      compounds in order to evaluate the capacity of the compounds to cross the blood
      brain barrier. Moreover, the most potent MAO-B inhibitor, IC9, was nontoxic at 5
      and 25 MUM, with 95.20 and 69.17% viable cells, respectively. The lead compound
      IC9 has an antioxidant property of 1.18 Trolox equivalents by ABTS assay.
      Molecular modeling studies were performed against hMAO-B to observe binding site
      interactions of the lead compound. 

PMID- 27373998
TI  - Human antibody reactivity against xenogeneic N-glycolylneuraminic acid and
      galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose antigen.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the development of alpha1,3-galactosyl transferase-knockout
      (GTKO) pigs, acute humoral xenograft rejection caused by antibodies against non
      Gal antigens, along with complement activation, are hurdles that need to be
      overcome. Among non-Gal antigens, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is
      considered to play an important role in xenograft rejection in human. METHODS: We
      generated human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells that expressed xenogeneic
      Neu5Gc (HEK293-pCMAH) or alpha1,3Gal (HEK293-pGT) antigen and investigated the
      degree of human antibody binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)
      against these antigens using 100 individual human sera. RESULTS: Both IgM and IgG
      bound to alpha1,3Gal, while only IgG bound to Neu5Gc. Of the ABO blood groups,
      the degree of IgG binding to alpha1,3Gal was highest for blood group A. The
      degree of CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells was significantly lower than that
      against HEK293-pGT cells. However, CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells was
      significantly higher than that against control HEK293 cells. In addition, the
      severity of CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells positively correlated with that
      against GTKO pig aortic endothelial cells (PAECs), suggesting that Neu5Gc is the
      main antigen in GTKO PAECs. Similar to antibody-binding activity, only IgG
      binding correlated with CDC against HEK293-pCMAH cells. The most common subclass
      of IgGs against Neu5Gc was IgG1, which typically induces strong complement
      activation. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that IgG-mediated CDC was detected in Neu5Gc
      overexpressed HEK293 cells incubated with human sera; however, this antibody
      reactivity to Neu5Gc was highly variable among individuals. Our results suggest
      that additional modifications to the CMAH gene should be considered for
      widespread use of pig organs for human transplants.

PMID- 27373999
TI  - Ellman's and Aldrithiol Assay as Versatile and Complementary Tools for the
      Quantification of Thiol Groups and Ligands on Nanomaterials.
AB  - Simple, fast, and versatile methods for the quantification of thiol groups are of
      considerable interest not only for protein analysis but also for the
      characterization of the surface chemistry of nanomaterials stabilized with thiol
      ligands or bearing thiol groups for the subsequent (bio-) functionalization via
      maleimide-thiol chemistry. Here, we compare two simple colorimetric assays, the
      widely used Ellman's assay performed at alkaline pH and the aldrithiol assay
      executed at acidic and neutral pH, with respect to their potential for the
      quantification of thiol groups and thiol ligands on different types of
      nanoparticles like polystyrene nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals (SC NC),
      and noble metal particles, and we derive criteria for their use. In order to
      assess the underlying reaction mechanisms and to obtain stoichiometry factors
      mandatory for reliable thiol quantification, both methods were studied
      photometrically and with electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
      (ESI-TOF-MS), thereby demonstrating the influence of different thiols on the
      reaction mechanism. Our results underline the suitability of both methods for the
      quantification of directly accessible thiol groups or ligands on the surface of
      2D- and 3D-supports, here exemplarily polystyrene nanoparticles. Moreover, we
      could derive strategies for the use of these simple assays for the determination
      of masked (i.e., not directly accessible) thiol groups like disulfides such as
      lipoic acid and thiol stabilizing ligands coordinatively bound to Cd and/or Hg
      surface atoms of II/VI and ternary SC NC and to gold and silver nanoparticles.

PMID- 27374000
TI  - Rapid antigen detection test for group A streptococcus in children with
      pharyngitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Group A streptococcus (GAS) accounts for 20% to 40% of cases of
      pharyngitis in children; the remaining cases are caused by viruses. Compared with
      throat culture, rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) offer diagnosis at the
      point of care (within five to 10 minutes). OBJECTIVES: To determine the
      diagnostic accuracy of RADTs for diagnosing GAS in children with pharyngitis. To
      assess the relative diagnostic accuracy of the two major types of RADTs (enzyme
      immunoassays (EIA) and optical immunoassays (OIA)) by indirect and direct
      comparison. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science,
      CDSR, DARE, MEDION and TRIP (January 1980 to July 2015). We also conducted
      related citations tracking via PubMed, handsearched reference lists of included
      studies and relevant review articles, and screened all articles citing included
      studies via Google Scholar. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included studies that compared
      RADT for GAS pharyngitis with throat culture on a blood agar plate in a
      microbiology laboratory in children seen in ambulatory care. DATA COLLECTION AND
      ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts for
      relevance, assessed full texts for inclusion, and carried out data extraction and
      quality assessment using the QUADAS-2 tool. We used bivariate meta-analysis to
      estimate summary sensitivity and specificity, and to investigate heterogeneity
      across studies. We compared the accuracy of EIA and OIA tests using indirect and
      direct evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We included 98 unique studies in the review (116
      test evaluations; 101,121 participants). The overall methodological quality of
      included studies was poor, mainly because many studies were at high risk of bias
      regarding patient selection and the reference standard used (in 73% and 43% of
      test evaluations, respectively). In studies in which all participants underwent
      both RADT and throat culture (105 test evaluations; 58,244 participants; median
      prevalence of participants with GAS was 29.5%), RADT had a summary sensitivity of
      85.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 83.3 to 87.6 and a summary specificity of
      95.4%; 95% CI 94.5 to 96.2. There was substantial heterogeneity in sensitivity
      across studies; specificity was more stable. There was no evidence of a trade-off
      between sensitivity and specificity. Heterogeneity in accuracy was not explained
      by study-level characteristics such as whether an enrichment broth was used
      before plating, mean age and clinical severity of participants, and GAS
      prevalence. The sensitivity of EIA and OIA tests was comparable (summary
      sensitivity 85.4% versus 86.2%). Sensitivity analyses showed that summary
      estimates of sensitivity and specificity were stable in low risk of bias studies.
      AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In a population of 1000 children with a GAS prevalence of
      30%, 43 patients with GAS will be missed. Whether or not RADT can be used as a
      stand-alone test to rule out GAS will depend mainly on the epidemiological
      context. The sensitivity of EIA and OIA tests seems comparable. RADT specificity
      is sufficiently high to ensure against unnecessary use of antibiotics. Based on
      these results, we would expect that amongst 100 children with strep throat, 86
      would be correctly detected with the rapid test while 14 would be missed and not
      receive antibiotic treatment.

PMID- 27374001
TI  - Assistive devices, hip precautions, environmental modifications and training to
      prevent dislocation and improve function after hip arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most common orthopaedic
      operations performed worldwide. Painful osteoarthritis of the hip is the primary
      indication for THA. Following THA, people have conventionally been provided with
      equipment, such as raised toilet seats and chairs, and educated to avoid
      activities that could cause the hip joint to be in a position of flexion over 90
      degrees, or adduction or rotation past the midline. These aspects of occupational
      therapy have been advocated to reduce the risks of prosthesis dislocation.
      However, the appropriateness of these recommendations has been questioned.
      OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of provision of assistive devices, education on
      hip precautions, environmental modifications and training in activities of daily
      living (ADL) and extended ADL (EADL) for people undergoing THA. SEARCH METHODS:
      We searched MEDLINE (1946 to April 2016), EMBASE (1947 to April 2016), the
      Cochrane Library including CENTRAL (Issue 4 of 12, 2016), Database of Reviews of
      Effects (DARE), Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Economic Evaluations Database
      (EED), CINAHL, PEDro and CIRRIE from inception to April 2016. In addition we
      checked Controlled Clinical Trials, Clinicaltrials.gov, the National Institutes
      of Health Trial Registry, the World Health Organization International Clinical
      Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and the OpenGrey database from inception to
      April 2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs),
      quasi-RCTs and cluster-RCTs that evaluated the effectiveness of the provision of
      assistive devices, education on hip precautions, environmental modifications, or
      training in ADL and EADL for people undergoing THA. The main outcomes of interest
      were pain, function, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), global assessment of
      treatment success, reoperation rate, hip dislocation and adverse events. DATA
      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures recognised by
      Cochrane. We conducted a systematic literature search using several databases and
      contacted corresponding authors, appraised the evidence using the Cochrane risk
      of bias tool, analysed the data using a narrative analysis approach (as it was
      not possible to conduct a meta-analysis due to heterogeneity in interventions),
      and interpreted all outcomes using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS: We included
      three trials with a total of 492 participants who had received 530 THA. The
      evidence presented with a high risk of performance, detection and reporting
      bias.One study (81 participants) compared outcomes for participants randomised to
      the provision of hip precautions, equipment and functional restrictions versus no
      provision of hip precautions, equipment or functional restrictions. Due to the
      quality of evidence being very low, we are uncertain if the provision of hip
      precautions, equipment and functional restrictions improved function measured
      using the Harris Hip Score at 12 month follow-up, or health-related quality of
      life (HRQOL) measured by the Short Form-12 at four week follow-up, compared to
      not providing this. There were no incidences of hip dislocation or adverse events
      in either group during the initial 12 postoperative months. The study did not
      measure pain score, global assessment of treatment success or total adverse
      events.One study (265 participants; 303 THAs) evaluated the provision of hip
      precautions with versus without the prescription of postoperative equipment and
      restrictions to functional activities. Due to the quality of evidence being very
      low, we are uncertain if perceived satisfaction in the rate of recovery differed
      in people who were not prescribed postoperative equipment and restrictions
      (135/151 satisfied) compared to those prescribed equipment and restrictions
      (113/152) (risk ratio (RR) 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75 to 0.93; 265
      participants, one trial; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial
      outcome (NNTB) = 7). Due to the low quality evidence, we are uncertain if the
      incidence of hip dislocation differed between participants provided with hip
      precautions with (1/152) compared to without providing equipment or restrictions
      post-THA (0/151) (RR 2.98, 95% CI 0.12 to 72.59). The study did not measure pain,
      function, HRQOL, re-operation rates or total adverse events.One study (146
      participants) investigated the provision of an enhanced postoperative education
      and rehabilitation service on hospital discharge to promote functional ADL versus
      a conventional rehabilitation intervention in the community. This study was of
      very low quality evidence. We were uncertain if the provision of enhanced
      postoperative education and rehabilitation improved function at six months follow
      up, when assessed using the Objective and Subjective Functional Capability Index
      (146 participants, one trial; P > 0.05; no numerical results provided) compared
      to conventional rehabilitation. The study did not measure pain score, HRQOL,
      global assessment of treatment success, hip dislocation, re-operation rate or
      total adverse events. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Very low quality evidence is
      available from single trials, thus we are uncertain if hip precautions with or
      without the addition of equipment and functional restrictions are effective in
      preventing dislocation and improving outcomes after THA. There is also
      insufficient evidence to support or refute the adoption of a postoperative
      community rehabilitation programme consisting of functional reintegration and
      education compared to conventional rehabilitation strategies based on functional
      outcomes.Further high-quality trials are warranted to assess the outcomes of
      different occupational therapy interventions both in the short and longer-term
      for those who undergo THA. An assessment of the impact of such interventions on
      pain and restriction on personal ADL, EADL and instrumental ADL is needed, and
      also of functional integration-type interventions rather than just hip
      precautions, equipment and restrictions.

PMID- 27374002
TI  - Between exclusion and emancipation: Foucault's ethics and disability.
AB  - The aim of the study was to demonstrate how Foucault's ethics, which we
      understand as a tension between exclusion and emancipation, helps both critically
      reassess two disability models that prevail in the contemporary literature
      concerning disability, that is the medical model and the social one, and support
      and inspire an ethical project of including people with disabilities in spheres
      of life from which they have been excluded by various power/knowledge regimes. We
      claim, following Foucault, that such a project should be informed by critical
      reflection on exclusion-generating forms of knowledge about people with
      disabilities and focused on individual ethical actions fostering self-realization
      and emancipation of people with disability.

PMID- 27374004
TI  - Mortality and Rates of Graft Rejection or Failure Following Intestinal
      Transplantation in Patients With vs Without Crohn's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) may require multiple bowel
      resections that lead to short bowel syndrome. Intestinal transplantation is an
      effective treatment for short bowel syndrome, but limited data are available on
      long-term outcomes in CD. We aimed to characterize the long-term risk of
      rejection, graft failure, and death among patients with CD after intestinal
      transplantation, and compare their outcomes with those of patients without CD.
      METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of adults in the Scientific Registry
      of Transplant Recipients who received intestinal transplants in the United States
      from May 1990 through June 2014. Outcomes data were collected at 3 months, 6
      months, 1 year, and every year after the procedure. We compared risks of
      rejection at 1 year after transplantation between patients with and without CD
      using the chi-square test and logistic regression. Longitudinal risks of graft
      failure and death were compared between patients with and without CD using the
      Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards. Multivariable analyses adjusted
      for recipient, donor, and institutional characteristics. RESULTS: Of 1115 cases
      of intestinal transplantation, 142 were performed for CD and 973 for non-CD
      indications. One year after the procedure, the transplant was rejected in 36.9%
      of patients with CD and 33.3% of patients without CD (P = .48). For patients with
      CD, the actuarial risk of graft failure at 1, 5, and 10 years after intestinal
      transplantation was 18.6%, 38.7%, and 49.2%; the risk of death was 22.5%, 50.3%,
      and 59.7%, respectively. The risk of graft failure was greater for patients with
      CD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.48; 95% CI, 1.03-2.13; P = .04), but patients
      with versus without CD had similar risks of death (aHR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.64-1.20;
      P = .41). In subgroup analyses, the risk of graft failure was increased among
      patients with CD undergoing transplantation between 1990 and 2000 (aHR, 3.49; 95%
      CI, 1.23-9.92; P = .02), but not after 2000 (aHR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.92-2.04; P =
      .12). CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of patients who received intestinal
      transplants, the risks of graft rejection or death were similar between patients
      with versus without CD. Before year 2000, patients with CD had an increased risk
      of graft failure, but not thereafter. Changes in posttransplant immunosuppression
      around the same time might be analyzed to learn more about the mechanisms and
      management strategies to reduce graft failure in CD.

PMID- 27374005
TI  - Esophagitis Caused by Cytomegalovirus Infection in an Immune-competent Patient.

PMID- 27374003
TI  - Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Have Highest Rates of Wait-listing for
      Liver Transplantation Among Patients With End-Stage Liver Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite recent attention to differences in access to livers
      for transplantation, research has focused on patients already on the wait list.
      We analyzed data from a large administrative database that represents the entire
      US population, and state Medicaid data, to identify factors associated with
      differences in access to wait lists for liver transplantation. METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective cohort study of transplant-eligible patients with end
      stage liver disease using the HealthCore Integrated Research Database (2006-2014;
      n = 16,824) and Medicaid data from 5 states (2002-2009; California, Florida, New
      York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; n = 67,706). Transplant-eligible patients had
      decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and/or liver synthetic
      dysfunction, based on validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
      Revision-based algorithms and data from laboratory studies. Placement on the wait
      list was determined through linkage with the Organ Procurement and
      Transplantation Network database. RESULTS: In an unadjusted analysis of the
      HealthCore database, we found that 29% of patients with HCC were placed on the 2
      year wait list (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.4%-33.0%) compared with 11.9% of
      patients with stage 4 cirrhosis (ascites) (95% CI, 11.0%-12.9%) and 12.6% of
      patients with stage 5 cirrhosis (ascites and variceal bleeding) (95% CI, 9.4%
      15.2%). Among patients with each stage of cirrhosis, those with HCC were
      significantly more likely to be placed on the wait list; adjusted subhazard
      ratios ranged from 1.7 (for patients with stage 5 cirrhosis and HCC vs those
      without HCC) to 5.8 (for patients with stage 1 cirrhosis with HCC vs those
      without HCC). Medicaid beneficiaries with HCC were also more likely to be placed
      on the transplant wait list, compared with patients with decompensated cirrhosis,
      with a subhazard ratio of 2.34 (95% CI, 2.20-2.49). Local organ supply and wait
      list level demand were not associated with placement on the wait list.
      CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of US healthcare databases, we found patients with
      HCC to be more likely to be placed on liver transplant wait lists than patients
      with decompensated cirrhosis. Previously reported reductions in access to
      transplant care for wait-listed patients with decompensated cirrhosis
      underestimate the magnitude of this difference.

PMID- 27374006
TI  - Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.
AB  - Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most commonly
      inherited kidney disease, and the fourth most common cause of end-stage renal
      disease. ADPKD is a systemic disorder, associated with numerous extrarenal
      manifestations, including polycystic liver disease, the most common
      gastrointestinal manifestation, and diverticular disease, inguinal, and ventral
      hernias, pancreatic cysts, and large bile duct abnormalities. All of these
      gastrointestinal manifestations play a significant role in disease burden in
      ADPKD, particularly in the later decades of life. Thus, as ADPKD becomes more
      recognized, it is important for gastroenterologists to be knowledgeable of this
      monogenic disorder's effects on the digestive system.

PMID- 27374007
TI  - Epithelial Thickness is a Marker of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Histologic criteria have been refined for the diagnosis of
      gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We aimed to evaluate these criteria for
      the assessment of GERD and to measure interassessor agreement. METHODS: We
      performed a post hoc analysis of data from the Diamond study (NCT 00291746),
      conducted in Europe and Canada on adults with frequent upper gastrointestinal
      symptoms who had not taken a proton pump inhibitor in the previous 2 months. GERD
      was diagnosed based on the presence of 1 or more of the following: reflux
      esophagitis, pathologic esophageal acid exposure, and/or positive symptom-acid
      association probability. Nonerosive reflux disease was defined as the presence of
      pathologic esophageal acid exposure and/or a positive symptom-acid association
      probability, but no reflux esophagitis. Biopsies collected from 336 patients from
      0.5 cm and 2.0 cm above the Z line were evaluable; they were analyzed
      independently at pathology centers in Germany and Italy (biopsies from 258 and
      195 patients, respectively). The primary outcomes were the accuracy of histologic
      criteria for the diagnosis of GERD, defined by endoscopy and pH monitoring, and
      interassessor agreement on histologic criteria. RESULTS: At the assessment site
      for basal cell layer thickness, total epithelial thickness was the best
      performing criterion for diagnosis of investigation-defined GERD; it also
      identified nonerosive reflux disease, reflux esophagitis, and pathologic
      esophageal acid exposure at 0.5 cm and 2.0 cm above the Z line. Basal cell layer
      thickness and presence of dilated intercellular spaces did not identify patients
      with GERD. Among the criteria tested, the best agreement between assessments
      carried out at the 2 pathology centers was for total epithelial thickness at 0.5
      cm and 2.0 cm above the Z line. CONCLUSIONS: Based on an analysis of 336 patients
      with frequent upper gastrointestinal symptoms, total epithelial thickness is a
      robust histologic marker for GERD.

PMID- 27374008
TI  - A Multifunctional Mn(II) Phosphonate for Rapid Separation of Methyl Orange and
      Electron-Transfer Photochromism.
AB  - A Mn(II) phosphonate of the general formula [Mn(H2 L)2 (H2 O)2 (H2 bibp)] adopts
      a layered motif with protonated H2 bibp(2+) cations embedded in the channels (H4
      L=thiophene-2-phosphonic acid; bibp=4,4'-bis(1-imidazolyl)biphenyl). The title
      compound exhibits excellent adsorptive removal of methyl orange (MO) dye from
      aqueous solution. Its advantageous features include fast adsorption, high uptake
      capacity, selective removal, and reusability, which are of great significance for
      practical application in wastewater treatment. Meanwhile, the compound displays
      rapid photochromism upon irradiation with visible light at room temperature.
      Extensive research has demonstrated that such behavior is based on a ligand-to
      ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) mechanism. The irradiated sample possesses an ultra
      long-lived charge-separated state. Moreover, not only is the compound the first
      Mn-based photochromic MOF, but it is also one of the very few examples showing
      LLCT with non-photochromic components. 

PMID- 27374010
TI  - Littoral cell angioma of the spleen: a study of 25 cases with confirmation of
      frequent association with visceral malignancies.
AB  - AIMS: Littoral cell angioma (LCA) is a rare primary splenic tumour that is
      frequently associated with internal malignancies. Immunohistochemistry can
      demonstrate a distinct hybrid endothelial-histiocytic phenotype of littoral
      cells, and is a helpful adjunct for making the correct diagnosis. The aims of
      this study were to present a series of 25 LCAs, with an emphasis on the frequent
      association of the neoplasm with visceral malignancies, and to provide a detailed
      immunohistochemical analysis by employing new markers. METHODS AND RESULTS: All
      25 cases with available tissue blocks were immunohistochemically stained for
      endothelial and histiocytic markers. Clinical and follow-up data were retrieved
      from the respective institutions. The tumours were obtained from 16 males and
      nine females, whose age ranged from 32 to 86 years (mean 56.2 years). Clinical
      information was available for 24 of 25 patients, and follow-up for 11 of 25
      patients (range 2-19 years; mean 11.6 years). Immunohistochemically, all cases
      were positive for LYVE-1, factor VIII, FLI-1, vascular endothelial growth factor
      receptor (VEGFR)-2, VEGFR-3, claudin-5, ERG, LMO2, CD31, CD163, lysozyme, and
      CD4, but negative for D2-40, CD8, and factor XIIIa. Fifteen of 25 cases were
      associated with various malignancies, including epithelial, mesenchymal and
      haematological tumours. CONCLUSIONS: The cohort of 25 patients is the largest
      series of LCAs published to date. By using antibodies against recently introduced
      endothelial markers, we have expanded the immunoprofile of LCA. We have further
      highlighted the clinical significance of LCA, as more than half of the patients
      in this study also harboured a coexisting visceral malignancy. Therefore, we
      conclude that the finding of splenic LCA mandates a thorough clinical evaluation
      for a concomitant malignancy.

PMID- 27374011
TI  - Hip Strength Deficits in People With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A
      Systematic Review With Meta-analysis.
AB  - Study Design Systematic review with meta-analysis. Background A complete
      understanding of impairments associated with knee osteoarthritis would optimize
      exercise interventions for people with knee osteoarthritis. Our current
      understanding of hip strength deficits in this population is based on studies
      with conflicting findings and small samples. There is a need to systematically
      review and pool current evidence. Objectives To determine whether hip strength
      deficits exist in people with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Methods Electronic
      databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO) were
      searched through February 2016. Studies comparing hip strength in people
      diagnosed with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis to healthy control participants
      were included in the review. A meta-analysis with random effects was applied to
      relevant data from included studies and a modified Grading of Recommendations
      Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was used to evaluate the quality
      of evidence for each pooled analysis. Results Five studies were included in the
      review. Meta-analysis revealed moderate-quality evidence of weaker isometric and
      isokinetic hip abduction strength in people with knee osteoarthritis (moderate
      difference: 7% to 24% weaker) and very low-quality evidence of no difference in
      isometric hip adduction strength. There was very low- to moderate-quality
      evidence of weaker isokinetic hip strength in the remaining planes of motion
      (moderate to large differences: 14% to 55% weaker). Conclusion Significant hip
      strength deficits exist in people with knee osteoarthritis. Hip strength
      assessment should be considered in clinical practice and may assist with
      directing targeted management strategies. Level of Evidence Symptom prevalence,
      level 1a-. J Orthop Sports PhysTher 2016;46(8):629-639. Epub3 Jul 2016.
      doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6618. 

PMID- 27374009
TI  - Molecular characterization and analysis of high-level multidrug-resistance of
      Shigella flexneri serotype 4s strains from China.
AB  - To conduct the first comprehensive analysis of Shigella flexneri serotype 4s, a
      novel serotype found in 2010, we identified 24 serotype 4s isolates from 1973
      shigellosis cases in China (2002-2014). The isolates were characterized by single
      nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) phylogenetic analysis, pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine their
      genetic relatedness, and analysed further for their antimicrobial
      susceptibilities and antimicrobial resistance determinants. The PFGE and SNP
      phylogenetic analyses suggest that S. flexneri serotype 4s strains are derived
      from multiple serotypes, including two predominant serotypes in China: serotype X
      variant and serotype II. Three new sequence types were identified by MLST. All
      isolates were resistant to ticarcillin, ampicillin and tetracycline, with high
      level resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. Notably, all the isolates
      were multidrug resistant (MDR), with the highest levels of resistance observed
      for eight antimicrobials classes. Most isolates contain various antimicrobial
      resistance determinants. In conclusion, we found that serotype 4s isolates have
      multiple evolutionary sources, diverse biochemical characteristics and genomes,
      and highly prevalent multidrug resistance and antimicrobial-resistant
      determinants. With few clinical treatment options, continuous monitoring and
      timely intervention against this emerging MDR serotype is essential. The
      possibility that serotype 4s will become the next predominant serotype exists.

PMID- 27374012
TI  - Pain During Prolonged Sitting Is a Common Problem in Persons With Patellofemoral
      Pain.
AB  - Study Design Retrospective cohort. Background Although persons with
      patellofemoral pain (PFP) often report pain with prolonged sitting, little is
      known about the prevalence and characteristics of sitting pain. Objectives To
      describe the proportion of persons with PFP who experience problems with
      prolonged sitting and to determine patient characteristics associated with
      sitting pain. Methods Four hundred fifty-eight participants with a diagnosis of
      PFP from 4 separate studies were included. Item 8 of the Anterior Knee Pain Scale
      was used to define the presence of problems with prolonged sitting with knee
      flexion, based on 3 categories: (1) "no difficulty," (2) "pain after exercise,"
      or (3) "problems with prolonged sitting." Differences in demographic and clinical
      variables between categories were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis tests (P<.05).
      Results Two hundred forty-nine (54.4% of the study sample) participants reported
      problems with prolonged sitting, and 121 (26.4%) reported sitting pain after
      exercise. Compared to those with no difficulty sitting (n = 88), participants
      classified as having problems with prolonged sitting were significantly younger
      (P = .038), more likely to be female (P = .033), had a lower body mass index (P =
      .027), reported higher pain severity (P<.001) and lower Anterior Knee Pain Scale
      scores (P<.001), and more frequently reported problems with squatting (P<.001).
      Conclusion Problems with prolonged sitting are evident in more than half of
      persons with PFP. Findings highlight the need to identify and adequately manage
      PFP associated with prolonged sitting. Further research should explore mechanisms
      of sitting pain and evaluate targeted interventions to reduce PFP with prolonged
      sitting. Level of Evidence Symptom prevalence study, level 2b. J Orthop Sports
      Phys Ther 2016;46(8):658-663. Epub 3 Jul 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6470. 

PMID- 27374013
TI  - Impaired Foot Plantar Flexor Muscle Performance in Individuals With Plantar Heel
      Pain and Association With Foot Orthosis Use.
AB  - Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Background Plantar heel pain is one of
      the most common foot and ankle conditions seen in clinical practice, and many
      individuals continue to have persisting or recurrent pain after treatment.
      Impaired foot plantar flexor muscle performance is a factor that may contribute
      to limited treatment success, but reliable methods to identify impairments in
      individuals with plantar heel pain are needed. In addition, foot orthoses are
      commonly used to treat this condition, but the implications of orthosis use on
      muscle performance have not been assessed. Objectives To assess ankle plantar
      flexor and toe flexor muscle performance in individuals with plantar heel pain
      using clinically feasible measures and to examine the relationship between muscle
      performance and duration of foot orthosis use. Methods The rocker-board plantar
      flexion test (RBPFT) and modified paper grip test for the great toe (mPGTGT) and
      lesser toes (mPGTLT) were used to assess foot plantar flexor muscle performance
      in 27 individuals with plantar heel pain and compared to 27 individuals without
      foot pain who were matched according to age, sex, and body mass. Pain ratings
      were obtained before and during testing, and self-reported duration of foot
      orthosis use was recorded. Results Compared to the control group, individuals
      with plantar heel pain demonstrated lower performance on the RBPFT (P = .001),
      the mPGTGT (P = .022), and the mPGTLT (P = .037). Longer duration of foot
      orthosis use was moderately correlated to lower performance on the RBPFT (r = 
      0.52, P = .02), the mPGTGT (r = -0.54, P = .01), and the mPGTLT (r = -0.43, P =
      .03). Conclusion Ankle plantar flexor and toe flexor muscle performance was
      impaired in individuals with plantar heel pain and associated with longer
      duration of self-reported foot orthosis use. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
      2016;46(8):681-688. Epub 3 Jul 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6482. 

PMID- 27374014
TI  - Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Following Surgical Repair of the Rectus
      Abdominis and Adductor Longus in a Professional Basketball Player: A Case Report.
AB  - Study Design Case report. Background Acute traumatic avulsion of the rectus
      abdominis and adductor longus is rare. Chronic groin injuries, often falling
      under the athletic pubalgia spectrum, have been reported to be more common. There
      is limited evidence detailing the comprehensive rehabilitation and return to
      sport of an athlete following surgical or conservative treatment of avulsion
      injuries of the pubis or other sports-related groin pathologies. Case Description
      A 29-year-old National Basketball Association player sustained a contact injury
      during a professional basketball game. This case report describes a unique
      clinical situation specific to professional sport, in which a surgical repair of
      an avulsed rectus abdominis and adductor longus was combined with a multimodal
      impairment- and outcomes-based rehabilitation program. Outcomes The patient
      returned to in-season competition at 5 weeks postoperation. Objective measures
      were tracked throughout rehabilitation and compared to baseline assessments.
      Measures such as the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score and numeric pain
      rating scale revealed progress beyond the minimal important difference.
      Discussion This case report details the clinical reasoning and evidence-informed
      interventions involved in the return to elite sport. Detailed programming and
      objective assessment may assist in achieving desired outcomes ahead of previously
      established timelines. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys
      Ther 2016;46(8):697-706. Epub 3 Jul 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6352. 

PMID- 27374015
TI  - Postural Stability During Single-Leg Stance: A Preliminary Evaluation of
      Noncontact Lower Extremity Injury Risk.
AB  - Study Design Controlled laboratory study with a prospective cohort design.
      Background Postural stability deficits during single-leg stance have been
      reported in persons with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, ACL
      reconstruction, and chronic ankle instability. It remains unclear whether
      impaired postural stability is a consequence or cause of these injuries.
      Objectives To prospectively investigate whether postural stability deficits
      during single-leg stance predict noncontact lower extremity injuries. Methods
      Fifty injury-free female athletes performed a transition task from double-leg
      stance to single-leg stance with eyes closed. Center-of-pressure displacement,
      the main outcome variable, was measured during the first 3 seconds after the time
      to a new stability point was reached during single-leg stance. Noncontact lower
      extremity injuries were recorded at a 1-year follow-up. Results Six participants
      sustained a noncontact ACL injury or ankle sprain. Center-of-pressure
      displacement during the first 3 seconds after the time to a new stability point
      was significantly increased in the injured (P = .030) and noninjured legs (P =
      .009) of the injured group compared to the respective matched legs of the
      noninjured group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
      (AUC) analysis revealed significant discriminative accuracy between groups for
      the center-of-pressure displacement during the first 3 seconds after the time to
      a new stability point of the injured (AUC = 0.814, P = .015) and noninjured legs
      (AUC = 0.897, P = .004) of the injured group compared to the matched legs of the
      noninjured group. Conclusion This preliminary study suggests that postural
      stability measurements during the single-leg stance phase of the double- to
      single-leg stance transition task may be a useful predictor of increased risk of
      noncontact lower extremity injury. Further research is indicated. Level of
      Evidence Prognosis, level 4. J Orthop Sports PhysTher 2016;46(8):650-657. Epub 3
      Jul 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6278. 

PMID- 27374016
TI  - Satisfaction With the Outcome of Physical Therapist-Prescribed Exercise in
      Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized
      Clinical Trial.
AB  - Study Design Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Background
      Patient perception of the benefits gained from treatment is important, yet
      satisfaction with the outcome of treatment for chronic whiplash-associated
      disorders (WADs) has not been investigated. Objectives To investigate whether
      satisfaction with the outcome of treatment for chronic WAD changed over time, and
      whether there were group differences. Methods Two hundred sixteen people with
      chronic WAD (66% women; mean age, 40.4 years) participated in a 3-month program
      of physical therapist-led neck-specific exercises with or without a behavioral
      approach, or received a prescription of general physical activity. The main
      outcome was satisfaction with the outcome of treatment, assessed at baseline and
      3, 6, and 12 months later. Additional outcomes were enablement and expectation
      fulfillment. Results Satisfaction improved over time in the 3 groups (odds ratio
      = 1.15; 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 1.20; P<.001). There was a significant
      group-by-time interaction (P<.001), with increased odds of being satisfied in the
      groups receiving neck-specific exercises compared to general physical activity.
      Enablement increased after completion of the intervention in all groups (P<.001).
      People who received neck-specific exercises reported greater enablement and
      expectation fulfillment than people prescribed general physical activity (P<.01).
      Conclusion Exercise interventions for chronic WAD led to increased satisfaction
      for 12 months following treatment that was unrelated to the type of exercise
      intervention received. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 1b. Registered January
      22, 2012 at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01528579). J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
      2016;46(8):640-649. Epub 3 Jul 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6136. 

PMID- 27374018
TI  - Moving pictures: Highlights 2016 open for submissions.

PMID- 27374017
TI  - The Accuracy of the VISA-P Questionnaire, Single-Leg Decline Squat, and Tendon
      Pain History to Identify Patellar Tendon Abnormalities in Adult Athletes.
AB  - Study Design Cross-sectional clinical assessment. Background Patellar
      tendinopathy is not always accompanied by patellar tendon abnormalities (PTAs).
      Thus, clinical screening tools to help identify patients with patellar tendon
      pain who have PTAs could enhance clinical decision making and patient prognosis.
      Objectives To test the diagnostic accuracy of the Victorian Institute of Sport
      Assessment-Patella (VISA-P) questionnaire, a single-leg decline squat (SLDS),
      tendon pain history, age, and years of sports participation to identify athletes
      with symptomatic patellar tendons who have PTAs confirmed on imaging. Methods
      Data provided by ultrasound examination, the VISA-P questionnaire, the SLDS,
      tendon pain history, age, and years of sport participation were collected in 43
      athletes. A classification and regression tree (CART) model was developed to
      verify variables associated with PTA occurrence. Likelihood ratios (LRs) were
      computed for positive and negative tests. Results The SLDS, VISA-P questionnaire,
      and tendon pain history were associated with PTA occurrence. Athletes with
      negative results on all 3 tests (CART model) had a lower likelihood of having
      PTAs (negative LR = 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2, 0.5). The isolated
      use of the SLDS or tendon pain history (positive LR = 4.2; 95% CI: 2.3, 7.14 and
      4.5; 95% CI: 1.8, 11.1, respectively) had similar influence on probability of PTA
      presence compared to the CART model (positive LR = 4.1; 95% CI: 2.5, 6.3).
      Conclusion Although the objective was to investigate a clinical test to identify
      PTAs, the combined use of the tests had greater accuracy to identify individuals
      without PTAs. Level of Evidence Diagnosis, level 3b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
      2016;46(8):673-680. Epub 3 Jul 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6192. 

PMID- 27374019
TI  - Chemical complexity of the urban atmosphere and its consequences: general
      discussion.

PMID- 27374020
TI  - Are intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid effective for the treatment of
      temporomandibular disorders? A systematic review.
AB  - This systematic review aimed to investigate whether intra-articular injections of
      hyaluronic acid (HA) are better than other drugs used in temporomandibular joint
      arthrocentesis, for the improvement of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms.
      Two independent reviewers performed an electronic search of the MEDLINE and Web
      of Science databases for relevant studies published in English up to March 2016.
      The key words used included a combination of 'hyaluronic acid',
      'viscosupplementation', 'intra-articular injections', 'corticosteroids', or 'non
      steroidal anti inflammatory agents' with 'temporomandibular disorder'. Selected
      studies were randomized clinical trials and prospective or retrospective studies
      that primarily investigated the application of HA injections compared to other
      intra-articular medications for the treatment of TMD. The initial screening
      yielded 523 articles. After evaluation of the titles and abstracts, eight were
      selected. Full texts of these articles were accessed and all fulfilled the
      inclusion criteria. Intra-articular injections of HA are beneficial in improving
      the pain and/or functional symptoms of TMDs. However, other drug therapies, such
      as corticosteroid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug injections, can be
      used with satisfactory results. Well-designed clinical studies are necessary to
      identify an adequate protocol, the number of sessions needed, and the appropriate
      molecular weight of HA for use.

PMID- 27374021
TI  - Reflective and collaborative skills enhances Ambulance nurses' competence - A
      study based on qualitative analysis of professional experiences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Swedish ambulance health care services are changing and
      developing, with the ambulance nurse playing a central role in the development of
      practice. The competence required by ambulance nurses in the profession remains
      undefined and provides a challenge. The need for a clear and updated description
      of ambulance nurses' competence, including the perspective of professional
      experiences, seems to be essential. AIM: The aim of this study was to elucidate
      ambulance nurses' professional experiences and to describe aspects affecting
      their competence. METHODS: For data collection, the study used the Critical
      Incident Technique, interviewing 32 ambulance nurses. A qualitative content
      analysis was applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This study elucidates essential
      parts of the development, usage and perceptions of the competence of ambulance
      nurses and how, in various ways, this is affected by professional experiences.
      The development of competence is strongly affected by the ability and possibility
      to reflect on practice on a professional and personal level, particularly in
      cooperation with colleagues. Experiences and communication skills are regarded as
      decisive in challenging clinical situations. The way ambulance nurses perceive
      their own competence is closely linked to patient outcome. The results of this
      study can be used in professional and curriculum development.

PMID- 27374022
TI  - Obesity and the Emergency Short Stay Unit.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the health service requirements of obese patients
      admitted to an Emergency Short Stay Unit (ESSU) and specifically compare length
      of stay (LOS), failure of ESSU management, and rates of investigations and allied
      health interventions among obese and non-obese patients. METHODS: A prospective
      cohort study, using convenience sampling was conducted. The body mass index (BMI)
      of participants was calculated and those with a BMI of ?30 were allocated to the
      obese group, and those that had a BMI of <30 to the non-obese group. Data
      collected included demographics, admission diagnosis, time and date of ESSU
      admission and discharge, discharge disposition, radiological investigations, and
      referrals made to allied health personnel during ESSU admission. RESULTS: There
      were 262 patients that were recruited sub-grouped into 127 (48.5%) obese
      participants and 135 (51.5%) non-obese participants with similar sex and
      diagnostic category distributions. The mean LOS in ESSU was similar - 11.5h (95%
      CI: 9.9-13.1) for obese patients and, 10.2h (95% CI: 8.8-11.6) for non-obese
      patients (p=0.21). Failure rates of ESSU management, defined as inpatient
      admission to hospital, were also similar with 29 (22.8%) obese patients admitted
      to hospital compared to 25 (18.5%) non-obese patients (p=0.39). Plain X-ray
      requests were significantly higher among obese patients (71.6 vs 53.3%; p=0.002),
      as was the rate of allied health interventions (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: There was
      no significant difference in inpatient admission rates or LOS between obese and
      non-obese patients managed in the ESSU. Provisions for increased rate of
      investigations and allied health interventions for obese patients may facilitate
      timely assessment and disposition from ESSU.

PMID- 27374024
TI  - Transition metal (Ti, Mo, Nb, W) nitride catalysts for lignin depolymerisation.
AB  - Metal nitrides are promising catalysts for depolymerisation of lignin in
      supercritical ethanol; cheap and abundant titanium nitride affords an aromatic
      monomer yield of 19 wt% from soda lignin. The reaction mechanism is discussed on
      the basis of the products and a guaiacol model compound study. 

PMID- 27374023
TI  - Programmed activation of cancer cell apoptosis: A tumor-targeted phototherapeutic
      topoisomerase I inhibitor.
AB  - We report here a tumor-targeting masked phototherapeutic agent 1 (PT-1). This
      system contains SN-38-a prodrug of the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan.
      Topoisomerase I is a vital enzyme that controls DNA topology during replication,
      transcription, and recombination. An elevated level of topoisomerase I is found
      in many carcinomas, making it an attractive target for the development of
      effective anticancer drugs. In addition, PT-1 contains both a photo-triggered
      moiety (nitrovanillin) and a cancer targeting unit (biotin). Upon light
      activation in cancer cells, PT-1 interferes with DNA re-ligation, diminishes the
      expression of topoisomerase I, and enhances the expression of inter alia
      mitochondrial apoptotic genes, death receptors, and caspase enzymes, inducing DNA
      damage and eventually leading to apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo studies showed
      significant inhibition of cancer growth and the hybrid system PT-1 thus shows
      promise as a programmed photo-therapeutic ("phototheranostic").

PMID- 27374025
TI  - Trade-offs between predator avoidance and electric shock avoidance in hermit
      crabs demonstrate a non-reflexive response to noxious stimuli consistent with
      prediction of pain.
AB  - Arthropods have long been thought to respond to noxious stimuli by reflex
      reaction. One way of testing if this is true is to provide the animal with a way
      to avoid the stimulus but to vary the potential cost of avoidance. If avoidance
      varies with potential cost then a decision making process is evident and the
      behaviour is not a mere reflex. Here we examine the responses of hermit crabs to
      electric shock within their shell when also exposed to predator or non-predator
      odours or to no odour. The electric shocks start with low voltage but increase in
      voltage with each repetition to determine how odour affects the voltage at which
      the shell is abandoned. There was no treatment effect on the voltage at which
      hermit crabs left their shells, however, those exposed to predator odours were
      less likely to evacuate their shells compared with no odour or low concentrations
      of non-predator odour. However, highly concentrated non-predator also inhibited
      evacuation. The data show that these crabs trade-off avoidance of electric shock
      with predator avoidance. They are thus not responding purely by reflex and the
      data are thus consistent with predictions of pain but do not prove pain. 

PMID- 27374026
TI  - Teriparatide in patients with osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes.
AB  - Despite evidence for higher fracture risk, clinical effects of osteoporosis
      treatments in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are largely unknown. Post hoc analyses of the
      DANCE observational study compared T2D patients and patients without diabetes to
      assess the effect of teriparatide, an osteoanabolic therapy on skeletal outcomes
      and safety. Patients included ambulatory men and women with osteoporosis
      receiving teriparatide 20MUg/day SQ up to 24months followed by observation up to
      24months. Main outcome measures included nonvertebral fracture incidence
      comparing 0-6months with 6+ months of teriparatide, change from baseline in BMD
      and back pain severity, and serious adverse events. Analyses included 4042
      patients; 291 with T2D, 3751 without diabetes. Treatment exposure did not differ
      by group. For T2D patients, fracture incidence was 3.5 per 100 patient-years
      during 0-6months treatment, and 1.6 during 6months to treatment end (47% of
      baseline, 95% CI 12-187%); during similar periods, for patients without diabetes,
      fracture incidence was 3.2 and 1.8 (57% of baseline, 95% CI 39-83%). As
      determinants of fracture outcome during teriparatide treatment, diabetes was not
      a significant factor (P=0.858), treatment duration was significant (P=0.003), and
      the effect of duration was not significantly different between the groups
      (interaction P=0.792). Increases in spine and total hip BMD did not differ
      between groups; increase in femoral neck BMD was greater in T2D patients than in
      patients without diabetes (+0.34 and +0.004g/cm(2), respectively; P=0.014). Back
      pain severity decreased in both groups. Teriparatide was well tolerated without
      new safety findings. In conclusion, during teriparatide treatment, reduction in
      nonvertebral fracture incidence, increase in BMD, and decrease in back pain were
      similar in T2D and non-diabetic patients.

PMID- 27374028
TI  - Surviving but not thriving: inconsistent responses of zooxanthellate jellyfish
      polyps to ocean warming and future UV-B scenarios.
AB  - Complex changes to UV radiation at the Earth's surface are occurring concurrently
      with ocean warming. Despite few empirical tests, jellyfish are hypothesised to be
      increasing in some parts of the world because they are robust to environmental
      stressors. Here we examine the effects of UV-B and ocean warming projections on
      zooxanthellate jellyfish polyps. We exposed Cassiopea sp. polyps to three levels
      of UV-B (future-low (1.43 Wm(2)), current (1.60 Wm(2)), future-high (1.77 Wm(2)))
      and two levels of temperature (current-day (25  degrees C) and future (28 
      degrees C)) over 6 weeks. The intensity of UV-B was varied throughout the day to
      mimic diel variation in UV-B irradiance. Polyp survival, asexual reproduction and
      YII were measured. In the current and future-high UV-B treatments, more polyps
      were produced in 25  degrees C than 28  degrees C. This pattern, however, was
      reversed under future-low UV-B conditions, where more polyps were produced at 28 
      degrees C. YII was highest under current summer conditions and future conditions
      of low UV-B and increased temperature. YII, however, was reduced under high UV-B
      conditions but was further reduced with warming. Our results suggest that
      although Cassiopea polyps may survive elevated UV-B and warming conditions, they
      are unlikely to thrive. If, however, UV-B radiation decreases then ocean warming
      may facilitate increases in Cassiopea populations.

PMID- 27374027
TI  - Current real-life use of vasopressors and inotropes in cardiogenic shock -
      adrenaline use is associated with excess organ injury and mortality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vasopressors and inotropes remain a cornerstone in stabilization of
      the severely impaired hemodynamics and cardiac output in cardiogenic shock (CS).
      The aim of this study was to analyze current real-life use of these medications,
      and their impact on outcome and on changes in cardiac and renal biomarkers over
      time in CS. METHODS: The multinational CardShock study prospectively enrolled 219
      patients with CS. The use of vasopressors and inotropes was analyzed in relation
      to the primary outcome, i.e., 90-day mortality, with propensity score methods in
      216 patients with follow-up data available. Changes in cardiac and renal
      biomarkers over time until 96 hours from baseline were analyzed with linear mixed
      modeling. RESULTS: Patients were 67 (SD 12) years old, 26 % were women, and 28 %
      had been resuscitated from cardiac arrest prior to inclusion. On average,
      systolic blood pressure was 78 (14) and mean arterial pressure 57 (11) mmHg at
      detection of shock. 90-day mortality was 41 %. Vasopressors and/or inotropes were
      administered to 94 % of patients and initiated principally within the first 24
      hours. Noradrenaline and adrenaline were given to 75 % and 21 % of patients, and
      30 % received several vasopressors. In multivariable logistic regression, only
      adrenaline (21 %) was independently associated with increased 90-day mortality
      (OR 5.2, 95 % CI 1.88, 14.7, p = 0.002). The result was independent of prior
      cardiac arrest (39 % of patients treated with adrenaline), and the association
      remained in propensity-score-adjusted analysis among vasopressor-treated patients
      (OR 3.0, 95 % CI 1.3, 7.2, p = 0.013); this was further confirmed by propensity
      score-matched analysis. Adrenaline was also associated, independent of prior
      cardiac arrest, with marked worsening of cardiac and renal biomarkers during the
      first days. Dobutamine and levosimendan were the most commonly used inotropes (49
      % and 24 %). There were no differences in mortality, whether noradrenaline was
      combined with dobutamine or levosimendan. CONCLUSION: Among vasopressors and
      inotropes, adrenaline was independently associated with 90-day mortality in CS.
      Moreover, adrenaline use was associated with marked worsening in cardiac and
      renal biomarkers. The combined use of noradrenaline with either dobutamine or
      levosimendan appeared prognostically similar.

PMID- 27374030
TI  - [Clinical and biological prognostic factors in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia
      patients].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most frequent type
      of acute leukemia in adults. Despite recent advances in the characterization of
      pathogenesis of AML, the cure rates are under 40%, being leukemia relapse the
      most common cause of treatment failure. Leukaemia relapse occurs due to clonal
      evolution or clonal escape. In this study, we aimed to analyze the clinical and
      biological factors influencing outcomes in patients with AML relapse. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: We included a total of 75 AML patients who experienced leukaemia
      relapse after achieving complete remission. We performed complete
      immunophenotyping and conventional karyotyping in bone marrow aspirates obtained
      at diagnosis and at leukemia relapse. RESULTS: Overall survival (OS) of the
      series was 3.7%+/-2.3, leukaemia progression being the most common cause of
      death. Patients relapsing before 12 months and those with adverse cytogenetic
      molecular risk had statistically significant worse outcomes. A percentage of 52.5
      of patients showed phenotypic changes and 50% cytogenetic changes at relapse. We
      did not find significant clinical factors predicting clonal evolution. The
      presence of clonal evolution at relapse did not have a significant impact on
      outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with relapsed AML have a dismal prognosis,
      especially those with early relapse and adverse cytogenetic-molecular risk.
      Clonal evolution with phenotypic and cytogenetic changes occurred in half of the
      patients without predictive clinical factors or impact on outcome.

PMID- 27374029
TI  - [Cuadruple concomitant non-bismuth therapy vs. classical triple therapy as first
      line therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In a previous study we found that the classical triple
      therapy for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) had low efficacy (under 70%) in our
      area. After this finding, in mid 2012 quadruple concomitant therapy started to be
      prescribed in our hospital. The aim of the present study is to compare the
      efficacy of classical triple therapy and quadruple concomitant therapy without
      bismuth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational retrospective study of prescribed
      treatments between 1st January 2012 and 5th May 2014 and their efficacy. RESULTS:
      During the study period 510 patients were prescribed a first line therapy; in 179
      cases (35,1%) the combination amoxiciline+clarithromicine+PPI was prescribed
      during 7-14 days, and 298 patients (58,4%) were treated with
      amoxicillin+clarithromycin+metronidazole+PPI for 10 days. The quadruple
      concomitant therapy had a higher efficacy than the classical triple therapy, both
      in an "intention to treat" (84.8% vs. 65.7%, P=.001) and "per protocol" (86.9%
      vs. 67.2%, P=.001) analysis. Triple therapy had a higher efficacy when it was
      prescribed for 10 days compared to 7 days (77.9% vs. 56.5%, P=.005 per "intention
      to treat" and 77.9% vs. 58.5%, P=.011 "per protocol"). When quadruple concomitant
      therapy was compared with classical triple therapy prescribed over 10 days no
      significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: In our setting, cuadruple
      concomitant therapy without bismuth has a high efficacy as first line therapy for
      H. pylori eradication, with much better results than classical triple therapy in
      the way that it is most widely prescribed (short courses of 7-day with a single
      dose of omeprazole).

PMID- 27374031
TI  - [Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells with plerixafor in poor mobilizer
      patients].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Poor mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells
      (CD34(+) cells) from bone marrow is a frequent reason for not reaching the
      autologous stem cell trasplantation (SCT) procedure in patients diagnosed with
      lymphoma or myeloma. Plerixafor, a reversible inhibitor of the binding of stromal
      cell-derived factor 1 to its cognate receptor CXCR4, has demonstrated a higher
      capacity for the mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells in combination with
      granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) compared with G-CSF alone. For this
      reason, plerixafor is now indicated for poor mobilizer myeloma or lymphoma
      patients. Some studies have recently indicated that a pre-emptive strategy of
      plerixafor use during first mobilization, according to the number of CD34(+)
      mobilized cells in peripheral blood or to the harvested CD34(+) cells after first
      apheresis, could avoid mobilization failures and re-mobilizations, as well as the
      delay of autologous SCT. The aim of this consensus was to perform a review of
      published studies on pre-emptive strategy and to establish common recommendations
      for hospitals in Catalonia and Balearics on the use of pre-emptive plerixafor.
      METHODS: For the Consensus, physicians from participant hospitals met to review
      previous studies as well as previous own data about plerixafor use. The GRADE
      system was used to qualify the available evidence and to establish
      recommendations on the use of pre-emptive plerixafor. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:
      After a review of the literature, the expert consensus recommended the
      administration of pre-emptive plerixafor for multiple myeloma or lymphoma
      patients with a CD34+ cell count lower than 10 cells/MUL in peripheral blood
      (measured in the morning of day 4 of mobilization with G-CSF or after
      haematopietic recovery in the case of mobilization with chemotherapy plus G-CSF).

PMID- 27374033
TI  - Major and Minor Duodenal Papilla Neuroendocrine Tumors in Type 1
      Neurofibromatosis: Case Report.

PMID- 27374032
TI  - Skin photoprotective and antiageing effects of a combination of rosemary
      (Rosmarinus officinalis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) polyphenols.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Plant polyphenols have been found to be effective in preventing
      ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin alterations. A dietary approach based of
      these compounds could be a safe and effective method to provide a continuous
      adjunctive photoprotection measure. In a previous study, a combination of
      rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) extracts has
      exhibited potential photoprotective effects both in skin cell model and in a
      human pilot trial. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the efficacy of a combination of
      rosemary (R. officinalis) and grapefruit (C. paradisi) in decreasing the
      individual susceptibility to UVR exposure (redness and lipoperoxides) and in
      improving skin wrinkledness and elasticity. DESIGN: A randomised, parallel group
      study was carried out on 90 subjects. Furthermore, a pilot, randomised, crossover
      study was carried out on five subjects. Female subjects having skin phototype
      from I to III and showing mild to moderate chrono- or photoageing clinical signs
      were enrolled in both studies. Skin redness (a* value of CIELab colour space)
      after UVB exposure to 1 minimal erythemal dose (MED) was assessed in the pilot
      study, while MED, lipoperoxides (malondialdehyde) skin content, wrinkle depth
      (image analysis), and skin elasticity (suction and elongation method) were
      measured in the main study. RESULTS: Treated subjects showed a decrease of the
      UVB- and UVA-induced skin alterations (decreased skin redness and lipoperoxides)
      and an improvement of skin wrinkledness and elasticity. No differences were found
      between the 100 and 250 mg extracts doses, indicating a plateau effect starting
      from 100 mg extracts dose. Some of the positive effects were noted as short as 2
      weeks of product consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term oral intake of
      NutroxsunTM can be considered to be a complementary nutrition strategy to avoid
      the negative effects of sun exposure. The putative mechanism for these effects is
      most likely to take place through the inhibition of UVR-induced reactive oxygen
      species and the concomitant inflammatory markers (lipoperoxides and cytokines)
      together with their direct action on intracellular signalling pathways.

PMID- 27374034
TI  - Standard of care and guidelines in prevention and diagnosis of venous
      thromboembolism: medico-legal implications.
AB  - Concerning recent Italian laws and jurisprudential statements, guidelines
      application involves several difficulties in clinical practice, regarding
      prevention, diagnosis and therapy of venous thromboembolism. International
      scientific community systematically developed statements about this disease in
      order to optimize the available resources in prophylaxis, diagnosis and therapy.
      Incongruous prevention, missed or delayed diagnosis and/or inadequate treatment
      of this disease can frequently give rise to medico-legal litigation.

PMID- 27374035
TI  - Red cell distribution width and chronic heart failure: prognostic role beyond
      echocardiographic parameters.
AB  - AIM: Red cell distribution width (RDW) is a measure of anisocytosis. Higher
      values are robustly associated to adverse outcome in several conditions,
      including chronic heart failure (HF). The present study aimed to compared its
      prognostic role with that of echocardiographic parameters in this kind of
      patients. METHODS: 32 stable and optimally treated chronic HF patients were
      enrolled. We excluded subjects suffering from valvular diseases or atrial
      fibrillation. They underwent blood sampling and echocardiographic examination.
      The primary endpoint of the study was cardiovascular death and/or HF
      hospitalization in the first year after enrolment. RESULTS: 49 patients reached
      the primary endpoint. RDW best cut-off at ROC curve was 14.45%. Univariate
      analysis associated mitral regurgitation grade, left ventricular ejection
      fraction (LVEF), posterior wall thickness (PWT), LV mass index, and RDW>14.45% to
      the primary endpoint. Multivariate regression analysis showed that LVEF, PWT, and
      RDW>14.45% predict the primary endpoint. Area under ROC curve was 0.808 for LVEF,
      0.762 for NYHA class, and 0.761 for RDW. CONCLUSION: In chronic HF patients RDW
      is a better predictor of adverse outcome than several echocardiographic
      parameters associated to outcome itself (LV mass index, mitral regurgitation
      grade), predicts prognosis even adjusting for those parameters, age and NYHA
      class, and is associated to several echocardiographic measurements. In
      conclusion, RDW can expand our tool bag in order to better follow-up these
      patients.

PMID- 27374036
TI  - Left ventricular function in rheumatoid arthritis during anti-TNF-alpha
      treatment: a speckle tracking prospective echocardiographic study.
AB  - AIM: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shows a high risk for cardiovascular disease,
      including heart failure. Although TNF-alpha has been implicated in the
      pathogenesis of myocardial remodelling, TNF-alpha inhibition did not show any
      efficacy in patients with advanced heart failure and should be contraindicated in
      RA with cardiac complications. We aimed to assess global left ventricular (LV)
      systolic function using global longitudinal strain (GLS) as a measure of
      myocardial deformation, in a group of RA patients before and during anti-TNF
      alpha treatment. METHODS: 13 patients (female:male 7:6) affected by RA were
      prospectively followed for one year during anti TNF-alpha treatment. Every
      subject underwent echocardiography before starting anti-TNF-alpha drugs and after
      one year of treatment, to evaluate LV ejection fraction (EF), telediastolic
      diameter, telediastolic volume and global longitudinal strain (GLS) that was
      calculated using 2D speckle tracking as the mean GLS from three standard apical
      views (2, 3 and 4 -chambers). The patients showed a mean age of 43 years at RA
      onset (SD: 13) and a mean follow-up of 7.3 years (SD: 4.8). Steroid and
      methotrexate were used in 84.6% and 100%, respectively, in association with
      etanercept (6 cases), adalimumab (4 cases) and infliximab (3 cases). RESULTS:
      Patients globally showed a normal EF before and after one year of treatment
      (mean: 65% and 65.7%, respectively). GLS did not differ before or after anti-TNF
      alpha treatment (mean: -15.8% and -16.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Anti-TNF
      alpha treatment did not significantly modify myocardial contractility after 12
      months.

PMID- 27374037
TI  - Current activities of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in the ambulatory setting of
      the Lombardy Region.
AB  - In the present work, the current activities of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and
      Prevention (CRP) in the ambulatory setting of the Lombardy Region (Italy) are
      described. Based on the 2012 Legislation, ambulatory CRP is delivered by means of
      three programme categories (MAC 6, 7, and 8) with different degrees of intensity.
      The patient evaluation of global cardiovascular/clinical risk, comorbidity, and
      disability is the cornerstone for MAC prescription. Following the organization of
      MAC activities, a survey on 327 patients was carried out by the regional network
      of the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (GICR-IACPR). Globally,
      acute coronary syndromes (with or without coronary revascularization) constituted
      the main access group to CRP. More than 60% of patients displayed a condition of
      high risk, comorbidity, and disability. The outcome of ambulatory CRP by means of
      MAC 6 and 7 was satisfactory, while in the 'less intensive' MAC 8 patients with
      complete drug up-titration and achievement of secondary prevention targets were
      no more than 70%.

PMID- 27374038
TI  - Arterial hypertension: which targets in over-75-year people?
AB  - Arterial hypertension has always been considered the main risk factor in
      cardiovascular prevention. However, the goals of anti-hypertensive treatment
      (targets) in the elderly has long been under discussion. The results of the
      studies in favor of the hypothesis "the lower the better" than those that argue
      against the existence of the phenomenon of the J-curve, that is, the hypothesis
      according to which mortality increases to too low pressure values lower than
      115/75 mmHg, are still controversial. However, in elderly patients the
      association between blood pressure lowering and increased cardiovascular events
      seems to depend on the general health status, that means the presence of
      comorbidity, frailty and / or disability. Recent data from the SPRINT study show
      that the benefit of an intensive blood pressure target (SBP <120 mmHg) compared
      to a usual target (SBP <140 mmHg), appears to be greater in the oldest
      hypertensive patients (>=75 years). The cardio-geriatric functional assessment
      can provide useful information to better stratify the elderly and to define more
      accurately the pressure targets, the choice is individual.

PMID- 27374039
TI  - Cardiovascular health of the elderly.
AB  - Within the Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare/Health Examination Survey
      426 men and 376 women, ages 75-79 years, randomly selected from the general
      population were examined. Participation rate was 50%; within men 78% were
      hypertensives, 36% had high serum cholesterol, 28% were diabetics, 25% were
      obese; within women 81% were hypertensives, 55% had high cholesterol, 19% were
      diabetics, 37% were obese. Preventive actions at individual and community level
      are urgent, also at this age range.

PMID- 27374040
TI  - Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and glycemic variability in the elderly: a fatal
      triad?
AB  - Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important causes of cardiovascular morbidity
      and mortality; the incidence of chronic complications of diabetes appears to be
      closely related to the degree of hyperglycaemia. However, results of clinical
      trials showed that intensive treatment of hyperglycaemia prevents microvascular
      complications, but has little or no effect on the incidence of cardiovascular
      events. Different hypoglycaemic drugs show different effects on cardiovascular
      risk. However, those trials have shown a neutral effect on cardiovascular
      mortality. This paradoxical result could be explained with the frequent use, in
      the past, of glucose-lowering agents capable of increasing the risk of
      hypoglicemia, glycemic variability and weight gain. In conclusion, an adequate
      glycemic control, in particular in elderly patients, should be achieved, whenever
      possible, using agents not inducing hypogycemia, glucose fluctuations, and weight
      gain. In fact, hypoglycaemia and glucose variability should be considered as
      independent cardiovascular risk factors to a similar extent to hyperglycemia. In
      this article, the author will review literature supporting the hypothesis that
      hyperglycemia, hypoglycaemia and glycemic variability are a fatal triad capable
      of increasing morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 27374041
TI  - Aging clinical problems: a difficult balance between age and frailty.
AB  - Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome that embodies an elevated risk of
      catastrophic declines in health and function among older adults. Frailty is a
      condition associated with ageing with associated weakness, slowing, decreased
      energy, lower activity, and, when severe, unintended weight loss. As a population
      ages, a central focus of geriatricians and public health practitioners is to
      understand, and then beneficially intervene on, the factors and processes that
      put elders at such risk, especially the increased vulnerability to stressors
      (e.g. extremes of heat and cold, infection, injury, or even changes in
      medication) that characterizes many older adults. The syndrome of geriatric
      frailty is hypothesized to reflect impairments in the regulation of multiple
      physiologic systems, embodying a lack of resilience to physiologic challenges and
      thus elevated risk for a range of deleterious endpoints. The empirical assessment
      of geriatric frailty in individuals seeks to capture this or related features.

PMID- 27374042
TI  - Aspirin use for primary prevention in elderly patients.
AB  - The net clinical benefit of aspirin in primary prevention is uncertain as the
      reduction in occlusive events needs to be balanced against the increase in gastro
      intestinal and cerebral bleedings. The meta-analysis of ATT (Anti Thrombotic
      Trialists) Collaboration in 2009 showed that aspirin therapy in primary
      prevention was associated with 12% reduction in cardio-vascular events, due
      mainly to a reduction in non-fatal myocardial infarction (0.18% vs 0.23% per
      year, p<0.0001). However, the benefit in term of coronary events was almost
      balanced by the increase in major bleedings. The balance between potential
      benefit and harm of aspirin differs in each person and appears to be favorable in
      subjects at higher cardio-vascular risk. Older people have increased risk of
      hemorrhage as well as increased risk of heart attack and stroke. As a
      consequence, it is important consider both likelihoods of benefits as well as
      harm within the lifespan and functioning of the person. The older people who most
      likely benefit from aspirin in primary prevention are those at higher cardio
      vascular risk, with preserved functional abilities, low comorbidity, low risk of
      bleeding and a prolonged life expectancy.

PMID- 27374043
TI  - High blood pressure and syncope: orthostatic hypotension as a link.
AB  - The prevalence of hypertension increases with the age. Diagnostic criteria are
      the same as for the young, but in older adults isolated systolic hypertension is
      more frequent, due to loss of vascular compliance. Blood pressure should be
      measured on both sides in the seated position, moreover in the supine and upright
      position to detect orthostatic hypotension. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
      is useful to detect white coat hypertension and masked hypertension, to tailor
      the treatment and search for diurnal and nocturnal blood pressure pattern
      abnormalities. Given that frailty can affect the relationship between blood
      pressure and mortality, the clinician should properly evaluate and monitor
      physical performance and cognitive status, throughout specific tools, as the
      Fried Frailty Phenotype, aiming at a systolic blood pressure target between 130
      and 150 mmHg. Before starting hypotensive drugs, a careful risk and benefits'
      evaluation should be performed given the high risk of hypertension and
      hypotension consequences and the frequent coexistence of orthostatic hypotension,
      which predisposes to syncope and falls.

PMID- 27374044
TI  - High blood pressure in older subjects with cognitive impairment.
AB  - High blood pressure and cognitive impairment often coexist in old age, but their
      pathophysiological association is complex. Several longitudinal studies have
      shown that high blood pressure at midlife is a risk factor for cognitive
      impairment and dementia, although this association is much less clear in old age.
      The effect of blood pressure lowering in reducing the risk of dementia is only
      borderline significant in clinical trials of older subjects, partly due to the
      insufficient follow-up time. Conversely, dementia onset is associated with a
      decrease of blood pressure values, probably secondary to neurodegeneration.
      Prognostic effect of blood pressure values in cognitively impaired older subjects
      is still unclear, with aggressive blood pressure lowering being potentially
      harmful in this patients category. Brief cognitive screening, coupled with simple
      motor assessment, are warranted to identify frail older subjects who need a more
      cautious approach to antihypertensive treatment. Values obtained with ambulatory
      blood pressure monitoring seem more useful than clinical ones to predict the
      outcome of cognitively impaired older subjects. Future studies should identify
      the most appropriate blood pressure targets in older subjects with cognitive
      impairment.

PMID- 27374045
TI  - Cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation in the elderly: evidence for cardiac
      rehabilitation after myocardial infarction or chronic heart failure.
AB  - Cardiac rehabilitation in the elderly today often represents a utopia. The
      international scientific literature takes little into account this type of
      prescription for old people, although they represent a large and growing
      proportion of cardiac patients, with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure,
      which we have to manage in everyday life. Furthermore, interventions of health
      education, clinical follow up, rehospitalisation prevention and prescription of
      tailored exercise, are sometimes more necessary in this kind of patients, given
      the presence of multimorbidity, functional dependence, frailty, sarcopenia,
      social neglect. Most of the data on the feasibility, safety and efficacy of
      cardiac rehabilitation are favourable, but they are few and apparently not strong
      enough to convince the medical community. Therefore is necessary to join efforts
      to identify the geriatric patient's peculiarities and plan a suitable program of
      cardiac rehabilitation, which takes into account the multi-dimensionality and
      complexity of typical problems of the elderly, for which the classical cardiac
      outcomes can be limited.

PMID- 27374046
TI  - Barriers to cardiac rehabilitation access of older heart failure patients and
      strategies for better implementation.
AB  - In heart failure (HF), cardiac rehabilitation (CR) may reduce decompensations,
      hospitalization, and ultimately mortality in long term. Many studies over the
      past decade have demonstrated that aerobic exercise training is effective and
      safe in stable patients with HF. Exercise CR resulted in a clinically important
      improvement in the QOL. Several clinical and psychosocial factors are associated
      with decreased participation in CR programs of elderly HF patients, such as
      perception of exercise as tiring or painful, comorbidities, lack of physician
      encouragement, and opinion that CR will not improve their health status. Besides
      low functional capacity, and chronic deconditioning may also deter patients from
      participating in CR programs. Recent data suggest that current smoking, a BMI
      >=30 kg/m2, diabetes mellitus, and cognitive dysfunction are associated with
      failure to enroll in outpatient CR in older age group. Moreover the lack of
      availability of CR facilities or the absence of financial refunds for enrolment
      of CHF patients in cardiac rehabilitation programs can play a crucial role. Many
      of this factors are modifiable through patient education and self care strategy
      instruction, health providers sensibilization, and implementing economic measures
      in order to make CR affordable.

PMID- 27374047
TI  - Are clinical trial results transferable in the real life?
AB  - Generally in the clinical practice patients are more complex in comparison with
      those included in the clinical trials. In this article, we discuss three relevant
      items, which may implement the transferability of the clinical trial results in
      the real world. The observational studies have fewer restrictions on the number
      of patients included, due to more relaxed inclusion and exlusion criteria than in
      randomized clinical trials. The absence of randomization however may lead to
      potential for bias. The recurrent event analysis may extend the positive results
      of clinical trials regarding the reductions of the first primary endpoint event
      to total events, including those beyond the first event. This analysis is of
      great interest in the clinical practice, where recurrent events are common.
      Finally the reliability of subgroup analysis is discussed. Pre-specified subgroup
      analyses are more credible and valuable than post-hoc analyses.

PMID- 27374048
TI  - Cardiac rehabilitation is safe and effective also in the elderly, but don't
      forget about drugs!
AB  - In the setting of heart failure (HF) pharmacotherapy demonstrates a quantifiable
      improvement in exercise tolerance also in HF with preserved ejection fraction
      (HFpEF). For patients with HFpEF, often older, with higher prevalence of
      hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation and other comorbidities,
      endpoints such as quality of life and functional capacity may be more clinically
      relevant. However several study show as the use of ACE-I and B-blocker were
      lesser than expected. Beta-blocker therapy is the keystone of pharmacotherapy of
      HF patients and exercise training is the essential core of rehabilitation
      programs, it is important to elucidate the relationship between these therapies.
      Exercise training improves the clinical status of HF, improving left ventricular
      ejection fraction and improving quality of life, but it is possible that b
      blocker may attenuate exercise training adaptations. Despite this, possible
      adverse b-blocker effects are just presumed and not confirmed by published
      randomized clinical trials. Metanalysis suggests that b-blocker compared with
      placebo enhances improvements in cardiorespiratory performance in exercise
      training intervention. Despite these evidences, prescription of gold standard
      therapy and adherence are still suboptimal and should be a priority goal for all
      CR program.

PMID- 27374049
TI  - Resistance training and sarcopenia.
AB  - Aging is inexorably accompanied by a progressive decline of muscle mass, quality
      and strength. The resulting condition has been termed sarcopenia. Age-related
      sarcopenia can be accelerated by a variety of factors including changes in the
      hormonal milieu, inactivity, poor nutrition, chronic illness, and loss of
      integrity and function in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The
      downstream mechanisms by which these risk factors cause sarcopenia are not
      completely understood. Exercise training (particularly resistance training) has
      long been identified as the most promising method for increasing muscle mass and
      strength among older people. New interventions aimed at preventing muscle
      atrophy, promoting muscle growth and ultimately, maintaining muscle functions
      during aging are discussed. Understanding how age affects muscle-related gene
      expression, protein recycling and resynthesis, post-translational modification
      and turnover will be crucial to identify new treatment options.

PMID- 27374050
TI  - Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation in patiens with heart failure and chronic
      pulmonary disease.
AB  - The epidemiology of chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (COPD) are well known. Each of these conditions has an important impact
      on quality of life and functional status and on healthcare consumption. Through
      shared risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms CHF and COPD coexist more
      frequently than expected from the respective populations observed by the
      pulmonologist or cardiologist. This has important prognostic and therapeutic
      implications. Several registry-based studies and post-hoc analyses of large
      randomized controlled trials evaluating COPD as a comorbidity in CHF outpatients
      have highlighted the negative prognostic impact of the comorbidity in terms of
      constraint in use of recommended treatments. Among them, the cardiopulmonary
      rehabilitation may play a significant role. Even in these patients, in fact, a
      rehabilitative approach focused on physical training programs can positively
      impact functional autonomy, exercise tolerance and quality of life.

PMID- 27374051
TI  - Cholesterol: until which age 'the lower the better'?
AB  - In the elderly and particularly in the very elderly the prognostic role of
      hypercholesterolemia is uncertain and there are conflicting data from the
      literature. In some studies, the relation between high levels of cholesterol and
      cardiovascular events, strongly demonstrated for younger subjects, has been
      confirmed also in the elderly, conversely in other studies a relation between low
      cholesterol levels and higher mortality risk has been described, particularly in
      the very elderly. Furthermore, uncertainties regarding hypercholesterolemia
      treatment have been raised both in secondary and particularly in the primary
      prevention setting, because elderly subjects and particularly the very elderly
      have been excluded from randomized clinical trials. In this article the
      prognostic role of hypercholerlemia and its reduction in the elderly patients
      both in primary and secondary prevention settings are assessed.

PMID- 27374052
TI  - Fluorescence enhancement in visible light: dielectric or noble metal?
AB  - A high permittivity dielectric gives the impression of outperforming plasmonic
      noble metal in visible light fluorescence enhancement primarily because of its
      small loss. Nonetheless, the performances of these two platforms in various
      situations remain obscure due to the different optical confinement mechanisms as
      well as the complexity in the fluorescence enhancement process. This study
      presents a comprehensive comparison between these two platforms based on
      nanoparticles (NPs) to evaluate their capability and applicability in
      fluorescence enhancement by taking into account the fluorescence excitation rate,
      the quantum yield, the fluorophore wavelengths and Stokes shifts as well as the
      far field intensity. In a low permittivity sensing medium (e.g. air), the
      dielectric NP can achieve comparable or higher fluorescence enhancement than the
      metal NP due to its decent NP-enhanced excitation rate and larger quantum yield.
      In a relatively high permittivity sensing medium (e.g. water), however, there is
      a significant decrement of the excitation rate of the dielectric NP as the
      permittivity contrast decreases, leading to a smaller fluorescence enhancement
      compared to the metallic counterpart. Combining the fluorescence enhancement and
      the far field intensity studies, we further conclude that for both dielectric and
      plasmonic NPs, the optimal situation occurs when the fluorescence excitation
      wavelength, the fluorescence emission wavelength and the electric-dipole-mode of
      the dielectric NP (or the plasmonic resonance of the metal NP) are the same and
      all fall in the low conductivity region of the NP material. We also find that the
      electric-dipole-mode of the dielectric NP performs better than the magnetic
      dipole-mode for fluorescence enhancement applications because only the electric
      dipole-mode can be strongly excited by the routinely used fluorescent dyes and
      quantum dots, which behave as electric dipoles by nature. 

PMID- 27374053
TI  - Resolving Non-Specific and Specific Adhesive Interactions of Catechols at
      Solid/Liquid Interfaces at the Molecular Scale.
AB  - The adhesive system of mussels evolved into a powerful and adaptive system with
      affinity to a wide range of surfaces. It is widely known that thereby 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) plays a central role. However underlying binding
      energies remain unknown at the single molecular scale. Here, we use single
      molecule force spectroscopy to estimate binding energies of single catechols with
      a large range of opposing chemical functionalities. Our data demonstrate
      significant interactions of Dopa with all functionalities, yet most interactions
      fall within the medium-strong range of 10-20 kB T. Only bidentate binding to TiO2
      surfaces exhibits a higher binding energy of 29 kB T. Our data also demonstrate
      at the single-molecule level that oxidized Dopa and amines exhibit interaction
      energies in the range of covalent bonds, confirming the important role of Dopa
      for cross-linking in the bulk mussel adhesive. We anticipate that our approach
      and data will further advance the understanding of biologic and technologic
      adhesives.

PMID- 27374054
TI  - Solid state NMR studies of gels derived from low molecular mass gelators.
AB  - Since its invention more than six decades ago, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
      spectroscopy has evolved as an inevitable part of chemical as well as structural
      analysis of small molecules, polymers, biomaterials and hybrid materials. In the
      solution state, due to the increased viscosity of complex viscoelastic fluids
      such as gels, liquid crystals and other soft materials, the rate of molecular
      tumbling is reduced, which in turn affects the chemical shift anisotropy, dipolar
      and quadrupolar interactions. As a consequence the solution state NMR spectra
      show broad lines, and therefore, extracting detailed structural information is a
      challenging task. In this context, solid state (SS) NMR has the ability to
      distinguish between a minute amount of polymorphic forms, conformational changes,
      and the number of non-equivalent molecules in an asymmetric unit of a crystal
      lattice, and to provide both qualitative as well as quantitative analytical data
      with a short-range order. Therefore, SS NMR has continued to evolve as an
      indispensable tool for structural analysis and gave birth to a new field called
      NMR crystallography. Solid state cross polarization (CP) and high resolution (HR)
      magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy has been used to study weak
      interactions in polymer gels. However, the application of SS NMR spectroscopy to
      study gels derived from low molecular weight gelators has been limited until
      recently. In this review, we will focus on the importance of solid state NMR
      spectroscopy in understanding and elucidating the structure of supramolecular
      gels derived from low molecular weight gelators with selected examples. 

PMID- 27374055
TI  - Accuracy of fetal age estimates using transrectal ultrasonography for predicting
      calving dates in dairy cows in seasonally calving herds in New Zealand.
AB  - AIM: To describe the accuracy of transrectal ultrasonography for predicting
      calving dates in dairy cows under typical New Zealand conditions and to assess
      potential risk factors for differences between predicted and actual calving
      dates. METHODS: Data were collected from 116 seasonally calving herds over 2
      years in a retrospective single cohort study. Transrectal ultrasonography was
      undertaken by experienced veterinarians (n=12) to determine if cows were
      pregnant, and if so to estimate fetal age. Predicted calving date was calculated
      by adding 282 days to the estimated conception date. Accuracy was assessed using
      differences between predicted and actual calving dates for each animal. Potential
      risk factors for animals calving >10 days before or after their predicted calving
      date were assessed using multinomial logistic regression models. RESULTS: The
      study population comprised 83,104 cows over the 2 years of the study; 75,037
      (90.3%) cows calved within 10 days of their predicted calving date, 3,683 (4.4%)
      calved >10 days earlier, and 4,384 (5.3%) >10 days later, than predicted. Risk
      factors for calving >10 days before or after the predicted calving date included
      having >1 artificial insemination (AI) before pregnancy diagnosis (p=0.03), where
      the cow's most recent AI was <21 days before the end of the herd's AI period
      (p<0.01), and where the diagnosis was made at the second or third herd-visit
      (p<0.01). The probability of calving being >10 days later than predicted also
      increased when the fetus was >=13 weeks old at pregnancy diagnosis (p<0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this study, >90% of cows diagnosed
      pregnant by veterinarians using transrectal ultrasonography calved within 10 days
      of the predicted calving date. In herds where herd reproductive performance is
      high, it would be expected that more cows would conceive to their first AI, and
      potentially fewer cows would have AI close to the end of the herd's AI period,
      which would increase diagnostic accuracy. Where herd managers rely on accurate
      predicted calving dates they should be informed about realistic expected
      accuracy. For greatest accuracy, a complete AI history should be made available
      to the person performing the pregnancy diagnoses and cows at most risk of having
      inaccurate predicted calving dates should be identified.

PMID- 27374057
TI  - Transcription of dbp from the coding region of the Bm17 gene is required for the
      efficient propagation of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus.
AB  - A Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) mutant was generated, in which Bm17
      was disrupted by the insertion of a lacZ reporter cassette. This mutant (Bm17D)
      exhibited defective phenotypes, i.e., budded viruses (BVs) and occlusion bodies
      (OBs) were less produced in both B. mori cultured cells and larvae. However, a
      repair virus (Bm17DR), lacking endogenous Bm17 but expressing Bm17 with its
      endogenous promoter at a different genomic locus, did not rescue most of the
      defective phenotypes of Bm17D. Transcriptional units in the Bm17 region were
      surveyed in detail using a transcriptome map of BmNPV-infected cells. It was
      found that one of the transcriptional start sites (TSSs) of dbp (Bm16) is located
      within the Bm17 coding region and that it does not likely function in the genome
      of Bm17D- or Bm17DR by inserting a lacZ cassette. From the obtained results, it
      was shown that both dbp transcription and DBP protein expression were markedly
      reduced in Bm17D- or Bm17DR-infected cells. This indicates that reduced dbp
      transcription alone results in decreased BV and OB production during BmNPV
      infection.

PMID- 27374056
TI  - A Comparison Study of Fixed and Mixed Effect Models for Gene Level Association
      Studies of Complex Traits.
AB  - In association studies of complex traits, fixed-effect regression models are
      usually used to test for association between traits and major gene loci. In
      recent years, variance-component tests based on mixed models were developed for
      region-based genetic variant association tests. In the mixed models, the
      association is tested by a null hypothesis of zero variance via a sequence kernel
      association test (SKAT), its optimal unified test (SKAT-O), and a combined sum
      test of rare and common variant effect (SKAT-C). Although there are some
      comparison studies to evaluate the performance of mixed and fixed models, there
      is no systematic analysis to determine when the mixed models perform better and
      when the fixed models perform better. Here we evaluated, based on extensive
      simulations, the performance of the fixed and mixed model statistics, using
      genetic variants located in 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 kb simulated regions. We compared
      the performance of three models: (i) mixed models that lead to SKAT, SKAT-O, and
      SKAT-C, (ii) traditional fixed-effect additive models, and (iii) fixed-effect
      functional regression models. To evaluate the type I error rates of the tests of
      fixed models, we generated genotype data by two methods: (i) using all variants,
      (ii) using only rare variants. We found that the fixed-effect tests accurately
      control or have low false positive rates. We performed simulation analyses to
      compare power for two scenarios: (i) all causal variants are rare, (ii) some
      causal variants are rare and some are common. Either one or both of the fixed
      effect models performed better than or similar to the mixed models except when
      (1) the region sizes are 12 and 15 kb and (2) effect sizes are small. Therefore,
      the assumption of mixed models could be satisfied and SKAT/SKAT-O/SKAT-C could
      perform better if the number of causal variants is large and each causal variant
      contributes a small amount to the traits (i.e., polygenes). In major gene
      association studies, we argue that the fixed-effect models perform better or
      similarly to mixed models in most cases because some variants should affect the
      traits relatively large. In practice, it makes sense to perform analysis by both
      the fixed and mixed effect models and to make a comparison, and this can be
      readily done using our R codes and the SKAT packages.

PMID- 27374058
TI  - Pathogenicity and horizontal transmission studies of caprine parainfluenza virus
      type 3 JS2013 strain in goats.
AB  - Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) is one of the most important viral respiratory
      pathogens for humans and for many animals, but goat infection has been rarely
      reported. In 2014, one novel PIV3 strain was first isolated from goats suffered
      respiratory diseases in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces of eastern China and named as
      caprine PIV3 (CPIV3) JS2013. In order to systematically evaluate the
      pathogenicity and horizontal transmission ability of this new virus, experimental
      infection of goats with the CPIV3 strain was done. The virus-inoculated goats
      (challenge control (CC) group) displayed coughing and nasal discharges from 3days
      post infection (dpi) and lasted for about 2 weeks. Two goats in group CC showed
      fever between 7 and 12dpi. As detected by a TaqMan real time quantitative RT-PCR
      (qRT-PCR), viremia was detected during 3-11dpi, peaked at 6dpi; and virus
      shedding from nasal discharge and faeces were confirmed during 3-21dpi and 4
      21dpi, respectively. Virus-specific HI antibodies and neutralizing antibodies
      (NAs) became positive since 7dpi and 14dpi; peaked at 14dpi and 28dpi,
      respectively; and lasted at least 70days. Pathological lesions were mainly found
      on the lungs and tracheas. In addition, viruses were also detected in part of the
      tracheal secretion and lung samples, and the viral load in tracheal secretion was
      higher than that in lungs. Goats in horizontal infected group (hCC, kept in
      different cages in the same house with CC group) showed to be horizontally
      infected, with slightly milder clinical signs and pathological changes; and
      slightly shorter period of viremia and virus shedding. This was the first report
      of the detailed pathogenicity characterization of the novel CPIV3 and
      demonstrated its horizontal transmission ability. The results would be helpful
      for further studies on the preventive and control strategies for CPIV3
      infections.

PMID- 27374059
TI  - Roles of long noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide with
      high prevalence and lethality. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus
      (HCV) infection are the major risk factors for HCC. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)
      are involved in diverse biological processes, and aberrant lncRNA expression is
      relevant to many human diseases including HCC. Although many researches on HCC
      have been reported and lncRNAs roles in carcinogenesis have been highlighted
      recently, reports on roles of lncRNAs in HBV/HCV-induced HCC are limited. In this
      review, we concentrate on recent progress regarding the functional roles of
      lncRNAs in HCC and HBV/HCV-related HCC.

PMID- 27374060
TI  - Bovine herpesvirus-1: Genetic diversity of field strains from cattle with
      respiratory disease, genital, fetal disease and systemic neonatal disease and
      their relationship to vaccine strains.
AB  - Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) causes disease in cattle with varied clinical
      forms. In the U.S. there are two BoHV1 subtypes, BoHV-1.1 and BoHV-1.2b. Control
      programs in North America incorporate modified live (MLV) or killed (KV) viral
      vaccines. However, BoHV-1 strains continue to be isolated from diseased animals
      or fetuses after vaccination. It is possible to differentiate BoHV-1 wild-type
      from MLV vaccine strains by determining their single nucleotide polymorphism
      (SNP) patterns through either whole-genome sequencing or PCR sequencing of
      genomic regions containing vaccine-defining SNPs. To determine the BoHV-1 subtype
      in clinical isolates and their relationship to MLV strains, 8 isolates from
      varied clinical disease at three different laboratories in the U.S. were
      sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Five samples were isolated within the
      past 5 years from New York and 3 were archived samples recovered 35 years prior
      from Oklahoma and Louisiana. Based on phylogenetic analysis, four of the cases
      appeared to be due to an MLV vaccine: 3 cases of aborted fetuses and one neonate
      with systemic BoHV-1 disease. One aborted fetus was from a herd with no reported
      history of MLV vaccination in two years. The remaining four isolates did not
      group with any MLV vaccines: two were associated with bovine respiratory disease,
      one with vulvovaginitis, and a fourth was determined to be a BoHV-1.2b
      respiratory isolate. Recovery of BoHV-1.1 that is very closely related to an MLV
      vaccine virus from a herd not receiving vaccines in an extended period prior to
      its isolation suggests that MLV viruses may remain latent or circulate within
      herds for long periods.

PMID- 27374061
TI  - Anti-influenza virus activity of high-mannose binding lectins derived from genus
      Pseudomonas.
AB  - Lectin PFL binding high-mannose glycan derived from Pseudomonas fluorescens and
      other homologous lectins: PML derived from Pseudomonas mandelii and PTL derived
      from Pseudomonas taiwanensis were examined for antiviral activity. The cDNA of
      these lectin genes were synthesized, cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli. The
      expressed lectins were purified by gel filtrations, and supplied to cultures
      infected with several strains of influenza virus. These three lectins have
      inhibited propagation of influenza viruses with a similar extent, 50% of
      inhibition-dose was around ten nanomolar concentration. An immunofluorescent
      microscopy, a microarray analysis, and several infection experiments with
      different time periods of lectin addition or using the competitor substrates
      indicated that binding of these lectins with high-mannose glycan on HA protein of
      influenza virus could block the virus entry into the host cells, thereby
      resulting in inhibition of the virus propagation. These Pseudomonas-derived
      lectins would be protential and attractive antiviral agents targeting
      glycoproteins of enveloped viruses including influenza virus.

PMID- 27374062
TI  - Structure of 'linkerless' hydroxamic acid inhibitor-HDAC8 complex confirms the
      formation of an isoform-specific subpocket.
AB  - Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylated lysine side
      chains in histone and non-histone proteins, and play a critical role in the
      regulation of many biological processes, including cell differentiation,
      proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis. Aberrant HDAC activity is associated
      with cancer, making these enzymes important targets for drug design. In general,
      HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) block the proliferation of tumor cells by inducing cell
      differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and/or apoptosis, and comprise some of the
      leading therapies in cancer treatments. To date, four HDACi have been FDA
      approved for the treatment of cancers: suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA,
      Vorinostat, Zolinza(r)), romidepsin (FK228, Istodax(r)), belinostat
      (Beleodaq(r)), and panobinostat (Farydak(r)). Most current inhibitors are pan
      HDACi, and non-selectively target a number of HDAC isoforms. Six previously
      reported HDACi were rationally designed, however, to target a unique sub-pocket
      found only in HDAC8. While these inhibitors were indeed potent against HDAC8, and
      even demonstrated specificity for HDAC8 over HDACs 1 and 6, there were no
      structural data to confirm the mode of binding. Here we report the X-ray crystal
      structure of Compound 6 complexed with HDAC8 to 1.98A resolution. We also
      describe the use of molecular docking studies to explore the binding interactions
      of the other 5 related HDACi. Our studies confirm that the HDACi induce the
      formation of and bind in the HDAC8-specific subpocket, offering insights into
      isoform-specific inhibition.

PMID- 27374063
TI  - Arterial duplex for diagnosis of peripheral arterial emboli.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Whether duplex ultrasound (DUS) imaging alone can be used to
      successfully plan revascularization for peripheral arterial embolism (PAE) is
      unknown. This study evaluated the utility of DUS imaging alone for the diagnosis
      and treatment of PAE. METHODS: Patients with cardiogenic PAE to the lower or
      upper extremities during a 20-year period were retrospectively evaluated.
      Patients with visceral or cerebral PAE were excluded. Diagnosis by DUS imaging
      alone was compared with contrast angiography (CA) or computed tomography
      angiography (CTA). Patient demographics, use of intraoperative CA, need for
      reintervention, length of revascularization procedure, and rate of fasciotomy and
      amputation were compared. Mean peak systolic velocity (PSV; cm/s) measured at the
      proximal, middle, and distal segment of each artery from the common femoral to
      the distal tibial arteries was also compared with surgical outcomes. RESULTS: We
      identified 203 extremities in 182 patients with PAE. Preoperative imaging was
      obtained in 89%, including DUS imaging alone (44%), CA (37%), and CTA (7%). DUS
      imaging was used more frequently than CA or CTA in women, older patients,
      patients with congestive heart failure, upper extremity PAE, and patients on
      antiplatelet agents preoperatively. Use of intraoperative CA, need for
      reintervention, rate of fasciotomy and limb loss, and hospital length of stay
      were similar between the two groups. No upper extremities required amputation.
      Patients with lower extremity emboli who underwent fasciotomy had lower mean PSVs
      than those free from fasciotomy at the popliteal (4 +/- 6 cm/s vs 31 +/- 62 cm/s;
      P = .03), anterior tibial (1 +/- 3 cm/s vs 10 +/- 16 cm/s; P = .004), and
      posterior tibial (2 +/- 3 cm/s vs 9 +/- 15 cm/s; P = .03) arteries. The 30-day
      mortality for the series was 25% with a median follow-up of 7.4 months. The only
      predictor of 30-day mortality on multivariate analysis was tobacco use (odds
      ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-7.0). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical outcomes and
      survival for patients evaluated by preoperative DUS imaging alone for PAE are
      equivalent to patients evaluated with CA or CTA. PSVs in the tibiopopliteal
      arteries may predict the need for fasciotomy. Preoperative DUS imaging alone is
      sufficient for operative planning in patients with symptoms suggestive of PAE.

PMID- 27374064
TI  - Vascular Quality Initiative and National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
      registries capture different populations and outcomes in open infrainguinal
      bypass.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Both the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) and the National Surgical
      Quality Improvement Program Procedure Targeted (NSQIP-PT) databases aim to track
      outcomes and to improve quality in vascular surgery. However, both registries are
      subject to significant selection bias. The objective of this study was to compare
      the populations and outcomes of a single procedure in VQI and NSQIP-PT and to
      identify areas of similarity and discrepancy. METHODS: Deidentified regional data
      were provided by VQI, and the public use files were provided by NSQIP. Patient
      characteristics and outcomes were compared between data sets with parametric and
      nonparametric statistical tests as appropriate. For variables with different
      definitions between VQI and NSQIP-PT, a standardized definition was created to
      permit comparison across databases. To account for differences in populations of
      patients between the data sets, VQI and NSQIP-PT records were propensity matched,
      allowing a comparison of outcomes between databases adjusted for case mix.
      RESULTS: VQI contained 1358 records from 2011 to 2015, whereas NSQIP-PT contained
      5273 complete records from 2011 to 2013. Patients in VQI are younger than those
      in NSQIP (65 [15] vs 68 [16] years; P < .001) and were less likely to have
      congestive heart failure (1.7% vs 3.1%; P = .005), to be on dialysis (4.0% vs
      6.1%; P = .003), or to be receiving preoperative aspirin (62% vs 79%; P < .001)
      or statin therapy (63% vs 68%; P < .001). Significant discrepancies were noted in
      preoperative angina symptoms, prior myocardial infarction, and prior percutaneous
      coronary intervention, with 0, 1, and 0 NSQIP patients, respectively, having
      these risk factors compared with 9.4%, 0.7%, and 19.5% of the VQI cohort.
      Approximately 20% of patients in VQI underwent surgery for acute limb ischemia,
      which is not a recognized indication in NSQIP-PT. Overall 30-day mortality was
      equivalent (2.0% vs 1.8%; P = .6), as was composite myocardial infarction/stroke
      (3.9% vs 3.2%; P = .2). Major amputation (3.3% vs 1.6%; P = .002), return to
      operating room (16.1% vs 11.5%; P < .001), and wound infection rates (12.8% vs
      1.4%; P < .001) were higher in NSQIP relative to VQI. Bleeding rates were higher
      in VQI (36.5% vs 17.2%; P < .001). Significant differences persisted in the
      propensity-matched groups. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to compare
      patient characteristics and outcome reported in the VQI and NSQIP-PT registries.
      These data documented statistically significant differences in demographics and
      comorbidities as well as in outcomes between databases. Physicians, payers, and
      the public should consider differences between these databases when reporting on
      outcomes and quality. Results from these two registries should not be directly
      compared.

PMID- 27374066
TI  - Discussion.

PMID- 27374067
TI  - Socioeconomic disparities affect survival after aortic dissection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on the course of many disease
      states has been documented in the literature but has not been studied in aortic
      dissection. This study evaluated the effect of SES on 30-day and long-term
      survival of patients after aortic dissection. METHODS: Hospital discharge records
      were used to identify patients with acute aortic dissection. Patient
      demographics, insurance status, comorbidities, and 30-day mortality were
      collected. Home addresses were used to estimate each patient's median household
      income, and the neighborhood deprivation index, a measure of SES, was determined.
      Long-term survival was assessed by review of the Social Security Death Index.
      Associations between demographics, insurance status, comorbidities, and poverty
      level were investigated to determine their effect on survival. RESULTS: There
      were 212 aortic dissections; of which, 118 were type A and 94 were type B. Median
      follow-up was 7.6 years. The neighborhood deprivation index (hazard ratio, 1.43;
      95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.78; P = .001) was associated with reduced long
      term survival and was also significantly associated with 30-day mortality (hazard
      ratio, 1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.93; P = .02). The mean neighborhood
      deprivation index score was higher in patients with type B aortic dissections
      (0.45 +/- 0.93) than in those with type A aortic dissections (0.16 +/- 0.96; P =
      .029). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a lower SES had reduced short-term and long
      term survival after aortic dissection. Patients with type B dissection live in
      lower socioeconomic neighborhoods than patients with type A dissection.

PMID- 27374065
TI  - Dorsomorphin homologue 1, a highly selective small-molecule bone morphogenetic
      protein inhibitor, suppresses medial artery calcification.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medial artery calcification develops in diabetes, chronic kidney
      disease, and as part of the aging process. It is associated with increased
      morbidity and mortality in vascular patients. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
      have previously been implicated in the initiation and progression of vascular
      calcification. We thus evaluated whether dorsomorphin homologue 1 (DMH1), a
      highly selective BMP inhibitor, could attenuate vascular calcification in vitro
      and in an organ culture model of medial calcification. METHODS: Confluent human
      aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were cultured in calcification medium
      containing 3.0 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi) for 7 days with or without DMH1.
      Medial calcification was assessed using an aortic organ culture model.
      Calcification was visualized by alizarin red S staining, and calcium
      concentration was assessed by an o-cresolphthalein complexone calcium assay.
      Osteogenic cell and vascular SMC markers were determined by Western blot,
      quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and
      immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: DMH1 reduced Pi-induced calcium deposition
      in human SMCs. It also antagonized human recombinant BMP2-induced calcium
      accumulation. Western blot further revealed that DMH1 was able to block Pi
      mediated upregulation of the osteoblast markers osterix and alkaline phosphatase
      and downregulation of the SMC markers smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and
      SM22alpha as well as p-Smad1/5/8, suggesting that DMH1 may regulate SMC
      osteogenic differentiation through the BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway. Finally,
      using an ex vivo aortic ring organ culture model, we observed that DMH1 reduces
      Pi-induced aortic medial calcification. CONCLUSIONS: The selective BMP inhibitor
      DMH1 can inhibit calcium accumulation in vascular SMCs and arterial segments
      exposed to elevated phosphate levels. Such small molecules may have clinical
      utility in reducing medial artery calcification in our population of vascular
      patients.

PMID- 27374068
TI  - Aortic outflow occlusion predicts rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current threshold recommendations for elective abdominal aortic
      aneurysm (AAA) repair are based solely on maximal AAA diameter. Peak wall stress
      (PWS) has been demonstrated to be a better predictor than AAA diameter of AAA
      rupture risk. However, PWS calculations are time-intensive, not widely available,
      and therefore not yet clinically practical. In addition, PWS analysis does not
      account for variations in wall strength between patients. We therefore sought to
      identify surrogate clinical markers of increased PWS and decreased aortic wall
      strength to better predict AAA rupture risk. METHODS: Patients treated at our
      institution from 2001 to 2014 for ruptured AAA (rAAA) were retrospectively
      identified and grouped into patients with small rAAA (maximum diameter <6 cm) or
      large rAAA (>6 cm). Patients with large (>6 cm) non-rAAA were also identified
      sequentially from 2009 for comparison. Demographics, vascular risk factors,
      maximal aortic diameter, and aortic outflow occlusion (AOO) were recorded. AOO
      was defined as complete occlusion of the common, internal, or external iliac
      artery. Computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis simulations were
      performed to calculate wall stress distributions and to extract PWS. RESULTS: We
      identified 61 patients with rAAA, of which 15 ruptured with AAA diameter <60 mm
      (small rAAA group). Patients with small rAAAs were more likely to have peripheral
      arterial disease (PAD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than were
      patients in the large non-rAAA group. Patients with small rAAAs were also more
      likely to have AOO compared with non-rAAAs >60 mm (27% vs 8%; P = .047). Among
      all patients with rAAAs, those with AOO ruptured at smaller mean AAA diameters
      than in patients without AOO (62.1 +/- 11.8 mm vs 72.5 +/- 16.4 mm; P = .024).
      PWS calculations of a representative small rAAA and a large non-rAAA showed a
      substantial increase in PWS with AOO. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that AOO, PAD,
      and COPD in AAA are associated with rAAAs at smaller diameters. AOO appears to
      increase PWS, whereas COPD and PAD may be surrogate markers of decreased aortic
      wall strength. We therefore recommend consideration of early, elective AAA repair
      in patients with AOO, PAD, or COPD to minimize risk of early rupture.

PMID- 27374069
TI  - Oncovascular compartmental resection for retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma with
      vascular involvement.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed the outcomes of a series of consecutive patients
      diagnosed with a retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma (RSTS) with vascular
      involvement and who underwent a multidisciplinary operation. METHODS: Between
      2000 and 2013, 126 patients were referred for oncovascular surgery in our
      institution. Among these, 31 consecutive patients underwent operations for RSTS
      with vascular involvement. A vascular/oncologic team determined the surgical
      strategy preoperatively. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 34.4 months (interquartile
      range, 48.1 months). Twenty patients (65%) were referred for primary RSTS and 11
      (35%) for local recurrence. The most common histologic diagnosis was liposarcoma
      (54.8%), mainly high-grade and intermediate-grade RSTS. Prosthetic grafts were
      usually used for vascular reconstruction. Median hospital stay was 17 days
      (interquartile range, 14.5; range, 7-190 days). The grade 3 and 4 morbidity rate
      was 19.3%. Each resection was macroscopically complete (R0-R1). Median
      progression-free survival was 10 months, and median overall survival was not
      reached. Overall survival rates were 77.4% at 1 year and 61.3% at 3 years.
      CONCLUSIONS: Vascular resection and reconstruction are safe and feasible in case
      of RSTS. The morbidity rate was acceptable, and there were no perioperative
      deaths. Despite recurrence rates that remain high, oncovascular resection
      enhances resection margins and allows encouraging survival results for patients
      often considered as nonresectable.

PMID- 27374070
TI  - The long-term effects of wall attached microalgal biofilm on algae-based
      wastewater treatment.
AB  - The influence of the reactor wall attached biofilm on the nutrient removal
      performance was investigated in an open photobioreactor during long-term
      operation. Total nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were statistically
      similar between reactor with (reactor A) and without (reactor B) biofilm at the
      Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) of 18, 13.5 and 9days. When the HRT reduced to
      8days, total nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies in the reactor A were
      42.95+/-5.11% and 97.97+/-1.12%, respectively, while significant lower removal
      efficiencies (38.06+/-5.80% for total nitrogen and 83.14+/-8.16% for phosphorus)
      were obtained in the reactor B. The VSS concentrations throughout the test were
      statistically similar for the two reactors, with a mean value of 0.63+/-0.25g/l
      for reactor A and 0.69+/-0.20g/l for reactor B. This study indicated that the
      reactor wall attached biofilm supported high phosphorus and nitrogen removal,
      which may provide insight into the practical implementation of microalgae-based
      wastewater treatment. 

PMID- 27374072
TI  - Why it is probably too soon to assess the public health effects of legalisation
      of recreational cannabis use in the USA.
AB  - The citizens of four US states-Alaska, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington-have
      voted to legalise the sale of cannabis to adults for recreational purposes, and
      more states look likely to follow. Experience with alcohol and tobacco suggests
      that a for-profit legal cannabis industry will increase use by making cannabis
      more socially acceptable to use, making it more readily available at a cheaper
      price, and increasing the number of users and frequency of their use. We argue
      that it is too early to see the full effects of legalised cannabis policies on
      use and harm because several factors could delay the full commercialisation of a
      legal cannabis industry. These factors include restrictions on various licensed
      producers and sellers, and legal conflicts between Federal and State laws that
      might provide a brake on the speed and scale of commercialisation in states that
      have legalised cannabis. Any increases in cannabis use and harm could be
      minimised if governments introduced public health policies that limited the
      promotional activities of a legal cannabis industry, restricted cannabis
      availability to adults, and maintained cannabis prices at a substantial fraction
      of the black market price. So far, no states have chosen to implement these
      policies. 

PMID- 27374073
TI  - Recreational cannabis legalisation: details will determine mental health effects.

PMID- 27374071
TI  - High-throughput dual-colour precision imaging for brain-wide connectome with
      cytoarchitectonic landmarks at the cellular level.
AB  - The precise annotation and accurate identification of neural structures are
      prerequisites for studying mammalian brain function. The orientation of neurons
      and neural circuits is usually determined by mapping brain images to coarse axial
      sampling planar reference atlases. However, individual differences at the
      cellular level likely lead to position errors and an inability to orient neural
      projections at single-cell resolution. Here, we present a high-throughput
      precision imaging method that can acquire a co-localized brain-wide data set of
      both fluorescent-labelled neurons and counterstained cell bodies at a voxel size
      of 0.32 * 0.32 * 2.0 MUm in 3 days for a single mouse brain. We acquire mouse
      whole-brain imaging data sets of multiple types of neurons and projections with
      anatomical annotation at single-neuron resolution. The results show that the
      simultaneous acquisition of labelled neural structures and cytoarchitecture
      reference in the same brain greatly facilitates precise tracing of long-range
      projections and accurate locating of nuclei.

PMID- 27374075
TI  - Genetic variants of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 associated with the
      complications in Han descents with type 2 diabetes mellitus of Northeast China.
AB  - The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2) is essential
      for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced complications in animal
      models. This case and control study assessed genetic variants of NFE2L2 for
      associations with T2DM and its complications in Han Chinese volunteers. T2DM
      patients with (n = 214) or without (n = 236) complications, or healthy controls
      (n = 359), were genotyped for six NFE2L2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs:
      rs2364723, rs13001694, rs10497511, rs1806649, rs1962142 and rs6726395) with
      TaqMan Pre-Designed SNP Genotyping and Sequence System. Serum levels of heme
      oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
      Informative data were obtained for 341 cases and 266 controls. Between T2DM
      patients and controls, the genotypic and allelic frequencies and haplotypes of
      the SNPs were similar. However, there was a significant difference in genotypic
      and allelic frequencies of rs2364723, rs10497511, rs1962142 and rs6726395 between
      T2DM patients with and without complications, including peripheral neuropathy,
      nephropathy, retinopathy, foot ulcers and microangiopathy. Furthermore, HMOX1
      levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients with complications than in
      controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis, however, showed that only
      rs2364723 significantly reduced levels of serum HMOX1 in T2DM patients for the GG
      genotype carriers compared with participants with CG+CC genotype. The data
      suggest that although NFE2L2 rs2364723, rs10497511, rs1962142 and rs6726395 were
      not associated with T2DM risk, they were significantly associated with
      complications of T2DM. In addition, only for rs2364723 higher serum HMOX1 levels
      were found in the T2DM patients with CG+CC than those with GG genotype.

PMID- 27374077
TI  - Single molecule probing by fluorescence and force detection.

PMID- 27374076
TI  - Use of fluorescent probes for ROS to tease apart Type I and Type II photochemical
      pathways in photodynamic therapy.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy involves the excitation of a non-toxic dye by harmless
      visible light to produce a long-lived triplet state that can interact with
      molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage
      biomolecules and kill cells. ROS produced by electron transfer (Type 1) include
      superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical (HO), while singlet oxygen
      (1O2) is produced by energy transfer. Diverse methods exist to distinguish
      between these two pathways, some of which are more specific or more sensitive
      than others. In this review we cover the use of two fluorescence probes: singlet
      oxygen sensor green (SOSG) detects 1O2; and 4-hydroxyphenyl-fluorescein (HPF)
      that detects HO. Interesting data was collected concerning the photochemical
      pathways of functionalized fullerenes compared to tetrapyrroles, stable synthetic
      bacteriochlorins with and without central metals, phenothiazinium dyes
      interacting with inorganic salts such as azide.

PMID- 27374078
TI  - Rescuing cardiac automaticity in L-type Cav1.3 channelopathies and beyond.
AB  - Pacemaker activity of the sino-atrial node generates the heart rate. Disease of
      the sinus node and impairment of atrioventricular conduction induce an
      excessively low ventricular rate (bradycardia), which cannot meet the needs of
      the organism. Bradycardia accounts for about half of the total workload of
      clinical cardiologists. The 'sick sinus' syndrome (SSS) is characterized by sinus
      bradycardia and periods of intermittent atrial fibrillation. Several genetic or
      acquired risk factors or pathologies can lead to SSS. Implantation of an
      electronic pacemaker constitutes the only available therapy for SSS. The
      incidence of SSS is forecast to double over the next 50 years, with ageing of the
      general population thus urging the development of complementary or alternative
      therapeutic strategies. In recent years an increasing number of mutations
      affecting ion channels involved in sino-atrial automaticity have been reported to
      underlie inheritable SSS. L-type Cav 1.3 channels play a major role in the
      generation and regulation of sino-atrial pacemaker activity and atrioventricular
      conduction. Mutation in the CACNA1D gene encoding Cav 1.3 channels induces loss
      of-function in channel activity and underlies the sino-atrial node dysfunction
      and deafness syndrome (SANDD). Mice lacking Cav 1.3 channels (Cav 1.3-/- ) fairly
      recapitulate SSS and constitute a precious model to test new therapeutic
      approaches to handle this disease. Work in our laboratory shows that targeting G
      protein-gated K+ (IKACh ) channels effectively rescues SSS of Cav 1.3-/- mice.
      This new concept of 'compensatory' ion channel targeting shines new light on the
      principles underlying the pacemaker mechanism and may open the way to new
      therapies for SSS.

PMID- 27374079
TI  - Chamaejasmenin B, a novel candidate, inhibits breast tumor metastasis by
      rebalancing TGF-beta paradox.
AB  - Metastasis is the leading lethal factor severely restraining the effectiveness of
      clinical treatment. TGF-beta is the key regulator for metastasis and influences
      paradoxically on cancer progression. The known TGF-beta blockers exert little
      selectivity on its functions, indiscriminately causing the anti-metastatic and
      pro-growth effects. Under such circumstances, specifically rebalancing the
      oncological function of TGF-beta provides a crucial oncotarget against
      metastasis. In our study, we established the screening platform targeting cell
      motility and identified a potential flavonoid, Chamaejasmenin B (ICJ), extracted
      from Stellera chamaejasme L..It suppressed the migration and invasion in breast
      cancer cells in vitro. Moreover, by dynamical quantification of breast cancer
      progression in small-animal imaging system, ICJ was proved to be a potent
      inhibitor of metastasis with minimal toxic side effects. Mechanism study further
      revealed that ICJ efficiently blocked TGF-beta induced EMT, disrupted the
      interaction between beta3 integrin-TbetaRII complex and, consequently, resulted
      in the selective inhibition of FAK:Src:p38 pathway. Meanwhile, specific blockage
      of this pathway largely attenuated the anti-metastatic function of ICJ.
      Importantly, in contrast with the antagonistic effects on TGF-beta induced
      metastasis, ICJ obviously sensitized its cytostatic activity, suggesting that it
      was not a pan-blocker but a rebalancer for the functional output of TGF-beta.
      Collectively, by targeting TGF-beta Paradox, we experimentally provided a
      promising candidate for metastatic intervention.

PMID- 27374080
TI  - MT2-MMP induces proteolysis and leads to EMT in carcinomas.
AB  - Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critical for carcinoma invasiveness
      and metastasis. To investigate the role of membrane-type-2 matrix
      metalloproteinase (MT2-MMP) in EMT, we generated lentiviral constructs of wild
      type (WT) and an inactive Glu260Ala (E260A) mutant MT2-MMP and derived stably
      transfected HCT116 and A549 cell lines. WT-transfected cells appeared mesenchymal
      like, whereas cells transfected with the E260A mutant were epithelial-like, as
      were cells treated with an MMP inhibitor (GM6001). Expression of E-cadherin, beta
      catenin, and zonula occludens-1 was lower in cells transfected with WT MT2-MMP
      compared to vector controls, cells treated with GM6001, or cells transfected with
      the E260A mutant. An 80-kD N-terminal fragment of E-cadherin was
      immunoprecipitated in conditioned medium from WT MT2-MMP cells, but not in the
      medium from vector controls, cells treated with GM6001, or E260A mutant cells.
      When endogenous expression of MT2-MMP in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells was
      inhibited using GM6001 or MT2-MMP-specific siRNA, levels of the 80-kD E-cadherin
      fragment in conditioned medium were decreased. Chick embryo chorioallantoic
      membrane invasion assays demonstrated that cells transfected with WT MT2-MMP were
      more invasive than cells transfected with control vector, treated with GM6001, or
      transfected with the E260A mutant. These results suggest that MT2-MMP degrades
      adherens and tight junction proteins and results in EMT, making it a potential
      mediator of EMT in carcinomas.

PMID- 27374081
TI  - Targeting mTOR pathway inhibits tumor growth in different molecular subtypes of
      triple-negative breast cancers.
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are characterized by frequent alterations
      in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In this study, we analyzed PI3K pathway
      activation in 67 patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of breast cancer and
      investigated the anti-tumor activity of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus in 15 TNBC
      PDX with different expression and mutational status of PI3K pathway markers.
      Expression of the tumor suppressors PTEN and INPP4B was lost in 55% and 76% of
      TNBC PDX, respectively, while mutations in PIK3CA and AKT1 genes were rare. In 7
      PDX treatment with everolimus resulted in a tumor growth inhibition higher than
      50%, while 8 models were classified as low responder or resistant. Basal-like,
      LAR (Luminal AR), mesenchymal and HER2-enriched tumors were present in both
      responder and resistant groups, suggesting that tumor response to everolimus is
      not restricted to a specific TNBC subtype. Analysis of treated tumors showed a
      correlation between tumor response and post-treatment phosphorylation of AKT,
      increased in responder PDX, while PI3K pathway markers at baseline were not
      sufficient to predict everolimus response. In conclusion, targeting mTOR
      decreased tumor growth in 7 out of 15 TNBC PDX tested. Response to everolimus
      occurred in different TNBC subtypes and was associated with post-treatment
      increase of P-AKT.

PMID- 27374082
TI  - Suppression of APC/CCdh1 has subtype specific biological effects in acute myeloid
      leukemia.
AB  - The E3 ubiquitin ligase and tumor suppressor APC/CCdh1 is crucial for cell cycle
      progression, development and differentiation in many cell types. However, little
      is known about the role of Cdh1 in hematopoiesis. Here we analyzed Cdh1
      expression and function in malignant hematopoiesis. We found a significant
      decrease of Cdh1 in primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts compared to
      normal CD34+ cells. Thus, according to its important role in connecting cell
      cycle exit and differentiation, decreased expression of Cdh1 may be a mechanism
      contributing to the differentiation block in leukemogenesis. Indeed, knockdown
      (kd) of Cdh1 in HL-60 cell line (AML with maturation, FAB M2) led to less
      differentiated cells and a delay in PMA-induced differentiation. Acute
      promyelocytic leukemia (APL, FAB M3) is an AML subtype which is highly vulnerable
      to differentiation therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Accordingly, we
      found that APL is resistant to a Cdh1-kd mediated differentiation block. However,
      further depletion of Cdh1 in APL significantly reduced viability of leukemia
      cells upon ATRA-induced differentiation. Thus, low Cdh1 expression may be
      important in AML biology by contributing to the differentiation block and
      response to therapy depending on differences in the microenvironment and the
      additional genetic background.

PMID- 27374083
TI  - The activation of OR51E1 causes growth suppression of human prostate cancer
      cells.
AB  - The development of prostate cancer (PCa) is regulated by the androgen-dependent
      activity of the androgen receptor (AR). Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is
      therefore the gold standard treatment to suppress malignant progression of PCa.
      Nevertheless, due to the development of castration resistance, recurrence of
      disease after initial response to ADT is a major obstacle to successful
      treatment. As G-protein coupled receptors play a fundamental role in PCa
      physiology, they might represent promising alternative or combinatorial targets
      for advanced diseases. Here, we verified gene expression of the olfactory
      receptors (ORs) OR51E1 [prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor 2 (PSGR2)]
      and OR51E2 (PSGR) in human PCa tissue by RNA-Seq analysis and RT-PCR and
      elucidated the subcellular localization of both receptor proteins in human
      prostate tissue. The OR51E1 agonist nonanoic acid (NA) leads to the
      phosphorylation of various protein kinases and growth suppression of the PCa cell
      line LNCaP. Furthermore, treatment with NA causes reduction of androgen-mediated
      AR target gene expression. Interestingly, NA induces cellular senescence, which
      coincides with reduced E2F1 mRNA levels. In contrast, treatment with the
      structurally related compound 1-nonanol or the OR2AG1 agonist amyl butyrate,
      neither of which activates OR51E1, did not lead to reduced cell growth or an
      induction of cellular senescence. However, decanoic acid, another OR51E1 agonist,
      also induces cellular senescence. Thus, our results suggest the involvement of
      OR51E1 in growth processes of PCa cells and its impact on AR-mediated signaling.
      These findings provide novel evidences to support the functional importance of
      ORs in PCa pathogenesis.

PMID- 27374084
TI  - The pancreatic niche inhibits the effectiveness of sunitinib treatment of
      pancreatic cancer.
AB  - Current treatments for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) are ineffective,
      making this the 4th leading cause of cancer deaths. Sunitinib is a broad-spectrum
      inhibitor of tyrosine kinase receptors mostly known for its anti-angiogenic
      effects. We tested the therapeutic effects of sunitinib in pancreatic cancer
      using the Ela-myc transgenic mouse model. We showed that Ela-myc pancreatic
      tumors express PDGFR and VEGFR in blood vessels and epithelial cells, rendering
      these tumors sensitive to sunitinib by more than only its anti-angiogenic
      activity. However, sunitinib treatment of Ela-myc mice with either early or
      advanced tumor progression had no impact on either survival or tumor burden.
      Further histopathological characterization of these tumors did not reveal
      differences in necrosis, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis or
      proliferation. In stark contrast, in vitro sunitinib treatment of Ela-myc-
      derived cell lines showed high sensitivity to the drug, with increased apoptosis
      and reduced proliferation. Correspondingly, subcutaneous tumors generated from
      these cell lines completely regressed in vivo after sunitinib treatments. These
      data point at the pancreatic tumor microenvironment as the most likely barrier
      preventing sunitinib treatment efficiency in vivo. Combined treatments with drugs
      that disrupt tumor fibrosis may enhance sunitinib therapeutic effectiveness in
      pancreatic cancer treatment.

PMID- 27374085
TI  - Dextran-Catechin: An anticancer chemically-modified natural compound targeting
      copper that attenuates neuroblastoma growth.
AB  - Neuroblastoma is frequently diagnosed at advanced stage disease and treatment
      includes high dose chemotherapy and surgery. Despite the use of aggressive
      therapy survival rates are poor and children that survive their disease
      experience long term side effects from their treatment, highlighting the need for
      effective and less toxic therapies. Catechin is a natural polyphenol with anti
      cancer properties and limited side effects, however its mechanism of action is
      unknown. Here we report that Dextran-Catechin, a conjugated form of catechin that
      increases serum stability, is preferentially and markedly active against
      neuroblastoma cells having high levels of intracellular copper, without affecting
      non-malignant cells. Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) is the main transporter of
      copper in mammalian cells and it is upregulated in neuroblastoma. Functional
      studies showed that depletion of CTR1 expression reduced intracellular copper
      levels and led to a decrease in neuroblastoma cell sensitivity to Dextran
      Catechin, implicating copper in the activity of this compound. Mechanistically,
      Dextran-Catechin was found to react with copper, inducing oxidative stress and
      decreasing glutathione levels, an intracellular antioxidant and regulator of
      copper homeostasis. In vivo, Dextran-Catechin significantly attenuated tumour
      growth in human xenograft and syngeneic models of neuroblastoma. Thus, Dextran
      Catechin targets copper, inhibits tumour growth, and may be valuable in the
      treatment of aggressive neuroblastoma and other cancers dependent on copper for
      their growth.

PMID- 27374086
TI  - Exogenous pyruvate facilitates cancer cell adaptation to hypoxia by serving as an
      oxygen surrogate.
AB  - Molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor in cellular metabolism but cancer
      cells often become adaptive to hypoxia, which promotes resistance to chemotherapy
      and radiation. The reduction of endogenous glycolytic pyruvate to lactate is
      known as an adaptive strategy for hypoxic cells. Whether exogenous pyruvate is
      required for hypoxic cell proliferation by either serving as an electron acceptor
      or a biosynthetic substrate remains unclear. By using both hypoxic and rho0 cells
      defective in electron transfer chain, we show that exogenous pyruvate is required
      to sustain proliferation of both cancer and non-cancer cells that cannot utilize
      oxygen. Particularly, we show that absence of pyruvate led to glycolysis
      inhibition and AMPK activation along with decreased NAD+ levels in rho0 cells;
      and exogenous pyruvate increases lactate yield, elevates NAD+/NADH ratio and
      suppresses AMPK activation. Knockdown of lactate dehydrogenase significantly
      inhibits the rescuing effects of exogenous pyruvate. In contrast, none of
      pyruvate-derived metabolites tested (including acetyl-CoA, alpha-ketoglutarate,
      succinate and alanine) can replace pyruvate in supporting rho0 cell
      proliferation. Knockdown of pyruvate carboxylase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and
      citrate synthase do not impair exogenous pyruvate to rescue rho0 cells.
      Importantly, we show that exogenous pyruvate relieves ATP insufficiency and mTOR
      inhibition and promotes proliferation of hypoxic cells, and that well-oxygenated
      cells release pyruvate, providing a potential in vivo source of pyruvate. Taken
      together, our data support a novel pyruvate cycle model in which oxygenated cells
      release pyruvate for hypoxic cells as an oxygen surrogate. The pyruvate cycle may
      be targeted as a new therapy of hypoxic cancers.

PMID- 27374087
TI  - Characterization of the CD49f+/CD44+/CD24- single-cell derived stem cell
      population in basal-like DCIS cells.
AB  - The molecular mechanisms responsible for the Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
      Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) transition have yet to be elucidated. Due to the
      lack of molecularly targeted therapies, basal-like DCIS has a high risk of
      recurrence and progression to invasive and metastatic cancers. In this study, by
      applying a novel single-cell clonogenic approach with the CD49f+/CD44+/CD24-
      surface markers, we characterized the aggressive clones that have enhanced self
      renewal, migratory and invasive capacities derived from a human DCIS model cell
      line MCF10DCIS. The aggressive clones had elevated ALDH1 activity, lower global
      DNA methylation and increased expression of stem cell related genes, especially
      concurrent activation of SOX2/OCT4. In addition, we showed that the aggressive
      clones have increased expression of lincRNA-RoR and miR-10b compared to non
      aggressive clones, which enhance their self-renewal and invasive abilities.
      Finally, we confirmed our in vitro results in vivo, demonstrating that aggressive
      clones were capable of forming tumors in nude mice, whereas non-aggressive clones
      were not. Our data suggest that lincRNA-RoR and miR10b could be used to
      distinguish aggressive clones from non-aggressive clones within the heterogeneous
      CD49f+/CD44+/CD24- DCIS population. Our findings also provide the foundation to
      develop new chemoprevention agents for DCIS-IDC transition.

PMID- 27374088
TI  - Preparation study of indocyanine green-rituximab: A new receptor-targeted tracer
      for sentinel lymph node in breast cancer.
AB  - An appropriate receptor-targeted tracer for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) was
      prepared. We combined the fluorescence tracer (Indocyanine green, ICG) with
      Rituximab (a chimeric human/murine monoclonal antibody targeting the CD20 antigen
      on the surface of lymphocyte) directly to produce a new tracer (ICG-Rituximab).
      When the new tracer drains to the lymph node, Rituximab will combine with CD20
      receptor on the B-cell surface in the lymph node. If the statue of antibody
      receptor connection does not reach saturation, the number of Rituximab is less
      than CD20. With this appropriate injection dose, the new tracer could only stay
      in sentinel lymph node (SLN) and make it imaging. Positive fluorescence SLN was
      detected 12 minutes after injection with no other organs imaging. The imaging of
      SLN was stable and clear for 20-24 hours. Due to SLN stained with more ICG than
      the lymphatic vessel, the fluorescence situation of SLN would be brighter than
      the vessel. The surgeon can detect the positive fluorescence SLN easily without
      following the fluorescence imaging lymphatic vessel. The results of our
      preliminary study showed that the new tracer might be useful for improving SLN
      imaging and worth further clinical study. SLNB with the new tracer could be a
      convenient method for detecting SLN and would become a standard performance in
      clinical practice.

PMID- 27374089
TI  - Prognostic value of androgen receptor in triple negative breast cancer: A meta
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Androgen receptor (AR) is a promising therapeutic target for breast
      cancer. However, its prognostic value remains controversial in triple negative
      breast cancer (TNBC). Here we present a meta-analysis to investigate the
      correlation between AR expression and TNBC prognosis. RESULTS: Thirteen relevant
      studies with 2826 TNBC patients were included. AR positive rate was 24.4%. AR+
      patients tended to have lower tumor grade (p< 0.001), but more lymph node
      metastases (p < 0.01). AR positivity was associated with prolonged disease free
      survival (HR 0.809, 95% CI = 0.659-0.995, p < 0.05), but had no significant
      impact on overall survival (HR 1.270, 95% CI=0.904-1.782, p = 0.168). No
      difference in survival existed between subgroups using different AR or estrogen
      receptor cutoff values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature search was performed in
      Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases to
      identify relevant articles on AR and TNBC prognosis. Fixed- and random-effect
      meta-analyses were conducted based on the heterogeneity of included studies.
      Heterogeneity and impacts of covariates were further evaluated by subgroup
      analyses and meta-regression. CONCLUSION: AR positivity is associated with lower
      risk of disease recurrence in TNBC. Further clinical studies are warranted to
      clarify its prognostic role on TNBC recurrence and survival.

PMID- 27374090
TI  - Pim kinase inhibition sensitizes FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia cells to
      topoisomerase 2 inhibitors through increased DNA damage and oxidative stress.
AB  - Internal tandem duplication of fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3-ITD) is frequent
      (30 percent) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and is associated with short
      disease-free survival following chemotherapy. The serine threonine kinase Pim-1
      is a pro-survival oncogene transcriptionally upregulated by FLT3-ITD that also
      promotes its signaling in a positive feedback loop. Thus inhibiting Pim-1
      represents an attractive approach in targeting FLT3-ITD cells. Indeed, co
      treatment with the pan-Pim kinase inhibitor AZD1208 or expression of a kinase
      dead Pim-1 mutant sensitized FLT3-ITD cell lines to apoptosis triggered by
      chemotherapy drugs including the topoisomerase 2 inhibitors daunorubicin,
      etoposide and mitoxantrone, but not the nucleoside analog cytarabine. AZD1208
      sensitized primary AML cells with FLT3-ITD to topoisomerase 2 inhibitors, but did
      not sensitize AML cells with wild-type FLT3 or remission bone marrow cells,
      supporting a favorable therapeutic index. Mechanistically, the enhanced apoptosis
      observed with AZD1208 and topoisomerase 2 inhibitor combination treatment was
      associated with increased DNA double-strand breaks and increased levels of
      reactive oxygen species (ROS), and co-treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl
      cysteine rescued FLT3-ITD cells from AZD1208 sensitization to topoisomerase 2
      inhibitors. Our data support testing of Pim kinase inhibitors with topoisomerase
      2 inhibitors, but not with cytarabine, to improve treatment outcomes in AML with
      FLT3-ITD.

PMID- 27374091
TI  - Multimodal targeting of tumor vasculature and cancer stem-like cells in sarcomas
      with VEGF-A inhibition, HIF-1alpha inhibition, and hypoxia-activated
      chemotherapy.
AB  - Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) inhibition with pazopanib is an
      approved therapy for sarcomas, but likely results in compensatory pathways such
      as upregulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha). In addition,
      cancer stem-like cells can preferentially reside in hypoxic regions of tumors and
      be resistant to standard chemotherapies. In this study, we hypothesized that the
      combination of VEGF-A inhibition, HIF-1alpha inhibition, and hypoxia-activated
      chemotherapy with evofosfamide would be an effective multimodal strategy.
      Multimodal therapy was examined in one genetically engineered and two xenograft
      mouse models of sarcoma. In all three models, multimodal therapy showed greater
      efficacy than any single agent therapy or bimodality therapy in blocking tumor
      growth. Even after cessation of therapy, tumors treated with multimodal therapy
      remained relatively dormant for up to 2 months. Compared to the next best
      bimodality therapy, multimodal therapy caused 2.8-3.3 fold more DNA damage, 1.5
      2.7 fold more overall apoptosis, and 2.3-3.6 fold more endothelial cell-specific
      apoptosis. Multimodal therapy also decreased microvessel density and HIF-1alpha
      activity by 85-90% and 79-89%, respectively, compared to controls. Sarcomas
      treated with multimodal therapy had 95-96% depletion of CD133(+) cancer stem-like
      ells compared to control tumors. Sarcoma cells grown as spheroids to enrich for
      CD133(+) cancer stem-like cells were more sensitive than monolayer cells to
      multimodal therapy in terms of DNA damage and apoptosis, especially under hypoxic
      conditions. Thus multimodal therapy of sarcomas with VEGF-A inhibition, HIF
      1alpha inhibition, and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy effectively blocks sarcoma
      growth through inhibition of tumor vasculature and cancer stem-like cells.

PMID- 27374093
TI  - NO-dependent attenuation of TPA-induced immunoinflammatory skin changes in Balb/c
      mice by pindolol, heptaminol or ATRA, but not by verapamil.
AB  - Recently a mouse skin carcinogenesis study reported that a beta-blocker
      carvedilol displayed antitumor-properties via antihyperplastic effects. However,
      the antihyperplastic mechanism is unclear as the beta-blocker is characterized
      with multiple pleiotropic effects including stimulation of endothelial NO release
      and verapamil-like calcium channel blocking activity. To investigate the nature
      and the origin of the antihyperplastic effects, we tested topical pretreatment
      with pindolol, heptaminol, ATRA or verapamil against Balb/c mouse ear skin
      hyperplasia that was induced by TPA. We found that pindolol, heptaminol or ATRA,
      but not verapamil, inhibited the TPA-induced immunoinflammatory skin changes in
      an NO-dependent manner, which included epidermal hyperplasia, skin edema and
      fibrosis. Furthermore, we also observed NO-dependent alleviation of the TPA
      induced NK cell depletion in the ear tissues by heptaminol pretreatment. Together
      our results suggest that stimulation of NO generation from constitutive synthases
      may be primarily responsible for the reported antihyperplastic and NK cell
      preserving effects of the beta-blockers, and that similar effects may be observed
      in other immunity normalizing compounds that also promote endothelial NO
      synthesis.

PMID- 27374092
TI  - beta-MSCs: successful fusion of MSCs with beta-cells results in a beta-cell like
      phenotype.
AB  - Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have anti-inflammatory, anti
      apoptotic and immunosuppressive properties and are a potent source for cell
      therapy. Cell fusion has been proposed for rapid generation of functional new
      reprogrammed cells. In this study, we aimed to establish a fusion protocol of
      bone marrow-derived human MSCs with the rat beta-cell line (INS-1E) as well as
      human isolated pancreatic islets in order to generate insulin producing beta-MSCs
      as a cell-based treatment for diabetes.Human eGFP+ puromycin+ MSCs were co
      cultured with either stably mCherry-expressing rat INS-1E cells or human
      dispersed islet cells and treated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) and
      polyethylene glycol (PEG) to induce fusion. MSCs and fused cells were selected by
      puromycin treatment.With an improved fusion protocol, 29.8 +/- 2.9% of all MSCs
      were beta-MSC heterokaryons based on double positivity for mCherry and eGFP.After
      fusion and puromycin selection, human NKX6.1 and insulin as well as rat Neurod1,
      Nkx2.2, MafA, Pdx1 and Ins1 mRNA were highly elevated in fused human MSC/INS-1E
      cells, compared to the mixed control population. Such induction of beta-cell
      markers was confirmed in fused human MSC/human dispersed islet cells, which
      showed elevated NEUROD1, NKX2.2, MAFA, PDX1 and insulin mRNA compared to the
      mixed control. Fused cells had higher insulin content and improved insulin
      secretion compared to the mixed control and insulin positive beta-MSCs also
      expressed nuclear PDX1. We established a protocol for fusion of human MSCs and
      beta cells, which resulted in a beta cell like phenotype. This could be a novel
      tool for cell-based therapies of diabetes.

PMID- 27374094
TI  - Platelets as an indicator of vascular repair in elderly Japanese men.
AB  - Platelets and circulating CD34-positive cells have been reported to contribute to
      vascular repair (endothelial repair and developing atherosclerosis). And because
      hypertension is known to be a strong vascular impairment factors, it should also
      influence the respective numbers of these factors. To clarify the clinical
      importance of platelets on vascular repair, we conducted a cross-sectional study
      of 567 Japanese men aged 60-69 who underwent an annual health check-up between
      2013 and 2015. Multiple linear regression analysis of non-hypertensive subjects
      adjusting for classical cardiovascular risk factors showed that although platelet
      count did not significantly correlate with carotid intima media thickness (beta =
      -0.05, p = 0.356), it did positively correlate significantly with the natural log
      of the number of circulating CD34-positive cells (beta = 0.26, p < 0.001). In
      hypertensive subjects, a significant positive correlation was seen between
      platelets and intima media thickness (beta = 0.19, p = 0.008), whereas no
      significant correlation was seen between platelet count and the natural log of
      the number of circulating CD34-positive cells (beta = 0.11, p = 0.119). Our
      results indicate that platelet count is an indicator of vascular repair activity
      (endothelial repair and developing atherosclerosis). Additionally, hypertension
      might mask the beneficial effects of circulating CD34-positive cells.

PMID- 27374095
TI  - Integrated in vivo genetic and pharmacologic screening identifies co-inhibition
      of EGRF and ROCK as a potential treatment regimen for triple-negative breast
      cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide
      among women. Despite several therapeutic options, 15% of breast cancer patients
      succumb to the disease owing to tumor relapse and acquired therapy resistance.
      Particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), developing effective
      treatments remains challenging owing to the lack of a common vulnerability that
      can be exploited by targeted approaches. We have previously shown that tumor
      cells have different requirements for growth in vivo than in vitro. Therefore, to
      discover novel drug targets for TNBC, we performed parallel in vivo and in vitro
      genetic shRNA dropout screens. We identified several potential drug targets that
      were required for tumor growth in vivo to a greater extent than in vitro. By
      combining pharmacologic inhibitors acting on a subset of these candidates, we
      identified a synergistic interaction between EGFR and ROCK inhibitors. This
      combination effectively reduced TNBC cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest.
      These results illustrate the power of in vivo genetic screens and warrant further
      validation of EGFR and ROCK as combined pharmacologic targets for breast cancer.

PMID- 27374096
TI  - Carbon ion irradiation withstands cancer stem cells' migration/invasion process
      in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC).
AB  - Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) have
      extremely aggressive profile (high migratory and invasive potential). These
      characteristics can explain their resistance to conventional treatment. Efficacy
      of photon and carbon ion irradiation with addition of cetuximab (5 nM) is studied
      on clonogenic death, migration and invasion of two HNSCC populations: SQ20B and
      SQ20B/CSCs. SQ20B express E-cadherin and overexpress EGFR while SQ20B/CSCs
      express N-cadherin and low EGFR. Cetuximab strongly inhibits SQ20B proliferation
      but has no effect on SQ20B/CSCs. 2 Gy photon irradiation enhances migration and
      invasiveness in both populations (p < 0.05), while cetuximab only stops SQ20B
      migration (p < 0.005). Carbon irradiation significantly inhibits invasion in both
      populations (p < 0.05), and the association with cetuximab significantly inhibits
      invasion in both populations (p < 0.005). These results highlight CSCs
      characteristics: EGFRLow, cetuximab-resistant, and highly migratory. Carbon ion
      irradiation appears to be a very promising therapeutic modality counteracting
      migration/invasion process in both parental cells and CSCs in contrast to photon
      irradiation.

PMID- 27374097
TI  - Metabolomics profiles delineate uridine deficiency contributes to mitochondria
      mediated apoptosis induced by celastrol in human acute promyelocytic leukemia
      cells.
AB  - Celastrol, extracted from "Thunder of God Vine", is a promising anti-cancer
      natural product. However, its effect on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and
      underlying molecular mechanism are poorly understood. The purpose of this study
      was to explore its effect on APL and underlying mechanism based on metabolomics.
      Firstly, multiple assays indicated that celastrol could induce apoptosis of APL
      cells via p53-activated mitochondrial pathway. Secondly, unbiased metabolomics
      revealed that uridine was the most notable changed metabolite. Further study
      verified that uridine could reverse the apoptosis induced by celastrol. The
      decreased uridine was caused by suppressing the expression of gene encoding
      Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, whose inhibitor could also induce apoptosis of APL
      cells. At last, mouse model confirmed that celastrol inhibited tumor growth
      through enhanced apoptosis. Celastrol could also decrease uridine and DHODH
      protein level in tumor tissues. Our in vivo study also indicated that celastrol
      had no systemic toxicity at pharmacological dose (2 mg/kg, i.p., 21 days).
      Altogether, our metabolomics study firstly reveals that uridine deficiency
      contributes to mitochondrial apoptosis induced by celastrol in APL cells.
      Celastrol shows great potential for the treatment of APL.

PMID- 27374098
TI  - Measuring PC activity in endocervical swab may provide a simple and non-invasive
      method to detect endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women.
AB  - Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies in post
      menopausal women. If detected at early stages, endometrial cancer can be
      effectively treated by abdominal hysterectomy. However, to date, there is no
      biochemical test available for early and easy detection of endometrial cancer.
      Our previous study has established that the total proprotein convertase (PC)
      activity is significantly increased in the uterine lavage of post-menopausal
      women with endometrial cancer. Uterine lavage can be obtained relatively non
      invasively compared to uterine tissues, however, blood contamination and other
      factors limit the wide clinical use of uterine lavage. The aim of this study was
      to determine whether endocervical swab is a viable alternative to uterine lavage
      for the detection of endometrial cancer. We determined the correlation in PC
      activity between paired endocervical swabs and uterine lavages from individual
      post-menopausal women (control as well as endometrial cancer patients), and also
      compared the total PC activity in endocervical swabs between control and
      endometrial cancer patients. Our data demonstrated that the total PC activity in
      swab and lavage was highly correlative in post-menopausal women, and that the PC
      activity in endocervical swab was significantly increased in endometrial cancer
      patients compared to controls. These results strongly suggest that determining PC
      activity in endocervical swabs may provide a simple, non-invasive and novel
      method to detect endometrial cancer in post-menopausal women.

PMID- 27374101
TI  - Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are associated with abnormalities in peripheral
      blood dendritic cells in patients with inflammatory breast cancer.
AB  - CTCs are involved in tumor dissemination and are an independent prognostic factor
      in primary and metastatic breast cancer patients. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the
      most efficient antigen presenting cells and are comprised of plasmacytoid-(pDC)
      and myeloid-(mDC) derived DC subsets. This study aimed to correlate CTC counts
      with the peripheral blood DC immunophenotypes and functions of inflammatory
      breast cancer (IBC) patients. This study included 65 IBC patients. Peripheral
      blood (PB) was obtained from patients prior to starting a new line of
      chemotherapy for CTCs enumeration by CellSearch(r) and DC phenotype and function
      by flow cytometry; the characteristics of DCs were then correlated with CTC
      counts and clinical outcome. Twenty-one (32.3%) patients with CTCs >=5 had a
      significantly inferior overall survival (OS) compared to patients with <5 CTCs
      (p=0.045). In addition, patients with >=5 CTCs had a lower percentage of mDCs
      capable of producing TNF-alpha before or after activation through the toll-like
      receptor (TLR), as well as a lower percentage of mDCs producing IL-12 after TLR
      activation. There was a positive correlation between CTCs counts and expression
      of the activation (CCR7) and costimulatory (CD86) receptors on TLR-activated mDCs
      and pDCs, respectively. Moreover, presence of high percentage of mDC capable to
      produce increased levels of TNF-alpha was independently associated with inferior
      OS (p = 0.0006). An increase in the percentage of mDC producing TNF-alpha might
      induce a pro-inflammatory environment that could play a role in determining the
      poor clinical outcome in IBC patients and could add further prognostic value to
      CTCs.

PMID- 27374102
TI  - Analysis of tissue and circulating microRNA expression during metaplastic
      transformation of the esophagus.
AB  - Genetic changes involved in the metaplastic progression from squamous esophageal
      mucosa toward Barrett's metaplasia and adenocarcinoma are almost unknown. Several
      evidences suggest that some miRNAs are differentially expressed in Barrett's
      esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Among these, miR-143, miR-145, miR
      194, miR-203, miR-205, miR-215 appear to have a key role in metaplasia and
      neoplastic progression. The aim of this study was to analyze deregulated miRNAs
      in serum and esophageal mucosal tissue biopsies to identify new biomarkers that
      could be associated with different stages of esophageal disease. Esophageal
      mucosal tissue biopsies and blood samples were collected and analyzed for BE
      diagnosis. Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to compare miRNA expression levels
      in serum and 60 disease/normal-paired tissues from 30 patients diagnosed with
      esophagitis, columnar-lined esophagus (CLO) or BE. MiRNA expression analysis
      showed that miR-143, miR-145, miR-194 and miR-215 levels were significantly
      higher, while miR-203 and miR-205 were lower in BE tissues compared with their
      corresponding normal tissues. Esophageal mucosa analysis of patients with CLO and
      esophagitis showed that these miRNAs were similarly deregulated but to a lesser
      extent keeping the same trend and CLO appeared as intermediate step between
      esophagitis and BE. Analysis on circulating miRNA levels confirmed that miR-194
      and miR-215 were significantly upregulated in both BE and CLO compared to
      esophagitis, while miR-143 was significantly upregulated only in the Barrett
      group. These findings suggest that miRNAs may be involved in
      neoplastic/metaplastic progression and miRNA analysis might be useful for
      progression risk prediction as well as for monitoring of BE/CLO patients.

PMID- 27374103
TI  - Antitumor efficacy of the heparan sulfate mimic roneparstat (SST0001) against
      sarcoma models involves multi-target inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases.
AB  - The heparan sulfate (HS) mimic/heparanase inhibitor roneparstat (SST0001) shows
      antitumor activity in preclinical sarcoma models. We hypothesized that this 100%
      N-acetylated and glycol-split heparin could interfere with the functions of
      several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) coexpressed in sarcomas and activated by
      heparin-binding growth factors. Using a phospho-proteomic approach, we
      investigated the drug effects on RTK activation in human cell lines
      representative of different sarcoma subtypes. Inhibition of FGF, IGF, ERBB and
      PDGF receptors by the drug was biochemically and functionally validated.
      Roneparstat counteracted the autocrine loop induced by the COL1A1/PDGFB fusion
      oncogene, expressed in a human dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans primary culture
      and in NIH3T3COL1A1/PDGFB transfectants, inhibiting cell anchorage-independent
      growth and invasion. In addition, roneparstat inhibited the activation of cell
      surface PDGFR and PDGFR-associated FAK, likely contributing to the reversion of
      NIH3T3COL1A1/PDGFB cell transformed and pro-invasive phenotype. Biochemical and
      histological/immunohistochemical ex vivo analyses confirmed a reduced activation
      of ERBB4, EGFR, INSR, IGF1R, associated with apoptosis induction and angiogenesis
      inhibition in a drug-treated Ewing's sarcoma family tumor xenograft. The
      combination of roneparstat with irinotecan significantly improved the antitumor
      effect against A204 rhabdoid xenografts resulting in a high rate of complete
      responses and cures. These findings reveal that roneparstat exerts a multi-target
      inhibition of RTKs relevant in the pathobiology of different sarcoma subtypes.
      These effects, likely cooperating with heparanase inhibition, contribute to the
      antitumor efficacy of the drug. The study supports heparanase/HS axis targeting
      as a valuable approach in combination therapies of different sarcoma subtypes
      providing a preclinical rationale for clinical investigation.

PMID- 27374104
TI  - RPL27A is a target of miR-595 and may contribute to the myelodysplastic phenotype
      through ribosomal dysgenesis.
AB  - We investigated the functional consequences following deletion of a microRNA
      (miR) termed miR-595 which resides on chromosome 7q and is localised within one
      of the commonly deleted regions identified for Myelodysplasia (MDS) with monosomy
      7 (-7)/isolated loss of 7q (7q-). We identified several targets for miR-595,
      including a large ribosomal subunit protein RPL27A. RPL27A downregulation induced
      p53 activation, apoptosis and inhibited proliferation. Moreover, p53-independent
      effects were additionally identified secondary to a reduction in the ribosome
      subunit 60s. We confirmed that RPL27A plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of
      nucleolar integrity and ribosomal synthesis/maturation. Of note, RPL27A
      overexpression, despite showing no significant effects on p53 mRNA levels, did in
      fact enhance cellular proliferation. In normal CD34+ cells, RPL27A knockdown
      preferentially blocked erythroid proliferation and differentiation. Lastly, we
      show that miR-595 expression appears significantly downregulated in the majority
      of primary samples derived from MDS patients with (-7)/(7q-), in association with
      RPL27A upregulation. This significant downregulation of miR-595 is also apparent
      when higher risk MDS cases are compared to lower risk cases. The potential
      clinical importance of these findings requires further validation.

PMID- 27374105
TI  - The essential role of GATA transcription factors in adult murine prostate.
AB  - GATA transcription factors are essential in mammalian cell lineage determination
      and have a critical role in cancer development. In cultured prostate cancer
      cells, GATA2 coordinates with androgen receptor (AR) to regulate gene
      transcription. In the murine prostate, among six GATA members, GATA2 and GATA3
      are expressed. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that both GATA factors
      predominantly localize in the nuclei of luminal epithelial cells. The pioneer
      factor FoxA1 is exclusively detected in the luminal cells, whereas AR is detected
      in both luminal and basal cells. Using genetic engineering, we generated prostate
      specific GATA2 and GATA3 knockout (KO) mice. Ablation of single GATA gene had
      marginal effect on prostate morphology and AR target gene expression, likely due
      to their genetic compensation. Double KO mice exhibited PIN III to IV lesions,
      but decreased prostate to body weight ratio, altered AR target gene expression,
      and expansion of p63-positive basal cells. However, deletion of GATA2 and GATA3
      did not reduce the mRNA or protein levels of AR or FoxA1, indicating that GATA
      factors are not required for AR or FoxA1 expression in adult prostate.
      Surprisingly, GATA2 and GATA3 exhibit minimal expression in the ventral prostatic
      (VP) lobe. In contrast, FoxA1 and AR expression levels in VP are at least as high
      as those in anterior prostatic (AP) and dorsal-lateral prostatic (DLP) lobes.
      Together, our results indicate that GATA2 and GATA3 are essential for adult
      murine prostate function and in vivo AR signaling, and the lack of the GATA
      factor expression in the VP suggests a fundamental difference between VP and
      other prostatic lobes.

PMID- 27374106
TI  - TP53 codon 72 polymorphism may predict early tumour progression in paediatric
      pilocytic astrocytoma.
AB  - Pilocytic astrocytoma and ganglioglioma may occur in inaccessible or surgically
      difficult areas. In case of incomplete resection, the availability of biological
      predictors of tumour progression could be particularly important. To this end, an
      analysis of p53 codon 72 polymorphism and assessment of its role as prognostic
      marker were performed.The status of the p53 Arg72Pro polymorphism was evaluated
      by pyrosequencing method in a multicenter cohort of 170 paediatric patients.
      Genotype/phenotype associations were investigated either by means of bivariate or
      multivariate analyses.In the partially resected pilocytic astrocytomas, the
      Arg/Arg variant predicts early tumour progression (median survival time: 23.1
      months) and is associated with poor event-free survival (p value = 0.0009). This
      finding remains true also in case of adjuvant therapies, with a 5-year event-free
      survival of 30.6% for cases with Arg/Arg variant vs. 78.7% for those with other
      genotypes. There is no association between ganglioglioma and the polymorphism.The
      assessment of Arg/Arg variant could improve the management of pilocytic
      astrocytoma. TP53 codon 72 analysis could distinguish low-risk cases, in which
      surgery could be conservative, from high-risk cases needing an aggressive surgery
      plan.

PMID- 27374108
TI  - Genetic variants in regulatory regions of microRNAs are associated with lung
      cancer risk.
AB  - Genetic variants in regulatory regions of some miRNAs might be associated with
      lung cancer risk and survival. We performed a case-control study including 1341
      non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and 1982 controls to evaluate the
      associations of 7 potentially functional polymorphisms in several differently
      expressed miRNAs with NSCLC risk. Each SNP was also tested for the association
      with overall survival of 1001 NSCLC patients. We identified that rs9660710 in miR
      200b/200a/429 cluster and rs763354 in miR-30a were significantly associated with
      NSCLC risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.30, P =
      0.002; OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80-0.98, P = 0.017; respectively]. However, no
      significant association between variants and NSCLC death risk was observed in
      survival analysis. Functional annotation showed that both rs9660710 and rs763354
      were located in regulatory elements in lung cancer cells. Compared to normal
      tissues, miR-200a-3p, miR-200a-5p, miR-200b-3p, miR-200b-5p and miR-429 were
      significantly increased in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Lung Adenocarcinoma
      (LUAD) tumors, whereas miR-30a-3p and miR-30a-5p were significantly decreased in
      tumors (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed that rs9660710 is an expression
      quantitative trait locus (eQTL) or methylation eQTL for miR-429 expression in
      TCGA normal tissues. Our results indicated that rs9660710 in miR-200b/200a/429
      cluster and rs763354 in miR-30a might modify the susceptibility to NSCLC.

PMID- 27374109
TI  - Indications for embolization in a French level 1 trauma center.
AB  - Abdominal trauma accounts for nearly 20% of all traumatic injuries. It often
      involves young patients sustaining multiple injuries, with a high associated
      mortality rate. Management should begin at the scene of injury and relies on a
      structured chain of care in order to transport the trauma patient to the
      appropriate hospital center. Management is multi-disciplinary, involving
      intensive care specialists, surgeons and radiologists. Imaging to precisely
      define injury is best performed with whole body dual phase computed tomography,
      which can also identify the source of bleeding. Non-operative management has
      developed considerably over the years: this includes selective embolization in
      case of active bleeding or vascular anomalies in stable or stabilized patients
      after resuscitation. Embolization has become one of the corner stones of
      abdominal trauma management and interventional radiologists must play an active
      role on the trauma team. This overview details the different embolization
      procedures according to the involved organ and embolic agent used. 

PMID- 27374110
TI  - Frailty and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for
      degenerative spine disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Frailty is defined as a state of decreased reserve and
      susceptibility to stressors. The relationship between frailty and postoperative
      outcomes after degenerative spine surgery has not been studied. PURPOSE: This
      study aimed to (1) determine prevalence of frailty in the degenerative spine
      population; (2) describe patient characteristics associated with frailty; and (3)
      determine the association between frailty and postoperative complications,
      mortality, length of stay, and discharge disposition. STUDY DESIGN: This is a
      retrospective analysis on a prospectively collected cohort from the National
      Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP). PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 53,080
      patients who underwent degenerative spine surgery between 2006 and 2012 were
      included in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES: A modified frailty index (mFI) with 11
      variables derived from the NSQIP dataset was used to determine prevalence of
      frailty and its correlation with a composite outcome of perioperative
      complications as well as hospital length of stay, mortality, and discharge
      disposition. METHODS: After calculating the mFI for each patient, the prevalence
      and predictors of frailty were determined for our cohort. The association of
      frailty with postoperative outcomes was determined after adjusting for known and
      suspected confounders using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Frailty
      was present in 2,041 patients within the total population (4%) and in 8% of
      patients older than 65 years. Frailty severity increased with increasing age,
      male sex, African American race, higher body mass index, recent weight loss,
      paraplegia or quadriplegia, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score,
      and preadmission residence in a care facility. Frailty severity was an
      independent predictor of major complication (OR 1.15 for every 0.10 increase in
      mFI, 95%CI 1.09-1.21, p<.0005) and specifically predicted reoperation for
      postsurgical infection (OR 1.3, 95%CI 1.16-1.46, p<.0005). Prolonged length of
      stay and discharge to a new facility were also independently predicted by frailty
      severity (p<.0005). Frailty severity predicted 30-day mortality on unadjusted (OR
      2.05, 95%CI 1.70-2.48, p<.0005) and adjusted analyses (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.18-1.86,
      p<.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Frailty is an important predictor of postoperative
      outcomes following degenerative spine surgery. Preoperative recognition of
      frailty may be useful for perioperative optimization, risk stratification, and
      patient counseling.

PMID- 27374111
TI  - Percutaneous vertebroplasty: a new animal model.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is a minimally invasive
      surgical procedure and is frequently performed in humans who need surgical
      treatment of vertebral fractures. PVP involves cement injection into the
      vertebral body, thereby providing rapid and significant pain relief. PURPOSE: The
      testing of novel biomaterials depends on suitable animal models. The aim of this
      study was to develop a reproducible and safe model of PVP in sheep. STUDY DESIGN:
      This study used ex vivo and in vivo large animal model study (Merino sheep).
      METHODS: Ex vivo vertebroplasty was performed through a bilateral modified
      parapedicular access in 24 ovine lumbar hemivertebrae, divided into four groups
      (n=6). Cerament (Bone Support, Lund, Sweden) was the control material. In the
      experimental group, a novel composite was tested-Spine-Ghost-which consisted of
      an alpha-calcium sulfate matrix enriched with micrometric particles of mesoporous
      bioactive glass. All vertebrae were assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro
      CT) and underwent mechanical testing. For the in vivo study, 16 sheep were
      randomly allocated into control and experimental groups (n=8), and underwent PVP
      using the same bone cements. All vertebrae were assessed postmortem by micro-CT,
      histology, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR). This
      work has been supported by the European Commission under the 7th Framework
      Programme for collaborative projects (600,000-650,000 USD). RESULTS: In the ex
      vivo model, the average defect volume was 1,275.46+/-219.29 mm3. Adequate defect
      filling with cement was observed. No mechanical failure was observed under loads
      which were higher than physiological. In the in vivo study, cardiorespiratory
      distress was observed in two animals, and one sheep presented mild neurologic
      deficits in the hind limbs before recovering. CONCLUSIONS: The model of PVP is
      considered suitable for preclinical in vivo studies, mimicking clinical
      application. All sheep recovered and completed a 6-month implantation period.
      There was no evidence of cement leakage into the vertebral foramen in the
      postmortem examination.

PMID- 27374112
TI  - Evaluation of an injectable hydrogel and polymethyl methacrylate in restoring
      mechanics to compressively fractured spine motion segments.
AB  - BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Compressive fracture can produce profound changes to the
      mechanical profile of a spine segment. Minimally invasive repair has the
      potential to restore both function and structural integrity to an injured spine.
      Use of both hydrogels to address changes to the disc, combined with polymethyl
      methacrylate (PMMA) to address changes to the vertebral body, has the potential
      to facilitate repair. PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation was to determine
      if the combined use of hydrogel injection and PMMA could restore the mechanical
      profile of an axially injured spinal motion segment. STUDY DESIGN: This is a
      basic science study evaluating a combination of hydrogel injection and
      vertebroplasty on restoring mechanics to compressively injured porcine spine
      motion segments. METHODS: Fourteen porcine spine motion segments were subject to
      axial compression until fracture using a dynamic servohydraulic testing
      apparatus. Rotational and compressive stiffness was measured for each specimen
      under the following conditions: initial undamaged, fractured, fatigue loading
      under compression, hydrogel injection, PMMA injection, and fatigue loading under
      compression. Group 1 received hydrogel injection followed by PMMA injection,
      whereas Group 2 received PMMA injection followed by hydrogel injection. This
      study was funded under a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
      Canada discovery grant. RESULTS: PMMA injection was found to alter the
      compressive stiffness properties of axially injured spine motion segments,
      restoring values from Groups 1 and 2 to 89.3%+/-29.3% and 81%+/-27.9% of initial
      values respectively. Hydrogel injection was found to alter the rotational
      stiffness properties, restoring specimens in Groups 1 and 2 to 151.5%+/-81% and
      177.2%+/-54.9% of initial values respectively. Prolonged restoration of function
      was not possible, however, after further fatigue loading. CONCLUSIONS: Using this
      repair technique, replication of the mechanism of injury appears to cause a rapid
      deterioration in function of the motion segments. Containment of the hydrogel
      appears to be an issue with large breaches in the end plate, as it is posited to
      migrate into the cancellous bone of the vertebral body. Future work should
      attempt to evaluate methods in fully sealing the disc space.

PMID- 27374113
TI  - Rodent spinal cord injury models for studies of axon regeneration.
AB  - For over a century, axon regeneration has been considered the Holy Grail for
      spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. Although there are other factors that could
      contribute to improving function, restoring the long motor and sensory tracts
      that are interrupted by SCI has the greatest potential for actually reversing
      paralysis, restoring the brain's control of autonomic functions mediated by
      sympathetic and parasympathetic circuits of the spinal cord and restoring
      sensation. Accordingly and in keeping with the overall theme of this special
      issue, this review focuses narrowly on rodent SCI models for studies of axon
      regeneration.

PMID- 27374114
TI  - IL-15 up-regulates the MMP-9 expression levels and induces inflammatory
      infiltration of macrophages in polymyositis through regulating the NF-kB pathway.
AB  - This study was aimed to research the effects of IL-15 on inducing inflammatory
      infiltration of macrophages in polymyositis (PM) through the NF-kB pathway, and
      whether IL-15 was able to further regulate MMP-9 expression levels. Prepared PM
      cells, collected from the patients suffering from PM, were administered to SD
      rats. Also, a group of healthy SD rats was undergoing the same treatment as the
      control group. The test animals were treated with either anti-IL-15, IL-15, MMP-9
      siRNA or ERK1/2 inhibitor. The blood toxicological parameters creatine kinase
      (CK) and CD163 were tested by using ELISA and immunohistochemistry assay. In
      addition, NF-kB expression in macrophages was measured by immunocytochemical
      assay. To measure the degree of cell infiltration the Transwell assay was
      performed. Lastly, western blot and zymography were carried out to compare MMP-9
      and ERK expression levels between the two groups, both in vivo and in vitro. The
      results showed that S-CK, IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha levels increased rapidly after
      the conventional treatment was introduced to the PM infected SD rats. The PM
      model establishment and IL-15 treatment significantly increased the expressions
      of IL-15Ralpha, MMP-9, p-ERK and p-IKBalpha. However, the same effect can be
      suppressed by using anti-IL-15, MMP-9 siRNA or ERK1/2 inhibitor (P < 0.05). In
      addition, IL-15 is proved to increase cell migration and nucleus expression of NF
      kB in the macrophages. IL-15 is able to significantly regulate the inflammatory
      infiltration of macrophages in PM patients through affecting the NF-kB pathway
      and MMP-9 expression levels. 

PMID- 27374115
TI  - Unrelated Future Costs and Unrelated Future Benefits: Reflections on NICE Guide
      to the Methods of Technology Appraisal.
AB  - In this editorial, we consider the vexing issue of 'unrelated future costs' (for
      example, the costs of caring for people with dementia or kidney failure after
      preventing their deaths from a heart attack). The National Institute of Health
      and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance is not to take such costs into account in
      technology appraisals. However, standard appraisal practice involves modelling
      the benefits of those unrelated technologies. We argue that there is a sound
      principled reason for including both the costs and benefits of unrelated care.
      Changing this practice would have material consequences for decisions about
      reimbursing particular technologies, and we urge future research to understand
      this better. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27374116
TI  - Identification of a novel HLA-B null allele, HLA-B*41:45N, by HLA typing of two
      related Caucasoid individuals.
AB  - The new HLA-B*41:45N allele differs from B*41:02 by insertion of 21 nucleotides
      in exon 2.

PMID- 27374117
TI  - Vitamin D controls resistance artery function through regulation of perivascular
      adipose tissue hypoxia and inflammation.
AB  - Vitamin D deficiency in human subjects is associated with hypertension, metabolic
      syndrome and related risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Serum 25
      hydroxyvitamin D levels correlate inversely with adiposity in obese and lean
      individuals. Bioactive vitamin D, or calcitriol, exerts anti-inflammatory effects
      on adipocytes, preadipocytes and macrophages in vitro. We tested the hypothesis
      that vitamin D deficiency alters the phenotype of perivascular adipose tissue
      (PVAT) leading to impaired function in resistance artery. To examine the effects
      of vitamin D and PVAT on vascular reactivity, myograph experiments were performed
      on arteries, with or without intact PVAT, from mice maintained on vitamin D
      deficient, vitamin D-sufficient or vitamin D-supplemented diet. Systolic blood
      pressure was significantly increased in mice on vitamin D-deficient diet.
      Importantly, vitamin D deficiency enhanced angiotensin II-induced
      vasoconstriction and impaired the normal ability of PVAT to suppress contractile
      responses of the underlying mesenteric resistance artery to angiotensin II and
      serotonin. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency caused upregulation of the mRNA
      expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and
      its downstream target lysyl oxidase in mesenteric PVAT. Incubation of mesenteric
      arteries under hypoxic conditions impaired the anti-contractile effects of intact
      PVAT on those arteries from mice on vitamin D-sufficient diet. Vitamin D
      supplementation protected arteries against hypoxia-induced impairment of PVAT
      function. The protective effects of vitamin D against vascular dysfunction,
      hypertension and cardiovascular diseases may be mediated, at least in part,
      through regulation of inflammatory and hypoxia signaling pathways in PVAT.

PMID- 27374118
TI  - A dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor ameliorates hypertensive cardiac remodeling
      via angiotensin-II/sodium-proton pump exchanger-1 axis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To address the impact of antidiabetic drugs on cardiovascular safety
      is a matter of clinical concern. Preclinical studies revealed that various
      protective effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i) on cardiovascular
      disease; however, its impact of on hypertension remains controversial. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: Teneligliptin (TEN; 10mg/kg/day/p.o.) ameliorates hypertension and
      cardiac remodeling by normalizing a rise of angiotensin-II (AngII) that
      specifically observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). TEN had no
      effects on vasculature and concentrations of the DPP4-related vasoactive peptides
      (bradykinin, neuropeptide Y, and atrial natriuretic peptide). The primary action
      of TEN on BP lowering was due to restoring the AngII-induced manifestation of
      congestive heart failure observed in SHR. Sodium-proton pump exchanger type 1
      (NHE-1) is a regulator of intracellular acidity (pHi) and implicated
      pathophysiological role in cardiac remodeling occurred in diseased myocardium.
      Cardiac NHE-1 expression level was increased in SHR and this was restored in TEN
      treated SHR. AngII directly augmented cardiac NHE-1 expression and its activity
      that contributed to hypertrophic response. TEN attenuated the AngII-induced
      cardiac hypertrophy with decline in pHi via suppression of NHE-1. Loss of NHE-1
      activity by specific inhibitor or RNA silencing promoted intracellular
      acidification and consistently attenuated the AngII-mediated cardiac hypertrophy.
      CONCLUSION: The present study revealed the protective actions of TEN on
      hypertension and comorbid cardiac remodeling via AngII/NHE-1 axis and the novel
      pathophysiological roles of intracellular acidification via NHE-1 in cardiac
      hypertrophy.

PMID- 27374119
TI  - neXtA5: accelerating annotation of articles via automated approaches in neXtProt.
AB  - The rapid increase in the number of published articles poses a challenge for
      curated databases to remain up-to-date. To help the scientific community and
      database curators deal with this issue, we have developed an application, neXtA5,
      which prioritizes the literature for specific curation requirements. Our system,
      neXtA5, is a curation service composed of three main elements. The first
      component is a named-entity recognition module, which annotates MEDLINE over some
      predefined axes. This report focuses on three axes: Diseases, the Molecular
      Function and Biological Process sub-ontologies of the Gene Ontology (GO). The
      automatic annotations are then stored in a local database, BioMed, for each
      annotation axis. Additional entities such as species and chemical compounds are
      also identified. The second component is an existing search engine, which
      retrieves the most relevant MEDLINE records for any given query. The third
      component uses the content of BioMed to generate an axis-specific ranking, which
      takes into account the density of named-entities as stored in the Biomed
      database. The two ranked lists are ultimately merged using a linear combination,
      which has been specifically tuned to support the annotation of each axis. The
      fine-tuning of the coefficients is formally reported for each axis-driven search.
      Compared with PubMed, which is the system used by most curators, the improvement
      is the following: +231% for Diseases, +236% for Molecular Functions and +3153%
      for Biological Process when measuring the precision of the top-returned PMID (P0
      or mean reciprocal rank). The current search methods significantly improve the
      search effectiveness of curators for three important curation axes. Further
      experiments are being performed to extend the curation types, in particular
      protein-protein interactions, which require specific relationship extraction
      capabilities. In parallel, user-friendly interfaces powered with a set of JSON
      web services are currently being implemented into the neXtProt annotation
      pipeline.Available on: http://babar.unige.ch:8082/neXtA5Database URL:
      http://babar.unige.ch:8082/neXtA5/fetcher.jsp.

PMID- 27374121
TI  - HPIDB 2.0: a curated database for host-pathogen interactions.
AB  - Identification and analysis of host-pathogen interactions (HPI) is essential to
      study infectious diseases. However, HPI data are sparse in existing molecular
      interaction databases, especially for agricultural host-pathogen systems.
      Therefore, resources that annotate, predict and display the HPI that underpin
      infectious diseases are critical for developing novel intervention strategies.
      HPIDB 2.0 (http://www.agbase.msstate.edu/hpi/main.html) is a resource for HPI
      data, and contains 45, 238 manually curated entries in the current release. Since
      the first description of the database in 2010, multiple enhancements to HPIDB
      data and interface services were made that are described here. Notably, HPIDB 2.0
      now provides targeted biocuration of molecular interaction data. As a member of
      the International Molecular Exchange consortium, annotations provided by HPIDB
      2.0 curators meet community standards to provide detailed contextual experimental
      information and facilitate data sharing. Moreover, HPIDB 2.0 provides access to
      rapidly available community annotations that capture minimum molecular
      interaction information to address immediate researcher needs for HPI network
      analysis. In addition to curation, HPIDB 2.0 integrates HPI from existing
      external sources and contains tools to infer additional HPI where annotated data
      are scarce. Compared to other interaction databases, our data collection approach
      ensures HPIDB 2.0 users access the most comprehensive HPI data from a wide range
      of pathogens and their hosts (594 pathogen and 70 host species, as of February
      2016). Improvements also include enhanced search capacity, addition of Gene
      Ontology functional information, and implementation of network visualization. The
      changes made to HPIDB 2.0 content and interface ensure that users, especially
      agricultural researchers, are able to easily access and analyse high quality,
      comprehensive HPI data. All HPIDB 2.0 data are updated regularly, are publically
      available for direct download, and are disseminated to other molecular
      interaction resources.Database URL: http://www.agbase.msstate.edu/hpi/main.html.

PMID- 27374123
TI  - Sphingomonaszeicaulis sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from maize root.
AB  - A novel Gram-staining-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped strain designated 541T was
      isolated from surface-sterilized root tissue of maize, collected from the
      Fangshan District of Beijing, People's Republic of China, and was subjected to a
      taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. According to a phylogenetic tree
      based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain 541T represented a member of the genus
      Sphingomonas and clustered with Sphingomonas sanxanigenens DSM 19645T, with which
      it shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.8 %). The predominant
      respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10), the major polyamine was sym
      homospermidine and the major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1omega7c (50.9 %),
      C16 : 0 (22.0 %) and C14 : 0 2-OH (11.4 %). The major polar lipids were
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 64.7 mol%. DNA
      DNA relatedness between strain 541T and its closest phylogenetic relative
      Sphingomonas sanxanigenens DSM 19645T was 50.8 %. The results of physiological
      and biochemical tests and the differences in the fatty acid profiles allowed a
      clear phenotypic differentiation of strain 541T from closely related species of
      the genus Sphingomonas. Strain 541T represents a novel species within the genus
      Sphingomonas, for which the nameSphingomonas zeicaulis sp. nov. is proposed, with
      the type strain 541T (=CGMCC 1.15008T=DSM 100587T).

PMID- 27374122
TI  - Coreference resolution improves extraction of Biological Expression Language
      statements from texts.
AB  - We describe a system that automatically extracts biological events from
      biomedical journal articles, and translates those events into Biological
      Expression Language (BEL) statements. The system incorporates existing text
      mining components for coreference resolution, biological event extraction and a
      previously formally untested strategy for BEL statement generation. Although
      addressing the BEL track (Track 4) at BioCreative V (2015), we also investigate
      how incorporating coreference resolution might impact event extraction in the
      biomedical domain. In this paper, we report that our system achieved the best
      performance of 20.2 and 35.2 in F-score for the full BEL statement level on both
      stage 1, and stage 2 using provided gold standard entities, respectively. We also
      report that our results evaluated on the training dataset show benefit from
      integrating coreference resolution with event extraction.

PMID- 27374124
TI  - New perspectives for multi-level regulations of neuronal acetylcholinesterase by
      dioxins.
AB  - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) is a vital functional enzyme in
      cholinergic neurotransmission which can rapidly hydrolyze neurotransmitter,
      acetylcholine, in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Emerging evidence
      showed that in addition to classical environmental AChE inhibitors, e.g.
      organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, dioxins are a new type of xenobiotic
      causing impairment of AChE. Dioxin can transcriptionally or post
      transcriptionally suppress AChE expression in human neuroblastoma cells or mouse
      immune cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway, respectively.
      Dioxins can affect gene expression through other mechanisms, such as cross-talk
      with other signaling cascades and epigenetic modulations. Therefore, in this
      review, by summarizing the known mechanisms of AChE regulation and dioxin-induced
      gene alteration, potential signaling cascades and epigenetic mechanisms are
      proposed for dioxin-mediated AChE regulation. Mitogen activated protein (MAP)
      kinase, 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium-related
      singaling pathways, as well as potential epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA
      methylation, and post-transcriptional regulation via microRNAs, including hsa-miR
      132, hsa-miR-212 and hsa-miR-25-3p are discussed here. These proposed mechanisms
      may be invaluable not only to promote comprehensive understanding of the action
      mechanisms for dioxin, but to illustrate the molecular basis of dioxin-induced
      health impacts.

PMID- 27374120
TI  - The harmonizome: a collection of processed datasets gathered to serve and mine
      knowledge about genes and proteins.
AB  - Genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics efforts
      rapidly generate a plethora of data on the activity and levels of biomolecules
      within mammalian cells. At the same time, curation projects that organize
      knowledge from the biomedical literature into online databases are expanding.
      Hence, there is a wealth of information about genes, proteins and their
      associations, with an urgent need for data integration to achieve better
      knowledge extraction and data reuse. For this purpose, we developed the
      Harmonizome: a collection of processed datasets gathered to serve and mine
      knowledge about genes and proteins from over 70 major online resources. We
      extracted, abstracted and organized data into ~72 million functional associations
      between genes/proteins and their attributes. Such attributes could be physical
      relationships with other biomolecules, expression in cell lines and tissues,
      genetic associations with knockout mouse or human phenotypes, or changes in
      expression after drug treatment. We stored these associations in a relational
      database along with rich metadata for the genes/proteins, their attributes and
      the original resources. The freely available Harmonizome web portal provides a
      graphical user interface, a web service and a mobile app for querying, browsing
      and downloading all of the collected data. To demonstrate the utility of the
      Harmonizome, we computed and visualized gene-gene and attribute-attribute
      similarity networks, and through unsupervised clustering, identified many
      unexpected relationships by combining pairs of datasets such as the association
      between kinase perturbations and disease signatures. We also applied supervised
      machine learning methods to predict novel substrates for kinases, endogenous
      ligands for G-protein coupled receptors, mouse phenotypes for knockout genes, and
      classified unannotated transmembrane proteins for likelihood of being ion
      channels. The Harmonizome is a comprehensive resource of knowledge about genes
      and proteins, and as such, it enables researchers to discover novel relationships
      between biological entities, as well as form novel data-driven hypotheses for
      experimental validation.Database URL: http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/Harmonizome.

PMID- 27374127
TI  - Machine learning for medical images analysis.
AB  - This article discusses the application of machine learning for the analysis of
      medical images. Specifically: (i) We show how a special type of learning models
      can be thought of as automatically optimized, hierarchically-structured, rule
      based algorithms, and (ii) We discuss how the issue of collecting large labelled
      datasets applies to both conventional algorithms as well as machine learning
      techniques. The size of the training database is a function of model complexity
      rather than a characteristic of machine learning methods.

PMID- 27374126
TI  - Critical analysis of molluscicide application in schistosomiasis control programs
      in Brazil.
AB  - In Brazil, Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila, and B. straminea are naturally
      infected by the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of
      schistosomiasis. Despite decades of governmental efforts through official control
      programs, schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem in the
      country: thousands of people are infected with the trematode each year and
      millions live in endemic areas. The World Health Organization recommends using a
      combination of molluscicide (niclosamide) and mass chemotherapy to control the
      transmission of schistosomiasis, with this treatment successfully reducing the
      morbidity of the disease. In the past, niclosamide has been used in official
      schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil. However, as B. glabrata recolonizes
      even after molluscicide application, the use of molluscicides has gradually
      decreased in the country until they were discontinued in 2002, mainly due to the
      rising global pressure to preserve the environment and the difficulties of
      obtaining licenses from the Brazilian Ministry of Environment to use toxic
      substances in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the discovery of new molluscicides,
      which could be more selective to Biomphalaria species and less harmful to the
      aquatic ecosystem, is necessary. In addition, political efforts to sensitize
      funders to provide grants for this field of research are required. In this
      context, this article aims to make a critical analysis of molluscicide
      application in schistosomiasis control programs in Brazil. 

PMID- 27374128
TI  - Imaging biomarkers in multiple Sclerosis: From image analysis to population
      imaging.
AB  - The production of imaging data in medicine increases more rapidly than the
      capacity of computing models to extract information from it. The grand challenges
      of better understanding the brain, offering better care for neurological
      disorders, and stimulating new drug design will not be achieved without
      significant advances in computational neuroscience. The road to success is to
      develop a new, generic, computational methodology and to confront and validate
      this methodology on relevant diseases with adapted computational infrastructures.
      This new concept sustains the need to build new research paradigms to better
      understand the natural history of the pathology at the early phase; to better
      aggregate data that will provide the most complete representation of the
      pathology in order to better correlate imaging with other relevant features such
      as clinical, biological or genetic data. In this context, one of the major
      challenges of neuroimaging in clinical neurosciences is to detect quantitative
      signs of pathological evolution as early as possible to prevent disease
      progression, evaluate therapeutic protocols or even better understand and model
      the natural history of a given neurological pathology. Many diseases encompass
      brain alterations often not visible on conventional MRI sequences, especially in
      normal appearing brain tissues (NABT). MRI has often a low specificity for
      differentiating between possible pathological changes which could help in
      discriminating between the different pathological stages or grades. The objective
      of medical image analysis procedures is to define new quantitative neuroimaging
      biomarkers to track the evolution of the pathology at different levels. This
      paper illustrates this issue in one acute neuro-inflammatory pathology: Multiple
      Sclerosis (MS). It exhibits the current medical image analysis approaches and
      explains how this field of research will evolve in the next decade to integrate
      larger scale of information at the temporal, cellular, structural and
      morphological levels.

PMID- 27374129
TI  - Role of Yb(3+) ions on enhanced ~2.9 MUm emission from Ho(3+) ions in low phonon
      oxide glass system.
AB  - The foremost limitation of an oxide based crystal or glass host to demonstrate
      mid- infrared emissions is its high phonon energy. It is very difficult to obtain
      radiative mid-infrared emissions from these hosts which normally relax non
      radiatively between closely spaced energy levels of dopant rare earth ions. In
      this study, an intense mid-infrared emission around 2.9 MUm has been perceived
      from Ho(3+) ions in Yb(3+)/Ho(3+) co-doped oxide based tellurite glass system.
      This emission intensity has increased many folds upon Yb(3+): 985 nm excitation
      compared to direct Ho(3+) excitations due to efficient excited state resonant
      energy transfer through Yb(3+): (2)F5/2 -> Ho(3+): (5)I5 levels. The effective
      bandwidth (FWHM) and cross-section (sigmaem) of measured emission at 2.9 MUm are
      assessed to be 180 nm and 9.1 * 10(-21) cm(2) respectively which are comparable
      to other crystal/glass hosts and even better than ZBLAN fluoride glass host.
      Hence, this Ho(3+)/Yb(3+) co-doped oxide glass system has immense potential for
      the development of solid state mid-infrared laser sources operating at 2.9 MUm
      region.

PMID- 27374130
TI  - Development of a method for the direct fermentation of semolina by selected
      sourdough lactic acid bacteria.
AB  - Three obligately heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains
      (Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis PON100336, Leuconostoc citreum PON10079 and
      Weissella cibaria PON10030) were used in this study as a multi-species starter
      culture for sourdough production. The starter inoculum was prepared and
      propagated in sterile semolina extract (SSE) broth. Acidification kinetics,
      microbiological counts detected on specific media for sourdough LAB, polymorphic
      profile comparison and species-specific PCRs evidenced a stability of the liquid
      inoculum over time determining its suitability for direct addition to semolina.
      In order to validate this innovative method for the production of durum wheat
      (Triticum durum Desf) sourdoughs, 15 semolinas (from ten old and five modern
      genotypes cultivated in Sicily, southern Italy) were used to prepare the SSEs and
      to produce sourdoughs and finally breads. Chemical and microbiological analyses
      of the sourdoughs and the evaluation of the quality parameters (weight loss,
      height, crumb and crust colour, image analysis and volatile organic compound
      generation) of the resulting breads indicated that the direct addition of the
      liquid inocula propagated in SSE is a valuable method to stabilise the production
      of sourdoughs. The differences registered during the technological
      characterisation of the breads were underlined by the sensory tests and the
      multivariate analysis and are mainly imputable to the type of semolina.

PMID- 27374132
TI  - The psychoanalyst's normal and pathological superegos.
AB  - The first section of the paper explores a number of differing views regarding the
      concept of the superego, essentially in terms of its formation and its functions.
      Two broad theories of superego development, both of which were introduced by
      Freud, are described. The first takes the superego to be principally oedipal in
      origin; the second traces the superego to an earlier period. The controversy
      about the usefulness of the concept of the death instinct is also implicated in
      the different views. It is then suggested that it is worthwhile to distinguish
      between a normal superego and a pathological superego and that these two distinct
      models of the superego are implicit in the work of both Freud and Klein.
      Strachey's (1934) views on the nature of the mutative effect of psychoanalytic
      treatment are briefly reviewed in the light of this distinction. It is suggested
      that Strachey was hesitant in clarifying the full implications of his views,
      particularly regarding the reasons for the difficulty the psychoanalyst will
      experience in making a transference interpretation. It is argued that the
      difficulty will relate to the psychoanalyst's anxiety about having sufficiently
      worked through the countertransference, particularly in relation to superego
      functioning. Two brief clinical vignettes are considered in support of this view.
      The last section of the paper offers some comments on the emotional development
      of the psychoanalyst and the ways that maturing as a psychoanalyst will involve a
      certain mellowing of the analyst's stance and a greater tolerance of the
      patient's prerogative to bring the full range of his or her personality into the
      treatment.

PMID- 27374131
TI  - Frequency and trends of contact allergy to and iatrogenic contact dermatitis
      caused by topical drugs over a 25-year period.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis is the most common adverse reaction
      caused by topical drugs. OBJECTIVES: To study the demographic characteristics and
      lesion locations of patients with iatrogenic dermatitis, and to analyse contact
      allergy to active principles and trends in frequencies over the years. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 2014, 14 911 patients were patch tested with the
      European baseline series. Patients with a presumed iatrogenic cause were often
      tested with a pharmaceutical series, and, if indicated, with photo-patch tests.
      Most were also tested with the topical products to which they had been exposed,
      along with their ingredients. RESULTS: Eight thousand three hundred and seventy
      four (56%) patients tested positively, and 2600 (17.4%, 95%CI: 16.8-18.0%) of all
      patients suffered from iatrogenic contact dermatitis. The most important primary
      sites of dermatitis were the legs, face, and hands. The most common sensitizers
      included topical antibiotics, antiseptics, and corticosteroids. The most frequent
      baseline allergens in this subgroup were budesonide, neomycin, and benzocaine,
      although with a decreasing trend over the years. Many other allergens from
      different pharmacological classes were identified. CONCLUSIONS: With a prevalence
      of 17.4% of consecutive patients, iatrogenic contact dermatitis is a frequent
      diagnosis in patients attending a general patch test clinic, involving one-third
      of the patients with at least one positive reaction.

PMID- 27374133
TI  - A Remote Role for Renalase.

PMID- 27374134
TI  - One-Step Modification of Electrode Surface for Ultrasensitive and Highly
      Selective Detection of Nucleic Acids with Practical Applications.
AB  - Electrochemistry-based nucleic acid sensors have long been plagued by the limited
      accessibility of target molecules to the capture probes immobilized on
      heterogeneous surfaces, which largely hinders their practical application. In
      this work, we find that dual-thiolated hairpin DNA immobilized on an electrode
      surface as the capture probe cannot only efficiently bind with target molecule as
      well as the signal probe but also process impressive protein-repelling ability,
      which allows us to directly detect as few as attomolar targets (~300 copies in
      100 MUL sample) with single-base discrimination ability. Meanwhile, the
      preparation of functional electrode surface becomes simple (one step), fast (30
      min), and homogeneous (just one probe modified surface without small molecules
      coassembled). These advantages are attributed to the unique probe design, where
      the stem of the capture probe can act as rigid scaffold to keep it upright, and
      the loop of the capture probe may provide an enclosed platform for target and
      signal probe binding. More importantly, through tuning the distance between
      enzyme and the electrode surface (from 8.5 to 13.6 nm), we find that the
      performance of the sensor can be favorably controlled. Furthermore, taking
      advantage of this new binding model, different complex samples including
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product, mRNA, and micro RNA can be conveniently
      analyzed, which may hold great potential for real application.

PMID- 27374135
TI  - Hair Cortisol and Its Association With Psychological Risk Factors for Psychiatric
      Disorders: A Pilot Study in Adolescent Twins.
AB  - Measuring cortisol in hair is a promising method to assess long-term alterations
      of the biological stress response system, and hair cortisol concentrations (HCC)
      may be altered in psychiatric disorders and in subjects suffering from chronic
      stress. However, the pattern of associations between HCC, chronic stress and
      mental health require clarification. Our exploratory study: (1) assessed the
      association between HCC and perceived stress, symptoms of depression and
      neuroticism, and the trait extraversion (as a control variable); and (2) made use
      of the twin design to estimate the genetic and environmental covariance between
      the variables of interest. Hair samples from 109 (74 female) subjects (age range
      12-21 years, mean 15.1) including 8 monozygotic (MZ) and 21 dizygotic (DZ) twin
      pairs were analyzed. Perceived stress was measured with the Perceived Stress
      Scale and/or the Daily Life and Stressors Scale, neuroticism, and extraversion
      with the NEO-Five Factor Inventory or the Junior Eysenck Personality
      Questionnaire, and depressive symptoms with the Somatic and Psychological Health
      Report. We found a modest positive association between HCC and the three risk
      factors - perceived stress, symptoms of depression, and neuroticism (r = 0.22
      0.33) - but no correlation with extraversion (-0.06). A median split revealed
      that the associations between HCC and risk factors were stronger (0.47-0.60) in
      those subjects with HCC >11.36 pg/mg. Furthermore, our results suggest that the
      genetic effects underlying HCC are largely shared with those that influence
      perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and neuroticism. These results of our
      proof of principle study warrant replication in a bigger sample but raise the
      interesting question of the direction of causation between these variables.

PMID- 27374136
TI  - The Effect of False-Positive Results on Subsequent Participation in Chest X-ray
      Screening for Lung Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High attendance rates and regular participation in disease screening
      programs are important contributors to program effectiveness. The objective of
      this study was to examine the effects of an initial false-positive result in
      chest X-ray screening for lung cancer on subsequent screening participation.
      METHODS: This historical cohort study analyzed individuals who first participated
      in a lung cancer screening program conducted by Yokohama City between April 2007
      and March 2011, and these participants were retrospectively tracked until March
      2013. Subsequent screening participation was compared between participants with
      false-positive results and those with negative results in evaluation periods
      between 365 (for the primary outcome) and 730 days. The association of screening
      results with subsequent participation was evaluated using a generalized linear
      regression model, with adjustment for characteristics of patients and screening.
      RESULTS: The proportions of subsequent screening participation within 365 days
      were 12.9% in 3132 participants with false-positive results and 6.7% in 15 737
      participants with negative results. Although the differences in attendance rates
      were reduced with longer cutoffs, participants with false-positive results were
      consistently more likely to attend subsequent screening than patients with
      negative results (P < 0.01). The predictors of subsequent screening participation
      were false-positive results (risk ratio [RR] 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI],
      1.54-1.92), older age (RR 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11-1.23), male sex (RR 1.46; 95% CI,
      1.29-1.64), being a current smoker (RR 0.80; 95% CI, 0.69-0.93), current
      employment (RR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70-0.90), and being screened at a hospital cancer
      center (vs public health centers; RR 1.36; 95% CI, 1.15-1.60). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings indicated that subsequent participation in lung cancer screening was
      more likely among participants with false-positive results in an initial
      screening than patients with negative results.

PMID- 27374137
TI  - Iodine Excretion in 24-hour Urine Collection and Its Dietary Determinants in
      Healthy Japanese Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since seaweed is a common component of the Japanese diet, iodine
      intake in Japanese is expected to be high. However, urinary iodine excretion,
      measured using 24-hour urine samples, and its dietary determinants are not known.
      METHODS: Apparently healthy adults aged 20 to 69 years living in 20 areas
      throughout Japan were recruited in February and March, 2013. Urinary iodine
      excretion was evaluated using 24-hour urine collected from 713 subjects (362 men
      and 351 women), and the difference among age groups was assessed. The association
      between dietary intake of food groups and urinary iodine excretion was assessed
      among 358 subjects who completed a semi-weighed 4-day diet record (DR) and urine
      collection. The correlations between iodine intake and iodine excretion were also
      evaluated, and correlation coefficients were calculated for iodine intake in the
      DR of the overlapping day or the DR 1 day before and after urine collection.
      RESULTS: Median iodine excretion in 24-hour urine was 365 ug, and excretion was
      significantly higher in older subjects. Iodine intake estimated by the DRs was
      significantly correlated with urinary iodine excretion when DRs and urine
      collection were obtained on the same day (r = 0.37). After adjustment for
      confounding factors, iodine excretion was significantly associated with intakes
      of kelp and soup stock from kelp and fish. CONCLUSIONS: Although multiple
      measurements for urinary iodine are required to confirm our results, this study
      showed the current iodine status of healthy Japanese adults. The results suggest
      that kelp and fish are the main contributors to Japanese iodine status measured
      by 24-hour urine.

PMID- 27374139
TI  - Commentary The Importance of Cost Estimation for Molecular Epidemiology Studies.

PMID- 27374140
TI  - Reducing Research Waste Through Good Reporting Practices.

PMID- 27374138
TI  - The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project: Design and Mission.
AB  - The Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) and resulting tsunami of March 11, 2011
      gave rise to devastating damage on the Pacific coast of the Tohoku region. The
      Tohoku Medical Megabank Project (TMM), which is being conducted by Tohoku
      University Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (ToMMo) and Iwate Medical
      University Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (IMM), has been launched to
      realize creative reconstruction and to solve medical problems in the aftermath of
      this disaster. We started two prospective cohort studies in Miyagi and Iwate
      Prefectures: a population-based adult cohort study, the TMM Community-Based
      Cohort Study (TMM CommCohort Study), which will recruit 80 000 participants, and
      a birth and three-generation cohort study, the TMM Birth and Three-Generation
      Cohort Study (TMM BirThree Cohort Study), which will recruit 70 000 participants,
      including fetuses and their parents, siblings, grandparents, and extended family
      members. The TMM CommCohort Study will recruit participants from 2013 to 2016 and
      follow them for at least 5 years. The TMM BirThree Cohort Study will recruit
      participants from 2013 to 2017 and follow them for at least 4 years. For
      children, the ToMMo Child Health Study, which adopted a cross-sectional design,
      was also started in November 2012 in Miyagi Prefecture. An integrated biobank
      will be constructed based on the two prospective cohort studies, and ToMMo and
      IMM will investigate the chronic medical impacts of the GEJE. The integrated
      biobank of TMM consists of health and clinical information, biospecimens, and
      genome and omics data. The biobank aims to establish a firm basis for
      personalized healthcare and medicine, mainly for diseases aggravated by the GEJE
      in the two prefectures. Biospecimens and related information in the biobank will
      be distributed to the research community. TMM itself will also undertake genomic
      and omics research. The aims of the genomic studies are: 1) to construct an
      integrated biobank; 2) to return genomic research results to the participants of
      the cohort studies, which will lead to the implementation of personalized
      healthcare and medicine in the affected areas in the near future; and 3) to
      contribute the development of personalized healthcare and medicine worldwide.
      Through the activities of TMM, we will clarify how to approach prolonged
      healthcare problems in areas damaged by large-scale disasters and how useful
      genomic information is for disease prevention. 

PMID- 27374141
TI  - Transmembrane protein 88 (TMEM88) promoter hypomethylation is associated with
      platinum resistance in ovarian cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Epigenetic alterations have been implicated in the development of
      platinum resistance in ovarian cancer (OC). In this study, we aimed to identify
      DNA methylation changes in platinum resistant tumors and their functional
      implications. METHODS: To identify DNA methylation alterations we used the
      Illumina 450k DNA methylation array and profiled platinum sensitive and resistant
      OC xenografts. Validation analyses employed RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry
      (IHC). RESULTS: Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of OC xenografts identified
      6 genes (SSH3, SLC12A4, TMEM88, PCDHGC3, DAXX, MEST) whose promoters were
      significantly hypomethylated in resistant compared to sensitive (control)
      xenografts (p<0.001). We confirmed that TMEM88 and DAXX mRNA expression levels
      were increased in platinum resistant compared to control xenografts, inversely
      correlated with promoter methylation levels. Furthermore treatment of OC cells
      with SGI-110 (guadecitabine), a DNA methyl transferase (DNMT) inhibitor,
      increased TMEM88 mRNA expression levels, supporting that TMEM88 is
      transcriptionally regulated by promoter methylation. TMEM88 was detectable by IHC
      in all histological types of ovarian tumors and its knock-down by using siRNA
      promoted OC cell proliferation and colony formation and re-sensitized cells to
      platinum. Furthermore, TMEM88 knock down induced upregulation of cyclin D1 and c
      Myc, known Wnt target genes, supporting that TMEM88 inhibits Wnt signaling.
      CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results support that OC platinum resistance was
      correlated with TMEM88 overexpression regulated through decreased promoter
      methylation. Our data suggest that TMEM88 functions as an inhibitor of Wnt
      signaling, contributing to the development of platinum resistance.

PMID- 27374142
TI  - External validation of the IOTA ADNEX model performed by two independent
      gynecologic centers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The external, two-center validation of the IOTA ADNEX model for
      differential diagnosis of adnexal tumors. METHODS: A total of 204 patients with
      adnexal masses (134 benign and 70 malignant) treated at the Division of
      Gynecologic Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland (Center I),
      and 123 patients (89 benign and 34 malignant) from the Department of Obstetrics
      and Gynecology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of
      Medicine, Pamplona, Spain (Center II), were enrolled into the study. RESULTS:
      ADNEX achieved high accuracy in discriminating between malignant and benign
      ovarian tumors in both centers (79.9% and 81.3% in Centers I and II,
      respectively). Multiclass accuracy was substantially lower than in binary
      classification (malignant vs. benign): 64.2% and 74.0% in Centers I and II,
      respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of specific tumor
      types in Center I were as follows: benign tumors - 72.4% and 94.3%; borderline
      tumors - 33.3% and 87.0%, stage I ovarian cancers - 00.0% and 91.8%; stage II-IV
      ovarian cancers - 68.2% and 83.1%; and metastatic tumors - 00.0% and 99.5%.
      Sensitivity and specificity in Center II were as follows: benign tumors - 75.3%
      and 97.1%; borderline tumors - 50.0% and 88.2%, stage I ovarian cancers - 40.0%
      and 97.5%; stage II-IV ovarian cancers - 95.0% and 88.3%; and metastatic tumors -
      20.0% and 98.3%. CONCLUSIONS: ADNEX is characterized by very high accuracy in
      differentiating between malignant and benign adnexal tumors. However, prediction
      of ovarian tumor types could be more accurate.

PMID- 27374143
TI  - Last-Step Enzymatic [(18) F]-Fluorination of Cysteine-Tethered RGD Peptides Using
      Modified Barbas Linkers.
AB  - We report a last-step fluorinase-catalyzed [(18) F]-fluorination of a cysteine
      containing RGD peptide. The peptide was attached through sulfur to a modified and
      more hydrophilic variant of the recently disclosed Barbas linker which was itself
      linked to a chloroadenosine moiety via a PEGylated chain. The fluorinase was able
      to use this construct as a substrate for a transhalogenation reaction to generate
      [(18) F]-radiolabeled RGD peptides, which retained high affinity to cancer-cell
      relevant alphav beta3 integrins. 

PMID- 27374144
TI  - Nursing knowledge: hints from the placebo effect.
AB  - Nursing knowledge stems from a dynamic interplay between population-based
      scientific knowledge (the general) and specific clinical cases (the particular).
      We compared the 'cascade model of knowledge translation', also known as
      'classical biomedical model' in clinical practice (in which knowledge gained at
      population level may be applied directly to a specific clinical context), with an
      emergentist model of knowledge translation. The structure and dynamics of nursing
      knowledge are outlined, adopting the distinction between epistemic and non
      epistemic values. Then, a (moderately) emergentist approach to nursing knowledge
      is proposed, based on the assumption of a two-way flow from the general to the
      particular and vice versa. The case of the 'placebo effect' is analysed as an
      example of emergentist knowledge. The placebo effect is usually considered
      difficult to be explained within the classical biomedical model, and we
      underscore its importance in shaping nursing knowledge. In fact, nurses are
      primarily responsible for administering placebo in the clinical setting and have
      an essential role in promoting the placebo effect and reducing the nocebo effect.
      The beliefs responsible for the placebo effect are as follows: (1) interactive,
      because they depend on the relationship between patients and health care
      professionals; (2) situated, because they occur in a given clinical context
      related to certain rituals; and (3) grounded on higher order beliefs concerning
      what an individual thinks about the beliefs of others. It is essential to know
      the clinical context and to understand other people's beliefs to make sense of
      the placebo effect. The placebo effect only works when the (higher order) beliefs
      of doctors, nurses and patients interact in a given setting. Finally, we argue
      for a close relationship between placebo effect and nursing knowledge.

PMID- 27374145
TI  - A cost-effective high-throughput metabarcoding approach powerful enough to
      genotype ~44 000 year-old rodent remains from Northern Africa.
AB  - We present a cost-effective metabarcoding approach, aMPlex Torrent, which relies
      on an improved multiplex PCR adapted to highly degraded DNA, combining barcoding
      and next-generation sequencing to simultaneously analyse many heterogeneous
      samples. We demonstrate the strength of these improvements by generating a
      phylochronology through the genotyping of ancient rodent remains from a Moroccan
      cave whose stratigraphy covers the last 120 000 years. Rodents are important for
      epidemiology, agronomy and ecological investigations and can act as bioindicators
      for human- and/or climate-induced environmental changes. Efficient and reliable
      genotyping of ancient rodent remains has the potential to deliver valuable
      phylogenetic and paleoecological information. The analysis of multiple ancient
      skeletal remains of very small size with poor DNA preservation, however, requires
      a sensitive high-throughput method to generate sufficient data. We show this
      approach to be particularly adapted at accessing this otherwise difficult
      taxonomic and genetic resource. As a highly scalable, lower cost and less labour
      intensive alternative to targeted sequence capture approaches, we propose the
      aMPlex Torrent strategy to be a useful tool for the genetic analysis of multiple
      degraded samples in studies involving ecology, archaeology, conservation and
      evolutionary biology.

PMID- 27374146
TI  - Ultrasonographic imaging of the temporomandibular joint in healthy cattle and
      pathological findings in one clinical case.
AB  - AIMS: To describe the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the temporomandibular
      joint (TMJ) in cattle, and to describe the ultrasonographic pathology of the TMJ
      as assessed in one cow with TMJ disease. METHODS: The TMJ of 12 healthy Holstein
      Friesian cows were examined using a portable ultrasonographic unit with a 7.5 MHz
      linear probe and a 6.0 MHz convex probe. Each TMJ was scanned in a rostrolateral,
      lateral and caudolateral plane. In addition, the TMJ of one 2-year-old cow with
      clinical signs of food retention in the mouth, head tilt, swelling and pain in
      the right TMJ region and an infected horn fracture was examined
      ultrasonographically. RESULTS: The bone surfaces of the temporal process, the
      zygomatic process and the temporal bone, the larger muscles of the TMJ region,
      the superficial temporal vein, and the parotid salivary gland could be imaged in
      all normal healthy cattle. Using the linear probe, the joint capsule was visible
      in 17/24 (71%) cases in the caudolateral plane, but the articular disc could not
      be visualised. With the convex probe, the joint capsule could be imaged in all
      cases in the caudolateral plane, and the articular disc in 13/24 (54%) cases in
      the caudolateral plane. It was never possible to see the synovial pouch in
      healthy cattle using either probe. By contrast, in the cow diagnosed with septic
      arthritis of the right TMJ, a marked anechoic and heterogeneous hypoechoic
      effusion of the TMJ with distension of the joint capsule was visualised.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results of this descriptive study serve to provide a reference
      for ultrasonography of pathological conditions of the TMJ region in cattle.
      CLINICAL RELEVANCE: As many veterinarians are equipped with ultrasound machines
      with 5-8 MHz linear rectal probes, the authors recommend using these probes for
      further investigation of clinical cases with swelling of the TMJ region and/or
      masticatory problems of unclear origin to exclude or diagnose TMJ disorders.

PMID- 27374147
TI  - The fragmented self: imbalance between intrinsic and extrinsic self-networks in
      psychotic disorders.
AB  - Self-disturbances are among the core features of schizophrenia and related
      psychotic disorders. The basic structure of the self could depend on the balance
      between intrinsic and extrinsic self-processing. We discuss studies on self
      related processing in psychotic disorders that provide converging evidence for
      disrupted communication between neural networks subserving the so-called
      intrinsic self and extrinsic self. This disruption might be mainly caused by
      impaired integrity of key brain hubs. The intrinsic self has been associated with
      cortical midline structures involved in self-referential processing,
      autobiographical memory, and emotional evaluation. Additionally, we highlight
      central aspects of the extrinsic self in its interaction with the environment
      using sensorimotor networks, including self-experience in sensation and actions.
      A deficient relationship between these self-aspects because of disrupted between
      network interactions offers a framework to explain core clinical features of
      psychotic disorders. In particular, we show how relative isolation and reduced
      modularity of networks subserving intrinsic and extrinsic self-processing might
      trigger the emergence of hallucinations and delusions, and why patients with
      psychosis typically have difficulties with self-other relationships and do not
      recognise mental problems. 

PMID- 27374148
TI  - Molecular characterization of the IgE-binding epitopes in the fast omega-gliadins
      of Triticeae in relation to wheat-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis.
AB  - Fast omega-gliadins were minor components of wheat storage proteins but a major
      antigen triggering allergy to wheat. Sixty-six novel full-length fast omega
      gliadin genes with unique characteristics were cloned and sequenced from wheat
      and its relative species using a PCR-based strategy. Their coding regions ranged
      from 177bp to 987bp in length and encoded 4.28kDa to 37.56kDa proteins. On the
      base of first three deduced amino acids at the N-terminal, these genes could be
      classified into the six subclasses of SRL-, TRQ-, GRL-, NRL-, SRP- and SRM-type
      omega-gliadin genes. Compared by multiple alignments, these genes were
      significantly different from each other, due to the insertion or deletion at the
      repetitive domain. An analysis of the IgE-binding epitopes of the 66 deduced fast
      omega-gliadins demonstrated that they contained 0-24 IgE-binding epitopes. The
      phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the fast omega-gliadins and slow omega
      gliadins were separated into two groups and their divergence time was
      21.64millionyears ago. Sequence data of the fast omega-gliadin genes assist in
      the study of the origins and evolutions of the different types of omega-gliadins
      while also providing a basis for the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies to detect
      wheat antigen content. 

PMID- 27374149
TI  - Regulatory divergence of homeologous Atlantic salmon elovl5 genes following the
      salmonid-specific whole-genome duplication.
AB  - Fatty acyl elongase 5 (elovl5) is a critical enzyme in the vertebrate
      biosynthetic pathway which produces the physiologically essential long-chain
      polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), docosahexenoic acid (DHA), and
      eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) from 18 carbon fatty acids precursors. In contrast to
      most other vertebrates, Atlantic salmon possess two copies of elovl5 (elovl5a and
      elovl5b) as a result of a whole-genome duplication (WGD) which occurred at the
      base of the salmonid lineage. WGDs have had a major influence on vertebrate
      evolution, providing extra genetic material, enabling neofunctionalization to
      accelerate adaptation and speciation. However, little is known about the
      mechanisms by which such duplicated homeologous genes diverge. Here we show that
      homeologous Atlantic salmon elovl5a and elovl5b genes have been asymmetrically
      colonised by transposon-like elements. Identical locations and identities of
      insertions are also present in the rainbow trout duplicate elovl5 genes, but not
      in the nearest extant representative preduplicated teleost, the northern pike.
      Both elovl5 salmon duplicates possessed conserved regulatory elements that
      promoted Srebp1- and Srebp2-dependent transcription, and differences in the
      magnitude of Srebp response between promoters could be attributed to a tandem
      duplication of SRE and NF-Y cofactor binding sites in elovl5b. Furthermore, an
      insertion in the promoter region of elovl5a confers responsiveness to Lxr/Rxr
      transcriptional activation. Our results indicate that most, but not all,
      transposon mobilisation into elovl5 genes occurred after the split from the
      common ancestor of pike and salmon, but before more recent salmonid speciations,
      and that divergence of elovl5 regulatory regions have enabled neofuntionalization
      by promoting differential expression of these homeologous genes. 

PMID- 27374150
TI  - Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles of hip articular cartilage
      between non-traumatic necrosis and osteoarthritis.
AB  - Hip cartilage destruction is consistently observed in the non-traumatic
      osteonecrosis of femoral head (NOFH) and accelerates its bone necrosis. The
      molecular mechanism underlying the cartilage damage of NOFH remains elusive. In
      this study, we conducted a systematically comparative study of gene expression
      profiles between NOFH and osteoarthritis (OA). Hip articular cartilage specimens
      were collected from 12 NOFH patients and 12 controls with traumatic femoral neck
      fracture for microarray (n=4) and quantitative real-time PCR validation
      experiments (n=8). Gene expression profiling of articular cartilage was performed
      using Agilent Human 4*44K Microarray chip. The accuracy of microarray experiment
      was further validated by qRT-PCR. Gene expression results of OA hip cartilage
      were derived from previously published study. Significance Analysis of
      Microarrays (SAM) software was applied for identifying differently expressed
      genes. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis were conducted by Gene
      Set Enrichment Analysis software and DAVID tool, respectively. Totally, 27
      differently expressed genes were identified for NOFH. Comparing the gene
      expression profiles of NOFH cartilage and OA cartilage detected 8 common
      differently expressed genes, including COL5A1, OGN, ANGPTL4, CRIP1, NFIL3,
      METRNL, ID2 and STEAP1. GO comparative analysis identified 10 common significant
      GO terms, mainly implicated in apoptosis and development process. Pathway
      comparative analysis observed that ECM-receptor interaction pathway and focal
      adhesion pathway were enriched in the differently expressed genes of both NOFH
      and hip OA. In conclusion, we identified a set of differently expressed genes, GO
      and pathways for NOFH articular destruction, some of which were also involved in
      the hip OA. Our study results may help to reveal the pathogenetic similarities
      and differences of cartilage damage of NOFH and hip OA. 

PMID- 27374151
TI  - Complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pNA6 reveals the high plasticity of IncU
      family plasmids.
AB  - Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem in health care and is of widespread
      public concern. Conjugative plasmids are the most important vectors in the
      dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, we determined the
      complete sequence of plasmid pNA6, a plasmid which was isolated from the
      sediments of Haihe River. This plasmid confers reduced susceptibility to
      ampicillin, erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole. The complete sequence of plasmid
      pNA6 was 52,210bp in length with an average G+C content of 52.70%. Plasmid pNA6
      belongs to the IncU group by sequence queries against the GenBank database. This
      plasmid has a typical IncU backbone and shows the highest similarities with
      plasmid RA3 and plasmid pFBAOT6. Plasmid pNA6 carries a class 1 integron
      consisting of aacA4, ereA and dfrA1 genes. Moreover, plasmid pNA6 also harbors a
      blaTEM-1-containing complex structure which inserted into the replication region
      and maintenance region. This insertion site has never been found on other IncU
      plasmids. The sequencing of plasmid pNA6 will add new sequence information to
      IncU family plasmids and enhance our understanding of the plasticity of IncU
      family plasmids. 

PMID- 27374152
TI  - Diversity of cytosolic HSP70 Heat Shock Protein from decapods and their
      phylogenetic placement within Arthropoda.
AB  - The 70kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70) are considered the most conserved members
      of the HSP family. These proteins are primordial to the cell, because of their
      implications in many cellular pathways (e. g., development, immunity) and also
      because they minimize the effects of multiple stresses (e. g., temperature,
      pollutants, salinity, radiations). In the cytosol, two ubiquitous HSP70s with
      either a constitutive (HSC70) or an inducible (HSP70) expression pattern are
      found in all metazoan species, encoded by 5 or 6 genes (Drosophila melanogaster
      or yeast and human respectively). The cytosolic HSP70 protein family is
      considered a major actor in environmental adaptation, and widely used in ecology
      as an important biomarker of environmental stress. Nevertheless, the diversity of
      cytosolic HSP70 remains unclear amongst the Athropoda phylum, especially within
      decapods. Using 122 new and 311 available sequences, we carried out analyses of
      the overall cytosolic HSP70 diversity in arthropods (with a focus on decapods)
      and inferred molecular phylogenies. Overall structural and phylogenetic analyses
      showed a surprisingly high diversity in cytosolic HSP70 and revealed the
      existence of several unrecognised groups. All crustacean HSP70 sequences present
      signature motifs and molecular weights characteristic of non-organellar HSP70,
      with multiple specific substitutions in the protein sequence. The cytosolic HSP70
      family in arthropods appears to be constituted of at least three distinct groups
      (annotated as A, B and C), which comprise several subdivisions, including both
      constitutive and inducible forms. Group A is constituted by several classes of
      Arthropods, while group B and C seem to be specific to Malacostraca and
      Hexapoda/Chelicerata, respectively. The HSP70 organization appeared much more
      complex than previously suggested, and far beyond a simple differentiation
      according to their expression pattern (HSC70 versus HSP70). This study proposes a
      new classification of cytosolic HSP70 and an evolutionary model of the distinct
      forms amongst the Arthropoda phylum. The observed differences between HSP70
      groups will probably have to be linked to distinct interactions with co
      chaperones or other co-factors. 

PMID- 27374153
TI  - Circulating miR-221-3p as a novel marker for early prediction of acute myocardial
      infarction.
AB  - Recent studies have reported circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel biomarkers
      for cardiovascular diseases including acute myocardial infarction, heart failure,
      diabetes mellitus, stroke, and acute pulmonary embolism. The aims of this study
      were 1) to compare the plasma expression levels of miRNAs in patients with acute
      coronary syndrome (ACS) and control subjects and in ST-elevation myocardial
      infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI 2) to evaluate miRNAs potential to be used as
      novel diagnostic biomarkers for ACS. Twenty seven consecutive patients, admitted
      to emergency department of a training and research hospital between January
      December 2013 with acute chest pain and/or dyspnea and diagnosed with ACS, and 16
      non-ACS control subjects were included in this study. miRNA profiling was
      performed by using real time polymerase chain reaction. Functions of dysregulated
      miRNAs were evaluated by computerized-pathways analysis. miR-221-3p was one of
      the two most dysregulated miRNAs with a fold regulation of 3.89. It was
      significantly positively correlated with both Troponin and GRACE and Synthax
      Score. Moreover, miR221-3p was found to be significantly inversely correlated
      with left ventricular ejection fraction. miR-221-3p was the most prominent
      biomarker candidate with an area under curve (AUC) level of 0.881 (95% confidence
      interval: 0.774-0.987; p=0.002). The present study is the first to report an
      increased expression levels of miR-221-3p in AMI. Since miR-221-3p has a high
      discriminative value and significant relations with Troponin, GRACE and Synthax
      score and left ventricular systolic function, it may be a potential biomarker for
      early prediction of AMI. 

PMID- 27374154
TI  - Functional, structural and epitopic prediction of hypothetical proteins of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv: An in silico approach for prioritizing the
      targets.
AB  - The global control of tuberculosis (TB) remains a great challenge from the
      standpoint of diagnosis, detection of drug resistance, and treatment. Major
      serodiagnostic limitations include low sensitivity and high cost in detecting TB.
      On the other hand, treatment measures are often hindered by low efficacies of
      commonly used drugs and resistance developed by the bacteria. Hence, there is a
      need to look into newer diagnostic and therapeutic targets. The proteome
      information available suggests that among the 3906 proteins in Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis H37Rv, about quarter remain classified as hypothetical
      uncharacterized set. This study involves a combination of a number of
      bioinformatics tools to analyze those hypothetical proteins (HPs). An entire set
      of 999 proteins was primarily screened for protein sequences having conserved
      domains with high confidence using a combination of the latest versions of
      protein family databases. Subsequently, 98 of such potential target proteins were
      extensively analyzed by means of physicochemical characteristics, protein-protein
      interaction, sub-cellular localization, structural similarity and functional
      classification. Next, we predicted antigenic proteins from the entire set and
      identified B and T cell epitopes of these proteins in M. tuberculosis H37Rv. We
      predicted the function of these HPs belong to various classes of proteins such as
      enzymes, transporters, receptors, structural proteins, transcription regulators
      and other proteins. However, the structural similarity prediction of the
      annotated proteins substantiated the functional classification of those proteins.
      Consequently, based on higher antigenicity score and sub-cellular localization,
      we choose two (NP_216420.1, NP_216903.1) of the antigenic proteins to exemplify B
      and T cell epitope prediction approach. Finally we found 15 epitopes those
      located partially or fully in the linear epitope region. We found 21
      conformational epitopes by using Ellipro server as well. In silico methodology
      used in this study and the data thus generated for HPs of M. tuberculosis H37Rv
      may facilitate swift experimental identification of potential serodiagnostic and
      therapeutic targets for treatment and control. 

PMID- 27374155
TI  - Identification of novel odorant binding protein genes and functional
      characterization of OBP8 in Chilo suppressalis (Walker).
AB  - At the peripheral level of the insect olfaction, odorant binding proteins (OBPs)
      are thought to bind and transport exogenous hydrophobic volatiles to the odorant
      receptors (ORs) located on the dendrite membrane of the olfactory neurons. In
      this study, cDNA sequences of 29 OBP genes from Chilo suppressalis, a notorious
      rice pest, were identified, with 15 of them being newly reported. The tissue and
      temporal expression patterns of these CsupOBPs were determined by RT-PCR,
      revealing that CsupOBP8, 10 and 24 were specifically expressed in the heads at
      larval stage and in antennae of both sexes at adult stage. In addition, CsupOBP
      6, 9 and 18 were expressed in much higher levels in heads than abdomen at the
      larval stage, while CsupPBP4 and CsupOBP1, 3, 8, 11 and 24 were specifically
      expressed in antennae of both sexes at the adult stage. Such expression profile
      strongly suggests olfactory roles of these genes. Furthermore, the function of
      CsupOBP8 was chosen to be investigated by the competitive fluorescence binding
      assay. Results showed that CsupOBP8 displayed high binding affinities (Ki=4.9
      15.0MUM) with plant volatile beta-ionone, nerolidol, farnesol and 2-hexanone,
      suggesting that CsupOBP8 plays olfactory roles through binding and transporting
      the plant volatiles. The study provides an important base for understanding the
      olfactory mechanisms in C. suppressalis. 

PMID- 27374156
TI  - [Binge eating disorder: Links with personality and emotionality].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our two objectives were: (1) to investigate the relationship between
      binge eating disorder, dimensions of personality (according to the Big Five model
      of Costa and McCrae) and those of emotionality in the "tripartite" model of
      emotions of Watson and Clark; (2) to evaluate the correspondence between the
      Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI-2) scores.
      METHOD: Four self-administered questionnaires were completed on a shared doc
      website: the EDI-2, the BES, the BFI-Fr (Big Five Inventory-French version) and
      the EPN-31 (Positive and Negative Emotionality Scale). The analyses were
      conducted in a sample of 101 participants (36 men and 65 women), aged 20-59 years
      (mean age=35.28+/-9.76) from the general population. RESULTS: We found that 11%
      of the participants had moderate to severe binge eating disorder. Among them,
      nearly 4% were overweight and 4% were obese. The correlations analyses indicated
      that binge eating disorder was associated with two dimensions of personality, the
      neuroticism (P=0.001) and the consciousness (P=0.010), and with the emotions of
      joy (P=0.008), tenderness (P=0.036), fear (P=0.011), shame (P<0.001) and sadness
      (P=0.009). From a comparative perspective, participants with binge eating
      disorder get higher scores on EDI-2 subscales: search for thinness (P=0.001),
      bulimia (P<0.001), dissatisfaction with the body (P<0.001) and interceptive
      awareness (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that binge eating disorder
      is associated with negative affectivity both as a personality dimension and as an
      emotional feeling. The patterns of associations, observed with the EDI scale,
      seem to confirm the good convergent validity of the Binge Eating Scale. Thus,
      like other eating disorders, emotional functioning should be a prime target for
      prevention and treatment.

PMID- 27374158
TI  - Aberrant self-grooming as early marker of motor dysfunction in a rat model of
      Huntington's disease.
AB  - In the study of neurodegenerative diseases, rodent models provide experimentally
      accessible systems to study multiple pathogenetic aspects. The identification of
      early and robust behavioural changes is crucial to monitoring disease progression
      and testing potential therapeutic strategies in animals. Consistent experimental
      data support the translational value of rodent self-grooming as index of
      disturbed motor functions and perseverative behaviour patterns in different
      rodent models of brain disorders. Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive
      neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by severe degeneration of basal
      ganglia, cognitive and psychiatric impairments and motor abnormalities. In the
      rat species, intrastriatal injection of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (QA)
      mimics some of the neuroanatomical and behavioural changes found in HD, including
      the loss of GABAergic neurons and the appearance of motor and cognitive deficits.
      We show here that striatal damage induced by unilateral QA injection in dorsal
      striatum of rats triggers aberrant grooming behaviour as early as three weeks
      post-lesion in absence of other motor impairments: specifically, both
      quantitative (frequency and duration) and qualitative (the sequential pattern of
      movements) features of self-grooming behaviour were significantly altered in QA
      lesioned rats placed in either the elevated plus-maze and the open-field. The
      consistent abnormalities in self-grooming recorded in two different experimental
      contexts support the use of this behavioural marker in rodent models of striatal
      damage such as HD, to assess the potential effects of drug and cell replacement
      therapy in the early stage of disease.

PMID- 27374157
TI  - [Hazardous drinking in Parisian medical students].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Binge drinking is widespread in medical students but is poorly
      studied in France. The aim was to evaluate the number of binge drinking episodes
      and to better characterize them among a sample of French medical students.
      METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study at Paris VII's Faculty of
      Medicine. Through a brief self-questionnaire we focused on the prevalence rate of
      binge drinking in the past two weeks and examined the associations between
      hazardous drinking and the number of drinks consumed, demographic data (gender,
      age, familial status and student fraternity membership), clinical aspects
      (context, intended effects and adverse consequences), tobacco or illegal
      substances use, and eventual relationship with alcohol or tobacco use disorders.
      RESULTS: Among 302 medical students, 74.8% of them experienced at least one binge
      drinking episode in the last two weeks. There was no significant difference in
      demographic data. However, the association between binge drinking and to living
      alone was borderline significant (P=0.051). Students experienced on mean 2.4 (SD,
      1.6) episodes in the last two weeks and their mean maximum number of drinks was
      equal to 10.3 (SD, 4.6). We observed a significant association between the number
      binge drinking episodes and the mean maximum consumption of alcohol drinks
      (P=0.004). The maximum quantity of alcohol drinks was significantly higher
      (P<0.001) in students who experienced two binge-drinking episodes (mean=11.23,
      SD=4.56), compared to those who experienced only one episode (mean=9.04,
      SD=3.96). Binge drinkers were more likely to consume alcohol at a party than at a
      friendly drink (P=0.029) and more frequently sought drunkenness (P<0.001) and to
      escape from daily concerns (P=0.004). They experienced more negative events like
      black-outs (P<0.001), aggressive behaviors (P=0.002), drunk driving (P=0.025),
      unsafe sexual relationships (P=0.010) and need of emergency responders (P=0.047).
      Binge drinkers were more likely to simultaneously consume tobacco (P<0.001) or
      illegal substances (P<0.001), and presented more alcohol use disorder (P<0.001)
      and tobacco-dependence (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: This first French study in 302
      medical students has highlighted the extent of binge drinking in this specific
      population. The threshold of two binge-drinking episodes in two weeks may be
      useful to identify a distinctive pattern of consumption and set up adequate
      prevention actions. Finally binge drinking seemed to be close to an addictive
      process. Our findings support the need to develop targeted prevention programs in
      French medical students, which could be designed around several interventions in
      campuses and student parties. Cohort studies could be necessary to provide an
      epidemiological follow-up of the French medical student population, particularly
      about the risk of alcohol use disorder.

PMID- 27374159
TI  - Dopamine D1 receptor activity is involved in the increased anxiety levels
      observed in STZ-induced diabetes in rats.
AB  - Epidemiological surveys have indicated that anxiety disorders are more frequent
      in diabetic patients than in the general population. Similar results have been
      shown in animal studies using the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes model.
      The mechanisms underlying this relationship are not clearly understood, but it
      has been suggested that alterations in the dopaminergic neurotransmission, which
      plays an important role in the amygdaloid modulation of fear and anxiety, may be
      involved. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not the amygdaloid DA
      D1 receptors are involved in the increase of anxiety-like behavior observed in
      "diabetic" animals. Adult Wistar male rats were injected with STZ (50mg/kg, i.p.)
      in two consecutive days and subjected to the Shock-Probe Burying Test 10days
      after the beginning of treatment. STZ-treated rats showed a significant increase
      in immobility/freezing behavior whereas no effects were elicited in latency to
      bury, burying behavior itself and the number of shocks received during testing as
      compared with non-diabetic controls. These results suggest the triggering of a
      passive coping response in the STZ-treated rats. Interestingly,
      immobility/freezing behavior was reversed following the intra-amygdaloid dopamine
      D1 receptor blockade by the local microinfusion of SCH23390 (100ng/side).
      Autoradiographic experiments showed a selective increase of [(3)H]-SCH23390
      binding in the ventral intercalated paracapsular islands of STZ-treated rats when
      compared to the non-treated control group. Our results suggest that a
      hyperdopaminergic state involving DA D1 receptors within the amygdala may have a
      role in the increase of anxiety observed in diabetic rats.

PMID- 27374160
TI  - D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus are
      involved in the acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned
      place preference.
AB  - The hippocampus plays a vital role in processing contextual memories and reward
      related learning tasks, such as conditioned place preference (CPP). Among the
      neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, dopamine is deeply involved in reward
      related processes. This study assessed the role of D1- and D2-like dopamine
      receptors within the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the acquisition and
      reinstatement of morphine-CPP. To investigate the role of D1 and D2 receptors in
      morphine acquisition, the animals received different doses of D1- and/or D2-like
      dopamine receptor antagonists (SCH23390 and sulpiride, respectively) into the
      CA1, 5min before the administration of morphine (5mg/kg, subcutaneously) during a
      3-days conditioning phase. To evaluate the involvement of these receptors in
      morphine reinstatement, the animals received different doses of SCH23390 or
      sulpiride (after extinction period) 5min before the administration of a low dose
      of morphine (1mg/kg) in order to reinstate the extinguished morphine-CPP.
      Conditioning scores were recorded by Ethovision software. The results of this
      study showed that the administration of SCH23390 or sulpiride, significantly
      decreased the acquisition of morphine-CPP. Besides, the injection of these
      antagonists before the administration of a priming dose of morphine, following
      the extinction period, decreased the reinstatement of morphine-CPP in sacrificed
      rats. However, the effect of sulpiride on the acquisition and reinstatement of
      morphine-CPP was more significant than that of SCH23390. These findings suggested
      that D1- and D2-like dopamine receptors in the CA1 are involved in the
      acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-CPP, and antagonism of these receptors
      can reduce the rewarding properties of morphine.

PMID- 27374161
TI  - Facilitating effects of deep brain stimulation on feedback learning in
      Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) provides an
      effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms. However,
      findings of effects on cognitive function such as feedback learning remain
      controversial and rare. The aim of the present study was to gain a better
      understanding of cognitive alterations associated with STN-DBS. Therefore, we
      investigated effects of STN-DBS on active and observational feedback learning in
      PD. 18 PD patients with STN-DBS and 18 matched healthy controls completed active
      and observational feedback learning tasks. Patients were investigated ON and OFF
      STN-DBS. Tasks consisted of learning (with feedback) and test phases (without
      feedback). STN-DBS improved active learning during feedback trials and PD
      patients ON (but not OFF) STN-DBS showed comparable performance patterns as
      healthy controls. No STN-DBS effect was found when assessing performance during
      active test trials without feedback. In this case, however, STN-DBS effects were
      found to depend on symptom severity. While more impaired patients benefited from
      STN-DBS, stimulation had no facilitating effect on patients with less severe
      symptoms. Along similar lines, the severity of motor symptoms tended to be
      significantly correlated with differences in active test performance due to STN
      DBS. For observational feedback learning, there was a tendency for a positive STN
      DBS effect with patients reaching the performance level of healthy controls only
      ON STN-DBS. The present data suggest that STN-DBS facilitates active feedback
      learning in PD patients. Furthermore, they provide first evidence that STN-DBS
      might not only affect learning from own but also from observed actions and
      outcomes.

PMID- 27374162
TI  - The antidepressant-like effect of alarin is related to TrkB-mTOR signaling and
      synaptic plasticity.
AB  - Alarin is a newly derived neuropeptide from a splice variant of the galanin-like
      peptide gene. We previously showed that alarin has an antidepressant-like effect
      by increasing the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and
      protein kinase B (AKT) pathways, mediated by the tropomyosin-related kinase B
      receptor in the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mouse model.
      Administration of rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor,
      prevents the rapid antidepressant-like effect induced by ketamine in animal
      models, indicating a vital role of mTOR in depression pathophysiology. mTOR is a
      target of the ERK and AKT pathways that regulates the initiation of protein
      translation via its downstream components: ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K)
      and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Therefore, we
      hypothesized that the antidepressant-like effects of alarin were achieved by
      activating ERK/AKT pathways, increasing the activity of mTOR and its downstream
      signaling components that contribute to protein synthesis required for synaptic
      plasticity. Our results suggest that intracerebroventricular administration of
      alarin significantly ameliorates depression-like behaviors in the UCMS mouse
      model. Furthermore, alarin restored UCMS-induced reductions of p70S6K and post
      synaptic density 95 (PSD-95) mRNA levels, and of phospho-mTOR and phospho-4EBP1
      in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb.
      Additionally, alarin reversed the UCMS-induced downregulation of PSD-95 and
      synapsin I protein expression in these brain regions. Thus, the antidepressant
      like effects of alarin may be mediated by restoring decreased activity of the
      mTOR signaling pathway and expression of synaptic proteins. Our findings help
      advance the understanding of depression pathophysiology.

PMID- 27374163
TI  - The Effects of Prenatal Care Utilization on Maternal Health and Health Behaviors.
AB  - While many economic studies have explored the role of prenatal care in infant
      health production, the literature is sporadic on the effects of prenatal care on
      the mother. This research contributes to this understudied but important area
      using a unique large dataset of sibling newborns delivered by 0.17 million
      mothers. We apply within-mother estimators to find robust evidence that poor
      prenatal care utilization due to late onset of care, low frequency of care
      visits, or combinations of the two significantly increases the risks of maternal
      insufficient gestational weight gain, prenatal smoking, premature rupture of
      membranes, precipitous labor, no breastfeeding, postnatal underweight, and
      postpartum smoking. The magnitude of the estimates relative to the respective
      sample means of the outcome variables ranges from 3% to 33%. The results
      highlight the importance of receiving timely and sufficient prenatal care in
      improving maternal health and health behaviors during pregnancy as well as after
      childbirth. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27374164
TI  - Long-Term Motor Deficits after Controlled Cortical Impact in Rats Can Be Detected
      by Fine Motor Skill Tests but Not by Automated Gait Analysis.
AB  - Animal models with constant, long-lasting motor deficits together with the right
      tests to assess behavioral abnormalities are needed to study the effectiveness of
      potential therapies to restore motor functions. In the current study, controlled
      cortical impact (CCI) was applied in rats to induce damage to the forelimb area
      of the motor cortex and the dorsal striatum. Motor behavior was assessed before
      and after CCI, using fine motor skill tests such as the adhesive removal test,
      the cylinder test, and the Montoya staircase test as well as the automated gait
      analysis system CatWalk XT over a 6 week period. CCI caused a variety of
      unilateral motor deficits, which were characterized in detail by using the
      selected fine motor skill tests. In striking contrast to previous studies on CCI
      in mice, neither forelimb impairments, nor general changes in gait, were detected
      with the CatWalk XT. These data suggest that the adhesive removal test, the
      cylinder test, and the Montoya staircase test are the methods of choice to detect
      long-term unilateral motor deficits in rats after CCI, whereas the use of
      automated gait analysis systems might not be suitable to measure these behavioral
      deviations.

PMID- 27374166
TI  - The Pauson-Khand reaction using alkynylboronic esters: solving a long-standing
      regioselectivity issue.
AB  - The first intermolecular Pauson-Khand reaction, conducted using internal
      alkynylboronic esters, allows the installation of the boronic ester moiety at the
      beta-position of the cyclopentenone with total regio- and stereoselectivity. 

PMID- 27374165
TI  - Early hippocampal volume loss as a marker of eventual memory deficits caused by
      repeated stress.
AB  - Exposure to severe and prolonged stress has detrimental effects on the
      hippocampus. However, relatively little is known about the gradual changes in
      hippocampal structure, and its behavioral consequences, over the course of
      repeated stress. Behavioral analyses during 10 days of chronic stress pointed to
      a delayed decline in spatial memory, the full impact of which is evident only
      after the end of stress. In contrast, concurrent volumetric measurements in the
      same animals revealed significant reduction in hippocampal volumes in stressed
      animals relative to their unstressed counterparts, as early as the third day of
      stress. Notably, animals that were behaviorally the worst affected at the end of
      chronic stress suffered the most pronounced early loss in hippocampal volume.
      Together, these findings support the view that not only is smaller hippocampal
      volume linked to stress-induced memory deficits, but it may also act as an early
      risk factor for the eventual development of cognitive impairments seen in stress
      related psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 27374168
TI  - A proportion of primary squamous cell carcinomas of the parotid gland harbour
      high-risk human papillomavirus.
AB  - AIMS: In the current study, we aimed to examine primary parotid squamous cell
      carcinoma (ParSCC) for the presence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)
      and associated molecular alterations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight cases of ParSCC
      were retrieved after a detailed clinicopathological review to exclude the
      possibility of metastasis and/or extension from another primary site. HR-HPV
      status was determined on the basis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for p16
      expression and chromogenic in-situ hybridization (CISH) for HR-HPV. All cases
      were genotyped with a multiplexed mass spectrometry assay interrogating 91
      hotspot mutations in eight cancer-related genes (EGFR, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA,
      AKT1, MEK1 and ERBB2), and studied by fluorescence in-situ hybridization for PTEN
      copy number alteration. Three of eight cases (37.5%) were positive for the
      presence of HR-HPV by CISH and p16 IHC. One of three (33%) HR-HPV-positive cases
      harboured a PTEN hemizygous deletion, and one (33%) HR-HPV-positive case
      harboured a PIK3CA E545K somatic mutation. No alteration of the PTEN-PI3K pathway
      was detected in HR-HPV-negative tumours. Over a median follow-up period of 66.2
      months, only the patient with the HR-HPV-positive PIK3CA-mutated tumour died of
      his disease, the remaining seven patients being disease-free. CONCLUSIONS: Given
      the established aetiological role of HR-HPV in other head and neck squamous cell
      carcinomas, it is likely that HR-HPV represents an oncogenic driver in the
      pathogenesis of more than one-third of ParSCCs. The presence of HR-HPV in ParSCC
      may be coupled with alterations in the PTEN-PI3K pathway. Further studies on HR
      HPV and the molecular characterization of a larger number of ParSCCs are needed
      to determine the clinical significance of these findings.

PMID- 27374169
TI  - The possible consequences for cognitive functions of external electric fields at
      power line frequency on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.
AB  - The possible effects on cognitive processes of external electric fields, such as
      those generated by power line pillars and household appliances are of increasing
      public concern. They are difficult to study experimentally, and the relatively
      scarce and contradictory evidence make it difficult to clearly assess these
      effects. In this study, we investigate how, why and to what extent external
      perturbations of the intrinsic neuronal activity, such as those that can be
      caused by generation, transmission and use of electrical energy can affect
      neuronal activity during cognitive processes. For this purpose, we used a
      morphologically and biophysically realistic three-dimensional model of CA1
      pyramidal neurons. The simulation findings suggest that an electric field
      oscillating at power lines frequency, and environmentally measured strength, can
      significantly alter both the average firing rate and temporal spike distribution
      properties of a hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron. This effect strongly depends on
      the specific and instantaneous relative spatial location of the neuron with
      respect to the field, and on the synaptic input properties. The model makes
      experimentally testable predictions on the possible functional consequences for
      normal hippocampal functions such as object recognition and spatial navigation.
      The results suggest that, although EF effects on cognitive processes may be
      difficult to occur in everyday life, their functional consequences deserve some
      consideration, especially when they constitute a systematic presence in living
      environments.

PMID- 27374170
TI  - Spontaneous regression of a primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg
      type.

PMID- 27374167
TI  - Nicotinic receptor activation contrasts pathophysiological bursting and
      neurodegeneration evoked by glutamate uptake block on rat hypoglossal
      motoneurons.
AB  - KEY POINTS: Impaired uptake of glutamate builds up the extracellular level of
      this excitatory transmitter to trigger rhythmic neuronal bursting and delayed
      cell death in the brainstem motor nucleus hypoglossus. This process is the
      expression of the excitotoxicity that underlies motoneuron degeneration in
      diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis affecting bulbar motoneurons. In a
      model of motoneuron excitotoxicity produced by pharmacological block of glutamate
      uptake in vitro, rhythmic bursting is suppressed by activation of neuronal
      nicotinic receptors with their conventional agonist nicotine. Emergence of
      bursting is facilitated by nicotinic receptor antagonists. Following
      excitotoxicity, nicotinic receptor activity decreases mitochondrial energy
      dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and production of toxic radicals.
      Globally, these phenomena synergize to provide motoneuron protection. Nicotinic
      receptors may represent a novel target to contrast pathological overactivity of
      brainstem motoneurons and therefore to prevent their metabolic distress and
      death. ABSTRACT: Excitotoxicity is thought to be one of the early processes in
      the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) because high levels of glutamate
      have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of such patients due to
      dysfunctional uptake of this transmitter that gradually damages brainstem and
      spinal motoneurons. To explore potential mechanisms to arrest ALS onset, we used
      an established in vitro model of rat brainstem slice preparation in which
      excitotoxicity is induced by the glutamate uptake blocker dl-threo-beta
      benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA). Because certain brain neurons may be neuroprotected
      via activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) by nicotine, we
      investigated if nicotine could arrest excitotoxic damage to highly ALS-vulnerable
      hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs). On 50% of patch-clamped HMs, TBOA induced intense
      network bursts that were inhibited by 1-10 MUm nicotine, whereas nAChR
      antagonists facilitated burst emergence in non-burster cells. Furthermore,
      nicotine inhibited excitatory transmission and enhanced synaptic inhibition.
      Strong neuroprotection by nicotine prevented the HM loss observed after 4 h of
      TBOA exposure. This neuroprotective action was due to suppression of downstream
      effectors of neurotoxicity such as increased intracellular levels of reactive
      oxygen species, impaired energy metabolism and upregulated genes involved in
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, HMs surviving TBOA toxicity often
      expressed UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase, a key element in repair
      of misfolded proteins: this phenomenon was absent after nicotine application,
      indicative of ER stress prevention. Our results suggest nAChRs to be potential
      targets for inhibiting excitotoxic damage of motoneurons at an early stage of the
      neurodegenerative process.

PMID- 27374171
TI  - Clustered ventilation defects and bilinear respiratory reactance in asthma.
AB  - Imaging studies of asthmatics typically reveal clustered ventilation patterns,
      rather than homogeneous ventilation; furthermore, the variation of these clusters
      suggests that the causes are at least partially dynamic, rather than structural.
      Theoretical studies have indicated dynamic mechanisms by which homogeneous
      ventilation solutions lose stability and clustered solutions emerge. At the same
      time, it has been demonstrated experimentally that respiratory reactance
      characteristically has a bilinear relationship with lung volume, and that changes
      to this relationship are indicative of various aspects of disease progression and
      control. Moreover, the transition point in the bilinear reactance relationship is
      thought to relate to reopening/recruitment of airway units, and thus may be
      connected to the bifurcation via which clustered ventilation solutions emerge. In
      order to investigate this possibility we develop a new model, including both
      airway-airway coupling and airway-parenchymal coupling, which exhibits both
      clustered ventilation defects and also a bilinear reactance relationship.
      Studying this model reveals that (1) the reactance breakpoint is not coincident
      with the bifurcation; (2) numerous changes to underlying behaviour can alter the
      reactance breakpoint in ways which mimic the experimental data; and (3) the
      location of ventilation defects can be a combination of both structural and
      dynamic factors.

PMID- 27374172
TI  - Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Health Policy Assessment: A Tutorial.
AB  - Health policy instruments such as the public financing of health technologies
      (e.g., new drugs, vaccines) entail consequences in multiple domains.
      Fundamentally, public health policies aim at increasing the uptake of effective
      and efficient interventions and at subsequently leading to better health benefits
      (e.g., premature mortality and morbidity averted). In addition, public health
      policies can provide non-health benefits in addition to the sole well-being of
      populations and beyond the health sector. For instance, public policies such as
      social and health insurance programs can prevent illness-related impoverishment
      and procure financial risk protection. Furthermore, public policies can improve
      the distribution of health in the population and promote the equalization of
      health among individuals. Extended cost-effectiveness analysis was developed to
      address health policy assessment, specifically to evaluate the health and
      financial consequences of public policies in four domains: (1) the health gains;
      (2) the financial risk protection benefits; (3) the total costs to the policy
      makers; and (4) the distributional benefits. Here, we present a tutorial that
      describes both the intent of extended cost-effectiveness analysis and its keys to
      allow easy implementation for health policy assessment.

PMID- 27374173
TI  - miR-200b is a key regulator of tumor progression and metabolism targeting lactate
      dehydrogenase A in human malignant glioma.
AB  - Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is involved in various cancers. In this study, we
      investigated the expression and function of LDHA in glioma. We found that LDHA
      was up-regulated in glioma samples. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of
      LDHA promoted proliferation, invasion and glycolysis in glioma cells. Luciferase
      reporter assays confirmed that LDHA was a direct target of miR-200b. miR-200b was
      found to be down-regulated in glioma samples, which was inversely correlated with
      LDHA expression. Repression of LDHA by miR-200b suppressed the glycolysis, cell
      proliferation and invasion of glioma cells. These results provide evidence that
      miR-200b acts as a tumor suppressor in glioma through the inhibition of LDHA both
      in vitro and in vivo. Targeting LDHA through miR-200b could be a potential
      therapeutic strategy in glioma.

PMID- 27374174
TI  - MiRNA-200a expression is inverse correlation with hepatocyte growth factor
      expression in stromal fibroblasts and its high expression predicts a good
      prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in favoring tumor
      progression. However, little is known concerning expression of miRNA-200a and its
      potential target gene hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in CAFs. In the present
      study, we investigated expression levels and prognostic significance of miRNA
      200a and HGF in stromal fibroblasts of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and
      evaluated the correlation between miRNA-200a and HGF. In situ hybridization and
      immunohistochemical staining were used to investigate expression levels of miRNA
      200a and HGF in 134 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from
      clinical stage I -IIIA NSCLC, respectively. The results showed a significant
      inverse correlation existed between miRNA-200a and HGF expression level in
      stromal fibroblasts (chi2 = 21.778, p = 0.000). In vitro, the upregulation of
      miRNA-200a reduced expression of HGF protein in human CAFs. The 3-year overall
      survival (OS) rates with low and high miRNA-200a expression in stromal
      fibroblasts were 39.0% and 53.4%, respectively (chi2=4.25, p=0.039). The 3-year
      OS rates with low and high HGF expression in stromal fibroblasts were 60.3% and
      31.8%, respectively (chi2=12.55, p=0.000). The multivariate analysis showed that
      clinical stage and HGF expression level in stromal fibroblasts were the
      independent predictive factors of OS. These results suggested that miRNA-200a
      expression was inverse correlation with HGF expression in stromal fibroblasts.
      High miRNA-200a and low HGF expression in stromal fibroblasts may predict a good
      prognosis in patients with NSCLC.

PMID- 27374175
TI  - Preoperative chemoradiotherapy creates an opportunity to perform sphincter
      preserving resection for low-lying locally advanced rectal cancer based on an
      oncologic outcome study.
AB  - Low-lying locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) after preoperative
      chemoradiotherapy (CRT) can be surgically removed by either abdominperineal
      resection (APR) or sphincter preserving resection (SPR). This retrospective
      cohort study of 251 consecutive patients with low lying LARC who underwent CRT
      followed by radical surgery in a single institute, between March 2003 and
      November 2012, aimed to compare the oncological benefits between the two groups.
      3-year disease free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), cumulative incidence
      of recurrence and postoperative complications were compared between the two
      approaches. With median follow-up of 48.6 months, SPR group had higher 3-year DFS
      rate (86.4% vs 73.6%, P=0.023) and lower incidence of distant recurrence (12.0%
      vs 23.7%, P=0.026). The postoperative complications, incidence of local
      recurrence and the 3-year OS were comparable between the two groups. Pathologic T
      and N stage were the independent predictors for 3-year DFS (P=0.020 and P<0.001).
      In conclusion, our study suggest that low-lying LARC patients with a significant
      response to preoperative CRT can benefit from the advantage of SPR in preserving
      the anal sphincter function without compromising their oncologic outcome.

PMID- 27374176
TI  - A classical PKA inhibitor increases the oncolytic effect of M1 virus via
      activation of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1.
AB  - Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging and promising treatment modality that uses
      replicating viruses as selective antitumor agents. Here, we report that a
      classical protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, synergizes with oncolytic virus
      M1 in various cancer cells through activation of Epac1 (exchange protein directly
      activated by cAMP 1). H89 substantially increases viral replication in refractory
      cancer cells, leading to unresolvable Endoplasmic Reticulum stress, and cell
      apoptosis. Microarray analysis indicates that H89 blunts antiviral response in
      refractory cancer cells through retarding the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB.
      Importantly, in vivo studies show significant antitumor effects during M1/H89
      combination treatment. Overall, this study reveals a previously unappreciated
      role for H89 and demonstrates that activation of the Epac1 activity can improve
      the responsiveness of biotherapeutic agents for cancer.

PMID- 27374177
TI  - ART3 regulates triple-negative breast cancer cell function via activation of Akt
      and ERK pathways.
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are defined by lack of expressions of
      estrogen, progesterone, and ERBB2 receptors. Because biology of TNBC is poorly
      understood, no targeted therapy has been developed for this breast cancer subtype
      and chemotherapy is its only systemic treatment modality. In this study, we
      firstly determined that the expression of human ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 3
      (ART3) is significantly associated with the basal-like breast cancer subgroup,
      which is largely overlapped with TNBC, through analyzing published data sets. We
      also found that ART3 protein is significantly overexpressed in human TNBC tumors
      tissue and cell lines through using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting.
      Overexpression of ART3 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells increased cell
      proliferation, invasion, and survival in vitro and growth of xenograft tumors.
      Conversely, knockdown of ART3 in breast cancer cells inhibited cell proliferation
      and invasion. In addition, we showed that ART 3 overexpression activated AKT and
      ERK in vitro and in xenograft tumors. Together, our findings demonstrate that
      ART3 is a critical TNBC marker with functional significance.

PMID- 27374178
TI  - AHNAK enables mammary carcinoma cells to produce extracellular vesicles that
      increase neighboring fibroblast cell motility.
AB  - Extracellular vesicles play important roles in tumor development. Many components
      of these structures, including microvesicles and exosomes, have been defined.
      However, mechanisms by which extracellular vesicles affect tumor progression are
      not fully understood. Here, we investigated vesicular communication between
      mammary carcinoma cells and neighboring nontransformed mammary fibroblasts.
      Nonbiased proteomic analysis found that over 1% of the entire proteome is
      represented in these vesicles, with the neuroblast differentiation associated
      protein AHNAK and annexin A2 being the most abundant. In particular, AHNAK was
      found to be the most prominent component of these vesicles based on peptide
      number, and appeared necessary for their formation. In addition, we report here
      that carcinoma cells produce vesicles that promote the migration of recipient
      fibroblasts. These data suggest that AHNAK enables mammary carcinoma cells to
      produce and release extracellular vesicles that cause disruption of the stroma by
      surrounding fibroblasts. This paradigm reveals fundamental mechanisms by which
      vesicular communication between carcinoma cells and stromal cells can promote
      cancer progression in the tumor microenvironment.

PMID- 27374179
TI  - Cumulative defects in DNA repair pathways drive the PARP inhibitor response in
      high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines.
AB  - PARP inhibitors (PARPi), such as Olaparib, have shown promising results in high
      grade serous (HGS) epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) treatment. PARPi sensitivity
      has been mainly associated with homologous recombination (HR) deficiency, but
      clinical trials have shown that predicting actual patient response is complex.
      Here, we investigated gene expression microarray, HR functionality and Olaparib
      sensitivity of 18 different HGS EOC cell lines and demonstrate that PARPi
      sensitivity is not only associated with HR defects. Gene target validation show
      that down regulation of genes in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and
      mismatch repair (MMR) pathways (ERCC8 and MLH1, respectively) increases PARPi
      response. The highest sensitivity was observed when genes in both the HR and
      either NER or MMR pathways were concomitantly down regulated. Using clinical
      samples, patients with these concurrent down regulations could be identified.
      Based on these results, a novel model to predict PARPi sensitivity is herein
      proposed. This model implies that the extreme responders identified in clinical
      trials have deficiencies in HR and either NER or MMR.

PMID- 27374181
TI  - Increased expression of MUC3A is associated with poor prognosis in localized
      clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - MUC3A is a membrane-associated mucin that recent evidence reveals the role of
      MUC3A in pathogenesis and progression of cancers. To evaluate the association
      between MUC3A expression with overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival
      (RFS) in patients with localized clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), we
      retrospectively detected MUC3A expression in samples of 384 postoperative
      localized ccRCC patients by immunohistochemistry. Median follow-up was 73 months
      (range: 42 - 74 mo). Overall, 41 patients died, 47 experienced recurrence. High
      MUC3A expression occurred in 45.8% of localized ccRCC cases, which was
      significantly associated with high pT-stage, high Fuhrman grade, high frequency
      of necrosis and LVI, and increased risk of recurrence and death (Logrank test P <
      0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). By multivariate analysis, MUC3A expression
      was confirmed as an adverse independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS. The
      prognostic accuracy of UISS, SSIGN, Leibovich models was significantly increased
      when MUC3A expression was integrated. Meanwhile, MUC3A was enrolled into a newly
      built nomogram with other factors selected by multivariate analysis. Calibration
      curves revealed optimal consistency between observations and prognosis. In
      conclusion, high MUC3A expression is an adverse prognostic biomarker for OS and
      RFS in postoperative localized ccRCC patients.

PMID- 27374180
TI  - EphrinA4 plays a critical role in alpha4 and alphaL mediated survival of human
      CLL cells during extravasation.
AB  - A role of endothelial cells in the survival of CLL cells during extravasation is
      presently unknown. Herein we show that CLL cells but not normal B cells can
      receive apoptotic signals through physical contact with TNF-alpha activated
      endothelium impairing survival in transendothelial migration (TEM) assays. In
      addition, the CLL cells of patients having lymphadenopathy (LApos) show a
      survival advantage during TEM that can be linked to increased expression of
      alpha4 and alphaL integrin chains. Within this context, ephrinA4 expressed on the
      surface of CLL cells sequestrates integrins and inactivates them resulting in
      reduced adhesion and inhibition of apoptotic/survival signals through them. In
      agreement, ephrinA4 silencing resulted in increased survival of CLL cells of
      LApos patients but not LA neg patients. Similarly was observed when a soluble
      ephrinA4 isoform was added to TEM assays strongly suggesting that accumulation of
      this isoform in the serum of LApos patients could contribute to CLL cells
      dissemination and survival in vivo. In supporting, CLL lymphadenopathies showed a
      preferential accumulation of apoptotic CLL cells around high endothelial venules
      lacking ephrinA4. Moreover, soluble ephrinA4 isolated from sera of patients
      increased the number and viability of CLL cells recovered from the lymph nodes of
      adoptively transferred mice. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that soluble
      ephrinA4 mediated survival during TEM could enhance a transcellular TEM route of
      the CLL cells. Together these findings point to an important role of ephrinA4 in
      the nodal dissemination of CLL cells governing extravasation and survival.

PMID- 27374182
TI  - Juvenile psoriasis: an epidemiological study of 69 cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease that affects people
      of every age; prevalence in pediatric population is unknown because of the lack
      of studies. METHODS: We collected data about patients 0-18 years old coming to
      our center in the period from November 2010 to September 2012. RESULTS: We found
      69 children (38 males, 31 females) affected by psoriasis, with a male-to-female
      ratio of 1.2 and a prevalence of 0.75%. Plaque psoriasis was the most common
      clinical manifestation (72.54%), followed by guttate psoriasis (13%). The most
      frequent comorbidities were overweight and obesity (26%). Most patients had a
      mild disease with PASI<10 (72.5%). the majority had no or limited effects on
      quality of life derived from psoriasis. The most frequent involved areas were the
      extremities (58%), followed by the scalp (45%). Eighty-four percent of children
      were treated with emollient agents, 50.7% with topical keratolytics, 24.6% with
      local steroids, vitamin D analogues or combination. CONCLUSIONS: The number of
      young patients affected by psoriasis confirmed rare literature reports on the
      topic. Most children showed mild form of disease. Nearly every child with mild
      psoriasis treated with topical therapy obtained good results.

PMID- 27374184
TI  - Neuroimaging in psychiatry: Current methods and future direction.

PMID- 27374183
TI  - Pancreatic cancer actionable genes in precision medicine and personalized
      surgery.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer with an overall 5-year
      survival rate less than 5% due to the poor early diagnosis and lack of effective
      therapeutic options. The most effective therapy remains surgery, however post
      operative survival could be enhanced with effective adjuvant therapy. The massive
      information gained from Omics techniques on PDAC at the beginning of the 21st
      century is a remarkable accomplishment. However, the information gained from the
      omics data, including next generation sequencing data, has yet to successfully
      affect care of patients suffering with PDAC. Therefore, we propose the
      development of an actionable genomic platform that matches a patient's PDAC
      clinically actionable genes with potential targeted adjuvant therapies. Using
      this platform, PDX1 has been identified as a potential actionable gene for PDAC,
      therefore, RNAi therapy, gene therapy and small inhibitory drugs, all targeting
      PDX1, serve as potential targeted adjuvant therapies. Preclinical studies support
      the hypothesis that identification of PDAC actionable genes could permit
      translation of a patient's genomic information into precision targeted adjuvant
      therapy for PDAC.

PMID- 27374185
TI  - Cutting Edge Neuroimaging Research.

PMID- 27374186
TI  - Ondansetron Exposure Changes in a Pregnant Woman.
AB  - Pregnancy results in many physiologic changes that can alter the pharmacokinetic
      profiles of medications used during pregnancy. One of the primary factors leading
      to these pharmacokinetic changes is altered activity of drug-metabolizing
      enzymes. Ondansetron is a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 (primary
      metabolic pathway), 2D6, and 1A2, all of which are altered during pregnancy. We
      evaluated the pharmacokinetics of ondansetron at three different gestational time
      points in a 26-year-old, pregnant, Caucasian woman with normal liver and kidney
      function, who was maintained on ondansetron 8 mg administered orally 3 times/day
      throughout her pregnancy. Serial plasma samples were collected from the subject
      over one 8-hour dosing interval at 14, 24, and 35 weeks' gestation (representing
      early-, mid-, and late-pregnancy time points, respectively). Ondansetron plasma
      concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry. Ondansetron area under the plasma concentration-time curve
      decreased progressively across gestation (634 ng hr/ml in early pregnancy, 553 ng
      hr/ml in mid-pregnancy, and 387 ng hr/ml in late pregnancy), with a corresponding
      increase in apparent oral clearance (12.6 L/hr in early-pregnancy, 14.5 L/hr in
      mid-pregnancy, and 20.7 L/hr in late-pregnancy). The decreased area under the
      plasma concentration-time curve and exposure to ondansetron across gestation is
      likely due to increased activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 during pregnancy. We were
      not able to study this patient during the postpartum period; however, as with
      other CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 substrates, the apparent activities of these isoenzymes
      are likely return to baseline. To our knowledge, this is the first report to
      describe ondansetron pharmacokinetics across gestation. Additional
      pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are needed to confirm our results and to
      evaluate clinical impact; however, in the meantime, clinicians should be aware of
      these pharmacokinetic changes in ondansetron exposure during pregnancy.

PMID- 27374187
TI  - Development of a multifunctional envelope-type nano device and its application to
      nanomedicine.
AB  - Successful nanomedicines should be based on sound drug delivery systems (DDS) the
      permit intracellular trafficking as well as the biodistribution of cargos to be
      controlled. We have been developing new types of DDS that are multifunctional
      envelope-type nano devices referred to as MENDs. First, we will focus the in vivo
      delivery of siRNA to hepatocytes using a YSK-MEND which is composed of pH
      responsive cationic lipids. The YSK-MEND is capable of inducing efficient
      silencing activity in hepatocytes and can be used to cure mice that are infected
      with hepatitis C or B. The YSK-MEND can also be applied to cancer immunotherapy
      through the activation of immune cells by delivering different compounds such as
      cyclic-di-GMP, siRNA or alpha-galactosylceramide as a lipid antigen. The findings
      indicate that, as predicted, these compounds, when encapsulated in the YSK-MEND,
      can be delivered to the site of action and induced immune activation through
      different mechanisms. Finally, a MITO-Porter, a membrane fusion-based delivery
      system to mitochondria, is introduced as an organelle targeting DDS and a new
      strategy for cancer therapy is proposed by delivering gentamicin to mitochondria
      of cancer cells. These new technologies are expected to extend the therapeutic
      area of Nanomedicine by increasing the power of DDS, especially from the view
      point of controlled intracellular trafficking.

PMID- 27374188
TI  - Soluble expression, purification and functional characterisation of
      carboxypeptidase G2 and its individual domains.
AB  - Due to its applications in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, the
      42 kDa zinc-dependent metalloenzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) is of great
      therapeutic interest. An X-ray crystal structure of unliganded CPG2 reported in
      1997 revealed the domain architecture and informed early rational drug design
      efforts, however further efforts at co-crystallization of CPG2 with ligands,
      substrates or inhibitors have not been reported. Thus key features of CPG2 such
      as the location of the active site, the presence of additional ligand-binding
      sites, stability, oligomeric state, and the molecular basis of activity remain
      largely unknown, with the current working understanding of CPG2 activity based
      primarily on computational modelling. To facilitate renewed efforts in CPG2
      structural biology, we report the first high-yield (250 mg L(-1)) recombinant
      expression (and purification) of soluble and active CPG2 using the Escherichia
      coli expression system. We used this protocol to produce full-length enzyme, as
      well as protein fragments corresponding to the individual catalytic and
      dimerization domains, and the activity and stability of each construct was
      characterised. We adapted our protocol to allow for uniform incorporation of NMR
      labels ((13)C, (15)N and (2)H) and present preliminary solution-state NMR spectra
      of high quality. Taken together, our results offer a route for production and
      solution-state characterization that supports renewed effort in CPG2 structural
      biology as well as design of significantly truncated CPG2 proteins, which retain
      activity while yielding (potentially) improved immunogenicity.

PMID- 27374189
TI  - EGCG, a green tea catechin, attenuates the progression of heart failure induced
      by the heart/muscle-specific deletion of MnSOD in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is an important antioxidant
      enzyme affected in heart/muscle-specific MnSOD-deficient mice (H/M-SOD2-/-),
      which develop progressive congestive heart failure and exhibit pathology typical
      of dilated cardiomyopathy. METHODS: In this study we investigated the beneficial
      effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the cardiac remodeling and telomere
      biology in H/M-SOD2-/- mice. H/M-SOD2-/- mice were divided into three groups:
      those receiving normal drinking water (KO), a low dose of EGCG (L: 10mg/L), and a
      high dose of EGCG (H: 100mg/L) beginning at eight weeks of age and lasting for
      eight weeks. RESULTS: The mice in the KO group exhibited significantly dilated
      cardiac remodeling with reduced contractility, which was prevented by the
      administration of EGCG. Although the mortality of KO mice was about 50% at 16
      weeks of age, the mice that received EGCG had a high survival rate. The cardiac
      dilatation with reduced cardiac contraction in KO mice was prevented by EGCG
      treatment. The levels of myocardial oxidative stress and free fatty acids were
      lower in the group treated with EGCG compared with the KO group. The increased
      expression of nitric oxide synthase 2, nitrotyrosine, fatty acid synthase, Toll
      like receptor 4, and Sirt1 in the KO mice were prevented by EGCG treatment. The
      shortening of the telomere length, decreased telomerase activity in KO mice were
      also prevented by EGCG. CONCLUSIONS: H/M-SOD2-/- mice receiving EGCG have a lower
      mortality rate and exhibit less inflammation and a better preserved cardiac
      function and telomere biology.

PMID- 27374190
TI  - Inhibition of Regulatory-Associated Protein of Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin
      Prevents Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury by Enhancing Autophagy and Reducing
      Apoptosis in Neonatal Mice.
AB  - Administration of supplemental oxygen remains a critical clinical intervention
      for survival of preterm infants with respiratory failure. However, prolonged
      exposure to hyperoxia can augment pulmonary damage, resulting in developmental
      lung diseases embodied as hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury and
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We sought to investigate the role of autophagy
      in hyperoxia-induced apoptotic cell death in developing lungs. We identified
      increased autophagy signaling in hyperoxia-exposed mouse lung epithelial-12
      cells, freshly isolated fetal type II alveolar epithelial cells, lungs of newborn
      wild-type mice, and human newborns with respiratory distress syndrome and
      evolving and established BPD. We found that hyperoxia exposure induces autophagy
      in a Trp53-dependent manner in mouse lung epithelial-12 cells and in neonatal
      mouse lungs. Using pharmacological inhibitors and gene silencing techniques, we
      found that the activation of autophagy, upon hyperoxia exposure, demonstrated a
      protective role with an antiapoptotic response. Specifically, inhibiting
      regulatory-associated protein of mechanistic target of rapamycin (RPTOR) in
      hyperoxia settings, as evidenced by wild-type mice treated with torin2 or mice
      administered (Rptor) silencing RNA via intranasal delivery or Rptor+/-, limited
      lung injury by increased autophagy, decreased apoptosis, improved lung
      architecture, and increased survival. Furthermore, we identified increased
      protein expression of phospho-beclin1, light chain-3-II and lysosomal-associated
      membrane protein 1, suggesting altered autophagic flux in the lungs of human
      neonates with established BPD. Collectively, our study unveils a novel
      demonstration of enhancing autophagy and antiapoptotic effects, specifically
      through the inhibition of RPTOR as a potentially useful therapeutic target for
      the treatment of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury and BPD in developing lungs.

PMID- 27374191
TI  - Interobserver variability in radiation therapy plan output: Results of a single
      institution study.
AB  - PURPOSE: We investigated the sources of variability in radiation therapy
      treatment plan output between planners within a single institution. METHODS AND
      MATERIALS: Forty treatment planners across 5 campuses of an institution created a
      plan on the same thoracic esophagus patient computed tomography scan and
      structure set. Plans were scored and ranked based on the planner's adherence to
      an ordered list of target dose coverage and normal tissue evaluation criteria. A
      runs test was used to identify whether any of the studied planner qualities
      influenced the ranking. Spearman rank correlation was used to investigate whether
      plan score correlated with years of experience or planned monitor units. RESULTS:
      The distribution of scores, ranging from 80.24 to 135.89, was negatively skewed
      (mean, 128.7; median, 131.5). No statistically significant relationship between
      plan score and campus (P = .193), job title (P = .174), previous outside
      experience (P = .611), or number of gantry angles (P = .156) was discovered. No
      statistical correlation between plan score and monitor unit or years of
      experience was found. CONCLUSIONS: Despite clear and established critical organ
      dose criteria and well-documented planning guidelines, planning variation still
      occurs, even among members of the same institution. Because plan consistency does
      not seem to significantly correlate with experience, career path, or campus,
      investigation into alternate methods beyond additional education and training to
      reduce this variation, such as knowledge-based planning or advanced optimization
      techniques, is necessary.

PMID- 27374192
TI  - Optimal bladder volume at treatment planning for prostate cancer patients
      receiving volumetric modulated arc therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate optimal bladder volumes at treatment planning (TP) in
      prostate cancer patients who undergo volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: To determine the minimum value, 122 patients were
      classified into 6 groups according to the bladder volume at TP: <100 mL (group
      1), 100-149 mL (group 2), 150-199 mL (group 3), 200-249 mL (group 4), 250-299 mL
      (group 5), and >=300 mL (group 6). Bladder volumes receiving more than 70 Gy
      (V70Gy) and V50Gy were calculated in each subgroup and compared with the bladder
      dose-volume constraints specified in our institution. To determine the maximum
      value, 64 patients who underwent uniform nursing interventions were classified
      into the same 6 groups. Bladder volumes on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)
      images were measured once weekly during treatment, for a total of 8 measurements.
      Relative bladder volumes (bladder volume on CBCT image [mL]/bladder volume at TP
      [mL] * 100%) were evaluated in each of the 6 subgroups. RESULTS: The upper bounds
      of the 95% confidence intervals of the mean V70Gy and V50Gy values in group 1
      exceeded the dose constraints at our institution. The mean relative bladder
      volumes were 104%, 91%, 77%, 81%, 63%, and 59% in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6,
      respectively. The institutional criterion of 70% for the mean relative bladder
      volume was achieved in groups 1-4, but it could not be achieved in groups 5-6.
      Therefore, the patients in groups 2-4 met both institutional dose constraints for
      the bladder at TP and the institutional criterion for the mean relative bladder
      volume during treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal bladder volumes at TP were
      between 100 and 250 mL in this setting. Nursing intervention needs to be
      implemented before treatment planning to ensure that patients achieve the optimal
      bladder volume range.

PMID- 27374193
TI  - Neutral Diboron Analogues of Archetypal Aromatic Species by Spontaneous
      Cycloaddition.
AB  - Among the numerous routes organic chemists have developed to synthesize benzene
      derivatives and heteroaromatic compounds, transition-metal-catalyzed
      cycloaddition reactions are the most elegant. In contrast, cycloaddition
      reactions of heavier alkene and alkyne analogues, though limited in scope,
      proceed uncatalyzed. In this work we present the first spontaneous cycloaddition
      reactions of lighter alkene and alkyne analogues. Selective addition of
      unactivated alkynes to boron-boron multiple bonds under ambient conditions
      yielded diborocarbon equivalents of simple aromatic hydrocarbons, including the
      first neutral 6 pi-aromatic diborabenzene compound, a 2 pi-aromatic triplet
      biradical 1,3-diborete, and a phosphine-stabilized 2 pi-homoaromatic 1,3-dihydro
      1,3-diborete. DFT calculations suggest that all three compounds are aromatic and
      show frontier molecular orbitals matching those of the related aromatic
      hydrocarbons, C6 H6 and C4 H4 (2+) , and homoaromatic C4 H5 (+) .

PMID- 27374194
TI  - Ethyl oleate-containing nanostructured lipid carriers improve oral
      bioavailability of trans-ferulic acid ascompared with conventional solid lipid
      nanoparticles.
AB  - trans-Ferulic acid (TFA) has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and
      cardioprotective effects, but its poor solubility in water results in
      unsatisfactory oral bioavailability when administered conventionally at a
      standard dosage. However, the limited bioavailability of TFA can be overcome by
      delivering it in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). In this study, a
      microemulsion (ME)-based method was used to prepare NLCs with ethyl oleate as the
      liquid lipid component and glyceryl behenate as the solid lipid component. These
      NLCs and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were then used as vehicles for TFA.
      Their entrapment efficiencies (EE), stability during storage, in vitro release
      profiles, and in vivo pharmacokinetics were compared. The NLC formulation
      afforded a drug entrapment efficiency that was significantly greater than that of
      the SLN formulation, which was made using a single solid lipid. Furthermore, the
      TFA that was dispersed in the disordered binary lipid matrix of the NLC
      formulation was more stable than that in the SLN formulation, and thus showed
      less expulsion from the vehicle during storage. In in vivo pharmacokinetic
      studies, the NLC TFA formulation yielded a greater Cmax and AUC than that
      produced by the SLN formulation and an aqueous TFA suspension. This showed that
      the oral bioavailability of TFA was markedly improved by packaging in NLCs. NLCs
      are thus a promising vehicle for oral TFA administration, with significant
      advantages over SLNs. 

PMID- 27374195
TI  - Biotin-targeted Pluronic((r)) P123/F127 mixed micelles delivering niclosamide: A
      repositioning strategy to treat drug-resistant lung cancer cells.
AB  - With the aim to develop alternative therapeutic tools for the treatment of
      resistant cancers, here we propose targeted Pluronic((r)) P123/F127 mixed
      micelles (PMM) delivering niclosamide (NCL) as a repositioning strategy to treat
      multidrug resistant non-small lung cancer cell lines. To build multifunctional
      PMM for targeting and imaging, Pluronic((r)) F127 was conjugated with biotin,
      while Pluronic((r)) P123 was fluorescently tagged with rhodamine B, in both cases
      at one of the two hydroxyl end groups. This design intended to avoid any
      interference of rhodamine B on biotin exposition on PMM surface, which is a key
      fundamental for cell trafficking studies. Biotin-decorated PMM were internalized
      more efficiently than non-targeted PMM in A549 lung cancer cells, while very low
      internalization was found in NHI3T3 normal fibroblasts. Biotin-decorated PMM
      entrapped NCL with good efficiency, displayed sustained drug release in protein
      rich media and improved cytotoxicity in A549 cells as compared to free NCL
      (P<0.01). To go in depth into the actual therapeutic potential of NCL-loaded PMM,
      a cisplatin-resistant A549 lung cancer cell line (CPr-A549) was developed and its
      multidrug resistance tested against common chemotherapeutics. Free NCL was able
      to overcome chemoresistance showing cytotoxic effects in this cell line
      ascribable to nucleolar stress, which was associated to a significant increase of
      the ribosomal protein rpL3 and consequent up-regulation of p21. It is noteworthy
      that biotin-decorated PMM carrying NCL at low doses demonstrated a significantly
      higher cytotoxicity than free NCL in CPr-A549. These results point at NCL-based
      regimen with targeted PMM as a possible second-line chemotherapy for lung cancer
      showing cisplatin or multidrug resistance. 

PMID- 27374196
TI  - Tunable delivery of niflumic acid from resorbable embolization microspheres for
      uterine fibroid embolization.
AB  - Uterine arteries embolization (UAE) is a recent technique that aims, by means of
      particles injected percutaneously, to stifle fibroids (leiomyomas). This
      treatment is non-invasive, compared with uterine ablation, but generates pelvic
      pain for a few days. A strategy to reduce the post-embolization pain would be to
      use calibrated embolization microspheres preloaded with a non-steroidal
      inflammatory drug (NSAID). In this study, we first compared four drugs, all
      active at low concentration on cyclooxygenase-2, i.e. ketoprofen, sodium
      diclofenac, flurbiprofen and niflumic acid (NFA), for their capacity to be loaded
      on resorbable embolization microspheres (REM) 500-700MUm. NFA had the highest
      capacity of loading (5mg/mL) on resorbable microspheres. Then, we evaluated in
      vitro the NFA release profiles from REM having various degradation times of one,
      two or five days. NFA release was biphasic, with an initial burst (about 60% of
      the loading) followed by a sustained release that correlated significantly to
      REM's hydrolysis (rho=0.761, p<0.0001). For each group of beads, the size
      distribution was not modified by the loading of NFA and their delivery through
      microcatheter was not impaired by the drug. NFA eluted from REM inhibited the
      synthesis of prostaglandin E2 from rabbit uterus explants. In summary, NFA is
      loadable on REM in significant amount and its delivery can be tuned according to
      the degradation rate of REM to provide an antalgic effect for a few days after
      UAE. 

PMID- 27374197
TI  - Hierarchical mesoporous silica nanoparticles for tailorable drug release.
AB  - In order to modulate the drug release profiles, the hierarchical mesoporous
      silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) are fabricated by a two-step synthetic process. The
      HMSNs exhibit uniform spherical morphology with nanoscaled size, well mono
      dispersed size distribution, and smooth surface. Because of the hierarchical pore
      structures with different mesoporous sizes and morphologies (partial open and
      partial blocked pores), the HMSNs can release the loaded drug in a controlled
      manner. The hierarchical mesoporous structures directed drug release profiles
      suggest a feasible strategy to tailor drug release behaviors. Meanwhile, the
      HMSNs exhibit good biocompatibility. Therefore, the HMSNs having tailorable drug
      release capacity would be a potential candidate to improve their therapeutic
      efficiency for drug delivery systems. 

PMID- 27374198
TI  - Brain tumor-targeted therapy by systemic delivery of siRNA with Transferrin
      receptor-mediated core-shell nanoparticles.
AB  - Treatment of brain tumor remains a great challenge worldwide. Development of a
      stable, safe, and effective siRNA delivery system which is able to cross the
      impermeable blood-brain barrier (BBB) and target glioma cells is necessary. This
      study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of intravenous administration
      of T7 peptide modified core-shell nanoparticles (named T7-LPC/siRNA NPs) on brain
      tumors. Layer-by-layer assembling of protamine/chondroitin sulfate/siRNA/cationic
      liposomes followed by T7 peptide modification has been carried out in order to
      obtain a targeted siRNA delivery system. In vitro cellular uptake experiments
      demonstrated a higher intracellular fluorescence intensity of siRNA in brain
      microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) and U87 glioma cells when treated with
      T7-LPC/siRNA NPs compared with PEG-LPC/siRNA NPs. In the co-culture model of
      BMVECs and U87 cells, a significant down-regulation of EGFR protein expression
      occurred in the U87 glioma cells after treatment with the T7-LPC/siEGFR NPs.
      Moreover, the T7-LPC/siRNA NPs had an advantage in penetrating into a deep region
      of the tumor spheroid compared with PEG-LPC/siRNA NPs. In vivo imaging revealed
      that T7-LPC/siRNA NPs accumulated more specifically in brain tumor tissues than
      the non-targeted NPs. Also, in vivo tumor therapy experiments demonstrated that
      the longest survival period along with the greatest downregulation of EGFR
      expression in tumor tissues was observed in mice with an intracranial U87 glioma
      treated with T7-LPC/siEGFR NPs compared with mice receiving other formulations.
      Therefore, we believe that these transferrin receptor-mediated core-shell
      nanoparticles are an important potential siRNA delivery system for brain tumor
      targeted therapy. 

PMID- 27374199
TI  - Structure, activity and uptake mechanism of siRNA-lipid nanoparticles with an
      asymmetric ionizable lipid.
AB  - Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the most advanced platform for the systemic
      delivery of siRNA. We have previously reported the discovery of novel ionizable
      lipids with asymmetric lipid tails, enabling potent gene-silencing activity in
      hepatocytes in vivo; however, the structure and delivery mechanism had not been
      elucidated. Here, we report the structure, activity and uptake mechanism of LNPs
      with an asymmetric ionizable lipid. Zeta potential and hemolytic activity of LNPs
      showed that LNPs were neutral at the pH of the blood compartment but become
      increasingly charged and fusogenic in the acidic endosomal compartment. (31)P NMR
      experiments indicated that the siRNA was less mobile inside particles, presumably
      because of an electrostatic interaction with an ionizable lipid. The role of
      Apolipoprotein E (apoE) was studied using recombinant human apoE both in vitro
      and in vivo. A comparative study in wild-type and apoE-deficient mice revealed
      that apoE significantly influenced the in vivo biodistribution of LNPs and
      enhanced the cellular uptake. Pretreatment of mice with siRNA targeting low
      density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) impaired gene-silencing of the following
      siRNA treatment, demonstrating that in vivo activity of LNPs is dependent on
      LDLR. Our studies on the detailed mechanism should lead to the creation of more
      sophisticated LNP-based RNAi therapeutics. 

PMID- 27374202
TI  - Application of water-insoluble polymers to orally disintegrating tablets treated
      by high-pressure carbon dioxide gas.
AB  - The phase transition of pharmaceutical excipients that can be induced by
      humidifying or heating is well-known to increase the hardness of orally
      disintegrating tablets (ODTs). However, these conditions are not applicable to
      drug substances that are chemically unstable against such stressors. Here, we
      describe a system which enhances the hardness of tablets containing water
      insoluble polymers by using high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2). On screening of
      26 polymeric excipients, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer E (AMCE) markedly
      increased tablet hardness (+155N) when maintained in a high-pressure CO2
      environment. ODTs containing 10% AMCE were prepared and treatment with 4.0MPa CO2
      gas at 25 degrees C for 10min increased the hardness to +30N, whose level
      corresponded to heating at 70 degrees C for 720min. In addition, we confirmed the
      effects of CO2 pressure, temperature, treatment time, and AMCE content on the
      physical properties of ODTs. Optimal pressure of CO2 gas was considered to be
      approximately 3.5MPa for an AMCE formula, as excessive pressure delayed the
      disintegration of ODTs. Combination of high-pressure CO2 gas and AMCE is a
      prospective approach for increasing the tablet hardness for ODTs, and can be
      conducted without additional heat or moisture stress using a simple apparatus. 

PMID- 27374200
TI  - Preparation and characterization of Chinese yam polysaccharide PLGA nanoparticles
      and their immunological activity.
AB  - This paper first provides that Chinese yam polysaccharide (CYP) is encapsulated
      by PLGA using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method and aims to screen the
      optimal preparation of CYP-PLGA nanoparticles (CYPP) using response surface
      methodology (RSM). The volume ratio of the internal water phase to the organic
      phase (W1:O), the volume ratio of the primary emulsion to the external water
      phase (PE:W2) and the concentration of Poloxamer 188 (F68) are deemed key
      variables for the encapsulation efficiency of CYPP. The results demonstrated that
      the data were accurately fitted into the RSM model. According to the RSM, the
      optimal scheme was a volume ratio of W1:O of 1:9, a volume ratio of PE: W2 of
      1:10 and a concentration of F68 (W/V) of 0.7%. TEM and SEM images demonstrated
      that the nanoparticles had a spherical shape and smooth surface. The CYP and CYPP
      in vitro release studies demonstrated that the CYPP showed a release rate 53.41%
      lower than the release rate of CYP after 48h. The result of pro-proliferation and
      flow cytometry emerged that the CYPP were more effective compared with the free
      CYP and blank PLGA nanoparticles in promoting lymphocyte proliferation and
      triggering the transformation of T lymphocytes into Th cells. 

PMID- 27374201
TI  - On the importance of Bloom number of gelatin to the development of biodegradable
      in situ gelling copolymers for intracameral drug delivery.
AB  - To overcome the drawbacks associated with conventional antiglaucoma eye drops,
      this work demonstrated the feasibility of an effective alternative strategy to
      administer pilocarpine directly via intracameral injections of drug-containing
      biodegradable in situ gelling GN copolymers composed of gelatin and poly(N
      isopropylacrylamide). Specifically, this study aims to understand the importance
      of Bloom number of gelatin, a physicochemical parameter, to the development of GN
      carriers for intracameral drug delivery in glaucoma therapy. Our results showed
      that both imino acid and triple-helix contents increased with increasing Bloom
      index from 75-100 to 300. The drug encapsulation efficiency in response to
      temperature-triggered phase transition in GN copolymers was affected by the Bloom
      index of gelatin. In addition, the differences in protein secondary structure
      significantly influenced the degradation rates of GN carriers, which were highly
      correlated with drug release profiles. The increase in released pilocarpine
      concentration led to a high intracellular calcium level in rabbit ciliary smooth
      muscle cell cultures, indicating a beneficial pharmacological response to a drug.
      Irrespective of Bloom number of gelatin, all carrier materials exhibited
      excellent in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility with corneal endothelium. In a
      glaucomatous rabbit model, intracameral injections of pilocarpine-containing GN
      synthesized from gelatins with various Bloom numbers had different abilities to
      improve ocular hypertension and induce pupillary constriction, indicating
      distinct antiglaucoma efficacies due to in vivo drug release. It is concluded
      that the effects on pharmacological treatment using GN carriers for intracameral
      pilocarpine administration demonstrate a strong dependence on the Bloom number of
      gelatin. 

PMID- 27374203
TI  - The use of rheology to elucidate the granulation mechanisms of a miscible and
      immiscible system during continuous twin-screw melt granulation.
AB  - Twin-screw hot melt granulation (TS HMG) is a valuable, but still unexplored
      alternative to granulate temperature and moisture sensitive drugs in a continuous
      way. Recently, the material behavior of an immiscible drug-binder blend during TS
      HMG was unraveled by using a rheometer and differential scanning calorimetry
      (DSC). Additionally, vibrational spectroscopic techniques proved the link between
      TS HMG and rheology since equal interactions at molecular level did occur in both
      processes. This allowed to use a rheometer to gain knowledge of the material
      behavior during hot melt processing of an immiscible drug-binder blend. However,
      miscibility of a drug-binder formulation and drug-binder interactions appear to
      influence the rheological properties and, hence conceivably also the granulation
      mechanism. The aim of this research was to examine if the TS HMG process of a
      miscible formulation system is comparable with the mechanism of an immiscible
      system and to evaluate whether rheology still serves as a useful tool to
      understand and optimize the hot melt granulation (HMG) process. The executed
      research (thermal analysis, rheological parameters and spectroscopic data)
      demonstrated the occurrence of a high and broad tan(delta) curve without a loss
      peak during the rheological temperature ramp which implies a higher material
      deformability without movement of the softened single polymer chains.
      Spectroscopic analysis revealed drug-polymer interactions which constrain the
      polymer to flow independently. As a result, the binder distribution step, which
      generally follows the immersion step, was hindered. This insight assisted the
      understanding of the granule properties. Inhomogeneous granules were produced due
      to large initial nuclei or adhesion of multiple smaller nuclei. Consequently, a
      higher granulation temperature was required in order to get the binder more
      homogeneously distributed within the granules. 

PMID- 27374204
TI  - Fabrication of nanocomposite particles using a two-solution mixing-type spray
      nozzle for use in an inhaled curcumin formulation.
AB  - A unique two-solution mixing-type spray nozzle is useful for producing
      nanocomposite particles (microparticles containing drug nanoparticles) in one
      step. The nanocomposite particles can prevent nanoparticle aggregation. Curcumin
      has many reported pharmacological effects. Curcumin was entrapped in mannitol
      microparticles using a spray dryer coupled with a two-solution mixing-type spray
      nozzle to prepare "curcumin nanocomposite particles" and the application of these
      particles for inhalation formulations was investigated. Spray drying conditions
      (flow rate, concentration and inlet temperature) affected the size of both the
      resulting curcumin nanocomposite particles and the curcumin nanoparticles in the
      nanocomposite particles. The aerosol performance of the curcumin nanocomposite
      particles changed depending on the spray drying conditions and several conditions
      provided better deposition compared with the curcumin original powder. The
      curcumin nanocomposite particles showed an improved dissolution profile of
      curcumin compared with the original powder. Furthermore, the curcumin
      nanocomposite particles showed a higher cytotoxic effect compared with the
      curcumin original powder towards three cancer cell lines. Curcumin nanocomposite
      particles containing curcumin nanoparticles show promise as an inhalation
      formulation for treating lung-related diseases including cancer. 

PMID- 27374205
TI  - Acute cytotoxic effects of marketed ophthalmic formulations on human corneal
      epithelial cells.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to devise a fast, reliable and sensitive cell
      viability assay for assessment of acute cytotoxicity on human corneal epithelial
      cells by using a clinically relevant exposure time. Acute cytotoxic effects of
      the pharmaceutical excipients benzalkonium chloride (BAC), macrogolglycerol
      hydroxystearate (MGHS40), polysorbate 80 (PS80) and marketed ophthalmic
      formulations (Lumigan((r)), Monoprost((r)), Taflotan((r)), Travatan((r)),
      Xalatan((r))) containing these excipients were tested. Human corneal epithelial
      cell (HCE-T) viability was assessed by measuring the reduction of resazurin to
      highly fluorescent resorufin. Expression of the tight junction proteins in HCE-T
      cells were characterized by immunofluorescence staining. Presence of tight
      junction proteins in HCE-T cells was demonstrated. BAC preserved ophthalmic
      formulations showed concentration-dependent and time-dependent cytotoxicity to
      human corneal epithelium. In contrast, no acute cytotoxicity of non-ionic
      stabilizing/solubilizing excipients (MGSH40 and PS80) or ophthalmic formulation
      containing these excipients was observed. Marketed ophthalmic formulations used
      for glaucoma medication show differential toxicity on human corneal epithelial
      cells. The present study revealed that BAC-preserved ophthalmic formulations were
      able to induce acute cytotoxic effects even during a clinically relevant exposure
      time, which was not observed with MGSH40 and PS80 excipients or ophthalmic
      formulations containing these excipients. 

PMID- 27374206
TI  - Timescales of mixing and of chemistry: general discussion.

PMID- 27374207
TI  - Practice Policy Statement: Integrating Effective Weight Management Into Practice.
AB  - The American College of Preventive Medicine Prevention Practice Committee
      contributes to policy guidelines and recommendations on preventive health topics
      for clinicians and public health decision makers. As an update to a previously
      published statement on weight management counseling of overweight adults, the
      College is providing a consensus-based recommendation designed to more
      effectively integrate weight management strategies into clinical practice and to
      incorporate referrals to effective evidence-based community and commercial weight
      management programs. The goal is to empower providers to include lifestyle
      interventions as part of the foundation of clinical practice.

PMID- 27374208
TI  - Concomitant Adolescent Vaccination in the U.S., 2007-2012.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Concomitant (same-day) delivery of two or more vaccines to
      adolescents is effective, safe, and efficient. Increasing concomitant vaccination
      could improve coverage for recommended adolescent vaccines, but little is known
      about who receives vaccines concomitantly. METHODS: Data came from healthcare
      provider-verified records on 70,144 adolescents (aged 13-17 years) in the 2008
      2012 versions of the National Immunization Survey-Teen who had received at least
      one dose of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) booster;
      meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY); or human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
      Separately for each vaccine, multivariable logistic regression identified
      adolescent and household correlates of concomitant versus single vaccination,
      stratified by adolescent sex. Vaccination took place in 2007-2012, data
      collection in 2008-2012, and data analysis in 2015. RESULTS: Among vaccinated
      adolescents, 51%-65% of girls and 25%-53% of boys received two vaccines
      concomitantly. Concomitant uptake of each vaccine increased over survey years
      (e.g., 2012 vs 2008: girls' Tdap booster, OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.56, 2.26; boys' Tdap
      booster, OR=2.62, 95% CI=2.16, 3.16), with the exception of HPV vaccination among
      boys. Additionally, concomitant vaccination was less common as adolescents got
      older and in the Northeast (all p<0.05). For MenACWY and HPV vaccine, concomitant
      uptake was less common for girls whose mothers had higher versus lower education
      and for boys who lived in metropolitan versus non-metropolitan areas (all
      p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Missed opportunities for concomitant adolescent vaccination
      persist, particularly for HPV vaccine. Future interventions targeting groups with
      low rates of concomitant vaccination could improve population-level coverage with
      recommended vaccines.

PMID- 27374209
TI  - Ambulatory Care-Sensitive Condition Hospitalizations Among Medicare
      Beneficiaries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study examined the association between the distribution of
      primary care physicians and Medicare beneficiaries' ambulatory care sensitive
      condition hospitalizations using both statistical and spatial analyses. METHODS:
      Data from the 2014 County Health Rankings, 2013-2014 Area Resource File, and the
      2014 Food Environment Atlas Data File were integrated to perform county-level
      ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression. Analyses were
      conducted in late 2015. RESULTS: Primary care physician density was found to be
      negatively associated with Medicare beneficiaries' ambulatory care sensitive
      condition hospitalization rate in both ordinary least squares (beta=-5.88,
      p=0.0037) and geographically weighted regression models (37.08% of all counties),
      with the latter model finding significant relationships in the South and
      Northeast. CONCLUSIONS: Preventable hospitalizations are high in areas of the
      U.S. that have low primary care physician density and other healthcare resources,
      large non-white populations, high levels of area deprivation, and rural
      designations. Using geospatial techniques helped document areas of greatest
      concern for potential intervention. Future research needs to account for these
      regional differences and target surveillance accordingly.

PMID- 27374211
TI  - MicroRNA-340 promotes the tumor growth of human gastric cancer by inhibiting
      cyclin G2.
AB  - Aberrant expression and function of microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in
      the development and progression of various human cancers including gastric
      cancer. However, the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of miR-340
      remain largely unknown in gastric cancer. In the present study, we demonstrated
      that the expression of miR-340 was aberrantly elevated in both gastric cancer
      tissues and cells. Moreover clinical association analyses disclosed that the
      elevated level of miR-340 was significantly associated with unfavorable
      clinicopathological characteristics of the gastric cancer patients, such as poor
      differentiation, large tumor size and advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage.
      Gastric cancer patients with high expression of miR-340 had prominently shorter
      overall survival and disease-free survival. Functionally, forced expression of
      miR-340 promoted cell viability, proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle
      progression in the SGC-7901 cells, while miR-340 silencing reduced cell
      viability, proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle progression in MGC-803
      cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments indicated that miR-340 knockdown
      suppressed the tumor growth of MGC-803 cells. Notably, alteration of miR-340
      expression affected the luciferase activity of wild-type 3'-UTR of cyclin G2
      (CCNG2) and regulated CCNG2 abundance in gastric cancer cells, indicating that
      CCNG2 is a direct target of miR-340. Moreover, CCNG2 knockdown eradicated the
      effects of miR-340 silencing on gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, our data
      suggest that miR-340 may potentially serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and
      therapeutic target for gastric cancer. 

PMID- 27374210
TI  - The landscape of chromosomal aberrations in breast cancer mouse models reveals
      driver-specific routes to tumorigenesis.
AB  - Aneuploidy and copy-number alterations (CNAs) are a hallmark of human cancer.
      Although genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are commonly used to model
      human cancer, their chromosomal landscapes remain underexplored. Here we use gene
      expression profiles to infer CNAs in 3,108 samples from 45 mouse models,
      providing the first comprehensive catalogue of chromosomal aberrations in cancer
      GEMMs. Mining this resource, we find that most chromosomal aberrations accumulate
      late during breast tumorigenesis, and observe marked differences in CNA
      prevalence between mouse mammary tumours initiated with distinct drivers. Some
      aberrations are recurrent and unique to specific GEMMs, suggesting distinct
      driver-dependent routes to tumorigenesis. Synteny-based comparison of mouse and
      human tumours narrows critical regions in CNAs, thereby identifying candidate
      driver genes. We experimentally validate that loss of Stratifin (SFN) promotes
      HER2-induced tumorigenesis in human cells. These results demonstrate the power of
      GEMM CNA analysis to inform the pathogenesis of human cancer.

PMID- 27374212
TI  - Thyroid hormone: relevance to xenotransplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been well documented that the level of serum/plasma free
      triiodothyronine (fT3) falls rapidly following brain death or during certain
      surgical procedures, for example, heart surgery carried out on cardiopulmonary
      bypass. The level in patients following cardiopulmonary bypass usually recovers
      within 2 days. METHODS: We have measured serum fT3 in healthy naive baboons (n =
      31), healthy naive monkeys (n = 5), and after pig-to-baboon heterotopic heart
      xenotransplantation (xenoTx) (Group 1, n = 9), orthotopic liver xenoTx (Group 2,
      n = 10), artery patch xenoTx (Group 3, n = 9), and in monkey-to-monkey
      heterotopic heart alloTx (Group 4, n = 5). RESULTS: The mean level of fT3 in
      healthy naive baboons was 3.1 +/- 0.9 pg/ml and in healthy naive monkeys was 2.6
      +/- 0.3 pg/ml. Following pig heart, liver, and artery patch xenoTx and monkey
      heart alloTx, there was an immediate rapid fall in fT3 level. Recovery of fT3 was
      more rapid in Groups 3 and 4 than in Groups 1 and 2. In Group 1, within 4 days
      fT3 had recovered, but only to the lower limit of normal range, where it remained
      throughout follow-up (for up to 42 days). In Group 2, no recovery was seen during
      the 7 days of follow-up. In immunosuppressed baboons with pig patch grafts that
      received IL-6R blockade (n = 2), the fT3 tended to rise higher than in those that
      received no IL-6R blockade (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS: Following operative procedures,
      there is a dramatic fall in serum fT3 levels. The persistent low level of fT3
      after pig heart and liver xenoTx may be associated with a continuing inflammatory
      state. We suggest that consideration should be given to the replacement of T3
      therapy to maintain normal fT3 levels, particularly in nonhuman primates
      undergoing orthotopic pig heart or liver xenoTx.

PMID- 27374213
TI  - A rib abnormality mimicking pulmonary nodule: a pitfall in the plain chest x-ray.
AB  - The ribs show a wide range of normal and pathologic radiographic appearences as
      well as congenital variations. Intrathoracic ribs are isolated and rare
      anomalies. They are usually super-numerary, more often right-sided, and involve
      the middle part of the thorax. We describe a case with intrathorasic rib
      abnormality mimicking a peripheral metastatic lung nodule in the plain chest x
      ray and emphasize the use of coronal and sagittal reformatted images in thorasic
      imaging. Utilisation of multiplanar reformatted images in chest computerised
      tomography increase diagnostic quality.

PMID- 27374214
TI  - Bilateral empyema treated by sequential pleuroscopy.
AB  - Bilateral empyema associated to infectious pericarditis is an extremely rare, yet
      life-threatening condition. Pleuroscopy-medical thoracoscopy has proved its
      efficacy in series of patients with empyema. Yet, all reported cases treated by
      this technique, concerned patients with pleural infection located to a single
      hemithorax. We present the case of a 71-year-old man with bilateral empyema
      treated successfully by sequential pleuroscopy, associated to infectious
      pericarditis.

PMID- 27374215
TI  - Concurrent sensitization to Aspergillus Fumigatus in tropical pulmonary
      eosinophilia.
AB  - Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) is characterized by lung tissue and
      peripheral blood eosinophilia. Serum total IgE is also markedly increased in TPE.
      However, an association with asthma or other hypersensitivity conditions has not
      been described. During the diagnostic workup of three patients eventually
      confirmed to have TPE, hypersensitivity to the fungus, Aspergillus Fumigatus was
      found. However, there was no evidence of diseases of aspergillus hypersensitivity
      such as severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) and allergic
      bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). This association however raises the
      possibility of a future risk of these potentially serious allergic respiratory
      manifestations.

PMID- 27374216
TI  - Incidental finding of bronchial diverticula in a non-smoker population:
      evaluation on thin-section CT.
AB  - Bronchial diverticula have been described as a common radiological finding in
      smoker patients with COPD, but the specificity of this sign should be further
      investigated. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate the prevalence of
      diverticula in a cohort of non-smoker subjects. Between February and July 2012,
      2438 patients were admitted to our Radiology Unit to undergo a chest CT. Among
      them, we enrolled 121 non-smoking patients (78/121-64.5% females, 43/121-35.5%
      males), of different age (57.0+/-20.7 years-range: 12-88), without any
      respiratory symptoms, submitted to chest CT for several reasons (oncologic
      evaluation: 59/121-48.8%; follow up of lung nodules: 27/121-22.3%; screening in
      connectivitis: 12/121-9.9%; others: 23/121-19.0%). We considered thin-section CT
      scan on axial, coronal and sagittal plans to evaluate prevalence, numbers and
      level of bronchial diverticula. Diverticula were found in 41/121-33.9% patients,
      with a slight major prevalence in males (p=0.048), but no significant difference
      on age. In 31/41-75.6% the number was <3, whereof 17/31-54.8% with just one
      diverticulum assessed. Regarding the level, in 30/41-73.2% they were subcarinal,
      but they were also detected in mainstem (2/41-4.9%) and lobar bronchi (with the
      right upper lobe bronchus most frequently involved- 12/41-29.3%). Bronchial
      diverticula can be observed in non-smokers, as well as in smoker patients with
      COPD. However, their prevalence seems to be lower than in smokers and they tend
      to be isolated and subcarinal. The age of patients does not influence their
      finding. More studies should be proposed to better define a cut-off between
      smokers and healthy subjects.

PMID- 27374217
TI  - Critical review of the equations predicting 6-minute walking distance in obese
      subjects.
AB  - The correlation between the 6-minute walking distance and obesity has been only
      partially explored. Results obtained from the existing predictive equations are
      influenced by a variety of factors (health status, severity of obesity, reduced
      muscle strength and mobility, decreased aerobic capacity, presence of
      comorbidities). The aim of our study was to verify, compare and discuss the 6MWD
      predictive capacity of the equations currently available in the literature in a
      sample of obese subjects. Despite similar study design, the considered articles
      varied with regard to the number of individuals included and to age range. None
      of the equations available in the literature was able to accurately predict the
      six-minute walked distance performed by the obese subjects involved in our study.
      The six-minute walked distance performed by obese subjects seems to be influenced
      by other factors than the variables included in the equations from the
      literature, suggesting that they may not thoroughly capture the complexity of
      disability in obese people. Future research should be designed in order to
      validate population-specific equations, by including variables related to
      clinical, functional, and psychological areas, which are usually impaired in
      obese individuals.

PMID- 27374218
TI  - Multum non multa: airway distensibility by forced oscillations.
AB  - Airway distensibility although appears to be unaffected by airway smooth muscle
      tone probably related to airway remodelling, after bronchodilator treatment is
      significantly increased in subjects with asthma. We assessed airway distensibity
      and its first moment derivative in two patients with mild intermittent asthma and
      normal spirometry. The increase in airway distensibility after bronchodilation
      measured at the tidal volume range during quiet breathing by forced oscillations
      was not accompanied by a change in its first moment, while the latter showed a
      significant increase in a second patient after anti-inflammatory treatment. It
      appears that airway distensibility is sensitive to reduction of bronchial smooth
      muscle tone after bronchodilation, but in addition its first moment might provide
      information on a change of both bronchial smooth muscle tone and small airways
      inflammation.

PMID- 27374219
TI  - Endobronchial Watanabe Spigot in the treatment of bronchobiliary fistula.
AB  - Bronchobiliary fistula (BBF) is a rare condition in which an abnormal
      communication exists between the bile ducts and the bronchial tree. Malignancy is
      the most common etiology of BBF, although many others are possible. A 74-year-old
      male patient with an inoperable Klatskin tumor presented with a complaint of
      yellow-green sputum and cough; the patient underwent fiber-optic bronchoscopy
      based on a preliminary diagnosis of bronchobiliary fistula. Using fiber-optic
      rigid bronchoscopy, the laterobasal segment of the lower right lung lobe was
      occluded using three pieces of 5-mm Endobronchial Watanabe Spigot. Bile drainage
      subsequently ceased. A bronchoscopic approach provides an alternative option for
      BBF treatment, particularly in patients who choose not to undergo surgery, or for
      whom surgery is not an option due to their underlying general condition.

PMID- 27374220
TI  - Delayed functional improvement after near-fatal bleeding complication following
      endobronchial valve therapy for emphysema.
AB  - Endoscopic treatment of emphysema is supported by different methods, including
      valves, coils and sealants. The mechanism is mainly related to volume reduction
      of targeted area. Endobronchial valves (EBV) appear the most studied method. In a
      multicentre randomised study, placement of unidirectional endobronchial valves
      resulted in a statistically significant functional improvement in the treated
      cohort compared to the control. Adverse events, occurring post procedure,
      included COPD exacerbations, haemoptysis, pneumothorax and pneumonia. In our
      centre we treated 30 patients, between January 2009 and February 2012, with
      variable improvement of lung function and only mild postoperative complications.
      The case we report here appears very interesting for the unusual near-fatal
      complication (massive alveolar haemorrage) followed by delayed strong functional
      improvement (FEV1 +23%; RV -18%; 6MWD:+33%) six months after the valve placement.
      This improvement could be attributable to the EBV procedure, but an alternative
      explanation is that the lung volume reduction may have been enhanced by the
      complication itself, as an effect of alveolar collapse.

PMID- 27374221
TI  - [Skin tumors in children].
AB  - The presence of a congenital or acquired cutaneous lesion is a frequent reason
      for consultation in pediatric plastic surgery unit. The management of these
      lesions requires a good knowledge of specific diagnoses in children. This step is
      sometimes difficult because of the multiplicity of possible diagnosis. Some skin
      tumors may be the external sign of a general disease or an underlying
      malformation; those can change the overall prognosis and management and require
      to be properly identified. The decision of surgical excision depends on various
      criteria, including diagnosis but also the reconstruction possibilities. The
      timing of surgical treatment depends on the medical emergency of the tumor
      resection (benign tumor, spontaneously regressive tumor, risk of degeneration
      into malignancy), on the cosmetic and psychological impact but also on the growth
      or learning steps in child life. This article first provides an aid in the
      diagnosis of the most common or more characteristic skin tumors. The algorithm is
      principally based on the pigmentation aspect of the tumor. The age and conditions
      of the surgical management are specified for each type of tumor. Cutaneous
      hemangiomas and vascular malformations, and congenital cysts and fistulas are not
      reported in this article.

PMID- 27374222
TI  - Dietary high oleic canola oil supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid attenuates
      plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels in
      participants with cardiovascular disease risk: A randomized control trial.
AB  - Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a novel circulating
      protein which plays an important role in regulation of cholesterol metabolism by
      promoting hepatic LDL receptor degradation. However, the action of dietary fat
      composition on PCSK9 levels remains to be fully elucidated. The objective was to
      investigate the action of different dietary oils on circulating PCSK9 levels in
      the Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial (COMIT). COMIT employed a double
      blinded crossover randomized control design, consisting of five 30-d treatment
      periods. Diets were provided based on a 3000Kcal/d intake, including a 60g/d
      treatment of conventional canola oil (Canola), a high oleic canola/DHA oil blend
      (CanolaDHA), a corn/safflower oil blend (CornSaff), a flax/safflower oil blend
      (FlaxSaff) or a high oleic canola oil (CanolaOleic). Plasma PCSK9 levels were
      assessed using ELISA at the end of each phase. Lipid profiles (n=84) showed that
      CanolaDHA feeding resulted in the highest (P<0.05) serum total cholesterol (TC,
      5.06+/-0.09mmol/L) and LDL-cholesterol levels (3.15+/-0.08mmol/L) across all five
      treatments. CanolaDHA feeding also produced the lowest (P<0.05) plasma PCSK9
      concentrations (216.42+/-8.77ng/mL) compared to other dietary oil treatments.
      Plasma PCSK9 levels positively correlated (P<0.05) with serum TC, LDL
      cholesterol, apolipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B levels but did not correlate
      to HDL-cholesterol levels. Results indicate that post-treatment response in PCSK9
      may be altered with the CanolaDHA diet. In conclusion, the elevated LDL-C levels
      from a DHA oil treatment may not be relevant for the observed decline in PCSK9
      levels.

PMID- 27374223
TI  - Oncolytic Virus-Mediated Targeting of PGE2 in the Tumor Alters the Immune Status
      and Sensitizes Established and Resistant Tumors to Immunotherapy.
AB  - Immunotherapies are highly promising cancer treatments, but understanding the
      factors mediating their resistance remains critical. Successes in randomized
      clinical testing have supported the growing appreciation that oncolytic
      virotherapies primarily act as immunotherapies. Here we identified prostaglandin
      E2 (PGE2) in the tumor as a key mediator of resistance to immunotherapies,
      including oncolytic vaccinia virotherapy. Elevated levels of PGE2 coupled to
      suppressive chemokine profiles and high levels of granulocytic myeloid-derived
      suppressor cells resulted in loss of immunotherapeutic potential. Viral vectors
      engineered to target PGE2 were capable of overcoming localized immunosuppression
      leading to profound changes in the tumor's immune status. This allowed the viral
      vectors to raise robust anti-tumor adaptive immune responses and sensitized
      established and previously resistant tumors to immunotherapies.

PMID- 27374224
TI  - Origin and Role of a Subset of Tumor-Associated Neutrophils with Antigen
      Presenting Cell Features in Early-Stage Human Lung Cancer.
AB  - Based on studies in mouse tumor models, granulocytes appear to play a tumor
      promoting role. However, there are limited data about the phenotype and function
      of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) in humans. Here, we identify a subset of
      TANs that exhibited characteristics of both neutrophils and antigen-presenting
      cells (APCs) in early-stage human lung cancer. These APC-like "hybrid
      neutrophils," which originate from CD11b(+)CD15(hi)CD10(-)CD16(low) immature
      progenitors, are able to cross-present antigens, as well as trigger and augment
      anti-tumor T cell responses. Interferon-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony
      stimulating factor are requisite factors in the tumor that, working through the
      Ikaros transcription factor, synergistically exert their APC-promoting effects on
      the progenitors. Overall, these data demonstrate the existence of a specialized
      TAN subset with anti-tumor capabilities in human cancer.

PMID- 27374225
TI  - Id2 and E Proteins Orchestrate the Initiation and Maintenance of MLL-Rearranged
      Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
AB  - E proteins and their antagonists, the Id proteins, are transcriptional regulators
      important for normal hematopoiesis. We found that Id2 acts as a key regulator of
      leukemia stem cell (LSC) potential in MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia
      (AML). Low endogenous Id2 expression is associated with LSC enrichment while Id2
      overexpression impairs MLL-AF9-leukemia initiation and growth. Importantly, MLL
      AF9 itself controls the E-protein pathway by suppressing Id2 while directly
      activating E2-2 expression, and E2-2 depletion phenocopies Id2 overexpression in
      MLL-AF9-AML cells. Remarkably, Id2 tumor-suppressive function is conserved in
      t(8;21) AML. Low expression of Id2 and its associated gene signature are
      associated with poor prognosis in MLL-rearranged and t(8;21) AML patients,
      identifying the Id2/E-protein axis as a promising new therapeutic target in AML.

PMID- 27374227
TI  - Long non-coding RNA Malat1 promotes neurite outgrowth through activation of
      ERK/MAPK signalling pathway in N2a cells.
AB  - Accumulating evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are playing
      critical roles in neurogenesis, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain
      largely elusive. Neurite outgrowth is an early step in neuronal differentiation
      and regeneration. Using in vitro differentiation of neuroblastoma-derived Neuro
      2a (N2a) cell as a model, we performed expression profiling to identify lncRNAs
      putatively relevant for neurite outgrowth. We identified that Metastasis
      associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (Malat1) was one of the most
      significantly up-regulated lncRNAs during N2a cell differentiation. Malat1
      knockdown resulted in defects in neurite outgrowth as well as enhanced cell
      death. To pinpoint signalling pathways perturbed by Malat1 depletion, we then
      performed a reporter-based screening to examine the activities of 50 signalling
      pathways in Malat1 knockdown cells. We found that Malat1 knockdown resulted in
      conspicuous inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling
      pathway as well as abnormal activation of Peroxisome proliferator-activated
      receptor (PPAR) and P53 signalling pathway. Inhibition of ERK/MAPK pathway with
      PD98059 potently blocked N2a cell neurite outgrowth, whereas phorbol 12-myristate
      13-acetate-induced ERK activation rescued defects in neurite outgrowth and cell
      death induced by Malat1 depletion. Together, our results established a critical
      role of Malat1 in the early step of neuronal differentiation through activating
      ERK/MAPK signalling pathway.

PMID- 27374228
TI  - Break a neck.

PMID- 27374229
TI  - Post-operative analgesia: focus has been on benefit - are we forgetting the harm?

PMID- 27374230
TI  - Insights into the biological features of the antigenic determinants recognized by
      four monoclonal antibodies in redia and adult stages of the liver fluke Fasciola
      hepatica.
AB  - Fasciola hepatica is a digenean trematode which infects a wide variety of
      domestic animals and also humans. Previous studies have demonstrated that four
      monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against the total extract of F. hepatica redia
      (named as 1E4, 6G11, 4E5 and 4G11) also recognized the excretion - secretion
      antigens (ES Ag) of adult parasites, which is a biologically-relevant mixture of
      molecules with functional roles during infection and immune evasion on definitive
      hosts. In the present report we describe the partial characterization of the
      epitopes recognized by these Mabs by heat treatment, mercaptoethanol reduction,
      pronase proteolysis and sodium peryodate oxidation, which suggested their
      predominant protein and conformational nature. Also, a comparative study using
      immunodetection assays on crude extracts and on histological sections of both
      rediae and adults of F. hepatica were performed to explore the expression pattern
      of the antigenic determinants in these developmental stages. From these
      experiments it was found that the Mabs reacted most likely with the same proteins
      of approximately 64 and 105 kDa present on both rediae and adult's extracts.
      However, the 1E4, 6G11 and 4E5 Mabs also recognized other molecules of the total
      extract of F. hepatica adults, a fact that constitutes an evidence of the
      antigenic variation between both stages and points at a certain biological
      relevance of the recognized antigenic determinants. Immunolocalization studies on
      histological sections revealed that all Mabs reacted with the tegument of F.
      hepatica in both rediae and adults stages, while the epitopes recognized by 1E4,
      6G11 and 4E5 antibodies were also preferentially localized in the intestinal
      caeca and in different organs of the reproductive system of adult specimens. The
      immunogenicity of these antigenic determinants, their conserved status among
      different stages of the life cycle of F. hepatica and their presence in both
      tegument and ES Ag of adult parasites, are suitable features that suggest their
      potential use for developing an epitope-based vaccine for fasciolosis control. 

PMID- 27374231
TI  - Diabetic uropathy and bladder dysfunctions.

PMID- 27374232
TI  - A systematic High-Content Screening microscopy approach reveals key roles for
      Rab33b, OATL1 and Myo6 in nanoparticle trafficking in HeLa cells.
AB  - Synthetic nanoparticles are promising tools for imaging and drug delivery;
      however the molecular details of cellular internalization and trafficking await
      full characterization. Current knowledge suggests that following endocytosis most
      nanoparticles pass from endosomes to lysosomes. In order to design effective drug
      delivery strategies that can use the endocytic pathway, or by-pass lysosomal
      accumulation, a comprehensive understanding of nanoparticle uptake and
      trafficking mechanisms is therefore fundamental. Here we describe and apply an
      RNA interference-based high-content screening microscopy strategy to assess the
      intracellular trafficking of fluorescently-labeled polystyrene nanoparticles in
      HeLa cells. We screened a total of 408 genes involved in cytoskeleton and
      membrane function, revealing roles for myosin VI, Rab33b and OATL1 in this
      process. This work provides the first systematic large-scale quantitative
      assessment of the proteins responsible for nanoparticle trafficking in cells,
      paving the way for subsequent genome-wide studies.

PMID- 27374233
TI  - Interosseous membrane reconstruction with a suture-button construct for treatment
      of chronic forearm instability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to report outcomes of interosseous
      membrane (IOM) reconstruction with a suture-button construct for treatment of
      chronic longitudinal forearm instability. METHODS: We performed a retrospective
      review with prospective follow-up of patients who underwent ulnar shortening
      osteotomy and IOM reconstruction with the Mini TightRope device from 2011 through
      2014. Bivariate statistical analysis was used for comparison of preoperative and
      postoperative Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH)
      scores, range of motion, grip strength, and ulnar variance. Complications and
      patient satisfaction were also recorded. RESULTS: Ten patients (mean age, 45.3
      years) satisfied inclusion criteria: 8 treated for post-traumatic sequelae of
      Essex-Lopresti-type injuries, 1 for forearm instability secondary to previous
      elbow surgery, and 1 for instability secondary to trauma and multiple elbow
      surgeries. Surgeries were performed an average of 28.6 months from initial
      injury. At mean follow-up of 34.6 months after surgery, significant improvement
      was observed in elbow flexion-extension arc (+23 degrees  vs. preoperatively; P =
      .007), wrist flexion-extension arc (+22 degrees ; P = .016), QuickDASH score (
      48; P = .000), and ulnar variance (-3.3 mm; P = .006). Three patients required
      additional surgery: 1 revision ulnar shortening osteotomy for persistent
      impingement, 1 revision ulnar osteotomy and Mini TightRope removal for lost
      forearm supination, and 1 fixation of a radial shaft fracture after a fall.
      CONCLUSION: IOM reconstruction using a suture-button construct is an effective
      treatment option for chronic forearm instability.

PMID- 27374234
TI  - Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography assess deltoid muscle
      integrity after reverse shoulder arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The outcome after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) depends on the
      condition of the deltoid muscle, which we assessed with new ultrasound modalities
      and electromyography (EMG). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and acoustic
      radiation force impulse (ARFI) were applied to assess perfusion and elasticity of
      the deltoid muscle compared with the clinical and functional outcome. METHODS:
      The study recruited 64 patients (mean age, 72.9 years) treated with RSA between
      2004 and 2013. The deltoid muscle was examined with EMG and ultrasound imaging.
      Functional scores such as Constant score and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons
      Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form score were assessed. Among other CEUS
      parameters, the wash-in perfusion index, time to peak, and rise time were
      compared between the operated-on and contralateral shoulders as well as between
      patients with above-average and below-average outcome. The stiffness of the
      deltoid muscle was analyzed with ARFI. RESULTS: After RSA, deltoid perfusion
      (wash-in perfusion index, Delta = -12% +/- 22%, P = .0001) and shoulder function
      (Constant score, Delta = -14 +/- 24, P < .0001) were both inferior compared with
      the contralateral side. This perfusion deficit was associated with a limited
      range of motion (time to peak and anteversion: r = -0.290, P = .022). Deltoid
      perfusion was higher in patients with above-average outcome (rise time, Delta =
      33% +/- 13%, P = .038). The operated-on deltoid muscles showed higher stiffness
      than the contralateral muscles (ARFI, Delta = 0.2 +/- 0.9 m/s, P = .0545). EMG
      excluded functionally relevant axillary nerve injuries in the study population.
      CONCLUSIONS: CEUS revealed reduced mean perfusion of the deltoid muscle after
      RSA. Reduced perfusion was associated with limited range of motion and below
      average outcome. Functional shoulder impairment after RSA might be predicted by
      noninvasive CEUS as a surrogate parameter for the integrity of the deltoid
      muscle.

PMID- 27374235
TI  - Implant positioning in reverse shoulder arthroplasty has an impact on acromial
      stresses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acromial fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) have
      been reported to occur in up to 7% of patients. Whereas RSA implant parameters
      can be configured to alter stability, range of motion, and deltoid mechanical
      advantage, little is known about the effect of these changes on acromial
      stresses. The purpose of this finite element study, therefore, was to evaluate
      the effect of RSA humeral and glenoid implant position on acromial stresses.
      METHODS: Solid body models of 10 RSA reconstructed cadaveric shoulders (38-mm
      glenosphere, 155 degrees  neck-shaft angle) were input into custom software that
      calculated the deltoid force required to achieve an abduction arc of motion (0
      degrees -120 degrees ). The resulting forces were applied to a finite element
      study model of the scapula to ascertain the acromial stress distribution. This
      process was repeated for varying glenoid inferiorizations (0, +2.5, +5.0 mm),
      lateralizations (0, +5.0, +10.0 mm), and humeral lateralizations (-5.0, 0, +5.0
      mm). RESULTS: Glenosphere inferiorization decreased maximum principal stress in
      the acromion by 2.6% (0.7 +/- 0.2 MPa; P = .007). Glenosphere lateralization
      produced a greater effect, increasing stress by 17.2% (4.1 +/- 0.9 MPa; P =
      .001). Humeral lateralization caused an insignificant increase in stress by 1.7%
      (0.5 +/- 0.2 MPa; P = .066), and humeral medialization decreased stress by 1.4%
      (0.8 +/- 0.3 MPa; P = .038). The highest acromial stresses occurred in the region
      where fractures most commonly occur, Levy type II, at 33.7 +/- 3.81 MPa (P <
      .001). CONCLUSIONS: Glenosphere positioning has a significant effect on acromial
      stress after RSA. Inferior and medial positioning of the glenosphere serves to
      decrease acromial stress, thought to be primarily due to increased deltoid
      mechanical advantage. The greatest effect magnitudes are seen at lower abduction
      angles, where the humerus is more frequently positioned.

PMID- 27374236
TI  - Relative scapular muscle activity ratios are altered in subacromial pain
      syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Coordinated muscle activity is needed for synchronized joint motion
      and stability. Characterizing relative scapular muscle activity deficits in
      participants with shoulder pain will provide foundational knowledge to develop
      rehabilitation programs. METHODS: Participants were recruited with subacromial
      pain syndrome and an asymptomatic control group matched for age, gender, and
      dominant arm (N = 56). Surface electromyographic muscle activity was recorded
      from the upper, middle, and lower trapezius (UT, MT, LT) and serratus anterior
      (SA) during 5 repetitions of a weighted arm elevation task. Muscle activity was
      normalized to a reference contraction and then expressed as UT/MT, UT/LT, UT/SA,
      and LT/SA ratios. Ratios were compared between groups and across 3 arm angle
      intervals during ascending and descending elevation. RESULTS: A 2 * 3 mixed-model
      analysis of variance yielded a group main effect for the UT/LT ratio, with a
      higher ratio in the subacromial pain group during ascending (mean difference,
      0.92; P = .008) and descending (mean difference, 0.70; P = .030). For the LT/SA
      ratio, there was a group effect: a lower ratio in the subacromial group during
      ascending (mean difference, -0.25; P = .026) and descending (mean difference, 
      0.51; P = .032). There were no differences for the UT/MT or UT/SA. DISCUSSION:
      There is a disruption in coordination between the LT and SA and the UT and LT
      during an arm elevation task in patients with subacromial pain syndrome. The LT
      was part of both altered ratios, indicating the relative importance of the LT.
      Future research should determine if exercises aimed at restoring the
      dysfunctional LT/SA and UT/LT force couples are beneficial to reduce shoulder
      pain and disability in patients with unilateral shoulder pain.

PMID- 27374237
TI  - Hypertrophic teres minor restores shoulder strength and range of external
      rotation in posterosuperior rotator cuff tears.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In posterosuperior rotator cuff tears (PS-RCT), the progression of
      infraspinatus (ISP) muscle atrophy seems to induce compensatory hypertrophy of
      the teres minor (TM) muscles. However, the effect of these changes on shoulder
      strength and range of external rotation (ER) remains unclear. This study
      determined the strength and range of ER in patients with PS-RCT with atrophic ISP
      and hypertrophic TM and compared this with patients with PS-RCT and normal or
      deficient TM. METHODS: We investigated 35 patients with PS-RCT and atrophic ISP.
      TM muscles were classified as hypertrophic (type A) in 17, normal (type B) in 10,
      or deficient (type C) in 8. The strength ratio of the affected shoulder to the
      healthy contralateral shoulder was calculated, and the active range of motion was
      measured for both shoulders. RESULTS: The strength ratios of ER in types A, B,
      and C were 60%, 33%, and 7% (P < .01) with the patient's arm at the side and were
      60%, 35%, and 5% (P < .001) at 90 degrees  abduction, respectively. The average
      ranges of ER in types A, B, and C were 22.6 degrees , 15.0 degrees , and -12.5
      degrees  (P < .001) with the patient's arm at the side and were 71.6 degrees ,
      44.5 degrees , and 21.9 degrees  at 90 degrees  abduction (P < .01),
      respectively. The differences between shoulder types in other measures of
      strength or ER range were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PS-RCT
      and atrophic ISP, shoulders with compensatory hypertrophy of the TM had greater
      strength and range of ER than shoulders with normal or atrophic TM.

PMID- 27374238
TI  - Atrial fibrillation associated hospitalizations in patients with end-stage renal
      disease in the United States, 2003-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent in patients with end
      stage renal disease (ESRD). The clinical and economic burden of AF-associated
      hospitalizations has not been previously quantified in the ESRD population in the
      United States. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and
      outcomes of AF hospitalizations in the US ESRD population. METHODS: We used the
      2003-2012 National Inpatient Sample database to study trends in the incidence and
      outcomes of AF hospitalizations in ESRD patients. Primary outcomes included
      hospitalization rate, in-hospital case fatality ratio (CFR), length of stay
      (LOS), and cost. RESULTS: There were 66,811 primary and 986,742 secondary AF
      hospitalizations associated with ESRD. The mean age of the patients was 70.9
      years, and 45.2% were women. The age-adjusted primary AF hospitalization rate
      increased from 10.1 to 14.0 per 1000 ESRD patients, while the secondary AF
      hospitalization rate increased from 164.0 to 212.8 per 1000 ESRD patients (P
      trend < 0.05 for both). There was a significant decrease in CFR (2.9%-2.7% for
      primary AF and 11.3%-7.7% for secondary AF; P-trend < .001 for both), mean LOS
      (6.0-4.8 days for primary AF and 9.8-7.1 days for secondary AF; P-trend < .001
      for both), and mean cost ($14,395-$11,184 for primary AF and $25,545-$17,879 for
      secondary AF; P-trend < .001 for both). CONCLUSION: There was a greater than 2
      fold increase in the annual number of AF hospitalizations along with a
      significant increase in AF hospitalization rate in the US ESRD population. There
      were significant improvements in markers of quality of care, including inhospital
      CFR, LOS, and cost.

PMID- 27374239
TI  - Safety evaluation of a leadless transcatheter pacemaker for magnetic resonance
      imaging use.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increased magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) adoption and demand are
      driving the need for device patients to have safe access to MRI. OBJECTIVE: The
      aim of this study was to address the interactions of MRI with the Micra
      transcatheter pacemaker system. METHODS: A strategy was developed to evaluate
      potential MRI risks including device heating, unintended cardiac stimulation,
      force, torque, vibration, and device malfunction. Assessment of MRI-induced
      device heating was conducted using a phantom containing gelled saline, and Monte
      Carlo simulations incorporating these results were conducted to simulate numerous
      combinations of human body models, position locations in the MRI scanner bore,
      and a variety of coil designs. Lastly, a patient with a Micra pacemaker who
      underwent a clinically indicated MRI scan is presented. RESULTS: Compared to
      traditional MRI conditional pacemakers, the overall risk with Micra was greatly
      reduced because of the small size of the device and the absence of a lead. The
      modeling results predicted that the nonperfused temperature rise of the device
      would be less than 0.4 degrees C at 1.5 T and 0.5 degrees C at 3 T and that the
      risk of device heating with multiple device implants was not increased as
      compared with a single device. The clinical case study revealed no MRI-related
      complications. CONCLUSION: The MRI safety assessment tests conducted for the
      Micra pacemaker demonstrate that patients with a single device or multiple
      devices can safely undergo MRI scans in both 1.5- and 3-T MRI scanners. No MRI
      related complications were observed in a patient implanted with a Micra pacemaker
      undergoing a clinically indicated scan.

PMID- 27374240
TI  - Human neural stem cell-induced endothelial morphogenesis requires
      autocrine/paracrine and juxtacrine signaling.
AB  - Transplanted neural stem cells (NSC) interact with the host brain
      microenvironment. A neovascularization is commonly observed in the vicinity of
      the cell deposit, which is correlated with behavioral improvements. To elucidate
      the signaling mechanisms between human NSCs and endothelial cells (ECs), these
      were cocultured in an in vitro model in which NSC-induced endothelial
      morphogenesis produced a neurovascular environment. Soluble (autocrine/paracrine)
      and contact-mediated (juxtacrine) signaling molecules were evaluated for two
      conditionally immortalized fetal NSC lines derived from the cortical anlage
      (CTXOE03) and ganglionic eminence (STROC05), as well as an adult EC line (D3)
      derived from the cerebral microvasculature of a hippocampal biopsy. STROC05 were
      4 times as efficient to induce endothelial morphogenesis compared to CTXOE03. The
      cascade of reciprocal interactions between NSCs and ECs in this process was
      determined by quantifying soluble factors, receptor mapping, and
      immunocytochemistry for extracellular matrix molecules. The mechanistic
      significance of these was further evaluated by pharmacological blockade. The
      sequential cell-specific regulation of autocrine/paracrine and juxtacrine
      signaling accounted for the differential efficiency of NSCs to induce endothelial
      morphogenesis. These in vitro studies shed new light on the reciprocal
      interactions between NSCs and ECs, which are pivotal for our mechanistic
      understanding of the efficacy of NSC transplantation.

PMID- 27374241
TI  - A cascade screening approach for the identification of Bcr-Abl myristate pocket
      binders active against wild type and T315I mutant.
AB  - The major clinical challenge in drug-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
      is currently represented by the Bcr-Abl T315I mutant, which is unresponsive to
      treatment with common first and second generation ATP-competitive tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (TKIs). Allosteric inhibition of Bcr-Abl represent a new frontier in
      the fight against resistant leukemia and few candidates have been identified in
      the last few years. Among these, myristate pocket (MP) binders discovered by
      Novartis (e.g. GNF2/5) showed promising results, although they proved to be
      active against the T315I mutant only in combination with first and second
      generation ATP-competitive inhibitors. Here we used a cascade screening approach
      based on sequential fluorescence polarization (FP) screening, in silico
      docking/dynamics studies and kinetic-enzymatic studies to identify novel MP
      binders. A pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivative (6) has been identified as a
      promising allosteric inhibitor active on 32D leukemia cell lines (expressing Bcr
      Abl WT and T315I) with no need of combination with any ATP-competitive inhibitor.

PMID- 27374242
TI  - Anti-inflammatory polyphenol constituents derived from Cissus pteroclada Hayata.
AB  - A new bergenin derivative, bergenin-11-O-alpha-d-galactopyranoside (compound 1),
      together with seven known polyphenolic compounds, were isolated from the stem of
      Cissus pteroclada Hayata. The structures of the 8 compounds were elucidated by
      spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Moreover,
      the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of compounds (1-8) in LPS-stimulated
      murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were also investigated. Our results revealed
      that compound 1 inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory mediators NO and
      PGE2 and the expression of NF-kappaB, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, iNOS and COX-2.

PMID- 27374244
TI  - Decoupling order and conductivity in doped conducting polymers.
AB  - Herein it is demonstrated that the high level of interchain ordering of pEDOT is
      not necessary for the polymer to have efficient charge transport. Resistance and
      order are compared during the manufacturing process, where the polymerisation
      step and ordering step are decoupled as separate stages of the processing. GIWAXS
      experiments measuring interchain order are correlated to resistivity measurements
      at multiple stages of the manufacturing process on single films, and it is shown
      that for an individual film, where percolation is achieved, having a long range
      ordered system offers no reduction in resistance compared to having a highly
      disordered state of the same film. For this system, once the chains of pEDOT are
      formed, it is experimentally demonstrated that for percolation to be achieved, a
      remarkably low 4.5% volume fraction pEDOT is required. The apparent lack of
      necessity for significant interchain ordering allows for a meaningful measurement
      of development of the charge transport during the chemical polymerisation
      process. 

PMID- 27374243
TI  - Insights into the structure-activity relationship of the anticancer compound ZJ
      101, a derivative of marine natural product superstolide A: A critical role
      played by the conjugated trienyl lactone moiety.
AB  - Compound ZJ-101, a structurally simplified analog of the marine natural product
      superstolide A, was previously developed in our laboratory. In the subsequent
      structure-activity relationship study, two new analogs, ZJ-105 and ZJ-106, were
      designed and synthesized to probe the importance of the conjugated trienyl
      lactone moiety of the molecule by replacing the C2-C3 double bond in ZJ-101 with
      a single bond and switching the geometry of the C4-C5 double bond in ZJ-101 from
      Z to E, respectively. Biological evaluation showed that ZJ-105 completely loses
      antiproliferative activity whereas ZJ-106 is significantly less active against
      cancer cells in vitro than ZJ-101, suggesting that the conjugated trienyl lactone
      moiety of the molecule is critical for its anticancer activity.

PMID- 27374245
TI  - Universal evolution of a viscous-capillary spreading drop.
AB  - The rate of spreading or retraction of a drop on a flat substrate is determined
      through a balance of surface tension and hydrodynamic flow. While asymptotic
      regimes are known, no general rate equation has hitherto been available. Here, we
      revisit this classic problem, in a regime governed by capillary and viscous
      forces, by performing an exhaustive numerical study of drop evolution as a
      function of the contact angle with the substrate. Our study reveals a universal
      evolution of the drop radius parameterised only by the substrate wettability. Two
      limits of this evolution recover the familiar exponential and algebraic regimes.
      Our results show quantitative comparison with the evolution derived from
      lubrication theory, indicating that dissipation at the contact line is the key
      determinant in drop evolution. Our work, both numerical and theoretical, provides
      a foundation for studying the full temporal dynamics of droplet evolution under
      the influence of external fields and thermal fluctuations, which are of
      importance in nanofluidics. 

PMID- 27374246
TI  - The future is in the numbers: the power of predictive analysis in the biomedical
      educational environment.
AB  - Biomedical programs have a potential treasure trove of data they can mine to
      assist admissions committees in identification of students who are likely to do
      well and help educational committees in the identification of students who are
      likely to do poorly on standardized national exams and who may need remediation.
      In this article, we provide a step-by-step approach that schools can utilize to
      generate data that are useful when predicting the future performance of current
      students in any given program. We discuss the use of linear regression analysis
      as the means of generating that data and highlight some of the limitations.
      Finally, we lament on how the combination of these institution-specific data sets
      are not being fully utilized at the national level where these data could greatly
      assist programs at large. 

PMID- 27374247
TI  - Toward best practice in Human Machine Interface design for older drivers: A
      review of current design guidelines.
AB  - Older adults are the fastest growing segment of the driving population. While
      there is a strong emphasis for older people to maintain their mobility, the
      safety of older drivers is a serious community concern. Frailty and declines in a
      range of age-related sensory, cognitive, and physical impairments can place older
      drivers at an increased risk of crash-related injuries and death. A number of
      studies have indicated that in-vehicle technologies such as Advanced Driver
      Assistance Systems (ADAS) and In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) may provide
      assistance to older drivers. However, these technologies will only benefit older
      drivers if their design is congruent with the complex needs and diverse abilities
      of this driving cohort. The design of ADAS and IVIS is largely informed by
      automotive Human Machine Interface (HMI) guidelines. However, it is unclear to
      what extent the declining sensory, cognitive and physical capabilities of older
      drivers are addressed in the current guidelines. This paper provides a review of
      key current design guidelines for IVIS and ADAS with respect to the extent they
      address age-related changes in functional capacities. The review revealed that
      most of the HMI guidelines do not address design issues related to older driver
      impairments. In fact, in many guidelines driver age and sensory cognitive and
      physical impairments are not mentioned at all and where reference is made, it is
      typically very broad. Prescriptive advice on how to actually design a system so
      that it addresses the needs and limitations of older drivers is not provided. In
      order for older drivers to reap the full benefits that in-vehicle technology can
      afford, it is critical that further work establish how older driver limitations
      and capabilities can be supported by the system design process, including their
      inclusion into HMI design guidelines.

PMID- 27374249
TI  - International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the
      taxonomy of Halomonadaceae, Minutes of the closed meeting, 23 May 2016, San Juan,
      Puerto Rico.

PMID- 27374250
TI  - Reproducibility of data-driven dietary patterns in two groups of adult Spanish
      women from different studies.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to assess the reproducibility of data
      driven dietary patterns in different samples extracted from similar populations.
      Dietary patterns were extracted by applying principal component analyses to the
      dietary information collected from a sample of 3550 women recruited from seven
      screening centres belonging to the Spanish breast cancer (BC) screening network
      (Determinants of Mammographic Density in Spain (DDM-Spain) study). The resulting
      patterns were compared with three dietary patterns obtained from a previous
      Spanish case-control study on female BC (Epidemiological study of the Spanish
      group for breast cancer research (GEICAM: grupo Espanol de investigacion en
      cancer de mama)) using the dietary intake data of 973 healthy participants. The
      level of agreement between patterns was determined using both the congruence
      coefficient (CC) between the pattern loadings (considering patterns with a
      CC>=0.85 as fairly similar) and the linear correlation between patterns scores
      (considering as fairly similar those patterns with a statistically significant
      correlation). The conclusions reached with both methods were compared. This is
      the first study exploring the reproducibility of data-driven patterns from two
      studies and the first using the CC to determine pattern similarity. We were able
      to reproduce the EpiGEICAM Western pattern in the DDM-Spain sample (CC=0.90).
      However, the reproducibility of the Prudent (CC=0.76) and Mediterranean (CC=0.77)
      patterns was not as good. The linear correlation between pattern scores was
      statistically significant in all cases, highlighting its arbitrariness for
      determining pattern similarity. We conclude that the reproducibility of widely
      prevalent dietary patterns is better than the reproducibility of more population
      specific patterns. More methodological studies are needed to establish an
      objective measurement and threshold to determine pattern similarity.

PMID- 27374252
TI  - The capacity to tell a joke: Reflections from work with Asperger children.
AB  - The capacity to tell a joke is a highly complex interpersonal event that depends
      upon the maturation of certain developmental achievements which are absent or
      stunted in children with Asperger's Syndrome. These include the ability to know
      another's mind, a sense of interpersonal timing and, most notably, a capacity for
      abstract thinking. The author discusses Freud's () notion of joke-work, which is
      akin to dream-work, both of which are pathways to forming mental representations.
      Freud considered joke-work as a mental activity that operated on the verbal level
      and the author examines the preverbal dimensions that are rooted in the earliest
      mother/infant interactions. An extended case discussion of the psychoanalytic
      treatment of an Asperger boy is offered to illustrate these points and to
      demonstrate the activity of joke-work as a means of building mental
      representations.

PMID- 27374251
TI  - Dietary Patterns and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a First Nations Community.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing concern worldwide, particularly
      in Indigenous communities, which have undergone a marked nutrition transition
      characterized by reduced intakes of traditional foods and increased intakes of
      market foods. Few studies have assessed the relationships between differing
      dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes in Indigenous communities in
      Canada. The objective of the study was to characterize dietary patterns using
      factor analysis (FA) and to relate these patterns to the incidence of type 2
      diabetes after 10 years of follow up in a First Nations community in Ontario,
      Canada. METHODS: We conducted a prospective analysis of 492 participants in the
      SLHDP who did not have diabetes at baseline (1993 to 1995) and were followed for
      10 years. A food-frequency questionnaire was administered, and FA was used to
      identify patterns of food consumption. Multivariate logistic regression analyses
      determined associations of food patterns with incident type 2 diabetes, adjusting
      for sociodemographic and lifestyle confounders. RESULTS: At follow up, 86
      participants had developed incident type 2 diabetes. FA revealed 3 prominent
      dietary patterns: Balanced Market Foods, Beef and Processed Foods and Traditional
      Foods. After adjustment for age, sex, waist circumference, interleukin-6 and
      adiponectin, the Beef and Processed Foods pattern was associated with increased
      risk for incident type 2 diabetes (OR=1.38; 95% CI 1.02, 1.86). In contrast, the
      Balanced Market Foods and Traditional Foods Patterns were not significantly
      associated with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary interventions should
      encourage reduced consumption of unhealthful market foods, in combination with
      improvements in local food environments so as to increase access to healthful
      foods and reduce food insecurity in Indigenous communities.

PMID- 27374253
TI  - Ultrasound-guided vessel catheterization in adult Yorkshire cross-bred pigs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe an ultrasound-guided approach for venous and arterial
      vascular access and catheterization in anesthetized adult Yorkshire cross-bred
      pigs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Ten adult female
      Yorkshire cross-bred pigs, weighing 78.4 +/- 5.6 kg (mean +/- standard
      deviation). METHODS: Using ultrasound guidance and the Seldinger technique, a 7
      Fr, 20 cm triple-lumen central venous catheter was placed in the external jugular
      vein and an 18 gauge, 16 cm catheter was placed in the femoral artery. The
      success rate of catheterization and the incidence of catheter patency over 24
      hours of general anesthesia were recorded. RESULTS: Catheterization of the
      external jugular vein was successful in 10 out of 10 pigs and catheterization of
      the femoral artery was successful in eight out of 10 pigs. A surgical dissection
      technique on the femoral artery was performed in two pigs. Venous and arterial
      catheter patency was maintained in all pigs over the 24 hour study period.
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ultrasound guidance resulted in success rates
      of 100% for catheterization of the external jugular vein and 80% for
      catheterization of the femoral artery in anesthetized adult Yorkshire cross-bred
      pigs. This technique is a noninvasive, easily performed alternative to surgical
      exposure of the vessels in large pigs undergoing surgical instrumentation for
      biomedical device testing.

PMID- 27374254
TI  - Promoting the perception of two and three concurrent sound objects: An event
      related potential study.
AB  - The auditory environment typically comprises several simultaneously active sound
      sources. In contrast to the perceptual segregation of two concurrent sounds, the
      perception of three simultaneous sound objects has not yet been studied
      systematically. We conducted two experiments in which participants were presented
      with complex sounds containing sound segregation cues (mistuning, onset
      asynchrony, differences in frequency or amplitude modulation or in sound
      location), which were set up to promote the perceptual organization of the tonal
      elements into one, two, or three concurrent sounds. In Experiment 1, listeners
      indicated whether they heard one, two, or three concurrent sounds. In Experiment
      2, participants watched a silent subtitled movie while EEG was recorded to
      extract the object-related negativity (ORN) component of the event-related
      potential. Listeners predominantly reported hearing two sounds when the
      segregation promoting manipulations were applied to the same tonal element. When
      two different tonal elements received manipulations promoting them to be heard as
      separate auditory objects, participants reported hearing two and three concurrent
      sounds objects with equal probability. The ORN was elicited in most conditions;
      sounds that included the amplitude- or the frequency-modulation cue generated the
      smallest ORN amplitudes. Manipulating two different tonal elements yielded
      numerically and often significantly smaller ORNs than the sum of the ORNs
      elicited when the same cues were applied on a single tonal element. These results
      suggest that ORN reflects the presence of multiple concurrent sounds, but not
      their number. The ORN results are compatible with the horse-race principle of
      combining different cues of concurrent sound segregation.

PMID- 27374255
TI  - Goal striving strategies and effort mobilization: When implementation intentions
      reduce effort-related cardiac activity during task performance.
AB  - Two experiments investigate the influence of goal and implementation intentions
      on effort mobilization during task performance. Although numerous studies have
      demonstrated the beneficial effects of setting goals and making plans on
      performance, the effects of goals and plans on effort-related cardiac activity
      and especially the cardiac preejection period (PEP) during goal striving have not
      yet been addressed. According to the Motivational Intensity Theory, participants
      should increase effort mobilization proportionally to task difficulty as long as
      success is possible and justified. Forming goals and making plans should allow
      for reduced effort mobilization when participants perform an easy task. However,
      when the task is difficult, goals and plans should differ in their effect on
      effort mobilization. Participants who set goals should disengage, whereas
      participants who made if-then plans should stay in the field showing high effort
      mobilization during task performance. As expected, using an easy task in
      Experiment 1, we observed a lower cardiac PEP in both the implementation
      intention and the goal intention condition than in the control condition. In
      Experiment 2, we varied task difficulty and demonstrated that while participants
      with a mere goal intention disengaged from difficult tasks, participants with an
      implementation intention increased effort mobilization proportionally with task
      difficulty. These findings demonstrate the influence of goal striving strategies
      (i.e., mere goals vs. if-then plans) on effort mobilization during task
      performance.

PMID- 27374256
TI  - Managing a Mass CO Poisoning: Critical Issues and Solutions From the Field to the
      Hyperbaric Chamber.
AB  - Carbon monoxide acute intoxication is a common cause of accidental poisoning in
      industrialized countries and sometimes it produces a real mass casualty incident.
      The incident described here occurred in a church in the province of Verona, when
      a group of people was exposed to carbon monoxide due to a heating system
      malfunction. Fifty-seven people went to the Emergency Department. The mean
      carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level was 10.1+/-5.7% (range: 3-25%). The clinicians,
      after medical examination, decided to move 37 patients to hyperbaric chambers for
      hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. This is the first case report that highlights
      and analyses the logistic difficulties of managing a mass carbon monoxide
      poisoning in different health care settings, with a high influx of patients in an
      Emergency Department and a complex liaison between emergency services. This
      article shows how it is possible to manage a complex situation with good outcome.
      (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:251-255).

PMID- 27374257
TI  - Unexpected biodiversity of ciliates in marine samples from below the photic zone.
AB  - Marine microbial eukaryotes play critical roles in planktonic food webs and have
      been described as most diverse in the photic zone where productivity is high. We
      used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to analyse the spatial distribution of
      planktonic ciliate diversity from shallow waters (<30 m depth) to beyond the
      continental shelf (>800 m depth) along a 163 km transect off the coast of New
      England, USA. We focus on ciliates in the subclasses Oligotrichia and
      Choreotrichia (class Spirotrichea), as these taxa are major components of marine
      food webs. We did not observe the decrease of diversity below the photic zone
      expected based on productivity and previous analyses. Instead, we saw an increase
      of diversity with depth. We also observed that the ciliate communities assessed
      by HTS cluster by depth layer and degree of water column stratification,
      suggesting that community assembly is driven by environmental factors. Across our
      samples, abundant OTUs tend to match previously characterized morphospecies while
      rare OTUs are more often undescribed, consistent with the idea that species in
      the rare biosphere remain to be characterized by microscopy. Finally, samples
      taken below the photic zone also reveal the prevalence of two uncharacterized
      (i.e. lacking sequenced morphospecies) clades - clusters X1 and X2 - that are
      enriched within the nano-sized fraction (2-10 MUm) and are defined by deletions
      within the region of the SSU-rDNA analysed here. Together, these data reinforce
      that we still have much to learn about microbial diversity in marine ecosystems,
      especially in deep-waters that may be a reservoir for rare species and
      uncharacterized taxa.

PMID- 27374259
TI  - Switching enhancer methylation in metastatic melanoma.

PMID- 27374258
TI  - Sharp temporal tuning in the bat auditory midbrain overcomes spectral-temporal
      trade-off imposed by cochlear mechanics.
AB  - In the cochlea of the mustached bat, cochlear resonance produces extremely sharp
      frequency tuning to the dominant frequency of the echolocation calls, around 61
      kHz. Such high frequency resolution in the cochlea is accomplished at the expense
      of losing temporal resolution because of cochlear ringing, an effect that is
      observable not only in the cochlea but also in the cochlear nucleus. In the
      midbrain, the duration of sounds is thought to be analyzed by duration-tuned
      neurons, which are selective to both stimulus duration and frequency. We recorded
      from 57 DTNs in the auditory midbrain of the mustached bat to assess if a
      spectral-temporal trade-off is present. Such spectral-temporal trade-off is known
      to occur as sharp tuning in the frequency domain which results in poorer
      resolution in the time domain, and vice versa. We found that a specialized sub
      population of midbrain DTNs tuned to the bat's mechanical cochlear resonance
      frequency escape the cochlear spectral-temporal trade-off. We also show evidence
      that points towards an underlying neuronal inhibition that appears to be specific
      only at the resonance frequency.

PMID- 27374261
TI  - [Spontaneous pneumomediastinum indicative of dermatomyositis].

PMID- 27374260
TI  - [Relapsing polychondritis with meningitis: Focus on a case report demonstrating
      remission under immunosuppressive agents].

PMID- 27374262
TI  - [Emergency percutaneous valvuloplasty: Which patients, which results?]
AB  - Balloon aortic valvuloplasty is a relatively simple procedure with a low rate of
      complications despite patients' frailty. Urgent balloon aortic valvuloplasty is
      especially useful in patients with temporary contra-indication to TAVI or in case
      of difficult clinical scenario. It allows for a functional improvement for up to
      6 months. This period should be used to bridge the patient to TAVI or surgical
      aortic valve replacement, stand-alone aortic valvuloplasty being without mid-term
      survival benefit.

PMID- 27374263
TI  - Diagnostic procedure after an immediate hypersensitivity reaction in the
      operating room.
AB  - The diagnosis of a perioperative allergic reaction is based on clinical features
      associated with a suggestive timeline, the exclusion of other diagnoses, elevated
      concentrations of degranulation markers (histamine, tryptase), and positive
      allergy assessments (skin tests, specific IgE). After initiating appropriate
      treatment, the anesthesiologist should take blood samples to measure histamine
      and tryptase concentrations just after the reaction and repeat them 1-2hours
      later to validate the diagnosis of immediate hypersensitivity. A delayed
      measurement of basal tryptase is useful to rule out mastocytosis and to interpret
      moderate tryptase levels. The anesthesiologist must inform the patient of the
      reaction to obtain adhesion and consent to subsequent investigations and must
      record the timing of the reaction and of the blood sampling, the possible causal
      agents, and the treatment administered. These data must be shared with the
      laboratory and the allergist. An adverse drug reaction report must be filed. The
      gold standard for allergy assessment is skin testing. These tests should be done
      in an appropriate facility, with experienced staff and in compliance with current
      guidelines. Specific IgE assays and cellular assays can help when clinical
      features and skin tests are discordant. Provocation tests are sometimes required.
      After allergy assessment, the safest protocol for subsequent anesthesia is
      determined in collaboration with the anesthesiologist. The patient must be
      informed and carry an allergy alert card. 

PMID- 27374264
TI  - What does acute onset means in the context of Staphylococcus aureus infective
      endocarditis? Description of a hyperacute infective endocarditis.

PMID- 27374265
TI  - [2015 ESC guidelines: 1-hour rule-out and rule-in of acute myocardial infarction
      with high-sensitive troponin T].
AB  - High sensitivity cardiac troponins must be used in first intention. H0/H3
      algorithm is recommended in the diagnostic strategy. In total, 75% of emergency
      patients can be early discharged with the H0/H1 algorithm. Interpretation of
      troponin values requires taking into account the clinical context and
      electrocardiogram. The algorithm H0/H1 cannot be used for early presenters in ED
      after onset of chest pain. Further validation studies are needed before
      widespread application of H0/H1 algorithm.

PMID- 27374266
TI  - [Management of hyperglycemic/diabetic patient during and in the immediate follow
      up of an acute coronary syndrome].
AB  - Two thirds of the patients hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) show
      disorders of glucose metabolism (diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, impaired
      glucose intolerance). Every patient hospitalized for an ACS whose HbA1c is equal
      or above 6.5% must be considered as diabetic. Each patient hospitalized for an
      ACS whose HbA1c is less than 6.5% should have measurement of plasma glucose
      fasting and after an oral glucose load between the 7th and the 28th day following
      the ACS in order to detect a disorder of glucose metabolism. During the
      hospitalization in cardiac intensive care unit, a treatment with insulin will be
      started when plasma glucose is>=1.80g/L (10.0mmol/L). In a patient with
      previously known diabetes, a treatment with insulin will also be started when
      preprandial plasma glucose is 1.40g/L (7.8mmol/L). Insulin treatment in cardiac
      intensive care unit will be performed by continuous IV infusion of insulin
      including bolus for meals. Insulin dosage will be determined according to the
      capillary glucose monitoring. After the hospitalization in cardiac intensive care
      unit, it is often possible to stop insulin treatment, which may be replaced by
      other antidiabetic treatments. The choice of the optimal antidiabetic treatment
      depends on the metabolic profile of the patient (insulin-resistance, insulin
      deficiency). This choice is not always easy and referral to an
      endocrinologist/diabetolgist may be needed. Because of the increased
      cardiovascular mortality associated with hypoglycemias, the long-term use of
      insulin or insulin-secretory agents (sulfonylureas, glinides) must be limited.
      During and in the immediate follow-up of an ACS, referral to an
      endocrinologist/diabetologist is recommended in case of diagnosis of diabetes,
      when HbA1c>=8%, when long-term treatment with insulin has been initiated and in
      case of frequent or severe hypoglycemias.

PMID- 27374267
TI  - HyperCKemia induced by levetiracetam.

PMID- 27374268
TI  - Obesity in Botswana: time for new cut-off points for abdominal girth?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Country-specific cut-off points for defining central obesity in
      black Africans are long overdue. METHODS: Anthropometric data from 215 (51.4%)
      male and 203 (48.6%) female patients seen in Gaborone between 2005 and 2015 were
      analysed to establish appropriate cut-off points for waist circumference (WC)
      corresponding to a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2. Relative risks for
      cardiometabolic disorders were calculated for different BMI and WC categories
      using MedCalc(r). The subjects' mean age was 50.0 +/- 10.8 years and 80.6% were
      Batswana. RESULTS: Only 7.2% of patients had a BMI < 25 kg/m2, 27.3% were
      overweight and 65.5% were obese; mean BMI was 34.9 +/- 6.5 kg/m2 in the women
      versus 31.0 +/- 4.9 kg/m2 in the men (p < 0.0001). New cut-off points of 98 cm in
      men and 85 cm in women emerged. Different weight and WC categories appeared not
      to confer increased relative risk of hypertension, dysglycaemia or dyslipidaemia.
      CONCLUSION: The proposed WC cut-off values, if validated, should set the pace for
      larger studies across sub-Saharan Africa.

PMID- 27374270
TI  - Host-guest chemistry that directly targets lysine methylation: synthetic host
      molecules as alternatives to bio-reagents.
AB  - Post-translational methylation is a chemically simple modification, but regulates
      the function of hundreds of proteins in profound ways. This Feature Article will
      report on the basic aspects of protein methylation, and will offer a personal
      perspective on our recent efforts at making supramolecular hosts that can bind
      and discriminate among post-translationally methylated partners. The article
      highlights several general lessons drawn from these efforts and related work by
      other groups. It also describes some ways in which supramolecular approaches are
      inherently well suited to provide tools that drive new research in the life
      sciences. 

PMID- 27374271
TI  - Interactions of Dietary Fats and Proteins on Fatty Acid Composition of Immune
      Cells and LTB4 Production by Peritoneal Exudate Cells of Rats.
AB  - The interaction of dietary fats and proteins on lipid parameters of rats was
      studied using safflower oil (linoleic acid-rich), borage oil (gamma-linolenic
      acid-rich) or perilla oil (alpha-linolenic acid-rich) in combination with casein
      or soybean protein. The experiment was focused on the fatty acid composition of
      immune cells and the leukotriene B4 production by peritoneal exudate cells. Serum
      total cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid levels were low in perilla oil
      fed or soybean protein-fed rats. Fatty acid compositions of serum and liver
      phospholipids reflected those of dietary fats. However, feeding borage oil
      resulted in a marked increase in the proportion of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in
      phospholipids of peritoneal exudate cells, spleen lymphocytes, and mesenteric
      lymph node lymphocytes in relation to those of liver and serum. It is suggested
      that activities of metabolic n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids are different
      between immune and other tissues. In addition, the magnitude of the reduction of
      the proportion of linoleic acid of perilla oil in immune cells was considerably
      more moderate than serum and liver, indicating a different degree of interference
      of alpha-linolenic acid with linoleic acid metabolism. Leukotriene B4 release
      from peritoneal exudate cells was in the order of safflower oil>borage
      oil>perilla oil groups as reflecting the proportion of arachidonic acid, and
      tended to be lower in soybean protein-fed groups. These suggest an anti
      inflammatory property of gamma-linolenic acid as well as alpha-linolenic acid
      tended to be strengthened when they were combined with soybean protein than with
      casein. 

PMID- 27374273
TI  - The Cancer Communication Assessment Tool for Patients and Families (CCAT-PF): a
      new measure.

PMID- 27374272
TI  - The amino acid-rich elemental diet Elental(r) preserves lean body mass during
      chemo- or chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer.
AB  - Chemo (chemoradio) therapy can induce oral mucositis and change body composition
      in patients with esophageal cancer. The impact of the amino acid-rich elemental
      diet Elental(r) on oral mucositis and changes in body composition during chemo
      (chemoradio) therapy is unclear. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to
      examine the preventive effects of Elental on oral mucositis and sarcopenia
      progression during chemo (chemoradio) therapy for esophageal cancer. Patients
      were randomized to receive either azulene oral rinse (Arm 1) or Elental (Arm 2)
      during the treatment cycle (4 weeks). The incidence of oral mucositis and other
      adverse events was evaluated weekly. Body composition pre- and post-treatment
      cycle was measured by bioelectric impedance analysis. Thirty-three patients (17
      azulene and 16 Elental) completed the study, and the groups were well matched.
      Elental tended to reduce the incidence of oral mucositis (Arm 1, 23.5% and Arm 2,
      12.5%), but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.
      The average body mass index (BMI) and body fat mass decreased significantly in
      both groups after the treatments. Lean body mass (LBM) was reduced in Arm 1, but
      was increased in Arm 2 after the treatment; the relative change of LBM after the
      treatment was significant between Arm 1 and Arm 2 (P=0.007). This study revealed
      that Elental nutrition could counteract sarcopenia development during
      chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. These properties may lead to improvement
      of the quality of life and clinical outcome of esophageal cancer patients treated
      with chemo (chemoradio) therapy (Clinical Trial Registry ID: UMIN 000007960). 

PMID- 27374274
TI  - Safety and tolerability of bosentan for digital ulcers in Japanese patients with
      systemic sclerosis: Prospective, multicenter, open-label study.
AB  - A multicenter, open-label study was performed to investigate the safety and
      tolerability of bosentan in Japanese patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and
      secondary digital ulcers. Twenty-eight patients were enrolled. The safety and
      tolerability of bosentan was monitored over 52 weeks of study treatment (primary
      end-point), while incidence and healing of digital ulcers were also assessed up
      to week 16. The following adverse events occurred in 5% or more of patients
      during the 52-week treatment period: upper respiratory tract infection (50.0%),
      abnormal liver function tests (42.9%), digital ulcers (25.0%), anemia (17.9%),
      peripheral edema (14.3%), diarrhea (10.7%), urinary tract infection (7.1%),
      arthralgia (7.1%), constipation (7.1%) and herpes zoster (7.1%). Eight patients
      experienced at least one serious adverse event, including drug-related serious
      adverse events in two patients, which were abnormal liver function tests and
      fluid retention (pericardial effusion) in one patient each. During the 16-week
      observation period, seven out of 28 patients (25%) developed new digital ulcers.
      In this study, adverse events were comparable with those previously reported with
      bosentan. Approximately half of the patients had adverse events associated with
      abnormal liver function tests, thus we conclude that liver function should be
      monitored regularly during treatment with bosentan.

PMID- 27374275
TI  - Role of the yeast ribosomal protein L16 in ribosome biogenesis.
AB  - Most ribosomal proteins play essential roles in ribosome synthesis and function.
      In this study, we have analysed the contribution of yeast ribosomal protein L16
      to ribosome biogenesis. We show that in vivo depletion of the essential L16
      protein results in a deficit in 60S subunits and the appearance of half-mer
      polysomes. This phenotype is likely due to the instability and rapid turnover of
      early and intermediate pre-60S particles, as evidenced by the reduced steady
      state levels of 27SBS and 7SL /S pre-rRNA, and the low amounts of de novo
      synthesized 27S pre-rRNA and 25S rRNA. Additionally, depletion of L16 blocks
      nucleocytoplasmic export of pre-60S particles. Moreover, we show that L16
      assembles in the nucleolus and binds to early 90S preribosomal particles. Many
      evolutionarily conserved ribosomal proteins possess extra eukaryote-specific
      amino- or carboxy-terminal extensions and/or internal loops. Here, we have also
      investigated the role of the eukaryote-specific carboxy-terminal extension of
      L16. Progressive truncation of this extension recapitulates, albeit to a lesser
      extent, the growth and ribosome biogenesis defects of the L16 depletion. We
      conclude that L16 assembly is a prerequisite to properly stabilize rRNA
      structures within early pre-60S particles, thereby favouring efficient 27S pre
      rRNA processing within the internal transcribed spacer 1 at sites A3 and B1 .
      Upon depletion of L16, the lack of this stabilization aborts early pre-60S
      particle assembly and subjects these intermediates to turnover.

PMID- 27374276
TI  - Bioavailability and Chemical/Functional Aspects of Synthetic MK-7 vs Fermentation
      Derived MK-7 in Randomised Controlled Trials.
AB  - We investigated the bioavailability of a synthetic form of the vitamin K2
      molecule menaquinone-7 (MK-7) in a randomised single-blinded two-way cross-over
      study. Healthy subjects (20 - 66 years of age) took a single 180 MUg dose of
      synthetic MK-7 or fermentation-derived MK-7, and serum MK-7 concentrations were
      monitored for 72 hours to calculate AUC(0 - 72 h) and Cmax. We also compared the
      biological effects of placebo, fermentation-derived MK-7 (90 MUg) and 3 doses of
      synthetic MK-7(45, 90 and 180 MUg) in a randomised double-blinded parallel study.
      Healthy subjects (20 - 60 years of age) took one of the supplements daily for 43
      days, and the fraction of carboxylated osteocalcin (OC) was compared between day
      1 and day 43 as a marker for vitamin K activity. In the bioavailability study,
      the 90 % confidence interval for the ratio of the AUC(0-72 h) values for
      synthetic and fermentationderived MK-7 was 83 - 111, indicating bioequivalence.
      The 90 % confidence interval for the Cmax ratio was 83 - 131. The serum
      concentrations of carboxylated OC and undercarboxylated OC were increased (p =
      0.01) and reduced (p = 0.02), respectively, after daily intake of 180 MUg of
      synthetic MK-7 for 43 days, indicating increased vitamin K activity. Across both
      studies, only 1 participant reported an adverse event (dry mouth; 180 MUg
      synthetic MK-7 group, functional study) that was considered possibly related to
      synthetic MK-7 supplementation. Our findings provide evidence that the tested
      synthetic form of MK-7 is bioequivalent to fermentation-derived MK-7, exhibits
      vitamin K activity and is well tolerated in healthy subjects.

PMID- 27374279
TI  - Sebaceous lymphadenoma of the thymus: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical
      study of 2 cases.
AB  - Two cases of primary sebaceous lymphadenoma of the thymus are presented. The
      patients were a man and a woman 58 and 77 years old, respectively. The female
      patient had a history of breast carcinoma and on follow-up was identified to have
      an anterior mediastinal mass; the male patient did not have any history of
      malignancy, and the tumor was discovered during a chest radiographic evaluation
      when the patient presented with symptoms of fatigue, chest pain, and dyspnea.
      Histologically, both lesions were characterized by the presence of solid-cystic
      epithelial islands in a prominent lymphocytic background. The epithelial islands
      were haphazardly distributed in the form of small tubular structures with focal
      keratinization and groups of epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm, round nuclei
      and lack of mitotic activity in keeping with sebaceous cells. The presence of
      germinal centers in the lymphoid background was seen in both cases.
      Immunohistochemically, the epithelial component was positive for cytokeratin 8
      (CAM5.2), cytokeratin 5/6, and for adipophilin in the sebaceous component. B- and
      T-cell markers were positive in the lymphoid component. Clinical follow-up in
      both patients showed that the 2 patients were well and alive 3 years after
      diagnosis. The cases herein presented expand the spectrum of salivary gland-type
      tumors in the mediastinum and raise awareness of lesions which are easily
      confused with other more common thymic tumors that have different prognosis and
      treatment implications.

PMID- 27374278
TI  - Mobilization of Medial and Lateral Frontal-Striatal Circuits in Cocaine Users and
      Controls: An Interleaved TMS/BOLD Functional Connectivity Study.
AB  - The integrity of frontal-striatal circuits is an area of great interest in
      substance dependence literature, particularly as the field begins to develop
      neural circuit-specific brain stimulation treatments for these individuals. Prior
      research indicates that frontal-striatal connectivity is disrupted in chronic
      cocaine users in a baseline (resting) state. It is unclear, however, if this is
      also true when these circuits are mobilized by an external source. In this study,
      we measured the functional and structural integrity of frontal-striatal circuitry
      involved in limbic arousal and executive control in 36 individuals-18 cocaine
      dependent individuals with a history of failed quit attempts and 18 age-matched
      controls. This was achieved by applying a transcranial magnetic stimulation to
      the medial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann area 10) and the dorsolateral prefrontal
      cortex (lateral Brodmann 9) while participants rested in the MRI scanner
      (TMS/BOLD imaging). Relative to the controls, cocaine users had a lower ventral
      striatal BOLD response to MPFC stimulation. The dorsal striatal BOLD response to
      DLPFC stimulation however was not significantly different between the groups.
      Among controls, DLPFC stimulation led to a reciprocal attenuation of MPFC
      activity (BA 10), but this pattern did not exist in cocaine users. No
      relationship was found between regional diffusion metrics and functional
      activity. Considered together these data suggest that, when engaged, cocaine
      users can mobilize their executive control system similar to controls, but that
      the 'set point' for mobilizing their limbic arousal system has been elevated-an
      interpretation consistent with opponent process theories of addiction.

PMID- 27374277
TI  - Elevated Dopamine D2/3 Receptor Availability in Obese Individuals: A PET Imaging
      Study with [11C](+)PHNO.
AB  - Most prior work with positron emission tomography (PET) dopamine subtype 2/3
      receptor (D2/3R) non-selective antagonist tracers suggests that obese (OB)
      individuals exhibit lower D2/3Rs when compared with normal weight (NW)
      individuals. A D3-preferring D2/3R agonist tracer, [11C](+)PHNO, has demonstrated
      that body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with D2/3R availability
      within striatal reward regions. To date, OB individuals have not been studied
      with [11C](+)PHNO. We assessed D2/3R availability in striatal and extrastriatal
      reward regions in 14 OB and 14 age- and gender-matched NW individuals with
      [11C](+)PHNO PET utilizing a high-resolution research tomograph. Additionally, in
      regions where group D2/3R differences were observed, secondary analyses of 42
      individuals that constituted an overweight cohort was done to study the linear
      association between BMI and D2/3R availability in those respective regions. A
      group-by-brain region interaction effect (F7, 182=2.08, p=0.047) was observed.
      Post hoc analyses revealed that OB individuals exhibited higher tracer binding in
      D3-rich regions: the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA) (+20%;
      p=0.02), ventral striatum (VST) (+14%; p<0.01), and pallidum (+11%; p=0.02). BMI
      was also positively associated with D2/3R availability in the SN/VTA (r=0.34,
      p=0.03), VST (r=0.36, p=0.02), and pallidum (r=0.30, p=0.05) across all subjects.
      These data suggest that individuals who are obese have higher D2/3R availability
      in brain reward regions densely populated with D3Rs, potentially identifying a
      novel pharmacologic target for the treatment of obesity.

PMID- 27374280
TI  - Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis Secondary to Spontaneous Sternocleidomastoid
      Muscle Abscess.

PMID- 27374281
TI  - Pros and Cons of Telemedicine in the Management of Patients with Chronic
      Respiratory Diseases.

PMID- 27374282
TI  - Frequent or Persistent Exacerbations: Identifying The Real Problem.

PMID- 27374283
TI  - Changes in ABCB1 mRNA Expression in Peripheral Blood Cells before and after Renal
      Transplantation.
AB  - Cyclosporine (CSA), which is one of the substrates of ATP binding cassette
      subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1), is widely used as an immunosuppressant in patients
      undergoing transplantation. The expression level of P-glycoprotein on lymphocytes
      that is encoded by ABCB1 gene is considered to be one of the major causes of
      differences in intracellular CSA concentration. The clinical relevance of ABCB1
      mRNA expression in peripheral blood was analyzed. We examined (i) the
      relationship between ABCB1 mRNA and the intracellular concentration of CSA in
      vitro, (ii) the change in long-term ABCB1 mRNA expression levels, and (iii) its
      association with acute rejection (AR) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation in
      living-donor renal transplantation. A significantly negative correlation between
      ABCB1 mRNA expression and intracellular CSA concentration in vitro was obtained
      (p<0.05). ABCB1 mRNA expression was significantly reduced (55%) 1 week after
      transplantation (p<0.001) and returned to the pre-transplantation level after 1
      year. Although the sample size may be too small to obtain a definitive
      conclusion, no association was observed between ABCB1 mRNA expression levels and
      AR or CMV reactivation. 

PMID- 27374284
TI  - Interferon-gamma Attenuates 5-Hydroxytryptamine-Induced Melanogenesis in Primary
      Melanocyte.
AB  - Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important cytokine which can be secreted by
      keratinocytes or macrophages induced by UVB irradiation in skin. Mammalian skin
      cells have the capability to produce and metabolize 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
      whose cutaneous effects are mediated by the interactions with 5-HT receptors.
      Treatment with 5-HT resulted in a dose-dependent increase of tyrosinase (TYR)
      activity and melanin contents in normal human foreskin-derived epidermal
      melanocytes (NHEM), while with IFN-gamma a decreased effect resulted. These
      regulatory results were due to changes of the expression levels of microphthalmia
      associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream TYR, tyrosinase-related
      protein 1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase (DCT). We proved here that 5
      HTR1A/2A participated in the regulation of melanogenesis. IFN-gamma could offset
      the pro-melanogenesis effect of 5-HT in NHEM and the intensity of this
      neutralization was unanticipated below the baseline level. IFN-gamma neutralized
      the up-regulation effect of 5-HT on MITF and downstream TYR, TRP-1 and DCT.
      Though functioning as 5-HT1A/2A receptor during the melanogenesis process, IFN
      gamma played no role in 5-HT1A/2A receptor expressions. Our results also
      demonstrated that the inhibition of IFN-gamma was reversible after its removal.
      Confusingly, the effect of cross-talk between 5-HT and IFN-gamma on NHEM
      melanogenesis was irreversible. Whether treated with 5-HT for 5 d or 12 d, the
      pigmentation level neither recovered after displacing the IFN-gamma-containing
      medium. In addition, IFN-gamma was able to inhibit the inductive effect of 5-HT
      on NHEM migration. Taken together, the suppression of IFN-gamma on 5-HT-induced
      melanogenesis further suggests the negative role of IFN-gamma in inflammation
      associated pigmentary changes. 

PMID- 27374285
TI  - Astrocytes Release Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Lipopolysaccharide Stimuli.
AB  - We previously reported that levels of long-chain fatty acids (FAs) including
      docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) increase in the hypothalamus of inflammatory pain
      model mice. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the increment of free
      fatty acids (FFAs) in the brain during inflammation remains unknown. In this
      study, we characterized FFAs released by inflammatory stimulation in rat primary
      cultured astrocytes, and tested the involvement of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on
      these mechanisms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation significantly increased
      the levels of several FAs in the astrocytes. Under these conditions, mRNA
      expression of cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) and calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) in LPS
      treated group increased compared with the control group. Furthermore, in the
      culture media, the levels of DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA) significantly
      increased by LPS stimuli compared with those of a vehicle-treated control group
      whereas the levels of saturated FAs (SFAs), namely palmitic acid (PAM) and
      stearic acid (STA), did not change. In summary, our findings suggest that
      astrocytes specifically release DHA and ARA by inflammatory conditions. Therefore
      astrocytes might function as a regulatory factor of DHA and ARA in the brain. 

PMID- 27374286
TI  - Ginger Orally Disintegrating Tablets to Improve Swallowing in Older People.
AB  - We previously prepared and pharmaceutically evaluated ginger orally
      disintegrating (OD) tablets, optimized the base formulation, and carried out a
      clinical trial in healthy adults in their 20 s and 50s to measure their effect on
      salivary substance P (SP) level and improved swallowing function. In this study,
      we conducted clinical trials using the ginger OD tablets in older people to
      clinically evaluate the improvements in swallowing function resulting from the
      functional components of the tablet. The ginger OD tablets were prepared by
      mixing the excipients with the same amount of mannitol and sucrose to a
      concentration of 1% ginger. Eighteen healthy older adult volunteers aged 63 to 90
      were included in the swallowing function test. Saliva was collected before and 15
      min after administration of the placebo and ginger OD tablets. Swallowing
      endoscopy was performed by an otolaryngologist before administration and 15 min
      after administration of the ginger OD tablets. A scoring method was used to
      evaluate the endoscopic swallowing. Fifteen minutes after taking the ginger OD
      tablets, the salivary SP amount was significantly higher than prior to ingestion
      or after taking the placebo (p<0.05). Among 10 subjects, one scored 1-3 using the
      four evaluation criteria. Overall, no aspiration occurred and a significant
      improvement in the swallowing function score was observed (p<0.05) after taking
      the ginger OD tablets. Our findings showed that the ginger OD tablets increased
      the salivary SP amount and improved swallowing function in older people with
      appreciably reduced swallowing function. 

PMID- 27374287
TI  - Corticosterone Inhibits the Proliferation of C6 Glioma Cells via the
      Translocation of Unphosphorylated Glucocorticoid Receptor.
AB  - Astroglial cells have been considered to have passive brain function by helping
      to maintain neurons. However, recent studies have revealed that the dysfunction
      of such passive functions may be associated with various neuropathological
      diseases, such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis and major depression. Corticosterone (CORT), which is often referred to
      as the stress hormone, is a well-known regulator of peripheral immune responses
      and also shows anti-inflammatory properties in the brain. However, it is still
      obscure how CORT affects astroglial cell function. In this study, we investigated
      the effects of CORT on the proliferation and survival of astroglial cells using
      C6 glioma cells. Under treatment with CORT for 24h, the proliferation of C6
      glioma cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this inhibition was
      diminised by treatment with mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
      antagonist, but not by spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)
      antagonist, and was independent of GR phosphorylation and other GR-related
      intracellular signaling cascades. Furthermore, it was observed that the
      translocation of GR from the cytosol to the nucleus was promoted by the treatment
      with CORT. These results indicate that CORT decreases the proliferation of C6
      glioma cells by modifying the transcription of a particular gene related to cell
      proliferation independent of GR phosphorylation. 

PMID- 27374288
TI  - Cinnamomum loureirii Extract Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase Activity and
      Ameliorates Trimethyltin-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice.
AB  - The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been linked to the deficiency of
      neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain, and the main treatment
      strategy for improving AD symptoms is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) activity. In the present study, we aimed to identify potent AChE
      inhibitors from Cinnamomum loureirii extract via bioassay-guided fractionation.
      We demonstrated that the most potent AChE inhibitor present in the C. loureirii
      extract was 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol. To confirm the antiamnesic effects
      of the ethanol extract of C. loureirii, mice were intraperitoneally injected with
      the neurotoxin trimethyltin (2.5 mg/kg) to induce cognitive dysfunction, and
      performance in the Y-maze and passive avoidance tests was assessed. Treatment
      with C. loureirii extract significantly improved performance in both behavioral
      tests, suggesting that this extract may be neuroprotective and therefore
      beneficial in preventing or ameliorating the degenerative processes of AD,
      potentially by restoring cholinergic function. 

PMID- 27374289
TI  - Gallic Acid, the Active Ingredient of Terminalia bellirica, Enhances Adipocyte
      Differentiation and Adiponectin Secretion.
AB  - Visceral obesity induces the onset of metabolic disorders such as insulin
      resistance and diabetes mellitus. Adipose tissue is considered as a potential
      pharmacological target for treating metabolic disorders. The fruit of Terminalia
      bellirica is extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat patients with
      diseases such as diabetes mellitus. We previously investigated the effects of a
      hot water extract of T. bellirica fruit (TB) on obesity and insulin resistance in
      spontaneously obese type 2 diabetic mice. To determine the active ingredients of
      TB and their molecular mechanisms, we focused on adipocyte differentiation using
      mouse 3T3-L1 cells, which are widely used to study adipocyte physiology. We show
      here that TB enhanced the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells to mature adipocytes
      and that one of the active main components was identified as gallic acid. Gallic
      acid (10-30 uM) enhanced the expression and secretion of adiponectin via
      adipocyte differentiation and also that of fatty acid binding protein-4, which is
      the target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma),
      although it does not alter the expression of the upstream genes PPARgamma and
      CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha. In the PPARgamma ligand assay, the binding
      of gallic acid to PPARgamma was undetectable. These findings indicate that gallic
      acid mediates the therapeutic effects of TB on metabolic disorders by regulating
      adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, TB shows promise as a candidate for
      preventing and treating patients with metabolic syndrome. 

PMID- 27374291
TI  - Muscarinic Receptor Binding in Rat Bladder Urothelium and Detrusor Muscle by
      Intravesical Solifenacin.
AB  - Solifenacin is an antimuscarinic agent used to treat symptoms of overactive
      bladder. Pharmacologically significant amounts of solifenacin were excreted in
      the urine of humans taking a clinical dose of this drug. The aim of this study is
      to measure muscarinic receptor binding in the bladder urothelium and detrusor
      muscles of rats following the intravesical instillation of solifenacin.
      Muscarinic receptors were measured by radioreceptor assay using [N-methyl
      (3)H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([(3)H]NMS), a selective radioligand of
      muscarinic receptors. Solifenacin showed concentration-dependent inhibition of
      specific [(3)H]NMS binding in the bladder urothelium and detrusor muscle of rats,
      with no significant difference in Ki values or Hill coefficients between these
      tissues. Following the intravesical instillation of solifenacin, there was
      significant muscarinic receptor binding (increase in Kd for specific [(3)H]NMS
      binding) in the bladder urothelium and detrusor muscle of rats. Similar bladder
      muscarinic receptor binding was observed by the intravesical instillation of
      oxybutynin, but not with trospium. In conclusion, the present study has
      demonstrated that solifenacin binds muscarinic receptors not only in the detrusor
      muscle but also in the bladder urothelium with high affinity. These bladder
      muscarinic receptors may be significantly affected by solifenacin excreted in the
      urine. 

PMID- 27374290
TI  - Is Coenzyme Q10 Effective in Protection against Ulcerative Colitis? An
      Experimental Study in Rats.
AB  - Coenzyme Q10 (Co-Q10) is a vitamin-like supplement which appears to be safe, with
      minimal side effects and low drug interaction potential. Co-Q10 is used in the
      treatment of a variety of disorders related primarily to suboptimal cellular
      energy metabolism and oxidative injury. Studies supporting the efficacy of Co-Q10
      appear most promising for a variety of diseases, including ulcerative colitis
      (UC). The present investigation aims to elucidate the possible protective effects
      of Co-Q10 against UC, as induced by the administration of iodoacetamide to adult
      male albino rats. In our study, Co-Q10 showed potent anti-oxidant and anti
      inflammatory activities through a significant increase in catalase activity and
      glutathione content. In addition, it significantly decreased myeloperoxidase
      activity, malondialdehyde content and nitrate/nitrite production. These results
      suggest that Co-Q10 protects against UC in rats via anti-oxidant and anti
      inflammatory potentials, and therefore seems promising for use in further
      clinical trials. 

PMID- 27374292
TI  - Gender- and Age-Associated Differences in Serum Metabolite Profiles among
      Japanese Populations.
AB  - Serum metabolites can reflect the diffusion/export of biochemicals from various
      organs. They can serve as biomarkers related to diseases and therapeutic
      efficacy/toxicity. While studies in Caucasians suggested that subject gender and
      age can affect circulating metabolite profiles, the Japanese population has not
      been surveyed. Our objective was to delineate gender- and age-associated
      differences in serum metabolite profiles among Japanese populations. Using a mass
      spectrometry-based global metabolomics approach, 516 endogenous metabolites were
      detected in sera from Japanese individuals. The principal component analysis
      identified gender as the primary component, followed by age, suggesting that
      these two criteria were key contributors to variations in the dataset. Gender
      associated differences were observed in 31 and 25% of metabolites in the young
      (age 25-35) and old (ages 55-65) populations, respectively, in redox homeostasis,
      and in steroid and purine nucleotide metabolism pathways. Age-associated
      differences were observed in 24 and 23% of metabolites in men and women,
      respectively. No pathway was commonly highlighted. Thus, gender and age impact on
      metabolite profiles in the Japanese population. Our results provide useful
      information to explore biomarkers for clinical applications in the Japanese
      population and to assess the applicability of known biomarkers identified in
      other populations to the Japanese population. 

PMID- 27374293
TI  - Analysis of Staphylococcal Toxins and Clinical Outcomes of Methicillin-Resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia.
AB  - It is well known that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) produces
      many virulence factors, such as hemolysins, leukocidins, proteases, enterotoxins,
      exfoliative toxins, and immune-modulatory factors. The aim of study was to
      identify staphylococcal pathogenicity that may affect the prognosis of patients
      with MRSA bacteremia. We obtained 149 MRSA strains from blood cultures between
      January 2009 and December 2014 in our institution. We collected information on
      patient characteristics, laboratory data, staphylococcal toxin genes, and
      susceptibility of the strain toward anti-MRSA agent and analyzed them as factors
      contributing to 30-d mortality. The "survival" and "dead" groups consisted of 103
      and 46 patients, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed a
      four-fold increase in the risk of mortality in patients exhibiting isolated MRSA
      with staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) genes as well as toxic shock syndrome
      toxin-1 (TSST-1) genes [odds ratio: 3.89; 95% confidence interval: 1.20-12.60;
      p=0.024]. Kaplan-Meier analysis also showed significantly higher mortality in
      patient with isolated MRSA with SEs and TSST-1 genes. After adjusting for
      confounders, the coexistence of SEs and TSST-1 were independently associated with
      the 30-d mortality compared with treatment and susceptibility. The coexistence of
      superantigenic toxin genes greatly affects the clinical course and prognosis of
      patients with MRSA bacteremia. 

PMID- 27374294
TI  - Analysis of Skin Permeability and Toxicological Properties of Amorphous Silica
      Particles.
AB  - Nanomaterials (NMs) are defined as those which have nanostructured components
      less than 100 nm in diameter. They are widely used in various fields such as
      medicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. However, the toxicological effects of
      NMs are less well understood than their applications. In particular, the skin is
      exposed to the environment at all times, so is easily influenced by NMs. In this
      study, we investigated the skin permeability and toxicological properties of well
      dispersed amorphous silica particles with diameters ranging from 70 to 1000 nm,
      to aid in the safe application of NMs. Amorphous silica particles of 70 nm in
      size (nSP70) penetrated the living epidermis, following pretreatment with
      acetone/diethyl ether to improve skin permeation. The application of unmodified
      nSP70, carboxyl group-modified nSP70, or amino group-modified nSP70 for long
      durations caused little skin irritation at the application site. Under the
      present experimental conditions, few adverse systemic effects were evident from
      blood tests and histopathologic examination. These results suggest that
      decreasing particle size increases the NMs skin permeability, but remarkably
      little corresponding skin irritation is observed. 

PMID- 27374295
TI  - Effect of Combination of Low-Frequency Sonophoresis or Electroporation with
      Iontophoresis on the Mannitol Flux or Electroosmosis through Excised Skin.
AB  - In vitro permeation studies of mannitol were conducted across excised hairless
      mouse skin to determine and compare the enhancing effect of electroporation (EP)
      or sonophoresis (SP) combined with iontophoresis (IP) on the electroosmotic flow,
      and to analyze the enhancement mechanism of these combined methods. Mannitol flux
      was utilized as an index for the electroosmotic flow due to its low molecular
      weight and no electrorepulsion effect. The combination of SP and IP (SP/IP)
      resulted in an apparent increase of electroosmotic flow (no effect was sometimes
      observed by SP/IP), while that of EP and IP (EP/IP) had no synergistic enhancing
      effect on the electroosmosis. Next, the combined effect of tape-stripping (TS)
      and IP (TS/IP) was examined in a similar manner to clarify the difference between
      the SP/IP and EP/IP effects on electroosmosis. When the TS number increased from
      0 to 3, the electroosmotic flow increased with the TS number. However, no further
      increase was observed when the TS number became more than 3, and the flow started
      to decrease when the TS number became 5. The electric charge of the skin surface
      was then measured after SP or TS application. When SP was applied, the skin
      surface charge became much more negative and the electroosmotic flow by SP/IP was
      markedly increased. Thus, an increase in the electroosmotic flow across the skin
      during IP application can be obtained not by EP and TS, but by SP. The combined
      use of SP and IP is a promising means for the enhanced skin delivery of non
      electrolyte drugs. 

PMID- 27374296
TI  - Nephronectin Expression Is Up-Regulated by BMP-2.
AB  - Nephronectin (Npnt), known to be a ligand of integrin alpha8beta1, plays
      important roles in the development and function of various tissues, including
      those of the kidneys, liver, bones, and muscles. In previous studies, we showed
      that the expression of Npnt mRNA was regulated by various cytokines, including
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF
      alpha), and oncostatin M (OSM), and that over-expression of Npnt enhanced
      osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we found that bone morphogenic protein
      2 (BMP-2), known as an osteogenesis inducing cytokine, strongly up-regulated the
      expression of Npnt mRNA in a murine skeletal muscle cell line (C2C12) via the BMP
      SMAD signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27374297
TI  - Enhancement of Automaticity by Mechanical Stretch of the Isolated Guinea Pig
      Pulmonary Vein Myocardium.
AB  - The effects of mechanical stretch on the automaticity of the guinea pig isolated
      pulmonary vein preparations were studied in microelectrode experiments. The
      application of cumulative mechanical stretch to the preparations resulted in
      increases in the firing rate of spontaneous electrical activity in the myocardial
      layer. This effect was significantly inhibited by stretch-activated channel
      blockers such as gadolinium or streptomycin. These results suggest that acute
      mechanical stretch enhances the automaticity of the guinea pig pulmonary vein
      myocardium through the opening of the stretch-activated channels. 

PMID- 27374298
TI  - Betamethasone, but Not Tacrolimus, Suppresses the Development of Th2 Cells
      Mediated by Langerhans Cell-Like Dendritic Cells.
AB  - It is well known that Langerhans cells (LCs) work as the primary orchestrators in
      the polarization of the immune milieu towards a T helper type 1 (Th1) or T helper
      type 2 (Th2) response. In this study, we investigated the effects of tacrolimus
      and betamethasone, each used as topical applications in atopic dermatitis (AD),
      on Th2 cell development mediated by LCs. LC-like dendritic cells (LDCs) were
      generated from mouse bone marrow cells and used as substitutes for LCs. Mice were
      primed with ovalbumin (OVA) peptide-pulsed LDCs, which had been treated with
      tacrolimus or betamethasone, via the hind footpad. After 5 d, the cytokine
      response in the popliteal lymph nodes was investigated by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. The expression of cell surface molecules on LDCs was
      investigated via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Administration
      of OVA peptide-pulsed LDCs, which had been treated with betamethasone, inhibited
      Th2 cell development, as represented by the down-regulation of interleukin-4
      production, and also inhibited Th1 cell development, represented by the down
      regulation of interferon-gamma production. However, tacrolimus-treated LDCs did
      not induce such inhibition of the development of Th1 and Th2 cells. The
      inhibition of Th1 and Th2 cell development was associated with the suppression of
      CD40 and T-cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain-containing protein (TIM)-4
      expression, respectively, in LDCs. These results suggest that the topical
      application of betamethasone to skin lesions of patients with AD acts on
      epidermal LCs, and may inhibit the development of Th2 cells, thus being of
      benefit for the control of AD. 

PMID- 27374299
TI  - Gender differences in the saliva of young healthy subjects before and after
      citric acid stimulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gender differences in the function and anatomical features of
      salivary glands are well known. However, specific gender differences in the
      biochemical composition and salivary flow rate (SFR) remain uncertain. Collection
      methods affect the assessment of the salivary composition and SFR, which are also
      highly affected by acid stimulation. METHODS: In the present study, we analyzed
      the differences in salivary characteristics of SFR, pH and salivary alpha-amylase
      (sAA) for 28 females and 27 males before and after citric acid stimulation, as
      measured by 3 different collection methods sequentially. RESULTS: Salivary pH
      values were significantly lower in females than that in males, both before and
      after stimulation, irrespective of collection methods. Salivary pH consistently
      increased after acid stimulation in both genders. Mean SFR in females before acid
      stimulation was significantly lower than that in males in all 3 samples
      collected. No gender difference in sAA was evident. CONCLUSION: Substantial
      gender differences in biochemistry and flow of saliva exist, and these findings
      are robust, as evidenced by reasonable consistency of the data among different
      saliva sampling methods.

PMID- 27374300
TI  - Falsely low plasma human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentrations: Corrective
      actions implemented.

PMID- 27374301
TI  - Clinical usefulness of bone turnover marker concentrations in osteoporosis.
AB  - Current evidence continues to support the potential for bone turnover markers
      (BTM) to provide clinically useful information particularly for monitoring the
      efficacy of osteoporosis treatment. Many of the limitations identified earlier
      remain, principally in regard to the relationship between BTM and incident
      fractures. Important data are now available on reference interval values for CTX
      and PINP across a range of geographic regions and for individual clinical assays.
      An apparent lack of comparability between current clinical assays for CTX has
      become evident indicating the possible limitations of combining such data for
      meta-analyses. Harmonization of units for reporting serum/plasma CTX (ng/L) and
      PINP (MUg/L) is recommended. The development of international collaborations
      continues with an important initiative to combine BTM results from clinical
      trials in osteoporosis in a meta-analysis and an assay harmonization program are
      likely to be beneficial. It is possible that knowledge derived from clinical
      studies can further enhance fracture risk estimation tools with inclusion of BTM
      together with other independent risk factors. Further data of the relationships
      between the clinical assays for CTX and PINP as well as physiological and pre
      analytical factors contributing to variability in BTM concentrations are
      required.

PMID- 27374302
TI  - Whole-exome sequencing identifies compound heterozygous mutations in ARSA of two
      siblings presented with atypical onset of metachromatic leukodystrophy from a
      Chinese pedigree.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare inherited lysosomal
      storage disorder caused mainly by variants in arylsulfatase A (ARSA) gene. MLD
      can be divided into three major clinical forms according to the age of onset:
      late infantile, juvenile, and adult. We report two siblings of late infantile MLD
      presenting with cerebellar ataxia as the only first clinical symptom. METHODS:
      Because of the unspecific neurological manifestation, whole-exome sequencing
      (WES) was performed to find disease-causing mutations for molecular diagnosis.
      Then successive MRI and ARSA activity determination were performed to further
      confirm the diagnosis. Moreover, the prenatal diagnosis was carried out on the
      basis of molecular diagnosis. RESULTS: The siblings exhibited compound
      heterozygous variants {[c.302G>T]+[c.1344dupC]} in the ARSA gene, and both of the
      variants have been reported as disease-causing mutations previously. The results
      of MRI and low ARSA activity confirmed the diagnosis of MLD. Prenatal diagnosis
      showed that the fetus was a heterozygous carrier. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended
      that WES be considered as a first line diagnostic procedure to discover potential
      disease-causing genetic variants in affected individuals with hereditary traits
      but without definite clinical diagnosis. However, the final diagnosis should be
      confirmed by comprehensive evaluations including biochemical, enzymatic or
      imaging investigations.

PMID- 27374303
TI  - DNA injury is acutely enhanced in response to increasing bulks of aerobic
      physical exercise.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA damage in response to increasing bulks
      of aerobic physical exercise. Fifteen adult and trained athletes performed four
      sequential trials with increasing running distance (5-, 10-, 21- and 42-km) in
      different periods of the year. The gamma-H2AX foci parameters were analyzed
      before and 3h after the end of each trial. The values of all gamma-H2AX foci
      parameters were enhanced after the end of each trial, with values gradually
      increasing from the 5- to the 42-km trial. Interestingly, a minor increase of
      gamma-H2AX foci was still evident after 5- to 10-km running, but a much higher
      increase occurred when the running distance exceeded 21km. The generation of DNA
      injury was then magnified by running up to 42-km. The increase of each gamma-H2AX
      foci parameter was then found to be associated with both running distance and
      average intensity. In multivariate linear regression analysis, the running
      distance was significantly associated with average intensity and post-run
      variation in the percentage of cells with gamma-H2AX foci. We can hence conclude
      that aerobic exercise may generate an acute DNA damage in trained athletes, which
      is highly dependent upon running distance and average intensity. 

PMID- 27374304
TI  - Biomarker development targeting unmet clinical needs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The introduction of new biomarkers can lead to inappropriate
      utilization of tests if they do not fill in existing gaps in clinical care. We
      aimed to define a strategy and checklist for identifying unmet needs for
      biomarkers. METHODS: A multidisciplinary working group used a 4-step process: 1/
      scoping literature review; 2/ face-to-face meetings to discuss scope, strategy
      and checklist items; 3/ iterative process of feedback and consensus to develop
      the checklist; 4/ testing and refinement of checklist items using case scenarios.
      RESULTS: We used clinical pathway mapping to identify clinical management
      decisions linking biomarker testing to health outcomes and developed a 14-item
      checklist organized into 4 domains: 1/ identifying and 2/ verifying the unmet
      need; 3/ validating the intended use; and 4/ assessing the feasibility of the new
      biomarker to influence clinical practice and health outcome. We present an
      outcome-focused approach that can be used by multiple stakeholders for any
      medical test, irrespective of the purpose and role of testing. CONCLUSIONS: The
      checklist intends to achieve more efficient biomarker development and translation
      into practice. We propose the checklist is field tested by stakeholders, and
      advocate the role of the clinical laboratory professional to foster trans-sector
      collaboration in this regard.

PMID- 27374305
TI  - Reply to the Editor- Device enabled left atrial appendage ligation-A word of
      caution.

PMID- 27374307
TI  - Ablation of complex fractionated electrograms is useful for catheter ablation of
      persistent atrial fibrillation: Protagonist point of view.

PMID- 27374306
TI  - Novel calmodulin mutations associated with congenital long QT syndrome affect
      calcium current in human cardiomyocytes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Calmodulin (CaM) mutations are associated with cardiac arrhythmia
      susceptibility including congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS). OBJECTIVE: The
      purpose of this study was to determine the clinical, genetic, and functional
      features of 2 novel CaM mutations in children with life-threatening ventricular
      arrhythmias. METHODS: The clinical and genetic features of 2 congenital
      arrhythmia cases associated with 2 novel CaM gene mutations were ascertained.
      Biochemical and functional investigations were conducted on the 2 mutations.
      RESULTS: A novel de novo CALM2 mutation (D132H) was discovered by candidate gene
      screening in a male infant with prenatal bradycardia born to healthy parents.
      Postnatal course was complicated by profound bradycardia, prolonged corrected QT
      interval (651 ms), 2:1 atrioventricular block, and cardiogenic shock. He was
      resuscitated and was treated with a cardiac device. A second novel de novo
      mutation in CALM1 (D132V) was discovered by clinical exome sequencing in a 3-year
      old boy who suffered a witnessed cardiac arrest secondary to ventricular
      fibrillation. Electrocardiographic recording after successful resuscitation
      revealed a prolonged corrected QT interval of 574 ms. The Ca(2+) affinity of CaM
      D132H and CaM-D132V revealed extremely weak binding to the C-terminal domain,
      with significant structural perturbations noted for D132H. Voltage-clamp
      recordings of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
      transiently expressing wild-type or mutant CaM demonstrated that both mutations
      caused impaired Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of voltage-gated Ca(2+) current.
      Neither mutant affected voltage-dependent inactivation. CONCLUSION: Our findings
      implicate impaired Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation in human cardiomyocytes as the
      plausible mechanism for long QT syndrome associated with 2 novel CaM mutations.
      The data further expand the spectrum of genotype and phenotype associated with
      calmodulinopathy.

PMID- 27374308
TI  - Ablation of complex fractionated electrograms may not be useful for catheter
      ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation.

PMID- 27374309
TI  - Perindopril for the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence after
      radiofrequency catheter ablation: One-year experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after ablation is still high.
      Perindopril plays an essential role in AF induction and maintenance. OBJECTIVE:
      We aimed to prove that perindopril (8 mg) could prevent recurrence after
      pulmonary vein isolation. METHODS: Patients with paroxysmal AF who received
      radiofrequency ablation were randomized to a 3-month course of perindopril 8 mg
      once daily (perindopril group) or placebo (placebo group). Angiotensin-II (Ang
      II) therapy and standard transthoracic echocardiography were performed. All 256
      patients with paroxysmal AF who received radiofrequency ablation were randomized.
      And we followed them for complete 1 year. The 3-month recurrence and the 1-year
      recurrence were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: The 3-month recurrence of
      AF was observed in 33 (26.19%) of 126 patients in the placebo group vs 19
      (14.62%) of 130 patients who received perindopril 8 mg once daily (chi2, P =
      .021). One-year recurrence of AF was observed in 36 (28.5%) of 126 patients in
      the placebo group as compared with 21 (16.2%) of 130 patients who received
      perindopril after 1 year (P = .017). The kappa value was 0.94 in the control
      group (P < .001) and 0.96 in the perindopril group (P < .001) between 3-month and
      1-year recurrence. The Ang-II level was related to the left atrial distance with
      the reduction in AF recurrence (r = 0.17, P = .005 at 3 months; r = 0.25, P <
      .001 at 1 year). CONCLUSION: Perindopril is an effective and safe treatment for
      the prevention of AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation. This
      effect seems to be strongly associated with a significant decrease in Ang-II
      level and left atrial distance.

PMID- 27374310
TI  - Effect of epicardial cooling Peltier elements on atrial conduction: A proof-of
      concept study for a potentially painless method of atrial defibrillation.

PMID- 27374311
TI  - To the Editor- Device enabled left atrial appendage ligation-A word of caution.

PMID- 27374312
TI  - Oncogenic role of mortalin contributes to ovarian tumorigenesis by activating the
      MAPK-ERK pathway.
AB  - Mortalin is frequently overexpressed in human malignancies. Previous studies have
      suggested that mortalin contributes to ovarian cancer development and
      progression, but further investigation is warranted. The aim of this study is to
      elucidate the mechanism of mortalin in ovarian cancer development and
      progression. In this study, lentivirus-delivered mortalin short hairpin RNA
      (shRNA) was used to knockdown mortalin expression in A2780 and A2780/cis ovarian
      cancer cell lines, and lentiviral mortalin-pLVX-AcGFP was used to generate
      mortalin-overexpressing cell lines. The results demonstrated that decreased
      mortalin expression reduced ovarian cancer cell proliferation, colony formation,
      migration and invasion by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay,
      wounding healing assay and Transwell cell invasion assay, respectively. Flow
      cytometry results suggested that mortalin promotes the G1 transition, leading to
      faster restoration of a normal cell-cycle distribution. Cell-cycle proteins,
      including C-myc and Cyclin-D1, significantly increased, and Cyclin-B1 remarkably
      decreased upon mortalin down-regulation. Western blot analysis showed that
      mortalin knockdown significantly decreased p-c-Raf and phospho-extracellular
      regulated protein kinases (p-ERK1/2) pathways but not the Jun N-terminal kinase
      pathway, whereas mortalin overexpression had the opposite effect. Taken together,
      these results indicate that mortalin is an oncogenic factor, and mitogen
      activated protein kinase-ERK signalling pathway activation by mortalin may
      contribute to ovarian cancer development and progression.

PMID- 27374314
TI  - VPS35: Two Ways to Recycle the Parathyroid Hormone Receptor (PTH1R) in
      Osteoblasts.

PMID- 27374315
TI  - Unraveling the molecular details of the innate immune response.

PMID- 27374313
TI  - Activation of PPARgamma by a Natural Flavonoid Modulator, Apigenin Ameliorates
      Obesity-Related Inflammation Via Regulation of Macrophage Polarization.
AB  - PPARgamma has emerged as a master regulator of macrophage polarization and is the
      molecular target of the thiazolidinedione drugs. Here we show that apigenin binds
      and activates PPARgamma by acting as a modulator. Activation of PPARgamma by
      apigenin blocks p65 translocation into nuclei through inhibition of p65/PPARgamma
      complex translocation into nuclei, thereby decreasing NF-kappaB activation and
      favoringM2 macrophage polarization. In HFD and ob/ob mice, apigenin significantly
      reverses M1 macrophage into M2 and reduces the infiltration of inflammatory cells
      in liver and adipose tissues, as well as decreases the levels of pro-inflammatory
      cytokines, thereby alleviating inflammation. Strikingly, apigenin reduces liver
      and muscular steatosis, decreases the levels of ALT, AST, TC and TG, improving
      glucose resistance obviously. Unlike rosiglitazone, apigenin does not cause
      significant weight gain, osteoporosis et al. Our findings identify apigenin as a
      modulator of PPARgamma and a potential lead compound for treatment of metabolic
      disorders. 

PMID- 27374316
TI  - Spike-timing dependent inhibitory plasticity to learn a selective gating of
      backpropagating action potentials.
AB  - Inhibition is known to influence the forward-directed flow of information within
      neurons. However, also regulation of backward-directed signals, such as
      backpropagating action potentials (bAPs), can enrich the functional repertoire of
      local circuits. Inhibitory control of bAP spread, for example, can provide a
      switch for the plasticity of excitatory synapses. Although such a mechanism is
      possible, it requires a precise timing of inhibition to annihilate bAPs without
      impairment of forward-directed excitatory information flow. Here, we propose a
      specific learning rule for inhibitory synapses to automatically generate the
      correct timing to gate bAPs in pyramidal cells when embedded in a local circuit
      of feedforward inhibition. Based on computational modeling of multi-compartmental
      neurons with physiological properties, we demonstrate that a learning rule with
      anti-Hebbian shape can establish the required temporal precision. In contrast to
      classical spike-timing dependent plasticity of excitatory synapses, the proposed
      inhibitory learning mechanism does not necessarily require the definition of an
      upper bound of synaptic weights because of its tendency to self-terminate once
      annihilation of bAPs has been reached. Our study provides a functional context in
      which one of the many time-dependent learning rules that have been observed
      experimentally - specifically, a learning rule with anti-Hebbian shape - is
      assigned a relevant role for inhibitory synapses. Moreover, the described
      mechanism is compatible with an upregulation of excitatory plasticity by
      disinhibition.

PMID- 27374317
TI  - Highly Efficient Triplet Photosensitizers: A Systematic Approach to the
      Application of Ir(III) Complexes containing Extended Phenanthrolines.
AB  - A series of Ir(III) complexes, based on 1,10-phenanthroline featuring aryl
      acetylene chromophores, were prepared and investigated as triplet
      photosensitizers. The complexes were synthesized by Sonogashira cross-coupling
      reactions using a "chemistry-on-the-complex" method. The absorption properties
      and luminescence lifetimes were successfully tuned by controlling the number and
      type of light-harvesting group. Intense UV/Vis absorption was observed for the
      Ir(III) complexes with two light-harvesting groups at the 3- and 8-positions of
      the phenanthroline. The asymmetric Ir(III) complex (with a triphenylamine (TPA)
      and a pyrene moiety attached) exhibited the longest lifetime. Red emission was
      observed for all the complexes in deaerated solutions at room temperature. Their
      emission at low temperature (77 K) and nanosecond time-resolved transient
      difference absorption spectra revealed the origin of their triplet excited
      states. The singlet-oxygen ((1) O2 ) sensitization and triplet-triplet
      annihilation (TTA)-based upconversion were explored. Highly efficient TTA
      upconversion (PhiUC =28.1 %) and (1) O2 sensitization (PhiDelta =97.0 %) were
      achieved for the asymmetric Ir(III) complex, which showed intense absorption in
      the visible region (lambdaabs =482 nm, epsilon=50900 m(-1)  cm(-1) ) and had a
      long-lived triplet excited state (53.3 MUs at RT). 

PMID- 27374318
TI  - Synthesis, structure and physical properties of a low dimensional compound.
AB  - The crystal structure of (MU3-oxo)hexakis(cyanoacetato-kappaO,O')(cyanoacetato
      kappaO)diaquatriiron(III) cyanoacetic acid shows the formation of trinuclear
      complexes in a hydrogen-bond network that bonds all the molecules in a 3D
      arrangement. For this complex, within whose clusters the whole magnetic
      interaction takes place, 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy shows that the Fe cations
      are in the S=5/2 state in the temperature range 2-295K. The asymmetric broadening
      of the absorption peaks below 80K is consistent with strong antiferromagnetic
      interactions between the metal spins. The magnetization measurements also show
      the antiferromagnetic character of the spin ensemble and an ST=1/2 magnetic
      ground state typical of triangular systems with similar J between Fe-Fe pairs.

PMID- 27374319
TI  - The role of working memory in rapid instructed task learning and intention-based
      reflexivity: An individual differences examination.
AB  - The ability to efficiently follow novel task instructions (Rapid Instructed Task
      Learning, RITL) appears late in evolution, is required for successful
      collaborative teamwork, and appears to involve maintaining instructions in
      working-memory (WM). RITL is indexed by the efficiency in which the instructions
      are performed (RITL success) and by whether the instructions operate
      automatically (intention-based reflexivity). Based on prior normative work
      employing WM-load manipulations, we predicted that individual differences in WM
      would positively correlate with these RITL indices. Participants (N=175)
      performed the NEXT paradigm, which is used to assess RITL, and tests of choice
      reaction time, intelligence, and WM. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that,
      contrary to our predictions, successful performance in WM tasks did not predict
      RITL performance. Tests tapping general-fluid intelligence and reaction time
      positively correlated with RITL success. However, contrary to our predictions,
      RITL success positively correlated with little intention-based reflexivity. We
      suggest that for a RITL paradigm to produce intention-based reflexivity, its WM
      demand must be low, and, thus, performance does not reflect individual
      differences in WM.

PMID- 27374321
TI  - Biomimetic mineralization of recombinant collagen type I derived protein to
      obtain hybrid matrices for bone regeneration.
AB  - Understanding the mineralization mechanism of synthetic protein has recently
      aroused great interest especially in the development of advanced materials for
      bone regeneration. Herein, we propose the synthesis of composite materials
      through the mineralization of a recombinant collagen type I derived protein (RCP)
      enriched with RGD sequences in the presence of magnesium ions (Mg) to closer
      mimic bone composition. The role of both RCP and Mg ions in controlling the
      precipitation of the mineral phase is in depth evaluated. TEM and X-ray powder
      diffraction reveal the crystallization of nanocrystalline apatite (Ap) in all the
      evaluated conditions. However, Raman spectra point out also the precipitation of
      amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). This amorphous phase is more evident when RCP
      and Mg are at work, indicating the synergistic role of both in stabilizing the
      amorphous precursor. In addition, hybrid matrices are prepared to tentatively
      address their effectiveness as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. SEM and AFM
      imaging show an homogeneous mineral distribution on the RCP matrix mineralized in
      presence of Mg, which provides a surface roughness similar to that found in bone.
      Preliminary in vitro tests with pre-osteoblast cell line show good cell-material
      interaction on the matrices prepared in the presence of Mg. To the best of our
      knowledge this work represents the first attempt to mineralize recombinant
      collagen type I derived protein proving the simultaneous effect of the organic
      phase (RCP) and Mg on ACP stabilization. This study opens the possibility to
      engineer, through biomineralization process, advanced hybrid matrices for bone
      regeneration.

PMID- 27374320
TI  - Cellular electron cryo tomography and in situ sub-volume averaging reveal the
      context of microtubule-based processes.
AB  - Electron cryo-tomography (cryoET) is currently the only technique that allows the
      direct observation of proteins in their native cellular environment. Sub-volume
      averaging of electron tomograms offers a route to increase the signal-to-noise of
      repetitive biological structures, such improving the information content and
      interpretability of tomograms. We discuss the potential for sub-volume averaging
      in highlighting and investigating specific processes in situ, focusing on
      microtubule structure and viral infection. We show that (i) in situ sub-volume
      averaging from single tomograms can guide and complement segmentation of
      biological features, (ii) the in situ determination of the structure of
      individual viruses is possible as they infect a cell, and (iii) novel, transient
      processes can be imaged with high levels of detail.

PMID- 27374322
TI  - Does cannabidiol have a role in the treatment of schizophrenia?
AB  - Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder which places a significant
      emotional and economic strain on the individual and society-at-large.
      Unfortunately, currently available therapeutic strategies do not provide adequate
      relief and some patients are treatment-resistant. In this regard, cannabidiol
      (CBD), a non-psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa, has shown significant
      promise as a potential antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. However,
      there is still considerable uncertainty about the mechanism of action of CBD as
      well as the brain regions which are thought to mediate its putative antipsychotic
      effects. We argue that further research on CBD is required to fast-track its
      progress to the clinic and in doing so, we may generate novel insights into the
      neurobiology of schizophrenia.

PMID- 27374323
TI  - Hallucinations in adolescents and risk for mental disorders and suicidal
      behaviour in adulthood: Prospective evidence from the MUSP birth cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hallucinations, once equated with serious mental disorders, are
      common in adolescents. Given the high prevalence of hallucinations, it is
      important to determine if they are associated with adverse mental health outcomes
      in adulthood. This study compared the mental health outcomes of participants
      (aged 30-33years) in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP)
      who reported hallucinations at (a) 14years only and (b) 14 and 21years versus
      cohort members without hallucinations. METHOD: Participants (n=333) were aged
      between 30 and 33years and (a) reported hallucinations on the Youth Self-Report
      Questionnaire at 14 and/or the Young Adult Self-Report Questionnaire at 21years
      and (b) controls (n=321) who did not report hallucinations. Lifetime diagnoses of
      mental disorders were ascertained by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM
      Disorders (DSM IV-TR) administered by clinical psychologists. Suicidal behaviour
      was measured by self report. RESULTS: Hallucinations at 14years only were not
      associated with an increased risk of mental disorders in adulthood.
      Hallucinations reported at both 14 and 21years were associated with lifetime
      diagnoses of psychotic disorders (OR, 8.84; 95% CI: 1.61-48.43 and substance use
      disorders (OR, 2.34; 95% CI: 1.36-4.07) and also strongly associated with
      lifetime suicide attempts (OR, 7.11; 95% CI: 2.68-18.83). CONCLUSIONS: Most
      adolescents who experience hallucinations do not have an increased rate of mental
      disorder in adulthood; however, those with hallucinations that are experienced at
      more than one point in time are at increased risk of suicidal behaviour and both
      psychotic and non-psychotic psychopathology.

PMID- 27374324
TI  - Inhibition of skin inflammation by baicalin ultradeformable vesicles.
AB  - The topical efficacy of baicalin, a natural flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria
      baicalensis Georgi, which has several beneficial properties, such as
      antioxidative, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative, is hindered by
      its poor aqueous solubility and low skin permeability. Therefore, its
      incorporation into appropriate phospholipid vesicles could be a useful tool to
      improve its local activity. To this purpose, baicalin at increasing
      concentrations up to saturation, was incorporated in ultradeformable vesicles,
      which were small in size (~67nm), monodispersed (PI<0.19) and biocompatible,
      regardless of the concentration of baicalin, as confirmed by in vitro studies
      using fibroblasts. On the other hand, transdermal flux through human epidermis
      was concentration dependent. The in vivo results showed the significant anti
      inflammatory activity of baicalin loaded nanovesicles irrespective of the
      concentration used, as they were able to reduce the skin damage induced by the
      phorbol ester (TPA) application, even in comparison with dexamethasone, a
      synthetic drug with anti-inflammatory properties. Overall results indicate that
      ultradeformable vesicles are promising nanosystems for the improvement of
      cutaneous delivery of baicalin in the treatment of skin inflammation. 

PMID- 27374325
TI  - Anaplastic and meningothelial meningiomas in a single tumor: A "dedifferentiated
      meningioma"?
AB  - The patient was a 74-year-old man, who developed progressive cognitive impairment
      and gait instability. Neuroradiological examination demonstrated a large and
      predominantly extra-axial tumor spreading over the bilateral frontal base,
      indicative of olfactory groove meningioma. The greater part of the resected tumor
      consisted of a dense, patternless proliferation of large, round or polygonal
      cells, and compactly fascicular growth of spindle cells. Tumor cells showed
      markedly anaplastic cytological features. In small areas of the tumor, a typical
      meningothelial meningioma showing no cellular atypism was found. Both tumor
      components were closely juxtaposed and no pathological features of an
      intermediate grade (atypical meningioma) were noted. Shortly after the operation,
      the patient developed a local recurrence of the tumor and multiple metastases to
      the cerebrum, bone and skin. Anaplastic meningioma is a rare, highly malignant
      neoplasm which arises de novo or as a result of the progressive transformation of
      a low-grade meningioma. The coexistence of anaplastic and low-grade components in
      a single meningeal tumor has been rarely reported. This dimorphic appearance is
      reminiscent of "dedifferentiation", a phenomenon infrequently seen in various
      mesenchymal and salivary gland neoplasms. We think that the term
      "dedifferentiated meningioma" can be appropriately applied to tumors such as that
      reported herein.

PMID- 27374326
TI  - A novel functional full-fat hard cheese containing liposomal nanoencapsulated
      green tea catechins: manufacture and recovery following simulated digestion.
AB  - (+)-Catechin or green tea extract were encapsulated in soy lecithin nanoliposomes
      and incorporated into a full-fat cheese, then ripened at 8  degrees C for 90
      days. Cheese samples were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion to
      measure total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the cheese
      digesta, and to determine the catechin recovery after digestion by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Addition of catechin or green tea
      extract significantly (P <= 0.05) increased TPC and antioxidant activity
      (measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power and oxygen radical absorbance
      capacity) of the full-fat cheese without affecting pH or proximate composition.
      HPLC analysis confirmed retention of encapsulated catechins in the cheese curd;
      however, individual catechins were recovered in differing amounts (15-52%) from
      cheese digesta after 6 h of digestion. Transmission electron microscopy and
      Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provided evidence for association of
      nanoliposomes with the surface of milk fat globules inside the cheese matrix. The
      study shows the potential for using cheese as a delivery vehicle for green tea
      antioxidants. 

PMID- 27374327
TI  - Tropomodulin-3 is essential in asymmetric division during mouse oocyte
      maturation.
AB  - The dynamic polymerization and depolymerization of actin filaments is essential
      for various cellular processes such as cell migration, rotation, cytokinesis, and
      mammalian oocyte maturation. Tropomodulin 3 (Tmod3) binds to the slow-growing
      (pointed) ends of the actin filament, thereby protecting the filament from
      depolymerization. However, the roles of Tmod3 in mammalian oocyte maturation
      remain elusive. Tmod3 mRNA and protein is present at all stages of mouse oocyte
      maturation. Tmod3 protein is mainly localized in the cytoplasm and appears
      enriched near the chromosome during maturation. By knocking down or ectopically
      overexpressing Tmod3, we confirmed that Tmod3 regulate the level of the
      intracytoplasmic actin mesh and asymmetric spindle migration. Expression of N
      terminal Tmod3 (correspond to 1-155 amino acids), which contains the tropomyosin
      binding site, results in decreased density of the actin mesh, thereby
      demonstrating the importance of the interaction between tropomyosin and
      tropomodulin for the maintenance of the actin mesh. Taken together, these
      findings indicate that Tmod3 plays crucial roles in oocyte maturation, presumably
      by protecting the actin filament from depolymerization and thereby controlling
      the density of the cytoplasmic actin mesh.

PMID- 27374328
TI  - Adjacent Codons Act in Concert to Modulate Translation Efficiency in Yeast.
AB  - Translation elongation efficiency is largely thought of as the sum of decoding
      efficiencies for individual codons. Here, we find that adjacent codon pairs
      modulate translation efficiency. Deploying an approach in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae that scored the expression of over 35,000 GFP variants in which three
      adjacent codons were randomized, we have identified 17 pairs of adjacent codons
      associated with reduced expression. For many pairs, codon order is obligatory for
      inhibition, implying a more complex interaction than a simple additive effect.
      Inhibition mediated by adjacent codons occurs during translation itself as GFP
      expression is restored by increased tRNA levels or by non-native tRNAs with exact
      matching anticodons. Inhibition operates in endogenous genes, based on analysis
      of ribosome profiling data. Our findings suggest translation efficiency is
      modulated by an interplay between tRNAs at adjacent sites in the ribosome and
      that this concerted effect needs to be considered in predicting the functional
      consequences of codon choice. 

PMID- 27374329
TI  - Mitotic Checkpoint Regulators Control Insulin Signaling and Metabolic
      Homeostasis.
AB  - Insulin signaling regulates many facets of animal physiology. Its dysregulation
      causes diabetes and other metabolic disorders. The spindle checkpoint proteins
      MAD2 and BUBR1 prevent precocious chromosome segregation and suppress aneuploidy.
      The MAD2 inhibitory protein p31(comet) promotes checkpoint inactivation and
      timely chromosome segregation. Here, we show that whole-body p31(comet) knockout
      mice die soon after birth and have reduced hepatic glycogen. Liver-specific
      ablation of p31(comet) causes insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose
      intolerance, and hyperglycemia and diminishes the plasma membrane localization of
      the insulin receptor (IR) in hepatocytes. MAD2 directly binds to IR and
      facilitates BUBR1-dependent recruitment of the clathrin adaptor AP2 to IR.
      p31(comet) blocks the MAD2-BUBR1 interaction and prevents spontaneous clathrin
      mediated IR endocytosis. BUBR1 deficiency enhances insulin sensitivity in mice.
      BUBR1 depletion in hepatocytes or the expression of MAD2-binding-deficient IR
      suppresses the metabolic phenotypes of p31(comet) ablation. Our findings
      establish a major IR regulatory mechanism and link guardians of chromosome
      stability to nutrient metabolism. 

PMID- 27374330
TI  - The Secreted Enzyme PM20D1 Regulates Lipidated Amino Acid Uncouplers of
      Mitochondria.
AB  - Brown and beige adipocytes are specialized cells that express uncoupling protein
      1 (UCP1) and dissipate chemical energy as heat. These cells likely possess
      alternative UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms. Here, we identify a secreted
      enzyme, peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), that is enriched in UCP1(+)
      versus UCP1(-) adipocytes. We demonstrate that PM20D1 is a bidirectional enzyme
      in vitro, catalyzing both the condensation of fatty acids and amino acids to
      generate N-acyl amino acids and also the reverse hydrolytic reaction. N-acyl
      amino acids directly bind mitochondria and function as endogenous uncouplers of
      UCP1-independent respiration. Mice with increased circulating PM20D1 have
      augmented respiration and increased N-acyl amino acids in blood. Lastly,
      administration of N-acyl amino acids to mice improves glucose homeostasis and
      increases energy expenditure. These data identify an enzymatic node and a family
      of metabolites that regulate energy homeostasis. This pathway might be useful for
      treating obesity and associated disorders. 

PMID- 27374331
TI  - Hexokinase Is an Innate Immune Receptor for the Detection of Bacterial
      Peptidoglycan.
AB  - Degradation of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan in macrophage and
      dendritic cell phagosomes leads to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a
      cytosolic complex that regulates processing and secretion of interleukin (IL)
      1beta and IL-18. While many inflammatory responses to peptidoglycan are mediated
      by detection of its muramyl dipeptide component in the cytosol by NOD2, we report
      here that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is caused by release of N
      acetylglucosamine that is detected in the cytosol by the glycolytic enzyme
      hexokinase. Inhibition of hexokinase by N-acetylglucosamine causes its
      dissociation from mitochondria outer membranes, and we found that this is
      sufficient to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, we observed that
      glycolytic inhibitors and metabolic conditions affecting hexokinase function and
      localization induce inflammasome activation. While previous studies have
      demonstrated that signaling by pattern recognition receptors can regulate
      metabolic processes, this study shows that a metabolic enzyme can act as a
      pattern recognition receptor. PAPERCLIP. 

PMID- 27374332
TI  - Nfib Promotes Metastasis through a Widespread Increase in Chromatin
      Accessibility.
AB  - Metastases are the main cause of cancer deaths, but the mechanisms underlying
      metastatic progression remain poorly understood. We isolated pure populations of
      cancer cells from primary tumors and metastases from a genetically engineered
      mouse model of human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to investigate the mechanisms
      that drive the metastatic spread of this lethal cancer. Genome-wide
      characterization of chromatin accessibility revealed the opening of large numbers
      of distal regulatory elements across the genome during metastatic progression.
      These changes correlate with copy number amplification of the Nfib locus, and
      differentially accessible sites were highly enriched for Nfib transcription
      factor binding sites. Nfib is necessary and sufficient to increase chromatin
      accessibility at a large subset of the intergenic regions. Nfib promotes pro
      metastatic neuronal gene expression programs and drives the metastatic ability of
      SCLC cells. The identification of widespread chromatin changes during SCLC
      progression reveals an unexpected global reprogramming during metastatic
      progression. 

PMID- 27374333
TI  - Compositional Control of Phase-Separated Cellular Bodies.
AB  - Cellular bodies such as P bodies and PML nuclear bodies (PML NBs) appear to be
      phase-separated liquids organized by multivalent interactions among proteins and
      RNA molecules. Although many components of various cellular bodies are known,
      general principles that define body composition are lacking. We modeled cellular
      bodies using several engineered multivalent proteins and RNA. In vitro and in
      cells, these scaffold molecules form phase-separated liquids that concentrate low
      valency client proteins. Clients partition differently depending on the ratio of
      scaffolds, with a sharp switch across the phase diagram diagonal. Composition can
      switch rapidly through changes in scaffold concentration or valency. Natural PML
      NBs and P bodies show analogous partitioning behavior, suggesting how their
      compositions could be controlled by levels of PML SUMOylation or cellular mRNA
      concentration, respectively. The data suggest a conceptual framework for
      considering the composition and control thereof of cellular bodies assembled
      through heterotypic multivalent interactions. 

PMID- 27374334
TI  - An Abundant Class of Non-coding DNA Can Prevent Stochastic Gene Silencing in the
      C. elegans Germline.
AB  - Cells benefit from silencing foreign genetic elements but must simultaneously
      avoid inactivating endogenous genes. Although chromatin modifications and RNAs
      contribute to maintenance of silenced states, the establishment of silenced
      regions will inevitably reflect underlying DNA sequence and/or structure. Here,
      we demonstrate that a pervasive non-coding DNA feature in Caenorhabditis elegans,
      characterized by 10-base pair periodic An/Tn-clusters (PATCs), can license
      transgenes for germline expression within repressive chromatin domains.
      Transgenes containing natural or synthetic PATCs are resistant to position effect
      variegation and stochastic silencing in the germline. Among endogenous genes,
      intron length and PATC-character undergo dramatic changes as orthologs move from
      active to repressive chromatin over evolutionary time, indicating a dynamic
      character to the An/Tn periodicity. We propose that PATCs form the basis of a
      cellular immune system, identifying certain endogenous genes in heterochromatic
      contexts as privileged while foreign DNA can be suppressed with no requirement
      for a cellular memory of prior exposure. 

PMID- 27374335
TI  - Learning to Associate Orientation with Color in Early Visual Areas by Associative
      Decoded fMRI Neurofeedback.
AB  - Associative learning is an essential brain process where the contingency of
      different items increases after training. Associative learning has been found to
      occur in many brain regions [1-4]. However, there is no clear evidence that
      associative learning of visual features occurs in early visual areas, although a
      number of studies have indicated that learning of a single visual feature
      (perceptual learning) involves early visual areas [5-8]. Here, via decoded fMRI
      neurofeedback termed "DecNef" [9], we tested whether associative learning of
      orientation and color can be created in early visual areas. During 3 days of
      training, DecNef induced fMRI signal patterns that corresponded to a specific
      target color (red) mostly in early visual areas while a vertical achromatic
      grating was physically presented to participants. As a result, participants came
      to perceive "red" significantly more frequently than "green" in an achromatic
      vertical grating. This effect was also observed 3-5 months after the training.
      These results suggest that long-term associative learning of two different visual
      features such as orientation and color was created, most likely in early visual
      areas. This newly extended technique that induces associative learning is called
      "A-DecNef," and it may be used as an important tool for understanding and
      modifying brain functions because associations are fundamental and ubiquitous
      functions in the brain.

PMID- 27374336
TI  - Changing Balance of Spinal Cord Excitability and Nociceptive Brain Activity in
      Early Human Development.
AB  - In adults, nociceptive reflexes and behavioral responses are modulated by a
      network of brain regions via descending projections to the spinal dorsal horn
      [1]. Coordinated responses to noxious inputs manifest from a balance of
      descending facilitation and inhibition. In contrast, young infants display
      exaggerated and uncoordinated limb reflexes [2]. Our understanding of nociceptive
      processing in the infant brain has been advanced by the use of
      electrophysiological and hemodynamic imaging [3-6]. From approximately 35 weeks'
      gestation, nociceptive-specific patterns of brain activity emerge [7], whereas
      prior to this, non-specific bursts of activity occur in response to noxious,
      tactile, visual, and auditory stimulation [7-10]. During the preterm period,
      refinement of spinal cord excitability is also observed: reflex duration
      shortens, response threshold increases, and improved discrimination between
      tactile and noxious events occurs [2, 11, 12]. However, the development of
      descending modulation in human infants remains relatively unexplored. In 40
      infants aged 28-42 weeks' gestation, we examined the relationship between
      nociceptive brain activity and spinal reflex withdrawal activity in response to a
      clinically essential noxious procedure. Nociceptive-specific brain activity
      increases in magnitude with gestational age, whereas reflex withdrawal activity
      decreases in magnitude, duration, and latency across the same developmental
      period. By recording brain and spinal cord activity in the same infants, we
      demonstrate that the maturation of nociceptive brain activity is concomitant with
      the refinement of noxious-evoked limb reflexes. We postulate that, consistent
      with studies in animals, infant reflexes are influenced by the development of top
      down inhibitory modulation from maturing subcortical and cortical brain networks.

PMID- 27374338
TI  - A Representation of Effort in Decision-Making and Motor Control.
AB  - Given two rewarding stimuli, animals tend to choose the more rewarding (or less
      effortful) option. However, they also move faster toward that stimulus [1-5].
      This suggests that reward and effort not only affect decision-making, they also
      influence motor control [6, 7]. How does the brain compute the effort
      requirements of a task? Here, we considered data acquired during walking,
      reaching, flying, or isometric force production. In analyzing the decision-making
      and motor-control behaviors of various animals, we considered the possibility
      that the brain may estimate effort objectively, via the metabolic energy consumed
      to produce the action. We measured the energetic cost of reaching and found that,
      like walking, it was convex in time, with a global minimum, implying that there
      existed a movement speed that minimized effort. However, reward made it
      worthwhile to be energetically inefficient. Using a framework in which utility of
      an action depended on reward and energetic cost, both discounted in time, we
      found that it was possible to account for a body of data in which animals were
      free to choose how to move (reach slow or fast), as well as what to do (walk or
      fly, produce force F1 or F2). We suggest that some forms of decision-making and
      motor control may share a common utility in which the brain represents the effort
      associated with performing an action objectively via its metabolic energy cost
      and then, like reward, temporally discounts it as a function of movement
      duration.

PMID- 27374337
TI  - Electrical Stimulation of Visual Cortex Can Immediately Improve Spatial Vision.
AB  - We can improve human vision by correcting the optics of our lenses [1-3].
      However, after the eye transduces the light, visual cortex has its own
      limitations that are challenging to correct [4]. Overcoming these limitations has
      typically involved innovative training regimes that improve vision across many
      days [5, 6]. In the present study, we wanted to determine whether it is possible
      to immediately improve the precision of spatial vision with noninvasive direct
      current stimulation. Previous work suggested that visual processing could be
      modulated with such stimulation [7-9]. However, the short duration and
      variability of such effects made it seem unlikely that spatial vision could be
      improved for more than several minutes [7, 10]. Here we show that visual acuity
      in the parafoveal belt can be immediately improved by delivering noninvasive
      direct current to visual cortex. Twenty minutes of anodal stimulation improved
      subjects' vernier acuity by approximately 15% and increased the amplitude of the
      earliest visually evoked potentials in lockstep with the behavioral effects. When
      we reversed the orientation of the electric field, we impaired resolution and
      reduced the amplitude of visually evoked potentials. Next, we found that anodal
      stimulation improved acuity enough to be measurable with the relatively coarse
      Snellen test and that subjects with the poorest acuity benefited the most from
      stimulation. Finally, we found that stimulation-induced acuity improvements were
      accompanied by changes in contrast sensitivity at high spatial frequencies.

PMID- 27374339
TI  - The structure of sperm Izumo1 reveals unexpected similarities with Plasmodium
      invasion proteins.
AB  - Fertilization, the culminating event in sexual reproduction, occurs when haploid
      sperm and egg recognize each other and fuse to form a diploid zygote. In mammals
      this process critically depends on the interaction between Izumo1, a protein
      exposed on the equatorial segment of acrosome-reacted sperm, and the egg plasma
      membrane-anchored receptor Juno [1,2]. The molecular mechanism triggering gamete
      fusion is unresolved because both Izumo1 and Juno lack sequence similarity to
      known membrane fusogens. Here we report the crystal structure of Izumo1, which
      reveals a membrane distal region composed of a four-helix bundle connected to a
      carboxy-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain through a beta-hairpin
      stabilized by disulfide bonds. Remarkably, different regions of Izumo1 display
      significant structural similarities to two proteins expressed by the invasive
      sporozoite stage of Plasmodium parasites: SPECT1, which is essential for host
      cell traversal and hepatocyte invasion [3]; and TRAP, which is necessary for
      gliding motility and invasion [4]. These observations suggest a link between the
      molecular mechanisms underlying host cell invasion by the malaria parasite and
      gamete membrane fusion at fertilization.

PMID- 27374340
TI  - Visualizing and Quantifying Intracellular Behavior and Abundance of the Core
      Circadian Clock Protein PERIOD2.
AB  - Transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTFLs) are a conserved molecular
      motif of circadian clocks. The principal clock in mammals is the suprachiasmatic
      nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In SCN neurons, auto-regulatory feedback on
      core clock genes Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) following nuclear entry of
      their protein products is the basis of circadian oscillation [1, 2]. In
      Drosophila clock neurons, the movement of dPer into the nucleus is subject to a
      circadian gate that generates a delay in the TTFL, and this delay is thought to
      be critical for oscillation [3, 4]. Analysis of the Drosophila clock has strongly
      influenced models of the mammalian clock, and such models typically infer complex
      spatiotemporal, intracellular behaviors of mammalian clock proteins. There are,
      however, no direct measures of the intracellular behavior of endogenous circadian
      proteins to support this: dynamic analyses have been limited and often have no
      circadian dimension [5-7]. We therefore generated a knockin mouse expressing a
      fluorescent fusion of native PER2 protein (PER2::VENUS) for live imaging.
      PER2::VENUS recapitulates the circadian functions of wild-type PER2 and,
      importantly, the behavior of PER2::VENUS runs counter to the Drosophila model: it
      does not exhibit circadian gating of nuclear entry. Using fluorescent imaging of
      PER2::VENUS, we acquired the first measures of mobility, molecular concentration,
      and localization of an endogenous circadian protein in individual mammalian
      cells, and we showed how the mobility and nuclear translocation of PER2 are
      regulated by casein kinase. These results provide new qualitative and
      quantitative insights into the cellular mechanism of the mammalian circadian
      clock.

PMID- 27374341
TI  - The Genome of Intoshia linei Affirms Orthonectids as Highly Simplified
      Spiralians.
AB  - Orthonectids are rare parasites of marine invertebrates [1] that are commonly
      treated in textbooks as a taxon of uncertain affinity [2]. Trophic forms of
      orthonectids reside in the tissues of their hosts as multinucleated plasmodia,
      generating short-lived, worm-like ciliated female and male organisms that exit
      into the environment for copulation [3]. These ephemeral males and females are
      composed of just several hundred somatic cells and are deprived of digestive,
      circulatory, or excretory systems. Since their discovery in the 19(th) century,
      the orthonectids were described as organisms with no differentiated cell types
      and considered as part of Mesozoa, a putative link between multicellular animals
      and their unicellular relatives. More recently, this view was challenged as the
      new data suggested that orthonectids are animals that became simplified due to
      their parasitic way of life [3, 4]. Here, we report the genomic sequence of
      Intoshia linei, one of about 20 known species of orthonectids. The genomic data
      confirm recent morphological analysis asserting that orthonectids are members of
      Spiralia and possess muscular and nervous systems [5]. The 43-Mbp genome of I.
      linei encodes about 9,000 genes and retains those essential for the development
      and activity of muscular and nervous systems. The simplification of orthonectid
      body plan is associated with considerable reduction of metazoan developmental
      genes, leaving what might be viewed as the minimal gene set necessary to retain
      critical bilaterian features.

PMID- 27374342
TI  - Pea Plants Show Risk Sensitivity.
AB  - Sensitivity to variability in resources has been documented in humans, primates,
      birds, and social insects, but the fit between empirical results and the
      predictions of risk sensitivity theory (RST), which aims to explain this
      sensitivity in adaptive terms, is weak [1]. RST predicts that agents should
      switch between risk proneness and risk aversion depending on state and
      circumstances, especially according to the richness of the least variable option
      [2]. Unrealistic assumptions about agents' information processing mechanisms and
      poor knowledge of the extent to which variability imposes specific selection in
      nature are strong candidates to explain the gap between theory and data. RST's
      rationale also applies to plants, where it has not hitherto been tested. Given
      the differences between animals' and plants' information processing mechanisms,
      such tests should help unravel the conflicts between theory and data. Measuring
      root growth allocation by split-root pea plants, we show that they favor
      variability when mean nutrient levels are low and the opposite when they are
      high, supporting the most widespread RST prediction. However, the combination of
      non-linear effects of nitrogen availability at local and systemic levels may
      explain some of these effects as a consequence of mechanisms not necessarily
      evolved to cope with variance [3, 4]. This resembles animal examples in which
      properties of perception and learning cause risk sensitivity even though they are
      not risk adaptations [5].

PMID- 27374343
TI  - Neural Mechanisms Generating Orientation Selectivity in the Retina.
AB  - The orientation of visual stimuli is a salient feature of visual scenes. In
      vertebrates, the first neural processing steps generating orientation selectivity
      take place in the retina. Here, we dissect an orientation-selective circuit in
      the larval zebrafish retina and describe its underlying synaptic, cellular, and
      molecular mechanisms. We genetically identify a class of amacrine cells (ACs)
      with elongated dendritic arbors that show orientation tuning. Both selective
      optogenetic ablation of ACs marked by the cell-adhesion molecule Teneurin-3
      (Tenm3) and pharmacological interference with their function demonstrate that
      these cells are critical components for orientation selectivity in retinal
      ganglion cells (RGCs) by being a source of tuned GABAergic inhibition. Moreover,
      our morphological analyses reveal that Tenm3(+) ACs and orientation-selective
      RGCs co-stratify their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer, and that Tenm3(+)
      ACs require Tenm3 to acquire their correct dendritic stratification. Finally, we
      show that orientation tuning is present also among bipolar cell presynaptic
      terminals. Our results define a neural circuit underlying orientation selectivity
      in the vertebrate retina and characterize cellular and molecular requirements for
      its assembly.

PMID- 27374345
TI  - Weight Control Behavior as an Indicator of Adolescent Psychological Well-Being.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a critical time for the development of psychological
      well-being. Weight gain and the emergence of body image concerns during this
      period can lead to the development of negative psychological states. To explore
      this issue, we examined the relationship between weight control behavior (WCB;
      ie, trying to lose, gain, stay the same, or do nothing about weight) and levels
      of depression and self-esteem. METHODS: Adolescents (508 boys, 502 girls; Mage  =
      12.32 +/- .88 years) completed a survey that assessed WCB, depression, and self
      esteem. Descriptive discriminant analysis was used to analyze WCB group
      differences on psychological well-being. Multivariate post hoc analysis further
      examined group differences. Structure coefficients indicated the relative
      importance of each dependent variable in boys and girls. RESULTS: Results
      indicated that, among both sexes, WCB was significantly related to depression and
      self-esteem. Individuals trying to lose weight had lower levels of psychological
      well-being than the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents trying to lose weight
      reported the lowest psychological well-being scores whereas those not doing
      anything to control weight reported the highest levels of psychological well
      being. These findings have important implications for screening and education
      programs designed to monitor and support adolescent psychological well-being.

PMID- 27374346
TI  - School Breakfast-Club Program Changes and Youth Eating Breakfast During the
      School Week in the COMPASS Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of breakfast consumption, breakfast skipping
      is common among Canadian youth. This study examines how changes to school-based
      breakfast programs are associated with breakfast-skipping behavior. METHODS:
      Using school-level longitudinal data from Year 1 (Y1 : 2012-2013) and Year 2 (Y2
      : 2013-2014) of the COMPASS study, quasi-experimental methods evaluated the
      impact over time that changes to school-based breakfast programs had on breakfast
      skipping or participating in school-based breakfast program. RESULTS: Between Y1
      and Y2 , the school-level prevalence of breakfast skipping (54.5%-54.9%) and
      breakfast program participation (12.3%-13.6%) increased. Of the 43 participating
      schools, 5 implemented a new school breakfast program. Among the intervention
      schools, 1 school (School 4) observed a significant, and 1 school (School 3)
      observed a significant increase in the school-level prevalence of skipping
      breakfast; there was no significant change in the other 3 intervention schools.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite the availability of free school breakfast programs, the
      majority of youth skipped breakfast at least once a school week. Owing to the
      variation in the types of programs implemented, additional evaluation evidence is
      necessary to determine which students benefited the most from these programs.

PMID- 27374344
TI  - Functional Characterization of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A3 Mutations from
      Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
AB  - Mutations in the ATP-binding cassette transporter A3 gene (ABCA3) result in
      severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and childhood interstitial lung
      disease. As most ABCA3 mutations are rare or private, determination of mutation
      pathogenicity is often based on results from in silico prediction tools,
      identification in unrelated diseased individuals, statistical association
      studies, or expert opinion. Functional biologic studies of ABCA3 mutations are
      needed to confirm mutation pathogenicity and inform clinical decision making. Our
      objective was to functionally characterize two ABCA3 mutations (p.R288K and
      p.R1474W) identified among term and late-preterm infants with respiratory
      distress syndrome with unclear pathogenicity in a genetically versatile model
      system. We performed transient transfection of HEK293T cells with wild-type or
      mutant ABCA3 alleles to assess protein processing with immunoblotting. We used
      transduction of A549 cells with adenoviral vectors, which concurrently silenced
      endogenous ABCA3 and expressed either wild-type or mutant ABCA3 alleles (p.R288K
      and p.R1474W) to assess immunofluorescent localization, ATPase activity, and
      organelle ultrastructure. Both ABCA3 mutations (p.R288K and p.R1474W) encoded
      proteins with reduced ATPase activity but with normal intracellular localization
      and protein processing. Ultrastructural phenotypes of lamellar body-like vesicles
      in A549 cells transduced with mutant alleles were similar to wild type. Mutant
      proteins encoded by ABCA3 mutations p.R288K and p.R1474W had reduced ATPase
      activity, a biologically plausible explanation for disruption of surfactant
      metabolism by impaired phospholipid transport into the lamellar body. These
      results also demonstrate the usefulness of a genetically versatile, human model
      system for functional characterization of ABCA3 mutations with unclear
      pathogenicity.

PMID- 27374347
TI  - Planning Adolescent Mental Health Promotion Programming in Saskatoon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We assessed associations between key demographic risk factors and the
      outcome of depressed mood in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to inform the planning and
      implementation of mental health promotion programming in schools. METHODS: In the
      2008/2009 school year, 3958 students from grades 5 through 8 from 76 elementary
      schools completed questions regarding depressed mood on the Student Health Survey
      administered by the Saskatoon Health Region. The demographic risk factors for
      depressed mood considered in this study included age, sex, cultural status, and
      neighborhood income, as well as the role of school and age cohorts or grades
      within schools. RESULTS: We found Aboriginal students were significantly more
      likely to report moderate/severe depressed mood than other students. We also
      found older female adolescents were significantly more likely to report
      moderate/severe depressed mood. Neighborhood income explained the largest
      proportion (40%) of depressed mood differences between schools. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results can inform the planning and implementation of mental health
      promotion programming by the health sector in Saskatoon's elementary schools,
      including an appropriate balance between targeted and population-based
      interventions that address both the distal and proximal determinants of depressed
      mood in adolescents.

PMID- 27374348
TI  - After-School Program Implementation in Urban Environments: Increasing Engagement
      Among Adolescent Youth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: After-school programs (ASPs) play a crucial role in supplementing the
      present school day. However, implementing ASPs in the urban environment and among
      adolescents (grades 6-12) poses unique challenges. The purpose of this study was
      to conduct a systematic literature review to identify evidence-based barriers and
      facilitators to after-school programming in urban school environments. METHODS:
      Twenty-five publications meeting the authors' inclusion criteria over the past 10
      years were reviewed and synthesized. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that the
      demand for ASPs is increasing. Several barriers, including staffing, funding,
      resources, transportation, and space, were identified. Specific challenges
      regarding the implementation of ASPs for adolescents in urban areas were also
      determined. A number of best practices were identified along with benefits for
      academic engagement and social-emotional coping skill development. CONCLUSIONS:
      Efforts to address these specific barriers and facilitators to ASP implementation
      may contribute to improving broader health and academic outcomes among adolescent
      youth.

PMID- 27374349
TI  - Effectiveness of an Adaptation of the Project Connect Health Systems
      Intervention: Youth and Clinic-Level Findings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Project Connect Health Systems Intervention (Project Connect)
      uses a systematic process of collecting community and healthcare infrastructure
      information to craft a referral guide highlighting local healthcare providers who
      provide high quality sexual and reproductive healthcare. Previous self-report
      data on healthcare usage indicated Project Connect was successful with sexually
      experienced female youth, where it increased rates of human immunodeficiency
      virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing and receipt of
      contraception. This adaption of Project Connect examined its effectiveness in a
      new context and via collection of clinic encounter-level data. METHODS: Project
      Connect was implemented in 3 high schools. (only 2 schools remained open
      throughout the entire project period). Participant recruitment and data
      collection occurred in 5 of 8 participating health clinics. Students completed
      Youth Surveys (N = 608) and a Clinic Survey (paired with medical data abstraction
      in 2 clinics [N = 305]). RESULTS: Students were more likely than nonstudents to
      report having reached a clinic via Project Connect. Nearly 40% of students
      attended a Project Connect school, with 32.7% using Project Connect to reach the
      clinic. Students were most likely to have been referred by a school nurse or
      coach. CONCLUSIONS: Project Connect is a low-cost, sustainable structural
      intervention with multiple applications within schools, either as a standalone
      intervention or in combination with ongoing efforts.

PMID- 27374350
TI  - Evaluation of the LiveWell@School Food Initiative Shows Increases in Scratch
      Cooking and Improvement in Nutritional Content.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this evaluation was to examine the effects of the
      LiveWell@School Food Initiative (LW@SFI), a Colorado-based childhood obesity
      prevention program that partners with school districts to enable them to serve
      more scratch cooked foods through culinary training, action planning, and
      equipment grants. METHODS: This evaluation used a quasi-experimental design that
      examined menu cycles prior to entering the LW@SFI and approximately 1 year later.
      A review of school menus with food service directors from 9 Colorado school
      districts was conducted. RESULTS: Data show that districts changed an average of
      17.4 entrees and 19.7 side dishes over the course of the year. Changes to serving
      scratch cooked foods were highest for sauces (an increase of 40.5%). No districts
      were cooking beans/legumes from scratch during baseline or at follow-up. Across
      the 9 districts, 7 observed statistically significant pre-post reductions in
      sodium, 4 in fat, 5 in saturated fat, and 3 in calories. CONCLUSIONS: Within a
      year of implementing the LW@SFI, school districts increased the proportion of
      fresh, scratch cooked foods they offered and this was associated with some
      decreases in calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium, contributing to healthier
      school food environments.

PMID- 27374351
TI  - Certified School Nurse Perspectives on State-Mandated Hearing Screens.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Approximately 15% of children in the United States 6-19 years of age
      have hearing loss. Even mild, unilateral hearing loss may adversely affect
      educational success. In 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Health (PA DOH)
      began updating the 2001 regulations on state-mandated school hearing screens. To
      inform the updates, a needs assessment was conducted with PA-certified school
      nurses (CSNs) regarding current screening practice and potential barriers to
      making changes. METHODS: A 42-item electronic survey of CSNs developed with
      pediatricians, audiologists, nurses, and the PA DOH was administered in October
      2014. RESULTS: There were 536 completed surveys. Most CSNs (50.8%) screened 251
      500 students annually. Only 35.8% strictly followed PA DOH protocol, while 51.6%
      followed protocol and added nonguideline frequencies. Over half of screens
      (60.2%) were conducted in places where other people were present. Most CSNs
      (82.5%) reported annual audiometer calibration, but 92.4% were unsure whether the
      calibration was exhaustive or limited. Reported barriers to change included time,
      cost, and staffing. CONCLUSIONS: As most CSNs added frequencies to the PA DOH
      hearing screen, an update with added frequencies should be well accepted.
      Clarification regarding test environment and exhaustive audiometer calibration is
      needed. Adherence to best practice may be optimized by addressing CSN reported
      barriers to change.

PMID- 27374352
TI  - Associations of Teen Dating Violence Victimization With School Violence and
      Bullying Among US High School Students.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Teen dating violence (TDV) negatively impacts health, mental and
      physical well-being, and school performance. METHODS: Data from a nationally
      representative sample of high school students participating in the Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) are
      used to demonstrate associations of physical and sexual TDV with school violence
      related experiences and behaviors, including bullying victimization. Bivariate
      and adjusted sex-stratified regressions assessed relationships between TDV and
      school violence-related experiences and behaviors. RESULTS: Compared to students
      not reporting TDV, those experiencing both physical and sexual TDV were more
      likely to report carrying a weapon at school, missing school because they felt
      unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property, having a
      physical fight at school, and being bullied on school property. CONCLUSIONS:
      School-based prevention efforts should target multiple forms of violence.

PMID- 27374353
TI  - Selective detection and complete identification of triglycerides in cortical bone
      by high-resolution (1)H MAS NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Using (1)H-based magic angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy, we report an
      atomistic-level characterization of triglycerides in compact cortical bone. By
      suppressing contributions from immobile molecules present in bone, we show that a
      (1)H-based constant-time uniform-sign cross-peak (CTUC) two-dimensional COSY-type
      experiment that correlates the chemical shifts of protons can selectively detect
      a mobile triglyceride layer as the main component of small lipid droplets
      embedded on the surface of collagen fibrils. High sensitivity and resolution
      afforded by this NMR approach could be potentially utilized to investigate the
      origin of triglycerides and their pathological roles associated with bone
      fractures, diseases, and aging. 

PMID- 27374354
TI  - Prospective observational study of midtarsal joint sprain: Epidemiological and
      ultrasonographic analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Foot and ankle injuries (FAI) are very common, with about 6000
      cases per day in France. Unlike lateral ankle sprain (LAS), the diagnosis of
      midtarsal joint sprain (MJS, also known as Chopart's joint sprain) is not widely
      known. This prospective study aims to detail the epidemiology of MJS and compare
      it to LAS. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The study was conducted within our institution
      over a period of 16 months. Patients with clinical signs predictive of MJS
      without radiographic bone lesion underwent ultrasound assessment. MJS was
      diagnosed in case of at least 1 lesion of the dorsal midtarsal joint ligaments.
      RESULTS: A total of 2412 patients consulted for FAI; 188 had clinical and
      radiographic criteria for ultrasound examination. Eighty-two cases of MJS were
      diagnosed (3.4% of FAIs). Sports injuries were more frequent in MJS (P=0.04), and
      mechanisms more varied than in LAS, with inversion injury in 75% of cases and
      plantar hyperflexion in 22%. Sprain was severe in 70% of cases, with complete
      ligament tear. Clinical and ultrasound analyses correlated in only 40% of cases
      of MJS, versus 98% for LAS. CONCLUSION: MJS is frequent, difficult to diagnose
      clinically, and often severe. Clinical presentation and injury mechanisms differ
      from ankle sprain. Ultrasound seems to be an indispensable tool in diagnosis.

PMID- 27374355
TI  - Comments on the three papers by the FDA/CDER research team on the regulatory
      perspective of the missing data problem.
AB  - This communication comments on the three papers by the FDA CDER research team on
      the regulatory perspective of the missing data problem. The focus is on two
      topics: causal estimand and sensitivity analysis. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27374356
TI  - Commentary for the Missing Data Working Group's perspective for regulatory
      clinical trials, estimands, and sensitivity analyses.

PMID- 27374358
TI  - "SIOCMF" and "Minerva Stomatologica".

PMID- 27374359
TI  - Prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal non-malignant lesions in the western
      Sicilian population.
AB  - BACKGROUNG: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of oral
      mucosal non-malignant lesions in the Sicilian population. In addition, we
      evaluated the association between each oral lesion and its risk factors. METHODS:
      This study analyzed a total of 2539 consecutive patients, attending the
      Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines of Palermo
      University, who were examined for the presence of various oral lesions during the
      period from January 2012 and February 2015. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1330
      (52%) female and 1209 (48%) male. The age ranged from 13-86 years with a mean age
      of 47.16 years. Among these subjects 1495 (58%), presented one or more lesions.
      All subjects were Caucasian. The most common lesion diagnosed was coated/hairy
      tongue affecting 16.7% of the subjects, followed by: lingual varices (16.3%),
      secondary herpes lesions (8.1%), aphthous ulcers (7.9%), fordyce granules (7.2%),
      frictional keratosis (5%), candidosis (4.9%), fibroepithelial hyperplasia (4.6%),
      squamous papilloma (3.8%), traumatic ulcers (3.7%), leukoplakia (3.2%), fissured
      tongue (3.2%), hemangiomas (2.7%), morsicatio buccarum (2.5%), melanin
      pigmentation (2.5%), lichen planus (2.5%), leukoedema (2.1%), petechiae (1.1%),
      geographic tongue (1%), actinic cheilitis (0.8%), and erythroplakia (0.1%).
      Overall, the prevalence of oral mucosal non-malignant lesions was linked to age,
      gender, diseases, and risk habits. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence necessitates
      adequate awareness of these lesions in the general population. The dental
      clinicians should also be knowledgeable about the etiopathogenesis, clinical
      presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these lesions.

PMID- 27374360
TI  - Effects of leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin on postoperative complications of
      direct sinus lifting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blood products have been widely used in soft tissue and bone
      regeneration in oral and maxillofacial surgery. The purpose of this study is to
      evaluate the effects of leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin (L-PRF) following direct
      sinus lifting procedure. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients were included in the
      study. Direct sinus lifting was performed via lateral window approach under
      conscious sedation and local anesthesia. Bony window and sinus floor elevation
      were performed using piezosurgery device. Two groups were formed. In the first
      group an allogenous bone graft and L-PRF mixture was used as grafting material.
      The L-PRF membrane was used to close the lateral window. In the second group,
      only allogenous bone was used for grafting and resorbable collagen membrane was
      used to close the lateral window. Pain, swelling, sleeping, eating, phonetics,
      activities of daily living, missed work days and soft tissue healing were
      evaluated postoperatively. RESULTS: Data of 24 patients were evaluated.
      Improvements were seen in the studied parameters in the L-PRF group; however, the
      difference was not significant between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The
      use of L-PRF and allogenous bone graft in combination with L-PRF membrane does
      not significantly improve postoperative complications following direct sinus
      lifting.

PMID- 27374357
TI  - Monoclonal antibody with conformational specificity for a toxic conformer of
      amyloid beta42 and its application toward the Alzheimer's disease diagnosis.
AB  - Amyloid beta-protein (Abeta42) oligomerization is an early event in Alzheimer's
      disease (AD). Current diagnostic methods using sequence-specific antibodies
      against less toxic fibrillar and monomeric Abeta42 run the risk of overdiagnosis.
      Hence, conformation-specific antibodies against neurotoxic Abeta42 oligomers have
      garnered much attention for developing more accurate diagnostics. Antibody 24B3,
      highly specific for the toxic Abeta42 conformer that has a turn at Glu22 and
      Asp23, recognizes a putative Abeta42 dimer, which forms stable and neurotoxic
      oligomers more potently than the monomer. 24B3 significantly rescues Abeta42
      induced neurotoxicity, whereas sequence-specific antibodies such as 4G8 and 82E1,
      which recognizes the N-terminus, do not. The ratio of toxic to total Abeta42 in
      the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients is significantly higher than in control
      subjects as measured by sandwich ELISA using antibodies 24B3 and 82E1. Thus, 24B3
      may be useful for AD diagnosis and therapy.

PMID- 27374361
TI  - Thermographic and clinical evaluation of 808-nm laser photobiomodulation effects
      after third molar extraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A randomized, blind, controlled clinical study was conducted with a
      convenience sample of 24 patients to evaluate the effectiveness of an aluminum
      gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) infrared laser 808 nm after third molar extraction by
      the use of infrared thermography technique. METHODS: Patients were divided into
      four groups: erupted third molars were extracted from the patients in Group I and
      Group II, and impacted third molars were extracted from the patients in Group III
      and Group IV. Group I and Group III received mock laser therapy in which the
      device was powered off, and Group II and Group IV were exposed to laser light.
      Postoperative clinical parameters related to the third molar extraction were
      evaluated; these parameters included pain, trismus and edema. Circulatory
      patterns were also evaluated by infrared thermography that exhibited local
      temperature coefficient at different postoperative periods. RESULTS: A slight
      improvement was observed for swelling, pain and trismus in patients who received
      laser irradiation, although the differences were not statistically significant
      (P>0.05). Laser therapy had a significant influence on the local circulation in
      the area near the temporomandibular joint, as determined by infrared thermography
      (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Laser therapy was able to change the local circulation,
      although it did not significantly influence swelling, pain or trismus during the
      postoperative period.

PMID- 27374362
TI  - Vascular endothelial growth factor behavior in different stages of tooth germ
      development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Scientific studies show a possible influence of intercellular and
      intracellular proteins (VEGF) on the development of physiological and
      pathological tissue. VEGF, a key regulator of angiogenesis, it would seem
      essential to take action during the embryonic development of the dental germ. The
      purpose of the study is to investigate the importance of the enzymatic activity
      of VEGF through protein quantification at different stages of tooth germ
      development. METHODS: The quantification of VEGF protein was performed by 3
      different laboratory tests: Western-blot analysis, semi-quantitative reverse
      transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR) and finally
      immunohistochemical analysis. Cell cultures of tooth tissue examined are:
      endothelial cells, stellate reticulum cells, odontoblasts and ameoblast. RESULTS:
      The VEGF peptide seems to induce an intense cell proliferation, not concomitant
      with differentiation towards the endothelial line. The expression of VEGF in the
      inner enamel epithelium (ameloblasts) would seem to depend on the stage of
      differentiation, leading us to deduce that VEGF and its respective receptor are
      expressed in dental germ and that induce alterations not only on the
      vascularization, but also on the inner epithelium activation and then on dental
      enamel development, respectively on cap and bell stages of embryogenesis.
      CONCLUSIONS: In our survey, the positive expression of VEGF in all the samples
      examined, might suggest a fundamental role of angiogenic gene proteins during all
      stages of embryonic tooth development. It is also characteristic the behavior of
      stellate reticulum cells, with a significant reduction in VEGF action between
      early and late stage, which could suggest a possible role of stellate reticulum
      cells, which would be able to promote and maintain an adequate energy supply to
      the tissues during early and late stages of differentiation and proliferation.

PMID- 27374363
TI  - Autofluorescence as indicator for detecting the surgical margins of medication
      related osteonecrosis of the jaws.

PMID- 27374364
TI  - BruxApp: the ecological momentary assessment of awake bruxism.

PMID- 27374365
TI  - Singling Out Intestinal Epithelial Stem Cells.

PMID- 27374366
TI  - Gemcitabine Activates Natural Killer Cells to Attenuate Pancreatic Cancer
      Recurrence.

PMID- 27374367
TI  - Concurrent Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Risk and Myocardial Ischemic Risk:
      Resume Aspirin or Not?

PMID- 27374368
TI  - The Hydrated Excess Proton in the Zundel Cation H5 O2 (+) : The Role of Ultrafast
      Solvent Fluctuations.
AB  - The nature of the excess proton in liquid water has remained elusive after
      decades of extensive research. In view of ultrafast structural fluctuations of
      bulk water scrambling the structural motifs of excess protons in water, we
      selectively probe prototypical protonated water solvates in acetonitrile on the
      femtosecond time scale. Focusing on the Zundel cation H5 O2 (+) prepared in room
      temperature acetonitrile, we unravel the distinct character of its vibrational
      absorption continuum and separate it from OH stretching and bending excitations
      in transient pump-probe spectra. The infrared absorption continuum originates
      from a strong ultrafast frequency modulation of the H(+) transfer vibration and
      its combination and overtones. Vibrational lifetimes of H5 O2 (+) are found to be
      in the sub-100 fs range, much shorter than those of unprotonated water.
      Theoretical results support a picture of proton hydration where fluctuating
      electrical interactions with the solvent and stochastic thermal excitations of
      low-frequency modes continuously modify the proton binding site while affecting
      its motions.

PMID- 27374370
TI  - Movement-related phase locking in the delta-theta frequency band.
AB  - Movements result from a complex interplay of multiple brain regions. These
      regions are assembled into distinct functional networks depending on the specific
      properties of the action. However, the nature and details of the dynamics of this
      complex assembly process are unknown. In this study, we sought to identify key
      markers of the neural processes underlying the preparation and execution of motor
      actions that always occur irrespective of differences in movement initiation,
      hence the specific neural processes and functional networks involved. To this
      end, EEG activity was continuously recorded from 18 right-handed healthy
      participants while they performed a simple motor task consisting of button
      presses with the left or right index finger. The movement was performed either in
      response to a visual cue or at a self-chosen, i.e., non-cued point in time.
      Despite these substantial differences in movement initiation, dynamic properties
      of the EEG signals common to both conditions could be identified using time
      frequency and phase locking analysis of the EEG data. In both conditions, a
      significant phase locking effect was observed that started prior to the movement
      onset in the delta-theta frequency band (2-7Hz), and that was strongest at the
      electrodes nearest to the contralateral motor region (M1). This phase locking
      effect did not have a counterpart in the corresponding power spectra (i.e.,
      amplitudes), or in the event-related potentials. Our finding suggests that phase
      locking in the delta-theta frequency band is a ubiquitous movement-related signal
      independent of how the actual movement has been initiated. We therefore suggest
      that phase-locked neural oscillations in the motor cortex are a prerequisite for
      the preparation and execution of motor actions.

PMID- 27374369
TI  - Patterns of postictal cerebral perfusion in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: a
      multi-delay multi-parametric arterial spin labelling perfusion MRI study.
AB  - The cerebral haemodynamic status of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) is a
      very complicated process. Little attention has been paid to cerebral blood flow
      (CBF) alterations in IGE detected by arterial spin labelling (ASL) perfusion
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, the selection of an optimal delay time
      is difficult for single-delay ASL. Multi-delay multi-parametric ASL perfusion MRI
      overcomes the limitations of single-delay ASL. We applied multi-delay multi
      parametric ASL perfusion MRI to investigate the patterns of postictal cerebral
      perfusion in IGE patients with absence seizures. A total of 21 IGE patients with
      absence seizures and 24 healthy control subjects were enrolled. IGE patients
      exhibited prolonged arterial transit time (ATT) in the left superior temporal
      gyrus. The mean CBF of IGE patients was significantly increased in the left
      middle temporal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus and left fusiform gyrus.
      Prolonged ATT in the left superior temporal gyrus was negatively correlated with
      the age at onset in IGE patients. This study demonstrated that cortical
      dysfunction in the temporal lobe and fusiform gyrus may be related to epileptic
      activity in IGE patients with absence seizures. This information can play an
      important role in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanism of IGE from a
      cerebral haemodynamic perspective.

PMID- 27374372
TI  - The Nationwide Evaluation of X-Ray Trends, Part 2: US Trends for CT.

PMID- 27374371
TI  - Genomic imbalance in the centromeric 11p15 imprinting center in three families:
      Further evidence of a role for IC2 as a cause of Russell-Silver syndrome.
AB  - Russell-Silver syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by intrauterine
      growth retardation, postnatal growth deficiency, characteristic facial
      appearance, and other variable features. Genetic and epigenetic alterations are
      identified in about 60% of individuals with Russell-Silver syndrome. Most
      frequently, Russell-Silver syndrome is caused by altered gene expression on
      chromosome 11p15 due to loss of methylation at the telomeric imprinting center.
      To date there have been a handful of isolated clinical reports implicating the
      centromeric imprinting center 2 in the etiology of Russell-Silver syndrome. Here
      we report three new families with genomic imbalances, involving imprinting center
      2 resulting in gain of methylation at this center and a Russell-Silver syndrome
      phenotype, including two families with a maternally inherited microduplication
      and the first pediatric patient with a paternally derived microdeletion. The
      findings in our families provide additional evidence of a role for imprinting
      center 2 in the etiology of Russell-Silver syndrome and suggest that imprinting
      center 2 imprinting abnormalities may be a more common cause of Russell-Silver
      syndrome than previously recognized. Furthermore, our findings together with
      previous clinical reports of genomic imbalances involving imprinting center 2
      serve to underscore the complexity of the epigenetic regulation of the 11p15
      region making it challenging to predict phenotype on the basis of genotype alone.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27374373
TI  - 2016 Residency Match Update and the Golden Opportunity.

PMID- 27374374
TI  - Telephone Consultation-What Standards Should Apply?

PMID- 27374376
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27374375
TI  - The Foundation in Evidence of Medical and Dental Telephone Consultations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients can only make well-informed decisions if the information
      they are given by health professionals is based on scientific evidence. In this
      study, we assessed the foundation in evidence of free, publicly available
      telephone consultations in Germany. METHODS: From March 2013 to January 2014,
      four hidden clients seeking information asked standardized questions about three
      medical topics (screening for colorectal cancer, for glaucoma, and for trisomy
      21) and three dental ones (the sealing of dental fissures, professional dental
      cleaning, and mercury detoxification). Depending on the topic, the questions
      addressed such issues as the risk of disease and the purpose, content, validity,
      benefits, and risks of potential diagnostic and therapeutic measures. All
      identifiable telephone consultation services that provided counselling on the
      above topics were included in the study (23 government-sponsored institutions, 31
      institutions independently run by physicians, 521 institutions under religious
      auspices, 25 dental counselling services). RESULTS: Of the 599 telephone
      consultation services that were identified, 567 were contacted; 404 did not offer
      any relevant counselling. A total of 293 conversations were held with the
      remaining 163 consultation services. Six of these conversations fully met
      predefined criteria for evidence-based counselling. The percentage of appropriate
      answers to the key questions on each topic was 5% for colorectal cancer screening
      (7/140), 23.8% for glaucoma screening (25/105), 33.9% for trisomy 21 screening
      (121/357), 27.5% for the sealing of dental fissures (28/102), 16.2% for
      professional dental cleaning (19/117), and 12.9% for mercury detoxification
      (12/93). The percentage of appropriate answers also varied depending on the type
      of institution: 26.8% for government-sponsored institutions (67/250), 4.5% for
      institutions independently run by physicians (4/88), and 31.1% for institutions
      under religious auspices (82/264). CONCLUSION: The medical and dental counselling
      now offered over the telephone by the types of institutions included in this
      study does not satisfy the criteria for evidence-based health information.

PMID- 27374378
TI  - Additional Investigations.

PMID- 27374377
TI  - Psychopharmacological Prescriptions in Children and Adolescents in Germany.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In view of the well-known increase in prescriptions of stimulants for
      children and adolescents over the last 20 years, it is important to study trends
      in the prevalence and incidence of the use of other psychotropic drugs by this
      age group as well, to enable an early response to potential problems in the
      current care situation. METHODS: We used nationwide data from German statutory
      health insurance funds (Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse [AOK], all insurees;
      Techniker Kranken - kasse [TK], a 50% randomized sample) concerning all insurees
      aged 0-17 years (5.0 million people in 2012) to study trends in the prevalence
      and incidence of psychotropic medication use as well as initially prescribing
      medical specialties over the period 2004-2012, both for the overall group of
      psychotropic drugs and for selected subgroups of drugs. RESULTS: From 2004 to
      2012, the prevalence of psychotropic drug prescriptions (not including herbal and
      homeopathic substances) for children and adolescents rose from 19.6 to 27.1 per
      1000 individuals. Marked rises were seen for stimulants (10.5 to 19.1 per 1000)
      and antipsychotic drugs (2.3 to 3.1 per 1000), while the prevalence of
      antidepressant prescriptions remained constant at about 2 per 1000. The rates of
      new prescriptions from 2006 to 2012 were generally constant or decreasing; for
      the overall group of (non-herbal, nonhomeopathic) psychotropic drugs, the rate of
      new prescriptions fell from 9.9 to 8.7 per 1000. There was a trend toward the
      issuance of new prescriptions by medical specialists, rather than by family
      physicians and pediatricians. CONCLUSION: The observed increased prevalence of
      psychotropic drug use among children and adolescents appears to be due not to an
      increased rate of initial prescriptions for these drugs, but rather to a rise in
      the number of patients who, once having received such drugs, were given further
      prescriptions for them in the years that followed.

PMID- 27374379
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 27374380
TI  - Milroy Disease or Primary Congenital Lymphedema Associated With Invasive Squamous
      Cell Carcinoma.

PMID- 27374381
TI  - Cutaneous Involvement in the Deep Mycoses: A Literature Review. Part I
      Subcutaneous Mycoses.
AB  - The deep mycoses are uncommon in our setting. These fungal infections occur
      mainly in immunosuppressed patients or in tropical climates, and include
      subcutaneous infections and systemic infections. The skin is always involved in
      the former. In the first part of this review, we describe the main subcutaneous
      mycoses: sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, mycetoma, phaeohyphomycosis,
      hyalohyphomycosis, and lacaziosis. Early recognition and treatment is important,
      as these infections are frequently associated with high morbidity.

PMID- 27374383
TI  - Enterococcus saigonensis sp. nov., isolated from retail chicken meat and liver.
AB  - Two Gram-stain-positive strains, VE80T and VE116, which were resistant to
      vancomycin, were isolated from retail chicken meat and liver in Ho Chi Minh,
      Vietnam, respectively. These strains were characterized by sequence analyses of
      16S rRNA, RNA polymerase alpha-subunit (rpoA), ATP synthase alpha-subunit (atpA),
      and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase alpha-subunit (pheS) genes, determination of DNA
      G+C content, cellular fatty acid methyl ester analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization,
      and conventional morphological and biochemical tests. Strains VE80T and VE116 had
      99.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Enterococcus canintestini LMG
      13590T, and 99.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Enterococcus dispar
      ATCC 51266T. However, the two isolates could be clearly differentiated from these
      reference strains by the low sequence similarities (86.1-86.8 %) of the atpA
      gene, low DNA-DNA relatedness (<22.8 %), and differences in the production of
      acid from melezitose and methyl alpha-d-glucoside. Based on the results obtained
      in the present study, these two isolates are considered to represent a novel
      species of the genus Enterococcus, for which the name Enterococcus saigonensis
      sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is VE80T (=JCM 31193T=CCUG 68827T).

PMID- 27374384
TI  - Understanding the foot-in-the-door effect as a pseudo-effect from the perspective
      of the Campbell paradigm.
AB  - Compliance with a small request (a metaphorical foot-in-the-door) promotes
      compliance with a subsequent big request. Whereas some explanations expect a drop
      in the behavioural costs of the big request, others suspect that the effect comes
      from boosting the underlying attitude. However, evidence for both explanations is
      equivocal and circumstantial, at best. Drawing on what Kaiser et al. (2010) call
      the Campbell paradigm, we present an integrative account: Compliance with any
      request demands a corresponding attitude to counterbalance the costs of the
      request. In our research, 229 participants were randomly assigned to either a
      foot-in-the-door (i.e., initially asked to sign a pro-environmental petition) or
      a control condition. Small-request-compliant participants were more likely than
      control participants to also comply with the big request and to continue filling
      out environmental-issues-related questionnaires. However, this foot-in-the-door
      effect occurred without diminishing behavioural costs or increasing attitude
      levels. Accordingly, the greater likelihood of small-request-compliant
      participants to also comply with the big request can be parsimoniously explained
      by baseline variability in people's attitude levels that manifests in their
      compliance with the initial request. We conclude that several of the foot-in-the
      door effects reported in the literature carry the risk of representing mere
      pseudo-effects.

PMID- 27374386
TI  - Subclinical zinc deficiency impairs pancreatic digestive enzyme activity and
      digestive capacity of weaned piglets - CORRIGENDUM.

PMID- 27374385
TI  - Clinical evaluation of intranasal medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-S(+)
      ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in rabbits in two centres with two
      different administration techniques.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare efficacy and side effects of induction with
      medetomidine-ketamine or medetomidine-S(+)-ketamine by intranasal (IN)
      instillation in rabbits and to evaluate both protocols during subsequent
      isoflurane anaesthesia. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, blinded, randomized
      experimental study in two centres. ANIMALS: Eighty-three healthy New Zealand
      White rabbits undergoing tibial or ulnar osteotomy. METHODS: Medetomidine (0.2 mg
      kg-1) with 10 mg kg-1 ketamine (MK) or 5 mg kg-1 S(+)-ketamine (MS) was
      administered IN to each rabbit in a randomized fashion. In Centre 1 (n = 42)
      rabbits were held in sternal recumbency, and in Centre 2 (n = 41) in dorsal
      recumbency, during drug instillation. Adverse reactions were recorded. If a
      rabbit swallowed during endotracheal intubation, half of the initial IN dose was
      repeated and intubation was re-attempted after 5 minutes. Anaesthesia was
      maintained with isoflurane. Heart rate, blood pressure, endtidal carbon dioxide
      concentration and blood gases were recorded. Data were analysed using Student's t
      test, Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: In all, 39 animals were
      assigned to the MK group and 44 to the MS group. Two rabbits in the MS group held
      in dorsal recumbency died after instillation of the drug. Eight (MK) and 11
      rabbits (MS) were insufficiently anaesthetized and received a second IN dose. One
      rabbit in MK and three in MS required an isoflurane mask induction after the
      second IN dose. There were no significant differences between treatments for
      induction, intraoperative data, blood gas values and recovery data. CONCLUSION
      AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study indicated that medetomidine-ketamine and
      medetomidine-S(+)-ketamine were effective shortly after IN delivery, but in
      dorsal recumbency IN administration of S(+)-ketamine led to two fatalities. Nasal
      haemorrhage was noted in both cases; however, the factors leading to death have
      not been fully elucidated.

PMID- 27374387
TI  - [Surgical overview on kidney and pancreas transplantation].
AB  - The main purpose of this paper, written by a group of Italian expert transplant
      surgeons, is to provide clinical support and to help through the decision-making
      process over pre-transplant surgical procedures in potential kidney recipients,
      as well as selection of pancreas transplant candidates and perioperative
      management of kidney recipient. Current topics such as different approaches in
      minimally invasive donor nephrectomy, methods of graft preservation and treatment
      of failed allograft were addressed. 

PMID- 27374388
TI  - [Acute Kidney Injury, Type - 3 cardiorenal syndrome, Biomarkers, Renal
      Replacement Therapy].
AB  - Cardiovascular disease and major cardiovascular events represent main cause of
      death in both acute and chronic kidney disease patients. Kidney and heart failure
      are common and frequently co-exist This organ-organ interaction, also called
      organ cross-talk, leads to well-known definition of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS).
      Here we will describe cardiovascular involvement in patients with acute kidney
      injury (AKI). Also known as Type-3 CRS or acute reno-cardiac CRS, it occurs when
      AKI contributes and/or precipitates development of acute cardiac injury. AKI may
      directly or indirectly produces an acute cardiac event and it can be associated
      with volume overload, metabolic acidosis and electrolytes disorders such as
      hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia, coronary artery disease, left ventricular
      dysfunction and fibrosis which has been also described in patients with AKI with
      the consequence of direct negative effects on cardiac performance. 

PMID- 27374389
TI  - [Quality end of life in uremic patients: theory and practice].
AB  - The rate of fragile elderly patients affected by chronic kidney disease stage 5
      5D is rapidly increasing. The decision making process regarding the start and the
      withdrawal of dialysis is often difficult for all those involved: patients,
      relatives, nephrologists and renal nurses. Therefore nephrologists and renal
      nurses are called to rapidly improve their theoretical and practical competence
      about the end-of-life care. The quality of clinical intervention and management
      requires a sound expertise in the ethical, legal, organizational and therapeutic
      aspects, not trivial nor even deductible from purely private and individual
      opinions nor from traditional medical practice. The present paper discusses the
      ethical and legal implications related to the start rather than to withdrawn from
      dialysis, preferring a non-dialysis medical treatment and / or palliative care.
      Operational aspects regarding the regional network of palliative care, the path
      of shared decision making process and a systematic approach to optimize medical
      and nursing interventions through the Liverpool Care Pathway program are
      discussed thereafter. 

PMID- 27374390
TI  - [Cystinic nephrolythiasis: clinical experience and new diagnostic and therapeutic
      perspectives].
AB  - Cystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disease with a prevalence 1:7000
      and typical age of onset in the second decade of life. This nephrolithiasis is
      not always well known and well studied and for this reason it is often
      underdiagnosed. Cystinuria is characterized by increased urinary excretion of
      cystine and dibasic amino acids (lysine, ornithine, arginine) caused by defective
      transport of these amino acids across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule and
      small intestine cells. Two mutated genes responsible of this tubular defect are
      SLC3A1 on chromosome 2 and SLC7A9 on chromosome 19. Clinical manifestations of
      cystinuria are essentially those related to stones formation and their movement
      across the urinary tract, like flank pain/abdomen pain and hematuria, as occurred
      in other nephrolithiasis types. Diagnosis is based on biochemical urine analysis,
      stone analysis and imaging. Genetic study of this disease may be a new and
      stimulating approach to better understand the defects and identify new
      therapeutic targets. A wider knowledge and a more detailed approach to cystinuria
      may help to ameliorate patients quality of life, to prevent recurrences and
      complications and to develop more specific and adequate treatments. 

PMID- 27374391
TI  - [Italian Registry Dialysis and Transplant 2011-2013].
AB  - The Italian Registry of Dialysis and Transplantation (RIDT) has recently resumed
      the collection of data of patients on RRT in Italy. Data were requested to
      Regional Registries for the years 2011-2013 and they contributed according to
      their possibilities. Eighteen Regions or autonomous Provinces provided data with
      various degrees of completeness and this made possible to bridge the gap between
      the current and the previous census (referring to 2010). RESULTS: Incidencedata
      were associated to a sample with a coverage of 77% of the national population
      (46/60 million inhabitants). Patients who started dialysis in these three years
      were, respectively, 168, 166 and 160 patients pmp. If we project this data to the
      national population is reasonable to think that 9500-10000 patients per year
      start the dialytic treatment. PREVALENCE: The prevalence of patients on dialysis
      in Italy range, in the 10 years of RIDT, between 750 and 825 patients pmp. Based
      on this we can reasonably estimate that in Italy there are 45-49000 dialysis
      patients. Incidence and prevalence vary widely in different regions. Mortalityon
      dialysis in Italy during the period 2011-2013 was on average 16.2 per 100 patient
      years (95% CI: 16.1-16.7) with regional variation smaller than that observed in
      incidence and prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: In this paper, data analysis are presented
      in a direct and non comparative manner. However, it provides information on the
      status of the RRT in Italy and the temporal consistency of the data is a proof of
      their validity. Registry data were published in the official site of Italian
      Registry that can be reached through the website of SIN (www.sin-italy.org).

PMID- 27374392
TI  - [Metformin and kidney].
AB  - Metformin is the first choice among drugs used for the treatment of type II
      diabetes mellitus mainly because of several advantages: proven hypoglycemic
      effect, good safety profile, virtually no risk of hypoglycemia, body weight
      reduction, lipid-lowering effect, efficacy in preventing micro- and macrovascular
      complications as well as adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events and reduced
      cost. Previous reports had shown an increased risk of lactic acidosis in patients
      receiving metformin. However, the current Guidelines have greatly limited this
      risk to certain categories of patients, such as those with severe chronic renal
      failure, particularly when predisposing risk factors such as administration of
      iodinated contrast are present. In this review, we reported the main data of the
      literature on the use of metformin in patients with chronic renal failure and
      both highly expected benefits and high potential risks. 

PMID- 27374393
TI  - Quality of life of hemodialysis patients in Central and Southern Italy: cross
      sectional comparison between Hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion (HFR)
      and Bicarbonate Hemodialysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: in hemodialysis (HD) patients, poor health-related quality of life
      (HR-QoL) is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes. HR-QoL is strictly
      linked to nutritional status of HD patients. Hemodiafiltration with endogenous
      reinfusion (HFR) is an alternative dialysis technique that combines diffusion,
      convection and absorption. It reduces burden of inflammation and malnutrition and
      this effect may cause beneficial effect on HR-QoL. However no data on HR-QoL in
      HFR is currently available. METHODS: we designed a cross-sectional multicentre
      study in order to compare the HR-QoL in patients treated with HFR versus
      Bicarbonate HD (BHD). We enrolled adult patients HFR treated for at least 6
      months, with life expectancy greater than six months and without overt cognitive
      deficit. The recruited patients in HFR were matched for age, gender, dialytic
      vintage and performance in activities of daily living (Barthel index) with BHD
      treated patients. SF-36 questionnaire for the assessment of HR-QoL was
      administered. RESULTS: one hundred fourteen patients (57 HFR vs 57 BHD) were
      enrolled (age 65.413.5 years; dialysis vintage 5.4 (3.3-10.3) years; 53% males)
      from 18 dialysis non-profit centres in central and southern Italy. As result of
      matching, no difference in age, gender, dialytic age and Barthel index was found
      between HFR and BHD patients. In HFR patients we observed better values of
      physical component score (PCS) of SF-36 than BHD patients (P=0.048), whereas no
      significant difference emerged in the mental component score (P=0.698). In
      particular HFR patients were associated with higher Physical Functioning
      (P=0.045) and Role Physical (P=0.027). CONCLUSIONS: HFR is associated with better
      physical component of HR-QoL than BHD, independently of age, gender, dialysis
      vintage and invalidity score. Whether these findings translate into a survival
      benefit must be investigated by longitudinal studies.

PMID- 27374394
TI  - [Lithium poisoning: neurological signs, nephrological therapy].
AB  - Lithium is an effective drug in the treatment of bipolar disorder and other
      psychiatric and neurological diseases. Unfortunately, its therapeutic index is
      narrow. There are three types of lithium poisoning: acute poisoning (in untreated
      patients), acute on chronic poisoning, when an overdose is taken accidentally or
      with suicidal intent, in patients under treatment and chronic poisoning (patient
      treated with lithium) when drug intake is correct but excessive in relation to
      its elimination (increased dose or more often reduced clearance) resulting in
      lithium overload. In this last condition, the clinical presentation is primary
      neurological while therapy involves the nephrologist provided that lithium
      clearance is mainly renal and hemodialysis is the most effective method for
      removal. 

PMID- 27374395
TI  - [Nonconvulsive status epilepticus due to Fentanyl intoxication in hemodialysed
      patients: two case reports and review of the literature].
AB  - The management of the pain therapy (ischemic pain, neoplastic pain) in
      hemodialysis patients has become a frequent challenge in the last years. These
      patients often require the prescription of major analgesic drugs such as Opioids
      like Fentanyl, in order to control the pain. It is necessary to pay attention to
      the correct dosage and to the half life of these drugs, that results prolonged in
      the chronic renal insufficiency. The main side effect of opioids is respiratory
      depression which is well known, however, up to date, there is a lack of reports
      about other less frequent side effects, such as epilepsy or status epilepticus,
      in the literature. We report two cases of chronic hemodialysed patients who
      developed a generalized nonconvulsive status epilepticus secondary to Fentanyl
      intoxication administered for the pain therapy. These cases required a synergic
      team management with involvement of the nephrologist, the neurologist and the
      intensivist. The generalized non convulsive status epilepticus could be an
      important and serious side effect of Fentanyl in hemodialysis patients and it is
      therefore necessary a close monitoring of the pain therapy in these subjects. 

PMID- 27374396
TI  - [Nephrology: knowledge and digital memory].
AB  - Mathematical sciences have had a huge development with the use of numbers, which
      is used to process images, sounds and computer languages. Medical knowledge is
      collected in databases in text format (groups of words). So far, words in
      Medicine have never been processed and we are not currently able to create
      connections between them in any way. With mathematical logic, words can be
      treated as numbers. Words, using logical connectives, become more and more
      calculable and developable with the support of mathematical and computer
      sciences. The words in medicine may have the same development of the numbers in
      mathematical sciences. Words that belong to the history of the patient, physical
      examinations and clinical data can be gathered in tables, therefore, they can be
      made available to computer applications, creating a digital memory by presenting
      it as required by the doctor. The author believes that the clinical reasoning of
      the Doctor uses connectives available in mathematical logic. Therefore, thought
      can be supported by mathematical calculation. Knowledge engineering programs will
      develop data return or self-generated algorithms, up to the future use of
      artificial intelligence in the field of nephrology. 

PMID- 27374397
TI  - [Healthcare patient loyalty].
AB  - If the "old economy" preached standardization of products/services in order to
      reduce costs, the "new economy" is based on the recognition of the needs and the
      management of information. It is aimed at providing better and more usable
      services. One scenario is a national health service with regional management but
      based on competition between hospitals/companies.This led to a different handling
      of the user/patient, which has become the center of the health system: marketing
      seeks to retain the patient, trying to push a client-patient to not change their
      healthcare service provider. In costs terms, it is more economical to retain a
      customer rather than acquire a new one: a satisfied customer is also the best
      sounding board for each company. Customer equity is the management of relations
      with patients which can result in a greater customer value: it is possible to
      recognize an equity of the value, of the brand and of the report. Loyalty uses
      various marketing activities (basic, responsive, responsible, proactive and
      collaborative): each hospital/company chooses different actions depending on how
      many resources it plans to invest in loyalty. 

PMID- 27374398
TI  - Assessment of Referral and Chemotherapy Treatment Patterns for Elderly Patients
      With Non-small-Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physiologic changes of aging in combination with greater comorbidity
      could lead to treatment nihilism for elderly patients (>= 70 years old) with non
      small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Randomized trials have shown improved survival
      with chemotherapy since 1999, but it remains unclear whether these data have
      translated into practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective,
      population-based cohort study of NSCLC cases diagnosed in Ontario, Canada from
      2000 to 2010. We compared referral and treatment patterns among patients aged <
      70 versus >= 70 years. Multivariable analyses evaluated predictors of referral to
      medical oncology or treatment with chemotherapy. RESULTS: Of 61,646 patients with
      NSCLC, 32,131 (52.1%) were >= 70 years. Fewer adenocarcinomas were diagnosed in
      the elderly (29.8% vs. 44%), and more elderly patients lacked microscopic
      confirmation of malignancy (20.1% vs. 6.2%). Charlson co-morbidity scores >= 2
      (14.0% vs. 7.4%) were higher in the elderly. Only 59.5% of elderly patients with
      NSCLC were referred to a medical oncologist, versus 78.5% of younger patients.
      Elderly patients were less likely to receive chemotherapy (18.3% vs. 46.7%), even
      among those referred to a medical oncologist (30.1% vs. 58.6%). Neither referral
      nor treatment changed substantially over time. The elderly also had a shorter
      median survival (5.8 vs. 9.6 months); however, there was less difference in
      median survival (13.6 vs. 14.9 months) among patients receiving chemotherapy.
      CONCLUSION: Elderly patients are less likely to be considered for systemic
      therapy for NSCLC, and evidence of benefit has had minimal impact on practice. We
      believe this disparity could be improved through systematically using tools to
      comprehensively assess elderly patients.

PMID- 27374399
TI  - The ecology of an adaptive radiation of three-spined stickleback from North Uist,
      Scotland.
AB  - There has been a large focus on the genetics of traits involved in adaptation,
      but knowledge of the environmental variables leading to adaptive changes is
      surprisingly poor. Combined use of environmental data with morphological and
      genomic data should allow us to understand the extent to which patterns of
      phenotypic and genetic diversity within a species can be explained by the
      structure of the environment. Here, we analyse the variation of populations of
      three-spined stickleback from 27 freshwater lakes on North Uist, Scotland, that
      vary greatly in their environment, to understand how environmental and genetic
      constraints contribute to phenotypic divergence. We collected 35 individuals per
      population and 30 abiotic and biotic environmental parameters to characterize
      variation across lakes and analyse phenotype-environment associations.
      Additionally, we used RAD sequencing to estimate the genetic relationships among
      a subset of these populations. We found a large amount of phenotypic variation
      among populations, most prominently in armour and spine traits. Despite large
      variation in the abiotic environment, namely in ion composition, depth and
      dissolved organic Carbon, more phenotypic variation was explained by the biotic
      variables (presence of predators and density of predator and competitors), than
      by associated abiotic variables. Genetic structure among populations was partly
      geographic, with closer populations being more similar. Altogether, our results
      suggest that differences in body shape among stickleback populations are the
      result of both canalized genetic and plastic responses to environmental factors,
      which shape fish morphology in a predictable direction regardless of their
      genetic starting point.

PMID- 27374400
TI  - VirusMapper: open-source nanoscale mapping of viral architecture through super
      resolution microscopy.
AB  - The nanoscale molecular assembly of mammalian viruses during their infectious
      life cycle remains poorly understood. Their small dimensions, generally bellow
      the 300nm diffraction limit of light microscopes, has limited most imaging
      studies to electron microscopy. The recent development of super-resolution (SR)
      light microscopy now allows the visualisation of viral structures at resolutions
      of tens of nanometers. In addition, these techniques provide the added benefit of
      molecular specific labelling and the capacity to investigate viral structural
      dynamics using live-cell microscopy. However, there is a lack of robust
      analytical tools that allow for precise mapping of viral structure within the
      setting of infection. Here we present an open-source analytical framework that
      combines super-resolution imaging and naive single-particle analysis to generate
      unbiased molecular models. This tool, VirusMapper, is a high-throughput, user
      friendly, ImageJ-based software package allowing for automatic statistical
      mapping of conserved multi-molecular structures, such as viral substructures or
      intact viruses. We demonstrate the usability of VirusMapper by applying it to SIM
      and STED images of vaccinia virus in isolation and when engaged with host cells.
      VirusMapper allows for the generation of accurate, high-content, molecular
      specific virion models and detection of nanoscale changes in viral architecture.

PMID- 27374401
TI  - Spontaneous loss of a co-twin and the risk of birth defects after assisted
      conception.
AB  - The study of very early pregnancy loss is impractical in the general population,
      but possible amongst infertility patients receiving carefully monitored
      treatments. We examined the association between fetal loss and the risk of birth
      defects in the surviving co-twin in a retrospective cohort study of infertility
      patients within an infertility clinic in South Australia from January 1986 to
      December 2002, linked to population registries for births, terminations and birth
      defects. The study population consisted of a total of 5683 births. Births from
      singleton pregnancies without loss were compared with survivors from (1)
      pregnancies with an empty fetal sac at 6-8 weeks after embryo transfer, (2) fetal
      loss subsequent to 8-week ultrasound and (3) multiple pregnancy continuing to
      birth. Odds ratios (OR) for birth defects were calculated with adjustment for
      confounders. Amongst infertility patients, the prevalence of birth defects was
      7.9% for all twin pregnancies without fetal loss compared with 14.6% in
      pregnancies in which there had been an empty sac at ultrasound, and 11.6% for
      pregnancies with fetal loss after 6-8 weeks. Compared with singleton pregnancies
      without loss, the presence of an empty sac was associated with an increased risk
      of any defect (OR=1.90, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.09-3.30) and with
      multiple defects (OR=2.87, 95% CI=1.31-6.28). Twin pregnancies continuing to
      birth without loss were not associated with an overall increased prevalence of
      defects. We conclude that the observed loss of a co-twin by 6-8 weeks of
      pregnancy is related to the risk of major birth defects in the survivor.

PMID- 27374402
TI  - Pretreatment of spent sulphite liquor via ultrafiltration and nanofiltration for
      bio-based succinic acid production.
AB  - Ultrafiltration and nanofiltration of spent sulphite liquor (SSL) has been
      employed to evaluate the simultaneous production of lignosulphonates and bio
      based succinic acid using the bacterial strains Actinobacillus succinogenes and
      Basfia succiniciproducens. Ultrafiltration with membranes of 10, 5 and 3kDa
      molecular weight cut-off results in significant losses of lignosulphonates (26
      50%) in the permeate stream, while nanofiltration using membrane with 500Da
      molecular weight cut-off results in high retention yields of lignosulphonates
      (95.6%) in the retentate stream. Fed-batch bioreactor cultures using permeates
      from ultrafiltrated SSL resulted in similar succinic acid concentration (27.5g/L)
      and productivity (0.4g/L/h) by both strains. When permeates from nanofiltrated
      SSL were used, the strain B. succiniciproducens showed the highest succinic acid
      concentration (33.8g/L), yield (0.58g per g of consumed sugars) and productivity
      (0.48g/L/h). The nanofiltration of 1t of thick spent sulphite liquor could lead
      to the production of 306.3kg of lignosulphonates and 52.7kg of succinic acid,
      whereas the ultrafiltration of 1t of thick spent sulphite liquor using a 3kDa
      membrane could result in the production of 237kg of lignosulphonates and 71.8kg
      of succinic acid when B. succiniproducens is used in both cases. 

PMID- 27374403
TI  - Versatility of chemically synthesized guide RNAs for CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.
AB  - The CRISPR-Cas9 system has become the most popular and efficient method for
      genome engineering in mammalian cells. The Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nuclease
      can function with two types of guide RNAs: the native dual crRNA and tracrRNA
      (crRNA:tracrRNA) or a chimeric single guide RNA (sgRNA). Although sgRNAs
      expressed from a DNA vector are predominant in the literature, guide RNAs can be
      rapidly generated by chemical synthesis and provide equivalent functionality in
      gene editing experiments. This review highlights the attributes and advantages of
      chemically synthesized guide RNAs including the incorporation of chemical
      modifications to enhance gene editing efficiencies in certain applications. The
      use of synthetic guide RNAs is also uniquely suited to genome-scale high
      throughput arrayed screening, particularly when using complex phenotypic assays
      for functional genomics studies. Finally, the use of synthetic guide RNAs along
      with DNA-free sources of Cas9 (mRNA or protein) allows for transient CRISPR-Cas9
      presence in the cell, thereby resulting in a decreased probability of off-target
      events. 

PMID- 27374404
TI  - Developing strategies to increase plasmid DNA production in Escherichia coli
      DH5alpha using batch culture.
AB  - Plasmid DNA (pDNA) production has recently increased as a result of advances in
      DNA vaccines. The practical development of pDNA vaccines requires high yield and
      productivity of supercoiled plasmid DNA (sc-pDNA). The yield and productivity are
      influenced by the host strain, the plasmid, the production process, and
      especially by growth conditions, such as the culture type and medium. We
      evaluated different strategies to increase pDNA production by Escherichia coli
      DH5alpha in batch culture. The strategies were driven by the development of a
      four single-factor experimental design and were based on the change of culture
      media composition in terms of carbon and nitrogen and the modification of the pH
      control by using NaOH or NH4OH. The results revealed the carbon (50g/L of
      glycerol) and nitrogen (8.34g/L of YESP) concentration in the culture medium and
      starting pH control with NH4OH when most of the organic nitrogen was consumed.
      Under these conditions, we obtained a volumetric yield of 213mg pDNA/L, a
      specific yield of 10mg pDNA/g DCW (dry cell weight), 92% of sc-pDNA and a
      productivity of 17.6mg pDNA/(Lh). The pDNA productivities reached were 42% higher
      than the productivities reported by other authors applying similar conditions. 

PMID- 27374405
TI  - Flavanone and isoflavone glucosylation by non-Leloir glycosyltransferases.
AB  - Flavonoids possess a wide range of biological activities. Their glycosylation is
      of considerable interest, as it often positively influences their pharmacokinetic
      and other molecular properties. We recently showed that two non-Leloir
      glycosyltransferases that use sucrose as carbohydrate donor, an amylosucrase from
      Neisseria polysaccharea (Ams-Np) and a glucansucrase from Streptococcus oralis
      (GtfR-So), were hardly able to glucosylate flavones, but accepted flavanes as
      substrates. We now examined compounds from two other flavonoid classes,
      flavanones and isoflavones for glucose transfer by these enzymes. Taxifolin was
      investigated as a flavanone analogue of both, the accepted pentahydroxyflavane
      catechin and the non-accepted pentahydroxyflavone quercetin. It was glucosylated
      by both enzymes, but much better by GtfR-So than by Ams-Np due to apparent strong
      inhibition of the latter. The acceptance of a collection of isoflavones strongly
      depended on the substitution pattern of the core. Only two of the 10 compounds
      examined yielded glucosides in satisfactory amounts. With these substrates, both
      enzymes catalyzed formation of a range of products, differing in the number of
      saccharide units. The structures of mono- and diglycosylated compounds obtained
      in higher amounts were elucidated. While GtfR-So attached glucose to taxifolin in
      the B ring at O4', both enzymes glucosylated the isoflavones in the A ring at O7.
      All products were alpha-glucosides. Interglycosidic linkages formed by Ams-Np
      were alpha1-4. To our knowledge, this is the first report of glucosylation of
      flavanone and isoflavone aglycones by an amylosucrase. All characterized
      compounds have not previously been described. 

PMID- 27374406
TI  - Essential Role of the PfRh5/PfRipr/CyRPA Complex during Plasmodium falciparum
      Invasion of Erythrocytes.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the merozoite stage invade human erythrocytes
      and cause malaria. Invasion requires multiple interactions between merozoite
      ligands and erythrocyte receptors. P. falciparum reticulocyte binding homolog 5
      (PfRh5) forms a complex with the PfRh5-interacting protein (PfRipr) and Cysteine
      rich protective antigen (CyRPA) and binds erythrocytes via the host receptor
      basigin. However, the specific role that PfRipr and CyRPA play during invasion is
      unclear. Using P. falciparum lines conditionally expressing PfRipr and CyRPA, we
      show that loss of PfRipr or CyRPA function blocks growth due to the inability of
      merozoites to invade erythrocytes. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that
      PfRipr, CyRPA, and PfRh5 colocalize at the junction between merozoites and
      erythrocytes during invasion. PfRipr, CyRPA, and PfRipr/CyRPA/PfRh5-basigin
      complex is required for triggering the Ca(2+) release and establishing the tight
      junction. Together, these results establish that the PfRh5/PfRipr/CyRPA complex
      is essential in the sequential molecular events leading to parasite invasion of
      human erythrocytes. 

PMID- 27374407
TI  - Cross-Species Interferon Signaling Boosts Microbicidal Activity within the Tick
      Vector.
AB  - Evolution of hematophagy in blood-sucking parasites likely involves communication
      with their hosts. We find that Ixodes ticks are responsive to IFNgamma acquired
      in a blood meal from mice infected with the Lyme disease-causing bacteria
      Borrelia burgdorferi, leading to induction of antimicrobial responses. Ixodes
      ticks parasitizing B. burgdorferi-infected mice upregulated an I. scapularis Rho
      like GTPase (IGTPase). IGTPase knockdown enhanced B. burgdorferi levels in post
      fed ticks, suggesting this protein controls spirochete survival. Notably, IGTPase
      was only induced during pathogen acquisition from mice and not upon transmission
      to naive hosts. Microinjection of ticks with IFNgamma induced IGTPase, and ticks
      parasitizing IFNgamma knockout mice, failed to upregulate IGTPase. Additionally,
      ticks lacking the transcription factor STAT, which signals downstream of
      IFNgamma, did not induce IGTPase. IGTPase expression induced antimicrobial
      peptides, including Dae2, previously shown to inhibit B. burgdorferi. These
      results identify an interspecies signaling cascade allowing ticks to detect
      invading bacteria and mount microbicidal responses. 

PMID- 27374408
TI  - Detection of spatial change points in the mean and covariances of multivariate
      simultaneous autoregressive models.
AB  - In this paper, we propose a test procedure to detect change points of
      multidimensional autoregressive processes. The considered process differs from
      typical applied spatial autoregressive processes in that it is assumed to evolve
      from a predefined center into every dimension. Additionally, structural breaks in
      the process can occur at a certain distance from the predefined center. The main
      aim of this paper is to detect such spatial changes. In particular, we focus on
      shifts in the mean and the autoregressive parameter. The proposed test procedure
      is based on the likelihood-ratio approach. Eventually, the goodness-of-fit values
      of the estimators are compared for different shifts. Moreover, the empirical
      distribution of the test statistic of the likelihood-ratio test is obtained via
      Monte Carlo simulations. We show that the generalized Gumbel distribution seems
      to be a suitable limiting distribution of the proposed test statistic. Finally,
      we discuss the detection of lung cancer in computed tomography scans and
      illustrate the proposed test procedure. 

PMID- 27374409
TI  - Employing biomarkers of healthy ageing for leveraging genetic studies into human
      longevity.
AB  - Genetic studies have thus far identified a limited number of loci associated with
      human longevity by applying age at death or survival up to advanced ages as
      phenotype. As an alternative approach, one could first try to identify biomarkers
      of healthy ageing and the genetic variants associated with these traits and
      subsequently determine the association of these variants with human longevity. In
      the present study, we used this approach by testing whether the 35 baseline serum
      parameters measured in the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS) meet the proposed
      criteria for a biomarker of healthy ageing. The LLS consists of 421 families with
      long-lived siblings of European descent, who were recruited together with their
      offspring and the spouses of the offspring (controls). To test the four criteria
      for a biomarker of healthy ageing in the LLS, we determined the association of
      the serum parameters with chronological age, familial longevity, general
      practitioner-reported general health, and mortality. Out of the 35 serum
      parameters, we identified glucose, insulin, and triglycerides as biomarkers of
      healthy ageing, meeting all four criteria in the LLS. We subsequently showed that
      the genetic variants previously associated with these parameters are
      significantly enriched in the largest genome-wide association study for human
      longevity. In conclusion, we showed that biomarkers of healthy ageing can be used
      to leverage genetic studies into human longevity. We identified several genetic
      variants influencing the variation in glucose, insulin and triglycerides that
      contribute to human longevity.

PMID- 27374410
TI  - Novel mutations in one allele in a Chinese family with neurofibromatosis type 1:
      Including a complex insertion-deletion mutation.
AB  - Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a hereditary disease with variable clinical
      manifestations. This study was performed in a Chinese three-generation family
      containing two members with NF1. Two novel mutations, c.853_854insTC and
      c.1975_1976delinsTA, were identified in the same allele in both patients by
      direct sequencing. By reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we found
      that the NF1 transcript contained the first mutation instead of the second
      mutation, suggesting a pathological role of c.853_854insTC mutation. Case reports
      of patients with two NF1 mutations in the same allele have not been reported. Our
      findings expand the known spectrum of NF1 mutations and the ongoing recognition
      of different mutations may give insight into the mysterious NF1 pathogenesis.

PMID- 27374412
TI  - Uncovering the factors associated with skeletal muscle weakness in interstitial
      lung disease.

PMID- 27374413
TI  - Predictors of death among cardiac arrest patients after therapeutic hypothermia:
      A non-tertiary care center's initial experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is recommended for
      patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest (CA).
      There is still uncertainty about management, target temperature and duration of
      TH. In the present study we aim to describe the initial experience of a non
      tertiary care center with TH after CA and to determine predictors of mortality.
      METHODS: During the period 2011-2014, out of 2279 patients hospitalized in the
      intensive care unit, 82 had a diagnosis of CA with ROSC. We determined predictors
      of mortality and neurological outcome in comatose patients with ROSC after CA
      treated by TH. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients were included, mean age 47.3+/-14
      years, 10 (67.0%) male. CA occurred out-of-hospital (n=11; 73.3%) or in-hospital
      (n=4; 26.7%), in initial shockable (n=10; 66.7%) or non-shockable (n=5, 33.3%)
      rhythm. The mean time from CA to ROSC (CA-ROSC) was 44.7+/-36.5 min. All patients
      met the 24-hour TH target temperature of 33 degrees C. The mean neuron-specific
      enolase (NSE) level was 93.7+/-109.0 MUg/l. Seven patients (46.7%) were
      discharged with good cerebral performance and eight (53.3%) died. Patients who
      survived had lower median age (p=0.032), shorter CA-ROSC (p=0.048), lower NSE
      levels (p=0.020) and initial ventricular fibrillation rhythm (p=NS). CONCLUSIONS:
      The effectiveness of TH appears to be related to younger age, shockable initial
      rhythm and shorter CA-ROSC time. This results indicates some lines of inquiry
      that should be developed in appropriate prospective studies. The role of
      biomarkers as predictors of prognosis is an open question, with NSE potentially
      playing an important role.

PMID- 27374414
TI  - Acute kidney injury in acute coronary syndromes - An important multifactorial
      consequence.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a pathological phenomenon with a
      negative impact on outcomes in different clinical scenarios. Its mechanism in
      acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not completely understood, and measures to
      prevent it are not uniform. We set out to study the incidence, clinical
      relevance, predictors and possible implications for patient management of AKI in
      ACS. METHODS: Using data from a multicenter national registry on ACS, we
      retrospectively analyzed predictors of AKI and its impact on outcomes (in
      hospital complications and one-year mortality). All ACS types were included. AKI
      was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of >=0.3 mg/dl (>=26.4 MUmol/l)
      and/or by >=1.5 times baseline. RESULTS: A total of 7808 ACS patients were
      included in the analysis, 1369 (17.5%) of whom developed AKI. AKI was shown to be
      an independent predictor of in-hospital major bleeding (odds ratio [OR] 2.09; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] 1.19-3.64; p=0.01), mortality (OR 4.72; 95% CI 2.94
      7.56; p<0.001) and one-year mortality (hazard ratio 2.01; 95% CI 1.51-2.68;
      p<0.001). The incidence of AKI was associated with older age, history of
      hypertension, renal failure and stroke/transient ischemic attack, Killip class >1
      on admission and left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. Performance of coronary
      angiography or angioplasty were not associated with AKI. Diuretics during
      admission were predictors of AKI only in patients in Killip class 1. CONCLUSIONS:
      AKI is an important finding in ACS, with a significant impact on hard clinical
      endpoints such as in-hospital and one-year mortality. It is associated with
      easily identifiable clinical factors and an invasive strategy does not increase
      its incidence.

PMID- 27374415
TI  - Improving Resident Communication in the Intensive Care Unit. The
      Proceduralization of Physician Communication with Patients and Their Surrogates.
AB  - Effective communication between providers and patients and their surrogates in
      the intensive care unit (ICU) is crucial for delivery of high-quality care.
      Despite the identification of communication as a key education focus by the
      American Board of Internal Medicine, little emphasis is placed on teaching
      trainees how to effectively communicate in the ICU. Data are conflicting on the
      best way to teach residents, and institutions vary on their emphasis of
      communication as a key skill. There needs to be a cultural shift surrounding the
      education of medical residents in the ICU: communication must be treated with the
      same emphasis, precision, and importance as placing a central venous catheter in
      the ICU. We propose that high-stakes communications between physicians and
      patients or their surrogates must be viewed as a medical procedure that can be
      taught, assessed, and quality controlled. Medical residents require training,
      observation, and feedback in specific communication skill sets with the goal of
      achieving mastery. It is only through supervised training, practice in real time,
      observation, and feedback that medical residents can become skillful
      practitioners of communication in the ICU.

PMID- 27374416
TI  - Heat processing of peanut seed enhances the sensitization potential of the major
      peanut allergen Ara h 6.
AB  - SCOPE: Processing of food has been shown to impact IgE binding and functionality
      of food allergens. In the present study, we investigated the impact of heat
      processing on the sensitization capacity of Ara h 6, a major peanut allergen and
      one of the most potent elicitors of the allergic reaction. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      Peanut extracts obtained from raw or heat-processed peanut and some fractions
      thereof were biochemically and immunochemically characterized. These
      extracts/fractions, purified Ara h 6, or recombinant Ara h 6 including Ara h 6
      mutants lacking disulfide bridges were used in in vitro digestion tests and mouse
      models of experimental sensitization. Peanut roasting led to the formation of
      complexes of high molecular weight, notably between Ara h 6 and Ara h 1, which
      supported the induction of IgE specific to native Ara h 6. On the contrary, a
      fraction containing free monomeric 2S albumins or purified native Ara h 6
      displayed no intrinsic allergenicity. In addition to complex formation, heat
      denaturation and/or partial destabilization enhanced Ara h 6 immunogenicity and
      increased its sensitivity to digestion. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that
      sensitization potency and IgE binding capacity can be supported by different
      structures, modified and/or produced during food processing in interaction with
      other food constituents.

PMID- 27374417
TI  - Fertilization-independent Cell-fusion between the Synergid and Central Cell in
      the Polycomb Mutant.
AB  - In flowering plants, fertilization of the central cell gives rise to an embryo
      nourishing endosperm. Recently, we reported that the endosperm absorbs the
      adjacent synergid cell through a cell-fusion, terminating the pollen tube
      guidance by a rapid inactivation of the synergid cell. Although this synergid
      endosperm fusion (SE fusion) initiates soon after fertilization, it was still
      unknown whether the triggers of SE fusion are stimuli during fertilization or
      other seed developmental processes. To further dissect out the SE fusion process,
      we investigated the SE fusion in an Arabidopsis mutant defective for MULTICOPY
      SUPPRESSOR OF IRA1 (MSI1), a subunit of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2).
      The mutant msi1 develops autonomous endosperm without fertilization. Time-lapse
      imaging revealed a rapid efflux of the synergid contents during the autonomous
      endosperm development, indicating that the initiation of SE fusion is under the
      control of some of the events triggered by fertilization of the central cell
      distinct from the discharge of pollen tube contents and plasma membrane fusion. 

PMID- 27374418
TI  - Space charge limited release of charged inverse micelles in non-polar liquids.
AB  - Charged inverse micelles (CIMs) generated during a continuous polarizing voltage
      between electrodes in the model system of polyisobutylene succinimide in dodecane
      do not populate a diffuse double layer like CIMs present in equilibrium (regular
      CIMs), but instead end up in interface layers. When the applied voltage is
      reversed abruptly after a continuous polarizing voltage step, two peaks are
      observed in the transient current. The first peak is due to the release of
      regular CIMs from the diffuse double layers formed during the polarizing voltage
      step, which is understood on the basis of the Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations.
      The second peak is due to the release of a small fraction of generated negative
      CIMs from the interface layer. A model based on space charge limited release of
      the generated negative CIMs from the interface layer is presented and the results
      of the model are compared with several types of measurements. For the situation
      in which the bulk is deprived of regular CIMs and neutral inverse micelles, the
      results of the model are in agreement with the experimental results. However, for
      the situation in which regular CIMs and neutral inverse micelles are present, the
      model shows discrepancies with the experiment for high voltages and high charge
      contents. These discrepancies are attributed to electrohydrodynamic flow caused
      by local variations in the electric field at the vicinity of the electrodes,
      which occur during the reversal voltage. Also the long term decrease of the
      amount of released generated CIMs is studied and it is found that the presence of
      regular CIMs and neutral inverse micelles speeds up the decrease. This study
      provides a deeper insight in the electrodynamics of CIMs and is relevant for
      various applications in non-polar liquids. 

PMID- 27374419
TI  - Dynamic nanoproteins: self-assembled peptide surfaces on monolayer protected gold
      nanoparticles.
AB  - Here, we demonstrate the formation of dynamic peptide surfaces through the self
      assembly of small peptides on the surface of monolayer protected gold
      nanoparticles. The complexity of the peptide surface can be simply tuned by
      changing the chemical nature of the added peptides and the ratio in which these
      are added. The dynamic nature of the surface permits adaptation to changes in the
      environment. 

PMID- 27374420
TI  - Estimating subthreshold tumor on MRI using a 3D-DTI growth model for GBM: An
      adjunct to radiation therapy planning.
AB  - Mathematical modeling and serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to
      calculate patient-specific rates of tumor diffusion, D, and proliferation, rho,
      can be combined to simulate glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) growth. We showed that
      the proportion and distribution of tumor cells below the MRI threshold are
      determined by the D/rho ratio of the tumor. As most radiation fields incorporate
      a 1-3 cm margin to account for subthreshold tumor, accurate characterization of
      subthreshold tumor aids the design of optimal radiation fields. This study
      compared two models: a standard one-dimensional (1D) isotropic model and a three
      dimensional (3D) anisotropic model using the advanced imaging method of diffusion
      tensor imaging (DTI) - with regards to the D/rho ratio's effect on the proportion
      and spatial extent of the subthreshold tumor. A validated reaction-diffusion
      equation accounting for tumor diffusion and proliferation modeled tumor
      concentration in time and space. For the isotropic and anisotropic models, nine
      tumors with different D/rho ratios were grown to a T1 radius of 1.5 cm. For each
      tumor, the percent and extent of tumor cells beyond the T2 radius were
      calculated. For both models, higher D/rho ratios were correlated with a greater
      proportion and extent of subthreshold tumor. Anisotropic modeling demonstrated a
      higher proportion and extent of subthreshold tumor than predicted by the
      isotropic modeling. Because the quantity and distribution of subthreshold tumor
      depended on the D/rho ratio, this ratio should influence radiation field
      demarcation. Furthermore, the use of DTI data to account for anisotropic tumor
      growth allows for more refined characterization of the subthreshold tumor based
      on the patient-specific D/rho ratio. 

PMID- 27374421
TI  - 'Working in the dark': Swedish general dental practitioners on the complexity of
      root canal treatment.
AB  - AIM: To explore elements of reasoning and understanding that might obstruct the
      performance of good-quality root canal treatment (RCT) and make general dental
      practitioners (GDPs) produce and accept root fillings of inferior quality.
      METHODOLOGY: The study was designed as a qualitative and explorative study based
      on seven videotaped focus group interviews analysed by means of qualitative
      content analysis. Nine predetermined questions were followed. Thirty-three GDPs
      (4-6 dentists/interview), employed in the Public Dental Health Service in
      Gothenburg, Sweden, participated. RESULTS: Feelings such as anxiety, frustration,
      stress or exhaustion were associated with RCT. In general, RCT was regarded as
      complex, mysterious and embedded in uncertainty. A feeling of loss of control was
      frequently described in relation to all procedural steps from negotiating the
      canal to prognostic deliberations. Reasons could include challenging canals,
      complicated instruments and the fact that treatment had to be performed in a
      concealed space without visible insight. Several dentists questioned the
      requirements for correctly performing RCT, and some indicated that striving
      towards optimal technical root filling quality should not be expected in each
      case in general practice. Most of the GDPs were unable to complete a case within
      the remuneration system, and they therefore either spent more time than the set
      fee allowed for or accepted a suboptimal root filling when the time limit was
      reached. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of stress and frustration in relation to RCT
      were reported by the GDPs. RCT was regarded as complex and was often performed
      with an overall sense of lack of control.

PMID- 27374422
TI  - Culture of domestic cat ovarian tissue in vitro and in the chick embryo
      chorioallantoic membrane.
AB  - In vitro culture and transplantation procedures are essential protocols employed
      in the evaluation of ovarian follicle survival and development. Culture in the
      chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chick embryos is an intermediate method that
      provides important follicle development information and has not been tested for
      cat ovaries to date. The aim of this study was to investigate if in vitro and CAM
      culture could be used as short-term systems to study cat ovarian tissue
      development. The ovaries of eight cats were dissected into 3-mm(3) cubes,
      cultured in vitro and in CAM for up to 5 days, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin
      and Gomori trichrome. Cell proliferation was analyzed using anti-Ki67. Possible
      differences among groups were investigated by analysis of variance or the Kruskal
      Wallis test followed by Bonferroni correction. The T-test or Wilcoxon test was
      used to verify differences between the CAM and IVC. Results revealed that 87.5%
      of all follicles were primordial during culture. The percentage of primordial
      follicles in the morphologically normal follicles (MNF) pool was always higher
      than 80%, with the exception of Day 3 of CAM culture, but the number of MNF
      reduced significantly from Day 0 (600 out of 777 follicles) to Day 5 in the CAM
      (91 out of 171) and IVC (296 out of 686). The number of primordial follicles in 1
      mm(3) in Days 2, 3, and 5 in the CAM was significantly lower than that in the
      control (Day 0). No cellular proliferation was observed in culture.
      Vascularization occurred in the CAM culture, but with no association to
      follicular viability. In addition, both methods showed an increase in connective
      tissue during culture. Although no significant differences were observed in the
      percentage of MNF, there was a reduction in the total number of follicles, both
      for IVC and CAM-cultured ovarian tissue. Furthermore, anti-Ki67 did not stain any
      follicle after Day 0 in IVC or in CAM culture. Neither system was capable of
      promoting follicle growth and/or development. The results show that the CAM is
      not a suitable system for feline ovarian tissue and highlight the necessity to
      improve IVC systems in cats. 

PMID- 27374423
TI  - Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on ram semen freeze ability and
      fertility using soybean lecithin- and egg yolk-based extenders.
AB  - Ram semen cryopreservation is not efficient for artificial insemination in
      commercial herds. Beneficial effects of dietary fish oil have been evaluated for
      cryopreservation of ram semen in soybean lecithin (SL) and egg yolk (EY)-based
      extenders. A factorial study (two diets * two extenders) was used to analyze the
      effects of two diets supplemented with fish oil (n-3 fatty acid) or palm oil
      (saturated fatty acids; [SFAs]) to freeze ram semen in two extenders containing
      SL or EY. Motility characteristics, membrane integrity, abnormal morphology,
      mitochondria activity, acrosome integrity, apoptotic status, and fertilizing
      ability were assessed after freeze-thawing. Although diet had significant (P <=
      0.05) effects on the quality parameters of frozen-thawed sperm, effects of
      extenders on these traits were not significant (P > 0.05). The higher significant
      (P <= 0.05) percentage of total motility and progressive motility were observed
      in n-3/SL (44.83 +/- 1.56 and 28.33 +/- 1.4) and n-3/EY (43.33 +/- 1.56 and 28.50
      +/- 1.4) than SFA/SL (32.16 +/- 1.56 and 14.00 +/- 1.4) and SFA/EY (31.66 +/-
      1.56 and 12.66 +/- 1.4) groups. Moreover, n-3/SL and n-3/EY produced the higher
      significant (P <= 0.05) percentage of membrane integrity of sperm (39.83 +/- 1.4
      and 37.33 +/- 1.4) than SFA/SL and SFA/EY (29.83 +/- 1.4 and 28.5 +/- 1.4). For
      viability results, the higher significant percentage of live sperm was observed
      in n-3/SL and n-3/EY (43.16 +/- 1.38 and 45.66 +/- 1.38) than SFA/SL and SFA/EY
      (28.66 +/- 1.38 and 27.5 +/- 1.38). For fertility trials, n-3-based diets (n-3/SL
      and n-3/EY) improved significantly (P <= 0.05) pregnancy rate (44% and 46%),
      parturition rate (42% and 42%), and lambing rate (46% and 44%) compared with the
      SFA-based diets (SFA/SL and SFA/EY). No interaction effects have been found
      between diets and extenders (P > 0.05). It seems that dietary fish oil can
      improve the semen performance after freezing-thawing process and artificial
      insemination aside from type of extenders. 

PMID- 27374424
TI  - Expression and localization of angiopoietin family in buffalo ovarian follicles
      during different stages of development and modulatory role of angiopoietins on
      steroidogenesis and survival of cultured buffalo granulosa cells.
AB  - The present study investigated the expression and localization of angiopoietin
      (ANPT) family members in buffalo ovarian follicles of different size. It also
      looked at the role of ANPTs in estradiol secretion and mRNA expression of
      phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling pathway cellular
      proliferation (phosphoinositide-dependant kinase and protein kinase B [AKT]) and
      proapoptotic (BAD) factors with caspase 3 in cultured buffalo granulosa cells
      (GCs). The mRNA and protein expression of ANPT-1 was greatest (P < 0.05), whereas
      ANPT-2 was reduced (P < 0.05) in preovulatory follicles as compared to F1
      follicle. Tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1
      transcripts and protein expression did not change in all follicular groups,
      whereas tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 2 mRNA was
      highest (P < 0.05) in theca interna but not GC layer of preovulatory follicle.
      All members of ANPT family were localized in GC and theca interna showing a stage
      specific immunoreactivity. Cultured GCs were treated with ANPT-1 and ANPT-2
      separately at doses of 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL and in combination at 100 ng/mL for
      three incubation periods (24, 48, and 72 hours). Estradiol secretion was highest
      (P < 0.05) at 100 ng/mL at 72 hours of incubation when GCs were treated with
      either protein alone. The mRNA expression of phosphoinositide-dependant kinase
      and AKT was highest (P < 0.05), and BAD with caspase 3 was lowest (P < 0.05) at
      100 ng/mL at 72 hours of incubation, when cultured GCs were treated separately
      with each protein or in combination. The immuoreactivity of AKT, pAKT, and pBAD
      were maximal, whereas BAD was minimal with 100 ng/mL at 72 hours when cultured
      GCs treated with either protein alone. The findings indicate that ANPTs are
      expressed in a regulated manner in buffalo ovarian follicle during different
      stages of development where they may promote steroidogenesis and GC survival
      through autocrine and paracrine actions. 

PMID- 27374425
TI  - Well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung mimicking adenoid cystic
      carcinoma on fine needle aspiration: A case report.
AB  - Well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (WDFA) of the lung is a rare variant of
      adenocarcinoma with an unusual morphology. Although the histologic features of
      this rare neoplasm have been well established, there is a deficit in the
      literature with regards to its discrete cytomorphologic features. We report the
      fine needle aspiration (FNA) findings of a case of this unusual malignancy in a
      44-year-old man with an incidental lung nodule. FNA revealed three-dimensional
      clusters of epithelial cells with scant cytoplasm, hyperchromatic nuclei that are
      associated with an extracellular metachromatic matrix. The original cytology
      report was signed out as an epithelial neoplasm favor adenoid cystic carcinoma.
      Consequently, a wedge resection of the lung was done and the histologic diagnosis
      was WDFA of the lung. The findings of minimal nuclear atypia in association with
      focally abundant spheres of extracellular matrix can mimic adenoid cystic
      carcinoma. WDFA has good prognosis and therefore, pre-operative cytologic
      diagnosis is critical to clinical management. We present the cytomorphologic
      features of this neoplasm with particular emphasis on a potential diagnostic
      pitfall of this rare entity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:917-920. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27374426
TI  - Memory impairment due to fipronil pesticide exposure occurs at the GABAA receptor
      level, in rats.
AB  - Fipronil (F) a pesticide considered of second generation cause various toxic
      effects in target and non-target organisms including humans in which provoke
      neurotoxicity, having the antagonism of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) as their
      main mechanism for toxic action. GABAergic system has been involved in processes
      related to the memory formation and consolidation. The present work studied the
      importance of GABA to the mechanisms involved in the very early development of
      fipronil-induced memory impairment in rats. Memory behavior was assessed using
      new object recognition task (ORT) and eight radial arm maze task (8-RAM) to study
      effects on cognitive and spatial memory. Locomotor behavior was assessed using
      open field task (OF). The dose of fipronil utilized was studied through a pilot
      experiment. The GABA antagonist picrotoxin (P) was used to enhance fipronil
      effects on GABAergic system. Fipronil or picrotoxin decrease memory studied in
      ORT and 8-RAM tasks. Additionally, F and P co-exposure enhanced effects on memory
      compared to controls, F, and P, suggesting strongly a GABAergic effect. Weight
      gain modulation and fipronil in blood were utilized as animal's intoxication
      indicators. In conclusion, here we report that second-generation pesticides, such
      as fipronil, can have toxic interactions with the CNS of mammals and lead to
      memory impairment by modulating the GABAergic system.

PMID- 27374427
TI  - Cognitive function, stress hormones, heart rate and nutritional status during
      simulated captivity in military survival training.
AB  - Stress influences numerous psychological and physiological processes, and its
      effects have practical implications in a variety of professions and real-world
      activities. However, few studies have concurrently assessed multiple behavioral,
      hormonal, nutritional and heart-rate responses of humans to acute, severe stress.
      This investigation simultaneously assessed cognitive, affective, hormonal, and
      heart-rate responses induced by an intensely stressful real-world environment
      designed to simulate wartime captivity. Sixty males were evaluated during and
      immediately following participation in U.S. Army Survival, Evasion, Resistance,
      and Escape (SERE) school, three weeks of intense but standardized training for
      Soldiers at risk of capture. Simulated captivity and intense mock interrogations
      degraded grammatical reasoning (p<0.005), sustained-attention (p<0.001), working
      memory (p<0.05) and all aspects of mood assessed by the Profile of Mood States
      (POMS) questionnaire: Tension/Anxiety, Depression/Dejection, Anger/Hostility,
      Vigor/Activity, Fatigue/Inertia; Confusion/Bewilderment, and Total Mood
      Disturbance (p<0.001) It also elevated heart rate (p<0.001); increased serum and
      salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-s) (p<0.01); elevated
      serum epinephrine, norepinephrine, and soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR)
      (p<0.01); increased salivary neuropeptide-Y (NPY) (p<0.001); and decreased serum
      prolactin and serum and salivary testosterone (p<0.001). Partial recovery was
      observed immediately after training, but stress-induced changes, particularly in
      body weight and several of the biomarkers, persisted. This study demonstrates
      that when individuals were exposed to realistic and controlled simulated
      captivity, cognition, mood, stress hormones, nutritional status and heart rate
      are simultaneously altered, and each of these subsequently recovers at different
      rates.

PMID- 27374428
TI  - Vascular assessment of wound healing: a clinical review.
AB  - Although macrovascular screening of patients with chronic wounds, particularly in
      the lower extremities, is accepted as part of clinical practice guidelines,
      microvascular investigation is less commonly used for a variety of reasons. This
      can be an issue because most patients with macrovascular disease also develop
      concomitant microvascular dysfunction. Part of the reason for less comprehensive
      microvascular screening has been the lack of suitable imaging techniques that can
      quantify microvascular dysfunction in connection with non-healing chronic wounds.
      This is changing with the introduction of fluorescence microangiography. The
      objective of this review is to examine macro- and microvascular disease, the
      strengths and limitations of the approaches used and to highlight the importance
      of microvascular angiography in the context of wound healing.

PMID- 27374429
TI  - Erratum to Loboda et al. "Carbon monoxide: pro- or anti-angiogenic agent? Comment
      on Ahmad et al. (Thromb Haemost 2015; 113: 329-337).
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1160/TH15-01-0082.]. 

PMID- 27374430
TI  - Potent Glycosidase Inhibition with Heterovalent Fullerenes: Unveiling the Binding
      Modes Triggering Multivalent Inhibition.
AB  - Glycosidases are key enzymes in metabolism, pathogenic/antipathogenic mechanisms
      and normal cellular functions. Recently, a novel approach for glycosidase
      inhibition that conveys multivalent glycomimetic conjugates has emerged. Many
      questions regarding the mechanism(s) of multivalent enzyme inhibition remain
      unanswered. Herein we report the synthesis of a collection of novel homo- and
      heterovalent glyco(mimetic)-fullerenes purposely conceived for probing the
      contribution of non-catalytic pockets in glysosidases to the multivalent
      inhibitory effect. Their affinities towards selected glycosidases were compared
      with data from homovalent fullerene conjugates. An original competitive
      glycosidase-lectin binding assay demonstrated that the multivalent derivatives
      and the substrate compete for low affinity non-glycone binding sites of the
      enzyme, leading to inhibition by a "recognition and blockage" mechanism. Most
      notably, this work provides evidence for enzyme inhibition by multivalent
      glycosystems, which will likely have a strong impact in the glycosciences given
      the utmost relevance of multivalency in Nature. 

PMID- 27374431
TI  - Parkin loss-of-function pathology: Premature neuronal senescence induced by high
      levels of reactive oxygen species?
AB  - Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases (PD and AD, respectively) are considered to
      be diseases of advanced brain ageing, which seems to involve high levels of
      reactive oxygen species (ROS). AD neurodegeneration is initially apparent in the
      hippocampus; as AD progresses, many more brain regions are affected. PD
      associated neurodegeneration is relatively limited to dopaminergic neurons of the
      substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), especially in cases in which patients
      inherit particular disease-causing mutations. Thus, the task of elucidating
      mechanisms by which loss of function of one particular protein triggers death of
      a subset of neurons may be more approachable. Understanding the mechanisms of
      neurodegeneration in these forms of PD may not only shed light on avenues leading
      toward therapeutic strategies in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases, but
      also on those leading toward understanding natural ageing. Neurodegeneration in
      PD patients harboring homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene may
      result from unbalanced levels of ROS, which are mostly produced in mitochondria
      and can irreparably damage macromolecules and trigger apoptosis. This review
      discusses mitochondrial sources of ROS, how ROS can trigger apoptosis, mechanisms
      by which Parkin loss-of-function may cause neurodegeneration by increasing ROS
      levels, and concludes with hypotheses regarding selective SNpc dopaminergic
      neuron vulnerability.

PMID- 27374432
TI  - Immune related transcriptional responses and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei
      post-larvae fed on dietary probiotic PrimaLac((r)).
AB  - The present study investigated the effects of various levels of multi-strain
      probiotic on the immune related gene expression, digestive enzyme activity,
      growth performance, body chemical composition and survival of Litopenaeus
      vannamei post-larvae. After transferring post-larvae of L. vannamei to indoor
      conditions and subsequent acclimation to laboratory condition for 14 days, the
      shrimp were fed multi-strain probiotic at four different doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5
      and 1.0 g kg(-1) for eight weeks. Shrimp fed 0.5 and 1.0 g kg(-1) probiotic
      PrimaLac((r)) exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight gain, specific
      growth rate, body crude protein as well as lower FCR compared to other groups.
      Feeding on 0.5 and 1 g kg(-1) dietary multi-strain probiotic significantly (p <
      0.05) increased the level of body crude protein. Oral administration of 0.5 and
      1.0 g kg(-1) multi-strain probiotic significantly (p < 0.05) decreased body crude
      lipid and body moisture respectively. 30 days after feeding, protease, amylase
      and lipase activity increased in groups fed 0.5 and 1.0 g kg(-1) probiotic
      PrimaLac((r)). However, on the 60th day, specific protease and amylase activity
      in all treatment groups were significantly higher than control group (p < 0.05)
      but lipase activity was higher (p < 0.05) in groups fed 0.5 and 1.0 g kg(-1)
      multi-strain probiotic. Oral administration of 1.0 g kg(-1) probiotic increased
      (p < 0.05) the level of prophenoloxidase and g-type lysozyme gene on day 30th and
      60th after treatment. On day 30th and 60th, penaeidin gene expression was
      significantly higher in all treatment groups compared to the control group (p <
      0.05). In general, findings of this study demonstrated that oral administration
      of 0.5 and 1.0 g kg(-1) multi-strain probiotic improved the performance of the
      fish and increased the expression of immune related genes. 

PMID- 27374433
TI  - Functional features of hemocyte subpopulations of the invasive mollusk species
      Dreissena polymorpha.
AB  - Dreissena polymorpha is a mussel species that invaded many lotic and lentic
      inland waters in Western Europe and North America. Its positive or negative
      interactions with biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems are numerous,
      making this bivalve the subject of numerous studies in ecology, ecophysiology and
      ecotoxicology. In these contexts, the functional characterization of the zebra
      mussel hemocytes is of particular interest, as hemocytes are central cells
      involved in vital functions (immunity, growth, reproduction) of molluscan
      physiology. Dreissena polymorpha circulating hemocytes populations were
      characterized by a combination of structural and functional analysis. Assessments
      were performed during two contrasted physiological periods for mussels
      (gametogenesis and spawning). Three hemocyte types were identified as
      hyalinocytes and blast-like cells for agranular hemocytes and one granulocyte
      population. Flow cytometry analysis of hemocytes functionalities indicated that
      blast-like cells had low oxidative and mitochondrial activities and low lysosomal
      content. Hyalinocytes and granulocytes are fully equipped to perform innate
      immune response. Hyalinocytes exhibit higher oxidative activity than
      granulocytes. Such observation is not common since numerous studies show that
      granulocytes are usually cells that have the highest cellular activities. This
      result demonstrates the significant functional variability of hemocyte
      subpopulations. Moreover, our findings reveal that spawning period of Dreissena
      polymorpha was associated with an increase of hyalinocyte percentage in relation
      to low levels of biological activities in hemocytes. This reduction in hemocyte
      activity would reflect the important physiological changes associated with the
      spawning period of this invasive species known for its high reproductive
      potential. 

PMID- 27374434
TI  - CsPTX1, a pentraxin of Cynoglossus semilaevis, is an innate immunity factor with
      antibacterial effects.
AB  - Pentraxin 1 (PTX1) is a member of the pentraxin protein family, which plays
      important roles in the innate immunity of vertebrates. In fish, the biological
      function of PTX1 is essentially unknown. In this study, we examined the
      expression and function of a PTX homologue (CsPTX1) from the tongue sole,
      Cynoglossus semilaevis. CsPTX1 contains 223 amino acids and shares 49.3%-38.8%
      overall sequence identity with other known fish pentraxins. CsPTX1 is expressed
      in multiple tissues and is upregulated by bacterial and viral infection. CsPTX1
      contains a pentraxin domain, which is known to bind extracellular antigens, and
      recombinant CsPTX1 (rCsPTX1) bound a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram
      negative bacteria. rCsPTX1 also agglutinated all the bacteria tested in a Ca(2+)
      dependent manner and the agglutinating capacity of rCsPTX1 was abolished in the
      absence of calcium. As well as its ability to agglutinate bacterial cells,
      rCsPTX1 displayed apparent bacteriostatic activity against Pseudomonas
      fluorescens in vitro by influencing the permeability of the microbial envelope.
      When introduced in vivo, rCsPTX1 enhanced the host's resistance to bacterial
      infection. These results indicate that CsPTX1 is a classic pattern recognition
      molecule that defends C. semilaevis against bacterial infection. 

PMID- 27374435
TI  - Lab on a stick: multi-analyte cellular assays in a microfluidic dipstick.
AB  - A new microfluidic concept for multi-analyte testing in a dipstick format is
      presented, termed "Lab-on-a-Stick", that combines the simplicity of dipstick
      tests with the high performance of microfluidic devices. Lab-on-a-stick tests are
      ideally suited to analysis of particulate samples such as mammalian or bacterial
      cells, and capable of performing multiple different parallel microfluidic assays
      when dipped into a single sample with results recorded optically. The utility of
      this new diagnostics format was demonstrated by performing three types of
      multiplex cellular assays that are challenging to perform in conventional
      dipsticks: 1) instantaneous ABO blood typing; 2) microbial identification; and 3)
      antibiotic minimum inhibitory (MIC) concentration measurement. A pressure balance
      model closely predicted the superficial flow velocities in individual
      capillaries, that were overestimated by up to one order of magnitude by the Lucas
      Washburn equation conventionally used for wicking in cylindrical pores. Lab-on-a
      stick provides a cost-effective, simple, portable and flexible multiplex platform
      for a range of assays, and will deliver a new generation of advanced yet
      affordable point-of-care tests for global diagnostics.

PMID- 27374436
TI  - Melatonin and pro-hypnotic effectiveness of the antidepressant Trazodone: A
      preliminary evaluation in insomniac mood-disorder patients.

PMID- 27374437
TI  - [Association between serum levels of S100A8/S100A9 and clinical features of
      colorectal cancer patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between serum levels of S100A8/S100A9 and
      clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer patients.? METHODS: A total of
      82 patients with CRC and 14 healthy controls were enrolled for this study. The
      levels of S100A8 and S100A9 in serum were detected by ELISA assay. The
      association between S100A8/S100A9 and clinicopathological features was analyzed
      by student-t test and one-way ANOVA. Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was
      used to analyze diagnostic efficiency of serum S100A8 and S100A9 for colon rectal
      cancer. Logistic regression model was also established to analyze the possible
      risk factors for elevation of S100A8/S100A9.? RESULTS: The levels of S100A8 and
      S100A9 were (1 403.3+/-593.7) and (2 890.3+/-994.9) pg/mL in patients with colon
      cancer, and (712.8+/-265.3) and (1 492.7+/-564.6) pg/mL in controls,
      respectively, with significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). The
      similar results were found in rectal cancer patients, with a level of S100A8 and
      S100A9 at (1 417.7+/-666.5) and (3 026.7+/-887.6) pg/mL, respectively. Diagnostic
      sensitivity and specificity of S100A8 and S100A9 are better than traditional
      biomarkers. The levels of S100A9 in serum of CRC patients were correlated with
      clinical stages and distant metastasis. Serum levels of S100A9 in patients of
      stage III [(3 111.9+/-178.5) pg/mL] and stage IV [(3 831.4+/-278.5) pg/mL] were
      significantly (P<0.01) higher than that in stage I [(2 276.1+/-167.4) pg/mL],
      whereas there was significant change in S100A8 levels. Logistic regression showed
      the possible risk factors for the elevation of S100A9, including depth of
      invasion, lymphatic metastasis and degree of differentiation (P<0.05).?
      CONCLUSION: Serum level of S100A8 and S100A9 in CRC patients were significantly
      increased and serum level of S100A9 was positively correlated with the malignant
      features of CRC.

PMID- 27374438
TI  - [Expression of two transcript variants of long noncoding RNA C6orf176 in non
      small cell lung cancer and its clinical significance].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore two transcript variants expression of long noncoding RNA
      C6orf176 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the clinical pathological
      significance. ? METHODS: The expressions of transcript variant 1 (TV1) and
      transcript variant 2 (TV2) of long noncoding RNA C6orf176 in 57 NSCLC and
      adjacent cancerous tissues were examined by qPCR with beta-actin as internal
      control.? RESULTS: Based on the results of qPCR, for C6orf176-TV1, 42 cases were
      down-regulated and 15 cases were up-regulated. The C6orf176-TV1 level was
      correlated to the grade of differentiation (P<0.05) but it was not correlated
      with gender, age, smoking history, tumor type and TNM stage. The expression of
      C6orf176-TV1 had a potential value in diagnosis of NSCLC by receiver operator
      characteristic (ROC) curve. Area under curve (AUC) of ROC curve was 0.708 (95% CI
      0.615 to 0. 802). The sensitivity and specificity were 51% and 88%, respectively.
      For C6orf176-TV2, 39 cases were down-regulated and 18 cases were up-regulated.
      The C6orf176-TV2 level was correlated with the grade of differentiation (P<0.05)
      but it was not correlated with gender, age, tumor size, smoking history and TNM
      stage. C6orf176-TV2 level had value in diagnosis of NSCLC by ROC curve. AUC of
      ROC curve was 0.64 (95% CI 0.531 to 0.749). The sensitivity and specificity were
      49% and 75%, respectively. Of the 57 specimens, 53 cases were simultaneous up or
      down-regulation of C6orf176-TV1 and C6orf176-TV2. The correlation coefficient was
      0.99.? CONCLUSION: The expression of C6orf176-TV1 or C6orf176-TV2 is down
      regulated in NSCLC and it is correlated with the grade of differentiation. It may
      act as a diagnosis indicator for NSCLC patients.

PMID- 27374439
TI  - [Y-27632 reduces the MMP2 and MMP9 expression in endothelial cell via inhibition
      of ROCK signal pathway].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 on the matrix
      metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9) gene expression and activity in tumor
      necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cell
      (HUVEC).? METHODS: HHUVEC was divided into 3 groups, a control group, a TNF-alpha
      group, and a TNF-alpha plus Y-27632 group. The expressions of vascular cell
      adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), MMP2
      and MMP9 were examined by real-time PCR. The MMP2/9 activity was measured by
      gelatin zymography.? RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the mRNA expressions
      of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MMP2 and MMP9 were increased TNF-alpha-treated cells, which
      were suppressed by ROCK inhibitor (P<0.01). The MMP2/9 activity was elevated in
      TNF-alpha-treated cells, which was reversed by ROCK inhibitor (P<0.05).?
      CONCLUSION: ROCK inhibitor can suppress TNF-alpha-induced inflammation in
      endothelial cells through down-regulation of MMP2/9.

PMID- 27374440
TI  - [Autophagy in hippocampal nerve cells from rats with sepsis-associated
      encephalopathy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To show evidence of the autophagy in hippocampal nerve cells from rats
      with sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) in vivo and to investigate the
      expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3). ? METHODS: A
      rat model of sepsis was established by the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). A
      total of 60 male Wistar rats (30 days old) were randomly divided into a sham
      group (n=10) and a CLP group (n=50). At 12 hours after CLP, the
      electroencephalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) changes in
      rats were monitored and the neurobehavioral score was measured. According to the
      occurrence of SAE, the CLP group was further divided into an SAE(+) group and an
      SAE(-) group. Histopathological changes in hippocampus were observed by
      hematoxylin-eosin staining. An electron microscope was used to observe
      autophagosome formation and lysosome activation in the hippocampal nerve cells.
      Expressions of LC3-I and LC3-II protein were measured by Western blot. ? RESULTS:
      Five of 50 rats in CLP group died in 12 hours after CLP. According to the low
      neurobehavioral score and abnormal EEG and SEP, 16 rats were diagnosed as SAE.
      The incidence of SAE was 35.56% (16/45). Compared with the sham group or the SAE(
      ) group, the frequency of alpha wave in SAE(+) group was significantly decreased
      at 12 hours after CLP, the delta wave increased, the P1 amplitude decreased, and
      the latency of SEP waves (P1 and N1) was prolonged (P<0.05). The morphology of
      hippocampal nerve cells was obvious in a status of edema. Pyramidal cells
      decreased significantly, even dissolved, and cell arrangement was in disorder in
      the SAE(+) group. But these cells were normal in the sham group and the SAE(-)
      group. The structure of hippocampal nerve cells was disordered, and the
      autophagy, granular matrix and square or rectangular crystals were found in the
      SAE(+) group. However, there was no autophagy both in the sham group and the SAE(
      ) group. LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in the hippocampal nerve cells was increased
      significantly at 12 hours after CLP in the SAE(+) group when compared with that
      in the sham or the SAE(-) group (P<0.05). ? CONCLUSION: There is autophagy in
      hippocampal nerve cells from rats with SAE and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio is
      increased significantly.

PMID- 27374441
TI  - [Role of DNA methyltransferases in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in the
      pathogenesis of neuropathic pain (NPP) in rats following sciatic nerve chronic
      constriction injury (CCI).? METHODS: A total of 27 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats
      with successful implantation of lumbar intrathecal catheter were randomly divided
      into 3 groups: a sham + normal saline group (sham+NS group), a CCI+NS group, and
      a CCI+5-azacytidine group (CCI+5-AZA group) (n=9 in each group). The rats in the
      Sham+NS group and the CCI+NS group received NS, while the rats in the CCI+5-AZA
      group received 10 MUmol/L of 5-AZA (a DNMTs inhibition) once a day through spinal
      injection from the 3th day to 14th day after CCI surgery. Mechanical withdrawal
      threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) of ipsilateral hinds in the
      3 groups were measured before or at the 3th, 5th, 7th, 10th or 14th day after CCI
      surgery. At the end of experiments, all rats were killed under deep anesthesia
      and their lumbar spinal cords were dissected to examine the DNMT1, DNMT3a and
      DNMT3b expression by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry,
      respectively.? RESULTS: Compared with the sham+NS group, the MWT and TWL in the
      CCI+NS group were obviously reduced from the 3th day to the 14th day after
      surgery (both P<0.05). Compared with the CCI+NS group, the MWT and TWL in the
      CCI+5-AZA group were obviously increased from the 5th day to the 14th day after
      surgery (both P<0.05), but they were still reduced compared with the sham+NS
      group (both P<0.05). The DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b were highly expressed in the
      lumbar spinal dorsal horn in all rats, and the positive signals were mainly
      located in the nucleus. The DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b levels in the CCI+NS group
      were increased significantly compared with that in the sham+NS group on the 14th
      day after surgery (all P<0.05). The DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b expressions in the
      CCI+ 5-AZA group were decreased significantly compared with that in the CCI+NS
      group (all P<0.05), but they still increased compared with that in the sham+NS
      group (all P<0.05). ? CONCLUSION: Up-regulation of DNMTs in the lumbar spinal may
      play an important role in the pathogenesis of NPP in CCI rats. DNMTs inhibitors
      (5-AZA) could reduce expression of DNMTs and attenuate CCI-induced NPP, which
      might be a potential therapeutic drug for NPP.

PMID- 27374442
TI  - [Effect of parecoxib on hippocampal inflammation and memory function in aged rats
      after splenectomy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of parecoxib on hippocampal inflammation and
      short-term memory function after splenectomy in aged rats.? METHODS: A total of
      90 aged male SD rats were randomly divided into 9 groups (all n=10): a control
      group (Group C), an anesthesia day 1 group (A1 group), an operation day 1 group
      (O1 group), a saline day 1 group (S1 group), a parecoxib day 1 group (P1 group),
      an anesthesia day 3 group (A3 group), an operation day 3 group (O3 group), a
      saline day 3 group (S3 group), and a parecoxib day 3 group (P3 group). In the A1
      group and A3 group, rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of
      pentobarbital sodium. Under anesthesia condition, rats in the O1 group and O3
      group underwent splenectomy. One hour before splenectomy, rats in the P1 group
      and P3 group received parecoxib injection of 10 mg/kg via tail vein. In the S1
      group and S3 group, rats received the same dose of saline. The rats were trained
      for 5 days in shuttle box before anesthesia, surgery and drug treatment. After
      shuttle box test, the rats were killed at postoperative 1 and 3 d. The
      hippocampus was isolated to measure the CD11b expression by immunofluorescent
      staining, and TNF-alpha, IL-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression by RT-PCR.? RESULTS:
      Compared with the Group C, the electric shock time was increased in the O1 and O3
      groups, but the active escape time was shortened and the active avoidance
      reaction (AAR) was decreased (all P<0.01). Compared with the O1 or O3 group, the
      electric shock time was shortened, the active escape time and AAR was increased
      in the P1 or P3 group (all P<0.05). There were more CD11b positive cells and TNF
      alpha, IL-1beta, COX-2 mRNA expression in hippocampus in the O1, O3, S1 or S3
      group compared with the Group C (all P<0.01). Both CD11b positive cells and TNF
      alpha, IL-1beta, COX-2 mRNA expression were decreased in the P1 or P3 group
      compared with that in the O1 or O3 group (all P<0.01). ? CONCLUSION: The
      parecoxib could reduce hippocampal inflammation and improve short-term memory
      function through the inhibition of COX-2 expression in aged rats after
      splenectomy.

PMID- 27374443
TI  - [Comparison between treadmill exercise test and stress-rest myocardial perfusion
      imaging in myocardial bridge with symptoms].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feature and difference between treadmill exercise test
      (TET) and myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in myocardial bridge patients with
      symptoms.? METHODS: The data from 97 patients, who underwent 256-slice CT
      coronary angiography (CTCA) on TET and MPI, were collected and analyzed
      retrospectively. The patients were divided into an incomplete MB group (n=41) and
      a complete MB group (n=56). They were also divided into three groups according to
      the narrow degree of mural coronary artery (MCA) during the cardiac systolic
      period (Nobel grade): a Nobel 1 grade group (n=44), a Nobel 2 grade group (n=42),
      and a Nobel 3 grade group (n=11). Besides, the abnormal TET and MPI patients were
      divided into a TET abnormal group (n=21) and a MPI abnormal group (n=31). The
      results of TET and MPI were compared among the total, the different MB type
      groups and the different Noble grade groups, while the complete MB thickness and
      length were also compared between the abnormal TET group and the MPI abnormal
      group.? RESULTS: The positive rate of MPI (39/97) was higher than that of TET
      (26/97) in total (chi2=8.048, P<0.01). But there was no significant difference in
      the positive rate of TET (5/41) and MPI (8/41) in the incomplete group
      (chi2=1.000, P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the positive rate of
      TET (21/56) and MPI (31/56) in the complete MB group (chi2=8.333, P<0.01). There
      were significant difference in the positive rate of TET (6/44) and MPI (12/44) in
      the Noble 1 grade group (chi2=4.500, P<0.05), or TET (11/42) and MPI (18/42) in
      the Nobel 2 grade group (chi2=5.444, P<0.05). But there was no difference in
      Nobel 3 grade group (P>0.05). The complete MB thickness was (3.4+/-0.6) and
      (2.9+/-0.8) mm between the TET abnormal group and the MPI abnormal group, with
      statistically difference (t=2.229, P<0.05). But the MB length was (16.6+/-5.5)
      and (15.7+/-7.1) mm, with no statistical difference (t=0.489, P>0.05).?
      CONCLUSION: MPI is more sensitive than TET in myocardial ischemia in patients
      with MB, especially to complete MB and mild-to-moderate systolic narrowing of
      MCA. The positive rate is low to incomplete MB, and it is highly sensitive to
      severe systolic narrowing of MCA. There is difference in the MB thickness between
      the two methods, but there is no difference in the MB length between the two
      methods.

PMID- 27374444
TI  - [Changes in P-wave, T-wave, and ST segment amplitude in 12 lead electrocardiogram
      in children with breath holding spell].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the change of the amplitude of P wave, T wave and ST
      segment of 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in children with breath holding
      spell.? METHODS: A total of 29 children (24 males and 5 females) with breath
      holding spell in Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University were enrolled
      for this study from October, 2009 to September, 2015. Their ages ranged from 3
      months to 6 years, with an average of 1.82+/-1.27 years old. The control group
      consisted of 30 age-matched and gender-matched healthy children. All subjects
      were underwent electrocardiography by the SR-1000A comprehensive automatic
      electrocardiograph analyzer, and the changes of the ECG parameters were compared
      between the two groups.? RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the amplitude
      of P-wave of V5 lead was decreased [(44.10+/-23.98) vs (58.30+/-21.19) MUV,
      P<0.05], the amplitude of T-wave of V6 lead was increased [(423.80+/-122.6) vs
      (350.00+/-105.73) MUV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST segment of II lead was
      increased [(84.80+/-39.97) vs (57.30+/-38.77) MUV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST
      segment of aVR lead was increased [(-77.60+/-37.41) vs (-51.00+/-33.46) MUV,
      P<0.05], the amplitude of ST segment of aVL lead was increased [(35.20+/-28.24)
      vs (17.70+/-33.90) MUV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST segment of V5 lead was
      increased [(111.00+/-59.36) vs (69.00+/-36.33) MUV, P<0.05], the amplitude of ST
      segment of V6 lead was increased [(79.30+/-45.51) vs (51.30+/-33.19) MUV,
      P<0.05]. ? CONCLUSION: The children with breath holding spell have autonomic
      nerve dysfunction. The amplitude of ST segment changes is sensitive.

PMID- 27374445
TI  - [Diagnostic value of human papillomavirus E6/E7 mRNA for residue and recurrence
      after cervical conization].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnostic value of human papillomavirus E6/E7 mRNA for
      residue and recurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients after
      cervical conization.? METHODS: A total of 154 patients, who underwent cervical
      conization and possessed complete follow-up data of high-grade cervical
      intraepithelial neoplasia (CINII, III), were subjected to thin-prep cytology test
      (TCT), HPV-DNA typing and HPV E6/E7 mRNA test in 3-6 months and 12 months after
      cervical conization. Abnormal cytology (>=ASC-US) or high-risk HPV-DNA (+) or HPV
      E6/E7 mRNA (+) cases were found by colposcopy and cervical biopsy pathological
      diagnosis.? RESULTS: Nine patients had residue and 22 recurred. HPV-DNA
      detections after cervical conization in 57 patients were positive. Among them, 30
      patients had residual/recurrent lesions. HPV E6/E7 mRNA detections in 26 patients
      were positive. Among them, 24 patients had residual/recurrent lesions. The
      sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value
      and accuracy of diagnosis in the detection of HPV-DNA were 96.8%, 78%, 52.6%,
      99%, and 81.8%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive
      value, negative predictive value and accuracy of diagnosis in the detection of
      HPV E6/E7 mRNA were 77.4%, 98.4%, 92.3%, 94.5%, and 94.2%, respectively. The
      specificity and positive predictive value of HPV E6/E7 mRNA test were greater
      than those of HPV-DNA typing test. There was a significant difference between the
      two groups (P<0.05).? CONCLUSION: Detection of HPV E6/E7 mRNA during the follow
      up period could timely and effectively forecast the risk of residue and
      recurrence of CIN after cervical conization, and reduce excessive examination and
      treatment.

PMID- 27374446
TI  - [Characteristics of health seeking behaviors for patients with psoriasis in a
      general hospital].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of health seeking behaviors and
      relevant factors among the outpatients with psoriasis in a general hospital, and
      to provide scientific evidence to modify the inappropriate health seeking
      behaviors for psoriasis patients and improve the therapeutic effect. ? METHODS:
      Using cross-sectional study design, a dermatological clinic in a general hospital
      was selected for this study. Two hundred psoriasis outpatients from 1st April to
      30th September in 2014 were enrolled. A series of questionnaires were used to
      collect information regarding the social-demographic characteristics, health
      seeking behaviors, knowledge on psoriasis, and depressive and anxious symptoms.?
      RESULTS: Among 200 psoriasis outpatients, 141 patients (70.5%) experienced
      transfer treatment. One hundred and eighty-two patients (91.0%) went to formal
      hospitals in county for treatment when symptoms were firstly displayed; the other
      18 patients (9.0%) went to village or community clinics, or the private clinics.
      Over 50% patients chose municipal hospital and 35.0% patients went to provincial
      hospital for medical treatment among the 182 patients. Ninety-one percent of the
      patients made decision for the first treatment after consulting with their
      spouses or relatives. According to the definition of the appropriate health
      seeking behavior in this study, 50 patients (25%) had inappropriate health
      seeking behaviors. Logistic regression analysis showed inappropriate health
      seeking behaviors correlated with the family whose income was less than 3 000
      yuan per person per month (OR=2.232, 95%CI 1.086 to 4.585), patients who made the
      decision for the treatment with no discussion with other people when the symptoms
      appeared (OR=3.016, 95%CI 1.023 to 8.893), and the high score of the
      International Psoriasis Severity Index (OR=1.043, 95%CI 1.001 to 1.088). ?
      CONCLUSION: The dermatological practitioner should pay more attention to the
      factors, such as social-demographical characteristics, especially the low level
      of family income and their treatment experience. It is necessary for the general
      hospital to conduct health education for psoriasis outpatients to promote their
      appropriate health seeking behaviors.

PMID- 27374447
TI  - [Influential factors for anemia in pregnancy based on a nested case-control study
      in Changsha].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of anemia during pregnancy and the
      influential factors in changsha city, and to provide scientific evidence for
      prevention and intervention of anemia during pregnancy. ? METHODS: A cluster
      sampling of 713 mothers, who delivered baby between January 1, 2013 and December
      31, 2013 in the three streets of kaifu district of Changsha, was selected to
      establish a retrospective cohort. The maternal health information during
      pregnancy was collected within 15 days after the delivery. The influential
      factors of anemia during pregnancy were analyzed by the method of retrospective
      nested case-control study and conditional logistic regression.? RESULTS: The
      prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in Changsha was 9.96%. The multiple
      conditional logistic regression results show that high family income (OR=0.632,
      P=0.020), high education level (OR=0.276, P=0.033), folic acid supplement (OR
      =0.248, P=0.050), iron supplement (OR=0.272, P<0.001) and eating blood products
      (OR=0.588, P=0.044) were the beneficial factors for anemia during pregnancy,
      while multipara (OR=2.917, P=0.003), long duration of menstrual period before
      pregnancy (OR=1.335, P=0.041), living in new decoration housing (OR=3.690,
      P=0.045) and tea-drinking (OR=1.365, P=0.094) were the risk factors for anemia
      during pregnancy. ? CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anemia during pregnancy in
      Changsha is below the average levels. The occurrence of anemia during pregnancy
      is closely related to the women's economic level and nutritional status. Women
      should strengthen maternal nutrition during pregnancy and bedroom environment
      monitor, drink little strong tea and improve the nutritional status of iron
      during pregnancy.

PMID- 27374448
TI  - [Status of subjective well-being for medical staff in a tertiary hospital].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of subjective well-being (SWB) for medical
      staffs who contact with patients directly in a tertiary hospital.? METHODS:
      Staffs from a tertiary hospital in Hunan province were investigated the SWB Scale
      (SWBS-cc20) from 2012 to 2014.? RESULTS: The scores of SWB for medical staffs are
      high (81.67+/-12.33). Among the 10 sub-dimensions of SWB, medical staffs
      performed the best in family atmosphere, personal growth, and interpersonal
      adaptation, while performed the worst in physical health, mental health and
      material contentment. Title, job nature, education and occupation significantly
      affected the status of SWB. Staffs who directly connected with patients have less
      scores of SWB than those who do not (t=-4.80, P<0.001). Moreover, they perform
      better in contentment (OR=0.079, 95% CI 1.278 to 2.214, P<0.001), but worse in
      mental health (OR=1.315, 95% CI 1.023 to 1.690, P<0.05) and physical health
      (OR=1.313, 95% CI 1.029 to 1.677, P<0.05).? CONCLUSION: Medical staffs have high
      scores of SWB. Staffs who directly connected with patients have less scores of
      SWB than those who do not. Moreover, they perform better in contentment, but
      worse in mental health and physical health.

PMID- 27374449
TI  - [Research progress in the regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase
      activity and cardiovascular diseases].
AB  - Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a major enzyme responsible for nitric
      oxide (NO) production. Both eNOS and NO play an important role in regulating
      vessel structure and function through participating in the physiological and
      pathological process. Generally, the phosphorylation of eNOS has been recognized
      as a common mechanism for regulation of eNOS function. However, recent studies
      have demonstrated several other new mechanisms, such as acetylation, S
      glutathionylation, and protein-protein interaction. This review highlights the
      basic structure and functions of eNOS as well as the relationship between
      regulation of eNOS activity and cardiovascular diseases. 

PMID- 27374450
TI  - Image and pathological features of Ewing's sarcoma in the oral and maxillofacial
      region.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the image and pathological features of
      Ewing's sarcoma (ES) in the oral and maxillofacial region.? METHODS: Eight
      patients with ES in the oral and maxillofacial region were enrolled for this
      study. The X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      of ES and the pathological data were systematically evaluated.? RESULTS: X-ray
      image showed a diffuse radiolucency with cystic component and ill-defined borders
      for bone lesion. CT showed that there was osteolytic mass with extensive bone
      destruction and soft tissue infiltration, but no periosteal reactions were
      observed. MRI demonstrated that ES showed an inhomogeneous structure and blurred
      borders with invasion to adjacent soft tissue for bone lesion. Similar
      manifestation also showed in MRI images for patients with soft tissues.
      Histologically, ES composed of small round cells, and expressed CD99, neuron
      specific enolase (NSE) and vimentin (Vim) in all patients. Desmin (Des), CD34,
      epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), chromogranin A (ChgA), etc, were negatively
      expressed in ES cells.? CONCLUSION: X-ray, CT, and MRI are helpful to determine
      the property, extent and the relationship of ES with the surrounding tissues.
      Immunohistochemical stain of CD99, NSE, and Vim are helpful to confirm the
      pathological diagnosis of ES.

PMID- 27374451
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of histoplamosis in 8 patients: case report and
      literature review].
AB  - To explore the clinical characteristics, imaging manifestation, diagnosis and
      treatment for histoplasmosis and to improve therapeutic level, we retrospectively
      analyzed the clinical data of 8 patients with biopsy-confirmed histoplasmosis
      from 2004 to 2014 in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University and
      reviewed relevant literatures. The main clinical symptoms of histoplasmosis
      included fever, cough, expectoration, chest pain, blood-stained sputum,
      lymphadenectasis, etc. The major lung imaging features were mass, node or
      pneumonia-like performance. No case was diagnosed as histoplasimosis firstly.
      Four patients whose imaging manifestations were focal pulmonary lesion received
      lobectomy of lung lesions or wedge resection. Clinical and imaging manifestations
      in 3 patients, who treated with amphotericin B or its liposomal, itraconazole or
      fluconazole, were improved. The clinical symptoms and imaging findings of
      histoplasmosis are nonspecific. It is easy for the physicians to misdiagnose
      histoplasmosis as bacterial infection, lung cancer, tuberculosis lymphoma, etc.
      Therefore, it is significant and necessary to carry out multiple biopsies
      combined with multiple etiological examinations for patients with difficult
      diagnosis. 

PMID- 27374452
TI  - [A case of Mullerian duct cyst torsion combined with bladder cancer].
AB  - The diagnosis and treatment of a patient with Mullerian duct cyst torsion
      combined with bladder cancer were retrospectively analyzed. The patient received
      an open abdominal operation with right accessory resection plus pelvic adhesion
      release, and conducted microscopic examination for the bladder under general
      anesthesia. The results of histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis
      of Mullerian duct cyst and papillary urothelial carcinoma at low level. After
      surgery, the patient received chemotherapy and follow-up observation, and all the
      indices for the patient were normal and no obvious discomfort. Although the final
      diagnosis of Mullerian duct cysts is based on histopathological examination,
      ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI can also detect it. Most of the Mullerian duct
      cysts are benign, and surgical excision is safe and effective. 

PMID- 27374453
TI  - [A case of Legionella pneumonia with multiple organ failure].
AB  - Legionella pneumonia (LP) is a rare systemic infectious disease, which is often
      misdiagnosed by clinicians due to the atypical symptoms. A middle-aged man who
      suffered from fever and dyspnea was diagnosed as community acquired pneumonia
      (CAP) in Changsha Central Hospital in March 2015. The treatment was unsatisfied
      firstly. The patients showed further symptoms of rhabdomyolysis, acute liver and
      renal failure, and impaired neural functions, who was diagnosed as LP with
      multiple organ failure based on a positive test for Legionella antibody. The
      patient was recovered after treated with moxifloxacin combined with azithromycin
      and continuous renal replacement therapy. LP should be paid attention when
      patient was diagnosed as CAP and failed to be treated. The satisfied outcome is
      achieved after application of macrolide, quinolones and comprehensive treatments.

PMID- 27374454
TI  - Patterns of Locoregional Relapses in Patients with Contemporarily Staged Stage
      III-N2 NSCLC Treated with Induction Chemotherapy and Resection: Implications for
      Postoperative Radiotherapy Target Volumes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to evaluate locoregional relapse (LR) patterns after
      induction chemotherapy and surgery for stage III-N2 NSCLC staged with current
      standard methods and their impact on radiation target volumes for postoperative
      radiotherapy (PORT). METHODS: A total of 150 patients with stage III-N2 NSCLC
      from a prospective database of patients who underwent surgical resection at the
      University Hospitals of Leuven or the Oncologic Centre Limburg between 1998 and
      2012 were included. Patients were staged with fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 positron
      emission tomography/computed tomography and brain imaging and treated with
      induction chemotherapy and surgery. PORT was performed for incomplete resection
      (R1/R2) and/or persistent nodal disease (ypN2). For the non-PORT group, we
      created a virtual planning target volume (PTV). In general, the clinical target
      volume encompassed the bronchial stump, the ipsilateral hilum, the subcarinal
      region (station 7), and the initially involved mediastinal lymph nodes. RESULTS:
      After a mean follow-up time of 49 months, the 5-year overall survival was 35.1%
      in all patients; disease-free survival was 31.8%. PORT was delivered to 70
      patients. LR was seen in 26 patients in the PORT group (37%) and 32 in the non
      PORT group (40%). Fifty-eight nodal relapse sites were seen in the PORT group
      (2.2 sites per patient) versus 113 in the non-PORT group (3.5 sites per patient)
      (p < 0.01). In the PORT group, the most frequent sites of LR were the ipsilateral
      hilum (21%), lymph node station 7 (15%), ipsilateral station 4 (9%), ipsilateral
      station 5 (9%) and ipsilateral station 6 (9%). For the non-PORT group these were
      station 7 (19%), ipsilateral 4 (16%), and ipsilateral hilum (14%). The dominant
      pattern of failure was inside (inside or both inside and outside) the PTV.
      Regarding the out-of-PTV relapses, 47% and 69% of LRs occurred in the
      contralateral mediastinum for the PORT and non-PORT groups, respectively. Out-of
      PTV relapses occurred mostly in initially left-sided tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Despite
      the limitations of this retrospective study, our data support the role of PORT in
      decreasing local relapses. Because of the large number of out-of-PTV relapses in
      the contralateral mediastinum, inclusion of elective contralateral lymph node
      stations in the PTV could be considered in left-sided tumors. However,
      prospective randomized trials are needed to verify this.

PMID- 27374455
TI  - Silencing NKD2 by Promoter Region Hypermethylation Promotes Esophageal Cancer
      Progression by Activating Wnt Signaling.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Naked cuticle homolog 2 (NKD2) was found to be frequently
      methylated in human breast and gastric cancers. However, the epigenetic changes
      and mechanisms of NKD2 in human esophageal cancer remain unclear. METHODS: Nine
      esophageal cancer cell lines and 154 cases of primary esophageal cancer samples
      were analyzed using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction,
      immunohistochemical analysis, Western blot, and xenograft mouse models. RESULTS:
      Loss of NKD2 expression and complete methylation were found in KYSE150 and TE1
      cells. Reduced NKD2 expression and partial methylation of the promoter region
      were observed in KYSE30, KYSE70, KYSE410, KYSE140, and COLO680 cells. High levels
      of NKD2 expression and unmethylation were detected in KYSE450 and TE8 cells.
      Reexpression of NKD2 was induced by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in cells in which NKD2
      was not expressed or cells in which NKD2 expression was reduced. NKD2 was
      methylated in 53.2% of human primary esophageal cancer samples (82 of 154), and
      promoter region hypermethylation was significantly associated with reduced
      expression of NKD2 (p < 0.01). NKD2 methylation was associated with tumor, node,
      and metastasis stage and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.01). Our results suggest
      that NKD2 is regulated by promoter region methylation and that methylation of
      NKD2 may serve as a prognostic marker in esophageal cancer. Our further studies
      demonstrate that NKD2 suppresses cell proliferation, colony formation, cell
      invasion, and migration and also induces G1/S checkpoint arrest in esophageal
      cancer cells. NKD2 suppressed xenograft tumor growth and inhibited Wnt signaling
      in human esophageal cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: NKD2 is frequently methylated in
      human esophageal cancer, and the expression of NKD2 is regulated by promoter
      region methylation. NKD2 suppresses esophageal cancer progression by inhibiting
      Wnt signaling both in vitro and in vivo.

PMID- 27374456
TI  - The Clinical Impact of Solid and Micropapillary Patterns in Resected Lung
      Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Since the new adenocarcinoma (ADC) classification was presented in
      2011, several authors have reported that patients with solid (S) and/or
      micropapillary (MP) predominant patterns showed a worse prognosis. On the other
      hand, there are several patients who have S and/or MP patterns even if their
      patterns are not predominant. However, the evaluation of these patients is
      uncertain. METHODS: A total of 531 ADCs were examined. We classified the patients
      into five subgroups according to the proportion of S and/or MP patterns: (1) both
      patterns absent (S-/MP-), (2) S predominant (S pre), (3) MP predominant (MP pre),
      (4) S pattern present although not predominant and MP pattern absent (S+ not
      pre/MP-), and (5) MP pattern present although not predominant (MP+ not pre).
      RESULTS: Of the 531 ADCs, 384 (72.3%) were classified as S-/MP-, 55 (10.4%) as S
      pre, 11 (2.1%) as MP pre, 42 (7.9%) as S+ not pre/MP-, and 39 (7.3%) as MP+ not
      pre. In a univariate analysis, the recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall
      survival differed significantly among the five subgroups (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01,
      respectively). In a multivariate analysis, patients with S-/MP- had significantly
      higher RFS rates than did those with other subgroups. On the other hand, patients
      with MP pre had lower RFS rates than did those with other subgroups. CONCLUSION:
      Patients with S and/or MP patterns have a poorer prognosis even if their patterns
      are not predominant. The S and/or MP patterns must be treated at the time of
      diagnosis.

PMID- 27374457
TI  - Nanoparticle design considerations for molecular imaging of apoptosis:
      Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value.
AB  - The present review analyzes various approaches for the design and synthesis of
      different nanoparticles for imaging and therapy. Nanoparticles for computed
      tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography
      (PET) and optical imaging are discussed. The influence of nanoparticle size,
      shape, surface charge, composition, surface functionalization, active targeting
      and other factors on imaging and therapeutic efficacy is analyzed. Cyto- and
      genotoxicity of nanoparticles are also discussed. Special attention in the review
      is paid to the imaging of apoptotic tissues and cells in different diseases.

PMID- 27374458
TI  - Poly(lactic acid) blends in biomedical applications.
AB  - Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has become a "material of choice" in biomedical
      applications for its ability to fulfill complex needs that typically include
      properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, and
      processability. Despite the advantages of pure PLA in a wider spectrum of
      applications, it is limited by its hydrophobicity, low impact toughness, and slow
      degradation rate. Blending PLA with other polymers offers a convenient option to
      enhance its properties or generate novel properties for target applications
      without the need to develop new materials. PLA blends with different natural and
      synthetic polymers have been developed by solvent and melt blending techniques
      and further processed based on end-use applications. A variety of PLA blends has
      been explored for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, implants,
      sutures, and tissue engineering. This review discusses the opportunities for PLA
      blends in the biomedical arena, including the overview of blending and postblend
      processing techniques and the applications of PLA blends currently in use and
      under development.

PMID- 27374459
TI  - The complex genetic landscape of acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID- 27374460
TI  - mTOR inhibition in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: new hope?

PMID- 27374461
TI  - Maintenance therapy in CLL: resolving the controversy.

PMID- 27374462
TI  - Improved survival with salvage autologous stem-cell transplantation in myeloma.

PMID- 27374463
TI  - The 52nd annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

PMID- 27374464
TI  - Everolimus combined with R-CHOP-21 for new, untreated, diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma (NCCTG 1085 [Alliance]): safety and efficacy results of a phase 1 and
      feasibility trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The PI3K-mTORC pathway is upregulated in diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma (DLBCL) and can be targeted with the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor
      everolimus. Everolimus has activity in relapsed DLBCL. These data provide the
      rationale to combine everolimus with standard treatment for DLBCL of rituximab
      plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone delivered in a 21
      day cycle (R-CHOP-21) for six cycles. METHODS: We did a phase 1 and feasibility
      study (NCCTG 1085) of oral everolimus 10 mg/day plus R-CHOP-21 in patients aged
      at least 18 years with new, untreated, CD20-positive DLBCL (stages II-IV) in the
      NCCTG (Alliance) National Cancer Institute Cooperative Group (USA). Patients
      received standard R-CHOP-21 (intravenous rituximab 375 mg/m(2), intravenous
      cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m(2), intravenous doxorubicin 50 mg/m(2), and intravenous
      vincristine 1.4 mg/m(2) [maximum 2.0 mg] all on day 1 of the 21-day cycle; and
      oral prednisone 100 mg/m(2) each day on days 1-5 of the cycle) for six cycles
      with scheduled subcutaneous pegfilgrastim 6 mg on day 2 of each cycle. We tested
      two schedules: everolimus given in the fasting state either on days 1-10 or days
      1-14 of the R-CHOP cycle. The primary endpoint of the phase 1 portion of this
      study was to establish the maximum tolerated dose of everolimus that could be
      combined with R-CHOP-21. The primary endpoint of the feasibility portion of the
      study was to determine the feasibility of the regimen, which was assessed by
      determining the rate of significant toxicity. Secondary endpoints were the
      proportion of patients who achieved an overall response, a complete response,
      event-free survival at 12 months and 24 months from enrolment, progression-free
      survival, and overall survival; relapse of DLBCL; and duration of response. We
      deemed patients as assessable for the primary endpoint in the phase 1 portion if
      they completed the first cycle as planned. In the feasibility portion, all
      patients who received at least one dose of everolimus were included. This trial
      is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01334502. FINDINGS: Between
      March 21, 2012, and Sept 15, 2014, we enrolled 26 patients into the study. Two
      were ineligible, therefore results are presented for 24 eligible patients. Nine
      patients were enrolled into the phase 1 portion of the trial (three given
      everolimus on days 1-10, and six given everolimus on days 1-14) without any dose
      limiting toxicities; therefore, everolimus 10 mg/day given on days 1-14 with R
      CHOP-21 was tested in 15 additional patients for a total of 24. One (5%, 95% CI 0
      24%) of 21 patients had a toxicity during the feasibility phase-a treatment delay
      of 12 days due to grade 3 hypokalaemia possibly related to everolimus. The median
      follow-up was 21.5 months (IQR 17-29). 23 (96%, 95% CI 79-100%) of 24 patients
      achieved an overall response, and all 23 (96%, 79-100%) also attained a complete
      metabolic response by PET. The remaining patient withdrew consent after in cycle
      1 and attained a complete response with R-CHOP alone. All 24 (100%) patients met
      12-month event-free survival, and nine had sufficient follow-up data to be event
      free at 24 months. None of the 24 patients had died by the last follow-up (March
      30, 2016), and none had had a relapse with DLBCL. Because no events occurred
      during the study or follow-up, we were unable to assess the duration of response
      or progression-free survival. The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were
      haematological; the most common of these was grade 4 neutropenia in 18 (75%) of
      24 patients. Five (21%) of 24 had grade 3 febrile neutropenia. INTERPRETATION:
      The mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus given for 14 days in combination with R-CHOP-21
      for patients with DLBCL is safe. These findings suggest that drugs that target
      the PI3K-mTORC pathway add benefit when combined with standard R-CHOP. The
      everolimus with R-CHOP regimen should be tested against standard R-CHOP alone in
      a randomised trial, to support the benefits of this novel combination noted in
      this study. FUNDING: National Cancer Institute of the US National Institutes of
      Health.

PMID- 27374465
TI  - Rituximab maintenance versus observation alone in patients with chronic
      lymphocytic leukaemia who respond to first-line or second-line rituximab
      containing chemoimmunotherapy: final results of the AGMT CLL-8a Mabtenance
      randomised trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In many patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia requiring
      treatment, induction therapy with rituximab plus chemotherapy improves outcomes
      compared with chemotherapy alone. In this study we aimed to investigate the
      potential of rituximab maintenance therapy to prolong disease control in patients
      who respond to rituximab-containing induction regimens. METHODS: In this
      randomised, international, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 clinical trial, we
      enrolled patients who had achieved a complete response (CR), CR with incomplete
      bone marrow recovery (CRi), or partial response (PR) to first-line or second-line
      rituximab-containing chemoimmunotherapy and randomly assigned them in a 1:1 ratio
      (central block randomisation in the electronic case report form system) to either
      intravenous rituximab 375 mg/m(2) every 3 months, or observation alone, for 2
      years. Stratification was by country, line of treatment, type of chemotherapy
      added to the rituximab backbone, and degree of remission following induction. The
      primary endpoint was progression-free survival. Efficacy analysis was done in the
      intention-to-treat population. This is the final, event-triggered analysis. Final
      analysis was triggered by the occurrence of 92 events. This trial is registered
      with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01118234. FINDINGS: Between April 1, 2010, and
      Dec 23, 2013, 134 patients were randomised to rituximab and 129 to observation
      alone. Median observation times were 33.4 months (IQR 25.7-42.8) for the
      rituximab group and 34.0 months (25.4-41.9) for the observation group.
      Progression-free survival was significantly longer in the rituximab maintenance
      group (47.0 months, IQR 28.5-incalculable) than with observation alone (35.5
      months, 95% CI 25.7-46.3; hazard ratio [HR] 0.50, 95% CI 0.33-0.75, p=0.00077).
      The incidence of grade 3-4 haematological toxicities other than neutropenia was
      similar in the two treatment groups. Grade 3-4 neutropenia occurred in 28 (21%)
      patients in the rituximab group and 14 (11%) patients in the observation group.
      Apart from neutropenia, the most common grade 3-4 adverse events were upper (five
      vs one [1%] patient in the observation group) and lower (three [2%] vs one [1%])
      respiratory tract infection, pneumonia (nine [7%] vs two [2%]), thrombopenia
      (four [3%] vs four [3%]), neoplasms (five [4%] vs four [3%]), and eye disorders
      (four [3%] vs two [2%]). The overall incidence of infections of all grades was
      higher among rituximab recipients (88 [66%] vs 65 [50%]). INTERPRETATION:
      Rituximab maintenance therapy prolongs progression-free survival in patients
      achieving at least a PR to induction with rituximab plus chemotherapy, and the
      treatment is well tolerated overall. Although it is associated with an increase
      in infections, there is no excess in infection mortality, suggesting that
      remission maintenance with rituximab is an effective and safe option in the
      management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in early treatment phases. FUNDING:
      Arbeitsgemeinschaft Medikamentose Tumortherapie gemeinnutzige GmbH (AGMT), Roche.

PMID- 27374466
TI  - Infusion of a non-HLA-matched ex-vivo expanded cord blood progenitor cell product
      after intensive acute myeloid leukaemia chemotherapy: a phase 1 trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The intensive chemotherapy regimens used to treat acute myeloid
      leukaemia routinely result in serious infections, largely due to prolonged
      neutropenia. We investigated the use of non-HLA-matched ex-vivo expanded cord
      blood progenitor cells to accelerate haemopoietic recovery and reduce infections
      after chemotherapy. METHODS: We enrolled patients with a diagnosis of acute
      myeloid leukaemia by WHO criteria and aged 18-70 years inclusive at our
      institution (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center) into this phase 1 trial. The
      primary endpoint of the study was safety of infusion of non-HLA-matched expanded
      cord blood progenitor cells after administration of clofarabine, cytarabine, and
      granulocyte-colony stimulating factor priming. The protocol is closed to accrual
      and analysis was performed per protocol. The trial is registered with
      ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01031368. FINDINGS: Between June 29, 2010, and June 26,
      2012, 29 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (19 newly diagnosed, ten relapsed
      or refractory) were enrolled. The most common adverse events were fever (27 [93%]
      of 29 patients) and infections (25 [86%] of 29 patients). We observed one case of
      acute infusional toxicity (attributed to an allergic reaction to dimethyl
      sulfoxide) in the 29 patients enrolled, who received 42 infusions of expanded
      progenitor cells. The following additional serious but expected adverse events
      were observed (each in one patient): grade 4 atrial fibrillation, grade 4 febrile
      neutropenia, lung infection with grade 4 absolute neutrophil count, colon
      infection with grade 4 absolute neutrophil count, grade 4 changed mental status,
      and one death from liver failure. No unexpected toxicity or graft-versus-host
      disease was observed. There was no evidence of in-vivo persistence of the
      expanded progenitor cell product in any patient beyond 14 days or induced
      alloimmunisation. INTERPRETATION: Infusion of the expanded progenitor cell
      product seemed safe and might provide a promising treatment method for patients
      with acute myeloid leukaemia. FUNDING: Biomedical Advanced Research and
      Development Authority in the US Department of Health and Human Services and
      Genzyme (Sanofi).

PMID- 27374468
TI  - Residual antibacterial activity of canine hair treated with topical antimicrobial
      sprays against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Topical antimicrobial therapy is increasingly important in the
      treatment of canine pyoderma as the incidence of multidrug resistance has risen.
      However, little information is reported on the persistence of activity of topical
      antimicrobial products. OBJECTIVE: To determine the residual antibacterial
      activity of canine hairs treated with antimicrobial sprays. ANIMALS: Twelve
      privately owned dogs with no history of dermatological disease. METHODS: Dogs
      were treated once with four different spray products [(A) 1% chlorhexidine
      digluconate, (B) 2% miconazole nitrate, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, tromethamine
      USP/disodium EDTA (TrizEDTA), (C) 3% chlorhexidine gluconate, phytosphingosine
      salicyloyl and (D) 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, TrizEDTA] in separate 5 * 5 cm
      sections on the trunk. Hairs were collected via shaving before, one hour after
      and 2, 4, 7 and 10 days after treatment. Hairs were incubated on agar plates
      streaked with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius for 24 h and the bacterial growth
      inhibition zone around the hairs was measured. RESULTS: There were significant
      overall treatment and day (P < 0.0001) differences in inhibition zones. The
      largest zones of inhibition were from hairs treated with spray B, followed by
      sprays D, C and A, respectively. All sprays demonstrated residual antimicrobial
      activity for the ten days evaluated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
      Results suggest that the efficacy of an antimicrobial spray is dependent on both
      the concentration and combination of active ingredients. Several ingredient
      profiles appear to effectively inhibit S. pseudintermedius growth for at least 10
      days, which may be beneficial in the treatment of canine pyoderma.

PMID- 27374467
TI  - The effect of salvage autologous stem-cell transplantation on overall survival in
      patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (final results from BSBMT/UKMF Myeloma X
      Relapse [Intensive]): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Myeloma X trial previously reported improved durability of
      response (time to disease progression) in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma
      with salvage autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) compared with oral
      cyclophosphamide in patients with multiple myeloma relapsing after a first ASCT.
      We report the final overall survival results of the trial. METHODS: BSBMT/UKMF
      Myeloma X was a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial done at 51
      centres in the UK. Eligible patients with multiple myeloma relapsing after a
      previous ASCT were re-induced with intravenous bortezomib (1.3 mg/m(2) on days 1,
      4, 8, 11), intravenous doxorubicin (9 mg/m(2) per day on days 1-4), and oral
      dexamethasone (40 mg/day on days 1-4, 8-11, and 15-18 during cycle 1 and days 1-4
      during cycles 2-4), with supportive care as per local institutional protocols
      before randomisation in a 1:1 ratio to either high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m(2))
      and salvage ASCT or weekly oral cyclophosphamide (400 mg/m(2) per week for 12
      weeks). Randomisation was by permuted blocks stratified by length of first
      remission and response to re-induction treatment. The primary endpoint was time
      to disease progression; the study was also powered to detect a difference in the
      secondary endpoint, overall survival. Further secondary endpoints were the
      proportion of patients achieving an objective response, progression-free
      survival, overall survival, toxic effects and safety, pain, and quality of life.
      Prespecified exploratory endpoints included time to second objective disease
      progression (PFS2). Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered
      with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00747877, and the European Clinical Trials
      Database, number 2006-005890-24, and is now in long-term follow-up. FINDINGS:
      Between April 16, 2008, and Nov 19, 2012, 297 patients were registered into the
      study and 174 were randomly assigned to receive either high-dose melphalan and
      salvage ASCT (n=89) or oral weekly cyclophosphamide (n=85). 173 (58%) of 297
      patients relapsed after more than 24 months from first ASCT. 75 (43%) of 174
      randomised patients had died at follow-up: salvage ASCT (n=31 [35%]) versus oral
      weekly cyclophosphamide (n=44 [52%]). Updated time to disease progression shows
      continued advantage in the salvage ASCT group compared with the weekly
      cyclophosphamide group (19 months [95% CI 16-26] vs 11 months [9-12]; hazard
      ratio [HR] 0.45 [95% CI 0.31-0.64] log-rank p<0.0001). Median overall survival
      was superior in the salvage ASCT group compared with weekly cyclophosphamide
      group (67 months [95% CI 55-not estimable] vs 52 months [42-60]; log-rank
      p=0.022; HR 0.56 [0.35-0.90], p=0.0169). Time to second objective disease
      progression was superior in the salvage ASCT group compared with the weekly
      cyclophosphamide group (67 months [52-not estimable] vs 35 months [31-43]; HR
      0.37 [0.24-0.57], log-rank p<0.0001). During extended follow-up, no further
      treatment-related or treatment-unrelated adverse events were reported. 15 second
      primary malignancies were reported in 12 patients (salvage ASCT [n=7] vs oral
      weekly cyclophosphamide [n=5]). The cumulative incidence of second primary
      malignancies at 60 months after trial entry was 5.2% (2.1-8.2). INTERPRETATION:
      Salvage ASCT increases overall survival during consolidation of re-induction
      treatment in patients with multiple myeloma at first relapse after a first ASCT.
      The delay of salvage ASCT to third-line treatment or later might not confer the
      same degree of advantage as seen with salvage ASCT at first relapse. FUNDING:
      Cancer Research UK, Janssen-Cilag, and Chugai Pharma UK.

PMID- 27374469
TI  - Evaluation of cytology collection techniques and prevalence of Malassezia yeast
      and bacteria in claw folds of normal and allergic dogs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Canine bacterial and Malassezia paronychia are common secondary
      complications of atopic dermatitis and adverse food reactions.
      HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare three different
      sampling methods for claw fold cytology and to evaluate the numbers of bacteria,
      Malassezia yeast and inflammatory cells. ANIMALS: Sixty client-owned dogs were
      classified into three groups: (A) normal dogs; (B) allergic dogs with no clinical
      evidence of claw disease (brown staining, erythema, swelling, crusts or
      exudates); and (C) allergic dogs with clinical paronychia. METHODS: A
      prospective, blinded, split-plot study design was used. Claw folds from each dog
      were sampled using either a toothpick, tape preparation or direct impression
      smear. Slides were evaluated by two investigators for inflammatory cells, nuclear
      streaming, debris, corneocytes, yeast, intracellular (IC) cocci, extracellular
      (EC) cocci, IC rods and EC rods. For each parameter, data were compared between
      groups and between methods. Inter-reader agreements were calculated. RESULTS:
      Group C had significantly higher values of EC cocci and corneocytes than Groups A
      or B. Although Malassezia organisms were more prevalent in allergic dogs than
      normal dogs, the counts were not significantly different. There were
      significantly higher numbers of Malassezia organisms (P = 0.0016) and EC cocci (P
      = 0.0106) retrieved from samples collected with a toothpick compared to other
      methods. Tape preparations were associated with significantly more debris and
      corneocytes (both P < 0.0001) and impression smears with significantly more
      nuclear streaming (P = 0.0468). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Sample
      collection using a toothpick optimizes the value of cytological results when
      sampling allergic dogs with clinical paronychia.

PMID- 27374470
TI  - A retrospective review of hyperaesthetic leucotrichia in horses in the USA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hyperaesthetic leucotrichia (HL) rarely affects horses and causes
      painful lesions on the dorsum that result in leucotrichia. This may be a variant
      of erythema multiforme (EM), but there are no studies investigating this
      condition. OBJECTIVES: Describe the clinical and histological features of HL and
      compare them to the histological features of EM. METHODS: A retrospective review
      of medical records from 1985 to 2015 identified 15 horses with HL. Thirteen
      biopsies of HL and five of EM were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: Arabian
      horses and their crosses (chi(2) (1)  = 8.56, P < 0.01) and American paint horses
      (chi(2) (1)  = 6.64, P < 0.05) were over represented. The onset of clinical signs
      was between April and September (14 of 15). The most common clinical signs were
      pain (15 of 15), leucotrichia (11 of 15), crusting (10 of 15) and alopecia (8 of
      15) limited to darkly pigmented skin. The lesions recurred seasonally in 6 of 12
      horses and unpredictably in 1 of 12 horse. The most common histological features
      were the presence of large stellate cells (13 of 13) and oedema (12 of 13) in the
      superficial dermis, perivascular to diffuse lymphocytic inflammation (13 of 13),
      pigmentary incontinence (12 of 13), apoptotic keratinocytes (9 of 13) and vesicle
      formation (8 of 13). Horses with EM (n = 5) had significantly more acanthosis (z
      = -2.40, P < 0.02) and lymphocytic exocytosis (z = -3.1, P < 0.004), satellitosis
      (Fisher's exact P = 0.02) and inflammation (z = -2.91, P < 0.004). Horses with HL
      had significantly more pigmentary incontinence (z = 2.13, P < 0.04) and
      superficial dermal oedema (z = 2.56, P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: HL affects
      primarily Arabian horses and American paint horses. It occurs mainly in summer
      and may recur. Histologically HL shares features with EM, but there are
      significant differences between them.

PMID- 27374472
TI  - Essential content of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for bladder
      cancer: The Japanese Urological Association 2015 update.
AB  - The Japanese Urological Association revised the clinical practice guidelines for
      bladder cancer in April 2015. This was the first update carried out in the 6
      years since the development of the initial clinical practice guidelines for
      bladder cancer in 2009. The descriptive content was revised, and additions were
      made with a focus on new-found evidence and advances in the latest medical
      practices, and on the basis of the increasingly aging population observed in the
      underlying social context in Japan. An algorithm for the treatment of bladder
      cancer has been presented as a new trial. In the present article, we will
      introduce the essential contents and clinical questions that address the present
      revisions.

PMID- 27374473
TI  - Characteristic distribution of finite-time Lyapunov exponents for chimera states.
AB  - Our fascination with chimera states stems partially from the somewhat
      paradoxical, yet fundamental trait of identical, and identically coupled,
      oscillators to split into spatially separated, coherently and incoherently
      oscillating groups. While the list of systems for which various types of chimeras
      have already been detected continues to grow, there is a corresponding increase
      in the number of mathematical analyses aimed at elucidating the fundamental
      reasons for this surprising behaviour. Based on the model systems, there are
      strong indications that chimera states may generally be ubiquitous in naturally
      occurring systems containing large numbers of coupled oscillators - certain
      biological systems and high-Tc superconducting materials, for example. In this
      work we suggest a new way of detecting and characterising chimera states.
      Specifically, it is shown that the probability densities of finite-time Lyapunov
      exponents, corresponding to chimera states, have a definite characteristic shape.
      Such distributions could be used as signatures of chimera states, particularly in
      systems for which the phases of all the oscillators cannot be measured directly.
      For such cases, we suggest that chimera states could perhaps be detected by
      reconstructing the characteristic distribution via standard embedding techniques,
      thus making it possible to detect chimera states in systems where they could
      otherwise exist unnoticed.

PMID- 27374471
TI  - C-Jun N-terminal kinase signalling pathway in response to cisplatin.
AB  - Cisplatin (cis diamminedichloroplatinum II, cDDP) is one of the most effective
      cancer chemotherapeutic agents and is used in the treatment of many types of
      human malignancies. However, inherent tumour resistance is a major barrier to
      effective cisplatin therapy. So far, the mechanism of cDDP resistance has not
      been well defined. In general, cisplatin is considered to be a cytotoxic drug,
      for damaging DNA and inhibiting DNA synthesis, resulting in apoptosis via the
      mitochondrial death pathway or plasma membrane disruption. cDDP-induced DNA
      damage triggers signalling pathways that will eventually decide between cell life
      and death. As a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinases family, c-Jun N
      terminal kinase (JNK) is a signalling pathway in response to extracellular
      stimuli, especially drug treatment, to modify the activity of numerous proteins
      locating in the mitochondria or the nucleus. Recent studies suggest that JNK
      signalling pathway plays a major role in deciding the fate of the cell and
      inducing resistance to cDDP-induced apoptosis in human tumours. c-Jun N-terminal
      kinase regulates several important cellular functions including cell
      proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis while activating and
      inhibiting substrates for phosphorylation transcription factors (c-Jun, ATF2:
      Activating transcription factor 2, p53 and so on), which subsequently induce pro
      apoptosis and pro-survival factors expression. Therefore, it is suggested that
      JNK signal pathway is a double-edged sword in cDDP treatment, simultaneously
      being a significant pro-apoptosis factor but also being associated with increased
      resistance to cisplatin-based chemotherapy. This review focuses on current
      knowledge concerning the role of JNK in cell response to cDDP, as well as their
      role in cisplatin resistance.

PMID- 27374474
TI  - Robotic middle pancreatectomy with the double pursestring invaginated
      pancreaticogastrostomy (with video).

PMID- 27374475
TI  - Reply to letter to the editor "Petersen's Hernia after mini (one anastomosis)
      gastric bypass".

PMID- 27374476
TI  - Decompressive fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome of the leg.

PMID- 27374477
TI  - Liver transplantation from donors after circulatory death following the
      withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies: An answer to the shortage of grafts?

PMID- 27374478
TI  - Outcome after fixation of metastatic proximal femoral fractures: A systematic
      review of 40 studies.
AB  - Endoprosthetic reconstruction, intramedullary nailing, and open reduction
      internal fixation (ORIF) are the most commonly practiced surgical strategies for
      treatment of metastatic proximal femoral fractures. This review describes
      functional outcome, local, and systemic complications. All three surgical
      strategies result in reasonable function on average; however, wide ranges
      indicate that both poor and good functional levels are obtained. We found that
      the overall reoperation rate was comparable for endoprosthesis and intramedullary
      nailing, but was higher for ORIF. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:507-519. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 27374479
TI  - Place dependent stimulation rates improve pitch perception in cochlear implantees
      with single-sided deafness.
AB  - In normal hearing, the pitch of an acoustic tone can theoretically be encoded by
      either the place of stimulation in the cochlea or the corresponding rate of
      vibration. Thus spectral attributes and temporal fine structure of an acoustic
      signal are naturally correlated. Cochlear implants (CIs), neural prosthetic
      devices that restore hearing in the profoundly hearing impaired, currently
      disregard this mechanism; electrical stimulation is provided at fixed electrode
      positions with default place independent stimulation rate assignments. This does
      not account for individual cochlear encoding depending on electrode array
      placement, variations in insertion depth, and the proximity to nerve fibers.
      Encoding pitch in such manner delivers limited tonal information. Consequently,
      music appraisal in CI users is often rated cacophonic while speech perception in
      quiet is close to normal in top performers. We hypothesize that this limitation
      in electric stimulation is at least partially due to the mismatch between
      frequency and place encoding in CIs. In the present study, we determined
      individual electrode locations by analysis of cochlear radiographic images
      obtained after surgery and calculated place dependent stimulation rates according
      to models of the normal tonotopic function. Pitch matching in CI users with
      single-sided deafness shows that place dependent stimulation rates allow thus far
      unparalleled restoration of tonotopic pitch perception. Collapsed data of matched
      pitch frequencies as a function of calculated electrical stimulation rate were
      well fitted by linear regression (R(2) = 0.878). Sound processing strategies
      incorporating place dependent stimulation rates are expected to improve pitch
      perception in CI users.

PMID- 27374480
TI  - Determinants of survival and attempted resection in patients with non-metastatic
      pancreatic cancer: An Australian population-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are indications that pancreatic cancer survival may differ
      according to sociodemographic factors, such as residential location. This may be
      due to differential access to curative resection. Understanding factors
      associated with the decision to offer a resection might enable strategies to
      increase the proportion of patients undergoing potentially curative surgery.
      METHODS: Data were extracted from medical records and cancer registries for
      patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer between July 2009 and June 2011, living
      in one of two Australian states. Among patients clinically staged with non
      metastatic disease we examined factors associated with survival using Cox
      proportional hazards models. To investigate survival differences we examined
      determinants of: 1) attempted surgical resection overall; 2) whether patients
      with locally advanced disease were classified as having resectable disease; and
      3) attempted resection among those considered resectable. RESULTS: Data were
      collected for 786 eligible patients. Disease was considered locally advanced for
      561 (71%) patients, 510 (65%) were classified as having potentially resectable
      disease and 365 (72%) of these had an attempted resection. Along with age,
      comorbidities and tumour stage, increasing remoteness of residence was associated
      with poorer survival. Remoteness of residence and review by a hepatobiliary
      surgeon were factors influencing the decision to offer surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study indicated disparity in survival dependent on patients' residential location
      and access to a specialist hepatobiliary surgeon. Accurate clinical staging is a
      critical element in assessing surgical resectability and it is therefore crucial
      that all patients have access to specialised clinical services.

PMID- 27374481
TI  - Chemical constituents from Melicope pteleifolia leaves.
AB  - Five acetophenones bearing spiroketal-hexofuranoside rings, one di-C-glycosidic
      acetophenone and two benzopyrans, along with 16 known compounds were isolated
      from the leaves of Melicope pteleifolia. Structures of all the isolates were
      elucidated using extensive spectroscopic methods, including 1D, 2D-NMR and
      HRESIMS. All the isolates were also evaluated for their neuraminidase inhibitory
      activities against H1N1, H9N2, wild-type H1N1 and oseltamivir-resistant H1N1
      (H274Y mutation) virus strains. Of the isolates, tamarixetin 3-robinobioside was
      found to exhibit the strongest enzymatic inhibition (IC50 24.93 +/- 3.46, 23.19
      +/- 5.41, 26.67 +/- 5.16 and 40.16 +/- 4.50 MUM, respectively). Selected
      candidates, kaempferol 3-robinobioside, kaempferol 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl (1 
      > 2)-alpha-d-xylopyranoside and tamarixetin 3-robinobioside, also showed moderate
      reductions in H1N1-induced cytopathic effects on MDCK cells. 

PMID- 27374482
TI  - Saponins of Agave: Chemistry and bioactivity.
AB  - The genus Agave comprises more than 400 species with geographical presence in the
      tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. These plants have a rich history
      of folkloric use and are known for a wide spectrum of applications. Secondary
      metabolites of diverse chemical classes have been reported from Agave species.
      Owing to their pharmacological significance, the steroidal saponins of Agave have
      caught the attention of phytochemists, biologists and drug discovery scientists.
      The present review describes 141 steroidal saponins and sapogenins and covers the
      literature published from 1970 to 2015. It is a comprehensive and coherent
      presentation of the structures, methods of chemical profiling, structure
      elucidation and biological activities of the saponins and sapogenins reported
      from Agave. The article provides a perspective of the research on steroidal
      compounds of Agave. 

PMID- 27374483
TI  - Quantifying passive muscle stiffness in children with and without cerebral palsy
      using ultrasound shear wave elastography.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to compare passive muscle stiffness in children
      with cerebral palsy (CP) and children with typical development using a novel
      ultrasound technique: ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE). METHOD: We
      conducted a prospective study of 13 children with CP (six females and seven
      males, median age 5y 1mo [interquartile range 4y 4mo-7y 8mo]) and 13 children
      with typical development (six females and seven males, median age 5y 3mo
      [interquartile range 4y 4mo-9y 4mo]). Demographic information and physical exam
      measurements were obtained in addition to shear modulus measurements (passive
      muscle stiffness) of the lateral gastrocnemius muscle at 20 degrees  plantar
      flexion, 10 degrees  plantar flexion, and 0 degrees  plantar flexion using SWE.
      RESULTS: Children with CP had significantly greater shear modulus measurements at
      all three foot positions (p<0.050). When the shear modulus values were normalized
      to the baseline value for each child, there was no significant difference between
      the two groups. INTERPRETATION: Passive muscle stiffness, measured without the
      influence of spasticity, is greater in children with CP than in children with
      typical development when a muscle is at slack and at stretch. When shear modulus
      was normalized, the results indicate that muscle in children in both groups
      responds similarly to passive stretch. Further work includes evaluating effect of
      botulinum toxin on passive muscle properties.

PMID- 27374484
TI  - Plasmablastic transformation of plasma cell myeloma with heterotropic expression
      of CD3 and CD4: a case report.
AB  - Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) can rarely be seen as a transformation from plasma
      cell myeloma (PCM), especially in late stages of the disease where it portends a
      poorer prognosis and a different line of management for the patient. When
      unrelated to PCM, PBL is considered to be a separate aggressive variant of B-cell
      lymphoma typically seen in the oral cavity of immunocompromised adults. We
      describe a case of plasmablastic transformation having a pan T-cell phenotype
      with CD3 and CD4 positivity, in an immunocompetent elderly lady diagnosed with
      PCM. This 60-year-old lady presented with worsening backache and a 2-cm skin
      nodule in the left cervical region, while she was on treatment with vincristine,
      cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone (VCD), and bortezomib. On biopsy, the skin nodule
      showed an infiltrating lymphoid tumor composed of immunoblastic cells with brisk
      mitosis and apoptosis. On Immunohistochemistry (IHC), lymphoid cells revealed
      plasma cell markers CD38, CD138, CD56, and MUM1. Pan-T-cell markers CD3 and CD4
      were also diffusely expressed in tumor cells. B-cell markers CD20 and PAX5 were
      not expressed; c-Myc IHC and EBER by in situ hybridization (ISH) were negative in
      the tumor. Mitotic index by Ki67 was >95%. Thus, a diagnosis of plasmablastic
      transformation in a known PCM case was made. This is the first case, to the best
      of our knowledge, with a heterotropic T-cell phenotype in a plasmablastic
      transformation from PCM. It is critical to correctly diagnose such cases as they
      may occasionally be misinterpreted as T-cell neoplasms. Clinically, a more
      aggressive treatment is indicated for such patients. Further studies in these
      cases may enhance our understanding of complex underpinnings of lymphoma biology.

PMID- 27374486
TI  - Isolation and characterization of Oya virus a member of Simbu serogroup, family
      Bunyaviridae, isolated from Karnataka, India.
AB  - During a study on Japanese encephalitis (JE) from Kolar district of Karnataka
      state, India in 1986; two virus isolates were obtained in infant Swiss albino
      mouse from a pig and a human serum sample. For characterization of these virus
      isolates, they were propagated in Vero CCL-81 cells. These virus isolates were
      screened for flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Dengue, Kyasanur
      forest disease) and Alphavirus (Chikungunya) by RT-PCR and found to be negative.
      Further these they were screened for bunyaviruses using genus-specific primers. A
      virus isolate from a human sample was sequenced using next generation sequencing;
      which identified it as Oya virus, Simbu group of the genus Orthobunyavirus of the
      family Bunyaviridae. Phylogenetic analysis of L, M, S (N and NSs) revealed its
      close association with Chinese strain of Oya virus in Simbu serogroup with the
      distance of 6.5>4.2>3.2% for nucleotides and 2.4>0.8>0.0% for the amino acid of
      L>M>S segments respectively. Based on the PCR results; an isolate from pig sample
      was also confirmed as Oya virus. This study was strengthened by findings of IgG
      antibody positivity against Oya virus in retrospective serum samples of suspected
      febrile illness cases from this area by an indigenously developed ELISA. Oya
      virus positivity was also recorded in human samples collected from Karnataka
      using nested RT-PCR. This is the first report of the presence of Oya virus in
      human samples. Further studies are needed to determine disease-causing potential
      in humans.

PMID- 27374485
TI  - Transcriptome Analysis on Monocytes from Patients with Neovascular Age-Related
      Macular Degeneration.
AB  - Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), including monocytes/macrophages, play complex roles
      in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. We reported altered gene
      expression signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AMD patients, and
      a chemokine receptor signature on AMD monocytes. To obtain comprehensive
      understanding of MP involvement, particularly in peripheral circulation in AMD,
      we performed global gene expression analysis in monocytes. We separated monocytes
      from treatment-naive neovascular AMD (nvAMD) patients (n = 14) and age-matched
      controls (n = 15), and performed microarray and bioinformatics analysis.
      Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on other sets of nvAMD (n = 25),
      atrophic AMD (n = 21), and controls (n = 28) for validation. This validated
      microarray genes (like TMEM176A/B and FOSB) tested, including differences between
      nvAMD and atrophic AMD. We identified 2,165 differentially-expressed genes (P <
      0.05), including 79 genes with log2 fold change >=1.5 between nvAMD and controls.
      Functional annotation using DAVID and TANGO demonstrated immune response
      alterations in AMD monocytes (FDR-P <0.05), validated by randomized data
      comparison (P < 0.0001). GSEA, ISMARA, and MEME analysis found immune enrichment
      and specific involved microRNAs. Enrichment of differentially-expressed genes in
      monocytes was found in retina via SAGE data-mining. These genes were enriched in
      non-classical vs. classical monocyte subsets (P < 0.05). Therefore, global gene
      expression analysis in AMD monocytes reveals an altered immune-related signature,
      further implicating systemic MP activation in AMD.

PMID- 27374487
TI  - Betulin attenuates atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice by up-regulating ABCA1 and
      ABCG1.
AB  - AIM: Betulin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from the bark of yellow and
      white birch trees with anti-cancer and anti-malaria activities. In this study we
      examined the effects of betulin on atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice and the
      underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and human
      monocyte-derived THP-1 cells were tested. Foam cell formation was detected with
      Oil Red O staining. Cholesterol efflux was assessed using [3H]-cholesterol efflux
      assay. The expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and G1 (ABCA1 and
      ABCG1) was examined using RT-PCR and Western-blotting. The ABCA1 promoter
      activity was evaluated using luciferase activity assay. Male apoE-/- mice fed on
      a high-fat-diet (HFD), and received betulin (20 and 40 mg.kg-1.d-1, ig) for 12
      weeks. The macrophage content and ABCA1 expression in the aortic sinuses were
      evaluated with immunofluorescence staining. The hepatic, intestinal and fecal
      cholesterol were also analyzed in the mice. RESULTS: In RAW264.7 cells, betulin
      (0.1-2.5 MUg/mL) dose-dependently ameliorated oxLDL-induced cholesterol
      accumulation and enhanced cholesterol efflux. In both RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells,
      betulin increased the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 via suppressing the
      transcriptional repressors sterol-responsive element-binding proteins (SREBPs)
      that bound to E-box motifs in ABCA1 promoter, whereas E-box binding site mutation
      markedly attenuated betulin-induced ABCA1 promoter activity. In HFD-fed apoE-/-
      mice, betulin administration significantly reduced lesions in en face aortas and
      aortic sinuses. Furthermore, betulin administration significantly increased ABCA1
      expression and suppressed macrophage positive areas in the aortic sinuses.
      Moreover, betulin administration improved plasma lipid profiles and enhanced
      fecal cholesterol excretion in the mice. CONCLUSION: Betulin attenuates
      atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice by promoting cholesterol efflux in macrophages.

PMID- 27374488
TI  - Competitive antagonists facilitate the recovery from desensitization of
      alpha1beta2gamma2 GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.
AB  - AIM: The continuous presence of an agonist drives its receptor into a refractory
      state, termed desensitization. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a
      competitive antagonist, SR95531, could facilitate the recovery of
      alpha1beta2gamma2 GABAA receptor from functional desensitization. METHODS:
      alpha1beta2gamma2 GABAA receptors were expressed in Xenopus oocytes. GABA-evoked
      currents were recorded using two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Drugs were
      applied through perfusion. RESULTS: Long application of GABA (100 MUmol/L) evoked
      a large peak current followed by a small amplitude steady-state current
      (desensitization). Co-application of SR95531 during the desensitization caused a
      larger rebound of GABA current after removal of SR95531. Furthermore, application
      of SR95531 after removal of GABA increased the rate of receptor recovery from
      desensitization, and the recovery time constant was decreased from 59+/-3.2 s to
      33+/-1.6 s. SR95531-facilitated receptor recovery from desensitization was
      dependent on the perfusion duration of SR95531. It was also dependent on the
      concentration of SR95531, and the curve fitting with Hill equation revealed two
      potency components, which were similar to the two potency components in
      inhibition of the steady-state current by SR95531. Bicuculline caused similar
      facilitation of desensitization recovery. CONCLUSION: SR95531 facilitates
      alpha1beta2gamma2 GABAA receptor recovery from desensitization, possibly through
      two mechanisms: binding to the desensitized receptor and converting it to the non
      desensitized state, and binding to the resting state receptor and preventing re
      desensitization.

PMID- 27374489
TI  - Dihydromyricetin protects neurons in an MPTP-induced model of Parkinson's disease
      by suppressing glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta activity.
AB  - AIM: It is general believed that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress
      play critical roles in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD).
      Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a natural flavonoid extracted from Ampelopsis
      grossedentata, has recently been found to elicit potent anti-oxidative effects.
      In the present study, we explored the role of DHM in protecting dopaminergic
      neurons. METHODS: Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1
      methyl4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 7 d to induce PD.
      Additionally, mice were treated with either 5 or 10 mg/kg DHM for a total of 13 d
      (3 d before the start of MPTP, during MPTP administration (7 d) and 3 d after the
      end of MPTP). For the saline or DHM alone treatment groups, mice were injected
      with saline or DHM for 13 d. On d 14, behavioral tests (locomotor activity, the
      rotarod test and the pole test) were administered. After the behavioral tests,
      the mice were sacrificed, and brain tissue was collected for immunofluorescence
      staining and Western blotting. In addition, MES23.5 cells were treated with MPP+
      and DHM, and evaluated using cell viability assays, reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      measurements, apoptosis analysis and Western blotting. RESULTS: DHM significantly
      attenuated MPTP-induced mouse behavioral impairments and dopaminergic neuron
      loss. In the MES23.5 cells, DHM attenuated MPP+-induced cell injury and ROS
      production in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, DHM increased glycogen
      synthase kinase-3 beta phosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent manner,
      which may be associated with DHM-induced dopaminergic neuronal protection.
      CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that DHM is a potent neuroprotective
      agent for DA neurons by modulating the Akt/GSK-3beta pathway, which suggests that
      DHM may be a promising therapeutic candidate for PD.

PMID- 27374490
TI  - Discovery and structural optimization of 4-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3,4
      dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones as RORc inverse agonists.
AB  - AIM: Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptors (RORs) are orphan
      nuclear receptors that show constitutive activity in the absence of ligands.
      Among 3 subtypes of RORs, RORc is a promising therapeutic target for the
      treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases. Here, we report novel RORc
      inverse agonists discovered through structure-based drug design. METHODS: Based
      on the structure of compound 8, a previously described agonist of RORa, a series
      of 4-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives were
      designed and synthesized. The interaction between the compounds and RORc was
      detected at molecular level using AlphaScreen assay. The compounds were further
      examined in 293T cells transfected with RORc and luciferase reporter gene.
      Thermal stability shift assay was used to evaluate the effects of the compounds
      on protein stability. RESULTS: A total of 27 derivatives were designed and
      synthesized. Among them, the compound 22b was identified as the most potent RORc
      inverse agonist. Its IC50 values were 2.39 MUmol/L in AlphaScreen assay, and 0.82
      MUmol/L in inhibition of the cell-based luciferase reporter activity.
      Furthermore, the compound 22b displayed a 120-fold selectivity for RORc over
      other nuclear receptors. Moreover, a molecular docking study showed that the
      structure-activity relationship was consistent with the binding mode of compound
      22b in RORc. CONCLUSION: 4-(4-(Benzyloxy)phenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one
      derivatives are promising candidates for the treatment of Th17-mediated
      autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and multiple
      sclerosis.

PMID- 27374491
TI  - Anticancer strategies based on the metabolic profile of tumor cells: therapeutic
      targeting of the Warburg effect.
AB  - Tumor cells rely mainly on glycolysis for energy production even in the presence
      of sufficient oxygen, a phenomenon termed the Warburg effect, which is the most
      outstanding characteristic of energy metabolism in cancer cells. This metabolic
      adaptation is believed to be critical for tumor cell growth and proliferation,
      and a number of onco-proteins and tumor suppressors, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR
      signaling pathway, Myc, hypoxia-inducible factor and p53, are involved in the
      regulation of this metabolic adaptation. Moreover, glycolytic cancer cells are
      often invasive and impervious to therapeutic intervention. Thus, altered energy
      metabolism is now appreciated as a hallmark of cancer and a promising target for
      cancer treatment. A better understanding of the biology and the regulatory
      mechanisms of aerobic glycolysis has the potential to facilitate the development
      of glycolysis-based therapeutic interventions for cancer. In addition, glycolysis
      inhibition combined with DNA damaging drugs or chemotherapeutic agents may be
      effective anticancer strategies through weakening cell damage repair capacity and
      enhancing drug cytotoxicity. 

PMID- 27374493
TI  - Hot Electrons at Solid-Liquid Interfaces: A Large Chemoelectric Effect during the
      Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide.
AB  - The study of energy and charge transfer during chemical reactions on metals is of
      great importance for understanding the phenomena involved in heterogeneous
      catalysis. Despite extensive studies, very little is known about the nature of
      hot electrons generated at solid-liquid interfaces. Herein, we report remarkable
      results showing the detection of hot electrons as a chemicurrent generated at the
      solid-liquid interface during decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )
      catalyzed on Schottky nanodiodes. The chemicurrent reflects the activity of the
      catalytic reaction and the state of the catalyst in real time. We show that the
      chemicurrent yield can reach values up to 10(-1) electrons/O2 molecule, which is
      notably higher than that for solid-gas reactions on similar nanodiodes.

PMID- 27374492
TI  - Early spring sex differences in luteinizing hormone response to gonadotropin
      releasing hormone in co-occurring resident and migrant dark-eyed juncos (Junco
      hyemalis).
AB  - To optimally time reproduction, animals must coordinate changes in the
      hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The extent of intra-species variation
      in seasonal timing of reproductive function is considerable, both within and
      among populations. Dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) populations are known to
      differ in their reproductive timing response to cues experienced in the same
      habitat in late winter/early spring. Specifically in juncos cohabitating on
      shared wintering grounds, residents initiate breeding and reproductive activity
      but migrants delay reproductive development and prepare to migrate before
      breeding. Here, we test the hypothesis that the pituitary gland acts as a
      'control point' to modulate differential HPG axis activity across populations. We
      sampled free-living resident and migrant juncos on their shared over-wintering
      grounds in March, thus all individuals were experiencing the same environmental
      cues, including photoperiod. We predicted that during this critical time of
      transition, residents would more readily respond to repeated gonadotropin
      releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation with increases in luteinizing hormone (LH),
      in contrast to migrants, which should delay full reproductive activity. Our data
      indicate that migrant females, while still on the overwintering grounds, have a
      reduced LH response to repeated GnRH injections compared to resident females.
      Male migrant and resident birds did not differ in their responsiveness to
      repeated GnRH. Our results suggest a sex difference in the costs of mistimed
      activation of the HPG axis, with female migrants being less responsive than
      residents females and males to repeated stimulation. Further, our data implicate
      a key role for the pituitary in regulating appropriate reproductive timing
      responses.

PMID- 27374494
TI  - If they are OK, we are OK: the experience of partners living with neuromyelitis
      optica.
AB  - AIM: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare neuro-inflammatory condition
      characterized by acute relapses causing severe visual or physical disability. The
      impact on family members and their experiences have not been studied. The study
      aims were to explore the lived experience of partners of people with NMO and to
      investigate potential carer burden in this population. METHOD: A mixed-method
      design was used; 11 partners of people with NMO completed semi-structured
      interviews; 54 partners completed Zarit Burden Interview and Hospital Anxiety and
      Depression Scale. RESULTS: Three qualitative themes influenced partners' quality
      of life (QoL): role/relationship; it's all about them; and the impact of NMO.
      Life changed dramatically for participants after the first NMO attack,
      necessitating responsibility for physical, financial, social, and emotional
      support. As NMO symptoms improved and stabilized, freedom and QoL for spouses
      also improved, albeit with on-going worries regarding the impact of potential
      devastating future relapses. Quantitative findings showed mild/moderate carer
      burden (46%), mild/moderate anxiety (59%), and mild/moderate depression (24%). No
      partner indicated severe carer burden, anxiety, or depression. CONCLUSION:
      Participants regarded themselves as partners rather than carers whom require
      assessment and support for their emotional and health well-being. Health-care
      professionals need to acknowledge the important role partners play in the
      dynamics of the family unit, through greater discussion and inclusion.
      Implications for Rehabilitation NMO has a strong impact on couples, resulting in
      both physical caregiving needs and anxiety regarding the unpredictability of
      potential devastating relapses. Partners do not necessarily experience clinically
      significant "burden", anxiety or depression, and tools which screen for this may
      not capture the nature of their experiences. Health-care professionals need to
      acknowledge, consult, and respect the experience of partners during assessment
      and implementation of action plans. Partners should be individually assessed
      based upon the physical and emotional dependency created by NMO to improve their
      health and well-being.

PMID- 27374495
TI  - Unusually high genetic diversity in the Bornean Limnonectes kuhlii-like fanged
      frogs (Anura: Dicroglossidae).
AB  - A fanged frog Limnonectes kuhlii was once thought to be wide-ranging in Southeast
      Asia, but is now confined to its type locality Java through recent phylogenetic
      studies, which clarified heterospecific status of non-Javanese populations, and
      monophyly of Bornean populations. However, large genetic differences among
      Bornean populations suggest occurrence of cryptic species, which we test using
      dense geographic sampling. We estimated the phylogenetic relationships among
      samples of Bornean populations together with their putative relatives from the
      continental Southeast Asia, using 2517bp sequences of the 12S rRNA, tRNA(val),
      and 16S rRNA of mitochondrial DNA, and 2367bp sequences of the NCX1, POMC, and
      RAG1 of nuclear genes. In the mtDNA trees, Bornean L. kuhlii-like frogs formed a
      monophyletic group split into 18 species lineages including L. hikidai, with the
      deepest phylogenetic split separating L. cintalubang from the remaining species.
      Almost all of these lineages co-occur geographically, and two to three lineages
      were found syntopically in each locality. Co-occurrence of more than one lineage
      may be maintained by differential morphology and microhabitat selection. These
      syntopic lineages should be regarded as distinct species. Our results clearly
      indicate that taxonomic revision is urgent to clarify many evolutionary problems
      of Bornean L. kuhlii-like frogs.

PMID- 27374496
TI  - Spin Funneling for Enhanced Spin Injection into Ferromagnets.
AB  - It is well-established that high spin-orbit coupling (SOC) materials convert a
      charge current density into a spin current density which can be used to switch a
      magnet efficiently and there is increasing interest in identifying materials with
      large spin Hall angle for lower switching current. Using experimentally
      benchmarked models, we show that composite structures can be designed using
      existing spin Hall materials such that the effective spin Hall angle is larger by
      an order of magnitude. The basic idea is to funnel spins from a large area of
      spin Hall material into a small area of ferromagnet using a normal metal with
      large spin diffusion length and low resistivity like Cu or Al. We show that this
      approach is increasingly effective as magnets get smaller. We avoid unwanted
      charge current shunting by the low resistive NM layer utilizing the newly
      discovered phenomenon of pure spin conduction in ferromagnetic insulators via
      magnon diffusion. We provide a spin circuit model for magnon diffusion in FMI
      that is benchmarked against recent experiments and theory.

PMID- 27374497
TI  - In memoriam: Dr. Andrew E. Czeizel (April 03, 1935-August 10, 2015).

PMID- 27374498
TI  - Itaconate Links Inhibition of Succinate Dehydrogenase with Macrophage Metabolic
      Remodeling and Regulation of Inflammation.
AB  - Remodeling of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a metabolic adaptation
      accompanying inflammatory macrophage activation. During this process, endogenous
      metabolites can adopt regulatory roles that govern specific aspects of
      inflammatory response, as recently shown for succinate, which regulates the pro
      inflammatory IL-1beta-HIF-1alpha axis. Itaconate is one of the most highly
      induced metabolites in activated macrophages, yet its functional significance
      remains unknown. Here, we show that itaconate modulates macrophage metabolism and
      effector functions by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase-mediated oxidation of
      succinate. Through this action, itaconate exerts anti-inflammatory effects when
      administered in vitro and in vivo during macrophage activation and ischemia
      reperfusion injury. Using newly generated Irg1(-/-) mice, which lack the ability
      to produce itaconate, we show that endogenous itaconate regulates succinate
      levels and function, mitochondrial respiration, and inflammatory cytokine
      production during macrophage activation. These studies highlight itaconate as a
      major physiological regulator of the global metabolic rewiring and effector
      functions of inflammatory macrophages.

PMID- 27374499
TI  - Influence of different combinations of wall materials on the microencapsulation
      of jussara pulp (Euterpe edulis) by spray drying.
AB  - The objective of this work was to study the spray drying of jussara pulp using
      ternary mixtures of gum Arabic (GA) and modified starch (MS) together with either
      whey protein concentrate (WPC) or soy protein isolate (SPI), as the carrier
      agents. Two experimental mixture designs and triangular response surfaces were
      used to evaluate the effects of the mixtures on the responses for powders
      formulated with GA:MS:WPC and GA:MS:SPI, respectively. The spray drying process
      was selected for each carrier agent mixture, aiming to maximum the process yield
      (PY), solubility (S), retention of total anthocyanins (RTA) and encapsulation
      efficiency (EE). It was shown that the ternary formulations showed higher PY, S
      and RTA than the pure and binary formulations, as well as good results for EE and
      a low moisture content, showing that the use of GA and MS together with either
      WPC or SPI provide better microencapsulation of the jussara pulp. 

PMID- 27374500
TI  - Determination and stability of divicine and isouramil produced by enzymatic
      hydrolysis of vicine and convicine of faba bean.
AB  - The aglycones of vicine and convicine, divicine and isouramil, are the causative
      agents of favism and, therefore, should be analysed along with vicine and
      convicine in research seeking to eliminate them. This study investigated the
      stability of the aglycones produced by hydrolysis with beta-glucosidase. Reversed
      phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection was shown
      to be able to observe both aglycone formation and further reactions in isolated
      fractions and extract made from faba bean and in faba bean suspension. Divicine
      and isouramil were unstable and degraded almost completely in extract in 60min
      and completely in fractions in 120min at a pH of 5 at 37 degrees C. Adding sodium
      ascorbate delayed degradation of divicine. Divicine was more stable at 20 degrees
      C than at 37 degrees C. Being able to show formation and degradation of the
      aglycones, the proposed method allows monitoring of the vicine and convicine
      detoxification process. 

PMID- 27374501
TI  - The application of headspace gas chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole mass
      spectrometry for the analysis of furan in baby food samples.
AB  - Selective methodology employing a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to
      a gas chromatograph with headspace autosampler (HS-GC-MS/MS) was elaborated in
      this study. Application of the elaborated procedure resulted in a limit of
      detection of 0.021MUgkg(-1) and a limit of quantification of 0.071MUgkg(-1). The
      mean recoveries during in-house validation ranged from 89% to 109%, and
      coefficients of variation for repeatability ranged from 4% to 11%. The proposed
      analytical method was applied for monitoring the furan content of 30 commercial
      baby food samples available on the Latvian retail market. The level of furan
      found in these samples varied from 0.45 to 81.9MUgkg(-1), indicating that infants
      whose sole diet comprises baby food sold in jars and cans are exposed constantly
      to furan. Samples containing vegetables and meat had higher levels of furan than
      those containing only fruits. 

PMID- 27374502
TI  - Microchannel emulsification study on formulation and stability characterization
      of monodisperse oil-in-water emulsions encapsulating quercetin.
AB  - The study used microchannel emulsification (MCE) to encapsulate quercetin in food
      grade oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. A silicon microchannel plate (Model WMS 1-2)
      comprised of 10,300 discrete 10*104MUm microslots was connected to a circular
      microhole with an inner diameter of 10MUm. 1% (w/w) Tween 20 was used as
      optimized emulsifier in Milli-Q water, while 0.4mgml(-1) quercetin in different
      oils served as a dispersed phase. The MCE was carried by injecting the dispersed
      phase at 2mlh(-1). Successful emulsification was conducted below the critical
      dispersed phase flux, with a Sauter mean diameter of 29MUm and relative span
      factor below 0.25. The O/W emulsions remained stable in terms of droplet
      coalescence at 4 and 25 degrees C for 30days. The encapsulation efficiency of
      quercetin in the O/W emulsions was 80% at 4 degrees C and 70% at 25 degrees C
      during the evaluated storage period. 

PMID- 27374503
TI  - Interfacial properties of Quillaja saponins and its use for micellisation of
      lutein esters.
AB  - Natural food colourants, colouring foods and bioactive food ingredients need to
      be solubilised for their incorporation in food. Aim of the present study was to
      investigate the micelle-forming properties of saponins from Quillaja saponaria
      Mollina (QS) in order to solubilise a lutein ester extract for its incorporation
      in food matrices. QS showed a high surface activity and functionality with
      respect to micellisation as derived from interfacial tension measurements and
      subsequent data fitting to the classical Frumkin model. The composition of the
      aqueous phase affected the lutein ester incorporation as revealed by particle
      size, zeta potential and colour measurements. In terms of morphology of lutein
      ester loaded saponin micelles (LMS), cryo-TEM micrographs showed depending on the
      composition of the medium both, spherical and elongated branched micelles. 

PMID- 27374504
TI  - Towards green analysis of virgin olive oil phenolic compounds: Extraction by a
      natural deep eutectic solvent and direct spectrophotometric detection.
AB  - The determination of phenolic compounds in extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) by
      means of rapid, low-cost, environment-free methods would be a desirable
      achievement. A natural deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on glucose and lactic
      acid was considered as extraction solvent for phenolic compounds in EVOO. DESs
      are green solvents characterized by high availability, biodegradability, safety,
      and low cost. The spectrophotometric characteristics of DES extracts of 65 EVOO
      samples were related to the total phenolic content of the oils, assessed by
      methanol-water extraction coupled to the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. A regression
      model (ncalibration=45, nvalidation=20), including the absorbance at two
      wavelengths (257, 324nm), was obtained, with an adjusted R(2)=0.762. Therefore
      the DES could provide a promising and viable approach for a green screening
      method of phenolic compounds in EVOO, by means of simple spectrophotometric
      measurements of extracts, even for on-field analysis (for example in olive
      mills). 

PMID- 27374505
TI  - Discriminative study of a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation region by
      measuring the stable isotope ratios of bio-elements.
AB  - Compared to other foods, the use of common bio-elements to identify the
      geographical origin of potato remains limited. Thus, this study aimed to verify
      whether the cultivation regions of raw potato tubers could be determined by the
      stable isotope composition analysis of bio-elements. delta(13)CVPDB and
      delta(15)NAIR in potato were influenced by region and cultivar, whereas
      delta(18)OVSMOW and delta(34)SVCDT were only influenced by region (p<0.0001). A
      two-dimensional plot of delta(18)OVSMOW and delta(34)SVCDT effectively
      distinguished between high and low altitude regions, and also reliably
      discriminated Wanju, Haenam, and Boseong cultivars in low altitude regions.
      delta(34)SVCDT was the main component that was responsible for the separation of
      samples in the principal component analysis (eigenvector of -0.6209) and
      orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (VIP value of
      1.0566). In conclusion, this study improves our understanding of how the isotope
      composition of potato tubers varies with respect to cultivation regions and
      cultivars. 

PMID- 27374506
TI  - Wild almond (Prunus scoparia L.) as potential oilseed resource for the future:
      Studies on the variability of its oil content and composition.
AB  - Wild almond genetic resources have still not received considerable attention for
      oil chemical compositions and uses. The aim of this study was to assess the
      levels of variation in oil content and fatty acid composition in forty Iranian
      accessions of Prunus scoparia L. (Spach) to identify genotypes with desirable
      traits in terms of oil quantity, quality and industrial utilization. Oil
      parameters and indices were measured, and fatty acid methyl ester analysis was
      carried out by gas liquid chromatography. Oleic and linoleic fatty acids showed
      high variability among accessions, ranging from 232.4 to 359.6g/kg oil and from
      190.7 to 348.8g/kg oil, respectively. Total unsaturated fatty acid fraction was
      higher than total saturated fatty acid. The ranges of saponification number
      (199.2-202.1), iodine value (104.8-125.7kg I2/kg) and cetane number (43.8-48.8),
      confirmed that the oils have industrial potentialities. Results could contribute
      to select wild almond genotypes as genetic sources for oil production. 

PMID- 27374507
TI  - Electromembrane extraction and spectrophotometric determination of As(V) in water
      samples.
AB  - In this study, for the first time electromembrane extraction (EME) was used as a
      highly efficient sample pre-treatment method for the UV-VIS spectrophotometric
      determination of As(V) in water samples. The influences of experimental
      parameters during EME were investigated and optimized using one-variable-at-a
      time methodology as follows: organic solvent: 1-octanol+2.5% (V/V) di-(2
      ethylhexyl) phosphate, applied voltage: 70V, extraction time: 15min, pH of
      acceptor: 13, stirring rate: 750rpm. The method allowed the determination of
      As(V) in the range of 5-300ngmL(-1). The relative standard deviation was found to
      be within the range of 3.4-7.6%. The limit of detection, corresponding to a
      signal to noise ratio of three, was 1.5ngmL(-1). The proposed method was finally
      applied to the determination of As(V) in water samples and relative recoveries
      ranging from 95 to 102% were obtained. 

PMID- 27374508
TI  - A detection method of vegetable oils in edible blended oil based on three
      dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy technique.
AB  - Edible blended vegetable oils are made from two or more refined oils. Blended
      oils can provide a wider range of essential fatty acids than single vegetable
      oils, which helps support good nutrition. Nutritional components in blended oils
      are related to the type and content of vegetable oils used, and a new, more
      accurate, method is proposed to identify and quantify the vegetable oils present
      using cluster analysis and a Quasi-Monte Carlo integral. Three-dimensional
      fluorescence spectra were obtained at 250-400nm (excitation) and 260-750nm
      (emission). Mixtures of sunflower, soybean and peanut oils were used as typical
      examples to validate the effectiveness of the method. 

PMID- 27374509
TI  - Effect of proteolysis on the sialic acid content and bifidogenic activity of
      ovomucin hydrolysates.
AB  - Ovomucin, accounting for ~3.5% of egg white proteins, contains 2.6-7.4% of sialic
      acid; sialic acid is suggested to play important roles in host-recognition,
      cognition and memory development. However, ovomucin's limited water solubility
      might restrict its future applications. The objective of the study was to examine
      the effect of proteolysis of ovomucin on the sialic acid content and bifidogenic
      activity of ovomucin hydrolysates. Ovomucin extract was hydrolyzed by 14
      proteases with yields and DHs ranging from 42.6% (flavourzyme) to 97.4% (protease
      N), and 2.4% (flavourzyme) to 46.3% (pronase), respectively. Ovomucin hydrolyzed
      by pronase and protex 26L showed molecular weight (Mw) distributions less than
      40kDa while others larger than 200kDa. Allergenicity of ovomucin hydrolysates was
      significantly reduced (P<0.05) in comparison to ovomucin extract. The content of
      sialic acid in hydrolysates ranged from 0.1% (protex 26L) to 3.7% (pronase).
      Ovomucin hydrolysates did not generally support growth of Bifidobacterium spp. in
      vitro. 

PMID- 27374510
TI  - Effects of pretreatments on anthocyanin composition, phenolics contents and
      antioxidant capacities during fermentation of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida)
      drink.
AB  - The effect of microwave and heat pretreatment on the content and composition of
      anthocyanins, phenolics, and the antioxidant capacity of hawthorn drink were
      studied. Nine anthocyanins were isolated by chromatographic separation from the
      Zirou hawthorn source and their structure identified using HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS
      analysis. Heat and microwave pretreatments had a significant impact on the
      relative contents of hawthorn anthocyanins, such as cyanidin-3-galactoside (82.9%
      and 76.9%, respectively) and cyanidin-3-glucoside (9.2% and 11.5%, respectively).
      Pretreatment had no significant effect on pH, total soluble solid or total acid.
      More anthocyanins remained after heat treatment than after microwaving
      (0.745mg/100mL), and were 52.4% higher than the control group after storage for
      7days. The colour density of the heat treated group was higher than the control
      group (24.5%) after 12days of fermentation. The main antioxidant capacities of
      the hawthorn drinks came from total polyphenolics rather than total anthocyanins
      or total flavonoids. 

PMID- 27374511
TI  - QuEChERS-based purification method coupled to ultrahigh performance liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to determine six quaternary
      ammonium compounds (QACs) in dairy products.
AB  - QuEChERS-based purification coupled with UPLC-MS/MS method, was developed for six
      quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) determination in dairy products. Powder
      samples were firstly dispersed by water. Protein in liquid milk was precipitated
      and sample solution was extracted by acetonitrile. QuEChERS-based purification
      was used to purify the solution. QACs were finally separated by HILIC column and
      detected in MRM mode of MS/MS under ESI(+). The stable isotope benzyl-2,3,4,5,6
      d5-dimethyltetradecylammonium bromide (C14-BAC-d5) was used as an internal
      standard. This method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity,
      precision, accuracy. Linear relations were favorable for QACs over the selected
      concentration ranges of 0.2-50MUg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than
      0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.4-14.5MUg/kg.
      Recoveries were between 91.2% and 115% with RSDs of 2.8-7.5% for intra-day
      precision and 3.7-6.7% for inter-day precision. This validated method was
      successfully applied to determine the QACs concentrations in dairy products. 

PMID- 27374512
TI  - Relationship between 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal contents and commercial grade by
      organoleptic judgement in Japanese dried laver Porphyra spp.
AB  - To evaluate the correlation between the commercial grade determined by
      organoleptic judgment panel and chemical substances in dried laver Porphyra spp.,
      we analyzed the contents of free amino acids, 5'-nucleotides, total lipids, fatty
      acids, alpha-tocopherol, lipophilic pigments, and aldehydes in several grades of
      laver that had been classified by an organoleptic judgment panel. Compared with
      the lower-grade laver samples, the excellent-grade laver samples contained higher
      concentrations of free amino acids, 5'-nucleotides, total lipids, alpha
      tocopherol, chlorophyll a, and beta-carotene and lower concentrations of
      aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), propanal, butanal, and 1-hexanal,
      which are formed during lipid peroxidation of n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty
      acids. In addition, the HHE content was strongly correlated with the propanal
      content in the analyzed laver (r(2)=0.9123). These results showed that the
      commercial grade assigned by an organoleptic judgment panel was correlated with
      chemical substances associated with color, taste, and the prevention of lipid
      oxidation. 

PMID- 27374513
TI  - Geographical classification of Italian saffron (Crocus sativus L.) based on
      chemical constituents determined by high-performance liquid-chromatography and by
      using linear discriminant analysis.
AB  - One hundred and forty-four Italian saffron samples produced in the years from
      2009 to 2015 in five distinct areas located in four different regions, Abruzzo
      (L'Aquila), Tuscany (Florence), Umbria (Cascia and Citta della Pieve) and
      Sardinia, have been analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode
      array detection. Intensities of the chromatographic peaks attributed to crocins,
      safranal, picrocrocin and its derivatives and flavonoids were considered as
      variables in linear discriminant analysis to attempt geographical classification.
      The results revealed that spices produced at different sites of the Italian
      territory can be discriminated with good accuracy. The differentiation of saffron
      cultivated in Sardinia from those produced in Central Italy was mainly attributed
      to different contents of the most abundant crocins. Good differentiation of
      spices produced in close sites of Central Italy was also observed, 88% of
      validation samples being correctly classified; some minor crocins are responsible
      for such discrimination. 

PMID- 27374514
TI  - Method for determination of fatty acids in bovine colostrum using GC-FID.
AB  - Bovine colostrum is potentially valuable source of essential fatty acids (FAs),
      but so far only few studies have made the effort to estimate FA composition of
      this potential resource. The aim of current research was to fill this gap with
      selecting and validating an accurate procedure for the analysis of the
      composition of the FAs in bovine colostrum. We used colostrum samples of Holstein
      Friesian cattle from Marja experimental farm as a test material. The validated
      method includes derivatization, in which FAs are sent through esterification with
      the acidic catalyst boron trifluoride. Formed methyl esters of fatty acids
      (FAMEs) were analysed using GC-FID. The obtained LOD and the LOQ of FAMEs were
      0.11-0.68 and 0.37-2.27ppm, respectively. The analysis of fortified samples
      showed very good and similar recoveries, indicating that the method proposed here
      can be routinely used for determination and investigation of the fatty acids in
      dairy products. 

PMID- 27374515
TI  - Discrimination of Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' by gas
      chromatograph-mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach.
AB  - Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, mainly including the pericarp of Citrus reticulata
      Blanco and the pericarp of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi', has been consumed daily as
      food and dietary supplement for centuries. In this study, GC-MS based
      metabolomics was employed to compare comprehensively the volatile constituents in
      Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus reticulata 'Chachi'. Principal component
      analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis indicated
      that samples could be distinguished effectively from one another. Fifteen
      metabolites were finally identified for use as chemical markers in discrimination
      of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium samples. The antimicrobial activity against Gram
      negative and Gram-positive bacteria of the volatile oil from Citrus reticulata
      Blanco and Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' was investigated preliminarily. 

PMID- 27374516
TI  - Effect of chemical stress on germination of cv Dalia bean (Phaseolus vularis L.)
      as an alternative to increase antioxidant and nutraceutical compounds in sprouts.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of chitosan (CH), salicylic
      acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at different concentrations on the
      antinutritional and nutraceutical content, as well as the antioxidant capacity of
      bean sprouts (cv Dalia). All elicitors at medium and high concentrations reduced
      the antinutritional content of lectins (48%), trypsin inhibitor (57%), amylase
      inhibitor (49%) and phytic acid (56%). Sprouts treated with CH, SA and H2O2
      (7MUM; 1 and 2mM, and 30mM respectively) increased the content of phenolic
      compounds (1.8-fold), total flavonoids (3-fold), saponins (1.8-fold) and
      antioxidant capacity (37%). Furthermore, the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed an
      increase of several nutraceutical compounds in bean sprouts treated with SA such
      as coumaric (8.5-fold), salicylic (115-fold), gallic (25-fold) and caffeic (1.7
      fold) acids, as well as epigallocatechin (63-fold), rutin (41-fold) and quercetin
      (16.6-fold) flavonoids. The application of elicitors in bean seed during
      sprouting enhances their nutraceutical properties. 

PMID- 27374517
TI  - Physical and antimicrobial properties of thyme oil emulsions stabilized by
      ovalbumin and gum arabic.
AB  - Natural biopolymer stabilized oil-in-water emulsions were formulated using
      ovalbumin (OVA), gum arabic (GA) solutions and their complexes. The influence of
      interfacial structure of emulsion (OVA-GA bilayer and OVA/GA complexes emulsions)
      on the physical properties and antimicrobial activity of thyme oil (TO) emulsion
      against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was evaluated. The results revealed that the
      two types of emulsions with different oil phase compositions remained stable
      during a long storage period. The oil phase composition had an appreciable
      influence on the mean particle diameter and retention of the TO emulsions. The
      stable emulsion showed a higher minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the
      TO emulsions showed an improved long-term antimicrobial activity compared to the
      pure thyme oil, especially complexes emulsion at pH 4.0. These results provided
      useful information for developing protection and delivery systems for essential
      oil using biopolymer. 

PMID- 27374518
TI  - Response surface methodology for evaluation and optimization of process parameter
      and antioxidant capacity of rice flour modified by enzymatic extrusion.
AB  - For the purpose of investigating the effect of enzyme concentration (EC), barrel
      temperature (BT), moisture content (MC), and screw speed (SS) on processing
      parameters (product temperature, die pressure and special mechanical energy
      (SME)) and product responses (extent of gelatinization (GE), retention rate of
      total phenolic content (TPC-RR)), rice flour extruded with thermostable alpha
      amylase was analyzed by response surface methodology. Stepwise regression models
      were computed to generate response surface and contour plots, revealing that both
      TPC-RR and GE increased as increasing MC while expressed different sensitivities
      to BT during enzymatic extrusion. Phenolics preservation was benefited from low
      SME. According to multiple-factor optimization, the conditions required to obtain
      the target SME (10kJ/kg), GE (100%) and TPC-RR (85%) were: EC=1.370/00, BT=93.01
      degrees C, MC=44.30%, and SS=171.66rpm, with the actual values (9.49kJ/kg, 99.96%
      and 87.10%, respectively) showing a good fit to the predicted values. 

PMID- 27374519
TI  - Development, validation and application of a hydrophilic interaction liquid
      chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection based method for process
      control of hydrolysis of xylans obtained from different agricultural wastes.
AB  - Purified standards of xylooligosaccharides (XOSs) (DP2-6) were first prepared
      from a mixture of XOSs using solid phase extraction (SPE), followed by semi
      preparative liquid chromatography both under hydrophilic interaction liquid
      chromatography (HILIC) modes. Then, an accurate quantitative analysis method
      based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-evaporative light
      scattering detection (HILIC-ELSD) was developed and validated for simultaneous
      determination of xylose (X1), xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4),
      xylopentaose (X5), and xylohexaose (X6). This developed HILIC-ELSD method was
      applied to the comparison of different hydrolysis methods for xylans and
      assessment of XOSs contents from different agricultural wastes. The result
      indicated that enzymatic hydrolysis was preferable with fewer by-products and
      high XOSs yield. The XOSs yield (48.40%) from sugarcane bagasse xylan was the
      highest, showing conversions of 11.21g X2, 12.75g X3, 4.54g X4, 13.31g X5, and
      6.78g X6 from 100g xylan. 

PMID- 27374521
TI  - Striking changes in volatile profiles at sub-zero temperatures during over
      ripening of 'Beibinghong' grapes in Northeastern China.
AB  - The evolution of free and glycosidically bound volatile compounds in
      'Beibinghong' (Vitis vinifera*Vitis amurensis) grape berries throughout on-vine
      over-ripening and freezing processes was studied in two vintages. The aroma
      profiles of 'Beibinghong' icewine berries were characterized by C6 compounds,
      higher alcohols and terpenoids in free fractions and carbonyl compounds, higher
      alcohols, C6 alcohols and terpenoids in bound fractions. With regard to free
      volatile compounds, there was a decrease in the concentration of C6 compounds,
      terpenols and norisoprenoids and an increase of terpene oxides during over
      ripening process. A striking alteration of volatile profile occurred at sub-zero
      temperatures, particularly for the free fractions such as C6 alcohols, higher
      alcohols and oxidative terpene derivatives. These changes were attributed to a
      series of reactions (biotransformation, oxidation and anaerobic metabolism)
      induced by water loss and especially freeze-thaw cycles. PCA revealed temperature
      and rainfall affected the accumulation of volatile compounds during over-ripening
      processes. 

PMID- 27374520
TI  - Characterization of virgin olive oils produced with autochthonous Galician
      varieties.
AB  - The interest of Galician oil producers (NW Spain) in recovering the ancient
      autochthonous olive varieties Brava and Mansa has increased substantially in
      recent years. Virgin olive oils produced by co-crushing both varieties in two
      different proportions, reflecting the usual and most common practice adopted in
      this region, have gradually emerged for the production of virgin olive oils.
      Herein, the sensory and chemical characteristics of such oils were characterized
      by quality and genuineness-related parameters. The results of chemical analysis
      are discussed in terms of their effective contribution to the sensory profile,
      which suggests useful recommendations for olive oil producers to improve the
      quality of oils. Antioxidant compounds, together with aromas and coloured
      pigments were determined, and their contribution in determining the functional
      value and the sensory properties of oils was investigated. In general, given the
      high levels of phenolic compounds (ranging between 254 and 375mg/kg oil),
      tocopherols (about 165mg/kg oil) and carotenoids (10-12mg/kg oil); these are oils
      with long stability, especially under dark storage conditions, because stability
      is reinforced with the contribution of chlorophylls (15-22mg/kg oil). A major
      content of phenolic compounds, as well as a predominance of trans-2-hexen-1-al
      within odor-active compounds (from 897 to 1645MUg/kg oil), responsible for bitter
      sensory notes. This characterization allows to developing new antioxidant-rich
      and flavour-rich VOOs, when co-crushing with a higher proportion of Brava olives,
      satisfying the consumers' demand in having access to more healthy dishes and
      peculiar sensory attributes. 

PMID- 27374522
TI  - Determination of whey adulteration in milk powder by using laser induced
      breakdown spectroscopy.
AB  - A rapid and in situ method has been developed to detect and quantify adulterated
      milk powder through adding whey powder by using laser induced breakdown
      spectroscopy (LIBS). The methodology is based on elemental composition
      differences between milk and whey products. Milk powder, sweet and acid whey
      powders were produced as standard samples, and milk powder was adulterated with
      whey powders. Based on LIBS spectra of standard samples and commercial products,
      species was identified using principle component analysis (PCA) method, and
      discrimination rate of milk and whey powders was found as 80.5%. Calibration
      curves were obtained with partial least squares regression (PLS). Correlation
      coefficient (R(2)) and limit of detection (LOD) values were 0.981 and 1.55% for
      adulteration with sweet whey powder, and 0.985 and 0.55% for adulteration with
      acid whey powder, respectively. The results were found to be consistent with the
      data from inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) method. 

PMID- 27374523
TI  - Bioaccessibility and degradation of naturally occurring arsenic species from food
      in the human gastrointestinal tract.
AB  - Humans are exposed to organic arsenic species through their diet and therefore,
      are susceptible to arsenic toxicity. Investigating the transformations occurring
      in the gastrointestinal tract will influence which arsenic species to focus on
      when studying metabolism in cells. Using a physiologically based extraction test,
      the bioaccessibility of arsenic species was determined after the simulated
      gastrointestinal digestion of rice, seaweed and fish. Pure standards of the major
      arsenic species present in these foodstuffs (arsenic glutathione complexes,
      arsenosugars and short chain fatty acids) were also evaluated to assess the
      effect of the food matrix on bioaccessibility and transformation. Approximately
      80% of arsenic is released from these foodstuffs, potentially becoming available.
      Hydrolysis and demethylation of arsenic glutathione complexes and arsenosugars
      standards was observed, but no transformations occurred to arsenosugars present
      in seaweed. Demethylation of MA and DMA from rice occurs increasing the amount of
      inorganic arsenic species available for metabolism. 

PMID- 27374524
TI  - Application of elevated temperature-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for
      determination of organophosphorus pesticides residues in aqueous samples followed
      by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.
AB  - In the present study, an elevated temperature, dispersive, liquid-liquid
      microextraction/gas chromatography-flame ionization detection was investigated
      for the determination, pre-concentration, and extraction of six organophosphorus
      pesticides (malathion, phosalone, dichlorvos, diazinon, profenofos, and
      chlorpyrifos) residues in fruit juice and aqueous samples. A mixture of 1,2
      dibromoethane (extraction solvent) and dimethyl sulfoxide (disperser solvent) was
      injected rapidly into the sample solution heated at an elevated temperature.
      Analytical parameters, including enrichment factors (1600-2075), linearity
      (r>0.994), limits of detection (0.82-2.72ngmL(-1)) and quantification (2.60
      7.36ngmL(-1)), relative standard deviations (<7%) and extraction recoveries (64
      83%), showed the high efficiency of the method developed for analysis of the
      target analytes. The proposed procedure was used effectively to analyse selected
      analytes in river water and fruit juice, and diazinon was found at ngmL(-1)
      concentrations in apple juice. 

PMID- 27374526
TI  - Tuning the pH-shift protein-isolation method for maximum hemoglobin-removal from
      blood rich fish muscle.
AB  - A main challenge preventing optimal use of protein isolated from unconventional
      raw materials (e.g., small pelagic fish and fish by-products) using the pH-shift
      method is the difficulty to remove enough heme-pigments. Here, the distribution
      of hemoglobin (Hb) in the different fractions formed during pH-shift processing
      was studied using Hb-fortified cod mince. Process modifications, additives and
      prewashing were then investigated to further facilitate Hb-removal. The alkaline
      pH-shift process version could remove considerably more Hb (77%) compared to the
      acidic version (37%) when proteins were precipitated at pH 5.5; most Hb was
      removed during dewatering. Protein precipitation at pH 6.5 improved total Hb
      removal up to 91% and 74% during alkaline and acid processing, respectively.
      Adding phytic acid to the first supernatant of the alkaline process version
      yielded 93% Hb removal. Combining one prewash with phytic acid at pH 5.5 followed
      by alkaline/acid pH-shift processing increased Hb removal up to 96/92%. 

PMID- 27374525
TI  - Immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B onto SBA-15 and their application
      in glycerolysis for diacylglycerols synthesis.
AB  - In this study, Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was immobilized on SBA-15 with
      three pore diameters. CALB loading was found increased with CALB concentration
      increasing from 20.3 to 80.12MUg/ml. Higher CALB loading was observed from SBA-15
      with pore diameters at 8.1nm (SBA-15(8.1)), yet highest hydrolytic activity was
      found at SBA-15(12.5). Thermal stability of the immobilized CALB (SBA-15-CALB)
      samples was greatly influenced by their water content, after 4h storage at 70
      degrees C, 8.93 and 67.4% of the initial activity was observed from SBA-15-CALB
      samples with water content at 9.23 and 3.22% respectively. The SBA-15-CALB
      samples were then used in glycerolysis of corn oil, and 53.6wt% of
      diacylglycerols was obtained after optimization. The operational stability was
      tested, and after 5 consecutive applications, 92.5 and 80.3% of the initial
      glycerolysis activity was remained respectively from SBA-15(6.6)-CALB and SBA
      15(12.5)-CALB. 

PMID- 27374527
TI  - Evaluation of nutritional and antioxidant properties of the tropical fruits
      banana, litchi, mango, papaya, passion fruit and pineapple cultivated in Reunion
      French Island.
AB  - Much attention is paid to the beneficial action of fruits against obesity-related
      oxidative stress. This study evaluated nutritional and antioxidant properties of
      banana, litchi, mango, papaya, passion fruit and pineapple from Reunion French
      Island. Results showed that total amounts of carbohydrates, vitamin C and
      carotenoids were 7.7-67.3g glucose equivalent, 4.7-84.9mg ascorbic acid
      equivalent and 26.6-3829.2MUg beta-carotene equivalent/100g fresh weight,
      respectively. Polyphenols were detected as the most abundant antioxidants (33.0
      286.6mg gallic acid equivalent/100g fresh weight) with the highest content from
      passion fruit. UPLC-MS analysis led to identify epigallocatechin and quercetin
      derivatives from banana and litchi, ferulic, sinapic, syringic and gallic acids
      from pineapple and mango, and piceatannol from passion fruit. Polyphenol-rich
      extracts protected red blood cells and preadipose cells against oxidative stress.
      Altogether, these findings highlight nutritional benefits of French tropical
      fruits and their possible interest to improve antioxidant capacities of the body
      during obesity. 

PMID- 27374528
TI  - Non-enzymatic browning reaction of glucosamine at mild conditions: Relationship
      between colour formation, radical scavenging activity and alpha-dicarbonyl
      compounds production.
AB  - Glucosamine (GlcN, 5% w/v) was incubated in either phosphate buffer or ammonium
      hydroxide solutions at 40 and 60 degrees C for up to 48h in order to yield
      caramel solutions. Non-enzymatic browning was monitored via changes in absorption
      at 280, 320 and 420nm and the physico-chemical properties as well as the
      generation of short chain alpha-dicarbonyl compounds were evaluated. Accumulation
      of GlcN autocondensation products (280nm) proceeded in parallel with the
      development of pre-melanoidins (320nm) and melanoidins (420nm). The reactive
      alpha-dicarbonyls were detected at temperature as low as 40 degrees C within 3h
      with a maximum level of diacetyl recorded at 6h. The caramel solutions showed a
      high efficacy in scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals in accordance with the
      increasing browning intensity. The results suggest that GlcN browning can be
      modulated according to the specific desired properties to produce a multi
      functional food ingredient that has health-promoting effects. 

PMID- 27374529
TI  - Acrylamide formation in vegetable oils and animal fats during heat treatment.
AB  - The method of liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry was utilized and
      modified to confirm and quantify acrylamide in heating cooking oil and animal
      fat. Heating asparagine with various cooking oils and animal fat at 180 degrees C
      produced varying amounts of acrylamide. The acrylamide in the different cooking
      oils and animal fat using a constant amount of asparagine was measured. Cooking
      oils were also examined for peroxide, anisidine and iodine values (or oxidation
      values). A direct correlation was observed between oxidation values and
      acrylamide formation in different cooking oils. Significantly less acrylamide was
      produced in saturated animal fat than in unsaturated cooking oil, with 366ng/g in
      lard and 211ng/g in ghee versus 2447ng/g in soy oil, followed by palm olein with
      1442ng/g. 

PMID- 27374531
TI  - The textural properties and microstructure of konjac glucomannan - tungsten gels
      induced by DC electric fields.
AB  - Konjac glucomannan - tungsten (KGM-T) gels were successfully prepared under DC
      electric fields, in the presence of sodium tungstate. The textural properties and
      microstructure of the gels were investigated by Texture Analyzer, Rheometer and
      SEM. Based on the response surface methodology (RSM) results, the optimum
      conditions for KGM-T gel springiness is 0.32% sodium tungstate concentration,
      0.54% KGM concentration, 24.66V voltage and 12.37min treatment time. Under these
      conditions, the maximum springiness value of KGM-T gel is 1.21mm. Steady flow
      measurement indicated that KGM-T gel showed characteristic non-Newtonian
      pseudoplastic behaviour, with low flow behaviour indexes in the shear thinning
      region. SEM demonstrated the porosity of the freeze-dried samples. These findings
      may pave the way to use DC electric fields for the design and development of KGM
      gels and to apply KGM gels for practical applications. 

PMID- 27374530
TI  - (Poly)phenolic fingerprint and chemometric analysis of white (Morus alba L.) and
      black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry leaves by using a non-targeted UHPLC-MS approach.
AB  - This study reports the (poly)phenolic fingerprinting and chemometric
      discrimination of leaves of eight mulberry clones from Morus alba and Morus nigra
      cultivated in Spain. UHPLC-MS(n) (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography
      Mass Spectrometry) high-throughput analysis allowed the tentative identification
      of a total of 31 compounds. The phenolic profile of mulberry leaf was
      characterized by the presence of a high number of flavonol derivatives, mainly
      glycosylated forms of quercetin and kaempferol. Caffeoylquinic acids, simple
      phenolic acids, and some organic acids were also detected. Seven compounds were
      identified for the first time in mulberry leaves. The chemometric analysis
      (cluster analysis and principal component analysis) of the chromatographic data
      allowed the characterization of the different mulberry clones and served to
      explain the great intraspecific variability in mulberry secondary metabolism.
      This screening of the complete phenolic profile of mulberry leaves can assist the
      increasing interest for purposes related to quality control, germplasm screening,
      and bioactivity evaluation. 

PMID- 27374532
TI  - Microencapsulation of canola oil by lentil protein isolate-based wall materials.
AB  - The overall goal was to encapsulate canola oil using a mixture of lentil protein
      isolate and maltodextrin with/without lecithin and/or sodium alginate by spray
      drying. Initially, emulsion and microcapsule properties as a function of oil (20%
      30%), protein (2%-8%) and maltodextrin concentration (9.5%-18%) were
      characterized by emulsion stability, droplet size, viscosity, surface oil and
      entrapment efficiency. Microcapsules with 20% oil, 2% protein and 18%
      maltodextrin were shown to have the highest entrapment efficiency, and selected
      for further re-design using different preparation conditions and wall ingredients
      (lentil protein isolate, maltodextrin, lecithin and/or sodium alginate). The
      combination of the lentil protein, maltodextrin and sodium alginate represented
      the best wall material to produce microcapsules with the highest entrapment
      efficiency (~88%). The lentil protein-maltodextrin-alginate microcapsules showed
      better oxidative stability and had a stronger wall structure than the lentil
      protein-maltodextrin microcapsules. 

PMID- 27374533
TI  - A new kinetic model of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from
      Chinese chive.
AB  - Chinese chive, a famous green vegetable, is widely cultivated in the Asia. In the
      present study, we found that ultrasound caused the degradation of Chinese chive
      polysaccharides (CCP) in the process of extraction. Since lacking the
      consideration of polysaccharide degradation, the traditional kinetic models can
      not reflect the real extraction process of CCP. Therefore, a modified kinetic
      model was thus established by introducing a parameter of degradation coefficient
      based on the Fick's second law, suggesting the diffusion and degradation of CCP
      is highly dependent on the ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and solid
      liquid ratio. According to this modified model, the maximum CCP yield was
      obtained under an optimal extraction condition including extraction temperature
      37 degrees C, ultrasonic power 458 w, extraction time 30min and solid-liquid
      ratio 1:32. The objective polysaccharides responding to ultrasound were shown to
      be four different fractions, contributing to the increased diffusion and
      degradation of CCP by ultrasound treatment. 

PMID- 27374534
TI  - Spent coffee grounds, an innovative source of colonic fermentable compounds,
      inhibit inflammatory mediators in vitro.
AB  - Spent coffee grounds (SCG), rich in dietary fiber can be fermented by colon
      microbiota producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with the ability to prevent
      inflammation. We investigated SCG anti-inflammatory effects by evaluating its
      composition, phenolic compounds, and fermentability by the human gut flora, SCFAs
      production, nitric oxide and cytokine expression of the human gut fermented
      unabsorbed-SCG (hgf-NDSCG) fraction in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. SCG
      had higher total fiber content compared with coffee beans. Roasting
      level/intensity reduced total phenolic contents of SCG that influenced its
      colonic fermentation. Medium roasted hgf-NDSCG produced elevated SCFAs (61:22:17,
      acetate, propionate and butyrate) after prolonged (24h) fermentation, suppressed
      NO production (55%) in macrophages primarily by modulating IL-10, CCL-17, CXCL9,
      IL-1beta, and IL-5 cytokines. SCG exerts anti-inflammatory activity, mediated by
      SCFAs production from its dietary fiber, by reducing the release of inflammatory
      mediators, providing the basis for SCG use in the control/regulation of
      inflammatory disorders. The results support the use of SGC in the food industry
      as dietary fiber source with health benefits. 

PMID- 27374535
TI  - Selection of grapevine leaf varieties for culinary process based on phytochemical
      composition and antioxidant properties.
AB  - Grapevine leaves are an abundant sub-product of vineyards which is devalued in
      many regions. The objective of this work is to study the antioxidant activity and
      phytochemical composition of ten grapevine leaf varieties (four red varieties:
      Tinta Amarela, Tinta Roriz, Touriga Franca, and Touriga Nacional; and six white
      varieties: Codega do Larinho, Fernao Pires, Gouveio, Malvasia Fina, Rabigato, and
      Viosinho) to select varieties to be used as food ingredients. White grapevine
      leaves revealed higher antioxidant potential. Malvasia Fina reported better
      antioxidant properties contrasting with Touriga Franca. Phenolic content varied
      between 112 and 150mgGAEg(-1) of extract (gallic acid equivalents),
      hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonols varied between 76 and 108mgCAEg(
      1) of extract (caffeic acid equivalents) and 39 and 54mgQEg(-1) of extract
      (quercetin equivalents). Malvasia Fina is a good candidate for culinary treatment
      due to its antioxidant properties and composition in bioactive compounds. 

PMID- 27374536
TI  - Authentication of Italian PDO lard using NIR spectroscopy, volatile profile and
      fatty acid composition combined with chemometrics.
AB  - This study analysed the usefulness of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), combined
      with volatile compound (VOC) and fatty acid (FA) analyses, for the authentication
      of the unique Italian Valle d'Aosta Arnad Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
      lard. Ensuring the authenticity of high value meat products remains an emerging
      topic within the food sector. This study validated a FA, VOC and NIRS model for
      use in the authentication of Arnad PDO lard. The model showed a high potential
      rate to recognize patterns in lard samples. In particular the sensitivity and
      specificity calibration values were both 100%, and cross-validation models were
      performed using FAs and VOCs separately. The NIRS model obtained sensitivity and
      specificity values of 98.2% in the calibration data set, and 94.4% in the cross
      validation step. This analytical approach may represent an effective tool to
      prevent food fraud, which is crucial for meat derived products with a high
      commercial value. 

PMID- 27374537
TI  - Structural and physicochemical characterization of Sphenostylis stenocarpa
      (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms tuber starch.
AB  - Several characteristics of African Yam Bean tuber starch (AYB) were studied and
      compared with that of a well-known native potato starch (P). The diameter of AYB
      granules ranged from 5.7MU to 49MU with a median at 19.5MU. During its pasting,
      AYB exhibited a low peak of viscosity in accordance with its low granules
      swelling and disintegration capacity. The gelatinization temperature of AYB was
      75.2 degrees C while that of P was 60.4 degrees C. AYB was observed to be more
      stable during thermo-gravimetrical Analysis. Its degradation peak was observed at
      308 degrees C while that of P was 303 degrees C. The X-ray diffraction analysis
      revealed that AYB belongs to the A-type crystalline group instead of C-type as
      claimed for several legumes starches. The stability of AYB and its capacity to
      structure starch-water systems make this resource an interesting ingredient for
      new food and non-food products. 

PMID- 27374538
TI  - Effect of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal treatment on the IgE binding capacity and structure
      of shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) tropomyosin.
AB  - Lipid peroxidation can react with free amines of proteins and induce modification
      of structural and functional properties. This study presents the IgE binding
      capacity and structural changes of shrimp tropomyosin (TM) under oxidative stress
      with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). IgE binding capacity was evaluated with the dot
      blot assay and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A decrease in IgE
      binding capacity of TM was found with 0.01mM HNE treatment, which was more
      significant when the HNE concentration was increased to 0.5mM. The conformational
      changes of TM, as characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism
      spectroscopy and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, correlated well with IgE
      binding capacity changes. Further LC-ESI-MS/MS analyses showed that the side
      chain groups of alanine, leucine, lysine and histidine had been modified by HNE.
      These results suggested that the HNE-induced conformational changes of TM
      significantly influenced its allergenicity and that these changes were caused by
      the modification of specific amino acids residues. 

PMID- 27374539
TI  - Stability of polyphenols in chokeberry juice treated with gas phase plasma.
AB  - Chokeberry juice was subjected to cold atmospheric gas phase plasma and changes
      in hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins were monitored. Plasma
      treatments were carried out under different treatment times and juice volumes
      under constant gas flow (0.75dm(3)min(-1)). The results were compared against
      control (untreated) and pasteurized chokeberry juice (80 degrees C/2min). During
      pasteurization, the most unstable were hydroxycinnamic acids with losses of up to
      59%, while flavonols and anthocyanins increased by 5% and 9%, respectively. On
      the contrary, plasma treated chokeberry juice showed higher concentrations of
      hydroxycinnamic acids and 23% loss of anthocyanins in comparison to untreated
      juice. In order to obtain the optimal cold plasma treatment parameters principal
      component and sensitivity analysis were used. Such parameters can be potentially
      used for pasteurization in terms of phenolic stability of chokeberry juice.
      Optimal treatment was at 4.1min and sample volume of 3cm(3). 

PMID- 27374540
TI  - Effect of xanthan/enzyme-modified guar gum mixtures on the stability of whey
      protein isolate stabilized fish oil-in-water emulsions.
AB  - The effect of xanthan gum (XG) and enzyme-modified guar (EMG) gum mixtures on the
      physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of 2wt% whey protein isolate
      (WPI) stabilized oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing 20%v/v fish oil was
      investigated. EMG was obtained by hydrolyzing native guar gum using alpha
      galactosidase enzyme. At higher gum concentrations (0.2 and 0.3wt%), the
      viscosity of the emulsions containing XG/EMG gum mixtures was significantly
      higher (P<0.05) of all emulsions. Increasing concentrations (0-0.3wt%) of XG/EMG
      gum mixtures did not affect the droplet size of emulsions. Microstructure images
      revealed decreased flocculation at higher concentrations. Primary and secondary
      lipid oxidation measurements indicated a slower rate of oxidation in emulsions
      containing XG/EMG gum mixtures, compared to XG, guar (GG), and XG/GG gum
      mixtures. These results indicate that XG/EMG gum mixtures can be used in O/W
      emulsions to increase physical and oxidative stabilities of polyunsaturated fatty
      acids in foods. 

PMID- 27374541
TI  - Changes in collagenous tissue microstructures and distributions of cathepsin L in
      body wall of autolytic sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus).
AB  - The autolysis of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) was induced by ultraviolet
      (UV) irradiation, and the changes of microstructures of collagenous tissues and
      distributions of cathepsin L were investigated using histological and
      histochemical techniques. Intact collagen fibers in fresh S. japonicus dermis
      were disaggregated into collagen fibrils after UV stimuli. Cathepsin L was
      identified inside the surface of vacuoles in the fresh S. japonicus dermis cells.
      After the UV stimuli, the membranes of vacuoles and cells were fused together,
      and cathepsin L was released from cells and diffused into tissues. The density of
      cathepsin L was positively correlated with the speed and degree of autolysis in
      different layers of body wall. Our results revealed that lysosomal cathepsin L
      was released from cells in response to UV stimuli, which contacts and degrades
      the extracellular substrates such as collagen fibers, and thus participates in
      the autolysis of S. japonicus. 

PMID- 27374542
TI  - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of rice kernels and flours:
      Measurement of surface chemical composition.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability of X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy (XPS) to differentiate rice macromolecules and to calculate the
      surface composition of rice kernels and flours. The uncooked kernels and flours
      surface composition of the two selected rice varieties, Thadokkham-11 (TDK11) and
      Doongara (DG) demonstrated an over-expression of lipids and proteins and an under
      expression of starch compared to the bulk composition. The results of the study
      showed that XPS was able to differentiate rice polysaccharides (mainly starch),
      proteins and lipids in uncooked rice kernels and flours. Nevertheless, it was
      unable to distinguish components in cooked rice samples possibly due to complex
      interactions between gelatinized starch, denatured proteins and lipids. High
      resolution imaging methods (Scanning Electron Microscopy and Confocal Laser
      Scanning Microscopy) were employed to obtain complementary information about the
      properties and location of starch, proteins and lipids in rice kernels and
      flours. 

PMID- 27374543
TI  - Simultaneous determination of diaveridine, trimethoprim and ormetoprim in feed
      using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - This study developed and validated a simple and reliable method for detecting and
      quantifying DVD, TMP and OMP in feed using dichloromethane extraction followed by
      HPLC-MS/MS. A matrix effect evaluation was performed using the post-extraction
      spiking method, and levels were less than +/-15% in all three feeds with their
      corresponding concentrations. LOD and LOQ, CCalpha and CCbeta were 20MUgkg(-1)
      and 40MUgkg(-1), 8.68-15.55MUgkg(-1) and 10.61-18.92MUgkg(-1) for all analytes,
      respectively. Calibration curves were linear for DVD, TMP and OMP with R(2)?0.990
      and r?0.995, respectively. Recoveries of low, medium and high concentrations
      using the proposed method ranged from 74.4 to 105.2%. Repeatability and within
      laboratory reproducibility were <7.4% (RSD). The chosen seven factors had no a
      significant influence on robustness. The method showed good performance when it
      was applied to analyze other laboratory-prepared or actual feed samples. 

PMID- 27374544
TI  - Combination of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio and light stable isotopic values
      (delta(13)C, delta(15)N and deltaD) for identifying the geographical origin of
      winter wheat in China.
AB  - This study aims to investigate whether isotopic signatures can be used to develop
      reliable fingerprints for discriminating the geographical origin of Chinese
      winter wheat, and to evaluate the discrimination effects of delta(13)C,
      delta(15)N and deltaD, alone or with (87)Sr/(86)Sr. In this study, the values of
      delta(13)C, delta(15)N and deltaD, and the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios of wheat and
      provenance soils from three regions were determined. Significant differences were
      found in all parameters of wheat and (87)Sr/(86)Sr in soil extract (reflecting
      the bioavailable fraction of soil) among different regions. A significantly
      positive correlation was observed between the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios of wheat and
      soil extracts. An overall correct classification rate of 77.8% was obtained for
      discriminating wheat from three regions based on light stable isotopes
      (delta(13)C, delta(15)N, and deltaD). The correct classification rate of 98.1%
      could be obtained with the combination of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratio and the light
      stable isotopic values. 

PMID- 27374545
TI  - Sensory evaluation, physicochemical properties and aroma-active profiles in a
      diverse collection of Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) cultivars.
AB  - The present study aimed to differentiate the flavor (taste and odor) profiles of
      11 Chinese bayberry cultivars (Myrica rubra). The physicochemical analysis for
      taste indicated the bayberry cultivars were quite different in soluble sugars,
      organic acids, color, total phenolics and anthocyanin contents. Sucrose was the
      main soluble sugar in bayberry fruit. Principal component analysis (PCA) of
      physicochemical properties indicated bayberries could be divided into 5 groups,
      and the Bi qi cultivar contained the highest brix/acid ratio demonstrating the
      sweetest taste. PCA of aroma-active profile for odor (analyzed by SPME-GC-MS-O)
      indicated bayberries could be divided into 3 groups: alpha-pinene ("pine" odor)
      for group 1 (four cultivars), beta-caryophyllene and isocaryophyllene ("woody"
      odor) for group 2 (six cultivars), and ethyl acetate ("overripe" odor) for group
      3 (one cultivar). Our research on the physicochemical and active-aroma of 11
      bayberry cultivars will help to select suitable cultivars to increase consumer
      satisfaction. 

PMID- 27374546
TI  - Investigation of the effect of UV-LED exposure conditions on the production of
      vitamin D in pig skin.
AB  - The dietary intake of vitamin D is currently below the recommended intake of 10
      20MUg vitamin D/day. Foods with increased content of vitamin D or new products
      with enhanced vitamin D are warranted. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are a
      potential new resource in food production lines. In the present study the
      exposure conditions with ultraviolet (UV) LEDs were systematically investigated
      in the wavelength range 280-340nm for achieving optimal vitamin D bio
      fortification in pig skin. A wavelength of 296nm was found to be optimal for
      vitamin D3 production. The maximum dose of 20kJ/m(2) produced 3.5-4MUg vitamin
      D3/cm(2) pig skin. Vitamin D3 produced was independent on the combination of time
      and intensity of the LED source. The increased UV exposure by UV-LEDs may be
      readily implemented in existing food production facilities, without major
      modifications to the process or processing equipment, for bio-fortifying food
      products containing pork skin. 

PMID- 27374547
TI  - Potential application of machine vision technology to saffron (Crocus sativus L.)
      quality characterization.
AB  - Saffron quality characterization is an important issue in the food industry and
      of interest to the consumers. This paper proposes an expert system based on the
      application of machine vision technology for characterization of saffron and
      shows how it can be employed in practical usage. There is a correlation between
      saffron color and its geographic location of production and some chemical
      attributes which could be properly used for characterization of saffron quality
      and freshness. This may be accomplished by employing image processing techniques
      coupled with multivariate data analysis for quantification of saffron properties.
      Expert algorithms can be made available for prediction of saffron characteristics
      such as color as well as for product classification. 

PMID- 27374548
TI  - Enzyme-assisted extraction of phenolics from winemaking by-products: Antioxidant
      potential and inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and lipase activities.
AB  - Phenolics in food and agricultural processing by-products exist in the soluble
      and insoluble-bound forms. The ability of selected enzymes in improving the
      extraction of insoluble-bound phenolics from the starting material (experiment I)
      or the residues containing insoluble-bound phenolics (experiment II) were
      evaluated. Pronase and Viscozyme improved the extraction of insoluble-bound
      phenolics as evaluated by total phenolic content, antioxidant potential as
      determined by ABTS and DPPH assays, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity,
      reducing power as well as evaluation of inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and
      lipase activities. Viscozyme released higher amounts of gallic acid, catechin,
      and prodelphinidin dimer A compared to Pronase treatment. Furthermore, p-coumaric
      and caffeic acids, as well as procyanidin dimer B, were extracted with Viscozyme
      but not with Pronase treatment. Solubility plays an important role in the
      bioavailability of phenolic compounds, hence this study may assist in better
      exploitation of phenolics from winemaking by-products as functional food
      ingredients and/or supplements. 

PMID- 27374549
TI  - Application of cavitation system to accelerate aqueous enzymatic extraction of
      seed oil from Cucurbita pepo L. and evaluation of hypoglycemic effect.
AB  - Cavitation-accelerated aqueous enzymatic extraction (CAEE) of seed oil from
      Cucurbita pepo was performed. An enzyme cocktail comprised of cellulose,
      pectinase and proteinase can work synergistically in releasing the oil. The CAEE
      extraction conditions were optimized by a Plackett-Burman design followed by a
      central composite methodology. A maximal extraction yield of 58.06% was achieved
      under optimal conditions of vacuum degree -0.07, enzyme amount 1.05% and
      extraction time 69min. As compared to soxhlet extraction (SE)-derived oil, CAEE
      derived oil exhibited similar physical properties and better oxidation stability.
      In addition, chemical composition analyzing showed that the content of linoleic
      acid obtained by CAEE (47.67%) was higher than that of SE (44.51%). Moreover, the
      IC50 of oil obtained by CAEE and SE, as measured by alpha-amylase inhibition
      assay, were 40.68MUg/mL and 45.46MUg/mL. All results suggest that CAEE represents
      an excellent alternative protocol for production of oil from oil-bearing
      materials. 

PMID- 27374550
TI  - Effects of domestic processing methods on the phytochemical content of watercress
      (Nasturtium officinale).
AB  - The impact of conventional cooking and processing methods on total phenols,
      antioxidant activity, carotenoids and glucosinolates of watercress was evaluated.
      Boiling significantly decreases phenolic content, antioxidant activity and
      recoverable glucosinolates, however it increases the carotenoid concentrations of
      watercress as compared to the raw vegetable. Cooking by microwaving and steaming
      maintains the majority of phytochemicals in comparison to the fresh material,
      suggesting that they should be used as the preferred methods of watercress
      preparation. Boiling of watercress should be avoided to ensure maximum ingestion
      of watercress-derived beneficial phytochemicals. 

PMID- 27374551
TI  - Identification of multi-insecticide residues using GC-NPD and the degradation
      kinetics of chlorpyrifos in sweet corn and soils.
AB  - Because more than one insecticide is applied to crops to protect plants from
      pests, an analytical multi-residue determination method was developed using gas
      chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). The retention time
      for 12 insecticides was 3.7-27.7min. Under the selected conditions, the limits of
      detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were below the maximum residue limits
      (MRLs) and in the range of 0.00315-0.05MUgmL(-1) and 0.01-0.165MUgmL(-1),
      respectively. Using GC-NPD, we investigated the dissipation dynamics and final
      residual levels of chlorpyrifos in sweet corn and soil and determined that the
      half-lives was 4-7days, that is, that chlorpyrifos is safe to use on sweet corn
      with a pre-harvest interval of 16-22days before harvest. These results provide
      new insights into chlorpyrifos degradation in plants and its environmental
      behavior. 

PMID- 27374552
TI  - Soil and foliar zinc biofortification in field pea (Pisum sativum L.): Grain
      accumulation and bioavailability in raw and cooked grains.
AB  - To evaluate the potential of cooked field peas to be used in Zn biofortification
      programs, all combinations of soil Zn application of 0, 4 and 8mgZnSO4.7H2Okg(-1)
      and foliar Zn application of 0 and two sprays of 0.25% or 0.5% (w/v) ZnSO4.7H2O
      before flowering and at early grain-filling stage were tested. Soil Zn
      application increased Zn-DTPA concentration 3.7- to 5.6-times depending on the Zn
      soil treatments. Grain Zn concentrations higher than 60mgZnkg(-1) were obtained
      with all foliar Zn applications, alone or in combination with soil Zn
      applications, and grain Zn bioavailability was adequate (phytate:Zn ratios lower
      than 15). Processing (freezing and cooking) caused a decrease of about 30% in
      grain Zn concentration and a 17%-increase in phytate:Zn ratios (to ?9.5). The
      combined application of 8mgZnSO4.7H2Okg(-1) soil+0.25% (w/v) ZnSO4.7H2O foliarly
      could be a good option for biofortifying field peas. 

PMID- 27374553
TI  - Multispectroscopic and docking studies on the binding of chlorogenic acid isomers
      to human serum albumin: Effects of esteryl position on affinity.
AB  - Structural differences among various dietary polyphenols affect their absorption,
      metabolism, and bioactivities. In this work, chlorogenic acid (CA) and its two
      positional isomers, neochlorogenic acid (NCA) and cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA),
      were investigated for their binding reactions with human serum albumin (HSA)
      using fluorescence, ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared and circular
      dichroism spectroscopies, as well as molecular docking. All three isomers were
      bound to HSA at Sudlow's site I and affected the protein secondary structure. CCA
      presented the strongest ability of hydrogen-bond formation, and both CA and NCA
      generated more electrostatic interactions with HSA. The albumin-binding capacity
      of these compounds decreased in the order CCA>NCA>CA. The compound with 4-esteryl
      structure showed higher binding affinity and larger conformational changes to HSA
      than that with 3- or 5-esteryl structures. These comparative studies on structure
      affinity relationship contributed to the structural modification and design of
      phenolic food additives or new polyphenol-like drugs. 

PMID- 27374554
TI  - Morinda citrifolia leaf enhanced performance by improving angiogenesis,
      mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory & stress responses.
AB  - Morinda citrifolia fruit, (noni), enhanced performances in athletes and post
      menopausal women in clinical studies. This report shows the edible noni leaves
      water extract enhances performance in a weight-loaded swimming animal model
      better than the fruit or standardized green tea extract. The 4weeks study showed
      the extract (containing scopoletin and epicatechin) progressively prolonged the
      time to exhaustion by threefold longer than the control, fruit or tea extract.
      The extract improved (i) the mammalian antioxidant responses (MDA, GSH and SOD2
      levels), (ii) tissue nutrient (glucose) and metabolite (lactate) management,
      (iii) stress hormone (cortisol) regulation; (iv) neurotransmitter (dopamine,
      noradrenaline, serotonin) expressions, transporter or receptor levels, (v) anti
      inflammatory (IL4 & IL10) responses; (v) skeletal muscle angiogenesis (VEGFA) and
      (v) energy and mitochondrial biogenesis (via PGC, UCP3, NRF2, AMPK, MAPK1, and
      CAMK4). The ergogenic extract helped delay fatigue by enhancing energy
      production, regulation and efficiency, which suggests benefits for physical
      activities and disease recovery. 

PMID- 27374555
TI  - Granular size of potato starch affects structural properties, octenylsuccinic
      anhydride modification and flowability.
AB  - Native potato starch (PS) granules were separated into three size fractions:
      larger than 30MUm (P-L), 15-30MUm (P-M), and smaller than 15MUm (P-S). The
      morphological and crystalline structure of fractionated potato starches were
      investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction
      (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The P-L fraction showed
      ellipsoidal shape and B-type X-ray pattern, whereas the P-S fraction had
      spherical shape and A-type pattern. The fluorophore-assisted capillary
      electrophoresis data showed that the P-L fraction had more B2 chains and less
      short A and B1 chains than the P-S counterparts. Smaller granules with larger
      specific surface area had higher degree of substitution when reacted with
      octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA), and showed more uniform distribution of
      octenylsuccinate substituents. Both OSA modified and unmodified P-S samples
      showed higher flowability compared with the P-L counterparts. 

PMID- 27374556
TI  - Improvement of the stability and activity of immobilized trypsin on modified
      Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin and its
      application in the bovine milk.
AB  - Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) was successfully immobilized on the surface of Fe3O4
      magnetic nanoparticles that had been pre-treated with gallic acid (GA).
      Measurements of protein load by using Bradford assay and the trypsin-catalyzed
      hydrolysis of Nalpha-Benzoyl-dl-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride (BApNA)
      were made for the immobilized enzyme. By using magnetic nanoparticles, which
      provides easy separation and decent support material for enzyme immobilization
      with high surface area to volume ratio, and by employing biocompatible material
      gallic acid, immobilized enzyme system was synthesized along with improving
      trypsin activity and stability. Immobilized trypsin (TR) was more stable than the
      free one and demonstrated higher enzymatic activity at elevated temperatures (45
      55 degrees C) and in the alkaline pH region (6-10.5). Fe3O4 NPs-GA-TR retained
      92% of its initial activity after 120days of storage at 4 degrees C in sodium
      phosphate buffer (0.1M, pH 7.5), whereas the free trypsin maintained about 64% of
      its initial activity during the same storage period. In addition, activity of the
      immobilized trypsin was preserved 54.5% of its initial activity after eight times
      successive reuse. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic constant (Km) and maximum reaction
      velocity (Vmax) for free trypsin were 5.1mM and 23mM/min, respectively, whereas
      Km and Vmax values of immobilized trypsin were 7.88mM and 18.3mM/min,
      respectively. The performance of the immobilized trypsin was demonstrated by
      carrying out the hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin (BSA) within 1h, and the
      assay was performed by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
      technique. The hydrolysis of bovine milk as a real food was investigated by
      immobilized trypsin using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). 

PMID- 27374557
TI  - Chemical morphology of Areca nut characterized directly by Fourier transform near
      infrared and mid-infrared microspectroscopic imaging in reflection modes.
AB  - Fourier transform near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) imaging techniques
      are essential tools to characterize the chemical morphology of plant. The
      transmission imaging mode is mostly used to obtain easy-to-interpret spectra with
      high signal-to-noise ratio. However, the native chemical compositions and
      physical structures of plant samples may be altered when they are microtomed for
      the transmission tests. For the direct characterization of thick plant samples,
      the combination of the reflection NIR imaging and the attenuated total reflection
      (ATR) MIR imaging is proposed in this research. First, the reflection NIR imaging
      method can explore the whole sample quickly to find out typical regions in small
      sizes. Next, each small typical region can be measured by the ATR-MIR imaging
      method to reveal the molecular structures and spatial distributions of compounds
      of interest. As an example, the chemical morphology of Areca nut section is
      characterized directly by the above approach. 

PMID- 27374558
TI  - Optimization extraction of polysaccharide from Tunisian Zizyphus lotus fruit by
      response surface methodology: Composition and antioxidant activity.
AB  - Response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize
      extraction temperature, extraction time and ratio of water to material to obtain
      a maximum polysaccharide yield with high uronic acid content and antioxidant
      property from edible Zizyphus lotus fruit. The optimal conditions were:
      extraction time of 3h 15min, extraction temperature of 91.2 degrees C and water
      to solid ratio of 39mL/g. Under these conditions, the experimental extraction
      yield, uronic acid content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging ability
      (IC50) were 18.88%, 41.89 and 0.518mg/mL, respectively. Chemical analysis
      revealed that the extract was composed of 97.92% carbohydrate of which 41.89% is
      uronic acid. The extracted polysaccharides, with an average molecular weight of
      2720kDa, are composed of arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, fructose, galactose and
      xylose. Moreover, the polysaccharides exhibited a significant reducing power and
      anti-lipid peroxidation activities. 

PMID- 27374559
TI  - Encapsulation of curcumin in cyclodextrin-metal organic frameworks: Dissociation
      of loaded CD-MOFs enhances stability of curcumin.
AB  - Curcumin has been successfully encapsulated in cyclodextrin-metal organic
      frameworks (CD-MOFs) without altering their crystallinity. The interaction
      between curcumin and CD-MOFs is strong through hydrogen bond type interaction
      between the OH group of cyclodextrin of CD-MOFs and the phenolic hydroxyl group
      of the curcumin. Interestingly, dissolving the curcumin loaded CD-MOFs crystals
      in water results in formation of a unique complex between curcumin, gammaCD and
      potassium cations. In fact, the initial interaction between curcumin and CD-MOF
      is crucial for the formation of the latter. This new complex formed in alkaline
      media at pH 11.5 has maximum absorbance at 520nm and emittance at 600nm. Most
      importantly, the stability of curcumin in this complex was enhanced by at least 3
      orders of magnitude compared to free curcumin and curcumin:gamma-CD at pH 11.5.
      These results suggest a promising benign system of CD-MOFs, which can be used to
      store and stabilize curcumin for food applications. 

PMID- 27374560
TI  - Quantifying biochemical quality parameters in carrots (Daucus carota L.) - FT
      Raman spectroscopy as efficient tool for rapid metabolite profiling.
AB  - Application of FT-Raman spectroscopy for simultaneous quantification of
      carotenoids, carbohydrates, polyacetylenes and phenylpropanoids with high
      bioactive potential was investigated in storage roots of Daucus carota. Within
      single FT-Raman experiment carbohydrates, carotenoids, and polyacetylenes could
      be reliably quantified with high coefficients of determination of R(2)>0.91. The
      most abundant individual representatives of each compound class could be
      quantified with comparably high quality resulting in R(2)=0.97 and 0.96 for alpha
      carotene and beta-carotene, in R(2)=0.90 for falcarindiol (FaDOH), R(2)=0.99,
      0.98 and 0.96 for fructose, glucose and sucrose. In contrast, application of FT
      Raman spectroscopy for quantification of two laserine-type phenylpropanoids was
      investigated but failed due to low concentration and Raman response. Furthermore,
      evaluation of metabolic profiles by principle component analysis (PCA) revealed
      metabolic variety of carrot root composition depending on root color and
      botanical relationship. 

PMID- 27374561
TI  - Influence of Tunisian aromatic plants on the prevention of oxidation in soybean
      oil under heating and frying conditions.
AB  - The aim of this study was to improve the oxidative stability of soybean oil by
      using aromatic plants. Soybean oil flavored with rosemary (ROS) and soybean oil
      flavored with thyme (THY) were subjected to heating for 24h at 180 degrees C. The
      samples were analyzed every 6h for their total polar compounds, anisidine values,
      oxidative stability and polyphenols content. The tocopherols content was
      determined and volatile compounds were also analyzed. After 24h of heating, the
      incorporation of these plants using a maceration process reduced the polar
      compounds by 69% and 71% respectively, in ROS and THY compared to the control.
      Until 6h of heating, the ROS kept the greatest oxidative stability. The use of
      the two extracts preserves approximately 50% of the total tocopherols content
      until 18h for the rosemary and 24h for the thyme flavored oils. Volatile
      compounds known for their antioxidant activity were also detected in the
      formulated oils. Aromatic plants added to the soybean oil improved the overall
      acceptability of potato crisps (p<0.05) until the fifteenth frying. 

PMID- 27374562
TI  - Elemental profiling and geographical differentiation of Ethiopian coffee samples
      through inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), ICP
      mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and direct mercury analyzer (DMA).
AB  - This study was aimed to establish the elemental profiling and provenance of
      coffee samples collected from eleven major coffee producing regions of Ethiopia.
      A total of 129 samples were analyzed for forty-five elements using inductively
      coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectroscopy (OES), ICP-mass spectrometry
      (MS) and direct mercury analyzer (DMA). Among the macro elements, K showed the
      highest levels whereas Fe was found to have the lowest concentration values. In
      all the samples, Ca, K, Mg, P and S contents were statistically significant
      (p<0.05). Micro elements showed the concentrations order of: Mn>Cu>Sr>Zn>Rb>Ni>B.
      Contents of the trace elements were lower than the permissible standard values.
      Inter-regions differentiation by cluster analysis (CA), linear discriminant
      analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that micro and trace
      elements are the best chemical descriptors of the analyzed coffee samples. 

PMID- 27374563
TI  - Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive by-products and antioxidant
      film containing olive leaf extract.
AB  - The antioxidant activity of olive leaf (OL) and cake (OC) extracts with different
      solvents was evaluated. 70% of aqueous ethanol extract of OL was chosen as the
      most antioxidant extract based on antiradical activity (DPPH) (95.4+/-0.3%) and
      oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) (0.82+/-0.07g equivalent Trolox per g
      of solution) assays. This OL extract was incorporated in two multilayer materials
      consisting of (i) polyethylene/polyethylene (PE/PE) film and (ii)
      polyethylene/paper (PE/P). These multilayers were exposed to a gas stream
      enriched in free radicals to evaluate the scavenging capacity of both materials.
      PE/PE film exhibited the highest scavenging activity of free radicals (78.8%).
      Migration of the phenolic compounds from olive by-products into two simulants was
      performed and demonstrated a non-migrating behavior. The limits of detection and
      quantification for oleuropein were 0.5MUgkg(-1) and 1.7MUgkg(-1) and for Luteolin
      7-O-glucoside 1.3MUgkg(-1) and 4.3MUg kg(-1) respectively. 

PMID- 27374564
TI  - Multiclass pesticide analysis in fruit-based baby food: A comparative study of
      sample preparation techniques previous to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - With the aim to develop a new gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to
      analyze 24 pesticide residues in baby foods at the level imposed by established
      regulation two simple, rapid and environmental-friendly sample preparation
      techniques based on QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, robust and safe)
      were compared - QuEChERS with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)
      and QuEChERS with dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). Both sample
      preparation techniques achieved suitable performance criteria, including
      selectivity, linearity, acceptable recovery (70-120%) and precision (?20%). A
      higher enrichment factor was observed for DLLME and consequently better limits of
      detection and quantification were obtained. Nevertheless, d-SPE provided a more
      effective removal of matrix co-extractives from extracts than DLLME, which
      contributed to lower matrix effects. Twenty-two commercial fruit-based baby food
      samples were analyzed by the developed method, being procymidone detected in one
      sample at a level above the legal limit established by EU. 

PMID- 27374565
TI  - Protective effects of ID331 Triticum monococcum gliadin on in vitro models of the
      intestinal epithelium.
AB  - A growing interest in developing new strategies for preventing coeliac disease
      has motivated efforts to identify cereals with null or reduced toxicity. In the
      current study, we investigate the biological effects of ID331 Triticum monococcum
      gliadin-derived peptides in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Triticum
      aestivum gliadin derived peptides were employed as a positive control. The
      effects on epithelial permeability, zonulin release, viability, and cytoskeleton
      reorganization were investigated. Our findings confirmed that ID331 gliadin did
      not enhance permeability and did not induce zonulin release, cytotoxicity or
      cytoskeleton reorganization of Caco-2 cell monolayers. We also demonstrated that
      ID331 omega-gliadin and its derived peptide omega(105-123) exerted a protective
      action, mitigating the injury of Triticum aestivum gliadin on cell viability and
      cytoskeleton reorganization. These results may represent a new opportunity for
      the future development of innovative strategies to reduce gluten toxicity in the
      diet of patients with gluten intolerance. 

PMID- 27374566
TI  - Investigating the in-vitro and in-vivo flavour release from 21 fresh-cut apples.
AB  - In-vitro and in-vivo flavour release from 21 different apple cultivars was
      studied using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF
      MS) with a focus on the relationship between texture and volatile organic
      compound (VOC) emission. Generally, firm-juicy cultivars had a shorter time to
      first swallow (Tswal) and a higher number of swallows (Nswal), while softer-mealy
      cultivars had a longer Tswal and a lower Nswal. Firm-juicy cultivars containing
      high VOC concentrations had a short time to maximum intensity (Tmax) owing to a
      shorter Tswal and a higher Nswal as juice was released during mastication.
      Swallowing increased VOC flow through the nasal cavity. These results differ from
      previous flavour release studies with gel/gel-like model systems as
      juiciness/release of fluids is not a factor in such matrices. The current study,
      therefore, highlights the benefits of using in-vivo analysis to gain a better
      understanding of flavour release in real food products. 

PMID- 27374567
TI  - New approach to optimize near-infrared spectra with design of experiments and
      determination of milk compounds as influence factors for changing milk over time.
AB  - The optimization of near-infrared spectroscopic parameters was realized via
      design of experiments. With this new approach objectivity can be integrated into
      conventional, rather subjective approaches. The investigated factors are layer
      thickness, number of scans and temperature during measurement. Response variables
      in the full factorial design consisted of absorption intensity, signal-to-noise
      ratio and reproducibility of the spectra. Optimized factorial combinations have
      been found to be 0.5mm layer thickness, 64 scans and 25 degrees C ambient
      temperature for liquid milk measurements. Qualitative analysis of milk indicated
      a strong correlation of environmental factors, as well as the feeding of cattle
      with respect to the change in milk composition. This was illustrated with the aid
      of near-infrared spectroscopy and the previously optimized parameters by
      detection of altered fatty acids in milk, especially by the fatty acid content
      (number of carboxylic functions) and the fatty acid length. 

PMID- 27374568
TI  - Black bean coats: New source of anthocyanins stabilized by beta-cyclodextrin
      copigmentation in a sport beverage.
AB  - Anthocyanin-rich powders and aqueous extracts, with high antioxidant activities,
      were obtained from black bean seed coats and applied to colour a sport beverage.
      Idaho and Otomi bean coats were extracted in water-citric acid 2% (1/50, w/v),
      stirring for 4h at 40 degrees C. Anthocyanins from Idaho and Otomi extracts
      (1.83mg and 1.02mg C3G/g, respectively) were applied to a commercially available
      sport beverage, with and without 2% beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) under light and
      darkness conditions for 10days, and stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C for
      6weeks. At different light and storage conditions, anthocyanin degradation fitted
      a first-order reaction model. All bean coat anthocyanins combined with betaCD
      showed extended half-life (up to 13months), higher D-values (up to 43months) and
      fewer differences in colourimetric properties (lightness, chroma and hue angle)
      under darkness and 4 degrees C conditions. These black bean coat aqueous extracts
      and powders might represent natural alternatives to synthetic colorants,
      ecologically extracted, and with a high antioxidant potential. 

PMID- 27374569
TI  - Improved non-invasive Optical Coherence Tomography detection of different
      engineered nanoparticles in food-mimicking matrices.
AB  - Food industry and regulators require fast and reliable analytical methods for
      quality control. This especially counts for the detection of engineered
      nanomaterials (ENMs) in food products. Respective EU regulation is in force, but
      the development of appropriate methods is still underway. This paper updates the
      scope of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) for ENM/food matrix analysis. A range
      of nanomaterials and composites - Au@SiO2, Ag, Ag@SiO2 and SiO2 - in a simplified
      food matrix was investigated. The earlier finding of linear dependencies between
      concentration in the dispersion and light responses could be reproduced. Being
      able to analyse non-invasively for a relevant industrial compound such as SiO2,
      makes OCT an excellent candidate for screening purposes. 

PMID- 27374570
TI  - Use of response surface methodology for the assessment of changes in the volatile
      composition of Moscato bianco (Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries during ripening.
AB  - The changes in the volatile composition of Moscato bianco grapes were evaluated
      during ripening. Grape berries were sampled for five weeks (16-20  degrees Brix)
      and sorted for each date in ten density classes (1.05-1.12g/cm(3)). The highest
      total concentration of free terpenes was found at 19.3  degrees Brix; however,
      total concentration of the bound fraction increased significantly throughout
      ripening. Response surface methodology was used to assess the simultaneous effect
      of sampling time and berry density on the volatile composition, which was
      satisfactorily fitted to regression models for some key terpene compounds. Total
      free and bound terpenes were more affected by grape density than by sampling
      date. The same behaviour was observed for free and bound linalool and bound
      nerol, whereas the stronger effect of sampling date was exhibited for bound t
      rose oxide, c-rose oxide and geraniol. The results showed that the sampling
      strategy impacted strongly on the aroma quality of berries. 

PMID- 27374571
TI  - Determination of the acid values of edible oils via FTIR spectroscopy based on
      the OH stretching band.
AB  - A new method for determining the acid values (AVs) of edible oils based on the OH
      stretching band was developed. The oil sample was diluted with carbon
      tetrachloride and was placed in a quartz cuvette with a thickness of 1cm to
      record the FTIR spectrum. The peak at 3535cm(-1), which corresponds to the OH
      stretch of the carboxyl group in free fatty acids, together with the peak valley
      at 3508cm(-1) and the spectral data in the range of 3340-3390cm(-1) were used to
      determine the AV of the edible oil. The excellent linear relationship between the
      AVs measured in this work and those measured using a titration method, with a
      correlation coefficient (R) of 0.9929, indicates that the present procedure can
      be applied as an alternative to the classic method for determining the AVs of
      edible oils. 

PMID- 27374572
TI  - Antioxidative and antihypertensive activities of pig meat before and after
      cooking and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion: Comparison between Italian
      autochthonous pig Suino Nero Lucano and a modern crossbred pig.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare antioxidative and
      antihypertensive activities of Longissimus dorsi muscle from Suino Nero Lucano
      (SNL) and a modern crossbred (CG) pigs, before and after cooking and in vitro
      gastrointestinal digestion. Pig meat showed antioxidative and antihypertensive
      activities, heat treatment decreased the thiols content but at the same time
      increased angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, and in vitro
      gastrointestinal digestion enhanced the biological activity of meat.
      Autochthonous SNL meat showed a higher nutraceutical quality compared to CG meat,
      highlighting a greater potential beneficial physiological effect on human health.
      The results of this study indicate that the pig meat, in particular autochthonous
      pig meat, may be considered a functional food since it is a good source of
      antioxidative and antihypertensive peptides. 

PMID- 27374573
TI  - Stabilization of natural colors and nutraceuticals: Inhibition of anthocyanin
      degradation in model beverages using polyphenols.
AB  - Anthocyanins are widely used as natural colorants in foods, but they are highly
      susceptible to chemical degradation during storage leading to color fading. This
      study examined the potential of natural quillaja saponin and polyphenols
      (vanillin, epigallocatechin gallate, green tea extract, and protocatechualdehyde)
      at inhibiting color fading of anthocyanins in model beverages. The purple carrot
      anthocyanin (0.025%) in model beverages (citric acid, pH 3.0) containing l
      ascorbic acid (0.050%) degraded with a first-order reaction rate during storage
      (40 degrees C/7days in light). The addition of polyphenols (0.2%) delayed color
      fading, with the most notable improvement observed with green tea extract
      addition. The half-life for anthocyanin color fading increased from 2.9 to
      6.7days with green tea extract. Fluorescence quenching measurements showed that
      the green tea extract contained components that interacted with anthocyanins
      probably through hydrophobic interactions. Overall, this study provides valuable
      information about enhancing the stability of anthocyanins in beverage systems
      using polyphenols. 

PMID- 27374574
TI  - Chlorophyll catabolism in olive fruits (var. Arbequina and Hojiblanca) during
      maturation.
AB  - The central reaction of chlorophyll (chl) breakdown pathway occurring during
      olive fruits maturation is the cleavage of the macrocycle pheophorbide a to a
      primary fluorescent chl catabolite (pFCC) and it is catalyzed by two enzymes:
      pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) and red chl catabolite reductase (RCCR). In
      subsequent steps, pFCC is converted to different fluorescent chlorophyll
      catabolites (FCCs) and nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs). This work
      demonstrated that RCCR activity of olive fruits is type II. During the study of
      evolution of PaO and RCCR activities through the olive fruits maturation in two
      varieties: Hojiblanca and Arbequina, a significant increase in PaO and RCCR
      activity was found in ripening stage. In addition, the profile and structure of
      NCCs present in epicarp of this fruit was studied using HPLC/ESI-TOF-MS. Five
      different NCCs were defined and for the first time the enzymatic reactions
      implied in chlorophyll degradations in olive fruits elucidated. 

PMID- 27374575
TI  - Odour characteristics of seafood flavour formulations produced with fish by
      products incorporating EPA, DHA and fish oil.
AB  - Thermal degradation of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids was
      investigated. As a novelty, EPA, DHA or fish oil (FO) were incorporated as omega
      fatty acid sources into model systems containing fish powder produced via
      Maillard reactions. Aroma composition of the resulting products was determined
      and complemented with sensory evaluation. Heating of the oils led to a fast
      decrease of both, EPA and DHA, and to the development of characteristic volatile
      compounds including hexanal, 2,4-heptadienal and 4-heptenal, the most abundant
      being (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal (132+/-44-329+/-122MUmol/g). EPA and DHA addition to
      the model systems increased the concentration of these characteristic volatile
      compounds. However, it did not have a considerable impact on the development of
      characteristic Maillard reaction products, such as pyrazines and some aldehydes.
      Finally, the results of the sensory evaluation illustrated that panellists would
      chose samples fortified with FO as the ones with a more pleasant aroma. 

PMID- 27374576
TI  - Blackberry subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion affords protection
      against Ethyl Carbamate-induced cytotoxicity.
AB  - Ethyl Carbamate (EC) was detected in many fermented foods. Previous studies
      indicated that frequent exposure to ethyl carbamate may increase the risk to
      suffer from cancers. Blackberry is rich in polyphenols and possesses potent
      antioxidant activity. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of
      blackberry homogenates produced before (BH) and after in vitro simulated
      gastrointestinal digestion (BD) on EC-induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells. Our
      results showed that blackberry homogenates after digestion (BD) was more
      effective than that before digestion (BH) in ameliorating EC-induced toxicity in
      Caco-2 cells. Further investigation revealed that BD remarkably attenuated EC
      induced toxicity through restoring mitochondrial function, inhibiting glutathione
      depletion and decreasing overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species.
      Additionally, LC-MS result implied that the better protective capacity of BD may
      be related to the increased content of two anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside and
      cyanidin-3-dioxalyglucoside). Overall, the present study may give implication to
      prevent EC-induced health problem. 

PMID- 27374577
TI  - Quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of Turkish monovarietal olive
      oils regarding stages of olive ripening.
AB  - The aim of this study was to discriminate the extra virgin olive oils (EVOO)
      based on quality characteristics, chemical composition and antioxidant activity
      according to ripening stages of olives. Two different olive varieties (Memecik
      and Gemlik) were obtained at different stages of ripening based on skin color
      (green, purple and black). Quality properties of olive oils; free fatty acidity,
      peroxide value, K232 and K270, purity properties; fatty acid and triacylglycerol
      (TAG) composition and antioxidant compounds like total phenol, carotenoid and
      chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity (oxidative stability, ABTS radical
      scavenging activity) analyses were performed. Higher amount of oleic, linoleic
      and palmitic acids were observed in olive oils. Oleic acid amount of olive oils
      decreased, linoleic acid increased with ripening. The most abundant TAG of olive
      oils were ECN 48, OOO, SLO+POO, ECN 46 and LOO/PLO. Olive oils were clearly
      classified by principal component analysis based on fatty acid and TAG
      composition. 

PMID- 27374578
TI  - Monitoring and determination of sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfamethoxydiazine,
      sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine) in imported Pangasius catfish
      products in Thailand using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - This research aimed to monitor the concentrations of sulfamethoxydiazine (SMD),
      sulfamethazine (SMT), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) in imported
      Pangasius catfish products in Thailand. The residues of the four sulfonamides
      (SAs) were analyzed by extraction process and liquid chromatography coupled with
      tandem mass spectrometry. The highest concentrations found were 10.97ng/g for
      SMD, 6.23ng/g for SMT, 11.13ng/g for SDZ and 245.91ng/g for SMX, which was higher
      than the European Union (EU) standard (100ng/g). Moreover, all samples
      contaminated with SMX also contained SMT, indicating that more than one
      antibiotic was used for production in the country of origin. Because Thai
      standards for antibiotics in food have not been completely set, all contaminated
      discovered would not be considered to be an illegal food, in which antibiotic
      residues may affect human health in the long term. Therefore, antibiotic residues
      in Pangasius catfish products should be continually regulated and monitored. 

PMID- 27374579
TI  - Comparison of the regiospecific distribution from triacylglycerols after chemical
      and enzymatic interesterification of high oleic sunflower oil and fully
      hydrogenated high oleic sunflower oil blend by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic
      resonance.
AB  - The nutritional and organoleptic attributes of oils can proceed via
      interesterification of oils blends catalyzed by enzymes or chemicals. Enzymatic
      interesterification processes are preferred due the regiospecific outcome.
      Traditionally, monitoring of distribution of fatty acids (FA) in glycerol
      backbone is performed by enzymatic and chromatographic methods that are time
      consuming, involving a series of chemical manipulations employing large volumes
      of organic solvents. Alternatively, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C
      NMR) is a fast and reliable technique that could be applied to determine the
      saturated and unsaturated FA distribution of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) present
      in high oleic sunflower oil (SO) and fully hydrogenated high oleic sunflower oil
      (HSO) blends and their interesterification products. The enzymatic
      interesterification was conducted employing the immobilized lipase from
      Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM), the results show that the process was
      not completely regiospecific at sn-1,3 positions, due to the spontaneous acyl
      migration from position sn-2 to sn-1,3. 

PMID- 27374580
TI  - Physicochemical and functional properties of protein isolate produced from
      Australian chia seeds.
AB  - Protein was isolated from Australian chia seeds and converted to powders using
      spray, freeze and vacuum drying methods, to investigate the effect of drying
      methods on physicochemical and functional attributes of chia-seed protein isolate
      (CPI). It was found that there was no significant difference in the proximate
      composition; however vacuum dried CPI (VDCPI) had the highest bulk density and
      oil absorption capacity, whereas spray dried powder (SDCPI) demonstrated the
      highest solubility, water absorption capacity and lowest surface hydrophobicity.
      Solubility of all powders was higher at elevated temperature and alkaline pH.
      Foaming capacity and foam stability of CPI were found to increase with increasing
      pH and protein concentration. SDCPI was the least denatured and VDCPI the most
      denatured, demonstrating the poorest solubility and foaming properties of the
      latter. These findings are expected to be useful in selection of a drying process
      to yield chia seed protein powders with more desirable functionality. 

PMID- 27374581
TI  - Thermal processing effects on peanut allergen Ara h 2 allergenicity in mice and
      its antigenic epitope structure.
AB  - Ara h 2 was purified from peanuts that were thermally treated by various
      processes, including boiling, glycation, frying and roasting. The allergenicity
      of Ara h 2 in Balb/c mice and the influence of thermal processing on the
      structural characteristics, and binding capacity of three core antigenic epitopes
      were studied. The results demonstrated that boiling, glycation and frying induced
      the down-regulation of the allergenicity of Ara h 2 in Balb/c mice, the collapse
      of its tertiary/secondary structure, and a reduction in the core epitope binding
      capacity; roasting showed a comparable allergenicity and the weakest inhibitory
      effect on core epitope binding capacity. These results indicate that thermal
      processing causes alteration of the protein structure and core epitopes of Ara h
      2, and may affect its allergenicity. 

PMID- 27374582
TI  - Effect of heating/reheating of fats/oils, as used by Asian Indians, on trans
      fatty acid formation.
AB  - Heating/frying and reuse of edible fats/oils induces chemical changes such as
      formation of trans fatty acids (TFAs). The aim of this study was to investigate
      the effect of heating/frying on formation of TFAs in fats/oils. Using gas
      chromatography with flame ionisation detector, TFA was estimated in six commonly
      used fat/oils in India (refined soybean oil, groundnut oil, olive oil, rapeseed
      oil, clarified butter, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil), before and after
      subjecting them to heating/frying at 180 degrees C and 220 degrees C. All six
      fats/oils subjected to heating/frying demonstrated an increase in TFAs (p<0.001),
      saturated fatty acids (p<0.001) and decrease in cis-unsaturated fatty acids
      (p<0.001). The absolute increase in TFA content of edible oils (after subjecting
      to heating/reheating) ranged between 2.30+/-0.89g/100g and 4.5+/-1.43g/100g;
      amongst edible fats it ranged between 2.60+/-0.38g/100g and 5.96+/-1.94g/100g.
      There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups (heating
      and frying; p=0.892). Considering the undesirable health effects of TFA,
      appropriate guidelines for heating/re-frying of edible fats/oils by Asian Indians
      should be devised. 

PMID- 27374583
TI  - Microwave-assisted drying of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fruits: Drying
      kinetics, polyphenols, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity, colour and texture.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of hot air convective drying
      (HACD), microwave vacuum drying (MWVD) and their combination (HACD+MWVD) on the
      drying kinetics, colour, total polyphenols, anthocyanins antioxidant capacity and
      texture of frozen/thawed blueberries. Drying resulted in reduction of total
      polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity (69 and 77%, respectively). The
      highest content of total polyphenols was noted after HACD at 90 degrees C. Lower
      air temperature and prolonged exposure to oxygen resulted in greater degradation
      of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. Drying processes caused a significant
      decrease (from 70 to 95%) in the content of anthocyanins. The highest content of
      anthocyanins and the strongest antioxidant capacity was found in blueberries
      dried using HACD at 90 degrees C+MWVD. Among drying methods, HACD at 90 degrees
      C+MWVD satisfied significant requirements for dried fruits i.e. short drying time
      and improved product quality. 

PMID- 27374584
TI  - Effect of pecan phenolics on the release of nitric oxide from murine RAW 264.7
      macrophage cells.
AB  - Inflammation is linked to numerous chronic disease states. Phenolic compounds
      have attracted attention because a number of these compounds possess anti
      inflammatory properties. A phenolic crude extract was prepared from pecans and
      separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography into low- and high-molecular
      weight (LMW/HMW) fractions. Anti-inflammatory properties of these fractions were
      assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. NO and reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) production was monitored after 3 different experimental
      protocols: (1) pre-treatment with Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS); (2) pre-treatment with a pecan crude extract and its fractions; and (3) co
      incubation of LPS with a pecan crude extract and its fractions. The LMW fraction
      displayed a dose-dependent decrease in NO production and a significant decrease
      from the LPS control in ROS production when cells were either co-incubated with
      or pre-treated with LPS. The phenolics were characterized by HPLC to help
      identify those responsible for the observed effect. 

PMID- 27374585
TI  - A highly sensitive impedimetric label free immunosensor for Ochratoxin
      measurement in cocoa beans.
AB  - In this work the development and optimization of an impedimetric label free
      immunosensor for the detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA) is reported. Two antibody
      immobilization methods (oriented and not oriented) were compared highlighting a
      lower limit of detection (5pg/ml) for the not oriented immobilization but a
      closer linear range in contrast to oriented anti-OTA immunosensors which showed
      linearity in the range of 0.01-5ng/mL OTA. The analysis of the Atomic Force
      Microscopy (AFM) images showed two different nanostructures indicating that the
      use of oriented immobilization created a more ordered and highly dense antibody
      surface. Finally the oriented immunosensor was used to quantify OTA in spiked
      cocoa bean samples and the results were compared with those registered with
      competitive ELISA kit. The immunosensor was sensitive to OTA lower than 2MUg/kg
      that represents the lower acceptable limit of OTA established by European
      legislation for the common food products. 

PMID- 27374586
TI  - Antiproliferative activity of buttermilk lipid fractions isolated using food
      grade and non-food grade solvents on human cancer cell lines.
AB  - Buttermilk is a dairy by-product with a high content of milk fat globule
      membranes (MFGMs), whose protein constituents are reported to be
      antiproliferative. Lipids represent about half of the composition of MFGM. The
      aim of this study was to isolate buttermilk lipid fractions and evaluate their
      potential antiproliferative effect. Selective extraction with food grade or non
      food grade solvents was performed. Antiproliferative effectiveness of lipid
      extracts and their neutral and polar fractions was evaluated on nine human cancer
      cell lines. Fractions obtained using food grade ethanol gave a higher yield than
      those obtained using non-food grade solvents, and they effectively inhibited cell
      viability of the cancer cell lines investigated. These fractions, rich in phospho
      and sphingolipids, were strongly antiproliferative against human ovary and colon
      cancer cells. This observation allowed us to hypothesize further analyses aimed
      at promoting the use of buttermilk polar lipid fractions as functional food
      additives. 

PMID- 27374587
TI  - Guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds: Selective supercritical extraction of phenolic
      compounds.
AB  - Approximately 70% of the Brazilian production of guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds
      is absorbed by the beverage industries. Guarana has several pharmacological
      properties: energy stimulant, antimicrobial, chemoprophylactic, antigenotoxic,
      antidepressive, anxiolytic, and anti-amnesic effects. Supercritical carbon
      dioxide extraction of bioactive compounds from guarana seeds was carried out and
      optimized by an orthogonal array design (OA9(3(4))). The factors/levels studied
      were: modifier(s) (ethanol and/or methanol), extraction time (20, 40, and 60min),
      temperature (40, 50, and 60 degrees C), and pressure (100, 200, and 300bar). The
      statistical design was repeated with increasing proportions of modifiers. The
      percentage of modifier used was proportional to the amount of polar compounds
      extracted. The best conditions for the supercritical extraction, based on the
      content of polyphenols, epicatechin/catechin quantification, yield and operating
      cost, proved to be: 40% ethanol:methanol during 40min, under 40 degrees C, and
      100bar. The temperature had a significant effect on the total phenolic content. 

PMID- 27374588
TI  - Preparative separation of grape skin polyphenols by high-speed counter-current
      chromatography.
AB  - To develop an efficient method for large preparation of various individual
      polyphenols from white grape skins (Fernao Pires; Vitis vinifera) by preparative
      high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and preparative-HPLC, an
      optimized preparative HSCCC condition with two-phase solvent system composed of
      Hex-EtOAc-H2O (1:50:50, v/v) was used to separate grape skin polyphenols into
      various fractions. Both the tail-head and head-tail elution modes were used with
      a flow rate of 3.0ml/min and a rotary speed of 950rpm. Afterwards, a preparative
      HPLC separation was applied to isolate individual polyphenols in each of the
      fractions from HSCCC. Total of 7 fractions (Fraction A to G) were obtained from
      grape skin extract by HSCCC. After preparative-HPLC isolation, fifteen individual
      compounds were obtained, most of which presented high yields and purity (all over
      90%). The HSCCC method followed with preparative-HPLC appeared to be convenient
      and economical, constituting an efficient strategy for the isolation of grape
      skin polyphenols. 

PMID- 27374589
TI  - Evolution of protein bound Maillard reaction end-products and free Amadori
      compounds in low lactose milk in presence of fructosamine oxidase I.
AB  - Thermal treatments and storage influence milk quality, particularly in low
      lactose milk as the higher concentration of reducing sugars can lead to the
      increased formation of the Maillard reaction products (MRPs). The control of the
      Amadori products (APs) formation is the key step to mitigate the Maillard
      reaction (MR) in milk. The use of fructosamine oxidases, (Faox) provided
      promising results. In this paper, the effects of Faox I were evaluated by
      monitoring the concentration of free and bound MRPs in low lactose milk during
      shelf life. Results showed that the enzyme reduced the formation of protein-bound
      MRPs down to 79% after six days at 37 degrees C. Faox I lowered the glycation of
      almost all the free amino acids resulting effective on basic and polar amino
      acids. Data here reported corroborate previous findings on the potentiality of
      Faox enzymes in controlling the early stage of the MR in foods. 

PMID- 27374590
TI  - Characterisation of minor components in vegetable oil by comprehensive gas
      chromatography with dual detection.
AB  - The profile of minor compounds, such as alcohols, sterols, free and alkyl fatty
      acids, waxes, etc., was investigated in different vegetable oils by a
      comprehensive gas chromatographic system, coupled with a simultaneous dual
      detection (flame ionisation detector and mass spectrometer) for quantitative and
      qualitative purposes. Such a system generated a unique two-dimensional
      chromatogram to be used as a chemical fingerprint. Multi-level information, due
      not only to a more "comprehensive" preparation technique, but also thanks to the
      exploitation of a more powerful and sensitive analytical determination allowed
      the extrapolation of diagnostic information from the minor components profile of
      different vegetable oils, along with their characteristic profile. Furthermore,
      an admixture of an extra virgin olive oil with a low amount of sunflower and palm
      oils was evaluated, attesting to the powerful diagnostic information provided by
      the proposed approach. 

PMID- 27374591
TI  - Green tea flavour determinants and their changes over manufacturing processes.
AB  - Flavour determinants in tea infusions and their changes during manufacturing
      processes were studied using Camellia sinensis cultivars 'Bai-Sang Cha' ('BAS')
      possessing significant floral scents and 'Fuding-Dabai Cha' ('FUD') with common
      green tea odour. Metabolite profiling based on odour activity threshold revealed
      that 'BAS' contained higher levels of the active odorants beta-ionone, linalool
      and its two oxides, geraniol, epoxylinalool, decanal and taste determinant
      catechins than 'FUD' (p<0.05). Enhanced transcription of some terpenoid and
      catechin biosynthetic genes in 'BAS' suggested genetically enhanced production of
      those flavour compounds. Due to manufacturing processes, the levels of linalool
      and geraniol decreased whereas those of beta-ionone, linalool oxides, indole and
      cis-jasmone increased. Compared with pan-fire treatment, steam treatment reduced
      the levels of catechins and proportion of geraniol, linalool and its derivatives,
      consequently, reducing catechin-related astringency and monoterpenol-related
      floral scent. Our study suggests that flavour determinant targeted modulation
      could be made through genotype and manufacturing improvements. 

PMID- 27374592
TI  - In-vitro digestibility, rheology, structure, and functionality of RS3 from oat
      starch.
AB  - Starches isolated from three different varieties of oat were modified with dual
      autoclaving-retrogradation treatment to make modified food starches with high
      contents of type 3 resistant starch (RS3). FT-IR spectroscopy showed increase in
      the ratio of intensity of 1047cm(-1)/1022cm(-1) on treatment. Morphology of the
      oat starches changed into a continuous network with increased values for onset
      temperature (To), peak temperature (Tp), and conclusion temperature (Tc). XRD
      showed an additional peak at 13 degrees  and increase in peak intensity at 20
      degrees  inclusive of the major X-ray diffraction peaks which reflects formation
      of amylose-lipid complex from dual autoclaving-retrogradation cycle. Peaks at 13
      degrees  and 20 degrees  are the typical peaks of the V-type pattern. Rheological
      analysis suggested that retrogradated oat starches showed shear thickening
      behavior as revealed from Herschel-Bulkely model and frequency sweep. 

PMID- 27374593
TI  - Fully-automated in-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the
      determination of caffeine in coffee beverages.
AB  - A novel fully-automated magnetic stirring-assisted lab-in-syringe analytical
      procedure has been developed for the fast and efficient dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction (DLLME) of caffeine in coffee beverages. The procedure is based
      on the microextraction of caffeine with a minute amount of dichloromethane,
      isolating caffeine from the sample matrix with no further sample pretreatment.
      Selection of the relevant extraction parameters such as the dispersive solvent,
      proportion of aqueous/organic phase, pH and flow rates have been carefully
      evaluated. Caffeine quantification was linear from 2 to 75mgL(-1), with detection
      and quantification limits of 0.46mgL(-1) and 1.54mgL(-1), respectively. A
      coefficient of variation (n=8; 5mgL(-1)) of a 2.1% and a sampling rate of 16h(
      1), were obtained. The procedure was satisfactorily applied to the determination
      of caffeine in brewed, instant and decaf coffee samples, being the results for
      the sample analysis validated using high-performance liquid chromatography. 

PMID- 27374594
TI  - Sweetness-induced activation of membrane dipole potential in STC-1 taste cells.
AB  - The biological functions of cell membranes strongly influence the binding and
      transport of molecular species. We developed STC-1 cell line stably expressing
      the sweet taste receptor (T1R2/T1R3), and explored the possible correlation
      between sweeteners and membrane dipole potential of STC-1 cells. In this study,
      sweetener-induced dipole potential activation was elucidated using a fluorescence
      based measurement technique, by monitoring the voltage sensitive probe Di-8
      ANEPPS using a dual wavelength ratiometric approach. It indicated that the
      presence of sweeteners resulted in cell membrane dipole potential change, and
      interaction of artificial sweeteners with taste cells resulted in a greater
      reduction in potential compared with natural sweeteners. Our work presents a
      newly developed approach using a fluorescence-based measurement technique to
      study sweetener-induced dipole potential activation of STC-1 cells. This new
      approach could be used as a complementary tool to study the function of sweet
      taste receptors or other GPCRs and helps to understand the basis sweetness
      mechanism. 

PMID- 27374595
TI  - Characterization of substituted aryl meroterpenoids from red seaweed Hypnea
      musciformis as potential antioxidants.
AB  - The ethyl acetate fraction of red seaweed Hypnea musciformis was purified to
      yield three substituted aryl meroterpenoids, namely, 2-(tetrahydro-5-(4
      hydroxyphenyl)-4-pentylfuran-3-yl)-ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (1), 2-2-[(4
      hydroxybenzoyl)-oxy]-ethyl-4-methoxy-4-2-[(4-methylpentyl)oxy]-3,4-dihydro-2H-6
      pyranylbutanoic acid (2) and 3-((5-butyl-3-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)
      methyl)-4-methoxy-4-oxobutyl benzoate (3). The structures of these compounds, as
      well as their relative stereochemistries, were confirmed by exhaustive NMR
      spectroscopic data analyses. Compound 1 exhibited similar 2,2'
      diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical inhibiting and Fe(2+) ion chelating activities
      (IC50 25.05 and 350.7MUM, respectively) as that of commercial antioxidant gallic
      acid (IC50 32.3 and 646.6MUM, respectively), followed by 3 (IC50 231.2 and
      667.9MUM, respectively), and 2 (IC50 322.4 and 5115.3MUM, respectively), in
      descending order of activities. Structure-activity relationship analysis revealed
      that the antioxidant activities of these compounds were directly proportional to
      the steric and hydrophobic parameters. The seaweed derived aryl meroterpenoids
      might serve as potential lead antioxidative molecules for use in pharmaceutical
      and food industries. 

PMID- 27374596
TI  - Effects of Hofmeister salt series on gluten network formation: Part I. Cation
      series.
AB  - Different cationic salts were used to investigate the effects of the Hofmeister
      salt series on gluten network formation. The effects of cationic salts on wheat
      flour dough mixing properties, the rheological and the chemical properties of the
      gluten extracted from the dough with different respective salts, were
      investigated. The specific influence of different cationic salts on the gluten
      structure formation during dough mixing, compared to the sodium ion, were
      determined. The effects of different cations on dough and gluten of different
      flours mostly followed the Hofmeister series (NH4(+), K(+), Na(+), Mg(2+) and
      Ca(2+)). The impacts of cations on gluten structure and dough rheology at levels
      tested were relatively small. Therefore, the replacement of sodium from a
      technological standpoint is possible, particularly by monovalent cations such as
      NH4(+), or K(+). However the levels of replacement need to take into account
      sensory attributes of the cationic salts. 

PMID- 27374597
TI  - Effects of Hofmeister salt series on gluten network formation: Part II. Anion
      series.
AB  - Different anion salts from the Hofmeister series were used to investigate their
      effects on gluten network formation. The effects of these anion salts on the
      mixing properties of the dough and the rheological and chemical properties of
      gluten samples extracted from the dough with these respective salts were
      compared. The aim of this work was to determine how different anion salts
      influence the formation of the gluten structure during dough mixing. It was found
      that the Hofmeister anion salts affected the gluten network formation by
      interacting directly with specific amino acid residues that resulted in changes
      in gluten protein composition, specifically the percentage of the unextractable
      polymeric protein fractions (%UPP). These changes consequently led to remarkable
      differences in the mixing profiles and microstructural features of the dough,
      small deformation rheological properties of the gluten and a strain hardening
      behaviour of both dough and gluten samples. 

PMID- 27374598
TI  - Determination of Sudan I in drinks containing Sunset yellow by adsorptive
      stripping voltammetry.
AB  - An efficient, fast and sensitive method for the determination of Sudan I (SI) in
      drinks containing Sunset yellow (Sy) is developed and validated using an
      adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure. Sy is currently added to a large
      number of foods; however during their synthesis SI may be produced. The
      determination is based on adsorption of Sy and SI onto HMDE and later reduction
      of the azo group at -0.71 and -0.82V, respectively. Using the best set of the
      experimental conditions (pH 12.3; Eads: -0.40V) for the determination of SI in
      Sy, a linear response for SI in the concentration range 0.5-27.2MUgL(-1) was
      found, with a detection limit of 1.5MUgL(-1) in a tads of only 30s. The method
      was applied to the determination of SI in commercial drinks with satisfactory
      results. The presence of SI was confirmed by mass spectrometry. 

PMID- 27374599
TI  - Different coatings for the HS-SBSE grape volatile analysis in model solution:
      Preliminary results.
AB  - Head space stir bar sorptive extraction (HS-SBSE) was used to evaluate the
      efficacy of two stir bar coatings, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified silicone
      (EG-Silicone) and polyacrylate (PA), in comparison with polydimethyl siloxane
      (PDMS) coating, to assess volatiles in model wine solutions. In addition, two
      temperatures (0 degrees C and 25 degrees C) of the injection system (CIS) were
      compared. This was performed to propose an analytical procedure cheaper and
      faster respect to traditional extractive methods and environmental friendly,
      avoiding the use of large amounts of solvents and high-energy consumption for
      cooling. Fifteen grape volatiles with different polarities, known to have an
      important impact on varietal wine aroma, were tested. The affinity of each tested
      molecule to the new coatings was assessed. The PDMS coating showed higher
      relative areas for terpenes (beta-citronellol, geraniol, linalool and alpha
      terpineol) and norisoprenoids (beta-ionone), especially when the CIS temperature
      was set at 25 degrees C. C6 compounds such as 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2
      hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and benzaldehyde and eugenol, obtained greater area
      response using EG-Silicone and PA coatings, regardless the temperatures. The
      memory effect of each coating type was studied; EG Silicone and PA coatings
      showed a higher memory effect for a certain compounds, probably due to the lower
      desorption temperature that EG Silicone and PA coatings can be submitted to,
      respect to PDMS (220 degrees C the former two, 295 degrees C the latter). 

PMID- 27374600
TI  - Validation of a rapid conductimetric test for the measurement of wine tartaric
      stability.
AB  - This work was aimed at optimizing a rapid and reproducible conductivity test for
      the evaluation of wine tartaric stability, in order to improve the practices for
      the prevention of tartaric precipitations during bottle aging. The test consists
      in measuring the drop of conductivity in wines kept under stirring for a fixed
      time, at low temperature, after the addition of micronized potassium bitartrate
      crystals (KHT). An experimental design was planned to study three factors
      affecting the test: temperature, duration and dose of added potassium bitartrate.
      A standard protocol was defined to produce a micronized potassium bitartrate
      starting from available commercial products, since the dimensions of the crystals
      can affect the final conductivity values. After the choice of the best conditions
      the method was validated. Two different stability thresholds were defined for
      white wines and for red/rose wines by comparing the results of the mini-contact
      test with those of the cold test. 

PMID- 27374601
TI  - Polyphenolic responses of grapevine berries to light, temperature, oxidative
      stress, abscisic acid and jasmonic acid show specific developmental-dependent
      degrees of metabolic resilience to perturbation.
AB  - Grape-berries are exposed to a plethora of abiotic and biotic stimuli during
      their development. The developmental and temporal regulation of grape berry
      polyphenol metabolism in response to various cues was investigated using LC-QTOF
      MS based metabolite profiling. High light (2500MUmolm(-2)s(-1)), high temperature
      (40 degrees C), jasmonic acid (200MUM), menadione (120MUM) and abscisic acid
      (3.026mM) treatments were applied to detached berries. Greater magnitudes of
      metabolite fluctuations characterize the pre-veraison berries than the veraison
      stage in response to the treatments. Furthermore, a tighter co-response of
      metabolic processes was shown at veraison, likely supporting the resilience to
      change in response to stress. High temperature and ABA treatments led to greater
      magnitudes of change during the course of the experiment. The present study
      demonstrates the occurrence of differential patterns of metabolic responses
      specific to individual cues and berry developmental stage, which in the field are
      commonly associated and thus hardly discernable. 

PMID- 27374602
TI  - Rapid fingerprinting of white wine oxidizable fraction and classification of
      white wines using disposable screen printed sensors and derivative voltammetry.
AB  - This work describes the application of disposable screen printed carbon paste
      sensors for the analysis of the main white wine oxidizable compounds as well as
      for the rapid fingerprinting and classification of white wines from different
      grape varieties. The response of individual white wine antioxidants such as
      flavanols, flavanol derivatives, phenolic acids, SO2 and ascorbic acid was first
      assessed in model wine. Analysis of commercial white wines gave voltammograms
      featuring two unresolved anodic waves corresponding to the oxidation of different
      compounds, mostly phenolic antioxidants. Calculation of the first order
      derivative of measured current vs. applied potential allowed resolving these two
      waves, highlighting the occurrence of several electrode processes corresponding
      to the oxidation of individual wine components. Through the application of
      Principal Component Analysis (PCA), derivative voltammograms were used to
      discriminate among wines of different varieties. 

PMID- 27374603
TI  - Corrigendum to "Enhancement of the gelation properties of hairtail (Trichiurus
      haumela) muscle protein with curdlan and transglutaminase" [Food Chem. 176 (2015)
      115-122].

PMID- 27374605
TI  - Frequency of Methamphetamine Use as a Major Contributor Toward the Severity of
      Cardiomyopathy in Adults <=50 Years.
AB  - Methamphetamine is one of the most commonly abused illegal drugs in the United
      States. Health care providers are commonly faced with medical illness caused by
      methamphetamine. This study investigates the impact of methamphetamine use on the
      severity of cardiomyopathy and heart failure in young adults. This retrospective
      study analyzed patients seen at Arrowhead Regional Medical Center from 2008 to
      2012. Patients were between 18 and 50 years old. All patients had a discharge
      diagnosis of cardiomyopathy or heart failure. The severity of disease was
      quantified by left ventricular systolic dysfunction: heart failure with preserved
      ejection fraction to mildly reduced if ejection fraction was >40% and moderate to
      severely depressed if ejection fraction was <=40%. Methamphetamine abuse was
      determined by a positive urine drug screen or per documented history. Of the 590
      patients, 223 (37.8%) had a history of methamphetamine use. More than half the
      population was men (n = 389, 62.3%); 41% was Hispanic (n = 243), 25.8% was
      Caucasian (n = 152), and 27.8% was African-American (n = 164); 60.9% were in the
      age range of 41 to 50 years (n = 359). Patients with a history of methamphetamine
      use had increased odds (odds ratio = 1.80, 95% confidence interval 1.27 to 2.57)
      of having a moderately or severely reduced ejection fraction. Additionally, men
      were more likely (odds ratio 3.13, 95% confidence interval 2.14 to 4.56) to have
      worse left ventricular systolic dysfunction. In conclusion, methamphetamine use
      was associated with an increased severity of cardiomyopathy in young adults.

PMID- 27374604
TI  - Repeated social defeat stress enhances glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the
      VTA and cocaine place conditioning.
AB  - Enduring memories of sensory cues associated with drug intake drive addiction. It
      is well known that stressful experiences increase addiction vulnerability.
      However, it is not clear how repeated stress promotes learning of cue-drug
      associations, as repeated stress generally impairs learning and memory processes
      unrelated to stressful experiences. Here, we show that repeated social defeat
      stress in rats causes persistent enhancement of long-term potentiation (LTP) of
      NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
      (VTA). Protein kinase A-dependent increase in the potency of inositol 1,4,5
      triphosphate-induced Ca(2+) signaling underlies LTP facilitation. Notably,
      defeated rats display enhanced learning of contextual cues paired with cocaine
      experience assessed using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm.
      Enhancement of LTP in the VTA and cocaine CPP in behaving rats both require
      glucocorticoid receptor activation during defeat episodes. These findings suggest
      that enhanced glutamatergic plasticity in the VTA may contribute, at least
      partially, to increased addiction vulnerability following repeated stressful
      experiences.

PMID- 27374606
TI  - Diagnosis, Clinical Course, and 1-Year Outcome in Patients Hospitalized for Heart
      Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (from the Polish Cohort of the European
      Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry).
AB  - Compared with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HF-REF), the
      diagnosis of HF with preserved EF (HF-PEF) is more challenging. The aim of the
      study was to assess the prevalence of HF-PEF among patients hospitalized for HF,
      to evaluate the pertinence of HF-PEF diagnosis and to compare HF-PEF and HF-REF
      patients with respect to outcomes. The analysis included 661 Polish patients
      hospitalized for HF, selected from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)-HF
      Long-Term Registry. Patients with an EF of >=50% were included in the HF-PEF
      group and patients with an EF of <50% - in the HF-REF group. The primary end
      point was all-cause death at 1 year. The secondary end point was a composite of
      all-cause death and rehospitalization for HF at 1 year. HF-PEF was present in 187
      patients (28%). Of those 187 patients, mitral inflow pattern was
      echocardiographically assessed in 116 patients (62%) and classified as
      restrictive/pseudonormal in 37 patients (20%). Compared with HF-REF subjects,
      patients with HF-PEF were older, more often female, and had a higher prevalence
      of hypertension, atrial fibrillation and sleep apnea. Despite lower B-type
      natriuretic peptide concentrations and lower prevalence of moderate-to-severe
      mitral regurgitation in patients with HF-PEF, congestive symptoms at admission
      were as severe as in patients with HF-REF. There were no significant differences
      in in-hospital mortality between the HF groups. One-year mortality was high in
      both groups (17% in HF-PEF vs 21% in HF-REF, p = 0.22). There was a trend toward
      a lower frequency of the secondary end point in the HF-PEF group (32% vs 40%, p =
      0.07). In conclusion, in clinical practice, even easily obtainable
      echocardiographic indexes of diastolic dysfunction are relatively rarely
      acquired. One-year survival rate of patients with HF-PEF is not significantly
      better than that of patients with HF-REF. 

PMID- 27374607
TI  - Mediating and moderating processes in the relationship between multicultural
      ideology and attitudes towards immigrants in emerging adults.
AB  - Few studies examine intercultural relations in emerging adulthood. Framed from
      the perspective of the Mutual Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies
      (MIRIPS) project, the current paper examined the mediating role of tolerance and
      perceived consequences of immigration in the relationship between multicultural
      ideology and attitudes towards immigrants. Additionally, the moderating role of
      context was analysed. A two-group structural equation modelling was performed on
      data collected from 305 Italian emerging adults living both in northern and in
      southern Italy with different socio-political climates towards immigrants. In
      both groups, tolerance and perceived consequences of immigration mediated the
      relationship between multicultural ideology and attitudes towards immigrants.
      Also, this indirect relationship was significantly higher for the northern than
      southern Italians. These findings provide provisional evidence of mediating and
      moderating processes in the relationship between multicultural ideology and
      attitudes towards immigrants and suggest important implications for practitioners
      interested in promoting intercultural relations among emerging adults.

PMID- 27374608
TI  - Professor Emeritus E. Wynn Jones MRCVS, FRCVS, PhD.

PMID- 27374609
TI  - Following the Reduction of Oxygen on TiO2 Anatase (101) Step by Step.
AB  - We have investigated the reaction between O2 and H2O, coadsorbed on the (101)
      surface of a reduced TiO2 anatase single crystal by scanning tunneling
      microscopy, density functional theory, temperature-programmed desorption, and X
      ray photoelectron spectroscopy. While water adsorbs molecularly on the anatase
      (101) surface, the reaction with O2 results in water dissociation and formation
      of terminal OH groups. We show that these terminal OHs are the final and stable
      reaction product on reduced anatase. We identify OOH as a metastable intermediate
      in the reaction. The water dissociation reaction runs as long as the surface can
      transfer enough electrons to the adsorbed species; the energy balance and
      activation barriers for the individual reaction steps are discussed, depending on
      the number of electrons available. Our results indicate that the presence of
      donor dopants can significantly reduce activation barriers for oxygen reduction
      on anatase.

PMID- 27374610
TI  - High-resolution genetic maps of Lotus japonicus and L. burttii based on re
      sequencing of recombinant inbred lines.
AB  - Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from bi-parental populations are stable
      genetic resources, which are widely used for constructing genetic linkage maps.
      These genetic maps are essential for QTL mapping and can aid contig and scaffold
      anchoring in the final stages of genome assembly. In this study, two Lotus sp.
      RIL populations, Lotus japonicus MG-20 * Gifu and Gifu * L. burttii, were
      characterized by Illumina re-sequencing. Genotyping of 187 MG-20 * Gifu RILs at
      87,140 marker positions and 96 Gifu * L. burttii RILs at 357,973 marker positions
      allowed us to accurately identify 1,929 recombination breakpoints in the MG-20 *
      Gifu RILs and 1,044 breakpoints in the Gifu * L. burttii population. The
      resulting high-density genetic maps now facilitate high-accuracy QTL mapping,
      identification of reference genome mis-assemblies, and characterization of
      structural variants.

PMID- 27374611
TI  - An automated system for evaluation of the potential functionome: MAPLE version
      2.1.0.
AB  - Metabolic and physiological potential evaluator (MAPLE) is an automatic system
      that can perform a series of steps used in the evaluation of potential
      comprehensive functions (functionome) harboured in the genome and metagenome.
      MAPLE first assigns KEGG Orthology (KO) to the query gene, maps the KO-assigned
      genes to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional modules,
      and then calculates the module completion ratio (MCR) of each functional module
      to characterize the potential functionome in the user's own genomic and
      metagenomic data. In this study, we added two more useful functions to calculate
      module abundance and Q-value, which indicate the functional abundance and
      statistical significance of the MCR results, respectively, to the new version of
      MAPLE for more detailed comparative genomic and metagenomic analyses.
      Consequently, MAPLE version 2.1.0 reported significant differences in the
      potential functionome, functional abundance, and diversity of contributors to
      each function among four metagenomic datasets generated by the global ocean
      sampling expedition, one of the most popular environmental samples to use with
      this system. MAPLE version 2.1.0 is now available through the web interface
      (http://www.genome.jp/tools/maple/) 17 June 2016, date last accessed.

PMID- 27374612
TI  - Comprehensive analysis of microRNA-Seq and target mRNAs of rice sheath blight
      pathogen provides new insights into pathogenic regulatory mechanisms.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22 nucleotide non-coding RNAs that regulate gene
      expression by targeting mRNAs for degradation or inhibiting protein translation.
      To investigate whether miRNAs regulate the pathogenesis in necrotrophic fungus
      Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA, which causes significant yield loss in main
      economically important crops, and to determine the regulatory mechanism occurring
      during pathogenesis, we constructed hyphal small RNA libraries from six different
      infection periods of the rice leaf. Through sequencing and analysis, 177 miRNA
      like small RNAs (milRNAs) were identified, including 15 candidate pathogenic
      novel milRNAs predicted by functional annotations of their target mRNAs and
      expression patterns of milRNAs and mRNAs during infection. Reverse transcription
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction results for randomly selected milRNAs
      demonstrated that our novel comprehensive predictions had a high level of
      accuracy. In our predicted pathogenic protein-protein interaction network of R.
      solani, we added the related regulatory milRNAs of these core coding genes into
      the network, and could understand the relationships among these regulatory
      factors more clearly at the systems level. Furthermore, the putative pathogenic
      Rhi-milR-16, which negatively regulates target gene expression, was
      experimentally validated to have regulatory functions by a dual-luciferase
      reporter assay. Additionally, 23 candidate rice miRNAs that may involve in plant
      immunity against R. solani were discovered. This first study on novel pathogenic
      milRNAs of R. solani AG1 IA and the recognition of target genes involved in
      pathogenicity, as well as rice miRNAs, participated in defence against R. solani
      could provide new insights into revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of the severe
      rice sheath blight disease.

PMID- 27374613
TI  - Correlation between genome reduction and bacterial growth.
AB  - Genome reduction by removing dispensable genomic sequences in bacteria is
      commonly used in both fundamental and applied studies to determine the minimal
      genetic requirements for a living system or to develop highly efficient
      bioreactors. Nevertheless, whether and how the accumulative loss of dispensable
      genomic sequences disturbs bacterial growth remains unclear. To investigate the
      relationship between genome reduction and growth, a series of Escherichia coli
      strains carrying genomes reduced in a stepwise manner were used. Intensive growth
      analyses revealed that the accumulation of multiple genomic deletions caused
      decreases in the exponential growth rate and the saturated cell density in a
      deletion-length-dependent manner as well as gradual changes in the patterns of
      growth dynamics, regardless of the growth media. Accordingly, a perspective
      growth model linking genome evolution to genome engineering was proposed. This
      study provides the first demonstration of a quantitative connection between
      genomic sequence and bacterial growth, indicating that growth rate is potentially
      associated with dispensable genomic sequences.

PMID- 27374614
TI  - Z-DNA-forming sites identified by ChIP-Seq are associated with actively
      transcribed regions in the human genome.
AB  - Z-DNA, a left-handed double helical DNA is structurally different from the most
      abundant B-DNA. Z-DNA has been known to play a significant role in transcription
      and genome stability but the biological meaning and positions of Z-DNA-forming
      sites (ZFSs) in the human genome has not been fully explored. To obtain genome
      wide map of ZFSs, Zaa with two Z-DNA-binding domains was used for ChIP-Seq
      analysis. A total of 391 ZFSs were found and their functions were examined in
      vivo A large portion of ZFSs was enriched in the promoter regions and contain
      sequences with high potential to form Z-DNA. Genes containing ZFSs were occupied
      by RNA polymerase II at the promoters and showed high levels of expression.
      Moreover, ZFSs were significantly related to active histone marks such as H3K4me3
      and H3K9ac. The association of Z-DNA with active transcription was confirmed by
      the reporter assay system. Overall, our results suggest that Z-DNA formation
      depends on chromatin structure as well as sequence composition, and is associated
      with active transcription in human cells. The global information about ZFSs
      positioning will provide a useful resource for further understanding of DNA
      structure-dependent transcriptional regulation.

PMID- 27374616
TI  - Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of biologically synthesized silver
      nanoparticles against the gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus contortus.
AB  - The present study focuses on the in vitro anthelmintic activity of silver
      nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using the aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica
      against Haemonchus contortus. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by
      ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)
      studies. The UV-Vis spectrum exhibited a sharp peak at 420 nm, which was
      validated by electron microscopy, indicating the preparation of spherical
      nanoparticles measuring 15-25 nm in size. The in vitro study was based on an egg
      hatch assay (EHA) and adult motility inhibition assays. Six concentrations of
      AgNPs were used for EHA, ranging from 0.00001 to 1.0 MUg/ml, and a range of 1-25
      MUg/ml was used for adult worms. The highest concentration induced 85 +/- 2.89%
      egg hatch inhibition. The IC50 value for EHA was 0.001 MUg/ml, whereas in vitro
      adult H. contortus motility inhibition was produced at 7.89 MUg/ml (LC50). The
      effectiveness of A. indica leaf extract (aqueous) was also evaluated, which
      showed an IC50 value for EHA of 115.67 MUg/ml, while the LC50 against adult H.
      contortus was 588.54 MUg/ml. The overall findings of the present study show that
      the experimental plant extract contains reducing properties for the synthesis of
      AgNPs which, in turn, showed potent anthelmintic properties. This is the first
      report where AgNPs have been tested for their anthelmintic properties in an in
      vitro model.

PMID- 27374615
TI  - The draft genome of MD-2 pineapple using hybrid error correction of long reads.
AB  - The introduction of the elite pineapple variety, MD-2, has caused a significant
      market shift in the pineapple industry. Better productivity, overall increased in
      fruit quality and taste, resilience to chilled storage and resistance to internal
      browning are among the key advantages of the MD-2 as compared with its previous
      predecessor, the Smooth Cayenne. Here, we present the genome sequence of the MD-2
      pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) by using the hybrid sequencing technology
      from two highly reputable platforms, i.e. the PacBio long sequencing reads and
      the accurate Illumina short reads. Our draft genome achieved 99.6% genome
      coverage with 27,017 predicted protein-coding genes while 45.21% of the genome
      was identified as repetitive elements. Furthermore, differential expression of
      ripening RNASeq library of pineapple fruits revealed ethylene-related
      transcripts, believed to be involved in regulating the process of non-climacteric
      pineapple fruit ripening. The MD-2 pineapple draft genome serves as an example of
      how a complex heterozygous genome is amenable to whole genome sequencing by using
      a hybrid technology that is both economical and accurate. The genome will make
      genomic applications more feasible as a medium to understand complex biological
      processes specific to pineapple.

PMID- 27374618
TI  - Sulfitobacter faviae sp. nov., isolated from the coral Faviaveroni.
AB  - Three closely related, non-sporulating, aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, motile, rod
      shaped isolates (S5-53T, S6-62 and S6-64) were obtained from mucus of corals
      Favia veroni from the Andaman Sea, India. Colonies grown on marine agar were
      small, circular and cream-coloured. Heterotrophic growth was observed at 10-40 
      degrees C and pH 6-10; optimum growth occurred at 25-30  degrees C and pH 7-8.
      16S rRNA gene sequence analysis confirmed the isolates belonged to the genus
      Sulfitobacter and the three isolates shared more than 99 % pairwise sequence
      similarity. Strain S5-53T shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of
      98.43 % with Sulfitobacter dubius KMM 3554T. DNA-DNA relatedness among the three
      isolates was above 70 % whereas strain S5-53T showed less than 70 % relatedness
      with the type strains of closely related species. The DNA G+C content of strain
      S5-53T was 61 mol%. It contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids. Predominant
      fatty acids included C18 : 1omega7c, C18 : 1omega7c 11-methyl, C16 : 0 and C10 :
      0 3-OH. Q10 was the major respiratory quinone. Based on this polyphasic analysis,
      the new isolates (S5-53T, S6-62 and S6-64) are considered to represent a novel
      species of the genus Sulfitobacter, for which the name Sulfitobacter faviae sp.
      nov. is proposed. The type strain is S5-53T(=JCM 31093T=LMG 29156T).

PMID- 27374619
TI  - Topical and Targeted Delivery of siRNAs to Melanoma Cells Using a Fusion Peptide
      Carrier.
AB  - Topical application of siRNAs through the skin is a potentially effective
      strategy for the treatment of melanoma tumors. In this study, we designed a new
      and safe fusion peptide carrier SPACE-EGF to improve the skin and cell
      penetration function of the siRNAs and their targeting ability to B16 cells, such
      that the apoptosis of B16 cells can be induced. The results show that the carrier
      is stable and less toxic. The EGF motif does not affect the skin and cell
      penetration function of the SPACE. Because EGF can strongly bind EGFR, which is
      overexpressed in cancer cells, the targeting ability of the SPACE-EGF-siRNA
      complex is increased. In vitro experiments indicate that GAPDH siRNAs conjugated
      with SPACE-EGF can significantly reduce the GAPDH concentration in B16 cells, and
      c-Myc siRNAs can cause the gene silencing of c-Myc and thus the apoptosis of
      cells. In vivo experiments show that the topical application of c-Myc siRNAs
      delivered by SPACE-EGF through the skin can significantly inhibit the growth of
      melanoma tumors. This work may provide insight into the development of new
      transdermal drug carriers to treat a variety of skin disorders.

PMID- 27374620
TI  - Changes in Caregiver Knowledge and Perceived Competency Following Group Education
      about Sensory Processing Disturbances: An Exploratory Study.
AB  - Parents or teachers (n = 10) of children diagnosed on the autism spectrum and
      exhibiting sensory processing disorders (SPD) attended a series of six weekly
      educational sessions designed to increase the participants' knowledge of SPD,
      skills in interacting with children exhibiting SPD and confidence in intervening
      with children exhibiting undesirable behaviours stemming from SPD. The sessions
      consisted of group classroom instruction with instructional methods including
      PowerPoint-assisted lecture/discussion and short video clips. Pre-test and post
      test assessment was made of the participants' (a) self-perceived knowledge of
      sensory processing concepts; (b) actual knowledge of sensory processing concepts;
      and (c) self-rated competency for dealing with children exhibiting behaviours
      related to SPD. Statistical analysis revealed significant gains were achieved on
      all measures. The results were interpreted as indicating that group classroom
      instruction is an effective means of increasing such caregivers' self-perceived
      knowledge of sensory processing concepts, actual knowledge of sensory processing
      concepts and self-rated competency for dealing with children exhibiting
      behaviours related to SPD. Future research to assess the short-term and long-term
      impacts of these gains and to gauge the relative effectiveness of various
      contents for such sessions is recommended. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 27374621
TI  - Pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis: beyond the guidelines.
AB  - Pneumothorax is a serious but common complication in patients with cystic
      fibrosis (CF). It has adverse prognostic implications as well as associations
      with subsequent reduction in lung function and significant risk of recurrence.
      Management dilemmas frequently occur that are beyond current guidelines. We
      review the evidence and highlight management difficulties in pneumothoraces in
      CF. 

PMID- 27374622
TI  - Severe Achromobacter xylosoxidans infection and loss of sputum bacterial
      diversity in an adult patient with cystic fibrosis.
AB  - Achromobacter spp. are emerging pathogens in the lungs of patients with cystic
      fibrosis. We report the case of an adult patient with cystic fibrosis and chronic
      A. xylosoxidans infection who experienced rapid, progressive clinical
      deterioration. Metagenomic analysis of the sputum revealed that the airway
      microbiota was almost entirely dominated by A. xylosoxidans. We review the impact
      of this organism on lung function and the airway microbiome in cystic fibrosis,
      and discuss the potential for cross-infection between patients. 

PMID- 27374623
TI  - Phthalates in neonatal health: friend or foe?
AB  - Exposure to environmental chemicals has adverse effects on the health and
      survival of humans. Emerging evidence supports the idea that exposure to
      endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) can perturb an individual's physiological
      set point and as a result increase his/her propensity toward several diseases.
      The purpose of this review is to provide an update on di-(2-ethylhexyl)
      phthalate, the primary plasticizer found in plastic medical devices used in
      neonatal intensive care units, its effects on the fetus and newborn,
      epidemiological studies, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and epigenetic implications.
      We searched the PubMed databases to identify relevant studies. Phthalates are
      known EDCs that primarily are used to improve the flexibility of polyvinyl
      chloride plastic products and are called plasticizers in lay terms. Neonates and
      infants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of phthalates, beginning with
      maternal exposure and placental transfer during gestation and during infancy
      following birth. In line with the developmental origins of adult disease, a focus
      on the effects of environmental chemicals in utero or early childhood on the
      genesis of adult diseases through epigenome modulation is timely and important.
      The epigenetic effects of phthalates have not been fully elucidated, but
      accumulating evidence suggests that they may be associated with adverse health
      effects, some of which may be heritable. Phthalate exposure during pregnancy and
      the perinatal period is particularly worrisome in health-care settings. Although
      the clinical significance of phthalate exposure has been difficult to assess with
      epidemiologic studies, the evidence that physiological changes occur due to
      exposure to phthalates is growing and points toward the need for more
      investigation at a molecular, specifically epigenetic level.

PMID- 27374624
TI  - Time-course metabolic changes in high-fat diet-induced obesity rats: A pilot
      study using hyperpolarized (13)C dynamic MRS.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the time-course metabolic changes
      based on hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in high-fat
      diet (HFD)-induced obesity rats and the correlation between metabolic and serum
      enzyme levels. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either HFD (60% fat) or normal diet
      (10% fat) for 6weeks. A HyperSense DNP was used to hyperpolarize [1-(13)C]
      pyruvic acid and the hyperpolarized (13)C MRS was examined every 2weeks in the
      course of 6weeks using a 3T GE MR750 scanner. The body weight of HFD-induced
      obese rats was significantly increased compared to normal rats at the 6th week
      after the onset of feeding (p=0.05). Simultaneously, the HFD-induced obese rats
      showed significantly increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
      aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol compared to normal rats (p<=0.05). In the dynamic
      (13)C MR spectra acquired at the 6th week, the obese rats showed significantly
      increased ratios of [1-(13)C] lactate/[1-(13)C] pyruvate and [1-(13)C] alanine/[1
      (13)C] pyruvate (p=0.05). The (13)C spectral outcomes are positively correlated
      with the enzyme levels of ALT and LDH in the HFD-induced obesity. The [1-(13)C]
      lactate and [1-(13)C] alanine are potentially considered as noninvasive
      biomarkers for the HFD-induced obesity.

PMID- 27374625
TI  - Mucosal expression of DEC-205 targeted allergen alleviates an asthmatic phenotype
      in mice.
AB  - Considering the rising incidence of allergic asthma, the symptomatic treatments
      that are currently applied in most cases are less than ideal. Specific
      immunotherapy is currently the only treatment that is able to change the course
      of the disease, but suffers from a long treatment duration. A gene based
      immunization that elicits the targeting of allergens towards dendritic cells in a
      steady-state environment might have the potential to amend these difficulties.
      Here we used a replication deficient adenovirus to induce the mucosal expression
      of OVA coupled to a single-chain antibody against DEC-205. A single intranasal
      vaccination was sufficient to mitigate an OVA-dependent asthmatic phenotype in a
      murine model. Invasive airway measurements demonstrated improved lung function
      after Ad-Dec-OVA treatment, which was in line with a marked reduction of goblet
      cell hyperplasia and lung eosinophilia. Furthermore OVA-specific IgE titers and
      production of type 2 cytokines were significantly reduced. Together, the here
      presented data demonstrate the feasibility of mucosal expression of DEC-targeted
      allergens as a treatment of allergic asthma.

PMID- 27374626
TI  - Importance of air bubbles in the core of coated pellets: Synchrotron X-ray
      microtomography allows for new insights.
AB  - High-resolution X-ray microtomography was used to get deeper insight into the
      underlying mass transport mechanisms controlling drug release from coated
      pellets. Sugar starter cores were layered with propranolol HCl and subsequently
      coated with Kollicoat SR, plasticized with 10% TEC. Importantly, synchrotron X
      ray computed microtomography (SR-MUCT) allowed direct, non-invasive monitoring of
      crack formation in the film coatings upon exposure to the release medium.
      Propranolol HCl, as well as very small sugar particles from the pellets' core,
      were expulsed through these cracks into the surrounding bulk fluid.
      Interestingly, SR-MUCT also revealed the existence of numerous tiny, air-filled
      pores (varying in size and shape) in the pellet cores before exposure to the
      release medium. Upon water penetration into the system, the contents of the
      pellet cores became semi-solid/liquid. Consequently, the air-pockets became
      mobile and fused together. They steadily increased in size (and decreased in
      number). Importantly, "big" air bubbles were often located in close vicinity of a
      crack within the film coating. Thus, they play a potentially crucial role for the
      control of drug release from coated pellets.

PMID- 27374627
TI  - Development of biodegradable hyperbranched core-multishell nanocarriers for
      efficient topical drug delivery.
AB  - The topical application of drugs allows for a local application in skin disease
      and can reduce side effects. Here we present biodegradable core-multishell (CMS)
      nanocarriers which are composed of a hyperbranched polyglycerol core
      functionalized with diblock copolymers consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and
      poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) as the outer shell. The anti-inflammatory drug
      Dexamethasone (Dexa) was loaded into these CMS nanocarriers. DLS results
      suggested that Dexa loaded nanoparticles mostly act as a unimolecular carrier
      system. With longer PCL segments, a better transport capacity is observed. In
      vitro skin permeation studies showed that CMS nanocarriers could improve the Nile
      red penetration through the skin by up to 7 times, compared to a conventional
      cream formulation. Interestingly, covalently FITC-labeled CMS nanocarriers remain
      in the stratum corneum layer. This suggests the enhancement is due to the release
      of cargo after being transported into the stratum corneum by the CMS
      nanocarriers. In addition, the hPG-PCL-mPEG CMS nanocarriers exhibited good
      stability, low cytotoxicity, and their production can easily be scaled up, which
      makes them promising nanocarriers for topical drug delivery.

PMID- 27374628
TI  - The effect of linker type and recognition peptide conjugation chemistry on tissue
      affinity and cytotoxicity of charged polyacrylamide.
AB  - To increase colonoscopy competence in ambiguous situations (e.g. the existence of
      flat polyps), an explicit in situ (at real time) diagnosis at the molecular level
      is required. We have previously shown that the affinity of fluorescent cationic
      polyacrylamide (Flu-CPAA) to malignant regions in the colon mucosa can be
      improved by conjugating the recognition peptide EPPT1 to the polymer backbone (to
      form Flu-CPAA-Pep). Using another recognition peptide, namely VRPMPLQ, we
      elucidated in the present study the effect of linker type and conjugating methods
      on Flu-CPAA-VRPMPLQ cytotoxicity and on its affinity to cell lines as well as
      human colorectal cancer (CRC) biopsies. In order to derive the relationship
      between the response variable and the experimental factors in a minimal set of
      experiments, a computerized statistical design of experiment (DoE) strategy was
      implemented. Data were collected in a six-factor factorial design to study the
      effect of experimental factors (independent variables) on the ability of the Flu
      CPAA polymers to bind specifically to the colon cancer cell lines or the human
      biopsies (the response). It was found that the presence of VRPMPLQ on the Flu
      CPAA improved the polymer's affinity to the human CRC biopsies and to the colon
      cancer cell lines representing stage B in the Duke severity staging system. The
      cytotoxicity of Flu-CPAA with high charge density was reduced after conjugated
      with VRPMPLQ. The replacement of Ahx linker by PEG linker of similar length did
      not affect the affinity to the human biopsies, nor did it affect cytotoxicity.
      However, elongating the PEG linker reduced the in vitro affinity to the colon
      cancer cell lines and to human CRC biopsies. Changing the conjugation method from
      condensation (amide bond formation) to the click conjugation method did not
      affect the affinity properties of the polymers. It did reduce, however, the
      polymer cytotoxicity. We suggest that Flu-CPAA-Pep, with the VRPMPLQ peptide as a
      recognition moiety, could serve for early diagnosis and screening of CRC patients
      during endoscopic procedures.

PMID- 27374629
TI  - Inhibition of the cancer-associated TASK 3 channels by magnetically induced
      thermal release of Tetrandrine from a polymeric drug carrier.
AB  - Two-pore domain (K2P) potassium channels have recently attracted growing interest
      in the field of cancer research. These channels play an important role in cancer
      biology specifically for cancer progression, including proliferation, migration,
      and apoptosis, which makes them an attractive target for novel cancer therapies.
      Here, we examined the effect of Tetrandrine (Tet), a natural compound known as a
      channel modulator, which is associated with anticancer activities, as potential
      drug in this regard. Xenopus oocyte with overexpression of K2P 9.1 (TASK 3)
      channels has been chosen as model system for this purpose. In order to release
      Tet and trigger the channels we developed a polymeric magnetic delivery system:
      Tetrandrine-Magnetite co-loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid particles. The
      embedded iron oxide magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) allow to inductively
      heat the particles by applying a high frequency alternating magnetic field, and
      thus trigger the release of the co-encapsulated Tet. As a proof of concept the
      nanoparticulate drug delivery system was heated by raising the suspension's
      temperature proving the temperature dependent release behaviour. Both heating
      approaches were then successfully applied for measuring the TASK 3 channels
      current in response to the released drug. It was found that the released Tet
      amount is sufficient to inhibit the TASK 3 channels in a dose dependent manner.
      Thus, such a stimulus responsive drug delivery system holds great promise as a
      novel approach for the treatment of various cancer types such as for the
      interaction with the two-pore domain potassium channels K2P 9.1.

PMID- 27374630
TI  - In vivo comparative study of distinct polymeric architectures bearing a
      combination of paclitaxel and doxorubicin at a synergistic ratio.
AB  - Nowadays, combination therapy became a standard in oncology. In this study, we
      compare the activity of two polymeric carriers bearing a combination of the
      anticancer drugs paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX), which differ mainly in
      their architecture and supramolecular assembly. Drugs were covalently bound to a
      linear polymer, polyglutamic acid (PGA) or to a dendritic scaffold, polyglycerol
      (PG) decorated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), forming PGA-PTX-DOX and PG-PTX
      bz-DOX-PEG, respectively. We explored the relationship between the polymeric
      architectures and their performance with the aim to augment the pharmacological
      benefits of releasing both drugs simultaneously at the tumor site at a
      synergistic ratio. We recently designed and characterized a PGA-PTX-DOX
      conjugate. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of PG dendritic
      scaffold bearing the combination of PTX and DOX. The performance of both
      conjugates was evaluated in a murine model of mammary adenocarcinoma in
      immunocompetent mice, to investigate whether the activity of the treatments is
      affected by the immune system. Drug conjugation to a nano-sized polymer enabled
      preferred tumor accumulation by extravasation-dependent targeting, making use of
      the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Both PGA-PTX-DOX and PG-PTX
      bz-DOX-PEG nano-sized conjugates exhibited superior anti-tumor efficacy and
      safety compared to the combination of the free drugs, at equivalent
      concentrations. However, while PGA-PTX-DOX was more efficient than a mixture of
      each drug conjugated to a separate PGA chain, as was previously shown, PG-PTX-bz
      DOX-PEG had similar activity to the mixture of the PG-PTX-bz-PEG and PG-DOX-PEG
      conjugates. Our results show that both conjugates are potential candidates as
      precision combination nanomedicines for the treatment of breast cancer.

PMID- 27374632
TI  - Hierarchical multivariate mixture generalized linear models for the analysis of
      spatial data: An application to disease mapping.
AB  - Disease mapping of a single disease has been widely studied in the public health
      setup. Simultaneous modeling of related diseases can also be a valuable tool both
      from the epidemiological and from the statistical point of view. In particular,
      when we have several measurements recorded at each spatial location, we need to
      consider multivariate models in order to handle the dependence among the
      multivariate components as well as the spatial dependence between locations. It
      is then customary to use multivariate spatial models assuming the same
      distribution through the entire population density. However, in many
      circumstances, it is a very strong assumption to have the same distribution for
      all the areas of population density. To overcome this issue, we propose a
      hierarchical multivariate mixture generalized linear model to simultaneously
      analyze spatial Normal and non-Normal outcomes. As an application of our proposed
      approach, esophageal and lung cancer deaths in Minnesota are used to show the
      outperformance of assuming different distributions for different counties of
      Minnesota rather than assuming a single distribution for the population density.
      Performance of the proposed approach is also evaluated through a simulation
      study. 

PMID- 27374631
TI  - Injectable alginate hydrogel for enhanced spatiotemporal control of lentivector
      delivery in murine skeletal muscle.
AB  - Hydrogels are an especially appealing class of biomaterials for gene delivery
      vehicles as they can be introduced into the body with minimally invasive
      procedures and are often applied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
      strategies. In this study, we show for the first time the use of an injectable
      alginate hydrogel for controlled delivery of lentivectors in the skeletal muscle
      of murine hindlimb. We propose to alter the release rates of lentivectors through
      manipulation of the molecular weight distribution of alginate hydrogels. The
      release of lentivector was tested using two different ratios of low and high
      molecular weight (MW) alginate polymers (75/25 and 25/75 low/high MW). The
      interdependency of lentivector release rate and alginate degradation rate was
      assessed in vitro. Lentivector-loaded hydrogels maintained transduction potential
      for up to one week in vitro as demonstrated by the continual transduction of HEK
      293T cells. Injection of lentivector-loaded hydrogel in vivo led to a sustained
      level of transgene expression for more than two months while minimizing the
      copies of lentivirus genome inserted into the genome of murine skeletal muscle
      cells. This strategy of spatiotemporal control of lentivector delivery from
      alginate hydrogels may provide a versatile tool to combine gene therapy and
      biomaterials for applications in regenerative medicine.

PMID- 27374633
TI  - Emerging hydrogel designs for controlled protein delivery.
AB  - Hydrogels have evolved into indispensable biomaterials in the fields of drug
      delivery and regenerative medicine. This minireview aims to highlight the recent
      advances in the hydrogel design for controlled release of bioactive proteins. The
      latest developments of enzyme-responsive and externally regulated drug delivery
      systems are summarized. The design strategies and applications of phase-separated
      hydrogel systems are also described. We expect that these emerging approaches
      will enable expanded use of hydrogels in biomedicine and healthcare. 

PMID- 27374634
TI  - Subcutaneous fat necrosis due to molecular-targeted therapy.

PMID- 27374635
TI  - Closure of aortopulmonary window using Nit-Occlud(r) PDA-R device in a 3-month
      old infant.
AB  - Aortopulmonary window (APW) is a rare abnormality in which a pulmonary defect
      exists between the ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery. Given that it
      may result in cardiac failure and pulmonary vascular disease in the early period,
      treatment needs to be performed without delay. In addition to surgical treatment,
      transcatheter closure may also be performed for selected patients. This study
      describes the case of an infant diagnosed with APW and who underwent successful
      transcatheter closure using a Nit-Occlud(r) PDA-R device. 

PMID- 27374636
TI  - Combinatorial antibody libraries: new advances, new immunological insights.
AB  - Immunochemists have become quite proficient in engineering existing antibody
      molecules to control their pharmacological properties. However, in terms of
      generating new antibodies, the combinatorial antibody library has become a
      central feature of modern immunochemistry. These libraries are essentially an
      immune system in a test tube and enable the selection of antibodies without the
      constraints of whole animal or cell-based systems. This Review provides an
      overview of how antibody libraries are constructed and discusses what can be
      learnt from these synthetic systems. In particular, the Review focuses on new
      biological insights from antibody libraries - such as the concept of 'SOS
      antibodies' - and the growing use of intracellular antibodies to perturb cellular
      functions.

PMID- 27374638
TI  - Macrophages: Memories of the dead give strength.

PMID- 27374639
TI  - Femoral Component Rotation in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comparison Between
      Transepicondylar Axis and Posterior Condylar Line Referencing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proper rotational alignment of the femoral component is critical for
      a successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Controversy remains regarding the
      optimal intraoperative reference to determine femoral component rotation.
      METHODS: Thirty-one patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging of a TKA
      between April 2008 and November 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. A single
      surgeon performed the TKA using a posterior condylar angle of 3 degrees  (PCA
      group) or surgical transepicondylar axis (TEA group) to determine femoral
      component rotation. The hip-knee-ankle angle and the tibial plateau-tibial shaft
      angle (TPTSA) were measured on full-length x-rays, and the rotation of the
      femoral component was measured as compared to the TEA on magnetic resonance
      imaging (negative values indicate internal rotation). RESULTS: The median
      measured rotational deviation of the femoral component from the TEA was
      significantly higher in the PCA group than in the TEA group (-3.8 +/- 2.9 degrees
      and -1.4 +/- 1.9 degrees , respectively) (P = .02). When knees with preoperative
      varus and neutral alignment were evaluated, the median measured rotational
      deviation of the femoral component was significantly higher in the fixed PCL
      group than in the TEA group (-3.4 +/- 3.3 degrees  and -0.61 +/- 1.3 degrees ,
      respectively) (P = .04). Linear regression used to evaluate the relationship
      between the TPTSA and femoral component rotational deviation from the TEA
      revealed similar near zero slopes (P = .90); however, the Y intercepts in the TEA
      group were significantly higher than the PCA group (-2.8 +/- 0.7 and -5.5 +/-
      1.1, respectively) (P = .007). CONCLUSION: The use of the surgical TEA as an
      intraoperative rotational reference is more reliable than the PCA in valgus,
      varus, and neutrally aligned knees independent from the magnitude of the TPTSA.

PMID- 27374640
TI  - BaeR protein acts as an activator of nuclear factor-kappa B and Janus kinase 2 to
      induce inflammation in murine cell lines.
AB  - BaeR, a response regulator protein, takes part in multidrug efflux, bacterial
      virulence activity, and other biological functions. Recently, BaeR was shown to
      induce inflammatory responses by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinases
      (MAPKs). In this study, we investigated additional pathways used by BaeR to
      induce an inflammatory response. BaeR protein was purified from Salmonella
      enterica Paratyphi A and subcloned into a pPosKJ expression vector. RAW 264.7
      cells were treated with BaeR, and RNA was extracted by TRIzol reagent for RT-PCR.
      Cytokine gene expression was analyzed by using the comparative cycle threshold
      method, while western blotting and ELISA were used to assess protein expression.
      We confirmed that BaeR activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), thereby
      inducing an inflammatory response and increases the production of interleukins
      (IL-)1beta and IL-6. During this process, the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-STAT1
      signaling pathway was activated, resulting in an increase in the release of
      interferons I and II. Additionally, COX-2 was activated and its expression
      increased with time. In conclusion, BaeR induced an inflammatory response through
      activation of NF-kappaB in addition to the MAPKs. Furthermore, activation of the
      JAK2-STAT1 pathway and COX-2 facilitated the cytokine binding activity,
      suggesting an additional role for BaeR in the modulation of the immune system of
      the host and the virulence activity of the pathogen. 

PMID- 27374637
TI  - Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis.
AB  - Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are
      responsible for most cases of viral hepatitis. Infection by each type of virus
      results in a different typical natural disease course and clinical outcome that
      are determined by virological and immunological factors. HCV tends to establish a
      chronic persistent infection, whereas HAV does not. HBV is effectively controlled
      in adults, although it persists for a lifetime after neonatal infection. In this
      Review, we discuss the similarities and differences in immune responses to and
      immunopathogenesis of HAV, HBV and HCV infections, which may explain the distinct
      courses and outcomes of each hepatitis virus infection.

PMID- 27374664
TI  - IgE-binding potencies of three peach Pru p 1 isoforms.
AB  - SCOPE: Pru p 1, the Bet v 1 homologue from peach, has been identified as a
      clinically relevant allergen. Three isoforms have been described, two in peach
      fruit (Pru p 1.0101 and Pru p 1.0201) and one in pollen (Pru p 1.0301). The
      present study aimed to compare their IgE-binding potencies. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      Three Pru p 1 isoforms were cloned and expressed as soluble proteins with His
      tags in Escherichia coli. Protein identity was confirmed by MS, circular
      dichroism, and RNAse activity. IgE-binding capacity using ELISA and ImmunoCAP was
      compared. Three Pru p 1 isoforms had quite similar IgE-binding potencies for 60%
      of the sera, but more than twofold between any two isoforms among 40% of the 47
      sera. The mean IgE binding of Pru p 1.0201 was slightly higher than other two
      isoforms. In a sera pool, homologous ImmunoCAP inhibition was higher than other
      two heterologous isoforms. Individual serum with diverse IgE values of three
      isoforms demonstrated the higher IgE inhibition of specific isoform with higher
      IgE value. CONCLUSION: A similar and variable pattern of IgE recognition was
      observed among three Pru p 1 isoforms. The two new isoforms can be used as more
      accurate diagnostic reagents.

PMID- 27374665
TI  - A Dilemma on Re-biopsy in the Era of Precision Cancer Therapy.

PMID- 27374666
TI  - Prevalence of Simple Renal Cysts in Acromegaly.
AB  - Objective Various organs are known to be affected by the comorbidities of
      acromegaly. However, the involvement of renal structural comorbidities, such as
      cysts, has so far remained largely unknown. In this single-center study, we aimed
      to determine the prevalence and factors associated with simple renal cysts in
      Japanese patients with acromegaly. Methods A total of 71 consecutive patients
      with acromegaly were analyzed, who all underwent abdominal ultrasonography at
      diagnosis between 1986 and 2012 at Kobe University Hospital. Results Of these 71
      patients, 23 (32.4%) exhibited simple renal cysts. Acromegalic patients with
      renal cysts tended to be significantly older, had a higher prevalence of smoking-
      and higher nadir growth hormone (GH) levels during the oral glucose tolerance
      test (OGTT) than did those without renal cysts. A multivariate logistic
      regression analysis showed age, smoking, and nadir GH to be independent factors
      associated with renal cysts. Interestingly, the number of renal cysts positively
      correlated with both the basal GH levels and nadir GH levels during OGTT (r=0.66,
      p<0.05 and r=0.70, p<0.05, respectively). In addition, the mean diameter of renal
      cysts positively correlated with the systolic blood pressure (r=0.84, p<0.005).
      Conclusion This is the first report to show the prevalence of simple renal cysts
      in patients with acromegaly. Elevated nadir GH levels during OGTT were found to
      be associated with an increased risk of simple renal cysts. Therefore, an
      excessive secretion of GH may be related to the development of renal cysts. 

PMID- 27374667
TI  - Impact of the Visceral Fat Area Measured by Dual Impedance Method on the
      Diagnostic Components of Metabolic Diseases in a Middle-aged Japanese Population.
AB  - Objective The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the
      visceral fat area (VFA) and the subcutaneous fat area (SFA) as estimated by the
      dual impedance method with a body composition monitor (BCM) and the diagnostic
      components of metabolic syndrome in a middle-aged Japanese population. Methods
      The subjects included 303 men (average age 51.3+/-9.0 years old) and 345 women
      (average age 40.0+/-9.4 years old). The VFA and SFA were estimated by BCM, and
      the associations among the components of metabolic syndrome (waist circumference,
      blood pressure and related blood sample tests) were evaluated. Results VFA showed
      positive correlations with waist circumference, HbA1c, high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL)/low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid level
      in men, while showing positive correlations with waist circumference, HDL
      cholesterol, triglyceride and HbA1c in women. The estimated SFA showed positive
      correlations with systolic blood pressure, HDL/LDL cholesterol and triglyceride
      in men, and HDL cholesterol and triglyceride in women. A receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) analysis showed the estimated VFA to be as effective as WC
      to identify subject with metabolic syndrome. Conclusion By estimating the VFA
      using BCM, it may be possible to identify patients at risk of developing
      metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia. 

PMID- 27374668
TI  - Effect of Switching from Sulphonylurea to Repaglinide Twice or Three Times Daily
      for 4 Months on Glycemic Control in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - Objective Switching from sulfonylureas to repaglinide in patients with type 2
      diabetes improves glycemic control; however, the optimal dosage has not been
      fully evaluated. We designed to show that repaglinide was equivalent to
      sulfonylurea in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. We herein evaluated
      whether we could switch from sulfonylureas to repaglinide twice or thrice daily
      in Japanese adult patients who had been treated with anti-diabetic drugs,
      including sulfonylureas, and whose conditions were moderately well-controlled.
      Methods A total of 78 patients taking less than half the Japanese maximum dose of
      sulfonylurea were randomized into three groups: 26 in group A (switching from
      sulfonylureas to taking 0.25 or 0.5 mg of repaglinide just before breakfast and
      dinner twice daily), 27 in group B (switching from sulfonylureas to taking 0.25
      or 0.5 mg of repaglinide just before meals thrice daily), and 25 in group C
      (continuing to take sulfonylurea). Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3,
      and 4 months following the initiation of the maintenance period. Results The
      HbA1c and glycoalbumin levels did not significantly differ among the three groups
      after 4 months of treatment. Conclusion With the assumption that 1 mg of
      glimepiride is equivalent to 1.25 mg of glibenclamide or 40 mg of gliclazide, the
      administration of repaglinide (0.44 mg/meal) twice and thrice daily is similar to
      the efficacy of sulfonylurea (glimepiride 1.63-1.98 mg/day) after four months of
      treatment in Japanese patients with moderately well-controlled type 2 diabetes
      (HbA1c, 7-7.5%). 

PMID- 27374669
TI  - Factors Affecting the Diagnostic Yield of Transbronchial Biopsy Using
      Endobronchial Ultrasonography with a Guide Sheath in Peripheral Lung Cancer.
AB  - Objective Endobronchial ultrasonography with a guide sheath (EBUS-GS) and virtual
      bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) improves the diagnostic yield in patients with
      peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs). Most previous reports on EBUS-GS-guided
      transbronchial biopsy (TBB) have included patients with benign and malignant
      diseases. We aimed to determine the factors that predicted a successful diagnosis
      by EBUS-GS-guided TBB diagnostic in patients with small peripheral lung cancer,
      with a focus on the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings before
      bronchoscopy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 173
      consecutive patients with 175 small (<=30 mm) PPLs who were diagnosed with
      primary lung cancer between June 2010 and October 2013 at Nagoya University
      Hospital. All patients underwent EBUS-GS-guided TBB with VBN using a ZioStation
      computer workstation (Ziosoft, Osaka, Japan). We analyzed the patient
      characteristics, HRCT findings, diagnostic yield, and the diagnostic factors in
      small peripheral lung carcinoma. Results The EBUS probe position was within the
      PPL in 83 of the 175 lesions (47%) and 112 (64.0%) cases were successfully
      diagnosed by EBUS-GS-guided TBB. A univariate analysis revealed that the
      following factors were associated with a significantly higher diagnostic yield:
      CT bronchus sign positivity, a lesion of >20 mm in diameter, a solid nodule, and
      a probe position that was within the lesion. The following factors were not
      significant: the lesion location, the number of biopsies, and the lung cancer
      histology. A multivariate analysis revealed that the following factors
      significantly affected the diagnostic yield: CT bronchus sign positivity [odds
      ratio (OR) =2.479]; a probe position that was within the lesion (OR=2.542); and a
      solid nodule (OR=2.304). Conclusion The significant factors that were
      significantly associated with a successful diagnosis using EBUS-GS-guided TBB in
      small peripheral lung carcinoma were as follows: CT bronchus sign positivity, a
      solid nodule, and a probe position that was within the lesion. 

PMID- 27374670
TI  - Atypical Pleural Fluid Profiles in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion: Sequential
      Changes Compared with Parapneumonic and Malignant Pleural Effusions.
AB  - Objective Although tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is commonly characterized
      by lymphocytic predominance and high adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels, it may
      present with neutrophilic predominance or low ADA levels, which are more commonly
      found in parapneumonic effusion (PPE) or malignant pleural effusion (MPE),
      respectively. A few studies have observed that the atypical pleural fluid
      profiles of these cases of TPE may resolve at follow-up thoracentesis. However,
      these observations were incompletely analyzed and lacked comparison with proper
      control groups. Thus, limited data are available comparing the sequential pleural
      fluid changes between TPE and PPE or MPE with similar pleural fluid profiles.
      Methods TPE, PPE, and MPE patients who underwent sequential thoracentesis were
      retrospectively reviewed. The sequential changes in the pleural fluid profiles
      were compared between neutrophilic TPE and PPE, and lymphocytic TPE and MPE with
      low ADA levels. Results Twenty-three TPE patients (16 with neutrophilic exudates,
      seven with lymphocytic exudates), 72 cases of PPE with neutrophilic exudates, and
      18 cases of MPE with lymphocytic exudates were included in the analysis. A
      sequential shift to lymphocytic exudates occurred significantly more often in TPE
      than in PPE cases. The initial and follow-up ADA levels in TPE cases with a
      lymphocytic shift were significantly higher than those in PPE cases with a
      lymphocytic shift. The ADA levels in the TPE cases with initial lymphocytic
      exudates and low ADA levels significantly increased at follow-up thoracentesis.
      For the TPE and MPE cases with initial lymphocytic exudates and ADA levels <40
      U/L, the frequency of effusion with ADA levels >=40 U/L at the second
      thoracentesis was significantly higher in the TPE cases. Conclusion Follow-up
      thoracentesis may provide useful information for clinical decision-making in
      suspected atypical TPE cases with neutrophilic exudates or low ADA levels. 

PMID- 27374671
TI  - Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation after Conditioning Regimens
      with Fludarabine/melphalan or Fludarabine/busulfan for Patients with
      Hematological Malignancies: A Single-center Analysis.
AB  - Objective Fludarabine plus melphalan (FM) and fludarabine plus busulfan (FB) are
      two major conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation (allo-HSCT). Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients who
      underwent allo-HSCT after a conditioning regimen consisting of FM or FB
      with/without total body irradiation for hematological malignancies between 2005
      and 2014. Results There were 41 patients who met the criteria. The median follow
      up time for the survivors was 3 years. Thirty-two patients received allo-HSCT
      after the FM regimen and nine patients received allo-HSCT after the FB regimen.
      Patients who received FB were older than those who received FM (p=0.041). There
      was no significant difference in the 3-year overall survival between patients who
      had received FB and those who had received FM (29.6% vs. 56.5%, p=0.267). The 3
      year cumulative incidence of relapse was significantly higher in patients who had
      received FB than that in patients who had received FM (66.7% vs. 17.8%, p=0.004),
      and FB was an independent prognostic factor for relapse by a multivariate
      analysis (hazard ratio, 9.8; 95% confidential interval, 2.5-39.3; p=0.001). When
      we restricted the evaluation to patients with acute myeloid leukemia and
      myelodysplastic syndrome, the 3-year cumulative incidence of relapse was also
      significantly higher in patients who had received FB than that in patients who
      had received FM (75.0% vs. 16.1%, p=0.004). Conclusion The results suggest that
      FM may provide better disease control than FB. 

PMID- 27374672
TI  - Association of Hay Fever with the Failure of Helicobacter pylori Primary
      Eradication.
AB  - Objective Recently, the number of patients receiving Helicobacter pylori
      eradication treatment has dramatically increased in Japan, although the
      eradication rate has gradually decreased. Patient characteristics could affect
      the eradication rate. Our aim in this study was to investigate the association
      between failed first-line eradication therapy and hay fever. Methods We
      researched 356 patients who visited a pharmacy adjacent to the Internal Medicine
      clinic with a prescription for first-line H. pylori eradication treatment and
      investigated whether the patients had hay fever using a questionnaire. We
      separated these patients into 2 groups based on the success or failure of
      eradication according to the clinical data and performed a logistic regression
      analysis to investigate the influence of hay fever on first-line eradication
      failure. Results The eradication rate of patients with and without hay fever was
      65.6% and 77.7%, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios according to which
      patients with hay fever would fail eradication therapy gradually lowered with
      increasing patient age [<=50 years, odds ratio (OR) 6.81, p=0.089; 51-60 years,
      OR 2.75, p=0.145; 61-70 years, OR 1.60, p=0.391; >70 years, OR 1.02, p=0.979]. A
      significant relationship was found for all patients (OR 1.88, p=0.047) and the
      age group <=70 years (OR 2.31, p=0.024). Conclusion Patients with hay fever have
      difficulty with first-line eradication, especially younger patients. The
      existence of clarithromycin-resistant bacteria is suspected, and other factors
      may also be involved. When a hay fever sufferer receives first-line treatment,
      eradication might be difficult and other treatment may be required. 

PMID- 27374673
TI  - Improvements in Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis and Hepatic Portal Venous Gas
      with Conservative Therapy in a Patient on Maintenance Dialysis.
AB  - A 77-year-old man on maintenance dialysis developed hypotension, nausea and
      abdominal pain one hour after beginning to undergo hemodialysis. Abdominal
      computed tomography (CT) showed gas shadows in the intrahepatic portal vein and
      the small intestinal wall, but no signs indicating intestinal necrosis. Three
      days later, the gas shadows on abdominal CT disappeared by conservative therapy.
      In cases with both pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and hepatic portal venous
      gas, intestinal necrosis should therefore be suspected and surgical therapy
      should also be considered, particularly in hemodialysis patients with a risk of
      intestinal ischemia. However, conservative therapy may be an option in cases with
      no intestinal necrosis. 

PMID- 27374674
TI  - Successful Endoscopic Treatment of an Actively Bleeding Jejunal Dieulafoy's
      Lesion.
AB  - Although small bowel endoscopy is commonly performed, cases of ongoing bleeding
      from small bowel lesions have not been commonly encountered. In the present
      report, we describe a case of successful endoscopic treatment of an actively
      bleeding jejunal Dieulafoy's lesion in a 79-year-old man with persistent anemia
      and melena. Capsule endoscopy indicated active bleeding in the jejunum.
      Thereafter, double-balloon endoscopy-performed via the oral approach-showed
      active bleeding from a jejunal Dieulafoy's lesion, which was treated using argon
      plasma coagulation and hemoclips. The melena subsequently resolved, and the
      patient's condition improved after the endoscopic treatment. 

PMID- 27374676
TI  - Refractory Hypotension after Cardioversion in a Patient with Atrial Fibrillation
      and Congestive Heart Failure.
AB  - A 63-year-old woman with atrial fibrillation visited our hospital due to
      decompensated heart failure. Because atrial fibrillation was considered a
      remarkable precipitating factor for heart failure, cardioversion was performed.
      After cardioversion, refractory hypotension and cardiopulmonary arrest occurred.
      An arterial blood gas analysis showed marked lactic acidosis. Chronic kidney
      disease, heart failure, sedatives, and hypoventilation might have contributed to
      refractory hypotension due to severe acidosis in this case. 

PMID- 27374675
TI  - Successful Pancreatic Duct Stent Placement for Recurrent Pancreatitis in a
      Patient with Polysplenia with Agenesis of the Dorsal Pancreas and Peutz-Jeghers
      Syndrome.
AB  - A 52-year-old woman presented with relapsing acute pancreatitis. A contrast CT
      scan revealed polysplenia, agenesis of the dorsal pancreas, preduodenal portal
      vein, inferior vena cava with persistent continuity of the azygos vein, abnormal
      lung lobation with bilateral left bronchial morphology, and intestinal
      malrotation (non-rotation type). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first
      report in which successful pancreatic duct stent placement for the treatment of
      recurrent pancreatitis was performed in a polysplenia patient with agenesis of
      the dorsal pancreas, separate bile and pancreatic ducts and Peutz-Jeghers
      syndrome. 

PMID- 27374677
TI  - Frequent Premature Ventricular Complexes Originating from the Left Ventricular
      Summit Successfully Ablated from the Proximal Great Cardiac Vein Using an
      Impedance-based Electroanatomical Mapping System.
AB  - We herein report a 58-year-old woman with frequent premature ventricular
      complexes (PVCs) originating from the left ventricular summit. The earliest
      ventricular activation of spontaneous PVCs was recorded in the proximal site of
      the great cardiac vein, which was simultaneously mapped and conducted using an
      impedance-based electroanatomical mapping system. Irrigated radiofrequency with a
      starting power output of 20 W and maximal temperature set at 40 degrees C was
      applied with 10 Omega impedance fall, resulting in total disappearance of the
      frequent PVCs. The patient has remained free from PVCs for 18 months without
      requiring antiarrhythmic drug therapy. 

PMID- 27374678
TI  - Non-occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia with Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Lactic Acidosis
      Following the Administration of a Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitor.
AB  - We herein describe a patient with non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI)
      potentially associated with the administration of a sodium glucose co-transporter
      2 (SGLT2) inhibitor. A 60-year-old man with type 1 diabetes was transferred to
      our hospital due to vomiting and respiratory distress. He was treated with
      insulin, metformin and a SGLT2 inhibitor, which had recently been added. He was
      diagnosed with intestinal ischemia complicated by diabetic ketoacidosis and
      lactic acidosis. Urgent exploratory surgery was performed, and the gangrenous
      bowel was resected. Histological findings confirmed the diagnosis of NOMI. The
      administration of SGLT2 inhibitors therefore requires certain exceptions for type
      1 diabetes and cautious monitoring for the occurrence of these possible adverse
      effects. 

PMID- 27374679
TI  - Successful Long-term Graft Survival of a Renal Transplantation Patient with
      Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
AB  - Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, a rare X-linked hereditary syndrome, is characterized
      by immunodeficiency, thrombocytopenia, and eczema. The underlying T-cell defect
      renders renal transplantation and immunosuppressive treatments uncertain. The
      present case exhibited the mild clinical manifestation, regarded as X-linked
      thrombocytopenia. He successfully underwent a living-donor ABO-compatible renal
      transplantation and splenectomy in 2002, and thereafter experiencing no severe
      rejection, serious infection, or malignancy for more than 10 years. Though IgA
      nephropathy was detected 8 months after transplantation, the patient's renal
      function and proteinuria were stable without any treatment. The present case
      showed a successful long-term graft survival and the importance of splenectomy
      added to renal transplantation. 

PMID- 27374680
TI  - Hyponatremic Chloride-depletion Metabolic Alkalosis Successfully Treated with
      High Cation-gap Amino Acid.
AB  - Chloride (Cl)-depletion alkalosis (CDA) develops due to the loss of Cl-rich body
      fluid, i.e., vomiting or diuretics use, and is typically treated with a chloride
      rich solution such as normal saline (NS). Although NS is one of the most utilized
      Cl-rich solutions, high cation-gap amino acid (HCG-AA) predominantly comprises Cl
      and less sodium, making HCG-AA more efficient in correcting CDA. We herein report
      a case of CDA with chronic hyponatremia after frequent vomiting, which was
      successfully treated with HCG-AA without overcorrecting hyponatremia or causing
      hypervolemia. HCG-AA may be more beneficial than NS for treating hyponatremic or
      hypervolemic metabolic alkalosis. 

PMID- 27374681
TI  - Reactivation of Human Herpes Virus-6 in the Renal Tissue of a Patient with Drug
      induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome/Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic
      Symptoms (DIHS/DRESS).
AB  - A 74-year-old man who had been administered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for
      three weeks suffered from drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug rash with
      eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS). In the early stage of the
      clinical course, he developed renal dysfunction. A renal biopsy showed
      granulomatous tubulointerstitial nephritis accompanying the proliferation of
      human herpes virus (HHV)-6 in tubular epithelial cells. With corticosteroid
      therapy, the systemic rash and renal function gradually improved. The present
      patient is the second case of DIHS/DRESS demonstrating a possible reactivation of
      HHV-6 in the renal tissue. The clinical role of viral reactivation in DIHS/DRESS
      must be further elucidated. 

PMID- 27374682
TI  - Changes in Immunohistochemical Protein Levels in Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
      positive Lung Adenocarcinoma Possibly due to Chemo-radiotherapy.
AB  - To detect the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene in non-small cell lung
      cancer, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)
      are the standard methods. However, there are discrepancies between them. We
      herein report a 40-year-old woman with ALK fusion-positive adenocarcinoma that
      changed from positive to negative in IHC due to chemo-radiotherapy. Recurrence of
      the disease restored the IHC expression, whereas FISH was positive throughout the
      entire clinical course. Our experience suggests that we should therefore
      carefully evaluate samples after chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 

PMID- 27374683
TI  - Pioglitazone-induced Pulmonary Injury in a Very Elderly Patient.
AB  - An 85-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital due to
      progressive dyspnea. Two months previously, pioglitazone had been newly
      prescribed for diabetes management. Bilateral ground-glass opacities and
      progressive respiratory deterioration suggested respiratory failure due to a drug
      induced lung injury. With discontinuation of pioglitazone and the administration
      of a corticosteroid, an improvement in her respiratory condition was achieved,
      although sequelae remained in some areas of the lungs. Results of drug-induced
      lymphocyte stimulation tests were positive for pioglitazone. Resumption of other
      drugs did not reinduce the lung injury. Therefore, a diagnosis of pioglitazone
      induced lung injury was made. Although pioglitazone-induced lung injury is very
      rare, clinicians should keep it in mind when pioglitazone is used. 

PMID- 27374684
TI  - Vocal Cord Paralysis and Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure in a Patient with
      Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy.
AB  - We herein report a patient case with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP)
      who presented with vocal cord paralysis (VCP). A 60-year-old man with FAP
      (Gly89Gln) presented with hoarseness and snoring for the previous two years. A
      chest X-ray demonstrated cardiomegaly and bilateral diaphragmatic elevation. The
      findings of a restrictive pattern on spirometry and daytime hypercapnia were
      consistent with respiratory muscle weakness related to neuropathy [forced
      expiratory volume (FEV1): 38%, forced vital capacity (FVC): 39%, FEV1/FVC: 77,
      partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2): 80 mmHg, partial pressure of carbon
      dioxide in arterial blood (PaCO2): 52 mmHg]. An ear-nose-throat examination
      showed VCP. Polysomnography revealed severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). FAP
      may cause OSA by VCP and hypercapnic respiratory failure by respiratory muscle
      weakness. Therefore, an ear-nose-throat examination, spirometry, arterial blood
      gases analysis and polysomnography are important for these patients. 

PMID- 27374685
TI  - Disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infection Manifesting as Multiple
      Areas of Lymphadenitis and Skin Abscess in the Preclinical Stage of Acute
      Lymphocytic Leukemia.
AB  - A 37-year-old woman was admitted to a hospital due to a prolonged fever and a
      rash on her legs. She had systemic lymphadenitis and a skin abscess on her left
      leg. Pathological findings of a left leg skin biopsy revealed abscess formation
      with granulomatous dermatitis, Mycobacterium abscessus complex was cultured from
      the resected left supraclavicular lymph node, and disseminated M. abscessus
      complex infection was diagnosed. She was treated with combination treatment with
      antimicrobials and percutaneous drainage, and her clinical findings improved.
      Four months later, she developed acute lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia is a risk
      factor for disseminated M. abscessus complex infection, even before developing
      leukemia. 

PMID- 27374686
TI  - Ascites Retention during Mogamulizumab Treatment in a Patient with Adult T-cell
      Leukemia/lymphoma.
AB  - A 74-year-old woman with refractory adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)
      received three courses of mogamulizumab. Despite obtaining complete remission,
      she thereafter presented with progressive ascites. An analysis of the ascites and
      laboratory tests revealed no evidence of ATLL invasion, infectious disease, or
      liver cirrhosis. The mogamulizumab concentrations were maintained in the ascites
      at approximately 10-15% of that in the plasma. Mogamulizumab was considered to be
      a plausible pathogenesis of her ascites. To the best of our knowledge, this is
      the first report suggesting mogamulizumab-induced ascites. 

PMID- 27374687
TI  - Recurrent Attacks of Hypokalemic Quadriparesis: An Unusual Presentation of
      Primary Sjogren Syndrome.
AB  - We herein report the case of a 64-year old woman with recurrent attacks of
      hypokalemic quadriparesis which resulted from distal renal tubular acidosis
      (dRTA) secondary to Sjogren syndrome. The patient presented with sudden onset
      quadriparesis. A physical examination showed symmetric weakness of all four
      limbs. Severe hypokalemia (1.8 mEq/L), accompanied by normal anion gap metabolic
      acidosis, a positive urine anion gap and an inappropriately high urine pH pointed
      toward the diagnosis of dRTA. Further investigations disclosed primary Sjogren
      syndrome, which had not previously been recognized. On the basis of the current
      report and a review of the literature we suggest investigating the possibility of
      Sjogren syndrome in all patients with clinically unexplained dRTA. 

PMID- 27374688
TI  - Large Vessel Vasculitis with an Isolated Lesion of a Single-lobe Pulmonary
      Artery.
AB  - Chronic pulmonary arterial obstructions are caused mostly by chronic pulmonary
      artery thromboembolism and rarely by vasculitis or intimal sarcoma of the
      pulmonary artery. We herein report an unusual case of a 42-year-old woman with a
      solitary obstruction of the pulmonary artery in the right lower lobe of her lung.
      Because we could not exclude the possibility of intimal sarcoma, middle and lower
      lobectomy was performed. The resected specimens revealed large vessel vasculitis
      (LVV) and an isolated lesion in the right lower lobe pulmonary artery. LVV should
      therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis for single pulmonary
      arterial stenosis or obstruction. 

PMID- 27374689
TI  - Persistent Infection of Drug-resistant Influenza A Virus during Chemotherapy for
      Malignant Lymphoma.
AB  - We herein report the case of an 80-year-old man with malignant lymphoma who
      became persistently infected with influenza A virus. Although he was repeatedly
      treated with NA inhibitors, such as oseltamivir or peramivir, nasal cavity swab
      tests for influenza A antigen continued to be positive for more than 2 months.
      Virological analyses revealed that he was infected with the NA inhibitor
      resistant A (H3N2) virus possessing an R292K substitution in the NA protein.
      These findings suggest that a drug-resistant influenza virus strain might
      selectively survive antiviral therapy in elderly patients with refractory
      malignant lymphoma undergoing multiple chemotherapies. 

PMID- 27374690
TI  - Adult-onset Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Type f Caused by Acute Lower Leg
      Cellulitis.
AB  - In Japan, routine Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccination began in 2013.
      Thus, similar to other countries, a strain shift is expected in the near future.
      We experienced a case of H. influenzae type f (Hif) bacteremia in a 66-year-old
      man. The primary focus of the infection was the soft tissue of the left lower
      leg, which is an extremely rare origin in adults. Subsequently, we conducted
      multilocus sequence typing and identified the strain as sequence type 124, which
      is the most common invasive strain of Hif worldwide. This case may mark the
      beginning of an Hif strain shift in Japan. 

PMID- 27374691
TI  - Dabigatran-induced Exfoliative Esophagitis.

PMID- 27374692
TI  - White Feces Caused by the Administration of a Somatostatin Analogue.

PMID- 27374693
TI  - Congenital Splenic Hypoplasia in an Elderly Patient.

PMID- 27374694
TI  - Acute Myeloid Leukemia-associated Charcot-Leyden Crystals in the Bone Marrow.

PMID- 27374695
TI  - Isolated Lateral Ventricle.

PMID- 27374696
TI  - Olecranon Osteomyelitis Caused by Mycobacterium chelonae.

PMID- 27374697
TI  - Aggregation Pheromone Activity of the Female Sex Pheromone, beta-Acaridial, in
      Caloglyphus polyphyllae (Acari: Acaridae).
AB  - Caloglyphus (=Sancasania) polyphyllae discharges from a pair of opisthonotal
      glands a characteristic set of volatiles, i.e. three monoterpenes and seven
      hydrocarbons. Among them, beta-acaridial, which is known as the female sex
      pheromone of the species and has antifungal activity, was newly identified as the
      aggregation pheromone for unfeeding and unmating mites. Feeding mites, however,
      exhibited sexually aroused behavior instead of the tendency to cluster when
      exposed to beta-acaridial. This is the first example of the compound
      demonstrating two pheromone functions depending upon the circumstances faced by
      the mites. 

PMID- 27374698
TI  - Alcohols as molecular probes in ionic liquids: evidence for nanostructuration.
AB  - A comprehensive study of the solution and solvation of linear alcohols (propan-1
      ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol) in ionic liquids (ILs) is presented. The effect
      of the alkyl chain size of both alcohols and ILs (1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
      bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [CnC1im][NTf2], ionic liquid series) on the
      thermodynamic properties of solution and solvation was used to obtain insight
      into the interactions between alcohols and ILs. Alcohols were used as molecular
      probes to ascertain whether their solvation in ILs would reflect IL
      nanostructuration. A trend shift was found in the values of enthalpy of solution
      and solvation for the [CnC1im][NTf2] series at a critical alkyl size (CAS) of C6.
      Further, the effect of the hydrogen bond basicity of the anion in the solvation
      of alcohols was explored based on the comparative study of the solvation of
      propan-1-ol in two different IL series, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
      bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [CnC1im][NTf2] and hexafluorophosphate
      [CnC1im][PF6]. The results obtained provide experimental support for the strength
      of hydrogen bonds between the alcohols and the NTf2 and PF6 anions, providing
      insights into the IL intermolecular interactions, namely by indicating the
      ability of the alcohols to discriminate the IL anion hydrogen bond basicity. 

PMID- 27374699
TI  - A hierarchical Zn2Mo3O8 nanodots-porous carbon composite as a superior anode for
      lithium-ion batteries.
AB  - A hierarchical Zn2Mo3O8 nanodots-porous carbon composite has been successfully
      synthesized via the ingenious combination of ion exchange and molten salt
      strategies, and the composite exhibits remarkable performance as an anode
      material for lithium-ion batteries. 

PMID- 27374700
TI  - A Review of Supplemental Screening Ultrasound for Breast Cancer: Certain
      Populations of Women with Dense Breast Tissue May Benefit.
AB  - Breast density has been shown to be a strong, independent risk factor for breast
      cancer. Unfortunately, mammography is less accurate on dense breast tissue
      compared to fattier breast tissue. Multiple studies suggest a solution to this by
      demonstrating the ability of supplemental screening ultrasound to detect
      additional malignant lesions in women with dense breast tissue but negative
      mammography. In particular, supplemental screening ultrasound may be beneficial
      to women with dense breast tissue and intermediate or average risk for breast
      cancer, women in specific ethnic populations with greater prevalence of dense
      breast tissue, and women living in resource-poor healthcare environments.
      Although magnetic resonance imaging is currently recommended for women with high
      risk for breast cancer, not all women can access or tolerate a magnetic resonance
      imaging examination. Notably, ultrasound does not require intravenous gadolinium
      and may be an alternative for women with socioeconomic or medical restrictions,
      which limit their access to magnetic resonance imaging. Limitations of
      supplemental screening ultrasound include a substantial rate of false-positives,
      increased cost, and limited resource availability, particularly in regard to the
      time required for image interpretation. Additional clinical experience with this
      application of ultrasound, improved patient selection criteria, and new
      technology, such as the promising results seen with automated whole breast
      ultrasound, may address these limitations. In light of recent legislation in some
      states that has called for discussing supplemental imaging with patients who have
      dense breast tissue, the optimal role for supplemental screening ultrasound
      merits further exploration.

PMID- 27374701
TI  - DT-13 attenuates human lung cancer metastasis via regulating NMIIA activity under
      hypoxia condition.
AB  - Cancer metastasis plays a major role in tumor deterioration. Metastatic processes
      are known to be regulated by hypoxic microenvironment and non-muscle myosin IIA
      (NMIIA). DT-13, a bioactive saponin monomer isolated from Ophiopogon japonicus,
      has been reported to inhibit various cancer metastasis, but whether NMIIA is
      involved in the anti-metastatic activity of DT-13 under hypoxia remains to be
      determined. Thus, this study aims to clarify the role of DT-13 in regulating 95D
      cell metastasis under hypoxic microenvironment and to further investigate whether
      NMIIA is involved in the anti-metastatic mechanism of DT-13. We found that DT-13
      significantly inhibited 95D cells metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore,
      hypoxia significantly inhibited the expression of NMIIA and redistributed NMIIA
      to the cell periphery, whereas DT-13 reversed the hypoxic effects by upregulating
      the expression of NMIIA. Moreover, DT-13 treatment redistributed NMIIA to the
      nuclear periphery and reduced the formation of F-actin in 95D cells. In addition,
      we found that the Raf-ERK1/2 signaling pathway is involved in regulation of NMIIA
      by DT-13. Collectively, these findings support NMIIA as a target of DT-13 to
      prevent lung cancer metastasis. 

PMID- 27374702
TI  - Collectively coping with contact: The role of intragroup support in dealing with
      the challenges of intergroup mixing in residential contexts.
AB  - The social identity approach to stress has shown how intragroup support processes
      shape individuals' responses to stress across health care, workplace, and
      community settings. However, the issue of how these 'social cure' processes can
      help cope with the stress of intergroup contact has yet to be explored. This is
      particularly important given the pivotal role of intergroup threat and anxiety in
      the experience of contact as well as the effect of contact on extending the
      boundaries of group inclusion. This study applies this perspective to a real-life
      instance of residential contact in a divided society. Semi-structured interviews
      with 14 Catholic and 13 Protestant new residents of increasingly mixed areas of
      Belfast city, Northern Ireland, were thematically analysed. Results highlight
      that transitioning to mixed communities was fraught with intergroup anxiety,
      especially for those coming from 'single identity' areas. Help from existing
      residents, especially when offered by members of other religious denominations,
      signalled a 'mixed community ethos' to new residents, which facilitated adopting
      and sharing this identity. This shared identity then enabled them to deal with
      unexpected intergroup threats and provided resilience to future sectarian
      division. New residents who did not adopt this shared identity remained isolated,
      fearful, and prone to negative contact.

PMID- 27374703
TI  - Correlation of NPM1 Type A Mutation Burden With Clinical Status and Outcomes in
      Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients With Mutated NPM1 Type A.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nucleophosmin gene (NPM1) mutation may be a good molecular marker for
      assessing the clinical status and predicting the outcomes in AML patients. We
      evaluated the applicability of NPM1 type A mutation (NPM1-mutA) quantitation for
      this purpose. METHODS: Twenty-seven AML patients with normal karyotype but
      bearing the mutated NPM1 were enrolled in the study, and real-time quantitative
      PCR of NPM1-mutA was performed on 93 bone marrow (BM) samples (27 samples at
      diagnosis and 56 at follow-up). The NPM1-mutA allele burdens (represented as the
      NPM1-mutA/Abelson gene (ABL) ratio) at diagnosis and at follow-up were compared.
      RESULTS: The median NPM1-mutA/ABL ratio was 1.3287 at diagnosis and 0.092 at 28
      days after chemotherapy, corresponding to a median log10 reduction of 1.7061.
      Significant correlations were observed between BM blast counts and NPM1-mutA
      quantitation results measured at diagnosis (gamma=0.5885, P=0.0012) and after
      chemotherapy (gamma=0.5106, P=0.0065). Total 16 patients achieved morphologic
      complete remission at 28 days after chemotherapy, and 14 (87.5%) patients showed
      a >3 log10 reduction of the NPM1-mutA/ABL ratio. The NPM1-mutA allele was
      detected in each of five patients who had relapsed, giving a median increase of
      0.91-fold of the NPM1-mutA/ABL ratio at relapse over that at diagnosis.
      CONCLUSIONS: The NPM1-mutA quantitation results corresponded to BM assessment
      results with high stability at relapse, and could predict patient outcomes.
      Quantitation of the NPM1-mutA burden at follow-up would be useful in the
      management of AML patients harboring this gene mutation.

PMID- 27374704
TI  - Can a Point-of-Care Troponin I Assay be as Good as a Central Laboratory Assay? A
      MIDAS Investigation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Alere Triage
      Cardio3 Tropinin I (TnI) assay (Alere, Inc., USA) and the PathFast cTnI-II
      (Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, Japan) against the central laboratory
      assay Singulex Erenna TnI assay (Singulex, USA). METHODS: Using the Markers in
      the Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes (MIDAS) study population, we evaluated
      the ability of three different assays to identify patients with acute myocardial
      infarction (AMI). The MIDAS dataset, described elsewhere, is a prospective
      multicenter dataset of emergency department (ED) patients with suspected acute
      coronary syndrome (ACS) and a planned objective myocardial perfusion evaluation.
      Myocardial infarction (MI) was diagnosed by central adjudication. RESULTS: The C
      statistic with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for diagnosing MI by using a common
      population (n=241) was 0.95 (0.91-0.99), 0.95 (0.91-0.99), and 0.93 (0.89-0.97)
      for the Triage, Singulex, and PathFast assays, respectively. Of samples with
      detectable troponin, the absolute values had high Pearson (R(P)) and Spearman
      (R(S)) correlations and were R(P)=0.94 and R(S)=0.94 for Triage vs Singulex,
      R(P)=0.93 and R(S)=0.85 for Triage vs PathFast, and R(P)=0.89 and R(S)=0.73 for
      PathFast vs Singulex. CONCLUSIONS: In a single comparative population of ED
      patients with suspected ACS, the Triage Cardio3 TnI, PathFast, and Singulex TnI
      assays provided similar diagnostic performance for MI.

PMID- 27374705
TI  - Performance Evaluation of the Serum Thyroglobulin Assays With
      Immunochemiluminometric Assay and Immunoradiometric Assay for Differentiated
      Thyroid Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Measurement of postoperative serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is important
      for detecting persistent or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer. We evaluated
      the analytic performance of the DxI 800 assay (Beckman Coulter, USA) for serum Tg
      and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs) in comparison with that of the GAMMA-10
      assay (Shinjin Medics Inc., Korea) for serum Tg and RIA-MAT 280 assay (Stratec,
      Germany) for TgAb. METHODS: We prospectively collected blood samples from 99
      patients thyroidectomized for thyroid cancer. The functional sensitivity was
      investigated in standards and human serum. Precision and linearity were evaluated
      according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
      The correlation between the two assays was assessed in samples with different Tg
      ranges. RESULTS: The functional sensitivity of the DxI 800 assay for serum Tg was
      between 0.0313 and 0.0625 ng/mL. The total CV was 3.9-5.6% for serum Tg and 5.3
      6.9% for serum TgAb. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 1.0 and 0.99 for
      serum Tg and TgAb, respectively. The cut-offs for serum TgAb were 4.0 IU/mL (DxI
      800) and 60.0 IU/mL (RIA-MAT 280), and the overall agreement was 68.7%. The
      correlation between the two assays was excellent; the correlation coefficient was
      0.99 and 0.88 for serum Tg and TgAb, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The DxI 800 is a
      sensitive assay for serum Tg and TgAb, and the results correlated well with those
      from the immunoradiometric assays (IRMA). This assay has several advantages over
      the IRMA and could be considered an alternative test for Tg measurement.

PMID- 27374706
TI  - The Prognostic Value of Serum Levels of Heart-Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein and
      High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Increased Levels of Amino
      Terminal Pro-B Type Natriuretic Peptide.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amino-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a well
      established prognostic factor in heart failure (HF). However, numerous causes may
      lead to elevations in NT-proBNP, and thus, an increased NT-proBNP level alone is
      not sufficient to predict outcome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      utility of two acute response markers, high sensitivity C-reactive protein
      (hsCRP) and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), in patients with an
      increased NT-proBNP level. METHODS: The 278 patients were classified into three
      groups by etiology: 1) acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n=62), 2) non-ACS cardiac
      disease (n=156), and 3) infectious disease (n=60). Survival was determined on day
      1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90, 120, and 150 after enrollment. RESULTS: H-FABP
      (P<0.001), NT-proBNP (P=0.006), hsCRP (P<0.001) levels, and survival (P<0.001)
      were significantly different in the three disease groups. Patients were divided
      into three classes by using receiver operating characteristic curves for NT
      proBNP, H-FABP, and hsCRP. Patients with elevated NT-proBNP (>=3,856 pg/mL) and H
      FABP (>=8.8 ng/mL) levels were associated with higher hazard ratio for mortality
      (5.15 in NT-proBNP and 3.25 in H-FABP). Area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve analysis showed H-FABP was a better predictor of 60-day
      mortality than NT-proBNP. CONCLUSIONS: The combined measurement of H-FABP with NT
      proBNP provides a highly reliable means of short-term mortality prediction for
      patients hospitalized for ACS, non-ACS cardiac disease, or infectious disease.

PMID- 27374707
TI  - Evaluation of Serum Cotinine Cut-Off to Distinguish Smokers From Nonsmokers in
      the Korean Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cotinine has been widely used as an objective marker to identify
      current smokers. We conducted this study to address the absence of Korean studies
      investigating the efficacy of immunoassays and liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the detection of serum cotinine and to determine the
      optimal serum cotinine cut-off level for differentiating current smokers from
      nonsmokers. METHODS: Serum specimens were obtained from 120 subjects. They were
      randomly chosen to represent a broad distribution of urine cotinine levels based
      on a retrospective review of questionnaires and results of urine cotinine levels.
      We determined serum cotinine levels using the IMMULITE 2000 XPi Immunoassay
      System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc., USA) and LC-MS/MS (API-4000, Applied
      Biosystems, USA). Correlation was analyzed between IMMULITE serum cotinine, urine
      cotinine, and LC-MS/MS serum cotinine levels. ROC curve was analyzed to identify
      the optimal IMMULITE serum cotinine cut-off level for differentiating current
      smokers from nonsmokers. RESULTS: IMMULITE serum cotinine levels correlated with
      both urine cotinine and LC-MS/MS serum cotinine levels, with correlation
      coefficients of 0.958 and 0.986, respectively. The optimal serum cotinine cut-off
      level for distinguishing current smokers from nonsmokers was 13.2 ng/mL (95.7%
      sensitivity, 94.1% specificity) using IMMULITE. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first
      study to investigate the use of LC-MS/MS for the measurement of serum cotinine
      and to determine the optimal serum cotinine cut-off level for the IMMULITE
      immunoassay. Our results could provide guidelines for differentiating current
      smokers from nonsmokers in the Korean population.

PMID- 27374708
TI  - Disk Carbapenemase Test for the Rapid Detection of KPC-, NDM-, and Other Metallo
      beta-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacilli.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacilli
      (GNB) is required for optimal treatment of infected patients. We developed and
      assessed a new disk carbapenemase test (DCT). METHODS: Paper disks containing 0.3
      mg of imipenem and bromothymol blue indicator were developed, and the performance
      of the DCT were evaluated by using 742 strains of GNB with or without
      carbapenemases. RESULTS: The paper disks were simple to prepare, and the dried
      disks were stable at -20 degrees C and at 4 degrees C. The DCT detected 212 of
      215 strains (98.6% sensitivity with 95% confidence interval [CI] 96.0-99.5%) of
      GNB with known class A (KPC and Sme) and class B (NDM, IMP, VIM, and SIM)
      carbapenemases within 60 min, but failed to detect GES-5 carbapenemase. The DCT
      also detected all two Escherichia coli isolates with OXA-48, but failed to detect
      GNB with OXA-232, and other OXA carbapenemases. The DCT showed 100% specificity
      (95% CI, 99.2-100%) in the test of 448 imipenem-nonsusceptible, but carbapenemase
      genes not tested, clinical isolates of GNB. CONCLUSIONS: The DCT is simple and
      can be easily performed, even in small laboratories, for the rapid detection of
      GNB with KPC, NDM and the majority of IMP, VIM, and SIM carbapenemases.

PMID- 27374709
TI  - Analysis of the Vaginal Microbiome by Next-Generation Sequencing and Evaluation
      of its Performance as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool in Vaginitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) can detect many more microorganisms
      of a microbiome than traditional methods. This study aimed to analyze the vaginal
      microbiomes of Korean women by using NGS that included bacteria and other
      microorganisms. The NGS results were compared with the results of other assays,
      and NGS was evaluated for its feasibility for predicting vaginitis. METHODS: In
      total, 89 vaginal swab specimens were collected. Microscopic examinations of Gram
      staining and microbiological cultures were conducted on 67 specimens. NGS was
      performed with GS junior system on all of the vaginal specimens for the 16S rRNA,
      internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and Tvk genes to detect bacteria, fungi, and
      Trichomonas vaginalis. In addition, DNA probe assays of the Candida spp.,
      Gardnerella vaginalis, and Trichomonas vaginalis were performed. Various
      predictors of diversity that were obtained from the NGS data were analyzed to
      predict vaginitis. RESULTS: ITS sequences were obtained in most of the specimens
      (56.2%). The compositions of the intermediate and vaginitis Nugent score groups
      were similar to each other but differed from the composition of the normal score
      group. The fraction of the Lactobacillus spp. showed the highest area under the
      curve value (0.8559) in ROC curve analysis. The NGS and DNA probe assay results
      showed good agreement (range, 86.2-89.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Fungi as well as bacteria
      should be considered for the investigation of vaginal microbiome. The
      intermediate and vaginitis Nugent score groups were indistinguishable in NGS. NGS
      is a promising diagnostic tool of the vaginal microbiome and vaginitis, although
      some problems need to be resolved.

PMID- 27374710
TI  - Analytical and Clinical Validation of Six Commercial Middle East Respiratory
      Syndrome Coronavirus RNA Detection Kits Based on Real-Time Reverse-Transcription
      PCR.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During the 2015 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
      coronavirus (MERS-CoV), six different commercial MERS-CoV RNA detection kits
      based on real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) were
      available in Korea. We performed analytical and clinical validations of these
      kits. METHODS: PowerChek (Kogene Biotech, Korea), DiaPlexQ (SolGent, Korea),
      Anyplex (Seegene, Korea), AccuPower (Bioneer, Korea), LightMix (Roche Molecular
      Diagnostics, Switzerland), and UltraFast kits (Nanobiosys, Korea) were evaluated.
      Limits of detection (LOD) with 95% probability values were estimated by testing
      16 replicates of upstream of the envelope gene (upE) and open reading frame 1a
      (ORF1a) RNA transcripts. Specificity was estimated by using 28 nasopharyngeal
      swabs that were positive for other respiratory viruses. Clinical sensitivity was
      evaluated by using 18 lower respiratory specimens. The sensitivity test panel and
      the high inhibition panel were composed of nine specimens each, including eight
      and six specimens that were positive for MERS-CoV, respectively. RESULTS: The
      LODs for upE ranged from 21.88 to 263.03 copies/reaction, and those for ORF1a
      ranged from 6.92 to 128.82 copies/reaction. No cross-reactivity with other
      respiratory viruses was found. All six kits correctly identified 8 of 8 (100%)
      positive clinical specimens. Based on results from the high inhibition panel,
      PowerChek and AccuPower were the least sensitive to the presence of PCR
      inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: The overall sensitivity and specificity of all six assay
      systems were sufficient for diagnosing MERS-CoV infection. However, the
      analytical sensitivity and detection ability in specimens with PCR inhibition
      could be improved with the use of appropriate internal controls.

PMID- 27374711
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of Three Homogenization Methods for Isolating Middle East
      Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nucleic Acids From Sputum Samples for Real-Time
      Reverse Transcription PCR.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) of sputum samples is
      commonly used to diagnose Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
      infection. Owing to the difficulty of extracting RNA from sputum containing
      mucus, sputum homogenization is desirable prior to nucleic acid isolation. We
      determined optimal homogenization methods for isolating viral nucleic acids from
      sputum. METHODS: We evaluated the following three sputum-homogenization methods:
      proteinase K and DNase I (PK-DNase) treatment, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
      treatment, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine and sodium citrate (NALC) treatment. Sputum
      samples were spiked with inactivated MERS-CoV culture isolates. RNA was extracted
      from pretreated, spiked samples using the easyMAG system (bioMerieux, France).
      Extracted RNAs were then subjected to rRT-PCR for MERS-CoV diagnosis (DiaPlex Q
      MERS-coronavirus, SolGent, Korea). RESULTS: While analyzing 15 spiked sputum
      samples prepared in technical duplicate, false-negative results were obtained
      with five (16.7%) and four samples (13.3%), respectively, by using the PBS and
      NALC methods. The range of threshold cycle (Ct) values observed when detecting
      upE in sputum samples was 31.1-35.4 with the PK-DNase method, 34.7-39.0 with the
      PBS method, and 33.9-38.6 with the NALC method. Compared with the control, which
      were prepared by adding a one-tenth volume of 1:1,000 diluted viral culture to
      PBS solution, the ranges of Ct values obtained by the PBS and NALC methods
      differed significantly from the mean control Ct of 33.2 (both P<0.0001).
      CONCLUSIONS: The PK-DNase method is suitable for homogenizing sputum samples
      prior to RNA extraction.

PMID- 27374712
TI  - Germline TP53 Mutation and Clinical Characteristics of Korean Patients With Li
      Fraumeni Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known of the mutation and tumor spectrum of Korean patients
      with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Owing to the rarity of LFS, few cases have been
      reported in Korea thus far. This study aimed to retrospectively review the
      mutations and clinical characteristics of Korean patients with LFS. METHODS: TP53
      mutation was screened in 89 unrelated individuals at the Samsung Medical Center
      in Korea, from 2004 to 2015. Six additional mutation carriers were obtained from
      the literature. RESULTS: We identified nine different mutations in 14 Korean
      patients (male to female ratio=0.3:1). Two such frameshift mutations
      (p.Pro98Leufs*25, p.Pro27Leufs*17) were novel. The recurrent mutations were
      located at codons 31 (n=2; p.Val31Ile), 175 (n=3; p.Arg175His), and 273 (n=4;
      p.Arg273His and p.Arg273Cys). The median age at the first tumor onset was 25 yr.
      Ten patients (71%) developed multiple primary tumors. A diverse spectrum of
      tumors was observed, including breast (n=6), osteosarcoma (n=4), brain (n=4),
      leukemia (n=2), stomach (n=2), thyroid (n=2), lung (n=2), skin (n=2), bladder
      (n=1), nasal cavity cancer (n=1), and adrenocortical carcinoma (n=1).
      CONCLUSIONS: There was considerable heterogeneity in the TP53 mutations and tumor
      spectrum in Korean patients with LFS. Our results suggest shared and different
      LFS characteristics between Caucasian and Korean patients. This is the first
      report on the mutation spectrum and clinical characteristics from the largest
      series of Korean LFS patients.

PMID- 27374713
TI  - Adeno-Associated Virus 2-Mediated Hepatocellular Carcinoma is Very Rare in Korean
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence and etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) vary
      widely according to race and geographic regions. The insertional mutagenesis of
      adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) has recently been considered a new viral etiology
      of HCC. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and clinical
      characteristics of AAV2 in Korean patients with HCC. METHODS: A total of 289
      unrelated Korean patients with HCC, including 159 Hepatitis-B-related cases, 16
      Hepatitis-C-related cases, and 114 viral serology-negative cases, who underwent
      surgery at the Samsung Medical Center in Korea from 2009 to 2014 were enrolled in
      this study. The presence of AAV2 in fresh-frozen tumor tissues was investigated
      by DNA PCR and Sanger sequencing. The clinical and pathological characteristics
      of AAV2-associated HCC in these patients were compared with previous findings in
      French patients. RESULTS: The AAV2 detection rate in Korean patients (2/289) was
      very low compared with that in French patients (11/193). Similar to the French
      patients, the Korean patients with AAV2-related HCC showed no signs of liver
      cirrhosis. The Korean patients were younger than the French patients with the
      same AAV2-associated HCC; the ages at diagnosis of the two Korean patients were
      47 and 39 yr, while the median age of the 11 French patients was 55 yr (range 43
      90 yr). CONCLUSIONS: AAV2-associated HCC was very rare in Korean patients with
      HCC. Despite a limited number of cases, this study is the first to report the
      clinical characteristics of Korean patients with AAV2-associated HCC. These
      findings suggest epidemiologic differences in viral hepatocarcinogenesis between
      Korean and European patients.

PMID- 27374714
TI  - Frequency and Clinical Characteristics of Intrachromosomal Amplification of
      Chromosome 21 in Korean Childhood B-lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) is known to
      be associated with poor prognosis in B-cell ALL (B-ALL). To determine the
      frequency and clinical characteristics of iAMP21 in Korean B-ALL patients, we
      performed FISH and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA)
      analyses. METHODS: A total of 102 childhood B-ALL patients were screened with
      ETV6-RUNX1 FISH probes (Abbott Molecular, USA). The presence of an iAMP21 was
      confirmed by using MLPA P327 iAMP21-ERG probemix (MRC Holland, The Netherlands).
      RESULTS: iAMP21 was detected in one of the screened B-ALL patients (1/102
      patients, 1.0%) who presented the ALL immunophenotype and complex karyotype at
      initial diagnosis. The patient relapsed twice after bone marrow transplantation.
      MLPA showed 12.5-Mb and 4.28-Mb regions of amplification and deletion,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of iAMP21 is considerable in Korean
      pediatric patients. Our report suggests that iAMP21 in childhood B-ALL has very
      unfavorable impact on patient's prognosis. Additional methods such as MLPA
      analysis is essential to rule out patients with equivocal interphase FISH
      results.

PMID- 27374715
TI  - Reference Intervals of Hematology and Clinical Chemistry Analytes for 1-Year-Old
      Korean Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reference intervals need to be established according to age. We
      established reference intervals of hematology and chemistry from community-based
      healthy 1-yr-old children and analyzed their iron status according to the feeding
      methods during the first six months after birth. METHODS: A total of 887 children
      who received a medical check-up between 2010 and 2014 at Boramae Hospital (Seoul,
      Korea) were enrolled. A total of 534 children (247 boys and 287 girls) were
      enrolled as reference individuals after the exclusion of data obtained from
      children with suspected iron deficiency. Hematology and clinical chemistry
      analytes were measured, and the reference value of each analyte was estimated by
      using parametric (mean+/-2 SD) or nonparametric methods (2.5-97.5th percentile).
      Iron, total iron-binding capacity, and ferritin were measured, and transferrin
      saturation was calculated. RESULTS: As there were no differences in the mean
      values between boys and girls, we established the reference intervals for 1-yr
      old children regardless of sex. The analysis of serum iron status according to
      feeding methods during the first six months revealed higher iron, ferritin, and
      transferrin saturation levels in children exclusively or mainly fed formula than
      in children exclusively or mainly fed breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: We established
      reference intervals of hematology and clinical chemistry analytes from community
      based healthy children at one year of age. These reference intervals will be
      useful for interpreting results of medical check-ups at one year of age.

PMID- 27374716
TI  - Multiplex Assay of Second-Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in Dried Blood Spots Using
      Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - As dried blood spots (DBSs) have various advantages over conventional venous
      blood sampling, some assays for detection of one or two anti-tuberculosis (TB)
      drugs in DBSs have been developed. However, there are no assays currently
      available for the simultaneous measurement of three or more anti-TB drugs in
      DBSs. In this study, we developed and evaluated a multiplex method for detecting
      nine anti-TB drugs including streptomycin, kanamycin, clarithromycin,
      cycloserine, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, para-aminosalicylic acid, prothionamide,
      and linezolid in DBSs by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Seventy-nine patient samples of DBS were analyzed
      on the UPLC-MS/MS system. All drug concentrations were determined within 4 min,
      and assay performance was evaluated. All drugs were clearly separated without ion
      suppression. Within-run and between-run precisions were 1.7-13.0% and 5.7-17.0%,
      respectively, at concentrations representing low and high levels for the nine
      drugs. Lower limits of detection and quantification were 0.06-0.6 and 0.5-5.0
      MUg/mL, respectively. Linearity was acceptable at five level concentrations for
      each drug. Correlations between drug concentrations in plasma and DBSs by using
      Passing-Bablock regression and Pearson's rho (rho 0.798-0.989) were acceptable.
      In conclusion, we developed a multiplex assay to measure nine second-line anti-TB
      drugs in DBSs successfully. This assay provided convenient and rapid drug
      quantification and could have applications in drug monitoring during treatment. 

PMID- 27374717
TI  - Acute Myeloid Leukemia With MLL Rearrangement and CD4+/CD56+ Expression can be
      Misdiagnosed as Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm: Two Case Reports.

PMID- 27374718
TI  - Reply to the Letter to the Editor by Dr. Chirumbolo.

PMID- 27374719
TI  - Basophil Activation Test for Chronic Urticaria.

PMID- 27374721
TI  - Erratum: Increase in Anti-Gal IgM Level is Associated With Early Graft Failure in
      Intraportal Porcine Islet Xenotransplantation.
AB  - This corrects the article on p. 611 in vol. 35, PMID: 26354349.

PMID- 27374720
TI  - MLL-SEPT5 Fusion Transcript in Two de novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients With
      t(11;22)(q23;q11).

PMID- 27374722
TI  - Endogenous glucocorticoids exacerbate cholestasis-associated liver injury and
      hypercholesterolemia in mice.
AB  - Cholestatic liver disease is characterized by a disruption of bile flow, bile
      acid toxicity, liver injury, and hypercholesterolemia. Relatively high secretion
      of glucocorticoids by the adrenals has been observed under cholestatic
      conditions. Here we investigated a contribution of the rise in endogenous
      glucocorticoids to initial stage cholestasis pathology. Adrenalectomized or sham
      operated control C57BL/6 mice were given an oral dose of alpha
      naphthylisothiocyanate to induce cholestasis. Adrenalectomy effectively lowered
      plasma corticosterone levels (18+/-5ng/ml vs 472+/-58ng/ml; P<0.001) and
      disrupted the metabolic and anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid function. Adrenal
      removal did not exacerbate the cholestasis extent. In contrast, the cholestasis
      associated liver injury was markedly lower in adrenalectomized mice as compared
      to controls as evidenced by a 84%-93% decrease in liver necrosis and plasma
      alanine aminotransferase and bile acid levels (P<0.001 for all). Gene expression
      analysis on livers from adrenalectomized mice suggested the absence of bile acid
      toxicity-associated farnesoid X receptor signaling in the context of a 44%
      (P<0.01) and 82% (P<0.001) reduction in sodium/bile acid cotransporter member 1
      transcript level as compared to respectively control and non-diseased mice.
      Adrenalectomy reduced the expression of the cholesterol synthesis gene HMG-CoA
      reductase by 70% (P<0.05), which translated into a 73% lower plasma total
      cholesterol level (P<0.05). Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with the glucocorticoid
      receptor antagonist RU-486 recapitulated the protective effect of adrenalectomy
      on indices of liver injury and hypercholesterolemia. In conclusion, we have shown
      that endogenous glucocorticoids exacerbate the liver injury and
      hypercholesterolemia associated with acute cholestasis in mice.

PMID- 27374724
TI  - Use of Flexi-Seal to manage early colostomy complications.

PMID- 27374723
TI  - Fetal movements as a predictor of health.
AB  - The key determinant to a fetus maintaining its health is through adequate
      perfusion and oxygen transfer mediated by the functioning placenta. When this
      equilibrium is distorted, a number of physiological changes, including reduced
      fetal growth, occur to favor survival. Technologies have been developed to
      monitor these changes with a view to prolong intrauterine maturity while reducing
      the risks of stillbirth. Many of these strategies involve complex interpretation,
      for example Doppler ultrasound for fetal blood flow and computerized analysis of
      fetal heart rate changes. However, even with these modalities of fetal assessment
      to determine the optimal timing of delivery, fetal movements remain integral to
      clinical decision-making. In high-risk cohorts with fetal growth restriction, the
      manifestation of a reduction in perceived movements may warrant an expedited
      delivery. Despite this, there has been little evolution in the development of
      technologies to objectively evaluate fetal movement behavior for clinical
      application. This review explores the available literature on the value of fetal
      movement analysis as a method of assessing fetal wellbeing, and demonstrates how
      interdisciplinary developments in this area may aid in the improvement of
      clinical outcomes. 

PMID- 27374725
TI  - Helical Folding Competing with Unfolded Aggregation in Phenylene Ethynylene
      Foldamers.
AB  - The folding and aggregation behavior of a pair of oligo(phenylene ethynylene)
      (OPE) foldamers are investigated by means of UV/Vis absorption and circular
      dichroism spectroscopy. With identical OPE backbones, two foldamers, 1 with alkyl
      side groups and 2 with triethylene glycol side chains, manifest similar helical
      conformations in solutions in n-hexane and methanol, respectively. However,
      disparate and competing folding and aggregation processes are observed in
      alternative solvents. In cyclohexane, oligomer 1 initially adopts the helical
      conformation, but the self-aggregation of unfolded chains, as a minor component,
      gradually drives the folding-unfolding transition eventually to the unfolded
      aggregate state completely. In contrast, in aqueous solution (CH3 OH/H2 O) both
      folded and unfolded oligomer 2 appear to undergo self-association; aggregates of
      the folded chains are thermodynamically more stable. In solutions with a high H2
      O content, self-aggregation among unfolded oligomers is kinetically favored;
      these oligomers very slowly transform into aggregates of helical structures with
      greater thermodynamic stability. The folded-unfolded conformational switch thus
      takes place with the free (nonaggregated) molecules, and the very slow folding
      transition is due to the low concentration of molecularly dispersed oligomers. 

PMID- 27374726
TI  - Activity of linezolid and tedizolid against clinical isolates of methicillin
      resistant and methicillin and linezolid resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an in
      vitro comparison.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
      in Spain is approximately 20-30%. However, resistance to linezolid is rare, and
      the main reports are from nosocomial outbreaks. The objective of the present
      study was to compare the in vitro susceptibility of linezolid with that of
      tedizolid against MRSA isolates and methicillin-and linezolid-resistant isolates
      (MLRSA) mediated by the cfr gene. METHODS: The in vitro susceptibility of
      linezolid and tedizolid was determined using the E-test with 18 MRSA strains and
      18 cfr-mediated MLRSA strains obtained from clinical isolates in the microbiology
      service of a tertiary university hospital. RESULTS: All MRSA strains were
      susceptible to both antibiotics. Analysis of the MRSA isolates revealed that the
      MIC50 and MIC90 of linezolid were 1.5 and 2 mg/L, respectively; those of
      tedizolid were 0.25 and 0.4 mg/L. The MIC50 and MIC90 of tedizolid remained at
      0.75 and 1 mg/L against the MLRSA strains (MIC90 >= 8 mg/L). CONCLUSIONS: Both
      for MRSA and for MLRSA, the MICs obtained for tedizolid were at least 2 dilutions
      lower than those of linezolid, thus demonstrating between 2 and 4 times greater
      activity in vitro than linezolid.

PMID- 27374728
TI  - Systematic variation of population receptive field properties across cortical
      depth in human visual cortex.
AB  - Receptive fields (RFs) in visual cortex are organized in antagonistic, center
      surround, configurations. RF properties change systematically across eccentricity
      and between visual field maps. However, it is unknown how center-surround
      configurations are organized in human visual cortex across lamina. We use sub
      millimeter resolution functional MRI at 7Tesla and population receptive field
      (pRF) modeling to investigate the pRF properties in primary visual cortex (V1)
      across cortical depth. pRF size varies according to a U-shaped function,
      indicating smaller pRF center size in the middle compared to superficial and
      deeper intra-cortical portions of V1, consistent with non-human primate
      neurophysiological measurements. Moreover, a similar U-shaped function is also
      observed for pRF surround size. However, pRF center-surround ratio remains
      constant across cortical depth. Simulations suggest that this pattern of results
      can be directly linked to the flow of signals across cortical depth, with the
      visual input reaching the middle of cortical depth and then spreading towards
      superficial and deeper layers of V1. Conversely, blood-oxygenation-level
      dependent (BOLD) signal amplitude increases monotonically towards the pial
      surface, in line with the known vascular organization across cortical depth.
      Independent estimates of the haemodynamic response function (HRF) across cortical
      depth show that the center-surround pRF size estimates across cortical depth
      cannot be explained by variations in the full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the
      HRF.

PMID- 27374727
TI  - Effects of aging on low luminance contrast processing in humans.
AB  - Luminance contrast is a fundamental visual cue. Using a dedicated neuroimaging
      framework, we sought to characterize typical Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD)
      responses in two subcortical regions, the superior colliculus (SC) and the
      lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), and V1, the primary visual cortex area, and how
      they change over the lifespan. For imaging subcortical activity related to
      luminance contrast modulation, specific measurements were introduced to rule out
      possible signal contamination by cardiovascular activity and vascular alterations
      with age that could hamper the BOLD signal interpretation. Clearly, BOLD
      responses increased in these three regions with luminance contrast, with a
      statistically significant diminution in LGN and V1 for older compared to younger
      participants, while basal perfusion remained unchanged. Additionally, perceptual
      responses, as assessed with psychophysical experiments, were highly correlated to
      BOLD measures in the three studied regions. Taken together, fMRI and
      psychophysics results indicate an alteration of luminance contrast processing
      with normal aging. Based on this knowledge we can better recognize when age
      related brain changes vary from these expectations especially during
      neurodegenerative diseases progression where the functioning of subcortical
      structures is altered. The proposed fMRI-physchophysics methodology allows
      performing such investigation.

PMID- 27374729
TI  - Reduction of global interference of scalp-hemodynamics in functional near
      infrared spectroscopy using short distance probes.
AB  - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is used to measure cerebral
      activity because it is simple and portable. However, scalp-hemodynamics often
      contaminates fNIRS signals, leading to detection of cortical activity in regions
      that are actually inactive. Methods for removing these artifacts using standard
      source-detector distance channels (Long-channel) tend to over-estimate the
      artifacts, while methods using additional short source-detector distance channels
      (Short-channel) require numerous probes to cover broad cortical areas, which
      leads to a high cost and prolonged experimental time. Here, we propose a new
      method that effectively combines the existing techniques, preserving the accuracy
      of estimating cerebral activity and avoiding the disadvantages inherent when
      applying the techniques individually. Our new method accomplishes this by
      estimating a global scalp-hemodynamic component from a small number of Short
      channels, and removing its influence from the Long-channels using a general
      linear model (GLM). To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, we collected
      fNIRS and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) measurements during a
      motor task. First, we measured changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration
      (?Oxy-Hb) from 18 Short-channels placed over motor-related areas, and confirmed
      that the majority of scalp-hemodynamics was globally consistent and could be
      estimated from as few as four Short-channels using principal component analysis.
      We then measured ?Oxy-Hb from 4 Short- and 43 Long-channels. The GLM identified
      cerebral activity comparable to that measured separately by fMRI, even when scalp
      hemodynamics exhibited substantial task-related modulation. These results suggest
      that combining measurements from four Short-channels with a GLM provides robust
      estimation of cerebral activity at a low cost. 

PMID- 27374730
TI  - Temporal Trends in Conduit Urinary Diversion With Concomitant Cystectomy for
      Benign Indications: A Population-based Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe national trends in cystectomy at the time of urinary
      diversion for benign indications. Multiple practice patterns exist regarding the
      necessity for concomitant cystectomy with urinary diversion for benign end-stage
      lower urinary tract dysfunction. Beyond single-institution reports, limited data
      are available to describe how concurrent cystectomy is employed on a national
      level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A representative sample of patients undergoing
      urinary diversion for benign indications with or without concurrent cystectomy
      was identified from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide
      Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2011. Using multivariate logistic regression
      models, we identified hospital- and patient-level characteristics associated with
      concomitant cystectomy with urinary diversion. RESULTS: There was an increase in
      the proportion of concomitant cystectomy at the time of urinary diversion from
      20% to 35% (P < .001) between 1998 and 2011. The increase in simultaneous
      cystectomy over time occurred at teaching hospitals (vs community hospitals), in
      older patients, in male patients, in the Medicare population (vs private
      insurance and Medicaid), and in those with certain diagnoses. CONCLUSION: There
      has been an overall increase in the use of cystectomy at the time of urinary
      diversion for benign indications on a national level, although the indications
      driving this clinical decision appear inconsistent.

PMID- 27374731
TI  - Antegrade Sclerotherapy to Treat All Types of Varicoceles in the Pediatric
      Population: Experience of a Single Center.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze our experience with antegrade sclerotherapy for the
      treatment of Coolsaet types I, II, and III varicoceles in a pediatric and
      adolescent population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2005 and 2015, 73 patients
      who underwent antegrade sclerotherapy were retrospectively evaluated. Patient
      age, side, clinical and Doppler ultrasound grade, and anatomical variations were
      collected. Varicoceles were grouped following Coolsaet's classification: all
      types were sclerosed. Follow-up consisted in clinical examination 3 and 6 months
      following surgery and testicular Doppler ultrasound 6 and 12 months following
      surgery. Patients were then telephonically interviewed. Success was defined as
      varicocele resolution or reduction to a grade not requiring surgery. RESULTS:
      Mean patient age was 14.7 years and mean operating time was 50.8 minutes. Based
      on phlebographic imaging and following Coolsaet's classification, we identified
      57 (78.1%) type I, 3 (4.1%) type II, and 13 (17.8%) type III varicoceles. No
      intraoperative complications were observed. Three patients (4.1%) presented a
      short-term complication in the form of pampiniform plexus thrombosis; 1 patient
      also developed wound dehiscence: all complications occurred in Coolsaet type I
      varicoceles and during surgeon learning curve. No hydrocele occurred. Out of 59
      patients with a satisfactory follow-up (range: 14 months-10 years), 2 recurrences
      occurred, the success rate thus being 96.6%. CONCLUSION: Tauber's antegrade
      sclerotherapy is a simple and feasible technique, effective in treating all kinds
      of varicocele with low complication, recurrence, and persistence rates.
      Phlebography reveals frequent venous anatomical variations, allows grouping of
      varicoceles into Coolsaet types, and enables performing of sclerosis safely in
      all 3 kinds.

PMID- 27374732
TI  - The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity on Artificial Urinary Sphincter
      Outcomes in Men.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of diabetes and obesity on artificial urinary
      sphincter (AUS) outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1987 to 2011, men with
      available diabetes and body mass index (BMI) information (568 of 954) undergoing
      primary AUS placement at our institution were evaluated. The incidence of all
      cause reintervention, mechanical failure, atrophy, and erosion or infection was
      assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariable analyses evaluated the
      association between clinical characteristics and AUS outcomes. RESULTS: In total,
      90 (16%) men had diabetes. Median follow-up among alive men without AUS event was
      5.9 years. Diabetics had a greater 5-year incidence of erosion/infection (13% vs
      8%; P = .025). On multivariable analysis, diabetes was independently associated
      with an increased risk of erosion/infection (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.26; P = .02);
      whereas greater BMI was associated with a reduced risk of erosion or infection
      (obese: HR = 0.39; P = .02; overweight: HR = 0.57; P = .07). Accordingly, in
      diabetics, greater average postoperative glucose level (176 mg/dL vs 153 mg/dL; P
      = .04) and use of nonantibiotic coated devices (13 of 62 vs 1 of 28; P = .035)
      was associated with a greater incidence of erosion or infection. There was no
      difference in social continence (<=1 pad/day) (45% vs 57%; P = .29) or high-level
      satisfaction (95% vs 90%; P = .43) among diabetics vs nondiabetics. However, with
      greater BMI (<25, 25 to <30, and >=30), there was a decrease in <=1 pad/day usage
      (62% vs 61% vs 49%; P = .02). CONCLUSION: We found that the presence of diabetes
      was independently associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk of AUS erosion or
      infection. These findings warrant the consideration of additional periprocedural
      measures to reduce the risk of this devastating complication.

PMID- 27374733
TI  - Occurrence of and Risk Factors for Urological Intervention During Benign
      Hysterectomy: Analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
      Database.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of lower genitourinary tract (LGUT) injury
      during hysterectomy for benign disease and identify risk factors for LGUT injury,
      with a specific focus on the effect of hysterectomy modality. METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing hysterectomy for
      benign disease from 2010 t o 2014 using the American College of Surgeons National
      Surgical Quality Improvement Program, a multi-institutional prospective registry
      that captures perioperative surgical outcomes. We identified the occurrence of
      concomitant cystoscopy and therapeutic urologic interventions including
      endoscopic ureteric stenting, ureteric repair, bladder repair, cystectomy, and
      urinary diversion as a proxy for LGUT injuries. Adjusted odds ratios and 95%
      confidence intervals were calculated using multivariate logistic regression.
      RESULTS: We identified 101,021 patients treated with hysterectomy for benign
      disease: 18,610 (18.4%), 27,427 (27.2%), and 54,984 (54.4%) underwent vaginal,
      open, and laparoscopic hysterectomy, respectively. Cystoscopy was performed in
      16,493 cases (16.3%). There were 2427 patients (2.4%) who underwent concomitant
      urologic intervention. Patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy had
      increased occurrence of urologic intervention, excluding cystoscopy (adjusted
      odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.29-1.69), compared to vaginal
      hysterectomy; no differences were found between open and vaginal hysterectomy or
      laparoscopic and open hysterectomy. Larger uteri, a postoperative diagnosis of
      endometriosis, increasing comorbidity, and African American race were associated
      with an increased odd of urologic intervention whereas concomitant cystoscopy was
      associated with a decreased chance. CONCLUSION: The incidence of lower
      genitourinary tract intervention in benign hysterectomy is significant and may be
      higher than previously reported. Predisposing patient factors and operative
      technique are key risk factors.

PMID- 27374734
TI  - A Systematic Review of Ileal Conduit and Neobladder Outcomes in Primary Bladder
      Cancer.
AB  - Treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer with curative intent includes
      radical cystectomy and urinary diversion. Using PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a
      systematic review assessing differences in patient selection, operative
      parameters, complications, and quality of life between ileal conduit and
      neobladder cohorts. Ileal conduit cohorts have more advanced age and disease,
      more comorbidities and complications, and poorer quality of life. Ileal conduit
      surgery is associated with adverse patient selection that inhibits reasonable
      comparison of outcomes with neobladder cohorts. Despite this, we observe longer
      operative times and hospital stays in neobladder cohorts, perhaps reflecting
      greater technical difficulty and the need for postoperative bladder training.

PMID- 27374735
TI  - Immunologic evaluation of the endometrium with a levonorgestrel intrauterine
      device in solid organ transplant women and healthy controls.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective was to describe the endometrial milieu of stable
      transplant patients and healthy women before and after levonorgestrel
      intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) insertion. STUDY DESIGN: Women between 18 and 45
      years of age desiring LNG-IUS insertion were enrolled with a 2:1 ratio of healthy
      to stable solid organ transplant patients. The first visit entailed a blood draw,
      uterine lavage and endometrial biopsy followed by LNG-IUS insertion. Follow-up
      visit involved a repeat serum draw, uterine lavage and endometrial biopsy.
      Cytokine levels were measured in the uterine lavage and serum by quantifying
      inflammatory biomarkers. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed on the
      endometrial tissue to measure macrophage levels. Statistical analysis included a
      nonparametric analysis that compared medians of the marker levels before and
      after intrauterine device (IUD) insertion within the group and between the two
      groups. RESULTS: Sixteen participants completed the study: 5 solid organ
      transplant patients and 11 healthy patients. For the serum, there were no marked
      changes in the cytokines or soluble receptor levels in either group after IUD
      insertion. However, in the uterine lavage, there was an increase in cytokine
      levels post-IUD insertion for both healthy and transplant women. For the
      endometrial tissue, there was evidence of macrophage activity in both groups
      after device insertion. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study investigated the uterine
      environment of the transplant patient population. Findings have pointed to the
      strong local inflammatory response following LNG-IUS insertion for the transplant
      recipients. In addition, these preliminary findings will help power a larger
      study that can investigate the safety and effectiveness of the IUD in this
      patient population. IMPLICATIONS: Findings from this pilot study suggest that the
      IUD is inducing a local inflammatory reaction in the uterus of the transplant
      patient as in the healthy control. A larger study can build on these preliminary
      results to pursue the efficacy and safety of IUD use among solid organ transplant
      patients.

PMID- 27374736
TI  - Assessing abortion coverage in nurse practitioner programs in Canada: a national
      survey of program directors.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Although nurse practitioners (NPs) play a critical role in the
      delivery of reproductive health services in Canada, there is a paucity of
      published information regarding the reproductive health education provided in
      their training programs. Our study aimed to understand better the didactic and
      curricular coverage of abortion in Canadian NP programs. STUDY DESIGN: In 2014,
      we conducted a 3-contact, bilingual (English-French) mailed survey to assess the
      coverage of, time dedicated to and barriers to inclusion of 17 different areas of
      reproductive health, including abortion. We also asked respondents to speculate
      on whether or not mifepristone would be incorporated into the curriculum if
      approved by Health Canada for early abortion. We analyzed our results with
      descriptive statistics and used inductive techniques to analyze the open-ended
      questions for content and themes. RESULTS: Sixteen of 23 (70%) program directors
      or their designees returned our survey. In general, abortion-related topics
      received less coverage than contraception, ectopic pregnancy management and
      miscarriage management. Fifty-six percent of respondents reported that their
      program did not offer information about first-trimester abortion procedures
      and/or post-abortion care in the didactic curriculum. Respondents expressed
      interest in incorporating mifepristone/misoprostol into NP education and
      training. CONCLUSION: Reproductive health issues receive uneven and often
      inadequate curricular coverage in Canadian NP programs. Identifying avenues to
      expand education and training on abortion appears warranted. Embarking on
      curricular reform efforts is especially important given the upcoming introduction
      of mifepristone into the Canadian health system for early abortion. IMPLICATIONS:
      Our findings draw attention to the need to integrate abortion-related content
      into NP education and training programs. The approval of Mifegymiso(r) may
      provide a window of opportunity to engage in curriculum reform efforts across the
      health professions in Canada.

PMID- 27374737
TI  - Access to the copper IUD as post-coital contraception: results from a mystery
      caller study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess access to the copper IUD as post-coital contraception (PCC)
      and identify barriers to obtaining this contraceptive method. STUDY DESIGN: We
      used a "mystery caller" approach to survey primary care, family planning, and
      Ob/Gyn clinics in nine U.S. cities, identified via online search. A single
      researcher called 199 clinics, assuming the role of a patient seeking the copper
      IUD for PCC. Using a standard script, the researcher collected information
      regarding access to the copper IUD and respondent's knowledge of the copper IUD's
      indication for PCC. The primary outcome was availability of the copper IUD as
      PCC. Secondary outcomes included any provision of the copper IUD, awareness of
      the copper IUD's indication for use as PCC, and offering accurate information
      regarding the copper IUD as PCC. Fisher's exact test was used to compare outcomes
      by clinic type. RESULTS: Two thirds (68%) of primary care clinics, 87% of family
      planning clinics, and all Ob/Gyn clinics offered the copper IUD (p<.001). Only
      11% of primary care clinics, however, were aware of the copper IUD's use as PCC,
      as compared with 63% of family planning clinics and 24% of Ob/Gyn clinics
      (p<.001). Few primary care or Ob/Gyn clinics offered the copper IUD as PCC, while
      49% of family planning clinics did so (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Access to the copper
      IUD as PCC is limited and varies by clinic type. Knowledge gaps exist regarding
      the use of the copper IUD as PCC, as well as regarding the general medical
      guidelines for copper IUD placement. IMPLICATIONS: A majority of primary care and
      Ob/Gyn clinics do not offer the copper IUD as PCC, and only about half of family
      planning clinics do so. Barriers included lack of knowledge, unavailability of
      device, unavailability of an appointment with a trained provider, and outdated
      IUD provision protocols.

PMID- 27374738
TI  - Qualitative analysis of the role of self-weighing as a strategy of weight control
      for weight-loss maintainers in comparison with a normal, stable weight group.
AB  - Self-weighing seems to have a primary role in weight-loss maintenance. The use of
      this strategy may help correct even slight weight regain and contribute to long
      term weight stability. However, self-weighing has also been associated with
      negative psychological health consequences in specific subgroups. This study
      aimed to explore the use and the behavioral and psychological consequences of
      self-weighing in a group of weight-loss maintainers (WLoMs). We chose a
      qualitative design to conduct this investigation. Eighteen WLoMs were interviewed
      and compared to a matched comparison group of 18 participants with a lifelong
      normal stable weight (NSW). Analyses showed that most WLoMs needed regular self
      weighing to be aware of their weight. The weight displayed on the scale helped
      WLoMs sustain the continuous efforts needed to maintain weight loss and also at
      times triggered corrective actions that were sometimes drastic. Weight changes
      generated both negative and positive affect among WLoMs, who could experience
      anxiety because of self-weighing or have their self-esteem impaired in the case
      of weight gain. In comparison, the NSW group rarely used self-weighing. They
      relied on a conscious way of living to control their weight and needed fewer
      strategies. NSW participants simply went back to their routine when they felt a
      slight increase in their weight, without experiencing consequences on their mood
      or self-esteem. Regular self-weighing as a component of weight-loss maintenance
      should be encouraged to help WLoMs regulate their food and physical activity,
      provided that potential consequences on psychological well-being, including self
      esteem, are screened and addressed when needed.

PMID- 27374739
TI  - Role Models as Facilitators of Social Capital for Deaf Individuals: A Research
      Synthesis.
AB  - in a variety of contexts, deaf individuals often must navigate multiple societal,
      psychological, and physical barriers. It is frequently proposed that role models
      meet an important need for successful navigation in such contexts. The present
      article, a research synthesis, explores available literature on role models for
      deaf individuals, drawing from social capital theory to conceptualize how
      individuals in social networks can facilitate the development of resources
      necessary for navigating various settings. Four key themes were identified, two
      being that role models (a) address a critical need and (b) contribute to
      important developmental processes. In addition, (c) key elements appear to be
      necessary for effective role modeling, and (d) multidimensional cultural
      affiliations are important considerations within the role model process. Though
      more research is needed, the findings suggest that role models play an important
      role in how deaf individuals build social capital.

PMID- 27374740
TI  - Educational Programs for Deaf Students.

PMID- 27374742
TI  - Programs for Deaf-Blind Youth and Adults.

PMID- 27374741
TI  - University and College Programs for Personnel in Deafness.

PMID- 27374743
TI  - Advocacy, Support, and Rehabilitation Programs.

PMID- 27374744
TI  - Research on Deafness.

PMID- 27374745
TI  - Exploring non-hospital-related settings in Angola reveals new Acinetobacter
      reservoirs for blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-58.

PMID- 27374746
TI  - Routine atypical antibiotic coverage is not necessary in hospitalised patients
      with non-severe community-acquired pneumonia.

PMID- 27374747
TI  - Evaluation of a DNA microarray for rapid detection of the most prevalent extended
      spectrum beta-lactamases, plasmid-mediated cephalosporinases and carbapenemases
      in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter.
AB  - The dissemination of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) producing extended-spectrum
      beta-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid-encoded cephalosporinases (pAmpCs) and
      carbapenemases is a matter of great clinical concern. In this study, we evaluated
      a new low-density DNA array 'Check-MDR CT103 XL' (Check-Points, Wageningen, The
      Netherlands) that identifies the most clinically relevant beta-lactamase genes of
      ESBLs (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaBEL, blaPER, blaGES and blaVEB), pAmpCs
      (blaCMY-2-like, blaDHA, blaFOX, blaACC-1, blaACT/MIR and blaCMY-1-like/MOX) and
      carbapenemases (blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaNDM, blaGIM, blaSPM and
      blaOXA-23, -24 and -58) in cultured bacteria. In total, 223 GNB isolates with
      well-characterised resistance mechanisms to beta-lactams were analysed. A
      specificity and sensitivity of 100% were recorded for most bla genes, with a
      slightly lower signal observed for blaIMP. The Check-MDR CT103 XL array proved
      highly accurate for the identification of epidemiologically relevant ESBL, pAmpC
      and carbapenemase genes harboured in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and
      Acinetobacter spp. The Check-MDR CT103 XL assay is a significant improvement
      compared with Check-MDR CT103 and it highlights the ability of this array to
      evolve rapidly to adjust to the current needs for the detection of resistance
      mechanisms to beta-lactam agents. 

PMID- 27374748
TI  - HCV1b genome evolution under selective pressure of the cyclophilin inhibitor
      alisporivir during the DEB-025-HCV-203 phase II clinical trial.
AB  - Major advances have revolutionized the HCV antiviral treatment field, with
      interferon-free combinations of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) resulting into
      success rates of >90% for all HCV genotypes. Nevertheless, viral eradication at a
      global level stills remains challenging, stimulating the continued search for new
      affordable pan-genotypic drugs. To overcome selection of drug resistant variants,
      targeting host proteins can be an attractive mechanism of action. Alisporivir
      (Debio 025) is a potent pan-genotypic host-targeting antiviral agent, acting on
      cyclophilin A, which is necessary for HCV replication. The efficacy and safety of
      three different oral doses of alisporivir in combination with pegylated
      interferon-alpha2a given over a period of four weeks, was investigated in a
      randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled phase IIa clinical trial, in 90
      treatment-naive subjects infected with chronic hepatitis C, wherefrom 58 HCV1b
      samples were selected for genetic sequencing purposes. Sequencing results were
      used to study the HCV genome for amino acid changes potentially related with
      selective pressure and resistance to alisporivir. By comparing baseline and on
      treatment sequences, a large variation in proportion of amino acid changes was
      detected in all treatment arms. The NS5A variant D320E, which was previously
      identified during in vitro resistance selection and resulted in 3.6-fold reduced
      alisporivir susceptibility, emerged in two subjects in the alisporivir
      monotherapy arm. However, emergence of D320E appeared to be associated only with
      concurrent viral load rebound in one subject with 0.8log10IU/ml increase in HCV
      RNA. In general, for all datasets, low numbers of positions under positive
      selective pressure were observed, with no significant differences between naive
      and treated sequences. Additionally, incomplete sequence information for some of
      the 22 patients and the low number of individuals per treatment arm, is limiting
      the power to assess the association of alisporivir or interferon treatment with
      the observed amino acid changes.

PMID- 27374749
TI  - Small Molecule/Polymer Blend Organic Transistors with Hole Mobility Exceeding 13
      cm(2) V(-1) s(-1).
AB  - A ternary organic semiconducting blend composed of a small-molecule, a conjugated
      polymer, and a molecular p-dopant is developed and used in solution-processed
      organic transistors with hole mobility exceeding 13 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (see the
      Figure). It is shown that key to this development is the incorporation of the p
      dopant and the formation of a vertically phase-separated film microstructure. 

PMID- 27374751
TI  - Canine eosinophilic granuloma of the digits treated with prednisolone and
      chlorambucil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Canine eosinophilic granuloma (CEG) is an uncommon disease. Lesions
      are typically located in the oral cavity and other cutaneous sites, but are
      rarely reported to affect the digits. The majority of cases are treated with
      prednisolone as a monotherapy; alternative treatment options include
      corticosteroids administered in combination with azathioprine, antihistamines,
      electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, and surgical resection. Neither chlorambucil
      nor laser previously have been reported as treatments. OBJECTIVES: To describe an
      alternative therapy for treatment of CEG; using chlorambucil in combination with
      prednisolone for those cases that fail to respond to prednisolone alone. The new
      treatment was chosen according to good clinical practice and after owner consent.
      ANIMALS: Two client owned dogs. METHODS: One case was initially treated with
      carbon dioxide laser to debulk the lesions. Both cases were treated with a
      combination of oral prednisolone and chlorambucil. RESULTS: Both dogs experienced
      rapid resolution of lesions with prednisolone and chlorambucil therapy. Case 1
      remained in remission three months after withdrawing medication. Case 2
      experienced relapse 10 weeks after discontinuing therapy but was well controlled
      on maintenance prednisolone with chlorambucil at low, well tolerated doses.
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Although CEG appears to be an uncommon
      disease, it should be included as a differential diagnosis for dermal, nodular
      lesions affecting the digits. Chlorambucil appears to be an effective and well
      tolerated prednisolone sparing agent for treatment of CEG. Carbon dioxide laser
      ablation appears to be an effective method of debulking CEGs.

PMID- 27374750
TI  - Early remodelling of the extracellular matrix proteins tenascin-C and phosphacan
      in retina and optic nerve of an experimental autoimmune glaucoma model.
AB  - Glaucoma is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic
      nerve fibres. Previous studies noted fewer RGCs after immunization with ocular
      antigens at 28 days. It is known that changes in extracellular matrix (ECM)
      components conduct retina and optic nerve degeneration. Here, we focused on the
      remodelling of tenascin-C and phosphacan/receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase
      beta/zeta in an autoimmune glaucoma model. Rats were immunized with optic nerve
      homogenate (ONA) or S100B protein (S100). Controls received sodium chloride (Co).
      After 14 days, no changes in RGC number were noted in all groups. An increase in
      GFAP mRNA expression was observed in the S100 group, whereas no alterations were
      noted via immunohistochemistry in both groups. Extracellular matrix remodelling
      was analyzed after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. Tenascin-C and 473HD immunoreactivity in
      retinae and optic nerves was unaltered in both immunized groups at 3 days. At 7
      days, tenascin-C staining increased in both tissues in the ONA group. Also, in
      the optic nerves of the S100 group, an intense tenascin-C staining could be
      shown. In the retina, an increased tenascin-C expression was also observed in ONA
      animals via Western blot. 473HD immunoreactivity was elevated in the ONA group in
      both tissues and in the S100 optic nerves at 7 days. At 14 days, tenascin-C and
      473HD immunoreactivity was up-regulated in the ONA retinae, whereas phosphacan
      expression was up-regulated in both groups. We conclude that remodelling of
      tenascin-C and phosphacan occurred shortly after immunization, already before RGC
      loss. We assume that both ECM molecules represent early indicators of
      neurodegeneration.

PMID- 27374752
TI  - Soft magnetic memory of silk cocoon membrane.
AB  - Silk cocoon membrane (SCM), a solid matrix of protein fiber, responds to light,
      heat and moisture and converts these energies to electrical signals. Essentially
      it exhibits photo-electric and thermo-electric properties; making it a natural
      electro-magnetic sensor, which may influence the pupal development. This raises
      the question: 'is it only electricity?', or 'it also posses some kind of magnetic
      memory?' This work attempted to explore the magnetic memory of SCM and confirm
      its soft magnetism. Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Gd were found in SCM, in traces, through
      energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
      and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Presence of iron was
      ascertained by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). In addition, EPR-spectra
      showed the presence of a stable pool of carbon-centric free radical in the cocoon
      structure. Carbon-centric free radicals behaves as a soft magnet inherently.
      Magnetic-Hysteresis (M-H) of SCM confirmed its soft magnetism. It can be
      concluded that the soft bio-magnetic feature of SCM is due to the entrapment of
      ferromagnetic elements in a stable pool of carbon centric radicals occurring on
      the super-coiled protein structure. Natural soft magnets like SCM provide us with
      models for developing eco-friendly, protein-based biological soft magnets.

PMID- 27374753
TI  - Randomized controlled trial of a messaging intervention to increase fruit and
      vegetable intake in adolescents: Affective versus instrumental messages.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present research aimed to test the efficacy of affective and
      instrumental text messages compared with a no-message control as a strategy to
      increase fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) in adolescents. DESIGN: A randomized
      controlled trial was used test impact of different text messages compared with no
      message on FVI over a 2-week period. METHOD: A total of 1,065 adolescents (14-19
      years) from a high school of the South of Italy completed the baseline
      questionnaire and were randomly allocated to one of three conditions:
      instrumental messages (N = 238), affective messages (N = 300), and no messages (N
      = 521). Students in the message conditions received one message each day over a 2
      week period. The messages targeted affective (affective benefits) or instrumental
      (instrumental benefits) information about FVI. Self-reported FVI at 2 weeks was
      the key dependent variable. Analyses were based on the N = 634 who completed all
      aspects of the study. RESULTS: Findings showed that messages significantly
      increased FVI, particularly in the affective condition and this effect was
      partially mediated by changes in affective attitude and intentions towards FVI.
      CONCLUSION: Text messages can be used to increase FVI in adolescents. Text
      messages based on affective benefits are more effective than text messages based
      on instrumental benefits. Statement of contribution What is already known on this
      subject? Text messages have been shown to promote positive change in health
      behaviours. However, the most appropriate target for such text messages is less
      clear although targeting attitudes may be effective. What does this study add?
      This randomized controlled study shows that text messages targeting instrumental
      or affective attitudes produce changes in fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) in
      adolescents. Text messages targeting affective attitudes are shown to be more
      effective than text messages targeting instrumental attitudes. The effect of
      affective text messages on FVI was partially mediated by changes in affective
      attitudes.

PMID- 27374754
TI  - Discrepancies between video head impulse and caloric tests in patients with
      enlarged vestibular aqueduct.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We performed the video head impulse test (vHIT) and caloric test in
      patients with enlarged vestibular aqueducts (EVA). We compared the results with
      those found in Meniere's disease (MD) and acute vestibular neuritis to clarify
      the characteristics of vestibular dysfunction in EVA and to suggest reasons for
      the discrepancy between the vHIT and caloric tests in endolymphatic hydrops.
      STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. METHODS: Ten patients with EVA and
      confirmed biallelic SLC26A4 genetic mutations were enrolled. The results of video
      head impulse and caloric tests were analyzed and compared with those of patients
      diagnosed with MD (n = 76) or acute vestibular neuritis (n = 19). RESULTS: Among
      patients with EVA, 40% showed unilateral caloric weakness and 30% had recurrent
      episodes of vertigo. All patients with recurrent vertigo had caloric weakness.
      However, only 25% of patients with abnormal caloric test results had abnormal
      vHIT results. The discrepancy between the caloric test and vHIT results was also
      found in patients with MD, but not in patients with acute vestibular neuritis
      (abnormal vHIT results in 47.3% and 94.7% of patients with unilateral caloric
      weakness, respectively). CONCLUSION: Unilateral vestibular dysfunction was
      identified in 40% of patients with EVA by the caloric test, but caloric test
      results were not correlated with vHIT results. This finding was similar in
      patients with MD. Hence, it is possible that endolymphatic hydrops, a common
      pathologic feature of both EVA and MD, could cause the discrepancy, and that
      vestibulopathy in endolymphatic hydrops might be restricted to the low-frequency
      range. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4. Laryngoscope, 127:921-926, 2017.

PMID- 27374755
TI  - Complexities of Diagnosing Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in a Patient with Burn
      Injury: Could Stimulant Abuse be a Risk Factor?

PMID- 27374756
TI  - Sedentary behavior during school-time: Sociodemographic, weight status, physical
      education class, and school performance correlates in Brazilian schoolchildren.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether sedentary behavior during school-time is
      associated with gender, age, mother's education, having physical education
      classes, weight status, and academic performance. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
      METHODS: A sample of 571 children (7-12 years old) from five elementary schools
      in Florianopolis, South Brazil had their height and weight measured, and wore
      accelerometers during class time. Teachers completed a form to evaluate
      children's reading and writing skills. Parents provided sociodemographic and
      educational information. Data was analyzed using multilevel linear regression
      analyses. RESULTS: Children spent an average of 132min in sedentary behavior
      during school-time (64% of total school-time). Girls (137.5min), obese children
      (138.1min), older children (144.2min), and those who did not have physical
      education classes (140.2min) spent more time engaged in sedentary activities than
      their peers. Academic performance and mother's education were not associated with
      sedentary behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Children spent most of their school-time in
      sedentary activities, with girls, older students, and obese students being even
      more sedentary than their peers. Physical education classes were a protective
      factor against excessive sedentary behavior in school. Interventions for reducing
      sedentary behavior during school-time could employ additional strategies to
      benefit the at risk groups. In addition, encouraging student's participation in
      physical education classes could minimize the time spent in sedentary behavior
      during school hours.

PMID- 27374757
TI  - Effects of aqueous extracts from Panax ginseng and Hippophae rhamnoides on acute
      alcohol intoxication: An experimental study using mouse model.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) is a frequent
      emergency, but therapeutic drugs with superior efficacy and safety are lacking.
      Panax ginseng (PG) and Hippophae rhamnoides (HR) respectively has a wide
      application as a complementary therapeutic agent in China for the treatment of
      AAI and liver injury induced by alcohol. We investigated the effects of aqueous
      extracts from PG and HR (AEPH) on AAI mice and identified its underlying
      mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Models of AAI were induced by intragastric
      administration of ethanol (8g/kg). Seventy-two Specific pathogen-free (SPF) male
      Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups: normal group, positive
      control group, AEPH of low dosage (100mg/kg) group, AEPH of medium dose
      (200mg/kg) group, AEPH of high dosage (400mg/kg) group and model group. The mice
      were treated with metadoxine (MTD, 500mg/kg) and AEPH. Thirty minutes later, the
      normal group was given normal saline, while the other groups were given ethanol
      (i.g., 8g/kg). The impact of AEPH was observed. In the same way, another seventy
      two Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups equally. The blood ethanol
      concentration at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 6h after ethanol intake was determined by
      way of gas chromatography. The activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde
      dehydrogenase (ALDH) and microsomal ethanol oxidase (EO) in liver, and the
      concentration of beta-endorphin (beta-EP), leucine-enkephalin (LENK) in the brain
      were determined by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA). RESULTS:
      AEPH markedly prolonged alcohol tolerance time and shortened sober-up time after
      acute ethanol administration. AEPH decreased blood ethanol levels in six tests
      after ethanol intake. The 7-day survival rate of AEPH group was obviously
      superior to model group. AEPH increased the activities of ADH, ALDH, and
      decreased EO activity in liver. The crucial find was that AEPH markedly decreased
      beta-EP and LENK concentration in the brain. CONCLUSIONS: AEPH can markedly
      increase the levels of ADH, ALDH, decrease EO activity in liver and decrease the
      concentration of beta-EP and LENK in the brain to against acute alcohol
      intoxication in mice.

PMID- 27374758
TI  - Posterior urethral valves and vesicoureteral reflux: can prenatal ultrasonography
      distinguish between these two conditions in male fetuses?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate prenatal sonographic signs
      that distinguish male fetuses with posterior urethral valves (PUV) from those
      with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). METHODS: Prenatal data were retrospectively
      retrieved from all consecutive women delivering between 2003 and 2012 of a male
      newborn with a postnatal diagnosis of PUV or VUR. Prenatal parameters included
      fetal bladder characteristics, identification of a dilated posterior urethra, and
      change in shape and size in the fetal renal pelvis or ureter. RESULTS: One
      hundred thirty-six women gave birth to a male newborn with a postnatal diagnosis
      of PUV (n = 49) or VUR (n = 87). The presence of posterior urethral dilatation
      [21 (42.9%) fetuses versus 0 (0%), p = 0.000], a thickened fetal bladder wall [37
      (75.5%) vs 4 (4.6%), p = 0.000], and anhydramnios [14 (28.6%) vs 0, p = 0.000]
      were strongly associated with the postnatal diagnosis of PUV. Change in shape and
      size in the fetal renal pelvis or ureter was observed in 15 (17.2%) of 87
      children with VUR versus 1 (2.0%) out of 49 with PUV (p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS:
      Prenatal ultrasound may differentiate with reasonable accuracy male fetuses with
      a postnatal diagnosis of PUV from those with VUR. (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 27374759
TI  - Maternal separation increases later immobility during forced swim in guinea pig
      pups: evidence for sensitization of a depressive-like state.
AB  - Early-life stress is thought to increase later vulnerability for developing
      depressive illness by sensitizing underlying stress-responsive systems. Guinea
      pig pups separated from their mother and isolated in a novel cage for 3 hr
      exhibit a sensitized depressive-like behavioral response when separated again the
      following day as well as weeks later. The behavioral response and its
      sensitization appear to be mediated by inflammatory factors. To determine if this
      sensitization is specific to the separation response or if it reflects a broader
      underlying depressive-like state, guinea pig pups that had either been separated
      for 3 hr or remained with their mothers were observed in the forced swim test the
      following 3 days. Earlier separation was found to increase the duration of
      immobility, a measure sensitive to antidepressant treatment. These results
      support the use of the guinea pig as a model for examining mechanisms of
      inflammatory-mediated sensitization of depression following stress in early life.

PMID- 27374760
TI  - Cortisol metabolism, postnatal depression and weight changes in the first 12
      months postpartum.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Postnatal depression correlates with postpartum weight
      retention, and dysregulated cortisol metabolism is evident in depressed
      individuals. Cortisol metabolism, BMI and metabolic phenotype are robustly
      associated, but the role of cortisol metabolism in postnatal mental health and
      weight loss has never been examined. DESIGN: A longitudinal observation.
      PATIENTS: Forty nine healthy women with uncomplicated pregnancy. MEASUREMENTS:
      BMI and urinary steroid metabolites at 1 week and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months
      postpartum. Validated urinary steroid metabolite ratios were measured to
      determine the activities of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11beta-HSD)
      that interconvert inactive cortisone and active cortisol and the 5alpha
      reductases that clear cortisol to its inactive metabolites. Postnatal depression
      symptoms were measured at 1, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Low 5alpha-reductase
      activity was associated with greater weight loss across the first year,
      independent of demographics, breastfeeding and depression. Postpartum BMI change
      was unrelated to postnatal depression at any time. Symptoms of postnatal
      depression were related to higher cortisol metabolite production at 12 months,
      independent of demographics and breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Greatest weight loss
      in the postpartum year was associated with lower conversion of cortisone to
      cortisol and lower conversion of cortisol to its metabolites, supporting previous
      work that demonstrates the facilitative role of lower 5alpha-reductase and 11beta
      HSD-1 in weight loss. Greater depression symptoms were associated with higher
      cortisol metabolite production rates. Whilst weight and mental health are both
      associated with dysregulation of the HPA axis, there may be different pathways
      towards depressed and obese phenotypes in healthy postpartum samples.

PMID- 27374761
TI  - Retraction: 'Alendronate and vitamin D2 for prevention of hip fracture in
      Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial,' by Sato, Y., Iwamoto, J.,
      Kanoko, T., and Satoh, K.
AB  - The above article, published online on 14 March 2006 in Wiley Online Library
      (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and in Volume 21, Issue 7, Pages 924-929, has been
      retracted by agreement between the authors, the Editor-in-Chief, Jose A. Obeso,
      and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed due to an
      acknowledgement from the authors that the co-authors did not participate in study
      design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation of data and drafting the
      manuscript. Thus all co-authors are honorary. Reference Sato, Y., Iwamoto, J.,
      Kanoko, T., and Satoh, K. (2006) Alendronate and vitamin D2 for prevention of hip
      fracture in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial. Mov Disord. doi:
      10.1002/mds.20825.

PMID- 27374762
TI  - Acute embryonic exposure to corticosterone alters physiology, behaviour and
      growth in nestlings of a wild passerine.
AB  - Maternally-derived glucocorticoids can modify the normal development of young
      animals. To date, little is known about maternal effects that are mediated by
      acute embryonic exposure to glucocorticoids. In birds, elevated maternal
      transmission of corticosterone (CORT) to egg albumen is mainly dependent on acute
      stress. In this study, we increased CORT levels in the egg albumen of a wild
      passerine, the great tit (Parus major), breeding in favourable deciduous and less
      suitable coniferous habitat. Subsequently we measured the somatic growth,
      baseline and acute glucocorticoid responses, immunity and behaviour of prenatally
      manipulated offspring with respect to control siblings. We found that prenatally
      CORT-exposed nestlings had lower baseline CORT levels, a more rapid decline in
      CORT during recovery from a standardized stressor, and a reduced
      heterophil/lymphocyte ratio compared with controls. Although stress-induced total
      CORT levels remained unchanged, free CORT levels were significantly lower and the
      levels of corticosteroid binding globulins (CBG) significantly higher in
      experimental offspring. Prenatally CORT-exposed offspring begged longer after
      hatching than controls. Stress-induced behavioural activity of fledglings did not
      differ between treatments, while its association with baseline CORT levels was
      significant in the control group only. The body mass and tarsus length of
      fledglings was positively affected by manipulation in unfavourable coniferous
      habitat only. We conclude that maternal effects related to elevated levels of
      albumen CORT modify diverse aspects of offspring phenotype and potentially
      increase offspring performance in resource poor environments. Moreover, our
      results indicate that maternal glucocorticoids may suppress the effect of
      hormones on behavioural responses.

PMID- 27374763
TI  - Mitochondrial function is altered in horse atypical myopathy.
AB  - Equine atypical myopathy in Europe is a fatal rhabdomyolysis syndrome that
      results from the ingestion of hypoglycin A contained in seeds and seedlings of
      Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple). Acylcarnitine concentrations in serum and
      muscle OXPHOS capacity were determined in 15 atypical myopathy cases. All but one
      acylcarnitine were out of reference range and mitochondrial respiratory capacity
      was severely decreased up to 49% as compared to 10 healthy controls. The hallmark
      of atypical myopathy thus consists of a severe alteration in the energy
      metabolism including a severe impairment in muscle mitochondrial respiration that
      could contribute to its high death rate.

PMID- 27374764
TI  - 152 fs nanotube-mode-locked thulium-doped all-fiber laser.
AB  - Ultrafast fiber lasers with broad bandwidth and short pulse duration have a
      variety of applications, such as ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy and
      supercontinuum generation. We report a simple and compact all-fiber thulium-doped
      femtosecond laser mode-locked by carbon nanotubes. The oscillator operates in
      slightly normal cavity dispersion at 0.055 ps(2), and delivers 152 fs pulses with
      52.8 nm bandwidth and 0.19 nJ pulse energy. This is the shortest pulse duration
      and the widest spectral width demonstrated from Tm-doped all-fiber lasers based
      on 1 or 2 dimensional nanomaterials, underscoring their growing potential as
      versatile saturable absorber materials.

PMID- 27374765
TI  - Are Asian cultures really less ageist than Western ones? It depends on the
      questions asked.
AB  - Ageism is an increasing concern in ageing populations such as Asia and Europe. A
      prevalent assumption in psychology is that Eastern cultures may be less prone to
      ageism because of norms and values that honour and respect elders. Yet, evidence
      for this culture hypothesis is inconclusive. The current study examines this
      issue by comparing attitudes towards older people in an Eastern and Western
      samples of 184 young people from the UK and 249 from Taiwan. Attitudes to old age
      were measured both as meta-perceptions (the perceived normative context) and
      personal attitudes in regard to the cognitive, affective and behavioural
      components of ageism. Consistent with the culture hypothesis, meta-perceptions
      about competence and admiration were more positive in Taiwan than in the UK, yet
      other meta-perceptions were more negative pointing to the existence of old age
      subtypes. Personal attitudes about older people in regard to the affective and
      behavioural, but not the cognitive component, were more negative in Taiwan than
      in the UK. Thus, cultural differences in ageism are more nuanced than suggested
      by previous research. The importance of distinguishing between the normative
      context and personal attitudes as well as the different components of ageism is
      highlighted by the present findings.

PMID- 27374766
TI  - Integrated Electrowetting Nanoinjector for Single Cell Transfection.
AB  - Single cell transfection techniques are essential to understand the heterogeneity
      between cells. We have developed an integrated electrowetting nanoinjector
      (INENI) to transfect single cells. The high transfection efficiency, controlled
      dosage delivery and ease of INENI fabrication promote the widespread application
      of the INENI in cell transfection assays.

PMID- 27374767
TI  - Highly Selective Phosphinylphosphination of Alkenes with Tetraphenyldiphosphine
      Monoxide.
AB  - In sharp contrast to tetraphenyldiphosphine, which does not add to carbon-carbon
      double bonds efficiently, its monoxide, [Ph2 P(O)PPh2 ] can engage in a radical
      addition to various alkenes, thus affording the corresponding 1-phosphinyl-2
      phosphinoalkanes regioselectively, and they can be converted into their sulfides
      by treatment with elemental sulfur. The phosphinylphosphination proceeds by the
      homolytic cleavage of the P(V) (O)-P(III) single bond of Ph2 P(O)PPh2 , followed
      by selective attack of the phosphinyl radical at the terminal position of the
      alkenes, and selective trapping of the resulting carbon radical by the phosphino
      group. Furthermore, the phosphinylphosphination product could be converted
      directly into its platinum complex with a hemilabile P,O chelation.

PMID- 27374768
TI  - Translation and validation of the Arabic version of generic medicines scale.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Generic drugs are considered the best alternative for the originator
      brand drugs because they have the same quality, safety, and efficacy yet offered
      at considerbaly lower cost. Prior research has developed instrumentation to
      assess patients' perceptions of generic drugs; however, little has been done to
      translate these measures in other languages. OBJECTIVES: This study's aim was to
      translate and validate an Arabic version of the generic drug scale (GMS) in a
      Jordanian sample. This was a cross-sectional study. METHODS: The English version
      of the GMS was translated to an Arabic version using the standard "forward
      backward" procedure of translation. The questionnaire was distributed to 225
      patients. The translated version was then validated in a sample of patients. Face
      validity of the translated GMS was confirmed with pilot testing. Content validity
      of the translated GMS was evaluated by a number of pharmacists and academicians.
      Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test a pre-specified relationship
      of observed measures. RESULTS: The GMS consisted of two subscales: efficacy, and
      similarity of generic drugs to originator brand drugs. The efficacy subscale
      consisted of ten items while the similarity subscale consisted of six. The
      responses to the items were framed on five-point, Likert-type scales. The
      instrument demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.83). The
      range model fit was good for some fit indices. The RMSEA value was 0.08, which
      indicates good fit. Also, CMIN/DF indicated a good fit model with a value of 2.7,
      as well as GFI and CFI values of 0.95 and 0.91, respectively. NFI and CFI values
      were 0.92 and 0.93, respectively. Factor loadings were over 0.30 for all items,
      which means the scale has CFA validity indictors. CONCLUSIONS: The Arabic version
      of GMS was proved to be a reliable and valid measure to investigate patients'
      belief regarding generic drugs as it showed acceptable, internal consistency
      reliability, face and content validity.

PMID- 27374769
TI  - Burden of treatment in the light of the international classification of
      functioning, disability and health: a "best fit" framework synthesis.
AB  - PURPOSE: This systematic literature review aimed to (1) summarize and explain the
      concept of Burden of Treatment (BoT) using the International Classification of
      Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) terminology, and (2) inform the
      development of a future Comprehensive ICF Core Set for BoT. METHOD: Searches on
      EMbase, Medline, CINAHL and PsycINFO were conducted. Only qualitative studies
      were considered for inclusion. The screening and data extraction stages were
      followed by a "Best-fit" framework synthesis and content analysis, using the
      established ICF linking rules. Screening, data extraction, quality appraisal and
      data analysis were performed by two independent researchers. RESULTS: Seventeen
      studies were included in this review. The "Best-fit" framework synthesis
      generated 179 subthemes which identified that BoT impacts negatively on body
      functions and structures, restricts valued activities and participation and
      influences contextual factors through life roles, self-identify and
      relationships. The identified subthemes were linked to 77 ICF categories.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study is part of the preparatory phase of a Comprehensive ICF
      Core Set for BoT and our findings will inform the further needed studies on this
      phase. The use of ICF terminology to describe BoT provides an accessible route
      for understanding this complex concept, which is pivotal for rethinking clinical
      practice. Implications for rehabilitation Health professionals applying the ICF
      should consider the negative impact of interventions on patient's life roles and
      self-identity, body functions and structures and on valued activities and
      participation. Health professionals who may be concerned about the treatment
      burden being experienced by their patients can now use the ICF terminology to
      discuss this with the multidisciplinary team. Poor adherence to rehabilitation
      programs may be explained by an increased BoT. This phenomenon can now be mapped
      to the ICF, and coded using a framework well known by multidisciplinary teams.

PMID- 27374771
TI  - PADRE: Pedigree-Aware Distant-Relationship Estimation.
AB  - Accurate estimation of shared ancestry is an important component of many genetic
      studies; current prediction tools accurately estimate pairwise genetic
      relationships up to the ninth degree. Pedigree-aware distant-relationship
      estimation (PADRE) combines relationship likelihoods generated by estimation of
      recent shared ancestry (ERSA) with likelihoods from family networks reconstructed
      by pedigree reconstruction and identification of a maximum unrelated set
      (PRIMUS), improving the power to detect distant relationships between pedigrees.
      Using PADRE, we estimated relationships from simulated pedigrees and three
      extended pedigrees, correctly predicting 20% more fourth- through ninth-degree
      simulated relationships than when using ERSA alone. By leveraging pedigree
      information, PADRE can even identify genealogical relationships between
      individuals who are genetically unrelated. For example, although 95% of 13(th)
      degree relatives are genetically unrelated, in simulations, PADRE correctly
      predicted 50% of 13(th)-degree relationships to within one degree of relatedness.
      The improvement in prediction accuracy was consistent between simulated and
      actual pedigrees. We also applied PADRE to the HapMap3 CEU samples and report new
      cryptic relationships and validation of previously described relationships
      between families. PADRE greatly expands the range of relationships that can be
      estimated by using genetic data in pedigrees.

PMID- 27374770
TI  - Mutations in CDC45, Encoding an Essential Component of the Pre-initiation
      Complex, Cause Meier-Gorlin Syndrome and Craniosynostosis.
AB  - DNA replication precisely duplicates the genome to ensure stable inheritance of
      genetic information. Impaired licensing of origins of replication during the G1
      phase of the cell cycle has been implicated in Meier-Gorlin syndrome (MGS), a
      disorder defined by the triad of short stature, microtia, and a/hypoplastic
      patellae. Biallelic partial loss-of-function mutations in multiple components of
      the pre-replication complex (preRC; ORC1, ORC4, ORC6, CDT1, or CDC6) as well as
      de novo stabilizing mutations in the licensing inhibitor, GMNN, cause MGS. Here
      we report the identification of mutations in CDC45 in 15 affected individuals
      from 12 families with MGS and/or craniosynostosis. CDC45 encodes a component of
      both the pre-initiation (preIC) and CMG helicase complexes, required for
      initiation of DNA replication origin firing and ongoing DNA synthesis during S
      phase itself, respectively, and hence is functionally distinct from previously
      identified MGS-associated genes. The phenotypes of affected individuals range
      from syndromic coronal craniosynostosis to severe growth restriction, fulfilling
      diagnostic criteria for Meier-Gorlin syndrome. All mutations identified were
      biallelic and included synonymous mutations altering splicing of physiological
      CDC45 transcripts, as well as amino acid substitutions expected to result in
      partial loss of function. Functionally, mutations reduce levels of full-length
      transcripts and protein in subject cells, consistent with partial loss of CDC45
      function and a predicted limited rate of DNA replication and cell proliferation.
      Our findings therefore implicate the preIC as an additional protein complex
      involved in the etiology of MGS and connect the core cellular machinery of genome
      replication with growth, chondrogenesis, and cranial suture homeostasis.

PMID- 27374772
TI  - Identification and Functional Characterization of RSPO2 as a Susceptibility Gene
      for Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament of the Spine.
AB  - Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine (OPLL) is a
      common spinal disorder that results from ectopic ossification of the posterior
      longitudinal ligament and causes intractable myelopathy and radiculopathy. In a
      previous genome-wide association study (GWAS), we found six loci associated with
      OPLL; however, susceptibility genes in these loci have not been identified yet.
      Here, we examined one of the GWAS loci and identified RSPO2 (encoding R-spondin
      2) as a susceptibility gene for OPLL. R-spondin 2 is a secreted agonist of
      canonical Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. RSPO2 was decreased in the early stage of
      chondrocyte differentiation. R-spondin 2 inhibited expression of genes encoding
      early chondrocyte differentiation markers by activating Wnt-beta-catenin
      signaling. rs374810, the most significantly associated SNP in the GWAS locus in
      chromosomal region 8q23.1 was located in the chondrocyte promoter region of
      RSPO2. A transcription factor, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta),
      specifically bound to the RSPO2 core promoter region containing rs374810 and
      increased RSPO2 expression. The risk allele of rs374810 affected the binding of
      the promoter with C/EBPbeta and decreased the RSPO2 transcription in vitro and in
      vivo. Our genetic and functional data indicate that RSPO2 is a susceptibility
      gene for OPLL.

PMID- 27374773
TI  - Mutations in Complex I Assembly Factor TMEM126B Result in Muscle Weakness and
      Isolated Complex I Deficiency.
AB  - Mitochondrial complex I deficiency results in a plethora of often severe clinical
      phenotypes manifesting in early childhood. Here, we report on three complex-I
      deficient adult subjects with relatively mild clinical symptoms, including
      isolated, progressive exercise-induced myalgia and exercise intolerance but with
      normal later development. Exome sequencing and targeted exome sequencing revealed
      compound-heterozygous mutations in TMEM126B, encoding a complex I assembly
      factor. Further biochemical analysis of subject fibroblasts revealed a severe
      complex I deficiency caused by defective assembly. Lentiviral complementation
      with the wild-type cDNA restored the complex I deficiency, demonstrating the
      pathogenic nature of these mutations. Further complexome analysis of one subject
      indicated that the complex I assembly defect occurred during assembly of its
      membrane module. Our results show that TMEM126B defects can lead to complex I
      deficiencies and, interestingly, that symptoms can occur only after exercise. 

PMID- 27374775
TI  - Sugar Coating the Envelope: Glycoconjugates for Microbe-Host Crosstalk.
AB  - Tremendous progress has been made on mapping the mainly bacterial members of the
      human intestinal microbiota. Knowledge on what is out there, or rather what is
      inside, needs to be complemented with insight on how these bacteria interact with
      their biotic environment. Bacterial glycoconjugates, that is, the collection of
      all glycan-modified molecules, are ideal modulators of such interactions. Their
      enormous versatility and diversity results in a species-specific glycan barcode,
      providing a range of ligands for host interaction. Recent reports on the
      functional importance of glycosylation of important bacterial ligands in
      beneficial and pathogenic species underpin this. Glycoconjugates, and
      glycoproteins in particular, are an underappreciated, potentially crucial, factor
      in understanding bacteria-host interactions of old friends and foes.

PMID- 27374774
TI  - Biallelic Mutations in TMEM126B Cause Severe Complex I Deficiency with a Variable
      Clinical Phenotype.
AB  - Complex I deficiency is the most common biochemical phenotype observed in
      individuals with mitochondrial disease. With 44 structural subunits and over 10
      assembly factors, it is unsurprising that complex I deficiency is associated with
      clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS)
      technologies including custom, targeted gene panels or unbiased whole-exome
      sequencing (WES) are hugely powerful in identifying the underlying genetic defect
      in a clinical diagnostic setting, yet many individuals remain without a genetic
      diagnosis. These individuals might harbor mutations in poorly understood or
      uncharacterized genes, and their diagnosis relies upon characterization of these
      orphan genes. Complexome profiling recently identified TMEM126B as a component of
      the mitochondrial complex I assembly complex alongside proteins ACAD9, ECSIT,
      NDUFAF1, and TIMMDC1. Here, we describe the clinical, biochemical, and molecular
      findings in six cases of mitochondrial disease from four unrelated families
      affected by biallelic (c.635G>T [p.Gly212Val] and/or c.401delA
      [p.Asn134Ilefs(*)2]) TMEM126B variants. We provide functional evidence to support
      the pathogenicity of these TMEM126B variants, including evidence of founder
      effects for both variants, and establish defects within this gene as a cause of
      complex I deficiency in association with either pure myopathy in adulthood or, in
      one individual, a severe multisystem presentation (chronic renal failure and
      cardiomyopathy) in infancy. Functional experimentation including viral rescue and
      complexome profiling of subject cell lines has confirmed TMEM126B as the tenth
      complex I assembly factor associated with human disease and validates the
      importance of both genome-wide sequencing and proteomic approaches in
      characterizing disease-associated genes whose physiological roles have been
      previously undetermined. 

PMID- 27374776
TI  - Assessment of drug-induced proarrhythmia: The importance of study design in the
      rabbit left ventricular wedge model.
AB  - In the present study, we investigated an impact of the stimulation rate on the
      detection of the proarrhythmic potential of 10 reference compounds with effects
      on different cardiac ion channels in the isolated arterially-perfused rabbit left
      ventricular wedge preparation. The compounds were tested in the wedge model using
      two distinct protocols; including baseline stimulation at 1-Hz followed by a
      brief period at 0.5-Hz, either without an additional brief period of 2-Hz
      stimulation (i.e. Protocol 1) or with 2-Hz stimulation (i.e. Protocol 2). As
      expected, QT-prolonging drugs (ibutilide and quinidine) prolonged the QT
      interval, similarly increased the Torsades de Pointes (TdP) score, and elicited
      early afterdepolarizations (EADs) in both protocols. HMR1556 and JNJ-303 (IKs
      blockers) also prolonged the QT interval up to 1MUM similarly in both protocols.
      Nifedipine (Ca(2+) antagonist) shortened the QT interval, and reduced force of
      contraction similarly in both protocols. However, Na(+) channel blockers (Ia, Ib,
      Ic) widened the QRS duration more in Protocol 2 than in Protocol 1. Furthermore,
      it was only possible to detect non-TdP-like ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation
      (VT/VF) induced by Na(+) blockers and by QT-shortening drugs (levcromakalim and
      mallotoxin) using the 2-Hz stimulation (Protocol 2). Our data suggest that the
      inclusion of a brief period of fast stimulation at 2Hz is critical for detecting
      drug-induced slowing of conduction (QRS widening), QT shortening and associated
      (non-TdP-like) VT/VF, which are distinct from the QT prolongation/TdP
      proarrhythmia in isolated, arterially-perfused rabbit left ventricular wedges. 

PMID- 27374778
TI  - Subcranial craniofacial resection for advanced sinonasal malignant tumours
      involving the anterior skull base.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The subcranial approach is a modification of traditional craniofacial
      resection. It provides similar broad access to the anterior skull base, but with
      lower mortality and morbidity. It has been the surgical technique of choice at
      our institution since 2006 for treating advanced stage sinonasal tumours
      (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III or above). This paper reports our
      experience and outcomes. METHOD AND RESULTS: Eighteen patients underwent
      subcranial craniofacial resection over a seven-year period, this being combined
      with a second adjunctive procedure in 89 per cent of cases. Forty per cent of
      patients required reconstruction of the primary defect. No peri-operative deaths
      occurred. One patient had a transient cerebrospinal fluid leak. The major
      complication rate was 33 per cent, of which 67 per cent were directly related to
      soft tissue reconstruction. Tumour recurrence rate was 17 per cent and the five
      year disease-free survival estimate was 40 per cent. CONCLUSION: The subcranial
      approach is a safe and effective technique that may be used to successfully treat
      advanced sinonasal malignancies with anterior skull base extension.

PMID- 27374777
TI  - Formation of Well-Defined, Functional Nanotubes via Osmotically Induced Shape
      Transformation of Biodegradable Polymersomes.
AB  - Polymersomes are robust, versatile nanostructures that can be tailored by varying
      the chemical structure of copolymeric building blocks, giving control over their
      size, shape, surface chemistry, and membrane permeability. In particular, the
      generation of nonspherical nanostructures has attracted much attention recently,
      as it has been demonstrated that shape affects function in a biomedical context.
      Until now, nonspherical polymersomes have only been constructed from
      nondegradable building blocks, hampering a detailed investigation of shape
      effects in nanomedicine for this category of nanostructures. Herein, we
      demonstrate the spontaneous elongation of spherical polymersomes comprising the
      biodegradable copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(d,l-lactide) into well
      defined nanotubes. The size of these tubes is osmotically controlled using
      dialysis, which makes them very easy to prepare. To confirm their utility for
      biomedical applications, we have demonstrated that, alongside drug loading,
      functional proteins can be tethered to the surface utilizing bio-orthogonal
      "click" chemistry. In this way the present findings establish a novel platform
      for the creation of biocompatible, high-aspect ratio nanoparticles for biomedical
      research.

PMID- 27374779
TI  - Ecological speciation in sympatric palms: 2. Pre- and post-zygotic isolation.
AB  - We evaluated reproductive isolation in two species of palms (Howea) that have
      evolved sympatrically on Lord Howe Island (LHI, Australia). We estimated the
      strength of some pre- and post-zygotic mechanisms in maintaining current species
      boundaries. We found that flowering time displacement between species is
      consistent across in and ex situ common gardens and is thus partly genetically
      determined. On LHI, pre-zygotic isolation due solely to flowering displacement
      was 97% for Howea belmoreana and 80% for H. forsteriana; this asymmetry results
      from H. forsteriana flowering earlier than H. belmoreana and being protandrous.
      As expected, only a few hybrids (here confirmed by genotyping) at both juvenile
      and adult stages could be detected in two sites on LHI, in which the two species
      grow intermingled (the Far Flats) or adjacently (Transit Hill). Yet, the
      distribution of hybrids was different between sites. At Transit Hill, we found no
      hybrid adult trees, but 13.5% of younger palms examined there were of late hybrid
      classes. In contrast, we found four hybrid adult trees, mostly of late hybrid
      classes, and only one juvenile F1 hybrid in the Far Flats. This pattern indicates
      that selection acts against hybrids between the juvenile and adult stages. An in
      situ reciprocal seed transplant between volcanic and calcareous soils also shows
      that early fitness components (up to 36 months) were affected by species and
      soil. These results are indicative of divergent selection in reproductive
      isolation, although it does not solely explain the current distribution of the
      two species on LHI.

PMID- 27374780
TI  - Radiology Perceptions and Preferences of Canadian Patients in an After-hours
      Acute Care Setting.

PMID- 27374781
TI  - ACR Appropriateness Criteria Fever Without Source or Unknown Origin-Child.
AB  - The cause of fever in a child can often be determined from history, physical
      examination, and laboratory tests; infections account for the majority of cases.
      Yet in 20%, no apparent cause can be found, designated as fever without source
      (FWS). The yield of chest radiography in children with FWS is low, and it is
      usually not appropriate. However, in children with respiratory signs, high fever
      (>39 degrees C), or marked leukocytosis (>=20,000/mm(3)), chest radiography is
      usually appropriate, as it has a higher yield in detecting clinically occult
      pneumonia. In newborns with FWS, there is higher risk for serious bacterial
      infection, and the routine use of chest radiography is controversial. In children
      with neutropenia, fever is a major concern. In some clinical circumstances, such
      as after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, chest CT scan may be
      appropriate even if the results of chest radiography are negative or nonspecific,
      as it has higher sensitivity and can demonstrate specific findings (such as lung
      nodule and "halo sign") that can guide management. In a child with prolonged
      fever of unknown origin despite extensive medical workup (fever of unknown
      origin), diagnosis is usually dependent on clinical and laboratory studies, and
      imaging tests have low yield. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness
      Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are
      reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development
      and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from
      peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies
      (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment,
      Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and
      treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where
      evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available
      evidence to recommend imaging or treatment. 

PMID- 27374782
TI  - Strain-modulated ferromagnetism and band gap of Mn doped Bi2Se3.
AB  - The quantized anomalous Hall effect (QAHE) have been theoretically predicted and
      experimentally confirmed in magnetic topological insulators (TI), but dissipative
      channels resulted by small-size band gap and weak ferromagnetism make QAHE be
      measured only at extremely low temperature (<0.1 K). Through density functional
      theory calculations, we systemically study of the magnetic properties and
      electronic structures of Mn doped Bi2Se3 with in-plane and out-of-plane strains.
      It is found that out-of-plane tensile strain not only improve ferromagnetism, but
      also enlarge Dirac-mass gap (up to 65.6 meV under 6% strain, which is higher than
      the thermal motion energy at room temperature ~26 meV) in the Mn doped Bi2Se3.
      Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of these tunable properties are also
      discussed. This work provides a new route to realize high-temperature QAHE and
      paves the way towards novel quantum electronic device applications.

PMID- 27374783
TI  - PGMA-based gene carriers with lipid molecules.
AB  - Lipids, as the greatest constituent in cell membranes, have been widely used for
      biomedical applications because of their excellent biological properties. The
      introduction of membrane lipid molecules into gene vectors would embody greater
      biocompatibility, cellular uptake and transfection efficiency. In this work, one
      flexible strategy for readily conjugating lipid molecules with polycations was
      proposed based on atom transfer radical polymerization to produce a series of
      cholesterol (CHO)- and phosphatidylinositol (PI)-terminated ethanolamine
      functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate)s, namely CHO-PGEAs and PI-PGEAs, as
      effective gene carriers. CHO-PGEAs and PI-PGEAs truly demonstrated much better
      transfection performances compared to linear ethanolamine-functionalized
      poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (denoted as BUCT-PGEA) counterparts and traditional
      standard branched polythylenimine (PEI, 25 kDa). In addition, the good antitumor
      effects of CHO-PGEA and PI-PGEA were confirmed with suppressor tumor gene p53
      systems in vitro and in vivo. The present work could provide a new strategy to
      develop effective cationic conjugation of lipid molecules for gene therapy. 

PMID- 27374784
TI  - Concise Review: Current Status and Future Directions on Research Related to
      Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
AB  - Considered a feature of the metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
      (NAFLD), is associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, obesity and drug
      toxicity. Its prevalence is estimated at about 30% in western countries mainly
      due to sedentary life styles and high fat diets. Genome-wide association studies
      have identified polymorphisms in several genes, for example, PNPLA3, and TM6SF2
      which confer susceptibility to NAFLD. Here, we review recent findings in the
      NAFLD field with a particular focus on published transcriptomics datasets which
      we subject to a meta-analysis. We reveal a common gene signature correlating with
      the progression of the disease from steatosis and steatohepatitis and reveal that
      lipogenic and cholesterol metabolic pathways are main actors in this signature.
      We propose the use of disease-in-a-dish models based on hepatocyte-like cells
      derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). These will
      enable investigations into the contribution of genetic background in the
      progression from NALFD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Furthermore, an iPSC
      based approach should aid in the elucidation of the function of new biomarkers,
      thus enabling better diagnostic tests and validation of potential drug targets.
      Stem Cells 2017;35:89-96.

PMID- 27374785
TI  - Gasotransmitter delivery via self-assembling peptides: Treating diseases with
      natural signaling gases.
AB  - Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are powerful
      signaling molecules that play a variety of roles in mammalian biology.
      Collectively called gasotransmitters, these gases have wide-ranging therapeutic
      potential, but their clinical use is limited by their gaseous nature, extensive
      reactivity, short half-life, and systemic toxicity. Strategies for
      gasotransmitter delivery with control over the duration and location of release
      are therefore vital for developing effective therapies. An attractive strategy
      for gasotransmitter delivery is though injectable or implantable gels, which can
      ideally deliver their payload over a controllable duration and then degrade into
      benign metabolites. Self-assembling peptide-based gels are well-suited to this
      purpose due to their tunable mechanical properties, easy chemical modification,
      and inherent biodegradability. In this review we illustrate the biological roles
      of NO, CO, and H2S, discuss their therapeutic potential, and highlight recent
      efforts toward their controlled delivery with a focus on peptide-based delivery
      systems.

PMID- 27374786
TI  - Phenotypic expansion of TBX4 mutations to include acinar dysplasia of the lungs.
AB  - Mutations in the T-box transcription factor TBX4 gene have been reported in
      patients with Ischiocoxopodopatellar syndrome (MIM# 147891) and childhood-onset
      pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whole exome sequencing of DNA from a 1 day old
      deceased newborn, with severe diffuse developmental lung disorder exhibiting
      features of acinar dysplasia, and her unaffected parents identified a de novo
      TBX4 missense mutation p.E86Q (c.256G>C) in the DNA-binding T-box domain. We
      propose phenotypic expansion of the TBX4-related clinical disease spectrum to
      include acinar dysplasia of the lungs. The reported mutation is the first
      identified genetic variant causative for acinar dysplasia. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27374787
TI  - Generation of a Nonhuman Primate Model of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Using
      Highly Efficient Genome Editing.
AB  - Recent advances in genome editing have facilitated the generation of nonhuman
      primate (NHP) models, with potential to unmask the complex biology of human
      disease not revealed by rodent models. However, their broader use is hindered by
      the challenges associated with generation of adult NHP models as well as the cost
      of their production. Here, we describe the generation of a marmoset model of
      severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). This study optimized zinc-finger
      nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to
      target interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma (IL2RG) in pronuclear stage marmoset
      embryos. Nine of 21 neonates exhibited mutations in the IL2RG gene, concomitant
      with immunodeficiency, and three neonates have currently survived from 240 days
      to 1.8 years. Our approach demonstrates highly efficient production of founder
      NHP with SCID phenotypes, with promises of multiple pre-clinical and
      translational applications.

PMID- 27374789
TI  - Selling Stem Cells in the USA: Assessing the Direct-to-Consumer Industry.
AB  - Direct-to-consumer marketing of unapproved stem cell interventions is a well
      known phenomenon in countries with lax medical regulations. However, an
      examination of Internet-based marketing claims revealed widespread promotion of
      such interventions by businesses based in the United States. Such commercial
      activity suggests that regulatory agencies must better oversee this marketplace.

PMID- 27374788
TI  - Leukemic Stem Cells Evade Chemotherapy by Metabolic Adaptation to an Adipose
      Tissue Niche.
AB  - Adipose tissue (AT) has previously been identified as an extra-medullary
      reservoir for normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and may promote tumor
      development. Here, we show that a subpopulation of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) can
      utilize gonadal adipose tissue (GAT) as a niche to support their metabolism and
      evade chemotherapy. In a mouse model of blast crisis chronic myeloid leukemia
      (CML), adipose-resident LSCs exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype and induce
      lipolysis in GAT. GAT lipolysis fuels fatty acid oxidation in LSCs, especially
      within a subpopulation expressing the fatty acid transporter CD36. CD36(+) LSCs
      have unique metabolic properties, are strikingly enriched in AT, and are
      protected from chemotherapy by the GAT microenvironment. CD36 also marks a
      fraction of human blast crisis CML and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells with
      similar biological properties. These findings suggest striking interplay between
      leukemic cells and AT to create a unique microenvironment that supports the
      metabolic demands and survival of a distinct LSC subpopulation.

PMID- 27374790
TI  - Challenges and solutions for biofiltration of hydrophobic volatile organic
      compounds.
AB  - Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted to the environment highly probably
      result in ecological and health risks. Many biotechnologies for waste gases
      containing hydrophobic VOCs have been developed in recent years. However, these
      biological processes usually exhibit poor removal performances for hydrophobic
      VOCs due to the low bioavailability. This review presents an overview of enhanced
      removal of hydrophobic VOCs in biofilters. Mechanisms and problems relevant to
      the biological removal of hydrophobic VOCs are reviewed, and then solutions
      including the addition of surfactants, application of fungal biocatalysts,
      biofiltration with pretreatment, innovative bioreactors and utilization of
      hydrophilic compounds are discussed in detail. Future research needs are also
      proposed. This review provides new insights into hydrophobic VOC removal by
      biofiltration.

PMID- 27374791
TI  - Quality and Value in an Evolving Health Care Landscape.
AB  - Demonstrating and improving value of care continues to be increasingly important
      in hand surgery. To prepare for emerging models that transition payment from
      volume to value, hand surgeons will benefit from a clear understanding of
      quality, cost, and value. National organizations and both public and private
      payers increasingly advocate for patient-reported outcome measures for pay for
      reporting and pay for performance initiatives. These are intended to incentivize
      providers and health systems to improve patient-centered care while minimizing
      costs. Appreciating the limitations to using patient-reported outcomes in hand
      surgery can ensure hand surgery is appropriately assessed in novel payment
      models. 

PMID- 27374792
TI  - The Unifying Articular (Synovial) Origin for Intraneural Ganglion Cysts: Moving
      Beyond a Theory.

PMID- 27374793
TI  - Human CD39hi regulatory T cells present stronger stability and function under
      inflammatory conditions.
AB  - Autoimmune diseases are characterized by an imbalance between regulatory T cells
      and effector T-cell subsets, such as Th1 and Th17 cells. Studies have confirmed
      that natural CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs were unstable and dysfunctional in the presence of
      pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the current study, human CD39hi Tregs and CD39low
      Tregs were sorted from Tregs in vitro after 7 days of expansion. The functions of
      both Treg subsets were investigated under inflammatory conditions in vitro and in
      vivo. In the presence of IL-1beta and IL-6, cultured CD4+CD39hi Tregs maintained
      stable forkhead box protein 3 expression, whereas CD4+CD39low Tregs lost Foxp3
      expression and trans-differentiated into Th1 or Th17 cells. Decreased IL-1betaR
      and IL-6R expression on the CD39hi Tregs was the primary mechanism responsible
      for Treg stability. In addition, reduced activation of downstream molecules, such
      as STAT1 and STAT3, through the modulation of CpG demethylation played an
      important role. Finally, human CD4+CD39hi Tregs but not CD4+CD39low Tregs
      protected against xenograft versus host disease in model mice. These results
      strongly implied the physiological importance of CD39 expression and suggested
      that manipulation of CD39hi Tregs might represent a novel strategy for the
      treatment of autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 27374794
TI  - BRD7 plays an anti-inflammatory role during early acute inflammation by
      inhibiting activation of the NF-kB signaling pathway.
AB  - Increasing evidence has shown a strong association between tumor-suppressor genes
      and inflammation. However, the role of BRD7 as a novel tumor suppressor in
      inflammation remains unknown. In this study, by observing BRD7 knockout mice for
      6-12 months, we discovered that compared with BRD7+/+ mice, BRD7-/- mice were
      more prone to inflammation, such as external inflammation and abdominal abscess.
      By using mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells from the BRD7 knockout mouse, an in
      vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MEF cell line was established. The mRNA
      levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha),
      chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL-1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase
      (iNOS) were significantly increased in BRD7-/- MEF cells compared with BRD7+/+
      MEF cells after LPS stimulation for 1 or 6 h. In addition, the cytoplasm-to
      nucleus translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB; p65) and an increased
      NF-kappaB reporter activity were observed in BRD7-/- MEF cells at the 1 h time
      point but not at the 6 h time point. Furthermore, an in vivo dextran sodium
      sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis model was created. As expected, the disease
      activity index (DAI) value was significantly increased in the BRD7-/- mice after
      DSS treatment for 1-5 days, which was demonstrated by the presence of a
      significantly shorter colon, splenomegaly and tissue damage. Moreover, higher
      expression levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, p65, CXCL-1 and iNOS, and an increased
      level of NF-kappaB (p65) nuclear translocation were also found in the DSS-treated
      BRD7-/- mice. These findings suggest that BRD7 has an anti-inflammatory role
      during early acute inflammation by inhibiting activation of the NF-kB signaling
      pathway, which provides evidence to aid in understanding the therapeutic effects
      of BRD7 on inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 27374796
TI  - Acrokeratoelastoidosis successfully treated with 10% salicylic acid ointment.

PMID- 27374795
TI  - Sam68 is a regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling.
AB  - Recognition of pathogens by Toll-like receptors (TLR) activate multiple signaling
      cascades and expression of genes tailored to mount a primary immune response,
      inflammation, cell survival and apoptosis. Although TLR-induced activation of
      pathways, such as nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and mitogen-activated protein
      kinases (MAPK), has been well studied, molecular entities controlling
      quantitative regulation of these pathways during an immune response remain poorly
      defined. We identified Sam68 as a novel regulator of TLR-induced NF-kappaB and
      MAPK activation. We found that TLR2 and TLR3 are totally dependent, whereas TLR4
      is only partially dependent on Sam68 to induce the activation of NF-kappaB c-Rel.
      Absence of Sam68 greatly decreased TLR2- and TLR3-induced NF-kappaB p65
      activation, whereas TLR4-induced p65 activation in a Sam68-independent manner. In
      contrast, Sam68 appeared to be a negative regulator of MAPK pathways because
      absence of Sam68 enhanced TLR2-induced activation of extracellular signal
      regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Interestingly, TLR2-
      and TLR3-induced gene expression showed a differential requirement of Sam68.
      Absence of Sam68 impaired TLR2-induced gene expression, suggesting that Sam68 has
      a critical role in myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88-dependent
      TLR2 signaling. TLR3-induced gene expression that utilize Toll/Interleukin-1
      receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing beta interferon pathway, depend only
      partially on Sam68. Our findings suggest that Sam68 may function as an immune
      rheostat that balances the activation of NF-kappaB p65 and c-Rel, as well as
      MAPK, revealing a potential novel target to manipulate TLR signaling.

PMID- 27374797
TI  - Expression of retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR)gammat on NK22 cells in the
      peripheral blood and uterine endometrium of women with unexplained recurrent
      pregnancy loss and unexplained infertility.
AB  - AIM: Recently, NK22 cells, a subset of interleukin (IL)-22-producing natural
      killer (NK) cells, were identified. We have previously reported the higher
      percentage of NK22 cells in women suffering recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).
      Moreover, we have also reported lower expression of NKp46, a kind of natural
      cytotoxicity receptor (NCR), on NK cells and the changes of NK cell producing
      cytokines in women who experience RPL. NK22 cells express NCRs, such as NKp44 or
      NKp46. Retinoid-related orphan receptor gammat (RORgammat) is known as a
      regulator of NK22 cells; however, in NK22 cells of peripheral blood (PB) and the
      uterine endometrium (UE), the relationship between NCRs and RORgammat is unclear.
      We investigate RORgammat expression NK22 cells in the PB and UE of women with
      unexplained infertility (uI) or unexplained RPL (uRPL). METHODS: Lymphocytes were
      extracted from PB and UE, derived from women with uI or uRPL. Expression of
      RORgammat and NCRs in NK cells and NK cell-produced cytokines were analyzed by
      flow cytometry. RESULTS: CD56+ /NKp46+ /RORgammat+ cells were positively
      correlated with CD56+ /IL-22+ cells in both PB and UE. CD56bright /NKp46bright
      /RORgammat+ cells were significantly higher in uRPL than in uI, and endometrial
      CD56bright /NKp46bright /RORgammat+ cells were positively correlated with PB. In
      UE, CD56bright /RORgammat+ cells were negatively correlated with CD56bright
      /interferon-gamma+ and CD56bright /tumor necrosis factor-alpha+ cells of uRPL.
      CONCLUSION: RORgammat may be associated with NK22 cells in reproduction.
      Particularly, higher expression of RORgammat may be associated with elevated NK22
      cells in uRPL.

PMID- 27374798
TI  - The role of endoscopy in the management of suspected small-bowel bleeding.

PMID- 27374799
TI  - T-Cell Abnormalities in Common Variable Immunodeficiency.
AB  - Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common clinical primary
      immunodeficiency. It is characterized by a defect in B-cell differentiation to
      plasma and memory B cells. Moreover, numerous T-cell abnormalities have been
      reported and include decreased T-cell count and proliferative response, increased
      T-cell activation and apoptosis, and abnormalities in cytokine production. The
      aims of this review are to describe phenotypic and functional defects in T cells
      in CVID patients and to review the literature with respect to the effects of
      immunoglobulin replacement on the T-cell component in CVID patients. 

PMID- 27374800
TI  - Hymenobacter glacieicola sp. nov., isolated from glacier ice.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and red-pink-pigmented bacterial
      strain, designated B1909T, was isolated from an ice core drilled from Muztagh
      Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau, China. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene
      sequences showed that strain B1909T formed a lineage within the genus
      Hymenobacter and was closely related to Hymenobacter xinjiangensis X2-1gT (96.16
      % similarity) and Hymenobacter psychrotolerans Tibet-IIU11T (95.99 %). The
      predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1omega7c/C16 :
      1omega6c), summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1omega6c I/anteiso B), C16 : 1omega5c,
      anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The major menaquinone was MK-7. The major
      polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was 59 mol%. On the
      basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data presented, strain
      B1909T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for
      which the name Hymenobacterglacieicola sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is
      B1909T (=JCM 30596T=CGMCC 1.12990T).

PMID- 27374804
TI  - Antimicrobial properties of cultivable bacteria associated with seaweeds in the
      Gulf of Mannar on the southeast coast of India.
AB  - In this study, 234 bacterial strains were isolated from 7 seaweed species in the
      Gulf of Mannar on the southeast coast of India. The strains having consistent
      antimicrobial activity were chosen for further studies, and this constituted
      about 9.8% of the active strains isolated. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA
      sequencing with the help of classical biochemical identification indicated the
      existence of 2 major phyla, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Antimicrobial activity
      analysis combined with the results of amplifying genes encoding for polyketide
      synthetase and nonribosomal peptide synthetase showed that seaweed-associated
      bacteria had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. These epibionts might be
      beneficial to seaweeds by limiting or preventing the development of competing or
      fouling bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of ketosynthase (KS) regions with respect
      to the diverse range of KS domains showed that the KS domains from the candidate
      isolates were of Type I. The bacterial cultures retained their antimicrobial
      activities after plasmid curing, which further suggested that the antimicrobial
      activity of these isolates was not encoded by plasmid, and the genes encoding the
      antimicrobial product might be present within the genome. Seaweed-associated
      bacteria with potential antimicrobial activity suggested that the seaweed species
      are an ideal ecological niche harboring specific bacterial diversity representing
      a largely underexplored source of antimicrobial secondary metabolites. 

PMID- 27374805
TI  - Evaluation of a German version of the Strengthening Families Programme 10-14: a
      randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a German
      adaptation of the Strengthening Families Programme 10-14 (SFP 10-14; Familien
      Starken). METHODS: A multi-centre randomised controlled trial comparing the
      German SFP version consisting of seven sessions and four booster-sessions with a
      minimal intervention on parenting as control condition. Outcomes comprise
      measures of adolescent substance use (initiation) and behaviour problems and are
      assessed at baseline, after programme delivery and at 6- and 18-month follow-ups.
      Primary outcomes were lifetime tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use at 18 months.
      Data of n = 292 families were analysed using baseline adjusted logistic
      regressions and mixed models. RESULTS: We observed reduced rates of lifetime
      tobacco use in analyses with follow-up respondents, but not in data using the
      complete intention to treat sample with multiple imputation estimates for missing
      data. Parents reported fewer adolescent behaviour problems in analyses with the
      total sample and multiple imputed data, but not in data with follow-up
      respondents only. There were no other significant effects of SFP 10-14.
      CONCLUSION: Overall the medium size effects found in previous US trials could not
      be replicated in a German context.

PMID- 27374806
TI  - Health Care Decision Making for Reproductive Care.

PMID- 27374807
TI  - Insurance Coverage for Contraceptives.

PMID- 27374802
TI  - Plasmodium species: master renovators of their host cells.
AB  - Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, have developed elaborate
      strategies that they use to survive and thrive within different intracellular
      environments. During the blood stage of infection, the parasite is a master
      renovator of its erythrocyte host cell, and the changes in cell morphology and
      function that are induced by the parasite promote survival and contribute to the
      pathogenesis of severe malaria. In this Review, we discuss how Plasmodium
      parasites use the protein trafficking motif Plasmodium export element (PEXEL),
      protease-mediated polypeptide processing, a novel translocon termed the
      Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX) and exomembranous structures to
      export hundreds of proteins to discrete subcellular locations in the host
      erythrocytes, which enables the parasite to gain access to vital nutrients and to
      evade the immune defence mechanisms of the host.

PMID- 27374809
TI  - [Disease Models] [Neuroscience, Behavior] [Genetics, Breeding, Gene Functions,
      Bio-Resources] [Management, Ethics, Welfare] [International Presentation]
      [Anatomy, Histology, Pathology] [Reproduction Strain Development] [International
      Awards] [Microbiology, Infection, Immunity] [Microbiology, Infection, Immunity]
      [Primates (Methodology, Biochemistry)] [Embryo Manipulation, Regenerative
      Medicine].

PMID- 27374808
TI  - High-fiber and high-protein diets shape different gut microbial communities,
      which ecologically behave similarly under stress conditions, as shown in a
      gastrointestinal simulator.
AB  - The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between the structure of
      gut microbial communities fed with different diets (i.e. high-protein-HP- versus
      high-fiber-HF-diet) and their functional stability when challenged with mild and
      acute doses of a mix of amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. We made use
      of the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME(r))-a
      continuous model of the gastrointestinal tract-coupled with 16S-targeted Illumina
      and metabolomics (i.e. UHPLC-HRMS) analyses. Independently of the diet, the
      sudden exposure to an acute stress led to a modification of the microbial
      community structure, selecting for species belonging to Bacillus spp.;
      Clostridium cluster XIVa; Enterococci; Bacteroides; and Enterobacteriaceae. The
      antibiotic treatment led to a decrease in the number of operational taxonomic
      units (at least -10%). Cluster analysis of untargeted metabolic data showed that
      the antibiotic treatment affected the microbial activity. The impact on
      metabolites production was lower when the community was preexposed to mild doses
      of the antibiotic mix. This effect was stronger in the proximal colon for the HF
      diet and in the distal colon for the HP diet. Different diets shaped different
      gut microbial communities, which ecologically behaved similarly under stress
      conditions.

PMID- 27374810
TI  - [Management, Ethics, Welfare] [Microbiology, Infection, Immunity] [Disease
      Models] [Bio-Resources] [Methodology, Replacement, Refinement] [Senescence]
      [Neuroscience, Behavior] [Reproduction] [Embryo Manipulation, Regenerative
      Medicine] [Genetics, Breeding, Gene Functions].

PMID- 27374811
TI  - Primary umbilical endometriosis (PUE).
AB  - Primary endometriosis of the umbilicus, Villars nodule, rarely occurs. It is
      characterized by a discolored change in the umbilicus which manifests itself with
      cyclic menstrual-related symptoms such as pain, swelling and bleeding. Often the
      diagnosis is based on objective findings, but imaging and histology predicts and
      verify the diagnosis. Radical excision is performed with good results. We present
      ten cases with primary umbilical endometriosis and present the referral pattern
      dominated by primary referral to the gastro-surgeon reflecting difficulties in
      finding the right diagnosis.

PMID- 27374812
TI  - The role of side chain entropy and mutual information for improving the de novo
      design of Kemp eliminases KE07 and KE70.
AB  - Side chain entropy and mutual entropy information between residue pairs have been
      calculated for two de novo designed Kemp eliminase enzymes, KE07 and KE70, and
      for their most improved versions at the end of laboratory directed evolution
      (LDE). We find that entropy, not just enthalpy, helped to destabilize the
      preference for the reactant state complex of the designed enzyme as well as
      favoring stabilization of the transition state complex for the best LDE enzymes.
      Furthermore, residues with the highest side chain couplings as measured by mutual
      information, when experimentally mutated, were found to diminish or annihilate
      catalytic activity, some of which were far from the active site. In summary, our
      findings demonstrate how side chain fluctuations and their coupling can be an
      important design feature for de novo enzymes, and furthermore could be utilized
      in the computational steps in lieu of or in addition to the LDE steps in future
      enzyme design projects. 

PMID- 27374813
TI  - How to Avoid Lymphatic Wound Complications After Vascular Groin Surgery.

PMID- 27374814
TI  - Late Survival in Nonoperated Patients with Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.
AB  - OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Historical studies report high rupture rates in patients
      with nonoperated abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) of > 5.5 cm diameter, although
      a recent audit has questioned this. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of
      138/764 (18%) patients with AAAs evaluated in a preassessment anaesthetic clinic
      (PAC) between 2006 and 2012, who either did not undergo elective AAA repair or
      who underwent deferred repair. The remaining 626 underwent repair. Patients with
      severe comorbidities (dementia, advanced malignancy, life-expectancy < 1 year)
      and not referred to PAC were excluded. RESULTS: At a median of 27 months, 71
      (52%) died, 36 (51%) following rupture. Cumulative survival, free from rupture or
      surgery for acute symptoms, was 96% at 1 year, 84% at 3 years, and 64% at 5
      years, where baseline AAA diameters were 5.5-6.9 cm. For diameters >= 7 cm,
      survival, free from rupture, was 65% at 1 year, 29% at 3 years, and 0% at 5
      years. Median interval to rupture was 47 months (AAA diameter 5.5-6.9 cm) and 21
      months where baseline diameters were >= 7 cm. Rupture accounted for 32% of late
      deaths in patients with AAAs of 5.5-5.9 cm diameter, 46% in those with AAAs
      measuring 6.0-6.9 cm in diameter, and 71% in patients with AAA measuring >= 7 cm
      in diameter. CONCLUSION: Approximately half of all late deaths in this
      nonoperated cohort were not AAA related, suggesting that even had repair been
      undertaken, it would not have prolonged patient survival. The incidence of
      rupture in "high-risk" patients with an AAA < 7 cm diameter was < 5% at 1 year,
      thereby giving ample time to optimise risk factors and improve pre-existing
      medical conditions prior to undertaking a deferred intervention. Even if these
      patients did not undergo surgical repair, the risk of late rupture was relatively
      low. By contrast, nonoperated patients with AAAs >= 7 cm in diameter face a very
      high risk of rupture and will probably benefit from elective surgery, with the
      caveat that a higher procedural risk might have to be incurred.

PMID- 27374815
TI  - Are We Ready for Routine 'Subclinical' Atherosclerosis Screening? Not Yet....

PMID- 27374816
TI  - Energetics, barriers and vibrational spectra of partially and fully hydrogenated
      hexagonal boron nitride.
AB  - We study hydrogen chemisorption at full coverage and low concentrations on
      hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Chemisorption trends reveal the complex nature of
      hydrogenation. Barriers for diffusion are found to be significantly altered by
      the presence of additional H atoms. Moreover, the presence of a Stone-Wales
      defect may dramatically enhance the bond strength of H to the h-BN surface. These
      findings provide new insights to understand and characterize hydrogenated boron
      nitride. 

PMID- 27374817
TI  - DNA hypomethylation of CD133 promoter is associated with recurrent glioma.
AB  - Gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor in the central nervous system of
      adults, and are highly aggressive, resistant to treatment, and prone to
      recurrence. Brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) are implicated in tumor initiation and
      recurrence. Cluster of differentiation (CD)133 is currently the most widely used
      BTSC marker; however, its role in glioma development and progression is largely
      unknown. In this study, we evaluated CD133 expression in pairs of primary and
      recurrent human glioma specimens from 24 patients. We found that recurrent
      gliomas have aberrantly upregulated CD133 levels. To clarify the mechanism
      underlying this observation, we assessed CD133 promoter (P)2 methylation status
      by bisulfite sequencing and found that P2 hypomethylation was associated with the
      increase in CD133 expression and glioma recurrence. These results suggest that
      CD133 overexpression in BTSCs due to P2 hypomethylation underlies glioma
      recurrence, which may provide insight into the mechanism of glioma recurrence and
      provide a basis for novel therapies for glioma treatment. 

PMID- 27374818
TI  - Long-term Stability of Autotransplanted Premolars as a Substitute for Molars in
      Adults.
AB  - Autotransplantation is a viable treatment option for tooth replacement when a
      suitable donor tooth is available. This case report presents 2 cases that
      describe successful treatment outcome and prognosis after autotransplantation of
      a mature premolar as a missing molar. The first premolar was extracted for
      orthodontic purposes and transplanted to the missing first molar site in the
      mandible. The transplanted tooth was monitored up to 7 years. The transplant was
      functional and maintained a normal bone level throughout the follow-up period.
      Clinical examination showed normal physiologic movement without any signs of
      ankylosis and root resorption. Autotransplantation of a mature premolar to a
      molar site is a viable treatment option showing successful results. The selection
      of a functional donor tooth, adequate surgical procedures, and timely application
      of orthodontic movement may have positively contributed to the favorable
      prognosis. 

PMID- 27374819
TI  - Regulatory role of microRNAs in the proliferation and differentiation of adipose
      derived stem cells.
AB  - Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells obtained
      from stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue. ASCs are a promising resource
      for cell therapy due to their simple isolation, extensive expansion potential,
      and low immunogenicity. ASCs repair and regenerate damaged tissue by direct
      differentiation, whereas many other approaches rely on the secretion of paracrine
      factors. miRNAs target mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression, and have
      been shown to play critical roles in the regulation of stem cell proliferation
      and differentiation. The miRNA expression profile of ASCs varies according to the
      isolation and culturing method, and more than 40 different miRNAs have been
      reported to regulate ASC proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, this
      review summarizes the ASC-related miRNAs and their pivotal roles in regulating
      the proliferation and differentiation of ASCs. A comprehensive understanding of
      the effects of miRNAs on the proliferation and differentiation of ASCs is
      important and useful to enhance the regenerative potential of ASCs.

PMID- 27374821
TI  - Ischemic stroke - the challenge continues.

PMID- 27374820
TI  - Binge Drinking Decreases Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-Binding Protein
      Expression in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system has
      been observed in rodent models of binge drinking, with a large focus on CRF
      receptor 1 (CRF-R1). The role of CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP), a key regulator of
      CRF activity, in binge drinking is less well understood. In humans, single
      nucleotide polymorphisms in CRHBP are associated with alcohol use disorder and
      stress-induced alcohol craving, suggesting a role for CRF-BP in vulnerability to
      alcohol addiction. METHODS: The role and regulation of CRF-BP in binge drinking
      were examined in mice exposed to the drinking in the dark (DID) paradigm. Using
      in situ hybridization, the regulation of CRF-BP, CRF-R1, and CRF mRNA expression
      was determined in the stress and reward systems of C57BL/6J mice after repeated
      cycles of DID. To determine the functional role of CRF-BP in binge drinking, CRF
      BP knockout (CRF-BP KO) mice were exposed to 6 cycles of DID, during which
      alcohol consumption was measured and compared to wild-type mice. RESULTS: CRF-BP
      mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic
      medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of C57BL/6J mice after 3 cycles and in the PL
      mPFC after 6 cycles of DID. No significant changes in CRF or CRF-R1 mRNA levels
      were observed in mPFC, ventral tegmental area, bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis, or amygdala after 3 cycles of DID. CRF-BP KO mice do not show
      significant alterations in drinking compared to wild-type mice across 6 cycles of
      DID. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that repeated cycles of binge drinking
      alter CRF-BP mRNA expression in the mPFC, a region responsible for executive
      function and regulation of emotion and behavior, including responses to stress.
      We observed a persistent decrease in CRF-BP mRNA expression in the mPFC after 3
      and 6 DID cycles, which may allow for increased CRF signaling at CRF-R1 and
      contribute to excessive binge-like ethanol consumption.

PMID- 27374822
TI  - Nobel Peace Prize nomination for Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting (DAFOH) 
      a recognition of upholding ethical practices in medicine.

PMID- 27374823
TI  - New insights into coupling and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and metabolism
      in the brain.
AB  - The brain has high metabolic and energy needs and requires continuous cerebral
      blood flow (CBF), which is facilitated by a tight coupling between neuronal
      activity, CBF, and metabolism. Upon neuronal activation, there is an increase in
      energy demand, which is then met by a hemodynamic response that increases CBF.
      Such regional CBF increase in response to neuronal activation is observed using
      neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and
      positron emission tomography. The mechanisms and mediators (eg, nitric oxide,
      astrocytes, and ion channels) that regulate CBF-metabolism coupling have been
      extensively studied. The neurovascular unit is a conceptual model encompassing
      the anatomical and metabolic interactions between the neurons, vascular
      components, and glial cells in the brain. It is compromised under disease states
      such as stroke, diabetes, hypertension, dementias, and with aging, all of which
      trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses that exacerbate brain damage. Hence,
      tight regulation and maintenance of neurovascular coupling is central for brain
      homeostasis. This review article also discusses the waste clearance pathways in
      the brain such as the glymphatic system. The glymphatic system is a functional
      waste clearance pathway that removes metabolic wastes and neurotoxins from the
      brain along paravascular channels. Disruption of the glymphatic system burdens
      the brain with accumulating waste and has been reported in aging as well as
      several neurological diseases. 

PMID- 27374824
TI  - High frequency of cutaneous manifestations including vitiligo and alopecia areata
      in a prospective cohort of patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease.
AB  - AIM: To determine the frequency and the characteristics of cutaneous
      manifestations, especially vitiligo and alopecia areata, in patients with chronic
      graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD). METHODS: 50 patients with cGVHD were prospectively
      enrolled in the observational study protocol and evaluated by an experienced
      dermatologist. The evaluation was focused on the clinical spectrum of skin and
      adnexal involvement, and the cutaneous GVHD score was determined according to
      National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus criteria. The presence of vitiligo,
      alopecia, xerosis, nail changes, and dyspigmentation was also assessed. RESULTS:
      Out of 50 cGVHD patients, 28 (56%) had skin involvement, and 27 of them (96%) had
      hypo and/or hyperpigmentations. 11 patients (39%) had a mild cutaneous NIH cGVHD
      score, 22% moderate, and 39% severe. 15 (30%) patients had nail changes and 10
      (20%) had vitiligo or alopecia areata. Univariate analysis showed that patients
      with vitiligo/alopecia areata received more lines of prior systemic
      immunosuppressive therapy (P=0.043), had lower Karnofsky performance status
      (P=0.028), and had a higher B-cell number (P=0.005), platelet count (P=0.022),
      and total protein (P=0.024). Vitiligo and alopecia areata were associated with
      higher NIH skin score (P=0.001), higher intensity of immunosuppressive treatment
      (P=0.020), and total body irradiation conditioning (P=0.040). Multivariate
      regression model showed that patients with higher NIH skin scoring were 3.67
      times more likely to have alopecia and/or vitiligo (odds ratio 3.67; 95%
      confidence interval 1.26-10.73), controlled for all other factors in the model
      (age at study entry, number of B-cells, platelet count, and global NIH score).
      CONCLUSION: These data indicate that vitiligo and alopecia areata occur more
      frequently in cGVHD than previously reported.

PMID- 27374825
TI  - Glycoprotein YKL-40: a novel biomarker of chronic graft-vs-host disease activity
      and severity?
AB  - AIM: To investigate whether increased YKL-40 levels positively correlate with
      graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) activity and severity and if YKL-40 could serve as
      a disease biomarker. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted at the
      University Hospital Centre Zagreb from July 2013 to October 2015. 56 patients
      treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were included: 35
      patients with cGVHD and 21 without cGVHD. There was no difference between groups
      in age, sex, median time from transplant to study enrollment, intensity of
      conditioning, type of donor, or source of stem cells. Blood samples were
      collected at study enrollment and YKL-40 levels were measured with ELISA. Disease
      activity was estimated using Clinician's Impression of Activity and Intensity of
      Immunosuppression scales and disease severity using Global National Institutes of
      Health (NIH) score. RESULTS: YKL-40 levels were significantly higher in cGVHD
      patients than in controls (P=0.003). The difference remained significant when
      patients with myelofibrosis were excluded from the analysis (P=0.017). YKL-40
      level significantly positively correlated with disease severity (P<0.001;
      correlation coefficient 0.455), and activity estimated using Clinician's
      Impression of Activity (P=0.016; correlation coefficient 0.412) but not using
      Intensity of Immunosuppression (P=0.085; correlation coefficient 0.296).
      CONCLUSION: YKL-40 could be considered a biomarker of cGVHD severity and
      activity. However, validation in a larger group of patients is warranted, as well
      as longitudinal testing of YKL-40 levels in patients at risk of developing cGVHD.

PMID- 27374826
TI  - Imatinib and dasatinib as salvage therapy for sclerotic chronic graft-vs-host
      disease.
AB  - AIM: To assess the toxicity, tolerance, steroid-sparing capacity, effectiveness,
      and response rate to imatinib and dasatinib for the treatment of severe sclerotic
      chronic graft-vs-host disease (scGVHD). METHODS: This retrospective study
      analyzed 8 consecutive patients with severe refractory scGVHD who received
      salvage therapy with imatinib. Patients intolerant and/or refractory to imatinib
      received dasatinib treatment. RESULTS: 7 patients discontinued imatinib treatment
      (1 achieved complete response, 5 were resistant and/or intolerant, and 1
      developed grade IV neutropenia) and 1 patient achieved prolonged partial
      response, but died due to an infectious complication while on treatment. 5
      patients started dasatinib treatment (3 achieved partial responses and
      discontinued dasatinib, 1 achieved a durable partial response, but died due to a
      consecutive rapid pulmonary cGVHD progression and 1 with stable disease
      discontinued treatment due to gastroenteric intolerance). The response rate
      (partial and/or complete responses) for severe scGVHD was 25% for imatinib and
      60% for dasatinib. CONCLUSION: In our series, dasatinib was better tolerated,
      safer, steroid-sparing, and had a low incidence of infectious complications,
      which suggests that it may be a more effective therapeutic alternative for
      patients with refractory scGVHD than imatinib. Treatment of scGVHD with effective
      antifibrotic drugs such as TKI, which block the kinase fibrotic pathway, may be a
      safe and effective therapeutic option, but further studies are needed to confirm
      our findings.

PMID- 27374827
TI  - Adiponectin and resistin in acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease patients
      undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the association of adiponectin and resistin levels in
      patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with the
      clinical outcome, including the occurrence of acute and chronic graft-vs-host
      disease (GVHD), non-relapse mortality, and overall survival. METHODS: We
      prospectively collected serum samples from 40 patients undergoing either
      autologous (n=12; 10 male) or allogeneic (n=28; 11 male) HSCT for up to 12 months
      post HSCT and determined adiponectin and resistin serum concentrations using
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: There were no significant differences
      in adiponectin levels (18.5 vs 9.3 MUg/mL, P=0.071) and adiponectin/BMI ratio
      (0.82 vs 0.39, P=0.068) between patients with acute GVHD grades 2-4 and
      autologous controls. However, resistin values were significantly lower in
      patients with acute GVHD grades 2-4 than in autologous controls (4.6 vs 7.3
      ng/mL, P=0.030). Adiponectin levels were higher in patients with chronic GVHD
      (n=17) than in autologous controls (13.5 vs 7.6 MUg/mL, P=0.051), but the
      difference was not significant. Adiponectin/BMI ratio was significantly higher in
      patients with chronic GVHD than in autologous controls (0.59 vs 0.25, P=0.006).
      Patients dying from relapse also had significantly lower adiponectin levels (8.2
      MUg/mL) and adiponectin/BMI ratio (0.3) on admission than surviving allogeneic
      (15.8 ug/mL, P=0.030 and 0.7, P=0.004) and surviving autologous patients (19.2
      MUg/mL, P=0.031 and 0.7, P=0.021). CONCLUSION: Adiponectin and resistin levels
      were altered in patients with acute and chronic GVHD compared to autologous
      controls and were associated with overall survival and relapse mortality in
      patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT.

PMID- 27374828
TI  - Joint and fascial chronic graft-vs-host disease: correlations with clinical and
      laboratory parameters.
AB  - AIM: To determine if there are correlations between joint and fascial chronic
      graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) with clinical findings, laboratory parameters, and
      measures of functional capacity. METHODS: 29 patients were diagnosed with cGVHD
      based on National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Criteria at the University
      Hospital Centre Zagreb from October 2013 to October 2015. Physical examination,
      including functional measures such as 2-minute walk test and hand grip strength,
      as well as laboratory tests were performed. The relationship between these
      evaluations and the severity of joint and fascial cGVHD was tested by logistical
      regression analysis. RESULTS: 12 of 29 patients (41.3%) had joint and fascial
      cGVHD diagnosed according to NIH Consensus Criteria. There was a significant
      positive correlation of joint and fascial cGVHD and skin cGVHD (P<0.001), serum
      C3 complement level (P=0.045), and leukocytes (P=0.032). There was a significant
      negative correlation between 2-minute walk test (P=0.016), percentage of
      cytotoxic T cells CD3+/CD8+ (P=0.022), serum albumin (P=0.047), and Karnofsky
      score (P<0.001). Binary logistic regression model found that a significant
      predictor for joint and fascial cGVHD was cGVHD skin involvement (odds ratio,
      7.79; 95 confidence interval 1.87-32.56; P=0.005). CONCLUSION: Joint and fascial
      cGVHD manifestations correlated with multiple laboratory measurements, clinical
      features, and cGVHD skin involvement, which was a significant predictor for joint
      and fascial cGVHD.

PMID- 27374829
TI  - Vitamin D levels and their associations with survival and major disease outcomes
      in a large cohort of patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease.
AB  - AIM: To identify the factors associated with vitamin D status in patients with
      chronic graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) and evaluate the association between serum
      vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and cGVHD characteristics and clinical outcomes
      defined by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria. METHODS: 310 cGVHD
      patients enrolled in the NIH cGVHD natural history study (clinicaltrials.gov:
      NCT00092235) were analyzed. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression
      were used to determine the associations between various parameters and 25(OH)D
      levels, dichotomized into categorical variables: <=20 and >20 ng/mL, and as a
      continuous parameter. Multiple logistic regression was used to develop a
      predictive model for low vitamin D. Survival analysis and association between
      cGVHD outcomes and 25(OH)D as a continuous as well as categorical variable: <=20
      and >20 ng/mL; <50 and >=50 ng/mL, and among three ordered categories: <=20, 20
      50, and >=50 ng/mL, was performed. RESULTS: 69 patients (22.3%) had serum 25(OH)D
      <=20 ng/mL. Univariate analysis showed that supplement intake, nutritional status
      (severely malnourished, moderately malnourished, well-nourished), race (African
      American, other), and estimated creatinine clearance (eCCr) were associated with
      25(OH)D levels. A predictive model was developed based on supplement intake,
      nutritional status, race, and eCCr, accurately predicting 77.9% of patients with
      25(OH)D <=20 and 65.2% of those with 25(OH)D >20 ng/mL. No association was found
      between vitamin D and major cGVHD characteristics, but patients with 25(OH)D <=20
      ng/mL had somewhat decreased survival. CONCLUSION: Nutritional status and
      adequate supplementation are important to maintain 25(OH)D >20 ng/mL in cGVHD
      patients. Intervention studies and more research is needed to reveal the
      underlying mechanism of vitamin D metabolism in cGVHD setting.

PMID- 27374831
TI  - The effects of lumboperitoneal and ventriculoperitoneal shunts on the cranial and
      spinal cerebrospinal fluid volume in a patient with idiopathic intracranial
      hypertension.
AB  - Lumboperitoneal (LP) and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are a frequent
      treatment modality for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Although these
      shunts have been used for a long time, it is still not clear how they change the
      total craniospinal CSF volume and what portions of cranial and spinal CSF are
      affected. This report for the first time presents the results of a volumetric
      analysis of the total cranial and spinal CSF space in a patient with IIH. We
      performed an automated segmentation of the cranial and a manual segmentation of
      the spinal CSF space first with an LP shunt installed and again after the LP
      shunt was replaced by a VP shunt. When the LP shunt was in place, the total CSF
      volume was smaller than when the VP shunt was in place (222.4 cm(3) vs 279.2
      cm(3)). The difference was almost completely the result of the spinal CSF volume
      reduction (49.3 cm(3) and 104.9 cm(3) for LP and VP, respectively), while the
      cranial CSF volume was not considerably altered (173.2 cm(3) and 174.2 cm(3) for
      LP and VP, respectively). This report indicates that LP and VP shunts in IIH do
      not considerably change the cranial CSF volume, while the reduction of CSF volume
      after LP shunt placement affects almost exclusively the spinal part of the CSF
      system. Our results suggest that an analysis of both the cranial and the spinal
      part of the CSF space is necessary for therapeutic procedures planning and for an
      early recognition of numerous side effects that often arise after shunts
      placement in IIH patients. 

PMID- 27374830
TI  - Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio help identify patients
      with lung cancer, but do not differentiate between lung cancer subtypes.
AB  - AIM: To assess the diagnostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and
      platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in lung cancer (LC). We compared the ratios
      between healthy participants and all LC patients, as well patients with different
      pathohistological LC subtypes. METHODS: We retrieved the data on neutrophil,
      lymphocyte, and platelet levels in 449 patients with different pathohistological
      LC subtypes (non-small cell LC, small-cell LC, atypical or metastatic LC,
      neuroendocrine, and sarcomatoid carcinoma) and 47 healthy controls. NLR and PLR
      were calculated by dividing the absolute number of neutrophils or platelets with
      the absolute number of lymphocytes. RESULTS: There were significant differences
      in both NLR and PLR (P<0.001) between all LC patients and the control group, but
      there were no differences between patients with different LC subtypes. Reciever
      operating characteristics analysis for NLR showed the optimal cut-off value of
      2.71, with a sensitivity of 77.05% and specificity of 87.23%. The optimal cut-off
      value for PLR was 182.31, with a sensitivity of 51.09% and specificity of 91.49%.
      CONCLUSION: The results showed that the NLR and PLR may have added value in the
      early diagnosis of LC, but further research is needed to confirm these results.

PMID- 27374832
TI  - The filter bubble and its effect on online personal health information.

PMID- 27374833
TI  - Derivation and Validation of a Severity Scoring Method for the 3-Minute
      Diagnostic Interview for Confusion Assessment Method--Defined Delirium.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To derive and validate a method for scoring delirium severity using a
      recently validated, brief, structured diagnostic interview for Confusion
      Assessment Method (CAM)-defined delirium (3D-CAM) and to demonstrate its
      agreement with the CAM Severity short form (CAM-S SF) as the reference standard.
      DESIGN: Derivation and validation analysis in a prospective cohort study.
      SETTING: Two academic medical centers. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 70 and
      older enrolled in the Successful Aging after Elective Surgery Study undergoing
      major elective noncardiac surgery (N = 566). MEASUREMENTS: The sample was
      randomly divided into a derivation dataset (n = 377) and an independent
      validation dataset (n = 189). These datasets were used to develop a severity
      scoring method using the 3D-CAM based on the four-item CAM-S SF (3D-CAM-S) and
      evaluate agreement between the 3D-CAM-S and the traditional CAM-S SF using
      weighted kappa statistics. RESULTS: A method for scoring severity using 3D-CAM
      items was developed that achieved good agreement with the CAM-S SF in the
      derivation dataset (kappa = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93-0.95). The
      3D-CAM-S achieved nearly identical agreement in the independent validation
      dataset (kappa = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.92-0.95), and 100% of 3D-CAM-S scores were
      within 1 point of the CAM-S SF score in both datasets. The 3D-CAM-S also strongly
      predicts clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: A newly developed method for scoring
      delirium severity using the 3D-CAM (the 3D-CAM-S) has excellent agreement with
      the CAM-S SF. This new methodology enables clinicians and researchers using the
      3D-CAM for surveillance to measure delirium severity and monitor its course
      simultaneously by tracking changes over time. The 3D-CAM-S expands the utility of
      the 3D-CAM as an important tool for delirium recognition and management.

PMID- 27374834
TI  - Comparison of the serum toxicokinetics of larkspur toxins in cattle, sheep and
      goats.
AB  - Larkspurs (Delphinium spp.) are a major cause of cattle losses in western North
      America, whereas sheep are thought to be resistant to larkspur toxicosis. Goats
      are often used as a small ruminant model to study poisonous plants. In this
      study, we compared the serum toxicokinetic profile of toxic larkspur alkaloids
      from Delphinium barbeyi in cattle, goats, and sheep. The results from this study
      indicate that kinetic differences could partially explain species differences in
      susceptibility to larkspur toxicosis. 

PMID- 27374835
TI  - Ten-year analyses of the German DRG data about negative pressure wound therapy.
AB  - Exact data regarding the clinical role of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)
      for wound care in a specific country are not available. Thus, we analysed the use
      of NPWT in hospitalised patients in Germany. Detailed lists of all hospitalised
      cases treated with NPWT in Germany for each of the years from 2005 to 2014 were
      obtained from the Federal Statistical Office, as well as lists of the 15 most
      frequent principal and additional diagnoses documented with NPWT in 2014. Within
      the 10-year time period of the study, the number of cases treated with NPWT
      increased by 349%, from 37 053 in 2005 to 129 269 in 2014. The rate of all
      hospitalised cases treated with NPWT increased form 0.22% to 0.66% in Germany. In
      2014, wounds affecting skin and subcutaneous tissue (5-916.a0) are the most
      frequent documented indication for NPWT followed by deep wounds involving bones
      and joints at the limbs (5-916.a1). Open abdomens (5-916.a3) count for higher
      numbers than deep wounds of the thorax, mediastinum and sternum (5-916.a2). Fifty
      percent of all cases hospitalised for stage IV pressure ulcers at sacrum or
      ischium and around one third (32.2%) of cases with pyothorax received NPWT. Every
      fourth to fifth case hospitalised for disruption of surgical wounds or infections
      following a procedure (24.1%), as well as for infections and inflammations
      because of internal joint prosthesis or because of an internal fixation device
      was treated with NPWT (22.9%). In cases with diabetic foot syndrome, it is still
      every tenth case (10.1%). This analysis shows a substantial increase in the use
      of NPWT in the last decade for hospitalised patients. NPWT has a fixed role in
      the treatment of stage IV pressure ulcers at sacrum or ischium, pyothorax,
      infection and inflammation because of internal joint prosthesis or an internal
      fixation device and diabetic foot syndrome.

PMID- 27374836
TI  - Betaine and Carnitine Derivatives as Herbicidal Ionic Liquids.
AB  - This study focused on the synthesis and subsequent characterization of herbicidal
      ionic liquids based on betaine and carnitine, two derivatives of amino acids,
      which were used as cations. Four commonly used herbicides (2,4-D, MCPA, MCPP and
      Dicamba) were used as anions in simple (single anion) and oligomeric (two anions)
      salts. The obtained salts were subjected to analyzes regarding physicochemical
      properties (density, viscosity, refractive index, thermal decomposition profiles
      and solubility) as well as evaluation of their herbicidal activity under
      greenhouse and field conditions, toxicity towards rats and biodegradability. The
      obtained results suggest that the synthesized herbicidal ionic liquids displayed
      low toxicity (classified as category 4 compounds) and showed similar or improved
      efficacy against weed compared to reference herbicides. The highest increase was
      observed during field trials for salts containing 2,4-D as the anion, which also
      exhibited the highest biodegradability (>75 %). 

PMID- 27374837
TI  - Integrated data mining of transcriptomic and proteomic datasets to predict the
      secretome of adipose tissue and muscle in ruminants.
AB  - Adipose tissue and muscle are endocrine organs releasing signalling and mediator
      proteins termed adipokines and myokines, enabling functioning of the organism and
      its adaption to a wide range of different challenges such as starvation,
      overfeeding, stress and diseases. They also contribute to the "adipose-muscular"
      cross-talk for an integrated control of body mass composition. This article
      integrates transcriptomic and proteomic data available in ruminant species
      (mainly in bovine, and when available in ovine and caprine) to computationally
      predict the large-scale secretome of adipose tissues and muscles. For this
      purpose predictive bioinformatics algorithms were employed to identify proteins
      putatively secreted by tissues thanks to a signal peptide. We predicted 1749
      secreted proteins that were found from adipose tissues and muscles, more than a
      half of them being already declared as secreted proteins in public repositories.
      We also identified 188 and 357 proteins in the predictive secretome of adipose
      tissues and muscles respectively, only a minor part (3-11%) of them being
      reported in the overlap of public repositories used for comparison. Functional
      analysis of these proteins highlights their involvement in biological pathways
      known to sustain tissue growth and functioning. This strategy allowed us to
      identify some known and putative novel adipomyokines, adipokines and myokines.
      However their role and their expression signature depending on rearing practices
      remain largely to be explored.

PMID- 27374839
TI  - Relevance of Changes in Serum Creatinine During a Heart Failure Trial of
      Decongestive Strategies: Insights From the DOSE Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Worsening renal function (WRF) is a common endpoint in decompensated
      heart failure clinical trials because of associations between WRF and adverse
      outcomes. However, WRF has not universally been identified as a poor prognostic
      sign, challenging the validity of WRF as a surrogate endpoint. Our aim was to
      describe the associations between changes in creatinine and adverse outcomes in a
      clinical trial of decongestive therapies. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated
      the association between changes in creatinine and the composite endpoint of
      death, rehospitalization or emergency room visit within 60 days in 301 patients
      in the Diuretic Optimization Strategies Evaluation (DOSE) trial. WRF was defined
      as an increase in creatinine >0.3 mg/dL and improvement in renal function (IRF)
      as a decrease >0.3 mg/dL. When examining linear changes in creatinine from
      baseline to 72 hours (the coprimary endpoint of DOSE), increasing creatinine was
      associated with lower risk for the composite outcome (HR = 0.81 per 0.3 mg/dL
      increase, 95% CI 0.67-0.98, P = .026). Compared with patients with stable renal
      function (n = 219), WRF (n = 54) was not associated with the composite endpoint
      (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.77-1.78, P = .47). However, compared with stable renal
      function, there was a strong relationship between IRF (n = 28) and the composite
      endpoint (HR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.57-4.03, P < .001). CONCLUSION: The coprimary
      endpoint of the DOSE trial, a linear increase in creatinine, was paradoxically
      associated with improved outcomes. This was driven by absence of risk
      attributable to WRF and a strong risk associated with IRF. These results argue
      against using changes in serum creatinine as a surrogate endpoint in trials of
      decongestive strategies.

PMID- 27374840
TI  - Left Ventricular Assist Devices or Inotropes for Decreasing Pulmonary Vascular
      Resistance in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension Listed for Heart
      Transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fixed pulmonary hypertension is common in patients with advanced
      heart failure and is a contraindication for heart transplantation. Left
      ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and inotropes have been used to reduce
      pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and allow transplantation. However, little is
      known about the efficacy of this strategy. METHODS: We queried the United Network
      for Organ Sharing registry for all adult patients (age >=18 years) listed for
      primary heart transplantation (2008-2014) with PVR of >5 wood units (WU) or
      transpulmonary gradient >16 mmHg who were treated with LVAD or IV inotropes as
      status 1a, 1b, or 7. We compared waitlist mortality/delisting and absolute
      changes in hemodynamics between listing and transplantation. RESULTS: Of 18,009
      patients listed during the study period, 1016 were included in the analysis (393
      LVAD, 623 inotropes), with a mean age of 52.9 +/- 11.6 years, 74% male, and 38%
      had ischemic etiology. Mean PVR was 5.7 +/- 2.4 WU and transpulmonary pressure
      gradient 19.3 +/- 5.3 mmHg. Compared with the inotrope group, LVAD patients were
      more likely listed as status 1A (32.8% vs 18.1%, P < .001), had lower PVR (5.3 WU
      vs 5.9 WU, P = .001), and higher cardiac output (4.1 vs 3.6 L/min, P < .001).
      After a mean of 239 days, PVR decreased by 1.71 WU in the LVAD group vs 1.85 WU
      in the inotrope group (P = .52). PVR normalization (<2.5 WU) occurred at similar
      rates among those treated with inotropes and LVAD (30.7% vs 35.6%, P = .228).
      Waitlist mortality was similar between LVAD and inotropes (adjusted P = .837).
      Absolute PVR and transpulmonary pressure gradient reductions correlated with time
      on the waitlist (P < .001 for both comparisons). CONCLUSION: Only about one-third
      of patients with fixed pulmonary hypertension achieve normalization of PVR before
      transplant with either LVAD or inotropes. Similar waitlist mortality was observed
      among patients bridged with either strategy.

PMID- 27374838
TI  - What Are Effective Program Characteristics of Self-Management Interventions in
      Patients With Heart Failure? An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To identify those characteristics of self-management interventions in
      patients with heart failure (HF) that are effective in influencing health-related
      quality of life, mortality, and hospitalizations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Randomized
      trials on self-management interventions conducted between January 1985 and June
      2013 were identified and individual patient data were requested for meta
      analysis. Generalized mixed effects models and Cox proportional hazard models
      including frailty terms were used to assess the relation between characteristics
      of interventions and health-related outcomes. Twenty randomized trials (5624
      patients) were included. Longer intervention duration reduced mortality risk
      (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97-0.999 per month increase in
      duration), risk of HF-related hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.96
      0.99), and HF-related hospitalization at 6 months (risk ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.92
      0.995). Although results were not consistent across outcomes, interventions
      comprising standardized training of interventionists, peer contact, log keeping,
      or goal-setting skills appeared less effective than interventions without these
      characteristics. CONCLUSION: No specific program characteristics were
      consistently associated with better effects of self-management interventions, but
      longer duration seemed to improve the effect of self-management interventions on
      several outcomes. Future research using factorial trial designs and process
      evaluations is needed to understand the working mechanism of specific program
      characteristics of self-management interventions in HF patients.

PMID- 27374841
TI  - Gastrointestinal risk assessment in patients requiring non-steroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis: The GIRANO study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gastrointestinal risk profiles in patients with
      osteoarthritis who are currently being treated, or who are candidates for
      treatment, with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. METHODS: Patients with
      osteoarthritis treated by primary care physicians or physical and rehabilitation
      medicine (PRM) specialists in Belgium and Luxembourg were scored for
      gastrointestinal risk profile, low, moderate or high, based on the presence of
      gastrointestinal risk factors. These included advanced age, gastrointestinal
      history, comorbidities, medication use, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Use of
      gastro-protective agents (proton pump inhibitors) was also assessed. RESULTS: A
      total of 190 primary care physicians and PRM specialists provided data on 885
      patients. A large majority of patients were rated high-risk gastrointestinal
      (77.8%), with fewer moderate (19.4%) or low (2.8%) risk. The proportion of high
      risk patients treated by PRM specialists was significantly lower than that
      treated by primary care physicians (64.7% vs 79.9%; p < 0.0001). Only 37.0% of
      high-risk patients received proton pump inhibitors co-prescription with a non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of elevated
      gastrointestinal risk was found in this survey of patients with osteoarthritis
      who were current or candidate users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
      This appears to be insufficiently recognized, as preventative gastro-protective
      co-treatment was infrequently prescribed. Careful assessment of gastrointestinal
      risk factors should be made before prescribing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      drugs, with treatment tailored to the patient's gastrointestinal risk profile.

PMID- 27374842
TI  - Basic research on appetite regulation: Social context of a meal is missing.

PMID- 27374843
TI  - Efficiency of chlorophyll in gross primary productivity: A proof of concept and
      application in crops.
AB  - One of the main factors affecting vegetation productivity is absorbed light,
      which is largely governed by chlorophyll. In this paper, we introduce the concept
      of chlorophyll efficiency, representing the amount of gross primary production
      per unit of canopy chlorophyll content (Chl) and incident PAR. We analyzed
      chlorophyll efficiency in two contrasting crops (soybean and maize). Given that
      they have different photosynthetic pathways (C3 vs. C4), leaf structures (dicot
      vs. monocot) and canopy architectures (a heliotrophic leaf angle distribution vs.
      a spherical leaf angle distribution), they cover a large spectrum of biophysical
      conditions. Our results show that chlorophyll efficiency in primary productivity
      is highly variable and responds to various physiological and phenological
      conditions, and water availability. Since Chl is accessible through non
      destructive, remotely sensed techniques, the use of chlorophyll efficiency for
      modeling and monitoring plant optimization patterns is practical at different
      scales (e.g., leaf, canopy) and under widely-varying environmental conditions.
      Through this analysis, we directly related a functional characteristic, gross
      primary production with a structural characteristic, canopy chlorophyll content.
      Understanding the efficiency of the structural characteristic is of great
      interest as it allows explaining functional components of the plant system. 

PMID- 27374845
TI  - Effects and mechanism of action of isatin, a MAO inhibitor, on in vivo striatal
      dopamine release.
AB  - Isatin is an endogenous indole that inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO), being more
      selective for MAO-B than MAO-A isoform. By inhibiting MAO, isatin increases
      dopamine levels in the brain and, in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD)
      isatin is able to prevent dopamine depletion. Contradictorily, some studies
      indicate that isatin did not increase striatal dopamine levels, although it was
      able to improve the motor signs in PD model. Given these conflicting data, our
      aim was to study the effects and neurochemical mechanisms of action of isatin on
      in vivo dopamine release from rat dorsal striatum using brain microdialysis
      technique in conscious and freely moving animals. Our results showed that
      intrastriatal administration of 1, 5 or 10 mM isatin, for 1 h, significantly
      increased dopamine levels to 355 +/- 104%, 700 +/- 72%, and 1241 +/- 146%, when
      compared with basal values, respectively. The highest concentration of isatin (10
      mM) was used to investigate whether the dopamine overflow is due to an exocytotic
      release or due to a possible action on dopamine transporter (DAT). The removal of
      Ca(++) from medium, administration of TTX (10 MUM), or pretreatment with
      reserpine (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased by 90%, 83%, and 78%, respectively,
      the effect of isatin on dopamine levels. The blockade of DAT with nomifensine (50
      MUM) did not alter the effect of isatin; and isatin significantly increased the
      depolarization-evoked release of dopamine. These results suggest that isatin
      induced dopamine release depends on vesicular dopamine content, and takes place
      due to a previous entry of Ca(++) and terminal depolarization.

PMID- 27374844
TI  - The two-step development of a duplex retina involves distinct events of cone and
      rod neurogenesis and differentiation.
AB  - Unlike in mammals, persistent postembryonic retinal growth is a characteristic
      feature of fish, which includes major remodeling events that affect all cell
      types including photoreceptors. Consequently, visual capabilities change during
      development, where retinal sensitivity to different wavelengths of light
      (photopic vision), -and to limited photons (scotopic vision) are central
      capabilities for survival. Differently from well-established model fish, Atlantic
      cod has a prolonged larval stage where only cone photoreceptors are present. Rods
      do not appear until juvenile transition (metamorphosis), a hallmark of indirect
      developing species. Previously we showed that whole gene families of lws (red
      sensitive) and sws1 (UV-sensitive) opsins have been lost in cod, while rh2a
      (green-sensitive) and sws2 (blue-sensitive) genes have tandem duplicated. Here,
      we provide a comprehensive characterization of a two-step developing duplex
      retina in Atlantic cod. The study focuses on cone subtype dynamics and delayed
      rod neurogenesis and differentiation in all cod life stages. Using transcriptomic
      and histological approaches we show that different opsins disappear in a
      topographic manner during development where central to peripheral retina is a key
      axis of expressional change. Early cone differentiation was initiated in dorso
      temporal retina different from previously described in fish. Rods first appeared
      during initiation of metamorphosis and expression of the nuclear receptor
      transcription factor nr2e3-1, suggest involvement in rod specification. The
      indirect developmental strategy thus allows for separate studies of cones and
      rods development, which in nature correlates with visual changes linked to
      habitat shifts. The clustering of key retinal genes according to life stage,
      suggests that Atlantic cod with its sequenced genome may be an important resource
      for identification of underlying factors required for development and function of
      photopic and scotopic vision.

PMID- 27374846
TI  - The Fielding H. Garrison Lecture: "Break-Bone" Fever in Philadelphia, 1780:
      Reflections on the History of Disease.
AB  - In the Autumn of 1780 an epidemic hit the city of Philadelphia. The symptoms of
      the disease resembled those of present day dengue fever, and subsequent observers
      argued that the disease was in fact dengue. But was it? The question forces us to
      confront the challenges of retrospective epidemiology and how we examine the
      history of a disease. This paper examines the 1780 epidemic from two
      perspectives. First, it looks at evidence that the disease was dengue and
      examines what this tells us about the epidemic and the conditions that caused it.
      Second, it looks at the disease from the perspective of Dr. Benjamin Rush, who
      treated hundreds of patients during the epidemic. In other words, it examines the
      disease through the lens of eighteenth century medical ideas. The paper concludes
      that each approach is valuable and reveals different aspects of the relationship
      between society and disease. 

PMID- 27374847
TI  - Spines of Steel: A Case of Surgical Enthusiasm in Cold War America.
AB  - Just as the prevalence of scoliosis began to decline precipitously after World
      War II, American orthopedic surgeon Dr. Paul R. Harrington devised a new,
      invasive surgical system whereby implantable prosthetic metal rods and hooks were
      used to straighten curved backs. By the 1970s, "Harrington rods" had become the
      gold standard of surgical scoliosis care in the United States, replacing more
      conventional methods of exercise, bracing, and casting. This article situates the
      success of Harrington rods within a much larger and historically longer debate
      about why, when compared to those in other nations, American surgeons appear to
      be "more aggressive" and "knife-happy." Using Harrington's papers and
      correspondence, I argue that patients played a vital role in the rise of spinal
      surgery. As such, this article examines not only how surgical enthusiasm has been
      historically measured, defined, and morally evaluated, but also how scoliosis
      became classified as a debility in need of surgical management. 

PMID- 27374848
TI  - Photographing AIDS: On Capturing a Disease in Pictures of People with AIDS.
AB  - The photography of people with AIDS has been subject to numerous critiques in the
      1980s and has become a controversial way of visualizing the AIDS epidemic. While
      most of the scholarly work on AIDS photography is based in cultural studies and
      concerned with popular representations, the clinical value of photographs of
      people with AIDS usually remains overlooked. This article addresses photographs
      as a "way of seeing" AIDS that contributed crucially to the making of the disease
      entity AIDS within the history of medicine. Cultural studies methods are applied
      to analyze clinical photography in the case of AIDS, thus contributing to the
      medical history of AIDS through the lens of photography. The article reveals the
      conflation of disease morphology and patient identity as a characteristic feature
      of both clinical photography and a now historical nature of AIDS. 

PMID- 27374849
TI  - Plague Doctors in the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Mental Health Professionals and the "San
      Francisco Model," 1981-1990.
AB  - Psychiatrists, psychologists, and other mental health professionals were among
      the first and most crucial responders to HIV/AIDS. Given an epidemic in which
      behavior and identity played fundamental roles, mental health professionals were
      uniquely positioned to conduct social research to explain the existence and
      spread of disease; to develop clinical understanding of psychological aspects of
      HIV/AIDS as they emerged; and to collaborate with affected communities to promote
      education and behavioral change. This study examines the roles of mental health
      professionals as "plague doctors" in San Francisco's response to HIV/AIDS, in the
      early years of the epidemic. Among the many collaborations and projects that
      distinguished the "San Francisco model" of response to this plague, bathhouse
      based epidemiology, consult-liaison psychiatry, and community partnerships for
      counseling and education are examined in detail as illustrations of the epidemic
      changing engagement of the mental health community. 

PMID- 27374850
TI  - News and Events.

PMID- 27374852
TI  - Inhibition of mitochondrial fusion is an early and critical event in breast
      cancer cell apoptosis by dietary chemopreventative benzyl isothiocyanate.
AB  - Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) is a highly promising phytochemical abundant in
      cruciferous vegetables with preclinical evidence of in vivo efficacy against
      breast cancer in xenograft and transgenic mouse models. Mammary cancer
      chemoprevention by BITC is associated with apoptotic cell death but the
      underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrate for the
      first time that altered mitochondrial dynamics is an early and critical event in
      BITC-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Exposure of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231
      cells to plasma achievable doses of BITC resulted in rapid collapse of
      mitochondrial filamentous network. BITC treatment also inhibited
      polyethyleneglycol-induced mitochondrial fusion. In contrast, a normal human
      mammary epithelial cell line (MCF-10A) that was derived from fibrocystic breast
      disease, was resistant to BITC-mediated alterations in mitochondrial dynamics as
      well as apoptosis. Transient or sustained decrease in levels of proteins engaged
      in regulation of mitochondrial fission and fusion was clearly evident after BITC
      treatment in both cancer cell lines. A trend for a decrease in the levels of
      mitochondrial fission- and fusion-related proteins was also observed in vivo in
      tumors of BITC-treated mice compared with control. Immortalized mouse embryonic
      fibroblasts from Drp1 knockout mice were resistant to BITC-induced apoptosis when
      compared with those from wild-type mice. Upon treatment with BITC, Bak
      dissociated from mitofusin 2 in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells suggesting a
      crucial role for interaction of Bak and mitofusins in BITC-mediated inhibition of
      fusion and morphological dynamics. In conclusion, the present study provides
      novel insights into the molecular complexity of BITC-induced cell death.

PMID- 27374854
TI  - Primordial germ cell-like cells derived from canine adipose mesenchymal stem
      cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have shown that adipose mesenchymal stem cells
      (AMSCs) share the potency of typical bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs);
      however, there is little information concerning characteristics of canine AMSCs
      (CAMSCs); it has not previously been made clear whether CAMSCs would be able to
      differentiate into other cell types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study,
      typical AMSC lines were established, and their characteristics including
      morphology, typical markers and differentiation potentiality were tested.
      RESULTS: The cells exhibited typical MSC morphology and were positive for CD90,
      CD44 and CD166, considered to be MSCs surface markers. They were negative for
      CD34 and CD45. The CAMSCs also exhibited embryonic stem cell (ESC) markers,
      including Oct4 and Sox2, at passage 2. In an appropriate microenvironment, CAMSCs
      differentiated into EBs and were able to produce cells of the three germ layers.
      These results indicate that established cells were putative adipocyte-derived
      MSCs, which also displayed properties of ESCs. Moreover, when the CAMSCs were
      induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), they differentiated into PGC-like
      cells (PGCLCs) and male germ-like cells, which were positive for PR domain
      containing 1 (Prdm1), PR domain-containing 14 (Prdm14), doublesex and mab-3
      related transcription factor (Dmrt1), as well as for promyelocytic leukaemia zinc
      finger (Plzf). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting analysis
      verified higher expression levels of these markers. CONCLUSION: This study
      provides an efficient approach to study germ cell development using CAMSCs.

PMID- 27374855
TI  - Malleable and Recyclable Poly(urea-urethane) Thermosets bearing Hindered Urea
      Bonds.
AB  - Poly(urea-urethane) thermosets containing the 1-tert-butylethylurea (TBEU)
      structure feature a reversible dissociation/association process of their covalent
      linkages under mild conditions. Unlike conventional thermosets, TBEU-based
      poly(urea-urethane) thermosets maintain their malleability after curing. Under
      high temperature (100  degrees C) and applied pressure (300 kPa), ground TBEU
      thermoset powder can be remolded to bulk after 20 min. 

PMID- 27374853
TI  - Secondary coenzyme Q10 deficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and non
      OXPHOS disorders.
AB  - We evaluated the coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) levels in patients who were diagnosed with
      mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and non-OXPHOS disorders (n=72).
      Data from the 72 cases in this study revealed that 44.4% of patients showed low
      CoQ concentrations in either their skeletal muscle or skin fibroblasts. Our
      findings suggest that secondary CoQ deficiency is a common finding in OXPHOS and
      non-OXPHOS disorders. We hypothesize that cases of CoQ deficiency associated with
      OXPHOS defects could be an adaptive mechanism to maintain a balanced OXPHOS,
      although the mechanisms explaining these deficiencies and the pathophysiological
      role of secondary CoQ deficiency deserves further investigation.

PMID- 27374858
TI  - Introduction to U13 supplement.

PMID- 27374857
TI  - An Artificial Reaction Promoter Modulates Mitochondrial Functions via Chemically
      Promoting Protein Acetylation.
AB  - Acetylation, which modulates protein function, is an important process in
      intracellular signalling. In mitochondria, protein acetylation regulates a number
      of enzymatic activities and, therefore, modulates mitochondrial functions. Our
      previous report showed that tributylphosphine (PBu3), an artificial reaction
      promoter that promotes acetylransfer reactions in vitro, also promotes the
      reaction between acetyl-CoA and an exogenously introduced fluorescent probe in
      mitochondria. In this study, we demonstrate that PBu3 induces the acetylation of
      mitochondrial proteins and a decrease in acetyl-CoA concentration in PBu3-treated
      HeLa cells. This indicates that PBu3 can promote the acetyltransfer reaction
      between acetyl-CoA and mitochondrial proteins in living cells. PBu3-induced
      acetylation gradually reduced mitochondrial ATP concentrations in HeLa cells
      without changing the cytoplasmic ATP concentration, suggesting that PBu3 mainly
      affects mitochondrial functions. In addition, pyruvate, which is converted into
      acetyl-CoA in mitochondria and transiently increases ATP concentrations in the
      absence of PBu3, elicited a further decrease in mitochondrial ATP concentrations
      in the presence of PBu3. Moreover, the application and removal of PBu3 reversibly
      alternated mitochondrial fragmentation and elongation. These results indicate
      that PBu3 enhances acetyltransfer reactions in mitochondria and modulates
      mitochondrial functions in living cells.

PMID- 27374856
TI  - The Uyghur population and genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: potential
      role for variants in CAPN10, APM1 and FUT6 genes.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies have successfully identified over 70 loci
      associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple
      populations of European ancestry. However, the risk attributable to an individual
      variant is modest and does not yet provide convincing evidence for clinical
      utility. Association between these established genetic variants and T2DM in
      general populations is hitherto understudied in the isolated populations, such as
      the Uyghurs, resident in Hetian, far southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,
      China. In this case-control study, we genotyped 13 single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) at 10 genes associated with diabetes in 130 cases with T2DM
      and 135 healthy controls of Uyghur, a Chinese minority ethnic group. Three of the
      13 SNPs demonstrated significant association with T2DM in the Uyghur population.
      There were significant differences between the T2DM patients and controls in the
      risk allele distributions of rs3792267 (CAPN10) (P = 0.002), rs1501299 (APM1) (P
      = 0.017), and rs3760776 (FUT6) (P = 0.031). Allelic carriers of rs3792267-A,
      rs1501299-T, and rs3760776-T had a 2.24-fold [OR (95% CI): 1.35-3.71], 0.59-fold
      [OR (95% CI): 0.39-0.91], 0.57-fold [OR (95% CI): 0.34-0.95] increased risk for
      T2DM respectively. We further confirmed that the cumulative risk allelic scores
      calculated from the 13 susceptibility loci for T2DM differed significantly
      between the T2DM patients and controls (P = 0.001), and the effect of
      obesity/overweight on T2DM was only observed in the subjects with a combined risk
      allelic score under a value of 17. This study observed that the SNPs rs3792267 in
      CAPN10, rs1501299 in APM1, and rs3760776 in FUT6 might serve as potential
      susceptible biomarkers for T2DM in Uyghurs. The cumulative risk allelic scores of
      multiple loci with modest individual effects are also significant risk factors in
      Uyghurs for T2DM, particularly among non-obese individuals. This is the first
      investigation having observed/found genetic variations on genetic loci
      functionally linked with glycosylation associated with the risk of T2DM in a
      Uyghur population.

PMID- 27374860
TI  - Extensive myelitis revealing common variable immunodeficiency.

PMID- 27374859
TI  - The electrophysiology of thyroid surgery: electrophysiologic and muscular
      responses with stimulation of the vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and
      external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Correlation of physiologically important electromyographic
      (EMG) waveforms with demonstrable muscle activation is important for the reliable
      interpretation of evoked waveforms during intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM)
      of the vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and external branch of the
      superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) in thyroid surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective
      chart review. METHODS: Data were reviewed retrospectively for thyroid surgery
      patients with laryngeal nerve IONM from January to December, 2015. EMG responses
      to monopolar stimulation of the vagus/RLN and EBSLN were recorded in bilateral
      vocalis, cricothyroid (CTM), and strap muscles using endotracheal tube-based
      surface and intramuscular hook electrodes, respectively. Target muscles for
      vagal/RLN and EBSLN stimulation were the ipsilateral vocalis and CTM,
      respectively. All other recording channels were nontarget muscles. RESULTS: Fifty
      surgical sides were identified in 37 subjects. All target muscle mean amplitudes
      were significantly higher than in nontarget muscles. With vagal/RLN stimulation,
      target ipsilateral vocalis mean amplitude was 1,095.7 MUV (mean difference range
      = -814.1 to -1,078 MUV, P < .0001). For EBSLN stimulation, target ipsilateral CTM
      mean amplitude was 6,379.3 MUV (mean difference range = -6,222.6 to -6,362.3 MUV,
      P < .0001). Target muscle large-amplitude EMG responses correlated with
      meaningful visual or palpable muscular responses, whereas nontarget EMG responses
      showed no meaningful muscle activation. CONCLUSIONS: Target and nontarget
      laryngeal muscles are differentiated based on divergence of EMG response directly
      correlating with presence or absence of visual and palpable muscle activation.
      Low-amplitude EMG waveforms in nontarget muscles with neural stimulation can be
      explained by the concept of far-field artifactual waveforms and do not correspond
      to a true muscular response. The surgeon should be aware of these nonphysiologic
      waveforms when interpreting and applying IONM during thyroid surgery. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 127:764-771, 2017.

PMID- 27374861
TI  - Veno-Arterial ECMO in the Setting of Post-Infarct Ventricular Septal Defect: A
      Bridge to Surgical Repair.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a complex rescue therapy utilised
      to provide circulatory and/or respiratory support to critically ill patients who
      have failed maximal conventional therapy. The use of ECMO in adult cardiac
      surgery is not routine, occurring in a minority of critically ill patients,
      typically postoperatively. Presented here are three cases of post-infarct
      ventricular septal defect with cardiogenic shock managed preoperatively with ECMO
      support as a bridge to definitive surgical closure. We present a review of ECMO
      in the adult cardiac surgical population and highlight the potential role of
      preoperative ECMO for cardiogenic shock in the setting of post-infarct
      ventricular septal defect (PI VSD) as a bridge to definitive closure.

PMID- 27374862
TI  - Comparison of Safety and Effectiveness Between Right Versus Left Radial Arterial
      Access in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute ST Segment
      Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transradial approach (TRA) is now considered the standard of care in
      many centres for elective and primary percutaneous intervention (PCI). The use of
      the radial approach in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
      patients has been associated with a significant reduction in major adverse
      cardiac events. However, it is still unclear if the side of radial access (right
      vs. left) has impact on safety and effectiveness of TRA in primary PCI. So this
      study was conducted to compare the safety, feasibility, and outcomes of right
      radial access (RRA) vs. left radial access (LRA) in the setting of primary PCI.
      METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data of 400 consecutive patients
      presenting to our institution with STEMI for whom primary PCIs were performed via
      RRA and LRA. RESULTS: Mean age of the whole studied population was 57+/-12.8
      years, with male predominance (77.2%). There were 202 cases in the RRA group and
      198 in the LRA group, with no significant difference in demographics and clinical
      characteristics for patients included in both groups. There was no significant
      difference in procedure success rate (97.5% for RRA vs. 98.4% for LRA; P=0.77).
      In addition, no significant difference between both approaches was observed in
      the contrast volume, number of catheters, fluoroscopy time (FT), needle-to
      balloon time, post-procedure vascular complications, in hospital reinfarction,
      stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or death. CONCLUSION: Right radial access
      and LRA are equally safe and effective in the setting of primary PCI. Both
      approaches have a high success rate and comparable needle-to-balloon time.

PMID- 27374863
TI  - A case of infective endocarditis and pyogenic spondylitis after transrectal
      ultrasound guided prostate biopsy.
AB  - We report a patient with infective endocarditis and pyrogenic spondylitis
      occurring simultaneously. The patient was a 59-year-old man. He was suspected of
      having prostate cancer due to a high prostate-specific antigen concentration
      noted in a checkup. He then underwent a transrectal ultrasound guided prostate
      biopsy with cefotiam as antimicrobial prophylaxis. He had a fever higher than 38 
      degrees C and lumbar pain for a few days after the biopsy. Enterococcus faecalis
      was isolated from 2 sets of blood culture. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an
      abnormal image at C7/Th1 with a signal decrease in T1-weighted sequences and
      signal increase in T2-weighted sequences that were suspected to be due to bone
      destruction. Therefore, he was diagnosed as having pyogenic spondylitis by an
      orthopedist. At the same time, he complained of palpitation and a heart murmur
      was detected. Then transesophageal echocardiography was performed by a
      cardiologist and it revealed vegetation in his left ventricle and aortic
      regurgitation, and finally acute cardiac insufficiency was determined. He was
      treated with tazobactam/piperacillin and aortic valve displacement surgery. Based
      on the results of the prostate biopsy and image inspection, he was diagnosed as
      having localized prostate cancer. He was treated by androgen deprivation therapy
      and external beam radiation therapy. We have to keep in mind that E. faecalis can
      be a potential pathogen for severe infectious complications after prostate
      biopsy, especially if a cephalosporin is selected for antimicrobial prophylaxis.

PMID- 27374864
TI  - SAFETY AND TOXICITY OF AN ACCELERATED COARSELY FRACTIONATED RADIATION PROTOCOL
      FOR TREATMENT OF APPENDICULAR OSTEOSARCOMA IN 14 DOGS: 10 GY * 2 FRACTIONS.
AB  - Coarsely fractionated radiation is commonly used as a method for pain control in
      dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma, however there is little published
      information on optimal protocols. The aim of this retrospective, descriptive
      study was to report safety and toxicity findings in a sample of dogs with
      appendicular osteosarcoma that had been treated with a radiation scheme of 10 Gy
      delivered over two consecutive days for a total of 20 Gy. Dogs were included in
      the study if they had osteosarcoma that was treated with the aforementioned
      protocol. Dogs were excluded if treated with the same protocol for any other bone
      tumor besides osteosarcoma or inadequate follow-up. Thirteen of the 14 patients
      received adjuvant therapy with pamidronate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory.
      Nine dogs received adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin after radiation was
      complete. Within a median of 14 days, 92.8% of dogs subjectively had improved
      pain control. Median duration of response (DOR) was 80 days (range 20-365). The
      majority of patients developed VRTOG grade one toxicity, primarily alopecia. Five
      dogs (35.7%) developed pathologic fracture postradiation treatment. Timing of
      fracture was variable ranging from 24 to 250 days. This radiation protocol was
      well tolerated, with minimal toxicity, subjectively improved survival time, and
      had the benefit of being completed in two consecutive days. 

PMID- 27374865
TI  - FK506 binding protein 51 integrates pathways of adaptation: FKBP51 shapes the
      reactivity to environmental change.
AB  - This review portraits FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 as "reactivity protein" and
      collates recent publications to develop the concept of FKBP51 as contributor to
      different levels of adaptation. Adaptation is a fundamental process that enables
      unicellular and multicellular organisms to adjust their molecular circuits and
      structural conditions in reaction to environmental changes threatening their
      homeostasis. FKBP51 is known as chaperone and co-chaperone of heat shock protein
      (HSP) 90, thus involved in processes ensuring correct protein folding in response
      to proteotoxic stress. In mammals, FKBP51 both shapes the stress response and is
      calibrated by the stress levels through an ultrashort molecular feedback loop.
      More recently, it has been linked to several intracellular pathways related to
      the reactivity to drug exposure and stress. Through its role in autophagy and DNA
      methylation in particular it influences adaptive pathways, possibly also in a
      transgenerational fashion. Also see the video abstract here.

PMID- 27374866
TI  - Rapid recognition and functional analysis of membrane proteins on human cancer
      cells using atomic force microscopy.
AB  - Understanding the physicochemical properties of cell surface signalling molecules
      is important for us to uncover the underlying mechanisms that guide the cellular
      behaviors. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has become a powerful tool for detecting
      the molecular interactions on individual cells with nanometer resolution. In this
      paper, AFM peak force tapping (PFT) imaging mode was applied to rapidly locate
      and visually map the CD20 molecules on human lymphoma cells using biochemically
      sensitive tips. First, avidin-biotin system was used to test the effectiveness of
      using PFT imaging mode to probe the specific molecular interactions. The adhesion
      images obtained on avidin-coated mica using biotin-tethered tips obviously showed
      the recognition spots which corresponded to the avidins in the simultaneously
      obtained topography images. The experiments confirmed the specificity and
      reproducibility of the recognition results. Then, the established procedure was
      applied to visualize the nanoscale organization of CD20s on the surface of human
      lymphoma Raji cells using rituximab (a monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody)-tethered
      tips. The experiments showed that the recognition spots in the adhesion images
      corresponded to the specific CD20-rituximab interactions. The cluster sizes of
      CD20s on lymphoma Raji cells were quantitatively analyzed from the recognition
      images. Finally, under the guidance of fluorescence recognition, the established
      procedure was applied to cancer cells from a clinical lymphoma patient. The
      results showed that there were significant differences between the adhesion
      images obtained on cancer cells and on normal cells (red blood cell). The CD20
      distributions on ten cancer cells from the patient were quantified according to
      the adhesion images. The experimental results demonstrate the capability of
      applying PFT imaging to rapidly investigate the nanoscale biophysical properties
      of native membrane proteins on the cell surface, which is of potential
      significance in developing novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and drug
      development.

PMID- 27374867
TI  - Anti-DFS70 antibodies detected by immunoblot methods: A reliable tool to confirm
      the dense fine speckles ANA pattern.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autoantibodies to the DFS70 (dense fine speckles 70) protein have
      been identified among the antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in patients with various
      disorders. However, the ANA test in indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) is not a
      reliable method to identify anti-DFS70 antibodies. We undertook this study to
      evaluate the diagnostic performance of two new immunoblot methods for the
      detection of anti-DFS70 antibodies and to investigate whether their different
      DFS70 antigen composition could affect diagnostic accuracy in detecting anti
      DFS70 antibodies. METHODS: 62 samples showing a DFS70 staining pattern by IIF
      were tested by dot blot (Alphadia) and line blot (Euroimmun) methods. The dot
      blot method employs a truncated sequence of the DFS70 antigen (residues 349-435),
      while the line blot uses the full-length protein (aa 1-530). The 62 samples were
      previously assayed by a chemoluminescent (CLIA) method also using a truncated
      antigen (aa 349-435): 27 were CLIA positive and 35 were CLIA negative. 120 sera
      from subjects with infectious diseases were used as controls. RESULT: Both
      immunoblot methods were positive in the 27 IIF/CLIA positive samples; in
      addition, the Alphadia dot blot identified another seven DFS70 samples and the
      Euroimmun line blot was positive in five samples that were negative by CLIA.
      Among the 120 control samples, two false positives were recorded for the CLIA
      method, six for the Alphadia method and four for the Euroimmun method. Therefore,
      in this selected series of samples, sensitivity and specificity were 43.5% and
      98.3% for the CLIA method, 54.8% and 95% for the dot blot and 51.6% and 96.6% for
      the line blot, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Because of great inconsistency in
      assessing the DFS70 pattern using the ANA-IIF test, specific assays should be
      used to confirm anti-DFS70 antibodies. The results of this study show that there
      is no difference in the overall diagnostic accuracy among methods that use the
      truncated or the full-length DFS70 antigenic sequence and that it is likely that
      antibodies directed against antigens other than DFS70 may be responsible for
      producing a DFS70-like ANA-IIF pattern.

PMID- 27374868
TI  - Melatonin alleviates hyperthyroidism induced oxidative stress and neuronal cell
      death in hippocampus of aged female golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus.
AB  - Oxidative stress is a well known phenomenon under hyperthyroid condition that
      induces various physiological and neural problems with a higher prevalence in
      females. We, therefore investigated the antioxidant potential of melatonin (Mel)
      on hyperthyroidism-induced oxidative stress and neuronal cell death in the
      hippocampus region of brain (cognition and memory centre) of aged female golden
      hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Aged female hamsters were randomly divided into
      four experimental groups (n=7); group-I: control, group-II: Melatonin (5mgkg(
      1)day(-1), i.p., for one week), group-III: Hyperthyroid (100MUg kg(-1)day(-1),
      i.p., for two weeks) and group-IV- Hyper+Mel. Hormonal profiles (thyroid and
      melatonin), activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPX), lipid
      peroxidation level (TBARS) and the specific apoptotic markers (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio
      and Caspase-3) expression were evaluated. A significant increase in the profile
      of total thyroid hormone (tT3 and tT4) in hyperthyroidic group as compared to
      control while tT3 significantly decreased in melatonin treated hyperthyroidic
      group. However, Mel level significantly decreased in hyperthyroidic group but
      increased in melatonin treated hyperthyroidic group. Further, the number of
      immune-positive cells for thyroid hormone receptor-alpha (TR-alpha) decreased in
      the hippocampus of hyperthyroidic group and increased in melatonin treated
      hyperthyroidic group. Profiles of antioxidant enzymes showed a significant
      decrease in hyperthyroidic group with a simultaneous increase in lipid
      peroxidation (TBARS). Melatonin treatment to hyperthyroidic group lead to
      decreased TBARS level with a concomitant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity.
      Moreover, increased expression of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Caspase-3, in
      hyperthyroidic group had elevated neuronal cell death in hippocampal area and
      melatonin treatment reduced its expression in hyperthyroidic group. Our findings
      thus indicate that melatonin reduced the hyperthyroidism-induced oxidative stress
      and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus region of brain, suggesting a novel
      therapeutic approach of melatonin for management of cognition and memory function
      in females under hyperthyroid condition.

PMID- 27374869
TI  - Resting-state functional MRI distinguishes temporal lobe epilepsy subtypes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether presurgical resting state functional magnetic
      resonance imaging (fMRI) provides information for distinguishing temporal lobe
      epilepsy (TLE) with mesial temporal sclerosis (TLE-MTS) from TLE without MTS (TLE
      noMTS). METHODS: Thirty-four patients with TLE and 34 sex-/age-matched controls
      consented to a research imaging protocol. MTS status was confirmed by histologic
      evaluation of surgical tissue (TLE-MTS = 16; TLE-noMTS = 18). The fractional
      amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs) in the blood oxygen level
      dependent (BOLD) resting-state fMRI signal, a marker of local metabolic demand at
      rest, was averaged at five regions of interest (ROIs; hippocampus, amygdala,
      frontal, occipital, and temporal lobe), along with corresponding volume and
      cortical thickness estimates. ROIs were labeled ipsilateral or contralateral
      according to seizure lateralization and compared across TLE-MTS, TLE-noMTS, and
      healthy controls (HCs). MTS status was regressed on ipsilateral hippocampal
      volume and fALFF to test for independent contributions. RESULTS: The TLE-MTS
      group had reduced fALFF in the ipsilateral amygdala and hippocampus; whereas, the
      TLE-noMTS group had marginally reduced fALFF in the ipsilateral amygdala but not
      hippocampus. These results were consistently obtained with and without
      application of global signal regression (GSR). Ipsilateral hippocampal volume
      contributed to 37% of the variance in MTS status (p < 0.001) and fALFF
      contributed an additional 10% (p = 0.021). Two MTS cases were accurately
      classified with fALFF but not volume, and three were accurately classified with
      volume but not fALFF. At the lobar level, fALFF (with GSR) was reduced in the
      ipsilateral temporal and bilateral frontal lobes of patients with TLE-MTS and
      bilateral frontal lobes of patients with TLE-noMTS in the context of normal
      cortical thickness. SIGNIFICANCE: This study indicates that resting-state fMRI
      provides complementary functional information for MTS classification. Findings
      validate fALFF as a measure of regional brain integrity in TLE and highlight the
      value of using multi-modal imaging to provide independent diagnostic information
      in presurgical epilepsy evaluations.

PMID- 27374871
TI  - Association of thyroid-stimulating hormone with lipid concentrations: an 11-year
      longitudinal study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Scant data exist on the longitudinal association between thyroid
      function and lipid concentrations. We investigated associations of TSH and lipid
      concentrations cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a nationwide population
      sample. METHODS: A total of 5205 randomly sampled participants representative of
      Finns aged >=30 years were examined in 2000-2001 and included in cross-sectional
      analyses. A total of 2486 were re-examined 11 years later and included in
      longitudinal analyses. With linear regression models adjusted for age, gender,
      smoking and body mass index, we assessed the associations of baseline TSH and TSH
      categories (low, reference range and high) with total, high-density lipoprotein
      (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; apolipoprotein A1 and B; and
      triglycerides at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: At baseline, higher TSH
      associated with higher total cholesterol (beta = 0.025, standard error [SE] =
      0.007, P < 0.001), LDL cholesterol (beta = 0.020, SE = 0.007, P = 0.002),
      apolipoprotein B (beta = 0.006, SE = 0.002, P < 0.001) and log triglycerides
      (beta = 0.008, SE = 0.003, P = 0.004), but not with other lipid outcomes. Higher
      baseline TSH associated with higher total cholesterol (beta = 0.056, SE = 0.026,
      P = 0.033), LDL cholesterol (beta = 0.057, SE = 0.023, P = 0.015) and
      apolipoprotein B (beta = 0.012, SE = 0.006, P = 0.028) at follow-up in women, but
      not with any lipid outcomes in men. Participants with high TSH at baseline had a
      0.22 mmol/l (95% confidence interval 0.02-0.41 mmol/l) higher LDL cholesterol at
      follow-up (P = 0.028) than participants with TSH in the reference range (0.4-3.4
      mU/l). However, exclusion of participants with high-risk baseline lipid values
      rendered these positive longitudinal associations nonsignificant (P >= 0.098).
      CONCLUSIONS: We could confirm a modest association between higher TSH and an
      adverse lipid profile cross-sectionally but not indisputably longitudinally.

PMID- 27374870
TI  - Positive Cofactor 4 (PC4) is critical for DNA repair pathway re-routing in DT40
      cells.
AB  - PC4 is an abundant single-strand DNA binding protein that has been implicated in
      transcription and DNA repair. Here, we show that PC4 is involved in the cellular
      DNA damage response. To elucidate the role, we used the DT40 chicken B cell
      model, which produces clustered DNA lesions at Ig loci via the action of
      activation-induced deaminase. Our results help resolve key aspects of
      immunoglobulin diversification and suggest an essential role of PC4 in repair
      pathway choice. We show that PC4 ablation in gene conversion (GC)-active cells
      significantly disrupts GC but has little to no effect on targeted homologous
      recombination. In agreement, the global double-strand break repair response, as
      measured by gammaH2AX foci analysis, is unperturbed 16 hours post irradiation. In
      cells with the pseudo-genes removed (GC inactive), PC4 ablation reduced the
      overall mutation rate while simultaneously increasing the transversion mutation
      ratio. By tagging the N-terminus of PC4, gene conversion and somatic
      hypermutation are all but abolished even when native non-tagged PC4 is present,
      indicating a dominant negative effect. Our data point to a very early and
      deterministic role for PC4 in DNA repair pathway re-routing.

PMID- 27374872
TI  - Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: advanced disease stages and death. A
      step to palliative care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the living and
      care situation in advanced behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), to
      describe symptoms and findings in advanced bvFTD, and to evaluate somatic
      comorbidities and circumstances of death. METHODS: Standardized interviews were
      conducted with family caregivers of 83 patients with bvFTD. Forty-four percent of
      the patients were already deceased at the time of the interview. RESULTS: At the
      time of the interview or death, respectively, 47% of the patients lived in a
      nursing home. The median time between symptom onset and nursing home admission
      was 5.0 +/- 5.5 years. In moderate and severe dementia stages almost all patients
      suffered from severe disabilities including impairment of language, gait,
      swallowing, and of the ability to care for themselves. Sixteen percent of the
      patients had got enteral tube feeding. Comorbid somatic diseases were diagnosed
      in 46% of the patients. Twenty-three percent of the deceased patients had been
      admitted into a hospital before death. Cardiovascular disease and respiratory
      disease, mostly pneumonia, were the most frequent causes of death. CONCLUSIONS:
      Advanced bvFTD is characterized by severe cognitive impairment and physical
      disabilities. BvFTD leads to a premature death. Our findings stress the
      importance of strategies that maximize patient comfort in advanced disease stages
      and allow for a peaceful death. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27374873
TI  - Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome: A premature aging disease caused by LMNA
      gene mutations.
AB  - Products of the LMNA gene, primarily lamin A and C, are key components of the
      nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous meshwork that underlies the inner nuclear
      membrane and is essential for proper nuclear architecture. Alterations in lamin A
      and C that disrupt the integrity of the nuclear lamina affect a whole repertoire
      of nuclear functions, causing cellular decline. In humans, hundreds of mutations
      in the LMNA gene have been identified and correlated with over a dozen
      degenerative disorders, referred to as laminopathies. These diseases include
      neuropathies, muscular dystrophies, lipodystrophies, and premature aging
      diseases. This review focuses on one of the most severe laminopathies, Hutchinson
      Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS), which is caused by aberrant splicing of the
      LMNA gene and expression of a mutant product called progerin. Here, we discuss
      current views about the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the
      pathophysiology of this devastating disease, as well as the strategies being
      tested in vitro and in vivo to counteract progerin toxicity. In particular,
      progerin accumulation elicits nuclear morphological abnormalities, misregulated
      gene expression, defects in DNA repair, telomere shortening, and genomic
      instability, all of which limit cellular proliferative capacity. In patients
      harboring this mutation, a severe premature aging disease develops during
      childhood. Interestingly, progerin is also produced in senescent cells and cells
      from old individuals, suggesting that progerin accumulation might be a factor in
      physiological aging. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms whereby progerin
      expression leads to HGPS is an emergent area of research, which could bring us
      closer to understanding the pathology of aging.

PMID- 27374875
TI  - Application of flat panel OLED display technology for the point-of-care detection
      of circulating cancer biomarkers.
AB  - Point-of-care molecular diagnostics can provide efficient and cost-effective
      medical care, and they have the potential to fundamentally change our approach to
      global health. However, most existing approaches are not scalable to include
      multiple biomarkers. As a solution, we have combined commercial flat panel OLED
      display technology with protein microarray technology to enable high-density
      fluorescent, programmable, multiplexed biorecognition in a compact and disposable
      configuration with clinical-level sensitivity. Our approach leverages advances in
      commercial display technology to reduce pre-functionalized biosensor substrate
      costs to pennies per cm(2). Here, we demonstrate quantitative detection of IgG
      antibodies to multiple viral antigens in patient serum samples with detection
      limits for human IgG in the 10 pg/mL range. We also demonstrate multiplexed
      detection of antibodies to the HPV16 proteins E2, E6, and E7, which are
      circulating biomarkers for cervical as well as head and neck cancers.

PMID- 27374874
TI  - Individual and culture-level components of survey response styles: A multi-level
      analysis using cultural models of selfhood.
AB  - Variations in acquiescence and extremity pose substantial threats to the validity
      of cross-cultural research that relies on survey methods. Individual and cultural
      correlates of response styles when using 2 contrasting types of response mode
      were investigated, drawing on data from 55 cultural groups across 33 nations.
      Using 7 dimensions of self-other relatedness that have often been confounded
      within the broader distinction between independence and interdependence, our
      analysis yields more specific understandings of both individual- and culture
      level variations in response style. When using a Likert-scale response format,
      acquiescence is strongest among individuals seeing themselves as similar to
      others, and where cultural models of selfhood favour harmony, similarity with
      others and receptiveness to influence. However, when using Schwartz's (2007)
      portrait-comparison response procedure, acquiescence is strongest among
      individuals seeing themselves as self-reliant but also connected to others, and
      where cultural models of selfhood favour self-reliance and self-consistency.
      Extreme responding varies less between the two types of response modes, and is
      most prevalent among individuals seeing themselves as self-reliant, and in
      cultures favouring self-reliance. As both types of response mode elicit
      distinctive styles of response, it remains important to estimate and control for
      style effects to ensure valid comparisons.

PMID- 27374876
TI  - Selecting relevant and feasible measurement instruments for the revised Dutch
      clinical practice guideline for physical therapy in patients after stroke.
AB  - PURPOSE: To select relevant and feasible instruments for the revision of the
      Dutch clinical practice guideline for physical therapy in patients with stroke.
      METHODS: In this implementation study a comprehensive proposal for ICF categories
      and matching instruments was developed, based on reliability and validity.
      Relevant instruments were then selected in a consensus round by 11 knowledge
      brokers who were responsible for the implementation of the selected instruments.
      The feasibility of the selected instruments was tested by 36 physical therapists
      at different work settings within stroke services. Finally, instruments that were
      deemed relevant and feasible were included in the revised guideline. RESULTS: A
      total of 28 instruments were recommended for inclusion in the revised guideline.
      Nineteen instruments were retained from the previous guideline. Ten new
      instruments were tested in clinical practice, seven of which were found feasible.
      Two more instruments were added after critical appraisal of the set of the
      measurement instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The revised guideline contains 28 relevant
      and feasible instrument selected and tested in clinical practice by physical
      therapists. Further education and implementation is needed to integrate
      instruments in clinical practice. Further research is proposed for developing and
      implementing a core set of measurement instruments to be used at fixed time
      points to establish data registries that allow for continuous improvement of
      rehabilitation for stroke patients. Implications for Rehabilitation The revised
      Dutch Stroke Physical Therapy Guideline recommends a total of 28 instruments,
      that are relevant and feasible for clinical practice of physical therapist in the
      different settings of stroke rehabilitation. The selection of instrument in daily
      practice should be part of the clinical reasoning process of PTs and be tailored
      to individual patients' needs and the degree of priority of the affected ICF
      category. Suggested education strategies for further integration of instruments
      in of the daily practice of PTs in Stroke Rehabilitation are: 'Training on the
      job' and 'peer assessment in clinical situations'.

PMID- 27374877
TI  - Epidemiology of intra- and peri-articular structural injuries in traumatic knee
      joint hemarthrosis - data from 1145 consecutive knees with subacute MRI.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In patients with traumatic knee distorsion and hemarthrosis, to
      investigate the panorama of structural injury, as visualized on magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). DESIGN: Cohort study of 1145 consecutive patients with
      traumatic knee distorsion who underwent MRI within median 8 days after injury. We
      present structural injury as visualized on MRI in relation to age, sex and
      activity at injury. Population based gender specific annual incidences of common
      structural injuries were calculated. RESULTS: The majority of injuries (72%)
      occurred during sports. Overall, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture was the
      most common structural injury (52%), followed by meniscal tear (41%) and lateral
      patella dislocation (LPD, 17%). Only 12% of ACL tears were isolated with meniscal
      tear being the most common associated injury (55%). The annual incidence of ACL
      injury was 77 (70-85, 95% CI) per 100,000 inhabitants with significant
      differences between men (91, 80-103) and women (63, 53-73). In those aged 16
      years and younger, LPD was the most frequent structural injury, both in boys
      (39%) and girls (43%). In this age group, the annual incidence of LPD was 88 (68
      113) and higher in boys (113, 81-154) than in girls (62, 39-95). CONCLUSIONS: ACL
      injury occurs in one out of two knees with traumatic hemarthrosis but only 12%
      are without concomitant structural injury. The overall rate of traumatic knee
      hemarthrosis and ACL injury is higher in men. In those aged 10-19 years, ACL
      rupture is more common among girls than boys whereas in those 16 years and
      younger, LPD is more common among boys than girls.

PMID- 27374880
TI  - Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines using Alcohol: Efficiency and
      Selectivity are Influenced by the Hydrogen Donor.
AB  - The influence of the alcohol, as the hydrogen donor, on the efficiency and
      selectivity of the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) of imines is reported
      for the first time. This discovery not only leads to a highly enantioselective
      access to N-aryl and N-alkyl amines, but also provides new insight into the
      mechanism of the ATH of imines. Both experimental and computational studies
      provide support for the reaction pathway involving an iridium alkoxide as the
      reducing species.

PMID- 27374879
TI  - Exploring the relationship between disease-related pain and cortisol levels in
      women with osteoarthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine if (1) Osteoarthritis (OA)-related pain is associated
      with the diurnal cortisol pattern and cortisol levels; (2) the diurnal pattern of
      cortisol varies with severity of OA pain and (3) the association between OA pain
      and cortisol is mediated by daily experience variables (DEV). DESIGN: In a
      community-based study of changes in regional and widespread pain among women with
      OA, participants (n = 31) completed daily diaries and collected three saliva
      samples daily for 7 days. Severity of OA-related pain was assessed by the
      validated Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)
      pain subscale. Multilevel regression analyses estimated associations between OA
      pain and diurnal cortisol levels and slopes, controlling for body mass index
      (BMI), medication use, time and day. Mediation analyses examined DEV as potential
      mediators of the association between OA pain and cortisol. RESULTS: The mean age
      was 57 years and average BMI 31 kg/m2. Mean WOMAC pain subscale score was 8.8.
      Women with higher WOMAC pain scores had higher cortisol throughout the day. The
      estimated association of WOMAC with cortisol [beta 0.083(0.02, 0.15) P = 0.009]
      represents a ~9% increase in cortisol for every unit increase in WOMAC pain
      score. Women with WOMAC pain scores >=9 had higher cortisol levels than those
      with scores <9. Examination of DEV revealed no significant mediated associations
      between these relationships at the daily level. CONCLUSION: In women with OA,
      disease-related pain is positively associated with cortisol production,
      particularly with greater pain severity. Future studies should explore biologic
      mediating variables between OA pain and cortisol.

PMID- 27374878
TI  - Differential effects of altered patterns of movement and strain on joint cell
      behaviour and skeletal morphogenesis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is increasing evidence that joint shape is a potent predictor of
      osteoarthritis (OA) risk; yet the cellular events underpinning joint
      morphogenesis remain unclear. We sought to develop a genetically tractable animal
      model to study the events controlling joint morphogenesis. DESIGN: Zebrafish
      larvae were subjected to periods of flaccid paralysis, rigid paralysis or
      hyperactivity. Immunohistochemistry and transgenic reporters were used to monitor
      changes to muscle and cartilage. Finite Element Models were generated to
      investigate the mechanical conditions of rigid paralysis. Principal component
      analysis was used to test variations in skeletal morphology and metrics for
      shape, orientation and size were applied to describe cell behaviour. RESULTS: We
      show that flaccid and rigid paralysis and hypermobility affect cartilage element
      and joint shape. We describe differences between flaccid and rigid paralysis in
      regions showing high principal strain upon muscle contraction. We identify that
      altered shape and high strain occur in regions of cell differentiation and we
      show statistically significant changes to cell maturity occur in these regions in
      paralysed and hypermobile zebrafish. CONCLUSION: While flaccid and rigid
      paralysis and hypermobility affect skeletal morphogenesis they do so in subtly
      different ways. We show that some cartilage regions are unaffected in conditions
      such as rigid paralysis where static force is applied, whereas joint
      morphogenesis is perturbed by both flaccid and rigid paralysis; suggesting that
      joints require dynamic movement for accurate morphogenesis. A better
      understanding of how biomechanics impacts skeletal cell behaviour will improve
      our understanding of how foetal mechanics shape the developing joint.

PMID- 27374881
TI  - Antioxidant, anticancer activities and mechanistic studies of the flavone
      glycoside diosmin and its oxidovanadium(IV) complex. Interactions with bovine
      serum albumin.
AB  - The natural antioxidant flavonoid diosmin, found in citric fruits, showed low
      antioxidant properties among other flavonoids due to its structural
      characteristics and low cytotoxicity against lung (A549) and breast (T47D, SKBR3
      and MDAMB231) cancer cell lines. The anticancer behavior has been improved by the
      metal complex generated with the flavonoid and the oxidovanadium(IV) ion. This
      new complex, [VO(dios)(OH)3]Na5.6H2O (VOdios), has been synthesized and
      characterized both in solid and solution states. The interaction of the metal ion
      through the sugar moiety of diosmin precluded the improvement of the antioxidant
      effects. However, the cell-killing effects tested in human lung A549 and breast
      T47D, SKBR3 and MDAMB231 cancer cell lines, were enhanced by complexation. The
      anti-proliferative effects on the human lung cancer cell line were accompanied by
      cellular ROS generation and an increase in cytoplasm condensation. The breast
      cancer cell lines did not produce caspase3/7 activation, mitochondrial potential
      reduction and ROS generation. Therefore, a non-apoptotic form of cell death in a
      caspase- and oxidative stress-independent manner has been proposed. The protein
      binding ability has been monitored by the quenching of tryptophan emission in the
      presence of the compounds using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein.
      Both compounds could be distributed and transported in vivo and the complex
      displayed stronger binding affinity and higher contributions to the hydrogen bond
      and van der Waals forces.

PMID- 27374882
TI  - Synthesis and in vitro alpha-chymotrypsin inhibitory activity of 6
      chlorobenzimidazole derivatives.
AB  - A library of benzimidazole derivatives 1-20 were synthesized, and studied for
      their alpha-chymotrypsin (alpha-CT) inhibitory activity in vitro. Kinetics and
      molecular docking studies were performed to identify the type of inhibition.
      Compound 1 was found to be a good inhibitor of alpha-chymotrypsin enzyme
      (IC50=14.8+/-0.1MUM, Ki=16.4MUM), when compared with standard chymostatin
      (IC50=5.7+/-0.13MUM). Compounds 2-8, 15, 17, and 18 showed significant inhibitory
      activities. All the inhibitors were found to be competitive inhibitors, except
      compound 17, which was a mixed type inhibitor. The substituents (R) in para and
      ortho positions of phenyl ring B, apparently played a key role in the inhibitory
      potential of the series. Compounds 1-20 were also studied for their cytotoxicity
      profile by using 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and compounds 3, 5, 6, 8, 12-14, 16,
      17, 19, and 20 were found to be cytotoxic. Molecular docking was performed on the
      most active members of the series in comparison to the standard compound,
      chymostatin, to identify the most likely binding modes. The compounds reported
      here can serve as templates for further studies for new inhibitors of alpha
      chymotrypsin and other chymotrypsin-like serine proteases enzymes.

PMID- 27374883
TI  - Synthesis of Stable Nanographenes with OBO-Doped Zigzag Edges Based on Tandem
      Demethylation-Electrophilic Borylation.
AB  - A tandem demethylation-aryl borylation strategy was developed to synthesize OBO
      doped tetrabenzo[a,f,j,o]perylenes (namely "bistetracenes") and
      tetrabenzo[bc,ef,kl,no]coronenes (namely "peritetracenes"). The OBO-doped
      bistetracene analogues exhibited excellent stability and strong fluorescence, in
      contrast to the unstable all-carbon bistetracene. Single-crystal X-ray analysis
      for OBO-doped bistetracene revealed a twisted double [5]helicene structure,
      indicating that this synthesis is applicable to new heterohelicenes. Importantly,
      cyclodehydrogenation of the bistetracene analogues successfully produced the
      unprecedented heteroatom-doped peritetracenes, which opened up a new avenue to
      periacene-type nanographenes with stable zigzag edges.

PMID- 27374885
TI  - Corrigendum to "Design of a multi-arm randomized clinical trial with no control
      arm" [Contemporary Clinical Trials 46 (2016) 12-17].

PMID- 27374884
TI  - RNA is an Adjuvanticity Mediator for the Lipid-Based Mucosal Adjuvant, Endocine.
AB  - Nasal vaccination has the potential to elicit systemic and mucosal immunity
      against pathogens. However, split and subunit vaccines lack potency at
      stimulating mucosal immunity, and an adjuvant is indispensable for eliciting
      potent mucosal immune response to nasal vaccines. Endocine, a lipid-based mucosal
      adjuvant, potentiates both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Although
      Endocine has shown efficacy and tolerability in animal and clinical studies, its
      mechanism of action remains unknown. It has been reported recently that
      endogenous danger signals are essential for the effects of some adjuvants such as
      alum or MF59. However, the contribution of danger signals to the adjuvanticity of
      Endocine has not been explored. Here, we show that RNA is likely to be an
      important mediator for the adjuvanticity of Endocine. Administration of Endocine
      generated nucleic acids release, and activated dendritic cells (DCs) in draining
      lymph nodes in vivo. These results suggest the possibility that Endocine
      indirectly activates DCs via damage-associated molecular patterns. Moreover, the
      adjuvanticity of Endocine disappeared in mice lacking TANK-binding kinase 1
      (Tbk1), which is a downstream molecule of nucleic acid sensing signal pathway.
      Furthermore, co-administration of RNase A reduced the adjuvanticity of Endocine.
      These data suggest that RNA is important for the adjuvanticity of Endocine.

PMID- 27374886
TI  - Strongyloides spp. infections of veterinary importance.
AB  - This paper reviews the occurrence and impact of threadworms, Strongyloides spp.,
      in companion animals and large livestock, the potential zoonotic implications and
      future research. Strongyloides spp. infect a range of domestic animal species
      worldwide and clinical disease is most often encountered in young animals. Dogs
      are infected with Strongyloides stercoralis while cats are infected with
      different species according to geographical location (Strongyloides felis,
      Strongyloides tumefaciens, Strongyloides planiceps and perhaps S. stercoralis).
      In contrast to the other species, lactogenic transmission is not a primary means
      of infection in dogs, and S. stercoralis is the only species considered zoonotic.
      Strongyloides papillosus in calves has been linked to heavy fatalities under
      conditions of high stocking density. Strongyloides westeri and Strongyloides
      ransomi of horses and pigs, respectively, cause only sporadic clinical disease.
      In conclusion, these infections are generally of low relative importance in
      livestock and equines, most likely due to extensive use of macrocyclic lactone
      anthelmintics and/or improved hygiene. Future prevalence studies need to include
      molecular typing of Strongyloides species in relation to different hosts. More
      research is urgently needed on the potential zoonotic capacity of Strongyloides
      from dogs and cats based on molecular typing, information on risk factors and
      mapping of transmission routes.

PMID- 27374887
TI  - Contents: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 13/2016.

PMID- 27374889
TI  - Risk Stratification for 4,837 Individuals with Knee Pain Who Receive Physical
      Therapy Treatment.
AB  - Risk stratification is a modelling method that is designed to target
      interventions toward patients with specific needs. The objective of the present
      study was to identify predictive characteristics related to patients with knee
      impairments who had a high risk of a bad prognosis (exceptional non-responders)
      as well as those who were at low risk of a bad prognosis (exceptional
      responders). A cohort of 4,837 patients with knee pain seen for physical therapy
      was retrospective analysed using univariate and multivariate multinomial
      regression analyses. Modelling was used to identify characteristics associated
      with those who were exceptional responders and those who were exceptional non
      responders. Exceptional non-responders were significantly associated with older
      age, female gender, longer duration of symptoms, surgical history, lower
      functional status at baseline and a payer type. Exceptional responders were
      significantly associated with younger age, no previous surgical history, higher
      functional status at baseline and a payer type. Findings may be used for managing
      processes involving intensity of care service and in understanding probable
      prognoses for each patient. Future research should continue to examine variables
      predictive of treatment response in patients with knee pain. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27374890
TI  - Repression of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Is Required to Maintain Mitotic
      Progression and Prevent Loss of Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells.
AB  - Lack of cell cycle checkpoints and uninterrupted passage through S-phase
      continuously renew the embryonic stem (ES) cell population and maintain
      pluripotency. Here, we show that to regulate mitotic progression and pluripotency
      ES cells must keep the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), an environmental sensor
      and transcriptional regulator, in a persistent state of repression. This
      repression, however, is not always absolute, causing the AHR to fluctuate between
      reversible states of expression and repression, with a fraction of the cells
      escaping repression at any one time. Cells that escape AHR repression exhibit
      reduced levels of the pluripotency factors OCT4 and SOX2 and show an extended
      mitotic traverse time due to AHR-dependent MID1 repression and the subsequent
      disruption of the MID1-PP2A-CDC25B-CDK1 signaling pathway that regulates mitosis.
      Unlike the bulk of the cell population that differentiates into cardiomyocytes
      upon stimulation, AHR-expressing ES cells restrict cardiogenesis and commit to a
      neuroglia cell fate. It appears that the untimely expression of the Ahr gene
      needs to be repressed to maintain ES cell mitotic progression and prevent
      premature loss of pluripotency. Stem Cells 2016;34:2825-2839.

PMID- 27374891
TI  - A srikaya-like light-harvesting antenna based on graphene quantum dots and
      porphyrin unimolecular micelles.
AB  - A novel hybrid light-harvesting antenna with a srikaya-like structure of multi
      graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as donors and one porphyrin unimolecular micelle as
      the acceptor was constructed through electrostatic self-assembly. The constructed
      antenna showed a high energy transfer efficiency of up to 93.6% and an antenna
      effect of 7.3 in an aqueous solution. 

PMID- 27374892
TI  - Meta-analysis on efficacy of amoxicillin in uncomplicated severe acute
      malnutrition.

PMID- 27374893
TI  - In vivo validation of the immunogenicity of recombinant Baumannii Acinetobactin
      Utilization A protein (rBauA).
AB  - Acinetobacter baumannii has become a tremendous challenge to modern healthcare as
      an antimicrobial resistant. Replication and persistence of A. baumannii within
      eukaryotes is based on iron acquisition functions including siderophore
      biosynthesis. Iron transport into the cytosol is mediated by specific membrane
      receptors which recognize the iron-siderophore complexes. Expression of this
      acinetobactin mediated Iron uptake system is vital for intracellular growth of A.
      baumannii. Baumannii acinetobactin utilization (BauA), is an outer membrane
      protein, acting out the siderophore-ferric complex receptor. This study was aimed
      at analysis of immunogenicity and specificity of BauA. The genomic bauA was
      amplified via PCR method and after digestion, bauA was ligated into pET28a. The
      recombinant gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and the product was
      analyzed by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography method. The
      recombinant BauA (rBauA) was confirmed by western blot analysis using anti-His
      antibodies and its immunogenicity was assessed by injecting the rBauA to BALB/c
      mice. Antibodies produced therein could effectively recognize and bind rBauA. The
      immunized mice challenged with bacterial doses higher than LD50 survived. The
      antibodies were highly specific to A. baumannii and its clinical isolates.
      Passive immunization using serum raised against BauA protected mice from
      infection. BauA can be nominated as an immunogen against A. baumannii. 

PMID- 27374895
TI  - Giving up driving: does social engagement buffer declines in mental health after
      driving cessation in older women?
AB  - Many older adults consider driving as essential to maintaining their quality of
      life and independence, and this may be particularly true for individuals residing
      in more rural areas where transportation options may be limited. Although it is
      normative for individuals to eventually stop driving as they age, very few plan
      ahead for their driving retirement (Curl et al., 2014). The process of driving
      cessation has been associated with a host of negative consequences for physical
      and mental well-being, including increased depressive symptoms, reduced network
      of friends, lower activity levels, and accelerated health decline (Mezuk & Rebok,
      2008; Edwards et al., 2009; Curl et al., 2014). Previous studies have found that,
      at all ages, women are more likely to stop driving in later life than men, and
      often stop driving prematurely, and that various factors such as education and
      marital status influence the likelihood of cessation differently for women and
      men (Ross et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2012). Thus, factors associated with driving
      cessation and its consequences for older women are important to understand,
      particularly factors that might help buffer the negative effects of giving up
      driving and that might serve as early targets for preventive interventions.

PMID- 27374894
TI  - Biofilm production among methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains
      isolated from catheterized patients with urinary tract infection.
AB  - Between June 2011 and May 2014, we isolated a total of 419 Staphylococcus aureus
      strains from catheterized patients with UTI in a referral hospital in Tehran. Of
      these, 108 were identified as methicillin resistant (MRSA) based on their
      phenotypic resistance to oxacillin and the presence of mecA gene. The MRSA
      isolates were tested for their clonality using a combination of PFGE, prophage
      typing, SCCmec and ccr typing and examined for their biofilm formation as well as
      their resistance against 17 antibiotics. In all, 15 common pulsotypes consisted
      of 105 isolates and 3 single types were identified among the MRSA strains of
      which, 97% carried SCCmec type III and type 3 ccr. Eighty three (77%) strains
      were positive for biofilm formation and also carried icaA and icaD genes.
      Moreover, agr group III and its related tst gene were detected in 81% and 77% of
      biofilm producing strains, respectively 105 of the 108 MRSA were multidrug
      resistant with 82.4% being resistant to more than 10 antibiotics. Strains with
      SCCmec type IV and type 2 ccr, contained SGA and SGL prophage types, were
      positive for pvl gene and belonged to single PFGE types. This study highlights
      the important role of biofilm formation and virulence factors of MRSA strains in
      catheterized patients. 

PMID- 27374896
TI  - A novel 5q11.2 microdeletion in a child with mild developmental delay and
      dysmorphic features.
AB  - 5q11.2 Deletion is a very rare genomic disorder, and its clinical phenotype has
      not yet been characterized. This report describes a patient with an 8.6 Mb
      deletion, showing hypotonia, mild developmental delay, short stature, and
      distinctive dysmorphic features (frontal bossing, square face, deep-set eyes,
      prominent columella, long philtrum, thin lips). (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27374897
TI  - Perception and understanding of health claims on milk powder for children: A
      focus group study among mothers in Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand.
AB  - Health claim regulations and guidelines on food products have been established in
      some Southeast Asia (SEA) countries. Health claims on food products aim to help
      consumers make informed food choices to achieve a healthy diet. This study aimed
      to investigate the perception and understanding of health claims and the
      associated regulatory frameworks of SEA mothers using semi-structured focus
      groups conducted in Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand. Milk powder for children
      for three years and above was used as product focus. The mothers recognised and
      recalled some specific nutrients and food constituents by name but lacked full
      understanding of their function. The findings indicated that the mothers in all
      three countries trusted health claims made on the products which was, in part,
      explained by their trust in their governments and the international brand
      manufacturers. Their understanding of health claims was influenced by several
      factors such as their familiarity of the nutrient, previous knowledge of the
      nutrients, the perceived relevance of the nutrient, the use of scientific terms,
      the choice of words, and also the phrasing and length of the claims. Consumer
      education efforts via Public, Private Partnerships could be an approach to
      educate SEA consumers and help them to better understand health claims. The
      findings of this study may be relevant to different stakeholders such as local
      regulatory bodies, policy makers, food industry, academia and non-profit
      organisations that aim to effectively communicate health claims.

PMID- 27374898
TI  - A scoping review of anorexia of aging correlates and their relevance to
      population health interventions.
AB  - Anorexia of aging (AA, i.e., loss of appetite and/or reduction of food intake
      with aging) is an important public health issue. It leads to unintentional weight
      loss, which is an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality among
      seniors. AA has mainly been studied from a biological perspective and regarded as
      a normal physiological consequence of aging, rather than a negative health
      outcome with underlying determinants. Some potentially modifiable correlates have
      however been found to be associated with this geriatric condition. Here, we
      conducted a scoping review of the literature to: 1) identify AA correlates, and
      2) discuss their relevance to population health interventions. Our results
      indicate two main categories of AA correlates, namely, physiopathological and non
      physiopathological. The first category relates to physiological dysfunctions,
      pathologies involving (or culminating in) biomarker dysregulation, and
      polypharmacy. These correlates are difficult to modify, especially through
      population health interventions. The second category, which contains fewer
      correlates, includes potentially modifiable public health targets, such as food
      related properties, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental issues. We
      conclude that there are several AA correlates. Some of them are modifiable and
      could be targeted for development and implementation as appropriate population
      health interventions to prevent appetite loss and promote maintenance of adequate
      food intake in aging.

PMID- 27374899
TI  - Self-regulation interventions to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages
      in adolescents.
AB  - This study evaluated the efficacy of self-regulation interventions through the
      use of drink-specific implementation intentions and drink-specific Go/No-Go
      training tasks as compensatory strategies to modify inhibitory control to reduce
      intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). In a between-subjects randomized
      manipulation of implementation intentions and Go/No-Go training to learn to
      inhibit sugary drink consumption, 168 adolescents reporting inhibitory control
      problems over sugary drinks and foods were recruited from high schools in
      southern California to participate. Analysis of covariance overall test of
      effects revealed no significant differences between the groups regarding calories
      consumed, calories from SSBs, grams of sugar consumed from drinks, or the number
      of unhealthy drinks chosen. However, subsequent contrasts revealed SSB
      implementation intentions significantly reduced SSB consumption following
      intervention while controlling for inhibitory control failure and general SSB
      consumption during observation in a lab setting that provided SSBs and healthy
      drinks, as well as healthy and unhealthy snacks. Specifically, during post
      intervention observation, participants in the sugar-sweetened beverage
      implementation intentions (SSB-II) conditions consumed significantly fewer
      calories overall, fewer calories from drinks, and fewer grams of sugar. No
      effects were found for the drink-specific Go/No-Go training on SSB or calorie
      consumption. However, participants in SSB-II with an added SSB Go/No-Go training
      made fewer unhealthy drink choices than those in the other conditions.
      Implementation intentions may aid individuals with inhibitory (executive control)
      difficulties by intervening on pre-potent behavioral tendencies, like SSB
      consumption.

PMID- 27374900
TI  - Serotype, antigenicity, and pathogenicity of a naturally recombinant TW I
      genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus in China.
AB  - Since 2009, strains of the naturally recombinant TW I genotype of infectious
      bronchitis virus (IBV) have caused considerable damage to the Chinese poultry
      industry. To better understand the antigenicity and pathogenesis of this
      genotype, the characteristics of the ck/CH/LDL/140520 strain were compared to
      those of four commercial IB vaccine strains that are used commonly in China, as
      well as four attenuated viruses that represent two types of IBV strains, which
      are believed to have originated in China and are the predominant IBV types
      circulating in chicken flocks in China and many other parts of the world. The
      results showed that all eight strains were genetically and serotypically
      different from the strain ck/CH/LDL/140520. Furthermore, neither the vaccine
      strains nor the attenuated viruses could provide complete respiratory protection
      of chickens against a challenge with the ck/CH/LDL/140520 strain, indicating that
      it is necessary to develop new live vaccines or to evaluate the use of
      established vaccines in combination to control naturally recombinant TW I-type
      IBV strains in the future. Our results showed that strain ck/CH/LDL/140520 is
      very pathogenic, and that it is able to cause cystic oviducts in a high
      percentage of birds, as well as mortality due to nephritis and respiratory
      distress with complete tracheal ciliostasis, especially in chickens infected at
      1day of age. 

PMID- 27374901
TI  - Genetic variability and limited clonality of Mycoplasma hyorhinis in pig herds.
AB  - Mycoplasma hyorhinis is a common inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract and
      tonsils of pigs. Its role as a possible pathogen remains controversial. In order
      to gain more insight into the epidemiology and population structure of M.
      hyorhinis we genetically characterized 60 isolates by multi locus sequence typing
      (MLST). The M. hyorhinis strains originated from Swiss and German pig herds with
      knowledge on the clinical background. The MLST scheme of Tocqueville et al. (J.
      Clin. Microbiol. 2014) was optimized, primers for the six MLST gene fragments
      were newly designed to allow amplification and sequencing with a single protocol.
      A total of 27 ST were observed with the 60 strains, 26 of those were previously
      unknown types. Generally identical genotypes were observed within a farm but they
      differed between farms. The identical genotype was also observed in three
      different Swiss farms. On the other hand different genotypes within a farm were
      found with three German farms. The Swiss isolates formed a distinct cluster but
      otherwise there was no geographical nor a clinical association with specific
      clusters observed. Data shows a high variability of M. hyorhinis comparable to
      what is observed for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Similar to this pathogen the
      population structure of M. hyorhinis also shows some limited clonality with
      predominant genotypes within an animal and a single farm but different ones
      between farms. The comparable population structure of M. hyopneumoniae and M.
      hyorhinis could indicate a similar evolution of the two species in the common pig
      host. 

PMID- 27374902
TI  - Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolated from apparently healthy pig herds following
      an evaluation of a prototype commercial serological ELISA.
AB  - Swine dysentery (SD) is a disease mainly of grower/finisher pigs characterised by
      severe mucohaemorrhagic colitis. The classical aetiological agent is the
      anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, although
      "Brachyspira hampsonii" and Brachyspira suanatina also cause SD. This study
      reports on the unexpected isolation of B. hyodysenteriae from pigs in apparently
      healthy herds that gave positive reactions when tested with a prototype
      commercial serological ELISA for detecting herds infected with B. hyodysenteriae
      (Priocheck((r))Brachyspira porcine Ab ELISA). The ELISA was tested with sera
      collected at abattoirs from 1770 slaughtered pigs from 30 Australian herds,
      including 12 with a history of SD and18 that were considered by their consulting
      veterinarians to be healthy. The latter herds had no history of SD and did not
      routinely use antimicrobials that may have masked the disease. Based on the
      recommended ELISA cut-off value, 25 herds were recorded as showing evidence of
      infection, including 11 of 12 herds that were considered infected by the
      submitters and 14 of the 18 "healthy" herds. When faecal or colonic wall samples
      from 11 of the 14 "false positive" herds subsequently were culturing 6-24 months
      after the original ELISA testing was completed, different strains of B.
      hyodysenteriae were isolated from six herds, including a high-health status
      breeding herd. The existence of apparently healthy herds that are colonised by B.
      hyodysenteriae has major implications for the control of SD. Had the ELISA not
      been trialled it is unlikely that colonic samples from these herds would have
      been cultured and the colonisation identified. 

PMID- 27374903
TI  - Induction of systemic IFITM3 expression does not effectively control foot-and
      mouth disease viral infection in transgenic pigs.
AB  - Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed
      animals, and can cause severe economic loss. Interferon-induced transmembrane
      (IFITM) proteins constitute a family of viral restriction factors that can
      inhibit the replication of several types of viruses. Our previous study showed
      that overexpression of swine IFITM3 (sIFITM3) impeded replication of the FMD
      virus (FMDV) in BHK-21 cells and mice. In this study, sIFITM3-transgenic (TG)
      pigs were produced by handmade cloning. Results showed that sIFITM3 was highly
      overexpressed in many organs of sIFITM3-TG pigs compared to wild-type pigs. After
      a virulent FMDV strain (O/ES/2001) was intramuscularly inoculated, the sIFITM3-TG
      pigs showed slightly higher susceptibility to FMDV infection than wild-type pigs.
      Both groups displayed comparable degrees of clinical symptoms throughout the 14
      day observation period. Therefore, the induction of systemic sIFITM3 expression
      does not protect pigs against FMDV infection. Based on these observations, we
      propose that a combination of interferons and vaccines be used to control FMDV
      infections and subsequent FMD outbreaks. 

PMID- 27374904
TI  - Outbreak of mortality in Russian (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) and Siberian
      (Acipenser baerii) sturgeons associated with sturgeon nucleo-cytoplasmatic large
      DNA virus.
AB  - Diseased outbreaks with high mortality in farmed sturgeon are a limiting factor
      to the success of this emerging aquaculture sector in Europe. Thorough
      investigations of outbreaks can determine the aetiological agents, identify
      important pathological and epidemiological pathways of infections and pave the
      way for effective control strategies. A thorough investigation of a mortality
      outbreak in Russian (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) and Siberian (Acipenser baerii)
      sturgeons in Italy, demonstrated the primary involvement of a sturgeon nucleo
      cytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV). While, the taxonomy classification of this
      new virus is still uncertain, its involvement in sturgeon mortality outbreaks in
      Europe is, for the first time, fully investigated and described. Furthermore, the
      coinfection of bacteria such as motile Aeromonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. was
      reported. Genetic characterisation showed the close relationship between the
      European sturgeon NCLDV with North American sturgeon NCLDVs. Similarly to the
      latter, the European sturgeon NCLDV persists in survivors. Furthermore, a
      systemic distribution of the European sturgeon NCLDV was evident in diseased A.
      baerii and A. gueldenstaedtii and in recovered A. gueldenstaedtii. These
      epidemiological and pathological findings will help in the identification of
      effective control strategies for sturgeon NCLDV infection, which afflicts an
      important and emerging European aquaculture sector. 

PMID- 27374905
TI  - Particle and subunit-based hemagglutinin vaccines provide protective efficacy
      against H1N1 influenza in pigs.
AB  - The increasing diversity of influenza strains circulating in swine herds
      escalates the potential for the emergence of novel pandemic viruses and
      highlights the need for swift development of new vaccines. Baculovirus has proven
      to be a flexible platform for the generation of recombinant forms of
      hemagglutinin (HA) including subunit, VLP-displayed, and baculovirus-displayed
      antigens. These presentations have been shown to be efficacious in mouse,
      chicken, and ferret models but little is known about their immunogenicity in
      pigs. To assess the utility of these HA presentations in swine, Baculovirus
      constructs expressing HA fused to swine IgG2a Fc, displayed in a FeLV gag VLP, or
      displayed in the baculoviral envelope were generated. Vaccines formulated with
      these antigens wer The e administered to groups of pigs who were subsequently
      challenged with H1alpha cluster H1N1 swine influenza virus (SIV)
      A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88. Our results demonstrate that vaccination with any of
      these three vaccines elicits robust hemagglutinin inhibition titers in the serum
      and decreased the severity of SIV-associated lung lesions after challenge when
      compared to placebo-vaccinated controls. In addition, the number of pigs with
      virus detected in the lungs and nasal passages was reduced. Taken together, the
      results demonstrate that these recombinant approaches expressed with the
      baculovirus expression vector system may be viable options for development of SIV
      vaccines for swine. 

PMID- 27374906
TI  - Antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring of bacterial pathogens isolated from
      respiratory tract infections in dogs and cats across Europe: ComPath results.
AB  - ComPath is a pan-European resistance monitoring programme collecting bacterial
      pathogens from dogs and cats. We present data for respiratory tract infection
      (RTI) isolates collected between 2008 and 2010. Antimicrobial minimal inhibitory
      concentrations (MICs) were determined and susceptibility calculated following
      Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards for veterinary medicine.
      The main pathogen from dogs was Staphylococcus intermedius Group (49/215, 22.8%)
      which was >90% susceptible to most antimicrobials (including oxacillin - 93.9%; 3
      isolates confirmed mecA-positive) but only 59.2%, 73.5% and 87.8% susceptible to
      tetracycline, chloramphenicol and penicillin. Bordetella bronchiseptica (48/215,
      22.3%), streptococci (36/215, 16.7%), Escherichia coli (24/215, 11.2%) and
      Pasteurella multocida (23/215, 10.7%) were also found in dog RTI. There are no
      breakpoints for Bordetella bronchiseptica. Most streptococci were penicillin-
      chloramphenicol-, ampicillin- and pradofloxacin-susceptible. None were
      enrofloxacin-resistant but 6 isolates (16.7%) were of intermediate
      susceptibility. The least active agent against streptococci was tetracycline
      (47.2% susceptible). For E. coli, 37.5% were ampicillin-susceptible but 83.3%
      were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-susceptible. Only chloramphenicol showed
      susceptibility>90% against E. coli, with 66.7% tetracycline-susceptible and 79.2%
      to 87.5% susceptibility to enrofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or
      pradofloxacin. P. multocida were susceptible to pradofloxacin (no other
      breakpoints are available). The main pathogen from cats was P. multocida (82/186,
      44.1%), where only pradofloxacin has breakpoints (100% susceptible). Streptococci
      were also collected from cats (25/186, 13.4%) and were >90% susceptible to all
      antimicrobials except tetracycline (36% susceptible). Most susceptibility was
      calculated with human-derived breakpoints and some antimicrobials had no
      breakpoints. Therefore predictions of clinical utility for dog and cat RTI will
      remain problematical unless specific breakpoints are set. 

PMID- 27374907
TI  - The first detection and whole genome characterization of the G6P[15] group A
      rotavirus strain from roe deer.
AB  - Although rotaviruses have been detected in a variety of host species, there are
      only limited records of their occurrence in deer, where their role is unknown. In
      this study, group A rotavirus was identified in roe deer during a study of
      enteric viruses in game animals. 102 samples of intestinal content were collected
      from roe deer (56), wild boars (29), chamois (10), red deer (6) and mouflon (1),
      but only one sample from roe deer was positive. Following whole genome sequence
      analysis, the rotavirus strain D38/14 was characterized by next generation
      sequencing. The genotype constellation, comprising 11 genome segments, was G6
      P[15]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 genome segment
      showed that the D38/14 rotavirus strain is closely related to the various G6
      zoonotic rotavirus strains of bovine-like origin frequently detected in humans.
      In the VP4 segment, this strain showed high variation compared to that in the
      P[15] strain found in sheep and in a goat. This finding suggests that rotaviruses
      from deer are similar to those in other DS-1 rotavirus groups and could
      constitute a source of zoonotically transmitted rotaviruses. The epidemiological
      status of group A rotaviruses in deer should be further investigated. 

PMID- 27374908
TI  - Multilocus sequence typing of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri to assess its
      genetic variability in a contagious agalactia endemic area.
AB  - Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) is one of the main causative agents of
      caprine contagious agalactia. Besides, the absence of accurate control methods
      eases its dispersion between different herds within endemic areas of this
      disease. In this context, there is a need to implement molecular typing schemes
      which offer valuable information useful to establish control measures and enables
      the surveillance of this pathogen. The aim of this study was to assess the
      genetic variability of different strains of Mmc from a contagious agalactia
      endemic area through multilocus sequence typing (MLST). For this purpose, five
      house-keeping genes (fusA, glpQ, gyrB, lepA, rpoB) from 39 field isolates were
      analysed. These isolates were obtained from different geographic areas of Spain,
      between the years 2004 and 2015. The results obtained in this study suggest that
      the selected MLST scheme could be a useful technique to monitor the genetic
      variability of Mmc in endemic areas. Despite the significant differences found
      between the assessed field isolates, they could be classified according to their
      geographical origin. Moreover, it was also possible to detect genetic differences
      between Mmc strains coming from the same herd at the same sampling time, which
      may need to be taken into consideration when designing or arranging prophylactic
      strategies. 

PMID- 27374909
TI  - Preliminary treatment of bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, with
      trx-SA1, recombinant endolysin of S. aureus bacteriophage IME-SA1.
AB  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a great threat to
      human and animal health and there is an urgent need to develop novel
      antibacterial agents to control this pathogen. The objective of this study was to
      obtain an active recombinant endolysin from the novel bacteriophage (IME-SA1),
      and conduct an efficacy trial of its effectiveness against bovine mastitis. We
      isolated a phage that was virulent and specific for S. aureus with an optimal
      multiplicity of infection of 0.01. Electron microscopy revealed that IME-SA1 was
      a member of the family Myoviridae, with an isometric head (98nm) and a long
      contractile tail (200nm). Experimental lysis experiments indicated the phage had
      an incubation period of 20min with a burst size of 80. When host bacteria were in
      early exponential growth stages, a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 resulted in
      a complete bacterial lysis after 9h. The endolysin gene (804bp) was cloned into
      the pET-32a bacterial expression vector and recombinant endolysin Trx-SA1 was
      successfully obtained with molecular size of about 47kDa. Preliminary results of
      therapeutic trials in cow udders showed that Trx-SA1 could effectively control
      mild clinical mastitis caused by S. aureus. The endolysin Trx-SA1 might be an
      alternative treatment strategy for infections caused by S. aureus, including
      MRSA. 

PMID- 27374910
TI  - Comparison of protection provided by type 1 and type 2 porcine reproductive and
      respiratory syndrome field viruses against homologous and heterologous challenge.
AB  - The objective of this study was to compare protection provided by type 1 and type
      2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) against homologous
      and heterologous challenge based on clinical, virological, immunological, and
      pathological analysis. At 3 and 8 weeks of age, pigs were inoculated intranasally
      with either 3mL of tissue culture fluid containing 10(5) TCID50/mL of type 1
      PRRSV or 3mL of tissue culture fluid containing 10(5) TCID50/mL of type 2 PRRSV.
      The homologous challenges resulted in a significant boost of the neutralizing
      antibodies (NA) and interferon-gamma secreting cells (IFN-gamma-SC) compared to
      heterologous challenges. The reduction of secondary challenging PRRSV viremia
      coincided with the appearance of homologous PRRSV-specific NA and IFN-gamma-SC.
      Homologous challenge reduced the severity of lung lesions and levels of PRRSV
      viremia significantly in pigs in comparison with heterologous challenge. The
      differences in homologous and heterologous NA and IFN-gamma-SC response may
      explain the differences in protection against homologous and heterologous
      challenge between type 1 and type 2 PRRSV. Primary challenge (immunization) with
      type 1 PRRSV provided protection against the secondary homologous challenge with
      type 1 PRRSV but failed to provide protection against the secondary heterologous
      challenge of type 2 PRRSV. Primary challenge with type 2 PRRSV provided
      protection against both the secondary homologous challenge with type 2 PRRSV and
      the secondary heterologous challenge with type 1 PRRSV. 

PMID- 27374911
TI  - Molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of clinical mastitis in sheep caused by
      Mannheimia haemolytica.
AB  - The aetiology and epidemiology of outbreaks of clinical mastitis in sheep under
      extensive pastoral conditions are incompletely understood. The objective of this
      study was to conduct a detailed investigation of a clinical mastitis outbreak
      that affected more than 10% of 230 at-risk ewes on a sheep and grain producing
      property in south east Australia during drought conditions in 2009. Milk samples
      were collected aseptically from all affected ewes and plated on sheep blood agar
      for bacterial identification. M. haemolytica was isolated from 80% of the samples
      that yielded cultivable microorganisms and thus was the main microorganism
      responsible for the outbreak. Analysis of the restriction endonuclease cleavage
      patterns of the isolates using pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed some
      evidence of clonality, suggesting the possibility of horizontal transmission, but
      there was also considerable diversity between the clusters of closely related
      isolates. Multilocus sequence typing of the M. haemolytica isolates revealed most
      of the isolates belonged to ST1 with no association between the PFGE and MLST
      fingerprints of the isolates. Resistance to neomycin, streptomycin and
      sulphafurazole was detected in some of the isolates, but they were all
      susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid,
      ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin and trimethoprim. This is the first
      published record of a comparison of the strains of M. haemolytica involved in a
      clinical mastitis outbreak in sheep and demonstrates the importance of this
      pathogen in sheep production systems, particularly during adverse climatic
      conditions and increased stocking rate. 

PMID- 27374912
TI  - Heavy metal and disinfectant resistance genes among livestock-associated
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates.
AB  - Livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has
      emerged in animal production worldwide. Most LA-MRSA in Europe belong to the
      clonal complex (CC) 398. The reason for the LA-MRSA emergence is not fully
      understood. Besides antimicrobial agents used for therapy, other substances with
      antimicrobial activity applied in animal feed, including metal-containing
      compounds might contribute to their selection. Some of these genes have been
      found in various novel SCCmec cassettes. The aim of this study was to assess the
      occurrence of metal-resistance genes among a LA-S. aureus collection [n=554,
      including 542 MRSA and 12 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA)] isolated from
      livestock and food thereof. Most LA-MRSA isolates (76%) carried at least one
      metal-resistance gene. Among the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates (n=456), 4.8%, 0.2%,
      24.3% and 71.5% were positive for arsA (arsenic compounds), cadD (cadmium), copB
      (copper) and czrC (zinc/cadmium) resistance genes, respectively. In contrast,
      among the LA-MRSA non-CC398 isolates (n=86), 1.2%, 18.6% and 16.3% were positive
      for the cadD, copB and czrC genes, respectively, and none were positive for arsA.
      Of the LA-MRSA CC398 isolates, 72% carried one metal-resistance gene, and the
      remaining harboured two or more in different combinations. Differences between LA
      MRSA CC398 and non-CC398 were statistically significant for arsA and czrC. The
      czrC gene was almost exclusively found (98%) in the presence of SCCmec V in both
      CC398 and non-CC398 LA-MRSA isolates from different sources. Regarding the LA
      MSSA isolates (n=12), some (n=4) were also positive for metal-resistance genes.
      This study shows that genes potentially conferring metal-resistance are
      frequently present in LA-MRSA. 

PMID- 27374913
TI  - Augmenting Chinese hamster genome assembly by identifying regions of high
      confidence.
AB  - Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines are the dominant industrial workhorses for
      therapeutic recombinant protein production. The availability of genome sequence
      of Chinese hamster and CHO cells will spur further genome and RNA sequencing of
      producing cell lines. However, the mammalian genomes assembled using shot-gun
      sequencing data still contain regions of uncertain quality due to assembly
      errors. Identifying high confidence regions in the assembled genome will
      facilitate its use for cell engineering and genome engineering. We assembled two
      independent drafts of Chinese hamster genome by de novo assembly from shotgun
      sequencing reads and by re-scaffolding and gap-filling the draft genome from NCBI
      for improved scaffold lengths and gap fractions. We then used the two independent
      assemblies to identify high confidence regions using two different approaches.
      First, the two independent assemblies were compared at the sequence level to
      identify their consensus regions as "high confidence regions" which accounts for
      at least 78 % of the assembled genome. Further, a genome wide comparison of the
      Chinese hamster scaffolds with mouse chromosomes revealed scaffolds with large
      blocks of collinearity, which were also compiled as high-quality scaffolds.
      Genome scale collinearity was complemented with EST based synteny which also
      revealed conserved gene order compared to mouse. As cell line sequencing becomes
      more commonly practiced, the approaches reported here are useful for assessing
      the quality of assembly and potentially facilitate the engineering of cell lines.

PMID- 27374914
TI  - Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis type IIb: A case with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
      and extensive dermal melanocytosis as nevus of Ota, nevus of Ito and ectopic
      Mongolian spots.

PMID- 27374916
TI  - Hypertension: AT2R activation counteracts hypertension.

PMID- 27374915
TI  - The epidermal growth factor receptor pathway in chronic kidney diseases.
AB  - The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway has a critical role in renal
      development, tissue repair and electrolyte handling. Numerous studies have
      reported an association between dysregulation of this pathway and the initiation
      and progression of various chronic kidney diseases such as diabetic nephropathy,
      chronic allograft nephropathy and polycystic kidney disease through the promotion
      of renal cell proliferation, fibrosis and inflammation. In the oncological
      setting, compounds that target the EGFR pathway are already in clinical use or
      have been evaluated in clinical trials; in the renal setting, therapeutic
      interventions targeting this pathway by decreasing ligand availability with
      disintegrin and metalloproteinase inhibitors or with ligand-neutralizing
      antibodies, or by inhibiting receptor activation with tyrosine kinase inhibitors
      or monoclonal antibodies are only just starting to be explored in animal models
      of chronic kidney disease and in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic
      kidney disease. In this Review we focus on the role of the EGFR signalling
      pathway in the kidney under physiological conditions and during the
      pathophysiology of chronic kidney diseases and explore the clinical potential of
      interventions in this pathway to treat chronic renal diseases.

PMID- 27374917
TI  - Acute kidney injury: Preventing acute kidney injury through nephrotoxin
      management.

PMID- 27374919
TI  - pH affects bacterial community composition in soils across the Huashan Watershed,
      China.
AB  - To investigate soil bacterial richness and diversity and to determine the
      correlations between bacterial communities and soil properties, 8 soil samples
      were collected from the Huashan watershed in Anhui, China. Subsequently, 454 high
      throughput pyrosequencing and bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine
      the soil bacterial community compositions. The operational taxonomic unit
      richness of the bacterial community ranged from 3664 to 5899, and the diversity
      indices, including Chao1, Shannon-Wiener, and Faith's phylogenetic diversity
      ranged from 7751 to 15 204, 7.386 to 8.327, and 415.77 to 679.11, respectively.
      The 2 most dominant phyla in the soil samples were Actinobacteria and
      Proteobacteria. The richness and diversity of the bacterial community were
      positively correlated with soil pH. The Mantel test revealed that the soil pH was
      the dominant factor influencing the bacterial community. The positive modular
      structure of co-occurrence patterns at the genus level was discovered by network
      analysis. The results obtained in this study provide useful information that
      enhances our understanding of the effects of soil properties on the bacterial
      communities. 

PMID- 27374921
TI  - Plenary Lecture.

PMID- 27374922
TI  - Award Lecture.

PMID- 27374920
TI  - Plasmon Modes Induced by Anisotropic Gap Opening in Au@Cu2 O Nanorods.
AB  - Integration of semiconductors with noble metals to form heteronanostructures can
      give rise to many interesting plasmonic and electronic properties. A number of
      such heteronanostructures have been demonstrated comprising noble metals and n
      type semiconductors, such as TiO2 , ZnO, SnO2 , Fe3 O4 , and CuO. In contrast,
      reports on heteronanostructures made of noble metals and p-type semiconductors
      are scarce. Cu2 O is an unintentional p-type semiconductor with unique
      properties. Here, the uniform coating of Cu2 O on two types of Au nanorods and
      systematic studies of the plasmonic properties of the resultant core-shell
      heteronanostructures are reported. One type of Au nanorods is prepared by seed
      mediated growth, and the other is obtained by oxidation of the as-prepared Au
      nanorods. The (Au nanorod)@Cu2 O nanostructures produced from the as-prepared
      nanorods exhibit two transverse plasmon peaks, whereas those derived from the
      oxidized nanorods display only one transverse plasmon peak. Through
      electrodynamic simulations the additional transverse plasmon peak is found to
      originate from a discontinuous gap formed at the side of the as-prepared
      nanorods. The existence of the gap is verified and its formation mechanism is
      unraveled with additional experiments. The results will be useful for designing
      metal-semiconductor heteronanostructures with desired plasmonic properties and
      therefore also for exploring plasmon-enhanced applications in photocatalysis,
      solar-energy harvesting, and biotechnologies. 

PMID- 27374918
TI  - The expanding phenotypic spectra of kidney diseases: insights from genetic
      studies.
AB  - Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has led to the identification of previously
      unrecognized phenotypes associated with classic kidney disease genes. In addition
      to improving diagnostics for genetically heterogeneous diseases and enabling a
      faster rate of gene discovery, NGS has enabled an expansion and redefinition of
      nephrogenetic disease categories. Findings from these studies raise the question
      of whether disease diagnoses should be made on clinical grounds, on genetic
      evidence or a combination thereof. Here, we discuss the major kidney disease
      associated genes and gene categories for which NGS has expanded the phenotypic
      spectrum. For example, COL4A3-5 genes, which are classically associated with
      Alport syndrome, are now understood to also be involved in the aetiology of focal
      segmental glomerulosclerosis. DGKE, which is associated with nephrotic syndrome,
      is also mutated in patients with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. We examine
      how a shared genetic background between diverse clinical phenotypes can provide
      insight into the function of genes and novel links with essential
      pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, we consider genetic and epigenetic
      factors that contribute to the observed phenotypic heterogeneity of kidney
      diseases and discuss the challenges in the interpretation of genetic data.
      Finally, we discuss the implications of the expanding phenotypic spectra
      associated with kidney disease genes for clinical practice, genetic counselling
      and personalized care, and present our recommendations for the use of NGS-based
      tests in routine nephrology practice.

PMID- 27374924
TI  - Mini Symposium.

PMID- 27374923
TI  - Symposium.

PMID- 27374927
TI  - PCl3-C6H6 heterodimers: evidence for Ppi phosphorus bonding at low temperatures.
AB  - A phosphorous trichloride (PCl3)-benzene (C6H6) heterodimer was generated in a
      low temperature N2 matrix and was characterized using infrared spectroscopy. The
      structure of the heterodimer produced in the matrix isolation experiment was
      discerned through ab initio computations. Computations disclosed that the
      experimentally detected dimer is stabilized through strong non-covalent
      phosphorus bonded Ppi interaction, considered as a class of pnicogen bonding.
      This experimentally unmapped Ppi interaction so far has been reconnoitered using
      atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital and energy decomposition analyses.
      The influence of substitutions on both the PCl3 and C6H6 monomeric units of the
      heterodimer was subsequently examined to understand the strength of Ppi
      interaction as a result of these substitutions. 

PMID- 27374926
TI  - Complementary Detection of Multiple Electrical Sources in Tissue Using
      Acoustoelectric Effects.
AB  - Accurate 3-D mapping of multiple bioelectric sources in nerve fibers with high
      spatial resolution is challenging for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of
      neural abnormalities. Ultrasound current source density imaging exploits the
      acoustoelectric (AE) effect, an interaction between electrical current and
      acoustic pressure waves propagating through a conducting material, and has
      distinct advantages over conventional electrophysiology (i.e., without
      ultrasound) for mapping electrical current flow in tissue. Ultrasound current
      source density imaging and two complementary Wheatstone bridge circuits were used
      to simultaneously detect two separate current flows induced in tissue phantoms.
      It has been found that the addition and subtraction of AE signals acquired by two
      circuits are independent components, regardless of whether the two sources are
      positioned at the same or different depths. In the ultrasound field, the AE
      signal from the bridge circuits is stronger, with a higher signal-to-noise ratio,
      than without a bridge circuit. Both experimental and simulated AE images depend
      on the magnitude and direction of the current, as well as the geometry (shape and
      thickness) and location of the current sources in the ultrasound field (2.25-MHz
      transducer). The experimental results are consistent with simulations consisting
      of multiple current sources. Real-time 3-D ultrasound current source density
      images of multiple current flows co-registered with convention pulse echo
      ultrasound potentially facilitate monitoring of neurologic disorders.

PMID- 27374928
TI  - Halobium palmae gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated
      from a solar saltern.
AB  - A novel and extremely halophilic archaeon, designated strain 2a_47_2T, was
      isolated from a solar saltern sample collected in Indonesia. Cells of the strain
      were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and pleomorphic and formed orange-red
      pigmented colonies. Strain 2a_47_2T grew at 20-48  degrees C (optimum 38-41 
      degrees C), pH 6.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.5), >1.7 M NaCl (optimum 2.6 M) and <0.5 M
      MgCl2 (optimum 0.3 M). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, two phospholipids and sulfated
      diglycosyl diether. The cells mainly contained menaquinone-8. The G+C content in
      the genomic DNA of the strain was 67.0 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S
      rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 2a_47_2T represents a member of the
      family Halorubraceae and is different from any other known halophilic archaea.
      This finding was also demonstrated by phylogenetic analyses based on deduced
      RpoB' amino acid sequences. Collectively, these results show that strain 2a_47_2T
      represents a novel genus and species in the family Halorubraceae, and the name
      Halobium palmae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2a_47_2T
      (=NBRC 111368T=InaCC Ar34T).

PMID- 27374930
TI  - Revisiting an old concept: the coupled oscillator model for VCD. Part 1: the
      generalised coupled oscillator mechanism and its intrinsic connection to the
      strength of VCD signals.
AB  - Motivated by the renewed interest in the coupled oscillator (CO) model for VCD,
      in this work a generalised coupled oscillator (GCO) expression is derived by
      introducing the concept of a coupled oscillator origin. Unlike the standard CO
      expression, the GCO expression is exact within the harmonic approximation. Using
      two illustrative example molecules, the theoretical concepts introduced here are
      demonstrated by performing a GCO decomposition of the rotational strengths
      computed using DFT. This analysis shows that: (1) the contributions to the
      rotational strengths that are normally neglected in the standard CO model can be
      comparable to or larger than the CO contribution, and (2) the GCO mechanism
      introduced here can affect the VCD intensities of all types of modes in symmetric
      and asymmetric molecules. 

PMID- 27374929
TI  - Evaluation of drug provocation test-related anxiety in patients with drug
      hypersensitivity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drug provocation tests (DPTs) are important in the treatment of
      patients with drug hypersensitivity (DH), but they carry certain hypersensitivity
      reaction risks, which lead to procedure-related concerns in patients. OBJECTIVE:
      To investigate DPT-related anxiety and its effect on long-term use of tested
      drugs. METHODS: The study included patients who underwent DPT from July 1, 2009,
      to July 1, 2012. After recording the patients' history and characteristics, a
      variety of psychiatric (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Panic and
      Agoraphobia Scale, and the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory) and quality
      of-life (36-item Short Form Health Survey) tests were performed. DPT-related
      anxiety was also evaluated using a visual analog scale. The patients were
      requestioned about whether they had used the tested drug within 1 year. RESULTS:
      A total of 126 patients were included in the study. According to the Hospital
      Anxiety and Depression Scale, 23.4% and 30.6% of the patients had depression and
      anxiety symptoms, respectively. The mean (SD) visual analog scale anxiety scores
      after a negative DPT result were lower than those before DPTs (2 [2.5] after vs
      5.2 [3.4] before; P < .001). In the long term, 15.9% of the patients did not use
      the drug because of ongoing anxiety related to drug reactions, despite negative
      DPT results and symptoms indicated for use of the drug. CONCLUSION: Our findings
      suggest that DPTs in themselves cause significant anxiety in patients with DH.
      Importantly, anxiety levels decreased after a negative test result. However, our
      results also suggested that a negative DPT result is not convincing enough for
      some patients to use the tested drug when needed in the future. Therefore,
      supporting strategies appear to be the most effective way to eliminate DH-related
      anxiety of patients.

PMID- 27374931
TI  - Histopathological implications of ventricle wall 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced
      fluorescence in the absence of tumor involvement on magnetic resonance images.
AB  - During 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-guided glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) surgery,
      we encountered fluorescence in ventricular walls that lacked enhancement on
      magnetic resonance (MR) images and were free of macroscopic invasion of tumor
      cells. However, the meaning of ventricular wall fluorescence during 5-ALA-guided
      surgery is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      relationship between intraoperative 5-ALA fluorescence and histopathological
      findings of ventricular walls free of enhancement on MR images. Nineteen patients
      with newly diagnosed GBM located near the lateral ventricle underwent 5-ALA
      fluorescence-guided surgery. During the surgery, the ventricle wall was opened
      and investigated with the aid of a surgical microscope equipped with optical
      filters to examine 5-ALA fluorescence of the ventricular wall. Twenty-five
      ventricular wall tissues that were apparently free of tumor involvement by MR
      imaging and macroscopic observation were obtained during surgery. Among the 19
      cases with brightly fluorescing tumor masses, 11 patients (57.9%) exhibited 5-ALA
      induced fluorescence in the ventricular wall. Of the 25 ventricular wall samples,
      11 exhibited 5-ALA-induced fluorescence; upon pathologic examination, tumors were
      present in 5 samples (45.5%), but the remaining 6 (54.5%) were free of tumor
      cells. A pathologic examination revealed no tumor cells in the 14 samples that
      lacked 5-ALA-induced fluorescence. Our data suggest the possibility that glioma
      cells exhibiting 5-ALA fluorescence are present in the ventricle wall, despite no
      signs of tumor involvement in MR images. Further investigation of non-tumor cells
      from tissues with 5-ALA fluorescence is needed to understand the nature of this
      unexpected ventricular wall fluorescence. 

PMID- 27374932
TI  - Ictal asystole: an opportunity for pacing.

PMID- 27374933
TI  - Cardiac resynchronisation therapy device implantation in a patient with
      persistent left superior vena cava: is it still a challenge?

PMID- 27374934
TI  - Chronic traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the ascending aorta.

PMID- 27374935
TI  - Vena cava superior stenting for rescue treatment of critical stenosis related to
      progressing cancer disease.

PMID- 27374937
TI  - Absolute humidity and the human nose: A reanalysis of climate zones and their
      influence on nasal form and function.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Investigations into the selective role of climate on human nasal
      variation commonly divide climates into four broad adaptive zones (hot-dry, hot
      wet, cold-dry, and cold-wet) based on temperature and relative humidity. Yet,
      absolute humidity-not relative humidity-is physiologically more important during
      respiration. Here, we investigate the global distribution of absolute humidity to
      better clarify ecogeographic demands on nasal physiology. METHODS: We use monthly
      observations from the Climatic Research Unit Timeseries 3 (CRU TS3) database to
      construct global maps of average annual temperature, relative humidity and
      absolute humidity. Further, using data collected by Thomson and Buxton (1923) for
      over 15,000 globally-distributed individuals, we calculate the actual amount of
      heat and water that must be transferred to inspired air in different climatic
      regimes to maintain homeostasis, and investigate the influence of these factors
      on the nasal index. RESULTS: Our results show that absolute humidity, like
      temperature, generally decreases with latitude. Furthermore, our results
      demonstrate that environments typically characterized as "cold-wet" actually
      exhibit low absolute humidities, with values virtually identical to cold-dry
      environments and significantly lower than hot-wet and even hot-dry environments.
      Our results also indicate that strong associations between the nasal index and
      absolute humidity are, potentially erroneously, predicated on individuals from
      hot-dry environments possessing intermediate (mesorrhine) nasal indices.
      DISCUSSION: We suggest that differentially allocating populations to cold-dry or
      cold-wet climates is unlikely to reflect different selective pressures on
      respiratory physiology and nasal morphology-it is cold-dry, and to a lesser
      degree hot-dry environments, that stress respiratory function. Our study also
      supports assertions that demands for inspiratory modification are reduced in hot
      wet environments, and that expiratory heat elimination for thermoregulation is a
      greater selective pressure in such environments.

PMID- 27374936
TI  - Analysis of Rare Variants in the Alcohol Dependence Candidate Gene GATA4.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Common variants in the gene GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) show
      association with alcohol dependence (AD). The aim of this study was to identify
      rare variants in GATA4 in order to elucidate the role of this gene in AD
      susceptibility. Identification of rare variants may provide a more complete
      picture of the allelic architecture at this risk locus. METHODS: Sanger
      sequencing of all 6 coding exons of GATA4 was performed in 528 patients and 517
      controls. Four in silico prediction tools were used to determine the effect of a
      DNA variant on the amino acid sequence and protein function. Five variants were
      included in the replication step. Of these, 4 were successfully genotyped in our
      replication cohort of 655 patients and 1,501 controls. All patients fulfilled DSM
      IV criteria for AD, and all individuals were of German descent. RESULTS: In the
      discovery step, 19 different heterozygous variants were identified. Four patient
      specific and potentially functionally relevant variants were followed up. Only
      the variant S379S (c.1137C>T) remained patient specific (1/1,166 patients vs.
      0/1,997 controls). None of the variants showed a statistically significant
      association with AD. CONCLUSIONS: The present study elucidated the role of GATA4
      in AD susceptibility by identifying rare variants via Sanger sequencing and
      subsequent replication. Although novel patient-specific rare variants of GATA4
      were identified, none received support in the independent replication step.
      However, given previous robust findings of association with common variants,
      GATA4 remains a promising candidate gene for AD.

PMID- 27374938
TI  - Biophysical and biological perspective in biosemiotics.
AB  - The cell and its basic constituents are introduced here through a biophysical and
      information communication theoretic approach in biology and biosemiotics. With
      this purpose, the requirements of primordial cellular structures, single binding
      events, and signalling cascades are first mentioned stepwise, in relation to the
      model of the cellular sensing mechanism. This is followed by the concepts of
      cross reactions in sensing and pattern recognitions, wherein an information
      theoretic approach is addressed and the features of multicellularity are
      discussed along. Multicellularity is introduced as the path that leads to the
      loss of the direct causal relations. The loss of true causal relation is
      considered as a form of translation that enables meaning-encoded communication
      over the informative processes. In this sense, semiosis may not be exclusive.
      Synthetic biology is exemplified as a form of artificial selection mechanisms for
      the generation of 'self-reproducing' systems with information coding and
      processing machineries. These discussions are summarised at the end.

PMID- 27374939
TI  - Fluid bolus therapy in emergency department patients: Indications and
      physiological changes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present paper is to study the indications for fluid
      bolus therapy (FBT) and its associated physiological changes in ED patients.
      METHODS: Prospective observational study of FBT in a tertiary ED, we recorded
      indications, number, types and volumes, resuscitation goals and perceived success
      rates of FBT. Moreover, we studied key physiological variables before, 10 min, 1
      h and 2 h after FBT. RESULTS: We studied 500 FBT episodes (750 [500-1250] mL).
      Median age was 59 (36-76) years and 57% were male. Shock was deemed present in
      135 (27%) patients, septic shock in 80 (16%), and cardiogenic shock in 30 (6%).
      Overall, 0.9% saline (84%) was the most common fluid and hypotension the most
      common indication (70%). 'Avoidance of hospital/ICU admission' was the goal
      perceived to have the greatest success rate (85%). However, although mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) increased (P < 0.01) and heart rate (HR) decreased (P =
      0.04) at 10 min (P = 0.01), both returned to baseline at 1 and 2 h. In contrast,
      respiratory rate (RR) increased at 1 (P < 0.01) and 2 h (P = 0.03) and
      temperature decreased at 1 and 2 h (both P < 0.001). In patients with shock, 1 h
      after FBT, there was a median 3 mmHg increase in MAP (P = 0.01) but no change in
      HR (P = 0.44), while RR increased (P < 0.01) and temperature decreased (P =
      0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In ED, FBT is used mostly in patients without shock. However,
      after an immediate haemodynamic effect, FBT is associated with absent or limited
      physiological changes at 1 or 2 h. Even in shocked patients, the changes in MAP
      at 1 or 2 h after FBT are small.

PMID- 27374940
TI  - Novel Au- and Ge-based two-dimensional materials formed through topotactic
      transitions of AlB2-like structures.
AB  - The topotactic reaction of a layered compound, for example CaGe2, with HCl
      solution is a common and facile method to produce two-dimensional (2D) materials.
      In this work we demonstrate with first-principles calculations that this
      technique can potentially lead to a whole new family of 2D materials starting
      from three-dimensional crystals with AlB2-like structures. As representative
      cases, we show here that the de-intercalation of Sc and Ca atoms from ScAuGe and
      Ca2AuGe3 crystals is strongly exothermic and produces the stable 2D monolayers
      AuGeH and AuGe3H3, respectively. Remarkably, both metals (AuGeH) and
      semiconductors (AuGe3H3) can be prepared by this method. Based on the broad
      availability of AlB2-like structures with varying stoichiometries, there are
      several possibilities to prepare novel functional 2D materials with suitable
      topotactic transitions. 

PMID- 27374941
TI  - Does Cancer Risk in Colonic Polyps Unsuitable for Polypectomy Support the Need
      for Advanced Endoscopic Resections?
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a continuing debate on the best approach for endoscopically
      benign large polyps that are unsuitable for conventional endoscopic resection.
      This study aimed to estimate the cancer risk in patients with endoscopically
      benign unresectable colonic polyps referred for surgery. STUDY DESIGN: We
      assessed patients with an endoscopic diagnosis of benign adenoma deemed not
      amenable to endoscopic removal, who underwent colectomy between 1997 and 2012.
      Patients with preoperative diagnoses of cancer, inherited polyposis syndrome,
      inflammatory bowel disease, and synchronous pathology requiring surgery were
      excluded. RESULTS: There were 439 patients (220 [50.1%] men; median age 67 years
      [range 27 to 97 years]) who underwent colectomy. Of 439 patients, 346 (79%)
      underwent preoperative endoscopy at our institution. Most of the polyps were
      located in the right colon (394 of 439, 89.7%), with the majority in the cecum
      (199 of 394, 45.3%). Polyp morphology was as follows: sessile (n = 252, 57.4%),
      pedunculated (n = 109, 24.8%), and flat (n = 78, 17.8%). Endoscopic pathology
      revealed high-grade dysplasia in 88 (20%) patients. Mean colonoscopic and
      postoperative polyp sizes were 3.0 cm (range 0.3 to 10 cm) and 2.7 cm (range 0 to
      11 cm), respectively (p < 0.001). Final surgical pathology revealed cancer in 37
      patients (8%). Polyp location, morphology, and histologic types were similar
      between the benign and malignant polyps. Cancer stages were: stage I (23
      patients), stage II (11 patients), and stage III (3 patients). CONCLUSIONS: For
      the majority of endoscopically benign colonic polyps, an oncologic colonic
      resection may be unnecessary, so advanced endoscopic resection techniques or
      laparoscopic-assisted polypectomy should be considered. When bowel resection is
      needed, the resection should be performed, obeying oncologic principles and
      techniques.

PMID- 27374942
TI  - From attitude to action: What shapes attitude toward walking to/from school and
      how does it influence actual behaviors?
AB  - Walking to/from school could promote children's physical activity and help combat
      childhood obesity. Parental attitudes have been identified as one of the
      important predictors. But it is unclear what factors shape parental attitudes,
      and how those in turn influence children's school travel. This study addresses
      this gap of knowledge by examining the mediating effect of parental attitudes for
      the relationships between personal, social, and built environmental factors and
      children's walking-to/from-school behaviors. Survey data (N=2597) were collected
      from 20 public elementary schools in Austin, Texas, measuring students' typical
      school travel mode; personal, social, and built environmental factors related to
      walking-to/from-school; and relevant parental attitudes. The analysis was
      conducted in M-plus 6.11 to test the proposed conceptual framework using a
      structural equation model (SEM). Parental attitudes showed significant mediating
      effects on walking-to/from-school behaviors. Older child, positive peer
      influence, walkable home-to-school distance, and favorable walking environments
      were associated with more enjoyment and lower attitudinal barriers, and in turn
      increased likelihood of walking to/from school. Being Hispanic, increased car
      ownership, and stronger traffic safety concerns reduced enjoyment and increased
      attitudinal barriers, and thus decreased likelihood of walking to/from school.
      This study highlighted the importance of using multilevel interventions to reduce
      attitudinal barriers and increase enjoyment of walking to/from school.
      Collaborations among different stakeholders are needed to address environmental
      issues (e.g., safety concerns) and social factors (e.g., peer influence), while
      being sensitive to personal factors (e.g., age, ethnicity, and car ownership).

PMID- 27374943
TI  - Importance of taste, nutrition, cost and convenience in relation to diet quality:
      Evidence of nutrition resilience among US adults using National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010.
AB  - Concerns with taste, nutrition, cost, and convenience are said to be key
      influences on food choices. This study examined the importance of food-related
      attitudes in relation to diet quality using US national level data. Interactions
      by socioeconomic status (SES), gender and race/ethnicity were tested. Analyses of
      8957 adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2007
      2010) were conducted in 2014-15. Perceived importance of taste, nutrition, cost,
      and convenience in dietary choices were assessed using 4-point Likert scales.
      Education and family income-to-poverty ratio (FIPR) were SES indicators. Healthy
      Eating Index (HEI-2010), a measure of adherence to 2010 dietary guidelines, was
      the diet quality measure. Survey-weighted regressions examined associations
      between attitudes and HEI, and tested for interactions. Taste was rated as "very
      important" by 77.0% of the US adults, followed by nutrition (59.9%), cost
      (39.9%), and convenience (29.8%). However, it was the perceived importance of
      nutrition that most strongly predicted HEI (beta: +8.0 HEI scores among "very
      important" vs. "not at all important"). By contrast, greater importance for taste
      and convenience had a weak inverse relation with HEI (beta: -5.1 and -1.5
      respectively), adjusting for SES. Significant interactions were observed by
      race/ethnicity, but not SES and gender. Those who prioritized nutrition during
      food shopping had higher-quality diets regardless of gender, education and income
      in the US. Certain racial/ethnic groups managed to eat healthy despite attaching
      importance to cost and convenience. This is the first evidence of nutrition
      resilience among US adults using national data, which has huge implications for
      nutrition interventions.

PMID- 27374944
TI  - Revised estimates of overdiagnosis from the Canadian National Breast Screening
      Study.
AB  - We have re-estimated overdiagnosis of breast cancer from mammography screening by
      age group in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (CNBSS), a randomized
      screening trial. In the CNBSS, participants were recruited in 15 centers. 89,835
      women were randomized with informed consent, 50,430 age 40-49 and 39,405 age 50
      59. Women aged 40-49 received annual mammography and physical examination (MA+PX)
      versus a single physical examination and usual care in the community (UC). Women
      aged 50-59 received (MA+PX) versus (PX-alone) annually. Individual randomization
      resulted in 44 almost identically distributed demographic and risk factors.
      Annual compliance over the five or four scheduled screens was 86-95%. The
      cumulative numbers of invasive and in situ breast cancers ascertained by year
      during screening and subsequent follow-up to 25 years post entry to the CNBSS in
      the mammography arm have been compared to those in the control arm. Estimates of
      overdiagnosis were derived using post-screening cessation cut-off points from 1
      to 20years.?Overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer at five years post cessation
      of screening for women aged 40-49 was estimated to be 32%, and 16% for women aged
      50-59; 20years post cessation of screening 48% for women 40-49 and 5% for those
      50-59. Including ductal carcinoma in situ with invasive cancer, estimates were
      41%, 25%, 55% and 16%, respectively. We conclude that approximately 30% of
      invasive screen-detected breast cancers in women age 40-49 were overdiagnosed,
      and 20% of those screen-detected in women age 50-59. Including ductal carcinoma
      in situ, the estimates are 40% and 30%, respectively.

PMID- 27374945
TI  - A park typology in the QUALITY cohort: Implications for physical activity and
      truncal fat among youth at risk of obesity.

PMID- 27374946
TI  - Can skin cancer prevention be improved through mobile technology interventions? A
      systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Print-based health promotion interventions are being phased out to
      bring forth more appealing and assessable new technology applications. This
      review aimed to evaluate the current literature on the use of mobile text
      messaging and similar electronic technology interventions in the area of skin
      cancer prevention. METHOD: A search of studies guided by Preferred Reporting
      Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was conducted on mobile
      technology interventions for improving skin cancer prevention in the electronic
      databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health
      Literature (CINAHL), and PsycINFO. RESULTS: Overall, 136 articles were screened
      for eligibility between 2001 (earliest relevant article found) and November 2015.
      Eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were reviewed according to the
      PRISMA guidelines. Of these, five were randomised controlled trials (RCTs), two
      were controlled clinical trials, and one was a cohort study. Five studies used
      text messages as an intervention, two used mobile phone applications, and another
      used electronic messages via email. All studies resulted in self-reported
      behaviour change in at least one of their outcome measures (e.g., sunscreen
      application, seeking shade). CONCLUSION: While the behaviour change outcomes are
      promising, the lack of change in more objective measures such as sunburn
      indicates a need to further improve mobile phone technology-delivered
      interventions in order to have a greater impact on skin cancer prevention. Future
      studies may consider the use of objective outcome measures (e.g., sunscreen
      weight), electronic diaries, or behavioural outcomes in social networks.

PMID- 27374947
TI  - Gene expression profiling of NB4 cells following knockdown of nucleostemin using
      DNA microarrays.
AB  - Nucleostemin (NS) is mainly expressed in stem and tumor cells, and is necessary
      for the maintenance of their self-renewal and proliferation. Originally, NS was
      thought to exert its effects through inhibiting p53, while recent studies have
      revealed that NS is also able to function independently of p53. The present study
      performed a gene expression profiling analysis of p53-mutant NB4 leukeima cells
      following knockdown of NS in order to elucidate the p53-independent NS pathway.
      NS expression was silenced using lentivirus-mediated RNA interference technology,
      and gene expression profiling of NB4 cells was performed by DNA microarray
      analysis. A total of 1,953 genes were identified to be differentially expressed
      (fold change >=2 or <=0.5) following knockdown of NS expression. Furthermore,
      reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to
      detect the expression of certain candidate genes, and the results were in
      agreement with the micaroarray data. Pathway analysis indicated that aberrant
      genes were enhanced in endoplasmic, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mineral
      absorption pathways. The present study shed light on the mechanisms of the p54
      independent NS pathway in NB4 cells and provided a foundation for the discovery
      of promising targets for the treatment of p53-mutant leukemia. 

PMID- 27374949
TI  - Antibody-defined epitopes on HLA-DQ alleles reacting with antibodies induced
      during pregnancy and the design of a DQ eplet map.
AB  - The concept that HLA antibodies recognize epitopes is leading to new approaches
      of HLA matching at the epitope level. HLA-DQ plays an important role and many
      studies have identified structurally defined DQ epitopes specifically recognized
      by antibodies; they have been recorded in the International HLA Epitope Registry
      http://www.epregistry.com.br but the list is still incomplete. Pregnancy offers
      an attractive model to study antibody responses to HLA epitopes. The current
      analysis was done on 42 DQ-reactive post-pregnancy sera tested in binding assays
      with a panel of DQ heterodimers. The reactivity of 29 sera corresponded fully to
      the presence of antibody-verified DQA and DQB epitopes recorded in the Registry.
      Analysis of the remaining 13 sera led to the identification of additional
      antibody-defined DQB and DQA epitopes. We have designed the first version of an
      eplet map for DQ alleles which includes antibody-defined DQA and DQB epitopes and
      shows sequence positions with polymorphic residues which can be used in HLA
      epitology studies to identify new antibody-defined DQ epitopes. 

PMID- 27374948
TI  - Identifying Patients With Sepsis on the Hospital Wards.
AB  - Sepsis contributes to up to half of all deaths in hospitalized patients, and
      early interventions, such as appropriate antibiotics, have been shown to improve
      outcomes. Most research has focused on early identification and treatment of
      patients with sepsis in the ED and the ICU; however, many patients acquire sepsis
      on the general wards. The goal of this review is to discuss recent advances in
      the detection of sepsis in patients on the hospital wards. We discuss data
      highlighting the benefits and limitations of the systemic inflammatory response
      syndrome (SIRS) criteria for screening patients with sepsis, such as its low
      specificity, as well as newly described scoring systems, including the proposed
      role of the quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score.
      Challenges specific to detecting sepsis on the wards are discussed, and future
      directions that use big data approaches and automated alert systems are
      highlighted.

PMID- 27374950
TI  - Effect of Vapocoolant on Pain During Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation.

PMID- 27374951
TI  - Resveratrol prevents pulmonary trunk remodeling but not right ventricular
      hypertrophy in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension (PAH) is characterized by abnormal vascular remodeling and
      increased pulmonary artery pressure which lead to right ventricular (RV)
      hypertrophy and heart failure. Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a
      dietary polyphenol found in the skins and seeds of grapes, has been found to have
      antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic effects. This study examined
      the effects of resveratrol on cardiac and pulmonary trunk remodeling, and common
      plasma markers of vascular function in rats with PAH was induced in male Sprague
      Dawley rats by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT, 60mg/kg).
      Rats were treated with resveratrol (25mg/kg/day) by oral gavage daily for 21days.
      PAH was confirmed by the presence of increased RV/LV+septum weight, RV and lung
      weight. In MCT rats, total heart surface area and RV lumen area were increased
      without corresponding increases in total muscle area, indicating a dilation of
      the lumen. Pulmonary truck lumen area and thickness of the tunica media were
      increased by 43% and 44%, respectively, by MCT. Resveratrol had no significant
      effect on remodeling, although decreases of 12% and 27% were observed for overall
      heart area and pulmonary truck area, respectively. However, resveratrol
      significantly reduced the thickness of the pulmonary trunk tunica media. Plasma
      levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, C-reactive protein and endothelin-1 were
      not altered with resveratrol. Our results indicate that daily treatment with
      resveratrol does not inhibit the abnormal remodeling of the RV induced by MCT,
      but attenuates the development of medial hypertrophy in the pulmonary trunk.

PMID- 27374952
TI  - Nonprescription Drugs and Self-medication-Approach and Practice to Pharmaceutical
      Education.

PMID- 27374954
TI  - Primary Care Requirements for Pharmacists-Clinical Reasoning Education at Schools
      of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
AB  - For appropriate primary care practice corresponding to the various symptoms of a
      patient, team medicine on that combines the expertise of physicians and other
      medical staff has been recommended in recent years. It results in (1) higher
      quality of medical care, (2) lower burden on the physician, (3) better medical
      safety, and (4) reduced medical expenses. In order to promote team medicine
      through inter-professional collaboration, the responsibilities of the medical
      staff need to be reviewed to expand their respective roles. The Ministry of
      Health, Labour and Welfare designated nine specific medical acts by pharmacists
      in 2010. Some acts require clinical reasoning (medical interview and physical
      assessment) in order to manage side effects in patients undergoing drug therapy.
      The new curriculum introduced in 2015 includes primary care education for
      pharmacists who see patients before they are seen by a physician. Because such
      patients are usually seen by the pharmacist on a walk-in basis, medical interview
      and inspection education is especially important in this situation. However,
      there is incongruity in the physical assessment education of prospective
      pharmacists among schools of pharmaceutical sciences in recent years, which tends
      to focus primarily on vital signs. Moreover, there is currently no consensus
      among physicians on the optimum range of procedures performed by a pharmacist
      before the patient is seen by a physician. In this presentation, the practice of
      primary care by pharmacists is discussed from the following perspectives: (1)
      target symptoms and patients, (2) clinical reasoning education at pharmaceutical
      schools, and (3) future issues.

PMID- 27374953
TI  - Non-prescription Drugs and Self-medication: Features and Subjects in
      Pharmaceutical Education.
AB  - At the time of consultation with a patient regarding OTC drugs, a pharmacist goes
      through the following five steps. In Step 1 information is collected, including
      the patient's gender, age, health condition, living situation, etc. In Step 2,
      upon analyzing and evaluating this collected information, the pharmacist decides
      whether to recommend that the patient see a medical doctor or whether an OTC drug
      is sufficient. In Step 3, when an OTC drug is required, the pharmacist suggests
      the most suitable OTC drug. In Step 4, the pharmacist provides the patient
      recommendations and information about the selected OTC. In Step 5, sales record
      entry and aftercare are performed. In these five steps, the pharmacist is making
      a decision on whether the consultation recommendation is required or optional;
      the step of making an optimal selection of an OTC drug is distinct from
      prescription dispensing. In many cases, at the time of OTC drug consultation,
      since the patient is not consulting a medical doctor, a pharmacist becomes a
      "first access" health professional. In this instance, the advice of a pharmacist
      may have a great influence on a patient's prognosis regarding the particular
      health challenge. Therefore, pharmacists who perform patient consultations
      regarding OTC drugs are required to have broad medical knowledge and
      communication skills. The features of consultation and information dissemination
      about OTC drugs by a pharmacist, and the practice and study of this subject in
      present-day pharmaceutical education, are described herein.

PMID- 27374955
TI  - Systematic Education of Self-Medication at Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life
      Sciences.
AB  - The promotion of self-medication by pharmacies, with the aim of encouraging a
      patient's self-selection of proper OTC drug, is written about in the national
      action plan "Japan is Back". The subject of self-medication has been improved in
      the 2013 revised edition of "Model Core Curriculum for Pharmaceutical Education".
      At Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, the systematic education of
      self-medication was started from the onset of the six-year course in the third,
      fourth and fifth grade. We introduce here a new approach in our systematic
      education of self-medication. In the practice of the fourth grade, groups of
      around 5-6 students are formed. The pharmacy students assume various roles-of
      pharmacist, rater, observer, and chairman-and perform role-playing. We prepared a
      standardized patient (SP) showing various symptoms. The student of the role of
      pharmacist asks about the SP's symptoms, chooses an OTC drug suitable for the SP,
      and explains the OTC drug to the SP. After the role-playing, those in the roles
      of rater, observer, SP, and faculty give feedback to the student who played the
      role of pharmacist. Because we conduct this role-playing using SPs with a variety
      of symptoms, we can create a situation similar to a real drugstore.

PMID- 27374956
TI  - Self-medication Activities in a Community Pharmacy for Student Pharmacist
      Training.
AB  - Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare published "the required function
      and the desired operating form of a pharmacy" and proposed that "a pharmacy
      should demonstrate a positive role for the promotion of self-medication". In the
      future, it will be indispensable to pharmacies that pharmacists play a role not
      only in dispensing medicine but also in serving a central health-station role in
      the community, including promoting the self-selection of proper OTC medications
      for the maintenance of health. My pharmacy in a traditional area in Tokyo carries
      OTC drugs, health and nursing care goods, medical supplies, etc. besides
      dispensing medicine by prescription. Moreover, a "sample measurement room" where
      a person can conduct a blood test by self-puncture was prepared in April of 2014.
      In addition, my pharmacy has held "health consultation meetings" for patients in
      collaboration with a registered dietitian, as well as "meetings for briefing
      sessions on how to better take or administer medicines" for parents of infants,
      etc. These activities have been useful to local residents in the prevention of
      lifestyle-related diseases and in promoting a better understanding of medicine.
      Moreover, on-site student trainees from schools of pharmacy are helping with
      planning, data collection, and explanation on the days of these meetings. For
      trainees from schools of pharmacy, participating in these activities is important
      to becoming a pharmacist trusted at the community level in the future.

PMID- 27374957
TI  - Issues and Prospects from the OTC Industry vis a vis Pharmaceutical Education and
      OTC Medicines.
AB  - In the amendment of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in 2013, a new category,
      Pharmacist Intervention Required Medicines (PIRM), was introduced, and other OTC
      medicines, which were classified after the 2006 amendment, were allowed to be
      sold via the Internet. Regarding PIRM, Japan's Ministry for Health, Labour and
      Welfare designates medicines which require special intervention by a pharmacist
      who explains their proper use to a patient through a face-to-face consultation,
      wherein the pharmacist provides guidance based on pharmaceutical knowledge and
      experience. This encourages consumers to approach their longer term personal
      healthcare with a rational knowledge of medicines, and dovetails with the
      direction described in "Japan is Back". Along with the 2006 amendment, an
      upgraded 6-year curriculum for the study of pharmacy in preparation for becoming
      a pharmacist was introduced. This allows student pharmacists to have more
      experience working in community pharmacies, thus supporting and providing
      pharmacists with the knowledge they need to better help the consumer to
      rationally use OTC medicines and self-select proper OTC medications. And this is
      not only restricted to OTC medicines, as there are many items sold in local
      pharmacies available to be utilized by the consumer with reasonable support by
      pharmacists. There is an expectation that the pharmacist be prepared to assist
      the consumer not only with prescriptions, but also with OTC medications,
      supplements, medical accessories, etc. using their knowledge and experience.

PMID- 27374958
TI  - Possibility of Pharmacist in Emergency Medical Care: To Bring Up a Familiar
      Pharmacist for Emergency Care by Fusing Clinical Pharmacist Activity and
      University Education.

PMID- 27374959
TI  - Involvement of Pharmacists in Medical Care in Emergency and Critical Care
      Centers.
AB  - Emergency and critical care centers provide multidisciplinary therapy for
      critically ill patients by centralizing the expertise and technology of many
      medical professionals. Because the patients' conditions vary, different drug
      treatments are administered along with surgery. Therefore, the role of
      pharmacists is important. Critically ill patients who receive high-level invasive
      treatment undergo physiological changes differing from their normal condition
      along with variable therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacists are
      responsible for recommending the appropriate drug therapy using their knowledge
      of pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Further, pharmacists need to determine the
      general condition of patients by understanding vital signs, blood gas analysis
      results, etc. It is therefore necessary to conduct consultations with physicians
      and nurses. The knowledge required for emergency medical treatment is not
      provided during systematic training in pharmaceutical education, meaning that
      pharmacists acquire it in the clinical setting through trial and error. To
      disseminate the knowledge of emergency medical care to pharmacy students,
      emergency care training has been started in a few facilities. I believe that
      medical facilities and universities need to conduct joint educational sessions on
      emergency medical care. Moreover, compared with other medical fields, there are
      fewer studies on emergency medical care. Research-oriented pharmacists must
      resolve this issue. This review introduces the work conducted by pharmacists for
      clinical student education and clinical research at the Emergency and Critical
      Care Center of Nihon University Itabashi Hospital and discusses future prospects.

PMID- 27374960
TI  - Participation of Pharmacists in Emergency Care at Outpatient Clinics with
      Multiple Beds.
AB  - A major difference in medical flow between acute and nonacute medical care is the
      urgency of diagnosis and treatment. In the acute medical setting, diagnosis and
      treatment sometimes must be done almost simultaneously. Learning clinical
      management in the acute-care setting can be the basis of drug therapy in other
      clinical settings. When infusion is performed in emergency medicine,
      stabilization of blood pH is achieved through kidney and lung functions. At the
      same time, the oxygen transport capacity is monitored using blood gas analysis.
      One medical intervention can lead to multiple diagnostic and treatment processes
      in the emergency medical field. Most pharmacists rarely have the opportunity to
      learn about the reasoning process in which different body functions are linked
      together such as heart, lung, and kidney functions when performing infusions in
      emergency medicine before starting to work in the clinical setting. Learning from
      emergency medicine can be applied to drug therapy in other clinical settings as
      it teaches how to link different body functions and understand the relationships
      between those functions and the results of medical tests. These are considered to
      be necessary reasoning skills to understand patients' conditions in various
      clinical situations, including management in intensive care and the treatment of
      chronic disease. Knowledge of emergency medicine can be the foundation of drug
      therapy in other clinical settings, for example, the meanings of vital signs.

PMID- 27374961
TI  - Physical Assessment Education Using Various Simulators.
AB  - Pharmacists are in demand not only because of their knowledge of medical therapy
      but also due to their skills in basic physical assessment and emergency care as
      medical personnel. Pharmaceutical education has developed using patient
      simulators in bedside training, seminars in hospital pharmacies, and physical
      assessment practice at the Kyushu University of Health and Welfare School of
      Pharmaceutical Sciences. We first explain the outline of the method to confirm
      basic vital signs with simulators and then demonstrate some simulations to enable
      the reproduction of drug misadministration/changes in condition. In addition, we
      check students' knowledge of and skill in the advanced objective structured
      clinical examination through practical examinations to test their technical
      ability in physical assessment. Furthermore, we conduct case study exercises in
      which students perform physical assessments and collect basic information on
      patient background. The Stan, Heart SIM, and Physico simulators are used. As
      examples of drug misadministration, the reproduction of asystole from fatal
      arrhythmia after the rapid intravenous injection of potassium preparations and
      ventricular fibrillation from tachycardia after an overdose of insulin are
      presented to student pharmacists utilizing the simulators. The simulation of
      anaphylactic shock and hyperglycemia is also possible as examples of changes in
      condition. Overall, pharmaceutical simulation education provides pharmacy
      students and pharmacists with experience in the types of medical treatment
      performed by various healthcare professionals, leading to explorations of the new
      roles of pharmacists in team medical care.

PMID- 27374962
TI  - Pharmaceutical Education Focused on Pharmacotherapy in Emergency Medical Care.
AB  - Pharmacists are expected to be active members of the healthcare team in emergency
      medicine, because many pharmaceuticals are administered to patients with life
      threatening conditions. However, adequate education for pharmacists and pharmacy
      students is not provided. The "Emergency Pharmaceutical Sciences" course was
      introduced for the first time in Japan by the Department of Pharmacy, Okayama
      University, to offer advanced education in emergency medicine and research
      related to critical care. We offer an emergency pharmaceutical training program
      with high-performance simulators and have succeeded in improving the clinical
      skills and confidence of pharmacy students. In this review, we introduce our
      activities intended to mold pharmacy students into emergency pharmacists who can
      contribute to emergency medicine.

PMID- 27374963
TI  - Social Pharmacy: Its Performance and Promise.
AB  - Among private Universities of Pharmacy in Japan, Kyoritsu University of Pharmacy
      was the first to introduce courses in social pharmacy in 1991. Social pharmacy is
      a discipline driven by social needs. By studying the relationship between
      pharmacy and society, particularly through case studies, the impact of drugs and
      changes in societal expectation of them, as well as through historical background
      studies and surveys of current trends, this discipline acts to determine the
      roles of pharmacists and pharmacies expected by society. Social pharmacy requires
      a basic knowledge of pharmaceutical science, but an understanding from economic
      viewpoints of the current systems and structures in which healthcare functions is
      important as well. Once these are understood, the goal is to identify social
      problems, and to create and apply models for their resolution which connect
      pharmacy and society. So far, social pharmacy has played an important role in
      training programs for community-based pharmacists essential for a hyper-aged
      society, for community pharmacies' health management programs aimed at promoting
      the health of residents, and educational programs for elementary and middle
      school children.

PMID- 27374964
TI  - Changes in Legal Aspects of Public Education about Drugs and Their Importance.
AB  - Requirements for education on proper use of drugs were included in the junior
      high school educational guideline in 2012 incorporating pharmaceutical education
      in the obligatory school curriculum. This move is closely related to the
      country's new OTC drug marketing system. The amendment of the Pharmaceutical
      Affairs Law (PAL) in 2013 highlighted the public's own role in "promoting proper
      use of drugs and other related products and making greater efforts to acquire
      knowledge and improve understanding of their effective and safe use".
      Furthermore, the Law to Amend the PAL and Pharmacists Law enforced in 2014
      allowed all OTC drugs to be sold online under appropriate rules. Deregulation of
      online sale of OTC drugs is expected further to promote self-medication for minor
      illnesses and require stricter measures to ensure people's safety through their
      proper use. These legal amendments in recent years have made people's education
      about proper use of drugs one of the top priorities Japan should pursue at state
      level. Since 2000, the author has been offering education on drugs to early
      primary school children as part of their healthcare education program. In the
      future, dedicated education on drugs will be necessary for people of all ages
      including not only school children but also their guardians and elderly citizens
      as well.

PMID- 27374965
TI  - Molecular Mechanisms of Taste Disorder in Oxaliplatin-administered Rats.
AB  - Taste disorder is one of the adverse effects of cancer chemotherapy resulting in
      a loss of appetite, leading to malnutrition and a decrease in the quality of life
      of the patient. Oxaliplatin, a platinum anticancer drug, has a critical role in
      colon cancer chemotherapy and is known to induce taste disorder. Here, we
      evaluated the taste functions in oxaliplatin-administered rats. Among the taste
      receptors, expression levels of T1R2, one of the sweet receptor subunits,
      increased in the circumvallate papillae of the oxaliplatin-administered rats. In
      a brief-access test, i.e., behavioral analysis of the taste response, oxaliplatin
      administered rats showed a decreased response to sweet taste. However, we did not
      detect any differences in the plasma levels of zinc, number of taste cells, or
      morphology of taste buds between control and oxaliplatin-administered rats. In
      conclusion, the decreased response to sweet taste by oxaliplatin administration
      may be due to the upregulation of T1R2 expression.

PMID- 27374966
TI  - Protective Efficacy of the Ingestion of Mandarin Orange Containing beta
      Cryptoxanthin on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Nephritis.
AB  - beta-cryptoxanthin is a common carotenoid pigment found in fruit, especially in
      Satsuma mandarins and in persimmons. After ingestion, beta-cryptoxanthin is
      distributed to and accumulates in organs, such as the liver, lung, and kidney.
      Recent studies have reported that because of its antioxidant defense, beta
      cryptoxanthin performs several important functions in the preservation of human
      health and in the prevention of several diseases, including cancer and
      osteoporosis. The present study aims to determine whether beta-cryptoxanthin has
      a protective effect on renal glomeruli during acute nephritis. To develop our
      acute nephritis mouse model, we induced kidney inflammation in mice using
      lipopolysaccharide. To analyze pathological changes in the renal glomeruli of
      these mice, tissue sections of the kidney were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin and
      periodic acid-Schiff staining. In mice with acute nephritis, we observed a
      thickening of the basal membrane in the renal glomeruli. By ultrastructural
      analysis, abnormalities in the foot cells were also identified. In the beta
      cryptoxanthin-ingested mice, these pathological changes were decreased. Migration
      of urinal proteins occurred in mice with acute nephritis, but this was decreased
      in beta-cryptoxanthin-ingested mice, such that it correlated with the blood
      concentration of beta-cryptoxanthin. Furthermore, in beta-cryptoxanthin-ingested
      mice, both the accumulation and activation of inflammatory cells were decreased
      in the renal glomeruli. These results suggest that beta-cryptoxanthin ingestion
      may produce great improvement in acute nephritis. These findings provide new
      insights into beta-cryptoxanthin and its protective effect, and provide a new
      target for pharmacological therapy in human disease.

PMID- 27374967
TI  - An Attempt to Measure Presentation Skill Acquisition Using Peer and Self
      evaluation.
AB  - In six-year pharmacy education programs, humanistic education is now regarded as
      more important than ever, and we are working to incorporate active learning
      methods into a variety of subjects. Because performance evaluations are by their
      nature subjective, it is difficult to ensure the validity of any given
      assessment. Fifth-year students at Tohoku Pharmaceutical University learn case
      and prescription analysis in problem-based learning tutorials. As part of this
      curriculum, 20 presentation and discussion meetings over the course of 10 weeks
      are held, with approximately 100 students making presentations two or more times
      each. With regard to the presentation skills that students are expected to
      acquire, we instructed them to conduct peer evaluations and analyzed the
      evaluation results for 863 students conducted between 2012 and 2014. From the
      results, it was found that peer evaluation scores improved between the first and
      second evaluations for 70% to 86% of students, and furthermore that students who
      received lower scores in their first evaluations increased their scores
      correspondingly in the second. In addition, while 87% of students responded
      positively in the presentation skill acquisition self-evaluations conducted after
      the completion of the program, there was no correlation between the results of
      self-evaluation and peer evaluation. It was suggested that many students were
      able to cultivate an eye for criticism by evaluating other students and gain
      confidence by becoming aware of their own growth through repeated presentations.

PMID- 27374968
TI  - Interdisciplinary Subject "Yakugaku Nyumon" for First-year Students Constructed
      with Lectures and Problem-based Learning.
AB  - In 2013, Kobe Pharmaceutical University established "Yakugaku Nyumon", an
      interdisciplinary course, which consists of omnibus lectures and problem-based
      learning (PBL) on topics ranging from basic to clinical subjects. The themes of
      the PBL were original ones; "Study from package inserts of aspirin", which aimed
      to reinforce the contents of the interdisciplinary lectures, and "Let's think
      about aspirin derivatives (super-aspirin)", which aimed to engender an interest
      in studying pharmacy. The PBL featured questions from teachers to help with study
      and was therefore referred to as "question-led PBL" (Q-PBL). The Q-PBL regarding
      aspirin derivatives began with preparing answers to the questions for a small
      group discussion (SGD) as an assignment, followed by a SGD, a presentation, and
      peer-feedback. From an analysis of the questionnaire survey, it was found that
      students considered the Q-PBL satisfying and that they had achieved the 4 aims:
      (1) to increase the motivation to study, (2) to enhance an understanding of the
      relations and significance of basic and clinical sciences, (3) to comprehend the
      learning content, and (4) to recognize the importance of communication. The Q-PBL
      with assignments has two favorable points. One is that the first-year students
      can challenge difficult and high-level questions when they are given these as
      assignments. The other is that students, who are unfamiliar with SGD can engage
      in discussions with other students using the knowledge gained from the
      assignment. The introduction of omnibus lectures and Q-PBL, along with these
      improvements in theme, application, and review process, promises increased
      learning efficacy at the university.

PMID- 27374969
TI  - Association between Selective Beta-adrenergic Drugs and Blood Pressure Elevation:
      Data Mining of the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) Database.
AB  - Selective beta-adrenergic drugs are used clinically to treat various diseases.
      Because of imperfect receptor selectivity, beta-adrenergic drugs cause some
      adverse drug events by stimulating other adrenergic receptors. To examine the
      association between selective beta-adrenergic drugs and blood pressure elevation,
      we reviewed the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Reports (JADERs) submitted to the
      Japan Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. We used the Medical Dictionary
      for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Preferred Terms extracted from Standardized
      MedDRA queries for hypertension to identify events related to blood pressure
      elevation. Spontaneous adverse event reports from April 2004 through May 2015 in
      JADERs, a data mining algorithm, and the reporting odds ratio (ROR) were used for
      quantitative signal detection, and assessed by the case/non-case method. Safety
      signals are considered significant if the ROR estimates and lower bound of the
      95% confidence interval (CI) exceed 1. A total of 2021 reports were included in
      this study. Among the nine drugs examined, significant signals were found, based
      on the 95%CI for salbutamol (ROR: 9.94, 95%CI: 3.09-31.93) and mirabegron (ROR:
      7.52, 95%CI: 4.89-11.55). The results of this study indicate that some selective
      beta-adrenergic drugs are associated with blood pressure elevation. Considering
      the frequency of their indications, attention should be paid to their use in
      elderly patients to avoid adverse events.

PMID- 27374970
TI  - The alveolar to arterial oxygen partial pressure difference is associated with
      pulmonary diffusing capacity in heart failure patients.
AB  - In chronic heart failure (HF), the alveolar-capillary membrane undergoes a
      remodeling process that negatively affects gas exchange. In case of alveolar
      capillary gas diffusion impairment, arterial desaturation (SaO2) is rarely
      observed in HF patients. At play are 3 factors: overall pulmonary diffusing
      capacity (assessed as lung diffusion for CO, DLCO), global O2 consumption (VO2)
      and alveolar (A) to arterial (a) pO2 gradient (AaDO2). In 100 consecutive stable
      HF patients, DLCO, resting respiratory gases and arterial blood gases were
      measured to determine VO2, paO2, pAO2 and AaDO2. DLCO was poorly but
      significantly related to AaDO2. The correlation improved after correcting AaDO2
      for VO2 (p<0.001, r=0.49). Both VO2 and AaDO2 were independently associated with
      DLCO (p<0.001). Patients with reduced DLCO showed no differences as regards paO2
      and pAO2. AaDO2/VO2 showed a higher gradient in patients with lower DLCO. AaDO2
      increase and VO2 reduction allow preventing low SaO2 in HF patients with reduced
      DLCO. Accordingly, we suggest considering AaDO2 and VO2 combined and reporting
      AaDO2/VO2.

PMID- 27374971
TI  - Deubiquitylating enzyme, USP9X, regulates proliferation of cells of head and neck
      cancer lines.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Truncating mutations in USP9X have been identified in oral squamous
      cell carcinoma patients. The aim of this study was to determine USP9X's
      functional role, if any, in head and neck cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      USP9X was depleted/overexpressed in head and neck cancer cell line: SCC15
      (tongue), CAL27 (tongue), FaDu (pharynx) and Detroit 562 (pharynx). Cell
      proliferation was monitored using the CyQUANT assay, and cell cycle distribution
      was determined by flow cytometry. Immunoblot assays were conducted to assess
      protein levels. RT-qPCR was performed to determine Notch and Wnt pathway target
      gene expression. RESULTS: Our data showed a direct correlation between USP9X
      protein levels and proliferation, as well as Notch pathway activity in head and
      neck cancer cells. However, at least in FaDu, USP9X did not appear to regulate
      proliferation through the Notch pathway. Immunoblotting revealed a dramatic
      reduction in downstream targets of mTOR complex 1, namely total ribosomal protein
      (S6) and its phosphorylated form (pS6), when USP9X was depleted in FaDu cells. In
      contrast, in immortalized but non-tumorigenic HaCaT keratinocytes, USP9X
      depletion led to increase in cell proliferation, maintaining direct regulation of
      Notch activity. CONCLUSIONS: The functional role of USP9X was found to be context
      dependent. USP9X possibly promotes head and neck cancer cell proliferation
      through the mTOR pathway.

PMID- 27374972
TI  - A Porous Perchlorate-Doped Polypyrrole Nanocoating on Nickel Nanotube Arrays for
      Stable Wide-Potential-Window Supercapacitors.
AB  - A bottom-up synthetic strategy is developed to fabricate a highly porous wave
      superposed perchlorate-doped polypyrrole nanocoating on nickel nanotube arrays.
      The delicate nanostructure and the unique surface chemistry synergistically endow
      the obtained electrode with revealable pseudocapacitance, large operating
      potential window, and excellent cycling stability, which are highly promising for
      both asymmetric and symmetric supercapacitors. 

PMID- 27374973
TI  - Dimethyl celecoxib sensitizes gastric cancer cells to ABT-737 via AIF nuclear
      translocation.
AB  - Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world. The clinical
      applications of both chemotherapy and targeted drugs are limited because of the
      complexity of gastric cancer. In this study, sulforhodamine B, colony formation
      assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain, flow cytometry were used to
      determine the in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane
      potential of gastric cancer AGS and HGC-27 cells before and after treatment. Real
      time PCR and Western blot were used to analyse the mRNA transcription and protein
      expression respectively. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the
      localization of target protein within the cells. Treatment with the combination
      of ABT-737 and 2,5-dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC) showed strong synergistic effect in
      both AGS and HGC-27 cells. Moreover, DMC would not influence the intracellular
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level, thus lacking the toxicity profile of celecoxib.
      Interestingly, given the significant synergistic effect, combination treatment
      did not affect the protein expression of BH-3 proteins including Puma, Noxa and
      Bim. In combination treatment, cell apoptosis was found independent of caspase-3
      activation. The translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from
      mitochondrion to nuclear was responsible for the induced apoptosis in the
      combination treatment. Taken together, this study provided a novel combination
      treatment regimen for gastric cancer. Furthermore, the existence of caspase
      independent apoptotic pathway induced by treatment of ABT-737 was not yet seen
      until combined with DMC, which shed light on an alternative mechanism involved in
      Bcl-2 inhibitor-induced apoptosis.

PMID- 27374974
TI  - Determination of nicotine in tobacco products based on mussel-inspired reduced
      graphene oxide-supported gold nanoparticles.
AB  - Polydopamine functionalized reduced graphene oxide-gold nanoparticle (PDA-RGO/Au)
      nanocomposites were successfully prepared by a simple and mild procedure. The PDA
      RGO/Au nanocomposite is successfully formed in an aqueous buffer solution (pH
      8.5) without using any reducing agent. FTIR confirmed the successful coating of
      PDA and informed the reduction of the surface functional groups of GO. The
      formation of reduced GO and Au NPs was further evidenced by UV-Vis and X-ray
      diffraction spectroscopy. This method is environmentally friendly and highly
      beneficial for the mass production of graphene-noble metal based nanocomposite.
      The as prepared PDA-RGO/Au nanocomposite could greatly enhance the
      electrochemical oxidation of nicotine. We fabricated an electrochemical nicotine
      sensor based on the prepared PDA-RGO/Au nanocomposite. The proposed nicotine
      sensor showed a wide detection range from 0.05 to 500 MUM with a low detection
      limit of 0.015 MUM. Moreover, the proposed nicotine sensor was also successfully
      applied for determination nicotine content in tobacco products.

PMID- 27374975
TI  - Andean microrefugia: testing the Holocene to predict the Anthropocene.
AB  - Microrefugia are important for supporting populations during periods of
      unfavourable climate change and in facilitating rapid migration as conditions
      ameliorate. With ongoing anthropogenic climate change, microrefugia could have an
      important conservation value; however, a simple tool has not been developed and
      tested to predict which settings are microrefugial. We provide a tool based on
      terrain ruggedness modelling of individual catchments to predict Andean
      microrefugia. We tested the predictions using nine Holocene Polylepis pollen
      records. We used the mid-Holocene dry event, a period of peak aridity for the
      last 100 000 yr, as an analogue climate scenario for the near future. The results
      suggest that sites with high terrain rugosity have the greatest chance of
      sustaining mesic conditions under drier-than-modern climates. Fire is a feature
      of all catchments; however, an increase in fire is only recorded in settings with
      low rugosity. Owing to rising temperatures and greater precipitation variability,
      Andean ecosystems are threatened by increasing moisture stress. Our results
      suggest that high terrain rugosity helps to create more resilient catchments by
      trapping moisture through orographic rainfall and providing firebreaks that
      shelter forest from fire. On this basis, conservation policy should target
      protection and management of catchments with high terrain rugosity. 

PMID- 27374976
TI  - Quality improvement and geographical indication of cachaca (Brazilian spirit) by
      using locally selected yeast strains.
AB  - AIMS: In order to improve the quality and to create a biological basis for
      obtainment of the protected denomination of origin (PDO), indigenous yeast were
      isolated and characterized for use in Salinas city (the Brazilian region of
      quality cachaca production). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven thousand and two hundred
      yeast colonies from 15 Salinas city distilleries were screened based on their
      fermentative behaviour and the physicochemical composition of cachaca. Molecular
      polymorphic analyses were performed to characterize these isolates. RESULTS: Two
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (nos. 678 and 680) showed appropriate
      characteristics to use in the cachaca production: low levels of acetaldehyde and
      methanol, and high ethyl lactate/ethyl acetate ratio respectively. They also
      presented polymorphic characteristics more closely related between themselves
      even when compared to other strains from Salinas. CONCLUSIONS: The application of
      selected yeast to cachaca production can contribute for the improvement of the
      quality product as well as be used as a natural marker for PDO. SIGNIFICANCE AND
      IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study suggests that the use of selected yeast strains
      could contribute to obtain a cachaca similar to those produced traditionally,
      while getting wide acceptation in the market, yet presenting more homogeneous
      organoleptic characteristics, and thus contributing to the PDO implementation.

PMID- 27374977
TI  - Recurrent episodes of isolated hemidystonia in a young adult: Dissection
      associated stenosis in the middle cerebral artery.

PMID- 27374978
TI  - MAPT haplotype diversity in multiple system atrophy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare progressive
      neurodegenerative disorder. MSA was originally considered exclusively sporadic
      but reports of association with genes such as SNCA, COQ2 and LRRK2 have
      demonstrated that there is a genetic contribution to the disease. MAPT has been
      associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and we previously reported a
      protective association of the MAPT H2 haplotype with MSA in 61 pathologically
      confirmed cases. METHODS: In the present study, we assessed the full MAPT
      haplotype diversity in MSA patients using six MAPT tagging SNPs. We genotyped a
      total of 127 pathologically confirmed MSA cases, 86 patients with clinically
      diagnosed MSA and 1312 controls. RESULTS: We identified four significant
      association signals in our pathologically confirmed cases, two from the
      protective haplotypes H2 (MSA:16.2%, CONTROLS: 22.7%, p = 0.024) and H1E
      (MSA:3.0%, CONTROLS: 9.0%, p = 0.014), and two from the rare risk haplotypes H1x
      (MSA:3.7%, CONTROLS: 1.3%, p = 0.030) and H1J (MSA:3.0%, CONTROLS: 0.9%, p =
      0.021). We evaluated the association of MSA subtypes with the common protective
      H2 haplotype and found a significant difference with controls for MSA patients
      with some degree of MSA-C (MSA-C or MSA-mixed), for whom H2 occurred in only 8.6%
      of patients in our pathologically confirmed series (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings provide further evidence that MAPT variation is associated with risk of
      MSA. Interestingly, our results suggest a greater effect size in the MSA-C
      compared to MSA-P for H2. Additional genetic studies in larger pathologically
      confirmed MSA series and meta-analytic studies will be needed to fully assess the
      role of MAPT and other genes in MSA.

PMID- 27374979
TI  - EVALUATION OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING GUIDELINES FOR DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN
      THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISK EXTRUSIONS AND INTERVERTEBRAL DISK PROTRUSIONS
      IN DOGS.
AB  - Four MRI variables have recently been suggested to be independently associated
      with a diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion or protrusion.
      Midline intervertebral disk herniation, and partial intervertebral disk
      degeneration were associated with intervertebral disk protrusion, while presence
      of a single intervertebral disk herniation and disk material dispersed beyond the
      boundaries of the intervertebral disk space were associated with intervertebral
      disk extrusion. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to
      determine whether using these MRI variables improves differentiation between
      thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusions and protrusions. Eighty large breed
      dogs with surgically confirmed thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusions or
      protrusions were included. Randomized MRI studies were presented on two occasions
      to six blinded observers, which were divided into three experience categories.
      During the first assessment, observers made a presumptive diagnosis of
      thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion or protrusion without guidelines.
      During the second assessment they were asked to make a presumptive diagnosis with
      the aid of guidelines. Agreement was evaluated by Kappa-statistics. Diagnostic
      accuracy significantly improved from 70.8 to 79.6% and interobserver agreement
      for making a diagnosis of intervertebral disk extrusion or intervertebral disk
      protrusion improved from fair (kappa = 0.27) to moderate (kappa = 0.41) after
      using the proposed guidelines. Diagnostic accuracy was significantly influenced
      by degree of observer experience. Intraobserver agreement for the assessed
      variables ranged from fair to excellent and interobserver agreement ranged from
      fair to moderate. The results of this study suggest that the proposed imaging
      guidelines can aid in differentiating thoracolumbar intervertebral disk
      extrusions from protrusions. 

PMID- 27374980
TI  - USP7/HAUSP: A SUMO deubiquitinase at the heart of DNA replication.
AB  - DNA replication is both highly conserved and controlled. Problematic DNA
      replication can lead to genomic instability and therefore carcinogenesis.
      Numerous mechanisms work together to achieve this tight control and increasing
      evidence suggests that post-translational modifications (phosphorylation,
      ubiquitination, SUMOylation) of DNA replication proteins play a pivotal role in
      this process. Here we discuss such modifications in the light of a recent article
      that describes a novel role for the deubiquitinase (DUB) USP7/HAUSP in the
      control of DNA replication. USP7 achieves this function by an unusual and novel
      mechanism, namely deubiquitination of SUMOylated proteins at the replication
      fork, making USP7 also a SUMO DUB (SDUB). This work extends previous observations
      of increased levels of SUMO and low levels of ubiquitin at the on-going
      replication fork. Here, we discuss this novel study, its contribution to the DNA
      replication and genomic stability field and what questions arise from this work.

PMID- 27374981
TI  - Characterization of a venom gland-associated rhabdovirus in the parasitoid wasp
      Diachasmimorpha longicaudata.
AB  - Parasitoid wasps reproduce by laying their eggs on or inside of a host insect,
      which triggers a defense response in the host insect that kills the developing
      wasp. To counteract the host's lethal response, some parasitoid wasps are
      associated with symbiotic viruses that alter host metabolism and development to
      promote successful development of the wasp embryo. These symbiotic viruses
      display a number of characteristics that differ from those of pathogenic viruses,
      but are poorly understood with the exception of one group, the polydnaviruses.
      Here, we characterize the genome of a non-polydnavirus associated with parasitoid
      wasps, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata rhabdovirus (DlRhV), and assess its role as a
      potential mutualistic virus. Our results show that the DlRhV genome contains six
      open reading frames (ORFs). Three ORFs show sequence homology to known viral
      genes and one ORF encodes a previously identified protein, called parasitism
      specific protein 24 (PSP24), that has been hypothesized to play a role in
      promoting successful parasitism by D. longicaudata. We constructed a phylogeny
      that shows that DlRhV is most closely related to other insect-infecting
      rhabdoviruses. Finally, we report that DlRhV infection does not occur in all
      populations of D. longicaudata, and is not required for successful parasitism.

PMID- 27374982
TI  - Role of adipokinetic hormone and adenosine in the anti-stress response in
      Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - The role of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and adenosine in the anti-stress response
      was studied in Drosophila melanogaster larvae and adults carrying a mutation in
      the Akh gene (Akh(1)), the adenosine receptor gene (AdoR(1)), or in both of these
      genes (Akh(1) AdoR(1) double mutant). Stress was induced by starvation or by the
      addition of an oxidative stressor paraquat (PQ) to food. Mortality tests revealed
      that the Akh(1) mutant was the most resistant to starvation, while the AdoR(1)
      mutant was the most sensitive. Conversely, the Akh(1) AdoR(1) double mutant was
      more sensitive to PQ toxicity than either of the single mutants. Administration
      of PQ significantly increased the Drome-AKH level in w(1118) and AdoR(1) larvae;
      however, this was not accompanied by a simultaneous increase in Akh gene
      expression. In contrast, PQ significantly increased the expression of the
      glutathione S-transferase D1 (GstD1) gene. The presence of both a functional
      adenosine receptor and AKH seem to be important for the proper control of GstD1
      gene expression under oxidative stress, however, the latter appears to play more
      dominant role. On the other hand, differences in glutathione S-transferase (GST)
      activity among the strains, and between untreated and PQ-treated groups were
      minimal. In addition, the glutathione level was significantly lower in all
      untreated AKH- or AdoR-deficient mutant flies as compared with the untreated
      control w(1118) flies and further declined following treatment with PQ. All
      oxidative stress characteristics modified by mutations in Akh gene were restored
      or even improved by 'rescue' mutation in flies which ectopically express Akh.
      Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate the important roles of AKH and
      adenosine in the anti-stress response elicited by PQ in a D. melanogaster model,
      and provide the first evidence for the involvement of adenosine in the anti
      oxidative stress response in insects.

PMID- 27374983
TI  - Lysine acetylation stabilizes SP2 protein in the silkworm Bombyx mori.
AB  - Lysine acetylation (Kac) is a vital post-translational modification that plays an
      important role in many cellular processes in organisms. In the present study, the
      nutrient storage proteins in hemolymph were first found to be highly acetylated
      particularly SP2 protein, which contains 20 potential Kac sites. Further results
      confirmed that lysine acetylation could stabilize and up-regulate the protein
      level of anti-apoptosis protein SP2, thereby improving the survival of H2O2
      treated BmN cells and suppressing the apoptosis induced by H2O2. The potential
      mechanism involved in the inhibition of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal
      degradation by crosstalk between lysine acetylation and ubiquitination. Our
      results showed that the increase in the acetylation level by TSA could decrease
      the ubiquitination and improve the protein level of SP2, indicating that lysine
      acetylation could influence the SP2 protein level through competition between
      ubiquitination and the suppression of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation,
      thereby stabilizing the protein. SP2 is a major nutrient storage protein from
      hemolymph for amino acid storage and utilization. The crosstalk between lysine
      acetylation and ubiquitination of SP2 might imply an important role of lysine
      acetylation for nutrient storage and utilization in silkworm.

PMID- 27374984
TI  - A new technique for MR elastography of the supraspinatus muscle: A gradient-echo
      type multi-echo sequence.
AB  - Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) can measure tissue stiffness quantitatively
      and noninvasively. Supraspinatus muscle injury is a significant problem among
      throwing athletes. The purpose of this study was to develop an MRE technique for
      application to the supraspinatus muscle by using a conventional magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). MRE acquisitions were performed with a gradient-echo
      type multi-echo MR sequence at 100Hz pneumatic vibration. A custom-designed
      vibration pad was used as a pneumatic transducer in order to adapt to individual
      shoulder shapes. In a gradient-echo type multi-echo MR sequence, without motion
      encoding gradient (MEG) that synchronizes with vibrations, bipolar readout
      gradient lobes achieved a similar function to MEG (MEG-like effect). In other
      words, a dedicated MRE sequence (built-in MEG) is not always necessary for MRE.
      In this study, 7 healthy volunteers underwent MRE. We investigated the effects of
      direction of the MEG-like effect and selected imaging planes on the patterns of
      wave propagation (wave image). The results indicated that wave images showed
      clear wave propagation on a condition that the direction of the MEG-like effect
      was nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the supraspinatus muscle, and that
      the imaging plane was superior to the proximal supraspinatus muscle. This limited
      condition might be ascribed to specific features of fibers in the supraspinatus
      muscle and wave reflection from the boundaries of the supraspinous fossa. The
      mean stiffness of the supraspinatus muscle was 10.6+/-3.17kPa. Our results
      demonstrated that using MRE, our method can be applied to the supraspinatus
      muscle by using conventional MRI.

PMID- 27374985
TI  - Alteration of protein prenylation promotes spermatogonial differentiation and
      exhausts spermatogonial stem cells in newborn mice.
AB  - Spermatogenesis in adulthood depends on the successful neonatal establishment of
      the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) pool and gradual differentiation during
      puberty. The stage-dependent changes in protein prenylation in the seminiferous
      epithelium might be important during the first round of spermatogenesis before
      sexual maturation, but the mechanisms are unclear. We have previous found that
      altered prenylation in Sertoli cells induced spermatogonial apoptosis in the
      neonatal testis, resulting in adult infertility. Now we further explored the role
      of protein prenylation in germ cells, using a conditional deletion of
      geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (Ggpps) in embryonic stage and postmeiotic
      stage respectively. We observed infertility of Ggpps(-/-) Ddx4-Cre mice that
      displayed a Sertoli-cell-only syndrome phenotype, which resulted from abnormal
      spermatogonial differentiation and SSC depletion during the prepubertal stage.
      Analysis of morphological characteristics and cell-specific markers revealed that
      spermatogonial differentiation was enhanced from as early as the 7(th) postnatal
      day in the first round of spermatogenesis. Studies of the molecular mechanisms
      indicated that Ggpps deletion enhanced Rheb farnesylation, which subsequently
      activated mTORC1 and facilitated spermatogonial differentiation. In conclusion,
      the prenylation balance in germ cells is crucial for spermatogonial
      differentiation fate decision during the prepubertal stage, and the disruption of
      this process results in primary infertility.

PMID- 27374987
TI  - Natural history, risk factors and clinical features of primary hypogonadism in
      ageing men: Longitudinal Data from the European Male Ageing Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In ageing men, the incidence and clinical significance of testosterone
      (T) decline accompanied by elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) are unclear. We
      describe the natural history, risk factors and clinical features associated with
      the development of biochemical primary hypogonadism (PHG, T < 10.5 nmol/l and
      LH>9.4U/l) in ageing men. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: A prospective
      observational cohort survey of 3,369 community-dwelling men aged 40-79 years,
      followed up for 4.3 years. Men were classified as incident (i) PHG (eugonadal
      [EUG, T >= 10.5 nmol/l] at baseline, PHG at follow-up), persistent (p) PHG (PHG
      at baseline and follow-up), pEUG (EUG at baseline and follow-up) and reversed (r)
      PHG (PHG at baseline, EUG at follow-up). Predictors and changes in clinical
      features associated with the development of PHG were analysed by regression
      models. RESULTS: Of 1,991 men comprising the analytical sample, 97.5% had pEUG,
      1.1% iPHG, 1.1% pPHG and 0.3% rPHG. The incidence of PHG was 0.2%/year. Higher
      age (>70 years) [OR 12.48 (1.27-122.13), P = 0.030] and chronic illnesses [OR
      4.24 (1.08-16.56); P = 0.038] predicted iPHG. Upon transition from EUG to PHG,
      erectile function, physical vigour and haemoglobin worsened significantly. Men
      with pPHG had decreased morning erections, sexual thoughts and haemoglobin with
      increased insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Primary testicular failure in men is
      uncommon and predicted by old age and chronic illness. Some clinical features
      attributable to androgen deficiency, but not others, accompanied the T decline in
      men who developed biochemical PHG. Whether androgen replacement can improve
      sexual and/or physical function in elderly men with PHG merits further study.

PMID- 27374988
TI  - Nursing staff stress from challenging behaviour of residents with dementia: a
      concept analysis.
AB  - AIM: Provide insight into the concept of stress in the context of challenging
      behaviour of nursing home residents with dementia and its causes and
      consequences. BACKGROUND: Challenging behaviour is frequent in residents with
      dementia, but consequences for nursing staff are unclear. INTRODUCTION:
      Challenging behaviour of residents can be enervating for nurses and may lead to
      stress. Although stress in general is associated with negative outcomes, an
      overview of stress in this context would be a welcome addition to the field.
      METHOD: Concept analysis according to Walker and Avant. RESULTS: Identified
      antecedents of stress: physical and verbal aggression, conflicts, excessive
      demands and being unresponsive (residents), age, experience, tenure, nursing
      level and training (nursing staff). Defining attributes: disturbed homoeostasis
      and the personal appraisal of the situation. Identified consequences regard
      health, psychological aspects and behaviour. DISCUSSION: Intervening in the
      identified factors may contribute to prevention of stress in nursing staff.
      LIMITATIONS: Given a lack of strong empirical studies, our analysis is not based
      on a high level of evidence and needs to be tested. Papers from before 1990 might
      have been missed. CONCLUSION: The concept analysis revealed that nursing staff
      stress in the context of challenging behaviour may result from resident and
      nursing staff factors. Besides health and psychological consequences, behavioural
      consequences can enormously impact the well-being of residents. IMPLICATIONS:
      Application in daily care to support teams in influencing resident and nursing
      staff factors could prevent stress, for instance using behavioural management
      training or recruiting higher educated nursing staff. Given the increasing
      complexity of care, creating specialized units with specifically trained staff
      for different groups of people with dementia may be desirable.

PMID- 27374986
TI  - WONOEP appraisal: Molecular and cellular biomarkers for epilepsy.
AB  - Peripheral biomarkers have myriad potential uses for treatment, prediction,
      prognostication, and pharmacovigilance in epilepsy. To date, no single peripheral
      biomarker has demonstrated proven effectiveness, although multiple candidates are
      in development. In this review, we discuss the major areas of focus including
      inflammation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, redox alterations, metabolism,
      hormones and growth factors.

PMID- 27374989
TI  - Diverse cap-binding properties of Drosophila eIF4E isoforms.
AB  - The majority of eukaryotic mRNAs are translated in a cap-dependent manner, which
      requires recognition of the mRNA 5' cap by eIF4E protein. Multiple eIF4E family
      members have been identified in most eukaryotic organisms. Drosophila
      melanogaster (Dm) has eight eIF4E related proteins; seven of them belong to Class
      I and one to Class II. Their biological roles with the exception of Dm eIF4E-1,
      Dm eIF4E-3 and Dm 4EHP, remain unknown. Here, we compare the molecular basis of
      Dm eIF4E's interactions with cap and eIF4G peptide by using homology modelling
      and fluorescence binding assays with various cap analogues. We found that despite
      the presence of conserved key residues responsible for cap recognition, the
      differences in binding different cap analogues among Class I Dm eIF4E isoforms
      are up to 14-fold. The highest affinity for cap analogues was observed for Dm
      eIF4E-3. We suggest that Dm eIF4E-3 and Dm eIF4E-5 bind the second nucleoside of
      the cap in an unusual manner via stacking interactions with a histidine or a
      phenylalanine residue, respectively. Moreover, the analysis of ternary complexes
      of eIF4G peptide-eIF4E-cap analogue showed cooperativity between eIF4G and cap
      binding only for Dm eIF4E-4, which exhibits the lowest affinity for cap analogues
      among all Dm eIF4Es.

PMID- 27374991
TI  - Mechanism of sodium chloride in promoting reduction of high-magnesium low-nickel
      oxide ore.
AB  - Sodium chloride has been proved that it is an effective promoter for the
      reduction of high-magnesium, low-nickel oxide ore. The aim of current work is to
      clarify the promotion behavior of sodium chloride in the roasting reduction
      process. The influence of moisture on the reduction of ore in the presence of
      sodium chloride is studied to get clear comprehension of promotion process. In
      the presence of moisture, the HCl is produced by pyrohydrolysis of sodium
      chloride for chlorinating nickel and iron oxides, moreover, interactions between
      metallic oxides and sodium chloride are also a way for chlorination at high
      temperature (>802  degrees C); subsequently, the metal chloride would be reduced
      by reductant. In the absence of moisture, the magnetic separation results show
      that the recoveries of iron and nickel have a significant increase; moreover,
      olivine structure would be destroyed gradually with the increase of roasting
      temperature in the action of sodium chloride, and the sodium chloride existed in
      high-magnesium, low-nickel oxide ore could make the NiO isolate from NiO-bearing
      minerals. The NiO reacts with Fe2O3 at high temperature to form NiFe2O4, which is
      conductive to the formation of Ni-Fe alloy during the reduction process.

PMID- 27374992
TI  - Muscle power is an important measure to detect deficits in muscle function in hip
      osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate between-leg differences in hip and thigh muscle strength
      and leg extensor power in patients with unilateral hip osteoarthritis. Further,
      to compare between-leg differences in knee extensor strength and leg extensor
      power between patients and healthy peers. METHODS: Seventy-two patients (60-87
      years) with radiographic and symptomatic hip osteoarthritis not awaiting hip
      replacement and 35 healthy peers (63-82 years) were included. Hip and thigh
      muscle strength and leg extensor power were measured in patients and knee
      extensor strength and leg extensor power in healthy. RESULTS: The symptomatic
      extremity in patients was significantly (p < 0.05, paired t-test) weaker compared
      with the non-symptomatic extremity for five hip muscles (8-17%), knee extensors
      (11%) and leg extensor power (19%). Healthy older adults had asymmetry in knee
      extensor strength (6%, p < 0.05) comparable to that found in patients, but had no
      asymmetry in leg extensor power. CONCLUSIONS: Patients had generalized weakening
      of the affected lower extremity and numerically the largest asymmetry was evident
      for leg extensor power. In contrast, healthy peers had no asymmetry in leg
      extensor power. These results indicate that exercise interventions focusing on
      improving leg extensor power of the symptomatic lower extremity and reducing
      asymmetry may be beneficial for patients with hip osteoarthritis. Implications
      for Rehabilitation Even in patients with mild symptoms not awaiting hip
      replacement a generalized muscle weakening of the symptomatic lower extremity
      seems to be present. Between-leg differences in leg extensor power (force *
      velocity) appears to be relatively large (19%) in patients with unilateral hip
      osteoarthritis in contrast to healthy peers who show no asymmetry. Compared to
      muscle strength the relationship between functional performance and leg extensor
      power seems to be stronger, and more strongly related to power of the symptomatic
      lower extremity. Our results indicate that exercise interventions focusing on
      improving leg extensor power of the symptomatic lower extremity and reducing
      asymmetry may be beneficial for patients with mild symptoms not awaiting hip
      replacement.

PMID- 27374990
TI  - NAD(+) metabolism: Bioenergetics, signaling and manipulation for therapy.
AB  - We survey the historical development of scientific knowledge surrounding Vitamin
      B3, and describe the active metabolite forms of Vitamin B3, the pyridine
      dinucleotides NAD+ and NADP+ which are essential to cellular processes of energy
      metabolism, cell protection and biosynthesis. The study of NAD+ has become
      reinvigorated by new understandings that dynamics within NAD+ metabolism trigger
      major signaling processes coupled to effectors (sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38) that
      reprogram cellular metabolism using NAD+ as an effector substrate. Cellular
      adaptations include stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, a process
      fundamental to adjusting cellular and tissue physiology to reduced nutrient
      availability and/or increased energy demand. Several mammalian metabolic pathways
      converge to NAD+, including tryptophan-derived de novo pathways, nicotinamide
      salvage pathways, nicotinic acid salvage and nucleoside salvage pathways
      incorporating nicotinamide riboside and nicotinic acid riboside. Key discoveries
      highlight a therapeutic potential for targeting NAD+ biosynthetic pathways for
      treatment of human diseases. A recent emergence of understanding that NAD+
      homeostasis is vulnerable to aging and disease processes has stimulated testing
      to determine if replenishment or augmentation of cellular or tissue NAD+ can have
      ameliorative effects on aging or disease phenotypes. This experimental approach
      has provided several proofs of concept successes demonstrating that replenishment
      or augmentation of NAD+ concentrations can provide ameliorative or curative
      benefits. Thus NAD+ metabolic pathways can provide key biomarkers and parameters
      for assessing and modulating organism health.

PMID- 27374993
TI  - Dissecting Bottromycin Biosynthesis Using Comparative Untargeted Metabolomics.
AB  - Bottromycin A2 is a structurally unique ribosomally synthesized and post
      translationally modified peptide (RiPP) that possesses potent antibacterial
      activity towards multidrug-resistant bacteria. The structural novelty of
      bottromycin stems from its unprecedented macrocyclic amidine and rare beta
      methylated amino acid residues. The N-terminus of a precursor peptide (BtmD) is
      converted into bottromycin A2 by tailoring enzymes encoded in the btm gene
      cluster. However, little was known about key transformations in this pathway,
      including the unprecedented macrocyclization. To understand the pathway in
      detail, an untargeted metabolomic approach that harnesses mass spectral
      networking was used to assess the metabolomes of a series of pathway mutants.
      This analysis has yielded key information on the function of a variety of
      previously uncharacterized biosynthetic enzymes, including a YcaO domain protein
      and a partner protein that together catalyze the macrocyclization.

PMID- 27374994
TI  - Development of Collateral Pathways in Tumor Obstruction of Confluence of the
      Hepatic Veins: Neither Fortuitous nor Innocuous.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Except in Budd-Chiari syndrome, alternative drainage pathways have
      been described rarely. The aim was to describe the alternative collaterals
      pathways due to tumor hepatic vein (HV) confluence obstruction and its impact in
      the setting of liver resection. STUDY DESIGN: Between 2006 and 2014, preoperative
      CT scans of 41 patients resected for malignant tumor(s) compressing the HV
      confluence were assessed for the presence of accessory veins and collateral
      veins. A 2:1 matched control group was used for comparison of intraoperative
      outcomes. RESULTS: Intrahepatic collaterals were observed in 28 (68%) patients,
      mostly between segments 3/4b and 5/4b, and subcapsular collaterals were observed
      in 12 (29%) patients. Patients with isolated right HV obstruction and with an
      accessory right HV present had fewer collateral pathways develop than patients
      without (6 of 10 patients [60%] vs 18 of 19 [95%]; p = 0.036). Segment 1
      hypertrophy was present in only 6 (15%) patients. Compared with the control
      group, there was a significant increase in blood loss (900 mL [range 100 to 3,500
      mL] vs 500 mL [range 100 to 2,600 mL]; p < 0.001), transfusion requirements (71%
      vs 15%; p < 0.001), and vascular clamping (hepatic pedicle: 85% vs 72%; p <
      0.001, inferior vena cava: 41% vs 11%; p < 0.001) in case of HV obstruction.
      CONCLUSIONS: Development of collateral pathways is not fortuitous and depends on
      the number of HVs involved and pre-existing accessory veins. The increased blood
      loss observed in patients with collaterals leads to consider specific vascular
      clamping.

PMID- 27374995
TI  - Women in Surgery: A History of Adversity, Resilience, and Accomplishment.

PMID- 27374996
TI  - The effectiveness of neurofeedback on cognitive functioning in patients with
      Alzheimer's disease: Preliminary results.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. In
      quantified EEG (qEEG), the AD patients have a greater amount of theta activity
      compared with normal elderly individuals. Little is known about the effect of
      neurofeedback in patients with dementia. The objective of this study was to
      examine whether neurofeedback has a positive effect on cognitive performance in
      patients with AD. METHODS: Ten patients with qEEG meeting criteria for AD
      received neurofeedback training. Participants were aged between 61 and 90 years.
      All patients underwent the CAMCOG test designed to assess cognitive functioning
      pre- and post-treatment. RESULTS: The individual results, analyzed with a
      reliable change index (RCI), showed that patients who received neurofeedback
      treatment had stable cognitive functions. These patients showed improvement in
      memory after neurofeedback and other cognitive functions were stable. In
      addition, an improvement was observed in recall of information and recognition.
      CONCLUSION: Patients with AD who received neurofeedback treatment had stable or
      improved cognitive performance. Future research should focus on the design of
      high quality randomized controlled trials to assess whether neurofeedback has a
      place in the treatment of AD.

PMID- 27374997
TI  - Comparative Study of Carbon Materials Synthesized "Greenly" for 2-CP Removal.
AB  - Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GA) and carbon nanospheres (CNSs) were
      prepared respectively using grass (Festucaarundinace) as the sole carbon resource
      by solvothermal method and characterized as adsorbent and photocatalyst for 2
      chlorophenol (2-CP) removal in water. With H2O2/HNO3/H2SO4, the CNTs were firstly
      produced from grass (Festucaarundinace) at 300  degrees C by hydrolysis and
      oxidization, the CNTs were secondly opened to form the GA by oxidization at 400 
      degrees C, and the GA was lastly rolled-up to form the CNSs by oxidization at 500
      degrees C. All adsorption equilibration of the CNTs, GA, and CNSs for 2-CP were
      achieved within 120 min, and 60.35%, 20.12%, and 76.22% of 2-CP (5 mg L(-1), pH =
      6.3) were adsorbed, respectively. Furthermore, the high removal rates of 2-CP
      were about 88.23%, 92.90%, and 79.64% by the CNTs, GA, and CNSs, after 120 min
      adsorption and 160 min irradiation. On the basis of these results, the CNSs were
      suitable for removal 2-CP as adsorbent, and the GA was suitable as photocatalyst.
      The photooxidation of 2-CP was mainly initiated by O2(.-) or .OH which was
      generated from the combine with simulated sunlight and the CNTs or GA,
      respectively. However, the CNTs was not suitable for removal 2-CP owing to the
      increasing toxicity.

PMID- 27374998
TI  - Prioritizing interventions to manage polypharmacy in Australian aged care
      facilities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Polypharmacy is highly prevalent in residential aged care facilities
      (RACFs). Although polypharmacy is sometimes unavoidable, polypharmacy has been
      associated with increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To identify and
      prioritize a range of potential interventions to manage polypharmacy in RACFs
      from the perspectives of health care professionals, health policy and consumer
      representatives. METHODS: Two nominal group technique (NGT) sessions were
      convened in August 2015. A purposive sample (n = 19) of clinicians, researchers,
      managers and representatives of consumer, professional and health policy
      organizations were asked to nominate interventions to address the prevalence and
      appropriateness of medication use. Participants were then asked to prioritize
      five interventions suitable for possible implementation at the system level.
      RESULTS: Six of 16 potential interventions were prioritized highest for possible
      implementation in clinical practice, with two interventions prioritized as second
      highest. The top interventions in rank order were 'implementation of a pharmacist
      led medication reconciliation service for new residents,' 'conduct facility-level
      audits and feedback to staff and health care professionals,' 'develop
      deprescribing scripts to assist clinician-resident discussion,' 'develop or
      revise prescribing guidelines specific to older people with multimorbidity in
      RACFs,' 'implement electronic medication charts and records' and 'better support
      Medication Advisory Committees (MACs) to address medication appropriateness.'
      CONCLUSION: This study prioritized a range of potential interventions that may be
      used to assist clinicians and policy makers develop a comprehensive strategy to
      manage polypharmacy in RACFs.

PMID- 27375000
TI  - Variations in the recruitment of syntactic knowledge contribute to SES
      differences in syntactic development* - ERRATUM.

PMID- 27374999
TI  - Oligo(lactic acid)n-Paclitaxel Prodrugs for Poly(ethylene glycol)-block
      poly(lactic acid) Micelles: Loading, Release, and Backbiting Conversion for
      Anticancer Activity.
AB  - Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) micelles are
      nanocarriers for poorly water-soluble anticancer agents and have advanced
      paclitaxel (PTX) to humans due to drug solubilization, biocompatibility, and dose
      escalation. However, PEG-b-PLA micelles rapidly release PTX, resulting in
      widespread biodistribution and low tumor exposure. To improve delivery of PTX by
      PEG-b-PLA micelles, monodisperse oligo(l-lactic acid), o(LA)8 or o(LA)16, has
      been coupled onto PTX at the 7-OH position, forming ester prodrugs: o(LA)8-PTX
      and o(LA)16-PTX, respectively. As expected, o(LA)n-PTX was more compatible with
      PEG-b-PLA micelles than PTX, increasing drug loading from 11 to 54%. While in
      vitro release of PTX was rapid, resulting in precipitation, o(LA)n-PTX release
      was more gradual: t1/2 = 14 and 26 h for o(LA)8-PTX and o(LA)16-PTX,
      respectively. Notably, o(LA)8-PTX and o(LA)16-PTX in PEG-b-PLA micelles resisted
      backbiting chain end scission, based on reverse-phase HPLC analysis. By contrast,
      o(LA)8-PTX and o(LA)16-PTX degraded substantially in 1:1 acetonitrile:10 mM PBS,
      pH 7.4, at 37  degrees C, generating primarily o(LA)2-PTX. The IC50 value of
      o(LA)2-PTX was ~2.3 nM for A549 human lung cancer cells, equipotent with PTX in
      vitro. After weekly IV injections at 20 mg/kg as PEG-b-PLA micelles, o(LA)8-PTX
      induced tumor regression in A549 tumor-bearing mice, whereas PTX delayed tumor
      growth. Surprisingly, o(LA)8-PTX caused less toxicity than PTX in terms of change
      in body weight. In conclusion, o(LA)n acts as a novel promoiety, undergoing
      backbiting conversion without a reliance on metabolizing enzymes, and o(LA)n-PTX
      improves PTX delivery by PEG-b-PLA micelles, providing a strong justification for
      clinical evaluation.

PMID- 27375001
TI  - Management of the clinically N0 neck in squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary
      alveolus and hard palate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate active surveillance
      strategy in the clinically negative neck in maxillary squamous cell carcinoma
      (SCC). METHODS: One hundred fourteen consecutive patients diagnosed with oral
      maxillary SCC were analyzed retrospectively from 3 centers in The Netherlands.
      Analysis parameters included regional disease-free survival of N0 patients
      stratified for T classification, elective radiotherapy (RT) of the neck; and
      overall survival of the whole cohort, stratified by N classification; salvage
      neck surgery rates. RESULTS: Within the N0 cohort, 26.0% of the patients
      developed neck metastasis in the follow-up visits. Regional recurrence was not
      related to T classification or postoperative RT of the neck. Regional and
      locoregional recurrence were associated with diminished overall survival (p <
      .05). Regional metastasis was operable in 22 of 26 cases (85%). Only 1 patient
      presented with inoperable neck metastasis without local recurrence. CONCLUSION:
      Watchful waiting was feasible in this cohort. If meticulous follow-up is not
      available, elective neck dissection is recommended. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc. Head Neck 38: 1794-1798, 2016.

PMID- 27375002
TI  - Liver Progenitors Isolated from Adult Healthy Mouse Liver Efficiently
      Differentiate to Functional Hepatocytes In Vitro and Repopulate Liver Tissue.
AB  - It has been proposed that tissue stem cells supply multiple epithelial cells in
      mature tissues and organs. However, it is unclear whether tissue stem cells
      generally contribute to cellular turnover in normal healthy organs. Here, we show
      that liver progenitors distinct from bipotent liver stem/progenitor cells (LPCs)
      persistently exist in mouse livers and potentially contribute to tissue
      maintenance. We found that, in addition to LPCs isolated as EpCAM+ cells, liver
      progenitors were enriched in CD45- TER119- CD31- EpCAM- ICAM-1+ fraction isolated
      from late-fetal and postnatal livers. ICAM-1+ liver progenitors were abundant by
      4 weeks (4W) after birth. Although their number decreased with age, ICAM-1+ liver
      progenitors existed in livers beyond that stage. We established liver progenitor
      clones derived from ICAM-1+ cells between 1 and 20W and found that those clones
      efficiently differentiated into mature hepatocytes (MHs), which secreted albumin,
      eliminated ammonium ion, stored glycogen, and showed cytochrome P450 activity.
      Even after long-term culture, those clones kept potential to differentiate to
      MHs. When ICAM-1+ clones were transplanted into nude mice after retrorsine
      treatment and 70% partial hepatectomy, donor cells were incorporated into liver
      plates and expressed hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, CCAAT/enhancer binding
      protein alpha, and carbamoylphosphate synthetase I. Moreover, after short-term
      treatment with oncostatin M, ICAM-1+ clones could efficiently repopulate the
      recipient liver tissues. Our results indicate that liver progenitors that can
      efficiently differentiate to MHs exist in normal adult livers. Those liver
      progenitors could be an important source of new MHs for tissue maintenance and
      repair in vivo, and for regenerative medicine ex vivo. Stem Cells 2016;34:2889
      2901.

PMID- 27375003
TI  - Palladium-gold catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to C1-C5
      hydrocarbons.
AB  - Copper is a unique electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction, since it is one of the few
      catalysts able to produce methane, ethylene and ethane from CO2 with decent
      faradaic efficiencies. Here we report on the design and synthesis of a new non
      copper-containing catalyst able to reduce CO2 to C1 to C5 hydrocarbons. This
      catalyst was designed by combining a metal that binds CO strongly, Pd, with a
      metal that binds CO weakly, Au, in an attempt to tune the binding energy of CO.
      We show that a mixture of C1-C5 hydrocarbons and soluble products are produced
      from an onset potential of -0.8 VRHE. We propose that the higher hydrocarbons are
      formed via a polymerization of -CH2 groups adsorbed on the catalyst surface. 

PMID- 27375004
TI  - Fetal sex is associated with maternal stimulated cytokine production, but not
      serum cytokine levels, in human pregnancy.
AB  - Some studies suggest that fetal sex plays a role in maternal physiological
      processes during pregnancy including glycemic control, blood pressure, and
      cortisol regulation. However, data examining fetal sex-specific differences in
      maternal immune parameters is lacking. In the current study, serum levels of
      interleukin(IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-alpha as well as LPS
      stimulated production of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta by PBMCs incubated
      for 24h were assessed in early, mid, and late pregnancy among 80 women (46 with
      male and 34 with female fetuses). Linear mixed models showed that women carrying
      females versus males exhibited greater stimulated production of IL-6 at each
      timepoint (ps?0.03), TNF-alpha in early pregnancy (p=0.04), and IL-1beta in mid-
      and late pregnancy (ps?0.05). Despite changes in serum levels of IL-8 (p=0.002)
      and TNF-alpha (p<0.0001) across pregnancy, no differences in any serum cytokines
      were observed in relation to fetal sex (ps>0.85). In conclusion, in pregnant
      women, those carrying female versus male fetuses exhibited greater stimulated
      cytokine production across pregnancy. Differential inflammatory responses could
      affect maternal health and fetal development. Fetal sex should be considered as a
      factor in studies of maternal inflammation. These findings have relevance both
      clinically and conceptually. For example, maternal asthma is exacerbated among
      women carrying female versus male fetuses. In addition, data on associations
      between fetal sex and maternal immune function among women with health conditions
      (e.g., preeclampsia) and adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g., preterm birth) would
      be informative.

PMID- 27375005
TI  - The involvement of prostaglandin E2 in interleukin-1beta evoked anorexia is
      strain dependent.
AB  - From experiments in mice in which the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesizing enzyme
      mPGES-1 was genetically deleted, as well as from experiments in which PGE2 was
      injected directly into the brain, PGE2 has been implicated as a mediator of
      inflammatory induced anorexia. Here we aimed at examining which PGE2 receptor
      (EP1-4) that was critical for the anorexic response to peripherally injected
      interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). However, deletion of neither EP receptor in mice,
      either globally (for EP1, EP2, and EP3) or selectively in the nervous system
      (EP4), had any effect on the IL-1beta induced anorexia. Because these mice were
      all on a C57BL/6 background, whereas previous observations demonstrating a role
      for induced PGE2 in IL-1beta evoked anorexia had been carried out on mice on a
      DBA/1 background, we examined the anorexic response to IL-1beta in mice with
      deletion of mPGES-1 on a C57BL/6 background and a DBA/1 background, respectively.
      We confirmed previous findings that mPGES-1 knock-out mice on a DBA/1 background
      displayed attenuated anorexia to IL-1beta; however, mice on a C57BL/6 background
      showed the same profound anorexia as wild type mice when carrying deletion of
      mPGES-1, while displaying almost normal food intake after pretreatment with a
      cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. We conclude that the involvement of induced PGE2 in
      IL-1beta evoked anorexia is strain dependent and we suggest that different routes
      that probably involve distinct prostanoids exist by which inflammatory stimuli
      may evoke an anorexic response and that these routes may be of different
      importance in different strains of mice.

PMID- 27375006
TI  - Relation Between Erectile Dysfunction and Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Diabetic
      Patients: A Multidetector Computed Tomographic Coronary Angiographic Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Erectile dysfunction (ED) can precede coronary artery disease. In
      addition, silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is more common in diabetic patients
      and is a strong predictor of cardiac events and death. AIM: To evaluate the
      presence of SMI in patients with diabetes and ED using multidetector computed
      tomographic coronary angiography (MDCT-CA). METHODS: This study evaluated
      patients with diabetes and ED without any history of cardiac symptoms or signs.
      Erectile function was evaluated with the Sexual Health Inventory for Men score,
      erection hardness score (EHS), and maximal penile circumferential change by an
      erectometer. MDCT-CA was used for the detection of coronary artery stenosis. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Sexual Health Inventory for Men score, EHS, maximal penile
      circumferential change, and coronary artery stenosis by MDCT-CA. RESULTS: Of 20
      patients (mean age = 61.45 +/- 10.7 years), MDCT-CA showed coronary artery
      stenosis in 13 (65%) in the form of one-vessel disease (n = 6, 30%), two-vessel
      disease (n = 2, 10%), and three-vessel disease (n = 5, 25%). Fifty percent of
      patients showed at least 50% vessel lumen obstruction of the left anterior
      descending coronary artery, which was the most commonly affected vessel (55%).
      Fifteen percent (3 of 20) of patients had greater than 90% stenosis, and two of
      them underwent an immediate coronary angioplasty with stenting to prevent
      myocardial infarction. Maximum coronary artery stenosis was positively correlated
      with age (P = 0.016, r = 0.529) and negatively correlated with EHS (P = .046, r =
      -0.449). Multivariate regression analysis using age and EHS showed that age was
      the only independent predictor of SMI (P = .04). CONCLUSION: MDCT-CA can be a
      useful tool to identify SMI in diabetic patients with ED, especially in those of
      advanced age and/or with severe ED.

PMID- 27375007
TI  - Homozygosity for moyamoya disease risk allele leads to moyamoya disease with
      extracranial systemic and pulmonary vasculopathy.
AB  - Moyamoya disease is characterized by diffuse distal intracranial stenosis.
      Recently, RNF213 has been identified as a susceptibility gene in the development
      of this condition. Pulmonary hypertension is a rare progressive vasculopathy with
      an unknown etiology. The co-occurrence of pulmonary hypertension and Moyamoya
      disease has been described in four patients; however, whether this co-occurrence
      represents a chance association or a common vascular pathology has remained
      unknown. Here, we report two unrelated male patients who presented during their
      childhood with dyspnea on exertion. Systemic vascular imaging studies revealed
      the presence of pulmonary hypertension and Moyamoya disease in both patients.
      Medical exome sequencing revealed that both patients had a homozygous mutation
      for p.Arg4810Lys in RNF213. We suggest that homozygosity in RNF213 may lead to a
      novel entity involving the brain and lung. Interestingly, when present in a
      heterozygous state, this mutation causes a classic cerebral vascular disease,
      Moyamoya disease. In the homozygous state, the exact same mutation led to
      Moyamoya disease with extracranial systemic vasculopathy in at least two
      patients. From a clinical standpoint, cerebrovascular or pulmonary vascular
      investigations may be warranted in patients with pulmonary hypertension or
      Moyamoya disease, respectively. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27375008
TI  - Acute toxicity evaluation of a thiazolo arene ruthenium (II) complex in rats.
AB  - Recently, a series of thiazolo arene ruthenium complexes were found to be highly
      cytotoxic in vitro, on both cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant ovarian
      cancer cells. The most active compound of the series, [(eta(6)-p
      cymene)Ru(L)Cl]Cl (L = 1-(2-(2-(3-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinyl)-4-methylthiazol-5
      yl)ethanone), was selected for an in vivo study in order to assess its safety
      profile. The ruthenium complex was administered to female Crl:WI rats orally, by
      gastric intubation and intraperitoneal injection. The hematological parameters
      and the histopathological changes in liver, kidneys, spleen and brain were
      investigated after a 14-days treatment. The substance was very well tolerated
      orally, with a LD50 value of over 2000 mg/kg body weight. Symptoms were observed
      only in the first day after intraperitoneal administration of the highest dose,
      with a LD50 value between 300 and 2000 mg/kg bw. The hematological profile was
      not modified at any of the tested doses, after both oral and intraperitoneal
      acute administration. Structural modifications (moderate lymphocytolysis) were
      identified only in the spleen at the highest tested dose. In conclusion, the
      thiazolo arene ruthenium complex was very well tolerated orally and had a low
      acute toxicity after intraperitoneal administration in Crl:WI rats The results
      justify further investigation to determine the in vivo therapeutic potential of
      this promising ruthenium complex. 

PMID- 27375010
TI  - Clinical impact of GATA2 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia patients harboring
      CEBPA mutations: a study of the AML study group.

PMID- 27375009
TI  - Histone demethylase LSD1 controls the phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells.
AB  - Epigenetic mechanisms underlie the phenotypic plasticity of cells, while aberrant
      epigenetic regulation through genetic mutations and/or misregulated expression of
      epigenetic factors leads to aberrant cell fate determination, which provides a
      foundation for oncogenic transformation. Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1,
      KDM1A) removes methyl groups from methylated proteins, including histone H3, and
      is frequently overexpressed in various types of solid tumors and hematopoietic
      neoplasms. While LSD1 is involved in a wide variety of normal physiological
      processes, including stem cell maintenance and differentiation, it is also a key
      player in oncogenic processes, including compromised differentiation, enhanced
      cell motility and metabolic reprogramming. Here, we present an overview of how
      LSD1 epigenetically regulates cellular plasticity through distinct molecular
      mechanisms in different biological contexts. Targeted inhibition of the context
      dependent activities of LSD1 may provide a highly selective means to eliminate
      cancer cells. 

PMID- 27375011
TI  - Surgical hip dislocation for removal of retained intra-articular bullets.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Surgical hip dislocation with trochanteric osteotomy was introduced
      for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement and other intra-articular
      pathologies of the hip. We expanded the indications to include removal of
      retained bullets in the hip joint as an alternative to hip arthroscopy. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: We present a prospective case series of ten patients that were
      treated with a surgical hip dislocation for removal of retained bullets in the
      hip joint between January 2014 and October 2015 in a Level 1 trauma centre. The
      main outcome measurements were successful bullet removal, blood loss, surgical
      time and intraoperative complications. RESULTS: There were 8 males and 2 females
      with a mean age of mean age 27.3 years (range 20-32). All patients had one whole
      retained bullet for removal (right side: 8; left side: 2). In all cases the
      bullet could be removed in its entirety. The average surgical time was 73min
      (range 55-125) and the average blood loss 255ml (range 200-420). CONCLUSIONS:
      Surgical hip dislocation provides an unlimited view of the acetabulum and femoral
      head and neck and it therefore allows for easy removal of retained bullets.
      Osteocartilaginous lesions and concomitant fractures of the femoral head can be
      simultaneously evaluated and treated.

PMID- 27375012
TI  - Major incident triage: A consensus based definition of the essential life-saving
      interventions during the definitive care phase of a major incident.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Triage is a key principle in the effective management of major
      incidents. The process currently relies on algorithms assigning patients to
      specific triage categories; there is, however, little guidance as to what these
      categories represent. Previously, these algorithms were validated against injury
      severity scores, but it is accepted now that the need for life-saving
      intervention is a more important outcome. However, the definition of a life
      saving intervention is unclear. The aim of this study was to define what
      constitutes a life-saving intervention, in order to facilitate the definition of
      an adult priority one patient during the definitive care phase of a major
      incident. METHODS: We conducted a modified Delphi study, using a panel of subject
      matter experts drawn from the United Kingdom and Republic of South Africa with a
      background in Emergency Care or Major Incident Management. The study was
      conducted using an online survey tool, over three rounds between July and
      December 2013. A four point Likert scale was used to seek consensus for 50
      possible interventions, with a consensus level set at 70%. RESULTS: 24
      participants completed all three rounds of the Delphi, with 32 life-saving
      interventions reaching consensus. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a consensus
      definition of what constitutes a life-saving intervention in the context of an
      adult, priority one patient during the definitive care phase of a major incident.
      The definition will contribute to further research into major incident triage,
      specifically in terms of validation of an adult major incident triage tool.

PMID- 27375013
TI  - The effect of systemic injury score on the decision making of mangled lower
      extremities.
AB  - PURPOSE: Mangled lower extremity with Mangled extremity severity score (MESS)
      more than 7 are considered unsalvageable. We are looking for a factor helps us
      predicting the salvage potential in the patient with MESS score between 7 and 9.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the patients with lower extremities open
      fracture type IIIB or IIIC and received salvaged procedure or amputation in CGMH
      between 2002/01 and 2010/09. The patients are subgroup according to their MESS
      score. ISS score, Gustilo open fracture classification were compared between
      patient with successful salvage and patient with delay amputation. Logistic
      regression and stepwise modeling were used to determine the effect of each
      covariate. RESULTS: 242 patients were enrolled in the study. 33 patients had
      primary amputation, 160 patients had successfully salvaged limbs and 49 patients
      received delay amputation. Among patients with MESS score less than 7, 116
      patients had successful salvage limbs and 7 patients received delay amputation.
      Among patient with MESS between 7 and 9, 44 patients discharged with salvaged
      limbs and 39 patients were failed to salvage their limbs. Successful salvaged
      patients in this group had significant lower ISS score in compare to delay
      amputated patients. Patients with ISS score more than 18 in this group has higher
      delay amputated rate (P value=0.01). CONCLUSION: Systemic injury severity score
      can help us tell potentially salvaged patient from potentially amputated patient.
      In patients with MESS score between 7 and 9 concurrently have ISS score less then
      17 are potentially salvageable. Level of Evidence & Study Type: Level 3
      Retrospective cohort study/prognostic study.

PMID- 27375015
TI  - Endogenous GABAA receptor activity suppresses glioma growth.
AB  - Although genome alterations driving glioma by fueling cell malignancy have
      largely been resolved, less is known of the impact of tumor environment on
      disease progression. Here, we demonstrate functional GABAA receptor-activated
      currents in human glioblastoma cells and show the existence of a continuous GABA
      signaling within the tumor cell mass that significantly affects tumor growth and
      survival expectancy in mouse models. Endogenous GABA released by tumor cells,
      attenuates proliferation of the glioma cells with enriched expression of
      stem/progenitor markers and with competence to seed growth of new tumors. Our
      results suggest that GABA levels rapidly increase in tumors impeding further
      growth. Thus, shunting chloride ions by a maintained local GABAA receptor
      activity within glioma cells has a significant impact on tumor development by
      attenuating proliferation, reducing tumor growth and prolonging survival, a
      mechanism that may have important impact on therapy resistance and recurrence
      following tumor resection.

PMID- 27375014
TI  - Effect of the subcutaneous route for iliac screw insertion in lumbopelvic
      fixation for vertical unstable sacral fractures on the infection rate: A
      retrospective case series.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report the perioperative results and surgical outcomes of patients
      with vertical unstable sacral fractures who underwent lumbopelvic fixation
      through a modified subcutaneous route for iliac screw fixation. SUMMARY OF
      BACKGROUND DATA: Treating vertical unstable sacral fractures is still challenging
      for orthopedic surgeons. Among various methods for treating these fractures,
      lumbopelvic fixation provides a high reduction quality and promising stability
      for early weight-bearing ambulation. However, wound healing disturbance and
      surgical site infection (SSI) are the drawbacks of this extensive technique,
      especially after inserting iliac screws. METHODS: Here, we provide an alternative
      subcutaneous route for iliac screw insertion during lumbopelvic fixation surgery
      to lessen soft tissue retraction and injury, and thus decrease soft tissue
      complications. RESULTS: Using this modified technique, 28 patients with vertical
      unstable sacral fractures were treated between 2012 and 2014. One patient had an
      SSI (infection rate: 3.5%). All fractures were united with a mean sacral kyphosis
      correction angle of 10.5 degrees . The mean Majeed score of the 17 patients
      during the 12-month follow-up was 84.5. CONCLUSIONS: The subcutaneous route for
      iliac screw insertion is a simple, safe, and effective technique when performing
      lumbopelvic fixation for vertical unstable sacral fractures.

PMID- 27375016
TI  - Androgen deprivation leads to increased carbohydrate metabolism and hexokinase 2
      mediated survival in Pten/Tp53-deficient prostate cancer.
AB  - Prostate cancer is characterized by a dependence upon androgen receptor (AR)
      signaling, and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the accepted treatment for
      progressive prostate cancer. Although ADT is usually initially effective,
      acquired resistance termed castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) develops.
      PTEN and TP53 are two of the most commonly deleted or mutated genes in prostate
      cancer, the compound loss of which is enriched in CRPC. To interrogate the
      metabolic alterations associated with survival following ADT, we used an
      orthotopic model of Pten/Tp53 null prostate cancer. Metabolite profiles and
      associated regulators were compared in tumors from androgen-intact mice and in
      tumors surviving castration. AR inhibition led to changes in the levels of
      glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathway intermediates. As
      anticipated for inhibitory reciprocal feedback between AR and PI3K/AKT signaling
      pathways, pAKT levels were increased in androgen-deprived tumors. Elevated
      mitochondrial hexokinase 2 (HK2) levels and enzyme activities also were observed
      in androgen-deprived tumors, consistent with pAKT-dependent HK2 protein induction
      and mitochondrial association. Competitive inhibition of HK2-mitochondrial
      binding in prostate cancer cells led to decreased viability. These data argue for
      AKT-associated HK2-mediated metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial association
      in PI3K-driven prostate cancer as one survival mechanism downstream of AR
      inhibition.

PMID- 27375017
TI  - EWS-FLI1-mediated suppression of the RAS-antagonist Sprouty 1 (SPRY1) confers
      aggressiveness to Ewing sarcoma.
AB  - Ewing sarcoma is characterized by chromosomal translocations fusing the EWS gene
      with various members of the ETS family of transcription factors, most commonly
      FLI1. EWS-FLI1 is an aberrant transcription factor driving Ewing sarcoma
      tumorigenesis by either transcriptionally inducing or repressing specific target
      genes. Herein, we showed that Sprouty 1 (SPRY1), which is a physiological
      negative feedback inhibitor downstream of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
      receptors (FGFRs) and other RAS-activating receptors, is an EWS-FLI1 repressed
      gene. EWS-FLI1 knockdown specifically increased the expression of SPRY1, while
      other Sprouty family members remained unaffected. Analysis of SPRY1 expression in
      a panel of Ewing sarcoma cells showed that SPRY1 was not expressed in Ewing
      sarcoma cell lines, suggesting that it could act as a tumor suppressor gene in
      these cells. In agreement, induction of SPRY1 in three different Ewing sarcoma
      cell lines functionally impaired proliferation, clonogenic growth and migration.
      In addition, SPRY1 expression inhibited extracellular signal-related
      kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling induced by serum and
      basic FGF (bFGF). Moreover, treatment of Ewing sarcoma cells with the potent FGFR
      inhibitor PD-173074 reduced bFGF-induced proliferation, colony formation and in
      vivo tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner, thus mimicking SPRY1 activity in
      Ewing sarcoma cells. Although the expression of SPRY1 was low when compared with
      other tumors, SPRY1 was variably expressed in primary Ewing sarcoma tumors and
      higher expression levels were significantly associated with improved outcome in a
      large patient cohort. Taken together, our data indicate that EWS-FLI1-mediated
      repression of SPRY1 leads to unrestrained bFGF-induced cell proliferation,
      suggesting that targeting the FGFR/MAPK pathway can constitute a promising
      therapeutic approach for this devastating disease.

PMID- 27375019
TI  - PRIMA-1Met induces mitochondrial apoptosis through activation of caspase-2.

PMID- 27375018
TI  - A large-scale RNAi screen identifies LCMR1 as a critical regulator of Tspan8
      mediated melanoma invasion.
AB  - Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer owing to its proclivity to
      metastasise, and recently developed therapies have not yielded the expected
      results, because almost all patients relapse. Therefore, understanding the
      molecular mechanisms that underlie early invasion by melanoma cells is crucial to
      improving patient survival. We have previously shown that, whereas the
      Tetraspanin 8 protein (Tspan8) is undetectable in normal skin and benign lesions,
      its expression arises with the progression of melanoma and is sufficient to
      increase cell invasiveness. Therefore, to identify Tspan8 transcriptional
      regulators that could explain the onset of Tspan8 expression, thereby conferring
      an invasive phenotype, we performed an innovative RNA interference-based screen,
      which, for the first time, identified several Tspan8 repressors and activators,
      such as GSK3beta, PTEN, IQGAP1, TPT1 and LCMR1. LCMR1 is a recently identified
      protein that is overexpressed in numerous carcinomas; its expression and role,
      however, had not previously been studied in melanoma. The present study
      identified Tspan8 as the first LCMR1 target that could explain its function in
      carcinogenesis. LCMR1 modulation was sufficient to positively regulate endogenous
      Tspan8 expression, with concomitant in vitro phenotypic changes such as loss of
      melanoma cell-matrix adherence and increase in invasion, and Tspan8 expression
      promoted tumourigenicity in vivo. Moreover, LCMR1 and Tspan8 overexpression were
      shown to correlate in melanoma lesions, and both proteins could be downregulated
      in vitro by vemurafenib. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of
      Tspan8 and its regulators in the control of early melanoma invasion and suggests
      that they may be promising new therapeutic targets downstream of the RAF-MEK-ERK
      signalling pathway.

PMID- 27375021
TI  - Cadherin-6 promotes EMT and cancer metastasis by restraining autophagy.
AB  - The transdifferentiation of epithelial cells toward a mesenchymal condition (EMT)
      is a complex process that allows tumor cells to migrate to ectopic sites.
      Cadherins are not just structural proteins, but they act as sensors of the
      surrounding microenvironment and as signaling centers for cellular pathways.
      However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these signaling functions remain
      poorly characterized. Cadherin-6 (CDH6) is a type 2 cadherin, which drives EMT
      during embryonic development and it is aberrantly re-activated in cancer. We
      recently showed that CDH6 is a TGFbeta target and an EMT marker in thyroid
      cancer, suggesting a role for this protein in the progression of this type of
      tumor. Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) are usually indolent lesions. However,
      metastatic spreading occurs in about 5% of the cases. The identification of
      molecular markers that could early predict the metastatic potential of these
      lesions would be strategic to design more tailored approaches and reduce patients
      overtreatment. In this work, we assessed the role of CDH6 in the metastatic
      progression of thyroid cancer. We showed that loss of CDH6 expression profoundly
      changes cellular architecture, alters the inter-cellular interaction modalities
      and attenuates EMT features in thyroid cancer cells. Using a yeast two-hybrid
      screening approach, based on a thyroid cancer patients library, we showed that
      CDH6 directly interacts with GABARAP, BNIP3 and BNIP3L, and that through these
      interactions CDH6 restrains autophagy and promotes re-organization of
      mitochondrial network through a DRP1-mediated mechanism. Analysis of the LIR
      domains suggests that the interaction with the autophagic machinery may be a
      common feature of many cadherin family members. Finally, the analysis of CDH6
      expression in a unique cohort of human PTCs showed that CDH6 expression marks
      specifically EMT cells. and it is strongly associated with metastatic behavior
      and worse outcome of PTCs.

PMID- 27375020
TI  - Interleukin-17 promotes prostate cancer via MMP7-induced epithelial-to
      mesenchymal transition.
AB  - Chronic inflammation has been associated with a variety of human cancers
      including prostate cancer. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a critical pro-inflammatory
      cytokine, which has been demonstrated to promote development of prostate cancer,
      colon cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and pancreas cancer. IL-17
      promotes prostate adenocarcinoma with a concurrent increase of matrix
      metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) expression in mouse prostate. Whether MMP7 mediates IL
      17's action and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We generated Mmp7 and
      Pten double knockout (KO) (Mmp7-/-) mouse model and demonstrated that MMP7
      promotes prostate adenocarcinoma through induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT) in Pten-null mice. MMP7 disrupted E-cadherin/beta-catenin
      complex to upregulate EMT transcription factors in mouse prostate tumors. IL-17
      receptor C and Pten double KO mice recapitulated the weak EMT characteristics
      observed in Mmp7-/- mice. IL-17 induced MMP7 and EMT in human prostate cancer
      LNCaP, C4-2B and PC-3 cell lines, while small interfering RNA knockdown of MMP7
      inhibited IL-17-induced EMT. Compound III, a selective MMP7 inhibitor, decreased
      development of invasive prostate cancer in Pten single KO mice. In human normal
      prostates and prostate tumors, IL-17 mRNA levels were positively correlated with
      MMP7 mRNA levels. These findings demonstrate that MMP7 mediates IL-17's function
      in promoting prostate carcinogenesis through induction of EMT, indicating IL-17
      MMP7-EMT axis as a potential target for developing new strategies in the
      prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.

PMID- 27375024
TI  - STIM1, a direct target of microRNA-185, promotes tumor metastasis and is
      associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer.

PMID- 27375023
TI  - TNFalpha-activated mesenchymal stromal cells promote breast cancer metastasis by
      recruiting CXCR2+ neutrophils.
AB  - Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) tend to infiltrate into tumors and form a major
      component of the tumor microenvironment. Our previous work demonstrated that
      tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-activated MSCs significantly promoted
      tumor growth. However, the role of TNFalpha-treated MSCs in tumor metastasis
      remains elusive. Employing a lung metastasis model of murine breast cancer, we
      found that TNFalpha-activated MSCs strikingly enhanced tumor metastasis compared
      with normal MSCs. We analyzed the chemokine profiles and found that the
      expression of CCL5, CCR2 and CXCR2 ligands were enhanced in TNFalpha-activated
      MSCs. Using genetic or pharmacological strategies to inhibit CCL5 or CCR2, we
      demonstrated that CCL5 and CCR2 ligands were indispensable in supporting TNFalpha
      activated MSCs to promote tumor metastasis. Analysis of immune cells revealed
      that CXCR2 ligands (CXCL1, CXCL 2 and CXCL5) expressed by TNFalpha-activated MSCs
      efficiently recruited CXCR2+ neutrophils into tumor. These neutrophils were
      responsible for the pro-metastatic effect of MSCs since inhibition of this
      chemotaxis abolished increased neutrophil recruitment and tumor metastasis. The
      interaction between neutrophils and tumor cells resulted in markedly elevated
      metastasis-related genes by tumor cells, including CXCR4, CXCR7, MMP12, MMP13, IL
      6 and TGFbeta. Importantly, in IL8high human breast cancer samples, we also
      observed similar alterations of gene expression. Collectively, our findings
      demonstrate that TNFalpha-activated MSCs promote tumor metastasis via CXCR2+
      neutrophil recruitment.

PMID- 27375022
TI  - Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPCa) increased the neighboring PCa
      chemoresistance via altering the PTHrP/p38/Hsp27/androgen receptor (AR)/p21
      signals.
AB  - Prostatic neuroendocrine cells (NE) are an integral part of prostate cancer (PCa)
      and are associated with PCa progression. As the current androgen deprivation
      therapy with anti-androgens may promote the neuroendocrine PCa (NEPCa)
      development, and few therapies can effectively suppress NEPCa, understanding the
      impact of NEPCa on PCa progression may help us to develop better therapies to
      battle PCa. Here, we found NEPCa cells could increase the docetaxel resistance of
      their neighboring PCa cells. Mechanism dissection revealed that through secretion
      of PTHrP, NEPCa cells could alter the p38/MAPK/Hsp27 signals in their neighboring
      PCa cells that resulted in increased androgen receptor (AR) activity via
      promoting AR nuclear translocation. The consequences of increased AR function
      might then increase docetaxel resistance via increasing p21 expression. In vivo
      xenograft mice experiments also confirmed that NEPCa could increase the docetaxel
      resistance of neighboring PCa, and targeting this newly identified
      PTHrP/p38/Hsp27/AR/p21 signaling pathway with either p38 inhibitor (SB203580) or
      shPTHrP may result in improving/restoring the docetaxel sensitivity to better
      suppress PCa.

PMID- 27375025
TI  - PERK inhibits DNA replication during the Unfolded Protein Response via Claspin
      and Chk1.
AB  - Stresses such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation and acidification disturb protein
      folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and activate the Unfolded Protein
      Response (UPR) to trigger adaptive responses through the effectors, PERK, IRE1
      and ATF6. Most of these responses relate to ER homoeostasis; however, here we
      show that the PERK branch of the UPR also controls DNA replication. Treatment of
      cells with the non-genotoxic UPR agonist thapsigargin led to a rapid inhibition
      of DNA synthesis that was attributable to a combination of DNA replication fork
      slowing and reduced replication origin firing. DNA synthesis inhibition was
      dependent on the UPR effector PERK and was associated with phosphorylation of the
      checkpoint adaptor protein Claspin and activation of the Chk1 effector kinase,
      both of which occurred in the absence of detectable DNA damage. Remarkably,
      thapsigargin did not inhibit bulk DNA synthesis or activate Chk1 in cells
      depleted of Claspin, or when Chk1 was depleted or subject to chemical inhibition.
      In each case thapsigargin-resistant DNA synthesis was due to an increase in
      replication origin firing that compensated for reduced fork progression. Taken
      together, our results unveil a new aspect of PERK function and previously unknown
      roles for Claspin and Chk1 as negative regulators of DNA replication in the
      absence of genotoxic stress. Because tumour cells proliferate in suboptimal
      environments, and frequently show evidence of UPR activation, this pathway could
      modulate the response to DNA replication-targeted chemotherapies.

PMID- 27375026
TI  - Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) inhibits the secretion and activity of Wnt3a.
AB  - The Wnt pathway has essential roles in cell proliferation, cell fate
      determination and tumorigenesis by regulating the expression of a wide range of
      target genes. As a core signaling cascade, the canonical Wnt pathway is regulated
      at different levels by numerous proteins. We have previously shown that
      carboxypeptidase E (CPE) is a novel regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling
      pathway. Here, we show that CPE and the Wnt3a ligand are co-secreted from cells.
      We show that although the C'-terminal Lys residue of Wnt3a is critical for its
      activity and is important for the effect of CPE on the Wnt pathway, CPE does not
      execute its effect by removing this Wnt3a residue. Interestingly, CPE through its
      N'-terminal sequence, forms aggregates with Wnt3a and possible endoplasmic
      reticulum (ER) stress leading to its loss of function. Together, our current
      results provide a mechanistic insight into the way CPE regulates the canonical
      Wnt signaling pathway.

PMID- 27375027
TI  - p53 binds the mdmx mRNA and controls its translation.
AB  - MDMX and MDM2 are two nonredundant essential regulators of p53 tumor suppressor
      activity. MDM2 controls p53 expression levels, whereas MDMX is predominantly a
      negative regulator of p53 trans-activity. The feedback loops between MDM2 and p53
      are well studied and involve both negative and positive regulation on
      transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels but little is known
      on the regulatory pathways between p53 and MDMX. Here we show that overexpression
      of p53 suppresses mdmx mRNA translation in vitro and in cell-based assays. The
      core domain of p53 binds the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the mdmx mRNA in a
      zinc-dependent manner that together with a trans-suppression domain located in
      p53 N-terminus controls MDMX synthesis. This interaction can be visualized in the
      nuclear and cytoplasmic compartment. Fusion of the mdmx 5'UTR to the ovalbumin
      open reading frame leads to suppression of ovalbumin synthesis. Interestingly,
      the transcription inactive p53 mutant R273H has a different RNA-binding profile
      compared with the wild-type p53 and differentiates the synthesis of MDMX
      isoforms. This study describes p53 as a trans-suppressor of the mdmx mRNA and
      adds a further level to the intricate feedback system that exist between p53 and
      its key regulatory factors and emphasizes the important role of mRNA translation
      control in regulating protein expression in the p53 pathway.

PMID- 27375028
TI  - Keratin-associated protein 5-5 controls cytoskeletal function and cancer cell
      vascular invasion.
AB  - Cancer cell vascular invasion is a crucial step in the malignant progression
      toward metastasis. Here we used a genome-wide RNA interference screen with E0771
      mammary cancer cells to uncover drivers of endothelial monolayer invasion. We
      identified keratin-associated protein 5-5 (Krtap5-5) as a candidate. Krtap5-5
      belongs to a large protein family that is implicated in crosslinking keratin
      intermediate filaments during hair formation, yet these Krtaps have no reported
      role in cancer. Depletion of Krtap5-5 from cancer cells led to cell blebbing and
      a loss of keratins 14 and 18, in addition to the upregulation of vimentin
      intermediate filaments. This intermediate filament subtype switching induced
      dysregulation of the actin cytoskeleton and reduced the expression of
      hemidesmosomal alpha6/beta4-integrins. We further demonstrate that knockdown of
      keratin 18 phenocopies the loss of Krtap5-5, suggesting that Krtap5-5 crosstalks
      with keratin 18 in E0771 cells. Disruption of the keratin cytoskeleton by
      perturbing Krtap5-5 function broadly altered the expression of cytoskeleton
      regulators and the localization of cell surface markers. Krtap5-5 depletion did
      not impact cell viability but reduced cell motility and extracellular matrix
      invasion, as well as extravasation of cancer cells into tissues in zebrafish and
      mice. We conclude that Krtap5-5 is a previously unknown regulator of cytoskeletal
      function in cancer cells that modulates motility and vascular invasion. Thus, in
      addition to its physiologic function, a Krtap can serve as a switch toward
      malignant progression.

PMID- 27375029
TI  - Possible origin of B chromosome in Dichotomius sericeus (Coleoptera).
AB  - B chromosomes have so far been described in about 80 species of Coleoptera,
      mainly using conventional staining analysis. In this study, 152 individuals of
      the dung beetle Dichotomius sericeus (Coleoptera), collected from three isolated
      geographical areas in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, were analyzed to determine
      the frequency, prevalence, distribution, meiotic behavior, and possible B
      chromosome origin. The cytogenetic analysis consisted of conventional staining, C
      banding, triple fluorochrome staining (CMA3/DA/DAPI), and fluorescent in situ
      hybridization using ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs) and H3 histone gene as probes, as well
      as microdissection and chromosome painting of the B chromosome. The B chromosomes
      were detected in all populations analyzed. Analysis revealed the heterochromatic
      nature and the presence of G+C-rich blocks and 18S rDNA on the B chromosome. FISH
      with DNA from microdissected B chromosome painted the entire extension of the B
      chromosome for all populations, besides the pericentromeric regions of all the
      autosomes, as well as the X chromosome. Finally, cross-hybridization in nine
      related species of Dichotomius using the microdissected B chromosome as probe did
      not reveal any hybridization signal. The results suggest an intraspecific and
      monophyletic origin for B chromosomes in D. sericeus, probably from the second or
      third autosomal pair. 

PMID- 27375030
TI  - Changes in threat-related cognitions and experiential avoidance in group-based
      transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety disorders.
AB  - Group-based Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TCBT) for anxiety
      disorders aims to target common factors to produce beneficial effects on multiple
      anxiety disorders at once. While there is growing evidence that various anxiety
      disorders can be effectively treated by this approach, the common factors
      contributing to these treatment effects are not well delineated. In a sample of
      48 Veterans who completed Group-based TCBT, the current study examined change in
      threat perception and change in experiential avoidance pre to post-treatment and
      as potential mediators of changes in negative affect and personalized fear
      ratings. Results indicated that both threat perception and experiential avoidance
      were significantly reduced during treatment. Additionally, reductions in both
      threat perception and experiential avoidance significantly predicted reductions
      in negative affect and fear ratings. When change in threat perception and change
      in experiential avoidance were examined simultaneously, both remained significant
      predictors of changes in negative affect though only experiential avoidance
      predicted changes in fear ratings. Thus, both reductions in threat perception and
      experiential avoidance may mediate the broad treatment effects observed in group
      based TCBT. Directions for future research are discussed.

PMID- 27375031
TI  - Nanoscale Charge Percolation Analysis in Polymer-Sorted (7,5) Single-Walled
      Carbon Nanotube Networks.
AB  - The current percolation in polymer-sorted semiconducting (7,5) single-walled
      carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks, processed from solution, is investigated using a
      combination of electrical field-effect measurements, atomic force microscopy
      (AFM), and conductive AFM (C-AFM) techniques. From AFM measurements, the nanotube
      length in the as-processed (7,5) SWNTs network is found to range from ~100 to
      ~1500 nm, with a SWNT surface density well above the percolation threshold and a
      maximum surface coverage ~58%. Analysis of the field-effect charge transport
      measurements in the SWNT network using a 2D homogeneous random-network stick
      percolation model yields an exponent coefficient for the transistors OFF currents
      of 16.3. This value is indicative of an almost ideal random network containing
      only a small concentration of metallic SWNTs. Complementary C-AFM measurements on
      the other hand enable visualization of current percolation pathways in the xy
      plane and reveal the isotropic nature of the as-spun (7,5) SWNT networks. This
      work demonstrates the tremendous potential of combining advanced scanning probe
      techniques with field-effect charge transport measurements for quantification of
      key network parameters including current percolation, metallic nanotubes content,
      surface coverage, and degree of SWNT alignment. Most importantly, the proposed
      approach is general and applicable to other nanoscale networks, including
      metallic nanowires as well as hybrid nanocomposites. 

PMID- 27375032
TI  - The Genetics of Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions.
AB  - DHRs are induced by various mechanisms and encompass a heterogeneous set of
      potentially life-threatening clinical entities. In addition to environmental
      effects, individual factors play a key role in this intricate puzzle. However,
      despite commendable efforts in recent years to identify individual predisposing
      factors, our knowledge of the genetic basis of these reactions remains
      incomplete. In this manuscript, we summarize current research on the genetics of
      DHRs, focusing on specific immune-mediated reactions (immediate and nonimmediate)
      and on pharmacologically mediated reactions (cross-intolerance to nonsteroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs). We also provide some thoughts on potential
      technological approaches that would help us to decipher the molecular mechanisms
      underlying DHRs. We believe this manuscript will be of interest not only for
      allergists and basic researchers in the field, but also for clinicians from
      various areas of expertise who manage these reactions in their clinical practice.

PMID- 27375033
TI  - Updated 2016 EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer.
AB  - CONTEXT: Invasive bladder cancer is a frequently occurring disease with a high
      mortality rate despite optimal treatment. The European Association of Urology
      (EAU) Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer (MIBC) Guidelines are updated
      yearly and provides information to optimise diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up
      of this patient population. OBJECTIVE: To provide a summary of the EAU guidelines
      for physicians and patients confronted with muscle-invasive and metastatic
      bladder cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: An international multidisciplinary panel of
      bladder cancer experts reviewed and discussed the results of a comprehensive
      literature search of several databases covering all sections of the guidelines.
      The panel defined levels of evidence and grades of recommendation according to an
      established classification system. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Epidemiology and aetiology
      of bladder cancer are discussed. The proper diagnostic pathway, including demands
      for pathology and imaging, is outlined. Several treatment options, including
      bladder-sparing treatments and combinations of treatment modalities (different
      forms of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy) are described. Sequencing
      of these modalities is discussed. Potential indications and contraindications,
      such as comorbidity, are related to treatment choice. There is a new paragraph on
      organ-sparing approaches, both in men and in women, and on minimal invasive
      surgery. Recommendations for chemotherapy in fit and unfit patients are provided
      including second-line options. Finally, a follow-up schedule is provided.
      CONCLUSIONS: The current summary of the EAU Muscle-invasive and Metastatic
      Bladder Cancer Guidelines provides an up-to-date overview of the available
      literature and evidence dealing with diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of
      patients with metastatic and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. PATIENT SUMMARY:
      Bladder cancer is an important disease with a high mortality rate. These updated
      guidelines help clinicians refine the diagnosis and select the appropriate
      therapy and follow-up for patients with metastatic and muscle-invasive bladder
      cancer.

PMID- 27375034
TI  - Re: Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men.

PMID- 27375035
TI  - Highly sensitive myosin phosphorylation analysis in the renal afferent arteriole.
AB  - The regulation of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation involves
      phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of regulatory proteins, particularly
      myosin. To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms, analyzing the phosphorylation
      signal transduction is crucial. Although a pharmacological approach with
      selective inhibitors is sensitive and a useful technique, it leads to speculation
      regarding a signaling pathway but does not provide direct evidence of changes at
      a molecular level. We developed a highly sensitive biochemical technique to
      analyze phosphorylation by adapting Phos-tag SDS-PAGE. With this technique, we
      successfully analyzed myosin light chain (LC20) phosphorylation in tiny renal
      afferent arterioles. In the rat afferent arterioles, endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced
      diphosphorylation of LC20 at Ser19 and Thr18 as well as monophosphorylation at
      Ser19 via ET <symbol>B</symbol> receptor activation. Considering that LC20
      diphosphorylation can decrease the rate of dephosphorylation and thus relaxation,
      we concluded that LC20 diphosphorylation contributes, at least in part, to the
      prolonged contraction induced by ET-1 in the renal afferent arteriole.

PMID- 27375036
TI  - Countrywide dissemination of a DHA-1-type plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase
      producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 international high-risk clone in Hungary,
      2009-2013.
AB  - The first plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
      (pAmpC KP) isolate was detected in December 2009 in Hungary. Hungarian
      microbiological laboratories were asked to send all KP strains showing cefoxitin
      resistance and decreased susceptibility or resistance to any third-generation
      cephalosporins to the Reference Laboratories at the National Center for
      Epidemiology. Investigation was conducted in order to outline spatio-temporal
      distribution and genetic characterization of pAmpC-KP isolates in Hungary.
      Between December 2009 and December 2013, 312 consecutive KP clinical isolates
      were confirmed as producing pAmpCs. All isolates showed resistance to third
      generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, and 77 % were
      non-susceptible to at least one carbapenem. Analysis of beta-lactamase genes
      showed blaDHA-1 in all and additionally blaCTX-M-15 in 90 % of isolates. PFGE
      typing revealed 12 pulsotypes; of these, KP053 (262/312) and KP070 (38/312)
      belonged to sequence type ST11 and comprised 96 % of the isolates. The blaDHA-1
      and blaCTX-M-15 co-producing KP053/ST11 clone affected 234 patients and spread to
      55 healthcare centres across Hungary during the study period. Three KP053
      isolates were also resistant to colistin. In two of these, the mgrB gene was
      truncated by IS10R, while in the third isolate, insertional inactivation of mgrB
      by ISKPn14 was identified. Hungary is the first European country showing endemic
      spread of blaDHA-1 facilitated by the international high-risk clone ST11. The
      rapid countrywide spread of this multidrug-resistant clone seriously endangers
      Hungarian healthcare facilities and warrants strengthening of infection control
      practices and prudent use of carbapenems and colistin. 

PMID- 27375037
TI  - Mesophase structure and behaviour in bulk and restricted geometry of a dimeric
      compound exhibiting a nematic-nematic transition.
AB  - We present structural studies of a dimeric compound composed of a central heptyl
      spacer linking two mesogens consisting of terphenyl units at which two adjacent
      fluoro groups are attached to each central ring. The terminal rings are linked to
      pentyl chains as terminal groups. The material exhibits a nematic-nematic
      transition and a low temperature modulated phase. The higher temperature nematic
      phase was found to exhibit an anomaly of the bend elastic constant similar to
      that of the dimers with N-Ntb phase sequence, and the physical properties of the
      low-temperature nematic phase are similar to those of the known Ntb materials.
      The structure of the low-temperature modulated smectic/columnar phase is
      described together with its ability to form freely suspended films and fibres.
      The relation of the modulated structure to the fibre formation and to the
      appearance of the labyrinthine instability in freely-suspended films is
      discussed. 

PMID- 27375038
TI  - Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
AB  - Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, collectively referred to as venous
      thromboembolism, constitute a major global burden of disease. The diagnostic work
      up of suspected deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism includes the
      sequential application of a clinical decision rule and D-dimer testing. Imaging
      and anticoagulation can be safely withheld in patients who are unlikely to have
      venous thromboembolism and have a normal D-dimer. All other patients should
      undergo ultrasonography in case of suspected deep vein thrombosis and CT in case
      of suspected pulmonary embolism. Direct oral anticoagulants are first-line
      treatment options for venous thromboembolism because they are associated with a
      lower risk of bleeding than vitamin K antagonists and are easier to use. Use of
      thrombolysis should be limited to pulmonary embolism associated with haemodynamic
      instability. Anticoagulant treatment should be continued for at least 3 months to
      prevent early recurrences. When venous thromboembolism is unprovoked or secondary
      to persistent risk factors, extended treatment beyond this period should be
      considered when the risk of recurrence outweighs the risk of major bleeding.

PMID- 27375039
TI  - Benefits of gene therapy for both eyes.

PMID- 27375041
TI  - miR-493-5p attenuates the invasiveness and tumorigenicity in human breast cancer
      by targeting FUT4.
AB  - Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Altered
      fucosylation was found to be closely associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis
      of breast cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of cell
      proliferation and metastasis, and aberrant miRNA expression has been observed in
      breast cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the level of
      fucosyltransferase IV (FUT4) and miR-493-5p in breast cancer and investigate
      their relationship. In the present study, we demonstrated the differential
      expressional profiles of FUT4 and miR-493-5p in 29 clinical breast cancer
      tissues, matched adjacent tissue samples and two breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF
      7 and MDA-MB-231). Briefly, altered expression levels of FUT4 modified the
      invasive activities and tumorigenicity of the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Further
      study demonstrated that miR-493-5p plays a role as a suppressor in breast cancer
      cell invasion and tumorigenicity. Moreover, the expression levels of miR-493-5p
      were inversely proportional to those of FUT4 both at the mRNA and protein levels.
      Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-493-5p bound to the 3'-untranslated
      (3'-UTR) region of FUT4, and inhibited the expression of FUT4 in breast cancer
      cells. Taken together, our data suggest that FUT4 may have a potential role in
      the treatment of breast cancer, as well as miR-493-5p is a novel regulator of
      invasiveness and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells through targeting FUT4.
      The miR-493-5p/FUT4 pathway has therapeutic potential in breast cancer. 

PMID- 27375042
TI  - Elucidation of transport mechanism and enhanced alkali ion transference numbers
      in mixed alkali metal-organic ionic molten salts.
AB  - Mixed salts of Ionic Liquids (ILs) and alkali metal salts, developed as
      electrolytes for lithium and sodium batteries, have shown a remarkable ability to
      facilitate high rate capability for lithium and sodium electrochemical cycling.
      It has been suggested that this may be due to a high alkali metal ion
      transference number at concentrations approaching 50 mol% Li(+) or Na(+),
      relative to lower concentrations. Computational investigations for two IL systems
      illustrate the formation of extended alkali-anion aggregates as the alkali metal
      ion concentration increases. This tends to favor the diffusion of alkali metal
      ions compared with other ionic species in electrolyte solutions; behavior that
      has recently been reported for Li(+) in a phosphonium ionic liquid, thus an
      increasing alkali transference number. The mechanism of alkali metal ion
      diffusion via this extended coordination environment present at high
      concentrations is explained and compared to the dynamics at lower concentrations.
      Heterogeneous alkali metal ion dynamics are also evident and, somewhat counter
      intuitively, it appears that the faster ions are those that are generally found
      clustered with the anions. Furthermore these fast alkali metal ions appear to
      correlate with fastest ionic liquid solvent ions. 

PMID- 27375040
TI  - Safety and durability of effect of contralateral-eye administration of AAV2 gene
      therapy in patients with childhood-onset blindness caused by RPE65 mutations: a
      follow-on phase 1 trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Safety and efficacy have been shown in a phase 1 dose-escalation
      study involving a unilateral subretinal injection of a recombinant adeno
      associated virus (AAV) vector containing the RPE65 gene (AAV2-hRPE65v2) in
      individuals with inherited retinal dystrophy caused by RPE65 mutations. This
      finding, along with the bilateral nature of the disease and intended use in
      treatment, prompted us to determine the safety of administration of AAV2-hRPE65v2
      to the contralateral eye in patients enrolled in the phase 1 study. METHODS: In
      this follow-on phase 1 trial, one dose of AAV2-hRPE65v2 (1.5 * 10(11) vector
      genomes) in a total volume of 300 MUL was subretinally injected into the
      contralateral, previously uninjected, eyes of 11 children and adults (aged 11-46
      years at second administration) with inherited retinal dystrophy caused by RPE65
      mutations, 1.71-4.58 years after the initial subretinal injection. We assessed
      safety, immune response, retinal and visual function, functional vision, and
      activation of the visual cortex from baseline until 3 year follow-up, with
      observations ongoing. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number
      NCT01208389. FINDINGS: No adverse events related to the AAV were reported, and
      those related to the procedure were mostly mild (dellen formation in three
      patients and cataracts in two). One patient developed bacterial endophthalmitis
      and was excluded from analyses. We noted improvements in efficacy outcomes in
      most patients without significant immunogenicity. Compared with baseline, pooled
      analysis of ten participants showed improvements in mean mobility and full-field
      light sensitivity in the injected eye by day 30 that persisted to year 3
      (mobility p=0.0003, white light full-field sensitivity p<0.0001), but no
      significant change was seen in the previously injected eyes over the same time
      period (mobility p=0.7398, white light full-field sensitivity p=0.6709). Changes
      in visual acuity from baseline to year 3 were not significant in pooled analysis
      in the second eyes or the previously injected eyes (p>0.49 for all time-points
      compared with baseline). INTERPRETATION: To our knowledge, AAV2-hRPE65v2 is the
      first successful gene therapy administered to the contralateral eye. The results
      highlight the use of several outcome measures and help to delineate the variables
      that contribute to maximal benefit from gene augmentation therapy in this
      disease. FUNDING: Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics at The
      Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Spark Therapeutics, US National Institutes
      of Health, Foundation Fighting Blindness, Institute for Translational Medicine
      and Therapeutics, Research to Prevent Blindness, Center for Advanced Retinal and
      Ocular Therapeutics, Mackall Foundation Trust, F M Kirby Foundation, and The
      Research Foundation-Flanders.

PMID- 27375043
TI  - Commentary on Cavazos-Rehg and Colleagues: Selected State Policies and
      Associations with Alcohol Use Behaviors and Risky Driving Behaviors Among Youth
      Findings from the Monitoring the Future Study.

PMID- 27375046
TI  - Autonomic dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: An old problem in a new era.

PMID- 27375044
TI  - High resting metabolic rate among Amazonian forager-horticulturalists
      experiencing high pathogen burden.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) reflects energetic costs of homeostasis
      and accounts for 60 to 75% of total energy expenditure (TEE). Lean mass and
      physical activity account for much RMR variability, but the impact of prolonged
      immune activation from infection on human RMR is unclear in naturalistic
      settings. We evaluate the effects of infection on mass-corrected RMR among
      Bolivian forager-horticulturalists, and assess whether RMR declines more slowly
      with age than in hygienic sedentary populations, as might be expected if older
      adults experience high pathogen burden. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RMR was measured
      by indirect calorimetry (Fitmate MED, Cosmed) in 1,300 adults aged 20 to 90 and
      TEE was measured using doubly labeled water (n = 40). Immune biomarkers, clinical
      diagnoses, and anthropometrics were collected by the Tsimane Health and Life
      History Project. RESULTS: Tsimane have higher RMR and TEE than people in
      sedentary industrialized populations. Tsimane RMR is 18 to 47% (women) and 22 to
      40% (men) higher than expected using six standard prediction equations. Tsimane
      mass-corrected TEE is similarly elevated compared to Westerners. Elevated
      leukocytes and helminths are associated with excess RMR in multivariate
      regressions, and jointly result in a predicted excess RMR of 10 to 15%. After age
      40, RMR declines by 69 kcal/decade (p < .0001). Controlling for lean mass and
      height accounts for 71% of age-related RMR decline, and adding indicators of
      infection minimally affects the age slope. The residual level of age-related
      decline from age 40 is 1.2% per decade. CONCLUSION: High pathogen burden may lead
      to higher metabolic costs, which may be offset by smaller body mass or other
      energy-sparing mechanisms.

PMID- 27375045
TI  - Sex differences in the effects of social defeat on brain and behavior in the
      California mouse: Insights from a monogamous rodent.
AB  - Women are nearly twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with major depressive
      disorder, yet the use of female animal models in studying the biological basis of
      depression lags behind that of males. The social defeat model uses social stress
      to generate depression-like symptoms in order to study the neurobiological
      mechanisms. In general, social defeat is difficult to apply in female rodents.
      However, male and female California mice (Peromyscus californicus) are
      territorial. This allows defeat to be studied in both sexes. Males exposed to
      defeat tend to exhibit proactive coping mechanisms and demonstrate aggression and
      reduced cognitive flexibility. Females exposed to defeat engage more in reactive
      coping mechanisms which is highlighted by social avoidance and low aggression.
      Importantly, effects of defeat on social interaction behavior in females is
      independent of adult gonadal steroids. These behavioral phenotypes are associated
      with sex-specific changes in arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT),
      closely related peptides that regulate social behavior and stress reactivity. In
      brain regions associated with stress responses and social behavior, defeat
      induced long term decreases in AVP activity and increases in OT activity in males
      and females respectively. Intranasal OT administration was shown to mimic the
      effects of defeat-induced increases in endogenous OT activity, causing social
      withdrawal in undefeated females. This suggests that inhibition of OT activity
      could reduce the impact of stress on behavior in females. These results highlight
      the value of maintaining diverse rodent models in the search for sex-specific
      pharmacological approaches to treating mood disorders.

PMID- 27375047
TI  - Cyclic fatigue behavior of nickel-titanium dental rotary files in clinical
      simulated root canals.
AB  - BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Dental rotary instruments can be applied in multiple
      conditions of canals, but unpredictable fatigue fracture may happen. This study
      evaluated the fatigue lives of two batches of nickel-titanium (NiTi) dental
      rotary files operating in clinically simulated root canals. METHODS: Single-step
      cyclic fatigue tests were carried out to assess the performance of two batches of
      NiTi files (ProTaper and ProFile) in nine combinations of simulated canals
      (cylinder radii 5 mm, 7.5 mm, and 10 mm, and insertion angles 20 degrees , 40
      degrees , and 60 degrees ). Two-step cyclic fatigue tests were carried out in
      simulated root canals with the same radius by using the following two sets of
      insertion angles: (20 degrees , 40 degrees ), (20 degrees , 60 degrees ), (40
      degrees , 20 degrees ), and (60 degrees , 20 degrees ). Fracture surfaces were
      observed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The single-step cyclic fatigue
      results showed that cyclic fatigue lives of the files decreased with increasing
      insertion angles or decreasing cylinder radius. The ProFile #25 .04 file was more
      fatigue resistant than the ProTaper F2 file. In two-step cyclic fatigue tests,
      the total fatigue lives were usually more than 100% when the files operated at a
      lower strain and then at a higher strain. By scanning electron microscopy, a
      larger area of fatigue striation corresponded to a longer fatigue life.
      CONCLUSION: Cyclic fatigue life can be influenced by the strains and geometries
      of files. The fatigue life was prolonged when the files operated at a lower
      strain and then at a higher strain. However, the fatigue life was shortened if
      the loading sequence was reversed.

PMID- 27375048
TI  - Schneiderian membrane repair with platelet-rich fibrin during maxillary sinus
      augmentation with simultaneous implant placement.

PMID- 27375049
TI  - A study of primary hypophysitis, i.e., two cases of lymphocytic hypophysitis and
      one IgG4-related variant: The importance of measuring serum IgG4 levels to allow
      early diagnosis and prompt treatment for the IgG4-related variant.

PMID- 27375050
TI  - Delineation of the structural and functional role of Arg111 in GSTU4-4 from
      Glycine max by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis.
AB  - The structural and functional role of Arg111 in GSTU4-4 from Glycine max (GmGSTU4
      4) was studied by chemical modification followed by site-directed mutagenesis.
      The arginine-specific reagent 2,3-butanedione (BTD) inactivates the enzyme in
      borate buffer at pH8.0, with pseudo-first-order saturation kinetics. The rate of
      inactivation exhibited a non-linear dependence on the concentration of BTD which
      can be described by reversible binding of reagent to the enzyme (KD 81.2+/-9.2mM)
      prior to the irreversible reaction, with maximum rate constants of 0.18+/
      0.01min(-1). Protection from inactivation was afforded by substrate analogues
      demonstrating the specificity of the reaction. Structural analysis suggested that
      the modified residue is Arg111, which was confirmed by protein chemistry
      experiments. Site-directed mutagenesis was used in dissecting the role of Arg111
      in substrate binding, specificity and catalytic mechanism. The mutant Arg111Ala
      enzyme exhibited unchanged Km value for GSH but showed reduced affinity for the
      xenobiotic substrates, higher kcat and specific activities towards aromatic
      substrates and lower specific activities towards aliphatic substrates. The
      biological significance of the specific modification of Arg111 by dicarbonyl
      compounds and the role of Arg111 as a target for engineering xenobiotic substrate
      specificity were discussed.

PMID- 27375051
TI  - Role of conserved Met112 residue in the catalytic activity and stability of
      ketosteroid isomerase.
AB  - Ketosteroid isomerase (3-oxosteroid Delta(5)-Delta(4)-isomerase, KSI) from
      Pseudomonas putida catalyzes allylic rearrangement of the 5,6-double bond of
      Delta(5)-3-ketosteroid to 4,5-position by stereospecific intramolecular transfer
      of a proton. The active site of KSI is formed by several hydrophobic residues and
      three catalytic residues (Tyr14, Asp38, and Asp99). In this study, we
      investigated the role of a hydrophobic Met112 residue near the active site in the
      catalysis, steroid binding, and stability of KSI. Replacing Met112 with alanine
      (yields M112A) or leucine (M112L) decreased the kcat by 20- and 4-fold,
      respectively. Compared with the wild type (WT), M112A and M112L KSIs showed
      increased KD values for equilenin, an intermediate analogue; these changes
      suggest that loss of packing at position 112 might lead to unfavorable steroid
      binding, thereby resulting in decreased catalytic activity. Furthermore, M112A
      and M112L mutations reduced melting temperature (Tm) by 6.4 degrees C and 2.5
      degrees C, respectively. These changes suggest that favorable packing in the core
      is important for the maintenance of stability in KSI. The M112K mutation
      decreased kcat by 2000-fold, compared with the WT. In M112K KSI structure, a new
      salt bridge was formed between Asp38 and Lys112. This bridge could change the
      electrostatic potential of Asp38, and thereby contribute to the decreased
      catalytic activity. The M112K mutation also decreased the stability by reducing
      Tm by 4.1 degrees C. Our data suggest that the Met112 residue may contribute to
      the catalytic activity and stability of KSI by providing favorable hydrophobic
      environments and compact packing in the catalytic core.

PMID- 27375052
TI  - Precise In Situ Modulation of Local Liquid Chemistry via Electron Irradiation in
      Nanoreactors Based on Graphene Liquid Cells.
AB  - A controlled electron-water radiolysis process is used to generate predictable
      concentrations of radical and ionic species in graphene liquid cells, allowing
      the concept of a nanoscale chemical reactor. A differential scanning technique is
      used to generate the desired time- and space-varying electron dose rate. Precise
      control of the local concentration of H2 , the dominant radiolysis species, is
      demonstrated experimentally at the nanometer scale. 

PMID- 27375053
TI  - Vitamin D Kinetics and Parathyroid Gland Function in Patients with Congenital
      Heart Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It has been recently reported that vitamin D deficiency may contribute
      to systemic illnesses that accompany chronic heart failure. These reports also
      suggest the serum levels of parathormone, which activates vitamin D in the liver,
      can be a useful marker of heart failure. This study was designed to evaluate the
      clinical implications of vitamin D and parathormone levels in patients with
      congenital heart diseases and chronic heart failure. DESIGN: We measured 25
      hydroxyvitamin D and parathormone serum levels in 103 adult patients with
      congenital heart diseases (age range 20-89 years). Of 103 patients, 54 were in
      New York Heart Association functional classes II or III. Their clinical data
      regarding cardiothoracic ratio, fractional shortening of the systemic ventricle,
      brain natriuretic peptide plasma levels, and pulse oximetry were also evaluated.
      RESULTS: Of 54 patients with chronic heart failure, 50 (93%) exhibited vitamin D
      deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels <50 nmol/L) or elevation of
      parathormone (serum levels >65 pg/mL). These two parameters were inversely
      correlated. In multivariate analyses including age, gender, 25-hydroxyvitamin D,
      parathormone, pulse oximetry, cardiothoracic ratio, calcium, phosphorus,
      glomerular filtration rate, albumin, creatine kinase, end-diastolic diameter and
      fractional shortening of the systemic ventricle, and ratio of early diastolic
      transmitral flow velocity to mitral annular velosity, only the parathormone serum
      levels (P < .01) remained independently associated with brain natriuretic peptide
      plasma levels. Moreover, in multivariate analyses including the same variables
      minus parathormone serum levels, both pulse oximetry (P < .01) and glomerular
      filtration rate (P < .01) remained independently associated with parathormone
      levels. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism are
      common in patients with congenital heart diseases and heart failure. Serum
      parathormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels correlated with several clinical
      heart failure markers, suggesting that vitamin D deficiency may deteriorate heart
      function in congenital heart disease patients.

PMID- 27375054
TI  - A dual-readout chemiluminescent-gold lateral flow test for multiplex and
      ultrasensitive detection of disease biomarkers in real samples.
AB  - Even though the gold lateral flow test (GLFT) is low-cost and allows for point-of
      care testing (POCT), its intrinsic limitations including low sensitivity and
      incapability of quantification significantly hinder the clinical application of
      GLFT for assaying disease biomarkers. To improve the performance of the GLFT
      without sacrificing its simplicity, we develop a chemiluminescent-gold lateral
      flow test (C-mode GLFT) for quantitative and multiplex detection of disease
      biomarkers with an ultrahigh sensitivity at a picomolar level. Horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP) and antibody (Ab) are simultaneously labeled onto the surface of
      gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to achieve a dual-readout (chemiluminescent and
      visual, C&V-mode GLFT). A red color appears at the test line caused by the
      accumulation of captured AuNPs in the presence of targets, while HRP on the
      surface of AuNPs catalyzes the chemiluminescence reaction of luminol to amplify
      the signal. C-mode GLFT is successfully used for detecting tumor biomarkers
      (alpha fetoprotein, AFP, and carcino embryonic antigen, CEA) and bacterial
      infection biomarkers (procalcitonin, PCT) in serum samples as well as whole
      blood. The excellent features of C-mode GLFT such as straightforward operation,
      ultrahigh sensitivity and quantitative detection, make it a promising platform
      for POCT of a variety of disease biomarkers in real samples. 

PMID- 27375055
TI  - Mutation of a conserved tryptophan residue in the CBM3c of a GH9 endoglucanase
      inhibits activity.
AB  - The presence of the family of 3c cellulose binding module (CBM3c) is important
      for the catalytic activity of family 9 endoglucanases such as the EngZ from
      Clostridium cellulovorans. To determine the role of CBM3c in catalytic activity,
      we made a tryptophan to alanine substitution because tryptophan can bind strongly
      to both substrates and other amino acids. The conserved tryptophan substitution
      (W483A) did not influence substrate binding, but it reduced enzyme activity to 10
      14% on both amorphous and crystalline cellulose. CBM3c is directly involved in
      the endoglucanase reaction independent of substrate binding. EngZ W483A was also
      inactivated independent of substrate concentrations. Specially, EngZ W483A
      restored its catalytic base activity (31.6+/-1.2U/nM) which is similar to the
      wild-type (29.4+/-0.3U/nM) on Avicel in the presence of 50mM sodium azide which
      is instead of catalytic base reaction. These results suggest that CBM3c is deeply
      involved in the cellulolytic reaction, specifically at the catalytic base region.
      Moreover, EngZ W483A was also easily denatured by DTT, an outer disulfide bond
      breaker, compared to the wild-type. CBM3c could influence the surface stability.
      These features of CBM3c result from the hydrophobic interaction of tryptophan
      with the catalytic domain that is unrelated to substrate binding.

PMID- 27375056
TI  - Antitumor activity of polysaccharide from Laminaria japonica on mice bearing H22
      liver cancer.
AB  - Water-soluble polysaccharide was extracted from Laminaria japonica, and its
      antitumor effect on mice bearing H22 liver cancer was investigated. The mice were
      inoculated with H22 hepatoma cells and randomly divided into four groups: three
      treatment groups that received 50, 100 and 150mg/kg L. japonica polysaccharide
      (LJP) intraperitoneal injection and one control group that received equal volume
      of physiological saline. Intraperitoneal injection of LJP increased serum
      interleukin-2 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels, as well as tumour
      inhibition rate of mice, but decreased serum vascular endothelial growth factor
      level. Therefore, LJP exerts antitumor effect and can be used as a therapeutic
      agent for cancer.

PMID- 27375057
TI  - Qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils: A literature-based
      database on contact allergens used for safety assessment.
AB  - The risks related to the use of essential oils are difficult to ascertain at
      present, due in part to the large number of different oils available on the
      market, making it difficult for the risk assessor. Essential oils may contain
      skin allergens in significant amounts, and could thus pose a risk to the
      consumer. The aim of our study was to collect as much qualitative and
      quantitative data as possible on allergens present in essential oils. 11 types of
      essential oils, with 25 respective subspecies, were taken into account based on a
      previous survey. Based on the literature, 517 dosages were recorded from 112
      publications, providing precious information for probabilistic exposure
      assessment purposes. 22 substances recognized as established allergens were found
      in the essential oils we included. Of these, 11 are also found in cosmetics as
      fragrance components. These results are of major importance regarding co-exposure
      to fragrance allergens. Moreover, this could lead to regulatory measures for
      essential oils in the future, as it is the case for cosmetic products, in order
      to better protect consumers against skin allergy. 

PMID- 27375058
TI  - Improving case finding of invasive aspergillosis in children using string
      searches.
AB  - Surveillance for invasive Aspergillus (IA) in children is complex. We performed a
      retrospective study (2004-2013) using string searches of relevant terms within
      histopathology and radiology reports in efforts to improve detection of IA.
      Overall, 22 children met IA criteria, of whom 5 (23%) were only identified by
      string searches.

PMID- 27375059
TI  - Chlorhexidine avoids skin bacteria recolonization more than triclosan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We do not know whether differences exist between the residual effect
      of 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol when compared with 1% triclosan in
      70% isopropyl alcohol. METHODS: Using an analytic, longitudinal, controlled, and
      comparative experimental trial, with blinded measurements, we recruited healthy,
      adult volunteers from the University of Guanajuato who completed a stabilization
      phase of skin microbiota and had no history of skin allergies. Four 25-cm2 areas
      of the inner surface of the forearms were designated for study: unscrubbed
      control for establishing baseline bacterial counts, scrubbed control with
      tridistilled water, scrubbed with chlorhexidine, and scrubbed with triclosan.
      Quantitative cultures were taken of all the areas at 0, 3, and 24 hours, using
      agar plates with neutralizing agents. RESULTS: A total of 135 healthy volunteers
      were tested. At 24 hours, the unscrubbed control counts were 288 CFU/cm2, whereas
      the scrubbed control counts were 96 CFU/cm2; 24 CFU/cm2 for chlorhexidine and 96
      CFU/cm2 for triclosan (Kruskal-Wallis chi2H = 64.27; P <.001). CONCLUSIONS:
      Chlorhexidine is the best antiseptic option when a prolonged antiseptic effect is
      needed; for instance, when implanting medical devices or performing surgical
      procedures.

PMID- 27375060
TI  - Does the new low-frequency ultrasonic debridement technology pose an infection
      control risk for clinicians, patients, and the clinic environment?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low-frequency ultrasonic debridement (LFUD) is a technology that uses
      sound waves conducted through saline mist to debride wound tissue. Whilst this
      technology purportedly reduces wound-healing times, the airborne mist generated
      is potentially problematic. Theoretically, the saline mist could carry an
      increased number of microbes into the surrounding environment, posing an
      infection control risk to the patient, clinician, and clinical environment. This
      research aimed to establish the degree and extent to which there is microbial
      spread during the use of, and following the use of, LFUD. The total number of
      colony forming units was identified for use of LFUD without the suction
      attachment (control) and with the suction attachment (intervention). METHODS:
      This was a prospective, observational study with repeated measures across each
      treatment (before, during, and after). Quota sampling in a 2 * 2 * 2 factorial
      design was undertaken so that half of the 24 treatments were conducted at each
      health service (Monash Health vs Peninsula Health), in different treatment
      environments (inpatient vs outpatient), and half were conducted with and without
      suction. The use of suction was not randomized but was determined at the treating
      clinician's discretion. Patients treated in the inpatient environment lay on
      their beds, whereas patients in the outpatient environment sat in a treatment
      chair. RESULTS: There was higher microbial count during treatment (P < .001) with
      a higher microbial count associated with lower ultrasound amplitude (P = .028),
      lower saline flow rate (P = .010), no suction attachment (P = > .001), and a
      larger wound area (P = .002). All were independently associated with greater
      microorganism aerosolization. There was no correlation between the type of
      handpiece selected, the presence of wound infection, and the treatment time or
      treatment environment. CONCLUSIONS: This research has assisted in developing
      guidelines for cleaning of equipment and environments following treatment, as
      well as around the use of personal protective equipment required to protect the
      staff member and the patient during the use of LFUD. Additionally,
      recommendations have been made regarding the specific LFUD settings to reduce the
      risk of cross-infection to the clinic environment. These include selecting a
      higher ultrasound amplitude and saline flow rate as well as the use of suction
      where clinically possible.

PMID- 27375061
TI  - Perioperative hair removal in the 21st century: Utilizing an innovative vacuum
      assisted technology to safely expedite hair removal before surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Perioperative hair removal using clippers requires lengthy cleanup to
      remove loose hairs contaminating the operative field. We compared the amount of
      hair debris and associated microbiologic contamination produced during clipping
      of surgical sites using standard surgical clippers (SSC) or clippers fitted with
      a vacuum-assisted hair collection device (SCVAD). METHODS: Trained nurses
      conducted bilateral hair clipping of the chest and groin of 18 male subjects
      using SSC or SCVAD. Before and during clipping, measurements of particulate
      matter and bacterial contamination were evaluated on settling plates placed next
      to each subject's chest and groin. Skin condition after clipping and total
      clipping/cleanup times were compared between SSC and SCVAD. RESULTS: The
      microbial burden recovered from residual hair during cleanup in the SSC group was
      3.9 log10 CFU and 4.6 log10 CFU from respective, chest, and groin areas. Use of
      the SCVAD resulted in a significant (P < .001) reduction in both residual hair
      and microbial contamination within the operative field compared with SSC.
      CONCLUSIONS: Use of SCVAD resulted in significant (P < .001) reduction in total
      time required to clip and clean up residual hair contaminating the operative
      field compared with standard practice (ie, SSC), eliminating the need to
      physically remove dispersed hairs, which can harbor a significant microbial
      burden, from within the operative field.

PMID- 27375062
TI  - Nosocomial infection of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Thailand.
AB  - Infections caused by Acinetobacter baumannii have become a critical problem for
      hospital patients worldwide. We investigated the multidrug-resistant A baumannii
      strain that caused hospital-acquired infections in Uthai Thani Hospital,
      Thailand, between 2006 and 2014. In summary, the spread of a clonally related
      multidrug-resistant A baumannii strain was the primary cause of nosocomial
      infections in Uthai Thani Hospital.

PMID- 27375063
TI  - Clostridium difficile-associated disease: A primary clinical evaluation of
      elderly patients in a geriatric hospital.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to screen all cases of Clostridium difficile
      associated disease during a 2-year period in a geriatric hospital to determine
      the incidence and clinical characteristics related to this risk. Twenty percent
      of suspected cases were diagnosed as positive and analyzed. The C difficile
      disease-associated clinical factors were ischemic heart disease and chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease. Use of acetylsalicylic acid, other nonsteroidal
      anti-inflammatory drugs, and steroids were more frequently found in the non-C
      difficile group. There were fewer cases in men than in women and more in patients
      residing in skilled nursing wards.

PMID- 27375064
TI  - Decontamination of indoor air to reduce the risk of airborne infections: Studies
      on survival and inactivation of airborne pathogens using an aerobiology chamber.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although indoor air can spread many pathogens, information on the
      airborne survival and inactivation of such pathogens remains sparse. METHODS:
      Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were nebulized separately into an
      aerobiology chamber (24.0 m3). The chamber's relative humidity and air
      temperature were at 50% +/- 5% and 20 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C, respectively.
      The air was sampled with a slit-to-agar sampler. Between tests, filtered air
      purged the chamber of any residual airborne microbes. RESULTS: The challenge in
      the air varied between 4.2 log10 colony forming units (CFU)/m3 and 5.0 log10
      CFU/m3, sufficient to show a >=3 log10 (>=99.9%) reduction in microbial viability
      in air over a given contact time by the technologies tested. The rates of
      biologic decay of S aureus and K pneumoniae were 0.0064 +/- 0.00015 and 0.0244 +/
      0.009 log10 CFU/m3/min, respectively. Three commercial devices, with ultraviolet
      light and HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filtration, met the product
      efficacy criterion in 45-210 minutes; these rates were statistically significant
      compared with the corresponding rates of biologic decay of the bacteria. One
      device was also tested with repeated challenges with aerosolized S aureus to
      simulate ongoing fluctuations in indoor air quality; it could reduce each such
      recontamination to an undetectable level in approximately 40 minutes.
      CONCLUSIONS: The setup described is suitable for work with all major classes of
      pathogens and also complies with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
      guidelines (2012) for testing air decontamination technologies.

PMID- 27375065
TI  - FASN, dietary fat intake, and risk of uterine leiomyomata in the Black Women's
      Health Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To replicate results from a previous genome-wide association study of
      European ancestry women, in which a positive association was found between
      uterine leiomyomata (UL) and rs4247357, a single-nucleotide polymorphism located
      near the fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.
      SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): African-American women aged 23-50 years, who
      were premenopausal and had an intact uterus in 1997. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We genotyped rs4247357 among 2,301 incident UL cases and
      3,005 controls from the Black Women's Health Study (1997-2011). Odds ratios (ORs)
      and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using logistic regression with
      control for age, geographic region of residence, and percent European ancestry
      using a panel of validated ancestry informative markers. RESULT(S): Overall,
      rs4247357 was not associated with UL risk. Relative to the CC genotype, ORs were
      1.04 (95% CI 0.92-1.19) for the AC genotype and 1.09 (95% CI 0.93-1.29) for the
      AA genotype. A positive association was found, however, among those with higher
      European ancestry (>=40%). Relative to the CC genotype, ORs were 2.03 (95% CI
      1.12-3.69) for the AC genotype and 2.44 (95% CI 1.20-4.96) for the AA genotype.
      Dietary fat intake also appeared to modify the FASN-UL association.
      CONCLUSION(S): Although there was little overall association between rs4247357
      and UL risk, a positive association was observed among women with >=40% European
      ancestry. Direct sequencing of this genomic region might be warranted to
      determine whether rs4247357, or some other variant, is causally related to UL.

PMID- 27375066
TI  - Comparison of Compass and Humphrey perimeters in detecting glaucomatous defects.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the performance of Compass fundus automated perimetry (FAP)
      and Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) in glaucoma patients. METHODS: A total of 120
      patients with glaucoma underwent 1 FAP and 1 HFA perimetric test over the central
      24 degrees  on one eye. The chosen eye and sequence were randomized and only
      reliable examinations were considered for analysis. Mean deviation (MD), pattern
      standard deviation (PSD), visual field index (VFI), and the area of absolute
      scotoma were compared between perimeters. Glaucoma Staging System (GSS2) data
      were analyzed by means of k test. RESULTS: Mean sensitivity difference (FAP-HFA)
      was -1.0 +/- 2.81 dB (p<0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.61, -0.60 dB), MD
      difference was +0.27 +/- 2.84 dB (p = 0.36, 95% CI -5.30, 5.83 dB), PSD
      difference was +0.48 +/- 1.95 dB (p = 0.0075, 95% CI -3.37, 4.33 dB), and VFI
      difference was +2.4% +/- 8.4% (p = 0.003, 95% CI -14.0%, +18.8% dB). Weighted
      kappa for GSS2 was 0.87. Points with null sensitivities were 9.9 +/- 10.2 with
      FAP and 8.2 +/- 8.9 with HFA (difference: 1.7 +/- 4.0 points, p = 0.013).
      CONCLUSIONS: Mean sensitivity with FAP is 1 dB lower than HFA, a finding due to
      different threshold strategies. Differences of global indices for FAP and HFA are
      small, which makes the 2 perimeters equivalent in the clinical setting. However,
      FAP seems more severe in evaluating glaucomatous damage, with absolute scotoma
      areas larger than with HFA. We raise the hypothesis that such difference may be
      the result of the active compensation of eye movements available with FAP.

PMID- 27375067
TI  - Morphologic changes in the anterior segment using ultrasound biomicroscopy after
      cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate morphologic changes in the anterior segment using ultrasound
      biomicroscopic imaging (UBM) after phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular
      lens implantation (IOL). METHODS: Thirty-six patients with a mean age of 68.68 +/
      8.44 years (range 51-89) who had phacoemulsification and foldable IOL
      implantation were included in this prospective study. Several anterior segment
      parameters including aqueous depth (AQD), trabecular meshwork-iris angle (TIA),
      ciliary body thickness (CBT), sclera thickness (ST), trabecular meshwork-ciliary
      process distance (T-CPD), iris-ciliary processes distance (I-CPD), and iris
      thickness (IT) were measured using UBM preoperatively and at postoperative month
      2. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in AQD (p<0.001) and TIA (p<0.001)
      at postoperative month 2. However, CBT, ST, T-CPD, I-CPD, and IT did not
      significantly change (p>0.05) during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Removal of
      the crystalline lens results in change in the anterior segment parameters. Our
      results confirmed that UBM is a helpful option for the analysis of anterior
      segment structures both qualitatively and quantitatively.

PMID- 27375068
TI  - Etiology and treatment of choroidal neovascularization in pediatric patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the etiology, clinical features, and outcome of choroidal
      neovascularization (CNV) in children. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 10
      eyes of 8 patients younger than 18 years diagnosed with CNV. The main clinical
      parameters included predisposing ocular pathologies, best-corrected visual acuity
      before and after treatment, characteristics of CNV, and treatment modalities.
      RESULTS: Two boys and 6 girls with CNV and a mean age of 13.9 years (SD 1.9,
      range 11-16 years) were included. Two patients developed bilateral CNV within the
      follow-up time. The development of CNV was secondary to the following
      pathologies: choroidal osteoma (n = 3), pathologic myopia (n = 1), punctate inner
      choroidopathy (n = 1), hereditary macular dystrophy (n = 2), and angioid streaks
      (n = 1). Idiopathic CNV was diagnosed in 2 children without any obvious
      associated ocular pathology. In 9 eyes, CNV was treated by intravitreal anti
      vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) administration (n = 6), photodynamic
      therapy (n = 1), or combination therapy (n = 3). One eye remained untreated
      because of advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric CNV is a rare but sight
      threatening retinal disease. So far, no standard treatment has been validated.
      Since the establishment of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, laser coagulation and
      photodynamic therapy have lost their significance as therapy for CNV.

PMID- 27375069
TI  - Photopic and Mesopic Performance of 2 Different Trifocal Diffractive Intraocular
      Lenses.
AB  - Purpose To assess photopic and mesopic vision in patients implanted with 2
      different trifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). Methods Fifty patients with
      cataract in both eyes had surgery with bilateral implantation of a trifocal
      FineVision (FV, n = 25) or AT LISA tri 839MP (LisaTri, n = 25) IOL. Three months
      after surgery, high-contrast photopic uncorrected distance visual acuity and
      corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were determined using the Early Treatment
      Diabetic Retinopathy Study test. Intermediate (65 cm) and near (40 cm) visual
      acuity were also measured, both with best distance correction (DCIVA and DCNVA,
      respectively). The CSV1000 test chart was used for binocular and monocular
      contrast sensitivity. Defocus curves were constructed under photopic and mesopic
      conditions. Results Mean patient age was 68.4 +/- 5.5 years (FV) and 67.3 +/- 5.6
      years (LisaTri) (p = 0.540). No differences were found in terms of visual acuity
      between the groups. The CDVA, DCIVA, and DCNVA were 0.05 +/- 0.06, 0.25 +/- 0.10,
      and 0.13 +/- 0.10 logMAR for FV and -0.04 +/- 0.11, 0.32 +/- 0.09, and 0.12 +/-
      0.11 logMAR for LisaTri, respectively (p = 0.09, p = 0.08, and p = 0.12).
      Photopic and mesopic defocus curves were comparable between the 2 IOL groups
      (p>0.05). Mesopic values were significantly worse than photopic in both groups
      for all the measured values (p<0.001). No differences in contrast sensitivity
      were observed between the 2 IOL groups (p>0.05). Conclusions Both trifocal
      diffractive IOLs provided good visual quality with a statistically significant
      decrease in mesopic conditions.

PMID- 27375070
TI  - Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor negatively regulates the metastasis of
      pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths
      worldwide. Frequent metastasis and recurrence are the main reasons for the poor
      prognosis of PC patients. Thus, the discovery of new biomarkers and wider
      insights into the mechanisms involved in pancreatic tumorigenesis and metastasis
      is crucial. In the present study, we report that leukemia inhibitory factor
      receptor (LIFR) suppresses tumorigenesis and metastasis of PC cells both in vitro
      and in vivo. LIFR expression was significantly lower in PC tissues and was
      associated with local invasion (P=0.047), lymph node metastasis (P=0.014) and
      tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (P=0.002). Overexpression of LIFR significantly
      suppressed PC cell colony formation (P=0.005), migration (P=0.003), invasion
      (P=0.010) and wound healing ability (P=0.013) in vitro, while opposing results
      were observed after LIFR was silenced. Furthermore, animal xenograft and
      metastasis models confirm that the in vivo results were consistent with the
      outcomes in vitro. Meanwhile, LIFR inhibited the expression of beta-catenin,
      vimentin and slug and induced the expression of E-cadherin, suggesting that the
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulation pathway may underlie the mechanism.
      These results indicate that LIFR negatively regulates the metastasis of PC cells.

PMID- 27375071
TI  - Risk Factors for Removal or Revision of Penile Prostheses in the Veteran
      Population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify comorbid conditions that may increase the likelihood of
      revision surgery after primary penile prosthesis implantation. To evaluate trends
      in utilization of prostheses and selection of device within the Veterans Affairs
      (VA) system. METHODS: A retrospective review of the VA Informatics and Computing
      Infrastructure database was performed using Current Procedural Technology codes
      to identify any Veteran who underwent penile prosthesis surgery between January
      2000 and December 2013. Age, race, procedure type, and relevant comorbidities
      were identified and compared between groups. RESULTS: A total of 6586 patients
      underwent primary penile prosthesis placement with at least 1 year of follow-up.
      Peripheral vascular disease (P <.001), smoking (P <.001), hypertension (P =
      .012), and history of prostate cancer (P = .043) were each associated with a
      significant increased risk of revision or removal surgery. There was an increase
      in overall number of implants placed during the study and increased durability
      with malleable penile prosthesis (MPP), but there was a downward trend in the
      number of MPP placed relative to inflatable penile prosthesis (P <.001). MPP were
      more likely to be placed with increasing age (P <.05) and there was a trend
      toward increased MPP placement in African Americans compared with Caucasians (P =
      .06). CONCLUSION: Peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, smoking, and history
      of prostate cancer are associated with increased risk for secondary surgery. This
      raises a provocative question of how vascular insufficiency may play a role in
      the likelihood of secondary surgery after penile prosthesis placement.
      Utilization of penile prosthesis placement in the VA system is steadily
      increasing, most notably with increased numbers of inflatable penile prosthesis
      placement.

PMID- 27375072
TI  - Does DCD Donor Time-to-Death Affect Recipient Outcomes? Implications of Time-to
      Death at a High-Volume Center in the United States.
AB  - For donation after circulatory death (DCD), many centers allow 1 h after
      treatment withdrawal to donor death for kidneys. Our center has consistently
      allowed 2 h. We hypothesized that waiting longer would be associated with worse
      outcome. A single-center, retrospective analysis of DCD kidneys transplanted
      between 2008 and 2013 as well as a nationwide survey of organ procurement
      organization DCD practices were conducted. We identified 296 DCD kidneys, of
      which 247 (83.4%) were transplanted and 49 (16.6%) were discarded. Of the 247
      recipients, 225 (group 1; 91.1%) received kidneys with a time to death (TTD) of 0
      1 h; 22 (group 2; 8.9%) received grafts with a TTD of 1-2 h. Five-year patient
      survival was 88.8% for group 1, and 83.9% for group 2 (p = 0.667); Graft survival
      was also similar, with 5-year survival of 74.1% for group 1, and 83.9% for group
      2 (p = 0.507). The delayed graft function rate was the same in both groups (50.2%
      vs. 50.0%, p = 0.984). TTD was not predictive of graft failure. Nationally, the
      average maximum wait-time for DCD kidneys was 77.2 min. By waiting 2 h for DCD
      kidneys, we performed 9.8% more transplants without worse outcomes. Nationally,
      this practice would allow for hundreds of additional kidney transplants,
      annually.

PMID- 27375073
TI  - Defining the Performance Parameters of a Rapid Screening Tool for FMR1 CGG-Repeat
      Expansions Based on Direct Triplet-Primed PCR and Melt Curve Analysis.
AB  - Population-based screening for CGG-repeat expansions in the fragile X mental
      retardation 1 (FMR1) gene that cause fragile X syndrome can now be performed more
      cost-effectively and simply by combining direct triplet-primed PCR (dTP-PCR) with
      melting curve analysis (MCA). We have now performed a detailed technical
      validation to define the operational parameters for achieving robust and reliable
      performance of the FMR1 dTP-PCR MCA assay. We compared the assay's performance on
      2 real-time PCR platforms and determined its analytic sensitivity and
      specificity. We also assessed the assay's performance on DNA isolated from
      different sources, the effect of differences in CGG-repeat length and AGG
      interruption pattern on melt peak temperature (Tm), and the effect of common
      substances found in DNA solutions on Tms. The assay performed well in
      distinguishing normal from expansion-carrying samples. The assay had detection
      sensitivity down to 1 ng and an analytical specificity beyond 150 ng. In addition
      to peripheral blood DNA, analysis could also be performed on DNA from saliva,
      buccal swabs, and dried blood spots. Salt increased Tms, glycogen contamination
      had minimal effect, whereas AGG interruptions lowered Tms. The FMR1 dTP-PCR MCA
      screening assay is highly sensitive and specific, performs well using DNA from
      different sources, and is robust and reproducible when reagent concentrations are
      maintained across all tested samples.

PMID- 27375075
TI  - Extracellular vesicles in renal tissue damage and regeneration.
AB  - Extracellular vesicles (EVs) appear as important actors in cell-to-cell
      communication. EV content is characterized by proteins and RNA species that
      dynamically reflect cell and tissue state. Urinary EVs in particular may act in
      inter-nephron communication with possible beneficial or detrimental effects.
      Increasing interest is addressed to the pharmacological properties of EVs as a
      cell-free therapy, since several of the effects crAQ/tgqcedited to stem cells
      have been recapitulated by administration of their EVs. Preclinical data in
      models of renal damage indicate a general regenerative potential of EVs derived
      from mesenchymal stromal cells of different sources, including bone marrow, fetal
      tissues, urine and kidney. In this review we will discuss the results on the
      effect of EVs in repair of acute and chronic renal injury, and the mechanisms
      involved. In addition, we will analyse the strategies for EV pharmacological
      applications in renal regenerative medicine and limits and benefits involved.

PMID- 27375074
TI  - Reality of Single Circulating Tumor Cell Sequencing for Molecular Diagnostics in
      Pancreatic Cancer.
AB  - To understand the potential and limitations of circulating tumor cell (CTC)
      sequencing for molecular diagnostics, we investigated the feasibility of
      identifying the ubiquitous KRAS mutation in single CTCs from pancreatic cancer
      (PC) patients. We used the NanoVelcro/laser capture microdissection CTC platform,
      combined with whole genome amplification and KRAS Sanger sequencing. We assessed
      both KRAS codon-12 coverage and the degree that allele dropout during whole
      genome amplification affected the detection of KRAS mutations from single CTCs.
      We isolated 385 single cells, 163 from PC cell lines and 222 from the blood of 12
      PC patients, and obtained KRAS sequence coverage in 218 of 385 single cells
      (56.6%). For PC cell lines with known KRAS mutations, single mutations were
      detected in 67% of homozygous cells but only 37.4% of heterozygous single cells,
      demonstrating that both coverage and allele dropout are important causes of
      mutation detection failure from single cells. We could detect KRAS mutations in
      CTCs from 11 of 12 patients (92%) and 33 of 119 single CTCs sequenced, resulting
      in a KRAS mutation detection rate of 27.7%. Importantly, KRAS mutations were
      never found in the 103 white blood cells sequenced. Sequencing of groups of cells
      containing between 1 and 100 cells determined that at least 10 CTCs are likely
      required to reliably assess KRAS mutation status from CTCs.

PMID- 27375076
TI  - Aptamer BC 007 - A broad spectrum neutralizer of pathogenic autoantibodies
      against G-protein-coupled receptors.
AB  - The effect of autoantibodies on G-protein coupled receptors in the pathogenesis
      of diseases, especially of the heart and vascular system, is an increasingly
      accepted fact today. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most intensively
      investigated pathological situation of these. With DCM, autoantibodies against
      the beta1-adrenoceptor and the muscarinic M2-receptor have been found in high
      percentage of investigated patients. Immunoadsorption for autoantibody removal
      has already shown a long-term beneficial therapeutic effect, but has remained
      limited in its application because of the complexity of this method. A new easy
      applicable treatment strategy has, therefore, been discovered. Because of intra-
      and inter-loop epitope variability of the beta1-adrenoceptor specific
      autoantibodies and also the occurrence of further autoantibodies of this class
      such as the ones against the beta2- and alpha1-adrenoceptor, the ETA-, proteinase
      activated-, and the AT1-receptors in different pathological situations, this
      newly discovered broad-spectrum neutralizer of all these autoantibodies - aptamer
      BC 007 - is under development. The binding and neutralizing effect was
      investigated applying a bioassay of spontaneously beating neonatal rat
      cardiomyocytes and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) - technology. The
      usefulness of aptamer BC 007 to specify column technology for the removal of
      serum autoantibodies was also demonstrated. The presented data suggest that
      aptamer BC 007 might be an appropriate molecule candidate to support future
      research about the meaning of G-protein-coupled receptor autoantibodies. 

PMID- 27375078
TI  - Renal fibrosis in precision-cut kidney slices.
AB  - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with renal fibrosis, a pathological
      process that is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix
      proteins resulting in loss of organ architecture and function. Currently, renal
      transplantation and dialysis are the sole treatment options for advanced CKD, yet
      these therapies have limited impact on fibrogenesis. Even though antifibrotic
      therapies are being developed, the search for effective antifibrotic drugs is
      being hampered by the lack of appropriate cell and animal models to study renal
      fibrosis. In vitro models lack cellular heterogeneity whereas in vivo models do
      not fully reflect human pathology. Precision-cut tissue slices, prepared from
      human or rodent tissue, provide a unique ex vivo model system that captures the
      complexity of organs, and they are widely used for ADME/Tox drug testing.
      Moreover, precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS) have been recently established as a
      useful model to study renal fibrosis. This review summarizes the currently
      available models for renal fibrosis, describes the wide array of possibilities
      with PCKS and shows its role in the search for antifibrotic drugs.

PMID- 27375077
TI  - Imaging technologies for monitoring the safety, efficacy and mechanisms of action
      of cell-based regenerative medicine therapies in models of kidney disease.
AB  - The incidence of end stage kidney disease is rising annually and it is now a
      global public health problem. Current treatment options are dialysis or renal
      transplantation, which apart from their significant drawbacks in terms of
      increased morbidity and mortality, are placing an increasing economic burden on
      society. Cell-based Regenerative Medicine Therapies (RMTs) have shown great
      promise in rodent models of kidney disease, but clinical translation is hampered
      due to the lack of adequate safety and efficacy data. Furthermore, the mechanisms
      whereby the cell-based RMTs ameliorate injury are ill-defined. For instance, it
      is not always clear if the cells directly replace damaged renal tissue, or
      whether paracrine effects are more important. Knowledge of the mechanisms
      responsible for the beneficial effects of cell therapies is crucial because it
      could lead to the development of safer and more effective RMTs in the future. To
      address these questions, novel in vivo imaging strategies are needed to monitor
      the biodistribution of cell-based RMTs and evaluate their beneficial effects on
      host tissues and organs, as well as any potential adverse effects. In this review
      we will discuss how state-of-the-art imaging modalities, including
      bioluminescence, magnetic resonance, nuclear imaging, ultrasound and an emerging
      imaging technology called multispectral optoacoustic tomography, can be used in
      combination with various imaging probes to track the fate and biodistribution of
      cell-based RMTs in rodent models of kidney disease, and evaluate their effect on
      renal function.

PMID- 27375079
TI  - An introduction to the pharmacology of kidney regeneration.

PMID- 27375080
TI  - Propyl gallate sensitizes human lung cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis
      by targeting heme oxygenase-1 for TRC8-mediated degradation.
AB  - Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) significantly contributes to survival of cancer cells and
      is being considered as one of therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Propyl
      gallate (PG) is a synthetic phenolic compound that possess a potent anti-oxidant
      and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we investigated whether
      PG exhibit an anti-cancer effect through modulating HO-1 activation. In human non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, treatment with PG dose-dependently
      diminished HO-1 protein levels without changing its mRNA levels and consequently
      decreased HO-1 activity. PG also significantly enhanced the sensitivity of NSCLC
      cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, and this effect was attenuated by
      overexpression of HO-1. Mechanistically, PG exerted its chemosensitization effect
      by down-regulating HO-1 protein expression through a TRC8 (translocation in renal
      carcinoma, chromosome 8)-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Collectively, our
      data provide the potential application of PG in combination chemotherapy to
      enhance drug sensitivity in lung cancer by targeting HO-1. 

PMID- 27375081
TI  - Pluripotent stem cell-derived kidney organoids: An in vivo-like in vitro
      technology.
AB  - Organoids are self-organizing, multicellular structures that contain multiple
      cell types, represent organ structure and function, and can be used to model
      organ development, maintenance and repair ex vivo. Organoids, derived from
      embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or adult stem
      cells, are cultured in extracellular matrix (ECM). Organoid cultures have been
      developed for multiple organs and for the kidney, pluripotent stem cell (PSCs)
      derived organoid technology has rapidly developed in the last three years. Here,
      we review available PSC differentiation protocols, focusing on the pluripotent
      stem cells to initiate the organoid culture, as well as on growth factors and ECM
      used to regulate differentiation and expansion. In addition, we will discuss the
      read out strategies to evaluate organoid phenotype and function. Finally, we will
      indicate how the choice of both culture parameters and read out strategy should
      be tailored to specific applications of the organoid culture.

PMID- 27375083
TI  - Preventing work-related stress among staff working in children's cancer Principal
      Treatment Centres in the UK: a brief survey of staff support systems and
      practices.
AB  - Growing evidence of the association between health professionals' well-being and
      patient and organisational outcomes points to the need for effective staff
      support. This paper reports a brief survey of the UK's children's cancer
      Principal Treatment Centres (PTCs) regarding staff support systems and practices.
      A short on-line questionnaire, administered in 2012-2013, collected information
      about the availability of staff support interventions which seek to prevent work
      related stress among different members of the multi-disciplinary team (MDT). It
      was completed by a member of staff with, where required, assistance from
      colleagues. All PTCs (n = 19) participated. Debriefs following a patient death
      was the most frequently reported staff support practice. Support groups were
      infrequently mentioned. There was wide variability between PTCs, and between
      professional groups, regarding the number and type of interventions available.
      Doctors appear to be least likely to have access to support. A few Centres
      routinely addressed work-related stress in wider staff management strategies. Two
      Centres had developed a bespoke intervention. Very few Centres were reported to
      actively raise awareness of support available from their hospital's Occupational
      Health department. A minority of PTCs had expert input regarding staff support
      from clinical psychology/liaison psychiatry.

PMID- 27375084
TI  - Intercellular transfer of P-glycoprotein in human blood-brain barrier endothelial
      cells is increased by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
AB  - The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls the entry of compounds into the brain,
      thereby regulating brain homeostasis. Efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein
      (Pgp) significantly contribute to BBB function. Multiple signaling pathways
      modulate the expression and activity of Pgp in response to xenobiotics and
      disease. A non-genetic way of intercellular transfer of Pgp occurs in cancer
      cells, but whether this also occurs in non-cancer cells such as endothelial cells
      that form the BBB is not known. A human brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3)
      was used to study whether cell-to-cell Pgp transfer occurs during co-culturing
      with Pgp-EGFP expressing hCMEC/D3 cells. The Pgp-EGFP fusion protein was
      transferred from donor to recipient cells by cell-to-cell contact and Pgp-EGFP
      enriched vesicles, which were exocytosed by donor cells and endocytosed by
      adherent recipient cells. Flow cytometry experiments with the Pgp substrate
      eFLUXX-ID Gold demonstrated that the transferred Pgp is functional in the
      recipient cells. Exposure of the donor cells with inhibitors of histone
      deacetylases (HDACs) resulted in an enhanced intercellular Pgp transfer. Non
      genetic transfer of a resistance phenotype and its regulation by HDACs is a novel
      mechanism of altering BBB functionality. This mechanism may have important
      implications for understanding drug-induced alterations in Pgp expression and
      activity.

PMID- 27375085
TI  - Anatomical constraints to C4 evolution: light harvesting capacity in the bundle
      sheath.
AB  - In C4 photosynthesis CO2 assimilation and reduction are typically coordinated
      across mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells, respectively. This system
      consequently requires sufficient light to reach BS to generate enough ATP to
      allow ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration in BS. Leaf anatomy
      influences BS light penetration and therefore constrains C4 cycle functionality.
      Using an absorption scattering model (coded in Excel, and freely downloadable) we
      simulate light penetration profiles and rates of ATP production in BS across the
      C3 , C3 -C4 and C4 anatomical continua. We present a trade-off for light
      absorption between BS pigment concentration and space allocation. C3 BS anatomy
      limits light absorption and benefits little from high pigment concentrations.
      Unpigmented BS extensions increase BS light penetration. C4 and C3 -C4 anatomies
      have the potential to generate sufficient ATP in the BS, whereas typical C3
      anatomy does not, except some C3 taxa closely related to C4 groups. Insufficient
      volume of BS, relative to M, will hamper a C4 cycle via insufficient BS light
      absorption. Thus, BS ATP production and RuBP regeneration, coupled with increased
      BS investments, allow greater operational plasticity. We propose that larger BS
      in C3 lineages may be co-opted for C3 -C4 and C4 biochemistry requirements. 

PMID- 27375086
TI  - Early prediction of systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after major
      thoracic operation should not be sneezed at, but it is not a panacea.

PMID- 27375087
TI  - Functional status, age, and long-term survival after trauma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association between functional status in trauma survivors and
      long-term outcomes is unknown. METHODS: We performed an observational cohort
      study on adult trauma patients (>=18 years), who required admission to the
      intensive care unit and who survived hospitalization between 1997 and 2011. The
      exposure of interest was a functional status defined as bed mobility, transfers,
      and gait level assessed at the time of hospital discharge. Adjusted odds ratios
      were estimated by multivariable logistic regression models. The primary outcome
      was all-cause, postdischarge mortality. RESULTS: We analyzed 3,565 patients with
      a mean (standard deviation) age of 55 (12.4) years; 60% were male, and 78% were
      white. The 720-day postdischarge mortality was 22.8%. In a logistic regression
      model, the lowest functional status category at hospital discharge was associated
      with 4-fold increased odds of 720-day postdischarge mortality (adjusted odds
      ratio 4.06 (95% confidence interval, 2.65-6.20, P < .001) compared with patients
      with independent functional status. We compared the odds of 720-day postdischarge
      mortality in patients with independent functional status and in patients in the
      lowest functional status category at hospital discharge. The odds of 720-day
      postdischarge mortality were stronger in older adults (>=65 years: adjusted odds
      ratio 3.34 [95% confidence interval, 1.72-6.50, P < .001]) than in younger adults
      (<65 years: adjusted odds ratio 2.53 [95% confidence interval, 1.39-4.60, P =
      .002]). Finally, improvement of functional status prior to discharge was
      associated with a 52% decrease in the odds of 720-day postdischarge mortality
      (adjusted odds ratio 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.75; P < .001) compared
      with patients without a change in functional status prior to discharge.
      CONCLUSION: In trauma intensive care unit survivors, functional status at
      hospital discharge is predictive of long-term mortality.

PMID- 27375088
TI  - Response to: "Modified associating liver partition and portal vein occlusion for
      a staged hepatectomy procedure with right anterior liver sector congestion:
      Friend or foe?".

PMID- 27375090
TI  - The Norwegian versions of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire CPAQ-20 and
      CPAQ-8 - validation and reliability studies.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the
      translated Norwegian version of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ
      20) and the shorter version CPAQ-8 based on the same data. METHOD: The sample
      consisted of 120 women with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CWP). The
      respondents completed CPAQ-20 and visual analogue scales (pain, fatigue, sleep
      problems and depression), General Health Questionnaire-12, The Pain
      Catastrophizing Scale, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and SF-8. Confirmatory
      factor analyses were performed on a one-factor baseline model, the previous
      validated CPAQ-20 and CPAQ-8 models, as well as an exploratory generated model
      based on the current sample. RESULTS: The two-factor model of CPAQ-20 and a two
      factor model of CPAQ-8 obtained adequate model fit and outperformed the baseline
      model. The exploratory factor, analysis-generated two-factor model obtained only
      a marginally better fit, supporting the two-dimensional model of CPAQ-20. CPAQ-20
      and CPAQ-8 had Cronbach's alphas between 0.75 (Pain Willingness subscales both
      versions) and 0.85. Both scales correlated significantly in the hypothesised
      direction with all the other scales. CONCLUSION: The Norwegian versions of CPAQ
      20 and CPAQ-8 are reliable assessment tools with good construct validity for
      measurement of acceptance. Future studies should validate the scales in other
      Norwegian samples. Implication for Rehabilitation CPAQ-20 and CPAQ-8 are valid
      Norwegian instruments for measuring acceptance of pain. Acceptance of pain is an
      important process in the rehabilitation of persons with chronic widespread pain.
      Treatment models supporting acceptance can now be developed and measured further
      in Norway.

PMID- 27375089
TI  - Observations of movement dynamics of flying insects using high resolution lidar.
AB  - Insects are fundamental to ecosystem functioning and biodiversity, yet the study
      of insect movement, dispersal and activity patterns remains a challenge. Here we
      present results from a novel high resolution laser-radar (lidar) system for
      quantifying flying insect abundance recorded during one summer night in Sweden.
      We compare lidar recordings with data from a light trap deployed alongside the
      lidar. A total of 22808 insect were recorded, and the relative temporal
      quantities measured matched the quantities recorded with the light trap within a
      radius of 5 m. Lidar records showed that small insects (wing size <2.5 mm(2) in
      cross-section) moved across the field and clustered near the light trap around
      22:00 local time, while larger insects (wing size >2.5 mm(2) in cross-section)
      were most abundant near the lidar beam before 22:00 and then moved towards the
      light trap between 22:00 and 23:30. We could distinguish three insect clusters
      based on morphology and found that two contained insects predominantly recorded
      above the field in the evening, whereas the third was formed by insects near the
      forest at around 21:30. Together our results demonstrate the capability of lidar
      for distinguishing different types of insect during flight and quantifying their
      movements.

PMID- 27375091
TI  - Immobilization of chlorophyll by using layer-by-layer technique for controlled
      release systems and photodynamic inactivation.
AB  - The development of systems for the controlled release of drugs is important
      because they allow the control of drug absorption and tissue distribution and
      also can reduce local toxicity. This study aimed to assemble and characterize two
      types of release systems, consisting of layer-by-layer films obtained from
      poly(allylamine) hydrochloride with chlorophyll (PAH/CHL films) or chlorophyll
      incorporated into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes (PAH/Lip+CHL films).
      For these systems, the molecular aggregation, growth process, thermally
      stimulated desorption, wettability, and controlling release of CHL was studied by
      using UV-vis spectroscopy and wetting contact angle analysis. In addition,
      experiments of photodynamic inactivation using PAH/CHL or PAH/Lip+CHL films with
      a 633-nm laser light were performed and the susceptibility of Candida albicans
      (C. albicans) to this approach was examined. Fluorescence and atomic force
      microscopies were used to investigate the surface morphology after the
      application of the photoinactivation procedure. A redshift of the UV-vis spectrum
      associated to films when compared with the spectrum of the CHL solution indicated
      a molecular aggregation of CHL molecules in the films. The film growth process
      was determined by a nucleation and a growth of spheroids or rods for either
      PAH/Lip+CHL or PAH/CHL films, respectively. Thermally activated desorption
      experiments indicated that interactions between CHL and PAH (126kJ/mol) in
      PAH/CHL or between Lip+CHL and PAH (140kJ/mol) in PAH/Lip+CHL films may be
      governed by electrostatic interactions. The wettability of PAH/Lip+CHL films was
      larger than that for PAH/CHL films, which can be attributed to hydrophilic groups
      on the surface of the DPPC liposomes. Release experiments revealed that free CHL
      in PAH/CHL films was released more slowly than its partner incorporated into
      liposomes. After the photodynamic inactivation, results of survival fraction and
      fluorescence microscopy revealed that C. albicans presented similar
      susceptibility for the two kinds of films. AFM supported the fluorescence one
      suggesting that cell death of C. albicans may occur due to damages to its cell
      wall by C. albicans. 

PMID- 27375093
TI  - Editorial: serologic microbial-associated markers to predict Crohn's disease
      behaviour.

PMID- 27375094
TI  - Editorial: serologic microbial associated markers to predict Crohn's disease
      behaviour - authors' reply.

PMID- 27375092
TI  - IL-22 exacerbates weight loss in a murine model of chronic pulmonary Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interleukin (IL)-22 is a critical mediator of mucosal immunity and
      tissue regeneration, protecting against a number of respiratory pathogens.
      Whether IL-22 confers protection against chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)
      infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) is unknown. METHODS: Explanted CF lungs were
      examined for IL-22 production and immune-localization. A murine model of
      persistent pulmonary PA infection was used to examine production of IL-22
      following infective challenge. The role of IL-22 was examined using IL-22
      knockout (KO) animals. RESULTS: IL-22 is produced within the adult CF lung and
      localizes to the airway epithelium. IL-22 is produced by murine pulmonary lymph
      node cells following lung infection. The absence of IL-22 resulted in no
      significant difference in acute mortality, bacterial burden, chronic infection
      rates, histological changes or neutrophilic inflammation in the chronic PA
      infection model. However, IL-22 KO animals lost less weight following infection.
      CONCLUSION: IL-22 is produced in the CF lung and in response to PA infection yet
      is dispensable in protection against chronic pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection in
      a murine model. However, we identified a novel role for the cytokine in promoting
      infection-related weight-loss, a significant prognostic factor in the CF
      population.

PMID- 27375095
TI  - Editorial: mixed soluble fibre in chronic constipation - something new?

PMID- 27375096
TI  - Editorial: mixed soluble fibre in chronic constipation - something new? Authors'
      reply.

PMID- 27375097
TI  - Letter: probing the consequences of potent acid inhibition by vonoprazan.

PMID- 27375098
TI  - Letter: probing the consequences of potent acid inhibition by vonoprazan -
      authors' reply.

PMID- 27375099
TI  - Letter: hydroxypropyl cellulose as therapy for chronic diarrhoea in patients with
      bile acid malabsorption - possible mechanisms.

PMID- 27375100
TI  - Letter: the therapeutic potential of targeting CCL25/CCR9 in colonic inflammatory
      bowel disease - reading between the lines.

PMID- 27375101
TI  - Letter: irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in paediatric inflammatory bowel
      disease.

PMID- 27375102
TI  - Letter: irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in paediatric inflammatory bowel
      disease - authors' reply.

PMID- 27375103
TI  - Letter: a prospective real life comparison of the efficacy of adalimumab vs.
      golimumab in moderate to severe ulcerative colitis.

PMID- 27375104
TI  - Transoral robotic surgery for oropharyngeal cancer.

PMID- 27375105
TI  - Progression-free survival with regorafenib in gastric cancer.

PMID- 27375106
TI  - The SCN8A encephalopathy mutation p.Ile1327Val displays elevated sensitivity to
      the anticonvulsant phenytoin.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: SCN8A encephalopathy (early infantile epileptic encephalopathy;
      EIEE13) is caused by gain-of-function mutations resulting in hyperactivity of the
      voltage-gated sodium channel Nav 1.6. The channel is concentrated at the axon
      initial segment (AIS) and is involved in establishing neuronal excitability.
      Clinical features of SCN8A encephalopathy include seizure onset between 0 and 18
      months of age, intellectual disability, and developmental delay. Seizures are
      often refractory to treatment with standard antiepileptic drugs, and sudden
      unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) has been reported in approximately 10% of
      patients. In a recent study, high doses of phenytoin were effective in four
      patients with SCN8A encephalopathy. In view of this observation, we have
      investigated the relationship between the functional effect of the SCN8A mutation
      p.Ile1327Val and its response to phenytoin. METHODS: The mutation was introduced
      into the Scn8a cDNA by site-directed mutagenesis. Channel activity was
      characterized in transfected ND7/23 cells. The effects of phenytoin (100 MUm) on
      mutant and wild-type (WT) channels were compared. RESULTS: Channel activation
      parameters were shifted in a hyperpolarizing direction in the mutant channel,
      whereas inactivation parameters were shifted in a depolarizing direction,
      increasing Na channel window current. Macroscopic current decay was slowed in
      I1327V channels, indicating an impairment in the transition from open state to
      inactivated state. Channel deactivation was also delayed, allowing more channels
      to remain in the open state. Phenytoin (100 MUm) resulted in hyperpolarized
      activation and inactivation curves as well as greater tonic block and use
      dependent block of I1327V mutant channels relative to WT. SIGNIFICANCE: SCN8A -
      I1327V is a gain-of-function mutation with altered features that are predicted to
      increase neuronal excitability and seizure susceptibility. Phenytoin is an
      effective inhibitor of the mutant channel and may be of use in treating patients
      with gain-of-function mutations of SCN8A.

PMID- 27375108
TI  - Management of Graves' disease during pregnancy in the Poitou-Charentes Region.
AB  - : Graves' disease (GD) during pregnancy involves risks for the mother, foetus and
      neonate. OBJECTIVE: To compile an inventory of the clinical practices regarding
      the management of GD during pregnancy in the Poitou-Charentes region of France.
      This was a retrospective, multicentre study covering the period 2005 to 2012.
      Ninety-five pregnancies were reviewed: 14 GD diagnosed during pregnancy, 24 GD
      already treated with synthetic antithyroid drugs (SAT) prior to pregnancy, 25 GD
      in remission before pregnancy and 32 GD who had undergone thyroidectomy prior to
      pregnancy. In patients under SAT and/or with TSH receptor antibody levels
      (TRAb)>3N at the 2nd (T2) and/or 3rd trimester (T3) of pregnancy, a foetal
      thyroid ultrasound (FTU) was performed in 18/32 cases and neonatal thyroid
      screening (NTS) in 14/20 cases. One case of foetal hyperthyroidism, two of
      neonatal hyperthyroidism and three of foetal hypothyroidism (including one
      neonatal hypothyroidism) were observed. Propylthiouracil was the preferred
      treatment prescribed, whatever the trimester. A congenital malformation was
      observed in 4/19 foetuses exposed to carbimazole during the 1st trimester (T1).
      In operated patients, TSH levels were>2.5mIU/L during T1 in 23/32 cases, while
      TRAb were not assayed during pregnancy in 12/32 cases. The management of GD
      during pregnancy could be improved by adjusting SAT therapy during its course,
      titrating levothyroxine prior to conception and in early pregnancy in
      thyroidectomised patients, and a more targeted use of FTU during T2 and T3 and of
      neonatal thyroid screening.

PMID- 27375107
TI  - Antisense antimicrobial therapeutics.
AB  - Antisense antimicrobial therapeutics are synthetic oligomers that silence
      expression of specific genes. This specificity confers an advantage over broad
      spectrum antibiotics by avoiding unintended effects on commensal bacteria. The
      sequence-specificity and short length of antisense antimicrobials also pose
      little risk to human gene expression. Because antisense antimicrobials are a
      platform technology, they can be rapidly designed and synthesized to target
      almost any microbe. This reduces drug discovery time, and provides flexibility
      and a rational approach to drug development. Recent work has shown that antisense
      technology has the potential to address the antibiotic-resistance crisis, since
      resistance mechanisms for standard antibiotics apparently have no effect on
      antisense antimicrobials. Here, we describe current reports of antisense
      antimicrobials targeted against viruses, parasites, and bacteria.

PMID- 27375109
TI  - Antimicrobial Activity of Sebocytes against Propionibacterium acnes via Toll-Like
      Receptor 2 and Lysosomal Pathway.

PMID- 27375110
TI  - Genotype, Clinical Course, and Therapeutic Decision Making in 76 Infants with
      Severe Generalized Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa.
AB  - Severe generalized junctional epidermolysis bullosa, a lethal hereditary
      blistering disorder, is usually treated by palliative care. Allogeneic stem cell
      transplantation (SCT) has been proposed as a therapeutic approach, yet without
      clinical evidence. Decision making was evaluated retrospectively in 76 patients
      with severe generalized junctional epidermolysis bullosa born in the years 2000
      2015. The diagnosis was based on the absence of laminin-332 in skin biopsies.
      With an incidence of 1 of 150,000, severe generalized junctional epidermolysis
      bullosa occurred more often than published previously. Eleven as yet unreported
      mutations in the laminin-332 genes were detected. Although patients homozygous
      for the LAMB3 mutation c.1903C>T lived longer than the others, life expectancy
      was greatly diminished (10.8 vs. 4.6 months). Most patients failed to thrive. In
      two patients with initially normal weight gain, the decision for SCT from
      haploidentical bone marrow or peripheral blood was made. Despite transiently
      increasing skin erosions, the clinical status of both subjects stabilized for
      several weeks after SCT, but finally deteriorated. Graft cells, but no laminin
      332, were detected in skin biopsies. The patients died 96 and 129 days after SCT,
      respectively, one of them after receiving additional skin grafts. Treatment of
      severe generalized junctional epidermolysis bullosa by SCT is a last-ditch
      attempt still lacking proof of efficacy.

PMID- 27375111
TI  - TGFbeta Induces a SAMHD1-Independent Post-Entry Restriction to HIV-1 Infection of
      Human Epithelial Langerhans Cells.
AB  - Sterile alpha motif (SAM) and histidine-aspartic (HD) domains protein 1 (SAMHD1)
      was previously identified as a critical post-entry restriction factor to HIV-1
      infection in myeloid dendritic cells. Here we show that SAMHD1 is also expressed
      in epidermis-isolated Langerhans cells (LC), but degradation of SAMHD1 does not
      rescue HIV-1 or vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped lentivectors infection
      in LC. Strikingly, using Langerhans cells model systems (mutz-3-derived LC,
      monocyte-derived LC [MDLC], and freshly isolated epidermal LC), we characterize
      previously unreported post-entry restriction activity to HIV-1 in these cells,
      which acts at HIV-1 reverse transcription, but remains independent of restriction
      factors SAMHD1 and myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2). We demonstrate that transforming
      growth factor-beta signaling confers this potent HIV-1 restriction in MDLC during
      their differentiation and blocking of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2
      (SMAD2) signaling in MDLC restores cells' infectivity. Interestingly, maturation
      of MDLC with a toll-like receptor 2 agonist or transforming growth factor-alpha
      significantly increases cells' susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, which may
      explain why HIV-1 acquisition is increased during coinfection with sexually
      transmitted infections. In conclusion, we report a SAMHD1-independent post-entry
      restriction in MDLC and LC isolated from epidermis, which inhibits HIV-1
      replication. A better understanding of HIV-1 restriction and propagation from LC
      to CD4(+) T cells may help in the development of new microbicides or vaccines to
      curb HIV-1 infection at its earliest stages during mucosal transmission.

PMID- 27375112
TI  - Antagonistic Regulation of Intercellular Cohesion by Plakophilins 1 and 3.
AB  - Desmosomes are cell-cell adhesive structures essential for tissue integrity of
      the epidermis and the heart. Their constituents belong to multigene families
      giving rise to desmosomes of variable composition. So far, the functional
      significance of context-dependent composition in desmosome formation, dynamics,
      or stability during epidermal differentiation is incompletely understood. In this
      comparative study, we have uncovered unique and partially antagonistic functions
      of plakophilins 1 and 3 that are both expressed in the murine epidermis. These
      plakophilins differ in their localization patterns and kinetics during de novo
      desmosome formation and are regulated by distinct mechanisms. Moreover,
      plakophilin 3-containing desmosomes are more dynamic than desmosomes that contain
      predominantly plakophilin 1. Further, we show that Ca(2+)-independence of
      desmosomes strictly depends on plakophilin 1, whereas elevated levels of
      plakophilin 3 prevent the formation of hyperadhesive desmosomes in a protein
      kinase C alpha-dependent manner, even in the presence of plakophilin 1. Our study
      demonstrates that the balance between plakophilins 1 and 3 determines the context
      dependent properties of epidermal desmosomes. In this setting, plakophilin 1
      provides stable intercellular cohesion that resists mechanical stress, whereas
      plakophilin 3 confers dynamics as required during tissue homeostasis and repair.
      Our data have implications for the role of plakophilins in carcinogenesis.

PMID- 27375113
TI  - Molecular epidemiology of GI and GII noroviruses in sewage: 1-year surveillance
      in eastern China.
AB  - AIMS: To determine the concentration and molecular epidemiology of GI and GII
      noroviruses in sewage in China. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-three raw sewage
      samples were collected in the cities of Jinan and Linyi, eastern China in 2014.
      GI and GII noroviruses were positive in all samples after TaqMan-based
      quantitative PCR. The mean concentrations of GI and GII noroviruses were 4.52 *
      10(4) and 7.88 * 10(4) genome copies per litre respectively. After reverse
      transcription-PCR, cloning and sequencing, 16 genotypes were identified. GI.6
      (69.6%), GI.2 (65.2%), GII.13 (65.2%), GII.6 (60.9%) and GII.17 (60.9%) were the
      most common GI and GII genotypes. A recombination event was observed in two GI.6
      sequences. GII.4 sequences belonged to Sydney 2012 and Den Haag 2006b variant.
      Interestingly, the novel GII.17 Kawasaki308 variant was detected. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results reveal that multiple norovirus genotypes cocirculated in the local
      population. The risk of acute gastroenteritis outbreak is high in the two cities
      due to the detection of GII.17 Kawasaki308 variant and the high concentration of
      norovirus in raw sewage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study
      demonstrates sewage surveillance can be a useful approach to monitor norovirus
      circulating in the population.

PMID- 27375114
TI  - Adverse Birth Outcomes And Oral Health.

PMID- 27375116
TI  - Light-Harvesting Nanotubes Formed by Supramolecular Assembly of Aromatic
      Oligophosphates.
AB  - A 2,7-disubstituted phosphodiester-linked phenanthrene trimer forms tubular
      structures in aqueous media. Chromophores are arranged in H-aggregates.
      Incorporation of small quantities of pyrene results in the development of light
      harvesting nanotubes in which phenanthrenes act as antenna chromophores and
      pyrenes as energy acceptors. Energy collection is most efficient after excitation
      at the phenanthrene H-band. Fluorescence quantum yields up to 23 % are reached in
      pyrene doped, supramolecular nanotubes.

PMID- 27375115
TI  - Mutational Spectrum of MYO15A and the Molecular Mechanisms of DFNB3 Human
      Deafness.
AB  - Deafness in humans is a common neurosensory disorder and is genetically
      heterogeneous. Across diverse ethnic groups, mutations of MYO15A at the DFNB3
      locus appear to be the third or fourth most common cause of autosomal-recessive,
      nonsyndromic deafness. In 49 of the 67 exons of MYO15A, there are currently 192
      recessive mutations identified, including 14 novel mutations reported here. These
      mutations are distributed uniformly across MYO15A with one enigmatic exception;
      the alternatively spliced giant exon 2, encoding 1,233 residues, has 17
      truncating mutations but no convincing deafness-causing missense mutations.
      MYO15A encodes three distinct isoform classes, one of which is 395 kDa (3,530
      residues), the largest member of the myosin superfamily of molecular motors.
      Studies of Myo15 mouse models that recapitulate DFNB3 revealed two different
      pathogenic mechanisms of hearing loss. In the inner ear, myosin 15 is necessary
      both for the development and the long-term maintenance of stereocilia,
      mechanosensory sound-transducing organelles that extend from the apical surface
      of hair cells. The goal of this Mutation Update is to provide a comprehensive
      review of mutations and functions of MYO15A.

PMID- 27375117
TI  - Harnessing solid-state packing for selective detection of chloride in a
      macrocyclic anionophore.
AB  - We report the synthesis of an inherently fluorescent macrocyclic receptor for
      chloride. The use of a disulphide tether provides for an excellent yield in the
      macrocyclization step. This compound binds chloride in the solution and solid
      state, and while unstable over time in aqueous solution, shows a selective
      response toward chloride over other anions in the solid state due to
      intermolecular interactions between fluorophore backbones. Surprisingly, the
      optoelectronic response to anions differs in solution and the films, with a
      distinct colorimetric response observed only in the film. 

PMID- 27375118
TI  - Mycobacterium lutetiense sp. nov., Mycobacterium montmartrense sp. nov. and
      Mycobacterium arcueilense sp. nov., members of a novel group of non-pigmented
      rapidly growing mycobacteria recovered from a water distribution system.
AB  - From our recent survey of non-pigmented rapidly growing mycobacteria in the
      Parisian water system, three groups of isolates (taxons 1-3) corresponding to
      possible novel species were selected for taxonomic study. The three taxa each
      formed creamy white, rough colonies, had an optimal growth temperature of 30 
      degrees C, hydrolyzed Tween 80, were catalase-positive at 22  degrees C and
      expressed arylsulfatase activity. All three were susceptible to amikacin,
      ciprofloxacin and tigecycline. The three taxa produced specific sets of mycolic
      acids, including one family that has never previously been described, as
      determined by thin layer chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. The
      partial rpoB sequences (723 bp) showed 4-6 % divergence from each other and more
      than 5 % differences from the most similar species. Partial 16S rRNA gene
      sequences showed 99 % identity within each species. The most similar sequences
      for 16S rRNA genes (98-99 % identity over 1444-1461 bp) were found in the
      Mycobacterium fortuitum group, Mycobacterium septicum and Mycobacterium
      farcinogenes. The three taxa formed a new clade (bootstrap value, 99 %) on trees
      reconstructed from concatenated partial 16S rRNA, hsp65 and rpoB sequences. The
      above results led us to propose three novel species for the three groups of
      isolates, namely Mycobacterium lutetiense sp. nov. [type strain
      071T=ParisRGMnew_1T (CIP 110656T=DSM 46713T)], Mycobacterium montmartrense sp.
      nov. [type strain 196T=ParisRGMnew_2T (CIP 110655T=DSM 46714T)] and Mycobacteriu
      marcueilense sp. nov. [type strain of 269T=ParisRGMnew_3T (CIP 110654T=DSM
      46715T)].

PMID- 27375119
TI  - Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two Poorly Known Species of Protocruzia
      (Ciliophora: Protocruziida).
AB  - The ciliate genus Protocruzia is a highly confused group, which was formerly
      placed in the class Heterotrichea or Karyorelictea, and is according to the most
      recent system tentatively assigned to the class Spirotrichea. In the present
      study, the morphology, ciliary pattern, and molecular phylogeny of two poorly
      known species, Protocruzia tuzeti Villeneuve-Brachon, 1940, and Protocruzia
      granulosa Kahl, 1933, isolated from coastal waters of China, were investigated.
      Protocruzia tuzeti differs from its congeners mainly in possessing 6 adoral
      membranelles, 8-11 somatic kineties, and postoral dikinetids. Protocruzia
      granulosa is characterized by its extremely slender body, three postoral
      kineties, and 13 or 14 somatic kineties. The morphogenesis of P. granulosa is
      similar to that of P. tuzeti, especially in the parakinetal mode of
      stomatogenesis and the reorganization of the parental paroral membrane; however,
      more than one somatic kinety joins in the formation of the oral primordium in P.
      granulosa. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene
      revealed that six Protocruzia species form a fully supported clade that does not
      belong to any ciliate class; therefore, our data support the establishment of the
      class Protocruziea Gao et al. (Sci. Rep., 6, 2016, 24874).

PMID- 27375120
TI  - Partially ordered state of ice XV.
AB  - Most ice polymorphs have order-disorder "pairs" in terms of hydrogen positions,
      which contributes to the rich variety of ice polymorphs; in fact, three recently
      discovered polymorphs- ices XIII, XIV, and XV-are ordered counter forms to
      already identified disordered phases. Despite the considerable effort to
      understand order-disorder transition in ice crystals, there is an inconsistency
      among the various experiments and calculations for ice XV, the ordered counter
      form of ice VI, i.e., neutron diffraction observations suggest
      antiferroelectrically ordered structures, which disagree with dielectric
      measurement and theoretical studies, implying ferroelectrically ordered
      structures. Here we investigate in-situ neutron diffraction measurements and
      density functional theory calculations to revisit the structure and stability of
      ice XV. We find that none of the completely ordered configurations are particular
      favored; instead, partially ordered states are established as a mixture of
      ordered domains in disordered ice VI. This scenario in which several kinds of
      ordered configuration coexist dispels the contradictions in previous studies. It
      means that the order-disorder pairs in ice polymorphs are not one-to-one
      correspondent pairs but rather have one-to-n correspondence, where there are n
      possible configurations at finite temperature.

PMID- 27375121
TI  - Nanoscale imaging of untreated mammalian cells in a medium with low radiation
      damage using scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy.
AB  - Imaging of untreated living cells in a medium at a nanometre-scale resolution
      under physiological conditions is a significant challenge. Scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) is widely used to observe cells in various atmospheric holders
      or special equipment. However, untreated biological specimens in aqueous solution
      generally incur heavy radiation damage from the direct electron beam (EB); and
      these images exhibit very poor contrast. Therefore, a new method for generating
      high-contrast images of living cells under physiological conditions without
      radiation damage has been strongly desired. Here, we demonstrate the first
      nanoscale observation of living cultured mammalian cells using our newly
      developed scanning-electron assisted dielectric microscopy (SE-ADM) method with a
      culture dish holder. Using the difference in relative permittivity between water
      and specimens, our SE-ADM system aids in the visualisation of untreated
      biological samples in aqueous solution. In addition, specimens incurred only a
      low level of radiation damage because the tungsten (W)-coated silicon nitride
      (SiN) film absorbs irradiated electrons. Untreated cells and organelles are
      clearly visible in high-contrast and high-resolution images without staining and
      fixation. Furthermore, our method enables the detection of changes in organelle
      structures within cells via time-lapse imaging with minimal radiation damage.

PMID- 27375122
TI  - Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Richter Syndrome.
AB  - Treatment combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy as well as novel targeted
      therapies have shown limited efficacy in Richter syndrome. Overall response rates
      after chemoimmunotherapy range from 43% to 67%, but remissions are generally
      short-lived. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), allogeneic hematopoietic cell
      transplantation (all-HCT) is considered a potentially curative treatment
      modality, yielding 3-year overall survival rates exceeding 50% and a plateau in
      survival curves. In Richter syndrome, efficacy of allo-HCT depends on
      demonstrating an objective response (complete remission or partial response)
      before allografting, with resulting 3-year survival rates of 41% to 75%. On the
      other hand, the efficacy of autologous HCT is limited, especially when
      considering that patients autografted for Richter syndrome might relapse with CLL
      in 35% of cases. Notwithstanding the scarcity of published data, we recommend
      that patients with Richter syndrome should be referred to transplant centers as
      soon as the diagnosis is confirmed to evaluate their candidacy for allo-HCT.
      Establishing a clonal relationship to CLL is important considering the more
      aggressive disease course in clonally related Richter syndrome. Moreover,
      achievement of a complete remission or partial response to salvage therapy must
      be a prerequisite before moving forward with allografting for Richter syndrome.
      Patients who fail to demonstrate an objective response to salvage therapy should
      be considered for enrollment in clinical trials.

PMID- 27375123
TI  - Refining the Role of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Lymphoblastic
      Leukemia as Novel Therapies Emerge.
AB  - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a rare adult neoplasm. The disorder
      consists of precursor B or T phenotypes. In the pediatric population, ALL was a
      success story in that 80% of children with ALL enjoy long-term survival. In
      adults, similar complete remission rates are achieved with current induction
      regimens; however, less than 50% of patients are alive at 5 years, with most
      deaths due to relapsed disease. Accordingly, optimizing post remission
      consolidation therapy might improve in outcomes. Such strategies may include
      chemotherapy and autologous or allogeneic transplant. Moreover, the ability to
      modify such therapy based on better disease risk stratification while taking into
      account patient characteristics such as performance status and presence of
      comorbidities is necessary to tailor treatment accordingly. Here, we review
      available medical literature on the use of hematopoietic cell transplantation as
      a consolidation modality in the treatment of adult ALL.

PMID- 27375124
TI  - T Cell-Replete HLA Haploidentical Donor Transplantation with Post-Transplant
      Cyclophosphamide Is an Effective Salvage for Patients Relapsing after an HLA
      Matched Related or Matched Unrelated Donor Transplantation.
AB  - A second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using the same
      donor or another fully matched donor is an effective treatment approach for a
      subset of patients relapsing after a matched related (MRDT) or matched unrelated
      donor transplant (MUDT). There are limited data on the use of haploidentical
      transplantation (HIDT) with post-transplant cyclophosphamide in the setting of a
      second HSCT after an MRDT or MUDT. We analyzed the outcomes of 20 patients who
      received HIDT with post-transplant cyclophosphamide as a second HSCT after an
      MRDT (n = 10) or MUDT (n = 10). The median time from the first to the second HSCT
      was 20.7 months (range, 2.7 to 65.8). Ten patients had acute myelogenous
      leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome, 6 had acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 2 had
      chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, and 2 had myeloproliferative neoplasms. All
      patients received cytoreductive therapy before HIDT, with 12 (60%) achieving
      complete remission and 8 (40%) with active disease at the time of transplant. All
      patients achieved sustained engraftment with median times to neutrophil and
      platelet engraftment of 17.5 days (range, 14 to 44) and 32 days (range, 15 to
      99), respectively. Nineteen patients (95%) achieved full donor chimerism in both
      the T cell and myeloid lineages at day 30 post-HSCT. The cumulative incidences of
      grades II to IV and grades III to IV acute graft-versus-host disease at 180 days
      were 36% and 10%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of moderate to severe
      chronic graft-versus-host disease was 13% at 1 year post-HIDT. At a median follow
      up of 38 months, the probability of overall survival, disease-free survival,
      nonrelapse mortality, and relapse post-HIDT were 52%, 39%, 29%, and 33% at 1 year
      and 34%, 31%, 29%, and 40% at 3 years, respectively. These data suggest that HIDT
      is an effective strategy to treat relapsed hematologic malignancies after MRDT or
      MUDT. Further studies to confirm these observations are warranted.

PMID- 27375125
TI  - Cone-beam computed tomography of the orbit and optic canal volumes.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to measure orbital and optic canal volumes by
      means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of human skulls as a prerequisite
      for estimating alterations of this bony region by this method. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 200 orbits of 100 adult individuals were investigated. These
      patients had no history of orbital trauma, dysplasia, or other diseases with a
      putative effect on orbital growth (female/male = 50/50; age: 20-70 years). Each
      10 individuals with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1 constituted a 10-year age
      group. Area measurements and calculations of volumes were performed with OsiriX
      software. RESULTS: Orbital mean volume values did not differ significantly with
      respect to site. However, orbital volume slightly increased with age, whereas the
      optic canal volume declined over time. Mean orbital and optic canal volumes were
      larger in males than in females. Volumetric measurements of the orbit are in line
      with published data derived from computed tomograms and magnetic resonance
      images. CONCLUSION: Orbital and optical canal volumes in adults show sexual
      dimorphism and alter depending on age. CBCT is suitable for determining orbital
      volumes and the provided data can be useful, for example, for defining orbital
      pathologies, to calculate orbital reconstructions, or for use in anthropological
      studies.

PMID- 27375126
TI  - HIV-related stigma and universal testing and treatment for HIV prevention and
      care: design of an implementation science evaluation nested in the HPTN 071
      (PopART) cluster-randomized trial in Zambia and South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stigma and discrimination related to HIV and key populations at high
      risk of HIV have the potential to impede the implementation of effective HIV
      prevention and treatment programmes at scale. Studies measuring the impact of
      stigma on these programmes are rare. We are conducting an implementation science
      study of HIV-related stigma in communities and health settings within a large,
      pragmatic cluster-randomized trial of a universal testing and treatment
      intervention for HIV prevention in Zambia and South Africa and will assess how
      stigma affects, and is affected by, implementation of this intervention.
      METHODS/DESIGN: A mixed-method evaluation will be nested within HIV prevention
      trials network (HPTN) 071/PopART (Clinical Trials registration number
      NCT01900977), a three-arm trial comparing universal door-to-door delivery of HIV
      testing and referral to prevention and treatment services, accompanied by either
      an immediate offer of anti-retroviral treatment to people living with HIV
      regardless of clinical status, or an offer of treatment in-line with national
      guidelines, with a standard-of-care control arm. The primary outcome of HPTN
      071/PopART is HIV incidence measured among a cohort of 52 500 individuals in 21
      study clusters. Our evaluation will include integrated quantitative and
      qualitative data collection and analysis in all trial sites. We will collect
      quantitative data on indicators of HIV-related stigma over 3 years from large
      probability samples of community members, health workers and people living with
      HIV. We will collect qualitative data, including in-depth interviews and
      observations from members of these same groups sampled purposively. In analysis,
      we will: (1) compare HIV-related stigma measures between study arms, (2) link
      data on stigma to measures of the success of implementation of the PopART
      intervention and (3) explore changes in the dominant drivers and manifestations
      of stigma in study communities and the health system. DISCUSSION: HIV-related
      stigma may impede the successful implementation of HIV prevention and treatment
      programmes. Using a novel study-design nested within a large, community
      randomized trial we will evaluate the extent to which HIV-related stigma affects
      and is affected by the implementation of a comprehensive combination HIV
      prevention intervention including a universal test and treatment approach.

PMID- 27375127
TI  - Financing institutional long-term care for the elderly in China: a policy
      evaluation of new models.
AB  - A rapid ageing population coupled with changes in family structure has brought
      about profound implications to social policy in China. Although the past decade
      has seen a steady increase in public funding to long-term care (LTC), the narrow
      financing base and vast population have created significant unmet demand, calling
      for reforms in financing. This paper focuses on the financing of institutional
      LTC care by examining new models that have emerged from local policy experiments
      against two policy goals: equity and efficiency. Three emerging models are
      explored: Social Health Insurance (SHI) in Shanghai, LTC Nursing Insurance
      (LTCNI) in Qingdao and a means-tested model in Nanjing. A focused systematic
      narrative review of academic and grey literature is conducted to identify and
      assess these models, supplemented with qualitative interviews with government
      officials from relevant departments, care home staff and service users. This
      paper argues that, although SHI appears to be a convenient solution to fund LTC,
      this model has led to systematic bias in affordable access among participants of
      different insurance schemes, and has created a powerful incentive for the over
      provision of unnecessary services. The means-tested method has been remarkably
      constrained by narrow eligibility and insufficiency of funding resources. The
      LTCNI model is by far the most desirable policy option among the three studied
      here, but the narrow definition of eligibility has substantively excluded a large
      proportion of elders in need from access to care, which needs to be addressed in
      future reforms. This paper proposes three lines of LTC financing reforms for
      policy-makers: (1) the establishment of a prepaid financing mechanism pooled
      specifically for LTC costs; (2) the incorporation of more stringent eligibility
      rules and needs assessment; and (3) reforming the dominant fee-for-service
      methods in paying LTC service providers.

PMID- 27375128
TI  - Health provider responsiveness to social accountability initiatives in low- and
      middle-income countries: a realist review.
AB  - Social accountability in the health sector has been promoted as a strategy to
      improve the quality and performance of health providers in low- and middle-income
      countries. Whether improvements occur, however, depends on the willingness and
      ability of health providers to respond to societal pressure for better care. This
      article uses a realist approach to review cases of collective citizen action and
      advocacy with the aim to identify key mechanisms of provider responsiveness.
      Purposeful searches for cases were combined with a systematic search in four
      databases. To be included in the review, the initiatives needed to describe at
      least one outcome at the level of frontline service provision. Some 37 social
      accountability initiatives in 15 countries met these criteria. Using a realist
      approach, retroductive analysis and triangulation of methods and sources were
      performed to construct Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations that explain
      potential pathways to provider responsiveness. The findings suggest that health
      provider receptivity to citizens' demands for better health care is mediated by
      health providers' perceptions of the legitimacy of citizen groups and by the
      extent to which citizen groups provide personal and professional support to
      health providers. Some citizen groups activated political or formal bureaucratic
      accountability channels but the effect on provider responsiveness of such
      strategies was more mixed. Favourable contexts for health provider responsiveness
      comprise socio-political contexts in which providers self-identify as activists,
      health system contexts in which health providers depend on citizens' expertise
      and capacities, and health system contexts where providers have the self
      perceived ability to change the system in which they operate. Rather than
      providing recipes for successful social accountability initiatives, the synthesis
      proposes a programme theory that can support reflections on the theories of
      change underpinning social accountability initiatives and interventions to
      improve the quality of primary health care in different settings.

PMID- 27375130
TI  - Ni exposure impacts the pool of free Fe and modifies DNA supercoiling via metal
      induced oxidative stress in Escherichia coli K-12.
AB  - The biology of nickel has been widely studied in mammals because of its
      carcinogenic properties, whereas few studies have been performed in
      microorganisms. In the present work, changes accompanying stress caused by nickel
      were evaluated at the cellular level using RNA-Seq in Escherichia coli K-12.
      Interestingly, a very large number of genes were found to be deregulated by Ni
      stress. Iron and oxidative stress homeostasis maintenance were among the most
      highly enriched functional categories, and genes involved in periplasmic copper
      efflux were among the most highly upregulated. These results suggest that the
      deregulation of Fe and Cu homeostatic genes is caused by a release of free Cu and
      Fe ions in the cell which in turn activate the Cu and Fe homeostatic systems. The
      content of Cu was not significantly affected upon the addition of Ni to the
      growth medium, nor were the Cus and CopA Cu-efflux systems important for the
      survival of bacteria under Ni stress In contrast the addition of Ni slightly
      decreased the amount of cellular Fe and activated the transcription of Fur
      regulated genes in a Fur-dependent manner. Cu or Fe imbalance together with
      oxidative stress might affect the structure of DNA. Further experiments revealed
      that Ni alters the state of DNA folding by causing a relaxed conformation, a
      phenomenon that is reversible by addition of the antioxidant Tiron or the Fe
      chelator Dip. The Tiron-reversible DNA relaxation was also observed for Fe and to
      a lesser extent with Cu but not with Co. DNA supercoiling is well recognized as
      an integral aspect of gene regulation. Moreover our results show that Ni modifies
      the expression of several nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs), important agents
      of DNA topology and global gene regulation. This is the first report describing
      the impact of metal-induced oxidative on global regulatory networks.

PMID- 27375131
TI  - Diagnosis of Van den Ende-Gupta syndrome: Approach to the Marden-Walker-like
      spectrum of disorders.
AB  - Marden-Walker syndrome is challenging to diagnose, as there is significant
      overlap with other multi-system congenital contracture syndromes including Beals
      congenital contractural arachnodactyly, D4ST1-Deficient Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
      (adducted thumb-clubfoot syndrome), Schwartz-Jampel syndrome, Freeman-Sheldon
      syndrome, Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome, and Van den Ende-Gupta syndrome.
      We discuss this differential diagnosis in the context of a boy from a
      consanguineous union with Van den Ende-Gupta syndrome, a diagnosis initially
      confused by the atypical presence of intellectual disability. SNP microarray and
      whole exome sequencing identified a homozygous frameshift mutation (p.L870V) in
      SCARF2 and predicted damaging mutations in several genes, most notably DGCR2
      (p.P75L) and NCAM2 (p.S147G), both possible candidates for this child's
      intellectual disability. We review distinguishing features for each Marden-Walker
      like syndrome and propose a clinical algorithm for diagnosis among this spectrum
      of disorders. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27375132
TI  - Oxidation-Responsive and "Clickable" Poly(ethylene glycol) via Copolymerization
      of 2-(Methylthio)ethyl Glycidyl Ether.
AB  - Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a widely used biocompatible polymer. We describe a
      novel epoxide monomer with methyl-thioether moiety, 2-(methylthio)ethyl glycidyl
      ether (MTEGE), which enables the synthesis of well-defined thioether-functional
      poly(ethylene glycol). Random and block mPEG-b-PMTEGE copolymers (Mw/Mn = 1.05
      1.17) were obtained via anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP) with molecular
      weights ranging from 5 600 to 12 000 g.mol(-1). The statistical copolymerization
      of MTEGE with ethylene oxide results in a random microstructure (rEO = 0.92 +/-
      0.02 and rMTEG E = 1.06 +/- 0.02), which was confirmed by in situ (1)H NMR
      kinetic studies. The random copolymers are thermoresponsive in aqueous solution,
      with a wide range of tunable transition temperatures of 88 to 28  degrees C. In
      contrast, mPEG-b-PMTEGE block copolymers formed well-defined micelles (Rh ~ 9-15
      nm) in water, studied by detailed light scattering (DLS and SLS). Intriguingly,
      the thioether moieties of MTEGE can be selectively oxidized into sulfoxide units,
      leading to full disassembly of the micelles, as confirmed by detection of pure
      unimers (DLS and SLS). Oxidation-responsive release of encapsulated Nile Red
      demonstrates the potential of these micelles as redox-responsive nanocarriers.
      MTT assays showed only minor effects of the thioethers and their oxidized
      derivatives on the cellular metabolism of WEHI-164 and HEK-293T cell lines (1
      1000 MUg.mL(-1)). Further, sulfonium PEG polyelectrolytes can be obtained via
      alkylation or alkoxylation of MTEGE, providing access to a large variety of
      functional groups at the charged sulfur atom.

PMID- 27375133
TI  - Decreased neural response for facial emotion processing in subjects with high
      genetic load for schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia show impairment in facial emotion
      processing which is essential for successful social cognition. Using a functional
      magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this study aimed to investigate the implicit
      facial emotion recognition processing in participants with high genetic load for
      schizophrenia (GHR) as a possible trait marker of developing schizophrenia.
      METHODS: Block design fMRI of implicit facial emotion processing was used in 20
      participants with GHR aged 16-35, and 17 age, sex, and education year-matched
      healthy controls (HC). During the facial emotional processing for fearful, happy,
      and neutral face stimuli, participants were asked to explicitly determine the
      gender per stimuli. RESULTS: Occipito-temporo-limbic area in fearful face
      condition and involvement of broader region including prefrontal cortex in
      neutral face condition revealed significant attenuation of BOLD signal activation
      in GHR compared to HC. The GHR demonstrated less activity in right amygdala
      during fearful and neutral face condition. CONCLUSION: The study presented that
      GHR displayed abnormal brain activity in occipito-temporo-limbic-frontal network
      implicated in facial emotion processing. It indicates that abnormal facial
      emotion processing may be influenced by a genetic factor and could be a trait
      marker in schizophrenia.

PMID- 27375134
TI  - The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-platelet ratio predicts liver fibrosis and
      cirrhosis in HBeAg-positive chronic HBV infection patients with high HBV DNA and
      normal or mildly elevated alanine transaminase levels in China.
AB  - The gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-platelet ratio (GPR) is a new serum
      diagnostic model, which is reported to be more accurate than aspartate
      transaminase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis index based on the four
      factors (Fib-4) for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in
      chronic HBV infection (CHBVI) patients in West Africa. To evaluate the
      performance of the GPR model for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in
      HBeAg-positive CHBVI patients with high HBV DNA (>=5 log10 copies/mL) and normal
      or mildly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) (<=2 times upper limit of normal
      (ULN)) in China. A total of 1521 consecutive CHBVI patients who underwent liver
      biopsies and routine laboratory tests were retrospectively screened. Of these
      patients, 401 treatment naive HBeAg-positive patients with HBV DNA>=5 log10
      copies/mL and ALT<=2 ULN were included. The METAVIR scoring system was adopted as
      the pathological diagnosis standard of liver fibrosis. Using liver histology as a
      gold standard, the performances of GPR, APRI, and Fib-4 for the diagnosis of
      liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were evaluated and compared by receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curves (AUROCs). Of 401
      patients, 121 (30.2%), 49 (12.2%) and 17 (4.2%) were classified as having
      significant fibrosis (>=F2), severe fibrosis (>=F3) and cirrhosis (=F4),
      respectively. After estimating the AUROC to predict significant fibrosis, the
      performance of GPR (AUROC=0.66, 95% CI 0.60-0.72) was higher than APRI
      (AUROC=0.58, 95% CI 0.52-0.64, P=.002) and Fib-4 scores (AUROC=0.54, 95% CI 0.47
      0.60, P<.001). After estimating the AUROC to predict severe fibrosis, the
      performance of GPR (AUROC=0.71, 95% CI 0.63-0.80) was also higher than APRI
      (AUROC=0.65, 95% CI 0.56-0.73, P=.003) and Fib-4 scores (AUROC=0.67, 95% CI 0.58
      0.75, P=.001). After estimating the AUROC to predict cirrhosis, the performance
      of GPR (AUROC=0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.88) was higher than APRI (AUROC=0.69, 95% CI
      0.54-0.83, P=.041) and Fib-4 scores (AUROC=0.69, 95% CI 0.55-0.82, P=.012) too.
      The GPR is a new serum model for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis
      and shows obvious advantages in Chinese HBeAg-positive patients with HBV DNA>=5
      log10 copies/mL and ALT<=2 ULN compared with APRI and Fib-4, thus warranting its
      widespread use for this specific population.

PMID- 27375135
TI  - Evaluation of simple blood counts as inflammation markers for brain tumor
      patients.
AB  - AIMS: Hemogram parameters in routine blood panels have been proposed as
      inflammation markers. These parameters, especially the red cell distribution
      width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV), were evaluated as surrogate
      inflammatory markers in brain tumor patients. We aimed to observe RDW and MPV
      values of tumor patients and compare to those in healthy population. METHODS: We
      recorded white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin,
      hematocrit, RDW, platelet count, and MPV of the study group at the time of
      diagnosis and compared to those of the control subjects. RESULTS: The RDW was
      significantly elevated in study group compared to that of the control subjects
      (p=0.001). The MPV was significantly lower in study group than that of the
      control group (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Decreased MPV and increased RDW were both
      associated with brain tumor. However, prospective studies with larger sample
      sizes are needed to support the results and expose MPV and RDW variations between
      metastatic and primary brain tumors.

PMID- 27375136
TI  - A challenging entity of unruptured giant saccular aneurysms of vertebrobasilar
      artery.
AB  - PURPOSE: Giant intracranial aneurysms commonly cause poor clinical outcome and
      few studies focus on them. This study is to retrospectively report the
      angiographic and clinical presentations in unruptured giant saccular
      vertebrobasilar aneurysms with and without endovascular treatment. METHODS: Out
      of 400 patients who had unruptured posterior circulation aneurysms in a single
      center, we found 10 unruptured giant (>25mm) saccular vertebrobasilar aneurysms.
      Clinical and angiographic presentations as well as their clinical outcomes were
      assessed. RESULTS: Of the 10 giant aneurysms in 10 patients, three were left
      untreated. During 6 months follow-up, all 3 of these patients died from aneurysm
      rupture. The remaining 7 patients were treated by endovascular procedure, 5
      received stent-assisted coiling, 1 was treated by parent artery occlusion (PAO),
      and 1 was treated by conventional coiling. Of these treated patients, only one
      survived during a 22 month period of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with giant
      saccular aneurysms of vertebrobasilar artery presenting mass effect may have
      extremely poor clinical outcomes and may not benefit from endovascular treatment.

PMID- 27375137
TI  - Comprehensive imaging of stroke - Looking for the gold standard.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke is the third cause of death worldwide. In recent
      decade there has been a marked progress in treatment and prevention of stroke,
      which was possible largely due to modern neuroimaging techniques. Early
      radiological confirmation of the diagnosis allows for introduction of
      fibrinolytic therapy and evaluation of ischaemic penumbra. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      We have analysed clinical and imaging data of 92 patients with early stages of
      stroke. The sensitivity, specificity and possible influence on the choice of
      treatment were assessed for different neuroimaging techniques, including
      diffusion weighted and perfusion imaging in patients with hyperacute and acute
      stroke. RESULTS: A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) allowed for the
      detection of early ischaemic changes with an overall sensitivity of 38% and 42%
      in patients in hyperacute phase. In a perfusion CT study the perfusion
      abnormalities in the area corresponding to the clinical symptoms were present in
      79% of patients. The sensitivity of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) alone was
      95% and in conjunction with perfusion MR reached 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      proves that advanced neuroimaging modalities allow for a substantial increase of
      sensitivity when detecting changes in patients with acute ischaemic strokes and
      confirming the clinical diagnosis. We believe that MR in combination with DWI
      should be the imaging methods of choice in diagnosing acute stroke patients.
      Perfusion adds significant diagnostic value to structural techniques,
      particularly in clinically ambiguous cases. In cases with a clear clinical
      picture the data provided by a non-contrast CT study is sufficient for
      therapeutic decision making.

PMID- 27375138
TI  - Bone metabolism and vitamin D status in patients with multiple sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin D (VD), an important factor for bone health immobilization
      and immune regulation, has been shown to have low serum concentration in multiple
      sclerosis (MS) patients. Those patients have also multiple fracture risk factors,
      including progressive immobilization and long-term glucocorticoids treatment. The
      aim of the study was to analyze bone health (osteopenia or osteoporosis
      prevalence) and VD serum concentration in MS patients as well as the influence of
      disease activity and treatment on bone health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study
      involved 72 MS patients: 52 women and 20 men. Mean age was 40.3+/-10.5 yrs, mean
      EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) 3.3+/-1.9. Bone health was analyzed using
      standard densitometry in the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Serum levels of VD,
      calcium, phosphate and parathormone were assessed. We compared two groups of
      patients with multiple sclerosis: relapsing - remitting MS (RRMS) and progressive
      relapsing MS (PRMS). RESULTS: Densitometry revealed osteopenia in twenty-six
      (36.1%) patients and osteoporosis in eleven (15.3%), no bone fractures were
      presented. Sixty-eight MS patients (94.4%) had lower VD serum level if compared
      to population referential values. Thirteen patients (18.1%) had severe VD
      deficiency. Densitometry parameter (T-score of the lumbar spine) worsened with
      EDSS increase (r=-0.43, P=0.001). There was a statistically significant negative
      correlation between VD concentration and EDSS score (r=-0.31; P=0.009).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that patients with MS have high incidence of
      osteopenia and osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency. Bone health disturbances
      studied by densitometry are related to the disability caused by MS.

PMID- 27375139
TI  - Deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus for disabling haloperidol
      induced tardive dystonia. Report of two cases.
AB  - AIM: Tardive dystonia (TD) represents a side effect of prolonged intake of
      neuroleptic drugs. TD can be a disabling movement disorder persisting despite
      available medical treatment. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been reported
      successful in this condition although the number of treated patients with TD is
      still limited to small clinical studies or case reports. In this study, we
      present 2 additional cases of patients after bilateral globus pallidus internus
      (GPi) stimulation. METHODS: The formal assessment included the Burke-Fahn
      Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS). The preoperative and postoperative functional and
      motor parts of this scale were compared in each patient. The postoperative
      assessments were done every 6 months. RESULTS: Both patients underwent successful
      bilateral GPi DBS for TD. The postoperative motor score improved by 78% at 24
      months in patient 1 and 69% at 12 months in patient 2. There were no surgical or
      hardware-related complications over follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Our experience
      indicates that bilateral GPi DBS can be an effective treatment for disabling TD.
      The response of TD to bilateral GPi DBS is very rapid and occurs within days
      after the procedure.

PMID- 27375140
TI  - Novel mutation of the NOTCH3 gene in a Polish family with CADASIL.
AB  - Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and
      leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is an inherited small blood vessels disease caused
      by mutations in the gene encoding the neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3
      (NOTCH 3). We present a Polish family with a previously unreported novel mutation
      in exon 12 c.1851C>C/G of the NOTCH3 gene and varying disease expression. One of
      the two family members with the confirmed mutation presented with all the main
      CADASIL symptoms; while, his affected father was nearly asymptomatic. Both family
      members had epilepsy, coronary artery disease, and abdominal aorta aneurysm. Our
      observation confirms there is phenotypic variability in CADASIL not only between,
      but also within, families carrying the same mutation. 

PMID- 27375141
TI  - The emotional stress and risk of ischemic stroke.
AB  - Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and the leading cause of
      acquired disability in adults in most regions. There have been distinguished
      modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors of stroke. Among them the emotional
      stress was presented as a risk factor. The aim of this review was to present
      available data regarding the influence of acute and chronic mental stress on the
      risk of ischemic stroke as well as discussing the potential pathomechanisms of
      such relationship. There is an evident association between both acute and chronic
      emotional stress and risk of stroke. Several potential mechanisms are discussed
      to be the cause. Stress can increase the cerebrovascular disease risk by
      modulating symphaticomimetic activity, affecting the blood pressure reactivity,
      cerebral endothelium, coagulation or heart rhythm. The emotional stress seems to
      be still underestimated risk factor in neurological practice and research.
      Further studies and analyses should be provided for better understanding of this
      complex, not fully known epidemiological problem. 

PMID- 27375142
TI  - Cortical laminar necrosis following myocardial infarction.
AB  - The cortical laminar necrosis (CLN) is a permanent injury characterized by the
      selective delayed necrosis of the cerebral cortex, mainly of the third layer, and
      usually greater in the depths and sides of the sulci than over the crest of the
      gyri. The damage involves all cellular components - either neurons, glia cells
      and blood vessels - and results in a focal cortical band of pan-necrosis
      detectable in late sub-acute or chronic stages of reduced energy supply to the
      brain. The CLN has been described in different conditions as hypoxia,
      hypoglycemia and status epilepticus. At brain CT or MR scans it appears with
      pathognomonic highly hyperdense or T1-hyperintense lesions following the gyral
      anatomy of the cerebral cortex. We reported a case of CLN associated to
      myocardial infarct and discussed the underlying mechanisms. 

PMID- 27375143
TI  - Simultaneous bilateral hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage.
AB  - CONTEXT: Hypertension is the single most important risk factor for intracerebral
      hemorrhage (ICH) and often leads to solitary hematoma. Multiple spontaneous
      simultaneous ICH is not common, and bilateral hemorrhages occurred in symmetrical
      basal ganglia is extremely rare. Most reported cases accepted conservative
      treatment and suffered extremely poor outcome. CASE REPORT: A 57-year-old male
      became unconscious when having supper and was transported to our emergency room
      immediately. Non-contract CT brain scanning showed simultaneous bilateral
      hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage; he was treated by stereotactic aspiration
      and thrombolysis for both sides, with subsequent thrombolysis and clot aspiration
      through hematoma-indwelling catheter. The hematomas were almost totally cleared
      within a week. His condition improved gradually. Nearly 10 months after onset, he
      could chow and swallow food, controlling bowels and bladder all by himself, but
      need some help when feeding and using toilet. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous bilateral
      hypertensive basal ganglia hemorrhage is a devastating cerebrovascular disease
      with significant high morbidity and mortality. Stereotactic aspiration and
      thrombolysis is a safe and effective way to clear hematomas within short time,
      thus reducing the neurological impairment from hematoma mass effect and secondary
      brain injury, improving prognosis.

PMID- 27375144
TI  - Acute infarction of corpus callosum due to transient obstructive hydrocephalus.
AB  - Acute ischemia of the corpus callosum (CC) is not a well-known feature in
      patients with acute hydrocephalus. Herein, we describe a case with acute CC
      infarction due to another rare entity; transient obstructive hydrocephalus. A 66
      year-old male was admitted with sudden onset right-sided hemiparesia. CT
      demonstrated a hematoma on the left basal ganglia with extension to all
      ventricles. The following day, the patient's neurological status progressed to
      coma and developed bilateral pyramidal signs. MRI demonstrated obstructive
      hydrocephalus and acute diffuse infarction accompanied by elevation of the CC. On
      the same day there was improvement in his neurological status with significant
      decrease in ventricular size and complete resolution of the clot in the third
      ventricle. The mechanism of signal abnormalities is probably related with the
      neural compression of the CC against the falx. Presumably, the clot causing
      obstruction in the third ventricle dissolved or decayed by the help of
      fibrinolytic activity of CSF, which was raised after IVH and caused spontaneous
      improvement of hydrocephalus. Bilateral neurological symptoms suggest diffuse
      axonal damage and normalization of the intracranial pressure should be performed
      on the early onset of clinical detorioration in order to prevent axonal injury. 

PMID- 27375145
TI  - Association of myasthenia gravis and Behcet's disease: A case report.
AB  - Myasthenia gravis is a disease of neuromuscular junction due to auto-immune
      destruction of the acetylcholine receptors. Behcet's disease, on the other hand,
      is a multisystemic vascular-inflammatory disease. Both conditions are not common
      in the general population although their association has not been reported in the
      literature. We wanted to present our patient who developed clinical course of
      myasthenia gravis following discontinuation of medications due to complications
      of corticosteroid for Behcet's disease. It was observed that clinical findings of
      myasthenia gravis recovered following restarting steroid treatment and he did not
      experience attacks of both conditions. Although Myasthenia gravis and Behcet's
      disease are distinct entities clinically as well as in terms of pathogenesis,
      they share common physiopathological features and their treatment is based on
      their common features. 

PMID- 27375146
TI  - The molecular pattern of histopathological progression to anaplastic meningioma -
      A case report.
AB  - Meningiomas (MGs) are the most frequent primary tumours of the central nervous
      system (CNS) and exhibit a large spectrum of histological types and clinical
      phenotypes. The WHO classification of CNS tumours established strict diagnostic
      criteria of the benign (Grade 1), atypical (Grade 2) and anaplastic (Grade 3)
      subtypes. Combined with the resection rate, WHO grading has the most crucial role
      as the prognostic factor. Additionally, such biomarkers as Ki-67/MIB-1,
      progesterone receptors and phosphor-histone H3 were correlated with MG
      progression. Recently, it was suggested that the aggressive behaviour of some MGs
      is attributed to molecular alterations, regardless of their histopathology. The
      analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosomes 1, 9, 10, 14 and 22 was
      performed. The presented case of WHO Grade 2 MG initially exhibited LOH at
      chromosomes 10, 14 and 22. In the first recurrence, the tumour genetic profiling
      revealed additional LOH at chromosome 1p and atypical histopathology. During the
      second recurrence, an aggressive phenotype was observed and tumour progressed to
      an anaplastic form. Considering the appearance of the tumour relapses, the set of
      molecular changes overtook the histopathological progression. The genetic and
      histopathological imbalance in the tumour progression in secondary anaplastic MGs
      has not been previously described. The evolution of genetic and histopathological
      changes was presented in the same patient. In the future, the individualised
      therapy of potentially more aggressive forms of MGs could be based on certain
      chromosome aberrations. 

PMID- 27375147
TI  - Silent killer: A scalpel in the aortic wall after spinal surgery.
AB  - Iatrogenic vascular injury during lumbar spinal surgery is rare, but may lead to
      serious complications in unrecognized cases. Especially, injuries to aorta or its
      major branches may result in death unless diagnosed and treated immediately. We
      present a rare case of aortic injury with a scalpel in a 56-year-old male patient
      undergoing lumbar disk surgery. The vascular injury was successfully treated with
      open surgery. The post-operative period was uneventful and the patient was
      discharged in a healthy condition on the 8th day. This case once again reminds us
      that surgery is always open to complications and that early diagnosis and
      appropriate interventions are of paramount importance to overcome these
      complications. 

PMID- 27375148
TI  - Osteolytic clear cell meningioma of the petrous bone occurring 36 years after
      posterior cranial fossa irradiation: Case report.
AB  - OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: While bone invasion and hyperostosis are frequent
      phenomena in meningiomas, primary intraosseous meningiomas are rare and their
      occurrence in the skull base is an extraordinary exception. Moreover, radiation
      induced meningiomas represent a unique clinical dilemma given the fact that
      patients with these tumors had often received a prior full course of
      radiotherapy. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 42-year-old man presented with a 3-month
      history of progressively worsening facial asymmetry. His medical history was
      consistent for a posterior cranial fossa irradiation at the age of 6 years for a
      non-confirmed brain stem tumor. On admission his Karnofsky performance status was
      graded as 50% and his neurological examination showed a complete right facial
      nerve paralysis and hearing impairment. Computed tomography and magnetic
      resonance imaging demonstrated an osteolytic tumor invading the whole right
      petrous bone without intracranial involvement. INTERVENTION: As the tumor reached
      the external auditory canal, a tissue sample was obtained locally. Pathological
      examination of the lesion identified a grade II clear cell meningioma and the
      patient was consequently addressed for an intensity modulated radiation therapy.
      His condition remained unchanged till the most recent follow-up examination, 8
      months later. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, a radiation induced
      osteolytic clear cell meningioma of the petrous bone has not been previously
      reported. As little literature exists regarding the use of adjuvant therapies for
      these tumors, intensity modulated radiation therapy remains an attractive
      treatment option in case of pervious irradiation and general status alteration.

PMID- 27375149
TI  - Deep brain stimulation or thalamotomy in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia
      syndrome? Case report.
AB  - We present the case of a 66-year-old man who has been treated for essential
      tremor since the age of 58. He developed mild cerebellar gait ataxia seven years
      after tremor onset. Moderate, global brain atrophy was identified on MRI scans.
      At the age of 68, only temporary tremor relief could be achieved by bilateral
      deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermedius nucleus of the thalamus.
      Bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus also resulted only in transient
      improvement. In the meantime, progressive gait ataxia and tetraataxia developed
      accompanied by other cerebellar symptoms, such as nystagmus and scanning speech.
      These correlated with progressive development of bilateral symmetric
      hyperintensity of the middle cerebellar peduncles on T2 weighted MRI scans.
      Genetic testing revealed premutation of the FMR1 gene, establishing the diagnosis
      of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Although this is a rare disorder,
      it should be taken into consideration during preoperative evaluation of essential
      tremor. Postural tremor ceased two years later after thalamotomy on the left
      side, while kinetic tremor of the right hand also improved. 

PMID- 27375150
TI  - Non-surgical treatment of massive traumatic corpus callosum hematoma after blunt
      head injury: A case report.
AB  - Massive hematoma of the corpus callosum caused by blunt head trauma is an
      extremely rare lesion. Most frequent traumatic lesions involve the corpus
      callosum are diffuse axonal injuries. They might be associated with small
      hemorrhagic foci in the hemispheric and brain stem white matter, intraventricular
      hemorrhages, subarachnoid hemorrhages, traumatic lesions of the septum pellucidum
      and fornix. Many cases of corpus callosum injury present with permanent
      disconnection syndrome. We present a case of a 32-year-old female suffered blunt
      head trauma resulted in massive corpus callosum hematoma which was managed non
      surgically. The patient initially had a reduced conscious level and symptoms of
      disconnection syndrome, and significant recovery was observed at 6 months follow
      up. 

PMID- 27375151
TI  - Intravascular lymphoma mimicking multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Diagnosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis requires demonstration
      disseminated symptoms in time and space on the basis of neurological assessment
      or magnetic resonance imaging findings. In addition, the diagnosis is conditioned
      by ruling out other conditions that may explain the clinical symptoms. We
      describe the patient presenting in the initial stage of the disease neurological
      symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging lesions, that met criteria for relapsing
      remitting multiple sclerosis diagnosis. The patient was administered
      immunomodulatory treatment. However, the subsequent course of the disease tended
      to verify the diagnosis. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with intravascular B
      cell lymphoma. Intravascular lymphoma is a rare form of lymphoma characterized by
      the development of cancerous cells in the lumen of small and medium-sized blood
      vessels. Due to the lack of characteristic biomarkers in laboratory tests and
      neuroimaging, the diagnosis is based on histopathological examination of the
      sample of the affected organ taken by biopsy. It should be consider in all cases
      of central nervous system damage of unknown, undiagnosed etiology. 

PMID- 27375152
TI  - Hyperdense artery sign in middle cerebral and basilar arteries: A catastrophic
      stroke.

PMID- 27375153
TI  - Corrigendum to "Evolution of diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis" [Pol. J.
      Neurol. Neurosurg. 49 (5) (2015) 313-321].

PMID- 27375154
TI  - Outcomes of surgical repairs for thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysms after
      cardiovascular surgery.
AB  - AIM: A thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysm is a life-threatening complication after
      cardiovascular surgery. We reviewed the short- and long-term outcomes following
      the surgical repair of thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysms. METHODS: We reviewed 20
      patients (mean age, 63.3 +/- 10.8 years) who underwent surgical repair for a
      thoracic aortic pseudoaneurysm after cardiovascular surgery over the past 17
      years. The mean follow-up period was 5.7 +/- 4.2 years and the rate of follow-up
      was 90.0%. RESULTS: Ten patients were asymptomatic, and the remaining had
      preoperative symptoms (rupture, n = 4; dyspnea, n = 4; hemoptysis, n = 2;
      hoarseness, n = 1; chest pain, n = 1; anemia, n = 1; and jugular venous
      distension, n = 1). The interval between previous and present surgery was 14.9 +/
      8.0 years. Although aortic injury with massive bleeding occurred during re
      sternotomy, there were no hospital deaths, and all patients were discharged from
      our hospital. Late survival rates at 5 years and 10 years were 83.3% +/- 8.8% and
      72.9% +/- 12.4%, respectively. There were five late deaths, and no aorta-related
      deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes of surgical repair of thoracic aortic
      pseudoaneurysms are satisfactory. However, even in asymptomatic patients,
      lifelong patient follow-up is required.

PMID- 27375155
TI  - Highly Fluorescent Nanotubes with Tunable Diameter and Wall Thickness Self
      Assembled from Asymmetric Perylene Diimides.
AB  - Highly fluorescent bilayer-walled and monolayer-walled nanotubes are assembled
      from elaborately designed asymmetric perylene diimide (PDI) molecules. The
      diameter of bilayer-walled nanotubes increases with the size of the branched
      substituents at the meta-position of the phenyl moiety of PDI molecules, whereas
      that of monolayer-walled nanotubes remains unchanged regardless of the size of
      branched substituents. 

PMID- 27375156
TI  - Post-Transplantation Natural Killer Cell Count: A Predictor of Acute Graft-Versus
      Host Disease and Survival Outcomes After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell
      Transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reconstitution of the immune system after allogeneic hematopoietic
      stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) plays an important role in post-transplant
      outcomes. However, the clinical relevance of the lymphocyte subset (LST) counts
      to transplant-related complications and survival outcomes after allo-HSCT has not
      been fully elucidated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 70 patients who had
      undergone allo-HSCT from 2007 to 2013, with LST results both 7 days before
      conditioning and 30 or 90 days after allo-HSCT were included. The LST counts in
      the peripheral blood were determined using 6-color flow cytometry. Clinical
      information, including transplant-related events during the first 100 days after
      allo-HSCT, was reviewed, and any association between these events and LST was
      analyzed. RESULTS: At 30 days after allo-HSCT, the CD4+ T-cell (P = .009) and B
      cell (P = .035) counts were lower and the natural killer (NK) cell count was
      greater (P < .001) than before conditioning. The CD8+ T-cell (P = .001) and NK
      cell (P < .001) counts were high 90 days after transplantation. The hazard ratios
      for a low NK cell count on days 30 and 90 for acute graft-versus-host disease
      were 6.22 and 14.67, respectively. Patients with low NK cell counts at 30 and 90
      days after allo-HSCT had poorer overall survival (P = .043 and P = .028,
      respectively) and greater nonrelapse mortality (P = .036 and P = .033,
      respectively). A low NK cell count on day 30 was still prognostic for overall
      survival (P = .039) on multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: NK cell counts after
      allo-HSCT, especially on day 30, were predictive of acute graft-versus-host
      disease, nonrelapse mortality, and survival. Serial lymphocyte subset analysis
      can be used to identify and treat patients at risk during the early period after
      allo-HSCT.

PMID- 27375157
TI  - Survival of Secondary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Patients in the Rituximab
      Era.

PMID- 27375159
TI  - Anaplastic Multiple Myeloma: An Aggressive Variant With a Poor Response to Novel
      Therapies.

PMID- 27375158
TI  - Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the Elderly: Real World Outcomes of
      Immunochemotherapy in Asian Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We evaluated the real-life treatment outcomes of elderly patients
      with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma from a homogenous Asian population and defined
      the cutoff age for "elderly." PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 192
      DLBCL patients aged > 60 years who had received first-line immunochemotherapy
      were retrospectively evaluated. The treatment schedule, adverse events, and
      survival outcomes were analyzed overall and stratified by 4 age groups (> 60-64,
      65-69, 70-74, and >= 75 years). RESULTS: Patient age of >= 75 years was
      associated with a significantly lower complete remission rate (86.5% vs. 81.4%
      vs. 82.0% vs. 51%; P < .001) and greater treatment-related mortality (5.4% vs.
      9.3% vs. 13.1% vs. 33.3%; P = .001). Advanced age was also related to dose
      reductions (24.3% vs. 39.5% vs. 73.8% vs. 100%; P < .001) and a lower likelihood
      of completing the planned chemotherapy cycle (73% vs. 79.1% vs. 78.7% vs. 51%, P
      = .005). Significantly poorer progression-free survival (3-year rate, 73.5% vs.
      61.5% vs. 65.2% vs. 38.3%; P < .001) and overall survival (3-year rate, 77.9% vs.
      74.1% vs. 70.9% vs. 43.6%; P < .001) were observed for patients aged >= 75 years.
      Multivariate regression analyses identified age >= 75 years and initial Eastern
      Cooperative Oncology Group performance status as potential risk factors
      associated with overall survival. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients aged < 75 years
      were able to tolerate standard immunochemotherapy, with acceptable survival
      profiles. In an Asian population, 75 years seems to be a judicious cutoff for
      predicting treatment outcomes.

PMID- 27375160
TI  - Polymeric Cups for Cavitation-mediated Delivery of Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus.
AB  - Oncolytic viruses (OV) could become the most powerful and selective cancer
      therapies. However, the limited transport of OV into and throughout tumors
      following intravenous injection means their clinical administration is often
      restricted to direct intratumoral dosing. Application of physical stimuli, such
      as focused ultrasound, offers a means of achieving enhanced mass transport. In
      particular, shockwaves and microstreaming resulting from the instigation of an
      ultrasound-induced event known as inertial cavitation can propel OV hundreds of
      microns. We have recently developed a polymeric cup formulation which, when
      delivered intravenously, provides the nuclei for instigation of sustained
      inertial cavitation events within tumors. Here we report that exposure of tumors
      to focused ultrasound after intravenous coinjection of cups and oncolytic
      vaccinia virus , leads to substantial and significant increases in activity. When
      cavitation was instigated within SKOV-3 or HepG2 xenografts, reporter gene
      expression from vaccinia virus was enhanced 1,000-fold (P < 0.0001) or 10,000
      fold (P < 0.001), respectively. Similar increases in the number of vaccinia virus
      genomes recovered from tumors were also observed. In survival studies, the
      application of cup mediated cavitation to a vaccinia virus expressing a prodrug
      converting enzyme provided significant (P < 0.05) retardation of tumor growth.
      This technology could improve the clinical utility of all biological therapeutics
      including OV.

PMID- 27375162
TI  - Interventions to reduce waiting times for elective procedures: a Cochrane review
      summary.

PMID- 27375161
TI  - ATRA modulates mechanical activation of TGF-beta by pancreatic stellate cells.
AB  - The hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is abundant desmoplasia,
      which is orchestrated by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and accounts for the
      majority of the stroma surrounding the tumour. Healthy PSCs are quiescent, but
      upon activation during disease progression, they adopt a myofibroblast
      contractile phenotype and secrete and concomitantly reorganise the stiff
      extracellular matrix (ECM). Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a
      potent activator of PSCs, and its activation requires spatiotemporal organisation
      of cellular and extracellular cues to liberate it from an inactive complex with
      latent TGF-beta binding protein (LTBP). Here we study the mechanical activation
      of TGF-beta by PSCs in vitro by investigating LTBP-1 organisation with fibrillar
      fibronectin and show that all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), which induces PSC
      quiescence, down-regulates the ability of PSCs to mechanically organise LTBP-1
      and activate TGF-beta through a mechanism involving myosin II dependent
      contractility. Therefore, ATRA inhibits the ability of PSCs to mechanically
      release active TGF-beta, which might otherwise act in an autocrine manner to
      sustain PSCs in an active state and a tumour-favouring stiff microenvironment.

PMID- 27375163
TI  - When the patient must carry the communicative burden.

PMID- 27375165
TI  - Regioisomer-specific electron affinities and electronic structures of C70para
      adducts at polar and equatorial positions with (bromo)benzyl radicals:
      photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical study.
AB  - Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy shows interesting regioisomer-specific
      electron affinities (EAs) of 2,5- and 7,23-para-adducts of C70 [(ArCH2)2C70] (Ar
      = Ph, o-, m-, and p-BrC6H4). Their EA values are larger than that of C70 by 5-150
      meV with the 2,5-polar adducts' EAs being higher than their corresponding 7,23
      equatorial counterparts, exhibiting appreciable EA tunable ranges and
      regioisomeric specificity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reproduce
      both the experimental EA values and EA trends very well. 

PMID- 27375166
TI  - Carbon-Ion Radiation Therapy for Pelvic Recurrence of Rectal Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Investigation of the treatment potential of carbon-ion radiation therapy
      in pelvic recurrence of rectal cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A phase 1/2 dose
      escalation study was performed. One hundred eighty patients (186 lesions) with
      locally recurrent rectal cancer were treated with carbon-ion radiation therapy
      (CIRT) (phase 1/2: 37 and 143 patients, respectively). The relapse locations were
      71 in the presacral region, 82 in the pelvic sidewalls, 28 in the perineum, and 5
      near the colorectal anastomosis. A 16-fraction in 4 weeks dose regimen was used,
      with total dose ranging from 67.2 to 73.6 Gy(RBE); RBE-weighted absorbed dose:
      4.2 to 4.6 Gy(RBE)/fraction. RESULTS: During phase 1, the highest total dose,
      73.6 Gy(RBE), resulted in no grade >3 acute reactions in the 13 patients treated
      at that dose. Dose escalation was halted at this level, and this dose was used
      for phase 2, with no other grade >3 acute reactions observed. At 5 years, the
      local control and survival rates at 73.6 Gy(RBE) were 88% (95% confidence
      interval [CI], 80%-93%) and 59% (95% CI, 50%-68%), respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Carbon-ion radiation therapy may be a safe and effective treatment option for
      locally recurrent rectal cancer and may serve as an alternative to surgery.

PMID- 27375167
TI  - Toward Prostate Cancer Contouring Guidelines on Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
      Dominant Lesion Gross and Clinical Target Volume Coverage Via Accurate Histology
      Fusion.
AB  - PURPOSE: Defining prostate cancer (PCa) lesion clinical target volumes (CTVs) for
      multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) could support focal boosting
      or treatment to improve outcomes or lower morbidity, necessitating appropriate
      CTV margins for mpMRI-defined gross tumor volumes (GTVs). This study aimed to
      identify CTV margins yielding 95% coverage of PCa tumors for prospective cases
      with high likelihood. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-five men with biopsy
      confirmed clinical stage T1 or T2 PCa underwent pre-prostatectomy mpMRI, yielding
      T2-weighted, dynamic contrast-enhanced, and apparent diffusion coefficient
      images. Digitized whole-mount histology was contoured and registered to mpMRI
      scans (error <=2 mm). Four observers contoured lesion GTVs on each mpMRI scan.
      CTVs were defined by isotropic and anisotropic expansion from these GTVs and from
      multiparametric (unioned) GTVs from 2 to 3 scans. Histologic coverage
      (proportions of tumor area on co-registered histology inside the CTV, measured
      for Gleason scores [GSs] >=6 and >=7) and prostate sparing (proportions of
      prostate volume outside the CTV) were measured. Nonparametric histologic-coverage
      prediction intervals defined minimal margins yielding 95% coverage for
      prospective cases with 78% to 92% likelihood. RESULTS: On analysis of 72 true
      positive tumor detections, 95% coverage margins were 9 to 11 mm (GS >= 6) and 8
      to 10 mm (GS >= 7) for single-sequence GTVs and were 8 mm (GS >= 6) and 6 mm (GS
      >= 7) for 3-sequence GTVs, yielding CTVs that spared 47% to 81% of prostate
      tissue for the majority of tumors. Inclusion of T2-weighted contours increased
      sparing for multiparametric CTVs with 95% coverage margins for GS >=6, and
      inclusion of dynamic contrast-enhanced contours increased sparing for GS >=7.
      Anisotropic 95% coverage margins increased the sparing proportions to 71% to 86%.
      CONCLUSIONS: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-defined GTVs expanded by
      appropriate margins may support focal boosting or treatment of PCa; however,
      these margins, accounting for interobserver and intertumoral variability, may
      preclude highly conformal CTVs. Multiparametric GTVs and anisotropic margins may
      reduce the required margins and improve prostate sparing.

PMID- 27375168
TI  - Safety and Efficacy of Radiation Therapy in Advanced Melanoma Patients Treated
      With Ipilimumab.
AB  - PURPOSE: Ipilimumab and radiation therapy (RT) are standard treatments for
      advanced melanoma; preclinical models suggest the potential for synergy. However,
      limited clinical information exists regarding safety and optimal timing of the
      combination. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We reviewed the records of consecutive
      patients with unresectable stage 3 or 4 melanoma treated with ipilimumab.
      Patients were categorized as having received RT or not. Differences were
      estimated between these 2 cohorts. RESULTS: We identified 88 patients treated
      with ipilimumab. At baseline, the ipilimumab-plus-RT group (n=44) had more
      unfavorable characteristics. Despite this, overall survival, progression-free
      survival, and both immune-related and non-immune-related toxicity were not
      statistically different (P=.67). Patients who received ipilimumab before RT had
      an increased duration of irradiated tumor response compared with patients
      receiving ipilimumab after RT (74.7% vs 44.8% at 12 months; P=.01, log-rank
      test). In addition, patients receiving ablative RT had non-statistically
      significantly improved median overall survival (19.6 vs 10.2 months), as well as
      6-month (95.1% vs 72.7%) and 12-month (79.7% vs 48.5%) survival rates, compared
      with those treated with conventionally fractionated RT. CONCLUSIONS: We found
      that both ablative and conventionally fractionated RT can be safely administered
      with ipilimumab without a clinically apparent increase in toxicity. Patients who
      received ipilimumab before RT had an increased duration of irradiated tumor
      response.

PMID- 27375169
TI  - Computed Tomography-Planned High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Treating Uterine
      Cervical Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term results of computed tomography (CT)-planned
      high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BT) for treating cervical cancer patients.
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: CT-planned HDR BT was performed according to the adapted
      Group European de Curietherapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and
      Oncology (GEC-ESTRO) recommendations in 216 consecutive patients with locally
      advanced cervical cancer, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
      (FIGO) stage IB to IVA, who were treated with conformal external beam radiation
      therapy and concomitant chemotherapy. We analyzed outcomes and late side effects
      evaluated according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization
      for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Subjective, Objective, Management,
      Analysis evaluation scoring system and compared them with the results from a
      historical group. RESULTS: The median age was 56 years (range, 32-83 years). The
      median follow-up time for living patients was 52 months (range 37-63 months). The
      5-year cumulative incidence function for the local recurrence rate for patients
      with FIGO II and III was 5.5% and 20%, respectively (P=.001). The 5-year rates of
      overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 66.4% and 58.5%,
      respectively. The relative risk of failure for OS and DFS for FIGO III in
      relation to FIGO II was 2.24 (P=.003) and 2.6 (P=.000) and for lymph node
      enlargement was 2.3 (P=.002) and 2 (P=.006), respectively. In 2 patients,
      rectovaginal fistula occurred, and in 1 patient, vesicovaginal fistula occurred
      without local progression. Comparison of late adverse effects in patients treated
      according to the GEC-ESTRO recommendations and in the historical group revealed a
      reduction in fistula formation of 59% and also a reduction in rectal grade 3 to 4
      late toxicity of >59%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest report with mature data
      of CT-planned BT HDR for the treatment of cervical cancer with good local control
      and acceptable toxicity. In comparison with the historical series, there is a
      substantial benefit in terms of severe late effects. FIGO III and enlarged lymph
      nodes in positron emission tomography-CT/CT are negative prognostic factors, both
      with a relative risk of failure of approximately 2.

PMID- 27375170
TI  - Suppressive Effects of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide on Cardiac
      Hypertrophy and Fibrosis in Angiotensin II-Infused Mouse Models.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Activation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor
      (GIPR) has been shown to be protective against atherosclerosis. However, effects
      of GIP on the heart have remained unclear. To address this question, in vitro and
      in vivo experiments were conducted. METHODS AND RESULTS: In isolated mouse
      cardiomyocytes, GIPR mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain
      reaction, and GIP stimulation increased adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
      production. In apolipoprotein E-knockout mice, infusion of angiotensin II (AngII;
      2,000 ng.kg(-1).min(-1)) significantly increased the heart weights, and co
      administration of GIP (25 nmol.kg(-1).day(-1)) reversed this increase (both
      P<0.01). In the left ventricular walls, GIP suppressed AngII-induced
      cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by 34%, apoptosis by 77%, and interstitial fibrosis by
      79% (all P<0.01). Furthermore, GIP reduced AngII-induced expression of
      transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha.
      In wild-type mice, cardiac hypertrophy was induced by AngII to a lesser extent,
      and prevented by GIP. In contrast, GIP did not show any cardioprotective effect
      against AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy in GIPR-knockout mice. In an in vitro
      experiment using mouse cardiomyocytes, GIP suppressed AngII-induced mRNA
      expression of B-type natriuretic peptide and TGF-beta1. CONCLUSIONS: It was
      demonstrated that cardiomyocytes represent a direct target of GIP action in
      vitro, and that GIP ameliorated AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy via suppression
      of cardiomyocyte enlargement, apoptosis, and fibrosis in vivo. (Circ J 2016; 80:
      1988-1997).

PMID- 27375171
TI  - [Cutaneous tuberculosis of the ear due to Mycobacterium bovis].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Isolated cutaneous tuberculosis is uncommon, accounting for only
      0.14 to 5% of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. We report a rare case of ear
      cutaneous tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in an immunocompetent woman.
      CASE REPORT: A 59-year-old woman presented an erythematous and scaly lesion of
      the ear present for two years. The histological findings were compatible with a
      diagnosis of sarcoidosis, with non-necrotic granuloma. After failure of dermal
      corticosteroid therapy, a further biopsy identified M. bovis; the patient was
      cured following anti-tubercular treatment. DISCUSSION: Ear lesions are
      predominantly associated with tumors, fungal infections, chondritis, lupus and
      sarcoidosis. The ear, like the face in general, is a classic localization of
      lupus vulgaris, a chronic form of confined tuberculosis infection with
      progressive evolution. The paucibacillary nature of these lesions is the reason
      why their diagnosis is based in some cases on clinical, histological and
      immunological findings without bacteriological evidence. However, given the
      potential therapeutic implications, it is important to push the microbiological
      analysis as far as possible. In our case, culture and identification provided
      evidence of M. bovis infection, enabling suitable and effective therapy to be
      given.

PMID- 27375172
TI  - Identification of reliable reference genes for quantitative gene expression
      studies in oral squamous cell carcinomas compared to adjacent normal tissues in
      the F344 rat model.
AB  - Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) induced in F344 rats by 4-nitroquinoline-1
      oxide (4-NQO) demonstrate considerable phenotypic similarity to human oral
      cancers and the model has been widely used for carcinogenesis and chemoprevention
      studies. Molecular characterization of this model needs reliable reference genes
      (RGs) to avoid false- positive and -negative results for proper interpretation of
      gene expression data between tumor and adjacent normal tissues. Microarray
      analysis of 11 pairs of OSCC and site-matched phenotypically normal oral tissues
      from 4-NQO-treated rats identified 10 stably expressed genes in OSCC compared to
      adjacent normal tissues (p>0.5, CV<15%) that could serve as potential RGs in this
      model. The commonly used 27 RGs in the rat were also analyzed based on microarray
      data and most of them were found unsuitable for RGs in this model. Traditional
      RGs such as ACTB and GAPDH were significantly altered in OSCC compared to
      adjacent normal tissues (p<0.01, n=11); however, the Hsp90ab1 was ranked as the
      best RG candidate and the combination of Hsp90ab1 and HPRT1 was identified by
      NormFinder to be a superior reference for gene normalization among the commonly
      used RGs. This result was also validated by RT-PCR based on the selected top RG
      candidate pool. These data suggest that there are no common RGs suitable for
      different models and RG(s) should be identified before gene expression analysis.
      We successfully identified Hsp90ab1 as a stable RG in 4-NQO-induced OSCC compared
      to adjacent normal tissues in F344 rats. The combination of two stably expressed
      genes may be a better option for gene normalization in tissue samples. 

PMID- 27375173
TI  - PEDiDBS: The pediatric international deep brain stimulation registry project.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Interactive neuromodulation represents the evolving frontier in
      surgical treatment of a variety of disorders involving the sensory organs and
      nervous system. Building on the advances of pioneering neurologists and
      neurosurgeons, progress has been made since the introduction of deep brain
      stimulation (DBS). Microelectrode recording has greatly aided our understanding
      of the underlying pathogenesis of movement disorders and the effects of
      electrical stimulation. The introduction of image - guided systems to provide
      targeted, controlled neuro-stimulation to specific brain areas is an emerging
      technique for implantation and may have special appeal for pediatric patients.
      RATIONALE/AIM: DBS is generally accepted as a treatment for some forms of
      childhood dystonia. Its potential role in other pediatric movement disorders is
      less well established. This is important, as most forms of dystonia begin in
      childhood or adolescence and many are inadequately responsive to current
      pharmacotherapy and other interventions. Nonetheless, many aspects of deep brain
      stimulation need clarification. CONCLUSION: This can only be accomplished through
      an organized platform for data sharing that will allow questions to be asked and
      hopefully answered, with the ultimate goal of developing evidence based practice
      based guidelines elucidating the role of DBS in pediatric patients.

PMID- 27375175
TI  - Mixing of exciton and charge-transfer states in light-harvesting complex Lhca4.
AB  - Lhca4 is one of the peripheral antennae of higher plant photosystem I and it is
      characterized by the presence of chlorophyll a with absorption and emission bands
      around 30 nm red-shifted compared to those of the other chlorophylls associated
      with plant complexes. In this work we have investigated the origin of this red
      shift by using the recent structure of Lhca4 (Qin et al., Science, 2015, 348,
      989) to build an exciton model that includes a charge-transfer (CT) state mixed
      with the excited-state manifold. A simultaneous quantitative fit of absorption,
      linear dichroism, fluorescence, and Stark absorption spectra of the wild-type
      Lhca4 and NH mutant (where the sites involved in CT are affected) enables us to
      determine the origin of the CT state and explore its spectral signatures. A huge
      borrowing of dipole strength by the CT, accompanied by anomalous broadening and
      red-shifting of the fluorescence as well as dramatic changes in the Stark
      spectrum, can be accounted for by a model implying an exciton-type mixing between
      excited states and CT states. 

PMID- 27375174
TI  - Alcohol Vapor Inhalation as a Model of Alcohol-Induced Organ Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIEV) exposure has been used
      extensively to produce rodent models of alcohol dependence, but unlike other
      models of alcohol abuse, CIEV has not been assessed as a model of end-organ
      damage. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of CIEV on
      peripheral organ systems affected by alcohol abuse, including the liver, lungs,
      and cardiovascular system. METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed
      to daily CIEV for a period of 8 weeks (14HR ON/10HR OFF), producing blood alcohol
      levels of ~200 mg/dl. Controls were exposed to room air. After 8 weeks,
      echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function. Indices of liver
      injury (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases [ALT and AST]; cytochrome p450
      2E1 [CYP2E1]; alcohol dehydrogenase [ADH]; Oil Red O and triglyceride content;
      lipid peroxidation; inflammatory cytokine expression; and macrophage
      infiltration), and lung inflammatory cell count, proinflammatory cytokine
      expression, and lipid peroxidation were measured. RESULTS: Left ventricular
      posterior wall thickness was significantly decreased, and systolic blood pressure
      was significantly elevated by CIEV compared with air controls. CIEV led to a
      significant increase in plasma ALT and triglycerides compared with room air
      controls. CIEV did not affect liver triglyceride content, lipid staining or
      peroxidation, but increased CYP2E1 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)
      protein expression, while decreasing ADH expression. CIEV significantly increased
      numbers of both polymorphonuclear neutrophils and lymphocytes in the
      bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, indicative of pulmonary inflammation. However, CIEV
      did not produce significant changes in lung mass, pulmonary lipid peroxidation,
      inflammatory cytokine expression, or edema. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that
      CIEV produces hepatic, pulmonary, and cardiovascular effects in rats similar to
      those found in other models of chronic alcohol administration. Alcohol vapor
      administration is a novel method of alcohol-induced tissue injury with high
      potential for widespread use in alcohol toxicology research.

PMID- 27375176
TI  - Identification of factors contributing to phenotypic divergence via quantitative
      image analyses of autosomal recessive woolly hair/hypotrichosis with homozygous
      c.736T>A LIPH mutation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autosomal recessive woolly hair/hypotrichosis (ARWH/H) is caused by
      mutations in LIPH. Homozygotes for the LIPH c.736T>A (p.C246S) mutation, the most
      prevalent genotype in Japanese patients, present varying degrees of hair loss;
      however, determinants of this phenotypic diversity remain elusive. OBJECTIVES: To
      establish methodologies for quantitative assessment of clinical severity and
      provide a detailed characterization to elucidate the factors contributing to
      phenotypic divergence. METHODS: Digital image analyses were conducted to convert
      clinical severities into numerical values. Eight patients with ARWH/H were
      classified into three groups (mild, severe, very severe), based on severity
      scores. Dermoscopic images were collected and assessed for total hair numbers and
      hair thickness for intergroup comparisons. RESULTS: The image analysis detected a
      difference in hair thickness but not in total hair numbers, between mild and
      severe cases. A marked decrease in total hair number was noted in an atypical
      very severe case. Histopathologically, a patient with a mild case demonstrated
      hair miniaturization and a high telogen/anagen ratio without a decrease in total
      hair count, endorsing dermoscopic observations. Two children demonstrated
      spontaneous improvement without an increase in total hair numbers, and two adults
      responded well to topical minoxidil with increased total hair numbers and hair
      thickness. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in the frequency of underdeveloped hairs
      may be a major factor contributing to the clinical diversity of hair sparseness
      in LIPH c.736T>A homozygotes with ARWH/H. Hence, pharmacological modification to
      thicken existing fine hairs may provide a therapeutic strategy.

PMID- 27375177
TI  - Effect of clpP and clpC deletion on persister cell number in Staphylococcus
      aureus.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a wide variety of infections that
      include superficial skin and soft tissue infections, septicaemia, central nervous
      system infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis and pneumonia. Others have
      demonstrated the importance of toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules in the formation of
      persisters and the role of the Clp proteolytic system in the regulation of these
      TA modules. This study was conducted to determine the effect of clpP and clpC
      deletion on S. aureus persister cell numbers following antibiotic treatment.
      Deletion of clpP resulted in a significant decrease in persister cells following
      treatment with oxacillin and erythromycin but not with levofloxacin and
      daptomycin. Deletion of clpC resulted in a decrease in persister cells following
      treatment with oxacillin. These differences were dependent on the antibiotic
      class and the CFU ml-1 in which the cells were treated. Persister revival assays
      for all the bacterial strains in these studies demonstrated a significant delay
      in resumption of growth characteristic of persister cells, indicating that the
      surviving organisms in this study were not likely due to spontaneous antibiotic
      resistance. Based on our results, ClpP and possibly ClpC play a role in persister
      cell formation or maintenance, and this effect is dependent on antibiotic class
      and the CFU ml-1 or the growth phase of the cells. 

PMID- 27375178
TI  - Experimental evolution in fungi: An untapped resource.
AB  - Historically, evolutionary biology has been considered an observational science.
      Examining populations and inferring evolutionary histories mold evolutionary
      theories. In contrast, laboratory evolution experiments make use of the
      amenability of traditional model organisms to study fundamental processes
      underlying evolution in real time in simple, but well-controlled, environments.
      With advances in high-throughput biology and next generation sequencing, it is
      now possible to propagate hundreds of parallel populations over thousands of
      generations and to quantify precisely the frequencies of various mutations over
      time. Experimental evolution combines the ability to simultaneously monitor
      replicate populations with the power to vary individual parameters to test
      specific evolutionary hypotheses, something that is impractical or infeasible in
      natural populations. Many labs are now conducting laboratory evolution
      experiments in nearly all model systems including viruses, bacteria, yeast,
      nematodes, and fruit flies. Among these systems, fungi occupy a unique niche:
      with a short generation time, small compact genomes, and sexual cycles, fungi are
      a particularly valuable and largely untapped resource for propelling future
      growth in the field of experimental evolution. Here, we describe the current
      state of fungal experimental evolution and why fungi are uniquely positioned to
      answer many of the outstanding questions in the field. We also review which
      fungal species are most well suited for experimental evolution.

PMID- 27375179
TI  - [Congenital neuromuscular diseases with neonatal respiratory failure excluding
      myotonic dystrophy type 1 and infantile spinal muscular atrophy. Diagnosis
      strategy according to a 19-child series].
AB  - Apart from spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1),
      congenital neuromuscular diseases with early neonatal symptoms mean diagnostic
      and prognostic challenges mainly when infants require ventilatory support.
      OBJECTIVES: Consider a standardized strategy for infants suspected of congenital
      neuromuscular disease from analysis of the literature and retrospective
      experience with floppy and ventilatory support-dependent infants, after exclusion
      of well-known diseases (DM1, SMA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Floppy infants requiring
      ventilatory support in their 1st month of life, but showing no evidence of DM1,
      SMA, Prader-Willi syndrome, or encephalopathy. The retrospective multicenter
      study was based on the response of regional referent neuropediatricians in the
      Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases of Greater Southwest France to an
      inquiry about prenatal and perinatal history, investigations, diagnosis, and
      outcome of the child and family. It was conducted between 2007 and 2012. RESULTS:
      Among the 19 newborns studied, all had severe hypotonia. Prenatal and perinatal
      features were similar. Their outcome was generally severe: the median survival as
      measured by the Kaplan-Meier method was 6.9 months. Thirteen children died at a
      median age of 61 days; ten of them were treated with a palliative procedure. Five
      children had achieved respiratory independence but suffered from a small delay in
      motor development. Among the three children who continuously required ventilatory
      support, only one survived (follow-up period: 23 months); he was the only one
      undergoing tracheostomy in the cohort. Diagnostic processes were different,
      leading to pathological and genetic diagnosis for only six infants. There was
      only histological orientation for seven and no specific diagnostic orientation
      for the last six. These difficulties have led us to propose an exploration
      process based on the literature. CONCLUSION: This study highlights difficulties
      in obtaining a diagnosis and a precise prognosis for floppy ventilated infants.
      An exploration-standardized process for infants suspected of congenital
      neuromuscular diseases was made in order to standardize procedures. It could be
      used as a tool for all professionals involved.

PMID- 27375180
TI  - CCL2 level is elevated with metabolic syndrome and CXCL10 level is correlated
      with visceral fat area in obese children.
AB  - Recent studies revealed that obesity is a low-grade, chronic inflammatory state
      that is accompanied by the enhanced production of multiple chemokines. In
      particular, metabolic syndrome (MS) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT)
      accumulation are significantly associated with certain chemokines in adults.
      However, little is known regarding this association in obese children. The aim of
      this study was to investigate the relationship between circulating chemokine
      levels and both MS and VAT accumulation in obese children. Forty-four obese
      schoolchildren (26 boys) with a percentage of overweight (POW) exceeding 20 were
      evaluated. The median age was 11.4 years (range: 6.8-16.5 years). Blood samples
      were drawn after overnight fasting, and serum chemokine levels (CCL2, CCL5 and
      CXCL10) were quantitated. Visceral fat area (VFA) determinations were conducted
      using computed tomography. The results showed that the median BMI Z-score, POW,
      waist circumference and VFA of the subjects were 2.24 SD, 49.8%, 88.3 cm and 80.8
      cm2, respectively. Eighteen were diagnosed with MS. CCL2 was significantly
      increased in MS subjects compared with non-MS subjects (p<0.05). CXCL10 was
      positively correlated with VFA (r=0.425, p<0.01). There were no significant
      correlations between age and chemokine levels. We showed that CCL2 levels were
      elevated in MS and CXCL10 levels were associated with VFA in obese children. Our
      results suggest that CCL2 and CXCL10 play important roles in the progression of
      obesity-related metabolic complications in children.

PMID- 27375181
TI  - Detection of prostate cancer using a voltammetric electronic tongue.
AB  - A simple method based on the multivariate analysis of data from urine using an
      electronic voltammetric tongue is used to detect patients with prostate cancer. A
      sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 73% were obtained to distinguish the
      urine from cancer patients and the urine from non-cancer patients. 

PMID- 27375182
TI  - Singlet oxygen production by combining erythrosine and halogen light for
      photodynamic inactivation of Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms is based on a
      photosensitizing substance which, in the presence of light and molecular oxygen,
      produces singlet oxygen, a toxic agent to microorganisms and tumor cells. This
      study aimed to evaluate singlet oxygen quantum yield of erythrosine solutions
      illuminated with a halogen light source in comparison to a LED array (control),
      and the photodynamic effect of erythrosine dye in association with the halogen
      light source on Streptococcus mutans. METHODS: Singlet oxygen quantum yield of
      erythrosine solutions was quantified using uric acid as a chemical-probe in an
      aqueous solution. The in vitro effect of the photodynamic antimicrobial activity
      of erythrosine in association with the halogen photopolimerizing light on
      Streptococcus mutans (UA 159) was assessed during one minute. Bacterial cultures
      treated with erythrosine alone served as negative control. RESULTS: Singlet
      oxygen with 24% and 2.8% degradation of uric acid in one minute and a quantum
      yield of 0.59 and 0.63 was obtained for the erythrosine samples illuminated with
      the halogen light and the LED array, respectively. The bacterial cultures with
      erythrosine illuminated with the halogen light presented a decreased number of
      CFU mL(-1) in comparison with the negative control, with minimal inhibitory
      concentrations between 0.312 and 0.156mgmL(-1). CONCLUSIONS: The photodynamic
      response of erythrosine induced by the halogen light was capable of killing S.
      mutans. Clinical trials should be conducted to better ascertain the use of
      erythrosine in association with halogen light source for the treatment of dental
      caries.

PMID- 27375183
TI  - Plum-blossom needling promoted PpIX fluorescence intensity from 5-aminolevulinic
      acid in porcine skin model and patients with actnic keratosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Plum-blossom needling might enhance transdermal
      penetration of topically applied drugs by creating vertical channels. The purpose
      of this study was to evaluate drug delivery assisted by plum-blossom needling
      comparing with CO2 laser ablative fractional resurfacing (AFR) using 5
      aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), a porphyrin precursor, as a test drug. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Ex vivo porcine skin was treated with plum-blossom needle(HWATO, Suzhou
      medical supplies factory Co., Ltd. China) or CO2 laser AFR before topical
      application of 20% 5-ALA(Sigma-Aldrich, Co., USA)cream, placebo cream and no
      cream. ALA-induced porphyrin fluorescence was measured by fluorescence microscopy
      at skin depths down to 1800MUm. Needling was done by tapping the skin vertically
      from 5cm high above quickly. AFR was performed with a 10.6MUm wavelength
      prototype CO2 laser, using stacked single pulses of 3 millisecond and 91.6mJ per
      pulse. Plum-blossom needling after ALA application was also done. Fluorescence
      intensity on lesion surface was examined by curalux spectrum analyzer (Laser
      Institute of Munich University, Germany) and VAS pain score was recorded in a
      randomized split-lesion clinical trial including 6 patients, 8 actinic keratosis
      lesions. RESULTS: AFR created regular cone-shaped channels surrounded by a 70MUm
      thin layer of thermally coagulated dermis, respectively. The cone is
      approximately 200MUm in diameter at the opening and 1850MUm in depth. Plum
      blossom needle created irregular cone-shaped channels of approximately 180MUm in
      diameter at the opening and it always drags a tail-which was shaped from the
      closed deeper channels. There was no porphyrin fluorescence in placebo cream or
      untreated skin sites. Plum-blossom needling followed by ALA application enhanced
      drug delivery with significantly higher porphyrin fluorescence at the edge of
      hole (P<0.005) and 100MUm far from the hole (P=0.000) versus AFR followed by ALA
      application at skin depths of 120 and 500MUm. Needling after ALA application
      presented higher porphyrin fluorescence at the edge of hole at skin depths of
      120MUm (P<0.005) and lower porphyrin fluorescence at 1000MUm deep hole edge, and
      100MUm far from the hole at 120MUm, 500MUm and 1000MUm depths versus AFR followed
      by ALA application (P<0.005). Skin massage after ALA application did not affect
      ALA-induced porphyrin fluorescence after pretreatment of plum-blossom needling or
      AFR. ALA application after plum-blossom needling was better than before plum
      blossom needling. The clinical trial showed that the surface fluorescence
      intensity was stronger in needle-pretreated-lesion than in laser-pretreated
      lesion. While the VAS pain score between needle treatment and laser treatment was
      almost the same. CONCLUSIONS: Plum-blossom needling facilitates delivery of
      topical ALA into the dermis. It may help ALA to diffuse a little more broadly
      than AFR does in superficial dermis and obtain similar clinical effect with a
      much lower cost. Plum-blossom needling treatment appears to be a clinically
      practical and economical means for enhancing transdermal delivery of ALA, a
      photodynamic therapy drug, and presumably many other topical skin medications.

PMID- 27375184
TI  - Verteporfin photodynamic therapy for the treatment of choroidal haemangioma
      associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: Choroidal haemangiomas associated with Sturge Weber syndrome most
      commonly affect the posterior pole and consequently result in amblyopia.
      Treatment is often challenging but usually unwarranted unless there is visual
      deterioration caused by exudative or neovascular complications. The main
      objective is to demonstrate the effectivity of photodynamic therapy in this
      context. DESIGN AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected
      data regarding verteporfin photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of
      patients with choroidal haemangiomas associated with Sturge Weber syndrome.
      RESULTS: Six patients (4 male, 2 female) with a median age of 28 years (range, 23
      67) had a mean tumour belly diameter of 12.2mm (range, 9-16.8). There was
      regression of the tumour in all cases, albeit after 3 treatments in a single
      case. The exudative retinal detachment resolved in 2 out of 3 patients. Visual
      outcome improved in 3 patients, remaining poor but stable in the other three, due
      to pre-existing amblyopia. CONCLUSIONS: PDT is an effective and safe treatment
      for patients with choroidal haemangioma associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome.

PMID- 27375185
TI  - 2D Black Phosphorus/SrTiO3 -Based Programmable Photoconductive Switch.
AB  - A novel heterostructure is designed by stacking 2D black phosphorus (BP) on a
      SrTiO3 substrate. The device demonstrates programmable photoconductive switching
      under illumination of UV and red light. The light-tunable persistent
      photoconductivity exhibits a large on/off ratio exceeding 10(5) . The persistent
      state shows almost no relaxation or decay at low temperature. These features are
      suitable for a new generation of optoelectronic devices for memory application. 

PMID- 27375186
TI  - Bicuspid and Unicuspid Aortic Valve: Fate of Moderate/Severe Mixed Aortic Valve
      Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There is a paucity of data about mixed aortic valve disease (MAVD) in
      patients with bicuspid/unicuspid aortic valve (BAV). This study sought to
      describe the outcomes of patients with moderate/severe MAVD. METHODS: We queried
      our database for patients with BAV and moderate/severe MAVD seen between 1994 and
      2013. We excluded patients with baseline New York Heart Association (NYHA) III/IV
      symptoms, left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, aortic dimension >50 mm, and
      significant disease of other valves. The purpose of the study was to determine
      the freedom from NYHA III/IV symptoms and aortic valve replacement (AVR).
      RESULTS: We identified 138 patients with moderate/severe MAVD; mean age was 51 +/
      12 years; 112 (81%) were males; and follow-up was 8.5 +/- 4 years. Ninety-two
      patients (67%) underwent AVR within 3.7 +/- 2.5 years. Mechanical prostheses were
      implanted in 73 patients (79%); 22 patients (26%) and 36 patients (39%) had
      concomitant coronary artery bypass graft and aorta replacement during AVR
      respectively. There were no surgical deaths. Freedom from AVR was 84%, 51%, and
      20% at 1, 5 and 10 years respectively. Predictors of AVR were age at presentation
      (hazard ratio [HR] 5.22; confidence interval [CI] 3.10 to 6.64) for every decade
      increase in age; and having severe stenosis or regurgitation at the time of
      presentation (HR 1.32; CI 1.05 to 3.16). CONCLUSIONS: Age and disease severity
      should be incorporated in the risk assessment of BAV patients with MAVD, and
      patients with both risk factors should be monitored closely.

PMID- 27375188
TI  - Recent advances in catalytic decarboxylative acylation reactions via a radical
      process.
AB  - The decarboxylative cross-coupling reactions of carboxylic acids have emerged as
      an efficient strategy for the C-C bond and C-X bond formations. In this field,
      the decarboxylative cross-coupling of alpha-keto acids has been developed as an
      attractive strategy to introduce a carbonyl group into versatile organic
      molecules. In particular, radical-mediated decarboxylative reactions have
      attracted much attention of chemists owing to their mild conditions, excellent
      functional group tolerance and high reactivity. In this review, we highlight the
      recent advances in the radical decarboxylative acylation reactions of alpha-keto
      acids. 

PMID- 27375187
TI  - Dietary beta-glucan enhances the contents of complement component 3 and factor B
      in eggs of zebrafish.
AB  - beta-glucan has been shown to increase non-specific immunity and resistance
      against infections or pathogenic bacteria in several fish species, but no
      information is available regarding its trans-generational effects to date. Here
      we clearly demonstrated that beta-glucan enhanced the contents of immune-relevant
      molecules C3 and Bf in eggs of zebrafish, and the embryos derived from beta-1,3
      glucan-treated zebrafish were more resistant to bacterial challenge than control
      embryos. Moreover, the transferred C3 and Bf were directly associated with the
      antimicrobial defense of early embryos. In addition, feeding female zebrafish
      with beta-glucan had little detrimental effects on the number of spawned eggs and
      their embryonic development. Collectively, these data show for the first time
      that beta-glucan can be safely used to promote the non-specific immunity in
      offspring of fishes.

PMID- 27375189
TI  - An apolar Pistacia lentiscus L. leaf extract: GC-MS metabolic profiling and
      evaluation of cytotoxicity and apoptosis inducing effects on SH-SY5Y and SK-N
      BE(2)C cell lines.
AB  - In the course of a cytotoxicity screening of Mediterranean plants vs.
      neuroblastoma cells, Pistacia lentiscus was of interest. Pl-C extract, prepared
      from dried leaves by ultrasound assisted maceration (UAM) in chloroform, was
      profiled through using GC-MS techniques. To evaluate Pl-C cytotoxicity towards SH
      SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2)-C cell lines, MTT, SRB and LDH assays were performed. The
      caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, as well as micronucleation, were also
      evaluated. The Pl-C oxidant/antioxidant ability was estimated using different
      methods. The extract, rich in pentacyclic triterpenes, inhibited mitochondrial
      redox activity and cell viability of the tested cell lines. LDH assay established
      that Pl-C did not affect the cell membrane integrity. Indeed, it was able to
      activate caspase-3 and to cause a ladder pattern of DNA. Western blotting
      analysis showed that Pl-C processed caspase-3 providing two cleavage products of
      approximately 20 and 17-kDa, whose densitometric evaluation highlighted that Pl-C
      was more effective than vinblastine by 3-fold. The pro-apoptotic effect could be
      related to a disturbance in cell redox balance. In fact, it increased
      intracellular ROS production, GSSG/GSH ratio and the formation of
      lipoperoxidation products. The data obtained prompted to further investigate and
      assess the in vivo efficacy of Pl-C to prevent and/or treat neuroblastoma. 

PMID- 27375190
TI  - Curcumin attenuates quinocetone induced apoptosis and inflammation via the
      opposite modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-kB pathway in human hepatocyte L02 cells.
AB  - The potential toxicity of quinocetone (QCT) has raised widely concern, but its
      mechanism is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect
      of curcumin on QCT induced apoptosis and the underlying mechanism in human
      hepatocyte L02 cells. The results showed that QCT treatment significantly
      decreased the cell viability of L02 cell and increased the release of lactate
      dehydrogenase (LDH), which was attenuated by curcumin pre-treatment at 1.25, 2.5
      and 5 MUM. Compared to the QCT alone group, curcumin pre-treatment significantly
      attenuated QCT induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis.
      In addition, curcumin pretreatment markedly attenuated QCT-induced increase of
      iNOS activity and NO production in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, curcumin
      pretreatment markedly down-regulated the expression of nuclear factor -kB (NF-kB)
      and iNOS mRNAs, but up-regulated the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNAs, compared
      to the QCT alone group. Zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, markedly partly
      abolished the cytoprotective effect of curcumin against QCT-induced caspase
      activation, NF-kB mRNA expression. These results indicate that curcumin could
      effectively inhibit QCT induced apoptosis and inflammatory response in L02 cells,
      which may involve the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibition of NF-kB pathway. 

PMID- 27375192
TI  - Mechanisms of Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity: Do We Need JNK for Cell Death?

PMID- 27375191
TI  - miRNAs as common regulators of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta pathway
      in the preeclamptic placenta and cadmium-treated trophoblasts: Links between the
      environment, the epigenome and preeclampsia.
AB  - Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disorder characterized by high blood pressure
      and proteinuria that can cause adverse health effects in both mother and fetus.
      There is no current cure for PE other than delivery of the fetus/placenta. While
      the etiology is unknown, poor placentation due to aberrant signaling of growth
      and angiogenic factors has been postulated as a causal factor of PE. In addition,
      environmental contaminants, such as the metal cadmium (Cd), have been linked to
      placental toxicity and increased risk of developing PE. Here, we use a
      translational study design to investigate genomic and epigenomic alterations in
      both placentas and placental trophoblasts, focused on the angiogenesis-associated
      transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway. Genes within the TGF-beta
      pathway displayed increased expression in both the preeclamptic placenta and Cd
      treated trophoblasts. In addition, miRNAs that target the TGF-beta pathway were
      also significantly altered within the preeclamptic placenta and Cd-treated
      trophoblasts. Integrative analysis resulted in the identification of a subset of
      Cd-responsive miRNAs, including miR-26a and miR-155, common to preeclamptic
      placentas and Cd-treated trophoblasts. These miRNAs have previously been linked
      to PE and are predicted to regulate members of the TGF-beta pathway. Results from
      this study provide future targets for PE treatment.

PMID- 27375194
TI  - The Esophageal Microbiome in Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

PMID- 27375193
TI  - Pneumococcal Disease in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Justification to Vaccinate at
      Diagnosis.

PMID- 27375195
TI  - An Unusual Cause of Recurrent Dysphagia.

PMID- 27375196
TI  - A Peculiar Lump in the Throat.

PMID- 27375197
TI  - Highly sensitive detection of leukemia cells based on aptamer and quantum dots.
AB  - Detection of leukemia at the early stage with high sensitivity is a significant
      clinical challenge for clinicians. In the present study, we developed a sensitive
      detector consisting of the product of oligonucleotides hybridized with
      semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) to generate a stronger fluorescent signal so
      that leukemic cells can be captured. In the present study, a biotin-modified Sgc8
      aptamer was used to identify CCRF-CEM cells, and then biotin-appended QDs were
      labeled with the aptamer via streptavidin and biotin amplification interactions.
      We described the complex as QDs-bsb-apt. CEM and Ramos cells were used to assess
      the specificity and sensitivity of the novel complex. These results revealed that
      the complex could be more effective in diagnosing leukemia at the early stage. In
      conclusion, an innovative structure based on aptamer and QDs for leukemia
      diagnosis was provided. It has the potential to image tumor cells in vitro or in
      vivo and to realize the early diagnosis of disease. Furthermore, it may be used
      to provide guidance for clinicians to implement individualized patient therapy. 

PMID- 27375198
TI  - Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade by telmisartan prevents stress-induced
      impairment of memory via HPA axis deactivation and up-regulation of brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor gene expression.
AB  - Physical and psychological aspects of chronic stress continue to be a persistent
      clinical problem for which new pharmacological treatment strategies are
      aggressively sought. By the results of our previous work it has been demonstrated
      that telmisartan (TLM), an angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker (ARB) and
      partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma),
      alleviates stress-induced cognitive decline. Understanding of mechanistic
      background of this phenomenon is hampered by both dual binding sites of TLM and
      limited data on the consequences of central AT1 blockade and PPARgamma
      activation. Therefore, a critical need exists for progress in the
      characterization of this target for pro-cognitive drug discovery. An unusual
      ability of novel ARBs to exert various PPARgamma binding activities is commonly
      being viewed as predominant over angiotensin blockade in terms of
      neuroprotection. Here we aimed to verify this hypothesis using an animal model of
      chronic psychological stress (Wistar rats restrained 2.5h daily for 21days) with
      simultaneous oral administration of TLM (1mg/kg), GW9662 - PPARgamma receptor
      antagonist (0.5mg/kg), or both in combination, followed by a battery of
      behavioral tests (open field, elevated plus maze, inhibitory avoidance - IA,
      object recognition - OR), quantitative determination of serum corticosterone
      (CORT) and evaluation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression
      in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HIP). Stressed animals
      displayed decreased recall of the IA behavior (p<0.001), decreased OR (p<0.001),
      substantial CORT increase (p<0.001) and significantly downregulated expression of
      BDNF in the mPFC (p<0.001), which were attenuated in rats receiving TLM and
      TLM+GW9662. These data indicate that procognitive effect of ARBs in stressed
      subjects do not result from PPAR-gamma activation, but AT1 blockade and
      subsequent hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis deactivation associated with
      changes in primarily cortical gene expression. This study confirms the dual
      activities of TLM that controls hypertension and cognition through AT1 blockade.

PMID- 27375199
TI  - The normal modes of lattice vibrations of ice XI.
AB  - The vibrational spectrum of ice XI at thermal wavelengths using the CASTEP code,
      a first-principles simulation method, is investigated. A dual-track approach is
      constructed to verify the validity for the computational phonon spectrum: collate
      the simulated spectrum with inelastic neutron scattering experiments and assign
      the photon scattering peaks according to the calculated normal vibration
      frequencies. The 33 optical normal vibrations at the Brillouin center are
      illustrated definitely from the ab initio outcomes. The depolarizing field effect
      of the hydrogen bond vibrations at frequencies of 229 cm(-1) and 310 cm(-1) is
      found to agree well with the LST relationship. It is a convincing evidence to
      manifest the LO-TO splitting of hydrogen bonds in ice crystal. We attribute the
      two hydrogen bond peaks to the depolarization effect and apply this viewpoint to
      ordinary ice phase, ice Ih, which is difficult to analyse their vibration modes
      due to proton disorder.

PMID- 27375200
TI  - Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) enhance cytotoxicity of cisplatin to
      hepatocellular cells by microdomain disruption on plasma membrane.
AB  - Previous studies showed nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) can ablate solid
      tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but its effect on cell membrane
      is not fully understood. We hypothesized nsPEF disrupt the microdomains on outer
      cellular membrane with direct mechanical force and as a result the plasma
      membrane permeability increases to facilitate the small molecule intake. Three
      HCC cells were pulsed one pulse per minute, an interval longer than nanopore
      resealing time. The cationized ferritin was used to mark up the electronegative
      microdomains, propidium iodide (PI) for membrane permeabilization, energy
      dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for the negative cell surface charge and
      cisplatin for inner-cellular cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that the ferritin
      marked-microdomain and negative cell surface charge were disrupted by nsPEF
      caused-mechanical force. The cell uptake of propidium and cytotoxicity of DNA
      targeted cisplatin increased with a dose effect. Cisplatin gains its maximum
      inner-cellular cytotoxicity when combining with nsPEF stimulation. We conclude
      that nsPEF disrupt the microdomains on the outer cellular membrane directly and
      increase the membrane permeabilization for PI and cisplatin. The microdomain
      disruption and membrane infiltration changes are caused by the mechanical force
      from the changes of negative cell surface charge.

PMID- 27375201
TI  - Revisiting the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene family
      reveals cryptic FLOWERING LOCUS T gene homologs in gymnosperms and sheds new
      light on functional evolution.
AB  - Angiosperms and gymnosperms are two major groups of extant seed plants. It has
      been suggested that gymnosperms lack FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), a key integrator at
      the core of flowering pathways in angiosperms. Taking advantage of newly released
      gymnosperm genomes, we revisited the evolutionary history of the plant
      phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) gene family through phylogenetic
      reconstruction. Expression patterns in three gymnosperm taxa and heterologous
      expression in Arabidopsis were studied to investigate the functions of gymnosperm
      FT-like and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)-like genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction
      suggests that an ancient gene duplication predating the divergence of seed plants
      gave rise to the FT and TFL1 genes. Expression patterns indicate that gymnosperm
      TFL1-like genes play a role in the reproductive development process, while GymFT1
      and GymFT2, the FT-like genes resulting from a duplication event in the common
      ancestor of gymnosperms, function in both growth rhythm and sexual development
      pathways. When expressed in Arabidopsis, both spruce FT-like and TFL1-like genes
      repressed flowering. Our study demonstrates that gymnosperms do have FT-like and
      TFL1-like genes. Frequent gene and genome duplications contributed significantly
      to the expansion of the plant PEBP gene family. The expression patterns of
      gymnosperm PEBP genes provide novel insight into the functional evolution of this
      gene family.

PMID- 27375202
TI  - Triple rule-out computed tomography for risk stratification of patients with
      acute chest pain.
AB  - AIMS: Clinical evidence supporting triple rule-out computed tomography (TRO-CT)
      for rapid screening of cardiovascular disease is limited. We investigated the
      clinical value of TRO-CT in patients with acute chest pain. METHODS: We
      retrospectively enrolled 1024 patients who visited the emergency department (ED)
      with acute chest pain and underwent TRO-CT using a 128-slice CT system. TRO-CT
      was classified as "positive" if it revealed clinically significant cardiovascular
      disease including obstructive coronary artery disease, pulmonary thromboembolism,
      or acute aortic syndrome. The clinical endpoint was occurrence of a major adverse
      cardiovascular event (MACE) within 30 days, defined by a composite of all cause
      death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, major cardiovascular surgery, or
      thrombolytic therapy. Clinical risk scores for acute chest pain including TIMI,
      GRACE, Diamond-Forrester, and HEART were determined and compared to the TRO-CT
      findings. RESULTS: TRO-CT revealed clinically significant cardiovascular disease
      in 239 patients (23.3%). MACE occurred in 119 patients (49.8%) with positive TRO
      CT and in 7 patients (0.9%) with negative TRO-CT (p < 0.001). Sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of TRO-CT
      was 95%, 88%, 54%, and 99%, respectively. TRO-CT was a better discriminator
      between patients with vs. without events as compared to clinical risk scores (c
      statistics = 0.91 versus 0.64 to 0.71; integrated discrimination improvement =
      0.31 to 0.37; p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Patients with a negative TRO-CT
      showed shorter ED stay times and admission rates compared to patients with
      positive TRO-CT, irrespective of clinical risk scores (p < 0.001 for all
      comparisons). CONCLUSION: Triple rule-out CT has high predictive performance for
      30-day MACE and permits rapid triage and low admission rates irrespective of
      clinical risk scores.

PMID- 27375203
TI  - A Small G Protein as a Novel Component of the Rice Brassinosteroid Signal
      Transduction.
AB  - Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that are essential for
      plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway in the dicot
      model plant Arabidopsis is well established, but the components connecting the BR
      signaling steps in rice have not been fully explored. For example, how the BR
      signaling is fine-tuned in rice, especially at the BR receptor level, is largely
      unknown. Here we show that OsPRA2, a rice small G protein, plays a repressive
      role in the BR signaling pathway. Lamina inclination, coleoptile elongation, and
      root inhibition assays indicated that rice plants with suppressed expression of
      OsPRA2 were more sensitive to exogenously applied brassinolide than the wild-type
      plants. Conversely, rice overexpressing OsPRA2 was less sensitive to exogenous
      brassinolide. Further study uncovered that OsPRA2 inhibited the dephosphorylation
      of, and thus inactivated the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1
      (OsBZR1). More importantly, OsPRA2 was found to co-localize with and directly
      bind to rice BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (OsBRI1) at the plasma
      membrane. Additionally, the in vitro assays showed that OsPRA2 inhibits its
      autophosphorylation. This OsPRA2-OsBRI1 interaction led to the dissociation of
      OsBRI1 from its co-receptor OsBAK1, and abolished OsBRI1-mediated phosphorylation
      of OsBAK1. Together, these results reveal a possible working mechanism of OsPRA2
      as a novel negative regulator on OsBRI1 and OsBZR1 and extend the knowledge about
      the regulatory mechanism of rice BR signaling.

PMID- 27375204
TI  - A Structural Bisulfite Assay to Identify DNA Cruciforms.
AB  - In the half century since the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA, it
      has become increasingly clear that DNA functionality is based on much more than
      its sequence in a double-helical structure. Further advances have highlighted the
      importance of additional aspects of DNA structure: its packaging in the higher
      order chromatin structure, positioning of nucleosomes along the DNA, and the
      occurrence of non-helical DNA structures. Of these, the latter has been
      problematic to prove empirically. Here, we describe a method that uses non
      denaturing bisulfite sequencing on isolated Arabidopsis thaliana nuclei to
      determine the location of cytosines positioned outside the double helix as a
      result of non-B-form DNA structures. We couple this with computational methods
      and S1 nuclease digest to reliably identify stable, non-B-form, cruciform
      structures. This enables us to identify a palindrome in the promoter of FLOWERING
      LOCUS T that forms a stable non-B-form structure. The stronger conservation of
      the ability to form a non-helical secondary structure than of the sequence
      suggests that this structure is biologically relevant.

PMID- 27375205
TI  - New insights in Microbial Fuel Cells: novel solid phase anolyte.
AB  - For the development of long lasting portable microbial fuel cells (MFCs) new
      strategies are necessary to overcome critical issues such as hydraulic pump
      system and the biochemical substrate retrieval overtime to sustain bacteria
      metabolism. The present work proposes the use of a synthetic solid anolyte (SSA),
      constituted by agar, carbonaceous and nitrogen sources dissolved into diluted
      seawater. Results of a month-test showed the potential of the new SSA-MFC as a
      long lasting low energy consuming system.

PMID- 27375206
TI  - Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)-1 methylation level as a molecular
      marker of early gastric cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study was performed to examine the state of long
      interspersed nuclear element (LINE)-1 methylation level in gastric epithelial
      dysplasias (GEDs) and evaluate as a molecular marker for gastric carcinogenesis
      when it was compared with RUNX3 expression. METHODS: We examined 89 patients with
      GEDs subcategorized by the Vienna classification - 41 category 3 (low grade) and
      48 category 4 (high grade/intramucosal carcinoma) lesion. All tissue samples were
      evaluated for RUNX3 immunohistochemical staining and the level of LINE-1
      methylation. RESULTS: The rate of negative expression of RUNX3 in category 4
      lesion was significant higher than category 3 (P<0.01). LINE-1 methylation level
      was statistically different between category 3 and category 4 lesion (P<0.01).
      Between positive and negative expression of RUNX3 in GEDs, there was a
      significant difference of LINE-1 methylation level (P<0.01). The area under the
      ROC curve (AUC) of LINE-1 methylation level for diagnosis of category 4 lesion
      was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.76-1.00). CONCLUSIONS: LINE-1 methylation level was well
      correlated with the Vienna classification of GED and it had a close relationship
      with the negative expression of RUNX3 in category 4 lesion. LINE-1 methylation
      level could be a good candidate for a molecular marker of early gastric cancer.

PMID- 27375207
TI  - Treatment sequence of synchronously (liver) metastasized colon cancer.
AB  - No standards for staging, systemic therapy or the timing of an operation are
      defined for patients newly diagnosed with synchronous metastases and a primary in
      the colon. An expert group of radiologists, medical, radiation and surgical
      oncologists therefore came together to discuss staging and treatment sequence for
      these patients and came up with a recommendation based on current evidence of
      potential therapeutic options. The discussion was organized to debate
      recommendations centred on 5 topics and therefore the position paper is built
      upon these titles and their subtitles. 

PMID- 27375208
TI  - A SMAD4 mutation indicative of juvenile polyposis syndrome in a family previously
      diagnosed with Menetrier's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Menetrier's disease (MD) is a rare disease with unknown aetiology,
      characterized by hypertrophic folds within the fundus and body of the stomach.
      AIMS: We investigated mutations of the candidate genes SMAD4, BMPR1A, TGF-alpha,
      and PDX1 within a family with MD. METHODS: A large 4-generation family with MD
      was identified. This family had 5 cases of MD, 1 case of MD and juvenile
      polyposis syndrome (JPS) and 3 cases of JPS. Participants provided saliva for DNA
      extraction and completed a health questionnaire designed to assess conditions
      that may be found in patients with MD. Following pedigree analysis, we sequenced
      the coding regions of the SMAD4 and BMPR1A genes and the regulatory regions of
      the TGF-alpha and PDX1 genes in affected and non-affected family members.
      RESULTS: No mutations were identified in the sequenced regions of BMPR1A, TGF
      alpha, or PDX1. A dominant 1244_1247delACAG mutation of SMAD4 was identified in
      each of the subjects with JPS as well as in each of the subjects with MD.
      Although this mutation segregated with disease, there were also
      unaffected/undiagnosed carriers. CONCLUSION: The 1244_1247delACAG mutation of
      SMAD4 is the cause of JPS and the likely cause of MD in a large family initially
      diagnosed with MD.

PMID- 27375209
TI  - The CRP level and STATE score predict survival in cirrhotic patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transarterial embolization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prognostic biomarkers are needed in a heterogeneous population of
      patients with intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated by
      transarterial (chemo)embolization. We aimed to validate the prognostic value of
      serum CRP levels and the STATE score, combining CRP, albumin and tumor burden.
      METHODS: All cirrhotic patients with HCC treated by a first transarterial
      (chemo)embolization (2007-2013) in our institution were included. Overall
      survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, log rank, univariate and
      multivariate Cox analyses. RESULTS: Among 157 patients included, 87% were men,
      86% had Child Pugh A. Etiologies of liver disease included alcohol (57%),
      hepatitis C (32%), hepatitis B (11%) and/or metabolic syndrome (32%); 89% of
      patients were classified BCLC B. 33% of the patients had a CRP >1mg/dl and 33% a
      STATE score conferring poor prognosis (<18). Patients with CRP <1mg/dl had better
      overall survival than patients with CRP >1mg/dl (20 vs. 8 months, P=0.00186).
      Median overall survival was 6.73 months for patients with a STATE score <18 vs.
      22.23 months for patients with STATE-score >=18 (P=0.0002). In multivariate
      analysis, a STATE score <18 was independently associated with increased mortality
      (HR: 2.06 (CI95%: 1.28-3.34), P=0.0031). CONCLUSION: In cirrhotic patients with
      HCC who underwent transarterial treatment, serum CRP level and STATE score at
      baseline can predict overall survival.

PMID- 27375210
TI  - Steroid dependency and trends in prescribing for inflammatory bowel disease - a
      20-year national population-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether adherence to prescribing standards has been
      achieved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM: To determine how prescribing
      of 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs), steroids and thiopurines has changed in response
      to emerging evidence. METHODS: We examined trends in oral and topical therapies
      in 23 509 incident IBD cases (6997 with Crohn's disease and 16 512 with
      ulcerative colitis) using a nationally representative sample between 1990 and
      2010. We created five eras according to the year of diagnosis: era 1 (1990-1993),
      era 2 (1994-1997), era 3 (1998-2001), era 4 (2002-2005) and era 5 (2006-2010). We
      calculated the proportion of patients treated with prolonged 5-ASAs (>12 months)
      and steroid dependency, defined as prolonged steroids (>3 months) or recurrent
      (restarting within 3 months) steroid exposure. We calculated the cumulative
      probability of receiving each medication using survival analysis. RESULTS: Half
      of the Crohn's disease patients were prescribed prolonged oral 5-ASAs during the
      study, although this decreased between era 3 and 5 from 61.8% to 56.4% (P =
      0.002). Thiopurine use increased from 14.0% to 47.1% (P < 0.001) between era 1
      and 5. This coincided with a decrease in steroid dependency from 36.5% to 26.8%
      (P < 0.001) between era 1 and 2 and era 4 and 5 respectively. In ulcerative
      colitis, 49% of patients were maintained on prolonged oral 5-ASAs. Despite
      increasing thiopurine use, repeated steroid exposure increased from 15.3% to
      17.8% (P = 0.02) between era 1 and 2 and era 4 and 5 respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      Prescribing in clinical practice insufficiently mirrors the evidence base.
      Physicians should direct management towards reducing steroid dependency and
      optimising 5-ASA use in patients with IBD.

PMID- 27375211
TI  - The centenary of the discovery of trench fever, an emerging infectious disease of
      World War 1.
AB  - In 1915, a British medical officer on the Western Front reported on a soldier
      with relapsing fever, headache, dizziness, lumbago, and shin pain. Within months,
      additional cases were described, mostly in frontline troops, and the new disease
      was called trench fever. More than 1 million troops were infected with trench
      fever during World War 1, with each affected soldier unfit for duty for more than
      60 days. Diagnosis was challenging, because there were no pathognomonic signs and
      symptoms and the causative organism could not be cultured. For 3 years, the
      transmission and cause of trench fever were hotly debated. In 1918, two
      commissions identified that the disease was louse-borne. The bacterium Rickettsia
      quintana was consistently found in the gut and faeces of lice that had fed on
      patients with trench fever and its causative role was accepted in the 1920s. The
      organism was cultured in the 1960s and reclassified as Bartonella quintana; it
      was also found to cause endocarditis, peliosis hepatis, and bacillary
      angiomatosis. Subsequently, B quintana infection has been identified in new
      populations in the Andes, in homeless people in urban areas, and in individuals
      with HIV. The story of trench fever shows how war can lead to the recrudescence
      of an infectious disease and how medicine approached an emerging infection a
      century ago.

PMID- 27375212
TI  - Harmonisation in study design and outcomes in paediatric antibiotic clinical
      trials: a systematic review.
AB  - There is no global consensus on the conduct of clinical trials in children and
      neonates with complicated clinical infection syndromes. No comprehensive
      regulatory guidance exists for the design of antibiotic clinical trials in
      neonates and children. We did a systematic review of antibiotic clinical trials
      in complicated clinical infection syndromes (including bloodstream infections and
      community-acquired pneumonia) in children and neonates (0-18 years) to assess
      whether standardised European Medicines Agency (EMA) and US Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA) guidance for adults was used in paediatrics, and whether
      paediatric clinical trials applied consistent definitions for eligibility and
      outcomes. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov
      between Jan 1, 2000, and Nov 18, 2015. 82 individual studies met our inclusion
      criteria. The published studies reported on an average of 66% of CONSORT items.
      Study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and endpoints varied
      substantially across included studies. The comparison between paediatric clinical
      trials and adult EMA and FDA guidance highlighted that regulatory definitions are
      only variably applicable and used at present. Absence of consensus for paediatric
      antibiotic clinical trials is a major barrier to harmonisation in research and
      translation into clinical practice. To improve comparison of therapies and
      strategies, international collaboration among all relevant stakeholders leading
      to harmonised case definitions and outcome measures is needed.

PMID- 27375213
TI  - Morphology and ultrastructure of Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis spermatozoa by
      scanning and transmission electron microscopy.
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis
      spermatozoa cell morphology and ultrastructure through scanning and transmission
      electron microscopy. Findings revealed that the spermatozoa can be differentiated
      into three major parts: a spherical head without an acrosome, a short mid-piece,
      and a long, cylindrical flagellum. The mean length of the spermatozoa was 36.11+/
      2.84MUm, with a spherical head length of 2.78+/-0.31MUm. The mean anterior and
      posterior head widths were 2.20+/-0.42MUm and 2.55+/-0.53MUm, respectively. The
      nuclear fossa was positioned at the base of the nucleus that contained the
      anterior portion of flagellum and a centriolar complex (proximal and distal
      centrioles). The short mid-piece was located laterally to the nucleus and
      possessed just one spherical mitochondrion with a mean diameter of 0.65+/
      0.14MUm. The spermatozoa flagellum was long and cylindrical, and could be
      separated into two parts: a long main-piece and a short end-piece. The main piece
      of the flagellum had short irregular side-fins. The axoneme composed the typical
      '9+2' microtubular doublet structure and was enclosed by the cell membran e. This
      study confirmed that B. lenok tsinlingensis spermatozoa can be categorized as
      teleostean "Type I" spermatozoa; 'primitive' or 'ect-aquasperm type' spermatozoa.
      To the best of the authers knowledge, this was the first study conducted on the
      morphology and ultrastructure of B. lenok tsinlingensis spermatozoa. 

PMID- 27375214
TI  - Trends in the sand: Directional evolution in the shell shape of recessing
      scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae).
AB  - Directional evolution is one of the most compelling evolutionary patterns
      observed in macroevolution. Yet, despite its importance, detecting such trends in
      multivariate data remains a challenge. In this study, we evaluate multivariate
      evolution of shell shape in 93 bivalved scallop species, combining geometric
      morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. Phylomorphospace
      visualization described the history of morphological diversification in the
      group; revealing that taxa with a recessing life habit were the most distinctive
      in shell shape, and appeared to display a directional trend. To evaluate this
      hypothesis empirically, we extended existing methods by characterizing the mean
      directional evolution in phylomorphospace for recessing scallops. We then
      compared this pattern to what was expected under several alternative evolutionary
      scenarios using phylogenetic simulations. The observed pattern did not fall
      within the distribution obtained under multivariate Brownian motion, enabling us
      to reject this evolutionary scenario. By contrast, the observed pattern was more
      similar to, and fell within, the distribution obtained from simulations using
      Brownian motion combined with a directional trend. Thus, the observed data are
      consistent with a pattern of directional evolution for this lineage of recessing
      scallops. We discuss this putative directional evolutionary trend in terms of its
      potential adaptive role in exploiting novel habitats.

PMID- 27375215
TI  - Nanotoxicological study of polyol-made cobalt-zinc ferrite nanoparticles in
      rabbit.
AB  - The increasing use of engineered nanomaterials in commercial manufacturing and
      consumer products presents an important toxicological concern. Superparamagnetic
      zinc-cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (SFN) emerge as a promising tool for early
      cancer diagnostics and targeted therapy. However, toxicity and biological
      activities of SFN should be evaluated in vitro and in vivo in animal before any
      clinical application. In this study we aim to synthesize and characterize such
      objects using polyol process in order to assess its nanotoxicological profile in
      vitro as well as in vivo. The produced particles consist of a cobalt-zinc ferrite
      phase corresponding to the Zn0.8Co0.2Fe2O4 composition. They are isotropic in
      shape single crystals of 8nm in size. The thermal variation of their dc
      magnetization confirms their superparamagnetic behavior. In vitro, acute exposure
      (4h) to them (100MUgmL(-1)) induced an important decrease of healthy Human
      Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) viability. In vivo investigation in New
      Zealand rabbits revealed that they lead to tissue toxicities; in lungs, liver and
      kidneys. Our investigations report, for the first time as far as we know, that
      SFN exhibit harmful properties in human cells and mammals. 

PMID- 27375216
TI  - Thymoquinone effectively alleviates lung fibrosis induced by paraquat herbicide
      through down-regulation of pro-fibrotic genes and inhibition of oxidative stress.
AB  - The potential preventive and therapeutic effects of thymoquinone (TQ) and its
      molecular mechanism were evaluated in paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in
      mice. TQ was administered orally at the doses of 20 and 40mg/kg during the course
      and after development of fibrosis. Pathological changes, expressions of genes
      involved in fibrogenesis, hydroxyproline (HP) and oxidative stress parameters
      were determined in the lung tissues. TQ dose-dependently recovered the
      pathological changes induced by PQ. TQ decreased hydroxyproline content, lipid
      peroxidation and restored the antioxidant enzymes to the normal values. In
      molecular level, expressions of TGF-beta1, alpha-SMA, collagen 1a1 and collagen
      4a1 genes were also returned to the control level by TQ. This study indicated
      that TQ has the preventive and therapeutic potentials for the treatment of lung
      fibrosis by inhibition of oxidative stress and down-regulation of profibrotic
      genes. 

PMID- 27375217
TI  - Clustering DNA sequences using the out-of-place measure with reduced n-grams.
AB  - The alignment-free n-gram based method with the out-of-place measures as the
      distance has been successfully applied to automatic text or natural languages
      categorization in real time. However, it is not clear about its performance and
      the selection of n for comparing genome sequences. Here we propose a symmetric
      version of the out-of-place measure and a new approach for finding the optimal
      range of n to construct a phylogenetic tree with the symmetric out-of-place
      measures. Our method is then applied to real genome sequence datasets. The
      resulting phylogenetic trees are matching with the standard biological
      classification. It shows that our proposed method is a very powerful tool for
      phylogenetic analysis in terms of both classification accuracy and computation
      efficiency.

PMID- 27375218
TI  - Protein sequence analysis by incorporating modified chaos game and
      physicochemical properties into Chou's general pseudo amino acid composition.
AB  - In this contribution we introduced a novel graphical method to compare protein
      sequences. By mapping a protein sequence into 3D space based on codons and
      physicochemical properties of 20 amino acids, we are able to get a unique P
      vector from the 3D curve. This approach is consistent with wobble theory of amino
      acids. We compute the distance between sequences by their P-vectors to measure
      similarities/dissimilarities among protein sequences. Finally, we use our method
      to analyze four datasets and get better results compared with previous
      approaches.

PMID- 27375220
TI  - The pre-spawning migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in a large
      lacustrine catchment.
AB  - The movements of adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were determined as they
      migrated to spawning habitats in a large lacustrine catchment, Lough Neagh, in
      Northern Ireland. The minimum average ground speed of S. salar through the lake
      was 2.1 km day(-1) and the mean residence time was 11 days. Tagged S. salar
      tended to actively migrate through the lake which represented a transitory
      habitat for adult S. salar. Migration time from the release site, through the
      lake, to a spawning tributary decreased during the migratory period. During the 4
      year study period between 20.5 and 41.6% of tagged S. salar which entered the
      lake each year, explored at least one other channel before ascending the final
      spawning tributary. Exploratory behaviour was more likely in S. salar which
      spawned in the tributaries furthest from the sea. Exploratory behaviour was also
      more likely to occur during periods of reduced discharge in the natal stream. The
      fishery management implications of complex pre-spawning behaviour in a mixed
      stock lacustrine system, are discussed. 

PMID- 27375219
TI  - Mutations Causing Slow-Channel Myasthenia Reveal That a Valine Ring in the
      Channel Pore of Muscle AChR is Optimized for Stabilizing Channel Gating.
AB  - We identify two novel mutations in acetylcholine receptor (AChR) causing a slow
      channel congenital myasthenia syndrome (CMS) in three unrelated patients (Pts).
      Pt 1 harbors a heterozygous betaV266A mutation (p.Val289Ala) in the second
      transmembrane domain (M2) of the AChR beta subunit (CHRNB1). Pts 2 and 3 carry
      the same mutation at an equivalent site in the epsilon subunit (CHRNE),
      epsilonV265A (p.Val285Ala). The mutant residues are conserved across all AChR
      subunits of all species and are components of a valine ring in the channel pore,
      which is positioned four residues above the leucine ring. Both betaV266A and
      epsilonV265A reduce the amino acid size and lengthen the channel opening bursts
      by fourfold by enhancing gating efficiency by approximately 30-fold. Substitution
      of alanine for valine at the corresponding position in the delta and alpha
      subunit prolongs the burst duration four- and eightfold, respectively. Replacing
      valine at epsilon codon 265 either by a still smaller glycine or by a larger
      leucine also lengthens the burst duration. Our analysis reveals that each valine
      in the valine ring contributes to channel kinetics equally, and the valine ring
      has been optimized in the course of evolution to govern channel gating.

PMID- 27375221
TI  - Direct Cross-Couplings of Propargylic Diols.
AB  - [Pd(PPh3 )4 ] catalyzes a Suzuki-Miyaura-like twofold cross-coupling sequence
      between underivatized propargylic diols and either aryl or alkenyl boronic acids
      to furnish highly substituted 1,3-dienes. Thus, 2,3-diaryl-1,3-butadienes and
      their dialkenic congeners ([4]dendralenes) are delivered in a (pseudo)halogen
      free, single-step synthesis which supersedes existing methods. Allenols are also
      readily formed. Treatment of these single- and twofold cross-coupled products
      with acid leads to remarkably short syntheses of highly-substituted benzofulvenes
      and aryl indenes, respectively.

PMID- 27375222
TI  - Facile preparation of aqueous suspensions of WO3/sulfonated PEDOT hybrid
      nanoparticles for electrochromic applications.
AB  - An aqueous suspension of WO3/poly(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b]-[1,4]dioxin-2-yl
      methoxy)-1-butanesulfonic acid) (PEDTS) hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) is prepared by
      air-assisted oxidative polymerization and simultaneous attachment of PEDTS on WO3
      NPs, and used for electrochromic (EC) film fabrication via air-brush spraying.
      The hybrid EC device exhibits enhanced EC properties compared to the ones based
      on WO3-NP or PEDTS alone. 

PMID- 27375223
TI  - Update on Post-mastectomy Lymphedema Management.
AB  - Lymphedema is a chronic, progressive condition caused by an imbalance of
      lymphatic flow. Upper extremity lymphedema has been reported in 16-40% of breast
      cancer patients following axillary lymph node dissection. Furthermore, lymphedema
      following sentinel lymph node biopsy alone has been reported in 3.5% of patients.
      While the disease process is not new, there has been significant progress in the
      surgical care of lymphedema that can offer alternatives and improvements in
      management. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update and
      overview of the current advances and surgical treatment options for upper
      extremity lymphedema. 

PMID- 27375224
TI  - Nightshade Wound Secretion: The World's Simplest Extrafloral Nectar?
AB  - Wounded nightshade leaves secrete a sugary liquid that, like extrafloral nectar
      (EFN), attracts ants as defence against herbivores. The secretion of these
      droplets requires no detectable nectary tissue, showing how little it takes to
      produce a functioning nectary. Easy de novo formation of extrafloral nectaries
      explains their 'scattered' phylogenetic distribution.

PMID- 27375226
TI  - Cell-cell fusion in the nervous system: Alternative mechanisms of development,
      injury, and repair.
AB  - Over a century ago, the seminal work of Ramon y Cajal revealed that the nervous
      system is made of individual units, the neurons, which are related to each other
      by contiguity rather than continuity. This view overturned the idea that the
      nervous system was a reticulum of fibers, a rete diffusa nervosa, as proposed and
      defined by Camillo Golgi. Although the neuron theory has been widely confirmed in
      every model system studied and constitutes the basis of modern neuroscience,
      evidence accumulated over the years suggests that neurons, similar to other types
      of cells, have the potential to fuse their membranes and undergo cell-cell fusion
      under certain conditions. This concept adds a substantial layer to our view of
      the nervous system and how it functions. Here, we bring together past and more
      recent discoveries on multiple aspects of neuronal fusion, discussing how this
      cellular event is generated, and what consequences it has for our understanding
      of nervous system development, disease, injury, and repair.

PMID- 27375225
TI  - Expression of dynein, cytoplasmic 2, heavy chain 1 (DHC2) associated with
      glioblastoma cell resistance to temozolomide.
AB  - Temozolomide (TMZ) is the main chemotherapeutic drug utilized for the treatment
      of glioblastoma multiforme (GMB), however, drug resistance often leads to tumor
      recurrence and poor outcomes. GMB cell lines were treated with TMZ for up to two
      weeks and then subjected to proteomics analysis to identify the underlying
      molecular pathology that is associated with TMZ resistance. Proteomics data
      showed that TMZ altered expression of proteins that related to cytoskeleton
      structure and function, such as DHC2 and KIF2B. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence
      were used to verify expression of DHC2 and KIF2B in these cells.
      Immunohistochemistry was used to verify expression of these two proteins in
      xenografts of a nude mouse model, and ex vivo GBM tissue samples. Their
      expression was knocked down using siRNA to confirm their role in the regulation
      of GBM cell sensitivity to TMZ. Knockdown of DHC2 expression enhanced sensitivity
      of U87 cells to TMZ treatment. Ex vivo data showed that DHC2 expression in GBM
      tissue samples was associated with tumor recurrence after TMZ chemotherapy. These
      results indicated cytoskeleton related protein DHC2 reduced sensitivity of GBM
      cells to TMZ treatment. Further studies should assess DHC2 as a novel target in
      GBM for TMZ combination treatment.

PMID- 27375227
TI  - Peromyscus as a model of human disease.
AB  - Animals of the genus Peromyscus have been a particularly informative model for
      many areas of study, including behavior, evolution, anatomy, physiology and
      genetics. While their use in modeling human disease and pathology has been
      relatively restricted, certain qualities of Peromyscine mice may make them a good
      candidate for such studies. Pathophysiological conditions where Peromyscus may be
      of particular value involve aging, reactive oxygen species-associated
      pathologies, metabolism and detoxification, diabetes, and certain cancers. In
      this review article we will summarize pathological conditions where Peromyscus
      have been used effectively, we will discuss factors limiting the use of
      Peromyscus in studying pathology and we will indicate areas at which the use of
      this model may be of special value.

PMID- 27375228
TI  - Childhood medulloblastoma.
AB  - Medulloblastoma accounts for 15-20% of childhood nervous system tumours. The risk
      of dying was reduced by 30% in the last twenty years. Patients are divided in
      risk strata according to post-surgical disease, dissemination, histology and some
      molecular features such as WNT subgroup and MYC status. Sixty to 70% of patients
      older than 3 years are assigned to the average-risk group. High-risk patients
      include those with disseminated and/or residual disease, large cell and/or
      anaplastic histotypes, MYC genes amplification. Current and currently planned
      clinical trials will: (1) evaluate the feasibility of reducing both the dose of
      craniospinal irradiation and the volume of the posterior fossa radiotherapy (RT)
      for those patients at low biologic risk, commonly identified as those having a
      medulloblastoma of the WNT subgroup; (2) determine whether intensification of
      chemotherapy (CT) or irradiation can improve outcome in patients with high-risk
      disease; (3) find target therapies allowing tailored therapies especially for
      relapsing patients and those with higher biological risk. 

PMID- 27375229
TI  - Toxicity, bio-distribution and metabolism of CO-releasing molecules based on
      cobalt.
AB  - CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) containing [Co2(CO)6] moiety show many
      bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory and antitumor cell proliferation.
      However, so far, no one knows their properties in vivo. So, here, we evaluated
      some these kind CORMs from drug-like properties including cytotoxicity, toxicity
      in vivo, distribution and metabolism. The results show all the tested complexes
      displayed antiproliferative activity to HeLa cell and HepG2 cell lines, and their
      IC50 values were 36-110uM against HeLa cells and 39-140uM against HepG2 cells.
      Toxicity tests of mice, we used oral acute toxic class method and got their LD50
      values; among them, LD50 of complex 1 and complex 4 were in 2500-5000mgkg(-1) and
      complex 7 over 5000mgkg(-1). The developmental toxicities of the complexes were
      investigated in embryonic zebrafish. The mortality, hatch rate, malformation,
      heart rate, spontaneous movement, and larval behavior were examined, and we found
      both complexes 4 and 7 have not toxicity at low concentration (<1.0MUM) but have
      higher toxicity at high concentration (>5.0MUM). After several consecutive i.p
      administrations, tested complexes severely damaged rat liver and kidney in both
      functional and morphological aspects. Through metal ion measurement using ICP
      AES, we found the tested complexes were unevenly distributed in tissues and
      organs; complex 4 has a big prone to collect in liver, whereas complex 7 easily
      enters to kidney. After administration 480min later, most of complex 7 excreted
      from kidney and entered urine, while complex 4 needed 9h at least. This results
      show cobalt did not accumulate, and could excrete with the urine. In vivo, Co(0)
      in complexes was oxidised to Co(II). In addition, the substituents significantly
      affected the rate of CO-release, cytotoxicity and their bio-distribution. In the
      view of these aspects, the CORMs based cobalt has a potential property to be a
      medicine.

PMID- 27375230
TI  - Critical time for neovascularization/angiogenesis to allow free flap survival
      after delayed postoperative anastomotic compromise without surgical intervention:
      A review of the literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the minimal postoperative time
      required that may allow free flap survival after occlusion or ligation of the
      microsurgical anastomosis without surgical intervention. METHODS: All reports
      describing free flap survival and failure after delayed postoperative vascular
      compromise (after postoperative day 3); including thrombosis and ligation,
      without revision of the microsurgical anastomoses were reviewed. The type of
      flap, recipient site, vessel of occlusion, postoperative compromise day, and
      nonsurgical treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: 22 reports (32 flaps) detailed 16
      arterial, 6 venous, and 10 simultaneously arterial and venous (vascular pedicle)
      compromise in 16 head and neck, 10 lower extremity, 4 breast, and 2 upper
      extremity free tissue transfers. 12 flaps survived without any intervention, 6
      survived with conservative therapy (anticoagulation or leeches), and 14 survived
      despite pedicle ligation. The range of critical day of occlusion did not differ
      significantly among vessel types. 75% of arterial compromise occurred between 6
      and 15 days. 75% of vascular pedicle compromise occurred between 8.5 and 18 days.
      When compared to jejunal flaps, skin flaps survived after earlier postoperative
      occlusion (10.2 vs. 20.8 days; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: This analysis suggests that
      free flaps compromised by vascular thrombosis or pedicle ligation may survive
      with only conservative therapy when the event occurs after a minimal critical
      time period. Flap survival is more probable when arterial occlusion or pedicle
      ligation occurs after postoperative day 12, but this minimal critical period may
      be as low as 6 days for arterial occlusion. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
      Microsurgery 36:604-612, 2016.

PMID- 27375231
TI  - Baseline HBsAg and HBcrAg titres allow peginterferon-based 'precision medicine'
      in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients.
AB  - Quantitative hepatitis B core-related antigen (qHBcrAg) has been proposed as an
      additional marker to quantitative HBsAg (qHBsAg), for management of chronic
      hepatitis B. Evaluate baseline combination of qHBsAg and qHBcrAg for
      identification of patients that could benefit from pegylated interferon-alpha-2a
      (PegIFN)-based therapy. Sixty-two HBeAg-negative patients treated with PegIFN or
      PegIFN plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (PegIFN+TDF). HBsAg and HBcrAg titres
      were evaluated at baseline. Thirty patients received PegIFN and 32 PegIFN+TDF. SR
      was 10 of 30 and 17 of 32 in PegIFN and PegIFN+TDF patients, respectively. Cut
      offs determined by maximized Youden's index for identifying patients likely to
      respond to therapy were as follows: 3.141 log10 IU/mL and 3.450 log10 U/mL for
      HBsAg and HBcrAg, respectively. At the end of 3 years post-treatment follow-up,
      HBsAg loss was observed in 7 of 30 and 6 of 32 in PegIFN and PegIFN+TDF patients,
      respectively. The AUC was estimated to be 0.716 (95% CI [0.578, 0.855]) for HBsAg
      and 0.668 (95% CI [0.524, 0.811]) for HBcrAg (P=.5541). PPVs for AUCs(95%CI) were
      0.762(0.590-0.947), 0.714(0.533-1.000) and 0.800(0.611-1.000), and NPVs for
      AUCs(95%CI) were 0.756(0.660-0.899), 0.718(0.630-0.857) and 0.765(0.675-0.889)
      for qHBsAg, qHBcrAg and the combination of both markers, respectively. Baseline
      qHBsAg 3.141 log10 IU/mL and qHBcrAg 3.450 log10 U/mL thresholds used separately
      or in combination allow prediction of response, prior to PegIFN-based therapy,
      with a PPV of 80.3% and NPV of 76.5%. Baseline qHBsAg is predictive of HBsAg
      loss. Both markers could be used, separately or in combination, for PegIFN-based
      'precision therapy'. Our results emphasize that the combination of PegIFN alpha
      2a plus TDF with 53% of SR might be an alternative to finite therapy.

PMID- 27375232
TI  - Submitral aneurysm in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We report a surgical series of submitral aneurysm in children.
      METHODS: Between March 2011 and December 2015, eight consecutive patients less
      than 18 years old with submitral aneurysm underwent surgical correction. RESULTS:
      Six patients were female, the mean age was 7 +/- 3.8 years old, and mean weight
      was 21.4 kg. Six patients were in NYHA functional class III or IV. Six patients
      underwent repair via a transatrial approach, another with a transatrial combined
      with transaneurysmal approach, and another with a transventricular approach.
      There were no in-hospital deaths but one 30-day mortality. One patient required
      reoperation. Two patients required mitral valve replacement. At discharge, one
      patient had severe and another had moderate mitral regurgitation. The mean follow
      up time was 26.4 months and five patients were alive. No reintervention was
      required. CONCLUSIONS: Submitral aneurysm is not restricted to adults. Heart
      failure is the commonest clinical presentation in the pediatric age. The
      transatrial approach is feasible, safe, and associated with good short-term
      results. The mitral valve can be preserved in the majority of cases.

PMID- 27375233
TI  - Single and combined genotoxicity effects of six pollutants on THP-1 cells.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the single and combined genotoxic
      effects of six food pollutants (Chrysoidine G, Sudan I, acid orange II, malachite
      green, acrylamide, and potassium bromate) on THP-1 cells through comet assay. The
      results of the single tests indicated that the pollutants increased the
      percentage of tail DNA (% tail DNA) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the %
      tail DNA values induced by synthetic colorants (Chrysoidine G, Sudan I, acid
      orange II, and malachite green) were significantly higher than those by
      acrylamide or potassium bromate at most concentrations. In the combined tests,
      Chrysoidine G (422 MUmol/L) or acrylamide (400 MUmol/L) was mixed with different
      concentrations of the other five pollutants respectively. In the first combined
      tests, most mixtures significantly increased the % tail DNA values with the
      exception of Chrysoidine G and acid orange II. In the second tests, there were no
      significant differences in the % tail DNA values between the single and combined
      tests at most cases. 

PMID- 27375234
TI  - SETD5 loss-of-function mutation as a likely cause of a familial syndromic
      intellectual disability with variable phenotypic expression.
AB  - Loss-of-function de novo mutations in the SETD5 gene, encoding a putative
      methyltransferase, are an important cause of moderate/severe intellectual
      disability as evidenced by the results of sequencing large patient cohorts. We
      present the first familial case of a SETD5 mutation contributing to a phenotype
      of congenital heart defects and dysmorphic features, with variable expression, in
      two siblings and their father. Interestingly, the father demonstrated only mild
      intellectual impairment. Family based exome sequencing combined to careful
      parental phenotyping may reveal a more complex clinical picture in newly
      recognized syndromes. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27375235
TI  - A chaotic self-oscillating sunlight-driven polymer actuator.
AB  - Nature provides much inspiration for the design of materials capable of motion
      upon exposure to external stimuli, and many examples of such active systems have
      been created in the laboratory. However, to achieve continuous motion driven by
      an unchanging, constant stimulus has proven extremely challenging. Here we
      describe a liquid crystalline polymer film doped with a visible light responsive
      fluorinated azobenzene capable of continuous chaotic oscillatory motion when
      exposed to ambient sunlight in air. The presence of simultaneous illumination by
      blue and green light is necessary for the oscillating behaviour to occur,
      suggesting that the dynamics of continuous forward and backward switching are
      causing the observed effect. Our work constitutes an important step towards the
      realization of autonomous, persistently self-propelling machines and self
      cleaning surfaces powered by sunlight.

PMID- 27375236
TI  - Differentiation of adipose stem cells seeded towards annulus fibrosus cells on a
      designed poly(trimethylene carbonate) scaffold prepared by stereolithography.
AB  - Cell-based therapies could potentially restore the biomechanical function and
      enhance the self-repair capacity of annulus fibrosus (AF) tissue. However,
      choosing a suitable cell source and scaffold design are still key challenges. In
      this study, we assessed the in vitro ability of human adipose stem cells (hASCs),
      an easily available cell source to produce AF-like matrix in novel AF-mimetic
      designed scaffolds based on poly(trimethylene carbonate) and built by
      stereolithography. To facilitate efficient differentiation of hASCs towards AF
      tissue, we tested different culture medium compositions and cell seeding
      techniques. This is the first study to report that medium supplementation with
      transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta3 is essential to support AF differentiation
      of hASCs while TGF-beta1 has negligible effect after 21 days of culture. Fibrin
      gel seeding resulted in superior cell distribution, proliferation and AF-like
      matrix production of hASCs compared to direct and micromass seeding under TGF
      beta3 stimulation. Not only the production of sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG)
      and collagen was significantly upregulated, but the formed collagen was also
      oriented and aligned into bundles within the designed pore channels. The
      differentiated hASCs seeded with fibrin gel were also found to have a comparable
      sGAG:collagen ratio and gene expression profile as native AF cells demonstrating
      the high potential of this strategy in AF repair. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27375237
TI  - Tunable Lipidoid-Telodendrimer Hybrid Nanoparticles for Intracellular Protein
      Delivery in Brain Tumor Treatment.
AB  - A strategy to precisely engineer lipidoid-telodendrimer binary hybrid
      nanoparticles that offer enhanced cell membrane permeability for therapeutic
      proteins to reach the intracellular targets is established. The highly
      controllable biochemical and physical properties of the nanoparticles make them
      promising for protein-based brain cancer treatment with the assistance of
      convection-enhanced delivery. 

PMID- 27375238
TI  - Multidrug-resistant and epidemic clones of Escherichia coli from natural beds of
      Venus clam.
AB  - Epidemic Escherichia coli clones have been recovered in marine sediment along the
      coast of Marche, an Adriatic region in central Italy. In the present study, E.
      coli strains from the clam Chamelea gallina, sampled from seven natural beds in
      the same area, were detected. Selected E. coli isolates from all sampling sites
      were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility, genetic diversity and
      correlation. The majority (60%) belonged to phylogroups A or B1, 31% to the other
      groups (B2, C, D, E, F), 8% to cryptic clades, and 1% were untypable. Moreover,
      33.3% of isolates were resistant to at least one drug and 11% were multidrug
      resistant (MDR). The most common resistance was to tetracycline, ampicillin, and
      streptomycin. No clonality was detected, but the strains' high genetic
      heterogeneity pointed at multiple sources of microbiological contamination. MLST
      analysis found potentially pathogenic and even epidemic MDR strains in clams
      collected in class A (ST746 and ST46) and class B (ST393, ST58 and ST131) areas,
      indicating that strains of clinical origin are detectable in clams. These data
      highlight that eating raw or lightly cooked clams may pose a health risk if
      purification is not performed or is ineffective. 

PMID- 27375240
TI  - Influence of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 on post-acidification, metabolite
      formation and survival of starter bacteria in set-yoghurt.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth and survival of the
      model probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 in co-culture with
      traditional yoghurt starters and to investigate the impact of preculturing on
      their survival and metabolite formation in set-yoghurt. L. plantarum WCFS1 was
      precultured under sublethal stress conditions (combinations of elevated NaCl and
      low pH) in a batch fermentor before inoculation in milk. Adaptive responses of L.
      plantarum WCFS1 were evaluated by monitoring bacterial population dynamics, milk
      acidification and changes in volatile and non-volatile metabolite profiles of set
      yoghurt. The results demonstrated that sublethal preculturing did not
      significantly affect survival of L. plantarum WCFS1. On the other hand,
      incorporation of sublethally precultured L. plantarum WCFS1 significantly
      impaired the survival of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus which
      consequently reduced the post-acidification of yoghurt during refrigerated
      storage. A complementary metabolomics approach using headspace SPME-GC/MS and
      (1)H NMR combined with multivariate statistical analysis revealed substantial
      impact of sublethally precultured L. plantarum WCFS1 on the metabolite profiles
      of set-yoghurt. This study provides insight in the technological implications of
      non-dairy model probiotic strain L. plantarum WCFS1, such as its good stability
      in fermented milk and the inhibitory effect on post-acidification. 

PMID- 27375239
TI  - Potential for transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and
      Salmonella Senftenberg from contaminated food waste derived compost and anaerobic
      digestate liquid to lettuce plants.
AB  - The diversion of food wastes from landfill to sustainable disposal methods, such
      as composting and anaerobic digestion, has led to an increase in the soil
      amendment products that are now commercially available and which are derived from
      both of these processes. The use of such products as soil amendments during the
      production of ready-to-eat (RTE) crops is increasing worldwide. The aim of this
      study was to investigate the potential of three well-recognised bacterial
      pathogens of importance to public health, namely Escherichia coli O157:H7,
      Salmonella Senftenberg and Listeria monocytogenes, to become internalised in
      lettuce plants from peat growing media amended with contaminated food waste
      derived compost and anaerobic digestion liquid. The results demonstrated both S.
      Senftenberg and E. coli O157:H7 are capable of internalisation at lower
      inoculation levels, compared to previous studies. The internalisation was
      visualised through confocal microscopy. Internalisation of L. monocytogenes did
      not occur, however significant levels of L. monocytogenes contamination occurred
      on the non-sterilised plant surface. Assessing the internalisation potential for
      each of these pathogens, through the compost and anaerobic digestate matrices,
      allows for better risk assessment of the use of these products in a horticultural
      setting. 

PMID- 27375241
TI  - Chitosan boosts the antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil in
      modified atmosphere packaged pork.
AB  - The potential of chitosan as a possible booster of the antimicrobial activity of
      Origanum vulgare EO (OEO) against spoilage bacteria and Listeria monocytogenes
      was investigated in fresh pork meat. Pork fillets were inoculated with 3 L.
      monocytogenes strains, dipped either in Origanum vulgare (oregano) Essential Oil
      (OEO) at 2 and 4%, or in chitosan 1% alone or added with 2 and 4% OEO, then
      packed under modified atmosphere (70% O2, 20% CO2, 10% N2) and stored at 4 
      degrees C for 15 days. OEO did not reduce L. monocytogenes growth, while 2 Log
      decrease was obtained after 2 days of storage in treatments with chitosan alone
      or with OEO, with growth inhibition up to day 15 in samples with chitosan and OEO
      4%. When OEO was combined with chitosan, total viable counts and spoilage
      bacteria were reduced and contained over time, particularly Pseudomonas (2.0 Log
      CFU/g at day 15) and Brochothrix thermosphacta (undetectable). All the treatments
      applied extended meat shelf-life with respect to control, whose commercial shelf
      life was 10 days. Chitosan treatments enhanced L* and maintained a* values almost
      stable during storage. Chitosan and OEO singly applied reduced lipid oxidation
      (0.62-0.75 mg malondialdehyde/Kg meat) compared to control (0.99 mg
      malondialdehyde/Kg meat). Finally, chitosan treated samples were not recognized
      with respect to the control, whereas OEO gave bitter taste; chitosan with OEO
      instead mitigated the effect of OEO addition to meat. Chitosan combined with OEO
      boosts its antimicrobial activity and shows a potential for application in
      industrial production of fresh pork in MAP, to achieve shelf-life extension,
      control of L. monocytogenes growth, stability of color and protective effect from
      oxidation, with low sensory impact. 

PMID- 27375242
TI  - Variable tellurite resistance profiles of clinically-relevant Shiga toxin
      producing Escherichia coli (STEC) influence their recovery from foodstuffs.
AB  - Tellurite (Tel)-amended selective media and resistance (Tel-R) are widely used
      for detecting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from foodstuffs. Tel
      R of 81 O157 and non-O157 STEC strains isolated from animal, food and human was
      thus investigated. Variations of STEC tellurite minimal inhibitory concentration
      (MIC) values have been observed and suggest a multifactorial and variable
      tellurite resistome between strains. Some clinically-relevant STEC were found
      highly susceptible and could not be recovered using a tellurite-based detection
      scheme. The ter operon was highly prevalent among highly Tel-R STEC but was not
      always detected among intermediately-resistant strains. Many STEC serogroup
      strains were found to harbor sublines showing a gradient of MIC values. These Tel
      R sublines showed statistically significant log negative correlations with
      increasing tellurite concentration. Whatever the tellurite concentration, the
      highest number of resistant sublines was observed for STEC belonging to the O26
      serogroup. Variations in the number of these Tel-R sublines could explain the
      poor recovery of some STEC serogroups on tellurite-amended media especially from
      food products with low levels of contamination. Comparison of tellurite MIC
      values and distribution of virulence-related genes showed Tel-R and virulence to
      be related. 

PMID- 27375243
TI  - Industrial application of selected lactic acid bacteria isolated from local
      semolinas for typical sourdough bread production.
AB  - Four obligate heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Weissella
      cibaria PON10030 and PON10032 and Leuconostoc citreum PON 10079 and PON10080)
      were tested as single strain starters, mono-species dual strain starters, and
      multiple strain starter for the preparation and propagation of sourdoughs for the
      production of a typical bread at industrial level. The kinetics of pH and TTA
      during the daily sourdough refreshments indicated a correct acidification process
      for all trials. The concentration of lactic and acetic acid increased
      consistently during fermentation. The resulting molar ratios between these two
      organic acids in the experimental trials were lower than those observed in the
      control trial. The microbiological investigation showed levels of approximately
      10(9) CFU/mL in almost all sourdoughs and the comparison of the genetic
      polymorphisms of the dominating LAB with those of the pure cultures evidenced the
      persistence of the added strains over time. The resulting breads were evaluated
      for several quality parameters. The breads with the greatest height were obtained
      with the quadruple combination of leuconostocs and weissellas. The highest
      softness was registered for the breads obtained from fermentations performed by
      W. cibaria PON10032 alone and in combination. The different inocula influenced
      also the color, the void fraction, the cell density and the mean cell area of the
      breads. Different levels of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, hydrocarbons,
      ketones, terpenes, furans and phenol were emitted by the breads. The sensory
      tests indicated the breads from the sourdoughs fermented with the seven LAB
      inocula as sweeter and less acidic than control breads and the breads from the
      trials with the highest complexity of LAB inoculums were those more appreciated
      by tasters. A multivariate approach found strong differences among the trials. In
      particular, control breads and the breads obtained with different starter LAB
      were quite distant and a more strict relation was found among the productions
      carried out by W. cibaria strains. This study proved the suitability of the
      selected strains of L. citreum and W. cibaria for industrial-scale level
      applications in sourdough bread production. 

PMID- 27375244
TI  - The spxB gene as a target to identify Lactobacillus casei group species in
      cheese.
AB  - This study focused on the spxB gene, which encodes for pyruvate oxidase. The
      presence of spxB in the genome and its transcription could be a way to produce
      energy and allow bacterial growth during carbohydrate starvation. In addition,
      the activity of pyruvate oxidase, which produces hydrogen peroxide, could be a
      mechanism for interspecies competition. Because this gene seems to provide
      advantages for the encoding species for adaptation in complex ecosystems, we
      studied spxB in a large set of cheese isolates belonging to the Lactobacillus
      casei group. Through this study, we demonstrated that this gene is widely found
      in the genomes of members of the L. casei group and shows variability useful for
      taxonomic studies. In particular, the HRM analysis method allowed for a specific
      discrimination between Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus paracasei and L.
      casei. Regarding the coding region, the spxB functionality in cheese was shown
      for the first time by real-time PCR, and by exploiting the heterogeneity between
      the L. casei group species, we identified the bacterial communities encoding the
      spxB gene in this ecosystem. This study allowed for monitoring of the active
      bacterial community involved in different stages of ripening by following the POX
      pathway. 

PMID- 27375245
TI  - A large factory-scale application of selected autochthonous lactic acid bacteria
      for PDO Pecorino Siciliano cheese production.
AB  - The main hypothesis of this study was that the autochthonous lactic acid bacteria
      (LAB) selected for their dairy traits are able to stabilize the production of PDO
      (Protected Denomination of Origin) Pecorino Siciliano cheese, preserving its
      typicality. The experimental plan included the application of a multi-strain
      lactic acid bacteria (LAB) culture, composed of starter (Lactococcus lactis
      subsp. lactis CAG4 and CAG37) and non starter (Enterococcus faecalis PSL71,
      Lactococcus garviae PSL67 and Streptococcus macedonicus PSL72) strains, during
      the traditional production of cheese at large scale level in six factories
      located in different areas of Sicily. The cheese making processes were followed
      from milk to ripened cheeses and the effects of the added LAB were evaluated on
      the microbiological, chemico-physical and sensorial characteristics of the final
      products. Results highlighted a high variability for all investigated parameters
      and the dominance of LAB cocci in bulk milk samples. The experimental curds
      showed a faster pH drop than control curds and the levels of LAB estimated in 5
      month ripened experimental cheeses (7.59 and 7.27 Log CFU/g for rods and cocci,
      respectively) were higher than those of control cheeses (7.02 and 6.61 Log CFU/g
      for rods and cocci, respectively). The comparison of the bacterial isolates by
      randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR evidenced the dominance of the
      added starter lactococci over native milk and vat LAB, while the added non
      starter LAB were found at almost the same levels of the indigenous strains. The
      sensory evaluation showed that the mixed LAB culture did not influence the
      majority of the sensory attributes of the cheeses and that each factory produced
      cheeses with unique characteristics. Finally, the multivariate statistical
      analysis based on all parameters evaluated on the ripened cheeses showed the
      dissimilarities and the relationships among cheeses. Thus, the main hypothesis of
      the work was accepted since the quality parameters of the final cheeses were
      stabilized, but all cheeses maintained their local typicality. 

PMID- 27375246
TI  - Detection and molecular characterization of norovirus from oysters implicated in
      outbreaks in the US.
AB  - Human noroviruses are the leading cause of non-bacterial shellfish associated
      gastroenteritis. Here we report on the detection and characterization of
      norovirus (NoV) in shellfish associated outbreaks. Requests were received from
      state and federal officials for technical assistance in the analysis of shellfish
      for NoV and male specific coliphage (MSC; an enteric virus surrogate) during the
      years 2009 thru 2014. In outbreaks where NoV was detected, genogroup II (GII)
      levels ranged from 2.4 to 82.0 RT-qPCR U/g of digestive diverticula (DD) while
      NoV genogroup I (GI) levels ranged from 1.5 to 29.8 RT-qPCR U/g of DD. Murine
      norovirus extraction efficiencies ranged between 50 and 85%. MSC levels ranged
      from <6 to 80 PFU/100 g. Phylogenetic analysis of the outbreak sequences revealed
      strains clustering with GI.8, GI.4, GII.3, GII.4, GII.7, and GII.21. There was
      100% homology between the shellfish and clinical strains occurring in 2 of 8
      outbreaks. Known shellfish consumption data demonstrated probable infectious
      particles ingested as low as 12. These investigations demonstrate effective
      detection, quantification, and characterization of NoV in shellfish associated
      with illness. 

PMID- 27375247
TI  - Histamine-producing Lactobacillus parabuchneri strains isolated from grated
      cheese can form biofilms on stainless steel.
AB  - The consumption of food containing large amounts of histamine can lead to
      histamine poisoning. Cheese is one of the most frequently involved foods.
      Histamine, one of the biogenic amines (BAs) exhibiting the highest safety risk,
      accumulates in food contaminated by microorganisms with histidine decarboxylase
      activity. The origin of these microorganisms may be very diverse with
      contamination likely occurring during post-ripening processing, but the
      microorganisms involved during this manufacturing step have never been
      identified. The present work reports the isolation of 21 histamine-producing
      Lactobacillus parabuchneri strains from a histamine-containing grated cheese. PCR
      revealed that every isolate carried the histidine decarboxylase gene (hdcA).
      Eight lineages were identified based on the results of genome PFGE restriction
      analysis plus endonuclease restriction profile analysis of the carried plasmids.
      Members of all lineages were able to form biofilms on polystyrene and stainless
      steel surfaces. L. parabuchneri is therefore an undesirable species in the dairy
      industry; the biofilms it can produce on food processing equipment represent a
      reservoir of histamine-producing bacteria and thus a source of contamination of
      post-ripening-processed cheeses. 

PMID- 27375248
TI  - Enterococci as indicator of potential growth of Salmonella in fresh minced meat
      at retail.
AB  - The present study had the purpose of demonstrating a positive correlation between
      enterococci and Salmonella in minced pork and beef. Data from 2001 to 2002 from
      retail minced pork and beef in Denmark were used and the association between
      concentration of enterococci and prevalence and concentration of Salmonella was
      examined. A total of 2187 and 2747 samples of minced pork and beef, respectively,
      were collected from butcher shops and supermarkets throughout the country. In
      pork, 2.1% of all samples were positive for Salmonella whereas 1.5% of beef
      samples were positive. Among samples with >=100 CFU/g of enterococci, prevalence
      of Salmonella positive samples was 3.4%, which was significantly higher than 1.2%
      observed in minced meat with less than 100 CFU/g of enterococci (P < 0.001). A
      positive association between occurrence of enterococci and presence of Salmonella
      in retail minced meat was supported as both prevalence and concentration of
      Salmonella in positive samples increased with increasing concentrations of
      enterococci in minced meat. From our data, we suggest that minced meat containing
      more than 500 enterococci per gram is suspected of having been exposed to
      temperatures allowing growth of Salmonella. This is to our knowledge the first
      report, which links presence of an indicator to potential growth of Salmonella. 

PMID- 27375249
TI  - Prevalence and behavior of multidrug-resistant shiga toxin-producing Escherichia
      coli, enteropathogenic E. coli and enterotoxigenic E. coli on coriander.
AB  - The prevalence and behavior of multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
      pathotypes on coriander was determined. One hundred coriander samples were
      collected from markets. Generic E. coli were determined using the most probable
      number procedure. Diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes (DEPs) were identified using
      two multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedures. Susceptibility to sixteen
      antibiotics was tested for the isolated DEPs strains by standard test. The
      behavior of multidrug-resistant DEPs isolated from coriander was determined on
      coriander leaves and chopped coriander at 25 degrees +/- 2  degrees C and 3
      degrees +/- 2  degrees C. Generic E. coli and DEPs were identified, respectively,
      in 43 and 7% of samples. Nine DEPs strains were isolated from positive coriander
      samples. The identified DEPs included Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC, 4%)
      enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC, 2%) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 1%). All
      isolated DEPs strains exhibited multi-resistance to antibiotics. On inoculated
      coriander leaves stored at 25 degrees +/- 2  degrees C or 3 degrees +/- 2 
      degrees C, no growth was observed for multidrug-resistant DEPs strains. However,
      multidrug-resistant DEPs strains grew in chopped coriander: after 24 h at 25
      degrees  +/- 2  degrees C, DEPs strains had grown to approximately 3 log CFU/g.
      However, at 3 degrees +/- 2  degrees C the bacterial growth was inhibited. To the
      best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence and behavior of
      multidrug-resistant STEC, ETEC and EPEC on coriander and chopped coriander. 

PMID- 27375250
TI  - Survival of foodborne pathogens in natural cracked olive brines.
AB  - This work reports the survival (challenge tests) of foodborne pathogen species
      (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella
      enterica) in Alorena de Malaga table olive brines. The inhibitions were fit using
      a log-linear model with tail implemented in GInaFIT excel software. The olive
      brine had a considerable inhibitory effect on the pathogens. The residual (final)
      populations (Fp) after 24 h was below detection limit (<1.30 log10 cfu/mL) for
      all species assayed. The maximum death rate (kmax) was 9.98, 51.37, 38.35 and
      53.01 h(-1), while the time for 4 log10 reductions (4Dr) was 0.96, 0.36, 0.36 and
      0.24 h for E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes and S. enterica, respectively.
      Brine dilutions increased Fp and 4Dr, while decreased kmax. A cluster analysis
      showed that E. coli had an overall quite different behaviour being the most
      resistant species, but the others bacteria behaved similarly, especially S.
      aureus and S. enterica. Partial Least Squares regression showed that the most
      influential phenols on microbial survival were EDA (dialdehydic form of
      decarboxymethyl elenolic acid), HyEDA (EDA linked to hydroxytyrosol),
      hydroxytyrosol 4-glucoside, tyrosol, and oleoside 11-methyl ester. Results
      confirm the adverse habitats of table olives for foodborne pathogenic
      microorganisms. 

PMID- 27375251
TI  - Fate of Lactococcus lactis starter cultures during late ripening in cheese
      models.
AB  - The presence of Lactococcus lactis, commonly employed as starter culture, was,
      recently, highlighted and investigated during late cheese ripening. Thus, the
      main goal of the present study was to assess the persistence and viability of
      this microorganism throughout manufacturing and ripening of model cheeses. Eight
      commercial starters, constituted of L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp.
      cremoris, were inoculated in pasteurized milk in order to manufacture miniature
      cheeses, ripened for six months. Samples were analysed at different steps (milk
      after inoculum, curd after cutting, curd after pressing and draining, cheese
      immediately after salting and cheese at 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days
      of ripening) and submitted to both culture-dependent (traditional plating on M17)
      and -independent analysis (reverse transcription-quantitative PCR). On the basis
      of direct RNA analysis, L. lactis populations were detected in all miniature
      cheeses up to the sixth month of ripening, confirming the presence of viable
      cells during the whole ripening process, including late stages. Noteworthy, L.
      lactis was detected by RT-qPCR in cheese samples also when traditional plating
      failed to indicate its presence. This discrepancy could be explain with the fact
      that lactococci, during ripening process, enter in a stressed physiological state
      (viable not culturable, VNC), which might cause their inability to grow on
      synthetic medium despite their viability in cheese matrix. Preliminary results
      obtained by "resuscitation" assays corroborated this hypothesis and 2.5% glucose
      enrichment was effective to recover L. lactis cells in VNC state. The capability
      of L. lactis to persist in late ripening, and the presence of VNC cells which are
      known to shift their catabolism to peptides and amino acids consumption, suggests
      a possible technological role of this microorganism in cheese ripening with a
      possible impact on flavour formation. 

PMID- 27375252
TI  - Combined effect of anaerobiosis, low pH and cold temperatures on the growth
      capacities of psychrotrophic Bacillus cereus.
AB  - Psychrotrophic strains of the foodborne pathogen Bacillus cereus can multiply
      during the refrigerated storage of food products. The aim of this study was to
      determine the impact of anaerobiosis on the growth of two psychrotrophic B.
      cereus strains exposed to acidic pH at a cold temperature in a laboratory medium.
      At 10  degrees C, growth occurred at pH values equal to or higher than 5.7 during
      anaerobiosis, whereas aerobic growth was observed from pH 5.4. Growth rates
      during aerobiosis were similar at pH 5.4 and pH 7. No growth was observed for the
      two tested strains at 8  degrees C without oxygen regardless of the pH; however,
      both strains grew at this temperature from pH 5.4 in the presence of oxygen.
      These pH growth limits in aerobiosis are consistent with those reported for
      different strains and different foods or media, but no other studies have
      described anaerobic growth at acidic pH values. The maximal B. cereus
      concentration was approximately 6.0 log10 CFU/ml for cultures in the absence of
      oxygen and approximately 8.0 log10 CFU/ml for cultures in the presence of oxygen.
      In conclusion, we found that the combination of anaerobiosis, pH < 5.7 at 10 
      degrees C, or anaerobiosis and temperatures <=8  degrees C prevent psychrotrophic
      B. cereus growth. 

PMID- 27375253
TI  - Natural plant products inhibits growth and alters the swarming motility, biofilm
      formation, and expression of virulence genes in enteroaggregative and
      enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of plant products on the
      growth, swarming motility, biofilm formation and virulence gene expression in
      enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and enteroaggregative E. coli strain
      042 and a strain of O104:H4 serotype. Extracts of Lippia graveolens and
      Haematoxylon brassiletto, and carvacrol, brazilin were tested by an antimicrobial
      microdilution method using citral and rifaximin as controls. All products showed
      bactericidal activity with minimal bactericidal concentrations ranging from 0.08
      to 8.1 mg/ml. Swarming motility was determined in soft LB agar. Most compounds
      reduced swarming motility by 7%-100%; except carvacrol which promoted motility in
      two strains. Biofilm formation studies were done in microtiter plates. Rifaximin
      inhibited growth and reduced biofilm formation, but various concentrations of
      other compounds actually induced biofilm formation. Real time PCR showed that
      most compounds decreased stx2 expression. The expression of pic and rpoS in E.
      coli 042 were suppressed but in E. coli O104:H4 they varied depending on
      compounds. In conclusion, these extracts affect E. coli growth, swarming motility
      and virulence gene expression. Although these compounds were bactericidal for
      pathogenic E. coli, sublethal concentrations had varied effects on phenotypic and
      genotypic traits, and some increased virulence gene expression. 

PMID- 27375254
TI  - Antilisterial peptides from Spanish dry-cured hams: Purification and
      identification.
AB  - The typical Spanish dry-cured ham has a particular sensory quality that makes it
      a distinctive food, highly appreciated for consumers worldwide. Its particular
      physicochemical properties, such as high salt content and reduced water activity
      contribute to their shelf-stability. However, post-processing actions carried out
      for the commercialization of these products such as slicing may increase the risk
      of development of pathogenic microorganisms as Listeria monocytogenes. During
      ripening, muscle proteins are hydrolyzed by muscle peptidases releasing peptides
      and free amino acids. Some of these peptides have been described to exert
      biological activities such as antioxidant and ACE-inhibition. In this study, a
      peptidomic strategy using mass spectrometry techniques has been used to identify
      and sequence those naturally generated peptides showing antilisterial activity.
      One hundred and five peptides have been identified in active fractions and some
      synthesized and their MIC calculated. Ten peptides were able to inhibit the
      growth of L. monocytogenes, being the pentapeptide RHGYM the most effective
      showing a MIC value of 6.25 mM. This study proves for the first time the
      potential antimicrobial action against L. monocytogenes of certain naturally
      generated peptides obtained from Spanish dry-cured ham. 

PMID- 27375255
TI  - Polyphenolic extracts of cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and blackcurrant (Ribes
      nigrum L.) leaves as natural preservatives in meat products.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using polyphenolic
      extracts from cherry and blackcurrant leaves as natural antimicrobial agents in
      meat products. The polyphenolic composition of the extracts was analyzed and
      their impact on the microbial quality, lipid oxidation, color, and sensory
      evaluation of pork sausages was studied. Polyphenolic extracts were obtained from
      leaves collected in September. The total polyphenolic content in sour cherry leaf
      extract was 1.5 times higher than that found in blackcurrant leaf extract.
      Analysis of the polyphenol profile of each extract revealed two major groups:
      phenolic acids and flavonoids, including epigallocatechin and glycosides of
      quercetin and kaempferol. After chilling the sausages for 14 and 28 days, the
      extracts caused significantly lower MDA generation, indicating an antioxidant
      effect. Color changes after 28 days of storage were perceptible in the case of
      all treatments, with and without polyphenols. The application of sour cherry and
      black currant leaf extracts increased the shelf life of vacuum-packed sausages.
      Both extracts enhanced the microbial quality of the pork sausages over 14 days of
      refrigerated storage. Sour cherry leaf polyphenols were more effective against
      almost all studied groups of microorganisms. 

PMID- 27375256
TI  - Using mixed inocula of Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer strains to improve the
      quality of traditional sparkling-wine.
AB  - The quality of traditional sparkling-wine depends on the aging process in the
      presence of dead yeast cells. These cells undergo a slow autolysis process
      thereby releasing some compounds, mostly colloidal polymers such as
      polysaccharides and mannoproteins, which influence the wine's foam properties and
      mouthfeel. Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer yeasts were tested to increase cell
      death and autolysis during mixed-yeast-inoculated second fermentation and aging.
      These yeasts killed sensitive strains in killer plate assays done under
      conditions of low pH and temperature similar to those used in sparkling-wine
      making, although some strains showed a different killer behaviour during the
      second fermentation. The fast killer effect improved the foam quality and
      mouthfeel of the mixed-inoculated wines, while the slow killer effect gave small
      improvements over single-inoculated wines. The effect was faster under high
      pressure than under low-pressure conditions. Wine quality improvement did not
      correlate with the polysaccharide, protein, mannan, or aromatic compound
      concentrations, suggesting that the mouthfeel and foaming quality of sparkling
      wine are very complex properties influenced by other wine compounds and their
      interactions, as well as probably by the specific chemical composition of a given
      wine. 

PMID- 27375257
TI  - Brettanomyces bruxellensis, a survivalist prepared for the wine apocalypse and
      other beverages.
AB  - Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a common red wine spoilage yeast. Yet, in addition
      to wine, it has been isolated from other ecological niches that are just as
      nutritionally deficient as wine. B. bruxellensis can therefore be regarded as a
      survivor, well adapted to colonise harsh environments not often inhabited by
      other yeasts. This review is focused on the nutritional requirements of B.
      bruxellensis and the relevance thereof for its adaptation to the different
      matrices within which it occurs. Furthermore, the environmental conditions
      necessary (e.g. aerobic or anaerobic conditions) for the assimilation of the
      carbon or nitrogenous sources are discussed in this review. From literature,
      several confusing inconsistencies, regarding nutritional sources necessary for B.
      bruxellensis survival, in these specialist ecological niches are evidenced. The
      main focus of this review is wine but other products and niches that B.
      bruxellensis inhabits namely beer, cider, fruit juices and bioethanol production
      plants are also considered. This review highlights the lack of knowledge
      regarding B. bruxellensis when considering its nutritional requirements in
      comparison to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, there is a large enough body of
      evidence showing that the nutritional needs of B. bruxellensis are meagre,
      explaining its ability to colonise harsh environments. 

PMID- 27375258
TI  - Exploitation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains to improve shelf life,
      rheological, sensory and functional features of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus
      indica L.) fruit puree.
AB  - Strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides were identified from raw prickly pear
      (Opuntia ficus-indica L.). Five autochthonous strains were selected based on the
      kinetics of growth and acidification on prickly pear fruit juice, and the
      capacity to synthesize exo-polysaccharides. All selected Leuc. mesenteroides
      strains showed an in vitro mucilage-degrading capability. A protocol for
      processing and storage of fermented prickly pear fruit puree (FP) was set up.
      Unstarted FP and chemically acidified FP were used as the controls. Starters grew
      and remained viable at elevated cell numbers during 21 days of storage at 4 
      degrees C. Contaminating Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts were found only in the
      controls. Viscosity and serum separation distinguished started FP compared to the
      controls. Colour parameters, browning index, sensory attributes, antimicrobial
      activity, vitamin C and betalains levels were positively affected by lactic acid
      fermentation. Increase of free radical scavenging activity in ethyl acetate
      soluble extract suggested an effect of selected strains on phenolic profiles.
      Started FP markedly inhibited the inflammatory status of Caco-2/TC7 cells, and
      also contributed to maintaining the integrity of tight junctions. Started FP
      scavenged the reactive oxygen species generated by H2O2 on Caco-2 cells. All
      selected strain variously affected the immunomodulatory activity towards anti-
      and pro-inflammatory cytokines. 

PMID- 27375259
TI  - Long-term survival of the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak
      strain on fenugreek seeds.
AB  - A major outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O104:H4
      occurred in Germany in 2011. The epidemiological investigation revealed that a
      contaminated batch of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) was the most
      probable source of the pathogen. It was suggested that the most probable point of
      contamination was prior to leaving the importer, meaning that the seed
      contamination with STEC O104:H4 should have happened more than one year before
      the seeds were used for sprout production. Here, we investigated the capacity of
      STEC O104:H4 and closely related pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic Escherichia
      coli strains for long-term survival on dry fenugreek seeds. We did not observe a
      superior survival capacity of STEC O104:H4 on dry seeds. For none of the strains
      tested cultivatable cells were found without enrichment on contaminated seeds
      after more than 24 weeks of storage. Our findings suggest that contamination
      previous to the distribution from the importer may be less likely than previously
      assumed. We show that seeds contaminated with E. coli in extremely high numbers
      can be completely sterilized by a short treatment with bleach. This simple and
      cheap procedure does not affect the germination capacity of the seeds and could
      significantly improve safety in sprout production. 

PMID- 27375260
TI  - Viable But Not Culturable (VBNC) state of Brettanomyces bruxellensis in wine: New
      insights on molecular basis of VBNC behaviour using a transcriptomic approach.
AB  - The spoilage potential of Brettanomyces bruxellensis in wine is strongly
      connected with the aptitude of this yeast to enter in a Viable But Non Culturable
      (VBNC) state when exposed to the harsh wine conditions. In this work, we
      characterized the VBNC behaviour of seven strains of B. bruxellensis representing
      a regional intraspecific biodiversity, reporting conclusive evidence for the
      assessment of VBNC as a strain-dependent character. The VBNC behaviour was
      monitored by fluorescein diacetate staining/flow cytometry for eleven days after
      addition of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 1.2 mg/L of molecular SO2 (entrance in the VBNC
      state) and after SO2 removal (exit from the VBNC state). Furthermore, one
      representative strain was selected and RNA-seq analysis performed after exposure
      to 1.2 mg/L SO2 and during the recovery phase. 30 and 1634 genes were identified
      as differentially expressed following VBNC entrance and 'resuscitation',
      respectively. The results reported strongly suggested that the entrance in the
      SO2-induced VBNC state in B. bruxellensis is associated with both, sulfite
      toxicity and oxidative stress response, confirming the crucial role of
      genes/proteins involved in redox cell homeostasis. Among the genes induced during
      recovery, the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and
      encoding heat shock proteins, as well as enriched categories including amino acid
      transport and transporter activity was observed. The evidences of a general
      repression of genes involved in DNA replication suggest the occurrence of a true
      resuscitation of cell rather than a simple regrowth. 

PMID- 27375261
TI  - Characterization of the spore surface and exosporium proteins of Clostridium
      sporogenes; implications for Clostridium botulinum group I strains.
AB  - Clostridium sporogenes is a non-pathogenic close relative and surrogate for Group
      I (proteolytic) neurotoxin-producing Clostridium botulinum strains. The
      exosporium, the sac-like outermost layer of spores of these species, is likely to
      contribute to adhesion, dissemination, and virulence. A paracrystalline array,
      hairy nap, and several appendages were detected in the exosporium of C.
      sporogenes strain NCIMB 701792 by EM and AFM. The protein composition of purified
      exosporium was explored by LC-MS/MS of tryptic peptides from major individual SDS
      PAGE-separated protein bands, and from bulk exosporium. Two high molecular weight
      protein bands both contained the same protein with a collagen-like repeat domain,
      the probable constituent of the hairy nap, as well as cysteine-rich proteins CsxA
      and CsxB. A third cysteine-rich protein (CsxC) was also identified. These three
      proteins are also encoded in C. botulinum Prevot 594, and homologues (75-100%
      amino acid identity) are encoded in many other Group I strains. This work
      provides the first insight into the likely composition and organization of the
      exosporium of Group I C. botulinum spores. 

PMID- 27375262
TI  - Genomic approach to studying nutritional requirements of Clostridium
      tyrobutyricum and other Clostridia causing late blowing defects.
AB  - Clostridium tyrobutyricum is the main microorganism responsible for the late
      blowing defect in hard and semi-hard cheeses, causing considerable economic
      losses to the cheese industry. Deeper knowledge of the metabolic requirements of
      this microorganism can lead to the development of more effective control
      approaches. In this work, the amino acids and B vitamins essential for sustaining
      the growth of C. tyrobutyricum were investigated using a genomic approach. As the
      first step, the genomes of four C. tyrobutyricum strains were analyzed for the
      presence of genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids and B
      vitamins. Metabolic pathways could be reconstructed for all amino acids and B
      vitamins with the exception of biotin (vitamin B7) and folate (vitamin B9). The
      biotin pathway was missing the enzyme amino-7-oxononanoate synthase that
      catalyzes the condensation of pimeloyl-ACP and l-alanine to 8-amino-7
      oxononanoate. In the folate pathway, the missing genes were those coding for para
      aminobenzoate synthase and aminodeoxychorismate lyase enzymes. These enzymes are
      responsible for the conversion of chorismate into para-aminobenzoate (PABA). Two
      C. tyrobutyircum strains whose genome was analyzed in silico as well as other 10
      strains isolated from cheese were tested in liquid media to confirm these
      observations. 11 strains showed growth in a defined liquid medium containing
      biotin and PABA after 6-8 days of incubation. No strain showed growth when only
      one or none of these compounds were added, confirming the observations obtained
      in silico. Furthermore, the genome analysis was extended to genomes of single
      strains of other Clostridium species potentially causing late blowing, namely
      Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium butyricum. Only
      the biotin biosynthesis pathway was incomplete for C. butyricum and C.
      beijerincki. In contrast, C. sporogenes showed missing enzymes in biosynthesis
      pathways of several amino acids as well as biotin, folate, and cobalamin (vitamin
      B12). These observations agree with the results of growth experiments of these
      species in liquid media reported in the literature. The results of this study
      suggest that biotin and folate are potential targets for reducing late blowing in
      cheese and highlight the usefulness of genomic analysis for identifying essential
      nutrients in bacteria. 

PMID- 27375264
TI  - The butterfly - a well-defined constant-current topography pattern on Si(001):H
      and Ge(001):H resulting from current-induced defect fluctuations.
AB  - Dangling bond (DB) arrays on Si(001):H and Ge(001):H surfaces can be patterned
      with atomic precision and they exhibit complex and rich physics making them
      interesting from both technological and fundamental perspectives. But their
      complex behavior often makes scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images difficult
      to interpret and simulate. Recently it was shown that low-temperature imaging of
      unoccupied states of an unpassivated dimer on Ge(001):H results in a symmetric
      butterfly-like STM pattern, despite the fact that the equilibrium dimer
      configuration is expected to be a bistable, buckled geometry. Here, based on a
      thorough characterization of the low-bias switching events on Ge(001):H, we
      propose a new imaging model featuring a dynamical two-state rate equation. On
      both Si(001):H and Ge(001):H, this model allows us to reproduce the features of
      the observed symmetric empty-state images which strongly corroborates the idea
      that the patterns arise due to fast switching events and provides an insight into
      the relationship between the tunneling current and switching rates. We envision
      that our new imaging model can be applied to simulate other bistable systems
      where fluctuations arise from transiently charged electronic states. 

PMID- 27375263
TI  - Intestinal gas and liver steatosis: a casual association? A prospective
      multicentre assessment.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Excessive intestinal gas and liver steatosis are frequent
      sonographic findings. Both of these appear to be caused by variations of the gut
      microflora. We assessed the relationship between ultrasonographic detection of
      intestinal gas and liver steatosis. METHODS: This study included 204 consecutive
      patients (99 male; mean age 53.0 +/- 15.6 years), who underwent ultrasonography
      for abdominal complaints or follow-up of benign lesions. Body mass index,
      biochemical liver markers, sonographic presence of liver steatosis and/or degree
      of intestinal gas interfering with the examination were collected. Both
      sonographic findings were assessed based on standardized criteria. The
      association between liver steatosis and intestinal gas was evaluated by means of
      univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Eighty (39.2%) of patients showed
      moderate to large amounts of gas preventing an accurate evaluation of the liver
      or pancreas and 90 (44.1%) had liver steatosis. A significant correlation between
      the degree of intestinal gas and liver steatosis both in obese (r=.603; P<.001)
      and in nonobese patients (r=.555; P<.001) was found. Univariate analysis showed
      that intestinal gas, body mass index, aspartate transaminase, alanine
      transaminase, gamma-GT, age and sex were predictors of liver steatosis; only
      intestinal gas (OR 7.4; 95% CI 3.4-16.1) and body mass index (OR; 1.4, 95% CI 1.2
      1.5), however, were independent predictors at multivariate analysis. The presence
      of excessive gas was also significantly correlated with liver steatosis coupled
      with elevated ALT (P = .001). CONCLUSION: This study shows a significant
      correlation between excessive intestinal gas and liver steatosis. The reasons of
      this finding and its clinical implications remain to be defined.

PMID- 27375265
TI  - An assessment of the existence and influence of psychoanalytic jurisprudence in
      the United States.
AB  - In light of the ongoing controversy over the value of psychoanalysis generally,
      this article summarizes the standards for scientific expertise in law and
      concludes that the future of psychoanalytic jurisprudence does not lie in the
      courtroom. After a brief survey of the history of psychoanalytic jurisprudence in
      legal contexts and institutions, I identify a revival of psychoanalytic
      jurisprudence, including (i) its association, primarily as a social theory, with
      Critical Legal Studies (in the US context), and (ii) the influence of Jacques
      Lacan in the legal academy. The unifying themes in this critical methodology
      include the construction of the subject through the language and rituals of the
      law, the failure of mainstream jurisprudence to be sufficiently critical of the
      legal status quo, and the repression or denial of injustices in legal history.
      Paralleling that revival, I note that a field of scholarship employing
      traditional Freudian conceptions is also currently engaging interdisciplinary
      legal studies, intervening in law reform efforts (particularly in criminal law),
      and criticizing the background assumptions and conventions in contemporary
      judicial opinions. I conclude that psychoanalysis is both threatening to
      mainstream legal culture and a rich source of insights for contemporary studies
      of legal processes and institutions.

PMID- 27375266
TI  - An Update on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-Pathogenesis, Risks, and Treatment.
AB  - Alcohol is a well-established teratogen that can cause variable physical and
      behavioral effects on the fetus. The most severe condition in this spectrum of
      diseases is known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The differences in maternal
      and fetal enzymes, in terms of abundance and efficiency, in addition to reduced
      elimination, allow for alcohol to have a prolonged effect on the fetus. This can
      act as a teratogen through numerous methods including reactive oxygen species
      (generated as by products of CYP2E1), decreased endogenous antioxidant levels,
      mitochondrial damage, lipid peroxidation, disrupted neuronal cell-cell adhesion,
      placental vasoconstriction, and inhibition of cofactors required for fetal growth
      and development. More recently, alcohol has also been shown to have epigenetic
      effects. Increased fetal exposure to alcohol and sustained alcohol intake during
      any trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of FAS. Other
      risk factors include genetic influences, maternal characteristics, for example,
      lower socioeconomic statuses and smoking, and paternal chronic alcohol use. The
      treatment options for FAS have recently started to be explored although none are
      currently approved clinically. These include prenatal antioxidant administration
      food supplements, folic acid, choline, neuroactive peptides, and neurotrophic
      growth factors. Tackling the wider impacts of FAS, such as comorbidities, and the
      family system have been shown to improve the quality of life of FAS patients.
      This review aimed to focus on the pathogenesis, especially mechanisms of alcohol
      teratogenicity, and risks of developing FAS. Recent developments in potential
      management strategies, including prenatal interventions, are discussed.

PMID- 27375267
TI  - An accurate cost effective DFT approach to study the sensing behaviour of
      polypyrrole towards nitrate ions in gas and aqueous phases.
AB  - Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to study the
      response of polypyrrole towards nitrate ions in gas and aqueous phases. First, an
      accurate estimate of interaction energies is obtained by methods calibrated
      against the gold standard CCSD(T) method. Then, a number of low cost DFT methods
      are also evaluated for their ability to accurately estimate the binding energies
      of polymer-nitrate complexes. The low cost methods evaluated here include
      dispersion corrected potential (DCP), Grimme's D3 correction, counterpoise
      correction of the B3LYP method, and Minnesota functionals (M05-2X). The
      interaction energies calculated using the counterpoise (CP) correction and DCP
      methods at the B3LYP level are in better agreement with the interaction energies
      calculated using the calibrated methods. The interaction energies of an infinite
      polymer (polypyrrole) with nitrate ions are calculated by a variety of low cost
      methods in order to find the associated errors. The electronic and spectroscopic
      properties of polypyrrole oligomers nPy (where n = 1-9) and nPy-NO3(-) complexes
      are calculated, and then extrapolated for an infinite polymer through a second
      degree polynomial fit. Charge analysis, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis
      and density of state studies also reveal the sensing ability of polypyrrole
      towards nitrate ions. Interaction energies, charge analysis and density of states
      analyses illustrate that the response of polypyrrole towards nitrate ions is
      considerably reduced in the aqueous medium (compared to the gas phase). 

PMID- 27375268
TI  - In vitro maturation of immature rat oocytes under simple culture conditions and
      subsequent developmental ability.
AB  - Rat oocytes can be produced artificially by superovulation. Because some strains
      show low sensitivity to superovulation treatment, in vitro maturation is an
      alternative method to produce numerous matured oocytes. Furthermore,
      establishment of an in vitro maturation system with simple culture conditions is
      cost effective and leads to easy handling of oocytes. This study examined
      developmental ability of rat germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes maturing in vitro
      under simple culture conditions. Significantly different numbers of ovulated
      oocytes reached the second metaphase of meiosis (MII) among Jcl:Wistar (17.0),
      F344/Stm (31.0), and BN/SsNSlc (2.2) rats in whom superovulation was induced by
      pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin.
      However, similar numbers of GV oocytes were obtained from ovaries of PMSG
      injected Wistar (27.7), F344 (34.7), and BN (24.7) rats. These GV oocytes were
      cultured in vitro in HTF, alphaMEM, and a 1:1 HTF + alphaMEM or TYH + alphaMEM
      mixture. High proportions of Wistar and F344 oocytes that matured to MII in
      alphaMEM were parthenogenetically activated by strontium chloride treatment (78%
      and 74%, respectively). Additionally, 10% of matured oocytes of both strains
      developed into offspring after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo
      transfer to foster mothers. Although BN oocytes cultured in alphaMEM could be
      parthenogenetically activated and developed into offspring, the success rate was
      lower than that for Wistar and F344 oocytes. This study demonstrated that
      numerous GV oocytes were produced in rat ovaries by PMSG injection. This simple
      in vitro maturation system of immature oocytes could be further developed to
      maintain valuable rat strains experiencing reproductive difficulties.

PMID- 27375269
TI  - Distribution of rotavirus VP7 and VP4 genotypes circulating in Tunisia from 2009
      to 2014: Emergence of the genotype G12.
AB  - Group A rotavirus (RVA) represents the most important aetiological agent of
      diarrhoea in children worldwide. From January 2009 to December 2014, a multi
      centre study realized through 11 Tunisian cities was undertaken among children
      aged <5 years consulting or hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis. A total of
      1127 faecal samples were collected. All samples were screened by ELISA for the
      presence of RVA antigen. RVA-positive samples were further analyzed by PAGE and
      used for G/P-genotyping by semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR. Globally, 270 specimens
      (24 %) were RVA-positive, with peaks observed annually between November and
      March. Nine different electropherotypes could be visualized by PAGE, six with a
      long profile (173 cases) and two with a short one (seven cases). Mixed profiles
      were detected in two cases. Among the 267 VP7 genotyped strains, the predominant
      G- genotype was G1 (39.6 %) followed by G3 (22.2 %), G4 (13 %), G9 (11.5 %), G2
      (5.2 %) and G12 (5.2 %). Among the 260 VP4 genotyped strains, P[8] genotype was
      the predominant (74.5 %) followed by P[6] (10.4 %) and P[4] (5.5 %). A total of
      257 strains (95.2 %) could be successfully G- and P-genotyped. G1P[8] was the
      most prevalent combination (34.4 %), followed by G3P[8] (16.3 %), G9P[8] (10.3
      %), G4P[8] (8.9 %), G2P[4] (4 %), G12P[6] (2.6 %) and G12P[8] (1.9 %). Uncommon
      G/Pgenotype combinations, mixed infections and untypeable strains were also
      detected. This is the first report, in Tunisia, of multiple detection of an
      emerging human RVA strain, G12 genotype. This study highlighted the need for
      maintaining active surveillance of emerging strains in Northern Africa. 

PMID- 27375270
TI  - Robust Anti-Icing Performance of a Flexible Superhydrophobic Surface.
AB  - A material with superhydrophobic and anti-ice/de-icing properties, which has a
      micro-/nanostructured surface, is produced by a straightforward method. This
      material comprises a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microstructure with ZnO
      nanohairs and shows excellent water and ice repellency even at low temperatures (
      20  degrees C) and relatively high humidity (90%) for over three months. These
      results are expected to be helpful for designing smart, non-wetting materials
      that can be adapted to low-temperature environments for the development of anti
      icing systems. 

PMID- 27375271
TI  - Construction and Characterization of Two Novel Transcriptome Assemblies in the
      Congeneric Porcelain Crabs Petrolisthes cinctipes and P. manimaculis.
AB  - Crustaceans have commonly been used as non-model systems in basic biological
      research, especially physiological regulation. With the recent and rapid adoption
      of functional genomic tools, crustaceans are increasingly becoming model systems
      for ecological investigations of development and evolution and for mechanistic
      examinations of genotype-phenotype interactions and molecular pathways of
      response to environmental stressors. Comparative transcriptomic approaches,
      however, remain constrained by a lack of sequence data in closely related
      crustacean taxa. We identify challenges in the use of functional genomics tools
      in comparative analysis among decapod crustacean in light of recent advances. We
      present RNA-seq data from two congeneric species of porcelain crabs (Petrolisthes
      cinctipes and P. manimaculis) used to construct two de novo transcriptome
      assemblies with ~194K and ~278K contigs, respectively. We characterize and
      contrast these assemblies and compare them to a previously generated EST sequence
      library for P. cinctipes We also discuss the potential use of these data as a
      case-study system in the broader context of crustacean comparative
      transcriptomics.

PMID- 27375272
TI  - Evolution of Venomous Cartilaginous and Ray-Finned Fishes.
AB  - Venom and its associated delivery systems have evolved in numerous animal groups
      ranging from jellyfishes to spiders, lizards, shrews, and the male platypus.
      Building off new data and previously published anatomical and molecular studies,
      we explore the evolution of and variation within venomous fishes. We show the
      results of the first multi-locus, ordinal-level phylogenetic analysis of
      cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes) and ray-finned (Actinopterygii) fishes that
      hypothesizes 18 independent evolutions of this specialization. Ancestral-states
      reconstruction indicates that among the 2386-2962 extant venomous fishes,
      envenomed structures have evolved four times in cartilaginous fishes, once in
      eels (Anguilliformes), once in catfishes (Siluriformes), and 12 times in spiny
      rayed fishes (Acanthomorpha). From our anatomical studies and phylogenetic
      reconstruction, we show that dorsal spines are the most common envenomed
      structures (~95% of venomous fish species and 15 independent evolutions). In
      addition to envenomed spines, fishes have also evolved venomous fangs (2% of
      venomous fish species, two independent evolutions), cleithral spines (2% of
      venomous fish species, one independent evolution), and opercular or subopercular
      spines (1% of venomous fish species, three independent evolutions).

PMID- 27375273
TI  - Introduction to the Symposium: Parasites and Pests in Motion: Biology,
      Biodiversity and Climate Change.
AB  - Although climate change can cause extreme alterations to ecosystems, only limited
      research has investigated how altered physical conditions (e.g., warming, extreme
      temperature events, sea level rise, ocean acidification, and altered
      precipitation) influence species interactions. In particular, the interplay
      between host and parasites in such a changing world is in need of study. Our
      objective in organizing this symposium was to bring together researchers working
      on a wide variety of natural enemies (parasites, pathogens, and pests), to
      exchange knowledge on how aspects of global climate change may alter the
      distribution and ecology of these organisms and their hosts. It is our intention
      that the symposium and the resulting articles will foster more accurate modeling
      of and predictions about the impacts of climate change on the biology and ecology
      of natural enemies and their hosts.

PMID- 27375274
TI  - The Impact of Organismal Innovation on Functional and Ecological Diversification.
AB  - Innovations in organismal functional morphology are thought to be a major force
      in shaping evolutionary patterns, with the potential to drive adaptive radiation
      and influence the evolutionary prospects for lineages. But the evolutionary
      consequences of innovation are diverse and usually do not result in adaptive
      radiation. What factors shape the macroevolutionary impact of innovations? We
      assert that little is known in general about the macroevolutionary outcomes
      associated with functional innovations and we discuss a framework for studying
      biological innovations in an evolutionary context. Innovations are novel
      functional mechanisms that enhance organismal performance. The ubiquity of trade
      offs in functional systems means that enhanced performance on one axis often
      occurs at the expense of performance on another axis, such that many innovations
      result in an exchange of performance capabilities, rather than an expansion.
      Innovations may open up new resources for exploitation but their consequences for
      functional and ecological diversification depend heavily on the adaptive
      landscape around these novel resources. As an example of a broader program that
      we imagine, we survey five feeding innovations in labrid fishes, an exceptionally
      successful and ecologically diverse group of reef fishes, and explore their
      impact on the rate of evolution of jaw functional morphology. All of the
      innovations provide performance enhancements and result in changes in patterns of
      resource use, but most are not associated with subsequent functional
      diversification or substantial ecological diversification. Because selection acts
      on a specific performance enhancement and not on the evolutionary potential of an
      innovation, the enhancement of diversity may be highly serendipitous. The
      macroevolutionary potential of innovations depends critically on the interaction
      between the performance enhancement and the ecological opportunity that is
      exposed.

PMID- 27375275
TI  - Combined treatment with cotylenin A and phenethyl isothiocyanate induces strong
      antitumor activity mainly through the induction of ferroptotic cell death in
      human pancreatic cancer cells.
AB  - The treatment of pancreatic cancer, one of the most aggressive gastrointestinal
      tract malignancies, with current chemotherapeutic drugs has had limited success
      due to its chemoresistance and poor prognosis. Therefore, the development of new
      drugs or effective combination therapies is urgently needed. Cotylenin A (CN-A)
      (a plant growth regulator) is a potent inducer of differentiation in myeloid
      leukemia cells and exhibits potent antitumor activities in several cancer cell
      lines. In the present study, we demonstrated that CN-A and phenethyl
      isothiocyanate (PEITC), an inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a dietary
      anticarcinogenic compound, synergistically inhibited the proliferation of MIAPaCa
      2, PANC-1 and gemcitabine-resistant PANC-1 cells. A combined treatment with CN-A
      and PEITC also effectively inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of these
      cancer cells. The combined treatment with CN-A and PEITC strongly induced cell
      death within 1 day at concentrations at which CN-A or PEITC alone did not affect
      cell viability. A combined treatment with synthetic CN-A derivatives (ISIR-005
      and ISIR-042) or fusicoccin J (CN-A-related natural product) and PEITC did not
      have synergistic effects on cell death. The combined treatment with CN-A and
      PEITC synergistically induced the generation of ROS. Antioxidants (N
      acetylcysteine and trolox), ferroptosis inhibitors (ferrostatin-1 and
      liproxstatin), and the lysosomal iron chelator deferoxamine canceled the
      synergistic cell death. Apoptosis inhibitors (Z-VAD-FMK and Q-VD-OPH) and the
      necrosis inhibitor necrostatin-1s did not inhibit synergistic cell death.
      Autophagy inhibitors (3-metyladenine and chloroquine) partially prevented cell
      death. These results show that synergistic cell death induced by the combined
      treatment with CN-A and PEITC is mainly due to the induction of ferroptosis.
      Therefore, the combination of CN-A and PEITC has potential as a novel therapeutic
      strategy against pancreatic cancer. 

PMID- 27375278
TI  - A general iodine-mediated synthesis of primary sulfonamides from thiols and
      aqueous ammonia.
AB  - A general and efficient methodology for preparing primary sulfonamides has been
      developed. In the presence of iodine as the catalyst and TBHP (70% in water) as
      the oxidant, a wide range of primary sulfonamides were prepared from the
      corresponding thiols and aqueous ammonia in moderate to good yields. 

PMID- 27375277
TI  - Human behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is traditionally classified as a movement disorder
      because patients mainly complain about motor symptoms. Recently, non-motor
      symptoms of PD have been recognized by clinicians and scientists as early signs
      of PD, and they are detrimental factors in the quality of life in advanced PD
      patients. It is crucial to comprehensively understand the essence of behavioral
      assessments, from the simplest measurement of certain symptoms to complex
      neuropsychological tasks. We have recently reviewed behavioral assessments in PD
      research with animal models (Asakawa et al., 2016). As a companion volume, this
      article will systematically review the behavioral assessments of motor and non
      motor PD symptoms of human patients in current research. The major aims of this
      article are: (1) promoting a comparative understanding of various behavioral
      assessments in terms of the principle and measuring indexes; (2) addressing the
      major strengths and weaknesses of these behavioral assessments for a better
      selection of tasks/tests in order to avoid biased conclusions due to
      inappropriate assessments; and (3) presenting new concepts regarding the
      development of wearable devices and mobile internet in future assessments. In
      conclusion we emphasize the importance of improving the assessments for non-motor
      symptoms because of their complex and unique mechanisms in human PD brains.

PMID- 27375276
TI  - Active inference and learning.
AB  - This paper offers an active inference account of choice behaviour and learning.
      It focuses on the distinction between goal-directed and habitual behaviour and
      how they contextualise each other. We show that habits emerge naturally (and
      autodidactically) from sequential policy optimisation when agents are equipped
      with state-action policies. In active inference, behaviour has explorative
      (epistemic) and exploitative (pragmatic) aspects that are sensitive to ambiguity
      and risk respectively, where epistemic (ambiguity-resolving) behaviour enables
      pragmatic (reward-seeking) behaviour and the subsequent emergence of habits.
      Although goal-directed and habitual policies are usually associated with model
      based and model-free schemes, we find the more important distinction is between
      belief-free and belief-based schemes. The underlying (variational) belief
      updating provides a comprehensive (if metaphorical) process theory for several
      phenomena, including the transfer of dopamine responses, reversal learning, habit
      formation and devaluation. Finally, we show that active inference reduces to a
      classical (Bellman) scheme, in the absence of ambiguity.

PMID- 27375279
TI  - Molecular genetics of Leber congenital amaurosis in Chinese: New data from 66
      probands and mutation overview of 159 probands.
AB  - Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most severe form of inherited retinal
      dystrophy. We have previously performed a mutational analysis of the known LCA
      associated genes in probands with LCA by both Sanger and whole exome sequencing.
      In this study, whole exome sequencing was carried out on 66 new probabds with
      LCA. In conjunction with these data, the present study provides a comprehensive
      analysis of the spectrum and frequency of all known genes associated with retinal
      dystrophy in a total of 159 Chinese probands with LCA. The known genes
      responsible for all forms hereditary retinal dystrophy were included based on
      information from RetNet. The candidate variants were filtered by bioinformatics
      analysis and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Potentially causative mutations were
      further validated in available family members. Overall, a total of 118 putative
      pathogenic mutations from 23 genes were identified in 56.6% (90/159) of probands.
      These mutations were harbored in 13 LCA-associated genes and in ten genes related
      to other forms of retinal dystrophy. The most frequently mutated gene in probands
      with LCA was GUCY2D (10.7%, 17/159). A series of mutational analyses suggests
      that all known genes associated with retinal dystrophy account for 56.6% of
      Chinese patients with LCA. A comprehensive molecular genetic analysis of Chinese
      patients with LCA provides an overview of the spectrum and frequency of ethno
      specific mutations of all known genes, as well as indications about other unknown
      genes in the remaining probands who lacked identified mutations.

PMID- 27375280
TI  - The different effects of twin boundary and grain boundary on reducing tension
      compression yield asymmetry of Mg alloys.
AB  - In the present study, a coarse grained AZ31 plate was refined by twin boundaries
      (TBs) and grain boundaries (GBs), respectively. A comparative study about the
      different effects of grain refinements by GBs and by TBs on tension-compression
      yield asymmetry was performed. Our results show that both the refinements by GBs
      and by TBs increase the tensile and compressive yield strengths, but to a
      different degree. TBs are more effective to harden twinning, but yield a lower
      strengthening against prismatic <a> slip, and a much lower tension-compression
      yield asymmetry is thus obtained. Both the differences in boundary coherence and
      misorientation between GBs and TBs affect the hardening. The misorientation of
      TBs provides a lower geometric compatibility factor (a higher hardening) for both
      prismatic <a> slip and twinning than that of GBs, which in detail is the result
      of the much higher angle between c-axes of the two sides of TBs (about 86 degrees
      ) than GBs (0-50 degrees ). It is found that, for hardening of prismatic <a>
      slip, boundary coherence plays a more important role than misorientation. With
      regard to twinning, the different misorientation of TBs from GBs mainly accounts
      for their different hardening effects.

PMID- 27375281
TI  - Conventional slow freezing cryopreserves mouflon spermatozoa better than
      vitrification.
AB  - This work examines the effectiveness of a TCG (Tris, citric acid, glucose, 6% egg
      yolk and 5% glycerol) and a TEST (TES, Tris, glucose, 6% egg yolk and 5%
      glycerol) sperm extender in the freezing of mouflon spermatozoa at slow cooling
      rates, using different pre-freezing equilibration times (2-3 hr). It also
      examines the tolerance of mouflon spermatozoa to different concentrations of
      cryoprotectants (5, 10, 20% glycerol; 5%, 10%, 20% dimethyl sulfoxide; 6%
      polyvinylpyrrolidone) and/or sucrose (100, 300, 500 mm). The highest quality (p <
      .01) thawed spermatozoa were obtained when using the TEST extender and an
      equilibration time of 3 hr. Sperm motility and membrane integrity were strongly
      reduced when using rapid freezing rates (60-85 degrees C min-1 ), independent of
      the concentration of cryoprotectants. The lowest sucrose concentration (100 mm)
      provided the highest (p < .05) percentage of motile spermatozoa and live
      spermatozoa with an intact acrosome. Vitrified-warmed sperm variables were at
      their best when the spermatozoa was diluted in TCG-6% egg yolk + 100 mm sucrose
      and warmed at 60 degrees C. Slow warming at 37 degrees C strongly reduced (p <
      .05) sperm motility and viability. However, sperm vitrification returned lower
      fertility, sperm motility and sperm viability values than conventional sperm
      freezing.

PMID- 27375282
TI  - Lymphadenopathy syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: Is it Kikuchi-Fujimoto
      disease?

PMID- 27375283
TI  - Long-term lamivudine therapy in chronic hepatitis B.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One to 5 years of therapy of chronic hepatitis B with oral nucleoside
      analogues result in significant clinical improvements, but effects of more
      prolonged therapy are not well defined. AIM: To describe outcomes of chronic
      hepatitis B with long-term lamivudine therapy. METHODS: Forty-two patients with
      chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine were followed for 3.2-19.5 (median =
      16.1) years. Therapy was switched to other agents (n = 16) if patients developed
      lamivudine resistance and relapse of disease. RESULTS: Among 22 HBeAg-positive
      patients, 17 (77%) became HBeAg negative, of whom 5 (23%) subsequently cleared
      HBsAg. Among 20 HBeAg-negative patients, 10 (50%) cleared HBsAg. The time to
      HBsAg clearance ranged from 0.9 to 16.8 (median = 9.3) years. Lamivudine
      resistance arose in 24 patients (57%) of whom 6 (25%) lost HBsAg. HBsAg clearance
      was not always accompanied by seroconversion; anti-HBs appearing concurrently in
      only five patients (33%). Nevertheless, HBsAg loss allowed for stopping therapy
      in all patients, none re-developing HBsAg or suffering relapse; all having normal
      alanine aminotransferase levels and no (n = 13) or unquantifiable HBV DNA levels
      (n = 2) when last seen. In contrast, seven of 27 patients (26%) who remained
      HBsAg-positive died of liver disease or liver cancer or underwent liver
      transplantation, all of whom had cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term viral
      suppression with nucleoside analogues leads to HBsAg loss in a substantial
      proportion of patients, particularly if HBeAg-negative. Serious outcomes during
      the first 10-20 years of treatment occur largely among patients with pre-existing
      cirrhosis who do not clear HBsAg with therapy.

PMID- 27375286
TI  - The effects of implant topography on osseointegration under estrogen deficiency
      induced osteoporotic conditions: Histomorphometric, transcriptional and
      ultrastructural analysis.
AB  - Compromised bone quality and/or healing in osteoporosis are recognised risk
      factors for impaired dental implant osseointegration. This study examined the
      effects of (1) experimentally induced osteoporosis on titanium implant
      osseointegration and (2) the effect of modified implant surface topography on
      osseointegration under osteoporosis-like conditions. Machined and micro-roughened
      surface implants were placed into the maxillary first molar root socket of 64
      ovariectomised and sham-operated Sprague-Dawley rats. Subsequent histological and
      SEM observations showed tissue maturation on the micro-rough surfaced implants in
      ovariectomised animals as early as 3days post-implantation. The degree of
      osseointegration was also significantly higher around the micro-rough implants in
      ovariectomised animals after 14days of healing although by day 28, similar levels
      of osseointegration were found for all test groups. The micro-rough implants
      significantly increased the early (day 3) gene expression of alkaline
      phosphatase, osteocalcin, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and
      dentin matrix protein 1 in implant adherent cells. By day 7, the expression of
      inflammatory genes decreased while the expression of the osteogenic markers
      increased further although there were few statistically significant differences
      between the micro-rough and machined surfaces. Osteocyte morphology was also
      affected by estrogen deficiency with the size of the cells being reduced in
      trabecular bone. In conclusion, estrogen deficiency induced osteoporotic
      conditions negatively influenced the early osseointegration of machined implants
      while micro-rough implants compensated for these deleterious effects by enhancing
      osteogenic cell differentiation on the implant surface. STATEMENT OF
      SIGNIFICANCE: Lower bone density, poor bone quality and osseous microstructural
      changes are all features characteristic of osteoporosis that may impair the
      osseointegration of dental implants. Using a clinically relevant trabecular bone
      model in the rat maxilla, we demonstrated histologically that the negative
      effects of surgically-induced osteoporosis on osseointegration could be
      ameliorated by the biomaterial's surface topography. Furthermore, gene expression
      analysis suggests this may be a result of enhanced osteogenic cell
      differentiation on the implant surface.

PMID- 27375288
TI  - Achieving High Aqueous Energy Storage via Hydrogen-Generation Passivation.
AB  - A new design strategy for polyimides/carbon nanotube networks is reported, aiming
      to passivate the hydrogen-evolution mechanism on the molecular structures of
      electrodes, thus substantially boosting their aqueous energy-storage
      capabilities. The intrinsic sluggish hydrogen-evolution activity of polyimides is
      further passivated via Li(+) association during battery charging, leading to a
      much wider voltage window and exceptional energy-storage capability. 

PMID- 27375285
TI  - Matrix directed adipogenesis and neurogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells derived
      from adipose tissue and bone marrow.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into multiple lineages through
      guidance from the biophysical and biochemical properties of the extracellular
      matrix. In this work we conduct a combinatorial study of matrix properties that
      influence adipogenesis and neurogenesis including: adhesion proteins, stiffness,
      and cell geometry, for mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (AT
      MSCs) and bone marrow (BM-MSCs). We uncover distinct differences in integrin
      expression, the magnitude of traction stress, and lineage specification to
      adipocytes and neuron-like cells between cell sources. In the absence of media
      supplements, adipogenesis in AT-MSCs is not significantly influenced by matrix
      properties, while the converse is true in BM-MSCs. Both cell types show changes
      in the expression of neurogenesis markers as matrix cues are varied. When
      cultured on laminin conjugated microislands of the same adhesive area, BM-MSCs
      display elevated adipogenesis markers, while AT-MSCs display elevated
      neurogenesis markers; integrin analysis suggests neurogenesis in AT-MSCs is
      guided by adhesion through integrin alphavbeta3. Overall, the properties of the
      extracellular matrix guides MSC adhesion and lineage specification to different
      degrees and outcomes, in spite of their similarities in general characteristics.
      This work will help guide the selection of MSCs and matrix components for
      applications where high fidelity of differentiation outcome is desired. STATEMENT
      OF SIGNIFICANCE: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell type for
      stem cell therapies; however, in order for these cells to be useful in medicine,
      we need to understand how they respond to the physical and chemical environments
      of tissue. Here, we explore how two promising sources of MSCs-those derived from
      bone marrow and from adipose tissue-respond to the compliance and composition of
      tissue using model extracellular matrices. Our results demonstrate a source
      specific propensity to undergo adipogenesis and neurogenesis, and uncover a role
      for adhesion, and the degree of traction force exerted on the substrate in
      guiding these lineage outcomes.

PMID- 27375287
TI  - Risk and treatment effect heterogeneity: re-analysis of individual participant
      data from 32 large clinical trials.
AB  - Background: Risk of the outcome is a mathematical determinant of the absolute
      treatment benefit of an intervention, yet this can vary substantially within a
      trial population, complicating the interpretation of trial results. Methods: We
      developed risk models using Cox or logistic regression on a set of large publicly
      available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We evaluated risk heterogeneity
      using the extreme quartile risk ratio (EQRR, the ratio of outcome rates in the
      lowest risk quartile to that in the highest) and skewness using the median to
      mean risk ratio (MMRR, the ratio of risk in the median risk patient to the
      average). We also examined heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) across risk
      strata. Results: We describe 39 analyses using data from 32 large trials, with
      event rates across studies ranging from 3% to 63% (median = 15%, 25th-75th
      percentile = 9-29%). C-statistics of risk models ranged from 0.59 to 0.89 (median
      = 0.70, 25th-75th percentile = 0.65-0.71). The EQRR ranged from 1.8 to 50.7
      (median = 4.3, 25th-75th percentile = 3.0-6.1). The MMRR ranged from 0.4 to 1.0
      (median = 0.86, 25th-75th percentile = 0.80-0.92). EQRRs were predictably higher
      and MMRRs predictably lower as the c-statistic increased or the overall outcome
      incidence decreased. Among 18 comparisons with a significant overall treatment
      effect, there was a significant interaction between treatment and baseline risk
      on the proportional scale in only one. The difference in the absolute risk
      reduction between extreme risk quartiles ranged from -3.2 to 28.3% (median =
      5.1%; 25th-75th percentile = 0.3-10.9). Conclusions: There is typically
      substantial variation in outcome risk in clinical trials, commonly leading to
      clinically significant differences in absolute treatment effects Most patients
      have outcome risks lower than the trial average reflected in the summary result.
      Risk-stratified trial analyses are feasible and may be clinically informative,
      particularly when the outcome is predictable and uncommon.

PMID- 27375290
TI  - Use of electronic healthcare records to identify complex patients with atrial
      fibrillation for targeted intervention.
AB  - Background: Practice guidelines recommend anticoagulation therapy for patients
      with atrial fibrillation (AF) who have other risk factors putting them at an
      elevated risk of stroke. These patients remain undertreated, but, with increasing
      use of electronic healthcare records (EHRs), it may be possible to identify
      candidates for treatment. Objective: To test algorithms for identifying AF
      patients who also have known risk factors for stroke and major bleeding using EHR
      data. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the performance of algorithms using EHR
      data from the Partners Healthcare System at identifying AF patients and 16
      additional conditions that are risk factors in the CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc and HAS-BLED
      risk scores for stroke and major bleeding. Algorithms were based on information
      contained in problem lists, billing codes, laboratory data, prescription data,
      vital status, and clinical notes. The performance of candidate algorithms in 1000
      bootstrap resamples was compared to a gold standard of manual chart review by
      experienced resident physicians. Results: : Physicians reviewed 480 patient
      charts. For 11 conditions, the median positive predictive value (PPV) of the EHR
      derived algorithms was greater than 0.90. Although the PPV for some risk factors
      was poor, the median PPV for identifying patients with a CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score
      >=2 or a HAS-BLED score >=3 was 1.00 and 0.92, respectively. Discussion: We
      developed and tested a set of algorithms to identify AF patients and known risk
      factors for stroke and major bleeding using EHR data. Algorithms such as these
      can be built into EHR systems to facilitate informed decision making and help
      shift population health management efforts towards patients with the greatest
      need.

PMID- 27375289
TI  - COPS5 amplification and overexpression confers tamoxifen-resistance in ERalpha
      positive breast cancer by degradation of NCoR.
AB  - Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) antagonists are used in endocrine therapies
      for ERalpha-positive (ERalpha+) breast cancer patients. Unfortunately the
      clinical benefit is limited due to intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Here
      using integrated genomic and functional studies, we report that amplification
      and/or overexpression of COPS5 (CSN5/JAB1) confers resistance to tamoxifen.
      Amplification and overexpression of COPS5, a catalytic subunit of the COP9
      complex, is present in about 9% of the ERalpha+ primary breast cancer and more
      frequently (86.7%, 26/30) in tamoxifen-refractory tumours. Overexpression of
      COPS5, through its isopeptidase activity, leads to ubiquitination and proteasome
      mediated degradation of NCoR, a key corepressor for ERalpha and tamoxifen
      mediated suppression of ERalpha target genes. Importantly, COPS5 overexpression
      causes tamoxifen-resistance in preclinical breast cancer models in vitro and in
      vivo. We also demonstrate that genetic inhibition of the isopeptidase activity of
      COPS5 is sufficient to re-sensitize the resistant breast cancer cells to
      tamoxifen-treatment, offering a potential therapeutic approach for endocrine
      resistant breast cancer patients.

PMID- 27375291
TI  - Two-year longitudinal assessment of physicians' perceptions after replacement of
      a longstanding homegrown electronic health record: does a J-curve of satisfaction
      really exist?
AB  - This report describes a 2-year prospective, longitudinal survey of attending
      physicians in 3 clinical areas (family medicine, general pediatrics, internal
      medicine) who experienced a transition from a homegrown electronic health record
      (EHR) to a vendor EHR. Participants were already highly familiar with using EHRs.
      Data were collected 1 month before and 3, 6, 13, and 25 months post
      implementation. Our primary goal was to determine if perceptions followed a J
      curve pattern in which they initially dropped but eventually surpassed baseline
      measures. A J-curve was not found for any measures, including workflow, safety,
      communication, and satisfaction. Only the reminders and alerts measure dropped
      and then returned to baseline (U-curve); a few remained flatlined. Most dropped
      and remained below baseline (L-curve). The only measure that remained above
      baseline was documenting in the exam room with the patient. This study adds to
      the literature about current controversies surrounding EHR adoption and physician
      satisfaction.

PMID- 27375292
TI  - A framework for evaluating electronic health record vendor user-centered design
      and usability testing processes.
AB  - Objective: Currently, there are few resources for electronic health record (EHR)
      purchasers and end users to understand the usability processes employed by EHR
      vendors during product design and development. We developed a framework, based on
      human factors literature and industry standards, to systematically evaluate the
      user-centered design processes and usability testing methods used by EHR vendors.
      Materials and Methods: We reviewed current usability certification requirements
      and the human factors literature to develop a 15-point framework for evaluating
      EHR products. The framework is based on 3 dimensions: user-centered design
      process, summative testing methodology, and summative testing results. Two vendor
      usability reports were retrieved from the Office of the National Coordinator's
      Certified Health IT Product List and were evaluated using the framework. Results:
      One vendor scored low on the framework (5 pts) while the other vendor scored high
      on the framework (15 pts). The 2 scored vendor reports demonstrate the
      framework's ability to discriminate between the variabilities in vendor processes
      and to determine which vendors are meeting best practices. Discussion: The
      framework provides a method to more easily comprehend EHR vendors' usability
      processes and serves to highlight where EHR vendors may be falling short in terms
      of best practices. The framework provides a greater level of transparency for
      both purchasers and end users of EHRs. Conclusion: The framework highlights the
      need for clearer certification requirements and suggests that the authorized
      certification bodies that examine vendor usability reports may need to be
      provided with clearer guidance.

PMID- 27375293
TI  - The electronic health record audit file: the patient is waiting.
AB  - Objective: We describe how electronic health record (EHR) audit files can be used
      to understand how time is spent in primary care (PC). Materials/methods: We used
      audit file data from the Geisinger Clinic to quantify elements of the clinical
      workflow and to determine how these times vary by patient and encounter factors.
      We randomly selected audit file records representing 36 437 PC encounters across
      26 clinic locations. Audit file data were used to estimate duration and variance
      of: (1) time in the waiting room, (2) nurse time with the patient, (3) time in
      the exam room without a nurse or physician, and (4) physician time with the
      patient. Multivariate modeling was used to test for differences by patient and by
      encounter features. Results: On average, a PC encounter took 54.6 minutes, with 5
      minutes of nurse time, 15.5 minutes of physician time, and the remaining 62% of
      the time spent waiting to see a clinician or check out. Older age, female sex,
      and chronic disease were associated with longer wait times and longer time with
      clinicians. Level of service and numbers of medications, procedures, and lab
      orders were associated with longer time with clinicians. Late check-in and same
      day visits were associated with shorter wait time and clinician time.
      Conclusions: This study provides insights on uses of audit file data for workflow
      analysis during PC encounters. Discussion: Scalable ways to quantify clinical
      encounter workflow elements may provide the means to develop more efficient
      approaches to care and improve the patient experience.

PMID- 27375294
TI  - Partial Life History of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Summer
      Hosts.
AB  - The soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is
      a major defoliating pest of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, in Louisiana.
      However, other alternate host crops in the agroecosystem have the potential to
      impact C. includens populations. Life table statistics of C. includens on four
      host plants were evaluated. C. includens larvae were fed leaves of three cotton
      Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars 'DP 143 B2RF,' 'DP 174 RF,' and 'PHY 485 WRF';
      cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers 'California Blackeye'; three soybean
      cultivars 'Lyon,' 'PI 227687,' and 'RC 4955'; and sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas
      (L.) Lamarck 'Evangeline.' All C. includens larvae reared on cotton cultivars DP
      143 B2RF and PHY 485 WRF experienced 100% mortality during the first instar.
      Total developmental period of preadult C. includens was significantly shorter on
      cotton DP 174 RF and cowpea California Blackeye but longer on sweetpotato
      Evangeline. Sweetpotato Evangeline had the highest amount of leaf tissue consumed
      and soybean Lyon had the least. Pupal weight was highest when insects fed on
      cotton DP 174 RF and lowest on soybean PI 227687. Life table statistics showed
      that the highest intrinsic rate of increase and net reproductive rate were
      attained when insects were reared on cotton DP 174 RF and cowpea California
      Blackeye whilst the lowest were recorded on soybean PI 227687. This study
      provides valuable information on the role of alternative host crops on the
      partial life history of C. includens in Louisiana agroecosystems.

PMID- 27375295
TI  - Strategies to improve phase-stability of ultrafast swept source optical coherence
      tomography for single shot imaging of transient mechanical waves at 16 kHz frame
      rate.
AB  - We present single-shot phase-sensitive imaging of propagating mechanical waves
      within tissue, enabled by an ultrafast optical coherence tomography (OCT) system
      powered by a 1.628 MHz Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) swept laser source. We
      propose a practical strategy for phase-sensitive measurement by comparing the
      phases between adjacent OCT B-scans, where the B-scan contains a number of A
      scans equaling an integer number of FDML buffers. With this approach, we show
      that micro-strain fields can be mapped with ~3.0 nm sensitivity at ~16 000 fps.
      The system's capabilities are demonstrated on porcine cornea by imaging
      mechanical wave propagation launched by a pulsed UV laser beam, promising non
      contact, real-time, and high-resolution optical coherence elastography.

PMID- 27375296
TI  - Self-aligned grating couplers on template-stripped metal pyramids via nanostencil
      lithography.
AB  - We combine nanostencil lithography and template stripping to create self-aligned
      patterns about the apex of ultrasmooth metal pyramids with high throughput. Three
      dimensional patterns such as spiral and asymmetric linear gratings, which can
      couple incident light into a hot spot at the tip, are presented as examples of
      this fabrication method. Computer simulations demonstrate that spiral and linear
      diffraction grating patterns are both effective at coupling light to the tip. The
      self-aligned stencil lithography technique can be useful for integrating
      plasmonic couplers with sharp metallic tips for applications such as near-field
      optical spectroscopy, tip-based optical trapping, plasmonic sensing, and heat
      assisted magnetic recording.

PMID- 27375297
TI  - A structure of CdS/CuxS quantum dots sensitized solar cells.
AB  - This work introduces a type of CdS/CuxS quantum dots (QDs) as sensitizers in
      quantum dot sensitized solar cells by in-situ cationic exchange reaction method
      where CdS photoanode is directly immersed in CuCl2 methanol solution to replace
      Cd2+ by Cu2+. The p-type CuxS layer on the surface of the CdS QDs can be
      considered as hole transport material, which not only enhances the light
      harvesting of photoanode but also boosts the charge separation after photo
      excitation. Therefore, both the electron collection efficiency and power
      conversion efficiency of the solar cell are improved from 80% to 92% and from
      1.21% to 2.78%, respectively.

PMID- 27375298
TI  - Switching 70Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.30PbTiO3 single crystal by 3 MHz bipolar field.
AB  - Polarization switching and associated electromechanical property changes at 3.0
      MHz were investigated with and without a direct current (dc) bias for [001]c
      poled 0.70Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.30PbTiO3 single crystal. The results showed that the
      coercive field under a bipolar pulse at 3.0 MHz is 2.75 times as large as
      conventional defined Ec (2.58 kV/cm at 0.1 Hz), and a dc bias can further enlarge
      the driving field. Our results point to an innovative transducer operating
      mechanism at high frequencies since one could drive the crystal under much larger
      fields at high frequencies to produce much stronger signals from a small array
      element for deeper penetration imaging.

PMID- 27375301
TI  - NEW IMPROVEMENTS TO MFIRE TO ENHANCE FIRE MODELING CAPABILITIES.
AB  - NIOSH's mine fire simulation program, MFIRE, is widely accepted as a standard for
      assessing and predicting the impact of a fire on the mine ventilation system and
      the spread of fire contaminants in coal and metal/nonmetal mines, which has been
      used by U.S. and international companies to simulate fires for planning and
      response purposes. MFIRE is a dynamic, transient-state, mine ventilation network
      simulation program that performs normal planning calculations. It can also be
      used to analyze ventilation networks under thermal and mechanical influence such
      as changes in ventilation parameters, external influences such as changes in
      temperature, and internal influences such as a fire. The program output can be
      used to analyze the effects of these influences on the ventilation system. Since
      its original development by Michigan Technological University for the Bureau of
      Mines in the 1970s, several updates have been released over the years. In 2012,
      NIOSH completed a major redesign and restructuring of the program with the
      release of MFIRE 3.0. MFIRE's outdated FORTRAN programming language was replaced
      with an object-oriented C++ language and packaged into a dynamic link library
      (DLL). However, the MFIRE 3.0 release made no attempt to change or improve the
      fire modeling algorithms inherited from its previous version, MFIRE 2.20. This
      paper reports on improvements that have been made to the fire modeling
      capabilities of MFIRE 3.0 since its release. These improvements include the
      addition of fire source models of the t-squared fire and heat release rate curve
      data file, the addition of a moving fire source for conveyor belt fire
      simulations, improvement of the fire location algorithm, and the identification
      and prediction of smoke rollback phenomena. All the improvements discussed in
      this paper will be termed as MFIRE 3.1 and released by NIOSH in the near future.

PMID- 27375299
TI  - Biosynthetic Polymers as Functional Materials.
AB  - The synthesis of functional polymers encoded with biomolecules has been an
      extensive area of research for decades. As such, a diverse toolbox of
      polymerization techniques and bioconjugation methods has been developed. The
      greatest impact of this work has been in biomedicine and biotechnology, where
      fully synthetic and naturally derived biomolecules are used cooperatively.
      Despite significant improvements in biocompatible and functionally diverse
      polymers, our success in the field is constrained by recognized limitations in
      polymer architecture control, structural dynamics, and biostabilization. This
      Perspective discusses the current status of functional biosynthetic polymers and
      highlights innovative strategies reported within the past five years that have
      made great strides in overcoming the aforementioned barriers.

PMID- 27375300
TI  - RAFT Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization of N-(2
      (Methacryloyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidone: A Convenient Low Viscosity Route to High
      Molecular Weight Water-Soluble Copolymers.
AB  - RAFT solution polymerization of N-(2-(methacryoyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidone (NMEP) in
      ethanol at 70  degrees C was conducted to produce a series of PNMEP homopolymers
      with mean degrees of polymerization (DP) varying from 31 to 467. Turbidimetry was
      used to assess their inverse temperature solubility behavior in dilute aqueous
      solution, with an LCST of approximately 55  degrees C being observed in the high
      molecular weight limit. Then a poly(glycerol monomethacylate) (PGMA) macro-CTA
      with a mean DP of 63 was chain-extended with NMEP using a RAFT aqueous dispersion
      polymerization formulation at 70  degrees C. The target PNMEP DP was
      systematically varied from 100 up to 6000 to generate a series of PGMA63-PNMEP x
      diblock copolymers. High conversions (>=92%) could be achieved when targeting up
      to x = 5000. GPC analysis confirmed high blocking efficiencies and a linear
      evolution in Mn with increasing PNMEP DP. A gradual increase in Mw/Mn was also
      observed when targeting higher DPs. However, this problem could be minimized
      (Mw/Mn < 1.50) by utilizing a higher purity grade of NMEP (98% vs 96%). This
      suggests that the broader molecular weight distributions observed at higher DPs
      are simply the result of a dimethacrylate impurity causing light branching,
      rather than an intrinsic side reaction such as chain transfer to polymer. Kinetic
      studies confirmed that the RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization of NMEP was
      approximately four times faster than the RAFT solution polymerization of NMEP in
      ethanol when targeting the same DP in each case. This is perhaps surprising
      because both 1H NMR and SAXS studies indicate that the core-forming PNMEP chains
      remain relatively solvated at 70  degrees C in the latter formulation. Moreover,
      dissolution of the initial PGMA63-PNMEP x particles occurs on cooling from 70 to
      20  degrees C as the PNMEP block passes through its LCST. Hence this RAFT aqueous
      dispersion polymerization formulation offers an efficient route to a high
      molecular weight water-soluble polymer in a rather convenient low-viscosity form.
      Finally, the relatively expensive PGMA macro-CTA was replaced with a
      poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) macro-CTA. High conversions were also achieved for
      PMAA85-PNMEP x diblock copolymers prepared via RAFT aqueous dispersion
      polymerization for x <= 4000. Again, better control was achieved when using the
      98% purity NMEP monomer in such syntheses.

PMID- 27375302
TI  - Retention of phytosiderophores by the soil solid phase - adsorption and
      desorption.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Graminaceous plants exude phytosiderophores (PS) for
      acquiring Fe. Adsorption of PS and its metal complexes to the soil solid phase
      reduces the FePS solution concentration and hence Fe uptake. In this study we
      aimed to quantify adsorption, and to determine to what extent adsorption depends
      on the complexed metal and on soil properties. Furthermore, we examined if
      adsorption is a reversible process. METHODS: Adsorption and desorption of PS and
      metal-PS complexes were examined in batch experiments in which the PS 2'
      deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and its metal-complexes (FeDMA, CuDMA, NiDMA and ZnDMA)
      interacted with several calcareous soils. RESULTS: Adsorption of DMA ligand (0
      1000 MUM) and metal-DMA complexes (0-100 MUM) was linear in the concentration
      range examined. Adsorption varied by a factor ~2 depending on the complexed metal
      and by up to a factor 3.5 depending on the soil. Under field-like conditions (50
      % water holding capacity), 50-84 % of the DMA was predicted to be retained to the
      soil solid phase. Alike adsorption, desorption of metal-DMA complexes is fast
      (approximate equilibrium within 1 hour). However, only a small fraction of the
      adsorbed FeDMA (28-35 %) could be desorbed. CONCLUSIONS: Despite this small
      fraction, the desorbed FeDMA still exceeded the amount in solution, indicating
      that desorption of FeDMA from soil reactive compounds can be an important process
      buffering the solution concentration.

PMID- 27375303
TI  - International Charitable Connections: the Growth in Number, and the Countries of
      Operation, of English and Welsh Charities Working Overseas.
AB  - This paper provides new empirical evidence about English and Welsh charities
      operating internationally. It answers basic questions unaddressed in existing
      work: how many charities work overseas, and how has this number changed over
      time? In which countries do they operate, and what underlies these geographical
      patterns? It makes use of a unique administrative dataset which records every
      country in which each charity operates. The results show a sizeable increase in
      the number of charities working overseas since the mid-1990s. They show that
      charities are much more likely to work in countries with colonial and linguistic
      ties to the UK, and less likely to work in countries with high levels of
      instability or corruption. This considerable geographical unevenness, even after
      controlling for countries' population size and poverty, illustrates the
      importance of supply-side theories and of institutional factors to an
      understanding of international voluntary activity. The paper also serves to
      provide a new perspective on international charitable operation: while it is the
      large development charities that are household names, the results reveal the
      extent of small-scale 'grassroots' registered charitable activity that links
      people and places internationally, and the extent of activity in 'developed' as
      well as 'developing' country contexts.

PMID- 27375304
TI  - Payday lending in the UK: the regul(aris)ation of a necessary evil?
AB  - Concern about the increasing use of payday lending led the UK's Financial Conduct
      Authority to introduce landmark reforms in 2014/15. While these reforms have
      generally been welcomed as a way of curbing 'extortionate' and 'predatory'
      lending, this paper presents a more nuanced picture based on a theoretically
      informed analysis of the growth and nature of payday lending combined with
      original and rigorous qualitative interviews with customers. We argue that payday
      lending has grown as a result of three major and inter-related trends: growing
      income insecurity for people both in and out of work; cuts in state welfare
      provision; and increasing financialisation. Recent reforms of payday lending do
      nothing to tackle these root causes. Our research also makes a major contribution
      to debates about the 'everyday life' of financialisation by focusing on the
      'lived experience' of borrowers. We show that, contrary to the rather simplistic
      picture presented by the media and many campaigners, various aspects of payday
      lending are actually welcomed by customers, given the situations they are in.
      Tighter regulation may therefore have negative consequences for some. More
      generally, we argue that the regul(aris)ation of payday lending reinforces the
      shift in the role of the state from provider/redistributor to regulator/enabler.

PMID- 27375305
TI  - LINKING SURVEY AND ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS: MECHANISMS OF CONSENT.
AB  - Survey records are increasingly being linked to administrative databases to
      enhance the survey data and increase research opportunities for data users. A
      necessary prerequisite to linking survey and administrative records is obtaining
      informed consent from respondents. Obtaining consent from all respondents is a
      difficult challenge and one that faces significant resistance. Consequently, data
      linkage consent rates vary widely from study-to-study. Several studies have found
      significant differences between consenters and non-consenters on socio
      demographic variables, but no study has investigated the underlying mechanisms of
      consent from a theory-driven perspective. In this study, we describe and test
      several hypotheses related to respondents' willingness to consent to an earnings
      and benefit data linkage request based on mechanisms related to financial
      uncertainty, privacy concerns, resistance towards the survey interview, level of
      attentiveness during the interview, the respondents' preexisting relationship
      with the administrative data agency, and matching respondents and interviewers on
      observable characteristics. The results point to several implications for survey
      practice and suggestions for future research.

PMID- 27375306
TI  - Depression and Co-Occurring Health Determinants of Hispanic Men with HIV
      Infection in the U.S.-Mexico Border Region: A Pilot Study.
AB  - HIV infection among Hispanic men is a public health concern. Certain factors have
      been identified that may contribute to the high rates of HIV infection among
      Hispanic men such as migration, acculturation, poverty, and depression. Hispanic
      men with HIV infection are at risk for additional co-occurring health issues.
      Given limited research few studies have focused specifically on Hispanic men with
      HIV infection residing in a U.S.-Mexico border community. This pilot study
      surveyed participants (n = 39), to better understand co-occurrence of health
      determinants, especially depression among Hispanic men with HIV infection. The
      study's findings indicate that clinicians need to be aware that factors may
      influence depression among people with Hispanic men with HIV infection.
      Clinicians also need awareness of the impact of depression on adherence to HIV
      care and treatment among Hispanic men with HIV infection. More research is needed
      to explore the relationship of HIV-related stigma, HIV disclosure, social
      support, and depression among Hispanic men with HIV infection.

PMID- 27375307
TI  - On point estimation of the abnormality of a Mahalanobis index.
AB  - Mahalanobis distance may be used as a measure of the disparity between an
      individual's profile of scores and the average profile of a population of
      controls. The degree to which the individual's profile is unusual can then be
      equated to the proportion of the population who would have a larger Mahalanobis
      distance than the individual. Several estimators of this proportion are examined.
      These include plug-in maximum likelihood estimators, medians, the posterior mean
      from a Bayesian probability matching prior, an estimator derived from a Taylor
      expansion, and two forms of polynomial approximation, one based on Bernstein
      polynomial and one on a quadrature method. Simulations show that some estimators,
      including the commonly-used plug-in maximum likelihood estimators, can have
      substantial bias for small or moderate sample sizes. The polynomial
      approximations yield estimators that have low bias, with the quadrature method
      marginally to be preferred over Bernstein polynomials. However, the polynomial
      estimators sometimes yield infeasible estimates that are outside the 0-1 range.
      While none of the estimators are perfectly unbiased, the median estimators match
      their definition; in simulations their estimates of the proportion have a median
      error close to zero. The standard median estimator can give unrealistically small
      estimates (including 0) and an adjustment is proposed that ensures estimates are
      always credible. This latter estimator has much to recommend it when unbiasedness
      is not of paramount importance, while the quadrature method is recommended when
      bias is the dominant issue.

PMID- 27375308
TI  - Determination of 241Am in Urine Using Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma
      Mass Spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS).
AB  - Quantification of 241Am in urine at low levels is important for assessment of
      individuals' or populations' accidental, environmental, or terrorism-related
      internal contamination, but no convenient, precise method has been established to
      rapidly determine these low levels. Here we report a new analytical method to
      measure 241Am as developed and validated at the Centers for Disease Control and
      Prevention (CDC) by means of the selective retention of Am from urine directly on
      DGA resin, followed by SF-ICP-MS detection. The method provides rapid results
      with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 0.22 pg/L (0.028 Bq/L), which is lower than
      1/3 of the C/P CDG for 241Am at 5 days post-exposure. The results obtained by
      this method closely agree with CDC values as measured by Liquid Scintillation
      Counting, and with National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) Certified
      Reference Materials (CRM) target values.

PMID- 27375309
TI  - Summary report MTAA14-NAMLS11.

PMID- 27375310
TI  - Automation system for neutron activation analysis at the reactor IBR-2, Frank
      Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna,
      Russia.
AB  - The present status of development of software packages and equipment designed for
      automation of NAA at the reactor IBR-2 of FLNP, JINR, Dubna, RF, is described.
      The NAA database, construction of sample changers and software for automation of
      spectra measurement and calculation of concentrations are presented. Automation
      of QC procedures is integrated in the software developed. Details of the design
      are shown.

PMID- 27375311
TI  - Detection limits should be a thing of the past in gamma-ray spectrometry in
      general as well as in neutron activation analysis.
AB  - In gamma-ray spectrometry with high-resolution detectors, full-energy peaks are
      often to be detected by a peak-search algorithm, with a threshold for detection.
      Detection limits can be derived from this. Detection limits are often computed
      along with measured activities or concentrations. When an analyte is not
      detected, the detection limit remains as the only available information. This
      leads to inhomogeneous datasets that are difficult or impossible to process
      correctly without introducing artefacts or biases. Here, it is proposed to
      determine peak areas at predetermined energies. An unbiased result with its
      uncertainty always results, obviating the "detection limit" concept.

PMID- 27375312
TI  - Increased yield stability of field-grown winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
      varietal mixtures through ecological processes.
AB  - Crop variety mixtures have the potential to increase yield stability in highly
      variable and unpredictable environments, yet knowledge of the specific mechanisms
      underlying enhanced yield stability has been limited. Ecological processes in
      genetically diverse crops were investigated by conducting field trials with
      winter barley varieties (Hordeum vulgare), grown as monocultures or as three-way
      mixtures in fungicide treated and untreated plots at three sites. Mixtures
      achieved yields comparable to the best performing monocultures whilst enhancing
      yield stability despite being subject to multiple predicted and unpredicted
      abiotic and biotic stresses including brown rust (Puccinia hordei) and lodging.
      There was compensation through competitive release because the most competitive
      variety overyielded in mixtures thereby compensating for less competitive
      varieties. Facilitation was also identified as an important ecological process
      within mixtures by reducing lodging. This study indicates that crop varietal
      mixtures have the capacity to stabilise productivity even when environmental
      conditions and stresses are not predicted in advance. Varietal mixtures provide a
      means of increasing crop genetic diversity without the need for extensive
      breeding efforts. They may confer enhanced resilience to environmental stresses
      and thus be a desirable component of future cropping systems for sustainable
      arable farming.

PMID- 27375313
TI  - A geometric calibration method for inverse geometry computed tomography using P
      matrices.
AB  - Accurate and artifact free reconstruction of tomographic images requires precise
      knowledge of the imaging system geometry. This work proposes a novel projection
      matrix (P-matrix) based calibration method to enable C-arm inverse geometry CT
      (IGCT). The method is evaluated for scanning-beam digital x-ray (SBDX), a C-arm
      mounted inverse geometry fluoroscopic technology. A helical configuration of
      fiducials is imaged at each gantry angle in a rotational acquisition. For each
      gantry angle, digital tomosynthesis is performed at multiple planes and a
      composite image analogous to a cone-beam projection is generated from the plane
      stack. The geometry of the C-arm, source array, and detector array is determined
      at each angle by constructing a parameterized 3D-to-2D projection matrix that
      minimizes the sum-of-squared deviations between measured and projected fiducial
      coordinates. Simulations were used to evaluate calibration performance with
      translations and rotations of the source and detector. In a geometry with 1 mm
      translation of the central ray relative to the axis-of-rotation and 1 degree yaw
      of the detector and source arrays, the maximum error in the recovered
      translational parameters was 0.4 mm and maximum error in the rotation parameter
      was 0.02 degrees. The relative root-mean-square error in a reconstruction of a
      numerical thorax phantom was 0.4% using the calibration method, versus 7.7%
      without calibration. Changes in source-detector-distance were the most
      challenging to estimate. Reconstruction of experimental SBDX data using the
      proposed method eliminated double contour artifacts present in a non-calibrated
      reconstruction. The proposed IGCT geometric calibration method reduces image
      artifacts when uncertainties exist in system geometry.

PMID- 27375314
TI  - Method for dose-reduced 3D catheter tracking on a scanning-beam digital x-ray
      system using dynamic electronic collimation.
AB  - Scanning-beam digital x-ray (SBDX) is an inverse geometry x-ray fluoroscopy
      system capable of tomosynthesis-based 3D catheter tracking. This work proposes a
      method of dose-reduced 3D tracking using dynamic electronic collimation (DEC) of
      the SBDX scanning x-ray tube. Positions in the 2D focal spot array are
      selectively activated to create a region-of-interest (ROI) x-ray field around the
      tracked catheter. The ROI position is updated for each frame based on a motion
      vector calculated from the two most recent 3D tracking results. The technique was
      evaluated with SBDX data acquired as a catheter tip inside a chest phantom was
      pulled along a 3D trajectory. DEC scans were retrospectively generated from the
      detector images stored for each focal spot position. DEC imaging of a catheter
      tip in a volume measuring 11.4 cm across at isocenter required 340 active focal
      spots per frame, versus 4473 spots in full-FOV mode. The dose-area-product (DAP)
      and peak skin dose (PSD) for DEC versus full field-of-view (FOV) scanning were
      calculated using an SBDX Monte Carlo simulation code. DAP was reduced to 7.4% to
      8.4% of the full-FOV value, consistent with the relative number of active focal
      spots (7.6%). For image sequences with a moving catheter, PSD was 33.6% to 34.8%
      of the full-FOV value. The root-mean-squared-deviation between DEC-based 3D
      tracking coordinates and full-FOV 3D tracking coordinates was less than 0.1 mm.
      The 3D distance between the tracked tip and the sheath centerline averaged 0.75
      mm. Dynamic electronic collimation can reduce dose with minimal change in
      tracking performance.

PMID- 27375315
TI  - Hierarchical nucleus segmentation in digital pathology images.
AB  - Extracting nuclei is one of the most actively studied topic in the digital
      pathology researches. Most of the studies directly search the nuclei (or seeds
      for the nuclei) from the finest resolution available. While the richest
      information has been utilized by such approaches, it is sometimes difficult to
      address the heterogeneity of nuclei in different tissues. In this work, we
      propose a hierarchical approach which starts from the lower resolution level and
      adaptively adjusts the parameters while progressing into finer and finer
      resolution. The algorithm is tested on brain and lung cancers images from The
      Cancer Genome Atlas data set.

PMID- 27375316
TI  - Factors Affecting Morbidity in Solid Organ Injuries.
AB  - Background and Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of
      demographic characteristics, biochemical parameters, amount of blood transfusion,
      and trauma scores on morbidity in patients with solid organ injury following
      trauma. Material and Method. One hundred nine patients with solid organ injury
      due to abdominal trauma during January 2005 and October 2015 were examined
      retrospectively in the General Surgery Department of Dicle University Medical
      Faculty. Patients' age, gender, trauma interval time, vital status (heart rate,
      arterial tension, and respiratory rate), hematocrit (HCT) value, serum area
      aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values, presence of
      free abdominal fluid in USG, trauma mechanism, extra-abdominal system injuries,
      injured solid organs and their number, degree of injury in abdominal CT, number
      of blood transfusions, duration of hospital stay, time of operation (for those
      undergoing operation), trauma scores (ISS, RTS, Glasgow coma scale, and TRISS),
      and causes of morbidity and mortality were examined. In posttraumatic follow-up
      period, intra-abdominal hematoma infection, emboli, catheter infection, and deep
      vein thrombosis were monitored as factors of morbidity. Results. One hundred nine
      patients were followed up and treated due to isolated solid organ injury
      following abdominal trauma. There were 81 males (74.3%) and 28 females (25.7%),
      and the mean age was 37.6 +/- 18.28 (15-78) years. When examining the mechanism
      of abdominal trauma in patients, the following results were obtained: 58 (53.3%)
      traffic accidents (22 out-vehicle and 36 in-vehicle), 27 (24.7%) falling from a
      height, 14 (12.9%) assaults, 5 (4.5%) sharp object injuries, and 5 (4.5%) gunshot
      injuries. When evaluating 69 liver injuries scaled by CT the following was
      detected: 14 (20.3%) of grade I, 32 (46.4%) of grade II, 22 (31.8%) of grade III,
      and 1 (1.5%) of grade IV. In 63 spleen injuries scaled by CT the following was
      present: grade I in 21 (33.3%), grade II in 27 (42.9%), grade III in 11 (17.5%),
      and grade IV in 4 (6.3%). The mean length of hospital stay after trauma was 6.46
      days in the medically followed patients. This ratio was 8.13 days in 22 patients
      with morbidity and 5.98 days in 78 patients without morbidity. There was a
      morbidity in 22 (22%) patients medically followed after trauma. In this study,
      nonoperative treatment was observed to be performed safely in solid organ
      injuries after trauma in case of absence of hemodynamic stability and peritoneal
      irritation. It has been emphasized that injury of both liver and spleen (p <
      0.01), high respiratory rate (p < 0.01), trauma scores (GKS, ISS, RTS) (p <
      0.0001), and elevation of ALT AST values (p < 0.01) are stimulants for morbidity
      that may occur during follow-up. Conclusion. Medical follow-up can be considered
      in patients with high grade injuries similar to patients with low-grade solid
      organ injury after trauma. The injury of both liver and spleen, high respiratory
      rate, high GCS and ISS, low RTS, and elevation of ALT AST values were found to
      increase morbidity again in the follow-up of these patients. 

PMID- 27375317
TI  - Regeneration of the power performance of cathodes affected by biofouling.
AB  - Air cathode microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were used in a cascade-system, to treat
      neat human urine as the fuel. Their long-term operation caused biodeterioration
      and biofouling of the cathodes. The cathodes were made from two graphite-painted
      layers, separated by a current collector. The initial performance of the MFCs was
      reaching average values of 105.5 +/- 32.2 MUW and current of 1164.5 +/- 120.2
      MUA. After 3 months of operation the power performance decreased to 9.8 +/- 3.5
      MUW, whilst current decreased to 461.2 +/- 137.5 MUA. Polarisation studies
      revealed significant transport losses accompanied by a biofilm formation on the
      cathodes. The alkaline lysis procedure was established to remove the biomass and
      chemical compounds adsorbed on the cathode's surface. As a result, the current
      increased from 378.6 +/- 108.3 MUA to 503.8 +/- 95.6 MUA. The additional step of
      replacing the outer layer of the cathode resulted in a further increase of
      current to 698.1 +/- 130 MUA. Similarly, the power performance of the MFCs was
      recovered to the original level reaching 105.3 +/- 16.3 MUW, which corresponds to
      100% recovery. Monitoring bacterial cell number on the cathode's surface showed
      that biofilm formed during operation was successfully removed and composed mainly
      of dead bacterial cells after treatment. To the best of the authors' knowledge,
      this is the first time that the performance of deteriorating cathodes, has been
      successfully recovered for MFCs in-situ. Through this easy, fast and inexpensive
      procedure, designing multilayer cathodes may help enhance the range of operating
      conditions, if a biofilm forms on their surface.

PMID- 27375318
TI  - Analysing reduced tillage practices within a bio-economic modelling framework.
AB  - Sustainable intensification of agricultural production systems will require
      changes in farm practice. Within arable cropping systems, reducing the intensity
      of tillage practices (e.g. reduced tillage) potentially offers one such
      sustainable intensification approach. Previous researchers have tended to examine
      the impact of reduced tillage on specific factors such as yield or weed burden,
      whilst, by definition, sustainable intensification necessitates a system-based
      analysis approach. Drawing upon a bio-economic optimisation model, 'MEETA', we
      quantify trade-off implications between potential yield reductions, reduced
      cultivation costs and increased crop protection costs. We extend the MEETA model
      to quantify farm-level net margin, in addition to quantifying farm-level gross
      margin, net energy, and greenhouse gas emissions. For the lowest intensity
      tillage system, zero tillage, results demonstrate financial benefits over a
      conventional tillage system even when the zero tillage system includes yield
      penalties of 0-14.2% (across all crops). Average yield reductions from zero
      tillage literature range from 0 to 8.5%, demonstrating that reduced tillage
      offers a realistic and attainable sustainable intensification intervention, given
      the financial and environmental benefits, albeit that yield reductions will
      require more land to compensate for loss of calories produced, negating
      environmental benefits observed at farm-level. However, increasing uptake of
      reduced tillage from current levels will probably require policy intervention; an
      extension of the recent changes to the CAP ('Greening') provides an opportunity
      to do this.

PMID- 27375319
TI  - Correlation of Intra Vascular Cannula Insertion Technique and Ward Practices with
      Local Site Infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravascular cannulas are indispensable in modern day
      medical care. These cannulas, if not inserted properly, predispose a patient to
      various morbidities. The present study was carried out to assess the incidence of
      intravascular cannula associated infections and correlate it with cannula
      insertion techniques and ward practices. METHODS: The study was carried out in
      the wards of a tertiary care hospital. The study was divided into two phases,
      each phase comprising of 50 patients. In phase 1, cannula insertion was carried
      out after normal ward cleaning practices. In phase 2, cleaning of the site was
      done by standard surgical cleaning procedure. The cannula samples after removal
      were cultured and local signs of thrombophlebitis looked for at the site of
      insertion. Thrombophlebitis was considered a surrogate marker of local infection
      in the vessel wall. RESULT: The relative risk of acquiring thrombophlebitis
      increased by 2.18 times (applying univariate analysis) by existing methods as
      compared to the standard method. CONCLUSION: Use of standard cleaning protocol
      had a significant effect on decreasing the incidence of cannula associated
      infections and cannula related morbidity.

PMID- 27375320
TI  - Irritant Dermatitis to Staphylinid Beetle in Indian Troops in Congo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Contact dermatitis to Staphylinid beetle is a well known entity
      worldwide. Paederus sabaeus (Econda) species of this insect was responsible for a
      widespread occurrence of this dermatitis in United Nations (UN) troops posted in
      Congo. This study was undertaken to observe the various aspects of this unique
      dermatitis in the mission area. METHODS: All clinically diagnosed cases of
      contact dermatitis to Econda occurring in Indian troops posted to UN mission in
      Congo during the study period were included. Their epidemiological and clinical
      characteristics with treatment options were studied in detail. RESULT: A wide
      range of dermatological manifestations were seen in the subjects under study. Few
      of the manifestations observed in the study have not been reported earlier in
      literature. Most of the reactions occurred on the exposed areas. Treatment
      options were guided by the site and the severity of the reaction. CONCLUSION:
      Contact dermatitis to Staphylinid beetle can mimic various other dermatoses and
      has to be considered in the differential diagnosis in all dermatological
      consultations during the peak season in the Congo mission area. The insect was
      found to have certain definite behavioural patterns, the knowledge of which would
      help in preventing this dermatosis.

PMID- 27375321
TI  - Evaluation of Vitreous Substitutes in Managing Complicated Vitreo-retinal
      Surgeries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitreous substitutes presently in use for intraoperative tamponade
      are perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) and for post operative tamponade are silicon
      oil (SO), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and perfluorocarbon gas (PFC). Several
      factors are important for a thorough understanding of each of these vitreous
      substitutes. The absorption or necessity for removal, indications for use
      (including clinical studies and special surgical methods), additives and
      complications of use have to be considered. METHODS: Three port standard pars
      plana vitrectomy was performed in 60 consecutive cases requiring intra-vitreal
      intervention. PFCL was used intra-operatively in 30 cases (PFCL group and X
      group). The eyes were implanted with SO (silicon oil subgroup), PFC (C3F8 sub
      group) and SF6 (SF6 sub-group) in twenty cases each. Apart from best corrected
      visual acuity (BCVA), the retinal status and the longevity of gas when used,
      changes and reaction in both the anterior and posterior segments were noted.
      RESULT: The difference of postoperative BCVA in the PFCL and non-PFCL groups was
      statistically significant with p < 0.001. In both the PFCL and non-PFCL groups
      the difference between preoperative and postoperative BCVA was statistically
      significant with p < 0.0001. All three vitreous substitutes studied are effective
      given the case where they had been utilised. CONCLUSION: PFCL is invaluable in
      the management of complicated retinal detachment (RD). Where a vitreous
      microsurgery is indicated, the visual outcome is good. SF6 is useful for short
      term tamponade. Silicon oil and C3F8 are useful for longer tamponade.

PMID- 27375323
TI  - 5-Fluoro-Uracil and Low Molecular Weight Heparin in the Management of
      Proliferative Vitreo-retinopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proliferative vitreo-retinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of
      failed repair of a primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). The success
      rates for the surgery of complicated RRD has doubled with improved vitreous
      techniques from 35-40% to approximately 65-75% at six months. However, despite
      these advances, recurrent vitreo-retinal traction leads to re-detachment in more
      than one-fourths of the initially successful cases. The use of adjunctive
      treatments to prevent cellular proliferation holds promise for the prevention of
      PVR or recurrences after surgery. One focus has been on the use of intra-vitreal
      antimetabolites to prevent the occurrence of PVR. METHODS: Thirty patients of
      complicated retinal detachment associated with PVR, C1 or more were managed by
      vitreo-retinal (VR) surgery with the addition of 250 MUg / ml of 5-fluorouracil
      (5FU) and 1 IU / ml of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) to the vitreous
      infusion. The patients were examined for any evidence of PVR till 180 days as
      also for any systemic or other ophthalmic complication. RESULT: Out of the 30
      cases in the study group, 25 (83.34%) cases had retinal settlement at the end of
      six weeks, which is similar to the outcomes of conventional VR surgery. There was
      no case of any serious complication. CONCLUSION: The addition of LMWH and 5FU did
      not enhance the outcome of VR surgery.

PMID- 27375322
TI  - Comparative Study of Predeposit and Bedside Leucodepletion Filters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Removal of leucocytes from cellular blood components is associated
      with reduction of several transfusion associated adverse reactions. METHODS: A
      total of 400 units of packed red blood cells (RBCs) were subjected to
      leucodepletion at room temperature and 4 degrees C using different commercially
      available prestorage and bedside filters (Terumo Penpol Immugard III and Pall
      Medical BPF-4). Pre-filtration and post-filtration parameters were compared to
      assess the efficacy of prestorage leucodepletion vis-a-vis bedside leucodepletion
      and the requirement of universal leucodepletion. RESULT: Mean post-filtration red
      cell recovery ranged from 88.49-93.49% with all bags showing more than 85% red
      cell recovery. Mean post-filtration residual leucocyte count ranged from 0.205 *
      10(6)-0.338 * 10(6)/bag with all bags showing more than log 3 leucoreduction.
      Prestorage leucoreduction achieved by the polyurethane filter was better than
      that achieved by the polyester filter. Red cell recovery with the bedside filters
      at room temperature was significantly less than that with prestorage filters at
      either temperature. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that prestorage
      leucoreduction is preferable over bedside leucoreduction and that polyurethane
      filters are better than polyester filters since leucodepletion achieved with the
      former is higher. We recommend selective log 3 leucodepletion using polyurethane
      prestorage filters for patients with specific indications.

PMID- 27375324
TI  - Picture Quiz.

PMID- 27375325
TI  - Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: An Insight.
AB  - Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) is respiratory distress in a newborn baby
      caused by the presence of meconium in the tracheobronchial airways. The
      aspiration of meconium stained amniotic fluid by the fetus can happen during
      antepartum or intrapartum periods and can result in airway obstruction,
      interference with alveolar gas exchange, chemical pneumonitis as well as
      surfactant dysfunction. These pulmonary effects cause gross ventilation-perfusion
      mismatching. To complicate matters further, many infants with MAS have primary or
      secondary persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn as a result of chronic
      in utero stress and thickening of the pulmonary vessels. Although meconium is
      sterile, its presence in the air passages can predispose the infant to pulmonary
      infection. MAS is essentially a clinical diagnosis and should always be suspected
      in a child with respiratory distress and meconium-stained amniotic fluid at
      delivery. Though a known entity for a long time, its management still remains
      contentious. Intubation and direct tracheal suction is performed when meconium is
      observed in the amniotic fluid and the infant is not vigorous. Subsequent
      management involves ventilation, surfactant instillation and lavage, inhaled
      nitric oxide and high frequency ventilation. The role of steroids continues to be
      controversial. 

PMID- 27375326
TI  - Radiotherapy: Basic Concepts and Recent Advances.
AB  - Radiation therapy (RT) is a clinical modality dealing with the use of ionizing
      radiations to treat malignant neoplasias (and occasionally benign diseases).
      Since its inception, the goal of RT has been to cure cancer locally without
      excessive side effects. The most important factors affecting the results of RT
      are the tumor type, its location and regional extent, the anatomic area of
      involvement and the geometric accuracy with which a calculated radiation dose is
      delivered. Although higher doses of radiation can produce better tumor control,
      the dosage which can be given is limited by the possibility of normal tissue
      damage. Approximately 60-65% of all cancer patients require RT as the sole
      treatment modality and / or in combination with surgery or chemotherapeutic
      drugs. There is a huge gap between demand and supply of radiotherapy facilities
      and infrastructure. Most of the oncocentres are located in urban areas in private
      sector and are beyond the reach of the common man. 

PMID- 27375327
TI  - Use of Surgical Facemasks in the Operation Theatre: Effective or Habit?

PMID- 27375328
TI  - Antenatally Diagnosed Posterior Urethral Valves: A Dilemma.

PMID- 27375329
TI  - Radiological quiz.

PMID- 27375330
TI  - Prenatal Diagnosis of Gaucher Disease.

PMID- 27375331
TI  - An Unusual Case of Pain Abdomen.

PMID- 27375332
TI  - Stavudine Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Paediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus
      Infection.

PMID- 27375333
TI  - Spontaneous Resolution of Corneal Oedema after Inadvertent Descemetorhexis during
      Cataract Surgery.

PMID- 27375334
TI  - Symptom Triggered Therapy in Delirium Tremens.

PMID- 27375335
TI  - Upshaw-Schulman Syndrome.

PMID- 27375336
TI  - Surgically Assisted Maxillo-mandibular Transverse Expansion.

PMID- 27375337
TI  - Filarial Dance in a Breast Lump.

PMID- 27375338
TI  - Migrating Extraluminal Foreign Body Hypopharynx.

PMID- 27375339
TI  - Severe Symptomatic Diuretic Induced Hyponatremia.

PMID- 27375340
TI  - First reported case of African Viper bite treated with Indian Polyvalent Anti
      Snake Venom.

PMID- 27375341
TI  - High transpiration efficiency increases pod yield under intermittent drought in
      dry and hot atmospheric conditions but less so under wetter and cooler conditions
      in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea (L.)).
AB  - Water limitation is a major yield limiting factor in groundnut and transpiration
      efficiency (TE) is considered the main target for improvement, but TE being
      difficult to measure it has mostly been screened with surrogates. The paper re
      explore the contribution of TE to grain yield in peanut by using a novel
      experimental approach in which TE is measured gravimetrically throughout the crop
      life cycle, in addition to measurement of TE surrogates. Experimentation was
      carried out with the groundnut reference collection (n = 288), across seasons
      varying for the evaporative demand (vapor pressure deficit, VPD) and across both
      fully irrigated and intermittent water stress conditions. There was large
      genotypic variation for TE under water stress in both low and high VPD season but
      the range was larger (5-fold) in the high- than in the low-VPD season (2-fold).
      Under water stress in both seasons, yield was closely related to the harvest
      index (HI) while TE related directly to yield only in the high VPD season. After
      discounting the direct HI effect on yield, TE explained a large portion of the
      remaining yield variations in both seasons, although marginally in the low VPD
      season. By contrast, the total water extracted from the soil profile, which
      varied between genotypes, did not relate directly to pod yield and neither to the
      yield residuals unexplained by HI. Surrogates for TE (specific leaf area, SLA,
      and SPAD chlorophyll meter readings, SCMR) never showed any significant
      correlation to TE measurements. Therefore, TE is an important factor explaining
      yield differences in groundnut under high VPD environments, suggesting that
      stomatal regulation under high VPD, rather than high photosynthetic rate as
      proposed earlier, may have a key role to play in the large TE differences found,
      which open new opportunities to breed improved groundnut for high VPD.

PMID- 27375342
TI  - Effect of the chamber wall on fluorocarbon-assisted atomic layer etching of SiO2
      using cyclic Ar/C4F8 plasma.
AB  - The authors studied the effect of the temperature and chemical state of the
      chamber wall on process performance for atomic layer etching of SiO2 using a
      steady-state Ar plasma, periodic injection of a defined number of C4F8 molecules,
      and synchronized plasma-based Ar+ ion bombardment. To evaluate these effects, the
      authors measured the quartz coupling window temperature. The plasma gas phase
      chemistry was characterized using optical emission spectroscopy. It was found
      that although the thickness of the polymer film deposited in each cycle is
      constant, the etching behavior changed, which is likely related to a change in
      the plasma gas phase chemistry. The authors found that the main gas phase changes
      occur after C4F8 injection. The C4F8 and the quartz window react and generate SiF
      and CO. The emission intensity changes with wall surface state and temperature.
      Therefore, changes in the plasma gas species generation can lead to a shift in
      etching performance during processing. During initial cycles, minimal etching is
      observed, while etching gradually increases with cycle number.

PMID- 27375343
TI  - Ambient awareness: From random noise to digital closeness in online social
      networks.
AB  - Ambient awareness refers to the awareness social media users develop of their
      online network in result of being constantly exposed to social information, such
      as microblogging updates. Although each individual bit of information can seem
      like random noise, their incessant reception can amass to a coherent
      representation of social others. Despite its growing popularity and important
      implications for social media research, ambient awareness on public social media
      has not been studied empirically. We provide evidence for the occurrence of
      ambient awareness and examine key questions related to its content and functions.
      A diverse sample of participants reported experiencing awareness, both as a
      general feeling towards their network as a whole, and as knowledge of individual
      members of the network, whom they had not met in real life. Our results indicate
      that ambient awareness can develop peripherally, from fragmented information and
      in the relative absence of extensive one-to-one communication. We report the
      effects of demographics, media use, and network variables and discuss the
      implications of ambient awareness for relational and informational processes
      online.

PMID- 27375345
TI  - When and Where to Transfer for Bayes Net Parameter Learning.
AB  - Learning Bayesian networks from scarce data is a major challenge in real-world
      applications where data are hard to acquire. Transfer learning techniques attempt
      to address this by leveraging data from different but related problems. For
      example, it may be possible to exploit medical diagnosis data from a different
      country. A challenge with this approach is heterogeneous relatedness to the
      target, both within and across source networks. In this paper we introduce the
      Bayesian network parameter transfer learning (BNPTL) algorithm to reason about
      both network and fragment (sub-graph) relatedness. BNPTL addresses (i) how to
      find the most relevant source network and network fragments to transfer, and (ii)
      how to fuse source and target parameters in a robust way. In addition to
      improving target task performance, explicit reasoning allows us to diagnose
      network and fragment relatedness across BNs, even if latent variables are
      present, or if their state space is heterogeneous. This is important in some
      applications where relatedness itself is an output of interest. Experimental
      results demonstrate the superiority of BNPTL at various scarcities and source
      relevance levels compared to single task learning and other state-of-the-art
      parameter transfer methods. Moreover, we demonstrate successful application to
      real-world medical case studies.

PMID- 27375344
TI  - Dynamically adapted context-specific hyper-articulation: Feedback from
      interlocutors affects speakers' subsequent pronunciations.
AB  - We ask whether speakers can adapt their productions when feedback from their
      interlocutors suggests that previous productions were perceptually confusable. To
      address this question, we use a novel web-based task-oriented paradigm for speech
      recording, in which participants produce instructions towards a (simulated)
      partner with naturalistic response times. We manipulate (1) whether a target word
      with a voiceless plosive (e.g., pill) occurs in the presence of a voiced
      competitor (bill) or an unrelated word (food) and (2) whether or not the
      simulated partner occasionally misunderstands the target word. Speakers hyper
      articulated the target word when a voiced competitor was present. Moreover, the
      size of the hyper-articulation effect was nearly doubled when partners
      occasionally misunderstood the instruction. A novel type of distributional
      analysis further suggests that hyper-articulation did not change the target of
      production, but rather reduced the probability of perceptually ambiguous or
      confusable productions. These results were obtained in the absence of explicit
      clarification requests, and persisted across words and over trials. Our findings
      suggest that speakers adapt their pronunciations based on the perceived
      communicative success of their previous productions in the current environment.
      We discuss why speakers make adaptive changes to their speech and what mechanisms
      might underlie speakers' ability to do so.

PMID- 27375346
TI  - Perceived Parenting and Adolescent Cyber-Bullying: Examining the Intervening Role
      of Autonomy and Relatedness Need Satisfaction, Empathic Concern and Recognition
      of Humanness.
AB  - Due to the progress in information technology, cyber-bullying is becoming one of
      the most common forms of interpersonal harm, especially among teenagers. The
      present study (N = 548) aimed to investigate the relation between perceived
      parenting style (in terms of autonomy support and psychological control) and
      cyber-bullying in adolescence. Thereby, the study tested for the intervening role
      of adolescent need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy and relatedness), empathic
      concern towards others, and adolescents' recognition of full humanness to cyber
      bullying offenders and victims. Findings revealed both a direct and an indirect
      relation between parenting and cyber-bullying. More specifically, parental
      psychological control directly predicted cyber-bullying, whereas parental
      autonomy support related to less cyber-bullying indirectly, as it was associated
      with the satisfaction of adolescents' need for autonomy, which predicted more
      empathic concern towards others, which in turn differentially related to
      recognition of humanness to victims and bullies. The discussion focuses on the
      implications of the current findings.

PMID- 27375347
TI  - Group-Schematherapy for Adolescents: Results from a Naturalistic Multiple Case
      Study.
AB  - Personality disorders are complex mental health problems, associated with chronic
      dysfunction in several life domains. Adolescents suffer from these disorders as
      well. The present study is a naturalistic case study, investigating whether group
      schematherapy (GST) can be applied to adolescents with personality disorders or
      personality disorder traits. Four clinically referred patients were included and
      completed questionnaires on quality of life, symptoms of psychopathology, schema
      modes, early maladaptive schemas, and schema coping styles. Patients participated
      in weekly GST sessions complemented by weekly or 2-weekly individual sessions.
      The parents of the adolescents participated in a separate parent group. From pre-
      to post-treatment, results demonstrated improvements for some patients in quality
      of life and symptoms of psychopathology. Changes in a number of modes and schemas
      were observed in all patients from pre- to post-therapy. In addition to assessing
      changes from pre- to post-treatment, the current study investigated the temporal
      changes in modes during therapy as well. Results demonstrated that maladaptive
      modes decreased, whereas healthy modes increased for all patients across the
      course of therapy. The present study provides preliminary support for the
      applicability of GST for adolescents as well as the effectiveness of GST. It is a
      starting point for further research on this intervention.

PMID- 27375348
TI  - Expressive visual text-to-speech as an assistive technology for individuals with
      autism spectrum conditions.
AB  - Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) experience marked difficulties in
      recognising the emotions of others and responding appropriately. The clinical
      characteristics of ASC mean that face to face or group interventions may not be
      appropriate for this clinical group. This article explores the potential of a new
      interactive technology, converting text to emotionally expressive speech, to
      improve emotion processing ability and attention to faces in adults with ASC. We
      demonstrate a method for generating a near-videorealistic avatar (XpressiveTalk),
      which can produce a video of a face uttering inputted text, in a large variety of
      emotional tones. We then demonstrate that general population adults can correctly
      recognize the emotions portrayed by XpressiveTalk. Adults with ASC are
      significantly less accurate than controls, but still above chance levels for
      inferring emotions from XpressiveTalk. Both groups are significantly more
      accurate when inferring sad emotions from XpressiveTalk compared to the original
      actress, and rate these expressions as significantly more preferred and
      realistic. The potential applications for XpressiveTalk as an assistive
      technology for adults with ASC is discussed.

PMID- 27375349
TI  - It's Back to School Time!: The Role of School Nurses in Preparing a Medically
      Safe and Supportive Environment for Students with Diabetes.

PMID- 27375350
TI  - TRACTABLE DIFFUSION AND COALESCENT PROCESSES FOR WEAKLY CORRELATED LOCI.
AB  - Widely used models in genetics include the Wright-Fisher diffusion and its moment
      dual, Kingman's coalescent. Each has a multilocus extension but under neither
      extension is the sampling distribution available in closed-form, and their
      computation is extremely difficult. In this paper we derive two new multilocus
      population genetic models, one a diffusion and the other a coalescent process,
      which are much simpler than the standard models, but which capture their key
      properties for large recombination rates. The diffusion model is based on a
      central limit theorem for density dependent population processes, and we show
      that the sampling distribution is a linear combination of moments of Gaussian
      distributions and hence available in closed-form. The coalescent process is based
      on a probabilistic coupling of the ancestral recombination graph to a simpler
      genealogical process which exposes the leading dynamics of the former. We further
      demonstrate that when we consider the sampling distribution as an asymptotic
      expansion in inverse powers of the recombination parameter, the sampling
      distributions of the new models agree with the standard ones up to the first two
      orders.

PMID- 27375351
TI  - Targeted next-generation sequencing extends the phenotypic and mutational
      spectrums for EYS mutations.
AB  - PURPOSE: We aim to determine genetic lesions with a phenotypic correlation in
      four Chinese families with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP).
      METHODS: Medical histories were carefully reviewed. All patients received
      comprehensive ophthalmic evaluations. The next-generation sequencing (NGS)
      approach targeting a panel of 205 retinal disease-relevant genes and 15 candidate
      genes was selectively performed on probands from the four recruited families for
      mutation detection. Online predictive software and crystal structure modeling
      were also applied to test the potential pathogenic effects of identified
      mutations. RESULTS: Of the four families, two were diagnosed with RP sino
      pigmento (RPSP). Patients with RPSP claimed to have earlier RP age of onset but
      slower disease progression. Five mutations in the eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene,
      involving two novel (c.7228+1G>A and c.9248G>A) and three recurrent mutations
      (c.4957dupA, c.6416G>A and c.6557G>A), were found as RP causative in the four
      families. The missense variant c.5093T>C was determined to be a variant of
      unknown significance (VUS) due to the variant's colocalization in the same allele
      with the reported pathogenic mutation c.6416G>A. The two novel variants were
      further confirmed absent in 100 unrelated healthy controls. Online predictive
      software indicated potential pathogenicity of the three missense mutations.
      Further, crystal structural modeling suggested generation of two abnormal
      hydrogen bonds by the missense mutation p.G2186E (c.6557G>A) and elongation of
      its neighboring beta-sheet induced by p.G3083D (c.9248G>A), which could alter the
      tertiary structure of the eys protein and thus interrupt its physicochemical
      properties. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, with the targeted NGS approach, we
      reveal novel EYS mutations and prove the efficiency of targeted NGS in the
      genetic diagnoses of RP. We also first report the correlation between EYS
      mutations and RPSP. The genotypic-phenotypic relationship in all Chinese patients
      carrying mutations in the EYS gene were also reviewed and summarized.

PMID- 27375354
TI  - Elucidation of Softening Mechanism in Rinse-Cycle Fabric Softeners. Part 2:
      Uneven Adsorption-The Key Phenomenon to the Effect of Fabric Softeners.
AB  - We investigated the actual factor determining the softening effect of a fabric
      softener. The adsorption area of the softener on model cotton cloths and yarns
      was identified using bromophenol blue. There was almost no softener at the cross
      points of the yarns in the cloth samples or in the inner part of the yarns. The
      softening performance was better when there was less softener at the cross-points
      of the yarns than when the yarns were evenly covered by the softener. Thus we
      conclude that the presence of softener at the cross-points of yarns is not a
      vital factor in the softening effect. In addition, more softener was found on the
      outer part of the yarn than the inner part, indicating gradation in the
      adsorption pattern of the softener. Thus, we propose that more softener is
      adsorbed on the exposed part of the yarn in a cloth, and the formation of a
      hydrogen-bonding network containing bound water is inhibited, thus softening the
      outer part of the yarn. However, the presence of a small amount of softener in
      the inner part of the yarn preserves the hydrogen-bonding network. Favorable
      elasticity, or bounce, of the yarns and cloth is realized when an appropriate
      amount of softener is used. Excess softener would reach the inner part of the
      yarn, reducing the diameter of the core part of the yarn, making the cloth appear
      wilted.

PMID- 27375353
TI  - Quantitative modeling of the molecular steps underlying shut-off of rhodopsin
      activity in rod phototransduction.
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine the predictions of alternative models for the stochastic shut
      off of activated rhodopsin (R*) and their implications for the interpretation of
      experimentally recorded single-photon responses (SPRs) in mammalian rods. THEORY:
      We analyze the transitions that an activated R* molecule undergoes as a result of
      successive phosphorylation steps and arrestin binding. We consider certain
      simplifying cases for the relative magnitudes of the reaction rate constants and
      derive the probability distributions for the time to arrestin binding. In
      addition to the conventional model in which R* catalytic activity declines in a
      graded manner with successive phosphorylations, we analyze two cases in which the
      activity is assumed to occur not via multiple small steps upon each
      phosphorylation but via a single large step. We refer to these latter two cases
      as the binary R* shut-off and three-state R* shut-off models. METHODS: We
      simulate R*'s stochastic reactions numerically for the three models. In the
      simplifying cases for the ratio of rate constants in the binary and three-state
      models, we show that the probability distribution of the time to arrestin binding
      is accurately predicted. To simulate SPRs, we then integrate the differential
      equations for the downstream reactions using a standard model of the rod outer
      segment that includes longitudinal diffusion of cGMP and Ca(2+). RESULTS: Our
      simulations of SPRs in the conventional model of graded shut-off of R* conform
      closely to the simulations in a recent study. However, the gain factor required
      to account for the observed mean SPR amplitude is higher than can be accounted
      for from biochemical experiments. In addition, a substantial minority of the
      simulated SPRs exhibit features that have not been reported in published
      experiments. Our simulations of SPRs using the model of binary R* shut-off appear
      to conform closely to experimental results for wild type (WT) mouse rods, and the
      required gain factor conforms to biochemical expectations. However, for the
      arrestin knockout (Arr(-/-)) phenotype, the predictions deviated from
      experimental findings and led us to invoke a low-activity state that R* enters
      before arrestin binding. Our simulations of this three-state R* shut-off model
      are very similar to those of the binary model in the WT case but are preferred
      because they appear to accurately predict the mean SPRs for four mutant
      phenotypes, Arr(+/-), Arr(-/-), GRK1(+/-), and GRK1(-/-), in addition to the WT
      phenotype. When we additionally treated the formation and shut-off of activated
      phosphodiesterase (E*) as stochastic, the simulated SPRs appeared even more
      similar to real SPRs, and there was very little change in the ensemble mean and
      standard deviation or in the amplitude distribution. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude
      that the conventional model of graded reduction in R* activity through successive
      phosphorylation steps appears to be inconsistent with experimental results.
      Instead, we find that two variants of a model in which R* activity initially
      remains high and then declines abruptly after several phosphorylation steps
      appears capable of providing a better description of experimentally measured
      SPRs.

PMID- 27375352
TI  - Expression pattern in retinal photoreceptors of POMGnT1, a protein involved in
      muscle-eye-brain disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: The POMGNT1 gene, encoding protein O-linked-mannose beta-1,2-N
      acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1, is associated with muscle-eye-brain disease
      (MEB) and other dystroglycanopathies. This gene's lack of function or expression
      causes hypoglycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG) in the muscle and the
      central nervous system, including the brain and the retina. The ocular symptoms
      of patients with MEB include retinal degeneration and detachment, glaucoma, and
      abnormal electroretinogram. Nevertheless, the POMGnT1 expression pattern in the
      healthy mammalian retina has not yet been investigated. In this work, we address
      the expression of the POMGNT1 gene in the healthy retina of a variety of mammals
      and characterize the distribution pattern of this gene in the adult mouse retina
      and the 661W photoreceptor cell line. METHODS: Using reverse transcription (RT)
      PCR and immunoblotting, we studied POMGNT1 expression at the mRNA and protein
      levels in various mammalian species, from rodents to humans. Immunofluorescence
      confocal microscopy analyses were performed to characterize the distribution
      profile of its protein product in mouse retinal sections and in 661W cultured
      cells. The intranuclear distribution of POMT1 and POMT2, the two enzymes
      preceding POMGnT1 in the alpha-DG O-mannosyl glycosylation pathway, was also
      analyzed. RESULTS: POMGNT1 mRNA and its encoded protein were expressed in the
      neural retina of all mammals studied. POMGnT1 was located in the cytoplasmic
      fraction in the mouse retina and concentrated in the myoid portion of the
      photoreceptor inner segments, where the protein colocalized with GM130, a Golgi
      complex marker. The presence of POMGnT1 in the Golgi complex was also evident in
      661W cells. However, and in contrast to retinal tissue, POMGnT1 additionally
      accumulated in the nucleus of the 661W photoreceptors. Colocalization was found
      within this organelle between POMGnT1 and POMT1/2, the latter associated with
      euchromatic regions of the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that
      POMGnT1 participates not only in the synthesis of O-mannosyl glycans added to
      alpha-DG in the Golgi complex but also in the glycosylation of other yet-to-be
      identified proteins in the nucleus of mouse photoreceptors.

PMID- 27375356
TI  - Twenty-Five New Viruses Associated with the Drosophilidae (Diptera).
AB  - Drosophila melanogaster is an important laboratory model for studies of antiviral
      immunity in invertebrates, and Drosophila species provide a valuable system to
      study virus host range and host switching. Here, we use metagenomic RNA
      sequencing of about 1600 adult flies to discover 25 new RNA viruses associated
      with six different drosophilid hosts in the wild. We also provide a comprehensive
      listing of viruses previously reported from the Drosophilidae. The new viruses
      include Iflaviruses, Rhabdoviruses, Nodaviruses, and Reoviruses, and members of
      unclassified lineages distantly related to Negeviruses, Sobemoviruses,
      Poleroviruses, Flaviviridae, and Tombusviridae. Among these are close relatives
      of Drosophila X virus and Flock House virus, which we find in association with
      wild Drosophila immigrans. These two viruses are widely used in experimental
      studies but have not been previously reported to naturally infect Drosophila.
      Although we detect no new DNA viruses, in D. immigrans and Drosophila obscura, we
      identify sequences very closely related to Armadillidium vulgare iridescent virus
      (Invertebrate iridescent virus 31), bringing the total number of DNA viruses
      found in the Drosophilidae to three. 

PMID- 27375357
TI  - Rural, Pregnant, and Opioid Dependent: A Systematic Review.
AB  - The nature, impact, and treatment of substance use during pregnancy are well
      described for women living in urban settings. Less is known about pregnant
      substance-using women living in rural communities. The objective of this review
      is to describe the existing evidence for the management of substance use in
      pregnant women living in rural areas. A systematic review of the literature was
      conducted using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,
      and the quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE system. Twenty-two
      articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Descriptive studies
      document high rates of smoking, marijuana, and polysubstance use among rural,
      substance-using pregnant women compared to their urban counterparts. Management
      of substance use disorders is limited by access to and acceptability of treatment
      modalities. Several innovative, integrated addiction and prenatal care programs
      have been developed, which may serve as models for management of substance use
      during pregnancy in rural settings. 

PMID- 27375355
TI  - Freshwater Metaviromics and Bacteriophages: A Current Assessment of the State of
      the Art in Relation to Bioinformatic Challenges.
AB  - Advances in bioinformatics and sequencing technologies have allowed for the
      analysis of complex microbial communities at an unprecedented rate. While much
      focus is often placed on the cellular members of these communities, viruses play
      a pivotal role, particularly bacteria-infecting viruses (bacteriophages); phages
      mediate global biogeochemical processes and drive microbial evolution through
      bacterial grazing and horizontal gene transfer. Despite their importance and
      ubiquity in nature, very little is known about the diversity and structure of
      viral communities. Though the need for culture-based methods for viral
      identification has been somewhat circumvented through metagenomic techniques, the
      analysis of metaviromic data is marred with many unique issues. In this review,
      we examine the current bioinformatic approaches for metavirome analyses and the
      inherent challenges facing the field as illustrated by the ongoing efforts in the
      exploration of freshwater phage populations. 

PMID- 27375358
TI  - Mining Health-Related Issues in Consumer Product Reviews by Using Scalable Text
      Analytics.
AB  - In an era when most of our life activities are digitized and recorded,
      opportunities abound to gain insights about population health. Online product
      reviews present a unique data source that is currently underexplored. Health
      related information, although scarce, can be systematically mined in online
      product reviews. Leveraging natural language processing and machine learning
      tools, we were able to mine 1.3 million grocery product reviews for health
      related information. The objectives of the study were as follows: (1) conduct
      quantitative and qualitative analysis on the types of health issues found in
      consumer product reviews; (2) develop a machine learning classifier to detect
      reviews that contain health-related issues; and (3) gain insights about the task
      characteristics and challenges for text analytics to guide future research. 

PMID- 27375359
TI  - Effect of Trapping Methods, Weather, and Landscape on Estimates of the Culex
      Vector Mosquito Abundance.
AB  - The local abundance of Culex mosquitoes is a central factor adding to the risk of
      West Nile virus transmission, and vector abundance data influence public health
      decisions. This study evaluated differences in abundance estimates from
      mosquitoes trapped using two common methods: CO2-baited CDC light traps and
      infusion-baited gravid traps in suburban, Chicago, Illinois. On a weekly basis,
      the two methods were modestly correlated (r = 0.219) across 71 weeks over 4
      years. Lagged weather conditions of up to four weeks were associated with the
      number of mosquitoes collected in light and gravid traps. Collections in light
      traps were higher with higher temperature in the same week, higher precipitation
      one, two, and four weeks before the week of trapping, and lower maximum average
      wind speed. Collections in gravid traps were higher with higher temperature in
      the same week and one week earlier, lower temperature four weeks earlier, and
      with higher precipitation two and four weeks earlier. Culex abundance estimates
      from light traps were significantly higher in semi-natural areas compared to
      residential areas, but abundance estimates from gravid traps did not vary by the
      landscape type. These results highlight the importance of the surveillance
      methods used in the assessment of local Culex abundance estimates. Measures of
      risk of exposure to West Nile virus should assess carefully how mosquito
      abundance has been estimated and integrated into assessments of transmission
      risk. 

PMID- 27375360
TI  - Liposomal-encapsulated Ascorbic Acid: Influence on Vitamin C Bioavailability and
      Capacity to Protect Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.
AB  - Intravenous administration of vitamin C has been shown to decrease oxidative
      stress and, in some instances, improve physiological function in adult humans.
      Oral vitamin C administration is typically less effective than intravenous, due
      in part to inferior vitamin C bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the efficacy of oral delivery of vitamin C encapsulated in liposomes.
      On 4 separate randomly ordered occasions, 11 men and women were administered an
      oral placebo, or 4 g of vitamin C via oral, oral liposomal, or intravenous
      delivery. The data indicate that oral delivery of 4 g of vitamin C encapsulated
      in liposomes (1) produces circulating concentrations of vitamin C that are
      greater than unencapsulated oral but less than intravenous administration and (2)
      provides protection from ischemia-reperfusion-mediated oxidative stress that is
      similar to the protection provided by unencapsulated oral and intravenous
      administrations. 

PMID- 27375361
TI  - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in Nigerian Patients: Anemia is an Independent Predictor
      of Overall Survival.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The advent of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors has markedly changed the
      prognostic outlook for patients with Ph(+) and/or BCR-ABL1 (+) chronic myeloid
      leukemia (CML). This study was designed to assess the overall survival (OS) of
      Nigerian patients with CML receiving imatinib therapy and to identify the
      significant predictors of OS. METHODS: All patients with CML receiving imatinib
      from July 2003 to June 2013 were studied. The clinical and hematological
      parameters were studied. The Kaplan-Meier technique was used to estimate the OS
      and median survival. P-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically
      significant. RESULTS: The median age of all 527 patients (male/female = 320/207)
      was 37 (range 10-87) years. There were 472, 47, and 7 in chronic phase (CP),
      accelerated phase, and blastic phase, respectively. As at June 2013, 442 patients
      are alive. The median survival was 105.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI],
      91.5-119.9); while OS at one, two, and five years were 95%, 90%, and 75%,
      respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that OS was
      significantly better in patients diagnosed with CP (P = 0.001, odds ratio =
      1.576, 95% CI = 1.205-2.061) or not in patients with anemia (P = 0.031, odds
      ratio = 1.666, 95% CI = 1.047-2.649). Combining these variables yielded three
      prognostic groups: CP without anemia, CP with anemia, and non-CP, with
      significantly different median OS of 123.3, 92.0, and 74.7 months, respectively
      (chi (2) = 22.042, P = 0.000016). CONCLUSION: This study has clearly shown that
      for Nigerian patients with CML, the clinical phase of the disease at diagnosis
      and the hematocrit can be used to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and
      high risk groups.

PMID- 27375362
TI  - Comparing the Roles of EUS, ERCP and MRCP in Idiopathic Acute Recurrent
      Pancreatitis.
AB  - Acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP) is defined as more than two attacks of acute
      pancreatitis with complete or almost complete resolution of symptoms and signs of
      pancreatitis between episodes. The initial evaluation fails to detect the cause
      of ARP in 10%-30% of patients, whose condition is classified as idiopathic ARP.
      Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has gained increasing attention as a useful imaging
      modality for the pancreas and the extrahepatic biliary tree. The close proximity
      of the pancreas to the digestive tract allows EUS to obtain detailed images of
      this organ. This review aims to record pancreaticobiliary endoscopic ultrasound
      (EUS) and other imaging modalities in the clinical management of patients with
      idiopathic ARP. 

PMID- 27375363
TI  - Molecular Mechanism of Adult Neurogenesis and its Association with Human Brain
      Diseases.
AB  - Recent advances in neuroscience challenge the old dogma that neurogenesis occurs
      only during embryonic development. Mounting evidence suggests that functional
      neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood. This review article discusses molecular
      factors that affect adult neurogenesis, including morphogens, growth factors,
      neurotransmitters, transcription factors, and epigenetic factors. Furthermore, we
      summarize and compare current evidence of associations between adult neurogenesis
      and human brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,
      Huntington's disease, and brain tumors. 

PMID- 27375364
TI  - Idelalisib therapy of indolent B-cell malignancies: chronic lymphocytic leukemia
      and small lymphocytic or follicular lymphomas.
AB  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma
      are indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders that mainly affect an older
      population. Although the majority of patients in need of treatment derive
      significant benefit from conventional chemotherapeutic agents as well as
      monoclonal antibodies, less toxic and more effective treatments are needed. Novel
      agents that inhibit the B-cell receptor signaling pathway have shown promising
      outcomes in these disorders. Idelalisib is a potent selective oral inhibitor of
      phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta and has shown significant clinical activity
      in B-cell malignancies. In this review, we summarize the clinical trial data
      using idelalisib as monotherapy or in combination with rituximab for the
      treatment of relapsed/refractory disease. The adverse effect profile includes
      autoimmune disorders such as transaminitis, colitis, and pneumonitis. Given the
      efficacy and manageable toxicity profile of idelalisib, it is being increasingly
      incorporated into the management of indolent B-cell malignancies.

PMID- 27375366
TI  - Design and analysis of UW-OFDM signals.
AB  - Unique word-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (UW-OFDM) is a novel
      signaling concept where the guard interval is implemented as a deterministic
      sequence, the so-called unique word. The UW is generated by introducing a certain
      level of redundancy in the frequency domain. Different data estimation strategies
      and the favourable bit error ratio (BER) performance of UW-OFDM, as well as
      comparisons to competing concepts have already extensively been discussed in
      previous papers. This work focuses on the different possibilities on how to
      generate UW-OFDM signals. The optimality of the two-step over the direct approach
      in systematic UW-OFDM is proved analytically, we present a heuristic algorithm
      that allows a fast numerical optimization of the redundant subcarrier positions,
      and we show that our original intuitive approach of spreading the redundant
      subcarriers in systematically encoded UW-OFDM by minimizing the mean redundant
      energy is practically also optimum w.r.t. transceiver based cost functions.
      Finally, we derive closed form approximations of the statistical symbol
      distributions on individual subcarriers as well as the redundant energy
      distribution and compare them with numerically found results.

PMID- 27375365
TI  - How reliably can a material be classified as a nanomaterial? Available particle
      sizing techniques at work.
AB  - ABSTRACT: Currently established and projected regulatory frameworks require the
      classification of materials (whether nano or non-nano) as specified by respective
      definitions, most of which are based on the size of the constituent particles.
      This brings up the question if currently available techniques for particle size
      determination are capable of reliably classifying materials that potentially fall
      under these definitions. In this study, a wide variety of characterisation
      techniques, including counting, fractionating, and spectroscopic techniques, has
      been applied to the same set of materials under harmonised conditions. The
      selected materials comprised well-defined quality control materials (spherical,
      monodisperse) as well as industrial materials of complex shapes and considerable
      polydispersity. As a result, each technique could be evaluated with respect to
      the determination of the number-weighted median size. Recommendations on the most
      appropriate and efficient use of techniques for different types of material are
      given. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: 

PMID- 27375367
TI  - The chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of 3D printed materials
      composed of TiO2-ABS nanocomposites.
AB  - To expand the chemical capabilities of 3D printed structures generated from
      commercial thermoplastic printers, we have produced and printed polymer filaments
      that contain inorganic nanoparticles. TiO2 was dispersed into acrylonitrile
      butadiene styrene (ABS) and extruded into filaments with 1.75 mm diameters. We
      produced filaments with TiO2 compositions of 1%, 5%, and 10% (kg/kg) and printed
      structures using a commercial 3D printer. Our experiments suggest that ABS
      undergoes minor degradation in the presence of TiO2 during the different
      processing steps. The measured mechanical properties (strain and Young's modulus)
      for all of the composites are similar to those of structures printed from the
      pure polymer. TiO2 incorporation at 1% negatively affects the stress at breaking
      point and the flexural stress. Structures produced from the 5 and 10%
      nanocomposites display a higher breaking point stress than those printed from the
      pure polymer. TiO2 within the printed matrix was able to quench the intrinsic
      fluorescence of the polymer. TiO2 was also able to photocatalyze the degradation
      of a rhodamine 6G in solution. These experiments display chemical reactivity in
      nanocomposites that are printed using commercial 3D printers, and we expect that
      our methodology will help to inform others who seek to incorporate catalytic
      nanoparticles in 3D printed structures.

PMID- 27375368
TI  - PARG deficiency is neither synthetic lethal with BRCA1 nor PTEN deficiency.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have entered the
      clinics for their promising anticancer effect as adjuvant in chemo- and
      radiotherapy and as single agent on BRCA-mutated tumours. Poly(ADP-ribose)
      glycohydrolase (PARG) deficiency was also shown to potentiate the cytotoxicity of
      genotoxic agents and irradiation. The aim of this study is to investigate the
      effect of PARG deficiency on BRCA1- and/or PTEN-deficient tumour cells. METHODS:
      Since no PARG inhibitors are available for in vivo studies, PARG was depleted by
      siRNA in several cancer cell lines, proficient or deficient for BRCA1 and/or
      PTEN. The impact on cell survival was evaluated by colony formation assay and
      short-term viability assays. The effect of simultaneous PARG and BRCA1 depletion
      on homologous recombination (HR) efficacy was evaluated by immunodetection of
      RAD51 foci and using an in vivo HR assay. RESULTS: The BRCA1-deficient cell lines
      MDA-MB-436, HCC1937 and UWB1.289 showed mild sensitivity to PARG depletion,
      whereas no sensitivity was observed for the BRCA1-proficient MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB
      468, MCF10A and U2OS cell lines. However, the BRCA1-reconstituted UWB1.289 cell
      lines was similarly sensitive to PARG depletion than the BRCA1-deficient
      UWB1.289, and the simultaneous depletion of PARG and BRCA1 and/or PTEN in MDA-MB
      231 or U2OS cells was not more cytotoxic than depletion of BRCA1 or PTEN only.
      CONCLUSIONS: Some tumour cells displayed slight sensitivity to PARG deficiency,
      but this sensitivity could not be correlated to BRCA1- or PTEN-deficiency.
      Therefore, PARG depletion cannot be considered as a strategy to kill tumours
      cells mutated in BRCA1 or PTEN.

PMID- 27375369
TI  - CVXPY: A Python-Embedded Modeling Language for Convex Optimization.
AB  - CVXPY is a domain-specific language for convex optimization embedded in Python.
      It allows the user to express convex optimization problems in a natural syntax
      that follows the math, rather than in the restrictive standard form required by
      solvers. CVXPY makes it easy to combine convex optimization with high-level
      features of Python such as parallelism and object-oriented design. CVXPY is
      available at http://www.cvxpy.org/ under the GPL license, along with
      documentation and examples.

PMID- 27375371
TI  - Epidemiology of Locomotive Organ Disorders and Symptoms: An Estimation Using the
      Population-Based Cohorts in Japan.
AB  - Although locomotive organ diseases such as osteoporotic fractures and
      osteoarthritis are major reasons for disability and require support, little
      information is available regarding the epidemiology of musculoskeletal
      dysfunction and its symptoms including knee pain and lumbar pain in Japan. The
      research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability (ROAD) study is a
      prospective cohort study that aims at elucidating the environmental and genetic
      background for locomotive organ diseases, and has been ongoing since 2005. In
      this review, epidemiological indices such as prevalence of locomotive organ
      diseases including knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, and osteoporosis were
      clarified using baseline survey results of the ROAD study. The number of subjects
      with such diseases was estimated. In addition, 3-year follow-up data from the
      ROAD study revealed the effect of osteoarthritis on the occurrence of
      osteoporosis, and vice versa. The prevalences of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
      were shown to be high. Also, the large estimates of patients with these
      conditions suggest that urgent strategies are needed for addressing locomotive
      organ diseases that cause disability in the elderly. We also clarified the
      prevalence of knee pain, lumbar pain, and their co-existence using the survey
      results of the longitudinal cohorts of motor system organ study. We found that
      both knee pain and lumbar pain were prevalent in 12.2 % of the total population
      and the presence of knee pain affected lumbar pain, and vice versa.

PMID- 27375370
TI  - Locomotive Syndrome: Definition and Management.
AB  - Locomotive syndrome is a condition of reduced mobility due to impairment of
      locomotive organs. Since upright bipedal walking involves minutely controlled
      movement patterns, impairment of any aspect of the locomotive organs has the
      potential to adversely affect it. In addition to trauma, chronic diseases of the
      locomotive organs, which progress with repeated bouts of acute exacerbations, are
      common causes of the locomotive syndrome. In Japan's super-aging society, many
      people are likely to experience locomotive syndrome in the later part of their
      lives. Exercise intervention is effective in improving motor function, but
      because the subjects are elderly people with significant degenerative diseases of
      the locomotor organs, caution should be taken in choosing the type and intensity
      of exercise. The present review discusses the definition, current burden,
      diagnosis and interventions pertaining to the locomotive syndrome. The concept
      and measures are spreading throughout Japan as one of the national health policy
      targets.

PMID- 27375372
TI  - Locomotive Syndrome: Operational Definition Based on a Questionnaire, and
      Exercise Interventions on Mobility Dysfunction in Elderly People.
AB  - The increasing elderly population has a great impact on public health, and it is
      important to understand the progression of musculoskeletal disorders seen in this
      population. To establish useful preventative methods for such locomotive
      disorders, we must detect early changes in these individuals and identify those
      at risk in order to implement early interventions. The purpose of this review
      was: (1) to introduce an operational definition of locomotion dysfunction to
      prevent a care-need condition, and to verify its validity through a prospective
      cohort study, and (2) to review the indication of exercise intervention for
      multiple musculoskeletal involvements from the preceding literature. We developed
      a measurement scale called the Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS)-25,
      which clearly reflects the degree of functional deterioration. We used it in a
      prospective cohort study of 314 patients recruited from 5 clinics or nursing care
      facilities and investigated the relationship of the GLFS-25 with 46 variables
      covering various clinical manifestations. The results clearly revealed that the
      change in the GLFS-25 classification reflected a common pattern seen in those
      with locomotive dysfunction. Recently, several important movements regarding
      physical activity and its public promotion have been advocated by international
      health organizations and journal publishers. Though it has not been confirmed yet
      that complex musculoskeletal diseases can be treated using therapeutic exercise,
      the promotion of physical activity appears promising. The degree of activity
      limitation in aged individuals with locomotive disorders can be evaluated using
      this scale, which may be useful in predicting the effectiveness of future
      interventions.

PMID- 27375373
TI  - The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and eating-disorder
      symptomatology among individuals seeking treatment for substance dependence.
AB  - Numerous studies have examined early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and their
      relationship to psychological disorders, including eating disorders (EDs) and
      substance use disorders (SUDs). However, to date, there are no empirical
      investigations that have examined the relationship between EMS and EDs among
      individuals seeking treatment for substance use. In an attempt to further
      elucidate this relationship, the purpose of the current, exploratory study was to
      examine the relationship between EMS, ED symptomatology (i.e., bulimia and binge
      eating but not anorexia), and substance use and to directly compare EMS among
      individuals with and without a probable ED diagnosis. Participants were 387 men
      and 132 women seeking residential treatment for substance use. Results
      demonstrated that 11 of the 18 EMS were significantly associated with ED.
      Moreover, patients with a probable ED scored significantly higher than patients
      without a probable ED on 8 of the 18 EMS. Results suggest that EMS are prevalent
      among individuals with ED pathology seeking treatment for substance use. Thus
      treatment programs could potentially benefit from the assessment and treatment of
      EMS among dually-diagnosed patients. Given the exploratory and preliminary nature
      of the study, continued research is needed to further examine the relationship
      between EMS, EDs, and substance use.

PMID- 27375375
TI  - Combined transversus abdominis plane block and rectus sheath block in
      laparoscopic peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion.

PMID- 27375374
TI  - Chitosan-Alginate Microcapsules Provide Gastric Protection and Intestinal Release
      of ICAM-1-Targeting Nanocarriers, Enabling GI Targeting In Vivo.
AB  - When administered intravenously, active targeting of drug nanocarriers (NCs)
      improves biodistribution and endocytosis. Targeting may also improve oral
      delivery of NCs to treat gastrointestinal (GI) pathologies or for systemic
      absoption. However, GI instability of targeting moieties compromises this
      strategy. We explored whether encapsulation of antibody-coated NCs in
      microcapsules would protect against gastric degradation, providing NCs release
      and targeting in intestinal conditions. We used nanoparticles coated with
      antibodies against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (anti-ICAM) or non-specific
      IgG. NCs (~160-nm) were encapsulated in ~180-MUm microcapsules with an alginate
      core, in the absence or presence of a chitosan shell. We found >95% NC
      encapsulation within microcapsules and <10% NC release from microcapsules in
      storage. There was minimal NC release at gastric pH (<10%) and burst release at
      intestinal pH (75-85%), slightly attenuated by chitosan. Encapsulated NCs
      afforded increased protection against degradation (3-4 fold) and increased cell
      targeting (8-20 fold) after release vs. non-encapsulated NCs. Mouse oral gavage
      showed that microencapsulation provided 38-65% greater protection of anti-ICAM
      NCs in the GI tract, 40% lower gastric retention, and 4-9-fold enhanced
      intestinal biodistribution vs. non-encapsulated NCs. Therefore,
      microencapsulation of antibody-targeted NCs may enable active targeting
      strategies to be effective in the context of oral drug delivery.

PMID- 27375376
TI  - An infant's airway: A difficult terrain.

PMID- 27375377
TI  - Depth of insertion of right internal jugular central venous catheter: Comparison
      of topographic and formula methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Central venous catheters (CVCs) are inserted in many critically ill
      patients, but there is no gold standard in estimating their approximate depth of
      insertion. Many techniques have been described in literature. In this study, we
      compare the topographic method with the standard formula technique. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: 260 patients, in whom central venous catheterization was warranted, were
      randomly assigned to either topographic method or formula method (130 in each
      group). The position of the CVC tip in relation to carina was measured on a
      postprocedure chest X-ray. The primary endpoint was the need for catheter
      repositioning. RESULTS: The majority of the CVCs tips positioned by the formula
      method were situated below the carina, and 68% of these catheters required
      repositioning after obtaining postprocedure chest X-ray (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:
      The topographic method is superior to formula approach in estimating the depth of
      insertion of right internal jugular CVCs.

PMID- 27375378
TI  - To determine block establishment time of supraclavicular brachial plexus block
      using blunt versus short bevel needle: A prospective randomized trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Unintentional intraneural injection under ultrasound guidance (USG)
      with fine caliber needles and lower success rate with large caliber Tuohy needles
      in supraclavicular brachial plexus block (SCB) have been reported. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We undertook study to standardize the use of 20-gauge short versus blunt
      bevel needle for SCB. After approval of Institutional Ethics Committee and
      written informed consent, patients were randomized using computer-generated
      random number table to either of the two groups; blunt bevel needle group (n =
      30): SCB under USG using 20-gauge Tuohy needle or short bevel needle group (n =
      30): SCB under USG using 20-gauge short bevel needle. The primary outcome of the
      study was time to establishment of sensory and motor block of individual nerves,
      and secondary outcome was tolerability and any adverse effects. RESULTS: The time
      to establishment of sensory and motor block in individual nerve territory was
      similar in both the groups. The complete sensory and motor anesthesia was
      achieved in 78.3% patients and complete sensory and motor anesthesia after
      supplementary block was achieved in 86.6% patients. Paresthesias during SCB were
      recorded in 15 patients. Out of these eight patients were of blunt bevel group
      and seven patients were of short bevel group. None of the patients experienced
      any neurological adverse effects. CONCLUSION: The establishment of sensory and
      motor blockade of individual nerves was similar to 20-gauge short and blunt bevel
      needle under ultrasound guide with no neurological adverse events.

PMID- 27375379
TI  - Lung ultrasound versus chest radiography for the diagnosis of pneumothorax in
      critically ill patients: A prospective, single-blind study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radiologic data remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of
      pneumothorax (PTX). The use of ultrasonography (US) has recently emerged as the
      method of choice with physicians who can perform bedside US. PURPOSE: To compare
      the diagnostic accuracy of lung US against bedside chest radiography (CR) for the
      detection of PTX using thoracic computed tomography (CT) as the gold standard.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, single-blind study on 192
      critically ill patients; each patient received lung US examination, bedside CR,
      followed by thoracic CT scan searching for PTX. RESULTS: Of the studied patients,
      CT of the chest confirmed the diagnosis of PTX in 36 (18.75%) patients of which
      31 were diagnosed by thoracic US while CR detected only 19 cases. Overall lung US
      showed a considerable higher sensitivity than bedside CR (86.1% vs. 52.7%), lung
      US also showed higher, negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy
      against CR (96.8% vs. 90.1%), and (95.3% vs. 90.6%), respectively. CR had a
      slightly higher specificity than lung US (99.4% vs. 97.4%), and higher positive
      predictive values (95.0% vs. 88.6%). CONCLUSION: Lung US is an accurate modality
      more than anteroposterior bedside CR in comparison with CT scanning when
      evaluating critically ill mechanically ventilated patients, patients underwent
      thoracocentesis, central venous catheter insertion, or patients with polytrauma.

PMID- 27375380
TI  - Inaccurate level of intervertebral space estimated by palpation: The ultrasonic
      revelation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury resulting from spinal anesthesia is a rare, but an
      alarming scenario. The most likely cause is believed to be misjudged level of
      intervertebral space (IVS). We evaluated the accuracy of palpation method to
      locate IVS with the ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 109
      patients undergoing spinal anesthesia were included in this observational, double
      blind study. First anesthesiologist was asked to mark IVS using palpation method.
      It was followed by ultrasonographic assessment by another anesthesiologist who
      was unaware of the level estimated for the mark. We evaluated the accuracy of
      palpation method in sitting and lateral position as well as the impact of the
      anesthesiologist's experience (Trainee/Consultant). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:
      Association between the gender, anthropometric parameters, type of
      anesthesiologists assessing the IVS, and the level of agreement were identified
      using Chi-square test. The agreement between palpation method and ultrasound
      assessment of IVS was analyzed using kappa statistic. P < 0.05 was defined as
      statistical significance. RESULTS: The IVS located by palpation method was in
      agreement with ultrasound location in 37.14% of the patients. There were no
      statistically significant differences found in terms of demographic data (sex,
      age, height, weight, or body mass index [BMI]) between agreement and disagreement
      group. The rate of errors was found to be significantly higher (P = 0.01) among
      the trainees (74.51%) than the consultants (51.86%). The rate of errors was not
      different between the sitting and lateral position. The frequency of errors was
      more common in cephalad direction (53.31.5%) compared to caudal direction
      (9.52%). The misidentified spaces were as high as three spaces above the intended
      space while in caudal direction it differed by only one space. CONCLUSION: The
      accuracy of palpation method controlled by ultrasound is 37.14% and differs by 1
      3 IVS in cephalad direction (53.31%). The accuracy is affected by
      anesthesiologist's experience but remains unaffected by age, sex height, BMI, and
      patient positioning.

PMID- 27375381
TI  - Controlled hypotension in day care functional endoscopic sinus surgery: A
      comparison between esmolol and dexmedetomidine: A prospective, double-blind, and
      randomized study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is the cornerstone of
      therapeutic management for nasal pathologies. This study is to compare the
      ability of preoperative and intraoperative esmolol versus dexmedetomidine for
      producing induced hypotension during FESS in adults in a day care setting.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients (20-45 years) posted for FESS under general
      anesthesia were randomly divided into Group E (n = 30) receiving esmolol, loading
      dose 1 mg/kg over 1 min followed by 0.5 mg/kg/h infusion during maintenance and
      Group D (n = 30) receiving dexmedetomidine 1 MUg/kg over 15 min before induction
      of anesthesia followed by 0.5 MUg/Kg/h infusion during maintenance, respectively.
      Nasal bleeding and Surgeon's satisfaction score; amount and number of patients
      receiving fentanyl and nitroglycerine for analgesia and deliberate hypotension,
      Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU) and hospital stay; hemodynamic parameters and
      side effects were recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Significantly less number
      and dosage of nitroglycerine was required (P = 0.0032 and 0.0001, respectively)
      in Group D compared to that in Group E. Again the number and dosage of patients
      requiring fentanyl were significantly lower in Group D. However, the duration of
      controlled hypotension was almost similar in both the groups. Group D patients
      suffered from significantly less nasal bleeding, and surgeon's satisfaction score
      was also high in this group. Discharge from PACU and hospital were significantly
      earlier in Group D. Intraoperative hemodynamics were quite comparable (P > 0.05)
      without any appreciable side effects. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine found to be
      providing more effectively controlled hypotension and analgesia and thus allowing
      less nasal bleeding as well as more surgeons' satisfaction score.

PMID- 27375382
TI  - Arthroscopic medial meniscus trimming or repair under nerve blocks: Which nerves
      should be blocked?
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the role of the sciatic and obturator
      nerve blocks (in addition to femoral block) in providing painless arthroscopic
      medial meniscus trimming/repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty
      patients with medial meniscus tear, who had been scheduled to knee arthroscopy,
      were planned to be included in this controlled prospective double-blind study.
      The patients were randomly allocated into three equal groups; FSO, FS, and FO.
      The femoral, sciatic, and obturator nerves were blocked in FSO groups. The
      femoral and sciatic nerves were blocked in FS group, while the femoral and
      obturator nerves were blocked in FO group. Intraoperative pain and its causative
      surgical maneuver were recorded. RESULTS: All the patients (n = 7, 100%) in FO
      group had intraoperative pain. The research was terminated in this group but
      completed in FS and FSO groups (40 patients each). During valgus positioning of
      the knee for surgical management of the medial meniscus tear, the patients in FS
      group experienced pain more frequently than those in FSO group (P = 0.005).
      CONCLUSION: Adding a sciatic nerve block to the femoral nerve block is important
      for painless knee arthroscopy. Further adding of an obturator nerve block may be
      needed when a valgus knee position is required to manage the medial meniscus
      tear.

PMID- 27375383
TI  - Intraoperative effect of dexmedetomidine infusion during living donor liver
      transplantation: A randomized control trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Dex) is a useful adjuvant for general
      anesthesia. The aim was to evaluate the effects of Dex infusion during living
      donors liver transplantation (LDLT) on the general anesthetic requirements,
      hemodynamics, oxygen consumption (VO2), and CO2 production (VCO2). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Forty LDLT recipients were allocated randomly to receive either Dex (0.2
      0.7 MUg/kg/h) or placebo (control [C]). Patient state index (PSI), SEDLine
      monitored anesthesia depth (25-50) with desflurane (Des) % and fentanyl altered
      accordingly. Transesophageal Doppler (TED), invasive mean arterial blood pressure
      (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were monitoring any Dex side effects and altering
      infusion rate accordingly; TED was used for fluid optimization. Metabolic gas
      monitoring (VO2, VCO2) and Des consumption were recorded. RESULTS: Dex reduced
      Des and fentanyl consumption versus C (120.0 +/- 30.2 vs. 248.0 +/- 38.8) ml,
      (440.0 +/- 195.74 vs. 1300.0 +/- 32) MUg, respectively (P < 0.01). Dex was
      delivered for 11.35 +/- 2.45 h with comparable HR, MAP, and TED variables versus
      C and with similar mean noradrenaline support (5.63 +/- 2.44 vs. 5.83 +/- 2.57
      mg, P = 0.81). VO2 was reduced with Dex vs. C during anhepatic, 30 min
      postreperfusion and end of surgery (193.2 +/- 26.78 vs. 239 +/- 14.93) (172.1 +/-
      28.14 vs. 202.7 +/- 18.03) and (199.7 +/- 26.63 vs. 283.8 +/- 14.83) ml/min/m(2)
      respectively (P < 0.01). VCO2 was also reduced with Dex versus C during the same
      periods (195.2 +/- 46.41 vs. 216.7 +/- 29.90, P = 0.09), (210.6 +/- 60.71 vs.
      253.9 +/- 32.51, P = 0.01), and (158.7 +/- 49.96 vs. 209.7 +/- 16.78, P < 0.01),
      ml/min/m(2) respectively. CONCLUSION: TED and PSI guided Dex infusion helped to
      reduce Des and fentanyl consumption as well as VO2 and VCO2 at a lower cost with
      no adverse effects on hemodynamics.

PMID- 27375384
TI  - Ease of insertion of the laryngeal mask airway in pediatric surgical patients:
      Predictors of failure and outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is an useful alternative to endotracheal
      tube for airway management. The risk of life-threatening adverse respiratory
      events during its use is rare, but we need to know about the risk-adjusted
      prediction of its insertion failure requiring rescue tracheal intubation and its
      impact on patient outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five hundred patients; 6 months
      to 12-year-old, American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II scheduled to
      undergo elective surgical procedures that require general anesthesia were
      included in this study. LMA was inserted after induction of anesthesia. The
      insertion conditions, intra, and postoperative events were recorded. Our primary
      outcome variable was trial success from the first time. RESULTS: We recorded 426
      cases (85.2%) of first trial success with clear airway compared to 46 case (9.2%)
      of second trial success (P <= 0.001). Predictors of failure of first attempt of
      LMA insertion include abnormal airway anatomy (91%), body weight <16 kg and age
      below 5 years (44%), the use of LMA size of 1 and 1.5 (3.8%), the intraoperative
      lateral position (3.8%). CONCLUSION: The data obtained from this study support
      the use of the LMA as a reliable pediatric supraglottic airway device,
      demonstrating relatively low failure rates. Predictors of LMA failure in the
      pediatric surgical population should be independently considered. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: The study is registered in the Australian and New Zealand clinical
      trial registry with the allocated trial number: ACTRN12614000994684. Web address
      of trial: http://www.ANZCTR.org.au/A CTRN12614000994684.aspx.

PMID- 27375385
TI  - Comparative effect of propofol versus sevoflurane on renal ischemia/reperfusion
      injury after elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal injury is a common cause of morbidity and mortality after
      elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Propofol has been reported to
      protect several organs from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced injury. We
      performed a randomized clinical trial to compare propofol and sevoflurane for
      their effects on renal I/R injury in patients undergoing elective AAA repair.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients scheduled for elective AAA repair were
      randomized to receive propofol anesthesia in group I or sevoflurane anesthesia in
      group II. Urinary specific kidney proteins (N-acetyl-beta-glucosamidase, alpha-1
      microglobulin, glutathione transferase [GST]-pi, GST-alpha) were measured within
      5 min of starting anesthesia as a base line (T0), at the end of surgery (T1), 8 h
      after surgery (T2), 16 h after surgery (T3), and 24 h postoperatively (T4). Serum
      pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1-beta)
      were measured at the same time points. In addition, serum creatinine and cystatin
      C were measured before starting surgery as a baseline and at days 1, 3, and 6
      after surgery. RESULTS: Postoperative urinary concentrations of all measured
      kidney specific proteins and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly
      lower in the propofol group. In addition, the serum creatinine and cystatin C
      were significantly lower in the propofol group compared with the sevoflurane
      group. CONCLUSION: Propofol significantly reduced renal injury after elective
      open AAA repair and this could have clinical implications in situations of
      expected renal I/R injury.

PMID- 27375386
TI  - Comparison of erythromycin versus metoclopramide for gastric feeding intolerance
      in patients with traumatic brain injury: A randomized double-blind study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No randomized controlled trial demonstrates the efficacy of
      erythromycin or metoclopramide in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
      This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of metoclopramide and
      erythromycin for improving gastric aspirate volume (GAV) in patients with TBI.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with Glasgow coma score more than 5 admitted to
      trauma Intensive Care Unit within 72 h of head injury were assessed for
      eligibility. 115 patients were prospectively randomized to receive
      metoclopramide, erythromycin, or placebo eighth hourly. Gastric feeding
      intolerance was defined as GAV more than 150 ml with abdominal symptoms. Two
      consecutive high GAV was defined as feeding failure. Feeding failure was treated
      by increasing the frequency of dose to 6 hourly in metoclopramide and
      erythromycin group. Combination therapy with both drugs was given as rescue in
      the placebo group. RESULTS: Incidence of high GAV was as high as 60.5% in placebo
      group. Use of erythromycin was associated with a decrease in the incidence of
      feeding intolerance to 28.9% (P = 0.006). Although feed intolerance decreased to
      43.6% in metoclopramide group, values did not reach statistical significance. The
      proportion of patients not having high GAV at different days were significantly
      higher in erythromycin group (P = 0.027, log-rank test). There was no difference
      in the proportion of patients not having feeding failure in three groups with
      increasing number of days. CONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in the
      incidence of high GAV with the use of erythromycin when compared to
      metoclopramide and placebo.

PMID- 27375387
TI  - Sonographic detection of tracheal or esophageal intubation: A cadaver study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The correct position of the endotracheal tube is confirmed by various
      modalities, most of which are not entirely reliable. Ultrasound is now
      increasingly available to anesthesiologists in the operating theater and is an
      attractive alternative. To investigate the usefulness of sonography in
      identifying the correct tracheal tube position in human cadavers. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Endotracheal tubes placed randomly into trachea or esophagus was
      identified with a linear ultrasound probe placed transversely just above the
      suprasternal notch by a single anesthesiologist. RESULTS: Of the 100 intubations
      performed at random, 99 were correctly identified to give a sensitivity of 100%
      and a specificity of 97.9%. CONCLUSION: Sonography is a useful technique to
      identify correct position of the tracheal tube.

PMID- 27375388
TI  - Fear of going under general anesthesia: A cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Fears related to anesthesia have affected a considerable number of
      patients going for surgery. The purpose of this survey was to identify the most
      common concerns about general anesthesia during the preoperative anesthetic
      clinic in different healthcare settings, and whether they are affected by
      patients' sex, age, education, or previous experience of anesthesia or not.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Structured questionnaires with consent forms were
      distributed to patients in their preanesthesia clinic visit in three tertiary
      hospitals (King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, King Faisal Specialist Hospital, and
      King Khalid University Hospital) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patients' demographics
      and questions related to their fears regarding general anesthesia were included
      in the questionnaires. All categorical and interval variables were compared
      statically using a Chi-square test for independence and a t-test, respectively.
      All statistical tests were declared significant at alpha level of 0.05 or less.
      RESULTS: Among 450 questionnaires that were disturbed, 400 questionnaires were
      collected and analyzed. Eighty-eight percent experienced preoperative fear. The
      top three causes of their fears were fear of postoperative pain (77.3%), fear of
      intraoperative awareness (73.7%), and fear of being sleepy postoperatively
      (69.5%). Patients are less fearful of drains and needles in the operative theater
      (48%), of revealing personal issues under general anesthesia (55.2%), and of not
      waking up after surgery (56.4%). Age and gender were significant predictors of
      the overall fear among preanesthetic patients. Females are 5 times more likely to
      experience fear before surgery (P = 0.0009). Patients aged more than 40 years old
      are also at 75% higher risk of being afraid (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The majority
      of the patients going for surgery experienced a fear of anesthesia. Mostly
      females, especially those over 40, were at a higher risk of being afraid. Fear
      can bring anxiety which, in turn, might affect the patient's surgery.

PMID- 27375389
TI  - Efficacy of epidural local anesthetic and dexamethasone in providing
      postoperative analgesia: A meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dexamethasone is a potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and
      antiemetic drug. Individual randomized controlled trials found a possible benefit
      of epidural dexamethasone. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to estimate the
      benefit of epidural dexamethasone on postoperative pain and opioid consumption
      and to formulate a recommendation for evidence-based practice. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Prospective, randomized controlled trials comparing the analgesic
      efficacy of epidural local anesthetic and dexamethasone combination, with local
      anesthetic alone for postoperative pain management after abdominal surgery, were
      planned to be included in this meta-analysis. PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus, and
      Central Register of Clinical Trials of the Cochrane Collaboration (CENTRAL)
      databases were searched for eligible controlled trials using the following search
      words: "Epidural", "dexamethasone", and "postoperative pain", until February 20,
      2015. RESULTS: Data from five randomized control trials have been included in
      this meta-analysis. Epidural dexamethasone significantly decreased postoperative
      morphine consumption (mean difference -7.89 mg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 
      11.66 to -3.71) and number of patients required postoperative rescue analgesic
      boluses (risk ratio: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.41-0.63). CONCLUSION: The present data shows
      that the addition of dexamethasone to local anesthetic in epidural is beneficial
      for postoperative pain management.

PMID- 27375390
TI  - Basic concepts for sample size calculation: Critical step for any clinical
      trials!
AB  - Quality of clinical trials has improved steadily over last two decades, but
      certain areas in trial methodology still require special attention like in sample
      size calculation. The sample size is one of the basic steps in planning any
      clinical trial and any negligence in its calculation may lead to rejection of
      true findings and false results may get approval. Although statisticians play a
      major role in sample size estimation basic knowledge regarding sample size
      calculation is very sparse among most of the anesthesiologists related to
      research including under trainee doctors. In this review, we will discuss how
      important sample size calculation is for research studies and the effects of
      underestimation or overestimation of sample size on project's results. We have
      highlighted the basic concepts regarding various parameters needed to calculate
      the sample size along with examples. 

PMID- 27375391
TI  - Placenta accreta and anesthesia: A multidisciplinary approach.
AB  - Placenta accreta (an abnormally adherent placenta) is one of the two leading
      causes of peripartum hemorrhage and the most common indication for peripartum
      hysterectomy. Placenta accreta may be associated with significant maternal
      hemorrhage at delivery owing to the incomplete placental separation. When
      placenta accreta is diagnosed before delivery, a multidisciplinary approach may
      improve patient outcome. 

PMID- 27375392
TI  - Anesthetic management of Amplatzer atrial septal defect closure device
      embolization to right ventricular outflow tract.
AB  - Percutaneous device closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) is an alternative
      treatment to surgery with advantages of avoidance of surgery, short procedure
      time, early discharge from hospital, and lower rates of complications. However,
      percutaneous device closure is associated with infrequent life-threatening
      complications such as device embolization. We report a case device embolization
      of the ASD occlude device into right ventricular outflow tract resulting
      progressive hypoxia. The role of anesthesiologist as a team leader in managing
      such emergency is discussed. 

PMID- 27375393
TI  - Premedication in an autistic, combative child: Challenges and nuances.
AB  - Children with autistic spectrum disorders are often encountered in anesthesia
      practice mainly for outdoor procedural sedation or anesthesia in endoscopy and
      magnetic resonance imaging suites. We describe a case of a 7-year-old autistic
      boy who required management of dental caries. He had a phobia to intravenous
      cannulation, displayed increasing anxiety and became combative on the day of
      surgery. With parental involvement and distraction, we succeeded in giving oral
      midazolam by concealing it, with the intent of avoiding intramuscular injection
      or unnecessary restraint. Lack of knowledge about the medical condition of such a
      patient can lead to inadequate preoperative preparation and use of restraint on
      the patient, which might cause anxiety or panic attacks in the operative room. To
      effectively manage children with special needs one needs to have clear guidelines
      on the management of uncooperative children, involve parents perioperatively,
      plan ahead with an emphasis on perioperative analgesia and sometimes incorporate
      the ethical use of restraint. 

PMID- 27375394
TI  - An accidental intra-arterial injection of phenytoin in a 43-year-old woman.
AB  - We report an accidental intra-arterial injection of phenytoin in a 43-year-old
      woman undergoing ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus. To flush the
      arterial line with heparin, mistakenly phenytoin was injected which caused
      cutaneous gangrene along the radial side of the forearm and an absence of
      pulsation in the radial artery. After flushing the artery with normal saline and
      lidocaine, the patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit. There the
      patient was put on intravenous heparin that resolved the problem leading to
      complete recovery of the patient. The case is being reported to emphasize the
      importance of close surveillance in injecting drugs through the arterial line
      access. 

PMID- 27375395
TI  - Inadvertent intrathecal injection of labetalol.
AB  - Labetalol is a combined alpha and beta adrenergic receptor blocker. It is used to
      treat hypertension, especially in pregnant patients. We report a case of a female
      patient who was given labetalol intrathecally in place of bupivacaine due to a
      similar appearance of ampoules which resulted in a drop in blood pressure and
      pulse rate. The patient responded to fluid resuscitation and there occurred no
      neurological sequelae. 

PMID- 27375396
TI  - Novel use of epidural catheter: Air injection for neuroprotection during
      radiofrequency ablation of spinal osteoid osteoma.
AB  - Osteoid osteoma (OO) is a benign bone tumor, with a male-female ratio of
      approximately 2:1 and mainly affecting long bones. Ten percent of the lesions
      occur in the spine, mostly within the posterior elements. Treatment options for
      OO include surgical excision and percutaneous imaging-guided radiofrequency
      ablation (RFA). Lesions within the spine have an inherent risk of thermal damage
      to the vital structure because of proximity to the neural elements. We report a
      novel use of the epidural catheter for air injection for the neuroprotection of
      nerves close to the OO of the spine. A 12-year-old and 30 kg male child with an
      OO of the L3 vertebra was taken up for RFA. His preoperative examinations were
      within normal limits. The OO was very close to the L3 nerve root. Under general
      anesthesia, lumbar epidural catheter was placed in the L3-L4 space under imaging
      guidance. Ten ml of aliquots of air was injected under imaging guidance to avoid
      injury to the neural structures due to RFA. The air created a gap between neural
      elements and the tumor and served as an insulating material thereby protecting
      the neural elements from damage due to the RFA. Postoperatively, the patient did
      not develop any neurological deficit. 

PMID- 27375397
TI  - Multiple pterygium syndrome: Challenge for anesthesiologist.
AB  - Multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder
      characterized by flexion of joint and digit contractures, skin webbing, cleft
      palate, deformity of the spine, and cervical spine fusion. Difficult airway is
      associated mainly due to micrognathia, retrognathia, webbing of the neck, and
      limitation of the mouth opening and neck extension. We are reporting a case of a
      5-year-old female diagnosed with MPS and exhibiting a bilateral club foot and
      congenital vertical talus. The patient was posted for manipulation and above the
      knee casting under general anesthesia. 

PMID- 27375398
TI  - Malignant hyperthermia in a 6-month-old infant.
AB  - Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare hypermetabolic disorder of skeletal muscles
      that manifests as a life-threatening crisis in susceptible individuals, after
      exposure to triggering agents, most commonly halothane and succinylcholine. MH
      presents with multiple nonspecific signs and laboratory findings such as
      tachycardia, hyperthermia, hypercarbia, acidosis, and muscle rigidity. Caffeine
      halothane contracture test is not available at most centers in India. Larach et
      al. have described a clinical grading scale for determining the MH raw score
      based on clinical findings and biochemical tests. The high degree of suspicion,
      early recognition and aggressive treatment should commence immediately. It is
      imperative to avoid triggering agents, such as volatile anesthetics and
      succinylcholine, and promote the use of total intravenous anesthesia in MH
      susceptible patients. We report a case of 6-month-old child undergoing laparotomy
      under general anesthesia, who presented with signs and symptoms of MH, had MH
      rank 5 and raw score 36. 

PMID- 27375399
TI  - Anesthetic management of vallecular cyst excision in an infant: An airway
      challenge.
AB  - Vallecular cyst is uncommon but well-recognized cause of upper airway obstruction
      in newborn and infants. We hereby present anesthetic management of a case of
      vallecular cyst in an infant posted for excision and marsupialization. A 4-month
      old female infant weighing 3.5 kg presented with inspiratory stridor
      progressively worsening over 2 months. Anesthesia plan was to carry out
      inhalational induction maintaining spontaneous respiration and keeping
      tracheostomy as standby option. In this case, laryngoscopy was challenging due to
      the size and extent of the cyst thus necessitating gentle laryngoscopy to prevent
      cyst rupture and pulmonary aspiration. On performing laryngoscopy, epiglottis was
      not visualized, which made intubation difficult. At the end of surgery,
      extubation was not carried out as the possibility of laryngomalacia could not be
      eliminated and also in view of intraoperative airway manipulation. The patient
      was electively ventilated postoperatively and extubated on the 2(nd)
      postoperative day. 

PMID- 27375400
TI  - A case of bronchiectasis needing lung isolation for cerebello pontine angle tumor
      excision: Anesthetic challenges.
AB  - The main goals of neuroanesthesia are the maintenance of adequate cerebral
      perfusion pressure, avoidance of hypercarbia, hypoxemia, and to provide better
      brain relaxation. Providing anesthesia for a patient with bronchiectasis needing
      lung isolation for craniotomy can be challenging. A 56-year-old male patient,
      case of right lung bronchiectasis with a right cerebello pontine angle tumor
      underwent excision in the left lateral position. Since he had severe
      bronchiectasis of the right lung, we had isolated the right lung using right
      sided double lumen tube to avoid spillage. Intraoperative split lung test was
      performed to assess the right lung contribution on carbon dioxide (CO2)
      elimination and found that there was a significant contribution from the right
      lung. Hence, both lungs were ventilated to control CO2. The importance of lung
      isolation to prevent spillage and avoidance of one lung ventilation to control
      the arterial CO2 are highlighted in this case report. By providing a balanced
      anesthetic keeping both, the neurosurgical and thoracic concerns are important
      for better postoperative outcome. 

PMID- 27375401
TI  - Copper-T, an unusual cause of profuse bleeding during cesarean section.

PMID- 27375402
TI  - Shoulder soreness due to shoulder braces following robotic surgery in steep
      Trendelenburg position.

PMID- 27375403
TI  - Complete recovery after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the lateral decubitus
      position: A report of two cases.

PMID- 27375404
TI  - H1N1 with adult respiratory distress syndrome for emergency lower segment
      cesarean section: A case report.

PMID- 27375405
TI  - Effect of Task-Correlated Physiological Fluctuations and Motion in 2D and 3D Echo
      Planar Imaging in a Higher Cognitive Level fMRI Paradigm.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare 2D and 3D echo-planar imaging (EPI) in a higher cognitive
      level fMRI paradigm. In particular, to study the link between the presence of
      task-correlated physiological fluctuations and motion and the fMRI contrast
      estimates from either 2D EPI or 3D EPI datasets, with and without adding nuisance
      regressors to the model. A signal model in the presence of partly task-correlated
      fluctuations is derived, and predictions for contrast estimates with and without
      nuisance regressors are made. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one healthy
      volunteers were scanned using 2D EPI and 3D EPI during a virtual environmental
      learning paradigm. In a subgroup of 7 subjects, heart rate and respiration were
      logged, and the correlation with the paradigm was evaluated. FMRI analysis was
      performed using models with and without nuisance regressors. Differences in the
      mean contrast estimates were investigated by analysis-of-variance using Subject,
      Sequence, Day, and Run as factors. The distributions of group level contrast
      estimates were compared. RESULTS: Partially task-correlated fluctuations in
      respiration, heart rate and motion were observed. Statistically significant
      differences were found in the mean contrast estimates between the 2D EPI and 3D
      EPI when using a model without nuisance regressors. The inclusion of nuisance
      regressors for cardiorespiratory effects and motion reduced the difference to a
      statistically non-significant level. Furthermore, the contrast estimate values
      shifted more when including nuisance regressors for 3D EPI compared to 2D EPI.
      CONCLUSION: The results are consistent with 3D EPI having a higher sensitivity to
      fluctuations compared to 2D EPI. In the presence partially task-correlated
      physiological fluctuations or motion, proper correction is necessary to get
      expectation correct contrast estimates when using 3D EPI. As such task-correlated
      physiological fluctuations or motion is difficult to avoid in paradigms exploring
      higher cognitive functions, 2D EPI seems to be the preferred choice for higher
      cognitive level fMRI paradigms.

PMID- 27375406
TI  - Edrophonium Challenge Test for Blepharospasm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blepharospasm is typically diagnosed by excluding any secondary
      diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders, as specific tests for blepharospasm are
      currently unavailable. Since anticholinergic agents are used to improve the
      symptoms of dystonia, we hypothesized that edrophonium chloride, an
      acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, may make the symptoms of dystonia more apparent.
      Therefore, we examined whether an edrophonium challenge test would be useful for
      diagnosing blepharospasm. METHODS: We studied 10 patients with blepharospasm and
      10 with hemifacial spasms (as disease controls). We administered edrophonium and
      saline in this double-blind study. Before and after the injection, we recorded
      the clinical signs using a video camera to assess the objective symptoms every 2
      min. Ten minutes after the isotonic sodium chloride and edrophonium injections,
      the patients evaluated their subjective signs using a visual analog scale (VAS).
      The objective signs on the video recordings were scored by specialists who were
      blind to the treatment. RESULTS: The subjective and objective signs of the
      patients with blepharospasm were amplified by edrophonium. In contrast, the signs
      in patients with hemifacial spasms were not changed by the edrophonium challenge
      test. CONCLUSIONS: The edrophonium challenge test may be used to diagnose
      blepharospasm. The study was registered with a ICMJE recognized registry, the
      UMIN-CTR, with the number UMIN000022557.

PMID- 27375407
TI  - In utero and Lactational Exposure to Acetamiprid Induces Abnormalities in Socio
      Sexual and Anxiety-Related Behaviors of Male Mice.
AB  - Neonicotinoids, a widely used group of pesticides designed to selectively bind to
      insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, were considered relatively safe for
      mammalian species. However, they have been found to activate vertebrate nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors and could be toxic to the mammalian brain. In the present
      study, we evaluated the developmental neurotoxicity of acetamiprid (ACE), one of
      the most widely used neonicotinoids, in C57BL/6J mice whose mothers were
      administered ACE via gavage at doses of either 0 mg/kg (control group), 1.0 mg/kg
      (low-dose group), or 10.0 mg/kg (high-dose group) from gestational day 6 to
      lactation day 21. The results of a battery of behavior tests for socio-sexual and
      anxiety-related behaviors, the numbers of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells in the
      paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and testosterone levels were used as
      endpoints. In addition, behavioral flexibility in mice was assessed in a group
      housed environment using the IntelliCage, a fully automated mouse behavioral
      analysis system. In adult male mice exposed to ACE at both low and high doses, a
      significant reduction of anxiety level was found in the light-dark transition
      test. Males in the low-dose group also showed a significant increase in sexual
      and aggressive behaviors. In contrast, neither the anxiety levels nor the sexual
      behaviors of females were altered. No reductions in the testosterone level, the
      number of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells, or behavioral flexibility were
      detected in either sex. These results suggest the possibility that in utero and
      lactational ACE exposure interferes with the development of the neural circuits
      required for executing socio-sexual and anxiety-related behaviors in male mice
      specifically. 

PMID- 27375408
TI  - Longitudinal Analysis of Image Time Series with Diffeomorphic Deformations: A
      Computational Framework Based on Stationary Velocity Fields.
AB  - We propose and detail a deformation-based morphometry computational framework,
      called Longitudinal Log-Demons Framework (LLDF), to estimate the longitudinal
      brain deformations from image data series, transport them in a common space and
      perform statistical group-wise analyses. It is based on freely available software
      and tools, and consists of three main steps: (i) Pre-processing, (ii) Position
      correction, and (iii) Non-linear deformation analysis. It is based on the LCC log
      Demons non-linear symmetric diffeomorphic registration algorithm with an
      additional modulation of the similarity term using a confidence mask to increase
      the robustness with respect to brain boundary intensity artifacts. The pipeline
      is exemplified on the longitudinal Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS)
      database and all the parameters values are given so that the study can be
      reproduced. We investigate the group-wise differences between the patients with
      Alzheimer's disease and the healthy control group, and show that the proposed
      pipeline increases the sensitivity with no decrease in the specificity of the
      statistical study done on the longitudinal deformations. 

PMID- 27375410
TI  - EEG Responses to Auditory Stimuli for Automatic Affect Recognition.
AB  - Brain state classification for communication and control has been well
      established in the area of brain-computer interfaces over the last decades.
      Recently, the passive and automatic extraction of additional information
      regarding the psychological state of users from neurophysiological signals has
      gained increased attention in the interdisciplinary field of affective computing.
      We investigated how well specific emotional reactions, induced by auditory
      stimuli, can be detected in EEG recordings. We introduce an auditory emotion
      induction paradigm based on the International Affective Digitized Sounds 2nd
      Edition (IADS-2) database also suitable for disabled individuals. Stimuli are
      grouped in three valence categories: unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant.
      Significant differences in time domain domain event-related potentials are found
      in the electroencephalogram (EEG) between unpleasant and neutral, as well as
      pleasant and neutral conditions over midline electrodes. Time domain data were
      classified in three binary classification problems using a linear support vector
      machine (SVM) classifier. We discuss three classification performance measures in
      the context of affective computing and outline some strategies for conducting and
      reporting affect classification studies. 

PMID- 27375409
TI  - Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience: Innovations for Healthy Brain Aging.
AB  - Nutritional cognitive neuroscience is an emerging interdisciplinary field of
      research that seeks to understand nutrition's impact on cognition and brain
      health across the life span. Research in this burgeoning field demonstrates that
      many aspects of nutrition-from entire diets to specific nutrients-affect brain
      structure and function, and therefore have profound implications for
      understanding the nature of healthy brain aging. The aim of this Focused Review
      is to examine recent advances in nutritional cognitive neuroscience, with an
      emphasis on methods that enable discovery of nutrient biomarkers that predict
      healthy brain aging. We propose an integrative framework that calls for the
      synthesis of research in nutritional epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience,
      incorporating: (i) methods for the precise characterization of nutritional health
      based on the analysis of nutrient biomarker patterns (NBPs), along with (ii)
      modern indices of brain health derived from high-resolution magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI). By integrating cutting-edge techniques from nutritional
      epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience, nutritional cognitive neuroscience will
      continue to advance our understanding of the beneficial effects of nutrition on
      the aging brain and establish effective nutritional interventions to promote
      healthy brain aging. 

PMID- 27375411
TI  - The First World Congress on Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders: Controversies
      and Hot Topics in Etiology and Treatment.
AB  - The first World Congress on Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders was held in
      London, June 2016 by the Tourette Association of America, Tourettes Action (UK),
      and the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome. Presentations
      arising from large-scale collaborative projects were an important component of
      the scientific programme. This article focuses on areas raised in the hot topics
      session and two moderated debates, which covered emerging research in etiology
      and treatment. The hot topics ranged across genetics, arguably including the
      first confirmed Tourette Syndrome (TS) susceptibility gene NRXN1, neurocognition,
      and neurophysiology, including the possibility of a neurocognitive endophenotype
      for TS and the use of depth and cortical surface electrodes to investigate the
      neurophysiology of tics on the background of the evolving field of deep brain
      stimulation (DBS), to novel treatment approaches such as dental orthotics and an
      online behavioral intervention. The debates aired controversies in treatment;
      pharmacotherapy vs. behavioral treatment and the place of medical cannabinoids.
      These sessions demonstrate the vibrancy of a field that has considerably expanded
      in the last decade, the significant progress that has been made, and the
      direction that some of the most fruitful next phases of research will take. 

PMID- 27375412
TI  - Microstructure Informed Tractography: Pitfalls and Open Challenges.
AB  - One of the major limitations of diffusion MRI tractography is that the fiber
      tracts recovered by existing algorithms are not truly quantitative. Local
      techniques for estimating more quantitative features of the tissue microstructure
      exist, but their combination with tractography has always been considered
      intractable. Recent advances in local and global modeling made it possible to
      fill this gap and a number of promising techniques for microstructure informed
      tractography have been suggested, opening new and exciting perspectives for the
      quantification of brain connectivity. The ease-of-use of the proposed solutions
      made it very attractive for researchers to include such advanced methods in their
      analyses; however, this apparent simplicity should not hide some critical open
      questions raised by the complexity of these very high-dimensional problems,
      otherwise some fundamental issues may be pushed into the background. The aim of
      this article is to raise awareness in the diffusion MRI community, notably
      researchers working on brain connectivity, about some potential pitfalls and
      modeling choices that make the interpretation of the outcomes from these novel
      techniques rather cumbersome. Through a series of experiments on synthetic and
      real data, we illustrate practical situations where erroneous and severely biased
      conclusions may be drawn about the connectivity if these pitfalls are overlooked,
      like the presence of partial/missing/duplicate fibers or the critical importance
      of the diffusion model adopted. Microstructure informed tractography is a young
      but very promising technology, and by acknowledging its current limitations as
      done in this paper, we hope our observations will trigger further research in
      this direction and new ideas for truly quantitative and biologically meaningful
      analyses of the connectivity. 

PMID- 27375414
TI  - More Feedback Is Better than Less: Learning a Novel Upper Limb Joint Coordination
      Pattern with Augmented Auditory Feedback.
AB  - Motor learning is a process whereby the acquisition of new skills occurs with
      practice, and can be influenced by the provision of feedback. An important
      question is what frequency of feedback facilitates motor learning. The guidance
      hypothesis assumes that the provision of less augmented feedback is better than
      more because a learner can use his/her own inherent feedback. However, it is
      unclear whether this hypothesis holds true for all types of augmented feedback,
      including for example sonified information about performance. Thus, we aimed to
      test what frequency of augmented sonified feedback facilitates the motor learning
      of a novel joint coordination pattern. Twenty healthy volunteers first reached to
      a target with their arm (baseline phase). We manipulated this baseline kinematic
      data for each individual to create a novel target joint coordination pattern.
      Participants then practiced to learn the novel target joint coordination pattern,
      receiving either feedback on every trial i.e., 100% feedback (n = 10), or every
      other trial, i.e., 50% feedback (n = 10; acquisition phase). We created a
      sonification system to provide the feedback. This feedback was a pure tone that
      varied in intensity in proportion to the error of the performed joint
      coordination relative to the target pattern. Thus, the auditory feedback
      contained information about performance in real-time (i.e., "concurrent,
      knowledge of performance feedback"). Participants performed the novel joint
      coordination pattern with no-feedback immediately after the acquisition phase
      (immediate retention phase), and on the next day (delayed retention phase). The
      root-mean squared error (RMSE) and variable error (VE) of joint coordination were
      significantly reduced during the acquisition phase in both 100 and 50% feedback
      groups. There was no significant difference in VE between the groups at immediate
      and delayed retention phases. However, at both these retention phases, the 100%
      feedback group showed significantly smaller RMSE than the 50% group. Thus,
      contrary to the guidance hypothesis, our findings suggest that the provision of
      more, concurrent knowledge of performance auditory feedback during the
      acquisition of a novel joint coordination pattern, may result in better skill
      retention. 

PMID- 27375415
TI  - Shielded Coaxial Optrode Arrays for Neurophysiology.
AB  - Recent progress in the study of the brain has been greatly facilitated by the
      development of new tools capable of minimally-invasive, robust coupling to
      neuronal assemblies. Two prominent examples are the microelectrode array (MEA),
      which enables electrical signals from large numbers of neurons to be detected and
      spatiotemporally correlated, and optogenetics, which enables the electrical
      activity of cells to be controlled with light. In the former case, high spatial
      density is desirable but, as electrode arrays evolve toward higher density and
      thus smaller pitch, electrical crosstalk increases. In the latter, finer control
      over light input is desirable, to enable improved studies of neuroelectronic
      pathways emanating from specific cell stimulation. Here, we introduce a coaxial
      electrode architecture that is uniquely suited to address these issues, as it can
      simultaneously be utilized as an optical waveguide and a shielded electrode in
      dense arrays. Using optogenetically-transfected cells on a coaxial MEA, we
      demonstrate the utility of the architecture by recording cellular currents evoked
      from optical stimulation. We also show the capability for network recording by
      radiating an area of seven individually-addressed coaxial electrode regions with
      cultured cells covering a section of the extent. 

PMID- 27375413
TI  - Carbon Nanomaterials Interfacing with Neurons: An In vivo Perspective.
AB  - Developing new tools that outperform current state of the art technologies for
      imaging, drug delivery or electrical sensing in neuronal tissues is one of the
      great challenges in neurosciences. Investigations into the potential use of
      carbon nanomaterials for such applications started about two decades ago. Since
      then, numerous in vitro studies have examined interactions between these
      nanomaterials and neurons, either by evaluating their compatibility, as vectors
      for drug delivery, or for their potential use in electric activity sensing and
      manipulation. The results obtained indicate that carbon nanomaterials may be
      suitable for medical therapies. However, a relatively small number of in vivo
      studies have been carried out to date. In order to facilitate the transformation
      of carbon nanomaterial into practical neurobiomedical applications, it is
      essential to identify and highlight in the existing literature the strengths and
      weakness that different carbon nanomaterials have displayed when probed in vivo.
      Unfortunately the current literature is sometimes sparse and confusing. To offer
      a clearer picture of the in vivo studies on carbon nanomaterials in the central
      nervous system, we provide a systematic and critical review. Hereby we identify
      properties and behavior of carbon nanomaterials in vivo inside the neural
      tissues, and we examine key achievements and potentially problematic
      toxicological issues. 

PMID- 27375416
TI  - Attention Modulates the Auditory Cortical Processing of Spatial and Category Cues
      in Naturalistic Auditory Scenes.
AB  - This combined fMRI and MEG study investigated brain activations during listening
      and attending to natural auditory scenes. We first recorded, using in-ear
      microphones, vocal non-speech sounds, and environmental sounds that were mixed to
      construct auditory scenes containing two concurrent sound streams. During the
      brain measurements, subjects attended to one of the streams while spatial
      acoustic information of the scene was either preserved (stereophonic sounds) or
      removed (monophonic sounds). Compared to monophonic sounds, stereophonic sounds
      evoked larger blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI responses in the
      bilateral posterior superior temporal areas, independent of which stimulus
      attribute the subject was attending to. This finding is consistent with the
      functional role of these regions in the (automatic) processing of auditory
      spatial cues. Additionally, significant differences in the cortical activation
      patterns depending on the target of attention were observed. Bilateral planum
      temporale and inferior frontal gyrus were preferentially activated when attending
      to stereophonic environmental sounds, whereas when subjects attended to
      stereophonic voice sounds, the BOLD responses were larger at the bilateral middle
      superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, previously reported to show voice
      sensitivity. In contrast, the time-resolved MEG responses were stronger for mono-
      than stereophonic sounds in the bilateral auditory cortices at ~360 ms after the
      stimulus onset when attending to the voice excerpts within the combined sounds.
      The observed effects suggest that during the segregation of auditory objects from
      the auditory background, spatial sound cues together with other relevant temporal
      and spectral cues are processed in an attention-dependent manner at the cortical
      locations generally involved in sound recognition. More synchronous neuronal
      activation during monophonic than stereophonic sound processing, as well as
      (local) neuronal inhibitory mechanisms in the auditory cortex, may explain the
      simultaneous increase of BOLD responses and decrease of MEG responses. These
      findings highlight the complimentary role of electrophysiological and hemodynamic
      measures in addressing brain processing of complex stimuli. 

PMID- 27375417
TI  - Altered Onset Response Dynamics in Somatosensory Processing in Autism Spectrum
      Disorder.
AB  - Abnormalities in cortical connectivity and evoked responses have been extensively
      documented in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, specific signatures of
      these cortical abnormalities remain elusive, with data pointing toward abnormal
      patterns of both increased and reduced response amplitudes and functional
      connectivity. We have previously proposed, using magnetoencephalography (MEG)
      data, that apparent inconsistencies in prior studies could be reconciled if
      functional connectivity in ASD was reduced in the feedback (top-down) direction,
      but increased in the feedforward (bottom-up) direction. Here, we continue this
      line of investigation by assessing abnormalities restricted to the onset,
      feedforward inputs driven, component of the response to vibrotactile stimuli in
      somatosensory cortex in ASD. Using a novel method that measures the spatio
      temporal divergence of cortical activation, we found that relative to typically
      developing participants, the ASD group was characterized by an increase in the
      initial onset component of the cortical response, and a faster spread of local
      activity. Given the early time window, the results could be interpreted as
      increased thalamocortical feedforward connectivity in ASD, and offer a plausible
      mechanism for the previously observed increased response variability in ASD, as
      well as for the commonly observed behaviorally measured tactile processing
      abnormalities associated with the disorder. 

PMID- 27375418
TI  - Beat Keeping in a Sea Lion As Coupled Oscillation: Implications for Comparative
      Understanding of Human Rhythm.
AB  - Human capacity for entraining movement to external rhythms-i.e., beat keeping-is
      ubiquitous, but its evolutionary history and neural underpinnings remain a
      mystery. Recent findings of entrainment to simple and complex rhythms in non
      human animals pave the way for a novel comparative approach to assess the origins
      and mechanisms of rhythmic behavior. The most reliable non-human beat keeper to
      date is a California sea lion, Ronan, who was trained to match head movements to
      isochronous repeating stimuli and showed spontaneous generalization of this
      ability to novel tempos and to the complex rhythms of music. Does Ronan's
      performance rely on the same neural mechanisms as human rhythmic behavior? In the
      current study, we presented Ronan with simple rhythmic stimuli at novel tempos.
      On some trials, we introduced "perturbations," altering either tempo or phase in
      the middle of a presentation. Ronan quickly adjusted her behavior following all
      perturbations, recovering her consistent phase and tempo relationships to the
      stimulus within a few beats. Ronan's performance was consistent with predictions
      of mathematical models describing coupled oscillation: a model relying solely on
      phase coupling strongly matched her behavior, and the model was further improved
      with the addition of period coupling. These findings are the clearest evidence
      yet for parity in human and non-human beat keeping and support the view that the
      human ability to perceive and move in time to rhythm may be rooted in broadly
      conserved neural mechanisms. 

PMID- 27375419
TI  - Resting State Functional Connectivity MRI among Spectral MEG Current Sources in
      Children on the Autism Spectrum.
AB  - Social and communicative impairments are among the core symptoms of autism
      spectrum disorders (ASD), and a great deal of evidence supports the notion that
      these impairments are associated with aberrant functioning and connectivity of
      various cortical networks. The present study explored the links between sources
      of MEG amplitude in various frequency bands and functional connectivity MRI in
      the resting state. The goal of combining these modalities was to use sources of
      neural oscillatory activity, measured with MEG, as functionally relevant seed
      regions for a more traditional pairwise fMRI connectivity analysis. We performed
      a seed-based connectivity analysis on resting state fMRI data, using seed regions
      derived from frequency-specific amplitude sources in resting state MEG data in
      the same nine subjects with ASD (10-17 years of age). We then compared fMRI
      connectivity among these MEG-source-derived regions between participants with
      autism and typically developing, age-matched controls. We used a source modeling
      technique designed for MEG data to detect significant amplitude sources in six
      frequency bands: delta (2-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (12-30
      Hz), low gamma (30-60 Hz), and high gamma (60-120 Hz). MEG-derived source maps
      for each participant were co-registered in standard MNI space, and group-level
      source maps were obtained for each frequency. For each frequency band, the 10
      largest clusters resulting from these t-tests were used as regions of interest
      (ROIs) for the fMRI functional connectivity analysis. Pairwise BOLD signal
      correlations were obtained between each pair of these ROIs for each frequency
      band. Each pairwise correlation was compared between the ASD and TD groups using
      t-tests. We also constrained these pairwise correlations to known network
      structures, resulting in a follow-up set of correlation matrices specific to each
      network we considered. Frequency-specific MEG sources had distinct patterns of
      fMRI resting state functional connectivity in the ASD group, but perhaps the most
      significant was a finding of hypoconnectivity between many sources of low and
      high gamma activity. These novel findings suggest that in ASD there are
      differences in functionally defined networks as shown in previous fMRI studies,
      as well as between sets of regions defined by magnetoencephalographic neural
      oscillatory activity. 

PMID- 27375420
TI  - Isolation Syndrome after Cardiac Arrest and Therapeutic Hypothermia.
AB  - Here, we present the first description of an isolation syndrome in a patient who
      suffered prolonged cardiac arrest and underwent a standard therapeutic
      hypothermia protocol. Two years after the arrest, the patient demonstrated no
      motor responses to commands, communication capabilities, or visual tracking at
      the bedside. However, resting neuronal metabolism and electrical activity across
      the entire anterior forebrain was found to be normal despite severe structural
      injuries to primary motor, parietal, and occipital cortices. In addition, using
      quantitative electroencephalography, the patient showed evidence for willful
      modulation of brain activity in response to auditory commands revealing covert
      conscious awareness. A possible explanation for this striking dissociation in
      this patient is that altered neuronal recovery patterns following therapeutic
      hypothermia may lead to a disproportionate preservation of anterior forebrain
      cortico-thalamic circuits even in the setting of severe hypoxic injury to other
      brain areas. Compared to recent reports of other severely brain-injured subjects
      with such dissociation of clinically observable (overt) and covert behaviors, we
      propose that this case represents a potentially generalizable mechanism producing
      an isolation syndrome of blindness, motor paralysis, and retained cognition as a
      sequela of cardiac arrest and therapeutic hypothermia. Our findings further
      support that highly-preserved anterior cortico-thalamic integrity is associated
      with the presence of conscious awareness independent from the degree of injury to
      other brain areas. 

PMID- 27375421
TI  - Weighing the Cost and Benefit of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on
      Different Reading Subskills.
AB  - Adults struggling with low reading skills are underserved by limited available
      treatments. While brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct
      current stimulation (tDCS) has the potential to improve a variety of cognitive
      functions, little work has been done examining its potential to treat reading
      disabilities. Research on the effects of tDCS on reading abilities has been
      somewhat inconsistent perhaps in part due to discrepancies between studies in the
      nature of the tasks. In the current study, we examined the effect of tDCS to the
      left inferior parietal lobe (L IPL) on two reading tasks in low-to-average
      readers. We compared performance on a sight word efficiency (SWE) task and a
      rhyme judgment task before and after either stimulation to the L IPL, right
      superior parietal lobe (R SPL), or sham stimulation. Readers who received
      stimulation to the L IPL showed greater improvements on the SWE task, but less
      improvement on the rhyme judgment task compared to the R SPL and sham groups.
      This study demonstrates for the first time both a positive and negative effect of
      stimulation under the same stimulation parameters within the same participants.
      The results highlight the need to consider multiple tasks when assessing the
      potential of using tDCS as a treatment. 

PMID- 27375422
TI  - Multimodal 7T Imaging of Thalamic Nuclei for Preclinical Deep Brain Stimulation
      Applications.
AB  - Precise neurosurgical targeting of electrode arrays within the brain is essential
      to the successful treatment of a range of brain disorders with deep brain
      stimulation (DBS) therapy. Here, we describe a set of computational tools to
      generate in vivo, subject-specific atlases of individual thalamic nuclei thus
      improving the ability to visualize thalamic targets for preclinical DBS
      applications on a subject-specific basis. A sequential nonlinear atlas warping
      technique and a Bayesian estimation technique for probabilistic crossing fiber
      tractography were applied to high field (7T) susceptibility-weighted and
      diffusion-weighted imaging, respectively, in seven rhesus macaques. Image
      contrast, including contrast within thalamus from the susceptibility-weighted
      images, informed the atlas warping process and guided the seed point placement
      for fiber tractography. The susceptibility-weighted imaging resulted in relative
      hyperintensity of the intralaminar nuclei and relative hypointensity in the
      medial dorsal nucleus, pulvinar, and the medial/ventral border of the ventral
      posterior nuclei, providing context to demarcate borders of the ventral nuclei of
      thalamus, which are often targeted for DBS applications. Additionally, ascending
      fiber tractography of the medial lemniscus, superior cerebellar peduncle, and
      pallidofugal pathways into thalamus provided structural demarcation of the
      ventral nuclei of thalamus. The thalamic substructure boundaries were validated
      through in vivo electrophysiological recordings and post-mortem blockface tissue
      sectioning. Together, these imaging tools for visualizing and segmenting thalamus
      have the potential to improve the neurosurgical targeting of DBS implants and
      enhance the selection of stimulation settings through more accurate computational
      models of DBS. 

PMID- 27375424
TI  - Third Trimester Equivalent Alcohol Exposure Reduces Modulation of Glutamatergic
      Synaptic Transmission by 5-HT1A Receptors in the Rat Hippocampal CA3 Region.
AB  - Fetal alcohol exposure has been associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders
      that have been linked to altered serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) signaling,
      including depression and anxiety. During the first 2 weeks of postnatal life in
      rodents (equivalent to the third trimester of human pregnancy) 5-HT neurons
      undergo significant functional maturation and their axons reach target regions in
      the forebrain (e.g., cortex and hippocampus). The objective of this study was to
      identify the effects of third trimester ethanol (EtOH) exposure on hippocampal 5
      HT signaling. Using EtOH vapor inhalation chambers, we exposed rat pups to EtOH
      for 4 h/day from postnatal day (P) 2 to P12. The average serum EtOH concentration
      in the pups was 0.13 +/- 0.04 g/dl (legal intoxication limit in humans = 0.08
      g/dl). We used brain slices to assess the modulatory actions of 5-HT on field
      excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the hippocampal CA3 region at P13-P15.
      Application of the GABAA/glycine receptor antagonist, picrotoxin, caused
      broadening of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs), an effect that
      was reversed by application of 5-HT in slices from air exposed rats. However,
      this effect of 5-HT was absent in EtOH exposed animals. In slices from naive
      animals, application of a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist blocked the effect of 5-HT
      on the fEPSPs recorded in presence of picrotoxin, suggesting that third trimester
      ethanol exposure acts by inhibiting the function of these receptors. Studies
      indicate that 5-HT1A receptors play a critical role in the development of
      hippocampal circuits. Therefore, inhibition of these receptors by third trimester
      ethanol exposure could contribute to the pathophysiology of fetal alcohol
      spectrum disorders. 

PMID- 27375423
TI  - Drug Design for CNS Diseases: Polypharmacological Profiling of Compounds Using
      Cheminformatic, 3D-QSAR and Virtual Screening Methodologies.
AB  - HIGHLIGHTS Many CNS targets are being explored for multi-target drug designNew
      databases and cheminformatic methods enable prediction of primary pharmaceutical
      target and off-targets of compoundsQSAR, virtual screening and docking methods
      increase the potential of rational drug design The diverse cerebral mechanisms
      implicated in Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases together with the
      heterogeneous and overlapping nature of phenotypes indicated that multitarget
      strategies may be appropriate for the improved treatment of complex brain
      diseases. Understanding how the neurotransmitter systems interact is also
      important in optimizing therapeutic strategies. Pharmacological intervention on
      one target will often influence another one, such as the well-established
      serotonin-dopamine interaction or the dopamine-glutamate interaction. It is now
      accepted that drug action can involve plural targets and that polypharmacological
      interaction with multiple targets, to address disease in more subtle and
      effective ways, is a key concept for development of novel drug candidates against
      complex CNS diseases. A multi-target therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease
      resulted in the development of very effective Multi-Target Designed Ligands
      (MTDL) that act on both the cholinergic and monoaminergic systems, and also
      retard the progression of neurodegeneration by inhibiting amyloid aggregation.
      Many compounds already in databases have been investigated as ligands for
      multiple targets in drug-discovery programs. A probabilistic method, the Parzen
      Rosenblatt Window approach, was used to build a "predictor" model using data
      collected from the ChEMBL database. The model can be used to predict both the
      primary pharmaceutical target and off-targets of a compound based on its
      structure. Several multi-target ligands were selected for further study, as
      compounds with possible additional beneficial pharmacological activities. Based
      on all these findings, it is concluded that multipotent ligands targeting
      AChE/MAO-A/MAO-B and also D1-R/D2-R/5-HT2A -R/H3-R are promising novel drug
      candidates with improved efficacy and beneficial neuroleptic and procognitive
      activities in treatment of Alzheimer's and related neurodegenerative diseases.
      Structural information for drug targets permits docking and virtual screening and
      exploration of the molecular determinants of binding, hence facilitating the
      design of multi-targeted drugs. The crystal structures and models of enzymes of
      the monoaminergic and cholinergic systems have been used to investigate the
      structural origins of target selectivity and to identify molecular determinants,
      in order to design MTDLs. 

PMID- 27375425
TI  - The Fallacy of Univariate Solutions to Complex Systems Problems.
AB  - Complex biological systems, by definition, are composed of multiple components
      that interact non-linearly. The human brain constitutes, arguably, the most
      complex biological system known. Yet most investigation of the brain and its
      function is carried out using assumptions appropriate for simple systems
      univariate design and linear statistical approaches. This heuristic must change
      before we can hope to discover and test interventions to improve the lives of
      individuals with complex disorders of brain development and function. Indeed, a
      movement away from simplistic models of biological systems will benefit
      essentially all domains of biology and medicine. The present brief essay lays the
      foundation for this argument. 

PMID- 27375426
TI  - Parkinson's Disease and Neurodegeneration: GABA-Collapse Hypothesis.
AB  - Neurodegenerative diseases constitute a heterogeneous group of age-related
      disorders that are characterized by a slow but irreversible deterioration of
      brain functions. Evidence accumulated over more than two decades has implicated
      calcium-related homeostatic mechanisms, giving rise to the Ca(2+) hypothesis of
      brain aging and, ultimately, cell death. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the
      main inhibitory neurotransmitter within the central (CNS), peripheral and enteric
      nervous systems. It appears to be involved in a wide variety of physiological
      functions within and outside the nervous system, that are maintained through a
      complex interaction between GABA and calcium-dependent neurotransmission and
      cellular metabolic functions. Within CNS the Ca(2+)/GABA mechanism stabilizes
      neuronal activity both at cellular and systemic levels. Decline in the
      Ca(2+)/GABA control initiates several cascading processes leading to both
      weakened protective barriers (in particular the blood-brain barrier) and
      accumulations of intracellular deposits of calcium and Lewy bodies. Linking such
      a vital mechanism of synaptic transmission with metabolism (both at cellular and
      tissue level) by means of a common reciprocal Ca(2+)/GABA inhibition results in a
      fragile balance, which is prone to destabilization and auto-destruction. The GABA
      decline etiology proposed here appears to apply to all human neurodegenerative
      processes initiated by abnormal intracellular calcium levels. Therefore, the
      original description of Parkinson's disease (PD) as due to the selective damage
      of dopaminergic neurons in the mesencephalon should be updated into the concept
      of a severe multisystemic neurodegenerative disorder of the nervous system, whose
      clinical symptoms reflect the localization and progression of the most advanced
      GABA pathology. A future and more complete therapeutic approach to PD should be
      aimed first at slowing (or stopping) the progression of Ca(2+)/GABA functional
      decline. 

PMID- 27375428
TI  - The Enigma of the Dichotomic Pressure Response of GluN1-4a/b Splice Variants of
      NMDA Receptor: Experimental and Statistical Analyses.
AB  - Professional deep-water divers, exposed to hyperbaric pressure (HP) above 1.1
      MPa, develop High Pressure Neurological Syndrome (HPNS), which is associated with
      central nervous system (CNS) hyperexcitability. It was previously reported that
      HP augments N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) synaptic response, increases
      neuronal excitability and potentially causes irreversible neuronal damage. Our
      laboratory has reported differential current responses under HP conditions in
      NMDAR subtypes that contain either GluN1-1a or GluN1-1b splice variants co
      expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes with all four GluN2 subunits. Recently, we
      reported that the increase in ionic currents measured under HP conditions is also
      dependent on which of the eight splice variants of GluN1 is co-expressed with the
      GluN2 subunit. We now report that the NMDAR subtype that contains GluN1-4a/b
      splice variants exhibited "dichotomic" (either increased or decreased) responses
      at HP. The distribution of the results is not normal thus analysis of variance
      (ANOVA) test and clustering analysis were employed for statistical verification
      of the grouping. Furthermore, the calculated constants of alpha function
      distribution analysis for the two groups were similar, suggesting that the
      mechanism underlying the switch between an increase or a decrease of the current
      at HP is a single process, the nature of which is still unknown. This dichotomic
      response of the GluN1-4a/b splice variant may be used as a model for studying
      reduced response in NMDAR at HP. Successful reversal of other NMDAR subtypes
      response (i.e., current reduction) may allow the elimination of the reversible
      malfunctioning short term effects (HPNS), or even deleterious long term effects
      induced by increased NMDAR function during HP exposure. 

PMID- 27375429
TI  - Adenosine Kinase Inhibition Protects against Cranial Radiation-Induced Cognitive
      Dysfunction.
AB  - Clinical radiation therapy for the treatment of CNS cancers leads to unintended
      and debilitating impairments in cognition. Radiation-induced cognitive
      dysfunction is long lasting; however, the underlying molecular and cellular
      mechanisms are still not well established. Since ionizing radiation causes
      microglial and astroglial activation, we hypothesized that maladaptive changes in
      astrocyte function might be implicated in radiation-induced cognitive
      dysfunction. Among other gliotransmitters, astrocytes control the availability of
      adenosine, an endogenous neuroprotectant and modulator of cognition, via
      metabolic clearance through adenosine kinase (ADK). Adult rats exposed to cranial
      irradiation (10 Gy) showed significant declines in performance of hippocampal
      dependent cognitive function tasks [novel place recognition, novel object
      recognition (NOR), and contextual fear conditioning (FC)] 1 month after exposure
      to ionizing radiation using a clinically relevant regimen. Irradiated rats spent
      less time exploring a novel place or object. Cranial irradiation also led to
      reduction in freezing behavior compared to controls in the FC task. Importantly,
      immunohistochemical analyses of irradiated brains showed significant elevation of
      ADK immunoreactivity in the hippocampus that was related to astrogliosis and
      increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Conversely, rats
      treated with the ADK inhibitor 5-iodotubercidin (5-ITU, 3.1 mg/kg, i.p., for 6
      days) prior to cranial irradiation showed significantly improved behavioral
      performance in all cognitive tasks 1 month post exposure. Treatment with 5-ITU
      attenuated radiation-induced astrogliosis and elevated ADK immunoreactivity in
      the hippocampus. These results confirm an astrocyte-mediated mechanism where
      preservation of extracellular adenosine can exert neuroprotection against
      radiation-induced pathology. These innovative findings link radiation-induced
      changes in cognition and CNS functionality to altered purine metabolism and
      astrogliosis, thereby linking the importance of adenosine homeostasis in the
      brain to radiation injury. 

PMID- 27375430
TI  - Visualizing K48 Ubiquitination during Presynaptic Formation By Ubiquitination
      Induced Fluorescence Complementation (UiFC).
AB  - In recent years, signaling through ubiquitin has been shown to be of great
      importance for normal brain development. Indeed, fluctuations in ubiquitin levels
      and spontaneous mutations in (de)ubiquitination enzymes greatly perturb synapse
      formation and neuronal transmission. In the brain, expression of lysine (K) 48
      linked ubiquitin chains is higher at a developmental stage coincident with
      synaptogenesis. Nevertheless, no studies have so far delved into the involvement
      of this type of polyubiquitin chains in synapse formation. We have recently
      proposed a role for polyubiquitinated conjugates as triggering signals for
      presynaptic assembly. Herein, we aimed at characterizing the axonal distribution
      of K48 polyubiquitin and its dynamics throughout the course of presynaptic
      formation. To accomplish so, we used an ubiquitination-induced fluorescence
      complementation (UiFC) strategy for the visualization of K48 polyubiquitin in
      live hippocampal neurons. We first validated its use in neurons by analyzing
      changing levels of polyubiquitin. UiFC signal is diffusely distributed with
      distinct aggregates in somas, dendrites and axons, which perfectly colocalize
      with staining for a K48-specific antibody. Axonal UiFC aggregates are relatively
      stable and new aggregates are formed as an axon grows. Approximately 65% of UiFC
      aggregates colocalize with synaptic vesicle clusters and they preferentially
      appear in the axonal domains of axo-somatodendritic synapses when compared to
      isolated axons. We then evaluated axonal accumulation of K48 ubiquitinated
      signals in bead-induced synapses. We observed rapid accumulation of UiFC signal
      and endogenous K48 ubiquitin at the sites of newly formed presynapses. Lastly, we
      show by means of a microfluidic platform, for the isolation of axons, that
      presynaptic clustering on beads is dependent on E1-mediated ubiquitination at the
      axonal level. Altogether, these results indicate that enrichment of K48
      polyubiquitin at the site of nascent presynaptic terminals is an important axon
      intrinsic event for presynaptic differentiation. 

PMID- 27375432
TI  - Characterization of a Synaptic Vesicle Binding Motif on the Distal CaV2.2 Channel
      C-terminal.
AB  - Neurotransmitter is released from synaptic vesicles (SVs) that are gated to fuse
      with the presynaptic membrane by calcium ions that enter through voltage-gated
      calcium channels (CaVs). There is compelling evidence that SVs associate closely
      with the CaVs but the molecular linking mechanisms remain poorly understood.
      Using a cell-free, synaptic vesicle-pull-down assay method (SV-PD) we have
      recently demonstrated that SVs can bind both to the intact CaV2.2 channel and
      also to a fusion protein comprising the distal third, C3 segment, of its long C
      terminal. This site was localized to a 49 amino acid region just proximal to the
      C-terminal tip. To further restrict the SV binding site we generated five, 10
      amino acid mimetic blocking peptides spanning this region. Of these, HQARRVPNGY
      effectively inhibited SV-PD and also inhibited SV recycling when cryoloaded into
      chick brain nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Further, SV-PD was markedly reduced
      using a C3 fusion protein that lacked the HQARRVPNGY sequence, C3HQless. We
      zeroed in on the SV binding motif within HQARRVPNGY by means of a palette of
      mutant blocking peptides. To our surprise, peptides that lacked the highly
      conserved VPNGY sequence still blocked SV-PD. However, substitution of the HQ and
      RR amino acids markedly reduced block. Of these, the RR pair was essential but
      not sufficient as the full block was not observed without H suggesting a CaV2.2
      SV binding motif of HxxRR. Interestingly, CaV2.1, the other primary presynaptic
      calcium channel, exhibits a similar motif, RHxRR, that likely serves the same
      function. Bioinformatic analysis showed that variations of this binding motif,
      +(+) xRR (where + is a positively charged aa H or R), are conserved from lung
      fish to man. Further studies will be necessary to identify the C terminal motif
      binding partner on the SV itself and to determine the role of this molecular
      interaction in synaptic transmission. We hypothesize that the distal C-terminal
      participates in the capture of the SVs from the cytoplasm, initiating their
      delivery to the active zone where additional tethering interactions secure the
      vesicle within range of the CaV single Ca(2+) domains. 

PMID- 27375431
TI  - Linking Activation of Microglia and Peripheral Monocytic Cells to the
      Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders.
AB  - A wide variety of studies have identified microglial activation in psychiatric
      disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive
      disorder. Relatively fewer, but robust, studies have detected activation of
      peripheral monocytic cells in psychiatric disorders. Considering the origin of
      microglia, as well as neuropsychoimmune interactions in the context of the
      pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, it is reasonable to speculate that
      microglia interact with peripheral monocytic cells in relevance with the
      pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders; however, these interactions have drawn
      little attention. In this review, we summarize findings relevant to activation of
      microglia and monocytic cells in psychiatric disorders, discuss the potential
      association between these cell types and disease pathogenesis, and propose
      perspectives for future research on these processes. 

PMID- 27375433
TI  - Corrigendum: Local Optogenetic Induction of Fast (20-40 Hz) Pyramidal-Interneuron
      Network Oscillations in the In Vitro and In Vivo CA1 Hippocampus: Modulation by
      CRF and Enforcement of Perirhinal Theta Activity.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 108 in vol. 10, PMID: 27199662.]. 

PMID- 27375427
TI  - Regulating Axonal Responses to Injury: The Intersection between Signaling
      Pathways Involved in Axon Myelination and The Inhibition of Axon Regeneration.
AB  - Following spinal cord injury (SCI), a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic
      factors adversely affect the gene programs that govern the expression of
      regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and the production of a diversity of
      extracellular matrix molecules (ECM). Insufficient RAG expression in the injured
      neuron and the presence of inhibitory ECM at the lesion, leads to structural
      alterations in the axon that perturb the growth machinery, or form an extraneous
      barrier to axonal regeneration, respectively. Here, the role of myelin, both
      intact and debris, in antagonizing axon regeneration has been the focus of
      numerous investigations. These studies have employed antagonizing antibodies and
      knockout animals to examine how the growth cone of the re-growing axon responds
      to the presence of myelin and myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) within the
      lesion environment and caudal spinal cord. However, less attention has been
      placed on how the myelination of the axon after SCI, whether by endogenous glia
      or exogenously implanted glia, may alter axon regeneration. Here, we examine the
      intersection between intracellular signaling pathways in neurons and glia that
      are involved in axon myelination and axon growth, to provide greater insight into
      how interrogating this complex network of molecular interactions may lead to new
      therapeutics targeting SCI. 

PMID- 27375435
TI  - Effects of an High-Fat Diet Enriched in Lard or in Fish Oil on the Hypothalamic
      Amp-Activated Protein Kinase and Inflammatory Mediators.
AB  - The high fat diet (HFD) rich in lard induces obesity, inflammation and oxidative
      stress, and the deregulation of hypothalamic nuclei plays an important role in
      this mechanism. One important factor involved in the food intake and inflammation
      is adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine kinase
      activated by phosphorylation. Omega (omega)3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
      are dietary compounds known to attenuate the obesity-related diseases, although
      the molecular mechanisms underlying their actions in the hypothalamus are not
      completely understood. We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of PUFA may be
      mediated by AMPK in the hypothalamus. To this aim, rats were fed a control diet
      (CD), or isocaloric HFD containing either fish oil (FD; rich in omega3-PUFA) or
      lard for 6 weeks, and the activation of AMPK, inflammatory state (IKKbeta, TNF
      alpha) and oxidative stress were analyzed in the hypothalamus. In addition, we
      also studied serum lipid profile, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index, and
      pro-inflammatory parameters. Our results showed, at the hypothalamic level of LD
      fed rats, an increase of AMPK activation, inflammation and oxidative stress,
      while no modifications were detected in FD-fed animals compared to CD. In
      addition body weight gain, serum lipid profile, pro-inflammatory parameters and
      insulin resistance were reduced in FD animals compared to LD. In conclusion, our
      data indicate that the substitution of saturated by unsaturated fatty acids in
      the diet has beneficial effects on modulation of hypothalamic inflammation and
      function in obesity, underlying, at hypothalamic level, the interaction among
      insulin and/or leptin resistance, AMPK activation and hyperphagia. 

PMID- 27375436
TI  - Comments and General Discussion on "The Anatomical Problem Posed by Brain
      Complexity and Size: A Potential Solution".

PMID- 27375434
TI  - Long-Term Estrogen Receptor Beta Agonist Treatment Modifies the Hippocampal
      Transcriptome in Middle-Aged Ovariectomized Rats.
AB  - Estradiol (E2) robustly activates transcription of a broad array of genes in the
      hippocampal formation of middle-aged ovariectomized rats via estrogen receptors
      (ERalpha, ERbeta, and G protein-coupled ER). Selective ERbeta agonists also
      influence hippocampal functions, although their downstream molecular targets and
      mechanisms are not known. In this study, we explored the effects of long-term
      treatment with ERbeta agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN, 0.05 mg/kg/day, sc.) on
      the hippocampal transcriptome in ovariectomized, middle-aged (13 month) rats.
      Isolated hippocampal formations were analyzed by Affymetrix oligonucleotide
      microarray and quantitative real-time PCR. Four hundred ninety-seven genes
      fulfilled the absolute fold change higher than 2 (FC > 2) selection criterion.
      Among them 370 genes were activated. Pathway analysis identified terms including
      glutamatergic and cholinergic synapse, RNA transport, endocytosis, thyroid
      hormone signaling, RNA degradation, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, and
      mRNA surveillance. PCR studies showed transcriptional regulation of 58 genes
      encoding growth factors (Igf2, Igfb2, Igf1r, Fgf1, Mdk, Ntf3, Bdnf),
      transcription factors (Otx2, Msx1), potassium channels (Kcne2), neuropeptides
      (Cck, Pdyn), peptide receptors (Crhr2, Oprm1, Gnrhr, Galr2, Sstr1, Sstr3),
      neurotransmitter receptors (Htr1a, Htr2c, Htr2a, Gria2, Gria3, Grm5, Gabra1,
      Chrm5, Adrb1), and vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (Slc32a1, Slc17a7).
      Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed networking of clusters associated
      with the regulation of growth/troph factor signaling, transcription, translation,
      neurotransmitter and neurohormone signaling mechanisms and potassium channels.
      Collectively, the results reveal the contribution of ERbeta-mediated processes to
      the regulation of transcription, translation, neurogenesis, neuromodulation, and
      neuroprotection in the hippocampal formation of ovariectomized, middle-aged rats
      and elucidate regulatory channels responsible for DPN-altered functional
      patterns. These findings support the notion that selective activation of ERbeta
      may be a viable approach for treating the neural symptoms of E2 deficiency in
      menopause. 

PMID- 27375438
TI  - Universal Darwinism As a Process of Bayesian Inference.
AB  - Many of the mathematical frameworks describing natural selection are equivalent
      to Bayes' Theorem, also known as Bayesian updating. By definition, a process of
      Bayesian Inference is one which involves a Bayesian update, so we may conclude
      that these frameworks describe natural selection as a process of Bayesian
      inference. Thus, natural selection serves as a counter example to a widely-held
      interpretation that restricts Bayesian Inference to human mental processes
      (including the endeavors of statisticians). As Bayesian inference can always be
      cast in terms of (variational) free energy minimization, natural selection can be
      viewed as comprising two components: a generative model of an "experiment" in the
      external world environment, and the results of that "experiment" or the
      "surprise" entailed by predicted and actual outcomes of the "experiment."
      Minimization of free energy implies that the implicit measure of "surprise"
      experienced serves to update the generative model in a Bayesian manner. This
      description closely accords with the mechanisms of generalized Darwinian process
      proposed both by Dawkins, in terms of replicators and vehicles, and Campbell, in
      terms of inferential systems. Bayesian inference is an algorithm for the
      accumulation of evidence-based knowledge. This algorithm is now seen to operate
      over a wide range of evolutionary processes, including natural selection, the
      evolution of mental models and cultural evolutionary processes, notably including
      science itself. The variational principle of free energy minimization may thus
      serve as a unifying mathematical framework for universal Darwinism, the study of
      evolutionary processes operating throughout nature. 

PMID- 27375437
TI  - Non-image Forming Light Detection by Melanopsin, Rhodopsin, and Long-Middlewave
      (L/W) Cone Opsin in the Subterranean Blind Mole Rat, Spalax Ehrenbergi:
      Immunohistochemical Characterization, Distribution, and Connectivity.
AB  - The blind mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi, can, despite severely degenerated eyes
      covered by fur, entrain to the daily light/dark cycle and adapt to seasonal
      changes due to an intact circadian timing system. The present study demonstrates
      that the Spalax retina contains a photoreceptor layer, an outer nuclear layer
      (ONL), an outer plexiform layer (OPL), an inner nuclear layer (INL), an inner
      plexiform layer (IPL), and a ganglion cell layer (GCL). By immunohistochemistry,
      the number of melanopsin (mRGCs) and non-melanopsin bearing retinal ganglion
      cells was analyzed in detail. Using the ganglion cell marker RNA-binding protein
      with multiple splicing (RBPMS) it was shown that the Spalax eye contains 890 +/-
      62 RGCs. Of these, 87% (752 +/- 40) contain melanopsin (cell density 788
      melanopsin RGCs/mm(2)). The remaining RGCs were shown to co-store Brn3a and
      calretinin. The melanopsin cells were located mainly in the GCL with projections
      forming two dendritic plexuses located in the inner part of the IPL and in the
      OPL. Few melanopsin dendrites were also found in the ONL. The Spalax retina is
      rich in rhodopsin and long/middle wave (L/M) cone opsin bearing photoreceptor
      cells. By using Ctbp2 as a marker for ribbon synapses, both rods and L/M cone
      ribbons containing pedicles in the OPL were found in close apposition with
      melanopsin dendrites in the outer plexus suggesting direct synaptic contact. A
      subset of cone bipolar cells and all photoreceptor cells contain recoverin while
      a subset of bipolar and amacrine cells contain calretinin. The calretinin
      expressing amacrine cells seemed to form synaptic contacts with rhodopsin
      containing photoreceptor cells in the OPL and contacts with melanopsin cell
      bodies and dendrites in the IPL. The study demonstrates the complex retinal
      circuitry used by the Spalax to detect light, and provides evidence for both
      melanopsin and non-melanopsin projecting pathways to the brain. 

PMID- 27375439
TI  - Editorial: Auditory Efferent System: New Insights from Cortex to Cochlea.

PMID- 27375440
TI  - Intrinsic Hippocampal Excitability Changes of Opposite Signs and Different
      Origins in CA1 and CA3 Pyramidal Neurons Underlie Aging-Related Cognitive
      Deficits.
AB  - Aging-related cognitive deficits have been attributed to dysfunction of neurons
      due to failures at synaptic or intrinsic loci, or both. Given the importance of
      the hippocampus for successful encoding of memory and that the main output of the
      hippocampus is via the CA1 pyramidal neurons, much of the research has been
      focused on identifying the aging-related changes of these CA1 pyramidal neurons.
      We and others have discovered that the postburst afterhyperpolarization (AHP)
      following a train of action potentials is greatly enlarged in CA1 pyramidal
      neurons of aged animals. This enlarged postburst AHP is a significant factor in
      reducing the intrinsic excitability of these neurons, and thus limiting their
      activity in the neural network during learning. Based on these data, it has
      largely been thought that aging-related cognitive deficits are attributable to
      reduced activity of pyramidal neurons. However, recent in vivo and ex vivo
      studies provide compelling evidence that aging-related deficits could also be due
      to a converse change in CA3 pyramidal neurons, which show increased activity with
      aging. In this review, we will incorporate these recent findings and posit that
      an interdependent dynamic dysfunctional change occurs within the hippocampal
      network, largely due to altered intrinsic excitability in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal
      pyramidal neurons, which ultimately leads to the aging-related cognitive
      deficits. 

PMID- 27375441
TI  - Periodic Visuotactile Stimulation Slowly Enhances the Rubber Hand Illusion in
      Individuals with High Autistic Traits.
AB  - In a rubber hand illusion (RHI) task, synchronous brush stroking of a rubber hand
      and a participant's hidden hand induces body ownership of the rubber hand. The
      effects of spatial distances and temporal lags on the RHI have been extensively
      examined; however, the effect of periodicity of the stimuli on illusory body
      ownership has not been examined. Meanwhile, the occurrence of RHI tends to be
      weak in individuals with autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) and high autistic
      traits. Preference for stimulus having regularity of tempo is generally observed
      in individuals with ASD, and thus, periodic stimulation might be more effective
      to elicit the body ownership illusion in individuals with high autistic traits.
      Hence, we investigated whether stimulus periodicity influenced RHI as well as its
      association with participant's autistic traits. Brush strokes were applied to a
      participant's own hand and the rubber hand periodically (2 s) or non-periodically
      (1-3 s), either synchronously or asynchronously. Two blocks were performed in
      each condition. We found that periodic stimulation enhanced the spatial updating
      of tactile sensation induced by RHI in the subsequent block in participants with
      high autistic traits, whereas both periodic and non-periodic stimulation strongly
      elicited RHI in blocks 1 and 2. These results indicate that the periodicity of
      stimulation has different effects based on an individual's autistic traits. Since
      individuals with ASD are known to sustain their focus on interoceptive sensations
      (heartbeats), a periodic stimulation that is potentially correlated with
      heartbeats might be effective to enhance the visuotactile integration during RHI
      in individuals with high autistic traits. 

PMID- 27375442
TI  - Profound and Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Clinically-Relevant Low Dose Scatter
      Irradiation on the Brain and Behavior.
AB  - Irradiated cells can signal damage and distress to both close and distant
      neighbors that have not been directly exposed to the radiation (naive
      bystanders). While studies have shown that such bystander effects occur in the
      shielded brain of animals upon body irradiation, their mechanism remains
      unexplored. Observed effects may be caused by some blood-borne factors; however
      they may also be explained, at least in part, by very small direct doses received
      by the brain that result from scatter or leakage. In order to establish the roles
      of low doses of scatter irradiation in the brain response, we developed a new
      model for scatter irradiation analysis whereby one rat was irradiated directly at
      the liver and the second rat was placed adjacent to the first and received a
      scatter dose to its body and brain. This work focuses specifically on the
      response of the latter rat brain to the low scatter irradiation dose. Here, we
      provide the first experimental evidence that very low, clinically relevant doses
      of scatter irradiation alter gene expression, induce changes in dendritic
      morphology, and lead to behavioral deficits in exposed animals. The results
      showed that exposure to radiation doses as low as 0.115 cGy caused changes in
      gene expression and reduced spine density, dendritic complexity, and dendritic
      length in the prefrontal cortex tissues of females, but not males. In the
      hippocampus, radiation altered neuroanatomical organization in males, but not in
      females. Moreover, low dose radiation caused behavioral deficits in the exposed
      animals. This is the first study to show that low dose scatter irradiation
      influences the brain and behavior in a sex-specific way. 

PMID- 27375443
TI  - Cohort Removal Induces Changes in Body Temperature, Pain Sensitivity, and Anxiety
      Like Behavior.
AB  - Mouse behavior is analyzed to elucidate the effects of various experimental
      manipulations, including gene mutation and drug administration. When the effect
      of a factor of interest is assessed, other factors, such as age, sex,
      temperature, apparatus, and housing, are controlled in experiments by matching,
      counterbalancing, and/or randomizing. One such factor that has not attracted much
      attention is the effect of sequential removal of animals from a common cage
      (cohort removal). Here we evaluated the effects of cohort removal on rectal
      temperature, pain sensitivity, and anxiety-like behavior by analyzing the
      combined data of a large number of C57BL/6J mice that we collected using a
      comprehensive behavioral test battery. Rectal temperature increased in a stepwise
      manner according to the position of sequential removal from the cage, consistent
      with previous reports. In the hot plate test, the mice that were removed first
      from the cage had a significantly longer latency to show the first paw response
      than the mice removed later. In the elevated plus maze, the mice removed first
      spent significantly less time on the open arms compared to the mice removed
      later. The results of the present study demonstrated that cohort removal induces
      changes in body temperature, pain sensitivity, and anxiety-like behavior in mice.
      Cohort removal also increased the plasma corticosterone concentration in mice.
      Thus, the ordinal position in the sequence of removal from the cage should be
      carefully counterbalanced between groups when the effect of experimental
      manipulations, including gene manipulation and drug administration, are examined
      using behavioral tests. 

PMID- 27375446
TI  - Analysis of Individual Mouse Activity in Group Housed Animals of Different Inbred
      Strains using a Novel Automated Home Cage Analysis System.
AB  - Central nervous system disorders such as autism as well as the range of
      neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease are commonly investigated
      using genetically altered mouse models. The current system for characterizing
      these mice usually involves removing the animals from their home-cage environment
      and placing them into novel environments where they undergo a battery of tests
      measuring a range of behavioral and physical phenotypes. These tests are often
      only conducted for short periods of times in social isolation. However, human
      manifestations of such disorders are often characterized by multiple phenotypes,
      presented over long periods of time and leading to significant social impacts.
      Here, we have developed a system which will allow the automated monitoring of
      individual mice housed socially in the cage they are reared and housed in, within
      established social groups and over long periods of time. We demonstrate that the
      system accurately reports individual locomotor behavior within the group and that
      the measurements taken can provide unique insights into the effects of genetic
      background on individual and group behavior not previously recognized. 

PMID- 27375445
TI  - Odor Experiences during Preimaginal Stages Cause Behavioral and Neural Plasticity
      in Adult Honeybees.
AB  - In eusocial insects, experiences acquired during the development have long-term
      consequences on mature behavior. In the honeybee that suffers profound changes
      associated with metamorphosis, the effect of odor experiences at larval instars
      on the subsequent physiological and behavioral response is still unclear. To
      address the impact of preimaginal experiences on the adult honeybee, colonies
      containing larvae were fed scented food. The effect of the preimaginal
      experiences with the food odor was assessed in learning performance, memory
      retention and generalization in 3-5- and 17-19 day-old bees, in the regulation of
      their expression of synaptic-related genes and in the perception and morphology
      of their antennae. Three-five day old bees that experienced 1-hexanol (1-HEX) as
      food scent responded more to the presentation of the odor during the 1-HEX
      conditioning than control bees (i.e., bees reared in colonies fed unscented
      food). Higher levels of proboscis extension response (PER) to 1-HEX in this group
      also extended to HEXA, the most perceptually similar odor to the experienced one
      that we tested. These results were not observed for the group tested at older
      ages. In the brain of young adults, larval experiences triggered similar levels
      of neurexins (NRXs) and neuroligins (Nlgs) expression, two proteins that have
      been involved in synaptic formation after associative learning. At the sensory
      periphery, the experience did not alter the number of the olfactory sensilla
      placoidea, but did reduce the electrical response of the antennae to the
      experienced and novel odor. Our study provides a new insight into the effects of
      preimaginal experiences in the honeybee and the mechanisms underlying olfactory
      plasticity at larval stage of holometabolous insects. 

PMID- 27375447
TI  - Waddington, Dynamic Systems, and Epigenetics.
AB  - Waddington coined the term "epigenetic" to attempt to explain the complex,
      dynamic interactions between the developmental environment and the genome that
      led to the production of phenotype. Waddington's thoughts on the importance of
      both adaptability and canalization of phenotypic development are worth recalling
      as well, as they emphasize the available range for epigenetic action and the
      importance of environmental feedback (or lack thereof) in the development of
      complex traits. We suggest that a dynamic systems view fits well with
      Waddington's conception of epigenetics in the developmental context, as well as
      shedding light on the study of the molecular epigenetic effects of the
      environment on brain and behavior. Further, the dynamic systems view emphasizes
      the importance of the multi-directional interchange between the organism, the
      genome and various aspects of the environment to the ultimate phenotype. 

PMID- 27375444
TI  - DYRK1A, a Dosage-Sensitive Gene Involved in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Is a
      Target for Drug Development in Down Syndrome.
AB  - Down syndrome (DS) is one of the leading causes of intellectual disability, and
      patients with DS face various health issues, including learning and memory
      deficits, congenital heart disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), leukemia, and
      cancer, leading to huge medical and social costs. Remarkable advances on DS
      research have been made in improving cognitive function in mouse models for
      future therapeutic approaches in patients. Among the different approaches, DYRK1A
      inhibitors have emerged as promising therapeutics to reduce DS cognitive
      deficits. DYRK1A is a dual-specificity kinase that is overexpressed in DS and
      plays a key role in neurogenesis, outgrowth of axons and dendrites, neuronal
      trafficking and aging. Its pivotal role in the DS phenotype makes it a prime
      target for the development of therapeutics. Recently, disruption of DYRK1A has
      been found in Autosomal Dominant Mental Retardation 7 (MRD7), resulting in severe
      mental deficiency. Recent advances in the development of kinase inhibitors are
      expected, in the near future, to remove DS from the list of incurable diseases,
      providing certain conditions such as drug dosage and correct timing for the
      optimum long-term treatment. In addition the exact molecular and cellular
      mechanisms that are targeted by the inhibition of DYRK1A are still to be
      discovered. 

PMID- 27375448
TI  - A Proof of Concept Study of Function-Based Statistical Analysis of fNIRS Data:
      Syntax Comprehension in Children with Specific Language Impairment Compared to
      Typically-Developing Controls.
AB  - Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technology that
      enables investigators to indirectly monitor brain activity in vivo through
      relative changes in the concentration of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin.
      One of the key features of fNIRS is its superior temporal resolution, with dense
      measurements over very short periods of time (100 ms increments). Unfortunately,
      most statistical analysis approaches in the existing literature have not fully
      utilized the high temporal resolution of fNIRS. For example, many analysis
      procedures are based on linearity assumptions that only extract partial
      information, thereby neglecting the overall dynamic trends in fNIRS trajectories.
      The main goal of this article is to assess the ability of a functional data
      analysis (FDA) approach for detecting significant differences in hemodynamic
      responses recorded by fNIRS. Children with and without SLI wore two, 3 * 5 fNIRS
      caps situated over the bilateral parasylvian areas as they completed a language
      comprehension task. FDA was used to decompose the high dimensional hemodynamic
      curves into the mean function and a few eigenfunctions to represent the overall
      trend and variation structures over time. Compared to the most popular GLM, we
      did not assume any parametric structure and let the data speak for itself. This
      analysis identified significant differences between the case and control groups
      in the oxygenated hemodynamic mean trends in the bilateral inferior frontal and
      left inferior posterior parietal brain regions. We also detected significant
      group differences in the deoxygenated hemodynamic mean trends in the right
      inferior posterior parietal cortex and left temporal parietal junction. These
      findings, using dramatically different approaches, experimental designs, data
      sets, and foci, were consistent with several other reports, confirming group
      differences in the importance of these two areas for syntax comprehension. The
      proposed FDA was consistent with the temporal characteristics of fNIRS, thus
      providing an alternative methodology for fNIRS analyses. 

PMID- 27375449
TI  - What Impact does An Angry Context have Upon Us? The Effect of Anger on Functional
      Connectivity of the Right Insula and Superior Temporal Gyri.
AB  - Being in a social world requires an understanding of other people that is co
      determined in its meaning by the situation at hand. Therefore, we investigated
      the underlying neural activation occurring when we encounter someone acting in
      angry or joyful situation. We hypothesized a dynamic interplay between the right
      insula, both involved in mapping visceral states associated with emotional
      experiences and autonomic control, and the bilateral superior temporal gyri
      (STG), part of the "social brain", when facing angry vs. joyful situations.
      Twenty participants underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
      scanning session while watching video clips of actors grasping objects in joyful
      and angry situations. The analyses of functional connectivity,
      psychophysiological interaction (PPI) and dynamic causal modeling (DCM), all
      revealed changes in functional connectivity associated with the angry situation.
      Indeed, the DCM model showed that the modulatory effect of anger increased the
      ipsilateral forward connection from the right insula to the right STG, while it
      suppressed the contralateral one. Our findings reveal a critical role played by
      the right insula when we are engaged in angry situations. In addition, they
      suggest that facing angry people modulates the effective connectivity between
      these two nodes associated, respectively, with autonomic responses and bodily
      movements and human-agent motion recognition. Taken together, these results add
      knowledge to the current understanding of hierarchical brain network for social
      cognition. 

PMID- 27375450
TI  - Repeated, Intermittent Social Defeat across the Entire Juvenile Period Resulted
      in Behavioral, Physiological, Hormonal, Immunological, and Neurochemical
      Alterations in Young Adult Male Golden Hamsters.
AB  - The developing brain is vulnerable to social defeat during the juvenile period.
      As complements of human studies, animal models of social defeat provide a
      straightforward approach to investigating the functional and neurobiological
      consequences of social defeats. Taking advantage of agonist behavior and social
      defeat in male golden hamster, a set of 6 experiments was conducted to
      investigate the consequences at multiple levels in young adulthood resulting from
      repeated, intermittent social defeats or "social threats" across the entire
      juvenile period. Male hamsters at postnatal day 28 (P28) were randomly assigned
      to either the social defeat, "social threat", or arena control group, and they
      correspondingly received a series of nine social interaction trials (i.e., either
      social defeat, "social threat", or arena control conditions) from P33 to P66. At
      the behavioral level (Experiment 1), we found that repeated social defeats (but
      not "social threats") significantly impacted locomotor activity in the familiar
      context and social interaction in the familiar/unfamiliar social contexts. At the
      physiological and hormonal levels (Experiments 2 and 3), repeated social defeat
      significantly enhanced the cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations in blood.
      Enlargement of the spleen was also found in the social defeat and "social threat"
      groups. At the immunological level (Experiment 4), the social defeat group showed
      lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and hippocampus
      but higher concentration of IL-6 in the striatum compared to the other two
      groups. At the neurochemical level (Experiment 5), the socially defeated hamsters
      mainly displayed reductions of dopamine, dopamine metabolites, and 5-HT levels in
      the striatum and decreased level of 5-HT in the hippocampus. In Experiment 6, an
      increase in the spine density of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was
      specifically observed in the "social threat" group. Collectively, our findings
      indicate that repeated, intermittent social defeats throughout entire adolescence
      in hamsters impact their adult responses at multiple levels. Our results also
      suggest that the "social threat" group may serve as an appropriate control. This
      study further suggest that the alterations of behavioral responses and
      neurobiological functions in the body and brain might provide potential markers
      to measure the negative consequences of chronic social defeats. 

PMID- 27375451
TI  - Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback-guided Motor Imagery Training
      and Motor Training for Parkinson's Disease: Randomized Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI)
      neurofeedback (NF) uses feedback of the patient's own brain activity to self
      regulate brain networks which in turn could lead to a change in behavior and
      clinical symptoms. The objective was to determine the effect of NF and motor
      training (MOT) alone on motor and non-motor functions in Parkinson's Disease (PD)
      in a 10-week small Phase I randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Thirty patients
      with Parkinson's disease (PD; Hoehn and Yahr I-III) and no significant
      comorbidity took part in the trial with random allocation to two groups. Group 1
      (NF: 15 patients) received rt-fMRI-NF with MOT. Group 2 (MOT: 15 patients)
      received MOT alone. The primary outcome measure was the Movement Disorder Society
      Unified PD Rating Scale-Motor scale (MDS-UPDRS-MS), administered pre- and post
      intervention "off-medication". The secondary outcome measures were the "on
      medication" MDS-UPDRS, the PD Questionnaire-39, and quantitative motor
      assessments after 4 and 10 weeks. RESULTS: Patients in the NF group were able to
      upregulate activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) by using motor imagery.
      They improved by an average of 4.5 points on the MDS-UPDRS-MS in the "off
      medication" state (95% confidence interval: -2.5 to -6.6), whereas the MOT group
      improved only by 1.9 points (95% confidence interval +3.2 to -6.8). The
      improvement in the intervention group meets the minimal clinically important
      difference which is also on par with other non-invasive therapies such as
      repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). However, the improvement did
      not differ significantly between the groups. No adverse events were reported in
      either group. INTERPRETATION: This Phase I study suggests that NF combined with
      MOT is safe and improves motor symptoms immediately after treatment, but larger
      trials are needed to explore its superiority over active control conditions.

PMID- 27375452
TI  - Repetitive Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Induced Excitability Changes
      of Primary Visual Cortex and Visual Learning Effects-A Pilot Study.
AB  - Studies on noninvasive motor cortex stimulation and motor learning demonstrated
      cortical excitability as a marker for a learning effect. Transcranial direct
      current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive tool to modulate cortical
      excitability. It is as yet unknown how tDCS-induced excitability changes and
      perceptual learning in visual cortex correlate. Our study aimed to examine the
      influence of tDCS on visual perceptual learning in healthy humans. Additionally,
      we measured excitability in primary visual cortex (V1). We hypothesized that
      anodal tDCS would improve and cathodal tDCS would have minor or no effects on
      visual learning. Anodal, cathodal or sham tDCS were applied over V1 in a
      randomized, double-blinded design over four consecutive days (n = 30). During 20
      min of tDCS, subjects had to learn a visual orientation-discrimination task
      (ODT). Excitability parameters were measured by analyzing paired-stimulation
      behavior of visual-evoked potentials (ps-VEP) and by measuring phosphene
      thresholds (PTs) before and after the stimulation period of 4 days. Compared with
      sham-tDCS, anodal tDCS led to an improvement of visual discrimination learning (p
      < 0.003). We found reduced PTs and increased ps-VEP ratios indicating increased
      cortical excitability after anodal tDCS (PT: p = 0.002, ps-VEP: p = 0.003).
      Correlation analysis within the anodal tDCS group revealed no significant
      correlation between PTs and learning effect. For cathodal tDCS, no significant
      effects on learning or on excitability could be seen. Our results showed that
      anodal tDCS over V1 resulted in improved visual perceptual learning and increased
      cortical excitability. tDCS is a promising tool to alter V1 excitability and,
      hence, perceptual visual learning. 

PMID- 27375453
TI  - Decoupling Actions from Consequences: Dorsal Hippocampal Lesions Facilitate
      Instrumental Performance, but Impair Behavioral Flexibility in Rats.
AB  - The present study is part of a series of experiments, where we analyze why and
      how damage of the rat's dorsal hippocampus (dHC) can enhance performance in a
      sequential reaction time task (SRTT). In this task, sequences of distinct visual
      stimulus presentations are food-rewarded in a fixed-ratio-13-schedule. Our
      previous study (Busse and Schwarting, 2016) had shown that rats with lesions of
      the dHC show substantially shorter session times and post-reinforcement pauses
      (PRPs) than controls, which allows for more practice when daily training is kept
      constant. Since sequential behavior is based on instrumental performance, a
      sequential benefit might be secondary to that. In order to test this hypothesis
      in the present study, we performed two experiments, where pseudorandom rather
      than sequential stimulus presentation was used in rats with excitotoxic dorsal
      hippocampal lesions. Again, we found enhanced performance in the lesion-group in
      terms of shorter session times and PRPs. During the sessions we found that the
      lesion-group spent less time with non-instrumental behavior (i.e., grooming,
      sniffing, and rearing) after prolonged instrumental training. Also, such rats
      showed moderate evidence for an extinction impairment under devalued food reward
      conditions and significant deficits in a response-outcome (R-O)-discrimination
      task in comparison to a control-group. These findings suggest that facilitatory
      effects on instrumental performance after dorsal hippocampal lesions may be
      primarily a result of complex behavioral changes, i.e., reductions of behavioral
      flexibility and/or alterations in motivation, which then result in enhanced
      instrumental learning. 

PMID- 27375454
TI  - Making Decisions under Ambiguity: Judgment Bias Tasks for Assessing Emotional
      State in Animals.
AB  - Judgment bias tasks (JBTs) are considered as a family of promising tools in the
      assessment of emotional states of animals. JBTs provide a cognitive measure of
      optimism and/or pessimism by recording behavioral responses to ambiguous stimuli.
      For instance, a negative emotional state is expected to produce a negative or
      pessimistic judgment of an ambiguous stimulus, whereas a positive emotional state
      produces a positive or optimistic judgment of the same ambiguous stimulus.
      Measuring an animal's emotional state or mood is relevant in both animal welfare
      research and biomedical research. This is reflected in the increasing use of JBTs
      in both research areas. We discuss the different implementations of JBTs with
      animals, with a focus on their potential as an accurate measure of emotional
      state. JBTs have been successfully applied to a very broad range of species,
      using many different types of testing equipment and experimental protocols.
      However, further validation of this test is deemed necessary. For example, the
      often extensive training period required for successful judgment bias testing
      remains a possible factor confounding results. Also, the issue of ambiguous
      stimuli losing their ambiguity with repeated testing requires additional
      attention. Possible improvements are suggested to further develop the JBTs in
      both animal welfare and biomedical research. 

PMID- 27375455
TI  - Finding the Beat: From Socially Coordinated Vocalizations in Songbirds to
      Rhythmic Entrainment in Humans.
AB  - Humans and oscine songbirds share the rare capacity for vocal learning. Songbirds
      have the ability to acquire songs and calls of various rhythms through imitation.
      In several species, birds can even coordinate the timing of their vocalizations
      with other individuals in duets that are synchronized with millisecond-accuracy.
      It is not known, however, if songbirds can perceive rhythms holistically nor if
      they are capable of spontaneous entrainment to complex rhythms, in a manner
      similar to humans. Here we review emerging evidence from studies of rhythm
      generation and vocal coordination across songbirds and humans. In particular,
      recently developed experimental methods have revealed neural mechanisms
      underlying the temporal structure of song and have allowed us to test birds'
      abilities to predict the timing of rhythmic social signals. Surprisingly, zebra
      finches can readily learn to anticipate the calls of a "vocal robot" partner and
      alter the timing of their answers to avoid jamming, even in reference to complex
      rhythmic patterns. This capacity resembles, to some extent, human predictive
      motor response to an external beat. In songbirds, this is driven, at least in
      part, by the forebrain song system, which controls song timing and is essential
      for vocal learning. Building upon previous evidence for spontaneous entrainment
      in human and non-human vocal learners, we propose a comparative framework for
      future studies aimed at identifying shared mechanism of rhythm production and
      perception across songbirds and humans. 

PMID- 27375456
TI  - Bihemispheric-tDCS and Upper Limb Rehabilitation Improves Retention of Motor
      Function in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Single sessions of bihemispheric transcranial direct-current
      stimulation (bihemispheric-tDCS) with concurrent rehabilitation improves motor
      function in stroke survivors, which outlasts the stimulation period. However few
      studies have investigated the behavioral and neurophysiological adaptations
      following a multi-session intervention of bihemispheric-tDCS concurrent with
      rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: This pilot study explored the immediate and lasting
      effects of 3-weeks of bihemispheric-tDCS and upper limb (UL) rehabilitation on
      motor function and corticospinal plasticity in chronic stroke survivors. METHODS:
      Fifteen chronic stroke survivors underwent 3-weeks of UL rehabilitation with sham
      or real bihemispheric-tDCS. UL motor function was assessed via the Motor
      Assessment Scale (MAS), Tardieu Scale and grip strength. Corticospinal plasticity
      was indexed by motor evoked potentials (MEPs), cortical silent period (CSP) and
      short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) recorded from the paretic and non
      paretic ULs, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Measures were taken
      at baseline, 48 h post and 3-weeks following (follow-up) the intervention.
      RESULTS: MAS improved following both real-tDCS (62%) and sham-tDCS (43%, P <
      0.001), however at 3-weeks follow-up, the real-tDCS condition retained these
      newly regained motor skills to a greater degree than sham-tDCS (real-tDCS 64%,
      sham-tDCS 21%, P = 0.002). MEP amplitudes from the paretic UL increased for real
      tDCS (46%: P < 0.001) and were maintained at 3-weeks follow-up (38%: P = 0.03),
      whereas no changes were observed with sham-tDCS. No changes in MEPs from the non
      paretic nor SICI from the paretic UL were observed for either group. SICI from
      the non-paretic UL was greater at follow-up, for real-tDCS (27%: P = 0.04). CSP
      from the non-paretic UL increased by 33% following the intervention for real-tDCS
      compared with sham-tDCS (P = 0.04), which was maintained at 3-weeks follow-up
      (24%: P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: bihemispheric-tDCS improved retention of gains in
      motor function, which appears to be modulated through intracortical inhibitory
      pathways in the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1). The findings provide
      preliminary evidence for the benefits of bihemispheric-tDCS during
      rehabilitation. Larger clinical trials are warranted to examine long term
      benefits of bihemispheric-tDCS in a stroke affected population.

PMID- 27375457
TI  - Intra-Auditory Integration Improves Motor Performance and Synergy in an Accurate
      Multi-Finger Pressing Task.
AB  - Humans detect changes in the air pressure and understand the surroundings through
      the auditory system. The sound humans perceive is composed of two distinct
      physical properties, frequency and intensity. However, our knowledge is limited
      how the brain perceives and combines these two properties simultaneously (i.e.,
      intra-auditory integration), especially in relation to motor behaviors. Here, we
      investigated the effect of intra-auditory integration between the frequency and
      intensity components of auditory feedback on motor outputs in a constant finger
      force production task. The hierarchical variability decomposition model
      previously developed was used to decompose motor performance into mathematically
      independent components each of which quantifies a distinct motor behavior such as
      consistency, repeatability, systematic error, within-trial synergy, or between
      trial synergy. We hypothesized that feedback on two components of sound as a
      function of motor performance (frequency and intensity) would improve motor
      performance and multi-finger synergy compared to feedback on just one component
      (frequency or intensity). Subjects were instructed to match the reference force
      of 18 N with the sum of all finger forces (virtual finger or VF force) while
      listening to auditory feedback of their accuracy. Three experimental conditions
      were used: (i) condition F, where frequency changed; (ii) condition I, where
      intensity changed; (iii) condition FI, where both frequency and intensity
      changed. Motor performance was enhanced for the FI conditions as compared to
      either the F or I condition alone. The enhancement of motor performance was
      achieved mainly by the improved consistency and repeatability. However, the
      systematic error remained unchanged across conditions. Within- and between-trial
      synergies were also improved for the FI condition as compared to either the F or
      I condition alone. However, variability of individual finger forces for the FI
      condition was not significantly decreased as compared to I condition alone. This
      result indicates an improvement in motor performance is consistent with Bayesian
      estimation, and changes in multi-finger interaction mostly result in the enhanced
      motor performance. These findings provide evidence that the central nervous
      system can take advantage of the intra-auditory integration in a statistically
      optimal (Bayesian) fashion to enhance motor performance by improving multi-finger
      synergy. 

PMID- 27375458
TI  - Cortical Signal Analysis and Advances in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
      Signal: A Review.
AB  - Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging
      modality that measures the concentration changes of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) and de
      oxy hemoglobin (HbR) at the same time. It is an emerging cortical imaging
      modality with a good temporal resolution that is acceptable for brain-computer
      interface applications. Researchers have developed several methods in last two
      decades to extract the neuronal activation related waveform from the observed
      fNIRS time series. But still there is no standard method for analysis of fNIRS
      data. This article presents a brief review of existing methodologies to model and
      analyze the activation signal. The purpose of this review article is to give a
      general overview of variety of existing methodologies to extract useful
      information from measured fNIRS data including pre-processing steps, effects of
      differential path length factor (DPF), variations and attributes of hemodynamic
      response function (HRF), extraction of evoked response, removal of physiological
      noises, instrumentation, and environmental noises and resting/activation state
      functional connectivity. Finally, the challenges in the analysis of fNIRS signal
      are summarized. 

PMID- 27375459
TI  - Theta Oscillation Reveals the Temporal Involvement of Different Attentional
      Networks in Contingent Reorienting.
AB  - In the visual world, rapidly reorienting to relevant objects outside the focus of
      attention is vital for survival. This ability from the interaction between goal
      directed and stimulus-driven attentional control is termed contingent
      reorienting. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated activations of the ventral
      and dorsal attentional networks (DANs) which exhibit right hemisphere dominance,
      but the temporal dynamics of the attentional networks still remain unclear. The
      present study used event-related potential (ERP) to index the locus of spatial
      attention and Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) to acquire the time-frequency
      information during contingent reorienting. The ERP results showed contingent
      reorienting induced significant N2pc on both hemispheres. In contrast, our time
      frequency analysis found further that, unlike the N2pc, theta oscillation during
      contingent reorienting differed between hemispheres and experimental sessions.
      The inter-trial coherence (ITC) of the theta oscillation demonstrated that the
      two sides of the attentional networks became phase-locked to contingent
      reorienting at different stages. The left attentional networks were associated
      with contingent reorienting in the first experimental session whereas the
      bilateral attentional networks play a more important role in this process in the
      subsequent session. This phase-locked information suggests a dynamic temporal
      evolution of the involvement of different attentional networks in contingent
      reorienting and a potential role of the left ventral network in the first
      session. 

PMID- 27375460
TI  - The Brain from Within.
AB  - Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a powerful way to visualize
      brain functions and observe brain activity in response to tasks or thoughts. It
      allows displaying brain damages that can be quantified and linked to
      neurobehavioral deficits. fMRI can potentially draw a new cartography of brain
      functional areas, allow us to understand aspects of brain function evolution or
      even breach the wall into cognition and consciousness. However, fMRI is not
      deprived of pitfalls, such as limitation in spatial resolution, poor
      reproducibility, different time scales of fMRI measurements and neuron action
      potentials, low statistical values. Thus, caution is needed in the assessment of
      fMRI results and conclusions. Additional diagnostic techniques based on MRI such
      as arterial spin labeling (ASL) and the measurement of diffusion tensor imaging
      (DTI) provide new tools to assess normal brain development or disruption of
      anatomical networks in diseases. A cutting edge of recent research uses fMRI
      techniques to establish a "map" of neural connections in the brain, or
      "connectome". It will help to develop a map of neural connections and thus
      understand the operation of the network. New applications combining fMRI and real
      time visualization of one's own brain activity (rtfMRI) could empower individuals
      to modify brain response and thus could enable researchers or institutions to
      intervene in the modification of an individual behavior. The latter in
      particular, as well as the concern about the confidentiality and storage of
      sensitive information or fMRI and lie detectors forensic use, raises new ethical
      questions. 

PMID- 27375461
TI  - Vitality Forms Processing in the Insula during Action Observation: A Multivoxel
      Pattern Analysis.
AB  - Observing the style of an action done by others allows the observer to understand
      the cognitive state of the agent. This information has been defined by Stern
      "vitality forms". Previous experiments showed that the dorso-central insula is
      selectively active both during vitality form observation and execution. In the
      present study, we presented participants with videos showing hand actions
      performed with different velocities and asked them to judge either their vitality
      form (gentle, neutral, rude) or their velocity (slow, medium, fast). The aim of
      the present study was to assess, using multi-voxel pattern analysis, whether
      vitality forms and velocities of observed goal-directed actions are
      differentially processed in the insula, and more specifically whether action
      velocity is encoded per se or it is an element that triggers neural populations
      of the insula encoding the vitality form. The results showed that, consistently
      across subjects, in the dorso-central sector of the insula there were voxels
      selectively tuned to vitality forms, while voxel tuned to velocity were rare.
      These results indicate that the dorso-central insula, which previous data showed
      to be involved in the vitality form processing, contains voxels specific for the
      action style processing. 

PMID- 27375462
TI  - Change in Mean Frequency of Resting-State Electroencephalography after
      Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.
AB  - Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is proposed as a tool to
      investigate cognitive functioning in healthy people and as a treatment for
      various neuropathological disorders. However, the underlying cortical mechanisms
      remain poorly understood. We aim to investigate whether resting-state
      electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to monitor the effects of tDCS on
      cortical activity. To this end we tested whether the spectral content of ongoing
      EEG activity is significantly different after a single session of active tDCS
      compared to sham stimulation. Twenty participants were tested in a sham
      controlled, randomized, crossover design. Resting-state EEG was acquired before,
      during and after active tDCS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (15 min
      of 2 mA tDCS) and sham stimulation. Electrodes with a diameter of 3.14 cm(2) were
      used for EEG and tDCS. Partial least squares (PLS) analysis was used to examine
      differences in power spectral density (PSD) and the EEG mean frequency to
      quantify the slowing of EEG activity after stimulation. PLS revealed a
      significant increase in spectral power at frequencies below 15 Hz and a decrease
      at frequencies above 15 Hz after active tDCS (P = 0.001). The EEG mean frequency
      was significantly reduced after both active tDCS (P < 0.0005) and sham tDCS (P =
      0.001), though the decrease in mean frequency was smaller after sham tDCS than
      after active tDCS (P = 0.073). Anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC using a high current
      density bi-frontal electrode montage resulted in general slowing of resting-state
      EEG. The similar findings observed following sham stimulation question whether
      the standard sham protocol is an appropriate control condition for tDCS. 

PMID- 27375463
TI  - Understanding Neuronal Architecture in Obesity through Analysis of White Matter
      Connection Strength.
AB  - Despite the prevalence of obesity, our understanding of its neurobiological
      underpinnings is insufficient. Diffusion weighted imaging and calculation of
      white matter connection strength are methods to describe the architecture of
      anatomical white matter tracts. This study is aimed to characterize white matter
      architecture within taste-reward circuitry in a population of obese individuals.
      Obese (n = 18, age = 28.7 +/- 8.3 years) and healthy control (n = 24, age = 27.4
      +/- 6.3 years) women underwent diffusion weighted imaging. Using probabilistic
      fiber tractography (FSL PROBTRACKX2 toolbox) we calculated connection strength
      within 138 anatomical white matter tracts. Obese women (OB) displayed lower and
      greater connectivity within taste-reward circuitry compared to controls (Wilks'
      lambda < 0.001; p < 0.001). Connectivity was lower in white matter tracts
      connecting insula, amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
      and striatum. Connectivity was greater between the amygdala and anterior
      cingulate cortex (ACC). This study indicates that lower white matter connectivity
      within white matter tracts of insula-fronto-striatal taste-reward circuitry are
      associated with obesity as well as greater connectivity within white matter
      tracts connecting the amygdala and ACC. The specificity of regions suggests
      sensory integration and reward processing are key associations that are altered
      in and might contribute to obesity. 

PMID- 27375464
TI  - EEG and Eye Tracking Demonstrate Vigilance Enhancement with Challenge
      Integration.
AB  - Maintaining vigilance is possibly the first requirement for surveillance tasks
      where personnel are faced with monotonous yet intensive monitoring tasks.
      Decrement in vigilance in such situations could result in dangerous consequences
      such as accidents, loss of life and system failure. In this paper, we investigate
      the possibility to enhance vigilance or sustained attention using "challenge
      integration," a strategy that integrates a primary task with challenging stimuli.
      A primary surveillance task (identifying an intruder in a simulated factory
      environment) and a challenge stimulus (periods of rain obscuring the surveillance
      scene) were employed to test the changes in vigilance levels. The effect of
      integrating challenging events (resulting from artificially simulated rain) into
      the task were compared to the initial monotonous phase. EEG and eye tracking data
      is collected and analyzed for n = 12 subjects. Frontal midline theta power and
      frontal theta to parietal alpha power ratio which are used as measures of
      engagement and attention allocation show an increase due to challenge integration
      (p < 0.05 in each case). Relative delta band power of EEG also shows
      statistically significant suppression on the frontoparietal and occipital
      cortices due to challenge integration (p < 0.05). Saccade amplitude, saccade
      velocity and blink rate obtained from eye tracking data exhibit statistically
      significant changes during the challenge phase of the experiment (p < 0.05 in
      each case). From the correlation analysis between the statistically significant
      measures of eye tracking and EEG, we infer that saccade amplitude and saccade
      velocity decrease with vigilance decrement along with frontal midline theta and
      frontal theta to parietal alpha ratio. Conversely, blink rate and relative delta
      power increase with vigilance decrement. However, these measures exhibit a
      reverse trend when challenge stimulus appears in the task suggesting vigilance
      enhancement. Moreover, the mean reaction time is lower for the challenge
      integrated phase (RTmean = 3.65 +/- 1.4s) compared to initial monotonous phase
      without challenge (RTmean = 4.6 +/- 2.7s). Our work shows that vigilance level,
      as assessed by response of these vital signs, is enhanced by challenge
      integration. 

PMID- 27375465
TI  - Interpretations of Frequency Domain Analyses of Neural Entrainment: Periodicity,
      Fundamental Frequency, and Harmonics.
AB  - Brain activity can follow the rhythms of dynamic sensory stimuli, such as speech
      and music, a phenomenon called neural entrainment. It has been hypothesized that
      low-frequency neural entrainment in the neural delta and theta bands provides a
      potential mechanism to represent and integrate temporal information. Low
      frequency neural entrainment is often studied using periodically changing stimuli
      and is analyzed in the frequency domain using the Fourier analysis. The Fourier
      analysis decomposes a periodic signal into harmonically related sinusoids.
      However, it is not intuitive how these harmonically related components are
      related to the response waveform. Here, we explain the interpretation of response
      harmonics, with a special focus on very low-frequency neural entrainment near 1
      Hz. It is illustrated why neural responses repeating at f Hz do not necessarily
      generate any neural response at f Hz in the Fourier spectrum. A strong neural
      response at f Hz indicates that the time scales of the neural response waveform
      within each cycle match the time scales of the stimulus rhythm. Therefore, neural
      entrainment at very low frequency implies not only that the neural response
      repeats at f Hz but also that each period of the neural response is a slow wave
      matching the time scale of a f Hz sinusoid. 

PMID- 27375466
TI  - Distinct and Overlapping Brain Areas Engaged during Value-Based, Mathematical,
      and Emotional Decision Processing.
AB  - When comparing between the values of different choices, human beings can rely on
      either more cognitive processes, such as using mathematical computation, or more
      affective processes, such as using emotion. However, the neural correlates of how
      these two types of processes operate during value-based decision-making remain
      unclear. In this study, we investigated the extent to which neural regions
      engaged during value-based decision-making overlap with those engaged during
      mathematical and emotional processing in a within-subject manner. In a functional
      magnetic resonance imaging experiment, participants viewed stimuli that always
      consisted of numbers and emotional faces that depicted two choices. Across tasks,
      participants decided between the two choices based on the expected value of the
      numbers, a mathematical result of the numbers, or the emotional face stimuli. We
      found that all three tasks commonly involved various cortical areas including
      frontal, parietal, motor, somatosensory, and visual regions. Critically, the
      mathematical task shared common areas with the value but not emotion task in
      bilateral striatum. Although the emotion task overlapped with the value task in
      parietal, motor, and sensory areas, the mathematical task also evoked responses
      in other areas within these same cortical structures. Minimal areas were uniquely
      engaged for the value task apart from the other two tasks. The emotion task
      elicited a more expansive area of neural activity whereas value and mathematical
      task responses were in more focal regions. Whole-brain spatial correlation
      analysis showed that valuative processing engaged functional brain responses more
      similarly to mathematical processing than emotional processing. While decisions
      on expected value entail both mathematical and emotional processing regions,
      mathematical processes have a more prominent contribution particularly in
      subcortical processes. 

PMID- 27375467
TI  - Attachment Representation Moderates the Influence of Emotional Context on
      Information Processing.
AB  - The induction of emotional states has repeatedly been shown to affect cognitive
      processing capacities. At a neurophysiological level, P3 amplitude responses that
      are associated with attention allocation have been found to be reduced to task
      relevant stimuli during emotional conditions as compared to neutral conditions
      suggesting a draining impact of emotion on cognitive resources. Attachment theory
      claims that how individuals regulate their emotions is guided by an internal
      working model (IWM) of attachment that has formed early in life. While securely
      attached individuals are capable of freely evaluating their emotions insecurely
      attached ones tend to either suppress or heighten the emotional experience in a
      regulatory effort. To explore how attachment quality moderates the impact of
      emotional contexts on information processing event-related potentials (ERPs) in
      41 individuals were assessed. Subjects were instructed to detect neutral target
      letters within an oddball paradigm. Various images taken from the International
      Affective Picture System (IAPS) served as background pictures and represented
      negative, positive and neutral task-irrelevant contexts. Attachment
      representation was assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and
      individuals were assigned to one of three categories (secure, insecure
      dismissing, insecure-preoccupied). At a behavioral level, the study revealed that
      negative emotionally conditions were associated with the detection of less target
      stimuli in insecure-dismissing subjects. Accordingly, ERPs yielded reduced P3
      amplitudes in insecure-dismissing subjects when given a negative emotional
      context. We interpret these findings in terms of less sufficient emotion
      regulation strategies in insecure-dismissing subjects at the cost of accurate
      behavioral performance. The study suggests that attachment representation
      differentially moderates the relationship between emotional contexts and
      information processing most evident in insecure-dismissing subjects. 

PMID- 27375468
TI  - Decline of Neuropsychological Abilities in a Large Sample of Patients with
      Multiple Sclerosis: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this longitudinal study, we monitored two large groups of multiple
      sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy controls (HC) for 2 years, with the aim of
      comparing their neuropsychological profile over time. METHOD: Three hundred and
      twenty-two patients with MS and 303 HC were administered the Brief Repeatable
      Battery of Neuropsychological tests (BRB-N); neuropsychiatric measures were also
      administered. Two follow-ups were scheduled at 1 and 2 years, respectively.
      RESULTS: A linear mixed model (LMM) with random intercept was run by considering
      participants' performance on each test of the BRB-N at the three assessment
      points (baseline and follow-ups) as the within-subjects variable, and group
      (patients and controls) as the between-subjects factor. The interaction term was
      statistically significant for the tests: Symbol Digit Modalities test (SDMT) (p =
      0.044), Paced Auditory Serial Addition test (PASAT) (p = 0.011) and Word List
      Generation (WLG) (p < 0.001), whereas for the PASAT-3 approached statistical
      significance (p = 0.05). In addition, a LMM with random intercept was also run by
      identifying three groups (controls, relapsing-remitting course of MS (i.e. RR
      MS), and prog-MS). The interaction term was statistically significant for: PASAT
      3 (p = 0.017), PASAT-2 (p = 0.0026), and WLG (p = 0.0022). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results corroborate on a very large scale evidence that the abilities tapped by
      the tasks SDMT, PASAT and WLG are particularly sensitive to MS, and further
      extend this issue by showing that these abilities are likely to be more sensitive
      than others to the progression of the disease, as compared to HC.

PMID- 27375469
TI  - The Enhanced Musical Rhythmic Perception in Second Language Learners.
AB  - Previous research suggests that mastering languages with distinct rather than
      similar rhythmic properties enhances musical rhythmic perception. This study
      investigates whether learning a second language (L2) contributes to enhanced
      musical rhythmic perception in general, regardless of first and second languages
      rhythmic properties. Additionally, we investigated whether this perceptual
      enhancement could be alternatively explained by exposure to musical rhythmic
      complexity, such as the use of compound meter in Turkish music. Finally, it
      investigates if an enhancement of musical rhythmic perception could be observed
      among L2 learners whose first language relies heavily on pitch information, as is
      the case with tonal languages. Therefore, we tested Turkish, Dutch and Mandarin
      L2 learners of English and Turkish monolinguals on their musical rhythmic
      perception. Participants' phonological and working memory capacities, melodic
      aptitude, years of formal musical training and daily exposure to music were
      assessed to account for cultural and individual differences which could impact
      their rhythmic ability. Our results suggest that mastering a L2 rather than
      exposure to musical rhythmic complexity could explain individuals' enhanced
      musical rhythmic perception. An even stronger enhancement of musical rhythmic
      perception was observed for L2 learners whose first and second languages differ
      regarding their rhythmic properties, as enhanced performance of Turkish in
      comparison with Dutch L2 learners of English seem to suggest. Such a stronger
      enhancement of rhythmic perception seems to be found even among L2 learners whose
      first language relies heavily on pitch information, as the performance of
      Mandarin L2 learners of English indicates. Our findings provide further support
      for a cognitive transfer between the language and music domain. 

PMID- 27375470
TI  - Model-Based Comparison of Deep Brain Stimulation Array Functionality with Varying
      Number of Radial Electrodes and Machine Learning Feature Sets.
AB  - Deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads with radially distributed electrodes have
      potential to improve clinical outcomes through more selective targeting of
      pathways and networks within the brain. However, increasing the number of
      electrodes on clinical DBS leads by replacing conventional cylindrical shell
      electrodes with radially distributed electrodes raises practical design and
      stimulation programming challenges. We used computational modeling to
      investigate: (1) how the number of radial electrodes impact the ability to steer,
      shift, and sculpt a region of neural activation (RoA), and (2) which RoA features
      are best used in combination with machine learning classifiers to predict
      programming settings to target a particular area near the lead. Stimulation
      configurations were modeled using 27 lead designs with one to nine radially
      distributed electrodes. The computational modeling framework consisted of a three
      dimensional finite element tissue conductance model in combination with a multi
      compartment biophysical axon model. For each lead design, two-dimensional
      threshold-dependent RoAs were calculated from the computational modeling results.
      The models showed more radial electrodes enabled finer resolution RoA steering;
      however, stimulation amplitude, and therefore spatial extent of the RoA, was
      limited by charge injection and charge storage capacity constraints due to the
      small electrode surface area for leads with more than four radially distributed
      electrodes. RoA shifting resolution was improved by the addition of radial
      electrodes when using uniform multi-cathode stimulation, but non-uniform multi
      cathode stimulation produced equivalent or better resolution shifting without
      increasing the number of radial electrodes. Robust machine learning
      classification of 15 monopolar stimulation configurations was achieved using as
      few as three geometric features describing a RoA. The results of this study
      indicate that, for a clinical-scale DBS lead, more than four radial electrodes
      minimally improved in the ability to steer, shift, and sculpt axonal activation
      around a DBS lead and a simple feature set consisting of the RoA center of mass
      and orientation enabled robust machine learning classification. These results
      provide important design constraints for future development of high-density DBS
      arrays. 

PMID- 27375471
TI  - BluePyOpt: Leveraging Open Source Software and Cloud Infrastructure to Optimise
      Model Parameters in Neuroscience.
AB  - At many scales in neuroscience, appropriate mathematical models take the form of
      complex dynamical systems. Parameterizing such models to conform to the multitude
      of available experimental constraints is a global non-linear optimisation problem
      with a complex fitness landscape, requiring numerical techniques to find suitable
      approximate solutions. Stochastic optimisation approaches, such as evolutionary
      algorithms, have been shown to be effective, but often the setting up of such
      optimisations and the choice of a specific search algorithm and its parameters is
      non-trivial, requiring domain-specific expertise. Here we describe BluePyOpt, a
      Python package targeted at the broad neuroscience community to simplify this
      task. BluePyOpt is an extensible framework for data-driven model parameter
      optimisation that wraps and standardizes several existing open-source tools. It
      simplifies the task of creating and sharing these optimisations, and the
      associated techniques and knowledge. This is achieved by abstracting the
      optimisation and evaluation tasks into various reusable and flexible discrete
      elements according to established best-practices. Further, BluePyOpt provides
      methods for setting up both small- and large-scale optimisations on a variety of
      platforms, ranging from laptops to Linux clusters and cloud-based compute
      infrastructures. The versatility of the BluePyOpt framework is demonstrated by
      working through three representative neuroscience specific use cases. 

PMID- 27375472
TI  - NeuroPigPen: A Scalable Toolkit for Processing Electrophysiological Signal Data
      in Neuroscience Applications Using Apache Pig.
AB  - The recent advances in neurological imaging and sensing technologies have led to
      rapid increase in the volume, rate of data generation, and variety of
      neuroscience data. This "neuroscience Big data" represents a significant
      opportunity for the biomedical research community to design experiments using
      data with greater timescale, large number of attributes, and statistically
      significant data size. The results from these new data-driven research techniques
      can advance our understanding of complex neurological disorders, help model long
      term effects of brain injuries, and provide new insights into dynamics of brain
      networks. However, many existing neuroinformatics data processing and analysis
      tools were not built to manage large volume of data, which makes it difficult for
      researchers to effectively leverage this available data to advance their
      research. We introduce a new toolkit called NeuroPigPen that was developed using
      Apache Hadoop and Pig data flow language to address the challenges posed by large
      scale electrophysiological signal data. NeuroPigPen is a modular toolkit that can
      process large volumes of electrophysiological signal data, such as
      Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood oxygen levels
      (SpO2), using a new distributed storage model called Cloudwave Signal Format
      (CSF) that supports easy partitioning and storage of signal data on commodity
      hardware. NeuroPigPen was developed with three design principles: (a) Scalability
      the ability to efficiently process increasing volumes of data; (b) Adaptability
      the toolkit can be deployed across different computing configurations; and (c)
      Ease of programming-the toolkit can be easily used to compose multi-step data
      processing pipelines using high-level programming constructs. The NeuroPigPen
      toolkit was evaluated using 750 GB of electrophysiological signal data over a
      variety of Hadoop cluster configurations ranging from 3 to 30 Data nodes. The
      evaluation results demonstrate that the toolkit is highly scalable and adaptable,
      which makes it suitable for use in neuroscience applications as a scalable data
      processing toolkit. As part of the ongoing extension of NeuroPigPen, we are
      developing new modules to support statistical functions to analyze signal data
      for brain connectivity research. In addition, the toolkit is being extended to
      allow integration with scientific workflow systems. NeuroPigPen is released under
      BSD license at: https://sites.google.com/a/case.edu/neuropigpen/. 

PMID- 27375473
TI  - Underrepresentation of African-Americans in Alzheimer's Trials: A Call for
      Affirmative Action.

PMID- 27375474
TI  - Chronic Inflammation Links Cancer and Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - An increasing number of genetic studies suggest that the pathogenesis of
      Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer share common genes, pathways, and mechanisms.
      Despite a disruption in a wide range of similar biological processes, the end
      result is very different: uncontrolled proliferation and early neurodegeneration.
      Thus, the links between the molecular mechanisms that cause PD and cancer remain
      to be elucidated. We propose that chronic inflammation in neurons and tumors
      contributes to a microenvironment that favors the accumulation of DNA mutations
      and facilitates disease formation. This article appraises the key role of
      microglia, establishes the genetic role of COX2 and CARD15 in PD and cancer, and
      discusses prevention and treatment with this new perspective in mind. We examine
      the evidence that chronic inflammation is an important link between cancer and
      PD. 

PMID- 27375475
TI  - Role of Endolysosomes in Skeletal Muscle Pathology Observed in a Cholesterol-Fed
      Rabbit Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Deficits in skeletal muscles contribute not only to the functional decline in
      people living with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but also to AD pathogenesis. We have
      shown that endolysosome dysfunction plays an important role in the development of
      AD pathological features in a cholesterol-fed rabbit model of AD. Interestingly
      we observed in skeletal muscle from the rabbit AD model increased deposition of
      Abeta, phosphorylated tau, and ubiquitin. Here, we tested the hypothesis that
      endolysosome dysfunction commonly occurs in skeletal muscle and brain in this
      rabbit model of AD. In skeletal muscle of rabbits fed a 2% cholesterol-enriched
      diet for 12 weeks we observed the presence of abnormally enlarged endolysosomes,
      in which were increased accumulations of free cholesterol and multiple AD marker
      proteins subject to misfolding and aggregation including Abeta, phosphorylated
      tau, and ubiquitin. Moreover, in skeletal muscle of rabbits fed the cholesterol
      enriched diet we observed decreased specific activities of three different
      lysosome enzymes. Our results suggest that elevated levels of plasma cholesterol
      can disturb endolysosome structure and function as well as promote the
      development of AD-like pathological features in skeletal muscle and that these
      organellar changes might contribute to the development of skeletal muscle
      deficits in AD. 

PMID- 27375476
TI  - Editorial: Perception and Cognition: Interactions in the Aging Brain.

PMID- 27375477
TI  - Tendon Extracellular Matrix Alterations in Ullrich Congenital Muscular Dystrophy.
AB  - Collagen VI (COLVI) is a non-fibrillar collagen expressed in skeletal muscle and
      most connective tissues. Mutations in COLVI genes cause two major clinical forms,
      Bethlem myopathy and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD). In addition to
      congenital muscle weakness, patients affected by COLVI myopathies show axial and
      proximal joint contractures and distal joint hypermobility, which suggest the
      involvement of the tendon function. We examined a peroneal tendon biopsy and
      tenocyte culture of a 15-year-old patient affected by UCMD with compound
      heterozygous COL6A2 mutations. In patient's tendon biopsy, we found striking
      morphological alterations of tendon fibrils, consisting in irregular profiles and
      reduced mean diameter. The organization of the pericellular matrix of tenocytes,
      the primary site of collagen fibril assembly, was severely affected, as
      determined by immunoelectron microscopy, which showed an abnormal accumulation of
      COLVI and altered distribution of collagen I (COLI) and fibronectin (FBN). In
      patient's tenocyte culture, COLVI web formation and cell surface association were
      severely impaired; large aggregates of COLVI, which matched with COLI labeling,
      were frequently detected in the extracellular matrix. In addition,
      metalloproteinase MMP-2, an extracellular matrix-regulating enzyme, was increased
      in the conditioned medium of patient's tenocytes, as determined by gelatin
      zymography and western blot. Altogether, these data indicate that COLVI
      deficiency may influence the organization of UCMD tendon matrix, resulting in
      dysfunctional fibrillogenesis. The alterations of tendon matrix may contribute to
      the complex pathogenesis of COLVI related myopathies. 

PMID- 27375478
TI  - Older Candidates for Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease
      Have a Higher Incidence of Psychiatric Serious Adverse Events.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of serious adverse events (SAE) of
      subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) in elderly patients with Parkinson's
      disease (PD). METHODS: We investigated a group of 26 patients with PD who
      underwent STN-DBS at mean age 63.2 +/- 3.3 years. The operated patients from the
      EARLYSTIM study (mean age 52.9 +/- 6.6) were used as a comparison group.
      Incidences of SAE were compared between these groups. RESULTS: A higher incidence
      of psychosis and hallucinations was found in these elderly patients compared to
      the younger patients in the EARLYSTIM study (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The higher
      incidence of STN-DBS-related psychiatric complications underscores the need for
      comprehensive psychiatric pre- and postoperative assessment in older DBS
      candidates. However, these psychiatric SAE were transient, and the benefits of
      DBS clearly outweighed its adverse effects.

PMID- 27375479
TI  - Six-Year Training Improves Everyday Memory in Healthy Older People. Randomized
      Controlled Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Everyday memory of older persons does not improve with
      intensive memory training programs. This study proposes a change in these
      programs based on a time-extended and massive intervention format. DESIGN AND
      METHODS: The sample of 1007 healthy older persons (mean age 71.85; SD = 5.12) was
      randomized into 2 groups. The experimental group followed an extended 6 years of
      training (192 sessions over 192 weeks) whereas the control group received an
      intensive training (3 sessions per week for a total of 32 sessions in 11 weeks).
      The program included cognitive and emotional content whose effects were assessed
      with the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) and with the Mini-Mental State
      Examination (MMSE). Both groups were evaluated initially, after 32 sessions, and
      again after 6 years. RESULTS: The relative improvements measured with Blom's
      derivative showed that everyday memory and mental status of the experimental
      group were significantly better both in the short (Delta% 8.31 in RBMT and Delta%
      1.51 in MMSE) and in the long term (Delta% 12.54 in RBMT and Delta% 2.56 in
      MMSE). For everyday memory and mental level, the overall gain estimate
      representing the mean difference in pre-post change between time-extended and
      intensive groups was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.13-0.40) and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.40-0.67),
      respectively. Time-extended programs have significantly improved everyday memory
      in contrast with the usual intensive programs whose effects decay with time.
      There are also significant increases in mental level scores while daily life
      functionality is preserved in all subjects who completed the training.
      IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that it is possible to preserve everyday
      memory in the long term with continuous training and practice. Massive and time
      extended formats may contribute in the future to a paradigm shift in memory
      programs for healthy older people.

PMID- 27375480
TI  - Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Limits Mitochondrial Damage and Preserves
      Function Following Ischemic Injury.
AB  - AIMS: Myocardial ischemia can result in marked mitochondrial damage leading to
      cardiac dysfunction, as such identifying novel mechanisms to limit mitochondrial
      injury is important. This study investigated the hypothesis that inhibiting
      soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), responsible for converting epoxyeicosatrienoic
      acids to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids protects mitochondrial from injury caused
      by myocardial infarction. METHODS: sEH null and WT littermate mice were subjected
      to surgical occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery or sham
      operation. A parallel group of WT mice received an sEH inhibitor, trans-4-[4-(3
      adamantan-1-y1-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (tAUCB; 10 mg/L) or vehicle in
      the drinking water 4 days prior and 7 days post-MI. Cardiac function was assessed
      by echocardiography prior- and 7-days post-surgery. Heart tissues were dissected
      into infarct, peri-, and non-infarct regions to assess ultrastructure by electron
      microscopy. Complexes I, II, IV, citrate synthase, PI3K activities, and
      mitochondrial respiration were assessed in non-infarct regions. Isolated working
      hearts were used to measure the rates of glucose and palmitate oxidation.
      RESULTS: Echocardiography revealed that tAUCB treatment or sEH deficiency
      significantly improved systolic and diastolic function post-MI compared to
      controls. Reduced infarct expansion and less adverse cardiac remodeling were
      observed in tAUCB-treated and sEH null groups. EM data demonstrated mitochondrial
      ultrastructure damage occurred in infarct and peri-infarct regions but not in non
      infarct regions. Inhibition of sEH resulted in significant improvements in
      mitochondrial respiration, ATP content, mitochondrial enzymatic activities and
      restored insulin sensitivity and PI3K activity. CONCLUSION: Inhibition or genetic
      deletion of sEH protects against long-term ischemia by preserving cardiac
      function and maintaining mitochondrial efficiency.

PMID- 27375481
TI  - Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies CCDC80 as a Novel Gene Associated
      with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a heterogeneous disorder associated with
      a progressive increase in pulmonary artery resistance and pressure. Although
      various therapies have been developed, the 5-year survival rate of PAH patients
      remains low. There is thus an important need to identify novel genes that are
      commonly dysregulated in PAH of various etiologies and could be used as
      biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. In this study, we performed comparative
      transcriptome analysis of five mammalian PAH datasets downloaded from a public
      database. We identified 228 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from a rat PAH
      model caused by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor under
      hypoxic conditions, 379 DEGs from a mouse PAH model associated with systemic
      sclerosis, 850 DEGs from a mouse PAH model associated with schistosomiasis, 1598
      DEGs from one cohort of human PAH patients, and 4260 DEGs from a second cohort of
      human PAH patients. Gene-by-gene comparison identified four genes that were
      differentially upregulated or downregulated in parallel in all five sets of DEGs.
      Expression of coiled-coil domain containing 80 (CCDC80) and anterior gradient two
      genes was significantly increased in the five datasets, whereas expression of
      SMAD family member six and granzyme A was significantly decreased. Weighted gene
      co-expression network analysis revealed a connection between CCDC80 and collagen
      type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) expression. To validate the function of CCDC80 in vivo,
      we knocked out ccdc80 in zebrafish using the clustered regularly interspaced
      short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system. In vivo imaging of zebrafish
      expressing a fluorescent protein in endothelial cells showed that ccdc80 deletion
      significantly increased the diameter of the ventral artery, a vessel supplying
      blood to the gills. We also demonstrated that expression of col1a1 and endothelin
      1 mRNA was significantly decreased in the ccdc80-knockout zebrafish. Finally, we
      examined Ccdc80 immunoreactivity in a rat PAHmodel and found increased expression
      in the hypertrophied media and adventitia of the pre-acinar pulmonary arteries
      (PAs) and in the thickened intima, media, and adventitia of the obstructed intra
      acinar PAs. These results suggest that increased expression of CCDC80 may be
      involved in the pathogenesis of PAH, potentially by modulating the expression of
      endothelin-1 and COL1A1. 

PMID- 27375483
TI  - The Urotensin II System and Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Role in Vascular
      Calcification.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aims of the present study were to determine the
      expression of urotensin II (UII), urotensin-II related peptide (URP), and their
      receptor (UT) in stable and unstable carotid atherosclerosis, and determine the
      effects of UII on human aortic smooth muscle cell (SMCs) calcification. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: We examined UII, URP, and UT protein expression in 88 carotid
      endarterectomy specimens using immunohistochemistry. Expression of UII, URP, and
      UT was more evident in unstable compared to stable plaques (P < 0.05).
      Multivariate Spearman correlation analyses revealed significant positive
      correlations between UII, URP and UT overall staining and presence of
      calcification, severity of stenosis and inflammation (P < 0.05). Subjects
      undergoing carotid endarterectomy had significantly higher plasma UII levels, as
      assessed by ELISA, when compared with normolipidemic healthy control subjects (P
      < 0.05). Incubation of human aortic SMCs cultured in phosphate media with varying
      concentrations of UII resulted in a significant increase in calcium deposition
      and alkaline phosphatase activity. UII also significantly increased beta-catenin
      translocation and expression of ALPL, BMP2, ON, and SOX9 (P < 0.05). Incubation
      of cells with phosphate medium alone increased the expression of the pre-UT and
      mature UT (P < 0.01), and addition of UII had a synergistic effect on pre-UT
      protein expression (P < 0.001) compared to phosphate medium alone. CONCLUSIONS:
      Upregulation of UII, URP, and UT in unstable carotid endarterectomy plaques and
      plasma, and the stimulatory effect of UII on vascular smooth muscle cell
      calcification suggest that the UII system may play a role in the pathogenesis of
      vascular calcification and stability of atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27375482
TI  - Soft TCPTP Agonism-Novel Target to Rescue Airway Epithelial Integrity by
      Exogenous Spermidine.
AB  - A reparative approach of disrupted epithelium in obstructive airway diseases,
      namely asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may afford
      protection and long-lasting results compared to conventional therapies, e.g.,
      corticosteroids or immunosuppressant drugs. Here, we propose the polyamine
      spermidine as a novel therapeutic agent in airways diseases, based on a recently
      identified mode of action: T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) agonism.
      It may include and surpass single-inhibitors of stress and secondary growth
      factor pathway signaling, i.e., the new medicinal chemistry in lung diseases.
      Enhanced polyamine biosynthesis has been charged with aggravating prognosis by
      competing for L-arginine at detriment of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with
      bronchoconstrictive effects. Although excess spermine, a higher polyamine, is
      harmful to airways physiology, spermidine can pivot the cell homeostasis during
      stress conditions by the activation of TCPTP. In fact, the dephosphorylating
      activity of TCPTP inhibits the signaling cascade that leads to the expression of
      genes involved in detachment and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and
      increases the expression of adhesion and tight junction proteins, thereby
      enhancing the barrier functionality in inflammation-prone tissues. Moreover, a
      further beneficial effect of spermidine may derive from its ability to promote
      autophagy, possibly in a TCPTP-dependent way. Since doses of spermidine in the
      micromolar range are sufficient to activate TCPTP, low amounts of spermidine
      administered in sustained release modality may provide an optimal pharmacologic
      profile for the treatment of obstructive airway diseases. 

PMID- 27375484
TI  - Pharmacokinetics of Oral and Inhaled Terbutaline after Exercise in Trained Men.
AB  - AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate pharmacokinetics of terbutaline
      after oral and inhaled administration in healthy trained male subjects in
      relation to doping control. METHODS: Twelve healthy well-trained young men (27 +/
      2 years; mean +/- SE) underwent two pharmacokinetic trials that compared 10 mg
      oral terbutaline with 4 mg inhaled dry powder terbutaline. During each trial,
      subjects performed 90 min of bike ergometer exercise at 65% of maximal oxygen
      consumption. Blood (0-4 h) and urine (0-24 h) samples were collected before and
      after administration of terbutaline. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of
      terbutaline by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass
      spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS: Pharmacokinetics differed between the two
      routes of administration. Serum Cmax and area under the serum concentration-time
      curve (AUC) were lower after oral administration compared to inhalation (Cmax:
      4.2 +/- 0.3 vs. 8.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, P <= 0.001; AUC: 422 +/- 22 vs. 1308 +/- 119
      ng/ml * min). Urine concentrations (sum of the free drug and the glucuronide)
      were lower after oral administration compared to inhalation 2 h (1100 +/- 204 vs.
      61 +/- 10 ng/ml, P <= 0.05) and 4 h (734 +/- 110 vs. 340 +/- 48 ng/ml, P <=
      0.001) following administration, whereas concentrations were higher for oral
      administration than inhalation 12 h following administration (190 +/- 41 vs. 399
      +/- 108 ng/ml, P <= 0.05). Urine excretion rate was lower after oral
      administration than inhalation the first 2 h following administration (P <=
      0.001). Systemic bioavailability ratio between the two routes of administration
      was 3.8:1 (inhaled: oral; P <= 0.001). CONCLUSION: Given the higher systemic
      bioavailability of inhaled terbutaline compared to oral, our results indicate
      that it is difficult to differentiate allowed inhaled use of terbutaline from
      prohibited oral ingestion based on urine concentrations in doping control
      analysis. However given the potential performance enhancing effect of high dose
      terbutaline, it is essential to establish a limit on the WADA doping list.

PMID- 27375487
TI  - Erratum: Molecular features of interaction between VEGFA and anti-angiogenic
      drugs used in retinal diseases: a computational approach.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 248 in vol. 6, PMID: 26578958.]. 

PMID- 27375485
TI  - Modulation of Autophagy by Sorafenib: Effects on Treatment Response.
AB  - The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is, at present, the only drug approved for
      the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most lethal types of
      cancer worldwide. However, the increase in the number of sorafenib tumor
      resistant cells reduces efficiency. A better knowledge of the intracellular
      mechanism of the drug leading to reduced cell survival could help to improve the
      benefits of sorafenib therapy. Autophagy is a bulk cellular degradation process
      activated in a broad range of stress situations, which allows cells to degrade
      misfolded proteins or dysfunctional organelles. This cellular route can induce
      survival or death, depending on cell status and media signals. Sorafenib, alone
      or in combination with other drugs is able to induce autophagy, but cell response
      to the drug depends on the complex integrative crosstalk of different
      intracellular signals. In cancerous cells, autophagy can be regulated by
      different cellular pathways (Akt-related mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
      inhibition, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) induction, dissociation of B
      cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins from Beclin-1), or effects of some
      miRNAs. Inhibition of mTOR signaling by sorafenib and diminished interaction
      between Beclin-1 and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) have been related to
      induction of autophagy in HCC. Furthermore, changes in some miRNAs, such as miR
      30alpha, are able to modulate autophagy and modify sensitivity in sorafenib
      resistant cells. However, although AMPK phosphorylation by sorafenib seems to
      play a role in the antiproliferative action of the drug, it does not relate with
      modulation of autophagy. In this review, we present an updated overview of the
      effects of sorafenib on autophagy and its related activation pathways, analyzing
      in detail the involvement of autophagy on sorafenib sensitivity and resistance. 

PMID- 27375486
TI  - Chronic Psychosocial Stress Impairs Bone Homeostasis: A Study in the Social
      Isolation Reared Rat.
AB  - Chronic psychosocial stress is a key player in the onset and aggravation of
      mental diseases, including psychosis. Although a strong association between this
      psychiatric condition and other medical co-morbidities has been recently
      demonstrated, few data on the link between psychosis and bone homeostasis are
      actually available. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic
      psychosocial stress induced by 4 or 7 weeks of social isolation in drug-naive
      male Wistar rats could alter bone homeostasis in terms of bone thickness, mineral
      density and content, as well as markers of bone formation and resorption
      (sclerostin, cathepsin K, and CTX-I). We found that bone mineral density was
      increased in rats exposed to 7 weeks of social isolation, while no differences
      were detected in bone mineral content and area. Moreover, 7 weeks of social
      isolation lead to increase of femur thickness with respect to controls,
      suggesting the development of a hyperostosis condition. Isolated rats showed no
      changes in sclerostin levels, a marker of bone formation, compared to grouped
      animals. Conversely, bone resorption markers were significantly altered after 7
      weeks of social isolation in terms of decrease in cathepsin K and increase of CTX
      I. No alterations were found after 4 weeks of isolation rearing. Our observations
      suggest that chronic psychosocial stress might affect bone homeostasis, more
      likely independently from drug treatment. Thus, the social isolation model might
      help to identify possible new therapeutic targets to treat the burden of chronic
      psychosocial stress and to attempt alternative therapy choices. 

PMID- 27375488
TI  - A Model of the Cardiorespiratory Response to Aerobic Exercise in Healthy and
      Heart Failure Conditions.
AB  - The physiological response to physical exercise is now recognized as an important
      tool which can aid the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This
      is due to the fact that several mechanisms are needed to accommodate a higher
      cardiac output and a higher oxygen delivery to tissues. The aim of the present
      work is to provide a fully closed loop cardiorespiratory simulator reproducing
      the main physiological mechanisms which arise during aerobic exercise. The
      simulator also provides a representation of the impairments of these mechanisms
      in heart failure condition and their effect on limiting exercise capacity. The
      simulator consists of a cardiovascular model including the left and right heart,
      pulmonary and systemic circulations. This latter is split into exercising and non
      exercising regions and is controlled by the baroreflex and metabolic mechanisms.
      In addition, the simulator includes a respiratory model reproducing the gas
      exchange in lungs and tissues, the ventilation control and the effects of its
      mechanics on the cardiovascular system. The simulator was tested and compared to
      the data in the literature at three different workloads whilst cycling (25, 49
      and 73 watts). The results show that the simulator is able to reproduce the
      response to exercise in terms of: heart rate (from 67 to 134 bpm), cardiac output
      (from 5.3 to 10.2 l/min), leg blood flow (from 0.7 to 3.0 l/min), peripheral
      resistance (from 0.9 to 0.5 mmHg/(cm(3)/s)), central arteriovenous oxygen
      difference (from 4.5 to 10.8 ml/dl) and ventilation (6.1-25.5 l/min). The
      simulator was further adapted to reproduce the main impairments observed in heart
      failure condition, such as reduced sensitivity of baroreflex and metabolic
      controls, lower perfusion to the exercising regions (from 0.6 to 1.4 l/min) and
      hyperventilation (from 9.2 to 40.2 l/min). The simulator we developed is a useful
      tool for the description of the basic physiological mechanisms operating during
      exercise. It can reproduce how these mechanisms interact and how their
      impairments could limit exercise performance in heart failure condition. The
      simulator can thus be used in the future as a test bench for different
      therapeutic strategies aimed at improving exercise performance in cardiopathic
      subjects. 

PMID- 27375489
TI  - Medullary Endocannabinoids Contribute to the Differential Resting Baroreflex
      Sensitivity in Rats with Altered Brain Renin-Angiotensin System Expression.
AB  - CB1 cannabinoid receptors are expressed on vagal afferent fibers and neurons
      within the solitary tract nucleus (NTS), providing anatomical evidence for their
      role in arterial baroreflex modulation. To better understand the relationship
      between the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and endocannabinoid expression
      within the NTS, we measured dorsal medullary endocannabinoid tissue content and
      the effects of CB1 receptor blockade at this brain site on cardiac baroreflex
      sensitivity (BRS) in ASrAOGEN rats with low glial angiotensinogen, normal Sprague
      Dawley rats and (mRen2)27 rats with upregulated brain RAS expression. Mass
      spectrometry revealed higher levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol
      in (mRen2)27 compared to ASrAOGEN rats (2.70 +/- 0.28 vs. 1.17 +/- 0.09 ng/mg
      tissue; P < 0.01), while Sprague-Dawley rats had intermediate content (1.85 +/-
      0.27 ng/mg tissue). Microinjection of the CB1receptor antagonist SR141716A (36
      pmol) into the NTS did not change cardiac BRS in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats
      (1.04 +/- 0.05 ms/mmHg baseline vs. 1.17 +/- 0.11 ms/mmHg after 10 min). However,
      SR141716A in (mRen2)27 rats dose-dependently improved BRS in this strain: 0.36
      pmol of SR141716A increased BRS from 0.43 +/- 0.03 to 0.71 +/- 0.04 ms/mmHg (P <
      0.001), and 36 pmol of SR141716A increased BRS from 0.47 +/- 0.02 to 0.94 +/-
      0.10 ms/mmHg (P < 0.01). In contrast, 0.36 pmol (1.50 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.08
      ms/mmHg; P < 0.05) and 36 pmol (1.38 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.46 +/- 0.003 ms/mmHg; P <
      0.01) of SR141716A significantly reduced BRS in ASrAOGEN rats. These observations
      reveal differential dose-related effects of the brain endocannabinoid system that
      influence cardiovagal BRS in animals with genetic alterations in the brain RAS. 

PMID- 27375490
TI  - Effects of Kefir on the Cardiac Autonomic Tones and Baroreflex Sensitivity in
      Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.
AB  - AIMS: It has been previously shown that the probiotic kefir (a symbiotic matrix
      containing acid bacteria and yeasts) attenuated the hypertension and the
      endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In the present
      study, the effect of chronic administration of kefir on the cardiac autonomic
      control of heart rate (HR) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in SHR was evaluated.
      METHODS: SHR were treated with kefir (0.3 mL/100 g body weight) for 60 days and
      compared with non-treated SHR and with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Cardiac
      autonomic vagal (VT) and sympathetic (ST) tones were estimated through the
      blockade of the cardiac muscarinic receptors (methylatropine) and the blockade of
      beta1-adrenoceptor (atenolol). The BRS was evaluated by the tachycardia and
      bradycardia responses to vasoactive drug-induced decreases and increases in
      arterial blood pressure (BP), respectively. Additionally, spontaneous BRS was
      estimated by autoregressive spectral analysis. RESULTS: Kefir-treated SHR
      exhibited significant attenuation of basal BP, HR, and cardiac hypertrophy
      compared to non-treated SHR (12, 13, and 21%, respectively). Cardiac VT and ST
      were significantly altered in the SHR (~40 and ~90 bpm) compared with Wistar rats
      (~120 and ~30 bpm) and were partially recovered in SHR-kefir (~90 and ~25 bpm).
      SHR exhibited an impaired bradycardic BRS (~50%) compared with Wistar rats, which
      was reduced to ~40% in the kefir-treated SHR and abolished by methylatropine in
      all groups. SHR also exhibited a significant impairment of the tachycardic BRS
      (~23%) compared with Wistar rats and this difference was reduced to 8% in the SHR
      kefir. Under the action of atenolol the residual reflex tachycardia was smaller
      in SHR than in Wistar rats and kefir attenuated this abnormality. Spectral
      analysis revealed increased low frequency components of BP (~3.5-fold) and pulse
      interval (~2-fold) compared with Wistar rats and these differences were reduced
      by kefir-treatment to ~1.6- and ~1.5-fold, respectively. Spectral analysis also
      showed an impairment of spontaneous BRS in SHR, but kefir-treatment caused only a
      tendency to reverse this result. CONCLUSIONS: The novelty of this study is that
      daily chronic consumption of a low dose of kefir reduced the impairment of the
      cardiac autonomic control of HR and of the impaired BRS in SHR.

PMID- 27375491
TI  - Matrix metalloproteinase-9 Gene-1562C>T Gene Polymorphism and Coronary Artery
      Disease in the Chinese Han Population: A Meta-Analysis of 5468 Subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple studies indicate that the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)
      1562C>T gene polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of coronary
      artery disease (CAD) in the Chinese Han population. However, a clear consensus
      has yet to be established. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: A meta-analysis of 5468
      subjects from 10 separate studies was performed to explore the possible
      relationship between the MMP-9-1562C>T gene polymorphism and CAD within the
      Chinese Han population. Pooled odds ratio (ORs) for the association and the
      corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were evaluated by a random or fixed
      effect model. RESULTS: Our analysis confirms the association between the MMP-9
      1562C>T gene polymorphism and an increased risk of CAD within the Chinese Han
      population under allelic (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.25-2.04, P = 0.0002), recessive
      (OR: 3.05, 95% CI: 1.67-5.56, P = 0.0003), dominant (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.49-3.35,
      P = 0.0001), homozygous (OR: 3.41, 95% CI: 1.87-6.23, P < 0.0001), heterozygous
      (OR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.40-2.93, P = 0.0002), and additive genetic models (OR: 1.78,
      95% CI: 1.33-2.39, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In the Chinese Han population, the
      MMP-9-1562C>T gene polymorphism is correlated with an increased risk of CAD.
      Therefore, Han Chinese carriers of the -1562T allele may be at an increased risk
      of CAD.

PMID- 27375492
TI  - Plasma Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Activity in Bottlenose
      Dolphins Contributes to Avoiding Accumulation of Non-recyclable Purines.
AB  - Marine mammals are exposed to ischemia/reperfusion and hypoxia/reoxygenation
      during diving. During oxygen deprivation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown
      implies purine metabolite accumulation, which in humans is associated with
      pathological conditions. Purine recycling in seals increases in response to
      prolonged fasting and ischemia. Concentrations of metabolites and activities of
      key enzymes in purine metabolism were examined in plasma and red blood cells from
      bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and humans. Hypoxanthine and inosine
      monophosphate concentrations were higher in plasma from dolphins than humans.
      Plasma hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) activity in
      dolphins suggests an elevated purine recycling rate, and a mechanism for avoiding
      accumulation of non-recyclable purines (xanthine and uric acid). Red blood cell
      concentrations of hypoxanthine, adenosine diphosphate, ATP and guanosine
      triphosphate were lower in dolphins than in humans; adenosine monophosphate and
      nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide concentrations were higher in dolphins. HGPRT
      activity in red blood cells was higher in humans than in dolphins. The lower
      concentrations of purine catabolism and recycling by-products in plasma from
      dolphins could be beneficial in providing substrates for recovery of ATP depleted
      during diving or vigorous swimming. These results suggest that purine salvage in
      dolphins could be a mechanism for delivering nucleotide precursors to tissues
      with high ATP and guanosine triphosphate requirements. 

PMID- 27375493
TI  - Greater Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Mediated Vasodilation in Women Using Oral
      Contraceptives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: beta-adrenergic receptors play an important role in mitigating the
      pressor effects of sympathetic nervous system activity in young women. Based on
      recent data showing oral contraceptive use in women abolishes the relationship
      between muscle sympathetic nervous system activity and blood pressure, we
      hypothesized forearm blood flow responses to a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist
      would be greater in young women currently using oral contraceptives (OC+, n = 13)
      when compared to those not using oral contraceptives (OC-, n = 10). METHODS:
      Women (18-35 years) were studied during the early follicular phase of the
      menstrual cycle (days 1-5) or placebo phase of oral contraceptive use. Forearm
      blood flow (FBF, Doppler ultrasound) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP,
      brachial arterial catheter) were measured at baseline and during graded brachial
      artery infusion of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, Isoproterenol (ISO), as
      well as Acetylcholine (ACH, endothelium-dependent vasodilation) and Nitroprusside
      (NTP, endothelium-independent vasodilation). Forearm vascular conductance was
      calculated (FVC = FBF/MAP, ml/min/100 mmHg) and the rise in FVC from baseline
      during infusion quantified vasodilation (DeltaFVC = FVCinfusion - FVCbaseline).
      RESULTS: ISO increased FVC in both groups (p < 0.01) and ISO-mediated DeltaFVC
      was greater in OC+ compared to OC- (Main effect of group, p = 0.02). Expressing
      data as FVC and FBF resulted in similar conclusions. FVC responses to both ACH
      and NTP were also greater in OC+ compared to OC-. CONCLUSIONS: These data are the
      first to demonstrate greater beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated vasodilation in
      the forearm of women currently using oral contraceptives (placebo phase) when
      compared to those not using oral contraceptives (early follicular phase), and
      suggest oral contraceptive use influences neurovascular control.

PMID- 27375494
TI  - T Wave Amplitude Correction of QT Interval Variability for Improved
      Repolarization Lability Measurement.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The inverse relationship between QT interval variability (QTV) and T
      wave amplitude potentially confounds QT variability assessment. We quantified the
      influence of the T wave amplitude on QTV in a comprehensive dataset and devised a
      correction formula. METHODS: Three ECG datasets of healthy subjects were analyzed
      to model the relationship between T wave amplitude and QTV. To derive a generally
      valid correction formula, linear regression analysis was used. The proposed
      correction formula was applied to patients enrolled in the Evaluation of
      Defibrillator in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Treatment Evaluation trial
      (DEFINITE) to assess the prognostic significance of QTV for all-cause mortality
      in patients with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. RESULTS: A strong inverse
      relationship between T wave amplitude and QTV was demonstrated, both in healthy
      subjects (R (2) = 0.68, p < 0.001) and DEFINITE patients (R (2) = 0.20, p <
      0.001). Applying the T wave amplitude correction to QTV achieved 2.5-times better
      group discrimination between patients enrolled in the DEFINITE study and healthy
      subjects. Kaplan-Meier estimator analysis showed that T wave amplitude corrected
      QTVi is inversely related to survival (p < 0.01) and a significant predictor of
      all-cause mortality. CONCLUSION: We have proposed a simple correction formula for
      improved QTV assessment. Using this correction, predictive value of QTV for all
      cause mortality in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy has been
      demonstrated.

PMID- 27375496
TI  - The Movement- and Load-Dependent Differences in the EMG Patterns of the Human Arm
      Muscles during Two-Joint Movements (A Preliminary Study).
AB  - Slow circular movements of the hand with a fixed wrist joint that were produced
      in a horizontal plane under visual guidance during conditions of action of the
      elastic load directed tangentially to the movement trajectory were studied. The
      positional dependencies of the averaged surface EMGs in the muscles of the elbow
      and shoulder joints were compared for four possible combinations in the
      directions of load and movements. The EMG intensities were largely correlated
      with the waves of the force moment computed for a corresponding joint in the
      framework of a simple geometrical model of the system: arm - experimental setup.
      At the same time, in some cases the averaged EMGs exit from the segments of the
      trajectory restricted by the force moment singular points (FMSPs), in which the
      moments exhibited altered signs. The EMG activities display clear differences for
      the eccentric and concentric zones of contraction that are separated by the joint
      angle singular points (JASPs), which present extreme at the joint angle traces.
      We assumed that the modeled patterns of FMSPs and JASPs may be applied for an
      analysis of the synergic interaction between the motor commands arriving at
      different muscles in arbitrary two-joint movements. 

PMID- 27375495
TI  - The Combined Effects of Ethylene and MeJA on Metabolic Profiling of Phenolic
      Compounds in Catharanthus roseus Revealed by Metabolomics Analysis.
AB  - Phenolic compounds belong to a class of secondary metabolites and are implicated
      in a wide range of responsive mechanisms in plants triggered by both biotic and
      abiotic elicitors. In this study, we approached the combinational effects of
      ethylene and MeJA (methyl jasmonate) on phenolic compounds profiles and gene
      expressions in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. In virtue of a widely non
      targeted metabolomics method, we identified a total of 34 kinds of phenolic
      compounds in the leaves, composed by 7 C6C1-, 11 C6C3-, and 16 C6C3C6 compounds.
      In addition, 7 kinds of intermediates critical for the biosynthesis of phenolic
      compounds and alkaloids were identified and discussed with phenolic metabolism.
      The combinational actions of ethylene and MeJA effectively promoted the total
      phenolic compounds, especially the C6C1 compounds (such as salicylic acid,
      benzoic acid) and C6C3 ones (such as cinnamic acid, sinapic acid). In contrast,
      the C6C3C6 compounds displayed a notably inhibitory trend in this case.
      Subsequently, the gene-to-metabolite networks were drawn up by searching for
      correlations between the expression profiles of 5 gene tags and the accumulation
      profiles of 41 metabolite peaks. Generally, we provide an insight into the
      controlling mode of ethylene-MeJA combination on phenolic metabolism in C. roseus
      leaves. 

PMID- 27375497
TI  - Enhancement of Glucose Metabolism via PGC-1alpha Participates in the
      Cardioprotection of Chronic Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous studies demonstrated that energy metabolism
      disturbance impairs cardiac function and chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia
      (CIHH) protects heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present study
      aimed to test the hypothesis that CIHH protects the heart against
      ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury via improvement of cardiac glucose metabolism.
      METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats received CIHH treatment simulating 5000-m
      altitude for 28 days, 6 h per day in a hypobaric chamber or no treatment
      (control). Body weight, fasting blood glucose, blood lipid and glucose tolerance
      were measured. The left ventricular function of isolated hearts was evaluated
      during 30 min of ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion using Langendorff method. The
      mRNA and protein expression involved in cardiac energy metabolism was determined
      using quantitative PCR and Western blot techniques. RESULTS: 1. There was no
      difference of body weight, fast blood glucose, blood lipid and glucose tolerance
      between control and CIHH rats under baseline condition (p > 0.05). 2. The
      recovery of left ventricular function after I/R was improved significantly in
      CIHH rats compared to control rats (p < 0.05). 3. The expression of cardiac GLUT4
      and PGC-1alpha was increased but PDK4 gene expression was decreased by CIHH
      treatment at both mRNA and protein level. Also p-AMPK/AMPK ratio was increased in
      CIHH rats (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CIHH ameliorates I/R injury through improving
      cardiac glucose metabolism via upregulation of GLUT4, p-AMPK, and PGC-1alpha
      expressions, but downregulation of cardiacPDK4 expression.

PMID- 27375498
TI  - Chronic Kidney Disease As a Potential Indication for Renal Denervation.
AB  - Renal denervation is being used as a blood pressure lowering therapy for patients
      with apparent treatment resistant hypertension. However, this population does not
      represent a distinct disease condition in which benefit is predictable. In fact,
      the wide range in effectiveness of renal denervation could be a consequence of
      this heterogeneous pathogenesis of hypertension. Since renal denervation aims at
      disrupting sympathetic nerves surrounding the renal arteries, it seems obvious to
      focus on patients with increased afferent and/or efferent renal sympathetic nerve
      activity. In this review will be argued, from both a pathophysiological and a
      clinical point of view, that chronic kidney disease is particularly suited to
      renal denervation. 

PMID- 27375499
TI  - Muscle MCT4 Content Is Correlated with the Lactate Removal Ability during
      Recovery Following All-Out Supramaximal Exercise in Highly-Trained Rowers.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to test if the lactate exchange (gamma1) and
      removal (gamma2) abilities during recovery following short all-out supramaximal
      exercise correlate with the muscle content of MCT1 and MCT4, the two isoforms of
      the monocarboxylate transporters family involved in lactate and H(+) co-transport
      in skeletal muscle. Eighteen lightweight rowers completed a 3-min all-out
      exercise on rowing ergometer. Blood lactate samples were collected during the
      subsequent passive recovery to assess an individual blood lactate curve (IBLC).
      IBLC were fitted to the bi-exponential time function: La(t) = [La](0) + A1(1 -
      [Formula: see text]) + A2(1 - [Formula: see text]) where [La](0) is the blood
      lactate concentration at exercise completion and the velocity constants gamma1
      and gamma2 denote the lactate exchange and removal abilities, respectively. An
      application of the bi-compartmental model of lactate distribution space allowed
      estimation of the lactate removal rate at exercise completion [LRR(0)]. Biopsy of
      the right vastus lateralis was taken at rest to measure muscle MCT1 and MCT4
      content. Fiber type distribution, activity of key enzymes and capillary density
      (CD) were also assessed. gamma1 was correlated with [La](0) (r = -0.54, P < 0.05)
      but not with MCT1, MCT4 or CD. gamma2 and LRR(0) were correlated with MCT4 (r =
      0.63, P < 0.01 and r = 0.73, P < 0.001, respectively) but not with MCT1 or
      cytochrome c oxidase activity. These findings suggest that the lactate exchange
      ability is highly dependent on the milieu so that the importance of the muscle
      MCT1 and MCT4 content in gamma1 was hidden in the present study. Our results also
      suggest that during recovery following all-out supramaximal exercise in well
      trained rowers, MCT4 might play a significant role in the distribution and
      delivery of lactate for its subsequent removal. 

PMID- 27375500
TI  - Therapeutic Use of Exercising in Hypoxia: Promises and Limitations.

PMID- 27375501
TI  - Editorial: New Translational Insights on Metabolic Syndrome: Obesity,
      Hypertension, Diabetes and Beyond.

PMID- 27375502
TI  - Transition for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: South African Parent
      and Professional Perspectives.
AB  - Adolescents with autism and their families experience a significant increase in
      the number of challenges encountered when leaving the structure of the formal
      education system. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the
      factors parents and professionals regard as important in preparing for transition
      of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to adulthood, vocational, and
      residential arrangements. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14
      participants (i.e., 7 parents and 7 professionals) who were involved with
      adolescents with ASD in Johannesburg, South Africa. The findings revealed that
      there was a need for advocacy on behalf of learners with ASD transitioning into
      adult working and living environments. The responses of the participants
      highlighted needs for curriculum transformation from basic literacy skills to
      development and teaching of functional self-help and daily living skills. The
      results also indicated lack of planning and the absence of service facilities for
      adolescents with autism post-school. There was a general feeling of fear and
      uncertainty when the participants thought about transition of adolescents with
      autism and their future. However, there was also a sense of hope and optimism.
      Transition of adolescents with autism into adulthood is a challenging and
      stressful time for parents and professionals involved in trying to prepare them.
      With appropriate attention and support structures, individuals with autism can
      attain a reasonable quality of life, including residential, employment, and
      social opportunities. 

PMID- 27375503
TI  - Comorbidities, Social Impact, and Quality of Life in Tourette Syndrome.
AB  - Tourette syndrome (TS) is more than having motor and vocal tics, and this review
      will examine the varied comorbidities as well as the social impact and quality of
      life (QoL) in individuals with TS. The relationship between any individual and
      his/her environment is complex, and this is further exaggerated in the case of a
      person with TS. For example, tics may play a significant role in shaping the
      person's experiences, perceptions, and interactions with the environment.
      Furthermore, associated clinical features, comorbidities, and coexisting
      psychopathologies may compound or alter this relationship. In this regard, the
      common comorbidities include attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and
      disruptive behaviors, obsessive compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum
      disorder, and coexistent problems include anxiety, depression, and low self
      esteem, which can all lead to poorer psychosocial functioning and QoL. Thus, the
      symptoms of TS and the associated comorbid conditions may interact to result in a
      vicious cycle or a downward spiraling of negative experiences and poor QoL. The
      stigma and social maladjustment in TS and the social exclusion, bullying, and
      discrimination are considered to be caused in large part by misperceptions of the
      disorder by teachers, peers, and the wider community. Improved community and
      professional awareness about TS and related comorbidities and other
      psychopathologies as well as the provision of multidisciplinary services to meet
      the complex needs of this clinical population are critical. Future research to
      inform the risk and resilience factors for successful long-term outcomes is also
      warranted. 

PMID- 27375504
TI  - The Limited Impact of Exposure Duration on Holistic Word Processing.
AB  - The current study explored the impact of stimuli exposure duration on holistic
      word processing measured by the complete composite paradigm (CPc paradigm). The
      participants were asked to match the cued target parts of two characters which
      were presented for either a long (600 ms) or a short duration (170 ms). They were
      also tested by two popular versions of the CPc paradigm: the "early-fixed" task
      where the attention cue was visible from the beginning of each trial at a fixed
      position, and the "delayed-random" task where the cue showed up after the study
      character at random locations. The holistic word effect, as indexed by the
      alignment * congruency interaction, was identified in both tasks and was
      unaffected by the stimuli duration in both tasks. Meanwhile, the "delayed-random"
      task did not bring about larger holistic word effect than the "early-fixed" task.
      These results suggest the exposure duration (from around 150 to 600 ms) has a
      limited impact on the holistic word effect, and have methodological implications
      for experiment designs in this field. 

PMID- 27375506
TI  - The Influence of the Pinyin and Zhuyin Writing Systems on the Acquisition of
      Mandarin Word Forms by Native English Speakers.
AB  - The role of written input in second language (L2) phonological and lexical
      acquisition has received increased attention in recent years. Here we
      investigated the influence of two factors that may moderate the influence of
      orthography on L2 word form learning: (i) whether the writing system is shared by
      the native language and the L2, and (ii) if the writing system is shared, whether
      the relevant grapheme-phoneme correspondences are also shared. The acquisition of
      Mandarin via the Pinyin and Zhuyin writing systems provides an ecologically valid
      opportunity to explore these factors. We first asked whether there is a
      difference in native English speakers' ability to learn Pinyin and Zhuyin
      grapheme-phoneme correspondences. In Experiment 1, native English speakers
      assigned to either Pinyin or Zhuyin groups were exposed to Mandarin words
      belonging to one of two conditions: in the "congruent" condition, the Pinyin
      forms are possible English spellings for the auditory words (e.g., < nai> for
      [nai]); in the "incongruent" condition, the Pinyin forms involve a familiar
      grapheme representing a novel phoneme (e.g., < xiu> for [ciou]). At test,
      participants were asked to indicate whether auditory and written forms matched;
      in the crucial trials, the written forms from training (e.g., < xiu>) were paired
      with possible English pronunciations of the Pinyin written forms (e.g., [ziou]).
      Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1 except that participants additionally
      saw pictures depicting word meanings during the exposure phase, and at test were
      asked to match auditory forms with the pictures. In both experiments the Zhuyin
      group outperformed the Pinyin group due to the Pinyin group's difficulty with
      "incongruent" items. A third experiment confirmed that the groups did not differ
      in their ability to perceptually distinguish the relevant Mandarin consonants
      (e.g., [c]) from the foils (e.g., [z]), suggesting that the findings of
      Experiments 1 and 2 can be attributed to the effects of orthographic input. We
      thus conclude that despite the familiarity of Pinyin graphemes to native English
      speakers, the need to suppress native language grapheme-phoneme correspondences
      in favor of new ones can lead to less target-like knowledge of newly learned
      words' forms than does learning Zhuyin's entirely novel graphemes. 

PMID- 27375505
TI  - Deficits in the Mimicry of Facial Expressions in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Humans spontaneously mimic the facial expressions of others,
      facilitating social interaction. This mimicking behavior may be impaired in
      individuals with Parkinson's disease, for whom the loss of facial movements is a
      clinical feature. OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of facial mimicry in patients
      with Parkinson's disease. METHOD: Twenty-seven non-depressed patients with
      idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 28 age-matched controls had their facial
      muscles recorded with electromyography while they observed presentations of calm,
      happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotions. RESULTS: Patients exhibited reduced
      amplitude and delayed onset in the zygomaticus major muscle region (smiling
      response) following happy presentations (patients M = 0.02, 95% confidence
      interval [CI] -0.15 to 0.18, controls M = 0.26, CI 0.14 to 0.37, ANOVA, effect
      size [ES] = 0.18, p < 0.001). Although patients exhibited activation of the
      corrugator supercilii and medial frontalis (frowning response) following sad and
      fearful presentations, the frontalis response to sad presentations was attenuated
      relative to controls (patients M = 0.05, CI -0.08 to 0.18, controls M = 0.21, CI
      0.09 to 0.34, ANOVA, ES = 0.07, p = 0.017). The amplitude of patients'
      zygomaticus activity in response to positive emotions was found to be negatively
      correlated with response times for ratings of emotional identification,
      suggesting a motor-behavioral link (r = -0.45, p = 0.02, two-tailed).
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients showed decreased mimicry overall, mimicking other peoples'
      frowns to some extent, but presenting with profoundly weakened and delayed
      smiles. These findings open a new avenue of inquiry into the "masked face"
      syndrome of PD.

PMID- 27375507
TI  - Decisions at the Brink: Locomotor Experience Affects Infants' Use of Social
      Information on an Adjustable Drop-off.
AB  - How do infants decide what to do at the brink of a precipice? Infants could use
      two sources of information to guide their actions: perceptual information
      generated by their own exploratory activity and social information offered by
      their caregivers. The current study investigated the role of locomotor experience
      in using social information-both encouragement and discouragement-for descending
      drop-offs. Mothers of 30 infants (experienced 12-month-old crawlers, novice 12
      month-old walkers, and experienced 18-month-old walkers) encouraged and
      discouraged descent on a gradation of drop-offs (safe "steps" and risky
      "cliffs"). Novice walkers descended more frequently than experienced crawlers and
      walkers and fell while attempting to walk over impossibly high cliffs. All
      infants showed evidence of integrating perceptual and social information, but
      locomotor experience affected infants' use of social messages, especially on
      risky drop-offs. Experienced crawlers and walkers selectively deferred to social
      information when perceptual information is ambiguous. In contrast, novice walkers
      took mothers' advice inconsistently and only at extreme drop-offs. 

PMID- 27375508
TI  - Shared and Unique Risk Factors Underlying Mathematical Disability and Reading and
      Spelling Disability.
AB  - High comorbidity rates have been reported between mathematical learning
      disabilities (MD) and reading and spelling disabilities (RSD). Research has
      identified skills related to math, such as number sense (NS) and visuospatial
      working memory (visuospatial WM), as well as to literacy, such as phonological
      awareness (PA), rapid automatized naming (RAN) and verbal short-term memory
      (Verbal STM). In order to explain the high comorbidity rates between MD and RSD,
      7-11-year-old children were assessed on a range of cognitive abilities related to
      literacy (PA, RAN, Verbal STM) and mathematical ability (visuospatial WM, NS).
      The group of children consisted of typically developing (TD) children (n = 32),
      children with MD (n = 26), children with RSD (n = 29), and combined MD and RSD (n
      = 43). It was hypothesized that, in line with the multiple deficit view on
      learning disorders, at least one unique predictor for both MD and RSD and a
      possible shared cognitive risk factor would be found to account for the
      comorbidity between the symptom dimensions literacy and math. Secondly, our
      hypotheses were that (a) a probabilistic multi-factorial risk factor model would
      provide a better fit to the data than a deterministic single risk factor model
      and (b) that a shared risk factor model would provide a better fit than the
      specific multi-factorial model. All our hypotheses were confirmed. NS and
      visuospatial WM were identified as unique cognitive predictors for MD, whereas PA
      and RAN were both associated with RSD. Also, a shared risk factor model with PA
      as a cognitive predictor for both RSD and MD fitted the data best, indicating
      that MD and RSD might co-occur due to a shared underlying deficit in phonological
      processing. Possible explanations are discussed in the context of sample
      selection and composition. This study shows that different cognitive factors play
      a role in mathematics and literacy, and that a phonological processing deficit
      might play a role in the occurrence of MD and RSD. 

PMID- 27375509
TI  - Infants Prefer Female Body Phenotypes; Infant Girls Prefer They Have an Hourglass
      Shape.
AB  - Adolescents and adults show preferences for male and female body shapes
      consistent with evolutionary theories of reproductive fitness and mate selection.
      However, when these preferences for females with narrow waists (i.e., 0.7 waist
      to-hip ratio) and men with broad shoulders (i.e., mesomorphic body shape) emerge
      during the lifespan is largely unknown. To address this knowledge gap, eye
      movements were tracked in 146 infants (3-18 months of age) during computer
      presentation of three-dimensional human figures varying in body features thought
      relevant for reproductive success (e.g., secondary sex characteristics, waist-to
      hip ratio). When presented with pairs of figures differing in apparent sex, male
      and female infants looked significantly longer at the female figure compared to
      the male figure, a new finding that extends previous research showing preferences
      for female faces in infancy. When presented with same-sex figures differing in
      characteristics associated with mate value, male and female infants looked longer
      at a low mate value male (i.e., an endomorphic body type) compared to a high mate
      value male (i.e., a mesomorphic body type), a finding that replicates the results
      of previous research. In addition, the novel use of high and low mate value
      female figures showed a sex difference in visual attention, such that female
      infants looked longer at the high mate value female figure compared to the low
      mate female figure whereas male infants showed the opposite pattern of results.
      In sum, these findings suggest that infants generally do not possess preferences
      for adult-defined attractive male body shapes. However, infant girls' greater
      attention to a female figure with an adult-preferred waist-to-hip ratio raises
      the possibility that evolved preferences for 0.7 waist-to-hip ratio influence
      girls' later preference for toys representing females with an hourglass shape,
      perhaps supporting elaboration of adult social behaviors that enhance
      reproductive success (e.g., cooperative breeding). 

PMID- 27375510
TI  - Mindfulness-Oriented Meditation for Primary School Children: Effects on Attention
      and Psychological Well-Being.
AB  - Mindfulness-based interventions are increasingly being used as methods to promote
      psychological well-being of clinical and non-clinical adult populations. Much
      less is known, however, on the feasibility of these forms of mental training on
      healthy primary school students. Here, we tested the effects of a mindfulness
      meditation training on a group of 16 healthy children within 7-8 years of age
      from an Italian primary school. An active control condition focused on emotion
      awareness was employed on a group of 15 age-matched healthy children from the
      same school. Both programs were delivered by the same instructors three times per
      week, for 8 total weeks. The same main teacher of the two classes did not
      participate in the trainings but she completed questionnaires aimed at giving
      comprehensive pre-post training evaluations of behavior, social, emotion, and
      attention regulation skills in the children. A children's self-report measure of
      mood and depressive symptoms was also used. From the teacher's reports we found a
      specific positive effect of the mindfulness-meditation training in reducing
      attention problems and also positive effects of both trainings in reducing
      children's internalizing problems. However, subjectively, no child in either
      group reported less depressive symptoms after the trainings. The findings were
      interpreted as suggestive of a positive effect of mindfulness-meditation on
      several children's psychological well-being dimensions and were also discussed in
      light of the discrepancy between teacher and children's reports. More generally,
      the results were held to speak in favor of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based
      interventions for healthy primary school children. 

PMID- 27375511
TI  - Impact of Player Injuries on Teams' Mental States, and Subsequent Performances,
      at the Rugby World Cup 2015.

PMID- 27375512
TI  - Studying Different Tasks of Implicit Learning across Multiple Test Sessions
      Conducted on the Web.
AB  - Implicit learning is usually studied through individual performance on a single
      task, with the most common tasks being the Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task, the
      Dynamic System Control (DSC) task, and Artificial Grammar Learning (AGL). Few
      attempts have been made to compare performance across different implicit learning
      tasks within the same study. The current study was designed to explore the
      relationship between performance on the DSC Sugar factory task and the
      Alternating Serial Reaction Time (ASRT) task. We also addressed another
      limitation of traditional implicit learning experiments, namely that implicit
      learning is usually studied in laboratory settings over a restricted time span
      lasting for less than an hour. In everyday situations, implicit learning is
      assumed to involve a gradual accumulation of knowledge across several learning
      episodes over a longer time span. One way to increase the ecological validity of
      implicit learning experiments could be to present the learning material
      repeatedly across shorter test sessions. This can most easily be done by using a
      web-based setup in which participants can access the material from home. We
      therefore created an online web-based system for measuring implicit learning that
      could be administered in either single or multiple sessions. Participants (n =
      66) were assigned to either a single session or a multiple session condition.
      Learning occurred on both tasks, and awareness measures suggested that acquired
      knowledge was not fully conscious on either of the tasks. Learning and the degree
      of conscious awareness of the learned regularities were compared across
      conditions and tasks. On the DSC task, performance was not affected by whether
      learning had taken place in one or over multiple sessions. On the ASRT task, RT
      improvement across blocks was larger in the multiple-session condition. Learning
      in the two tasks was not related. 

PMID- 27375513
TI  - The 2D:4D-Ratio and Neuroticism Revisited: Empirical Evidence from Germany and
      China.
AB  - The 2D:4D-Ratio, as an indirect measure of the fetal testosterone to estradiol
      ratio, is potentially very important for understanding and explaining different
      personality traits. It was the aim of the present study to replicate the findings
      from Fink et al. (2004) about the relation between individual differences in
      2D:4D-Ratios and the Five Factor Model in different cultural groups. Therefore a
      sample of n = 78 Chinese and n = 370 German participants was recruited. Every
      participant provided hand scans of both hands, from which 2D:4D-Ratios were
      computed. Moreover, all participants filled in the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO
      FFI). Significant sex differences were found for ratios of both hands in the
      expected direction, with females showing higher ratios than males. With respect
      to links between personality and the digit ratio, a positive association was
      observed between 2D:4D-Ratio and Neuroticism in females, as shown in the earlier
      study. These findings were observed in both female subsamples from China and
      Germany, as well as in the full sample of participants. But in contrast to the
      results for the whole and the German female sample, where 2D:4D-Ratio of both
      hands were related to Neuroticism, in the Chinese female sample only left hand
      2D:4D-Ratio was significantly and positively related to Neuroticism. There were
      no significant correlations found in any of the male samples. Thus, prenatal
      exposure to sex steroids appears to influence the personality factor Neuroticism
      in females specifically. This finding potentially has implications for mental
      health, as Neuroticism has been shown to be a risk factor for various forms of
      psychopathology. 

PMID- 27375514
TI  - The Effect of Implicit-Explicit Followership Congruence on Benevolent Leadership:
      Evidence from Chinese Family Firms.
AB  - Benevolent leadership, a traditional Chinese leadership style generated under the
      influence of Confucianism, has been under growing discussion since its proposal.
      However, existing research has focused mainly on the consequences of benevolent
      leadership, and research probing into its antecedents is scarce. To fill such
      research gap, the current study aims to explore the effect of the congruence
      between implicit positive followership prototype (PFP) and explicit positive
      followership trait (PFT) on benevolent leadership. Polynomial regression combined
      with the response surface methodology was used to test the hypotheses herein. The
      results, based on a sample of 241 leader-follower dyads from four Chinese family
      firms, indicated the following: (1) benevolent leadership is higher when leader
      PFP is congruent with follower PFT than when they are incongruent; (2) in cases
      of congruence, benevolent leadership is higher when leader PFP and follower PFT
      are both high rather than low; (3) in the case of incongruence, there is no
      significant difference for the level of benevolent leadership in two scenarios:
      "low leader PFP - high follower PFT" and "high leader PFP - low follower PFT". 

PMID- 27375515
TI  - Music As a Sacred Cue? Effects of Religious Music on Moral Behavior.
AB  - Religion can have an important influence in moral decision-making, and religious
      reminders may deter people from unethical behavior. Previous research indicated
      that religious contexts may increase prosocial behavior and reduce cheating.
      However, the perceptual-behavioral link between religious contexts and decision
      making lacks thorough scientific understanding. This study adds to the current
      literature by testing the effects of purely audial religious symbols
      (instrumental music) on moral behavior across three different sites: Mauritius,
      the Czech Republic, and the USA. Participants were exposed to one of three kinds
      of auditory stimuli (religious, secular, or white noise), and subsequently were
      given a chance to dishonestly report on solved mathematical equations in order to
      increase their monetary reward. The results showed cross-cultural differences in
      the effects of religious music on moral behavior, as well as a significant
      interaction between condition and religiosity across all sites, suggesting that
      religious participants were more influenced by the auditory religious stimuli
      than non-religious participants. We propose that religious music can function as
      a subtle cue associated with moral standards via cultural socialization and
      ritual participation. Such associative learning can charge music with specific
      meanings and create sacred cues that influence normative behavior. Our findings
      provide preliminary support for this view, which we hope further research will
      investigate more closely. 

PMID- 27375516
TI  - Addiction: From Context-Induced Hedonia to Appetite, Based on Transition of Micro
      behaviors in Morphine Abstinent Tree Shrews.
AB  - Drug addiction is viewed as a maladaptive memory induced by contextual cues even
      in the abstinent state. However, the variations of hedonia and appetite induced
      by the context during the abstinence have been neglected. To distinguish the
      representative behaviors between hedonia and appetite, micro-behaviors in
      abstinent animal such as psycho-activity and drug seeking behaviors were observed
      in morphine conditioned place preference (CPP). To confirm the different effects
      of reward between drug and natural reward, a palatable food CPP paradigm was
      compared in current work. After a 10-day training in CPP with morphine or food,
      the preference was tested on day 1, 14, 28, and the changes of micro-behaviors
      were analyzed further. Our data showed that tree shrews treated with morphine
      performed more jumps on day 1 and more visits to saline paired side on day 28,
      which indicated a featured behavioral transition from psycho-activity to seeking
      behavior during drug abstinence. Meanwhile, food-conditioned animals only
      displayed obvious seeking behaviors in the three tests. The results suggest that
      the variations of micro-behaviors could imply such a transition from hedonic
      response to appetitive behaviors during morphine abstinence, which provided a
      potential behavioral basis for further neural mechanism studies. 

PMID- 27375518
TI  - Joint-Angle Coordination Patterns Ensure Stabilization of a Body-Plus-Tool System
      in Point-to-Point Movements with a Rod.
AB  - When performing a goal-directed action with a tool, it is generally assumed that
      the point of control of the action system is displaced from the hand to the tool,
      implying that body and tool function as one system. Studies of how actions with
      tools are performed have been limited to studying either end-effector kinematics
      or joint-angle coordination patterns. Because joint-angle coordination patterns
      affect end-effector kinematics, the current study examined them together, with
      the aim of revealing how body and tool function as one system. Seated
      participants made point-to-point movements with their index finger, and with rods
      of 10, 20, and 30 cm attached to their index finger. Start point and target were
      presented on a table in front of them, and in half of the conditions a
      participant displacement compensated for rod length. Results revealed that the
      kinematics of the rod's tip showed higher peak velocity, longer deceleration
      time, and more curvature with longer rods. End-effector movements were more
      curved in the horizontal plane when participants were not displaced. Joint-angle
      trajectories were similar across rod lengths when participants were displaced,
      whereas more extreme joint-angles were used with longer rods when participants
      were not displaced. Furthermore, in every condition the end-effector was
      stabilized to a similar extent; both variability in joint-angle coordination
      patterns that affected end-effector position and variability that did not affect
      end-effector position increased in a similar way vis-a-vis rod length. Moreover,
      the increase was higher in those conditions, in which participants were not
      displaced. This suggests that during tool use, body and tool are united in a
      single system so as to stabilize the end-effector kinematics in a similar way
      that is independent of tool length. In addition, the properties of the actual
      trajectory of the end-effector, as well as the actual joint-angles used, depend
      on the length of the tool and the specifics of the task. 

PMID- 27375517
TI  - Measuring the Performance of Attention Networks with the Dalhousie Computerized
      Attention Battery (DalCAB): Methodology and Reliability in Healthy Adults.
AB  - Attention is an important, multifaceted cognitive domain that has been linked to
      three distinct, yet interacting, networks: alerting, orienting, and executive
      control. The measurement of attention and deficits of attention within these
      networks is critical to the assessment of many neurological and psychiatric
      conditions in both research and clinical settings. The Dalhousie Computerized
      Attention Battery (DalCAB) was created to assess attentional functions related to
      the three attention networks using a range of tasks including: simple reaction
      time, go/no-go, choice reaction time, dual task, flanker, item and location
      working memory, and visual search. The current study provides preliminary
      normative data, test-retest reliability (intraclass correlations) and practice
      effects in DalCAB performance 24-h after baseline for healthy young adults (n =
      96, 18-31 years). Performance on the DalCAB tasks demonstrated Good to Very Good
      test-retest reliability for mean reaction time, while accuracy and difference
      measures (e.g., switch costs, interference effects, and working memory load
      effects) were most reliable for tasks that require more extensive cognitive
      processing (e.g., choice reaction time, flanker, dual task, and conjunction
      search). Practice effects were common and pronounced at the 24-h interval. In
      addition, performance related to specific within-task parameters of the DalCAB
      sub-tests provides preliminary support for future formal assessment of the
      convergent validity of our interpretation of the DalCAB as a potential clinical
      and research assessment tool for measuring aspects of attention related to the
      alerting, orienting, and executive control networks. 

PMID- 27375519
TI  - A New Conceptualization of Human Visual Sensory-Memory.
AB  - Memory is an essential component of cognition and disorders of memory have
      significant individual and societal costs. The Atkinson-Shiffrin "modal model"
      forms the foundation of our understanding of human memory. It consists of three
      stores: Sensory Memory (SM), whose visual component is called iconic memory,
      Short-Term Memory (STM; also called working memory, WM), and Long-Term Memory
      (LTM). Since its inception, shortcomings of all three components of the modal
      model have been identified. While the theories of STM and LTM underwent
      significant modifications to address these shortcomings, models of the iconic
      memory remained largely unchanged: A high capacity but rapidly decaying store
      whose contents are encoded in retinotopic coordinates, i.e., according to how the
      stimulus is projected on the retina. The fundamental shortcoming of iconic memory
      models is that, because contents are encoded in retinotopic coordinates, the
      iconic memory cannot hold any useful information under normal viewing conditions
      when objects or the subject are in motion. Hence, half-century after its
      formulation, it remains an unresolved problem whether and how the first stage of
      the modal model serves any useful function and how subsequent stages of the modal
      model receive inputs from the environment. Here, we propose a new
      conceptualization of human visual sensory memory by introducing an additional
      component whose reference-frame consists of motion-grouping based coordinates
      rather than retinotopic coordinates. We review data supporting this new model and
      discuss how it offers solutions to the paradoxes of the traditional model of
      sensory memory. 

PMID- 27375520
TI  - Aversive Learning and Trait Aggression Influence Retaliatory Behavior.
AB  - In two experiments (n = 35, n = 34), we used a modified fear-conditioning
      paradigm to investigate the role of aversive learning in retaliatory behavior in
      social context. Participants first completed an initial aversive learning phase
      in which the pairing of a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS; i.e., neutral face)
      with a naturally aversive unconditioned stimulus (US; electric shock) was
      learned. Then they were given an opportunity to interact (i.e., administer 0-2
      shocks) with the same faces again, during a Test phase. In Experiment 2, we used
      the same paradigm with the addition of online trial-by-trial ratings (e.g., US
      expectancy and anger) to examine the role of aversive learning, anger, and the
      learned expectancy of receiving punishment more closely. Our results indicate
      that learned aversions influenced future retaliation in a social context. In both
      experiments, participants showed largest skin conductance responses (SCRs) to the
      faces paired with one or two shocks, demonstrating successful aversive learning.
      Importantly, participants administered more shocks to the faces paired with the
      most number of shocks when the opportunity was given during test. Also, our
      results revealed that aggressive traits (Buss and Perry Aggression scale) were
      associated with retaliation only toward CSs associated with aversive experiences.
      These two experiments show that aggressive traits, when paired with aversive
      learning experiences enhance the likelihood to act anti-socially toward others. 

PMID- 27375521
TI  - Combined Cognitive Training vs. Memory Strategy Training in Healthy Older Adults.
AB  - As mnemonic utilization deficit in older adults associates with age-related
      decline in executive function, we hypothesized that memory strategy training
      combined with executive function training might induce larger training effect in
      memory and broader training effects in non-memory outcomes than pure memory
      training. The present study compared the effects of combined cognitive training
      (executive function training plus memory strategy training) to pure memory
      strategy training. Forty healthy older adults were randomly assigned to a
      combined cognitive training group or a memory strategy training group. A control
      group receiving no training was also included. Combined cognitive training group
      received 16 sessions of training (eight sessions of executive function training
      followed by eight sessions of memory strategy training). Memory training group
      received 16 sessions of memory strategy training. The results partly supported
      our hypothesis in that indeed improved performance on executive function was only
      found in combined training group, whereas memory performance increased less in
      combined training compared to memory strategy group. Results suggest that
      combined cognitive training may be less efficient than pure memory training in
      memory outcomes, though the influences from insufficient training time and less
      closeness between trained executive function and working memory could not be
      excluded; however it has broader training effects in non-memory outcomes.
      CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.chictr.org.cn, identifier ChiCTR-OON-16007793.

PMID- 27375522
TI  - Should Touch Screen Tablets Be Used to Improve Educational Outcomes in Primary
      School Children in Developing Countries?

PMID- 27375524
TI  - Exercising for the Pleasure and for the Pain of It: The Implications of Different
      Forms of Hedonistic Thinking in Theories of Physical Activity Behavior.

PMID- 27375523
TI  - Challenges in Internet Addiction Disorder: Is a Diagnosis Feasible or Not?
AB  - An important international discussion began because of some pioneer studies
      carried out by Young (a) on the internet addiction disorder (IAD). In the fifth
      and most recent version of the Diagnostic, and Statistical Manual of Mental
      Disorders (DSM) there is no mention of this disorder and among researchers there
      are basically two opposite positions. Those who are in favor of a specific
      diagnosis and those who are claiming the importance of specific criteria
      characterizing this behavior and the precise role it has in the patient's life.
      The aim of the present paper is to answer the question whether it is possible or
      not to formulate diagnoses of internet-related disorders. We revised literature
      on the history of diagnostic criteria, on neurocognitive evidence, on the topic
      debate and on IAD instrumental measures. We found that the disorder was not
      univocally defined and that the construct was somehow too broad and generic to be
      explicative for a diagnosis. Indeed, the models are borrowed from other addiction
      pathologies and they are often formulated before the development of internet as
      intended in current society. In conclusion, we think we need a more innovative,
      integrated and comprehensive model for an IAD diagnosis. 

PMID- 27375526
TI  - Interpersonal Harmony and Conflict for Chinese People: A Yin-Yang Perspective.
AB  - This article provides an overview on a series of original studies conducted by
      the author. The aim here is to present the ideas that the author reconstructed,
      based on the dialectics of harmonization, regarding harmony and conflict embodied
      in traditional Chinese thought, and to describe how a formal psychological
      theory/model on interpersonal harmony and conflict was developed based on the Yin
      Yang perspective. The paper also details how essential theories on interpersonal
      harmony and conflict were constructed under this formal model by conducting a
      qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with 30 adults. Psychological
      research in Western society has, intriguingly, long been focused more on
      interpersonal conflict than on interpersonal harmony. By contrast, the author's
      work started from the viewpoint of a materialist conception of history and
      dialectics of harmonization in order to reinterpret traditional Chinese thought.
      Next, a "dynamic model of interpersonal harmony and conflict" was developed, as a
      formal psychological theory, based on the real-virtual notions in the Yin-Yang
      perspective. Under this model, interpersonal harmony and conflict can be
      classified into genuine versus superficial harmony and authentic versus virtual
      focus conflict, and implicit/hidden conflict is regarded as superficial harmony.
      Subsequently, the author conducted a series of quantitative studies on
      interpersonal harmony and conflict within parent-child, supervisor-subordinate,
      and friend-friend relationships in order to verify the construct validity and the
      predictive validity of the dynamic model of interpersonal harmony and conflict.
      The claim presented herein is that Chinese traditional thought and the
      psychological theory/model based on the Yin-Yang perspective can be combined.
      Accordingly, by combining qualitative and quantitative empirical research, the
      relative substantial theory can be developed and the concepts can be validated.
      Thus, this work represents the realization of a series of modern Chinese
      indigenous psychological research studies rooted in traditional cultural thought
      and the Yin-Yang perspective. The work also mirrors the current conflict
      management research that has incorporated the Chinese notion of harmony and
      adopted the Yin-Yang perspective on culture. 

PMID- 27375525
TI  - Salience and Attention in Surprisal-Based Accounts of Language Processing.
AB  - The notion of salience has been singled out as the explanatory factor for a
      diverse range of linguistic phenomena. In particular, perceptual salience (e.g.,
      visual salience of objects in the world, acoustic prominence of linguistic
      sounds) and semantic-pragmatic salience (e.g., prominence of recently mentioned
      or topical referents) have been shown to influence language comprehension and
      production. A different line of research has sought to account for behavioral
      correlates of cognitive load during comprehension as well as for certain patterns
      in language usage using information-theoretic notions, such as surprisal.
      Surprisal and salience both affect language processing at different levels, but
      the relationship between the two has not been adequately elucidated, and the
      question of whether salience can be reduced to surprisal / predictability is
      still open. Our review identifies two main challenges in addressing this
      question: terminological inconsistency and lack of integration between high and
      low levels of representations in salience-based accounts and surprisal-based
      accounts. We capitalize upon work in visual cognition in order to orient
      ourselves in surveying the different facets of the notion of salience in
      linguistics and their relation with models of surprisal. We find that work on
      salience highlights aspects of linguistic communication that models of surprisal
      tend to overlook, namely the role of attention and relevance to current goals,
      and we argue that the Predictive Coding framework provides a unified view which
      can account for the role played by attention and predictability at different
      levels of processing and which can clarify the interplay between low and high
      levels of processes and between predictability-driven expectation and attention
      driven focus. 

PMID- 27375527
TI  - A Perspective on Consumers 3.0: They Are Not Better Decision-Makers than Previous
      Generations.
AB  - This perspective article builds upon the theory of local thinking in
      interpretation and prediction of consumer behavior in a contemporary world of
      information overload. It is shown that even informed and socially and
      environmentally responsible consumers (consumers 3.0) exhibit selective recall,
      limited attention, and bounded search in the perception and interpretation of
      price and quality of purchases. Their decisions fall into local cognitive frames,
      which specifically focus attention only on a narrow structure and content of the
      choice. The cognitive frames can be established by recent or regular purchases,
      but also extreme or primary purchase experiences. The article includes a short
      conceptual review of car, food, clothing, insurance, drugs, paintings, and other
      product purchases showing that the local cognitive frames often lead to bad
      bargains across various sectors. The article presents several suggestions for
      future research. 

PMID- 27375528
TI  - Anxiolytic Treatment Impairs Helping Behavior in Rats.
AB  - Despite decades of research with humans, the biological mechanisms that motivate
      an individual to help others remain poorly understood. In order to investigate
      the roots of pro-sociality in mammals, we established the helping behavior test,
      a paradigm in which rats are faced with a conspecific trapped in a restrainer
      that can only be opened from the outside. Over the course of repeated test
      sessions, rats exposed to a trapped cagemate learn to open the door to the
      restrainer, thereby helping the trapped rat to escape (Ben-Ami Bartal et al.,
      2011). The discovery of this natural behavior provides a unique opportunity to
      probe the motivation of rodent helping behavior, leading to a deeper
      understanding of biological influences on human pro-sociality. To determine if an
      affective response motivates door-opening, rats receiving midazolam, a
      benzodiazepine anxiolytic, were tested in the helping behavior test. Midazolam
      treated rats showed less helping behavior than saline-treated rats or rats
      receiving no injection. Yet, midazolam-treated rats opened a restrainer
      containing chocolate, highlighting the socially specific effects of the
      anxiolytic. To determine if midazolam interferes with helping through a
      sympatholytic effect, the peripherally restricted beta-adrenergic receptor
      antagonist nadolol was administered; nadolol did not interfere with helping. The
      corticosterone response of rats exposed to a trapped cagemate was measured and
      compared to the rats' subsequent helping behavior. Rats with the greatest
      corticosterone responses showed the least helping behavior and those with the
      smallest responses showed the most consistent helping at the shortest latency.
      These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the interaction
      between stress and pro-social behavior. Finally, we observed that door-opening
      appeared to be reinforcing. A novel analytical tool was designed to interrogate
      the pattern of door-opening for signs that a rat's behavior on one session
      influenced his behavior on the next session. Results suggest that helping a
      trapped rat has a greater motivational value than does chocolate. In sum, this
      series of experiments clearly demonstrates the fundamental role of affect in
      motivating pro-social behavior in rodents and the need for a helper to resonate
      with the affect of a victim. 

PMID- 27375529
TI  - Dissociating Perceptual Confidence from Discrimination Accuracy Reveals No
      Influence of Metacognitive Awareness on Working Memory.
AB  - Visual awareness is hypothesized to be intimately related to visual working
      memory (WM), such that information present in WM is thought to have necessarily
      been represented consciously. Recent work has challenged this longstanding view
      by demonstrating that visual stimuli rated by observers as unseen can
      nevertheless be maintained over a delay period. These experiments have been
      criticized, however, on the basis that subjective awareness ratings may contain
      response bias (e.g., an observer may report no awareness when in fact they had
      partial awareness). We mitigated this issue by investigating WM for visual
      stimuli that were matched for perceptual discrimination capacity (d'), yet which
      varied in subjective confidence ratings (so-called relative blindsight). If the
      degree of initial subjective awareness of a stimulus facilitates later
      maintenance of that information, WM performance should improve for stimuli
      encoded with higher confidence. In contrast, we found that WM performance did not
      benefit from higher visual discrimination confidence. This relationship was
      observed regardless of WM load (1 or 3). Insofar as metacognitive ratings (e.g.,
      confidence, visibility) reflect visual awareness, these results challenge a
      strong relationship between conscious perception and WM using a paradigm that
      controls for discrimination accuracy and is less subject to response bias (since
      confidence is manipulated within subjects). Methodologically, we replicate prior
      efforts to induce relative blindsight using similar stimulus displays, providing
      a general framework for isolating metacognitive awareness in order to examine the
      function of consciousness. 

PMID- 27375530
TI  - From Foreground to Background: How Task-Neutral Context Influences Contextual
      Cueing of Visual Search.
AB  - Selective attention determines the effectiveness of implicit contextual learning
      (e.g., Jiang and Leung, 2005). Visual foreground-background segmentation, on the
      other hand, is a key process in the guidance of attention (Wolfe, 2003). In the
      present study, we examined the impact of foreground-background segmentation on
      contextual cueing of visual search in three experiments. A visual search display,
      consisting of distractor 'L's and a target 'T', was overlaid on a task-neutral
      cuboid on the same depth plane (Experiment 1), on stereoscopically separated
      depth planes (Experiment 2), or spread over the entire display on the same depth
      plane (Experiment 3). Half of the search displays contained repeated target
      distractor arrangements, whereas the other half was always newly generated. The
      task-neutral cuboid was constant during an initial training session, but was
      either rotated by 90 degrees  or entirely removed in the subsequent test
      sessions. We found that the gains resulting from repeated presentation of display
      arrangements during training (i.e., contextual-cueing effects) were diminished
      when the cuboid was changed or removed in Experiment 1, but remained intact in
      Experiments 2 and 3 when the cuboid was placed in a different depth plane, or
      when the items were randomly spread over the whole display but not on the edges
      of the cuboid. These findings suggest that foreground-background segmentation
      occurs prior to contextual learning, and only objects/arrangements that are
      grouped as foreground are learned over the course of repeated visual search. 

PMID- 27375531
TI  - Chile: Acceptability of a Training Program for Depression Management in Primary
      Care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Chile, there are inconsistencies in the management of depression
      in primary care settings, and the National Depression Program, currently in
      effect, was implemented without a standardized training program. The objective of
      this study is to evaluate the acceptability of a training program on the
      management of depression for primary care health teams. METHODS: The study was a
      randomized controlled trial, and two primary centers from the Metropolitan Region
      of Santiago were randomly selected to carry out the intervention training
      program. Pre-post surveys were applied, to evaluate expectations and satisfaction
      with the intervention, respectively. Descriptive and content analysis was carried
      out. RESULT: The sample consisted of 41 health professionals, 56.1% of who
      reported that their expectations for the intervention were met. All of the
      training activities were evaluated with scores higher than 6.4 (on a 1-7 scale).
      The trainers, the methodology, and the learning environment were considered
      strengths and facilitators of the program, while the limited duration of the
      training, the logistical problems faced during part of the program, and the lack
      of educational material were viewed as weaknesses. CONCLUSION: The intervention
      was well accepted by primary health care teams. However, the clinical impact in
      patients still has to be evaluated.

PMID- 27375532
TI  - Theory of Mind and Reading Comprehension in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Signing
      Children.
AB  - Theory of Mind (ToM) is related to reading comprehension in hearing children. In
      the present study, we investigated progression in ToM in Swedish deaf and hard-of
      hearing (DHH) signing children who were learning to read, as well as the
      association of ToM with reading comprehension. Thirteen children at Swedish state
      primary schools for DHH children performed a Swedish Sign Language (SSL) version
      of the Wellman and Liu (2004) ToM scale, along with tests of reading
      comprehension, SSL comprehension, and working memory. Results indicated that ToM
      progression did not differ from that reported in previous studies, although ToM
      development was delayed despite age-appropriate sign language skills. Correlation
      analysis revealed that ToM was associated with reading comprehension and working
      memory, but not sign language comprehension. We propose that some factor not
      investigated in the present study, possibly represented by inference making
      constrained by working memory capacity, supports both ToM and reading
      comprehension and may thus explain the results observed in the present study. 

PMID- 27375533
TI  - Manufacturing Magic and Computational Creativity.
AB  - This paper describes techniques in computational creativity, blending
      mathematical modeling and psychological insight, to generate new magic tricks.
      The details of an explicit computational framework capable of creating new magic
      tricks are summarized, and evaluated against a range of contemporary theories
      about what constitutes a creative system. To allow further development of the
      proposed system we situate this approach to the generation of magic in the wider
      context of other areas of application in computational creativity in performance
      arts. We show how approaches in these domains could be incorporated to enhance
      future magic generation systems, and critically review possible future
      applications of such magic generating computers. 

PMID- 27375534
TI  - Bono Bo and Fla Mingo: Reflections of Speech Prosody in German Second Graders'
      Writing to Dictation.
AB  - Written German is characterized by an underrepresentation of prosody. During
      writing acquisition, children have to tackle the question which prosodic features
      are realized by what means - if any. We examined traces of speech prosody in
      German children's writing to dictation. A sample of 79 second graders were asked
      to write down eight sentences to dictation. We analyzed three potential
      reflections of speech prosody in children's dictations: (a) Merging of
      preposition and definite article, potentially preferred after monosyllabic
      prepositions as in this case preposition and article may melt to the canonical
      trochaic foot in German. (b) The introduction of orthographically inadequate
      graphemic border markings within trisyllabic animal names, respecting borders of
      prosodic units like foot or syllable. (c) Omissions of the definite article in
      non-optimal prosodic positions, deviating from the preferred strong-weak rhythm.
      The occurrence of border markings was evaluated via graded perceptual judgments.
      We found no evidence for inter-word border markings being influenced by prosodic
      context, probably due to a ceiling effect. However, word-internal markings within
      animal names, although rarely occurring in general, were clearly influenced by
      prosodic structure: Most of them were produced at borders of feet or syllables,
      while significantly fewer markings were perceived at borders of syllable
      constituents or within consonant clusters. Moreover, we observed significantly
      more omissions of the definite article in non-optimal prosodic positions compared
      to potentially optimal positions. Thus, our results provide first evidence from
      writing acquisition for prosodic influences on writing in a language with scarce
      graphemic marking of prosody. 

PMID- 27375535
TI  - Molecular Signatures of Natural Selection for Polymorphic Genes of the Human
      Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Systems: A Review.
AB  - A large body of research has examined the behavioral and mental health
      consequences of polymorphisms in genes of the dopaminergic and serotonergic
      systems. Along with this, there has been considerable interest in the possibility
      that these polymorphisms have developed and/or been maintained due to the action
      of natural selection. Episodes of natural selection on a gene are expected to
      leave molecular "footprints" in the DNA sequences of the gene and adjacent
      genomic regions. Here we review the research literature investigating molecular
      signals of selection for genes of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. The
      gene SLC6A4, which codes for a serotonin transport protein, was the one gene for
      which there was consistent support from multiple studies for a selective episode.
      Positive selection on SLC6A4 appears to have been initiated ~ 20-25,000 years ago
      in east Asia and possibly in Europe. There are scattered reports of molecular
      signals of selection for other neurotransmitter genes, but these have generally
      failed at replication across studies. In spite of speculation in the literature
      about selection on these genes, current evidence from population genomic analyses
      supports selectively neutral processes, such as genetic drift and population
      dynamics, as the principal drivers of recent evolution in dopaminergic and
      serotonergic genes other than SLC6A4. 

PMID- 27375536
TI  - Abnormal Default System Functioning in Depression: Implications for Emotion
      Regulation.
AB  - Depression is widely seen as the result of difficulties in regulating emotions.
      Based on neuroimaging studies on voluntary emotion regulation, neurobiological
      models have focused on the concept of cognitive control, considering emotion
      regulation as a shift toward involving controlled processes associated with
      activation of the prefrontal and parietal executive areas, instead of responding
      automatically to emotional stimuli. According to such models, the weaker
      executive area activation observed in depressed patients is attributable to a
      lack of cognitive control over negative emotions. Going beyond the concept of
      cognitive control, psychodynamic models describe the development of individuals'
      capacity to regulate their emotional states in mother-infant interactions during
      childhood, through the construction of the representation of the self, others,
      and relationships. In this mini-review, we link these psychodynamic models with
      recent findings regarding the abnormal functioning of the default system in
      depression. Consistently with psychodynamic models, psychological functions
      associated with the default system include self-related processing, semantic
      processes, and implicit forms of emotion regulation. The abnormal activation of
      the default system observed in depression may explain the dysfunctional aspects
      of emotion regulation typical of the condition, such as an exaggerated negative
      self-focus and rumination on self-esteem issues. We also discuss the clinical
      implications of these findings with reference to the therapeutic relationship as
      a key tool for revisiting impaired or distorted representations of the self and
      relational objects. 

PMID- 27375537
TI  - Tuned In Emotion Regulation Program Using Music Listening: Effectiveness for
      Adolescents in Educational Settings.
AB  - This paper presents an effectiveness study of Tuned In, a novel emotion
      regulation intervention that uses participant selected music to evoke emotions in
      session and teaches participants emotional awareness and regulation skills. The
      group program content is informed by a two dimensional model of emotion (arousal,
      valence), along with music psychology theories about how music evokes emotional
      responses. The program has been evaluated in two samples of adolescents: 41 "at
      risk" adolescents (76% males; M age = 14.8 years) attending an educational re
      engagement program and 216 students (100% females; M age = 13.6 years) attending
      a mainstream secondary school. Results showed significant pre- to post-program
      improvements in measures of emotion awareness, identification, and regulation (p
      < 0.01 to p = 0.06 in the smaller "at risk" sample and all p < 0.001 in the
      mainstream school sample). Participant ratings of engagement and likelihood of
      using the strategies learned in the program were high. Tuned In shows promise as
      a brief emotion regulation intervention for adolescents, and these findings
      extend an earlier study with young adults. Tuned In is a-theoretical in regard to
      psychotherapeutic approach and could be integrated with other program components
      as required. 

PMID- 27375538
TI  - Augmenting Instructional Animations with a Body Analogy to Help Children Learn
      about Physical Systems.
AB  - We investigated whether augmenting instructional animations with a body analogy
      (BA) would improve 10- to 13-year-old children's learning about class-1 levers.
      Children with a lower level of general math skill who learned with an
      instructional animation that provided a BA of the physical system, showed higher
      accuracy on a lever problem-solving reaction time task than children studying the
      instructional animation without this BA. Additionally, learning with a BA led to
      a higher speed-accuracy trade-off during the transfer task for children with a
      lower math skill, which provided additional evidence that especially this group
      is likely to be affected by learning with a BA. However, overall accuracy and
      solving speed on the transfer task was not affected by learning with or without
      this BA. These results suggest that providing children with a BA during animation
      study provides a stepping-stone for understanding mechanical principles of a
      physical system, which may prove useful for instructional designers. Yet, because
      the BA does not seem effective for all children, nor for all tasks, the degree of
      effectiveness of body analogies should be studied further. Future research, we
      conclude, should be more sensitive to the necessary degree of analogous mapping
      between the body and physical systems, and whether this mapping is effective for
      reasoning about more complex instantiations of such physical systems. 

PMID- 27375539
TI  - Editorial: Is the Language Faculty Nonlinguistic?

PMID- 27375540
TI  - The Penefit of Salience: Salient Accented, but Not Unaccented Words Reveal Accent
      Adaptation Effects.
AB  - In two eye-tracking experiments, the effects of salience in accent training and
      speech accentedness on spoken-word recognition were investigated. Salience was
      expected to increase a stimulus' prominence and therefore promote learning. A
      training-test paradigm was used on native German participants utilizing an
      artificial German accent. Salience was elicited by two different criteria:
      production and listening training as a subjective criterion and accented
      (Experiment 1) and canonical test words (Experiment 2) as an objective criterion.
      During training in Experiment 1, participants either read single German words out
      loud and deliberately devoiced initial voiced stop consonants (e.g., Balken
      "beam" pronounced as (*) Palken), or they listened to pre-recorded words with the
      same accent. In a subsequent eye-tracking experiment, looks to auditorily
      presented target words with the accent were analyzed. Participants from both
      training conditions fixated accented target words more often than a control group
      without training. Training was identical in Experiment 2, but during test,
      canonical German words that overlapped in onset with the accented words from
      training were presented as target words (e.g., Palme-"palm tree" overlapped in
      onset with the training word (*) Palken) rather than accented words. This time,
      no training effect was observed; recognition of canonical word forms was not
      affected by having learned the accent. Therefore, accent learning was only
      visible when the accented test tokens in Experiment 1, which were not included in
      the test of Experiment 2, possessed sufficient salience based on the objective
      criterion "accent." These effects were not modified by the subjective criterion
      of salience from the training modality. 

PMID- 27375541
TI  - Differences in Intrusive Memory Experiences in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
      after Single, Re- and Prolonged Traumatization.
AB  - Intrusive memory experiences (IMEs) are a common symptom of post-traumatic stress
      disorder (PTSD). Sensory perceptions of IMEs in the PTSD context vary
      substantially. The present research examined 20 patients with a single trauma, 20
      re-traumatized patients and 80 Holocaust-traumatized patients who suffered from
      PTSD. Our results revealed significant differences in IME frequency based on the
      types of trauma experience. The findings suggest that patients with prolonged
      (Holocaust) traumata suffered from visual (65%) and combined visual/acoustic
      intrusive memories (29%), whereas visual memory experiences were most frequent
      (90%) among single-trauma patients. The trauma experience and the intrusive
      memory trigger stimulus were interdependent. The type of trauma critically
      affects the traumatic experience. Future studies should focus on these findings
      to improve PTSD therapeutic options. 

PMID- 27375542
TI  - When Neuroscience 'Touches' Architecture: From Hapticity to a Supramodal
      Functioning of the Human Brain.
AB  - In the last decades, the rapid growth of functional brain imaging methodologies
      allowed cognitive neuroscience to address open questions in philosophy and social
      sciences. At the same time, novel insights from cognitive neuroscience research
      have begun to influence various disciplines, leading to a turn to cognition and
      emotion in the fields of planning and architectural design. Since 2003, the
      Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture has been supporting 'neuro-architecture'
      as a way to connect neuroscience and the study of behavioral responses to the
      built environment. Among the many topics related to multisensory perceptual
      integration and embodiment, the concept of hapticity was recently introduced,
      suggesting a pivotal role of tactile perception and haptic imagery in
      architectural appraisal. Arguments have thus risen in favor of the existence of
      shared cognitive foundations between hapticity and the supramodal functional
      architecture of the human brain. Precisely, supramodality refers to the
      functional feature of defined brain regions to process and represent specific
      information content in a more abstract way, independently of the sensory modality
      conveying such information to the brain. Here, we highlight some commonalities
      and differences between the concepts of hapticity and supramodality according to
      the distinctive perspectives of architecture and cognitive neuroscience. This
      comparison and connection between these two different approaches may lead to
      novel observations in regard to people-environment relationships, and even
      provide empirical foundations for a renewed evidence-based design theory. 

PMID- 27375543
TI  - Discovery of a Recursive Principle: An Artificial Grammar Investigation of Human
      Learning of a Counting Recursion Language.
AB  - Learning is typically understood as a process in which the behavior of an
      organism is progressively shaped until it closely approximates a target form. It
      is easy to comprehend how a motor skill or a vocabulary can be progressively
      learned-in each case, one can conceptualize a series of intermediate steps which
      lead to the formation of a proficient behavior. With grammar, it is more
      difficult to think in these terms. For example, center embedding recursive
      structures seem to involve a complex interplay between multiple symbolic rules
      which have to be in place simultaneously for the system to work at all, so it is
      not obvious how the mechanism could gradually come into being. Here, we offer
      empirical evidence from a new artificial language (or "artificial grammar")
      learning paradigm, Locus Prediction, that, despite the conceptual conundrum,
      recursion acquisition occurs gradually, at least for a simple formal language. In
      particular, we focus on a variant of the simplest recursive language, a (n) b (n)
      , and find evidence that (i) participants trained on two levels of structure
      (essentially ab and aabb) generalize to the next higher level (aaabbb) more
      readily than participants trained on one level of structure (ab) combined with a
      filler sentence; nevertheless, they do not generalize immediately; (ii)
      participants trained up to three levels (ab, aabb, aaabbb) generalize more
      readily to four levels than participants trained on two levels generalize to
      three; (iii) when we present the levels in succession, starting with the lower
      levels and including more and more of the higher levels, participants show
      evidence of transitioning between the levels gradually, exhibiting intermediate
      patterns of behavior on which they were not trained; (iv) the intermediate
      patterns of behavior are associated with perturbations of an attractor in the
      sense of dynamical systems theory. We argue that all of these behaviors indicate
      a theory of mental representation in which recursive systems lie on a continuum
      of grammar systems which are organized so that grammars that produce similar
      behaviors are near one another, and that people learning a recursive system are
      navigating progressively through the space of these grammars. 

PMID- 27375544
TI  - The Dark Side of Top Level Sport: An Autobiographic Study of Depressive
      Experiences in Elite Sport Performers.
AB  - The general and sport psychology research converge to point to a complex
      relationship between depressive experiences and human performance. The purpose of
      this study was to explore the depressive experiences of top level athletes and
      the relationship of such experiences with sport performance. Twelve
      autobiographies of elite athletes representing eight sports were analyzed. The
      autobiographical analysis was informed by narrative tradition, using three types
      of narrative analysis: categorical content, categorical form, and holistic
      content. The analysis revealed a temporal aspect to the depressive experiences
      that the athletes reported. Initially, sport represented a form of escape from
      the depressive symptoms which had been exacerbated by both external stressors
      (e.g., experiencing bereavement) and internal stressors (e.g., low self-esteem).
      However, in time, the athletes typically reached a stage when the demands of
      their sport shifted from being facilitative to being debilitative in nature with
      an intensification of their depressive symptoms. This was accompanied by
      deliberations about continuing their engagement in sport and an acceptance that
      they could no longer escape from their symptoms, with or without sport. The
      findings extend the extant literature by suggesting a reciprocal relationship
      between depressive experiences and sport performance, and they support the
      general psychology literature relating to the negative impact of depression on
      performance. The applied implications of these findings are discussed emphasizing
      the importance of early identification of depressive symptoms and the adoption of
      a proactive approach in the prevention and management of symptoms. 

PMID- 27375545
TI  - A Comparison of Estimation Methods for a Multi-unidimensional Graded Response IRT
      Model.
AB  - This study compared several parameter estimation methods for multi-unidimensional
      graded response models using their corresponding statistical software programs
      and packages. Specifically, we compared two marginal maximum likelihood (MML)
      approaches (Bock-Aitkin expectation-maximum algorithm, adaptive quadrature
      approach), four fully Bayesian algorithms (Gibbs sampling, Metropolis-Hastings,
      Hastings-within-Gibbs, blocked Metropolis), and the Metropolis-Hastings Robbins
      Monro (MHRM) algorithm via the use of IRTPRO, BMIRT, and MATLAB. Simulation
      results suggested that, when the intertrait correlation was low, these estimation
      methods provided similar results. However, if the dimensions were moderately or
      highly correlated, Hastings-within-Gibbs had an overall better parameter recovery
      of item discrimination and intertrait correlation parameters. The performances of
      these estimation methods with different sample sizes and test lengths are also
      discussed. 

PMID- 27375546
TI  - The Effects of External Jugular Compression Applied during Head Impact Exposure
      on Longitudinal Changes in Brain Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological
      Biomarkers: A Preliminary Investigation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Utilize a prospective in vivo clinical trial to evaluate the
      potential for mild neck compression applied during head impact exposure to reduce
      anatomical and physiological biomarkers of brain injury. METHODS: This project
      utilized a prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate effects of mild
      jugular vein (neck) compression (collar) relative to controls (no collar) during
      a competitive hockey season (males; 16.3 +/- 1.2 years). The collar was designed
      to mildly compress the jugular vein bilaterally with the goal to increase
      intracranial blood volume to reduce risk of brain slosh injury during head impact
      exposure. Helmet sensors were used to collect daily impact data in excess of 20 g
      (games and practices) and the primary outcome measures, which included changes in
      white matter (WM) microstructure, were assessed by diffusion tensor imaging
      (DTI). Specifically, four DTI measures: fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity
      (MD), axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity (RD) were used in the study.
      These metrics were analyzed using the tract-based Spatial Statistics (TBSS)
      approach - a voxel-based analysis. In addition, electroencephalography-derived
      event-related potentials were used to assess changes in brain network activation
      (BNA) between study groups. RESULTS: For athletes not wearing the collar, DTI
      measures corresponding to a disruption of WM microstructure, including MD and RD,
      increased significantly from pre-season to mid-season (p < 0.05). Athletes
      wearing the collar did not show a significant change in either MD or RD despite
      similar accumulated linear accelerations from head impacts (p > 0.05). In
      addition to these anatomical findings, electrophysiological network analysis of
      the degree of congruence in the network electrophysiological activation pattern
      demonstrated concomitant changes in brain network dynamics in the non-collar
      group only (p < 0.05). Similar to the DTI findings, the increased change in BNA
      score in the non-collar relative to the collar group was statistically
      significant (p < 0.01). Changes in DTI outcomes were also directly correlated
      with altered brain network dynamics (r = 0.76; p < 0.05) as measured by BNA.
      CONCLUSION: Group differences in the longitudinal changes in both neuroanatomical
      and electrophysiological measures, as well as the correlation between the
      measures, provide initial evidence indicating that mild jugular vein compression
      may have reduced alterations in the WM response to head impacts during a
      competitive hockey season. The data indicate sport-related alterations in WM
      microstructure were ameliorated by application of jugular compression during head
      impact exposure. These results may lead to a novel line of research inquiry to
      evaluate the effects of protecting the brain from sports-related head impacts via
      optimized intracranial fluid dynamics.

PMID- 27375547
TI  - Restoration of Upper Limb Function in an Individual with Cervical Spondylotic
      Myelopathy using Functional Electrical Stimulation Therapy: A Case Study.
AB  - Non-traumatic spinal cord pathology is responsible for 25-52% of all spinal cord
      lesions. Studies have revealed that spinal stenosis accounts for 16-21% of spinal
      cord injury (SCI) admissions. Impaired grips as well as slow unskilled hand and
      finger movements are the most common complaints in patients with spinal cord
      disorders, such as myelopathy secondary to cervical spondylosis. In the past, our
      team carried out couple of successful clinical trials, including two randomized
      control trials, showing that functional electrical stimulation therapy (FEST) can
      restore voluntary reaching and/or grasping function, in people with stroke and
      traumatic SCI. Motivated by this success, we decided to examine changes in the
      upper limb function following FEST in a patient who suffered loss of hand
      function due to myelopathy secondary to cervical spondylosis. The participant was
      a 61-year-old male who had C3-C7 posterior laminectomy and instrumented fusion
      for cervical myelopathy. The participant presented with progressive right hand
      weakness that resulted in his inability to voluntarily open and close the hand
      and to manipulate objects unilaterally with his right hand. The participant was
      enrolled in the study ~22 months following initial surgical intervention.
      Participant was assessed using Toronto Rehabilitation Institute's Hand Function
      Test (TRI-HFT), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Functional Independence Measure
      (FIM), and Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM). The pre-post differences in
      scores on all measures clearly demonstrated improvement in voluntary hand
      function following 15 1-h FEST sessions. The changes observed were meaningful and
      have resulted in substantial improvement in performance of activities of daily
      living. These results provide preliminary evidence that FEST has a potential to
      improve upper limb function in patients with non-traumatic SCI, such as
      myelopathy secondary to cervical spondylosis. 

PMID- 27375548
TI  - Minor Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: Research and Practice.
AB  - A majority of patients with ischemic stroke present with mild deficits for which
      aggressive management is not often pursued. Comprehensive work-up and appropriate
      intervention for minor strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) point toward
      better patient outcomes, lower costs, and fewer cases of disability. Imaging is a
      key modality to guide treatment and predict stroke recurrence. Patients with
      large vessel occlusions have been found to suffer worse outcomes and could
      benefit from intervention. Whether intravenous thrombolytic therapy decreases
      disability in minor stroke patients and whether acute endovascular intervention
      improves functional outcomes in patients with minor stroke and known large vessel
      occlusion remain controversial. Studies are ongoing to determine ideal
      antiplatelet therapy for stroke and TIA, while ongoing statin therapy, surgical
      management for patients with carotid stenosis, and anticoagulation for patients
      with atrial fibrillation have all been proven to decrease the rate of stroke
      recurrence and improve outcomes. This review summarizes the current evidence and
      discusses the standard of care for patients with minor stroke and TIA. 

PMID- 27375550
TI  - Effects of Neuroendocrine CB1 Activity on Adult Leydig Cells.
AB  - Endocannabinoids control male reproduction acting at central and local level via
      cannabinoid receptors. The cannabinoid receptor CB1 has been characterized in the
      testis, in somatic and germ cells of mammalian and non-mammalian animal models,
      and its activity related to Leydig cell differentiation, steroidogenesis,
      spermiogenesis, sperm quality, and maturation. In this short review, we provide a
      summary of the insights concerning neuroendocrine CB1 activity in male
      reproduction focusing on adult Leydig cell ontogenesis and steroid biosynthesis. 

PMID- 27375549
TI  - Sex Differences in Insular Cortex Gyri Responses to the Valsalva Maneuver.
AB  - Sex differences in autonomic regulation may underlie cardiovascular disease
      variations between females and males. One key autonomic brain region is the
      insular cortex, which typically consists of five main gyri in each hemisphere,
      and shows a topographical organization of autonomic function across those gyri.
      The present study aims to identify possible sex differences in organization of
      autonomic function in the insula. We studied brain functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fMRI) responses to a series of four 18-s Valsalva maneuvers in 22
      healthy females (age +/- SD: 50.0 +/- 7.9 years) and 36 healthy males (45.3 +/-
      9.2 years). Comparisons of heart rate (HR) and fMRI signals were performed with
      repeated measures ANOVA (threshold P < 0.05 for all findings). All subjects
      achieved the target 30 mmHg expiratory pressure for all challenges. Typical HR
      responses were elicited by the maneuver, including HR increases from ~4 s into
      the strain period (Phase II) and rapid declines to below baseline 5-10 s,
      following strain release (Phase IV). Small, but significant, sex differences in
      HR percent change occurred during the sympathetic-dominant Phase II (female <
      male) and parasympathetic-dominant Phase IV (female > male, i.e., greater
      undershoot in males). The insular cortices showed similar patterns in all gyri,
      with greater signal decreases in males than females. Both sexes exhibited an
      anterior-posterior topographical organization of insular responses during Phase
      II, with anterior gyri showing higher responses than more posterior gyri. The
      exception was the right anterior-most gyrus in females, which had lower responses
      than the four other right gyri. Responses were lateralized, with right-sided
      dominance during Phase II in both sexes, except the right anterior-most gyrus in
      females, which showed lower responses than the left. The findings confirm the
      anterior and right-sided sympathetic dominance of the insula. Although sex
      differences were prominent in response magnitude, organization differences
      between males and females were limited to the right anterior-most gyrus, which
      showed a lower fMRI response in females vs. males (and vs. other gyri in
      females). The sex differences suggest a possible differing baseline state of
      brain physiology or tonic functional activity between females and males,
      especially in the right anterior-most gyrus. 

PMID- 27375551
TI  - Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Ethanol Injection Protocol to Treat Solid and
      Mixed Thyroid Nodules.
AB  - CONTEXT: Ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) has been
      proposed for treatment of benign thyroid nodules (TNs). However, there is no
      consensus for the optimal amount of ethanol injection, number of applications,
      and time to re-evaluation in order to achieve maximum volume reduction with
      minimum adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to
      analyze the effectiveness of an US-guided PEI protocol to treat solid and mixed
      TNs based on a new target outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a
      prospective study evaluating the results of PEI in 52 patients with benign solid
      and mixed TNs. The ethanol dose was fixed in 30% of the nodular volume per
      session. Patients returned 1 month after each session for US re-evaluation.
      Therapeutic success was defined as volume reduction of at least 30% associated
      with disappearance of clinical symptoms and a complete esthetic satisfaction
      reported by the patient. RESULTS: We performed a mean of 2.8 +/- 1.9 PEI
      sessions, with an average total volume of ethanol injected of 9.1 +/- 10.3 ml,
      and a follow-up time of 10.0 +/- 8.7 months. There was a reduction of at least
      50% of the initial nodular volume in 33 patients (63.5%). In 11 patients (21.2%),
      the reduction did not reach 50% (mean reduction of 31 +/- 11%), but 6 of them
      reported esthetically satisfactory results and treatment was stopped. Our
      therapeutic success rate considering the patients with esthetic improvement was
      75%. There were no severe complications. CONCLUSION: Our protocol is effective
      and safe to treat solid and mixed benign TNs based on our established outcome.

PMID- 27375552
TI  - Genetic Rodent Models of Obesity-Associated Ovarian Dysfunction and Subfertility:
      Insights into Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
AB  - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrinopathy affecting
      women and a leading cause of female infertility worldwide. Defined clinically by
      the presence of hyperandrogenemia and oligomenorrhoea, PCOS represents a state of
      hormonal dysregulation, disrupted ovarian follicle dynamics, and subsequent oligo
      or anovulation. The syndrome's prevalence is attributed, at least partly, to a
      well-established association with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Indeed,
      the presence of severe PCOS in human genetic obesity and IR syndromes supports a
      causal role for IR in the pathogenesis of PCOS. However, the molecular mechanisms
      underlying this causality, as well as the important role of hyperandrogenemia,
      remain poorly elucidated. As such, treatment of PCOS is necessarily empirical,
      focusing on symptom alleviation. The generation of knockout and transgenic rodent
      models of obesity and IR offers a promising platform in which to address
      mechanistic questions about reproductive dysfunction in the context of metabolic
      disease. Similarly, the impact of primary perturbations in rodent gonadotrophin
      or androgen signaling has been interrogated. However, the insights gained from
      such models have been limited by the relatively poor fidelity of rodent models to
      human PCOS. In this mini review, we evaluate the ovarian phenotypes associated
      with rodent models of obesity and IR, including the extent of endocrine
      disturbance, ovarian dysmorphology, and subfertility. We compare them to both
      human PCOS and other animal models of the syndrome (genetic and hormonal),
      explore reasons for their discordance, and consider the new opportunities that
      are emerging to better understand and treat this important condition. 

PMID- 27375553
TI  - The Role of Gut Microflora and the Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Neuroendocrine
      System in Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - The obesity epidemic has drastically impacted the state of health care in the
      United States. Paralleling this epidemic is the incidence of diabetes mellitus,
      with a notable shift toward a much younger age of onset. While central to the
      pathogenesis of diabetes associated with obesity is the role of inflammation
      attributed to "adiposopathy." Emerging data suggest that changes in
      sympathetic/parasympathetic balance regulated by the brain precede changes in the
      inflammatory cascade. It has now been established that the gut microflora
      contributes significantly to the activation and inhibition of autonomic control
      and impact the set of the neuroinflammatory inhibitory reflex mediated by the
      cholinergic nervous system. There has been a paradigm shift toward further
      investigating commensal bacteria in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes
      mellitus and its complications, as dysbiosis is thought to play a pivotal role in
      diabetic-associated disorders. This paper is intended to evaluate the role of
      intestinal dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and examine the
      potential for restoration of balance via use of probiotics. 

PMID- 27375554
TI  - Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential
      Diagnosis and Clinical Research.
AB  - Although technical problems of thyroid testing have largely been resolved by
      modern assay technology, biological variation remains a challenge. This applies
      to subclinical thyroid disease, non-thyroidal illness syndrome, and those 10% of
      hypothyroid patients, who report impaired quality of life, despite normal
      thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations under levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement. Among
      multiple explanations for this condition, inadequate treatment dosage and
      monotherapy with L-T4 in subjects with impaired deiodination have received major
      attention. Translation to clinical practice is difficult, however, since
      univariate reference ranges for TSH and thyroid hormones fail to deliver robust
      decision algorithms for therapeutic interventions in patients with more subtle
      thyroid dysfunctions. Advances in mathematical and simulative modeling of
      pituitary-thyroid feedback control have improved our understanding of
      physiological mechanisms governing the homeostatic behavior. From multiple
      cybernetic models developed since 1956, four examples have also been translated
      to applications in medical decision-making and clinical trials. Structure
      parameters representing fundamental properties of the processing structure
      include the calculated secretory capacity of the thyroid gland (SPINA-GT), sum
      activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD) and Jostel's TSH index for
      assessment of thyrotropic pituitary function, supplemented by a recently
      published algorithm for reconstructing the personal set point of thyroid
      homeostasis. In addition, a family of integrated models (University of California
      Los Angeles platform) provides advanced methods for bioequivalence studies. This
      perspective article delivers an overview of current clinical research on the
      basis of mathematical thyroid models. In addition to a summary of large clinical
      trials, it provides previously unpublished results of validation studies based on
      simulation and clinical samples. 

PMID- 27375555
TI  - Possible Pharmacological Approach Targeting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to
      Ameliorate Leptin Resistance in Obesity.
AB  - Obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome, such as diabetes, hypertension,
      and hyperlipidemia. Therefore, drug development for the treatment of obesity is
      needed. Leptin is an anti-obesity hormone that inhibits food intake and increases
      energy metabolism, and, as such, treatments involving leptin were expected to be
      beneficial for obesity; however, since most obese patients are in a state of
      leptin resistance, these treatments may not be useful. Therefore, the
      amelioration of leptin resistance has recently been attracting interest as a
      treatment for obesity. The mechanisms underlying the development of leptin
      resistance need to be elucidated in more detail. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
      stress was recently suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of leptin
      resistance. The molecular mechanisms responsible for leptin resistance and
      possible pharmacological treatments for obesity have been discussed herein, with
      a focus on ER stress. 

PMID- 27375557
TI  - Genome-Centric Analysis of Microbial Populations Enriched by Hydraulic Fracture
      Fluid Additives in a Coal Bed Methane Production Well.
AB  - Coal bed methane (CBM) is generated primarily through the microbial degradation
      of coal. Despite a limited understanding of the microorganisms responsible for
      this process, there is significant interest in developing methods to stimulate
      additional methane production from CBM wells. Physical techniques including
      hydraulic fracture stimulation are commonly applied to CBM wells, however the
      effects of specific additives contained in hydraulic fracture fluids on native
      CBM microbial communities are poorly understood. Here, metagenomic sequencing was
      applied to the formation waters of a hydraulically fractured and several non
      fractured CBM production wells to determine the effect of this stimulation
      technique on the in-situ microbial community. The hydraulically fractured well
      was dominated by two microbial populations belonging to the class Phycisphaerae
      (within phylum Planctomycetes) and candidate phylum Aminicenantes. Populations
      from these phyla were absent or present at extremely low abundance in non
      fractured CBM wells. Detailed metabolic reconstruction of near-complete genomes
      from these populations showed that their high relative abundance in the
      hydraulically fractured CBM well could be explained by the introduction of
      additional carbon sources, electron acceptors, and biocides contained in the
      hydraulic fracture fluid. 

PMID- 27375556
TI  - Role of Protein Phosphorylation and Tyrosine Phosphatases in the Adrenal
      Regulation of Steroid Synthesis and Mitochondrial Function.
AB  - In adrenocortical cells, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) promotes the activation of
      several protein kinases. The action of these kinases is linked to steroid
      production, mainly through steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), whose
      expression and activity are dependent on protein phosphorylation events at
      genomic and non-genomic levels. Hormone-dependent mitochondrial dynamics and cell
      proliferation are functions also associated with protein kinases. On the other
      hand, protein tyrosine dephosphorylation is an additional component of the ACTH
      signaling pathway, which involves the "classical" protein tyrosine phosphatases
      (PTPs), such as Src homology domain (SH) 2-containing PTP (SHP2c), and members of
      the MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) family, such as MKP-1. PTPs are rapidly
      activated by posttranslational mechanisms and participate in hormone-stimulated
      steroid production. In this process, the SHP2 tyrosine phosphatase plays a
      crucial role in a mechanism that includes an acyl-CoA synthetase-4 (Acsl4),
      arachidonic acid (AA) release and StAR induction. In contrast, MKPs in
      steroidogenic cells have a role in the turn-off of the hormonal signal in ERK
      dependent processes such as steroid synthesis and, perhaps, cell proliferation.
      This review analyzes the participation of these tyrosine phosphates in the ACTH
      signaling pathway and the action of kinases and phosphatases in the regulation of
      mitochondrial dynamics and steroid production. In addition, the participation of
      kinases and phosphatases in the signal cascade triggered by different stimuli in
      other steroidogenic tissues is also compared to adrenocortical cell/ACTH and
      discussed. 

PMID- 27375558
TI  - Listeria ivanovii Infection in Mice: Restricted to the Liver and Lung with
      Limited Replication in the Spleen.
AB  - Listeria monocytogenes (LM) vectors have shown much promise in delivery of viral
      and tumor antigens for the development of vaccines. L. ivanovii (LI) is a closely
      related bacterium with a similar intracellular life cycle that may offer
      advantages over LM because it is not a human pathogen, but can infect other
      animal species. Recent studies show that recombinant LI expressing Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis antigens is effective in inducing protective immunity in mouse
      models, demonstrating the potential of LI as a live vaccine vector. However, a
      key barrier in the development of LI into a live vaccine vector is that its
      pathogenic and immunogenic characteristics have yet to be fully understood.
      Therefore, in this research, C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with LM or LI
      intravenously or intranasally, and bacterial loads, histopathologic changes, and
      cytokine production were determined at indicated days post inoculation. Results
      showed that after intravenous infection with LM or LI, bacteria were found
      proliferating in the liver, spleen, and lung. However, LI could only reach a
      heavy burden in the liver and its ability to multiply and to resist host immunity
      seemed limited in the spleen and lung. After intranasal inoculation with LI,
      bacteria were mainly localized in the lung and failed to infect liver or spleen,
      while LM could. In organs with heavy LI burden, lesions were isolated, localized
      and densely packed, compared to lesions caused by LM, which were invasive. In the
      liver of intravenously inoculated mice and lung of intranasally inoculate mice,
      LI was able to elicit comparable cytokine production with LM and cause less
      severe histopathologic damages, and thus could be considered as a vector for
      treating or preventing hepatic or pulmonary diseases. 

PMID- 27375559
TI  - Comparative Genomics and Proteomic Analysis of Four Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium
      Species and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex: Occurrence of Shared Immunogenic
      Proteins.
AB  - The Esx and PE/PPE families of proteins are among the most immunodominant
      mycobacterial antigens and have thus been the focus of research to develop
      vaccines and immunological tests for diagnosis of bovine and human tuberculosis,
      mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
      respectively. In non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), multiple copies of genes
      encoding homologous proteins have mainly been identified in pathogenic
      Mycobacterium species phylogenically related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and
      Mycobacterium bovis. Only ancestral copies of these genes have been identified in
      nonpathogenic NTM species like Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium sp. KMS,
      Mycobacterium sp. MCS, and Mycobacterium sp. JLS. In this study we elucidated the
      genomes of four nonpathogenic NTM species, viz Mycobacterium komanii sp. nov.,
      Mycobacterium malmesburii sp. nov., Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, and
      Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841. These genomes were investigated for genes
      encoding for the Esx and PE/PPE (situated in the esx cluster) family of proteins
      as well as adjacent genes situated in the ESX-1 to ESX-5 regions. To identify
      proteins actually expressed, comparative proteomic analyses of purified protein
      derivatives from three of the NTM as well as Mycobacterium kansasii ATCC 12478
      and the commercially available purified protein derivatives from Mycobacterium
      bovis and Mycobacterium avium was performed. The genomic analysis revealed the
      occurrence in each of the four NTM, orthologs of the genes encoding for the Esx
      family, the PE and PPE family proteins in M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. The
      identification of genes of the ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-4 region including esxA,
      esxB, ppe68, pe5, and pe35 adds to earlier reports of these genes in
      nonpathogenic NTM like M. smegmatis, Mycobacterium sp. JLS and Mycobacterium KMS.
      This report is also the first to identify esxN gene situated within the ESX-5
      locus in M. nonchromogenicum. Our proteomics analysis identified a total of 609
      proteins in the six PPDs and 22 of these were identified as shared between PPD of
      M.bovis and one or more of the NTM PPDs. Previously characterized M
      tuberculosis/M. bovis homologous immunogenic proteins detected in one or more of
      the nonpathogenic NTM in this study included CFP-10 (detected in M. malmesburii
      sp. nov. PPD), GroES (detected in all NTM PPDs but M. malmesburii sp. nov.), DnaK
      (detected in all NTM PPDs), and GroEL (detected in all NTM PPDs). This study
      confirms reports that the ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-4 regions are ancestral regions
      and thus found in the genomes of most mycobacteria. Identification of NTM
      homologs of immunogenic proteins warrants further investigation of their ability
      to cause cross-reactive immune responses with MTBC antigens. 

PMID- 27375560
TI  - A Prescription for Resistance: Management of Staphylococcal Skin Abscesses by
      General Practitioners in Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We investigated the management of staphylococcal abscesses (boils) by
      general practitioners (GPs) in the context of rising antibiotic resistance in
      community strains of Staphylococcus aureus. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: We
      analyzed patient-reported management of 66 cases of uncomplicated skin abscesses
      from the frequency matched methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin
      sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) Community-Onset Staphylococcus aureus Household Cohort
      (COSAHC) study (Melbourne, Australia, 2008-2012). Susceptibilities in all cases
      were known: 50/66 abscesses were caused by MRSA. In order to investigate GP
      reported management of staphylococcal abscesses, we surveyed a random subset of
      GPs, from the COSAHC study (41), and of GPs (39) who used the same community
      based pathology service (December 2011-May 2012). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patient
      outcomes, antibiotics prescribed, antibiotic resistance profiles of infecting
      strains, rates of incision and drainage (I&D), and attitudes to ordering
      microbiological cultures. RESULTS: MRSA was three times more likely to be
      cultured from an abscess than MSSA. Patient-reported management revealed 100%
      were prescribed antibiotics and only 60.6% had I&D. Of those 85% who remembered
      their prescription(s), 81% of MRSA cases and 23% of MSSA cases initially received
      inactive antibiotics. Repeat GP visits where antibiotics were changed occurred in
      45 MRSA and 7 MSSA cases, although at least 33% of subsequent prescriptions were
      inactive for the MRSA infections. Patients treated with I&D and antibiotics did
      no better than those treated with only I&D, regardless of the antibiotic
      activity. In the GP surveys, 89% reported I&D, with or without antibiotics, to be
      their preferred management. Only 29.9% of GPs would routinely swab abscesses.
      CONCLUSION: The recommended management of uncomplicated Staphylococcus abscesses
      is I&D without antibiotics to reduce exposure to unnecessary antibiotics. In our
      study, I&D was performed in only 60.6% of 66 patients, and antibiotics were
      always prescribed. The prescribed antibiotics were frequently inactive and often
      changed, and did not appear to affect patient recovery. Our results show that
      community GPs can confidently reduce their use of antibiotics for patients with
      skin abscesses and should be aware that MRSA is a much more common in this type
      of infection.

PMID- 27375561
TI  - Aflatoxin-Exposure of Vibrio gazogenes as a Novel System for the Generation of
      Aflatoxin Synthesis Inhibitors.
AB  - Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin and a secondary metabolite, and the most potent known
      liver carcinogen that contaminates several important crops, and represents a
      significant threat to public health and the economy. Available approaches
      reported thus far have been insufficient to eliminate this threat, and therefore
      provide the rational to explore novel methods for preventing aflatoxin
      accumulation in the environment. Many terrestrial plants and microbes that share
      ecological niches and encounter the aflatoxin producers have the ability to
      synthesize compounds that inhibit aflatoxin synthesis. However, reports of
      natural aflatoxin inhibitors from marine ecosystem components that do not share
      ecological niches with the aflatoxin producers are rare. Here, we show that a non
      pathogenic marine bacterium, Vibrio gazogenes, when exposed to low non-toxic
      doses of aflatoxin B1, demonstrates a shift in its metabolic output and
      synthesizes a metabolite fraction that inhibits aflatoxin synthesis without
      affecting hyphal growth in the model aflatoxin producer, Aspergillus parasiticus.
      The molecular mass of the predominant metabolite in this fraction was also
      different from the known prodigiosins, which are the known antifungal secondary
      metabolites synthesized by this Vibrio. Gene expression analyses using RT-PCR
      demonstrate that this metabolite fraction inhibits aflatoxin synthesis by down
      regulating the expression of early-, middle-, and late- growth stage aflatoxin
      genes, the aflatoxin pathway regulator, aflR and one global regulator of
      secondary metabolism, laeA. Our study establishes a novel system for generation
      of aflatoxin synthesis inhibitors, and emphasizes the potential of the under
      explored Vibrio's silent genome for generating new modulators of fungal secondary
      metabolism. 

PMID- 27375562
TI  - Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus in Retail Ready-to-Eat Foods in China.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus, particularly methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA), is a
      life-threatening pathogen in humans, and its presence in food is a public health
      concern. MRSA has been identified in foods in China, but little information is
      available regarding MRSA in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. We aimed to investigate the
      prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in Chinese retail RTE foods. All isolated S.
      aureus were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, and MRSA isolates were
      further characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and staphylococcal
      cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing. Of the 550 RTE foods collected from 2011
      to 2014, 69 (12.5%) were positive for S. aureus. Contamination levels were mostly
      in the range of 0.3-10 most probable number (MPN)/g, with five samples exceeding
      10 MPN/g. Of the 69 S. aureus isolates, seven were identified as MRSA by
      cefoxitin disc diffusion test. Six isolates were mecA-positive, while no mecC
      positive isolates were identified. In total, 75.8% (47/62) of the methicillin
      susceptible S. aureus isolates and all of the MRSA isolates were resistant to
      three or more antibiotics. Amongst the MRSA isolates, four were identified as
      community-acquired strains (ST59-MRSA-IVa (n = 2), ST338-MRSA-V, ST1-MRSA-V),
      while one was a livestock-associated strain (ST9, harboring an unreported SCCmec
      type 2C2). One novel sequence type was identified (ST3239), the SCCmec gene of
      which could not be typed. Overall, our findings showed that Chinese retail RTE
      foods are likely vehicles for transmission of multidrug-resistant S. aureus and
      MRSA lineages. This is a serious public health risk and highlights the need to
      implement good hygiene practices. 

PMID- 27375563
TI  - Differential Regulation of c-di-GMP Metabolic Enzymes by Environmental Signals
      Modulates Biofilm Formation in Yersinia pestis.
AB  - Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is essential for Yersinia pestis biofilm formation,
      which is important for flea-borne blockage-dependent plague transmission. Two
      diguanylate cyclases (DGCs), HmsT and HmsD and one phosphodiesterase (PDE), HmsP
      are responsible for the synthesis and degradation of c-di-GMP in Y. pestis. Here,
      we systematically analyzed the effect of various environmental signals on
      regulation of the biofilm phenotype, the c-di-GMP levels, and expression of HmsT,
      HmsD, and HmsP in Y. pestis. Biofilm formation was higher in the presence of non
      lethal high concentration of CaCl2, MgCl2, CuSO4, sucrose, sodium dodecyl
      sulfate, or dithiothreitol, and was lower in the presence of FeCl2 or NaCl. In
      addition, we found that HmsD plays a major role in biofilm formation in acidic or
      redox environments. These environmental signals differentially regulated
      expression of HmsT, HmsP and HmsD, resulting in changes in the intracellular
      levels of c-di-GMP in Y. pestis. Our results suggest that bacteria can sense
      various environmental signals, and differentially regulate activity of DGCs and
      PDEs to coordinately regulate and adapt metabolism of c-di-GMP and biofilm
      formation to changing environments. 

PMID- 27375564
TI  - HoloVir: A Workflow for Investigating the Diversity and Function of Viruses in
      Invertebrate Holobionts.
AB  - Abundant bioinformatics resources are available for the study of complex
      microbial metagenomes, however their utility in viral metagenomics is limited.
      HoloVir is a robust and flexible data analysis pipeline that provides an
      optimized and validated workflow for taxonomic and functional characterization of
      viral metagenomes derived from invertebrate holobionts. Simulated viral
      metagenomes comprising varying levels of viral diversity and abundance were used
      to determine the optimal assembly and gene prediction strategy, and multiple
      sequence assembly methods and gene prediction tools were tested in order to
      optimize our analysis workflow. HoloVir performs pairwise comparisons of single
      read and predicted gene datasets against the viral RefSeq database to assign
      taxonomy and additional comparison to phage-specific and cellular markers is
      undertaken to support the taxonomic assignments and identify potential cellular
      contamination. Broad functional classification of the predicted genes is provided
      by assignment of COG microbial functional category classifications using EggNOG
      and higher resolution functional analysis is achieved by searching for enrichment
      of specific Swiss-Prot keywords within the viral metagenome. Application of
      HoloVir to viral metagenomes from the coral Pocillopora damicornis and the sponge
      Rhopaloeides odorabile demonstrated that HoloVir provides a valuable tool to
      characterize holobiont viral communities across species, environments, or
      experiments. 

PMID- 27375565
TI  - Cocaine Enhances HIV-1 Transcription in Macrophages by Inducing p38 MAPK
      Phosphorylation.
AB  - Cocaine is a commonly used illicit drug among HIV-1 infected individuals and is
      known to increase HIV-1 replication in permissive cells including PBMCs, CD4(+) T
      cells, and macrophages. Cocaine's potentiating effects on HIV-1 replication in
      macrophages- the primary targets of the virus in the central nervous system, has
      been suggested to play an important role in HIV-1 neuro-pathogenesis. However,
      the mechanism by which cocaine enhances HIV-1 replication in macrophages remain
      poorly understood. Here, we report the identification of cocaine-induced
      signaling events that lead to enhanced HIV-1 transcription in macrophages.
      Treatment of physiologically relevant concentrations of cocaine enhanced HIV-1
      transcription in a dose-dependent manner in infected THP-1 monocyte-derived
      macrophages (THP-1macs) and primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Toward
      decoding the underlying mechanism, results presented in this report demonstrate
      that cocaine induces the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase
      (p38 MAPK), a known activator of HIV-1 transcription. We also present data
      suggesting that the p38 MAPK-driven HIV-1 transcription is dependent on the
      induction of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1). Consequently,
      MSK1 mediates the phosphorylation of serine 10 residue of histone 3 (H3 Ser10),
      which is known to activate transcription of genes including that of HIV-1 in
      macrophages. Importantly, our results show that inhibition of p38 MAPK/MSK1
      signaling by specific pharmacological inhibitors abrogated the positive effect of
      cocaine on HIV-1 transcription. These results validate the functional link
      between cocaine and p38 MAPK/MSK1 pathways. Together, our results demonstrate for
      the first time that the p38 MAPK/MSK1 signaling pathway plays a critical role in
      the cocaine-induced potentiating effects on HIV-1 infection, thus providing new
      insights into the interplay between cocaine abuse and HIV-1 neuro-pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27375566
TI  - Bacteriophages as Weapons Against Bacterial Biofilms in the Food Industry.
AB  - Microbiological contamination in the food industry is often attributed to the
      presence of biofilms in processing plants. Bacterial biofilms are complex
      communities of bacteria attached to a surface and surrounded by an extracellular
      polymeric material. Their extreme resistance to cleaning and disinfecting
      processes is related to a unique organization, which implies a differential
      bacterial growth and gene expression inside the biofilm. The impact of biofilms
      on health, and the economic consequences, has promoted the development of
      different approaches to control or remove biofilm formation. Recently, successful
      results in phage therapy have boosted new research in bacteriophages and phage
      lytic proteins for biofilm eradication. In this regard, this review examines the
      environmental factors that determine biofilm development in food-processing
      equipment. In addition, future perspectives for the use of bacteriophage-derived
      tools as disinfectants are discussed. 

PMID- 27375567
TI  - Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Produced by Emiliania huxleyi Coccolith-Bearing Cells and
      Triggers a Physiological Response in Bald Cells.
AB  - Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is an auxin produced by terrestrial plants which
      influences development through a variety of cellular mechanisms, such as altering
      cell orientation, organ development, fertility, and cell elongation. IAA is also
      produced by bacterial pathogens and symbionts of plants and algae, allowing them
      to manipulate growth and development of their host. They do so by either
      producing excess exogenous IAA or hijacking the IAA biosynthesis pathway of their
      host. The endogenous production of IAA by algae remains contentious. Using
      Emiliania huxleyi, a globally abundant marine haptophyte, we investigated the
      presence and potential role of IAA in algae. Homologs of genes involved in
      several tryptophan-dependent IAA biosynthesis pathways were identified in E.
      huxleyi. This suggests that this haptophyte can synthesize IAA using various
      precursors derived from tryptophan. Addition of L-tryptophan to E. huxleyi
      stimulated IAA production, which could be detected using Salkowski's reagent and
      GC * GC-TOFMS in the C cell type (coccolith bearing), but not in the N cell type
      (bald). Various concentrations of IAA were exogenously added to these two cell
      types to identify a physiological response in E. huxleyi. The N cell type, which
      did not produce IAA, was more sensitive to it, showing an increased variation in
      cell size, membrane permeability, and a corresponding increase in the
      photosynthetic potential quantum yield of Photosystem II (PSII). A roseobacter
      (bacteria commonly associated with E. huxleyi) Ruegeria sp. R11, previously shown
      to produce IAA, was co-cultured with E. huxleyi C and N cells. IAA could not be
      detected from these co-cultures, and even when stimulated by addition of L
      tryptophan, they produced less IAA than axenic C type culture similarly induced.
      This suggests that IAA plays a novel role signaling between different E. huxleyi
      cell types, rather than between a bacteria and its algal host. 

PMID- 27375568
TI  - Comparative Genomics of Iron-Transporting Systems in Bacillus cereus Strains and
      Impact of Iron Sources on Growth and Biofilm Formation.
AB  - Iron is an important element for bacterial viability, however it is not readily
      available in most environments. We studied the ability of 20 undomesticated food
      isolates of Bacillus cereus and two reference strains for capacity to use
      different (complex) iron sources for growth and biofilm formation. Studies were
      performed in media containing the iron scavenger 2,2-Bipyridine. Transcriptome
      analysis using B. cereus ATCC 10987 indeed showed upregulation of predicted iron
      transporters in the presence of 2,2-Bipyridine, confirming that iron was depleted
      upon its addition. Next, the impact of iron sources on growth performance of the
      22 strains was assessed and correlations between growth stimulation and presence
      of putative iron transporter systems in the genome sequences were analyzed. All
      22 strains effectively used Fe citrate and FeCl3 for growth, and possessed genes
      for biosynthesis of the siderophore bacillibactin, whereas seven strains lacked
      genes for synthesis of petrobactin. Hemoglobin could be used by all strains with
      the exception of one strain that lacked functional petrobactin and IlsA systems.
      Hemin could be used by the majority of the tested strains (19 of 22). Notably,
      transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin were not commonly used by B. cereus for
      growth, as these iron sources could be used by 6, 3, and 2 strains, respectively.
      Furthermore, biofilm formation was found to be affected by the type of iron
      source used, including stimulation of biofilms at liquid-air interphase (FeCl3
      and Fe citrate) and formation of submerged type biofilms (hemin and lactoferrin).
      Our results show strain variability in the genome-encoded repertoire of iron
      transporting systems and differences in efficacy to use complex iron sources for
      growth and biofilm formation. These features may affect B. cereus survival and
      persistence in specific niches. 

PMID- 27375569
TI  - Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells Resist T Cell Mediated Killing in an HLA
      Recognition Independent Manner.
AB  - In order to explore the potential of HLA-independent T cell therapy for human
      cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections, we developed a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)
      directed against the HCMV encoded glycoprotein B (gB), which is expressed at high
      levels on the surface of infected cells. T cells engineered with this anti-gB CAR
      recognized HCMV-infected cells and released cytokines and cytotoxic granules.
      Unexpectedly, and in contrast to analogous approaches for HIV, Hepatitis B or
      Hepatitis C virus, we found that HCMV-infected cells were resistant to killing by
      the CAR-modified T cells. In order to elucidate whether this phenomenon was
      restricted to the use of CARs, we extended our experiments to T cell receptor
      (TCR)-mediated recognition of infected cells. To this end we infected fibroblasts
      with HCMV-strains deficient in viral inhibitors of antigenic peptide presentation
      and targeted these HLA-class I expressing peptide-loaded infected cells with
      peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). Despite strong degranulation and
      cytokine production by the T cells, we again found significant inhibition of
      lysis of HCMV-infected cells. Impairment of cell lysis became detectable 1 day
      after HCMV infection and gradually increased during the following 3 days. We thus
      postulate that viral anti-apoptotic factors, known to inhibit suicide of infected
      host cells, have evolved additional functions to directly abrogate T cell
      cytotoxicity. In line with this hypothesis, CAR-T cell cytotoxicity was strongly
      inhibited in non-infected fibroblasts by expression of the HCMV-protein UL37x1,
      and even more so by additional expression of UL36. Our data extend the current
      knowledge on Betaherpesviral evasion from T cell immunity and show for the first
      time that, beyond impaired antigen presentation, infected cells are efficiently
      protected by direct blockade of cytotoxic effector functions through viral
      proteins. 

PMID- 27375570
TI  - Development and Identification of a Novel Anti-HIV-1 Peptide Derived by
      Modification of the N-Terminal Domain of HIV-1 Integrase.
AB  - The viral enzyme integrase (IN) is essential for the replication of human
      immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and represents an important target for the
      development of new antiretroviral drugs. In this study, we focused on the N
      terminal domain (NTD), which is mainly involved into protein oligomerization
      process, for the development and synthesis of a library of overlapping peptide
      sequences, with specific length and specific offset covering the entire native
      protein sequence NTD IN 1-50. The most potent fragment, VVAKEIVAH (peptide 18),
      which includes a His residue instead of the natural Ser at position 39, inhibits
      the HIV-1 IN activity with an IC50 value of 4.5 MUM. Amino acid substitution
      analysis on this peptide revealed essential residues for activity and allowed us
      to identify two nonapeptides (peptides 24 and 25), that show a potency of
      inhibition similar to the one of peptide 18. Interestingly, peptide 18 does not
      interfere with the dynamic interplay between IN subunits, while peptides 24 and
      25 modulated these interactions in different manners. In fact, peptide 24
      inhibited the IN-IN dimerization, while peptide 25 promoted IN multimerization,
      with IC50 values of 32 and 4.8 MUM, respectively. In addition, peptide 25 has
      shown to have selective anti-infective cell activity for HIV-1. These results
      confirmed peptide 25 as a hit for further development of new chemotherapeutic
      agents against HIV-1. 

PMID- 27375571
TI  - Fungal and Prokaryotic Activities in the Marine Subsurface Biosphere at Peru
      Margin and Canterbury Basin Inferred from RNA-Based Analyses and Microscopy.
AB  - The deep sedimentary biosphere, extending 100s of meters below the seafloor
      harbors unexpected diversity of Bacteria, Archaea, and microbial eukaryotes. Far
      less is known about microbial eukaryotes in subsurface habitats, albeit several
      studies have indicated that fungi dominate microbial eukaryotic communities and
      fungal molecular signatures (of both yeasts and filamentous forms) have been
      detected in samples as deep as 1740 mbsf. Here, we compare and contrast fungal
      ribosomal RNA gene signatures and whole community metatranscriptomes present in
      sediment core samples from 6 and 95 mbsf from Peru Margin site 1229A and from
      samples from 12 and 345 mbsf from Canterbury Basin site U1352. The
      metatranscriptome analyses reveal higher relative expression of amino acid and
      peptide transporters in the less nutrient rich Canterbury Basin sediments
      compared to the nutrient rich Peru Margin, and higher expression of motility
      genes in the Peru Margin samples. Higher expression of genes associated with
      metals transporters and antibiotic resistance and production was detected in
      Canterbury Basin sediments. A poly-A focused metatranscriptome produced for the
      Canterbury Basin sample from 345 mbsf provides further evidence for active fungal
      communities in the subsurface in the form of fungal-associated transcripts for
      metabolic and cellular processes, cell and membrane functions, and catalytic
      activities. Fungal communities at comparable depths at the two geographically
      separated locations appear dominated by distinct taxa. Differences in taxonomic
      composition and expression of genes associated with particular metabolic
      activities may be a function of sediment organic content as well as oceanic
      province. Microscopic analysis of Canterbury Basin sediment samples from 4 and
      403 mbsf produced visualizations of septate fungal filaments, branching fungi,
      conidiogenesis, and spores. These images provide another important line of
      evidence supporting the occurrence and activity of fungi in the deep subseafloor
      biosphere. 

PMID- 27375572
TI  - Inactivation of Acinetobacter baumannii Biofilms on Polystyrene, Stainless Steel,
      and Urinary Catheters by Octenidine Dihydrochloride.
AB  - Acinetobacter baumannii is a major nosocomial pathogen causing human infections
      with significant mortality rates. In most cases, infections are acquired through
      exposure to A. baumannii biofilms that persist on contaminated hospital equipment
      and surfaces. Thus, it is imperative to develop effective measures for
      controlling A. baumannii biofilms in nosocomial settings. This study investigated
      the efficacy of octenidine dihydrochloride (OH), a new generation disinfectant
      for reducing A. baumannii biofilms on polystyrene, stainless steel and catheters.
      OH at 0.3% (5 mM), 0.6% (10 mM), and 0.9% (15 mM) was effective in significantly
      inactivating A. baumannii biofilms on all tested surfaces (P < 0.05).
      Furthermore, OH was equally effective in inactivating biofilms of multidrug
      resistant and drug susceptible A. baumannii isolates. In addition, confocal
      imaging revealed the predominance of dead cells in the OH-treated samples in
      comparison to the control. Further, scanning electron microscopy of biofilms
      formed on catheters revealed that OH treatment significantly reduced A. baumannii
      biofilm populations in corroboration with our antibiofilm assay. These data
      underscore the efficacy of OH in inactivating A. baumannii biofilms, thereby
      suggesting its potential use as a disinfectant or a catheter lock solution to
      control A. baumannii infections. 

PMID- 27375573
TI  - Klebsiella pneumoniae Asparagine tDNAs Are Integration Hotspots for Different
      Genomic Islands Encoding Microcin E492 Production Determinants and Other Putative
      Virulence Factors Present in Hypervirulent Strains.
AB  - Due to the developing of multi-resistant and invasive hypervirulent strains,
      Klebsiella pneumoniae has become one of the most urgent bacterial pathogen
      threats in the last years. Genomic comparison of a growing number of sequenced
      isolates has allowed the identification of putative virulence factors, proposed
      to be acquirable mainly through horizontal gene transfer. In particular, those
      related with synthesizing the antibacterial peptide microcin E492 (MccE492) and
      salmochelin siderophores were found to be highly prevalent among hypervirulent
      strains. The determinants for the production of both molecules were first
      reported as part of a 13-kbp segment of K. pneumoniae RYC492 chromosome, and were
      cloned and characterized in E. coli. However, the genomic context of this segment
      in K. pneumoniae remained uncharacterized. In this work, we provided experimental
      and bioinformatics evidence indicating that the MccE492 cluster is part of a
      highly conserved 23-kbp genomic island (GI) named GIE492, that was integrated in
      a specific asparagine-tRNA gene (asn-tDNA) and was found in a high proportion of
      isolates from liver abscesses sampled around the world. This element resulted to
      be unstable and its excision frequency increased after treating bacteria with
      mitomycin C and upon the overexpression of the island-encoded integrase. Besides
      the MccE492 genetic cluster, it invariably included an integrase-coding gene, at
      least seven protein-coding genes of unknown function, and a putative transfer
      origin that possibly allows this GI to be mobilized through conjugation. In
      addition, we analyzed the asn-tDNA loci of all the available K. pneumoniae
      assembled chromosomes to evaluate them as GI-integration sites. Remarkably, 73%
      of the strains harbored at least one GI integrated in one of the four asn-tDNA
      present in this species, confirming them as integration hotspots. Each of these
      tDNAs was occupied with different frequencies, although they were 100% identical.
      Also, we identified a total of 47 asn-tDNA-associated GIs that were classified
      into 12 groups of homology differing in theencoded functionalities but sharing
      with GIE492 a conserved recombination module and potentially its mobility
      features. Most of these GIs encoded factors with proven or potential role in
      pathogenesis, constituting a major reservoir of virulence factors in this
      species. 

PMID- 27375574
TI  - Genomic and Metagenomic Analysis of Diversity-Generating Retroelements Associated
      with Treponema denticola.
AB  - Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) are genetic cassettes that can produce
      massive protein sequence variation in prokaryotes. Presumably DGRs confer
      selective advantages to their hosts (bacteria or viruses) by generating variants
      of target genes-typically resulting in target proteins with altered ligand
      binding specificity-through a specialized error-prone reverse transcription
      process. The only extensively studied DGR system is from the Bordetella phage BPP
      1, although DGRs are predicted to exist in other species. Using bioinformatics
      analysis, we discovered that the DGR system associated with the Treponema
      denticola species (a human oral-associated periopathogen) is dynamic (with
      gains/losses of the system found in the isolates) and diverse (with multiple
      types found in isolated genomes and the human microbiota). The T. denticola DGR
      is found in only nine of the 17 sequenced T. denticola strains. Analysis of the
      DGR-associated template regions and reverse transcriptase gene sequences revealed
      two types of DGR systems in T. denticola: the ATCC35405-type shared by seven
      isolates including ATCC35405; and the SP32-type shared by two isolates (SP32 and
      SP33), suggesting multiple DGR acquisitions. We detected additional variants of
      the T. denticola DGR systems in the human microbiomes, and found that the SP32
      type DGR is more abundant than the ATCC35405-type in the healthy human oral
      microbiome, although the latter is found in more sequenced isolates. This is the
      first comprehensive study to characterize the DGRs associated with T. denticola
      in individual genomes as well as human microbiomes, demonstrating the importance
      of utilizing both individual genomes and metagenomes for characterizing the
      elements, and for analyzing their diversity and distribution in human
      populations. 

PMID- 27375575
TI  - Bacterial Dormancy Is More Prevalent in Freshwater than Hypersaline Lakes.
AB  - Bacteria employ a diverse array of strategies to survive under extreme
      environmental conditions but maintaining these adaptations comes at an energetic
      cost. If energy reserves drop too low, extremophiles may enter a dormant state to
      persist. We estimated bacterial dormancy and identified the environmental
      variables influencing our activity proxy in 10 hypersaline and freshwater lakes
      across the Western United States. Using ribosomal RNA:DNA ratios as an indicator
      for bacterial activity, we found that the proportion of the community exhibiting
      dormancy was 16% lower in hypersaline than freshwater lakes. Based on our
      indicator variable multiple regression results, saltier conditions in both
      freshwater and hypersaline lakes increased activity, suggesting that salinity was
      a robust environmental filter structuring bacterial activity in lake ecosystems.
      To a lesser degree, higher total phosphorus concentrations reduced dormancy in
      all lakes. Thus, even under extreme conditions, the competition for resources
      exerted pressure on activity. Within the compositionally distinct and less
      diverse hypersaline communities, abundant taxa were disproportionately active and
      localized in families Microbacteriaceae (Actinobacteria), Nitriliruptoraceae
      (Actinobacteria), and Rhodobacteraceae (Alphaproteobacteria). Our results are
      consistent with the view that hypersaline communities are able to capitalize on a
      seemingly more extreme, yet highly selective, set of conditions and finds that
      extremophiles may need dormancy less often to thrive and survive. 

PMID- 27375576
TI  - Population Dynamics and Community Composition of Ammonia Oxidizers in Salt
      Marshes after the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill.
AB  - The recent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico had significant effects on microbial
      communities in the Gulf, but impacts on nitrifying communities in adjacent salt
      marshes have not been investigated. We studied persistent effects of oil on
      ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB) communities and their
      relationship to nitrification rates and soil properties in Louisiana marshes
      impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Soils were collected at oiled and
      unoiled sites from Louisiana coastal marshes in July 2012, 2 years after the
      spill, and analyzed for community differences based on ammonia monooxygenase
      genes (amoA). Terminal Restriction Fragment Polymorphism and DNA sequence
      analyses revealed significantly different AOA and AOB communities between the
      three regions, but few differences were found between oiled and unoiled sites.
      Community composition of nitrifiers was best explained by differences in soil
      moisture and nitrogen content. Despite the lack of significant oil effects on
      overall community composition, we identified differences in correlations of
      individual populations with potential nitrification rates between oiled and
      unoiled sites that help explain previously published correlation patterns. Our
      results suggest that exposure to oil, even 2 years post-spill, led to subtle
      changes in population dynamics. How, or if, these changes may impact ecosystem
      function in the marshes, however, remains uncertain. 

PMID- 27375577
TI  - Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistant Healthcare-Associated
      Infections: The Microbiology Laboratory Rocks!
AB  - In Europe, each year, more than four milion patients acquire a healthcare
      associated infection (HAI) and almost 40 thousand die as a direct consequence of
      it. Regardless of many stategies to prevent and control HAIs, they remain an
      important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with a significant economic
      impact: a recent estimate places it at the ten billion dollars/year. The control
      of HAIs requires a prompt and efficient identification of the etiological agent
      and a rapid communication with the clinician. The Microbiology Laboratory has a
      significant role in the prevention and control of these infections and is a key
      element of any Infection Control Program. The work of the Microbiology Laboratory
      covers microbial isolation and identification, determination of antimicrobial
      susceptibility patterns, epidemiological surveillance and outbreak detection,
      education, and report of quality assured results. In this paper we address the
      role and importance of the Microbiology Laboratory in the prevention and control
      of HAI and in Antibiotic Stewardship Programs and how it can be leveraged when
      combined with the use of information systems. Additionally, we critically review
      some challenges that the Microbiology Laboratory has to deal with, including the
      selection of analytic methods and the proper use of communication channels with
      other healthcare services. 

PMID- 27375578
TI  - Biofilm Matrix Composition Affects the Susceptibility of Food Associated
      Staphylococci to Cleaning and Disinfection Agents.
AB  - Staphylococci are frequently isolated from food processing environments, and it
      has been speculated whether survival after cleaning and disinfection with
      benzalkonium chloride (BC)-containing disinfectants is due to biofilm formation,
      matrix composition, or BC efflux mechanisms. Out of 35 food associated
      staphylococci, eight produced biofilm in a microtiter plate assay and were
      identified as Staphylococcus capitis (2), S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. lentus
      (2), and S. saprophyticus (2). The eight biofilm producing strains were
      characterized using whole genome sequencing. Three of these strains contained the
      ica operon responsible for production of a polysaccharide matrix, and formed a
      biofilm which was detached upon exposure to the polysaccharide degrading enzyme
      Dispersin B, but not Proteinase K or trypsin. These strains were more tolerant to
      the lethal effect of BC both in suspension and biofilm than the remaining five
      biofilm producing strains. The five BC susceptible strains were characterized by
      lack of the ica operon, and their biofilms were detached by Proteinase K or
      trypsin, but not Dispersin B, indicating that proteins were major structural
      components of their biofilm matrix. Several novel cell wall anchored repeat
      domain proteins with domain structures similar to that of MSCRAMM adhesins were
      identified in the genomes of these strains, potentially representing novel
      mechanisms of ica-independent biofilm accumulation. Biofilms from all strains
      showed similar levels of detachment after exposure to alkaline chlorine, which is
      used for cleaning in the food industry. Strains with qac genes encoding BC efflux
      pumps could grow at higher concentrations of BC than strains without these genes,
      but no differences were observed at biocidal concentrations. In conclusion, the
      biofilm matrix of food associated staphylococci varies with respect to protein or
      polysaccharide nature, and this may affect the sensitivity toward a commonly used
      disinfectant. 

PMID- 27375579
TI  - Sub-Cellular Localization and Complex Formation by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases in
      Cyanobacteria: Evidence for Interaction of Membrane-Anchored ValRS with ATP
      Synthase.
AB  - tRNAs are charged with cognate amino acids by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs)
      and subsequently delivered to the ribosome to be used as substrates for gene
      translation. Whether aminoacyl-tRNAs are channeled to the ribosome by transit
      within translational complexes that avoid their diffusion in the cytoplasm is a
      matter of intense investigation in organisms of the three domains of life. In the
      cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, the valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS) is
      anchored to thylakoid membranes by means of the CAAD domain. We have investigated
      whether in this organism ValRS could act as a hub for the nucleation of a
      translational complex by attracting other aaRSs to the membranes. Out of the 20
      aaRSs, only ValRS was found to localize in thylakoid membranes whereas the other
      enzymes occupied the soluble portion of the cytoplasm. To investigate the basis
      for this asymmetric distribution of aaRSs, a global search for proteins
      interacting with the 20 aaRSs was conducted. The interaction between ValRS and
      the FoF1 ATP synthase complex here reported is of utmost interest and suggests a
      functional link between elements of the gene translation and energy production
      machineries. 

PMID- 27375580
TI  - A High Throughput Assay for Screening Host Restriction Factors and Antivirals
      Targeting Influenza A Virus.
AB  - Influenza A virus (IAV) is a human respiratory pathogen that causes seasonal
      epidemics and occasional global pandemics with devastating levels of morbidity
      and mortality. Currently approved treatments against influenza are losing
      effectiveness, as new viral strains are often refractory to conventional
      treatments. Thus, there is an urgent need to find new therapeutic targets with
      which to develop novel antiviral drugs. The common strategy to discover new drug
      targets and antivirals is high throughput screening. However, most current
      screenings for IAV rely on the engineered virus carrying a reporter, which
      prevents the application to newly emerging wild type flu viruses, such as 2009
      pandemic H1N1 flu. Here we developed a simple and sensitive screening assay for
      wild type IAV by quantitatively analyzing viral protein levels using a Dot Blot
      Assay in combination with the LI-COR Imaging System (DBALIS). We first validated
      DBALIS in overexpression and RNAi assays, which are suitable methods for
      screening host factors regulating viral infection. More importantly, we also
      validated and initiated drug screening using DBALIS. A pilot compound screening
      identified a small molecule that inhibited IAV infection. Taken together, our
      method represents a reliable and convenient high throughput assay for screening
      novel host factors and antiviral compounds. 

PMID- 27375582
TI  - Editorial: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives on Emerging
      Bioelectrochemical Technologies.

PMID- 27375581
TI  - Identification and Characterization of Novel Small RNAs in Rickettsia prowazekii.
AB  - Emerging evidence implicates a critically important role for bacterial small RNAs
      (sRNAs) as post-transcriptional regulators of physiology, metabolism,
      stress/adaptive responses, and virulence, but the roles of sRNAs in pathogenic
      Rickettsia species remain poorly understood. Here, we report on the
      identification of both novel and well-known bacterial sRNAs in Rickettsia
      prowazekii, known to cause epidemic typhus in humans. RNA sequencing of human
      microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs), the preferred targets during human
      rickettsioses, infected with R. prowazekii revealed the presence of 35 trans
      acting and 23 cis-acting sRNAs, respectively. Of these, expression of two trans
      acting (Rp_sR17 and Rp_sR60) and one cis-acting (Rp_sR47) novel sRNAs and four
      well-characterized bacterial sRNAs (RNaseP_bact_a, alpha-tmRNA, 4.5S RNA, 6S RNA)
      was further confirmed by Northern blot or RT-PCR analyses. The transcriptional
      start sites of five novel rickettsial sRNAs and 6S RNA were next determined using
      5' RLM-RACE yielding evidence for their independent biogenesis in R. prowazekii.
      Finally, computational approaches were employed to determine the secondary
      structures and potential mRNA targets of novel sRNAs. Together, these results
      establish the presence and expression of sRNAs in R. prowazekii during host cell
      infection and suggest potential functional roles for these important post
      transcriptional regulators in rickettsial biology and pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27375583
TI  - Combinatorial Effects of Aromatic 1,3-Disubstituted Ureas and Fluoride on In
      vitro Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation.
AB  - Dental caries occur as a result of disequilibrium between acid producing
      pathogenic bacteria and alkali generating commensal bacteria within a dental
      biofilm (dental plaque). Streptococcus mutans has been reported as a primary
      cariogenic pathogen associated with dental caries. Emergence of multidrug
      resistant as well as fluoride resistant strains of S. mutans due to over use of
      various antibiotics are a rising problem and prompted the researchers worldwide
      to search for alternative therapies. In this perspective, the present study was
      aimed to screen selective inhibitors against ComA, a bacteriocin associated ABC
      transporter, involved in the quorum sensing of S. mutans. In light of our present
      in silico findings, 1,3-disubstituted urea derivatives which had better affinity
      to ComA were chemically synthesized in the present study for in vitro evaluation
      of S. mutans biofilm inhibition. The results revealed that 1,3-disubstituted urea
      derivatives showed good biofilm inhibition. In addition, synthesized compounds
      exhibited potent synergy with a very low concentration of fluoride (31.25-62.5
      ppm) in inhibiting the biofilm formation of S. mutans without affecting the
      bacterial growth. Further, the results were supported by confocal laser scanning
      microscopy. On the whole, from our experimental results we conclude that the
      combinatorial application of fluoride and disubstituted ureas has a potential
      synergistic effect which has a promising approach in combating multidrug
      resistant and fluoride resistant S. mutans in dental caries management. 

PMID- 27375584
TI  - Use of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Biofilms for the Control of
      Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7
      Biofilms Formation.
AB  - Use of probiotic biofilms can be an alternative approach for reducing the
      formation of pathogenic biofilms in food industries. The aims of this study were
      (i) to evaluate the probiotic properties of bacteriocinogenic (Lactococcus lactis
      VB69, L. lactis VB94, Lactobacillus sakei MBSa1, and Lactobacillus curvatus
      MBSa3) and non-bacteriocinogenic (L. lactis 368, Lactobacillus helveticus 354,
      Lactobacillus casei 40, and Weissela viridescens 113) lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
      isolated from Brazilian's foods and (ii) to develop protective biofilms with
      these strains and test them for exclusion of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia
      coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium. LAB were tested for survival in acid
      and bile salt conditions, surface properties, biosurfactant production, beta
      galactosidase and gelatinase activity, antibiotic resistance and presence of
      virulence genes. Most strains survived exposure to pH 2 and 4% bile salts. The
      highest percentages of auto-aggregation were obtained after 24 h of incubation.
      Sixty-seven percentage auto-aggregation value was observed in W. viridescens 113
      and Lactobacillus curvatus MBSa3 exhibited the highest co-aggregation (69% with
      Listeria monocytogenes and 74.6% with E. coli O157:H7), while the lowest co
      aggregation was exhibited by W. viridescens 113 (53.4% with Listeria
      monocytogenes and 38% with E. coli O157:H7). Tests for hemolytic activity,
      bacterial cell adherence with xylene, and drop collapse confirmed the
      biosurfactant-producing ability of most strains. Only one strain (L. lactis 368)
      produced beta-galactosidase. All strains were negative for virulence genes cob,
      ccf, cylLL, cylLs, cyllM, cylB, cylA and efaAfs and gelatinase production. The
      antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the MIC for ciprofloxacin,
      clindamycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin did not exceed the
      epidemiological cut-off suggested by the European Food Safety Authority. Some
      strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics and resistance to antibiotics
      was species and strain dependent. In the protective biofilm assays, strains L.
      lactis 368 (bac-), Lactobacillus curvatus MBSa3 (bac+), and Lactobacillus sakei
      MBSa1 (bac+) resulted in more than six log reductions in the pathogens counts
      when compared to the controls. This effect could not be attributed to bacteriocin
      production. These results suggest that these potential probiotic strains can be
      used as alternatives for control of biofilm formation by pathogenic bacteria in
      the food industry, without conferring a risk to the consumers. 

PMID- 27375585
TI  - Anti-viral Effect of Bifidobacterium adolescentis against Noroviruses.
AB  - This study aims to investigate the effect of Bifidobacterium adolescentis against
      noroviruses (NoVs). Murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) used as a surrogate was detected
      by plaque assay and RT-qPCR. Human NoV virus like particles (VLPs) were detected
      by cell-binding assay. It was shown that the presence of B. adolescentis could
      inhibit the multiplication of MNV-1 on RAW 264.7 cells within 48 h of co
      incubation period at 37 degrees C. This inhibition did not occur at the viral
      binding stage, as no difference was observed in MNV-1 genomic copies collected
      from washed RAW 264.7 cells without and with B. adolescentis after co-incubation
      for 1 h at room temperature. Meanwhile, the presence of B. adolescentis decreased
      the binding of human NoV GI.1 VLPs to both Caco-2 cells and HT-29 cells, while no
      reduction was induced for the binding of human NoV GII.4 VLPs to Caco-2 cells. 

PMID- 27375586
TI  - Enterocyte-Associated Microbiome of the Hadza Hunter-Gatherers.
AB  - By means of a recently developed non-invasive ex vivo minimal model based on the
      interaction of the human enterocyte-like HT29 cell line and fecal slurries, we
      explored the enterocyte-associated microbiome of 21 Hadza hunter-gatherers and
      nine urban living Italians. Though reductionist, this model allows inferring the
      microbiota structural and functional arrangement as it interacts with
      enterocytes. Microbial suspensions obtained from Hadza or Italian stools were
      first evaluated for structural integrity by high resolution-scanning electron
      microscopy and co-incubated with HT29 cell monolayers. The enterocyte adherent
      microbiota fraction was then characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and
      predictive functional profiling using PICRUSt. Compared to Italians, the Hadza
      enterocyte-associated microbiome was characterized by a greater amount of
      adhesive microorganisms with pathogenic potential, such as Proteobacteria,
      Erysipelotrichaceae, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Sarcina. These compositional
      characteristics were reflected in a functional enrichment in membrane transport,
      signal transduction, signaling molecules and interaction. Our results depict a
      new interesting mutualistic configuration of the enterocyte-associated microbiome
      in Hadza, stressing the importance of microbe-host interaction at the mucosal
      surface along the course of human evolution. 

PMID- 27375587
TI  - Antimicrobial-Resistant Escherichia coli Survived in Dust Samples for More than
      20 Years.
AB  - In a retrospective study, 119 sedimentation dust samples stored between five and
      35 years from various barns of intensive livestock farming were evaluated for the
      occurrence of cultivatable Escherichia coli. Growth of E. coli occurred in 54
      samples. Successful cultivation was achieved in samples from as early as 1994.
      The frequency of detection increased from earlier to later time periods, but the
      concentrations, which ranged between 3.4 * 10(2) and 1.1 * 10(5) colony-forming
      units per gram, did not correlate with sample age (Spearman rank correlation; p >
      0.05). We hypothesize that E. coli cells survived in dust samples without cell
      division because of the storage conditions. Dry material (dust) with low water
      activities (arithmetic mean < 0.6) and storage at 4 degrees C in the dark likely
      facilitated long-term survival. E. coli were isolated on MacConkey agar with and
      without ciprofloxacin supplementation. For 110 isolates (79 from non-supplemented
      media and 31 from supplemented media), we determined the E. coli phylotype and
      antimicrobial resistance. Six phylogenetic groups were identified. Phylogroups A
      and B1 predominated. Compared to group A, phylogroup B1 was significantly
      associated with growth on ciprofloxacin-supplemented media (chi-square test, p =
      0.003). Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance profiles determined by a
      microdilution method revealed that isolates were phenotypically resistant to at
      least one antimicrobial substance and that more than 50% were resistant to a
      minimum of five out of 10 antibiotics tested. A linear mixed model was used to
      identify factors associated with the number of phenotypic resistances of
      individual isolates. Younger isolates and isolates from fattening poultry barns
      tended to be resistant to significantly more antibiotics than older isolates and
      those from laying-hen houses (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively). Sample origin
      and storage conditions may have influenced the number of antimicrobial
      resistances. Overall, we found that under particular conditions, dust from farm
      animal houses can be reservoirs for antimicrobial-resistant E. coli for at least
      20 years. The survival strategies that allow E. coli to survive such long periods
      in environmental samples are not fully understood and could be an interesting
      research topic for future studies. 

PMID- 27375588
TI  - Deciphering Staphylococcus sciuri SAT-17 Mediated Anti-oxidative Defense
      Mechanisms and Growth Modulations in Salt Stressed Maize (Zea mays L.).
AB  - Soil salinity severely affects plant nutrient use efficiency and is a worldwide
      constraint for sustainable crop production. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,
      with inherent salinity tolerance, are able to enhance plant growth and
      productivity by inducing modulations in various metabolic pathways. In the
      present study, we reported the isolation and characterization of a salt-tolerant
      rhizobacterium from Kallar grass [Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth]. Sequencing of the
      16S rRNA gene revealed its lineage to Staphylococcus sciuri and it was named as
      SAT-17. The strain exhibited substantial potential of phosphate solubilization as
      well as indole-3-acetic acid production (up to 2 M NaCl) and 1-aminocyclopropane
      1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity (up to 1.5 M NaCl). Inoculation of a
      rifampicin-resistant derivative of the SAT-17 with maize, in the absence of salt
      stress, induced a significant increase in plant biomass together with decreased
      reactive oxygen species and increased activity of cellular antioxidant enzymes.
      The derivative strain also significantly accumulated nutrients in roots and
      shoots, and enhanced chlorophyll and protein contents in comparison with non
      inoculated plants. Similar positive effects were observed in the presence of salt
      stress, although the effect was more prominent at 75 mM in comparison to higher
      NaCl level (150 mM). The strain survived in the rhizosphere up to 30 days at an
      optimal population density (ca. 1 * 10(6) CFU mL(-1)). It was concluded that S.
      sciuri strain SAT-17 alleviated maize plants from salt-induced cellular oxidative
      damage and enhanced growth. Further field experiments should be conducted,
      considering SAT-17 as a potential bio-fertilizer, to draw parallels between PGPR
      inoculation, elemental mobility patterns, crop growth and productivity in salt
      stressed semi-arid and arid regions. 

PMID- 27375589
TI  - Effect of a Ropy Exopolysaccharide-Producing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.
      lactis Strain Orally Administered on DSS-Induced Colitis Mice Model.
AB  - Exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing bifidobacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium
      animalis subsp. lactis strains, are used in the functional food industry as
      promising probiotics with purported beneficial effects. We used three isogenic
      strains of B. animalis subsp. lactis, with different EPS producing phenotypes
      (mucoid-ropy and non-ropy), in order to determine their capability to survive the
      murine gastrointestinal tract transit, as well as to evaluate their role in
      improving clinical outcomes in a chemically-induced colitis model. The three
      strains were able to survive in the intestinal tract of C57BL/6J mice during the
      course of the intervention study. Furthermore, the disease activity index (DAI)
      of the animal group treated with the ropy strain was significantly lower than of
      the DAI of the placebo group at the end of the treatment. However, no significant
      differences were found among the three strains. The analysis of several immune
      parameters, such as TNFalpha and IL-10 quantified in blood plasma and lymphocyte
      populations enumerated in mesenteric nodes, showed some significant variations
      among the four experimental animal groups. Remarkably, a higher capability of the
      ropy strain to increase regulatory T-cells in mesenteric lymphoid nodes was
      demonstrated, suggesting a higher ability of this strain to regulate inflammatory
      responses at mucosal level. Our data indicate that strains of B. animalis subsp.
      lactis producing EPS that confer a mucoid-ropy phenotype could represent
      promising candidates to perform further studies targeting intestinal inflammatory
      processes. 

PMID- 27375591
TI  - Corrigendum: A flexible and economical barcoding approach for highly multiplexed
      amplicon sequencing of diverse target genes.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 731 in vol. 6, PMID: 26236305.]. 

PMID- 27375590
TI  - Herpesvirus Late Gene Expression: A Viral-Specific Pre-initiation Complex Is Key.
AB  - During their productive cycle, herpesviruses exhibit a strictly regulated
      temporal cascade of gene expression that can be divided into three general
      stages: immediate-early (IE), early (E), and late (L). This expression program is
      the result of a complex interplay between viral and cellular factors at both the
      transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, as well as structural
      differences within the promoter architecture for each of the three gene classes.
      Since the cellular enzyme RNA polymerase II (RNAP-II) is responsible for the
      transcription of herpesvirus genes, most viral promoters contain DNA motifs that
      are common with those of cellular genes, although promoter complexity decreases
      from immediate-early to late genes. Immediate-early and early promoters contain
      numerous cellular and viral cis-regulating sequences upstream of a TATA box,
      whereas late promoters differ significantly in that they lack cis-acting
      sequences upstream of the transcription start site (TSS). Moreover, in the case
      of the beta- and gamma-herpesviruses, a TATT box motif is frequently found in the
      position where the consensus TATA box of eukaryotic promoters usually localizes.
      The mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the late viral gene promoters
      appear to be different between alpha-herpesviruses and the two other herpesvirus
      subfamilies (beta and gamma). In this review, we will compare the mechanisms of
      late gene transcriptional regulation between HSV-1, for which the viral IE
      transcription factors - especially ICP4 - play an essential role, and the two
      other subfamilies of herpesviruses, with a particular emphasis on EBV, which has
      recently been found to code for its own specific TATT-binding protein. 

PMID- 27375593
TI  - Regulation of Intertidal Microphytobenthos Photosynthesis Over a Diel Emersion
      Period Is Strongly Affected by Diatom Migration Patterns.
AB  - Changes in biomass and photosynthesis of a diatom-dominated microphytobenthos
      (MPB) intertidal community were studied over a diel emersion period using a
      combination of O2 and scalar irradiance microprofiling, variable chlorophyll
      (Chl) fluorescence, and pigment analysis. The MPB biomass in the photic zone (0
      0.5 mm) of the sediment exposed to low irradiance (150 MUmol photons m(-2) s(-1))
      showed a >2-fold increase during the first hours of the emersion period, reaching
      >0.2 mg Chl a cm(-3). Concentrations of Chl a started to decrease half-way
      through the emersion period, almost 2 h before tidal inundation. Similarly, O2
      concentrations and volumetric gross photosynthesis in the photic zone increased
      during the first half of the emersion period and then decreased toward the timing
      of incoming tide/darkness. The results suggest that intertidal MPB community
      level photosynthesis is mainly controlled by changes in the productive biomass of
      the photic zone determined by cell migration. A diel pattern in the
      photosynthesis vs. irradiance parameters alpha (photosynthetic efficiency at
      limiting irradiance) and ETR max (photosynthetic capacity at saturating
      irradiance) was also observed, suggesting photoacclimation of MPB. Under high
      light exposure (2000 MUmol photons m(-2) s(-1)), lower alpha, ETR max and
      sediment O2 concentrations were observed when cell migration was inhibited with
      the diatom motility inhibitor latrunculin A (Lat A), showing that migration is
      also used by MPB to maximize photosynthesis by reducing exposure to potentially
      photoinhibitory light levels. A higher de-epoxidation state in sediment treated
      with Lat A indicates that the involvement of the xanthophyll cycle in
      physiological photoprotection is more relevant in MPB when cells are inhibited
      from migrating. In the studied diatom-dominated MPB intertidal community, cell
      migration seems to be the key factor regulating photosynthesis over a diel
      emersion period and upon changes in light exposure. 

PMID- 27375592
TI  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa Outer Membrane Vesicles Triggered by Human Mucosal Fluid
      and Lysozyme Can Prime Host Tissue Surfaces for Bacterial Adhesion.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality that
      often targets epithelial surfaces. Host immunocompromise, or the presence of
      indwelling medical devices, including contact lenses, can predispose to
      infection. While medical devices are known to accumulate bacterial biofilms, it
      is not well understood why resistant epithelial surfaces become susceptible to P.
      aeruginosa. Many bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, release outer membrane
      vesicles (OMVs) in response to stress that can fuse with host cells to alter
      their function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mucosal fluid can trigger OMV
      release to compromise an epithelial barrier. This was tested using tear fluid and
      corneal epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. After 1 h both human tear fluid,
      and the tear component lysozyme, greatly enhanced OMV release from P. aeruginosa
      strain PAO1 compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) controls (~100-fold).
      Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SDS-PAGE showed tear fluid and
      lysozyme-induced OMVs were similar in size and protein composition, but differed
      from biofilm-harvested OMVs, the latter smaller with fewer proteins. Lysozyme
      induced OMVs were cytotoxic to human corneal epithelial cells in vitro and murine
      corneal epithelium in vivo. OMV exposure in vivo enhanced Ly6G/C expression at
      the corneal surface, suggesting myeloid cell recruitment, and primed the cornea
      for bacterial adhesion (~4-fold, P < 0.01). Sonication disrupted OMVs retained
      cytotoxic activity, but did not promote adhesion, suggesting the latter required
      OMV-mediated events beyond cell killing. These data suggest that mucosal fluid
      induced P. aeruginosa OMVs could contribute to loss of epithelial barrier
      function during medical device-related infections. 

PMID- 27375594
TI  - Relationship between Cefquinome PK/PD Parameters and Emergence of Resistance of
      Staphylococcus aureus in Rabbit Tissue-Cage Infection Model.
AB  - In order to explore the relationship between different antibiotic dosing regimens
      and selective enrichment of resistant strains, tissue-cage infection model was
      established in rabbits to study relationship between cefquinome
      pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters and the change of susceptibility of
      Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In this model, above 10(8) CFU/mL of S. aureus
      culture were exposed to cefquinome concentrations below the MIC99 (the minimal
      concentration that inhibits colony formation by 99% in vitro, 0.3 MUg/mL),
      between the MIC99 and the MPC (the mutant prevent concentration in vitro, 1.6
      MUg/mL), and above the MPC after intramuscular injection with cefquinome at doses
      of 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg/kg of body weight (bw) once daily for 5 days or 4, 8, 16,
      and 24 mg/kg of bw twice daily for 2.5 days. Samples of tissue-cage fluid were
      collected from the tissue-cage at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24 h after each dosing (one
      dosing daily) or at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h (two dosing daily). Cefquinome
      concentration, susceptibility of S. aureus to cefquinome, and bacterial numbers
      at the infected site were monitored. The MICs of S. aureus and the fraction of
      resistant bacteria both increased when cefquinome concentrations fluctuated
      between the MIC99 and MPC. Resistant bacteria were selected in vivo when %T > MPC
      was < 58% of administration interval or %T > MIC99 was >=70% of administration
      interval. These findings demonstrate that low-level, cefquinome-resistant S.
      aureus were selected predominantly when drug concentrations fell inside a
      concentration window in in vivo model, which was evidenced by pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis. The selection of resistant bacteria arose from both susceptible
      bacteria being killed and resistant bacteria re-growth. Keeping drug
      concentrations above the MPC for >=58% of administration interval provides a
      strategy to achieve effective antibacterial activity and minimize the emergence
      of resistance to cefquinome. 

PMID- 27375595
TI  - DGV: Dengue Genographic Viewer.
AB  - Dengue viruses (DENVs) and their vectors are widely distributed throughout the
      tropical and subtropical regions of the world. An autochthonous case of DENV was
      reported in Tokyo, Japan, in 2014, for the first time in 70 years. A
      comprehensive database of DENV sequences containing both serotype and genotype
      data and epidemiological data is crucial to trace DENV outbreak isolates and
      promptly respond to outbreaks. We constructed a DENV database containing the
      serotype, genotype, year and country/region of collection by collecting all
      publically available DENV sequence information from the National Center for
      Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and assigning genotype information. We also
      implemented the web service Dengue Genographic Viewer (DGV), which shows the
      geographical distribution of each DENV genotype in a user-specified time span.
      DGV also assigns the serotype and genotype to a user-specified sequence by
      performing a homology search against the curated DENV database, and shows its
      homologous sequences with the geographical position and year of collection. DGV
      also shows the distribution of DENV-infected entrants to Japan by plotting
      epidemiological data from the Infectious Agents Surveillance Report (IASR),
      Japan. This overview of the DENV genotype distribution may aid in planning for
      the control of DENV infections. DGV is freely available online at:
      (https://gph.niid.go.jp/geograph/dengue/content/genomemap). 

PMID- 27375597
TI  - Phylogenomic Study of Burkholderia glathei-like Organisms, Proposal of 13 Novel
      Burkholderia Species and Emended Descriptions of Burkholderia sordidicola,
      Burkholderia zhejiangensis, and Burkholderia grimmiae.
AB  - Partial gyrB gene sequence analysis of 17 isolates from human and environmental
      sources revealed 13 clusters of strains and identified them as Burkholderia
      glathei clade (BGC) bacteria. The taxonomic status of these clusters was examined
      by whole-genome sequence analysis, determination of the G+C content, whole-cell
      fatty acid analysis and biochemical characterization. The whole-genome sequence
      based phylogeny was assessed using the Genome Blast Distance Phylogeny (GBDP)
      method and an extended multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) approach. The results
      demonstrated that these 17 BGC isolates represented 13 novel Burkholderia species
      that could be distinguished by both genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. BGC
      strains exhibited a broad metabolic versatility and developed beneficial,
      symbiotic, and pathogenic interactions with different hosts. Our data also
      confirmed that there is no phylogenetic subdivision in the genus Burkholderia
      that distinguishes beneficial from pathogenic strains. We therefore propose to
      formally classify the 13 novel BGC Burkholderia species as Burkholderia arvi sp.
      nov. (type strain LMG 29317(T) = CCUG 68412(T)), Burkholderia hypogeia sp. nov.
      (type strain LMG 29322(T) = CCUG 68407(T)), Burkholderia ptereochthonis sp. nov.
      (type strain LMG 29326(T) = CCUG 68403(T)), Burkholderia glebae sp. nov. (type
      strain LMG 29325(T) = CCUG 68404(T)), Burkholderia pedi sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29323(T) = CCUG 68406(T)), Burkholderia arationis sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29324(T) = CCUG 68405(T)), Burkholderia fortuita sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29320(T) = CCUG 68409(T)), Burkholderia temeraria sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29319(T) = CCUG 68410(T)), Burkholderia calidae sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29321(T) = CCUG 68408(T)), Burkholderia concitans sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29315(T) = CCUG 68414(T)), Burkholderia turbans sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29316(T) = CCUG 68413(T)), Burkholderia catudaia sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29318(T) = CCUG 68411(T)) and Burkholderia peredens sp. nov. (type strain LMG
      29314(T) = CCUG 68415(T)). Furthermore, we present emended descriptions of the
      species Burkholderia sordidicola, Burkholderia zhejiangensis and Burkholderia
      grimmiae. The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene
      sequences determined in this study are LT158612-LT158624 and LT158625-LT158641,
      respectively. 

PMID- 27375596
TI  - Bioactive Molecules Released in Food by Lactic Acid Bacteria: Encrypted Peptides
      and Biogenic Amines.
AB  - Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can produce a huge amount of bioactive compounds.
      Since their elective habitat is food, especially dairy but also vegetal food, it
      is frequent to find bioactive molecules in fermented products. Sometimes these
      compounds can have adverse effects on human health such as biogenic amines
      (tyramine and histamine), causing allergies, hypertensive crises, and headache.
      However, some LAB products also display benefits for the consumers. In the
      present review article, the main nitrogen compounds produced by LAB are
      considered. Besides biogenic amines derived from the amino acids tyrosine,
      histidine, phenylalanine, lysine, ornithine, and glutamate by decarboxylation,
      interesting peptides can be decrypted by the proteolytic activity of LAB. LAB
      proteolytic system is very efficient in releasing encrypted molecules from
      several proteins present in different food matrices. Alpha and beta-caseins,
      albumin and globulin from milk and dairy products, rubisco from spinach, beta
      conglycinin from soy and gluten from cereals constitute a good source of
      important bioactive compounds. These encrypted peptides are able to control
      nutrition (mineral absorption and oxidative stress protection), metabolism (blood
      glucose and cholesterol lowering) cardiovascular function (antithrombotic and
      hypotensive action), infection (microbial inhibition and immunomodulation) and
      gut-brain axis (opioids and anti-opioids controlling mood and food intake). Very
      recent results underline the role of food-encrypted peptides in protein folding
      (chaperone-like molecules) as well as in cell cycle and apoptosis control,
      suggesting new and positive aspects of fermented food, still unexplored. In this
      context, the detailed (transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic)
      characterization of LAB of food interest (as starters, biocontrol agents,
      nutraceuticals, and probiotics) can supply a solid evidence-based science to
      support beneficial effects and it is a promising approach as well to obtain
      functional food. The detailed knowledge of the modulation of human physiology,
      exploiting the health-promoting properties of fermented food, is an open field of
      investigation that will constitute the next challenge. 

PMID- 27375599
TI  - Autophagy and Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in Neutrophil Extracellular
      Traps Release Induced by C. albicans Morphotypes.
AB  - Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a combination of DNA fibers and
      granular enzymes, such as elastase and myeloperoxidase. In this study, we
      demonstrate that Candida albicans hyphal (CAH) cells and yeast (CAY) cells induce
      differential amounts, kinetics and mechanisms of NET release. CAH cells induced
      larger quantities of NET compared to CAY cells and can stimulate rapid NET
      formation up to 4 h of incubation. CAY cells are, also, able to induce rapid NET
      formation, but this ability was lost at 4 h. Both reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      and autophagy are implicated in NET induced by CAH and CAY cells, but with a time
      different participation of these two mechanisms. In particular, in the early
      phase (15 min) CAH cells stimulate NET via autophagy, but not via ROS, while CAY
      cells induce NET via both autophagy and ROS. At 4 h, only CAH cells stimulate NET
      formation using autophagy as well as ROS. Finally, we demonstrate that NET
      release, in response to CAH cells, involves NF-kappaB activation and is strongly
      implicated in hyphal destruction. 

PMID- 27375598
TI  - Extracellular Proteins: Novel Key Components of Metal Resistance in
      Cyanobacteria?
AB  - Metals are essential for all living organisms and required for fundamental
      biochemical processes. However, when in excess, metals can turn into highly-toxic
      agents able to disrupt cell membranes, alter enzymatic activities, and damage
      DNA. Metal concentrations are therefore tightly controlled inside cells,
      particularly in cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are ecologically relevant
      prokaryotes that perform oxygenic photosynthesis and can be found in many
      different marine and freshwater ecosystems, including environments contaminated
      with heavy metals. As their photosynthetic machinery imposes high demands for
      metals, homeostasis of these micronutrients has been widely studied in
      cyanobacteria. So far, most studies have focused on how cells are capable of
      controlling their internal metal pools, with a strong bias toward the analysis of
      intracellular processes. Ultrastructure, modulation of physiology, dynamic
      changes in transcription and protein levels have been studied, but what takes
      place in the extracellular environment when cells are exposed to an unbalanced
      metal availability remains largely unknown. The interest in studying the subset
      of proteins present in the extracellular space has only recently begun and the
      identification and functional analysis of the cyanobacterial exoproteomes are
      just emerging. Remarkably, metal-related proteins such as the copper-chaperone
      CopM or the iron-binding protein FutA2 have already been identified outside the
      cell. With this perspective, we aim to raise the awareness that metal-resistance
      mechanisms are not yet fully known and hope to motivate future studies assessing
      the role of extracellular proteins on bacterial metal homeostasis, with a special
      focus on cyanobacteria. 

PMID- 27375600
TI  - Genetic Manipulation of Competition for Nitrate between Heterotrophic Bacteria
      and Diatoms.
AB  - Diatoms are a dominant group of eukaryotic phytoplankton that contribute
      substantially to global primary production and the cycling of important elements
      such as carbon and nitrogen. Heterotrophic bacteria, including members of the
      gammaproteobacteria, are commonly associated with diatom populations and may rely
      on them for organic carbon while potentially competing with them for other
      essential nutrients. Considering that bacterioplankton drive oceanic release of
      CO 2 (i.e., bacterial respiration) while diatoms drive ocean carbon sequestration
      vial the biological pump, the outcome of such competition could influence the
      direction and magnitude of carbon flux in the upper ocean. Nitrate availability
      is commonly a determining factor for the growth of diatom populations,
      particularly in coastal and upwelling regions. Diatoms as well as many bacterial
      species can utilize nitrate, however the ability of bacteria to compete for
      nitrate may be hindered by carbon limitation. Here we have developed a
      genetically tractable model system using the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum
      tricornutum and the widespread heterotrophic bacteria Alteromonas macleodii to
      examine carbon-nitrogen dynamics. While subsisting solely on P. tricornutum
      derived carbon, A. macleodii does not appear to be an effective competitor for
      nitrate, and may in fact benefit the diatom; particularly in stationary phase.
      However, allochthonous dissolved organic carbon addition in the form of pyruvate
      triggers A. macleodii proliferation and nitrate uptake, leading to reduced P.
      tricornutum growth. Nitrate reductase deficient mutants of A. macleodii
      (DeltanasA) do not exhibit such explosive growth and associated competitive
      ability in response to allochthonous carbon when nitrate is the sole nitrogen
      source, but could survive by utilizing solely P. tricornutum-derived nitrogen.
      Furthermore, allocthonous carbon addition enables wild-type A. macleodii to
      rescue nitrate reductase deficient P. tricornutum populations from nitrogen
      starvation, and RNA-seq transcriptomic evidence supports nitrogen-based
      interactions between diatoms and bacteria at the molecular level. This study
      provides key insights into the roles of carbon and nitrogen in phytoplankton
      bacteria dynamics and lays the foundation for developing a mechanistic
      understanding of these interactions using co-culturing and genetic manipulation. 

PMID- 27375601
TI  - Corrigendum: Modulation of Type III Secretion System in Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
      Involvement of the PA4857 Gene Product.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 7 in vol. 7, PMID: 26858696.]. 

PMID- 27375602
TI  - The Developing World Urgently Needs Phages to Combat Pathogenic Bacteria.

PMID- 27375603
TI  - Sld3-MCM Interaction Facilitated by Dbf4-Dependent Kinase Defines an Essential
      Step in Eukaryotic DNA Replication Initiation.
AB  - Sld3/Treslin is an evolutionarily conserved protein essential for activation of
      DNA helicase Mcm2-7 and replication initiation in all eukaryotes. Nevertheless,
      it remains elusive how Sld3 is recruited to origins. Here, we have identified the
      direct physical association of Sld3 with Mcm2 and Mcm6 subunits in vitro, which
      is significantly enhanced by DDK in vivo. The Sld3-binding domain (SBD) is mapped
      to the N-termini of Mcm2 and Mcm6, both of them are essential for cell viability
      and enriched with the DDK phosphorylation sites. Glutamic acid substitution of
      four conserved positively charged residues of Sld3 (sld3-4E), near the Cdc45
      binding region, interrupts its interaction with Mcm2/6 and causes cell death. By
      using a temperature-inducible degron (td), we show that deletion of Mcm6 SBD
      (mcm6DeltaN122) abolishes not only Sld3 enrichment at early origins in G1 phase,
      but also subsequent recruitment of GINS and RPA during S phase. These findings
      elucidate the in vivo molecular details of the DDK-dependent Sld3-MCM
      association, which plays a crucial role in MCM helicase activation and origin
      unwinding. 

PMID- 27375604
TI  - Fitness Trade-Offs in Competence Differentiation of Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - In the stationary phase, Bacillus subtilis differentiates stochastically and
      transiently into the state of competence for transformation (K-state). The latter
      is associated with growth arrest, and it is unclear how the ability to develop
      competence is stably maintained, despite its cost. To quantify the effect
      differentiation has on the competitive fitness of B. subtilis, we characterized
      the competition dynamics between strains with different probabilities of entering
      the K-state. The relative fitness decreased with increasing differentiation
      probability both during the stationary phase and during outgrowth. When exposed
      to antibiotics inhibiting cell wall synthesis, transcription, and translation,
      cells that differentiated into the K-state showed a selective advantage compared
      to differentiation-deficient bacteria; this benefit did not require
      transformation. Although beneficial, the K-state was not induced by sub-MIC
      concentrations of antibiotics. Increasing the differentiation probability beyond
      the wt level did not significantly affect the competition dynamics with transient
      antibiotic exposure. We conclude that the competition dynamics are very sensitive
      to the fraction of competent cells under benign conditions but less sensitive
      during antibiotic exposure, supporting the picture of stochastic differentiation
      as a fitness trade-off. 

PMID- 27375605
TI  - Epimicrobiota Associated with the Decay and Recovery of Orbicella Corals
      Exhibiting Dark Spot Syndrome.
AB  - Dark Spot Syndrome (DSS) is one of the most common diseases of boulder corals in
      the Caribbean. It presents as sunken brown lesions in coral tissue, which can
      spread quickly over coral colonies. With this study, we tested the hypothesis
      that similar to other coral diseases, DSS is a dysbiosis characterized by global
      shifts in the coral microbiome. Because Black Band Disease (BBD) was sometimes
      found following DSS lesions, we also tested the hypothesis that DSS is a
      precursor of BBD. To track disease initiation and progression 24 coral colonies
      were tagged. Of them five Orbicella annularis corals and three O. faveolata
      corals exhibited DSS lesions at tagging. Microbiota of lesions and apparently
      healthy tissues from DSS-affected corals over the course of 18 months were
      collected. Final visual assessment showed that five of eight corals incurred
      substantial tissue loss while two corals remained stable and one appeared to
      recover from DSS lesions. Illumina sequencing of the V6 region of bacterial 16S
      rRNA genes demonstrated no significant differences in bacterial community
      composition associated with healthy tissue or DSS lesions. The epimicrobiomes of
      both healthy tissue and DSS lesions contained high relative abundances of
      Operational Taxonomic Units assigned to Halomonas, an unclassified
      gammaproteobacterial genus, Moritella, an unclassified Rhodobacteraceae genus,
      Renibacterium, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter. The relative abundance of
      bacterial taxa was not significantly different between samples when grouped by
      tissue type (healthy tissue vs. DSS lesion), coral species, collection month, or
      the overall outcome of DSS-affected corals (substantial tissue loss vs.
      stable/recovered). Two of the tagged corals with substantial tissue loss also
      developed BBD during the 18-month sampling period. The bacterial community of the
      BBD layer was distinct from both healthy tissue and DSS lesions, with high
      relative abundances of the presumed BBD pathogen Roseofilum reptotaenium and an
      unclassified Bacteroidales genus, similar to previous results. Roseofilum was
      detected in all samples from this study, with the highest relative abundance in
      healthy tissue from DSS-affected corals sampled in August, suggesting that while
      DSS is not a precursor to BBD, DSS-affected corals are in a weakened state and
      therefore more susceptible to additional infections. 

PMID- 27375606
TI  - Differences in Enzymatic Properties of the Saccharomyces kudriavzevii and
      Saccharomyces uvarum Alcohol Acetyltransferases and Their Impact on Aroma-Active
      Compounds Production.
AB  - Higher alcohols and acetate esters belong to the most important yeast secondary
      metabolites that significantly contribute to the overall flavor and aroma profile
      of fermented products. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, esterification of higher
      alcohols is catalyzed mainly by the alcohol acetyltransferases encoded by genes
      ATF1 and ATF2. Previous investigation has shown other Saccharomyces species,
      e.g., S. kudriavzevii and S. uvarum, to vary in aroma-active higher alcohols and
      acetate esters formation when compared to S. cerevisiae. Here, we aimed to
      analyze the enzymes encoded by the ATF1 and ATF2 genes from S. kudriavzevii
      (SkATF1, SkATF2) and S. uvarum (SuATF1, SuATF2). The heterologous expression of
      the individual ATF1 and ATF2 genes in a host S. cerevisiae resulted in the
      enhanced production of several higher alcohols and acetate esters. Particularly,
      an increase of 2-phenylethyl acetate production by the strains that harbored ATF1
      and ATF2 genes from S. kudriavzevii and S. uvarum was observed. When grown with
      individual amino acids as the nitrogen source, the strain that harbored SkATF1
      showed particularly high 2-phenylethyl acetate production and the strains with
      introduced SkATF2 or SuATF2 revealed increased production of isobutyl acetate,
      isoamyl acetate, and 2-phenylethyl acetate compared to the reference strains with
      endogenous ATF genes. The alcohol acetyltransferase activities of the individual
      Atf1 and Atf2 enzymes measured in the cell extracts of the S. cerevisiae atf1
      atf2 iah1 triple-null strain were detected for all the measured substrates. This
      indicated that S. kudriavzevii and S. uvarum Atf enzymes had broad range
      substrate specificity as S. cerevisiae Atf enzymes. Individual Atf1 enzymes
      exhibited markedly different kinetic properties since SkAtf1p showed c. twofold
      higher and SuAtf1p c. threefold higher K m for isoamyl alcohol than ScAtf1p.
      Together these results indicated that the differences found among the three
      Saccharomyces species during the aroma-active acetate ester formation may be due,
      to some extent, to the distinct properties of Atf enzymes. 

PMID- 27375607
TI  - The Role of Neutrophils in the Induction of Specific Th1 and Th17 during
      Vaccination against Tuberculosis.
AB  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB), a disease that killed more
      than 1.5 million people worldwide in 2014, and the Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG)
      vaccine is the only currently available vaccine against TB. However, it does not
      protect adults. Th1 and Th17 cells are crucial for TB control, as well as the
      neutrophils that are directly involved in DC trafficking to the draining lymph
      nodes and the activation of T lymphocytes during infection. Although several
      studies have shown the importance of neutrophils during M. tuberculosis
      infection, none have shown its role in the development of a specific response to
      a vaccine. The vaccine mc(2)-CMX was shown to protect mice against M.
      tuberculosis challenge, mainly due to specific Th1 and Th17 cells. This study
      evaluated the importance of neutrophils in the generation of the Th1- and Th17
      specific responses elicited by this vaccine. The vaccine injection induced a
      neutrophil rich lesion with a necrotic central area. The IL-17 KO mice did not
      generate vaccine-specific Th1 cells. The vaccinated IL-22 KO mice exhibited Th1-
      and Th17-specific responses. Neutrophil depletion during vaccination abrogated
      the induction of Th1-specific responses and prohibited the bacterial load
      reduction observed in the vaccinated animals. The results show, for the first
      time, the role of neutrophils in the generation of specific Th1 and Th17 cells in
      response to a tuberculosis vaccine. 

PMID- 27375608
TI  - The MqsRA Toxin-Antitoxin System from Xylella fastidiosa Plays a Key Role in
      Bacterial Fitness, Pathogenicity, and Persister Cell Formation.
AB  - Through the formation of persister cells, bacteria exhibit tolerance to multidrug
      and other environmental stresses without undergoing genetic changes. The toxin
      antitoxin (TA) systems are involved in the formation of persister cells because
      they are able to induce cell dormancy. Among the TA systems, the MqsRA system has
      been observed to be highly induced in persister cells of Xylella fastidiosa
      (causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis-CVC) activated by copper stress, and
      has been described in Escherichia coli as related to the formation of persister
      cells and biofilms. Thus, we evaluated the role of this TA system in X.
      fastidiosa by overexpressing the MqsR toxin, and verified that the toxin
      positively regulated biofilm formation and negatively cell movement, resulting in
      reduced pathogenicity in citrus plants. The overexpression of MqsR also increased
      the formation of persister cells under copper stress. Analysis of the gene and
      protein expression showed that this system likely has an autoregulation mechanism
      to express the toxin and antitoxin in the most beneficial ratio for the cell to
      oppose stress. Our results suggest that this TA system plays a key role in the
      adaptation and survival of X. fastidiosa and reveal new insights into the
      physiology of phytopathogen-host interactions. 

PMID- 27375609
TI  - An Integrated Multi-Omics Approach Reveals the Effects of Supplementing Grass or
      Grass Hay with Vitamin E on the Rumen Microbiome and Its Function.
AB  - Rumen function is generally suboptimal leading to losses in methane and nitrogen.
      Analysis of the rumen microbiome is thus important to understanding the
      underlying microbial activity under different feeding strategies. This study
      investigated the effect of forage conservation method and vitamin E
      supplementation on rumen function using a rumen simulation technique. Ryegrass
      (GRA) or ryegrass hay (HAY) was supplemented with 20% concentrate containing zero
      or 50 IU/d vitamin E, as alpha-tocopheryl acetate, according to a 2 * 2 factorial
      design. The forage conservation method did not substantially change the nutrient
      composition but had a profound impact on the structure and diversity of the rumen
      microbiome. HAY diets promoted a more complex bacterial community (+38 OTUs)
      dominated by Firmicutes. This bacterial adaptation, together with increased rumen
      protozoa levels and methanogen diversity, was associated with greater fiber
      disappearance (+12%) in HAY diets, but also with greater rumen true N
      degradability (+7%) than GRA diets. HAY diets also had a higher metabolic H
      recovery and methane production (+35%) suggesting more efficient inter-species H
      transfer between bacteria, protozoa and methanogens. Contrarily, GRA diets
      promoted more simplified methanogen and bacterial communities, which were
      dominated by Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus, thus lactate formation may have
      acted as an alternative H sink in GRA diets. Moreover the structure of the
      bacterial community with GRA diets was highly correlated with N utilization, and
      GRA diets promoted greater bacterial growth and microbial protein synthesis
      (+16%), as well as a more efficient microbial protein synthesis (+22%). A dose
      response experiment using batch cultures revealed that vitamin E supplementation
      increased rumen fermentation in terms of total VFA and gas production, with
      protozoal activity higher when supplying alpha-tocopheryl acetate vs. alpha
      tocopherol. Moreover, alpha-tocopheryl acetate promoted a small increase in feed
      degradability (+8%), possibly as a result of its antioxidant properties which led
      to higher bacterial and protozoal levels. Vitamin E supplementation also modified
      the levels of some methanogen species indicating that they may be particularly
      sensitive to oxidative stresses. Our findings suggested that when possible, grass
      should be fed instead of grass hay, in order to improve rumen function and to
      decrease the environmental impact of livestock agriculture. 

PMID- 27375610
TI  - A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - Endophytic fungi or endophytes exist widely inside the healthy tissues of living
      plants, and are important components of plant micro-ecosystems. Over the long
      period of evolution, some co-existing endophytes and their host plants have
      established a special relationship with one and another, which can significantly
      influence the formation of metabolic products in plants, then affect quality and
      quantity of crude drugs derived from medicinal plants. This paper will focus on
      the increasing knowledge of relationships between endophytic fungi and medicinal
      plants through reviewing of published research data obtained from the last 30
      years. The analytical results indicate that the distribution and population
      structure of endophytes can be considerably affected by factors, such as the
      genetic background, age, and environmental conditions of their hosts. On the
      other hand, the endophytic fungi can also confer profound impacts on their host
      plants by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their
      tolerances to abiotic and biotic stresses, and promoting their accumulation of
      secondary metabolites. All the changes are very important for the production of
      bioactive components in their hosts. Hence, it is essential to understand such
      relationships between endophytic fungi and their host medicinal plants. Such
      knowledge can be well exploited and applied for the production of better and more
      drugs from medicinal plants. 

PMID- 27375611
TI  - Genetic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Retail Meat in
      Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
AB  - Limited data exist from the Gulf Cooperation Council states on the prevalence and
      population dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus colonizing livestock or
      contaminating retail meat. This study was designed to determine the presence and
      genetic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw retail meat
      sold in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Over a period of 9 months, different raw retail
      meat types were aseptically processed using the double broth enrichment
      technique, characteristic colonies from chromogenic and mannitol salt agar were
      further identified using conventional methods. Susceptibility to 9 antibiotics
      was determined using the disc diffusion technique. Interpretation of inhibition
      zone was done according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
      guidelines. Molecular characterization was carried out using the StaphyType DNA
      microarray technology. Twenty-five meat samples yielded Staphylococcus aureus
      isolates. Camel meat had the highest contamination rate with Methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (20%) and Methicillin susceptible
      Staphylococcus aureus (28%), while poultry meat had the least contamination rate
      with MRSA (4%). The MRSA isolates were grouped into 4 clonal complexes (CCs)
      namely CC1-MRSA-IV/SCCfus (n = 2), CC15-MRSA-V/SCCfus (n = 4), CC80-MRSA-IV/PVL+
      (n = 5), and CC88-MRSA-IV/PVL+ (n = 2). All CC15-MRSA-V/SCCfus isolates were
      obtained from camel meat. This is the first study to demonstrate the novel CC15
      MRSA-V/SCCfus in retail camel meat. We recommend that surveillance studies should
      be incorporated in public health and food hygiene programs. 

PMID- 27375612
TI  - Viable Compositional Analysis of an Eleven Species Oral Polymicrobial Biofilm.
AB  - PURPOSE: Polymicrobial biofilms are abundant in clinical disease, particularly
      within the oral cavity. Creating complex biofilm models that recapitulate the
      polymicrobiality of oral disease are important in the development of new
      chemotherapeutic agents. In order to do this accurately we require the ability to
      undertake compositional analysis, in addition to determine individual cell
      viability, which is difficult using conventional microbiology. The aim of this
      study was to develop a defined multispecies denture biofilm model in vitro, and
      to assess viable compositional analysis following defined oral hygiene regimens.
      METHODS: An in vitro multispecies denture biofilm containing various oral
      commensal and pathogenic bacteria and yeast was created on poly (methyl
      methacrylate) (PMMA). Denture hygiene regimens tested against the biofilm model
      included brushing only, denture cleansing only and combinational brushing and
      denture cleansing. Biofilm composition and viability were assessed by culture
      (CFU) and molecular (qPCR) methodologies. Scanning electron microscopy and
      confocal laser scanning microscopy were also employed to visualize changes in
      denture biofilms following treatment. RESULTS: Combinational treatment of
      brushing and denture cleansing had the greatest impact on multispecies denture
      biofilms, reducing the number of live cells by more than 2 logs, and altering the
      overall composition in favor of streptococci. This was even more evident during
      the sequential testing, whereby daily sequential treatment reduced the total and
      live number of bacteria and yeast more than those treated intermittently.
      Bacteria and yeast remaining following treatment tended to aggregate in the pores
      of the PMMA, proving more difficult to fully eradicate the biofilm. CONCLUSIONS:
      Overall, we are the first to develop a method to enable viable compositional
      analysis of an 11 species denture biofilm following chemotherapeutic challenge.
      We were able to demonstrate viable cell reduction and changes in population
      dynamics following evaluation of various denture cleansing regimens.
      Specifically, it was demonstrated that daily combinational treatment of brushing
      and cleansing proved to be the most advantageous denture hygiene regimen,
      however, residual organisms still remained within the pores of PMMA surface,
      which could act as a reservoir for further biofilm regrowth. We have identified
      an industry need for denture cleansing agents with the capacity to penetrate
      these pores and disaggregate these complex biofilm consortia.

PMID- 27375613
TI  - HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in Zimbabwe: Insights into Health Outcomes in the
      Pre-Antiretroviral Therapy Era.
AB  - The ZVITAMBO trial recruited 14,110 mother-infant pairs to a randomized
      controlled trial of vitamin A between 1997 and 2000, before the availability of
      antiretroviral therapy for HIV prophylaxis or treatment in Zimbabwe. The HIV
      status of mothers and infants was well characterized through 1-2 years of follow
      up, leading to the largest cohort to date of HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants
      (n = 3135), with a suitable comparison group of HIV-unexposed infants (n = 9510).
      Here, we draw on 10 years of published findings from the ZVITAMBO trial. HEU
      infants had increased morbidity compared to HIV-unexposed infants, with 50% more
      hospitalizations in the neonatal period and 30% more sick clinic visits during
      infancy, particularly for skin infections, lower respiratory tract infections,
      and oral thrush. HEU children had 3.9-fold and 2.0-fold higher mortality than HIV
      unexposed children during the first and second years of life, respectively, most
      commonly due to acute respiratory infections, diarrhea/dysentery, malnutrition,
      sepsis, and meningitis. Infant morbidity and mortality were strongly related to
      maternal HIV disease severity, and increased morbidity remained until maternal
      CD4 counts were >800 cells/MUL. HEU infants were more likely to be premature and
      small-for-gestational age than HIV-unexposed infants, and had more postnatal
      growth failure. Here, we propose a conceptual framework to explain the increased
      risk of infectious morbidity, mortality, and growth failure among HEU infants,
      hypothesizing that immune activation and inflammation are key drivers of both
      infection susceptibility and growth failure. Future studies should further
      dissect the causes of infection susceptibility and growth failure and determine
      the impact of ART and cotrimoxazole on outcomes of this vulnerable group of
      infants in the current era. 

PMID- 27375615
TI  - Evasins: Therapeutic Potential of a New Family of Chemokine-Binding Proteins from
      Ticks.
AB  - Blood-sucking parasites, such as ticks, remain attached to their hosts for
      relatively long periods of time in order to obtain their blood meal without
      eliciting an immune response. One mechanism used to avoid rejection is the
      inhibition of the recruitment of immune cells, which can be achieved by a class
      of chemokine-binding proteins (CKBPs) known as Evasins. We have identified three
      distinct Evasins produced by the salivary glands of the common brown dog tick,
      Rhipicephalus sanguineus. They display different selectivities for chemokines,
      the first two identified show a narrow selectivity profile, while the third has a
      broader binding spectrum. The Evasins showed efficacy in animal models of
      inflammatory disease. Here, we will discuss the potential of their development
      for therapeutic use, addressing both the advantages and disadvantages that this
      entails. 

PMID- 27375616
TI  - Immunoglobulin Transporting Receptors Are Potential Targets for the Immunity
      Enhancement and Generation of Mammary Gland Bioreactor.
AB  - The functions of immunoglobulin transporting receptors (Ig transporting
      receptors) in immune system encompass from passive immunity to adaptive immunity
      by transporting immunoglobulins (Igs) and prolonging their half-life as well as
      enhancing immunosurveillance. Prior to the weaning, Ig transportations from
      mother to offspring confer the immediate passive immunity for neonates. After the
      weaning, FcRn and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor on infant intestinal
      epithelial cells retrieve Ig in intestinal lamina propria into the gut lumen for
      preventing pathogen invasion. This is not only improving the pathological
      consequences of infection but also helping the neonates for developing their own
      immune response; besides it would be the guidance for designing novel vaccines.
      Moreover, the investigations on Ig transporting receptors over-expressed
      transgenic animals have been carried out to improve Ig concentrations in serum
      and milk; thus, it would be a sustainable method to produce antibody-enriched
      milk-derived colostrum replacer for neonates. In order to generate mammary gland
      bioreactor, a series of methods have been developed for enhanced regulation of Ig
      transporting receptors expression and Ig transportation. 

PMID- 27375614
TI  - Role of Natural Autoantibodies and Natural IgM Anti-Leucocyte Autoantibodies in
      Health and Disease.
AB  - We review how polyreactive natural IgM autoantibodies (IgM-NAA) protect the host
      from invading micro-organisms and host neo-antigens that are constantly being
      produced by oxidation mechanisms and cell apoptosis. Second, we discuss how IgM
      NAA and IgM anti-leukocyte antibodies (IgM-ALA) inhibits autoimmune inflammation
      by anti-idiotypic mechanisms, enhancing removal of apoptotic cells, masking neo
      antigens, and regulating the function of dendritic cells (DC) and effector cells.
      Third, we review how natural IgM prevents autoimmune disorders arising from
      pathogenic IgG autoantibodies, triggered by genetic mechanisms (e.g., SLE) or
      micro-organisms, as well as by autoreactive B and T cells that have escaped
      tolerance mechanisms. Studies in IgM knockout mice have clearly demonstrated that
      regulatory B and T cells require IgM to effectively regulate inflammation
      mediated by innate, adaptive, and autoimmune mechanisms. It is, therefore, not
      surprising why the host positively selects such autoreactive B1 cells that
      generate IgM-NAA, which are also evolutionarily conserved. Fourth, we show that
      IgM-ALA levels and their repertoire can vary in normal humans and disease states
      and this variation may partly explain the observed differences in the
      inflammatory response after infection, ischemic injury, or after a transplant. We
      also show how protective IgM-NAA can be rendered pathogenic under non
      physiological conditions. We also review IgG-NAA that are more abundant than IgM
      NAA in plasma. However, we need to understand if the (Fab)(2) region of IgG-NAA
      has physiological relevance in non-disease states, as in plasma, their functional
      activity is blocked by IgM-NAA having anti-idiotypic activity. Some IgG-NAA are
      produced by B2 cells that have escaped tolerance mechanisms and we show how such
      pathogenic IgG-NAA are regulated to prevent autoimmune disease. The Fc region of
      IgG-NAA can influence inflammation and B cell function in vivo by binding to
      activating and inhibitory FcgammaR. IgM-NAA has therapeutic potential. Polyclonal
      IgM infusions can be used to abrogate on-going inflammation. Additionally,
      inflammation arising after ischemic kidney injury, e.g., during high-risk
      elective cardiac surgery or after allograft transplantation, can be prevented by
      pre-emptively infusing polyclonal IgM or DC pretreated ex vivo with IgM or by
      increasing in vivo IgM with a vaccine approach. Cell therapy is appealing as less
      IgM will be required. 

PMID- 27375617
TI  - Detecting the Hidden Properties of Immunological Data and Predicting the
      Mortality Risks of Infectious Syndromes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To extract more information, the properties of infectious disease
      data, including hidden relationships, could be considered. Here, blood leukocyte
      data were explored to elucidate whether hidden information, if uncovered, could
      forecast mortality. METHODS: Three sets of individuals (n = 132) were
      investigated, from whom blood leukocyte profiles and microbial tests were
      conducted (i) cross-sectional analyses performed at admission (before
      bacteriological tests were completed) from two groups of hospital patients,
      randomly selected at different time periods, who met septic criteria [confirmed
      infection and at least three systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
      criteria] but lacked chronic conditions (study I, n = 36; and study II, n = 69);
      (ii) a similar group, tested over 3 days (n = 7); and (iii) non-infected, SIRS
      negative individuals, tested once (n = 20). The data were analyzed by (i) a
      method that creates complex data combinations, which, based on graphic patterns,
      partitions the data into subsets and (ii) an approach that does not partition the
      data. Admission data from SIRS+/infection+ patients were related to 30-day, in
      hospital mortality. RESULTS: The non-partitioning approach was not informative:
      in both study I and study II, the leukocyte data intervals of non-survivors and
      survivors overlapped. In contrast, the combinatorial method distinguished two
      subsets that, later, showed twofold (or larger) differences in mortality. While
      the two subsets did not differ in gender, age, microbial species, or
      antimicrobial resistance, they revealed different immune profiles. Non-infected,
      SIRS-negative individuals did not express the high-mortality profile.
      Longitudinal data from septic patients displayed the pattern associated with the
      highest mortality within the first 24 h post-admission. Suggesting inflammation
      coexisted with immunosuppression, one high-mortality sub-subset displayed high
      neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio values and low lymphocyte percents. A second high
      mortality subset showed monocyte-mediated deficiencies. Numerous within- and
      between-subset comparisons revealed statistically significantly different immune
      profiles. CONCLUSION: While the analysis of non-partitioned data can result in
      information loss, complex (combinatorial) data structures can uncover hidden
      patterns, which guide data partitioning into subsets that differ in mortality
      rates and immune profiles. Such information can facilitate diagnostics,
      monitoring of disease dynamics, and evaluation of subset-specific, patient
      specific therapies.

PMID- 27375618
TI  - The Cellular Bases of Antibody Responses during Dengue Virus Infection.
AB  - Dengue virus (DENV) is one of the most significant human viral pathogens
      transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause from an asymptomatic disease to mild
      undifferentiated fever, classical dengue, and severe dengue. Neutralizing memory
      antibody (Ab) responses are one of the most important mechanisms that counteract
      reinfections and are therefore the main aim of vaccination. However, it has also
      been proposed that in dengue, some of these class-switched (IgG) memory Abs might
      worsen the disease. Although these memory Abs derive from B cells by T-cell
      dependent processes, we know rather little about the (acute, chronic, or memory)
      B cell responses and the complex cellular mechanisms generating these Abs during
      DENV infections. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive
      perspective of the B cell responses during DENV infection, starting since the
      very early events such as the cutaneous DENV entrance and the arrival into
      draining lymph nodes, to the putative B cell activation, proliferation, and
      germinal centers (GCs) formation (the source of affinity-matured class-switched
      memory Abs), till the outcome of GC reactions such as the generation of
      plasmablasts, Ab-secreting plasma cells, and memory B cells. We discuss topics
      very poorly explored such as the possibility of B cell infection by DENV or even
      activation-induced B cell death. The current information about the nature of the
      Ab responses to DENV is also illustrated. 

PMID- 27375619
TI  - PTSD, a Disorder with an Immunological Component.
AB  - Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with an inflammatory
      state. However, few studies have addressed the mechanisms underlying this immune
      imbalance that favors inflammation or how this imbalance contributes to PTSD.
      Whether the immune imbalance influences responsiveness or unresponsiveness of
      patients to PTSD treatments is currently not known. This review brings forward an
      immune emphasis to a mental health disorder that is unprecedented in its
      prevalence among combat Veterans of the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan
      and which also afflicts civilians who have undergone extreme traumatic
      experiences, such as following natural disasters, serious accidents, or assaults.
      Included is an overview of the correlative associations in human subjects between
      PTSD and inflammation and studies in animal models of PTSD, demonstrating causal
      contributions of inflammation and immune dysregulation to PTSD-like behavior
      following stress exposure. 

PMID- 27375621
TI  - Editorial: The Emerging Role of Monocyte-Derived Cells in the Central Nervous
      System.

PMID- 27375622
TI  - Atypical Chemokine Receptors and Their Roles in the Resolution of the
      Inflammatory Response.
AB  - Chemokines and their receptors are key mediators of the inflammatory process
      regulating leukocyte extravasation and directional migration into inflamed and
      infected tissues. The control of chemokine availability within inflamed tissues
      is necessary to attain a resolving environment and when this fails chronic
      inflammation ensues. Accordingly, vertebrates have adopted a number of mechanisms
      for removing chemokines from inflamed sites to help precipitate resolution. Over
      the past 15 years, it has become apparent that essential players in this process
      are the members of the atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) family. Broadly
      speaking, this family is expressed on stromal cell types and scavenges chemokines
      to either limit their spatial availability or to remove them from in vivo sites.
      Here, we provide a brief review of these ACKRs and discuss their involvement in
      the resolution of inflammatory responses and the therapeutic implications of our
      current knowledge. 

PMID- 27375623
TI  - Peptidylarginine Deiminase Inhibitor Suppresses Neutrophil Extracellular Trap
      Formation and MPO-ANCA Production.
AB  - Myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA)-associated
      vasculitis is a systemic small-vessel vasculitis, wherein, MPO-ANCA plays a
      critical role in the pathogenesis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released
      from activated neutrophils are composed of extracellular web-like DNA and
      antimicrobial proteins, including MPO. Diverse stimuli, such as phorbol myristate
      acetate (PMA) and ligands of toll-like receptors (TLR), induce NETs. Although TLR
      mediated NET formation can occur with preservation of living neutrophilic
      functions (called vital NETosis), PMA-stimulated neutrophils undergo cell death
      with NET formation (called suicidal NETosis). In the process of suicidal NETosis,
      histones are citrullinated by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4). Since this
      step is necessary for decondensation of DNA, PAD4 plays a pivotal role in
      suicidal NETosis. Although NETs are essential for elimination of microorganisms,
      excessive formation of NETs has been suggested to be implicated in MPO-ANCA
      production. This study aimed to determine if pan-PAD inhibitors could suppress
      MPO-ANCA production in vivo. At first, NETs were induced in peripheral blood
      neutrophils derived from healthy donors (1 * 10(6)/ml) by stimulation with 20 nM
      PMA with or without 20 MUM propylthiouracil (PTU), an anti-thyroid drug. We then
      determined that the in vitro NET formation was inhibited completely by 200 MUM Cl
      amidine, a pan-PAD inhibitor. Next, we established mouse models with MPO-ANCA
      production. BALB/c mice were given intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of PMA (50 ng
      at days 0 and 7) and oral PTU (2.5 mg/day) for 2 weeks. These mice were divided
      into two groups; the first group was given daily i.p. injection of PBS (200
      MUl/day) (n = 13) and the other group with daily i.p. injection of Cl-amidine
      (0.3 mg/200 MUl PBS/day) (n = 7). Two weeks later, citrullination as an indicator
      of NET formation in the peritoneum and serum MPO-ANCA titer was compared between
      the two groups. Results demonstrated that citrullination in the peritoneum was
      significantly reduced in the Cl-amidine-treated mice compared with the vehicle
      injected control mice (38% reduction). Additionally, the serum MPO-ANCA titer of
      the Cl-amidine-treated mice (32.3 +/- 31.0 ng/ml) was significantly lower than
      that in the vehicle-injected mice (132.1 +/- 41.6 ng/ml). The collective findings
      indicate that excessive formation of NETs may be implicated in MPO-ANCA
      production in vivo. 

PMID- 27375620
TI  - Molecular Mechanisms for cAMP-Mediated Immunoregulation in T cells - Role of
      Anchored Protein Kinase A Signaling Units.
AB  - The cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway is one of the most common and
      versatile signal pathways in eukaryotic cells. A-kinase anchoring proteins
      (AKAPs) target PKA to specific substrates and distinct subcellular compartments
      providing spatial and temporal specificity for mediation of biological effects
      channeled through the cAMP/PKA pathway. In the immune system, cAMP is a potent
      negative regulator of T cell receptor-mediated activation of effector T cells
      (Teff) acting through a proximal PKA/Csk/Lck pathway anchored via a scaffold
      consisting of the AKAP Ezrin holding PKA, the linker protein EBP50, and the
      anchoring protein phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched
      microdomains holding Csk. As PKA activates Csk and Csk inhibits Lck, this pathway
      in response to cAMP shuts down proximal T cell activation. This immunomodulating
      pathway in Teff mediates clinically important responses to regulatory T cell
      (Treg) suppression and inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs),
      adrenergic stimuli, adenosine, and a number of other ligands. A major inducer of
      T cell cAMP levels is PG E2 (PGE2) acting through EP2 and EP4 prostanoid
      receptors. PGE2 plays a crucial role in the normal physiological control of
      immune homeostasis as well as in inflammation and cancer immune evasion.
      Peripherally induced Tregs express cyclooxygenase-2, secrete PGE2, and elicit the
      immunosuppressive cAMP pathway in Teff as one tumor immune evasion mechanism.
      Moreover, a cAMP increase can also be induced by indirect mechanisms, such as
      intercellular transfer between T cells. Indeed, Treg, known to have elevated
      levels of intracellular cAMP, may mediate their suppressive function by
      transferring cAMP to Teff through gap junctions, which we speculate could also be
      regulated by PKA/AKAP complexes. In this review, we present an updated overview
      on the influence of cAMP-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms acting through
      localized cAMP signaling and the therapeutical increasing prospects of AKAPs
      disruptors in T-cell immune function. 

PMID- 27375624
TI  - Unique Transcompartmental Bridge: Antigen-Presenting Cells Sampling across
      Endothelial and Mucosal Barriers.
AB  - Potentially harmful pathogens can gain access to tissues and organ systems
      through body sites that are in direct contact with the outside environment, such
      as the skin, the gut, and the airway mucosa. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
      represent a bridge between the innate and adaptive immunity, and their capacity
      for constant immune surveillance and rapid sampling of incoming pathogens and
      other potentially harmful antigens is central for mounting an effective and
      robust protective host response. The classical view is that APCs perform this
      task efficiently within the tissue to sense invading agents intra
      compartmentally. However, recent data based on high resolution imaging support an
      additional transcompartmental surveillance behavior by APC by reaching across
      intact physical barriers. In this review, we summarize intravital microscopic
      evidences of APC to sample antigens transcompartmentally at the gut mucosa and
      other body sites. 

PMID- 27375625
TI  - Meteorological Drivers of Extremes in Daily Stem Radius Variations of Beech, Oak,
      and Pine in Northeastern Germany: An Event Coincidence Analysis.
AB  - Observed recent and expected future increases in frequency and intensity of
      climatic extremes in central Europe may pose critical challenges for domestic
      tree species. Continuous dendrometer recordings provide a valuable source of
      information on tree stem radius variations, offering the possibility to study a
      tree's response to environmental influences at a high temporal resolution. In
      this study, we analyze stem radius variations (SRV) of three domestic tree
      species (beech, oak, and pine) from 2012 to 2014. We use the novel statistical
      approach of event coincidence analysis (ECA) to investigate the simultaneous
      occurrence of extreme daily weather conditions and extreme SRVs, where extremes
      are defined with respect to the common values at a given phase of the annual
      growth period. Besides defining extreme events based on individual meteorological
      variables, we additionally introduce conditional and joint ECA as new
      multivariate extensions of the original methodology and apply them for testing
      105 different combinations of variables regarding their impact on SRV extremes.
      Our results reveal a strong susceptibility of all three species to the extremes
      of several meteorological variables. Yet, the inter-species differences regarding
      their response to the meteorological extremes are comparatively low. The obtained
      results provide a thorough extension of previous correlation-based studies by
      emphasizing on the timings of climatic extremes only. We suggest that the
      employed methodological approach should be further promoted in forest research
      regarding the investigation of tree responses to changing environmental
      conditions. 

PMID- 27375626
TI  - Metabolic Fate of the Carboxyl Groups of Malate and Pyruvate and their Influence
      on delta(13)C of Leaf-Respired CO2 during Light Enhanced Dark Respiration.
AB  - The enhanced CO2 release of illuminated leaves transferred into darkness, termed
      "light enhanced dark respiration (LEDR)", is often associated with an increase in
      the carbon isotope ratio of the respired CO2 (delta(13)CLEDR). The latter has
      been hypothesized to result from different respiratory substrates and
      decarboxylation reactions in various metabolic pathways, which are poorly
      understood so far. To provide a better insight into the underlying metabolic
      processes of delta(13)CLEDR, we fed position-specific (13)C-labeled malate and
      pyruvate via the xylem stream to leaves of species with high and low
      delta(13)CLEDR values (Halimium halimifolium and Oxalis triangularis,
      respectively). During respective label application, we determined label-derived
      leaf (13)CO2 respiration using laser spectroscopy and the (13)C allocation to
      metabolic fractions during light-dark transitions. Our results clearly show that
      both carboxyl groups (C-1 and C-4 position) of malate similarly influence
      respiration and metabolic fractions in both species, indicating possible isotope
      randomization of the carboxyl groups of malate by the fumarase reaction. While C
      2 position of pyruvate was only weakly respired, the species-specific difference
      in natural delta(13)CLEDR patterns were best reflected by the (13)CO2 respiration
      patterns of the C-1 position of pyruvate. Furthermore, (13)C label from malate
      and pyruvate were mainly allocated to amino and organic acid fractions in both
      species and only little to sugar and lipid fractions. In summary, our results
      suggest that respiration of both carboxyl groups of malate (via fumarase) by
      tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions or by NAD-malic enzyme influences
      delta(13)CLEDR. The latter supplies the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction, which in
      turn determines natural delta(13)CLEDR pattern by releasing the C-1 position of
      pyruvate. 

PMID- 27375627
TI  - Identification and Characterization of Five BAHD Acyltransferases Involved in
      Hydroxycinnamoyl Ester Metabolism in Chicory.
AB  - Chicory (Cichorium intybus) accumulates caffeic acid esters with important
      significance for human health. In this study, we aim at a better understanding of
      the biochemical pathway of these bioactive compounds. Detailed metabolic analysis
      reveals that C. intybus predominantly accumulates caftaric and chicoric acids in
      leaves, whereas isochlorogenic acid (3,5-diCQA) was almost exclusively
      accumulated in roots. Chlorogenic acid (3-CQA) was equally distributed in all
      organs. Interestingly, distribution of the four compounds was related to leaf
      age. Induction with methyljasmonate (MeJA) of root cell suspension cultures
      results in an increase of 3-CQA and 3,5-diCQA contents. Expressed sequence tag
      libraries were screened using members of the BAHD family identified in
      Arabidopsis and tobacco as baits. The full-length cDNAs of five genes were
      isolated. Predicted amino acid sequence analyses revealed typical features of
      BAHD family members. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant proteins
      expressed in Escherichia coli showed that two genes encode HCTs (hydroxycinnamoyl
      CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferases, HCT1 and HCT2) whereas, three
      genes encode HQTs (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferases,
      HQT1, HQT2, and HQT3). These results totally agreed with the phylogenetic
      analysis done with the predicted amino acid sequences. Quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression indicated that HQT3, HCT1,
      and HCT2 might be more directly associated with CQA accumulation in cell culture
      in response to MeJA elicitation. Transient expression of HCT1 and HQT1 in tobacco
      resulted in a higher production of 3-CQA. All together these data confirm the
      involvement of functionally redundant genes in 3-CQA and related compound
      synthesis in the Asteraceae family. 

PMID- 27375628
TI  - 3D Surface Reconstruction of Plant Seeds by Volume Carving: Performance and
      Accuracies.
AB  - We describe a method for 3D reconstruction of plant seed surfaces, focusing on
      small seeds with diameters as small as 200 MUm. The method considers robotized
      systems allowing single seed handling in order to rotate a single seed in front
      of a camera. Even though such systems feature high position repeatability, at sub
      millimeter object scales, camera pose variations have to be compensated. We do
      this by robustly estimating the tool center point from each acquired image. 3D
      reconstruction can then be performed by a simple shape-from-silhouette approach.
      In experiments we investigate runtimes, theoretically achievable accuracy,
      experimentally achieved accuracy, and show as a proof of principle that the
      proposed method is well sufficient for 3D seed phenotyping purposes. 

PMID- 27375629
TI  - Metabolomic and Proteomic Profiles Reveal the Dynamics of Primary Metabolism
      during Seed Development of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera).
AB  - Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) belongs to the Nelumbonaceae family. Its seeds
      are widely consumed in Asian countries as snacks or even medicine. Besides the
      market value, lotus seed also plays a crucial role in the lotus life cycle.
      Consequently, it is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of the
      development of lotus seed. During its development, lotus seed undergoes cell
      division, expansion, reserve accumulation, desiccation, and maturation phases. We
      observed morphological and biochemical changes from 10 to 25 days after
      pollination (DAP) which corresponded to the reserve synthesis and accumulation
      phase. The volume of the seed expanded until 20 DAP with the color of the seed
      coat changing from yellow-green to dark green and gradually fading again. Starch
      and protein rapidly accumulated from 15 to 20 DAP. To further reveal metabolic
      adaptation, primary metabolites and proteins profiles were obtained using mass
      spectrometry based platforms. Metabolites and enzymes involved in sugar
      metabolism, glycolysis, TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism showed sequential
      dynamics enabling the clear separation of the different metabolic states during
      lotus seed development. The integration of the data revealed a highly significant
      metabolic switch at 15 DAP going through a transition of metabolically highly
      active tissue to the preparation of storage tissue. The results provide a
      reference data set for the evaluation of primary metabolism during lotus seed
      development. 

PMID- 27375630
TI  - Effects of Spatial Patch Arrangement and Scale of Covarying Resources on Growth
      and Intraspecific Competition of a Clonal Plant.
AB  - Spatial heterogeneity in two co-variable resources such as light and water
      availability is common and can affect the growth of clonal plants. Several
      studies have tested effects of spatial heterogeneity in the supply of a single
      resource on competitive interactions of plants, but none has examined those of
      heterogeneous distribution of two co-variable resources. In a greenhouse
      experiment, we grew one (without intraspecific competition) or nine isolated
      ramets (with competition) of a rhizomatous herb Iris japonica under a homogeneous
      environment and four heterogeneous environments differing in patch arrangement
      (reciprocal and parallel patchiness of light and soil water) and patch scale
      (large and small patches of light and water). Intraspecific competition
      significantly decreased the growth of I. japonica, but at the whole container
      level there were no significant interaction effects of competition by spatial
      heterogeneity or significant effect of heterogeneity on competitive intensity.
      Irrespective of competition, the growth of I. japonica in the high and the low
      water patches did not differ significantly in the homogeneous treatments, but it
      was significantly larger in the high than in the low water patches in the
      heterogeneous treatments with large patches. For the heterogeneous treatments
      with small patches, the growth of I. japonica was significantly larger in the
      high than in the low water patches in the presence of competition, but such an
      effect was not significant in the absence of competition. Furthermore, patch
      arrangement and patch scale significantly affected competitive intensity at the
      patch level. Therefore, spatial heterogeneity in light and water supply can alter
      intraspecific competition at the patch level and such effects depend on patch
      arrangement and patch scale. 

PMID- 27375631
TI  - Is Wortmannin-Induced Reorganization of the trans-Golgi Network the Key to
      Explain Charasome Formation?
AB  - Wortmannin, a fungal metabolite and an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3)
      and phosphatidylinositol-4 (PI4) kinases, is widely used for the investigation
      and dissection of vacuolar trafficking routes and for the identification of
      proteins located at multivesicular bodies (MVBs). In this study, we applied
      wortmannin on internodal cells of the characean green alga Chara australis.
      Wortmannin was used at concentrations of 25 and 50 MUM which, unlike in other
      cells, arrested neither constitutive, nor wounding-induced endocytosis via coated
      vesicles. Wortmannin caused the formation of "mixed compartments" consisting of
      MVBs and membranous tubules which were probably derived from the trans-Golgi
      network (TGN) and within these compartments MVBs fused into larger organelles.
      Most interestingly, wortmannin also caused pronounced changes in the morphology
      of the TGNs. After transient hypertrophy, the TGNs lost their coat and formed
      compact, three-dimensional meshworks of anastomosing tubules containing a central
      core. These meshworks had a size of up to 4 MUm and a striking resemblance to
      charasomes, which are convoluted plasma membrane domains, and which serve to
      increase the area available for transporters. Our findings indicate that similar
      mechanisms are responsible for the formation of charasomes and the wortmannin
      induced reorganization of the TGN. We hypothesize that both organelles grow
      because of a disturbance of clathrin-dependent membrane retrieval due to
      inhibition of PI3 and/or PI4 kinases. This leads to local inhibition of clathrin
      mediated endocytosis during charasome formation in untreated cells and to
      inhibition of vesicle release from the TGN in wortmannin-treated cells,
      respectively. The morphological resemblance between charasomes and wortmannin
      modified TGN compartments suggests that homologous proteins are involved in
      membrane curvature and organelle architecture. 

PMID- 27375632
TI  - Genomic Tools in Cowpea Breeding Programs: Status and Perspectives.
AB  - Cowpea is one of the most important grain legumes in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It
      provides strong support to the livelihood of small-scale farmers through its
      contributions to their nutritional security, income generation and soil fertility
      enhancement. Worldwide about 6.5 million metric tons of cowpea are produced
      annually on about 14.5 million hectares. The low productivity of cowpea is
      attributable to numerous abiotic and biotic constraints. The abiotic stress
      factors comprise drought, low soil fertility, and heat while biotic constraints
      include insects, diseases, parasitic weeds, and nematodes. Cowpea farmers also
      have limited access to quality seeds of improved varieties for planting. Some
      progress has been made through conventional breeding at international and
      national research institutions in the last three decades. Cowpea improvement
      could also benefit from modern breeding methods based on molecular genetic tools.
      A number of advances in cowpea genetic linkage maps, and quantitative trait loci
      associated with some desirable traits such as resistance to Striga, Macrophomina,
      Fusarium wilt, bacterial blight, root-knot nematodes, aphids, and foliar thrips
      have been reported. An improved consensus genetic linkage map has been developed
      and used to identify QTLs of additional traits. In order to take advantage of
      these developments single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping is being
      streamlined to establish an efficient workflow supported by genotyping support
      service (GSS)-client interactions. About 1100 SNPs mapped on the cowpea genome
      were converted by LGC Genomics to KASP assays. Several cowpea breeding programs
      have been exploiting these resources to implement molecular breeding, especially
      for MARS and MABC, to accelerate cowpea variety improvement. The combination of
      conventional breeding and molecular breeding strategies, with workflow managed
      through the CGIAR breeding management system (BMS), promises an increase in the
      number of improved varieties available to farmers, thereby boosting cowpea
      production and productivity in SSA. 

PMID- 27375633
TI  - The Potential of Hyperspectral Patterns of Winter Wheat to Detect Changes in Soil
      Microbial Community Composition.
AB  - Reliable information on soil status and crop health is crucial for detecting and
      mitigating disasters like pollution or minimizing impact from soil-borne
      diseases. While infestation with an aggressive soil pathogen can be detected via
      reflected light spectra, it is unknown to what extent hyperspectral reflectance
      could be used to detect overall changes in soil biodiversity. We tested the
      hypotheses that spectra can be used to (1) separate plants growing with microbial
      communities from different farms; (2) to separate plants growing in different
      microbial communities due to different land use; and (3) separate plants
      according to microbial species loss. We measured hyperspectral reflectance
      patterns of winter wheat plants growing in sterilized soils inoculated with
      microbial suspensions under controlled conditions. Microbial communities varied
      due to geographical distance, land use and microbial species loss caused by
      serial dilution. After 3 months of growth in the presence of microbes from the
      two different farms plant hyperspectral reflectance patterns differed
      significantly from each other, while within farms the effects of land use via
      microbes on plant reflectance spectra were weak. Species loss via dilution on the
      other hand affected a number of spectral indices for some of the soils. Spectral
      reflectance can be indicative of differences in microbial communities, with the
      Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index the most common responding index. Also,
      a positive correlation was found between the Normalized Difference Vegetation
      Index and the bacterial species richness, which suggests that plants perform
      better with higher microbial diversity. There is considerable variation between
      the soil origins and currently it is not possible yet to make sufficient reliable
      predictions about the soil microbial community based on the spectral reflectance.
      We conclude that measuring plant hyperspectral reflectance has potential for
      detecting changes in microbial communities yet due to its sensitivity high
      replication is necessary and a strict sampling design to exclude other 'noise'
      factors. 

PMID- 27375634
TI  - WRKY Transcription Factors: Molecular Regulation and Stress Responses in Plants.
AB  - Plants in their natural habitat have to face multiple stresses simultaneously.
      Evolutionary adaptation of developmental, physiological, and biochemical
      parameters give advantage over a single window of stress but not multiple. On the
      other hand transcription factors like WRKY can regulate diverse responses through
      a complicated network of genes. So molecular orchestration of WRKYs in plant may
      provide the most anticipated outcome of simultaneous multiple responses.
      Activation or repression through W-box and W-box like sequences is regulated at
      transcriptional, translational, and domain level. Because of the tight regulation
      involved in specific recognition and binding of WRKYs to downstream promoters,
      they have become promising candidate for crop improvement. Epigenetic, retrograde
      and proteasome mediated regulation enable WRKYs to attain the dynamic cellular
      homeostatic reprograming. Overexpression of several WRKYs face the paradox of
      having several beneficial affects but with some unwanted traits. These
      overexpression-associated undesirable phenotypes need to be identified and
      removed for proper growth, development and yeild. Taken together, we have
      highlighted the diverse regulation and multiple stress response of WRKYs in
      plants along with the future prospects in this field of research. 

PMID- 27375636
TI  - Improving Rice Zinc Biofortification Success Rates Through Genetic and Crop
      Management Approaches in a Changing Environment.
AB  - Though rice is the predominant source of energy and micronutrients for more than
      half of the world population, it does not provide enough zinc (Zn) to match human
      nutritional requirements. Moreover, climate change, particularly rising
      atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, reduces the grain Zn concentration.
      Therefore, rice biofortification has been recognized as a key target to increase
      the grain Zn concentration to address global Zn malnutrition. Major bottlenecks
      for Zn biofortification in rice are identified as low Zn uptake, transport and
      loading into the grain; however, environmental and genetic contributions to grain
      Zn accumulation in rice have not been fully explored. In this review, we
      critically analyze the key genetic, physiological and environmental factors that
      determine Zn uptake, transport and utilization in rice. We also explore the
      genetic diversity of rice germplasm to develop new genetic tools for Zn
      biofortification. Lastly, we discuss the strategic use of Zn fertilizer for
      developing biofortified rice. 

PMID- 27375637
TI  - Plasticity in Vulnerability to Cavitation of Pinus canariensis Occurs Only at the
      Driest End of an Aridity Gradient.
AB  - Water availability has been considered one of the crucial drivers of species
      distribution. However, the increasing of temperatures and more frequent water
      shortages could overcome the ability of long-lived species to cope with rapidly
      changing conditions. Growth and survival of natural populations adapted to a
      given site, transferred and tested in other environments as part of provenance
      trials, can be interpreted as a simulation of ambient changes at the original
      location. We compare the intraspecific variation and the relative contribution of
      plasticity to adaptation of key functional traits related to drought resistance:
      vulnerability to cavitation, efficiency of the xylem to conduct water and biomass
      allocation. We use six populations of Canary Island pine growing in three
      provenance trials (wet, dry, and xeric). We found that the variability for
      hydraulic traits was largely due to phenotypic plasticity, whereas, genetic
      variation was limited and almost restricted to hydraulic safety traits and
      survival. Trees responded to an increase in climate dryness by lowering growth,
      and increasing leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity by means of increasing the
      Huber value. Vulnerability to cavitation only showed a plastic response in the
      driest provenance trial located in the ecological limit of the species. This
      trait was more tightly correlated with annual precipitation, drought length, and
      temperature oscillation at the origin of the populations than hydraulic
      efficiency or the Huber value. Vulnerability to cavitation was directly related
      to survival in the dry and the xeric provenance trials, illustrating its
      importance in determining drought resistance. In a new climatic scenario where
      more frequent and intense droughts are predicted, the magnitude of extreme events
      together with the fact that plasticity of cavitation resistance is only shown in
      the very dry limit of the species could hamper the capacity to adapt and buffer
      against environmental changes of some populations growing in dry locations. 

PMID- 27375635
TI  - Exploiting Phenylpropanoid Derivatives to Enhance the Nutraceutical Values of
      Cereals and Legumes.
AB  - Phenylpropanoids are a diverse chemical class with immense health benefits that
      are biosynthesized from the aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine. This article
      reviews the progress for accessing variation in phenylpropanoids in germplasm
      collections, the genetic and molecular basis of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and
      the development of cultivars dense in seed-phenylpropanoids. Progress is also
      reviewed on high-throughput assays, factors that influence phenylpropanoids, the
      site of phenylpropanoids accumulation in seed, Genotype * Environment
      interactions, and on consumer attitudes for the acceptance of staple foods rich
      in phenylpropanoids. A paradigm shift was noted in barley, maize, rice, sorghum,
      soybean, and wheat, wherein cultivars rich in phenylpropanoids are grown in
      Europe and North and Central America. Studies have highlighted some biological
      constraints that need to be addressed for development of high-yielding cultivars
      that are rich in phenylpropanoids. Genomics-assisted breeding is expected to
      facilitate rapid introgression into improved genetic backgrounds by minimizing
      linkage drag. More research is needed to systematically characterize germplasm
      pools for assessing variation to support crop genetic enhancement, and assess
      consumer attitudes to foods rich in phenylpropanoids. 

PMID- 27375638
TI  - Identification of Circular RNAs from the Parental Genes Involved in Multiple
      Aspects of Cellular Metabolism in Barley.
AB  - RNA circularization made by head-to-tail back-splicing events is involved in the
      regulation of gene expression from transcriptional to post-translational levels.
      By exploiting RNA-Seq data and down-stream analysis, we shed light on the
      importance of circular RNAs in plants. The results introduce circular RNAs as
      novel interactors in the regulation of gene expression in plants and imply the
      comprehensiveness of this regulatory pathway by identifying circular RNAs for a
      diverse set of genes. These genes are involved in several aspects of cellular
      metabolism as hormonal signaling, intracellular protein sorting, carbohydrate
      metabolism and cell-wall biogenesis, respiration, amino acid biosynthesis,
      transcription and translation, and protein ubiquitination. Additionally, these
      parental loci of circular RNAs, from both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes,
      encode for different transcript classes including protein coding transcripts,
      microRNA, rRNA, and long non-coding/microprotein coding RNAs. The results shed
      light on the mitochondrial exonic circular RNAs and imply the importance of
      circular RNAs for regulation of mitochondrial genes. Importantly, we introduce
      circular RNAs in barley and elucidate their cellular-level alterations across
      tissues and in response to micronutrients iron and zinc. In further support of
      circular RNAs' functional roles in plants, we report several cases where
      fluctuations of circRNAs do not correlate with the levels of their parental-loci
      encoded linear transcripts. 

PMID- 27375639
TI  - Root Foraging Performance and Life-History Traits.
AB  - Plants use their roots to forage for nutrients in heterogeneous soil
      environments, but different plant species vastly differ in the intensity of
      foraging they perform. This diversity suggests the existence of constraints on
      foraging at the species level. We therefore examined the relationships between
      the intensity of root foraging and plant body traits across species in order to
      estimate the degree of coordination between plant body traits and root foraging
      as a form of plant behavior. We cultivated 37 perennial herbaceous Central
      European species from open terrestrial habitats in pots with three different
      spatial gradients of nutrient availability (steep, shallow, and no gradient). We
      assessed the intensity of foraging as differences in root placement inside pots
      with and without a spatial gradient of resource supply. For the same set of
      species, we retrieved data about body traits from available databases: maximum
      height at maturity, mean area of leaf, specific leaf area, shoot lifespan,
      ability to self-propagate clonally, maximal lateral spread (in clonal plants
      only), realized vegetative growth in cultivation, and realized seed regeneration
      in cultivation. Clonal plants and plants with extensive vegetative growth showed
      considerably weaker foraging than their non-clonal or slow-growing counterparts.
      There was no phylogenetic signal in the amount of expressed root foraging
      intensity. Since clonal plants foraged less than non-clonals and foraging
      intensity did not seem to be correlated with species phylogeny, we hypothesize
      that clonal growth itself (i.e., the ability to develop at least partly self
      sustaining ramets) may be an answer to soil heterogeneity. Whereas unitary plants
      use roots as organs specialized for both resource acquisition and transport to
      overcome spatial heterogeneity in resource supply, clonal plants separate these
      two functions. Becoming a clonal plant allows higher specialization at the organ
      level, since a typical clonal plant can be viewed as a network of self
      sustainable harvesting units connected together with specialized high-throughput
      connection organs. This may be an effective alternative for coping with spatial
      heterogeneity in resource availability. 

PMID- 27375640
TI  - Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Studies of Gene Expression in
      Preharvest and Postharvest Longan Fruits under Different Experimental Conditions.
AB  - Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) as the accurate and sensitive
      method is use for gene expression analysis, but the veracity and reliability
      result depends on whether select appropriate reference gene or not. To date,
      several reliable reference gene validations have been reported in fruits trees,
      but none have been done on preharvest and postharvest longan fruits. In this
      study, 12 candidate reference genes, namely, CYP, RPL, GAPDH, TUA, TUB, Fe-SOD,
      Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, 18SrRNA, Actin, Histone H3, and EF-1a, were selected.
      Expression stability of these genes in 150 longan samples was evaluated and
      analyzed using geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. Preharvest samples consisted of
      seven experimental sets, including different developmental stages, organs,
      hormone stimuli (NAA, 2,4-D, and ethephon) and abiotic stresses (bagging and
      girdling with defoliation). Postharvest samples consisted of different
      temperature treatments (4 and 22 degrees C) and varieties. Our findings indicate
      that appropriate reference gene(s) should be picked for each experimental
      condition. Our data further showed that the commonly used reference gene Actin
      does not exhibit stable expression across experimental conditions in longan.
      Expression levels of the DlACO gene, which is a key gene involved in regulating
      fruit abscission under girdling with defoliation treatment, was evaluated to
      validate our findings. In conclusion, our data provide a useful framework for
      choice of suitable reference genes across different experimental conditions for
      RT-qPCR analysis of preharvest and postharvest longan fruits. 

PMID- 27375641
TI  - Quantitative Wood Anatomy-Practical Guidelines.
AB  - Quantitative wood anatomy analyzes the variability of xylem anatomical features
      in trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species to address research questions related to
      plant functioning, growth, and environment. Among the more frequently considered
      anatomical features are lumen dimensions and wall thickness of conducting cells,
      fibers, and several ray properties. The structural properties of each xylem
      anatomical feature are mostly fixed once they are formed, and define to a large
      extent its functionality, including transport and storage of water, nutrients,
      sugars, and hormones, and providing mechanical support. The anatomical features
      can often be localized within an annual growth ring, which allows to establish
      intra-annual past and present structure-function relationships and its
      sensitivity to environmental variability. However, there are many methodological
      challenges to handle when aiming at producing (large) data sets of xylem
      anatomical data. Here we describe the different steps from wood sample collection
      to xylem anatomical data, provide guidance and identify pitfalls, and present
      different image-analysis tools for the quantification of anatomical features, in
      particular conducting cells. We show that each data production step from sample
      collection in the field, microslide preparation in the lab, image capturing
      through an optical microscope and image analysis with specific tools can readily
      introduce measurement errors between 5 and 30% and more, whereby the magnitude
      usually increases the smaller the anatomical features. Such measurement errors-if
      not avoided or corrected-may make it impossible to extract meaningful xylem
      anatomical data in light of the rather small range of variability in many
      anatomical features as observed, for example, within time series of individual
      plants. Following a rigid protocol and quality control as proposed in this paper
      is thus mandatory to use quantitative data of xylem anatomical features as a
      powerful source for many research topics. 

PMID- 27375642
TI  - Lights Off for Arbuscular Mycorrhiza: On Its Symbiotic Functioning under Light
      Deprivation.
AB  - Plants are often exposed to shade over different time scales and this may
      substantially affect not only their own growth, but also development and
      functioning of the energetically dependent organisms. Among those, the root
      symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia represent
      particularly important cases-on the one hand, they consume a significant share of
      plant carbon (C) budget and, on the other, they generate a number of important
      nutritional feedbacks on their plant hosts, often resulting in a net positive
      effect on their host growth and/or fitness. Here we discuss our previous results
      comparing mycorrhizal performance under different intensities and durations of
      shade (Konvalinkova et al., 2015) in a broader context of previously published
      literature. Additionally, we review publicly available knowledge on the root
      colonization and mycorrhizal growth responses in AM plants under light
      deprivation. Experimental evidence shows that sudden and intensive decrease of
      light availability to a mycorrhizal plant triggers rapid deactivation of
      phosphorus transfer from the AM fungus to the plant already within a few days,
      implying active and rapid response of the AM fungus to the energetic status of
      its plant host. When AM plants are exposed to intensive shading on longer time
      scales (weeks to months), positive mycorrhizal growth responses (MGR) are often
      decreasing and may eventually become negative. This is most likely due to the
      high C cost of the symbiosis relative to the C availability, and failure of
      plants to fully compensate for the fungal C demand under low light. Root
      colonization by AM fungi often declines under low light intensities, although the
      active role of plants in regulating the extent of root colonization has not yet
      been unequivocally demonstrated. Quantitative information on the rates and
      dynamics of C transfer from the plant to the fungus is mostly missing, as is the
      knowledge on the involved molecular mechanisms. Therefore, these subjects deserve
      particular attention in the future. 

PMID- 27375644
TI  - Non-matrix Matched Glass Disk Calibration Standards Improve XRF Micronutrient
      Analysis of Wheat Grain across Five Laboratories in India.
AB  - Within the HarvestPlus program there are many collaborators currently using X-Ray
      Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy to measure Fe and Zn in their target crops. In
      India, five HarvestPlus wheat collaborators have laboratories that conduct this
      analysis and their throughput has increased significantly. The benefits of using
      XRF are its ease of use, minimal sample preparation and high throughput analysis.
      The lack of commercially available calibration standards has led to a need for
      alternative calibration arrangements for many of the instruments. Consequently,
      the majority of instruments have either been installed with an electronic
      transfer of an original grain calibration set developed by a preferred lab, or a
      locally supplied calibration. Unfortunately, neither of these methods has been
      entirely successful. The electronic transfer is unable to account for small
      variations between the instruments, whereas the use of a locally provided
      calibration set is heavily reliant on the accuracy of the reference analysis
      method, which is particularly difficult to achieve when analyzing low levels of
      micronutrient. Consequently, we have developed a calibration method that uses non
      matrix matched glass disks. Here we present the validation of this method and
      show this calibration approach can improve the reproducibility and accuracy of
      whole grain wheat analysis on 5 different XRF instruments across the HarvestPlus
      breeding program. 

PMID- 27375643
TI  - Haplotypes of the TaGS5-A1 Gene Are Associated with Thousand-Kernel Weight in
      Chinese Bread Wheat.
AB  - In previous work, we cloned TaGS5 gene and found the association of TaGS5-A1
      alleles with agronomic traits. In this study, the promoter sequence of the TaGS5
      A1 gene was isolated from bread wheat. Sequencing results revealed that a G
      insertion was found in position -1925 bp of the TaGS5-A1 gene (Reference to ATG),
      which occurred in the Sp1 domain of the promoter sequence. Combined with previous
      single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TaGS5-A1 exon sequence, four
      genotypes were formed at the TaGS5-A1 locus and were designated as TaGS5-A1a-a,
      TaGS5-A1a-b, TaGS5-A1b-a, and TaGS5-A1b-b, respectively. Analysis of the
      association of TaGS5-A1 alleles with agronomic traits indicated that cultivars
      with the TaGS5-A1a-b allele possessed significantly higher thousand-kernel weight
      (TKW) and lower plant height than cultivars with the TaGS5-A1a-a allele, and
      cultivars with the TaGS5-A1b-b allele showed higher TKW than cultivars with the
      TaGS5-A1b-a allele. The differences of these traits between the TaGS5-A1a-a and
      TaGS5-A1a-b alleles were larger than those of the TaGS5-A1b-a and TaGS5-A1b-b
      alleles, suggesting that the -1925G insertion plays the more important role in
      TaGS5-A1a genotypes than in TaGS5-A1b genotypes. qRT-PCR indicated that TaGS5-A1b
      b possessed the significantly highest expression level among four TaGS5-A1
      haplotypes in mature seeds and further showed a significantly higher expression
      level than TaGS5-A1b-a at five different developmental stages of the seeds,
      suggesting that high expression of TaGS5-A1 was positively associated with high
      TKW in bread wheat. This study could provide a relatively superior genotype in
      view of TKW in wheat breeding programs and could also provide important
      information for dissection of the regulatory mechanism of the yield-related
      traits. 

PMID- 27375645
TI  - Field-Grown Grapevine Berries Use Carotenoids and the Associated Xanthophyll
      Cycles to Acclimate to UV Exposure Differentially in High and Low Light (Shade)
      Conditions.
AB  - Light quantity and quality modulate grapevine development and influence berry
      metabolic processes. Here we studied light as an information signal for
      developing and ripening grape berries. A Vitis vinifera Sauvignon Blanc field
      experiment was used to identify the impacts of UVB on core metabolic processes in
      the berries under both high light (HL) and low light (LL) microclimates. The
      primary objective was therefore to identify UVB-specific responses on berry
      processes and metabolites and distinguish them from those responses elicited by
      variations in light incidence. Canopy manipulation at the bunch zone via early
      leaf removal, combined with UVB-excluding acrylic sheets installed over the bunch
      zones resulted in four bunch microclimates: (1) HL (control); (2) LL (control);
      (3) HL with UVB attenuation and (4) LL with UVB attenuation. Metabolite profiles
      of three berry developmental stages showed predictable changes to known UV
      responsive compound classes in a typical UV acclimation (versus UV damage)
      response. Interestingly, the berries employed carotenoids and the associated
      xanthophyll cycles to acclimate to UV exposure and the berry responses differed
      between HL and LL conditions, particularly in the developmental stages where
      berries are still photosynthetically active. The developmental stage of the
      berries was an important factor to consider in interpreting the data. The green
      berries responded to the different exposure and/or UVB attenuation signals with
      metabolites that indicate that the berries actively managed its metabolism in
      relation to the exposure levels, displaying metabolic plasticity in the
      photosynthesis-related metabolites. Core processes such as photosynthesis, photo
      inhibition and acclimation were maintained by differentially modulating
      metabolites under the four treatments. Ripe berries also responded metabolically
      to the light quality and quantity, but mostly formed compounds (volatiles and
      polyphenols) that have direct antioxidant and/or "sunscreening" abilities. The
      data presented for the green berries and those for the ripe berries conform to
      what is known for UVB and/or light stress in young, active leaves and older,
      senescing tissues respectively and provide scope for further evaluation of the
      sink/source status of fruits in relation to photosignalling and/or stress
      management. 

PMID- 27375646
TI  - Genetic Diversity and Elite Allele Mining for Grain Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa
      L.) by Association Mapping.
AB  - Mining elite alleles for grain size and weight is of importance for the
      improvement of cultivated rice and selection for market demand. In this study,
      association mapping for grain traits was performed on a selected sample of 628
      rice cultivars using 262 SSRs. Grain traits were evaluated by grain length (GL),
      grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT), grain length to width ratio (GL/GW), and
      1000-grain weight (TGW) in 2013 and 2014. Our result showed abundant phenotypic
      and genetic diversities found in the studied population. In total, 2953 alleles
      were detected with an average of 11.3 alleles per locus. The population was
      divided into seven subpopulations and the levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD)
      ranged from 34 to 84 cM. Genome-wide association mapping detected 10 marker trait
      association (MTAs) loci for GL, 1MTAs locus for GW, 7 MTAs loci for GT, 3 MTAs
      loci for GL/GW, and 1 MTAs locus for TGW. Twenty-nine, 2, 10, 5, and 3 elite
      alleles were found for the GL, GW, GT, GL/GW, and TGW, respectively. Optimal
      cross designs were predicted for improving the target traits. The accessions
      containing elite alleles for grain traits mined in this study could be used for
      breeding rice cultivars and cloning the candidate genes. 

PMID- 27375647
TI  - Expression Profiles, Characterization and Function of HbTCTP in Rubber Tree
      (Hevea brasiliensis).
AB  - As a highly conserved protein, the translationally controlled tumor protein
      (TCTP) carries out vital roles in various life processes. In rubber tree, two
      TCTP genes, HbTCTP and HbTCTP1, were cloned, but only HbTCTP1 was studied in
      details. In this study, cis-acting regulatory elements, expression patterns,
      subcellular localization, interacting proteins, and antioxidant activity of
      HbTCTP were systematically analyzed. Besides the common cis-acting regulatory
      elements, HbTCTP promoter also harbored various known cis-elements that respond
      to hormone/stresses. Being consistent with the aforementioned results, HbTCTP was
      regulated by drought, low temperature, high salt, ethylene (ET), wounding, H2O2,
      and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments. HbTCTP was expressed throughout different
      tissues and developmental stages of leaves. In addition, HbTCTP was associated
      with tapping panel dryness (TPD). HbTCTP was localized in the membrane, cytoplasm
      and the nucleus, and interacted with four proteins rubber elongation factor
      (REF), 17.5 kDa heat shock family protein, annexin, and REF-like stress related
      protein 1. Being similar to HbTCTP1, HbTCTP also indicated antioxidant activity
      in metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) system. Our results are useful for further
      understanding the molecular characterization and expression profiles of HbTCTP,
      but also lay a solid foundation for elucidating the function of HbTCTP in rubber
      tree. 

PMID- 27375648
TI  - Quinoa Seed Quality Response to Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Salinity.
AB  - Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is an Andean crop with an edible seed that
      both contains high protein content and provides high quality protein with a
      balanced amino acid profile in embryonic tissues. Quinoa is a halophyte adapted
      to harsh environments with highly saline soil. In this study, four quinoa
      varieties were grown under six salinity treatments and two levels of
      fertilization, and then evaluated for quinoa seed quality characteristics,
      including protein content, seed hardness, and seed density. Concentrations of 8,
      16, and 32 dS m(-1) of NaCl and Na2SO4, were applied to the soil medium across
      low (1 g N, 0.29 g P, 0.29 g K per pot) and high (3 g N, 0.85 g P, 0.86 g K per
      pot) fertilizer treatments. Seed protein content differed across soil salinity
      treatments, varieties, and fertilization levels. Protein content of quinoa grown
      under salinized soil ranged from 13.0 to 16.7%, comparable to that from non
      saline conditions. NaCl and Na2SO4 exhibited different impacts on protein
      content. Whereas the different concentrations of NaCl did not show differential
      effects on protein content, the seed from 32 dS m(-1) Na2SO4 contained the
      highest protein content. Seed hardness differed among varieties, and was
      moderately influenced by salinity level (P = 0.09). Seed density was affected
      significantly by variety and Na2SO4 concentration, but was unaffected by NaCl
      concentration. The samples from 8 dS m(-1) Na2SO4 soil had lower density (0.66
      g/cm(3)) than those from 16 dS m(-1) and 32 dS m(-1) Na2SO4, 0.74 and
      0.72g/cm(3), respectively. This paper identifies changes in critical seed quality
      traits of quinoa as influenced by soil salinity and fertility, and offers
      insights into variety response and choice across different abiotic stresses in
      the field environment. 

PMID- 27375650
TI  - Wheat Phenological Development and Growth Studies As Affected by Drought and Late
      Season High Temperature Stress under Arid Environment.
AB  - This study evaluates the potential for adaptability and tolerance of wheat
      genotypes (G) to an arid environment. We examined the influence of drought stress
      (DS) (100, 75, and 50% field capacity), planting times (PT) (16-November, 01
      December, 16-December and 01-January), and G (Yocoro Rojo, FKAU-10, Faisalabad
      08, and Galaxy L-7096) on phenological development, growth indices, grain yield,
      and water use efficiency of drip-irrigated wheat. Development measured at five
      phenological growth stages (GS) (tillering, jointing, booting, heading, and
      maturity) and growth indices 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after sowing (DAS) were also
      correlated with final grain yield. Tillering occurred earlier in DS plots, to a
      maximum of 31 days. Days to complete 50% heading and physiological crop maturity
      were the most susceptible GS that denoted 31-72% reduction in number of days to
      complete these GS at severe DS. Wheat G grown with severe DS had the shortest
      grain filling duration. Genotype Fsd-08 presented greater adaptability to studied
      arid climate and recorded 31, 35, and 38% longer grain filling period as compared
      with rest of the G at 100-50% field capacity respectively. December sowing
      mitigated the drought and delayed planting effects by producing superior growth
      and yield (2162 kg ha(-1)) at severe DS. Genotypes Fsd-08 and L-7096 attained the
      minimum plant height (36 cm) and the shortest growth cycle (76 days) for January
      planting with 50% field capacity. At severe DS leaf area index, dry matter
      accumulation, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate were decreased by 67,
      57, 34, and 38% as compared to non-stressed plots. Genotypes Fsd-08 and F-10 were
      the superior ones and secured 14-17% higher grain yield than genotype YR for
      severely stressed plots. The correlation between crop growth indices and grain
      yield depicted the highest value (0.58-0.71) at 60-75 DAS. So the major
      contribution of these growth indices toward grain yield was at the start of
      reproductive phase. It's clear that booting and grain filling are the most
      sensitive GS that are severely affected by both drought and delay in planting. 

PMID- 27375651
TI  - Ecophysiological Modeling of Grapevine Water Stress in Burgundy Terroirs by a
      Machine-Learning Approach.
AB  - In a climate change scenario, successful modeling of the relationships between
      plant-soil-meteorology is crucial for a sustainable agricultural production,
      especially for perennial crops. Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv Chardonnay)
      located in eight experimental plots (Burgundy, France) along a hillslope were
      monitored weekly for 3 years for leaf water potentials, both at predawn (Psipd)
      and at midday (Psistem). The water stress experienced by grapevine was modeled as
      a function of meteorological data (minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall) and
      soil characteristics (soil texture, gravel content, slope) by a gradient boosting
      machine. Model performance was assessed by comparison with carbon isotope
      discrimination (delta(13)C) of grape sugars at harvest and by the use of a test
      set. The developed models reached outstanding prediction performance (RMSE < 0.08
      MPa for Psistem and < 0.06 MPa for Psipd), comparable to measurement accuracy.
      Model predictions at a daily time step improved correlation with delta(13)C data,
      respect to the observed trend at a weekly time scale. The role of each predictor
      in these models was described in order to understand how temperature, rainfall,
      soil texture, gravel content and slope affect the grapevine water status in the
      studied context. This work proposes a straight-forward strategy to simulate plant
      water stress in field condition, at a local scale; to investigate ecological
      relationships in the vineyard and adapt cultural practices to future conditions. 

PMID- 27375649
TI  - Nod Factor Effects on Root Hair-Specific Transcriptome of Medicago truncatula:
      Focus on Plasma Membrane Transport Systems and Reactive Oxygen Species Networks.
AB  - Root hairs are involved in water and nutrient uptake, and thereby in plant
      autotrophy. In legumes, they also play a crucial role in establishment of
      rhizobial symbiosis. To obtain a holistic view of Medicago truncatula genes
      expressed in root hairs and of their regulation during the first hours of the
      engagement in rhizobial symbiotic interaction, a high throughput RNA sequencing
      on isolated root hairs from roots challenged or not with
      lipochitooligosaccharides Nod factors (NF) for 4 or 20 h was carried out. This
      provided a repertoire of genes displaying expression in root hairs, responding or
      not to NF, and specific or not to legumes. In analyzing the transcriptome
      dataset, special attention was paid to pumps, transporters, or channels active at
      the plasma membrane, to other proteins likely to play a role in nutrient ion
      uptake, NF electrical and calcium signaling, control of the redox status or the
      dynamic reprogramming of root hair transcriptome induced by NF treatment, and to
      the identification of papilionoid legume-specific genes expressed in root hairs.
      About 10% of the root hair expressed genes were significantly up- or down
      regulated by NF treatment, suggesting their involvement in remodeling plant
      functions to allow establishment of the symbiotic relationship. For instance, NF
      induced changes in expression of genes encoding plasma membrane transport systems
      or disease response proteins indicate that root hairs reduce their involvement in
      nutrient ion absorption and adapt their immune system in order to engage in the
      symbiotic interaction. It also appears that the redox status of root hair cells
      is tuned in response to NF perception. In addition, 1176 genes that could be
      considered as "papilionoid legume-specific" were identified in the M. truncatula
      root hair transcriptome, from which 141 were found to possess an ortholog in
      every of the six legume genomes that we considered, suggesting their involvement
      in essential functions specific to legumes. This transcriptome provides a
      valuable resource to investigate root hair biology in legumes and the roles that
      these cells play in rhizobial symbiosis establishment. These results could also
      contribute to the long-term objective of transferring this symbiotic capacity to
      non-legume plants. 

PMID- 27375652
TI  - Fighting Asian Soybean Rust.
AB  - Phakopsora pachyrhizi is a biotrophic fungus provoking SBR disease. SBR poses a
      major threat to global soybean production. Though several R genes provided
      soybean immunity to certain P. pachyrhizi races, the pathogen swiftly overcame
      this resistance. Therefore, fungicides are the only current means to control SBR.
      However, insensitivity to fungicides is soaring in P. pachyrhizi and, therefore,
      alternative measures are needed for SBR control. In this article, we discuss the
      different approaches for fighting SBR and their potential, disadvantages, and
      advantages over other measures. These encompass conventional breeding for SBR
      resistance, transgenic approaches, exploitation of transcription factors,
      secondary metabolites, and antimicrobial peptides, RNAi/HIGS, and biocontrol
      strategies. It seems that an integrating approach exploiting different measures
      is likely to provide the best possible means for the effective control of SBR. 

PMID- 27375653
TI  - Stable Water Use Efficiency under Climate Change of Three Sympatric Conifer
      Species at the Alpine Treeline.
AB  - The ability of treeline associated conifers in the Central Alps to cope with
      recent climate warming and increasing CO2 concentration is still poorly
      understood. We determined tree ring stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of
      Pinus cembra, Picea abies, and Larix decidua trees from 1975 to 2010. Stable
      isotope ratios were compared with leaf level gas exchange measurements carried
      out in situ between 1979 and 2007. Results indicate that tree ring derived
      intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) of P. cembra, P. abies and L. decidua
      remained constant during the last 36 years despite climate warming and rising
      atmospheric CO2. Temporal patterns in Delta(13)C and Delta(18)O mirrored leaf
      level gas exchange assessments, suggesting parallel increases of CO2-fixation and
      stomatal conductance of treeline conifer species. As at the study site soil water
      availability was not a limiting factor iWUE remained largely stable throughout
      the study period. The stability in iWUE was accompanied by an increase in basal
      area increment (BAI) suggesting that treeline trees benefit from both recent
      climate warming and CO2 fertilization. Finally, our results suggest that iWUE may
      not change species composition at treeline in the Austrian Alps due to similar
      ecophysiological responses to climatic changes of the three sympatric study
      species. 

PMID- 27375654
TI  - Low Temperature Affects Stem Cell Maintenance in Brassica oleracea Seedlings.
AB  - Most of the above ground tissues in higher plants originate from stem cells
      located in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). Several plant species can suffer from
      spontaneous stem cell arrest resulting in lack of further shoot development. In
      Brassica oleracea this SAM arrest is known as blindness and occurs in an
      unpredictable manner leading to considerable economic losses for plant raisers
      and farmers. Detailed analyses of seedlings showed that stem cell arrest is
      triggered by low temperatures during germination. To induce this arrest
      reproducibly and to study the effect of the environment, an assay was developed.
      The role of genetic variation on the susceptibility to develop blind seedlings
      was analyzed by a quantitative genetic mapping approach, using seeds from a
      double haploid population from a cross between broccoli and Chinese kale,
      produced at three locations. The analysis revealed, besides an effect of the seed
      production location, a region on linkage group C3 associated with blindness
      sensitivity. A subsequent dynamic genome-wide transcriptome analysis resulted in
      the identification of around 3000 differentially expressed genes early after
      blindness induction. A large number of cell cycle genes were en masse induced
      early during the development of blindness, whereas shortly after, all were down
      regulated. This miss-regulation of core cell cycle genes is accompanied with a
      strong reduction of cells reaching the DNA replication phase. From the
      differentially expressed genes, 90 were located in the QTL region C3. Among them
      are two genes belonging to the MINICHROMOSOMAL MAINTENANCE gene family, known to
      be involved in DNA replication, a RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED gene, a key regulator
      for cell cycle initiation, and several MutS homologs genes, involved in DNA
      repair. These genes are potential candidates for being involved in the
      development of blindness in Brassica oleracea sensitive genotypes. 

PMID- 27375655
TI  - De novo Assembly and Characterization of the Fruit Transcriptome of Idesia
      polycarpa Reveals Candidate Genes for Lipid Biosynthesis.
AB  - Idesia polycarpa, is a valuable oilseed-producing tree of the Flacourtiaceae
      family that has the potential to fulfill edible oil production and is also a
      possible biofuel feedstock. The fruit is unique in that it contains both
      saturated and unsaturated lipids present in pericarp and seed, respectively.
      However, triglyceride synthesis and storage in tissues outside of the seeds has
      been poorly studied in previous researches. To gain insight into the unique
      properties of I. polycarpa fruit lipid synthesis, biochemical, and transcriptomic
      approaches were used to compare the lipid accumulation between pericarp and seed
      of the fruit. Lipid accumulation rates, final lipid content and composition were
      significantly different between two tissues. Furthermore, we described the
      annotated transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis
      generated from the pericarp and seed tissues. The data allowed the identification
      of distinct candidate genes and reconstruction of lipid pathways, which may
      explain the differences of oil synthesis between the two tissues. The results may
      be useful for engineering alternative pathways for lipid production in non-seed
      or vegetative tissues. 

PMID- 27375656
TI  - Marker-Trait Association for Biomass Yield of Potential Bio-fuel Feedstock
      Miscanthus sinensis from Southwest China.
AB  - As a great potential bio-fuel feedstock, the genus Miscanthus has been widely
      studied around the world, especially Miscanthus * giganteus owing to its high
      biomass yield in Europe and North America. However, the narrow genetic basis and
      sterile characteristics of M. * giganteus have become a limitation for
      utilization and adaptation to extreme climate conditions. In this study, we
      focused on one of the progenitors of M. * giganteus, Miscanthus sinensis, which
      was originally distributed in East Asia with abundant genetic resources and
      comparable biomass yield potential to M. * giganteus in some areas. A collection
      of 138 individuals was selected for conducting a 3-year trial of biomass
      production and analyzed by using 104 pairs of SRAP, ISAP, and SSR primers for
      genetic diversity as well as marker-trait association. Significant differences in
      biomass yield and related traits were observed among individuals. Tiller number,
      fresh biomass yield per plant and dry biomass yield per plant had a high level of
      phenotypic variation among individuals and the coefficient of variation were all
      above 40% in 2011, 2012, and 2013. The majority of the traits had a significant
      correlation with the biomass yield except for the length and width of flag
      leaves. Plant height was a highly stable trait correlated with biomass yield. A
      total of 1059 discernible loci were detected by markers across individuals. The
      population structure (Q) and cluster analyses identified three subpopulations in
      the collection and family relative kinship (K) represented high gene flow among
      M. sinensis populations from Southwest China. Model testing identified that Q+K
      was the best model for describing the associations between the markers and
      traits, compared to the simple linear, Q or K model. Using the Q+K model, 12
      significant associations (P < 0.001) were identified including four markers with
      plant height and one with biomass yield. Such associations would serve an
      efficient tool for an early selection of M. sinensis and facilitate a genetic
      improvement of biomass yield for this species. 

PMID- 27375657
TI  - Extensive Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage Structure.
AB  - Hydrated Arabidopsis thaliana seeds are coated by a gelatinous layer called
      mucilage, which is mainly composed of cell wall polysaccharides. Since mucilage
      is rich in pectin, its architecture can be visualized with the ruthenium red (RR)
      dye. We screened the seeds of around 280 Arabidopsis natural accessions for
      variation in mucilage structure, and identified a large number of novel variants
      that differed from the Col-0 wild-type. Most of the accessions released smaller
      RR-stained capsules compared to the Col-0 reference. By biochemically
      characterizing the phenotypes of 25 of these accessions in greater detail, we
      discovered that distinct changes in polysaccharide structure resulted in
      gelatinous coatings with a deceptively similar appearance. Monosaccharide
      composition analysis of total mucilage extracts revealed a remarkable variation
      (from 50 to 200% of Col-0 levels) in the content of galactose and mannose, which
      are important subunits of heteromannan. In addition, most of the natural variants
      had altered Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4B staining of cellulose and significantly
      reduced birefringence of crystalline structures. This indicates that the
      production or organization of cellulose may be affected by the presence of
      different amounts of hemicellulose. Although, the accessions described in this
      study were primarily collected from Western Europe, they form five different
      phenotypic classes based on the combined results of our experiments. This
      suggests that polymorphisms at multiple loci are likely responsible for the
      observed mucilage structure. The transcription of MUCILAGE-RELATED10 (MUCI10),
      which encodes a key enzyme for galactoglucomannan synthesis, was severely reduced
      in multiple variants that phenocopied the muci10-1 insertion mutant. Although, we
      could not pinpoint any causal polymorphisms in this gene, constitutive expression
      of fluorescently-tagged MUCI10 proteins complemented the mucilage defects of a
      muci10-like accession. This leads us to hypothesize that some accessions might
      disrupt a transcriptional regulator of MUCI10. Therefore, this collection of
      publicly-available variants should provide insight into plant cell wall
      organization and facilitate the discovery of genes that regulate polysaccharide
      biosynthesis. 

PMID- 27375658
TI  - Natural Allelic Variations in Highly Polyploidy Saccharum Complex.
AB  - Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is an important sugar and biofuel crop with high
      polyploid and complex genomes. The Saccharum complex, comprised of Saccharum
      genus and a few related genera, are important genetic resources for sugarcane
      breeding. A large amount of natural variation exists within the Saccharum
      complex. Though understanding their allelic variation has been challenging, it is
      critical to dissect allelic structure and to identify the alleles controlling
      important traits in sugarcane. To characterize natural variations in Saccharum
      complex, a target enrichment sequencing approach was used to assay 12
      representative germplasm accessions. In total, 55,946 highly efficient probes
      were designed based on the sorghum genome and sugarcane unigene set targeting a
      total of 6 Mb of the sugarcane genome. A pipeline specifically tailored for
      polyploid sequence variants and genotype calling was established. BWA-mem and
      sorghum genome approved to be an acceptable aligner and reference for sugarcane
      target enrichment sequence analysis, respectively. Genetic variations including
      1,166,066 non-redundant SNPs, 150,421 InDels, 919 gene copy number variations,
      and 1,257 gene presence/absence variations were detected. SNPs from three
      different callers (Samtools, Freebayes, and GATK) were compared and the
      validation rates were nearly 90%. Based on the SNP loci of each accession and
      their ploidy levels, 999,258 single dosage SNPs were identified and most loci
      were estimated as largely homozygotes. An average of 34,397 haplotype blocks for
      each accession was inferred. The highest divergence time among the Saccharum spp.
      was estimated as 1.2 million years ago (MYA). Saccharum spp. diverged from
      Erianthus and Sorghum approximately 5 and 6 MYA, respectively. The target
      enrichment sequencing approach provided an effective way to discover and catalog
      natural allelic variation in highly polyploid or heterozygous genomes. 

PMID- 27375659
TI  - Complex Physiological Response of Norway Spruce to Atmospheric Pollution -
      Decreased Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Unchanged Tree Biomass Increment.
AB  - Atmospheric pollution critically affects forest ecosystems around the world by
      directly impacting the assimilation apparatus of trees and indirectly by altering
      soil conditions, which subsequently also leads to changes in carbon cycling. To
      evaluate the extent of the physiological effect of moderate level sulfate and
      reactive nitrogen acidic deposition, we performed a retrospective
      dendrochronological analysis of several physiological parameters derived from
      periodic measurements of carbon stable isotope composition ((13)C discrimination,
      intercellular CO2 concentration and intrinsic water use efficiency) and annual
      diameter increments (tree biomass increment, its inter-annual variability and
      correlation with temperature, cloud cover, precipitation and Palmer drought
      severity index). The analysis was performed in two mountain Norway spruce (Picea
      abies) stands of the Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic, central Europe), where
      moderate levels of pollution peaked in the 1970s and 1980s and no evident impact
      on tree growth or link to mortality has been reported. The significant influence
      of pollution on trees was expressed most sensitively by a 1.880/00 reduction of
      carbon isotope discrimination (Delta(13)C). The effects of atmospheric pollution
      interacted with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature. As a
      result, we observed no change in intercellular CO2 concentrations (Ci), an abrupt
      increase in water use efficiency (iWUE) and no change in biomass increment, which
      could also partly result from changes in carbon partitioning (e.g., from below-
      to above-ground). The biomass increment was significantly related to Delta(13)C
      on an individual tree level, but the relationship was lost during the pollution
      period. We suggest that this was caused by a shift from the dominant influence of
      the photosynthetic rate to stomatal conductance on Delta(13)C during the
      pollution period. Using biomass increment-climate correlation analyses, we did
      not identify any clear pollution-related change in water stress or photosynthetic
      limitation (since biomass increment did not become more sensitive to
      drought/precipitation or temperature/cloud cover, respectively). Therefore, we
      conclude that the direct effect of moderate pollution on stomatal conductance was
      likely the main driver of the observed physiological changes. This mechanism
      probably caused weakening of the spruce trees and increased sensitivity to other
      stressors. 

PMID- 27375661
TI  - Drought Stress Predominantly Endures Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae
      Infection.
AB  - Plant responses to a combination of drought and bacterial pathogen infection, an
      agronomically important and altogether a new stress, are not well-studied. While
      occurring concurrently, these two stresses can lead to synergistic or
      antagonistic effects on plants due to stress-interaction. It is reported that
      plant responses to the stress combinations consist of both strategies, unique to
      combined stress and those shared between combined and individual stresses.
      However, the combined stress response mechanisms governing stress interaction and
      net impact are largely unknown. In order to study these adaptive strategies, an
      accurate and convenient methodology is lacking even in model plants like
      Arabidopsis thaliana. The gradual nature of drought stress imposition protocol
      poses a hindrance in simultaneously applying pathogen infection under laboratory
      conditions to achieve combined stress. In present study we aimed to establish
      systematic combined stress protocol and to study physiological responses of the
      plants to various degrees of combined stress. Here, we have comprehensively
      studied the impact of combined drought and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000
      infection on A. thaliana. Further, by employing different permutations of drought
      and pathogen stress intensities, an attempt was made to dissect the contribution
      of each individual stress effects during their concurrence. We hereby present two
      main aspects of combined stress viz., stress interaction and net impact of the
      stress on plants. Mainly, this study established a systematic protocol to assess
      the impact of combined drought and bacterial pathogen stress. It was observed
      that as a result of net impact, some physiological responses under combined
      stress are tailored when compared to the plants exposed to individual stresses.
      We also infer that plant responses under combined stress in this study are
      predominantly influenced by the drought stress. Our results show that pathogen
      multiplication was reduced by drought stress in combined stressed plants.
      Combined stressed plants also displayed reduced ROS generation and declined cell
      death which could be attributed to activation of effective basal defense
      responses. We hypothesize a model on ABA mediated gene regulation to partly
      explain the possible mechanistic basis for reduced in planta bacterial numbers
      under combined stress over individual pathogen stress. 

PMID- 27375660
TI  - Role of Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation System in Plant Biology.
AB  - Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation is an important mechanism to control
      protein load in the cells. Ubiquitin binds to a protein on lysine residue and
      usually promotes its degradation through 26S proteasome system. Abnormal proteins
      and regulators of many processes, are targeted for degradation by the ubiquitin
      proteasome system. It allows cells to maintain the response to cellular level
      signals and altered environmental conditions. The ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal
      degradation system plays a key role in the plant biology, including abiotic
      stress, immunity, and hormonal signaling by interfering with key components of
      these pathways. The involvement of the ubiquitin system in many vital processes
      led scientists to explore more about the ubiquitin machinery and most importantly
      its targets. In this review, we have summarized recent discoveries of the plant
      ubiquitin system and its involvement in critical processes of plant biology. 

PMID- 27375662
TI  - Editorial: Transport in Plant Microbe Interactions.

PMID- 27375663
TI  - Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis in Non
      Heading Chinese Cabbage Flowers.
AB  - Non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis Makino) is an important
      vegetable member of Brassica rapa crops. It exhibits a typical sporophytic self
      incompatibility (SI) system and is an ideal model plant to explore the mechanism
      of SI. Gene expression research are frequently used to unravel the complex
      genetic mechanism and in such studies appropriate reference selection is vital.
      Validation of reference genes have neither been conducted in Brassica rapa
      flowers nor in SI trait. In this study, 13 candidate reference genes were
      selected and examined systematically in 96 non-heading Chinese cabbage flower
      samples that represent four strategic groups in compatible and self-incompatible
      lines of non-heading Chinese cabbage. Two RT-qPCR analysis software, geNorm and
      NormFinder, were used to evaluate the expression stability of these genes
      systematically. Results revealed that best-ranked references genes should be
      selected according to specific sample subsets. DNAJ, UKN1, and PP2A were
      identified as the most stable reference genes among all samples. Moreover, our
      research further revealed that the widely used reference genes, CYP and ACP, were
      the least suitable reference genes in most non-heading Chinese cabbage flower
      sample sets. To further validate the suitability of the reference genes
      identified in this study, the expression level of SRK and Exo70A1 genes which
      play important roles in regulating interaction between pollen and stigma were
      studied. Our study presented the first systematic study of reference gene(s)
      selection for SI study and provided guidelines to obtain more accurate RT-qPCR
      results in non-heading Chinese cabbage. 

PMID- 27375665
TI  - Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Potential Iron Fertilizer for Peanut (Arachis
      hypogaea).
AB  - Nanomaterials are used in practically every aspect of modern life, including
      agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of iron
      oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) as a fertilizer to replace traditional Fe
      fertilizers, which have various shortcomings. The effects of the Fe2O3 NPs and a
      chelated-Fe fertilizer (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-Fe; EDTA-Fe) fertilizer
      on the growth and development of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), a crop that is very
      sensitive to Fe deficiency, were studied in a pot experiment. The results showed
      that Fe2O3 NPs increased root length, plant height, biomass, and SPAD values of
      peanut plants. The Fe2O3 NPs promoted the growth of peanut by regulating
      phytohormone contents and antioxidant enzyme activity. The Fe contents in peanut
      plants with Fe2O3 NPs and EDTA-Fe treatments were higher than the control group.
      We used energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to quantitatively analyze Fe
      in the soil. Peanut is usually cultivated in sandy soil, which is readily leached
      of fertilizers. However, the Fe2O3 NPs adsorbed onto sandy soil and improved the
      availability of Fe to the plants. Together, these results show that Fe2O3 NPs can
      replace traditional Fe fertilizers in the cultivation of peanut plants. To the
      best of our knowledge, this is the first research on the Fe2O3 NPs as the iron
      fertilizer. 

PMID- 27375666
TI  - Crossing Methods and Cultivation Conditions for Rapid Production of Segregating
      Populations in Three Grain Amaranth Species.
AB  - Grain amaranths (Amaranthus spp.) have been cultivated for thousands of years in
      Central and South America. Their grains are of high nutritional value, but the
      low yield needs to be increased by selection of superior genotypes from
      genetically diverse breeding populations. Amaranths are adapted to harsh
      conditions and can be cultivated on marginal lands although little is known about
      their physiology. The development of controlled growing conditions and efficient
      crossing methods is important for research on and improvement of this ancient
      crop. Grain amaranth was domesticated in the Americas and is highly self
      fertilizing with a large inflorescence consisting of thousands of very small
      flowers. We evaluated three different crossing methods (open pollination, hot
      water emasculation and hand emasculation) for their efficiency in amaranth and
      validated them with genetic markers. We identified cultivation conditions that
      allow an easy control of flowering time by day length manipulation and achieved
      flowering times of 4 weeks and generation times of 2 months. All three different
      crossing methods successfully produced hybrid F1 offspring, but with different
      success rates. Open pollination had the lowest (10%) and hand emasculation the
      highest success rate (74%). Hot water emasculation showed an intermediate success
      rate (26%) with a maximum of 94% success. It is simple to perform and suitable
      for a more large-scale production of hybrids. We further evaluated 11 single
      nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and found that they were sufficient to
      validate all crosses of the genotypes used in this study for intra- and
      interspecific hybridizations. Despite its very small flowers, crosses in amaranth
      can be carried out efficiently and evaluated with inexpensive SNP markers.
      Suitable growth conditions strongly reduce the generation time and allow the
      control of plant height, flowering time, and seed production. In combination,
      this enables the rapid production of segregating populations which makes amaranth
      an attractive model for basic plant research but also facilitates further the
      improvement of this ancient crop by plant breeding. 

PMID- 27375664
TI  - Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulatory Network Underlying Biotic Stress
      Resistance in Plants.
AB  - Biotic stress factors pose a major threat to plant health and can significantly
      deteriorate plant productivity by impairing the physiological functions of the
      plant. To combat the wide range of pathogens and insect herbivores, plants deploy
      converging signaling pathways, where counteracting activities of protein kinases
      and phosphatases form a basic mechanism for determining appropriate defensive
      measures. Recent studies have identified Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a
      crucial component that controls pathogenesis responses in various plant species.
      Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches have underscored the versatile
      nature of PP2A, which contributes to the regulation of receptor signaling,
      organellar signaling, gene expression, metabolic pathways, and cell death, all of
      which essentially impact plant immunity. Associated with this, various PP2A
      subunits mediate post-translational regulation of metabolic enzymes and signaling
      components. Here we provide an overview of protein kinase/phosphatase functions
      in plant immunity signaling, and position the multifaceted functions of PP2A in
      the tightly inter-connected regulatory network that controls the perception,
      signaling and responding to biotic stress agents in plants. 

PMID- 27375667
TI  - Lack of H(+)-pyrophosphatase Prompts Developmental Damage in Arabidopsis Leaves
      on Ammonia-Free Culture Medium.
AB  - The plant vacuolar H(+)-pyrophosphatase (H(+)-PPase) functions as a proton pump
      coupled with the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi). Loss-of-function mutants
      (fugu5s and vhp1) of the H(+)-PPase of Arabidopsis thaliana show clear
      morphological phenotypes in the cotyledons, caused by inhibition of
      gluconeogenesis from seed storage lipids due to excessive accumulation of PPi. In
      this study, we investigated the phenotypes of the fugu5 and vhp1 mutants during
      vegetative growth under a specific nitrogen nutritional regime. When nitrate in
      the culture medium was the sole nitrogen source, growth of the mutant rosette
      leaves was severely compromised. Interestingly, trypan blue staining revealed
      notable cell death at the leaf blade-petiole junctions of young leaves, a region
      known to have meristematic features. Physical contact of the leaf tip with the
      culture medium also triggered leaf atrophy, suggesting that absorption of some
      elements through the hydathodes was probably involved in this phenotype.
      Prevention of such leaf-medium contact resulted in a marked decrease in phosphate
      content in the shoots, and suppressed leaf atrophy. Furthermore, fugu5 necrotic
      symptoms were rescued completely by heterologous expression of yeast cytosolic
      soluble pyrophosphatase IPP1 or uncoupling-type H(+)-PPases that retained only
      PPi-hydrolysis activity, indicating that the damage of actively proliferating
      cells was caused by the loss of the PPi-hydrolyzing function of H(+)-PPase.
      Importantly, cell death and growth defects of the fugu5 leaves were suppressed
      completely by the simple addition of ammonium (>1 mM) to the culture medium. The
      PPi content in the shoots of fugu5 grown on ammonium-free medium was 70% higher
      than that of the wild type, and PPi levels were restored to normal upon growth on
      ammonium-supplemented medium. Together, these findings suggest that the PPi
      hydrolyzing activity of H(+)-PPase is essential to maintain the PPi contents at
      optimal levels when grown on ammonium-free culture medium, and any direct contact
      of the leaves with the culture medium may raise PPi levels in the leaves through
      increased phosphate uptake. 

PMID- 27375668
TI  - Stover Composition in Maize and Sorghum Reveals Remarkable Genetic Variation and
      Plasticity for Carbohydrate Accumulation.
AB  - Carbohydrates stored in vegetative organs, particularly stems, of grasses are a
      very important source of energy. We examined carbohydrate accumulation in adult
      sorghum and maize hybrids with distinct phenology and different end uses (grain,
      silage, sucrose or sweetness in stalk juice, and biomass). Remarkable variation
      was observed for non-structural carbohydrates and structural polysaccharides
      during three key developmental stages both between and within hybrids developed
      for distinct end use in both species. At the onset of the reproductive phase
      (average 65 days after planting, DAP), a wide range for accumulation of non
      structural carbohydrates (free glucose and sucrose combined), was observed in
      internodes of maize (11-24%) and sorghum (7-36%) indicating substantial variation
      for transient storage of excess photosynthate during periods of low grain or
      vegetative sink strength. Remobilization of these reserves for supporting grain
      fill or vegetative growth was evident from lower amounts in maize (8-19%) and
      sorghum (9-27%) near the end of the reproductive period (average 95 DAP). At
      physiological maturity of grain hybrids (average 120 DAP), amounts of these
      carbohydrates were generally unchanged in maize (9-21%) and sorghum (16-27%)
      suggesting a loss of photosynthetic assimilation due to weakening sink demand.
      Nonetheless, high amounts of non-structural carbohydrates at maturity even in
      grain maize and sorghum (15-18%) highlight the potential for developing dual
      purpose (grain/stover) crops. For both species, the amounts of structural
      polysaccharides in the cell wall, measured as monomeric components (glucose and
      pentose), decreased during grain fill but remained unchanged thereafter with
      maize biomass possessing slightly higher amounts than sorghum. Availability of
      carbohydrates in maize and sorghum highlights the potential for developing energy
      rich dedicated biofuel or dual-purpose (grain/stover) crops. 

PMID- 27375669
TI  - Characterization and Expression Analysis of PtAGL24, a SHORT VEGETATIVE
      PHASE/AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (SVP/AGL24)-Type MADS-Box Gene from Trifoliate Orange
      (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.).
AB  - The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in perennial woody plants
      does not occur until after several years of repeated seasonal changes and
      alternative growth. To better understand the molecular basis of flowering
      regulation in citrus, a MADS-box gene was isolated from trifoliate orange
      (precocious trifoliate orange, Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.). Sequence alignment
      and phylogenetic analysis showed that the MADS-box gene is more closely related
      to the homologs of the AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24) lineage than to any of the other
      MADS-box lineages known from Arabidopsis; it is named PtAGL24. Expression
      analysis indicated that PtAGL24 was widely expressed in the most organs of
      trifoliate orange, with the higher expression in mature flowers discovered by
      real-time PCR. Ectopic expression of PtAGL24 in wild-type Arabidopsis promoted
      early flowering and caused morphological changes in class I transgenic
      Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that PtAGL24 interacted with
      Arabidopsis AtAGL24 and other partners of AtAGL24, suggesting that the abnormal
      morphology of PtAGL24 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis was likely due to
      the inappropriate interactions between exogenous and endogenous proteins. Also,
      PtAGL24 interacted with SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (PtSOC1) and
      APETALA1 (PtAP1) of citrus. These results suggest that PtAGL24 may play an
      important role in the process of floral transition but may have diverse functions
      in citrus development. 

PMID- 27375670
TI  - Blue Light-Induced Intracellular Movement of Phototropins: Functional Relevance
      or Red Herring?

PMID- 27375671
TI  - Gene Mapping of a Mutant Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Using New Molecular Markers
      Suggests a Gene Encoding a YUC4-like Protein Regulates the Chasmogamous Flower
      Trait.
AB  - Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is a cleistogamous plant in which flowers are
      pollinated before they open, which prevents yield improvements through heterosis.
      We previously generated a chasmogamous mutant (CM) mungbean in which open flowers
      are pollinated. In this study, we developed insertion/deletion (indel) markers
      based on the transcriptome differences between CM and Sulu-1 (i.e., normal
      flowering) plants. An F2 population derived from a cross between CM and Sulu-1
      was used for gene mapping. Segregation analyses revealed that a single recessive
      gene regulates the production of chasmogamous flowers. Using newly developed
      indel and simple sequence repeat markers, the cha gene responsible for the
      chasmogamous flower trait was mapped to a 277.1-kb segment on chromosome 6.
      Twelve candidate genes were detected in this segment, including Vradi06g12650,
      which encodes a YUCCA family protein associated with floral development. A single
      base pair deletion producing a frame-shift mutation and a premature stop codon in
      Vradi06g12650 was detected only in CM plants. This suggested that Vradi06g12650
      is a cha candidate gene. Our results provide important information for the
      molecular breeding of chasmogamous mungbean lines, which may serve as new genetic
      resources for hybrid cultivar development. 

PMID- 27375672
TI  - Novel Hydraulic Vulnerability Proxies for a Boreal Conifer Species Reveal That
      Opportunists May Have Lower Survival Prospects under Extreme Climatic Events.
AB  - Top dieback in 40-60 years old forest stands of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.)
      Karst.] in southern Norway is supposed to be associated with climatic extremes.
      Our intention was to learn more about the processes related to top dieback and in
      particular about the plasticity of possible predisposing factors. We aimed at (i)
      developing proxies for P 50 based on anatomical data assessed by SilviScan
      technology and (ii) testing these proxies for their plasticity regarding climate,
      in order to (iii) analyze annual variations of hydraulic proxies of healthy
      looking trees and trees with top dieback upon their impact on tree survival. At
      two sites we selected 10 tree pairs, i.e., one healthy looking tree and one tree
      with visual signs of dieback such as dry tops, needle shortening and needle
      yellowing (n = 40 trees). Vulnerability to cavitation (P 50) of the main trunk
      was assessed in a selected sample set (n = 19) and we thereafter applied
      SilviScan technology to measure cell dimensions (lumen (b) and cell wall
      thickness (t)) in these specimen and in all 40 trees in tree rings formed between
      1990 and 2010. In a first analysis step, we searched for anatomical proxies for P
      50. The set of potential proxies included hydraulic lumen diameters and wall
      reinforcement parameters based on mean, radial, and tangential tracheid
      diameters. The conduit wall reinforcement based on tangential hydraulic lumen
      diameters ((t/b ht)(2)) was the best estimate for P 50. It was thus possible to
      relate climatic extremes to the potential vulnerability of single annual rings.
      Trees with top dieback had significantly lower (t/b ht)(2) and wider tangential
      (hydraulic) lumen diameters some years before a period of water deficit (2005
      2006). Radial (hydraulic) lumen diameters showed however no significant
      differences between both tree groups. (t/b ht)(2) was influenced by annual
      climate variability; strongest correlations were found with precipitation in
      September of the previous growing season: high precipitation in previous
      September resulted in more vulnerable annual rings in the next season. The
      results are discussed with respect to an "opportunistic behavior" and genetic
      predisposition to drought sensitivity. 

PMID- 27375673
TI  - Biochemical, Transcriptional, and Bioinformatic Analysis of Lipid Droplets from
      Seeds of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and Their Use as Potent Sequestration
      Agents against the Toxic Pollutant, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin.
AB  - Contamination of aquatic environments with dioxins, the most toxic group of
      persistent organic pollutants (POPs), is a major ecological issue. Dioxins are
      highly lipophilic and bioaccumulate in fatty tissues of marine organisms used for
      seafood where they constitute a potential risk for human health. Lipid droplets
      (LDs) purified from date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, seeds were characterized and
      their capacity to extract dioxins from aquatic systems was assessed. The
      bioaffinity of date palm LDs toward 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD),
      the most toxic congener of dioxins was determined. Fractioned LDs were spheroidal
      with mean diameters of 2.5 um, enclosing an oil-rich core of 392.5 mg mL(-1).
      Isolated LDs did not aggregate and/or coalesce unless placed in acidic media and
      were strongly associated with three major groups of polypeptides of relative mass
      32-37, 20-24, and 16-18 kDa. These masses correspond to the LD-associated
      proteins, oleosins, caleosins, and steroleosins, respectively. Efficient
      partitioning of TCDD into LDs occurred with a coefficient of log K LB/w,TCDD =
      7.528 +/- 0.024; it was optimal at neutral pH and was dependent on the presence
      of the oil-rich core, but was independent of the presence of LD-associated
      proteins. Bioinformatic analysis of the date palm genome revealed nine oleosin
      like, five caleosin-like, and five steroleosin-like sequences, with predicted
      structures having putative lipid-binding domains that match their LD stabilizing
      roles and use as bio-based encapsulation systems. Transcriptomic analysis of date
      palm seedlings exposed to TCDD showed strong up-regulation of several caleosin
      and steroleosin genes, consistent with increased LD formation. The results
      suggest that the plant LDs could be used in ecological remediation strategies to
      remove POPs from aquatic environments. Recent reports suggest that several fungal
      and algal species also use LDs to sequester both external and internally derived
      hydrophobic toxins, which indicates that our approach could be used as a broader
      biomimetic strategy for toxin removal. 

PMID- 27375674
TI  - Corrigendum: Effect of temperature on the pathogenesis, accumulation of viral and
      satellite RNAs and on plant proteome in peanut stunt virus and satellite RNA
      infected plants.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 903 in vol. 6, PMID: 26579153.]. 

PMID- 27375675
TI  - Zinc Excess Triggered Polyamines Accumulation in Lettuce Root Metabolome, As
      Compared to Osmotic Stress under High Salinity.
AB  - Abiotic stresses such as salinity and metal contaminations are the major
      environmental stresses that adversely affect crop productivity worldwide. Crop
      responses and tolerance to abiotic stress are complex processes for which "-omic"
      approaches such as metabolomics is giving us a newest view of biological systems.
      The aim of the current research was to assess metabolic changes in lettuce
      (Lactuca sativa L.), by specifically probing the root metabolome of plants
      exposed to elevated isomolar concentrations of NaCl and ZnSO4. Most of the
      metabolites that were differentially accumulated in roots were identified for
      stress conditions, however the response was more intense in plants exposed to
      NaCl. Compounds identified in either NaCl or ZnSO4 conditions were:
      carbohydrates, phenolics, hormones, glucosinolates, and lipids. Our findings
      suggest that osmotic stress and the consequent redox imbalance play a major role
      in determining lettuce root metabolic response. In addition, it was identified
      that polyamines and polyamine conjugates were triggered as a specific response to
      ZnSO4. These findings help improve understanding of how plants cope with abiotic
      stresses. This information can be used to assist decision-making in breeding
      programs for improving crop tolerance to salinity and heavy metal contaminations.

PMID- 27375677
TI  - Random Projection for Fast and Efficient Multivariate Correlation Analysis of
      High-Dimensional Data: A New Approach.
AB  - In recent years, the advent of great technological advances has produced a wealth
      of very high-dimensional data, and combining high-dimensional information from
      multiple sources is becoming increasingly important in an extending range of
      scientific disciplines. Partial Least Squares Correlation (PLSC) is a frequently
      used method for multivariate multimodal data integration. It is, however,
      computationally expensive in applications involving large numbers of variables,
      as required, for example, in genetic neuroimaging. To handle high-dimensional
      problems, dimension reduction might be implemented as pre-processing step. We
      propose a new approach that incorporates Random Projection (RP) for
      dimensionality reduction into PLSC to efficiently solve high-dimensional
      multimodal problems like genotype-phenotype associations. We name our new method
      PLSC-RP. Using simulated and experimental data sets containing whole genome SNP
      measures as genotypes and whole brain neuroimaging measures as phenotypes, we
      demonstrate that PLSC-RP is drastically faster than traditional PLSC while
      providing statistically equivalent results. We also provide evidence that
      dimensionality reduction using RP is data type independent. Therefore, PLSC-RP
      opens up a wide range of possible applications. It can be used for any
      integrative analysis that combines information from multiple sources. 

PMID- 27375676
TI  - Reviving the RNA World: An Insight into the Appearance of RNA Methyltransferases.
AB  - RNA, the earliest genetic and catalytic molecule, has a relatively delicate and
      labile chemical structure, when compared to DNA. It is prone to be damaged by
      alkali, heat, nucleases, or stress conditions. One mechanism to protect RNA or
      DNA from damage is through site-specific methylation. Here, we propose that RNA
      methylation began prior to DNA methylation in the early forms of life evolving on
      Earth. In this article, the biochemical properties of some RNA methyltransferases
      (MTases), such as 2'-O-MTases (Rlml/RlmN), spOUT MTases and the NSun2 MTases are
      dissected for the insight they provide on the transition from an RNA world to our
      present RNA/DNA/protein world. 

PMID- 27375679
TI  - Corrigendum: A Quantitative Assessment of Factors Affecting the Technological
      Development and Adoption of Companion Diagnostics.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 357 in vol. 6, PMID: 26858745.]. 

PMID- 27375678
TI  - Choreographing the Double Strand Break Response: Ubiquitin and SUMO Control of
      Nuclear Architecture.
AB  - The cellular response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is a multifaceted
      signaling program that centers on post-translational modifications including
      phosphorylation, ubiquitylation and SUMOylation. In this review we discuss how
      ubiquitin and SUMO orchestrate the recognition of DSBs and explore how this
      influences chromatin organization. We discuss functional outcomes of this
      response including transcriptional silencing and how pre-existing chromatin
      states may control the DSB response and the maintenance of genomic stability. 

PMID- 27375681
TI  - Insulin receptor-like ectodomain genes and splice variants are found in both
      arthropods and human brain cDNA.
AB  - Truncated receptor ectodomains have been described for several classes of cell
      surface receptors, including those that bind to growth factors, cytokines,
      immunoglobulins, and adhesion molecules. Soluble receptor isoforms are typically
      generated by proteolytic cleavage of the cell surface receptor or by alternative
      splicing of RNA transcripts arising from the same gene encoding the full-length
      receptor. Both the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the insulin
      receptor (INSR) families produce soluble receptor splice variants in vertebrates
      and truncated forms of insulin receptor-like sequences have previously been
      described in Drosophila. The EGFR and INSR ectodomains share significant sequence
      homology with each other suggestive of a common evolutionary origin. We
      discovered novel truncated insulin receptor-like variants in several arthropod
      species. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the conserved extracellular
      receptor L1 and L2 subdomains in invertebrate species. While the segregation of
      insulin receptor-like L1 and L2 domains indicated that an internal domain
      duplication had occurred only once, the generation of truncated insulin receptor
      like sequences has occurred multiple times. The significance of this work is the
      previously unknown and widespread occurrence of truncated isoforms in arthropods,
      signifying that these isoforms play an important functional role, potentially
      related to such isoforms in mammals.

PMID- 27375680
TI  - Reflections on the Field of Human Genetics: A Call for Increased Disease Genetics
      Theory.
AB  - Development of human genetics theoretical models and the integration of those
      models with experiment and statistical evaluation are critical for scientific
      progress. This perspective argues that increased effort in disease genetics
      theory, complementing experimental, and statistical efforts, will escalate the
      unraveling of molecular etiologies of complex diseases. In particular, the
      development of new, realistic disease genetics models will help elucidate complex
      disease pathogenesis, and the predicted patterns in genetic data made by these
      models will enable the concurrent, more comprehensive statistical testing of
      multiple aspects of disease genetics predictions, thereby better identifying
      disease loci. By theoretical human genetics, I intend to encompass all
      investigations devoted to modeling the heritable architecture underlying disease
      traits and studies of the resulting principles and dynamics of such models.
      Hence, the scope of theoretical disease genetics work includes construction and
      analysis of models describing how disease-predisposing alleles (1) arise, (2) are
      transmitted across families and populations, and (3) interact with other risk and
      protective alleles across both the genome and environmental factors to produce
      disease states. Theoretical work improves insight into viable genetic models of
      diseases consistent with empirical results from linkage, transmission, and
      association studies as well as population genetics. Furthermore, understanding
      the patterns of genetic data expected under realistic disease models will enable
      more powerful approaches to discover disease-predisposing alleles and additional
      heritable factors important in common diseases. In spite of the pivotal role of
      disease genetics theory, such investigation is not particularly vibrant. 

PMID- 27375682
TI  - Medical errors; causes, consequences, emotional response and resulting behavioral
      change.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the causes of medical errors, the emotional and
      behavioral response of pediatric medicine residents to their medical errors and
      to determine their behavior change affecting their future training. METHODS: One
      hundred thirty postgraduate residents were included in the study. Residents were
      asked to complete questionnaire about their errors and responses to their errors
      in three domains: emotional response, learning behavior and disclosure of the
      error. The names of the participants were kept confidential. Data was analyzed
      using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: A total of 130 residents were included. Majority
      128(98.5%) of these described some form of error. Serious errors that occurred
      were 24(19%), 63(48%) minor, 24(19%) near misses,2(2%) never encountered an error
      and 17(12%) did not mention type of error but mentioned causes and consequences.
      Only 73(57%) residents disclosed medical errors to their senior physician but
      disclosure to patient's family was negligible 15(11%). Fatigue due to long duty
      hours 85(65%), inadequate experience 66(52%), inadequate supervision 58(48%) and
      complex case 58(45%) were common causes of medical errors. Negative emotions were
      common and were significantly associated with lack of knowledge (p=0.001),
      missing warning signs (p=<0.001), not seeking advice (p=0.003) and procedural
      complications (p=0.001). Medical errors had significant impact on resident's
      behavior; 119(93%) residents became more careful, increased advice seeking from
      seniors 109(86%) and 109(86%) started paying more attention to details. Intrinsic
      causes of errors were significantly associated with increased information seeking
      behavior and vigilance (p=0.003) and (p=0.01) respectively. CONCLUSION: Medical
      errors committed by residents have inadequate disclosure to senior physicians and
      result in negative emotions but there was positive change in their behavior,
      which resulted in improvement in their future training and patient care.

PMID- 27375683
TI  - The Syrian civil war: The experience of the Surgical Intensive Care Units.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Since the civilian war in Syria began, thousands of seriously injured
      trauma patients from Syria were brought to Turkey for emergency operations and/or
      postoperative intensive care. The aim of this study was to present the
      demographics and clinical features of the wounded patients in Syrian civil war
      admitted to the surgical intensive care units in a tertiary care centre. METHODS:
      The records of 80 trauma patients admitted to the Anaesthesia, General Surgery
      and Neurosurgery ICUs between June 1, 2012 and July 15, 2014 were included in the
      study. The data were reviewed regarding the demographics, time of presentation,
      place of reference, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II)
      score and Injury Severity Score (ISS), surgical procedures, complications, length
      of stay and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 80 wounded patients (70 males and 10
      females) with a mean age of 28.7 years were admitted to surgical ICUs. The most
      frequent cause of injury was gunshot injury. The mean time interval between the
      occurrence of injury and time of admission was 2.87 days. Mean ISS score on
      admission was 21, and mean APACHE II score was 15.7. APACHE II scores of non
      survivors were significantly increased compared with those of survivors
      (P=0.001). No significant differences was found in the age, ISS, time interval
      before admission, length of stay in ICU, rate of surgery before or after
      admission. CONCLUSION: The most important factor affecting mortality in this
      particular trauma-ICU patient population from Syrian civil war was the
      physiological condition of patients on admission. Rapid transport and effective
      initial and on-road resuscitation are critical in decreasing the mortality rate
      in civil wars and military conflicts.

PMID- 27375684
TI  - Cardiovascular risk score in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the 10-year Cardiovascular risk score with QRISK-2 and
      Framingham risk calculators in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Non Rheumatoid Arthritis
      subjects and asses the usefulness of QRISK-2 and Framingham calculators in both
      groups. METHODS: During the study 106 RA and 106 Non RA patients age and sex
      matched participants were enrolled from outpatient department. Demographic data
      and questions regarding other study parameters were noted. After 14 hours of
      fasting 5 ml of venous blood was drawn for Cholesterol and HDL levels, laboratory
      tests were performed on COBAS c III (ROCHE). QRISK-2 and Framingham risk
      calculators were used to get individual 10-year CVD risk score. RESULTS: In this
      study the mean age of RA group was (45.1+/-9.5) for Non RA group (43.7+/-8.2),
      with female gender as common. The mean predicted 10-year score with QRISK-2
      calculator in RA group (14.2+/-17.1%) and Non RA group was (13.2+/-19.0%) with (p
      value 0.122). The 10-year score with Framingham risk score in RA group was
      (12.9+/-10.4%) and Non RA group was (8.9+/-8.7%) with (p-value 0.001). In RA
      group QRISK-2 (24.5%) and FRS (31.1%) cases with predicted score were in higher
      risk category. The maximum agreement scores between both calculators was observed
      in both groups (Kappa = 0.618 RA Group; Kappa = 0.671 Non RA Group). CONCLUSION:
      QRISK-2 calculator is more appropriate as it takes RA, ethnicity, CKD, and Atrial
      fibrillation as factors in risk assessment score.

PMID- 27375685
TI  - Pulmonary artery closure in combination with patch technique for treating
      congenital heart disease combined with large patent ductus arteriosus: A clinical
      study of 9 cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To document clinical experience of treating congenital heart disease
      combined with large patent ductus arteriosus with pulmonary artery closure in
      combination with patch technique. METHODS: Thirty-six patients (8 males and 28
      females) who suffered from congenital heart disease and underwent hybrid surgery
      in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from October 2010 to
      February 2014 were selected for this study. They aged 14 to 39 years and weighed
      32.20 to 61.50 kg. Diameter of arterial duct was between 10 mm and 13 mm; 28
      cases were tube type, 4 cases were funnel type and four cases were window type.
      All patients had moderate or severe pulmonary arterial hypertension; besides,
      there were 28 cases of ventricular septal defect, 16 cases of atrial septal
      defect, eight cases of aortic insufficiency, four cases of mitral stenosis and
      insufficiency and four cases of infectious endocarditis. Cardz Pulmonary Bypass
      (CPB) was established after chest was opened along the middle line. With the help
      of Transesophageal echocardiography, large patent ductus arteriosus was blocked
      off through pulmonary artery. Pulmonary artery was cut apart after blocking of
      heart. Large patent ductus arteriosus on the side of pulmonary artery was
      strengthened with autologous pericardial patch. RESULTS: Of 36 patients, 32
      patients had patent ductus arteriosus closure device and four patients had atrial
      septal defect closure device. Pulmonary arteries of 36 cases were all
      successfully closed. Systolic pressure declined after closure ((54.86+/-19.23)
      mmHg vs (96.05+/-23.07) mmHg, p<0.05); average pulmonary arterial pressure also
      declined after closure ((39.15+/-14.83) mmHg vs (72.88+/-15.76) mmHg, p<0.05).
      The patients were followed up for one to fifty one months (average 11.5 months).
      Compared to before surgery, left atrial diameter, left ventricular diameter and
      pulmonary artery diameter all narrowed after surgery. Besides, clinical symptoms
      were relieved and cardiac function of the patients also improved. CONCLUSION:
      Hybrid surgery is feasible and safe in treating patients with large patent ductus
      arteriosus and congenital heart disease, which decreases surgical problems,
      shortens surgical time and lowers the incidence of complications.

PMID- 27375686
TI  - The effect of fibromyalgia syndrome to gravidity, parity and duration of
      breastfeeding; A prospective study from Turkey.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) is a chronic pain disorder usually
      affecting women in their fertile period of life. However, the relationship
      between FS and pregnancy has not been studied in depth. The effect of FS on the
      course of pregnancy is poorly investigated in the current literature. Here we
      aimed to investigate the effects of FS to menarche age, gravidity, parity and
      duration of breastfeeding. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-seven non-pregnant
      females attending between March 2015-June 2015, to Malatya State Hospital
      Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinic, were included in this
      prospective study. One hundred eleven (111) of them were diagnosed with FS
      according to the American Rheumatology Association (ACR) 2010 criteria and were
      defined as group 1; group 2 comprised of seventy six (76) non-pregnant healthy
      volunteers. All participants were asked about their menarche age, marriage age,
      gravidity, parity, duration of breastfeeding by conducting a basic questionnaire
      survey. Patients' body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Depression parameters were
      evaluated by Beck Depression Scale (BDS). RESULTS: The average age of the
      patients was 39.04+/-9.21 (FS) and 38.47+/-9.65 (Control) years; first menarche
      age was at 13.28+/-1.38 (FS) and 13.59+/-1.54 years (Control), and marriage age
      was 20.1+/-3.62 (FS) and 20.69+/-3.90 years (Control), respectively. No
      statistically significant difference was found (p=0.598) between BMI values (FS,
      27.76+/-4.95; Control 26.90+/-4.56 kg/m(2)). The results from both groups were
      similar in terms of gravidity, parity, and breastfeeding duration, with no
      statistically significant differences (p=0.252, 0.093, 0.075, respectively). The
      only significant difference was found in the depression parameter. The BDS
      results were statistically different between the groups, found higher in FS group
      (p=0.000). CONCLUSION: FS occurs as a result of symptoms such as mood disorder,
      anxiety, cognitive and sleep disorders, and also hormonal changes; no exact cause
      has yet been established. The syndrome usually occurs during fertile period of
      young female. According to the findings of our study, FS has no negative effect
      on the outcome of gravidity, parity, and duration of breastfeeding in Turkish
      women. Further studies about the effects of FS on the course of pregnancy are
      required.

PMID- 27375687
TI  - Influence of silane and heated silane on the bond strength of lithium disilicate
      ceramics - An in vitro study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of silane application and silane heat
      treatment on lithium-disilicate ceramic when bonded to composite resin. METHODS:
      Twelve blocks of lithium-disilicate (LD) ceramic were fabricated and bonding
      surfaces were etched using 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (90 seconds). Three
      experimental groups resulted from the various surface treatment combinations,
      which included, no silane application (NS) (controls), silane application (S) and
      silane heat treatment (HS) (100 degrees C for 5 minutesutes). Ceramic and
      composite resin blocks were bonded using an adhesive resin and light cured
      restorative composite as a luting agent, under standard conditions. A total of 90
      specimen sticks (8 x 1mm2) were subjected to micro-tensile bond strength testing.
      The means of micro-tensile bond strength (u-tbs) of the study groups were
      analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. The tested specimens were analyzed for mode of
      failure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS: The highest u-tbs
      value (42.6 +/-3.70 MPa) was achieved for LD ceramics with heat-dried silane.
      Both silane application and heat treatment of silane resulted in significant
      (p<0.05) improvements in micro-tensile bond strength of LD ceramics when bonded
      to resin composite. CONCLUSIONS: The application of silane and its heat treatment
      showed significant improvement in bond strength of lithium disilicate ceramic
      when bonded to composite.

PMID- 27375688
TI  - Comparison between the treatment area of electrode used for radiofrequency
      ablation of liver cancer focusing on 15G cooled-tip and CWT electrode.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To analyze the comparison between the treatment area of 15Gage
      internally cooled electrodes and 17 Gage Cool Wet-tip(CWT) electrodes. They are
      manufactured to broaden treatment area of the tumor in the radiofrequency
      ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). METHODS: The study was designed for 62
      patients with a mean age of 61, ranging from 44 to 87 years. The sample comprised
      of patients who used 15 G internally cooled electrodes and 17 G CWT electrodes
      respectively. Computed tomography (CT) images obtained after the procedure were
      observed, however, for the ablation lesion, the volume was determined by
      measuring complete necrotic tissue that did not contrast enhancement in the
      image. RESULTS: The treatment area of the tumor after radiofrequency ablation was
      17.26+/-6.02 in the CWT, which was bigger than 15G. The treatment area ratio of
      the treatment before or after was significant at 581.85+/-339.56 in the CWT.
      After radiofrequency ablation, the treatment area got bigger, as 15G electrodes
      went toward CWT electrodes. Treatment area per electrode was 1.34 times higher in
      CWT than in 15G while the treatment area ratio of the treatment before or after
      was 1.001 times higher in the CWT than 15G. CONCLUSIONS: Ablation is more common
      for the safety margin in stable tumor and CWT type electrodes that can make
      larger ablation to reduce the number of times ablation is required for residual
      tumor and it decreases recurrence, ablation time and reoperation. Therefore it is
      considered t useful to reduce patients' pain.

PMID- 27375690
TI  - Therapeutic outcomes of canal wall up mastoidectomy in combination with Type I
      tympanoplasty in otitis media.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effects in terms of disease clearance and
      hearing improvement of canal wall up mastoidectomy in combination with Type I
      tympanoplasty in otitis media. METHODS: A total of 78 patients (81 ears) with
      otitis media were treated by canal wall up mastoidectomy in combination with Type
      I tympanoplasty. The postoperative tympanic membrane morphology, average of pure
      tone hearing thresholds and average air-bone gap were used as the indices for
      evaluating therapeutic effects. RESULTS: The patients were followed up for two
      years in average. All the tympanic membranes recovered, with the ear canals being
      dry. There were five cases (5 ears) of tympanic membrane retraction and one case
      of otitis media recurrence. Hearing was effectively recovered by 76.54% (62/81)
      after surgery. CONCLUSION: Combining canal wall up mastoidectomy with Type I
      tympanoplasty can treat otitis media safely and effectively due to high
      postoperative dry ear canal rate, satisfactory reconstruction of hearing and
      maintenance of ear morphology.

PMID- 27375689
TI  - Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on glomerular hyperfiltration
      in patients with type 1 diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in normotensive patient with type 1 diabetes.
      METHODS: A two year non-placebo control prospective study was conducted after
      ethical approval at Diabetes Centre of Diabetic Association of Pakistan, a WHO
      collaborating centre in Karachi, Pakistan. All patients with type 1 diabetes
      visited the out-patients department from August 2009 till July 2011 and those who
      fulfilled the inclusion criteria were invited to participate. A total of 121
      people aged >=18 years and >= 5 years of diabetes were included. Pregnant and
      lactating woman and those aged <18 years were excluded. GFR was calculated by
      using CKD-EPI formula (eGFR) at baseline and after two year. On the basis of
      estimated GFR, patients at baseline were divided according to KDIGO
      classification of chronic kidney diseases into, hyperfiltration (eGFR >= 100
      ml/min) and normal filtration group (eGFR < 100 ml/min). All subjects in
      hyperfiltration group received ACE inhibitor (treatment group) while patients
      with normal filtration did not receive ACE inhibitor (control group). RESULTS:
      Fifty two patients (43%) were in the treatment and sixty nine (57%) were in the
      control group. At baseline eGFR, systolic and diastolic blood pressures between
      groups were non-significantly different. After two years, compared to baseline,
      eGFR of the treatment group declined and the control group increased
      significantly. No significant difference in systolic while diastolic blood
      pressure of the treatment group increased significantly after two years compared
      to baseline. In contrast both systolic and diastolic blood pressure of control
      group increased significantly after two years compared to their baseline values.
      CONCLUSION: Present study demonstrated that initiation of ACEI in hyperfiltration
      stage declined GFR and keep blood pressure within normal range.

PMID- 27375691
TI  - Flexible ureteroscopy versus laparoscopy for the treatment of patients who
      initially presented with obstructive pyelonephritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and effectiveness of flexible ureteroscopy (F
      URS) with transperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (TPLU) in cases of
      obstructive pyelonephritis secondary to large proximal ureteral stones. METHODS:
      A series of 42 patients presenting with obstructive pyelonephritis due to
      proximal ureteral stones larger than 1.5 cm were included from April 2006 to
      February 2015 in this comparative study. After drainage of pyonephrosis and
      resolution of sepsis, 22 patients treated with TPLU (Group I), and 20 patients
      were treated with F-URS (Group II). Preoperative patient and stone
      characteristics, procedure-related parameters and clinical outcomes were assessed
      for each group. RESULTS: It was seen that both methods were effective in the
      treatment of large proximal ureteral stones. However TPLU provided a higher stone
      free rate (100% vs 80%. p=0.043) and lower retreatment rate. There was no
      difference between the groups for the operative time and complication rate. On
      the other hand, patients treated with F-URS had less postoperative pain
      (p=0.008), a shorter hospital stay (p<0.001) and a faster return to daily
      activities (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show that both F-URS
      and TPLU are safe and effective surgical procedures for treatment of large
      proximal ureteral stones after controlling obstructive pyelonephritis. However,
      TPLU has a higher stone-free rate with comparable operating time and complication
      rate as compared to F-URS. On the other hand F-URS has the advantages of less
      postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay and faster return to daily activities.

PMID- 27375692
TI  - Importance of immature platelet fraction as predictor of immune thrombocytopenic
      purpura.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a clinical
      syndrome in which a decreased number of circulating platelets (thrombocytopenia)
      manifests as a bleeding tendency, easy bruising (purpura) or extravasation of
      blood from capillaries into skin and mucous membranes (petechiae). The diagnosis
      of ITP can be made clinically on the basis of symptoms, we need to see if ITP can
      be confirmed in patients by quantification of residual RNA containing immature
      platelets (megakaryocytic mass) or immature platelets fraction (IPF) using
      automated hematology analyzers (Sysmex XE-2100). METHODS: In order to check the
      efficacy of IPF% parameter of Sysmex XE-2100 a total of 231 patients of
      thrombocytopenia were included in this study. Complete blood count (CBC) was
      estimated. The data was statistically analyzed by SPSS version 17. RESULTS: About
      62 patients were diagnosed as ITP and 169 patients were diagnosed as non ITP on
      the basis of clinical history. The mean IPF % value of ITP patients was 16.39%
      and the IPF % value of Non ITP patients was ~7.69% respectively. There was no
      significant difference in IPF% values with respect to time between sampling and
      acquisition of complete blood count. The diagnostic sensitivity of IPF% as
      biomarker for ITP and non-ITP was 85.71% (95%CI: 84.04% to 85.96%) and 41.76%
      (95% CI: 39.87% to 43.65%). CONCLUSION: The mean IPF % value by Sysmex XE-2100
      can be used to predict ITP.

PMID- 27375693
TI  - N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurements in hemodynamically
      significant patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the role of NT-proBNP levels in Preterm neonates suffering
      from PDA and used as a screening tool for predicting HsPDA and guiding physicians
      to consider early echocardiographic evaluation. METHODS: This is a monocentric
      prospective blind study which was conducted at Arar Central Hospital, Ar'ar,
      Saudi Arabia, during the period between Jan 2014 to June 2014. Thirty-three (33)
      preterm infants born at less than 31 weeks of gestation or weighing less than
      1200 g at birth infants were initially enrolled during a 6-month period. Blood
      samples were collected along with routine blood tests on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 of
      life for NT-proBNP analysis. Two echocardiographies were systematically performed
      on day two of life to ascertain about the status of Ductus Arteriosus. RESULTS:
      The Plasma NT-proBNP levels were high on day one of life and decline from day
      three to day seven of life except in those infants with significant hsPDA. Plasma
      NT-proNBP levels on day 2 of infants in the HsPDA group were significantly higher
      (<0.001) than those in non-HsPDA group. Echocardiogram parameters indicates the
      significant difference (p<0.002) in Left Atrial and Aortic ratio (LA/AO),
      Interventricular septum thickness (P<0.03), Left ventricular posterior wall
      thickness (p<0.05), diastole PDA gradient (p<0.005) between HsPDA and non-HsPDA.
      CONCLUSIONS: Plasma NT-proBNP level peaked during the first few days after birth
      and declined rapidly within a week. Therefore, its level may have a role as a
      screening tool to predict HsPDA and provide more information regarding its
      spontaneous closure or otherwise.

PMID- 27375694
TI  - Olfactory neuroblastoma: A clinicopathological experience of a rare entity from
      Pakistan.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To present the clinicopathological experience of Olfactory
      Neuroblastoma (ONB) with emphasis on histopathological and immunohistochemical
      features. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 36 cases of
      ONB, selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Theses cases of ONB were
      retrieved and reviewed from surgical pathology database of Aga Khan University
      Hospital reported between January 1993 and March 2015. RESULTS: Tumor size and
      age of presentation was wide in range without any distinct bimodal distribution.
      Nasal cavity was most common site along with involvement of paranasal sinuses.
      More than 50% cases had Kadish stage A. Microscopically, most cases were Grade-1
      and majority showed partial or complete lobular architecture. Neurofibrillary
      matrix was observed in 2/3(rd) of cases. Among immunohistochemical markers,
      Neuron Specific Enolase was most frequently expressed. Unusual positive
      expression of Cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and Cytokeratin CAM5.2 was also seen focally in
      few cases. CONCLUSION: The ONB has great variability of histological and clinical
      presentation, and immunohistochemical markers are useful to differentiate from
      more common small round blue cell tumours of nasal cavity.

PMID- 27375695
TI  - Nonunion of subtrochanteric fractures: Comminution or Malreduction.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the impact on nonunion of the extent
      of comminution and postoperative displacement in patients surgically treated for
      subtrochanteric fractures. METHODS: From 2008 to 2013, 44 patients with
      subtrochanteric fractures underwent surgery and follow-up. Retrospective data
      collection showed that it had 32 male and 12 female. Their mean age was 45 years.
      The case distribution according to Seinsheimer classification was as follows:
      IIA,8; IIB, 5; IIC, 7; IIIA, 8; IIIB, 3; IV, 9; and V, 4. Cephalomedullary nails
      were used in 28 cases; ordinary nails, in 9; and plates, in 7. After surgery, the
      fractures were evaluated for displacement on anteroposterior (AP) and lateral
      radiography. RESULTS: Of the 44 patients, 37 achieved union from primary surgery
      at a mean time of 8.4 months. Five cases did not show union within the follow-up
      period. Two cases of nail breakage were diagnosed as non-union. Among the non
      union cases, two were Seinsheimer classification IIIA; 3, IV; and 2, V.
      Displacement was observed on the lateral and A Pradiographs of 4 cases, on only
      the lateral radiographs of two cases, and in neither radiograph of one case. The
      risk of non-union was approximately 15.4 and 24.2 times higher when displacement
      was observed on the AP (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-176.82) and lateral
      images (95% CI: 1.76-335.67), respectively. CONCLUSION: When displacement
      occurred after surgical treatment for subtrochanteric fractures, the risk of
      nonunion increased owing to the difficulty achieving stable fixation.

PMID- 27375696
TI  - Frequency of minimal hepatic encepalopathy in illeterate patients with
      compensated cirrhosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine frequency of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in illiterate
      patients with compensated cirrhosis. METHODS: Illiterate patients with
      compensated cirrhosis with F4 Score on Shear-wave Elastography were selected for
      study after informed consent. Sample size was estimated at 106. Selected patients
      were subjected to two tests for detection of MHE, Number Connection Test A and
      Block Design Test. Patients taking >= 30 seconds were labelled as Positive for
      MHE. RESULT: Out of 110 selected patients 10.9% were alcoholics and in 8.2% of
      patients no hepatic virus infection was detected. HCV was positive in 48.2%
      patients while HBV was positive in 13.6% of patients. MHE was detected in 72
      (65.5%) of patients. Major differences were found in MHE Stage II & III by two
      tests. Over all BDT detected more cases and gave higher Staging in Stage II & III
      as compared to NCT-A test. CONCLUSION: Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy (MHE) could
      be detected in illiterate patients using NCT-A and BDT Tests.

PMID- 27375697
TI  - Effects of early enteral nutrition on the gastrointestinal motility and
      intestinal mucosal barrier of patients with burn-induced invasive fungal
      infection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of early enteral nutrition on the
      gastrointestinal motility and intestinal mucosal barrier of patients with burn
      induced invasive fungal infection. METHODS: A total of 120 patients with burn
      induced invasive fungal infection were randomly divided into an early enteral
      nutrition (EN) group and a parenteral nutrition (PN) group (n=60). The patients
      were given nutritional support intervention for 14 days, and the expression
      levels of serum transferrin, albumin, total protein, endotoxin, D-lactic acid and
      inflammatory cytokines were detected on the 1st, 7th and 14th days respectively.
      RESULTS: As the treatment progressed, the levels of serum transferrin, albumin
      and total protein of the EN group were significantly higher than those of the PN
      group (P<0.05), while the levels of serum endotoxin and D-lactic acid of the form
      group were significantly lower (P<0.05). After treatment, the expression levels
      of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were decreased in the EN group, which were significantly
      different from those of the PN group (P<0.05). During treatment, the incidence
      rates of complications such as abdominal distension, diarrhea, sepsis, nausea,
      vomiting and gastric retention were similar. The mean healing time of wound
      surface was 9.34+/-0.78 days in the EN group and 12.46+/-2.19 days in the PN
      group, i.e. such time of the former was significantly shorter than that of the
      latter (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Treating patients having burn-induced invasive
      fungal infection by early enteral nutrition support with arginine can safely
      alleviate malnutrition and stress reaction, strengthen cellular immune function
      and promote wound healing, thereby facilitating the recovery of gastrointestinal
      motility and the function of intestinal mucosal barrier.

PMID- 27375698
TI  - Medication adherence to oral iron therapy in patients with iron deficiency
      anemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at investigating the factors affecting medication
      adherence in patients who use oral iron therapy due to iron deficiency anemia.
      METHODS: A total of 96 female patients in fertile age with mean age of 30+/-10.1
      years (range 18-53) who were admitted to Family Medicine Clinic between 01
      January and 31 March 2015 and who had received iron therapy within the recent
      three years were enrolled in the study. Data were collected through a
      questionnaire form. RESULTS: Of the patients, 39 (40,6%) were detected not to use
      the medication regularly or during the recommended period. A statistically
      significant relationship was found between non-adherence to therapy and
      gastrointestinal side effects and weight gain (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Medication
      adherence is deficient in patients with iron deficiency anemia. The most
      important reason for this seems gastrointestinal side effects, in addition to
      weight gain under treatment.

PMID- 27375699
TI  - Cervical Tuberculous Lymphadenitis: Clinico-demographic Profiles of Patients in a
      Secondary Level Hospital of Bangladesh.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in Bangladesh since
      long. The present incidence and prevalence rates of all forms of TB are 227 and
      404/100,000 population respectively. The aim of this study was to find out the
      clinical characteristics of involved cervical lymph nodes, demographic
      characteristics of the patients and response to treatment of Cervical Tuberculous
      Lymphadenitis (CTL) cases. METHODS: A prospective study was performed in Shaheed
      Shamsuddin Ahmed Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh from June 2012 to June 2014. Total
      65 patients having CTL attending outpatient department of the hospital were
      enrolled. RESULTS: Age of the patients ranged from 5 to 60 years with a mean of
      25.6 years. Two third (67.7%) of the patients were female. Male: Female ratio was
      1:2.1. More than half of the patients came from rural areas (53.8%) and from low
      socio-economic conditions (58.5%). Most of the patients presented with unilateral
      (87.7%), multiple (82.3%), matted (68.6%) lymph nodes, <3cm diameter (54%),
      commonly in right side (57.9%). Abscess was found in 21.5% cases. Discharging
      sinus was found in 9.2% cases. Most commonly involved lymph node group was level
      V (59.4%) followed by level II (42.2%). Systemic features were found in 63.07%
      patients. Associated lung lesion was found in 3.1% cases. FNAC was found positive
      for tuberculosis in 83.9% cases. Most of the patients (78.46%) were cured with
      six months anti-tubercular chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and
      treatment is critical in reducing the overall prevalence. It is essential to have
      awareness regarding common presentations of cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis
      among the general population as well as healthcare professionals working in the
      resource poor primary and secondary level hospitals.

PMID- 27375700
TI  - To compare anti-albumin urea effects of valsartan alone with combination of
      valsartan and amlodipine in patients of chronic kidney disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare anti-albumin urea effects of Valsartan alone with
      combination of Valsartan and Amlodipine in patients of chronic kidney disease.
      METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Department of
      Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Bahawalpur, from April 2014 to 30 September
      2014. 140 patients of chronic kidney disease with baseline blood pressure more
      than 140/90mm Hg having raised urinary albumin: creatinine ratio (UACR). UACR
      more than 3.5 mg/mmol was considered abnormal. Group-A was treated with Valsartan
      80mg daily and Group-B was treated with valsartan 80 and amlodipine 10mg once a
      day. We did not change the dose of drugs and check spot UACR at base line and
      after six months with therapy and compare improvement in UACR between Group-A and
      B. Data was analyzed by statistical software packages (SPSS 16.0). RESULTS: In
      both the groups, BP was significantly lower than the respective value. Mean
      decrease in spot UACR in Group-A was 3.18+/-2.64 mg/mmol and UACR in Group-B mean
      decrease in UACR was 13.01+/-20.11 mg/mmol. P value was< 0.05. CONCLUSION: The
      combination therapy of valsartan with amlodipine significantly lowers the
      albuminuria in chronic Kidney disease and reduce the progression of disease as
      compared to Valsartan alone therapy.

PMID- 27375701
TI  - Using a double-channel gastroscope reduces procedural time in performing gastric
      endoscopic submucosal dissection.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Complications are important determining factors for safety of
      endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). ESD of large lesions is associated with
      increased procedural time. This study investigated whether double-channel
      gastroscope could be used to reduce procedural time in gastric antrum ESD.
      METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of 46 patients with one gastric antrum
      lesion resected by ESD was conducted between January 2013 and December 2015. The
      diameter of a lesion was from 2cm to 4cm in 46 patients. EUS before ESD was used
      to evaluate the submucosal vascular structure and the location of lesion in
      gastric wall. Forty six lesions had ESD with either the ordinary gastroscope (OS
      group) (n=24) or the double-channel gastroscope (DC group) (n=22). RESULTS: The
      mean procedural time was significantly lower in the DC group than in the OS group
      (49.1 minutes vs. 20.5 minutes, p=0.04). There were no significant differences in
      submucosal injection frequency, specimen size, en bloc resection rate and
      perforation rate between the two endoscopic groups. There was no recurrence in
      any case during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that ESD
      utilizing double-channel gastroscope may provide a better platform for quicker
      ESD with equal safety.

PMID- 27375702
TI  - Prevalence of Type II diabetes in District Dir Lower in Pakistan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of type II diabetes and pre-diabetes and
      its risk factors in the District Dir Lower Pakistan. METHODS: This study was a
      population based cross--sectional analysis of 1650 individuals of age 20--80
      years, using cluster random sampling technique. After an overnight fast, diabetes
      and pre-diabetes were analyzed according to the World Health Organization
      recommendation. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 11.1% and
      16.0%, respectively. Type II diabetes was found 11.0% in female and 11.2% in male
      subjects. Stepwise multiple logistic regression showed that growing age, positive
      family history, body mass index (obesity), hypertension, exercise (less physical
      activates), education, monthly income, are statistically significant risk factors
      with type II diabetes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that type II diabetes has
      become a main health problem in District Dir Lower and better strategies are
      required to handle this problem.

PMID- 27375703
TI  - Comparison of cutaneous nerve injury and vessel disruption complications
      following saphenous vein stripping using big or small olive heads.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the nerve injury and vessel disruption complicaitons in
      patients undergoing saphenous vein stripping using olive heads of different
      sizes. METHODS: Big olive heads were used in group A (n=50) and small olive heads
      were used in group B (n=50) from the ankle to the groin; in group C (n=50), the
      vein was stripped in two sections; in an upward fashion by stripping the distal
      portion from the ankle to the level of the knee using small olive heads and by
      stripping the proximal portion from the knee to the level of the groin using big
      olive heads. RESULTS: Six months after the operation, nerve injury symptoms were
      identified in 26%, 4%, 6% of patients in groups A, B, and C respectively. Vessel
      disruption occurred 2% in group A, 32% in group B, and 4% in group C. Both vessel
      disruption and nerve injury complications of group C were significantly lower
      than group A and B (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Saphenous stripping using big olive
      heads for the proximal portion from the groin down to the level of the knee and
      using small olive heads for the distal portion from the knee to the level of the
      ankle is the alternative method which results in minimal nerve injury and vessel
      disruption.

PMID- 27375704
TI  - Iron deficiency anaemia is still a major killer of pregnant women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of iron deficiency anaemia on the health and
      life of pregnant women. METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted at the
      Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit IV, Liaquat University of Medical
      and Health Sciences Jamshoro from 1st June 2015 to 30(th) November 2015, for the
      period of 6 months. During this study period all the pregnant women from 13-40
      weeks of pregnancy with iron deficiency anaemia having haemoglobin level less
      than 9 gram% were included, while the pregnant women with other medical disorders
      were excluded from the study. The data was collected and analyzed on SPSS version
      21. RESULT: Out of the 305 pregnant registered women with iron deficiency anaemia
      most women were young 170(55.73%) between 20-30 years, belonged to low
      socioeconomic group 254(83.27%), they were multiparous 104(34.09%), having very
      low haemoglobin level between 1-3 gram % in 54(17.70%) women and between 4-6gram%
      in162 (53.11%) women. These women were prone to high complications such as ante
      partum haemorrhage 49(16.06%), renal failure 48(15.73%), disseminated
      intravascular coagulation 54(17.70%) and 16(5.24%) women died. CONCLUSION: Iron
      deficiency anaemia is common in pregnant women with higher rates of
      complications.

PMID- 27375705
TI  - Clinical comparison of the efficiency and security of balloon dilators versus
      fascial dilators in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficiency and security of the balloon dilators versus
      fascial dilators in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL), We compared the
      difference of intraoperative and postoperative parameters of patients using these
      two different methods of expansion and having no significant statistic
      differences in peroperative parameters. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis
      of 134 patients undergoing PCNL with upper urinary calculi from January 2012 to
      January 2014 in Luoyang Central Hospital affiliated to Zhengzhou University.
      These patients meeting the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups: the
      group of balloon dilators (group A) and the group of fascial dilators (group B).
      Two groups were compared for success rate of first expansion, clearance of stone,
      duration of surgery, intraoperative hemorrhage, blood transfusion rate,
      postoperative hospitalization and the incidence of complications. RESULT: In
      Group A, a total of 91 patients (51 men and 40 women, mean age 51.22+/-8.96
      years, ranged from 28 to 68 years, the calculi maximum diameter from 0.9 to
      4.5cm, 28 cases with a history of gravel, mean Body mass index 24.20+/-2.34, 73
      cases with hydronephrosis and 26 cases with underlying diseases such as
      hypertension, diabetes and the like) undergoing PCNL were retrospectively
      reviewed. Similarly, In Group B, a total of 43 patients (28 men and 15 women,
      mean age 49.64+/-10.62 years, ranged from 15 to 70 years, the calculi maximum
      diameter from 1.1 to 5.2cm, 18 cases with a history of gravel, mean Body mass
      index 24.40+/-2.70, 38 cases with hydronephrosis and 14 cases with underlying
      diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and the like) undergoing PCNL were
      retrospectively reviewed. Our results showed that there was a statistically
      significant better outcome in Group A than in Group B in terms of success rate of
      first exploration, duration of operation, intraoperative hemorrhage,
      postoperative hospitalization and the incidence of complications. Additionally,
      there was no statistically significant difference with respect to clearance of
      stone and incidence of blood transfusion in the two groups. CONCLUSION: Balloon
      dilators had shorter operation time, less bleeding, higher success rate of first
      expansion, less postoperative complications and shorter postoperative
      hospitalization than fascial dilators in PCNL.

PMID- 27375706
TI  - Two years' study of Tetanus cases in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the demographic and clinical features, outcome, complications
      and treatment cost of tetanus patients admitted in Paediatirc Intensive Care Unit
      (PICU) of Civil Hospital Karachi (CHK). METHODS: It is a descriptive
      observational study conducted at Civil Hospital Karachi from July 2013 to June
      2015. Patients of tetanus admitted in PICU during the study period were enrolled.
      Data was collected from the file records of patients and included the demographic
      profile, clinical presentation, grade of severity, length of stay, complications
      and outcome. It also included the cost of treatment. Descriptive statistics were
      applied to describe the results. RESULTS: During the study period, 23 cases of
      tetanus were admitted in P.I.C.U. twelve were male and 11 female. Majority of
      cases (13) belonged to age group 2-6 years. Seventeen cases were unvaccinated and
      6 had received only BCG & OPV. None was appropriately vaccinated for age. There
      were 9 cases of post injury tetanus, 6 of them were males, 5 cases of otogenic
      tetanus and 9 cases had no clinically identifiable portal of entry. Eleven cases
      belonged to grade III severity of Ablett classification and 6 had grade IV
      severity. Mortality in our case series was 26%. Autonomic instability was seen in
      17 patients and all of them needed ionotropic support. The estimated cost of per
      day treatment of a tetanus patient with mechanical ventilation was approximatly
      31, 979/Pak Rs and without mechanical ventilation was 20,000/Pak Rs. CONCLUSION:
      Tetanus is an entirely preventable disease with a high mortality. Treatment is
      very costly as compared to vaccination which is free of cost. Complete
      vaccination and proper wound care is the only option to reduce the ongoing burden
      of tetanus.

PMID- 27375707
TI  - The healing effect of bone marrow-derived stem cells in acute radiation syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells
      (BMSCs) on regeneration of bone marrow and intestinal tissue and survival rate in
      experimental mice with acute radiation syndrome (ARS). METHODS: Forty mice were
      randomly divided into two equal groups of A receiving no BMSC transplantation and
      B receiving BMSCs. BMSCs were isolated from the bone marrow and cultured in DMEM
      media. Both groups were irradiated with 10 Gy (dose rate 0.28 Gy/ min) (60)CO
      during 35 minutes with a field size of 35*35 for all the body area. Twenty-four
      hours after gamma irradiation, 150*10(3) cells of passage 5 in 150 ul medium were
      injected intravenously into the tail. Animals were euthanized one and two weeks
      after cell transplantation. They were evaluated histologically for any changes in
      bone marrow and intestinal tissues. The survival rate in mice were also
      determined. RESULTS: A significant increase for bone marrow cell count and
      survival rate were observed in group B in comparison to group A. Histological
      findings denoted to a healing in sample tissues. CONCLUSION: BMSCs could
      significantly reduce the side effects of ARS and increase the survival rate and
      healing in injured tissue. As such their transplantation may open a window in
      treatment of patients with ARS.

PMID- 27375708
TI  - Passive removal of silicone oil through 23 gauge transconjunctival sutureless
      vitrectomy system.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the outcomes of passive removal of silicone oil by 23 Gauge
      Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy System. METHODS: This prospective,
      consecutive case series study was conducted at Ophthalmology Department Unit I,
      Dow University of Health Sciences, Civil Hospital Karachi from January 2011 to
      December 2014. Only psuedophakic eyes with silicone oil temponade were selected.
      Main outcome measures were intra ocular pressure, time taken for removal of
      silicone oil, per operative and post operative complications. Pre and post
      operative IOP was compared by using two-tailed paired t-test and mean values with
      standard deviation were computed using difference of 95% confidence interval. Chi
      square test was applied for correlation of different variables. P-value of less
      than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Out of 79 patients
      who underwent passive ROSO, 38 (48.1%) were males. Mean age of patients was
      47.5+/-7.1 (sd) years. Mean time taken for passive ROSO was 7.31+/-2.41 (sd)
      minutes. Pre and post operative intra ocular pressure shows statistically
      significant (p=0.000) decrease in IOP. Retinal redetachment found in 13 (16.5%)
      cases during follow up period. CONCLUSION: Passive removal of silicone oil with
      23 G suture less vitrectomy system is safe and effective in terms of less per
      operative and post operative complications. In this simple technique, there is
      less tissue trauma and little time consumed so it provides more comfort to
      patients and surgeons as well.

PMID- 27375709
TI  - Comparison of hemorrhoidectomy by LigaSure with conventional Milligan Morgan's
      hemorrhoidectomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of haemorrhoidectomy done by using LigaSure
      with conventional Milligan Morgan haemorrhoidectomy. METHODS: This randomized
      controlled trial was done at Department of Surgery Dow University Hospital
      Karachi during January 2013 to September 2015. A total of 55 patients were
      included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to group A
      (Haemorrhoidectomy by Ligasure) and group B (Milligan Morgan Haemorrhoiectomy).
      Efficacies of both procedures were compared by operative time, Blood loss, wound
      healing, and pain score on immediate, 1st and 7(th) post operative day. RESULTS:
      Out of total 55 patients 23 were male and 32 were females. The most common group
      of age involved was between 40 - 60 years. Third degree Heamorrhoids were present
      in 37 (67.3%) of patients while remaining 18 (32.7%) had fourth degree
      Heamorrhoids. Group A included 29 cases while Group B included 26 cases. The mean
      operating time of Group A was 52.5 with standard deviation of 11.9 while it was
      36.6+/- 9.8 in the other group. The mean blood loss in group A was 51.92 with
      standard deviation of 15.68 while it was 70.34+/-25.59 in group B. Overall pain
      score was less in those patients who underwent Heamorrhoidectomy by Ligasure
      method. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of Heamorrhoidectomy by Ligasure is better than
      the traditional Milligan Morgan Heamorrhoidectomy but we need more clinical
      trials with large sample size and long term follow ups.

PMID- 27375710
TI  - Comparison of tumor curettage and resection for treatment of giant cell tumor of
      the bone around the knee joint.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacies of tumor curettage and resection for
      treatment of giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB) around the knee joint (KJ).
      METHODS: A total of 126 KJ-GCTB cases were treated at our department from August
      2011 to February 2015. These cases were divided into two groups (A and B)
      according to treatment methods. Group A underwent tumor curettage, while group B
      underwent tumor resection. RESULTS: The relapse rates did not differ
      significantly between the groups (P>0.05), while the complication rate in group A
      was significantly lower than that in group B (P<0.05). In addition, the Enneking
      score for group A was significantly higher than that for group B (P<0.05); in
      addition, postoperative local recurrence, histopathological grading according to
      Jaffe, and radiographic imaging-based Campanacci's staging positively correlated
      (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Tumor curettage was the preferred surgical approach for
      patients with KJ-GCTB.

PMID- 27375711
TI  - Therapeutic approaches and long-term follow-up for prenatal hydronephrosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study summarises the outcomes of 149 patients who underwent
      surgery for antenatally diagnosed unilateral hydronephrosis. METHODS: The medical
      records of such patients over a 23-year period were reviewed retrospectively. Age
      at the time of operation, preoperative and postoperative mean pelvic diameter on
      ultrasound, split renal function, washout patterns on scintigraphy, and early and
      late complications were recorded. RESULTS: The mean preoperative follow-up period
      was five months (range: 1-66 months). One patient was operated on after 12 months
      and two patients after five years of follow-up. Mean preoperative pelvic diameter
      and renal function were 30.8 mm and 38.6%, respectively; all patients had an
      obstructive wash-out pattern. In the postoperative period, the corresponding
      measurements were 11.7 mm and 39.2%, with 111 non-obstructive, 24 partially
      obstructive, and 14 obstructive wash-out patterns. Three patients with severe
      caliectasis and low renal function underwent surgery despite mild hydronephrosis.
      The mean postoperative follow-up period was six (range 4-11) years. Complications
      developed in 14 (9.3%) patients. CONCLUSION: Patients with antenatal
      hydronephrosis may need surgery even after a follow-up period of six years.
      Because of the potential late development of complications, postoperative follow
      up should be continued for 10 years.

PMID- 27375712
TI  - Conventional clinical and prognostic variables in 150 oral squamous cell
      carcinoma cases from the indigenous population of Karachi.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinical and prognostic variables of Oral Squamous Cell
      Carcinoma (OSCC) cases from the indigenous population of Karachi and to correlate
      with the common risk factor of tobacco habit. METHODS: The study was conducted at
      Ziauddin University, Karachi. One hundred fifty OSCC cases were collected from
      the Oncology Department of Ziauddin University Hospital, North Nazimabad, Karachi
      and Otolaryngology ward of Civil Hospital, Karachi, during 2011 and 2015. The
      reporting included demographic details and variables like intra-oral subsites,
      clinical stage and histological grade. Recurrence of tumor after initial
      resection was also documented. RESULTS: The patient's population comprised of 98
      males and 52 females. The mean age was 47.1+/- 12.22 (range:20-78 years). Maximum
      numbers were seen in the 41-50 years age group. Urdu-speaking community was the
      most affected ethnic group (n=75). Clinico-pathological analysis revealed that
      majority of cases were moderately differentiated (59%) and were either clinical
      stage II (35%) or IV (29%) tumors. The most common intra-oral subsite came out to
      be buccal mucosa of cheeks (56%) followed by lateral borders of tongue (21%),
      lips (13%), alveolar (6%), palate (2.6%) floor of mouth (1.3%), etc. Recurrence
      was observed in 08 out of 150 cases. All patients underwent primary resection+/
      neck dissection and reconstruction where possible. CONCLUSIONS: Overall
      experience with oral squamous cell carcinoma shows that it has a high tendency
      for local invasion as well as dissemination to regional lymph nodes, i.e.
      cervical lymph nodes, both are associated with a poor prognosis. Preventable risk
      factor of tobacco chewing has been observed in majority of these cases.

PMID- 27375713
TI  - Clinical effect of minimally invasive intracranial hematoma in treating
      hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical effect of minimally invasive intracranial
      hematoma in treating hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. METHODS: One hundred and
      fifty-six patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage were selected. They were
      randomly divided into the control group (78 cases) and observation group (78
      cases). The control group was treated with conventional craniotomy evacuation of
      hematoma, while the observation group was treated with minimally invasive
      intracranial hematoma. Neurological impairment score, treatment efficacy and
      Barthel index were compared between two groups. Comparison results and clinical
      data of these patients were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Neurological
      impairment score in observation group had a significantly obvious decrease
      compared to control group (p < 0.05). Curative effect of observation group was
      superior to control group and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). Average
      operation time in observation group (51.20+/-10.30 minutes) was much shorter than
      control group (108.60+/-12.80 minutes). Amount of hematoma cleared for the first
      time in control group (75.40+/-10.20 (%)) was more than observation group
      (45.10+/-8.70 (%)). Hematoma in observation group (3.90+/-0.80 days) disappeared
      faster than control group (5.80+/-0.90 days). Differences of the above indexes
      between two groups were all significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, Barthel index of
      observation group was much better than control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Treating hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage with minimally invasive intracranial
      hematoma is remarkably effective. It should be promoted and practiced
      extensively.

PMID- 27375714
TI  - Intravenous ketamine, propofol and propofol-ketamine combination used for
      pediatric dental sedation: A randomized clinical study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Dental treatments cannot bealways performed under local
      anesthesia inpediatric non-cooperative patients. For this purpose,
      differentanesthetic techniques have been applied to increase patient comport to
      dental treatments. METHODS: Sixty children classified as ASA I-II, between aged 3
      to 9, who were scheduled to undergo tooth extraction, were enrolled for this
      randomized study. Group K received 1 mg/kg ketamine, Group P received 1 mg/kg
      propofol, and Group KP received 0.5 mg/kg propofol plus 0.5 mg/kg ketamine
      intravenously for anesthesia induction. RESULTS: Recovery time was significantly
      lower in Group P than Group KP. No significant differences were found between
      groups regarding HR, before and after the induction, at tenth minute. Fifth
      minute's HR was higher in Group K than Group KP. Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
      values were similar at baseline, before and after the induction, and at tenth
      minute, whereas significantly lower values were found in Group P and Group KP
      than in Group K at fifth minute. CONCLUSIONS: Although ketamine, propofol and
      ketamine-propofol combination are effective for sedation in tooth extraction in
      pediatric patients, propofol may be an excellent alternative, with the shortest
      recovery, no nausea and vomiting, and reasonable surgical satisfaction.

PMID- 27375715
TI  - A prospective observational study assessing the outcome of Sepsis in intensive
      care unit of a tertiary care hospital, Peshawar.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The current study aims to explore the factors associated with outcome
      among patients with severe sepsis and septic shock admitted to the intensive care
      unit, Northwest General Hospital and Research Centre, Peshawar, Pakistan.
      METHODS: A prospective observational study was carried out at intensive care unit
      of our hospital from February 2014 to October 2015. Data was collected using a
      structured format and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20(r).
      Regression model was applied to identify the factors contributing to the outcome
      of severe sepsis and septic shock. P-value less than 0.05 was considered
      statistically significant. RESULTS: Majority of the patients meeting the criteria
      of this study were male 147 (54.9%) with a mean age of 54.8. The most common
      source of sepsis was lung infections (42.2%) followed by urinary tract infections
      (18.7%), soft tissue infections (6.3%) abdominal infections (6%) and in 6.3%
      patients the source remained unknown. Further analysis has revealed that increase
      in number of days of hospitalization was observed to be slightly associated with
      the outcome of the treatment (1.086 [1.002 - 1.178], 0.046). Moreover, the risk
      of mortality was the higher among the patients with septic shock 22.161[10.055 -
      48.840], and having respiratory, kidney and central nervous system complications.
      Overall it is seen that septic shock alone was found responsible to cause death
      among 32.0% of the patients (Model 1: R(2) 0.32, p=0.000), and upon involvement
      of the organ complications the risk of mortality was observed to 42.0%.
      CONCLUSION: Chances of recovery were poor among the patients with septic shock.
      Moreover, those patients having respiratory and urinary tract infection are least
      likely to survive.

PMID- 27375716
TI  - Anthropometric measurements may be informative for nursing home-acquired
      pneumonia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between anthropometric measurements and
      Nursing Home-Acquired Pneumonia (NHAP) risk. METHODS: Consecutive patients of 65
      years or elderly who were living in the Balikli Rum Hospital Nursing Homes were
      included in this prospective study. At the beginning of this study, the patients'
      anthropometrics values were measured. The patients were followed for one year,
      and any incidences of pneumonia attacks were recorded. The relationship between
      the anthropometric measurements and pneumonia occurrences was analyzed. RESULTS:
      There were 133 inmates at the initial assessments. Of 108 patients who were
      eligible for the study, 77 (72.2%) were female and 37 (27.8%) were male. The mean
      age of the group was 79.8+/-10.5. Patients were assigned to a group according to
      the presence of pneumonia during the one -year follow-up. There were 74 (55.6%)
      patients who had suffered from at least one attack of pneumonia during the follow
      up period. The mean triceps skinfold was significantly thinner in the pneumonia
      group, and the mean handgrip measurements in both the dominant and non-dominant
      hands were significantly weaker in the pneumonia group. Furthermore, the
      frequency of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) was significantly
      higher in this group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of pneumonia was high in
      the elderly population who live in nursing homes. Simple anthropometric values
      may be predictive of the potential for Nursing Home-Acquired Pneumonia.

PMID- 27375717
TI  - Serum IL-17 & eotaxin levels in asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the serum levels of Interleukin (IL)-17 and eotaxin
      levels and the relationship between serum IL-17, eotaxin and pulmonary function
      in asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis. METHODS: Serum IL-17 and eotaxin
      levels in asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis during attacking and
      remission and in healthy control subjects were measured using enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Then we studied the correlation between the
      serum IL-17, eotaxin levels and pulmonary function in patients. RESULTS: Serum IL
      17 and eotaxin levels were significantly elevated in patients during asthma
      attack and remission compared with healthy control subjects. These levels in
      patients during asthma attack were much higher than those during remission.
      Furthermore, serum IL-17 and eotaxin levels were negatively correlated with
      pulmonary function in asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that IL-17 and eotaxin are important factors in
      asthma with allergic rhinitis, and the correlation between serum IL-17, eotaxin
      and lung function possibly lead to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of
      asthma with allergic rhinitis and related diseases.

PMID- 27375718
TI  - Impact of waste management training intervention on knowledge, attitude and
      practices of teaching hospital workers in Pakistan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sustainability and effectiveness of training as an
      intervention to improve the knowledge, attitude and practices of hospital workers
      on health care waste management. METHOD: We conducted this quasi-experimental
      study in two tertiary care teaching hospitals in Rawalpindi in October 2013.
      Training, practical demonstrations and reminders on standard waste management
      were given to 138 hospital workers in one hospital and compared with 137 workers
      from the control hospital. We collected data 18 months after intervention through
      a structured questionnaire to assess the impact of the intervention. We used
      paired t-test to compare the scores on knowledge, attitude and practices at
      baseline and first follow up and final impact assessment. Chi square test was
      used to compare group variables between intervention and control groups. RESULTS:
      After 18 months since intervention the mean scores on knowledge attitude and
      practices differed statistically significantly since baseline and intervention
      group had statistically significantly better knowledge positive attitudes and
      good health care waste management practices (p < 0.001). Health care and sanitary
      workers in intervention group scored statistically significantly higher (p <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Trainings of health and sanitary workers on health care waste
      management guidelines were sustainable among the intervention group after 18
      months which shows the positive impact of our intervention. It is recommended
      that the trainings as intervention be included in the overall policies of the
      public and private sector hospitals in Pakistan and other similar settings.

PMID- 27375719
TI  - Comparison between continuing midwifery care and standard maternity care in
      vaginal birth after cesarean.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether continuing midwifery care has more benefits than
      standard maternity care in vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). METHODS: This
      study was conducted on women in labour who had history of previous cesarean
      section and received vaginal birth in obstetrical department of our hospital from
      May 2013 to November 2014. The included patients were divided randomly into
      observation group and control group. The women in labour allocated to the
      observation group received continuing midwifery care, and those to control group
      received standard maternity care in all the stages of labour. The duration of
      labor stage together with the rate of fetal distress, neonatal asphyxia, vaginal
      birth and postpartum bleeding were compared between the two groups. RESULTS:
      Ninety-six participants were included in the current study, forty-eight in each
      group. The length of labor was significantly longer (p<0.05), the vaginal birth
      rate was significantly lower (p<0.05) and the postpartum hemorrhage rate was
      significantly higher (p<0.05) in the control group than the observation group. In
      addition, the rate of fetal distress and neonatal asphyxia were higher in the
      control group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups
      (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The continuing midwifery care has more benefits than the
      standard maternity care in vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC).

PMID- 27375720
TI  - Pheniramine Maleate is more effective than Lidocaine on Fentanyl Induced Cough.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Fentanyl is frequently used during anesthesia induction. The use of
      fentanyl can cause cough through different mechanisms. Here, we aimed to
      investigate effects of pheniramine maleate (PM), an antihistaminic agent, and
      compare it with lidocaine on fentanyl induced cough. METHODS: This is a
      randomized double-blind prospective clinical study of ASA I-II, 120 patients
      scheduled for elective abdominal surgery. Patients were administered drugs
      intravenously and randomly allocated into three groups: Group C (2 ml 0.9 %
      normal saline), Group L (1mg/kg lidocaine), and Group F (PM 45.5 mg). 90 seconds
      after administration, 2u/kg fentanyl was applied in three seconds to all
      patients. Severity of cough (mild: 1-2, moderate: 3-5, severe> 5), time of the
      cough and vital parameters were recorded 90 seconds after fentanyl injection.
      RESULTS: Eight patients (25%) in Group C had fentanyl induced cough whereas three
      patients (7.5%) in Group L and one patient (2.5%) in Group F experienced this
      phenomenon. There was statistically significant difference between Group F and
      Group C (p<0.05); however, differences between Group L and Group C or Group F and
      Group L were not statistically significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pheniramine
      Maleate 45.5 mg is better that placebo and as effective as lidocaine to prevent
      fentanyl induced cough.

PMID- 27375721
TI  - Students' perception of educational environment at Aga Khan University Medical
      College, Karachi, Pakistan.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess educational environment in Aga Khan University Medical
      College (AKUMC) by Dundee Ready Educational Environmental Measure (DREEM) scale.
      METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of students at the AKUMC with simple random
      sampling was carried out from June 2014 till March 2015. Responses in five
      subscales were used to calculate DREEM scores. RESULTS: The average DREEM score
      was 125.77+/-16.8 with a reliability of 91.3%. With regards to subscales, on the
      12-item students' perceptions of learning (PoL) subscale, the maximum score was
      48; 11 items of students' perceptions of teachers (PoT) had a maximum score of
      44; students' academic self-perceptions (ASP) identified by 8 items showed
      maximum score of 32; students' perceptions of atmosphere (PoA) with 12 items
      obtained maximum score 48 and students' social self-perceptions (SSP) subscale of
      7 items had a maximum score of 28. CONCLUSION: Students perceived a positive
      learning environment at AKUMC Karachi.

PMID- 27375722
TI  - Apparent Diffusion Coefficient analysis of encephalitis: A comparative study with
      topographic evaluation and conventional MRI findings.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to reveal the efficiency of diffusion weighted imaging
      (DWI) in the diagnosis of encephalitis, and to determine the relation between the
      apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, the onset of the clinical symptoms,
      and the lesion extent. METHODS: Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was
      performed in 17 patients with encephalitis diagnosed on the basis of laboratory,
      clinical and radiologic findings during 2009 and 2015. Based on the duration
      between the onset of the symptoms and the brain MRI findings, the patients were
      divided into three groups. ADC values of the encephalitis lesion, the lesions'
      topographic analysis score, deep gray matter involvement, patients' clinical
      situation and the duration of the arrival to the clinic was examined. RESULTS:
      Mean ADC values were 0,988+/-0,335 x10(-3) mm(2)/s in group I (0-2 days), 1,045+/
      0,347 x10(-3) mm(2)/s in Group-II (3-7 days), 1,451+/-0,225 x10(-3) mm(2)/s in
      Group-III (8 days and over). The relation between the ADC values and the duration
      of the arrival, topographic analysis score, the relation between the patients'
      clinical situation and the deep gray matter involvement were found to be
      statistically significant. The deep gray matter involvement was demonstrated more
      clearly by FLAIR images when compared with DWI. CONCLUSION: Conventional MRI
      sequences may be insufficient in showing the encephalitis lesion. DWI must be
      added to the imaging modalities immediately in the cases suspected of having
      encephalitis.

PMID- 27375723
TI  - Factors affecting the decision to hospitalise children admitted to the emergency
      department due to non-fatal suicide attempts by pills.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Suicide attempts (SAs) in the paediatric age group represent an
      important cause of morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to examine the factors
      affecting the decision to hospitalize children with a diagnosis of non-fatal SA
      by pills. METHODS: Children <18 years of age admitted with SA by pills during
      2014 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups: Group
      I comprised hospitalised patients and Group-II included those who were discharged
      from the PED. These two groups were compared in terms of clinical and demographic
      characteristics recorded upon PED admission. RESULTS: A total of 196 patients
      were included in the study. The number of pills taken for self-poisoning in Group
      I (median: 20 pills) was higher than that in Group-II (median: 12 pills) (p <
      0.001), and the rate of pathological findings during the first paediatric
      psychiatric consultation was higher in Group-I (91.1%) than in the Group-II
      (54.8%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Factors affecting the disposition decision in
      cases of children who performed non-fatal SA via pills included the amount of
      medication taken for the suicide attempt and the presence of psychiatric
      disorders, as determined by a paediatric psychiatrist during the acute phase.

PMID- 27375724
TI  - Clinical characteristics of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea among
      patients in a tertiary care center in China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the incidence, risk factors, and clinical
      characteristics of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) in Chinese
      patients. METHODS: Fecal specimens of patients with antibiotic-associated
      diarrhea (AAD) were collected to test C. difficile toxin A and B using enzyme
      linked fluorescent assay to identify CDAD. By adopting a nested case-control
      design, the matched people (ratio 1:3) without AAD were included as controls.
      RESULTS: Out of 56,172 inpatients, 39,882 (71.0%) used antibiotics, 470 suffered
      from AAD, and 93 were diagnosed with CDAD. The incidence of nosocomial CDAD was
      166 per 100,000. The proportion of CDAD in AAD was 19.8%. CDAD patients presented
      with more severe clinical manifestations and exhibited more concurrent illness.
      Logistic regression analysis showed the risk factors of CDAD: advanced age,
      nasogastric tube-feeding, high APACHE II scores, high level of serum C-reaction
      protein, low level of serum albumin, severe underlining disease or comorbidity,
      and number of antibiotic intake. Twenty-nine patients (31.2%) were cured with
      vancomycin, 54 (58.1%) were cured after dual therapy of vancomycin plus
      metronidazole, 7 (7.5%) died of underlying diseases aggravated with CDAD, and 3
      (3.2%) were transferred to other hospitals for personal reasons. CONCLUSION: The
      incidence of nosocomial CDAD in China was high. Some risk factors could
      predispose CDAD.

PMID- 27375725
TI  - Correlation between ovarian morphology and biochemical and hormonal parameters in
      polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the biochemical and hormonal differences in polycystic
      ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with and without polycystic ovary (PCO) morphology
      and to evaluate the outcomes resulting from those differences. METHODS: The study
      included a total of 83 patients with PCOS; 43 of them had PCO morphology (Group
      I) and 40 did not (Group-II). Serum LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride
      (TG), total testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing
      hormone (LH), 17b-estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone
      (TSH), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), glucose and insulin levels were
      determined. Homoeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was
      calculated. RESULTS: The two groups were similar with respect to BMI. The
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements of Group-I were significantly
      lower (p<0.01). Serum mean level of LH (p=0.026) and the mean LH/FSH (p=0.001)
      level of Group-I were significantly higher than Group-II. The total cholesterol
      and triglyceride levels of Group-I were significantly lower (p<0.05, p<0.01). The
      mean HOMA-IR level of Group-I was significantly lower than Group-II (p=0.004).
      CONCLUSIONS: The group without PCO morphology had a higher risk than the other
      group in terms of increased insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular
      diseases due to effects of hyperandrogenism.

PMID- 27375726
TI  - Fournier's gangrene: Causes, presentation and survival of sixty-five patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with Fournier's Gangrene (FG) over the past
      eight years and evaluate the predisposing factors which affect the mortality.
      METHODS: Sixty-five patients who were admitted to emergency surgical unit of our
      institution presenting with FG between January 2006 and August 2014 were
      included. The anatomical site of infective gangrene, predisposing factors,
      etiological factors, and outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Our
      cases included 8 women and 57 men. The average age of men was 51+/-13.9 (range 19
      75) and the average age of women was 63+/-10.5 (range 52-76). Average
      hospitalization time was 9.2+/-6.6 days (range 5-25) days. The most frequent
      comorbid disease was diabetes mellitus and the most frequent etiology was
      perianal abscess. Colostomy was performed in 11 patients, orchidectomy in two
      patients, cystostomy in two patients. Notably, all of the 8 (12.3%) patients who
      died from FG had diabetes and low socioeconomic status. A total of six patients
      who died required more than one surgical debridement. CONCLUSIONS: Fournier's
      gangrene is a severe surgical emergency, with a high mortality rate. Low
      socioeconomic status, diabetes and more than one debridement play a major role in
      mortality and morbidity.

PMID- 27375727
TI  - Trends of contraception among ladies of local population in Pakistan; why, how,
      when and what?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends of use of methods of contraception along with study
      of impact of various demographic and social factors on contraception in Peshawar,
      Pakistan. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study with random purposive
      sampling was conducted at Combined Military Hospital Peshawar, from Mar 2015-Nov
      2015. Self-designed questionnaire with demographic details and questions
      pertinent to contraceptive practices was utilized as study instrument. Females
      reporting to concerned hospital for contraceptive advice and prescription were
      distributed with questionnaire and written informed consent form. Formal approval
      was taken from ethical committee of hospital. Data was analyzed via descriptive
      analysis (SPSS-21), qualitative data was expressed as frequencies and
      percentages; quantitative as mean+/-standard deviation (SD). Main outcome
      variable i-e contraceptive device used; was cross-tabulated with independent
      variables. RESULTS: Response rate was 53.2% (n-426). Usage of contraceptive
      device was as follows; 51.2% Nil, 9.4% barriers, 22.3% oral/injectable hormones,
      13.4% IUCDs, 3.8% sterilization. There was a strong relationship between type of
      contraceptives used and age (p<0.001), client's education (p<0.001), husband's
      education (p<0.001), number of children (p<0.001), religion (p0.013),
      socioeconomic class (p<0.001), and religious beliefs about use of contraceptives
      (p<0.001). More Muslims considered contraception irreligious than non-Muslims (p
      0.02). There was no significant impact of husbands' pressure to not to use
      contraceptives on type of contraception practised (p 0.114). CONCLUSION:
      Contraceptive devices are under-utilized in the study participants.
      Multidisciplinary approach should be applied to enhance client education,
      awareness and counseling to utilize these devices more appropriately and
      regularly.

PMID- 27375728
TI  - A Needle-Free Injection System (INJEXTM) with lidocaine for epidural needle
      insertion: A randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Local anesthetic infiltration is also a process of a painful process
      itself. INJEXTM technology, known as "Needle-free" drug delivery system, was
      designed for reducing the pain associated with cutaneous procedures. We conducted
      a prospective, randomized trial to evaluate the application of lidocaine with
      INJEXTM system and 27-gauge needle. METHODS: A total of 60 consecutive patients
      were allocated to receive either INJEX group or 27-gauge needle group. Local
      anesthetic infiltration was applied two minutes before epidural needle insertion.
      RESULTS: Mean VAS, at the time of local anesthetic injection was 0 for group I
      and 2 for group II. When the effect of epidural needle insertion was compared,
      the mean VAS score was one versus two for Group-I versus Group-II, respectively.
      Lidocaine applied with the INJEXTM system before epidural needle insertion
      significantly reduced the intensity of pain during that procedure and was least
      effective the lidocaine applied with the 27-gauge needle and patients felt less
      pain during at the time of local anesthetic injection in Group-I. CONCLUSION:
      Needle-free delivery of lidocaine is an effective, easy to-use and noninvasive
      method of providing local anesthesia for the epidural needle insertion.

PMID- 27375729
TI  - Association of blood neutrophil lymphocyte ratio in the patients with
      postmenopausal osteoporosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between blood neutrophil lymphocyte
      ratio (NLR) and postmenopausal osteoporosis in Chinese women without diabetes.
      METHODS: Two hundred and thirty three postmenopausal women without diabetes were
      included in this study. The clinical data of patients including age, and body
      mass index (BMI) were recorded. Blood samples were obtained to determine Blood
      urea nitrogen (BUN), Uric acid (UA), Albumin (ALB), Creatinine (CREA), Total
      Cholesterol(TC), Triglyceride (TG), Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), Glycosylated
      Hemoglobin (HbAlc), 25-hydroxyitamin D (25-OHD) level. NLR was calculated using
      the following formulas: NLR = Neutrophil count / lymphocyte count; Bone mineral
      density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and the femoral neck was measured. The
      relationship between NLR and postmenopausal osteoporosis statistical methods was
      analyzed. RESULTS: Age, BMD, Albumin (ALB), Creatinine(CREA), Triglyceride (TG)
      and NLR level were different in the three groups (P<0.05). Logistic regression
      analysis showed that the age and NLR level were risk factors for postmenopausal
      osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: NLR level was strongly associated with BMD in the
      postmenopausal women without diabetes, suggesting that NLR could become a helpful
      clinical tool in the assessment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

PMID- 27375731
TI  - Application of career related research in Pakistan: The case of apples vs
      mangoes.
AB  - Career choice of medical graduates is dependent on a number of factors as
      identified in literature across the globe. This article presents an overview of
      contemporary research on career choices of medical graduates and the
      generalisation of findings in Pakistan. A number of issues are highlighted which
      include lack of standardised instruments, classification of specialties and mixed
      evidence regarding variables and socio cultural differences.. 

PMID- 27375730
TI  - Investigative and extrapolative role of microRNAs' genetic expression in breast
      carcinoma.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRs) are non-coding ribonucleic acids consisting of about 18-22
      nucleotide bases. Expression of several miRs can be altered in breast carcinomas
      in comparison to healthy breast tissue, or between various subtypes of breast
      cancer. These are regulated as either oncogene or tumor suppressors, this shows
      that their expression is misrepresented in cancers. Some miRs are specifically
      associated with breast cancer and are affected by cancer-restricted signaling
      pathways e.g. downstream of estrogen receptor-alpha or HER2/neu. Connection of
      multiple miRs with breast cancer, and the fact that most of these post transcript
      structures may transform complex functional networks of mRNAs, identify them as
      potential investigative, extrapolative and predictive tumor markers, as well as
      possible targets for treatment. Investigative tools that are currently available
      are RNA-based molecular techniques. An additional advantage related to miRs in
      oncology is that they are remarkably stable and are notably detectable in serum
      and plasma. Literature search was performed by using database of PubMed, the
      keywords used were microRNA (52 searches) AND breast cancer (169 searches). PERN
      was used by database of Bahria University, this included literature and articles
      from international sources; 2 articles from Pakistan on this topic were consulted
      (one in international journal and one in a local journal). Of these, 49 articles
      were shortlisted which discussed relation of microRNA genetic expression in
      breast cancer. These articles were consulted for this review. 

PMID- 27375732
TI  - Mother's perceptions of child mental health problems and services: A cross
      sectional study from Lahore.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the perceptions of mothers regarding child mental health
      problems, its causes, preferred treatment options, and to determine whom they
      would consult, if their child had a psychiatric illness. METHODS: Following
      informed consent, a questionnaire covering perceptions regarding various aspects
      of child mental illness was used for data collection from mothers. They were
      asked to identify the symptoms and behaviours they considered psychopathological
      in children, which treatments they would prefer, where they would turn for help
      with a mentally ill child, and their understanding of the causes of child
      psychiatric disorders in addition to ways to increase awareness of child
      psychiatric issues in the society. RESULTS: Ninety one mothers participated in
      the study. They equally perceived emotional, behavioural and cognitive symptoms
      as suggestive of mental ill health in childhood. Mothers perceived multiple
      causes of child mental health problems, including family problems, economic
      difficulties, social adversity and possession by evil spirits. A substantial
      proportion preferred medication, recitation of Holy Quran and psychotherapy as
      the preferred treatment options. Overall, mothers preferred consulting health
      professionals than religious scholars and faith healers. They were keen for steps
      to increase mental health awareness within their society. CONCLUSION: Despite
      different cultural perspective, mothers exhibit good understanding of symptoms of
      child mental health issues and appear open to various services and treatment
      options. Understanding parental perceptions and expectations from child
      psychiatric services are crucial in increasing families' engagement in treatment.

PMID- 27375733
TI  - Gastric perforation without generalized peritonitis; A very rare complication
      after necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis.
AB  - Gastric perforation is a very rare complication of necrotizing pancreatitis. We
      present an interesting case of gastric perforation after necrosectomy for
      necrotizing pancreatitis without generalized peritonitis. Abdominal drain was
      seen inside the stomach on endoscopy and there were no clinical features of
      generalized peritonitis even after 10 days of surgery. Patient was re-explored.
      The drain was removed and stomach was primarily repaired. The patient recovered
      uneventfully and was discharged home on 6(th) post operative day. On follow-up
      visit after one month patient was doing very well and had no complications. 

PMID- 27375734
TI  - Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a 27 year-old female patient with type-1
      Diabetes treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor
      Canagliflozin.
AB  - We are reporting a timely case of atypical euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis in a
      type 1 diabetic patient treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2)
      inhibitor canagliflozin. The clinical history, physical examination findings and
      laboratory values are described. Other causes of acidosis such as salicylate
      toxicity or alcohol intoxication were excluded. Ketoacidosis resolved after
      increasing dextrose and insulin doses supporting the hypothesis that SGLT-2
      inhibitors may lead to hypoinsulinemia. Euglycemic ketoacidosis did not recur in
      our patient after discontinuing canagliflozin. We recommend reserving SGLT2
      inhibitor therapy to type 2 diabetics, discontinuing medication and treating
      patients presenting with ketoacidosis due to SGLT-2 inhibitors with higher
      concentrations of dextrose with appropriate doses of insulin to help resolve
      acidosis. 

PMID- 27375735
TI  - Diagnosis and surgical treatment of isolated rectal endometriosis: long term
      complication of incomplete treatment for pelvic endometriosis.
AB  - A 40-year-old woman visited our hospital with cyclic hematochezia for four
      months. The patient had the history of laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy
      because of severe dysmenorrhea two years ago at another tertiary hospital.
      According to the medical records, the past surgical treatment was incomplete
      excision of pelvic endometriotic lesions, especially in rectal serosal lesions. A
      colonoscopy and abdominopelvic computed tomography showed an isolated tumor
      mimicking neoplasm, in which a biopsy under colonoscopy was performed and the
      lesion was endometriosis pathologically. Laparoscopic anterior resection (LAR)
      was performed. There were no complications during intraoperative and
      postoperative period and the patient was discharged 7 days after the LAR. It is
      important for reducing of long-term complication like rectal endometriosis that
      complete and safe excision of pelvic endometriosis with expert surgical strategy.

PMID- 27375736
TI  - Falsely increased bispectral index values by convective air warming system during
      kidney transplantation.
AB  - Bispectral index (BIS) is a reliable parameter for measuring depth of hypnotic
      level during anesthesia. Convective air warming system is an effective equipment
      to maintain normothermia during operation. We report falsely elevated BIS value
      due to convective air warming system while undergoing kidney transplantation. 

PMID- 27375737
TI  - Retraction Announcement.
AB  - [This retracts the article on p. 972 in vol. 30, PMID: 25225509.]. 

PMID- 27375738
TI  - Metaheuristic Algorithms for Convolution Neural Network.
AB  - A typical modern optimization technique is usually either heuristic or
      metaheuristic. This technique has managed to solve some optimization problems in
      the research area of science, engineering, and industry. However, implementation
      strategy of metaheuristic for accuracy improvement on convolution neural networks
      (CNN), a famous deep learning method, is still rarely investigated. Deep learning
      relates to a type of machine learning technique, where its aim is to move closer
      to the goal of artificial intelligence of creating a machine that could
      successfully perform any intellectual tasks that can be carried out by a human.
      In this paper, we propose the implementation strategy of three popular
      metaheuristic approaches, that is, simulated annealing, differential evolution,
      and harmony search, to optimize CNN. The performances of these metaheuristic
      methods in optimizing CNN on classifying MNIST and CIFAR dataset were evaluated
      and compared. Furthermore, the proposed methods are also compared with the
      original CNN. Although the proposed methods show an increase in the computation
      time, their accuracy has also been improved (up to 7.14 percent). 

PMID- 27375739
TI  - Bowel Perforation in Premature Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Risk
      Factors and Outcomes.
AB  - We aim to determine risk factors and clinical outcomes for bowel perforation in
      premature infants with NEC. We analyzed clinical data of 57 cases of premature
      infants with NEC at our NICU between January 2010 and December 2012. Based on the
      presence of bowel perforation, we divided these infants into two groups:
      perforated NEC group (n = 10) and nonperforated NEC group (n = 47). We compared
      general information, clinical characteristics, and laboratory findings between
      groups. The perforated NEC group, compared to the nonperforated NEC group, had
      significantly lesser gestational age, lower birth weight, higher prevalence of
      apnea, mechanical ventilation, sepsis and shock, lower blood pH, higher levels of
      blood glucose, abnormal WBC count and thrombocytopenia, and elevated CRP (all P <
      0.05). Moreover, the perforated NEC group had significantly longer durations of
      fasting and TPN usage, higher incidences of EUGR and cholestasis, longer duration
      of antibiotics, higher frequency of advanced antibiotics use, and poorer
      prognosis than the nonperforated NEC group (all P < 0.05). Bowel perforation in
      premature infants with NEC was associated with multiple risk factors. Early
      identification of some of these risk factors in premature infants with NEC may
      help implement early intervention to reduce the incidence of bowel perforation
      and thereby improve the prognosis. 

PMID- 27375740
TI  - Chronic Exposure to Arsenic in Drinking Water Causes Alterations in Locomotor
      Activity and Decreases Striatal mRNA for the D2 Dopamine Receptor in CD1 Male
      Mice.
AB  - Arsenic exposure has been associated with sensory, motor, memory, and learning
      alterations in humans and alterations in locomotor activity, behavioral tasks,
      and neurotransmitters systems in rodents. In this study, CD1 mice were exposed to
      0.5 or 5.0 mg As/L of drinking water for 6 months. Locomotor activity,
      aggression, interspecific behavior and physical appearance, monoamines levels,
      and expression of the messenger for dopamine receptors D1 and D2 were assessed.
      Arsenic exposure produced hypoactivity at six months and other behaviors such as
      rearing and on-wall rearing and barbering showed both increases and decreases. No
      alterations on aggressive behavior or monoamines levels in striatum or frontal
      cortex were observed. A significant decrease in the expression of mRNA for D2
      receptors was found in striatum of mice exposed to 5.0 mg As/L. This study
      provides evidence for the use of dopamine receptor D2 as potential target of
      arsenic toxicity in the dopaminergic system. 

PMID- 27375741
TI  - Alteration of Thyroid-Related Hormones within Normal Ranges and Early Functional
      Outcomes in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - This study evaluated the prognostic value of thyroid-related hormones within
      normal ranges after acute ischemic stroke. This was a retrospective study and we
      reviewed 1072 ischemic stroke patients consecutively admitted within 72 h after
      symptom onset. Total triiodothyronine (T3), total thyroxine (T4), free T3, free
      T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were assessed to determine their values
      for predicting functional outcome at the first follow-up clinic visits, which
      usually occurred 2 to 4 weeks after discharge from the hospital. 722 patients
      were finally included. On univariate analysis, poor functional outcome was
      associated with presence of atrial fibrillation as the index event. Furthermore,
      score of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), total T4, free T4,
      and C-reactive protein at admission were significantly higher in patients with
      poor functional outcome, whereas free T3 and total T3 were significantly lower.
      On multiple logistic regression analysis, lower total T3 concentrations remained
      independently associated with poor functional outcome [odds ratio (OR), 0.10; 95%
      confidence interval (CI), 0.01-0.84; P = 0.035]. The only other variables
      independently associated with poor functional outcome were NIHSS scores. In sum,
      lower total T3 concentrations that were within the normal ranges were
      independently associated with poor short-term outcomes. 

PMID- 27375743
TI  - Simultaneous Clear Cell Sarcomas of the Duodenum and Jejunum.
AB  - Clear cell sarcoma (CCS) is an uncommon tumor that usually presents as an
      extremity mass but can rarely manifest as a gastrointestinal tumor with a diverse
      spectrum of symptoms, most commonly related to a mass effect or ulceration.
      Herein we report a case in which two separate tumors, one in the duodenum and the
      other in the jejunum, present concurrently. The subject presented with
      symptomatic anemia and underwent imaging and endoscopic studies that culminated
      in the discovery of the two lesions. He subsequently underwent operative
      treatment with resection of both tumors and made an unremarkable recovery. The
      resection specimen consisted of two separate clear cell sarcomas with negative
      margins. Under microscopic evaluation, they demonstrated nested growths of
      epithelioid cells with scattered spindled cells infiltrating the enteric wall.
      The neoplastic cells were positive for S100 with scattered expression of Melan A.
      Florescence in situ hybridization revealed a translocation at the EWRS1 locus. He
      was disease-free for 30 months following the procedure; then he developed a
      rapidly progressing metastatic disease with subsequent death 4 months later. 

PMID- 27375742
TI  - Selective Sensing of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Peptides Using Terbium(III)
      Complexes.
AB  - Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins, as well as their
      dephosphorylation, is closely related to various diseases. However, this
      phosphorylation is usually accompanied by more abundant phosphorylation of serine
      and threonine residues in the proteins and covers only 0.05% of the total
      phosphorylation. Accordingly, highly selective detection of phosphorylated
      tyrosine in proteins is an urgent subject. In this review, recent developments in
      this field are described. Monomeric and binuclear Tb(III) complexes, which emit
      notable luminescence only in the presence of phosphotyrosine (pTyr), have been
      developed. There, the benzene ring of pTyr functions as an antenna and transfers
      its photoexcitation energy to the Tb(III) ion as the emission center. Even in the
      coexistence of phosphoserine (pSer) and phosphothreonine (pThr), pTyr can be
      efficintly detected with high selectivity. Simply by adding these Tb(III)
      complexes to the solutions, phosphorylation of tyrosine in peptides by protein
      tyrosine kinases and dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases can be
      successfully visualized in a real-time fashion. Furthermore, the activities of
      various inhibitors on these enzymes are quantitatively evaluated, indicating a
      strong potential of the method for efficient screening of eminent inhibitors from
      a number of candidates. 

PMID- 27375744
TI  - Epidermal Cells Expressing Putative Cell Markers in Nonglabrous Skin Existing in
      Direct Proximity with the Distal End of the Arrector Pili Muscle.
AB  - Inconsistent with the view that epidermal stem cells reside randomly spread along
      the basal layer of the epidermal rete ridges, we found that epidermal cells
      expressing stem cell markers in nonglabrous skin exist in direct connection with
      the distal end of the arrector pili muscle. The epidermal cells that express stem
      cell markers consist of a subpopulation of basal keratinocytes located in a niche
      at the lowermost portion of the rete ridges at the distal arrector pili muscle
      attachment site. Keratinocytes in the epidermal stem cell niche express K15,
      MCSP, and alpha6 integrin. alpha5 integrin marks the distal end of the APM
      colocalized with basal keratinocytes expressing stem cell markers located in a
      well-protected and nourished environment at the lowermost point of the epidermis;
      these cells are hypothesized to participate directly in epidermal renewal and
      homeostasis and also indirectly in wound healing through communication with the
      hair follicle bulge epithelial stem cell population through the APM. Our
      findings, plus a reevaluation of the literature, support the hierarchical model
      of interfollicular epidermal stem cell units of Fitzpatrick. This new view
      provides insights into epidermal control and the possible involvement of
      epidermal stem cells in nonmelanoma skin carcinogenesis. 

PMID- 27375746
TI  - Labeling Adipose-Derived Stem Cells with Hoechst 33342: Usability and Effects on
      Differentiation Potential and DNA Damage.
AB  - Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been extensively studied in the field of
      stem cell research and possess numerous clinical applications. Cell labeling is
      an essential component of various experimental protocols and Hoechst 33342
      (H33342) represents a cost-effective and easy methodology for live staining. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate the labeling of rat ASCs with two different
      concentrations of H33342 (0.5 MUg/mL and 5 MUg/mL), with particular regard to
      usability, interference with cell properties, and potential DNA damage. Hoechst
      33342 used at a low concentration of 0.5 MUg/mL did not significantly affect cell
      proliferation, viability, or differentiation potential of the ASCs, nor did it
      cause any significant DNA damage as measured by the olive tail moment. High
      concentrations of 5 MUg/mL H33342, however, impaired the proliferation and
      viability of the ASCs, and considerable DNA damage was observed. Undesirable
      colabeling of unlabeled cocultivated cells was seen in particular with higher
      concentrations of H33342, independent of varying washing procedures. Hence,
      H33342 labeling with lower concentrations represents a usable method, which does
      not affect the tested cell properties. However, the colabeling of adjacent cells
      is a drawback of the technique. 

PMID- 27375745
TI  - Utility of Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
      Generation.
AB  - A large number of EBV immortalized LCLs have been generated and maintained in
      genetic/epidemiological studies as a perpetual source of DNA and as a surrogate
      in vitro cell model. Recent successes in reprograming LCLs into iPSCs have paved
      the way for generating more relevant in vitro disease models using this existing
      bioresource. However, the overall reprogramming efficiency and success rate
      remain poor and very little is known about the mechanistic changes that take
      place at the transcriptome and cellular functional level during LCL-to-iPSC
      reprogramming. Here, we report a new optimized LCL-to-iPSC reprogramming protocol
      using episomal plasmids encoding pluripotency transcription factors and mouse
      p53DD (p53 carboxy-terminal dominant-negative fragment) and commercially
      available reprogramming media. We achieved a consistently high reprogramming
      efficiency and 100% success rate using this optimized protocol. Further, we
      investigated the transcriptional changes in mRNA and miRNA levels, using FC-abs
      >= 2.0 and FDR <= 0.05 cutoffs; 5,228 mRNAs and 77 miRNAs were differentially
      expressed during LCL-to-iPSC reprogramming. The functional enrichment analysis of
      the upregulated genes and activation of human pluripotency pathways in the
      reprogrammed iPSCs showed that the generated iPSCs possess transcriptional and
      functional profiles very similar to those of human ESCs. 

PMID- 27375747
TI  - Impact on the Quality of Life When Living Close to a Municipal Wastewater
      Treatment Plant.
AB  - The objective of the study was to investigate the impact on the quality of life
      of people living close to a municipal wastewater treatment plant. A case control
      study, including 235 inhabitants living within a 500 m radius by a municipal
      wastewater treatment plant (cases) and 97 inhabitants living in a different area
      (controls), was conducted. A standardized questionnaire was self-completed by the
      participants which examined the general health perception and the overall life
      satisfaction. Also, the concentration of airborne pathogenic microorganisms in
      aerosol samples collected around the wastewater treatment plant was investigated.
      Significant risk for symptoms such as headache, unusual tiredness, and
      concentration difficulties was recorded and an increased possibility for
      respiratory and skin diseases was reported. A high rate of the cases being
      irritable and moody was noticed. Significantly higher gastrointestinal symptoms
      were also reported among the cases in relation to the controls. The prevalence of
      pathogenic airborne microorganisms originating from the wastewater treatment
      plant was reported in high numbers in sampling points close to the wastewater
      treatment plant. More analytical epidemiological investigations are needed to
      determine the cause as well as the burden of the diseases to inhabitants living
      surrounding the wastewater treatment plant.

PMID- 27375748
TI  - Subboiling Moist Heat Favors the Selection of Enteric Pathogen Clostridium
      difficile PCR Ribotype 078 Spores in Food.
AB  - Emerging enteric pathogens could have not only more antibiotic resistance or
      virulence traits; they could also have increased resistance to heat. We
      quantified the effects of minimum recommended cooking and higher temperatures,
      individually on a collection of C. difficile isolates and on the survival
      probability of a mixture of emerging C. difficile strains. While minimum
      recommended cooking time/temperature combinations (63-71 degrees C) allowed
      concurrently tested strains to survive, higher subboiling temperatures
      reproducibly favored the selection of newly emerging C. difficile PCR ribotype
      078. Survival ratios for "ribotypes 078" :  "other ribotypes" (n = 49 : 45
      isolates) from the mid-2000s increased from 1 : 1 and 0.7 : 1 at 85 degrees C
      (for 5 and 10 minutes, resp.) to 2.3 : 1 and 3 : 1 with heating at 96 degrees C
      (for 5 and 10 minutes, resp.) indicating an interaction effect between the
      heating temperature and survival of C. difficile genotypes. In multistrain
      heating experiments, with PCR ribotypes 027 and 078 from 2004 and reference type
      strain ATCC 9689 banked in the 1970s, multinomial logistic regression (P < 0.01)
      revealed PCR ribotype 078 was the most resistant to increasing lethal heat
      treatments. Thermal processes (during cooking or disinfection) may contribute to
      the selection of emergent specific virulent strains of C. difficile. Despite
      growing understanding of the role of cooking on human evolution, little is known
      about the role of cooking temperatures on the selection and evolution of enteric
      pathogens, especially spore-forming bacteria. 

PMID- 27375749
TI  - The Validation of a Novel Surveillance System for Monitoring Bloodstream
      Infections in the Calgary Zone.
AB  - Background. Electronic surveillance systems (ESSs) that utilize existing
      information in databases are more efficient than conventional infection
      surveillance methods. The objective was to assess an ESS for bloodstream
      infections (BSIs) in the Calgary Zone for its agreement with traditional medical
      record review. Methods. The ESS was developed by linking related data from
      regional laboratory and hospital administrative databases and using set
      definitions for excluding contaminants and duplicate isolates. Infections were
      classified as hospital-acquired (HA), healthcare-associated community-onset
      (HCA), or community-acquired (CA). A random sample of patients from the ESS was
      then compared with independent medical record review. Results. Among the 308
      patients selected for comparative review, the ESS identified 318 episodes of BSI
      of which 130 (40.9%) were CA, 98 (30.8%) were HCA, and 90 (28.3%) were HA.
      Medical record review identified 313 episodes of which 136 (43.4%) were CA, 97
      (30.9%) were HCA, and 80 (25.6%) were HA. Episodes of BSI were concordant in 304
      (97%) cases. Overall, there was 85.5% agreement between ESS and medical record
      review for the classification of where BSIs were acquired (kappa = 0.78, 95%
      Confidence Interval: 0.75-0.80). Conclusion. This novel ESS identified and
      classified BSIs with a high degree of accuracy. This system requires additional
      linkages with other related databases. 

PMID- 27375751
TI  - Diagnosis and Management of Multiple Sclerosis in Children.
AB  - Growing evidence indicates the safety and well toleration of treatment by Disease
      modifying in children suffering multiple sclerosis (MS). The treatment is not
      straight forward in a great number of patients, thus patients with pediatric MS
      must be managed by experienced specialized centers. Common treatments of multiple
      sclerosis for adults are first-line therapies. These therapies (firstline) are
      safe for children. Failure in treatment that leads to therapy alteration is
      almost prevalent in pediatric MS. Toleration against current second-line
      therapies has been shown in multiple sclerosis children. Oral agents have not
      been assessed in children MS patients. Although clinical trials in children are
      insufficient, immunomodulating managed children, experience a side effect similar
      to the adult MS patients. However, further prospective clinical studies, with
      large sample size and long follow-up are needed to distinguish the benefits and
      probable side effects of pediatric MS therapies. 

PMID- 27375752
TI  - Neurological Manifestations of Renal Diseases in Children in Qazvin/ Iran.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Renal diseases are one of the most common causes of referrals and
      admissions of children, hence it is important to know their neurological
      presentations. This study aimed to determine neurological presentations of renal
      diseases in children. MATERIAL & METHODS: A total of 634 children with renal
      diseases, admitted to Qazvin Pediatric Hospital, Qazvin, central Iran from 2011
      to 2013 were studied. Neurological presentations of patients were established and
      the results were analyzed using statistical tests. RESULTS: Neurological
      presentations were found in 18 (2.8%) out of 634 patients, of whom 15 had febrile
      seizures, two thromboembolism, and one encephalopathy. Among patients with
      urinary tract infection (UTI), 2.6% had febrile seizures, 11.1% of those with
      glomerulonephritis had encephalopathy, and 3.7% of those with nephrotic syndrome
      had cerebral thromboembolism. CONCLUSION: Results showed neurological
      presentations in 2.8% of children with renal diseases, and febrile seizure as the
      most common presentation.

PMID- 27375750
TI  - Nutritional Aspects of Treatment in Epileptic Patients.
AB  - Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by interruption of normal
      neuronal functions that is manifested by behavioral disorders, changing of
      awareness level, and presence of some sensory, autonomic and motor symptoms or
      signs. It is resulted from many different causes. Many antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
      are considered to manage epileptic attacks. Some of them change metabolism and
      absorption of many nutrients. Therefore, epileptic patients may be in higher risk
      of nutrient deficiency and its unwelcome effects. In the present paper, we intend
      to review the relationship between nutrition and epilepsy in two aspects. In one
      aspect we discuss the nutritional status in epileptic patients, the causes of
      nutritional deficiencies and the way of compensation of the nutrient
      deficiencies. It will guide these patients to have a healthy life. In another
      aspect we explain the role of some nutrients and specific diets in management of
      epileptic attacks. It can help to better control of epileptic attacks in these
      patients. 

PMID- 27375753
TI  - Effects of Abnormal Oral Reflexes on Speech Articulation in Persian Speaking
      Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between
      the presence of abnormal oral reflexes and speech sound production in children
      with severe cerebral palsy. MATERIALS & METHODS: Seven oral reflexes such as,
      rooting, mouth-opening, biting, chewing, lip, tongue, and suckling were examined
      in 52Persian-speaking monolingual children with spastic cerebral palsy (ages 5-10
      yr).Phonetic information tests were administered to investigate their ability for
      articulation of the speech sounds. RESULTS: A significant relationship between
      three (i.e. the chewing, lip, and biting reflexes) out of the seven abnormal oral
      reflexes and the speech articulation was noticed. The presence of the chewing
      reflex was associated with deficits in production of /s, z, s,c/ sounds. The lip
      reflex was associated with deficits in the production of /p, m, r, j, f, c/
      sounds. The biting reflex was associated with deficits in the production of /z,
      l, y and s/ sounds. No significant relationship was found between the rooting,
      mouth-opening, tongue, and suckling reflexes and sound articulation. CONCLUSION:
      The presence of abnormal reflexes in the children with spastic cerebral palsy
      would suggest a correlation between these reflexes and sound articulation in
      Iranian children with spastic cerebral palsy. Hence, these observations might
      suggest some disturbances in normal speech development.

PMID- 27375754
TI  - Comparing Mental Health of School-Age Children with and without Epilepsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Mental health problems frequently occur in children with epilepsy but
      the diagnosis is frequently missed and therapeutic opportunities are often lost.
      The aim of this study was to compare mental health statues between school-aged
      children with epilepsy and the healthy group. MATERIALS & METHODS: In this case,
      control study, 120 children aged 6 to 12 years with idiopathic epilepsy and 240
      healthy control groups were followed up. Children with epilepsy were enrolled
      from Iranian Epilepsy Association in 2014. The parent version of Child Symptom
      Inventory-4 questionnaire was used. Mean comparisons were performed using
      Student's t test while effect sizes were estimated by Cohen's d coefficient. The
      Chi-Square test was used to assess the difference between frequency distribution
      of demographic variables in both groups. The significance level was considered
      less than 0.05. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between
      children with epilepsy and control group as for attention deficit hyperactivity
      disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, separation anxiety,
      social phobia, motor and vocal tics and oppositional defiant disorder.
      CONCLUSION: The carefully evaluating and prospectively following the
      psychopathology symptom of children with epilepsy are critical for early
      identification, prevention and treatment.

PMID- 27375755
TI  - Phantom Limb Sensation (PLS) and Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) among Young Landmine
      Amputees.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of phantom limb sensation (PLS) and phantom
      limb pain (PLP) in children and young adults suffering landmine-related
      amputation. MATERIALS & METHODS: All youths with amputation due to landmine
      explosions participated in this study. The proportions of patients with phantom
      limb sensation/pain, intensity and frequency of pain were reported. Chi square
      test was used to examine the relationship between variables. Comparison of PLP
      and PLS between upper and lower amputation was done by unpaired t-test. RESULTS:
      There were 38 male and 3 female with the mean age of 15.8+/-2.4yr. The mean
      interval between injury and follow-up was 90.7+/-39.6 months. Twelve (44.4%)
      upper limb amputees and 11 (26.8%) lower limb amputees had PLS. Nine (33.3%)
      upper limb amputees and 7 (17.1%) lower limb amputees experienced PLP. Of 27
      upper limb amputees, 6 (14.6%) and among 15 lower limb amputees, 6 (14.6%) had
      both PLS and PLP. One case suffered amputation of upper and lower limbs and was
      experiencing PLS and PLP in both parts. PLS had a significant difference between
      the upper and lower amputated groups. Significant relationship was observed
      between age of casualty and duration of injury with PLP. CONCLUSION: Phantom limb
      sensation and pain in young survivors of landmine explosions appear to be common,
      even years after amputation.

PMID- 27375756
TI  - Predictors of Poor Seizure Control in Children Managed at a Tertiary Care
      Hospital of Eastern Nepal.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Various factors have been claimed to predict outcome of afebrile
      seizures in children. This study was aimed to find out the predictors of poor
      seizure control in children at a resource limited setting. MATERIALS & METHODS:
      This prospective study was done from July 1st, 2009 to January 31st, 2012 at B.P.
      Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal. Children (1 month-20 yr of age) with
      afebrile seizures presenting to pediatric neurology clinic were studied.
      Significant predictors on bivariate analysis were further analyzed with binary
      logistic model to find out the true predictors. Positive predictive values (PPVs)
      and negative predictive values (NPVs) for the true predictors were calculated.
      RESULTS: Out of 256 patients (male: female ratio 3:2) with afebrile seizures
      followed up for median duration of 27 (IQR 12-50) months, seizure was poorly
      controlled in 20% patients. Three factors predicted poor seizure control. They
      were frequent (>=1 per month) seizures at onset (OR 12.76, 95% CI 1.44-112.73,
      PPV 25%, NPV 98%); remote symptomatic etiology (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.04-12.17, PPV
      36%, NPV 92%); and need of more than one anticonvulsant drug (polytherapy) (OR
      12.83, 95% CI 5.50-29.9, PPV 56%, NPV 96%). The strongest predictor was need of
      polytherapy. When all three factors were present, PPV and NPV for prediction of
      poor seizure control were 70% and 90% respectively. CONCLUSION: Frequent seizures
      at onset, remote symptomatic etiology of seizure and need of polytherapy were
      associated with poor seizure control in children with afebrile seizures.

PMID- 27375757
TI  - SerumTrace Elements in Febrile Seizure: A Case-Control Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Febrile seizure (FS) is one of the most common neurological problems
      during childhood.Pathogenesis of febrile convulsion is unknown. This study
      investigated some trace elements among children admitted with FS compared with
      thoseof febrile without seizure attacks. MATERIALS & METHODS: This case-control
      study was conducted on48 children (6 months to 5 yrold) diagnosed with febrile
      seizure as the cases and 48 age-matched febrile children as the control group.
      Serum levels of magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium, and serum zinc were
      measured. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS (version 15) using Student
      t-test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the cases and
      controls in terms of gender or age. The means of serum level of zinc, sodium,
      calcium and magnesium in the case group was lower than those of the control
      group. There was no significant difference onserum potassium mean level between
      the case and control groups. CONCLUSION: Deficiency of trace elements was
      correlated significantly with febrile convulsion, while further investigations on
      trace elements are required.

PMID- 27375758
TI  - Relationship of Mothers' Psychological Status with Development of Kindergarten
      Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Given the importance of children's development and the role of
      psychological status of mothers in this regard, this study investigated the
      relationship of mothers' psychological status (stress, anxiety and depression)
      with the development of children aged 36-60 months. MATERIALS & METHODS: This
      descriptive study was performed on 1036 mothers and their children, aged 36 to 60
      months, in different kindergartens in Tehran City, Iran, in 2014-2015.
      Participants were selected through multi-stage random sampling. The following
      instruments were used in this study: A demographic and obstetric specification
      questionnaire, children specification questionnaire, the Beck Depression
      Inventory, Spiel Berger Test, Perceived stress questionnaire and the Ages and
      Stages Questionnaire to determine the status of the children's development. Data
      were analyzed using SPSS20 software, Mann-Whitney; independent t-test and
      logistic-Regression model were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of developmental
      delay in children aged 36-60 months was 16.2%. The independent t-test showed a
      relationship between maternal stress and developmental delay in children. The
      Mann-Whitney test revealed a significant relation between mothers' depression
      level and developmental delay in their children. There was a significant relation
      between trait anxiety and developmental delay in children. Moreover, a
      significant relation was found between maternal stress and developmental delay in
      fine motor skills. The logistic regression model showed a significant
      relationship of child gender, economic and social states with developmental
      delay. CONCLUSION: This study showed mothers' psychological status probably is an
      effective factor in developmental delay. The assessment of mothers' psychological
      status is suggested for early interventions.

PMID- 27375759
TI  - Neurometabolic Diagnosis in Children who referred as Neurodevelopmental Delay (A
      Practical Criteria, in Iranian Pediatric Patients).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the clinical and para clinical manifestations
      of neuro metabolic disorders, in patients who presented by neuro developmental
      delay in their neuro developmental milestones. MATERIALS & METHODS: The patients
      diagnosed as neuro developmental delay and regression with or without seizure at
      the Neurology Department of Mofid Children Hospital in Tehran, Iran between 2004
      and 2014 were included in our study. These patients diagnosed as neuro
      developmental delay by pediatric neurologists in view of diagnostic /screening
      neuro developmental assessment tests. The patients who completed our inclusion
      criteria as neuro metabolic disorders were evaluated in terms of metabolic and
      genetic study in referral lab. RESULTS: Overall, 213 patients with neurometabolic
      disorders were diagnosed. 54.3% of patients were male. The average age of
      patients was 41 +-46.1 months. 71.4% of parent's patients had consanguinity of
      marriages. Eighty seven percent of patients had developmental delay (or/and)
      regression. 55.5% of them had different type of seizures. Overall, 213 patients
      with 34 different neurometabolic disorders were diagnosed and classified in the 7
      sub classes, consisting of: 1- organic acidemia and aminoacidopathy (122
      patients), 2-storage disease (37 patients) 3- eukodystrophy (27 patients), other
      classes consisted: lipid oxidation disorders, urea cycle disorders, progressive
      myoclonic epilepsy; and peroxizomal disorders (27 patients). CONCLUSION: In
      patients with developmental delay or regression, with or without seizure,
      abnormal neurologic exam along with positive family history of similar disorder
      or relative parents, abnormal brain imaging with specific patterns,
      neurometabolic disorders should be considered as one of the important treatable
      diseases.

PMID- 27375760
TI  - Cerebellar Infarction in Childhood: Delayed-Onset Complication of Mild Head
      Trauma.
AB  - Objective Cerebellar ischemic infarction is a rare complication of minor head
      trauma. Vertebral artery dissection, vasospasm or systemic hypo perfusion can
      cause infarct. However, underlying causes of the ischemic infarct cannot be
      explained in nearly half of cases. The accurate diagnosis is essential to ensure
      appropriate treatment. Here we report a five yr old boy patient of cerebellar
      infraction after minor head trauma, admitted to emergency serves of BulentEcevit
      University, Turkey in 2013. We aimed to remind minor head trauma that causes
      cerebellar infarction during childhood, and to review the important points of the
      diagnosis, which should be keep in mind. 

PMID- 27375761
TI  - Hemispherectomy Procedure in Proteus Syndrome.
AB  - Objective Proteus syndrome is a rare overgrowth disorder including bone, soft
      tissue, and skin. Central nervous system manifestations were reported in about
      40% of the patients including hemimegalencephaly and the resultant hemicranial
      hyperplasia, convulsions and mental deficiency. We report a 1-month-old male baby
      referred to Pediatric Neurology Clinic Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia in
      2014 presented recurrent seizures since birth with asymmetric dysmorphic face
      with the right side larger than the left, subcutaneous mass and linear nevi.
      Craniocervical MRI revealed hemimegalencephaly right cerebral hemisphere. Triple
      antiepileptic drugs were already given as well as the ketogenic diet, but the
      seizures persisted. The seizure then was resolved after hemispherectomy
      procedure. 

PMID- 27375762
TI  - Additive Effect of Qidan Dihuang Grain, a Traditional Chinese Medicine, and
      Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Albuminuria Levels in Patients with Diabetic
      Nephropathy: A Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Trial.
AB  - Albuminuria is characteristic of early-stage diabetic nephropathy (DN). The
      conventional treatments with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are unable to
      prevent the development of albuminuria in normotensive individuals with type 2
      diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Purpose. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect
      of ARB combined with a Chinese formula Qidan Dihuang grain (QDDHG) in improving
      albuminuria and Traditional Chinese Medicine Symptom (TCMS) scores in
      normotensive individuals with T2DM. Methods. Eligible patients were randomized to
      the treatment group and the control group. Results. Compared with baseline (week
      0), both treatment and control groups markedly improved the 24-hour albuminuria,
      total proteinuria (TPU), and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (A/C) at 4, 8,
      and 12 weeks. Between treatment and the control group, the levels of albuminuria
      in the treatment group were significantly lower than in the control group at 8
      and 12 weeks (p < 0.05). In addition, treatment group markedly decreased the
      scores of TCMS after treatment. Conclusion. This trial suggests that QDDHG
      combined with ARB administration decreases the levels of albuminuria and the
      scores for TCMS in normotensive individuals with T2DM. 

PMID- 27375764
TI  - Changes in Blood Components in Aphtha Patients with Excess Heat.
AB  - "Superior heat" is a popularization expression in TCM heat syndrome and has no
      counterpart in the modern medical system concept. Oral ulcer is considered to be
      a kind of clinical manifestation of "superior heat." Aphtha is a common and
      frequently occurring disease, which can be divided into excess heat and Yin
      deficiency. The aphtha of excess heat manifests the syndromes of acute
      occurrence, severe local symptoms, obvious swelling and pain, red tongue, yellow
      coating, and fast-powerful pulse. In this study, we found that there was an
      abnormal immune regulation in aphtha patients induced by excess heat. There are
      changes in the blood components, including abnormal serum protein expression (IL
      4, MMP-19, MMP-9, and Activin A) and a higher percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg
      cells in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the EXP group. Changes in the blood
      environment may be an important factor in the occurrence of aphtha caused by
      excess heat. 

PMID- 27375763
TI  - Supercritical Fluid Extract of Spent Coffee Grounds Attenuates Melanogenesis
      through Downregulation of the PKA, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK Signaling Pathways.
AB  - The mode of action of spent coffee grounds supercritical fluid CO2 extract (SFE)
      in melanogenesis has never been reported. In the study, the spent coffee grounds
      were extracted by the supercritical fluid CO2 extraction method; the chemical
      constituents of the SFE were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
      (GC-MS). The effects of the SFE and its major fatty acid components on
      melanogenesis were evaluated by mushroom tyrosinase activity assay and
      determination of intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content. The
      expression level of melanogenesis-related proteins was analyzed by western
      blotting assay. The results revealed that the SFE of spent coffee grounds (1-10
      mg/mL) and its major fatty acids such as linoleic acid and oleic acid (6.25-50
      MUM) effectively suppressed melanogenesis in the B16F10 murine melanoma cells.
      Furthermore, the SFE decreased the expression of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R),
      microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase
      related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). The SFE also
      decreased the protein expression levels of p-JNK, p-p38, p-ERK, and p-CREB. Our
      results revealed that the SFE of spent coffee grounds attenuated melanogenesis in
      B16F10 cells by downregulation of protein kinase A (PKA), phosphatidylinositol-3
      kinase (PI3K/Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling
      pathways, which may be due to linoleic acid and oleic acid. 

PMID- 27375765
TI  - The Effect of Photoluminescence of Bioceramic Irradiation on Middle Cerebral
      Arterial Occlusion in Rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to determine the possible effect of
      photoluminescence of bioceramic (PLB) on ischemic cerebral infarction (stroke),
      by using an animal model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).
      Sprague-Dawley rats were used to induce MCAO to block the origin of the left
      MCAO; three months later, the positive chronic stroke rats were selected by
      running tunnel maze; the MCAO rats with significant chronic stroke and
      neurological defects were used for treadmill experiments with varying speed
      settings to test their capability for restoration after muscular fatigue under
      conditions of with and without PLB irradiation. As a result, PLB irradiation
      could improve exercise completion rate and average running speed during slow and
      fast treadmill settings. After PLB irradiation, the selected MCAO rats
      successfully completed all the second-round treadmill exercises at the maximum
      speed setting, and they had better restoration from muscular fatigue. An in vitro
      cell study on astrocytes of rats by bioceramic irradiation further demonstrated
      increased intracellular nitric oxide. To explain these results, we suggest that
      cortical brain stimulation of microcirculation and enhancement of peripheral
      muscular activity are the main causes of the improved exercise performance in
      MCAO rats by PLB. 

PMID- 27375766
TI  - Effect of Kangfuxin Solution on Chemo/Radiotherapy-Induced Mucositis in
      Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Multicenter, Prospective Randomized Phase
      III Clinical Study.
AB  - Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Kangfuxin Solution, a pure
      Chinese herbal medicine, on mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy in
      nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Methods. A randomized, parallel-group,
      multicenter clinical study was performed. A total of 240 patients were randomized
      to receive either Kangfuxin Solution (test group) or compound borax gargle
      (control group) during chemoradiotherapy. Oral mucositis, upper gastrointestinal
      mucositis, and oral pain were evaluated by Common Terminology Criteria for
      Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0 and the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS). Results. Of 240
      patients enrolled, 215 were eligible for efficacy analysis. Compared with the
      control group, the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in the test group
      were significantly reduced (P = 0.01). The time to different grade of oral
      mucositis occurrence (grade 1, 2, or 3) was longer in test group (P < 0.01), and
      the accumulated radiation dose was also higher in test group comparing to the
      control group (P < 0.05). The test group showed lower incidence of oral pain and
      gastrointestinal mucositis than the control group (P < 0.01). No significant
      adverse events were observed. Conclusion. Kangfuxin Solution demonstrated its
      superiority to compound borax gargle on mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy.
      Its safety is acceptable for clinical application. 

PMID- 27375767
TI  - Elastic band resistance training influences transforming growth factor-beta
      receptor I mRNA expression in peripheral mononuclear cells of institutionalised
      older adults: the Vienna Active Ageing Study (VAAS).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ageing, inactivity and obesity are associated with chronic low-grade
      inflammation contributing to a variety of lifestyle-related diseases.
      Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multimodal protein with various
      cellular functions ranging from tissue remodelling to the regulation of
      inflammation and immune functions. While it is generally accepted that aerobic
      exercise exerts beneficial effects on several aspects of immune functions, even
      in older adults, the effect of resistance training remains unclear. The aim of
      this study was to investigate whether progressive resistance training (6 months)
      with or without nutritional supplementation (protein and vitamins) would
      influence circulating C-reactive protein and TGF-beta levels as well as TGF-beta
      signalling in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of institutionalised adults
      with a median age of 84.5 (65.0-97.4) years. RESULTS: Elastic band resistance
      training significantly improved performance as shown by the arm-lifting test (p =
      0.007), chair stand test (p = 0.001) and 6-min walking test (p = 0.026). These
      results were paralleled by a reduction in TGF-beta receptor I (TGF-betaRI) mRNA
      expression in PBMCs (p = 0.006), while circulating inflammatory markers were
      unaffected. Protein and vitamin supplementation did not provoke any additional
      effects. Interestingly, muscular endurance of upper and lower body and aerobic
      performance at baseline were negatively associated with changes in circulating
      TGF-beta at the early phase of the study. Furthermore, drop-outs of the study
      were characterised not only by lower physical performance but also higher TGF
      beta and TGF-betaRI mRNA expression, and lower miRNA-21 expression. CONCLUSIONS:
      Progressive resistance training with elastic bands did not influence chronic low
      grade inflammation but potentially affected TGF-beta signalling in PBMCs through
      altered TGF-betaRI mRNA expression. There appears to be an association between
      physical performance and TGF-beta expression in PBMCs of older adults, in which
      the exact mechanisms need to be clarified.

PMID- 27375768
TI  - Toll-like receptor 9 partially regulates lung inflammation induced following
      exposure to chicken barn air.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to animal barn air is an occupational hazard that causes
      lung dysfunction in barn workers. Respiratory symptoms experienced by workers are
      typically associated with endotoxin and TLR4 signalling, but within these
      environments gram negative bacteria constitute only a portion of the total
      microbial population. In contrast, unmethylated DNA can be found in all bacteria,
      some viruses, and mold. We hypothesized that in such environments TLR9, which
      binds unmethylated DNA, contributes to the overall immune responses in the lung.
      METHODS: Using a mouse model, wild-type and TLR9(-/-) mice were exposed to
      chicken barn air for 1, 5, or 20 days. Blood serum and bronchiolar lavage fluid
      was tested against a panel of six TLR9-induced cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10,
      IL-12, TNFalpha, and IFNgamma) for changes in expression. Bronchiolar lavage
      fluid (BAL) was also tested for macrophage as well as monocyte migration.
      RESULTS: There were significant decreases in serum TNFalpha after a single day
      exposure in TLR9(-/-) mice. BAL concentrations of TNFalpha and IFNgamma, as well
      as TNFalpha in serum in TLR9(-/-) mice were also reduced after barn exposure for
      5 days. After 20 days of exposure IFNgamma was significantly reduced in lavage of
      TLR9(-/-) mice. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) accumulation in the lung was reduced at 20
      days of exposure in TLR9(-/-) mice, as was total lavage cell counts. However,
      Masson's staining revealed no apparent lung histological differences between any
      of the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together our data show TLR9 plays a
      partial role in lung inflammation induced following exposure to chicken barn air
      potentially through binding of unmethylated DNA.

PMID- 27375769
TI  - Antioxidant and physiological effects of Si-Wu-Tang on skin and liver: a
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Si-Wu-Tang (SWT) is used to treat various gynecological disorders in
      Chinese medicine. This study investigated the antioxidant and physiological
      effects of SWT on the skin and liver in healthy adults. METHODS: This randomized,
      crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted at Chung
      Shan Medical University Hospital in December 2008. Participants with uncontrolled
      diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease, cancer, and pregnancy
      were excluded. Sixty healthy volunteers taking no medications were recruited from
      the community based on the results of their medical history questionnaires and
      biochemical analyses to confirm their health status. The participants were
      assigned to two groups: one group drank 125 mL of placebo (n = 30) and the other
      drank SWT (n = 30) for six continuous days per month for 6 months. The placebo
      and SWT were then switched between the groups after a 1-month washout period.
      Anthropometric measurements (body weight, body fat, and body mass index) were
      performed and fasting blood samples were drawn for various biochemical assays at
      1, 3, 6, 10 and 13 months. Abdominal ultrasound and skin examinations were
      performed at 1, 6 and 13 months. The skin examinations involved assessment of
      skin roughness, sebum content, hydration, surface water loss, erythema, melanin
      index, and elasticity on the face (sunlight-exposed sites: middle of ear and
      nose) and inner arm (sunlight-unexposed sites: center of wrist and elbow joint).
      RESULTS: Administration of SWT significantly increased the antioxidant index (P =
      0.001) and antioxidant enzymes activities (P = 0.001) from baseline to month 6.
      SWT also suppressed the concentration of serum lipids (triglycerides, P = 0.01;
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, P = 0.23; low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol, P = 0.48) and hepatic marker enzymes (glutamic pyruvic transaminase,
      P = 0.76; glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, P = 0.65) when compared with the
      placebo group. Abdominal ultrasound in the SWT group revealed a positive impact
      of SWT on mild fatty liver, gallstones, and mild splenomegaly. Moreover, SWT
      intake concomitantly elevated erythema (P = 0.011) and markedly lowered skin
      surface water loss (P = 0.016), sebum content (P = 0.021), and wrinkles (P =
      0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of SWT for 6 months improved the
      antioxidant level and positively regulated the lipid profile, liver function, and
      skin integrity and texture.

PMID- 27375771
TI  - Estimating carbon sequestration in the piedmont ecoregion of the United States
      from 1971 to 2010.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human activities have diverse and profound impacts on ecosystem
      carbon cycles. The Piedmont ecoregion in the eastern United States has undergone
      significant land use and land cover change in the past few decades. The purpose
      of this study was to use newly available land use and land cover change data to
      quantify carbon changes within the ecoregion. Land use and land cover change data
      (60-m spatial resolution) derived from sequential remotely sensed Landsat imagery
      were used to generate 960-m resolution land cover change maps for the Piedmont
      ecoregion. These maps were used in the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) to
      simulate ecosystem carbon stock and flux changes from 1971 to 2010. RESULTS:
      Results show that land use change, especially urbanization and forest harvest had
      significant impacts on carbon sources and sinks. From 1971 to 2010, forest
      ecosystems sequestered 0.25 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, while agricultural ecosystems
      sequestered 0.03 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. The total ecosystem C stock increased from 2271
      Tg C in 1971 to 2402 Tg C in 2010, with an annual average increase of 3.3 Tg C yr
      1. CONCLUSIONS: Terrestrial lands in the Piedmont ecoregion were estimated to be
      weak net carbon sink during the study period. The major factors contributing to
      the carbon sink were forest growth and afforestation; the major factors
      contributing to terrestrial emissions were human induced land cover change,
      especially urbanization and forest harvest. An additional amount of carbon
      continues to be stored in harvested wood products. If this pool were included the
      carbon sink would be stronger.

PMID- 27375770
TI  - Aikeqing decreases viral loads in SHIV89.6-infected Chinese rhesus macaques.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aikeqing (AKQ) has been shown in clinical studies to improve quality
      of life of HIV/AIDS patients, but anti-HIV activity has not been determined. The
      SHIV-infected macaque is an important animal model for testing antiviral drugs.
      This study aimed to determine the anti-HIV activity of AKQ in chronically
      SHIV89.6-infected Chinese rhesus macaques. METHODS: Nine Chinese rhesus macaques
      were inoculated intravenously with SHIV89.6 virus. At 11 weeks post-infection,
      the animals were arbitrarily divided into three groups: high-dose (AKQ 1.65 g/kg;
      n = 3), low-dose (AKQ 0.55 g/kg; n = 3), and control (water 1 mL/kg; n = 3).
      Treatment was administered by the intragastric gavage route once-daily for 8
      weeks. Blood (5 mL) was collected biweekly. Viral loads were analyzed by real
      time quantitative RT-PCR assays, and T cell counts were monitored by FACS
      analyses throughout the treatment. RESULTS: AKQ induced a persistent decline (P =
      0.02) in plasma viral loads during treatment in the high-dose group compared with
      their baseline levels, and cessation of the therapy caused viral load rebound to
      the pretreatment levels. No significant difference (P = 0.06) was found in the
      plasma viral loads during treatment in the low-dose group. The CD4(+) T cell
      counts and CD4/CD8 ratios remained at stable high levels during the treatment
      period. CONCLUSION: AKQ reduced plasma viral loads in the SHIV89.6-infected
      Chinese rhesus macaque model.

PMID- 27375772
TI  - A new tool for prioritization of sequence variants from whole exome sequencing
      data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Whole exome sequencing (WES) has provided a means for researchers to
      gain access to a highly enriched subset of the human genome in which to search
      for variants that are likely to be pathogenic and possibly provide important
      insights into disease mechanisms. In developing countries, bioinformatics
      capacity and expertise is severely limited and wet bench scientists are required
      to take on the challenging task of understanding and implementing the barrage of
      bioinformatics tools that are available to them. RESULTS: We designed a novel
      method for the filtration of WES data called TAPERTM (Tool for Automated
      selection and Prioritization for Efficient Retrieval of sequence variants).
      CONCLUSIONS: TAPERTM implements a set of logical steps by which to prioritize
      candidate variants that could be associated with disease and this is aimed for
      implementation in biomedical laboratories with limited bioinformatics capacity.
      TAPERTM is free, can be setup on a Windows operating system (from Windows 7 and
      above) and does not require any programming knowledge. In summary, we have
      developed a freely available tool that simplifies variant prioritization from WES
      data in order to facilitate discovery of disease-causing genes.

PMID- 27375773
TI  - Urban Poverty and Neighborhood Effects on Crime: Incorporating Spatial and
      Network Perspectives.
AB  - Research on neighborhoods and crime is on a remarkable growth trajectory. In this
      article, we survey important recent developments in the scholarship on
      neighborhood effects and the spatial stratification of poverty and urban crime.
      We advance the case that, in understanding the impact of neighborhoods and
      poverty on crime, sociological and criminological research would benefit from
      expanding the analytical focus from residential neighborhoods to the network of
      neighborhoods individuals are exposed to during their daily routine activities.
      This perspective is supported by reemerging scholarship on activity spaces and
      macro-level research on inter-neighborhood connections. We highlight work
      indicating that non-residential contexts add variation in criminogenic exposure,
      which in turn influence offending behavior and victimization risk. Also, we draw
      on recent insights from research on gang violence, social and institutional
      connections, and spatial mismatch, and call for advancements in the scholarship
      on urban poverty that investigates the salience of inter-neighborhood connections
      in evaluating the spatial stratification of criminogenic risk for individuals and
      communities.

PMID- 27375774
TI  - Changes in parenting strategies after a young person's self-harm: a qualitative
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: When faced with the discovery of their child's self-harm, mothers and
      fathers may re-evaluate their parenting strategies. This can include changes to
      the amount of support they provide their child and changes to the degree to which
      they control and monitor their child. METHODS: We conducted an in-depth
      qualitative study with 37 parents of young people who had self-harmed in which we
      explored how and why their parenting changed after the discovery of self-harm.
      RESULTS: Early on, parents often found themselves "walking on eggshells" so as
      not to upset their child, but later they felt more able to take some control.
      Parents' reactions to the self-harm often depended on how they conceptualised it:
      as part of adolescence, as a mental health issue or as "naughty behaviour".
      Parenting of other children in the family could also be affected, with parents
      worrying about less of their time being available for siblings. Many parents
      developed specific strategies they felt helped them to be more effective parents,
      such as learning to avoid blaming themselves or their child for the self-harm and
      developing new ways to communicate with their child. Parents were generally eager
      to pass their knowledge on to other people in the same situation. CONCLUSIONS:
      Parents reported changes in their parenting behaviours after the discovery of a
      child's self-harm. Professionals involved in the care of young people who self
      harm might use this information in supporting and advising parents.

PMID- 27375775
TI  - Enhanced malic acid production from glycerol with high-cell density Ustilago
      trichophora TZ1 cultivations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In order to establish a cost-efficient biodiesel biorefinery,
      valorization of its main by-product, crude glycerol, is imperative. Recently,
      Ustilago trichophora TZ1 was found to efficiently produce malic acid from
      glycerol. By adaptive laboratory evolution and medium optimization, titer and
      rate could be improved significantly. RESULTS: Here we report on the
      investigation of this strain in fed-batch bioreactors. With pH controlled at 6.5
      (automatic NaOH addition), a titer of 142 +/- 1 g L(-1) produced at an overall
      rate of 0.54 +/- 0.00 g L(-1) h(-1) was reached by optimizing the initial
      concentrations of ammonium and glycerol. Combining the potential of bioreactors
      and CaCO3 as buffer system, we were able to increase the overall production rate
      to 0.74 +/- 0.06 g L(-1) h(-1) with a maximum production rate of 1.94 +/- 0.32 g
      L(-1) reaching a titer of 195 +/- 15 g L(-1). The initial purification strategy
      resulted in 90 % pure calcium malate as solid component. Notably, the
      fermentation is not influenced by an increased temperature of up to 37  degrees
      C, which reduces the energy required for cooling. However, direct acid production
      is not favored as at a lowered pH value of pH 4.5 the malic acid titer decreased
      to only 9 +/- 1 g L(-1). When using crude glycerol as substrate, only the product
      to substrate yield is decreased. The results are discussed in the context of
      valorizing glycerol with Ustilaginaceae. CONCLUSIONS: Combining these results
      reveals the potential of U. trichophora TZ1 to become an industrially applicable
      production host for malic acid from biodiesel-derived glycerol, thus making the
      overall biodiesel production process economically and ecologically more feasible.

PMID- 27375776
TI  - Leveraging 3D chemical similarity, target and phenotypic data in the
      identification of drug-protein and drug-adverse effect associations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drug-target identification is crucial to discover novel applications
      for existing drugs and provide more insights about mechanisms of biological
      actions, such as adverse drug effects (ADEs). Computational methods along with
      the integration of current big data sources provide a useful framework for drug
      target and drug-adverse effect discovery. RESULTS: In this article, we propose a
      method based on the integration of 3D chemical similarity, target and adverse
      effect data to generate a drug-target-adverse effect predictor along with a
      simple leveraging system to improve identification of drug-targets and drug
      adverse effects. In the first step, we generated a system for multiple drug
      target identification based on the application of 3D drug similarity into a large
      target dataset extracted from the ChEMBL. Next, we developed a target-adverse
      effect predictor combining targets from ChEMBL with phenotypic information
      provided by SIDER data source. Both modules were linked to generate a final
      predictor that establishes hypothesis about new drug-target-adverse effect
      candidates. Additionally, we showed that leveraging drug-target candidates with
      phenotypic data is very useful to improve the identification of drug-targets. The
      integration of phenotypic data into drug-target candidates yielded up to twofold
      precision improvement. In the opposite direction, leveraging drug-phenotype
      candidates with target data also yielded a significant enhancement in the
      performance. CONCLUSIONS: The modeling described in the current study is simple
      and efficient and has applications at large scale in drug repurposing and drug
      safety through the identification of mechanism of action of biological effects.

PMID- 27375777
TI  - Development and Validation of an Index to Predict Personal Prescription Drug
      Importation by Adults in the United States.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Personal prescription drug importation (PPDI) is prevalent in the
      United States (U.S.) because of the high cost of U.S. medicines and lower cost of
      foreign equivalents. The practice carries the risk of exposure to counterfeit,
      adulterated, and substandard medicines. No known tools are available for
      predicting person-level PPDI risk. The objective of this study was to develop and
      validate a predictive PPDI index for policymakers, researchers, and clinicians.
      METHODS: Using 2011 and 2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data as the
      development and validation cohorts respectively, we identified predictors, built
      multivariable logistic regression models, and validated the index by comparing
      predicted risk of PPDI in the development cohort to the observed risk in the
      validation cohort. We assessed calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of
      fit test and discrimination with C-statistics. The outcome measure was survey
      reported PPDI (1=yes; 0=no). KEY FINDINGS: In the development cohort, prevalence
      of PPDI in respondents with 0-2, 3, 4, 5-6, or >=7 risk factors were 0.32%,
      0.57%, 1.09%, 2.95%, and 13.67% (C-statistic=0.78), and in the validation cohort,
      were 0.32%, 0.54%, 0.95%, 2.89%, and 10.80% (C-statistic=0.76). The Hosmer
      Lemeshow test indicated absence of a gross lack of fit (P=0.58) in the validation
      cohort. On the basis of index performance in the validation cohort, if an
      intervention to reduce importation were applied to all patients with scores of
      >=7, it would be applied to 31.1% of patients who engage in PPDI and 0.6% of the
      overall population. CONCLUSION: This predictive index accurately stratifies U.S.
      adults into groups at differential risk of PPDI and may provide value to those
      who are responsible for health policy and regulation of pharmaceutical
      importation.

PMID- 27375778
TI  - Nanostructure-Based Theranostic Systems.
AB  - This themed issue continues the focus on the recent developments of nanoscaled
      theranostic systems for early and accurate disease diagnosis, especially cancer
      diagnosis, as well as effective cancer treatment and management.

PMID- 27375779
TI  - Green Tea Catechin-Based Complex Micelles Combined with Doxorubicin to Overcome
      Cardiotoxicity and Multidrug Resistance.
AB  - Chemotherapy for cancer treatment has been demonstrated to cause some side
      effects on healthy tissues and multidrug resistance of the tumor cells, which
      greatly limits therapeutic efficacy. To address these limitations and achieve
      better therapeutic efficacy, combination therapy based on nanoparticle platforms
      provides a promising approach through delivering different agents simultaneously
      to the same destination with synergistic effect. In this study, a novel green tea
      catechin-based polyion complex (PIC) micelle loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and (
      )-Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) was constructed through electrostatic
      interaction and phenylboronic acid-catechol interaction between poly(ethylene
      glycol)-block-poly(lysine-co-lysine-phenylboronic acid) (PEG-PLys/PBA) and EGCG.
      DOX was co-loaded in the PIC micelles through pi-pi stacking interaction with
      EGCG. The phenylboronic acid-catechol interaction endowed the PIC micelles with
      high stability under physiological condition. Moreover, acid cleavability of
      phenylboronic acid-catechol interaction in the micelle core has significant
      benefits for delivering EGCG and DOX to same destination with synergistic
      effects. In addition, benefiting from the oxygen free radicals scavenging
      activity of EGCG, combination therapy with EGCG and DOX in the micelle core could
      protect the cardiomyocytes from DOX-mediated cardiotoxicity according to the
      histopathologic analysis of hearts. Attributed to modulation of EGCG on P
      glycoprotein (P-gp) activity, this kind of PIC micelles could effectively reverse
      multidrug resistance of cancer cells. These results suggested that EGCG based PIC
      micelles could effectively overcome DOX induced cardiotoxicity and multidrug
      resistance.

PMID- 27375780
TI  - Supramolecular PEGylated Dendritic Systems as pH/Redox Dual-Responsive
      Theranostic Nanoplatforms for Platinum Drug Delivery and NIR Imaging.
AB  - Recently, self-assembling small dendrimers into supramolecular dendritic systems
      offers an alternative strategy to develop multifunctional nanoplatforms for
      biomedical applications. We herein report a dual-responsive supramolecular
      PEGylated dendritic system for efficient platinum-based drug delivery and near
      infrared (NIR) tracking. With a refined molecular/supramolecular engineering,
      supramolecular dendritic systems were stabilized by bioreducible disulfide bonds
      and endowed with NIR fluorescence probes, and PEGylated platinum derivatives
      coordinated onto the abundant peripheral groups of supramolecular dendritic
      templates to generate pH/redox dual-responsive theranostic supramolecular
      PEGylated dendritic systems (TSPDSs). TSPDSs markedly improved the
      pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of platinum-based drugs, owing to their
      stable nanostructures and PEGylated shells during the blood circulation. Tumor
      intracellular environment (low pH value and high glutathione concentration) could
      trigger the rapid disintegration of TSPDSs due to acid-labile coordination bonds
      and redox-cleavable disulfide linkages, and then platinum-based drugs were
      delivered into the nuclei to exert antitumor activity. In vivo antitumor
      treatments indicated TSPDSs not only provided high antitumor efficiency which was
      comparable to clinical cisplatin, but also reduced renal toxicity of platinum
      based drugs. Moreover, NIR fluorescence of TSPDSs successfully visualized in
      vitro and in vivo fate of nanoplatforms and disclosed the intracellular platinum
      delivery and pharmacokinetics. These results confirm tailor-made supramolecular
      dendritic system with sophisticated nanostructure and excellent performance is a
      promising candidate as smart theranostic nanoplatforms.

PMID- 27375782
TI  - HSP90 Inhibitor Encapsulated Photo-Theranostic Nanoparticles for Synergistic
      Combination Cancer Therapy.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising non-invasive therapeutic modality that
      has been proposed for treating prostate cancer, but the procedure is associated
      with limited efficacy, tumor recurrence and photo-toxicity. In the present study,
      we proposed to develop a novel multifunctional nano-platform for targeted
      delivery of heat, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)
      inhibitor simultaneously for combination therapy against prostate cancer. This
      new nano-platform combines two newly developed entities: 1) a unique organic and
      biocompatible nanoporphyrin-based drug delivery system that can generate
      efficient heat and ROS simultaneously with light activation at the tumor sites
      for dual-modal photothermal- and photodynamic- therapy (PTT/PDT), and 2) new nano
      formulations of Hsp90 inhibitors that can decrease the levels of pro-survival and
      angiogenic signaling molecules induced by phototherapy, therefore, further
      sensitizing cancer cells to phototherapy. Furthermore, the nanoparticles have
      activatable near infrared (NIR) fluorescence for optical imaging to conveniently
      monitor the real-time drug delivery in both subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse
      models bearing prostate cancer xenograft. This novel multifunctional nano
      platform has great potential to improve the care of prostate cancer patients
      through targeted combination therapy.

PMID- 27375781
TI  - The Smart Drug Delivery System and Its Clinical Potential.
AB  - With the unprecedented progresses of biomedical nanotechnology during the past
      few decades, conventional drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been involved into
      smart DDSs with stimuli-responsive characteristics. Benefiting from the response
      to specific internal or external triggers, those well-defined nanoplatforms can
      increase the drug targeting efficacy, in the meantime, reduce side
      effects/toxicities of payloads, which are key factors for improving patient
      compliance. In academic field, variety of smart DDSs have been abundantly
      demonstrated for various intriguing systems, such as stimuli-responsive polymeric
      nanoparticles, liposomes, metals/metal oxides, and exosomes. However, these
      nanoplatforms are lack of standardized manufacturing method, toxicity assessment
      experience, and clear relevance between the pre-clinical and clinical studies,
      resulting in the huge difficulties to obtain regulatory and ethics approval.
      Therefore, such relatively complex stimulus-sensitive nano-DDSs are not currently
      approved for clinical use. In this review, we highlight the recent advances of
      smart nanoplatforms for targeting drug delivery. Furthermore, the clinical
      translation obstacles faced by these smart nanoplatforms have been reviewed and
      discussed. We also present the future directions and perspectives of stimuli
      sensitive DDS in clinical applications.

PMID- 27375783
TI  - Recent Developments of Liposomes as Nanocarriers for Theranostic Applications.
AB  - Liposomes are nanocarriers comprised of lipid bilayers encapsulating an aqueous
      core. The ability of liposomes to encapsulate a wide variety of diagnostic and
      therapeutic agents has led to significant interest in utilizing liposomes as
      nanocarriers for theranostic applications. In this review, we highlight recent
      progress in developing liposomes as nanocarriers for a) diagnostic applications
      to detect proteins, DNA, and small molecule targets using fluorescence, magnetic
      resonance, ultrasound, and nuclear imaging; b) therapeutic applications based on
      small molecule-based therapy, gene therapy and immunotherapy; and c) theranostic
      applications for simultaneous detection and treatment of heavy metal toxicity and
      cancers. In addition, we summarize recent studies towards understanding of
      interactions between liposomes and biological components. Finally, perspectives
      on future directions in advancing the field for clinical translations are also
      discussed.

PMID- 27375784
TI  - Accurate Quantification of Disease Markers in Human Serum Using Iron Oxide
      Nanoparticle-linked Immunosorbent Assay.
AB  - Accurate and reliable quantification of biomarkers in the blood is essential in
      disease screening and diagnosis. Here we describe an iron oxide nanoparticle
      (IONP)-linked immunosorbent assay (ILISA) for detecting biomolecules in human
      serum. Sandwich ILISA was optimized for the detection of four important
      serological markers, IgA, IgG, IgM, and C-reactive protein (CRP), and assessed
      with normal sera, simulated disease-state sera and the serum samples from
      patients infected with West Nile virus (WNV) or human herpes virus (HHV). Our
      study shows that using the detection assay formulated with 18.8 nm wustite
      nanocrystals, ILISA can achieve sub-picomolar detection sensitivity, and all four
      markers can be accurately quantified over a large dynamic range. In addition,
      ILISA is not susceptible to variations in operating procedures and shows better
      linearity and higher stability compared with ELISA, which facilitates its
      integration into detection methods suitable for point of care. Our results
      demonstrate that ILISA is a simple and versatile nanoplatform for highly
      sensitive and reliable detection of serological biomarkers in biomedical research
      and clinical applications.

PMID- 27375785
TI  - Targeted Nanotheranostics for Future Personalized Medicine: Recent Progress in
      Cancer Therapy.
AB  - Recently, many theranostic nanomaterials have been developed by integrating
      therapeutic and diagnostic agents in a single regimen. Real-time visualization of
      nano drug carrier biodistributions, drug release processes and therapeutic
      responses can provide critical information needed for dynamically optimizing
      treatment operations in a personalized manner in real time. This review
      highlights recent progresses in the development of multifunctional nanoparticles
      possessing both therapeutic and imaging functionalities for cancer therapy. The
      advantages of using nanoparticle platforms are discussed. Examples demonstrating
      various combinations of imaging and therapeutic modalities are highlighted.

PMID- 27375786
TI  - Phenylboronic Acid-Mediated Tumor Targeting of Chitosan Nanoparticles.
AB  - The phenylboronic acid-conjugated chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by
      particle surface modification. The size, zeta potential and morphology of the
      nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential
      measurement and transmission electron microscopy. The cellular uptake, tumor
      penetration, biodistribution and antitumor activity of the nanoparticles were
      evaluated by using monolayer cell model, 3-D multicellular spheroid model and H22
      tumor-bearing mice. The incorporation of phenylboronic acid group into chitosan
      nanoparticles impart a surface charge-reversible characteristic to the
      nanoparticles. In vitro evaluation using 2-D and 3-D cell models showed that
      phenylboronic acid-decorated nanoparticles were more easily internalized by tumor
      cells compared to non-decorated chitosan nanoparticles, and could deliver more
      drug into tumor cells due to the active targeting effect of boronic acid group.
      Furthermore, the phenylboronic acid-decorated nanoparticles displayed a deeper
      penetration and persistent accumulation in the multicellular spheroids, resulting
      in better inhibition growth to multicellular spheroids than non-decorated
      nanoparticles. Tumor penetration, drug distribution and near infrared
      fluorescence imaging revealed that phenylboronic acid-decorated nanoparticles
      could penetrate deeper and accumulate more in tumor area than non-decorated ones.
      In vivo antitumor examination demonstrated that the phenylboronic acid-decorated
      nanoparticles have superior efficacy in restricting tumor growth and prolonging
      the survival time of tumor-bearing mice than free drug and drug-loaded chitosan
      nanoparticles.

PMID- 27375788
TI  - Serum Stability and Affinity Optimization of an M2 Macrophage-Targeting Peptide
      (M2pep).
AB  - Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major stromal component of the tumor
      microenvironment in several cancers. TAMs are a potential target for adjuvant
      cancer therapies due to their established roles in promoting proliferation of
      cancer cells, angiogenesis, and metastasis. We previously discovered an M2
      macrophage-targeting peptide (M2pep) which was successfully used to target and
      deliver a pro-apoptotic KLA peptide to M2-like TAMs in a CT-26 colon carcinoma
      model. However, the effectiveness of in vivo TAM-targeting using M2pep is limited
      by its poor serum stability and low binding affinity. In this study, we
      synthesized M2pep derivatives with the goals of increasing serum stability and
      binding affinity. Serum stability evaluation of M2pepBiotin confirmed its rapid
      degradation attributed to exolytic cleavage from the N-terminus and endolytic
      cleavages at the W10/W11 and S16/K17 sites. N-terminal acetylation of M2pepBiotin
      protected the peptide against the exolytic degradation while W10w and
      K(17,18,19)k substitutions were able to effectively protect endolytic degradation
      at their respective cleavage sites. However, no tested amino acid changes at the
      W10 position resulted in both protease resistance at that site and retention of
      binding activity. Therefore, cyclization of M2pep was investigated. Cyclized
      M2pep better resisted serum degradation without compromising binding activity to
      M2 macrophages. During the serum stability optimization process, we also
      discovered that K9R and W10Y substitutions significantly enhanced binding
      affinity of M2pep. In an in vitro binding study of different M2pep analogs pre
      incubated in mouse serum, cyclic M2pep with K9R and W10Y modifications (cyclic
      M2pep(RY)) retained the highest binding activity to M2 macrophages over time due
      to its improved serum stability. Finally, we evaluated the in vivo accumulation
      of sulfo-Cy5-labeled M2pep and cyclic M2pep(RY) in both the CT-26 and 4T1 breast
      carcinoma models. Cyclic M2pep(RY) outperformed M2pep in both tumor localization
      and selective accumulation in M2-like TAMs. In conclusion, we report cyclic
      M2pep(RY) as our lead M2pep analog with improved serum stability and M2
      macrophage-binding activity. Its enhanced utility as an in vivo M2-like-TAM
      targeting agent was demonstrated in two tumor models, and is expected to be
      applicable for other tumor models or in models of M2 macrophage-related diseases.

PMID- 27375787
TI  - Interventional Nanotheranostics of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for over 90% of all pancreatic
      cancer. Nanoparticles (NPs) offer new opportunities for image-guided therapy
      owing to the unique physicochemical properties of the nanoscale effect and the
      multifunctional capabilities of NPs. However, major obstacles exist for NP
      mediated cancer theranostics, especially in PDAC. The hypovascular nature of PDAC
      may impede the deposition of NPs into the tumor after systemic administration,
      and most NPs localize predominantly in the mononuclear phagocytic system, leading
      to a relatively poor tumor-to-surrounding-organ uptake ratio. Image guidance
      combined with minimally invasive interventional procedures may help circumvent
      these barriers to poor drug delivery of NPs in PDAC. Interventional treatments
      allow regional drug delivery, targeted vascular embolization, direct tumor
      ablation, and the possibility of disrupting the stromal barrier of PDAC.
      Interventional treatments also have potentially fewer complications, faster
      recovery, and lower cost compared with conventional therapies. This work is an
      overview of current image-guided interventional cancer nanotheranostics with
      specific attention given to their applications for the management of PDAC.

PMID- 27375789
TI  - Colorimetric TMPRSS2-ERG Gene Fusion Detection in Prostate Cancer Urinary Samples
      via Recombinase Polymerase Amplification.
AB  - TMPRSS2 (Exon 1)-ERG (Exon 4) is the most frequent gene fusion event in prostate
      cancer (PC), and is highly PC-specific unlike the current serum prostate specific
      antigen (PSA) biomarker. However, TMPRSS2-ERG levels are currently measured with
      quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) which is time-consuming and
      requires costly equipment, thus limiting its use in clinical diagnostics. Herein,
      we report a novel rapid, cost-efficient and minimal-equipment assay named
      "FusBLU" for detecting TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions from urine. TMPRSS2-ERG mRNA was
      amplified by isothermal reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase
      amplification (RT-RPA), magnetically-isolated, and detected through horseradish
      peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed colorimetric reaction. FusBLU was specific for TMPRSS2
      ERG mRNA with a low visual detection limit of 10(5) copies. We also demonstrated
      assay readout versatility on 3 potentially useful platforms. The colorimetric
      readout was detectable by naked eye for a quick yes/no evaluation of gene fusion
      presence. On the other hand, a more quantitative TMPRSS2-ERG detection was
      achievable by absorbance/electrochemical measurements. FusBLU was successfully
      applied to 12 urinary samples and results were validated by gold-standard RT
      qPCR. We also showed that sediment RNA was likely the main source of TMPRSS2-ERG
      mRNA in urinary samples. We believe that our assay is a potential clinical
      screening tool for PC and could also have wide applications for other disease
      related fusion genes.

PMID- 27375790
TI  - Clinical Applications of NanoVelcro Rare-Cell Assays for Detection and
      Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells.
AB  - Liquid biopsy of tumor through isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) allows
      non-invasive, repetitive, and systemic sampling of disease. Although detecting
      and enumerating CTCs is of prognostic significance in metastatic cancer, it is
      conceivable that performing molecular and functional characterization on CTCs
      will reveal unprecedented insight into the pathogenic mechanisms driving lethal
      disease. Nanomaterial-embedded cancer diagnostic platforms, i.e., NanoVelcro CTC
      Assays represent a unique rare-cell sorting method that enables detection
      isolation, and characterization of CTCs in peripheral blood, providing an
      opportunity to noninvasively monitor disease progression in individual cancer
      patients. Over the past decade, a series of NanoVelcro CTC Assays has been
      demonstrated for exploring the full potential of CTCs as a clinical biomarker,
      including CTC enumeration, phenotyping, genotyping and expression profiling. In
      this review article, the authors will briefly introduce the development of three
      generations of NanoVelcro CTC Assays, and highlight the clinical applications of
      each generation for various types of solid cancers, including prostate cancer,
      pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma.

PMID- 27375791
TI  - Generating Cell Targeting Aptamers for Nanotheranostics Using Cell-SELEX.
AB  - Detecting and understanding changes in cell conditions on the molecular level is
      of great importance for the accurate diagnosis and timely therapy of diseases.
      Cell-based SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment), a
      foundational technology used to generate highly-specific, cell-targeting
      aptamers, has been increasingly employed in studies of molecular medicine,
      including biomarker discovery and early diagnosis/targeting therapy of cancer. In
      this review, we begin with a mechanical description of the cell-SELEX process,
      covering aptamer selection, identification and identification, and aptamer
      characterization; following this introduction is a comprehensive discussion of
      the potential for aptamers as targeting moieties in the construction of various
      nanotheranostics. Challenges and prospects for cell-SELEX and aptamer-based
      nanotheranostic are also discussed.

PMID- 27375792
TI  - In Vivo Visualization of Tumor Antigen-containing Microparticles Generated in
      Fluorescent-protein-elicited Immunity.
AB  - In vivo optical spatio-temporal imaging of the tumor microenvironment is useful
      to explain how tumor immunotherapies work. However, the lack of fluorescent
      antigens with strong immunogenicity makes it difficult to study the dynamics of
      how tumors are eliminated by any given immune response. Here, we develop an
      effective fluorescent model antigen based on the tetrameric far-red fluorescent
      protein KatushkaS158A (tfRFP), which elicits both humoral and cellular immunity.
      We use this fluorescent antigen to visualize the dynamic behavior of immunocytes
      as they attack and selectively eliminate tfRFP-expressing tumors in vivo; swarms
      of immunocytes rush toward tumors with high motility, clusters of immunocytes
      form quickly, and numerous antigen-antibody complexes in the form of tfRFP(+)
      microparticles are generated in the tumor areas and ingested by macrophages in
      the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, tfRFP, as both a model antigen and
      fluorescent reporter, is a useful tool to visualize specific immune responses in
      vivo.

PMID- 27375794
TI  - Explaining the high PM10 concentrations observed in Polish urban areas.
AB  - The main goal of this paper is to identify the drivers responsible for the high
      particulate matter concentrations observed in recent years in several urban areas
      in Poland. The problem was investigated using air quality and meteorological data
      from routine monitoring network, air mass back trajectories and multivariate
      statistical modelling. Air pollution in central and southern part of the country
      was analysed and compared with this in northern-eastern "The Green Lungs of
      Poland" region. The analysis showed that in all investigated locations, there is
      a clear annual cycle of observed concentrations, closely following temperature
      heating cycles, with the highest concentrations noted in January. However, the
      main drivers differ along the country, being either connected with regional
      background pollution (in the central part of the country) or with local emission
      sources (in the southern part). The occurrence of high PM10 concentrations is
      most commonly associated with the influence of high-pressure systems that brought
      extremely cold and stable air masses form East or South of Europe. During
      analysed episodes, industrial point sources had the biggest (up to 70-80 %) share
      in PM10 levels on the days with maximum PM pollution, while remote and
      residential/traffic sources determined the air quality in the early stages of the
      episodes. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows that secondary inorganic
      aerosols account for long-range transported pollution, As, Cd, Pb and Zn for
      industrial point sources, while Cr and Cu for residential and traffic sources of
      PM10, respectively.

PMID- 27375793
TI  - In Vivo Targeting of Metabolically Labeled Cancers with Ultra-Small Silica
      Nanoconjugates.
AB  - Unnatural sugar-mediated metabolic labeling of cancer cells, coupled with
      efficient Click chemistry, has shown great potential for in vivo imaging and
      cancer targeting. Thus far, chemical labeling of cancer cells has been limited to
      the small-sized azido groups, with the large-sized and highly hydrophobic
      dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO) being correspondingly used as the targeting ligand.
      However, surface modification of nanomedicines with DBCO groups often suffers
      from low ligand density, difficult functionalization, and impaired physiochemical
      properties. Here we report the development of DBCO-bearing unnatural sugars that
      could directly label LS174T colon cancer cells with DBCO groups and subsequently
      mediate cancer-targeted delivery of azido-modified silica nanoconjugates with
      easy functionalization and high azido density in vitro and in vivo. This study,
      for the first time, demonstrates the feasibility of metabolic labeling of cancer
      cells with large-sized DBCO groups for subsequent, efficient targeting of azido
      modified nanomedicines.

PMID- 27375795
TI  - Size-segregated urban particulate matter: mass closure, chemical composition, and
      primary and secondary matter content.
AB  - Forty-nine components of ambient particulate matter (PM) in size-fractionated PM
      were investigated at an urban background site in Katowice (Silesian Agglomeration
      in Southern Poland) in the non-heating season of 2012. PM was analyzed for two
      groups of carbon compounds (organic (OC) and elemental (EC) carbon, Lab OC-EC
      Aerosol Analyzer), five major water-soluble ions (NH4+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, and Na+
      contents in PM water extracts, ion chromatography), 26 elements (X-ray
      fluorescence spectrometry), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, gas
      chromatography). The distributions of the masses of these components among 13
      basic PM fractions were determined, and chemical mass closure was checked for
      each of these fractions separately. The particles having their aerodynamic
      diameters in the interval 0.03-0.26 MUm, the fraction PM0.03-0.26, contributed
      about 13 % to the total PM mass. This PM fraction consisted of primary particles
      predominantly composed of various inorganic compounds, primary organic compounds,
      and, in lesser amounts, of elemental carbon, secondary ions, and secondary
      organic compounds. The second particle fraction, PM0.26-1.6, consisted mainly of
      secondary matter, and its mass contribution to the total PM mass was about 59 %.
      The third fraction, PM1.6-40, was a fraction of coarse particles composed of
      mineral/soil and organic matter and elemental carbon. It contributed to the PM
      mass about 28 %. For each of PM0.03-0.26, PM0.26-1.6, and PM1.6-40, the health
      hazard from its 16 PAH contents was determined by computing toxicity factors.
      PM0.26-1.6 posed the greatest health hazard from the mixture of the 16 PAHs that
      it contained, PM1.6-40 was the next, and the hazard from the PM0.03-0.26-bound 16
      PAHs was the smallest. The molecular diagnostic ratios computed for these three
      fractions were specific for coal and wood combustion; some indicated the road
      traffic effects.

PMID- 27375796
TI  - Cancer in Japan: Prevalence, prevention and the role of heterocyclic amines in
      human carcinogenesis.
AB  - In this article, three topics are being studied in order to understand the
      present state of cancer in Japan. First, the statistics on cancer mortality
      indicates that the mortality from cancer in young individuals has been decreasing
      during the last 50 years, although the total mortality from cancer has been
      steadily and steeply increasing. Second, epidemiological analyses of cancer
      causes in Japan indicated that 50 % of cancer cases are preventable, and that
      prevention of infection and refraining from tobacco smoking will reduce cancer
      mortality by about 40 %. Third, mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines
      present in cooked meat/fish have been suggested to be carcinogenic in humans in
      many epidemiological studies carried out in Japan and other countries. 

PMID- 27375797
TI  - What causes human cancer? Approaches from the chemistry of DNA damage.
AB  - To prevent human cancers, environmental mutagens must be identified. A common
      mechanism of carcinogenesis is DNA damage, and thus it is quite possible that
      environmental mutagens can be trapped as adducts by DNA components. It is also
      important to identify new types of DNA damaging reactions and clarify their
      mechanisms. In this paper, I will provide typical examples of our efforts to
      identify DNA damage by environmental agents, from chemistry-based studies. 1)
      Oxidative DNA damage: 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, 8-oxodG) was discovered
      during a structural study of DNA modifications caused in vitro by heating
      glucose, which was used as a model of cooked foods. We found that various oxygen
      radical-forming agents induced the formation of 8-OHdG in DNA, in vitro and in
      vivo. Analyses of the urinary 8-OHdG levels are useful to assess the extent of
      oxidative DNA damage in a human population. 2) Lipid peroxide-derived DNA
      adducts: We searched for mutagens that react with deoxynucleosides, in model
      systems of lipid peroxidation. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and we discovered various lipid
      peroxide-derived mutagens, including new mutagens. Some of these adducts were
      detected in human DNA. These mutagens may be involved in lipid peroxide-related
      cancers. 3) Methylation of cytosine by free radicals: Methylation of the cytosine
      C-5 position is an important mechanism of carcinogenesis, in addition to gene
      mutations. However, the actual mechanisms of de novo methylation in relation to
      environmental agents are not clear. We found that cytosine C-5 methylation
      occurred by a free radical mechanism. The possible role of this radical-induced
      DNA methylation in carcinogenesis will be discussed, in relation to the presently
      accepted concept of cancer epigenetics. In these studies, chemical analyses of
      the adducts formed in model reactions led to the discoveries of new mutagens and
      important types of DNA modifications, which seem to be involved in human
      carcinogenesis. 

PMID- 27375798
TI  - Aortic Aneurysm: Etiopathogenesis and Clinicopathologic Correlations.
AB  - Aortic aneurysm (AA) is one of the life-threatening aortic diseases, leading to
      aortic rupture of any cause including atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic
      diseases. AA is diagnosed in a variable proportion of patients with dilated aorta
      by imaging modality. The etiopathogenesis of AA remains unclear in many aortic
      diseases. Furthermore, although it may be difficult to explain all phenotypes of
      patients even if genetic mutation could be identified in some proteins such as
      smooth muscle cell alpha-actin (ACTA2), myosin heavy chain 11 (MYH11) or SMAD3,
      individualized consideration of these factors in each patient is essential on the
      basis of clinicopathological characteristics. 

PMID- 27375799
TI  - Long-Term Results of Obturator Bypass.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the long-term outcomes of obturator bypass. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: A total of 16 patients (13 males and 3 females; 17 limbs) who underwent
      obturator bypass surgery at our department between April 1995 and March 2008 were
      included. RESULTS: Their ages ranged from 50 to 90 with a mean of 74 years.
      Inguinal infections observed in the 16 patients consisted of vascular graft
      infections in 13 patients, hemostatic device infections following endovascular
      therapy in two patients, and femoral artery infections following coronary
      angiography in one patient. The cumulative patency rate was 69% for 3 years and
      43% for 5 years. The cumulative survival rate was 64% for 3 years and 55% for 5
      years. CONCLUSION: Obturator bypass surgery was successfully performed with
      favorable results for arterial infections and vascular graft infections in the
      inguinal region.

PMID- 27375800
TI  - Clinical Features and Developing Risks of Saphenous Vein Thrombophlebitis.
AB  - We evaluated the clinical features and the risks of 14 patients with 14 limbs
      affected by saphenous vein thrombophlebitis from April 2007 to May 2013 and
      compared the results with patients undergoing operative repair of varicose veins
      (127 patients, 193 limbs) during the study period. The frequency of patients with
      a body mass index over 25 (78.6% vs. 35.3%, p = 0.0018), varicose change in the
      saphenous vein (78.6% vs. 6.2%, p <0.0001), and concurrent thrombosis in another
      vein (50.0% vs. 7.1%, p <0.0001) were all significantly higher than those of the
      patients under operative repair for varicose veins. These patients with clinical
      features above may be at an elevated risk of thrombophlebitis of the saphenous
      trunk. (This article is a translation of J Jpn Coll Angiol 2014; 54: 151-157). 

PMID- 27375801
TI  - Does Triplex Vascular Prosthesis Contribute to Reducing the Inflammatory Reaction
      after Surgical Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms?
AB  - Our aim was to evaluate whether a Triplex vascular prosthesis could contribute to
      reducing postoperative inflammation after surgical abdominal aortic aneurysm
      (AAA) repair retrospectively. Between July 2011 and December 2013, a Triplex
      vascular prosthesis was used in 22 patients (group T) and a coated vascular
      prosthesis in 18 patients (group H) during AAA repair surgery. Body temperature
      (BT), white blood cell (WBC) count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level for 5 days
      were assessed. There was no hospital death in both groups. During the first 2
      days after surgery the BT was higher in group T than in group H reaching its
      maximum on POD 2. On POD 5, it was similar (p = 0.4850). The postoperative WBC
      count was higher in group H than in group T. It reached its maximum on POD 1 and
      it was similar in both groups on POD 5 (p = 0.1870). The CRP value increased
      postoperatively in both groups, peaking during PODs 2 or 3. On POD 5, it was
      lower in group H than in group T (p = 0.0415). We could not confirm the
      superiority of Triplex vascular prostheses to other coated vascular prostheses in
      inflammatory reactions. 

PMID- 27375802
TI  - Effects of Preoperative Glycyrrhizin Infusion for the Prevention of Venous
      Thrombosis on the Tissue Expression of Antithrombin in a Rat Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Using a thrombus model prepared by ligation of the inferior vena cava
      (IVC), the influences of the glycoside, glycyrrhizin, on plasma antithrombin
      levels and antithrombin mRNA expression levels in the liver and IVC with the
      inhibition of venous thrombosis were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rat
      IVC was exposed and ligated for 24 h immediately after the intravenous
      administration of 300 mg/kg glycyrrhizin. Among antithrombotic drugs, the Xa
      inhibitor, fondaparinux sodium, was used as a control drug. RESULTS: The mean
      thrombus weight was significantly smaller in the glycyrrhizin-treated group (18.3
      mg) than in the saline-treated group (34.3 mg). In contrast, the inhibition of
      thrombosis was not observed in the fondaparinux-treated group. Antithrombin mRNA
      expression levels in the liver were significantly higher in the ligated groups
      than in the baseline control group. The mean plasma antithrombin level was
      significantly lower in the glycyrrhizin group (96.6%) than in the saline group
      (114.4%), but was not significantly different from that in the baseline control
      group (102.4%). CONCLUSION: The pretreatment with glycyrrhizin inhibited venous
      thrombosis, and antithrombin mRNA expression levels in the liver and IVC as well
      as plasma antithrombin levels were significantly lower than those in the saline
      group.

PMID- 27375803
TI  - Late Sac Behavior after Endovascular Aneurysm Repair for Abdominal Aortic
      Aneurysm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sac behavior after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for abdominal
      aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is considered as a surrogate for the risk of late
      rupture. The purpose of the study is to assess the sac behavior of AAAs after
      EVAR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Late sac enlargement (LSE) (>=5 mm) and late sac
      shrinkage (LSS) (>=5 mm) were analyzed in 589 consecutive patients who were
      registered at 14 national centers in Japan. The proportions of patients who had
      LSE at 1, 3 and 5 years were 2.6% +/- 0.7%, 10.0% +/- 1.6% and 19.0% +/- 2.9%.
      The proportions of patients who had LSS at 1, 3 and 5 years were 50.1% +/- 0.7%,
      59.2% +/- 2.3% and 61.7% +/- 2.7%. Multiple logistic regression analysis
      identified two variables as a risk factor for LSE; persistent endoleak (Odds
      ratio 9.56 (4.84-19.49), P <0.001) and low platelet count (Odds ratio 0.92 (0.86
      0.99), P = 0.0224). The leading cause of endoleak in patients with LSE was type
      II. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of LSE is not negligible over 5 year period.
      Patients with persistent endoleak and/or low platelet count should carefully be
      observed for LSE. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN-CTR (UMIN000008345).

PMID- 27375804
TI  - Successful Treatment of Iatrogenic Subclavian Artery Pseudoaneurysm by Ultrasound
      Guided Thrombin Injection.
AB  - Ultrasound-guided thrombin injection has been well described as a safe and
      effective treatment for pseudoaneurysms of the femoral artery. However, cases for
      subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm are rare. An 82-year-old man developed an
      iatrogenic right subclavian artery pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm, which was
      partially thrombosed, was successfully treated by ultrasound-guided percutaneous
      thrombin injection. A trial injection with saline under color Doppler
      ultrasonography was helpful for confirming that the tip of the needle was in the
      sac with blood flow in the partially thrombosed pseudoaneurysm. Ultrasound-guided
      thrombin injection can be the first treatment of choice to treat subclavian
      artery pseudoaneurysm. 

PMID- 27375805
TI  - Endovascular Repair by Graft-to-Graft Bridging in a Patient with Marfan Syndrome.
AB  - We report a case of chronic aortic dissection in a patient with Marfan syndrome
      in which we performed thoracic endovascular repair after aortic root replacement,
      total arch replacement with open stent grafting and thoracoabdominal aortic
      repair. We consider that endovascular repair of the dissected descending aorta in
      a patient with Marfan syndrome can be effective when graft-to-graft bridging is
      performed as the "finishing procedure". 

PMID- 27375806
TI  - Axillobifemoral Bypass for Aortitis Syndrome in a Living-Donor Liver Transplant
      Patient.
AB  - A 64-year-old female patient with aortitis syndrome presented with progressive
      intermittent claudication for 6 months. Her medical history was notable for
      living-donor liver transplantation for primary biliary cirrhosis 4-years prior
      and chronic immunosuppressive therapy. Evaluation included normal laboratory
      examination, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography angiography which
      demonstrated severely calcified descending aorta with high-grade stenosis below
      the diaphragm. The patient was treated by axillobifemoral bypass using an 8-mm
      ringed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft under general anesthesia. Medical
      management included decreased preoperative doses of immunosuppressants and
      predonisolone, which were resumed after the operation, and chronic
      anticoagulation. There were no postoperative complications. 

PMID- 27375807
TI  - A Case of Dissection and Rupture of the Innominate Artery in Acute Type A Aortic
      Dissection.
AB  - We report the case of a 59-year-old male presenting with dissection and rupture
      of the innominate artery with acute type A aortic dissection. We performed total
      arch replacement via median sternotomy with extension into the right side of the
      neck. The innominate artery was reconstructed just proximal to the bifurcation of
      the right subclavian artery and common carotid artery using the 1st limb of a 4
      branched graft. This case illustrates an unusual aspect of an isolated innominate
      artery rupture in the absence of aortic rupture in acute type A aortic
      dissection. 

PMID- 27375808
TI  - Unique Technique for Open Surgical Repair after Failed Endovascular Aneurysm
      Repair with Proximal Anastomoses.
AB  - Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) has revolutionized the management of
      abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), with lower perioperative morbidity and
      mortality compared to conventional surgical repair. However, late secondary re
      interventions after EVAR are still needed before aneurysm rupture in many cases.
      A patient with impending rupture of an AAA associated with a type I endoleak 7
      years after EVAR who was successfully treated with a unique technique of fixation
      of the proximal aortic neck taking into account the structure of the stent graft
      is reported. This technique offers a safe solution to late open conversion after
      failed EVAR. 

PMID- 27375809
TI  - Endovascular Stenting for Non-Traumatic Celiac Artery Stenosis Following
      Pancreatoduodenectomy.
AB  - Postoperative celiac artery stenosis (CAS) rarely occurs in the absence of
      vascular injury or pseudoaneurysm after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). Because of
      its low incidence, the optimal treatment for non-traumatic postoperative CAS is
      unknown. Here, we show a case of CAS possibly due to exacerbated median arcuate
      ligament compression after PD. The purpose of this report is to describe this
      rare complication and its successful endovascular treatment with review of
      literatures. 

PMID- 27375810
TI  - Recanalization of a Heavily Calcified Chronic Total Occlusion in a
      Femoropopliteal Artery Using a Wingman Crossing Catheter.
AB  - We present a 77-year-old female with heavily calcified chronic total occlusions
      (CTO) in a superficial femoral artery treated by endovascular therapy using a
      Wingman crossing catheter, which is an over-the-wire catheter with a metallic
      blade, controlled manually. The blade could probe and track the calcified cap of
      CTO, wherein any hydrophilic guidewires or looped wires could not penetrate.
      Moreover, the Wingman could proceed through the occlusion and introduce a
      guidewire into distal intramedial lumen as a support catheter. Finally, wire
      crossing was achieved using a bi-directional approach. The Wingman can be a
      simple solution for crossing calcified peripheral CTO. 

PMID- 27375811
TI  - 7(th) Asian PAD Workshop.

PMID- 27375812
TI  - Morphological plasticity of bacteria-Open questions.
AB  - Morphological plasticity of bacteria is a cryptic phenomenon, by which bacteria
      acquire adaptive benefits for coping with changing environments. Some
      environmental cues were identified to induce morphological plasticity, but the
      underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Physical and chemical
      factors causing morphological changes in bacteria have been investigated and
      mostly associated with potential pathways linked to the cell wall synthetic
      machinery. These include starvation, oxidative stresses, predation effectors,
      antimicrobial agents, temperature stresses, osmotic shock, and mechanical
      constraints. In an extreme scenario of morphological plasticity, bacteria can be
      induced to be shapeshifters when the cell walls are defective or deficient. They
      follow distinct developmental pathways and transform into assorted morphological
      variants, and most of them would eventually revert to typical cell morphology. It
      is suggested that phenotypic heterogeneity might play a functional role in the
      development of morphological diversity and/or plasticity within an isogenic
      population. Accordingly, phenotypic heterogeneity and inherited morphological
      plasticity are found to be survival strategies adopted by bacteria in response to
      environmental stresses. Here, microfluidic and nanofabrication technology is
      considered to provide versatile solutions to induce morphological plasticity,
      sort and isolate morphological variants, and perform single-cell analysis
      including transcriptional and epigenetic profiling. Questions such as how
      morphogenesis network is modulated or rewired (if epigenetic controls of cell
      morphogenesis apply) to induce bacterial morphological plasticity could be
      resolved with the aid of micro-nanofluidic platforms and optimization algorithms,
      such as feedback system control. 

PMID- 27375813
TI  - Refinement of current monitoring methodology for electroosmotic flow assessment
      under low ionic strength conditions.
AB  - Current monitoring is a well-established technique for the characterization of
      electroosmotic (EO) flow in microfluidic devices. This method relies on
      monitoring the time response of the electric current when a test buffer solution
      is displaced by an auxiliary solution using EO flow. In this scheme, each
      solution has a different ionic concentration (and electric conductivity). The
      difference in the ionic concentration of the two solutions defines the dynamic
      time response of the electric current and, hence, the current signal to be
      measured: larger concentration differences result in larger measurable signals. A
      small concentration difference is needed, however, to avoid dispersion at the
      interface between the two solutions, which can result in undesired pressure
      driven flow that conflicts with the EO flow. Additional challenges arise as the
      conductivity of the test solution decreases, leading to a reduced electric
      current signal that may be masked by noise during the measuring process, making
      for a difficult estimation of an accurate EO mobility. This contribution presents
      a new scheme for current monitoring that employs multiple channels arranged in
      parallel, producing an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of the electric
      current to be measured and increasing the estimation accuracy. The use of this
      parallel approach is particularly useful in the estimation of the EO mobility in
      systems where low conductivity mediums are required, such as insulator based
      dielectrophoresis devices. 

PMID- 27375814
TI  - Field amplified sample stacking of amyloid beta (1-42) oligomers using capillary
      electrophoresis.
AB  - Oligomeric forms of the amyloid beta (Abeta) protein have been indicated to be an
      important factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since the
      oligomeric forms of Abeta can vary in size and conformation, it is vital to
      understand the early stages of Abeta aggregation in order to improve the care and
      treatment of patients with AD. This is the first study to determine the effect of
      field amplified sample stacking (FASS) on the separation of oligomeric forms of
      Abeta1-42 using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with ultraviolet (UV) detection.
      UV-CE was able to separate two different species of Abeta1-42 oligomers (<7 mers
      and 7-22 mers). Although FASS required the use of a higher ionic strength buffer,
      Abeta1-42 oligomers had the same aggregation behavior as under the non-FASS
      conditions with only small changes in the amounts of oligomers observed. In
      general, FASS provided smaller peak widths (>75% average reduction) and increased
      peak heights (>60% average increase) when compared to non-FASS conditions. UV-CE
      with FASS also provided higher resolution between the Abeta1-42 oligomers for all
      aggregation time points studied. In addition, Congo red and Orange G inhibition
      studies were used to help evaluate the conformation of the observed species. This
      work demonstrates the ability of UV-CE employing FASS to provide higher
      resolution between oligomeric forms of Abeta1-42 without significantly altering
      their aggregation. 

PMID- 27375815
TI  - Modelling of electrokinetic phenomena for capture of PEGylated ribonuclease A in
      a microdevice with insulating structures.
AB  - Synthesis of PEGylated proteins results in a mixture of protein-polyethylene
      glycol (PEG) conjugates and the unreacted native protein. From a ribonuclease A
      (RNase A) PEGylation reaction, mono-PEGylated RNase A (mono-PEG RNase A) has
      proven therapeutic effects against cancer, reason for which there is an interest
      in isolating it from the rest of the reaction products. Experimental trapping of
      PEGylated RNase A inside an electrokinetically driven microfluidic device has
      been previously demonstrated. Now, from a theoretical point of view, we have
      studied the electrokinetic phenomena involved in the dielectrophoretic streaming
      of the native RNase A protein and the trapping of the mono-PEG RNase A inside a
      microfluidic channel. To accomplish this, we used two 3D computational models, a
      sphere and an ellipse, adapted to each protein. The effect of temperature on
      parameters related to trapping was also studied. A temperature increase showed to
      rise the electric and thermal conductivities of the suspending solution,
      hindering dielectrophoretic trapping. In contrast, the dynamic viscosity of the
      suspending solution decreased as the temperature rose, favoring the
      dielectrophoretic manipulation of the proteins. Also, our models were able to
      predict the magnitude and direction of the velocity of both proteins indicating
      trapping for the PEGylated conjugate or no trapping for the native protein. In
      addition, a parametric sweep study revealed the effect of the protein zeta
      potential on the electrokinetic response of the protein. We believe this work
      will serve as a tool to improve the design of electrokinetically driven
      microfluidic channels for the separation and recovery of PEGylated proteins in
      one single step. 

PMID- 27375816
TI  - Enrichment of diluted cell populations from large sample volumes using 3D carbon
      electrode dielectrophoresis.
AB  - Here, we report on an enrichment protocol using carbon electrode
      dielectrophoresis to isolate and purify a targeted cell population from sample
      volumes up to 4 ml. We aim at trapping, washing, and recovering an enriched cell
      fraction that will facilitate downstream analysis. We used an increasingly
      diluted sample of yeast, 10(6)-10(2) cells/ml, to demonstrate the isolation and
      enrichment of few cells at increasing flow rates. A maximum average enrichment of
      154.2 +/- 23.7 times was achieved when the sample flow rate was 10 MUl/min and
      yeast cells were suspended in low electrically conductive media that maximizes
      dielectrophoresis trapping. A COMSOL Multiphysics model allowed for the
      comparison between experimental and simulation results. Discussion is conducted
      on the discrepancies between such results and how the model can be further
      improved. 

PMID- 27375817
TI  - Insulator-based dielectrophoretic diagnostic tool for babesiosis.
AB  - Babesia species are obligate intraerythrocytic tick-borne protozoan parasites
      that are the etiologic agents of babesiosis, a potentially life-threatening,
      malaria-like illness in humans and animals. Babesia-infected people have been
      known to suffer from complications including liver problems, severe hemolytic
      anemia, and kidney failure. As reported by the Food and Drug Administration, 38%
      of mortality cases observed in transfusion recipients were associated with
      transfusion transmitted diseases of which babesiosis is the chief culprit. As of
      now, no tests have been licensed yet for screening blood donors for babesiosis.
      Current diagnostic tools for babesiosis including enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction are
      expensive and burdened with multifarious shortcomings. In this research, a low
      cost, high-specificity, quick, and easy-to-use insulator-based dielectrophoretic
      diagnostic tool is developed for characterizing and concentrating Babesia
      infected cells in their homogenous mixture with healthy cell population. In this
      work, a mixture of Babesia-infected (varying parasitemia) and healthy red blood
      cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) was exposed to non-uniform electric fields in a
      fabricated microfluidic platform to manipulate and sort the Babesia-infected
      cells within a minute. At DC voltage configurations of 10 V and 0/6 V in the
      inlet and the two outlet channels, respectively, the diseased cells were seen to
      flow in a direction different from the healthy RBCs. Bright field and
      fluorescence microscopy were utilized to present qualitative differentiation of
      the healthy erythrocytes from the infected cells. The proposed micro device
      platform was able to enrich RBCs from 0.1% to ~70% parasitemia. This device, when
      finally developed into a point-of-care diagnostic chip, would enhance the
      detection of Babesia-infected erythrocytes and as well serve as a precursor to
      babesiosis vaccine development. 

PMID- 27375818
TI  - Design of a hybrid advective-diffusive microfluidic system with ellipsometric
      detection for studying adsorption.
AB  - Establishing and maintaining concentration gradients that are stable in space and
      time is critical for applications that require screening the adsorption behavior
      of organic or inorganic species onto solid surfaces for wide ranges of fluid
      compositions. In this work, we present a design of a simple and compact
      microfluidic device based on steady-state diffusion of the analyte, between two
      control channels where liquid is pumped through. The device generates a near
      linear distribution of concentrations. We demonstrate this via experiments with
      dye solutions and comparison to finite-element numerical simulations. In a
      subsequent step, the device is combined with total internal reflection
      ellipsometry to study the adsorption of (cat)ions on silica surfaces from CsCl
      solutions at variable pH. Such a combined setup permits a fast determination of
      an adsorption isotherm. The measured optical thickness is compared to
      calculations from a triple layer model for the ion distribution, where surface
      complexation reactions of the silica are taken into account. Our results show a
      clear enhancement of the ion adsorption with increasing pH, which can be well
      described with reasonable values for the equilibrium constants of the surface
      reactions. 

PMID- 27375819
TI  - Multiplexed immunosensing and kinetics monitoring in nanofluidic devices with
      highly enhanced target capture efficiency.
AB  - Nanofluidic devices promise high reaction efficiency and fast kinetic responses
      due to the spatial constriction of transported biomolecules with confined
      molecular diffusion. However, parallel detection of multiple biomolecules,
      particularly proteins, in highly confined space remains challenging. This study
      integrates extended nanofluidics with embedded protein microarray to achieve
      multiplexed real-time biosensing and kinetics monitoring. Implementation of
      embedded standard-sized antibody microarray is attained by epoxy-silane surface
      modification and a room-temperature low-aspect-ratio bonding technique. An
      effective sample transport is achieved by electrokinetic pumping via
      electroosmotic flow. Through the nanoslit-based spatial confinement, the antigen
      antibody binding reaction is enhanced with ~100% efficiency and may be directly
      observed with fluorescence microscopy without the requirement of intermediate
      washing steps. The image-based data provide numerous spatially distributed
      reaction kinetic curves and are collectively modeled using a simple one
      dimensional convection-reaction model. This study represents an integrated
      nanofluidic solution for real-time multiplexed immunosensing and kinetics
      monitoring, starting from device fabrication, protein immobilization, device
      bonding, sample transport, to data analysis at Peclet number less than 1. 

PMID- 27375820
TI  - Stability and efficacy of synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptides nebulized
      using high frequency acoustic waves.
AB  - Surface acoustic wave (SAW), a nanometer amplitude electroelastic wave generated
      and propagated on low-loss piezoelectric substrates (such as LiNbO3), is an
      extremely efficient solid-fluid energy transfer mechanism. The present study
      explores the use of SAW nebulization as a solution for effective pulmonary
      peptide delivery. In vitro deposition characteristics of the nebulized peptides
      were determined using a Next Generation Cascade Impactor. 70% of the peptide
      laden aerosols generated were within a size distribution favorable for deep lung
      distribution. The integrity of the nebulized peptides was found to be retained,
      as shown via mass spectrometry. The anti-mycobacterial activity of the nebulized
      peptides was found to be uncompromised compared with their non-nebulized
      counterparts, as demonstrated by the minimum inhibition concentration and the
      colony forming inhibition activity. The peptide concentration and volume
      recoveries for the SAW nebulizer were significantly higher than 90% and found to
      be insensitive to variation in the peptide sequences. These results demonstrate
      the potential of the SAW nebulization platform as an effective delivery system of
      therapeutic peptides through the respiratory tract to the deep lung. 

PMID- 27375821
TI  - Increasing local density and purity of molecules/bacteria on a sensing surface
      from diluted blood using 3D hybrid electrokinetics.
AB  - We present a long-range and selective nanocolloid/molecular/bacteria concentrator
      based on 3D hybrid AC electrokinetics (ACEK) that includes AC dielectrophoresis
      (DEP) and biased AC electroosmosis (ACEO). Through a convergency comb-shaped
      electrode design, this long-range ACEO allows the effective transport of a high
      number of targets into the centre of the detection zone. In the proposed 3D
      hybrid electrokinetics model, 3D ACEO provides long-range transportation, and the
      3D DEP provides an effective separation mechanism. Thus, detection targets
      ranging from nanoscale to micrometers could be selectively concentrated long
      range from diluted blood. The proposed design was used for selectively
      concentrating nanocolloids and bacteria in the diluted blood sample,
      respectively. Compared to a 3D short-range dipolar electrode configuration, the
      detection limit of long-range 3D convergency tripolar electrode configuration is
      one order of magnitude higher. The result also shows that the 3D hybrid ACEK
      demonstrated a higher purity of any plane above the electrode, which compared
      positively to the same design of a 2D hybrid ACEK. The concentration factor of
      the proposed 3D hybrid electrokinetics device increased by several orders of
      local density and raised the local purity at least 6 orders (from 0.05% to
      greater than 99.9%). The chip is capable of making a DNA/protein/bacterial
      aggregate characterized by high local density and purity for further molecular
      and bacteria detection/analysis. 

PMID- 27375822
TI  - Student-led microfluidics lab practicals: Improving engagement and learning
      outcomes.
AB  - Microfluidics has shown rapid growth in both research and development and offers
      significant commercialisation potential for biomedical and diagnostic
      applications in particular. However, there is a lack of awareness of
      microfluidics outside the field of study, and few dedicated educational
      programmes are available. While many topics incorporate microfluidics teaching,
      reported initiatives in the literature have not yet taken a problem based
      learning (PBL) approach to the delivery of practical sessions. The educational
      approaches already reported typically focus upon production and testing of pre
      determined device designs for specific applications, using a "recipe" style of
      lab teaching. Here, we report on a newly designed lab section of a microfluidic
      teaching component utilising problem based learning (PBL) to involve the students
      in all aspects of design, manufacture, and performance characterisation of
      microfluidic solutions. Details of the lab design and development are given
      enabling others to replicate the lab structure described here or use it as a
      basis for the design of similar PBL microfluidics teaching labs. A key focus of
      the work has been the evaluation of the student experience, and the results of a
      survey indicate a high degree of student satisfaction and skills development due
      to the PBL approach. 

PMID- 27375823
TI  - Erratum: "Characterization of the near-field and convectional transport behavior
      of micro and nanoparticles in nanoscale plasmonic optical lattices"
      [Biomicrofluidics 10, 034102 (2016)].

PMID- 27375824
TI  - Micro-scale extensional rheometry using hyperbolic converging/diverging channels
      and jet breakup.
AB  - Understanding the elongational rheology of dilute polymer solutions plays an
      important role in many biological and industrial applications ranging from
      microfluidic lab-on-a-chip diagnostics to phenomena such as fuel atomization and
      combustion. Making quantitative measurements of the extensional viscosity for
      dilute viscoelastic fluids is a long-standing challenge and it motivates
      developments in microfluidic fabrication techniques and high speed/strobe imaging
      of millifluidic capillary phenomena in order to develop new classes of
      instruments. In this paper, we study the elongational rheology of a family of
      dilute polymeric solutions in two devices: first, steady pressure-driven flow
      through a hyperbolic microfluidic contraction/expansion and, second, the
      capillary driven breakup of a thin filament formed from a small diameter jet
      ([Formula: see text]). The small length scale of the device allows very large
      deformation rates to be achieved. Our results show that in certain limits of low
      viscosity and elasticity, jet breakup studies offer significant advantages over
      the hyperbolic channel measurements despite the more complex implementation.
      Using our results, together with scaling estimates of the competing viscous,
      elastic, inertial and capillary timescales that control the dynamics, we
      construct a dimensionless map or nomogram summarizing the operating space for
      each instrument. 

PMID- 27375825
TI  - Parallel temperature-dependent microrheological measurements in a microfluidic
      chip.
AB  - Microfluidic stickers are used as a sample environment to measure the
      microrheology of monoclonal antibody (mAb) protein solutions. A Peltier-based
      microscope stage is implemented and validated, and is capable of controlling the
      sample temperature over the range 0.9-40  degrees C. The design accounts for heat
      transfer to and from the objective, controls the sample environment humidity to
      mitigate condensation, and provides adequate damping to reduce vibration from the
      cooling system. A concentrated sucrose solution is used as a standard sample to
      provide an in situ temperature measurement by the Stokes-Einstein-Sutherland
      relation. By combining microfluidic stickers and microrheology, 72 temperature
      concentration viscosity measurements of mAb solutions can be made in 1 day, a
      significant increase in throughput over conventional rheometry. 

PMID- 27375826
TI  - AC electrified jets in a flow-focusing device: Jet length scaling.
AB  - We use a microfluidic flow-focusing device with integrated electrodes for
      controlling the production of water-in-oil drops. In a previous work, we reported
      that very long jets can be formed upon application of AC fields. We now study in
      detail the appearance of the long jets as a function of the electrical
      parameters, i.e., water conductivity, signal frequency, and voltage amplitude.
      For intermediate frequencies, we find a threshold voltage above which the jet
      length rapidly increases. Interestingly, this abrupt transition vanishes for high
      frequencies of the signal and the jet length grows smoothly with voltage. For
      frequencies below a threshold value, we previously reported a transition from a
      well-behaved uniform jet to highly unstable liquid structures in which
      axisymmetry is lost rather abruptly. These liquid filaments eventually break into
      droplets of different sizes. In this work, we characterize this transition with a
      diagram as a function of voltage and liquid conductivity. The electrical response
      of the long jets was studied via a distributed element circuit model. The model
      allows us to estimate the electric potential at the tip of the jet revealing
      that, for any combination of the electrical parameters, the breakup of the jet
      occurs at a critical value of this potential. We show that this voltage is around
      550 V for our device geometry and choice of flow rates. 

PMID- 27375827
TI  - Microfluidic rheology of active particle suspensions: Kinetic theory.
AB  - We analyze the effective rheology of a dilute suspension of self-propelled
      slender particles confined between two infinite parallel plates and subject to a
      pressure-driven flow. We use a continuum kinetic model to describe the
      configuration of the particles in the system, in which the disturbance flows
      induced by the swimmers are taken into account, and use it to calculate estimates
      of the suspension viscosity for a range of channel widths and flow strengths
      typical of microfluidic experiments. Our results are in agreement with previous
      bulk models, and in particular, demonstrate that the effect of activity is
      strongest at low flow rates, where pushers tend to decrease the suspension
      viscosity whereas pullers enhance it. In stronger flows, dissipative stresses
      overcome the effects of activity leading to increased viscosities followed by
      shear-thinning. The effects of confinement and number density are also analyzed,
      and our results confirm the apparent transition to superfluidity reported in
      recent experiments on pusher suspensions at intermediate densities. We also
      derive an approximate analytical expression for the effective viscosity in the
      limit of weak flows and wide channels, and demonstrate good agreement between
      theory and numerical calculations. 

PMID- 27375828
TI  - Sedentary Behavior and Cardiovascular Risk in Older Adults: a Scoping Review.
AB  - Sedentary behavior is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)
      and may be particularly relevant to the cardiovascular health of older adults.
      This scoping review describes the existing literature examining the prevalence of
      sedentary time in older adults with CVD and the association of sedentary behavior
      with cardiovascular risk in older adults. We found that older adults with CVD
      spend >75 % of their waking day sedentary, and that sedentary time is higher
      among older adults with CVD than among older adults without CVD. High sedentary
      behavior is consistently associated with worse cardiac lipid profiles and
      increased cardiac risk scores in older adults; the associations of sedentary
      behavior with blood pressure, CVD incidence, and CVD-related mortality among
      older adults are less clear. Future research with larger sample sizes using
      validated methods to measure sedentary behavior are needed to clarify the
      association between sedentary behavior and cardiovascular outcomes in older
      adults.

PMID- 27375829
TI  - Flexible Bayesian Human Fecundity Models.
AB  - Human fecundity is an issue of considerable interest for both epidemiological and
      clinical audiences, and is dependent upon a couple's biologic capacity for
      reproduction coupled with behaviors that place a couple at risk for pregnancy.
      Bayesian hierarchical models have been proposed to better model the conception
      probabilities by accounting for the acts of intercourse around the day of
      ovulation, i.e., during the fertile window. These models can be viewed in the
      framework of a generalized nonlinear model with an exponential link. However, a
      fixed choice of link function may not always provide the best fit, leading to
      potentially biased estimates for probability of conception. Motivated by this, we
      propose a general class of models for fecundity by relaxing the choice of the
      link function under the generalized nonlinear model framework. We use a sample
      from the Oxford Conception Study (OCS) to illustrate the utility and fit of this
      general class of models for estimating human conception. Our findings reinforce
      the need for attention to be paid to the choice of link function in modeling
      conception, as it may bias the estimation of conception probabilities. Various
      properties of the proposed models are examined and a Markov chain Monte Carlo
      sampling algorithm was developed for implementing the Bayesian computations. The
      deviance information criterion measure and logarithm of pseudo marginal
      likelihood are used for guiding the choice of links. The supplemental material
      section contains technical details of the proof of the theorem stated in the
      paper, and contains further simulation results and analysis.

PMID- 27375830
TI  - Secondary reconstruction of vaginal stenosis using a posterior labial perforator
      based Falandry flap.
AB  - The aim of vaginoplasty should be the creation without excessive morbidity of a
      neovagina that will be satisfying in appearance, function and feeling. The
      multitude of methods described in the literature indicates the fact that an ideal
      approach has not yet been found. In this paper the authors describe the technique
      for repairing vaginal stenosis by interposing between the vaginal walls, a skin
      flap pedicled removed using the Falandry technique at a high lip. We achieved a
      satisfactory result. 

PMID- 27375831
TI  - A case of Kartagener syndrome with rhinolalia clausa.
AB  - Kartagener syndrome is an autosomal recessive genetic ciliary disorder comprising
      of a classic triad of sinusitis, situs inversus and bronchiectasis. It's the one
      of primary ciliary dyskinesia disorders with manifestations present from
      childhood. Most patients of PCD have situs inversus. We present a case of 18 year
      old women with recurrent lower and upper respiratory tracts infections, and
      rhinolalia clausa. 

PMID- 27375832
TI  - Unmasking sarcoidosis following surgery for Cushing disease.
AB  - We present a patient with Cushing disease apparently suppressing sarcoidosis,
      which was unmasked following surgical resection of a pituitary
      adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-producing microadenoma. Case report and a short review
      of the literature published in this area. A 46-year-old Caucasian woman presented
      with symptoms of hypercortisolism such as progressive weight gain, Cushingoid
      appearance, proximal myopathy, easy bruising, and amenorrhea. Blood testing
      including inferior petrosal sinus sampling uncovered an ACTH-producing
      microadenoma in the right aspect of the anterior pituitary gland for which the
      patient underwent transphenoidal resection. Maintenance corticosteroid therapy
      was implemented, and the signs and symptoms of Cushing disease began to resolve.
      Three months after surgery, multiple erythematous painful nodules developed on
      the patient's arms. Erythema nodosum (EN) was diagnosed clinically and a
      suspicion of underlying sarcoidosis was substantiated by lung imaging and
      elevated plasma interleukin (IL)-2 receptor. One month later, the lesions
      spontaneously resolved without therapy other than maintenance glucocorticoid
      replacement. Physicians should be aware that patients undergoing successful
      treatment of Cushing syndrome may have a flare-up or emergence of a
      corticosteroid-responsive disease. 

PMID- 27375833
TI  - The Role of Imaging in Aortic Valve Disease.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Aortic valve disease is the most common form of heart valve
      disease in developed countries. Imaging remains central to the diagnosis and risk
      stratification of patients with both aortic stenosis and regurgitation and has
      traditionally been performed with echocardiography. Indeed, echocardiography
      remains the cornerstone of aortic valve imaging as it is cheap, widely available
      and provides critical information concerning valve hemodynamics and ventricular
      function. RECENT FINDINGS: Whilst diagnostic in the vast majority of patients,
      echocardiography has certain limitations including operator variability,
      potential for measurement errors and internal inconsistencies in severity
      grading. In particular, low-gradient severe aortic stenosis is common and
      challenging to diagnose. Aortic valve imaging may therefore be improved with
      alternative and complimentary multimodality approaches. SUMMARY: This review
      investigates established and novel techniques for imaging both the aortic valve
      and the myocardial remodelling response including echocardiography, computed
      tomography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography.
      Moreover, we examine how the complementary information provided by each modality
      may be used in both future clinical practice and the research arena.

PMID- 27375834
TI  - Molecular and Cellular Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Human Lung Cancer Cells:
      Potential Therapeutic Implications.
AB  - Lung cancer has a very high mortality-to-incidence ratio, representing one of the
      main causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Therefore, new treatment strategies
      are urgently needed. Several diseases including lung cancer have been associated
      with the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from which hydrogen peroxide
      (H2O2) is one of the most studied. Despite the fact that H2O2 may have opposite
      effects on cell proliferation depending on the concentration and cell type, it
      triggers several antiproliferative responses. H2O2 produces both nuclear and
      mitochondrial DNA lesions, increases the expression of cell adhesion molecules,
      and increases p53 activity and other transcription factors orchestrating cancer
      cell death. In addition, H2O2 facilitates the endocytosis of oligonucleotides,
      affects membrane proteins, induces calcium release, and decreases cancer cell
      migration and invasion. Furthermore, the MAPK pathway and the expression of genes
      related to inflammation including interleukins, TNF-alpha, and NF-kappaB are also
      affected by H2O2. Herein, we will summarize the main effects of hydrogen peroxide
      on human lung cancer leading to suggesting it as a potential therapeutic tool to
      fight this disease. Because of the multimechanistic nature of this molecule,
      novel therapeutic approaches for lung cancer based on the use of H2O2 may help to
      decrease the mortality from this malignancy. 

PMID- 27375835
TI  - Lipoxin A4 Preconditioning Attenuates Intestinal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury
      through Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway in a Lipoxin A4 Receptor Independent Manner.
AB  - Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemia
      reperfusion (IIR) injury. Enhancement in endogenous Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a potent
      antioxidant and mediator, is associated with attenuation of IIR. However, the
      effects of LXA4 on IIR injury and the potential mechanisms are unknown. In a rat
      IIR (ischemia 45 minutes and subsequent reperfusion 6 hours) model, IIR caused
      intestinal injury, evidenced by increased serum diamine oxidase, D-lactic acid,
      intestinal-type fatty acid-binding protein, and the oxidative stress marker 15
      F2t-Isoprostane. LXA4 treatment significantly attenuated IIR injury by reducing
      mucosal 15-F2t-Isoprostane and elevating endogenous antioxidant superoxide
      dismutase activity, accompanied with Keap1/Nrf2 pathway activation. Meanwhile,
      LXA4 receptor antagonist Boc-2 reversed the protective effects of LXA4 on
      intestinal injury but failed to affect the oxidative stress and the related Nrf2
      pathway. Furthermore, Nrf2 antagonist brusatol reversed the antioxidant effects
      conferred by LXA4 and led to exacerbation of intestinal epithelium cells
      oxidative stress and apoptosis, finally resulting in a decrease of survival rate
      of rat. Meanwhile, LXA4 pretreatment upregulated nuclear Nrf2 level and reduced
      hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced IEC-6 cell damage and Nrf2 siRNA reversed this
      protective effect of LXA4 in vitro. In conclusion, these findings suggest that
      LXA4 ameliorates IIR injury by activating Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in a LXA4 receptor
      independent manner. 

PMID- 27375836
TI  - Ultrasonographic Assessment of the Distal Femoral Cartilage Thickness in Patients
      with Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the distal femoral cartilage thickness of patients with
      sickle cell disease (SCD) with those of healthy subjects using ultrasonography.
      METHODS: The study comprised 30 patients with SCD (16 male, 14 female; mean age,
      30.1 years) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Demographic features
      and medications of the patients were recorded. With the knees held in maximum
      flexion, the femoral cartilage thickness was measured bilaterally with a 7- to 12
      MHz linear probe. Using ultrasonography, 3 midpoint measurements were taken from
      both knees: lateral femoral condyle (LFC), intercondylar area (ICA), and medial
      femoral condyle (MFC). RESULTS: Patients with SCD had thinner femoral cartilage
      thickness values at LFC (P = 0.004), at MFC (P = 0.000), and ICA (P = 0.002) when
      compared with those of the healthy subjects. Patients with SCD also had lower Hb
      levels (P = 0.000) levels. Weak positive correlations were determined between
      Hemoglobin (Hb) levels and ultrasonographic measurements in the SCD group at MFC
      (r = 0.331, P = 0.010), and ICA (r = 0.289 , P = 0.025 ). Low levels of Hb seem
      to affect the femoral cartilage thickness. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings
      of decreased femoral cartilage thickness in SCD patients should be complemented
      with future studies. The possibility of early knee joint degeneration and
      eventual osteoarthritis in SCD should be kept in mind.

PMID- 27375837
TI  - Development of a Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Program Outside North America.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To standardize and to develop a fresh osteochondral allograft protocol
      of procurement, processing and surgical utilization in Brazil. This study
      describes the steps recommended to make fresh osteochondral allografts a viable
      treatment option in a country without previous fresh allograft availability.
      DESIGN: The process involves regulatory process modification, developing and
      establishing procurement, and processing and surgical protocols. RESULTS:
      Legislation: Fresh osteochondral allografts were not feasible in Brazil until
      2009 because the law prohibited preservation of fresh grafts at tissue banks. We
      approved an amendment that made it legal to preserve fresh grafts for 30 days
      from 2 degrees C to 6 degrees C in tissue banks. Procurement: We changed the
      protocol of procurement to decrease tissue contamination. All tissues were
      procured in an operating room. Processing: Processing of the grafts took place
      within 12 hours of tissue recovery. A serum-free culture media with antibiotics
      was developed to store the grafts. Surgeries: We have performed 8 fresh
      osteochondral allografts on 8 knees obtaining grafts from 5 donors. Mean
      preoperative International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score was 31.99 +/
      13.4, improving to 81.26 +/- 14.7 at an average of 24 months' follow-up.
      Preoperative Knee Injury and Oseoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) score was 46.8 +/
      20.9 and rose to 85.24 +/- 13.9 after 24 months. Mean preoperative Merle
      D'Aubigne-Postel score was 8.75 +/- 2.25 rising to 16.1 +/- 2.59 at 24 months'
      follow-up. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of fresh
      osteochondral allograft transplantation in South America. We believe that this
      experience may be of value for physicians in countries that are trying to
      establish an osteochondral allograft transplant program.

PMID- 27375838
TI  - Analysis for Prognostic Factors from a Database for the Intra-Articular
      Hyaluronic Acid (Euflexxa) Treatment for Osteoarthritis of the Knee.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Intra-articular hyaluronic acid (IA-HA) injections are a treatment
      for knee osteoarthritis (OA), although current literature provides mixed results
      with regard to their efficacy. We will review a randomized controlled trial (RCT)
      and subsequent extension trial in order to identify factors that are associated
      with outcomes in patients with knee OA who received IA-HA. METHODS: We used data
      recorded by the FLEXX trial and extension trial for secondary analysis of
      potential prognostic factors. Linear regression was used to examine the
      predictors of outcomes at 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. RESULTS: Sixty
      percent of all patients presented with a Kellgren Lawrence (K-L) grade 3.
      Patients with high baseline outcome scores and a K-L grade 3 demonstrated less
      response than individuals within an earlier stage of knee OA, although results
      for both K-L grade 2 and K-L grade 3 patients still showed benefit. Those with
      more severe radiographic change K-L grade 3 often had a better response with the
      second series of IA-HA injections. Significantly greater positive response in all
      outcomes was demonstrated for the patient subgroup classified as K-L grade 2,
      when compared with K-L grade 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate
      that IA-HA for knee OA was of greater benefit in those with less severe
      radiographic changes. However, those with more severe radiographic change often
      had a better response with the second course of IA-HA. Similar analyses are
      required in order to determine if these results are unique to Euflexxa, or if
      these results are consistent with other available IA-HA agents.

PMID- 27375839
TI  - The 50 Most Cited Articles in Orthopedic Cartilage Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the 50 most cited articles in orthopedic cartilage
      surgery and their characteristics. DESIGN: A systematic review of the Science
      Citation Index Expanded was performed for articles related to cartilage surgery
      published in the 66 journals under the category "Orthopedics." The 50 most cited
      articles were determined, and the following characteristics were analyzed for
      each article: authors, journal and year of publication, number of citations,
      geographic origin, article type (basic science or clinical), article subtype by
      study design, and level of evidence. Citation density (total number of
      citations/years since publication) was also computed. RESULTS: The 50 most cited
      articles ranged from 989 to 172 citations, with citation density ranging from
      71.5 to 4.1. The publication years spanned from 1968 to 2008, with the 2000s
      accounting for half (25) of the articles and the highest mean citation density
      (14.6). The 50 most cited articles were published in 11 journals. The majority of
      the articles (29) were clinical, with level IV representing the most common level
      of evidence (10). The remaining basic science articles were most commonly animal
      in vivo studies (14). Stronger level of evidence was correlated with overall
      number of citations (P = 0.044), citation density (P < 0.001), and year of
      publication (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Articles with stronger levels of evidence
      are more highly cited, with an increasing trend as evidence-based practice has
      been emphasized. This article list provides clinicians, researchers, and trainees
      with a group of "citation classics" in orthopedic cartilage surgery.

PMID- 27375840
TI  - In Vivo Evaluation of the Potential of High-Frequency Ultrasound for Arthroscopic
      Examination of the Shoulder Joint.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Accurate arthroscopic evaluation of cartilage lesions could
      significantly improve the outcome of repair surgery. In this study, we
      investigated for the first time the potential of intra-articular ultrasound as an
      arthroscopic tool for grading cartilage defects in the human shoulder joint in
      vivo and compared the outcome to results from arthroscopic evaluation and
      magnetic resonance imaging findings. DESIGN: A total of 26 sites from 9 patients
      undergoing routine shoulder arthroscopy were quantitatively evaluated with a
      clinical intravascular (40MHz) ultrasound imaging system, using the regular
      arthroscopy portals. Reflection coefficient (R), integrated reflection
      coefficient (IRC), apparent integrated backscattering (AIB), and ultrasound
      roughness index (URI) were calculated, and high-resolution ultrasound images were
      obtained per site. Each site was visually graded according to the International
      Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) system. "Ultrasound scores" corresponding to the
      ICRS system were determined from the ultrasound images. Magnetic resonance
      imaging was conducted and cartilage integrity at each site was classified into 5
      grades (0 = normal, 4 = severely abnormal) by a radiologist. RESULTS: R and IRC
      were lower at sites with damaged cartilage surface (P = 0.033 and P = 0.043,
      respectively) and correlated with arthroscopic ICRS grades (r s = -0.444, P =
      0.023 and r s = -0.426, P = 0.03, respectively). Arthroscopic ICRS grades and
      ultrasound scores were significantly correlated (rs = 0.472, P = 0.015), but no
      significant correlation was found between magnetic resonance imaging data and
      other parameters. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that ultrasound arthroscopy
      could facilitate quantitative clinical appraisal of articular cartilage integrity
      in the shoulder joint and provide information on cartilage lesion depth and
      severity for quantitative diagnostics in surgery.

PMID- 27375841
TI  - Superficial Zone Extracellular Matrix Extracts Enhance Boundary Lubrication of
      Self-Assembled Articular Cartilage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Previous work has shown that increasing the production of boundary
      lubricant, superficial zone protein (SZP), did not reduce the friction
      coefficient of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs and was possibly due
      to poor retention of the lubricant. The aim of this investigation was to reduce
      the friction coefficient of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs through
      enhancing SZP retention by the exogenous addition of extracellular matrix (ECM)
      extracted from the superficial zone of native articular cartilage. DESIGN:
      Superficial zone cartilage was shaved from juvenile bovine femoral condyles using
      a dermatome, minced finely with razor blades, extracted with 4 M guanidine
      hydrochloride, buffer exchanged with culture medium, and added directly to the
      culture medium of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs at low (10 ug/mL)
      and high (100 ug/mL) concentrations for 4 weeks. Biochemical and biomechanical
      properties were determined at the conclusion of 4 weeks culture. RESULTS: ECM
      treatment increased compressive and tensile stiffness of self-assembled articular
      cartilage constructs and decreased the friction coefficient. Glycosaminoglycan
      content decreased and collagen content increased significantly in self-assembled
      constructs by the ECM treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Friction coefficients of self
      assembled articular cartilage constructs were reduced by adding extracted
      superficial zone ECM into the culture medium of self-assembled articular
      cartilage constructs.

PMID- 27375842
TI  - A Novel Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Porous Scaffold for Cartilage Repair: An In
      Vitro Study With Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes.
AB  - PURPOSE: An important feature of biomaterials used in cartilage regeneration is
      their influence on the establishment and stabilization of a chondrocytic
      phenotype of embedded cells. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects
      of a porous 3-dimensional scaffold made of cross-linked hyaluronic acid on the
      expression and synthesis performance of human articular chondrocytes. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Osteoarthritic chondrocytes from 5 patients with a mean age of 74
      years were passaged twice and cultured within the cross-linked hyaluronic acid
      scaffolds for 2 weeks. Analyses were performed at 3 different time points. For
      estimation of cell content within the scaffold, DNA-content (CyQuant cell
      proliferation assay) was determined. The expression of chondrocyte-specific genes
      by embedded cells as well as the total amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycans
      produced during the culture period was analyzed in order to characterize the
      synthesis performance and differentiation status of the cells. RESULTS: Cells
      showed a homogenous distribution within the scaffold. DNA quantification revealed
      a reduction of the cell number. This might be attributed to loss of cells from
      the scaffold during media exchange connected with a stop in cell proliferation.
      Indeed, the expression of cartilage-specific genes and the production of sulfated
      glycosaminoglycans were increased and the differentiation index was clearly
      improved. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the attachment of
      osteoarthritic P2 chondrocytes to the investigated material enhanced the
      chondrogenic phenotype as well as promoted the retention.

PMID- 27375843
TI  - Mandibular Cartilage Collagen Network Nanostructure: Insights for Regeneration.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mandibular condyle cartilage (MCC) has a unique structure among
      articular cartilages; however, little is known about its nanoscale collagen
      network architecture, hampering design of regeneration therapies and rigorous
      evaluation of regeneration experiment outcomes in preclinical research. Helium
      ion microscopy is a novel technology with a long depth of field that is uniquely
      suited to imaging open 3D collagen networks at multiple scales without obscuring
      conductive coatings. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to image, at
      the micro- and nanoscales, the depth-dependent MCC collagen network architecture.
      DESIGN: MCC was collected from New Zealand white rabbits. Images of MCC zones
      were acquired using helium ion, transmission electron, and light microscopy.
      Network fibril and canal diameters were measured. RESULTS: For the first time,
      the MCC was visualized as a 3D collagen fibril structure at the nanoscale, the
      length scale of network assembly. Fibril diameters ranged from 7 to 110 nm and
      varied by zone. The articular surface was composed of a fine mesh that was woven
      through thin layers of larger fibrils. The fibrous zone was composed of
      approximately orthogonal lamellae of aligned fibrils. Fibrocyte processes
      surrounded collagen bundles forming extracellular compartments. The
      proliferative, mature, and hypertrophic zones were composed of a branched network
      that was progressively remodeled to accommodate chondrocyte hypertrophy. Osteoid
      fibrils were woven around osteoblast cytoplasmic processes to create numerous
      canals similar in size to canaliculi of mature bone. CONCLUSION: This multiscale
      investigation advances our foundational understanding of the complex, layered 3D
      architecture of the MCC collagen network.

PMID- 27375845
TI  - Potential Application of Novel DNA Editing Techniques in Translational
      Neuroscience.

PMID- 27375844
TI  - Repopulating Decellularized Kidney Scaffolds: An Avenue for Ex Vivo Organ
      Generation.
AB  - Recent research has shown that fully developed organs can be decellularized,
      resulting in a complex scaffold and extracellular matrix (ECM) network capable of
      being populated with other cells. This work has resulted in a growing field in
      bioengineering focused on the isolation, characterization, and modification of
      organ derived acellular scaffolds and their potential to sustain and interact
      with new cell populations, a process termed reseeding. In this review, we cover
      contemporary advancements in the bioengineering of kidney scaffolds including
      novel work showing that reseeded donor scaffolds can be transplanted and can
      function in recipients using animal models. Several major areas of the field are
      taken into consideration, including the decellularization process,
      characterization of acellular and reseeded scaffolds, culture conditions, and
      cell sources. Finally, we discuss future avenues based on the advent of 3D
      bioprinting and recent developments in kidney organoid cultures as well as animal
      models of renal genesis. The ongoing mergers and collaborations between these
      fields hold the potential to produce functional kidneys that can be generated ex
      vivo and utilized for kidney transplantations in patients suffering with renal
      disease.

PMID- 27375846
TI  - Erratum to: Sex differences in the association between infant markers and later
      autistic traits.

PMID- 27366318
TI  - Active learning in the lecture theatre using 3D printed objects.
AB  - The ability to conceptualize 3D shapes is central to understanding biological
      processes. The concept that the structure of a biological molecule leads to
      function is a core principle of the biochemical field. Visualisation of
      biological molecules often involves vocal explanations or the use of two
      dimensional slides and video presentations. A deeper understanding of these
      molecules can however be obtained by the handling of objects. 3D printed
      biological molecules can be used as active learning tools to stimulate engagement
      in large group lectures. These models can be used to build upon initial core
      knowledge which can be delivered in either a flipped form or a more didactic
      manner. Within the teaching session the students are able to learn by handling,
      rotating and viewing the objects to gain an appreciation, for example, of an
      enzyme's active site or the difference between the major and minor groove of DNA.
      Models and other artefacts can be handled in small groups within a lecture
      theatre and act as a focal point to generate conversation. Through the approach
      presented here core knowledge is first established and then supplemented with
      high level problem solving through a "Think-Pair-Share" cooperative learning
      strategy. The teaching delivery was adjusted based around experiential learning
      activities by moving the object from mental cognition and into the physical
      environment. This approach led to students being able to better visualise
      biological molecules and a positive engagement in the lecture. The use of objects
      in teaching allows the lecturer to create interactive sessions that both
      challenge and enable the student. 

PMID- 27375848
TI  - Treatment for substance use disorders: the Belgian Treatment Demand Indicator
      registration protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Registration of patients with substance use disorders is of key
      importance to get insights and to study trends in patients characteristics and
      substance use patterns. The Treatment Demand Indicator (TDI) is gathering this
      information at European level since 2000. In Belgium, this registration started
      at national level in 2011 and an increasing number of facilities of different
      types are participating in this data collection since then. METHODS/DESIGN: This
      surveillance register collects information on every treatment episode started by
      patients for their substance use disorder. Information is collected on socio
      demographic characteristics of the patient, treatment history and substance use
      patterns. Patients are identified uniquely using their national identification
      number in order identify multiple episodes followed by a same person. A large
      range of treatment facilities have the possibility to participate in this
      registration to allow a wide coverage of the population. DISCUSSION: The
      objective of the paper is to facilitate the use of data by authorities or
      researchers by correctly describing all aspects of the indicator. The case
      definition, the variables collected and the way data should be reported are of
      key importance to use and interpret the data correctly. An overview of the data
      registered in 2014 gives also an idea of the content of the database. The article
      also pictures the strengths and limitations of the register and foresees some
      future improvements.

PMID- 27375849
TI  - Landscape-level movement patterns by lions in western Serengeti: comparing the
      influence of inter-specific competitors, habitat attributes and prey
      availability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Where apex predators move on the landscape influences ecosystem
      structure and function and is therefore key to effective landscape-level
      management and species-specific conservation. However the factors underlying
      predator distribution patterns within functional ecosystems are poorly
      understood. Predator movement should be sensitive to the spatial patterns of
      inter-specific competitors, spatial variation in prey density, and landscape
      attributes that increase individual prey vulnerability. We investigated the
      relative role of these fundamental factors on seasonal resource utilization by a
      globally endangered apex carnivore, the African lion (Panthera leo) in Tanzania's
      Serengeti National Park. Lion space use was represented by novel landscape-level,
      modified utilization distributions (termed "localized density distributions")
      created from telemetry relocations of individual lions from multiple neighbouring
      prides. Spatial patterns of inter-specific competitors were similarly determined
      from telemetry re-locations of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), this system's
      primary competitor for lions; prey distribution was derived from 18 months of
      detailed census data; and remote sensing data was used to represent relevant
      habitat attributes. RESULTS: Lion space use was consistently influenced by
      landscape attributes that increase individual prey vulnerability to predation.
      Wet season activity, when available prey were scarce, was concentrated near
      embankments, which provide ambush opportunities, and dry season activity, when
      available prey were abundant, near remaining water sources where prey occurrence
      is predictable. Lion space use patterns were positively associated with areas of
      high prey biomass, but only in the prey abundant dry season. Finally, at the
      broad scale of this analysis, lion and hyena space use was positively correlated
      in the comparatively prey-rich dry season and unrelated in the wet season,
      suggesting lion movement was unconstrained by the spatial patterns of their main
      inter-specific competitors. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of potential prey and
      vulnerability of that prey to predation both motivate lion movement decisions,
      with their relative importance apparently mediated by overall prey abundance.
      With practical and theoretical implications, these results suggest that while top
      carnivores are consistently cognizant of how landscape features influence
      individual prey vulnerability, they also adopt a flexible approach to range use
      by adjusting spatial behaviour according to fluctuations in local prey abundance.

PMID- 27375850
TI  - Diagnostic predictive value of platelet indices for discriminating hypo
      productive versus immune thrombocytopenia purpura in patients attending a
      tertiary care teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone marrow examination may be required to discriminate causes of
      thrombocytopenia as hypoproductive or hyperdestructive. However, this procedure
      is invasive and time consuming. This study assessed the diagnostic value of Mean
      Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) and Platelet Large Cell
      Ratio (P-LCR) in discriminating causes of thrombocytopenia as hypoproductive or
      hyperdestructive (Immune thrombocytopenia purpura). METHOD: A prospective cross
      sectional study was conducted on 83 thrombocytopenic patients (Plt < 150 *
      10(9)/L). From these, 50 patients had hypoproductive and the rest 33 Immune
      Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP). Age and sex matched 42 healthy controls were
      included as a comparative group. Hematological analysis was carried out using
      Sysmex XT 2000i 5 part diff analyzer. SPSS Version16 was used for data analysis.
      A two by two table and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to
      calculate sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, for
      a given platelet indices (MPV, PDW and P-LCR). Student t test and Mann Whitney U
      test were used to compare means and medians, respectively. Correlation test was
      used to determine associations between continuous variables. RESULTS: All
      Platelet indices were significantly higher in ITP patients (n = 33) than in
      hypoproductive thrombocytopenic patients (n = 50) (p < 0.0001). In particular MPV
      and P-LCR have larger area under ROC curve (0.876 and 0.816, respectively),
      indicating a better predictive capacity, sensitivity and specificity in
      discriminating the two causes of thrombocytopenia. The indices were still
      significantly higher in ITP patients compared to 42 healthy controls (p <
      0.0001). A significant negative correlation was observed between platelet count
      and platelet indices in ITP patients, (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: MPV, PDW and P-LCR
      help in predicting thrombocytopenic patients as having ITP or hypoproductive
      thrombocytopenia. If these indices are used in line with other laboratory and
      clinical information, they may help in delaying/ avoiding unnecessary bone marrow
      aspiration in ITP patients or supplement a request for bone morrow aspiration or
      biopsy in hypoproductive thrombocytopenic patients.

PMID- 27375851
TI  - Perceptions of pediatric nephrologists regarding timing of dialysis initiation in
      children in Canada.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Significant practice variation exists in Canada with respect to
      timing of dialysis initiation in children. In the absence of evidence to guide
      practice, physicians' perceptions may significantly influence decision-making.
      OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate Canadian pediatric
      nephrologists' perceptions regarding dialysis initiation in children with chronic
      kidney disease (CKD) and (2) determine the factors guiding practice that may
      contribute to practice variation across Canada. DESIGN: This study was a cross
      sectional online survey. SETTING: This study was done in academic pediatric
      nephrology centers in Canada. PARTICIPANTS: The participants of this study are
      pediatric nephrologists. MEASUREMENTS AND METHODS: An anonymous web-based survey
      was administered to pediatric nephrologists in Canada to evaluate perspectives
      and practice patterns regarding timing of dialysis initiation. We also explored
      the importance of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) vs. symptoms and
      the role of patient and provider factors influencing decisions. RESULTS: Thirty
      five nephrologists (59 %) completed the survey. Most respondents care for
      advanced CKD patients in a multidisciplinary clinic (86 %) and no centers have a
      formal policy on timing of dialysis initiation. Seventy-five percent of centers
      follow <20 stage 4-5 CKD patients, and 9 % follow >30 patients. Discussions about
      dialysis initiation are generally informal (75 %) and the decision to start is
      made by the nephrologist (37 %) or a team (57 %). Fifty percent agreed GFR was
      important when deciding when to initiate dialysis, 41 % were neutral, and 9 %
      disagreed. Variability exists in the threshold that nephrologists considered
      early (vs. late) dialysis initiation: >20 (21 %), >15 (38 %), >12 (26 %), and >10
      ml/min/1.73 m(2) (12 %). Practitioners however typically start dialysis in
      asymptomatic patients at eGFRs of 7-9 (9 %), 10-11 (41 %), 12-14 (38 %), and 15
      19 (6 %) ml/min/1.73 m(2). Patient factors important in the decision to start
      dialysis for >90 % of nephrologists were fatigue, >10 % weight loss, nausea,
      increasing missed school, and awaiting a pre-emptive transplant. Age was only a
      factor for 56 %. LIMITATIONS: This study has a 59 % response rate. CONCLUSIONS:
      Variability exists in Canada regarding the importance and threshold of eGFR
      guiding the decision as to when to start dialysis in children, whereas patient
      symptoms are almost universally important to pediatric nephrologists' decision
      making. Additional studies evaluating outcomes of children starting dialysis
      earlier vs. later are needed to standardize decision-making and care for children
      with kidney failure.

PMID- 27375852
TI  - Motherside care of the term neonate at birth.
AB  - The rationale for keeping the mother and her newborn together even when neonatal
      resuscitation is required is presented. The development of a customised mobile
      resuscitation trolley is detailed explaining how the resuscitation team can be
      provided with all the facilities of a standard resuscitation trolley to
      resuscitate the neonate at the mother's side with an intact cord. Alternative low
      tech solutions which may be appropriate in low resource setting and with a low
      risk population are also described. 

PMID- 27375853
TI  - Effect of supplementation of feed with Flaxseed (Linumusitatisimum) oil on libido
      and semen quality of Nilli-Ravi buffalo bulls.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current study was designed to investigate the effect of
      supplementation of Flaxseed (Linumusitatisimum) oil on libido and semen quality
      of Nilli-Ravi buffalo bulls. METHODS: In this study, 12 adult healthy bulls kept
      at the Semen Production Unit, Qadirabad district Sahiwal, were used. These bulls
      were divided into three equal groups, A, B and C. Group A was kept as control,
      while in groups B and C supplementation of feed was provided by using flaxseed
      oil @125 ml/day and 250 ml/day,respectively for 12 weeks. Two ejaculates per
      animal were collected at 0 day then 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th
      week of treatment. In this way a total 216 samples were taken, and each semen
      sample was evaluated for color, volume, mass activity, percent motility, sperm
      cell concentration per ml, percentage of live sperm, and plasma membrane
      integrity. Libido of bulls was also evaluated before every collection. RESULTS:
      Analysis of data revealed that these parameters were significantly (P < 0.01)
      increased in flax oil treated animals as compared to control. CONCLUSION: It was
      concluded from the present study that flax seed oil has beneficial effects on
      reproductive health of buffalo bull.

PMID- 27375854
TI  - Machine learning identification of EEG features predicting working memory
      performance in schizophrenia and healthy adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With millisecond-level resolution, electroencephalographic (EEG)
      recording provides a sensitive tool to assay neural dynamics of human cognition.
      However, selection of EEG features used to answer experimental questions is
      typically determined a priori. The utility of machine learning was investigated
      as a computational framework for extracting the most relevant features from EEG
      data empirically. METHODS: Schizophrenia (SZ; n = 40) and healthy community (HC;
      n = 12) subjects completed a Sternberg Working Memory Task (SWMT) during EEG
      recording. EEG was analyzed to extract 5 frequency components (theta1, theta2,
      alpha, beta, gamma) at 4 processing stages (baseline, encoding, retention,
      retrieval) and 3 scalp sites (frontal-Fz, central-Cz, occipital-Oz) separately
      for correctly and incorrectly answered trials. The 1-norm support vector machine
      (SVM) method was used to build EEG classifiers of SWMT trial accuracy (correct
      vs. incorrect; Model 1) and diagnosis (HC vs. SZ; Model 2). External validity of
      SVM models was examined in relation to neuropsychological test performance and
      diagnostic classification using conventional regression-based analyses. RESULTS:
      SWMT performance was significantly reduced in SZ (p < .001). Model 1 correctly
      classified trial accuracy at 84 % in HC, and at 74 % when cross-validated in SZ
      data. Frontal gamma at encoding and central theta at retention provided highest
      weightings, accounting for 76 % of variance in SWMT scores and 42 % variance in
      neuropsychological test performance across samples. Model 2 identified frontal
      theta at baseline and frontal alpha during retrieval as primary classifiers of
      diagnosis, providing 87 % classification accuracy as a discriminant function.
      CONCLUSIONS: EEG features derived by SVM are consistent with literature reports
      of gamma's role in memory encoding, engagement of theta during memory retention,
      and elevated resting low-frequency activity in schizophrenia. Tests of model
      performance and cross-validation support the stability and generalizability of
      results, and utility of SVM as an analytic approach for EEG feature selection.

PMID- 27375855
TI  - Attenuation of high sucrose diet-induced insulin resistance in ABC transporter
      deficient white mutant of Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Exposure to high sugar diet (HSD) is an experimental model of insulin resistance
      (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in mammals and insects. In Drosophila, HSD-induced
      IR delays emergence of pupae from larvae and eclosion of imago from pupae.
      Understanding of mechanisms of IR/T2D is essential for refining T2D prevention
      and treatment strategies. Dysregulation of tryptophan (Trp)-kynurenine (Kyn)
      pathway was suggested as one of the mechanisms of IR/T2D development. Rate
      limiting enzyme of Trp-Kyn pathway in Drosophila is Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), an
      evolutionary conserved ortholog of human TDO. We previously reported attenuation
      of HSD-induced IR in vermilion mutants with inactive TDO. Conversion of Trp to
      Kyn is regulated not only by TDO activity but by intracellular Trp transport via
      ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter encoded by white gene in Drosophila. In
      order to evaluate the possible impact of deficient intracellular Trp transport on
      the inducement of IR by HSD, we compared the effect of HSD on pre-imago
      development in wild type flies, Canton-Special (C-S), and C-S flies containing
      white gene, white (C-S). Presence of white gene attenuated (by 50%) HSD-induced
      delay of pupae emergence from larvae and female and male imago eclosion from
      pupae. Present study together with our earlier report reveals that both decreased
      TDO activity (due to vermilion gene mutation) or deficient Trp transport into
      cell without affecting TDO levels (due to white gene mutation) attenuate HSD
      induced development of IR in Drosophila model of T2D. Our data provide further
      support for hypothesis that dysregulation of Trp-Kyn pathway is one of the
      pathophysiological mechanisms and potential target for early diagnosis,
      prevention and treatment of IR/T2D.

PMID- 27375856
TI  - Crystal structures of N-(3-fluoro-benzo-yl)benzene-sulfonamide and N-(3-fluoro
      benzo-yl)-4-methyl-benzene-sulfonamide.
AB  - The crystal structures of two N-(aryl-sulfon-yl)aryl-amides, namely N-(3-fluoro
      benzo-yl)benzene-sulfonamide, C13H10FNO3S, (I), and N-(3-fluoro-benzo-yl)-4
      methyl-benzene-sulfonamide, C14H12FNO3S, (II), are described and compared with
      related structures. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 82.73 (10)
      degrees  in (I) compared to 72.60 (12) degrees  in (II). In the crystal of (I),
      the mol-ecules are linked by C-H?O and C-H?pi inter-actions, resulting in a three
      dimensional grid-like architecture, while C-H?O inter-actions lead to one
      dimensional ribbons in (II). The crystals of both (I) and (II) feature strong but
      non-structure-directing N-H?O hydrogen bonds with R 2 (2)(8) ring motifs. The
      structure of (I) also features pi-pi stacking inter-actions. 

PMID- 27375857
TI  - Crystal structure of bis-(N-tert-butyl-benzamidinium) hexa-chlorido-zirconate(IV)
      di-chloro-methane disolvate.
AB  - In the Zr(IV) complex anion of the title complex salt,
      [(C4H9)HNC(C6H5)NH2]2[ZrCl6].2CH2Cl2, the Zr(IV) cation, located on an inversion
      centre, is coordinated by six Cl(-) anions in a distorted octa-hedral geometry
      with Zr-Cl distances in the range 2.433 (2)-2.4687 (19) A; in the amidinium
      cation, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and [NCN] plane is 43.3 (4)
      degrees . In the crystal, the amidinium cations and [ZrCl6](2-) anions are linked
      by N-H?Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network extending along the b
      axis; two di-chloro-methane solvent mol-ecules are linked by a pair of weak C
      H?Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric [CHCl]2 six-membered ring. 

PMID- 27375858
TI  - Crystal structure of 4-carbamoylpyridinium chloride.
AB  - The hydro-chloride salt of isonicotinamide, C6H7N2O(+).Cl(-), has been
      synthesized from a dilute solution of hydro-chloric acid in aceto-nitrile. The
      compound displays monoclinic symmetry (space group C2/c) at 150 K, similar to the
      related hydro-chloride salt of nicotinamide. The asymmetric unit contains one
      protonated isonicotinamide mol-ecule and a chloride anion. An array of hydrogen
      bonding inter-actions, including a peculiar bifurcated pyridinium-chloride inter
      action, results in linear chains running almost perpendicularly in the [150] and
      [1-50] directions within the structure. A description of the hydrogen-bonding
      network and comparison with similar compounds are presented. 

PMID- 27375860
TI  - Crystal structure of bis-[(acetato-kappaO)(imidazolidine-2-thione-kappaS)bis-(tri
      phenyl-phosphane-kappaP)silver(I)] di-MU-imidazol-idine-2-thione-kappa(4) S:S-bis
      [(imidazol-id-ine-2-thione-kappaS)bis-(tri-phenyl-phosphane-kappaP)silver(I)] di
      acetate aceto-nitrile disolvate tetra-hydrate.
AB  - In the title compound,
      [Ag2(C3H6N2S)4(C18H15P)2](C2H3O2)2.[Ag(C2H3O2)(C3H6N2S)(C18H15P)2]2.2C2H3N.4H2O,
      the Ag(I) ion in the mononuclear neutral complex exhibits a distorted tetra
      hedral environment with coordination by two P atoms from tri-phenyl-phosphane
      (PPh3) ligands, one S atom of an imidazolidine-2-thione (etu) ligand and one O
      atom of an acetate anion. The binuclear cationic complex comprises two inversion
      related [Ag(C3H6N2S)2(C18H15P)] units with Ag(I) ions bridged by two S atoms from
      etu ligands forming a four-membered Ag-S-Ag-S ring. Each Ag(I) ion is coordinated
      by a P atom of a PPh3 ligand, two S atoms of bridging etu ligands and the
      terminal S atom of an etu ligand in a distorted tetra-hedral environment. In the
      crystal, the mononuclear complex is linked to lattice water mol-ecules through O
      H?O and N-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming a chain along [100]. In addition, the
      binuclear complex mol-ecules are connected to acetate anions and lattice water
      mol-ecules via O-H?O, N-H?O and O-H?S hydrogen bonds, also along [100]. 

PMID- 27375859
TI  - Crystal structure of poly[(4-amino-pyridine-kappaN)(N,N-di-methyl-formamide
      kappaO)(MU3-pyridine-3,5-di-carboxyl-ato-kappa(3) N:O (3):O (5))copper(II)].
AB  - The title compound, [Cu(C7H3NO4)(C5H6N2)(C3H7NO] n , is an amino-function-alized
      chiral metal-organic framework with (10,3)-a topology. It has been constructed
      via the assembly of the achiral triconnected pyridine-3,5-di-carboxyl-ate (3,5
      PDC) building block and a triconnected Cu(II) atom. Each Cu(II) ion is
      coordinated by two O atoms and one N atom, respectively, of three
      crystallographically independent 3,5-PDC ligands. The square-pyramidal (CuN2O3)
      coordination geometry of the Cu(II) ion is completed by an N atom of a terminal 4
      amino-pyridine (4-APY) ligand and the O atom of a terminal N,N-di-methyl
      formamide (DMF) ligand to give a triconnected 'T'-shaped secondary building unit,
      which becomes trigonal in the resulting (10,3)-a topology. In the three
      dimensional structure, weak N-H?O hydrogen bonds are observed in which the donor
      N-H groups are provided by the 4-APY ligands and the acceptor O atoms are
      provided by the non-coordinating carboxylate O atoms of the 3,5-PDC ligands. 

PMID- 27375861
TI  - Crystal structure of octa-kis-(N,N-di-methyl-formamide-kappaO)europium(III) tetra
      cosa-MU2-oxido-dodeca-oxido-MU12-phosphato-dodeca-molybdate(VI).
AB  - In the title salt, [Eu(C3H7NO)8][PMo12O40], the asymmetric unit comprises one
      alpha-Keggin-type [PMo12O40](3-) polyoxidometalate anion and one distorted dodeca
      hedral [Eu(C3H7NO)8](3+) complex cation. In the crystal, the isolated
      polyoxidometalate anions are packed into hexa-gonally arranged rows extending
      parallel to [001]. The complex cations are situated between the rows and are
      linked to the neighbouring anions through weak C-H?O hydrogen-bonding inter
      actions, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network structure. 

PMID- 27375862
TI  - Crystal structure of (E)-9-(4-nitro-benzyl-idene)-8,9-di-hydro-pyrido[2,3
      d]pyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-one.
AB  - The title compound, C17H12N4O3, a pyrido-pyrrolo-pyrimidine derivative, is almost
      planar. The nitro-benzene ring is inclined to the mean plane of the 8,9-di-hydro
      pyrido[2,3-d]pyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrimidin-5(7H)-one moiety (r.m.s. deviation = 0.023
      A) by 6.8 (1) degrees . In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via C-H?O and C-H?N
      hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (101). 

PMID- 27375863
TI  - Crystal structure of trans-diammine(1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane
      kappa(4) N)chromium(III) tetra-chlorido-zincate chloride monohydrate from
      synchrotron data.
AB  - The asymmetric unit of the title complex salt, [Cr(C10H24N4)(NH3)2][ZnCl4]Cl.H2O,
      is comprised of four halves of the Cr(III) complex cations (the counterparts
      being generated by application of inversion symmetry), two tetra-chlorido-zincate
      anions, two chloride anions and two water mol-ecules. Each Cr(III) ion is
      coordinated by the four N atoms of the cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra
      deca-ne) ligand in the equatorial plane and by two N atoms of ammine ligands in
      axial positions, displaying an overall distorted octa-hedral coordination
      environment. The Cr-N(cyclam) bond lengths range from 2.0501 (15) to 2.0615 (15)
      A, while the Cr-(NH3) bond lengths range from 2.0976 (13) to 2.1062 (13) A. The
      macrocyclic cyclam moieties adopt the trans-III conformation with six- and five
      membered chelate rings in chair and gauche conformations. The [ZnCl4](2-) anions
      have a slightly distorted tetra-hedral shape. In the crystal, the Cl(-) anions
      link the complex cations, as well as the solvent water mol-ecules, through N-H?Cl
      and O-H?Cl hydrogen-bonding inter-actions. The supra-molecular set-up also
      includes N-H?Cl, C-H?Cl, N-H?O and O-H?Cl hydrogen bonding between N-H or C-H
      groups of cyclam, ammine N-H and water O-H donor groups, and O atoms of the water
      mol-ecules, Cl(-) anions or Cl atoms of the [ZnCl4](2-) anions as acceptors,
      leading to a three-dimensional network structure. 

PMID- 27375864
TI  - Crystal structure of a bioactive sesquiterpene isolated from Artemisia
      reticulata.
AB  - The title compound, C15H24O2 {systematic name: 1-[6-hy-droxy-7-(propan-2-yl)-4
      methyl-idene-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octa-hydro-1H-inden-1-yl]ethanone} was iso-la-ted
      from A. reticulata by column chromatography over silica gel by gradient solvent
      elution. The mol-ecule comprises a bi-cyclo-[4.3.0]nonane ring bearing acet-oxy,
      hy-droxy and isopropyl substituents, and an exocyclic double bond on the cyclo
      hexane ring. In the bicyclic skeleton, the cyclo-hexane ring adopts a chair
      conformation ring and the cyclo-pentane ring is in an envelope conformation. In
      the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along
      [010]. These chains are cross-linked by C-H?O hydrogen bonds. 

PMID- 27375865
TI  - Crystal structure of a photobiologically active furan-ocoumarin from Artemisia
      reticulata.
AB  - The title furan-ocoumarin, C14H12O4 [systematic name: 9-hy-droxy-2-(prop-1-en-2
      yl)-2,3-di-hydro-7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one], crystallizes with two independent
      mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. The two mol-ecules differ
      essentially in the orientation of the propenyl group with respect to the mean
      plane of the furan-ocoumarin moiety; the O-C(H)-C=C torsion angle is 122.2 (7)
      degrees  in mol-ecule A and -10.8 (11) degrees  in mol-ecule B. In the crystal,
      the A and B mol-ecules are linked via O-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag -A-B-A
      B- chains propagating along [001]. The chains are reinforced by bifurcated C
      H?(O,O) hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons which are linked via C-H?pi and pi-pi
      inter-actions [inter-centroid distance = 3.602 (2) A], forming a three
      dimensional structure. 

PMID- 27375866
TI  - Crystal structure of (E,E)-2',4'-di-hydroxy-aceto-phenone azine di-methyl
      formamide disolvate.
AB  - In the title compound {systematic name: 4,4'-[1,1'-(hydrazinediyl-idene)bis
      (ethan-1-yl-1-yl-idene)]bis-(benzene-1,3-diol)}, C16H16N2O4.2C3H7NO, the (E,E)
      2',4'-di-hydroxy-aceto-phenone azine mol-ecule is centrosymmetric, the mid-point
      of the N-N bond being located on an inversion centre. All the non-H atoms of the
      azine mol-ecule are approximately coplanar, the maximum deviation being 0.017 (2)
      A. An intra-molecular O-H?N hydrogen bond occurs between the azine N atom and the
      hy-droxy group. In the crystal, azine and di-methyl-formamide solvent mol-ecules
      are linked by O-H?O hydrogen bonds. 

PMID- 27375867
TI  - Bis{bis-(azido-kappaN)bis-[bis-(pyridin-2-yl-kappaN)amine]cobalt(III)} sulfate
      dihydrate.
AB  - The search for new mol-ecular materials with inter-esting magnetic properties,
      using the pseudohalide azide ion and di-2-pyridyl-amine (dpa, C10H9N3) as a
      chelating ligand, led to the synthesis and structure determination of the title
      compound, [Co(N3)2(dpa)2]2SO4.2H2O. The crystal structure comprises discrete
      [Co(dpa)2(N3)2](+) cations, sulfate anions, as well as H2O solvent mol-ecules.
      The Co(III) cations display a slightly distorted octa-hedral coordination sphere
      defined by two N atoms from azide anions and four N atoms from the pyridyl rings
      of two dpa ligands. In the crystal, extensive C-H?O, N-H?O, and O-H?O inter
      actions result in supra-molecular sheets that lie parallel to the ab plane. The
      sheets are further linked through O-H?N inter-actions between the water mol
      ecules of one sheet and azide anions of another sheet, forming a supra-molecular
      framework. 

PMID- 27375868
TI  - Comparison of the crystal structures of methyl 4-bromo-2-(meth-oxy-meth
      oxy)benzoate and 4-bromo-3-(meth-oxy-meth-oxy)benzoic acid.
AB  - The title compounds, C10H11BrO4, (I), and C9H9BrO4, (II), are derivatives of
      bromo-hy-droxy-benzoic acids. Compound (II) crystallizes with two independent mol
      ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In both (I) and (II), the O-CH2-O-CH3
      side chain is not in its fully extended conformation; the O-C-O-C torsion angle
      is 67.3 (3)  degrees  in (I), and -65.8 (3) and -74.1 (3) degrees  in mol-ecules
      A and B, respectively, in compound (II). In the crystal of (I), mol-ecules are
      linked by C-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming C(5) chains along [010]. The chains are
      linked by short Br?O contacts [3.047 (2) A], forming sheets parallel to the bc
      plane. The sheets are linked via C-H?pi inter-actions, forming a three
      dimensional architecture. In the crystal of (II), mol-ecules A and B are linked
      to form R 2 (2)(8) dimers via two strong O-H?O hydrogen bonds. These dimers are
      linked into ?A-B?A-B?A-B? [C 2 (2)(15)] chains along [011] by C-H?O hydrogen
      bonds. The chains are linked by slipped parallel pi-pi inter-actions [inter
      centroid distances = 3.6787 (18) and 3.8431 (17) A], leading to the formation of
      slabs parallel to the bc plane. 

PMID- 27375869
TI  - Crystal structures of the two salts 2-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium nitrate-2-methyl
      1H-imidazole (1/1) and 2-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium nitrate.
AB  - The title salts, C4H7N2 (+).NO3 (-).C4H6N2, (I), and C4H7N2 (+).NO3 (-), (II),
      were obtained from solutions containing 2-methyl-imidazole and nitric acid in
      different concentrations. In the crystal structure of salt (I), one of the -NH H
      atoms of the imidazole ring shows half-occupancy, hence only every second mol
      ecule is in its cationic form. The nitrate anion in this structure lies on a
      twofold rotation axis. The neutral 2-methyl-imidazole mol-ecule and the 2-methyl
      1H-imidazol-3-ium cation inter-act through N-H?N hydrogen bonds to form
      [(C4H6N2)?(C4H7N2)(+)] pairs. These pairs are linked with two nitrate anions on
      both sides through bifurcated N-H?(O,O) hydrogen bonds into chains running
      parallel to [001]. In the crystal structure of salt (II), the C4H7N2 (+) cation
      and the NO3 (-) anion are both located on a mirror plane, leading to a
      statistical disorder of the methyl H atoms. The cations and anions again inter
      act through bifurcated N-H?(O,O) hydrogen bonds, giving rise to the formation of
      chains consisting of alternating anions and cations parallel to [100]. 

PMID- 27375870
TI  - Crystal structure of bis-{MU2-3-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-[(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)meth-yl]
      1,2,4-triazolato}bis-[aqua-nitrato-copper(II)] dihydrate.
AB  - The structure of the dinuclear title complex, [Cu2(C10H8N7)2(NO3)2(H2O)2].2H2O,
      consists of centrosymmetric dimeric units with a copper-copper separation of
      4.0408 (3) A. The Cu(II) ions in the dimer display a distorted octa-hedral
      coordination geometry and are bridged by two triazole rings, forming an
      approximately planar Cu2N4 core (r.m.s. deviation = 0.049 A). In the crystal, O
      H?O, O-H?N and C-H?O hydrogen bonds and pi-pi inter-actions link the mol-ecules
      into a three-dimensional network. 

PMID- 27375871
TI  - Crystal structure of tetra-kis-[MU2-2-(di-methyl-amino)-ethano-lato-kappa(3)
      N,O:O]di-MU3-hydroxido-di-thio-cyanato-kappa(2) N-dichromium(III)dilead(II) di
      thio-cyanate aceto-nitrile monosolvate.
AB  - The tetra-nuclear complex cation of the title compound,
      [Cr2Pb2(NCS)2(OH)2(C4H10NO)4](SCN)2.CH3CN, lies on an inversion centre. The main
      structural feature of the cation is a distorted seco-norcubane Pb2Cr2O6 cage with
      a central four-membered Cr2O2 ring. The Cr(III) ion is coordinated in a distorted
      octa-hedron, which involves two N atoms of one bidentate ligand and one thio
      cyanate anion, two MU2-O atoms of 2-(di-methyl-amino)-ethano-late ligands and two
      MU3-O atoms of hydroxide ions. The coordination geometry of the Pb(II) ion is a
      distorted disphenoid, which involves one N atom, two MU2-O atoms and one MU3-O
      atom. In addition, weak Pb?S inter-actions involving the coordinating and non
      coordinating thio-cyanate anions are observed. In the crystal, the complex
      cations are linked through the thio-cyanate anions via the Pb?S inter-actions and
      O-H?N hydrogen bonds into chains along the c axis. The chains are further linked
      together via S?S contacts. The contribution of the disordered solvent aceto
      nitrile mol-ecule was removed with the SQUEEZE [Spek (2015 ?). Acta Cryst. C71, 9
      18] procedure in PLATON. The solvent is included in the reported mol-ecular
      formula, weight and density. 

PMID- 27375872
TI  - A [Cu3(MU3-O)]-pyrazolate metallacycle with terminal nitrate ligands exhibiting
      point group symmetry 3.
AB  - The trinuclear triangular cuprate anion of the title compound, tris-[bis-(tri
      phenyl-phospho-ranyl-idene)ammonium] tris-(MU2-4-chloro-pyrazolato-kappa(2) N:N')
      MU3-oxido-tris-[(nitrato-kappa(2) O,O')cuprate(II)] nitrate monohydrate,
      (C36H30P2N)[Cu3(C3H2ClN2)3(NO3)3O]NO3.H2O, has point group symmetry 3., with the
      MU3-O atom located on the threefold rotation axis. The distorted square-pyramidal
      coordination sphere of the Cu(II) atom is completed by two N atoms of trans
      bridging pyrazolate groups and a chelating nitrate anion. The complex anion is
      slightly bent, with the nitrate and pyrazolate groups occupying positions above
      and below the Cu3 plane, respectively. In the crystal, weak O-H?O and C-H?O
      hydrogen bonds, as well as pi-pi inter-actions, are present. 

PMID- 27375873
TI  - Crystal structure of Na4Co7-x Al0.67x (As1-y P y O4)6 (x = 1.60; y = 0.116).
AB  - The title compound, tetra-sodium hepta-(cobalt/aluminium) hexa
      (arsenate/phosphate), Na4Co5.40Al1.07(As0.883P0.116O4)6, was prepared by a solid
      state reaction. It is a new member of the family of isostructural compounds with
      the general formula A 4 M 7(XO4)6 (A: Na, K; M: Ni, Co; X: P, As) that is most
      similar to Na4Co5.63Al0.91(AsO4)6. The Co(2+) ions in the title compound are
      substituted by Al(3+) in a fully occupied octa-hedral site (site symmetry 2/m)
      and a partially occupied tetra-hedral site (site symmetry 2). A third octa-hedral
      site is fully occupied by Co(2+) ions only. With regard to the P and As atoms,
      one site (site symmetry m) is simultaneously occupied by As and P, whereas in the
      second site there is only arsenic. The alkali cations are, as in the
      isostructural compounds, distributed over half-occupied crystallographic sites,
      with a positional disorder of one of them. The proposed structural model is based
      both on a careful investigation of the crystal data, as well as validation by
      means of bond-valence-sum (BVS) and charge-distribution (CHARDI) calculations.
      The correlation between the X-ray refinement and the validation results is
      discussed. 

PMID- 27375874
TI  - Crystal structure of di-aqua-bis-(N,N-di-ethyl-nicotinamide-kappaN (1))bis-(2,4,6
      tri-methyl-benzoato-kappaO (1))cobalt(II).
AB  - The centrosymmetric mol-ecule in the monomeric title cobalt complex,
      [Co(C10H11O2)2(C10H14N2O)2(H2O)2], contains two water mol-ecules, two 2,4,6-tri
      methyl-benzoate (TMB) ligands and two di-ethyl-nicotinamide (DENA) ligands. All
      ligands coordinate to the Co(II) atom in a monodentate fashion. The four O atoms
      around the Co(II) atom form a slightly distorted square-planar arrangement, with
      the distorted octa-hedral coordination sphere completed by two pyridine N atoms
      of the DENA ligands. The dihedral angle between the planar carboxyl-ate group and
      the adjacent benzene ring is 84.2 (4) degrees , while the benzene and pyridine
      rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 38.87 (10) degrees . The water mol
      ecules exhibit both intra-molecular (to the non-coordinating carboxyl-ate O atom)
      and inter-molecular (to the amide carbonyl O atom) O-H?O hydrogen bonds. The
      latter lead to the formation of layers parallel to (100), enclosing R 4 (4)(32)
      ring motifs. These layers are further linked via weak C-H?O hydrogen bonds,
      resulting in a three-dimensional network. One of the two ethyl groups of the DENA
      ligand is disordered over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.490
      (13):0.510 (13). 

PMID- 27375875
TI  - Crystal structure of trans-bis-(di-ethano-lamine-kappa(3) O,N,O')manganese(II)
      bis-(3-amino-benzoate).
AB  - Reaction of m-amino-benzoic acid (MABA), di-ethano-lamine (DEA) and MnCl2.4H2O
      led to the formation of the title salt, [Mn(C4H11NO2)2](C7H6NO2)2. In the complex
      cation, the Mn(2+) ion is located on an inversion centre and is coordinated by
      two symmetry-related tridentate DEA mol-ecules, leading to the formation of a
      slightly distorted MnN2O4 octa-hedron. The MABA(-) counter-anions are connected
      to the complex ion by a pair of rather strong O-H?O hydrogen bonds, yielding a
      1:2 supra-molecular aggregate. Much weaker N-H?O hydrogen bonds connect
      neighbouring aggregates into a three-dimensional network structure. 

PMID- 27375876
TI  - Crystal structure of spinel-type Li0.64Fe2.15Ge0.21O4.
AB  - Spinel-type Li0.64Fe2.15Ge0.21O4, lithium diiron(III) germanium tetra-oxide, has
      been formed as a by-product during flux growth of an Li-Fe-Ge pyroxene-type
      material. In the title compound, lithium is ordered on the octa-hedral B sites,
      while Ge(4+) orders onto the tetra-hedral A sites, and iron distributes over both
      the octa-hedral and tetra-hedral sites, and is in the trivalent state as
      determined from Mossbauer spectroscopy. The oxygen parameter u is 0.2543; thus,
      the spinel is close to having an ideal cubic closed packing of the O atoms. The
      title spinel is compared with other Li- and Ge-containing spinels. 

PMID- 27375877
TI  - Redetermination of cytosinium hydrogen maleate-cytosine (1/1) from the original
      data.
AB  - The title salt, C4H6N3O(+).C4H3O4 (-).C4H5N3O, has been redetermined from the
      data published by Benali-Cherif, Falek & Direm [Acta Cryst. (2009), E65, o3058
      o3059]. The improvement of the present redetermination consists in the discovery
      of the splitting of one of the H atoms into two disordered positions, the
      occupancies of which are equal to 0.55 (2) and 0.45 (2). These H atoms are
      involved in an N?N hydrogen bond and are shifted towards its centre. The disorder
      of these H atoms is in agreement with a similar environment of the two
      independent, but chemically equivalent, cytosinium/cytosine mol-ecules. 

PMID- 27375878
TI  - A redetermination from the original data of the crystal structure of 2-amino-4,6
      di-meth-oxy-pyrimidin-1-ium 4-amino-benzoate.
AB  - The title structure, C6H9.5N3O2 (0.5+).C7H6.5NO2 (0.5-), which might be named
      schematically as 2-amino-4,6-di-meth-oxy-pyrimidine-(MU2-hydrogen)-4-amino
      benzoate to indicate a bridging H atom, has been redetermined from the data
      published by Thanigaimani, Mu-thiah & Lynch [Acta Cryst. (2006), E62, o2976
      o2978]. The improvement of the present redetermination consists in a released
      geometry of the primary amine groups, which were originally assumed to be planar,
      as well as in a redetermination of the position of the hy-droxy H atom. This H
      atom, whose parameters were originally constrained, turns out to be situated
      about the centre of the O?N hydrogen bond in two disordered positions with
      occupancies of 0.5 each. 

PMID- 27375879
TI  - 2-[(1E)-({[(Benzyl-sulfan-yl)methane-thio-yl]amino}-imino)-meth-yl]-6-meth-oxy
      phenol: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.
AB  - The title di-thio-carbazate ester, C16H16N2O2S2, comprises two almost planar
      residues, i.e. the phenyl ring and the remaining 14 non-H atoms (r.m.s. deviation
      = 0.0410 A). These are orientated perpendicularly, forming a dihedral angle of
      82.72 (5) degrees . An intra-molecular hy-droxy-O-H?N(imine) hydrogen bond,
      leading to an S(6) loop, is noted. An analysis of the geometric parameters is
      consistent with the mol-ecule existing as the thione tautomer, and the
      conformation about the C=N bond is E. The thione S and imine H atoms lie to the
      same side of the mol-ecule, facilitating the formation of inter-molecular N-H?S
      hydrogen bonds leading to eight-membered {?HNCS}2 synthons in the crystal. These
      aggregates are connected by phenyl-C-H?O(hy-droxy) inter-actions into a supra
      molecular layer in the bc plane; these stack with no directional inter-actions
      between them. An analysis of the Hirshfeld surface confirms the nature of the
      inter-molecular inter-actions. 

PMID- 27375880
TI  - Crystal structure of 3-(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)-2-[(E)-2-phenyl-ethen-yl]quinazolin
      4(3H)-one.
AB  - The title compound, C22H16N2O2 {systematic name: 3-(4-hy-droxy-phen-yl)-2-[(E)-2
      phenyl-ethen-yl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one}, consists of a substituted 2-[(E)-2-aryl
      ethen-yl]-3-aryl-quinazolin-4(3H)-one skeleton. The substituents at the ethyl-ene
      fragment are located in trans positions. The phenyl ring is inclined to the
      quinazolone ring by 26.44 (19) degrees , while the 4-hy-droxy-phenyl ring is
      inclined to the quinazolone ring by 81.25 (8) degrees . The phenyl ring and the 4
      hy-droxy-phenyl ring are inclined to one another by 78.28 (2) degrees . In the
      crystal, mol-ecules are connected via O-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming a helix along
      the a-axis direction. The helices are linked by C-H?pi inter-actions, forming
      slabs parallel to (001). 

PMID- 27375881
TI  - Crystal structure of the salt bis-(tri-ethano-lamine-kappa(4) N,O,O',O'')cadmium
      bis[2-(2-oxo-2,3-di-hydro-1,3-benzo-thia-zol-3-yl)acetate].
AB  - The reaction of 2-(2-oxo-2,3-di-hydro-1,3-benzo-thia-zol-3-yl)acetic acid (NBTA)
      and tri-ethano-lamine (TEA) with Cd(CH3OO)2 resulted in the formation of the
      title salt, [Cd(C6H15NO3)2](C9H6NO3S)2. In its crystal structure, the complex
      cation [Cd(TEA)2](2+) and two independent NBTA(-) units with essentially similar
      geometries and conformations are present. In the complex cation, each TEA mol
      ecule behaves as an N,O,O',O''-tetra-dentate ligand, giving rise to an eight
      coordinate Cd(II) ion with a bicapped trigonal-prismatic configuration. All
      ethanol groups of each TEA mol-ecule form three five-membered chelate rings
      around the Cd(II) ion. The Cd-O and Cd-N distances are in the ranges 2.392 (2)
      2.478 (2) and 2.465 (2)-2.475 (3) A, respectively. O-H?O hydrogen bonds between
      the TEA hy-droxy groups and carboxyl-ate O atoms connect cationic and anionic
      moieties into chains parallel to [110]. Each NBTA(-) anion is additionally linked
      to a symmetry-related anion through pi-pi stacking inter-actions between the
      benzene and thia-zoline rings [minimum centroid-to-centroid separation = 3.604
      (2) A]. Together with additional C-H?O inter-actions, these establish a double
      layer polymeric network parallel to (001). 

PMID- 27375882
TI  - Crystal structure of bis-(2-amino-anilinium) hydrogen phosphate.
AB  - The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C6H9N2 (+).HPO4 (2-), comprises two 2
      amino-anilinium cations and one hydrogen phosphate dianion. In the crystal, the
      HPO4 (2-) dianions are linked by O-H?O hydrogen bonds into chains along [100].
      The inorganic anionic chains and organic cations are linked by N-H?O and N-H?N
      hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional supra-molecular network extending
      parallel to (001). 

PMID- 27375883
TI  - Synthesis and crystal structure of trans-di-chlorido[3-methyl-1-(4-vinyl-benz-yl)
      1H-imidazol-3-ium-2-yl-kappaC (2)](4-phenyl-pyridine-kappaN)palladium(II).
AB  - The title compound, [PdCl2(C11H9N)(C13H14N2)], represents a new class of
      palladium-based polymerizable monomer which could give a potentially
      catalytically active polymer. It was synthesized via transmetallation from the
      corresponding silver complex. The Pd(II) ion coordinates two Cl anions, one C
      atom from the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand and one N atom from the 4
      phenyl-pyridine ligand, displaying a slightly distorted square-planar geometry.
      The dihedral angle between the imidazole ring and the pyridine ring is 34.53 (8)
      degrees . The Pd-C bond length between the NHC ligand and the Pd(II) ion is
      1.9532 (16) A. In the crystal, weak non-classical C-H?Cl hydrogen bonds link the
      mol-ecules into a tape structure along [101]. A weak pi-pi inter-action is also
      observed [centroid-centroid distance = 3.9117 (11) A]. 

PMID- 27375884
TI  - Trinuclear nickel coordination complexes of phenanthrene-9,10-dione dioxime.
AB  - A trinuclear nickel complex of phenanthrene-9,10-dione dioxime (H2pqd), namely
      bis-[MU2-9,10-bis-(oxido-imino)-phenanthrene]-bis-[MU2-10-(oxido
      imino)phenanthrene-9-one oxime](phenanthrene-9,10-dione dioxime)trinickel(II)
      toluene disolvate, [Ni3(C14H8N2O2)2(C14H9N2O2)2(C14H10N2O2)].2C7H8, has been
      isolated and its crystal structure determined. This complex features three
      independent Ni(II) atoms that are arranged in a triangular fashion along with
      five supporting ligands. There are two square-planar Ni(II) atoms and a third
      pseudo-octa-hedral Ni(II) atom. While the square-planar Ni(II) atoms are stacked,
      there are no ligand bridges between them. Each square-planar Ni(II) atom,
      however, bridges with the pseudo-octa--hedral Ni(II) atom through Ni-N-O-Ni and
      Ni-O-Ni bonds. A fluorido-bor-ation reaction of the proton-bridged species gave
      the analogous complex bis-(MU2-bis-{[10-(oxido-imino)-9,10-di-hydro-phenanthren-9
      yl-idene]amino}di-fluorido-borato)(phenanthrene-9,10-dione dioxime)trinickel(II)
      dichloromethane trisolvate, [Ni3(C28H16BF2N4O2)4(C14H10N2O2)].3CH2Cl2, which
      shows the same binding structure, but features a widened Ni-Ni inter-action
      between the square-planar Ni(II) atoms. The proton-bridged complex completes the
      macrocyclic coordination around the square-planar Ni(II) atoms by means of an O
      H?O hydrogen bond. Both compounds feature O-H?N hydrogen bonds between the oxime
      and the N atoms attached to square-planar nickel atom. The nickel units show no
      direct inter-action with their nearest neighbors in the extended lattice. Two pi
      stacking inter-actions between adjacent mol-ecules are found: one with a centroid
      centroid distance of 3.886 (2) A and the other with a centroid-centroid distance
      of 4.256 (3) A. In the latter case, although not aromatic, the distance to the
      centroid of the central phenanthrene ring is shorter, with a distance of 3.528
      (3) A. Toluene mol-ecules occupy the solvent channels that are oriented along the
      c axis. In the fluorido-boronate structure, the solvent (DCM) was too badly
      disordered to be modelled, so its contribution was removed using SQUEEZE [Spek
      (2015 ?). Acta Cryst. C71, 9-18]. 

PMID- 27375885
TI  - Crystal structures of bis-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl-kappa(2) N,C (1)]rhodium(III)
      complexes containing an aceto-nitrile or monodentate thyminate(1-) ligand.
AB  - The crystal structures of bis-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)phen-yl]rhodium(III) complexes
      with the metal in an octahedral coordination containing chloride and aceto
      nitrile ligands, namely (OC-6-42)-aceto-nitrile-chlorido-bis-[2-(pyridin-2
      yl)phenyl-kappa(2) N,C (1)]rhodium(III), [RhCl(C11H8N)2(CH3CN)] (1), thyminate(1
      ) and methanol, namely (OC-6-42)-methanol(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro
      pyrimidin-1-ido-kappaN (1))bis-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl-kappa(2) N,C
      (1)]rhodium(III), [Rh(C11H8N)2(C5H5N2O2)(CH3OH)].CH3OH.0.5H2O (2), and thy-min
      ate(1-) and ethanol, namely (OC-6-42)-ethanol(5-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetra
      hydro-pyrimidin-1-ido-kappaN (1))bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl-kappa(2) N,C
      (1)]rhodium(III), [Rh(C11H8N)2(C5H5N2O2)(C2H5OH)].C2H5OH (3), are reported. The
      aceto-nitrile complex, 1, is isostructural with the Ir(III) analog. In complexes
      2 and 3, the monodeprotonated thyminate (Hthym(-)) ligand coordinates to the
      Rh(III) atom through the N atom, and the resulting Rh-N(Hthym) bond lengths are
      relatively long [2.261 (2) and 2.252 (2) A for 2 and 3, respectively] as compared
      to the Rh-N bonds in the related thyminate complexes. In each of the crystals of
      2 and 3, the complexes are linked via a pair of inter-molecular N-H?O hydrogen
      bonds between neighbouring Hthym(-) ligands, forming an inversion dimer. A strong
      intra-molecular O-H?O hydrogen bond between the thyminate(1-) and alcohol ligands
      in mutually cis positions to each other is also observed. 

PMID- 27375886
TI  - Orientational disorder in the one-dimensional coordination polymer catena
      poly[[bis-(acetyl-acetonato-kappa(2) O,O')cobalt(II)]-MU-1,4-di-aza-bicyclo
      [2.2.2]octane-kappa(2) N (1):N (4)].
AB  - The title compound, [Co(C5H7O2)2(C6H12N2)] n , was obtained as a one-dimensional
      coordination polymer from bis-(acetyl-acetonato)di-aqua-cobalt(II),
      [Co(acac)2(OH2)2], and 1,4-di-aza-bicyclo-[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), a di-amine with
      good bridging ability and rod-like spacer function. In the chain complex that
      extends along the c axis, the Co(II) atom is six-coordinated, the O-donor atoms
      of the chelating acac ligands occupying the equatorial positions and the bridging
      DABCO ligands being in trans-axial positions. In the crystal structure, the DABCO
      ligand is conformationally disordered in a 50:50 manner as a result of its
      location across a crystallographic mirror plane. The metal-metal distance is very
      close to that in a related compound exhibiting weak anti-ferromagnetic exchange
      between the Co(II) ions, and the title compound can thus be useful for obtaining
      more information about the contribution of different bridges to the magnetic
      coupling between paramagnetic ions. 

PMID- 27375887
TI  - Hydrogen-bonding patterns in 5-fluoro-cytosine-melamine co-crystal (4/1).
AB  - The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 4C4H4FN3O.C3H6N6, comprises of two
      independent 5-fluoro-cytosine (5FC) mol-ecules (A and B) and one half-mol-ecule
      of melamine (M). The other half of the melamine mol-ecule is generated by a
      twofold axis. 5FC mol-ecules A and B are linked through two different
      homosynthons [R 2 (2)(8) ring motif]; one is formed via a pair of N-H?O hydrogen
      bonds and the second via a pair of N-H?N hydrogen bonds. In addition to this
      pairing, the O atoms of 5FC mol-ecules A and B inter-act with the N2 amino group
      on both sides of the melamine mol-ecule, forming a DDAA array of quadruple
      hydrogen bonds and generating a supra-molecular pattern. The 5FC (mol-ecules A
      and B) and two melamine mol-ecules inter-act via N-H?O, N-H?N and N-H?O, N-H?N, C
      H?F hydrogen bonds forming R 6 (6)(24) and R 4 (4)(15) ring motifs. The crystal
      structure is further strengthened by C-H?F, C-F?pi and pi-pi stacking inter
      actions. 

PMID- 27375888
TI  - Crystal structure of 1,2-bis-[(1H-imidazol-2-yl)methylidene]hydrazine and its one
      dimensional hydrogen-bonding network.
AB  - In the title compound, C8H8N6, two imidazolyl groups are separated by a zigzag 
      CH=N-N=CH- linkage. An inversion center is located at the mid-point of the N-N
      single bond and the complete molecule is generated by symmetry. In the crystal,
      each mol-ecule forms four N-H?N hydrogen bonds with two neighbouring mol-ecules
      to constitute a one-dimensional ladder-like structure propagating along the a
      axis direction. 

PMID- 27375889
TI  - Crystal structure of (+/-)-[trans-cyclo-hexane-1,2-diylbis(aza-nedi-yl)]di
      phospho-nium dibromide dichloro-methane disolvate.
AB  - The cation of the title solvated salt, C42H42N2P2 (2+).2Br(-).2CH2Cl2, lies on a
      crystallographic twofold rotation axis. The 1,2-di-amino-cyclo-hexane fragment
      has a chair conformation with two N atoms in a transoid conformation [N-C-C-N =
      163.4 (2) degrees ]. In the crystal, the cations are linked to the anions by N
      H?Br and C-H?Br hydrogen bonds, forming a chain structure along the c axis. The
      di-chloro-methane mol-ecule takes part in the hydrogen-bond network through C
      H?pi and C-H?Br inter-actions. 

PMID- 27375890
TI  - 4-[(1-Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)meth-oxy]benzene-1,2-dicarbo-nitrile: crystal
      structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and energy-minimization calculations.
AB  - In the solid state, the title compound, C18H13N5O, adopts a conformation whereby
      the phenyl ring and meth-oxy-benzene-1,2-dicarbo-nitrile residue (r.m.s.
      deviation of the 12 non-H atoms = 0.041 A) lie to opposite sides of the central
      triazolyl ring, forming dihedral angles of 79.30 (13) and 64.59 (10) degrees ,
      respectively; the dihedral angle between the outer rings is 14.88 (9) degrees .
      This conformation is nearly 7 kcal mol(-1) higher in energy than the energy
      minimized structure which has a syn disposition of the outer rings, enabling
      intra-molecular pi-pi inter-actions. In the crystal, methyl-ene-C-H?N(triazol-yl)
      and carbo-nitrile-N?pi(benzene) inter-actions lead to supra-molecular chains
      along the a axis. Supra-molecular layers in the ab plane arise as the chains are
      connected by benzene-C-H?N(carbo-nitrile) inter-actions; layers stack with no
      directional inter-actions between them. The specified inter-molecular contacts
      along with other, weaker contributions to the supra-molecular stabilization are
      analysed in a Hirshfeld surface analysis. 

PMID- 27375891
TI  - Isoquinolinium 5-(2,4-di-nitro-phen-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetra
      hydro-pyrimidin-4-olate: crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and
      pharmacological evaluation.
AB  - The asymmetric unit of the title salt C9H8N(+).C12H9N4O7 (-), which exhibits anti
      convulsant and hypnotic activities, comprises one anion and one cation inter
      acting via an N-H?O hydrogen bond. In the anion, the six-membered rings are
      inclined each to other at 42.78 (9) degrees . The nitro groups in the 2,4-di
      nitro-phenyl fragment attached to the aromatic ring in the para and ortho
      positions are twisted from its plane by 3.1 (2) and 45.5 (2) degrees ,
      respectively. In the crystal, weak C-H?O hydrogen bonds consolidate the crystal
      packing. The Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed that O?H/H?O inter-molecular
      contacts predominate in the crystal packing. 

PMID- 27375892
TI  - Crystal structures of three N-(aryl-sulfon-yl)-4-fluoro-benzamides.
AB  - The crystal structures of three N-aryl-sulfonyl-4-fluoro-benzamides, namely 4
      fluoro-N-(2-methyl-phenyl-sulfon-yl)benzamide, C14H12FNO3S, (I), N-(2-chloro
      phenyl-sulfon-yl)-4-fluorobenzamide, C13H9ClFNO3S, (II), and N-(4-chloro-phenyl
      sulfon-yl)-4-fluoro-benzamide monohydrate, C13H9ClFNO3S.H2O, (III), are described
      and compared with related structures. The asymmetric unit of (I) contains two
      independent mol-ecules (A and B), while that of (II) contains just one mol-ecule,
      and that of (III) contains a mol-ecule of water in addition to one main mol
      ecule. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 82.83 (11) degrees  in mol
      ecule A and 85.01 (10) degrees  in mol-ecule B of (I), compared to 89.91 (10)
      degrees  in (II) and 81.82 (11) degrees  in (III). The crystal structure of (I)
      features strong N-H?O hydrogen bonds between the A and B mol-ecules, resulting in
      an R 4 (4)(16) tetra-meric unit. These tetra-meric units are connected into
      sheets in the bc plane by various C-H?O inter-actions, and adjacent sheets are
      further inter-linked via C-H?piar-yl inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional
      architecture. The crystal structure is further stabilized by piar-yl-piar-yl and
      S=O?piar-yl inter-actions. In the crystal of (II), mol-ecules are connected into
      R 2 (2)(8) and R 2 (2)(14) dimers via N-H?O hydrogen bonds and C-H?O inter
      actions, respectively; the dimers are further inter-connected via a weak C=O?piar
      yl inter-action, leading to the formation of chains along [1-10]. In the crystal
      of (III), N-H?O and O-H?O hydrogen bonds involving both the main mol-ecule and
      the solvent water mol-ecule results in the formation of sheets parallel to the bc
      plane. The sheets are further connected by C-H?O inter-actions and weak C-Cl?piar
      yl, C-F?piar-yl and S=O?piar-yl inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional
      architecture. 

PMID- 27375893
TI  - Crystal structures of ten enanti-opure Schiff bases bearing a naphthyl group.
AB  - Using a general solvent-free procedure for the synthesis of chiral Schiff bases,
      the following compounds were synthesized and their crystal structures determined:
      (S)-(+)-2-{[(1-phenyl-eth-yl)imino]-meth-yl}naphthalene, C19H17N, (1), (S)-(+)-2
      ({[(4-methyl-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C20H19N, (2), (R)-(-)-2
      ({[(4-meth-oxy-lphen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C20H19NO, (3), (R)-(-)
      2-({[(4-fluoro-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C19H16FN, (4), (S)-(+)
      2-({[(4-chloro-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C19H16ClN, (5), (S)-(+)
      2-({[(4-bromo-phen-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naphthalene, C19H16BrN, (6), (S)-(+)
      2-({[1-(naphthalen-1-yl)eth-yl]imino}-meth-yl)naph-thalene, C23H19N, (7), (S)-(+)
      2-{[(1-cyclo-hexyl-eth-yl)imino]-meth-yl}naph-tha-lene, C19H23N, (8), (S)-(-)-2
      {[(1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-naphthalen-1-yl)imino]meth-yl}naphthalene, C21H19N, (9),
      and (+)-2-({[(1S,2S,3S,5R)-2,6,6-tri-methylbi-cyclo-[3.1.1]hept-3-yl]imino}-meth
      yl}naphthalene, C21H25N, (10). The moiety provided by the amine generates
      conformational flexibility for these imines. In the crystals, no strong inter
      molecular contacts are observed, in spite of the presence of aromatic groups. 

PMID- 27375894
TI  - Crystal structure of fac-aquatricarbonyl[(S)-valin-ato-kappa(2) N,O]-rhenium(I).
AB  - In the mol-ecule of the title compound, [Re(C5H10NO2)(CO)3(H2O)], the Re(I) atom
      adopts a distorted octa-hedral coordination sphere defined by one aqua and three
      carbonyl ligands as well as one amino N and one carboxyl-ate O atom of the
      chelating valinate anion. The carbonyl ligands are arranged in a fac
      configuration around the Re(I) ion. In the crystal, an intricate hydrogen-bonding
      system under participation of two O-H, two N-H and one C-H donor groups and the
      carboxyl-ate and carbonyl O atoms as acceptor groups contribute to the formation
      of a three-dimensional supra-molecular network. 

PMID- 27375896
TI  - Crystal structure of a tetranuclear Cu(II) complex with an O,N,N'-donor Schiff
      base ligand: hexa-MU2-acetato-bis-(2-{[(2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl-piperidin-4
      yl)imino]-meth-yl}phenolato-kappa(3) O,N,N')tetra-copper(II).
AB  - The title compound, [Cu4(CH3COO)6(C16H23N2O)2], lies across a twofold rotation
      axis. The asymmetric unit contains two independent Cu(II) ions. The symmetry
      unique terminal Cu(II) ion is O,N,N'-coordinated by a 2-{[(2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl
      piperidin-4-yl)imino]-meth-yl}phenolate ligand and an O atom from an acetate
      group in a slightly distorted square-planar coordination environment. The
      symmetry-unique central Cu(II) ion is coordinated by a different O atom from the
      same acetate group and by four bridging acetate ligands, which connect the
      asymmetric unit into a dimeric complex and form a distorted square-pyramidal
      coordination environment. Within the complex there are two symmetry-equivalent
      intra-molecular N-H?O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, weak C-H?O hydrogen bonds
      link the complex mol-ecules, forming a three-dimensional network. 

PMID- 27375895
TI  - trans-2,5-Di-methyl-piperazine-1,4-diium bis(perchlorate) dihydrate: crystal
      structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.
AB  - The asymmetric unit of the title hydrated mol-ecular salt, C6H16N2 (2+).2ClO4 (
      ).2H2O, contains a half dication (completed by inversion symmetry), a perchlorate
      anion and a water mol-ecule. The extended structure consists of infinite chains
      of formula [(ClO4)H2O] n (n) (-) ions extending along the b axis linked by Ow-H?O
      (w = water) hydrogen bonds. These chains are cross-linked by the dications via N
      H?Ow and weak C-H?O hydrogen bonds, thus forming a three-dimensional supra
      molecular network. Three-dimensional Hirshfeld surface analysis and two
      dimensional fingerprint maps reveal that the structure is dominated by H?O/O?H
      and H?H contacts. 

PMID- 27375897
TI  - Crystal structure of 4'-bromo-2',5'-dimeth-oxy-2,5-dioxo-[1,1'-biphen-yl]-3,4
      dicarbo-nitrile [BrHBQ(CN)2] benzene hemisolvate.
AB  - In the crystal of the title compound, C16H9BrN2O4.0.5C6H6, the mol-ecules stack
      in a centrosymmetric unit cell in a 2:1 stoichiometry with co-crystallized
      benzene solvent mol-ecules and inter-act via various weak inter-actions. This
      induces a geometry different from that predicted by theory, and is unique among
      the hemibi-quinones heretofore reported. 

PMID- 27375898
TI  - HIV-host interactome revealed directly from infected cells.
AB  - Although genetically compact, HIV-1 commandeers vast arrays of cellular machinery
      to sustain and protect it during cycles of viral outgrowth. Transposon-mediated
      saturation linker scanning mutagenesis was used to isolate fully replication
      competent viruses harbouring a potent foreign epitope tag. Using these viral
      isolates, we performed differential isotopic labelling and affinity-capture mass
      spectrometric analyses on samples obtained from cultures of human lymphocytes to
      classify the vicinal interactomes of the viral Env and Vif proteins as they occur
      during natural infection. Importantly, interacting proteins were recovered
      without bias, regardless of their potential for positive, negative or neutral
      impact on viral replication. We identified specific host associations made with
      trimerized Env during its biosynthesis, at virological synapses, with innate
      immune effectors (such as HLA-E) and with certain cellular signalling pathways
      (for example, Notch1). We also defined Vif associations with host proteins
      involved in the control of nuclear transcription and nucleoside biosynthesis as
      well as those interacting stably or transiently with the cytoplasmic protein
      degradation apparatus. Our approach is broadly applicable to elucidating pathogen
      host interactomes, providing high-certainty identification of interactors by
      their direct access during cycling infection. Understanding the
      pathophysiological consequences of these associations is likely to provide
      strategic targets for antiviral intervention.

PMID- 27375899
TI  - Differences in Central Corneal Thickness between Spectral Domain-Optical
      Coherence Tomography and Ultrasound Pachymetry in Patients with Dry Eye Disease.
AB  - Purpose. To compare central corneal thickness (CCT) values via Spectral Domain
      Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) and ultrasonic pachymetry in patients with
      severe dry eye disease (DED) to determine the level of agreement between these 2
      methods. Methods. The paired samples t-test was used to compare CCT values in
      severe DED patients. Matching analysis between methods was performed using
      intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Intrasession reliability of the
      measurement methods was calculated via the concordance correlation coefficient
      (CCC), variation equivalent, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The Bland
      Altman procedure was used to graphically represent the differences between CCT
      values. Results. The study included 56 eyes of 24 female and 4 male patients.
      Mean age of the patients was 50.9 +/- 11.3 years. Mean CCT via Cirrus SD-OCT was
      523.82 +/- 30.98 MUm versus 530.050 +/- 31.85 MUm via ultrasonic pachymetry
      (paired samples t-test, P < 0.001). The Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement
      between the examiners. The ICC for repeatability was 0.974. The CCC between the 2
      methods' CCT values was 0.973. The variation equivalent was 0.976 and Pearson's
      correlation coefficient was 99.3%, which also indicated high correlation between
      the 2 methods' measurements. Conclusions. The present findings show that in
      patients with severe DED Cirrus SD-OCT provides reliable intraobserver CCT
      values. 

PMID- 27375900
TI  - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Outcomes for Type 1 Diabetes after
      Bariatric Surgery.
AB  - Background. The utility of bariatric surgery in type 1 diabetes remains
      controversial. The aim of the present study is to evaluate glycemic control
      outcomes in obese patients with type 1 diabetes after bariatric surgery. Methods.
      A comprehensive search of electronic databases was completed. Inclusion criteria
      included human adult subjects with BMI >=35 kg/m(2) and a confirmed diagnosis of
      type 1 diabetes who underwent a bariatric surgical procedure. Results. Thirteen
      primary studies (86 patients) were included. Subjects had a mean age of 41.16 +/-
      6.76 years with a mean BMI of 42.50 +/- 2.65 kg/m(2). There was a marked
      reduction in BMI postoperatively at 12 months and at study endpoint to 29.55 +/-
      1.76 kg/m(2) (P < 0.00001) and 30.63 +/- 2.09 kg/m(2) (P < 0.00001),
      respectively. Preoperative weighted mean total daily insulin requirement was 98
      +/- 26 IU/d, which decreased significantly to 36 +/- 15 IU/d (P < 0.00001) and 42
      +/- 11 IU/d (P < 0.00001) at 12 months and at study endpoint, respectively. An
      improvement in HbA1c was also seen from 8.46 +/- 0.78% preoperatively to 7.95 +/-
      0.55% (P = 0.01) and 8.13 +/- 0.86% (P = 0.03) at 12 months and at study
      endpoint, respectively. Conclusion. Bariatric surgery in patients with type 1
      diabetes leads to significant reductions in BMI and improvements in glycemic
      control.

PMID- 27375901
TI  - Accuracy of Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Measurement in Premature Infants.
AB  - Background. In premature infants, maintaining blood partial pressure of carbon
      dioxide (pCO2) value within a narrow range is important to avoid cerebral
      lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of a noninvasive
      transcutaneous method (TcpCO2), compared to blood partial pressure of carbon
      dioxide (pCO2). Methods. Retrospective observational study in a tertiary neonatal
      intensive care unit. We analyzed the correlation between blood pCO2 and
      transcutaneous values and the accuracy between the trends of blood pCO2 and
      TcpCO2 in all consecutive premature infants born at <33 weeks' gestational age.
      Results. 248 infants were included (median gestational age: 29 + 5 weeks and
      median birth weight: 1250 g), providing 1365 pairs of TcpCO2 and blood pCO2
      values. Pearson's R correlation between these values was 0.58. The mean bias was 
      0.93 kPa with a 95% confidence limit of agreement of -4.05 to +2.16 kPa.
      Correlation between the trends of TcpCO2 and blood pCO2 values was good in only
      39.6%. Conclusions. In premature infants, TcpCO2 was poorly correlated to blood
      pCO2, with a wide limit of agreement. Furthermore, concordance between trends was
      equally low. We warn about clinical decision-making on TcpCO2 alone when used as
      continuous monitoring. 

PMID- 27375903
TI  - Active Ageing Level of Older Persons: Regional Comparison in Thailand.
AB  - Active ageing level and its discrepancy in different regions (Bangkok, Central,
      North, Northeast, and South) of Thailand have been examined for prioritizing the
      policy agenda to be implemented. Attempt has been made to test preliminary active
      ageing models for Thai older persons and hence active ageing index (AAI, ranges
      from 0 to 1) has been estimated. Using nationally representative data and
      confirmatory factor analysis approach, this study justified active ageing models
      for female and male older persons in Thailand. Results revealed that active
      ageing level of Thai older persons is not high (mean AAIs for female and male
      older persons are 0.64 and 0.61, resp., and those are significantly different (p
      < 0.001)). Mean AAI in Central region is lower than North, Northeast, and South
      regions but there is no significant difference in the latter three regions of
      Thailand. Special emphasis should be given to Central region and policy should be
      undertaken for increasing active ageing level. Implementation of an Integrated
      Active Ageing Package (IAAP), containing policies for older persons to improve
      their health and economic security, to promote participation in social groups and
      longer working lives, and to arrange learning programs, would be helpful for
      increasing older persons' active ageing level in Thailand. 

PMID- 27375902
TI  - Molecular and Growth-Based Drug Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis Complex for Ethambutol Resistance in the United States.
AB  - Ethambutol (EMB) is used as a part of drug regimens for treatment of tuberculosis
      (TB). Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates to EMB
      can be discerned by DNA sequencing to detect mutations in the embB gene
      associated with resistance. US Public Health Laboratories (PHL) primarily use
      growth-based drug susceptibility test (DST) methods to determine EMB resistance.
      The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides a service for
      molecular detection of drug resistance (MDDR) by DNA sequencing and concurrent
      growth-based DST using agar proportion. PHL and CDC test results were compared
      for 211 MTBC samples submitted to CDC from September 2009 through February 2011.
      Concordance between growth-based DST results from PHL and CDC was 88.2%. A growth
      based comparison of 39 samples, where an embB mutation associated with EMB
      resistance was detected, revealed a higher percentage of EMB resistance by CDC
      (84.6%) than by PHL (59.0%) which was significant (P value = 0.002). Discordance
      between all growth-based test results from PHL and CDC was also significant (P
      value = 0.003). Most discordance was linked to false susceptibility using the
      BACTECTM MGITTM 960 (MGIT) growth-based system. Our analysis supports coalescing
      growth-based and molecular results for an informed interpretation of potential
      EMB resistance. 

PMID- 27375904
TI  - Dynamic Changes in Local Protein Synthetic Machinery in Regenerating Central
      Nervous System Axons after Spinal Cord Injury.
AB  - Intra-axonal localization of mRNAs and protein synthesis machinery (PSM) endows
      neurons with the capacity to generate proteins locally, allowing precise
      spatiotemporal regulation of the axonal response to extracellular stimuli. A
      number of studies suggest that this local translation is a promising target to
      enhance the regenerative capacity of damaged axons. Using a model of central
      nervous system (CNS) axons regenerating into intraspinal peripheral nerve grafts
      (PNGs) we established that adult regenerating CNS axons contain several different
      mRNAs and protein synthetic machinery (PSM) components in vivo. After lower
      thoracic level spinal cord transection, ascending sensory axons regenerate into
      intraspinal PNGs but axon growth is stalled when they reach the distal end of the
      PNG (3 versus 7 weeks after grafting, resp.). By immunofluorescence with optical
      sectioning of axons by confocal microscopy, the total and phosphorylated forms of
      PSMs are significantly lower in stalled compared with actively regenerating
      axons. Reinjury of these stalled axons increased axonal localization of the PSM
      proteins, indicative of possible priming for a subcellular response to axotomy.
      These results suggest that axons downregulate protein synthetic capacity as they
      cease growing, yet they retain the ability to upregulate PSM after a second
      injury.

PMID- 27375905
TI  - Cervical Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Dental Extraction.
AB  - Cervical necrotizing fasciitis is an unusual infection characterized by necrosis
      of the subcutaneous tissue and fascial layers. Risk factors for the development
      of necrotizing fasciitis include diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease,
      peripheral vascular disease, malnutrition, advanced age, obesity, alcohol abuse,
      intravenous drug use, surgery, and ischemic ulcers. This report presents a case
      of necrotizing fasciitis in the cervical area caused by dental extraction in a 73
      year-old woman. Cervical necrotizing fasciitis in geriatric patient is rare, and
      even when establishing the diagnosis and having it timely treated, the patient
      can suffer irreversible damage or even death. Clinical manifestations in the head
      and neck usually have an acute onset characterized by severe pain, swelling,
      redness, erythema, presence of necrotic tissue, and in severe cases obstruction
      of the upper airways. Therefore, the presentation of this clinical case can serve
      as guidance to dentists as a precaution to maintain an aseptic chain and be aware
      of the clinical condition of older patients and the systemic conditions that may
      increase the risk of infections. 

PMID- 27375906
TI  - New Parameter for In-Office Dental Bleaching.
AB  - Dental bleaching is considered a conservative and biologically safe treatment for
      discolored teeth. Despite this, one of the major undesirable effects of bleaching
      is dentin sensitivity which may occur during and after treatment. To address
      these sensitivity issues, new dental bleaching preparations with lower
      concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have recently been introduced to the
      market. This paper presents a clinical case report of a 20-year-old female
      patient admitted to the Araraquara Dental School, UNESP, Brazil. The patient
      underwent dental bleaching using one of the new products with reduced hydrogen
      peroxide concentration, Lase Peroxide Lite 6%, a 6% H2O2 gel containing titanium
      oxide nanoparticles doped with nitrogen (6% H2O2/N-doped TiO2). 

PMID- 27375907
TI  - Adrenal Insufficiency under Standard Dosage of Glucocorticoid Replacement after
      Unilateral Adrenalectomy for Cushing's Syndrome.
AB  - Glucocorticoid replacement is needed for patients after adrenal surgery for
      Cushing's syndrome; however, the adequate dosage is not easily determined. The
      patient was a 62-year-old woman who has had hypertension for 5 years and
      presented with heart failure due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. She consulted
      with us because of general fatigue, facial edema, and muscle weakness and was
      diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome. A laparoscopic left adrenalectomy was
      performed, standard dosage of postoperative replacement was administered, and she
      was discharged with 30 mg/day of hydrocortisone (cortisol). However, she suffered
      from loss of appetite and was transferred to an emergency unit with the symptoms
      of adrenal insufficiency on postoperative day 15. After initial hydrocortisone
      replacement with 200 mg/day, the dosage was gradually decreased during
      hospitalization; however, reduction of hydrocortisone dosage lower than 60 mg/day
      was difficult because of nausea and fatigue. Her circadian cortisol profile after
      hydrocortisone administration showed delayed and lowered peaks, which suggested
      that hydrocortisone absorption in the intestine was impaired. Therefore,
      complicated heart failure may have led to the adrenal insufficiency in the
      patient. In such cases, we should consider postoperative administration of more
      than the standard dosage of hydrocortisone to avoid adrenal insufficiency after
      surgery for Cushing's syndrome. 

PMID- 27375908
TI  - Common Hepatic Duct Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma Masquerading as
      Cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - Bile duct mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is a rare entity. It is
      defined as having mixed elements of both neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and an
      adenocarcinoma element, the lesser component forming at least 30% of the tumor.
      It is a subtype of neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) showing both gland-forming
      epithelial tumor cells and neuroendocrine cells. It is generally misdiagnosed as
      cholangiocarcinoma on imaging studies. The preoperative pathological workup from
      the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography brush cytology usually misses the
      NET/NEC component since it often lies deeper in the tumor. However, it is
      reported that it is the NEC component that defines the prognosis of the tumor;
      hence, it is vital to identify the NEC component. We present a rare case of
      common hepatic duct (CHD) MANEC that was preoperatively misdiagnosed as
      cholangiocarcinoma. 

PMID- 27375909
TI  - Adult Prader-Willi Syndrome: An Update on Management.
AB  - With the advancement of medical care, the survival of most patients with
      syndromal genetic disease is greatly improved. In this case report, we have
      reported an adult Prader-Willi syndrome patient who is being diagnosed at the age
      of 33. The clinical features and their associated complications during adulthood
      have been reviewed. 

PMID- 27375910
TI  - Nonobstructive Acute Renal Failure with a Large Solitary Fibroid.
AB  - A 38-year-old African American woman presenting with acute abdominal pain and
      nonobstructive renal failure was found to have an enlarged fibroid uterus. A
      differential for sepsis was considered. Lab evaluation revealed an elevated
      creatinine and myoglobin level at 3.9 mg/dL and 2140 ng/mL, respectively. Ongoing
      hemodynamic instability mandated surgery for acute abdomen. A 25 cm fibroid
      uterus was extirpated through a total abdominal hysterectomy. Immediate
      improvement of acute nephropathy mirrored the postoperative decline in serum
      myoglobin levels. Myoglobinemia from a massive degenerating fibroid is associated
      with nonobstructive acute renal failure. 

PMID- 27375911
TI  - Placenta Increta Complicating Persistent Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy
      following Failed Excision with Subsequent Preterm Cesarean Hysterectomy.
AB  - Introduction. Cesarean scar pregnancies (CSPs) are one of the rarest forms of
      ectopic pregnancy. Given their rarity, there is lack of consensus regarding the
      management and natural course of CSPs. Case. A 37-year-old G10 P3063 female with
      a history of two prior cesarean deliveries was diagnosed with her second CSP at 6
      weeks and 5 days in her tenth pregnancy. The patient underwent vertical
      hysterotomy, excision of a gestational sac implanted in the cesarean sac, and
      bilateral salpingectomy via a laparotomy incision. The histopathology report
      confirmed immature chorionic villi. The patient returned 10 weeks later and was
      found to be still pregnant. Obstetric ultrasound confirmed a viable fetus of 19
      weeks and 4 days of gestational age with a thin endometrium and an
      anteroposterior and right lateral placenta with multiple placental lakes. The
      patient ruptured her membranes at 31 weeks of gestation and pelvic MRI revealed
      an anterior placenta invading the myometrium and extending to the external
      serosal surface consistent with placenta increta. Following obstetric
      interventions, a live female infant was delivered by cesarean hysterectomy
      (because of placenta increta) at 32 weeks of gestation. Conclusion. Development
      of standardized guidelines for management of CSPs, as well as heightened
      vigilance for possible complications, is required for proper care and avoidance
      of potential morbidity and mortality. 

PMID- 27375912
TI  - Metastatic Malignant Ovarian Steroid Cell Tumor: A Case Report and Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - We report a case of malignant ovarian steroid cell tumor not otherwise specified
      (NOS) in a 47-year-old female who presented with hirsutism, virilization, and
      amenorrhea. At the time of laparotomy, the tumor had already spread to the pelvic
      cul-de-sac. She underwent a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy,
      and tumor resection with no residual disease. She received three cycles of
      bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) and is now free of disease 24 months
      after surgery. Literature review of ovarian steroid cell tumors NOS including
      clinicopathological features and clinical management was performed. 

PMID- 27375913
TI  - Ophthalmic Manifestations of Hematopoietic Malignancy.
AB  - Purpose. To report the ocular findings in patients with hematopoietic malignancy
      with optic nerve involvement and abducens nerve palsy. Methods. The medical
      records of all cases of hematopoietic cancer with ophthalmic involvements seen in
      the Department of Ophthalmology of the National Center for Global Health and
      Medicine between 2009 and 2014 were reviewed. Results. Eight patients with
      hematopoietic cancer with optic nerve invasion or abducens nerve palsy were
      studied. The primary diseases were 3 cases of multiple myeloma, 1 case of acute
      lymphocytic leukemia, 1 case of follicular lymphoma, and 3 cases of AIDS-related
      lymphoma. Six cases had optic nerve invasion, 2 cases had abducens nerve palsy,
      and 1 case had optic nerve invasion of both eyes. The median visual acuity of
      eyes with optic nerve invasion was 0.885 logarithm of the minimum angle of
      resolution (logMAR) units. The final visual acuity of eyes with optic nerve
      invasion was 1.25 logMAR units, and that of those with sixth-nerve palsy was -0.1
      logMAR units. Six cases died during the five-year follow-up period. An ophthalmic
      involvement in patients with hematopoietic cancer, especially AIDS-related
      lymphoma, was associated with poor prognosis. Conclusion. Because ophthalmic
      involvement in patients with hematopoietic malignancy has a poor prognosis, an
      early diagnosis of the cancers by the ophthalmologic findings by ophthalmologists
      could improve the prognosis. 

PMID- 27375914
TI  - Supraglottic Kaposi's Sarcoma in HIV-Negative Patients: Case Report and
      Literature Review.
AB  - This paper presents a case report of an HIV-negative, supraglottic Kaposi's
      sarcoma patient. The 80-year-old male patient was admitted with complaints of
      hoarseness, difficulty in swallowing, and a stinging sensation in his throat for
      approximately six months. The endoscopic larynx examination revealed a lesion
      which had completely infiltrated the epiglottis, reached right aryepiglottic
      fold, was vegetating, pink and purple in color, multilobular, fragile, and shaped
      like a bunch of grapes, and partially blocked the bleeding airway passage. The
      case was discussed by the hospital's head-neck cancer committee and a surgery
      decision was made. A tracheotomy was performed under local anesthesia before the
      operation due to respiratory distress and endotracheal intubation difficulty.
      Direct laryngoscopy showed that the mass was limited in the supraglottic area,
      had invaded the entire left aryepiglottic fold and one-third of the front right
      aryepiglottic fold, and completely covered epiglottis. It should be remembered
      that although rare, Kaposi's sarcoma may be encountered in larynx malignancy
      cases. Disease-free survival may be achieved through local excision and
      postoperative radiotherapy. 

PMID- 27375915
TI  - Endovascular Embolization of an Aberrant Bronchial Artery Originating from the
      Internal Mammary Artery in a Patient with Hemoptysis.
AB  - Massive hemoptysis is a life threatening respiratory emergency with high
      mortality and the bronchial artery (BA) is its most frequent source. Herein, we
      report a case of a 76-year-old man with recurrent hemoptysis due to an aberrant
      right BA arising from the right internal mammary artery (IMA), an extremely rare
      origin, that was clearly depicted on pretreatment computed tomography angiography
      (CTA). The patient was treated successfully by transcatheter bronchial artery
      embolization (BAE) of the aberrant BA and the hemoptysis has since been
      controlled for 9 months. Knowledge of the detailed BA anatomy is essential for
      performing BAE, especially in cases of aberrant BA. CTA is a promising tool for
      pretreatment planning of emergency BAE in patients with hemoptysis. 

PMID- 27375916
TI  - Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome.
AB  - This paper reports one case of successfully treated patients suffering from a
      rare entity, the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS). Management of
      this patient is discussed in detail. 

PMID- 27375917
TI  - Multiple Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in a Patient with
      Neurofibromatosis Type 1.
AB  - Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are relatively common in
      neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1) patients. Approximately 90% of GISTs associated
      with NF 1 are located in the small intestine, while sporadic GISTs are most
      commonly located in the stomach. Here we report an extremely rare case of an NF 1
      patient with multiple gastric GITs (90 or more) but without multiple small
      intestinal tumors. A 63-year-old female patient who had a history of NF 1
      underwent surgery for a gastric neuroendocrine tumor and gastric submucosal tumor
      (SMT). During the operation, multiple small nodules were identified on the
      serosal surface of the upper stomach. SMT and multiple nodules on the serosal
      surface were diagnosed as GISTs consisting of spindle cells positive for KIT,
      CD34, and DOG-1. Both GIST and the normal gastric mucosa showed no mutations not
      only in the c-kit gene (exons 8, 9, 11, 13, and 17) but also in the PDGFRA gene
      (exons 12, 14, and 18). This patient is being followed up without the
      administration of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. 

PMID- 27375918
TI  - The Association between C9orf72 Repeats and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease and
      Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - C9orf72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
      and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) in Caucasian populations. However, the
      relationship between C9orf72 repeats and Alzheimer's disease (AD) was not clear.
      Additionally, there were few articles assessing C9orf72 in other ethnicities with
      ALS. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to investigate the relationship between
      C9orf72 repeat expansions (>=30 repeats) and intermediate repeat copies (20-29
      repeats) and AD or ALS. The results suggested positive correlations between
      C9orf72 repeat expansions and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (OR = 6.36, 95% CI
      = 3.13-12.92, and p < 0.00001), while intermediate repeat copies of C9orf72 gene
      were not associated with the risk of the disease. C9orf72 repeat expansions were
      positively correlated with the risk of familial and sporadic ALS (OR = 293.25,
      95% CI = 148.17-580.38, and p < 0.00001; OR = 35.57, 95% CI = 19.61-64.51, and p
      < 0.00001). There was a positive correlation between the gene variations and ALS
      risk among Caucasians and Asians (OR = 57.56, 95% CI = 36.73-90.22, and p <
      0.00001; OR = 6.35, 95% CI = 1.39-29.02, and p = 0.02). 

PMID- 27375919
TI  - Identification and Discrimination of Brands of Fuels by Gas Chromatography and
      Neural Networks Algorithm in Forensic Research.
AB  - The detection of adulteration of fuels and its use in criminal scenes like arson
      has a high interest in forensic investigations. In this work, a method based on
      gas chromatography (GC) and neural networks (NN) has been developed and applied
      to the identification and discrimination of brands of fuels such as gasoline and
      diesel without the necessity to determine the composition of the samples. The
      study included five main brands of fuels from Spain, collected from fifteen
      different local petrol stations. The methodology allowed the identification of
      the gasoline and diesel brands with a high accuracy close to 100%, without any
      false positives or false negatives. A success rate of three blind samples was
      obtained as 73.3%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate
      the potential of this methodology to help in resolving criminal situations. 

PMID- 27375920
TI  - Knowledge about Danger Signs of Obstetric Complications and Associated Factors
      among Postnatal Mothers of Mechekel District Health Centers, East Gojjam Zone,
      Northwest Ethiopia, 2014.
AB  - Background. Developing countries like Ethiopia contributed highest level of
      maternal mortality due to obstetric complications. Women awareness of obstetric
      danger sign to recognize complications to seek medical care early is the first
      intervention in an effort to decrease maternal death. Objective. To assess
      knowledge about danger signs of obstetric complications and associated factors
      among postnatal mothers at Mechekel district health centers, East Gojjam zone,
      Northwest Ethiopia, 2014. Methods. An institution based cross-sectional study was
      conducted from August to October, 2014, in Mechekel district health centers.
      Systematic random sampling was used to select four hundred eleven study
      participants. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data
      were entered to Epi Info version 3.5.3 and exported to SPSS 20.0 for further
      analysis. Descriptive and summary statistics were done. Logistic regression
      analyses were used to see the association of different variables. Odds ratios and
      95% confidence interval were computed to determine the presence and strength of
      association. Results. According to this study, 55.1% participants were
      knowledgeable about danger signs of obstetric complications. Maternal and husband
      educational level ((AOR = 1.977, 95% CI: 1.052, 3.716) and (AOR = 3.163, 95% CI:
      1.860, 5.3770), resp.), family monthly income >= 1500 (AOR = 2.954, 95% CI:
      1.289, 6.770), being multipara (AOR = 7.463, 95% CI: 1.301, 12.800), ANC follow
      up during last pregnancy (AOR = 2.184, 95% CI: 1.137, 4.196), and place of last
      delivery (AOR = 1.955, 95% CI: 1.214, 3.150) were variables found to be
      significantly associated with women's knowledge on danger signs of obstetric
      complications. Conclusion. Significant proportion of respondents were not
      knowledgeable about obstetric danger signs and factors like educational status,
      place of last delivery, and antenatal follow-up were found to be associated. 

PMID- 27375921
TI  - Properties of Particle Size Distribution from Milled White Nixtamalized Corn
      Kernels as a Function of Steeping Time.
AB  - This paper focuses on the particle size distribution (PSD) changes during
      nixtamalized corn kernels (NCK) as a function of the steeping time (ST). The
      process to obtain powder or corn flour from NCK was as follows: (i) the NCK with
      different STs were wet-milled in a stone mill, (ii) dehydrated by a Flash type
      dryer, and (iii) pulverized with a hammer mill and sieved with a 20 mesh. The
      powder was characterized by measuring the PSD percentage, calcium percentage
      (CP), peak viscosity at 90 degrees C (PV), and crystallinity percentage (CP). The
      PSD of the powder as a function of ST was determined by sieving in Ro-TAP
      equipment. By sieving, five fractions of powder were obtained employing meshes
      30, 40, 60, 80, and 100. The final weight of the PSD obtained from the sieving
      process follows a Gaussian profile with the maximum corresponding to the average
      particle obtained with mesh 60. The calcium percentage as a function of ST
      follows a behavior similar to the weight of the PSD. The study of crystallinity
      versus the mesh number shows that it decreases for smaller mesh number. A similar
      behavior is observed as steeping time increases, except around ST = 8 h where the
      gelatinization of starch is observed. The trend of increasing viscosity values of
      the powder samples occurs when increasing ST and decreasing particle size. The ST
      significantly changes the crystallinity and viscosity values of the powder and,
      in both cases, a minimum value is observed in the region 7-9 h. The experimental
      results show that the viscosity increases (decreases) if the particle size
      decreases (increases). 

PMID- 27375922
TI  - Addressing Benefits, Risks and Consent in Next Generation Sequencing Studies.
AB  - The sequencing of the human genome and technological advances in DNA sequencing
      have led to a revolution with respect to DNA sequencing and its potential to
      diagnose genetic disorders. However, requests for open access to genomic data
      must be balanced against the guiding principles of the Common Rule for human
      subject research. Unfortunately, the risks to patients involved in genomic
      studies are still evolving and as such may not be clear to learned and well
      intentioned scientists. Central to this issue are the strategies that enable
      human participants in such studies to remain anonymous, or de-identified. The
      wealth of genomic data on the Internet in genomic data repositories and other
      databases has enabled de-identified data to be broken and research subjects to be
      identified. The security of de-identification neglects the fact that DNA itself
      is an identifying element. Therefore, it is questionable whether data security
      standards can ever truly protect the identity of a patient, under the current
      conditions or in the future. As Big Data methodologies advance, additional
      sources of data may enable the re-identification of patients enrolled in next
      generation sequencing (NGS) studies. As such, it is time to re-evaluate the risks
      of sharing genomic data and establish new guidelines for good practices. In this
      commentary, I address the challenges facing federally funded investigators who
      need to strike a balance between compliance with federal (US) rules for human
      subjects and the recent requirement for open access/sharing of data from National
      Institute for Health (NIH)-funded studies involving human subjects.

PMID- 27375923
TI  - E. coli Heat-labile Enterotoxin B Subunit as a Platform for the Delivery of HIV
      Gag p24 Antigen.
AB  - Multiple vaccination strategies have been devised against HIV-1 including
      delivery of HIV moieties in attenuated or replication defective recombinant
      microbial agents alone or in combination with priming agents in form of soluble
      proteins or naked DNA. For the priming agents to be effective, adjuvants might be
      essential in directing the immune response to a desired outcome. E. coli
      enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) is an effective adjuvant and carrier for other
      proteins and epitopes. Here we show that conjugation of HIV gag p24 to LTB
      enhances the T cell response to gag p24 by increasing rate of T cell division
      compared to other treatments. Because HIV vaccines are likely to be multivalent,
      we further investigated whether gag p24 inhibits antigen presentation of an
      unrelated antigen, OVA. Addition of gag p24 to OVA-responsive DO.11.10 cell
      culture did not have adverse effects on antigen presentation. Interestingly, the
      presence of LTB in these cultures significantly increased proliferation of
      DO.11.10 cells. In all, the results suggest the use of LTB to boost immune
      responses against HIV gag p24 in systemic priming regimens with oral recombinant
      HIV vaccines.

PMID- 27375924
TI  - The Quest for an HIV-1 Vaccine Adjuvant: Bacterial Toxins as New Potential
      Platforms.
AB  - While tremendous efforts are undergoing towards finding an effective HIV-1
      vaccine, the search for an HIV-1 vaccine adjuvant lags behind and is
      understudied. More recently, however, efforts have focused on testing adjuvant
      formulations that can boost the immune response and generate broadly neutralizing
      antibodies to HIV-1 ENV (gp160). Despite this, there remain a number of
      challenges towards achieving this goal. These include safety of adjuvant
      formulations; stability of the incorporated antigens; maintenance of ENV
      immunogenicity; optimal inoculation sites; the effective combination of
      adjuvants; stability of ENV neutralizing epitopes in some adjuvant formulations;
      mucosal immunity; and long-term maintenance of the immune response. A new class
      of adjuvants for HIV-1 proteins is suggested to overcome many of the limitations
      of some other adjuvants. Type 1 (LT-I) and type 2 (LT-II) human E. coli
      enterotoxins (HLTs) and their non-toxic B-subunits derivatives are strong
      systemic and mucosal adjuvants and effective carriers for other proteins and
      epitopes. Their stable molecular structure in the presence of fused proteins and
      epitopes, and their ability to target surface receptors on antigen presenting
      cells make them ideal for the delivery of HIV-1 ENV or HIV other proteins.
      Importantly, unlike some other adjuvants, HLTs and derivatives have well-defined
      modes of immune system activation. The challenges in finding optimal HIV-1
      vaccine adjuvant formulation and the important properties of HLTs are discussed.

PMID- 27375925
TI  - Antibodies to the RNA Binding Protein Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1
      Colocalize to Stress Granules Resulting in Altered RNA and Protein Levels in a
      Model of Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disorder of
      the central nervous system (CNS). Data suggest that antibodies to CNS targets
      contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. MS patients produce autoantibodies to
      heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1). hnRNP A1 is an RNA binding
      protein (RBP) overexpressed in neurons that functions in pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA
      trafficking, and translation. Previously, we showed that anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies
      entered neuronal cells (in vitro) via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caused
      mislocalization of endogenous hnRNP A1 protein and increased markers of
      neurodegeneration including decreased ATP concentration and apoptosis. In this
      study, we hypothesized that anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies might cause stress granule
      formation and altered levels of RNAs and proteins that bind hnRNP A1. METHODS:
      Neuronal cell lines were exposed to anti-hnRNP A1 and isotype-matched control
      antibodies in vitro and examined for neuronal granule formation, including stress
      granules, P bodies and transport granules. In addition, RNAs that bound hnRNP A1
      were determined. Levels of RNA and their translated proteins were measured upon
      exposure to the anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies. RESULTS: Anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies
      induced and localized to stress granules, a marker of neurodegeneration, within a
      neuronal cell line. The anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies did not induce P bodies or
      neuronal granules. Clinically relevant RNAs were found to bind hnRNP A1. In
      addition, the anti-hnRNP A1 antibodies caused reduced levels of RNA and protein
      of the spinal paraplegia genes (SPGs) 4 and 7, which when mutated mimic
      progressive MS. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data suggest potential
      mechanisms by which autoantibodies may contribute to neurodegeneration in MS.

PMID- 27375926
TI  - Particle streak velocimetry-optical coherence tomography: a novel method for
      multidimensional imaging of microscale fluid flows.
AB  - We present a new OCT method for flow speed quantification and directional
      velocimetry: particle streak velocimetry-OCT (PSV-OCT). PSV-OCT generates two
      dimensional, 2.5-vector component (vx ,|vy |,vz ) maps of microscale flow
      velocity fields. Knowledge of 2.5-vector components also enables the estimation
      of total flow speed. The enabling insight behind PSV-OCT is that tracer particles
      in sparsely-seeded fluid flow trace out streaks in (x,z,t)-space. The streak
      orientations in x-t and z-t yield vx and vz , respectively. The in-plane (x-z
      plane) residence time yields the out-of-plane speed |vy |. Vector component
      values are generated by fitting streaks to a model of image formation that
      incorporates equations of motion in 3D space. We demonstrate cross-sectional
      estimation of (vx ,|vy |,vz ) in two important animal models in ciliary biology:
      Xenopus embryos (tadpoles) and mouse trachea. 

PMID- 27375927
TI  - In vivo optical monitoring of transcutaneous delivery of calcium carbonate
      microcontainers.
AB  - We have developed a method for delivery of biocompatible CaCO3 microcontainers
      (4.0 +/- 0.8 um) containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles (14 +/- 5 nm) into skin in vivo
      using fractional laser microablation (FLMA) provided by a pulsed Er:YAG laser
      system. Six laboratory rats have been used for the microcontainer delivery and
      weekly monitoring implemented using an optical coherence tomography and a
      standard histological analysis. The use of FLMA allowed for delivery of the
      microcontainers to the depth about 300 MUm and creation of a depot in dermis. On
      the seventh day we have observed the dissolving of the microcontainers and the
      release of nanoparticles into dermis. 

PMID- 27375928
TI  - Nanoparticle-free tissue-mimicking phantoms with intrinsic scattering.
AB  - We present an alternative to the conventional approach, phantoms without
      scattering nanoparticles, where scattering is achieved by the material itself:
      spherical cavities trapped in a silicone matrix. We describe the properties and
      fabrication of novel optical phantoms based on a silicone elastomer
      polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and glycerol mixture. Optical properties (absorption
      coefficient ua , reduced scattering coefficient us' , and anisotropy factor g) of
      the fabricated phantoms were retrieved from spectrophotometric measurements (in
      the 400-1100 nm wavelength range) using the inverse adding-doubling method. The
      internal structure of the phantoms was studied under a scanning electron
      microscope, and the chemical composition was assessed by Raman spectroscopy.
      Composition of the phantom material is reported along with the full
      characterization of the produced phantoms and ways to control their parameters. 

PMID- 27375929
TI  - Noninvasive and high-resolving photoacoustic dermoscopy of human skin.
AB  - We proposed and developed a photoacoustic (PA) dermoscope equipped with an
      integrated PA probe to achieve quantification and high-resolution, high-contrast
      deep imaging of human skin. The PA probe, with light-sound confocal excitation
      and reception, is specially designed, and integrated with an objective lens, an
      ultrasound transducer, and an inverted-triangle coupling cup to facilitate
      convenient implementation in a clinical setting. The PA dermoscope was utilized
      for noninvasive and high-resolution imaging of epidermal and dermal structure in
      volunteers. The imaging results demonstrated that the characteristic parameters
      of skin disease, including pigment distribution and thickness, vascular diameter,
      and depth, can be obtained by the PA dermoscope, confirming that PA dermoscopy
      can serve as a potential tool for the diagnosis and curative effect evaluation of
      human skin disease. 

PMID- 27375930
TI  - Reconstruction of burst activity from calcium imaging of neuronal population via
      Lq minimization and interval screening.
AB  - Calcium imaging is becoming an increasingly popular technology to indirectly
      measure activity patterns in local neuronal networks. Based on the dependence of
      calcium fluorescence on neuronal spiking, two-photon calcium imaging affords
      single-cell resolution of neuronal population activity. However, it is still
      difficult to reconstruct neuronal activity from complex calcium fluorescence
      traces, particularly for traces contaminated by noise. Here, we describe a robust
      and efficient neuronal-activity reconstruction method that utilizes Lq
      minimization and interval screening (IS), which we refer to as LqIS. The
      simulation results show that LqIS performs satisfactorily in terms of both
      accuracy and speed of reconstruction. Reconstruction of simulation and
      experimental data also shows that LqIS has advantages in terms of the recall
      rate, precision rate, and timing error. Finally, LqIS is demonstrated to
      effectively reconstruct neuronal burst activity from calcium fluorescence traces
      recorded from large-size neuronal population. 

PMID- 27375931
TI  - Light distribution modulated diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.
AB  - Typically, a diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) system employing a continuous
      wave light source would need to acquire diffuse reflectances measured at multiple
      source-detector separations for determining the absorption and reduced scattering
      coefficients of turbid samples. This results in a multi-fiber probe structure and
      an indefinite probing depth. Here we present a novel DRS method that can utilize
      a few diffuse reflectances measured at one source-detector separation for
      recovering the optical properties of samples. The core of innovation is a liquid
      crystal (LC) cell whose scattering property can be modulated by the bias voltage.
      By placing the LC cell between the light source and the sample, the spatial
      distribution of light in the sample can be varied as the scattering property of
      the LC cell modulated by the bias voltage, and this would induce intensity
      variation of the collected diffuse reflectance. From a series of Monte Carlo
      simulations and phantom measurements, we found that this new light distribution
      modulated DRS (LDM DRS) system was capable of accurately recover the absorption
      and scattering coefficients of turbid samples and its probing depth only varied
      by less than 3% over the full bias voltage variation range. Our results suggest
      that this LDM DRS platform could be developed to various low-cost, efficient, and
      compact systems for in-vivo superficial tissue investigation. 

PMID- 27375932
TI  - Characterisation of signal enhancements achieved when utilizing a photon diode in
      deep Raman spectroscopy of tissue.
AB  - We characterise the performance of a beam enhancing element ('photon diode') for
      use in deep Raman spectroscopy (DRS) of biological tissues. The optical component
      enhances the number of laser photons coupled into a tissue sample by returning
      escaping photons back into it at the illumination zone. The method is compatible
      with transmission Raman spectroscopy, a deep Raman spectroscopy concept, and its
      implementation leads to considerable enhancement of detected Raman photon rates.
      In the past, the enhancement concept was demonstrated with a variety of samples
      (pharmaceutical tablets, tissue, etc) but it was not systematically characterized
      with biological tissues. In this study, we investigate the enhancing properties
      of the photon diode in the transmission Raman geometry as a function of: a) the
      depth and b) the optical properties of tissue samples. Liquid tissue phantoms
      were employed to facilitate systematic variation of optical properties. These
      were chosen to mimic optical properties of human tissues, including breast and
      prostate. The obtained results evidence that a photon diode can enhance Raman
      signals of tissues by a maximum of * 2.4, although it can also decrease the
      signals created towards the back of samples that exhibit high scattering or
      absorption properties. 

PMID- 27375933
TI  - Optically controlled release of DNA based on nonradiative relaxation process of
      quenchers.
AB  - Optically controlled release of a DNA strand based on a nonradiative relaxation
      process of black hole quenchers (BHQs), which are a sort of dark quenchers, is
      presented. BHQs act as efficient energy sources because they relax completely via
      a nonradiative process, i.e., without fluorescent emission-based energy losses. A
      DNA strand is modified with BHQs and the release of its complementary strand is
      controlled by excitation of the BHQs. Experimental results showed that up to 50%
      of the target strands were released, and these strands were capable of inducing
      subsequent reactions. The controlled release was localized on a substrate within
      an area of no more than 5 micrometers in diameter. 

PMID- 27375934
TI  - Ultrathin lensed fiber-optic probe for optical coherence tomography.
AB  - We investigated and validated a novel method to develop ultrathin lensed fiber
      optic (LFO) probes for optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. We made the
      LFO probe by attaching a segment of no core fiber (NCF) to the distal end of a
      single mode fiber (SMF) and generating a curved surface at the tip of the NCF
      using the electric arc of a fusion splicer. The novel fabrication approach
      enabled us to control the length of the NCF and the radius of the fiber lens
      independently. By strategically choosing these two parameters, the LFO probe
      could achieve a broad range of working distance and depth of focus for different
      OCT applications. A probe with 125MUm diameter and lateral resolution up to 10MUm
      was demonstrated. The low-cost, disposable and robust LFO probe is expected to
      have great potential for interstitial OCT imaging. 

PMID- 27375935
TI  - Astigmatic multifocus microscopy enables deep 3D super-resolved imaging.
AB  - We have developed a 3D super-resolution microscopy method that enables deep
      imaging in cells. This technique relies on the effective combination of
      multifocus microscopy and astigmatic 3D single-molecule localization microscopy.
      We describe the optical system and the fabrication process of its key element,
      the multifocus grating. Then, two strategies for localizing emitters with our
      imaging method are presented and compared with a previously described deep 3D
      localization algorithm. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the method by
      imaging the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells reaching a depth of field of
      ~4um. 

PMID- 27375936
TI  - Designed Er(3+)-singly doped NaYF4 with double excitation bands for simultaneous
      deep macroscopic and microscopic upconverting bioimaging.
AB  - Simultaneous deep macroscopic imaging and microscopic imaging is in urgent
      demand, but is challenging to achieve experimentally due to the lack of proper
      fluorescent probes. Herein, we have designed and successfully synthesized simplex
      Er(3+)-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with double excitation bands for
      simultaneous deep macroscopic and microscopic imaging. The material structure and
      the excitation wavelength of Er(3+)-singly doped UCNPs were further optimized to
      enhance the upconversion emission efficiency. After optimization, we found that
      NaYF4:30%Er(3+)@NaYF4:2%Er(3+) could simultaneously achieve efficient two-photon
      excitation (2PE) macroscopic tissue imaging and three-photon excitation (3PE)
      deep microscopic when excited by 808 nm continuous wave (CW) and 1480 nm CW
      lasers, respectively. In vitro cell imaging and in vivo imaging have also been
      implemented to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of the proposed simplex
      Er(3+)-doped UCNPs as bioprobe. 

PMID- 27375938
TI  - Dual CARS and SHG image acquisition scheme that combines single central fiber and
      multimode fiber bundle to collect and differentiate backward and forward
      generated photons.
AB  - In coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and second harmonic generation
      (SHG) imaging, backward and forward generated photons exhibit different image
      patterns and thus capture salient intrinsic information of tissues from different
      perspectives. However, they are often mixed in collection using traditional image
      acquisition methods and thus are hard to interpret. We developed a multimodal
      scheme using a single central fiber and multimode fiber bundle to simultaneously
      collect and differentiate images formed by these two types of photons and
      evaluated the scheme in an endomicroscopy prototype. The ratio of these photons
      collected was calculated for the characterization of tissue regions with strong
      or weak epi-photon generation while different image patterns of these photons at
      different tissue depths were revealed. This scheme provides a new approach to
      extract and integrate information captured by backward and forward generated
      photons in dual CARS/SHG imaging synergistically for biomedical applications. 

PMID- 27375937
TI  - Portable, parallel 9-wavelength near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) system
      for efficient characterization of breast cancer within the clinical oncology
      infusion suite.
AB  - A portable near-infrared spectral tomography (NIRST) system was developed with
      simultaneous frequency domain (FD) and continuous-wave (CW) optical measurements
      for efficient characterization of breast cancer in a clinical oncology setting.
      Simultaneous FD and CW recordings were implemented to speed up acquisition to 3
      minutes for all 9 wavelengths, spanning a range from 661nm to 1064nm. An
      adjustable interface was designed to fit various breast sizes and shapes. Spatial
      images of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, water, lipid, and scattering components were
      reconstructed using a 2D FEM approach. The system was tested on a group of 10
      normal subjects, who were examined bilaterally and the recovered optical images
      were compared to radiographic breast density. Significantly higher total
      hemoglobin and water were estimated in the high density relative to low density
      groups. One patient with invasive ductal carcinoma was also examined and the
      cancer region was characterized as having a contrast ratio of 1.4 in total
      hemoglobin and 1.2 in water. 

PMID- 27375940
TI  - Improved illumination system of laparoscopes using an aspherical lens array.
AB  - The current fiber-based illumination systems of laparoscopes are unable to
      uniformly illuminate a large enough area in abdomen due to the limited numerical
      aperture (NA) of the fiber bundle. Most energy is concentrated in a small region
      at the center of the illumination area. This limitation becomes problematic in
      laparoscopes which require capturing a wide field of view. In this paper, we
      propose an aspherical lens array which is used to direct the outgoing rays from
      the fiber bundle of laparoscope to produce a more uniformly illuminated,
      substantially larger field coverage than standalone fiber source. An intensity
      feedback method is developed to design the aspherical lens unit for extended non
      Lambertian sources, which is the key to the design of this lens array. By this
      method, the lens unit is obtained after only one iteration, and the lens array is
      constructed by Boolean operation. Then, the ray-tracing technique is used to
      verify the design. Further, the lens array is fabricated and experimental tests
      are performed. The results clearly show that the well-illuminated area is
      increased to about 0.107m(2) from 0.02m(2) (about 5x larger than a standard fiber
      illumination source). More details of the internal organs can be clearly observed
      under this improved illumination condition, which also reflects the significant
      improvement in the optical performance of the laparoscope. 

PMID- 27375939
TI  - Single objective light-sheet microscopy for high-speed whole-cell 3D super
      resolution.
AB  - We have developed a method for performing light-sheet microscopy with a single
      high numerical aperture lens by integrating reflective side walls into a
      microfluidic chip. These 45 degrees  side walls generate light-sheet illumination
      by reflecting a vertical light-sheet into the focal plane of the objective. Light
      sheet illumination of cells loaded in the channels increases image quality in
      diffraction limited imaging via reduction of out-of-focus background light.
      Single molecule super-resolution is also improved by the decreased background
      resulting in better localization precision and decreased photo-bleaching, leading
      to more accepted localizations overall and higher quality images. Moreover, 2D
      and 3D single molecule super-resolution data can be acquired faster by taking
      advantage of the increased illumination intensities as compared to wide field, in
      the focused light-sheet. 

PMID- 27375941
TI  - Analysis of dengue infection based on Raman spectroscopy and support vector
      machine (SVM).
AB  - The current study presents the use of Raman spectroscopy combined with support
      vector machine (SVM) for the classification of dengue suspected human blood sera.
      Raman spectra for 84 clinically dengue suspected patients acquired from Holy
      Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, have been used in this study.The spectral
      differences between dengue positive and normal sera have been exploited by using
      effective machine learning techniques. In this regard, SVM models built on the
      basis of three different kernel functions including Gaussian radial basis
      function (RBF), polynomial function and linear functionhave been employed to
      classify the human blood sera based on features obtained from Raman Spectra.The
      classification model have been evaluated with the 10-fold cross validation
      method. In the present study, the best performance has been achieved for the
      polynomial kernel of order 1. A diagnostic accuracy of about 85% with the
      precision of 90%, sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 93% has been achieved
      under these conditions. 

PMID- 27375942
TI  - Line-scanning fiber bundle endomicroscopy with a virtual detector slit.
AB  - Coherent fiber bundles can be used to relay the image plane from the distal tip
      of an endomicroscope to an external confocal microscopy system. The frame rate is
      therefore determined by the speed of the microscope's laser scanning system
      which, at 10-20 Hz, may be undesirably low for in vivo clinical applications.
      Line-scanning allows an increase in the frame rate by an order of magnitude in
      exchange for some loss of optical sectioning, but the width of the detector slit
      cannot easily be adapted to suit different imaging conditions. The rolling
      shutter of a CMOS camera can be used as a virtual detector slit for a bench-top
      line-scanning confocal microscope, and here we extend this idea to
      endomicroscopy. By synchronizing the camera rolling shutter with a scanning laser
      line we achieve confocal imaging with an electronically variable detector slit.
      This architecture allows us to acquire every other frame with the detector slit
      offset by a known distance, and we show that subtracting this second image leads
      to improved optical sectioning. 

PMID- 27375943
TI  - In vivo assessment of optical properties of basal cell carcinoma and
      differentiation of BCC subtypes by high-definition optical coherence tomography.
AB  - High-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) features of basal cell
      carcinoma (BCC) have recently been defined. We assessed in vivo optical
      properties (IV-OP) of BCC, by HD-OCT. Moreover their critical values for BCC
      subtype differentiation were determined. The technique of semi-log plot whereby
      an exponential function becomes linear has been implemented on HD-OCT signals.
      The relative attenuation factor (uraf ) at different skin layers could be
      assessed.. IV-OP of superficial BCC with high diagnostic accuracy (DA) and high
      negative predictive values (NPV) were (i) decreased uraf in lower part of
      epidermis and (ii) increased epidermal thickness (E-T). IV-OP of nodular BCC with
      good to high DA and NPV were (i) less negative uraf in papillary dermis compared
      to normal adjacent skin and (ii) significantly decreased E-T and papillary dermal
      thickness (PD-T). In infiltrative BCC (i) high uraf in reticular dermis compared
      to normal adjacent skin and (ii) presence of peaks and falls in reticular dermis
      had good DA and high NPV. HD-OCT seems to enable the combination of in vivo
      morphological analysis of cellular and 3-D micro-architectural structures with IV
      OP analysis of BCC. This permits BCC sub-differentiation with higher accuracy
      than in vivo HD-OCT analysis of morphology alone. 

PMID- 27375944
TI  - Simultaneous multicolor imaging of wide-field epi-fluorescence microscopy with
      four-bucket detection.
AB  - We demonstrate simultaneous imaging of multiple fluorophores using wide-field epi
      fluorescence microscopy with a monochrome camera. The intensities of the three
      lasers are modulated by a sinusoidal waveform in order to excite each fluorophore
      with the same modulation frequency and a different time-delay. Then, the
      modulated fluorescence emissions are simultaneously detected by a camera
      operating at four times the excitation frequency. We show that two different
      fluorescence beads having crosstalk can be clearly separated using digital
      processing based on the phase information. In addition, multiple organelles
      within multi-stained single cells are shown with the phase mapping method,
      demonstrating an improved dynamic range and contrast compared to the conventional
      fluorescence image. These findings suggest that wide-field epi-fluorescence
      microscopy with four-bucket detection could be utilized for high-contrast
      multicolor imaging applications such as drug delivery and fluorescence in situ
      hybridization. 

PMID- 27375946
TI  - Quantitative and simultaneous non-invasive measurement of skin hydration and
      sebum levels.
AB  - We report a method on quantitative and simultaneous non-contact in-vivo hydration
      and sebum measurements of the skin using an infrared optical spectroscopic set
      up. The method utilizes differential detection with three wavelengths 1720, 1750,
      and 1770 nm, corresponding to the lipid vibrational bands that lay "in between"
      the prominent water absorption bands. We have used an emulsifier containing hydro
      and lipophilic components to mix water and sebum in various volume fractions
      which was applied to the skin to mimic different oily-dry skin conditions. We
      also measured the skin sebum and hydration values on the forehead under natural
      conditions and its variations to external stimuli. Good agreement was found
      between our experimental results and reference values measured using conventional
      biophysical methods such as Corneometer and Sebumeter. 

PMID- 27375945
TI  - Applicability, usability, and limitations of murine embryonic imaging with
      optical coherence tomography and optical projection tomography.
AB  - We present an analysis of imaging murine embryos at various embryonic
      developmental stages (embryonic day 9.5, 11.5, and 13.5) by optical coherence
      tomography (OCT) and optical projection tomography (OPT). We demonstrate that
      while OCT was capable of rapid high-resolution live 3D imaging, its limited
      penetration depth prevented visualization of deeper structures, particularly in
      later stage embryos. In contrast, OPT was able to image the whole embryos, but
      could not be used in vivo because the embryos must be fixed and cleared.
      Moreover, the fixation process significantly altered the embryo morphology, which
      was quantified by the volume of the eye-globes before and after fixation. All of
      these factors should be weighed when determining which imaging modality one
      should use to achieve particular goals of a study. 

PMID- 27375947
TI  - Detection of retinal blood vessel changes in multiple sclerosis with optical
      coherence tomography.
AB  - Although retinal vasculitis is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), it is not known
      if MS is associated with quantitative abnormalities in retinal blood vessels
      (BVs). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is suitable for examining the integrity
      of the anterior visual pathways in MS. In this paper we have compared the size
      and number of retinal blood vessels in patients with MS, with and without a
      history of optic neuritis (ON), and control subjects from the cross-sectional
      retinal images from OCT. Blood vessel diameter (BVD), blood vessel number (BVN),
      and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) were extracted from OCT images
      collected from around the optic nerves of 129 eyes (24 control, 24 MS + ON, 81 MS
      ON) of 71 subjects. Associations between blood vessel metrics, MS diagnosis, MS
      disability, ON, and RNFLT were evaluated using generalized estimating equation
      (GEE) models. MS eyes had a lower total BVD and BVN than control eyes. The effect
      was more pronounced with increased MS disability, and persisted in multivariate
      models adjusting for RNFLT and ON history. Twenty-nine percent (29%) of MS
      subjects had fewer retinal blood vessels than all control subjects. MS diagnosis,
      disability, and ON history were not associated with average blood vessel size.
      The relationship between MS and lower total BVD/BVN is not accounted for by RNFLT
      or ON. Further study is needed to determine the relationship between OCT blood
      vessel metrics and qualitative retinal blood vessel abnormalities in MS. 

PMID- 27375948
TI  - Dynamic absorption and scattering of water and hydrogel during high-repetition
      rate (>100 MHz) burst-mode ultrafast-pulse laser ablation.
AB  - High-repetition-rate burst-mode ultrafast-laser ablation and disruption of
      biological tissues depends on interaction of each pulse with the sample, but
      under those particular conditions which persist from previous pulses. This work
      characterizes and compares the dynamics of absorption and scattering of a 133-MHz
      repetition-rate, burst-mode ultrafast-pulse laser, in agar hydrogel targets and
      distilled water. The differences in energy partition are quantified, pulse-by
      pulse, using a time-resolving integrating-sphere-based device. These measurements
      reveal that high-repetition-rate burst-mode ultrafast-laser ablation is a highly
      dynamical process affected by the persistence of ionization, dissipation of
      plasma plume, neutral material flow, tissue tensile strength, and the
      hydrodynamic oscillation of cavitation bubbles. 

PMID- 27375949
TI  - Novel l 2,1-norm optimization method for fluorescence molecular tomography
      reconstruction.
AB  - Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) is a promising tomographic method in
      preclinical research, which enables noninvasive real-time three-dimensional (3-D)
      visualization for in vivo studies. The ill-posedness of the FMT reconstruction
      problem is one of the many challenges in the studies of FMT. In this paper, we
      propose a l 2,1-norm optimization method using a priori information, mainly the
      structured sparsity of the fluorescent regions for FMT reconstruction. Compared
      to standard sparsity methods, the structured sparsity methods are often superior
      in reconstruction accuracy since the structured sparsity utilizes correlations or
      structures of the reconstructed image. To solve the problem effectively, the
      Nesterov's method was used to accelerate the computation. To evaluate the
      performance of the proposed l 2,1-norm method, numerical phantom experiments and
      in vivo mouse experiments are conducted. The results show that the proposed
      method not only achieves accurate and desirable fluorescent source
      reconstruction, but also demonstrates enhanced robustness to noise. 

PMID- 27375950
TI  - Erratum: Particle streak velocimetry-optical coherence tomography: a novel method
      for multidimensional imaging of microscale fluid flows: erratum.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 1590 in vol. 7.]. 

PMID- 27375952
TI  - Angle correction for small animal tumor imaging with spatial frequency domain
      imaging (SFDI).
AB  - Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a widefield imaging technique that
      allows for the quantitative extraction of tissue optical properties. SFDI is
      currently being explored for small animal tumor imaging, but severe imaging
      artifacts occur for highly curved surfaces (e.g. the tumor edge). We propose a
      modified Lambertian angle correction, adapted from the Minnaert correction method
      for satellite imagery, to account for tissue surface angles up to 75 degrees .
      The method was tested in a hemisphere phantom study as well as a small animal
      tumor model. The proposed method reduced ua and us' extraction errors by an
      average of 64% and 16% respectively compared to performing no angle correction,
      and provided more physiologically agreeable optical property and chromophore
      values on tumors. 

PMID- 27375951
TI  - Combination of an optical parametric oscillator and quantum-dots 655 to improve
      imaging depth of vasculature by intravital multicolor two-photon microscopy.
AB  - Simultaneous imaging of different cell types and structures in the mouse central
      nervous system (CNS) by intravital two-photon microscopy requires the
      characterization of fluorophores and advances in approaches to visualize them. We
      describe the use of a two-photon infrared illumination generated by an optical
      parametric oscillator (OPO) on quantum-dots 655 (QD655) nanocrystals to improve
      resolution of the vasculature deeper in the mouse brain both in healthy and
      pathological conditions. Moreover, QD655 signal can be unmixed from the DsRed2,
      CFP, EGFP and EYFP fluorescent proteins, which enhances the panel of multi
      parametric correlative investigations both in the cortex and the spinal cord. 

PMID- 27375953
TI  - Cell morphology-based classification of red blood cells using holographic imaging
      informatics.
AB  - We present methods that automatically select a linear or nonlinear classifier for
      red blood cell (RBC) classification by analyzing the equality of the covariance
      matrices in Gabor-filtered holographic images. First, the phase images of the
      RBCs are numerically reconstructed from their holograms, which are recorded using
      off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM). Second, each RBC is segmented
      using a marker-controlled watershed transform algorithm and the inner part of the
      RBC is identified and analyzed. Third, the Gabor wavelet transform is applied to
      the segmented cells to extract a series of features, which then undergo a
      multivariate statistical test to evaluate the equality of the covariance matrices
      of the different shapes of the RBCs using selected features. When these
      covariance matrices are not equal, a nonlinear classification scheme based on
      quadratic functions is applied; otherwise, a linear classification is applied. We
      used the stomatocyte, discocyte, and echinocyte RBC for classifier training and
      testing. Simulation results demonstrated that 10 of the 14 RBC features are
      useful in RBC classification. Experimental results also revealed that the
      covariance matrices of the three main RBC groups are not equal and that a
      nonlinear classification method has a much lower misclassification rate. The
      proposed automated RBC classification method has the potential for use in drug
      testing and the diagnosis of RBC-related diseases. 

PMID- 27375954
TI  - Fluorescence properties of several chemotherapy drugs: doxorubicin, paclitaxel
      and bleomycin.
AB  - Several chemo-drugs act as the biocompatible fluorophores. Here, the laser
      induced fluorescence (LIF) properties of doxorubicin, paclitaxel and bleomycin
      are investigated. The absorption lines mostly lie over UV range according to the
      UV-VIS spectra. Therefore, a single XeCl laser provokes the desired transitions
      of the chemo-drugs of interest at 308 nm. It is shown that LIF spectra are
      strongly dependent on the fluorophore concentration giving rise to the sensible
      red shift. This happens when large overlapping area appears between absorption
      and emission spectra accordingly. The red shift is taken into account as a
      characteristic parameter of a certain chemo-drug. The fluorescence extinction
      (alpha) and self-quenching (k) coefficients are determined based on the best
      fitting of the adopted Lambert-Beer equation over experimental data. The quantum
      yield of each chemo-drug is also measured using the linearity of the absorption
      and emission rates. 

PMID- 27375955
TI  - SERS-active Au/SiO2 clouds in powder for rapid ex vivo breast adenocarcinoma
      diagnosis.
AB  - In the present work, we report a dry-based application technique of Au/SiO2
      clouds in powder for rapid ex vivo adenocarcinoma diagnosis through surface
      enhanced Raman scattering (SERS); using low laser power and an integration time
      of one second. Several characteristic Raman peaks frequently used for the
      diagnosis of breast adenocarcinoma in the range of the amide III are successfully
      enhanced by breading the tissue with Au/SiO2 powder. The SERS activity of these
      Au/SiO2 powders is attributed to their rapid rehydration upon contact with the
      wet tissues, which promotes the formation of gold nanoparticle aggregates. The
      propensity of the Au/SiO2 cloud structures to adsorb biomolecules in the vicinity
      of the gold nanoparticle clusters promotes the necessary conditions for SERS
      detection. In addition, electron microscopy, together with elemental analysis,
      have been used to confirm the structure of the new Au/SiO2 cloud material and to
      investigate its distribution in breast tissues. 

PMID- 27375956
TI  - Infrared spectroscopic imaging detects chemical modifications in liver fibrosis
      due to diabetes and disease.
AB  - The importance of stroma as a rich diagnostic region in tissue biopsies is
      growing as there is an increasing understanding that disease processes in
      multiple organs can affect the composition of adjacent connective tissue regions.
      This may be especially true in the liver, since this organ's central metabolic
      role exposes it to multiple disease processes. We use quantum cascade laser
      infrared spectroscopic imaging to study changes in the chemical status of
      hepatocytes and fibrotic regions of liver tissue that result from the progression
      of liver cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma and the potentially confounding
      effects of diabetes mellitus. 

PMID- 27366584
TI  - If Numbers Can Speak, Who Listens? Creating Engagement and Learning for Effective
      Uptake of DRR Investment in Developing Countries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: With a renewed emphasis on evidence-based risk sensitive investment
      promoted under the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030,
      technical demands for analytical tools such as probabilistic cost-benefit
      analysis (CBA) will likely increase in the foreseeable future. This begs a number
      of pragmatic questions such as whether or not sophisticated quantitative
      appraisal tools are effective in raising policy awareness and what alternatives
      are available. METHOD: This article briefly reviews current practices of
      analytical tools such as probabilistic cost-benefit analysis and identifies
      issues associated with its applications in small scale community based DRR
      interventions. RESULTS: The article illustrate that while best scientific
      knowledge should inform policy and practice in principle, it should not create an
      unrealistic expectation that the state-of-the art methods must be used in all
      cases, especially for small scale DRR interventions in developing countries,
      where data and resource limitations and uncertainty are high, and complex
      interaction and feedback may exist between DRR investment, community response and
      longer-term development outcome.  DISCUSSION: Alternative and more participatory
      approaches for DRR appraisals are suggested which includes participatory serious
      games that are increasingly being used to raise awareness and identify pragmatic
      strategies for change that are needed to bring about successful uptake of DRR
      investment and implementation of DRR mainstreaming.

PMID- 27375959
TI  - Short-Term Change in Couples' Conflict Following a Transition to Parenthood
      Intervention.
AB  - Conflict among couples was examined following a transition to parenthood
      intervention to determine both short-term efficacy of the program and elucidate
      the process of change postintervention. A randomized clinical trial design was
      used to examine conflict in couples who participated in a transition to
      parenthood psycho-educational workshop compared with controls. The beginnings of
      improved communication in conflict were evident at 3 months postbirth through
      decreased husband contempt and increased husband positive affect during conflict
      in a sample that demonstrated more substantial improvement at 1 year
      postintervention. Increases in husband positive affect in the workshop group at 3
      months postbirth predicted more positive and less negative wife affect during
      conflict at 1 year postbirth. Results suggest that some indicators of
      intervention efficacy were evident, postintervention change can be gradual,
      husbands may be more receptive to implementing change shortly after birth, and
      early changes can be associated with later positive outcomes. Findings have
      implications for preparing couples for the gradual and complex nature of change
      associated with intervention.

PMID- 27375958
TI  - Pilin Vaccination Stimulates Weak Antibody Responses and Provides No Protection
      in a C57Bl/6 Murine Model of Acute Clostridium difficile Infection.
AB  - Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial infections in the United
      States, adding billions of dollars per year to health care costs. A vaccine
      targeted against the bacterium would be extremely beneficial in decreasing the
      morbidity and mortality caused by C. difficile-associated disease; a vaccine
      directed against a colonization factor would hinder the spread of the bacterium
      as well as prevent disease. Type IV pili (T4Ps) are extracellular appendages
      composed of protein monomers called pilins. They are involved in adhesion and
      colonization in a wide variety of bacteria and archaea, and are putative
      colonization factors in C. difficile. We hypothesized that vaccinating mice with
      pilins would lead to generation of anti-pilin antibodies, and would protect
      against C. difficile challenge. We found that immunizing C57Bl/6 mice with
      various pilins, whether combined or as individual proteins, led to low anti-pilin
      antibody titers and no protection upon C. difficile challenge. Passive transfer
      of anti-pilin antibodies led to high serum anti-pilin IgG titers, but to
      undetectable fecal anti-pilin IgG titers and did not protect against challenge.
      The low antibody titers observed in these experiments may be due to the
      particular strain of mice used. Further experiments, possibly with a different
      animal model of C. difficile infection, are needed to determine if an anti-T4P
      vaccine would be protective against C. difficile infection.

PMID- 27375961
TI  - Late-Onset Psychogenic Chronic Phonic-Tics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tics beginning in late adulthood often have an identifiable etiology.
      Psychogenic tics with onset around 60 years of age are rarely described in the
      literature. CASE REPORT: A 67-year-old female had experienced phonic tics for 8
      years. Episodes occurred without premonitory sensations and precipitant factors,
      and she could not suppress them. She had no history of childhood tic disorder,
      and secondary causes of tics were excluded. She was diagnosed with psychogenic
      tics and treated with quetiapine with mild improvement. DISCUSSION: When
      physicians are faced with no identifiable cause of tics combined with certain
      clinical clues, a psychogenic disorder must be suspected.

PMID- 27375960
TI  - Cerebellar Dysfunction and Ataxia in Patients with Epilepsy: Coincidence,
      Consequence, or Cause?
AB  - Basic epilepsy teachings assert that seizures arise from the cerebral cortex,
      glossing over infratentorial structures such as the cerebellum that are believed
      to modulate rather than generate seizures. Nonetheless, ataxia and other clinical
      findings in epileptic patients are slowly but inevitably drawing attention to
      this neural node. Tracing the evolution of this line of inquiry from the observed
      coincidence of cerebellar atrophy and cerebellar dysfunction (most apparently
      manifested as ataxia) in epilepsy to their close association, this review
      considers converging clinical, physiological, histological, and neuroimaging
      evidence that support incorporating the cerebellum into epilepsy pathology. We
      examine reports of still controversial cerebellar epilepsy, studies of cerebellar
      stimulation alleviating paroxysmal epileptic activity, studies and case reports
      of cerebellar lesions directly associated with seizures, and conditions in which
      ataxia is accompanied by epileptic seizures. Finally, the review substantiates
      the role of this complex brain structure in epilepsy whether by coincidence, as a
      consequence of deleterious cortical epileptic activity or antiepileptic drugs, or
      the very cause of the disease. 

PMID- 27375962
TI  - Wearable Sensor System Powered by a Biofuel Cell for Detection of Lactate Levels
      in Sweat.
AB  - An NAD+-dependent enzymatic sensor with biofuel cell power source system for non
      invasive monitoring of lactate in sweat was designed, developed, and tested. The
      sensor component, based on lactate dehydrogenase, showed linear current response
      with increasing lactate concentrations with limits of detection from 5 to 100 mM
      lactate and sensitivity of 0.2 uA.mM-1 in the presence of target analyte. In
      addition to the sensor patch a power source was also designed, developed and
      tested. The power source was a biofuel cell designed to oxidize glucose via
      glucose oxidase. The biofuel cell showed excellent performance, achieving over 80
      mA at 0.4 V (16 mW) in a footprint of 3.5 * 3.5 * 0.7 cm. Furthermore, in order
      to couple the sensor to the power source, system electronic components were
      designed and fabricated. These consisted of an energy harvester (EH) and a
      micropotentiostat (MP). The EH was employed for harvesting power provided by the
      biofuel cell as well as up-converting the voltage to 3.0 V needed for the
      operation of the MP. The sensor was attached to MP for chronoamperometric
      detection of lactate. The Sensor Patch System was demonstrated under laboratory
      conditions.

PMID- 27375964
TI  - Using homogenization, sonication and thermo-sonication to inactivate fungi.
AB  - Ultrasound (US), Thermo-sonication (TS) and High Pressure Homogenization (HPH)
      were studied as tools to inactivate the spores of Penicillium spp. and Mucor spp.
      inoculated in distilled water. For US, the power ranged from 40% to 100%, pulse
      from 2 to 10 s, and duration of the treatment from 2 to 10 min. TS was performed
      combining US (40-80% of power, for 8 min and pulse of 2 s) with a thermal
      treatment (50, 55 and 60 degrees C at 4, 8 and 12 min). Homogenization was done
      at 30-150 MPa for 1, 2 and 3 times. Power was the most important factors to
      determine the antifungal effect of US and TS towards the conidia of Penicillium
      spp.; on the other hand, in US treatments Mucor spp. was also affected by pulse
      and time. HPH exerted a significant antifungal effect only if the highest
      pressures were applied for 2-3 times. 

PMID- 27375963
TI  - Stressful life events moderate the relationship between genes and biased
      attention to emotional faces in youth.
AB  - Attention bias to emotion may be an intermediate trait for stress-reactive
      psychopathology associated with biologically plausible candidate genes, yet the
      precise direction of effects within the youth literature remains unclear. The
      present study investigated whether stressful life events (SLEs) moderate the link
      between genetic risk (5-HTTLPR and COMT) and attention bias to emotion among
      youth (n= 467). Analyses revealed a differential effect of gene. Among youth who
      had experienced more recent SLEs, those homozygous for the low expressing allele
      of 5-HTTLPR (S/S) demonstrated preferential attention toward negative emotional
      expressions, whereas youth homozygous for the high expressing COMT genotype
      (Val/Val) showed attentional avoidance of positive facial expressions. No
      interaction between 5-HTTLPR and COMT was found. These findings highlight the
      importance of investigating stress as a moderator within the intermediate trait
      literature and suggest that biologically plausible candidate genes may have a
      differential effect in the pathway to psychological disorders.

PMID- 27375966
TI  - Protein-RNA linkage and posttranslational modifications of feline calicivirus and
      murine norovirus VPg proteins.
AB  - Members of the Caliciviridae family of positive sense RNA viruses cause a wide
      range of diseases in both humans and animals. The detailed characterization of
      the calicivirus life cycle had been hampered due to the lack of robust cell
      culture systems and experimental tools for many of the members of the family.
      However, a number of caliciviruses replicate efficiently in cell culture and have
      robust reverse genetics systems available, most notably feline calicivirus (FCV)
      and murine norovirus (MNV). These are therefore widely used as representative
      members with which to examine the mechanistic details of calicivirus genome
      translation and replication. The replication of the calicivirus RNA genome occurs
      via a double-stranded RNA intermediate that is then used as a template for the
      production of new positive sense viral RNA, which is covalently linked to the
      virus-encoded protein VPg. The covalent linkage to VPg occurs during genome
      replication via the nucleotidylylation activity of the viral RNA-dependent RNA
      polymerase. Using FCV and MNV, we used mass spectrometry-based approach to
      identify the specific amino acid linked to the 5' end of the viral nucleic acid.
      We observed that both VPg proteins are covalently linked to guanosine diphosphate
      (GDP) moieties via tyrosine positions 24 and 26 for FCV and MNV respectively.
      These data fit with previous observations indicating that mutations introduced
      into these specific amino acids are deleterious for viral replication and fail to
      produce infectious virus. In addition, we also detected serine phosphorylation
      sites within the FCV VPg protein with positions 80 and 107 found consistently
      phosphorylated on VPg-linked viral RNA isolated from infected cells. This work
      provides the first direct experimental characterization of the linkage of
      infectious calicivirus viral RNA to the VPg protein and highlights that post
      translational modifications of VPg may also occur during the viral life cycle. 

PMID- 27375965
TI  - Complete plastid genome sequence of Primula sinensis (Primulaceae): structure
      comparison, sequence variation and evidence for accD transfer to nucleus.
AB  - Species-rich genus Primula L. is a typical plant group with which to understand
      genetic variance between species in different levels of relationships.
      Chloroplast genome sequences are used to be the information resource for
      quantifying this difference and reconstructing evolutionary history. In this
      study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Primula sinensis
      and compared it with other related species. This genome of chloroplast showed a
      typical circular quadripartite structure with 150,859 bp in sequence length
      consisting of 37.2% GC base. Two inverted repeated regions (25,535 bp) were
      separated by a large single-copy region (82,064 bp) and a small single-copy
      region (17,725 bp). The genome consists of 112 genes, including 78 protein-coding
      genes, 30 tRNA genes and four rRNA genes. Among them, seven coding genes, seven
      tRNA genes and four rRNA genes have two copies due to their locations in the IR
      regions. The accD and infA genes lacking intact open reading frames (ORF) were
      identified as pseudogenes. SSR and sequence variation analyses were also
      performed on the plastome of Primula sinensis, comparing with another available
      plastome of P. poissonii. The four most variable regions, rpl36-rps8, rps16-trnQ,
      trnH-psbA and ndhC-trnV, were identified. Phylogenetic relationship estimates
      using three sub-datasets extracted from a matrix of 57 protein-coding gene
      sequences showed the identical result that was consistent with previous studies.
      A transcript found from P. sinensis transcriptome showed a high similarity to
      plastid accD functional region and was identified as a putative plastid transit
      peptide at the N-terminal region. The result strongly suggested that plastid accD
      has been functionally transferred to the nucleus in P. sinensis. 

PMID- 27375967
TI  - Modulation of the behavioral and electrical responses to the repellent DEET
      elicited by the pre-exposure to the same compound in Blattella germanica.
AB  - Insects under different stimuli from the environment modify behavioural responses
      due to changes in the sensitivity of neurons at the peripheral and/or at the
      central level of the nervous system. This phenomenon is called neuronal
      plasticity, and sensory adaptation is an example of it. An insect repellent is a
      chemical that produces oriented movements of the insects away from its source. In
      this work we studied the modulation of the behavioural and electrical response to
      the repellent N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) in males of the German
      cockroach B. germanica produced by previous exposure to the same repellent.
      Methods. We determined repellency using a circular arena, one half of which was
      treated with DEET. The time spent by insects in each half of the arena was
      measured, and a repellency coefficient (RC) was calculated. The RCs of pre
      exposed and non-pre-exposed insects were compared. To determine a possible role
      of nitric oxide in the modulation of the response to DEET after pre-exposure, the
      nitric oxide donor S-nitroso-acetyl-cysteine (SNAC) was applied on cockroaches'
      antennae. The electrical activity of the cockroaches' antennae in response to
      DEET was recorded using electroantennogram (EAG) technique. The response to DEET
      was recorded also after a long stimulation with the same repellent, and after
      topical application of SNAC and dbcGMP (a cGMP analogue) on the antennae.
      Results. We found that previous exposure of B. germanica males to the repellent
      DEET produced an increase of the repellency at the behavioural level, measured as
      RC. A possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in the transduction pathway of this
      phenomenon is suggested, since treatment of the cockroaches with the NO donor
      SNAC also produced an increase of the repellency elicited by DEET. On the other
      hand, the response of the cockroaches' antennae exposed to DEET was determined
      electrophysiologically. The electrical activity in response to DEET decreased
      when the insects' antennae were stimulated with a long pulse of the repellent.
      The activity of the antennae was restored after 10 min. Treatment of the antennae
      either with SNAC or dbGMPc also produced a decrease in the response of the
      antennae to the repellent. Discussion.The previous exposure to a chemical
      stimulus can modify the behaviour associated to the same stimulus, increasing or
      decreasing the behavioural response. In the case of DEET we found that pre
      exposure increased DEET repellency in male cockroaches. We also found NO
      involvement in a similar phenomenon. On the other hand, the test showed that DEET
      is perceived by insects' antennae as an odour. A long exposure of the antennae to
      DEET caused a transient decrease in the response of the antennae to the same
      compound. The same effect was achieved by treating the antennae with SNAC or
      dbcGMP, suggesting the involvement of the NO/cGMP system in the transduction
      pathway of the sensory adaptation phenomenon elicited by an odour in this
      species. 

PMID- 27375968
TI  - Design and validation of a next generation sequencing assay for hereditary BRCA1
      and BRCA2 mutation testing.
AB  - Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, caused by a germline pathogenic
      variant in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genes, is characterized by an increased
      risk for breast, ovarian, pancreatic and other cancers. Identification of those
      who have a BRCA1/2 mutation is important so that they can take advantage of
      genetic counseling, screening, and potentially life-saving prevention strategies.
      We describe the design and analytic validation of the Counsyl Inherited Cancer
      Screen, a next-generation-sequencing-based test to detect pathogenic variation in
      the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. We demonstrate that the test is capable of detecting
      single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), short insertions and deletions (indels), and
      copy-number variants (CNVs, also known as large rearrangements) with zero errors
      over a 114-sample validation set consisting of samples from cell lines and
      deidentified patient samples, including 36 samples with BRCA1/2pathogenic
      germline mutations. 

PMID- 27375969
TI  - Shapes of leaves with parallel venation. Modelling of the Epipactis sp.
      (Orchidaceae) leaves with the help of a system of coupled elastic beams.
AB  - Static properties of leaves with parallel venation, with particular emphasis on
      the genus EpipactisZinn, 1757 (Orchidaceae, Neottieae) have been modelled with
      coupled quasi-parallel elastic "beams." The non-linear theory of strongly bended
      beams have been employed. The resulting boundary-value problem has been solved
      numerically with the help of the finite-difference method. Possible dislocations
      resulting in additional Dirac-delta like forces have been take into account.
      Morphological similarity of the model and real leaves has been obtained. In
      particular, the concentrated forces have been shown to cause undulation in the
      leaves. 

PMID- 27375970
TI  - Monitoring coastal pollution associated with the largest oil refinery complex of
      Venezuela.
AB  - This study evaluated pollution levels in water and sediments of Peninsula de
      Paraguana and related these levels with benthic macrofauna along a coastal area
      where the largest Venezuelan oil refineries have operated over the past 60 years.
      For this, the concentration of heavy metals, of hydrocarbon compounds and the
      community structure of the macrobenthos were examined at 20 sites distributed
      along 40 km of coastline for six consecutive years, which included windy and calm
      seasons. The spatial variability of organic and inorganic compounds showed
      considerably high coastal pollution along the study area, across both years and
      seasons. The southern sites, closest to the refineries, had consistently higher
      concentrations of heavy metals and organic compounds in water and sediments when
      compared to those in the north. The benthic community was dominated by
      polychaetes at all sites, seasons and years, and their abundance and distribution
      were significantly correlated with physical and chemical characteristics of the
      sediments. Sites close to the oil refineries were consistently dominated by
      families known to tolerate xenobiotics, such as Capitellidae and Spionidae. The
      results from this study highlight the importance of continuing long-term
      environmental monitoring programs to assess the impact of effluent discharge and
      spill events from the oil refineries that operate in the western coast of
      Paraguana, Venezuela. 

PMID- 27375971
TI  - Collecting reliable clades using the Greedy Strict Consensus Merger.
AB  - Supertree methods combine a set of phylogenetic trees into a single supertree.
      Similar to supermatrix methods, these methods provide a way to reconstruct larger
      parts of the Tree of Life, potentially evading the computational complexity of
      phylogenetic inference methods such as maximum likelihood. The supertree problem
      can be formalized in different ways, to cope with contradictory information in
      the input. Many supertree methods have been developed. Some of them solve NP-hard
      optimization problems like the well-known Matrix Representation with Parsimony,
      while others have polynomial worst-case running time but work in a greedy fashion
      (FlipCut). Both can profit from a set of clades that are already known to be part
      of the supertree. The Superfine approach shows how the Greedy Strict Consensus
      Merger (GSCM) can be used as preprocessing to find these clades. We introduce
      different scoring functions for the GSCM, a randomization, as well as a
      combination thereof to improve the GSCM to find more clades. This helps, in turn,
      to improve the resolution of the GSCM supertree. We find this modifications to
      increase the number of true positive clades by 18% compared to the currently used
      Overlap scoring. 

PMID- 27375972
TI  - Reciproc vs. hand instrumentation in dental practice: a study in routine care.
AB  - Background. Little is known about the clinical impact of new root canal
      preparation systems in general dental practice under routine care conditions.
      Therefore, we compared hand instrumentation (H) with Reciproc (R) (VDW, Munich,
      Germany) preparation. The outcomes were endodontic related pain and oral health
      related quality of life (OHRQoL), evaluation of the procedures by the patients
      and the strain felt by the dentists during root canal therapy. Methods. Six
      dentists participated in the trial as practitioner-investigators. In the first
      phase of the trial they prepared root canals with H and in the second phase with
      R. The patients documented their pain felt with a visual analogue scale (VAS 100)
      and OHRQoL with the German short version of the oral health impact profile (OHIP
      G-14) before treatment and before the completion of therapy and answered
      questions about how they experienced the treatment. The dentists documented their
      physical strain during treatment. Results. A total of 137 patients were included
      in the evaluation. 66 patients were treated with H, 71 with R. Pain reduction was
      32.6 (SD 32.9) VAS (H) vs. 29.4 (SD 26.9) VAS (R) (p = 0.550), and the
      improvement of the OHIP-14 score was 5.5 (SD 9.2) (H) vs. 6.7 (SD 7.4) (R) (p =
      0.383). There were no statistical differences in both groups. Significantly fewer
      patients felt stressed by the duration of treatment with R as with H (p = 0.018).
      Significantly more dentists reported that their general physical strain and the
      strain on their fingers were less severe with R than with H (p = 0.013 and p <
      0.001). Discussion. H as well as R effectively reduced endodontic related pain
      and OHRQoL without statistical differences. R has advantages in terms of how
      patients experience the treatment and regarding the physical strain felt by the
      dentists. 

PMID- 27375973
TI  - A novel baculovirus-derived promoter with high activity in the baculovirus
      expression system.
AB  - The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has been widely used to produce a
      large number of recombinant proteins, and is becoming one of the most powerful,
      robust, and cost-effective systems for the production of eukaryotic proteins.
      Nevertheless, as in any other protein expression system, it is important to
      improve the production capabilities of this vector. The orf46 viral gene was
      identified among the most highly abundant sequences in the transcriptome of
      Spodoptera exigua larvae infected with its native baculovirus, the S. exigua
      multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). Different sequences upstream of the orf46
      gene were cloned, and their promoter activities were tested by the expression of
      the GFP reporter gene using the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus
      (AcMNPV) vector system in different insect cell lines (Sf21, Se301, and Hi5) and
      in larvae from S. exigua and Trichoplusia ni. The strongest promoter activity was
      defined by a 120 nt sequence upstream of the ATG start codon for the orf46 gene.
      On average, GFP expression under this new promoter was more than two fold higher
      than the expression obtained with the standard polyhedrin (polh) promoter.
      Additionally, the orf46 promoter was also tested in combination with the polh
      promoter, revealing an additive effect over the polh promoter activity. In
      conclusion, this new characterized promoter represents an excellent alternative
      to the most commonly used baculovirus promoters for the efficient expression of
      recombinant proteins using the BEVS. 

PMID- 27375974
TI  - To Screen or not to Screen: Low Dose Computed Tomography in Comparison to Chest
      Radiography or Usual Care in Reducing Morbidity and Mortality from Lung Cancer.
AB  - Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate of all cancers. This paper seeks to
      address the question: Can the mortality of lung cancer be decreased by screening
      with low-dose computerized tomography (LDCT) in higher risk patients compared to
      chest X-rays (CXR) or regular patient care? Currently, CXR screening is
      recommended for certain high-risk patients. Several recent trials have examined
      the effectiveness of LDCT versus chest radiography or usual care as a control.
      These trials include National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), Detection And
      screening of early lung cancer with Novel imaging TEchnology (DANTE), Lung
      Screening Study (LSS), Depiscan, Italian Lung (ITALUNG), and Dutch-Belgian
      Randomized Lung Cancer Screening Trial (Dutch acronym: NELSON study). NLST, the
      largest trial (n=53, 454), demonstrated a decrease in mortality from lung cancer
      in the LDCT group (RRR=20%, P=0.004). LSS demonstrated a greater sensitivity in
      detecting both early stage and any stage of lung cancer in comparison to
      traditional CXR. Although the DANTE trial yielded data consistent with findings
      in LSS, it also showed that via LDCT screening a greater proportion of patients
      were placed under unnecessary surgical procedures. The Depiscan trial yielded a
      high nodule detection rate at the cost of a high false-positive rate compared to
      CXR screening. The ITALUNG and NELSON trials demonstrated the early detection
      capabilities of LDCT for lung cancers compared to usual care without surveillance
      imaging. False-positive findings with unnecessary workup, intervention, and
      radiation exposure remain significant concerns for routine LDCT screening.
      However, current data suggests LDCT may provide a highly sensitive and specific
      means for detecting lung cancers and reducing mortality. 

PMID- 27375976
TI  - Cheap talk communication with dynamic information searching.
AB  - We build an agent-based cheap talk communication model with dynamic information
      searching behavior. In this model, agent communicates with its neighbors freely
      to get true or false information. Moreover, the uninformed receivers has ability
      to break up one link of his neighbor who is considered as a dishonest sender and
      searches for a new neighbor in the market. We study the impacts of the accuracy
      of information, the number of neighbors and the percentage of relinking neighbors
      on the information identification of uninformed receivers. The results suggest
      that the effect of the accuracy of information and the number of neighbors on
      information identification is linear, but the effect of the percentage of
      relinking neighbors presents a first increasing and then decreasing trend. 

PMID- 27375975
TI  - Keeping It in Three Dimensions: Measuring the Development of Mental Rotation in
      Children with the Rotated Colour Cube Test (RCCT).
AB  - This study introduces the new Rotated Colour Cube Test (RCCT) as a measure of
      object identification and mental rotation using single 3D colour cube images in a
      matching-to-sample procedure. One hundred 7- to 11-year-old children were tested
      with aligned or rotated cube models, distracters and targets. While different
      orientations of distracters made the RCCT more difficult, different colours of
      distracters had the opposite effect and made the RCCT easier because colour
      facilitated clearer discrimination between target and distracters. Ten-year-olds
      performed significantly better than 7- to 8-year-olds. The RCCT significantly
      correlated with children's performance on the Raven's Coloured Progressive
      Matrices Test (RCPM) presumably due to the shared multiple-choice format, but the
      RCCT was easier, as it did not require sequencing. Children from families with a
      high socio-economic status performed best on both tests, with boys outperforming
      girls on the more difficult RCCT test sections.

PMID- 27375977
TI  - In vitro and in vivo probiotic assessment of Leuconostoc mesenteroides P45
      isolated from pulque, a Mexican traditional alcoholic beverage.
AB  - Pulque is a Mexican traditional alcoholic, non-distilled, fermented beverage
      produced by the fermentation of the sap, known as aguamiel, extracted from
      several maguey (Agave) species. Pulque has traditionally been considered a
      healthy beverage due to its nutrient content and also a traditional medicine for
      the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and intestinal infections. During
      pulque fermentation, the development of acidity, alcohol and viscosity define its
      final sensorial properties, developing an enriched environment where dominant
      lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including diverse Leuconostoc species, are present.
      Because traditional pulque is consumed directly from the fermentation vessel, the
      naturally associated LAB are ingested and reach the human small intestine alive.
      Here, we report the in vitro and in vivo probiotic assessment of Leuconostoc
      mesenteroides strain P45 isolated from pulque. This isolated LAB species
      exhibited lysozyme, acid (pH 3.5) and bile salts (0.1 and 0.3 % oxgall)
      resistance. Antibacterial activity against the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes,
      enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and S.
      enterica serovar Typhimurium were observed in assays involving cell-to-cell
      contact, cell-free 2* concentrated supernatants and cell-to-cell contact under
      exopolysaccharide-producing conditions. The in vivo probiotic assessment showed
      an anti-infective activity of L. mesenteroides P45 against S. enterica serovar
      Typhimurium in challenged male and female BALB/c mice. Analysis of the available
      genome sequence of strain P45 allowed identified a pre-bacteriocin coding gene
      and six peptidoglycan hydrolase enzymes, probably involved in the antimicrobial
      activity of this strain. The results presented in this study support some
      potential microbial mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects on human
      health of this LAB involved in the fermentation of pulque. 

PMID- 27375978
TI  - Pooled bioequivalence study database from Turkey: characterization of adverse
      events and determination of split points based on Gini Index as a promising
      method.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Manufacturing of and medication with generic drugs is increasing
      around the world. Bioequivalence (BE) studies are being performed routinely by
      Contract Research Organisations (CROs) in Turkey. However, an overall evaluation
      for the attended volunteers, examined Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)
      and the observed adverse events have not been studied in the field. OBJECTIVE:
      Our aim was to revisit and compile the BE studies carried out between the years
      2000-2013 of a CRO (N-CRO) in Turkey. METHODS: A dataset of 261 BE studies has
      been created for the observed adverse events with regards to the frequency, type,
      and drug subgroups. As an advanced evaluation, the Gini Index method has been
      used in the 63 available BE studies to obtain split points for two
      pharmacokinetic parameters, area under the plasma/serum concentration (AUC) and
      maximum plasma/serum concentration (Cmax), in order to investigate their likely
      effect on the adverse events. RESULTS: Thousand six hundred and forty two adverse
      events were found in the 261 BE studies involving 7828 volunteers with the
      frequency of 6.29 per study and 0.21 per volunteer. The most frequently observed
      adverse events were; headache, somnolence, nausea, dizziness and vomiting,
      respectively. Hundred and nine different APIs were observed. 'Genitourinary
      system and sex hormones' subgroup drugs had the highest frequency of the adverse
      events. Adverse event frequencies above the identified split points for Cmax and
      AUC values were higher than the frequencies below them. CONCLUSION: The review of
      13 years period of BE studies revealed that the demographic properties of the
      volunteers and the study designs were in compliance with national and
      international guidelines. The promising outcome could be showing the increase of
      the adverse event frequencies above the obtained split points as the reflection
      of the likely individual pharmacokinetic differences in the adverse event
      occurence.

PMID- 27375979
TI  - Changing the thickness of two layers: i-ZnO nanorods, p-Cu2O and its influence on
      the carriers transport mechanism of the p-Cu2O/i-ZnO nanorods/n-IGZO
      heterojunction.
AB  - In this study, two layers: i-ZnO nanorods and p-Cu2O were fabricated by
      electrochemical deposition. The fabricating process was the initial formation of
      ZnO nanorods layer on the n-IGZO thin film which was prepared by sputtering
      method, then a p-Cu2O layer was deposited on top of rods to form the p-Cu2O/i-ZnO
      nanorods/n-ZnO heterojunction. The XRD, SEM, UV-VIS, I-V characteristics methods
      were used to define structure, optical and electrical properties of these
      heterojunction layers. The fabricating conditions and thickness of the Cu2O
      layers significantly affected to the formation, microstructure, electrical and
      optical properties of the junction. The length of i-ZnO nanorods layer in the
      structure of the heterojunction has strongly affected to the carriers transport
      mechanism and performance of this heterojunction. 

PMID- 27375980
TI  - SNP haplotyping technique for evaluation of MGP 5' UTR power in osteoblast cells.
AB  - Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is involved in calcium trafficking and arterial
      calcification. The aim of study was to investigate the role of three
      polymorphisms within the MGP gene promoter region on reporter gene (luciferase)
      expression level. The fragments containing rs1800799 (C/T), rs1800802 (T/C), and
      rs1800801 (G/A) sites were constructed and transferred into human G292 osteoblast
      cells using pGL3-Basic plasmid. The reporter gene expression was calculated for
      the high and low frequency polymorphic haplotypes (CTG and TCA, respectively).
      Results showed that the reporter gene expression levels are not statistically
      different (p > 0.3). We concluded that the investigated polymorphic sites are not
      able to change the gene expression pattern in human G292 osteoblast cells. 

PMID- 27375981
TI  - Impact of psychological inflexibility on depressive symptoms and sleep difficulty
      in a Japanese sample.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psychological inflexibility is a core concept in the acceptance and
      commitment therapy (ACT) model. The current study hypothesized and tested two
      models in which psychological inflexibility was linked with higher levels of
      depressive symptoms and sleep difficulty. RESULTS: To attain data, Japanese
      university students (N = 633) completed questionnaires related to psychological
      inflexibility, depressive symptoms, and sleep difficulty. Psychological
      inflexibility was significantly correlated with higher levels of both depressive
      symptoms (r = 0.61) and sleep difficulty (r = 0.39). Structural equation modeling
      showed that psychological inflexibility was associated with higher levels of
      depressive symptoms after controlling for the effect of sleep difficulty.
      Additionally, psychological inflexibility was correlated with higher levels of
      sleep difficulty after controlling for the effect of depressive symptoms. These
      findings might assist with motivating clinicians to use ACT for insomnia.
      CONCLUSIONS: The current study found that greater psychological inflexibility was
      linked with high levels of depressive symptoms and sleep difficulties. These
      findings might assist with motivating clinicians to use ACT for insomnia.

PMID- 27375982
TI  - Missing phonemes are perceptually restored but differently by native and non
      native listeners.
AB  - This study investigates how similarly present and absent English phonemes behind
      noise are perceived by native and non-native speakers. Participants were English
      native speakers and Japanese native speakers who spoke English as a second
      language. They listened to English words and non-words in which a phoneme was
      covered by noise (added; phoneme + noise) or replaced by noise (replaced; noise
      only). The target phoneme was either a nasal (/m/ and /n/) or a liquid (/l/ and
      /r/). In experiment, participants listened to a pair of a word (or non-word) with
      noise (added or replaced) and a word (or non-word) without noise (original) in a
      row, and evaluated the similarity of the two on an eight-point scale (8: very
      similar, 1: not similar). The results suggested that both native and non-native
      speakers perceived the 'added' phoneme more similar to the original sound than
      the 'replaced' phoneme to the original sound. In addition, both native and non
      native speakers restored missing nasals more than missing liquids. In general, a
      replaced phoneme was better restored in words than non-words by native speakers,
      but equally restored by non-native speakers. It seems that bottom-up acoustic
      cues and top-down lexical cues are adopted differently in the phonemic
      restoration of native and non-native speakers. 

PMID- 27375983
TI  - Diversity climate enhances work outcomes through trust and openness in workgroup
      communication.
AB  - Diversity climate, defined as an organizational climate characterized by openness
      towards and appreciation of individual differences, has been shown to enhance
      outcomes in culturally diverse teams. To date, it remains unclear which processes
      are responsible for these findings. This paper presents two quantitative studies
      (n = 91; 246) that identify trust and openness in workgroup communication as
      possible mediators. We replicate earlier findings that perceived diversity
      climate positively relates to job satisfaction, sense of inclusion, work group
      identification and knowledge sharing in teams. In study 1, trust is shown to
      mediate the effects of perceived diversity climate on team members' sense of
      inclusion. In study 2, trust mediates the relationship between perceived
      diversity climate and workgroup identification and openness mediates its
      relationship with knowledge sharing. 

PMID- 27375984
TI  - Accumulation of heavy metals in mosses: a biomonitoring study.
AB  - The metropolitan area of the Toluca Valley (MATV) extends over an area of 1208.55
      km(2) and has 1,361,500 inhabitants making it the fifth highest populated area in
      the country and the second highest in the state. The MATV has several
      environmental problems, with regards to the air quality. Particles PM10 and PM2.5
      are considered to be the main pollutant due to these particles frequently
      exceeding the limit laid down in the standards of the air quality in the country.
      For this reason, samples of the mosses Fabriona ciliaris and Leskea angustata
      were collected at different sites in MATV, Mexico in order to establish the
      atmospheric deposition of heavy metals by means of the analysis of the mosses
      tissues. Results show the average metal concentrations in the mosses in the order
      of: Zn > Pb > Cr > Cd. The concentration capacities of heavy metals were higher
      in Fabriona ciliaris than Leskea angustata. Enrichment factors for Cr, Zn, Pb and
      Cd were obtained using the soils from the same sampling area. Enrichment factors
      results show that Cr is conservative in both sampling seasons with a terrigenous
      origin; Zn is moderately enriched in both sampling seasons and mainly associated
      to pedological-soil or substrate contribution and anthropogenic activities and Cd
      is highly enriched in the rainy season and Pb is highly enriched in both sampling
      seasons, with a predominantly anthropogenic origin. This study provides
      information to be considered in the strategies for similar environmental problems
      in the world. 

PMID- 27375985
TI  - Pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation as a rescue therapy for severe
      acute respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: Low tidal volume ventilation improves the outcomes of acute respiratory
      distress syndrome (ARDS). However, no studies have investigated the use of a
      rescue therapy involving mechanical ventilation when low tidal volume ventilation
      cannot maintain homeostasis. Inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) is one candidate for
      such rescue therapy, but the roles and effects of IRV as a rescue therapy remain
      unknown. METHODS: We undertook a retrospective review of the medical records of
      patients with ARDS who received IRV in our hospital from January 2007 to May
      2014. Gas exchange, ventilation, and outcome data were collected and analyzed.
      RESULTS: Pressure-controlled IRV was used for 13 patients during the study
      period. Volume-controlled IRV was not used. IRV was initiated on 4.4 ventilation
      days when gas exchange could not be maintained. IRV significantly improved the
      PaO2/FiO2 from 76 +/- 27 to 208 +/- 91 mmHg without circulatory impairment. The
      mean duration of IRV was 10.5 days, and all survivors were weaned from mechanical
      ventilation and discharged. The 90-day mortality rate was 38.5 %. Univariate
      analysis showed that the duration of IRV was associated with the 90-day mortality
      rate. No patients were diagnosed with pneumothorax. CONCLUSIONS: Pressure
      controlled IRV provided acceptable gas exchange without apparent complications
      and served as a successful bridge to conventional treatment when used as a rescue
      therapy for moderate to severe ARDS.

PMID- 27375986
TI  - Assessment of feed resources, feeding practices and coping strategies to feed
      scarcity by smallholder urban dairy producers in Jimma town, Ethiopia.
AB  - Smallholder dairy production is increasingly becoming popular in Jimma town.
      However, feed shortage is a major constraint to dairy production. The objectives
      of this study was to assess feed resources, feeding practices and farmers'
      perceived causes of feed shortage and coping strategies to feed scarcity in
      smallholder dairy producers in Jimma town, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. A
      total of 54 randomly selected dairy farmers were interviewed using a pre-tested
      structured questionnaire and through direct observations. Twenty major feed types
      used by dairy farmers were identified and categorized into five classes: natural
      pasture grazing, green feeds, hay, concentrate (commercial mix and agro
      industrial by-products) and non-conventional feed resources. Green feeds-fresh or
      succulent grasses and legumes (mean rank = 0.361), concentrate (0.256), hay
      (0.198), non-conventional feeds (0.115) and natural pasture grazing (0.070) were
      ranked as the main feed resources in that order of importance. Green feed (94.4 %
      of the respondents) was found to be the main basal diet of dairy cattle. Overall,
      wheat bran (85.2 % of the respondents), commercial concentrate (55.6 %), noug
      (Guizotia abyssinica) cake (20.4 %), cotton seed cake (7.4 %) and molasses (7.4
      %) were the main concentrate supplements used (P > 0.05). Local brew waste
      (attela) (77.8 % of the respondents), bean and pea hulls (42.6 %) enset (Ensete
      ventricosum) leaf and pseudo-stem (37 %), sugarcane tops (33.3 %), banana leaf
      and stem/stover (16.7 %) and papaya stem (16.7 %) were the dominant non
      conventional feed resources in the surveyed area (P > 0.05). About 79.6, 7.4, 1.9
      and 11.1 % of the farmers used zero-, semi-zero-, and the combination of zero-
      and semi-zero- and free-grazing systems, respectively. Most farmers (90.7 %)
      offered concentrate supplements to milking cows. However, supplementation did not
      consider milk yield, physiological status and condition of cows. All the farmers
      (100 %) offered common salt to their cattle as mineral supplement. The majority
      (98.1 %) of the farmers experience feed shortage in the dry season. Land scarcity
      (55.6 % of the respondents) was reported as the most important cause of feed
      scarcity followed by a combination of land scarcity and poor feed availability
      (42.2 %). Increasing use of agro-industrial by-products and commercial
      concentrate mix (87 % of the respondents), increasing use of hay (74.1 %),
      increasing use of non-conventional feeds (50 %), purchasing green feeds (19.8 %)
      and reducing herd size (2.7 %) were the strategies adopted for coping with feed
      scarcity. From results of this study, it could be concluded that to ensure
      sustainable availability of dairy cattle feed in the surveyed area,
      technological, technical and institutional innovations would be vital. 

PMID- 27375987
TI  - Effect of dried Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella growth factor on growth
      performance, meat qualities and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens.
AB  - This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of dried chlorella
      powder (Chlorella vulgaris; DCP) and chlorella growth factor (CGF) on growth
      performance, serum characteristics, meat qualities and humoral immune responses
      in broiler chicks. A total of 1050 day-old Ross male broiler chicks were randomly
      divided into 35 pens (30 chicks/pen) and subjected to one of seven dietary
      treatments. A non-medicated corn-soybean meal base diet was considered as
      negative control (NC) and added with either antibiotic (PC), three levels of DCP
      (NC diets added with 0.05, 0.15 or 0.5 % DCP) or two levels of CGF (NC diets
      added with 0.05 or 0.15 % CGF). The final body weight and daily weight gain in PC
      and groups fed diets with 0.15 or 0.5 % DCP were heavier (p < 0.001) than those
      of NC and CGF-treated groups. Serum total lipid concentrations were lower (p =
      0.001) in groups fed diets with 0.5 % DCP and 0.05 or 0.15 % CGF compared with PC
      group. The levels of serum IgG (p = 0.050) and IgM (p = 0.010) were elevated in
      chicks fed diets with DCP and CGF compared with the PC or NC group. Meat
      qualities such as cooking loss, meat color, and pH, of edible meats were not
      altered by dietary treatments. Collectively, these results indicate that dietary
      DCP, but not CGF, exerted growth-promoting effect, and both DCP and CGF affected
      humoral immune response in broiler chicks. 

PMID- 27375988
TI  - Simultaneous decompression of the orbital lateral wall and optic canal for
      fibrous dysplasia in early adolescence.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with fronto-orbital fibrous dysplasia (FD) occasionally
      present fronto-orbital protrusion, exophthalmos, and visual acuity disturbance.
      Simultaneous management of these conditions has not been previously described.
      CASE DESCRIPTION: A-10-year-old female with fronto-orbital FD complained of left
      visual acuity disturbance. Head computed tomography showed compressed optic canal
      secondary to thickened bone. Decompression of the optic canal via the left
      frontotemporal extradural approach, opening of the lateral orbital wall, and
      dissection of the prominent zygoma were done simultaneously. The patient's visual
      acuity disturbance and exophthalmos subsequently improved postoperatively.
      DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: When optic canal decompression is performed by the
      fronto-temporal approach, opening of the lateral orbital wall can be done
      simultaneously to decrease the intraorbital pressure and to prevent exophthalmos.
      In addition, although aesthetic plastic surgery is not generally recommended
      during the growing phase (due to the possibility of recurrence), this approach
      can prevent skin loosening and adverse cosmetic outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Aesthetic
      plastic surgery for fronto-orbital FD is recommended to prevent skin loosening.
      Opening of the lateral orbital wall should be performed when optic canal
      decompression is planned.

PMID- 27375989
TI  - Personal values, subjective well-being and destination-loyalty intention of
      international students.
AB  - What are the factors that predict international students' destination-loyalty
      intention? This is the main question this paper addresses, using an online survey
      among 396 (short-term, N = 182) and (long-term, N = 214) international students
      at a Norwegian university. Structural equation model-AMOS was conducted to
      examine relationships among personal values, subjective well-being and
      destination-loyalty intentions. The results showed that: (1) universalism was
      positively related to subjective well-being for short-term students; and (2)
      subjective well-being was positively related to destination-loyalty intention for
      all groups. We found that relatively stable and happy individuals might be
      important for ensuring destination-loyalty intentions. Results also indicated
      that personal values that emphasize justice and equity are also important for
      short-term international students' well-being. 

PMID- 27375990
TI  - Results from a pharmacy-based patient survey on the use of a fixed combination
      analgesic containing acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and caffeine by self
      diagnosing and self-treating patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients suffering from migraine or tension-type headache (TTH) often
      treat their complaints with over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Fixed dose
      combinations of acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol and caffeine (APC) are among
      the most commonly used analgesics, and their efficacy for treating acute headache
      pain has been well demonstrated. This investigation was run to better
      characterize patients who treat their headache with OTC APC combinations, as well
      as treatment effects. METHODS: A pharmacy-based patient survey in 164 German
      pharmacies was performed. Patients (age >=18 years) who purchased APC analgesics
      (of the brand Thomapyrin((r))) were handed a questionnaire, which had to be
      filled out at patients own discretion after taking the medication. Demographics,
      pain characteristics and perceived efficacy and tolerability data were analysed
      with descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Questionnaires from 1298 patients were
      analysed, of whom 71.9 % were females and 28.1 % were males. Headache patients
      were assigned to TTH or migraine according to diagnosis criteria of the
      International Headache Classification-II (ICHD-II), with 828 patients for TTH and
      206 for migraine. About one third of patients in the subgroup migraine did not
      report their pain as migraine. Nausea, photophobia/phonophobia turned out to be
      the most distinguishing feature between migraine and TTH. The main reasons for
      purchasing the product were recommendation by the pharmacists (40.5 %) and/or
      friends or relatives (24.4 %). 74 % of TTH and 55 % of migraine patients reported
      onset of pain relief within the first 30 min. More than 90 % rated efficacy as
      well as tolerability to be "good" or "very good". CONCLUSIONS: The main reason
      for purchasing APC products in the pharmacy are TTH or migraine. About a third of
      patients fulfilling the IHCD-II criteria for migraine failed to recognize their
      headache as migraine. This could be explained e.g. by patients' misconceptions
      about their pain. Patients' assessments of efficacy and tolerability showed that
      the investigated APC combinations are valuable for the treatment of TTH and
      migraine headache. These data complement those of randomized clinical studies on
      such preparations.

PMID- 27375991
TI  - The analysis of the SIRS alcoholism models with relapse on weighted networks.
AB  - Two SIRS alcoholism models with relapse on networks with fixed and adaptive
      weight are introduced. The spread of alcoholism threshold [Formula: see text] is
      calculated by the next generation matrix method. For the model with fixed weight,
      we prove that when [Formula: see text] the alcohol free equilibrium is globally
      asymptotically stable, then the drinking crowd gradually disappear. When
      [Formula: see text], the alcoholism equilibrium is global attractivity, then the
      density of alcoholics will remain in a stable value. For the model with adaptive
      weight, we only make some numerical simulations. We also give two effective
      strategies. Our results show that the treatment of recuperator for stopping
      relapsing and preventing the susceptible people to drink are two effective
      measures to eliminate alcoholism problem, and preventing the susceptible people
      to drink is more effective when the proportion of recuperator to accept treatment
      is equal to the proportion of susceptible people to refuse drinking alcohol. 

PMID- 27375992
TI  - A note on a difference-type estimator for population mean under two-phase
      sampling design.
AB  - In this manuscript, we have proposed a difference-type estimator for population
      mean under two-phase sampling scheme using two auxiliary variables. The
      properties and the mean square error of the proposed estimator are derived up to
      first order of approximation; we have also found some efficiency comparison
      conditions for the proposed estimator in comparison with the other existing
      estimators under which the proposed estimator performed better than the other
      relevant existing estimators. We show that the proposed estimator is more
      efficient than other available estimators under the two phase sampling scheme for
      this one example; however, further study is needed to establish the superiority
      of the proposed estimator for other populations. 

PMID- 27375993
TI  - Improving fundamental movement skills in Hong Kong students through an assessment
      for learning intervention that emphasizes fun, mastery, and support: the A + FMS
      randomized controlled trial study protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Assessment for learning has been identified as an effective strategy
      to help children learn more effectively. Developing children to master basic
      movement skills in primary school requires formative assessments to inform
      instruction and learning. This study reports the rationale and methods for an
      assessment-based intervention that emphasizes fun, mastery and support (A + FMS)
      designed to improve fundamental movement skill (FMS) proficiency of primary
      schoolchildren. METHODS/DESIGN: Utilizing a cluster randomized controlled trial,
      the A + FMS intervention was designed to improve FMS proficiency of Hong Kong
      Chinese schoolchildren. A target sample of 282 students or more from 10 Grade 3
      classes (from five schools) will be recruited and randomly assigned into an
      experimental group or a wait-list control group. Competence motivation theory
      provided a framework for the intervention that emphasizes fun activities to
      develop basic fundamentals, improving mastery of movement, and providing support
      for teaching and learning skills. Primary outcome measures are the raw scores of
      six objectively measured FMS (i.e., jump, hop, skip, dribble, catch, and overhand
      throw). Secondary outcomes include self-reported measures: enjoyment in physical
      education, perceived physical competence, perceived skill competence, and
      perceived social support. Teachers in the experimental group are required to
      attend a six-h training workshop and integrate 550 min of assessment for learning
      strategies into their physical education lessons. Resources such as videos,
      skills checklists, and equipment will also be provided to support children to
      accumulate extra learning and practice time after school. The rate of changes in
      primary and secondary outcomes across the experimental and control groups will be
      compared to determine the effectiveness of the program. DISCUSSION: The A + FMS
      is an innovative school-based intervention targeting improvements in movement
      mastery by supporting physical education teachers in FMS instruction and
      assessment practices. The findings from the study may be used to guide pre
      service teacher education and continuous professional development in FMS teaching
      and assessment. Trial registration CUHK_CCRB00479.

PMID- 27375994
TI  - Factors affecting satisfaction on antenatal care services in Sarawak, Malaysia:
      evidence from a cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High levels of satisfaction among women with the antenatal care
      services will increase the compliance of antenatal visits during pregnancy. Thus,
      this study was done to assess the level of satisfaction among women on the
      quality of antenatal care received and the factors influencing thereof. METHODS:
      This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the three zones of Sarawak. Women
      aged 18 years and above, irrespective of ethnic groups, having children aged 3
      years and below were included in the study. Data was collected by face-to-face
      interview using interview schedule. A validated Patient Satisfaction
      Questionnaire (PSQ-18) was used to assess the satisfaction with antenatal care. A
      total of 1236 data was analysed using IBM SPSS version 22.0. A p value <0.05 was
      considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: A multinomial logistic
      regression analysis revealed that Bidayuh 17.4 % was less likely to be highly
      satisfied with antenatal care. Similarly, respondents with secondary level of
      education 29.9 % were less likely to be highly satisfied, whereas, respondents
      having primary level of education, 1.6 % were less likely to be highly satisfied.
      However, those who did not spend any money as out of pocket expenses were 1.935
      times more likely to be highly satisfied with antenatal care. CONCLUSION: Overall
      the studied women were satisfied with the antenatal care services. Ethnicity,
      level of education and out of pocket expenses appeared to be important predictors
      of satisfaction with antenatal care. The finding recommends the community-based
      and language-specific interventions should be implemented to sustain the
      satisfaction of maternal care.

PMID- 27375995
TI  - An assessment of the levels of perceived social support among older adults living
      with HIV and AIDS in Dublin.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of perceived social support among older adults
      living with HIV and AIDS in Dublin. METHODS: The study utilized a cross-sectional
      survey design to collect data from 46 adults aged 50 years or older who are
      members of open heart house (OHH) in Ireland, a peer support network for people
      living with HIV and AIDS. Participants completed a set of interviewer-assisted
      questionnaires, which included the multidimensional measure of perceived social
      support (PSS) to assess the level of social support. RESULTS: Levels of PSS among
      participants were observed as follows: 54 % had low PSS, 33 % had a moderate PSS
      and 13 % had high PSS. A fifth of the study participants had a history of
      injection drug use (IDU) and this group reported higher PSS scores in general
      than non-IDU's (H = 79.500, Z = -2.678, p = 0.006). PSS scores were observed to
      be higher in general among participants with longer duration of infection [H(2) =
      7.856, p = 0.020]. CONCLUSION: Despite its limitations, this study provides vital
      information about the level of social support among older people living with HIV
      and AIDS at OHH Dublin. An unexpected but interesting finding was the positive
      relationship between IDU and PSS level. Formulation of strategies to enable older
      PLHA to be more proactive members of their community through a peer support
      network sponsored volunteer services should be encouraged.

PMID- 27375996
TI  - A nonlinear bi-level programming approach for product portfolio management.
AB  - Product portfolio management (PPM) is a critical decision-making for companies
      across various industries in today's competitive environment. Traditional studies
      on PPM problem have been motivated toward engineering feasibilities and marketing
      which relatively pay less attention to other competitors' actions and the
      competitive relations, especially in mathematical optimization domain. The key
      challenge lies in that how to construct a mathematical optimization model to
      describe this Stackelberg game-based leader-follower PPM problem and the
      competitive relations between them. The primary work of this paper is the
      representation of a decision framework and the optimization model to leverage the
      PPM problem of leader and follower. A nonlinear, integer bi-level programming
      model is developed based on the decision framework. Furthermore, a bi-level
      nested genetic algorithm is put forward to solve this nonlinear bi-level
      programming model for leader-follower PPM problem. A case study of notebook
      computer product portfolio optimization is reported. Results and analyses reveal
      that the leader-follower bi-level optimization model is robust and can empower
      product portfolio optimization. 

PMID- 27375997
TI  - The role of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage II and stage III
      gastric adenocarcinoma after surgery plus D2 lymph node dissection: a real-world
      observation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The influence of adjuvant chemotherapy on the survival of gastric
      adenocarcinoma patients in a stage-specific manner is controversial. METHODS: To
      further explore this topic, we retrospectively analyzed the impact of adjuvant
      chemotherapy on the clinical outcomes of 77 stage II and 117 stage III patients
      diagnosed between January 2008 and December 2012. RESULTS: All 194 patients
      underwent radical operation plus D2 dissection, and were followed a median time
      of 23.3 (range 0.4-80.2) months. Median patient age was 67.7 (range 33.9-97.5)
      years. Adjuvant chemotherapy prolonged the relapse-free survival [22.9 (95 %
      confidence interval 9.4-36.4) vs. 14.2 (95 % CI 8.6-19.8) months, P = 0.009] and
      overall survival [32.3 (95 % CI 22.6-42.0) vs. 13.4 (95 % CI 9.5-17.2) months, P
      < 0.001] for patients with stage III, but not stage II, disease. Higher overall
      survival from adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II patients with node involvement
      did not reach the level of statistical significance (P = 0.102). To reduce the
      selection bias, 142 patients aged <75 years were included in a subgroup analysis
      in which the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy on relapse-free survival and
      overall survival were demonstrated for patients with stage III disease.
      CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant chemotherapy prolongs relapse-free and overall survival for
      patients with stage III gastric cancer in a real-world situation. Tailoring
      therapy based on different characteristics for patients with stage II gastric
      cancer may produce better outcomes.

PMID- 27375998
TI  - Applying machine learning techniques to the identification of late-onset
      hypogonadism in elderly men.
AB  - In the diagnosis of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), the Androgen Deficiency in the
      Aging Male (ADAM) questionnaire or Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) scale can be used
      to assess related symptoms. Subsequently, blood tests are used to measure serum
      testosterone levels. However, results obtained using ADAM and AMS have revealed
      no significant correlations between ADAM and AMS scores and LOH, and the rate of
      misclassification is high. Recently, many studies have reported significant
      associations between clinical conditions such as the metabolic syndrome, obesity,
      lower urinary tract symptoms, and LOH. In this study, we sampled 772 clinical
      cases of men who completed both a health checkup and two questionnaires (ADAM and
      AMS). The data were obtained from the largest medical center in Taiwan. Two well
      known classification techniques, the decision tree (DT) and logistic regression,
      were used to construct LOH prediction models on the basis of the aforementioned
      features. The results indicate that although the sensitivity of ADAM is the
      highest (0.878), it has the lowest specificity (0.099), which implies that ADAM
      overestimates LOH occurrence. In addition, DT combined with the AdaBoost
      technique (AdaBoost DT) has the second highest sensitivity (0.861) and
      specificity (0.842), resulting in having the best accuracy (0.851) among all
      classifiers. AdaBoost DT can provide robust predictions that will aid clinical
      decisions and can help medical staff in accurately assessing the possibilities of
      LOH occurrence. 

PMID- 27375999
TI  - Application research of computational mass-transfer differential equation in MBR
      concentration field simulation.
AB  - After conducting the intensive research on the distribution of fluid's velocity
      and biochemical reactions in the membrane bioreactor (MBR), this paper introduces
      the use of the mass-transfer differential equation to simulate the distribution
      of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in MBR membrane pool. The
      solutions are as follows: first, use computational fluid dynamics to establish a
      flow control equation model of the fluid in MBR membrane pool; second, calculate
      this model by adopting direct numerical simulation to get the velocity field of
      the fluid in membrane pool; third, combine the data of velocity field to
      establish mass-transfer differential equation model for the concentration field
      in MBR membrane pool, and use Seidel iteration method to solve the equation
      model; last but not least, substitute the real factory data into the velocity and
      concentration field model to calculate simulation results, and use visualization
      software Tecplot to display the results. Finally by analyzing the nephogram of
      COD concentration distribution, it can be found that the simulation result
      conforms the distribution rule of the COD's concentration in real membrane pool,
      and the mass-transfer phenomenon can be affected by the velocity field of the
      fluid in membrane pool. The simulation results of this paper have certain
      reference value for the design optimization of the real MBR system. 

PMID- 27376000
TI  - Developing a weighted reward criterion for the Markov-based decision of road
      maintenance.
AB  - Reward criterion is an important decision factor in a Markov-based road
      maintenance optimization model. At present, average reward criterion or
      discounted reward criterion is widely used to optimize life cycle costs of road
      maintenance. However, the former one cannot reflect the time value of life cycle
      costs whereas the latter one tends to neglect the costs accumulated in the later
      periods over the decision horizon. In this regard, a weighted reward criterion is
      developed for the Markov-based road maintenance optimization model. It measures
      the trade-off of the average reward and the discounted reward by setting the
      weights of two rewards. In addition, the existence of the optimal plan under the
      weighted reward criterion is proven by two numerical examples under two scenarios
      with and without considering the inflation on maintenance costs. Finally,
      comparison is conducted between the proposed criterion and the average reward
      criterion/the discounted reward criterion to check the impacts of discount rates
      and inflation rates on the optimal plan. 

PMID- 27376001
TI  - Biosynthesis of Se-methyl-seleno-l-cysteine in Basidiomycetes fungus Lentinula
      edodes (Berk.) Pegler.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the
      Basidiomycetes fungus Lentinula edodes can biosynthesize Se-methyl-seleno-l
      cysteine, a seleno-amino acid with strong anticancer activity, and to optimize
      the culture conditions for its biosynthesis. We hypothesize that preparations
      obtained from Se-methyl-seleno-l-cysteine-enriched mycelia from this medicinal
      mushroom would possess stronger cancer-preventive properties than current
      preparations. RESULTS: By optimizing the concentration of selenium in the culture
      medium, we increased the mycelial concentration of Se-methyl-seleno-l-cysteine
      from essentially non-detectable levels to 120 ug/g dry weight. Significantly
      elevated levels of this amino acid also correlated with significant (twofold)
      inhibition of mycelial growth. Increases in the concentration of mycelial Se
      methyl-seleno-l-cysteine appeared to be highly correlated with the enhanced
      biosynthesis of selenomethionine and total selenium content in mycelium.
      CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that in L. edodes, enhanced biosynthesis of
      this non-protein amino acid eliminates excess selenium.

PMID- 27376002
TI  - Range expansion of the invasive insect Greenidea (Trichosiphon) psidii
      (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Neotropical Region.
AB  - Greenidea psidii is an invasive insect from Asia that feeds on a diverse variety
      of agriculturally and environmentally important plant species. As an essential
      component of research necessary for development of a better understanding of
      biodiversity and its conservation, this study documents a major recent expansion
      in range of G. psidii in the Neotropics to the region of the tropical restinga
      ecosystem of Brazil, where it was found infesting guava (Psidium guajava) and
      jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora). A summary of information on the geographic
      distribution, host plants, identification, and potential natural enemies of G.
      psidii that may be useful for integrated management of this pest in the
      Neotropical Region and other areas where this invasive insect has recently become
      established and is likely to further spread is also provided. 

PMID- 27376003
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in breast MRI.
AB  - PURPOSE: The most important prognostic variable for early stage breast cancer is
      the status of axillary lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      diagnostic accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for
      metastatic axillary lymph node in breast cancer cases with post-operative
      sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women aged
      between 21 and 73 years who were diagnosed with malignant mass lesion of the
      breast between 2013 and 2015 were included in this study. The preoperative MR
      images of patients with diagnosis of breast cancer was evaluated to determine
      axillary lymph node status. Axillary lymph node size, long axis to short axis
      ratio, lymph node contours, cortical thickness to anteroposterior diameter ratio,
      the presence of a fatty hilum and contrast enhancement patterns (homogenous or
      heterogenous) was noted. Additionally, the presence of comet tail sign which a
      tail extending from an enhancing breast lesion into the parenchyma and might
      represent ductal infiltration on post-contrast series was also noted. All data
      obtained from this evaluation was compared with postoperative SLNB results.
      RESULTS: Metastatic nodes were found to have a longer short axis when compared to
      reactive nodes (p = 0.042; p < 0.05). The long axis to short axis ratio was
      notably lower in metastatic nodes when compared to reactive nodes. Cortical
      thickness was higher in metastatic nodes when compared to reactive nodes (p =
      0.024; p < 0.05). Comet sign was observed in 15 of metastatic nodes (73.3 %) and
      in one (5 %) reactive node. This difference was statistically significant (p =
      0.001; p < 0.01). While fatty hilum was seen in 40 % of metastatic nodes (n = 6),
      it was seen in all (n = 20) reactive nodes. This difference was statistically
      significant (p = 0.001; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: MRI is a non invasive sensitive
      and specific imaging modality for evaluating the axilla. We have shown that with
      the help of comet tail sign and status of fatty hilum contrast enhanced MRI has
      the highest sensitivity of 84.7 % for detecting axillary lymph node metastases
      (Singletary et al. in Semin Surg Oncol 21(1):53-59, 2003).

PMID- 27376004
TI  - Determination of optimal parameters of MAFFT program based on BAliBASE3.0
      database.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is one of the most important
      research contents in bioinformatics. A number of MSA programs have emerged. The
      accuracy of MSA programs highly depends on the parameters setting, mainly
      including gap open penalties (GOP), gap extension penalties (GEP) and
      substitution matrix (SM). This research tries to obtain the optimal GOP, GEP and
      SM rather than MAFFT default parameters. RESULTS: The paper discusses the MAFFT
      program benchmarked on BAliBASE3.0 database, and the optimal parameters of MAFFT
      program are obtained, which are better than the default parameters of CLUSTALW
      and MAFFT program. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal parameters can improve the results of
      multiple sequence alignment, which is feasible and efficient.

PMID- 27376005
TI  - Modeling the prediction of business intelligence system effectiveness.
AB  - Although business intelligence (BI) technologies are continually evolving, the
      capability to apply BI technologies has become an indispensable resource for
      enterprises running in today's complex, uncertain and dynamic business
      environment. This study performed pioneering work by constructing models and
      rules for the prediction of business intelligence system effectiveness (BISE) in
      relation to the implementation of BI solutions. For enterprises, effectively
      managing critical attributes that determine BISE to develop prediction models
      with a set of rules for self-evaluation of the effectiveness of BI solutions is
      necessary to improve BI implementation and ensure its success. The main study
      findings identified the critical prediction indicators of BISE that are important
      to forecasting BI performance and highlighted five classification and prediction
      rules of BISE derived from decision tree structures, as well as a refined
      regression prediction model with four critical prediction indicators constructed
      by logistic regression analysis that can enable enterprises to improve BISE while
      effectively managing BI solution implementation and catering to academics to whom
      theory is important. 

PMID- 27376006
TI  - Remodeling an infarcted heart: novel hybrid treatment with transmyocardial
      revascularization and stem cell therapy.
AB  - Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) has emerged as an additional therapeutic
      option for patients suffering from diffuse coronary artery disease (CAD),
      providing immediate angina relief. Recent studies indicate that the volume of
      surgical cases being performed with TMR have been steadily rising, utilizing TMR
      as an adjunctive therapy. Therefore the purpose of this review is to provide an
      up-to-date appreciation of the current state of TMR and its future developmental
      directions on CAD treatment. The current potential of this therapy focuses on the
      implementation of stem cells, in order to create a synergistic angiogenic effect
      while increasing myocardial repair and regeneration. Although TMR procedures
      provide increased vascularization within the myocardium, patients suffering from
      ischemic cardiomyopathy may not benefit from angiogenesis alone. Therefore, the
      goal of introducing stem cells is to restore the functional state of a failing
      heart by providing these cells with a favorable microenvironment that will
      enhance stem cell engraftment. 

PMID- 27376007
TI  - Effect of proteolytic activities in combination with the pectolytic activities on
      extractability of the fat and phenolic compounds from olives.
AB  - During the extraction, a portion of oil remains trapped inside the cells and its
      release requires the degradation of the walls and cell membranes, especially when
      the fruits have not reached a maximum maturity which is likely to cause an
      optimal embrittlement of the parietal structures and cell membrane. This can be
      done by specific enzymes necessary for the degradation of various cellular
      barriers. Three different enzyme treatments proteolytic, pectolytic or both are
      applied on the Moroccan Picholine olives from veraison to maturity of the fruit.
      The effect of these treatments is evaluated by olive oil diffusion, its phenolic
      content (PC) and cellular embrittlement determination of olives during ripening.
      The pectolytic activities lead to a significant increase in both the oil
      extractability (76 % at veraison and 14 % at maturity) and the PC (up to 50 % of
      gain compared to the control at veraison and 27 % at maturity). The proteolytic
      activities applied alone have no significant effect on the extractability and the
      polyphenols levels of oils. Furthermore, when these proteolytic activities are
      added in combination with the pectolytic activities, the oil extractability is
      doubled at veraison and its flowing up to 99 % at maturity that barely 84 % in
      the control in addition to a richness of polyphenols which can reach 84 % more
      compared to the control. This increase in polyphenols wealth is probably due to
      the degradation of cell walls, cellular and vacuolar membranes by enzyme
      activities releasing PCs that were previously associated with these structures in
      the drupe. 

PMID- 27376008
TI  - Exploration of virtual body-representation in adolescence: the role of age and
      sex in avatar customization.
AB  - The malleable nature of the self led researchers to investigate the meaning of
      virtual identity by exploring virtual self-representation through avatars and its
      association with users' identity. The present study aims to investigate the
      changes in virtual body-representation in adolescence related to age levels and
      sex and the association with adolescents' self-esteem and body esteem.
      Anthropometric features, body esteem and self-esteem were used to assess
      adolescents' body image and identity. The scoring code of the "Drawing Me"
      graphical test was used to evaluate the avatars. The sample is composed of 63
      adolescents of different ages-early, middle and late adolescence-balanced by sex.
      Results show that the creation of a digital avatar changes with age and is
      partially associated with adolescents' perceptions in terms of body esteem and
      self-esteem. Moreover, the creation of avatars occurs differently for boys, who
      enrich their avatars with many sexual features, than for girls, who prefer to
      detail their avatars' clothing to enrich them. Critical reflections and
      implications for psychological interventions that may use avatars to investigate
      adolescents' identity in integration with other tools will be discussed. 

PMID- 27376009
TI  - Effects of substrates on N2O emissions in an anaerobic ammonium oxidation
      (anammox) reactor.
AB  - N2O emission in the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process is of growing
      concern. In this study, effects of substrate concentrations on N2O emissions were
      investigated in an anammox reactor. Extremely high N2O emissions of 1.67 % were
      led by high NH4-N concentrations. Results showed that N2O emissions have a
      positive correlation with NH4-N concentrations in the anammox reactor. Reducing
      NH4-N concentrations by recycling pump resulted in decreasing N2O emissions. In
      addition, further studies were performed to identify a key biological process
      that is contributed to N2O emissions from the anammox reactor. Based on the
      results obtained, Nitrosomonas, which can oxidize ammonia to nitrite, was deemed
      as the main sources of N2O emissions. 

PMID- 27376010
TI  - Pterocellin A isolated from marine bryozoan Pterocella vesiculosa is cytotoxic to
      human HeLa cells via mitochondrial apoptotic processes.
AB  - Pterocellin A is a novel bioactive alkaloid isolated from the New Zealand marine
      bryozoan Pterocella vesiculosa. It exhibits potent antitumour activity towards
      the P388 (murine leukaemia) cell line in vitro and is selectively sensitive
      towards certain non-small cell lung, melanoma, and breast cancer cell lines,
      however, the biological mode of action of pterocellin A is unknown. Using the
      human cervical cancer cell line HeLa, we show that pterocellin A exhibited
      cytotoxicity against HeLa cells with an IC50 of 886 ng/mL. Time-course MTT and
      LDH assays were carried out and the results showed only a low level of cytosolic
      LDH was detected in the supernatant after all the cells have died from
      pterocellin A treatment at 2000 ng/mL. This indicated the cells maintained
      membrane integrity upon cell death which suggested apoptotic cell death.
      Additionally, morphological changes were observed under the microscope after 6 h
      of treatment. Cell shrinkage and nucleus condensation were observed, as well as
      apparent membrane blebbing, a key feature of apoptosis. The MTT data was also
      indicative of mitochondria impairment which could suggest that pterocellin A
      targets the mitochondria. This idea was supported by the observed changes in the
      morphology and location of the mitochondria after exposure to pterocellin A.
      Furthermore, the level of activated caspase-3 in HeLa cells increased after
      treatment with pterocellin A; activated caspase-3 can only be detected after a
      series of signalling events following the induction of apoptosis. These data
      support the notion that pterocellin A is an inducer of apoptosis in HeLa cells
      possibly via mitochondria related processes. 

PMID- 27376011
TI  - CXCL13 chemokine as a promising biomarker to diagnose neurosyphilis in HIV
      negative patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is believed to play a role in the
      recruitment of B cells in the central nervous system during neuroinflammation.
      Neurosyphilis is a group of clinical syndromes of the central nervous system
      caused by Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) infection. The relationship between
      CXCL13 and neurosyphilis still needs further study. In our study, CSF and serum
      CXCL13 concentrations were detected among 40 neurosyphilis patients, 31
      syphilis/non-neurosyphilis patients, 26 non-syphilis/other central nervous system
      diseases patients. Serum CXCL13 concentrations were detected in 49 healthy
      persons. All enrolled persons were HIV-negative. Receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the threshold value that
      could distinguish neurosyphilis from syphilis. RESULTS: We found that the CSF
      CXCL13 concentrations and CXCL13 quotient (QCXCL13) were significantly increased
      in neurosyphilis patients compared to syphilis/non-neurosyphilis (chi(2) =
      21.802, P < 0.001) and non-syphilis patients (chi(2) = 7.677, P = 0.002). ROC
      curve analyses revealed that CSF CXCL13 concentrations and QCXCL13 could serve as
      valuable biomarkers for differentiating neurosyphilis from non
      neurosyphilis/syphilis. CONCLUSIONS: The CSF CXCL13 and QCXCL13 could serve as
      valuable biomarkers for differentiating neurosyphilis from non
      neurosyphilis/syphilis in HIV-negative patients.

PMID- 27376013
TI  - Influences of specific ions in groundwater on concrete degradation in subsurface
      engineered barrier system.
AB  - Many disposal concepts currently show that concrete is an effective confinement
      material used in engineered barrier systems (EBS) at a number of low-level
      radioactive waste (LLW) disposal sites. Cement-based materials have properties
      for the encapsulation, isolation, or retardation of a variety of hazardous
      contaminants. The reactive chemical transport model of HYDROGEOCHEM 5.0 was
      applied to simulate the effect of hydrogeochemical processes on concrete barrier
      degradation in an EBS which has been proposed to use in the LLW disposal site in
      Taiwan. The simulated results indicated that the main processes that are
      responsible for concrete degradation are the species induced from hydrogen ion,
      sulfate, and chloride. The EBS with the side ditch drainage system effectively
      discharges the infiltrated water and lowers the solute concentrations that may
      induce concrete degradation. The redox processes markedly influence the
      formations of the degradation materials. The reductive environment in the EBS
      reduces the formation of ettringite in concrete degradation processes. Moreover,
      the chemical conditions in the concrete barriers maintain an alkaline condition
      after 300 years in the proposed LLW repository. This study provides a detailed
      picture of the long-term evolution of the hydrogeochemical environment in the
      proposed LLW disposal site in Taiwan. 

PMID- 27376012
TI  - Training for happiness: the impacts of different positive exercises on hedonism
      and eudaemonia.
AB  - Theoretical conceptions on happiness have generally considered two broad
      perspectives: hedonic enjoyment and eudaemonia. However, most research on how to
      improve people's happiness has focused primarily on the enhancement of hedonic
      happiness. In this longitudinal experimental study we test the differential
      impact of two positive exercises-Best Possible Selves and the Lottery Question-on
      hedonic and eudaemonic happiness. The hypothesis that the practice of the Best
      Possible Selves exercise would increase hedonic happiness was confirmed. This
      effect was immediate and maintained a week after the exercise. Furthermore, this
      exercise also increased eudaemonic happiness. However, its effect decreased after
      a week. Contrary to what was expected the Lottery Question exercise decreased
      both eudaemonic happiness and hedonic happiness over time. We discuss
      implications of this study for the literature on positive psychological and
      behavioral interventions to increase happiness. 

PMID- 27376014
TI  - NaCl-, protease-tolerant and cold-active endoglucanase from Paenibacillus sp.
      YD236 isolated from the feces of Bos frontalis.
AB  - Bos frontalis, which consumes bamboo and weeds, may have evolved unique
      gastrointestinal microorganisms that digest cellulase. A Paenibacillus sp. YD236
      strain was isolated from B. frontalis feces, from which a GH8 endoglucanase gene,
      pglue8 (1107 bp, 54.5 % GC content), encoding a 368-residue polypeptide (PgluE8,
      40.4 kDa) was cloned. PgluE8 efficiently hydrolyzed barley-beta-d-glucan followed
      by CMC-Na, soluble starch, laminarin, and glucan from black yeast optimally at pH
      5.5 and 50  degrees C, and retained 78.6, 41.6, and 34.5 % maximum activity when
      assayed at 20, 10, and 0  degrees C, respectively. Enzyme activity remained above
      176.6 % after treatment with 10.0 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, and was 83.0, 78, and
      56 % after pre-incubation in 30 % (w/v) NaCl, 16.67 mg/mL trypsin, and 160.0
      mg/mL protease K, respectively. Cys23 and Cys364 residues were critical for
      PgluE8 activity. pglue8, identified from B. frontalis feces for the first time in
      this study, is a potential alternative for applications including food
      processing, washing, and animal feed preparation. 

PMID- 27376015
TI  - Using Bayesian networks to guide the assessment of new evidence in an appeal
      case.
AB  - When new forensic evidence becomes available after a conviction there is no
      systematic framework to help lawyers to determine whether it raises sufficient
      questions about the verdict in order to launch an appeal. This paper presents
      such a framework driven by a recent case, in which a defendant was convicted
      primarily on the basis of audio evidence, but where subsequent analysis of the
      evidence revealed additional sounds that were not considered during the trial.
      The framework is intended to overcome the gap between what is generally known
      from scientific analyses and what is hypothesized in a legal setting. It is based
      on Bayesian networks (BNs) which have the potential to be a structured and
      understandable way to evaluate the evidence in a specific case context. However,
      BN methods suffered a setback with regards to the use in court due to the
      confusing way they have been used in some legal cases in the past. To address
      this concern, we show the extent to which the reasoning and decisions within the
      particular case can be made explicit and transparent. The BN approach enables us
      to clearly define the relevant propositions and evidence, and uses sensitivity
      analysis to assess the impact of the evidence under different assumptions. The
      results show that such a framework is suitable to identify information that is
      currently missing, yet clearly crucial for a valid and complete reasoning
      process. Furthermore, a method is provided whereby BNs can serve as a guide to
      not only reason with incomplete evidence in forensic cases, but also identify
      very specific research questions that should be addressed to extend the evidence
      base and solve similar issues in the future.

PMID- 27376017
TI  - Wellbeing in the Making: Peoples' Experiences with Wearable Activity Trackers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wearable activity trackers have become a viable business opportunity.
      Nevertheless, research has raised concerns over their potentially detrimental
      effects on wellbeing. For example, a recent study found that while counting steps
      with a pedometer increased steps taken throughout the day, at the same time it
      decreased the enjoyment people derived from walking. This poses a serious threat
      to the incorporation of healthy routines into everyday life. Most studies aim at
      proving the effectiveness of activity trackers. In contrast, a wellbeing-oriented
      perspective calls for a deeper understanding of how trackers create and mediate
      meaningful experiences in everyday life. METHODS: We present a study of real life
      experiences with three wearable activity trackers: Fitbit, Jawbone Up and Nike +
      Fuelband. Using need fulfillment as a theoretical lens, we study recent,
      memorable experiences submitted by 133 users of activity trackers. RESULTS: We
      reveal a two-dimensional structure of users' experience driven by the needs of
      physical thriving or relatedness. Our qualitative findings further show a nuanced
      picture of the adoption of activity trackers and their impact on wellbeing. For
      instance, while reflection about own exercising practices lost its relevance over
      time, users continued to wear the tracker to document and collect their runs.
      More than just supporting behavioral change, we find trackers to provide multiple
      psychological benefits. For instance, they enhance feelings of autonomy as people
      gain more control about their exercising regime. Others experience relatedness,
      when family members purchase a tracker for relatives and join them in their
      efforts towards a better, healthier self. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights that
      activity trackers can be more than "tools" to change behavior. Through
      incorporation in daily life, they offer new social experiences, new ways of
      boosting our self-esteem and getting closer to our ideal selves.

PMID- 27376016
TI  - Treating Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: an Update.
AB  - Interest in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia has increased rapidly over the
      last several decades, paralleling a growing interest in functional, in addition
      to clinical, recovery, and evidence underscoring the importance negative symptoms
      play in the former. Efforts continue to better define and measure negative
      symptoms, distinguish their impact from that of other symptom domains, and
      establish effective treatments as well as trials to assess these. Multiple
      interventions have been the subject of investigation, to date, including numerous
      pharmacological strategies, brain stimulation, and non-somatic approaches. Level
      and quality of evidence vary considerably, but to this point, no specific
      treatment can be recommended. This is particularly problematic for individuals
      burdened with negative symptoms in the face of mild or absent positive symptoms.
      Presently, clinicians will sometimes turn to interventions that are seen as more
      "benign" and in line with routine clinical practice. Strategies include use of
      atypical antipsychotics, ensuring the lowest possible antipsychotic dose that
      maintains control of positive symptoms (this can involve a shift from
      antipsychotic polypharmacy to monotherapy), possibly an antidepressant trial
      (given diagnostic uncertainty and the frequent use of these drugs in
      schizophrenia), and non-somatic interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral
      therapy, CBT). The array and diversity of strategies currently under
      investigation highlight the lack of evidence-based treatments and our limited
      understanding regarding negative symptoms underlying etiology and
      pathophysiology. Their onset, which can precede the first psychotic break, also
      means that treatments are delayed. From this perspective, identification of
      biomarkers and/or endophenotypes permitting earlier diagnosis and intervention
      may serve to improve treatment efficacy as well as outcomes.

PMID- 27376018
TI  - Methods, units and quality requirements for the analysis of haemoglobin A1c in
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - The formation of glycohemoglobin, especially the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) fraction,
      occurs when glucose becomes coupled with the amino acid valine in the beta-chain
      of Hb; this reaction is dependent on the plasma concentration of glucose. Since
      the early 1970s it has been known that diabetics display higher values OF HbA1C
      because they have elevated blood glucose concentrations. Thus HbA1c has acquired
      a very important role in the treatment and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. After
      the introduction of the first quantitative measurement OF HbA1C, numerous methods
      for glycohemoglobin have been introduced with different assay principles: From a
      simple mini-column technique to the very accurate automated high-pressure
      chromatography and lastly to many automated immunochemical or enzymatic assays.
      In early days, the results of the quality control reports for HbA1c varied
      extensively between laboratories, therefore in United States and Canada working
      groups (WG) of the Diabetes Controls and Complications Trial (DCCT) were set up
      to standardize the HbA1c assays against the DCCT/National Glycohemoglobin
      Standardization Program reference method based on liquid chromatography. In the
      1990s, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
      (IFCC) appointed a new WG to plan a reference preparation and method for the
      HBA1c measurement. When the reference procedures were established, in 2004 IFCC
      recommended that all manufacturers for equipment used in HbA1c assays should
      calibrate their methods to their proposals. This led to an improvement in the
      coefficient of variation (CV%) associated with the assay. In this review, we
      describe the glycation of Hb, methods, standardization of the HbA1c assays,
      analytical problems, problems with the units in which HbA1c values are expressed,
      reference values, quality control aspects, target requirements for HbA1c, and the
      relationship of the plasma glucose values to HbA1c concentrations. We also note
      that the acceptance of the mmol/mol system for HbA1c as recommended by IFCC,
      i.e., the new unit and reference ranges, are becoming only slowly accepted
      outside of Europe where it seems that expressing HbA1c values either only in per
      cent units or with parallel reporting of percent and mmol/mol will continue. We
      believe that these issues should be resolved in the future and that it would
      avoid confusion if mmol/mol unit for HbA1c were to gain worldwide acceptance. 

PMID- 27376019
TI  - Methodology in improving antibiotic implementation policies.
AB  - The basic requirements of antibiotic prescribing are components of methodology;
      knowledge, logical reasoning, and analysis. Antimicrobial drugs are valuable but
      limited resources, different from other drugs and they are among the most
      commonly prescribed drugs all over the world. They are the only drugs which do
      not intentionally affect the patient. They affect the pathogens which invade the
      host. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens are accelerated
      by heavy antibiotic usage. The effective antimicrobial stewardship and infection
      control program have been shown to limit the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant
      bacteria. In this respect, education for antibiotic prescribing could be designed
      by going through the steps of scientific methodology. A defined leadership and a
      coordinated multidisciplinary approach are necessary for optimizing the
      indication, selection, dosing, route of administration, and duration of
      antimicrobial therapy. In scenarios, knowledge is also as important as experience
      for critical decision making as is designated. In this setting, the prevalence
      and resistance mechanisms of antimicrobials, and their interactions with other
      drugs need to be observed. In this respect, infectious disease service should
      play an important role in improving antimicrobial use by giving advice on the
      appropriate use of antimicrobial agents, and implementing evidence-based
      guidelines. 

PMID- 27376020
TI  - Rat model of cholelithiasis with human gallstones implanted in cholestasis
      induced virtual gallbladder.
AB  - AIM: To facilitate translational research on cholelithiasis, we have developed a
      rat model of human gallstones by exploiting the unique biliopancreatic features
      of this species. METHODS: Under anesthesia, 16 adult rats of equal genders
      underwent two times of abdominal surgery. First, their common bile duct (CBD) was
      ligated to cause cholestasis by total biliary obstruction (TBO). On day 0, 1, 3,
      7, 14, 21 and 28 after TBO, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was conducted to
      monitor the dilatation of the CBD, and blood was sampled to analyze total serum
      bilirubin (TSB). Secondly, on day 30, the abdomen was re-opened and gallstone(s)
      collected from human patients were implanted in the dilated CBD as a virtual
      gallbladder (VGB), which was closed by suture ligation. This rat cholelithiasis
      model was examined by MRI, clinical observation, microcholangiography and
      histology. RESULTS: All rats survived two laparotomies. After ligation, the CBD
      was dilated to a stable size of 4 to 30 mm in diameter on day 21-28, which became
      a VGB. The rats initially showed signs of jaundice that diminished over time,
      which paralleled with the evolving TSB levels from 0.6 +/- 0.3 mg/dL before
      ligation, through a peak of 10.9 +/- 1.9 mg/dL on day 14, until a nearly
      normalized value after day 28. The dilated CBD with thickened wall allowed an
      incision for implantation of human gallstones of 1-10 mm in diameter. The rat
      cholelithiasis was proven by in vivo MRI and postmortem microcholangiography and
      histomorphology. CONCLUSION: A rat model cholelithiasis with human gallstones has
      been established, which proves feasible, safe, reliable, nontoxic and cost
      effective. Given the gallstones of human origin, applications of this model may
      be of help in translational research such as optical detection and lysis of
      gallstones by systemic drug administration.

PMID- 27376021
TI  - Mild oxidative stress is beneficial for sperm telomere length maintenance.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate telomere length in sperm DNA and its correlation with oxidative
      stress (normal, mild, severe). METHODS: The study included infertile men (n =
      112) and age matched fertile controls (n = 102). The average telomere length from
      the sperm DNA was measured using a quantitative real time PCR based assay.
      Seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-Isoprostane (8-IP) levels were
      measured by chemiluminescence assay and ELISA respectively. RESULTS: Average
      sperm telomere length in infertile men and controls was 0.609 +/- 0.15 and 0.789
      +/- 0.060, respectively (P < 0.0001). Seminal ROS levels in infertile was higher
      [66.61 +/- 28.32 relative light units (RLU)/s/million sperm] than in controls
      (14.04 +/- 10.67 RLU/s/million sperm) (P < 0.0001). The 8-IP level in infertile
      men was significantly higher (421.55 +/- 131.29 pg/mL) than in controls (275.94
      +/- 48.13 pg/mL) (P < 0.001). When correlated to oxidative stress, in normal
      range of oxidative stress (ROS, 0-21.3 RLU/s/million sperm) the average telomere
      length in cases was 0.663 +/- 0.14, in mild oxidative stress (ROS, 21.3-35
      RLU/s/million sperm) it was elevated (0.684 +/- 0.12) and in severe oxidative
      stress (ROS > 35 RLU/s/million sperm) average telomere length was decreased to
      0.595 +/- 0.15. CONCLUSION: Mild oxidative stress results in lengthening of
      telomere length, but severe oxidative stress results in shorter telomeres.
      Although telomere maintenance is a complex trait, the study shows that mild
      oxidative stress is beneficial in telomere length maintenance and thus a delicate
      balance needs to be established to maximize the beneficial effects of free
      radicals and prevent harmful effects of supra physiological levels. Detailed
      molecular evaluation of telomere structure, its correlation with oxidative stress
      would aid in elucidating the cause of accelerated telomere length attrition.

PMID- 27376022
TI  - Footwear modification following hallux valgus surgery: The all-or-none
      phenomenon.
AB  - AIM: To define footwear outcomes following hallux valgus surgery, focusing on
      patient return to comfortable and heeled footwear and patterns of post-operative
      footwear selection. METHODS: Surgical intervention is indicated for symptomatic
      cases of hallux valgus unresponsive to conservative methods, with favourable
      reported outcomes. The return to various types of footwear post-operatively is
      reflective of the degree of correction achieved, and corresponds to patient
      satisfaction. Patients are expected to return to comfortable footwear post
      operatively without significant residual symptoms. Many female patients will
      additionally attempt to return to high-heeled, narrow toe box shoes. However,
      minimal evidence exists to guide their expectations. Sixty-five female hallux
      valgus patients that had undergone primary surgery between 2011 and 2013 were
      retrospectively identified using our hospital surgical database. Patients were
      reviewed using a footwear-specific outcome questionnaire at a mean 18.5 mo follow
      up. RESULTS: Eighty-six percent of patients were able to return to comfortable
      footwear post-operatively with minimal discomfort. Of those intending to resume
      wearing heeled footwear, 62% were able to do so, with 77% of these patients
      wearing these as or more frequently than pre-operatively. No significant
      difference was observed between pre- and post-operative heel size. Mean time to
      return to heeled footwear was 21.4 wk post-operation. Cosmetic outcomes were very
      high and did not adversely impact footwear selection. CONCLUSION: We report high
      rates of return to both comfortable and heeled shoes in female patients following
      primary hallux valgus surgery. We observed an "all-or-none phenomenon" where
      patients rejected a return to heeled footwear unless able to tolerate them at the
      same frequency and heel size as pre-operatively. A minority of patients were
      unable to return to comfortable footwear post-operatively, which had adverse
      ramifications on their quality-of-life. We recommend that the importance of
      managing patient expectations through appropriate pre-operative counselling be
      emphasized in forefoot surgery.

PMID- 27376023
TI  - Evaluation of Superconducting Magnet Shield Configurations for Long Duration
      Manned Space Missions.
AB  - A manned mission to Mars would present an important long-term health risk to the
      crew members due to the prolonged exposure to the ionizing radiation of galactic
      cosmic-rays. The radiation levels would largely exceed those encountered in the
      Apollo missions. An increase in the passive shielding provided by the spacecraft
      implies a significant increase of the mass. The advent of superconducting magnets
      in the early 1960s was considered an attractive alternative. The technology
      allows to generate magnetic fields capable to deflect the cosmic-rays in a manner
      analogous to the reduction of the particle fluxes in the upper atmosphere due to
      the Earth's dipole magnetic field. A series of the three studies have been
      conducted over the last 5 years, funded successively by European Space Agency
      (ESA), the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program, and the Union
      European's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7). The shielding configurations
      studied are based on high-temperature superconductors, which eliminate the need
      to operate with liquid helium. The mass estimates of the coils and supporting
      structure of the engineering designs are based on the current and expected near
      future performance of the superconducting materials. In each case, the shield
      performance, in terms of dose reduction, is provided by a 3-dimensional Monte
      Carlo simulation, which treats in detail the electromagnetic and hadronic
      interactions of the galactic-cosmic rays, and the secondary particles they
      produce in the materials of the shield and spacecraft. A summary of the results
      of the studies, representing one of the most detailed and comprehensive efforts
      made in the field, is presented. 

PMID- 27376024
TI  - Short DNA Fragments Are a Hallmark of Heavy Charged-Particle Irradiation and May
      Underlie Their Greater Therapeutic Efficacy.
AB  - Growing interest in proton and heavy ion therapy has reinvigorated research into
      the fundamental biological mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of
      charged-particle radiation. To improve our understanding of the greater
      biological effectiveness of high-LET radiations, we have investigated DNA double
      strand breaks (DSBs) following exposure of plasmid DNA to low-LET Co-60 gamma
      photon and electron irradiation and to high-LET Beryllium and Argon ions with
      atomic force microscopy. The sizes of DNA fragments following radiation exposure
      were individually measured to construct fragment size distributions from which
      the DSB per DNA molecule and DSB spatial distributions were derived. We report
      that heavy charged particles induce a significantly larger proportion of short
      DNA fragments in irradiated DNA molecules, reflecting densely and clustered
      damage patterns of high-LET energy depositions. We attribute the enhanced short
      DNA fragmentation following high-LET radiations as an important determinant of
      the observed, enhanced biological effectiveness of high-LET irradiations. 

PMID- 27376025
TI  - Opioid-Induced Constipation among a Convenience Sample of Patients with Cancer
      Pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the burden of opioid-induced constipation
      (OIC) among patients who suffer from cancer-related pain. METHODS: A prospective
      longitudinal study was conducted among cancer patients in the United Kingdom
      (UK), Canada, and Germany, which included medical record data abstraction,
      Internet-based patient surveys, and physician surveys. Patients on daily opioid
      therapy (>=30 mg for >=4 weeks) for treatment of cancer pain with self-reported
      OIC were recruited. Response to laxatives was defined by classifying participants
      into categories of laxative use and evaluating the prevalence of inadequate
      response. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate outcomes, including the
      patient assessment of constipation-symptom (PAC-SYM), patient assessment of
      constipation-quality of life, EuroQOL-5 dimensions, and global assessment of
      treatment benefit, satisfaction, and willingness to continue. RESULTS:
      Recruitment was difficult for this study with only 31 participants completing the
      baseline survey and meeting criteria for opioid use and OIC (26 UK, 1 Canada, and
      4 Germany). Fifty-two percent (n = 16) of participants were male, and all were
      White. Breast (23%, n = 7), pancreatic (13%, n = 4), and multiple myeloma (13%, n
      = 4) were the most common cancers. Mean duration of chronic pain and opioid use
      were 2.3 and 1.3 years, respectively. Participants reported having a mean of 4.4
      bowel movements/week in the 2 weeks prior to baseline, of which a mean of 0.9
      were spontaneous. Most participants (90%, n = 28) were using at least 1 lifestyle
      approach to manage their constipation; 65% (n = 20) were taking >=1 over-the
      counter laxative; 19% (n = 6) were taking >=1 prescription laxative; 23% (n = 7)
      reported no laxative use in the prior 2 weeks. Moderate-to-severe constipation
      symptoms on the PAC-SYM were common, and mean scores on health-related quality of
      life outcomes were comparable to chronic pain populations. CONCLUSION: In this
      primarily UK sample, there appears to be considerable unmet OIC treatment needs
      among cancer patients.

PMID- 27376026
TI  - Editorial: Hereditary Cancer Risk Assessment: New Perspectives and Challenges for
      the Next-Gen Sequencing Era.

PMID- 27376027
TI  - Hypothesis: The Intratumoral Immune Response against a Cancer Progenitor Cell
      Impacts the Development of Well-Differentiated versus Dedifferentiated Disease in
      Liposarcoma.
AB  - Well-differentiated/dedifferentiated (WD/DD) liposarcoma is a rare malignancy of
      adipocyte origin ("fat cancer"). Tumors may be entirely WD, WD with a DD
      component, or rarely DD without a clear WD component. WD tumors are low grade and
      generally indolent, while tumors with a DD component are high grade and behave
      much more aggressively, with a modest potential for distant metastasis. The
      presence of cancer progenitor cells in WD/DD liposarcoma is suggested by clinical
      evidence and reported research findings. In addition, there are emerging data to
      support the existence of a naturally occurring, antigen-driven, and adaptive
      immune response within the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesize that the
      intratumoral immune response is directed against a cancer progenitor cell and
      that the outcome of this response impacts the development of WD versus DD
      disease. Further study will likely provide interesting insights into the disease
      biology of WD/DD liposarcoma that may be readily translated to other more common
      cancers. 

PMID- 27376028
TI  - Polymorphisms of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Pathway Genes and Breast Cancer
      Risk.
AB  - Genetic variants of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) pathway genes have been
      shown to be associated with breast density and IGF1 levels and, therefore, may
      also influence breast cancer risk via pro-survival signaling cascades. The aim of
      this study was to investigate associations between IGF1 pathway single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) and breast cancer risk among European and East Asian women,
      and potential interactions with menopausal status and breast tumor subtype.
      Stratified analyses of 1,037 cases and 1,050 controls from a population-based
      case-control study were conducted to assess associations with breast cancer for
      22 SNPs across 5 IGF1 pathway genes in European and East Asian women. Odds ratios
      were calculated using logistic regression in additive genetic models. Polytomous
      logistic regression was used to assess heterogeneity by breast tumor subtype. Two
      SNPs of the IGF1 gene (rs1019731 and rs12821878) were associated with breast
      cancer risk among European women. Four highly linked IGF1 SNPs (rs2288378,
      rs17727841, rs7136446, and rs7956547) were modified by menopausal status among
      East Asian women only and associated with postmenopausal breast cancers. The
      association between rs2288378 and breast cancer risk was also modified by breast
      tumor subtype among East Asian women. Several IGF1 polymorphisms were found to be
      associated with breast cancer risk and some of these associations were modified
      by menopausal status or breast tumor subtype. Such interactions should be
      considered when assessing the role of these variants in breast cancer etiology. 

PMID- 27376029
TI  - Translational Research to Improve the Efficacy of Carbon Ion Radiotherapy:
      Experience of Gunma University.
AB  - Carbon ion radiotherapy holds great promise for cancer therapy. Clinical data
      show that carbon ion radiotherapy is an effective treatment for tumors that are
      resistant to X-ray radiotherapy. Since 1994 in Japan, the National Institute of
      Radiological Sciences has been heading the development of carbon ion radiotherapy
      using the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba. The Gunma University Heavy Ion
      Medical Center (GHMC) was established in the year 2006 as a proof-of-principle
      institute for carbon ion radiotherapy with a view to facilitating the worldwide
      spread of compact accelerator systems. Along with the management of more than
      1900 cancer patients to date, GHMC engages in translational research to improve
      the treatment efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy. Research aimed at guiding
      patient selection is of utmost importance for making the most of carbon ion
      radiotherapy, which is an extremely limited medical resource. Intratumoral oxygen
      levels, radiation-induced cellular apoptosis, the capacity to repair DNA double
      strand breaks, and the mutational status of tumor protein p53 and epidermal
      growth factor receptor genes are all associated with X-ray sensitivity. Assays
      for these factors are useful in the identification of X-ray-resistant tumors for
      which carbon ion radiotherapy would be beneficial. Research aimed at optimizing
      treatments based on carbon ion radiotherapy is also important. This includes
      assessment of dose fractionation, normal tissue toxicity, tumor cell motility,
      and bystander effects. Furthermore, the efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy will
      likely be enhanced by research into combined treatment with other modalities such
      as chemotherapy. Several clinically available chemotherapeutic drugs
      (carboplatin, paclitaxel, and etoposide) and drugs at the developmental stage
      (Wee-1 and heat shock protein 90 inhibitors) show a sensitizing effect on tumor
      cells treated with carbon ions. Additionally, the efficacy of carbon ion
      radiotherapy can be improved by combining it with cancer immunotherapy. Clinical
      validation of preclinical findings is necessary to further improve the treatment
      efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy. 

PMID- 27376030
TI  - The Emerging Role of Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy.
AB  - Carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) has progressed rapidly in technological delivery,
      indications, and efficacy. Owing to a focused dose distribution in addition to
      high linear energy transfer and subsequently high relative biological effect,
      CIRT is uniquely able to target otherwise untreatable hypoxic and radioresistant
      disease while opening the door for substantially hypofractionated treatment of
      normal and radiosensitive disease. CIRT has increasingly garnered international
      attention and is nearing the tipping point for international adoption. 

PMID- 27376031
TI  - The T6SSs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain PAO1 and Their Effectors: Beyond
      Bacterial-Cell Targeting.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for many diseases
      such as chronic lung colonization in cystic fibrosis patients and acute
      infections in hospitals. The capacity of P. aeruginosa to be pathogenic toward
      several hosts is notably due to different secretion systems. Amongst them, P.
      aeruginosa encodes three Type Six Secretion Systems (T6SS), named H1- to H3-T6SS,
      that act against either prokaryotes and/or eukaryotic cells. They are independent
      from each other and inject diverse toxins that interact with different components
      in the host cell. Here we summarize the roles of these T6SSs in the PAO1 strain,
      as well as the toxins injected and their targets. While H1-T6SS is only involved
      in antiprokaryotic activity through at least seven different toxins, H2-T6SS and
      H3-T6SS are also able to target prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells.
      Moreover, recent studies proposed that H2- and H3-T6SS have a role in epithelial
      cells invasion by injecting at least three different toxins. The diversity of
      T6SS effectors is astounding and other effectors still remain to be discovered.
      In this review, we present a table with other putative P. aeruginosa strain PAO1
      T6SS-dependent effectors. Altogether, the T6SSs of P. aeruginosa are important
      systems that help fight other bacteria for their ecological niche, and are
      important in the pathogenicity process.

PMID- 27376032
TI  - Interactions "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum"-Bactericera cockerelli:
      Haplotype Effect on Vector Fitness and Gene Expression Analyses.
AB  - "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" (Lso) has emerged as a serious threat
      world-wide. Five Lso haplotypes have been identified so far. Haplotypes A and B
      are present in the Americas and/or New Zealand, where they are vectored to
      solanaceous plants by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc)
      (Hemiptera: Triozidae). The fastidious nature of these pathogens has hindered the
      study of the interactions with their eukaryotic hosts (vector and plant). To
      understand the strategies used by these pathogens to infect their vector, the
      effects of each Lso haplotype (A or B) on psyllid fitness was investigated, and
      genome-wide transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analyses were performed to evaluate Lso
      gene expression in association with its vector. Results showed that psyllids
      infected with haplotype B had significantly lower percentage of nymphal survival
      compared to psyllids infected with haplotype A. Although overall gene expression
      across Lso genome was similar between the two Lso haplotypes, differences in the
      expression of key candidate genes were found. Among the 16 putative type IV
      effector genes tested, four of them were differentially expressed between Lso
      haplotypes, while no differences in gene expression were measured by qPCR or
      transcriptomic analysis for the rest of the genes. This study provides new
      information regarding the pathogenesis of Lso haplotypes in their insect vector.

PMID- 27376033
TI  - Targeted CYP2E1 quantification and its correlation to currently acceptable
      clinical biochemical indices.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Cytochrome P450 enzymes are commonly known for their major role
      in metabolism. Besides its metabolic role, CYP2E1 gene expression has been
      associated with the onset of diabetic nephropathy. CYP2E1 protein elevation has
      also been reported to be responsible for the production of reactive oxygen
      species. The aims of this study were (i) to optimize and validate a targeted
      proteomic approach for quantitating CYP2E1 and validating it as a suitable
      clinical test, (ii) to investigate the concurrency between ESI-LCMS-MS
      quantitated circulating CYP2E1 and gold standard indices in the context of
      outpatient point-of-care clinical settings involving various groups of diabetic
      patients and (iii) to investigate the concurrency profile of circulating CYP2E1
      protein, CYP2E1 gene expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is a
      cross sectional study involving three groups of subjects (n = 166): control, pre
      diabetes, and diabetes. We optimized a targeted proteomic approach for absolute
      quantification of CYP2E1. "YPEIEEK" and "GTVVVPTLYDNQEFPDPEK" were the
      representative peptides of CYP2E1 for our analytical method. Deuterated forms of
      "YPEIEEK" and "GTVVVPTLYDNQEFPDPEK" were used as internal standards. Lymphocytes
      were isolated from whole blood, microsomes were prepared, followed by in-solution
      digestion for production of tryptic peptides. Amounts of "YPEIEEK" and
      "GTVVVPTLYDNQEFPDPEK" from patients' samples were calculated from a calibration
      curve. RESULTS: "YPEIEEK" is a unique and reliable representative peptide for
      CYP2E1 quantification. "GTVVVPTLYDNQEFPDPEK" showed poor reproducibility and
      sensitivity. Incremental amounts of CYP2E1 protein in the peripheral circulation
      clearly showed concurrency with CYP2E1 gene expression and ROS levels in our
      study population. Elevations of CYP2E1 were observed even when gold standard
      clinical indicator for glycemic control (HbA1c) was within normal reference
      limits. Quantitated amounts of CYP2E1 protein in the pre-diabetes and diabetes
      groups showed significant difference relative to control group (p < 0.001). No
      significant differences were observed between the medians of pre-diabetes and
      diabetes groups (p = 0.870). CONCLUSIONS: CYP2E1 protein in peripheral blood can
      be reliably quantitated by the validated targeted proteomic approach method.
      Quantifiable amounts of CYP2E1 preceded abnormal HbA1C levels which indicates
      quantitation of CYP2E1 could be useful as an additional tool for early indication
      of diabetic risks and it complications.

PMID- 27376034
TI  - Illustrated Imaging Essay on Congenital Heart Diseases: Multimodality Approach
      Part I: Clinical Perspective, Anatomy and Imaging Techniques.
AB  - Rapid evolution in technology in the recent years has lead to availability of
      multiple options for cardiac imaging. Availability of multiple options of varying
      capability, poses a challenge for optimal imaging choice. While new imaging
      choices are added, some of the established methods find their role re-defined.
      State of the art imaging practices are limited to few specialist cardiac centres,
      depriving many radiologists and radiologist in-training of optimal exposure to
      the field. This presentation is aimed at providing a broad idea about complexity
      of clinical problem, imaging options and a large library of images of congenital
      heart disease. Some emphasis is made as to the need of proper balance between
      performing examination with technical excellence in an ideal situation against
      the need of the majority of patients who are investigated with less optimal
      resources. Cases of congenital cardiac disease are presented in an illustrative
      way, showing imaging appearances in multiple modalities, highlighting specific
      observations in given instance. 

PMID- 27376035
TI  - Impaired endothelial function in siblings of patients with diabetic mellitus type
      2.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction is considered as a risk factor for
      cardiovascular disease, which is a consistent finding in diabetic mellitus type 2
      (DMT2). First-degree relatives of DMT2 patients have a higher risk of developing
      DMT2 later on the life. We aimed to investigate whether impaired endothelial
      function exists in siblings of DMT2 patients. METHODS: As endothelial function
      markers, plasma E-selectin, soluble inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1),
      and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were measured on 27 DMT2 patients (9 m/18f; mean age:
      48.48 +/- 6.75 years), 28 siblings of DMT2 patients (14 m/14f; mean age: 44.54 +/
      7.10 years), and 30 control subjects (18 m/12f; mean age: 44.72+/- 7.56 years)
      without any family history of diabetes. All the groups were matched by gender,
      age, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Plasma levels of ET-1, sICAM-1, and E
      selectin were significantly higher in the DMT2 group compared to the control
      group (ET-1:0.79 +/- 1.63 pg/ml vs. 0.33 +/- 0.08 pg/ml; PCD = 0.049, sICAM-1:
      71.15 +/- 27.20 ng/ml vs. 34.57 +/- 22.56 ng/ml; PCD = 0.001, E-selectin: 22.45
      +/- 11.57 ng/ml vs. 16.28 +/- 7.50 ng/ml; PCD =0.026). There was a significant
      difference in sICAM-1 levels between siblings (62.08 +/- 26.37 ng/ml) and
      controls (PCS = 0.002), but not between siblings and DMT2 patients (PSD = 0.411).
      Moreover, a significant difference was observed in ET-1 levels between siblings
      (0.75 +/- 1.26 pg/ml) and controls (PCS = 0.031), but not between siblings and
      DMT2 patients (PSD = 0.751). There was also a significant difference in E
      selectin levels between DMT2 patients and siblings (16.56 +/- 8.71 ng/ml; PSD
      =0.028); however, the difference in E-selectin levels was not statistically
      significant between siblings and controls (PCS = 0.919). CONCLUSION: Endothelial
      function markers in the siblings of DMT2 patients are increased in comparision to
      the control group Therefore; family history in the DMT2 patients seems to be a
      risk factor for endothelial function. Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction is
      available very early in the DMT2 patients, even before overt hyperglycemia ensues
      (in siblings), and may play a key role in the etiopathology of the vasculopathy
      associated with DMT2.

PMID- 27376036
TI  - Recall for postpartum follow-up of women with gestational diabetes mellitus:
      Climbing a mountain.

PMID- 27376037
TI  - The environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis susceptibility: A case
      control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and degenerating disease
      which involves central nervous system. Environmental risk factors have a key role
      in MS susceptibility. Here we aim to investigate different risk factors effect on
      MS susceptibility in a large population of MS patients in Isfahan, Iran.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional hospital-based study,
      which was conducted on a large group of MS patients registered in Kashani
      hospital and a control group from normal healthy population. Demographic data,
      age at onset of the disease, history of viral infections, vaccination, history of
      trauma to head, recent stressful events, alimentation, familial history, method
      of delivery (caesarean section, normal vaginal delivery), disability score and
      history of smoking were gathered using a designed questionnaire. RESULTS: Totally
      536 MS patient with the mean age of 34.37 +/- 9.22 and 399 individuals from
      healthy population with the mean age of 32.53 +/- 9.91 were recruited.
      Significant difference in history of measles infection (control = 15.5%, case =
      22.4%, P = 0.009), consumption of dairy products (case = 56.6%, control = 67.5%,
      P = 0.01) and major stressful life events (case = 62.2%, control = 52.7%, P <
      0.05) between these two groups were demonstrated. CONCLUSION: A significant
      relation between stress, history of infection and milk consumption was reached
      that highlights the importance of environmental risk factors in MS pathogenesis.

PMID- 27376038
TI  - Adverse effects of BCG vaccine 1173 P2 in Iran: A meta-analysis.
AB  - Although in the last two decades the World Health Organization (WHO) has
      introduced tuberculosis as "a threat to global", the vaccination with the
      Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only way for the
      prevention of this fatal infectious disease. Despite of the efficacy of BCG
      vaccine especially against infants' meningitis, it has still some limitations due
      to a variety of adverse effects. Many studies have evaluated the side effects of
      different strains of BCG vaccines in different countries. In Iran, some studies
      have been done so far to evaluate the adverse effects of 1173 P2 strain which is
      used for BCG vaccination. Each of these studies have used different
      standardization and sampling methods. This review will survey all studies that
      have been published about adverse effects of 1173 P2 strain of BCG vaccine in
      Iran using data mining methods. 

PMID- 27376039
TI  - Colored petri net modeling of small interfering RNA-mediated messenger RNA
      degradation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mathematical modeling of biological systems is an attractive way for
      studying complex biological systems and their behaviors. Petri Nets, due to their
      ability to model systems with various levels of qualitative information, have
      been wildly used in modeling biological systems in which enough qualitative data
      may not be at disposal. These nets have been used to answer questions regarding
      the dynamics of different cell behaviors including the translation process. In
      one stage of the translation process, the RNA sequence may be degraded. In the
      process of degradation of RNA sequence, small-noncoding RNA molecules known as
      small interfering RNA (siRNA) match the target RNA sequence. As a result of this
      matching, the target RNA sequence is destroyed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      context, the process of matching and destruction is modeled using Colored Petri
      Nets (CPNs). The model is constructed using CPNs which allow tokens to have a
      value or type on them. Thus, CPN is a suitable tool to model string structures in
      which each element of the string has a different type. Using CPNs, long RNA, and
      siRNA strings are modeled with a finite set of colors. The model is simulated via
      CPN Tools. RESULTS: A CPN model of the matching between RNA and siRNA strings is
      constructed in CPN Tools environment. CONCLUSION: In previous studies, a network
      of stoichiometric equations was modeled. However, in this particular study, we
      modeled the mechanism behind the silencing process. Modeling this kind of
      mechanisms provides us with a tool to examine the effects of different factors
      such as mutation or drugs on the process.

PMID- 27376040
TI  - ELISA reader does not interfere by mobile phone radiofrequency radiation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The increasing number of mobile phones can physically cause
      electromagnetic interference (EMI) in medical environments; can also cause errors
      in immunoassays in laboratories. The ELISA readers are widely used as a useful
      diagnostic tool for Enzymun colorimetric assay in medicine. The aim of this study
      was to investigate whether the ELISA reader could be interfered by the exposure
      to the 900 MHz cell phones in the laboratory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human serum
      samples were collected from 14 healthy donors (9 women and 5 men) and each sample
      was divided into four aliquots and was placed into four batches for the in-vitro
      quantitative determination of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). During
      colorimetric reading of the first, second, and third batches, the ELISA reader
      (Stat Fax 2100, Awareness Technology, Inc., USA) was exposed to 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0
      W exposure of 900 MHz radiation, respectively. For the forth batch (control
      group), no radiation was applied. All experiments were performed comparing ELISA
      read out results of the I, II, and III batches with the control batch, using the
      Wilcoxon test with criterion level of P = 0.050. RESULTS: The final scores in the
      exposed batches I, II, and III were not statistically significant relative to the
      control batch (P > 0.05). The results showed that 900 MHz radiation exposure did
      not alter the ELISA measured levels of hCG hormone in I (P = 0.219), II (P =
      0.909), and III (P = 0.056) batches compared to the control batch. CONCLUSION:
      This study showed that ELISA reader does not interfere by mobile phone RF
      radiation at a closed contact (less than 5 cm distance). However, we recommend
      that medical institutions discuss these issues in the context of their specific
      use of technologies and frame a policy that is clear and straightforward to guide
      staff, patients, and visitors.

PMID- 27376041
TI  - The autonomic dysfunction in patients with lupus disease: An electrophysiological
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate autonomic nervous system
      (ANS) function by using electrophysiological tests in patients with systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive analytical
      study was done on 28 individuals with a history of lupus and ten age- and sex
      matched healthy objects were being selected randomly. The autonomy questionnaire
      has been used to determine clinical symptom of ANS involvement. The
      electrophysiological assessments of ANS function were performed by sympathetic
      skin response (SSR). The mean values of sympathetic (SSR latency and amplitude)
      parameters were compared to determine any correlations between SSR parameters and
      clinical characteristics of ANS. RESULTS: 28 SLE patients (3 males, 25 females)
      with a mean age of 34.6 +/- 9.74 years and 10 control subjects (4 males, 6
      females) with a mean age of 36.8 +/- 6.43 years were included in the study. Among
      patients 17 (60.7%) exhibited autonomic symptoms. Headache was the most common
      issue with the highest percentage rate (41.17%). The mean latency and amplitude
      of SSR were increased (1.52 +/- 0.16 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.16 and 107 +/- 15.6 vs. 110
      +/- 15.6, respectively), compared to control. A significant difference was
      observed between the SSR test results of patients with lupus compared to normal
      healthy objects (P < 0.05). R = 0.43 correlation was found between autonomy
      questionnaire scores and SSR (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: It could be concluded that
      latency measures in SSR test can be used as a valuable and accurate evaluation
      guideline for autonomic system assessment.

PMID- 27376042
TI  - Association between serum myeloperoxidase levels and coronary artery disease in
      patients without diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme, elevated in the atheroma and
      serum of a patient with atherosclerotic vessels. The aim of this study is to
      investigate whether the serum MPO level is related to the presence of plaque in
      patients without risk factors, such as, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and
      hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A serum sample was collected from patients
      who referred for angiography. The MPO level was measured in the serum samples of
      40 patients without risk factors for atherosclerosis using the enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The MPO level was 245.5 +/- 13.8 (ng/ml) in
      patients with atherosclerosis and 213.9 +/- 8.9 (ng/ml) in patients without
      atherosclerosis. There was a significant difference between the groups (P =
      0.002). The odds ratio was 0.67 (0.95 CI, 0.17 - 2.5) for patients with and
      without coronary atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION: Although the MPO concentration is
      higher in patients suffering from atherosclerosis, it is not a predictor of
      coronary artery disease in patients without diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and
      hyperlipidemia.

PMID- 27376043
TI  - Differential expression of several drug transporter genes in HepG2 and Huh-7 cell
      lines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cell culture techniques have many advantages for investigation of
      drug transport to target organ like liver. HepG2 and Huh-7 are two cell lines
      available from hepatoma that can be used as a model for hepatic drug transport.
      The present study is aimed to analyze the expression level of several drug
      transporter genes in two hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 and Huh-7 and their response
      to inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an in vitro study using HepG2 and
      Huh-7 cells. The expression level of the following drug transporter genes was
      quantified: P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance protein 1, Organic Anionic
      Transporter Protein 1B1 (OATP1B1) and Organic Cationic Transporter-1 (OCT1).
      Ribonucleic acid was extracted from the cells using Tripure isolation reagent,
      then gene expression level of the transporters is quantified using Applied
      Biosystems quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
      Verapamil (P-glycoprotein inhibitor), nelfinavir (OATP1B1 inhibitor), quinidine
      (OCT1 inhibitor) were used to differentiate the inhibitory properties of these
      agents to the transporter expressions in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. RESULTS: Huh-7
      shows a higher level of P-glycoprotein, OATP1B1 and OCT1 expressions compared
      with those of HepG2. Verapamil reduces the expressions of P-glycoprotein in HepG2
      and Huh-7; nelfinavir reduces the expression of OATP1B1 in HepG2 and Huh-7; while
      quinidine reduces the OCT1 gene expressions in HepG2, but not in Huh-7 cells.
      CONCLUSION: This study indicates that HepG2 might be a more suitable in vitro
      model than Huh-7 to study drug transport in hepatocytes involving drug
      transporters.

PMID- 27376044
TI  - ALS1 and ALS3 gene expression and biofilm formation in Candida albicans isolated
      from vulvovaginal candidiasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A cluster of genes are involved in the pathogenesis and adhesion of
      Candida albicans to mucosa and epithelial cells in the vagina, the important of
      which is agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) genes. As well as vaginitis is a
      significant health problem among women, the antifungal resistance of Candida
      species is continually increasing. This cross-sectional study investigates the
      expression of ALS1 and ALS3 genes and biofilm formation in C. albicans isolate
      isolated from vaginitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-three recognized isolates
      of C. albicans were collected from women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
      in Iran, cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar, and then examined for gene
      expression. Total messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from C. albicans isolates and
      complementary DNA synthesized using reverse transcriptase enzyme. Reverse
      transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primer was used
      to evaluate the expression of ALS1 and ALS3 through housekeeping (ACT1) genes. 3
      (4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay was performed
      to assess adherence capacity and biofilm formation in the isolated. RESULTS:
      Forty isolates (75.8%) expressed ALS1 and 41 isolates (77.7%) expressed ALS3
      gene. Moreover, 39 isolates (74%) were positive for both ALS1 and ALS3 mRNA by
      the RT-PCR. Adherence capability in isolates with ALS1 or ALS3 genes expression
      was greater than the control group (with any gene expression), besides, it was
      significantly for the most in the isolates that expressed both ALS1 and ALS3
      genes simultaneously. CONCLUSION: The results attained indicated that there is an
      association between the expression of ALS1 and ALS3 genes and fluconazole
      resistance in C. albicans. A considerable percent of the isolates expressing the
      ALS1 and ALS3 genes may have contributed to their adherence to vagina and biofilm
      formation.

PMID- 27376045
TI  - The effect of angiotensin II microinjection into the bed nucleus of the stria
      terminalis on serum lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide metabolite levels.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Overactivity of renin-angiotensin system is involved in the
      pathophysiology of renal and cardiovascular diseases. It is suggested that
      endothelial cells can release nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species in
      response to angiotensin II (Ang II). Angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor of Ang II
      has been found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). BST is involved
      in autonomic function. This study was performed to find the role of central Ang
      II in serum lipid peroxidation product and in releasing NO into circulation.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one catheterized rats were placed in stereotaxic
      instrument. A hole was drilled above BST. In the control group, saline 0.9% (100
      nl) was microinjected into the BST. In the second group, Ang II (100 MUM, 100-150
      nl) was microinjected into the BST. In the third group losartan (an AT1
      antagonist) was microinjected (100 MUM, 200 nl) before Ang II into the BST.
      Systolic blood pressure was recorded. The NO metabolite (nitrite) and
      malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the rat's serum. RESULTS: The data
      indicated that microinjection of Ang II into the BST produced a pressor response
      (P < 0.0001). It also increased MDA and nitrite levels of the serum significantly
      (P < 0.001, P < 0.0001). Pretreatment with losartan before Ang II microinjection
      attenuated serum's levels of MDA and nitrite (P < 0.001, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION:
      Our findings suggest that central effect of Ang II on blood pressure is
      accompanied with increased levels of MDA and nitrite in the circulation.

PMID- 27376046
TI  - Neurological outcome after arterial ischemic stroke in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stroke is an important cause of disability in children. Pediatric
      stroke may be due to significant permanent cognitive and motor handicap in
      children. In this study, we evaluated long-term outcomes of stroke in pediatric
      patients who have been discharged with definite diagnosis of stroke in Tehran
      Mofid children's Hospital and Imam Hossein children's Hospital located in
      Isfahan, Iran, from 2005 to 2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 53 children
      with stroke were included in the study. Stroke outcomes as motor disability,
      seizures, and cognitive dysfunctions were assessed. RESULTS: After a median
      follow-up of 4 years, 15 (29%) patients experienced full recovery. Thirty-eight
      (71%) patients had some degree of neurological handicap. CONCLUSION:
      Approximately 70% of children with arterial ischemic stroke suffer from long-term
      neurological disabilities including motor deficits, cognitive impairment, and
      late seizures. Stroke recurrence is the most important risk factor responsible
      for severe adverse neurological outcomes in pediatric stroke.

PMID- 27376047
TI  - Comparison of the effect of co-trimoxazole and co-trimoxazole plus ciprofloxacin
      in urinary tract infection prophylaxis in kidney transplant patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) as an important infection in the
      setting of renal transplantation carries the high mortality and morbidity rate.
      Thus, the prevention of this infection should receive higher priority. However,
      bacterial resistance to antibiotics is on the rise, with limited data to guide
      prophylaxis. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of
      sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ/TMP) and SMZ/TMP plus ciprofloxacin for
      prophylaxis of UTI in renal transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a
      clinical trial study, 50 patients were included and divided into two groups of 25
      using block randomization. Patients in Group I received prophylactic SMZ/TMP and
      those in Group II received ciprofloxacin plus SMZ/TMP. The incidence of UTI in
      the two groups at 1, 3, and 6 months after transplantation was evaluated. This
      study was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial (IRCT number: IRCT
      2015120823743N1). RESULTS: Of the 61 patients older than 18 years at the time of
      transplantation, 50 were included. UTI was documented in 8 patients (32%) in
      Group I and 3 (12%) in Group II (P = 0.026). The average time for the development
      of the first case of infection was the same for both groups (P = 0.241), and it
      was at its maximum in the 1(st) month. Urinary infections caused by Escherichia
      coli, the dominant strain, were the same in both groups (P = 0.673). CONCLUSIONS:
      Our study shows that the addition of 1 month course of ciprofloxacin lowered the
      incidence of UTI. More studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of this
      approach.

PMID- 27376048
TI  - Feasibility of establishing deletion of the late cornified envelope genes LCE3B
      and LCE3C as a susceptibility factor for psoriasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic hyperproliferative inflammatory disease of the
      skin, genetic predisposition to which is well-established. The late cornified
      envelope genes LCE3B and LCE3C are involved in maintaining the integrity of skin
      barrier especially following skin barrier disruption. The deletion of these genes
      would lead to an impaired epidermal response following damage to the skin barrier
      thus predisposing to psoriatic lesions. This study aimed to evaluate the common
      deletion of late cornified envelope genes (LCE 3B/3C) in psoriasis patients of
      Kashmiri ethnic population of North India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a
      hospital-based, case-control study which included 100 psoriasis cases and an
      equal number of controls. Blood samples were obtained, and DNA was extracted from
      all the samples by a kit-based method. To determine the LCE3C_LCE3B-del genotype,
      a three-primer polymerase chain reaction assay was performed. RESULTS: The
      genotype for the common LCE3C_LCE3B deletion in 100 psoriasis patients and 100
      controls was determined. Among the cases, 17 cases were homozygous for insertion
      genotype (I/I), 40 cases were heterozygous for insertion/deletion genotype (I/D)
      and 43 cases were homozygous for deletion genotype (D/D), compared to controls
      where 20 cases were homozygous for insertion genotype (I/I), 45 cases were
      heterozygous for insertion/deletion genotype (I/D), and 35 cases were homozygous
      for deletion genotype (D/D). The del/del frequency was higher among psoriatic
      patients compared to controls (43% vs. 35%) although the difference was not
      statistically significant (P = 0.507). CONCLUSION: We hereby infer that
      LCE3C_LCE3B deletion does not appear to be associated with the risk of psoriasis
      in our population.

PMID- 27376049
TI  - The role of median nerve terminal latency index in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel
      syndrome in comparison with other electrodiagnostic parameters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) considers the most common compression
      neuropathy, which nerve conduction studies (NCSs) used for its detection
      routinely and universally. This study was performed to determine the value of the
      median TLI and other NCS variables and to investigate their sensitivity and
      specificity in the diagnosis of CTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried
      out among 100 hands of healthy volunteers and 50 hands of patients who had a
      positive history of paresthesia and numbness in upper extremities. Information
      including age, gender, and result of sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity
      (MNCV), peak latency difference of median and ulnar nerves of fourth digit (M4-U4
      peak latency difference), and TLI were recorded for analysis. Sensitivity and
      specificity of electro diagnostic parameters in the diagnosis of CTS was
      investigated. RESULTS: Normal range of the median nerve TLI was 0.43 +/- 0.077.
      There was no significant difference between two groups for MNCV means (P = 0.
      45). Distal sensory latency and distal motor latency (DML) of median nerve and
      fourth digit median-ulnar peak latency differences (PM4-PU4) for CTS group was
      significantly higher (P < 0.001) and mean for sensory nerve conduction velocity
      was significantly higher in control group (P < 0.001). The most sensitive
      electrophysiological finding in CTS patients was median TLI (82%), but the most
      specific one was DML (98%). CONCLUSION: Although in early stages of CTS, we
      usually expect only abnormalities in the sensory studies, but TLI may better
      demonstrate the effect on median nerve motor fiber even in mild cases of CTS.

PMID- 27376051
TI  - The Effect of Light Rail Transit on Physical Activity: Design and Methods of the
      Travel-Related Activity in Neighborhoods Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Use of mass transit has been proposed as a way to incorporate regular
      physical activity into daily life because transit use typically requires
      additional travel to access and depart the stop or station. If this additional
      travel is active, a small but potentially important amount of physical activity
      can be achieved daily. Although prior research has shown that transit use is
      associated with physical activity, important questions remain unanswered.
      Utilizing a major expansion of the Houston, TX, USA light-rail system as a
      natural experiment, the Houston Travel-Related Activity in Neighborhoods (TRAIN)
      Study was developed to address these unanswered questions. PURPOSE: The purpose
      of the TRAIN Study is to determine if the development of light-rail lines in
      Houston, TX, USA will prospectively affect both transit use and physical activity
      over 4 years. We also aim to understand how contextual effects (i.e., moderators
      or interaction effects), such as the neighborhood built environment and
      socioeconomic factors, affect the primary relations under study. METHODS: The
      TRAIN Study is a longitudinal cohort design, in which participants are recruited
      at baseline from a 3-mile buffer around each of the three new lines and measured
      annually four times. Recruitment is accomplished via telephone contact, ads in
      newspapers and advertising circulars, and targeted community outreach. Data are
      collected via mail and include questionnaire-assessed factors, such as perceived
      neighborhood characteristics, attitudes about transportation, demographics, and
      reported physical activity; a travel diary; and accelerometry. Additionally,
      field-based neighborhood audits are conducted to capture micro-scale
      environmental features. To assess macro-scale environmental characteristics, we
      utilize GIS mapping and spatial analyses. Statistical analyses will be conducted
      using latent growth curve modeling and discrete choice models, with a focus on
      identifying moderating factors (i.e., statistical interaction effects). Selection
      bias will be controlled via propensity score analysis. CONCLUSION: The TRAIN
      study is a unique opportunity to study how a multi-billion dollar investment in
      mass transit can simultaneously affect transportation needs and physical activity
      behavior. This comprehensive evaluation will provide needed evidence for policy
      makers, and can inform health impact assessments of future transportation
      projects around the world.

PMID- 27376050
TI  - Rediscovering Pertussis.
AB  - Pertussis, caused by Bordetella (B.) pertussis, a Gram-negative bacterium, is a
      highly contagious airway infection. Especially in infants, pertussis remains a
      major health concern. Acute infection with B. pertussis can cause severe illness
      characterized by severe respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension,
      leucocytosis, and death. Over the past years, rising incidence rates of intensive
      care treatment in young infants were described. Due to several virulence factors
      (pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, adenylate cyclase toxin, filamentous
      hemagglutinin, and lipooligosaccharide) that promote bacterial adhesion and
      invasion, B. pertussis creates a unique niche for colonization within the human
      respiratory tract. The resulting long-term infection is mainly caused by the
      ability of B. pertussis to interfere with the host's innate and adaptive immune
      system. Although pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease, it has persisted in
      vaccinated populations. Epidemiological data reported a worldwide increase in
      pertussis incidence among children during the past years. Either acellular
      pertussis (aP) vaccines or whole-cell vaccines are worldwide used. Recent studies
      did not detect any differences according to pertussis incidence when comparing
      the different vaccines used. Most of the currently used aP vaccines protect
      against acute infections for a period of 6-8 years. The resurgence of pertussis
      may be due to the lack of herd immunity caused by missing booster immunizations
      among adolescents and adults, low vaccine coverages in some geographic areas, and
      genetic changes of different B. pertussis strains. Due to the rising incidence of
      pertussis, probable solution strategies are discussed. Cocooning strategies
      (vaccination of close contact persons) and immunizations during pregnancy appear
      to be an approach to reduce neonatal contagiousness. During the past years,
      studies focused on the pathway of the immune modulation done by B. pertussis to
      provide a basis for the identification of new therapeutic targets to enhance the
      host's immune response and to probably modulate certain virulence factors. 

PMID- 27376052
TI  - Explanatory Models of Genetics and Genetic Risk among a Selected Group of
      Students.
AB  - This exploratory qualitative study focuses on how college students conceptualize
      genetics and genetic risk, concepts essential for genetic literacy (GL) and
      genetic numeracy (GN), components of overall health literacy (HL). HL is
      dependent on both the background knowledge and culture of a patient, and lower HL
      is linked to increased morbidity and mortality for a number of chronic health
      conditions (e.g., diabetes and cancer). A purposive sample of 86 students from
      three Southwestern universities participated in eight focus groups. The sample
      ranged in age from 18 to 54 years, and comprised primarily of female (67.4%),
      single (74.4%), and non-White (57%) participants, none of whom were
      genetics/biology majors. A holistic-content approach revealed broad categories
      concerning participants' explanatory models (EMs) of genetics and genetic risk.
      Participants' EMs were grounded in highly contextualized narratives that only
      partially overlapped with biomedical models. While higher education levels should
      be associated with predominately knowledge-based EM of genetic risk, this study
      shows that even in well-educated populations cultural factors can dominate. Study
      findings reveal gaps in how this sample of young adults obtains, processes, and
      understands genetic/genomic concepts. Future studies should assess how
      individuals with low GL and GN obtain and process genetics and genetic risk
      information and incorporate this information into health decision making. Future
      work should also address the interaction of communication between health
      educators, providers, and genetic counselors, to increase patient understanding
      of genetic risk. 

PMID- 27376053
TI  - Plague in Arab Maghreb, 1940-2015: A Review.
AB  - We reviewed the epidemiology of 49 plague outbreaks that resulted in about 7,612
      cases in 30 localities in the Arabic Maghreb (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria,
      Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt) over 75 years. Between 1940 and 1950, most cases
      recorded in Morocco (75%) and Egypt (20%), resulted from plague imported to
      Mediterranean harbors and transmitted by rat ectoparasites. By contrast, the re
      emergence of plague in the southern part of Western Sahara in 1953 and in
      northeast Libya in 1976 was traced to direct contact between nomadic populations
      and infected goats and camels in natural foci, including the consumption of
      contaminated meat, illustrating this neglected oral route of contamination.
      Further familial outbreaks were traced to human ectoparasite transmission.
      Efforts to identify the factors contributing to natural foci may guide where to
      focus the surveillance of sentinel animals in order to eradicate human plague, if
      not Yersinia pestis from the Arab Maghreb. 

PMID- 27376054
TI  - Exploring the Cross-Sectional Association between Transit-Oriented Development
      Zoning and Active Travel and Transit Usage in the United States, 2010-2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In response to traditional zoning codes that contribute to car
      dependent sprawling and disconnected neighborhoods, communities are reforming
      their land use laws to create pedestrian-friendly areas that promote physical
      activity. One such reform is the adoption of transit-oriented developments or
      districts (TODs). TODs are higher density, compact, and mixed use areas located
      around transit stops that are designed to encourage walking. PURPOSE: To identify
      the characteristics of communities that have adopted TODs in their land use laws
      and examine if communities that have included TODs in their zoning codes are more
      likely to have adults that commute by any form of active transportation (i.e.,
      walking, biking, or public transportation) or by using public transportation
      specifically. METHODS: Zoning codes effective as of 2010 were obtained for a
      purposeful sample of the largest 3,914 municipal jurisdictions located in 473 of
      the most populous U.S. counties and consolidated cities within 48 states and the
      District of Columbia. They were evaluated to determine whether they included TOD
      districts or regulations using a coding tool developed by the study team.
      Descriptive statistics together with t-tests and Pearson's chi-squared
      independence test were used to compare characteristics of jurisdictions with and
      without TOD zoning. Multivariate linear regressions were used to compute the
      adjusted association between TOD zoning and taking public or active
      transportation to work. RESULTS: Jurisdictions with TOD zoning were located more
      in the South and West than non-TOD jurisdictions and were more populous, higher
      income, more racially diverse, and younger. Jurisdictions with TOD zoning had
      significantly higher percentages of occupied housing with no vehicle than those
      without TOD zoning. TOD zoning was associated with significantly higher rates of
      public transportation to work (beta = 2.10, 95% CI = 0.88, 3.32) and active
      transportation to work (beta = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.03, 3.94). CONCLUSION:
      Communities that have or are considering developing public transit infrastructure
      may want to modify their zoning codes to include TODs to promote physical
      activity and active travel to work.

PMID- 27376055
TI  - Health Economics at the Crossroads of Centuries - From the Past to the Future.
AB  - Health economics, as an interdisciplinary science, has experienced exceptionally
      bold evolution through the past eight decades. Generations of committed scholars
      have built up huge body of knowledge and developed a set of methodological tools
      to assist health-care authorities with resource allocation process. Following its
      conception at the US National Bureau of Economic Research and Ivy League US
      Universities, this science has spread across the Globe. It has adapted to a
      myriad of local conditions and needs of the national health systems with diverse
      historical legacies, medical services provision, and financing patterns.
      Challenge of financial sustainability facing modern day health systems remains
      primarily attributable to population aging, prosperity diseases, large scale
      migrations, rapid urbanization, and technological innovation in medicine. Despite
      promising developments in developing countries with emerging BRICS markets on the
      lead, rising out-of-pocket health spending continues to threaten affordability of
      medical care. Universal health coverage extension will likely remain serious
      challenge even for some of the most advanced OECD nations. These complex
      circumstances create strong drivers for inevitable further development of health
      economics. We believe that this interdisciplinary health science shall leave long
      lasting blue print to be visible for decades to come. 

PMID- 27376056
TI  - The Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in West Africa: A Wake-up Call to Revitalize
      Implementation of the International Health Regulations.
AB  - The 2014/15 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa has highlighted the
      inherent weaknesses associated with the implementation of the International
      Health Regulations (IHR). In this perspective article, the lessons learnt from
      the outbreak are used to review the challenges impeding effective implementation
      of the IHR and to propose policy and strategic options for enhancing its
      application. While some progress has been achieved in implementing the IHR in
      several countries, numerous challenges continue to impede its effectiveness,
      especially in developing countries, such as those affected by the West Africa EVD
      outbreak. Political and economic sensitivities associated with reporting public
      health emergencies of international concern (PHEIC), inadequate resources (human
      and financial), and lack of technical know-how required for implementation of the
      IHR are weaknesses that continue to constrain the implementation of the
      regulations. In view of the complex sociopolitical, cultural, and public health
      dimensions of PHEICs, frameworks, such as the IHR, which have legal backing, seem
      to be the most effective and sustainable option for assuring timely detection,
      notification, and response to such events. Renewed efforts to strengthen national
      and global institutional frameworks for implementation of the IHR are therefore
      required. Improvements in transparency, commitment, and accountability of parties
      to the IHR, mainstreaming of the IHR into national public health governance
      structures, use of multidisciplinary approaches, and mobilization of the required
      resources for the implementation of the IHR are imperative. 

PMID- 27376057
TI  - Accurate Prediction of the Statistics of Repetitions in Random Sequences: A Case
      Study in Archaea Genomes.
AB  - Repetitive patterns in genomic sequences have a great biological significance and
      also algorithmic implications. Analytic combinatorics allow to derive formula for
      the expected length of repetitions in a random sequence. Asymptotic results,
      which generalize previous works on a binary alphabet, are easily computable.
      Simulations on random sequences show their accuracy. As an application, the
      sample case of Archaea genomes illustrates how biological sequences may differ
      from random sequences. 

PMID- 27376058
TI  - Lost in Translation: The Gap in Scientific Advancements and Clinical Application.
AB  - The evolution of medicine and medical technology hinges on the successful
      translation of basic science research from the bench to clinical implementation
      at the bedside. Out of the increasing need to facilitate the transfer of
      scientific knowledge to patients, translational research has emerged. Significant
      leaps in improving global health, such as antibiotics, vaccinations, and cancer
      therapies, have all seen successes under this paradigm, yet today, it has become
      increasingly difficult to realize this ideal scenario. As hospital revenue demand
      increases, and financial support declines, clinician-protected research time has
      been limited. Researchers, likewise, have been forced to abandon time- and
      resource-consuming translational research to focus on publication-generating work
      to maintain funding and professional advancement. Compared to the surge in
      scientific innovation and new fields of science, realization of transformational
      scientific findings in device development and materials sciences has
      significantly lagged behind. Herein, we describe: how the current scientific
      paradigm struggles in the new health-care landscape; the obstacles met by
      translational researchers; and solutions, both public and private, to overcoming
      those obstacles. We must rethink the old dogma of academia and reinvent the
      traditional pathways of research in order to truly impact the health-care arena
      and ultimately those that matter most: the patient. 

PMID- 27376059
TI  - Submillimeter Diameter Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Vascular Graft Patency in Rabbit
      Model.
AB  - Microvascular surgery is becoming a prevalent surgical practice. Replantation,
      hand reconstruction, orthopedic, and free tissue transfer procedures all rely on
      microvascular surgery for the repair of venous and arterial defects at the
      millimeter and submillimeter levels. Often, a vascular graft is required for the
      procedure as a means to bridge the gap between native arteries. While autologous
      vessels are desired for their bioactivity and non-thrombogenicity, the tedious
      harvest process, lack of availability, and caliber or mechanical mismatch
      contribute to graft failure. Thus, there is a need for an off-the-shelf
      artificial vascular graft that has low thrombogenic properties and mechanical
      properties matching those of submillimeter vessels. Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel
      (PVA) has excellent prospects as a vascular graft due to its bioinertness, low
      thrombogenicity, high water content, and tunable mechanical properties. Here, we
      fabricated PVA grafts with submillimeter diameter and mechanical properties that
      closely approximated those of the rabbit femoral artery. In vitro platelet
      adhesion and microparticle release assay verified the low thrombogenicity of PVA.
      A stringent proof-of-concept in vivo test was performed by implanting PVA grafts
      in rabbit femoral artery with multilevel arterial occlusion. Laser Doppler
      measurements indicated the improved perfusion of the distal limb after
      implantation with PVA grafts. Moreover, ultrasound Doppler and angiography
      verified that the submillimeter diameter PVA vascular grafts remained patent for
      2 weeks without the aid of anticoagulant or antithrombotics. Endothelial cells
      were observed in the luminal surface of one patent PVA graft. The advantageous
      non-thrombogenic and tunable mechanical properties of PVA that are retained even
      in the submillimeter diameter dimensions support the application of this
      biomaterial for vascular replacement in microvascular surgery. 

PMID- 27376060
TI  - Biomimetic Scaffold with Aligned Microporosity Designed for Dentin Regeneration.
AB  - Tooth loss is a common result of a variety of oral diseases due to physiological
      causes, trauma, genetic disorders, and aging and can lead to physical and mental
      suffering that markedly lowers the individual's quality of life. Tooth is a
      complex organ that is composed of mineralized tissues and soft connective
      tissues. Dentin is the most voluminous tissue of the tooth and its formation
      (dentinogenesis) is a highly regulated process displaying several similarities
      with osteogenesis. In this study, gelatin, thermally denatured collagen, was used
      as a promising low-cost material to develop scaffolds for hard tissue
      engineering. We synthetized dentin-like scaffolds using gelatin biomineralized
      with magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite and blended it with alginate. With a
      controlled freeze-drying process and alginate cross-linking, it is possible to
      obtain scaffolds with microscopic aligned channels suitable for tissue
      engineering. 3D cell culture with mesenchymal stem cells showed the promising
      properties of the new scaffolds for tooth regeneration. In detail, the chemical
      physical features of the scaffolds, mimicking those of natural tissue, facilitate
      the cell adhesion, and the porosity is suitable for long-term cell colonization
      and fine cell-material interactions. 

PMID- 27376061
TI  - Probing Functional Changes in Exocyst Configuration with Monoclonal Antibodies.
AB  - Spatial regulation of exocytosis relies on the exocyst, a hetero-octameric
      protein complex that tethers vesicles to fusion sites at the plasma membrane.
      Nevertheless, our understanding of mechanisms regulating exocyst
      assembly/disassembly, localization, and function are incomplete. Here, we have
      exploited a panel of anti-Sec6 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to probe possible
      configurational changes accompanying transitions in exocyst function in
      epithelial MDCK cells. Sec6 is quantitatively associated with Sec8 in high
      molecular weight complexes, as shown by gel filtration and co-immunoprecipitation
      studies. We mapped epitopes recognized by more than 20 distinct mAbs to one of
      six Sec6 segments. Surprisingly, mAbs that bound epitopes in each segment labeled
      distinct subcellular structures. In general, antibodies to epitopes in N-terminal
      domains labeled Sec6 in either cytosolic or nuclear pools, whereas those that
      bound epitopes in C-terminal domains labeled membrane-associated Sec6. In this
      latter group, we identified antibodies that labeled distinct Sec6 populations at
      the apical junctional complex, desmosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and vimentin
      type intermediate filaments. That each antibody was specific was verified by both
      Sec6 RNAi and competition with fusion proteins containing each domain. Comparison
      of non-polarized and polarized cells revealed that many Sec6 epitopes either
      redistribute or become concealed during epithelial polarization. Transitions in
      exocyst configurations may be regulated in part by the actions of Ral GTPases,
      because the exposure of Sec6 C-terminal domain epitopes at the plasma membrane is
      significantly reduced upon RalA RNAi. To determine whether spatio-temporal
      changes in epitope accessibility was correlated with differential stability of
      interactions between Sec6 and other exocyst subunits, we quantified relative
      amounts of each subunit that co-immunoprecipitated with Sec6 when antibodies to N
      terminal or C-terminal epitopes were used. Antibodies to Sec6NT co-precipitated
      substantially more Sec5, -10, -15, Exo70 and -84 than did those to Sec6CT. In
      contrast, antibodies to Sec6CT co-precipitated more Sec3 and Sec8 than did those
      to Sec6NT. These results are consistent with a model in which exocyst activation
      during periods of rapid membrane expansion is accompanied by molecular
      rearrangements within the holocomplex or association with accessory proteins,
      which expose the Sec6 C-terminal domain when the complex is membrane-bound and
      conceal it when the complex is cytoplasmic. 

PMID- 27376063
TI  - Efficient Use of a Crude Drug/Herb Library Reveals Ephedra Herb As a Specific
      Antagonist for TH2-Specific Chemokine Receptors CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8.
AB  - Chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 are preferentially expressed by TH2 cells, mast
      cells, and/or eosinophils, all of which are involved in the pathogenesis of
      allergic diseases. Therefore, CCR3 and CCR4 have long been highlighted as potent
      therapeutic targets for allergic diseases. Japanese traditional herbal medicine
      Kampo consists of multiple crude drugs/herbs, which further consist of numerous
      chemical substances. Recent studies have demonstrated that such chemical
      substances appear to promising sources in the development of novel therapeutic
      agents. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that Kampo-related crude
      drugs/herbs would contain chemical substances that inhibit the cell migration
      mediated by CCR3 and/or CCR4. To test this hypothesis, we screened 80 crude
      drugs/herbs to identify candidate substances using chemotaxis assay. Among those
      tested, Ephedra Herb inhibited the chemotaxis mediated by both CCR3 and CCR4,
      Cornus Fruit inhibited that mediated by CCR3, and Rhubarb inhibited that mediated
      by CCR4. Furthermore, Ephedra Herb specifically inhibited the chemotaxis mediated
      by not only CCR3 and CCR4 but CCR8, all of which are selectively expressed by TH2
      cells. This result led us to speculate that ephedrine, a major component of
      Ephedra Herb, would play a central role in the inhibitory effects on the
      chemotaxis mediated by CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8. However, ephedrine exhibited little
      effects on the chemotaxis. Therefore, we fractionated Ephedra Herb into four
      subfractions and examined the inhibitory effects of each subfraction. As the
      results, ethyl acetate-insoluble fraction exhibited the inhibitory effects on
      chemotaxis and calcium mobilization mediated by CCR3 and CCR4 most significantly.
      In contrast, chloroform-soluble fraction exhibited a weak inhibitory effect on
      the chemotaxis mediated by CCR8. Furthermore, maoto, one of the Kampo
      formulations containing Ephedra Herb, exhibited the inhibitory effects on the
      chemotaxis mediated by CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8. Taken together, our data suggest
      that these crude drugs/herbs might be useful sources to develop new drugs
      targeting TH2-mediated allergic diseases. 

PMID- 27376062
TI  - ERK1 and ERK2 Map Kinases: Specific Roles or Functional Redundancy?
AB  - The MAP kinase signaling cascade Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK has been involved in a large
      variety of cellular and physiological processes that are crucial for life. Many
      pathological situations have been associated to this pathway. More than one
      isoform has been described at each level of the cascade. In this review we
      devoted our attention to ERK1 and ERK2, which are the effector kinases of the
      pathway. Whether ERK1 and ERK2 specify functional differences or are in contrast
      functionally redundant, constitutes an ongoing debate despite the huge amount of
      studies performed to date. In this review we compiled data on ERK1 vs. ERK2 gene
      structures, protein sequences, expression levels, structural and molecular
      mechanisms of activation and substrate recognition. We have also attempted to
      perform a rigorous analysis of studies regarding the individual roles of ERK1 and
      ERK2 by the means of morpholinos, siRNA, and shRNA silencing as well as gene
      disruption or gene replacement in mice. Finally, we comment on a recent study of
      gene and protein evolution of ERK isoforms as a distinct approach to address the
      same question. Our review permits the evaluation of the relevance of published
      studies in the field especially when measurements of global ERK activation are
      taken into account. Our analysis favors the hypothesis of ERK1 and ERK2
      exhibiting functional redundancy and points to the concept of the global ERK
      quantity, and not isoform specificity, as being the essential determinant to
      achieve ERK function. 

PMID- 27376064
TI  - Focal Targeting of the Bacterial Envelope by Antimicrobial Peptides.
AB  - Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are utilized by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic
      organisms. AMPs such as the human beta defensins, human neutrophil peptides,
      human cathelicidin, and many bacterial bacteriocins are cationic and capable of
      binding to anionic regions of the bacterial surface. Cationic AMPs (CAMPs) target
      anionic lipids [e.g., phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipins (CL)] in the
      cell membrane and anionic components [e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and
      lipoteichoic acid (LTA)] of the cell envelope. Bacteria have evolved mechanisms
      to modify these same targets in order to resist CAMP killing, e.g., lysinylation
      of PG to yield cationic lysyl-PG and alanylation of LTA. Since CAMPs offer a
      promising therapeutic alternative to conventional antibiotics, which are becoming
      less effective due to rapidly emerging antibiotic resistance, there is a strong
      need to improve our understanding about the AMP mechanism of action. Recent
      literature suggests that AMPs often interact with the bacterial cell envelope at
      discrete foci. Here we review recent AMP literature, with an emphasis on focal
      interactions with bacteria, including (1) CAMP disruption mechanisms, (2)
      delocalization of membrane proteins and lipids by CAMPs, and (3) CAMP sensing
      systems and resistance mechanisms. We conclude with new approaches for studying
      the bacterial membrane, e.g., lipidomics, high resolution imaging, and non
      detergent-based membrane domain extraction. 

PMID- 27376065
TI  - Emerging Roles of the Mitogen and Stress Activated Kinases MSK1 and MSK2.
AB  - Mitogen- and stress-activated kinases (MSK) 1 and 2 are nuclear proteins
      activated downstream of the ERK1/2 or p38 MAPK pathways. MSKs phosphorylate
      multiple substrates, including CREB and Histone H3, and their major role is the
      regulation of specific subsets of Immediate Early genes (IEG). While MSKs are
      expressed in multiple tissues, their levels are high in immune and neuronal cells
      and it is in these systems most is known about their function. In immunity, MSKs
      have predominantly anti-inflammatory roles and help regulate production of the
      anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In the CNS they are implicated in neuronal
      proliferation and synaptic plasticity. In this review we will focus on recent
      advances in understanding the roles of MSKs in the innate immune system and
      neuronal function. 

PMID- 27376066
TI  - Pulmonary Hypertension and Indicators of Right Ventricular Function.
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disease, whose underlying mechanisms are
      not fully understood. It is characterized by pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction
      and vessels wall thickening, mainly intimal and medial layers. Several molecular
      pathways have been studied, but their respective roles remain unknown. Cardiac
      repercussions of PH are hypertrophy, dilation, and progressive right ventricular
      dysfunction. Multiple echocardiographic parameters are being used, in order to
      assess anatomy and cardiac function, but there are no guidelines edited about
      their usefulness. Thus, it is now recommended to associate the best-known
      parameters, such as atrial and ventricular diameters or tricuspid annular plane
      systolic excursion. Cardiac catheterization remains necessary to establish the
      diagnosis of PH and to assess pulmonary hemodynamic state. Concerning energetic
      metabolism, free fatty acids, normally used to provide energy for myocardial
      contraction, are replaced by glucose uptake. These abnormalities are illustrated
      by increased (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) uptake on positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography, which seems to be correlated with
      echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters. 

PMID- 27376067
TI  - Enabled or Disabled: Is the Environment Right for Using Biodiversity to Improve
      Nutrition?
AB  - How can we ensure that 9 billion people will have access to a nutritious and
      healthy diet that is produced in a sustainable manner by 2050? Despite major
      advances, our global food system still fails to feed a significant part of
      humanity adequately. Diversifying food systems and diets to include nutrient-rich
      species can help reduce malnutrition, while contributing other multiple benefits
      including healthy ecosystems. While research continues to demonstrate the value
      of incorporating biodiversity into food systems and diets, perverse subsidies,
      and barriers often prevent this. Countries like Brazil have shown that, by
      strategic actions and interventions, it is indeed possible to create better
      contexts to mainstream biodiversity for improved nutrition into government
      programs and public policies. Despite some progress, there are few global and
      national policy mechanisms or processes that effectively join biodiversity with
      agriculture and nutrition efforts. This perspective paper discusses the benefits
      of biodiversity for nutrition and explores what an enabling environment for
      biodiversity to improve nutrition might look like, including examples of steps
      and actions from a multi-country project that other countries might replicate.
      Finally, we suggest what it might take to create enabling environments to
      mainstream biodiversity into global initiatives and national programs and
      policies on food and nutrition security. With demand for new thinking about how
      we improve agriculture for nutrition and growing international recognition of the
      role biodiversity, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development presents an
      opportunity to move beyond business-as-usual to more holistic approaches to food
      and nutrition security. 

PMID- 27376068
TI  - Independent and Combined Effects of Lactitol, Polydextrose, and Bacteroides
      thetaiotaomicron on Postprandial Metabolism and Body Weight in Rats Fed a High
      Fat Diet.
AB  - Obesity is related to the consumption of energy-dense foods in addition to
      changes in the microbiome where a higher abundance of gut Bacteroidetes can be
      found in lean subjects or after weight loss. Lactitol, a sweet-tasting sugar
      alcohol, is a common sugar-replacement in foods. Polydextrose (PDX), a highly
      branched glucose polymer, is known to reduce energy intake. Here, we test if the
      combined effects of lactitol or PDX in combination with Bacteroides species will
      have a beneficial metabolic response in rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet. A total of
      175 male Wistar rats were fed either a LF or HF diet. Bacteroides
      thetaiotaomicron (10(10) bacteria/animal/day) was orally administered with or
      without lactitol (1.6-2 g/animal/day) or PDX (2 g/animal/day) for 8 days.
      Postprandial blood samples, cecal digesta, and feces were collected on the last
      day. Measurements included: body weight, feed consumption, cecal short-chain
      fatty acids, fecal dry matter and heat value, blood glucose, insulin,
      triglyceride, and satiety hormone concentrations. Lactitol and PDX decreased the
      mean body weight when administered with B. thetaiotaomicron or when lactitol was
      administered alone. Levels of postprandial plasma triglycerides declined with
      lactitol and PDX when administered with B. thetaiotaomicron. For intestinal
      hormone release, lactitol - alone or with B. thetaiotaomicron - increased the
      release of gastrointestinal peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) as well as the area
      under the curve (AUC) measured for PYY (0-8 h). In addition, levels of insulin
      AUC (0-8 h) decreased in the lactitol and PDX-supplemented groups. Lactitol and
      PDX may both provide additional means to regulate postprandial metabolism and
      weight management, whereas the addition of B. thetaiotaomicron in the tested
      doses had only minor effects on the measured parameters. 

PMID- 27376069
TI  - Gender Role Orientation with Health Literacy and Self-Efficacy for Healthy Eating
      among Japanese Workers in Early Adulthood.
AB  - Gender role, independent of biological sex, affects health. However, research on
      healthy eating that considers the importance of gender norms is scarce. People
      who are androgynous and have high masculinity and femininity are reported to have
      better health practices than other people. The present study aimed to examine the
      differences in health literacy (HL) and self-efficacy for healthy eating by
      gender role in Japanese men and women. Participants were 629 men and women aged
      25-34 years, recruited via a Japanese Internet research company database.
      Participants were categorized into four gender role groups using the Japanese
      Gender Role Index. HL and self-efficacy for healthy eating were assessed using
      the healthy eating literacy (HEL) scale and the healthy eating and weight self
      efficacy (HEWSE) scale. Analysis of variance with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc
      tests and hierarchical multiple regression were used to test the research
      hypotheses. We found that the Androgynous group had significantly higher HEL and
      HEWSE scores than the Feminine and Undifferentiated groups. The Masculine group
      scored significantly higher on both measures than the Undifferentiated group.
      Being Androgynous (HEL: beta = 0.34, p < 0.001; HEWSE: beta = 0.30, p < 0.001)
      was a strong predictor for higher scores even after considering other predictors.
      The results showed significant associations between gender role orientation and
      individual HL and self-efficacy for healthy eating. These findings may be
      relevant for promoting healthy eating from the perspective of gender norms. 

PMID- 27376072
TI  - The Grand Challenge of Characterizing Ribonucleoprotein Networks.

PMID- 27376071
TI  - A Novel and Fast Purification Method for Nucleoside Transporters.
AB  - Nucleoside transporters (NTs) play critical biological roles in humans, and to
      understand the molecular mechanism of nucleoside transport requires high
      resolution structural information. However, the main bottleneck for structural
      analysis of NTs is the production of pure, stable, and high quality native
      protein for crystallization trials. Here we report a novel membrane protein
      expression and purification strategy, including construction of a high-yield
      membrane protein expression vector, and a new and fast purification protocol for
      NTs. The advantages of this strategy are the improved time efficiency, leading to
      high quality, active, stable membrane proteins, and the efficient use of reagents
      and consumables. Our strategy might serve as a useful point of reference for
      investigating NTs and other membrane proteins by clarifying the technical points
      of vector construction and improvements of membrane protein expression and
      purification. 

PMID- 27376070
TI  - Increased Hydration Can Be Associated with Weight Loss.
AB  - This mini-review develops the hypothesis that increased hydration leads to body
      weight loss, mainly through a decrease in feeding, and a loss of fat, through
      increased lipolysis. The publications cited come from animal, mainly rodent,
      studies where manipulations of the central and/or the peripheral renin
      angiotensin system lead to an increased drinking response and a decrease in body
      weight. This hypothesis derives from a broader association between chronic
      hypohydration (extracellular dehydration) and raised levels of the hormone
      angiotensin II (AngII) associated with many chronic diseases, such as obesity,
      diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Proposed mechanisms to explain
      these effects involve an increase in metabolism due to hydration expanding cell
      volume. The results of these animal studies often can be applied to the humans.
      Human studies are consistent with this hypothesis for weight loss and for
      reducing the risk factors in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. 

PMID- 27376073
TI  - Multivariate Methods for Genetic Variants Selection and Risk Prediction in
      Cardiovascular Diseases.
AB  - Over the last decade, high-throughput genotyping and sequencing technologies have
      contributed to major advancements in genetics research, as these technologies now
      facilitate affordable mapping of the entire genome for large sets of individuals.
      Given this, genome-wide association studies are proving to be powerful tools in
      identifying genetic variants that have the capacity to modify the probability of
      developing a disease or trait of interest. However, when the study's goal is to
      evaluate the effect of the presence of genetic variants mapping to specific
      chromosomes regions on a specific phenotype, the candidate loci approach is still
      preferred. Regardless of which approach is taken, such a large data set calls for
      the establishment and development of appropriate analytical methods in order to
      translate such knowledge into biological or clinical findings. Standard
      univariate tests often fail to identify informative genetic variants, especially
      when dealing with complex traits, which are more likely to result from a
      combination of rare and common variants and non-genetic determinants. These
      limitations can partially be overcome by multivariate methods, which allow for
      the identification of informative combinations of genetic variants and non
      genetic features. Furthermore, such methods can help to generate additive genetic
      scores and risk stratification algorithms that, once extensively validated in
      independent cohorts, could serve as useful tools to assist clinicians in decision
      making. This review aims to provide readers with an overview of the main
      multivariate methods for genetic data analysis that could be applied to the
      analysis of cardiovascular traits. 

PMID- 27376074
TI  - Molecular and Genetic Insights into Thoracic Aortic Dilation in Conotruncal Heart
      Defects.
AB  - Thoracic aortic dilation (AD) has commonly been described in conotruncal defects
      (CTDs), such as tetralogy of Fallot, double outlet right ventricle and
      transposition of the great arteries, and truncus arteriosus. Several theories for
      this have been devised, but fairly recent data indicate that there is likely an
      underlying histologic abnormality, similar to that seen in Marfan and other
      connective tissue disease. The majority of aortic dissection in the general
      population occurs after the age of 45 years, and there have been very few case
      reports of aortic dissection in CTD. Given advances in cardiac surgery and
      increasing survival over the past several decades, there has been rising concern
      that, as patients who have survived surgical correction of these defects age,
      there may be increased morbidity and mortality due to aortic dissection and
      aortic regurgitation. This review discusses the most recent developments in
      research into AD in CTD, including associated genetic mutations. 

PMID- 27376075
TI  - 18F-FDG Positron Emission Tomography - An Innovative Technique for the Diagnosis
      of a Canine Lameness.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with fluorine-18
      fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is widely known for its use in the diagnosis and
      tracking of primary and metastatic tumors via uptake and retention of the
      radiopharmaceutical by hypermetabolic cells. 18F-FDG is also used to study the
      normal physiology of glucose uptake, metabolism, and muscle activity during and
      after exercise. BACKGROUND: A pilot study adding PET imaging to the diagnostic
      evaluation of canine patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) for mild or
      intermittent thoracic and pelvic limb lameness is ongoing. Dogs with an
      observable (grade 1-2/5) lameness that have undergone routine radiography and
      complete physical examination by board-certified veterinary surgeons and sports
      medicine and rehabilitation specialists are enrolled. Each patient undergoes
      leash walking for 15 min prior to premedication and induction of general
      anesthesia for the PET-CT examination. 18F-FDG is injected intravenously, and a
      whole-body PET examination is conducted after 1 h of radiopharmaceutical uptake
      time. Standard algorithm, whole-body pre- and post-contrast CT examinations, and
      focused, standard, and bone algorithm CT scans of the thoracic or pelvic limb
      areas of interest are obtained concurrently. Abnormal PET-CT findings are further
      investigated with additional diagnostic imaging or at surgery (e.g., ultrasound,
      MRI, and arthroscopy). DISCUSSION: This case report uses a canine patient
      referred for thoracic limb lameness to illustrate the role of advanced imaging in
      a diagnostic plan and to discuss a recommended PET-CT procedure for lameness
      evaluation. The PET-CT imaging protocol recommended in this report was designed
      to significantly enhance a routine thoracic limb CT examination and to identify
      areas of muscle, tendon, or ligament overuse, inflammation, or injury for further
      diagnostic procedures or definitive treatment. CONCLUDING REMARKS: 18F-FDG PET-CT
      adds valuable physiologic and anatomic information to the diagnostic evaluation
      of patients presenting with indistinct or intermittent clinical signs of
      musculoskeletal inflammation or injury. In addition, tailoring the PET
      acquisition and radiopharmaceutical parameters allows for detailed information
      gathering to more closely assess normal and abnormal physiology, unlocking a new
      frontier in the study of canine athletic injury and optimal performance.

PMID- 27376076
TI  - Integrating Genomic Data Sets for Knowledge Discovery: An Informed Approach to
      Management of Captive Endangered Species.
AB  - Many endangered captive populations exhibit reduced genetic diversity resulting
      in health issues that impact reproductive fitness and quality of life. Numerous
      cost effective genomic sequencing and genotyping technologies provide
      unparalleled opportunity for incorporating genomics knowledge in management of
      endangered species. Genomic data, such as sequence data, transcriptome data, and
      genotyping data, provide critical information about a captive population that,
      when leveraged correctly, can be utilized to maximize population genetic
      variation while simultaneously reducing unintended introduction or propagation of
      undesirable phenotypes. Current approaches aimed at managing endangered captive
      populations utilize species survival plans (SSPs) that rely upon mean kinship
      estimates to maximize genetic diversity while simultaneously avoiding artificial
      selection in the breeding program. However, as genomic resources increase for
      each endangered species, the potential knowledge available for management also
      increases. Unlike model organisms in which considerable scientific resources are
      used to experimentally validate genotype-phenotype relationships, endangered
      species typically lack the necessary sample sizes and economic resources required
      for such studies. Even so, in the absence of experimentally verified genetic
      discoveries, genomics data still provides value. In fact, bioinformatics and
      comparative genomics approaches offer mechanisms for translating these raw
      genomics data sets into integrated knowledge that enable an informed approach to
      endangered species management. 

PMID- 27376077
TI  - De Novo Assembly and Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provide Insight into
      Lysine Biosynthesis in Toona sinensis Roem.
AB  - Toona sinensis Roem is a popular leafy vegetable in Chinese cuisine and is also
      used as a traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, leaf samples were
      collected from the same plant on two development stages and then used for high
      throughput Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). 125,884 transcripts and 54,628
      unigenes were obtained through de novo assembly. A total of 25,570 could be
      annotated with known biological functions, which indicated that the T. sinensis
      leaves and shoots were undergoing multiple developmental processes especially for
      active metabolic processes. Analysis of differentially expressed unigenes between
      the two libraries showed that the lysine biosynthesis was an enriched KEGG
      pathway, and candidate genes involved in the lysine biosynthesis pathway in T.
      sinensis leaves and shoots were identified. Our results provide a primary
      analysis of the gene expression files of T. sinensis leaf and shoot on different
      development stages and afford a valuable resource for genetic and genomic
      research on plant lysine biosynthesis. 

PMID- 27376078
TI  - Biosensor for Hepatocellular Injury Corresponds to Experimental Scoring of
      Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis in Mice.
AB  - Severe hepatosplenic injury of mansonian schistosomiasis is caused by Th2
      mediated granulomatous response against parasite eggs entrapped within the
      periportal tissue. Subsequent fibrotic scarring and deformation/sclerosing of
      intrahepatic portal veins lead to portal hypertension, ascites, and oesophageal
      varices. The murine model of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection is
      suitable to establish the severe hepatosplenic injury of disease within a
      reasonable time scale for the development of novel antifibrotic or anti-infective
      strategies against S. mansoni infection. The drawback of the murine model is that
      the material prepared for complex analysis of egg burden, granuloma size, hepatic
      inflammation, and fibrosis is limited due to small amounts of liver tissue and
      blood samples. The objective of our study was the implementation of a macroscopic
      scoring system for mice livers to determine infection-related organ alterations
      of S. mansoni infection. In addition, an in vitro biosensor system based on the
      detection of hepatocellular injury in HepG2/C3A cells following incubation with
      serum of moderately (50 S. mansoni cercariae) and heavily (100 S. mansoni
      cercariae) infected mice affirmed the value of our scoring system. Therefore, our
      score represents a valuable tool in experimental schistosomiasis to assess
      severity of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and reduce animal numbers by saving
      precious tissue samples. 

PMID- 27376079
TI  - Microchips in Medicine: Current and Future Applications.
AB  - With the objective of improving efficacy and morbidity, device manufacturers
      incorporate chemicals or drugs into medical implants. Using multiple reservoirs
      of discrete drug doses, microchips represent a new technology capable of on
      demand release of various drugs over long periods of time. Herein, we review drug
      delivery systems, how microchips work, recent investigations, and future
      applications in various fields of medicine. 

PMID- 27376080
TI  - The Hearing Outcomes of Cochlear Implantation in Waardenburg Syndrome.
AB  - Objectives. This study aimed to determine the feasibility of cochlear
      implantation for sensorineural hearing loss in patients with Waardenburg
      syndrome. Method. A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who
      underwent cochlear implantation at the University of Tokyo Hospital. Clinical
      classification, genetic mutation, clinical course, preoperative hearing
      threshold, high-resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone, and
      postoperative hearing outcome were assessed. Result. Five children with
      Waardenburg syndrome underwent cochlear implantation. The average age at
      implantation was 2 years 11 months (ranging from 1 year 9 months to 6 years 3
      months). Four patients had congenital profound hearing loss and one patient had
      progressive hearing loss. Two patients had an inner ear malformation of cochlear
      incomplete partition type 2. No surgical complication or difficulty was seen in
      any patient. All patients showed good hearing outcome postoperatively.
      Conclusion. Cochlear implantation could be a good treatment option for
      Waardenburg syndrome. 

PMID- 27376081
TI  - High b-Value Diffusion MRI to Differentiate Recurrent Tumors from Posttreatment
      Changes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Single Center Prospective
      Study.
AB  - Recently DW-MR Imaging has shown promising results in distinguishing between
      recurrent tumors and posttreatment changes in Head and Neck Squamous Cell
      Carcinoma (HNSSC). Aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performances
      of DWI at high b-value (b = 2000 s/mm(2)) compared to standard b-value (b = 1000
      s/mm(2)) and ADCratio values (ADCratio = ADC2000/ADC1000 * 100) to differentiate
      recurrent tumors from posttreatment changes after treatment of HSNCC. 20 patients
      (16 M, 4 F) underwent MR Imaging between 2 and 16 months (mean 7) after
      treatment. Besides morphological sequences, we performed single-shot echo-planar
      DWI at b = 1000 s/mm(2) and b = 2000 s/mm(2), and corresponding ADC maps were
      generated (ADC1000 and ADC2000, resp.). By considering contrast-enhanced T1
      weighted images as references, ROIs were drawn in order to evaluate mean ADC1000,
      ADC2000, and ADCratio. The mean ADC1000 and ADC2000 in recurrent tumors were
      significantly lower than those in posttreatment changes (P = 0.001 and P = 0.016,
      resp.). Moreover, the mean ADCratio between the two groups showed a statistically
      significant difference (P = 0.002). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of
      ADCratio were 82.0%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, by considering an optimal
      cutoff value of 65.5%. ADCratio is a promising value to differentiate between
      recurrent tumors and posttreatment changes in HNSCC and may be more useful than
      ADC1000 and ADC2000. 

PMID- 27376082
TI  - Role of Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Postinfluenza Bacterial Pneumonia.
AB  - The risk of influenza A virus (IAV) is more likely caused by secondary bacterial
      infections. During the past decades, a great amount of studies have been
      conducted on increased morbidity from secondary bacterial infections following
      influenza and provide an increasing number of explanations for the mechanisms
      underlying the infections. In this paper, we first review the recent research
      progress that IAV infection increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. We
      then propose an assumption that autophagy and apoptosis manipulation are
      beneficial to antagonize post-IAV bacterial infection and discuss the clinical
      significance. 

PMID- 27376083
TI  - Hospital Mortality in the United States following Acute Kidney Injury.
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common reason for hospital admission and
      complication of many inpatient procedures. The temporal incidence of AKI and the
      association of AKI admissions with in-hospital mortality are a growing problem in
      the world today. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of AKI and its
      association with in-hospital mortality in the United States. AKI has been growing
      at a rate of 14% per year since 2001. However, the in-hospital mortality
      associated with AKI has been on the decline starting with 21.9% in 2001 to 9.1 in
      2011, even though the number of AKI-related in-hospital deaths increased almost
      twofold from 147,943 to 285,768 deaths. We discuss the importance of the 71%
      reduction in AKI-related mortality among hospitalized patients in the United
      States and draw on the discussion of whether or not this is a phenomenon of
      hospital billing (coding) or improvements to the management of AKI. 

PMID- 27376084
TI  - Safety Irradiation Parameters of Nd:YAP Laser Beam for Endodontic Treatments: An
      In Vitro Study.
AB  - Objective. Nd:YAP laser has several potentialities of clinical applications in
      endodontics. The aim of our study is to determine the safety range of irradiation
      parameters during endodontic application of Nd:YAP laser that can be used without
      damaging and overheating the periodontal tissue. Material and Methods. Twenty
      seven caries-free single-rooted extracted human teeth were used. Crowns were
      sectioned to obtain 11 mm root canal length. Temperature increases at root
      surfaces were measured by a thermocouple during Nd:YAP laser irradiation of root
      canals at different energy densities. Canal irradiation was accomplished with a
      circular and retrograde movement from the apex until the cervical part of the
      canal during 10 seconds with an axial speed of 1 mm/s. Each irradiation was done
      in a canal irrigated continuously with 2.25% NaOCl solution. Results. Periodontal
      temperature increase depends on the value of energy density. Means and standard
      deviations of temperature increases at root surfaces were below 10 degrees C
      (safe threshold level) when the average energy densities delivered per second
      were equal to or below 4981 J/cm(2) and 9554 J/cm(2), respectively, for
      irradiations using a fiber diameter of 320 MUm and 200 MUm. Conclusions. Within
      the limitations of this study and under specific irradiation conditions, Nd:YAP
      laser beam may be considered harmless for periodontal tissues during endodontic
      applications. 

PMID- 27376085
TI  - Evaluation of Culture Conditions to Obtain Fatty Acids from Saline Microalgae
      Species: Dunaliella salina, Sinecosyfis sp., and Chroomonas sp.
AB  - The use of the saline microalgae, Dunaliella salina, Sinecosyfis sp., and
      Chroomonas sp., was explored as an alternative source for the production of fatty
      acids using fertilizer and glycerol as culture media. The nutrient medium used
      contained "Nutrifoliar," a commercial fertilizer, and/or glycerol, in natural sea
      water. The microalgae were placed in cultures with different conditions. The
      parameters that favored the largest production of fatty acids were 24 hours of
      agitation and illumination, 1620 L/day of air supply, 2.25 L of air/min, and a
      temperature of 32 degrees C using "Nutrifoliar" as the culture media. Results
      indicated that, from 3 g of microalgae in wet base of Chroomonas sp., 54.43 mg of
      oil was produced. The chromatographic characterization of oil obtained revealed
      the presence of essential fatty acids such as 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid
      (omega-3) and 4,7,10-hexadecatrienoic acid (omega-6) from the species Dunaliella
      salina. On the other hand, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (omega-6) and cis-11
      eicosenoic acid (omega-9) were identified from the species Chroomonas sp. The
      temperature variations played an important role in the velocity of growth or the
      production of the algae biomass, the amount of oil, and the ability to produce
      fatty acids. 

PMID- 27376086
TI  - Molecular Background of miRNA Role in Asthma and COPD: An Updated Insight.
AB  - Inflammatory airway diseases are a significant health problems requiring new
      approaches to the existing therapies and addressing fundamental issues.
      Difficulties in developing effective therapeutic strategies might be caused by
      lack of understanding of their exact molecular mechanism. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are
      a class of regulators that already revolutionized the view of gene expression
      regulation. A cumulating number of investigations show a pivotal role of miRNAs
      in the pathogenesis of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or
      airway remodeling through the regulation of many pathways involved in their
      pathogenesis. Expression changes of several miRNAs have also been found to play a
      role in the development and/or improvement in asthma or COPD. Still, relatively
      little is known about the role of miRNAs in inflammatory disorders. The microRNA
      profiles may differ depending on the cell type or antigen-presenting cell. Based
      on the newest literature, this review discusses the current knowledge concerning
      miRNA contribution and influence on lung inflammation and chosen inflammatory
      airway diseases: asthma and COPD. 

PMID- 27376087
TI  - Mathematical Based Calculation of Drug Penetration Depth in Solid Tumors.
AB  - Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cells' growth which
      affect cells and make them damaged. Many treatment options for cancer exist.
      Chemotherapy as an important treatment option is the use of drugs to treat
      cancer. The anticancer drug travels to the tumor and then diffuses in it through
      capillaries. The diffusion of drugs in the solid tumor is limited by penetration
      depth which is different in case of different drugs and cancers. The computation
      of this depth is important as it helps physicians to investigate about treatment
      of infected tissue. Although many efforts have been made on studying and
      measuring drug penetration depth, less works have been done on computing this
      length from a mathematical point of view. In this paper, first we propose phase
      lagging model for diffusion of drug in the tumor. Then, using this model on one
      side and considering the classic diffusion on the other side, we compute the drug
      penetration depth in the solid tumor. This computed value of drug penetration
      depth is corroborated by comparison with the values measured by experiments. 

PMID- 27376088
TI  - A Comparative Study of Land Cover Classification by Using Multispectral and
      Texture Data.
AB  - The main objective of this study is to find out the importance of machine vision
      approach for the classification of five types of land cover data such as bare
      land, desert rangeland, green pasture, fertile cultivated land, and Sutlej river
      land. A novel spectra-statistical framework is designed to classify the
      subjective land cover data types accurately. Multispectral data of these land
      covers were acquired by using a handheld device named multispectral radiometer in
      the form of five spectral bands (blue, green, red, near infrared, and shortwave
      infrared) while texture data were acquired with a digital camera by the
      transformation of acquired images into 229 texture features for each image. The
      most discriminant 30 features of each image were obtained by integrating the
      three statistical features selection techniques such as Fisher, Probability of
      Error plus Average Correlation, and Mutual Information (F + PA + MI). Selected
      texture data clustering was verified by nonlinear discriminant analysis while
      linear discriminant analysis approach was applied for multispectral data. For
      classification, the texture and multispectral data were deployed to artificial
      neural network (ANN: n-class). By implementing a cross validation method (80-20),
      we received an accuracy of 91.332% for texture data and 96.40% for multispectral
      data, respectively. 

PMID- 27376089
TI  - The Role of Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance in the Development and
      Progression of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive disorder which often leads to right
      ventricular failure and death. While the existing classification system for
      pulmonary hypertension does not account for the impact of diabetes mellitus,
      evidence is emerging that suggests that diabetes is associated with pulmonary
      hypertension and that diabetes modifies the course of pulmonary hypertension.
      There is also growing radiographic, hemodynamic, biochemical, and pathologic data
      supporting an association between diabetes and pulmonary hypertension. More
      robust epidemiologic studies are needed to confirm an association between
      diabetes and pulmonary hypertension and to show that diabetes is a disease
      modifier in pulmonary hypertension. In addition, evaluating the effects of
      glucose control in animals with pulmonary hypertension and diabetes (as well as
      in humans) is warranted. 

PMID- 27376091
TI  - Monocyte Differentiation towards Protumor Activity Does Not Correlate with M1 or
      M2 Phenotypes.
AB  - Macrophages facilitate breast cancer progression. Macrophages were initially
      classified as M1 or M2 based on their distinct metabolic programs and then
      expanded to include antitumoral (M1) and protumoral (M2) activities. However, it
      is still uncertain what markers define the pro- and antitumoral phenotypes and
      what conditions lead to their formation. In this study, monocytic cell lines and
      primary monocytes were subjected to commonly reported protocols of M1/M2
      polarization and conditions known to engage monocytes into protumoral functions.
      The results showed that only IDO enzyme and CD86 M1 markers were upregulated
      correlating with M1 polarization. TNF-alpha, CCR7, IL-10, arginase I, CD36, and
      CD163 were expressed indistinguishably from M1 or M2 polarization. Similarly,
      protumoral engaging resulted in upregulation of both M1 and M2 markers, with
      conditioned media from the most aggressive breast cancer cell line promoting the
      greatest changes. In spite of the mixed phenotype, M1-polarized macrophages
      exhibited the highest expression/secretion of inflammatory mediators, many of
      which have previously been associated with breast cancer aggressiveness. These
      data argue that although the existence of protumoral macrophages is
      unquestionable, their associated phenotypes and the precise conditions driving
      their formation are still unclear, and those conditions may need both M1 and M2
      stimuli. 

PMID- 27376092
TI  - Using the laws of thermodynamics to understand how matrix metalloproteinases
      coordinate the myocardial response to injury.
AB  - Following myocardial infarction (MI), the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a series
      of molecular, cellular, and functional alterations that are both part of the
      wound healing response to form a scar in the infarct region and the consequence
      of that response. Using the laws of thermodynamics as an analogy, we present here
      three laws for categorizing the post-MI LV remodeling process. The first law is
      that the LV will attempt to maintain equilibrium and compensate as a way to
      maximize function, the second law is that remodeling is progressive and
      unidirectional, and the third law is that the final goal is (ideally, but not
      always achievable) a stable, equilibrated scar. This comparison helps to define
      the boundaries of the system, whether it be the infarct zone, the LV, the heart,
      or the entire body. This review provides an overview for those not directly in
      the field and establishes a framework to help prioritize future research
      directions.

PMID- 27376093
TI  - Using Na3PO4 to Enhance In vitro Animal Models of Aortic Valve Calcification.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The pathogenesis of calcific aortic valvular disease
      (CAVD) involves an active inflammatory process of valvular interstitial cells
      (VICs) characterized by the activation of specific osteogenic signaling pathways
      and apoptosis. This process can be studied by analyzing certain molecular markers
      and gene expression pathways of spontaneous calcification. The purpose of our
      study is to investigate the role of sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) as a calcification
      promoter, with the aim of improving in vitro animal models for testing potential
      calcification inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: VICs were extracted from 6
      healthy 6-month-old fresh porcine hearts by serial collagenase digestion.
      Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to quantify trans
      differentiation of genes of interest during spontaneous calcification of VICs.
      Spontaneous calcification of VICs was increased by adding Na3PO4 (3 mM, pH 7.4).
      The degree of calcification was estimated by Alizarin Red staining for calcium
      deposition, and Sirius Red staining for collagen. Colorimetric techniques were
      used to determine calcium and collagen deposition quantitatively. Additionally,
      the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was measured by a kinetic
      assay. For statistical analysis we used SPSS and Microsoft Office Excel 2013.
      RESULTS: Porcine VICs calcify spontaneously with demonstrable calcium and
      collagen deposition. In this study we observed an increase of calcium and
      collagen deposition from day 0 to day 14 (calcium: 376%; P<0.001, collagen:
      3553%; P<0.001). qPCR analysis of mRNA by day 14 showed the following results:
      alpha-actin, a marker of myoblast phenotype, was increased to 1.6-fold; P<0.001.
      Runx2, an osteoblast marker, rose to 1.3 fold; P<0.05, TGF-beta, a promoter of
      osteogenesis, increased to 3.2-fold; P<0.001, and RhoA, a regulator of nodular
      formation in myoblasts, increased to 4.5-fold; P<0.001, compared to their levels
      at day 0. RANKL mRNA and calponin did not change significantly. Treatment of
      porcine VICs with Na3PO4 (3 mM, pH 7.4) led to a marked increase in calcium
      deposition by day 14 (522%; P<0.001), and a significant increase in ALP activity
      by day 7 (228%; P<0.05). There were no significant changes in ALP activity
      between the groups by day 14. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated the
      upregulation of some specific molecules during spontaneous calcification of
      aortic VICs with an active increase of calcium, collagen and ALP activity. In
      this in vitro model it was possible to increase spontaneous VICs calcification
      with Na3PO4 (3 mM, pH 7.4) to a level in which inhibitors of calcification could
      be tested to identify a novel potential therapeutic strategy against calcific
      aortic stenosis.

PMID- 27376090
TI  - Circulating Biomarkers of Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview Based on
      Physiopathology.
AB  - Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the main cause of working-age adult-onset blindness.
      The currently available treatments for DR are applicable only at advanced stages
      of the disease and are associated with significant adverse effects. In early
      stages of DR the only therapeutic strategy that physicians can offer is a tight
      control of the risk factors for DR. Therefore, new pharmacological treatments for
      these early stages of the disease are required. In order to develop therapeutic
      strategies for early stages of DR new diagnostic tools are urgently needed. In
      this regard, circulating biomarkers could be useful to detect early disease, to
      identify those diabetic patients most prone to progressive worsening who ought to
      be followed up more often and who could obtain the most benefit from these
      therapies, and to monitor the effectiveness of new drugs for DR before more
      advanced DR stages have been reached. Research of biomarkers for DR has been
      mainly based on the pathogenic mechanism involved in the development of DR (i.e.,
      AGEs, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and proangiogenic
      factors). This review focuses on circulating biomarkers at both early and
      advanced stages that could be relevant for the prediction or detection of DR. 

PMID- 27376094
TI  - The (in)dependence of articulation and lexical planning during isolated word
      production.
AB  - The number of phonological neighbors to a word (PND) can affect its lexical
      planning and pronunciation. Similar parallel effects on planning and articulation
      have been observed for other lexical variables, such as a word's contextual
      predictability. Such parallelism is frequently taken to indicate that effects on
      articulation are mediated by effects on the time course of lexical planning. We
      test this mediation assumption for PND and find it unsupported. In a picture
      naming experiment, we measure speech onset latencies (planning), word durations,
      and vowel dispersion (articulation). We find that PND predicts both latencies and
      durations. Further, latencies predict durations. However, the effects of PND and
      latency on duration are independent: parallel effects do not imply mediation. We
      discuss the consequences for accounts of lexical planning, articulation, and the
      link between them. In particular, our results suggest that ease of planning does
      not explain effects of PND on articulation.

PMID- 27376095
TI  - Performance of a Natural Language Processing (NLP) Tool to Extract Pulmonary
      Function Test (PFT) Reports from Structured and Semistructured Veteran Affairs
      (VA) Data.
AB  - INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are objective estimates
      of lung function, but are not reliably stored within the Veteran Health Affairs
      data systems as structured data. The aim of this study was to validate the
      natural language processing (NLP) tool we developed-which extracts spirometric
      values and responses to bronchodilator administration-against expert review, and
      to estimate the number of additional spirometric tests identified beyond the
      structured data. METHODS: All patients at seven Veteran Affairs Medical Centers
      with a diagnostic code for asthma Jan 1, 2006-Dec 31, 2012 were included.
      Evidence of spirometry with a bronchodilator challenge (BDC) was extracted from
      structured data as well as clinical documents. NLP's performance was compared
      against a human reference standard using a random sample of 1,001 documents.
      RESULTS: In the validation set NLP demonstrated a precision of 98.9 percent (95
      percent confidence intervals (CI): 93.9 percent, 99.7 percent), recall of 97.8
      percent (95 percent CI: 92.2 percent, 99.7 percent), and an F-measure of 98.3
      percent for the forced vital capacity pre- and post pairs and precision of 100
      percent (95 percent CI: 96.6 percent, 100 percent), recall of 100 percent (95
      percent CI: 96.6 percent, 100 percent), and an F-measure of 100 percent for the
      forced expiratory volume in one second pre- and post pairs for bronchodilator
      administration. Application of the NLP increased the proportion identified with
      complete bronchodilator challenge by 25 percent. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This
      technology can improve identification of PFTs for epidemiologic research. Caution
      must be taken in assuming that a single domain of clinical data can completely
      capture the scope of a disease, treatment, or clinical test.

PMID- 27376096
TI  - Observational Studies of Drug Safety in Multi-Database Studies: Methodological
      Challenges and Opportunities.
AB  - INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: The Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect
      Studies (CNODES), a network of researchers and databases, is a collaborating
      center of the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network. CNODES' main mandate is to
      conduct observational studies of drug safety based on queries developed and
      submitted by Health Canada and other federal, provincial, and territorial
      stakeholders. Through a case study we explore several methodological
      opportunities and challenges that arise in distributed pharmacoepidemiology
      networks. CASE STUDY: We use as a case study a study of proton pump inhibitors
      and hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia. Challenges arise in the
      design and conduct of studies at individual sites, and then with processes and
      methods for combining data. On the other hand, distributed networks provide
      opportunities, such as the ability to detect and understand heterogeneity, in
      sample sizes that would typically be impossible for a single study. CONCLUSIONS:
      Networks such as CNODES provide the opportunity to detect and quantify important
      safety signals from administrative data, and provide many challenges for methods
      research in pharmacoepidemiology using distributed data. As networks increase in
      size and scope of research questions, the need for methodological developments
      should continue to grow.

PMID- 27376097
TI  - Appreciating the Nuance of Daily Symptom Variation to Individualize Patient Care.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Improving symptoms for patients with chronic illness is difficult
      due to poor recall and imprecise assessments of therapeutic response to inform
      treatment decisions. Daily variation in symptoms may obscure subtle improvement
      or lead to erroneous associations between symptom changes and alteration in
      medication or dietary regimens. This may lead to mistaken impressions of
      treatment efficacy (or inefficacy). Mobile health technologies that collect daily
      patient reported outcome (PRO) data have the potential to improve care by
      providing more detailed information for clinical decision-making in practice and
      may facilitate conducting single subject (n-of-1) trials. METHODS: Interrupted
      time series to prototype mobile health enabled data collection for three
      patients. We recruited pediatric patients with established inflammatory bowel
      disease who had persistent symptoms. Based on their self-identified most
      troubling symptoms, patients were sent customized, daily-automated text messages
      to assess the extent of their symptoms. Standardized, PRO Measurement Information
      System (PROMIS) surveys were deployed weekly. Individual statistical process
      control charts were used to assess variation. Patients met with physicians
      regularly to interpret their data jointly. RESULTS: We report the experience of 3
      patients with inflammatory bowel disease, each with different symptoms. Daily
      symptom monitoring uncovered important patterns, some of which even patients were
      unaware before reviewing their symptom data. Important associations were found
      between symptom variation and changes in medications and diet. PROMIS survey
      results assessed longitudinally accurately reflected changes in patient symptoms.
      CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated how PROs can be implemented in practice. Monitoring
      and analyzing daily symptom data, using both customized and standard PROs, has
      the potential to detect meaningful variation in symptom patterns, which can
      inform clinical decision-making or can facilitate conducting formal n-of-1 trials
      to further improve outcomes.

PMID- 27376098
TI  - EBOLA: A PUBLIC HEALTH AND LEGAL PERSPECTIVE.

PMID- 27376099
TI  - Self-Administration of an Endogenous Cannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in
      Experimentally Naive Rats.

PMID- 27376100
TI  - (-)-Trans-Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Like Discriminative-Stimulus Effects of
      Gabapentin in Cannabis Users.

PMID- 27376101
TI  - Identification of the Sigma-2 Receptor: Distinct from the Progesterone Receptor
      Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1).

PMID- 27376102
TI  - Time-resolved X-ray spectroscopies of chemical systems: New perspectives.
AB  - The past 3-5 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of time
      resolved X-ray spectroscopic studies, mainly driven by novel technical and
      methodological developments. The latter include (i) the high repetition rate
      optical pump/X-ray probe studies, which have greatly boosted the signal-to-noise
      ratio for picosecond (ps) X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies, while enabling
      ps X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) at synchrotrons; (ii) the X-ray free
      electron lasers (XFELs) are a game changer and have allowed the first femtosecond
      (fs) XES and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments to be carried out;
      (iii) XFELs are also opening the road to the development of non-linear X-ray
      methods. In this perspective, I will mainly focus on the most recent technical
      developments and briefly address some examples of scientific questions that have
      been addressed thanks to them. I will look at the novel opportunities in the
      horizon. 

PMID- 27376103
TI  - Ultrafast electron crystallography of the cooperative reaction path in vanadium
      dioxide.
AB  - Time-resolved electron diffraction with atomic-scale spatial and temporal
      resolution was used to unravel the transformation pathway in the photoinduced
      structural phase transition of vanadium dioxide. Results from bulk crystals and
      single-crystalline thin-films reveal a common, stepwise mechanism: First, there
      is a femtosecond V-V bond dilation within 300 fs, second, an intracell adjustment
      in picoseconds and, third, a nanoscale shear motion within tens of picoseconds.
      Experiments at different ambient temperatures and pump laser fluences reveal a
      temperature-dependent excitation threshold required to trigger the transitional
      reaction path of the atomic motions. 

PMID- 27376104
TI  - Rotational and vibrational dynamics in the excited electronic state of
      deprotonated and protonated fluorescein studied by time-resolved
      photofragmentation in an ion trap.
AB  - Excited state dynamics of deprotonated and protonated fluorescein were
      investigated by polarization dependent femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe
      photofragmentation in a 3D ion trap. Transients of deprotonated fluorescein
      exhibit vibrational wavepacket dynamics with weak polarization dependence.
      Transients of protonated fluorescein show only effects of molecular alignment and
      rotational dephasing. The time resolved rotational anisotropy of protonated
      fluorescein is simulated by the calculated orientational correlation function.
      The observed differences between deprotonated and protonated fluorescein are
      ascribed to their different higher lying electronically excited states and
      corresponding structures. This is partially supported by time-dependent density
      functional theory calculations of the excited state structures. 

PMID- 27376105
TI  - Is 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) Combined With 23-Valent
      Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPSV23) Superior to PPSV23 Alone for
      Reducing Incidence or Severity of Pneumonia in Older Adults? A Clin-IQ.
AB  - Pneumonia infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
      In addition to the public health concerns, pneumonia also accounts for a
      significant cost to the health care system. Currently there are two leading
      vaccines targeted against S. pneumoniae: 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide
      vaccine (PPSV23) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Until
      recently the recommendation for adult pneumonia vaccination has been a single
      dose of PPSV23 for all adults 65 years and older. However, concerns were raised
      regarding the vaccine's efficacy due to the persistent burden of pneumococcal
      disease in the elderly population. This paper focuses on two trials which
      evaluate the safety and efficacy of PCV13 in the adult population. The first
      study reveals improved immune response with the addition of PCV13 to PPSV23,
      while the second shows PCV13 was effective in the prevention of vaccine-type
      community-acquired pneumonia. The two studies observed adequate safety profiles
      for PCV13 in series with PPSV23 and with PCV13 compared to placebo.

PMID- 27376106
TI  - Isolation of Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts.
AB  - Preparation of primary cultures of embryo fibroblasts from genetically engineered
      mouse strains can provide a valuable resource for analyzing the consequences of
      genetic alterations at the cellular level. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) have
      been particularly useful in cancer research, as they have facilitated the
      identification of the genetic changes that allow cells to overcome senescence and
      proliferate indefinitely in culture. The immortalized MEFs can then acquire
      additional mutations that lead to anchorage-independent growth and the ability to
      form tumors in mice. Recently we developed an MEF model system for analysis of
      the role of the tumor suppressor gene DLC1 in cellular transformation (Qian et
      al., 2012). In this communication we describe a protocol for the isolation of
      MEFs from day 13.5-day 14.5 mouse embryos. The MEFs obtained by this procedure
      are suitable for use in biochemical assays and for further genetic manipulations.

PMID- 27376107
TI  - Enzymatic Activity Assays in Yeast Cell Extracts.
AB  - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) (commonly known as baker's yeast) is a
      model organism that has a similar upstream base excision repair (BER) pathway for
      the repair of methylated bases as that in mammalian cells, and it is very easy to
      maintain in the laboratory environment. Here, we described a method to prepare
      cell extracts from yeast to investigate their enzymatic activities. This protocol
      is a quick and efficient way to make yeast cell extracts without using commercial
      kits.

PMID- 27376108
TI  - Isolation of Splenic Dendritic Cells Using Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting.
AB  - The spleen is a vastly vasculated organ and consists of a complex organized
      network of innate and adaptive immune cells. This permits the specialized
      functions of the spleen such as antibacterial and antifungal immunity and iron
      metabolism among others (Mebius and Kraal, 2005). Different dendritic cell (DC)
      subsets reside in the spleen and can be defined by the expression of unique
      surface markers. These DC subsets are recognized to perform non-redundant
      functions in the immune system (Merad et al., 2013). In our recent study, we
      found that Inositol Requiring Enzyme (IRE)-1 is specifically activated in splenic
      CD8a+ DCs. Furthermore, loss of X-box binding protein (XBP)-1 - the transcription
      factor regulated by IRE-1 - resulted in defective cross-presentation of dead cell
      associated antigens by splenic CD8a+ DCs (Osorio et al., 2014). This protocol
      allows the isolation of specific DC subsets for experimental use ex-vivo.

PMID- 27376109
TI  - Quantification of HIV RNA and Human Herpesvirus DNA in Seminal Plasma.
AB  - Multiple viruses can co-infect the genital tract, modifying the immunologic and
      virologic milieu and possibly playing a role in viral transmission and
      pathogenesis. The aim of our studies has been to understand the complex
      relationships between HIV-1 RNA, and multiple human herpesviruses known to
      frequently replicate in the genital tract of HIV-infected men (i.e.
      cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein Bar virus [EBV], herpes simplex virus [HSV] types
      1 and 2, and human herpesviruses [HHV] 6, 7 and 8) (Gianella et al., 2013a;
      Gianella et al., 2013b; Gianella et al., 2013c; Gianella et al., 2014). This
      protocol was designed to collect and process male genital secretion (GS), and to
      isolate and further quantify HIV RNA and DNA of seven HHV from seminal plasma
      using quantitative real time PCR technology.

PMID- 27376110
TI  - Is bone equally responsive to calcium and vitamin D intake from food vs.
      supplements? Use of (41)calcium tracer kinetic model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few interventions directly compare equivalent calcium and vitamin D
      from dairy vs. supplements on the same bone outcomes. The radioisotope calcium-41
      ((41)Ca) holds promise as a tracer method to directly measure changes in bone
      resorption with differing dietary interventions. OBJECTIVE: Using (41)Ca tracer
      methodology, determine if 4 servings/day of dairy foods results in greater (41)Ca
      retention than an equivalent amount of calcium and vitamin D from supplements.
      Secondary objective was to evaluate the time course for the change in (41)Ca
      retention. METHODS: In this crossover trial, postmenopausal women (n = 12) were
      dosed orally with 100 nCi of (41)Ca and after a 180 day equilibration period
      received dairy (4 servings/day of milk or yogurt; ~ 1300 mg calcium, 400 IU
      cholecalciferol (vitamin D3/day)) or supplement treatments (1200 mg calcium
      carbonate/day and 400 IU vitamin D3/day) in random order. Treatments lasted 6
      weeks separated by a 6 week washout (WO). Calcium was extracted from weekly 24 h
      urine collections; accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was used to determine the
      (41/40)Ca ratio. Primary outcome was change in (41/40)Ca excretion. Secondary
      outcome was the time course for change in (41)Ca excretion during intervention
      and WO periods. RESULTS: The (41/40)Ca ratio decreased significantly over time
      during both treatments; there was no difference between treatments. Both
      treatments demonstrated a significant retention of (41)Ca within 1-2 weeks (p =
      0.0007 and p < 0.001 for dairy and supplements, respectively). WO demonstrated a
      significant decrease (p = 0.0024) in (41)Ca retention within 1-2 weeks, back to
      pre-intervention levels. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that urinary (41)Ca
      retention is increased with an increase in calcium and vitamin D intake
      regardless of the source of calcium, and the increased retention occurs within 1
      2 weeks.

PMID- 27376111
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27376112
TI  - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Treatment Failures in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder
      Cancer: What Truly Constitutes Unresponsive Disease.
AB  - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) remains the most effective intravesical therapy
      for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer but will fail in up to 40% of patients.
      The ability to identify patients who are least likely to respond to further BCG
      therapy allows urologists to pursue secondary treatments more likely to convey a
      recurrence or survival benefit to the patient. We examined the literature to
      determine what constitutes BCG unresponsive disease. After review, we believe
      that BCG unresponsive disease should be defined as (1) patients with recurrent
      high grade T1 disease within 6 months of their primary tumor after at least one
      course of BCG or patients who have failed at least 2 courses of BCG with either
      (2) persistent or recurrent pure papillary (Ta) disease within 6 months or (3)
      persistent or recurrent carcinoma in situ (CIS) within 12 months.

PMID- 27376113
TI  - The Role of Population-Based Observational Research in Bladder Cancer.
AB  - While clinical trials have led to many advances in the treatment of bladder
      cancer, important gaps in knowledge persist. Population-based studies have made
      important contributions to what is known about bladder cancer and can contribute
      unique insights to practice and policy. In addition to evaluating effectiveness
      of interventions in routine practice, population-based studies can identify gaps
      between evidence and practice, and generate knowledge that cannot be gained from
      clinical trials. In this review we will highlight how population-based research
      has informed practice, policy, and the research agenda for bladder cancer.

PMID- 27376114
TI  - Novel Simulation Model of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Platform for a
      Virtual Randomized Trial of Conservative Therapy vs. Cystectomy in BCG Refractory
      Patients.
AB  - Introduction: There have been no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating
      the clinical or economic benefit of mitomycin C intravesical therapy vs. radical
      cystectomy in patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).
      We used the Archimedes computational model to simulate RCT comparing radical
      cystectomy versus intravesical mitomycin C (MMC) therapy to evaluate the clinical
      and economic outcomes for BCG-refractory NMIBC as well demonstrate the utility of
      computer based models to simulate a clinical trial. Methods: The Archimedes model
      was developed to generate a virtual population using the Surveillance
      Epidemiology and End Results database, other clinical trials, and expert
      opinions. Patients selected were diagnosed with NMIBC (<cT2 disease) who recurred
      or progressed despite BCG therapy and were randomized to 1) immediate radical
      cystectomy vs. 2) MMC induction intravesical therapy. Clinical (progression,
      overall survival, and disease specific survival) and economic outcomes were
      reported. Results: A total of 1300 virtual patients were evaluation. Progression
      to MIBC in the MMC treatment arm was 30% over the lifetime. Disease specific
      death at 5 years was 1.6% and 8.7% for the immediate cystectomy and MMC treatment
      arms respectively; while, overall death was 17.8% and 23.8% at 5 years. Over a 5
      year period the average cost of immediate cystectomy was $64,675 vs $68,517 in
      the MMC arm. Conclusion: Immediate radical cystectomy after BCG failure for NMIBC
      has improved survival and is more cost-effective when compared to those
      undergoing MMC. Simulation of clinical trials using computational models similar
      to the Archimedes model can overcome shortcomings of real-world clinical trials
      and may prove useful in the face of current medical cost-conscious era.

PMID- 27376115
TI  - Treatment Decision Making in Patients with Bladder Cancer.
AB  - Background: Each stage of bladder cancer involves varying treatment issues and
      concerns that are discussed between patients and providers during the pre
      treatment consultation. There is no documentation of how patients engage in
      decision making. Objective: To describe aspects of treatment decision making
      perceived by patients with bladder cancer using qualitative analysis of data from
      individual interviews. Methods: Patients with any stage bladder cancer were
      recruited from urology and medical oncology services at a comprehensive cancer
      center. A qualitative approach to data collection and analysis was applied.
      Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted, recorded and transcribed.
      Coding of the transcripts was conducted by research team members, discussed for
      consensus and major themes derived. Results: 45 men and 15 women, the majority
      college educated, were recruited. Where to receive care, including from whom, was
      the initial and major decision. Challenges of decisions regarding urinary
      reconstruction were dominant. Personal characteristics, including age and being
      active, were considered. Participants with early stage tumors (n = 28) typically
      perceived only one treatment option and followed the physician's recommendation.
      The 18 participants with stage II-III were aware of multiple options. In 14 stage
      IV participants, balancing quality of life and outcomes between treatments was
      common to the decision process. Conclusions: For this educated sample with
      bladder cancer, recruited at a comprehensive cancer center, the major decision
      was to seek treatment at a location with the highest level of physician
      expertise. Personal preferences informed decisions surrounding bladder
      reconstruction. Further research will be conducted in a diverse sample of
      patients making decisions in a non-urban, community setting.

PMID- 27376116
TI  - Id Proteins Contribute to Tumor Development and Metastatic Colonization in a
      Model of Bladder Carcinogenesis.
AB  - Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignant genitourinary
      diseases worldwide. Despite advances in surgical technique, medical oncology and
      radiation therapy, cure of invasive tumors remains elusive for patients with late
      stage disease. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed to improve the
      response rates with regard to recurrence, invasion and metastasis. Objective:
      Inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) proteins have been proposed as therapeutic targets
      due to the key regulatory role they exert in multiple steps of cancer. We aimed
      to explore the role of Id proteins in bladder cancer development and the pattern
      of expression of Id proteins in bladder carcinomas. Methods: We used a well
      established chemically induced model of bladder carcinogenesis. Wild type and Id
      deficient mice were given N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) in the
      drinking water and urinary bladder lesions were analyzed histopathologically and
      stained for Id1. We assessed the effects of Id1 inactivation in cultured bladder
      cancer cells and in a model of metastatic lung colonization. We also performed
      Id1 staining of human urothelial carcinoma samples and matched lymph node
      metastases. Results: Id1 protein was overexpressed in the BBN-induced model of
      bladder cancer. Id1 deficiency resulted in the development of urinary bladder
      tumors with areas of extensive hemorrhage and decreased invasiveness when
      compared to wild type mice. Id1 inactivation led to decreased cell growth in
      vitro and lung colonization in vivo of human bladder cancer cells.
      Immunohistochemistry performed on human urothelial carcinoma samples showed Id1
      positive staining in both primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Conclusions:
      In summary, our studies reveal the physiological relevance of Id1 in bladder
      cancer progression and suggest that targeting Id1 may be important in the
      development of novel therapies for the treatment of bladder cancer.

PMID- 27376118
TI  - Clinical Trials Corner.

PMID- 27376117
TI  - The Prognostic Value of Previous Irradiation on Survival of Bladder Cancer
      Patients.
AB  - Background: Radiation exposure is an established risk factor for bladder cancer,
      however consensus is lacking on the survival characteristics of bladder cancer
      patients with a history of radiation therapy (RT). Confounding patient
      comorbidities and baseline characteristics hinders prior attempts at developing
      such a consensus. Objective: To compare the survival characteristics of patients
      with suspected radiation-induced second primary cancer (RISPC) of the bladder to
      those with de novo bladder cancer, taking into account the patient comorbidities
      and baseline characteristics predictive of survival. Methods: Retrospective
      analysis of patients with muscle-invasive (>=T2a) or BCG-refractory stage Tis-T1
      urothelial bladder cancer. Patients were excluded if prior RT exposure was used
      as treatment for bladder cancer or if cause of death was due to post-operative
      complications. A digit matching propensity score algorithm was used to match
      patients with prior radiation treatment to those without prior treatment. Cox
      regression analysis for time until death was performed following creation of the
      propensity score matched sample. Results: 29 patients with history of RT were
      matched with two controls each, resulting in a dataset of 87 observations in the
      event model. Results from the Cox model indicate a significantly increased hazard
      ratio for death at 2.22 (p = 0.047, 95% CI: 1.015-4.860) given a history of prior
      radiation therapy. Conclusions: In a small cohort, bladder cancer patients who
      underwent cystectomy had a significantly higher risk of death in the face of
      prior pelvic RT. This effect was found to be independent of surgical
      complications, numerous established patient characteristics and comorbidities
      traditionally predictive of survival.

PMID- 27376121
TI  - Inhibiting Immune Checkpoints for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence supporting the role of immune checkpoint blockade
      in cancer management has been bolstered by recent reports demonstrating
      significant and durable clinical responses across multiple tumour types,
      including metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). The majority of these results
      are achieved via blockade of the programmed death (PD) axis, which like CTLA-4
      blockade permits T-cell activation and immune-mediated anti-tumour activity-
      essentially harnessing the patient's own immune system to mount an anti
      neoplastic response. However, while clinical responses can be striking, our
      understanding of the biology of immune checkpoint blockade is only beginning to
      shed light on how to maximize and even improve patient outcomes with immune
      checkpoint blockade, especially in UC. METHODS: We performed a literature review
      for immune checkpoint blockade with a focus on rationale for checkpoint therapy
      and outcomes in UC. We also highlight the advances made in other tumour types,
      with a focus on the recent 2015 meeting of the American Society for Clinical
      Oncology. RESULTS: In heavily pre-treated UC, trials are suggesting objective
      response rates above 30% . These impressive results are seen across multiple
      different tumour types, especially those with high burden of DNA level mutations.
      Identification of prognostic biomarkers is currently under investigation, in
      order to improve patient selection. Interestingly, response to PD-1 directed
      therapy is seen even in patients with no evidence of PD-1 positivity on
      immunohistochemistry. This has led to the development of enhanced biomarkers
      including assessing DNA mutation rates and immune gene signatures, to improve
      patient selection. CONCLUSIONS: Immune checkpoint blockade is an exciting cancer
      treatment modality which is demonstrating impressive clinical results across
      multiple tumour types. For UC, anti-PD directed therapy represents a much needed
      treatment in the metastatic, post chemotherapy context. Potential for these
      agents to have clinical utility in non-metastatic UC is still to be assessed.

PMID- 27376120
TI  - Management of T1 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: What Do We Know and What Do
      We Need To Know?
AB  - T1 bladder cancer constitutes approximately 25% of incident bladder cancers, and
      as such carries an important public health impact. Notably, it has a
      heterogeneous natural history, with large variation in reported oncologic
      outcomes. Optimal risk-stratification is essential to individualize patient
      management, targeting those at greatest risk of progression for aggressive
      therapies such as early cystectomy, while allowing others to safely pursue
      bladder-preserving approaches including intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerrin
      (BCG). Current strategies for diagnosis, risk-stratification, and treatment are
      imperfect, but emerging technologies and molecular approaches represent exciting
      opportunities to advance clinical paradigms in management of this disease entity.

PMID- 27376122
TI  - Comparison of Guidelines on Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (EAU, CUA, AUA,
      NCCN, NICE).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents a considerably
      diverse patient group and the management of this complex disease is debatable. A
      number of panels from Europe and North America have convened on the topic and
      recently released guideline documents. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to compare and
      contrast the NMIBC guideline recommendations from the EAU (Europe), CUA (Canada),
      NCCN (United States), AUA (United States), and NICE (United Kingdom). METHODS:
      All unabridged guideline documents were reviewed by the authors and comparisons
      were completed according to major topics in NMIBC. RESULTS: Despite a paucity of
      high level evidence regarding the majority of management topics in NMIBC, there
      was general agreement among the various guideline panels. Differences mainly
      centered on the categories of evidence synthesized and grades of recommendations.
      Each document offers a unique presentation of the available literature and
      guideline recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: The guidelines for NMIBC from the EAU,
      CUA, AUA, NCCN, and NICE provide considerable consensus regarding the management
      of this often difficult disease. Clinicians are encouraged to familiarize
      themselves with all of the guidelines in order to determine which style of
      presentation would be most useful to their current practice.

PMID- 27376123
TI  - Bladder Cancer Molecular Taxonomy: Summary from a Consensus Meeting.
AB  - The advent of Omics technologies has been key to the molecular subclassification
      of urothelial bladder cancer. Several groups have used different strategies to
      this aim, with partially overlapping findings. The meeting at the Spanish
      National Cancer Research Center-CNIO was held to discuss such classifications and
      reach consensus where appropriate. After updated presentations on the work
      performed by the teams attending the meeting, a consensus was reached regarding
      the existence of a group of Basal-Squamous-like tumors - designated BASQ -
      charaterized the high expression of KRT5/6 and KRT14 and low/undetectable
      expression of FOXA1 and GATA3. An additional tumor subgroup with urothelial
      differentiation features was recognized whose optimal molecular definition is
      required. For other subtypes described, more work is needed to determine how
      robust they are and how to best define them at the molecular level.

PMID- 27376124
TI  - Limited Funds for Bladder Cancer Research and What Can We Do About It.
AB  - Bladder cancer is frequent, has a high mortality, is expensive and treatment
      options have not improved over a long time. One of the most important reasons for
      the relative lack of improvement in treatment of bladder cancer is the low
      funding for research on bladder cancer. A second reason is that incidence figures
      in some countries are too low because non-muscle invasive tumors are not
      registered. We suggest that the bladder cancer community advocates research on
      bladder cancer and informs policy makers on the underfunding situation. In
      addition, we need to convince the statisticians that registration should
      encompass all bladder tumors.

PMID- 27376125
TI  - Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection may be Limited on the Contralateral Side in Strictly
      Unilateral Bladder Cancer without Compromising Oncological Radicality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Results of a dynamic multimodality mapping study showed no lymphatic
      drainage of the lateral bladder wall to the contralateral internal iliac region.
      OBJECTIVES: To validate whether pathoanatomical mapping in bladder cancer (BC)
      patients can confirm these results. METHODS: Between 01/2000 and 07/2013, 825 BC
      patients preoperatively staged >=pT1 and without clinical signs of metastases
      (cN0 cM0) underwent extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) and radical
      cystectomy at our department. Of these patients, 23% (193/825) were lymph node
      (LN) positive in the pathological specimen; 26% (51/193) of this subgroup had
      strictly unilateral BC. Pathoanatomical mapping was used to retrospectively
      validate the distribution of LN involvement in these 51 patients. RESULTS: A
      median of 35 LNs were removed per patient (range: 13-80 LNs), with a median of 2
      positive LNs (range: 1-14 LNs). 27% (14/51) of patients presented with LN
      metastases on the contralateral side. No positive LNs were found in the
      contralateral internal iliac region or the contralateral fossa of Marcille. 10%
      (5/51) of patients had LN metastases only on the contralateral side without
      evidence of metastases on the tumor-bearing side. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      corroborate the data of a dynamic mapping study showing bilateral lymphatic
      drainage in almost one third of patients with strictly unilateral BC, but no
      lymphatic drainage from the lateral bladder wall to the contralateral internal
      iliac region. If prospective studies confirm these results, the contralateral
      internal iliac region may be omitted during ePLND in patients with strictly
      unilateral BC.

PMID- 27376126
TI  - Editorial concerning "Pelvic lymph node dissection may be limited on the
      contralateral side in strictly unilateral bladder cancer without compromising
      oncological radicality".

PMID- 27376127
TI  - Reply from Authors to the Editorial Comment.

PMID- 27376128
TI  - BcCluster: A Bladder Cancer Database at the Molecular Level.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bladder Cancer (BC) has two clearly distinct phenotypes. Non-muscle
      invasive BC has good prognosis and is treated with tumor resection and
      intravesical therapy whereas muscle invasive BC has poor prognosis and requires
      usually systemic cisplatin based chemotherapy either prior to or after radical
      cystectomy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not often used for patients undergoing
      cystectomy. High-throughput analytical omics techniques are now available that
      allow the identification of individual molecular signatures to characterize the
      invasive phenotype. However, a large amount of data produced by omics experiments
      is not easily accessible since it is often scattered over many publications or
      stored in supplementary files. OBJECTIVE: To develop a novel open-source
      database, BcCluster (http://www.bccluster.org/), dedicated to the comprehensive
      molecular characterization of muscle invasive bladder carcinoma. MATERIALS: A
      database was created containing all reported molecular features significant in
      invasive BC. The query interface was developed in Ruby programming language
      (version 1.9.3) using the web-framework Rails (version 4.1.5)
      (http://rubyonrails.org/). RESULTS: BcCluster contains the data from 112
      published references, providing 1,559 statistically significant features relative
      to BC invasion. The database also holds 435 protein-protein interaction data and
      92 molecular pathways significant in BC invasion. The database can be used to
      retrieve binding partners and pathways for any protein of interest. We illustrate
      this possibility using survivin, a known BC biomarker. CONCLUSIONS: BcCluster is
      an online database for retrieving molecular signatures relative to BC invasion.
      This application offers a comprehensive view of BC invasiveness at the molecular
      level and allows formulation of research hypotheses relevant to this phenotype.

PMID- 27376129
TI  - Independent Replication of Published Germline Polymorphisms Associated with
      Urinary Bladder Cancer Prognosis and Treatment Response.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many studies investigated the prognostic or predictive relevance of
      single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in biologically plausible genes in urinary
      bladder cancer (UBC) patients. Most published SNP associations have never been
      replicated in independent patient series. OBJECTIVE: To independently replicate
      all previously reported associations between germline SNPs and disease prognosis
      or treatment response in UBC. METHODS: A Pubmed search was performed to identify
      studies published by July 1, 2014 reporting on germline SNP associations with UBC
      prognosis or treatment response. For the replication series, consisting of 1,284
      non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and 275 muscle-invasive or metastatic
      bladder cancer (MIBC) patients recruited through the Netherlands Cancer Registry,
      detailed clinical data were retrieved from medical charts. Patients were
      genotyped using a genome-wide SNP array. SNP association with recurrence-free,
      progression-free, and overall survival (OS) within specific patient and treatment
      strata was tested using Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: For only six of the 114
      evaluated SNPs, the association with either UBC prognosis or treatment response
      was replicated at the p <  0.05 level: rs1799793 (ERCC2) and rs187238 (IL18) for
      BCG recurrence; rs6678136 (RGS4) and rs11585883 (RGS5) for NMIBC progression;
      rs12035879 (RGS5) and rs2075786 (TERT) for MIBC OS. CONCLUSIONS: Non-replicated
      genetic associations in the literature require cautious interpretation. This
      single replication does not provide definitive proof of association for the six
      SNPs, and non-replication of other SNPs may result from population-specific
      effects or the retrospective patient enrollment.

PMID- 27376130
TI  - Concordance in Biomarker Status Between Bladder Tumors at Time of Transurethral
      Resection and Subsequent Radical Cystectomy: Results of a 5-year Prospective
      Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the concordance rate in alterations of molecular markers at
      the time of transurethral resection (TUR) and subsequent radical cystectomy (RC)
      among patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB).
      METHODS: We prospectively performed immunohistochemical staining p53, p21, p27,
      Ki-67 and cyclin E1 on TUR and on RC specimens from 102 patients treated with RC
      and bilateral lymphadenectomy for high-grade UCB. We analyzed the concordance
      rate of individual markers and of the number of altered markers. Concordant and
      discordant findings were reported in the overall population and according to
      clinical stage. RESULTS: Median patient age was 74 years (IQR 67-79) and mostly
      male (86%). Median time from TUR to RC was 1.5 months (IQR 1.0-2.4). Clinical
      stage at time of RC was cTa/Tis/T1 in 50% , cT2 in 47% , and cT4 in 1% of
      patients Nine (9%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The concordance of
      biomarkers between TUR and RC specimens was 92.2% , 77.5% , 80.4% , 77.5% , and
      83.3% for cyclin E1, p21, p27, p53 and Ki-67, respectively. The concordance
      between number of altered biomarkers was 51.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of
      individual marker alterations at time of TUR closely approximates that found at
      RC specimens. However, the correlation of number of altered markers is lower.
      Molecular marker status at TUR could help predict the marker status at RC and may
      help guide multimodal therapeutic planning.

PMID- 27376131
TI  - Hypoxia Marker GLUT-1 (Glucose Transporter 1) is an Independent Prognostic Factor
      for Survival in Bladder Cancer Patients Treated with Radical Cystectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tumour hypoxia, which is frequent in many cancer types, is associated
      with treatment resistance and poor prognosis. The role of hypoxia in surgically
      treated bladder cancer (BC) is not well described. We studied the role of hypoxia
      in two independent series of urothelial bladder cancers treated with radical
      cystectomy. METHODS: 279 patients from the University Hospital Network (UHN),
      Toronto, Canada, and Turku University, Finland were studied. Hypoxia biomarkers
      (HIF1-alpha, CAIX, GLUT-1) and proliferation marker Ki-67 were analyzed with
      immunohistochemistry using defined tissue microarrays. Kaplan-Meier methods and
      Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate prognostic
      role of the factors. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, strong GLUT-1 positivity
      and a high Ki-67 index were associated with poor survival. In multivariate model
      containing clinical prognostic variables, GLUT-1 was an independent prognostic
      factor associated with worse disease-specific survival (HR 2.9, 95% CI 0.7-12.6,
      Wald p = 0.15 in the Toronto cohort and HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-7.5, Wald p = 0.0085
      in the Turku cohort). CONCLUSION: GLUT-1 is frequently upregulated and is an
      independent prognostic factor in surgically treated bladder cancer. Further
      studies are needed to evaluate the potential role of hypoxia-based and targeted
      therapies in hypoxic bladder tumours.

PMID- 27376132
TI  - Phase I Study of Everolimus in Combination with Gemcitabine and Split-Dose
      Cisplatin in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy is standard first-line
      treatment for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). Molecular
      profiling studies reveal that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is altered in a
      significant percentage of UCs. OBJECTIVE: We conducted a phase I trial to
      evaluate the feasibility of combining the mTOR inhibitor everolimus with
      gemcitabine and split-dose cisplatin (GC) in advanced UC in the first-line
      setting. METHODS: Patients received gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 and cisplatin 35 mg/m2
      on days 1 and 8 of 21-day cycles for a total of 6 cycles in combination with
      everolimus at increasing dose levels (DL1:5 mg QOD, DL2:5 mg daily, DL3:10 mg
      daily) following a standard 3+3 design. Responses were assessed every 2 cycles.
      Patients with at least stable disease (SD) continued everolimus until
      progression. Goals were to establish dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and maximum
      tolerated dose (MTD) for the combination. RESULTS: 12 patients were enrolled, 3
      at DL1, 3 at DL2, and an additional 6 at DL1 *(DL1 following de-escalation). 3/3
      patients at DL2 had DLTs during cycle 1. 2/8 evaluable patients at DL1/DL1 * had
      DLTs during cycle 1. DLTs were primarily hematologic. Further toxicities, also
      primarily hematologic, were observed during later treatment cycles, leading to 8
      chemotherapy dose reductions overall. Partial responses were observed in 4/10
      evaluable patients, and SD in 5/10. Median overall survival was 10.8 months (95%
      CI 6.9, not reached). CONCLUSIONS: The maximum tolerated dose was reached at the
      lowest dose level, 5 mg QOD, for everolimus in combination with gemcitabine and
      split-dose cisplatin in advanced UC. The regimen was limited by hematologic
      toxicity.

PMID- 27376133
TI  - Clinical Trials Corner.

PMID- 27376135
TI  - Effects of Androgen and Estrogen Receptor Signaling Pathways on Bladder Cancer
      Initiation and Progression.
AB  - Epidemiologic studies have long demonstrated clear differences in incidence and
      progression of bladder cancer between genders suggesting that the mechanisms of
      development and progression in these tumors have a strong association with
      steroid hormonal pathways. Such observations led to preclinical studies
      investigating the role of androgen and estrogen receptors, as well as their
      cognate hormones in bladder cancer initiation and progression. Using various in
      vitro cell line assays and in vivo mouse models, studies have elucidated
      different mechanisms and signaling pathways through which these steroid receptors
      may participate in this disease. More recently, RNA expression data from multiple
      studies revealed a luminal subtype of bladder cancer that exhibited an estrogen
      receptor signaling pathway, making it a strong candidate for further
      consideration of targeted therapies in the future. Despite the promising
      preclinical data demonstrating potential roles for both antiandrogen and
      antiestrogen strategies targeting these pathways in different stages of bladder
      cancer, only two clinical trials are currently active and accruing patients for
      such clinical studies. Targeted therapies in bladder cancer are a large unmet
      need and have the potential to change treatment paradigms and improve oncological
      outcomes of patients with bladder cancer.

PMID- 27376136
TI  - Pursuing Quality in the Application of Bladder Cancer Quality of Life Research.
AB  - Patient-reported outcomes (PRO), including health-related quality of life (HRQOL)
      measures, represent important means for evaluating patients' health outcomes and
      for guiding health care decisions made by patients, practitioners, investigators,
      and policy makers. In spite of the large number of studies examining HRQOL in
      patients with bladder cancer, very few review articles investigated this topic.
      Because these review studies report mixed results, incorporating bladder cancer
      HRQOL measures into standard urological practice is not a viable option. In this
      non-systematic review of the literature and commentary we note some general
      concerns regarding PRO research, but our primary focus is on the HRQOL
      methodology within the context of two types of bladder cancer: muscle invasive
      and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Considering bladder cancer HRQOL as the
      interaction of four areas of the assessment process (i.e., what model of HRQOL to
      choose, what instruments are available to fit the choice, how interpretation of
      the resulting data fits the model, and how to derive some utility from the chosen
      model) and the two types of disease (i.e., muscle invasive and non-muscle
      invasive) may move us toward a better understanding of bladder cancer HRQOL.
      Establishing a useful model of perceived general health or specific symptoms is
      the first and most important step in developing the responsive bladder cancer
      HRQOL measures necessitated by clinical settings.

PMID- 27376137
TI  - Bladder Preservation for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.
AB  - The standard treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) has been
      considered to be radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymphadenectomy. However
      morbidity and impact on quality of life is significant. Radiotherapy has been
      used in MIBC patients who choose bladder preservation or who are unfit for RC
      with comparable outcomes. Evidence from some prospective and large retrospective
      series supports the use of radiotherapy as an attractive alternative option. In
      this paper we review the evidence and practice of bladder preservation strategies
      with radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer.

PMID- 27376139
TI  - Collaborating to Move Research Forward: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Bladder
      Cancer Think Tank.
AB  - The 10th Annual Bladder Cancer Think Tank was hosted by the Bladder Cancer
      Advocacy Network and brought together a multidisciplinary group of clinicians,
      researchers, representatives and Industry to advance bladder cancer research
      efforts. Think Tank expert panels, group discussions, and networking
      opportunities helped generate ideas and strengthen collaborations between
      researchers and physicians across disciplines and between institutions.
      Interactive panel discussions addressed a variety of timely issues: 1) data
      sharing, privacy and social media; 2) improving patient navigation through
      therapy; 3) promising developments in immunotherapy; 4) and moving bladder cancer
      research from bench to bedside. Lastly, early career researchers presented their
      bladder cancer studies and had opportunities to network with leading experts.

PMID- 27376138
TI  - Summary and Recommendations from the National Cancer Institute's Clinical Trials
      Planning Meeting on Novel Therapeutics for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer.
AB  - The NCI Bladder Cancer Task Force convened a Clinical Trials Planning Meeting
      (CTPM) Workshop focused on Novel Therapeutics for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder
      Cancer (NMIBC). Meeting attendees included a broad and multi-disciplinary group
      of clinical and research stakeholders and included leaders from NCI, FDA,
      National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN), advocacy and the pharmaceutical and
      biotech industry. The meeting goals and objectives were to: 1) create a
      collaborative environment in which the greater bladder research community can
      pursue future optimally designed novel clinical trials focused on the theme of
      molecular targeted and immune-based therapies in NMIBC; 2) frame the clinical and
      translational questions that are of highest priority; and 3) develop two clinical
      trial designs focusing on immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Despite
      successful development and implementation of large Phase II and Phase III trials
      in bladder and upper urinary tract cancers, there are no active and accruing
      trials in the NMIBC space within the NCTN. Disappointingly, there has been only
      one new FDA approved drug (Valrubicin) in any bladder cancer disease state since
      1998. Although genomic-based data for bladder cancer are increasingly available,
      translating these discoveries into practice changing treatment is still to come.
      Recently, major efforts in defining the genomic characteristics of NMIBC have
      been achieved. Aligned with these data is the growing number of targeted therapy
      agents approved and/or in development in other organ site cancers and the
      multiple similarities of bladder cancer with molecular subtypes in these other
      cancers. Additionally, although bladder cancer is one of the more immunogenic
      tumors, some tumors have the ability to attenuate or eliminate host immune
      responses. Two trial concepts emerged from the meeting including a window of
      opportunity trial (Phase 0) testing an FGFR3 inhibitor and a second multi-arm
      multi-stage trial testing combinations of BCG or radiotherapy and
      immunomodulatory agents in patients who recur after induction BCG (BCG failure).

PMID- 27376140
TI  - Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Treatment Failures with Non-Muscle Invasive
      Bladder Cancer: A Data-Driven Definition for BCG Unresponsive Disease.
AB  - Objective: To create the first data-driven definition for those unlikely to
      benefit from further BCG treatment. Materials and Methods: The database created
      for the Phase 2 BCG-Interferon-alpha 2B (IFN) study was queried and BCG failure
      patients were identified (n = 334). Full study protocols have previously been
      published. Separate models were constructed for analysis of patients with any CIS
      (pure or concomitant) and pure papillary disease. Variables considered included
      age, gender, stage, grade, tumor size and focality (for papillary only), number
      of prior BCG courses, and prior BCG failure interval. Results: Patients with
      recurrent CIS within 6 months of their most recent prior BCG course (HR 2.56, p <
      0.01) and >=2 prior BCG failures (HR 1.54, p <  0.01) responded worst to repeat
      intravesical therapy. Those with CIS recurrence at 6-12 months did not differ
      from those recurring within 6 months (HR = 0.88, p = 0.71). Patients with
      recurrent papillary disease within 6 months (HR 1.82, p = 0.02), >=2 BCG failures
      (HR 1.54, p = 0.03), and multifocal disease (HR 2.05, p <  0.01) responded worst
      to therapy. Patients with T1 disease remained disease free in 38% of cases (24
      51% 95% CI) at 2 years with low rates of progression. Conclusions: Patients who
      fail two courses of BCG with either persistent or recurrent multifocal papillary
      disease within 6 months or CIS within 12 months of their prior BCG should be
      considered BCG unresponsive. Recurrent T1 disease respond reasonably well to
      another course with low progression rates but further investigation is warranted.

PMID- 27376141
TI  - Do African American Patients Treated with Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer
      have Worse Overall Survival? Accounting for Pathologic Staging and Patient
      Demographics Beyond Race Makes a Difference.
AB  - Background: It is estimated that 74,000 men and women in the United States will
      be diagnosed with bladder cancer and 16,000 will die from the disease in 2015.
      The incidence of bladder cancer in Caucasian males is double that of African
      American males, but African American men and women have worse survival. Although
      factors contributing to this disparity have been analyzed, there is still great
      uncertainty as to why this disparity exists. Objective: To evaluate whether the
      disparities in bladder cancer survival after radical cystectomy for transitional
      cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder amongst African American (AA) and Caucasian
      patients is attributable to patient demographics, year of diagnosis, and/or tumor
      characteristics. Methods: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
      Program (SEER) data from 1973-2011, African American and Caucasian patients
      treated with a radical cystectomy for TCC of the bladder were identified. Primary
      outcomes were all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. Differences in survival
      between African Americans and Caucasian patients were assessed using chi-square
      tests for categorical variables and Student's t-tests for continuous variables.
      Cox proportional hazards regression was used to measure the hazard ratio for
      African Americans compared to Caucasians for all-cause and cancer-specific
      mortality. In addition, coarsened matching techniques within narrow ranges, were
      used to match African American and Caucasian patients on the basis of age, sex,
      and cancer stage. Following matching, differences in all-cause and cancer
      specific mortality were again assessed using a stratified Cox proportional
      hazards model, using the matching strata for the regression strata. Results: The
      study cohort consisted of 21,406 African American and Caucasian patients treated
      with radical cystectomy for bladder urothelial cancer, with 6.2% being African
      American and 73.9% male. African American patients had worse all-cause and cancer
      specific mortality in the univariable analysis (all-cause: HR: 1.23; 95% CI 1.15
      1.32, p <  0.001); bladder-cancer specific: HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.11-1.33; p < 
      0.001). However, after accounting for sex, age, year of diagnosis, marital
      status, region of treatment, and stage at cystectomy, all-cause mortality was
      significant (HR 1.20; 95% CI 1.12-1.29; p <  0.0001), but not bladder-cancer
      specific mortality (HR 1.09; 95% CI 1.00-1.20; p <  0.053). Predictors of bladder
      cancer specific mortality were age, sex, stage of disease, and marital status.
      The matched analysis yielded a roughly 1 : 15 match, with 22,511 Caucasians being
      matched to 1,509 African American patients. In the matched analysis, African
      Americans had increased all-cause mortality (HR 1.17; 95% CI 1.09-1.26; p < 
      0.0001), but bladder-cancer specific mortality was no longer significant (HR
      1.08; 95% CI 0.99-1.18; p <  0.102). Conclusions: African Americans who undergo a
      cystectomy are more likely to die, but not necessarily solely because of bladder
      cancer. Although African American patients have worse all-cause and cancer
      specific mortality in univariable models, after controlling for sex, age, year of
      diagnosis, marital status, region of treatment, and stage at cystectomy, African
      American patients still have worse overall survival, but equivalent bladder
      cancer specific survival. Differences in age, sex, and stage at diagnosis explain
      some, but not all of the differences in survival.

PMID- 27376142
TI  - Using Analytic Morphomics to Understand Short-Term Convalescence after Radical
      Cystectomy.
AB  - Background: Data from the general surgery literature suggests that patient
      morphometric data obtained from preoperative imaging may help predict a patient's
      risk around surgery. Objectives: In this context, we evaluated for associations
      between psoas muscle area and short-term convalescence following radical
      cystectomy. Methods: After identifying patients who underwent radical cystectomy
      at our institution (2008 to 2013), we calculated their psoas muscle area from
      staging computed tomography scans using established analytic morphomic
      techniques. We then determined early recovery among patients with high and low
      psoas muscle area using the validated Convalescence and Recovery Evaluation
      (CARE) questionnaire-a 27-item survey, divided into four domains (activity,
      cognitive, gastrointestinal, and pain recovery). Finally, we assessed the
      relationship between psoas muscle area and changes in CARE scores with nested
      linear regression models. Results: Among the 86 men and among 31 women in our
      cohort, the median total psoas muscle area was 2,544 mm2 and 1,511 mm2,
      respectively (P <  0.001 for the comparison). While there was no association
      between psoas muscle area and recovery in men, women with higher (versus lower)
      total psoas muscle area had smaller decreases in their pain scores
      postoperatively and a quicker return to their baseline level (P = 0.05). Activity
      scores also approached baseline levels faster among women with higher psoas
      muscle area, although this finding did not reach statistical significance.
      Conclusions: Psoas muscle area is potentially an important preoperative predictor
      of recovery for women undergoingradical cystectomy. More broadly speaking,
      analytic morphomics may represent a novel approach to better understand
      perioperative risk.

PMID- 27376143
TI  - A Nonselective Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor Enhances the Activity of Vinblastine in a
      Naturally-Occurring Canine Model of Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma.
AB  - Background: Chemotherapy is expected to remain an important part of invasive
      urothelial carcinoma (UC) treatment. Strategies to enhance chemotherapy efficacy
      are needed. Objective: To determine the chemotherapy-enhancing effects of a
      nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor on vinblastine in a naturally
      occurring canine model of invasive UC. Methods: With IACUC approval, privately
      owned dogs with naturally-occurring histologically-diagnosed invasive UC,
      expected survival >=6 weeks, and informed owner consent were randomly allocated
      to receive vinblastine (2.5 mg/m2 intravenously every 2 weeks) plus piroxicam
      (0.3 mg/kg daily per os) or vinblastine alone (same dose) with the option to
      receive piroxicam alone when vinblastine failed. Scheduled evaluations included
      physical exam, standard laboratory analyses, thoracic radiography, abdominal
      ultrasonography, and standardized measurement of urinary tract tumors. Results:
      Dogs receiving vinblastine alone (n = 27) and vinblastine-piroxicam (n = 24) were
      similar in age, sex, breed, tumor stage, and grade. Remission occurred more
      frequently (P <  0.02) with vinblastine-piroxicam (58.3%) than with vinblastine
      alone (22.2%). The median progression free interval was 143 days with vinblastine
      alone and 199 days with the combination. Interestingly, the overall median
      survival time was significantly longer (P <  0.03) in dogs receiving vinblastine
      alone followed by piroxicam alone (n = 20, 531 days) than in dogs receiving the
      combination (299 days). Treatment was well tolerated in both arms. Conclusions:
      Piroxicam significantly enhanced the activity of vinblastine in dogs with UC
      where the cancer closely mimics the human condition, clearly justifying further
      study. The study suggest the potential importance of tracking COX inhibitor use
      in patients in clinical trials as COX inhibitors could affect treatment response.

PMID- 27376144
TI  - A Multi-Center International Study Assessing the Impact of Differences in
      Baseline Characteristics and Perioperative Care Following Radical Cystectomy.
AB  - Background: To identify potential avenues for quality improvement, we compared
      the variations in clinical practice and their association with perioperative
      morbidity and mortality following radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer in
      the United States (US) and Japan. Methods: We reviewed our retrospectively
      collected database of 2240 patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer at the
      University of Michigan (n = 1427) and in 21 Japanese institutions (n = 813)
      between 1997 and 2014. We performed a systematic comparison of clinical and
      perioperative factors and assessed predictors of perioperative morbidity and
      mortality. Death within 90 days of surgery was the primary outcome. Results:
      There were apparent differences between the two study populations. Notably, US
      patients had a significantly greater BMI and higher ASA score. In Japanese
      institutions, median postoperative hospital stay was significantly higher (40
      days vs. 7 days, p <  0.001) and 90-day readmission rates were significantly
      lower (0.6% vs. 26.8% , p <  0.001). There was a total of 1372/2240 (61.2%)
      patients with complications within 90 days and 66/2240 (2.9%) patient deaths.
      Significant predictors of 90-day mortality were older age (OR 1.04, CI 1.01
      1.07), higher body mass index (OR 1.07, CI 1.02-1.12), node-positive disease (OR
      3.14, CI 1.78-5.47), increased blood loss (OR 1.02, CI 1.01-1.03), and major
      (Clavien-grade 3 or greater) complication (OR 3.29, CI 1.88-5.71). Conclusion:
      Despite major differences in baseline characteristics and care of cystectomy
      patients between the two study populations, peri-operative mortality rates proved
      to be comparable. This data supports an exploration of non-traditional factors
      that may influence mortality after cystectomy.

PMID- 27376147
TI  - Clinical Trials Corner.

PMID- 27376145
TI  - Benefit of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection in pT3 and Node
      Positive Bladder Cancer Patients Treated with Radical Cystectomy.
AB  - Background: Benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) and extent of pelvic lymph
      node dissection (PLND) in radical cystectomy (RC) are debated. Results from
      randomized trials are still expected. Objective: To analyze the effects of AC and
      PLND in two academic centers with opposite policies regarding their use. Methods:
      581 bladder cancer patients who underwent RC without neoadjuvant chemotherapy,
      from Toronto (University Health Network), Canada, and Turku University Hospital,
      Finland were included. Disease specific survival (DSS) and failure patterns were
      assessed. Results: Centers differed in PLND rate (93% and 36% in Toronto and
      Turku respectively, p <  0.001), PLND extent (>=10 removed nodes, 58% vs. 8%, p <
      0.001) and AC rate (21% vs. 2%, p <  0.001). Survival between centers among
      pT<=1 or pT4 patients was similar. pT3 patients in Toronto had an improved 10
      year DSS (43% vs. 22%, p = 0.025). Distant failures were less common after AC (HR
      0.56, 95%  CI 0.33-0.98, p <  0.042). In node positive (N+) patients, mortality
      was significantly higher in Turku (HR 2.19, 95%  CI 1.44-3.34, p <  0.001) and
      lower in patients receiving AC (HR 0.60, 95%  CI 0.37-0.99, p = 0.044). 41% DSS
      at 10 years was observed in N+ Toronto patients. Limitations included the non
      randomized retrospective design and absence of propensity score analysis.
      Conclusion: Combining AC and PLND to RC is associated with improved survival in
      pT3 and N+ patients. PLND did not affect survival independently but helps in
      selecting patients for AC. Our data adds to the growing body of evidence
      supporting the usefulness of AC in addition to PLND in high risk patients
      operated by cystectomy.

PMID- 27376146
TI  - The Impact of Blue Light Cystoscopy with Hexaminolevulinate (HAL) on Progression
      of Bladder Cancer - A New Analysis.
AB  - Background: The International Bladder Cancer Group (IBCG) recently proposed a new
      definition of disease progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC),
      including change in T-stage, change to T2 or higher or change from low to high
      grade. Objective: To establish whether blue light cystoscopy with
      hexaminolevulinate (HAL) impacts the rate of progression and time to progression
      using the revised definition. Methods: An earlier long-term follow-up of a
      controlled Phase III study reported outcomes following blue light cystoscopy with
      HAL (255 patients) or white light (WL) cystoscopy (261 patients) in NMIBC
      patients. The data was re-analysed according to the new definition. Results: In
      the original analysis, after 4.5 years (median), eight HAL and 16 WL patients
      were deemed to have progressed (transition from NMIBC to muscle invasive bladder
      cancer, (T2-4)). According to the new definition, additional patients in both
      groups were found to have progressed: 31 (12.2%) HAL vs 46 (17.6%) WL (p = 0.085)
      with four (1.6%) HAL and 11 (4.2%) WL patients progressing from Ta to CIS. Time
      to progression was longer in the HAL group (p = 0.05). Conclusions: Applying the
      new IBCG definition there was a trend towards a lower rate of progression in HAL
      patients, particularly in those progressing from Ta to CIS. Time to progression
      was significantly prolonged. This suggests that patients should receive blue
      light cystoscopy with HAL rather than WL at resection. Adoption of the new
      definition could allow more patients at risk of progression to be treated
      appropriately earlier.

PMID- 27376149
TI  - The Process of Separating Bovine Serum Albumin Using Hydroxyapatite and Active
      Babassu Coal (Orbignya martiana).
AB  - Bovine serum albumin is one of the major serum proteins; it plays an important
      role as a result of its functional and nutritional properties which have
      bioactive peptides. Adsorption method was used to separate protein, which
      involves hydroxyapatite, synthetic hydroxyapatite, and active babassu coal.
      Initially, characterization was carried out using the zeta potential of the
      adsorbents. Kinetic pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models were applied.
      For isotherms, equilibrium data studies were carried out using the Langmuir and
      Freundlich models, in addition to determining the efficiency of adsorptive
      process. The results of the zeta potential showed loads ranging from +6.9 to 
      42.8 mV. The kinetic data were better represented in the pseudo-second-order
      model with chemisorption characteristics. The adsorption capacity of the
      adsorbents decreased as pH increased, indicating that the electrostatic bonds and
      some functional groups of active babassu coal contributed to the reduction of
      adsorption, especially oxygen linked to carbon atoms. The value of pH 4.0 showed
      the best results of adsorption, being obtained as the maximum adsorption capacity
      (q m ) and yield (%) (where q m = 87.95 mg g(-1) and 74.2%; 68.26 mg g(-1) and
      68.6%; and 36.18 mg g(-1), 37.4%) of hydroxyapatite, synthetic hydroxyapatite,
      and active babassu coal, respectively.

PMID- 27376150
TI  - A Versatile Gene Delivery System for Efficient and Tumor Specific Gene
      Manipulation in vivo.
AB  - The Replication-Competent Avian Sarcoma-leukosis virus long-terminal repeat with
      splice acceptor (RCAS)-Tumor Virus A (TVA) gene delivery system has been created
      based on the fact that avian sarcoma leukosis virus subgroup A only infects cells
      expressing its receptor, TVA. This system has been successfully applied to create
      various mouse models for human cancers. Here we briefly discuss the advantages
      and the potential caveats of using this RCAS-TVA gene delivery system in cancer
      research. We also introduce and discuss how our newly designed RCAS-based gene
      delivery system (RCI-Oncogene, for RCAS-Cre-IRES-Oncogene) allows concise and
      efficient manipulation of gene expression in tumors in vivo, and how this system
      can be used to rapidly study the biological function of gene(s) and/or the
      collaborative actions of multiple genes in regulating tumor initiation,
      progression and/or metastasis.

PMID- 27376151
TI  - Malnutrition and Total Joint Arthroplasty.
AB  - Malnutrition is prevalent in patients undergoing elective total joint
      arthroplasty (TJA). Malnutrition has been shown to be an independent risk factor
      for multiple postsurgical complications following TJA in addition to increasing
      postoperative mortality. In the current healthcare environment, it is important
      to recognize and correct modifiable risk factors preoperatively to minimize
      perioperative complications and improve patient outcomes. Recently, multiple
      studies have been published focusing on the association between malnutrition and
      perioperative complications following TJA. The findings of these studies are
      summarized in this review. Further research is required to determine if
      optimization of nutritional status preoperatively influence surgical outcomes in
      the elective TJA patient.

PMID- 27376152
TI  - Whole-exome sequencing identifies ADRA2A mutation in atypical familial partial
      lipodystrophy.
AB  - Despite identification of causal genes for various lipodystrophy syndromes, the
      molecular basis of some peculiar lipodystrophies remains obscure. In an African
      American pedigree with a novel autosomal dominant, atypical familial partial
      lipodystrophy (FPLD), we performed linkage analysis for candidate regions and
      whole-exome sequencing to identify the disease-causing mutation. Affected adults
      reported marked loss of fat from the extremities, with excess fat in the face and
      neck at age 13-15 years, and developed metabolic complications later. A
      heterozygous g.112837956C>T mutation on chromosome 10 (c.202C>T, p.Leu68Phe)
      affecting a highly conserved residue in adrenoceptor alpha 2A (ADRA2A) was found
      in all affected subjects but not in unaffected relatives. ADRA2A is the main
      presynaptic inhibitory feedback G protein-coupled receptor regulating
      norepinephrine release. Activation of ADRA2A inhibits cAMP production and reduces
      lipolysis in adipocytes. As compared with overexpression of a wild-type ADRA2A
      construct in human embryonic kidney-293 cells and differentiated 3T3-L1
      adipocytes, the mutant ADRA2A produced more cAMP and glycerol, which were
      resistant to the effects of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine and
      the alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine, suggesting loss of function.
      We conclude that heterozygous p.Leu68Phe ADRA2A mutation causes a rare atypical
      FPLD, most likely by inducing excessive lipolysis in some adipose tissue depots.

PMID- 27376154
TI  - Understanding the Importance of Gene and Environment in the Etiology and
      Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in High-Risk Populations.
AB  - Current literature focuses on the complications and treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
      Mellitus (T2DM) while clustering environmental and genetic factors to explain the
      disease. Interventions proposed to reduce diabetes prevalence should focus
      predominantly on initiating active rapports of family members and promoting a
      more communication-oriented preventative approach between diabetics and non
      diabetics. Due to varying risks in T2DM by race and ethnicity, these populations
      should follow race-appropriate guidelines to prevent further T2DM occurrence and
      complications. The review consists of information related to the genetic
      component of T2DM to help identify high-risk groups and focuses on the
      environmental aspect of the disease to help consider appropriate techniques to
      reduce disease burden. Genetic factors play important roles in the pathogenesis
      of diabetes and thus are an essential element of understanding the cause of the
      disease and possible methods of prevention. Focusing on high-risk groups with
      T2DM could have profound effects on the current health care situation. In this
      review, we discuss the epidemiology of diabetes in the United States and propose
      methods of preventing and delaying the development of T2DM in high-risk
      individuals.

PMID- 27376153
TI  - Temporal Regulation of the Bacillus subtilis Acetylome and Evidence for a Role of
      MreB Acetylation in Cell Wall Growth.
AB  - : Nepsilon-Lysine acetylation has been recognized as a ubiquitous regulatory
      posttranslational modification that influences a variety of important biological
      processes in eukaryotic cells. Recently, it has been realized that acetylation is
      also prevalent in bacteria. Bacteria contain hundreds of acetylated proteins,
      with functions affecting diverse cellular pathways. Still, little is known about
      the regulation or biological relevance of nearly all of these modifications. Here
      we characterize the cellular growth-associated regulation of the Bacillus
      subtilis acetylome. Using acetylation enrichment and quantitative mass
      spectrometry, we investigate the logarithmic and stationary growth phases,
      identifying over 2,300 unique acetylation sites on proteins that function in
      essential cellular pathways. We determine an acetylation motif, EK(ac)(D/Y/E),
      which resembles the eukaryotic mitochondrial acetylation signature, and a
      distinct stationary-phase-enriched motif. By comparing the changes in acetylation
      with protein abundances, we discover a subset of critical acetylation events that
      are temporally regulated during cell growth. We functionally characterize the
      stationary-phase-enriched acetylation on the essential shape-determining protein
      MreB. Using bioinformatics, mutational analysis, and fluorescence microscopy, we
      define a potential role for the temporal acetylation of MreB in restricting cell
      wall growth and cell diameter. IMPORTANCE: The past decade highlighted Nepsilon
      lysine acetylation as a prevalent posttranslational modification in bacteria.
      However, knowledge regarding the physiological importance and temporal regulation
      of acetylation has remained limited. To uncover potential regulatory roles for
      acetylation, we analyzed how acetylation patterns and abundances change between
      growth phases in B. subtilis. To demonstrate that the identification of cell
      growth-dependent modifications can point to critical regulatory acetylation
      events, we further characterized MreB, the cell shape-determining protein. Our
      findings led us to propose a role for MreB acetylation in controlling cell width
      by restricting cell wall growth.

PMID- 27376155
TI  - Co-Expression Network Analysis of Fbxw7-Associated LncRNAs Reveals Their
      Functions in Radiation-Induced Thymic Lymphoma.
AB  - FBXW7, an E3-ubiquitin protein ligase in SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box) complex, is a
      major human tumor suppressor gene, and understanding mechanisms by which FBXW7
      contributes to tumorigenesis is critical for the treatment of human cancers with
      FBXW7 deficiency. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators
      of various biological processes. Here we have identified a set of lncRNAs that
      are associated with Fbxw7 deficiency. The correlation network and functional
      annotation analysis revealed that Fbxw7-associated lncRNAs regulate genes
      involved in cell cycle, DNA repair, metabolic process, and cell communication and
      adhesion. The number of coding genes that correlated with individual lncRNAs
      varied largely. A lncRNA on chromosome 15 (A_30_P01032978), which was upregulated
      in tumors from Fbxw7 deficient mice was positively correlated with 15 coding
      genes. High expression of this 15-gene signature was associated with poor
      prognosis in two independent human breast cancer studies. Our results open
      possible new avenues to understand mechanisms by which Fbxw7 deficiency increases
      tumor susceptibility via the alteration of lncRNAs.

PMID- 27376156
TI  - DNA-PK Deficiency in Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal death with an accumulaton
      of intra-cellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and extracellular amyloid
      plaques. Reduced DNA repair ability has been reported in AD brains. In neurons,
      the predominant mechanism to repair double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) is non
      homologous end joining (NHEJ) that requires DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK)
      activity. DNA-PK is a holoenzyme comprising the p460 kD DNA-PK catalytic subunit
      (DNA-PKcs) and its activator Ku, a heterodimer of p86 (Ku80) and p70 (Ku70)
      subunits. Upon binding to double-stranded DNA ends, Ku recruits DNA-PKcs to
      process NHEJ. In AD brains, reduced NHEJ activity as well as DNA-PKcs and Ku
      protein levels have been shown. Normal aging brains also show a reduction in both
      DNA-PKcs and Ku levels questioning a direct link between NHEJ ability and AD, and
      suggesting additional players/events in AD pathogenesis. Deficiency of Ku80, a
      somatostatin receptor, can disrupt somatostatin signaling thus inducing amyloid
      beta (Abeta) generation, which in turn can potentiate DNA-PKcs degradation and
      consequently loss of NHEJ activity, an additional step negatively affecting DSB
      repair. Trigger of these two different pathways culminating in genome instability
      may differentiate the outcomes between AD and normal aging.

PMID- 27376157
TI  - MicroRNA-124 suppresses tumor cell proliferation and invasion by targeting CD164
      signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - MicroRNAs play critical roles in regulating gene expression and various cellular
      processes in human cancer malignant progression. Down-regulated expression of miR
      124 gene has been shown to be significantly associated with a poor prognosis in
      patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but its biological function and
      regulatory roles in lung cancer tumorigenesis are largely unknown. In this study,
      we aimed to determine effects of ectopic expression of miR-124 on tumor cell
      proliferation, invasion, and induction of apoptosis by DOTAP:Cholesterol
      nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer and identify its endogenous targets under
      physiological conditions in NSCLC cells. Overexpression of miR-124 significantly
      suppresses tumor cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and induction
      of apoptosis in H322 and A549 cells. Two endogenous miR-124 targeting sites in
      the 3'UTR of CD164 mRNA are identified by a stem-loop-array reverse transcription
      PCR (SLA-RT-PCR) assay in H1299 cells under physiological condition. Ectopic
      expression of miR-124 induces CD164 mRNA cleavage and down-regulated its gene and
      protein expression. Our results suggest that miR-124 function as a tumor
      suppressor miRNA and suppress tumor proliferation and aggression by directly
      targeting oncogenic CD164 signaling pathway in NSCLC.

PMID- 27376158
TI  - Identity Management and Mental Health Discourse in Social Media.
AB  - Social media is increasingly being adopted in health discourse. We examine the
      role played by identity in supporting discourse on socially stigmatized
      conditions. Specifically, we focus on mental health communities on reddit. We
      investigate the characteristics of mental health discourse manifested through
      reddit's characteristic 'throwaway' accounts, which are used as proxies of
      anonymity. For the purpose, we propose affective, cognitive, social, and
      linguistic style measures, drawing from literature in psychology. We observe that
      mental health discourse from throwaways is considerably disinhibiting and
      exhibits increased negativity, cognitive bias and self-attentional focus, and
      lowered self-esteem. Throwaways also seem to be six times more prevalent as an
      identity choice on mental health forums, compared to other reddit communities. We
      discuss the implications of our work in guiding mental health interventions, and
      in the design of online communities that can better cater to the needs of
      vulnerable populations. We conclude with thoughts on the role of identity
      manifestation on social media in behavioral therapy.

PMID- 27376159
TI  - A systematic review of lifestyle interventions for chronic diseases in rural
      communities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rural Americans suffer disproportionately from lifestyle-related
      chronic diseases (e.g., obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease,
      and breast cancer). Interventions that consider the distinctive characteristics
      of rural communities (e.g., access to healthcare, income, and education) are
      needed. As an initial step in planning future research, we completed a systematic
      review of dietary intake and physical activity interventions targeting rural
      populations. METHODS: Manuscripts focused on dietary intake and physical activity
      and published through March 15, 2016, were identified by use of PubMed and CINAHL
      databases and MeSH terms and keyword searches. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies met
      the inclusion criteria. Six involved randomized controlled trials; 7 used quasi
      experimental designs; 4 had a pre-/post-design; and 1 was an observational study.
      Eight studies were multi-site (or multi-county), and 3 focused on churches.
      Primary emphasis by racial/ethnic group included: African Americans (6); Whites
      (2); Hispanics (3); and two or more groups (7). Most studies (17) sampled adults;
      one included children. Two studies targeted families. CONCLUSIONS: Additional
      lifestyle intervention research is needed to identify effective approaches
      promoting healthy diet and exercise and chronic disease prevention in rural
      communities. Studies that include rigorous designs, adequate sample sizes, and
      generalizable results are needed to overcome the limitations of published
      studies.

PMID- 27376160
TI  - Asfotase alfa: enzyme replacement for the treatment of bone disease in
      hypophosphatasia.
AB  - Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in
      the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP, TNSALP) gene. HPP causes a
      multisystemic syndrome with a predominant bone phenotype. The clinical spectrum
      ranges from high lethality in early onset (<6 months) HPP to mild late-onset
      syndromes. HPP management so far has been only supportive. Subcutaneous asfotase
      alfa, a first-in-class bone-targeted human TNAP enzyme replacement therapy, is
      the first compound to be approved for long-term treatment of bone manifestations
      in pediatric-onset HPP. In noncomparative clinical trials (treatment up to 7
      years), this treatment was associated with skeletal, respiratory and functional
      improvement in perinatal, infantile and childhood-onset HPP. Compared with age
      matched historical controls, patients with life-threatening perinatal and
      infantile HPP treated with asfotase alfa had substantially improved bone
      mineralization, survival and ventilation-free survival. In childhood HPP,
      asfotase alfa improved growth, gross motor function, strength and agility and
      decreased pain. The compound was well tolerated and most adverse events were of
      mild to moderate intensity. To date, data and experience concerning its efficacy
      and safety in long-term treatment are not yet available. Further studies to
      evaluate risks and benefits of enzyme replacement therapy with asfotase alfa in
      adults are in progress and are also strongly needed. 

PMID- 27376161
TI  - Sebelipase alfa: enzymatic replacement treatment for lysosomal acid lipase
      deficiency.
AB  - Sebelipase alfa was approved for use in 2015 for patients suffering from
      lysosomal acid lipase deficiency in either of its two forms. The more severe,
      early-onset form, Wolman disease, occurs in young infants in whom it is normally
      fatal within the first year of life. Sebelipase alfa has allowed a small number
      of such infants to achieve a relatively normal growth rate and to survive for 2
      or more years. In older children and adults, the enzyme has corrected their
      dyslipidemia and produced significant improvement in markers of hepatic function.
      Important unanswered questions remain, such as to what extent treatment with
      sebelipase alfa alters the long-term cardiovascular and hepatic consequences of
      this rare recessive genetic disorder. Further research is also required to
      determine the true frequency of the disorder in different populations and ethnic
      groups. The high cost of treatment with sebelipase alfa also poses a very
      significant obstacle for many health plans. 

PMID- 27376162
TI  - Sonidegib phosphate: new approval for basal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), although mostly locally confined, is the most common
      cancer. Most BCCs harbor inactivating mutations in the membrane receptor/gene
      Ptch, thereby activating the Hedgehog signaling pathway (Hh) via the essential
      signaling molecule Smoothened (SMO). Novel small-molecule inhibitors or
      antagonists of SMO have shown excellent response rates in patients with locally
      advanced, unresectable and metastatic BCC in roughly 35-60% of patients, with
      disease control rates and clinical benefit being even higher. Sonidegib is the
      second-in-class SMO inhibitor approved for locally advanced, unresectable and
      metastatic BCC. Sonidegib is given once daily continuously, with specific side
      effects as listed in the label indication. Resistance develops over time and
      knowledge gleaned from other SMO inhibitors indicates that SMO mutations
      preventing drug binding as well as mechanisms activating the Hh pathway
      downstream of SMO are responsible, ultimately reactivating Hh pathway signaling.
      The next challenge will be to define novel salvage and SMO combination strategies
      for BCC and other tumors. 

PMID- 27376163
TI  - 28th Annual DIA EuroMeeting (April 6-8, 2016 - Hamburg, Germany).
AB  - The 28(th) Drug Information Association (DIA) Annual EuroMeeting took place in
      Hamburg, Germany, gathering together participants from different industries,
      organizations, academic research centers, regulatory agencies and health
      ministries, mainly from the E.U. The conference began with a regulatory Town Hall
      meeting focusing on the E.U. Medicines Agencies Network strategy to 2020. This
      was followed by an opening plenary session where the diverse roles of innovation
      in drug development were discussed. Areas for discussion over the meeting were
      classified into 14 main themes, and for each session, profession!als from the
      pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies and health ministries, as well as
      delegates from patient organizations, presented their considerations for debate.
      This report covers some regulatory sessions presented at the meeting.

PMID- 27376164
TI  - Biosimilar Medicines Group - 14th Annual Medicines for Europe Conference (April
      28-29, 2016 - London, UK).
AB  - Biotechnology has enabled the development of treatments for many diseases
      benefiting millions of people. Similar biologics or 'biosimilar' versions of
      originator biologic medicines are a relatively new category of biologics, usually
      developed when the originator is protected by patent exclusivity and introduced
      to healthcare systems as a cheaper option to treat disease. Biosimilars provide
      value and thus access for new groups of patients because they bring cost savings
      to the healthcare ecosystem. Generics achieved cost savings of EUR 100 billion in
      2014, which allows the system to finance more innovative methods of bringing
      medicines to patients. The Medicines for Europe Biosimilars Medicines Group
      Conference in London is the main annual biosimilars gathering and attracts the
      world's experts. A recurring theme throughout this year's conference was the
      promotion of a multi-stakeholder approach; if stakeholders work together they
      will collectively give patients more opportunity to benefit from biologic
      medicines. In discussion were the latest developments in the biosimilars market,
      including the ongoing challenges against adoption of biosimilars. 

PMID- 27376165
TI  - American Urological Association (AUA) - 111th Annual Meeting (May 6-10, 2016 -
      San Diego, California, USA).
AB  - The 111(th) Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association (AUA) brought
      together a wide range of researchers in the field of urology to share knowledge
      and set standards in urological research. The meeting consisted of plenary,
      podium and moderated poster sessions, in which the latest research and advances
      in urologic medicine were presented. This report will highlight some of the
      presentations on therapeutic developments for a range of urological conditions.

PMID- 27376166
TI  - Electrostatic gating in carbon nanotube aptasensors.
AB  - Synthetic DNA aptamer receptors could boost the prospects of carbon nanotube
      (CNT)-based electronic biosensors if signal transduction can be understood and
      engineered. Here, we report CNT aptasensors for potassium ions that clearly
      demonstrate aptamer-induced electrostatic gating of electronic conduction. The
      CNT network devices were fabricated on flexible substrates via a facile solution
      processing route and non-covalently functionalised with potassium binding
      aptamers. Monotonic increases in CNT conduction were observed in response to
      increasing potassium ion concentration, with a level of detection as low as 10
      picomolar. The signal was shown to arise from a specific aptamer-target
      interaction that stabilises a G-quadruplex structure, bringing high negative
      charge density near the CNT channel. Electrostatic gating is established via the
      specificity and the sign of the current response, and by observing its
      suppression when higher ionic strength decreases the Debye length at the CNT
      water interface. Sensitivity towards potassium and selectivity against other ions
      is demonstrated in both resistive mode and real time transistor mode
      measurements. The effective device architecture presented, along with the
      identification of clear response signatures, should inform the development of new
      electronic biosensors using the growing library of aptamer receptors. 

PMID- 27376167
TI  - 'Accepting where I'm at' - a qualitative study of the mechanisms, benefits, and
      impact of a behavioral memory intervention for community-dwelling older adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Gain novel, in-depth insight into therapeutic mechanisms, benefits,
      and impact of a multi-modal behavioral memory intervention for older adults with
      concerns about memory. METHODS: Participants were11 community-dwelling older
      adults (aged 63-88) who completed the Memory and Aging Program, an evidence-based
      multi-modal group intervention for normal age-related memory change. Semi
      structured interviews were administered post-intervention. Responses were
      analyzed using qualitative content analysis until meaningful themes were agreed
      upon. RESULTS: Analyses revealed a main theme of normalization as the overarching
      benefit of participation. The mechanism for this comprised both specific
      intervention content and the process of participating with others. A positive
      impact of the intervention was demonstrated at emotional (feelings of
      reassurance, hope, and confidence) and functional (increasing motivation for
      lifestyle change) levels; for some, there was a direct link between emotion and
      function. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted a single, prominent therapeutic
      benefit of normalization, illustrated a dual mechanism for achieving this, and
      characterized a nuanced inter-relationship of the emotional and functional impact
      of the intervention for participants. Results support the notion that group
      behavioral interventions can educate, empower, and promote psychological well
      being in older adults and may be an effective avenue to reduce risk of disease
      and promote sustained functional independence.

PMID- 27376168
TI  - Challenges faced in long term ventricular assist device support.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The development of ventricular assist device (VAD) has been one of
      the revolutionary advancements in end-stage heart failure management. Although
      the device has developed and improved significantly over the last few decades, we
      still face multiple challenges. AREAS COVERED: This review will discuss quality
      of life, survival, and clinically encountered complications in patients with VAD
      support. The literature was extensively reviewed for studies describing the above
      topic area. We describe the impact of major challenges faced in VAD support and
      discuss their future and expectations. Expert commentary: The technological
      advancement of VADs has contributed to major improvement of overall survival,
      enhancement of quality of life and decrease of incidence of complications. It is
      expected that technologies will continue to evolve. At the same time, the
      indications for and timing of device implantation, and selection of device type
      are continuously important in clinical practice setting.

PMID- 27376169
TI  - Caregiving styles and anxiety among couples: coping versus not coping with
      cardiac illness.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: partners' caregiving efforts are not always beneficial
      to both recipient and provider. Bowlby's conceptualization of caregiving style as
      a stable predisposition may clarify such caregiving effects. The relationship
      between caregiving style (compulsive and sensitive) and anxiety among couples
      coping with cardiac illness and a matching control group not coping with cardiac
      illness were assessed. We hypothesized that one's compulsive caregiving would
      associate positively, and one's sensitive caregiving would associate negatively,
      with one's and one's partner's anxiety across contexts (cardiac and non-cardiac)
      and gender. DESIGN: A comparative design of 131 couples with a diagnosis of
      husbands' acute cardiac syndrome and 68 matched couples in the community was
      applied. METHODS: The Adult Caregiving Questionnaire and the Brief Symptoms
      Inventory were administered. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling revealed that
      one's compulsive caregiving was positively associated with one's anxiety, across
      most contexts. Multi-group analyses revealed that the associations between one's
      compulsive caregiving and one's partner's anxiety levels differed depending on
      gender and context. CONCLUSIONS: The distress which emerges in an individual who
      takes on a caregiving role and in his/her partner seems to result not only from
      the demands of the concrete caregiving situation but also from one's and one's
      partner's developmental history.

PMID- 27376171
TI  - Psychosocial stress based on public speech in humans: is there a real
      life/laboratory setting cross-adaptation?
AB  - Repeated or chronic exposure to stressors is associated with changes in
      neuroendocrine responses depending on the type, intensity, number and frequency
      of stress exposure as well as previous stress experience. The aim of the study
      was to test the hypothesis that salivary cortisol and cardiovascular responses to
      real-life psychosocial stressors related to public performance can cross-adapt
      with responses to psychosocial stress induced by public speech under laboratory
      setting. The sample consisted of 22 healthy male volunteers, which were either
      actors, more precisely students of dramatic arts or non-actors, students of other
      fields. The stress task consisted of 15 min anticipatory preparation phase and 15
      min of public speech on an emotionally charged topic. The actors, who were
      accustomed to public speaking, responded with a rise in salivary cortisol as well
      as blood pressure to laboratory public speech. The values of salivary cortisol,
      systolic blood pressure and state anxiety were lower in actors compared to non
      actors. Unlike non-actors, subjects with experience in public speaking did not
      show stress-induced rise in the heart rate. Evaluation of personality traits
      revealed that actors scored significantly higher in extraversion than the
      subjects in the non-actor group. In conclusion, neuroendocrine responses to real
      life stressors in actors can partially cross-adapt with responses to psychosocial
      stress under laboratory setting. The most evident adaptation was at the level of
      heart rate responses. The public speech tasks may be of help in evaluation of the
      ability to cope with stress in real life in artists by simple laboratory testing.

PMID- 27376172
TI  - Cooking and coughing: Estimating the effects of clean fuel for cooking on the
      respiratory health of children in the Philippines.
AB  - Household air pollution (HAP) arising from the use of solid fuels for cooking is
      known to have adverse health effects including acute respiratory infections in
      children, which remains a major public health concern in developing countries.
      Hence, various interventions to reduce HAP have been advocated or piloted in many
      countries. To provide additional evidence on the effectiveness and applicability
      of the interventions in various settings, we investigate the effects of clean
      fuel for cooking on the risks of respiratory illness of children below five years
      old in the Philippines. We apply the propensity score matching method on a
      subsample of households culled from the 2013 round of the National Demographic
      and Health Survey to account for the systematic differences in their
      characteristics that could influence their choices of cooking fuel. We find that
      the use of electricity, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas or biogas can lower
      by 2.4 percentage points the incidence of severe coughing with difficulty in
      breathing in young children. Our results support worldwide initiatives to promote
      the household use of clean fuels for cooking and heating to reduce HAP and its
      undesirable impacts on population health.

PMID- 27376170
TI  - Advances in PET/MR instrumentation and image reconstruction.
AB  - The combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and MRI has attracted the
      attention of researchers in the past approximately 20 years in small-animal
      imaging and more recently in clinical research. The combination of PET/MRI allows
      researchers to explore clinical and research questions in a wide number of
      fields, some of which are briefly mentioned here. An important number of groups
      have developed different concepts to tackle the problems that PET instrumentation
      poses to the exposition of electromagnetic fields. We have described most of
      these research developments in preclinical and clinical experiments, including
      the few commercial scanners available. From the software perspective, an
      important number of algorithms have been developed to address the attenuation
      correction issue and to exploit the possibility that MRI provides for motion
      correction and quantitative image reconstruction, especially parametric modelling
      of radiopharmaceutical kinetics. In this work, we give an overview of some
      exemplar applications of simultaneous PET/MRI, together with technological
      hardware and software developments.

PMID- 27376173
TI  - Metaproteomic data analysis at a glance: advances in computational microbial
      community proteomics.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Within the last decade, the study of microbial communities has
      gained increasing research interest also driven by the recognition of the
      important role of these consortia in human health and disease. Metaproteomics,
      the analysis of the entire set of proteins from all microorganisms present in one
      ecosystem, has become a prominent technique for studying the relation between
      taxonomic diversity and functional profile of microbial communities. AREAS
      COVERED: The aim of this review is to address opportunities and challenges of
      metaproteomics from a computational perspective. Appealing to an audience of
      microbial ecologists and proteomic researchers alike, we provide an overview on
      state-of-the-art software and databases by which metaproteome data can be readily
      analyzed. Expert commentary: While tailored protein databases, combined search
      algorithms and iterative workflows are means to improve the identification yield,
      software tools for taxonomic and functional analysis are challenged by the vast
      amount of unannotated sequences in metaproteomics.

PMID- 27376174
TI  - The effect of pavement markings on driving behaviour in curves: a simulator
      study.
AB  - This study investigates the effect of two pavement markings (transverse rumble
      strips (TRS) and a backward pointing herringbone pattern (HP)) on speed and
      lateral control in and nearby curves. Two real-world curves with strong
      indications of a safety problem were replicated as realistic as possible in the
      simulator. Results show that both speed and lateral control differ between the
      curves. These behavioural differences are probably due to curve-related
      dissimilarities with respect to geometric alignment, cross-sectional design and
      speed limit. TRS and HP both influenced mean speed and mean
      acceleration/deceleration but not lateral control. TRS generated an earlier and
      more stable speed reduction than HP which induced significant speed reductions
      along the curve. The TRS gives drivers more time to generate the right
      expectations about the upcoming curve. When accidents occur primarily near the
      curve entry, TRS is recommended. The HP has the potential to reduce accidents at
      the curve end. Practitioner Summary: Two pavement markings (transversal rumble
      strips and HP) nearby dangerous curves were investigated in the driving
      simulator. TRS generated an earlier and more stable speed reduction than HP which
      induced speed reductions along the curve. The TRS gives drivers more time to
      generate right expectations about the upcoming curve.

PMID- 27376175
TI  - Non-fatal strangulation in sexual assault: A study of clinical and assault
      characteristics highlighting the role of intimate partner violence.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, risk factors, signs and symptoms of non
      fatal strangulation (NFS) in women referred to a Sexual Assault Resource Centre
      (SARC) following recent sexual assault. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using
      data routinely collected at time of forensic examination of women (age >= 13
      years) referred to the Western Australian SARC between Jan-2009 and Mar-2015
      alleging a recent sexual assault. Data on demographics, assault characteristics
      and forensic findings were available. RESULTS: A total of 1064 women were
      included in the study; 79 (7.4%) alleged NFS during the sexual assault. The
      prevalence of NFS varied significantly by age-group and assailant type. Of women
      aged 30-39 years 15.1% gave a history of NFS compared to less than 8.2% in all
      other age groups. Of women assaulted by an intimate partner, 22.5% gave a history
      of NFS compared to less than 6% of women assaulted by other assailant types. Of
      all sexual assaults with NFS, intimate partners were the assailant in 58.2% of
      cases, whereas in sexual assault cases without NFS, intimate partners were the
      assailant in 15.9% of cases. Odds of NFS were 8.4 times higher in women sexually
      assaulted by an intimate partner compared to women assaulted by an
      acquaintance/friend and 4.9 times higher compared to women assaulted by a
      stranger. When considering both age and assailant type the highest proportion of
      NFS (33.9%) was in women aged 30-39 years sexually assaulted by an intimate
      partner. Other factors associated with NFS during sexual assault included
      deprivation of liberty, verbal threats, being assaulted in the woman's home and
      use of additional blunt force. External physical signs of NFS were absent in
      49.4% of all NFS sexual assault cases. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies and
      quantifies NFS risk factors in female sexual assault and highlights the strong
      association with intimate partner sexual assault. Greater awareness of NFS in
      sexual assault should lead to improvement in medical screening, forensic
      management and safety risk assessment by sexual assault and domestic violence
      services, emergency departments and police.

PMID- 27376176
TI  - Legends about Legends: Abraham Eleazar's Adaptation of Nicolas Flamel.
AB  - This paper explores the relationship between three illustrated alchemical
      treatises, all of which are associated with Jewish adepts: the famous Le Livre
      des figures hieroglyphiques attributed to Nicolas Flamel, and two treatises
      published in 1735 in Erfurt-the Uraltes Chymisches Werckh and the Donum Dei. The
      Werckh is supposedly written by Rabbi Abraham Eleazar, while the Donum Dei is
      attributed to an ancient alchemist-cabalist, Rabbi Samuel Baruch. I argue that
      these authors are fictitious, and that both works were in fact written in the
      early eighteenth century by their supposed editor, the probably pseudonymous
      Julius Gervasius. Gervasius connects the Werckh with the legend of Nicolas Flamel
      by suggesting that it is based on the original, Jewish manuscript which helped
      Flamel to find the Stone of the Sages. Gervasius used various strategies to
      confer a sense of Jewish "authenticity" on these works, borrowing from
      contemporary (non-Jewish) perceptions of Jewish ritual, Hebrew language, and
      Christian Cabala. The Werckh also borrows and adapts a sequence of allegorical
      illustrations from those in pseudo-Flamel's Livre, and I compare the two sets of
      figures and, where possible, interpret them. I conclude that the later works in
      fact teach us far more about the state of alchemy in the seventeenth and
      eighteenth centuries than they do about either medieval alchemy or Judaism.

PMID- 27376177
TI  - Polyurethane Foam-Based Ultramicroporous Carbons for CO2 Capture.
AB  - A series of sustainable porous carbon materials were prepared from waste
      polyurethane foam and investigated for capture of CO2. The effects of preparation
      conditions, such as precarbonization, KOH to carbon precursor weight ratio, and
      activation temperature, on the porous structure and CO2 adsorption properties
      were studied for the purpose of controlling pore sizes and nitrogen content and
      developing high-performance materials for capture of CO2. The sample prepared at
      optimum conditions shows CO2 adsorption capacities of 6.67 and 4.33 mmol.g(-1) at
      0 and 25  degrees C under 1 bar, respectively, which are comparable to those of
      the best reported porous carbons prepared from waste materials. The HCl treatment
      experiment reveals that about 80% of CO2 adsorption capacity arises from physical
      adsorption, while the other 20% is due to the chemical adsorption originated from
      the interaction of basic N groups and CO2 molecules. The relationship between CO2
      uptake and pore size at different temperatures indicates that the micropores with
      pore size smaller than 0.86 and 0.70 nm play a dominant role in the CO2
      adsorption at 0 and 25  degrees C, respectively. It was found that the obtained
      carbon materials exhibited high recyclability and high selectivity to adsorption
      of CO2 from the CO2 and N2 mixture. 

PMID- 27376178
TI  - The influence of the human TMJ eminence inclination on predicted masticatory
      muscle forces.
AB  - Aim of this paper was to investigate the change in masticatory muscle forces and
      temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reaction forces simulated by inverse dynamics when
      thesteepness of the anterior fossa slope was varied. We used the model by de Zee
      et al. (2007) created in AnyBodyTM. The model was equipped with 24musculotendon
      actuators. Mandibular movement was governed by thetrajectory of theincisal point.
      The TMJ was modelled as a planar constraint canted 5 degrees medially and
      thecaudal inclination relative to the occlusal plane was varied from 10 degrees 
      to 70 degrees . Our models showed that for the two simulated movements (empty
      chewing and unilateral clenching) the joint reaction forces were smallest for the
      eminence inclination of 30 degrees  and 40 degrees  and highest for 70 degrees .
      The muscle forces were relatively insensitive to change of the eminence
      inclination for the angles between 20 degrees  and 50 degrees . This did not hold
      for the pterygoid muscle, for which the muscle forces increased continually with
      increasing fossa inclination. For empty chewing the muscle force reached smaller
      values than for clenching. During clenching, the muscle forces changed by up to
      200N. 

PMID- 27376179
TI  - Gnathodiaphyseal Dysplasia: Surgical Treatment and Prosthetic Rehabilitation of 2
      Members of the Same Family.
AB  - Gnathodiaphyseal dysplasia (GDD) is a rare hereditary syndrome characterized by
      cemento-ossifying fibromas of the maxillary bones, fragile bones, curvature and
      cortical thinning of the tubular bones, and diaphyseal sclerosis of the long
      bones. In this study, 2 complex clinical cases of 2 members of the same family
      had GDD and were treated in the authors' odonto-stomatology department. The first
      was treated with a block bone graft and implant-prosthetic therapy; the other,
      who had extensive osteomyelitis of the second quadrant, was managed with
      extraction of the involved teeth, surgical revision of the site, and a graft of
      autologous platelet concentrate.

PMID- 27376181
TI  - Unusual Presentation of an Adenocarcinoma of the Lung Metastasizing to the
      Mandible, Including Molecular Analysis and a Review of the Literature.
AB  - Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related death worldwide.
      Metastases of non-small cell lung carcinoma to the oral and maxillofacial region
      are rare. Thus, the diagnosis of a metastatic lesion in the oral cavity is
      challenging to the clinician and to the pathologist. This report presents a case
      of a 72-year-old man with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma located in the posterior
      mandibular region. Next-generation sequencing analysis showed no important
      mutations in the relevant genes except in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. 

PMID- 27376180
TI  - Patients Receiving Parenteral Bisphosphonates for Malignant Disease and Having
      Developed an Atypical Femoral Fracture Are at Risk of Concomitant Osteonecrosis
      of the Jaw: An Evidence-Based Review.
AB  - PURPOSE: The risk of developing concomitant medication-related osteonecrosis of
      the jaw (MRONJ) in patients who have sustained an atypical femoral fracture (AFF)
      in association with parental administration of a bisphosphonate osteoclastic
      inhibitor medication for malignant disease is unclear. Published data were
      searched to determine the prevalence of these concomitant adverse medication
      events, if any. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of published case
      series in the PubMed database was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of
      patients having a concomitant history of AFF and MRONJ. The data were analyzed to
      provide prevalence rates of these events from the literature. RESULTS: Two case
      series were identified that delineated the risk (25 and 33%, respectively) of
      concomitant development of MRONJ and AFF in recipients of parenteral
      bisphosphonate medication administered for malignant disease. CONCLUSION: The
      published data suggest that approximately 30% of patients receiving parenteral
      bisphosphonates and having sustained an AFF could develop comorbid MRONJ.

PMID- 27376182
TI  - Outcomes of Immediate Allograft Reconstruction of Long-Span Defects of the
      Inferior Alveolar Nerve.
AB  - PURPOSE: Contemporary management of ablative jaw defects includes not only hard
      and soft tissue reconstruction, but also restoration of neurosensory function.
      The goal of this study was to determine the outcomes of immediate reconstruction
      of long-span defects (>=50 mm) of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) after
      ablative mandibular resection using allogeneic nerve grafts. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent immediate
      reconstruction of IAN gaps of at least 50 mm with allogeneic nerve graft (AxoGen
      Avance, Alachua, FL) at a single academic medical center by a single surgeon
      (M.M.) from September 2013 to March 2015 was completed. Demographic and clinical
      data were collected for each patient and analyzed using clinical neurosensory
      testing and were reported using the Medical Research Council Scale (MRCS) for
      functional sensory recovery. In addition, patient subjective perception of
      neurosensory recovery was recorded using a visual analog scale (VAS). Subjective
      (VAS) and objective (MRCS) measurements of functional sensory recovery were
      recorded and compared across the study population. In addition, examined
      demographic and clinical data included patient age, gender, pathology, length of
      nerve allograft, and follow-up period. RESULTS: Of 12 with nerve repairs, 7
      patients met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 34.7 years (range, 18 to
      61 yr) and 71.4% were men. All IAN defects resulted from resection of mandibular
      pathology (6 benign lesions, 1 malignant lesion). Six of the 7 IAN defects were
      reconstructed with a 70-mm nerve allograft, and 1 nerve defect was reconstructed
      with a 50-mm graft. Mean follow-up time was 17.7 months (range, 10 to 27.5
      months). Mean VAS score reported was 3.7 (range, 0 to 7). In addition, 85.7% of
      patients displayed return of some superficial pain and tactile sensation without
      over-response (S3), with 14.3% displaying good stimulation localization (S3+).
      The patient who displayed S3+ recovery underwent reconstruction with the 50-mm
      graft. Only 1 of the 7 patients had no neurosensory recovery (S0). CONCLUSIONS:
      Immediate reconstruction of the IAN with allogeneic nerve grafting of long-span
      defects (>=5 cm) is a viable and predictable option to achieve useful functional
      sensory recovery.

PMID- 27376184
TI  - Does Injection of Corticosteroid After Arthrocentesis Improve Outcomes of
      Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis? A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to answer the following clinical question:
      Among patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA), do those
      undergoing arthrocentesis and corticosteroid (CS) injection, when compared with
      those undergoing arthrocentesis alone, have better outcomes in terms of range of
      motion and clinical symptoms? MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized clinical trial
      in adult patients with TMJ OA referred to our clinic between May 2012 and
      September 2013 was implemented. The sample was composed of 24 consecutive
      patients with TMJ OA treated randomly with either arthrocentesis alone (control
      group) or arthrocentesis plus CS injection (CS group). The outcome variables were
      visual analog scale evaluations (ie, masticatory efficiency, joint sounds, and
      pain complaints), maximal interincisal opening, and mandibular motions. The
      outcome variables were recorded at baseline and at 12 months postoperatively. The
      Mann-Whitney U test was used for intergroup comparison. The paired t test and
      Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for intragroup comparisons. RESULTS: The
      sample was composed of 32 joints in 24 patients with TMJ OA (15 joints in 12
      patients with a mean age of 35.08 +/- 14.84 years comprising the control group
      and 17 joints in 12 adult patients with a mean age of 32.58 +/- 9.58 years
      comprising the CS group). Pain complaints and joint sounds showed statistically
      significant decreases (P < .01) in both groups, whereas painless interincisal
      opening showed a statistically significant increase (P < .001) in only the CS
      group. After estimation of differences between the follow-up and baseline
      outcomes, the mean change in the primary outcome variables showed no
      statistically significant differences between the 2 groups (P > .05).
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that arthrocentesis plus intra-articular CS
      injection produced no better outcomes in terms of range of motion and clinical
      symptoms in patients with TMJ OA, as compared with those undergoing
      arthrocentesis alone.

PMID- 27376183
TI  - Changes in Peri-Implant Bone Level and Effect of Potential Influential Factors on
      Dental Implants in Irradiated and Nonirradiated Patients Following Multimodal
      Therapy Due to Head and Neck Cancer: A Retrospective Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in the marginal
      bone level of dental implants in irradiated and nonirradiated patients and to
      identify possible influential factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients
      with 194 implants were involved in the study (7 women and 29 men). The mean age
      of the patients was 65.8 years (39 to 90 yr). In all patients, a squamous cell
      carcinoma in the floor of the mouth involving the mandible or tongue was
      surgically removed. In 17 patients, adjuvant radiochemotherapy was completed a
      minimum of 6 months before implant placement. Mean crestal bone changes using
      standardized orthopantomographs were evaluated. The Spearman rank-order
      correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U test were used to determine
      correlations between bone crestal changes and age, gender, radiation therapy (yes
      vs no), augmentation (yes vs no), and type of superstructure. RESULTS: In total,
      194 implants were placed (73 in the maxilla and 121 in the mandible). Mean
      amounts of peri-implant bone loss were 1 mm mesially and 0.9 mm distally after 1
      year and 1.4 mm mesially and 1.3 mm distally after 3 years. During the
      observation period, 4 implants were lost. The overall success rate was 98.4%
      (maxilla, 100%; mandible, 96.7%). There was no relevant difference in changes in
      bone level according to age, gender, prosthetic superstructure, or augmentation
      procedure (yes vs no). Radiation therapy was found to have an effect on crestal
      bone loss. CONCLUSION: The present study showed a high success rate of dental
      implants after 3 years. Peri-implant crestal bone loss was comparable to that in
      patients without tumor. The mean amount of crestal bone change in irradiated
      patients was twice as high as that in nonirradiated patients.

PMID- 27376185
TI  - Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia in two boys aged 5 and 10 years.
AB  - Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant lipid disorder.
      Homozygous FH (HFH), though rare, presents in early childhood. Two different
      presentations of HFH are reported. The first child presented at 5 years of age
      with xanthomas on the knees, elbows and buttocks and failure to thrive since the
      second year of life. He was found to be hypertensive with moderate aortic
      regurgitation. He is now stable on statins and antihypertensives. The second
      child presented at 10 years of age with multiple xanthomas and severe aortic
      stenosis. He died of refractory cardiac failure despite emergency aortic balloon
      valvoplasty due to diffuse coronary artery disease. Strong clinical suspicion can
      aid early diagnosis and delay cardiovascular complications.

PMID- 27376186
TI  - Come to think of it: Contributions of reasoning abilities and training schedule
      to skill acquisition in a virtual throwing task.
AB  - According to Schmidt's schema theory skill acquisition is based on schema
      formation where multiple learning incidents with varying task features are
      abstracted to a unifying pattern, the schema. Practice can be scheduled block
      wise, with low contextual interference (CI) or randomly, with high CI. The
      greater effort during high CI training usually results in reduced training
      success but enhanced retention and transfer performance. In contrast to well
      established CI effects for simple tasks, findings for complex tasks are
      heterogeneous, supposedly due to the detrimental accumulation of task demands. We
      assumed that in complex tasks, cognitive reasoning abilities might impose a limit
      upon schema formation and hence the effectiveness of CI. In a virtual overarm
      throwing experiment participants practiced target positions at center, left, or
      right and were retested for retention - at the center position - and transfer
      with a larger target distance. Although there was no main effect of CI on
      performance, either in training, retention or transfer, under high CI, training
      performance was better for participants with higher reasoning ability, as
      measured with the Raven matrices. This advantage persisted across retention and
      transfer. Under low CI, reasoning was positively related to performance
      improvement only in the last third of training. We argue, that variability of
      practice is a necessary prerequisite for beneficial effects of reasoning
      abilities. Based on previous findings, we discuss feedback evaluation as a
      possible locus of the relationship between reasoning and performance in motor
      skill acquisition. 

PMID- 27376187
TI  - Age-related differences in task switching and task preparation: Exploring the
      role of task-set competition.
AB  - The present study focused on the role of task preparation in age-related task
      switching deficits. In Experiment 1, we assessed the preparatory reduction of
      alternation costs (i.e., alternating-task conditions vs. single-task conditions)
      in twenty-two older adults (65-78years) and 22 young adults (20-28years) by
      varying the response-stimulus interval (RSI) in a task-switching paradigm with a
      predictable task sequence and univalent stimuli. In Experiment 2, in which new
      groups of 22 older adults (65-78years) and 22 young adults (18-24years) took
      part, we replicated Experiment 1 with bivalent stimuli, which were associated
      with both tasks and thus increased task-set competition. Whereas in Experiment 1,
      in which we used univalent stimuli, there were no age-related differences in the
      preparatory reduction of alternation costs, the data showed impaired task
      preparation in old age with bivalent stimuli in Experiment 2. These data support
      the notion that task-preparation deficits in old age occur particularly in
      situations of increased task-set competition. 

PMID- 27376188
TI  - Allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cells (MPCs): an innovative approach to treating
      advanced heart failure.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Over 37 million people worldwide are living with Heart Failure
      (HF). Advancements in medical therapy have improved mortality primarily by
      slowing the progression of left ventricular dysfunction and debilitating
      symptoms. Ultimately, heart transplantation, durable mechanical circulatory
      support (MCS), or palliative care are the only options for patients with end
      stage HF. Regenerative therapies offer an innovative approach, focused on
      reversing myocardial dysfunction and restoring healthy myocardial tissue. Initial
      clinical trials using autologous (self-donated) bone marrow mononuclear cells
      (BMMCs) demonstrated excellent safety, but only modest efficacy. Challenges with
      autologous stem cells include reduced quality and efficacy with increased patient
      age. The use of allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cells (MPCs) offers an "off the
      shelf" therapy, with consistent potency and less variability than autologous
      cells. AREAS COVERED: Preclinical and initial clinical trials with allogeneic
      MPCs have been encouraging, providing the support for a large ongoing Phase III
      trial-DREAM-HF. We provide a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical
      data supporting MPCs as a therapeutic option for HF patients. EXPERT OPINION: The
      current data suggest allogeneic MPCs are a promising therapy for HF patients. The
      results of DREAM-HF will determine whether allogeneic MPCs can decrease major
      adverse clinical events (MACE) in advanced HF patients.

PMID- 27376189
TI  - Treatment of muscle weakness in neuromuscular disorders.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Weakness is one of the predominant clinical manifestations of
      neuromuscular disorders (NMDs), which strongly influences daily life, prognosis,
      and outcome of affected patients. One of the major therapeutic goals in NMD
      patients is to completely resolve muscle weakness. Various treatment options are
      available and include physical therapy, electrotherapy, diet, drugs, avoidance or
      withdrawal of muscle-toxic and weakness-inducing agents, detoxification, stem
      cell-therapy, plasma-exchange, respiratory therapy, or surgery. Most accessible
      to treatment is weakness from immune-mediated neuropathies, immune-mediated
      transmission-disorders, and idiopathic immune myopathies. Areas covered: This
      manuscript aims to summarize and discuss recent findings and future perspectives
      concerning the treatment of muscle weakness in NMDs. Data were obtained by a
      literature search in databases such as PubMed and Current-Contents. Expert
      commentary: Weakness is most easily treatable in acquired NMDs and in hereditary
      myopathies and neuropathies beneficial treatment options are also available.
      Research needs to be encouraged and intensified to further expand the spectrum of
      treatment options for weakness.

PMID- 27376190
TI  - Foundations of heavy-fermion superconductivity: lattice Kondo effect and Mott
      physics.
AB  - This article overviews the development of heavy-fermion superconductivity,
      notably in such rare-earth-based intermetallic compounds which behave as Kondo
      lattice systems. Heavy-fermion superconductivity is of unconventional nature in
      the sense that it is not mediated by electron-phonon coupling. Rather, in most
      cases the attractive interaction between charge carriers is apparently magnetic
      in origin. Fluctuations associated with an antiferromagnetic (AF) quantum
      critical point (QCP) play a major role. The first heavy-fermion superconductor
      CeCu2Si2 turned out to be the prototype of a larger group of materials for which
      the underlying, often pressure-induced, AF QCP is likely to be of a three
      dimensional (3D) spin-density-wave (SDW) variety. For UBe13, the second heavy
      fermion superconductor, a magnetic-field-induced 3D SDW QCP inside the
      superconducting phase can be conjectured. Such a 'conventional', itinerant QCP
      can be well understood within Landau's paradigm of order-parameter fluctuations.
      In contrast, the low-temperature normal-state properties of a few heavy-fermion
      superconductors are at odds with the Landau framework. They are characterized by
      an 'unconventional', local QCP which may be considered a zero-temperature 4 f
      orbital selective Mott transition. Here, as concluded for YbRh2Si2, the breakdown
      of the Kondo effect concurring with the AF instability gives rise to an abrupt
      change of the Fermi surface. Very recently, superconductivity was discovered for
      this compound at ultra-low temperatures. Therefore, YbRh2Si2 along with CeRhIn5
      under pressure provide a natural link between the large group of about fifty low
      temperature heavy-fermion superconductors and other families of unconventional
      superconductors with substantially higher T c, e.g. the doped Mott insulators of
      the perovskite-type cuprates and the organic charge-transfer salts.

PMID- 27376191
TI  - A sensitive sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor for thrombin detection based
      on platinum nanoparticles decorated carbon nanocages as signal labels.
AB  - In this work, a novel and sensitive sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor has
      been developed for thrombin detection based on platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs)
      decorated carbon nanocages (CNCs) as signal tags. The morphological and
      compositional of the Pt NPs/CNCs were examined using transmission electron
      microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The results showed that
      the Pt NPs with about 3-5nm in diameter were well dispersed on the surface of
      CNCs. The thiolated aptamer was firstly immobilized on the gold electrode to
      capture the thrombin molecules, and then aptamer functionalized Pt NPs/CNCs
      nanocomposites were used to fabricate a sandwich sensing platform. Then, the high
      content Pt NPs on carbon nanocages acting as hydrogen peroxide-mimicking enzyme
      catalyzed the reduction of H2O2, resulting in significant electrochemical signal
      amplification. Differential pulse voltammetry is employed to detect thrombin with
      different concentrations. Under optimized conditions, the approach provided a
      good linear response range from 0.05 pM to 20nM with a low detection limit of
      10fM. This Pt NPs/CNCs-based aptasensor shows good precision, acceptable
      stability and reproducibility, which provided a promising strategy for
      electrochemical aptamer-based detection of other biomolecules. 

PMID- 27376192
TI  - A one-pot strategy for the detection of proteins based on sterically and
      allosterically tunable hybridization chain reaction.
AB  - In this work, we report a facile one-pot strategy for protein detection based on
      sterically and allosterically tunable hybridization chain reaction (HCR). In our
      strategy, DNA hairpins H1 and H2 are dual-labeled with pyrene moieties through a
      six-carbon-atom spacer at each end; and a single-stranded DNA primer is designed
      to contain two small molecules near each end. In the absence of target protein,
      the primer can trigger HCR events between alternating H1 and H2 hairpins to form
      a nicked double-helix. As a result, the pyrene excimers are formed to emit at
      approximately 485nm. On the contrary, upon binding of the specific target protein
      onto the primer through the protein-small molecule interaction, the HCR will be
      inhibited due to the steric and allosteric effect. The changes of the fluorescent
      signals of pyrene excimers are in response to the concentration of target
      protein, so that the detection of protein can be realized. We have demonstrated
      the feasibility of this strategy by using streptavidin (SA) and folate receptor
      (FR) as model targets. Results show that both of them can be well detected with a
      detection limit of 1.07nM and 2.7nM, respectively. The developed method for
      protein assay is flexible, so we infer that the one-pot strategy holds great
      potential for the detection of other proteins. 

PMID- 27376193
TI  - 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) biomarker detection down to picoMolar level
      on a plastic antibody film.
AB  - An innovative biosensor assembly relying on a simple and straightforward in-situ
      construction is presented to monitor urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)
      down to the pmol/L level. The sensing film of the biosensor consisted of a
      molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layer for 8-OHdG assembled on a gold
      electrode through electropolymerization of monomer combined with the template.
      The analytical features of the resulting biosensor were assessed by Cyclic
      Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Some
      experimental parameters such as the initial concentration of the monomer and the
      ratio template-monomer were investigated and optimized in order to finely tune
      the performance of the MIP-based sensor. Under optimal conditions, the developed
      biosensor was able to rebind 8-OHdG with a linear response against EIS from 0.1
      to 100pg/ml 3.5-3500 pM. The interference of coexisting species was tested, also
      with calibrations on urine samples, and good selectivity towards 8-OHdG was
      obtained. RAMAN spectroscopy, FTIR and SEM evaluations of the prepared films
      confirmed the formation of a polyphenol thin-film on the electrode surface. The
      presence and distribution of the imprinted cavities on the MIP layer was
      confirmed by confocal microscopy imaging of the film, after a post-treatment with
      Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled 8-OHdG antibody. Overall, this label
      free biosensor for urinary 8-OHdG detection constitutes a promising low-cost
      alternative to the conventional immunoassay approaches, due to its simplicity,
      stability, high sensitivity and selectivity for biological sample assays, opening
      new doors for other applications. 

PMID- 27376194
TI  - Lateral flow based immunobiosensors for detection of food contaminants.
AB  - Safety of food is of great concern these days due to various contaminations
      including toxins, infectious agents and chemical contaminants. Therefore, there
      is a need to develop promising and user's friendly method to monitor food safety.
      Lateral flow tests are new, simple and rapid alternative for detection of food
      borne pathogens compared with traditional methods. In this review article, we
      surveyed application of lateral flow biosensors in detection of different food
      contaminants and labels used to enhance the efficiency of the system. Finally,
      the unique feature of multi-parametric analysis of analytes by lateral flow
      device has been reported, proving a lateral flow system is able to be designed in
      a way to detect multiple targets, simultaneously. 

PMID- 27376195
TI  - Integrated microfluidic device using a single universal aptamer to detect
      multiple types of influenza viruses.
AB  - DNA aptamers that can bind specific molecular targets have great potential as
      probes for microbial diagnostic applications. However, aptamers may change their
      conformation under different operating conditions, thus affecting their affinity
      and specificity towards the target molecules. In this study, a new integrated
      microfluidic system was developed that exploited the predictable change in
      conformation of a single universal influenza aptamer exposed to differing ion
      concentrations in order to detect multiple types of the influenza virus.
      Furthermore, the fluorescent-labeled universal aptamer used in this system could
      distinguish and detect three different influenza viruses (influenza A H1N1, H3N2,
      and influenza B) at the same time in 20min and therefore has great potential for
      point-of-care applications requiring rapid diagnosis of influenza viruses. 

PMID- 27376196
TI  - An immunoassay-based reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification
      assay for the rapid detection of avian influenza H5N1 virus viremia.
AB  - Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 attracts particular consideration
      because it is a continuous threat to animals and public health systems. The
      viremia caused by AIV H5N1 infection may increase the risk of blood-borne
      transmission between humans. Therefore, there is a need to rapidly evaluate and
      implement screening measures for AIV H5N1 viremia that allows for rapid response
      to this potentially pandemic threat. The present report describes an immunoassay
      based reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (immuno-RT
      LAMP) assay for the rapid detection of AIV H5N1 in whole blood samples. Using PCR
      tubes coated with an H5 subtype monoclonal antibody, AIV H5N1 virions were
      specifically captured from blood samples. After a thermal lysis step, the
      released viral N1 gene was exponentially amplified using RT-LAMP on either a real
      time PCR instrument for quantitative analysis, or in a water bath system for
      endpoint analysis. The detection limit of the newly developed immuno-RT-LAMP
      assay was as low as 1.62*10(1) 50% embryo infectious dose/mL of virus in both
      regular samples and simulated viremia samples. There were no cross-reactions with
      non-H5N1 influenza viruses or other avian viruses. The reproducibility of the
      assay was confirmed using intra- and inter-assay tests with variability ranging
      from 1.05% to 3.37%. Our results indicate that immuno-RT-LAMP is a novel,
      effective point-of-care virus identification solution for the rapid diagnosis and
      monitoring of AIV H5N1 in blood samples. 

PMID- 27376197
TI  - Impact of CCL2 and CCR2 chemokine/receptor deficiencies on macrophage recruitment
      and continuous glucose monitoring in vivo.
AB  - The accumulation of macrophages (MPhi) at the sensor-tissue interface is thought
      to be a major player in controlling tissue reactions and sensor performance in
      vivo. Nevertheless until recently no direct demonstration of the causal
      relationship between MPhi aggregation and loss of sensor function existed. Using
      a Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) murine model we previously demonstrated
      that genetic deficiencies of MPhi or depletion of MPhi decreased MPhi
      accumulation at sensor implantation sites, which led to significantly enhanced
      CGM performance, when compared to normal mice. Additional studies in our
      laboratories have also demonstrated that MPhi can act as "metabolic sinks" by
      depleting glucose levels at the implanted sensors in vitro and in vivo. In the
      present study we extended these observations by demonstrating that MPhi chemokine
      (CCL2) and receptor (CCR2) knockout mice displayed a decrease in inflammation and
      MPhi recruitment at sensor implantation sites, when compared to normal mice. This
      decreased MPhi recruitment significantly enhanced CGM performance when compared
      to control mice. These studies demonstrated the importance of the CCL2 family of
      chemokines and related receptors in MPhi recruitment and sensor performance and
      suggest chemokine targets for enhancing CGM in vivo. 

PMID- 27376198
TI  - Facile synthesis of red emitting 3-aminophenylboronic acid functionalized copper
      nanoclusters for rapid, selective and highly sensitive detection of
      glycoproteins.
AB  - As an emerging class of fluorescent probes, copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) have
      been considered as an intriguing candidate for detecting biomoleculars due to
      their outstanding fluorescent properties, excellent biocompatibility and low
      cost. Herein, we fabricated bovine serum albumin (BSA) protected Cu NCs (BSA-Cu
      NCs) and further functionalized them with 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) for
      selectively discerning glycoproteins. In aqueous solution, Cu(2+) ions were
      directly reduced into BSA-Cu NCs by hydrazine hydrate (N2H4.H2O) at room
      temperature using BSA as the capping agent. The synthetic process was very rapid,
      simple and easy for controlling due to the lack of any other complicated
      procedure such as heating and adjusting the pH value of the reactive mixture. The
      APBA-Cu NCs showed strong fluorescent emission at 630nm in the red range. So it
      can effectively avoid the disturbance of auto-fluorescence in biosamples. The
      fluorescence of the APBA-Cu NCs was obviously quenched by glycoprotein samples.
      Then, the APBA-Cu NCs were employed as a probe for selective capture and
      sensitive detection of glycoproteins with a wide linear range of 5-220nM and a
      low detection limit of 2.60nM owing to the covalent reaction between the boric
      acid group of APBA and the cis-glycol groups of the glycoproteins. The developed
      method was also successfully applied to determine glycoproteins in egg white of
      chickens and human urine samples with quantitative spike recoveries from 95% to
      104%. 

PMID- 27376199
TI  - Products derived from olive leaves and fruits can alter in vitro ruminal
      fermentation and methane production.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The industrial processing of olive generates a high quantity of by
      products. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of products
      derived from olive trees, i.e. leaves, fruits or kernels as a sole substrate
      (part A), and crude extract from leaves combined with a substrate (part B) on
      rumen microbial fermentation in an in vitro batch fermentation system. In this
      study, total gas production, methane production, and concentrations of volatile
      fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia in ruminal fluid were measured. RESULTS: In part A,
      in vitro fermentation of leaves or fruits yielded a gas and total VFA production
      that were comparable with control substrate, while most of them produced
      significantly less methane (up to 55.6%) when compared to control substrate. In
      part B, amongst leaf extracts, only addition of chloroform extract reduced
      methane production, which was also associated with a decrease (P < 0.01) in gas
      production. This effect was associated with a significant reduction (P < 0.01) in
      acetate to propionate ratio and ammonia production, but not in reduction in VFA
      concentrations. CONCLUSION: Olive leaf and olive leaf chloroform extract reduced
      ammonia production and increased the molar proportion of propionate in the rumen
      and can assist in developing novel feed additives for methane mitigation from the
      rumen. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27376201
TI  - Improved selectivity of mIBG uptake into neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo
      by inhibition of organic cation transporter 3 uptake using clinically approved
      corticosteroids.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Radiolabeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) is used for imaging
      and therapy of neuroblastoma as well as pheochromocytoma. However, non-tumorous
      tissues also incorporate mIBG mainly by organic cation transporters (OCTs). In
      this study, we tested different clinically approved corticosteroids as potential
      inhibitors of the OCT3-mediated uptake in vitro and in vivo, to achieve a more
      selective mIBG tumor uptake. METHODS: The in vitro incorporation of
      [(3)H]norepinephrine ([(3)H]NE), [(3)H]dopamine ([(3)H]DA) and [(123)I]mIBG in
      neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH, Kelly, IMR-32) and in HEK-293 cells transfected
      with human OCT3 was measured with and without supplemental corticosteroids
      (hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, corticosterone). The in vivo
      biodistribution of [(123)I]mIBG in absence and presence of corticosteroids was
      studied in non-tumor bearing NOD scid gamma mice. Retrospectively, we selected
      patients with and without corticosteroid treatment prior to [(123)I]mIBG
      scintigraphy. RESULTS: A concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of different
      corticosteroids on the [(3)H]NE and [(3)H]DA uptake via OCT3 was illustrated in
      vitro. The highest OCT3 inhibition was observed for corticosterone, but
      clinically used corticosteroids, showed also promising inhibitory effects. In
      contrast, the uptake in neuroblastoma cells was reduced only moderately.
      Hydrocortisone or prednisolone had only minor effects on [(123)I]mIBG uptake of
      both neuroblastoma cells, but reduced uptake in OCT3 expressing cells
      significantly. In mice tissues, [(123)I]mIBG uptake was inhibited by
      corticosteroids especially in the small intestine and kidney. Finally, in one
      patient with hydrocortisone treatment performed prior to [(123)I]mIBG scan, heart
      and liver uptake was reduced compared to untreated patients. CONCLUSIONS: The
      OCT3 is widely spread in many organs and responsible for non-targeted uptake of
      radiolabeled mIBG. In our study, clinically approved corticosteroids inhibited
      mIBG uptake in OCT3 expressing cells effectively, whereas tracer accumulation in
      NT (norepinephrine transporter) expressing neuroblastoma cells showed
      consistency. We conclude, that a single dose of hydrocortisone or prednisolone
      prior to [(123)I]mIBG scintigraphy may improve specificity and reduce radiation
      dose to non-target organs.

PMID- 27376202
TI  - The role of SLAMF7 in multiple myeloma: impact on therapy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Multiple myeloma (MM), a mature B-cell neoplasm, is the second most
      common hematologic malignancy worldwide. Despite significant improvements in
      outcome with new therapies, the majority of responding patients will eventually
      develop resistance to treatment. Furthermore, patients swith disease refractory
      to both proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) have a poor
      prognosis. Areas covered: Several new therapeutic approaches are emerging and
      immunotherapeutic strategies present an important advance for the treatment of
      patients with relapsed or refractory MM. Among the monoclonal antibodies under
      development in MM, those targeting SLAMF7 and CD38 have shown the most consistent
      benefit in trials to date. In this review, we will specifically focus on
      elotuzumab (anti-SLAMF7 antibody), and provide a summary of the mechanism of
      action, the clinical results and the safety profile of this new drug. Expert
      commentary: Although elotuzumab has no single agent activity in MM, randomized
      trials in relapsed/refractory MM have demonstrated significantly improved
      progression-free survival when the agent is added to bortezomib-dexamethasone or
      lenalidomide-dexamethasone. Furthermore, this agent with its novel mechanism of
      action can be combined with standard therapies without a significant increase in
      toxicity. Elotuzumab is a highly effective therapy and future data are necessary
      to identify the best place for this therapy in the setting of MM.

PMID- 27376203
TI  - Case Reports.

PMID- 27376204
TI  - Acute Appendicitis Complicating into Portal and Superior Mesenteric Vein
      Thrombosis.
AB  - This case report describes a young man who presented with 9-day history of sudden
      onset epigastric and right-sided lower abdominal pain. He was tachycardiac with
      temperature of 102 degrees F. Tenderness was present in the peri-umbilical area
      and right iliac fossa. Investigations revealed a raised total leucocyte count
      (predominantly neutrophilic). Triphasic CTscan abdomen found thrombosis of right
      portal vein and its hepatic tributaries alongwith superior mesenteric vein (SMV)
      and its tributaries. Co-existent fluid in right hemipelvis abutting the cecum and
      appendiceal tip was suggestive of acute appendicitis. He was resuscitated with
      fluids and analgesics and started on intravenous metronidazole and ceftriaxone.
      Anticoagulation with subcutaneous heparin was commenced and eventually switched
      over to warfarin. Appendicectomy was not performed as the patient responded to
      conservative treatment. Appendicitis is associated with multiple complications
      but secondary venous thrombosis has rarely been reported with it.

PMID- 27376206
TI  - Pseudomyxoma Retroperitonei: ARare Cause of Retroperitoneal Cystic Mass.
AB  - Pseudomyxoma retroperitonei is a rare condition, characterized by accumulation of
      mucinous material in the retroperitoneal space, originating predominantly from
      the appendiceal mucinous neoplasms. A72-year-old male patient presented with a
      history of progressive right side abdominal pain for 5 months with a palpable
      abdominal mass. Ultrasound, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance
      imaging showed large right abdominal multiloculated cystic lesion with
      heterogeneous echoic contents. Colonoscopy revealed normal mucosa with extramural
      pressure on the right colon and cecum. He underwent complete excision of the mass
      along with right hemicolectomy. The cystic mass was containing gelatinous
      material. Histopathology revealed low grade mucinous neoplasm. Pseudomyxoma
      retroperitonei should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patient
      presenting with progressive right side abdominal pain and retroperitoneal cystic
      mass.

PMID- 27376205
TI  - Successful Parenchyma-Sparing Anatomical Surgery by 3-Dimensional Reconstruction
      of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Combined with Anatomic Variation.
AB  - The combination of hilar cholangiocarcinoma and anatomic variation constitutes a
      rare and complicated condition. Precise understanding of 3-dimensional position
      of tumor in the intrahepatic structure in such cases is important for operation
      planning and navigation. We report a case of a 61-year woman presenting with
      hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Anatomic variation and tumor location were well
      depicted on preoperative multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) combined with 3
      dimensional reconstruction as the right posterior segmental duct drained to left
      hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct, biliary confluence, right anterior
      segmental duct, and right anterior branch of portal vein were involved by the
      tumor (Bismuth IIIa). After carefully operation planning, we successfully
      performed a radical parenchyma-sparing anatomical surgery of hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma: Liver segmentectomy (segments 5 and 8) and caudate lobectomy.
      MDCTcombined with 3-dimensional reconstruction is a reliable non-invasive
      modality for preoperative evaluation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

PMID- 27376207
TI  - Fallopian Tube Herniation through Left Sided Abdominal Drain Site.
AB  - Intra-abdominal drains have been used since long to prevent intra-abdominal
      collection, and detect any anastomotic leaks. We report a case of left sided
      fallopian tube herniation from a left lower abdominal drain site in a 27-year
      female who underwent caesarian section for breach presentation. Several
      complications related to drain usage has been described but left sided fallopian
      tube prolapse through drain site has not been reported in literature.

PMID- 27376208
TI  - Hyperdominant Left Anterior Descending Artery: ARare Coronary Artery Anomaly.
AB  - The posterior descending artery supplying the posterior one-third of the inter
      ventricular septum usually arise from the right coronary artery (RCA) or the left
      circumflex artery (LCx). Posterior descending artery arising from the left
      anterior descending artery is a rare anomaly. A66-year man presented with chest
      pain, ECG changes, and raised biomarkers. A diagnosis of non-STelevation
      myocardial infarction was made. Coronary angiogram, done on the next day,
      revealed the posterior descending artery as a continuation of the left anterior
      descending artery (LAD) beyond the crux and a rudimentary right coronary artery.
      The left anterior descending artery had subcritical stenosis in proximal course
      (confirmed on fractional flow reserve) and was advised medical treatment.

PMID- 27376209
TI  - Complete Impulsive Migration of Feeding Jejunostomy Tube and Jejunal
      Intussusception - Sporadic Complications of a Common Procedure.
AB  - Feeding jejunostomy is one of the most widely used procedures for enteral
      nutrition. It is associated with several complications which can be grouped into
      mechanical, metabolic, nutritional, and infectious. Amongst mechanical
      complications, complete impulsive tube migration is rarely seen. We hereby report
      the case of a 60-year old woman, with advanced esophageal carcinoma, re-admitted
      in the ward with blocked and stuck Foley's catheter placed in the jejenum for
      feeding purpose. Within hours of admission, patient developed rapid peristalsis
      and catheter completely disappeared in the abdomen. Exploratory laparotomy was
      performed to retrieve the catheter, which revealed jejunal intussception and
      erosions. Migration of the feeding tube is infrequent complication; however,
      complete migration is even rarer and needs urgent intervention.

PMID- 27376210
TI  - Resection-Reconstruction of Aberrant Right Hepatic Artery During Whipple
      Procedure (Pancreaticoduodenectomy).
AB  - Aberrant hepatic arterial anatomy poses a challenge for the surgeon during
      Whipple procedure. Intraoperative injury to the aberrant vasculature results in
      hemorrhagic or ischemic complications involving the liver and biliary tree. We
      report a case of replaced right hepatic artery arising from the superior
      mesenteric artery in a patient with periampullary carcinoma of the pancreas,
      undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. The aberrant artery was found to be coursing
      through the pancreatic parenchyma. This is a rare vascular anomaly. Resection of
      the arterial segment and end-to-end anastomosis was fashioned. Intrapancreatic
      course of the replaced right hepatic artery is a rare anomaly and is best managed
      by preoperative identification on radiology and meticulous intra-operative
      dissection and preservation. However, for an intrapancreatic course, resection
      and reconstruction may occasionally be required.

PMID- 27376211
TI  - Guide Wire Loss of Femoral Venous Cannulation: Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - Placement of a central venous catheter (CVC) is a common procedure, often
      replaced by femoral vein cannulation. The overall complication rate is 12 - 15%.
      Loss of a complete guide wire into the circulation is a rare and preventable
      complication. Here we report a case of guide wire loss during femoral venous
      cannulation and literature review.

PMID- 27376212
TI  - Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma (EHE) of the Liver.
AB  - A45-year previously known hypertensive lady presented with 2-year history of
      upper abdominal pain, heaviness, and weight loss. Her radiological assessment
      suggested the possibility of hepatoma or liver metastases. Considering her age,
      overall good health and absence of cirrhosis, a liver biopsy was taken which
      showed hepatic epithelioidhaemangioendothelioma (HEHE), a rare and unusual
      intermediate grade vascular tumor which can easily be confused with hepatoma or
      metastatic liver disease. To the best of their knowledge, the authors are most
      probably reporting the first ever case of HEHE from Pakistan with special
      emphasis on its clinical presentations, clinico-radiological diagnostic clues,
      and the management options in the light of the limited retrospective studies.

PMID- 27376213
TI  - Hepatitis Aand E Co-Infection with Worst Outcome.
AB  - Infections are still a major problem in the developing countries like Pakistan
      because of poor sewage disposal and economic restraints. Acute viral hepatitis
      like Aand E are not uncommon in pediatric age group because of unhygienic food
      handling and poor sewage disposal, but majority recovers well without any
      complications. Co-infections are rare occurrences and physicians need to be well
      aware while managing such conditions to avoid worst outcome. Co-infection with
      hepatitis Aand E is reported occasionally in the literature, however, other
      concurrent infections such as hepatitis A with Salmonellaand hepatotropic viruses
      like viral hepatitis B and C are present in the literature. Co-infections should
      be kept in consideration when someone presents with atypical symptoms or unusual
      disease course like this presented case. We report here a girl child who had
      acute hepatitis A and E concurrent infections and presented with hepatic
      encephalopathy and had worst outcome, despite all the supportive measures being
      taken.

PMID- 27376215
TI  - Urinogenital Myiasis From Blow Fly in a Pakistani Child.
AB  - Herein is reported the first case of urogenital myiasis from Peshawar, Pakistan.
      Third instar blow fly larvae were recovered from the urinogenital tract of a 5
      year old female child. The larvae were identified as Chrysomya
      bezziana(Villeneuve), using Light and Scanning Electron microscopic techniques.
      The study brings into focus the subject of human myiasis, about which little is
      known in Pakistan.

PMID- 27376214
TI  - Dengue Fever Presenting Atypically with Viral Conjunctivitis and Subacute
      Thyroiditis.
AB  - The majority of dengue viral infections are asymptomatic, though symptoms may
      range from self-limiting febrile illness to life threatening hemorrhagic
      manifestations. As the burden of disease is dramatically rising in recent years,
      more patients with atypical presentations and rare complications are increasingly
      reported. Dengue virus may rarely involve different organ systems including CNS,
      liver, and heart. However, involvement of eye and thyroid is extremely rare. We
      present a case of 32-year old patient who presented with conjunctivitis and
      subacute thyroiditis and was found to have dengue viral infection as the cause of
      these conditions.

PMID- 27376216
TI  - Leishmaniasis with Femoral Bone Involvement.
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis is mostly subclinical, but it can become symptomatic and
      take acute, subacute or chronic forms. Its incubation period varies from weeks to
      months and can even be as long as years. Avast variety of organ involvement may
      be there. We report a case of osseous leishmaniasis presenting with only a long
      standing mild knee pain without any laboratory or organ abnormality and showed a
      pure bone involvement on X-ray and CTscan. Later on, it developed into a
      discharging sinus and the discharge showed Leishman bodies which was reconfirmed
      the rough bite. As the patient had reactions with amphotericin B, systemic
      glucantine was given which led to clinical improvement and smaller radiological
      lesion.

PMID- 27376217
TI  - Intra-cranial Toxoplasmosis in an Immunocompetent Female.
AB  - Intra-cranial toxoplasmosis is a rare entity occurring mostly in immunosuppressed
      individuals. It is extremely rare in an immune competent patient. Toxoplasmosis
      is the third leading cause of food borne illness. Depending upon the site, degree
      of inflammation and local damage, toxoplasmosis encephalitis and cranial abscess
      can cause long lasting neurologic sequel. With modern imaging techniques,
      toxoplasmosis antibody titers, slit lamp examination and brain biopsy, there is
      improvement in diagnosis along with reduction in the mortality rate. We present a
      case illustrating the radiological manifestations, complications, potential
      pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment of intra-cranial toxoplasmosis in
      immunocompetent patient.

PMID- 27376218
TI  - Retrograde Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Left Anterior Descending
      Chronic Total Occlusion Via an Ipsilateral Intraseptal Collateral Channel Using a
      Single Guiding Catheter.
AB  - Successful recanalization of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of coronary arteries
      has improved symptoms and mortality. In CTO cases, retrograde approach from
      opposite coronary artery has a better chance of procedural success. But the
      retrograde approach from opposite site is not always suitable. In certain CTO
      cases, the distal left anterior descending (LAD) artery is supplied from the
      intraseptal collateral channel. Controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking
      (CART) strategy has been developed to improve guidewire crossing and successful
      recanalization. We report a case of the retrograde percutaneous coronary
      intervention for the LAD CTO lesion via an ipsilateral intraseptal collateral
      channel, which was successfully revascularized with reverse CARTtechnique using a
      single 8-French guiding catheter.

PMID- 27376219
TI  - Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Presenting with Unilateral Adrenal Hemmorhage.
AB  - The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome presents with vascular thrombosis which
      involve both arterial and venous systems. The clinical presentation of
      antiphospholipid antibody syndrome includes obstetric complications leading to
      recurrent abortions, presence of circulating antibodies against phospholipids,
      and multi-organ thromboembolisms. We report a case of a patient who presented
      with unilateral adrenal hemorrhage and subsequently found to have
      antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and lupus nephritis.

PMID- 27376220
TI  - Clinical Overlap of Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Hepatitis: Three Cases.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease characterized by
      demyelination and axonal degeneration in the central nervous system. MS is the
      second major cause of disability following trauma, and is mostly seen between the
      ages of 20 - 40 years and in women. Autoimmune hepatitis (AH) is a chronic
      disease characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia, high levels of transaminases,
      presence of antibodies, and histologically by the necroinflammatory process with
      interface hepatitis. In AH, the etiological agent of the disease and the cause of
      liver injury remain unknown. MS may be associated with AH, autoimmune
      thyroiditis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). In literature, 8 cases with
      overlap of MS and AH have been reported. In this report, we present 3 cases which
      were detected with overlap of MS and AH, and are very rare condition in
      literature.

PMID- 27376221
TI  - Atrial Thrombus in a Premature Newborn Following Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation.
AB  - Critically ill newborns, whether term or preterm, are at great risk for
      developing symptomatic thromboembolic disease. Comorbidities like inflammation,
      DIC, fluctuations in cardiac output, congenital heart disease, as well as central
      venous or arterial catheters, are the predisposing risk factors. Clinically
      symptomatic or asymptomatic cases are usually picked up by echocardiography,
      usually done for other indications. Management usually comprises of observation,
      heparin therapy, thrombo-embolectomy, and catheter directed revascularization. We
      present a case of premature neonate who developed thrombus at inter-atrial septum
      as a possible consequence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, detected by
      echocardiography. Conversely, there is always a possibility of paradoxical emboli
      in neonates with patent foramen ovale (PFO). Subsequent clinical course remained
      asymptomatic and baby was discharged home after 6 weeks with cardiac follow-up.
      Atrial septal findings of organized clot/thrombus in asymptomatic newborns need
      to be correlated with the details of neonatal care. Long-term follow-up is
      dependent on underlying pathology.

PMID- 27376222
TI  - Torsion of a Term Uterus.
AB  - Torsion of the pregnant uterus, at term, is a very rare event in obstetric
      practice. It is associated with high perinatal mortality. We are reporting a case
      of uterine torsion, where a booked second gravida with previous lower segment
      cesarean section underwent an emergency cesarean section due to severe lower
      abdominal pain, persistent fetal tachycardia and poor Bishop Score. Following
      delivery of baby and placenta, uterus untwisted on itself through 180 degrees and
      it was realized that the incision had been made on the posterior wall of the
      uterus. Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL) was done after proper informed consent.
      This decision was based on unavailability of data on safety of future pregnancies
      in patients with both anterior and posterior uterine scars. Efforts need to be
      made to develop consensus for management of these cases, in future.

PMID- 27376223
TI  - Isolated Uterine Myeloid Sarcoma Preceding the Diagnosis of Acute Myeloid
      Leukemia.
AB  - Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is an extramedullary solid tumor composed of leukemic
      myeloid cells. MS is an uncommon tumor complicating acute myeloid leukemia (AML),
      or less often myelodysplestic syndrome (MDS) and myeloproliferative disorders.
      Rarely, MS may precede the systemic onset of AML, which usually follows within
      months. We report a 36 year-old lady who presented with a cervical-uterine mass,
      which proved to be MS. Initially, she had no systemic AMLand was treated with
      hysterectomy and systemic chemotherapy. She developed bilateral-flank pain and
      renal impairment after 9 months. Imaging revealed a soft-tissue mass in the para
      aortic and peri-sacral region with bilateral hydronephrosis. Biopsy from the mass
      confirmed recurrence of MS. Bone marrow (BM) biopsy revealed 20% blasts
      consistent with AML. She was treated with aggressive chemotherapy and local
      radiotherapy. Despite these measures, she died of progressive disease. MS should
      be considered and treated as systemic AML, rather than an isolated mass; and we
      discuss management issues in such patients.

PMID- 27376224
TI  - Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an Adult: A Rapidly Progressive Disease
      with Grave Outcome.
AB  - Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and potentially fatal syndrome
      seen primarily in children. It is characterized by pathologic systemic hyper
      inflammation which in adults is easily overlooked due to non-specific clinical
      features. Most of the data available are on paedriatic population, making the
      diagnosis of HLH in adults challenging for the clinician. Here we report a case
      of HLH in a 48-year male who presented with pyrexia of unknown origin for 2
      months but remained undiagnosed despite extensive workup. Due to a high index of
      suspicion, re-evaluation of bone marrow biopsy was done which showed
      hemophagocytosis, earlier reported as normal. It led to specific investigations,
      needed for establishing the diagnostic criteria of HLH. Even though chemotherapy
      was initiated, the patient did not survive. The aggressive nature of this disease
      makes it crucial for the physician to be aware of its signs and symptoms for the
      early diagnosis and immediate introduction of adequate treatment.

PMID- 27376225
TI  - Glomus Tumor of Trachea in an Adult Male.
AB  - Glomus tumors most commonly occur in distal extremities, particularly in the
      subungual region. The origin of these tumors is modified smooth muscle cells of
      glomus bodies. Trachea is one of the rare sites where normal glomus bodies may be
      sparse or absent, so occurrence of glomus tumor in trachea is very rare. Only 30
      cases have been reported in the literature so far. In this case report, the
      authors describe a very rare and in fact first case of glomus tumor of trachea in
      a 45-year male Pakistani patient.

PMID- 27376226
TI  - Lung Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma: ACase Report of Pulmonary Sarcomatoid
      Carcinoma.
AB  - Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare malignant cancer composed of
      sarcoma and sarcoma-like elements with spindle or giant cell features. We report
      the case of a 60-year-old male with past medical history of right renal cell
      carcinoma 2 years earlier. Apulmonary nodule was detected in the left upper lobe,
      23 months after nephrectomy. Systemic positron emission tomography-computerized
      tomography (PET-CT) revealed one high metabolic mass shadow in the left upper
      lobe. Chest CTscan with contrast revealed a left upper lobe mass (2.9 x 2.5 cm).
      The case was suspected to be a lung metastasis of renal cell carcinoma. After
      surgery, the pathology revealed PSC-giant cell carcinoma. The tumor's pathology
      and treatment methods are discussed.

PMID- 27376227
TI  - Nasal Pseudotumor in Female.
AB  - Inflammatory pseudotumor is a solid fibro-inflammatory tumor that clinically
      mimics a neoplastic lesion. Inflammatory pseudotumor is usually found in the
      orbits and lungs, but rarely in the sinonasal area. Presence of pseudotumor in
      nasal cavity is even scarce and there are only a few reports to date. We present
      a case of pseudotumor involving the nasal tip area in an adult female mimicking
      as a slowly enlarging mass.

PMID- 27376228
TI  - Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor of Breast.
AB  - Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is a malignant tumor of the
      young, usually found in bony structures. It is extremely rare to find it in the
      breast. Only 9 cases have been reported in the medical literature. A35-year lady
      had a painless lump in upper left outer quadrant of her left breast which
      appeared as a BIRADS III lesion on mammography. However, biopsy and later surgery
      was done on clinical grounds. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry diagnosed a
      PNETtumor. It had recurred 8 years after surgery and required chemotherapy.

PMID- 27376229
TI  - Sympathetic Chain Schwannoma Resembling Carotid Body Tumour.
AB  - Schwannomas are rare, benign nerve sheath tumours of parapharyngeal space.
      Differential diagnosis should include salivary gland tumours, paragangliomas,
      neurofibromas, and metastatic lymph nodes. The tumours may arise from vagus nerve
      and cervical sympathetic chain (CSC). Diagnosis is usually made by imaging
      techniques: contrast CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance
      angiography (MRA). Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is useful diagnostic
      procedure but poor results are seen in neurogenic tumours. Rarely, a vascular CSC
      schwannoma at the level of carotid arteries bifurcation may mimic carotid body
      tumour (CBT) on imaging techniques, especially if they are vascular, causing
      splaying of internal and external carotid arteries. Clinically patient was
      asymptomatic except for a pulsatile swelling in neck for 5 years. The presented
      case resembled CBTclinically, on ultrasound and on imaging techniques causing
      splaying of carotid arteries. FNAC was inconclusive and was always hemorrhagic.
      During operation, it was found to be CSC schwannoma just posterior to carotid
      body. CSC was sacrificed and patient developed Horner syndrome postoperatively.

PMID- 27376230
TI  - Bomb Blast and Its Consequences: Successful Intensive Care Management of Massive
      Pulmonary Embolsim.
AB  - A suicide bomb blast in 2013 at a distant city of Pakistan killed 84 and wounded
      more than 150 people. Some patients were transferred to our tertiary care
      hospital because of extreme load on medical services there. This patient arrived
      at the Aga Khan Hospital, 2 days after the bomb blast injury and underwent an
      orthopedic procedure. Next day, he developed sudden tachypnea, desaturation, and
      circulatory collapse. After initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation, he was
      immediately transferred to surgical intensive care unit. Based on history,
      echocardiography findings and patient parameters, a clinical diagnosis of massive
      pulmonary embolism was made and immediate thrombolytic therapy with alteplase was
      started. The immediate improvement in hemodynamic status was evident following 2
      hours of alteplase infusion. This case also highlights the aggressiveness of
      resuscitation, decision making in initiating thrombolytic therapy on clinical
      grounds, importance of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, and exhaustion of
      health resources due to blast related mass destruction.

PMID- 27376231
TI  - Strategies for the Management of Congenital Iris Cysts.
AB  - Iris cysts can arise from iris pigment epithelium or stroma. We present 3 cases
      of iris cysts which have been managed in different ways. In a one-month neonate,
      cyst was punctured with keratome and gentle diode laser endophotocoagulation was
      applied to the base. A2.5-month infant presented with watering and blepharospasm
      since birth. Clear fluid was aspirated from the cyst with a 27-gauge needle and
      Ethanol 96% (ETOH) was injected into the cyst and then aspirated. It was followed
      by injection/aspiration of 0.3 ml of balanced salt solution thrice. Cyst wall was
      excised. A13-month toddler presented with 4-month history of intermittent
      irritation and photophobia. The cyst was aspirated with a 25-gauge needle and the
      cyst walls were nibbled with 20-gauge vitrectomy cutter. Excision is better than
      injection of sclerosing solutions. The aim is to remove the whole cyst to avoid
      recurrence and to prevent amblyopia.

PMID- 27376232
TI  - Appendicitis in an Infant with Atypical Features.
AB  - Acute appendicitis is an uncommon and challenging disease in infancy. Usually,
      the clinical presentation in neonates and infants is non-specific and varies
      depending on the age of the child and duration of the disease. Diagnosis of
      incomplete and atypical Kawasaki disease (KD) in infants is also a challenging
      aspect and there is no gold standard for this diagnosis and sometimes fever is
      the only symptom that could be found. Herein, we report a 6-month infant with a 7
      days of fever and bilateral pleural effusion, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation
      rate, thrombocytosis, hypo-albominemia, normal abdominal ultrasound, and primary
      diagnosis of KD. Final diagnosis was perforated retrocecal appendicitis and
      abscess formation. Physicians should be aware of the vague signs and symptoms of
      acute appendicitis in neonates and infants and consider this diagnosis to prevent
      delayed diagnosis, inappropriate treatment, and consequent morbidity and
      mortality.

PMID- 27376233
TI  - An Unusual Presentation of Opioid Induced Cerebral Infarction.
AB  - Opioid induced cerebral infarction is one of the most dreadful complications
      encountered in clinical practice. A30-year known hypertensive male presented to
      the emergency department of Shalamar Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, with altered
      state of consciousness. He had been in his usual state of health a day before the
      presentation. On examination he was afebrile, his GCS was 3/15 having pinpoint
      pupils with absent doll's eye movements. His blood pressure was 90/60 mmHg, pulse
      rate was 62/minute, and respiratory rate was 10/minute. His right plantar was
      upgoing. He was resuscitated in emergency and was placed on ventilator due to
      hypoxemia. Computed tomography (CT) of brain revealed bilateral internal capsule
      hypolucencies and bilateral frontal lobe infarction. His urinary toxicological
      screening revealed extremely high concentrations of opioids and benzodiazepine.
      Patient made an uneventful recovery with antidote and supportive care.

PMID- 27376234
TI  - Perilipin 5 is protective in the ischemic heart.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myocardial ischemia is associated with alterations in cardiac
      metabolism, resulting in decreased fatty acid oxidation and increased lipid
      accumulation. Here we investigate how myocardial lipid content and dynamics
      affect the function of the ischemic heart, and focus on the role of the lipid
      droplet protein perilipin 5 (Plin5) in the pathophysiology of myocardial
      ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS: We generated Plin5(-/-) mice and found that Plin5
      deficiency dramatically reduced the triglyceride content in the heart. Under
      normal conditions, Plin5(-/-) mice maintained a close to normal heart function by
      decreasing fatty acid uptake and increasing glucose uptake, thus preserving the
      energy balance. However, during stress or myocardial ischemia, Plin5 deficiency
      resulted in myocardial reduced substrate availability, severely reduced heart
      function and increased mortality. Importantly, analysis of a human cohort with
      suspected coronary artery disease showed that a common noncoding polymorphism,
      rs884164, decreases the cardiac expression of PLIN5 and is associated with
      reduced heart function following myocardial ischemia, indicating a role for Plin5
      in cardiac dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that Plin5 deficiency
      alters cardiac lipid metabolism and associates with reduced survival following
      myocardial ischemia, suggesting that Plin5 plays a beneficial role in the heart
      following ischemia.

PMID- 27376235
TI  - Genetic dissection of the alpha-globin super-enhancer in vivo.
AB  - Many genes determining cell identity are regulated by clusters of Mediator-bound
      enhancer elements collectively referred to as super-enhancers. These super
      enhancers have been proposed to manifest higher-order properties important in
      development and disease. Here we report a comprehensive functional dissection of
      one of the strongest putative super-enhancers in erythroid cells. By generating a
      series of mouse models, deleting each of the five regulatory elements of the
      alpha-globin super-enhancer individually and in informative combinations, we
      demonstrate that each constituent enhancer seems to act independently and in an
      additive fashion with respect to hematological phenotype, gene expression,
      chromatin structure and chromosome conformation, without clear evidence of
      synergistic or higher-order effects. Our study highlights the importance of
      functional genetic analyses for the identification of new concepts in
      transcriptional regulation.

PMID- 27376236
TI  - Rapid genotype imputation from sequence without reference panels.
AB  - Inexpensive genotyping methods are essential for genetic studies requiring large
      sample sizes. In human studies, array-based microarrays and high-density
      haplotype reference panels allow efficient genotype imputation for this purpose.
      However, these resources are typically unavailable in non-human settings. Here we
      describe a method (STITCH) for imputation based only on sequencing read data,
      without requiring additional reference panels or array data. We demonstrate its
      applicability even in settings of extremely low sequencing coverage, by
      accurately imputing 5.7 million SNPs at a mean r(2) value of 0.98 in 2,073
      outbred laboratory mice (0.15* sequencing coverage). In a sample of 11,670 Han
      Chinese (1.7* coverage), we achieve accuracy similar to that of alternative
      approaches that require a reference panel, demonstrating that our approach can
      work for genetically diverse populations. Our method enables straightforward
      progression from low-coverage sequence to imputed genotypes, overcoming barriers
      that at present restrict the application of genome-wide association study
      technology outside humans.

PMID- 27376237
TI  - Genome-wide association study of behavioral, physiological and gene expression
      traits in outbred CFW mice.
AB  - Although mice are the most widely used mammalian model organism, genetic studies
      have suffered from limited mapping resolution due to extensive linkage
      disequilibrium (LD) that is characteristic of crosses among inbred strains.
      Carworth Farms White (CFW) mice are a commercially available outbred mouse
      population that exhibit rapid LD decay in comparison to other available mouse
      populations. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of behavioral,
      physiological and gene expression phenotypes using 1,200 male CFW mice. We used
      genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to obtain genotypes at 92,734 SNPs. We also
      measured gene expression using RNA sequencing in three brain regions. Our study
      identified numerous behavioral, physiological and expression quantitative trait
      loci (QTLs). We integrated the behavioral QTL and eQTL results to implicate
      specific genes, including Azi2 in sensitivity to methamphetamine and Zmynd11 in
      anxiety-like behavior. The combination of CFW mice, GBS and RNA sequencing
      constitutes a powerful approach to GWAS in mice.

PMID- 27376239
TI  - Hierarchy within the mammary STAT5-driven Wap super-enhancer.
AB  - Super-enhancers comprise dense transcription factor platforms highly enriched for
      active chromatin marks. A paucity of functional data led us to investigate the
      role of super-enhancers in the mammary gland, an organ characterized by
      exceptional gene regulatory dynamics during pregnancy. ChIP-seq analysis for the
      master regulator STAT5A, the glucocorticoid receptor, H3K27ac and MED1 identified
      440 mammary-specific super-enhancers, half of which were associated with genes
      activated during pregnancy. We interrogated the Wap super-enhancer, generating
      mice carrying mutations in STAT5-binding sites within its constituent enhancers.
      Individually, the most distal site displayed the greatest enhancer activity.
      However, combinatorial mutation analysis showed that the 1,000-fold induction in
      gene expression during pregnancy relied on all enhancers. Disabling the binding
      sites of STAT5, NFIB and ELF5 in the proximal enhancer incapacitated the entire
      super-enhancer. Altogether, these data suggest a temporal and functional enhancer
      hierarchy. The identification of mammary-specific super-enhancers and the
      mechanistic exploration of the Wap locus provide insights into the regulation of
      cell-type-specific expression of hormone-sensing genes.

PMID- 27376240
TI  - Nonlinear multiscale regularisation in MR elastography: Towards fine feature
      mapping.
AB  - : Fine-featured elastograms may provide additional information of radiological
      interest in the context of in vivo elastography. Here a new image processing
      pipeline called ESP (Elastography Software Pipeline) is developed to create
      Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) maps of viscoelastic parameters (complex
      modulus magnitude |G*| and loss angle phi) that preserve fine-scale information
      through nonlinear, multi-scale extensions of typical MRE post-processing
      techniques. METHODS: A new MRE image processing pipeline was developed that
      incorporates wavelet-domain denoising, image-driven noise estimation, and feature
      detection. ESP was first validated using simulated data, including viscoelastic
      Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations, at multiple noise levels. ESP images
      were compared with MDEV pipeline images, both in the FEM models and in three ten
      subject cohorts of brain, thigh, and liver acquisitions. ESP and MDEV mean values
      were compared to 2D local frequency estimation (LFE) mean values for the same
      cohorts as a benchmark. Finally, the proportion of spectral energy at fine
      frequencies was quantified using the Reduced Energy Ratio (RER) for both ESP and
      MDEV. RESULTS: Blind estimates of added noise (sigma) were within 5.3% +/- 2.6%
      of prescribed, and the same technique estimated sigma in the in vivo cohorts at
      1.7 +/- 0.8%. A 5 * 5 * 5 truncated Gabor filter bank effectively detects local
      spatial frequencies at wavelengths lambda <= 10px. For FEM inversions, mean |G*|
      of hard target, soft target, and background remained within 8% of prescribed up
      to sigma=20%, and mean phi results were within 10%, excepting hard target phi,
      which required redrawing around a ring artefact to achieve similar accuracy.
      Inspection of FEM |G*| images showed some spatial distortion around hard target
      boundaries and inspection of phi images showed ring artefacts around the same
      target. For the in vivo cohorts, ESP results showed mean correlation of R=0.83
      with MDEV and liver stiffness estimates within 7% of 2D-LFE results. Finally, ESP
      showed statistically significant increase in fine feature spectral energy as
      measured with RER for both |G*| (p<1*10-9) and phi (p<1*10-3). CONCLUSION:
      Information at finer frequencies can be recovered in ESP elastograms in typical
      experimental conditions, however scatter- and boundary-related artefacts may
      cause the fine features to have inaccurate values. In in vivo cohorts, ESP
      delivers an increase in fine feature spectral energy, and better performance with
      longer wavelengths, than MDEV while showing similar stability and robustness.

PMID- 27376238
TI  - Genome-wide association of multiple complex traits in outbred mice by ultra-low
      coverage sequencing.
AB  - Two bottlenecks impeding the genetic analysis of complex traits in rodents are
      access to mapping populations able to deliver gene-level mapping resolution and
      the need for population-specific genotyping arrays and haplotype reference
      panels. Here we combine low-coverage (0.15*) sequencing with a new method to
      impute the ancestral haplotype space in 1,887 commercially available outbred
      mice. We mapped 156 unique quantitative trait loci for 92 phenotypes at a 5%
      false discovery rate. Gene-level mapping resolution was achieved at about one
      fifth of the loci, implicating Unc13c and Pgc1a at loci for the quality of sleep,
      Adarb2 for home cage activity, Rtkn2 for intensity of reaction to startle, Bmp2
      for wound healing, Il15 and Id2 for several T cell measures and Prkca for bone
      mineral content. These findings have implications for diverse areas of mammalian
      biology and demonstrate how genome-wide association studies can be extended via
      low-coverage sequencing to species with highly recombinant outbred populations.

PMID- 27376241
TI  - Emerging Targets in Photopharmacology.
AB  - The field of photopharmacology uses molecular photoswitches to establish control
      over the action of bioactive molecules. It aims to reduce systemic drug toxicity
      and the emergence of resistance, while achieving unprecedented precision in
      treatment. By using small molecules, photopharmacology provides a viable
      alternative to optogenetics. We present here a critical overview of the different
      pharmacological targets in various organs and a survey of organ systems in the
      human body that can be addressed in a non-invasive manner. We discuss the
      prospects for the selective delivery of light to these organs and the specific
      requirements for light-activatable drugs. We also aim to illustrate the
      druggability of medicinal targets with recent findings and emphasize where
      conceptually new approaches have to be explored to provide photopharmacology with
      future opportunities to bring "smart" molecular design ultimately to the realm of
      clinical use.

PMID- 27376242
TI  - Instantaneous ballistic velocity of suspended Brownian nanocrystals measured by
      upconversion nanothermometry.
AB  - Brownian motion is one of the most fascinating phenomena in nature. Its
      conceptual implications have a profound impact in almost every field of science
      and even economics, from dissipative processes in thermodynamic systems, gene
      therapy in biomedical research, artificial motors and galaxy formation to the
      behaviour of stock prices. However, despite extensive experimental
      investigations, the basic microscopic knowledge of prototypical systems such as
      colloidal particles in a fluid is still far from being complete. This is
      particularly the case for the measurement of the particles' instantaneous
      velocities, elusive due to the rapid random movements on extremely short
      timescales. Here, we report the measurement of the instantaneous ballistic
      velocity of Brownian nanocrystals suspended in both aqueous and organic solvents.
      To achieve this, we develop a technique based on upconversion nanothermometry. We
      find that the population of excited electronic states in NaYF4:Yb/Er nanocrystals
      at thermal equilibrium can be used for temperature mapping of the nanofluid with
      great thermal sensitivity (1.15% K-1 at 296 K) and a high spatial resolution (<1
      MUm). A distinct correlation between the heat flux in the nanofluid and the
      temporal evolution of Er3+ emission allows us to measure the instantaneous
      velocity of nanocrystals with different sizes and shapes.

PMID- 27376243
TI  - A charge-density-wave oscillator based on an integrated tantalum disulfide-boron
      nitride-graphene device operating at room temperature.
AB  - The charge-density-wave (CDW) phase is a macroscopic quantum state consisting of
      a periodic modulation of the electronic charge density accompanied by a periodic
      distortion of the atomic lattice in quasi-1D or layered 2D metallic crystals.
      Several layered transition metal dichalcogenides, including 1T-TaSe2, 1T-TaS2 and
      1T-TiSe2 exhibit unusually high transition temperatures to different CDW symmetry
      reducing phases. These transitions can be affected by the environmental
      conditions, film thickness and applied electric bias. However, device
      applications of these intriguing systems at room temperature or their integration
      with other 2D materials have not been explored. Here, we demonstrate room
      temperature current switching driven by a voltage-controlled phase transition
      between CDW states in films of 1T-TaS2 less than 10 nm thick. We exploit the
      transition between the nearly commensurate and the incommensurate CDW phases,
      which has a transition temperature of 350 K and gives an abrupt change in current
      accompanied by hysteresis. An integrated graphene transistor provides a voltage
      tunable, matched, low-resistance load enabling precise voltage control of the
      circuit. The 1T-TaS2 film is capped with hexagonal boron nitride to provide
      protection from oxidation. The integration of these three disparate 2D materials
      in a way that exploits the unique properties of each yields a simple,
      miniaturized, voltage-controlled oscillator suitable for a variety of practical
      applications.

PMID- 27376245
TI  - Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism among Varicella-Zoster Virus and
      identification of vaccine-specific sites.
AB  - Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a causative agent for chickenpox and zoster. Live
      attenuated vaccines have been developed based on Oka and MAV/06 strains. In order
      to understand the molecular mechanisms of attenuation, complete genome sequences
      of vaccine and wild-type strains were compared and single nucleotide polymorphism
      (SNP) was analyzed. ORF22 and ORF62 contained the highest number of SNPs. The
      detailed analysis of the SNPs suggested 24 potential vaccine-specific sites. All
      the mutational events found in vaccine-specific sites were transitional, and most
      of them were substitution of AT to GC pair. Interestingly, 18 of the vaccine
      specific sites of the vaccine strains appeared to be genetically heterogeneous.
      The probability of a single genome of vaccine strain to contain all 24 vaccine
      type sequences was calculated to be less than 4%. The average codon adaptation
      index (CAI) value of the vaccine strains was significantly lower than the CAI
      value of the clinical strains.

PMID- 27376246
TI  - Highlights from Faraday Discussion: Chemistry in the urban atmosphere, United
      Kingdom, April 2016.

PMID- 27376244
TI  - Optical imaging of individual biomolecules in densely packed clusters.
AB  - Recent advances in fluorescence super-resolution microscopy have allowed
      subcellular features and synthetic nanostructures down to 10-20 nm in size to be
      imaged. However, the direct optical observation of individual molecular targets
      (~5 nm) in a densely packed biomolecular cluster remains a challenge. Here, we
      show that such discrete molecular imaging is possible using DNA-PAINT (points
      accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography)-a super-resolution fluorescence
      microscopy technique that exploits programmable transient oligonucleotide
      hybridization-on synthetic DNA nanostructures. We examined the effects of a high
      photon count, high blinking statistics and an appropriate blinking duty cycle on
      imaging quality, and developed a software-based drift correction method that
      achieves <1 nm residual drift (root mean squared) over hours. This allowed us to
      image a densely packed triangular lattice pattern with ~5 nm point-to-point
      distance and to analyse the DNA origami structural offset with angstrom-level
      precision (2 A) from single-molecule studies. By combining the approach with
      multiplexed exchange-PAINT imaging, we further demonstrated an optical
      nanodisplay with 5 * 5 nm pixel size and three distinct colours with <1 nm cross
      channel registration accuracy.

PMID- 27376247
TI  - Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Thermal-Responsive
      Gatekeeper for NIR Light-Triggered Chemo/Photothermal-Therapy.
AB  - In this work, a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-triggered tumor targeted
      mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) is designed to realize near-infrared (NIR)
      photothermal-responsive drug release and combined chemo/photothermal tumor
      therapy. Indocyanine green (ICG) and doxorubicin (DOX) are both loaded in the MSN
      modified with thermal-cleavable gatekeeper (Azo-CD), which can be decapped by ICG
      generated hyperthermia under NIR illumination. A peptidic sequence containing a
      short PEG chain, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) substrate (PLGVR) and tumor cell
      targeting motif (RGD) are further decorated on the MSN via a host-guest
      interaction. The PEG chain can protect the MSN during the circulation and be
      cleaved off in the tumor tissues with overexpressed MMP, and then the RGD motif
      is switched on to target tumor cells. After the tumor-triggered targeting
      process, the NIR irradiation guided by ICG fluorescence can trigger cytosol drug
      release and realize combined chemo/photothermal therapy. 

PMID- 27376248
TI  - Dimethyl- and monomethylfumarate regulate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)
      activity in human immune cells.
AB  - Fumaric acid esters (FAEs) are used as an oral treatment for psoriasis.
      Dimethylfumarate (DMF) and its metabolite monomethylfumarate (MMF) are regarded
      as the pharmacologically active moieties. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is
      the key enzyme for the metabolism of tryptophan. The kynurenine pathway is
      established as a major regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Here, we
      investigated the effect of DMF and MMF on IDO activity and expression in human
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). IDO activity was determined by
      measuring the concentration of kynurenine in the culture medium using a HPLC
      technique. IDO and kynureninase protein expressions were analysed by Western
      blot. Our results demonstrated that DMF and MMF dose-dependently reduced the
      levels of L-kynurenine in PBMCs activated by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).
      Furthermore, MMF had an inhibitory effect on IDO activity in vitro with an ED50
      of 10 MUmol/L, a value within the therapeutic concentration range for this
      molecule. We also observed that IDO and kynureninase expressions were reduced in
      PBMCs in a dose-dependent manner by DMF and MMF. The results of our study show
      that DMF and MMF (in therapeutic concentrations) inhibited IDO and kynureninase
      activity and expression in a NF-kappaB-dependent manner in PBMCs while also
      decreasing the level of L-kynurenine in these cells. As we found that FAEs
      inhibit both IDO expression and enzymatic activity leading to a modulation of
      tryptophan degradation, we believe this effect may contribute to the clinical
      efficacy of this drug in psoriasis by downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators
      generated by the kynurenine pathway.

PMID- 27376249
TI  - Changes in the microbiota of lamb packaged in a vacuum and in modified
      atmospheres during chilled storage analysed by high-throughput sequencing.
AB  - Changes in the microbiota of lamb were investigated under vacuum packaging (VP)
      and under 20% CO2/80% N2 (LC), 60% CO2/40% N2 (MC), and 100% CO2 (HC) modified
      atmosphere packaging (MAP) during chilled storage. Viable counts were monitored,
      and the total microbial communities were assessed by high-throughput sequencing.
      The starting community had the highest microbial diversity, after which
      Lactococcus and Carnobacterium spp. outcompeted during the 28-day storage. The
      relative abundances of Brochothrix spp. in the LC atmosphere were much higher
      than those of the other groups on days 7 and 28. The bacterial inhibiting effect
      of the MAP environments on microbial growth was positively correlated with the
      CO2 concentration. The HC atmosphere inhibited microbial growth and delayed
      changes in the microbial community composition, extending the lamb's shelf life
      by approximately 7days compared with the VP atmosphere. Lamb packaged in the VP
      atmosphere had a more desirable colour but a higher weight loss than lamb
      packaged in the MAP atmospheres. 

PMID- 27376250
TI  - Relationship between phenotype, carcass characteristics and the incidence of dark
      cutting in heifers.
AB  - Previous research has suggested that cattle predisposed to dark cutting can be
      identified from live animal or carcass characteristics. This hypothesis was
      tested using production and phenotype data from an existing data set collected
      from heifers (n=467) on study at three farms. Carcasses in the data set graded
      Canada AAA (n=136), AA (n=296), A (n=14), and B4 (dark cutting, n=21). Farm was
      identified as significant (P=0.0268) by CATMOD analysis and slaughter weight and
      carcass weight accounted for the variation in dark cutting frequency across the
      farms. Analysis of variance indicated that dark cutting heifers had reduced
      weight at weaning (P<0.0001) and at slaughter (P<0.0001), and produced reduced
      weight carcasses (P<0.0001). Results of logistic regression indicated that the
      probability of dark cutting was decreased in heifers slaughtered at live weight
      greater than 550kg and in carcasses weighing greater than 325kg. 

PMID- 27376251
TI  - Clinicopathological characteristics of serrated polyps as precursors to
      colorectal cancer: Current status and management.
AB  - Serrated polyps have long been thought to lack malignant potential in the human
      colorectum. However, identification of the serrated pathway to colorectal cancer
      based on molecular biology has improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of
      colorectal cancers. Accordingly, serrated polyps such as traditional serrated
      adenoma and sessile serrated adenoma/polyps (SSA/P) are now considered to be
      precursor lesions of the serrated pathway. Recently, serrated polyps were
      classified into three subtypes, consisting of hyperplastic polyp, SSA/P, and
      traditional serrated adenoma, according to the World Health Organization
      classification. It has been suggested that SSA/P in the proximal colon are a
      precursor lesion of pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and are characterized by
      BRAF mutation and a CpG island methylator phenotype with or without
      microsatellite instability. However, SSA/P is more challenging to detect by
      colonoscopy and is likely to account for some interval cancers, particularly in
      the proximal colon because it presents flat or sessile, isochroous appearance,
      and occasionally has a mucous cap. Furthermore, the possibility has been raised
      that pathologists misclassify SSA/P as hyperplastic polyp. It is important for
      gastroenterologists to recognize the endoscopic features of serrated polyps to
      facilitate their detection and removal and also to establish postpolypectomy
      surveillance guidelines. In this review, we discuss the recent classification of
      serrated polyps; the molecular characteristics of the serrated pathway;
      appropriate diagnostic methods using endoscopy, including a new image-enhanced
      endoscopic technique; and management of these lesions.

PMID- 27376252
TI  - Nucleobase-Functionalized Supramolecular Micelles with Tunable Physical
      Properties for Efficient Controlled Drug Release.
AB  - Complementary nucleobase-functionalized polymeric micelles, a combination of
      adenine-thymine (A-U) base pairs and a blend of hydrophilic-hydrophobic polymer
      pairs, can be used to construct 3D supramolecular polymer networks; these
      micelles exhibit excellent self-assembly ability in aqueous solution, rapid pH
      responsiveness, high drug loading capacity, and triggerable drug release. In this
      study, a multi-uracil functionalized poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (U-PCL) and
      adenine end-capped difunctional oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) (BA-PEG) are
      successfully developed and show high affinity and specific recognition in
      solution owing to dynamically reversible A-U-induced formation of physical cross
      links. The U-PCL/BA-PEG blend system produces supramolecular micelles that can be
      readily adjusted to provide the desired critical micellization concentration,
      particle size, and stability. Importantly, in vitro release studies show that
      doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded micelles exhibit excellent DOX-encapsulated stability
      under physiological conditions. When the pH value of the solution is reduced from
      7.4 to 5.0, DOX-loaded micelles can be rapidly triggered to release encapsulated
      DOX, suggesting these polymeric micelles represent promising candidate pH
      responsive nanocarriers for controlled-release drug delivery and pharmaceutical
      applications.

PMID- 27376253
TI  - Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 1,2-Benzothiazine Derivatives.
AB  - A number of 1,2-benzothiazines have been synthesized in a three-step process.
      Nine chalcones 1-9 bearing methyl, fluoro, chloro and bromo substituents were
      chlorosulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid to generate the chalcone sulfonyl
      chlorides 10-18. These were converted to the dibromo compounds 19-27 through
      reaction with bromine in glacial acetic acid. Compounds 19-27 were reacted with
      ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, aniline and benzylamine to generate a library
      of 45 1,2-benzothiazines 28-72. Compounds 28-72 were evaluated for their
      antimicrobial activity using broth microdilution techniques against two Gram
      positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram
      negative bacteria (Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhimurium). The results
      demonstrated that none of the compounds showed any activity against Gram-negative
      bacteria P. vulgaris and S. typhimurium; however, compounds 31, 33, 38, 43, 45,
      50, 53, 55, 58, 60, 63 and 68 showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria
      Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcous aureus. The range of minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 25-600
      ug/mL, though some of the MIC and MBC concentrations were high, indicating weak
      activity. Structure activity relationship studies revealed that the compounds
      with a hydrogen atom or an ethyl group on the nitrogen of the thiazine ring
      exerted antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The results also
      showed that the compounds where the benzene ring of the benzoyl moiety contained
      a methyl group or a chlorine or bromine atom in the para position showed higher
      antimicrobial activity. Similar influences were identified where either a bromine
      or chlorine atom was in the meta position. 

PMID- 27376254
TI  - Pingyangmycin and Bleomycin Share the Same Cytotoxicity Pathway.
AB  - Pingyangmycin is an anticancer drug known as bleomycin A5 (A5), discovered in the
      Pingyang County of Zhejiang Province of China. Bleomycin (BLM) is a mixture of
      mainly two compounds (A2 and B2), which is on the World Health Organization's
      list of essential medicines. Both BLM and A5 are hydrophilic molecules that
      depend on transporters or endocytosis receptors to get inside of cells. Once
      inside, the anticancer activities rely on their abilities to produce DNA breaks,
      thus leading to cell death. Interestingly, the half maximal inhibitory
      concentration (IC50) of BLMs in different cancer cell lines varies from nM to MUM
      ranges. Different cellular uptake, DNA repair rate, and/or increased drug
      detoxification might be some of the reasons; however, the molecules and signaling
      pathways responsible for these processes are largely unknown. In the current
      study, we purified the A2 and B2 from the BLM and tested the cytotoxicities and
      the molecular mechanisms of each individual compound or in combination with six
      different cell lines, including a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line defective
      in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Our data suggested that glycosaminoglycans
      might be involved in the cellular uptake of BLMs. Moreover, both BLM and A5
      shared similar signaling pathways and are involved in cell cycle and apoptosis in
      different cancer cell lines. 

PMID- 27376255
TI  - A Macrosphelide as the Unexpected Product of a Pleurotus ostreatus Strain
      Mediated Biotransformation of Halolactones Containing the gem-Dimethylcyclohexane
      Ring. Part 1.
AB  - The aim of the study was to obtain new compounds during biotransformation of two
      halocompounds, the delta-bromo and delta-iodo-gamma-bicyclolactones 1 and 2.
      Unexpectedly Pleurotus ostreatus produced together with the hydroxylactone, 2
      hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane-8-one (3), its own metabolite
      (3S,9S,15S)-(6E,12E)-3,9,15-trimethyl-4,10,16-trioxacyclohexa-deca-6,12-diene
      1,5,8,11,14-pentaone (4). The method presented here, in which this macrosphelide
      4 was obtained by biotransformation, has not been previously described in the
      literature. To the best of our knowledge, this compound has been prepared only by
      chemical synthesis to date. This is the first report on the possibility of the
      biosynthesis of this compound by the Pleurotus ostreatus strain. The conditions
      and factors, like temperature, salts, organic solvents, affecting the production
      of this macrosphelide by Pleurotus ostreatus strain were examined. The highest
      yield of macroshphelide production was noticed for halolactones, as well with
      iodide, bromide, iron and copper (2+) ions as inductors. 

PMID- 27376256
TI  - Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Lotus Root Varieties.
AB  - Lotus root attracts increasing attention mainly because of its phenolic compounds
      known as natural antioxidants. Its thirteen varieties were systematically
      analyzed on the content, distribution, composition and antioxidant activity of
      phenolic compounds for a better understanding of this aquatic vegetable. The
      respective mean contents of total phenolics in their flesh, peel and nodes were
      1.81, 4.30 and 7.35 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g fresh weight (FW), and
      those of total flavonoids were 3.35, 7.69 and 15.58 mg rutin equivalents/g FW.
      The phenolic composition determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography
      method varied significantly among varieties and parts. The phenolics of flesh
      were mainly composed of gallocatechin and catechin; those of peel and node were
      mainly composed of gallocatechin, gallic acid, catechin and epicatechin. The
      antioxidant activities of phenolic extracts in increasing order were flesh, peel
      and node; their mean concentrations for 50% inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1
      picrylhydrazyl radical were 46.00, 26.43 and 21.72 ug GAE/mL, and their mean
      values representing ferric reducing antioxidant power were 75.91, 87.66 and
      100.43 ug Trolox equivalents/100 ug GAE, respectively. "Zoumayang", "Baheou",
      "No. 5 elian" and "Guixi Fuou" were the hierarchically clustered varieties with
      relatively higher phenolic content and stronger antioxidant activity as compared
      with the others. Especially, their nodes and peels are promising sources of
      antioxidants for human nutrition. 

PMID- 27376257
TI  - Photochemistry of 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives: Diradical Formation,
      Delocalization and Trapping as a Route to Novel Tricyclic and Tetracyclic
      Nitrogen Heterocyclic Ring Systems.
AB  - Irradiation of an acetonitrile solution of 4-aryl-3,5-dibenzoyl-1,4
      dihydropyridine derivatives 1a-c and maleimides 2a-c using medium pressure Hg-arc
      lamp (lambda > 290) nm afforded three different cycloadducts 4, 5, 6 in addition
      to the oxidation products 3. These results indicate that compounds 1a-c undergoes
      intermolecular cycloaddition reaction through three biradical intermediates and
      behave photochemically different than those reported previously for the analogous
      3,5-diacetyl and 3,5-dicarboxylic acid derivatives. The present work also offers
      simple access to novel tricyclic and tetracyclic nitrogen heterocyclic ring
      systems of potential biological and synthetic applications. The structure of the
      photoproducts was established spectroscopically and by single crystal X-ray
      crystallography. 

PMID- 27376258
TI  - Pyridine and p-Nitrophenyl Oxime Esters with Possible Photochemotherapeutic
      Activity: Synthesis, DNA Photocleavage and DNA Binding Studies.
AB  - Compared to standard treatments for various diseases, photochemotherapy and photo
      dynamic therapy are less invasive approaches, in which DNA photocleavers
      represent promising tools for novel "on demand" chemotherapeutics. A series of p
      nitrobenzoyl and p-pyridoyl ester conjugated aldoximes, amidoximes and ethanone
      oximes were subjected to UV irradiation at 312 nm with supercoiled circular
      plasmid DNA. The compounds which possessed appropriate properties were
      additionally subjected to UVA irradiation at 365 nm. The ability of most of the
      compounds to photocleave DNA was high at 312 nm, whereas higher concentrations
      were required at 365 nm as a result of their lower UV absorption. The affinity of
      selected compounds to calf-thymus (CT) DNA was studied by UV spectroscopy,
      viscosity experiments and competitive studies with ethidium bromide (EB)
      revealing that all compounds interacted with CT DNA. The fluorescence emission
      spectra of the pre-treated EB-DNA exhibited a moderate to significant quenching
      in the presence of the compounds indicating the binding of the compounds to CT
      DNA via intercalation as concluded also by DNA-viscosity experiments. For the
      oxime esters the DNA photocleavage and affinity studies aimed to clarify the role
      of the oxime nature (aldoxime, ketoxime, amidoxime) and the role of the pyridine
      and p-nitrophenyl moieties both as oxime substituents and ester conjugates. 

PMID- 27376260
TI  - Advanced Nanobiomaterials: Vaccines, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious
      Diseases.
AB  - The use of nanoparticles has contributed to many advances due to their important
      properties such as, size, shape or biocompatibility. The use of nanotechnology in
      medicine has great potential, especially in medical microbiology. Promising data
      show the possibility of shaping immune responses and fighting severe infections
      using synthetic materials. Different studies have suggested that the addition of
      synthetic nanoparticles in vaccines and immunotherapy will have a great impact on
      public health. On the other hand, antibiotic resistance is one of the major
      concerns worldwide; a recent report of the World Health Organization (WHO) states
      that antibiotic resistance could cause 300 million deaths by 2050. Nanomedicine
      offers an innovative tool for combating the high rates of resistance that we are
      fighting nowadays, by the development of both alternative therapeutic and
      prophylaxis approaches and also novel diagnosis methods. Early detection of
      infectious diseases is the key to a successful treatment and the new developed
      applications based on nanotechnology offer an increased sensibility and
      efficiency of the diagnosis. The aim of this review is to reveal and discuss the
      main advances made on the science of nanomaterials for the prevention, diagnosis
      and treatment of infectious diseases. Highlighting innovative approaches utilized
      to: (i) increasing the efficiency of vaccines; (ii) obtaining shuttle systems
      that require lower antibiotic concentrations; (iii) developing coating devices
      that inhibit microbial colonization and biofilm formation. 

PMID- 27376259
TI  - Study of the UV Light Conversion of Feruloyl Amides from Portulaca oleracea and
      Their Inhibitory Effect on IL-6-Induced STAT3 Activation.
AB  - Two new feruloyl amides, N-cis-hibiscusamide (5) and (7'S)-N-cis
      feruloylnormetanephrine (9), and eight known feruloyl amides were isolated from
      Portulaca oleracea L. and the geometric conversion of the ten isolated feruloyl
      amides by UV light was verified. The structures of the feruloyl amides were
      determined based on spectroscopic data and comparison with literature data. The
      NMR data revealed that the structures of the isolated compounds showed cis/trans
      isomerization under normal laboratory light conditions. Therefore, cis and trans
      isomers of feruloyl amides were evaluated for their convertibility and stability
      by UV light of a wavelength of 254 nm. After 96 h of UV light exposure, 23.2%
      35.0% of the cis and trans-isomers were converted to trans-isomers. Long-term
      stability tests did not show any significant changes. Among all compounds and
      conversion mixtures collected, compound 6 exhibited the strongest inhibition of
      IL-6-induced STAT3 activation in Hep3B cells, with an IC50 value of 0.2 MUM. This
      study is the first verification of the conversion rates and an equilibrium ratio
      of feruloyl amides. These results indicate that this natural material might
      provide useful information for the treatment of various diseases involving IL-6
      and STAT3. 

PMID- 27376261
TI  - 18alpha-Glycyrrhetinic Acid Induces Apoptosis of HL-60 Human Leukemia Cells
      through Caspases- and Mitochondria-Dependent Signaling Pathways.
AB  - In this study we investigate the molecular mechanisms of caspases and
      mitochondria in the extrinsic and intrinsic signal apoptosis pathways in human
      leukemia HL-60 cells after in vitro exposure to 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid
      (18alpha-GA). Cells were exposed to 18alpha-GA at various concentrations for
      various time periods and were harvested for flow cytometry total viable cell and
      apoptotic cell death measurements. Cells treated with 18alpha-GA significantly
      inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent
      manner, with an IC50 value of 100 MUM at 48 h. The cell growth inhibition
      resulted in induction of apoptosis and decreased the mitochondria membrane
      potential (DeltaPsim) and increased caspase-8, -9 and -3 activities. Furthermore,
      cytochrome c and AIF were released from mitochondria, as shown by western
      blotting and confirmed by confocal laser microscopy. Western blotting showed that
      18alpha-GA increased the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bid and
      decreased the anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, furthermore,
      results also showed that 18alpha-GA increased Fas and Fas-L which are associated
      with surface death receptor in HL-60 cells. Based on those observations, the
      present study supports the hypothesis that 18alpha-GA-induced apoptosis in HL-60
      cells involves the activation of the both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic
      pathways. 

PMID- 27376262
TI  - Doping-Promoted Solar Water Oxidation on Hematite Photoanodes.
AB  - As one of the most promising materials for solar water oxidation, hematite has
      attracted intense research interest for four decades. Despite their desirable
      optical band gap, stability and other attractive features, there are great
      challenges for the implementation of hematite-based photoelectrochemical cells.
      In particular, the extremely low electron mobility leads to severe energy loss by
      electron hole recombination. Elemental doping, i.e., replacing lattice iron with
      foreign atoms, has been shown to be a practical solution. Here we review the
      significant progresses in metal and non-metal element doping-promoted hematite
      solar water oxidation, focusing on the role of dopants in adjusting carrier
      density, charge collection efficiency and surface water oxidation kinetics. The
      advantages and salient features of the different doping categories are compared
      and discussed. 

PMID- 27376263
TI  - Assessing and Broadening Genetic Diversity of Elymus sibiricus Germplasm for the
      Improvement of Seed Shattering.
AB  - Siberian wild rye (Elymus sibiricus L.) is an important native grass in the
      Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. It is difficult to grow for commercial seed
      production, since seed shattering causes yield losses during harvest. Assessing
      the genetic diversity and relationships among germplasm from its primary
      distribution area contributes to evaluating the potential for its utilization as
      a gene pool to improve the desired agronomic traits. In the study, 40 EST-SSR
      primers were used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of 36
      E. sibiricus accessions with variation of seed shattering. A total of 380 bands
      were generated, with an average of 9.5 bands per primer. The polymorphic
      information content (PIC) ranged from 0.23 to 0.50. The percentage of polymorphic
      bands (P) for the species was 87.11%, suggesting a high degree of genetic
      diversity. Based on population structure analysis, four groups were formed,
      similar to results of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The molecular
      variance analysis (AMOVA) revealed the majority of genetic variation occurred
      within geographical regions (83.40%). Two genotypes from Y1005 and ZhN06 were
      used to generate seven F1 hybrids. The molecular and morphological diversity
      analysis of F1 population revealed rich genetic variation and high level of seed
      shattering variation in F1 population, resulting in significant improvement of
      the genetic base and desired agronomic traits. 

PMID- 27376264
TI  - Enhancement of Exposure and Reduction of Elimination for Paeoniflorin or
      Albiflorin via Co-Administration with Total Peony Glucosides and Hypoxic
      Pharmacokinetics Comparison.
AB  - There is evidence suggesting that herbal extracts demonstrate greater
      bioactivities than their isolated constituents at an equivalent dose. This
      phenomenon could be attributed to the absence of interacting substances present
      in the extracts. By measuring the pharmacokinetic parameters of paeoniflorin (PF)
      and albiflorin (AF) after being orally administered to rats in isolated form, in
      combination with each other and within total peony glucosides (TPG),
      respectively, the current study aimed to identify positive pharmacokinetic
      interactions between components of peony radix extracts. Moreover, the
      pharmacokinetic profiles of PF and AF under normoxia and hypoxia were also
      investigated and compared. In order to achieve these goals, a highly sensitive
      and reproducible ultra-peformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC
      MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneously quantitation of PF and
      AF in rat plasma. This study found that compared with that of single component
      (PF/AF), the exposure of PF in rat plasma after combination administration or TPG
      administration was significantly increased, meanwhile the elimination of PF/AF
      was remarkably reduced. It was also noticed that AUC and Cmax of PF in hypoxia
      rats were significantly decreased compared with that of normaxia rats, suggesting
      that there was a decreased exposure of PF in rats under hypoxia. The current
      study, for the first time, revealed the pharmacokinetic interactions between
      PF/AF and other constitutes in TGP and the pharmacokinetic profiles of PF and AF
      under hypoxia. In view of the current findings, it could be supposed that the
      clinical performance of total peony glucosides would be better than that of
      single constitute (PF/AF). The outcomes of this animal study are expected to
      serve as a basis for development of clinical guidelines on total peony glucosides
      usage. 

PMID- 27376265
TI  - The Role of p38 MAPK in the Development of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major complication of diabetes that
      contributes to an increase in mortality. A number of mechanisms potentially
      explain the development of DCM including oxidative stress, inflammation and
      extracellular fibrosis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated
      signaling pathways are common among these pathogenic responses. Among the diverse
      array of kinases, extensive attention has been given to p38 MAPK due to its
      capacity for promoting or inhibiting the translation of target genes. Growing
      evidence has indicated that p38 MAPK is aberrantly expressed in the
      cardiovascular system, including the heart, under both experimental and clinical
      diabetic conditions and, furthermore, inhibition of p38 MAPK activation in
      transgenic animal model or with its pharmacologic inhibitor significantly
      prevents the development of DCM, implicating p38 MAPK as a novel diagnostic
      indicator and therapeutic target for DCM. This review summarizes our current
      knowledge base to provide an overview of the impact of p38 MAPK signaling in
      diabetes-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. 

PMID- 27376266
TI  - Prognostic Value of Affective Symptoms in First-Admission Psychotic Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Very little research has been conducted in patients with first
      episode psychosis using a dimensional approach. Affective dimensional
      representations might be useful to predict the clinical course and treatment
      needs in such patients. METHODS: Weincluded 112 patients with first-episode
      psychosis in a longitudinal-prospective study with a five-year follow-up (N =
      82). Logistic analyses were performed to determine the predictive factors
      associated with depressive, manic, activation, and dysphoric dimensions. RESULTS:
      High scores on the depressive dimension were associated with the best prognosis.
      On the other hand, high scores on the activation dimension and the manic
      dimension were associated with a poorer prognosis in terms of relapses. Only the
      dysphoric dimension was not associated with syndromic or functional prognosis.
      CONCLUSION: Ourresults suggest that the pattern of baseline affective symptoms
      helps to predict the course of psychotic illness. Therefore, the systematic
      assessment of affective symptoms would enable us to draw important conclusions
      regarding patients' prognosis. Interventions for patients with high scores on
      manic or activation dimensions could be beneficial in decreasing relapses in
      first-episode psychosis.

PMID- 27376267
TI  - Usefulness of Aquaporin 1 as a Prognostic Marker in a Prospective Cohort of
      Malignant Mesotheliomas.
AB  - (1) BACKGROUND: Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive tumour of the
      serosal membranes, associated with exposure to asbestos. Survival is generally
      poor, but prognostication for individual patients is difficult. We recently
      described Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) as independent prognostic factor in two separate
      retrospective cohorts of MM patients. Here we assess the usefulness of AQP1
      prospectively, and determine the inter-observer agreement in assessing AQP1
      scores; (2) METHODS: A total of 104 consecutive cases of MM were included.
      Sufficient tissue for immunohistochemistry was available for 100 cases, and these
      cases were labelled for AQP1. Labelling was assessed by two pathologists.
      Complete clinical information and follow up was available for 91 cases; (3)
      RESULTS: Labelling of >=50% of tumour cells for AQP indicated improved prognosis
      in a univariate model (median survival 13 versus 8 months, p = 0.008), but the
      significance was decreased in a multivariate analysis. Scoring for AQP1 was
      robust, with an inter-observer kappa value of 0.722, indicating substantial
      agreement between observers; (4) CONCLUSION: AQP1 is a useful prognostic marker
      that can be easily incorporated in existing diagnostic immunohistochemical panels
      and which can be reliably interpreted by different pathologists. 

PMID- 27376268
TI  - PD-L1 Immunohistochemical Detection in Tumor Cells and Tumor Microenvironment:
      Main Considerations on the Use of Tissue Micro Arrays.
AB  - PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1) pathway plays a
      critical role in immune escape of tumor cells. Recent studies have described that
      PD-L1 is heterogeneously expressed in various types of cancer, although its
      prognostic/predictive value is still uncertain. These problems are partly due to
      a not well defined operating protocol for its detection by immunohistochemistry,
      but also because most of the studies conducted on large case series were made by
      Tissue Micro Array (TMA). We are going to discuss this latter point, to highlight
      that TMA must be set up in an appropriate manner, especially for some markers,
      such as PD-L1, which, besides being poorly expressed in tumor cells, can be
      expressed by cells of the tumor microenvironment. 

PMID- 27376270
TI  - The Effect and Action Mechanisms of Oligochitosan on Control of Stem Dry Rot of
      Zanthoxylum bungeanum.
AB  - In this report, the effects of two oligochitosans, i.e., oligochitosan A (OCHA)
      and oligochitosan B (OCHB), on control of dry rot of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Z.
      bungeanum) caused by Fusarium sambucinum (F. sambucinum) were evaluated. First,
      both oligochitosans show desirable ability to decrease the infection of F.
      sambucinum. Second, the oligochitosans strongly inhibit the radial colony and
      submerged biomass growth of F. sambucinum. Lastly, these oligochitosans are
      capable of increasing the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL),
      polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) significantly, as well as enhancing
      the content of total phenolics in Z. bungeanum stems. These findings indicate
      that the protective effects of OCHA and OCHB on Z. bungeanum stems against dry
      rot may be associated with the direct fungitoxic function against pathogen and
      the elicitation of biochemical defensive responses in Z. bungeanum stems. The
      outcome of this report suggests that oligochitosans may serve as a promising
      natural fungicide to substitute, at least partially, for synthetic fungicides in
      the disease management of Z. bungeanum. 

PMID- 27376269
TI  - Clinical Application of Human Urinary Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney and
      Urologic Diseases.
AB  - Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been isolated in different body fluids,
      including urine. The cargo of urinary EVs is composed of nucleic acids and
      proteins reflecting the physiological and possibly pathophysiological state of
      cells lining the nephron and the urinary tract. Urinary EVs have been confirmed
      to contain low amounts of various types of RNA that play a role in intercellular
      communication by transferring genetic information. This communication through EV
      RNAs includes both continuation of normal physiological processes and
      conditioning in disease mechanisms. Although proteins included in urinary EVs
      represent only 3% of the whole-urine proteome, urinary EVs can influence cells in
      the renal epithelia not only by delivering RNA cargo, but also by delivering a
      wide range of proteins. Since urine is a readily available biofluid, the
      discovery of EVs has opened a new field of biomarker research. The potential use
      of urinary EV RNAs and proteins as diagnostic biomarkers for various kidney and
      urologic diseases is currently being explored. Here, we review recent studies
      that deal in identifying biomarker candidates for human kidney and urologic
      diseases using urinary EVs and might help to understand the pathophysiology. 

PMID- 27376271
TI  - Novel NSAID-Derived Drugs for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been suggested for the
      potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). Prolonged use of NSAIDs, however, produces gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity.
      To overcome this serious limitation, the aim of this study was to develop novel
      NSAID-derived drug conjugates (Anti-inflammatory-Lipoyl derivatives, AL4-9) that
      preserve the beneficial effects of NSAIDS without causing GI problems. As such,
      we conjugated selected well-known NSAIDs, such as (S)-naproxen and (R)
      flurbiprofen, with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid (LA) through alkylene diamine linkers.
      The selection of the antioxidant LA was based on the proposed role of oxidative
      stress in the development and/or progression of AD. Our exploratory studies
      revealed that AL7 containing the diaminoethylene linker between (R)-flurbiprofen
      and LA had the most favorable chemical and in vitro enzymatic stability profiles
      among the synthesized compounds. Upon pretreatment, this compound exhibited
      excellent antioxidant activity in phorbol 12-miristate 13-acetate (PMA)
      stimulated U937 cells (lymphoblast lung from human) and Abeta(25-35)-treated THP
      1 cells (leukemic monocytes). Furthermore, AL7 also modulated the expression of
      COX-2, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in these cell lines, suggesting anti-inflammatory
      activity. Taken together, AL7 has emerged as a potential lead worthy of further
      characterization and testing in suitable in vivo models of AD. 

PMID- 27376272
TI  - Demethyleneberberine Protects against Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice by Modulating NF
      kappaB Signaling.
AB  - Demethyleneberberine (DMB) is an essential metabolite of Berberine (BBR) in vivo.
      Recent reports have revealed multiple novel therapeutic applications of BBR.
      However, the pharmacological activities of DMB remain to be elucidated. This
      study aimed to demonstrate the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic effects of DMB
      both in vitro and in vivo. Here we showed that DMB protects against thioacetamide
      (TAA)-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice and exhibits a higher safety profile as
      compared to BBR. Flow cytometry and Western blotting analysis showed that DMB is
      able to suppress the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and induce cell
      apoptosis through the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) cascade.
      Immunohistochemical (IHC) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)
      analysis indicated that DMB also has inhibitory effects on collagen synthesis and
      is able to increase collagen degradation by blocking the transforming growth
      factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1)-Smad signaling and reducing the expression of matrix
      metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs). These findings
      indicate that DMB has the potential to attenuate hepatic fibrosis via suppressing
      HSC activation. 

PMID- 27376274
TI  - Age-Specific Lipid and Fatty Acid Profiles of Atlantic Salmon Juveniles in the
      Varzuga River.
AB  - The age-specific lipid and fatty acid profiles of juvenile Atlantic salmon at
      different ages (0+, 1+, and 2+ years) after hatching from nests located in the
      mainstream of a large Arctic River, the Varzuga River, and resettling to the
      favorable Sobachji shoal in autumn before overwinter are herein presented. The
      contemporary methods of the lipid analysis were used: thin layer chromatography
      and gas chromatography. The results show that the stability of the regulation of
      important functions in developing organisms is maintained through structural
      alterations in lipids. These alterations can be considered as a sequence of the
      modifications and changes in the ratios of certain lipid classes and fatty acids
      constituents. In general, changes in the lipids and fatty acids (FAs) maintained
      the physiological limits and controls through the adaptive systems of the
      organism. The mechanisms of juvenile fish biochemical adaptation to the
      environmental conditions in the studied biotope include the modification of the
      energy metabolism and anabolism, and here belongs to the energy characteristics
      of metabolic processes. 

PMID- 27376273
TI  - Cell Models and Their Application for Studying Adipogenic Differentiation in
      Relation to Obesity: A Review.
AB  - Over the last several years, the increasing prevalence of obesity has favored an
      intense study of adipose tissue biology and the precise mechanisms involved in
      adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. Adipocyte commitment and
      differentiation are complex processes, which can be investigated thanks to the
      development of diverse in vitro cell models and molecular biology techniques that
      allow for a better understanding of adipogenesis and adipocyte dysfunction
      associated with obesity. The aim of the present work was to update the different
      animal and human cell culture models available for studying the in vitro
      adipogenic differentiation process related to obesity and its co-morbidities. The
      main characteristics, new protocols, and applications of the cell models used to
      study the adipogenesis in the last five years have been extensively revised.
      Moreover, we depict co-cultures and three-dimensional cultures, given their
      utility to understand the connections between adipocytes and their surrounding
      cells in adipose tissue. 

PMID- 27376275
TI  - Analysis of the Interaction of Dp44mT with Human Serum Albumin and Calf Thymus
      DNA Using Molecular Docking and Spectroscopic Techniques.
AB  - Di-2-pyridylketone-4,4,-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT) exhibits
      significant antitumor activity. However, the mechanism of its pharmacological
      interaction with human serum albumin (HSA) and DNA remains poorly understood.
      Here, we aimed to elucidate the interactions of Dp44mT with HSA and DNA using MTT
      assays, spectroscopic methods, and molecular docking analysis. Our results
      indicated that addition of HSA at a ratio of 1:1 did not alter the cytotoxicity
      of Dp44mT, but did affect the cytotoxicity of the Dp44mT-Cu complex. Data from
      fluorescence quenching and UV-VIS absorbance measurements demonstrated that
      Dp44mT could bind to HSA with a moderate affinity (Ka = approximately 104 M(-1)).
      CD spectra revealed that Dp44mT could slightly disrupt the secondary structure of
      HSA. Dp44mT could also interact with Ct-DNA, but had a moderate binding constant
      (KEB = approximately 104 M(-1)). Docking studies indicated that the IB site of
      HSA, but not the IIA and IIIA sites, could be favorable for Dp44mT and that
      binding of Dp44mT to HSA involved hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic force,
      consistent with thermodynamic results from spectral investigations. Thus, the
      moderate binding affinity of Dp44mT with HSA and DNA partially contributed to its
      antitumor activity and may be preferable in drug design approaches. 

PMID- 27376276
TI  - Plasma Folate and Vitamin B12 Levels in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - Folate and vitamin B12 involved in the one-carbon metabolism may play a key role
      in carcinogenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through
      influencing DNA integrity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
      association of plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels with HCC in a case-control
      study on 312 HCC patients and 325 cancer-free controls. Plasma concentrations of
      folate and vitamin B12 in all the subjects were measured by
      electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Meanwhile, the information of HCC patients'
      clinical characteristics including tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, tumor size
      and tumor markers were collected. The patients of HCC had significantly lower
      folate levels than those of controls; there was no significant difference in the
      mean of plasma vitamin B12 levels. We also observed an inverse association
      between the levels of plasma folate and HCC: the adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95%
      confidence intervals (CI)) of HCC from the highest to lowest quartile of folate
      were 0.30 (0.15-0.60), 0.33 (0.17-0.65), and 0.19 (0.09-0.38). Compared to the
      subjects in the lowest quartile of plasma vitamin B12, only the subjects in the
      highest quartile of vitamin B12 exhibited a significant positive relationship
      with HCC, the adjusted OR was 2.01 (95% CI, 1.02-3.98). HCC patients with Stage
      III and IV or bigger tumor size had lower folate and higher vitamin B12 levels.
      There was no significant difference in the mean plasma folate levels of the HCC
      cases in tumor markers status (AFP, CEA and CA19-9 levels), whereas patients with
      higher CEA or CA19-9 levels retained significantly more plasma vitamin B12 than
      those with normal-CEA or CA19-9 level. In conclusion, plasma folate and vitamin
      B12 levels could be associated with HCC, and might be used as predictors of
      clinical characteristics of HCC patients. However, further prospective studies
      are essential to confirm the observed results. 

PMID- 27376278
TI  - Phase Transitions of Isotropic to Anisotropic Biocompatible Lipid-Based Drug
      Delivery Systems Overcoming Insoluble Benznidazole Loading.
AB  - Previous studies reported low benznidazole (BNZ) loading in conventional
      emulsions due to the weak interaction of the drug with the most common oils used
      to produce foods or pharmaceuticals. In this study, we focused on how the type of
      surfactant, surfactant-to-oil ratio w/w (SOR) and oil-to-water ratio w/w (OWR)
      change the phase behavior of different lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS)
      produced by emulsion phase inversion. The surfactant mixture composed of soy
      phosphatidylcholine and sodium oleate (1:7, w/w, hydrophilic lipophilic balance =
      16) stabilized medium chain triglyceride in water. Ten formulations with the
      clear aspect or less turbid dispersions (five with the SOR ranging from 0.5 to
      2.5 and five with the OWR from 0.06 to 0.4) were selected from the phase behavior
      diagram to assess structural features and drug-loading capacity. The rise in the
      SOR induced the formation of distinct lipid-based drug delivery systems
      (nanoemulsions and liquid crystal lamellar type) that were identified using
      rheological measurements and cross-polarized light microscopy images. Clear
      dispersions of small and narrow droplet-sized liquid-like nanoemulsions,
      Newtonian flow-type, were produced at SOR from 0.5 to 1.5 and OWR from 0.12 to
      0.4, while clear liquid or gel-like liquid crystals were produced at SOR from 1.5
      to 2.5. The BNZ loading was improved according to the composition and type of
      LBDDS produced, suggesting possible drug location among surfactant layers. The
      cell viability assays proved the biocompatibility for all of the prepared
      nanoemulsions at SOR less than 1.5 and liquid crystals at SOR less than 2.5,
      demonstrating their promising features for the oral or parenteral colloidal
      delivery systems containing benznidazole for Chagas disease treatment. 

PMID- 27376279
TI  - In Situ Electron Microscopy of Lactomicroselenium Particles in Probiotic
      Bacteria.
AB  - Electron microscopy was used to test whether or not (a) in statu nascendi
      synthesized, and in situ measured, nanoparticle size does not differ
      significantly from the size of nanoparticles after their purification; and (b)
      the generation of selenium is detrimental to the bacterial strains that produce
      them. Elemental nano-sized selenium produced by probiotic latic acid bacteria was
      used as a lactomicroselenium (lactomicroSel) inhibitor of cell growth in the
      presence of lactomicroSel, and was followed by time-lapse microscopy. The size of
      lactomicroSel produced by probiotic bacteria was measured in situ and after
      isolation and purification. For these measurements the TESLA BS 540 transmission
      electron microscope was converted from analog (aTEM) to digital processing
      (dTEM), and further to remote-access internet electron microscopy (iTEM).
      Lactobacillus acidophilus produced fewer, but larger, lactomicroSel nanoparticles
      (200-350 nm) than Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), which generated many, smaller
      lactomicroSel particles (85-200 nm) and grains as a cloudy, less electrodense
      material. Streptococcus thermophilus cells generated selenoparticles (60-280 nm)
      in a suicidic manner. The size determined in situ in lactic acid bacteria was
      significantly lower than those measured by scanning electron microscopy after the
      isolation of lactomicroSel particles obtained from lactobacilli (100-500 nm), but
      higher relative to those isolated from Streptococcus thermopilus (50-100 nm).
      These differences indicate that smaller lactomicroSel particles could be more
      toxic to the producing bacteria themselves and discrepancies in size could have
      implications with respect to the applications of selenium nanoparticles as
      prebiotics. 

PMID- 27376277
TI  - Role of Aquaporins in a Composite Model of Water Transport in the Leaf.
AB  - Water-transport pathways through the leaf are complex and include several
      checkpoints. Some of these checkpoints exhibit dynamic behavior that may be
      regulated by aquaporins (AQPs). To date, neither the relative weight of the
      different water pathways nor their molecular mechanisms are well understood.
      Here, we have collected evidence to support a putative composite model of water
      pathways in the leaf and the distribution of water across those pathways. We
      describe how water moves along a single transcellular path through the parenchyma
      and continues toward the mesophyll and stomata along transcellular, symplastic
      and apoplastic paths. We present evidence that points to a role for AQPs in
      regulating the relative weight of each path in the overall leaf water-transport
      system and the movement of water between these paths as a result of the
      integration of multiple signals, including transpiration demand, water potential
      and turgor. We also present a new theory, the hydraulic fuse theory, to explain
      effects of the leaf turgor-loss-point on water paths alternation and the
      subsequent reduction in leaf hydraulic conductivity. An improved understating of
      leaf water-balance management may lead to the development of crops that use water
      more efficiently, and responds better to environmental changes. 

PMID- 27376280
TI  - The Salicylic Acid-Mediated Release of Plant Volatiles Affects the Host Choice of
      Bemisia tabaci.
AB  - The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) causes serious
      crop losses worldwide by transmitting viruses. We have previously shown that
      salicylic acid (SA)-related plant defenses directly affect whiteflies. In this
      study, we applied exogenous SA to tomato plants in order to investigate the
      interaction between SA-induced plant volatiles and nonviruliferous B. tabaci B
      and Q or B- and Q-carrying tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). The results
      showed that exogenous SA caused plants to repel nonviruliferous whiteflies, but
      the effect was reduced when the SA concentration was low and when the whiteflies
      were viruliferous. Exogenous SA increased the number and quantity of plant
      volatiles-especially the quantity of methyl salicylate and delta-limonene. In Y
      tube olfactometer assays, methyl salicylate and delta-limonene repelled the
      whiteflies, but the repellency was reduced for viruliferous Q. We suggest that
      the release of plant volatiles as mediated by SA affects the interaction between
      whiteflies, plants, and viruses. Further studies are needed to determine why
      viruliferous Q is less sensitive than nonviruliferous Q to repellent plant
      volatiles. 

PMID- 27376282
TI  - Analysis of the Mitochondrial Genome in Hypomyces aurantius Reveals a Novel
      Twintron Complex in Fungi.
AB  - Hypomyces aurantius is a mycoparasite that causes cobweb disease, a most serious
      disease of cultivated mushrooms. Intra-species identification is vital for
      disease control, however the lack of genomic data makes development of molecular
      markers challenging. Small size, high copy number, and high mutation rate of
      fungal mitochondrial genome makes it a good candidate for intra and inter species
      differentiation. In this study, the mitochondrial genome of H. H.a0001 was
      determined from genomic DNA using Illumina sequencing. The roughly 72 kb genome
      shows all major features found in other Hypocreales: 14 common protein genes,
      large and small subunit rRNAs genes and 27 tRNAs genes. Gene arrangement
      comparison showed conserved gene orders in Hypocreales mitochondria are
      relatively conserved, with the exception of Acremonium chrysogenum and Acremonium
      implicatum. Mitochondrial genome comparison also revealed that intron length
      primarily contributes to mitogenome size variation. Seventeen introns were
      detected in six conserved genes: five in cox1, four in rnl, three in cob, two
      each in atp6 and cox3, and one in cox2. Four introns were found to contain two
      introns or open reading frames: cox3-i2 is a twintron containing two group IA
      type introns; cox2-i1 is a group IB intron encoding two homing endonucleases; and
      cox1-i4 and cox1-i3 both contain two open reading frame (ORFs). Analyses
      combining secondary intronic structures, insertion sites, and similarities of
      homing endonuclease genes reveal two group IA introns arranged side by side
      within cox3-i2. Mitochondrial data for H. aurantius provides the basis for
      further studies relating to population genetics and species identification. 

PMID- 27376281
TI  - Roles of d-Amino Acids on the Bioactivity of Host Defense Peptides.
AB  - Host defense peptides (HDPs) are positively-charged and amphipathic components of
      the innate immune system that have demonstrated great potential to become the
      next generation of broad spectrum therapeutic agents effective against a vast
      array of pathogens and tumor. As such, many approaches have been taken to improve
      the therapeutic efficacy of HDPs. Amongst these methods, the incorporation of d
      amino acids (d-AA) is an approach that has demonstrated consistent success in
      improving HDPs. Although, virtually all HDP review articles briefly mentioned
      about the role of d-AA, however it is rather surprising that no systematic review
      specifically dedicated to this topic exists. Given the impact that d-AA
      incorporation has on HDPs, this review aims to fill that void with a systematic
      discussion of the impact of d-AA on HDPs. 

PMID- 27376283
TI  - Discovery of a Potential HER2 Inhibitor from Natural Products for the Treatment
      of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer in women worldwide due to
      the late stage detection and resistance to traditional chemotherapy. The human
      epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is considered as a validated target in
      breast cancer therapy. Even though a substantial effort has been made to develop
      HER2 inhibitors, only lapatinib has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA). Side effects were observed in a majority of the patients
      within one year of treatment initiation. Here, we took advantage of
      bioinformatics tools to identify novel effective HER2 inhibitors. The structure
      based virtual screening combined with ADMET (absorption, distribution,
      metabolism, excretion and toxicity) prediction was explored. In total, 11,247
      natural compounds were screened. The top hits were evaluated by an in vitro HER2
      kinase inhibition assay. The cell proliferation inhibition effect of identified
      inhibitors was evaluated in HER2-overexpressing SKBR3 and BT474 cell lines. We
      found that ZINC15122021 showed favorable ADMET properties and attained high
      binding affinity against HER2. Moreover, ZINC15122021 showed high kinase
      inhibition activity against HER2 and presented outstanding cell proliferation
      inhibition activity against both SKBR3 and BT474 cell lines. Results reveal that
      ZINC15122021 can be a potential HER2 inhibitor. 

PMID- 27376284
TI  - Effects and Mechanisms of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound for Chronic Prostatitis
      and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome.
AB  - Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS) is one of the most
      common urologic diseases, and no curative treatments have been identified. Low
      intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been successfully used in promoting
      tissue healing, inhibiting inflammation and pain, differentiating stem cells, and
      stimulating nerve regeneration/muscle regeneration, as well as enhancing
      angiogenesis. Very recently, LIPUS has been proven an effective approach for
      CP/CPPS. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms responsible for the
      therapeutic effect of LIPUS for CP/CPPS. To search publications relevant to the
      topics of this review, the search engine for life sciences of Entrez was used. We
      reviewed the available evidence from 1954 through 2015 concerning LIPUS for
      CP/CPPS. According to the literature, both transrectal and transperineal
      approaches of LIPUS are effective for CP/CPPS. 

PMID- 27376285
TI  - Increased Efficacy of Brentuximab Vedotin (SGN-35) in Combination with Cytokine
      Induced Killer Cells in Lymphoma.
AB  - Brentuximab vedotin (SGN-35) is an antibody-drug conjugate with a high
      selectivity against CD30+ cell lines and more than 300-fold less activity against
      antigen-negative cells. In the last years, the results of many in vitro and in
      vivo studies have led to the fast approval of this drug to treat lymphoma
      patients. Another innovative method to treat tumor cells including lymphoma cells
      is the use cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, which have also been approved and
      proven to be a safe treatment with only minor adverse events. In this study, a
      possible additive effect when combining SGN-35 with CIK cells was investigated.
      The combinational treatment showed that it reduces the viability of CD30+ cell
      lines significantly in vitro. Additionally, the amount of lymphoma cells was
      significantly reduced when exposed to CIK cells as well as when exposed to SGN
      35. A significant negative effect of SGN-35 on the function of CIK cells could be
      excluded. These results lead to the assumption that SGN-35 and CIK cells in
      combination might achieve better results in an in vitro setting compared to the
      single use of SGN-35 and CIK cells. Further investigations in in vivo models must
      be conducted to obtain a better understanding of the exact mechanisms of both
      treatments when applied in combination. 

PMID- 27376287
TI  - Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles for Formaldehyde Sensing with QCM.
AB  - Herein, we report on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for detecting
      formaldehyde vapors in air streams. A copolymer thin film consisting of styrene,
      methacrylic acid, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate on quartz crystal
      microbalance (QCM) yielded a detection limit of 500 ppb formaldehyde in dry air.
      Surprisingly, these MIPs showed specific behavior when tested against a range of
      volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as acetaldehyde, methanol, formic acid,
      and dichloromethane. Despite thus being a suitable receptor in principle, the
      MIPs were not useful for measurements at 50% humidity due to surface saturation
      by water. This was overcome by introducing primary amino groups into the polymer
      via allyl amine and by changing the coating morphology from thin film to
      nanoparticles. This led to the same limit of detection (500 ppb) and selectivity
      as before, but at the real-life conditions of 50% relative humidity. 

PMID- 27376286
TI  - Transcriptome Sequencing Analyses between the Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line and
      Its Maintainer Line in Welsh Onion (Allium fistulosum L.).
AB  - Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is important for exploiting heterosis in crop
      plants and also serves as a model for investigating nuclear-cytoplasmic
      interaction. The molecular mechanism of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility
      restoration was investigated in several important economic crops but remains
      poorly understood in the Welsh onion. Therefore, we compared the differences
      between the CMS line 64-2 and its maintainer line 64-1 using transcriptome
      sequencing with the aim of determining critical genes and pathways associated
      with male sterility. This study combined two years of RNA-seq data; there were
      1504 unigenes (in May 2013) and 2928 unigenes (in May 2014) that were
      differentially expressed between the CMS and cytoplasmic male maintainer Welsh
      onion varieties. Known CMS-related genes were found in the set of differentially
      expressed genes and checked by qPCR. These genes included F-type ATPase, NADH
      dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, etc. Overall, this study demonstrated that
      the CMS regulatory genes and pathways may be associated with the mitochondria and
      nucleus in the Welsh onion. We believe that this transcriptome dataset will
      accelerate the research on CMS gene clones and other functional genomics research
      on A. fistulosum L. 

PMID- 27376288
TI  - Robust Behavior Recognition in Intelligent Surveillance Environments.
AB  - Intelligent surveillance systems have been studied by many researchers. These
      systems should be operated in both daytime and nighttime, but objects are
      invisible in images captured by visible light camera during the night. Therefore,
      near infrared (NIR) cameras, thermal cameras (based on medium-wavelength infrared
      (MWIR), and long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) light) have been considered for usage
      during the nighttime as an alternative. Due to the usage during both daytime and
      nighttime, and the limitation of requiring an additional NIR illuminator (which
      should illuminate a wide area over a great distance) for NIR cameras during the
      nighttime, a dual system of visible light and thermal cameras is used in our
      research, and we propose a new behavior recognition in intelligent surveillance
      environments. Twelve datasets were compiled by collecting data in various
      environments, and they were used to obtain experimental results. The recognition
      accuracy of our method was found to be 97.6%, thereby confirming the ability of
      our method to outperform previous methods. 

PMID- 27376289
TI  - An Improved Simulated Annealing Technique for Enhanced Mobility in Smart Cities.
AB  - Vehicular traffic congestion is a significant problem that arises in many cities.
      This is due to the increasing number of vehicles that are driving on city roads
      of limited capacity. The vehicular congestion significantly impacts travel
      distance, travel time, fuel consumption and air pollution. Avoidance of traffic
      congestion and providing drivers with optimal paths are not trivial tasks. The
      key contribution of this work consists of the developed approach for dynamic
      calculation of optimal traffic routes. Two attributes (the average travel speed
      of the traffic and the roads' length) are utilized by the proposed method to find
      the optimal paths. The average travel speed values can be obtained from the
      sensors deployed in smart cities and communicated to vehicles via the Internet of
      Vehicles and roadside communication units. The performance of the proposed
      algorithm is compared to three other algorithms: the simulated annealing weighted
      sum, the simulated annealing technique for order preference by similarity to the
      ideal solution and the Dijkstra algorithm. The weighted sum and technique for
      order preference by similarity to the ideal solution methods are used to
      formulate different attributes in the simulated annealing cost function.
      According to the Sheffield scenario, simulation results show that the improved
      simulated annealing technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal
      solution method improves the traffic performance in the presence of congestion by
      an overall average of 19.22% in terms of travel time, fuel consumption and CO2
      emissions as compared to other algorithms; also, similar performance patterns
      were achieved for the Birmingham test scenario. 

PMID- 27376290
TI  - An Energy-Efficient Game-Theory-Based Spectrum Decision Scheme for Cognitive
      Radio Sensor Networks.
AB  - A cognitive radio sensor network (CRSN) is a wireless sensor network in which
      sensor nodes are equipped with cognitive radio. In this paper, we propose an
      energy-efficient game-theory-based spectrum decision (EGSD) scheme for CRSNs to
      prolong the network lifetime. Note that energy efficiency is the most important
      design consideration in CRSNs because it determines the network lifetime. The
      central part of the EGSD scheme consists of two spectrum selection algorithms:
      random selection and game-theory-based selection. The EGSD scheme also includes a
      clustering algorithm, spectrum characterization with a Markov chain, and cluster
      member coordination. Our performance study shows that EGSD outperforms the
      existing popular framework in terms of network lifetime and coordination
      overhead. 

PMID- 27376291
TI  - Development of a Nafion/MWCNT-SPCE-Based Portable Sensor for the Voltammetric
      Analysis of the Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Ethambutol.
AB  - Herein we describe the development, characterization and application of an
      electrochemical sensor based on the use of Nafion/MWCNT-modified screen-printed
      carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for the voltammetric detection of the anti-tuberculosis
      (anti-TB) drug ethambutol (ETB). The electrochemical behaviour of the drug at the
      surface of the developed Nafion/MWCNT-SPCEs was studied through cyclic
      voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) techniques. Electrochemical
      impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed
      to characterize the modified surface of the electrodes. Results showed that,
      compared to both unmodified and MWCNTs-modified SPCEs, negatively charged
      Nafion/MWCNT-SPCEs remarkably enhanced the electrochemical sensitivity and
      selectivity for ETB due to the synergistic effect of the electrostatic
      interaction between cationic ETB molecules and negatively charged Nafion polymer
      and the inherent electrocatalytic properties of both MWCNTs and Nafion.
      Nafion/MWCNT-SPCEs provided excellent biocompatibility, good electrical
      conductivity, low electrochemical interferences and a high signal-to-noise ratio,
      providing excellent performance towards ETB quantification in microvolumes of
      human urine and human blood serum samples. The outcomes of this paper confirm
      that the Nafion/MWCNT-SPCE-based device could be a potential candidate for the
      development of a low-cost, yet reliable and efficient electrochemical portable
      sensor for the low-level detection of this antimycobacterial drug in biological
      samples. 

PMID- 27376292
TI  - Classification of Kiwifruit Grades Based on Fruit Shape Using a Single Camera.
AB  - This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility for classifying kiwifruit into
      shape grades by adding a single camera to current Chinese sorting lines equipped
      with weight sensors. Image processing methods are employed to calculate fruit
      length, maximum diameter of the equatorial section, and projected area. A
      stepwise multiple linear regression method is applied to select significant
      variables for predicting minimum diameter of the equatorial section and volume
      and to establish corresponding estimation models. Results show that length,
      maximum diameter of the equatorial section and weight are selected to predict the
      minimum diameter of the equatorial section, with the coefficient of determination
      of only 0.82 when compared to manual measurements. Weight and length are then
      selected to estimate the volume, which is in good agreement with the measured one
      with the coefficient of determination of 0.98. Fruit classification based on the
      estimated minimum diameter of the equatorial section achieves a low success rate
      of 84.6%, which is significantly improved using a linear combination of the
      length/maximum diameter of the equatorial section and projected area/length
      ratios, reaching 98.3%. Thus, it is possible for Chinese kiwifruit sorting lines
      to reach international standards of grading kiwifruit on fruit shape
      classification by adding a single camera. 

PMID- 27376293
TI  - Joint Parameter Estimation for the Two-Wave with Diffuse Power Fading Model.
AB  - Wireless sensor networks deployed within metallic cavities are known to suffer
      from a very severe fading, even in strong line-of-sight propagation conditions.
      This behavior is well-captured by the Two-Wave with Diffuse Power (TWDP) fading
      distribution, which shows great fit to field measurements in such scenarios. In
      this paper, we address the joint estimation of the parameters K and Delta that
      characterize the TWDP fading model, based on the observation of the received
      signal envelope. We use a moment-based approach to derive closed-form expressions
      for the estimators of K and Delta, as well as closed-form expressions for their
      asymptotic variance. Results show that the estimation error is close to the
      Cramer-Rao lower bound for a wide range of values of the parameters K and Delta.
      The performance degradation due to a finite number of observations is also
      analyzed. 

PMID- 27376294
TI  - Parameter Estimation of a Ground Moving Target Using Image Sharpness
      Optimization.
AB  - Motion parameter estimation of a ground moving target is an important issue in
      synthetic aperture radar ground moving target indication (SAR-GMTI) which has
      significant applications for civilian and military. The SAR image of a moving
      target may be displaced and defocused due to the radial and along-track velocity
      components, respectively. The sharpness cost function presents a measure of the
      degree of focus of the image. In this work, a new ground moving target parameter
      estimation algorithm based on the sharpness optimization criterion is proposed.
      The relationships between the quadratic phase errors and the target's velocity
      components are derived. Using two-dimensional searching of the sharpness cost
      function, we can obtain the velocity components of the target and the focused
      target image simultaneously. The proposed moving target parameter estimation
      method and image sharpness metrics are analyzed in detail. Finally, numerical
      results illustrate the effective and superior velocity estimation performance of
      the proposed method when compared to existing algorithms. 

PMID- 27376295
TI  - A Novel Pre-Processing Technique for Original Feature Matrix of Electronic Nose
      Based on Supervised Locality Preserving Projections.
AB  - An electronic nose (E-nose) consisting of 14 metal oxide gas sensors and one
      electronic chemical gas sensor has been constructed to identify four different
      classes of wound infection. However, the classification results of the E-nose are
      not ideal if the original feature matrix containing the maximum steady-state
      response value of sensors is processed by the classifier directly, so a novel pre
      processing technique based on supervised locality preserving projections (SLPP)
      is proposed in this paper to process the original feature matrix before it is put
      into the classifier to improve the performance of the E-nose. SLPP is good at
      finding and keeping the nonlinear structure of data; furthermore, it can provide
      an explicit mapping expression which is unreachable by the traditional manifold
      learning methods. Additionally, some effective optimization methods are found by
      us to optimize the parameters of SLPP and the classifier. Experimental results
      prove that the classification accuracy of support vector machine (SVM combined
      with the data pre-processed by SLPP outperforms other considered methods. All
      results make it clear that SLPP has a better performance in processing the
      original feature matrix of the E-nose. 

PMID- 27376296
TI  - Sequential Total Variation Denoising for the Extraction of Fetal ECG from Single
      Channel Maternal Abdominal ECG.
AB  - Fetal heart rate (FHR) is an important determinant of fetal health.
      Cardiotocography (CTG) is widely used for measuring the FHR in the clinical
      field. However, fetal movement and blood flow through the maternal blood vessels
      can critically influence Doppler ultrasound signals. Moreover, CTG is not
      suitable for long-term monitoring. Therefore, researchers have been developing
      algorithms to estimate the FHR using electrocardiograms (ECGs) from the abdomen
      of pregnant women. However, separating the weak fetal ECG signal from the
      abdominal ECG signal is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a method
      for estimating the FHR using sequential total variation denoising and compare its
      performance with that of other single-channel fetal ECG extraction methods via
      simulation using the Fetal ECG Synthetic Database (FECGSYNDB). Moreover, we used
      real data from PhysioNet fetal ECG databases for the evaluation of the algorithm
      performance. The R-peak detection rate is calculated to evaluate the performance
      of our algorithm. Our approach could not only separate the fetal ECG signals from
      the abdominal ECG signals but also accurately estimate the FHR. 

PMID- 27376297
TI  - Heterogeneous Multi-Robot System for Mapping Environmental Variables of
      Greenhouses.
AB  - The productivity of greenhouses highly depends on the environmental conditions of
      crops, such as temperature and humidity. The control and monitoring might need
      large sensor networks, and as a consequence, mobile sensory systems might be a
      more suitable solution. This paper describes the application of a heterogeneous
      robot team to monitor environmental variables of greenhouses. The multi-robot
      system includes both ground and aerial vehicles, looking to provide flexibility
      and improve performance. The multi-robot sensory system measures the temperature,
      humidity, luminosity and carbon dioxide concentration in the ground and at
      different heights. Nevertheless, these measurements can be complemented with
      other ones (e.g., the concentration of various gases or images of crops) without
      a considerable effort. Additionally, this work addresses some relevant challenges
      of multi-robot sensory systems, such as the mission planning and task allocation,
      the guidance, navigation and control of robots in greenhouses and the
      coordination among ground and aerial vehicles. This work has an eminently
      practical approach, and therefore, the system has been extensively tested both in
      simulations and field experiments. 

PMID- 27376298
TI  - A Distributed Learning Method for l 1 -Regularized Kernel Machine over Wireless
      Sensor Networks.
AB  - In wireless sensor networks, centralized learning methods have very high
      communication costs and energy consumption. These are caused by the need to
      transmit scattered training examples from various sensor nodes to the central
      fusion center where a classifier or a regression machine is trained. To reduce
      the communication cost, a distributed learning method for a kernel machine that
      incorporates l 1 norm regularization ( l 1 -regularized) is investigated, and a
      novel distributed learning algorithm for the l 1 -regularized kernel minimum mean
      squared error (KMSE) machine is proposed. The proposed algorithm relies on in
      network processing and a collaboration that transmits the sparse model only
      between single-hop neighboring nodes. This paper evaluates the proposed algorithm
      with respect to the prediction accuracy, the sparse rate of model, the
      communication cost and the number of iterations on synthetic and real datasets.
      The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can obtain approximately
      the same prediction accuracy as that obtained by the batch learning method.
      Moreover, it is significantly superior in terms of the sparse rate of model and
      communication cost, and it can converge with fewer iterations. Finally, an
      experiment conducted on a wireless sensor network (WSN) test platform further
      shows the advantages of the proposed algorithm with respect to communication
      cost. 

PMID- 27376299
TI  - Single-Use Disposable Electrochemical Label-Free Immunosensor for Detection of
      Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV).
AB  - A single-use disposable in vitro electrochemical immunosensor for the detection
      of HbA1c in undiluted human serum using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was
      developed. A three-electrode configuration electrochemical biosensor consisted of
      10-nm-thin gold film working and counter electrodes and a thick-film printed
      Ag/AgCl reference electrode was fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
      substrate. Micro-fabrication techniques including sputtering vapor deposition and
      thick-film printing were used to fabricate the biosensor. This was a roll-to-roll
      cost-effective manufacturing process making the single-use disposable in vitro
      HbA1c biosensor a reality. Self-assembled monolayers of 3-Mercaptopropionic acid
      (MPA) were employed to covalently immobilize anti-HbA1c on the surface of gold
      electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the excellent coverage of MPA-SAM and the upward
      orientation of carboxylic groups. The hindering effect of HbA1c on the
      ferricyanide/ferrocyanide electron transfer reaction was exploited as the HbA1c
      detection mechanism. The biosensor showed a linear range of 7.5-20 ug/mL of HbA1c
      in 0.1 M PBS. Using undiluted human serum as the test medium, the biosensor
      presented an excellent linear behavior (R2 = 0.999) in the range of 0.1-0.25
      mg/mL of HbA1c. The potential application of this biosensor for in vitro
      measurement of HbA1c for diabetic management was demonstrated. 

PMID- 27376300
TI  - Collaboration-Centred Cities through Urban Apps Based on Open and User-Generated
      Data.
AB  - This paper describes the IES Cities platform conceived to streamline the
      development of urban apps that combine heterogeneous datasets provided by diverse
      entities, namely, government, citizens, sensor infrastructure and other
      information data sources. This work pursues the challenge of achieving effective
      citizen collaboration by empowering them to prosume urban data across time.
      Particularly, this paper focuses on the query mapper; a key component of the IES
      Cities platform devised to democratize the development of open data-based mobile
      urban apps. This component allows developers not only to use available data, but
      also to contribute to existing datasets with the execution of SQL sentences. In
      addition, the component allows developers to create ad hoc storages for their
      applications, publishable as new datasets accessible by other consumers. As
      multiple users could be contributing and using a dataset, our solution also
      provides a data level permission mechanism to control how the platform manages
      the access to its datasets. We have evaluated the advantages brought forward by
      IES Cities from the developers' perspective by describing an exemplary urban app
      created on top of it. In addition, we include an evaluation of the main
      functionalities of the query mapper. 

PMID- 27376301
TI  - Model Study of the Influence of Ambient Temperature and Installation Types on
      Surface Temperature Measurement by Using a Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor.
AB  - Surface temperature is an important parameter in clinical diagnosis, equipment
      state control, and environmental monitoring fields. The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)
      temperature sensor possesses numerous significant advantages over conventional
      electrical sensors, thus it is an ideal choice to achieve high-accuracy surface
      temperature measurements. However, the effects of the ambient temperature and
      installation types on the measurement of surface temperature are often
      overlooked. A theoretical analysis is implemented and a thermal transfer model of
      a surface FBG sensor is established. The theoretical and simulated analysis shows
      that both substrate strain and the temperature difference between the fiber core
      and hot surface are the most important factors which affect measurement accuracy.
      A surface-type temperature standard setup is proposed to study the measurement
      error of the FBG temperature sensor. Experimental results show that there are two
      effects influencing measurement results. One is the "gradient effect". This
      results in a positive linear error with increasing surface temperature. Another
      is the "substrate effect". This results in a negative non-linear error with
      increasing surface temperature. The measurement error of the FBG sensor with
      single-ended fixation are determined by the gradient effect and is a linear
      error. It is not influenced by substrate expansion. Thus, it can be compensated
      easily. The measurement errors of the FBG sensor with double-ended fixation are
      determined by the two effects and the substrate effect is dominant. The
      measurement error change trend of the FBG sensor with fully-adhered fixation is
      similar to that with double-ended fixation. The adhesive layer can reduce the two
      effects and measurement error. The fully-adhered fixation has lower error,
      however, it is easily affected by substrate strain. Due to its linear error and
      strain-resistant characteristics, the single-ended fixation will play an
      important role in the FBG sensor encapsulation design field in the near future. 

PMID- 27376302
TI  - Content-Based Multi-Channel Network Coding Algorithm in the Millimeter-Wave
      Sensor Network.
AB  - With the development of wireless technology, the widespread use of 5G is already
      an irreversible trend, and millimeter-wave sensor networks are becoming more and
      more common. However, due to the high degree of complexity and bandwidth
      bottlenecks, the millimeter-wave sensor network still faces numerous problems. In
      this paper, we propose a novel content-based multi-channel network coding
      algorithm, which uses the functions of data fusion, multi-channel and network
      coding to improve the data transmission; the algorithm is referred to as content
      based multi-channel network coding (CMNC). The CMNC algorithm provides a fusion
      driven model based on the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory to classify the
      sensor nodes into different classes according to the data content. By using the
      result of the classification, the CMNC algorithm also provides the channel
      assignment strategy and uses network coding to further improve the quality of
      data transmission in the millimeter-wave sensor network. Extensive simulations
      are carried out and compared to other methods. Our simulation results show that
      the proposed CMNC algorithm can effectively improve the quality of data
      transmission and has better performance than the compared methods. 

PMID- 27376303
TI  - Field Measurement-Based System Identification and Dynamic Response Prediction of
      a Unique MIT Building.
AB  - Tall buildings are ubiquitous in major cities and house the homes and workplaces
      of many individuals. However, relatively few studies have been carried out to
      study the dynamic characteristics of tall buildings based on field measurements.
      In this paper, the dynamic behavior of the Green Building, a unique 21-story tall
      structure located on the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
      (MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA), was characterized and modeled as a simplified lumped
      mass beam model (SLMM), using data from a network of accelerometers. The
      accelerometer network was used to record structural responses due to ambient
      vibrations, blast loading, and the October 16th 2012 earthquake near Hollis
      Center (ME, USA). Spectral and signal coherence analysis of the collected data
      was used to identify natural frequencies, modes, foundation rocking behavior, and
      structural asymmetries. A relation between foundation rocking and structural
      natural frequencies was also found. Natural frequencies and structural
      acceleration from the field measurements were compared with those predicted by
      the SLMM which was updated by inverse solving based on advanced multiobjective
      optimization methods using the measured structural responses and found to have
      good agreement. 

PMID- 27376304
TI  - Development of Torque Sensor with High Sensitivity for Joint of Robot Manipulator
      Using 4-Bar Linkage Shape.
AB  - The torque sensor is used to measure the joint torque of a robot manipulator.
      Previous research showed that the sensitivity and the stiffness of torque sensors
      have trade-off characteristics. Stiffness has to be sacrificed to increase the
      sensitivity of the sensor. In this research, a new torque sensor with high
      sensitivity (TSHS) is proposed in order to resolve this problem. The key idea of
      the TSHS comes from its 4-bar linkage shape in which the angular displacement of
      a short link is larger than that of a long link. The sensitivity of the torque
      sensor with a 4-bar link shape is improved without decreasing stiffness.
      Optimization techniques are applied to maximize the sensitivity of the sensor. An
      actual TSHS is constructed to verify the validity of the proposed mechanism.
      Experimental results show that the sensitivity of TSHS can be increased 3.5 times
      without sacrificing stiffness. 

PMID- 27376305
TI  - The Integration of the Image Sensor with a 3-DOF Pneumatic Parallel Manipulator.
AB  - The study aims to integrate the image sensor for a three-axial pneumatic parallel
      manipulator which can pick and place objects automatically by the feature
      information of the image processed through the SURF algorithm. The SURF algorithm
      is adopted for defining and matching the features of a target object and an
      object database. In order to accurately mark the center of target and strengthen
      the feature matching results, the random sample and consensus method (RANSAC) is
      utilized. The ASUS Xtion Pro Live depth camera which can directly estimate the 3
      D location of the target point is used in this study. A set of coordinate
      estimation calibrations is developed for enhancing the accuracy of target
      location estimation. This study also presents hand gesture recognition exploiting
      skin detection and noise elimination to determine the active finger count for
      input signals of the parallel manipulator. The end-effector of the parallel
      manipulator can be manipulated to the desired poses according to the measured
      finger count. Finally, the proposed methods are successfully to achieve the
      feature recognition and pick and place of the target object. 

PMID- 27376306
TI  - Design of Diaphragm and Coil for Stable Performance of an Eddy Current Type
      Pressure Sensor.
AB  - The aim of this work was to develop an eddy current type pressure sensor and
      investigate its fundamental characteristics affected by the mechanical and
      electrical design parameters of sensor. The sensor has two key components, i.e.,
      diaphragm and coil. On the condition that the outer diameter of sensor is 10 mm,
      two key parts should be designed so as to keep a good linearity and sensitivity.
      Experiments showed that aluminum is the best target material for eddy current
      detection. A round-grooved diaphragm is suggested in order to measure more
      precisely its deflection caused by applied pressures. The design parameters of a
      round-grooved diaphragm can be selected depending on the measuring requirements.
      A developed pressure sensor with diaphragm of t = 0.2 mm and w = 1.05 mm was
      verified to measure pressure up to 10 MPa with very good linearity and errors of
      less than 0.16%. 

PMID- 27376307
TI  - Production of the Marine Carotenoid Astaxanthin by Metabolically Engineered
      Corynebacterium glutamicum.
AB  - Astaxanthin, a red C40 carotenoid, is one of the most abundant marine
      carotenoids. It is currently used as a food and feed additive in a hundred-ton
      scale and is furthermore an attractive component for pharmaceutical and cosmetic
      applications with antioxidant activities. Corynebacterium glutamicum, which
      naturally synthesizes the yellow C50 carotenoid decaprenoxanthin, is an
      industrially relevant microorganism used in the million-ton amino acid
      production. In this work, engineering of a genome-reduced C. glutamicum with
      optimized precursor supply for astaxanthin production is described. This involved
      expression of heterologous genes encoding for lycopene cyclase CrtY, beta
      carotene ketolase CrtW, and hydroxylase CrtZ. For balanced expression of crtW and
      crtZ their translation initiation rates were varied in a systematic approach
      using different ribosome binding sites, spacing, and translational start codons.
      Furthermore, beta-carotene ketolases and hydroxylases from different marine
      bacteria were tested with regard to efficient astaxanthin production in C.
      glutamicum. In shaking flasks, the C. glutamicum strains developed here
      overproduced astaxanthin with volumetric productivities up to 0.4 mg.L(-1).h(-1)
      which are competitive with current algae-based production. Since C. glutamicum
      can grow to high cell densities of up to 100 g cell dry weight (CDW).L(-1), the
      recombinant strains developed here are a starting point for astaxanthin
      production by C. glutamicum. 

PMID- 27376309
TI  - Seroprevalence of Antibodies against Measles, Rubella and Varicella among Asylum
      Seekers Arriving in Lower Saxony, Germany, November 2014-October 2015.
AB  - The number of asylum seekers arriving in Germany has increased rapidly since 2014
      and cases of vaccine-preventable diseases at reception centres were reported.
      Asylum seekers 12 years and older arriving in Lower Saxony were serologically
      screened for antibodies against measles, rubella and varicella between November
      2014 and October 2015. We calculated the seroprevalence from the screening data
      by disease, country of origin and age group and compared them to literature-based
      herd immunity thresholds in order to identify immunisation gaps. In total, 23,647
      specimens were included in our study. Although the vast majority of asylum
      seekers tested positive for antibodies against measles, rubella and varicella,
      the seroprevalences were not sufficient to ensure herd immunity. The
      seroprevalences varied substantially between countries of origin and increased
      with age. Immunisation of asylum seekers against measles, rubella and varicella
      is needed and the detailed information on seroprevalences among subgroups of
      asylum seekers can be used for targeted immunisations at reception centres.

PMID- 27376308
TI  - Health Service Utilization and Poor Health Reporting in Asthma Patients.
AB  - The management and treatment of adult asthma has been associated with utilization
      of health services. OBJECTIVES: First, to investigate the likelihood of health
      service utilization, including primary care, emergency department, and hospital
      stays, among persons diagnosed with an asthma condition relative to those that do
      not have an asthma condition. Second, to examine the likelihood of poor physical
      health among asthma respondents relative to those that do not have an asthma
      condition. Third, to demonstrate that these relationships vary with frequency of
      utilization. Fourth, to discuss the magnitude of differences in frequent
      utilization between asthma and non-asthma respondents. DATA SOURCE: Data is
      derived from a random, stratified sampling of Hampton Roads adults, 18 years and
      older (n = 1678). STUDY DESIGN: Study participants are interviewed to identify
      asthma diagnosis, access to primary care, frequency of emergency department
      utilization, hospital admissions, and days of poor physical health. Odds-ratios
      establish relationships with the covariates on the outcome variable. FINDINGS:
      Those with asthma are found more likely (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.05-2.15) to report
      poor physical health relative to non-asthma study participants. Further, asthma
      respondents are found more likely (OR 4.23, 95% CI 1.56-11.69) to frequently
      utilize primary care that may be associated with the management of the condition
      and are also more likely to utilize treatment services, such as the emergency
      department (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.32-2.65) and hospitalization (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.39
      3.50), associated with acute and episodic care. Further, it is a novel finding
      that these likelihoods increase with frequency of utilization for emergency
      department visits and hospital stays. CONCLUSION: Continuity in care and better
      management of the diseases may result in less demand for emergency department
      services and hospitalization. Health care systems need to recognize that asthma
      patients are increasingly more likely to be characterized as frequent utilizers
      of both primary and emergency department care as the threshold for what
      constitutes frequent utilization increases. Investments in prevention and better
      management of the chronic condition may result in less demand for acute care
      services, especially among high frequency utilizers.

PMID- 27376310
TI  - Smokers' and E-Cigarette Users' Perceptions about E-Cigarette Warning Statements.
AB  - Cigarette warning labels are important sources of risk information, but warning
      research for other tobacco products is limited. This study aimed to gauge
      perceptions about warnings that may be used for e-cigarettes. We conducted six
      small focus groups in late 2014/early 2015 with adult current e-cigarette users
      and cigarette-only smokers. Participants rated and discussed their perceptions of
      six e-cigarette warning statements, and warnings in two existing Vuse and MarkTen
      e-cigarette ads. Participants were open to e-cigarette warnings and provided the
      strongest reactions to statements warning that e-liquid/e-vapor or e-cigarettes
      can be poisonous, contain toxins, or are "not a safe alternative to smoking".
      However, many also noted that these statements were exaggerated, potentially
      misleading, and could scare smokers away from reducing their harm by switching to
      e-cigarettes. Opinions on the Food and Drug Administration's proposed nicotine
      addiction warning and warnings that e-cigarettes had not been approved for
      smoking cessation or had unknown health effects were mixed. Participants
      perceived MarkTen's advertisement warning to be stronger and more noticeable than
      Vuse's. Care should be taken in developing e-cigarette warnings given their
      relative recentness and potential for harm reduction compared to other tobacco
      products. Additional research, including with varied audiences, would be
      instructive.

PMID- 27376311
TI  - Influence of Chicken Manure Fertilization on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in
      Soil and the Endophytic Bacteria of Pakchoi.
AB  - Animal manure is commonly used as fertilizer for agricultural crops worldwide,
      even though it is believed to contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance
      from animal intestines to the soil environment. However, it is unclear whether
      and how there is any impact of manure fertilization on populations and community
      structure of antibiotic-resistant endophytic bacteria (AREB) in plant tissues. To
      investigate the effect of manure and organic fertilizer on endophytic bacterial
      communities, pot experiments were performed with pakchoi grown with the following
      treatments: (1) non-treated; (2) chicken manure-treated and (3) organic
      fertilizer-treated. Manure or organic fertilizer significantly increased the
      abundances of total cultivable endophytic bacteria (TCEB) and AREB in pakchoi,
      and the effect of chicken manure was greater than that of organic fertilizer.
      Further, 16S rDNA sequencing and the phylogenetic analysis indicated that chicken
      manure or organic fertilizer application increased the populations of multiple
      antibiotic-resistant bacteria (MARB) in soil and multiple antibiotic-resistant
      endophytic bacteria (MAREB) in pakchoi. The identical multiple antibiotic
      resistant bacterial populations detected in chicken manure, manure- or organic
      fertilizer-amended soil and the vegetable endophytic system were Brevundimonas
      diminuta, Brachybacterium sp. and Bordetella sp., suggesting that MARB from
      manure could enter and colonize the vegetable tissues through manure
      fertilization. The fact that some human pathogens with multiple antibiotic
      resistance were detected in harvested vegetables after growing in manure-amended
      soil demonstrated a potential threat to human health.

PMID- 27376312
TI  - How and Why Do Smokers Start Using E-Cigarettes? Qualitative Study of Vapers in
      London, UK.
AB  - The aims of the study were to (1) describe how and why smokers start to vape and
      what products they use; (2) relate findings to the COM-B theory of behaviour
      change (three conditions are necessary for behaviour change (B): capability (C),
      opportunity (O), and motivation (M)); and (3) to consider implications for e
      cigarette policy research. Semi-structured interviews (n = 30) were conducted in
      London, UK, with smokers or ex-smokers who were currently using or had used e
      cigarettes. E-cigarette initiation (behaviour) was facilitated by: capability
      (physical capability to use an e-cigarette and psychological capability to
      understand that using e-cigarettes was less harmful than smoking); opportunity
      (physical opportunity to access e-cigarettes in shops, at a lower cost than
      cigarettes, and to vape in "smoke-free" environments, as well as social
      opportunity to vape with friends and family); and motivation (automatic
      motivation including curiosity, and reflective motivation, including self
      conscious decision-making processes related to perceived health benefits). The
      application of the COM-B model identified multiple factors that may lead to e
      cigarette initiation, including those that could be influenced by policy, such as
      price relative to cigarettes and use in smoke-free environments. The effects of
      these policies on initiation should be further investigated along with the
      possible moderating/mediating effects of social support.

PMID- 27376313
TI  - Meta-Analysis for the Association between Polymorphisms in Interleukin-17A and
      Risk of Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a disease which has become a leading cause of
      death worldwide. The polymorphisms in Interleukin-17 (IL-17A), including
      rs2275913, rs3819024, rs3819025, rs3748067, rs8193037, rs4711998, and rs8193036,
      have been found to be probably associated with the risk of CAD. However, the
      results were inconsistent and inconclusive. The present study performed a meta
      analysis to get a more precise and comprehensive estimation of the association
      between the IL-17A polymorphisms and CAD risk. The Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane
      Central Register of Controlled Trials, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure,
      and Chinese Biomedical Literature Databases were searched for related studies. A
      total of six studies, including 3542 cases and 3212 controls, were identified for
      the meta-analysis. The main findings of the present meta-analysis show that the
      TT genotype of IL-17A rs3748067 is associated with a significant lower risk of
      CAD in the homozygous model odds ratio (OR) (OR = 0.37) in Asians. No significant
      association was found for rs2275913, rs3819024, rs3819025, rs8193037, rs4711998,
      and rs8193036 with CAD susceptibility in the overall analysis. However, subgroup
      analysis indicated a significant decreased risk of CAD for the GG genotype and G
      allele of rs2275913 in a small sample size group, and a higher risk of CAD for
      the GG genotype and G allele of rs8193037 in a heterozygous model (OR = 1.56),
      dominant model (OR = 1.54), and allelic model (OR = 1.47) in Asians. In
      conclusion, the current meta-analysis suggests a significant relationship between
      rs3748067, rs8193037, and CAD in Asians, while for rs2275913, rs3819024,
      rs3819025, rs4711998, rs8193036, no such relations were found. Thus, IL-17A
      rs3748067 and rs8193037 might be recommended as a predictor for susceptibility of
      CAD for Asians. However, the results of this meta-analysis are hypothesis
      generating results which should be interpreted with caution because of the
      heterogeneity and publication bias among study designs.

PMID- 27376314
TI  - Sounding the Alarm: Health in the Anthropocene.
AB  - There is growing scientific and public recognition that human actions, directly
      and indirectly, have profoundly changed the Earth system, in a still accelerating
      process, increasingly called the "Anthropocene". Planetary transformation,
      including of the atmosphere, climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, has enormous
      implications for human health, many of which are deeply disturbing, especially in
      low-income settings. A few health consequences of the Anthropocene have been
      partially recognized, including within environmental epidemiology, but their long
      term consequences remain poorly understood and greatly under-rated. For example
      Syria could be a "sentinel" population, giving a glimpse to a much wider
      dystopian future. Health-Earth is a research network, co-founded in 2014, which
      seeks, with other groups, to catalyse a powerful curative response by the wider
      health community. This paper builds on a symposium presented by Health-Earth
      members at the 2015 conference of the International Society for Environmental
      Epidemiology. It reviews and synthesizes parts of the large literature relevant
      to the interaction between the changing Earth system and human health. It
      concludes that this topic should be prominent within future environmental
      epidemiology and public health. Created by our species, these challenges may be
      soluble, but solutions require far more understanding and resources than are
      currently being made available.

PMID- 27376315
TI  - Physical Activity Programs with Post-Intervention Follow-Up in Children: A
      Comprehensive Review According to Categories of Intervention.
AB  - Only 9% of Canadian children meet the National Guidelines of 60 min of daily
      moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity. The aim of this review is to
      assess the mid- and long-term effectiveness of physical activity interventions
      and their impact on cardiovascular risk factors in children. We assessed the
      success of interventions within three different categories: those using a
      behavioural and social approach, an informational approach or an environmental
      approach. The average number of children included in these studies was 860 (range
      of 30-5106); the age range was from 2 to 18 years; and the mean intervention
      duration was 1607 min (range of 12-8160 min). The length of follow-up post
      intervention averaged 13 months (ranging from 0.25 to 96 months). A positive
      impact on physical activity was found in 74% and on any measured outcomes in 90%
      of the studies reviewed. However, the benefits of physical activity interventions
      decreased with longer follow-up. Regardless of the approaches, physical activity
      interventions improved cardiovascular risk factors. However, the challenge of any
      program is to maintain beneficial effects once the intervention is completed.
      These findings will inform the development of future intervention programs in
      order to optimize sustained cardiovascular benefits.

PMID- 27376316
TI  - Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soils from Witwatersrand Gold Mining
      Basin, South Africa.
AB  - The study evaluates the health risk caused by heavy metals to the inhabitants of
      a gold mining area. In this study, 56 soil samples from five mine tailings and 17
      from two mine villages were collected and analyzed for Asernic (As), Lead (Pb),
      Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu)
      and Zinc (Zn) using ICP-MS. Measured concentrations of these heavy metals were
      then used to calculate the health risk for adults and children. Their
      concentrations were such that Cr > Ni > As > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Hg > Cd, with
      As, Cr and Ni higher than permissible levels. For the adult population, the
      Hazard Index value for all pathways was found to be 2.13, making non-carcinogenic
      effects significant to the adult population. For children, the Hazard Index value
      was 43.80, a value >>1, which poses serious non-carcinogenic effect to children
      living in the gold mining area. The carcinogenic risk was found to be 1.7 * 10(
      4) implying that 1 person in every 5882 adults may be affected. In addition, for
      children, in every 2725 individuals, 1 child may be affected (3.67 * 10(-4)).
      These carcinogenic risk values were both higher than acceptable values.

PMID- 27376317
TI  - Community-Based Management of Child Malnutrition in Zambia: HIV/AIDS Infection
      and Other Risk Factors on Child Survival.
AB  - (1) BACKGROUND: Supplementary feeding programs (SFPs) are effective in the
      community-based treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and prevention of
      severe acute malnutrition (SAM); (2) METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted
      on a sample of 1266 Zambian malnourished children assisted from 2012 to 2014 in
      the Rainbow Project SFPs. Nutritional status was evaluated according to
      WHO/Unicef methodology. We performed univariate and multivariate Cox proportional
      risk regression to identify the main predictors of mortality. In addition, a time
      to event analysis was performed to identify predictors of failure and time to
      cure events; (3) RESULTS: The analysis included 858 malnourished children (19
      months +/- 9.4; 49.9% males). Program outcomes met international standards with a
      better performance for MAM compared to SAM. Cox regression identified SAM (3.8;
      2.1-6.8), HIV infection (3.1; 1.7-5.5), and WAZ <-3 (3.1; 1.6-5.7) as predictors
      of death. Time to event showed 80% of children recovered by SAM/MAM at 24 weeks.
      (4) CONCLUSIONS: Preventing deterioration of malnutrition, coupled to early
      detection of HIV/AIDS with adequate antiretroviral treatment, and extending the
      duration of feeding supplementation, could be crucial elements for ensuring full
      recovery and improve child survival in malnourished Zambian children.

PMID- 27376318
TI  - Suicide: Incidence or Prevalence? Comments on Hernandez-Alvarado et al. Increase
      in Suicide Rates by Hanging in the Population of Tabasco, Mexico between 2003 and
      2012. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 552.
AB  - I recently reviewed the paper published in this journal by Hernandez-Alvarado et
      al., titled "Increase in Suicide Rates by Hanging in the Population of Tabasco,
      Mexico between 2003 and 2012" [1], and I noticed that the epidemiological concept
      "prevalence" is not correctly used.[...].

PMID- 27376319
TI  - Response to the Fernandez-Nino Comments on Hernandez-Alvarado et al. Increase in
      Suicide Rates by Hanging in the Population of Tabasco, Mexico between 2003 and
      2012. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 552.
AB  - We thank the comments of Fernandez-Nino [1] addressing our article [2] "Increase
      in Suicide Rates by Hanging in the Population of Tabasco, Mexico between 2003 and
      2012", which pointed out that the use of the epidemiological concept "prevalence"
      is not correctly applied in the present manuscript.

PMID- 27376320
TI  - Approaches to Children's Exposure Assessment: Case Study with
      Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP).
AB  - Children's exposure assessment is a key input into epidemiology studies, risk
      assessment and source apportionment. The goals of this article are to describe a
      methodology for children's exposure assessment that can be used for these
      purposes and to apply the methodology to source apportionment for the case study
      chemical, diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP). A key feature is the comparison of total
      (aggregate) exposure calculated via a pathways approach to that derived from a
      biomonitoring approach. The 4-step methodology and its results for DEHP are: (1)
      Prioritization of life stages and exposure pathways, with pregnancy, breast-fed
      infants, and toddlers the focus of the case study and pathways selected that are
      relevant to these groups; (2) Estimation of pathway-specific exposures by life
      stage wherein diet was found to be the largest contributor for pregnant women,
      breast milk and mouthing behavior for the nursing infant and diet, house dust,
      and mouthing for toddlers; (3) Comparison of aggregate exposure by pathways vs
      biomonitoring-based approaches wherein good concordance was found for toddlers
      and pregnant women providing confidence in the exposure assessment; (4) Source
      apportionment in which DEHP presence in foods, children's products, consumer
      products and the built environment are discussed with respect to early life
      mouthing, house dust and dietary exposure. A potential fifth step of the method
      involves the calculation of exposure doses for risk assessment which is described
      but outside the scope for the current case study. In summary, the methodology has
      been used to synthesize the available information to identify key sources of
      early life exposure to DEHP.

PMID- 27376321
TI  - Dairy Intake Enhances Body Weight and Composition Changes during Energy
      Restriction in 18-50-Year-Old Adults-A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled
      Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was
      performed to investigate the effects of dairy food or supplements during energy
      restriction on body weight and composition in 18-50-year-old. METHODS: RCTs >= 4
      weeks comparing the effect of dairy consumption (whole food or supplements) with
      control diets lower in dairy during energy restriction on body weight, fat and
      lean mass were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Pubmed, Cochrane Central
      and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform
      (WHO ICTRP) until March 2016. Reports were identified and critically appraised in
      duplicate. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Chi2- and I2
      statistics indicated heterogeneity. Dose effect was assessed using meta
      regression analysis. GRADE guidelines were used to rate the quality (QR) of the
      evidence considering risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision,
      publication bias and effect estimates. RESULTS: 27 RCTs were reviewed.
      Participants consumed between 2 and 4 standard servings/day of dairy food or 20
      84 g/day of whey protein compared to low dairy control diets, over a median of 16
      weeks. A greater reduction in body weight (-1.16 kg [-1.66, -0.66 kg], p < 0.001,
      I2 = 11%, QR = high, n = 644) and body fat mass (-1.49 kg [-2.06, -0.92 kg], p <
      0.001, I2 = 21%, n = 521, QR = high) were found in studies largely including
      women (90% women). These effects were absent in studies that imposed resistance
      training (QR = low-moderate). Dairy intake resulted in smaller loss of lean mass
      (all trials pooled: 0.36 kg [0.01, 0.71 kg], p = 0.04, I2 = 64%, n = 651, QR =
      moderate). No between study dose-response effects were seen. CONCLUSIONS:
      Increased dairy intake as part of energy restricted diets resulted in greater
      loss in bodyweight and fat mass while attenuating lean mass loss in 18-50-year
      old adults. Further research in males is needed to investigate sex effects.

PMID- 27376322
TI  - Protecting Skeletal Muscle with Protein and Amino Acid during Periods of Disuse.
AB  - Habitual sedentary behavior increases risk of chronic disease, hospitalization
      and poor quality of life. Short-term bed rest or disuse accelerates the loss of
      muscle mass, function, and glucose tolerance. Optimizing nutritional practices
      and protein intake may reduce the consequences of disuse by preserving metabolic
      homeostasis and muscle mass and function. Most modes of physical inactivity have
      the potential to negatively impact the health of older adults more than their
      younger counterparts. Mechanistically, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
      (mTORC1) signaling and muscle protein synthesis are negatively affected by
      disuse. This contributes to reduced muscle quality and is accompanied by impaired
      glucose regulation. Simply encouraging increased protein and/or energy
      consumption is a well-intentioned, but often impractical strategy to protect
      muscle health. Emerging evidence suggests that leucine supplemented meals may
      partially and temporarily protect skeletal muscle during disuse by preserving
      anabolism and mitigating reductions in mass, function and metabolic homeostasis. 

PMID- 27376323
TI  - Impact of Food Components on in vitro Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Secretion-A
      Potential Mechanism for Dietary Influence on Migraine.
AB  - Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a pivotal messenger in the inflammatory
      process in migraine. Limited evidence indicates that diet impacts circulating
      levels of CGRP, suggesting that certain elements in the diet may influence
      migraine outcomes. Interruption of calcium signaling, a mechanism which can
      trigger CGRP release, has been suggested as one potential route by which
      exogenous food substances may impact CGRP secretion. The objective of this study
      was to investigate the effects of foods and a dietary supplement on two migraine
      related mechanisms in vitro: CGRP secretion from neuroendocrine CA77 cells, and
      calcium uptake by differentiated PC12 cells. Ginger and grape pomace extracts
      were selected for their anecdotal connections to reducing or promoting migraine.
      S-petasin was selected as a suspected active constituent of butterbur extract,
      the migraine prophylactic dietary supplement. Results showed a statistically
      significant decrease in stimulated CGRP secretion from CA77 cells following
      treatment with ginger (0.2 mg dry ginger equivalent/mL) and two doses of grape
      pomace (0.25 and 1.0 mg dry pomace equivalent/mL) extracts. Relative to vehicle
      control, CGRP secretion decreased by 22%, 43%, and 87%, respectively. S-petasin
      at 1.0 MUM also decreased CGRP secretion by 24%. Meanwhile, S-petasin and ginger
      extract showed inhibition of calcium influx, whereas grape pomace had no effect
      on calcium. These results suggest that grape pomace and ginger extracts, and S
      petasin may have anti-inflammatory propensity by preventing CGRP release in
      migraine, although potentially by different mechanisms, which future studies may
      elucidate further. 

PMID- 27376324
TI  - The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin Resistance and
      Metabolism.
AB  - Insulin is required for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Despite the
      importance of insulin sensitivity to metabolic health, the mechanisms that induce
      insulin resistance remain unclear. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) belong to
      the essential amino acids, which are both direct and indirect nutrient signals.
      Even though BCAAs have been reported to improve metabolic health, an increased
      BCAA plasma level is associated with a high risk of metabolic disorder and future
      insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The activation of
      mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by BCAAs has been suggested to
      cause insulin resistance. In addition, defective BCAA oxidative metabolism might
      occur in obesity, leading to a further accumulation of BCAAs and toxic
      intermediates. This review provides the current understanding of the mechanism of
      BCAA-induced mTORC1 activation, as well as the effect of mTOR activation on
      metabolic health in terms of insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, the effects of
      impaired BCAA metabolism will be discussed in detail. 

PMID- 27376325
TI  - Therapeutic Effectiveness of Anticancer Phytochemicals on Cancer Stem Cells.
AB  - Understanding how to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) may provide helpful insights
      for the development of therapeutic or preventive strategies against cancers.
      Dietary phytochemicals with anticancer properties are promising candidates and
      have selective impact on CSCs. This review summarizes the influence of
      phytochemicals on heterogeneous cancer cell populations as well as on specific
      targeting of CSCs.

PMID- 27376326
TI  - Biofilm-Forming Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Survive in Kupffer
      Cells and Exhibit High Virulence in Mice.
AB  - Although Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal body flora, heavy usage of
      antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of methicillin-resistant strains
      (MRSA). MRSA can form biofilms and cause indwelling foreign body infections,
      bacteremia, soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis. Using an in
      vitro assay, we screened 173 clinical blood isolates of MRSA and selected 20 high
      biofilm formers (H-BF) and low-biofilm formers (L-BF). These were intravenously
      administered to mice and the general condition of mice, the distribution of
      bacteria, and biofilm in the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney were investigated.
      MRSA count was the highest in the liver, especially within Kupffer cells, which
      were positive for acid polysaccharides that are associated with intracellular
      biofilm. After 24 h, the general condition of the mice worsened significantly in
      the H-BF group. In the liver, bacterial deposition and aggregation and the
      biofilm-forming spot number were all significantly greater for H-BF group than
      for L-BF. CFU analysis revealed that bacteria in the H-BF group survived for long
      periods in the liver. These results indicate that the biofilm-forming ability of
      MRSA is a crucial factor for intracellular persistence, which could lead to
      chronic infections.

PMID- 27376328
TI  - Tumor Targeting and Drug Delivery by Anthrax Toxin.
AB  - Anthrax toxin is a potent tripartite protein toxin from Bacillus anthracis. It is
      one of the two virulence factors and causes the disease anthrax. The receptor
      binding component of the toxin, protective antigen, needs to be cleaved by furin
      like proteases to be activated and to deliver the enzymatic moieties lethal
      factor and edema factor to the cytosol of cells. Alteration of the protease
      cleavage site allows the activation of the toxin selectively in response to the
      presence of tumor-associated proteases. This initial idea of re-targeting anthrax
      toxin to tumor cells was further elaborated in recent years and resulted in the
      design of many modifications of anthrax toxin, which resulted in successful tumor
      therapy in animal models. These modifications include the combination of
      different toxin variants that require activation by two different tumor
      associated proteases for increased specificity of toxin activation. The anthrax
      toxin system has proved to be a versatile system for drug delivery of several
      enzymatic moieties into cells. This highly efficient delivery system has recently
      been further modified by introducing ubiquitin as a cytosolic cleavage site into
      lethal factor fusion proteins. This review article describes the latest
      developments in this field of tumor targeting and drug delivery.

PMID- 27376327
TI  - Augmenting the Efficacy of Immunotoxins and Other Targeted Protein Toxins by
      Endosomal Escape Enhancers.
AB  - The toxic moiety of almost all protein-based targeted toxins must enter the
      cytosol of the target cell to mediate its fatal effect. Although more than 500
      targeted toxins have been investigated in the past decades, no antibody-targeted
      protein toxin has been approved for tumor therapeutic applications by the
      authorities to date. Missing efficacy can be attributed in many cases to
      insufficient endosomal escape and therefore subsequent lysosomal degradation of
      the endocytosed toxins. To overcome this drawback, many strategies have been
      described to weaken the membrane integrity of endosomes. This comprises the use
      of lysosomotropic amines, carboxylic ionophores, calcium channel antagonists,
      various cell-penetrating peptides of viral, bacterial, plant, animal, human and
      synthetic origin, other organic molecules and light-induced techniques. Although
      the efficacy of the targeted toxins was typically augmented in cell culture
      hundred or thousand fold, in exceptional cases more than million fold, the
      combination of several substances harbors new problems including additional side
      effects, loss of target specificity, difficulties to determine the therapeutic
      window and cell type-dependent variations. This review critically scrutinizes the
      chances and challenges of endosomal escape enhancers and their potential role in
      future developments.

PMID- 27376329
TI  - Characterization of the Deep-Sea Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 02999 Derived VapC/VapB
      Toxin-Antitoxin System in Escherichia coli.
AB  - Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements that are ubiquitous in
      prokaryotes. Most studies on TA systems have focused on commensal and pathogenic
      bacteria; yet very few studies have focused on TAs in marine bacteria, especially
      those isolated from a deep sea environment. Here, we characterized a type II
      VapC/VapB TA system from the deep-sea derived Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 02999. The
      VapC (virulence-associated protein) protein belongs to the PIN (PilT N-terminal)
      superfamily. Overproduction of VapC strongly inhibited cell growth and resulted
      in a bleb-containing morphology in E. coli. The toxicity of VapC was neutralized
      through direct protein-protein interaction by a small protein antitoxin VapB
      encoded by a neighboring gene. Antitoxin VapB alone or the VapB/VapC complex
      negatively regulated the vapBC promoter activity. We further revealed that three
      conserved Asp residues in the PIN domain were essential for the toxic effect of
      VapC. Additionally, the VapC/VapB TA system stabilized plasmid in E. coli.
      Furthermore, VapC cross-activated transcription of several TA operons via a
      partially Lon-dependent mechanism in E. coli, and the activated toxins
      accumulated more preferentially than their antitoxin partners. Collectively, we
      identified and characterized a new deep sea TA system in the deep sea
      Streptomyces sp. and demonstrated that the VapC toxin in this system can cross
      activate TA operons in E. coli.

PMID- 27376330
TI  - Botulinum Toxin A for Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis.
AB  - Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A), derived from Clostridium botulinum, has been
      used clinically for several diseases or syndrome including chronic migraine,
      spasticity, focal dystonia and other neuropathic pain. Chronic pelvic or bladder
      pain is the one of the core symptoms of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial
      cystitis (BPS/IC). However, in the field of urology, chronic bladder or pelvic
      pain is often difficult to eradicate by oral medications or bladder instillation
      therapy. We are looking for new treatment modality to improve bladder pain or
      associated urinary symptoms such as frequency and urgency for patients with
      BPS/IC. Recent studies investigating the mechanism of the antinociceptive effects
      of BoNT A suggest that it can inhibit the release of peripheral neurotransmitters
      and inflammatory mediators from sensory nerves. In this review, we will examine
      the evidence supporting the use of BoNTs in bladder pain from basic science
      models and review the clinical studies on therapeutic applications of BoNT for
      BPS/IC.

PMID- 27376331
TI  - Relationship between VacA Toxin and Host Cell Autophagy in Helicobacter pylori
      Infection of the Human Stomach: A Few Answers, Many Questions.
AB  - Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach of
      about half the global population and represents the greatest risk factor for
      gastric malignancy. The relevance of H. pylori for gastric cancer development is
      equivalent to that of tobacco smoking for lung cancer. VacA toxin seems to play a
      pivotal role in the overall strategy of H. pylori towards achieving persistent
      gastric colonization. This strategy appears to involve the modulation of host
      cell autophagy. After an overview of autophagy and its role in infection and
      carcinogenesis, I critically review current knowledge about the action of VacA on
      host cell autophagy during H. pylori infection of the human stomach. Although
      VacA is a key player in modulation of H. pylori-induced autophagy, a few
      discrepancies in the data are also evident and many questions remain to be
      answered. We are thus still far from a definitive understanding of the molecular
      mechanisms through which VacA affects autophagy and the consequences of this
      toxin action on the overall pathogenic activity of H. pylori.

PMID- 27376332
TI  - Getting Ready for the Dance: FANCJ Irons Out DNA Wrinkles.
AB  - Mounting evidence indicates that alternate DNA structures, which deviate from
      normal double helical DNA, form in vivo and influence cellular processes such as
      replication and transcription. However, our understanding of how the cellular
      machinery deals with unusual DNA structures such as G-quadruplexes (G4),
      triplexes, or hairpins is only beginning to emerge. New advances in the field
      implicate a direct role of the Fanconi Anemia Group J (FANCJ) helicase, which is
      linked to a hereditary chromosomal instability disorder and important for cancer
      suppression, in replication past unusual DNA obstacles. This work sets the stage
      for significant progress in dissecting the molecular mechanisms whereby
      replication perturbation by abnormal DNA structures leads to genomic instability.
      In this review, we focus on FANCJ and its role to enable efficient DNA
      replication when the fork encounters vastly abundant naturally occurring DNA
      obstacles, which may have implications for targeting rapidly dividing cancer
      cells. 

PMID- 27376333
TI  - Collision of Trapped Topoisomerase 2 with Transcription and Replication:
      Generation and Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks with 5' Adducts.
AB  - Topoisomerase 2 (Top2) is an essential enzyme responsible for manipulating DNA
      topology during replication, transcription, chromosome organization and
      chromosome segregation. It acts by nicking both strands of DNA and then passes
      another DNA molecule through the break. The 5' end of each nick is covalently
      linked to the tyrosine in the active center of each of the two subunits of Top2
      (Top2cc). In this configuration, the two sides of the nicked DNA are held
      together by the strong protein-protein interactions between the two subunits of
      Top2, allowing the nicks to be faithfully resealed in situ. Top2ccs are normally
      transient, but can be trapped by cancer drugs, such as etoposide, and
      subsequently processed into DSBs in cells. If not properly repaired, these DSBs
      would lead to genome instability and cell death. Here, I review the current
      understanding of the mechanisms by which DSBs are induced by etoposide, the
      unique features of such DSBs and how they are repaired. Implications for the
      improvement of cancer therapy will be discussed. 

PMID- 27376335
TI  - Estimation of Median Lethal Concentration of Three Isolates of Beauveria bassiana
      for Control of Megacopta cribraria (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) Bioassayed on Solid
      Lygus spp. Diet.
AB  - The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.), is an urban nuisance and significant
      agricultural pest. The median lethal concentrations of three strains of Beauveria
      bassiana (Balsamo), including the Mississippi Delta native strain (NI8) isolated
      from Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the commercial strain
      BotaniGard((r)) (GHA) (Victor, NY, USA), and the B. bassiana strain isolated from
      M. cribraria (KUDSC), were estimated on kudzu bug adults. A technique developed
      to evaluate B. bassiana against L. lineolaris was used. Younger adults (eight
      days after collection) were treated with NI8 and GHA and older adult (50 days
      after collection) were treated with NI8, GHA and KUDSC. Higher concentrations (n
      * 106, n * 107) of NI8 and GHA caused kudzu bug mortality two days after
      treatment in younger adults and similar concentrations of NI8, GHA, and KUDSC
      caused mortality one day after treatment in older adults. Lower concentrations (n
      * 104, n * 105) were not significantly different in mortality between strains.
      LS50 values of the KUDSC were significantly lower than NI8 and GHA values in
      older adults. This is the first available information on median lethal
      concentration of B. bassiana on kudzu bug adults bioassayed on artificial diet.
      It was determined that B. bassiana (KUDSC and NI8) are highly effective for young
      adults at very low doses (LC50 1.98-4.98 viable spores per mm2). 

PMID- 27376334
TI  - The Cosmic Zoo: The (Near) Inevitability of the Evolution of Complex, Macroscopic
      Life.
AB  - Life on Earth provides a unique biological record from single-cell microbes to
      technologically intelligent life forms. Our evolution is marked by several major
      steps or innovations along a path of increasing complexity from microbes to space
      faring humans. Here we identify various major key innovations, and use an
      analytical toolset consisting of a set of models to analyse how likely each key
      innovation is to occur. Our conclusion is that once the origin of life is
      accomplished, most of the key innovations can occur rather readily. The
      conclusion for other worlds is that if the origin of life can occur rather
      easily, we should live in a cosmic zoo, as the innovations necessary to lead to
      complex life will occur with high probability given sufficient time and habitat.
      On the other hand, if the origin of life is rare, then we might live in a rather
      empty universe. 

PMID- 27376336
TI  - Simultaneous Quantification and Differentiation of Streptococcus suis Serotypes 2
      and 9 by Quantitative Real-Time PCR, Evaluated in Tonsillar and Nasal Samples of
      Pigs.
AB  - Invasive Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infections in pigs are often associated
      with serotypes 2 and 9. Mucosal sites of healthy pigs can be colonized with these
      serotypes, often multiple serotypes per pig. To unravel the contribution of these
      serotypes in pathogenesis and epidemiology, simultaneous quantification of
      serotypes is needed. A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting cps2J
      (serotypes 2 and 1/2) and cps9H (serotype 9) was evaluated with nasal and
      tonsillar samples from S. suis exposed pigs. qPCR specifically detected serotypes
      in all pig samples. The serotypes loads in pig samples estimated by qPCR showed,
      except for serotype 9 in tonsillar samples (correlation coefficient = 0.25),
      moderate to strong correlation with loads detected by culture (correlation
      coefficient > 0.65), and also in pigs exposed to both serotypes (correlation
      coefficient > 0.75). This qPCR is suitable for simultaneous differentiation and
      quantification of important S. suis serotypes. 

PMID- 27376337
TI  - Efficiently Combining Water Reuse and Desalination through Forward Osmosis
      Reverse Osmosis (FO-RO) Hybrids: A Critical Review.
AB  - Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising membrane technology to combine seawater
      desalination and water reuse. More specifically, in a FO-reverse osmosis (RO)
      hybrid process, high quality water recovered from the wastewater stream is used
      to dilute seawater before RO treatment. As such, lower desalination energy needs
      and/or water augmentation can be obtained while delivering safe water for direct
      potable reuse thanks to the double dense membrane barrier protection. Typically,
      FO-RO hybrid can be a credible alternative to new desalination facilities or to
      implementation of stand-alone water reuse schemes. However, apart from the
      societal (public perception of water reuse for potable application) and water
      management challenges (proximity of wastewater and desalination plants), FO-RO
      hybrid has to overcome technical limitation such as low FO permeation flux to
      become economically attractive. Recent developments (i.e., improved FO membranes,
      use of pressure assisted osmosis, PAO) demonstrated significant improvement in
      water flux. However, flux improvement is associated with drawbacks, such as
      increased fouling behaviour, lower rejection of trace organic compounds (TrOCs)
      in PAO operation, and limitation in FO membrane mechanical resistance, which need
      to be better considered. To support successful implementation of FO-RO hybrid in
      the industry, further work is required regarding up-scaling to apprehend full
      scale challenges in term of mass transfer limitation, pressure drop, fouling and
      cleaning strategies on a module scale. In addition, refined economics assessment
      is expected to integrate fouling and other maintenance costs/savings of the
      FO/PAO-RO hybrid systems, as well as cost savings from any treatment step avoided
      in the water recycling. 

PMID- 27376338
TI  - Development of Formaldehyde Biosensor for Determination of Formalin in Fish
      Samples; Malabar Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and Longtail Tuna (Thunnus
      tonggol).
AB  - Electrochemical biosensors are widely recognized in biosensing devices due to the
      fact that gives a direct, reliable, and reproducible measurement within a short
      period. During bio-interaction process and the generation of electrons, it
      produces electrochemical signals which can be measured using an electrochemical
      detector. A formaldehyde biosensor was successfully developed by depositing an
      ionic liquid (IL) (e.g., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate
      ([EMIM][Otf])), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and chitosan (CHIT), onto a glassy
      carbon electrode (GCE). The developed formaldehyde biosensor was analyzed for
      sensitivity, reproducibility, storage stability, and detection limits. Methylene
      blue was used as a redox indicator for increasing the electron transfer in the
      electrochemical cell. The developed biosensor measured the NADH electron from the
      NAD+ reduction at a potential of 0.4 V. Under optimal conditions, the
      differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method detected a wider linear range of
      formaldehyde concentrations from 0.01 to 10 ppm within 5 s, with a detection
      limit of 0.1 ppm. The proposed method was successfully detected with the presence
      of formalin in fish samples, Lutjanus malabaricus and Thunnus Tonggol. The
      proposed method is a simple, rapid, and highly accurate, compared to the existing
      technique. 

PMID- 27376339
TI  - Impedimetric Label-Free Immunosensor on Disposable Modified Screen-Printed
      Electrodes for Ochratoxin A.
AB  - An impedimetric label-free immunosensor on disposable screen-printed carbon
      electrodes (SPCE) for quantitative determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been
      developed. After modification of the SPCE surface with gold nanoparticles
      (AuNPs), the anti-OTA was immobilized on the working electrode through a
      cysteamine layer. After each coating step, the modified surfaces were
      characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance
      spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitance was chosen as the best parameter that
      describes the reproducible change in electrical properties of the electrode
      surface at different OTA concentrations and it was used to investigate the
      analytical parameters of the developed immunosensor. Under optimized conditions,
      the immunosensor showed a linear relationship between 0.3 and 20 ng/mL with a low
      detection limit of 0.25 ng/mL, making it suitable to control OTA content in many
      common food products. Lastly, the immunosensor was used to measure OTA in red
      wine samples and the results were compared with those registered with a
      competitive ELISA kit. The immunosensor was sensitive to OTA lower than 2 MUg/kg,
      which represents the lower acceptable limit of OTA established by European
      legislation for common food products. 

PMID- 27376340
TI  - Variations in the Life Cycle of Anemone patens L. (Ranunculaceae) in Wild
      Populations of Canada.
AB  - Based on a study of a perennial herb Anemone patens L. (Ranunculaceae) in a
      variety of natural habitats in Saskatchewan, Canada, eight life stages (seed,
      seedling, juvenile, immature, vegetative, generative, subsenile, and senile) are
      distinguished and characterized in detail. The species ontogenetic growth
      patterns are investigated. A. patens has a long life cycle that may last for
      several decades which leads to the formation of compact clumps. The distribution
      and age of clumps vary substantially in different environments with different
      levels of disturbance. The plant ontogeny includes the regular cycle with
      reproduction occurring through seeds. There is an optional subsenile vegetative
      disintegration at the end of the life span. The following variations in the life
      cycle of A. patens are identified: with slower development in young age, with an
      accelerated development, with omission of the generative stage, with
      retrogression to previous life stages in mature age, and with vegetative
      dormancy. The range of variations in the life cycle of A. patens may play an
      important role in maintaining population stability in different environmental
      conditions and management regimes. 

PMID- 27376341
TI  - The tripeptide KdPT ameliorates ongoing psoriasis-like skin inflammation in
      murine and human skin.
AB  - Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease appearing as scaly erythematous
      cutaneous lesions, which are characterized by parakeratosis and acanthosis as
      well as the infiltration of immune cells, such as T helper-1 and T helper-17
      cells. Here, we demonstrated that KdPT, a tripeptide structurally related to the
      C-terminal amino acids of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which was
      previously shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in intestinal inflammation,
      ameliorated ongoing disease in the mouse model of imiquimod-induced psoriasis
      like skin inflammation and in the small xenotransplant mouse model of psoriasis.
      We could show that systemic KdPT treatment significantly reduced hyperkeratosis
      and acanthosis in murine as well as human skin. Moreover, KdPT upregulated Foxp3
      in CD4+ T cells from mice and from peripheral blood of individuals with psoriasis
      and decreased the expression of type 1 inflammatory cytokines, indicating that
      the beneficial effect of KdPT was, at least in part, mediated by the induction of
      functional regulatory T cells that suppressed the activation of pathogenic CD4+
      IFN-gamma+ and CD4+ IL-17+ T cells. Thus, these data might suggest KdPT as a
      potential novel therapeutic alternative for the treatment of psoriasis.

PMID- 27376346
TI  - Circulating Cell-Free Unmethylated DNA as a Marker of Graft Dysfunction in
      Pancreas Transplantation.

PMID- 27376347
TI  - Assessing Fidelity of a Community-Based Opioid Overdose Prevention Program:
      Modification of the Fidelity Checklist.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The evaluation and maintenance of treatment fidelity is an important
      methodological consideration in intervention research. Treatment fidelity is the
      degree to which interventions are delivered as outlined by the program
      developers. A lack of fidelity to the intervention model has the potential to be
      a large source of error, including type I and type II error. Monitoring and
      assuring fidelity is critical to assuring the validity of the interventions. The
      Fidelity Checklist is a reliable and valid tool designed to measure fidelity in a
      group-based parenting program. The Fidelity Checklist assesses group leaders'
      maintenance of the intervention protocol (adherence) and their group facilitation
      and process skills (competence). OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this article is to
      describe the systematic process of modifying the Fidelity Checklist for use in a
      community-based opioid overdose prevention group educational intervention.
      METHODS: A biphasic approach was used to modify the Fidelity Checklist. Phase 1
      included engaging key stakeholders during a full-day meeting to determine
      adherence subscale components. Phase 2 included: (a) the modification of the
      competence subscale of the Fidelity Checklist, (b) adaptation of the coding
      manual defining the components of the Fidelity Checklist, and (c) creating a
      fidelity checklist to guide interventionists. RESULTS: The biphasic systematic
      modification approach resulted in a revised Fidelity Checklist that was
      successfully used to measure treatment fidelity in a community-based opioid
      overdose prevention program. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings of this study
      provide information for nurse researchers and nurse educators for modifying a
      fidelity checklist that can be used to enhance community-based educational
      interventions.

PMID- 27376348
TI  - Nanosilver inhibits nitrification and reduces ammonia-oxidising bacterial but not
      archaeal amoA gene abundance in estuarine sediments.
AB  - Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) enter estuaries via wastewater treatment effluents,
      where they can inhibit microorganisms, because of their antimicrobial properties.
      Ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) are involved in the first step
      of nitrification and are important to ecosystem function, especially where
      effluent discharge results in high nitrogen inputs. Here, we investigated the
      effect of a pulse addition of AgNPs on AOB and AOA ammonia monooxygenase (amoA)
      gene abundances and benthic nitrification potential rates (NPR) in low-salinity
      and mesohaline estuarine sediments. Whilst exposure to 0.5 mg L-1 AgNPs had no
      significant effect on amoA gene abundances or NPR, 50 mg L-1 AgNPs significantly
      decreased AOB amoA gene abundance (up to 76% over 14 days), and significantly
      decreased NPR by 20-fold in low-salinity sediments and by twofold in mesohaline
      sediments, after one day. AgNP behaviour differed between sites, whereby greater
      aggregation occurred in mesohaline waters (possibly due to higher salinity),
      which may have reduced toxicity. In conclusion, AgNPs have the potential to
      reduce ammonia oxidation in estuarine sediments, particularly where AgNPs
      accumulate over time and reach high concentrations. This could lead to long-term
      risks to nitrification, especially in polyhaline estuaries where ammonia
      oxidation is largely driven by AOB.

PMID- 27376349
TI  - Variability in Saponin Content, Cancer Antiproliferative Activity and
      Physicochemical Properties of Concentrated Agave Sap.
AB  - Concentrated agave sap (CAS) has gained popularity as an unrefined sweetener. It
      is obtained by boiling "aguamiel" that contains phytochemicals with diverse
      bioactivities. Saponins have been the most widely studied agave phytochemicals
      due to their cancer antiproliferative effect but their concentration may vary due
      to maturity of the agave plant and collection site. In this study, 18 CAS samples
      produced in different states of Mexico were analyzed using multivariate methods
      to determine which physicochemical or phytochemical parameters were responsible
      for variation. Additionally, extracts with different saponin profiles were tested
      to determine possible correlations with antiproliferative activity. Total soluble
      solids, pH, and water activity were similar to those reported for other agave
      sweeteners. Antioxidant capacity of samples was correlated to browning index.
      Eleven steroidal saponins were found in CAS samples and they were the main source
      of variability. Magueyoside B, a kammogenin tetraglycoside, was the most abundant
      saponin in all samples. With respect to bioactivity, multivariate analysis
      indicated that magueyoside B and a gentrogenin tetraglycoside were compounds
      strongly related with bioactivity. CAS from Hidalgo, Puebla, and Veracruz had
      higher concentration of magueyoside B than from the other kamogenin
      tetraglycoside found in the samples from other Mexican states. These results
      could be used as a first approach to characterize and standardize CAS to validate
      the potential health benefits derived from its consumption. 

PMID- 27376350
TI  - Graphene oxide alleviates the ecotoxicity of copper on the freshwater microalga
      Scenedesmus obliquus.
AB  - The extensive industrial application of graphene oxide (GO), has increased its
      exposure risk to various aquatic organisms and its potential to affect the
      toxicity of other environmental pollutants. In this study, we investigated the
      combined toxicity of GO and copper on the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus
      obliquus, using the MIXTOX model. The effects of low concentration (1mg/L)
      exposure to GO were investigated with environmentally relevant concentrations of
      copper by using a 12-d subacute toxicity test, with pre- and post-GO treatment.
      Results showed that there were significant antagonistic effects between GO and
      copper on S. obliquus, and GO was found to reduce ecotoxicity of copper even at
      low and environmentally relevant concentrations (1mg/L). 

PMID- 27376351
TI  - Effects of multigenerational exposure to elevated temperature on reproduction,
      oxidative stress, and Cu toxicity in Daphnia magna.
AB  - This study evaluated the effect of temperature (20 and 25 degrees C) on
      reproduction, oxidative stress, and copper (Cu) toxicity in Daphnia magna across
      three generations (F0, F1, and F2). Exposing D. magna to elevated temperature
      significantly decreased the number of offspring per female per day, the time to
      first brood, and body length compared to exposure to the optimal temperature
      (p<0.05). In addition, elevated temperature induced a significantly higher
      production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (p<0.05). These
      findings suggest that D. magna likely responded to thermal stress by investing
      more energy into defense mechanisms, rather than growth and reproduction. In
      addition, oxidative stress at the elevated temperature gradually increased with
      each generation, possibly owing to the reduced fitness of the offspring. Exposing
      D. magna to 25 degrees C (EC50=34+/-3ugL(-1)) substantially increased the median
      effective concentration of Cu in all generations compared to exposure to 20
      degrees C (EC50=25+/-3ugL(-1)), indicating a decrease in acute toxicity at
      elevated temperature. However, elevated temperature significantly increased the
      oxidative stress induced by a sublethal concentration of Cu (10ugL(-1)). The
      interaction between elevated temperature and Cu exposure appears to be
      synergistic; however, this needs to be confirmed using multiple generations in a
      long-term experiment. 

PMID- 27376352
TI  - Graphene oxide induces plasma membrane damage, reactive oxygen species
      accumulation and fatty acid profiles change in Pichia pastoris.
AB  - During the past couple of years, graphene nanomaterials were extremely popular
      among the scientists due to the promising properties in many aspects. Before the
      materials being well applied, we should first focus on their biosafety and
      toxicity. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of synthesized graphene
      oxide (GO) against the model industrial organism Pichia pastoris. We found that
      the synthesized GO showed dose-dependent toxicity to P. pastoris, through cell
      membrane damage and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In
      response to these cell stresses, cells had normal unsaturated fatty acid (UFA)
      levels but increased contents of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) with up
      regulation of UFA synthesis-related genes on the transcriptional level, which
      made it overcome the stress under GO attack. Two UFA defective strains
      (spt23Delta and fad12Delta) were used to demonstrate the results above. Hence,
      this study suggested a close connection between PUFAs and cell survival against
      GO. 

PMID- 27376353
TI  - Secondary biomarkers of insecticide-induced stress of honey bee colonies and
      their relevance for overwintering strength.
AB  - The evaluation of pesticide side-effects on honeybees is hampered by a lack of
      colony-level bioassays that not only are sensitive to physiological changes, but
      also allow predictions about the consequences of exposure for longer-term colony
      productivity and survival. Here we measured 28 biometrical, biochemical and
      behavioural indicators in a field study with 63 colonies and 3 apiaries. Colonies
      were stressed in early summer by feeding them for five days with either the
      carbamate growth regulator fenoxycarb or the neurotoxic neonicotinoid
      imidacloprid, or left untreated. Candidate stress indicators were measured 8-64
      days later. We determined which of the indicators were influenced by the
      treatments, and which could be used as predictors in regression analyses of
      overwintering strength. Among the indicators influenced by fenoxycarb were the
      amount of brood in colonies as well as the learning performance and 24h-memory of
      bees, and the concentration of the brood food component 10HDA in head extracts.
      Imidacloprid significantly affected honey production, total number of bees and
      activity of the immune-related enzyme phenoloxidase in forager bee extracts.
      Indicators predictive of overwintering strength but unrelated to insecticide
      feeding included vitellogenin titer and glucose oxidase-activity in
      haemolymph/whole body-extracts of hive bees. Apart from variables that were
      themselves components of colony strength (numbers of bees/brood cells), the only
      indicator that was both influenced by an insecticide and predictive of
      overwintering strength was the concentration of 10HDA in worker bee heads. Our
      results show that physiological and biochemical bioassays can be used to study
      effects of insecticides at the colony level and assess the vitality of bee
      colonies. At the same time, most bioassays evaluated here appear of limited use
      for predicting pesticide effects on colony overwintering strength, because those
      that were sensitive to the insecticides were not identical with those that were
      predictive of colony overwintering. Our study therefore illustrates the
      difficulties involved in evaluating the economic/ecological significance of
      pesticide-induced stress in honey bee field studies. 

PMID- 27376354
TI  - The ceramide inhibitor fumonisin B1 mitigates the pulmonary effects of low-dose
      diesel exhaust inhalation in mice.
AB  - Recent studies have suggested that inhalation of diesel exhaust (DE), a major
      source of air pollution, results in pulmonary alterations; however, the effects
      of DE at low concentrations are poorly understood. Therefore, this study was
      conducted to elucidate the pulmonary effects of low-level exposure to DE and the
      potential role of a ceramide de novo biosynthesis inhibitor, fumonisin B1 (FB1)
      to ameliorate the DE-toxicity. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent 1- or 7-day
      experiments (4 equal groups/experiment) and were assigned to the control, DE
      (0.1mg/m(3)), FB1 (6.75mg/kg body weight SC at days 0, 3 and 6) or DE+FB1 groups.
      DE and/or FB1 treatment had no effect on the expression of Nos2, a biomarker of
      oxidative stress. Ceramide production in the bronchial epithelial cells and Sphk1
      mRNA expression were induced in the lung after the 7-day DE exposure and were
      partially suppressed by the FB1 treatment. Additionally, the effects of DE on SP
      A and SP-D mRNA expression were also suppressed by the FB1 treatment. These
      results suggest that ceramide and Sphk1 may be sensitive biomarkers for low-level
      DE-induced pulmonary effects. Collectively, ceramide likely contributes to the DE
      induced early stage of airway inflammation, which is considered a potential
      pulmonary target during low-level DE exposure. 

PMID- 27376356
TI  - Erratum to: Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with left
      ventricular mass, biventricular function, and the presence of silent myocardial
      infarction on cardiac MRI in an asymptomatic population.

PMID- 27376355
TI  - Protein intake during pregnancy and offspring body composition at 6 years: the
      Generation R Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Intra-uterine exposure to protein may affect body composition and may
      increase the prevalence of childhood adiposity. Therefore, we examined whether
      protein intake during pregnancy is associated with offspring body composition at
      the age of 6 years and whether associations differ for animal protein and
      vegetable protein. METHODS: We included 2694 Dutch mother-child pairs
      participating in a prospective population-based cohort in Rotterdam, the
      Netherlands. Energy-adjusted protein was measured in pregnancy using a food
      frequency questionnaire and analyzed in quartiles. At a mean age of 6.1 +/- 0.4
      years, we measured children's body mass index, and fat-free mass index and fat
      mass index using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Outcomes were standardized for
      age and sex. BMI was used to classify children's overweight status. RESULTS:
      After adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, a higher maternal
      protein intake was associated with a higher children's fat-free mass index
      [difference 0.14 standard deviation (95 % CI 0.03, 0.25) for highest vs. lowest
      quartile of protein intake], but not with children's fat mass index or body mass
      index. Comparable associations were found for animal protein and vegetable
      protein. Maternal protein intake was not associated with children's overweight.
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study suggests that higher protein intake during
      pregnancy is associated with a higher fat-free mass in children at the age of 6
      years, but not with their fat mass. Our results do not suggest specific
      recommendations regarding maternal protein intake during pregnancy to prevent
      overweight in the offspring.

PMID- 27376357
TI  - Real-time analysis of the polymerization kinetics of 1,4-butanediol and 4,4'
      diphenylmethanediisocyanate by fiber-coupled Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy.
AB  - Polyurethanes are a polymer class with large property diversity. However, despite
      their extreme technical importance, only few research data regarding the on-line
      analysis and the derivation of kinetic polymerization data are available in the
      literature. The present work focuses on the in-line monitoring of the solution
      polymerization of 4,4'-diphenylmethanediisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol by fiber
      coupled FT-IR spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode at
      variable temperatures and the interpretation of the spectral changes as a
      function of polymerization progress. Furthermore, the activation energy of the
      solution polymerization will be derived from the kinetic data and experimental
      issues of the ATR in-line measurement mode will be addressed.

PMID- 27376358
TI  - Propagation of measurement accuracy to biomass soft-sensor estimation and control
      quality.
AB  - In biopharmaceutical process development and manufacturing, the online
      measurement of biomass and derived specific turnover rates is a central task to
      physiologically monitor and control the process. However, hard-type sensors such
      as dielectric spectroscopy, broth fluorescence, or permittivity measurement
      harbor various disadvantages. Therefore, soft-sensors, which use measurements of
      the off-gas stream and substrate feed to reconcile turnover rates and provide an
      online estimate of the biomass formation, are smart alternatives. For the
      reconciliation procedure, mass and energy balances are used together with
      accuracy estimations of measured conversion rates, which were so far arbitrarily
      chosen and static over the entire process. In this contribution, we present a
      novel strategy within the soft-sensor framework (named adaptive soft-sensor) to
      propagate uncertainties from measurements to conversion rates and demonstrate the
      benefits: For industrially relevant conditions, hereby the error of the resulting
      estimated biomass formation rate and specific substrate consumption rate could be
      decreased by 43 and 64 %, respectively, compared to traditional soft-sensor
      approaches. Moreover, we present a generic workflow to determine the required raw
      signal accuracy to obtain predefined accuracies of soft-sensor estimations.
      Thereby, appropriate measurement devices and maintenance intervals can be
      selected. Furthermore, using this workflow, we demonstrate that the estimation
      accuracy of the soft-sensor can be additionally and substantially increased.

PMID- 27376360
TI  - Mixed Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as Forward Osmosis Draw Agents of
      Tuned Hydrophilicity.
AB  - We recently reported a polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) draw agent for
      the forward osmosis (FO) water desalination process. The water flux was found to
      increase when the polymer poly(sodium acrylate) (PSA) was anchored to the MNP
      surface as compared to the polymer (or polyelectrolyte solution) alone, due to
      the polymer chains being stretched out and most of the hydrophilic groups on the
      polymer contributing to water flux. We herein report the use of a secondary
      polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAM to manipulate the PSA polymer
      conformation and influence inter- and intrachain interactions to enhance the
      efficiency of the FO draw agent. These PSA-PNIPAM-coated MNPs generated a much
      higher water flux of ~11.66 LMH when compared to the 100 % PSA-coated MNPs
      featuring a value of ~5.32 LMH under identical FO conditions. The osmotic
      pressure and water flux driven by the mixed polymer-coated MNPs were found to be
      a strong function of the net polymer coverage on MNPs, that is, net available
      hydrophilic groups. Our new draw agent demonstrates potential for use in the
      water industry due to its improved efficiency and cost effectiveness as it uses
      only ~0.062 % (w/v) of the draw agent solution. 

PMID- 27376359
TI  - [Focal dose escalation in the treatment of prostate cancer : Long-term results of
      HDR brachytherapy].
AB  - BACKGROUND: We prospectively examined the effect and the safety of intensity
      modulated HDR brachytherapy (IMBT) with focal dose escalation. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 139 patients undergoing primary therapy for prostate cancer
      and 11 patients with recurrence were included. Data analysis focused on the
      following factors: date of primary diagnosis, Gleason score, initial prostate
      specific antigen (PSA) value, PSA nadir, volume of the prostate in the
      transrectal ultrasound, biopsy of the prostate gland, androgen deprivation,
      chemotherapy, uroflowmetry, pre- and postoperative post-void residual urine
      (PVR), number of the needles in the prostate lobes and analysis of follow-up
      data. RESULTS: In the primary therapy group, 87.6 % of the patients had a PSA of
      0-4 ng/ml at the time of follow-up, while in the recurrence group 81.8 % of
      patients were within this range. Overall, 55.8 % of patients in the primary group
      had a PSA nadir under 0.1 ng/ml, 37.2 % under 1 ng/ml, 5.8 % under 5 ng/ml and
      1.2 % (1 patient) over 5 ng/ml. In the recurrence group, 100 % had a PSA nadir
      under 0.1 ng/dl. Fifty patients of the primary group reported grade 1 toxicity
      (Common Toxicity Criteria): 29 localized to the bladder and 21 to the rectum.
      Seventeen patients had grade 2 toxicity of the bladder and 1 patient had grade 3
      toxicity of the bladder. Finally there was one grade 4 toxicity due to
      perforation of the sigmoid colon. In the recurrence group, 3 patients with grade
      1 toxicity were observed (2 bladder and 1 bowl). Also 3 patients had grade 2
      toxicity of the bladder, 1 patient had a grade 3 bladder toxicity and 1 patient
      had grade 4 toxicity due to bowl fistula. There were no grade 5 toxicities.
      CONCLUSION: The modifications of the "Kiel method" with focal dose escalation was
      proven as effective in locally advanced prostate carcinoma and in local
      recurrences of the disease with low level toxicity.

PMID- 27376361
TI  - Prognostic value of CALR vs. JAK2V617F mutations on splenomegaly, leukemic
      transformation, thrombosis, and overall survival in patients with primary
      fibrosis: a meta-analysis.
AB  - The understanding of genetic basis for Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative
      neoplasm (MPN) has got much progress in recent years. But the effect of CALR vs.
      JAK2V617F mutations on the clinical progression and prognosis of primary fibrosis
      (PMF) remains relatively obscure. In this meta-analysis, we searched Pubmed,
      Embase, and Web of Science databases for observational studies published until
      February 2016. Researches that evaluated CALR vs. JAK2V617F mutations on PMF
      relevant complications (splenomegaly, leukemic transformation, or thrombosis) and
      overall survival were selected. Pooled adjust odds ratio (OR), hazard risk (HR),
      and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the CALR
      mutant versus the JAK2-mutant categories. Twelve studies involving 435 CALR
      mutated and 1116 JAK2V617F PMF patients were analyzed. CALR-mutated patients
      displayed a lower risk of splenomegaly (OR 0.47, 95 % CI 0.29-0.78) and
      thrombosis (OR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.29-0.92) but showed no significant difference in
      the risk of leukemic transformation (OR 0.90, 95 % CI 0.55-1.47) when compared
      with JAK2-mutated patients. CALR mutation favorably affected overall survival
      while JAK2 mutation led to poorer survival rate (HR 2.58, 95 % CI 2.08-3.20).
      This meta-analysis confirmed that a genetic classification of PMF by CALR and
      JAK2 mutations carried significant prognostic relevance. 

PMID- 27376362
TI  - Impact of Fc gamma-receptor polymorphisms on the response to rituximab treatment
      in children and adolescents with mature B cell lymphoma/leukemia.
AB  - Recent studies in adult lymphoma patients have indicated a correlation between
      polymorphisms of Fc gamma-receptors (FcgammaRs, encoded by the respective FCGR
      genes) and the response to rituximab treatment. In vitro, cells expressing
      FcgammaRIIIa-158V mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) more
      efficiently than cells expressing FcgammaRIIIa-158F. The impact of the FCGR2A
      131HR polymorphism is unclear. In this study, the FCGR polymorphisms FCGR3A-158VF
      and FCGR2A-131HR were analyzed in pediatric patients with mature aggressive B
      cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma/leukemia (B-NHL). Pediatric patients received a single
      dose of rituximab monotherapy. Response was evaluated on day 5 followed by
      standard chemotherapy for B-NHL. Among 105 evaluable patients, a response to
      rituximab was observed in 21 % of those homozygous for FcgammaRIIa-131RR (5/24)
      compared to 48 % of patients who were HH and HR FcgammaRIIa-131 allele carriers
      (18/34 and 21/47, respectively; p = 0.044). Among patients with the FCGR3A-158
      polymorphism, those homozygous for the FF genotype had a significantly favorable
      rituximab response rate of 59 % (22/37) compared to 32 % in patients who were
      FcgammaRIIIa-158VV and FcgammaRIIIa-VF allele carriers (2/9 and 20/59,
      respectively; p = 0.022). A stringent phase II response evaluation of children
      and adolescents with B-NHL after one dose of rituximab monotherapy showed a
      significant association between the rituximab response rate and FCGR
      polymorphisms. These findings support the hypothesis that FCGR polymorphisms
      represent patient-specific parameters that influence the response to rituximab. 

PMID- 27376363
TI  - Outcome analysis of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell
      transplantation in adolescent and young adults with relapsed or refractory
      Hodgkin lymphoma.
AB  - High-dose chemotherapy (HDC) and autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT)
      can salvage many patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). We
      are reporting the outcome of HDC auto-SCT and the impact of 21 prognostic factors
      in relapsed and refractory adolescent (14-21 years) and young adult (>21-30
      years) (AYA) HL patients. We used Fine and Gray's competing risk analysis method
      and regression model for outcome analysis. From 1996 to 2013, 290 consecutive
      patients with biopsy-proven HL underwent HDC auto-SCT for relapsed/refractory HL;
      216 patients (74.5 %) were AYA at the time of auto-SCT. Male/female were equal,
      median age at auto-SCT was 22.4 years, and there were 94 adolescent (43.5 %) and
      122 young adults (56.5 %). There was refractory disease in 121 (56 %) patients,
      relapsed in 95 (44 %). Median follow-up was 72.6 months. The Kaplan-Meier method
      estimated that 5-year overall survival is 62.7 % (adolescents (63.5 %), young
      adults (62 %)) and event-free survival was 51.3 %. Five-year cumulative incidence
      of disease-specific death (DS-death) is 33 % and that of DS-event is 45 %. For DS
      death, the multivariate analysis identified complete remission (CR) duration of
      <12 months (hazard ratio (HR) 3.61, P = 0.0009), no CR after salvage (HR: 3.93, P
      = 0.0002), and nodular sclerosis pathology (HR 3.3, P = 0.016) and positive B
      symptoms (HR 2, P = 0.028) as negative factors. For DS-event, CR duration of <12
      months (HR 1.88, P = 0.02), no CR after salvage (HR 3.47, P = 0.000005) and
      nodular sclerosis pathology (HR 1.88, P = 0.02) were found significant. The
      Kaplan-Meier method estimated overall survival (OS) at 36 months with 0-2:3:4
      factors being 93.6:54:21 %, respectively (P value <0.001). Kaplan-Meier estimated
      event-free survival (EFS) at 36 months with 0-1:2:3 factors being 84.6:65:31 %,
      respectively (P value <0.001). Clinically, adolescents have similar outcomes as
      young adults. 

PMID- 27376364
TI  - The Sangre Por Salud Biobank: Facilitating Genetic Research in an
      Underrepresented Latino Community.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The Sangre Por Salud (Blood for Health; SPS) Biobank was created
      for the purpose of expanding precision medicine research to include
      underrepresented Latino patients. It is the result of a unique collaboration
      between Mayo Clinic and Mountain Park Health Center, a federally qualified
      community health center in Phoenix, Arizona. This report describes the rationale,
      development, implementation, and characteristics of the SPS Biobank. METHODS:
      Latino adults (ages 18-85 years) who were active patients within Mountain Park
      Health Center's internal medicine practice in Phoenix, Ariz., and had no history
      of diabetes were eligible. Participants provided a personal and family history of
      chronic disease, completed a sociodemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral
      questionnaire, underwent a comprehensive cardiometabolic risk assessment
      (anthropometrics, blood pressure and labs), and provided blood samples for
      banking. Laboratory results of cardiometabolic testing were returned to the
      participants and their providers through the electronic health record. RESULTS:
      During the first 2 years of recruitment into the SPS Biobank, 2,335 patients were
      approached and 1,432 (61.3%) consented to participate; 1,354 (94.5%) ultimately
      completed all requisite questionnaires and medical evaluations. The cohort is
      primarily Spanish-speaking (72.9%), female (73.3%), with a mean age of 41.3 +/-
      12.5 years. Most participants were born outside of the US (77.9%) and do not have
      health insurance (77.5%). The prevalence of overweight (35.5%) and obesity
      (45.0%) was high, as was previously unidentified prediabetes (55.9%), type 2
      diabetes (7.4%), prehypertension (46.8%), and hypertension (16.2%). The majority
      of participants rated their health as good to excellent (72.1%) and, as a whole,
      described their overall quality of life as high (7.9/10). CONCLUSION:
      Collaborative efforts such as the SPS Biobank are critical for ensuring that
      underrepresented minority populations are included in precision medicine
      initiatives and biomedical research that seeks to improve human health and reduce
      the burdens of disease.

PMID- 27376365
TI  - UCP2 and PLIN1 Expression Affects the Resting Metabolic Rate and Weight Loss on
      Obese Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Analysis of the expression of genes related to the energy metabolism
      can elucidate the understanding of physiological and genetic factors that
      contribute to obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of genes and
      its influence on resting metabolic rate and weight loss in obese patients before
      and after bariatric surgery. METHODS: This study was conducted on 23 women, who
      were divided into two groups: bariatric surgery (preoperative and 6 months after
      surgery) and control. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were
      collected to analyze the gene expression, and the resting metabolic rate (RMR)
      was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS: Significant differences were
      observed in weight reduction (22 %, p = 0.01), BMI (22.5 %, p = 0.01), and RMR
      values (10.5 %, p = 0.01) after the bariatric surgery, while the weight-adjusted
      RMR increased (15.8 %, p = 0.01). Increased UCP2 expression after 6 months of
      Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) as compared to preoperative period (0.764 to
      1.268, p = 0.01) was observed. Analysis with weight-adjusted RMR as dependent
      variable revealed that UCP2 (r 2 = 0.517, p = 0.01) and PLIN1 (r 2 = 0.420, p =
      0.04) expression determine the RMR values in preoperative period. Moreover, UCP2
      and PLIN1 expression in preoperative period influenced the percentage of weight
      loss, even when adjusted for age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that
      after 6 months of bariatric surgery, there is significant increase in the UCP2
      expression. Additionally, the expression of UCP2 and PLIN1 genes influences the
      resting metabolic rate in obese individuals and could predict the weight loss
      after bariatric surgery.

PMID- 27376366
TI  - How can we restore biodiversity and ecosystem services in mining and industrial
      sites?

PMID- 27376367
TI  - Occurrence of Legionella in wastewater treatment plants linked to wastewater
      characteristics.
AB  - In recent years, the occurrence of Legionella in wastewater treatment plants
      (WWTP) has often been reported. However, until now there is limited knowledge
      about the factors that promote Legionella's growth in such systems. The aim of
      this study was to investigate the chemical wastewater parameters that might be
      correlated to the concentration of Legionella spp. in WWTP receiving industrial
      effluents. For this purpose, samples were collected at different processes in
      three WWTP. In 100 % of the samples taken from the activated sludge tanks
      Legionella spp. were detected at varying concentrations (4.8 to 5.6 log GU/mL) by
      the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method, but not by the
      culture method. Statistical analysis with various parameters yielded positive
      correlations of Legionella spp. concentration with particulate chemical oxygen
      demand, Kjeldahl nitrogen and protein concentration. Amino acids were quantified
      in wastewater and activated sludge samples at concentrations that may not support
      the growth of Legionella, suggesting that in activated sludge tanks this
      bacterium multiplied in protozoan hosts. 

PMID- 27376369
TI  - Depletion of tropospheric ozone associated with mineral dust outbreaks.
AB  - From May to September 2012, ozone reductions associated with 15 Saharan dust
      outbreaks which occurred between May to September 2012 have been evaluated. The
      campaign was performed at a mountain station located near the eastern coast of
      the Iberian Peninsula. The study has two main goals: firstly, to analyze the
      decreasing gradient of ozone concentration during the course of the Saharan
      episodes. These gradients vary from 0.2 to 0.6 ppb h(-1) with an average value of
      0.39 ppb h(-1). The negative correlation between ozone and coarse particles
      occurs almost simultaneously. Moreover, although the concentration of coarse
      particles remained high throughout the episode, the time series shows the
      saturation of the ozone loss. The highest ozone depletion has been obtained
      during the last hours of the day, from 18:00 to 23:00 UTC. Outbreaks registered
      during this campaign have been more intense in this time slot. The second
      objective is to establish from which coarse particle concentration a significant
      ozone depletion can be observed and to quantify this reduction. In this regard,
      it has been confirmed that when the hourly particle concentration recorded during
      the Saharan dust outbreaks is above the hourly particle median values (N > N
      median), the ozone concentration reduction obtained is statistically significant.
      An average ozone reduction of 5.5 % during Saharan events has been recorded. In
      certain cases, this percentage can reach values of higher than 15 %. 

PMID- 27376368
TI  - Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria during
      gatifloxacin degradation by hydroxyl radicals.
AB  - Gatifloxacin, an antimicrobial drug belonging to the fluoroquinolone family, is
      active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is extensively used
      for the control of infections in humans. The presence of the drug in
      environmental matrices has already been reported. This study investigated the
      degradation of gatifloxacin in water by hydroxyl radicals generated by the UV254
      nm/H2O2 process ([Formula: see text] 0.4-2.4 mmol L-1) and evaluated the capacity
      of the radicals to reduce the antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and
      Gram-negative bacteria. Acute toxicity assays were performed with Vibrio
      fischeri, and the degradation products were proposed. The hydroxyl radicals
      formed in the processes were able to degrade the fluoroquinolone and remove the
      antimicrobial activity from the aqueous solution. Approximately 97 % gatifloxacin
      degradation was observed after applying 2.4 mmol L-1 of initial H2O2
      concentration and 20 min of UVC254nm irradiation (130 J s-1). The acute toxicity
      assays showed that the toxicity of the treated solution for V. fischeri increased
      as the gatifloxacin concentration in the solution decreased.

PMID- 27376370
TI  - Prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in contaminated areas of
      the Santos-Sao Vicente Estuarine region and Bertioga, Brazil: 2006-2009.
AB  - In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases account for 33% of deaths and the prevalence
      of hypertension is of approximately 22%. The Santos and Sao Vicente Estuarine
      System is the most important example of environmental degradation by chemicals
      from industrial sources. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
      prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors in the population of this
      estuary in the period 2006-2009. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess
      the aforementioned prevalence of hypertension in the evaluated areas, as well as
      risk factors for this disease in four contaminated areas located in the Estuary,
      and one area outside Estuary, the city of Bertioga. Associations between
      categorical variables were tested using Pearson's chi-square test incorporating
      Yates' correction, or Fisher's exact test. Single and multiple logistic
      regression models were applied to evaluate the risk factors for hypertension. The
      highest prevalence of hypertension was found in Continental Sao Vicente (28.4%).
      The risk factors for hypertension were the following: living in Center of Cubatao
      (OR: 1.3; IC95%: 1.0 - 1.6) and Continental Sao Vicente (OR: 1.4; IC95%: 1.1 -
      1.8); illiterate (OR: 1.9; IC95%: 1.1 - 3.2); living in the area for more than 20
      years (OR: 1.2; IC95%: 1.0 - 1.5); group of people aged 36-60 years (OR: 3.9;
      IC95%: 3.3 - 4.6) and who have had past occupational exposure (OR: 1.3; IC95%:
      1.1 - 1.6). Results indicate that living in contaminated areas, especially for a
      longer time, is a risk factor for hypertension. 

PMID- 27376371
TI  - Hispanics' Satisfaction with Free Clinic Providers: An Analysis of Patient
      Centered Medical Home Characteristics.
AB  - Hispanic Americans are less likely to be insured and they experience cultural and
      linguistic barriers that may prevent them from obtaining necessary and preventive
      healthcare. Adoption of Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) concepts in
      healthcare settings utilized by Hispanics could improve Hispanic patients'
      satisfaction with their healthcare providers. This study examined the association
      between Spanish-speaking and non-Spanish-speaking patients' perceptions of PCMH
      characteristics and satisfaction with the provider. Data were collected using a
      self-administered survey from two unaffiliated free clinics. Logistic regression
      modeled the associations between patients' perceptions of PCMH and their
      satisfaction with their provider, and their desire to see the same provider in
      the future. The sample consisted of 367 adults; 44 % were Spanish-speaking.
      Spanish-speaking patients were younger, less educated, and had fewer chronic
      conditions than non-Spanish-speaking patients. In adjusted analyses for each
      population, better ratings of the provider's communication skills were associated
      with increased satisfaction with the provider (Spanish-speaking: OR = 8.33, 95 %
      CI = 2.19-31.76; non-Spanish-speaking: OR = 31.39, 95 % CI = 6.91-142.62), and
      willingness to see the provider again (Spanish-speaking: OR = 12.54, 95 % CI =
      2.80-56.24; non-Spanish-speaking: OR = 8.77, 95 % CI = 2.40-31.96). Among Spanish
      speakers, lower perceived discrimination was associated with 137 % increased odds
      and higher perceived staff helpfulness had 212 % increased odds of seeing the
      provider again. Relative to other PCMH components, interpersonal skills were the
      most important factors in patient satisfaction with free clinics. Increased
      training for clinicians on cultural competence and clinician-patient
      communication may lead to improved patient satisfaction for both Spanish and non
      Spanish speakers seen at free clinics, particularly clinics in states without
      Medicaid expansion.

PMID- 27376374
TI  - Biographic Characteristics and Factors Perceived as Affecting Female and Male
      Careers in Academic Surgery: The Tenured Gender Battle to Make It to the Top.
AB  - PURPOSE: Given the high attrition rate in the field of academic surgery, we aimed
      to characterise the professional and personal situations of female and male
      academic surgeons as well as to gather data on their respective perceptions of
      career advancement and work satisfaction. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional
      survey in Germany, inviting all identifiable academically highly qualified female
      surgeons and their male counterparts in a 1:2 ratio to participate. An anonymous
      103-item online questionnaire was designed and the data collected between July
      and September 2014. RESULTS: The questionnaire was sent to 93 female and 200 male
      surgeons, of whom 63 women (67.7%) and 70 men (35.0%) replied. The average age
      was 47.5 and 47.1 years, respectively. Respondents identified 'high degree of
      expertise', 'ambition', and 'clarity of one's professional aims' as important
      factors affecting professional career development. Both groups felt 'workload',
      'working hours/shifts', and 'gender' to be a hindrance, the latter of
      significantly greater importance to female surgeons. The mean work satisfaction
      scores were high in both female (69.5%) and male (75.7%) surgeons. The predictors
      'support from superiors' (standardised beta coefficient = 0.41) and 'manual
      aptitude' (beta = 0.41) contributed incrementally to the variance in 'high degree
      of work satisfaction' (90-100%) observed for female surgeons. However, childcare
      provided by 'kindergarten/creche/after-school care' had the greatest negative
      predictive value (beta = -1.33). CONCLUSIONS: Although there are many parallels,
      female faculty members experience the culture of academic surgery to some extent
      differently from their male counterparts, especially when impacted by parenthood
      and childcare. Faculty development programmes need to develop strategies to
      improve perceived equality in career opportunities by respecting individuals'
      requirements as well as offering gender-appropriate career guidance.

PMID- 27376373
TI  - Efficacy and Treatment Costs of Monotherapy with bDMARDs in the Treatment of
      Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients Intolerant to or Inappropriate to Continue
      Treatment with Methotrexate.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Only limited information is available on cost efficacy of the
      various biological agents used to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis with
      intolerance or for whom it would be inappropriate to continue treatment with
      conventional agents. We estimated the efficacy and treatment costs of monotherapy
      with biological agents in the treatment of this group of patients. METHODS: Data
      from two previous meta-analyses in the treatment of patients who are intolerant
      to methotrexate (MTX), or for whom it would be inappropriate to continue
      treatment with MTX was used. Pharmacoeconomic comparison between biological
      agents was carried out to estimate the respective cost for the number needed to
      treat (NNT) compared to placebo using both American College of Rheumatology (ACR)
      and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria. The analysis involved
      the four agents approved in Italy: adalimumab (ADA), etanercept (ETN),
      certolizumab pegol (CTZ), and tocilizumab (TCZ). A six-month period was
      considered sufficient to understand the most important differences in efficacy
      and treatment costs. Direct medical costs, including pharmacological therapy,
      administration and monitoring were considered. RESULTS: Using both ACR and EULAR
      criteria, TCZ (intravenous [iv]/subcutaneous [sc]) had a lower NNT than the other
      agents. The difference in NNT observed for ETN was more pronounced with EULAR
      criteria, whereas in the comparison with ADA, the most sensitive differences were
      observed with ACR criteria. ETN had the lowest treatment cost (?6402.19),
      followed by ADA (?6698.84), TCZ sc (?6887.61), and TCZ iv (?7130.83). TCZ sc had
      the lowest cost for NNT with both ACR and EULAR criteria. The differences
      compared to ETN and ADA were significant and related with the level of efficacy.
      Sensitivity analysis confirmed these results. CONCLUSION: TCZ is a cost-effective
      therapeutic option compared to other tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors (ADA,
      ETA, CTZ) as first-line monotherapy for patients who are intolerant to MTX, or
      for whom it is inappropriate to continue treatment with MTX. FUNDING: Roche SpA.

PMID- 27376375
TI  - Experimental infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 in mice
      induces inflammatory cell infiltration in the spleen.
AB  - Previously, our study showed that oral inoculation of mice with cytopathic (cp)
      bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) led to lymphocyte depletion and increased
      numbers of megakaryocytes in the spleen as well as thrombocytopenia and
      lymphopenia. In the present study, to investigate the possible differences in the
      detection of viral antigen, histopathological lesions, and hematologic changes
      between non-cytopathic (ncp) BVDV1 and cp BVDV1, mice were orally administered
      low and high doses of ncp BVDV1 and were necropsied at days 0, 2, 5, and 9
      postinfection (pi). None of the ncp BVDV1-infected mice exhibited clinical signs
      of illness, unlike those infected with cp BVDV1. Statistically significant
      thrombocytopenia was observed during ncp BVDV1 infection, and lymphopenia was
      found only in mice infected with a high dose at day 9 pi. Interestingly, ncp
      BVDV1 infection increased the numbers of basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and
      monocytes in some infected mice. Viral antigen was detected in the lymphocytes of
      the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and bone marrow by
      immunohistochemistry. Lymphoid depletion was evident in the mesenteric lymph
      nodes of mice infected with a high dose and also found in the Peyer's patches of
      some infected mice. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and
      monocytes, and an increased number of megakaryocytes were seen in the spleen.
      These results suggest that the distribution of viral antigens is not associated
      with the presence of histopathological lesions. Inflammatory cell infiltration
      was observed in the spleens as a result of viral replication and may be
      attributable to the host reaction to ncp BVDV1 infection. Together, these
      findings support the possibility that mice can be used as an animal model for
      BVDV infection. 

PMID- 27376372
TI  - Localization of the delta opioid receptor and corticotropin-releasing factor in
      the amygdalar complex: role in anxiety.
AB  - It is well established that central nervous system norepinephrine (NE) and
      corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems are important mediators of
      behavioral responses to stressors. More recent studies have defined a role for
      delta opioid receptors (DOPR) in maintaining emotional valence including anxiety.
      The amygdala plays an important role in processing emotional stimuli, and has
      been implicated in the development of anxiety disorders. Activation of DOPR or
      inhibition of CRF in the amygdala reduces baseline and stress-induced anxiety
      like responses. It is not known whether CRF- and DOPR-containing amygdalar
      neurons interact or whether they are regulated by NE afferents. Therefore, this
      study sought to better define interactions between the CRF, DOPR and NE systems
      in the basolateral (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of the male
      rat using anatomical and functional approaches. Irrespective of the amygdalar
      subregion, dual immunofluorescence microscopy showed that DOPR was present in CRF
      containing neurons. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that DOPR was localized
      to both dendritic processes and axon terminals in the BLA and CeA. Semi
      quantitative dual immunoelectron microscopy analysis of gold-silver labeling for
      DOPR and immunoperoxidase labeling for CRF revealed that 55 % of the CRF neurons
      analyzed contained DOPR in the BLA while 67 % of the CRF neurons analyzed
      contained DOPR in the CeA. Furthermore, approximately 41 % of DOPR-labeled axon
      terminals targeted BLA neurons that expressed CRF while 29 % of DOPR-labeled axon
      terminals targeted CeA neurons that expressed CRF. Triple label
      immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that DOPR and CRF were co-localized in
      common cellular profiles that were in close proximity to NE-containing fibers in
      both subregions. These anatomical results indicate significant interactions
      between DOPR and CRF in this critical limbic region and reveal that NE is poised
      to regulate these peptidergic systems in the amygdala. Functional studies were
      performed to determine if activation of DOPR could inhibit the anxiety produced
      by elevation of NE in the amygdala using the pharmacological stressor yohimbine.
      Administration of the DOPR agonist, SNC80, significantly attenuated elevated
      anxiogenic behaviors produced by yohimbine as measured in the rat on the elevated
      zero maze. Taken together, results from this study demonstrate the convergence of
      three important systems, NE, CRF, and DOPR, in the amygdala and provide insight
      into their functional role in modulating stress and anxiety responses.

PMID- 27376378
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376377
TI  - The complete genome sequence of a novel Fusarium graminearum RNA virus in a new
      proposed family within the order Tymovirales.
AB  - The complete nucleotide sequence of Fusarium graminearum deltaflexivirus 1
      (FgDFV1), a novel positive single-stranded (+ss) RNA mycovirus, was sequenced and
      analyzed. The complete genome of FgDFV1/BJ59 was shown to be 8246 nucleotides
      (nt) long excluding the poly(A) tail. FgDFV1/BJ59 was predicted to contain a
      large open reading frame (ORF 1) and four smaller ORFs (2-5). ORF1 encodes a
      putative replication-associated polyprotein (RP) of 2042 amino acids (aa) and
      contains three conserved domains, viral RNA methyltransferase (Mtr), viral RNA
      helicase (Hel) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). ORFs 2-5 encode four
      putative small hypothetical proteins (12-18 kDa) with unknown biological
      functions. Phylogenetic analysis based on RP sequences indicated that FgDFV1 is
      phylogenetically related to soybean leaf-associated mycoflexivirus 1 (SlaMyfV1)
      and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum deltaflexivirus 1 (SsDFV1), which form a well
      supported and independent group belonging to a newly proposed family
      Deltaflexiviridae within the order Tymovirales. However, FgDFV1 is markedly
      different from SsDFV1 and SlaMyfV1 in genome organization and nucleotide
      sequence. FgDFV1 may represent an additional species in the new genus
      Deltaflexivirus or possibly a new genus in the proposed family Deltaflexiviridae.

PMID- 27376376
TI  - The Vibrio parahaemolyticus-infecting bacteriophage qdvp001: genome sequence and
      endolysin with a modular structure.
AB  - Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a marine pathogen, is a causative agent of
      gastroenteritis in humans after consumption of contaminated seafood. In recent
      years, infections with V. parahaemolyticus have become an increasingly frequent
      factor in microbial food poisoning; therefore, it is urgent to figure out ways to
      control Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Endolysins, lytic enzymes encoded by
      bacteriophages, have been regarded as a therapeutic alternative to antibiotics in
      control of bacterial growth and have been successfully utilized in various areas.
      Here, we report the full genome sequence of the novel phage qdvp001, which lyses
      Vibrio parahaemolyticus 17802. The qdvp001 genome consists of a 134,742-bp DNA
      with a G+C content of 35.35 % and 227 putative open reading frames. Analysis
      revealed that the qdvp001 open reading frames encoded various putative functional
      proteins with a putative endolysin gene (ORF 60). No holin genes were identified
      in qdvp001. ORF 60 was cloned and expressed. The results showed that the purified
      endolysin Lysqdvp001 had a high hydrolytic activity toward Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus and a broader spectrum compared to that of the parental
      bacteriophage qdvp001. Thus, purified endolysin Lysqdvp001 has a potential to be
      used as an antibacterial agent in the future. 

PMID- 27376379
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376380
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376381
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376382
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376383
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376384
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376385
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376386
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376387
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376388
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376389
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376390
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376391
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376393
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376392
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376394
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376395
TI  - A Plasmonic Platform with Disordered Array of Metal Nanoparticles for Three-Order
      Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence and Highly Sensitive Near-Infrared
      Photodetector.
AB  - Three-order enhanced upconversion luminescence from upconversion nanoparticles is
      suggested by way of a promising platform utilizing a disordered array of
      plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Its application toward highly sensitive NIR
      photodetectors is discussed.

PMID- 27376396
TI  - Insights into the structural patterns of the antileishmanial activity of bi- and
      tricyclic N-heterocycles.
AB  - The influence of various structural patterns in a series of novel bi- and
      tricyclic N-heterocycles on the activity against Leishmania major and Leishmania
      panamensis has been studied and compounds that are active in the low micromolar
      region have been identified. Both quinolines and tetrahydrooxazinoindoles (TOI)
      proved to have significant antileishmanial activities, while substituted indoles
      were inactive. We have also showed that a chloroquine analogue induces Leishmania
      killing by modulating macrophage activation. 

PMID- 27376397
TI  - Indicators of a health-promoting local food environment: a conceptual framework
      to inform urban planning policy and practice.

PMID- 27376398
TI  - The importance of personality and life-events in anxious depression: from trait
      to state anxiety.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Anxious depression is associated with severe impairment and bad
      prognoses. We hypothesize that recent life-events are associated with more
      anxiety in late-life depression and that this is conditional upon the level of
      certain personality traits. METHOD: Baseline data of the Netherlands Study of
      Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) were used. In 333 patients (>=60 years)
      suffering from a major depressive disorder, anxiety was assessed with the BAI,
      personality traits with the NEO-FFI and the Mastery Scale, and life-events with
      the Brugha questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were applied with
      anxiety severity as dependent and life-events and personality traits as
      independent variables. RESULTS: 147 patients (44.1%) had recently experienced one
      or more life-events. The presence of a life-event is not associated with anxiety
      (p = .161) or depression severity (p = .440). However, certain personality traits
      interacted with life-events in explaining anxiety severity. Stratified analyses
      showed that life-events were associated with higher anxiety levels in case of
      high levels of neuroticism and openness and low levels of conscientiousness or
      mastery. CONCLUSIONS: In the face of a life-event, personality traits may play a
      central role in increased anxiety levels in late-life depression.

PMID- 27376399
TI  - Cotesia vestalis parasitization suppresses expression of a Plutella xylostella
      thioredoxin.
AB  - Thioredoxins (Trxs) are a family of small, highly conserved and ubiquitous
      proteins involved in protecting organisms against toxic reactive oxygen species.
      In this study, a typical thioredoxin gene, PxTrx, was isolated from Plutella
      xylostella. The full-length cDNA sequence is composed of 959 bp containing a 321
      bp open reading frame that encodes a predicted protein of 106 amino acids, a
      predicted molecular weight of 11.7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.03. PxTrx
      was mainly expressed in larval Malpighian tubules and the fat body. An enriched
      recombinant PxTrx had insulin disulphide reductase activity and stimulated Human
      Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cell proliferation. It also protected supercoiled
      DNA and living HEK293 cells from H2 O2 -induced damage. Parasitization by Cotesia
      vestalis and injections of 0.05 and 0.01 equivalents of C. vestalis Bracovirus
      (CvBv), the symbiotic virus carried by the parasitoid, led to down-regulation of
      PxTrx expression in host fat body. Taken together, our results indicate that
      PxTrx contributes to the maintenance of P. xylostella cellular haemostasis. Host
      fat body expression of PxTrx is strongly attenuated by parasitization and by
      injections of CvBv.

PMID- 27376400
TI  - Apatinib for the treatment of gastric cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Apatinib, a small-molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth
      factor receptor 2, has demonstrated encouraging anti-cancer activity in gastric
      cancer within both in vitro and in vivo models. AREAS COVERED: Apatinib's
      efficacy, tolerability and safety have been evaluated in one Phase II and one
      Phase III study in metastatic/advanced gastric cancer. In this review, we focus
      on the mechanism of action of apatinib, its pharmacokinetic profile and its
      clinical activity in the treatment of advanced/metastatic gastric cancer. Expert
      commentary: Unfortunately, as yet, there is no definitive biomarker data for
      apatinib in gastric cancer.

PMID- 27376401
TI  - Bacterial infections in HIV-infected children admitted with severe acute
      malnutrition in Durban, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bacterial infections in HIV-infected children admitted with severe
      acute malnutrition (SAM) contribute to higher mortality and poorer outcomes. This
      study describes the spectrum of bacterial infections in antiretroviral treatment
      (ART)-naive, HIV-infected children admitted with SAM. METHODS: Between July 2012
      and February 2015, 82 children were prospectively enrolled in the King Edward
      VIII Hospital, Durban. Specimens obtained on and during admission for
      microbiological evaluation, if clinically indicated, included blood, urine
      (obtained by catheterisation or suprapubic aspiration), induced sputum and
      cerebrospinal fluid. All positive bacterial cultures between admission and 30
      days after enrollment were documented and characterised into samples taken either
      within 2 days of admission (infections on admission) or within 2-30 days of
      admission (hospital-acquired infections, HAIs). RESULTS: On admission, 67% of
      patients had abnormal white blood cell counts (WBCC) (>12 or <4 * 109/L) and 70%
      had elevated CRP; 65% were classified as severely immunosuppressed according to
      the WHO immunological classification.1 A pathogen was isolated on the admission
      blood culture in four patients (6%) and in 27% of urine specimens. HAIs were
      predominately Gram-negative (39/43), and 39.5% were extended-spectrum beta
      lactamase-positive. Mortality was not significantly associated with isolation of
      a bacterial pathogen. CONCLUSIONS: Routine pre-hospital administration of
      antibiotics as per the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI)
      guidelines may be responsible for the low rates of positive admission blood
      cultures. HAIs with drug-resistant Gram-negative organisms are an area of concern
      and strategies to improve the prevention of HAIs in this vulnerable population
      are urgently needed.

PMID- 27376402
TI  - Fast blood-flow simulation for large arterial trees containing thousands of
      vessels.
AB  - Blood flow modelling has previously been successfully carried out in arterial
      trees to study pulse wave propagation using nonlinear or linear flow solvers.
      However, the number of vessels used in the simulations seldom grows over a few
      hundred. The aim of this work is to present a computationally efficient solver
      coupled with highly detailed arterial trees containing thousands of vessels. The
      core of the solver is based on a modified transmission line method, which
      exploits the analogy between electrical current in finite-length conductors and
      blood flow in vessels. The viscoelastic behaviour of the arterial-wall is taken
      into account using a complex elastic modulus. The flow is solved vessel by vessel
      in the frequency domain and the calculated output pressure is then used as an
      input boundary condition for daughter vessels. The computational results yield
      pulsatile blood pressure and flow rate for every segment in the tree. This solver
      is coupled with large arterial trees generated from a three-dimensional
      constrained constructive optimisation algorithm. The tree contains thousands of
      blood vessels with radii spanning ~1 mm in the root artery to ~30 MUm in leaf
      vessels. The computation takes seconds to complete for a vasculature of 2048
      vessels and less than 2 min for a vasculature of 4096 vessels on a desktop
      computer.

PMID- 27376403
TI  - Complete response in metastatic renal cell carcinoma after radiotherapy and
      everolimus: a clinical case and review of the literature.
AB  - We report the case of a man affected by renal cell carcinoma with vertebral
      metastases, who presented a radiological complete response after systemic
      treatment with everolimus. 

PMID- 27376404
TI  - Economic impact of expanded use of biologic therapy for the treatment of
      rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and
      Mexico.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate economic impact resulting from increased biologics use
      for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn's disease (CD) in Argentina,
      Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. METHODS: The influence of increasing biologics use
      for treatment of RA during 2012-2022 and for treatment of CD during 2013-2023 was
      modeled from a societal perspective. The economic model incorporated current and
      projected medical, indirect, and drug costs and epidemiologic and economic
      factors. Costs associated with expanded biologics use for RA were compared with
      non-expanded use in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. A similar analysis
      was conducted for CD in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. RESULTS: Accounting for
      additional costs of biologics and medical and indirect cost offsets, the model
      predicts that expanded use of biologics for patients with RA from 2012 to 2022
      will result in cumulative net cost savings of ARS$2.351 billion in Argentina,
      R$9.004 billion in Brazil, COP$728.577 billion in Colombia, and MXN$18.02 billion
      in Mexico; expanded use of biologics for patients with CD from 2013 to 2023 will
      result in cumulative net cost savings for patients with CD of R$0.082 billion in
      Brazil, COP$502.74 billion in Colombia, and MXN$1.80 billion in Mexico. Indirect
      cost offsets associated with expanded biologics use were a key driver in reducing
      annual per-patient net costs for RA and CD. LIMITATIONS: Future economic
      projections are limited by the potential variance between projected and actual
      future values of biologic prices, wages, medical costs, and gross national
      product for each country. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing biologics use to treat RA and
      CD may limit cost growth over time by reducing medical and indirect costs. These
      findings may inform policy decisions regarding biologics use in Argentina,
      Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico.

PMID- 27376406
TI  - Pressure-induced exotic states in rare earth hexaborides.
AB  - Finding the exotic phenomena in strongly correlated electron systems (SCESs) and
      understanding the corresponding microphysics have long been the research
      frontiers of condensed matter physics. The remarkable examples for the intriguing
      phenomena discovered in past years include unconventional superconductivity,
      heavy Fermion behaviors, giant magneto-resistance and so on. A fascinating type
      of rare earth hexaboride RB6 (R  =  Sm, Yb, Eu and Ce) belongs to a strongly
      correlated electron system (SCES), but shows unusual ambient-pressure and high
      pressure behaviors beyond the phenomena mentioned above. Particularly, the recent
      discovery of the coexistence of an unusual metallic surface state and an
      insulating bulk state in SmB6, known to be a Kondo insulator decades ago, by
      theoretical calculations and many experimental measurements creates new interest
      for the investigation of the RB6. This significant progress encourages people to
      revisit the RB6 with an attempt to establish a new physics that links the SCES
      and the unusual metallic surface state which is a common feature of a topological
      insulator (TI). It is well known that pressure has the capability of tuning the
      electronic structure and modifying the ground state of solids, or even inducing a
      quantum phase transition which is one of the kernel issues in studies of SCESs.
      In this brief review, we will describe the progress in high pressure studies on
      the RB6 based on our knowledge and research interests, mainly focusing on the
      pressure-induced phenomena in YbB6 and SmB6, especially on the quantum phase
      transitions and their connections with the valence state of the rare earth ions.
      Moreover, some related high-pressure results obtained from CeB6 and EuB6 are also
      included. Finally, a summary is given in the conclusions and perspectives
      section.

PMID- 27376405
TI  - Effects of Rosuvastatin and MiR-126 on Myocardial Injury Induced by Acute
      Myocardial Infarction in Rats: Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF
      A).
AB  - BACKGROUND The present study investigated the effects of VEGF-A targeted by miR
      126 on myocardial injury after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in rats, along
      with the contributions of rosuvastatin to the synergic effect. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS SD rats were obtained to construct AMI models by ligating their left
      anterior descending coronary arteries (LAD). We conducted echocardiography to
      check the 6 involved indexes: left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF),
      fractional shortening (FS), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVV), left
      ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVVd), cardiac output (CO), and heart rate
      (HR). Moreover, antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried
      out to determine MI markers: creatine kinase (CK), CK Isoenzyme (CK-MB), and
      Troponin I (cTn I). Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay was performed to confirm the
      targeting of miR-126 and VEGF-A. MTT assay provided insight into the
      proliferation of myocardial fibroblasts. Finally, RT-RCR and Western blot were
      used for the detection of miR-126 and VEGF-A expressions in vivo and in vitro.
      RESULTS Luciferase activity assay showed that miR-126 transfection significantly
      decreased the relative luciferase activity in HEK293T cells when it was bound to
      normal 3' UTR of VEGF-A (P<0.05). In comparison to the control group, rats in the
      AMI model group had significantly lower LVEF, FS, and CO, and substantially
      higher LVVs, LVVd, HR, CK/U, CK-MB/U, and cTn-1/U (all P<0.05). Down-regulated
      miR-126 and up-regulated VEGF-A were also observed in MI models (P<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS miR-126 and rosuvastatin have protective effects on AMI risk, and
      VEGF-A antagonizes effects on AMI is imposed by. 

PMID- 27376407
TI  - Excited Oxidized-Carbon Nanodots Induced by Ozone from Low-Temperature Plasma to
      Initiate Strong Chemiluminescence for Fast Discrimination of Metal Ions.
AB  - Carbon nanodots (C-dots) are recently well examined due to the emissions with
      color-tuning and nonblinking properties, while more studies are still needed for
      the appropriate understanding and application of distinct emissions. In this
      work, we found the emission of chemiluminescence (CL) by introducing low
      temperature plasma (LTP) into C-dots solutions without any reagent added, whose
      intensity was affected by the presence of different metal ions. Based on both
      experimental data and theoretical calculations, we found with the ozonation by
      ozone from LTP, excited oxidized-C-dots would be generated with the addition of
      ozone onto the conjugated double bonds of C-dots, and these excited species could
      directly initiate strong CL combining with the deactivation of excited species to
      the ground state. Significantly, the cross-reactive CL signals were obtained from
      different kinds of C-dots with the presence of different metal ions. Therefore, a
      new sensor array (electronic tongue) composed of five different C-dots was
      designed for fast discrimination of metal ions, which achieved the accurate
      discrimination of 13 kinds of metal ions in pure water and real samples. It
      exhibited good reproducibility and sensitivity, which can be used for the
      quantitative analysis of metal ions such as showing a linear range from 4 * 10(
      7) to 6 * 10(-5) mol.L(-1) (R(2) > 0.99) for Fe(3+) with a detection limit of 2.5
      * 10(-7) mol.L(-1). This work not only provides a novel finding of CL from C-dots
      revealing explicit relationship between structures and CL properties, but also
      realizes the fast discrimination of metal ions, showing potentials in
      environmental monitoring and quality identifications.

PMID- 27376408
TI  - Automated SDS Depletion for Mass Spectrometry of Intact Membrane Proteins though
      Transmembrane Electrophoresis.
AB  - Membrane proteins are underrepresented in proteome analysis platforms because of
      their hydrophobic character, contributing to decreased solubility. Sodium dodecyl
      sulfate is a favored denaturant in proteomic workflows, facilitating cell lysis
      and protein dissolution; however, SDS impedes MS detection and therefore must be
      removed prior to analysis. Although strategies exist for SDS removal, they
      provide low recovery, purity, or reproducibility. Here we present a simple
      automated device, termed transmembrane electrophoresis (TME), incorporating the
      principles of membrane filtration, but with an applied electric current to ensure
      near-complete (99.9%) removal of the surfactant, including protein-bound SDS.
      Intact proteins are recovered in solution phase in high yield (90-100%) within 1
      h of operation. The strategy is applied to protein standards and proteome
      mixtures, including an enriched membrane fraction from E. coli, resulting in
      quality MS spectra free of SDS adducts. The TME platform is applicable to both
      bottom-up MS/MS as well as LC-ESI-MS analysis of intact proteins. SDS-depleted
      fractions reveal a similar number of protein identifications (285) compared wit a
      non-SDS control (280), being highly correlated in terms of protein spectral
      counts. This fully automated approach to SDS removal presents a viable tool for
      proteome sample processing ahead of MS analysis. Data are available via
      ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD003941.

PMID- 27376409
TI  - Musculoskeletal disorders as a fatigue failure process: evidence, implications
      and research needs.
AB  - Mounting evidence suggests that musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) may be the
      result of a fatigue failure process in musculoskeletal tissues. Evaluations of
      MSD risk in epidemiological studies and current MSD risk assessment tools,
      however, have not yet incorporated important principles of fatigue failure
      analysis in their appraisals of MSD risk. This article examines the evidence
      suggesting that fatigue failure may play an important role in the aetiology of
      MSDs, assesses important implications with respect to MSD risk assessment and
      discusses research needs that may be required to advance the scientific
      community's ability to more effectively prevent the development of MSDs.
      Practitioner Summary: Evidence suggests that musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) may
      result from a fatigue failure process. This article proposes a unifying framework
      that aims to explain why exposure to physical risk factors contributes to the
      development of work-related MSDs. Implications of that framework are discussed.

PMID- 27376412
TI  - Correction: Dynamic ruffling distortion of the heme substrate in non-canonical
      heme oxygenase enzymes.
AB  - Correction for 'Dynamic ruffling distortion of the heme substrate in non
      canonical heme oxygenase enzymes' by Amanda B. Graves et al., Dalton Trans.,
      2016, 45, 10058-10067. 

PMID- 27376410
TI  - A prospective comparative study to evaluate the displacement of four commercially
      available breast biopsy markers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Radiopaque markers are commonly deployed following breast biopsies to
      indicate the location of the targeted lesion. A frequently encountered
      complication is the displacement of these markers. This study compared the degree
      of displacement among four newer generation markers after stereotactic core
      needle biopsy. METHODS: 80 consecutive biopsies were performed at three breast
      centre sites. The markers included: HydroMARK((r)) (Mammotome, Cincinnati, OH),
      MammoMARKTM (Mammotome, Cincinnati, OH), MammoStarTM (Mammotome, Cincinnati, OH)
      and SecurMark((r)) (Hologic, Bedford, MA). Each marker was composed of a
      radiopaque core with a unique polymeric encasing component. Post-procedure
      mammograms were obtained and the degree of marker displacement was measured.
      RESULTS: MammoMARKTM exhibited the greatest mean net displacement, followed by
      HydroMARK((r)), SecurMark((r)) and MammoStarTM (13.9, 7.7, 5.8 and 4.7 mm,
      respectively), although these differences did not reach statistical significance
      (p = 0.398). 73% of the markers did not displace at all. However, in the 19 of 22
      markers in which displacement occurred, the distance from the biopsy cavity was
      >10 mm. No statistically significant contributing factors to predict displacement
      were found. CONCLUSION: Newer generation biopsy markers perform comparably with
      one another. However, clinically significant and unpredictable marker
      displacement persists. Compared with multiple similar studies of older generation
      bare metallic markers, the overall displacement rate of newer generation markers
      seems to be lower, possibly owing to the use of polymeric embedding agents that
      self-expand within the biopsy cavity. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This article
      compares the post-procedure displacement of breast biopsy markers, which have not
      been evaluated or discussed in detail since markers with polymeric embedding
      agents gained widespread use.

PMID- 27376411
TI  - Separate and combined effects of genetic variants and pre-treatment whole blood
      gene expression on response to exposure-based cognitive behavioural therapy for
      anxiety disorders.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Exposure-based cognitive behavioural therapy (eCBT) is an effective
      treatment for anxiety disorders. Response varies between individuals. Gene
      expression integrates genetic and environmental influences. We analysed the
      effect of gene expression and genetic markers separately and together on
      treatment response. METHODS: Adult participants (n <= 181) diagnosed with panic
      disorder or a specific phobia underwent eCBT as part of standard care. Percentage
      decrease in the Clinical Global Impression severity rating was assessed across
      treatment, and between baseline and a 6-month follow-up. Associations with
      treatment response were assessed using expression data from 3,233 probes, and
      expression profiles clustered in a data- and literature-driven manner. A total of
      3,343,497 genetic variants were used to predict treatment response alone and
      combined in polygenic risk scores. Genotype and expression data were combined in
      expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses. RESULTS: Expression levels
      were not associated with either treatment phenotype in any analysis. A total of
      1,492 eQTLs were identified with q < 0.05, but interactions between genetic
      variants and treatment response did not affect expression levels significantly.
      Genetic variants did not significantly predict treatment response alone or in
      polygenic risk scores. CONCLUSIONS: We assessed gene expression alone and
      alongside genetic variants. No associations with treatment outcome were
      identified. Future studies require larger sample sizes to discover associations.

PMID- 27376413
TI  - Use of conducting polymers to facilitate neurite branching in schizophrenia
      related neuronal development.
AB  - Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating mental disorder which results in high
      healthcare and loss of productivity costs to society. This disease remains poorly
      understood, however there is increasing evidence suggesting a role for oxidative
      damage in the disease etiology. We aimed to examine the effect of the conducting
      polymer polypyrrole on the growth and morphology of both wildtype and neuregulin
      1 knock out (NRG-1 +/-) explant cells. Polypyrrole is an organic conducting
      polymer known to be cytocompatible and capable of acting as a platform for
      effective stimulation of neurons. Here we demonstrate for the first time the
      ability of this material to mediate processes occurring in disease affected
      neurons: schizophrenic model cortical neurons. Prefrontal cortical cells were
      grown on conducting polymer scaffolds of specific composition and showed
      significantly increased neurite branching and outgrowth length on the polymers
      compared to controls. Concurrently, a more significant enhancement was seen in
      both parameters in the NRG-1 +/- model cells. This finding implies that
      conducting polymers such as polypyrrole may be utilised to overcome neuro
      functional deficits associated with neurological disease in humans. 

PMID- 27376414
TI  - Highlights from the 51st EUCHEM conference on stereochemistry, Burgenstock,
      Switzerland, May 2016.

PMID- 27376415
TI  - Modern mass spectrometry for synthetic biology and structure-based discovery of
      natural products.
AB  - Covering: up to 2016In this highlight, we describe the current landscape for
      dereplication and discovery of natural products based on the measurement of the
      intact mass by LC-MS. Often it is assumed that because better mass accuracy
      (provided by higher resolution mass spectrometers) is necessary for absolute
      chemical formula determination (<=1 part-per-million), that it is also necessary
      for dereplication of natural products. However, the average ability to
      dereplicate tapers off at ~10 ppm, with modest improvement gained from better
      mass accuracy when querying focused databases of natural products. We also
      highlight some recent examples of how these platforms are applied to synthetic
      biology, and recent methods for dereplication and correlation of substructures
      using tandem MS data. We also offer this highlight to serve as a brief primer for
      those entering the field of mass spectrometry-based natural products discovery. 

PMID- 27376416
TI  - Variations in leptin and insulin levels within one swimming season in non-obese
      female cold water swimmers.
AB  - AIM: We examined whether cold water swimming for seven consecutive months changes
      basal leptin and insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in healthy non
      obese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen recreational female swimmers aged 45
      +/- 8.7 years, regularly swimming outdoors during winter months were exposed to
      cold water at least twice a week. Fasting blood samples were collected in
      October, January and April. Serum leptin, insulin and glucose concentrations were
      tested and insulin sensitivity was calculated using updated model HOMA2. RESULTS:
      Repeated cold water baths significantly increased insulin sensitivity and
      decreased insulin and leptin concentrations (p = 0.006, p = 0.032, p = 0.042,
      respectively). Leptin concentration positively correlated with body-mass index
      (BMI) and insulin level (r = 0.412, r = 0.868, respectively). Insulin level
      inversely correlated with insulin sensitivity and positively with glucose (r = 
      0.893, r = 0.166, respectively). No associations between leptin and insulin
      sensitivity were found. CONCLUSION: Regular cold water swimming may stimulate
      metabolic changes suggesting that leptin and insulin participate in adaptive
      metabolic mechanisms triggered by repeated cold exposure accompanied by mild
      exercise in healthy non-obese women.

PMID- 27376417
TI  - Mesoscale aggregation properties of C60 in toluene and chlorobenzene.
AB  - The mesoscale aggregation properties of C60 in two distinct aromatic solvents
      (toluene and chlorobenzene) and a practical range of concentrations (c = 1-2 and
      c = 1-5 mg mL(-1), respectively) were systematically explored by static/dynamic
      light scattering (SLS/DLS), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), depolarized
      dynamic light scattering (DDLS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy
      (cryo-TEM) analyses. The central observations were as follows: (1) aggregate
      species of sizes in the range of several hundred nanometers have been
      independently revealed by SLS, DLS, and DDLS analyses for both solvent systems.
      (2) DDLS and cryo-TEM measurements further revealed that while C60 clusters are
      notably anisotropic (rod-like) in chlorobenzene, they are basically isotropic
      (spherical) in toluene. (3) Detailed analyses of combined SLS and SAXS profiles
      suggested that varied, yet self-similar, solvent-induced aggregate units were
      responsible for the distinct (mesoscale) aggregation features noted above. (4)
      From a dynamic perspective, specially commissioned DLS measurements ubiquitously
      displayed two relaxation modes (fast and slow mode), with the second (slow) mode
      being q (wave vector) independent. While the fast mode in both solvent systems
      was basically diffusive by nature and leads to geometrical features in good
      agreement with the above static analyses, the slow mode was analyzed and
      tentatively suggested to reflect the effect of mutual confinement. (5) Micron
      scale aggregate morphology of drop-cast thin films displays similar contrasting
      features for the two solvent media used. Overall, this study suggests that
      solvent-induced, nanoscale, aggregate units may be a promising factor to control
      a hierarchy of microscopic aggregation properties of C60 solutions and thin
      films. 

PMID- 27376418
TI  - Salivary testosterone responses to a physical and psychological stimulus and
      subsequent effects on physical performance in healthy adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To address the rapid influence of testosterone (T) on neuromuscular
      performance, we compared the T and physical performance responses of adults
      exposed to a physical and psychological stimulus. DESIGN: A group of healthy men
      (n=12) and women (n=14) each completed three treatments using a randomised,
      crossover design: exercise involving five * ten-second cycle sprints, viewing a
      video clip with aggressive content and a control session. Salivary T
      concentrations, hand-grip strength (HGS) and countermovement jump peak power (CMJ
      PP) were assessed before and 15 minutes after each session. RESULTS: The relative
      changes in T (17+/-29%) and CMJ PP (-0.1+/-4.4%) following sprint exercise were
      superior to the aggressive video (-6.3+/-19%, -2.2+/-5.9%) and control (-4.8+/
      23%, -2.8+/-4.4%) treatments, respectively (p <=0.05). Pre-treatment T levels
      correlated (r= -0.58 to -0.61, p <0.05) with the T responses of men (sprint
      exercise) and women (sprint exercise, aggressive video), but no variables were
      significantly correlated with the relative changes in HGS or CMJ PP. CONCLUSIONS:
      Sprint exercise promoted a general rise in T and maintained CMJ PP, relative to
      the video and control treatments. In both sexes, those individuals with higher
      pre-test T levels tended to produce smaller T responses to one or more
      treatments. These data highlight the importance of stimulus selection and
      individual predispositions when attempting to acutely modify T and associated
      physical performance.

PMID- 27376419
TI  - Clinical impact of strict criteria for selectivity and lateralization in adrenal
      vein sampling.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Selectivity index (SI) and lateralization index (LI) thresholds
      determine the adequacy of adrenal vein sampling (AVS) and the degree of
      lateralization. The purpose of this study was investigate the clinical outcome of
      patients whose adrenal vein sampling was interpreted using "strict criteria" (SC)
      (SIpre-stimuli>=3, SIpost-stimuli>=5 and LIpre-stimuli>=4, LIpost-stimuli>=4).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 73 consecutive AVS procedures
      was performed and 67 were technically successful. Forty-three patients showed
      lateralization and underwent surgery, while 24 did not lateralize and were
      managed conservatively. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure
      (DBP), kalemia (K(+)), and the change in number of blood pressure (BP)
      medications were recorded for each patient before and after AVS and potential
      surgery were performed. RESULTS: In the surgery group, BP and K(+) changed
      respectively from 160+/-5.3/100+/-2.0 mmHg to 127+/-3.3/80+/-1.9 (p <0.001) and
      from 3.00+/-0.10 to 4.4+/-0.09 (p <0.001). In the medically managed group, BP and
      K(+) changed respectively from 148+/-7.3/93+/-4.3 to 135+/-3.3/86+/-1.9 (p
      <0.001) and from 2.68+/-0.10 to 4.3+/-0.09. After surgery or AVS, the patients
      who took >=3 blood pressure medications were six (14.0%) in the lateralized group
      and 22 (91.7%) in the non-lateralized group (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: AVS
      interpretation with SC leads to significant clinical improvement in both patients
      who underwent surgery and those managed conservatively.

PMID- 27376420
TI  - Laparoscopic surgery for pancreatic insulinomas: an update.
AB  - Insulinomas are the most common functioning neuroendocrine tumors of the
      pancreas, occurring in almost 1-4 per 1 million persons each year. In contrast to
      other pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, they are usually benign and solitary at
      the time of diagnosis. Due to their benign nature, surgical excision is the
      treatment of choice, with excellent long-term results. The introduction of
      minimally invasive techniques in the surgical treatment of insulinoma has been
      gaining popularity due to shorter length of hospital stay and better cosmetic
      results, with serious complications being comparable to those of open surgery.
      Preoperative localization is of paramount importance in the determination of the
      appropriate surgical approach. Many invasive and non-invasive methods exist for
      localization of an insulinoma. A combination of these modalities is usually
      adequate to preoperatively localize the vast majority of tumors. Laparoscopic
      ultrasound is mandatory to localize these tumors intraoperatively. Despite
      extensive experience in highly specialized centers producing encouraging results,
      no randomized trials have been realized to conclusively validate these case
      series, this partly due to the rarity of insulinoma in the population. In this
      article we present the current state of laparoscopic management of insulinoma
      delineating still unanswered issues and we underscore some of the technical
      details of the most common laparoscopic procedures employed. 

PMID- 27376421
TI  - Cardiovascular safety of type 2 diabetes medications: Review of existing
      literature and clinical implications.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the
      cardiovascular effect of antidiabetic drugs are today critical medical issues,
      with the prevalence of T2DM in particular showing a steep increase worldwide,
      mainly due to unhealthy lifestyle habits. T2DM in association with obesity and
      other cardiovascular risk factors, results in the development of CVD, the leading
      cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM. Thus, treatment of T2DM
      is an individualized and complex challenge in which targeting cardiovascular risk
      factors is an important component in the decision making. Given the
      cardiovascular adverse events associated with rosiglitazone, both the Food and
      Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency currently require the
      demonstration of cardiovascular safety of new antidiabetic drugs. Consequently,
      clinical trials to guarantee their cardiovascular safety are now obligatory. This
      review aims to summarize the available evidence on the cardiovascular effects and
      safety of the major drugs used in T2DM treatment and also to provide an overview
      of upcoming and ongoing clinical trials in this field. Our belief is that this
      review will be of substantial assistance to all medical doctors who are treating
      diabetic patients, namely primary care physicians, internal medicine doctors,
      endocrinologists, diabetologists and less well experienced personnel such as
      young doctors in training. 

PMID- 27376422
TI  - Effects of ghrelin in energy balance and body weight homeostasis.
AB  - Ghrelin is a gut peptide composed of 28 amino acids mostly secreted in the
      gastric fundus mucosa. It was isolated and described in 1999 by Kojima et al. and
      only three years later its specific receptor, GHSR1a, was also identified.
      Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor, is the only
      peripheral orexigenic hormone that activates the receptors to be found especially
      in the appetite center (hypothalamus and pituitary gland). Ghrelin is present in
      human plasma in two forms: an inactive form known as deacylated ghrelin, and an
      active form called acylated ghrelin synthesized under the action of ghrelin O
      acyltransferase enzyme (GOAT). The literature even mentions an extremely complex
      ghrelin/GOAT/GHSR system involved in the regulation of human energy, metabolism
      and adaptation of energy homeostasis to environmental changes. In humans, there
      is a preprandial rise and a postprandial fall in plasma ghrelin levels, which
      strongly suggest that the peptide plays a physiological role in meal initiation
      and may be employed in determining the amount and quality of ingested food.
      Besides the stimulation of food intake, ghrelin determines a decrease in energy
      expenditure and promotes the storage of fatty acids in adipocytes. Thus, in the
      human body ghrelin induces a positive energy balance, an increased adiposity
      gain, as well as an increase in caloric storage, seen as an adaptive mechanism to
      caloric restriction conditions. In the current world context, when we are
      witnessing an increasing availability of food and a reduction of energy
      expenditure to a minimum level, these mechanisms have become pathogenic. As a
      consequence, the hypothesis that ghrelin is involved in the current obesity
      epidemic has been embraced by many scholars and researchers. 

PMID- 27376423
TI  - Comparison of color-Doppler and qualitative and quantitative strain-elastography
      for differentiation of thyroid nodules in daily practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Strain-elastography provides a new ultrasound-based method that can
      offer information about the stiffness of thyroid nodules as an indicator of
      malignancy. The aim of our study was to compare the utility of color-Doppler and
      strain-elastography in differentiating between benign and malignant nodules.
      DESIGN AND METHODS: 77 thyroid nodules (70 benign and 7 malignant) from 70
      unselected patients (48 female/22 male, mean age 49.7+/-14.3 years) were
      evaluated with color-Doppler and elastography based on a five-scale elastogram
      score for qualitative elastography and strain ratio for quantitative
      elastography. As reference tissue we chose normal thyroid tissue [strain ratio a
      (SR a)] and cervical muscles [strain ratio b (SR b)]. The cytological or
      histological results were used as a reference standard. Diagnostic performances
      of qualitative and quantitative elastography were compared using ROC curves.
      RESULTS: Vascularization score 3 or 4 was associated with malignancy (p=0.024) as
      well as elastogram score 4 or 5 (p=0.070, n.s.s.). SR a was indicatively higher
      and SR b lower in the group of malignant nodules (p=0.065 and p=0.246, n.s.s.).
      The best cut-off points predicting malignancy were 3.32 for SR a (66.7%
      sensitivity, 83.3% specificity) and 0.10 for SR b (71.4% sensitivity, 67.1%
      specificity). CONCLUSION: In our study, the accuracy of elastography did not
      surpass other sonographic parameters in differentiating thyroid nodules. The
      technique can play a role as a supplementary parameter in assessment of
      malignancy to improve diagnostic efficacy. The best parameter is SR a, but SR b
      can serve as an alternative if SR a is not assessable.

PMID- 27376424
TI  - Vitamin D levels in a large Mediterranean cohort: reconsidering normal cut-off
      values.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The determination of the normal range of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25
      (OH)D], though currently based on suppression of PTH levels, still remains a
      controversial issue. The 25-(OH)D levels exhibit gender and seasonal variability,
      the latter attributed in part to changes of insolation. DESIGN: The aim of this
      cross-sectional study was to estimate the levels of 25-(OH)D on the island of
      Crete and their correlation with metabolic, hormonal and bone turnover
      parameters. The study was performed over a period of five years and involved
      8,183 male and female individuals (8,042 analyzed). RESULTS: Our results are as
      follows: (1) 25-(OH)D was significantly lower than expected (19.48+/-9.51 and
      18.01+/-9.01 (ng/mL+SD) in males and females, respectively); (2) seasonal
      variation of 25-(OH)D was observed in both sexes (females < males), with values
      peaking in August; (3) a decline of 25-(OH)D was evident with advancing age, with
      lower levels in females compared to males up to menopause and no apparent
      difference between the genders thereafter; (4) levels of 25-(OH)D were lower in
      renal function impairment, diabetes/insulin resistance and inflammation, while no
      correlation was detectable in thyroid dysfunction; (5) normalization of PTH
      levels was observed at ~20 ng/mL 25-(OH)D. At the same cut-off level, a
      significant decrease of all measured bone turnover indices (b-ALP, osteocalcin
      and CTX) was evident. CONCLUSION: Based on the above data, it appears that a cut
      off level of 25-(OH)D close to 20 ng/mL better reflects the physiology of our
      population.

PMID- 27376425
TI  - Beneficial effect of dose escalation and surgical debulking in patients with
      acromegaly treated with somatostatin analogs in a Romanian tertiary care center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Somatostatin analogs (SSA) are now considered standard therapy for
      acromegaly, as primary or adjunctive treatment after pituitary surgery.
      OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of SSA and the effect of dose escalation in
      non-operated patients with acromegaly as compared to patients treated after
      pituitary surgery in a Romanian tertiary care center. DESIGN: Retrospective study
      of 73 consecutively evaluated patients with acromegaly treated with SSA, divided
      into 2 groups: 11 patients (4M/7F, 21-62 years) with primary treatment and 62
      patients (22M/40F, 21-68 years) treated after surgery. They received Octreotide
      LAR 20-30 mg i.m./28 days or Lanreotide SR 30 mg i.m./14/10/7 days. Random serum
      growth hormone (GH) was measured using IRMA, sensitivity 0.2-0.01 MUg/L IGF-1 was
      measured using different assays and compared with ULN for age and sex. RESULTS:
      Overall, random GH <=2.5 MUg/L was attained in 39 patients (53.4%) and optimal GH
      <=1 ng/mL) in 30 patients (41%), while normal IGF-1 was recorded in 22/72
      patients (30.5%). The final random GH <=2.5 MUg/L was achieved in 27.2% of non
      operated patients (3/11) as compared with 58% (36/62) of patients treated
      medically after pituitary surgery, p<0.05. Escalation of doses of SSA applied in
      43 patients improved the number of controlled patients by 5 (12.1%, p=0.059) and
      the number of optimally controlled patients by 9.7%. Of the 8 patients who
      switched from Lanreotide to Octreotide, 2 patients achieved GH normalization.
      CONCLUSION: The rate of biochemical control via SSA treatment in patients with
      acromegaly could be improved by rise of the SSA dose or by debulking surgery.
      Occasionally, substituting one SSA for another may be of benefit.

PMID- 27376426
TI  - Genetic screening of non-classic CAH females with hyperandrogenemia identifies a
      novel CYP11B1 gene mutation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an endocrine autosomal
      recessive disorder with various symptoms of diverse severity. Mild
      hyperandrogenemia is the most commonclinical feature in non-classic CAH patients
      and 95% of the cases are identified by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene. In the
      present study, the second most common cause for non-classic CAH (NC-CAH), 11beta
      hydroxylase deficiency due to mutations in the CYP11B1 gene, is investigated.
      DESIGN: Screening of the CYP21A2 and CYP11B1 genes by direct sequencing was
      carried out for the detection of possible genetic defects in patients with
      suspected CAH. RES ULTS: It wasobserved that CYP11B1 variants co-exist only in
      rare cases along with mutations in CYP21A2 in patients clinically diagnosed with
      CAH. A total of 23 NC-CAH female patients out of 75 were identified with only one
      mutation in the CYP21A2 gene. The novel CYP11B1 gene mutation, p.Val484Asp, was
      identified in a patient with CAH in the heterozygous state. The structural
      characterization of the novel p.Val484Asp was found to likely cause distortion of
      the surrounding beta sheet and indirect destabilization of the cavity that occurs
      on the opposite face of the structural elements, leading to partial impairment of
      the enzymatic activity. CONCLUSIONS: CYP21A2 gene mutations are the most frequent
      genetic defects in cases of NC-CAH even when these patients are in the
      heterozygous state. These mutations have a diverse phenotype giving rise to a
      variable extent of cortisol synthesis impairment; it is also clear that CYP11B1
      mutants are a rare type of defects causing CAH.

PMID- 27376427
TI  - The gonadotroph origin of null cell adenomas.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The term "null cell" adenoma was first proposed in 1980 to designate
      pituitary adenomas lacking clinical, biochemical and morphological markers to
      disclose their cell origin. DESIGN: The aim of this study was to investigate the
      presence of alpha- and beta-gonadotropin subunits in clinically nonfunctioning
      pituitary tumors, which were initially immunonegative and thus diagnosed as null
      cell adenomas. For this reason, we reapplied immunohistochemistry using a more
      sensitive method comprising a tyramide signal amplification technique, combined
      with a polymer antibody immunohistochemical detection system. RESULTS: With this
      approach, all these previously negative tumors became positive for alpha- and
      beta-gonadotropin hormone subunits. CONCLUSIONS: Our results prove that so-called
      "null cell" adenomas produce alpha-SU or/and beta-FSH or beta-LH and therefore
      are gonadotrph adenomas in origin.

PMID- 27376428
TI  - Which is the best predictor of thyroid cancer: thyrotropin, thyroglobulin or
      their ratio?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Since documented incidence of thyroid cancer has been rising over
      time, in part due to incidental small papillary cancer, several studies have been
      carried out to investigate the role of possible serum markers of thyroid cancer
      prior to surgery. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. AIM: To investigate the role
      of thyroglobulin (Tg), thyrotropin (TSH) and the TSH:Tg, Tg:TSH ratio in the
      preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January
      2014 and January 2015, 202 of 242 consecutive patients scheduled for surgical
      treatment for thyroid disorders at Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital,
      General Surgery Clinic were included in the study. Prospective data collection
      included demographics, thyroid function tests, Tg levels, fine needle aspiration
      biopsy (FNAB) results (208 FNABs in 187 patients), surgical procedures and final
      histopathological examinations. RESULTS: There were 134 patients with benign
      thyroid diseases and 68 patients with thyroid gland malignancy. Preoperative Tg
      level was significantly lower in the malignant group (64 ng/mL vs. 20ng/mL,
      p<0.001, respectively), whereas there was no difference in TSH between groups.
      TSH:Tg levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with malignant
      thyroid diseases (0.24+/-1 vs. 0.87+/-3.4, p=0.024). Although univariate analysis
      showed that the TSH:Tg ratio was a predictor for thyroid malignancy (OR 0.001;
      95% CI, 0.01-0.125; p=0.007) in conjunction with FNAB, multivariate analysis
      failed to demonstrate any statistical significance for any factor except FNAB.
      CONCLUSION: Preoperative assessment of serum Tg and TSH levels appear not to be
      helpful in identifying patients with thyroid cancer. However, a higher
      preoperative serum TSH:Tg ratio may hint at an increased risk for thyroid
      carcinoma. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential role of
      preoperative laboratory values of thyroid function.

PMID- 27376429
TI  - Delayed diagnosis of disorder of sex development (DSD) due to P450 oxidoreductase
      (POR) deficiency.
AB  - CASE PRESENTATION: A 36-year old man, operated on for cryptorchidism at the age
      of 8 years, was referred to the Outpatient Clinic of Reproductive Endocrinology
      for investigation of infertility. Clinical examination revealed ambiguous
      genitalia: penis 4-5 cm, testicular volume 2-3 ml, hypospadias, hypertrophic
      foreskin and scrotum bifida. Mild hypertension was confirmed. No skeletal
      malformations were detected. DESIGN: Hormonal and electrolytic determinations as
      well as semen analysis were conducted. PCR of the coding regions of 17
      hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (P450c17) and of P450 oxidoreductase (POR) genes was also
      performed. RESULTS: Normal levels of electrolytes, low levels of androgens, high
      levels of gonadotropins and 17-hydroxyprogesterone as well as azoospermia were
      detected. Karyotype was shown to be 46,XY. Both hCG and ACTH stimulation
      significantly increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone with no increase in androgens. The
      diagnosis was congenital adrenal hyperplasia with apparent combined P450c17 and
      P450c21 deficiency due to mutations in the POR gene. Sequencing of the POR gene
      revealed: one deletion in exon 12 (Del 1696_1698delGTC >del531Valine) and one
      missense mutation in exon 7 (A259G) as well as two polymorphisms: rs1057868 (C/T
      A503V) and rs1057870 (G/A S572S) in exons 12 and 13, respectively. No nucleotide
      changes were detected in the 8 exons of P450c17. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular findings
      were consistent with the diagnosis of P450 oxidoreductase deficiency. Despite
      this severe deficiency, skeletal malformations simulating Antley-Bixler syndrome,
      which usually characterize the most severe forms, were not confirmed. This
      discrepancy could be attributed to the differential impact of a POR variant on
      each one of the P450 enzymes.

PMID- 27376430
TI  - Adrenal malignant melanoma masquerading as a pheochromocytoma in a patient with a
      history of a multifocal papillary and medullary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Adrenal masses usually represent benign and nonfunctional adrenal
      adenomas; however, primary or metastatic malignancy should also be considered.
      Discovery of an adrenal mass needs further evaluation in order to exclude
      malignancy and hormonal secretion. We present a rare case of a possibly primary
      adrenal malignant melanoma with imaging and biochemical features of a
      pheochromocytoma. CASE REPORT: A 61-year-old male farmer was referred for
      evaluation of a mass in the right supraclavicular region and a left adrenal
      lesion. The patient had a history of a multifocal papillary and medullary thyroid
      carcinoma. Laboratory tests revealed increased 24hour urinary dopamine and also
      increased serum calcitonin and neuron specific enolase. A pathology report of the
      resected right supraclavicular mass and left adrenal showed a malignant melanoma.
      CONCLUSION: This is a case of a possibly primary adrenal malignant melanoma with
      imaging and biochemical features of a pheochromocytoma. Although this case is
      very rare and there are rigid diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of primary
      adrenal melanoma, it underlines the fact that the differential diagnosis of a
      dopamine secreting adrenal mass should include primary or metastatic malignant
      melanoma in order to determine the best diagnostic approach for the patient and
      select the most appropriate surgical management.

PMID- 27376431
TI  - A complicated case of primary hypophysitis with bilateral intracavernous carotid
      artery occlusion.
AB  - Primary hypophysitis (PH) is a rare clinical entity characterized by inflammatory
      infiltration of the pituitary gland with various degrees of pituitary
      dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To present a complicated case of aggressive PH with
      bilateral cavernous sinuses infiltration, successfully treated with azathioprine
      after failure of corticosteroid treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 48-year-old
      woman presented with episodes of recurrent headache and progressively worsening
      muscle weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified an intrasellar
      pituitary lesion with thickened pituitary stalk extending to the cavernous
      sinuses and causing asymptomatic occlusion of both internal carotid arteries
      (ICAs). Hormonal investigation showed severe anterior pituitary deficiency. The
      diagnosis of PH, and more specifically of lymphocytic hypophysitis (LYH), was
      suspected and glucocorticoid treatment was initiated. Because of the patient's
      susceptibility to infections, the attempt to gradually reduce glucocorticoid
      dosage induced a relapse of PH. Immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine was
      administered. Significant pituitary mass reduction with regression of the
      inflammation to the cavernous sinuses was documented. At follow-up the pituitary
      function was normal, while the patient was on the minimum dose of azathioprine.
      Thereafter, azathioprine was discontinued without any clinical/biochemical or
      radiological evidence of PH except for the permanent ICA occlusion. CONCLUSIONS:
      Despite its rarity, PH should be included in the differential diagnosis of
      pituitary masses and involvement of ICAs occlusion should not be underestimated.
      Azathioprine, applied as an alternative treatment, was shown to result in
      remarkable PH improvement.

PMID- 27376432
TI  - A case of dyskeratosis congenita associated with hypothyroidism and hypogonadism.

PMID- 27376433
TI  - A novel CYP11B1 mutation in a Turkish patient with 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency:
      An association with the severe hypokalemia leading to rhabdomyolysis.

PMID- 27376434
TI  - A case of multiple immune toxicities from Ipilimumab and pembrolizumab treatment.

PMID- 27376436
TI  - Egg collagen content is increased by a diet supplemented with wood charcoal
      powder containing wood vinegar liquid.
AB  - The aims of the present study were to examine whether collagen exists in egg,
      particularly in egg yolk; to establish a Fourier transform-near infrared (FT-NIR)
      measurement method for collagen in egg and to assess the possibility of
      increasing the collagen content by feeding hens a diet containing wood charcoal
      powder containing wood vinegar liquid (WCV). The collagen in eggs from 67-week
      old hens fed on the dietary 0 and 9.9 g/kg WCV diets was investigated using a
      combination of histochemical, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation with
      time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), Fourier transform infrared (FT
      IR) and FT-NIR approaches. All approaches used to identify collagen in egg yolk
      yielded positive results. The collagen in egg yolk measured using colorimetry,
      collagen in egg yolk, egg white and eggshell membrane using FT-NIR and collagen
      in egg yolk determined by treating the egg yolk with collagenase were abundant
      after feeding a dietary WCV (p<0.05). These results suggest that egg yolk
      contains collagen, that the collagen in egg can be measured using FT-NIR, and
      that the collagen content of egg yolk can be increased by feeding dietary WCV
      diets.

PMID- 27376437
TI  - Cancer screening education: can it change knowledge and attitudes among
      culturally and linguistically diverse communities in Queensland, Australia?
AB  - Issue addressed: Screening for cancer of the cervix, breast and bowel can reduce
      morbidity and mortality. Low participation rates in cancer screening have been
      identified among migrant communities internationally. Attempting to improve low
      rates of cancer screening, the Ethnic Communities Council of Queensland developed
      a pilot Cancer Screening Education Program for breast, bowel and cervical cancer.
      This study determines the impact of education sessions on knowledge, attitudes
      and intentions to participate in screening for culturally and linguistically
      diverse (CALD) communities living in Brisbane, Queensland.Methods: Seven CALD
      groups (Arabic-speaking, Bosnian, South Asian (including Indian and Bhutanese),
      Samoan and Pacific Island, Spanish-speaking, Sudanese and Vietnamese)
      participated in a culturally-tailored cancer screening education pilot program
      that was developed using the Health Belief Model. A pre- and post-education
      evaluation session measured changes in knowledge, attitudes and intention related
      to breast, bowel and cervical cancer and screening. The evaluation focussed on
      perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness and the target population's
      beliefs about reducing risk by cancer screening.Results: There were 159
      participants in the three cancer screening education sessions. Overall
      participants' knowledge increased, some attitudes toward participation in cancer
      screening became more positive and intent to participate in future screening
      increased (n=146).Conclusion: These results indicate the importance of developing
      screening approaches that address the barriers to participation among CALD
      communities and that a culturally-tailored education program is effective in
      improving knowledge, attitudes about and intentions to participate in cancer
      screening.So what?: It is important that culturally-tailored programs are
      developed in conjunction with communities to improve health outcomes.

PMID- 27376435
TI  - Methylphenidate-triggered ROS generation promotes caveolae-mediated transcytosis
      via Rac1 signaling and c-Src-dependent caveolin-1 phosphorylation in human brain
      endothelial cells.
AB  - Methylphenidate (MPH) is an amphetamine-like stimulant commonly prescribed for
      attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Despite its widespread use, the
      cellular/molecular effects of MPH remain elusive. Here, we report a novel direct
      role of MPH on the regulation of macromolecular flux through human brain
      endothelial cells (ECs). MPH significantly increased caveolae-mediated
      transcytosis of horseradish peroxidase through ECs without affecting paracellular
      permeability. Using FRET-based live cell imaging, together with pharmacological
      inhibitors and lentiviral-mediated shRNA knockdown, we demonstrate that MPH
      promoted ROS generation via activation of Rac1-dependent NADPH oxidase (NOX) and
      c-Src activation at the plasma membrane. c-Src in turn was shown to mediate the
      phosphorylation of caveolin-1 (Cav1) on Tyr14 leading to enhanced caveolae
      formation and transendothelial transport. Accordingly, the inhibition of Cav1
      phosphorylation by overexpression of a phosphodefective Cav1Y14F mutant or
      knocking down Cav1 expression abrogated MPH-induced transcytosis. In addition,
      both vitamin C and inhibition of NOX blocked MPH-triggered vesicular transport.
      This study, therefore, identifies Rac1/NOX/c-Src-dependent signaling in MPH
      induced increase in transendothelial permeability of brain endothelial cell
      monolayers via caveolae-mediated transcytosis.

PMID- 27376438
TI  - Brainstem micro-abscesses caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in a 10-month-old
      infant: a case report.
AB  - Melioidosis is an uncommon tropical infectious disease caused by Burkholderia
      pseudomallei. Neurological complications of melioidosis are extremely uncommon in
      infants. A 10-month-old girl is described who presented with disseminated
      melioidosis with subcutaneous nodules, arthritis, hepatomegaly and a lung cavity,
      and developed a left medial rectus palsy. Cranial MRI demonstrated mid-brain,
      pontine and basal ganglia micro-abscesses. Therapy with meropenem and
      cotrimoxazole led to resolution of the medial nerve palsy. At 5-month follow-up,
      the child had no residual neurological deficits.

PMID- 27376439
TI  - Deep tissue biopsy vs. superficial swab culture, including microbial loading
      determination, in the microbiological assessment of Skin and Soft Tissue
      Infections (SSTIs).
AB  - Thirty-two patients affected by SSTIs including DFIs were enrolled between 2013
      and 2014. Superficial swab was obtained before and after cleansing with sterile
      saline, and after ultrasonic debridement; deep tissue biopsy was obtained from
      ulcer base. Samples were diluted with 1 mL of saline, serial 10-fold dilutions to
      10-6 were made and 50 MUL of each dilution was plated onto appropriate media.
      Bacteria were identified by Vitek II system. Microbial load was expressed as
      CFU/mL. Statistical analysis was performed by chi2. Incidence of Gram positives
      was higher than Gram negatives (S. aureus and P. aeruginosa being the most
      frequent); concordance (same bacteria isolated before and after debridement)
      never exceeded 60%. Ultrasonic debridement significantly reduced bacterial load
      or even suppressed bacterial growth. While reliability of superficial swab is
      poor for microbiological diagnosis of SSTIs, swabbing after ultrasonic
      debridement and biopsy of the ulcer base may be equally reliable.

PMID- 27376440
TI  - A novel paediatric thumb web splint.

PMID- 27376441
TI  - Avoiding iatrogenic injury during portal placement in hip arthroscopy.

PMID- 27376442
TI  - Wrist function in malunion: Is the distal radius designed to retain function in
      the face of fracture?
AB  - Introduction Fractures of the distal radius are the most common fracture in
      humans and are the sempiternal hazard of 3.5 million years of bipedalism. Despite
      the antiquity of the injury, one of the most controversial topics in current
      orthopaedics is the management of distal radius fractures. It has been suggested
      that radiographic appearances rarely correlate with functional outcomes. As the
      success of the human species is predicated almost exclusively on its dexterity
      and intelligence, it is conceivable that the distal radius has evolved to
      preserve function even in the face of injury. We therefore hypothesise that the
      distal radius is designed to accommodate the possibility of fracture. Methods We
      conducted a review of studies comparing fracture pattern and form with function.
      We also explore the paleoanthropological evidence and comparative studies with
      other primates. Findings The evidence points to the human distal radius being
      highly tolerant of post-fracture deformity in terms of preservation of function.
      In addition, the distal radius appears to have apparently anatomically
      'redundant' features that confer this capability. We believe these phenomena to
      be an evolved trait that developed with bipedalism, increasing the chances of
      survival for a species whose success depends upon its dexterity. 

PMID- 27376443
TI  - Use of non-absorbable nasal packs as a platform for microvascular anastomosis.

PMID- 27376444
TI  - Enhanced recovery after surgery: An opportunity to improve fractured neck of
      femur management.
AB  - Introduction Approximately 67,000 hip fractures occurred in England, Wales and
      Northern Ireland in 2014, and annual hospital costs for fracture are around L1.1
      billion. We review the potential scope for improving length of stay (LOS).
      Methods Hospital Episode Statistics data on non-elective admissions to 137
      hospital trusts between November 2013 and October 2015 with a primary diagnosis
      of fractured neck of femur were analysed. The primary outcome was superspell LOS,
      which is the total LOS for all related spells for a single patient during an
      episode of care. Secondary outcomes were discharge to home, readmission at 28
      days and in-hospital mortality. Results The mean observed LOS was 22.1+/-3.8 days
      (range 12.3-33.7 days). The range for case mix-adjusted expected LOS was 21.5
      24.4 days. On average, 6.7+/-1.5% (range 3.6%-10.9%) of patients died while in
      hospital, at a relative risk of in-hospital mortality of 28.2-182.9. A mean of
      12.3+/-3.2% (range 3.9% to 23.0%) of patients were readmitted at 28 days, at a
      relative relative risk of 34.8-203.2. Conclusions The wide range of observed LOS
      in our study is unlikely to be due to the case mix, as the case mix-adjusted
      range of LOS is less than 3 days, but rather due to local processes and pathways.
      There is therefore considerable scope for quality and efficiency of care
      improvements in our hospitals. We propose this could be best achieved if
      clinicians experienced in enhanced recovery focused on FNOF pathways. 

PMID- 27376445
TI  - Heterogeneous response to recombinant thrombomodulin by grade of sinusoidal
      obstructive syndrome after pediatric stem cell transplantation.

PMID- 27376446
TI  - Cardiac autonomic functioning is impaired among allogeneic hematopoietic stem
      cell transplantation survivors: a controlled study.
AB  - Healthy cardiac autonomic functioning (CAF) is essential for maintaining
      homeostasis in response to the environmental demands of everyday life. Impaired
      CAF is associated with higher morbidity and higher mortality. To explore CAF in
      survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) 1-10
      years after transplant (median=4.3 years), an ambulatory assessment was performed
      with 104 patients, and 45 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Heart rate
      (HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA, that is, high-frequency HR
      variability) were measured in a laboratory setting and during a 12-hour
      naturalistic period of daily life. Cancer-related fatigue was assessed by the
      Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness - Fatigue questionnaire; physical
      fitness by bicycle-ergometry VO2max. In contrast to healthy controls, 4-year post
      HSCT fatigue was greater in patients (P<0.0001, Cohen's d effect size [d]=1.14),
      and fitness was lower in patients (P<0.0001, d=1.09). In both laboratory and real
      life ambulatory conditions, average HR was persistently higher (P<0.0001, d=0.88)
      and mean RSA magnitude lower (P<0.001, d=0.69) among patients, compared with
      controls. Severely fatigued patients showed higher HR and lower parasympathetic
      cardiac control than non-fatigued patients (HR: P=0.02, d=0.47; RSA: P=0.02,
      d=0.72), and this was unrelated to fitness. These findings may have important
      implications for predicting long-term treatment outcome and consequences for
      routine post-HSCT care.

PMID- 27376447
TI  - Autologous stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma patients 70 years or older.
AB  - Autologous stem cell transplant (Auto-SCT) is increasingly used in older patients
      with multiple myeloma (MM), despite lack of phase 3 trials in this age-defined
      population. For 207 consecutive MM patients who underwent Auto-SCT and were 70
      years or older at transplant (study cohort), data were analyzed and compared with
      a younger cohort (1764 Auto-SCT patients <70 years old). The proportion of Auto
      SCT in the older patients increased from 7.8% of all transplants in 1998-2006 to
      12.9% in 2007-2015. Sixty percent of patients required stem cell mobilization
      with chemotherapy or plerixafor. Full-dose melphalan conditioning was given to
      55% of the older patients compared with 93% of the younger patients (P<0.001).
      Older patients were more likely to be hospitalized (64% vs 55%; P=0.01), but
      hospitalization duration was comparable. For newly diagnosed patients, median PFS
      was 33.5 months for the older cohort and 33.8 months for the younger cohort
      (P=0.91), and median overall survival was 6.1 and 7.8 years, respectively
      (P=0.11). Presumably, a smaller fraction of patients, age 70-76, is selected for
      Auto-SCT, but the benefits are comparable to those seen for younger patients.
      Reduced-dose melphalan was given to approximately half the patients to avoid
      excessive toxicity.

PMID- 27376448
TI  - Haploidentical transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide following
      reduced-intensity conditioning for osteopetrosis: outcomes in three children.

PMID- 27376449
TI  - Thirty years of Bone Marrow Transplantation.

PMID- 27376450
TI  - Differences in stem cell transplantation activity among regions in Spain: an
      economic explanation.

PMID- 27376451
TI  - Bacterial meningitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a
      population-based prospective study.
AB  - We performed a nationwide prospective cohort study on the epidemiology and
      clinical features of community-acquired bacterial meningitis. Patients with a
      medical history of autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation (HSCT) were identified from the cohort performed from March 2006
      to October 2014. Fourteen of 1449 episodes (1.0%) of bacterial meningitis
      occurred in patients with a history of HSCT. The incidence of bacterial
      meningitis in HSCT recipients was 40.4 per 100 000 patients per year (95%
      confidence interval (CI) 23.9-62.2), which is 30-fold (95% CI 18-51; P<0.001)
      higher compared with persons without HSCT. Incidence was higher in allogeneic
      HSCT compared with autologous HSCT (70.0 vs 15.8 per 100 000 patients per year).
      Causative organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae in 11 patients, Neisseria
      meningitidis in two and Streptococcus mitis in one patient. Mortality was 3 of 14
      (21%) and 6 of 11 (55%) survivors had sequelae. Nine of 11 patients (82%) with
      pneumococcal meningitis were infected with a serotype included in the 23-valent
      pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, of whom four developed meningitis despite
      vaccination. In conclusion, HSCT recipients have a substantially increased risk
      compared with the general population of acquiring bacterial meningitis, which is
      mostly due to S. pneumoniae, and disease is associated with high mortality and
      morbidity. Vaccination is important to prevent disease although vaccine failures
      did occur.

PMID- 27376452
TI  - Dexamethasone palmitate for patients with engraftment syndrome is associated with
      favorable outcome for children with hematological malignancy.

PMID- 27376453
TI  - Clinical separation of cGvHD and GvL and better GvHD-free/relapse-free survival
      (GRFS) after unrelated cord blood transplantation for AML.
AB  - Few studies have presented a comparison of myeloablative cord blood
      transplantation (CBT) and HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic cell
      transplantation (HCT) for AML in a disease-specific analysis, and the evaluation
      of GvHD-free and relapse-free survival (GRFS) in AML patients after unrelated CBT
      has not been reported. A total of 162 consecutive AML patients receiving
      intensified myeloablative unrelated CBT (n=107) or allogeneic PBSC
      transplantation (allo-PBSCT) or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from an HLA
      identical sibling donor (n=55) were investigated. Neutrophil or platelet
      engraftment was slower in the CBT cohort compared with that in the allo-PBSCT/BMT
      cohort. The incidence of grade II-IV or grade III-IV acute GvHD (aGvHD) and
      transplant-related mortality (TRM) were not significantly different in the two
      cohorts. Compared with the allo-PBSCT/BMT cohort, the CBT cohort had a
      significantly lower rate of chronic GvHD (cGvHD) (13.7% vs 28.3%; P=0.047) or
      extensive cGvHD (9.9% vs 24.1%; hazard ratio (HR)=2.06, P=0.039). The incidence
      of relapse at 5 years in the CBT cohort was significantly lower than that in the
      allo-PBSCT/BMT cohort (15.3% vs 36.1%; HR=4.62, P=0.009). The probabilities of
      overall survival and leukemia-free survival were similar between the two cohorts.
      The adjusted 5-year probability of GRFS was higher after CBT than that after allo
      PBSCT/BMT (55.4% vs 39.2%; HR=1.63, P=0.042). The present study suggests that,
      for AML patients, intensified myeloablative unrelated CBT is associated with less
      cGvHD and a lower risk of relapse. In addition, these patients do not experience
      excessive TRM or severe aGvHD that translates into better GRFS compared with
      those patients who undergo HLA-identical sibling allo-PBSCT/BMT; this observation
      may reflect the clinical separation between cGvHD and GvL within our CBT
      protocol.

PMID- 27376454
TI  - Childhood multi-drug resistant tuberculosis with paradoxical granulomas - role of
      steroids.

PMID- 27376455
TI  - Adjustable thermal resistor by reversibly folding a graphene sheet.
AB  - Phononic (thermal) devices such as thermal diodes, thermal transistors, thermal
      logic gates, and thermal memories have been studied intensively. However, tunable
      thermal resistors have not been demonstrated yet. Here, we propose an
      instantaneously adjustable thermal resistor based on folded graphene. Through
      theoretical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations, we study the phonon
      folding scattering effect and the dependence of thermal resistivity on the length
      between two folds and the overall length. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility
      of realizing instantaneously adjustable thermal resistors in experiment. Our
      studies bring new insights into designing thermal resistors and understanding the
      thermal modulation of 2D materials by adjusting basic structure parameters. 

PMID- 27376456
TI  - Detection and treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi: a patent review (2011-2015).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of American
      trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), which is one of the important parasitic
      diseases worldwide. The number of infected people with T. cruzi diminished from
      18 million in 1991 to 6 million in 2010, but it is still the most prevalent
      parasitic disease in the Americas. The existing chemotherapy is still deficient
      and based on two drugs: nifurtimox and benznidazole, which are not FDA-approved
      in the United States. AREAS COVERED: This review covers the current and future
      directions of Chagas disease chemotherapy based on drugs that interfere with
      relevant metabolic pathways. This article also illustrates the challenges of
      diagnosis, which in recent infections, is only detected when the parasitemia is
      high (direct detection); whereas, in the chronic phase is reached after multiple
      serological tests. EXPERT OPINION: The current chemotherapy is associated with
      long term treatments and severe side effects. Nifurtimox and benznidazole are
      able to cure at least 50% of recent infections. Nevertheless, they suffer from
      major drawbacks: selective drug sensitivity on different T. cruzi strains and
      serious side effects. The aim of this review is focused on presenting an up-to
      date status of the chemotherapy and diagnosis.

PMID- 27376457
TI  - Clinical study of contrast-enhanced digital mammography and the evaluation of
      blood and lymphatic microvessel density.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To correlate image parameters in contrast-enhanced digital mammography
      (CEDM) with blood and lymphatic microvessel density (MVD). METHODS: 18 Breast
      Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)-4 to BI-RADS-5 patients were
      subjected to CEDM. Craniocaudal views were acquired, two views (low and high
      energy) before iodine contrast medium (CM) injection and four views (high energy)
      1-5 min afterwards. Processing included registration and two subtraction
      modalities, traditional single-energy temporal (high-energy) and "dual-energy
      temporal with a matrix", proposed to improve lesion conspicuity. Images were
      calibrated into iodine thickness, and iodine uptake, contrast, time-intensity and
      time-contrast kinetic curves were quantified. Image indicators were compared with
      MVD evaluated by anti-CD105 and anti-podoplanin (D2-40) immunohistochemistry.
      RESULTS: 11 lesions were cancerous and 7 were benign. CEDM subtraction strongly
      increased conspicuity of lesions enhanced by iodine uptake. A strong correlation
      was observed between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels; all benign lesions had
      <30 blood microvessels per field, and all cancers had more than this value. MVD
      showed no correlation with iodine uptake, nor with contrast. The most frequent
      curve was early uptake followed by plateau for uptake and contrast in benign and
      malignant lesions. The positive-predictive value of uptake dynamics was 73% and
      that of contrast was 64%. CONCLUSION: CEDM increased lesion visibility and showed
      additional features compared with conventional mammography. Lack of correlation
      between image parameters and MVD is probably due to tumour tissue heterogeneity,
      mammography projective nature and/or dependence of extracellular iodine
      irrigation on tissue composition. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Quantitative analysis of
      CEDM images was performed. Image parameters and MVD showed no correlation.
      Probably, this is indication of the complex dependence of CM perfusion on tumour
      microenvironment.

PMID- 27376458
TI  - Elective single embryo transfer in women less than age 38 years reduces multiple
      birth rates, but not live birth rates, in United States fertility clinics.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of elective single ET (eSET) on live birth and
      multiple birth rates by a cycle-level and clinic-level analysis. DESIGN:
      Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): Patient ages <35
      and 35-37 years old. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Clinics were
      divided into groups based on eSET rate for each age group and aggregate rates of
      live birth per ET and multiple birth per delivery were calculated. A cycle-level
      analysis comparing eSET and double ET (DET) live birth and multiple birth rates
      was also performed, stratified based on total number (2, 3, or 4+) of embryos
      available, embryo stage, and patient age. RESULT(S): There was a linear decrease
      in multiple birth rate with increasing eSET rate and no significant difference in
      clinic-level live birth rates for each age group. Cycle-level analysis found
      slightly higher live birth rates with double ET, but this was mainly observed in
      women aged 35-37 years or with four or more embryos available for transfer, and
      confirmed the marked reduction in multiple births with eSET. CONCLUSION(S): Our
      study showed a marked and linear reduction in multiple birth rates, and
      important, little to no effect on clinic-level live birth rates with increasing
      rates of eSET supporting the growing evidence that eSET is effective in
      decreasing the high multiple birth rates associated with IVF and suggests that
      eSET should be used more frequently than is currently practiced.

PMID- 27376459
TI  - Antidepressants detection and quantification in whole blood samples by GC-MS/MS,
      for forensic purposes.
AB  - Depression is among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders of our society,
      leading to an increase in antidepressant drug consumption that needs to be
      accurately determined in whole blood samples in Forensic Toxicology Laboratories.
      For this purpose, this work presents a new gas chromatography tandem mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method targeting the simultaneous and rapid determination
      of 14 common Antidepressants in whole blood: 13 Antidepressants (amitriptyline,
      citalopram, clomipramine, dothiepin, fluoxetine, imipramine, mianserin,
      mirtazapine, nortryptiline, paroxetine, sertraline, trimipramine and venlafaxine)
      and 1 Metabolite (N-desmethylclomipramine). Solid-phase extraction was used prior
      to chromatographic separation. Chromatographic and MS/MS parameters were selected
      to improve sensitivity, peak resolution and unequivocal identification of the
      eluted analyte. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem MS in
      selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode in tandem, using electronic impact ionization.
      Clomipramine-D3 and trimipramine-D3 were used as deutered internal standards. The
      validation parameters included linearity, limits of detection, lower limit of
      quantification, selectivity/specificity, extraction efficiency, carry-over,
      precision and robustness, and followed internationally accepted guidelines.
      Limits of quantification and detection were lower than therapeutic and sub
      therapeutic concentration ranges. Overall, the method offered good selectivity,
      robustness and quick response (<16min) for typical concentration ranges, both for
      therapeutic and lethal levels. 

PMID- 27376460
TI  - Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition
      activities, and molecular docking study of 7-substituted coumarin derivatives.
AB  - In the present study, 7-subsituted coumarin derivatives were synthesized using
      various aromatic and heterocyclic amines, and evaluated in vivo for anti
      inflammatory and analgesic activity, and for ulcerogenic risk. The most active
      compounds were evaluated in vitro for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibition. Docking
      study was performed to predict the binding affinity, and orientation at the
      active site of the enzyme. In vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, and
      in vitro 5-LOX enzyme inhibition study revealed that compound 33 and 35 are the
      most potent compounds in all the screening methods. In vitro kinetic study of 35
      showed mixed or non-competitive type of inhibition with 5-LOX enzyme. Presence of
      OCH3 group in 35 and Cl in 33 at C6-position of benzothiazole ring were found
      very important substitutions for potent activity.

PMID- 27376461
TI  - Frustration and chiral orderings in correlated electron systems.
AB  - The term frustration refers to lattice systems whose ground state cannot
      simultaneously satisfy all the interactions. Frustration is an important property
      of correlated electron systems, which stems from the sign of loop products
      (similar to Wilson products) of interactions on a lattice. It was early
      recognized that geometric frustration can produce rather exotic physical
      behaviors, such as macroscopic ground state degeneracy and helimagnetism. The
      interest in frustrated systems was renewed two decades later in the context of
      spin glasses and the emergence of magnetic superstructures. In particular, Phil
      Anderson's proposal of a quantum spin liquid ground state for a two-dimensional
      lattice S  =  1/2 Heisenberg magnet generated a very active line of research that
      still continues. As a result of these early discoveries and conjectures, the
      study of frustrated models and materials exploded over the last two decades.
      Besides the large efforts triggered by the search of quantum spin liquids, it was
      also recognized that frustration plays a crucial role in a vast spectrum of
      physical phenomena arising from correlated electron materials. Here we review
      some of these phenomena with particular emphasis on the stabilization of chiral
      liquids and non-coplanar magnetic orderings. In particular, we focus on the
      ubiquitous interplay between magnetic and charge degrees of freedom in frustrated
      correlated electron systems and on the role of anisotropy. We demonstrate that
      these basic ingredients lead to exotic phenomena, such as, charge effects in Mott
      insulators, the stabilization of single magnetic vortices, as well as vortex and
      skyrmion crystals, and the emergence of different types of chiral liquids. In
      particular, these orderings appear more naturally in itinerant magnets with the
      potential of inducing a very large anomalous Hall effect.

PMID- 27376462
TI  - Role of sequence evolution and conformational dynamics in the substrate
      specificity and oligomerization mode of thymidylate kinases.
AB  - Thymidylate kinase (TMK) is a key enzyme for the synthesis of DNA, making it an
      important target for the development of anticancer, antibacterial, and
      antiparasitic drugs. TMK homologs exhibit significant variations in sequence,
      residue conformation, substrate specificity, and oligomerization mode. However,
      the influence of sequence evolution and conformational dynamics on its quaternary
      structure and function has not been studied before. Based on extensive sequence
      and structure analyses, our study detected several non-conserved residues which
      are linked by co-evolution and are implicated in the observed variations in
      flexibility, oligomeric assembly, and substrate specificity among the homologs.
      These lead to differences in the pattern of interactions at the active site in
      TMKs of different specificity. The method was further tested on TMK from
      Sulfolobus tokodaii (StTMK) which has substantial differences in sequence and
      structure compared to other TMKs. Our analyses pointed to a more flexible dTMP
      binding site in StTMK compared to the other homologs. Binding assays proved that
      the protein can accommodate both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides at the dTMP
      binding site with comparable affinity. Additionally, the residues responsible for
      the narrow specificity of Brugia malayi TMK, whose three-dimensional structure is
      unavailable, were detected. Our study provides a residue-level understanding of
      the differences observed among TMK homologs in previous experiments. It also
      illustrates the correlation among sequence evolution, conformational dynamics,
      oligomerization mode, and substrate recognition in TMKs and detects co-evolving
      residues that affect binding, which should be taken into account while designing
      novel inhibitors.

PMID- 27376463
TI  - Visible light photo catalytic inactivation of bacteria and photo degradation of
      methylene blue with Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite prepared by a novel method.
AB  - Water purification is one of the worldwide problem and most of the conventional
      methods are associated with a number of drawbacks. Therefore it is the need of
      the day to develop new methods and materials to overcome the problem of water
      purification. In this research work we present a simple and green approach to
      synthesize silver decorated titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO2) nanocomposite with an
      efficient photo catalytic activities. Phytochemicals of the Cestrum nocturnum
      leaf extract were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Titanium
      dioxide (TiO2) and Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite. To confirm the formation, crystal
      structure, particle size and shape of green synthesized nanoparticles and
      nanocomposite, they were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray
      diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy
      (HRTEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FT-IR). The AgNPs, TiO2 and Ag/TiO2 were evaluated for photo
      degradation of methylene blue (MB) and photo inhibition of Bacteria. The bio
      synthesized Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite was observed to have strong catalytic
      activities for photo reduction of MB and photo inactivation of bacteria as
      compared to bare AgNPs and TiO2. In the presence of Ag/TiO2, 90% of MB was
      degraded only in 40min of irradiation. Alternatively the bare AgNPs and TiO2
      degraded less than 30% and 80% respectively of MB even in more than 100min of
      irradiation. Similarly the Ag/TiO2 has very strong photo inhibition efficiency
      towards Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of inhibition of
      irradiated Ag/TiO2 nanocomposites against E. coli and P. aeruginosa was 19mm and
      17mm respectively which was two times higher than in dark. These promising
      photocatalytic activities of nanocomposite may be due to the highly decorated
      AgNPs over the surface of TiO2. 

PMID- 27376464
TI  - An estimate of the prevalence of developmental phonagnosia.
AB  - A web-based survey estimated the distribution of voice recognition abilities with
      a focus on determining the prevalence of developmental phonagnosia, the inability
      to identify a familiar person based on their voice. Participants matched clips of
      50 celebrity voices to 1-4 named headshots of celebrities whose voices they had
      previously rated for familiarity. Given a strong correlation between rated
      familiarity and recognition performance, a residual was calculated based on the
      average familiarity rating on each trial, which thus constituted each
      respondent's voice recognition ability that could not be accounted for by
      familiarity. 3.2% of the respondents (23 of 730 participants) had residual
      recognition scores 2.28 SDs below the mean (whereas 8 or 1.1% would have been
      expected from a normal distribution). They also judged whether they could imagine
      the voice of five familiar celebrities. Individuals who had difficulty in
      imagining voices were also generally below average in their accuracy of
      recognition.

PMID- 27376465
TI  - In vitro antioxidant activity of rice protein affected by alkaline degree and
      gastrointestinal protease digestion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To elucidate whether and how alkali treatment, which is a common
      process for rice protein (RP) extraction, affects antioxidant activity of RP, the
      different degree of alkali (from 0.1% to 0.4% of NaOH) was used to extract RP (RP
      1, RP-2, RP-3, RP-4). RESULTS: The antioxidant capacities of scavenging free
      radicals [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt,
      ABTS; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH), chelating metals (iron, copper) and
      reducing power investigated in the hydrolysates of RPs (RP-1, RP-2, RP-3, RP-4)
      during in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion were effectively affected by alkali
      treatment. The present study demonstrated that the weakest antioxidant responses
      to ABTS radical-scavenging activity, DPPH radical-scavenging activity, iron
      chelating activity, copper chelating activity and reducing power were produced by
      RP-4 extracted by the highest alkali proportion (0.4% NaOH). CONCULSION: The
      present study indicates that antioxidant capacity of RP could be more readily
      depressed by strict alkali degree and affected by gastrointestinal proteases.
      Results suggest that alkali extraction is a vital process to regulate the
      antioxidant activity of RP through modifying the compositions of amino acids,
      which are dependent on alkali magnitude. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27376467
TI  - Electrochemical exfoliation of carbon dots with the narrowest full width at half
      maximum in their fluorescence spectra in the ultraviolet region using only water
      as electrolyte.
AB  - Here, a novel kind of CDs were electrochemically exfoliated from graphite rods
      using distilled water as the only electrolyte. The as-exfoliated CDs showed two
      significant features: the narrowest fluorescence spectra with a FWHM of only 10
      nm and ultraviolet fluorescence spectra in the region up to 360 nm. 

PMID- 27376466
TI  - TNF-alpha inhibitors reduce the pathological Th1 -Th17 /Th2 imbalance in
      cutaneous mesenchymal stem cells of psoriasis patients.
AB  - Psoriasis is a disease characterized by an imbalance between Th1 and Th17 and Th2
      inflammatory axes, in which cutaneous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are early
      involved, as they show a greater relative expression of several genes encoding
      for Th1 and Th17 cytokines. Therapeutic implications of TNF-alpha inhibitors on
      differentiated skin cells have been largely described in psoriasis; however,
      their effects on MSCs derived from patients with psoriasis have been only
      partially described. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of TNF-alpha
      inhibitors on cytokine milieu expressed by MSCs isolated from the skin of
      patients with psoriasis. Resident MSCs from skin of patients with psoriasis and
      healthy subjects have been isolated, characterized and profiled by PCR and ELISA
      for the expression of 22 cytokines involved in Th1 , Th2 and Th17 pathways, both
      before and after 12 weeks therapy with TNF-alpha inhibitors. The administration
      of TNF-alpha inhibitors for 12-weeks acts on MSCs as follows: it reduces the
      expression of several Th1 -Th17 cytokines whose levels are elevated at baseline
      (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-23A, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, CCL2, CCL20, CXCL2, CXCL5, IL
      17A, IL-17C, IL-17F, IL-21, G-CSF). Similarly, it enhances the expression of
      several Th2 cytokines which are underexpressed at baseline (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5),
      reducing the expression of those overexpressed at baseline (TGF-beta and IL-13).
      TNF-alpha inhibitors could contribute to reduce the pathological imbalance
      between the Th1 -Th17 vs Th2 axis in MSCs of patients with psoriasis.

PMID- 27376468
TI  - Indium-Free Fully Transparent Electronics Deposited Entirely by Atomic Layer
      Deposition.
AB  - Indium-free, fully transparent thin-film transistors are fabricated entirely by
      the atomic layer deposition technique on rigid and flexible substrates at a low
      temperature of 160  degrees C. The transistors show high saturation mobility,
      large switching ratio, and small subthreshold swing value. The inverters and ring
      oscillators show large gain value and small propagation delay time, indicating
      the potential of this process in transparent electronic devices. 

PMID- 27376469
TI  - Activin A programs the differentiation of human TFH cells.
AB  - Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are CD4(+) T cells specialized in helping B
      cells and are associated both with protective antibody responses and autoimmune
      diseases. The promise of targeting TFH cells therapeutically has been limited by
      fragmentary understanding of extrinsic signals that regulate the differentiation
      of human TFH cells. A screen of a human protein library identified activin A as a
      potent regulator of TFH cell differentiation. Activin A orchestrated the
      expression of multiple genes associated with the TFH program, independently or in
      concert with additional signals. TFH cell programming by activin A was
      antagonized by the cytokine IL-2. Activin A's ability to drive TFH cell
      differentiation in vitro was conserved in non-human primates but not in mice.
      Finally, activin-A-induced TFH programming was dependent on signaling via SMAD2
      and SMAD3 and was blocked by pharmacological inhibitors.

PMID- 27376470
TI  - Asynchronous combinatorial action of four regulatory factors activates Bcl11b for
      T cell commitment.
AB  - During T cell development, multipotent progenitors relinquish competence for
      other fates and commit to the T cell lineage by turning on Bcl11b, which encodes
      a transcription factor. To clarify lineage commitment mechanisms, we followed
      developing T cells at the single-cell level using Bcl11b knock-in fluorescent
      reporter mice. Notch signaling and Notch-activated transcription factors
      collaborate to activate Bcl11b expression irrespectively of Notch-dependent
      proliferation. These inputs work via three distinct, asynchronous mechanisms: an
      early locus 'poising' function dependent on TCF-1 and GATA-3, a stochastic
      permissivity function dependent on Notch signaling, and a separate amplitude
      control function dependent on Runx1, a factor already present in multipotent
      progenitors. Despite their necessity for Bcl11b expression, these inputs act in a
      stage-specific manner, providing a multitiered mechanism for developmental gene
      regulation.

PMID- 27376471
TI  - CD69 controls the uptake of L-tryptophan through LAT1-CD98 and AhR-dependent
      secretion of IL-22 in psoriasis.
AB  - The activation marker CD69 is expressed by skin gammadelta T cells. Here we found
      that CD69 controlled the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent secretion of
      interleukin 22 (IL-22) by gammadelta T cells, which contributed to the
      development of psoriasis induced by IL-23. CD69 associated with the aromatic
      amino-acid-transporter complex LAT1-CD98 and regulated its surface expression and
      uptake of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and the intracellular quantity of L-Trp-derived
      activators of AhR. In vivo administration of L-Trp, an inhibitor of AhR or IL-22
      abrogated the differences between CD69-deficient mice and wild-type mice in skin
      inflammation. We also observed LAT1-mediated regulation of AhR activation and IL
      22 secretion in circulating Vgamma9(+) gammadelta T cells of psoriatic patients.
      Thus, CD69 serves as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of psoriasis by
      controlling LAT1-CD98-mediated metabolic cues.

PMID- 27376472
TI  - Coccidioidomycosis Transmission Through Organ Transplantation: A Report of the
      OPTN Ad Hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee.
AB  - Donor-derived coccidioidomycosis has caused unexpected morbidity and mortality in
      transplant recipients. All proven or probable reports of donor-derived
      coccidioidomycosis to the Disease Transmission Advisory Committee between 2005
      and August 2012 were reviewed. Six reports of proven or probable
      coccidioidomycosis were discovered. In four of six, the infection was first
      detected at autopsy in the recipient. In two cases it was first identified in the
      donor. Twenty-one recipients received organs from these six donors. Transmission
      occurred in 43% at a median of 30 days posttransplant with a mortality rate of
      28.5%. Eleven recipients received preemptive antifungals, seven did not receive
      treatment, and treatment information was not reported for three recipients. Five
      of seven who did not receive prophylaxis/treatment died and all 11 who received
      early therapy survived. Six deaths occurred 14 to 55 days after transplant, with
      a median of 21 days. For exposed recipients, donor-derived coccidioidomycosis is
      a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Evidence of infection in one
      recipient should prompt immediate evaluation for treatment of all other
      recipients from the same donor as preemptive treatment was effective. Further
      studies are needed to decide whether all donors from endemic areas should have
      routine serologic screening.

PMID- 27376473
TI  - Smaller hippocampal volumes predict lower antidepressant response/remission rates
      in depressed patients: A meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Whether hippocampal volume predicts response and/or remission after
      antidepressant treatment of major depressive episodes (MDE) in major depressive
      disorder (MDD) remains unclear. We meta-analysed prospective studies comparing
      baseline hippocampal volume in patients with or without response/remission after
      antidepressant treatment. METHODS: Pubmed, Embase and Google Scholar were
      searched for studies of patients with current MDE in MDD, with hippocampal volume
      assessments at baseline, initiation of antidepressant drug treatment, and
      prospective assessment of response/remission after treatment. RESULTS: Six
      studies (374 patients), of which two were positive and four negative, were meta
      analysed. Compared to responders/remitters, patients who failed to achieve
      response/remission had smaller total hippocampus volumes at baseline (mean volume
      difference = 260 mm3, 95% CI [93; 427], P = 0.002). These results remained
      significant in patients under 60 years of age (P = 0.02), in those over 60 years
      old (P = 0.04), and for right (P = 0.006) and left (P = 0.02) hippocampi. The
      probability of non-response/non-remission was 68.6% for patients with a total
      hippocampal volume at least 10% lower than the average, and 47.1% for patients
      with a total hippocampal volume 10% higher than the average. CONCLUSIONS: In
      depressed patients treated with antidepressant drugs, smaller hippocampal volumes
      predict lower response/remission rates.

PMID- 27376474
TI  - Performance Characteristics and Validation of Next-Generation Sequencing for
      Human Leucocyte Antigen Typing.
AB  - High-resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching reduces graft-versus-host
      disease and improves overall patient survival after hematopoietic stem cell
      transplant. Sanger sequencing has been the gold standard for HLA typing since
      1996. However, given the increasing number of new HLA alleles identified and the
      complexity of the HLA genes, clinical HLA typing by Sanger sequencing requires
      several rounds of additional testing to provide allele-level resolution. Although
      next-generation sequencing (NGS) is routinely used in molecular genetics, few
      clinical HLA laboratories use the technology. The performance characteristics of
      NGS HLA typing using TruSight HLA were determined using Sanger sequencing as the
      reference method. In total, 211 samples were analyzed with an overall accuracy of
      99.8% (2954/2961) and 46 samples were analyzed for precision with 100% (368/368)
      reproducibility. Most discordant alleles were because of technical error rather
      than assay performance. More important, the ambiguity rate was 3.5% (103/2961).
      Seventy-four percentage of the ambiguities were within the DRB1 and DRB4 loci.
      HLA typing by NGS saves approximately $6000 per run when compared to Sanger
      sequencing. Thus, TruSight HLA assay enables high-throughput HLA typing with an
      accuracy, precision, ambiguity rate, and cost savings that should facilitate
      adoption of NGS technology in clinical HLA laboratories.

PMID- 27376475
TI  - Clinical Next-Generation Sequencing Pipeline Outperforms a Combined Approach
      Using Sanger Sequencing and Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification in
      Targeted Gene Panel Analysis.
AB  - Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have facilitated parallel analysis
      of multiple genes enabling the implementation of cost-effective, rapid, and high
      throughput methods for the molecular diagnosis of multiple genetic conditions,
      including the identification of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in high-risk patients
      for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. We clinically validated a NGS pipeline
      designed to replace Sanger sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe
      amplification analysis and to facilitate detection of sequence and copy number
      alterations in a single test focusing on a BRCA1/BRCA2 gene analysis panel. Our
      custom capture library covers 46 exons, including BRCA1 exons 2, 3, and 5 to 24
      and BRCA2 exons 2 to 27, with 20 nucleotides of intronic regions both 5' and 3'
      of each exon. We analyzed 402 retrospective patients, with previous Sanger
      sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification results, and 240
      clinical prospective patients. One-hundred eighty-three unique variants,
      including sequence and copy number variants, were detected in the retrospective
      (n = 95) and prospective (n = 88) cohorts. This standardized NGS pipeline
      demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, uniformity, and high-depth
      nucleotide coverage per sample (approximately 7000 reads per nucleotide).
      Subsequently, the NGS pipeline was applied to the analysis of larger gene panels,
      which have shown similar uniformity, sample-to-sample reproducibility in coverage
      distribution, and sensitivity and specificity for detection of sequence and copy
      number variants.

PMID- 27376477
TI  - Transport evidence for Fermi-arc-mediated chirality transfer in the Dirac
      semimetal Cd3As2.
AB  - The dispersion of charge carriers in a metal is distinctly different from that of
      free electrons owing to their interactions with the crystal lattice. These
      interactions may lead to quasiparticles mimicking the massless relativistic
      dynamics of high-energy particle physics, and they can twist the quantum phase of
      electrons into topologically non-trivial knots-producing protected surface states
      with anomalous electromagnetic properties. These effects intertwine in materials
      known as Weyl semimetals, and in their crystal-symmetry-protected analogues,
      Dirac semimetals. The latter show a linear electronic dispersion in three
      dimensions described by two copies of the Weyl equation (a theoretical
      description of massless relativistic fermions). At the surface of a crystal, the
      broken translational symmetry creates topological surface states, so-called Fermi
      arcs, which have no counterparts in high-energy physics or conventional condensed
      matter systems. Here we present Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in focused-ion
      beam-prepared microstructures of Cd3As2 that are consistent with the
      theoretically predicted 'Weyl orbits', a kind of cyclotron motion that weaves
      together Fermi-arc and chiral bulk states. In contrast to conventional cyclotron
      orbits, this motion is driven by the transfer of chirality from one Weyl node to
      another, rather than momentum transfer of the Lorentz force. Our observations
      provide evidence for direct access to the topological properties of charge in a
      transport experiment, a first step towards their potential application.

PMID- 27376476
TI  - Dissociated functional significance of decision-related activity in the primate
      dorsal stream.
AB  - During decision making, neurons in multiple brain regions exhibit responses that
      are correlated with decisions. However, it remains uncertain whether or not
      various forms of decision-related activity are causally related to decision
      making. Here we address this question by recording and reversibly inactivating
      the lateral intraparietal (LIP) and middle temporal (MT) areas of rhesus macaques
      performing a motion direction discrimination task. Neurons in area LIP exhibited
      firing rate patterns that directly resembled the evidence accumulation process
      posited to govern decision making, with strong correlations between their
      response fluctuations and the animal's choices. Neurons in area MT, in contrast,
      exhibited weak correlations between their response fluctuations and choices, and
      had firing rate patterns consistent with their sensory role in motion encoding.
      The behavioural impact of pharmacological inactivation of each area was inversely
      related to their degree of decision-related activity: while inactivation of
      neurons in MT profoundly impaired psychophysical performance, inactivation in LIP
      had no measurable impact on decision-making performance, despite having silenced
      the very clusters that exhibited strong decision-related activity. Although LIP
      inactivation did not impair psychophysical behaviour, it did influence spatial
      selection and oculomotor metrics in a free-choice control task. The absence of an
      effect on perceptual decision making was stable over trials and sessions and was
      robust to changes in stimulus type and task geometry, arguing against several
      forms of compensation. Thus, decision-related signals in LIP do not appear to be
      critical for computing perceptual decisions, and may instead reflect secondary
      processes. Our findings highlight a dissociation between decision correlation and
      causation, showing that strong neuron-decision correlations do not necessarily
      offer direct access to the neural computations underlying decisions.

PMID- 27376478
TI  - Allergic-like reactions to asparaginase: Atypical allergies without asparaginase
      inactivation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Asparaginase is an important component of pediatric acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. Unfortunately, this treatment is hampered
      by hypersensitivity reactions. In general, allergies - regardless of severity -
      cause complete inactivation of the drug. However, we report atypical allergic
      reactions without inactivation of asparaginase, here called allergic-like
      reactions. PROCEDURE: Patients with an allergic-like reaction, who were treated
      according to the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group ALL-11 or the CoALL 08-09
      protocol, were described. The reactions were identified by continual measurement
      of asparaginase activity levels. Characteristics, including timing of occurrence,
      symptoms, grade, and the presence of antiasparaginase antibodies, were compared
      to those of real allergies. RESULTS: Fourteen allergic-like reactions occurred in
      nine patients. Five reactions were to PEGasparaginase and nine to Erwinia
      asparaginase. Allergic-like reactions occurred relatively late after the start of
      infusion compared to real allergies. Antibodies were absent in all but one
      patient with an allergic-like reaction, while they were detected in all patients
      with a real allergy. Symptoms and grade did not differ between the groups.
      Asparaginase was continued with the same formulation in six patients of whom four
      finished treatment with adequate activity levels. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion,
      allergic-like reactions occur relatively late after the start of infusion and
      without antibodies. Despite these clinical differences, allergic-like reactions
      can only be distinguished from real allergies by continually measuring
      asparaginase activity levels. If clinically tolerated, formulations should not be
      switched in case of allergic-like reactions. Moreover, failure to recognize these
      reactions may lead to a less favorable prognosis if asparaginase therapy is
      terminated unnecessarily.

PMID- 27376479
TI  - Simultaneous time course analysis of multiple markers based on DNA microarray in
      incised wound in skeletal muscle for wound aging.
AB  - Assessment of incised wound age in skeletal muscles is important because fatal
      injuries are often complicated with muscle involvement. Transcriptome of injured
      skeletal muscle along with histopathological and immunohistochemistry staining,
      were analyzed to explore the biological effect of incised injuries using a mouse
      incised injury model. An incisional wound was made at the biceps femoris muscle
      of anesthetized mice, and the muscles were sampled at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48h post
      injury. DNA microarray analysis using RNA extracted from the muscle samples of
      12h post-injury identified 3,655 upregulated and 3,583 downregulated genes.
      Referring to the results of the gene ontology and gene expression pathway
      analysis, time course expression of five cytokines, namely chemokine (C-C motif)
      ligand 4 (CCL4), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 5 (CXCL5), interleukin-1 beta (IL
      1beta), interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and interleukin-7 (IL-7), were analyzed by
      quantative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). CXCL5 was the most upregulated
      gene throughout the post-injury period with higher expression from 6 through 36h
      post injury. Upregulation of CCL4 and IL-1beta was also persisted until 36h post
      injury. IL-6 mRNA was highly and rapidly expressed at 6h post-injury followed by
      significant decrease at 12h. Unlike other four cytokines, IL-7 showed slow and
      steady increasing over time until 48h post-injury. Immunohistochemical staining
      of post-injury samples showed gradual mild increase of staining intensity
      proportional to increasing time points especially around the wound edges. The
      present study highlights the unique dynamics of each cytokine and reflects their
      roles in the process of muscle wound healing, and suggests the potential of them
      as a tool for forensic wound age estimation. 

PMID- 27376480
TI  - A Bioinspired Synthesis of (+/-)-Rubrobramide, (+/-)-Flavipucine, and (+/-)
      Isoflavipucine.
AB  - A biomimetic synthesis of naturally occurring lactams rubrobramide, flavipucine,
      and isoflavipucine is described. The key step is a regioselective Darzens
      reaction between isobutyl glyoxal and an alpha-bromo-beta-ketoamide. The
      construction of the core tricyclic ring system of rubrobramide was achieved by a
      cascade reaction in a single step from an alpha,beta-epoxy-gamma-lactam.
      Furthermore, the absolute configuration of naturally occurring (+)-rubrobramide
      was determined by vibrational circular dichroism. (+/-)-Flavipucine and (+/-)
      isoflavipucine were synthesized from an epoxyimide, which was prepared by
      reaction of isobutyl glyoxal with a protected alpha-bromo-beta-ketoamide.
      Deprotection of the epoxyimide and formation of the pyridone ring gave (+/-)
      flavipucine, which was converted into (+/-)-isoflavipucine by thermal
      isomerization.

PMID- 27376481
TI  - A novel supine isocentric approach for craniospinal irradiation and its clinical
      outcome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report a novel approach for craniospinal irradiation (CSI) using a
      supine isocentric technique. METHODS: Patients were treated in the supine
      position using CT simulation. Half-beam-blocked lateral cranial fields and
      superior spinal fields have the same isocentre, and their beam divergences match.
      Tangential irradiation provides a non-divergent junction for the other two full
      beam spinal fields. Shielding for cranial fields was generated, and dose
      distribution was calculated using a three-dimensional planning system. When
      sacral spinal fields were required, two lateral opposite fields were designed to
      protect the urogenital organs. All treatment portals were filmed once per week.
      RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 49.8 months, 5 relapses and no cases of
      radiation myelitis developed in 26 consecutive patients. In the junctions of the
      brain-spine or spine-spine field, no failure occurred. Three failures occurred in
      the primary site alone, two in the spinal axis alone. CONCLUSION: The results of
      our study have shown that our novel approach for CSI was not associated with
      increased failures at the field junction and deaths. In addition, no radiation
      myelitis, pneumonia, severe damage to the heart and gastrointestinal tract, and
      second cancers occurred in our study. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This new approach is
      an optimal alternative in cancer centre without tomotherapy because of its
      convenience for immobilization, repeatability, optimal dose distribution and
      satisfactory clinical outcome.

PMID- 27376482
TI  - Cisplatin for testicular germ cell tumors: a rapid review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cisplatin is one of efficacious medicines for TGCT, but is not in 18th
      WHO EML now. The Union for International Cancer Control recommended cisplatin to
      the 19th WHO EML for TGCT. To evaluate the effectiveness, safety and cost of
      cisplatin for TGCT according to the requirements of WHO EML Expert Committee, and
      to provide the evidence whether cisplatin should be included in WHO EML. METHOD:
      We searched The Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, NHS EED, US National Guideline
      Clearinghouse (NGC) and WHO guidelines. Guidelines and systematic reviews (SRs)
      on cisplatin for TGCT were included. Two reviewers selected studies and extracted
      relevant information independently. Quality of SRs was appraised through AMSTAR.
      RESULTS: Seven guidelines and four SRs were included in this rapid review.
      Quality of SRs was moderate according to AMSTAR. The results showed that: (a)
      effectiveness: cisplatin-based chemotherapy significantly improved in response
      rates and overall survival for more advanced disease (stage II and stage III).
      Bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP)-one of the most widely used of
      cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens should be considered as the standard
      treatment of good-prognosis patients with survival rates of 90% and as the best
      option for intermediate- or poor-prognosis patients with survival rates of 75%
      and 50%, respectively. (b) Safety: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and peripheral
      neuropathy are common adverse effects of cisplatin. (c) Cost: there was no
      relevant study about cost of cisplatin for TGCT. But the affordability of
      cispaltin is good for Chinese patients, due to it is in health insurance
      directory of China. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend cisplatin to be listed in 19th WHO
      EML for TGCT, due to adequate evidence of effectiveness and good affordability.

PMID- 27376483
TI  - Increased Expression of GM1 Detected by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry in Rat
      Primary Embryonic Cortical Neurons Exposed to Glutamate Toxicity.
AB  - Neurons within different brain regions have varying levels of vulnerability to
      external stress and respond differently to injury. A potential reason to explain
      this may lie within a key lipid class of the cell's plasma membrane called
      gangliosides. These glycosphingolipid species have been shown to play various
      roles in the maintenance of neuronal viability. The purpose of this study is to
      use electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and immunohistochemistry
      to evaluate the temporal expression profiles of gangliosides during the course of
      neurodegeneration in rat primary cortical neurons exposed to glutamate toxicity.
      Primary embryonic (E18) rat cortical neurons were cultured to DIV (days in vitro)
      14. Glutamate toxicity was induced for 1, 3, 6, and 24 h to injure and kill
      neurons. Immunofluorescence was used to stain for GM1 and GM3 species, and ESI-MS
      was used to quantify the ganglioside species expressed within these injured
      neurons. ESI-MS data revealed that GM1, GM2, and GM3 were up-regulated in neurons
      exposed to glutamate. Interestingly, using immunofluorescence, we demonstrated
      that the GM1 increase following glutamate exposure occurred in viable neurons,
      possibly indicating a potential intrinsic neuroprotective response. To test this
      potential neuroprotective property, neurons were pretreated with GM1 for 24 h
      prior to glutamate exposure. Pretreatment with GM1 conferred significant
      neuroprotection against glutamate-induced cell death. Overall, work from this
      study validates the use of ESI-MS for cell-derived gangliosides and supports the
      further development of lipid based strategies to protect against neuron cell
      death.

PMID- 27376484
TI  - CLOCK-BMAL1 regulate the cardiac L-type calcium channel subunit CACNA1C through
      PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
AB  - The heterodimerized transcription factors CLOCK-BMAL1 regulate the cardiomyocyte
      circadian rhythms. The L-type calcium currents play important role in the cardiac
      electrogenesis and arrhythmogenesis. Whether and how the CLOCK-BMAL1 regulate the
      cardiac L-type calcium channels are yet to be determined. The functions of the L
      type calcium channels were evaluated with patch clamping techniques. Recombinant
      adenoviruses of CLOCK and BMAL1 were used in the expression experiments. We
      reported that the expressions and functions of CACNA1C (the alpha-subunit of the
      L-type calcium channels) showed circadian rhythms, with the peak at zeitgeber
      time 3 (ZT3). The endocardial action potential durations 90 (APD90) were
      correspondingly longer at ZT3. The protein levels of the phosphorylated Akt at
      threonine 308 (pAkt T308) also showed circadian rhythms. Overexpressions of CLOCK
      BMAL1 significantly reduced the levels of CACNA1C while increasing the levels of
      pAkt T308 and pik3r1. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of CLOCK-BMAL1 on
      CACNA1C could be abolished by the Akt inhibitor MK2206 or the PDK1 inhibitor
      GSK2334470. Collectively, our findings suggested that the expressions of the
      cardiac CACNA1C were under the CLOCK-BMAL1 regulation, probably through the PI3K
      Akt signal pathway. 

PMID- 27376485
TI  - Effect of horizontal curves on urban arterial crashes.
AB  - The crash prediction models of the Highway Safety Manual (HSM), 2010 estimate the
      expected number of crashes for different facility types. Models in Part C Chapter
      12 of the first edition of the HSM include crash prediction models for divided
      and undivided urban arterials. Each of the HSM crash prediction models for
      highway segments is comprised of a "Safety Performance Function," a function of
      AADT and segment length, plus, a series of "Crash Modification Factors" (CMFs).
      The SPF estimates the expected number of crashes for the site if the site
      features are of base condition. The effects of the other features of the site, if
      their values are different from base condition, are carried out through use of
      CMFs. The existing models for urban arterials do not have any CMF for horizontal
      curvature. The goal of this research is to investigate if the horizontal
      alignment has any significant effect on crashes on any of these types of
      facilities and if so, to develop a CMF for this feature. Washington State cross
      sectional data from the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS), 2014 was used
      in this research. Data from 2007 to 2009 was used to conduct the investigation.
      The 2010 data was used to validate the results. As the results showed, the
      horizontal curvature has significant safety effect on two-lane undivided urban
      arterials with speed limits of 35 mph and higher and using a CMF for horizontal
      curvature in the crash prediction model of this type of facility improves the
      prediction of crashes significantly, for both tangent and curve segments. 

PMID- 27376486
TI  - Unravelling post-transcriptional PrmC-dependent regulatory mechanisms in
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - Transcriptional regulation has a central role in cellular adaptation processes
      and is well investigated. In contrast, the importance of the post-transcriptional
      regulation on these processes is less well defined. The technological
      advancements have been critical to precisely quantify protein and mRNA level
      changes and hold promise to provide more insights into how post-transcriptional
      regulation determines phenotypes. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa the methyltransferase
      PrmC methylates peptide chain release factors to facilitate translation
      termination. Loss of PrmC activity abolishes anaerobic growth and leads to
      reduced production of quorum sensing-associated virulence factors. Here, by
      applying SILAC technology in combination with mRNA-sequencing, they provide
      evidence that the P. aeruginosa phenotype can be attributed to a change in
      protein to mRNA ratios of selected protein groups. The UAG-dependent translation
      termination was more dependent on PrmC activity than the UAA- and UGA-dependent
      translation termination. Additionally, a bias toward UAG stop codons in global
      transcriptional regulators was found. The finding that this bias in stop codon
      usage determines the P. aeruginosa phenotype is unexpected and adds complexity to
      regulatory circuits. Via modulation of PrmC activity the bacterial cell can cross
      regulate targets independently of transcriptional signals, a process with an
      underestimated impact on the bacterial phenotype.

PMID- 27376487
TI  - Gene duplication and divergence produce divergent MHC genotypes without
      disassortative mating.
AB  - Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exhibit heterozygote
      advantage in immune defence, which in turn can select for MHC-disassortative mate
      choice. However, many species lack this expected pattern of MHC-disassortative
      mating. A possible explanation lies in evolutionary processes following gene
      duplication: if two duplicated MHC genes become functionally diverged from each
      other, offspring will inherit diverse multilocus genotypes even under random
      mating. We used locus-specific primers for high-throughput sequencing of two
      expressed MHC Class II B genes in Leach's storm-petrels, Oceanodroma leucorhoa,
      and found that exon 2 alleles fall into two gene-specific monophyletic clades. We
      tested for disassortative vs. random mating at these two functionally diverged
      Class II B genes, using multiple metrics and different subsets of exon 2 sequence
      data. With good statistical power, we consistently found random assortment of
      mates at MHC. Despite random mating, birds had MHC genotypes with functionally
      diverged alleles, averaging 13 amino acid differences in pairwise comparisons of
      exon 2 alleles within individuals. To test whether this high MHC diversity in
      individuals is driven by evolutionary divergence of the two duplicated genes, we
      built a phylogenetic permutation model. The model showed that genotypic diversity
      was strongly impacted by sequence divergence between the most common allele of
      each gene, with a smaller additional impact of monophyly of the two genes.
      Divergence of allele sequences between genes may have reduced the benefits of
      actively seeking MHC-dissimilar mates, in which case the evolutionary history of
      duplicated genes is shaping the adaptive landscape of sexual selection.

PMID- 27376488
TI  - The life aquatic: advances in marine vertebrate genomics.
AB  - The ocean is hypothesized to be where life on earth originated, and subsequent
      evolutionary transitions between marine and terrestrial environments have been
      key events in the origin of contemporary biodiversity. Here, we review how
      comparative genomic approaches are an increasingly important aspect of
      understanding evolutionary processes, such as physiological and morphological
      adaptation to the diverse habitats within the marine environment. In addition, we
      highlight how population genomics has provided unprecedented resolution for
      population structuring, speciation and adaptation in marine environments, which
      can have a low cost of dispersal and few physical barriers to gene flow, and can
      thus support large populations. Building upon this work, we outline the
      applications of genomics tools to conservation and their relevance to assessing
      the wide-ranging impact of fisheries and climate change on marine species.

PMID- 27376490
TI  - An update on repurposed medications for the treatment of drug-resistant
      tuberculosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis are a major public health
      problem with a serious global impact. Although there have recently been two new
      drugs introduced for the treatment of drug-resistant TB (bedaquiline and
      delamanid), the current therapeutic armamentarium is limited. Because treatment
      of drug-resistant TB requires the use of a multidrug-regimen, there has been
      growing interest in the use of antibiotics developed for other infectious
      pathogens but that have shown efficacy in the treatment of TB. AREAS COVERED:
      This paper will review these 're-purposed' agents - including the beta-lactams,
      clarithromycin, clofazimine, the fluoroquinolones, and linezolid - with a focus
      on their efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties. Expert commentary:
      There is growing evidence on the efficacy and safety of repurposed drugs for the
      treatment of drug-resistant TB, supporting their program-wide inclusion in
      treatment regimens as recommended in revised WHO guidelines. However, additional
      work is needed to define optimum dosing as well as describe their role in regimen
      optimization.

PMID- 27376491
TI  - Design and synthesis of pyrimidinyl acyl thioureas as novel Hsp90 inhibitors in
      invasive ductal breast cancer and its bone metastasis.
AB  - Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common breast malignancies tumors and has
      tendency to bone metastases. Many oncogenic client proteins involved in formation
      of metastatic pathways. Stabilization, regulation, and maintenance of these
      oncogenic client proteins are provided with Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90). Hsp90
      perform these processes through its ATP binding and subsequent hydrolysis energy.
      Therefore, designing Hsp90 inhibitors is a novel cancer treatment method.
      However, many Hsp90 inhibitors have solubility problems and showed adverse
      effects in clinical trials. Thus, we designed and synthesized novel pyrimidinyl
      acyl thiourea derivatives to selectively inhibit Hsp90 alpha in human invasive
      ductal breast (MCF-7) and human bone osteosarcoma (Saos-2) cell lines. In vitro
      experiments showed that the compounds inhibited cell proliferation, ATP
      hydrolysis, and exhibited cytotoxic effect on these cancer cell lines. Further,
      gene expression was analyzed by microarray studies on MCF-7 cell lines. Several
      genes that play vital roles in breast cancer pathogenesis displayed altered gene
      expression in the presence of a selected pyrimidinyl acyl thiourea compound.
      Molecular docking studies were also performed to determine interaction between
      Hsp90 ATPase domain and pyrimidinyl acyl thiourea derivatives. The results
      indicated that the compounds are able to interact with Hsp90 ATP binding pocket
      and inhibit ATPase function. The designed compounds powerfully inhibit Hsp90 by
      an average of 1 MUM inhibition constant. And further, the compounds perturb Hsp90
      N terminal domain proper orientation and ATP may not provide required
      conformational change for Hsp90 function as evidenced by in silico experiments.
      Therefore, the designed compounds effectively inhibited both invasive ductal
      breast carcinoma and bone metastasis. Pyrimidinyl acyl thiourea derivatives may
      provide a drug template for effective treatment of invasive ductal breast
      carcinoma and its bone metastasis as well as new therapeutic perspective for drug
      design. 

PMID- 27376489
TI  - Computational genomics tools for dissecting tumour-immune cell interactions.
AB  - Recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy and decreasing costs of high
      throughput technologies have sparked intensive research into tumour-immune cell
      interactions using genomic tools. The wealth of the generated data and the added
      complexity pose considerable challenges and require computational tools to
      process, to analyse and to visualize the data. Recently, various tools have been
      developed and used to mine tumour immunologic and genomic data effectively and to
      provide novel mechanistic insights. Here, we review computational genomics tools
      for cancer immunology and provide information on the requirements and
      functionality in order to assist in the selection of tools and assembly of
      analytical pipelines.

PMID- 27376492
TI  - New, highly potent and non-toxic, chromone inhibitors of the human breast cancer
      resistance protein ABCG2.
AB  - Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) is one of the major transporters
      involved in the efflux of anticancer compounds, contributing to multidrug
      resistance (MDR). Inhibition of ABCG2-mediated transport is then considered a
      promising strategy for overcoming MDR in tumors. We recently identified a
      chromone derivative, namely MBL-II-141 as a selective ABCG2 inhibitor, with
      relevant in vivo activity. Here, we report the pharmacomodulation of MBL-II-141,
      with the aim of identifying key pharmacophoric elements to design more potent
      selective and non-toxic inhibitors. Through rational structural modifications of
      MBL-II-141, using simple and affordable chemistry, we obtained highly active and
      easily-made inhibitors of ABCG2. Among the investigated compounds, derivative 4a,
      was found to be 3-fold more potent than MBL-II-141. It was similarly efficient as
      the reference inhibitor Ko143 but with the advantage of a lower intrinsic
      cytotoxicity, and therefore constitutes the best ABCG2 inhibitor ever reported
      displaying a very high therapeutic ratio. 

PMID- 27376493
TI  - Natural product-inspired rational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of
      2,3-dihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromen-4(8H)-one based hybrids as potential
      mitochondrial apoptosis inducers.
AB  - Synthesis of novel pyranochromanone amide hybrids, by combining pyranochromanone
      pharmacophore and privileged scaffolds such as 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiaole/2
      aminothiazole/aminopyridine/aminonaphthalene and anti-cancer evaluation of a
      series led us to discover a series of new chemical entities (NCEs) showing broad
      spectrum of anti-cancer activity against three different human cancer cell lines
      (MCF-7, A549 and HeLa), at IC50 values ranging from 14.3 to 97.8 MUM. Among them,
      some compounds such as 15b, 15d, 20a and 20b displayed excellent activity against
      breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Detailed biological studies such as AO/EB dual
      staining, Hoechst 33342 staining, FACS analysis of mitochondrial membrane
      potential (Deltapsim) using JC-1 dye and DNA fragmentation confirmed the
      apoptosis induced by the hybrids. Gene expression studies by Real time RT-PCR has
      shown that these compounds are efficient regulator of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2.
      Western blot analysis also revealed that these compounds persuade apoptosis
      through intrinsic pathway by up-regulating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and down
      regulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Molecular docking studies reveal
      that compounds 15b and 20b binds efficiently with Bcl-2 promoter G-quadruplex. 

PMID- 27376494
TI  - Bicyclic octahydrocyclohepta[b]pyrrol-4(1H)one derivatives as novel selective
      anti-hepatitis C virus agents.
AB  - We report the discovery of the bicyclic octahydrocyclohepta[b]pyrrol-4(1H)-one
      scaffold as a new chemotype with anti-HCV activity on genotype 1b and 2a
      subgenomic replicons. The most potent compound 34 displayed EC50 values of 1.8
      MUM and 4.5 MUM in genotype 1b and 2a, respectively, coupled with the absence of
      any antimetabolic effect (gt 1b SI = 112.4; gt 2a SI = 44.2) in a cell-based
      assay. Compound 34 did not target HCV NS5B, IRES, NS3 helicase, or selected host
      factors, and thus future work will involve the unique mechanism of action of
      these new antiviral compounds. 

PMID- 27376495
TI  - Avarol derivatives as competitive AChE inhibitors, non hepatotoxic and
      neuroprotective agents for Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Avarol is a marine sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone, previously isolated from the
      marine sponge Dysidea avara Schmidt (Dictyoceratida), with antiinflammatory,
      antitumor, antioxidant, antiplatelet, anti-HIV, and antipsoriatic effects. Recent
      findings indicate that some thio-avarol derivatives exhibit acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) inhibitory activity. The multiple pharmacological properties of avarol,
      thio-avarol and/or their derivatives prompted us to continue the in vitro
      screening, focusing on their AChE inhibitory and neuroprotective effects. Due to
      the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a renewed search for
      new, non hepatotoxic anticholinesterasic compounds. This paper describes the
      synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of avarol-3'-thiosalicylate (TAVA)
      and thiosalycil-prenyl-hydroquinones (TPHs), as non hepatotoxic
      anticholinesterasic agents, showing a good neuroprotective effect on the
      decreased viability of SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cells induced by oligomycin
      A/rotenone and okadaic acid. A molecular modeling study was also undertaken on
      the most promising molecules within the series to elucidate their AChE binding
      modes and in particular the role played by the carboxylate group in enzyme
      inhibition. Among them, TPH4, bearing a geranylgeraniol substituent, is the most
      significant Electrophorus electricus AChE (EeAChE) inhibitor (IC50 = 6.77 +/-
      0.24 MUM), also endowed with a moderate serum horse butyrylcholinesterase
      (eqBuChE) inhibitory activity, being also the least hepatotoxic and the best
      neuroprotective compound of the series. Thus, TPHs represents a new family of
      synthetic compounds, chemically related to the natural compound avarol, which has
      been discovered for the potential treatment of AD. Findings prove the relevance
      of TPHs as a new possible generation of competitive AChE inhibitors pointing out
      the importance of the salycilic substituents on the hydroquinone ring. Since
      these compounds do not belong to the class of alkaloids, which are notorious for
      their capability to inhibit AChE while exhibiting side effects, they may
      constitute novel active AChE inhibitors with fewer side effects. 

PMID- 27376496
TI  - Detailed Investigation of the Immunodominant Role of O-Antigen Stoichiometric O
      Acetylation as Revealed by Chemical Synthesis, Immunochemistry, Solution
      Conformation and STD-NMR Spectroscopy for Shigella flexneri 3a.
AB  - Shigella flexneri 3a causes bacillary dysentery. Its O-antigen has the {2)-[alpha
      d-Glcp-(1->3)]-alpha-l-Rhap-(1->2)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1->3)-[Ac->2]-alpha-l-Rhap-(1
      >3)-[Ac->6]~40 % -beta-d-GlcpNAc-(1->} ([(E)ABAc CAc D]) repeating unit, and the
      non-O-acetylated equivalent defines S. flexneri X. Propyl hepta-, octa-, and
      decasaccharides sharing the (E')A'BAc CD(E)A sequence, and their non-O-acetylated
      analogues were synthesized from a fully protected BAc CD(E)A allyl glycoside. The
      stepwise introduction of orthogonally protected mono- and disaccharide imidate
      donors was followed by a two-step deprotection process. Monoclonal antibody
      binding to twenty-six S. flexneri types 3a and X di- to decasaccharides was
      studied by an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and STD-NMR
      spectroscopy. Epitope mapping revealed that the 2C -acetate dominated the
      recognition by monoclonal IgG and IgM antibodies and that the BAc CD segment was
      essential for binding. The glucosyl side chain contributed to a lesser extent,
      albeit increasingly with the chain length. Moreover, tr-NOESY analysis also
      showed interaction but did not reveal any meaningful conformational change upon
      antibody binding. 

PMID- 27376497
TI  - Characterization of Active Dry Wine Yeast During Starter Culture (Pied de Cuve)
      Preparation for Sparkling Wine Production.
AB  - The preparation of yeast starter culture (Pied de Cuve) for producing sparkling
      wine with the traditional method is a key factor for manufacturing a good Prise
      de mousse. In this paper, the evolution of total yeast population, its viability
      during Pied de Cuve preparation, and the pressure profile during the 2nd
      fermentation in 2 different base wines made from Bombino bianco and Chardonnay
      grapes were investigated using 4 different commercial active dried yeasts. The
      study proves that despite the initial differences observed throughout the
      acclimatization phase, all the tested strains showed similar results on either
      the total population (from 8.2 * 10(7) cells/mL to 1.3 * 10(8) cells/mL) or
      cellular viability (from 70% to 84%). Independently from the base wine tested,
      the kinetic of sugar consumption was faster during the gradual acclimatization to
      the alcoholic medium (phase II) and slower during the preparation of starter
      culture in active growth phase (phase III). During both of these phases
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae bayanus Vitilevure DV10((r)) (Station oenotechnique de
      Champagne) proved to have a higher sugar consumption rate than the other strains.
      During the Prise de mousse, S. cerevisiae bayanus Lalvin EC-1118((r)) (Lallemand)
      reached the maximum pressure increase within time in both base wines. 

PMID- 27376498
TI  - Tuning Surface Properties of Low Dimensional Materials via Strain Engineering.
AB  - The promising and versatile applications of low dimensional materials are largely
      due to their surface properties, which along with their underlying electronic
      structures have been well studied. However, these materials may not be directly
      useful for applications requiring properties other than their natal ones. In
      recent years, strain has been shown to be an additionally useful handle to tune
      the physical and chemical properties of materials by changing their geometric and
      electronic structures. The strategies for producing strain are summarized. Then,
      the electronic structure of quasi-two dimensional layered non-metallic materials
      (e.g., graphene, MX2, BP, Ge nanosheets) under strain are discussed. Later, the
      strain effects on catalytic properties of metal-catalyst loaded with strain are
      focused on. Both experimental and computational perspectives for dealing with
      strained systems are covered. Finally, an outlook on engineering surface
      properties utilizing strain is provided. 

PMID- 27376499
TI  - Identification of miRNAs and their targets involved in the secondary metabolic
      pathways of Mentha spp.
AB  - The endogenous, small and non-coding functional microRNAs govern the regulatory
      system of gene expression and control the growth and development of the plants.
      Mentha spp. are well known herbs for its flavor, fragrance and medicinal
      properties. In the present study, we used a computational approach to identify
      miRNAs and their targets involved in different secondary metabolic pathways of
      Mentha spp. Additionally, phylogenetic and conservation analysis were also done
      for the predicted miRNAs. Eleven miRNAs families were identified from Mentha
      spp., out of which five miRNA families were reported for the first time from
      Lamiaceae. Overall, 130 distinct target transcripts were predicted for eight
      miRNAs families. All the predicted targets regulated by predicted miRNAs control
      the reproduction, signaling, stimulus response, developmental and different
      metabolic process. miRNA mediated gene regulatory network was also constructed on
      the basis of hybridized minimum free energy of identified miRNAs and their
      targets. The study revealed that the gene regulatory system of essential oil
      biosynthesis may be governed by miR156, miR414 and miR5021 in mint family.
      Furthermore, three miRNA candidates (miR156, miR5021, and miR5015b) were observed
      to be involved in trichome development also. This is the first in-silico study
      describing miRNAs and their role in the regulation of secondary metabolic
      pathways in Mentha spp.

PMID- 27376500
TI  - Implication of vector characteristics of Phlebotomus argentipes in the kala-azar
      elimination programme in the Indian sub-continent.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar in the Indian
      sub-continent (ISC), is a major public health concern in Bangladesh, India, and
      Nepal, where it is caused by Leishmania donovani transmitted by the sand fly
      Phlebotomus argentipes. Various ecological parameters including air temperature,
      rainfall, wind speed, relative humidity, soil moisture, pH, and organic carbon
      are known to influence the oviposition of female sand flies, as well as the
      survival and development of larvae. However, more detailed knowledge on vector
      behavior, such as biting times, breeding places, and preferred hosts are needed
      to design optimal evidence-based vector control interventions. METHODS: In order
      to facilitate rational decisions regarding VL vector control, a systematic review
      was conducted to identify the prevailing practice and knowledge gaps in relation
      to vector bionomics and behavior. Search terms included 'sand fly bionomics',
      'habitat', and 'visceral leishmaniasis/kala-azar vector control' using the
      Boolean operator AND to identify the country of interest, namely: Bangladesh,
      India, and Nepal. Both PubMed and Google search engines were used. Additional
      unpublished documents in the three countries were also analyzed. RESULTS:
      Information on the life cycle of VL vectors, their breeding behavior, infection
      rate with L. donovani, feeding behavior, and seasonal variation are useful for
      designing vector control operations. Unfortunately, none of the studies on the
      life cycle of P. argentipes was conducted in field settings of the ISC, so the
      publications from other locations had to be used for determining the duration of
      life cycle and development from egg to adult. However, information about breeding
      places, seasonal variation of vector densities, and 47 out of the selected 51
      papers are available from the ISC and can be used for intelligent design of
      control operations. CONCLUSION: Vector control services should undertake routine
      insecticide resistance monitoring and adapt indoor residual spraying rounds to
      the seasonality of vector densities. Further research is needed on potential
      animal reservoirs for L. donovani, on the breeding habitat, and life cycle of
      sand flies in the ISC.

PMID- 27376501
TI  - Mansonella ozzardi: a neglected New World filarial nematode.
AB  - Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) is an understudied filarial
      nematode, originally described by Patrick Manson in 1897, that can be transmitted
      by two families of dipteran vectors, biting midges (most of them members of the
      genus Culicoides) and black flies (genus Simulium). With a patchy geographic
      distribution from southern Mexico to northwestern Argentina, human infection with
      M. ozzardi is highly prevalent in some of the Caribbean islands, along riverine
      communities in the Amazon Basin, and on both sides of the border between Bolivia
      and Argentina. There is no clinical entity unequivocally associated with M.
      ozzardi infection, although fever, arthralgia, headache, cold lower extremities,
      and itchy cutaneous rashes are occasionally mentioned in case report series. More
      recently, ocular manifestations (especially keratitis) have been associated with
      mansonelliasis, opening an important area of investigation. Here, we briefly
      review the biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical aspects of M.
      ozzardi infection and point to some existing knowledge gaps, aiming to stimulate
      a research agenda to help filling them.

PMID- 27376502
TI  - Distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in the Kilimanjaro Region of northern Tanzania.
AB  - Little is known about the presence and distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in
      northern Tanzania despite the occurence of viruses transmitted by these
      mosquitoes such as Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Dengue virus (DENV) in the
      region. Adult and larval mosquitoes were collected from rural and urban settings
      across a wide range of altitudes in the Kilimanjaro Region using the Mosquito
      Magnet CO2 Trap for collection of adults and old tires for breeding of larvae.
      Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed on captured adult mosquitoes to
      detect the presence of CHIKV and DENV. A total of 2609 Aedes aegypti adult
      mosquitoes were collected; no other Aedes species larvae were found. Mosquito
      yields were significantly higher in urban settings than rural settings (26.5 vs.
      1.9 mosquitoes per day, p = 0.037). A total of 6570 Ae. aegypti larvae were
      collected from old tires; no other Aedes species larvae were found. Of the 2609
      adult mosquitoes collected, none tested positive for CHIKV or DENV. As far as we
      are aware, this paper reports for the first time the presence of Ae. aegypti in
      the Kilimanjaro Region of northern Tanzania. Although CHIKV and DENV were not
      isolated from any of the collected mosquitoes in this study, the apparent absence
      of other Aedes species in the area suggests that Ae. aegypti is the primary local
      vector of these infections.

PMID- 27376503
TI  - Kato-Katz and Lumbreras rapid sedimentation test to evaluate helminth prevalence
      in the setting of a school-based deworming program.
AB  - The sensitivity of the Kato-Katz test is suboptimal for the evaluation of
      intestinal helminth prevalence. Moreover, during mass deworming, as helminth egg
      burden decreases, the sensitivity is likely to decrease. The Lumbreras rapid
      sedimentation (Lumbreras) is a low-cost non-quantitative test, but may provide
      useful information in low burden areas. We compared the prevalence of intestinal
      helminth infections assessed by the Kato-Katz and the Lumbreras rapid
      sedimentation test on 3 stool specimens from each of 1083 children. The
      sensitivities were compared using the McNemar paired test. Using the combined
      outcome of the 3 different stool tests as the standard, Kato-Katz had lower
      sensitivity than Lumbreras rapid sedimentation tests for Ascaris lumbricoides
      (85.1% vs. 95.1%, p = 0.03), Hymenolepis nana (77.7% vs. 97.9%, p < 0.01),
      Trichuris trichura (41.7% vs. 100%, p = 0.01), hookworm (0% vs. 100%, p = 0.01),
      and Strongyloides stercoralis (0% vs. 88%, p < 0.01). Kato-Katz demonstrated
      significantly lower sensitivity, missing most T. trichiura, hookworm, and S.
      stercoralis infections. The combination of Kato-Katz and Lumbreras rapid
      sedimentation tests enables the detection of more intestinal helminths infections
      in post-deworming low prevalence areas.

PMID- 27376504
TI  - Enhancing best practices in ophthalmology for prevention of nosocomial epidemic
      keratoconjunctivitis infections.
AB  - Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) outbreaks were reported as early as the 1940s
      in the United States. Nearly 80 years later, EKC remains a major eye health
      concern in the US and worldwide. Of particular concern is that a significant
      number of EKC cluster outbreaks in the US are healthcare acquired infections
      (HAIs) at ophthalmology offices. Therefore, immediate attention to enhancing best
      practices of standardization and universal precautions in ophthalmology is
      paramount.

PMID- 27376505
TI  - Everolimus for neurological and psychiatric diseases: Friend or foe?

PMID- 27376506
TI  - Evidence of altered membrane phospholipid metabolism in the anterior cingulate
      cortex and striatum of patients with bipolar disorder I: A multi-voxel (1)H MRS
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) studies
      have reported elevated glycerophosphocholine plus phosphocholine (GPC+PC) in the
      basal ganglia of patients with bipolar disorders (BD), which implicates an
      imbalance between synthesis and degradation activity of neuronal and glia
      membrane phospholipids (MPLs). However, the full extent of altered metabolites of
      MPLs in subareas within the basal ganglia, such as caudate and putamen, as well
      as anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of BD patients is poorly understood. METHODS:
      Multi-voxel (1)H MRS measurements were acquired in 50 type-one BD (BD-I) and 44
      healthy controls (HC) on a 3-T MRI scanner. Four different anatomically defined
      voxels covering ACC, caudate and putamen were systematically extracted and
      quantified using LCModel. Group differences in absolute GPC+PC and other
      metabolites were tested with age and gender as covariates. RESULTS: BD-I patients
      had higher GPC+PC levels in the anterior-dorsal ACC (p = 0.037), caudate (p =
      0.005) and putamen (p = 0.004) compared to HC. GPC+PC levels in the caudate were
      elevated most significantly in currently unmediated BD-I patients (p = 0.022) and
      were positively correlated with HAM-D scores (r = 0.51, p = 0.005). PCr+Cr and
      myo-inositol levels were also significantly higher in the caudate head (F(1,45) =
      6.010, p = 0.018) of patients compared to HC. NAA and glutamate levels were not
      significantly different between BD-I and HC in these regions (p > 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The increased GPC+PC in BD-I patients may reflect an imbalance in the
      MPL metabolism. Caudate GPC+PC levels may be a potential biomarker for depressive
      symptoms in BD.

PMID- 27376508
TI  - Multi-locus sequence analysis for identification of Achromobacter xylosoxidans
      from blood culture.

PMID- 27376510
TI  - Fluorescence and visual detection of fluoride ions using a photoluminescent
      graphene oxide paper sensor.
AB  - The instant and on-site detection of trace aqueous fluoride ions is still a
      challenge for environmental monitoring and protection. This work demonstrates a
      new analytical method and its utility of a paper sensor for visual detection of
      F(-) on the basis of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between
      photoluminescent graphene oxide (GO) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) through the
      formation of cyclic esters between phenylborinic acid and diol. The fluorescence
      of GO was quenched by the AgNPs, and trace F(-) can recover the fluorescence of
      the quenched photoluminescent GO. The increase in fluorescence intensity is
      proportional to the concentration of F(-) in the range of 0.05-0.55 nM, along
      with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 9.07 pM. Following the sensing
      mechanism, a paper-based sensor for the visual detection of aqueous F(-) has been
      successfully developed. The paper sensor showed high sensitivity for aqueous F(
      ), and the LOD could reach as low as 0.1 MUM as observed by the naked eye. The
      very simple and effective strategy reported here could be extended to the visual
      detection of a wide range of analytes in the environment by the construction of
      highly efficient FRET nanoprobes. 

PMID- 27376507
TI  - Long-term live-cell imaging reveals new roles for Salmonella effector proteins
      SseG and SteA.
AB  - Salmonella Typhimurium is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that infects both
      epithelial cells and macrophages. Salmonella effector proteins, which are
      translocated into the host cell and manipulate host cell components, control the
      ability to replicate and/or survive in host cells. Due to the complexity and
      heterogeneity of Salmonella infections, there is growing recognition of the need
      for single-cell and live-cell imaging approaches to identify and characterize the
      diversity of cellular phenotypes and how they evolve over time. Here, we
      establish a pipeline for long-term (17 h) live-cell imaging of infected cells and
      subsequent image analysis methods. We apply this pipeline to track bacterial
      replication within the Salmonella-containing vacuole in epithelial cells,
      quantify vacuolar replication versus survival in macrophages and investigate the
      role of individual effector proteins in mediating these parameters. This approach
      revealed that dispersed bacteria can coalesce at later stages of infection, that
      the effector protein SseG influences the propensity for cytosolic hyper
      replication in epithelial cells, and that while SteA only has a subtle effect on
      vacuolar replication in epithelial cells, it has a profound impact on infection
      parameters in immunocompetent macrophages, suggesting differential roles for
      effector proteins in different infection models.

PMID- 27376509
TI  - Gene signatures of estrogen and progesterone receptor pathways predict the
      prognosis of colorectal cancer.
AB  - The associations of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)
      pathways with the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still controversial.
      The aim of this study was to readdress these issues by introducing a gene
      signature-based approach to semiquantitate pathway activity. In this approach,
      the ER and PR pathway activities in CRC were computed based on the expression
      profiles of the signature genes of ER and PR pathways, respectively. The results
      showed that the ER pathway activity was progressively significantly decreased
      from normal colorectal mucosa, colorectal adenoma to CRC. ER pathway signaling
      was a favorable factor for the presence of microsatellite stability (MSS) in CRC
      in seven cohorts tested, while was an unfavorable factor for cancer recurrence in
      all four CRC cohorts tested (n = 1122; overall HR: 0.311, 95% CI: 0.199-0.488, P
      < 0.001). Subset stratification in stage II patients showed that ER pathway
      remained significantly inversely associated with recurrence. PR pathway was also
      suppressed in colorectal tumors and inversely associated with recurrence of CRC,
      but to a much lesser extent than ER pathway. Moreover, the inverse association of
      PR pathway with cancer recurrence was more likely observed in CRC with high ER
      pathway activity, suggesting the interactions between the two pathways. PR
      pathway was not associated with MSS in CRC, but it was more significant than ER
      pathway associated with advance cancer stages and cancer response to adjuvant
      chemotherapy. These results suggested the potential application of the gene
      signatures of ER and PR pathways, especially the former, as novel markers for
      prognosis and management of CRC.

PMID- 27376511
TI  - Near-Zero Thermal Expansion and High Ultraviolet Transparency in a Borate Crystal
      of Zn4 B6 O13.
AB  - Intrinsic isotropic near-zero thermal expansion is discovered in borate crystal
      Zn4 B6 O13 with high transparency in the ultraviolet region. First-principles
      calculations demonstrate that the very low thermal expansion originates mainly
      from the invariability of the solid [B24 O48 ] truncated octahedra that are fixed
      by the [Zn4 O13 ] clusters in the ZBO structure.

PMID- 27376512
TI  - DNA methyltransferase inhibitors: an updated patent review (2012-2015).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), important enzymes involved in
      epigenetic regulation of gene expression, represent promising targets in cancer
      therapy. DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi), which can modulate the aberrant DNA methylation
      pattern in a reversible way via inhibiting DNMT activity, have attracted
      significant attention in recent years. AREAS COVERED: This review outlines the
      newly patented inhibitors targeting DNMTs, mainly incorporating small molecular
      inhibitors and oligonucleotide derivatives. The chemical structures, biological
      activity, and the encouraging clinical research in progress are delineated in
      detail. EXPERT OPINION: Two drugs, azacitidine and decitabine, have evidently
      shown efficacy in hematologic malignancies, yet do not work well on solid tumors,
      have low specificity, substantial toxicity, and poor bioavailability. With the
      rapid advancement in systems biology, drug combinations, such as DNMTi, in
      conjugation with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) or immunotherapy,
      probably serve as an efficient way of implementing epigenetic therapy. Meanwhile,
      the resolved autoinhibitory structures of DNMTs afford a novel strategy for
      targeting the protein-protein interface involved in the autoinhi-bitory
      interactions. The molecular mechanism underlying the conformational transitions
      would also shed new light on the design of allosteric inhibitors. Both strategies
      would produce inhibitors with more selectivity compared to nucleotide
      derivatives.

PMID- 27376513
TI  - An Unusual Storm Within the Gastroduodenal Tract.

PMID- 27376514
TI  - Stone-containing Cystic Mass at the Portal Hilus of the Liver in an Asymptomatic
      Young Female Patient.

PMID- 27376515
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27376516
TI  - The Intensiveness of Intensive Enteral Nutrition Therapy.

PMID- 27376518
TI  - An Unusually Located Colonic Mass.

PMID- 27376519
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27376520
TI  - An Unusual Case of Right Lower Abdominal Pain.

PMID- 27376521
TI  - He Did Not Cry Wolf: The Case of a Man With Lupus and 10 Years of Dysphagia.

PMID- 27376522
TI  - Abdominal Pain With an Unusual Radiographic Image.

PMID- 27376523
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27376524
TI  - A Rare Cause of a Positive Fecal Occult Blood Test.

PMID- 27376525
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27376526
TI  - Distressing Trespass.

PMID- 27376527
TI  - Statin Use in Patients With Hepatitis C-related Cirrhosis: True Benefit or
      Immortal Time Bias?

PMID- 27376528
TI  - Is Magnetic Resonance Imaging Really More Accurate for Classifying Steatosis Than
      Controlled Attenuation Parameter?

PMID- 27376529
TI  - Discordant inflammatory changes in the apophyseal and sacroiliac joints: serial
      observations in enthesitis-related arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent to which inflammation of the sacroiliac joints
      (SIJs) and apophyseal joints (AJs) changes concordantly after treatment in
      enthesitis-related arthritis (ERA). METHODS: A retrospective study was performed
      with institutional review board approval. 31 young patients with ERA who had been
      scanned between March 2009 and November 2014 were included. All patients had post
      contrast imaging of the SIJs and lumbar spine and short tau inversion-recovery
      (STIR) images of the SIJs. The severity of sacroiliitis was scored using a
      modification of an established technique, and inflammation of the AJs was
      evaluated using a recently described grading system. The changes in SIJ and AJ
      scores after treatment were classified as either concordant or discordant, and
      the proportion of scan pairs in these groups was recorded. In addition, the
      correlation between change in SIJ STIR score (Deltanfla) and change in AJ score
      (DeltaAJ) was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Of a
      total of 43 scan pairs, the changes in inflammation were concordant in 16 scan
      pairs and discordant in 27 scan pairs. There was no significant correlation
      between Deltanfla and DeltaAJ (R = 0.14, p = 0.37). CONCLUSION: Inflammatory
      changes in the SIJs and AJs are often discordant. This may be a reason why
      patients experience ongoing back pain despite apparent improvement in one or the
      other site. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Inflammation may behave differently at
      different anatomical sites. The SIJs and AJs should both be imaged in patients
      with ERA with back pain.

PMID- 27376530
TI  - Potential Role of DARC-Chemokine Interaction in the Recruitment of Osteoclast
      Precursors in Response to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Challenge.
AB  - Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) binds to a number of pro
      inflammatory chemokines, and since chemokines are known to regulate trafficking
      of osteoclast (OC) precursors, we predicted that DARC would regulate OC
      recruitment to sites of inflammation by modulating chemokine activity. To test
      this hypothesis, we evaluated the mRNA expression of Darc and the chemokines
      known to bind to DARC, in endothelial cells treated with bacterial
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mRNA expression of Mcp-1, Rantes, Darc and Ccr5 was
      significantly increased in endothelial cells in response to LPS treatment.
      Blocking the function of DARC with neutralizing antibody partially abrogated the
      effect of LPS on the mRNA expression of Mcp-1 and Rantes. In vivo, mice with
      targeted disruption of Darc gene (Darc-KO) and control wild-type (WT) mice were
      used to assess the role of DARC in response to single LPS application on the top
      of parietal bones. Five hours post-LPS injection, local expression of Cd14 mRNA
      (a marker of inflammatory monocytes) was significantly increased in both lines of
      mice. However, the magnitude of increase was greater in WT mice compared with
      Darc-KO mice suggesting a role for DARC in mediating the recruitment of monocytes
      in response to LPS. Histological staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
      (TRAP) in calvaria sections taken from the injection sites revealed a significant
      reduction in TRAP-labeled surface per bone surface in response to LPS in Darc-KO
      mice compared with WT mice. Based on these findings, we concluded that DARC
      regulates recruitment of OC precursors at the inflammation site, probably through
      regulation of chemokines transcytosis across endothelial cell barrier.

PMID- 27376531
TI  - From contraction to gene expression: nanojunctions of the sarco/endoplasmic
      reticulum deliver site- and function-specific calcium signals.
AB  - Calcium signals determine, for example, smooth muscle contraction and changes in
      gene expression. How calcium signals select for these processes is enigmatic. We
      build on the "panjunctional sarcoplasmic reticulum" hypothesis, describing our
      view that different calcium pumps and release channels, with different kinetics
      and affinities for calcium, are strategically positioned within nanojunctions of
      the SR and help demarcate their respective cytoplasmic nanodomains. SERCA2b and
      RyR1 are preferentially targeted to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proximal to
      the plasma membrane (PM), i.e., to the superficial buffer barrier formed by PM-SR
      nanojunctions, and support vasodilation. In marked contrast, SERCA2a may be
      entirely restricted to the deep, perinuclear SR and may supply calcium to this
      sub-compartment in support of vasoconstriction. RyR3 is also preferentially
      targeted to the perinuclear SR, where its clusters associate with lysosome-SR
      nanojunctions. The distribution of RyR2 is more widespread and extends from this
      region to the wider cell. Therefore, perinuclear RyR3s most likely support the
      initiation of global calcium waves at L-SR junctions, which subsequently
      propagate by calcium-induced calcium release via RyR2 in order to elicit
      contraction. Data also suggest that unique SERCA and RyR are preferentially
      targeted to invaginations of the nuclear membrane. Site- and function-specific
      calcium signals may thus arise to modulate stimulus-response coupling and
      transcriptional cascades. 

PMID- 27376532
TI  - Single-cell RNA-seq technology lends a hand into HSC ontogeny.

PMID- 27376533
TI  - Effects of improved fat meat products consumption on emergent cardiovascular
      disease markers of male volunteers at cardiovascular risk.
AB  - High meat-product consumption has been related to cardiovascular disease (CVD).
      However, previous results suggest the benefits of consuming improved fat meat
      products on lipoprotein-cholesterol and anthropometric measurements. Present
      study aims to assess the effect of consuming different Pate and Frankfurter
      formulations on emergent CVD biomarkers in male volunteers at increased CVD risk.
      Eighteen male volunteers with at least two CVD risk factors were enrolled in a
      sequentially controlled study where different pork-products were tested: reduced
      fat (RF), omega-3-enriched-RF (n-3RF), and normal-fat (NF). Pork-products were
      consumed during 4-week periods separated by 4-week washout. The cardiometabolic
      index (CI), oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL), apolipoproteins (Apo) A1
      and B, homocysteine (tHcys), arylesterase (AE), C-reactive Protein (CRP), tumor
      necrotic factor-alpha (TNFalpha), and lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) were tested and
      some other related ratios calculated. AE, oxLDL and Lp(a), AE/HDLc, LDLc/Apo B,
      and AE/oxLDL rate of change were differently affected (P<0.01) by pork-products
      consumption. RF increased (P < 0.05) AE, AE/HDLc and AE/oxLDL ratios and
      decreased TNFalpha, tHcys; n-3RF increased (P < 0.001) AE, AE/HDLc and AE/oxLDL
      ratios and decreased (P < 0.05) Lp(a); while NF increased (P<0.05) oxLDL and
      Lp(a) levels. In conclusion, RF and n-3RF products affected positively the level
      of some emergent CVD markers. The high regular consumption of NF-products should
      be limited as significantly increased Lp(a) and oxLDL values. The high
      variability in response observed for some markers suggests the need to perform
      more studies to identify targets for RF- and n-3RF-products. Graphical Abstract
      Emergent CVD markers.

PMID- 27376534
TI  - PrP aggregation can be seeded by pre-formed recombinant PrP amyloid fibrils
      without the replication of infectious prions.
AB  - Mammalian prions are unusual infectious agents, as they are thought to consist
      solely of aggregates of misfolded prion protein (PrP). Generation of synthetic
      prions, composed of recombinant PrP (recPrP) refolded into fibrils, has been
      utilised to address whether PrP aggregates are, indeed, infectious prions. In
      several reports, neurological disease similar to transmissible spongiform
      encephalopathy (TSE) has been described following inoculation and passage of
      various forms of fibrils in transgenic mice and hamsters. However, in studies
      described here, we show that inoculation of recPrP fibrils does not cause TSE
      disease, but, instead, seeds the formation of PrP amyloid plaques in PrP-P101L
      knock-in transgenic mice (101LL). Importantly, both WT-recPrP fibrils and 101L
      recPrP fibrils can seed plaque formation, indicating that the fibrillar
      conformation, and not the primary sequence of PrP in the inoculum, is important
      in initiating seeding. No replication of infectious prions or TSE disease was
      observed following both primary inoculation and subsequent subpassage. These
      data, therefore, argue against recPrP fibrils being infectious prions and,
      instead, indicate that these pre-formed seeds are acting to accelerate the
      formation of PrP amyloid plaques in 101LL Tg mice. In addition, these data
      reproduce a phenotype which was previously observed in 101LL mice following
      inoculation with brain extract containing in vivo-generated PrP amyloid fibrils,
      which has not been shown for other synthetic prion models. These data are
      reminiscent of the "prion-like" spread of aggregated forms of the beta-amyloid
      peptide (Abeta), alpha-synuclein and tau observed following inoculation of
      transgenic mice with pre-formed seeds of each misfolded protein. Hence, even when
      the protein is PrP, misfolding and aggregation do not reproduce the full
      clinicopathological phenotype of disease. The initiation and spread of protein
      aggregation in transgenic mouse lines following inoculation with pre-formed
      fibrils may, therefore, more closely resemble a seeded proteinopathy than an
      infectious TSE disease.

PMID- 27376535
TI  - Biology of lung cancer: genetic mutation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and
      cancer stem cells.
AB  - At present, most cases of unresectable cancer cannot be cured. Genetic mutations,
      EMT, and cancer stem cells are three major issues linked to poor prognosis in
      such cases, all connected by inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity. Issues on
      inter-/intra-tumor heterogeneity of genetic mutation could be resolved with
      recent and future technologies of deep sequencers, whereas, regarding such issues
      as the "same genome, different epigenome/phenotype", we expect to solve many of
      these problems in the future through further research in stem cell biology. We
      herein review and discuss the three major issues in the biology of cancers,
      especially from the standpoint of stem cell biology. 

PMID- 27376536
TI  - Interplay Between Expression of Sulfur Assimilation Pathway Genes and Zn(2+) and
      Pb(2+) Stress in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.
AB  - We have previously demonstrated that in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,
      resistance to the highly toxic divalent cation Cd(2+) is mediated in part by the
      sulfur assimilation pathway (SAP) and enhanced intracellular concentrations of
      cysteine and glutathione(GSH) (Zheng et al., Extremophiles 19:429-436, 2015). In
      this paper, we investigate the interplay between Zn(2+) and Pb(2+) resistances,
      SAP gene expression, and thiol-containing metabolite levels. Cells grown in the
      presence of 300 mM Zn(2+) had enhanced activities of the following enzymes:
      adenosylphosphosulphate reductase (APR, 40-fold), serine acetyltransferase (SAT,
      180-fold), and O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS-TL, 230-fold). We investigated
      the concentrations of mRNA transcripts of the genes encoding these enzymes in
      cells grown in the presence of 600 mM Zn(2+): transcripts for 4 SAP genes
      ATPS(ATP sulphurylase), APR, SiR(sulfite reductase), SAT, and OAS-TL-each showed
      a more than three-fold increase in concentration. At the metabolite level,
      concentrations of intracellular cysteine and glutathione (GSH) were nearly
      doubled. When cells were grown in the presence of 10 mM Pb(2+), SAP gene
      transcript concentrations, cysteine, and GSH concentrations were all decreased,
      as were SAP enzyme activities. These results suggested that Zn(2+) induced SAP
      pathway gene transcription, while Pb(2+) inhibited SAP gene expression and enzyme
      activities compared to the pathway in most organisms. Because of the
      detoxification function of thiol pool, the results also suggested that the high
      resistance of A. ferrooxidans to Zn(2+) may also be due to regulation of GSH and
      the cysteine synthesis pathway. 

PMID- 27376538
TI  - [Therapy of severe barbiturate intoxications].

PMID- 27376537
TI  - In silico proposition to predict cluster of B- and T-cell epitopes for the
      usefulness of vaccine design from invasive, virulent and membrane associated
      proteins of C. jejuni.
AB  - PURPOSE: Campylobacter jejuni is the one of the leading causes of bacterial
      diarrheal illness worldwide. This study aims to design specific epitopes for the
      utility of designing peptide vaccine(s) against C. jejuni by targeting invasive,
      virulent and membrane associated proteins like FlaA, Cia, CadF, PEB1, PEB3 and
      MOMP. METHODS: In the present study, various immunoinformatics approaches have
      been applied to design a potential epitope based vaccine against C. jejuni. The
      tools include Bepipred, ABCpred, Immune Epitope databse (IEDB) resource portal,
      Autodock vina etc. RESULTS: Peptides "EINKN", "TGSRLN", "KSNPDI", "LDENGCE"
      respectively from FlaA, MOMP, PEB3, CadF proteins were found to be the most
      potential B cell epitopes while peptides "FRINTNVAA", "NYFEGNLDM", "YKYSPKLNF",
      "YQDAIGLLV", "FRNNIVAFV" and "LIMPVFHEL" respectively from Fla, CadF, MOMP,
      PEB1A, PEB3 and Cia might elicit cell mediated immunity and "IFYTTGSRL" from MOMP
      protein might elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. All these potential
      peptidic epitopes showed almost 80-100 % conservancy in different strains of C
      jejuni with varying proportions of population coverage ranging from 22-60 %.
      Further authentication of these peptide epitopes as probable vaccine candidate
      was mediated by their binding to specific HLA alleles using in silico docking
      technique. CONCLUSION: Based on the present study, it could be concluded that
      these predicted epitopes might be used to design a vaccine against C. jejuni
      bacteria and thus, could be validated in model hosts to verify their efficacy as
      vaccine.

PMID- 27376539
TI  - [Decrease of surfactant release by phenobarbital intoxication is possible].

PMID- 27376540
TI  - [Procalcitonin as a  tool for the assessment of successful therapy of severe
      sepsis : An analysis using clinical routine data].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Procalcitonin (PCT) is a well-evaluated biomarker for the detection
      of severe bacterial infections and monitoring effectiveness of antibiotic
      therapy. This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of PCT in a clinical routine
      setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 358,763 clinical cases from 7 German hospitals
      in 2012 and 2013, 3854 cases had an ICD-10 code representing sepsis. A total of
      1778 cases had pathologic PCT and one episode of infection. Of those, 671 showed
      a series of measures that was suitable to assess treatment success using PCT
      reduction. Propensity score matching was used to create two comparable groups
      with 211 patients in each group. RESULTS: The group with PCT reduction within 12
      days showed a highly significant better proportion of survival (146/211 vs.
      17/211; p < 0.0001). The odds ratio for death according to PCT reduction vs.
      nonreduction is 25.64 (p < 0.0001; 95 % CI: 14.49-45.45). PCT was normalized
      after an average of 6.2 days. DISCUSSION: The difference in survival implicates
      that PCT reduction is a suitable surrogate parameter to indicate successful
      antimicrobial therapy. Successful antibiotic therapy is a proven predictor for
      survival in sepsis. This study also showed concordant results in the group of
      patients with sepsis after abdominal surgery. Results from subgroup analyses
      confirm the initial findings. PCT reduction was used as surrogate for therapy
      success, as the antimicrobial therapy was not electronically available.
      CONCLUSION: PCT reduction is a strong predictor for survival. However, the data
      show that overall use of PCT to monitor sepsis therapy is not yet routinely
      established. Hospitals should establish algorithms for sepsis treatment that
      include PCT for the assessment of adequacy and the monitoring of success of the
      antimicrobial therapy.

PMID- 27376541
TI  - [Hospital emergency plan: the consequence-based model].
AB  - A very basic aim of disaster planning is to reduce complexity. This is not only
      the case for emergency services outside of hospitals, but also for hospitals
      facing the pressure to manage any kind of disaster. Despite some disadvantages,
      hospital disaster planning is traditionally based on the distinction between
      internal and external scenarios. In this article, we describe for the first time
      a new model used to prepare a hospital emergency plan. We call it the consequence
      based model. It is based on the two major consequences that any possible scenario
      will have on a hospital: breakdown of functionality and overrun of capacity. The
      consequence-based model will automatically focus the planning on restoring
      functionality and increasing capacity.

PMID- 27376542
TI  - Using systems biology to evaluate targets and mechanism of action of drugs for
      diabetes comorbidities.
AB  - Medications approved for diabetes-associated renal and cardiovascular morbidities
      and candidate drugs currently in development are subject to substantial
      variability in drug response. Heterogeneity on a molecular phenotype level is not
      apparent at clinical presentation, which means that inter-individual differences
      in drug effect at the molecular level are masked. These findings identify the
      need for optimising patient phenotyping via use of molecular biomarkers for a
      personalised therapy approach. Molecular diversity may, on the one hand, result
      from the effect of genetic polymorphisms on drug transport, metabolism and
      effective target modulation. Equally relevant, differences may be due to
      molecular pathologies. The presence of distinct molecular phenotypes is suggested
      by classifiers aimed at modelling progressive disease. Such functions for
      prognosis incorporate a complex set of clinical variables or a multitude of
      molecular markers reflecting a diverse set of molecular disease mechanisms. This
      information on disease pathology and the mechanism of action of the drug needs to
      be systematically integrated with data on molecular biomarkers to develop an
      experimental tool for personalising medicine. The large amount of molecular data
      available for characterising diabetes-associated morbidities allows for
      elucidation of molecular process model representations of disease pathologies.
      Selecting biomarker candidates on such grounds and, in turn identifying their
      association with progressive disease allows for the identification of molecular
      processes associated with disease progression. The molecular effect of a drug can
      also be modelled at a molecular process level, and the integration of disease
      pathology and drug effect molecular models reveals candidate biomarkers for
      assessing drug response. Such tools serve as enrichment strategies aimed at
      adding precision to drug development and use.

PMID- 27376543
TI  - Metabolic flexibility and oxidative capacity independently associate with insulin
      sensitivity in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Both inherited and acquired insulin resistance have been
      associated with abnormal muscle mitochondrial function. At whole-body level,
      maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) and/or metabolic flexibility (as
      given by DeltaRQ) reflect certain features of mitochondrial function. This study
      tests the hypotheses (1) that [Formula: see text] and DeltaRQ correlate tightly
      with each other and with insulin sensitivity and (2) that glycaemia, lipidaemia
      or subclinical inflammation would explain such relationships. METHODS: Near
      normoglycaemic individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 136) with a short
      known disease duration (<12 months) underwent cycling spiroergometry, indirect
      calorimetry and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp tests. RESULTS: Both
      [Formula: see text] (r = 0.39, p < 0.0001) and DeltaRQ (r = 0.32, p < 0.0001)
      correlated positively with whole-body insulin sensitivity, even after adjusting
      for anthropometric variables, glycaemia and glucose-lowering medication, but not
      after adjusting for NEFA. [Formula: see text] further correlated negatively with
      circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration. However, [Formula:
      see text] did not relate to DeltaRQ, even after adjusting for whole-body insulin
      sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Oxidative capacity and metabolic
      flexibility are independent determinants of insulin sensitivity but are
      influenced by circulating NEFA in recent-onset type 2 diabetes. ClinicalTrial.gov
      registration no: NCT01055093.

PMID- 27376544
TI  - Clinical evaluation of composite restorations in Er:YAG laser-prepared cavities
      re-wetting with chlorhexidine.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate longitudinally the
      composite restorations, performed in cavities prepared by Er:YAG or conventional
      bur, and dentin re-wetting with water or chlorhexidine. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Twenty individuals with four active caries with cavitation reaching the dentin
      located on the occlusal surface of molars counterparts are selected. The teeth of
      each individual were randomly assigned into four groups: (I) Er:YAG laser (260
      mJ/4 Hz) re-wetting with chlorhexidine, (II) Er:YAG laser (260 mJ/4 Hz) re
      wetting with deionized water, (III) conventional method re-wetting with
      chlorhexidine, and (IV) conventional method re-wetting with deionized water. The
      teeth were isolated, prepared cavities, phosphoric acid etching, and re-wetting
      according to previously assigned method. Restoration was performed employing the
      Single Bond 2 and Z350XT resin. Clinical follow-up was held after the polishing
      of the restoration (baseline) and 6 and 12 months of the making of the
      restoration using the modified USPHS criteria. The restorations were
      qualitatively analyzed by means of photographs. In the evaluation period,
      replicas of the restorations were analyzed by SEM. Data were analyzed by
      statistics using chi-square test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: After 12 months of clinical
      evaluation, groups prepared with laser and re-wetting with chlorhexidine and
      water showed the lowest marginal staining value. There was no statistical
      difference between the groups for other factors. SEM analysis revealed that a non
      expressive amount of restorations showed gaps and irregularities of tooth
      restoration interface after 6 and 12 months compared to the baseline. CONCLUSION:
      The restorations performed in laser-prepared cavities, regardless of the re
      wetting, presented the best clinical performance over the evaluated period.
      CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Laser-prepared teeth, regardless of re-wetting, showed
      greater resistance to marginal discoloration.

PMID- 27376545
TI  - Umbilical cord blood transplantation for adults using tacrolimus with two-day
      very-short-term methotrexate for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis.
AB  - Cord blood transplantation (CBT) is an alternative approach to allogeneic stem
      cell transplantation. However, CBT is associated with issues including pre
      engraftment immune reaction (PIR), engraftment syndrome (ES), and graft failure
      (GF). Tacrolimus (TAC) and short-term methotrexate (sMTX: days 1, 3, 6, and/or
      11) are used for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis during CBT;
      however, sMTX does not accelerate neutrophil engraftment. Therefore, we
      hypothesized that lower doses of sMTX [very-short-term MTX (vsMTX): 10 and
      7mg/m(2) on days 1 and 3, respectively] with TAC reduce the risk of GF without
      increasing post-transplantation immune reactions during CBT. We retrospectively
      analyzed 40 patients who received TAC with vsMTX for GVHD prophylaxis. PIR and ES
      developed in 4 patients. The cumulative incidence of neutrophil engraft at day 60
      was 92.5%. No cases of primary graft failure were noted. The cumulative incidence
      of grades II-III GVHD was 48.1% at day 100, and the cumulative 100-day incidence
      of nonrelapse mortality was 12.5%. This study suggests that TAC with vsMTX
      reduces the risk of PIR and ES during CBT and stimulates neutrophil engraftment,
      but may be associated with slightly higher aGVHD compared with calcineurin
      inhibitor and sMTX. Therefore, we recommend vsMTX plus TAC as an option for GVHD
      prophylaxis during CBT.

PMID- 27376547
TI  - Charge density waves in strongly correlated electron systems.
AB  - Strong electron correlations are at the heart of many physical phenomena of
      current interest to the condensed matter community. Here we present a survey of
      the mechanisms underlying such correlations in charge density wave (CDW) systems,
      including the current theoretical understanding and experimental evidence for CDW
      transitions. The focus is on emergent phenomena that result as CDWs interact with
      other charge or spin states, such as magnetism and superconductivity. In addition
      to reviewing the CDW mechanisms in 1D, 2D, and 3D systems, we pay particular
      attention to the prevalence of this state in two particular classes of compounds,
      the high temperature superconductors (cuprates) and the layered transition metal
      dichalcogenides. The possibilities for quantum criticality resulting from the
      competition between magnetic fluctuations and electronic instabilities (CDW,
      unconventional superconductivity) are also discussed.

PMID- 27376546
TI  - The prognostic significance of surface dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) expression
      in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
AB  - A number of factors related to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL)
      patients' prognosis have been identified. However, still some factors better
      reflecting disease activity in individual cases are explored. The study aimed to
      evaluate prognostic significance of dipeptidylpeptidase IV/CD26 expression on B
      CLL cells and its relationship with other well established prognostic factors.
      The study included 94 patients with newly diagnosed B-CLL and involved analysis
      of clinical, laboratory, flow-cytometry and cytogenetic data. Detailed analysis
      showed that CD26 expression on B-CLL cells correlates with Rai's clinical stage
      of the disease at diagnosis (p=0.034), beta2-microglobulin concentration
      (p=0.012), lactic acid dehydrogenase activity (p=0.045) and absolute lymphocytes'
      count (p=0.027) in the blood. The multivariate analysis revealed that time to
      treatment (TTT) was significantly influenced by Rai clinical stage, LDH activity
      in blood and CD26 expression on B-CLL cell's. Moreover, in the multivariate
      analysis restricted to the group of patients with documented cytogenetic risk
      (n=36) CD26 expression, Rai clinical stage and cytogenetic profile remained their
      independent impact on TTT. The results of our study indicate that the CD26
      expression should be incorporated in B-CLL patients risk assessment along with
      well known prognostic factors, since it seems to have a relationship with the
      tumor mass and influences TTT.

PMID- 27376548
TI  - Poly(L-lactide) crystallization topography directs MC3T3-E1 cells response.
AB  - Biomaterial surface topography significantly influences cellular form and
      function. Using poly(L-lactic acid) films with normal spherulites, banded
      spherulites, and amorphous surfaces as model substrates, we conducted a
      systematic assessment of the role for polymer crystallization induced surface
      morphologies on cell growth and contact guidance. Microscopy and image analysis
      showed that the MC3T3-E1 cells spread out in a random fashion on the amorphous
      substrate. At 24 h post-seeding, MC3T3-E1 cells on both types of spherulite
      surfaces were elongated and aligned along the spherulite radius direction. For
      the banded spherulite surface with radial stripes and coupling annular grooves,
      the cell orientation and cell nuclear localization were related to the grooves
      structure. With increasing time, this orientation preference was weaker. These
      results demonstrate that the patterning of polymer crystallization structure
      provide important signals for guiding cells to exhibit characteristic orientation
      and morphology especially in the early stages of regeneration.

PMID- 27376550
TI  - Persistence of Lactobacilli in Postmenopausal Women - A Double-Blind, Randomized,
      Pilot Study.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the ability of lactobacilli to persist in the genital area
      (vagina and labia) of women after the topical application of an ointment
      containing Lactobacillus gasseri LN40, L. fermentum LN99 and L. rhamnosus LN113.
      Secondary objectives were to study the presence of Escherichia coli and other
      contaminants, as well as subjective symptoms in the genital tract. METHODS:
      Eighteen healthy postmenopausal women were randomized to use either the study
      product or placebo for 10 days. Gynecological examinations, labial and vaginal
      samplings for bacterial cultivation were performed at baseline (visit 1), after
      treatment (visit 2), and at a 10-day follow-up (visit 3). LN strains were
      identified by specific cultivation methods. Subjective symptoms were evaluated by
      a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The presence of LN99 was shown in 7
      out of 8 women in the investigational group at visit 2 (p < 0.001 compared to
      placebo) and in 5 out of 8 at visit 3 (p < 0.05), whereas the presence of LN113
      was shown in 2 out of 8 at visit 2 and in 1 out of 8 at visit 3. Subjective
      symptoms were significantly reduced (p < 0.01) at visits 2 and 3 for both
      products. CONCLUSION: Topical application of a probiotic ointment is feasible to
      achieve persistence of lactobacilli for at least 10 days.

PMID- 27376549
TI  - Affinity and dose of TCR engagement yield proportional enhancer and gene activity
      in CD4+ T cells.
AB  - Affinity and dose of T cell receptor (TCR) interaction with antigens govern the
      magnitude of CD4+ T cell responses, but questions remain regarding the
      quantitative translation of TCR engagement into downstream signals. We find that
      while the response of mouse CD4+ T cells to antigenic stimulation is bimodal,
      activated cells exhibit analog responses proportional to signal strength. Gene
      expression output reflects TCR signal strength, providing a signature of T cell
      activation. Expression changes rely on a pre-established enhancer landscape and
      quantitative acetylation at AP-1 binding sites. Finally, we show that graded
      expression of activation genes depends on ERK pathway activation, suggesting that
      an ERK-AP-1 axis plays an important role in translating TCR signal strength into
      proportional activation of enhancers and genes essential for T cell function.

PMID- 27376551
TI  - Authors' Reply.

PMID- 27376552
TI  - Distribution of high-level mupirocin resistance among clinical MRSA.
AB  - Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      (MRSA) decolonization in hospital settings and nursing homes and is used as a
      highly effective antibiotic against MRSA. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the
      frequency of high-level mupirocin-resistant (HLMR) strains among the MRSA
      subtypes. A total of 188 clinical MRSA isolates were collected from 2011 to 2014,
      and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and vancomycin resistance was
      evaluated using disc diffusion method and micro-dilution method, respectively.
      Furthermore, the presence of mecA, SSCmec, mupA and mupB was assessed by PCR. All
      isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) but 2 strains (1.06%) were resistant to
      mupirocin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin for 8 strains
      (4.7%) was higher than 2 MUg/ml. Of 188 isolates, 188 (100%), 64 (34.04%), 8
      (4.3%), 150 (79.8%), 26 (13.8%), 2 (1.06) and 2 (1.06%) isolates possessed mecA,
      SCCmec types I, II, III, IV, mupA and mupB genes, respectively. Our data showed
      that despite infection control policy enforced by health care committee, the rate
      of mupirocin resistance among MRSA strains is continuously rising.

PMID- 27376553
TI  - Rapid and simple determination of T1 relaxation times in time-domain NMR by
      Continuous Wave Free Precession sequence.
AB  - Longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times have been widely used in
      time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) to determine several physicochemical properties of
      petroleum, polymers, and food products. The measurement of T2 through the CPMG
      pulse sequence has been used in most of these applications because it denotes a
      rapid, robust method. On the other hand, T1 has been occasionally used in TD-NMR
      due to the long measurement time required to collect multiple points along the T1
      relaxation curve. Recently, several rapid methods to measure T1 have been
      proposed. Those methods based upon single shot, known as Continuous Wave Free
      Precession (CWFP) pulse sequences, have been employed in the simultaneous
      measurement of T1 and T2 in a rapid fashion. However, these sequences can be used
      exclusively in instrument featuring short dead time because the magnitude of the
      signal at thermal equilibrium is required. In this paper, we demonstrate that a
      special CWFP sequence with a low flip angle can be a simple and rapid method to
      measure T1 regardless of instruments dead time. Experimental results confirmed
      that the method called CWFP-T1 may be used to measure both single T1 value and T1
      distribution in heterogeneous samples. Therefore, CWFP-T1 sequence can be a
      feasible alternative to CPMG in the determination of physicochemical properties,
      particularly in processes where fast protocols are requested such as industrial
      applications.

PMID- 27376554
TI  - Effect of biophysical cues on reprogramming to cardiomyocytes.
AB  - Reprogramming of fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes offers exciting potential in cell
      therapy and regenerative medicine, but has low efficiency. We hypothesize that
      physical cues may positively affect the reprogramming process, and studied the
      effects of periodic mechanical stretch, substrate stiffness and microgrooved
      substrate on reprogramming yield. Subjecting reprogramming fibroblasts to
      periodic mechanical stretch and different substrate stiffness did not improve
      reprogramming yield. On the other hand, culturing the cells on microgrooved
      substrate enhanced the expression of cardiomyocyte genes by day 2 and improved
      the yield of partially reprogrammed cells at day 10. By combining microgrooved
      substrate with an existing optimized culture protocol, yield of reprogrammed
      cardiomyocytes with striated cardiac troponin T staining and spontaneous
      contractile activity was increased. We identified the regulation of Mkl1 activity
      as a new mechanism by which microgroove can affect reprogramming. Biochemical
      approach could only partially recapitulate the effect of microgroove. Microgroove
      demonstrated an additional effect of enhancing organization of sarcomeric
      structure, which could not be recapitulated by biochemical approach. This study
      provides insights into new mechanisms by which topographical cues can affect
      cellular reprogramming.

PMID- 27376555
TI  - Cyclopamine disrupts tumor extracellular matrix and improves the distribution and
      efficacy of nanotherapeutics in pancreatic cancer.
AB  - The dense extracellular matrix in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma dramatically
      reduces the penetration and efficacy of nanotherapeutics. Disruption of the tumor
      extracellular matrix may help improve the distribution and efficacy of
      nanotherapeutics in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we tested whether
      cyclopamine, a special inhibitor of the hedgehog signaling pathway with powerful
      anti-fibrotic activity, could promote the penetration and efficacy of
      nanotherapeutics in pancreatic cancer. It was shown that cyclopamine disrupted
      tumor extracellular fibronectins, decompressed tumor blood vessels, and improved
      tumor perfusion. Furthermore, cyclopamine improved the accumulation and
      intratumoral distribution of i.v.-administered fluorescence indicator-labeled
      nanoparticles. Finally, cyclopamine also significantly improved the tumor growth
      inhibition effect of i.v.-injected nanotherapeutics in pancreatic tumor xenograft
      mouse models. Thus, cyclopamine may have great potential to improve the
      therapeutic effects of nanomedicine in patients with pancreatic cancer.

PMID- 27376556
TI  - Approximating bone ECM: Crosslinking directs individual and coupled
      osteoblast/osteoclast behavior.
AB  - Osteoblast and osteoclast communication (i.e. osteocoupling) is an intricate
      process, in which the biophysical profile of bone ECM is an aggregate product of
      their activities. While the effect of microenvironmental cues on osteoblast and
      osteoclast maturation has been resolved into individual variables (e.g. stiffness
      or topography), a single cue can be limited with regards to reflecting the full
      biophysical scope of natural bone ECM. Additionally, the natural modulation of
      bone ECM, which involves collagenous fibril and elastin crosslinking via lysyl
      oxidase, has yet to be reflected in current synthetic platforms. Here, we move
      beyond traditional substrates and use cell-derived ECM to examine individual and
      coupled osteoblast and osteoclast behavior on a physiological platform.
      Specifically, preosteoblast-derived ECM is crosslinked with genipin, a
      biocompatible crosslinker, to emulate physiological lysyl oxidase-mediated ECM
      crosslinking. We demonstrate that different concentrations of genipin yield
      changes to ECM density, stiffness, and roughness while retaining
      biocompatibility. By approximating various bone ECM profiles, we examine how
      individual and coupled osteoblast and osteoclast behavior are affected.
      Ultimately, we demonstrate an increase in osteoblast and osteoclast
      differentiation on compact and loose ECM, respectively, and identify ECM
      crosslinking density as an underlying force in osteocoupling behavior.

PMID- 27376557
TI  - An implantable and controlled drug-release silk fibroin nanofibrous matrix to
      advance the treatment of solid tumour cancers.
AB  - The development of more effective cancer therapeutic strategies are still
      critically required. The maximization of the therapeutic effect in combination
      with avoiding the severe side effects on normal tissues when using chemotherapy
      drugs is still an urgent problem that requires improvements urgently. Here we
      provide implantable and controllable drug-release that utilises silk fibroin (SF)
      as a nanofibrous drug delivery system (DDS) for cancer treatment. A nanofibrous
      structure with controllable fibre diameter (<100 nm) was produced. The drug
      release rate of the SF DDS was controlled by applying a post-treatment process.
      In vitro anti-cancer (HCT116) results indicated that curcumin (CM)-SF nanofibrous
      matrix had a superior anti-cancer potential when the concentration was >5 MUg/mL.
      The mechanism could be explained by the cell cycle being held in the S phase. The
      toxic effect on normal cells (NCM460) was minimized by using a treatment
      concentration range (5-20 MUg/mL). Implantation of this DDS into the tumour site
      inhibited the growth of solid tumour; this offers an alternative approach for
      novel cancer therapy.

PMID- 27376558
TI  - Nanoparticle-facilitated autophagy inhibition promotes the efficacy of
      chemotherapeutics against breast cancer stem cells.
AB  - Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have garnered increasing attention over the past decade,
      as they are believed to play a crucial role in tumor initiation, progression and
      metastasis, relapse and drug resistance. Therapeutic strategies which
      simultaneously exterminate both bulk tumor cells and the rare CSC subpopulation
      may produce striking response and result in long-term tumor remission.
      Accumulating evidence provides insight into the function of autophagy in
      maintenance, plasticity and survival of CSCs. The role of autophagy in the
      susceptibility of breast CSCs to chemotherapeutics was investigated in the
      present work, reduced 'stemness' and increased susceptibility to chemotherapy
      drugs (doxorubicin, DOX and docetaxel, DTXL) were observed after chloroquine (CQ)
      mediated autophagy inhibition in sorted ALDH(hi) cells of breast cancer cell line
      MDA-MB-231. We further proved that nanoparticle-mediated autophagy inhibition
      promoted the efficacy of chemotherapeutics against ALDH(hi) MDA-MB-231 cells in
      vitro. Administration of drug delivery systems significantly prolonged the
      circulation half-life and augmented enrichment of two different drugs in tumor
      tissues and ALDH(hi) cells. More importantly, compared with single treatment, the
      combined delivery systems NPCQ/NPDOX and NPCQ/DOX (NPCQ/NPDTXL and NPCQ/DTXL)
      showed most effective and persistent tumor growth inhibitory effect by
      eliminating bulk tumor cells as well as CSCs (p < 0.01) in an MDA-MB-231
      orthotopic tumor murine model. Therefore, our research provides new insights into
      the nanoparticle-facilitated combination of autophagy inhibition and chemotherapy
      for effective therapy of breast cancer.

PMID- 27376559
TI  - Fullerene/photosensitizer nanovesicles as highly efficient and clearable
      phototheranostics with enhanced tumor accumulation for cancer therapy.
AB  - A novel phototheranostic platform based on tri-malonate derivative of fullerene
      C70 (TFC70)/photosensitizer (Chlorin e6, Ce6) nanovesicles (FCNVs) has been
      developed for effective tumor imaging and treatment. The FCNVs were prepared from
      amphiphilic TFC70-oligo ethylene glycol -Ce6 molecules. The developed FCNVs
      possessed the following advantages: (i) high loading efficiency of Ce6 (up to ~57
      wt%); (ii) efficient absorption in near-infrared light region; (iii) enhanced
      cellular uptake efficiency of Ce6 in vitro and in vivo; (iv) good
      biocompatibility and total clearance out from the body. These unique properties
      suggest that the as-prepared FCNVs could be applied as an ideal theranostic agent
      for simultaneous imaging and photodynamic therapy of tumor. This finding may
      provide a good solution to highly efficient phototheranostic applications based
      on fullerene derivatives fabricated nanostructures.

PMID- 27376560
TI  - 808 nm-excited upconversion nanoprobes with low heating effect for targeted
      magnetic resonance imaging and high-efficacy photodynamic therapy in HER2
      overexpressed breast cancer.
AB  - To avoid the overheating effect of excitation light and improve the efficacy of
      photodynamic therapy (PDT) of upconversion nanoplatform, a novel nanoprobe based
      on 808 nm-excited upconversion nanocomposites (T-UCNPs@Ce6@mSiO2) with low
      heating effect and deep penetration has been successfully constructed for
      targeted upconversion luminescence, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high
      efficacy PDT in HER2-overexpressed breast cancer. In this nanocomposite,
      photosensitizers (Ce6) were covalently conjugated inside of mesoporous silica to
      enhance the PDT efficacy by shortening the distance of fluorescence resonance
      energy transfer and to decrease the cytotoxicity by preventing the undesired
      leakage of Ce6. Compared with UCNPs@mSiO2@Ce6, UCNPs@Ce6@mSiO2 greatly promoted
      the singlet oxygen generation and amplified the PDT efficacy under the excitation
      of 808 nm laser. Importantly, the designed nanoprobe can greatly improve the
      uptake of HER2-positive cells and tumors by modifying the site-specific peptide,
      and the in vivo experiments showed excellent MRI and PDT via intravenous
      injection by modeling MDA-MB-435 tumor-bearing nude mice. Our strategy may
      provide an effective solution for overcoming the heating effect and improving the
      PDT efficacy of upconversion nanoprobes, and has potential application in
      visualized theranostics of HER2-overexpressed breast cancer.

PMID- 27376561
TI  - Mechanisms by which acellular biologic scaffolds promote functional skeletal
      muscle restoration.
AB  - Acellular biologic scaffolds derived from extracellular matrix have been
      investigated in preclinical and clinical studies as a regenerative medicine
      approach for volumetric muscle loss treatment. The present manuscript provides a
      review of previous studies supporting the use of extracellular matrix derived
      biologic scaffolds for the promotion of functional skeletal muscle tissue
      formation that is contractile and innervated. The manuscript also identifies key
      mechanisms that have been associated with ECM-mediated skeletal muscle repair,
      and provides hypotheses as to why there have been variable outcomes, ranging from
      successful to unsatisfactory, associated with ECM bioscaffold implantation in the
      skeletal muscle injury microenvironment.

PMID- 27376562
TI  - Integration of antimicrobial peptides with gold nanoparticles as unique non-viral
      vectors for gene delivery to mesenchymal stem cells with antibacterial activity.
AB  - Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as attractive non-viral gene vectors.
      However their application in regenerative medicine is still limited partially due
      to a lack of an intrinsic capacity to transfect difficult-to-transfect cells such
      as primary cells or stem cells. In current study, we report the synthesis of
      antimicrobial peptide conjugated cationic AuNPs (AuNPs@PEP) as highly efficient
      carriers for gene delivery to stem cells with antibacterial ability. The
      AuNPs@PEP integrate the advantages of cationic AuNPs and antibacterial peptides:
      the presence of cationic AuNPs can effectively condense DNA and the antimicrobial
      peptides are essential for the cellular & nucleus entry enhancement to achieve
      high transfection efficiency and antibacterial ability. As a result,
      antimicrobial peptides conjugated AuNPs significantly promoted the gene
      transfection efficiency in rat mesenchymal stem cells than pristine AuNPs, with a
      similar extent to those expressed by TAT (a well-known cell-penetrating peptide)
      modified AuNPs. More interestingly, the combinational system has better
      antibacterial ability than free antimicrobial peptides in vitro and in vivo,
      possibly due to the high density of peptides on the surface of AuNPs. Finally we
      present the concept-proving results that AuPs@PEP can be used as a carrier for in
      vivo gene activation in tissue regeneration, suggesting its potential as a
      multifunctional system with both gene delivery and antibacterial abilities in
      clinic.

PMID- 27376563
TI  - Three times greater weight of daytime than of night-time temperature on leaf
      unfolding phenology in temperate trees.
AB  - The phenology of spring leaf unfolding plays a key role in the structure and
      functioning of ecosystems. The classical concept of heat requirement (growing
      degree days) for leaf unfolding was developed hundreds of years ago, but this
      model does not include the recently reported greater importance of daytime than
      night-time temperature. A manipulative experiment on daytime vs night-time
      warming with saplings of three species of temperate deciduous trees was conducted
      and a Bayesian method was applied to explore the different effects of daytime and
      night-time temperatures on spring phenology. We found that both daytime and night
      time warming significantly advanced leaf unfolding, but the sensitivities to
      increased daytime and night-time temperatures differed significantly. Trees were
      most sensitive to daytime warming (7.4 +/- 0.9, 4.8 +/- 0.3 and 4.8 +/- 0.2 d
      advancement per degree Celsius warming (d  degrees C-1 ) for birch, oak and
      beech, respectively) and least sensitive to night-time warming (5.5 +/- 0.9, 3.3
      +/- 0.3 and 2.1 +/- 0.9 d  degrees C-1 ). Interestingly, a Bayesian analysis
      found that the impact of daytime temperature on leaf unfolding was approximately
      three times higher than that of night-time temperatures. Night-time global
      temperature is increasing faster than daytime temperature, so model projections
      of future spring phenology should incorporate the effects of these different
      temperatures.

PMID- 27376564
TI  - Treatment of extensive erythema multiforme with topical gentian violet.
AB  - Topical and systemic therapies for erythema multiforme have been widely described
      in the literature. The pathogenesis of erythema multiforme involves increased
      expression of vascular endothelial growth factor resulting in the promotion of
      microvascular permeability and angiogenesis. Gentian violet has been shown to
      have antiangiogenic properties. Here, we present a case of erythema multiforme
      successfully treated with topical gentian violet. We report the case of a patient
      who presented with erythema multiforme. Prior pertinent history included diabetes
      mellitus type I, limiting the clinical use of systemic corticosteroids. Topical
      gentian violet was used to treat the cutaneous lesions. Our patient responded
      well to treatment with topical gentian violet with stabilization and resolution
      of the lesions without using systemic therapy that may pose serious side effects
      in the setting of other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus type I. This case
      highlights the variable therapeutic options available for treatment of erythema
      multiforme, including topical gentian violet. While further studies are needed,
      this case demonstrates the antiangiogenic properties and clinical utility of
      topical gentian violet in the treatment of erythema multiforme.

PMID- 27376565
TI  - Clinical and morphological presentations of acute coronary syndrome without
      coronary plaque rupture - An intravascular ultrasound study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although acute coronary syndrome (ACS) mainly arises from plaque
      ruptures (PR), precise mechanisms underlying ACS without PR are unknown. We
      sought to examine clinical, angiographic and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
      characteristics of ACS without PR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culprit lesions of 161
      ACS patients were categorized by the presence or absence of PR (PR group: n=57,
      Non-PR group: n=104). Lower abdominal circumference (86+/-10cm vs 90+/-9cm,
      p=0.02), lower prevalence of myocardial infarction (53% vs 82%, p=0.0002), and
      higher prevalence of definite vasospasm (15% vs 2%, p=0.006) were found in Non-PR
      group. Morphologically, Non-PR group was associated with simpler Ambrose
      classification (36% vs 14%, p=0.004), less hypoechoic plaque (45% vs 65%, p=0.04)
      and lower incidence of IVUS-detected thrombus (21% vs 54%, p<0.0001), compared
      with PR group. On quantitative IVUS, although minimum lumen area (MLA) was
      similar between the groups, vessel (14.2+/-5.4mm(2) vs 17.5+/-5.1mm(2), p=0.0002)
      and plaque (11.6+/-5.0mm(2) vs 14.9+/-4.9mm(2), p<0.0001) areas were
      significantly smaller at MLA site in Non-PR group than in PR group. On
      multivariate analysis, average plaque area was only an independent IVUS-predictor
      of non-rupture ACS (odds ratio: 0.85, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: Compared to ACS with
      PR, non-rupture ACS arise from more hyperechoic (allegedly "stable") plaque with
      smaller vessel and plaque area, leading to lower incidence of thrombotic
      occlusion. Coronary vasospasm might be a possible pathogenic mechanism underlying
      non-rupture ACS.

PMID- 27376566
TI  - Evaluation of the characterization of thrombi in vitro by optical coherence
      tomography.
AB  - AIM: The purpose of this study was to provide a new assessable method of the
      optical coherence tomography (OCT) in characterization of thrombi with different
      concentrations of red blood cell (RBC). METHODS AND RESULTS: A series of thrombus
      models were constructed by using human blood in vitro. The thrombi were made by
      using human blood with different concentration of RBC (from 1% to 35%). Then tip
      of an FD-OCT catheter was put on the top of the thrombus to scan. After OCT being
      performed, all the acquired images were processed by a newly developed software
      to analyze the RBC levels related thrombus characteristics including attenuation,
      backscattering and light penetration depth. The attenuation was correlated with
      RBC concentration up to 9%. However, no apparent change was observed in thrombus
      with RBC concentration range from 10% to 35%. The same trend was seen in
      backscattering and penetration depth. CONCLUSIONS: FD-OCT is able to detect
      thrombus with different RBC concentrations up to 9%.

PMID- 27376568
TI  - In-stent accordion phenomenon.

PMID- 27376567
TI  - Stroke symptoms and risk for incident coronary heart disease in the REasons for
      Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many adults without cerebrovascular disease report a history of
      stroke symptoms, which is associated with higher risk for stroke. Because stroke
      and coronary heart disease (CHD) share many risk factors, we examined the
      association between a history of stroke symptoms and incident CHD. METHODS: We
      analyzed data from 8999 black and 12,499 white REasons for Geographic And Racial
      Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study participants without a prior myocardial
      infarction, stroke or transitory ischemic attack enrolled in 2003-2007 (total
      participants=21,498, all >=45years of age). A history of stroke symptoms (i.e.,
      unilateral weakness, unilateral numbness, full-field vision loss, half-field
      vision loss, understanding problems and communication problems) was assessed at
      baseline using the Questionnaire for Verifying Stroke-Free Status. Participants
      were followed for incident CHD and CHD death through December 2011. RESULTS:
      Overall, 3432 (16.0%) participants reported a history of stroke symptoms (1771
      [19.7%] blacks and 1661 [13.3%] whites). There were 701 incident CHD events
      including 209 CHD deaths over a median follow-up of 5.8years. After adjustment
      for CHD risk factors, hazard ratios (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) for
      incident CHD associated with reporting any versus no stroke symptoms were 1.26
      (1.04-1.51) in the overall population, 1.28 (0.99-1.65) among blacks and 1.23
      (0.94-1.61) among whites. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for CHD
      death associated with any versus no stroke symptoms were 1.50 (1.10-2.06)
      overall, 1.58 (1.07-2.32) among blacks and 1.41 (0.82-2.43) among whites.
      CONCLUSION: A history of stroke symptoms is associated with a higher incidence of
      CHD among black and white adults.

PMID- 27376569
TI  - Ventricular tachyarrhythmia during pregnancy in women with heart disease: Data
      from the ROPAC, a registry from the European Society of Cardiology.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence, onset, predictors and outcome of
      ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VTA) in pregnant women with heart disease.
      BACKGROUND: VTA during pregnancy will cause maternal morbidity and even mortality
      and will have impact on fetal outcome. Insufficient data exist on the incidence
      and outcome of VTA in pregnancy. METHODS AND RESULTS: From January 2007 up to
      October 2013, 99 hospitals in 39 countries enrolled 2966 pregnancies in women
      with structural heart disease. Forty-two women (1.4%) developed clinically
      relevant VTA during pregnancy, which occurred mainly in the third trimester
      (48%). NYHA class >1 before pregnancy was an independent predictor for VTA. Heart
      failure during pregnancy was more common in women with VTA than in women without
      VTA (24% vs. 12%, p=0.03) and maternal mortality was respectively 2.4% and 0.3%
      (p=0.15). More women with VTA delivered by Cesarean section than women without
      VTA (68% vs. 47%, p=0.01). Neonatal death, preterm birth (<37weeks), low
      birthweight (<2500g) and Apgar score <7 occurred more often in women with VTA
      (4.8% vs. 0.3%, p=0.01; 36% vs. 16%, p=0.001; 33% vs. 15%, p=0.001 and 25% vs.
      7.3%, p=0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: VTA occurred in 1.4% of pregnant women
      with cardiovascular disease, mainly in the third trimester, and was associated
      with heart failure during pregnancy. NYHA class before pregnancy was predictive.
      VTA during pregnancy had clear impact on fetal outcome.

PMID- 27376571
TI  - Electric Field Induce Blue Shift and Intensity Enhancement in 2D Exciplex Organic
      Light Emitting Diodes; Controlling Electron-Hole Separation.
AB  - A simple but novel method is designed to study the characteristics of the
      exciplex state pinned at a donor-acceptor abrupt interface and the effect an
      external electric field has on these excited states. The reverse Onsager process,
      where the field induces blue-shifted emission and increases the efficiency of the
      exciplex emission as the e-h separation reduces, is discussed.

PMID- 27376570
TI  - Metformin and contrast-induced acute kidney injury in diabetic patients treated
      with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST segment elevation
      myocardial infarction: Amulticenter study.
AB  - AIM: To analyze the association between chronic metformin treatment and the
      development of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) after primary
      percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST segment elevation myocardial
      infarction (STEMI). METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
      treated with PCI <24h in 2 coronary care units were included. Serum creatinine
      (Cr) was measured before and <48h after PCI. CI-AKI was defined as an increase in
      Cr>27MUmol/l (0.3mg/dl) or >50% over baseline after PCI. Since PCI was urgent,
      metformin could not be withheld prior to PCI but was usually stopped after PCI.
      RESULTS: Among the 372 patients included, 147 (40%) were using metformin, which
      had older diabetes, but had risk factors similar to patients without metformin.
      Baseline eGFR was better in patients under metformin therapy. After PCI, we
      observed an increase of ~10% in Cr, for both groups. There was a trend toward a
      lower rate of CI-AKI in patients under metformin (16% vs 25%, p=0.051). In
      patients with chronic kidney disease, 31 (26%) were under metformin therapy, and
      the rate of CI-AKI was similar in both groups (41% vs 40%, p=0.915). By
      multivariate analysis, metformin showed a trend toward a reduced rate of CI-AKI,
      even when adjusted for confounding (OR (95% CI): 0.548 (0.276-1.087)). No case of
      lactic acidosis was reported during the hospital stay. Moreover, there was no
      increased rate of cardiogenic shock or death with metformin treatment.
      CONCLUSION: In this multicenter observational study, chronic metformin treatment
      prior to primary PCI had no significant impact on CI-AKI.

PMID- 27376572
TI  - How fast is optically induced electron transfer in organic mixed valence systems?
AB  - The rate of thermally induced electron transfer in organic mixed valence
      compounds has thoroughly been investigated by e.g. temperature dependent ESR
      spectroscopy. However, almost nothing is known about the dynamics of optically
      induced electron transfer processes in such systems. Therefore, we investigated
      these processes in mixed valence compounds based on triphenylamine redox centres
      bridged by conjugated spacers by NIR transient absorption spectroscopy with fs
      time resolution. These experiments revealed an internal conversion (IC) process
      to be on the order of 50-200 fs which is equivalent to the back electron transfer
      after optical excitation into the intervalence charge transfer band. This IC is
      followed by ultrafast cooling to the ground state within 1 ps. Thus, in the
      systems investigated optically induced electron transfer is about 3-4 orders of
      magnitude faster than thermally induced ET. 

PMID- 27376573
TI  - Novel and scalable solid-state synthesis of a nanocrystalline FeF3/C composite
      and its excellent electrochemical performance.
AB  - A scalable solid-state reaction is presented to synthesize an FeF3 cathode
      material by using PTFE as a source of both fluorine and carbon. The method yields
      nanocrystalline FeF3/C showing excellent electrochemical performance even without
      any conducting additive. This method can be utilized for engineering MFs'
      properties and developing other fluorine compounds. 

PMID- 27376574
TI  - Inter-individual variability and genetic influences on cytokine responses to
      bacteria and fungi.
AB  - Little is known about the inter-individual variation of cytokine responses to
      different pathogens in healthy individuals. To systematically describe cytokine
      responses elicited by distinct pathogens and to determine the effect of genetic
      variation on cytokine production, we profiled cytokines produced by peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells from 197 individuals of European origin from the 200
      Functional Genomics (200FG) cohort in the Human Functional Genomics Project
      (http://www.humanfunctionalgenomics.org), obtained over three different years. We
      compared bacteria- and fungi-induced cytokine profiles and found that most
      cytokine responses were organized around a physiological response to specific
      pathogens, rather than around a particular immune pathway or cytokine. We then
      correlated genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes with
      cytokine abundance and identified six cytokine quantitative trait loci (QTLs).
      Among them, a cytokine QTL at the NAA35-GOLM1 locus markedly modulated
      interleukin (IL)-6 production in response to multiple pathogens and was
      associated with susceptibility to candidemia. Furthermore, the cytokine QTLs that
      we identified were enriched among SNPs previously associated with infectious
      diseases and heart diseases. These data reveal and begin to explain the
      variability in cytokine production by human immune cells in response to
      pathogens.

PMID- 27376575
TI  - Targeting beta1-integrin signaling enhances regeneration in aged and dystrophic
      muscle in mice.
AB  - Interactions between stem cells and their microenvironment, or niche, are
      essential for stem cell maintenance and function. Our knowledge of the niche for
      the skeletal muscle stem cell, i.e., the satellite cell (SC), is incomplete. Here
      we show that beta1-integrin is an essential niche molecule that maintains SC
      homeostasis, and sustains the expansion and self-renewal of this stem cell pool
      during regeneration. We further show that beta1-integrin cooperates with
      fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2), a potent growth factor for SCs, to
      synergistically activate their common downstream effectors, the mitogen-activated
      protein (MAP) kinase Erk and protein kinase B (Akt). Notably, SCs in aged mice
      show altered beta1-integrin activity and insensitivity to Fgf2. Augmenting beta1
      integrin activity with a monoclonal antibody restores Fgf2 sensitivity and
      improves regeneration after experimentally induced muscle injury. The same
      treatment also enhances regeneration and function of dystrophic muscles in mdx
      mice, a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Therefore, beta1-integrin senses
      the SC niche to maintain responsiveness to Fgf2, and this integrin represents a
      potential therapeutic target for pathological conditions of the muscle in which
      the stem cell niche is compromised.

PMID- 27376576
TI  - Targeting focal adhesion kinase renders pancreatic cancers responsive to
      checkpoint immunotherapy.
AB  - Single-agent immunotherapy has achieved limited clinical benefit to date in
      patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This may be a result of
      the presence of a uniquely immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME).
      Critical obstacles to immunotherapy in PDAC tumors include a high number of tumor
      associated immunosuppressive cells and a uniquely desmoplastic stroma that
      functions as a barrier to T cell infiltration. We identified hyperactivated focal
      adhesion kinase (FAK) activity in neoplastic PDAC cells as an important regulator
      of the fibrotic and immunosuppressive TME. We found that FAK activity was
      elevated in human PDAC tissues and correlated with high levels of fibrosis and
      poor CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell infiltration. Single-agent FAK inhibition using the
      selective FAK inhibitor VS-4718 substantially limited tumor progression,
      resulting in a doubling of survival in the p48-Cre;LSL-Kras(G12D);Trp53(flox/+)
      (KPC) mouse model of human PDAC. This delay in tumor progression was associated
      with markedly reduced tumor fibrosis and decreased numbers of tumor-infiltrating
      immunosuppressive cells. We also found that FAK inhibition rendered the
      previously unresponsive KPC mouse model responsive to T cell immunotherapy and PD
      1 antagonists. These data suggest that FAK inhibition increases immune
      surveillance by overcoming the fibrotic and immunosuppressive PDAC TME and
      renders tumors responsive to immunotherapy.

PMID- 27376577
TI  - Activation of the reward system boosts innate and adaptive immunity.
AB  - Positive expectations contribute to the clinical benefits of the placebo effect.
      Such positive expectations are mediated by the brain's reward system; however, it
      remains unknown whether and how reward system activation affects the body's
      physiology and, specifically, immunity. Here we show that activation of the
      ventral tegmental area (VTA), a key component of the reward system, strengthens
      immunological host defense. We used 'designer receptors exclusively activated by
      designer drugs' (DREADDs) to directly activate dopaminergic neurons in the mouse
      VTA and characterized the subsequent immune response after exposure to bacteria
      (Escherichia coli), using time-of-flight mass cytometry (CyTOF) and functional
      assays. We found an increase in innate and adaptive immune responses that were
      manifested by enhanced antibacterial activity of monocytes and macrophages,
      reduced in vivo bacterial load and a heightened T cell response in the mouse
      model of delayed-type hypersensitivity. By chemically ablating the sympathetic
      nervous system (SNS), we showed that the reward system's effects on immunity are,
      at least partly, mediated by the SNS. Thus, our findings establish a causal
      relationship between the activity of the VTA and the immune response to bacterial
      infection.

PMID- 27376580
TI  - The Cost of Residency Training in Teaching Health Centers.

PMID- 27376578
TI  - p53 induces formation of NEAT1 lncRNA-containing paraspeckles that modulate
      replication stress response and chemosensitivity.
AB  - In a search for mediators of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway, which induces
      pleiotropic and often antagonistic cellular responses, we identified the long
      noncoding RNA (lncRNA) NEAT1. NEAT1 is an essential architectural component of
      paraspeckle nuclear bodies, whose pathophysiological relevance remains unclear.
      Activation of p53, pharmacologically or by oncogene-induced replication stress,
      stimulated the formation of paraspeckles in mouse and human cells. Silencing
      Neat1 expression in mice, which prevents paraspeckle formation, sensitized
      preneoplastic cells to DNA-damage-induced cell death and impaired skin
      tumorigenesis. We provide mechanistic evidence that NEAT1 promotes ATR signaling
      in response to replication stress and is thereby engaged in a negative feedback
      loop that attenuates oncogene-dependent activation of p53. NEAT1 targeting in
      established human cancer cell lines induced synthetic lethality with genotoxic
      chemotherapeutics, including PARP inhibitors, and nongenotoxic activation of p53.
      This study establishes a key genetic link between NEAT1 paraspeckles, p53 biology
      and tumorigenesis and identifies NEAT1 as a promising target to enhance
      sensitivity of cancer cells to both chemotherapy and p53 reactivation therapy.

PMID- 27376579
TI  - Loss of fibronectin from the aged stem cell niche affects the regenerative
      capacity of skeletal muscle in mice.
AB  - Age-related changes in the niche have long been postulated to impair the function
      of somatic stem cells. Here we demonstrate that the aged stem cell niche in
      skeletal muscle contains substantially reduced levels of fibronectin (FN),
      leading to detrimental consequences for the function and maintenance of muscle
      stem cells (MuSCs). Deletion of the gene encoding FN from young regenerating
      muscles replicates the aging phenotype and leads to a loss of MuSC numbers. By
      using an extracellular matrix (ECM) library screen and pathway profiling, we
      characterize FN as a preferred adhesion substrate for MuSCs and demonstrate that
      integrin-mediated signaling through focal adhesion kinase and the p38 mitogen
      activated protein kinase pathway is strongly de-regulated in MuSCs from aged mice
      because of insufficient attachment to the niche. Reconstitution of FN levels in
      the aged niche remobilizes stem cells and restores youth-like muscle
      regeneration. Taken together, we identify the loss of stem cell adhesion to FN in
      the niche ECM as a previously unknown aging mechanism.

PMID- 27376581
TI  - In the Wake of Orlando - Taking Steps against Gun Violence.

PMID- 27376582
TI  - Beyond Bathrooms--Meeting the Health Needs of Transgender People.

PMID- 27376583
TI  - Thrombalexins: Cell-Localized Inhibition of Thrombin and Its Effects in a Model
      of High-Risk Renal Transplantation.
AB  - Allograft transplantation into sensitized recipients with antidonor antibodies
      results in accelerated antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), complement activation,
      and graft thrombosis. We have developed a membrane-localizing technology of wide
      applicability that enables therapeutic agents, including anticoagulants, to bind
      to cell surfaces and protect the donor endothelium. We describe here how this
      technology has been applied to thrombin inhibitors to generate a novel class of
      drugs termed thrombalexins (TLNs). Using a rat model of hyperacute rejection, we
      investigated the potential of one such inhibitor (thrombalexin-1 [TLN-1]) to
      prevent acute antibody-mediated thrombosis in the donor organ. TLN-1 alone was
      able to reduce intragraft thrombosis and significantly delay rejection. The
      results confirm a pivotal role for thrombin in AMR in vivo. This approach targets
      donor organs rather than the recipient and is intended to be directly
      translatable to clinical use.

PMID- 27376584
TI  - Protein-retention expansion microscopy of cells and tissues labeled using
      standard fluorescent proteins and antibodies.
AB  - Expansion microscopy (ExM) enables imaging of preserved specimens with nanoscale
      precision on diffraction-limited instead of specialized super-resolution
      microscopes. ExM works by physically separating fluorescent probes after
      anchoring them to a swellable gel. The first ExM method did not result in the
      retention of native proteins in the gel and relied on custom-made reagents that
      are not widely available. Here we describe protein retention ExM (proExM), a
      variant of ExM in which proteins are anchored to the swellable gel, allowing the
      use of conventional fluorescently labeled antibodies and streptavidin, and
      fluorescent proteins. We validated and demonstrated the utility of proExM for
      multicolor super-resolution (~70 nm) imaging of cells and mammalian tissues on
      conventional microscopes.

PMID- 27376586
TI  - Autofluorescent gelatin nanoparticles as imaging probes to monitor matrix
      metalloproteinase metabolism of cancer cells.
AB  - In this paper, autofluorescent gelatin nanoparticles were synthesized as matrix
      metalloproteinase (MMP) responsive probes for cancer cell imaging. A modified two
      step desolvation method was employed to generate these nanoparticles whose size
      was controllable and had stable autofluorescence. As glutaraldehyde was
      introduced as the crosslinking agent, the generation of Schiff base (C?N) and
      double carbon bond (C?C) between glutaraldehyde and gelatin endowed these gelatin
      nanoparticles distinct autofluorescence. Considering MMPs were usually
      overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells and they had degradation ability
      toward gelatin, we utilized these nanoparticles as imaging probes to responsively
      monitor the MMP metabolism of cancer cells according to the luminance change. As
      fluorescent probes, these nanoparticles had facile synthesis procedure and good
      biocompatibility, and provided a smart strategy to monitor cancer cell behaviors.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2854-2860,
      2016.

PMID- 27376585
TI  - Large-scale phenome analysis defines a behavioral signature for Huntington's
      disease genotype in mice.
AB  - Rapid technological advances for the frequent monitoring of health parameters
      have raised the intriguing possibility that an individual's genotype could be
      predicted from phenotypic data alone. Here we used a machine learning approach to
      analyze the phenotypic effects of polymorphic mutations in a mouse model of
      Huntington's disease that determine disease presentation and age of onset. The
      resulting model correlated variation across 3,086 behavioral traits with seven
      different CAG-repeat lengths in the huntingtin gene (Htt). We selected behavioral
      signatures for age and CAG-repeat length that most robustly distinguished between
      mouse lines and validated the model by correctly predicting the repeat length of
      a blinded mouse line. Sufficient discriminatory power to accurately predict
      genotype required combined analysis of >200 phenotypic features. Our results
      suggest that autosomal dominant disease-causing mutations could be predicted
      through the use of subtle behavioral signatures that emerge in large-scale,
      combinatorial analyses. Our work provides an open data platform that we now share
      with the research community to aid efforts focused on understanding the pathways
      that link behavioral consequences to genetic variation in Huntington's disease.

PMID- 27376587
TI  - The effects of napping on the risk of hypertension: a systematic review and meta
      analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The risk of hypertension in adults who regularly take a nap is
      controversial. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the associations
      between napping and hypertension. METHODS: A literature search was performed
      using MEDLINE, EMbase and The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from
      inception through October, 2015. Studies that reported relative risks, odd ratios
      or hazard ratios comparing the risk of hypertension in individuals who regularly
      take nap were included. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI)
      were calculated using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method. RESULTS:
      Nine observational studies with 112,267 individuals were included in the analysis
      to assess the risk of hypertension in nappers. The pooled RR of hypertension in
      nappers was 1.13 with 95% CI (0.98 to 1.30). When meta-analysis was limited only
      to studies assessing the risk of hypertension in daytime nappers, the pooled RR
      of hypertension was 1.19 with 95% CI (1.06 to 1.35). The data on association
      between nighttime napping in individuals who work night shift and hypertension
      were limited, only one observational study reported reduced risk of hypertension
      in nighttime nappers with odds ratio of 0.79 with 95% CI (0.63 to 1.00).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis demonstrates a significant association between
      daytime napping and hypertension. Future study is needed to assess the potential
      benefits of HTN screening for daytime nappers.

PMID- 27376588
TI  - The bicoid mRNA localization factor Exuperantia is an RNA-binding pseudonuclease.
AB  - Anterior patterning in Drosophila is mediated by the localization of bicoid (bcd)
      mRNA at the anterior pole of the oocyte. Exuperantia (Exu) is a putative
      exonuclease (EXO) associated with bcd and required for its localization. We
      present the crystal structure of Exu, which reveals a dimeric assembly with each
      monomer consisting of a 3'-5' EXO-like domain and a sterile alpha motif (SAM)
      like domain. The catalytic site is degenerate and inactive. Instead, the EXO-like
      domain mediates dimerization and RNA binding. We show that Exu binds RNA directly
      in vitro, that the SAM-like domain is required for RNA binding activity and that
      Exu binds a structured element present in the bcd 3' untranslated region with
      high affinity. Through structure-guided mutagenesis, we show that Exu
      dimerization is essential for bcd localization. Our data demonstrate that Exu is
      a noncanonical RNA-binding protein with EXO-SAM-like domain architecture that
      interacts with its target RNA as a homodimer.

PMID- 27376589
TI  - Free backbone carbonyls mediate rhodopsin activation.
AB  - Conserved prolines in the transmembrane helices of G-protein-coupled receptors
      (GPCRs) are often considered to function as hinges that divide the helix into two
      segments capable of independent motion. Depending on their potential to hydrogen
      bond, the free C=O groups associated with these prolines can facilitate
      conformational flexibility, conformational switching or stabilization of the
      receptor structure. To address the role of conserved prolines in family A GPCRs
      through solid-state NMR spectroscopy, we focus on bovine rhodopsin, a GPCR in the
      visual receptor subfamily. The free backbone C=O groups on helices H5 and H7
      stabilize the inactive rhodopsin structure through hydrogen-bonds to residues on
      adjacent helices. In response to light-induced isomerization of the retinal
      chromophore, hydrogen-bonding interactions involving these C=O groups are
      released, thus facilitating repacking of H5 and H7 onto the transmembrane core of
      the receptor. These results provide insights into the multiple structural and
      functional roles of prolines in membrane proteins.

PMID- 27376590
TI  - Effects of omitting elective neck irradiation to nodal Level IB in nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma patients with negative Level IB lymph nodes treated by intensity
      modulated radiotherapy: a Phase 2 study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the need for elective neck irradiation (ENI) to nodal
      Level IB in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) with negative Level IB
      lymph nodes (IB-negative) treated by intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
      METHODS: We conducted a Phase 2 prospective study in 123 newly diagnosed IB
      negative patients with NPC treated by IMRT, who met at least 1 of the following
      criteria: (1) unilateral or bilateral Level II involvement with 1 of the
      following: Level IIA involvement or any Level II node >=2 cm/with extracapsular
      spread; (2) >=2 unilateral node-positive regions. Bilateral Level IB nodes were
      not contoured as part of the treatment target and treated electively. Level IB
      regional recurrence rate; pattern of treatment failure; 3-year overall survival
      (3y-OS), 3-year local control (3y-LC) and 3-year regional control (3y-RC) rates;
      toxicities; and dosimetric data for planning target volumes, organs at risk,
      Level IB and submandibular glands (SMGs) were evaluated. RESULTS: Two patients
      developed failures at Level IB (1.6%). The 3y-LC, 3y-RC and 3y-OS rates were
      93.5%, 93.5% and 78.0%, respectively. Bilateral Level IB received unplanned high
      dose irradiation with a mean dose (Dmean) >=50 Gy in 60% of patients. The average
      Dmean of bilateral SMGs was approximately 53 Gy. CONCLUSION: ENI to Level IB may
      be unnecessary in IB-negative patients with NPC treated by IMRT. A further Phase
      3 study is warranted. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Based on the results of this first
      Phase 2 study, we suggest omitting ENI to Level IB in Ib-negative patients with
      NPC with extensive nodal disease treated by IMRT.

PMID- 27376591
TI  - Animal models of chronic pain: Advances and challenges for clinical translation.
AB  - Chronic pain is a global problem that has reached epidemic proportions. An
      estimated 20% of adults suffer from pain, and another 10% are diagnosed with
      chronic pain each year (Goldberg and McGee, ). Despite the high prevalence of
      chronic pain (an estimated 1.5 billion people are afflicted worldwide), much
      remains to be understood about the underlying causes of this condition, and there
      is an urgent requirement for better pain therapies. The discovery of novel
      targets and the development of better analgesics rely on an assortment of
      preclinical animal models; however, there are major challenges to translating
      discoveries made in animal models to realized pain therapies in humans. This
      review discusses common animal models used to recapitulate clinical chronic pain
      conditions (such as neuropathic, inflammatory, and visceral pain) and the methods
      for assessing the sensory and affective components of pain in animals. We also
      discuss the advantages and limitations of modeling chronic pain in animals as
      well as highlighting strategies for improving the predictive validity of
      preclinical pain studies. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27376592
TI  - Optimisation of percutaneous coronary intervention: indispensables for
      bioresorbable scaffolds.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: With new developments in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI),
      such as the introduction of bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS), percutaneous treatment
      of coronary artery diseases has entered a new era. Without metallic remnants,
      BRSs appear able to overcome several limitations of the existing metallic stents
      and provide a physiologic treatment of coronary artery pathology. AREAS COVERED:
      BRS have different mechanical properties compared to the traditional metallic
      stents that should be taken into account during their implantation. Lesion
      selection, device sizing and satisfied pre-dilatation should be implemented
      prudently. Although intravascular imaging is not mandatory for the implantation
      of BRSs it may have a value in optimizing device deployment assess final results
      and reduce the risk of device related adverse events such as re-stenosis, or
      scaffold thrombosis. This review aims to reveal the crucial points about the
      methods of optimization in each steps of BRS implantation. Expert commentary: The
      target lesions for BRS should be selected meticulously. Pre-dilatation, post
      dilatation and intra-vascular imaging techniques should be implemented
      appropriately to avoid undesirable events after scaffold implantation.

PMID- 27376593
TI  - "Whenever they cry, I cry with them": Reciprocal relationships and the role of
      ethics in a verbal autopsy study in Papua New Guinea.
AB  - Verbal autopsy (VA) methods usually involve an interview with a recently bereaved
      individual to ascertain the most probable cause of death when a person dies
      outside of a hospital and/or did not receive a reliable death certificate. A
      number of concerns have arisen around the ethical and social implications of the
      use of these methods. In this paper we examine these concerns, looking
      specifically at the cultural factors surrounding death and mourning in Papua New
      Guinea, and the potential for VA interviews to cause emotional distress in both
      the bereaved respondent and the VA fieldworker. Thirty one semi-structured
      interviews with VA respondents, the VA team and community relations officers as
      well as observations in the field and team discussions were conducted between
      June 2013 and August 2014. While our findings reveal that VA participants were
      often moved to cry and feel sad, they also expressed a number of ways they
      benefited from the process, and indeed welcomed longer transactions with the VA
      interviewers. Significantly, this paper highlights the ways in which VA
      interviewers, who have hitherto been largely neglected in the literature,
      navigate transactions with the participants and make everyday decisions about
      their relationships with them in order to ensure that they and VA interviews are
      accepted by the community. The role of the VA fieldworker should be more
      carefully considered, as should the implications for training and institutional
      support that follow.

PMID- 27376595
TI  - "It's not if I get cancer, it's when I get cancer": BRCA-positive patients'
      (un)certain health experiences regarding hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
      risk.
AB  - RATIONALE: Women with a harmful mutation in the BReast CAncer (BRCA) gene are at
      significantly increased risk of developing hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
      (HBOC) during their lifetime, compared to those without. Such patients-with a
      genetic predisposition to develop cancer but who have not yet been diagnosed with
      cancer-live in a constant state of uncertainty and wonder not if they might get
      cancer but when. OBJECTIVE: Framed by uncertainty management theory, the purpose
      of this study was to explore BRCA-positive patients' health experiences after
      testing positive for the BRCA genetic mutation, specifically identifying their
      sources of uncertainty. METHODS: Thirty-four, qualitative interviews were
      conducted with female patients. Participants responded to online research
      postings on the non-profit organization Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered's
      (FORCE) message board and social media pages as well as HBOC-specific Facebook
      groups. The interview data were coded using the constant comparison method.
      RESULTS: Two major themes representing BRCA-positive patients' sources of
      uncertainty regarding their genetic predisposition and health experiences emerged
      from the data. Medical uncertainty included the following three subthemes: the
      unknown future, medical appointments, and personal cancer scares. Familial
      uncertainty encompassed the subthemes traumatic family cancer memories and
      motherhood. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the study supports and extends existing
      research on uncertainty-revealing uncertainty is inherent in BRCA-positive
      patients' health experiences-and offers new insight regarding uncertainty
      management and HBOC risk.

PMID- 27376594
TI  - Can cash transfers improve determinants of maternal mortality? Evidence from the
      household and community programs in Indonesia.
AB  - Despite global efforts in maternal health, 303,000 maternal deaths still occurred
      globally in 2015. One explanation is a considerable inequality in maternal
      mortality and the sources such as nutritional status and health utilization. One
      strategy to fight health inequality due to poverty is conditional cash transfer
      (CCT). Taking advantage of two large clustered-randomized trials in Indonesia
      from 2007 to 2009, this paper provides evidence on the effects of household cash
      transfers (PKH) and community cash transfers (Generasi) on determinants of
      maternal mortality. The sample sizes are 14,000 households for PKH and 12,000
      households for Generasi. After two years of implementation, difference-in
      differences (DID) analyses show that the two programs can improve determinants of
      maternal mortality with Generasi provides positive impact in some aspects of
      determinants, but PKH does not. Generasi improves maternal health knowledge,
      reduces financial barriers to accessing health services and improves utilization
      of health services, increases utilization among higher-risk women, improves
      posyandu equipment, and increases nutritional intake. As for PKH, evidence shows
      its strongest effects only on utilization of health services. Both programs,
      however, are unlikely to have a large effect on maternal mortality due to design
      and implementation issues that might significantly reduce program effectiveness.
      While the programs improved utilization, they did so at community-based
      facilities not equipped with emergency obstetric care. In the midst of popularity
      of household cash transfer, our results show that community cash transfer offers
      a viable policy alternative to improve the determinants of maternal mortality by
      allowing more flexibility in activities and at lower cost by monitoring at
      community level.

PMID- 27376597
TI  - Survival of Sickest.

PMID- 27376598
TI  - Is it Right Time to Introduce Mumps Vaccine in Indias Universal Immunization
      Program?
AB  - Measles, mumps and rubella are vaccine preventable diseases. However, morbidity
      and mortality due to these diseases remain largely unnoticed in India. Measles
      has received much attention; mumps and rubella still need to garner attention.
      According to the World Health Organization, near-elimination of mumps could be
      achieved by maintaining high vaccine coverage using a two-dose strategy. However,
      Government of India has not yet decided on mumps vaccine. In this review, we have
      reviewed sero-prevalence studies, vaccine studies, outbreak investigations, virus
      isolation and virus genotyping studies on mumps. Overall, mumps seems to be a
      significant public health problem in India, but does not garner attention due to
      the absence of a surveillance and documentation system. Thus, inclusion of mumps
      antigen in the Universal immunization program would have added advantages, the
      economic burden imposed by the cost of the vaccine offset by a reduction in
      disease burden. 

PMID- 27376596
TI  - Microelectrode Arrays of Diamond-Insulated Graphitic Channels for Real-Time
      Detection of Exocytotic Events from Cultured Chromaffin Cells and Slices of
      Adrenal Glands.
AB  - A microstructured graphitic 4 * 4 multielectrode array was embedded in a single
      crystal diamond substrate (4 * 4 MUG-SCD MEA) for real-time monitoring of
      exocytotic events from cultured chromaffin cells and adrenal slices. The current
      approach relies on the development of a parallel ion beam lithographic technique,
      which assures the time-effective fabrication of extended arrays with reproducible
      electrode dimensions. The reported device is suitable for performing amperometric
      and voltammetric recordings with high sensitivity and temporal resolution, by
      simultaneously acquiring data from 16 rectangularly shaped microelectrodes (20 *
      3.5 MUm(2)) separated by 200 MUm gaps. Taking advantage of the array geometry we
      addressed the following specific issues: (i) detect both the spontaneous and KCl
      evoked secretion simultaneously from several chromaffin cells directly cultured
      on the device surface, (ii) resolve the waveform of different subsets of
      exocytotic events, and (iii) monitoring quantal secretory events from thin slices
      of the adrenal gland. The frequency of spontaneous release was low (0.12 and 0.3
      Hz, respectively, for adrenal slices and cultured cells) and increased up to 0.9
      Hz after stimulation with 30 mM KCl in cultured cells. The spike amplitude as
      well as rise and decay time were comparable with those measured by carbon fiber
      microelectrodes and allowed to identify three different subsets of secretory
      events associated with "full fusion" events, "kiss-and-run" and "kiss-and-stay"
      exocytosis, confirming that the device has adequate sensitivity and time
      resolution for real-time recordings. The device offers the significant advantage
      of shortening the time to collect data by allowing simultaneous recordings from
      cell populations either in primary cell cultures or in intact tissues.

PMID- 27376599
TI  - Vitamin D in Critical Illness: Not a Panacea for All Ills!

PMID- 27376600
TI  - Improving Access and Reducing Childhood Deaths due to Pneumonia.

PMID- 27376601
TI  - Vitamin D Deficiency and Parathyroid Response in Critically-ill Children:
      Association with Illness Severity and Clinical Outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill
      children, and to study its association with parathyroid response, severity of
      illness and clinical outcomes. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING:
      Medical Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary care centre of Northern
      India. PARTICIPANTS: 154 children in-patients: August 2011-January 2013. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Vitamin D deficient children were (serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D
      <20 ug/mL) divided into parathyroid-responder [serum parathyroid hormone >65
      pg/mL with 25(OH)D<20 ug/mL and/or calcium corrected for albumin <8.5 mg/dL] and
      non parathyroid-responder. Illness severity was assessed by Pediatric Index of
      Mortality-2 (PIM-2) score at admission. Biochemical parameters, illness severity
      scores and clinical outcomes were compared between parathyroid-responders and non
      parathyroid-responders. RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency and hypocalcemia were
      observed in 125 (83.1%) and 91 (59%) children, respectively at admission. There
      were no differences in illness severity score at admission, mortality rate and
      length of stay between vitamin D-deficient children and 19.8% of non-vitamin D
      deficient children. Among Vitamin D-deficient children, parathyroid-responders
      had higher PIM-2 score at admission compared to non-parathyroid-responder [12.8
      (7.4,20.6) vs. 6.5 (2.5,12.2), P=0.01]. However, there were no differences in
      other clinical outcomes between two groups. CONCLUSION: Critically ill children
      have high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency. Parathyroid gland response
      secondary to hypocalcemia or vitamin D defiency is impaired in critical illness.

PMID- 27376602
TI  - Cognitive Functions and Psychological Problems in Children with Sickle Cell
      Anemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the cognitive functions and psychological problems in
      children with Sickle cell anemia (SCA). METHODS: Children with SCA were compared
      with an age, sex- and community- matched control group of children with no SCA.
      Malins Intelligence Scale for Indian children, modified PGI memory scale, and
      Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Schedule were used to assess cognitive
      functions and psychological problems. RESULTS: Verbal quotient, performance
      quotient and intelligence quotient in SCA group were 77, 81, 78, respectively
      versus 92, 95, 93, respectively in non-SCA group (P <0.001). Borderline
      intellectual functioning and mild mental retardation were more common in SCA (70<
      and 16<, respectively). Children with SCA had impaired attention, concentration
      and working memory and more behavior problems compared to children without SCA.
      CONCLUSION: Cognitive functions are impaired in children with SCA and they have
      more psychological problems. Facilities for early identification and remediation
      of psychological and intellectual problems should be incorporated with health
      care services for children with sickle cell anemia.

PMID- 27376603
TI  - Oral Antibiotics for Community acquired Pneumonia with Chest indrawing in
      Children Aged Below Five Years: A Systematic Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of oral antibiotics in under-five children
      with pneumonia and chest indrawing. METHODS: We included controlled clinical
      trials (randomized or quasi randomized) that compared the efficacy of oral
      antibiotics versus parenteral antibiotics for treatment of community acquired
      pneumonia with chest indrawing (severe pneumonia as defined by the World Health
      Organizations guidelines) in children below 60 months of age. Data were extracted
      and managed using RevMan software. Main outcome variables were: treatment failure
      rate, relapse rate, death rate, need for hospitalization, and severe adverse
      effects. RESULTS: We identified four randomized controlled trials involving 4400
      children who were diagnosed to have severe pneumonia but were feeding well and
      not hypoxic. Baseline characteristics of children in the two treatment arms (oral
      and parenteral antibiotics) were similar. In two studies, oral antibiotics were
      administered on an ambulatory basis, while in two, oral antibiotics were used in
      hospitalized children. Failure rate in children receiving oral antibiotics was
      13% (288/2208) while that in children receiving parenteral antibiotics was 13.8%
      (302/2183) (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.78, 1.11). Failure rates were not affected by the
      type of oral antibiotic, or presence of wheeze. Relapse rates, hospitalization or
      serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children with
      tachypnea with chest indrawing without signs and symptoms of very severe
      pneumonia may be treated with oral antibiotics.

PMID- 27376604
TI  - Teaching and Assessing Communication Skills in Medical Undergraduate Training.
AB  - Good communication skills are essential for an optimal doctor-patient
      relationship, and also contribute to improved health outcomes. Although the need
      for training in communication skills is stated as a requirement in the 1997
      Graduate Medical Education Regulations of the Medical Council of India, formal
      training in these skills has been fragmentary and non-uniform in most Indian
      curricula. The Vision 2015 document of the Medical Council of India reaffirms the
      need to include training in communication skills in the MBBS curriculum. Training
      in communication skills needs approaches which are different from that of
      teaching other clinical subjects. It is also a challenge to ensure that students
      not only imbibe the nuances of communication and interpersonal skills, but adhere
      to them throughout their careers. This article addresses the possible ways of
      standardizing teaching and assessment of communication skills and integrating
      them into the existing curriculum. 

PMID- 27376605
TI  - Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in a Young Child.
AB  - Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a multisystem disorder mediated by
      cytokine storm and is characterized by fever, pancytopenia and organomegaly
      coupled with laboratory features like hyperferritinemia, hypertriglyceridemia,
      hypofibrinogenemia and transaminitis. Etiology can be genetic or acquired such as
      infections, malignancy and autoimmune disorders. Diagnosis, identification of
      underlying etiology and management of HLH remain tough clinical puzzles to sort
      out for the managing physician. We report a clinico-pathological conference of a
      three-year-old boy who had such a presentation and succumbed during the hospital
      stay. 

PMID- 27376606
TI  - Sharing Clinical Experience with the Scientific Community: How to Write a Case
      Report?

PMID- 27376607
TI  - Pediatric Tuberculosis, What has Changed.

PMID- 27376608
TI  - Can We Predict Antibiotic-resistance in Urinary Tract Infection: Evidence-based
      Medicine Viewpoint.

PMID- 27376609
TI  - Can We Predict Antibiotic-resistance in Urinary Tract Infection?: Pediatric
      Nephrologists Viewpoint.

PMID- 27376610
TI  - Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome with Musculo-skeletal Involvement and Pulmonary
      Stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is a rare clinical entity. CASE
      CHARACTERISTICS: A 13-year-old Indian boy presented with characteristic cutaneous
      lesions, gastrointestinal malformations, skeletal involvement and pulmonary
      stenosis. OBSERVATIONS: Diagnosis was confirmed on skin biopsy, radiographic
      evaluation, colonoscopy and echocardiography. Echocardiography revealed pulmonary
      stenosis, an association hitherto undescribed. MESSAGE: Detailed evaluation in a
      patient of blue rubber bleb nerves syndrome is mandatory.

PMID- 27376611
TI  - X-linked Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia with a Novel NR0B1/DAX Gene Mutation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The etiology of primary adrenal insufficiency has implications for
      further management of the condition. CASE CHARACTERISTICS: A 5-year-old boy
      presented in adrenal crisis with glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiency.
      OBSERVATION: Investigations confirmed primary adrenal insufficiency and ruled out
      the common etiologies. Genetic testing identified a novel NR0B1/DAX gene
      mutation. MESSAGE: A genetic diagnosis in children with primary adrenal
      insufficiency is useful to provide genetic counselling.

PMID- 27376612
TI  - Generics Drugs,Are They Really Equivalent to Brands.

PMID- 27376613
TI  - Effective Prevention of Parent-to- Child Transmission of HIV.

PMID- 27376614
TI  - Effective Prevention of Parent-to-Child Transmission of HIV: Authors Reply.

PMID- 27376615
TI  - Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Organisms in Children With Severe Pneumonia.

PMID- 27376616
TI  - Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Organisms in Children With Severe Pneumonia: Authors
      reply.

PMID- 27376617
TI  - Centralized Newborn Hearing screening in Mumbai: Success or Failure?

PMID- 27376618
TI  - Transfusion-associated Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

PMID- 27376619
TI  - Transfusion-associated Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Authors Reply.

PMID- 27376620
TI  - Spatial and temporal variability of aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic
      bacteria along the east coast of Australia.
AB  - Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria (AAnPB) are ecologically important
      microorganisms, widespread in oceanic photic zones. However, the key
      environmental drivers underpinning AAnPB abundance and diversity are still
      largely undefined. The temporal patterns in AAnPB dynamics at three oceanographic
      reference stations spanning at approximately 15 degrees  latitude along the
      Australian east coast were examined. AAnPB abundance was highly variable, with
      pufM gene copies ranging from 1.1 * 102 to 1.4 * 105 ml-1 and positively
      correlated with day length and solar radiation. pufM gene Miseq sequencing
      revealed that the majority of sequences were closely related to those obtained
      previously, suggesting that key AAnPB groups are widely distributed across
      similar environments globally. Temperature was a major structuring factor for
      AAnPB assemblages across large spatial scales, correlating positively with
      richness and Gammaproteobacteria (phylogroup K) abundance but negatively with
      Roseobacter-clade (phylogroup E) abundance, with temperatures between 16 degrees
      C and 18 degrees C identified as a potential transition zone between these
      groups. Network analysis revealed that discrete AAnPB populations exploit
      specific niches defined by varying temperature, light and nutrient conditions in
      the Tasman Sea system, with evidence for both niche sharing and partitioning
      amongst closely related operational taxonomic units.

PMID- 27376622
TI  - Buprenorphine dosing choices in specific populations: review of expert opinion.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Treatment of opioid dependence with buprenorphine improves
      outcomes. Typical dosing ranges for all patients from clinical evidence and as
      defined in the product information are wide. For specific groups with complex
      clinical scenarios, there is no clear consensus on dosing choices to achieve best
      possible outcomes. AREAS COVERED: The doses of buprenorphine used in 6 European
      countries was reviewed. A review of published evidence supported rapid induction
      with buprenorphine and the benefits of higher doses but did not identify clearly
      useful guidance on dosing choices for groups with complex clinical scenarios. An
      expert group of physicians with experience in addiction care participated in a
      discussion meeting to share clinical practice experience and develop a consensus
      on dosing choices. EXPERT OPINION: There was general agreement that treatment
      outcomes can be improved by optimising buprenorphine doses in specific subgroups.
      Specific groups in whom buprenorphine doses may be too low and who could have
      better outcomes with optimised dosing were identified on the basis of clinical
      practice experience. These groups include people with severe addiction, high
      tolerance to opioids, and psychiatric comorbidities. In these groups it is
      recommended to review dosing choices to ensure buprenorphine dosing is
      sufficient.

PMID- 27376623
TI  - A Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Framework Based on Cubane-Type [Co4 (MU3 -F)3 (MU3 
      SO4 )](3+) Clusters for Gas Storage and Adsorption Selectivity of Benzene over
      Cyclohexane.
AB  - Hydrophobic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) not only have high water stability,
      but also exhibit high adsorption capacity towards organic molecules, in
      particular hydrocarbons. Herein we report a rare metal fluoride organic framework
      MFOF-1 with high hydrophobicity, which is constructed from unprecedented fluoride
      and sulfate-bridged cubane-type tetranuclear cobalt clusters. MFOF-1 consists of
      three types of polyhedral cages with face-sharing configurations, and possesses a
      novel (3,9)-connected 3D+3D->3D self-interpenetrating array or the rare pyr
      topology. MFOF-1 shows high thermal stability and high stability in water and
      even acid/base aqueous solutions, and exhibits rather high H2 and CO2 storage
      capacities at ambient pressure. Remarkably, MFOF-1 shows little adsorption of
      water but considerably high uptakes of methanol, n-hexane, cyclohexane, and
      benzene, and exhibits a certain degree of adsorption selectivity of benzene over
      cyclohexane. 

PMID- 27376621
TI  - The antioxidant edaravone prevents cardiac dysfunction by suppressing oxidative
      stress in type 1 diabetic rats and in high-glucose-induced injured H9c2
      cardiomyoblasts.
AB  - Edaravone, a radical scavenger, has been recognized as a potential protective
      agent for cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about the effect of
      edaravone in cardiac complications associated with diabetes. Here, we have
      demonstrated that edaravone prevents cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis in the
      streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rat heart. Mechanistic studies revealed
      that edaravone treatment improved cardiac function and restored superoxide
      dismutase levels. In addition, treatment of diabetic animals by edaravone
      increased protein expressions of sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), peroxisome proliferator
      activated receptor gamma coactivator alpha (PGC-1alpha), nuclear factor like-2
      (NRF-2), and B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and reduced protein expressions of Bax
      and Caspase-3 compared to the control group. High glucose incubation resulted in
      the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death. Treatment of high
      glucose-incubated H9c2 cells by edaravone reduced ROS production and cell death.
      In addition, the treatment of high-glucose-incubated H9c2 cells by edaravone
      increased the activity of antioxidative stress by increasing SIRT-1, PGC-1alpha,
      and NRF-2, and this treatment also reduced apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2
      expression and reducing Bax and Caspase-3 expressions. Knockdown SIRT-1 with
      small interferer RNA abolished the effects of edaravone. Overall, our data
      demonstrated that edaravone may be an effective agent against the development of
      diabetic cardiomyopathy. 

PMID- 27376624
TI  - Low-carbohydrate diets increase LDL-cholesterol, and thereby indicate increased
      risk of CVD.

PMID- 27376626
TI  - Global consensus statement on menopausal hormone therapy - an update.

PMID- 27376625
TI  - Enantioselective Allylic C-H Oxidation of Terminal Olefins to Isochromans by
      Palladium(II)/Chiral Sulfoxide Catalysis.
AB  - The enantioselective synthesis of isochroman motifs has been accomplished by
      palladium(II)-catalyzed allylic C-H oxidation from terminal olefin precursors.
      Critical to the success of this goal was the development and utilization of a
      novel chiral aryl sulfoxide-oxazoline (ArSOX) ligand. The allylic C-H oxidation
      reaction proceeds with the broadest scope and highest levels of asymmetric
      induction reported to date (avg. 92 % ee, 13 examples with greater than 90 % ee).

PMID- 27376627
TI  - Probing the Microporous Structure of Silica Shell Via Aggregation-Induced
      Emission in Au(I)-Thiolate@SiO2 Nanoparticle.
AB  - An efficient method to investigate the window size of the silica shell generated
      via the classical Stober method is reported by making use of the unique
      aggregation-induced emission property of Au(I)-thiolate complexes, which can
      precisely probe the porosity of the silica shell in Au(I)-thiolate@SiO2
      nanoparticles.

PMID- 27376628
TI  - A Comparison Study of Frying Conditions on Furan Formation in 3 Potato Varieties.
AB  - Furan, a typical food contaminant formed by heating process, is classified as a
      possible carcinogen to humans. Many factors lead to the formation of furan in
      food processing. In our present study, 3 potato varieties, white potato, sweet
      potato, and purple potato were selected to investigate the effect of thermal
      processing temperature and time on furan formation. The results showed that the
      formation of furan was highly correlated with frying temperature and time. Among
      the 3 potato varieties, sweet potato resulted in the highest furan concentration
      when fried at 200  degrees C for 5 min. In addition, the frying temperature and
      time also influenced the water activity and the color of the 3 kinds of potato
      slices, which had significant correlation with the formation of furan. Furan
      concentration decreased along with the increasing of water activity in the 3
      potato varieties and the changes presented regression relationships. Meanwhile,
      there was an inverse correlation between furan content and color changes in the 3
      potato varieties. The level of furan decreased as total color changes (DeltaE)
      increased and the changes also presented regression relationships. These results
      could be used to estimate the possibility of furan formation in the 3 varieties
      of potato slices systems. 

PMID- 27376629
TI  - Continuous counter-current chromatography for capture and polishing steps in
      biopharmaceutical production.
AB  - The economic advantages of continuous processing of biopharmaceuticals, which
      include smaller equipment and faster, efficient processes, have increased
      interest in this technology over the past decade. Continuous processes can also
      improve quality assurance and enable greater controllability, consistent with the
      quality initiatives of the FDA. Here, we discuss different continuous multi
      column chromatography processes. Differences in the capture and polishing steps
      result in two different types of continuous processes that employ counter-current
      column movement. Continuous-capture processes are associated with increased
      productivity per cycle and decreased buffer consumption, whereas the typical
      purity-yield trade-off of classical batch chromatography can be surmounted by
      continuous processes for polishing applications. In the context of continuous
      manufacturing, different but complementary chromatographic columns or devices are
      typically combined to improve overall process performance and avoid unnecessary
      product storage. In the following, these various processes, their performances
      compared with batch processing and resulting product quality are discussed based
      on a review of the literature. Based on various examples of applications,
      primarily monoclonal antibody production processes, conclusions are drawn about
      the future of these continuous-manufacturing technologies. 

PMID- 27376630
TI  - Extensional Flow-Induced Dynamic Phase Transitions in Isotactic Polypropylene.
AB  - With a combination of fast extension rheometer and in situ synchrotron radiation
      ultra-fast small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, flow-induced crystallization
      (FIC) of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is studied at temperatures below and above
      the melting point of alpha crystals (Tmalpha). A flow phase diagram of iPP is
      constructed in strain rate-temperature space, composing of melt, non-crystalline
      shish, alpha and alpha&beta coexistence regions, based on which the kinetic and
      dynamic competitions among these four phases are discussed. Above Tmalpha ,
      imposing strong flow reverses thermodynamic stabilities of the disordered melt
      and the ordered phases, leading to the occurrence of FIC of beta and alpha
      crystals as a dynamic phase transition. Either increasing temperature or stain
      rate favors the competiveness of the metastable beta over the stable alpha
      crystals, which is attributed to kinetic rate rather than thermodynamic
      stability. The violent competitions among four phases near the boundary of
      crystal-melt may frustrate crystallization and result in the non-crystalline
      shish winning out. 

PMID- 27376631
TI  - Editorial Comment.

PMID- 27376633
TI  - Molecular design driving tetraporphyrin self-assembly on graphite: a joint STM,
      electrochemical and computational study.
AB  - Tuning the intermolecular interactions among suitably designed molecules forming
      highly ordered self-assembled monolayers is a viable approach to control their
      organization at the supramolecular level. Such a tuning is particularly important
      when applied to sophisticated molecules combining functional units which possess
      specific electronic properties, such as electron/energy transfer, in order to
      develop multifunctional systems. Here we have synthesized two tetraferrocene
      porphyrin derivatives that by design can selectively self-assemble at the
      graphite/liquid interface into either face-on or edge-on monolayer-thick
      architectures. The former supramolecular arrangement consists of two-dimensional
      planar networks based on hydrogen bonding among adjacent molecules whereas the
      latter relies on columnar assembly generated through intermolecular van der Waals
      interactions. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) at the solid-liquid interface
      has been corroborated by cyclic voltammetry measurements and assessed by
      theoretical calculations to gain multiscale insight into the arrangement of the
      molecule with respect to the basal plane of the surface. The STM analysis allowed
      the visualization of these assemblies with a sub-nanometer resolution, and cyclic
      voltammetry measurements provided direct evidence of the interactions of
      porphyrin and ferrocene with the graphite surface and offered also insight into
      the dynamics within the face-on and edge-on assemblies. The experimental findings
      were supported by theoretical calculations to shed light on the electronic and
      other physical properties of both assemblies. The capability to engineer the
      functional nanopatterns through self-assembly of porphyrins containing ferrocene
      units is a key step toward the bottom-up construction of multifunctional
      molecular nanostructures and nanodevices. 

PMID- 27376632
TI  - Threonine 80 phosphorylation of non-structural protein 1 regulates the
      replication of influenza A virus by reducing the binding affinity with RIG-I.
AB  - Influenza A virus evades host antiviral defense through hijacking innate immunity
      by its non-structural protein 1 (NS1). By using mass spectrometry, threonine 80
      (T80) was identified as a novel phosphorylated residue in the NS1 of the
      influenza virus A/WSN/1933(H1N1). By generating recombinant influenza viruses
      encoding NS1 T80 mutants, the roles of this phosphorylation site were
      characterized during viral replication. The T80E (phosphomimetic) mutant
      attenuated virus replication, whereas the T80A (non-phosphorylatable) mutant did
      not. Similar phenotypes were observed for these mutants in a mouse model
      experiment. In further study, the T80E mutant decreased the binding capacity
      between NS1 and viral nucleoprotein (NP), leading to impaired viral
      ribonucleoprotein (vRNP)-mediated viral transcription. The T80E mutant was also
      unable to inhibit interferon (IFN) production by reducing the binding affinity
      between NS1 and retinoic acid-induced gene 1 protein (RIG-I), causing attenuation
      of virus replication. Taken together, the present study reveals that T80
      phosphorylation of NS1 reduced influenza virus replication through controlling
      RIG-I-mediated IFN production and vRNP activity.

PMID- 27376634
TI  - Meta-analysis of technology-assisted interventions for social anxiety disorder.
AB  - This meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of technology-assisted interventions
      for individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD). A systematic literature
      search in the databases Medline, PsychInfo, and Web of Science revealed 37
      randomized controlled trials (2991 participants) that were grouped into internet
      delivered cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT; 21 trials), virtual reality exposure
      therapy (VRET; 3 trials), and cognitive bias modification (CBM; 13 trials).
      Patients undergoing ICBT and VRET showed significantly less SAD symptoms at
      postassessment than passive control conditions (g=0.84 and 0.82, respectively).
      Compared to active control conditions, ICBT had a small advantage (g=0.38) and
      VRET showed comparable effects (p>0.05). CBM was not more effective than passive
      control conditions, except when delivered in the laboratory (g=0.35). While the
      efficacy of CBM was limited, substantial evidence for ICBT and preliminary
      evidence for VRET suggests that both can effectively reduce SAD symptoms
      indicating the potential of technology-assisted interventions for SAD.

PMID- 27376635
TI  - Mechanoreceptors of the ligaments and tendons around the knee.
AB  - Proprioceptive inputs from the joints and limbs arise from mechanoreceptors in
      the muscles, ligaments and tendons. The knee joint has a wide range of movements,
      and proper neuroanatomical organization is critical for knee stability. Four
      ligaments (the anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL) cruciate ligaments and the
      medial (MCL) and lateral (LCL) collateral ligaments) and four tendons (the
      semitendinosus (STT), gracilis (GT), popliteal (PoT), and patellar (PaT) tendons)
      from eight fresh frozen cadavers were harvested. Each harvested tissue was
      divided into its bone insertion side and its tendinous part for
      immunohistochemical examination using S100 staining. Freeman-Wyke's
      classification was used to identify the mechanoreceptors. The mechanoreceptors
      were usually located close to the bone insertion. Free nerve endings followed by
      Ruffini endings were the most common mechanoreceptors overall. No Pacini
      corpuscles were observed; free nerve endings and Golgi-like endings were most
      frequent in the PCL (PCL-PaT: P = 0.0.1, PCL-STT: P = 0.00), and Ruffini endings
      in the popliteal tendon (PoT-PaT: P = 0.00, Pot-STT: P = 0.00, PoT-LCL: P = 0.00,
      PoT-GT: P = 0.00, PoT-ACL: P = 0.09). The cruciate ligaments had more
      mechanoreceptors than the medial structures (MS) or the patellar tendon (CR-Pat:
      P = 0.000, CR-MS: P = 0.01). The differences in mechanoreceptor distributions
      between the ligaments and tendons could reflect the different roles of these
      structures in the dynamic coordination of knee motion. Clin. Anat. 29:789-795,
      2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 27376636
TI  - How are service users instructed to measure home furniture for provision of minor
      assistive devices?
AB  - PURPOSE: Measurements play a vital role in providing devices that meet the
      individual needs of users. There is increasing evidence of devices being
      abandoned. The reasons for this are complex but one key factor that plays a role
      in non-use of equipment is the lack of fit between the device, environment and
      person. In addition, the abandonment of devices can be seen as a waste of public
      money. The aim of this paper is to examine the type, the readability, and the
      content of existing guidance in relation to measuring home furniture. METHOD: An
      online national survey involving health and social care trusts in the UK. We
      conducted a synthesis of leaflets associated with measurement of furniture to
      identify existing guidance. The content and readability of this guidance was then
      evaluated. RESULTS: From the 325 responses received, 64 therapists reported using
      guidance. From the 13 leaflets that were analysed, 8 leaflets were found to meet
      Level 3 Adult Literacy Standards (age 9-11). There were differences in the way in
      which the measurement of furniture items occurred within the leaflets with no
      measurement guidance reported for baths. CONCLUSION: There is a need to
      standardize guidance to ensure that measurements are reliable. Implications for
      Rehabilitation Our research has highlighted the need to confirm and agree
      measurement techniques for home furniture in the provision of assistive devices.
      Inaccurate guidance can lead to abandonment of devices. Inaccurate guidance could
      prevent service users from not participating within the self-assessment process
      for devices.

PMID- 27376637
TI  - Particle therapy of moving targets-the strategies for tumour motion monitoring
      and moving targets irradiation.
AB  - Particle therapy of moving targets is still a great challenge. The motion of
      organs situated in the thorax and abdomen strongly affects the precision of
      proton and carbon ion radiotherapy. The motion is responsible for not only the
      dislocation of the tumour but also the alterations in the internal density along
      the beam path, which influence the range of particle beams. Furthermore, in case
      of pencil beam scanning, there is an interference between the target movement and
      dynamic beam delivery. This review presents the strategies for tumour motion
      monitoring and moving target irradiation in the context of hadron therapy.
      Methods enabling the direct determination of tumour position (fluoroscopic
      imaging of implanted radio-opaque fiducial markers, electromagnetic detection of
      inserted transponders and ultrasonic tumour localization systems) are presented.
      Attention is also drawn to the techniques which use external surrogate motion for
      an indirect estimation of target displacement during irradiation. The role of
      respiratory-correlated CT [four-dimensional CT (4DCT)] in the determination of
      motion pattern prior to the particle treatment is also considered. An essential
      part of the article is the review of the main approaches to moving target
      irradiation in hadron therapy: gating, rescanning (repainting), gated rescanning
      and tumour tracking. The advantages, drawbacks and development trends of these
      methods are discussed. The new accelerators, called "cyclinacs", are presented,
      because their application to particle therapy will allow making a breakthrough in
      the 4D spot scanning treatment of moving organs. 

PMID- 27376638
TI  - Multilayer Dielectric Elastomers for Fast, Programmable Actuation without
      Prestretch.
AB  - A novel method for the fabrication of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs)
      combines acrylic polymers and single wall carbon nanotube network electrodes.
      DEAs made using this technique do not require prestretching, have extremely thin
      electrodes, and can be actuated at low voltage. The method is applied to create a
      multimorph device with nine actuation modes based on just four inputs.

PMID- 27376639
TI  - Pharmacokinetic patterns of risperidone-associated adverse drug reactions.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to investigate a correlation between plasma
      concentrations of risperidone (RIS), its active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone
      (9-OH-RIS) and the active moiety (AM) (RIS + 9-OH-RIS), and adverse drug
      reactions (ADRs) in a naturalistic sample. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of RIS,
      9-OH-RIS, and AM in patients out of a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) database
      complaining ADRs were categorized according to the Udvalg for Kliniske
      Undersogelser side effect rating scales (UKU) (n = 97) and compared to patients
      without ADRs (n = 398). RESULTS: Patients in the ADR group received a
      significantly lower daily dosage of risperidone (trimmed mean 3.64 mg/day) than
      patients without ADRs (4.40 mg/day). No differences were found for active moiety
      plasma concentrations between the groups (p = 0.454). Differences were detected
      only in the case of dose-adjusted plasma concentration values (concentration-by
      dose, C/D) for 9-OH-RIS, being higher in patients reporting ADRs (4.78 ng/mL/mg)
      than in patients without ADRs (4.3 ng/mL/mg) (p = 0.037 for Mann-Whitney U test).
      Note that differences for non-adjusted 9-OH-RIS plasma levels between groups
      failed to reach significance (p = 0.697). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings are
      consistent with previous data supporting a prominent role of 9
      hydroxyrisperidone, but not of risperidone with regard to ADRs. When studying the
      various subgroups of reported ADRs separately, the size of these subsamples
      offers some plausible limitations by reducing the power of the analysis.

PMID- 27376640
TI  - Whole-genome sequencing in French Canadians from Quebec.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have had a tremendous success in the
      identification of common DNA sequence variants associated with complex human
      diseases and traits. However, because of their design, GWAS are largely
      inappropriate to characterize the role of rare and low-frequency DNA variants on
      human phenotypic variation. Rarer genetic variation is geographically more
      restricted, supporting the need for local whole-genome sequencing (WGS) efforts
      to study these variants in specific populations. Here, we present the first large
      scale low-pass WGS of the French-Canadian population. Specifically, we sequenced
      at ~5.6* coverage the whole genome of 1970 French Canadians recruited by the
      Montreal Heart Institute Biobank and identified 29 million bi-allelic variants
      (31 % novel), including 19 million variants with a minor allele frequency (MAF)
      <0.5 %. Genotypes from the WGS data are highly concordant with genotypes obtained
      by exome array on the same individuals (99.8 %), even when restricting this
      analysis to rare variants (MAF <0.5, 99.9 %) or heterozygous sites (98.9 %). To
      further validate our data set, we showed that we can effectively use it to
      replicate several genetic associations with myocardial infarction risk and blood
      lipid levels. Furthermore, we analyze the utility of our WGS data set to generate
      a French-Canadian-specific imputation reference panel and to infer population
      structure in the Province of Quebec. Our results illustrate the value of low-pass
      WGS to study the genetics of human diseases in the founder French-Canadian
      population.

PMID- 27376641
TI  - MR image segmentation and bias field estimation based on coherent local intensity
      clustering with total variation regularization.
AB  - Though numerous segmentation algorithms have been proposed to segment brain
      tissue from magnetic resonance (MR) images, few of them consider combining the
      tissue segmentation and bias field correction into a unified framework while
      simultaneously removing the noise. In this paper, we present a new unified MR
      image segmentation algorithm whereby tissue segmentation, bias correction and
      noise reduction are integrated within the same energy model. Our method is
      presented by a total variation term introduced to the coherent local intensity
      clustering criterion function. To solve the nonconvex problem with respect to
      membership functions, we add auxiliary variables in the energy function such as
      Chambolle's fast dual projection method can be used and the optimal segmentation
      and bias field estimation can be achieved simultaneously throughout the
      reciprocal iteration. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a
      salient advantage over the other three baseline methods on either tissue
      segmentation or bias correction, and the noise is significantly reduced via its
      applications on highly noise-corrupted images. Moreover, benefiting from the fast
      convergence of the proposed solution, our method is less time-consuming and
      robust to parameter setting.

PMID- 27376642
TI  - [The third and new face of Chagas disease].
AB  - After the publication of the results of the BENEFIT study concluding that the
      benznidazole (5 mg/kg/d/60 d) is ineffective to stop the progression of the
      established Chagas' cardiomyopathy in adults, the author evokes the new
      experiences and the new challenges of 2016 regarding Chagas disease while
      speculating on its future and by calling back some elements little known of his
      history, in particular the fact that it is Chagas who invented about it to some
      extent the concept of "neglected disease". 

PMID- 27376643
TI  - Awareness and daily practices of family physicians and trainees towards
      laryngopharyngeal reflux.
AB  - Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a type of reflux, seen with complaints of
      hoarseness, chronic cough, and globus sensation, different from gastroesophageal
      reflux disease (GERD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness,
      knowledge, and practices of family physicians and trainees who were being trained
      in medical branches other than ENT and to determine the effective factors on
      decision making for diagnosis of this disorder. The study was designed as a two
      stage study. At the first stage, a data collection tool, involving 29 questions
      by which the knowledge, awareness, and applications of the physicians about LPR
      would be determined, was developed with 12 specialists, using Delphi method. At
      the second stage, 101 family physicians replied the questionnaire online. For 45
      trainees other than ENT, the questionnaire was filled face-to-face by one of the
      investigators. In patients admitted with complaints of hoarseness, lasting longer
      than 2 weeks, cough, lasting longer than 3 weeks, and globus sensation, the
      physicians considered LPR as the preliminary diagnosis with rates of 88.4, 82.2,
      and 62.8 %, respectively. 87.0 % of physicians, participating in the study,
      started treatment for reflux empirically in patients having complaints of
      hoarseness, chronic cough, and globus sensation; however, only 29.0 % of
      physicians prescribed this treatment for periods of 3 or 6 months. 69.9 % of
      physicians, participating in the study, made a diagnosis of reflux in general
      during their daily practices; only 6.9 % made the discrimination between LPR and
      GERD. Of all physicians, 27.9 % prescribed double-dose PPI or H2.

PMID- 27376644
TI  - A 1842 skull from Dupuytren's museum of Paris: an original artifact of Joseph
      Gensoul first maxillectomy technique.
AB  - Joseph Gensoul was a pioneer of ENT surgery. In 1827, he performed the first
      total maxillectomy on 17-year-old boy. His work inspired many surgeons, who were
      previously unwilling to remove maxillary tumours. A paleopathological study
      performed in the Dupuytren museum allowed us to identify a skull from the early
      19th century, with a large maxillar tumour. There were indications that this
      skull was operated according to Gensoul's technique. The aim of this study is to
      confirm that this patient had, in fact, received this surgical treatment. This is
      a historical and descriptive paleopathological study of a skull of the early 19th
      century of Dupuytren Museum in Paris. The historical research was conducted in
      collaboration with the French Academy of Medicine and the Museum of Medicine
      History (Paris). Bones mark cut studies allowed us to confirm that the patient
      was operated according to the method described by Gensoul in his "Surgical
      letter" in 1833. Our historical research has allowed us to understand the
      perspectives of surgeons in the 19th century and the intellectual processes that
      led to this discovery. At a time when the robotization and industrialization
      dominate our art, it is interesting to look to our past, our origins, and our
      history. The study of ancient humans remains and allows us to understand the
      origin of our specialty and pay tribute to these pioneering surgeons. Their
      intellectual approach and boldness should be acknowledged and applauded,
      especially as it is also the key to our success.

PMID- 27376645
TI  - Incidence and predictors of 30-day cardiovascular complications in patients
      undergoing head and neck cancer surgery.
AB  - Incidence and predictors of peri-operative or post-operative cardiovascular
      complications in head and neck cancer surgery remain poorly elucidated. In this
      retrospective study, we investigated the rate and pre-operative risk factors for
      cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. This study included all
      patients (n = 456) operated for head and neck cancer between 1999 and 2008.
      Patients' medical records were reviewed and the adjudication of endpoints was
      performed by adjudication committee. The 30-day incidence of cardiovascular and
      cerebrovascular complications was 7.2 %. Cardiac mortality at 30 days was 1.0 %.
      Univariate predictors of MACCE (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events)
      at the 30-day follow-up were history of myocardial infarction (OR 4.56, 95 % CI
      1.73-11.97, p = 0.002); history of heart failure (OR 4.14, 95 % CI 1.32-13.02, p
      = 0.015); pre-existing coronary artery disease (OR 3.98, 95 % CI 1.75-9.06, p =
      0.001); prior aspirin medication (OR 3.73, 95 % CI 1.81-7.71, p < 0.001); prior
      betablocker medication (OR 3.67, 95 % CI 1.79-7.51, p < 0.001); hypertension (OR
      2.55, 95 % CI 1.25-5.19, p = 0.010); and increasing age (OR 1.08, 95 % CI 1.05
      1.12, p < 0.001). In a multivariate model, independent predictors of MACCE were
      pre-existing coronary artery disease (OR 2.45, 95 % CI 1.03-5.80, p = 0.042) and
      increasing age (OR 1.08, 95 % CI 1.04-1.11, p < 0.001). Patients having surgery
      for head and neck cancer are at high (>5 %) risk of developing vascular
      complications. Prior coronary artery disease and increasing age are independent
      risk factors for MACCE.

PMID- 27376646
TI  - Anti-adhesive effect of solid mixture of sodium
      hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose in murine nasal cavities.
AB  - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of a solid mixture of sodium
      hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose (S-HA/CMC) for the prevention of adhesions
      after iatrogenic mucosal injury in murine nasal cavities. We introduced
      iatrogenic adhesions into the bilateral nasal cavities of 20 male Sprague-Dawley
      rats. S-HA/CMC was applied to the left nasal cavity, while no packing was placed
      in the right nasal cavity as a control. At 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-procedure, we
      examined the number of adhesions, the ratio of the longest cross-sectional length
      of adhesion to septal cartilage length (RAC), and the degree of fibrosis. S
      HA/CMC significantly reduced the number of adhesions when compared to the control
      group in total (p = 0.031), but not at each individual time point. The S-HA/CMC
      group showed significantly shorter RAC than the control group in total (p =
      0.044), but not at each individual time point. The total fibrosis score was less
      severe in the S-HA/CMC group than in the control group (p < 0.001), with a
      significant difference between the two groups at the second week (p = 0.001).
      Therefore, in an animal model, S-HA/CMC can prevent post-injury mucosal adhesions
      suggesting a potential for clinical applications in endoscopic sinus surgery.
      Further clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of S
      HA/CMC as nasal packing after endoscopic sinus surgery.

PMID- 27376647
TI  - Endovascular Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: the Year in Review.
AB  - OPINION STATEMENT: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has become the predominant
      method of treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). The use of conscious
      sedation with local anesthesia and percutaneous femoral access has further
      decreased the morbidity of the procedure. Current devices can more effectively
      manage increasingly "hostile" aneurysm necks, while chimney grafts or dedicated
      fenestrated stent-grafts can be used for juxta-renal disease with favorable
      results. However, endovascular repair does present a new set of challenges, and
      endoleaks remain an area of concern. While there is general consensus that type I
      and type III endoleaks require treatment, type II endoleaks are the topic of
      ongoing research and debate. Development of devices and techniques to prevent and
      treat endoleak continues to progress. Advances in contrast-enhanced ultrasound
      are reducing reliance on computed tomography for post-operative monitoring. This
      is an important step in this population at high risk for the development of
      kidney failure. Despite these many innovations, further research is needed to
      optimize the care of patients with AAA.

PMID- 27376649
TI  - [Paratracheal lymph node with suspicion of carcinoma].
AB  - Three paratracheal lymph nodes of a 20-year-old patient were submitted for
      examination, of which one showed numerous thyrocytes with large void nuclei and
      was suspected of being metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. The simultaneously
      resected thyroid gland, which was subsequently submitted showed findings
      consistent with Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). In the context of the
      resected goiter tissue, the suspected lymph node metastasis was identified as a
      hyperplastic ectopic (so-called parasitic) goiter nodule with thyrocytic changes
      typically seen in Hashimoto's AIT, such as oxyphilic cell alterations and a high
      plasma cell content. The re-examination of the suspicious lymph node revealed
      complete lack of a marginal sinus, thus excluding the diagnosis of a lymph node
      as well as the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma metastasis. 

PMID- 27376648
TI  - [HER2 testing in gastric cancer : Results of a meeting of German experts].
AB  - Valid HER2 testing is essential for the optimal care of patients with HER2
      positive gastric cancer and the correct use of first-line treatment. Although all
      cases of breast cancer are routinely tested for the HER2 status, HER2 testing in
      gastric cancer has still not become part of the routine and is usually only done
      upon request by the therapist. An interdisciplinary group of German experts has
      taken on the challenges of HER2 testing in gastric cancer as an opportunity to
      address essential aspects and questions on the practical use of HER2 testing in
      this indication from the perspective of pathologists and therapists. The
      recommendations made in this article reflect the consensus of all participants
      and correspond to their opinions and long-term experience. 

PMID- 27376651
TI  - The association between characteristics of fathering in infancy and depressive
      symptoms in adolescence: A UK birth cohort study.
AB  - Evidence suggests that the quality of fathers' parenting has an impact on
      psychological outcomes during adolescence, but less is known about which aspects
      of fathering have the strongest effects. This study, using the Avon Longitudinal
      Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), considers which paternal attitudes
      towards and experiences of child care in infancy are most strongly associated
      with depressive symptoms in adolescence, and whether father effects are
      independent of maternal influence and other risk factors. Primary exposures were
      fathers' attitudes to and experiences of child care at 8 weeks, 8 months and 21
      months coded as continuous scores; the primary outcome was self-reported
      depressive symptoms at 16 years (Short Moods and Feelings Questionnaire score
      >=11). Multivariable logistic regression models showed reasonably strong evidence
      that parental reports indicating potential paternal abuse when children were
      toddlers were associated with a 22% increased odds of depressive symptoms at age
      16 (odds ratio [OR] 1.22 [95% CI 1.11, 1.34] per SD). There was some evidence for
      an interaction with social class (p=0.04): for children living in higher social
      class households (professional, managerial and technical classes), an increase in
      the potential abuse scale increased the odds of depressive symptoms by 31% (OR
      1.31 [1.13, 1.53] per SD), whereas there was no effect in the lower social class
      categories. The potential paternal abuse measure needs to be validated and
      research is needed on what circumstances predict anger and frustration with child
      care. Effective interventions are needed to help fathers cope better with
      parenting stress.

PMID- 27376650
TI  - The role of oncostatin M regulates osteoblastic differentiation of dental pulp
      stem cells through STAT3 pathway.
AB  - Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are a type of mesenchymal stem cells, which have
      the self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation potential, including
      chondrocytes, adipocytes, neural cells and osteoblasts. So they play a
      significant role in pulp repair and bone regeneration. Oncostatin M (OSM), one of
      the IL-6 family cytokines, inhibits adipogenic differentiation and stimulates
      osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. However,
      the effect of OSM on DPSCs is unclear. We found that OSM induced osteogenic
      differentiation of DPSCs, promoting matrix mineralization as measured by Alizarin
      Red S staining. OSM also increased expression of osteogenesis-associated gene
      products Alkaline phosphatase, Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), Runt-related
      transcription factor 2 and Osteocalcin (OCN) as assessed by immunoblotting. We
      also found that OSM activated the Signal Transducer And Activator Of
      Transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway during the osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs.
      Blocking the osteogenic differentiation by silencing of STAT3 can significantly
      inhibit OSM-induced osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs and the expression of
      related genes, furthermore matrix mineralization was also suppressed. In summary,
      OSM promotes osteoblastic differentiation of DPSCs and osteogenesis-related genes
      expression through the JAK3/STAT3 signaling pathway which may be useful for the
      autologous transplantation of DPSCs.

PMID- 27376652
TI  - School bus travel is associated with bullying victimization among Canadian male,
      but not female, middle and high school students.
AB  - Previous research has found a link between active school transportation and
      bullying victimization among school-aged children. However, the link with other
      school travel modes (such as car, school bus, and public transportation) and
      bullying victimization is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to
      investigate the association between school travel mode and report of bullying
      victimization among Canadian middle and high school students. The sample
      consisted of 5065 students aged 11-20 years (mean age: 15.2+/-1.9 years; 56%
      females) who participated in the 2013 Ontario Students Drug Use and Health Survey
      (OSDUHS). Overall, 24.7% of students reported school bullying victimization in
      the past year. Females (27.2%) were more likely than males (22.3%) to be victims
      of school bullying (p<0.01). After adjustment for age, ethnicity, subjective
      socioeconomic status and parental education, multivariable logistic regression
      analyses indicated that, compared to active school transportation, school bus
      travel to (adjusted odd ratio (OR)=1.83; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.25-2.68)
      and from (OR=1.79; 95% CI=1.70-2.67) school was associated with greater odds of
      bullying victimization among males, but not females. However, the use of public
      transportation to get to school was associated with lower odds of bullying
      victimization compared to active transportation among females only (OR=0.59; 95%
      CI=0.36-0.97). These findings suggest that school travel mode should be
      considered when considering risks for bullying victimization. Bullying prevention
      efforts should target school buses to make children's commute a safe and
      enjoyable experience.

PMID- 27376653
TI  - Drug interactions between antiretrovirals and drugs used to treat benign
      prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Significant advances in antiretroviral (ARV) therapy have
      transformed HIV into a chronic manageable disease. Co-morbidities associated with
      aging, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are becoming increasingly
      prevalent in the HIV-infected population. The pharmacological treatment of BPH
      involves medications mainly metabolized by CYP 450 enzymes, while many ARVs have
      inducing or inhibiting effects on the CYP 450 system. Consequently, there is
      potential for significant pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between these two
      classes of medications. AREAS COVERED: This article reviews the pharmacology and
      metabolism of selected BPH drug therapies and ARVs, in addition to highlighting
      potential interactions between these two drug categories. The authors also
      present PK evidence of interactions from available clinical trials, product
      monographs and international conference abstracts. Potentially significant drug
      interactions are summarized and strategies for management are discussed. EXPERT
      OPINION: Drugs most likely to interact with BPH medications include protease
      inhibitors, the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors efavirenz,
      nevirapine, etravirine, and the cobicistat-boosted integrase inhibitor
      elvitegravir. Clinically significant PK interactions with BPH medications and
      dolutegravir, raltegravir, rilpivirine, or the investigational agent doravirine
      do not appear to exist. Clinicians working with HIV-infected individuals need to
      recognize the potential for interactions involving BPH and ARV treatments to
      ensure effective and safe drug therapy use.

PMID- 27376654
TI  - A long survivor with local relapse of hilar cholangiocarcinoma after R1 surgery
      treated with chemoradiotherapy: a case report and literature review.
AB  - The treatment outcome of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma remains insufficient
      because it is difficult to obtain accurate diagnosis of tumor spreading and
      effective treatment agent is quite limited in spite of substantial current
      efforts, all of which have been unsuccessful except for gemcitabine plus
      cisplatin. The patient was a 60-year-old female who had developed hilar
      cholangiocarcinoma and underwent extrahepatic bile duct resection. Although it
      was conceivable that it would be the R1 resection, the patient wanted to receive
      limited resection to avoid postoperative complication mainly because she was
      depressed. In histology, interstitial spreading of tumor was appreciated at the
      surgical margin of bile duct. The patient did not accept to receive the
      additional treatment after the surgery and hardly visited the hospital to take
      the periodical test for monitoring the residual cancer cells. As expected, the
      local relapse of tumor was appreciated 1 year after the R1 surgery. She chose
      radiotherapy and agreed with subsequent S-1 treatment for 26 months.
      Consequently, elevated CA19-9 was decreased, and local relapse has been
      successfully controlled for more than 7 years after the relapse of tumor. Here,
      we report quite a rare case in terms of long survivor after chemoradiotherapy on
      locally relapsed unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. 

PMID- 27376655
TI  - [Analysis of contemporary hospital infrastructure pertaining to infection
      prevention in Germany].
AB  - BACKGROUND: A high percentage of single-bed rooms and antiseptic hand rub
      dispensers in hospitals are required for infection prevention OBJECTIVE: Data
      acquisition of the hospitals' current status of infrastructure pertaining to
      infection prevention MATERIALS AND METHODS: A electronic questionnaire was sent
      in March 2015 to all hospitals participating in the nosocomial infection
      surveillance system (KISS) to collect operational infrastructure data. RESULTS:
      Completed questionnaires were received from 621 hospitals (response rate 46 %)
      and provided data about the building infrastructure of 534 intensive care units
      and 621 representative medical wards. While most beds in the intensive care unit
      are equipped with an antiseptic hand rub dispenser at the bedside, only 31.5 % of
      the medical ward beds are so equipped. Moreover, only 27.1 % of intensive care
      beds and 6.4 % of medical ward beds are in single-bed rooms. The intensive care
      room size showed a median of 18 m2 for single-bed rooms and 28 m2 for two-bed
      rooms. In the medical wards, 28.2 % of the patient rooms are not equipped with an
      ensuite toilet. CONCLUSIONS: The paucity of bedside antiseptic hand rub
      dispensers in medical wards should be rectified at once to optimize hand hygiene
      compliance of health care workers. Likewise, the lack of single-bed rooms on
      medical wards and intensive care units should be considered when renovating old
      or planning new buildings in the near future.

PMID- 27376656
TI  - The interactive role of income (material position) and income rank (psychosocial
      position) in psychological distress: a 9-year longitudinal study of 30,000 UK
      parents.
AB  - PURPOSE: Parents face an increased risk of psychological distress compared with
      adults without children, and families with children also have lower average
      household incomes. Past research suggests that absolute income (material
      position) and income status (psychosocial position) influence psychological
      distress, but their combined effects on changes in psychological distress have
      not been examined. Whether absolute income interacts with income status to
      influence psychological distress are also key questions. METHODS: We used fixed
      effects panel models to examine longitudinal associations between psychological
      distress (measured on the Kessler scale) and absolute income, distance from the
      regional mean income, and regional income rank (a proxy for status) using data
      from 29,107 parents included in the UK Millennium Cohort Study (2003-2012).
      RESULTS: Psychological distress was determined by an interaction between absolute
      income and income rank: higher absolute income was associated with lower
      psychological distress across the income spectrum, while the benefits of higher
      income rank were evident only in the highest income parents. Parents'
      psychological distress was, therefore, determined by a combination of income
      related material and psychosocial factors. CONCLUSIONS: Both material and
      psychosocial factors contribute to well-being. Higher absolute incomes were
      associated with lower psychological distress across the income spectrum,
      demonstrating the importance of material factors. Conversely, income status was
      associated with psychological distress only at higher absolute incomes,
      suggesting that psychosocial factors are more relevant to distress in more
      advantaged, higher income parents. Clinical interventions could, therefore,
      consider both the material and psychosocial impacts of income on psychological
      distress.

PMID- 27376657
TI  - Maternal psychopathology and offspring clinical outcome: a four-year follow-up of
      boys with ADHD.
AB  - Previous cross-sectional research has shown that parents of children with
      attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have high rates of
      psychopathology, especially ADHD and depression. However, it is not clear whether
      different types of parent psychopathology contribute to the course and
      persistence of ADHD in the child over time. The aim of this two wave study was to
      investigate if mother self-reported ADHD and depression influence persistence of
      offspring ADHD and conduct disorder symptom severity in adolescents diagnosed
      with ADHD in childhood. A sample of 143 males with a confirmed diagnosis of ADHD
      participated in this study. ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms were assessed at
      baseline and reassessed 4 years later. The boys in this sample had a mean age of
      10.7 years at Time 1 (SD 2.14, range 6-15 years) and 13.73 years at Time 2 (SD
      1.74, range 10-17 years). Questionnaire measures were used to assess ADHD and
      depression symptoms in mothers at Time 1. Mother self-reported ADHD was not
      associated with a change in child ADHD or conduct symptom severity over time.
      Mother self-reported depression was found to predict an increase in child conduct
      disorder symptoms, but did not contribute to ADHD symptom levels. This study
      provides the first evidence that concurrent depression in mothers may be a
      predictor of worsening conduct disorder symptoms in adolescents with ADHD. It
      may, therefore, be important to screen for depression in mothers of children with
      ADHD in clinical practice to tailor interventions accordingly.

PMID- 27376659
TI  - Limits on lexical prediction during reading.
AB  - Efficient language processing may involve generating expectations about upcoming
      input. To investigate the extent to which prediction might facilitate reading, a
      large-scale survey provided cloze scores for all 2689 words in 55 different text
      passages. Highly predictable words were quite rare (5% of content words), and
      most words had a more-expected competitor. An eye-tracking study showed
      sensitivity to cloze probability but no mis-prediction cost. Instead, the
      presence of a more-expected competitor was found to be facilitative in several
      measures. Further, semantic and morphosyntactic information was highly
      predictable even when word identity was not, and this information facilitated
      reading above and beyond the predictability of the full word form. The results
      are consistent with graded prediction but inconsistent with full lexical
      prediction. Implications for theories of prediction in language comprehension are
      discussed. 

PMID- 27376658
TI  - Investigating the effects of tropomyosin mutations on its flexibility and
      interactions with filamentous actin using molecular dynamics simulation.
AB  - Tropomyosin (Tpm) is a two-chained alpha-helical coiled-coil protein that binds
      to filamentous actin (F-actin), and regulates its interactions with myosin by
      occupying three average positions on F-actin (blocked, closed, and open).
      Mutations in the Tpm are linked to heart diseases including hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). To elucidate the molecular
      mechanisms of Tpm mutations (including DCM mutation E54K, HCM mutations E62Q,
      A63V, K70T, V95A, D175N, E180G, L185R, E192K, and a designed synthetic mutation
      D137L) in terms of their effects on Tpm flexibility and its interactions with F
      actin, we conducted extensive molecular dynamics simulations for the wild-type
      and mutant Tpm in complex with F-actin (total simulation time 160 ns per mutant).
      The mutants exhibited distinct changes (i.e., increase or decrease) in the
      overall and local flexibility of the Tpm coiled-coil, with each mutation causing
      both local and long-range modifications of the Tpm flexibility. In addition, our
      binding calculations revealed weakened Tpm-F-actin interactions (except for
      L185R, D137L and A63V) involving five periods of Tpm, which correlate with
      elevated fluctuation of Tpm relative to the blocked position on F-actin that may
      lead to easier activation and increased Ca2+-sensitivity. We also simulated the
      alphabeta/betaalpha-Tpm heterodimer in comparison with the alphaalpha-Tpm
      homodimer, which revealed greater flexibility and weaker actin binding in the
      heterodimer. Our findings are consistent with a complex mechanism underlying how
      different Tpm mutations perturb the Tpm function in distinct ways (e.g., by
      affecting specific sites of Tpm), which bear no simple links to the disease
      phenotypes (e.g., HCM vs. DCM).

PMID- 27376660
TI  - Risk and protective factors for antepartum and postpartum depression: a
      prospective study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Antepartum risk and protective factors for postpartum depression
      (PPD; the most common mental disorder after childbirth besides postpartum
      anxiety), have been frequently investigated in cross-sectional studies, but less
      often longitudinally. This study examined linear and moderator effects of risk
      and protective factors for peripartum depression. First, we investigated the
      predictive power of risk factors (physical problems during pregnancy, pregnancy
      related anxiety, stressful life events, dysfunctional self-consciousness (DSC))
      and protective factors (resilience, social support) for antepartum depression
      (APD) and PPD. Second, as DSC plays an important role in major depression, we
      examined whether the protective factors moderate the association between the risk
      factors DSC and APD as well as PPD. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study
      with three measurement time points: six weeks antepartum (N = 297), as well as
      six weeks (N = 278) and twelve weeks (N = 266) postpartum. Direct and moderator
      effects on APD were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. Moderated
      mediation effects were investigated to explore whether the indirect, long-term
      effect of DSC on PPD six weeks after birth (PPD-6) and PPD twelve weeks after
      birth (PPD-12) is moderated by resilience. RESULTS: Predictors for APD were high
      DSC, high concerns about one's appearance, low resilience and low social support.
      Resilience buffered (weakened) the impact of DSC on APD and affected PPD-6 and
      PPD-12 indirectly through APD. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that PPD-12 is
      influenced directly and indirectly through PPD-6 by APD, but that this effect
      depends upon risk and protective factors, especially on the combined effects of
      resilience and DSC. The key finding of our study is the moderating (i.e.
      weakening) effect of resilience on the relationship between DSC and depression.
      Resilience and DSC may be an important issue for depression prevention and
      treatment programs in the peripartum period.

PMID- 27376661
TI  - Influence of Statin Pretreatment on Initial Neurological Severity and Short-Term
      Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: The Fukuoka Stroke
      Registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Statins have neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke.
      However, associations between pre-stroke statin treatment and initial stroke
      severity and between the treatment and functional outcome remain controversial.
      This study aimed at determining these associations in ischemic stroke patients.
      METHODS: Among patients registered in the Fukuoka Stroke Registry from June 2007
      to October 2014, 3,848 patients with ischemic stroke within 24 h of onset, who
      had been functionally independent before onset, were enrolled in this study.
      Ischemic stroke was classified as cardioembolic or non-cardioembolic infarction.
      Primary and secondary study outcomes were mild neurological symptoms defined as a
      National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of <=4 on admission and
      favorable functional outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of <=2 at
      discharge, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to
      quantify associations between pre-stroke statin treatment and study outcomes.
      RESULTS: Of all 3,848 participants, 697 (18.1%) were taking statins prior to the
      stroke. The frequency of mild neurological symptoms was significantly higher in
      patients with pre-stroke statin treatment (64.1%) than in those without the
      treatment (58.3%, p < 0.01). Multivariable analysis showed that pre-stroke statin
      treatment was significantly associated with mild neurological symptoms (OR 1.31;
      95% CI 1.04-1.65; p < 0.01). Sensitivity analysis in patients with dyslipidemia
      (n = 1,998) also showed the same trend between pre-stroke statin treatment and
      mild neurological symptoms (multivariable-adjusted OR 1.26; 95% CI 0.99-1.62; p =
      0.06). In contrast, the frequency of favorable functional outcome was not
      different between patients with (67.0%) and without (65.3%) the treatment (p =
      0.40). Multivariable analysis also showed no significant association between pre
      stroke statin treatment and favorable functional outcome (OR 1.21; 95% CI 0.91
      1.60; p = 0.19). Continuation of statin treatment, however, was significantly
      associated with favorable functional outcome among patients with pre-stroke
      statin treatment (multivariable-adjusted OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.16-4.00; p = 0.02).
      CONCLUSIONS: Pre-stroke statin treatment in ischemic stroke patients was
      significantly associated with mild neurological symptoms within 24 h of onset.
      Pre-stroke statin treatment per se did not significantly influence the short-term
      functional outcome; however, continuation of statin treatment during the acute
      stage of stroke seems to relate with favorable functional outcome for patients
      with pre-stroke statin treatment.

PMID- 27376662
TI  - Memory as embodiment: The case of modality and serial short-term memory.
AB  - Classical explanations for the modality effect-superior short-term serial recall
      of auditory compared to visual sequences-typically recur to privileged processing
      of information derived from auditory sources. Here we critically appraise such
      accounts, and re-evaluate the nature of the canonical empirical phenomena that
      have motivated them. Three experiments show that the standard account of modality
      in memory is untenable, since auditory superiority in recency is often
      accompanied by visual superiority in mid-list serial positions. We explain this
      simultaneous auditory and visual superiority by reference to the way in which
      perceptual objects are formed in the two modalities and how those objects are
      mapped to speech motor forms to support sequence maintenance and reproduction.
      Specifically, stronger obligatory object formation operating in the standard
      auditory form of sequence presentation compared to that for visual sequences
      leads both to enhanced addressability of information at the object boundaries and
      reduced addressability for that in the interior. Because standard visual
      presentation does not lead to such object formation, such sequences do not show
      the boundary advantage observed for auditory presentation, but neither do they
      suffer loss of addressability associated with object information, thereby
      affording more ready mapping of that information into a rehearsal cohort to
      support recall. We show that a range of factors that impede this perceptual-motor
      mapping eliminate visual superiority while leaving auditory superiority
      unaffected. We make a general case for viewing short-term memory as an embodied,
      perceptual-motor process.

PMID- 27376663
TI  - Accumulation of neurotoxic organochlorines and trace elements in brain of female
      European eel (Anguilla anguilla).
AB  - Xenobiotics such as organochlorine compounds (OCs) and metals have been suggested
      to play a significant role in the collapse of European eel stocks in the last
      decades. Several of these pollutants could affect functioning of the nervous
      system. Still, no information is so far available on levels of potentially
      neurotoxic pollutants in eel brain. In present study, carried out on female eels
      caught in Belgian rivers and canals, we analyzed brain levels of potentially
      neurotoxic trace elements (Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, MeHg, Mn, Ni, Pb,
      Sn, Sb, Zn) and OCs (Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs; Hexachlorocyclohexanes,
      HCHs; Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites, DDTs). Data were
      compared to levels in liver and muscle tissues. Eel brain contained very high
      amounts of OCs, superior to those found in the two other tissues. Interestingly,
      the relative abundance of PCB congeners markedly differed between tissues. In
      brain, a predominance of low chlorinated PCBs was noted, whereas highly
      chlorinated congeners prevailed in muscle and liver. HCHs were particularly
      abundant in brain, which contains the highest amounts of beta-HCH and Upsilon
      HCH. p,p'-DDTs concentration was similar between brain and muscle (i.e., about
      twice that of liver). A higher proportion of p,p'-DDT was noticed in brain.
      Except for Cr and inorganic Hg, all potentially neurotoxic metals accumulated in
      brain to levels equal to or lower than hepatic levels. Altogether, results
      indicate that eel brain is an important target for organic and, to a lesser
      extent, for inorganic neurotoxic pollutants. 

PMID- 27376664
TI  - Comparison of beta-lactam plus aminoglycoside versus beta-lactam plus
      fluoroquinolone empirical therapy in serious nosocomial infections due to Gram
      negative bacilli.
AB  - We sought to compare clinical cure on day 7 and a 28-day all-cause mortality in
      patients who received an anti-pseudomonal beta-lactam with a fluoroquinolone or
      an aminoglycoside for treatment of nosocomial bacteremia or pneumonia due to Gram
      negative bacilli while in the ICU. This retrospective cohort study was conducted
      in critically ill patients at an academic medical centre from January 2005 to
      August 2011. A total of 129 patients (83 receiving aminoglycoside and 46
      receiving fluoroquinolone combinations) were included. Seven-day clinical cure
      rates were 74% and 72% for fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside groups,
      respectively (p = 0.84). There was no significant difference in the odds of
      clinical cure with a fluoroquinolone as compared to an aminoglycoside combination
      (adjusted odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7-9.0). There was no
      significant difference in 28-day mortality in patients who received a
      fluoroquinolone or an aminoglycoside combination (22% vs. 18%, adjusted hazard
      ratio 0.82, 95% CI 0.29-2.28).

PMID- 27376666
TI  - Prevalence and correlates of psychotic experiences amongst children of depressed
      parents.
AB  - Psychotic experiences in young people are substantially more common than
      psychotic disorders, and are associated with distress and functional impairment.
      Family history of depression as well as of schizophrenia increases risk for
      psychotic experiences, but the prevalence of such experiences and their clinical
      relevance in offspring of depressed parents is unknown. Our objectives were to
      explore i) the prevalence of psychotic experiences amongst offspring of parents
      with recurrent unipolar depression and ii) the relationship between psychotic
      experiences and other psychopathology. Data were drawn from the 'Early Prediction
      of Adolescent Depression' longitudinal study of high-risk offspring (aged 9-17
      years at baseline) of 337 parents with recurrent depression. Three assessments
      were conducted over four years. Psychopathology was assessed using the Child and
      Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment. Seventy-eight percent of families (n=262) had
      complete data on psychotic experiences at each of the three time points. During
      the study, 8.4% (n=22; 95% CI 5.0%, 11.8%) of offspring reported psychotic
      experiences on at least one occasion, and these were associated with psychiatric
      disorder, specifically mood and disruptive disorders, and suicidal
      thoughts/behaviour. Psychotic experiences amongst offspring of depressed parents
      index a range of psychopathology. Further research is needed to examine their
      clinical significance and long-term consequences.

PMID- 27376667
TI  - Prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Chinese elderly people:
      A comparison study between community-based population and hospitalized
      population.
AB  - Depression is common among elderly people, but people from various study settings
      were at different levels of risk for depression. However, most of the existing
      studies were conducted among community population, and little was known about
      depression among institutionalized population. In this study, using a national
      sample, we aimed to compare the prevalence rate of depression and its associated
      factors between community-dwelling elderly people (CDEP) and elderly medical
      inpatients (EMI). Data for this study was derived from a national survey of the
      2011 Comprehensive Assessment of Elderly Health. The Geriatric Depression Scale
      was used to assess depression. The results indicated that the prevalence rate of
      depression among EMI was significantly higher than that in CDEP (18.1% vs 11.6%,
      P<0.001). Physical health status was found to be the most important factor
      associated with depression among both groups. This study revealed a high
      prevalence rate of depression among Chinese elderly people, especially for those
      medically institutionalized. It's essential to pay more efforts on the training
      of general practitioners for early screening and identification of depression on
      the admission of elderly patients and during their hospitalization, and case
      management of the elderly medical inpatients on assessment and treatment for
      depression may be beneficial.

PMID- 27376665
TI  - Engineering membrane and cell-wall programs for tolerance to toxic chemicals:
      Beyond solo genes.
AB  - Metabolite toxicity in microbes, particularly at the membrane, remains a
      bottleneck in the production of fuels and chemicals. Under chemical stress,
      native adaptation mechanisms combat hyper-fluidization by modifying the
      phospholipids in the membrane. Recent work in fluxomics reveals the mechanism of
      how membrane damage negatively affects energy metabolism while lipidomic and
      transcriptomic analyses show that strains evolved to be tolerant maintain
      membrane fluidity under stress through a variety of mechanisms such as
      incorporation of cyclopropanated fatty acids, trans-unsaturated fatty acids, and
      upregulation of cell wall biosynthesis genes. Engineered strains with
      modifications made in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, peptidoglycan, and
      lipopolysaccharide have shown increased tolerance to exogenous stress as well as
      increased production of desired metabolites of industrial importance. We review
      recent advances in elucidation of mechanisms or toxicity and tolerance as well as
      efforts to engineer the bacterial membrane and cell wall.

PMID- 27376668
TI  - The psychometric properties of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology
      Self-Report (QIDS-SR) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in depressed
      inpatients in China.
AB  - This study examined the psychometric properties of the 16-item Quick Inventory of
      Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR) and Patient Health Questionnaire
      9 (PHQ-9). The study sample comprised 297 depressed inpatients. The severity of
      depressive symptoms was assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression,
      the QIDS-SR and the PHQ-9 in all subjects at baseline and a random sample of 50
      subjects two weeks later. The internal consistency, convergent validity, factor
      structure and sensitivity to change of these scales were assessed. Internal
      consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the PHQ-9 and QIDS-SR were 0.88 and 0.83,
      respectively at baseline and 0.91 and 0.87, respectively at exit. Item to total
      score correlations were higher for the PHQ-9 than those for the QIDS-SR at
      baseline and exit. Three domains at baseline and two at study exit of the QIDS-SR
      had a correlation less than 0.65; while only two items at baseline and no item at
      exit were less than 0.65 for the PHQ-9. Both the PHQ-9 and the QIDS-SR showed uni
      dimensional measurement properties at baseline; the two instruments were less
      sensitive than the HAMD to detect changes of depressive symptoms suggesting low
      convergent validity. The QIDS-SR and the PHQ-9 have similar and acceptable
      psychometric properties in most domains as tested in depressed inpatients.

PMID- 27376669
TI  - A 12-Month prospective study of the effects of PTSD-depression comorbidity on
      suicidal behavior in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans.
AB  - The present study used validated clinical interviews to assess the effect of
      comorbid PTSD-depression on suicidal behavior over the course of 12 months in 309
      Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. Logistic regression models demonstrated that
      comorbid PTSD-depression was a statistically significant predictor of suicide
      attempts at the 12-month follow-up in both the total sample and in the subset of
      veterans with PTSD/depression (n=98). In contrast, gender, age, race, sexual
      orientation, and baseline history of suicide attempts did not have significant
      effects. These findings suggest that comorbid PTSD-depression may be a
      significant risk factor for future suicidal behavior in veterans.

PMID- 27376670
TI  - Causal beliefs about intellectual disability and schizophrenia and their
      relationship with awareness of the condition and social distance.
AB  - Evidence on mental illness stigma abounds yet little is known about public
      perceptions of intellectual disability. This study examined causal beliefs about
      intellectual disability and schizophrenia and how these relate to awareness of
      the condition and social distance. UK lay people aged 16+(N=1752), in response to
      vignettes depicting intellectual disability and schizophrenia, noted their
      interpretation of the difficulties, and rated their agreement with 22 causal and
      four social distance items. They were most likely to endorse environmental causes
      for intellectual disability, and biomedical factors, trauma and early
      disadvantage for schizophrenia. Accurate identification of both vignettes was
      associated with stronger endorsement of biomedical causes, alongside weaker
      endorsement of adversity, environmental and supernatural causes. Biomedical
      causal beliefs and social distance were negatively correlated for intellectual
      disability, but not for schizophrenia. Causal beliefs mediated the relationship
      between identification of the condition and social distance for both conditions.
      While all four types of causal beliefs acted as mediators for intellectual
      disability, for schizophrenia only supernatural causal beliefs did. Educating the
      public and promoting certain causal beliefs may be of benefit in tackling
      intellectual disability stigma, but for schizophrenia, other than tackling
      supernatural attributions, may be of little benefit in reducing stigma.

PMID- 27376671
TI  - The similarities and differences in impulsivity and cognitive ability among
      ketamine, methadone, and non-drug users.
AB  - The study aimed to identify similarities and differences among ketamine,
      methadone users, and non-drug-using controls, on impulsivity, antisocial
      personality, and related cognitive abilities. A case-control observational design
      was used to compare the impulsivity and cognitive function of ketamine users (n =
      51), methadone users (n=59), and controls (n=60). Antisocial personality traits
      and emotion states were also measured. One-way ANOVAs and planned post hoc pair
      wise tests were used to analyze the data. Compared to non-drug-using controls,
      ketamine and methadone users had elevated scores on BIS and Pd scale of the MMPI,
      poorer performance on 2-back task, Stop-signal task, and Stroop test. Ketamine
      users performed the worst in the 2-back accuracy and Stop miss rate compared to
      methadone users and controls. There were no significant differences between the
      groups on the Iowa Gambling Task. Ketamine users did not show deficits in
      decision-making but exhibited strong impulsivity, antisocial personality, and
      poor response inhibition and working memory at levels similar to methadone users.
      These deficits may reflect vulnerability to addiction. This suggests that future
      treatment programs for ketamine users could address drug users' impulsive
      cognition and psychopathic deviance.

PMID- 27376672
TI  - SV40 T-Antigen Amino Acid Changes that Disrupt Cul-7 or Bub-1 Binding Do Not
      Globally Distort the T-Common Region.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amino acids 1-107 of the SV40 T antigen constitute a functionally
      important and complex region. Cellular proteins, Hsc70, Bub-1, Cul-7, and Rb,
      each of which is involved in cell growth control or genomic stability, bind
      within this portion of the T antigen. Mutational analysis has mapped the J
      domain/Hsc70, Bub-1, and the Rb binding motifs. Two regions of the T antigen have
      been implicated in Cul-7 binding. Mutation of F98A diminished Cul-7 binding, and
      deletion of amino acids 68-83 abolished it. The authors suggest, based on T
      antigen structure, that F98 is inaccessible and that the F98A change altered the
      configuration of the upstream region, preventing Cul-7 binding. Our objective was
      to determine, by using monoclonal T-antigen antibodies, whether F98 is accessible
      and whether F98A substitution globally distorted the T-common region. METHODS:
      Cell-expressing T antigens, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblot were used to
      determine the accessibility of amino acids. CONCLUSION: Full-length T-antigen and
      N-terminal fragments containing F98A were immunoprecipitated by monoclonal
      antibody PAb902, which recognizes a conformation-dependent epitope within the
      first 82 amino acids. Therefore, this alteration does not globally distort the
      entire T-common region. Additionally, PAb416, which displaces Cul-7 from the T
      antigen and immunoprecipitates bound pRb peptides, depends on F98 for binding,
      implying that amino acid 98 is part of the epitope and accessible in the native T
      antigen.

PMID- 27376673
TI  - How Octogenarians with Bladder Cancer Are Treated in a Maximum-Care Hospital: The
      Real-Life Experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: With increasing life expectancy, curative treatment of
      octogenarians with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) becomes more
      important. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The treatment modalities of 276 octogenarians
      with UCB who were treated at the University Hospital of Erlangen between 1982 and
      2011 were assessed retrospectively. RESULTS: One hundred forty-six patients had
      non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) while 71 had muscle invasive bladder
      cancer (MIBC). No data was available for 59 patients. Eighty-five (58.2%) of the
      146 patients with NMIBC received transurethral resection of the bladder tumor
      (TURBT) only, another 38 patients (26%) underwent additional intravesical
      therapy; and 8.9% were treated with radiochemotherapy (RCT), 4.1% with
      radiotherapy (RT), 1.4% with systemic chemotherapy and 1.4% with radical
      cystectomy (RC). Of the 71 patients suffering from MIBC, 39 (54.9%) received
      TURBT alone. A potentially curative therapy was performed on 31 of the 71
      patients with MIBC (43.7%). Of these, 16 patients (51.6%) received RCT, 9
      patients (29.0%) RT and 6 patients (19.4%) RC. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients
      with MIBC had better median overall survival with curative treatment compared to
      TURBT alone (28 vs. 9 months; p < 0.001, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS: By offering
      a wide range of treatment options, over 43% of octogenarians with MIBC received a
      curative therapy at a maximum care hospital.

PMID- 27376674
TI  - Knockdown of strigolactone biosynthesis genes in Populus affects BRANCHED1
      expression and shoot architecture.
AB  - Plant architecture is modified by a regulatory system that controls axillary bud
      outgrowth. Key components in this system are strigolactones (SLs) and BRANCHED1,
      which inhibit bud outgrowth. Their role has been described in herbaceous model
      systems, including Arabidopsis, rice and pea. However, a role in woody perennial
      species, including the model tree poplar, has not been unequivocally proven. In
      this study, we tested a role for SLs in Populus * canescens by treatment with the
      synthetic SL GR24. We generated MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING4 (MAX4) knockdown lines
      to study the architectural phenotype of poplar SL biosynthesis mutants and the
      expression of SL-regulated genes. We show that GR24 is perceived by the model
      tree poplar. MAX4 knockdown lines exhibit typical SL deficiency symptoms. The
      observed changes in branching pattern, internode length and plant height can be
      rescued by grafting. We identified putative poplar BRANCHED1 and BRANCHED2 genes
      and provide evidence for a regulation of BRANCHED1 by SLs. Our results suggest a
      conservation of major regulatory mechanisms in bud outgrowth control in the model
      tree poplar. This may facilitate further research, pinpointing the role of SLs
      and BRANCHED1 in the complex regulation of bud outgrowth in trees.

PMID- 27376676
TI  - Efficient Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Lead-Free Perovskite Infrared Light
      Emitting Diodes.
AB  - Lead-free perovskite infrared light-emitting diodes are achieved by using a
      halide perovskite CsSnI3 as an emissive layer. The film shows compact micrometer
      sized grains with only a few pinholes and cracks at the grain boundaries. The
      device exhibits maximum radiance of 40 W sr-1 m-2 at a current density of 364.3
      mA cm-2 and maximum external quantum efficiency of 3.8% at 4.5 V.

PMID- 27376675
TI  - RNA-based therapies for genodermatoses.
AB  - Genetic disorders affecting the skin, genodermatoses, constitute a large and
      heterogeneous group of diseases, for which treatment is generally limited to
      management of symptoms. RNA-based therapies are emerging as a powerful tool to
      treat genodermatoses. In this review, we discuss in detail RNA splicing
      modulation by antisense oligonucleotides and RNA trans-splicing, transcript
      replacement and genome editing by in vitro-transcribed mRNAs, and gene knockdown
      by small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides. We present the current
      state of these therapeutic approaches and critically discuss their opportunities,
      limitations and the challenges that remain to be solved. The aim of this review
      was to set the stage for the development of new and better therapies to improve
      the lives of patients and families affected by a genodermatosis.

PMID- 27376677
TI  - A polyphasic approach for characterization of a collection of cereal isolates of
      the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex.
AB  - DNA-based phylogenetic analyses have resolved the fungal genus Fusarium into
      multiple species complexes. The F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC)
      includes fusaria associated with several diseases of agriculturally important
      crops, including cereals. Although members of FIESC are considered to be only
      moderately aggressive, they are able to produce a diversity of mycotoxins,
      including trichothecenes, which can accumulate to harmful levels in cereals. High
      levels of cryptic speciation have been detected within the FIESC. As a result, it
      is often necessary to use approaches other than morphological characterization to
      distinguish species. In the current study, we used a polyphasic approach to
      characterize a collection of 69 FIESC isolates recovered from cereals in Europe,
      Turkey, and North America. In a species phylogeny inferred from nucleotide
      sequences from four housekeeping genes, 65 of the isolates were resolved within
      the Equiseti clade of the FIESC, and four isolates were resolved within the
      Incarnatum clade. Seven isolates were resolved as a genealogically exclusive
      lineage, designated here as FIESC 31. Phylogenies based on nucleotide sequences
      of trichothecene biosynthetic genes and MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser
      Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) were largely concordant
      with phylogeny inferred from the housekeeping gene. Finally, Liquid
      Chromatography (Time-Of-Flight) Mass Spectrometry [LC-(TOF-)MS(/MS)] revealed
      variability in mycotoxin production profiles among the different phylogenetic
      species investigated in this study. 

PMID- 27376678
TI  - Survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes on whole cantaloupes is dependent
      on site of contamination and storage temperature.
AB  - Whole cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L.), marketed as 'Rocky Ford', were implicated in
      a large multi-state outbreak of listeriosis in the United States in 2011;
      however, survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes on whole cantaloupes
      remains relatively unexplored. The research presented here evaluated three
      different storage temperatures, two sites of contamination of cantaloupes, and
      two cantaloupe varieties to determine their effect on the survival of L.
      monocytogenes. 'Athena' and 'Rocky Ford' cantaloupe cultivars were grown in soil
      and harvested, and individual melons subsequently received a multi-strain
      inoculum of L. monocytogenes (6 log CFU/melon), which were then stored at 4
      degrees C, 10 degrees C, and 25 degrees C. Changes in L. monocytogenes
      populations on the rinds and stem scars of cantaloupes stored at each temperature
      were determined at selected times for up to 15days. An analysis of variance
      revealed that inoculation site and storage temperature significantly affected
      survival of L. monocytogenes on cantaloupes during storage (p<0.05), but cultivar
      did not influence L. monocytogenes (p>0.05). Populations of L. monocytogenes on
      stem scars of cantaloupes stored at 25 degrees C increased by 1-2 log CFU/melon
      on day 1, and were significantly greater than those on cantaloupes stored at 4
      degrees C or 10 degrees C (p<0.05), which remained constant or increased by
      approximately 0.3 log CFU/melon, respectively, over the same time period. A
      decrease of 2-5 log CFU/melon of L. monocytogenes occurred on the rinds of
      cantaloupes during storage by day 7, and were not significantly different at the
      three different storage temperatures (p>0.05). In trials performed in rind juice
      extracts, populations of L. monocytogenes decreased by 3 log CFU/mL when stored
      at 25 degrees C by day 3, but grew by 3-4 log CFU/mL when stored at 4 degrees C
      over 7days. Overall, site of contamination and storage temperature influenced the
      survival of L. monocytogenes on cantaloupes more than cantaloupe cultivar type. 

PMID- 27376680
TI  - A first-principles study of the thermodynamic and electronic properties of Mg and
      MgH2 nanowires.
AB  - In this article, we studied the thermodynamic and electronic properties of Mg and
      MgH2 nanowires with different diameters, and elucidated why MgH2 nanowires are
      good hydrogen storage materials through first-principles calculations. Previous
      experiments have shown that the orientation relationship between Mg and MgH2
      nanowires is the Mg[0001] direction parallel to the MgH2[110] direction. In our
      calculations, Mg nanowires oriented along the [0001] direction and MgH2 nanowires
      oriented along the [110] direction were built from bulk Mg and MgH2 crystals,
      respectively. We found that as the diameters of Mg and MgH2 nanowires decrease,
      Mg and MgH2 nanowires become more unstable, and the hydrogen desorption energies
      and temperatures of MgH2 nanowires decrease. That is, the thinner the MgH2
      nanowires get, the more dramatically hydrogen desorption temperatures (Td) will
      decrease. Meanwhile, we also found that when the diameters of MgH2 nanowires are
      larger than 1.94 nm, the Td almost maintain the same value at about 440 K, only
      about 40 K lower than that of bulk MgH2 crystal; if the diameters are less than
      1.94 nm, the Td reduce very quickly. In particular, compared with bulk MgH2
      crystal, the Td of the thinnest MgH2 nanowire with a diameter of 0.63 nm can be
      reduced by 164 K. In addition, the electronic structure calculations showed that
      Mg nanowires are metals, while MgH2 nanowires are semiconductors. In particular,
      our results showed that the electronic structures of MgH2 nanowires are
      influenced by the surface effect and quantum size effect. That is to say, the
      band gaps of MgH2 nanowires are controlled by surface electronic states and the
      size of MgH2 nanowires. 

PMID- 27376679
TI  - Comparison of N-acetylcysteine and cysteine in their ability to replenish
      intracellular cysteine by a specific fluorescent probe.
AB  - A specific fluorescent probe, designed by a substitution-rearrangement mechanism,
      can discriminate cysteine from other thiols. Using this probe, N-acetylcysteine
      is revealed to be superior to cysteine to replenish intracellular cysteine in
      cells. 

PMID- 27376681
TI  - Topological insulators and superconductivity: The integrity of two sides.

PMID- 27376682
TI  - Mechanical plasticity of cells.
AB  - Under mechanical loading, most living cells show a viscoelastic deformation that
      follows a power law in time. After removal of the mechanical load, the cell shape
      recovers only incompletely to its original undeformed configuration. Here, we
      show that incomplete shape recovery is due to an additive plastic deformation
      that displays the same power-law dynamics as the fully reversible viscoelastic
      deformation response. Moreover, the plastic deformation is a constant fraction of
      the total cell deformation and originates from bond ruptures within the
      cytoskeleton. A simple extension of the prevailing viscoelastic power-law
      response theory with a plastic element correctly predicts the cell behaviour
      under cyclic loading. Our findings show that plastic energy dissipation during
      cell deformation is tightly linked to elastic cytoskeletal stresses, which
      suggests the existence of an adaptive mechanism that protects the cell against
      mechanical damage.

PMID- 27376683
TI  - Plasmon-driven chemical synthesis: Growing gold nanoprisms with light.

PMID- 27376684
TI  - Topological edge states in a high-temperature superconductor FeSe/SrTiO3(001)
      film.
AB  - Superconducting and topological states are two most intriguing quantum phenomena
      in solid materials. The entanglement of these two states, the topological
      superconducting state, will give rise to even more exotic quantum phenomena.
      While many materials are found to be either a superconductor or a topological
      insulator, it is very rare that both states exist in one material. Here, we
      demonstrate by first-principles theory as well as scanning tunnelling
      spectroscopy and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments that the
      recently discovered 'two-dimensional (2D) superconductor' of single-layer FeSe
      also exhibits 1D topological edge states within an energy gap of ~40 meV at the M
      point below the Fermi level. It is the first 2D material that supports both
      superconducting and topological states, offering an exciting opportunity to study
      2D topological superconductors through the proximity effect.

PMID- 27376685
TI  - Pursuing prosthetic electronic skin.
AB  - Skin plays an important role in mediating our interactions with the world.
      Recreating the properties of skin using electronic devices could have profound
      implications for prosthetics and medicine. The pursuit of artificial skin has
      inspired innovations in materials to imitate skin's unique characteristics,
      including mechanical durability and stretchability, biodegradability, and the
      ability to measure a diversity of complex sensations over large areas. New
      materials and fabrication strategies are being developed to make mechanically
      compliant and multifunctional skin-like electronics, and improve brain/machine
      interfaces that enable transmission of the skin's signals into the body. This
      Review will cover materials and devices designed for mimicking the skin's ability
      to sense and generate biomimetic signals.

PMID- 27376686
TI  - Polyvinylpyrrolidone-induced anisotropic growth of gold nanoprisms in plasmon
      driven synthesis.
AB  - After more than a decade, it is still unknown whether the plasmon-mediated growth
      of silver nanostructures can be extended to the synthesis of other noble metals,
      as the molecular mechanisms governing the growth process remain elusive. Herein,
      we demonstrate the plasmon-driven synthesis of gold nanoprisms and elucidate the
      details of the photochemical growth mechanism at the single-nanoparticle level.
      Our investigation reveals that the surfactant polyvinylpyrrolidone preferentially
      adsorbs along the nanoprism perimeter and serves as a photochemical relay to
      direct the anisotropic growth of gold nanoprisms. This discovery confers a unique
      function to polyvinylpyrrolidone that is fundamentally different from its widely
      accepted role as a crystal-face-blocking ligand. Additionally, we find that
      nanocrystal twinning exerts a profound influence on the kinetics of this
      photochemical process by controlling the transport of plasmon-generated hot
      electrons to polyvinylpyrrolidone. These insights establish a molecular-level
      description of the underlying mechanisms regulating the plasmon-driven synthesis
      of gold nanoprisms.

PMID- 27376687
TI  - Structure and dynamics of the retro-form of the bacteriophage T5 endolysin.
AB  - Using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy we conducted a comparative analysis of the
      structural and dynamic properties of the bacteriophage T5 endolysin (EndoT5) and
      its retro-form; i.e., a protein with the reversed direction of the polypeptide
      chain (R-EndoT5). We show that structurally, retro-form can be described as the
      molten globule-like polypeptide that is easily able to form large oligomers and
      aggregates. To avoid complications associated with this high aggregation
      propensity of the retro protein, we compared EndoT5 and R-EndoT5 in the presence
      of strong denaturants. This analysis revealed that these two proteins possess
      different internal dynamics in solutions containing 8M urea, with the retro-form
      being characterized by larger dimensions and slower internal dynamics. We also
      show that in the absence of denaturant, both forms of the bacteriophage T5
      endolysin are able to interact with micelles formed by the zwitterionic detergent
      dodecylphosphocholine (DPC), and that the formation of the protein-micelle
      complexes leads to the significant structural rearrangement of polypeptide chain
      and to the formation of stable hydrophobic core in the R-Endo T5.

PMID- 27376688
TI  - Optimisation of triple therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C: a
      systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Triple therapy with Pegylated-Interferon alpha (PEG
      IFNalpha)/Ribavirin (RBV) and Boceprevir (Boc) or Telaprevir (Tel) significantly
      improved sustained virological response (SVR) rates for patients with genotype 1
      HCV infection compared to PEG-IFNalpha/RBV alone (dual therapy). However, less is
      known about factors associated with rates of SVR and of adverse events (AEs).
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the
      evidence regarding the factors affecting response and rate of AEs associated with
      triple therapy. We performed systematic electronic searches in Medline, Embase,
      Scopus and Central as well as a list of reference literature. We included
      randomised controlled trials examining triple therapy compared with dual therapy
      and reporting data according to patients features and about AEs. Odds ratios (OR)
      were pooled using either fixed or random effect model, as appropriate. RESULTS:
      We included data from 14 studies. Treatment with triple therapy increased SVR
      rate compared to dual therapy especially in patients previously treated with PEG
      IFNalpha/RBV and with increased pretreatment alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
      levels. Higher rate of serious AEs and treatment discontinuation due to AEs was
      also observed particularly in treatment-experienced patients. CONCLUSIONS: The
      present study shows how improved results of triple therapy are mainly observed in
      some patients' subsets and are accompanied by increased risk of AEs compared to
      dual therapy. These results might be useful for optimising treatment of chronic
      hepatitis C when IFN-free regimens are unavailable.

PMID- 27376689
TI  - Sensitivity and engineered resistance of myeloid leukemia cells to BRD9
      inhibition.
AB  - Here we show that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells require the BRD9 subunit of
      the SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complex to sustain MYC transcription, rapid cell
      proliferation and a block in differentiation. Based on these observations, we
      derived small-molecule inhibitors of the BRD9 bromodomain that selectively
      suppress the proliferation of mouse and human AML cell lines. To establish these
      effects as on-target, we engineered a bromodomain-swap allele of BRD9 that
      retains functionality despite a radically altered bromodomain pocket. Expression
      of this allele in AML cells confers resistance to the antiproliferative effects
      of our compound series, thus establishing BRD9 as the relevant cellular target.
      Furthermore, we used an analogous domain-swap strategy to generate an inhibitor
      resistant allele of EZH2. To our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence
      for a role of BRD9 in cancer and reveals a simple genetic strategy for
      constructing resistance alleles to demonstrate on-target activity of chemical
      probes in cells.

PMID- 27376690
TI  - A reactivity-based probe of the intracellular labile ferrous iron pool.
AB  - Improved methods for studying intracellular reactive Fe(II) are of significant
      interest for studies of iron metabolism and disease-relevant changes in iron
      homeostasis. Here we describe a highly selective reactivity-based probe in which
      a Fenton-type reaction with intracellular labile Fe(II) leads to unmasking of the
      aminonucleoside puromycin. Puromycin leaves a permanent and dose-dependent mark
      on treated cells that can be detected with high sensitivity and precision using a
      high-content, plate-based immunofluorescence assay. Using this new probe and
      screening approach, we detected alteration of cellular labile Fe(II) in response
      extracellular iron conditioning, overexpression of iron storage and/or export
      proteins, and post-translational regulation of iron export. We also used this new
      tool to demonstrate that labile Fe(II) pools are larger in cancer cells than in
      nontumorigenic cells.

PMID- 27376693
TI  - Population data of 15 autosomal STR loci in Chinese Han population from Jiangsu
      Province, Eastern China.

PMID- 27376691
TI  - Tbx16 regulates hox gene activation in mesodermal progenitor cells.
AB  - The transcription factor T-box 16 (Tbx16, or Spadetail) is an essential regulator
      of paraxial mesoderm development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Mesodermal
      progenitor cells (MPCs) fail to differentiate into trunk somites in tbx16 mutants
      and instead accumulate within the tailbud in an immature state. However, the
      mechanisms by which Tbx16 controls mesoderm patterning have remained enigmatic.
      We describe here the use of photoactivatable morpholino oligonucleotides to
      determine the Tbx16 transcriptome in MPCs. We identified 124 Tbx16-regulated
      genes that were expressed in zebrafish gastrulae, including several developmental
      signaling proteins and regulators of gastrulation, myogenesis and somitogenesis.
      Unexpectedly, we observed that a loss of Tbx16 function precociously activated
      posterior hox genes in MPCs, and overexpression of a single posterior hox gene
      was sufficient to disrupt MPC migration. Our studies support a model in which
      Tbx16 regulates the timing of collinear hox gene activation to coordinate the
      anterior-posterior fates and positions of paraxial MPCs.

PMID- 27376692
TI  - Tolerance of Vascularized Islet-Kidney Transplants in Rhesus Monkeys.
AB  - We previously reported that transplantation (Tx) of prevascularized donor islets
      as composite islet-kidneys (IK) reversed diabetic hyperglycemia in both miniature
      swine and baboons. In order to enhance this strategy's potential clinical
      applicability, we have now combined this approach with hematopoietic stem cell
      (HSC) Tx in an attempt to induce tolerance in nonhuman primates. IKs were
      prepared by isolating islets from 70% partial pancreatectomies and injecting them
      beneath the autologous renal capsule of five rhesus monkey donors at least 3
      months before allogeneic IK Tx. HSC Tx was performed after mobilization and
      leukapheresis of the donors and conditioning of the recipients with total body
      irradiation, T cell depletion, and cyclosporine. One IK was harvested for
      histologic analysis and four were transplanted into diabetic recipients. IK Tx
      was performed either 20-22 (n = 3) or 208 (n = 1) days after HSC Tx. All animals
      accepted IKs without rejection. All recipients required >20 U/day insulin before
      IK Tx to maintain <200 mg/dL, whereas after IK Tx, three animals required minimal
      doses of insulin (1-3 U/day) and one animal was insulin free. These results
      constitute a proof-of-principle that this IK tolerance strategy may provide a
      cure for both end-stage renal disease and diabetes without the need for
      immunosuppression.

PMID- 27376694
TI  - A novel cell culture model as a tool for forensic biology experiments and
      validations.
AB  - To improve and advance DNA forensic casework investigation outcomes, extensive
      field and laboratory experiments are carried out in a broad range of relevant
      branches, such as touch and trace DNA, secondary DNA transfer and contamination
      confinement. Moreover, the development of new forensic tools, for example new
      sampling appliances, by commercial companies requires ongoing validation and
      assessment by forensic scientists. A frequent challenge in these kinds of
      experiments and validations is the lack of a stable, reproducible and flexible
      biological reference material. As a possible solution, we present here a cell
      culture model based on skin-derived human dermal fibroblasts. Cultured cells were
      harvested, quantified and dried on glass slides. These slides were used in
      adhesive tape-lifting experiments and tests of DNA crossover confinement by UV
      irradiation. The use of this model enabled a simple and concise comparison
      between four adhesive tapes, as well as a straightforward demonstration of the
      effect of UV irradiation intensities on DNA quantity and degradation. In
      conclusion, we believe this model has great potential to serve as an efficient
      research tool in forensic biology.

PMID- 27376695
TI  - Synthesis and in vitro safety assessment of magnetic bacterial cellulose with
      porcine aortic smooth muscle cells.
AB  - Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been used as a scaffold for tissue regeneration
      (TR). Improving functional TR requires highly selective strategies for specific
      cell attraction. Embedding iron oxide nanoparticles into a BC matrix can drive
      magnetically labeled cells to specific tissues where they may begin to heal
      injured tissue. This article focuses on characterization and in vitro toxicity
      assessment of magnetic BC (MBC). We proposed to detect the production of radical
      oxygen species (ROS), esterase activity, and apoptosis to study cytotoxic
      interactions of MBC within its bioenvironment. Morphological characterization was
      performed using scanning electron microscopy where evidence shows that the
      diameter of MBC fibers compared to BC fibers was 33% smaller, and the pore areas
      were 25% bigger. Cytotoxicity assays in porcine aortic smooth muscle cells
      exposed for 24 hours to BC, MBC, and poly(ethylene glycol)-coated MBC (MBC-PEG)
      reveals 96% viability and 9% ROS production for MBC-PEG. In contrast, 25% of
      cells exposed to MBC were apoptotic, suggesting that even when the cells were
      metabolically active, MBC can induce damage. These outcomes support the need for
      more integral assessment in the hopes of assessing the potential biosafety and
      uses of nanocomposites for TR. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater
      Res Part A: 104A: 2801-2809, 2016.

PMID- 27376696
TI  - Self-reported depression in psoriasis is associated with subclinical vascular
      diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder associated with
      vascular inflammation, measured by 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography (18-FDG PET/CT), and an increased risk of
      myocardial infarction. Patients with psoriasis are also more likely to suffer
      from comorbid depression. Whether depression accelerates the development of
      subclinical atherosclerosis in psoriasis is unknown. METHODS: Patients were
      selected from within a larger psoriasis cohort. Those who reported a history of
      depression (N = 36) on survey were matched by age and gender to patients who
      reported no history of psychiatric illness (N = 36). Target-to-background ratio
      from FDG PET/CT was used to assess aortic vascular inflammation and coronary CT
      angiography scans were analyzed to determine coronary plaque burden.
      Multivariable linear regression was performed to understand the effect of self
      reported depression on vascular inflammation and coronary plaque burden after
      adjustment for Framingham risk (standardized beta reported). RESULTS: In
      unadjusted analyses, vascular inflammation and coronary plaque burden were
      significantly increased in patients with self-reported depression as compared to
      patients with psoriasis alone. After adjustment for Framingham Risk Score,
      vascular inflammation (beta = 0.26, p = 0.02), total plaque burden (beta = 0.17,
      p = 0.03), and non-calcified burden (beta = 0.17, p = 0.03) were associated with
      self-reported depression. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported depression in psoriasis is
      associated with increased vascular inflammation and coronary plaque burden.
      Depression may play an important role in promoting subclinical atherosclerosis
      beyond traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

PMID- 27376698
TI  - The effect of consuming low- versus high-glycemic index meals after exercise on
      postprandial blood lipid response following a next-day high-fat meal.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Exercise performed shortly before (that is, within half a
      day of) a high-fat meal is beneficial for stimulating fat oxidation after the
      meal and reducing postprandial triglycerides (TG). This benefit of exercise is
      unfortunately negated if the after-exercise food choice to replace the calories
      expended during exercise is one containing high-glycemic index (HGI)
      carbohydrates. We determined the effect of consuming low-glycemic index (LGI)
      carbohydrates after an exercise session on fat oxidation and TG after a
      subsequent high-fat meal. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Using a randomized, counterbalanced
      crossover design, 23 overweight or obese individuals (body mass index ?25 kg m(
      2)) performed: walking exercise (90 min) at 1800 h followed by no meal (EX);
      exercise followed by a meal with LGI carbohydrates (that is, lentils, EX-LGI);
      exercise followed by a meal with HGI carbohydrates (that is, instant potatoes,
      white bread, EX-HGI); and a control condition with no exercise or meal. After a
      10-h overnight fast, participants were given a standardized high-fat meal. Fat
      oxidation was estimated before and for 6 h after this meal from respiratory gas
      measures and TG determined from blood samples. RESULTS: Fat oxidation (mean+/
      s.d.) was higher with EX (6.9+/-1.7 g h(-1)) than EX-HGI (6.3+/-1.6 g h(-1);
      P=0.007) and Control (5.9+/-1.7 g h(-1); P=0.00002), and EX-LGI (6.6+/-1.7 g h(
      1)) was higher than Control (P=0.002). TG total area under the curve was 18-32%
      lower with EX and EX-LGI compared with control (P=0.0005 and P=0.0001,
      respectively) and EX-HGI (P=0.05 and P=0.021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A meal
      containing HGI carbohydrates consumed after an evening exercise session cancels
      the beneficial effect of exercise for stimulating fat oxidation and lowering TG
      after a subsequent high-fat meal, whereas consuming a post-exercise meal with LGI
      carbohydrates retains the positive effect of exercise.

PMID- 27376697
TI  - Defective phosphoinositide metabolism in autism.
AB  - Phosphoinositides are essential components of lipid membranes and crucial
      regulators of many cellular functions, including signal transduction, vesicle
      trafficking, membrane receptor localization and activity, and determination of
      membrane identity. These functions depend on the dynamic and highly regulated
      metabolism of phosphoinositides and require finely balanced activity of specific
      phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. There is increasing evidence from
      genetic and functional studies that these enzymes are often dysregulated or
      mutated in autism spectrum disorders; in particular, phosphoinositide 3-kinases
      and their regulatory subunits appear to be affected frequently. Examples of
      autism spectrum disorders with defective phosphoinositide metabolism are fragile
      X syndrome and autism disorders associated with mutations in the phosphoinositide
      3-phosphatase tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), but recent genetic
      analyses also suggest that select nonsyndromic, idiopathic forms of autism may
      have altered activity of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. Isoform
      specific inhibitors for some of the phosphoinositide kinases have already been
      developed for cancer research and treatment, and a few are being evaluated for
      use in humans. Altogether, this offers exciting opportunities to explore altered
      phosphoinositide metabolism as a therapeutic target in individuals with certain
      forms of autism. This review summarizes genetic and functional studies
      identifying defects in phosphoinositide metabolism in autism and related
      disorders, describes published preclinical work targeting phosphoinositide 3
      kinases in neurological diseases, and discusses the opportunities and challenges
      ahead to translate these findings from animal models and human cells into
      clinical application in humans. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27376701
TI  - Perspectives for microbial community composition in anaerobic digestion: from
      abundance and activity to connectivity.
AB  - Microbial management in anaerobic digestion is mainly focused on physically
      present and metabolically active species. Because of its complexity and operation
      near the thermodynamic equilibria, it is equally important to address functional
      regulation, based on spatial organisation and interspecies communication. Further
      establishment of the knowledge on microbial communication in anaerobic digestion
      through quorum sensing and nanowires is needed. Methods to detect centres of
      concentrated activity, related to the presence of highly active and well
      connected species that take a central role in the anaerobic digestion process,
      have to be optimized. Bioaugmentation could serve as a crucial tool to introduce
      keystone species that may create or sustain such centres. Functional stability
      can be maintained by keeping the microbial community active. This results in a
      clear trade-off between functionally active and redundant microorganisms as
      primary basis for microbial community organization. Finally, a microbial
      community based prediction strategy for advanced process control is formulated.

PMID- 27376699
TI  - Differences in glycemic control across world regions: a post-hoc analysis in
      patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on dual antidiabetes drug therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This post-hoc analysis of the EDGE (Effectiveness of Diabetes control
      with vildaGliptin and vildagliptin/mEtformin) study assessed inter-regional
      differences in baseline characteristics and response to treatment intensification
      with dual oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs) in patients with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with first
      line monotherapy were assigned to receive a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)
      inhibitor, vildagliptin, or comparator OADs as add-on dual therapy. The primary
      effectiveness end point (PEP) was achieving glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction
      >0.3% without hypoglycemia, peripheral edema, discontinuation owing to
      gastrointestinal events or weight gain ?5% at 12 months. The secondary
      effectiveness end point (SEP) was achieving HbA1c of <7% without hypoglycemia or
      weight gain ?3% at 12 months. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics of patients (N=43
      791), including mean HbA1c (8.2%), varied across regions. Baseline age (62.3
      years) and T2DM duration (6.3 years) were greater in patients from Europe than
      those from India and the Middle East (age: 51.8 and 52.1 years; T2DM duration:
      4.3 and 4.2 years, respectively). The probability of achieving PEP with dual
      therapy was higher in India (odds ratio (OR): 1.5), Latin America (OR: 1.2) and
      Middle East (OR: 2.0) than in Europe (OR: 0.8) and East Asia (OR: 0.3).
      Achievement of SEP in patients receiving dual therapy was greater in Latin
      America (OR: 1.7) and Middle East (OR: 1.7). Vildagliptin add-on therapy allowed
      more patients to achieve SEP across regions. Women aged ?45 years less often
      attained glycemic target (HbA1c<7%) without significant weight gain ?5% compared
      with women aged <45 years (OR: 0.876, 95% confidence interval: 0.774, 0.992;
      P=0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Baseline HbA1c and T2DM duration differed considerably
      across all regions. Treatment intensification with second OAD, particularly with
      a DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin, resulted in good treatment response without
      tolerability issues despite delayed intensification of failing monotherapy across
      regions.

PMID- 27376700
TI  - Association of pasta consumption with body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio:
      results from Moli-sani and INHES studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Pasta as a traditional component of Mediterranean diet
      (MeD) in Italy has not been studied in detail in the management of body weight.
      This study aimed at evaluating the association of pasta intake with body mass
      index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio, in two large epidemiological datasets.
      SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 14 402 participants aged ?35 years randomly
      recruited from the general population of the Molise region (Moli-sani cohort) and
      8964 participants aged >18 years from all over Italy (Italian Nutrition & HEalth
      Survey, INHES) were separately analyzed. The European Prospective Investigation
      into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-food frequency questionnaire and one 24-h
      dietary recall were used for dietary assessment. Weight, height, waist and hip
      circumference were measured in Moli-sani or self-reported in INHES. Residuals
      methodology corrected for either total energy intake or body weight was used for
      the analysis of pasta intake. RESULTS: Higher pasta intake was associated with
      better adhesion to MeD in both genders (P for both<0.001). In the Moli-sani
      study, after multivariable analysis, pasta-energy residuals were negatively
      associated with BMI in women but not in men (beta-coef=-0.007, P=0.003 for women
      and beta-coef=-0.001, P=0.58 for men). When pasta intake-body weight residuals
      were used, pasta intake was significantly and negatively associated with BMI in
      crude and multi-adjusted models (including adhesion to MeD) in both genders and
      Moli-sani and INHES studies (for all beta-coef<0, P<0.05). In the Moli-sani
      study, pasta-body weight residuals were significantly and negatively associated
      with waist and hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (for all beta-coef<0,
      P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As a traditional component of MeD, pasta consumption was
      negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio and
      with a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity.

PMID- 27376702
TI  - Assessment of three methods of geometric image reconstruction for digital
      subtraction radiography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate three methods of geometric image reconstruction for
      digital subtraction radiography (DSR). METHODS: Digital periapical radiographs
      were acquired of 24 teeth with the X-ray tube at 6 different geometric
      configurations of vertical (V) and horizontal (H) angles: V0 degrees H0 degrees ,
      V0 degrees H10 degrees , V10 degrees H0 degrees , V10 degrees H10 degrees , V20
      degrees H0 degrees  and V20 degrees H10 degrees . All 144 images were registered
      in pairs (Group V0 degrees H0 degrees  + 1 of the 6 groups) 3 times by using the
      Emago((r)) (Oral Diagnostic Systems, Amsterdam, Netherlands) with manual
      selection and Regeemy with manual and automatic selections. After geometric
      reconstruction on the two software applications under different modes of
      selection, all images were subtracted and the standard deviation of grey values
      was obtained as a measure of image noise. All measurements were repeated after 15
      days to evaluate the method error. Values of image noise were statistically
      analyzed by one-way ANOVA for differences between methods and between projection
      angles, followed by Tukey's test at a level of significance of 5%. RESULTS:
      Significant differences were found between most of the projection angles for the
      three reconstruction methods. Image subtraction after manual selection-based
      reconstruction on Regeemy presented the lowest values of image noise, except on
      group V0 degrees H0 degrees . The groups V10 degrees H0 degrees  and V20 degrees
      H0 degrees  were not significantly different between the manual selection-based
      reconstruction in Regeemy and automatic selection-based reconstruction in Regeemy
      methods. CONCLUSIONS: The Regeemy software on manual mode revealed better quality
      of geometric image reconstruction for DSR than the Regeemy on automatic mode and
      the Emago on manual mode, when the radiographic images were obtained at V and H
      angles used in the present investigation.

PMID- 27376703
TI  - The use of cone beam CT in achieving unipedicular spinal augmentation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of cone beam CT (CBCT) in achieving
      unipedicular access during spinal cement augmentation. METHODS: A retrospective
      review of all patients who underwent CBCT-guided unipedicular spinal augmentation
      procedures between 1 January 2012 and 15 June 2015 was performed. 59 patients (43
      females 16 males; mean-age, 74.0 years; range, 52-90 years) underwent
      unipedicular spinal augmentation in 78 vertebral levels (T5-T9, n = 14; T10-L2, n
      = 42; L3-L5, n = 22). Degree of cross-over in contralateral hemivertebral body,
      complications and 30-day mortality were recorded. RESULTS: 97% (76/78) of
      procedures were technically successful. Two procedures failed owing to vertebral
      sclerosis. For vertebroplasty, all cases (6/6) demonstrated cross-over filling of
      cement and 50% (3/6) showed cement cross-over >50% of contralateral half of the
      vertebral body. For kyphoplasty, 13 out of 15 procedures demonstrated balloon and
      cement cross-over >50% of contralateral half of the vertebral body. Two
      kyphoplasty procedures required the second pedicle after midline cross-over of
      cement failed. Of the kyphoplasty procedures that were successfully performed
      with the unipedicular approach, 76.9% (10/13) showed cement cross-over >50% of
      contralateral half of the vertebral body. For stentoplasty, all cases (55/55)
      showed midline stent-cement complex cross-over and 78.2% (43/55) exhibited stent
      cement complex cross-over >50% of contralateral half of the vertebral body. There
      was no major complication or mortality. Minor complications included asymptomatic
      cement extravasation (6.4%, n = 5) and self-limiting haematoma (1.3%, n = 1).
      CONCLUSION: Unipedicular access for spinal augmentation procedures is achieved at
      a high success rate with the use of CBCT. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This article
      describes the novel use of CBCT to achieve unipedicular spinal augmentation.
      Unipedicular spinal augmentation has the potential to reduce risk, duration,
      radiation and cost while achieving similar results.

PMID- 27376704
TI  - A Single Methylene Group in Oligoalkylamine-Based Cationic Polymers and Lipids
      Promotes Enhanced mRNA Delivery.
AB  - The development of chemically modified mRNA holds great promise as a new class of
      biologic therapeutics. However, the intracellular delivery and endosomal escape
      of mRNA encapsulated in nanoparticles has not been systematically investigated.
      Here, we synthesized a diverse set of cationic polymers and lipids from a series
      of oligoalkylamines and subsequently characterized their mRNA delivery
      capability. Notably, a structure with an alternating alkyl chain length between
      amines showed the highest transfection efficiency, which was linked to a high
      buffering capacity in a narrow range of pH 6.2 to 6.5. Variation in only one
      methylene group resulted in enhanced mRNA delivery to both the murine liver as
      well as porcine lungs after systemic or aerosol administration, respectively.
      These findings reveal a novel fundamental structure-activity relationship for the
      delivery of mRNA that is independent of the class of mRNA carrier and define a
      promising new path of exploration in the field of mRNA therapeutics.

PMID- 27376705
TI  - Regiospecific Hydration of N-(Diphenylphosphinoyl)propargyl Amines: Synthesis of
      beta-Amino Ketones by Au(III) Catalysis.
AB  - A Au(III)-catalyzed regiospecific hydration of N-(diphenylphosphinoyl)propargyl
      amines has been developed to produce various beta-amino ketones. These reactions
      are conducted in the presence of NaAuCl4.2H2O (10 mol %) in a mixed solvent of
      EtOH/H2O/CH2Cl2 (4:1:1) at room temperature to give the products in 45-71% yield.
      The high enantiomeric purity of a chiral N-(diphenylphosphinoyl)propargyl amine
      (85% ee) is maintained after hydration, which makes this method useful for the
      asymmetric synthesis of chiral beta-amino ketones. Reduction of a beta-amino
      ketone product with Zn(BH4)2 gives a 1,3-amino alcohol with modest
      diastereoselectivity.

PMID- 27376706
TI  - Efficacy of sofosbuvir plus ribavirin in treatment-naive patients with genotype-1
      and -3 HCV infection: results from a Russian Phase IIIb study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this Phase IIIb study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of the
      oral nucleotide analogue inhibitor sofosbuvir plus ribavirin, with special
      attention given to viral resistance, in Russian patients with HCV genotype-1 or 
      3. METHODS: Treatment-naive patients with and without compensated cirrhosis were
      randomized (1:1) to receive 16 or 24 weeks of once-daily sofosbuvir 400 mg plus
      twice-daily oral ribavirin 1,000 or 1,200 mg/day. The primary efficacy end point
      was the proportion of patients with sustained viral response 12 weeks after the
      end of treatment (SVR12). Viral resistance testing was performed by deep
      sequencing on all baseline samples and for patients who experienced virological
      failure. RESULTS: SVR12 rates for patients with genotype-1 HCV were 50% and 76%
      for those in the 16-week and 24-week groups, respectively, and for patients with
      genotype-3 HCV, SVR12 rates were 87% and 90% for patients in the 16-week and 24
      weeks groups, respectively. Genotype-1 patients with the L159F resistance
      associated variant who received 16 weeks of treatment had lower SVR12 rates than
      those without, but in patients who received 24 weeks of treatment, response rates
      were similar in those with and without L159F (80% versus 74%). Sofosbuvir plus
      ribavirin was well tolerated with no deaths, adverse event-related study drug
      discontinuations, or grade 3 or 4 adverse events, and few grade 3 or 4 laboratory
      abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for 16 or 24 weeks was
      associated with a high SVR rate in patients with HCV genotype-3. Among HCV
      genotype-1b patients, the presence of the L159F variant at baseline was
      associated with a lower SVR rate in those treated for 16 weeks but not in those
      treated for 24 weeks. Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin was safe and well tolerated
      regardless of treatment duration. Clinicaltrials.gov number NCT01896193.

PMID- 27376707
TI  - Ferrocenyl Paclitaxel and Docetaxel Derivatives: Impact of an Organometallic
      Moiety on the Mode of Action of Taxanes.
AB  - A series of ferrocenyl analogues and derivatives of paclitaxel and docetaxel were
      synthesised and assayed for their antiproliferative/cytotoxic effects, impact on
      the cell cycle distribution and ability to induce tubulin polymerisation. The
      replacement of the 3'-N-benzoyl group of paclitaxel with a ferrocenoyl moiety, in
      particular, led to formation of an analogue that was at least one order of
      magnitude more potent in terms of antiproliferative activity than the parent
      compound (IC50 values of 0.11 versus 1.11 MUm, respectively), but still preserved
      the classical taxane mode of action, that is, microtubule stabilisation leading
      to mitotic arrest. Molecular docking studies revealed an unexpected binding
      pocket in the tubulin structure for the ferrocenoyl group introduced in the
      paclitaxel backbone. 

PMID- 27376708
TI  - Freezing Molecular Orientation under Stretch for High Mechanical Strength but
      Anisotropic Hydrogels.
AB  - The poor mechanical strength of hydrogels has largely limited their wide
      applications, and improving hydrogels' mechanical strength is a hot and important
      topic in the hydrogel research field. Although many successful strategies have
      been proposed to improve hydrogels' mechanical strength during the past decades,
      a hydrogel with a tensile stress surpassing dozens of mega Pascal is desirable,
      yet still a big challenge. To address this issue, the Fe(3+) -mediated physical
      crosslinking formed under stretch conditions was employed in a chemically
      crosslinked poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) network to achieve a dual
      crosslinked hydrogel. The expected molecular orientation occurs under stretch and
      allows the maximumu chelating interaction between pendant carboxylic anions and
      Fe(3+) and molecules conformation being frozen, leading to the mechanical
      strength improving dramatically. As a result, an unprecedentedly high mechanical
      strength, but anisotropic dual-crosslinked hydrogel was obtained. By optimizing
      the experimental parameters, the nominal tensile stress along pre-stretching
      direction can reach as high as ~40 MPa with elastic modulus of ~40 MPa at large
      strain (>200%). In addition, the molecular orientation also leads to big
      difference of mechanical performance between parallel and perpendicular
      direction. 

PMID- 27376709
TI  - Local Grafting of Ionic Liquid in Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Amorphous Region and
      the Subsequent Microphase Separation Behavior in Melt.
AB  - Polymer-based nanostructures can be generally created by self-assembly of block
      copolymers that are commonly synthesized by living radical polymerization. In
      this study, a new strategy is proposed to fabricate block-like copolymers by
      using the template of binary phase structure of semicrystalline polymers.
      Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is thermodynamically miscible with an
      unsaturated ionic liquid (IL) (1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) in
      the melt and IL molecules are expelled out from the crystalline parts during the
      crystallization of PVDF. Therefore, the IL molecules are only located at the
      amorphous region of PVDF crystals. The electron beam irradiation of the IL
      incorporated PVDF leads to the local grafting of IL molecules onto the PVDF
      molecular chains in the amorphous region, so block-like grafting polymer chains
      of crystalline PVDF-b-(amorphous PVDF-g-IL)-b-crystalline PVDF can be achieved.
      The subsequent heating of the irradiated sample induces the microphase separation
      of PVDF-g-IL from the ungrafted PVDF chains.

PMID- 27376710
TI  - Posturographic limits of stability can predict the increased risk of falls in
      elderly patients with instability?
AB  - CONCLUSIONS: There was a difference in average score of the sensory organization
      test (SOT) of the case group (elderly instability) compared to the control group
      (healthy subjects). Cases had worse scores on the limits of stability (LOS) than
      controls, but were only able to confirm statistically significant differences in
      the movement velocity. OBJECTIVE: To study the LOS of elderly patients with
      instability vs healthy subjects of the same age to try to explain the increased
      risk of falls in elderly patients with instability. METHODS: Fifty individuals
      >=65 years, 30 cases (at least one of the next inclusion criteria: >=1 fall in
      the last 12 months, >15 s or some support in the timed up and go test, composite
      <68 in SOT, >=1 fall during production of the SOT) compared to 20 controls.
      Postural study: SOT and LOS, Smart Equitest Neurocom(r) platform. STATISTICAL
      ANALYSIS: t-Student test (p < 0.05). RESULT: Mean value of overall balance:
      patients with instability =56% vs controls =77.1% (p < 0.001). Movement velocity:
      cases =2243 degrees /s vs controls =2860 degrees /s (p = 0.029). The reaction
      time (cases =1217 s vs controls =1.077 s), excursion (56.95% vs 59.35%) and
      directional control (56.95% vs 59.35%) differences were not statistically
      significant.

PMID- 27376712
TI  - Single-particle spectroscopy of I-III-VI semiconductor nanocrystals: spectral
      diffusion and suppression of blinking by two-color excitation.
AB  - Ternary I-III-VI semiconductor nanocrystals have been explored as non-toxic
      alternatives to II-VI semiconductors for optoelectronic and sensing applications,
      but large photoluminescence spectral width and moderate brightness restrict their
      practical use. Here, using single-particle photoluminescence spectroscopy on
      nanocrystals of (AgIn)xZn2(1-x)S2 we show that the photoluminescence band is
      inhomogeneously broadened and that size distribution is the dominant factor in
      the broadening. The residual homogeneous linewidth of individual nanocrystals
      reaches up to 75% of the ensemble spectral width. Single nanocrystals undergo
      spectral diffusion which also contributes to the inhomogeneous band. Excitation
      with two lasers with energies above and below the bandgap reveals coexistence of
      two emitting donor states within one particle. Spectral diffusion in such
      particles is due to temporal activation and deactivation of one such state.
      Filling of a trap state with a lower-energy laser enables optical modulation of
      photoluminescence intermittency (blinking) and leads to an almost two-fold
      increase in brightness. 

PMID- 27376711
TI  - Efficacy and safety of liraglutide compared to sulphonylurea during Ramadan in
      patients with type 2 diabetes (LIRA-Ramadan): a randomized trial.
AB  - AIMS: Compare effects of liraglutide 1.8 mg and sulphonylurea, both combined with
      metformin, on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) fasting
      during Ramadan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this up to 33-week, open-label, active
      controlled, parallel-group trial, adults [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 7%-10% (53
      86 mmol/mol); body mass index >=20 kg/m(2) ; intent to fast] were randomized
      (1:1) >=10 weeks before Ramadan to either switch to once-daily liraglutide (final
      dose 1.8 mg) or continue pre-trial sulphonylurea at maximum tolerated dose, both
      with metformin. PRIMARY ENDPOINT: change in fructosamine, a validated marker of
      short-term glycaemic control, during Ramadan. RESULTS: Similar reductions in
      fructosamine levels were observed for both groups during Ramadan [liraglutide (
      12.8 umol/L); sulphonylurea (-16.4 umol/L); estimated treatment difference (ETD)
      3.51 umol/L (95% CI: -5.26; 12.28); p = 0.43], despite lower fructosamine levels
      in the liraglutide group at start of Ramadan. Fewer documented symptomatic
      hypoglycaemic episodes were reported in liraglutide-treated (2%, three subjects)
      versus sulphonylurea-treated patients (11%, 18 subjects). No severe hypoglycaemic
      episodes were reported by either group. Body weight decreased more during Ramadan
      with liraglutide (ETD: -0.54 kg; 95% CI: -0.94;-0.14; p = 0.0091). The proportion
      of patients reporting adverse events was similar between groups. Liraglutide led
      to greater HbA1c reduction [ETD: -0.59% (-6.40 mmol/mol), 95% CI: -0.79; -0.38%; 
      8.63; -4.17 mmol/mol; p < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS: Despite lower fructosamine levels
      and body weight at the beginning of Ramadan, use of liraglutide showed similar
      glycaemic improvements, fewer hypoglycaemic episodes and greater body weight
      reduction compared with sulphonylurea. LIRA-Ramadan provides evidence for
      liraglutide being safe and efficacious for management of T2D during Ramadan
      fasting.

PMID- 27376714
TI  - Isolation, Stereochemical Study, and Antioxidant Activity of Benzofuranone
      Derivatives from a Mangrove-derived Fungus Eurotium rubrum MA-150.
AB  - Enantiomers of a 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one derivative [(-)- and (+)-] and four known
      analogs () were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Eurotium
      rubrum MA-150, a fungus obtained from the mangrove-derived rizospheric soil.
      Their structures were established by detailed interpretation of nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) data and the structure of (+/-)- was confirmed by single-crystal
      X-ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configuration of the enantiomers (-)-
      and (+)- was determined by means of online high-performance liquid chromatography
      - electronic circular dichroism (HPLC-ECD) measurements and time-dependent
      Density Functional Theory - electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT-ECD)
      calculations. Compounds (+/-)- as well as and exhibited potent DPPH radical
      scavenging activities with IC50 values of 1.23, 2.26, and 3.99 MUg/mL,
      respectively. Chirality 28:581-584, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27376713
TI  - Monomeric C-reactive protein and inflammation in age-related macular
      degeneration.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating disease characterized by
      central vision loss in elderly individuals. Previous studies have suggested a
      link between elevated levels of total C-reactive protein (CRP) in the choroid,
      CFH genotype, and AMD status; however, the structural form of CRP present in the
      choroid, its relationship to CFH genotype, and its functional consequences have
      not been assessed. In this report, we studied genotyped human donor eyes (n = 60)
      and found that eyes homozygous for the high-risk CFH (Y402H) allele had elevated
      monomeric CRP (mCRP) within the choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane, compared
      to those with the low-risk genotype. Treatment of choroidal endothelial cells in
      vitro with mCRP increased migration rate and monolayer permeability compared to
      treatment with pentameric CRP (pCRP) or medium alone. Organ cultures treated with
      mCRP exhibited dramatically altered expression of inflammatory genes as assessed
      by RNA sequencing, including ICAM-1 and CA4, both of which were confirmed at the
      protein level. Our data indicate that mCRP is the more abundant form of CRP in
      human choroid, and that mCRP levels are elevated in individuals with the high
      risk CFH genotype. Moreover, pro-inflammatory mCRP significantly affects
      endothelial cell phenotypes in vitro and ex vivo, suggesting a role for mCRP in
      choroidal vascular dysfunction in AMD. Copyright (c) 2016 Pathological Society of
      Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27376716
TI  - Training wheelchair navigation in immersive virtual environments for patients
      with spinal cord injury - end-user input to design an effective system.
AB  - PURPOSE: A user-centred design was used to develop and test the feasibility of an
      immersive 3D virtual reality wheelchair training tool for people with spinal cord
      injury (SCI). METHOD: A Wheelchair Training System was designed and modelled
      using the Oculus Rift headset and a Dynamic Control wheelchair joystick. The
      system was tested by clinicians and expert wheelchair users with SCI. Data from
      focus groups and individual interviews were analysed using a general inductive
      approach to thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four themes emerged: Realistic System,
      which described the advantages of a realistic virtual environment; a Wheelchair
      Training System, which described participants' thoughts on the wheelchair
      training applications; Overcoming Resistance to Technology, the obstacles to
      introducing technology within the clinical setting; and Working outside the
      Rehabilitation Bubble which described the protective hospital environment.
      CONCLUSIONS: The Oculus Rift Wheelchair Training System has the potential to
      provide a virtual rehabilitation setting which could allow wheelchair users to
      learn valuable community wheelchair use in a safe environment. Nausea appears to
      be a side effect of the system, which will need to be resolved before this can be
      a viable clinical tool. Implications for Rehabilitation Immersive virtual reality
      shows promising benefit for wheelchair training in a rehabilitation setting.
      Early engagement with consumers can improve product development.

PMID- 27376715
TI  - Pharmacological blockage of fibro/adipogenic progenitor expansion and suppression
      of regenerative fibrogenesis is associated with impaired skeletal muscle
      regeneration.
AB  - Acute skeletal muscle injury triggers an expansion of fibro/adipogenic
      progenitors (FAPs) and a transient stage of fibrogenesis characterized by
      extracellular matrix deposition. While the perpetuation of such phase can lead to
      permanent tissue scarring, the consequences of its suppression remain to be
      studied. Using a model of acute muscle damage we were able to determine that
      pharmacological inhibition of FAP expansion by Nilotinib, a tyrosine kinase
      inhibitor with potent antifibrotic activity, exerts a detrimental effect on
      myogenesis during regeneration. We found that Nilotinib inhibits the damage
      induced expansion of satellite cells in vivo, but it does not affect in vitro
      proliferation, suggesting a non cell-autonomous effect. Nilotinib impairs
      regenerative fibrogenesis by preventing the injury-triggered expansion and
      differentiation of resident CD45(-):CD31(-):alpha7integrin(-):Sca1(+) mesenchymal
      FAPs. Our data support the notion that the expansion of FAPs and transient
      fibrogenesis observed during regeneration play an important trophic role toward
      tissue-specific stem cells.

PMID- 27376717
TI  - Superb Electrically Conductive Graphene Fibers via Doping Strategy.
AB  - Graphene fibers (GFs) with superb electrical conductivity are produced via a
      chemical doping strategy. The electrical conductivities reach up to 0.77 * 107 
      2.24 * 107 S m-1 , which are the highest values among all the reported GFs. The
      combination of lightness, superb conductivity, and easy scalability makes GFs a
      promising new carbonaceous fiber species with high performance and advanced
      functionality.

PMID- 27376718
TI  - The correlation between retrograde leak point pressure and 24-hour pad weight.
AB  - AIM: To assess the correlation between retrograde leak point pressure (RLPP) and
      24-hr pad weight (24PW) in men with post-prostatectomy incontinence. METHODS: We
      performed RLPP and 24PW measurements on 61 patients with a history of post
      prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI). We examined the relationship of
      RLPP and 24PW. We also reviewed the urodynamic and clinical data of these
      patients to explain our findings. RESULTS: The mean age was 70 years (SD +/- 7.4,
      range: 51-87). The mean RLPP was 36.8 cmH2 O (SD +/- 15.3, range: 9-76), the mean
      24PW was 499 g (+/-677 g, range: 16.5-3,177 g). There was a good and significant
      negative correlation between RLPP and 24PW (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). RLPP was able to
      differentiate between cases of mild/moderate (<400 g) and severe (>=400 g)
      incontinence. Patients with RLPP <30 cmH2 O had significantly higher 24PW (mean
      825 g, median 768 g) when compared with patients with RLPP >30 cmH2 O (mean 257.8
      g, median 100 g, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: RLPP could be used as an objective and
      potentially more reliable substitute to pad weight to objectify and stratify SUI
      in post-prostatectomy patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1119-1123, 2017. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27376719
TI  - Fluoroscopy versus ultrasonography guided mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in
      patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
AB  - The objective of the study was to compare the therapeutic outcomes between the
      ultrasonography-guided (USG) and the fluoroscopy-guided (FG) mini-percutaneous
      nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) for the treatment of large or complex upper urinary tract
      stones (S.T.O.N.E. scores 5-11) in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic
      kidney disease (ADPKD). 45 ADPKD patients who were suffering from large or
      complex upper urinary tract stones (S.T.O.N.E. scores 5-11, mean score 7.6) in 45
      renal units were accrued into this retrospective study. They were treated by
      either USG (20 patients) or FG (25 patients) MPCNL in our center. The treatment
      results as well as the complications according to the modified Clavien system
      were assessed and compared. The FG MPCNL group had a higher success rate in
      accessing the targeted calyces than the USG MPCNL group (96 vs. 70 %, p = 0.048).
      There was no significant difference observed between the two groups with respect
      to the operative time, the mean hemoglobin drop, and the stone free rate. The
      overall operative complications and the perioperative blood transfusion rates
      were significantly higher in the USG than the FG MPCNL groups, 71.4 vs. 29.2 %, p
      = 0.011, and 35.7 vs. 4.2 %, p = 0.018, respectively. There was no significant
      difference between these two groups in terms of major complications (Clavien
      score 3a-4a) (p = 0.542). In our center, the FG MPCNL was a superior modality to
      the USG MPCNL in the treatment of large or complex kidney stones in the ADPKD
      patients. It resulted in higher successful calyceal punctures and less operative
      complications.

PMID- 27376720
TI  - On-patient see-through augmented reality based on visual SLAM.
AB  - PURPOSE: An augmented reality system to visualize a 3D preoperative anatomical
      model on intra-operative patient is proposed. The hardware requirement is
      commercial tablet-PC equipped with a camera. Thus, no external tracking device
      nor artificial landmarks on the patient are required. METHODS: We resort to
      visual SLAM to provide markerless real-time tablet-PC camera location with
      respect to the patient. The preoperative model is registered with respect to the
      patient through 4-6 anchor points. The anchors correspond to anatomical
      references selected on the tablet-PC screen at the beginning of the procedure.
      RESULTS: Accurate and real-time preoperative model alignment (approximately 5-mm
      mean FRE and TRE) was achieved, even when anchors were not visible in the current
      field of view. The system has been experimentally validated on human volunteers,
      in vivo pigs and a phantom. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed system can be smoothly
      integrated into the surgical workflow because it: (1) operates in real time, (2)
      requires minimal additional hardware only a tablet-PC with camera, (3) is robust
      to occlusion, (4) requires minimal interaction from the medical staff.

PMID- 27376722
TI  - Impedance cardiography signal denoising using discrete wavelet transform.
AB  - Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a non-invasive technique for diagnosing
      cardiovascular diseases. In the acquisition procedure, the ICG signal is often
      affected by several kinds of noise which distort the determination of the
      hemodynamic parameters. Therefore, doctors cannot recognize ICG waveform
      correctly and the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases became inaccurate. The aim
      of this work is to choose the most suitable method for denoising the ICG signal.
      Indeed, different wavelet families are used to denoise the ICG signal. The Haar,
      Daubechies (db2, db4, db6, and db8), Symlet (sym2, sym4, sym6, sym8) and Coiflet
      (coif2, coif3, coif4, coif5) wavelet families are tested and evaluated in order
      to select the most suitable denoising method. The wavelet family with best
      performance is compared with two denoising methods: one based on Savitzky-Golay
      filtering and the other based on median filtering. Each method is evaluated by
      means of the signal to noise ratio (SNR), the root mean square error (RMSE) and
      the percent difference root mean square (PRD). The results show that the
      Daubechies wavelet family (db8) has superior performance on noise reduction in
      comparison to other methods. 

PMID- 27376721
TI  - A methodological, task-based approach to Procedure-Specific Simulations training.
AB  - PURPOSE: Procedure-Specific Simulations (PSS) are 3D realistic simulations that
      provide a platform to practice complete surgical procedures in a virtual-reality
      environment. While PSS have the potential to improve surgeons' proficiency, there
      are no existing standards or guidelines for PSS development in a structured
      manner. METHOD: We employ a unique platform inspired by game design to develop
      virtual reality simulations in three dimensions of urethrovesical anastomosis
      during radical prostatectomy. 3D visualization is supported by a stereo vision,
      providing a fully realistic view of the simulation. The software can be executed
      for any robotic surgery platform. Specifically, we tested the simulation under
      windows environment on the RobotiX Mentor. RESULT: Using urethrovesical
      anastomosis during radical prostatectomy simulation as a representative example,
      we present a task-based methodological approach to PSS training. The methodology
      provides tasks in increasing levels of difficulty from a novice level of basic
      anatomy identification, to an expert level that permits testing new surgical
      approaches. CONCLUSION: The modular methodology presented here can be easily
      extended to support more complex tasks. We foresee this methodology as a tool
      used to integrate PSS as a complementary training process for surgical
      procedures.

PMID- 27376723
TI  - Spectral feature extraction of EEG signals and pattern recognition during mental
      tasks of 2-D cursor movements for BCI using SVM and ANN.
AB  - Brain computer interface (BCI) is a new communication way between man and
      machine. It identifies mental task patterns stored in electroencephalogram (EEG).
      So, it extracts brain electrical activities recorded by EEG and transforms them
      machine control commands. The main goal of BCI is to make available assistive
      environmental devices for paralyzed people such as computers and makes their life
      easier. This study deals with feature extraction and mental task pattern
      recognition on 2-D cursor control from EEG as offline analysis approach. The
      hemispherical power density changes are computed and compared on alpha-beta
      frequency bands with only mental imagination of cursor movements. First of all,
      power spectral density (PSD) features of EEG signals are extracted and high
      dimensional data reduced by principle component analysis (PCA) and independent
      component analysis (ICA) which are statistical algorithms. In the last stage, all
      features are classified with two types of support vector machine (SVM) which are
      linear and least squares (LS-SVM) and three different artificial neural network
      (ANN) structures which are learning vector quantization (LVQ), multilayer neural
      network (MLNN) and probabilistic neural network (PNN) and mental task patterns
      are successfully identified via k-fold cross validation technique. 

PMID- 27376725
TI  - Structure and evolution of the gorilla and orangutan growth hormone loci.
AB  - In primates, the unigenic growth hormone (GH) locus of prosimians expressed
      primarily in the anterior pituitary, evolved by gene duplications, independently
      in New World Monkeys (NWM) and Old World Monkeys (OWMs)/apes, to give complex
      clusters of genes expressed in the pituitary and placenta. In human and
      chimpanzee, the GH locus comprises five genes, GH-N being expressed as pituitary
      GH, whereas GH-V (placental GH) and CSHs (chorionic somatomammotropins) are
      expressed (in human and probably chimpanzee) in the placenta; the CSHs comprise
      CSH-A, CSH-B and the aberrant CSH-L (possibly a pseudogene) in human, and CSH-A1,
      CSH-A2 and CSH-B in chimpanzee. Here, the GH locus in two additional great apes,
      gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (Pongo abelii), is shown to
      contain six and four GH-like genes, respectively. The gorilla locus possesses six
      potentially expressed genes, gGH-N, gGH-V and four gCSHs, whereas the orangutan
      locus has just three functional genes, oGH-N, oGH-V and oCSH-B, plus a
      pseudogene, oCSH-L. Analysis of regulatory sequences, including promoter,
      enhancer and P-elements, shows significant variation; in particular the proximal
      Pit-1 element of GH-V genes differs markedly from that of other genes in the
      cluster. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the initial gene duplication led to
      distinct GH-like and CSH-like genes and that a second duplication provided
      separate GH-N and GH-V. However, evolution of the CSH-like genes remains unclear.
      Rapid adaptive evolution gave rise to the distinct CSHs, after the first
      duplication, and to GH-V after the second duplication. Analysis of transcriptomic
      databases derived from gorilla tissues establishes that the gGH-N, gGH-V and
      several gCSH genes are expressed, but the significance of the many CSH genes in
      gorilla remains unclear.

PMID- 27376727
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 27376726
TI  - Toward a Method for Exposing and Elucidating Ethical Issues with Human Cognitive
      Enhancement Technologies.
AB  - To develop a method for exposing and elucidating ethical issues with human
      cognitive enhancement (HCE). The intended use of the method is to support and
      facilitate open and transparent deliberation and decision making with respect to
      this emerging technology with great potential formative implications for
      individuals and society. Literature search to identify relevant approaches.
      Conventional content analysis of the identified papers and methods in order to
      assess their suitability for assessing HCE according to four selection criteria.
      Method development. Amendment after pilot testing on smart-glasses. Based on
      three existing approaches in health technology assessment a method for exposing
      and elucidating ethical issues in the assessment of HCE technologies was
      developed. Based on a pilot test for smart-glasses, the method was amended. The
      method consists of six steps and a guiding list of 43 questions. A method for
      exposing and elucidating ethical issues in the assessment of HCE was developed.
      The method provides the ground work for context specific ethical assessment and
      analysis. Widespread use, amendments, and further developments of the method are
      encouraged.

PMID- 27376728
TI  - Lactobacillus salivarius reverse diabetes-induced intestinal defense impairment
      in mice through non-defensin protein.
AB  - Altered intestinal microbiota and subsequent endotoxemia play pathogenic roles in
      diabetes. We aimed to study the mechanisms of intestinal defense impairment in
      type 1 diabetes and the effects of Lactobacillus salivarius as well as
      fructooligosaccharides (FOS) supplementation on diabetes-induced bacterial
      translocation. Alterations in the enteric microbiome, expression of mucosal
      antibacterial proteins and bacteria-killing activity of the intestinal mucosa in
      streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice and Ins2(Akita) mice were
      investigated. The effects of dead L. salivarius (2*10(8)CFU/ml) and FOS (250 mg
      per day) supplementation for 1 week on endotoxin levels and Klebsiella pneumoniae
      translocation were also examined. Finally, germ-free mice were cohoused with wild
      type or Ins2(Akita) mice for 2 weeks to examine the contribution of microbiota on
      the antibacterial protein expression. STZ-induced diabetic mice developed
      intestinal defense impairment as demonstrated by decreased mucosal bacteria
      killing activity; reduction of non-defensin family proteins, such as Reg3beta,
      Reg3gamma, CRP-ductin and RELMbeta, but not the defensin family proteins; and
      increased bacterial translocation. Intestinal bacteria overgrowth, enteric
      dysbiosis and increased intestinal bacterial translocation, particularly
      pathogenic K. pneumoniae in STZ-induced diabetic mice and Ins2(Akita) mice, were
      noted. Treating diabetic mice with dead L. salivarius or FOS reversed enteric
      dysbiosis, restored mucosal antibacterial protein and lessened endotoxin levels
      as well as K. pneumoniae translocation. Moreover, germ-free mice cohoused with
      wild-type mice demonstrated more intestinal Reg3beta and RELMbeta expression than
      those cohoused with Ins2(Akita) mice. These results indicate that hyperglycemia
      induces enteric dysbiosis, reduction of non-defensin proteins as well as bacteria
      killing activity of the intestinal mucosa and intestinal defense impairment.
      Reversal of enteric dysbiosis with dead L. salivarius or FOS supplementation
      decreases diabetes-induced K. pneumoniae translocation and endotoxin levels
      through the induction of non-defensin proteins.

PMID- 27376724
TI  - Kinetochore assembly and function through the cell cycle.
AB  - The kinetochore is an essential structure for the chromosome segregation
      machinery in eukaryotes; it serves as a bridge between the spindle microtubules
      and chromosomes. The kinetochore consists of multiple interconnecting components
      on the centromere; therefore, understanding its formation, molecular function,
      and regulation has remained an ongoing challenge. Recent studies have provided
      new insights into centromere identity, kinetochore assembly, and function. In
      this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the function and
      regulation of key kinetochore components. We highlight the reciprocal
      localization dependencies of the different sub-complexes of the kinetochore and
      describe their regulation during the cell cycle.

PMID- 27376729
TI  - Pharmacodynamic assessment of apremilast for the treatment of moderate-to-severe
      plaque psoriasis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting 2-3% of
      the population. Certain systemic drugs currently available for its treatment
      could be associated, in the long term, with organ toxicity and adverse events,
      thus, clinical monitoring throughout treatment is required. Moreover,
      tolerability issues, parenteral administration, and barriers to patient access,
      such as high cost and specialist management lead to treatment failure. AREAS
      COVERED: Apremilast is an oral small molecule inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4
      (PDE4i). PDE is the major enzyme class responsible for the hydrolysis of cyclic
      adenosine monophosphate in immune cells (cAMP). With PDE4 inhibition, apremilast
      works intracellularly to modulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediator
      production critically involved in psoriasis. The aim of this paper is to focus
      the attention on apremilast pharmacodynamics effects, its efficacy and safety in
      treating moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. EXPERT OPINION: Apremilast is an
      effective and well-tolerated option in treating moderate-to-severe plaque
      psoriasis. Its safety profile and the oral administration offer significant
      advantages in prescribing apremilast for the treatment of psoriasis, particularly
      in some subsets of patients.

PMID- 27376731
TI  - The Working Modules of Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Cells.
AB  - It is clear that RNA is more than just a messenger between gene and protein. The
      mammalian genome is pervasively transcribed, giving rise to tens of thousands of
      noncoding transcripts, especially long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Whether all of
      these large transcripts are functional remains to be elucidated, but it is
      evident that there are many lncRNAs that seem not to be the "noise" of the
      transcriptome. Recent studies have set out to decode the regulatory role and
      functional diversity of lncRNAs in human physiological and pathological
      processes, and accumulating evidence suggests that most of the functional lncRNAs
      achieve their biological functions by controlling gene expression. In this
      chapter, we will organize these studies to provide a detailed description of the
      involvement of lncRNAs in the major steps of gene expression that include
      epigenetic regulation, RNA transcription, posttranscriptional RNA processing,
      protein translation, and posttranslational protein modification and highlight the
      molecular mechanisms through which lncRNAs function, involving the interactions
      between lncRNAs and other biological macromolecules. 

PMID- 27376730
TI  - Noncoding RNAs: New Players in Cancers.
AB  - The world of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) has gained widespread attention in recent
      years due to their novel and crucial potency of biological regulation. Noncoding
      RNAs play essential regulatory roles in a broad range of developmental processes
      and diseases, notably human cancers. Regulatory ncRNAs represent multiple levels
      of structurally and functionally distinct RNAs, including the best-known
      microRNAs (miRNAs), the complicated long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and the newly
      identified circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the mechanisms by which they act
      remain elusive. In this chapter, we will review the current knowledge of the
      ncRNA field, discussing the genomic context, biological functions, and mechanisms
      of action of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. We also highlight the implications of
      the biogenesis and gene expression dysregulation of different ncRNA subtypes in
      the initiation and development of human malignancies. 

PMID- 27376732
TI  - Methods to Study Long Noncoding RNA Biology in Cancer.
AB  - Thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been discovered in recent years.
      The functions of lncRNAs range broadly from regulating chromatin structure and
      gene expression in the nucleus to controlling messenger RNA (mRNA) processing,
      mRNA posttranscriptional regulation, cellular signaling, and protein activity in
      the cytoplasm. Experimental and computational techniques have been developed to
      characterize lncRNAs in high-throughput scale, to study the lncRNA function in
      vitro and in vivo, to map lncRNA binding sites on the genome, and to capture
      lncRNA-protein interactions with the identification of lncRNA-binding partners,
      binding sites, and interaction determinants. In this chapter, we will discuss
      these technologies and their applications in decoding the functions of lncRNAs.
      Understanding these techniques including their advantages and disadvantages and
      developing them in the future will be essential to elaborate the roles of lncRNAs
      in cancer and other diseases. 

PMID- 27376733
TI  - Relationship Between Noncoding RNA Dysregulation and Epigenetic Mechanisms in
      Cancer.
AB  - Epigenetic alterations, including aberrant DNA methylation and histone
      modification, play key roles in the dysregulation of tumor-related genes, thereby
      affecting numerous cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell
      adhesion, apoptosis, and metastasis. In recent years, studies have demonstrated
      that short and long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key players in the initiation and
      progression of cancer, and epigenetic mechanisms are deeply involved in their
      dysregulation. Indeed, the growing list of microRNA (miRNA) genes aberrantly
      methylated in cancer suggests that a large number of miRNAs act as tumor
      suppressors or oncogenes. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that
      dysregulation of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) plays critical roles in tumorigenesis. And
      because ncRNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through interaction
      with epigenetic modifiers, their dysregulation appears causally related to
      epigenetic alterations in cancer. Dissection of the interrelationships between
      ncRNAs and epigenetic alterations has the potential to reveal novel approaches to
      the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 

PMID- 27376734
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in Growth and Death of Cancer Cells.
AB  - The mammalian genomes are mostly comprised of noncoding genes. And mammalian
      genomes are characterized by pervasive expression of different types of noncoding
      RNAs (ncRNAs). In sharp contrast to previous collections, these ncRNAs show
      strong purifying selection evolutionary conservation. Previous studies indicated
      that only a small fraction of the mammalian genome codes for messenger RNAs
      destined to be translated into peptides or proteins, and it is generally assumed
      that a large portion of transcribed sequences-including pseudogenes and several
      classes of ncRNAs-do not give rise to peptides or proteins. However, ribosome
      profiling suggests that ribosomes occupy many regions of the transcriptome
      thought to be noncoding. Moreover, these observations highlight a potentially
      large and complex set of biologically regulated translational events from
      transcripts formerly thought to lack coding potential. Furthermore, accumulating
      evidence from previous studies has suggested that the novel translation products
      exhibit temporal regulation similar to that of proteins known to be involved in
      many biological activity processes. In this review, we focus on the coding
      potential of noncoding genes and ncRNAs. We also sketched the possible mechanisms
      for their coding activities. Overall, our review provides new insights into the
      word of central dogma and is an expansive resource of functional annotations for
      biomedical research. At last, the outcome of the majority of the translation
      events and their potential biological purpose remain an intriguing topic for
      future investigation. 

PMID- 27376735
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Cell Plasticity.
AB  - Accumulating evidence has shown the presence of cancer stem cells in a wide
      spectrum of human cancers, which have the ability to self-renew and
      differentiate, thus leading to tumorigenesis, proliferation, cancer
      dissemination, drug resistance, and tumor relapse. Cancer cell plasticity allows
      tumor to invade and grow at primary or distant sites. Epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT) is the most important mechanism of cancer cell plasticity and
      cancer stem cells. Substantial evidence has supported a noncoding RNA network,
      especially miRNA, in regulating cancer cell plasticity and cancer stem cell
      biology. Besides, lncRNA is also found to participate in cancer development.
      Understanding the mechanisms of these processes might be valuable for developing
      accurate targeted therapies to tackle cancer progression and cancer stem cells. 

PMID- 27376736
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in Regulation of Cancer Metabolic Reprogramming.
AB  - Since the description of the Warburg effect 90 years ago, metabolic reprogramming
      has been gradually recognized as a major hallmark of cancer cells. Mounting
      evidence now indicates that cancer is a kind of metabolic disease, quite distinct
      from conventional perception. While metabolic alterations in cancer cells have
      been extensively observed in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolisms, its
      underlying regulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood. Noncoding RNA, also
      known as the "dark matter in life," functions through various mechanisms at RNA
      level regulating different biological pathways. The last two decades have
      witnessed the booming of noncoding RNA study on microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding
      RNA (lncRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA), etc. In this
      chapter, we will discuss the regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs on cancer
      metabolism.

PMID- 27376737
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in Tumor Angiogenesis.
AB  - Solid tumors require angiogenesis to grow beyond 2 mm in size. In most cases,
      tumor cells undergo angiogenic switch and secrete substances that are required
      for generation of new capillary sprouting from existing blood vessels. Tumor
      angiogenesis is driven by a complex interplay between pro-angiogenic (VEGF/VEGFR,
      PDGF/PDGFR) and anti-angiogenic factors (TSP-1/TSP-2) within the tumor
      microenvironment. In addition, control of tissue remodeling and degradation by
      matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
      (TIMPs) contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, tumor suppressors or
      oncogenes that control cellular motility and maintain or promote hypoxia (HIFs
      and MYC) are also actively playing roles in tumor angiogenesis. Noncoding RNAs
      (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, are a novel class of regulatory molecules that
      control the gene expression in a posttranscriptional manner. MicroRNAs regulate
      important physiological processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and
      differentiation, as well as pathological conditions including oncogenesis.
      Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs directly modulate the process of
      angiogenesis by targeting important angiogenic factors and signaling molecules.
      Understanding the molecular mechanism behind the regulation of angiogenesis by
      microRNAs is important due to their therapeutic potential which may lead to
      improving outcome for cancer patients. Besides, ncRNAs with a regulatory role in
      angiogenesis, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been identified in the
      genome. However, the mechanisms of the vast majority of lncRNAs are currently
      unknown. For the few lncRNAs characterized at the functional level, accumulating
      evidence shows that they play important roles in malignant diseases. The function
      and mechanism in angiogenesis will be described in this chapter.

PMID- 27376738
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Immunology.
AB  - Cancer immunology is the study of interaction between cancer cells and immune
      system by the application of immunology principle and theory. With the recent
      approval of several new drugs targeting immune checkpoints in cancer, cancer
      immunology has become a very attractive field of research and is thought to be
      the new hope to conquer cancer. This chapter introduces the aberrant expression
      and function of noncoding RNAs, mainly microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, in
      tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and their significance in tumor immunity. It
      also illustrates how noncoding RNAs are shuttled between tumor cells and immune
      cells in tumor microenvironments via exosomes or other microvesicles to modulate
      tumor immunity. 

PMID- 27376739
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in Therapeutic Resistance of Cancer.
AB  - Despite the encouraging advances made to date in cancer therapy, the benefits to
      patients are frequently offset by the development of resistance to therapeutics.
      Given their involvement in regulating multiple aspects of gene expression and
      cell signaling that dictates the behaviors of malignant cells, it is not
      surprising that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play pivotal roles in the resistance of
      cancers to clinically available therapeutics. Aberrant expression of these
      ncRNAs, attributed to inherent defects or stress-responsive variations, mediates
      cellular signaling that compensates for unfavorable molecular events elicited by
      the therapeutics, thereby preventing the pharmaceuticals from exerting their
      desired effects on their cellular targets; alternatively, ncRNAs may regulate
      cancer therapeutic sensitivity by affecting drug accessibility to neoplastic
      cells and in vivo drug metabolism. In addition, dysregulation of ncRNA expression
      in cancer stromal cells can impair the responsiveness of neoplastic cells to
      appropriate therapies. In this chapter, we will describe ncRNA-related mechanisms
      underlying cancer resistance to routine therapeutics, hopefully providing
      rationales for the development of drug-sensitizing strategies targeted against or
      based on these ncRNAs. 

PMID- 27376740
TI  - Noncoding RNAs Regulating Cancer Signaling Network.
AB  - The cellular signaling network plays a fundamental role during development and
      disease, especially cancer progression. By deregulating signaling pathways,
      cancer cells acquire hallmarks of the disease including uncontrolled
      proliferation, evasion from cell death, activation of angiogenesis, invasion, and
      metastasis. Noncoding RNAs make substantial contributions to regulating signal
      transduction in cancer, thereby promoting or suppressing different biological
      processes during tumorigenesis. This chapter provides an overview on the
      regulatory functions of noncoding RNAs in the signaling network in cancer cells.
      It summarizes examples of noncoding RNAs that act as oncogenes or tumor
      suppressing genes involved in key signal pathways as well as signal crosstalk in
      cancer cells. 

PMID- 27376741
TI  - Noncoding RNAs Regulating NF-kappaB Signaling.
AB  - As transcription factors that regulate expression of a variety of genes essential
      for diverse physiological and pathological processes, nuclear factor kappa B (NF
      kappaB) family molecules play important roles in the development and progression
      of malignant tumor, and constitutive activation of NF-kappaB has been evidenced
      in various types of tumor tissues. Underlying its pathologic role, deregulated
      expression and/or transactivating activity of NF-kappaB usually involves multiple
      layers of molecular mechanisms. Noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and
      long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are known to modulate expression and biological
      functions of regulatory proteins in a variety of cancer contexts. In this
      chapter, the regulatory role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in NF-kappaB signaling in
      malignant diseases will be discussed. 

PMID- 27376742
TI  - Noncoding RNAs Regulating p53 and c-Myc Signaling.
AB  - p53 is one of the most important tumor suppressors and is known to play critical
      roles in the process of tumor development. Similarly, as an important proto
      oncogenes, c-Myc is activated in over half of human cancers. Both p53 and c-Myc
      participate in almost every crucial decision of almost every cell. Therefore, it
      is utmost important to gain a better understanding of how they affect multiple
      cellular processes. The physiological and pathologic patterns of p53 and c-Myc
      regulations are modulated by a large number of cis-elements and transfactors
      (RNAs and proteins). These elements and factors are composed of a complicated
      network of intracellular and extracellular pathways. How the noncoding RNAs are
      involved in their regulations has not been comprehensively reviewed. In this
      chapter, we will list and describe recently published important noncoding RNAs
      including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, which act as effectors and
      regulators for both p53 and c-Myc regulation. The purpose of this chapter is to
      provide a recent progress of noncoding RNA in the regulation of p53 and c-Myc on
      network of cellular signaling and its potential implications in both basic
      science and clinical application. 

PMID- 27376743
TI  - Viral Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Biology.
AB  - Over 12 % of all human cancers are caused by oncoviruses, primarily including
      Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B
      and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus
      (KSHV). In addition to viral oncoproteins, a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs)
      produced by oncoviruses have been recognized as important cofactors that
      contribute to the oncogenic events. In this chapter, we will focus on the recent
      understanding of the long and short noncoding RNAs, as well as microRNAs of the
      viruses, and discuss their roles in the biology of multistep oncogenesis mediated
      by established human oncoviruses.

PMID- 27376744
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Diagnosis.
AB  - The accuracy and efficiency of tumor treatment depends mainly on early and
      precise diagnosis. Although histopathology is always the gold standard for cancer
      diagnosis, noninvasive biomarkers represent an opportunity for early detection
      and molecular staging of cancer. Besides the classical tumor markers, noncoding
      RNAs (ncRNAs) emerge to be a novel category of biomarker for cancer diagnosis
      since the dysregulation of ncRNAs is closely associated with the development and
      progression of human cancers such as liver, lung, breast, gastric, and other
      kinds of cancers. In this chapter, we will summarize the different types of
      ncRNAs in the diagnosis of major human cancers. In addition, we will introduce
      the recent advances in the detection and applications of circulating serum or
      plasma ncRNAs and non-blood fluid ncRNAs because the noninvasive body fluid-based
      assays are easy to examine for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. 

PMID- 27376745
TI  - Therapeutic Potentials of Noncoding RNAs: Targeted Delivery of ncRNAs in Cancer
      Cells.
AB  - Knowledge of multiple actions of short noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) has truly allowed
      for viewing DNA, RNA, and protein in novel ways. The ncRNAs are an attractive new
      class of therapeutics, especially against undruggable targets for the treatment
      of cancer and other diseases. Despite the potential of ncRNAs in cancer therapy,
      many challenges remain, including rapid degradation and clearance, poor cellular
      uptake, off-target effects, and immunogenicity. Rational design, chemical
      modifications, and delivery carriers offer significant opportunities to overcome
      these challenges. In this chapter, the development of ncRNAs as cancer
      therapeutics from early stages to clinical trials and strategies for ncRNA
      targeted delivery to cancer cells will be introduced. 

PMID- 27376746
TI  - Lung protective properties of the volatile anesthetics.

PMID- 27376747
TI  - Ring opening of epoxides with C-nucleophiles.
AB  - Ring opening of epoxides has been an area of interest for organic chemists, owing
      to their reactivity toward nucleophiles. Such reactions yield important products
      depending on the type of nucleophiles used. This review article covers the
      synthetic approaches (1991-2015) used for the ring opening of epoxides via carbon
      nucleophiles.

PMID- 27376748
TI  - Electrochemical regeneration of phenol-saturated activated carbon - proposal of a
      reactor.
AB  - An electrochemical process was used to investigate the activated carbon
      regeneration efficiency (RE) saturated with aromatics. For this purpose, an
      electrochemical reactor was developed and the operational conditions of this
      equipment were investigated, which is applied in activated carbon regeneration
      process. The influence of regeneration parameters such as processing time, the
      current used, the polarity and the processing fluid (electrolyte) were studied.
      The performance of electrochemical regeneration was evaluated by adsorption
      tests, using phenol as adsorbate. The increase in current applied and the process
      time was found to enhance the RE. Another aspect that indicated a better reactor
      performance was the type of electrolyte used, showing best results for NaCl. The
      polarity showed the highest influence on the process, when the cathodic
      regeneration was more efficient. The electrochemical regeneration process
      developed in this study presented regeneration capacities greater than 100% when
      the best process conditions were used, showing that this form of regeneration for
      activated carbon saturated with aromatics is very promising.

PMID- 27376749
TI  - Psychometric properties of WLEIS as a measure of emotional intelligence in the
      Portuguese and Spanish medical students.
AB  - The psychometric properties of Wong and Law's (2002) Emotional Intelligence Scale
      (WLEIS) were analyzed. Participants were 954 medical students: 481 from the
      University of Extremadura (Spain) and 473 from the University of Lisbon
      (Portugal). Following Messicks' validation framework, we analyzed the scale's
      response process, internal structure and relationship with other variables (i.e.,
      engagement). Descriptive statistics, scale reliability, item characteristics, and
      exploratory and confirmatory analyses supported the distribution of the sixteen
      items across four factors. Convergent validity analyzed through the rhovc (eta)
      index showed that all the factors were in the 50% criterion. The factors shared,
      on average, 23% of the variance showing adequate discriminant validity.
      Furthermore, the correlations among EI dimensions and engagement were all
      positive and significant. Overall, the WLEIS demonstrated good psychometric
      properties. Thus, this study ensures that WLEIS is a valid instrument in Portugal
      and Spain to evaluate EI in medical students.

PMID- 27376750
TI  - Studying the teaching of kindness: A conceptual model for evaluating kindness
      education programs in schools.
AB  - Recent research suggests that school-based kindness education programs may
      benefit the learning and social-emotional development of youth and may improve
      school climate and school safety outcomes. However, how and to what extent
      kindness education programming influences positive outcomes in schools is poorly
      understood, and such programs are difficult to evaluate in the absence of a
      conceptual model for studying their effectiveness. In partnership with Kind
      Campus, a widely adopted school-based kindness education program that uses a
      bottom-up program framework, a methodology called concept mapping was used to
      develop a conceptual model for evaluating school-based kindness education
      programs from the input of 123 middle school students and approximately 150
      educators, school professionals, and academic scholars. From the basis of this
      model, recommendations for processes and outcomes that would be useful to assess
      in evaluations of kindness education programs are made, and areas where
      additional instrument development may be necessary are highlighted. The utility
      of the concept mapping method as an initial step in evaluating other grassroots
      or non-traditional educational programming is also discussed.

PMID- 27376751
TI  - [Pruritus in psoriasis : Profile and therapy].
AB  - Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease with an incidence of about 0.5
      3 %. Previously psoriasis was not primarily regarded to be associated with
      pruritus; however, this perception has changed in recent years. Meanwhile data
      conclusively show that between 64 and 97 % of patients report about pruritus that
      can be severe in a number of cases. Apart from suffering from psoriasis, the
      presence of pruritus causes additional stress and leads to a significant
      impairment of health-related quality of life. Neurogenic inflammation at least in
      part contributes to the development of pruritus in psoriasis skin lesions. A
      number of neuropeptides including substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide
      can act as pro-inflammatory mediators. There is evidence for a dysbalance between
      kappa- and u-opioid receptors in lesional skin favoring inflammation and
      pruritus. After clearing of psoriasis lesions, pruritus is relieved as well.
      Therefore, specific treatment of pruritus is not necessary in general. In cases
      where severe pruritus is a prominent symptom, targeted therapy with mirtazapin or
      doxepin or neuroleptic compounds such as pregabalin or gabapentin or drugs
      affecting the kappa- und u-opioid receptor balance can be administered. Today the
      importance of pruritus as a prominent symptom of psoriasis lesions has been
      widely accepted. In recent and running clinical trials with new drugs, pruritus
      at baseline and the effect of these drugs on pruritus is always assessed. This
      awareness also fuels basic research about pruritus in psoriasis. 

PMID- 27376752
TI  - [Pruritus in systemic diseases : Common and rare etiologies].
AB  - Chronic pruritus is a symptom of various internal disorders. In contrast to
      dermatological diseases, pruritus does not present with primary skin alterations
      in these patients. However, intense scratching may cause secondary skin changes
      such as abrasion, excoriation, prurigo nodularis, or in rare cases even scaring.
      The most common internal medicine causes for chronic pruritus are chronic kidney
      disease, hepatobiliary and hematological disorders as well as adverse drug
      reactions. Pruritus is less commonly seen in patients with endocrine or metabolic
      diseases, malabsorption syndromes, infectious diseases and solid tumors. The
      pathogenesis of pruritus in these disorders remains largely elusive, albeit
      preliminary insights have been gained for uremic and cholestatic pruritus.
      Antipruritic treatment is therefore symptomatic in most cases and may represent a
      clinical challenge. The calcium channel blockers gabapentin and pregabalin have
      the best proven efficacy in chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus. In Japan
      nalfurafine, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist, has been licensed for this
      indication. UVB light may also attenuate uremic symptoms. In patients suffering
      from hepatobiliary disorders the sequestrant cholestyramine and the enzyme
      inducer rifampicin are effective. Furthermore, MU-opioid receptor antagonists and
      sertraline may be used to ameliorate cholestatic pruritus. So far, no randomized
      controlled trials have been performed for chronic itch in other internal medicine
      disorders. Antipruritic treatment is mainly based on effective therapy of the
      underlying disease. 

PMID- 27376753
TI  - Transient Retinal Dysfunctions after Acute Cannabis Use.
AB  - Although cannabis is very widespread worldwide, the impact of cannabis on visual
      function remains poorly understood. This is partly due to numerous difficulties
      met in developing clinical studies in cannabis users. Here, we report the first
      documented case of neuroretinal dysfunction after acute cannabis smoking. This
      observation was favored by the need of an annual ophthalmic evaluation in the
      context of a chloroquine intake for a systemic lupus erythematosus in a 47-year
      old heavy cannabis user. A complete ophthalmic evaluation including visual acuity
      tests, intraocular pressure, fundoscopic examination, automated 10 degrees 
      central visual field, full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and multifocal ERG was
      performed twice - 30 min and 5 h after cannabis smoking. A strong decrease (up to
      48%) in the a-wave amplitude of the full-field ERG was measured 30 min after
      cannabis smoking for all scotopic responses compared with the responses 5 h after
      smoking. Other tests showed reproducible results between the 2 series of
      measurements. This clinical case suggests that acute inhalation of cannabis
      affects the photoreceptors functioning. This rare situation suggests further
      investigations are required on the impact of cannabis on retinal processing,
      especially since cannabis has been incriminated in car injuries.

PMID- 27376755
TI  - Exploring women's sensory experiences of undergoing colposcopy and related
      procedures: implications for preparatory sensory information provision.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Some women experience distress during colposcopy examinations which
      is partly related to women's fear, or experience, of pain during the procedure.
      However, little is known about women's sensory experiences of colposcopy (other
      than pain) or what might impact on these experiences. The aim of this study was
      to explore women's sensory experiences of colposcopy and related procedures and
      identify factors which influenced negative sensory experiences. METHODS: In-depth
      interviews were conducted with 23 women who had undergone, for the first time, a
      colposcopy (some with related procedures, including punch biopsies and loop
      excision) as part of follow-up for abnormal cervical cytology. Interviews were
      analysed thematically using the Framework Approach to organise the data and
      identify emerging higher-order themes. RESULTS: Women described a range of
      sensory experiences including pain or discomfort, cramping, stinging and cold
      sensations (due to the application of acetic acid to the cervix). Four key themes
      emerged as important aspects of the overall sensory experience: levels of pain,
      treatment-specific sensations, anaesthetic-specific sensations and solution
      specific sensations. Factors that may influence women having a negative sensory
      experience were sensory expectations of the procedure(s) and lack of preparatory
      sensory information. DISCUSSION: Our study provides unique in-depth insight into
      women's sensory experiences of colposcopy and related procedures and suggests
      women require more preparatory sensory information. The issues identified as
      contributing to women having a negative sensory experience may help inform the
      development of pre-colposcopy information which may better prepare women with
      abnormal cervical cytology for follow-up examinations.

PMID- 27376754
TI  - Voriconazole-induced periostitis: a new rheumatic disorder.
AB  - Over the past few years, several reports of periostitis affecting patients
      treated with voriconazole appeared in the literature. As rheumatologists are
      likely to be called to see such patients, a review of the reported cases was
      undertaken. A systematic search of Pubmed and Google scholar for case reports,
      case series and observational studies was undertaken. Twenty-six articles
      including 23 case reports/case series (total 40 patients), a prospective study
      and two retrospective studies of 58 cases were included. Age ranged from 3 months
      to 77 years. Eleven cases (27.5 %) were male and 29 cases (72.5 %) were female.
      The duration of treatment varied from 6 weeks to 8 years (mean 53.6, SD 77.4
      weeks). Most cases presented with diffuse skeletal pain affecting various sites
      in association with elevated alkaline phosphatase. Periostitis is increasingly
      reported and should be considered in patients taking voriconazole who present
      with bone pain and/or alkaline phosphatase elevation.

PMID- 27376756
TI  - Parasites of freshwater fishes and the Great American Biotic Interchange: a
      bridge too far?
AB  - We examine the extent to which adult helminths of freshwater fishes have been
      part of the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), by integrating information
      in published studies and new data from Panama with fish biogeography and Earth
      history of Middle America. The review illustrates the following: (1) the helminth
      fauna south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and especially south of the
      Isthmus of Tehuantepec, shows strong Neotropical affinities; (2) host-parasite
      associations follow principles of the 'biogeographic core fauna' in which host
      lineage specificity is pronounced; (3) phylogenetic analysis of the widespread
      freshwater trematode family Allocreadiidae reveals a complex history of host
      shifting and co-diversification involving mainly cyprinodontiforms and characids;
      (4) allocreadiids, monogeneans and spiruridan nematodes of Middle American
      cyprinodontiforms may provide clues to the evolutionary history of their hosts;
      and (5) phylogenetic analyses of cryptogonimid trematodes may reveal whether or
      how cichlids interacted with marine or brackish-water environments during their
      colonization history. The review shows that 'interchange' is limited and
      asymmetrical, but simple narratives of northward isthmian dispersal will likely
      prove inadequate to explain the historical biogeography of many host-parasite
      associations in tropical Middle America, particularly those involving poeciliids.
      Finally, our study highlights the urgent need for targeted survey work across
      Middle America, focused sampling in river drainages of Colombia and Venezuela,
      and deeper strategic sampling in other parts of South America, in order to
      develop and test robust hypotheses about fish-parasite associations in Middle
      America.

PMID- 27376757
TI  - Evaluation by fluorescence, STD-NMR, docking and semi-empirical calculations of
      the o-NBA photo-acid interaction with BSA.
AB  - Serum albumins present reversible pH dependent conformational transitions. A
      sudden laser induced pH-jump is a methodology that can provide new insights on
      localized protein (un)folding processes that occur within the nanosecond to
      microsecond time scale. To generate the fast pH jump needed to fast-trigger a
      protein conformational event, a photo-triggered acid generator as o
      nitrobenzaldehyde (o-NBA) can be conveniently used. In order to detect potential
      specific or nonspecific interactions between o-NBA and BSA, we have performed
      ligand-binding studies using fluorescence spectroscopy, saturation transfer
      difference (STD) NMR, molecular docking and semi-empirical calculations.
      Fluorescence quenching indicates the formation of a non-fluorescent complex in
      the ground-state between the fluorophore and the quencher, but o-NBA does not
      bind much effectively to the protein (Ka~4.34*10(3)M(-1)) and thus can be
      considered a relatively weak binder. The corresponding thermodynamic parameters:
      DeltaG degrees , DeltaS degrees  and DeltaH degrees  showed that the binding
      process is spontaneous and entropy driven. Results of (1)H STD-NMR confirm that
      the photo-acid and BSA interact, and the relative intensities of the signals in
      the STD spectra show that all o-NBA protons are equally involved in the binding
      process, which should correspond to a nonspecific interaction. Molecular docking
      and semi-empirical calculations suggest that the o-NBA binds preferentially to
      the Trp-212-containing site of BSA (FA7), interacting via hydrogen bonds with Arg
      217 and Tyr-149 residues. 

PMID- 27376758
TI  - Raman microspectroscopy of Hematoporphyrins. Imaging of the noncancerous and the
      cancerous human breast tissues with photosensitizers.
AB  - Raman microspectroscopy combined with fluorescence were used to study the
      distribution of Hematoporphyrin (Hp) in noncancerous and cancerous breast
      tissues. The results demonstrate the ability of Raman spectroscopy to distinguish
      between noncancerous and cancerous human breast tissue and to identify
      differences in the distribution and photodegradation of Hematoporphyrin, which is
      a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT), photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and
      photoimmunotherapy (PIT) of cancer. Presented results show that Hematoporphyrin
      level in the noncancerous breast tissue is lower compared to the cancerous one.
      We have proved also that the Raman intensity of lipids and proteins doesn't
      change dramatically after laser light irradiation, which indicates that the PDT
      treatment destroys preferably cancer cells, in which the photosensitizer is
      accumulated. The specific subcellular localization of photosensitizer for breast
      tissues samples soaked with Hematoporphyrin was not observed. 

PMID- 27376759
TI  - Effect of low-intensity pure tone auditory stimulation on patients with rapid eye
      movement sleep behavior disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the influence of low-intensity pure
      tone auditory stimulation on patients with rapid eye movement (REM), sleep
      behavior disorder (RBD), and attempt to identify a new method of RBD
      intervention. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with idiopathic RBD (iRBD) or
      symptomatic RBD (sRBD) were given auditory stimulation of low-intensity pure
      tones during their REM sleep. Sleep parameters including sleep process, sleep
      architecture as well as eye movements (EMs) frequency, and amplitude were
      recorded by polysomnography monitoring at pre-, intra-, and post-stimulation.
      RESULTS: Thirteen iRBD and 18 sRBD patients completed this study. Auditory
      stimulation significantly reduced the EMs frequency and amplitude in iRBD and
      sRBD patients (p < 0.05). In the iRBD group, the intra-stimulated FSL increased
      significantly than the pre-stimulated FSL (p < 0.05). After stimulation, patients
      had similar sleep latency (FSL), rapid eye movement sleep latency (RSL) and
      periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) compared with control. In the sRBD group,
      the intra-stimulated total sleep time, sleep efficiency was significantly
      increased, whereas the RSL and PLMS were significantly reduced compared with the
      pre-stimulated ones (all p < 0.05). The sRBD patients had similar time in bed,
      FSL and RBD episodes compared with control (all p < 0.05) in spite of significant
      difference before stimulation (all p < 0.05). However, the sleep architecture was
      not influenced by the stimulation despite the decrease in N3% in iRBD group (p <
      0.05). CONCLUSION: Low-intensity pure tone auditory stimulation may be a
      potentially effective intervention for RBD, especially for sRBD.

PMID- 27376760
TI  - Alexithymia and psychosocial problems among Italian preadolescents. A latent
      class analysis approach.
AB  - The study, conducted on Italian preadolscents aged 11 to 13 belonging to the
      general population, aims to investigate the relationship between the emotional
      functioning, namely, alexithymia, and the risk of developing behavioral and
      emotional problems measured using the Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire. The
      latent class analysis approach allowed to identify two latent variables,
      accounting for the internalizing (emotional symptoms and difficulties in
      emotional awareness) and for the externalizing problems (conduct problems and
      hyperactivity, problematic relationships with peers, poor prosocial behaviors and
      externally oriented thinking). The two latent variables featured two latent
      classes: the difficulty in dealing with problems and the strength to face
      problems that was representative of most of the healthy participants with
      specific gender differences. Along with the analysis of psychopathological
      behaviors, the study of resilience and strengths can prove to be a key step in
      order to develop valuable preventive approaches to tackle psychiatric disorders. 

PMID- 27376761
TI  - Telomerase, Autophagy and Acute Kidney Injury.
AB  - In humans, aging is associated with telomere shortening and increased
      susceptibility to acute kidney injury. Telomerase is essential to maintain
      telomere length. The fourth generation mice with telomerase deletion have
      progressive shortening of telomeres. Those mice delayed recovery from ischemia
      reperfusion injury, due to an increase in tubule cell senescence and impairment
      of autophagy, the latter of which may be mediated in part by increased mTOR
      signaling. (c) 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.

PMID- 27376762
TI  - The role of food stiffness in dental microwear feature formation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The etiology of dental microwear is incompletely understood, despite
      copious documentation of wear patterns from wild and captive specimens across
      numerous vertebrate taxa. Among the contested issues with respect to microwear
      formation is the question of whether materials softer than enamel (specifically,
      foods themselves) can produce wear features. DESIGN: We examine the creation of
      enamel microwear features in vitro from foods that vary in hardness and toughness
      on a sample of mammalian lower molars (pig, bear, deer, and primate). These
      experiments involved applying loads at a constant displacement rate perpendicular
      to an occlusal enamel surface. Changes in surface microwear textures were
      assessed after 10 loads. RESULTS: Our experiments demonstrate that even
      relatively soft foods free of exogenous abrasives modify surface texture to
      produce distinctive microwear fabrics. Consequently, these data provide clear
      evidence that materials softer than enamel are capable of indenting and abrading
      enamel surfaces. Foods with a relatively high elastic modulus are associated with
      larger and more extensive microwear features, although the relationship between
      food stiffness and rate of microwear formation does not appear to be a simple
      one. CONCLUSIONS: These observations refute recent arguments that food material
      is an insignificant agent in the formation and accumulation of enamel microwear.
      Relative hardness of ingested materials is only one factor in the etiology of
      microwear formation.

PMID- 27376763
TI  - Prostate Volume Index Associates with a Decreased Risk of Prostate Cancer:
      Results of a Large Cohort of Patients Elected to a First Biopsy Set.
AB  - : Background/Aims/Objectives: In patients elected to the first prostate biopsy
      set, the risk of prostate cancer (PCA) may be predicted by clinical factors. The
      aim of this study was to investigate on prostate volume index (PVI), defined as
      the ratio of volume of the transitional zone to the volume of the peripheral
      zone, and PCA risk. METHODS: The study retrospectively evaluated 1,327 patients
      and included only the first biopsy set with 14 cores. PCA risk was assessed by
      using the multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: The analysis evaluated
      596 patients. The detection rate of PCA was 49%. Age, prostate specific antigen,
      PVI and digital rectal exam were independent factors of PCA risk, which was
      decreased by PVI (OR 0.224; 95% CI 0.157-0.380). The goodness of fit statistics
      assessed model efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort undergoing the first
      biopsy set, PVI associated with a decreased risk of PCA. Confirmatory studies are
      required.

PMID- 27376764
TI  - Pulsed Laser Deposited Dysprosium-Doped Gadolinium-Vanadate Thin Films for
      Noncontact, Self-Referencing Luminescence Thermometry.
AB  - Lanthanide-doped vanadate thin films offer (i) a promising platform for
      luminescence-based noncontact temperature sensing; (ii) ratiometric/self
      referencing absolute measurements; (iii) exceptional repeatability and
      reversibility for multirun uses and a long life cycle; (iv) 2% K(-1) maximum
      temperature sensitivity (among the highest recorded for inorganic
      nanothermometers); (v) a temperature resolution greater than 0.5 K; and (vi) the
      potential for high-resolution 2D temperature mapping. 

PMID- 27376765
TI  - Multilaminar networks of cortical neurons integrate common inputs from sensory
      thalamus.
AB  - Neurons in the thalamorecipient layers of sensory cortices integrate thalamic and
      recurrent cortical input. Cortical neurons form fine-scale, functionally cotuned
      networks, but whether interconnected cortical neurons within a column process
      common thalamocortical inputs is unknown. We tested how local and thalamocortical
      connectivity relate to each other by analyzing cofluctuations of evoked responses
      in cortical neurons after photostimulation of thalamocortical axons. We found
      that connected pairs of pyramidal neurons in layer (L) 4 of mouse visual cortex
      share more inputs from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus than nonconnected
      pairs. Vertically aligned connected pairs of L4 and L2/3 neurons were also
      preferentially contacted by the same thalamocortical axons. Our results provide a
      circuit mechanism for the observed amplification of sensory responses by L4
      circuits. They also show that sensory information is concurrently processed in L4
      and L2/3 by columnar networks of interconnected neurons contacted by the same
      thalamocortical axons.

PMID- 27376766
TI  - Illuminating current pitfalls in optimal photobiomodulation device development
      and assessment for treating hair loss.

PMID- 27376767
TI  - Anakinra Protects Against Serum Deprivation-Induced Inflammation and Functional
      Derangement in Islets Isolated From Nonhuman Primates.
AB  - We investigated whether serum deprivation induces islet amyloid polypeptide
      (IAPP) oligomer accumulation and/or a proinflammatory response and, if so,
      whether the addition of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist to the culture
      medium can relieve the proinflammatory response during serum-deprived culture of
      nonhuman primate (NHP) islets. After culture in medium with and without Ana under
      serum-deprived culture conditions, IAPP oligomer/amyloid accumulation, in vitro
      viability, islet function, cytokine secretion, and posttransplantation outcome in
      streptozotocin-induced diabetic nude mice were determined in islets isolated from
      heterozygote human IAPP transgenic (hIAPP+/- ) mice and/or NHP islets. Serum
      deprivation induced accumulation of IAPP oligomer, but not amyloid, in NHP
      islets. Anakinra (Ana) protected islets from the serum deprivation-induced
      impairment of in vitro viability and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and
      attenuated serum deprivation-induced caspase-1 activation, transcription, and
      secretion of IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in hIAPP+/- mice and
      NHP islets. Supplementation of medium with Ana during serum-deprived culture also
      improved posttransplantation in vivo outcomes of NHP islets. In conclusion, serum
      deprivation induced accumulation of IAPP oligomers and proinflammatory responses
      in cultured isolated islets. Supplementation of the culture medium with Ana
      attenuated the functional impairment and proinflammatory responses induced by
      serum deprivation in ex vivo culture of NHP islets.

PMID- 27376768
TI  - UMI-4C for quantitative and targeted chromosomal contact profiling.
AB  - We developed a targeted chromosome conformation capture (4C) approach that uses
      unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to derive high-complexity quantitative
      chromosome contact profiles with controlled signal-to-noise ratios. UMI-4C
      detects chromosomal interactions with improved sensitivity and specificity, and
      it can easily be multiplexed to allow robust comparison of contact distributions
      between loci and conditions. This approach may open the way to the incorporation
      of contact distributions into quantitative models of gene regulation.

PMID- 27376769
TI  - m(6)A-LAIC-seq reveals the census and complexity of the m(6)A epitranscriptome.
AB  - N(6)-Methyladenosine (m(6)A) is a widespread, reversible chemical modification of
      RNA molecules, implicated in many aspects of RNA metabolism. Little quantitative
      information exists as to either how many transcript copies of particular genes
      are m(6)A modified ('m(6)A levels') or the relationship of m(6)A modification(s)
      to alternative RNA isoforms. To deconvolute the m(6)A epitranscriptome, we
      developed m(6)A-level and isoform-characterization sequencing (m(6)A-LAIC-seq).
      We found that cells exhibit a broad range of nonstoichiometric m(6)A levels with
      cell-type specificity. At the level of isoform characterization, we discovered
      widespread differences in the use of tandem alternative polyadenylation (APA)
      sites by methylated and nonmethylated transcript isoforms of individual genes.
      Strikingly, there is a strong bias for methylated transcripts to be coupled with
      proximal APA sites, resulting in shortened 3' untranslated regions, while
      nonmethylated transcript isoforms tend to use distal APA sites. m(6)A-LAIC-seq
      yields a new perspective on transcriptome complexity and links APA usage to m(6)A
      modifications.

PMID- 27376771
TI  - Let me take the wheel: Illusory control and sense of agency.
AB  - Illusory control refers to an effect in games of chance where features associated
      with skilful situations increase expectancies of success. Past work has
      operationalized illusory control in terms of subjective ratings or behaviour,
      with limited consideration of the relationship between these definitions, or the
      broader construct of agency. This study used a novel card-guessing task in 78
      participants to investigate the relationship between subjective and behavioural
      illusory control. We compared trials in which participants (a) had no opportunity
      to exercise illusory control, (b) could exercise illusory control for free, or
      (c) could pay to exercise illusory control. Contingency Judgment and Intentional
      Binding tasks assessed explicit and implicit sense of agency, respectively. On
      the card-guessing task, confidence was higher when participants exerted control
      than in the baseline condition. In a complementary model, participants were more
      likely to exercise control when their confidence was high, and this effect was
      accentuated in the pay condition relative to the free condition. Decisions to pay
      were positively correlated with control ratings on the Contingency Judgment task,
      but were not significantly related to Intentional Binding. These results
      establish an association between subjective and behavioural illusory control and
      locate the construct within the cognitive literature on agency.

PMID- 27376770
TI  - Nanoscale imaging of RNA with expansion microscopy.
AB  - The ability to image RNA identity and location with nanoscale precision in intact
      tissues is of great interest for defining cell types and states in normal and
      pathological biological settings. Here, we present a strategy for expansion
      microscopy of RNA. We developed a small-molecule linker that enables RNA to be
      covalently attached to a swellable polyelectrolyte gel synthesized throughout a
      biological specimen. Then, postexpansion, fluorescent in situ hybridization
      (FISH) imaging of RNA can be performed with high yield and specificity as well as
      single-molecule precision in both cultured cells and intact brain tissue.
      Expansion FISH (ExFISH) separates RNAs and supports amplification of single
      molecule signals (i.e., via hybridization chain reaction) as well as multiplexed
      RNA FISH readout. ExFISH thus enables super-resolution imaging of RNA structure
      and location with diffraction-limited microscopes in thick specimens, such as
      intact brain tissue and other tissues of importance to biology and medicine.

PMID- 27376772
TI  - Intestinal stenosis of Garre: A rare cause of small bowel obstruction in the
      virgin abdomen.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) in the virgin abdomen usually
      requires operative intervention. Intestinal stenosis of Garre is a rare and
      frequently missed cause of SBO following hernia repair. METHODS: We describe a
      case of intestinal stenosis of Garre and provide a comprehensive review of the
      literature. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics V.22
      software and included descriptive analysis. RESULTS: Most males developed a
      delayed stricture following an inguinal hernia repair (93.3%). 84.6% of females,
      on the other hand, developed intestinal stenosis following repair of a femoral
      hernia. 87.5% of strictures developed on the right side. The timing of
      development of a bowel obstruction is very variable and ranges from 5days to 22
      years. 22 patients (68.8%), however, presented with an obstruction within 5
      months of hernia repair. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal stenosis of Garre is an under
      reported cause of delayed stricture formation.It is most common following right
      inguinal hernia repair in men and right femoral hernia repair in women.

PMID- 27376773
TI  - Atypical leg ulcers after sclerotherapy for treatment of varicose veins: Case
      reports and literature review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Skin necrosis is a rare complication of foam sclerotherapy, a
      common form of treatment for varicose veins. PRESENTATION OF CASE: Both patients
      presented to the outpatient clinic within 2-14days after foam sclerotherapy with
      Aethoxysklerol((r)) 1%, with severe soft tissue and skin necrosis. Further
      aggressive treatment of the ulcer was required to resolve the necrosis, resulting
      in marked residual scar and well granulated leg ulcer respectively. DISCUSSION:
      Foam sclerotherapy is a common and usually well-tolerated treatment modality for
      varicose veins. The aetiology of skin necrosis is conventionally related to
      extravasation of sclerosant. In order to minimise the risk of necrosis, the
      lowest concentration and lowest volume of sclerosant necessary to achieve
      adequate treatment of the target vein should be used. CONCLUSION: We would like
      to emphasise that whilst skin and soft tissue necrosis is a rare complication of
      foam sclerotherapy, it is a complication that is highly disfiguring and requires
      aggressive treatment. As such, it should be adequately discussed with the patient
      prior to obtaining informed consent.

PMID- 27376774
TI  - Herniation through gastrostomy site: Case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Herniation through gastrostomy site is an extremely rare
      complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). We present two unusual
      cases of gastrostomy site herniation, the surgical management thereof, and a
      corresponding review of the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: The first patient is a
      65year old Caucasian male who complained of epigastric pain and a bulge at his
      previous gastrostomy tube incision site three weeks after its removal. Initial
      exam revealed a hernia measuring approximately 10cm which was later repaired by
      laparoscopic surgery with a composite mesh. The second case is 66year old obese
      Caucasian male who complained of continued pain in the midepigastric region
      around his gastrostomy site scar five months after removal of his PEG tube. On
      physical exam he was found to have a hernia of 6cm in the midepigastrium. His
      hernia was later repaired by open surgery with a composite mesh. Both patients
      recovered uneventfully postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Herniation through
      gastrostomy site is a possible complication of PEG tube and clinicians should
      consider this possibility in patients with ongoing leakage, bulge or pain at the
      gastrostomy site. This entity can be safely corrected via laparoscopic or open
      techniques.

PMID- 27376776
TI  - Proteomic profiling of muscle fibre type shifting in neuromuscular diseases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mature skeletal muscles are composed of a complex assembly of slow
      twitching, fast-twitching and hybrid fibres. Since muscle fibres exhibit a high
      degree of cellular plasticity, changed physiological conditions or
      pathophysiological disturbances have generally a substantial impact on fibre
      specification. AREAS COVERED: This article reviews the findings from comparative
      proteomic profiling studies that have focused on neuromuscular diseases and
      discusses the identified protein changes of fibre type shifting. The reviewed
      literature on weight loss, obesity, diabetes, cancer cachexia, disuse atrophy,
      motor neuron disease, myotonia, inflammatory myopathies, myofibrillar myopathies,
      muscular dystrophies and sarcopenia of old age suggests that proteome-wide
      alterations occur in the expression of distinct protein families, encompassing
      especially contractile and regulatory proteins of the acto-myosin apparatus.
      Expert commentary: The systematic determination of proteome-wide changes in
      neuromuscular disorders can now be used to design novel diagnostic and therapy
      monitoring tools for evaluating fibre transitions in pathological muscles.

PMID- 27376775
TI  - A rare case of ischaemic pneumatosis intestinalis and hepatic portal venous gas
      in an elderly patient with good outcome following conservative management.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) and hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG)
      are typically associated and are likely to represent a spectrum of the same
      disease. The causes of both entities range from benign to life-threatening
      conditions. Ischaemic causes are known to be fatal without emergency surgical
      intervention. PRESENTATION OF CASE: In this case a 93year old male experienced
      acute abdominal pain radiating to his back, with nausea and vomiting and a 2-week
      history of altered bowel habit. Examination revealed abdominal tenderness and
      distension. He had deranged white cell count (WCC) and renal function. Computed
      tomography (CT) revealed PI with associated HPVG. The cause was due to ischaemic
      pathology. The patient was managed conservatively with antibiotics and was
      discharged 7days later with resolution of his abdominal pain and WCC. DISCUSSION:
      The pathogenesis of HPVG secondary to PI is poorly understood but usually
      indicates intestinal ischaemia, thought to carry a mortality of around 75%. HPVG
      in the older patient usually necessitates emergency surgery however this is not
      always in the patient's best interest. CONCLUSION: There are few reported cases
      of patient survival following conservative management of PI and HPVG secondary to
      ischaemic pathology. This case demonstrates the possibility of managing this
      condition without aggressive surgical intervention especially when surgery would
      likely result in mortality due to frailty and morbidity. Further work is required
      to identify suitable patients.

PMID- 27376777
TI  - Alpha plus beta annealed and aged Ti-15 Mo alloy for high strength implant
      applications.
AB  - Management of femur fractures requires titanium alloy implants that provide a
      good combination of static strength and ductility plus sufficient high cycle
      fatigue strength to resist repetitive loading. A research program was initiated
      to determine whether aging treatments could increase the strength of alpha + beta
      Ti-15Mo while maintaining acceptable tensile ductility. A pilot heat treating
      study indicated the best combination of strength and ductility was obtained using
      an alpha + beta annealing temperature of 705 degrees C +/- 10 degrees C followed
      by an aging treatment of 482 degrees C +/- 10 degrees C. EBSD data for four
      suppliers revealed that the alpha phase ratios ranged from 16.3% to 18.6% and the
      beta phase ratios ranged from 81.4% to 83.7%. Mean beta grain size diameters
      ranged between 1.42 and 1.78 um. Tensile testing qualification data from four
      suppliers was statistically analyzed and reviewed. Minimum reproducible tensile
      values were established and incorporated into ASTM F2066-13 implant material
      standard. Cantilever fatigue testing was performed with proximal femoral nail
      implants that were fabricated into fully finished implant constructs. Fatigue
      results for 125 degrees , 130 degrees , and 135 degrees  implant constructs met
      the acceptance criteria regarding the fatigue runout load limits and failure
      modes that were identified. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res
      Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2010-2018, 2017.

PMID- 27376778
TI  - Parental responses to youths' reports of teen dating violence: Recommendations
      from parents and youth.
AB  - Parental responses to teen dating violence (TDV) can influence children's
      behaviors. This qualitative study presents findings from focus groups analyzing
      parental responses to TDV. Thirty-one parents and 55 teens, recruited from local
      family service agencies located in southwestern part of the country, participated
      in separate focus groups that presented dating violence scenarios. Focus group
      results indicated that parents and teens both urge communication that included
      parents asking questions, educating the teen, sharing their personal experiences,
      and giving teens advice. Parental and teens' comments also focused on the
      importance of protecting teens, providing support for teens, refraining from
      overreacting and offering counseling services. Parents, more than teens, stressed
      the importance of educating teens; teens, more than parents, stressed the
      importance of parents supporting and providing comfort to teens while refraining
      from overreacting and yelling. Implications for programming with parents and
      future research are included.

PMID- 27376779
TI  - 10-DHGD ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
AB  - : Organs subjected to chronic injuries may develop tissue fibrosis. Several
      factors contribute to the combat injurious stimuli to repair, heal and alleviate
      any disturbance. Secretion of chemokines, migration of inflammatory cells to the
      affected site and activation of fibroblast for production of extracellular matrix
      (ECM) are examples. Recently, few studies have delt with 10-dehydrogingerdione
      (10-DHGD), one of the active constituent of ginger extracts that has been
      published. This constituent proved to be potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
      cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor, indeed, a hypolipemic agent.
      It has been selected in the present study as a natural anti-inflammatory agent to
      combat inflammation, nephrotoxicity and renal fibrosis-induced by cisplatin.
      Renal fibrosis state demonstrated a significant increase in creatinine, urea,
      nuclear factor kappa (NF-kB), insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I), fibroblast
      growth factor-23 (FGF-23) along with a significant decrease of hepatocytes growth
      factor (HGF), renal glutathione (GSH) and in confirm to histopathological
      examination of kidney tissue. Administration of 10-DHGD orally daily for 4 weeks
      resulted in a significant improvement of both the biomarkers studied in addition
      to the histopathological profile of the renal tissues. CONCLUSION: 10-DHGD
      exhibited a marked anti-inflammatory potential, alleviated to a great extent of
      nephrotoxicity and renal fibrosis induced by cisplatin.

PMID- 27376780
TI  - Nm23H1 mediates tumor invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by
      regulation of CLDN1 through the AKT signaling.
AB  - Esophageal cancer is a lethal malignancy worldwide. Previously, low expression of
      metastasis suppressor Nm23H1 and tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-1 (CLDN1)
      have been known to correlate with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma (ESCC). However, the molecular interaction between them has not been
      clarified. In the present study, we first examined the expression of Nm23H1 and
      CLDN1 in 74 surgical ESCC samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to verify their
      clinicopathologic significance. The biologic effects of Nm23H1 gene silencing or
      overexpression in ESCC cell lines were then studied by migration and invasion
      studies, and its regulation on CLDN1 expression was also investigated by western
      blot analysis. Moreover, the expression of Nm23H1 and CLDN1 at the same invasion
      front of ESCC tumors was verified by immunofluorescence. The results showed a
      significantly positive correlation between the expression of Nm23H1 and CLDN1
      (gamma=0.296, P=0.011) in surgical specimens, especially for the 34 tumors with
      lymph-node metastasis (gamma=0.455, P=0.007). In ESCC cell lines, silencing of
      Nm23H1 expression markedly enhanced cell invasiveness, accompanied by increased
      Akt phosphorylation and decreased CLDN1 expression. Conversely, Nm23H1-expressed
      transfectants exhibited reduced invasiveness, decreased Akt phosphorylation and
      correspondingly increased CLDN1 expression. Regain of CLDN1 expression in ESCC
      cells significantly suppressed invasiveness, but did not influence the Akt
      phosphorylation. Moreover, treating Nm23H1-depleted cells with the AKT inhibitor
      MK2206 recovered CLDN1 expression, and diminished the invasiveness of ESCC cells.
      Finally, decreased expressions of both CLDN1 and E-cadherin were observed at the
      invasive front of the Nm23H1-negative tumors. Overall, our current study
      documented that reduced Nm23H1 expression activates the AKT signaling pathway,
      results in diminished CLDN1 expression and potentiates invasiveness of ESCC
      cells. Enhancement of Nm23H1 expression, inhibition of the AKT signaling pathway,
      or combined, might be a potential treatment strategy in selective ESCC patients. 

PMID- 27376781
TI  - Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, plant identity and arbuscular mycorrhizal
      fungal (AMF) community determine assemblages of the AMF spore-associated
      microbes.
AB  - The root-associated microbiome is a key determinant of pollutant degradation,
      soil nutrient availability and plant biomass productivity, but could not be
      examined in depth prior to recent advances in high-throughput sequencing.
      Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with the majority of vascular
      plants. They are known to enhance mineral uptake and promote plant growth and are
      postulated to influence the processes involved in phytoremediation. Amplicon
      sequencing approaches have previously shown that petroleum hydrocarbon pollutant
      (PHP) concentration strongly influences AMF community structure in in situ
      phytoremediation experiments. We examined how AMF communities and their spore
      associated microbiomes were structured within the rhizosphere of three plant
      species growing spontaneously in three distinct waste decantation basins of a
      former petrochemical plant. Our results show that the AMF community was only
      affected by PHP concentrations, while the AMF-associated fungal and bacterial
      communities were significantly affected by both PHP concentrations and plant
      species identity. We also found that some AMF taxa were either positively or
      negatively correlated with some fungal and bacterial groups. Our results suggest
      that in addition to PHP concentrations and plant species identity, AMF community
      composition may also shape the community structure of bacteria and fungi
      associated with AMF spores.

PMID- 27376782
TI  - Classification of human meningiomas: lights, shadows, and future perspectives.
AB  - Meningiomas represent the most common primary tumors of the central nervous
      system (CNS) in adulthood. They are currently classified into several histotypes
      and into three grades of malignancy according to the criteria of the World Health
      Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the CNS. WHO histological grade is
      currently the most significant morphological predictor of recurrence risk of
      meningiomas. For this reason, it is fully taken into consideration in
      postsurgical therapeutic decision making in patients with meningioma. However,
      the main drawback of the WHO grading system system is that criteria for its
      assessment are rather subjective and poorly standardized. Hence, additional
      factors are warranted to predict recurrence risk of meningiomas, so that patients
      may actually receive the most appropriate therapy. In recent years, biomolecular
      pathogenesis of meningiomas has been partially clarified, and many efforts have
      been made in the identification of molecular factors associated with recurrence
      risk of meningioma. Here we review WHO criteria currently used for classification
      of meningiomas and discuss on pitfalls and limits of grading assessment. In
      addition we present the latest advancement in the knowledge of biomolecular
      alterations involved in the pathogenesis and progression of meningiomas.
      Similarly to what has already happened for gliomas, a novel classification
      integrating histology and molecular information might overcome the limits of
      histological classification in terms of reproducibility as well as of prognostic
      and predictive relevance. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27376783
TI  - On detector linearity and precision of beam shift detection for quantitative
      differential phase contrast applications.
AB  - Differential phase contrast is a STEM imaging mode where minute sideways
      deflections of the electron probe are monitored, usually by using a position
      sensitive device (Chapman, 1984 [1]; Lohr et al., 2012 [2]) or, alternatively in
      some cases, a fast camera (Muller et al., 2012 [3,4]; Yang et al., 2015 [5];
      Pennycook et al., 2015 [6]) as a pixelated detector. While traditionally
      differential phase contrast electron microscopy was mainly focused on
      investigations of micro-magnetic domain structures and their specific features,
      such as domain wall widths, etc. (Chapman, 1984 [1]; Chapman et al., 1978, 1981,
      1985 [7-9]; Sannomiya et al., 2004 [10]), its usage has recently been extended to
      mesoscopic (Lohr et al., 2012, 2016 [2,12]; Bauer et al., 2014 [11]; Shibata et
      al., 2015 [13]) and nano-scale electric fields (Shibata et al., 2012 [14];
      Mueller et al., 2014 [15]). In this paper, the various interactions which can
      cause a beam deflection are reviewed and expanded by two so far undiscussed
      mechanisms which may be important for biological applications. As differential
      phase contrast microscopy strongly depends on the ability to detect minute beam
      deflections we first treat the linearity problem for an annular four quadrant
      detector and then determine the factors which limit the minimum measurable
      deflection angle, such as S/N ratio, current density, dwell time and detector
      geometry. Knowing these factors enables the experimenter to optimize the set-up
      for optimum performance of the microscope and to get a clear figure for the
      achievable field resolution error margins.

PMID- 27376784
TI  - Radiographer reporting in the UK: is the current scope of practice limiting plain
      film reporting capacity?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To update knowledge on individual radiographer contribution to plain
      film reporting workloads; to assess whether there is scope to further increase
      radiographer reporting capacity within this area. METHODS: Reporting
      radiographers were invited to complete an online survey. Invitations were posted
      to every acute National Health Service trust in the UK whilst snowball sampling
      was employed via a network of colleagues, ex-colleagues and acquaintances.
      Information was sought regarding the demographics, geographical location and
      anatomical and referral scope of practice. RESULTS: A total of 259 responses were
      received. 15.1% and 7.7% of respondents are qualified to report chest and abdomen
      radiographs, respectively. The mean time spent reporting per week is 14.5 h
      (range 1-37.5). 23.6% of radiographers report only referrals from emergency
      departments whilst 50.6% of radiographers have limitations on their practice.
      CONCLUSION: The scope of practice of reporting radiographers has increased since
      previous studies; however, radiographer reporting of chest and abdomen
      radiographs has failed to progress in line with demand. There remain
      opportunities to increase radiographer capacity to assist the management of
      reporting backlogs. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This study is the first to examine
      demographic factors of reporting radiographers across the UK and is one of the
      largest in-depth studies of UK reporting radiographers, at individual level, to
      date.

PMID- 27376785
TI  - Asymmetric Ring Opening/Cyclization/Retro-Mannich Reaction of Cyclopropyl Ketones
      with Aryl 1,2-Diamines for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives.
AB  - A highly efficient asymmetric ring-opening/cyclization/retro-Mannich reaction of
      cyclopropyl ketones with aryl 1,2-diamines has been realized using a chiral N,N'
      dioxide/Sc(III) catalyst. Benzimidazoles containing chiral side chains were
      generated under mild reaction conditions in excellent outcomes (up to 99 % yield
      and 97 % ee). This method also provides efficient access to chiral benzimidazole
      substituted amide and cycloheptene derivatives.

PMID- 27376786
TI  - Formation of Reactant Complex Structure for Initiation Reaction of Lactone Ring
      Opening Polymerization by Cooperation of Multiple Cyclodextrin.
AB  - Ring-opening polymerization of lactones initiated by cyclodextrins has been
      reported as a promising polymer synthetic method. To investigate the unknown
      molecular level mechanism of the initiation reaction, we executed molecular
      dynamics simulations of model systems composed of single or multiple beta
      cyclodextrin (beta-CD) molecules in delta-valerolactone (VL) solvent and explored
      the reactant complex structures satisfying three conditions (VL inclusion in the
      beta-CD cavity, hydrogen bonding, and nucleophilic attack) at the same time. As a
      result, we confirmed the formation of the reactant complex structure. Comparison
      between the single and multiple beta-CD models revealed that the formation is
      more frequent and the distance for the nucleophilic attack is shorter in the
      multiple model. Therefore, we anticipate that the reaction proceeds more
      efficiently by the cooperation of multiple beta-CDs. This finding will contribute
      to understanding the reaction mechanism from the atomistic point of view.

PMID- 27376787
TI  - A solid state NMR study of layered double hydroxides intercalated with para-amino
      salicylate, a tuberculosis drug.
AB  - Para-amino salicylate (PAS), a tuberculosis drug, was intercalated in three
      different layered double hydroxides (MgAl, ZnAl, and CaAl-LDH) and the samples
      were studied by multi-nuclear ((1)H, (13)C, and (27)Al) solid state NMR (SSNMR)
      spectroscopy in combination with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), elemental
      analysis and IR-spectroscopy to gain insight into the bulk and atomic level
      structure of these LDHs especially with a view to the purity of the LDH-PAS
      materials and the concentration of impurities. The intercalations of PAS in MgAl
      , ZnAl-, and CaAl-LDH's were confirmed by (13)C SSNMR and PXRD. Moreover, (13)C
      MAS NMR and infrared spectroscopy show that PAS did not decompose during
      synthesis. Large amounts (20-41%) of amorphous aluminum impurities were detected
      in the structure using (27)Al single pulse and 3QMAS NMR spectra, which in
      combination with (1)H single and double quantum experiments also showed that the
      M(II):Al ratio was higher than predicted from the bulk metal composition of MgAl
      PAS and ZnAl-PAS. Moreover, the first high-resolution (1)H SSNMR spectra of a
      CaAl LDH is reported and assigned using (1)H single and double quantum
      experiments in combination with (27)Al{(1)H} HETCOR.

PMID- 27376788
TI  - Charged, dipolar soft matter systems from a combined microscopic-mesoscopic
      viewpoint.
AB  - As an example of charged, dipolar soft matter, the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl
      imidazolium dicyanamide is studied by coarse-grained molecular dynamics
      simulations. We focus on the link between microscopic and mesoscopic properties
      for both structure and dynamics. Thereby, the generalized Kirkwood g K-factor
      plays a central role in establishing this link which is not possible on the basis
      of molecular hydrodynamics. The decoupling between translational and rotational
      motion is indicative of the dynamical heterogeneity in ionic liquids.

PMID- 27376789
TI  - Towards autonomous motion control in minimally invasive robotic surgery.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: While autonomous surgical robotic systems exist primarily at the
      research level, recently these systems have made a strong push into clinical
      settings. The autonomous or semi-autonomous control of surgical robotic platforms
      may offer significant improvements to a diverse field of surgical procedures,
      allowing for high precision, intelligent manipulation of these systems and
      opening the door to advanced minimally invasive surgical procedures not currently
      possible. AREAS COVERED: This review highlights those experimental systems
      currently under development with a focus on in vivo modeling and control
      strategies designed specifically for the complex and dynamic surgical
      environment. Expert review: Novel methods for state estimation, system modeling
      and disturbance rejection, as applied to these devices, continues to improve the
      performance of these important surgical tools. Procedures such as Natural Orifice
      Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery and Laparo-Endoscopic Single Site surgery, as
      well as more conventional procedures such as Colonoscopy, serve to benefit
      tremendously from the development of these automated robotic systems, enabling
      surgeons to minimize tissue damage and shorten procedure times while avoiding the
      consequences of laparotomy.

PMID- 27376790
TI  - Birch pollen immunotherapy inhibits anaphylaxis to the cross-reactive apple
      allergen Mal d 1 in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cross-reactive apple allergy is a common co-morbidity of birch pollen
      allergy, caused by the presence of a Bet v 1 homologue allergen in apple, Mal d
      1. Treatment of tree pollen hay fever by immunotherapy is well established, but
      its effect on the accompanying apple allergy is debated. OBJECTIVE: To establish
      a mouse model of birch pollen induced cross-reactivity to Mal d 1 and investigate
      the effect of birch pollen immunotherapy on the cross-reactivity to Mal d 1.
      METHODS: Respiratory allergy was induced in Balb/c mice by intraperitoneal
      exposure to alum-adsorbed birch pollen extract (BPE) in combination with short or
      prolonged intranasal exposure to BPE. To evaluate the response to Mal d 1, mice
      were exposed intraperitoneally to Mal d 1. Immunoglobulin responses and cytokine
      production by splenocytes were measured by ELISA. Allergic symptoms were
      evaluated by measuring airway hyper-reactivity and hypothermia as a surrogate
      marker for anaphylaxis. Immunotherapy was performed subcutaneously with alum
      adsorbed BPE. RESULTS: Mice exposed to BPE develop cross-reactive IgE to Mal d 1.
      Early after exposure to BPE, this response is still weak and does not yet
      translate into anaphylaxis. Interestingly, later re-challenge with BPE increased
      cross-reactivity to a level where Mal d 1 exposure induced anaphylaxis. Cross
      sensitization can also be induced by systemic Mal d 1 exposure. Birch pollen
      immunotherapy significantly reduced the anaphylactic response of mice to Mal d 1.
      CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A mouse model mimicking birch pollen induced
      cross-reactivity to Mal d 1 was successfully established. In this model, birch
      pollen immunotherapy significantly ameliorated the anaphylaxis induced by Mal d
      1. Our experimental data suggest that boosting of Mal d 1 recognizing
      immunoglobulins by BP SCIT is important for the amelioration of apple allergy in
      human.

PMID- 27376791
TI  - Psychiatry meets pharmacogenetics for the treatment of revolving door patients
      with psychiatric disorders.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Therapeutic failures (TFs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs),
      together with the recurring nature of the clinical course of psychiatric
      disorders, mainly bipolar disorders (BDs), strongly contributed to the prevalence
      and frequency of hospital readmissions observed in these patients. This is the
      revolving door (RD) condition, dramatically rising costs for the management of
      these patients in psychiatric settings. Areas covered: We searched in the medical
      literature until May 2016 to review the role of functional variants in the
      cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 gene on observed ADRs and TFs in RD patients with BDs,
      conferring a different capacity to metabolize psychotropic drugs. Expert
      commentary: CYP2D6 functional polymorphisms might directly contributed to the
      prevalence and frequency of the RD condition, commonly observed in BD patients.
      Although several environmental and socio-demographic/diagnostic variables such as
      alcohol/drug abuse, and medication non-compliance accounted for a significant
      proportion of the ability to predict RD prevalence and frequency, the
      pharmacogenetics of CYP, particularly CYP2D6, may help to identify BD patients at
      risk for ADRs and TFs. These patients may be addressed towards alternative
      treatments, thus improving their quality of life, and reducing RD prevalence and
      frequency and the overall costs for their management.

PMID- 27376792
TI  - Molybdenum Disulfide-Coated Lithium Vanadium Fluorophosphate Anode: Experiments
      and First-Principles Calculations.
AB  - To develop a new anode material to meet the increasing demands of lithium-ion
      battery, MoS2 is used for the first time to modify the C/LiVPO4 F anode to
      improve its lithium-storage performance between 3 and 0.01 V. Morphological
      observations reveal that the MoS2 -modified C/LiVPO4 F particles (M-LVPF) are
      wrapped by an amorphous carbon as interlayer and layered MoS2 as external
      surface. Charge-discharge tests show that M-LVPF delivers a high reversible
      capacity of 308 mAh g(-1) at 50 mA g(-1) . After 300 cycles at 1.0 A g(-1) , a
      capacity retention of 98.7 % is observed. Moreover, it exhibits high rate
      capability with a specific capacity of 199 mAh g(-1) at 1.6 A g(-1) .
      Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests indicate that the lithium-ion
      diffusion and charge-exchange reaction at the surface of M-LVPF are greatly
      enhanced. First-principles calculations for the MoS2 (001)/C/LiVPO4 F (010)
      system demonstrate that the absorption of MoS2 on C/LiVPO4 F is exothermic and
      spontaneous and that the electron transfer at the MoS2 -absorbed C/LiVPO4 F
      surface is enhanced.

PMID- 27376793
TI  - A novel NADPH-dependent reductase of Sulfobacillus acidophilus TPY phenol
      hydroxylase: expression, characterization, and functional analysis.
AB  - The reductase component (MhpP) of the Sulfobacillus acidophilus TPY
      multicomponent phenol hydroxylase exhibits only 40 % similarity to Pseudomonas
      sp. strain CF600 phenol hydroxylase reductase. Amino acid sequence alignment
      analysis revealed that four cysteine residues (Cys-X 4 -Cys-X 2 -Cys-X 29-35 
      Cys) are conserved in the N terminus of MhpP for [2Fe-2S] cluster binding, and
      two other motifs (RXYS and GXXS/T) are conserved in the C terminus for binding
      the isoalloxazine and phosphate groups of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Two
      motifs (S/T-R and yXCGp) responsible for binding to reduce nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) are also conserved in MhpP, although some residues
      differ. To confirm the function of this reductase, MhpP was heterologously
      expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified. UV-visible spectroscopy and
      electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that MhpP contains a [2Fe
      2S] cluster. MhpP mutants in which the four cysteine residues were substituted
      via site-directed mutagenesis lost the ability to bind the [2Fe-2S] cluster,
      resulting in a decrease in enzyme-specific oxidation of NADPH. Thin-layer
      chromatography revealed that MhpP contains FAD. Substrate specificity analyses
      confirmed that MhpP uses NADPH rather than NADH as an electron donor. MhpP
      oxidizes NADPH using cytochrome c, potassium ferricyanide, or nitro blue
      tetrazolium as an electron acceptor, with a specific activity of 1.7 +/- 0.36,
      0.78 +/- 0.13, and 0.16 +/- 0.06 U/mg, respectively. Thus, S. acidophilus TPY
      MhpP is a novel NADPH-dependent reductase component of phenol hydroxylase that
      utilizes FAD and a [2Fe-2S] cluster as cofactors.

PMID- 27376794
TI  - Influence of osmotic stress on the profile and gene expression of surface layer
      proteins in Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356.
AB  - In this work, we studied the role of surface layer (S-layer) proteins in the
      adaptation of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 to the osmotic stress generated
      by high salt. The amounts of the predominant and the auxiliary S-layer proteins
      SlpA and SlpX were strongly influenced by the growth phase and high-salt
      conditions (0.6 M NaCl). Changes in gene expression were also observed as the
      mRNAs of the slpA and slpX genes increased related to the growth phase and
      presence of high salt. A growth stage-dependent modification on the S-layer
      protein profile in response to NaCl was observed: while in control conditions,
      the auxiliary SlpX protein represented less than 10 % of the total S-layer
      protein, in high-salt conditions, it increased to almost 40 % in the stationary
      phase. The increase in S-layer protein synthesis in the stress condition could be
      a consequence of or a way to counteract the fragility of the cell wall, since a
      decrease in the cell wall thickness and envelope components (peptidoglycan layer
      and lipoteichoic acid content) was observed in L. acidophilus when compared to a
      non-S-layer-producing species such as Lactobacillus casei. Also, the stationary
      phase and growth in high-salt medium resulted in increased release of S-layer
      proteins to the supernatant medium. Overall, these findings suggest that pre
      growth in high-salt conditions would result in an advantage for the probiotic
      nature of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 as the increased amount and release of the S
      layer might be appropriate for its antimicrobial capacity. 

PMID- 27376796
TI  - Prognostic value of Sox2 expression in digestive tract cancers: A meta-analysis.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to accurately evaluate the association of Sox2
      expression with the survival of patients with digestive tract cancers. Relevant
      literatures were identified by comprehensively searching databases including the
      Pubmed, Embase, CBMdisc, and Wanfang (up to October 2014). A meta-analysis was
      performed to clarify the association between Sox2 expression and overall survival
      or clinicopathological parameters of patients with digestive tract cancers
      (esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers). The results showed a significant
      association between high Sox2 expression and poor overall survival in patients
      with digestive tract carcinomas (HR=1.55, 95% CI=1.04-2.31), especially for
      patients with esophageal cancer (HR=2.04, 95%CI=1.30-3.22), colorectal cancer
      (HR=1.40, 95% CI=1.04-1.89), and digestive tract adenocarcinoma (HR=1.80, 95%
      CI=1.12-2.89), for Europeans (HR=1.98, 95% CI=1.44-2.71) or patients who did not
      receive neoadjuvant treatment (HR=1.73, 95% CI=1.10-2.72). Furthermore, Sox2 over
      expression was highly correlated with vascular invasion (OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.25
      2.77) and poor differentiation (OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.14-3.08), especially in
      esophageal and colorectal cancers. In conclusion, Sox2 expression may serve as a
      novel prognostic factor for patients with digestive tract cancers. Over
      expression of Sox2 that is correlated with vascular invasion and poor
      differentiation suggests poor outcomes of patients with digestive tract cancers. 

PMID- 27376797
TI  - A meta-analysis reveals prognostic role of programmed death ligand-1 in Asian
      patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - Accumulating studies explored the clinicopathologic and prognostic value of
      programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the
      results were controversial. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate
      the predictive role of PD-L1 in NSCLC patients. We systematically collected
      relevant studies from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and China National Knowledge
      Infrastructure. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals
      (CIs) for overall survival (OS), and odd ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs for
      clinicopathologic factors were calculated. A total of 15 studies involving 3605
      patients were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed no prognostic
      role of PD-L1 in the whole patients (HR=1.60, 95% CI: 0.88-2.89, P=0.123).
      Subgroup analysis showed that PD-L1 was associated with decreased OS in Asian
      patients (HR=2.00, 95% CI: 1.55-2.57, P<0.001). Among all the clinicopathologic
      factors, PD-L1 overexpression was significantly in relevance with poor tumor cell
      differentiation (HR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.49-2.28, P<0.001), late stage (HR=1.21, 95%
      CI: 1.02-1.43, P=0.026) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation
      (HR=2.63, 95% CI: 1.08-6.40, P=0.034), but not with other factors. In conclusion,
      our meta-analysis demonstrated that PD-L1 has a prognostic role in Asian patients
      with NSCLC. 

PMID- 27376798
TI  - Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of hypoxia-inducible factor-1
      alpha in lung cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
AB  - Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha) plays a vital role in the
      initiation, evaluation and prognosis in lung cancer. The prognostic value of HIF
      1alpha reported in diverse study remains disputable. Accordingly, a meta-analysis
      was implemented to further understand the prognostic role of HIF-1alpha in lung
      cancer. The relationship between HIF-1alpha and the clinicopathological
      characteristics and prognosis of lung cancer were investigated by a meta
      analysis. PubMed and Embase were searched from their inception to January 2015
      for observational studies. Fixed-effects or random-effects meta-analyses were
      used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of different
      comparisons. A total of 20 studies met the criteria. The results showed that HIF
      1alpha expression in lung cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in
      normal lung tissues. Expression of HIF-1alpha in patients with squamous cell
      carcinoma was significantly higher than that of patients with adenocarcinomas.
      Similarly, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients had higher HIF-1alpha
      expression than small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. Moreover, lymph node
      metastasized tissues had higher HIF-1alpha expression than non-lymph node
      metastasized tissues. A high level HIF-1alpha expression was well correlated with
      the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor
      receptor in the NSCLC. Notably, NSCLC or SCLC patients with positive HIF-1alpha
      expression in tumor tissues had lower overall survival rate than patients with
      negative HIF-1alpha expression. It was suggested that HIF-1alpha expression may
      be a prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer. 

PMID- 27376795
TI  - High risk factors of pancreatic carcinoma.
AB  - Over the past decades, cancer has become one of the toughest challenges for
      health professionals. The epidemiologists are increasingly directing their
      research efforts on various malignant tumor worldwide. Of note, incidence of
      cancers is on the rise more quickly in developed countries. Indeed, great
      endeavors have to be made in the control of the life-threatening disease. As we
      know it, pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant disease with the worst prognosis.
      While little is known about the etiology of the PC and measures to prevent the
      condition, so far, a number of risk factors have been identified. Genetic
      factors, pre-malignant lesions, predisposing diseases and exogenous factors have
      been found to be linked to PC. Genetic susceptibility was observed in 10% of PC
      cases, including inherited PC syndromes and familial PC. However, in the
      remaining 90%, their PC might be caused by genetic factors in combination with
      environmental factors. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism of the two kinds of
      factors, endogenous and exogenous, working together to cause PC remains poorly
      understood. The fact that most pancreatic neoplasms are diagnosed at an incurable
      stage of the disease highlights the need to identify risk factors and to
      understand their contribution to carcinogenesis. This article reviews the high
      risk factors contributing to the development of PC, to provide information for
      clinicians and epidemiologists. 

PMID- 27376799
TI  - Thymosin beta4 impeded murine stem cell proliferation with an intact
      cardiovascular differentiation.
AB  - Thymosin beta4 (Tbeta4) is a key factor in cardiac development, growth, disease,
      epicardial integrity, blood vessel formation and has cardio-protective
      properties. However, its role in murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs)
      proliferation and cardiovascular differentiation remains unclear. Thus we aimed
      to elucidate the influence of Tbeta4 on mESCs. Target genes during mESCs
      proliferation and differentiation were detected by real-time PCR or Western
      blotting, and patch clamp was applied to characterize the mESCs-derived
      cardiomyocytes. It was found that Tbeta4 decreased mESCs proliferation in a
      partial dose-dependent manner and the expression of cell cycle regulatory genes c
      myc, c-fos and c-jun. However, mESCs self-renewal markers Oct4 and Nanog were
      elevated, indicating the maintenance of self-renewal ability in these mESCs.
      Phosphorylation of STAT3 and Akt was inhibited by Tbeta4 while the expression of
      RAS and phosphorylation of ERK were enhanced. No significant difference was found
      in BMP2/BMP4 or their downstream protein smad. Wnt3 and Wnt11 were remarkably
      decreased by Tbeta4 with upregulation of Tcf3 and constant beta-catenin. Under
      mESCs differentiation, Tbeta4 treatment did not change the expression of
      cardiovascular cell markers alpha-MHC, PECAM, and alpha-SMA. Neither the
      electrophysiological properties of mESCs-derived cardiomyocytes nor the hormonal
      regulation by Iso/Cch was affected by Tbeta4. In conclusion, Tbeta4 suppressed
      mESCs proliferation by affecting the activity of STAT3, Akt, ERK and Wnt
      pathways. However, Tbeta4 did not influence the in vitro cardiovascular
      differentiation. 

PMID- 27376800
TI  - Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of woodchuck retinoic
      acid-inducible gene I.
AB  - Cytosolic retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is an important innate immune
      RNA sensor and can induce antiviral cytokines, e.g., interferon-beta (IFN-beta).
      Innate immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) plays a pivotal role in viral
      clearance and persistence. However, knowledge of the role that RIG-I plays in HBV
      infection is limited. The woodchuck is a valuable model for studying HBV
      infection. To characterize the molecular basis of woodchuck RIG-I (wRIG-I), we
      analyzed the complete coding sequences (CDSs) of wRIG-I, containing 2778 base
      pairs that encode 925 amino acids. The deduced wRIG-I protein was 106.847 kD with
      a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 6.07, and contained three important
      functional structures [caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), DExD/H
      box helicases, and a repressor domain (RD)]. In woodchuck fibroblastoma cell line
      (WH12/6), wRIG-I-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) down-regulated RIG-I and
      its downstrean effector-IFN-beta transcripts under RIG-I' ligand, 5'-ppp double
      stranded RNA (dsRNA) stimulation. We also measured mRNA levels of wRIG-I in
      different tissues from healthy woodchucks and in the livers from woodchuck
      hepatitis virus (WHV)-infected woodchucks. The basal expression levels of wRIG-I
      were abundant in the kidney and liver. Importantly, wRIG-I was significantly up
      regulated in acutely infected woodchuck livers, suggesting that RIG-I might be
      involved in WHV infection. These results may characterize RIG-I in the woodchuck
      model, providing a strong basis for further study on RIG-I-mediated innate
      immunity in HBV infection. 

PMID- 27376801
TI  - Opacity proteins of neisseria gonorrhoeae in lipooligosaccharide mutants lost
      ability to interact with neutrophil-restricted CEACAM3 (CD66d).
AB  - Lipooligosacharide (LOS) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococci, GC) is involved in
      the interaction of GC with host cells. Deletion of the alpha-oligosaccharide
      (alpha-OS) moiety of LOS (lgtF mutant) significantly impairs invasion of GC into
      epithelial cell lines. GC opacity (Opa) proteins, such as OpaI, mediate
      phagocytosis and stimulate chemiluminescence responses in neutrophils in part
      through interaction with members of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family,
      which includes CEACAM3 (CD66d), a human neutrophil specific receptor for
      phagocytosis of bacteria. In the present work, we examined the effects of OpaI
      expressing lgtF mutant on phagocytosis by HeLa-CEACAM3 cells and
      chemiluminescence responses in neutrophils. The results showed that lgtF mutant
      even expressing OpaI completely lost the ability to promote either phagocytosis
      mediated by CEACAM3 interaction in HeLa cells or chemiluminescence responses in
      neutrophils. These data indicated that Opa proteins in the lgtF mutant, which
      might result from the conformational change, cannot be functional. 

PMID- 27376802
TI  - Inhibitory effects of SRT1720 on the apoptosis of rabbit chondrocytes by
      activating SIRT1 via p53/bax and NF-kappaB/PGC-1alpha pathways.
AB  - SRT1720, a new discovered drug, was reported to activate silent information
      regulator 1 (SIRT1) and inhibit the chondrocyte apoptosis. However, the
      underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, the chondrocytes were
      extracted from the cartilage tissues of New Zealand white rabbits, cultured in
      the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (2.5 mmol/L) and divided into five
      groups: 1, 5, 10, and 20 MUmol/L SRT1720 groups and blank control group (0
      MUmol/L SRT1720). MTT assay was used to detect the chondrocyte viability and
      proliferation, and DAPI staining and flow cytometry to measure the chondrocyte
      apoptosis. The expression levels of SIRT1, p53, NF-kappaB/p65, Bax, and
      peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1alpha)
      were detected by Western blotting and the expression levels of SIRT1, type II
      collagen, and aggrecan mRNA by RT-PCR. The results showed that in the SRT1720
      treated groups, the nuclei of chondrocytes were morphologically intact and had
      uniform chromatin. In the blank control group, nuclear rupture into debris was
      observed in chondrocytes. With the SRT1720 concentration increasing, the
      chondrocyte viability increased, the apoptosis rate decreased, the protein
      expression levels of SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha and the mRNA expression levels of type
      II collagen and aggrecan increased ({ptP}<0.05), and the expression levels of
      p53, NF-kappaB and bax decreased (P<0.05). It was suggested that SRT1720 inhibits
      chondrocyte apoptosis by activating the expression of SIRT1 via p53/bax and NF
      kappaB/PGC-1alpha pathways. 

PMID- 27376803
TI  - Protective effect of reduced glutathione C60 derivative against hydrogen peroxide
      induced apoptosis in HEK 293T cells.
AB  - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and free radicals cause oxidative stress, which induces
      cellular injuries, metabolic dysfunction, and even cell death in various clinical
      abnormalities. Fullerene (C60) is critical for scavenging oxygen free radicals
      originated from cell metabolism, and reduced glutathione (GSH) is another
      important endogenous antioxidant. In this study, a novel water-soluble reduced
      glutathione fullerene derivative (C60-GSH) was successfully synthesized, and its
      beneficial roles in protecting against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and
      apoptosis in cultured HEK 293T cells were investigated. Fourier Transform
      infrared spectroscopy and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance were used to confirm
      the chemical structure of C60-GSH. Our results demonstrated that C60-GSH
      prevented the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell damage. Additionally,
      C60-GSH pretreatment significantly attenuated H2O2-induced superoxide dismutase
      (SOD) consumption and malondialdehyde (MDA) elevation. Furthermore, C60-GSH
      inhibited intracellular calcium mobilization, and subsequent cell apoptosis via
      bcl-2/bax-caspase-3 signaling pathway induced by H2O2 stimulation in HEK 293T
      cells. Importantly, these protective effects of C60-GSH were superior to those of
      GSH. In conclusion, these results suggested that C60-GSH has potential to protect
      against H2O2-induced cell apoptosis by scavenging free radicals and maintaining
      intracellular calcium homeostasis without evident toxicity. 

PMID- 27376804
TI  - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and in-hospital mortality in patients with
      acute aortic dissection.
AB  - The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and
      mortality in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD) is unclear. From January
      2007 to January 2014, a total of 928 consecutive AAD patients who were admitted
      within 48 h after the onset of symptoms were enrolled in the study. Patients were
      divided into two groups according to whether serum HDL-C level was below the
      normal lower limit or not. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used
      to identify the predictive value of HDL-C for in-hospital mortality in patients
      with AAD. As compared with normal HDL-C group (n=585), low HDL-C group (n=343)
      had lower levels of systolic blood pressure and hemoglobin and higher levels of
      leukocyte, alanine aminotransferase, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen,
      creatinine and urea acid. Low HDL-C group had significantly higher in-hospital
      mortality than normal HDL-C group (21.6% vs. 12.6%, log-rank=10.869, P=0.001).
      After adjustment for baseline variables including demographics and biologic data,
      the increased risk of in-hospital mortality in low HDL-C group was substantially
      attenuated and showed no significant difference (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.23; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.86-1.77; P=0.259). Low HDL-C is strongly but not
      independently associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with AAD. 

PMID- 27376805
TI  - Human brucellosis mimicking axial spondyloarthritis: a challenge for
      rheumatologists when applying the 2009 ASAS criteria.
AB  - Although the development of the 2009 SpA classification criteria by Assessment of
      SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) represents an important step
      towards a better definition of the early disease stage particularly in axial
      spondyloarthritis (axSpA), the specificity of the criteria has been criticized
      these days. As the commonest zoonotic infection worldwide, human brucellosis can
      mimic a large number of diseases, including SpA. This study was performed to
      determine the frequency of rheumatologic manifestations in patients with
      brucellosis and the chance of misdiagnosing them as having axSpA in central
      China. The results showed that clinical manifestations of axSpA could be observed
      in brucellosis. Over half of patients had back pain, and one fifth of the
      patients with back pain were less than 45 years old at onset and had the symptom
      for more than 3 months. Two young males were falsely classified as suffering from
      axSpA according to the ASAS criteria, and one with MRI proved sacroiliitis was
      once given Etanercept for treatment. Therefore, differential diagnosis including
      human brucellosis should always be kept in mind when applying the ASAS criteria,
      even in traditionally non-endemic areas. 

PMID- 27376806
TI  - Pentoxifylline inhibits liver fibrosis via hedgehog signaling pathway.
AB  - Infection of schistosomiasis japonica may eventually lead to liver fibrosis, and
      no effective antifibrotic therapies are available but liver transplantation.
      Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway has been involved in the process and is a
      promising target for treating liver fibrosis. This study aimed to explore the
      effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on liver fibrosis induced by schistosoma
      japonicum infection by inhibiting the HH signaling pathway. Phorbol12-myristate13
      acetate (PMA) was used to induce human acute mononuclear leukemia cells THP-1 to
      differentiate into macrophages. The THP-1-derived macrophages were stimulated by
      soluble egg antigen (SEA), and the culture supernatants were collected for
      detection of activation of macrophages. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to
      detect the cytotoxicity of the culture supernatant and PTX on the LX-2 cells. The
      LX-2 cells were administered with activated culture supernatant from macrophages
      and(or) PTX to detect the transforming growth factor-beta gene expression. The
      mRNA expression of shh and gli-1, key parts in HH signaling pathway, was
      detected. The mRNA expression of shh and gli-1 was increased in LX-2 cells
      treated with activated macrophages-derived culture supernatant, suggesting HH
      signaling pathway may play a key role in the activation process of hepatic
      stellate cells (HSCs). The expression of these genes decreased in LX-2 cells co
      cultured with both activated macrophages-derived culture supernatant and PTX,
      indicating PTX could suppress the activation process of HSCs. In conclusion,
      these data provide evidence that PTX prevents liver fibrogenesis in vitro by the
      suppression of HH signaling pathway. 

PMID- 27376808
TI  - Protein kinase C enhances the swelling-induced chloride current in human atrial
      myocytes.
AB  - Swelling-activated chloride currents (ICl.swell) are thought to play a role in
      several physiologic and pathophysiologic processes and thus represent a target
      for therapeutic approaches. However, the mechanism of ICl.swell regulation
      remains unclear. In this study, we used the whole-cell patch-clamp technique to
      examine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the regulation of ICl.swell in
      human atrial myocytes. Atrial myocytes were isolated from the right atrial
      appendages of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass and enzymatically
      dissociated. ICl.swell was evoked in hypotonic solution and recorded using the
      whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The PKC agonist phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu)
      enhanced ICl.swell in a concentration-dependent manner, which was reversed in
      isotonic solution and by a chloride current inhibitor, 9
      anthracenecarboxylicacid. Furthermore, the PKC inhibitor bis-indolylmaleimide
      attenuated the effect and 4alpha-PDBu, an inactive PDBu analog, had no effect on
      ICl.swell. These results, obtained using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique,
      demonstrate the ability of PKC to activate ICl,swell in human atrial myocytes.
      This observation was consistent with a previous study using a single-channel
      patch-clamp technique, but differed from some findings in other species. 

PMID- 27376807
TI  - IFN-gamma secretion in gut of Ob/Ob mice after vertical sleeve gastrectomy and
      its function in weight loss mechanism.
AB  - Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) is becoming more and more popular among the
      world. Despite its dramatic efficacy, however, the mechanism of VSG remains
      largely undetermined. This study aimed to test interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion n
      of mesenteric lymph nodes in obese mice (ob/ob mice), a model of VSG, and its
      relationship with farnesoid X receptor (FXR) expression in the liver and small
      intestine, and to investigate the weight loss mechanism of VSG. The wild type
      (WT) mice and ob/ob mice were divided into four groups: A (WT+Sham), B (WT+VSG),
      C (ob/ob+Sham), and D (ob/ob+VSG). Body weight values were monitored. The IFN
      gamma expression in mesenteric lymph nodes of ob/ob mice pre- and post-operation
      was detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The FXR expression in the liver and small
      intestine was detected by Western blotting. The mouse AML-12 liver cells were
      stimulated with IFN-gamma at different concentrations in vitro. The changes of
      FXR expression were also examined. The results showed that the body weight of
      ob/ob mice was significantly declined from (40.6+/-2.7) g to (27.5+/-3.8) g on
      the 30th day after VSG (P<0.05). At the same time, VSG induced a higher level
      secretion of IFN-gamma in mesenteric lymph nodes of ob/ob mice than that pre
      operation (P<0.05). The FXR expression levels in the liver and small intestine
      after VSG were respectively 0.97+/-0.07 and 0.84+/-0.07 fold of GAPDH, which were
      significantly higher than pre-operative levels of 0.50+/-0.06 and 0.48+/-0.06
      respectively (P<0.05). After the stimulation of AML-12 liver cells in vitro by
      different concentrations of IFN-gamma (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 ng/mL), the
      relative FXR expression levels were 0.22+/-0.04, 0.31+/-0.04, 0.39+/-0.05, 0.38+/
      0.05, 0.56+/-0.06, and 0.35+/-0.05, respectively, suggesting IFN-gamma could
      distinctly promote the FXR expression in a dose-dependent manner in comparison to
      those cells without IFN-gamma stimulation (P<0.05). It was concluded that VSG
      induces a weight loss in ob/ob mice by increasing IFN-gamma secretion of
      mesenteric lymph nodes, which then increases the FXR expression of the liver and
      small intestine. 

PMID- 27376809
TI  - A comparative study of high-viscosity cement percutaneous vertebroplasty vs. low
      viscosity cement percutaneous kyphoplasty for treatment of osteoporotic vertebral
      compression fractures.
AB  - The clinical effects of two different methods-high-viscosity cement percutaneous
      vertebroplasty (PVP) and low-viscosity cement percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) in
      the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) were
      investigated. From June 2010 to August 2013, 98 cases of OVCFs were included in
      our study. Forty-six patients underwent high-viscosity PVP and 52 patients
      underwent low-viscosity PKP. The occurrence of cement leakage was observed. Pain
      relief and functional activity were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
      and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), respectively. Restoration of the vertebral
      body height and angle of kyphosis were assessed by comparing preoperative and
      postoperative measurements of the anterior heights, middle heights and the
      kyphotic angle of the fractured vertebra. Nine out of the 54 vertebra bodies and
      11 out of the 60 vertebra bodies were observed to have cement leakage in the high
      viscosity PVP and low-viscosity PKP groups, respectively. The rate of cement
      leakage, correction of anterior vertebral height and kyphotic angles showed no
      significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05). Low-viscosity PKP had
      significant advantage in terms of the restoration of middle vertebral height as
      compared with the high-viscosity PVP (P<0.05). Both groups showed significant
      improvements in pain relief and functional capacity status after surgery
      (P<0.05). It was concluded that high-viscosity PVP and low-viscosity PKP have
      similar clinical effects in terms of the rate of cement leakage, restoration of
      the anterior vertebral body height, changes of kyphotic angles, functional
      activity, and pain relief. Low-viscosity PKP is better than high-viscosity PVP in
      restoring the height of the middle vertebra. 

PMID- 27376810
TI  - Role of axl in preeclamptic EPCs functions.
AB  - Axl encodes the tyrosine-protein kinase receptor, participating in the
      proliferation and migration of many cells. This study examined the role of Axl in
      functions of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Axl was detected by RT-PCR and
      Western blotting in both placentas and EPCs from normal pregnancy and
      preeclampsia patients. The Axl inhibitor, BMS777-607, was used to inhibit the Axl
      signalling pathway in EPCs. Cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and
      adhesion were measured by CCK-8 assay, cell differentiation assay, Transwell
      assay, and cell adhesion assay, respectively. Results showed the expression
      levels of Axl mRNA and protein were significantly higher in both placentas and
      EPCs from preeclampsia patients than from normal pregnancy (P<0.05). After
      treatment with BMS777-607, proliferation, differentiation, migration and adhesion
      capability of EPCs were all significantly decreased. Our study suggests Axl may
      play a role in the function of EPCs, thereby involving in the pathogenesis of
      preeclampsia. 

PMID- 27376811
TI  - Association between p53 polymorphism at codon 72 and recurrent spontaneous
      abortion.
AB  - p53 gene plays an important role in apoptosis, which is necessary for successful
      invasion of trophoblast cells. The change from an arginine (Arg) to a proline
      (Pro) at codon 72 can influence the biological activity of p53, which predisposes
      to an increased risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). In order to
      investigate the association between p53 polymorphism at codon 72 and RSA, we
      conducted this meta-analysis. Pubmed, Embase and Web of science were used to
      identify the eligible studies. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI)
      was used to evaluate the strength of the association. Six studies containing 937
      cases of RSA and 830 controls were included, and there was one study deviated
      from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). There was a significant association
      between p53 polymorphism at codon 72 and RSA in recessive model (Pro/Pro vs.
      Pro/Arg+Arg/Arg; OR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.14-2.24) and co-dominant model (Pro/Pro vs.
      Arg/Arg; OR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.02-2.12) whether the study that was deviated from HWE
      was eliminated or not. A significant association was observed in allelic model
      (Pro vs. Arg; OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.57) after exclusion of the study that was
      deviated from HWE. No association was noted in recessive model (Pro/Pro+Pro/Arg
      vs. Arg/Arg; OR=1.05, 95% CI: 0.86-1.30) and co-dominant model (Pro/Arg vs.
      Arg/Arg; OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.77-1.19). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity also
      indicated a significant association between p53 polymorphism at codon 72 and RSA
      in Caucasian group. No heterogeneity and publication bias were found. Our meta
      analysis implied that p53 polymorphism at codon 72 carries high maternal risk of
      RSA. 

PMID- 27376812
TI  - Downregulation of inwardly rectifying potassium channel 5.1 expression in
      C57BL/6J cochlear lateral wall.
AB  - Age-related hearing loss (AHL) is one of the most common sensory disorders among
      elderly persons. The inwardly rectifying potassium channel 5.1 (Kir5.1) plays a
      vital role in regulating cochlear K(+) circulation which is necessary for normal
      hearing. The distribution of Kir5.1 in C57BL/6J mice cochleae, and the
      relationship between the expression of Kir5.1 and the etiology of AHL were
      investigated. Forty C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups at 4,
      12, 24 and 52 weeks of age respectively. The location of Kir5.1 was detected by
      immunofluorescence technique. The mRNA and protein expression of Kir5.1 was
      evaluated in mice cochleae using real-time polymerase-chain reactions (RT-PCR)
      and Western blotting respectively. Kir5.1 was detected in the type II and IV
      fibrocytes of the spiral ligament in the cochlear lateral wall of C57BL/6J mice.
      The expression levels of Kir5.1 mRNA and protein in the cochleae of aging
      C57BL/6J mice were down-regulated. It was suggested that the age-related
      decreased expression of Kir5.1 in the lateral wall of C57BL/6J mice was
      associated with hearing loss. Our results indicated that Kir5.1 may play an
      important role in the pathogenesis of AHL. 

PMID- 27376813
TI  - Clinical and laboratory features, and quality of life assessment in wheat
      dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis patients from central China.
AB  - Wheat dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) is a rare but potentially
      severe food allergy caused by the combination of wheat ingestion and physical
      exercise. The impact of WDEIA on quality of life (QOL) is unclear. This study
      characterized the clinical and laboratory features and investigated the QOL in
      WDEIA patients from Central China. Twenty-eight WDEIA patients were analyzed, and
      QOL was measured by validated Chinese version Food Allergy Quality of Life
      Questionnaire-Adult Form (FAQLQ-AF) and Food Allergy Independent Measure (FAIM)
      after obtaining the diagnosis. The results showed that half of the patients were
      females. The median onset age was 37 years old. The symptoms occurred within 1 h
      after wheat ingestion (26/28). Symptoms of anaphylaxis included cutaneous
      (26/28), respiratory (11/28), gastro-intestinal (5/28) and cardiovascular
      manifestations (27/28). Skin prick tests were positive to salt soluble (89.3%)
      and salt insoluble wheat allergen extracts (100%). Positive rate to wheat, gluten
      and omega-5 gliadin specific IgE was 64.3%, 92.9% and 92.9% respectively.
      Specific IgE to omega-5 gliadin with a cut-off value 0.83 KU/L offered highly
      efficient diagnostic criterion for WDEIA (sensitivity: 89.3%; and specificity:
      88.9%). The mean scores of FAQLQ-AF and FAIM were 4.70 and 4.98 respectively and
      level of anti-omega-5 gliadin IgE had positive correlations with FAQLQ scores.
      Thereby, WDEIA is commonly found in mid-age adults. In most cases, multi-organs
      especially skin and cardiovascular systems are involved. Salt insoluble wheat
      allergen skin test and serum specific IgE to gluten and omega-5 gliadin help to
      diagnose WDEIA. QOL in WDEIA patients is severely impaired. 

PMID- 27376815
TI  - Three-dimensional finite element analysis of a newly designed onplant miniplate
      anchorage system.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to evaluate the structural stress and
      deformation of a newly designed onplant miniplate anchorage system compared to a
      standard anchorage system. A bone block integrated with a novel miniplate and
      fixation screw system was simulated in a three-dimensional model and subjected to
      force at different directions. The stress distribution and deformation of the
      miniplate system and cortical bone were evaluated using the three-dimensional
      finite element method. The results showed that the stress on the plate system and
      bone was linearly proportional to the force magnitude and was higher when the
      force was in a vertical direction (Y-axis). Stress and deformation values of the
      two screws (screw 1 and 2) were asymmetric when the force was added along Y-axis
      and was greater in screw 1. The highest deformation value of the screws was
      7.5148 MUm, much smaller than the limit value. The load was decreased for each
      single miniscrew, and the ability of the new anchorage system to bear the load
      was also enhanced to some degree. It was suggested that the newly designed
      onplant miniplate anchorage system is effective, easily implanted and minimally
      invasive. 

PMID- 27376814
TI  - Immunogenicity and prediction of epitopic region of antigen Ag I/II and
      glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - The levels of Streptococcus (S.) mutans infections in saliva were evaluated and a
      comparison for specific antibody levels among children with different levels of
      S. mutans infection was made. The promising epitopic regions of antigen AgI/II
      (PAc) and glucosyltransferase (GTF) for potential vaccine targets related to S.
      mutans adherence were screened. A total of 94 children aged 3-4 years were
      randomly selected, including 53 caries-negative and 41 caries-positive children.
      The values of S. mutans and those of salivary total secretory immunoglobulin A
      (sIgA), anti-PAc and anti-Glucan binding domain (anti-GLU) were compared to
      determine the correlation among them. It was found the level of s-IgA against
      specific antigens did not increase with increasing severity of S. mutans
      infection, and the complete amino acid sequence of PAc and GTFB was analyzed
      using the DNAStar Protean system for developing specific anti-caries vaccines
      related to S. mutans adherence. A significantly positive correlation between the
      amount of S. mutans and children decayed, missing, and filled teeth index was
      observed. No significant difference was detected in specific sIgA against PAc or
      GLU between any two groups. No significant correlation was found between such
      specific sIgA and caries index. A total of 16 peptides from PAc as well as 13
      peptides from GTFB were chosen for further investigation. S. mutans colonization
      contributed to early children caries as an important etiological factor. The
      level of sIgA against specific antigens did not increase with increasing severity
      of S. mutans infection in children. The epitopes of PAc and GTF have been
      screened to develop the peptide-based or protein-based anti-caries vaccines. 

PMID- 27376816
TI  - Propofol target-controlled infusion modeling in rabbits: Pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic analysis.
AB  - This study aimed to establish a new propofol target-controlled infusion (TCI)
      model in animals so as to study the general anesthetic mechanism at multi-levels
      in vivo. Twenty Japanese white rabbits were enrolled and propofol (10 mg/kg) was
      administrated intravenously. Artery blood samples were collected at various time
      points after injection, and plasma concentrations of propofol were measured.
      Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed using WinNonlin software. Propofol TCI
      within the acquired parameters integrated was conducted to achieve different
      anesthetic depths in rabbits, monitored by narcotrend. The pharmacodynamics was
      analyzed using a sigmoidal inhibitory maximal effect model for narcotrend index
      (NI) versus effect-site concentration. The results showed the pharmacokinetics of
      propofol in Japanese white rabbits was best described by a two-compartment model.
      The target plasma concentrations of propofol required at light anesthetic depth
      was 9.77+/-0.23 MUg/mL, while 12.52+/-0.69 MUg/mL at deep anesthetic depth. NI
      was 76.17+/-4.25 at light anesthetic depth, while 27.41+/-5.77 at deep anesthetic
      depth. The effect-site elimination rate constant (ke0) was 0.263/min, and the
      propofol dose required to achieve a 50% decrease in the NI value from baseline
      was 11.19 MUg/mL (95% CI, 10.25-13.67). Our results established a new propofol
      TCI animal model and proved the model controlled the anesthetic depth accurately
      and stably in rabbits. The study provides a powerful method for exploring general
      anesthetic mechanisms at different anesthetic depths in vivo. 

PMID- 27376817
TI  - Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac dyssynchrony in patients with congestive
      heart failure.
AB  - The present study investigated the application of echocardiography to evaluation
      of cardiac dyssynchrony in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). A total
      of 348 consecutive CHF patients who were admitted for cardiac resynchronization
      (CRT) and presented with low ejection fraction (EF) and wide QRS duration were
      enrolled in this study, along with 388 healthy individuals. Dyssynchrony was
      assessed based on filling time ratio (FT/RR), left ventricular pre-ejection delay
      (PED), interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD), longitudinal opposing wall delay
      (LOWD) and radial septal to posterior wall delay (RSPWD). Response to CRT was
      defined as a >=15% increase in EF. The results showed that FT/RR was decreased
      while PED, IVMD, LOWD and RSPWD were increased in the CHF group compared with the
      control group (P<0.01). In the CHF group, FT/RR was negatively correlated with
      the QRS duration, LV end-diastolic diameter (LVESd), LV end-diastolic volume
      (LVEDV) and LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) (P<0.01), but positively with the LVEF
      (P<0.01). Additionally, PED, IVMD, LOWD and RSPWD were positively correlated with
      the QRS duration, LVESd, LVEDV and LVESV (P<0.01), but negatively with the LVEF
      (P<0.01). The CHF group was divided into three subgroups according to the varying
      degrees of LVEF. FT/RR decreased successively from the LVEF-1 group to the LVEF-2
      group to the LVEF-3 group, while the PED, IVMD, LOWD and RSPWD successively
      increased in the same order (P<0.01). The CHF group was divided into three
      subgroups according to the varying degrees of QRS duration, and FT/RR decreased
      successively in a sequence from the QRS-1 group to the QRS-2 group to the QRS-3
      group, while the PED, IVMD, LOWD and RSPWD successively increased in the same
      order (P<0.01). Speckle tracking radial dyssynchrony >=130 ms was predictive of
      an EF response in patients in QRS-1 group (78% sensitivity, 83% specificity),
      those in QRS-2 group (83% sensitivity, 77% specificity) and in QRS-3 group (89%
      sensitivity, 79% specificity). In conclusion, echocardiography is a convenient
      and sensitive method for evaluating cardiac dyssynchrony in patients with CHF. 

PMID- 27376818
TI  - Evaluating arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes patients using ultrasonic
      radiofrequency.
AB  - Differences in arterial stiffness between the two sides of the carotid arteries
      were investigated using ultrasonic radiofrequency in 88 patients with type 2
      diabetes and 70 controls. The compliance coefficient (CC), pulse wave velocity
      (PWV), intima-media thickness (CIMT) and diameter (CCAD) of the common carotid
      arteries (CCAs) were measured. The ratio of the left to right CCAs was calculated
      to provide four indexes: CC ratio, PWV ratio, CIMT ratio and CCAD ratio. In the
      diabetes group, the PWV on the left side was significantly higher than that on
      the right side, while the CC on the left side was significantly lower than that
      on the right side. The bilateral CIMT was thicker and CCAD was wider, the left
      PWV traveled faster, and the right CC was higher in the diabetes group than in
      the control group. The PWV ratio between the two groups was significantly
      different and correlated positively with duration of diabetes and systolic blood
      pressure (SBP). The differences between the two sides of CCAs in patients with
      diabetes suggested that disease duration and SBP were important risk factors for
      arterial stiffness. Identifying the difference could potentially lead to the much
      earlier diagnosis of arteriosclerosis. 

PMID- 27376819
TI  - Antioxidant activities of crude phlorotannins from Sargassum hemiphyllum.
AB  - Brown algae are well known as a source of biologically active compounds,
      especially those having antioxidant activities, such as phlorotannins. In this
      study we examined the antioxidant activities of crude phlorotannins extracts
      (CPEs) obtained from Sargassum hemiphyllum (SH) and fractionated according to the
      molecular weights. When CPEs were administrated at a dose of 30 mg/kg to Kunming
      mice pre-treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), the levels of oxidative stress
      indicators in the liver, kidney and brain were significantly reduced in vivo. All
      the components of various molecular weight fractions of CPEs exhibited greater
      scavenging capacities in clearing hydroxyl free radical and superoxide anion than
      the positive controls gallic acid, vitamin C and vitamin E. Particularly, the
      components greater than 30 kD obtained from ethyl acetate phase showed the
      highest antioxidant capacities. These results indicated that SH is a potential
      source for extracting phlorotannins, the algal antioxidant compounds. 

PMID- 27376820
TI  - Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Bi-yuan-ling granules.
AB  - Bi-yuan-ling granule (BLG) is a traditional Chinese medicine compound composed
      mainly of baicalin and chlorogenic acid. It has been demonstrated to be
      clinically effective for various inflammatory diseases such as acute rhinitis,
      chronic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. However, the
      underlying mechanisms of BLG against these diseases are not fully understood.
      This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of
      BLG, and examine its protective effects on mouse acute lung injury (ALI). The hot
      plate test and acetic acid-induced writhing assay in Kunming mice were adopted to
      evaluate the pain-relieving effects of BLG. The anti-inflammatory activities of
      BLG were determined by examining the effects of BLG on xylene-caused ear swelling
      in Kunming mice, the cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats, carrageenan-induced
      hind paw edema and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in
      mice. The results showed that BLG at 15.5 mg/g could significantly relieve the
      pain by 82.5% (P<0.01) at 1 h after thermal stimulation and 91.2% (P<0.01) at 2 h
      after thermal stimulation. BLG at doses of 7.75 and 15.5 mg/g reduced the
      writhing count up to 33.3% (P<0.05) and 53.4% (P<0.01), respectively.
      Additionally, the xylene-induced edema in mice was markedly restrained by BLG at
      7.75 mg/g (P<0.05) and 15.5 mg/g (P<0.01). BLG at 5.35 and 10.7 mg/g
      significantly reduced paw edema by 34.8% (P<0.05) and 37.9% (P<0.05) at 5 h after
      carrageenan injection. The granulomatous formation of the cotton pellet was
      profoundly suppressed by BLG at 2.68, 5.35 and 10.7 mg/g by 15.4%, 38.2% (P<0.01)
      and 58.9% (P<0.001), respectively. BLG also inhibited lung W/D ratio and the
      release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in ALI mice. In addition, the median lethal
      dose (LD50), median effective dose (ED50) and half maximal inhibitory
      concentration (IC50) of BLG were found to be 42.7, 3.2 and 12.33 mg/g,
      respectively. All the findings suggest that BLG has significantly anti
      inflammatory and analgesic effects and it may help reduce the damage of ALI. 

PMID- 27376821
TI  - In silico investigation of agonist activity of a structurally diverse set of
      drugs to hPXR using HM-BSM and HM-PNN.
AB  - The human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) plays a critical role in the metabolism,
      transport and clearance of xenobiotics in the liver and intestine. The hPXR can
      be activated by a structurally diverse of drugs to initiate clinically relevant
      drug-drug interactions. In this article, in silico investigation was performed on
      a structurally diverse set of drugs to identify critical structural features
      greatly related to their agonist activity towards hPXR. Heuristic method (HM)
      Best Subset Modeling (BSM) and HM-Polynomial Neural Networks (PNN) were utilized
      to develop the linear and non-linear quantitative structure-activity relationship
      models. The applicability domain (AD) of the models was assessed by Williams
      plot. Statistically reliable models with good predictive power and explain were
      achieved (for HM-BSM, r (2)=0.881, q LOO (2) =0.797, q EXT (2) =0.674; for HM
      PNN, r (2)=0.882, q LOO (2) =0.856, q EXT (2) =0.655). The developed models
      indicated that molecular aromatic and electric property, molecular weight and
      complexity may govern agonist activity of a structurally diverse set of drugs to
      hPXR. 

PMID- 27376822
TI  - A protocol for developing a clinical practice guideline for therapeutic drug
      monitoring of vancomycin.
AB  - This study aimed to develop a guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of
      vancomycin. We adopted the new guideline definition from the Institute of
      Medicine (IOM), adhered closely to the six domains of the Appraisal of Guidelines
      for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE II), and made recommendations based on
      systematic reviews. We established a Guideline Steering Group and a Guideline
      Development Group, formulated 12 questions in the form of Population,
      Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) and completed a literature search. As
      far as we know, we will develop the first evidenced-based guideline for
      vancomycin TDM under the framework of the Grade of Recommendations Assessment,
      Development and Evaluation (GRADE). 

PMID- 27376823
TI  - Sarcopenia in critically ill patients.
AB  - Sarcopenia occurring as a primary consequence of aging and secondary due to
      certain medical problems including chronic disease, malnutrition and inactivity
      is a progressive generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength and function.
      The prevalence of sarcopenia increases with aging (approximately 5-13 % in the
      sixth and seventh decades). However, data showing the prevalence and clinical
      outcomes of sarcopenia in intensive care units (ICUs) are limited. A similar
      condition to sarcopenia in the ICU, called ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW), has
      been reported more frequently. Here, we aim to examine the importance of
      sarcopenia, especially ICU-AW, in ICU patients via related articles in Medline.

PMID- 27376824
TI  - Predictive risk factors for radiation retinopathy and optic neuropathy after
      proton beam therapy for uveal melanoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was performed in order to evaluate the incidence of radiation
      retinopathy and optic neuropathy occurring after proton beam therapy for uveal
      melanoma. METHODS: Included in this study were all patients who had been treated
      with primary proton beam therapy for uveal melanoma at the oncology service
      between May 1998 and June 2014 with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Excluded
      were all patients who underwent re-irradiation, or vitrectomy due to exudative
      retinal detachment or for tumor-resection. RESULTS: During this period, 1127
      patients matched the inclusion criteria, of whom 768 (68.1 %) and 463 (41.0 %)
      developed radiation retinopathy and optic neuropathy after a median time of 18.9
      months (2.0-99.84 months) and 19.8 months (0.2-170.4 months), respectively. Mean
      follow-up was 53.4 months (12-170.4 months). Included were 558 men (49.5 %) and
      569 women (50.5 %). Mean age was 61 years (16-89 years). Visual acuity slightly
      decreased from initial levels of 0.3 logMAR-0.4 logMAR in patients without
      developing any radiation-induced complication but severely decreased to 1.0
      logMAR or 1.5 logMAR in the case of developing radiation retinopathy only or
      optic neuropathy, respectively. Independent risk factors for radiation
      retinopathy were a centrally (<2.5 mm from sensitive structures) located tumor or
      a thick tumor located more than 2.5 mm from sensitive structures, while those for
      radiation optic neuropathy comprised a short distance and applied dose to the
      optic disk. CONCLUSION: The risk for radiation retinopathy is higher in central
      uveal melanoma. Mid-/peripheral tumors are at high risk for radiation retinopathy
      and maculopathy if presenting with increased thickness.

PMID- 27376825
TI  - New azo-decorated N-pyrrolidinylthiazoles: synthesis, properties and an
      unexpected remote substituent effect transmission.
AB  - New 5-azo substituted thiazole derivatives have been obtained, under mild
      conditions and in good yields, by the reaction between 2-N-pyrrolidinylthiazole
      and a series of aryldiazonium salts bearing, mainly in the para position, groups
      with different electronic effects. The NMR spectra of the products show broad
      signals of the methylene groups in the alpha position to the pyrrolidinyl
      nitrogen, suggesting a hindered rotation around the C2-N bond, of which a double
      bond character was also evidenced by X-ray diffraction analyses. The free
      energies of activation for the rotational processes have been obtained from (1)H
      NMR experiments and computer simulations at different temperatures and provided
      good correlation with the sigma constants of the substituents on the 'remote'
      benzene ring. This represents an unexpected and peculiar result since the
      restricted rotation around the C2-N bond was shown to be influenced by a
      substituent situated very far away. 2,4-Di-N-pyrrolidinylthiazole showed a much
      greater reactivity than 2-N-pyrrolidinylthiazole with aryldiazonium salts. 

PMID- 27376826
TI  - A allele of SNP12 in estrogen receptor 1 was a risk factor for cryptorchidism in
      Asians: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Some studies have been carried out to evaluate the association between
      SNP12 in estrogen receptor 1 and cryptorchidism, but the results remain
      inconsistent. We carried out a meta-analysis to explore the association between
      this polymorphism and cryptorchidism risk. METHODS: All eligible studies were
      searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library. Pooled odds
      ratios, with 95 % confidence intervals, were assessed for the association using
      fixed- and random-effects models. RESULTS: Overall, four case-control studies
      (363 cases, 415 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. No significant
      publication bias (P Begg = 0.308, P Egger = 0.288) was found. A allele of SNP12
      in estrogen receptor 1 was protective factor to cryptorchidism in allele model,
      dominant genetic model and heterozygote comparison in Caucasians, but the result
      was turned out to be false positive by trial sequential analysis. However, A in
      allele model was risk factor to cryptorchidism in Asians (odds ratio 2.02, 95 %
      confidence interval 1.03-3.01, p = 0.946 for heterogeneity) and the result was
      turned out to be true positive by trial sequential analysis, even though there
      were merely two original studies. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this meta-analysis
      suggest that A allele of SNP12 in estrogen receptor 1 may increase the risk of
      cryptorchidism in Asians. Meanwhile, further well-designed studies with large
      sample sizes are required to confirm the present findings, especially in
      Caucasians.

PMID- 27376827
TI  - Practice variability exists in the management of high-grade pediatric pancreatic
      trauma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Management of high-grade pancreatic trauma in children is controversial,
      although recent evidence supports early operation. We sought to evaluate whether
      practice variability exists regarding the management of these rare and complex
      injuries. METHODS: A study group of pediatric trauma centers within the Pediatric
      Trauma Society completed a survey following a query of their institutional
      database. Results are presented using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Over a 3
      year period (2012-2014), 123 pancreatic injuries (grades II-IV) were reported
      from 19 pediatric trauma centers (median 6, range 1-22). Sixty-two injuries
      involving injury to the pancreatic duct (clear/suspected) were reported (median
      1, range 0-9). Of these, 49 % were managed with non-operative management (NOM)
      and 51 % with operative management. Surgeons at the majority (63 %) of
      institutions used both approaches. Of the operative cases, 21 % were
      laparoscopic. There was wide variability in clinical management of NOM patients:
      the most common feeding strategy was reported by 52 % of centers, percutaneous
      drainage of traumatic pseudocyst by 42 % and ERCP (early/after pseudocyst) by 72
      %. CONCLUSION: Wide practice variability exists among North American pediatric
      surgeons regarding both the initial approach to high-grade pancreatic injury and
      non-operative management. These results highlight the need for a prospective
      trial to determine the optimal strategy for these patients.

PMID- 27376828
TI  - Mechanism of Inhibition of Hsp90 Dimerization by Gyrase B Inhibitor Coumermycin
      A1 (C-A1) Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Thermodynamic
      Calculations.
AB  - Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 an emerging and attracting target in the anti-HIV
      drug discovery process due to the key role it plays in the pathogenicity of HIV-1
      virus. In this research study, long-range all-atom molecular dynamics simulations
      were engaged for the bound and the unbound proteins to enhance the understanding
      of the molecular mechanisms of the Hsp90 dimerization and inhibition. Results
      evidently showed that coumermycin A1 (C-A1), a recently discovered Hsp90
      inhibitor, binds at the dimer's active site of the Hsp90 protein and leads to a
      substantial parting between dimeric opposed residues, which include Arg591.B,
      Lys594.A, Ser663.A, Thr653.B, Ala665.A, Thr649.B, Leu646.B and Asn669.A.
      Significant differences in magnitudes were observed in radius of gyration, root
      mean-square deviation and root-mean-square fluctuation, which confirms a
      reasonably more flexible state in the apo conformation associated with it
      dimerization. In contrast, the bound conformer of Hsp90 showed less flexibility.
      This visibly highpoints the inhibition process resulting from the binding of the
      ligand. These findings were further validated by principal component analysis. We
      believe that the detailed dynamic analyses of Hsp90 presented in this study,
      would give an imperative insight and better understanding to the function and
      mechanisms of inhibition. Furthermore, information obtained from the binding mode
      of the inhibitor would be of great assistance in the design of more potent
      inhibitors against the HIV target Hsp90. 

PMID- 27376829
TI  - Development and validation of rapid multiresidue and multi-class analysis for
      antibiotics and anthelmintics in feed by ultra-high-performance liquid
      chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - A new multi-residue method for the analysis of veterinary drugs, namely
      amoxicillin, chlortetracycline, colistins A and B, doxycycline, fenbendazole,
      flubendazole, ivermectin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine, tiamulin,
      tilmicosin and trimethoprim, was developed and validated for feed. After acidic
      extraction, the samples were centrifuged, purified by SPE and analysed by ultra
      high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
      Quantitative validation was done in accordance with the guidelines laid down in
      European Commission Decision 2002/657/CE. Matrix-matched calibration with
      internal standards was used to reduce matrix effects. The target level was set at
      the authorised carryover level (1%) and validation levels were set at 0.5%, 1%
      and 1.5%. Method performances were evaluated by the following parameters:
      linearity (0.986 < R(2) < 0.999), precision (repeatability < 12.4% and
      reproducibility < 14.0%), accuracy (89% < recovery < 107%), sensitivity, decision
      limit (CCalpha), detection capability (CCbeta), selectivity and expanded
      measurement uncertainty (k = 2).This method has been used successfully for three
      years for routine monitoring of antibiotic residues in feeds during which period
      20% of samples were found to exceed the 1% authorised carryover limit and were
      deemed non-compliant. 

PMID- 27376830
TI  - MicroRNA-21 promotes the proliferation and invasion of cholesteatoma
      keratinocytes.
AB  - CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that miR-21 promotes the proliferation
      and invasion of cholesteatoma keratinocytes. These results provide a partial
      explanation for the more aggressive clinical behavior observed in cholesteatoma.
      OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the post-transcriptional regulatory
      effects that control proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion in cholesteatoma
      keratinocytes. In particular, the potential role of miR-21 was focused on in this
      study. METHODS: Thirty cholesteatoma tissues were processed for RNA and cell
      culture. Cholesteatoma keratinocytes were transfected with miR-21 mimics, miR-21
      inhibitors, or negative control miRNAs; and growth curves were drawn. RT-PCR was
      used to assess the expression levels of miR-21. EdU incorporation assay and TUNEL
      staining were used to assess the proliferation and apoptosis of cholesteatoma
      keratinocytes, respectively. The invasive abilities of cholesteatoma
      keratinocytes were examined using 6-well Transwell plates. RESULTS: MiRNA-21 was
      upregulated when cholesteatoma keratinocytes were transfected with miR-21 mimics.
      Furthermore, the number of proliferative EdU + cells increased in cholesteatoma
      keratinocytes transfected with miR-21 mimics; and the number of TUNEL-positive
      cells also increased in cells transfected with miR-21 mimics. In addition, the
      number of migrated cells transfected with miR-21 mimics was higher, compared with
      migrated cells transfected miR-21 inhibitors or control miRNA.

PMID- 27376831
TI  - Cardiovascular safety of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta
      analysis of data from randomized placebo-controlled trials.
AB  - AIM: To assess the effect of empagliflozin on cardiovascular (CV) risk in
      patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) through a meta-analysis of data from eight
      placebo-controlled trials. METHODS: Data were analysed from eight randomized
      placebo-controlled trials undertaken to investigate the efficacy and safety of
      empagliflozin 10 and 25 mg once daily in patients with T2DM, comprising patients
      at low/medium and high CV risk. Suspected CV events were prospectively
      adjudicated. The empagliflozin 10 and 25 mg groups were pooled for the primary
      analysis. The primary endpoint was a composite of CV death, non-fatal myocardial
      infarction (MI), non-fatal stroke and hospitalization for unstable angina [4
      point major adverse CV events (MACE)]. The secondary endpoint was a composite of
      CV death, non-fatal MI and non-fatal stroke (3-point MACE). Risk estimates were
      calculated using Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 3835 patients
      received placebo and 7457 received empagliflozin. Total exposure was 7448.3 years
      for placebo and 15482.1 years for empagliflozin. Four-point MACE occurred in 365
      (9.5%) patients receiving placebo and 635 (8.5%) patients receiving empagliflozin
      [hazard ratio for empagliflozin vs. placebo 0.86 (95% CI 0.76, 0.98)]. Three
      point MACE occurred in 307 (8.0%) patients receiving placebo and 522 (7.0%)
      patients receiving empagliflozin [hazard ratio for empagliflozin vs. placebo 0.84
      (95% CI 0.73, 0.96)]. CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis of data from eight
      randomized trials involving 11 292 patients with T2DM at low/medium or high CV
      risk, empagliflozin was associated with a reduced risk of 4-point MACE and 3
      point MACE compared with placebo.

PMID- 27376832
TI  - Improving green waste composting by addition of sugarcane bagasse and exhausted
      grape marc.
AB  - The composting of lignocellulosic waste into compost is a potential way of
      sustainably disposing of a waste while generating a useful product. The current
      study determined whether the addition of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) (at 0, 15, and
      25%) and/or exhausted grape marc (EGM) (at 0, 10, and 20%) improved the two-stage
      composting of green waste (GW). The combined addition of SCB and EGM improved
      composting conditions and the quality of the compost product in terms of
      temperature, water-holding capacity, particle-size distribution, coarseness
      index, pH, electrical conductivity, water-extractable organic carbon and
      nitrogen, microbial numbers, enzymatic activities, polysaccharide and lignin
      content, nutrient content, respiration, and phytotoxicity. The optimal two-stage
      composting and the best quality compost were obtained with the combined addition
      of 15% SCB and 20% EGM. With the optimized two-stage composting method, the
      compost matured in only 21days rather than in the 90-270days required for
      traditional composting. 

PMID- 27376833
TI  - Using tobacco waste extract in pre-culture medium to improve xylose utilization
      for l-lactic acid production from cellulosic waste by Rhizopus oryzae.
AB  - The aim of this work was to study the high-titer l-lactic acid production from
      cellulosic waste using Rhizopus oryzae. The tobacco waste water-extract (TWE)
      added with 5g/L glucose and 0.1g/L vitamin C was optimized as pre-culture medium
      for R. oryzae. Results found that compared to traditional pre-culture medium, it
      improved xylose consumption rate up to 2.12-fold and enhanced l-lactic acid yield
      up to 1.73-fold. The highest l-lactic acid concentration achieved was 173.5g/L,
      corresponding to volumetric productivity of 1.45g/Lh and yield of 0.860g/g total
      reducing sugar in fed-batch fermentation. This process achieves efficient
      production of polymer-grade l-lactic acid from cellulosic feedstocks, lowers the
      cost of fungal cell pre-culture and provides a novel way for re-utilization of
      tobacco waste. 

PMID- 27376834
TI  - Investigation of the adsorption-reduction mechanisms of hexavalent chromium by
      ramie biochars of different pyrolytic temperatures.
AB  - To investigate the relationship between Cr(VI) adsorption mechanisms and physio
      chemical properties of biochar, ramie residues were oxygen-limited pyrolyzed
      under temperature varying from 300 to 600 degrees C. Batch adsorption experiments
      indicated that higher pyrolysis temperature limits Cr(VI) sorption in terms of
      capacity and affinity due to a higher aromatic structure and fewer polar
      functional groups in biochar. Both electrostatic (physical) and ionic (chemical)
      interactions were involved in the Cr(VI) removal. For low-temperature biochar,
      the simple physical adsorption was limited and the significant improvement in
      Cr(VI) sorption was attributed to abundant carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. The
      adsorption-reduction mechanisms could be concluded that Cr(VI) ions were
      electrostatically attracted by the positively charged biochar surface and reduced
      to Cr(III), and then the converted Cr(III) was retained or discharged into the
      solution. The study demonstrates ramie residues can be converted into biochar as
      a low-cost and effective sorbent for Cr(VI) removal. 

PMID- 27376835
TI  - Improvement of poly-gamma-glutamic acid biosynthesis in a moving bed biofilm
      reactor by Bacillus subtilis NX-2.
AB  - The production of poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) by Bacillus subtilis NX-2
      using a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system was tested for the first time in
      this study. Polypropylene TL-2 was chosen as a suitable carrier, and gamma-PGA
      concentration of 42.7+/-0.86g/L and productivity of 0.59+/-0.06g/(Lh) were
      obtained in batch fermentation. After application of the strategy of dissolved
      oxygen (DO)-stat feeding, higher gamma-PGA concentration and productivity were
      achieved than with glucose feedback feeding. Finally, the repeated fed-batch
      cultures implemented in the MBBR system showed high stability, and the maximal
      gamma-PGA concentration and productivity of 74.2g/L and 1.24g/(Lh) were achieved,
      respectively. In addition, the promotion of oxygen transfer by an MBBR carrier
      was well explained by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. These
      results suggest that an MBBR system could be applied to large-scale gamma-PGA
      production. 

PMID- 27376836
TI  - "I'm taking control": how people living with HIV/AIDS manage stigma in health
      interactions.
AB  - Despite international efforts, stigma is still a significant issue for people
      living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This paper explores the stigma encountered in
      health interactions, focusing on strategies PLWHA use to manage and reduce it. It
      is hoped that our findings will improve future interactions by contributing
      towards a more understanding practitioner-patient relationship. The data have
      been drawn from a small qualitative study conducted in Christchurch, New Zealand.
      Fourteen participants took part in semi-structured face-to-face interviews in
      2013 and 11 of these participants were then interviewed again in 2014. Codes and
      themes were developed through inductive thematic analysis of the interview
      transcripts. Our findings identified that whilst the majority of participants had
      positive experiences, nearly all had faced stigma during their health
      interactions. Most of these encounters were due to healthcare workers holding
      exaggerated fears of transmission or not maintaining confidentiality and privacy.
      The main way that participants managed this stigma was through seeking control in
      their interactions. This overarching strategy could be further divided into three
      key themes: selective disclosure of their HIV status, self-advocacy and
      developing their HIV knowledge. We discuss these findings in the context of the
      current literature, comparing our results to strategies that have been previously
      identified in social settings.

PMID- 27376837
TI  - The reminiscence bump without memories: The distribution of imagined word-cued
      and important autobiographical memories in a hypothetical 70-year-old.
AB  - The reminiscence bump is the disproportionate number of autobiographical memories
      dating from adolescence and early adulthood. It has often been ascribed to a
      consolidation of the mature self in the period covered by the bump. Here we
      stripped away factors relating to the characteristics of autobiographical
      memories per se, most notably factors that aid in their encoding or retention, by
      asking students to generate imagined word-cued and imagined 'most important'
      autobiographical memories of a hypothetical, prototypical 70-year-old of their
      own culture and gender. We compared the distribution of these fictional memories
      with the distributions of actual word-cued and most important autobiographical
      memories in a sample of 61-70-year-olds. We found a striking similarity between
      the temporal distributions of the imagined memories and the actual memories.
      These results suggest that the reminiscence bump is largely driven by
      constructive, schematic factors at retrieval, thereby challenging most existing
      theoretical accounts.

PMID- 27376838
TI  - Nitric oxide increases the migratory activity of non-small cell lung cancer cells
      via AKT-mediated integrin alphav and beta1 upregulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previously, nitric oxide (NO) has been found to affect the metastatic
      behavior of various types of cancer. In addition, it has been found that
      alterations in integrin expression may have profound effects on cancer cell
      survival and migration. Here, we aimed at assessing the effects of non-toxic
      concentrations of NO on human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, including
      the expression of integrins and the migration of these cells. METHODS: The
      cytotoxic and proliferative effects of NO on human NSCLC-derived H460, H292 and
      H23 cells were tested by MTT assay. The migration capacities of these cells was
      evaluated by wound healing and transwell migration assays. The expression of
      integrins and migration-associated proteins was determined by Western blot
      analyses. RESULTS: We found that NO treatment caused a significant increase in
      the expression of integrin alphav and beta1 in all three NSCLC-derived cell lines
      tested. Known migration-associated proteins acting downstream of these integrins,
      including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), active RhoA (Rho-GTP) and active cell
      division control 42 (Cdc42-GTP), were found to be significantly activated in
      response to NO. In addition, we found that NO-treated cells showed an increased
      motility and that this motility was associated with a significant increase in the
      number of filopodia per cell. We also found that NO-treated cells exhibited
      increased active protein kinase G (PKG), protein kinase B (AKT) and FAK
      expression levels. Using a pharmacological approach, we found that the integrin
      modulating effect of NO is most likely brought about by a PKG/AKT-dependent
      mechanism, since the observed changes in integrin expression were abolished by
      AKT inhibitors, but not by FAK inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a novel
      role of NO in the regulation of integrin expression and, concomitantly, the
      migratory capacity of NSCLC cells.

PMID- 27376840
TI  - Alendronate- and risedronate-induced acute polyarthritis.
AB  - Bisphosphonates are the mainstay treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
      Although bisphosphonates are safety drugs, they have numerous side-effects such
      as arthralgia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein,
      gastrointestinal disturbances, and flu-like illness with symptoms of fatigue,
      fever, chills, malaise, and myalgia. We present a case of acute polyarthritis
      after administration of alendronate and risedronate in a 52-year-old woman. To
      the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first case of acute polyarthritis
      induced by per os administration of both alendronate and risedronate during
      weekly usage. This is a report of a 52-year-old woman admitted to our hospital
      every week in a month, within 48 h, after receiving three times alendronate and
      one time risedronate with diffuse arthralgias, miyalgias, and swelling with
      effusions in both wrists, both ankles, interphalangeal joints in both hands and
      feet, and in both knees. When we discontinued alendronate and risedronate, oral
      raloxifene (60 mg/day) with oral calcium (1 g/day), and vitamin D3 (800 IU/day)
      was initiated. The symptoms regressed in 1 week. During the 1 year follow-up
      period, no myalgia, arthritis, or synovitis was detected. The side-effects of
      bisphosphonates are rarely reported in the literature. We believe that the
      prevalance of these side-effects would increase by closer follow-up of patients
      receiving these medications. To our knowledge, this patient is the first reported
      case of acute polyarthritis induced by per os administration of both alendronate
      and risedronate during weekly usage.

PMID- 27376839
TI  - Hypoxia-inducible microRNA-488 regulates apoptosis by targeting Bim in
      osteosarcoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone cancer of which the survival rate is
      still low. One reason for this low survival rate is drug resistance. In the past,
      it has been shown that microRNAs may play critical roles in osteosarcoma
      development and drug resistance. The mechanisms by which osteosarcoma cells
      acquire this resistance have, however, remained largely unknown. Here, we aimed
      at assessing the role of microRNA-488 in the acquisition of drug resistance by
      osteosarcoma cells. METHODS: Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the
      expression of microRNA-488 in primary osteosarcoma samples and in osteosarcoma
      derived cells, whereas microRNA-488 mimics and inhibitors were used to modify its
      expression in these cells. Luciferase reporter, Western blotting, cell viability,
      apoptosis and ChIP assays were used to assess the various effects of modified
      microRNA-488 expression in osteosarcoma-derived cells. RESULTS: We found that
      microRNA-488 is over-expressed in primary osteosarcoma tissues and osteosarcoma
      derived cells and that hypoxia can induce microRNA-488 expression via binding to
      the hypoxia response element (HRE) in its promoter. We also found that exogenous
      over-expression of microRNA-488 promotes the proliferation, reduces the apoptosis
      and decreases the sensitivity to chemotherapy (doxorubicin) of osteosarcoma cells
      via direct targeting of the tumor suppressor Bim, which is a mediator of
      apoptosis. In contrast, we found that transfection of a microRNA-488 inhibitor
      resulted in an increase in both apoptosis and drug sensitivity, and a decrease in
      proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that miRNA-488 may serve as a
      predictor of response to chemotherapy and as a therapeutic target in human
      osteosarcomas.

PMID- 27376841
TI  - Band gap in tubular pillar phononic crystal plate.
AB  - In this paper, a phononic crystal (PC) plate with tubular pillars is presented
      and investigated. The band structures and mode displacement profiles are
      calculated by using finite element method. The result shows that a complete band
      gap opens when the ratio of the pillar height to the plate thickness is about
      1.6. However, for classic cylinder pillar structures, a band gap opens when the
      ratio is equal or greater than 3. A tubular pillar design with a void room in it
      enhances acoustic multiple scattering and gives rise to the opening of the band
      gap. In order to verify it, a PC structure with double tubular pillars different
      in size (one within the other) is introduced and a more than 2times band gap
      enlargement is observed. Furthermore, the coupling between the resonant mode and
      the plate mode around the band gap is characterized, as well as the effect of the
      geometrical parameters on the band gap. The behavior of such structure could be
      utilized to design a pillar PC with stronger structural stability and to enlarge
      band gaps.

PMID- 27376843
TI  - Long-term clinical evaluation of the automatic stance-phase lock-controlled
      prosthetic knee joint in young adults with unilateral above-knee amputation.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the automatic
      stance-phase lock (ASPL) knee mechanism against participants' existing weight
      activated braking (WAB) prosthetic knee joint. METHOD: This prospective crossover
      study involved 10 young adults with an above-knee amputation. Primary
      measurements consisted of tests of walking speeds and capacity. Heart rate was
      measured during the six-minute walk test and the Physiological Cost Index (PCI)
      which was calculated from heart rate estimated energy expenditure. Activity was
      measured with a pedometer. User function and quality of life were assessed using
      the Lower Limb Function Questionnaire (LLFQ) and Prosthetic Evaluation
      Questionnaire (PEQ). Long-term follow-up over 12 months were completed. RESULTS:
      Walking speeds were the same for WAB and APSL knees. Energy expenditure (PCI) was
      lower for the ASPL knees (p = 0.007). Step counts were the same for both knees,
      and questionnaires indicated ASPL knee preference attributed primarily to knee
      stability and improved walking, while limitations included terminal impact noise.
      Nine of 10 participants chose to keep using the ASPL knee as part of the long
      term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Potential benefits of the ASPL knee were identified
      in this study by functional measures, questionnaires and user feedback, but not
      changes in activity or the PEQ.

PMID- 27376844
TI  - [On the assessment of noise-induced hearing loss].

PMID- 27376842
TI  - The plastoquinol-plastoquinone exchange mechanism in photosystem II: insight from
      molecular dynamics simulations.
AB  - In the photosystem II (PSII) of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, the reaction
      center (RC) core mediates the light-induced electron transfer leading to water
      splitting and production of reduced plastoquinone molecules. The reduction of
      plastoquinone to plastoquinol lowers PSII affinity for the latter and leads to
      its release. However, little is known about the role of protein dynamics in this
      process. Here, molecular dynamics simulations of the complete PSII complex
      embedded in a lipid bilayer have been used to investigate the plastoquinol
      release mechanism. A distinct dynamic behavior of PSII in the presence of
      plastoquinol is observed which, coupled to changes in charge distribution and
      electrostatic interactions, causes disruption of the interactions seen in the
      PSII-plastoquinone complex and leads to the "squeezing out" of plastoquinol from
      the binding pocket. Displacement of plastoquinol closes the second water channel,
      recently described in a 2.9 A resolution PSII structure (Guskov et al. in Nat
      Struct Mol Biol 16:334-342, 2009), allowing to rule out the proposed
      "alternating" mechanism of plastoquinol-plastoquinone exchange, while giving
      support to the "single-channel" one. The performed simulations indicated a
      pivotal role of D1-Ser264 in modulating the dynamics of the plastoquinone binding
      pocket and plastoquinol-plastoquinone exchange via its interaction with D1-His252
      residue. The effects of the disruption of this hydrogen bond network on the PSII
      redox reactions were experimentally assessed in the D1 site-directed mutant
      Ser264Lys.

PMID- 27376845
TI  - Fatigue Improvement after Switching Multiple Sclerosis Treatment from Interferon
      beta to Glatiramer Acetate in Clinical Practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The immunomodulatory effect of glatiramer acetate may help in
      reducing multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue; however, evidence to prove this
      notion especially after switching from another immunomodulatory therapy is
      limited. We assessed the 6-month effect of glatiramer acetate on MS-related
      fatigue in patients switching from interferon-beta (IFN-beta) in clinical
      practice. METHODS: This was an observational study including 54 patients with
      relapsing-remitting MS that showed moderate/severe fatigue primarily caused by MS
      before switching from IFN-beta to glatiramer acetate and received glatiramer
      acetate for >=6 months in daily practice. Study data were retrospectively
      collected through chart review at treatment switch and over the following 6
      months on glatiramer acetate. RESULTS: Over the 6-month administration of
      glatiramer acetate, scores on the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale decreased:
      overall (p < 0.001), physical scale (p < 0.001), cognitive scale (p < 0.001), and
      psychosocial scale (p < 0.001). The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment
      Questionnaire showed improvements in work (p = 0.009) and other daily activity
      impairment (p < 0.001). Health-related quality of life as per the Multiple
      Sclerosis Impact Scale also improved: physical score (p < 0.001) and
      psychological score (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with moderate/severe
      fatigue switching from IFN-beta to glatiramer acetate may benefit from fatigue
      improvements that contribute to reduce their work/activity impairment and improve
      their quality of life.

PMID- 27376846
TI  - The effects of environmental and socioeconomic factors on land-use changes: a
      study of Alberta, Canada.
AB  - Various environmental and socioeconomic issues have been attributed to land-use
      changes, and therefore, the underlying mechanisms merit investigation and
      quantification. This study assesses a comprehensive series of land-use
      conversions that were implemented over a recent 12-year period in the province of
      Alberta, Canada, where rapid economic and population growth has occurred. Spatial
      autocorrelation models are applied to identify the comprehensive effects of
      environmental and socioeconomic factors in each conversion case. The empirical
      results show that the impacts of key environmental and socioeconomic factors
      varied in intensity depending on the type of land-use conversion involved.
      Overall, land suitability for agricultural uses, road density, elevation, and
      population growth were found to be significant predictors of land-use changes.
      High land suitability, low elevation, and moderate road density were associated
      with land conversion for agricultural purposes. 

PMID- 27376847
TI  - Analysis of land suitability for urban development in Ahwaz County in
      southwestern Iran using fuzzy logic and analytic network process (ANP).
AB  - The ever-increasing development of cities due to population growth and migration
      has led to unplanned constructions and great changes in urban spatial structure,
      especially the physical development of cities in unsuitable places, which
      requires conscious guidance and fundamental organization. It is therefore
      necessary to identify suitable sites for future development of cities and prevent
      urban sprawl as one of the main concerns of urban managers and planners. In this
      study, to determine the suitable sites for urban development in the county of
      Ahwaz, the effective biophysical and socioeconomic criteria (including 27 sub
      criteria) were initially determined based on literature review and interviews
      with certified experts. In the next step, a database of criteria and sub-criteria
      was prepared. Standardization of values and unification of scales in map layers
      were done using fuzzy logic. The criteria and sub-criteria were weighted by
      analytic network process (ANP) in the Super Decision software. Next, the map
      layers were overlaid using weighted linear combination (WLC) in the GIS software.
      According to the research findings, the final land suitability map was prepared
      with five suitability classes of very high (5.86 %), high (31.93 %), medium
      (38.61 %), low (17.65 %), and very low (5.95 %). Also, in terms of spatial
      distribution, suitable lands for urban development are mainly located in the
      central and southern parts of the Ahwaz County. It is expected that integration
      of fuzzy logic and ANP model will provide a better decision support tool compared
      with other models. The developed model can also be used in the land suitability
      analysis of other cities. 

PMID- 27376848
TI  - Epitaxial 2D PbS Nanoplates Arrays with Highly Efficient Infrared Response.
AB  - 2D nonlayered semiconductors attract intense interest due to their unique planar
      structure and various fascinating optoelectronic properties. Here, a method is
      developed to design orientation-controlled and well-defined single-crystalline
      PbS nanoplates arrays on mica. Furthermore, the single PbS nanoplate device
      displays great photoresponsivity, detectivity, and photogain values as high as
      1621 A W-1 , 1.72 * 1011 Jones, and 2512, respectively.

PMID- 27376849
TI  - Poly(paraphenylene sulfide) and Poly(metaphenylene sulfide) via Light-Initiated
      SRN 1-Type Polymerization of Halogenated Thiophenols.
AB  - In this work, the synthesis of various halogenated thiophenol derivatives is
      presented. These thiophenols are used as monomers in light-initiated SRN 1-type
      radical polymerization reactions. The method provides easy access to industrially
      relevant poly(paraphenylene sulfide) and poly(metaphenylene sulfide). The
      influence of the halide leaving group and of other substituents in the thiophenol
      monomer on the polymerization process is investigated. 

PMID- 27376851
TI  - [Update: Tuberculosis among adults in Germany].

PMID- 27376850
TI  - The vaginal vestibule: assessing the case for an anterior and posterior division.
AB  - The vaginal vestibule has not been the subject of a dedicated journal article.
      Recent terminology has suggested its division into anterior and posterior
      components. The case for this division has not yet been assessed. Both components
      extend laterally from the hymen to the junction with the labia minora. The
      posterior vaginal vestibule is proposed to extend from the posterior aspect of
      the hymen to the anterior edge of the perineum whilst the anterior vestibule
      extends from the posterior aspect of the hymen to just below the clitoris.
      Anatomical considerations (differing layers) might firstly support the above
      division. The posterior vestibule, by necessity, is far more flexible with the
      superficial aspect (approximately 1.5 cm), anatomically and histologically,
      comprising skin and subcutaneous tissue, with perineal musculature deep to this.
      In turn, it is more likely to be subject to obstetric and surgical considerations
      than the anterior vaginal vestibule. Obstetric trauma, in particular, would tend
      to create defects, particularly at its posterior margin. Many dermatological and
      microbiological considerations may be common to both anterior and posterior
      vestibule. Any dermatological condition of the vestibule can result in sexual
      dysfunction and can be complicated by secondary muscular spasm. Congenital
      anomalies will differ anteriorly and posteriorly. Multiple considerations can be
      identified to support the case for division of the vaginal vestibule into
      anterior and posterior components. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:979-983, 2017. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27376852
TI  - A novel compound 2-(4-{2-[(phenylthio)acetyl]carbonohydrazonoyl}phenoxy)acetamide
      downregulates TSLP through blocking of caspase-1/NF-kappaB pathways.
AB  - Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is regarded as the main factor responsible
      for the pathogenesis of allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis, chronic
      obstructive pulmonary diseases, and allergic rhinitis. As part of our continuing
      search for novel anti-inflammatory compounds, 2-(4-{2
      [(phenylthio)acetyl]carbonohydrazonoyl}phenoxy)acetamide (PA) was analyzed. In
      the present study, we examined how PA regulates the mRNA expression and
      production of TSLP in the human mast cell line, HMC-1 cells. Computer-aided
      docking simulation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase
      chain reaction, caspase-1 assay, and Western blotting were used to investigate
      the effects of PA. PA decreased the mRNA expression and production of TSLP in HMC
      1 cells. PA (1MUM) inhibited the TSLP production up to 87.710+/-5.201%. PA also
      improved the activation and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappaB as well as
      the degradation and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. Caspase-1 activation was up
      regulated in activated HMC-1 cells, whereas caspase-1 activation was down
      regulated by PA. Finally, PA inhibited ear swelling response induced by phorbol
      myristate acetate in mice. These results indicate that PA would be effective to
      treat inflammatory and atopic disorders through the down-regulations of TSLP. 

PMID- 27376853
TI  - Berberine alleviates postoperative cognitive dysfunction by suppressing
      neuroinflammation in aged mice.
AB  - Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant cause of morbidity
      after surgery, especially for the elderly. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated
      that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of POCD. Thus, we
      hypothesized that berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid with anti-inflammatory
      effects, could improve surgery-induced cognitive impairment. Twenty-month-old
      male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to exploratory laparotomy with isoflurane
      anesthesia to mimic the clinical human abdominal surgery. For the interventional
      studies, mice received berberine (10mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally. For the
      in vitro study, we examined the effects of berberine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      induced inflammatory mediators by cultured BV2 cells. Behavioral tests,
      expressions of IBA1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta
      (IL-1beta), and IL-6 were performed at the indicated time points. In the present
      study, we showed that surgery impaired the contextual fear memory, as evidenced
      by the significantly decreased freezing time to the context. This behavioral
      change coincided with marked increases in IBA1, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in
      the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus only at 24h but not 7 d after surgery. In
      BV2 cells, LPS induced significantly increased TNF-alpha and IL-1beta
      expressions. Notably, berberine treatment rescued surgery-induced cognitive
      impairment and inhibited the release of IBA1, IL-1beta, and IL-6 in the
      hippocampus. In line with the in vivo study, berberine treatment suppressed LPS
      stimulated production of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in BV2 cells. In conclusion, our
      study suggests that berberine could alleviate POCD by suppressing
      neuroinflammation in aged mice. 

PMID- 27376854
TI  - Potentiation of indomethacin-induced anti-inflammatory response by pioglitazone
      in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats: Role of PPARgamma receptors.
AB  - This study aimed to assess the interaction between anti-inflammatory effects of
      pioglitazone (peroxysome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma)
      agonist, PGL), and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, IND) and to
      evaluate the possible underlying mechanisms. Paw edema induced by carrageenan was
      used to induce inflammation. Different doses of IND (0.3-10mg/kg) and PGL (1
      20mg/kg) alone or in combination were administered intraperitoneally to rats. Paw
      tissue levels of PPARgamma, COX-2, and prostaglandin E2 and serum levels of TNF
      alpha and IL-10 were also estimated. Doses of IND and PGL showed a statistically
      significant anti-inflammatory effect. Combination of a non-effective dose of IND
      (0.3mg/kg) with increasing doses of PGL (1-10mg/kg) resulted in potentiated anti
      inflammation and vise versa. IND, PGL and the combination were able to reduce the
      COX-2, PGE2 contents and TNF-alpha level. Moreover, all these treatments caused
      elevation in PPARgamma levels and IL-10 levels. However, when the rats were pre
      treated with GW-9662 (a selective PPARgamma antagonist), all the anti
      inflammation and alterations in the biochemical factors were antagonized. These
      results showed that PGL markedly enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of IND
      and this effect mediated partly at least, through PPARgamma. Possible mechanisms
      of the interaction were that PGL stimulates the PPARgamma and inhibits COX-2 by
      those cytokines that trigger the PPARgamma and also inhibit COX-2. This study
      suggests that combination therapy with pioglitazone and indomethacin may provide
      an alternative for the clinical control of inflammation especially in patients
      with diabetes. 

PMID- 27376855
TI  - Species difference in reactivity to lignin-like enzymatically polymerized
      polyphenols on interferon-gamma synthesis and involvement of interleukin-2
      production in mice.
AB  - Recent studies have revealed that lignin-like polymerized polyphenols can
      activate innate immune systems. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether these
      polymerized polyphenols could activate leukocytes from different murine strains.
      Splenocytes from 12 mouse strains were investigated. Our results revealed species
      differences in reactivity to phenolic polymers on interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)
      release. Mice that possessed the H2(a) or H2(k) haplotype antigens were the
      highly responsive strains. To clarify these different points in soluble factors,
      multiplex cytokine profiling analysis was carried out and we identified
      interleukin (IL)-2 as a key molecule for IFN-gamma induction by polymerized
      polyphenols. Furthermore, inhibition of IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha by neutralizing
      antibodies significantly decreased cytokine production in the highly responsive
      mice strains. Our results indicate that species difference in reactivity to
      phenolic polymers is mediated by adequate release of IL-2 and its receptor, IL
      2Ralpha. 

PMID- 27376856
TI  - Systematic determination of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)
      in outdoor jackets.
AB  - Sixteen outdoor jackets were purchased in 2011/12 and analyzed for 23 different
      perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The jackets were selected
      based on their origin of production, price, market, and textile, such as
      polyester, nylon, polyamide, and content of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membranes.
      Two robust analytical methods based on high pressure liquid chromatography
      combined with tandem mass spectrometry, as well as two liquid extractions, were
      developed enabling the analysis of PFASs with widely different physico-chemical
      properties. The jackets were found to contain PFASs in a range between 0.03 and
      719 MUg/m(2). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was omnipresent (0.02-171 MUg/m(2)),
      although at lower concentrations compared to the precursors of perfluoroalkyl
      carboxylic acids (PFCAs), namely fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) (<0.001-698
      MUg/m(2)). Perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids and their putative precursors, in
      particular perfluoroalkane sulfonamides, were detected much less frequently at
      concentrations up to 5 MUg/m(2). To determine the effect of the volatility of
      FTOHs, four selected jackets were stored in a sealed bag in the dark at room
      temperature and re-analyzed after 3.5 years. Only 10%-20% of the initial
      concentration of 8:2-FTOH and 20%-50% of 10:2-FTOH were found, whereas the
      concentrations of PFOA and perfluorodecanoic acid increased significantly. This
      supports the hypothesis that PFAS concentrations in textiles are also strongly
      dependent on age, and conditions of transport and storage. 

PMID- 27376857
TI  - Environmental risk assessment of Polish wastewater treatment plant activity.
AB  - Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play an extremely important role in shaping
      modern society's environmental well-being and awareness, however only well
      operated and supervised systems can be considered as environmentally sustainable.
      For this reason, an attempt was undertaken to assess the environmental burden
      posed by WWTPs in major Polish cities by collecting water samples prior to and
      just after wastewater release points. Both classical and biological methods
      (Microtox((r)), Ostracodtoxkit FTM and comet assay) were utilized to assess
      environmental impact of given WWTP. Interestingly, in some cases, water quality
      improvement indicated as a toxicity decrement toward one of the bio-indicating
      organisms makes water worse for others in the systems. This fact is particularly
      noticeable in case of Silesian cities where heavy industry and high population
      density is present. It proves that WWTP should undergo individual evaluation of
      pollutant removal efficiency and tuned to selectively remove pollutants of
      highest risk to surrounding regional ecosystems. Biotests again proved to be an
      extremely important tool to fully assess the impact of environmental stressors on
      water bodies receiving effluents from WWTPs. 

PMID- 27376858
TI  - Influences of NOM composition and bacteriological characteristics on biological
      stability in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant.
AB  - The influences of natural organic matter (NOM) and bacteriological
      characteristics on the biological stability of water were investigated in a full
      scale drinking water treatment plant. We found that prechlorination decreased the
      hydrophobicity of the organic matter and significantly increased the high
      molecular-weight (MW) dissolved organic matter, such as biopolymers and humic
      substances. High-MW organic matter and structurally complex compounds are known
      to be relatively slowly biodegradable; however, because of the prechlorination
      step, the indigenous bacteria could readily utilise these fractions as
      assimilable organic carbon. Sequential coagulation and sedimentation resulted in
      the substantial removal of biopolymer (74%), humic substance (33%), bacterial
      cells (79%), and assimilable organic carbon (67%). Rapid sand and granular
      activated carbon filtration induced an increase in the low-nucleic-acid content
      bacteria; however, these bacteria were biologically less active in relation to
      enzymatic activity and ATP. The granular activated carbon step was essential to
      securing biological stability (the ability to prevent bacterial growth) by
      removing the residual assimilable organic carbon that had formed during the ozone
      treatment. The growth potential of Escherichia coli and indigenous bacteria were
      found to differ in respect to NOM characteristics. In comparison with E. coli,
      the indigenous bacteria utilised a broader range of NOM as a carbon source.
      Principal component analysis demonstrated that the measured biological stability
      of water could differ, depending on the NOM characteristics, as well as on the
      bacterial inoculum selected for the analysis. 

PMID- 27376859
TI  - Elevated CO2 affects secondary metabolites in Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings
      in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils.
AB  - Secondary metabolites play important roles in plant interactions with the
      environment. The co-occurrence of heavy metal contamination of soils and rising
      atmospheric CO2 has important effects on plant. It is important to explore the
      ways in which production of plant secondary metabolites is affected by heavy
      metals under elevated atmospheric CO2. We examined the effects of elevated CO2 on
      secondary metabolite contents in Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings grown in Cd- and
      lead (Pb)-contaminated soils. The increase in secondary metabolites was greater
      under Cd + Pb exposure than under exposure to individual metals regardless of
      elevated CO2 with the exception of condensed tannins in leaves and total
      alkaloids in stems. Except for phenolic compounds and condensed tannins, elevated
      CO2 was associated with increased secondary metabolite contents in leaves and
      stems of plants exposed to Cd, Pb, and Cd + Pb compared to plants exposed to
      ambient CO2 + metals. Changes in saponins in leaves and alkaloids in stems were
      greater than changes in the other secondary metabolites. Significant interactive
      effects of CO2, Cd, and Pb on secondary metabolites were observed. Saponins in
      leaves and alkaloids in stems were more sensitive than other secondary
      metabolites to elevated CO2 + Cd + Pb. Elevated CO2 could modulate plant
      protection and defense mechanisms in R. pseudoacacia seedlings exposed to heavy
      metals by altering the production of secondary metabolites. The increased Cd and
      Pb uptake under elevated CO2 suggested that R. pseudoacacia may be used in the
      phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils under global environmental
      scenarios. 

PMID- 27376860
TI  - Determination of illicit drugs in aqueous environmental samples by online solid
      phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - In this study, a fully automated analytical method, based on online solid phase
      extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass
      spectrometry (online SPE-LC-MS/MS), has been developed and optimized for the
      quantification of 10 illicit drugs and metabolites in environmentally aqueous
      samples collected from China. The particular attention was devoted to minimize
      the matrix effects through a washing step, which washed out the interferences
      effectively and helped to reduce the matrix effect significantly. The key
      advantages of the method are high sensitivity, selectivity and reliability of
      results, smaller sample manipulation, full automation, and fairly high
      throughput. The whole procedure was then successfully applied in the analysis of
      various surface water and wastewater effluents samples. Pseudoephedrine have been
      detected at trace levels (several tens ng L(-1) or less), while MDA, MDMA,
      benzoylecgonine and methadone were below the LOQ in all samples. Caffeine,
      cotinine and paraxanthine, which may be derived from medicines and foods, were
      detected with the highest frequencies and concentrations. 

PMID- 27376861
TI  - Acidification and sulfide formation control during reductive dechlorination of
      1,2-dichloroethane in groundwater: Effectiveness and mechanistic study.
AB  - To enhance the reductive dechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA) in
      groundwater, substrate injection may be required. However, substrate
      biodegradation causes groundwater acidification and sulfide production, which
      inhibits the bacteria responsible for DCA dechlorination and results in an odor
      problem. In the microcosm study, the effectiveness of the addition of ferrous
      sulfate (FS), desulfurization slag (DS), and nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on
      acidification and sulfide control was studied during reductive dechlorination of
      DCA, and the emulsified substrate (ES) was used as the substrate. Up to 94% of
      the sulfide was removed with FS and DS addition (0.25 wt%) (initial DCA
      concentration = 13.5 mg/L). FS and DS amendments resulted in the formation of a
      metal sulfide, which reduced the hydrogen sulfide concentration as well as the
      subsequent odor problem. Approximately 96% of the DCA was degraded under
      reductive dechlorination with nZVI or DS addition using ES as the substrate. In
      microcosms with nZVI or DS addition, the sulfide concentration was reduced to
      less than 15 MUg/L. Acidification can be controlled via hydroxide ions production
      after nZVI oxidation and reaction of free CaO (released from DS) with water,
      which enhanced DCA dechlorination. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction
      results confirmed that the microcosms with nZVI added had the highest
      Dehalococcoides population (up to 2.5 * 10(8) gene copies/g soil) due to
      effective acidification control. The alpha-elimination mechanism was the main
      abiotic process, and reductive dechlorination dominated by Dehalococcides was the
      biotic mechanism that resulted in DCA removal. More than 22 bacterial species
      were detected, and dechlorinating bacteria existed in soils under alkaline and
      acidic conditions. 

PMID- 27376862
TI  - Childhood maltreatment and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in
      adults: a large twin study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood maltreatment (CM) has been associated with increased risk
      of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. It is,
      however, unclear whether this association is causal or due to familial
      confounding. METHOD: Data from 18 168 adult twins, aged 20-46 years, were drawn
      from the population-based Swedish twin registry. Retrospective self-ratings of CM
      (emotional and physical neglect, physical and sexual abuse and witnessing family
      violence), and self-ratings for DSM-IV ADHD symptoms in adulthood were analysed.
      Possible familial confounding was investigated using a within twin-pair design
      based on monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. RESULTS: CM was significantly
      associated with increased levels of ADHD symptom scores in adults [regression
      coefficient: 0.40 standard deviations, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.43].
      Within twin-pair analyses showed attenuated but significant estimates within DZ
      (0.29, 95% CI 0.21-0.36) and MZ (0.18, 95% CI 0.10-0.25) twin pairs. Similar
      results emerged for hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive ADHD symptom scores
      separately in association with CM. We conducted sensitivity analyses for early
      maltreatment, before age 7, and for abuse and neglect separately, and found
      similarly reduced estimates in DZ and MZ pairs. Re-traumatization after age 7 did
      not significantly influence results. CONCLUSIONS: CM was significantly associated
      with increased ADHD symptoms in adults. Associations were partly due to familial
      confounding, but also consistent with a causal interpretation. Our findings
      support cognitive neuroscience studies investigating neural pathways through
      which exposure to CM may influence ADHD. Clinicians treating adults with ADHD
      should be aware of the association with maltreatment.

PMID- 27376863
TI  - Integrative concepts of rosacea pathophysiology, clinical presentation and new
      therapeutics.
AB  - Rosacea is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease with high prevalence
      worldwide. Recent research suggests that dysregulation of innate and adaptive
      immune pathways as well as neurovascular changes is present, with different
      degrees of importance in the various subtypes. Neither the aetiology, genetics
      nor pathophysiological basis of the vascular, inflammatory or fibrotic changes is
      well understood. The clinical spectrum comprises a huge variability from erythema
      (vasodilation) to papules/pustules (inflammatory infiltrate) to phymata
      (fibrosis, glandular hyperplasia) making it a valuable human disease model to
      understand the interplay between the neurovascular and immune systems as well as
      the progression from chronic inflammation to fibrosis in skin. The lack of
      appropriate animal models emphasizes the importance of further translational
      research validating observed molecular pathways under disease conditions. A wide
      spectrum of physical (UV, temperature), biological (microbiota, food) and
      endogenous (genetic, stress) stimuli has been discussed as "trigger factors" of
      rosacea. Novel findings implicate keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial
      cells, macrophages, mast cells, fibroblasts, Th1/Th17 cells, antibody-producing B
      cells and neurons in the pathobiology of rosacea. So far, pattern recognition
      receptors like TLR2, transient receptor potential ion channels, cytokines,
      chemokines and proteases have been implicated as critical receptors/mediators.
      However, our understanding of the interactive networks on the molecular level is
      very limited. Identification of critical molecular components of the inflammatory
      cascade including antimicrobial peptides, the IL-1beta inflammasome, TNF, IFN
      gamma, proteases and neuropeptides may provide the basis for novel pathomechanism
      based therapeutic approaches for this frequent and bothersome skin disease.

PMID- 27376864
TI  - Perceived benefits following completion of a clinical dermatology online
      programme for general practitioners.

PMID- 27376865
TI  - Toward translating near-infrared spectroscopy oxygen saturation data for the non
      invasive prediction of spatial and temporal hemodynamics during exercise.
AB  - Image-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies conducted at rest have
      shown that atherosclerotic plaque in the thoracic aorta (TA) correlates with
      adverse wall shear stress (WSS), but there is a paucity of such data under
      elevated flow conditions. We developed a pedaling exercise protocol to obtain
      phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) blood flow measurements in the
      TA and brachiocephalic arteries during three-tiered supine pedaling at 130, 150,
      and 170 % of resting heart rate (HR), and relate these measurements to non
      invasive tissue oxygen saturation [Formula: see text] acquired by near-infrared
      spectroscopy (NIRS) while conducting the same protocol. Local quantification of
      WSS indices by CFD revealed low time-averaged WSS on the outer curvature of the
      ascending aorta and the inner curvature of the descending aorta (dAo) that
      progressively increased with exercise, but that remained low on the anterior
      surface of brachiocephalic arteries. High oscillatory WSS observed on the inner
      curvature of the aorta persisted during exercise as well. Results suggest locally
      continuous exposure to potentially deleterious indices of WSS despite benefits of
      exercise. Linear relationships between flow distributions and tissue oxygen
      extraction calculated from [Formula: see text] were found between the left common
      carotid versus cerebral tissue [Formula: see text] and the dAo versus leg tissue
      [Formula: see text]. A resulting six-step procedure is presented to use NIRS data
      as a surrogate for exercise PC-MRI when setting boundary conditions for future
      CFD studies of the TA under simulated exercise conditions. Relationships and
      ensemble-averaged PC-MRI inflow waveforms are provided in an online repository
      for this purpose.

PMID- 27376866
TI  - Infant patterns of reactivity to tactile stimulation during parent-child
      interaction.
AB  - Touch is the primary modality infants use to engage with the world; atypical
      responses to tactile stimuli may indicate risk for disordered outcomes. The
      current study examined infants' responses to tactile stimulation within parent
      child interaction, adding to prior knowledge based on parent report. Nine-month
      old infants (N=497) were observed while parents painted and pressed infants'
      hands and feet to paper to make designs. Positive and negative affect and gazing
      away, exploring, and resistance behaviors were coded. Latent Class Analysis of
      observed behaviors yielded four tactile response patterns partially consistent
      with current nosology for sensory processing patterns: Low Reactive, Sensory
      Overreactive, Sensory Seeking, and Mixed Over/Underreactive. To evaluate whether
      patterns made valid distinctions among infants, latent classes were examined in
      relation to parent-reported temperament. Infants in the Mixed Over/Underreactive
      class were rated higher in distress to limitations and activity level than other
      infants. Sensory processing patterns observed in parent-child interaction are
      consistent with those identified by parent-report and may be used in future
      research to elucidate relations with temperament and typical and atypical
      development.

PMID- 27376867
TI  - Design and Rationale of 'Tackling Acute Kidney Injury', a Multicentre Quality
      Improvement Study.
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and associated with extremely poor outcomes.
      While strategies to tackle deficiencies in basic care delivery are advocated,
      robust testing of their effectiveness is also needed. The Tackling AKI study was
      designed to test whether a complex intervention (consisting of an e-alert, care
      bundle and education programme) can be successfully implemented across a range of
      UK hospitals, and whether this will deliver improved patient outcomes. This
      multicentre, pragmatic clinical trial will employ a cluster randomised stepped
      wedge design to study this in all adult patients who sustain AKI in the 5
      participating hospitals over a 2-year period. The intervention will be supported
      by a comprehensive change management framework. Data collection will include
      patient outcomes, process measures and a qualitative assessment of barriers and
      enablers to implementation. This article describes the rationale and design
      behind the Tackling AKI study. (c) 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.

PMID- 27376868
TI  - Enuresis and Punishment: The Adverse Effects on Child Development and on
      Treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of punishment in enuretic children and how the
      punishments can influence therapy response. METHODS: We enrolled 218 enuretic
      children. The children and their families were asked to participate in the study
      at the end of the clinical evaluation. RESULTS: The analysis of the
      questionnaires shows that at least one punishment because of nocturnal enuresis
      (NE) had been applied to 27 out of 218 (12.4%) children. Punishment methods were
      reprimanding in 19 out of 27 (70.4%), depriving of sleep in 11 out of 27 (40.7%),
      mildly beating in 3 out of 27 (11.1%), leaving the child wet in 1 out of 27
      (3.7%) and other methods in 2 out of 27 (7.4%). In the group of punished
      children, a full or partial response in terms of a decreased number of wet nights
      was achieved in 40.7 vs. 59.2% in children who had not been punished.
      CONCLUSIONS: Parents should be sensitized on the adverse effects of punishment on
      child development. It is important in childcare to explain the definitions of the
      disorder and find the best treatment (behavioural and/or medicinal) depending on
      the single patient, his/her family and compliance of both. Successful management
      of NE has benefits to both the child and the family.

PMID- 27376869
TI  - Source insights into the 11-h daytime and nighttime fine ambient particulate
      matter in China as well as the synthetic studies using the new Multilinear Engine
      2-species ratios (ME2-SR) method.
AB  - Modeled results are very important for environmental management. Unreasonable
      modeled result can lead to wrong strategy for air pollution management. In this
      work, an improved physically constrained source apportionment (PCSA) technology
      known as Multilinear Engine 2-species ratios (ME2-SR) was developed to the 11-h
      daytime and nighttime fine ambient particulate matter in urban area. Firstly,
      synthetic studies were carried out to explore the effectiveness of ME2-SR. The
      estimated source contributions were compared with the true values. The results
      suggest that, compared with the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the
      ME2-SR method could obtain more physically reliable outcomes, indicating that ME2
      SR was effective, especially when apportioning the datasets with no unknown
      source. Additionally, 11-h daytime and nighttime PM2.5 samples were collected
      from Tianjin in China. The sources of the 11-h daytime and nighttime fine ambient
      particulate matter in China were identified using the new method and the PMF
      model. The calculated source contributions for ME2-SR for daytime PM2.5 samples
      are resuspended dust (38.91 MUg m(-3), 26.60%), sulfate and nitrate (38.60 MUg m(
      3), 26.39%), vehicle exhaust and road dust (38.26 MUg m(-3), 26.16%) and coal
      combustion (20.14 MUg m(-3), 13.77%), and those for nighttime PM2.5 samples are
      resuspended dust (18.78 MUg m(-3), 12.91%), sulfate and nitrate (41.57 MUg m(-3),
      28.58%), vehicle exhaust and road dust (38.39 MUg m(-3), 26.39%), and coal
      combustion (36.76 MUg m(-3), 25.27%). The comparisons of the constrained versus
      unconstrained outcomes clearly suggest that the physical meaning of the ME2-SR
      results is interpretable and reliable, not only for the specified species values
      but also for source contributions. The findings indicate that the ME2-SR method
      can be a useful tool in source apportionment studies, for air pollution
      management. 

PMID- 27376870
TI  - To manage inland fisheries is to manage at the social-ecological watershed scale.
AB  - Approaches to managing inland fisheries vary between systems and regions but are
      often based on large-scale marine fisheries principles and thus limited and
      outdated. Rarely do they adopt holistic approaches that consider the complex
      interplay among humans, fish, and the environment. We argue that there is an
      urgent need for a shift in inland fisheries management towards holistic and
      transdisciplinary approaches that embrace the principles of social-ecological
      systems at the watershed scale. The interconnectedness of inland fisheries with
      their associated watershed (biotic, abiotic, and humans) make them extremely
      complex and challenging to manage and protect. For this reason, the watershed is
      a logical management unit. To assist management at this scale, we propose a
      framework that integrates disparate concepts and management paradigms to
      facilitate inland fisheries management and sustainability. We contend that inland
      fisheries need to be managed as social-ecological watershed system (SEWS). The
      framework supports watershed-scale and transboundary governance to manage inland
      fisheries, and transdisciplinary projects and teams to ensure relevant and
      applicable monitoring and research. We discuss concepts of social-ecological
      feedback and interactions of multiple stressors and factors within/between the
      social-ecological systems. Moreover, we emphasize that management, monitoring,
      and research on inland fisheries at the watershed scale are needed to ensure long
      term sustainable and resilient fisheries. 

PMID- 27376871
TI  - Patient-reported outcome after radical cystectomy: translation and psychometric
      validation of the Swedish version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy
      Scale Vanderbilt Cystectomy Index.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Swedish
      version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale - Vanderbilt
      Cystectomy Index (FACT-VCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: For adaptation into Swedish,
      a multiprofessional team was used for translation including cultural adjustment,
      followed by back-translation. Test and retest in 10 individuals was followed by
      assessing metric properties in 75 consecutive patients with bladder cancer
      treated with radical cystectomy. Reliability and internal consistency were
      measured by Cronbach's alpha. Face validity was tested with two laypersons and
      construct validity was tested by correlation to the dimensions in the Functional
      Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale - General (FACT-G). RESULTS: The translated
      Swedish instrument showed validity and reliability similar to the original, and
      the results were comparable to published studies using FACT-VCI. The correlation
      between the VCI sum score and FACT-G dimensions was significant in all dimensions
      and the item-total correlation was over 0.3; therefore, the construct validity
      was acceptable. In addition, it was possible to detect differences in separate
      items in the translated version of FACT-VCI between age groups, type of diversion
      and those treated with chemotherapy, even though the samples were small.
      CONCLUSIONS: The Swedish version of FACT-VCI is a valid and reliable instrument
      for use in the follow-up of patients with bladder cancer treated with urinary
      diversion. To measure changes after surgery, preoperative assessment with the
      related FACT-G instrument is advisable.

PMID- 27376872
TI  - Efficacy and safety of retigabine/ezogabine as adjunctive therapy in adult Asian
      patients with drug-resistant partial-onset seizures: A randomized, placebo
      controlled Phase III study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of
      adjunctive retigabine/ezogabine (RTG/EZG) therapy in Asian adults with partial
      onset seizures. METHODS: A Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo
      controlled, parallel-group study was conducted at 26 centers in Asia. Eligible
      patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive RTG/EZG 600mg/day (200mg 3
      times daily), RTG/EZG 900mg/day (300mg 3 times daily), or placebo. The study
      consisted of an 8-week screening/baseline phase, followed by a 16-week treatment
      phase (4-week titration phase and 12-week maintenance phase). RESULTS: The study
      was terminated early because of emerging safety information on RTG/EZG (i.e.,
      retinal pigmentation and skin/mucosal discoloration) from long-term trials. Of
      132 patients screened and 76 randomized, 75 (placebo, n=25; RTG/EZG 600mg/day,
      n=26; RTG/EZG 900mg/day, n=24) received at least 1 dose of the study drug and
      were included in the safety and intent-to-treat populations. The responder rate
      (>=50% reduction in 28-day total partial-onset seizure frequency) was 31% with
      RTG/EZG 600mg/day and 17% with RTG/EZG 900mg/day versus 0% with placebo. Median
      percent change from baseline in 28-day total partial-onset seizure frequency
      during the maintenance phase was -33.90% and -22.46% with RTG/EZG 600 and
      900mg/day, respectively, versus -22.21% with placebo. No new safety concerns were
      identified. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient data were obtained to permit definitive
      conclusions. However, the results appear to be broadly in line with those from
      previous studies that included primarily Caucasian patients.

PMID- 27376873
TI  - Deformation-Induced Martensite: A New Paradigm for Exceptional Steels.
AB  - Martensite steel is induced from pearlitic steel by a newly discovered method,
      which is completely different from the traditional route of quenching austenitic
      steel. Both experimental and theoretical studies demonstrate that Fe-C martensite
      forms by severe deformation at room temperature. The new mechanism identified
      here opens a paths to material-design strategies based on deformation-driven
      nanoscale phase transformations. 

PMID- 27376874
TI  - Genomics of human fatty liver disease reveal mechanistically linked lipid droplet
      associated gene regulations in bland steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common disorder hallmarked by
      excessive lipid deposits. Based on our recent research on lipid droplet (LD)
      formation in hepatocytes, we investigated LD-associated gene regulations in NAFLD
      of different grades, that is, steatosis vs steatohepatitis by comparing liver
      biopsies from healthy controls (N = 13) and NAFLD patients (N = 102). On average,
      more than 700 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified of which 146
      are mechanistically linked to LD formation. We identified 51 LD-associated DEGs
      frequently regulated in patient samples (range >=5 to <=102) with the liver
      receptor homolog-1(NR5A2), that is, a key regulator of cholesterol metabolism
      being commonly repressed among 100 patients examined. With bland steatosis,
      notable regulations involved hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated-protein
      and diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase-2 renowned for their role in LD-growth.
      Conversely, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated DEGs coded for epidermal
      growth factor receptor and TLR4 signaling with decreased expression of the GTPase
      Rab5 and the lipid phosphohydrolase PPAP2B thus highlighting adaptive responses
      to inflammation, LDL-mediated endocytosis and lipogenesis, respectively. Studies
      with steatotic primary human hepatocyte cultures demonstrated induction of LD
      associated PLIN2, CIDEC, DNAAF1, whereas repressed expression of CPT1A, ANGPTL4,
      and PKLR informed on burdened mitochondrial metabolism. Equally, repressed
      expression of the B-lymphocyte chemoattractant CXCL13 and STAT4 as well as
      induced FGF21 evidenced amelioration of steatosis-related inflammation. In
      vitro/in-vivo patient sample comparisons confirmed C-reactive protein, SOCS3,
      NR5A2, and SOD2 as commonly regulated. Lastly, STRING network analysis
      highlighted potential "druggable" targets with PLIN2, CIDEC, and hypoxia
      inducible lipid droplet-associated-protein being confirmed by immunofluorescence
      microscopy. In conclusion, steatosis and steatohepatitis specific gene
      regulations informed on the pathogenesis of NAFLD to broaden the perspective of
      targeted therapies.

PMID- 27376875
TI  - The role of autosuggestion in geriatric patients' quality of life: a study on
      psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunology pathway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been no study conducted about the effect of autosuggestion
      on quality of life for geriatric patients. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy
      of autosuggestion for geriatric patients' quality of life and its impact on
      psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune pathway. METHODS: Sixty geriatric patients aged
      >=60 years in a ward were randomly assigned to either receive autosuggestion or
      not. Autosuggestion was recorded in a tape to be heard daily for 30 days. Both
      groups received the standard medical therapy. Primary outcome was quality of life
      by COOP chart. Secondary outcomes were serum cortisol level, interleukin-2,
      interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, and N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio in
      limbic/paralimbic system by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The study was single
      blinded due to the nature of the intervention studied. RESULTS: Out of 60
      subjects, 51 finished the study. The autosuggestion group reported better scores
      than the control one for quality of life, COOP chart 1.95 vs. 2.22 (95% CI, p =
      0.02). There were increments of serum cortisol (p = 0.03) and interleukin-6 in
      the autosuggestion group (p = 0.04). Interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, and N
      acetylaspartate/creatine ratio in prefrontal cortex showed a tendency to increase
      in the autosuggestion groups. CONCLUSION: Autosuggestion is associated with
      improvement of geriatrics' quality of life, serum cortisol level, and adaptive
      immunity. There is a better trend for neuroplasticity in prefrontal cortex in the
      autosuggestion group.

PMID- 27376876
TI  - The effect of fatigue on the corrosion resistance of common medical alloys.
AB  - The effect of mechanical fatigue on the corrosion resistance of medical devices
      has been a concern for devices that experience significant fatigue during their
      lifespan and devices made from metallic alloys. The Food and Drug Administration
      had recommended in some instances for corrosion testing to be performed on post
      fatigued devices [Non-clinical tests and recommended labeling for intravascular
      stents and associated delivery systems: guidance for industry and FDA staff.
      2005: Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health],
      although the need for this has been debated [Nagaraja S, et al., J Biomed Mater
      Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2016, 8.] This study seeks to evaluate the effect of
      fatigue on the corrosion resistance of 5 different materials commonly used in
      medical devices: 316 LVM stainless steel, MP35N cobalt chromium, electropolished
      nitinol, mechanically polished nitinol, and black oxide nitinol. Prior to
      corrosion testing per ASTM F2129, wires of each alloy were split into subgroups
      and subjected to either nothing (that is, as received); high strain fatigue for
      less than 8 min; short-term phosphate buffered saline (PBS) soak for less than 8
      min; low strain fatigue for 8 days; or long-term PBS soak for 8 days. Results
      from corrosion testing showed that the rest potential trended to an equilibrium
      potential with increasing time in PBS and that there was no statistical (p >
      0.05) difference in breakdown potential between the fatigued and matching PBS
      soak groups for 9 out of 10 test conditions. Our results suggest that under these
      nonfretting conditions, corrosion susceptibility as measured by breakdown
      potential per ASTM F2129 was unaffected by the fatigue condition. 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2019-2026,
      2017.

PMID- 27376877
TI  - Anion recognition by a bidentate chalcogen bond donor.
AB  - Perfluoroaryl-substituted tellurophenes act as anion receptors through
      noncovalent chalcogen bonding interactions. Linking two tellurophenes through an
      ethynylene group results in a significant level of chelate cooperativity, thus
      demonstrating that chalcogen bonding can be used to achieve multidentate anion
      recognition. 

PMID- 27376878
TI  - Gastro-intestinal basidiobolomycosis in a 2-year-old boy: dramatic response to
      potassium iodide.
AB  - Gastro-intestinal basidiobolomycosis (GIB) is a rare fungal infection caused by
      Basidiobolus ranarum. Treatment includes surgical resection and long-term
      antifungal therapy. A 2.5-year-old boy presented with a 10-day history of
      abdominal pain, fever and diarrhoea, and a palpable abdominal mass was detected.
      Resection was undertaken and histology confirmed basidiobolomycosis. Treatment
      with amphotericin B and itraconazole was commenced, but the infection progressed
      and spread to involve the intestines, liver, ribs and lung, and also the
      abdominal wall after 6 months, requiring four operative procedures. Because of
      unresponsiveness to amphotericin and itraconazole, oral potassium iodide was
      added which resulted in complete resolution of the infection. Potassium iodide is
      an essential component of the treatment of systemic B. ranarum.

PMID- 27376879
TI  - Four New Steroidal Glycosides, Protolinckiosides A - D, from the Starfish
      Protoreaster lincki.
AB  - Four new steroidal glycosides, protolinckiosides A - D (1 - 4, resp.), were
      isolated along with four previously known glycosides, 5 - 8, from the MeOH/EtOH
      extract of the starfish Protoreaster lincki. The structures of 1 - 4 were
      elucidated by extensive NMR and ESI-MS techniques as
      (3beta,4beta,5alpha,6beta,7alpha,15alpha,16beta,25S)-4,6,7,8,15,16,26
      heptahydroxycholestan-3-yl 2-O-methyl-beta-d-xylopyranoside (1),
      (3beta,5alpha,6beta,15alpha,24S)-3,5,6,8,15-pentahydroxycholestan-24-yl alpha-l
      arabinofuranoside (2), sodium (3beta,6beta,15alpha,16beta,24R)-29-(beta-d
      galactofuranosyloxy)-6,8,16-trihydroxy-3-[(2-O-methyl-beta-d
      xylopyranosyl)oxy]stigmast-4-en-15-yl sulfate (3), and sodium
      (3beta,6beta,15alpha,16beta,22E,24R)-28-(beta-d-galactofuranosyloxy)-6,8,16
      trihydroxy-3-[(2-O-methyl-beta-d-xylopyranosyl)oxy]ergosta-4,22-dien-15-yl
      sulfate (4). The unsubstituted beta-d-galactofuranose residue at C(28) or C(29)
      of the side chains was found in starfish steroidal glycosides for the first time.
      Compounds 1 - 4 significantly decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) content in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages at induction by proinflammatory
      endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli. 

PMID- 27376880
TI  - P2 receptors, microglial cytokines and chemokines, and neuropathic pain.
AB  - Neuropathic pain is a debilitating chronic pain and represents a major clinical
      challenge. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying its development and
      maintenance are not fully understood but involve abnormal excitability in the
      dorsal horn of the spinal cord. A growing body of evidence has shown that this
      aberrant excitability may be a consequence not merely of changes in neurons but
      rather of multiple alterations in microglia, which are resident macrophages in
      the central nervous system. This review highlights recent advances in our
      understanding of the mechanisms that underlie neuropathic pain caused by
      peripheral nerve injury, with a specific focus on purinergic signaling in spinal
      cord microglia. This provides convincing evidence for a crucial role for
      microglial purinergic signaling in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, and P2
      receptors may be potential therapeutic targets for managing neuropathic pain. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27376881
TI  - The Saccharomyces cerevisiae response to stress caused by the herbicidal active
      substance alachlor requires the iron regulon transcription factor Aft1p.
AB  - In the Saccharomyces cerevisiae eukaryotic model, the induction of the iron
      regulon genes ARN1, FIT2 and CTH2 by growth-inhibitory concentrations of alachlor
      (ALA) was dependent on Aft1p expression. This transcription factor was found to
      be activated through its nuclear localization. The hypersensitivity of the
      aft1Delta mutant to ALA was abrogated by surplus exogenous iron, suggesting that
      the role of Aft1p in ALA tolerance may be associated with iron limitation under
      ALA stress. A transient decrease in the cellular iron content in the ALA-stressed
      cells supported this idea. In contrast to the upregulation of the nonreductive
      iron uptake genes ARN1 and FIT2 by ALA, the quantity of FET3 and FTR1 transcripts
      encoding the high-affinity iron uptake reductive pathway decreased. Yeast cells
      were apparently more sensitive to ALA when iron uptake occurred through the
      reductive pathway than when the nonreductive uptake of ferrichrome-bound ferric
      iron was dominant. On the other hand, the ALA hypersensitivity of the aft1Delta
      mutant was reversed by medium supplementation with glutathione or N-acetyl-L
      cysteine. The results are compatible with possible links between ALA toxicity and
      perturbations in metal and antioxidant homeostasis, which may be relevant for
      environmental microbes and higher eukaryotes in situations of inadvertent
      herbicide contamination.

PMID- 27376882
TI  - Associations between nicotine dependence, anhedonia, urgency and smoking motives.
AB  - Models of nicotine dependence have suggested that the association between
      urgency, a subconstruct of impulsivity, and smoking behaviors may be mediated by
      motivations. Motives that are driven by expectations that smoking will relieve
      negative affect or increase positive affect may be especially salient in persons
      who have depression symptoms such as anhedonia. Support for associations between
      symptoms of depression, urgency, and addiction has been found for alcohol
      dependence, but empirical analysis is lacking for an interactive effect of
      urgency and depression symptoms on nicotine dependence. The current study
      investigated relationships among the urgency facet of impulsivity, anhedonia,
      smoking motives, and nicotine dependence with secondary analyses of a sample of
      1084 daily smokers using simultaneous moderation and multiple mediation analyses.
      The moderation analysis revealed that although urgency was significantly
      associated with smoking at average or higher levels of anhedonia, it was
      unrelated to smoking when few anhedonia symptoms were endorsed. Further, multiple
      mediation analyses revealed that the smoking motives of craving, cue exposure,
      positive reinforcement, and tolerance significantly mediated the relationship
      between urgency and nicotine dependence. Results suggest that models of alcohol
      addiction that include an interactive effect of urgency and certain symptoms of
      depression may be applied to nicotine dependence. Examination of the multiple
      mediational pathways between urgency and nicotine dependence suggests directions
      for intervention efforts.

PMID- 27376884
TI  - Active site densities, oxygen activation and adsorbed reactive oxygen in alcohol
      activation on npAu catalysts.
AB  - The activation of molecular O2 as well as the reactivity of adsorbed oxygen
      species is of central importance in aerobic selective oxidation chemistry on Au
      based catalysts. Herein, we address the issue of O2 activation on unsupported
      nanoporous gold (npAu) catalysts by applying a transient pressure technique, a
      temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor, to measure the saturation coverage
      of atomic oxygen, its collisional dissociation probability, the activation
      barrier for O2 dissociation, and the facility with which adsorbed O species
      activate methanol, the initial step in the catalytic cycle of esterification. The
      results from these experiments indicate that molecular O2 dissociation is
      associated with surface silver, that the density of reactive sites is quite low,
      that adsorbed oxygen atoms do not spill over from the sites of activation onto
      the surrounding surface, and that methanol reacts quite facilely with the
      adsorbed oxygen atoms. In addition, the O species from O2 dissociation exhibits
      reactivity for the selective oxidation of methanol but not for CO. The TAP
      experiments also revealed that the surface of the npAu catalyst is saturated with
      adsorbed O under steady state reaction conditions, at least for the pulse
      reaction.

PMID- 27376885
TI  - Formamides as Lewis Base Catalysts in SN Reactions-Efficient Transformation of
      Alcohols into Chlorides, Amines, and Ethers.
AB  - A simple formamide catalyst facilitates the efficient transformation of alcohols
      into alkyl chlorides with benzoyl chloride as the sole reagent. These
      nucleophilic substitutions proceed through iminium-activated alcohols as
      intermediates. The novel method, which can be even performed under solvent-free
      conditions, is distinguished by an excellent functional group tolerance,
      scalability (>100 g) and waste-balance (E-factor down to 2). Chiral substrates
      are converted with excellent levels of stereochemical inversion (99 %->>=95 %
      ee). In a practical one-pot procedure, the primary formed chlorides can be
      further transformed into amines, azides, ethers, sulfides, and nitriles. The
      value of the method was demonstrated in straightforward syntheses of the drugs
      rac-Clopidogrel and S-Fendiline.

PMID- 27376883
TI  - Improved pulmonary function in the nitrofen model of congenital diaphragmatic
      hernia following prenatal maternal dexamethasone and/or sildenafil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity
      and mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). The etiologic insult
      occurs early in gestation highlighting the potential of prenatal interventions.
      We evaluated prenatal pharmacologic therapies in the nitrofen CDH model. METHODS:
      Olive oil or nitrofen were administered alone or with dexamethasone (DM),
      sildenafil, or DM+sildenafil to pregnant rats. Newborn pups were assessed for
      lung function, structure and pulmonary artery (PA) flow and resistance. RESULTS:
      Prenatal DM treatment of CDH pups increased alveolar volume density (Vva),
      decreased interalveloar septal thickness, increased tidal volumes and improved
      ventilation without improving oxygenation or PA resistance. Sildenafil decreased
      PA resistance and improved oxygenation without improving ventilation or resulting
      in significant histologic changes. DM+sildenafil decreased PA resistance,
      improved oxygenation and ventilation while increasing Vva and decreasing
      interalveolar septal and pulmonary arteriole medial wall thickness. Lung and body
      weights were decreased in pups treated with DM and/or sildenafil. CONCLUSION:
      Prenatal DM or sildenafil treatment increased pulmonary compliance and decreased
      pulmonary vascular resistance respectively, and was associated with improved
      neonatal gas exchange but had a detrimental effect on lung and fetal growth. This
      study highlights the potential of individual and combined prenatal pharmacologic
      therapies for CDH management.

PMID- 27376886
TI  - Don't forget the dentist: Dental care use and needs of women with breast cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patients with breast cancer may develop dental problems due to
      treatment. We examined the prevalence of their dental care use and needs,
      compared the prevalence of use with that of the general population, and examined
      which factors predict patients' dental care use. METHODS: Patients with primary
      breast cancer completed a questionnaire at 6 and 15 months post-diagnosis.
      Medical data were retrieved from medical records. The prevalence of dental care
      use and needs was examined with descriptive analyses. Associations between
      predictors and dental care use were examined with multivariate analyses. RESULTS:
      Twenty-one percent of 746 participants visited their dentist at least once in the
      past three months at 6 months, and 23% at 15 months post-diagnosis. The estimated
      percentage of women with at least one contact with their dentist in 12 months was
      low compared to the general female population (31.9% versus 79.5%). One to two
      percent of the respondents wanted more contact. Having dental care insurance
      (odds ratio 1.80; 95% CI, 1.08-3.00), chemotherapy (odds ratio 1.93; 95% CI, 1.21
      3.06), and clinical distress 6 months post-diagnosis (odds ratio 2.53; 95% CI,
      1.70-3.79) predicted use of dental care 9 months later. CONCLUSIONS: Up to 15
      months post-diagnosis, breast cancer patients' dental care use is lower than
      warranted. Oncologists and cancer nurses are recommended to inform patients about
      dental risks, and to encourage them - particularly those without insurance - to
      visit their dentist. Occurrence of dental problems should be monitored,
      especially in patients who receive chemotherapy or who are clinically distressed.

PMID- 27376887
TI  - Efficacy of localization of non-palpable, invasive breast cancer: Wire
      localization vs. Iodine-125 seed: A historical comparison.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To achieve radical tumour excision in non-palpable breast cancer
      accurate tumour localization is essential. Historically, this has been achieved
      by wire localization (WL). Recently, new techniques like Iodine-125 seeds (IL)
      have become available. The aim of this study was to determine whether the results
      in case of IL are better than when WL is used. METHOD: A consecutive series of
      patients operated on because of non-palpable breast cancer was analysed. Between
      January 2007 and April 2011 WL was method of choice. From April 2011 till January
      2013 IL was introduced and became the standard procedure. PRIMARY OUTCOMES WERE:
      success rate of (peri-) operative localization and radicality of the excision.
      Secondary outcomes were duration of operation and volumes of the excised tissue
      specimen. RESULTS: A total of 236 women were included; 149 women underwent WL and
      87 women IL. The overall success rate for WL was 93.3%. In 10 patients (6.7%) WL
      failed because of peri-operative dislocation of the wire compared to only one
      failure to locate the seed in de postoperative specimen in the IL-group (1.1%, p
      = 0.098). Radical resection was obtained in 126/149 (84.6%) of the WL-patients,
      in comparison with 81/87 (93.1%) in the IL-group (p = 0.054). Median operation
      time and volume of the specimen was not significantly different between both
      groups. CONCLUSION: Localization of non-palpable breast cancer using Iodine-125
      seeds is, at least, as good as the standard wire localization procedure.

PMID- 27376888
TI  - Mixed valent metals.
AB  - We review the theory of mixed-valent metals and make comparison with experiments.
      A single-impurity description of the mixed-valent state is discussed alongside
      the description of the nearly-integer valent or Kondo limit. The degeneracy N of
      the f-shell plays an important role in the description of the low-temperature
      Fermi-liquid state. In particular, for large N, there is a rapid cross-over
      between the mixed-valent and the Kondo limit when the number of f electrons is
      changed. We discuss the limitations on the application of the single-impurity
      description to concentrated compounds such as those caused by the saturation of
      the Kondo effect and those due to the presence of magnetic interactions between
      the impurities. This discussion is followed by a description of a periodic
      lattice of mixed-valent ions, including the role of the degeneracy N. The article
      concludes with a comparison of theory and experiment. Topics covered include the
      single-impurity Anderson model, Luttinger's theorem, the Friedel sum rule, the
      Schrieffer-Wolff transformation, the single-impurity Kondo model, Kondo
      screening, the Wilson ratio, local Fermi-liquids, Fermi-liquid sum rules, the
      Nozieres exhaustion principle, Doniach's diagram, the Anderson lattice model, the
      Slave-Boson method, etc.

PMID- 27376889
TI  - Enhanced binding of necrosis-targeting immunocytokine NHS-IL12 after local tumour
      irradiation in murine xenograft models.
AB  - PURPOSE: NHS-IL12 is an immunocytokine targeting necrotic tumour areas. IL12
      shows anti-tumour activity. As local irradiation might induce additional necrosis
      in solid tumours, we aimed to evaluate the increase in intratumoural accumulation
      of NHS-IL12 after irradiation and correlate the findings with diffusion-weighted
      MRI studies in two xenograft models. METHODS: Human rhabdomyosarcoma (A204) and
      prostate cancer (PC3) cells were studied in vitro and as subcutaneous xenografts.
      Radiation sensitivity of the cell lines was assessed in vitro by colony formation
      assays. In vivo tumour necrosis was assessed based on apparent diffusion
      coefficients (ADC). Biodistribution of NHS-IL12 was evaluated with and without
      tumour irradiation using in vivo small-animal PET and ex vivo biodistribution.
      RESULTS: A204 and PC3 differed in their intrinsic radiation sensitivity.
      Accordingly, radiation-induced tumour necrosis was found only in A204 xenografts.
      In comparison with control, ADC was significantly increased after irradiation of
      A204 tumours with 1 * 8.0 Gy and 5 * 2.0 Gy, whereas no change in ADC was
      observed in PC3 xenografts in all irradiation regimes. ADC correlated with
      histology. An enhanced uptake of radiolabelled NHS-IL12 in A204 tumours was
      detected by PET and ex vivo biodistribution after tumour irradiation. In PC3
      tumours, no increase in NHS-IL12 uptake was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In dependence
      of the tumour model, tumour irradiation enhanced tumour necrosis measured in MRI
      and histology. In vivo PET and ex vivo biodistribution showed enhanced binding of
      NHS-IL12 in rhabdomyosarcoma xenografts. Thus, enhanced binding of necrosis
      targeting immunocytokines might be a novel mechanism of additive effects in
      combination with irradiation.

PMID- 27376890
TI  - Red flags presented in current low back pain guidelines: a review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify and descriptively compare
      the red flags endorsed in guidelines for the detection of serious pathology in
      patients presenting with low back pain to primary care. METHOD: We searched
      databases, the World Wide Web and contacted experts aiming to find the
      multidisciplinary clinical guideline in low back pain in primary care, and
      selected the most recent one per country. We extracted data on the number and
      type of red flags for identifying patients with higher likelihood of serious
      pathology. Furthermore, we extracted data on whether or not accuracy data
      (sensitivity/specificity, predictive values, etc.) were presented to support the
      endorsement of specific red flags. RESULTS: We found 21 discrete guidelines all
      published between 2000 and 2015. One guideline could not be retrieved and after
      selecting one guideline per country we included 16 guidelines in our analysis
      from 15 different countries and one for Europe as a whole. All guidelines focused
      on the management of patients with low back pain in a primary care or
      multidisciplinary care setting. Five guidelines presented red flags in general,
      i.e., not related to any specific disease. Overall, we found 46 discrete red
      flags related to the four main categories of serious pathology: malignancy,
      fracture, cauda equina syndrome and infection. The majority of guidelines
      presented two red flags for fracture ('major or significant trauma' and 'use of
      steroids or immunosuppressors') and two for malignancy ('history of cancer' and
      'unintentional weight loss'). Most often pain at night or at rest was also
      considered as a red flag for various underlying pathologies. Eight guidelines
      based their choice of red flags on consensus or previous guidelines; five did not
      provide any reference to support the choice of red flags, three guidelines
      presented a reference in general, and data on diagnostic accuracy was rarely
      provided. CONCLUSION: A wide variety of red flags was presented in guidelines for
      low back pain, with a lack of consensus between guidelines for which red flags to
      endorse. Evidence for the accuracy of recommended red flags was lacking.

PMID- 27376891
TI  - A longitudinal study on urinary cadmium and renal tubular protein excretion of
      nickel-cadmium battery workers after cessation of cadmium exposure.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to predict the outcome of urinary cadmium (Cd)
      excretion and renal tubular function by analyzing their evolution through 10
      years after Cd exposure ceased. METHODS: Forty-one female, non-smoking workers
      were recruited from the year 2004 to 2009 when being removed from a nickel
      cadmium battery factory, and they were asked to provide morning urine samples on
      three consecutive days at enrollment and in every follow-up year until 2014.
      Urinary Cd and renal tubular function biomarkers including urinary beta2
      microglobulin (beta2-m) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) concentrations were
      determined with the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and the
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. RESULTS: The medians of
      baseline Cd, beta2-m and RBP concentrations at enrollment were 6.19, 105.38 and
      71.84 MUg/g creatinine, respectively. Urinary beta2-m and RBP concentrations were
      both related to Cd concentrations over the years (beta absolute-beta2-m = 9.16, P
      = 0.008 and beta absolute-RBP = 6.42, P < 0.001, respectively). Cd, beta2-m and
      RBP concentrations in the follow-up years were all associated with their baseline
      concentrations (beta absolute-Cd = 0.61, P < 0.001; beta absolute-beta2-m = 0.64,
      P < 0.001; and beta absolute-RBP = 0.60, P < 0.001, respectively), and showed a
      decreasing tendency with the number of elapsed years relative to their baseline
      concentrations (beta relative-Cd = -0.20, P = 0.010; beta relative-beta2-m = 
      17.19, P = 0.002; and beta relative-RBP = -10.66, P < 0.001, respectively).
      CONCLUSIONS: Urinary Cd might eventually decrease to the general population
      level, and Cd-related tubular function would improve under the baseline
      conditions of this cohort.

PMID- 27376892
TI  - Effort-reward imbalance, cortisol secretion, and inflammatory activity in police
      officers with 24-h work shifts.
AB  - PURPOSE: Accumulating evidence shows that effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work
      can cause various health problems. However, few studies have investigated the
      biological pathways linking ERI and health outcomes, and their findings have been
      inconsistent. In this study, we investigated the associations between ERI, the
      hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and inflammation in a sample of
      police officers. METHODS: One hundred forty-two male police officers that were
      engaged in a working system of 24-h shifts were followed up during the work shift
      as well as during the two subsequent work-free days. Throughout this period, the
      participants provided two saliva samples each day for the 3-day period, and we
      measured the concentrations of cortisol and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the
      saliva. The police officers also completed the Japanese short version of the
      Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire. RESULTS: The results of linear mixed model
      analyses controlled for possible confounding variables indicated that higher
      effort scores (p = 0.031) as well as effort-reward ratio (p = 0.080) were
      associated with lower cortisol levels, and the effect of effort was strengthened
      in the younger police officers (p = 0.017). Furthermore, higher effort scores
      were associated with higher CRP levels in younger police officers (p = 0.037).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that effort, a component of ERI, has
      physiological effects in younger police officers, which possibly contribute to
      the development of stress-related diseases.

PMID- 27376893
TI  - [Nutritional management in geriatric traumatology].
AB  - The prevalence of malnutrition or the risk of malnourishment is high among
      orthogeriatric patients and a poor nutritional status is associated with a
      negative outcome. A comprehensive management of preoperative and postoperative
      nutritional and fluid intake in these patients can help to improve the situation.
      The management includes identification of patients affected, a thorough
      assessment of the nutritional status, work-up of possible underlying causes,
      documentation of nutritional and fluid intake and, most importantly, procedures
      to improve the preoperative and postoperative nutritional situation. This article
      gives an overview of the recently updated recommendations on nutritional
      management in orthogeriatric patients as published by the orthogeriatric working
      group of the German Geriatric Society. 

PMID- 27376894
TI  - SYBR Green II Dye-Based Real-Time Assay for Measuring Inhibitor Activity Against
      HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase.
AB  - There are arrays of in vitro assays to quantify the activity of HIV-1 reverse
      transcriptase (HIV-1 RT). These assays utilize either chemically
      customized/labelled nucleotides, or TaqMan probes, or radiolabeled
      nucleotides/primers. Although several real-time PCR assays exist commercially for
      measuring the RT activity, which are usually used for quantifying the viral
      titres, these assays are not optimized for measuring the inhibitory
      concentrations (IC50) of HIV-1 RT inhibitors. Moreover, a recently established
      inorganic pyrophosphate-coupled enzyme assay cannot be employed for studying
      nonphosphorylated nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). In the
      present study, we have developed a novel one-step assay with native nucleotide
      substrates and SYBR Green II dye to determine IC50 values of triphosphorylated
      NRTIs against HIV-1 RT. Using exact batches of wild-type and mutant RT, and
      triphosphorylated NRTIs, we showed that our method gave IC50 values for
      inhibitors similar to that of an earlier published colorimetric assay with BrdUTP
      substrate (CABS). Our assay should be suitable for high-throughput screening of
      antiretroviral drugs and could also be suitable for studying drug resistance
      profiles. Additionally, we also used our assay to study inhibition by AZT in its
      nonphosphorylated form by supplementing the reaction mixture with necessary
      kinases and ATP. 

PMID- 27376895
TI  - Micro/Nano Multilayered Scaffolds of PLGA and Collagen by Alternately
      Electrospinning for Bone Tissue Engineering.
AB  - The dual extrusion electrospinning technique was used to fabricate multilayered
      3D scaffolds by stacking microfibrous meshes of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic
      acid) (PLGA) in alternate fashion to micro/nano mixed fibrous meshes of PLGA and
      collagen. To fabricate the multilayered scaffold, 35 wt% solution of PLGA in THF
      DMF binary solvent (3:1) and 5 wt% solution of collagen in hexafluoroisopropanol
      (HFIP) with and without hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHA) were used. The dual and
      individual electrospinning of PLGA and collagen were carried out at flow rates of
      1.0 and 0.5 mL/h, respectively, at an applied voltage of 20 kV. The density of
      collagen fibers in multilayered scaffolds has controlled the adhesion,
      proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The homogeneous
      dispersion of glutamic acid-modified hydroxyapatite nanorods (nHA-GA) in collagen
      solution has improved the osteogenic properties of fabricated multilayered
      scaffolds. The fabricated multilayered scaffolds were characterized using FT-IR,
      X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The
      scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to evaluate the adhesion and
      spreads of MC3T3-E1 cells on multilayered scaffolds. The activity of MC3T3-E1
      cells on the multilayered scaffolds was evaluated by applying MTT, alkaline
      phosphatase, Alizarin Red, von Kossa, and cytoskeleton F-actin assaying
      protocols. The micro/nano fibrous PLGA-Col-HA scaffolds were found to be highly
      bioactive in comparison to pristine microfibrous PLGA and micro/nano mixed
      fibrous PLGA and Col scaffolds. 

PMID- 27376896
TI  - Cholinesterase inhibitors, donepezil and rivastigmine, attenuate spatial memory
      and cognitive flexibility impairment induced by acute ethanol in the Barnes maze
      task in rats.
AB  - Central cholinergic dysfunction contributes to acute spatial memory deficits
      produced by ethanol administration. Donepezil and rivastigmine elevate
      acetylcholine levels in the synaptic cleft through the inhibition of
      cholinesterases-enzymes involved in acetylcholine degradation. The aim of our
      study was to reveal whether donepezil (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) and
      rivastigmine (also butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor) attenuate spatial memory
      impairment as induced by acute ethanol administration in the Barnes maze task
      (primary latency and number of errors in finding the escape box) in rats.
      Additionally, we compared the influence of these drugs on ethanol-disturbed
      memory. In the first experiment, the dose of ethanol (1.75 g/kg, i.p.) was
      selected that impaired spatial memory, but did not induce motor impairment. Next,
      we studied the influence of donepezil (1 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.), as well as
      rivastigmine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.), given either before the probe trial or the
      reversal learning on ethanol-induced memory impairment. Our study demonstrated
      that these drugs, when given before the probe trial, were equally effective in
      attenuating ethanol-induced impairment in both test situations, whereas
      rivastigmine, at both doses (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.), and donepezil only at a
      higher dose (3 mg/kg, i.p.) given prior the reversal learning, attenuated the
      ethanol-induced impairment in cognitive flexibility. Thus, rivastigmine appears
      to exert more beneficial effect than donepezil in reversing ethanol-induced
      cognitive impairments-probably due to its wider spectrum of activity. In
      conclusion, the ethanol-induced spatial memory impairment may be attenuated by
      pharmacological manipulation of central cholinergic neurotransmission. 

PMID- 27376897
TI  - Bone remodeling markers as lithogenic risk factors in patients with osteopenia
      osteoporosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the presence of phosphocalcic metabolism disorders in
      patients with osteopenia-osteoporosis without nephrolithiasis with respect to a
      control group. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with
      osteopenia-osteoporosis without nephrolithiasis (n = 67) in lumbar spine or femur
      and in a control group (n = 61) with no lithiasis or bone disorders. Blood bone
      markers, phosphocalcic metabolism, fasting urine, 24-h urine lithogenic risk
      factors, and densitometry were recorded in both groups. SPSS 20.0 was used for
      statistical analysis. RESULTS: In comparison with the controls, significantly
      higher blood calcium (9.27 +/- 0.36 vs. 9.57 +/- 0.38, p = 0.0001), intact
      parathormone (45.6 +/- 14.9 vs. 53.8 +/- 18.9, p = 0.008), and alkaline
      phosphatase (61.9 +/- 20.9 vs. 70.74 +/- 18.9, p = 0.014) levels were found in
      patients with osteopenia-osteoporosis. In the 24-h urine test, citrate (1010.7 +/
      647.8 vs. 617.6 +/- 315.8, p = 0.0001) and oxalate (28.21 +/- 17.65 vs. 22.11 +/
      16.49, p = 0.045) levels were significantly lower in osteopenia-osteoporosis
      patients than in controls, with no significant difference in calcium (187.3 +/-
      106.9 vs. 207.06 +/- 98.12, p = 0.27) or uric acid (540.7 +/- 186.2 vs. 511.9 +/-
      167.06, p = 0.35) levels. Patients with osteopenia-osteoporosis had significantly
      higher levels of lithogenic risk factors associated with bone remodeling,
      including significantly increased beta-crosslaps and osteocalcin values and
      higher beta-crosslaps/osteocalcin ratios. CONCLUSION: Patients with osteopenia
      osteoporosis without nephrolithiasis showed phosphocalcic metabolism disorders as
      well as lower urinary citrate and higher beta-crosslaps/osteocalcin and fasting
      calcium/creatinine ratios, which would increase the risk of nephrolithiasis.
      Hence, prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term risks.

PMID- 27376898
TI  - Treatment strategies for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) of a solitary
      kidney: a single-institutional analysis of 61 cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the treatment strategies for patients with upper tract
      urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) of a solitary kidney. METHODS: A retrospective
      analysis of 61 cases who underwent operation for UTUC of a solitary kidney from
      2000 to 2012 was performed. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) or conservative
      management was performed. Patients were divided into three groups according to
      preoperative renal function: group A (eGFR >= 60 mL/min), group B (15 mL/min <=
      eGFR < 60 mL/min) and group C (eGFR < 15 mL/min). We analyzed treatment outcomes
      of patients with different renal function and surgical approaches. RESULTS: No
      significant complications were observed, and short-time recovery after operation
      was satisfactory in all patients. The 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates
      for the groups A, B and C were 92.9, 75.3 and 63.7 %, respectively (p = 0.683).
      The 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival rates were 92.9 and
      53 % for group A, respectively, 75.3 and 64.8 % for group B, respectively, and
      63.7 and 29.5 % for group C, respectively (all p > 0.1). The conservative
      management arm was associated with older age (p = 0.002), smaller tumor size (p =
      0.013), lack of renal replacement history (p = 0.007) and better preoperative
      renal function (p = 0.002). There were no significant differences in 5-year CSS,
      OS or recurrence-free survival between the RNU and conservative management
      groups. Long-term hemodialysis was required in only three patients in the
      conservative management arm. CONCLUSION: Long-term oncological outcomes after
      conservative management are comparable to RNU in selected cases, and conservative
      management should be considered an alternative treatment measure. Preoperative
      renal function and clinicopathological characteristics are important in surgery
      selection for patients with UTUC of a solitary kidney.

PMID- 27376899
TI  - Status of dosage compensation of X chromosome in bovine genome.
AB  - Dosage compensation system with X chromosome upregulation and inactivation have
      evolved to overcome the genetic imbalance between sex chromosomes in both male
      and female of mammals. Although recent development of chromosome-wide
      technologies has allowed us to test X upregulation, discrete data processing and
      analysis methods draw disparate conclusions. A series of expression studies
      revealed status of dosage compensation in some species belonging to monotremes,
      marsupials, rodents and primates. However, X upregulation in the Artiodactyla
      order including cattle have not been studied yet. In this study, we surveyed the
      genome-wide transcriptional upregulation in X chromosome in cattle RNA-seq data
      using different gene filtration methods. Overall examination of RNA-seq data
      revealed that X chromosome in the pituitary gland expressed more genes than in
      other peripheral tissues, which was consistent with the previous results observed
      in human and mouse. When analyzed with globally expressed genes, a median X:A
      expression ratio was 0.94. The ratio of 1-to-1 ortholog genes between chicken and
      mammals, however, showed considerable reduction to 0.68. These results indicate
      that status of dosage compensation for cattle is not deviated from those found in
      rodents and primate, and this is consistent with the evolutionary history of
      cattle. 

PMID- 27376901
TI  - Care Bundles for Acute Kidney Injury: Do They Work?
AB  - Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and is associated with poor patient outcomes,
      which in some cases appear associated with deficiencies in the provision of care.
      Care bundles (CBs) are a structured set of practices designed to improve the
      processes of care delivery and ultimately patient outcomes, and there have been
      some demonstrations of their utility in areas such as ventilator-associated
      pneumonia and in sepsis management. While there is a strong rationale for their
      use, the evidence base around AKI CBs is small but growing. Here, we review the
      existing data on the effectiveness of AKI CB and discuss optimal approaches to
      their future study. (c) 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.

PMID- 27376900
TI  - Relationship of Stigma and Depression Among Newly HIV-Diagnosed Chinese Men Who
      Have Sex with Men.
AB  - Little is known about the relationship between HIV stigma and depression among
      newly diagnosed HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). We measured HIV
      related stigma and current depression using standard scales among 367 Chinese MSM
      who had been diagnosed very recently with HIV infection, analyzing key
      associations with multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Current depression
      prevalence was 36 %. Median scores for felt, vicarious, and internalized stigma
      were 17, 2, and 5, respectively, each on a 0-30 scale. A one-point increase in
      the total stigma score was associated with a 4 % increase in the odds of current
      depression [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.04, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.03
      1.05]. Internalized stigma had the strongest association with depression (aOR =
      1.09, 95 % CI 1.07-1.12). Effective interventions to address coping with HIV
      related stigma immediately following HIV-diagnosis might help reduce depression,
      improve long-term mental health, and improve engagement in their care.

PMID- 27376902
TI  - Chemoselective Synthesis of Carbamates using CO2 as Carbon Source.
AB  - Synthesis of carbamates directly from amines using CO2 as the carbon source is a
      straightforward and sustainable approach. Herein, we describe a highly effective
      and chemoselective methodology for the synthesis of carbamates at room
      temperature and atmospheric pressure. This methodology can also be applied to
      protect the amino group in amino acids and peptides, and also to synthesize
      important pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 27376906
TI  - Laryngotracheal reconstruction with a prefabricated fasciocutaneous free flap for
      recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prefabricated composite free flaps have been described as a technique
      for reconstruction of laryngotracheal defects. METHODS: We present a 74-year-old
      woman with recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) who was initially treated
      with thyroidectomy, tracheal resection, and subsequent vocal cord medialization.
      The patient's recurrent disease was treated with partial laryngectomy and
      reconstruction using a prefabricated composite free flap. A 2-stage procedure was
      performed using conchal cartilage to create a prefabricated radial forearm free
      flap. RESULTS: The patient's airway was successfully reconstructed with
      preservation of speech and swallow function. CONCLUSION: This case provides
      further evidence supporting the use of prefabricated free flaps in airway
      reconstruction and the ability to obtain successful outcomes in a patient with
      multiple prior surgeries in the operative field and requiring adjuvant external
      beam radiation therapy. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2512
      E2514, 2016.

PMID- 27376907
TI  - Prior Lubrication of the Urethra Does Not Reduce Pain Perception in Men
      Undergoing Flexible Cystoscopy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to test the hypothesis that the instillation of
      lidocaine gel does not reduce the pain related to flexible cystoscopy. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study was designed to compare the pain
      perception between intraurethral instillation of lidocaine gel and saline
      solution in flexible cystoscopy. One hundred consecutive male patients attending
      for flexible cystoscopy were randomized to receive 10 ml of lidocaine gel or 10
      ml of saline solution. Saline solution was also used for the irrigation pressure.
      Patients recorded their pain on a 10 cm Visual Analog Scale before and after the
      procedure. Patients also assessed whether the cystoscopy was more painful than
      the previous one. Statistical comparison was made using the t test for
      parametrical data and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-parametrical data. RESULTS:
      Mean pain score in the lidocaine group was 0.67 +/- 1.11 cm (range 0-5) compared
      to 0.55 +/- 1.10 cm (range 0-5) in the saline solution group. Pain perception did
      not differ significantly between the 2 groups (mean difference 0.12 cm, 95% CI 
      0.32 to 0.55, p = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: Prior lubrication of the urethra does not
      reduce the pain produced during flexible cystoscopy. The introduction of flexible
      cystoscopes under direct vision and with an irrigation pressure might guarantee
      sufficient comfort and the lubricant gel instillation could be avoided.

PMID- 27376908
TI  - Shock, but no shift: Hospitals' responses to changes in patient insurance mix.
AB  - Medicaid reimburses healthcare providers for services at a lower rate than any
      other type of insurance coverage. To account for the burden of treating Medicaid
      patients, providers claim that they must cost-shift by raising the rates of
      individuals covered by private insurance. Previous investigations of cost
      shifting has produced mixed results. In this paper, I exploit a disabled Medicaid
      expansion where crowd-out was complete to investigate cost-shifting. I find that
      hospitals reduce the charge rates of the privately insured. Given that Medicaid
      is expanding in several states under the Affordable Care Act, these results may
      alleviate cost-shifting concerns of the reform.

PMID- 27376909
TI  - Quantile treatment effects of job loss on health.
AB  - Studies on health effects of job loss mostly estimate mean effects. We argue that
      the effects might differ over the distribution of the health status and use
      quantile regression methods to provide a more complete picture. To take the
      potential endogeneity of job loss into account, we estimate quantile treatment
      effects where we rely on job loss due to plant closures. We find that the effect
      of job loss indeed varies across the mental and physical health distribution. Job
      loss due to plant closures affects physical health adversely for individuals in
      the middle and lower part of the health distribution while those in best physical
      condition do not seem to be affected. The results for mental health, though less
      distinct, point in the same direction. We find no effects on BMI.

PMID- 27376910
TI  - Reactive Multifunctional Template-Induced Preparation of Fe-N-Doped Mesoporous
      Carbon Microspheres Towards Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen
      Reduction.
AB  - A novel in situ replication and polymerization strategy is developed for the
      synthesis of Fe-N-doped mesoporous carbon microspheres (Fe-NMCSs). This material
      benefits from the synergy between the high catalytic activity of Fe-N-C and the
      fast mass transport of the mesoporous microsphere structure. Compared to
      commercial Pt/C catalysts, the Fe-NMCSs show a much better electrocatalytic
      performance in terms of higher catalytic activity, selectivity, and durability
      for the oxygen reduction reaction.

PMID- 27376911
TI  - Automated seizure detection systems and their effectiveness for each type of
      seizure.
AB  - Epilepsy affects almost 1% of the population and most of the approximately 20-30%
      of patients with refractory epilepsy have one or more seizures per month. Seizure
      detection devices allow an objective assessment of seizure frequency and a
      treatment tailored to the individual patient. A rapid recognition and treatment
      of seizures through closed-loop systems could potentially decrease morbidity and
      mortality in epilepsy. However, no single detection device can detect all seizure
      types. Therefore, the choice of a seizure detection device should consider the
      patient-specific seizure semiologies. This review of the literature evaluates
      seizure detection devices and their effectiveness for different seizure types.
      Our aim is to summarize current evidence, offer suggestions on how to select the
      most suitable seizure detection device for each patient and provide guidance to
      physicians, families and researchers when choosing or designing seizure detection
      devices. Further, this review will guide future prospective validation studies. 

PMID- 27376912
TI  - A transactivation switchboard in wound healing.

PMID- 27376913
TI  - Sacral nerve stimulation lead implantation in partial sacral agenesis using intra
      operative computerized tomography.
AB  - AIM: Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) lead implantation is a straightforward
      procedure for individuals with intact spinal vertebrae. When sacral anomalies are
      present, however, the anatomical and radiological reference points used for the
      accurate placement of the electrode may be absent or difficult to identify.
      METHOD: We describe an innovative surgical procedure of percutaneous nerve
      evaluation for SNS in a patient with faecal incontinence secondary to a
      congenital imperforate anus and partial sacral agenesis using a surgical imaging
      platform (O-arm system) under neurophysiological control. RESULTS: Using intra
      operative CT and neuronavigation, the insertion point at the skin was identified.
      The lead was introduced into the right-sided S3 foramen and placed at the correct
      depth. An appropriate motor response was obtained after stimulation and
      neurophysiological control confirmed that the right S3 root was being stimulated.
      CONCLUSION: Our experience showed that O-arm guided navigation can be used to
      overcome the difficulty of SNS lead placement in patients with partial sacral
      agenesis who have faecal incontinence.

PMID- 27376914
TI  - Modelling of marine radionuclide dispersion in IAEA MODARIA program: Lessons
      learnt from the Baltic Sea and Fukushima scenarios.
AB  - State-of-the art dispersion models were applied to simulate (137)Cs dispersion
      from Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster fallout in the Baltic Sea and from
      Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant releases in the Pacific Ocean after the 2011
      tsunami. Models were of different nature, from box to full three-dimensional
      models, and included water/sediment interactions. Agreement between models was
      very good in the Baltic. In the case of Fukushima, results from models could be
      considered to be in acceptable agreement only after a model harmonization process
      consisting of using exactly the same forcing (water circulation and parameters)
      in all models. It was found that the dynamics of the considered system (magnitude
      and variability of currents) was essential in obtaining a good agreement between
      models. The difficulties in developing operative models for decision-making
      support in these dynamic environments were highlighted. Three stages which should
      be considered after an emergency, each of them requiring specific modelling
      approaches, have been defined. They are the emergency, the post-emergency and the
      long-term phases. 

PMID- 27376915
TI  - Comparison of regional air dispersion simulation and ambient air monitoring data
      for the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene.
AB  - SOFEA v2.0 is an air dispersion modeling tool used to predict acute and chronic
      pesticide concentrations in air for large air sheds resulting from agronomic
      practices. A 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) air monitoring study in high use
      townships in Merced County, CA, logged 3-day average air concentrations at nine
      locations over a 14.5month period. SOFEA, using weather data measured at the
      site, and using a historical CDPR regulatory assumption of a constant 320m mixing
      height, predicted the general pattern and correct order of magnitude for 1,3-D
      air concentrations as a function of time, but failed to estimate the highest
      observed 1,3-D concentrations of the monitoring study. A time series and
      statistical comparison of the measured and modeled data indicated that the model
      underestimated 1,3-D concentrations during calm periods (wind speed <1m/s), such
      that the annual average concentration was under predicted by approximately 4.7
      fold, and the variability was not representative of the measured data. Calm
      periods are associated with low mixing heights (MHs) and are more prevalent in
      the Central Valley of CA during the winter months, and thus the assumption of a
      constant 320m mixing height is not appropriate. An algorithm was developed to
      calculate the MH using the air temperature in the weather file when the wind
      speed was <1m/s. When the model was run using the revised MHs, the average of the
      modeled 1,3-D concentration Probability Distribution Function (PDF) was within 5%
      of the measured PDF, and the variability in modeled concentrations more closely
      matched the measured dataset. Use of the PCRAMMET processed weather data from the
      site (including PCRAMMET MH) resulted in the global annual average concentration
      within 2-fold of measured data. Receptor density was also found to have an effect
      on the modeled 1,3-D concentration PDF, and a 50*50 receptor grid in the nine
      township domain captured the measured 1,3-D concentration distribution much
      better than a 3*3 receptor grid (i.e., simulated receptors at the nine monitoring
      locations). Comparison of the monitored and simulated PDF for 72-h 1,3-D
      concentrations indicated that SOFEA slightly over predicts the 1,3-D
      concentration distribution at all percentiles below the 99th with slight under
      prediction of the 99-100th percentile values. This suggests that without further
      refinement, the SOFEA2 model, based upon field validation observations, will
      result in representative but conservative estimates of lifetime exposure to 1,3-D
      for bystanders in 1,3-D use areas. 

PMID- 27376916
TI  - A sustainable on-line CapLC method for quantifying antifouling agents like
      irgarol-1051 and diuron in water samples: Estimation of the carbon footprint.
AB  - In this work, in-tube solid phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) coupled to
      capillary LC (CapLC) with diode array detection has been reported, for on-line
      extraction and enrichment of booster biocides (irgarol-1051 and diuron) included
      in Water Frame Directive 2013/39/UE (WFD). The analytical performance has been
      successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, in the present work, the environmental
      friendliness of the procedure has been quantified by means of the implementation
      of the carbon footprint calculation of the analytical procedure and the
      comparison with other methodologies previously reported. Under the optimum
      conditions, the method presents good linearity over the range assayed, 0.05
      10MUg/L for irgarol-1051 and 0.7-10MUg/L for diuron. The LODs were 0.015MUg/L and
      0.2MUg/L for irgarol-1051 and diuron, respectively. Precision was also
      satisfactory (relative standard deviation, RSD<3.5%). The proposed methodology
      was applied to monitor water samples, taking into account the EQS standards for
      these compounds. The carbon footprint values for the proposed procedure
      consolidate the operational efficiency (analytical and environmental performance)
      of in-tube SPME-CapLC-DAD, in general, and in particular for determining irgarol
      1051 and diuron in water samples. 

PMID- 27376917
TI  - Chemical profiles of urban fugitive dust PM2.5 samples in Northern Chinese
      cities.
AB  - Urban fugitive dust PM2.5 samples were collected in 11 selected cities in North
      China, and 9 ions (SO4(2-), NO3(-), Cl(-), F(-), Na(+), NH4(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and
      Ca(2+)) and 22 elements (Si, Al, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn,
      Br, Rb, Sr, Sn, Sb, Ba, and Pb) were determined to investigate chemical profiles
      of PM2.5. The coefficient of divergence (CD) was used to compare the similarities
      of the chemical profiles for fugitive dust among three regions in North China,
      and the results showed that their composition are quite similar. Total water
      soluble ions occupied 9.3% and 10.0% on average of road dust and construction
      dust, respectively, indicating that most of the materials in urban fugitive dust
      samples were insoluble. Ca(2+) was the most abundant cation and SO4(2-) dominated
      in anions. Soil dust loading was calculated to occupy 70.8% and 83.6% in road
      dust and construction dust, respectively. Ca, Si, Fe, and Al were the most
      abundant elements in all the samples, and Ca was absolutely the most abundant
      specie among the 22 detected elements in construction dust samples. Chemical
      species ratios were used to highlight the characteristics of urban fugitive dust
      by comparing with other types of aerosols. High Ca/Al ratio was a good marker to
      distinguish urban fugitive dust from Asian dust and Chinese loess. In addition,
      low K(+)/K and NO3(-)/SO4(2-), and high Zn/Al and Pb/Al ratios were good
      indicators to separate urban fugitive dust from desert dust, Chinese loess, or
      urban PM2.5 samples. 

PMID- 27376918
TI  - Heat-related mortality in Cyprus for current and future climate scenarios.
AB  - Extreme temperatures have long been associated with adverse health impacts,
      ranging from minor illness, to increased hospitalizations and mortality. Heat
      related mortality during summer months is likely to become an increasing public
      health problem in future due to the effects of climate change. We performed a
      health impact assessment for heat-related mortality for the warm months of April
      September for the years 2004 to 2009 inclusive, for the city of Nicosia and for
      Cyprus as a whole, based on separately derived exposure-response functions. We
      further estimated the potential future heat-related mortality by including
      climate projections for southern Europe, which suggest changes in temperature of
      between 1 degrees C and 5 degrees C over the next century. There were 32 heat
      related deaths per year in Cyprus over the study period. When adding the
      projected increase in temperature due to climate change, there was a substantial
      increase in mortality: for a 1 degrees C increase in temperature, heat related
      mortality in Cyprus was estimated to double to 64 per year, and for a 5 degrees C
      increase, heat-related mortality was expected to be 8 times the baseline rate for
      the warm season (281 compared with 32). This analysis highlights the importance
      of preparing for potential health impacts due to heat in Cyprus, particularly
      under a changing climate. 

PMID- 27376919
TI  - An integrated numerical framework for water quality modelling in cold-region
      rivers: A case of the lower Athabasca River.
AB  - There is a great deal of interest to determine the state and variations of water
      quality parameters in the lower Athabasca River (LAR) ecosystem, northern
      Alberta, Canada, due to industrial developments in the region. As a cold region
      river, the annual cycle of ice cover formation and breakup play a key role in
      water quality transformation and transportation processes. An integrated
      deterministic numerical modelling framework is developed and applied for long
      term and detailed simulation of the state and variation (spatial and temporal) of
      major water quality constituents both in open-water and ice covered conditions in
      the lower Athabasca River (LAR). The framework is based on the a 1D and a 2D
      hydrodynamic and water quality models externally coupled with the 1D river ice
      process models to account for the cold season effects. The models are
      calibrated/validated using available measured data and applied for simulation of
      dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrients (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus). The results
      show the effect of winter ice cover on reducing the DO concentration, and a
      fluctuating temporal trend for DO and nutrients during summer periods with
      substantial differences in concentration between the main channel and flood
      plains. This numerical frame work can be the basis for future water quality
      scenario-based studies in the LAR. 

PMID- 27376921
TI  - Assessment of the impact of sea-level rise due to climate change on coastal
      groundwater discharge.
AB  - An assessment of sea intrusion into coastal aquifers as a consequence of local
      sea-level rise (LSLR) due to climate change was carried out at Murgia and Salento
      in southern Italy. The interpolation of sea-level measurements at three tide
      gauge stations was performed during the period of 2000 to 2014. The best fit of
      measurements shows an increasing rate of LSLR ranging from 4.4mm/y to 8.8mm/y,
      which will result in a maximum LSLR of approximately 2m during the 22nd century.
      The local rate of sea-level rise matches recent 21st and 22nd century projections
      of mean global sea-level rise determined by other researchers, which include
      increased melting rates of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, the effect of
      ocean thermal expansion, the melting of glaciers and ice caps, and changes in the
      quantity of stored land water. Subsequently, Ghyben-Herzberg's equation for the
      freshwater/saltwater interface was rewritten in order to determine the decrease
      in groundwater discharge due to the maximum LSLR. Groundwater flow simulations
      and ArcGIS elaborations of digital elevation models of the coast provided input
      data for the Ghyben-Herzberg calculation under the assumption of head-controlled
      systems. The progression of seawater intrusion due to LSLR suggests an impressive
      depletion of available groundwater discharge during the 22nd century, perhaps as
      much as 16.1% of current groundwater pumping for potable water in Salento. 

PMID- 27376920
TI  - Real-time monitoring of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in rivers:
      Capturing event dynamics, technological opportunities and future directions.
AB  - Excessive riverine nutrient concentrations threaten aquatic ecosystem structure
      and functioning and can pose substantial risks to human health. Robust monitoring
      strategies are therefore required to generate reliable estimates of river
      nutrient loads and to improve understanding of the catchment processes that drive
      nutrient fluxes. Furthermore, these data are vital for prediction of future
      trends under changing environmental conditions and thus the development of
      appropriate mitigation measures. In recent years, technological developments have
      led to an increase in the use of in-situ nutrient analysers, which enable
      measurements at far higher temporal resolutions than can be achieved with
      discrete sampling and subsequent laboratory analysis. In this paper, we review
      the principles underlying the key techniques used for in-situ nutrient monitoring
      and highlight both the advantages, opportunities and challenges associated with
      high-resolution sampling programs. We then suggest how adaptive monitoring
      strategies, comprising several different temporal sample frequencies, controlled
      by one or more 'trigger variables' (e.g. river stage, turbidity, or nutrient
      concentration), can advance our understanding of catchment nutrient dynamics
      while simultaneously overcoming many of the practical and economic challenges
      encountered in typical in-situ river nutrient monitoring applications. We present
      examples of short-term variability in river nutrient dynamics, driven by complex
      catchment behaviour, which support our case for the development of monitoring
      systems that can adapt in real-time to rapid changes in environmental conditions.
      Finally, we suggest future research directions based on emerging technologies in
      this field. 

PMID- 27376922
TI  - Inhibition of multixenobiotic resistance transporters (MXR) by silver
      nanoparticles and ions in vitro and in Daphnia magna.
AB  - The P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) and multidrug resistance associated protein 1
      (MRP1), important members of the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters, protect
      cells and organisms via efflux of xenobiotics and are responsible for the
      phenomenon of multidrug or multixenobiotic resistance (MXR). In this study we
      first evaluated, in vitro, the interaction of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs, 20,
      23 and 27nm), Ag 200nm particles and Ag ions (AgNO3) with MXR efflux transporters
      using MDCKII and the P-gp over-expressing MDCKII-MDR1 cells and calcein-AM as a
      substrate of the transporters. Next the in vivo modulation of MXR activity was
      studied in Daphnia magna juveniles with the model P-gp and MRP1 inhibitors
      verapamil-HCl and MK571, respectively. The common environmental contaminants
      perfluorooctane sulfonate and bisphenol A, previously observed to interfere with
      the P-gp in vitro, also inhibited the efflux of calcein in vivo. Small-sized Ag
      NPs (with biomolecules present on the surface) and AgNO3 inhibited the MXR
      activity in daphnids and MDCKII-MDR1 cells, but abcb1 gene expression remained
      unchanged. Both Ag NPs and dissolved ions contributed to the effects. This study
      provides evidence of the interference of Ag NPs and AgNO3 with the MXR activity
      both in vitro and in D. magna, and should be taken into account when Ag NP
      toxicity is assessed. 

PMID- 27376923
TI  - Acidification of stratum corneum prevents the progression from atopic dermatitis
      to respiratory allergy.
AB  - The presence of congenitally impaired skin barrier followed by atopic dermatitis
      (AD) is an initial step in the atopic march. The maintenance of acidic pH in the
      stratum corneum (SC) has been suggested as a therapeutic or preventive strategy
      for barrier impairment caused by skin inflammation. To determine whether an AD
      murine model, flaky tail mice, with inherited filaggrin deficiency could develop
      airway inflammation by repeated topical application followed by nasal inhalation
      of house dust mite (HDM) antigen (defined as a novel "atopic march animal
      model"), and whether maintenance of an acidic SC environment by continuous
      application of acidic cream could interrupt the following atopic march. During
      the course of HDM treatment, acidic cream (pH2.8) or neutral cream (pH7.4) was
      applied to flaky tail mice twice daily. Repeated applications and inhalations of
      HDM to flaky tail mice induced AD skin lesions followed by respiratory allergies.
      Maintenance of SC acidity inhibited the occurrence of respiratory allergic
      inflammation as well as AD-like skin lesions. Collectively, a novel atopic march
      model could be developed by repeated epicutaneous and nasal applications of HDM
      to flaky tail mice, and that the acidification of SC could prevent the atopic
      march from AD to respiratory allergy.

PMID- 27376924
TI  - Development of SNARC and distance effects and their relation to mathematical and
      visuospatial abilities.
AB  - The current experiment measured symbolic SNARC (Spatial-Numeric Association of
      Response Codes) and distance effects in school-aged children and investigated the
      relation between these measures and visuospatial skills and mathematics ability.
      In the experiment, 6-, 7-, and 8-year-olds performed a magnitude-relevant SNARC
      task, in which they indicated whether a target number was less or greater than 5,
      as well as standardized tests of visuospatial skills (Developmental Test of
      Visual Perception-Second Edition, DTVP-2) and mathematics ability (Test of Early
      Mathematics Ability-Third Edition, TEMA-3). Consistent with previous research
      using numerical SNARC tasks with Western children, all age groups exhibited
      robust distance effects, and SNARC effects were observed only in 7- and 8-year
      olds. Distance effects, but not SNARC effects, were moderately but significantly
      correlated with a subtest of the DTVP-2 measuring the ability to mentally
      manipulate objects in space but no other subtest. These data suggest that mental
      orientation abilities, but perhaps not visuospatial skills involved in visual
      perception and visuomotor coordination, are related to some aspects of mental
      number line development. Nevertheless, no relation was observed between SNARC or
      distance effects and mathematics ability. This result is consistent with previous
      developmental studies investigating the association between SNARC and math skill.
      However, these data are inconsistent with most experiments assessing the
      relationship between distance effect strength and math-a difference that can
      likely be attributed to the fact that a magnitude-relevant SNARC task was
      employed as opposed to a traditional SNARC parity task.

PMID- 27376925
TI  - Children's experiences of dental anxiety.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dental anxiety is common among children. Although there is a wealth
      of research investigating childhood dental anxiety, little consideration has been
      given to the child's perspective. AIM: This qualitative study sought to explore
      with children their own experiences of dental anxiety using a cognitive
      behavioural therapy assessment model. DESIGN: Face-to-face, semi-structured
      interviews were conducted with dentally anxious children aged 11-16 years. The
      Five Areas model was used to inform the topic guide and analysis. Data were
      analysed using a framework approach. RESULTS: In total, 13 children were
      interviewed. Participants described their experiences of dental anxiety across
      multiple dimensions (situational factors and altered thoughts, feelings, physical
      symptoms, and behaviours). Participants placed considerable value on
      communication by dental professionals, with poor communication having a negative
      influence on dental anxiety and the dentist-patient relationship. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study confirms the Five Areas model as an applicable theoretical model for
      the assessment of childhood dental anxiety. Children provided insights about
      their own dental anxiety experiences that have not previously been described.

PMID- 27376926
TI  - Racial disparities in primary prevention of incontinence among older adults at
      nursing home admission.
AB  - AIMS: Maintaining continence of nursing home (NH) residents promotes dignity and
      well-being and may reduce morbidity and healthcare treatment costs. To determine
      the prevalence of older continent adults who received primary prevention of
      incontinence at NH admission, assess whether there were racial or ethnic
      disparities in incontinence prevention, and describe factors associated with any
      disparities. METHODS: The design was an observational cross-sectional study of a
      nation-wide cohort of older adults free of incontinence at NH admission (n =
      42,693). Four US datasets describing NH and NH resident characteristics,
      practitioner orders for NH treatment/care, and socioeconomic and sociodemographic
      status of the community surrounding the NHs were analyzed. Disparities were
      analyzed for four minority groups identified on the minimum data set using the
      Peters-Belson method and covariates at multiple levels. RESULTS: Twelve percent
      of NH admissions received incontinence prevention. There was a significant
      disparity (2%) in incontinence prevention for Blacks (P < 0.05): Fewer Black
      admissions (8.6%) were observed to receive incontinence prevention than was
      expected had they been part of the White group (10.6%). The percentage of White
      admissions receiving incontinence prevention was 10.6%. Significant factors
      associated with disparity in receiving incontinence prevention were having
      greater deficits in ADL function and cognition and more comorbidities. No
      disparity disadvantaging the other minority groups was found. CONCLUSIONS:
      Greater efforts for instituting incontinence prevention at the time of NH
      admission are needed. Eliminating racial disparities in incontinence prevention
      seems an attainable goal. Appropriate staff training, organizational commitment,
      and monitoring progress toward equitable outcomes can help achieve this goal.
      Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1124-1130, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27376927
TI  - Understanding mechanism of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus aestivation:
      Insights from TMT-based proteomic study.
AB  - Marine invertebrate aestivation is a unique strategy for summer survival in
      response to hot marine conditions. The sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, is
      an excellent model marine invertebrate for studies of environmentally-induced
      aestivation. In the present study, we used a tandem mass tag (TMT)-coupled LC
      MS/MS approach to identify and quantify the global proteome expression profile
      over the aestivation-arousal cycle of A. japonicus. A total of 3920 proteins were
      identified from the intestine of sea cucumber. Among them, 630 proteins showed
      significant differential expression when comparing three conditions of sea
      cucumbers: non-aestivating (active), deep-aestivation (at least 15days of
      continuous aestivation), and arousal after aestivation (renewed moving and
      feeding). Sea cucumbers in deep aestivation showed substantial differentially
      expressed proteins (143 up-regulated and 267 down-regulated proteins compared
      with non-aestivating controls). These differentially expressed proteins suggested
      that protein and phospholipid probably are major fuel sources during
      hypometabolism and a general attenuation of carbohydrate metabolism was observed
      during deep aestivation. Differentially expressed proteins also provided the
      first global picture of a shift in protein synthesis, protein folding, DNA
      binding, apoptosis, cellular transport and signaling, and cytoskeletal proteins
      during deep aestivation in sea cucumbers. A comparison of arousal from
      aestivation with deep aestivation, revealed a general reversal of the changes
      that occurred in aestivation for most proteins. Western blot detection further
      validated the significant up-regulation of HSP70 and down-regulation of
      methyltransferase-like protein 7A-like in deep-aestivation. Our results suggest
      that there is substantial post-transcriptional regulation of proteins during the
      aestivation-arousal cycle in sea cucumbers. 

PMID- 27376929
TI  - Interactive and additive influences of Gender, BMI and Apolipoprotein 4 on
      cognition in children chronically exposed to high concentrations of PM2.5 and
      ozone. APOE 4 females are at highest risk in Mexico City.
AB  - Children's air pollution exposures are associated with systemic and brain
      inflammation and the early hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The
      Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele is the most prevalent genetic risk for AD, with
      higher risk for women. We assessed whether gender, BMI, APOE and metabolic
      variables in healthy children with high exposures to ozone and fine particulate
      matter (PM2.5) influence cognition. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
      (WISC-R) was administered to 105 Mexico City children (12.32+/-5.4 years, 69 APOE
      3/3 and 36 APOE 3/4). APOE 4v 3 children showed decrements on attention and short
      term memory subscales, and below-average scores in Verbal, Performance and Full
      Scale IQ. APOE 4 females had higher BMI and females with normal BMI between 75
      94% percentiles had the highest deficits in Total IQ, Performance IQ, Digit Span,
      Picture Arrangement, Block Design and Object Assembly. Fasting glucose was
      significantly higher in APOE 4 children p=0.006, while Gender was the main
      variable accounting for the difference in insulin, HOMA-IR and leptin (p<.05).
      Gender, BMI and APOE influence children's cognitive responses to air pollution
      and glucose is likely a key player. APOE 4 heterozygous females with >75% to <94%
      BMI percentiles are at the highest risk of severe cognitive deficits (1.5-2SD
      from average IQ). Young female results highlight the urgent need for gender
      targeted health programmes to improve cognitive responses. Multidisciplinary
      intervention strategies could provide paths for prevention or amelioration of
      female air pollution targeted cognitive deficits and possible long-term AD
      progression.

PMID- 27376928
TI  - Leiodermatolide, a novel marine natural product, has potent cytotoxic and
      antimitotic activity against cancer cells, appears to affect microtubule
      dynamics, and exhibits antitumor activity.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer, the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States,
      has a negative prognosis because metastasis occurs before symptoms manifest.
      Leiodermatolide, a polyketide macrolide with antimitotic activity isolated from a
      deep water sponge of the genus Leiodermatium, exhibits potent and selective
      cytotoxicity toward the pancreatic cancer cell lines AsPC-1, PANC-1, BxPC-3, and
      MIA PaCa-2, and potent cytotoxicity against skin, breast and colon cancer cell
      lines. Induction of apoptosis by leiodermatolide was confirmed in the AsPC-1,
      BxPC-3 and MIA PaCa-2 cells. Leiodermatolide induces cell cycle arrest but has no
      effects on in vitro polymerization or depolymerization of tubulin alone, while it
      enhances polymerization of tubulin containing microtubule associated proteins
      (MAPs). Observations through confocal microscopy show that leiodermatolide, at
      low concentrations, causes minimal effects on polymerization or depolymerization
      of the microtubule network in interphase cells, but disruption of spindle
      formation in mitotic cells. At higher concentrations, depolymerization of the
      microtubule network is observed. Visualization of the growing microtubule in HeLa
      cells expressing GFP-tagged plus end binding protein EB-1 showed that
      leiodermatolide stopped the polymerization of tubulin. These results suggest that
      leiodermatolide may affect tubulin dynamics without directly interacting with
      tubulin and hint at a unique mechanism of action. In a mouse model of metastatic
      pancreatic cancer, leiodermatolide exhibited significant tumor reduction when
      compared to gemcitabine and controls. The antitumor activities of
      leiodermatolide, as well as the proven utility of antimitotic compounds against
      cancer, make leiodermatolide an interesting compound with potential
      chemotherapeutic effects that may merit further research.

PMID- 27376930
TI  - Association of cold temperature and mortality and effect modification in the
      subtropical plateau monsoon climate of Yuxi, China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Consistent evidence has shown excess mortality associated with cold
      temperature, but some important details of the cold-mortality association (e.g.
      slope and threshold) have not been adequately investigated and few studies
      focused on the cold effect in high-altitude areas of developing countries. We
      attempted to quantify the cold effect on mortality, identify the details, and
      evaluate effect modification in the distinct subtropical plateau monsoon climate
      of Yuxi, a high plateau region in southwest China. METHODS: From daily mortality
      and meteorological data during 2009-2014, we used a quasi-Poisson model combined
      with a "natural cubic spline-natural cubic spline" distributed lag non-linear
      model to estimate the temperature-mortality relationship and then a simpler
      "hockey-stick" model to investigate the cold effect and details. RESULTS: Cold
      temperature was associated with increased mortality, and the relative risk of
      cold effect (1st relative to 10th temperature percentile) on non-accidental,
      cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality for lag 0-21 days was 1.40 (95%
      confidence interval: 1.19-1.66), 1.61 (1.28-2.02), and 1.13 (0.78-1.64),
      respectively. A 1 degrees C decrease below a cold threshold of 9.1 degrees C (8th
      percentile) for lags 0-21 was associated with a 7.35% (3.75-11.09%) increase in
      non-accidental mortality. The cold-mortality association was not significantly
      affected by cause-specific mortality, gender, age, marital status, ethnicity,
      occupation, or previous history of hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: There is an adverse
      impact of cold on mortality in Yuxi, China, and a temperature of 9.1 degrees C is
      an important cut-off for cold-related mortality for residents.

PMID- 27376931
TI  - Waterscape determinants of net mercury methylation in a tropical wetland.
AB  - The periphyton associated with freshwater macrophyte roots is the main site of Hg
      methylation in different wetland environments in the world. The aim of this study
      was to test the use of connectivity metrics of water bodies, in the context of
      patches, in a tropical waterscape wetland (Guapore River, Amazonia, Brazil) as a
      predictor of potential net methylmercury (MeHg) production by periphyton
      communities. We sampled 15 lakes with different patterns of lateral connectivity
      with the main river channel, performing net mercury methylation potential tests
      in incubations with local water and Eichhornia crassipes root-periphyton samples,
      using (203)HgCl2 as a tracer. Physico-chemical variables, landscape data
      (morphological characteristics, land use, and lateral connection type of water
      bodies) using GIS resources and field data were analyzed with Generalized
      Additive Models (GAM). The net Me(203)Hg production (as % of total added (203)Hg)
      was expressive (6.2-25.6%) showing that periphyton is an important matrix in MeHg
      production. The model that best explained the variation in the net Me(203)Hg
      production (76%) was built by the variables: connection type, total phosphorus
      and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in water (AICc=48.324, p=0.001). Connection
      type factor was the best factor to model fit (r(2)=0.32; p=0.008) and temporarily
      connected lakes had higher rates of net mercury methylation. Both DOC and total
      phosphorus showed positive significant covariation with the net methylation rates
      (r(2)=0.26; p=0.008 and r(2)=0.21; p=0.012 respectively). Our study suggests a
      strong relationship between rates of net MeHg production in this tropical area
      and the type of water body and its hydrological connectivity within the
      waterscape.

PMID- 27376932
TI  - Tool use disorders in neurodegenerative diseases: Roles of semantic memory and
      technical reasoning.
AB  - In the field of apraxia, it has been suggested that the ability to use tools and
      objects in daily life depends not only on semantic knowledge about tool function
      and context of use but also on technical reasoning about mechanical properties of
      tools and objects. The aim of the present work was to assess tool use abilities
      regarding these hypotheses in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and
      reduced autonomy. Performance of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 31),
      semantic dementia (SD) (n = 16) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS) (n = 7) was
      compared to that of healthy control participants (n = 31) in familiar tool use
      tasks, functional/contextual associations and mechanical problem solving (MPS). A
      conversion method was applied to data in order to avoid ceiling effects. Tool use
      disorders were found in all patient groups but the underlying reasons were
      different. Patients with SD had difficulties in imagining and selecting familiar
      tools due to the semantic loss but they performed in normal range in MPS tasks.
      Interestingly, they performed better with only one tool and its corresponding
      object, which is interpreted as a partial compensation of semantic loss by spared
      technical reasoning. Patients with CBS exhibited the reverse pattern, that is,
      MPS deficits without semantic loss. However, additional qualitative research is
      needed to disentangle the relative contributions of motor and technical reasoning
      deficits to this pattern. Both of these profiles were found in patients with AD.
      For all that, these patients did not commit the same errors as stroke patients
      with left brain-damage documented in previous works. Several hypotheses are
      proposed to account for the specificity of tool use disorders in
      neurodegenerative diseases, and recommendations are provided to caregivers.

PMID- 27376933
TI  - Meta-analytical and electrophysiological evidence for executive dysfunction in
      primary dystonia.
AB  - Impaired motor control in primary dystonia has been linked to cortico-basal
      ganglia alterations that may also give rise to changes in executive functioning.
      However, no conclusive evidence for executive dysfunction in patients with
      primary dystonia has been reported yet. We conducted a meta-analysis of the
      relationship between primary dystonia and performance on the Wisconsin Card
      Sorting Test (WCST), an established test of executive functioning. Its results
      revealed a significant effect of medium size, indicating that primary dystonia is
      associated with moderate performance deficits on the WCST. Building on this
      finding, we conducted an event-related potential (ERP) study to elucidate the
      cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying executive dysfunction in primary
      dystonia. Eighteen patients with blepharospasm, a common form of primary focal
      dystonia, and 34 healthy matched controls completed a computerized version of the
      WCST. We specifically compared indicators of two distinct components of executive
      functioning: set shifting and rule inference. On a behavioral level,
      blepharospasm patients seemed to have particular difficulty integrating
      information to infer the correct task rule. In addition, P3a amplitude (as an
      electrophysiological marker of rule-inference processes) was selectively
      attenuated in blepharospasm patients. Executive dysfunction in blepharospasm can
      thus rather be attributed to a rule-inference deficit, whereas set-shifting
      abilities appear to be relatively unaffected by the disease. Moreover, P3a
      amplitude attenuation was related to disease duration, indicating that this ERP
      might serve as a neural indicator of disease progression and executive
      dysfunction in primary dystonia. These results demonstrate for the first time
      that pathophysiological alterations in primary dystonia might affect cortical
      activation for executive functioning.

PMID- 27376934
TI  - [Supported Housing in Families - Alternative to Residential Care for Patients
      with Severe Mental Illness].

PMID- 27376935
TI  - [Supported Employment - A Wrong Policy for Germany? - Pro].

PMID- 27376936
TI  - [Supported Employment - A Wrong Policy for Germany? - Contra].

PMID- 27376937
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376938
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27376939
TI  - Landscape Visual Quality and Meiofauna Biodiversity on Sandy Beaches.
AB  - Sandy beaches are central economic assets, attracting more recreational users
      than other coastal ecosystems. However, urbanization and landscape modification
      can compromise both the functional integrity and the attractiveness of beach
      ecosystems. Our study aimed at investigating the relationship between sandy beach
      artificialization and the landscape perception by the users, and between sandy
      beach visual attractiveness and biodiversity. We conducted visual and
      biodiversity assessments of urbanized and semiurbanized sandy beaches in Brazil
      and Uruguay. We specifically examined meiofauna as an indicator of biodiversity.
      We hypothesized that urbanization of sandy beaches results in a higher number of
      landscape detractors that negatively affect user evaluation, and that lower-rated
      beach units support lower levels of biodiversity. We found that urbanized beach
      units were rated lower than semiurbanized units, indicating that visual quality
      was sensitive to human interventions. Our expectations regarding the relationship
      between landscape perception and biodiversity were only partially met; only few
      structural and functional descriptors of meiofauna assemblages differed among
      classes of visual quality. However, lower-rated beach units exhibited signs of
      lower environmental quality, indicated by higher oligochaete densities and
      significant differences in meiofauna structure. We conclude that managing sandy
      beaches needs to advance beyond assessment of aesthetic parameters to also
      include the structure and function of beach ecosystems. Use of such supporting
      tools for managing sandy beaches is particularly important in view of sea level
      rise and increasing coastal development.

PMID- 27376940
TI  - Correlation of tunnel widening and tunnel positioning with short-term functional
      outcomes in single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using
      patellar tendon versus hamstring graft: a prospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between tunnel widening and tunnel position
      with short-term functional outcomes post-ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon
      and hamstring autografts in young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 33
      patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between October 2013 and February 2015
      were included and followed up for 6 months. A standardized surgical technique was
      used for each graft type. Intra-op arthroscopy findings and drilled tunnel
      diameters were noted. They were followed up for 3 and 6 months. Radiological
      assessment was done at 3 and 6 months with clinical score assessment at 6 months.
      RESULTS: At 6 months, clinical scores were comparable in both groups. Tunnel
      widening in both femoral and tibial tunnel at 3 and 6 months were significantly
      higher in STG group (p values <0.05). The rate of widening was higher in 0-3
      months and reduced in 3-6 months. There was statistically significant negative
      correlation between femoral tunnel widening by CT and IKDC score at 6 months (p
      value 0.049). We found a positive correlation between posterior positioning of
      femoral tunnel and Lysholm and IKDC scores. The correlation with Lysholm scores
      was statistically significant (p value 0.046). CONCLUSION: To conclude, tunnel
      widening is more with hamstrings graft. Femoral tunnel widening has significant
      negative correlation with that of IKDC scores at 6 months. Posterior femoral
      tunnel positioning and Lysholm scores at 6 months had significant correlation.

PMID- 27376941
TI  - Reversible sinus node injury during circumferential pulmonary vein ablation.

PMID- 27376942
TI  - Differences in drought- and freeze-induced embolisms in deciduous ring-porous
      plant species in Japan.
AB  - MAIN CONCLUSION: Deciduous ring-porous species in Japan shed all of their leaves
      under severe water stress before large vessels in earlywood are embolized, and
      embolization take place during winter. Water in deciduous ring-porous species is
      mainly conducted upward via large earlywood vessels of the current year. Water
      columns in large vessels are vulnerable to drought-induced and freeze stress
      induced embolisms. Although a vulnerability curve can be created to estimate the
      hydraulic capacity of plants, it remains unclear why the loss of conductivity in
      potted plants of ring-porous species does not reach 100 % under severe drought
      stress. In this study, two deciduous ring-porous species in Japan (Kalopanax
      septemlobus and Toxicodendron trichocarpum) were used to explain the species
      specific pattern in the water-conducting pathway of the stem. We monitored and
      visualized the spatial distribution of xylem embolisms in the stem of K.
      septemlobus saplings under drought stress and freeze stress using compact
      magnetic resonance imaging and cryo-scanning microscopy. In addition, we
      evaluated the water ascent in the stems of both species using a dye uptake
      method. Although embolisms of large vessels were observed under drought stress
      and in winter, all leaves were dropped to avoid fatal water loss after
      embolization of some large vessels. In contrast, all large vessels were embolized
      in winter. Larger-diameter vessels of latewood in T. trichocarpum tended to
      function in trees growing in the warm temperate zone. Thus, our results suggest
      that the unclear curve may be derived from a discrepancy between leaf water
      potential and actual water potential in the xylem under severe drought stress.
      The frequency of xylem embolisms in deciduous ring-porous species in Japan mainly
      depends on the number of freeze-thaw cycles.

PMID- 27376943
TI  - A monocentric retrospective study comparing pulse cyclophosphamide therapy versus
      low dose rituximab in the treatment of refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia in
      adults.
AB  - This retrospective study aims at confirming the efficacy and safety of low dose
      rituximab and pulse cyclophosphamide in the treatment of refractory AIHA in
      adults and making comparison of the two. Forty-nine adult patients with
      refractory AIHA have been enrolled. Results showed low dose rituximab combined
      with steroid therapy (group B) got more CR (78.9 %, 15/19) compared to that in
      intermittent intravenous cyclophosphamide combined with steroid therapy (group A)
      (42.1 %, 8/19) (P = 0.04) at 6 months after treatment. The hemoglobin level in
      group B was higher than group A at the time point of 1 month (P = 0.02) after
      treatments. The RFS in group A was 87.9 % at 6 months and 82.7 % at 12 months,
      which were no significant difference with group B (91.1 % at 6 months and 86.0 %
      at 12 months) (P = 0.81). Both the two therapies were well tolerated with
      pulmonary infections as the most common side effects. In conclusion, low dose
      rituximab combined with steroid therapy presents to be a better choice in the
      treatment of refractory AIHA in adults comparing with pulse cyclophosphamide
      therapy. 

PMID- 27376944
TI  - Efficacy of rabbit antithymocyte globulin as first-line treatment of severe
      aplastic anemia: an Asian multicenter retrospective study.
AB  - Due to the unavailability of horse antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in many markets
      worldwide, patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA) are limited to the use of
      rabbit ATG. We aimed to analyze hematologic response and overall survival (OS) of
      Asian patients treated with rabbit ATG as first-line therapy of SAA. We
      retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 97 consecutive patients who
      received rabbit ATG as first-line treatment of SAA from 2006 to 2012 at centers
      in four Asian countries. The primary endpoint was 6- and 12-month overall
      response rates (ORR) for patients receiving rabbit ATG within the recommended
      dose range (2.5-3.75 mg/kg/day). Secondary endpoints included ORR in patients
      receiving any dose of rabbit ATG and 2-year OS. For patients who received rabbit
      ATG within the recommended dose range, 6- and 12-month ORRs were 17.4 and 63.6 %,
      respectively. For patients who received any dose of rabbit ATG, 6- and 12-month
      ORRs were 24.3 and 68.6 %, respectively. The 2-year OS rate was 86.3 %. Rabbit
      ATG is effective for treatment of SAA in Asian patients. The 12-month ORR and 2
      year OS with rabbit ATG were comparable to historical results obtained with horse
      ATG. 

PMID- 27376945
TI  - Prevalence of 'Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis' type II under phosphate
      limiting conditions.
AB  - P-limitation in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems fed with
      acetate, has generally been considered as a condition leading to enrichment of
      organisms of the genotype' Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis' expressing the
      glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO) phenotype. Recent studies have demonstrated
      in short-term experiments that organisms of the genotype 'Candidatus
      Accumulibacter phosphatis' clade I and II, known to express the polyphosphate
      accumulating organisms (PAO) phenotype can switch to the GAO phenotype when poly
      P is absent, but are performing the HAc-uptake at lower kinetic rates, where
      clade I showed the lowest rates. The objective of this study was to verify
      whether organisms of the genotype 'Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis' can also
      be enriched under P-limiting conditions while expressing a GAO phenotype and more
      specifically to see which specific clade prevails. A sequencing batch reactor was
      inoculated with activated sludge to enrich an EBPR culture for a cultivation
      period of 128 days (16 times the solids retention time) under P-limiting
      conditions. A mixed culture was obtained comprising of 49 % 'Candidatus
      Accumulibacter phosphatis' clade II and 46 % 'Candidatus Competibacter
      phosphatis'. The culture performed a full GAO metabolism for anaerobic HAc
      uptake, but was still able to switch to a PAO metabolism, taking up excessive
      amounts of phosphate during the aerobic phase when it became available in the
      influent. These findings show that P-limitation, often used as strategy for
      enrichment of 'Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis', does not always lead to
      enrichment of only 'Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis'. Furthermore, it
      demonstrates that 'Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis' are able to proliferate
      in activated sludge systems for periods of up to 128 days or longer when the
      influent phosphate concentrations are just enough for assimilation purposes and
      no poly-P is formed. The 'Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis' retain the
      ability to switch to the PAO phenotype, taking up phosphate from the influent as
      soon as it becomes available. 

PMID- 27376946
TI  - Maladaptive choices by defeated rats: link between rapid approach to social
      threat and escalated cocaine self-administration.
AB  - RATIONALE: Intermittent social defeat stress engenders persistent
      neuroadaptations and can result in later increased cocaine taking and seeking.
      However, there are individual differences in stress-escalated cocaine self
      administration behavior, which may be a direct result of individual differences
      in the manner in which rats experience social defeat stress. OBJECTIVE: The
      present study dissected the discrete behavioral phases of social defeat and
      analyzed which behavioral characteristics may be predictive of subsequent cocaine
      self-administration. METHODS: Male Long-Evans rats underwent nine intermittent
      social defeat episodes over 21 days in a three-compartment apparatus permitting
      approach to and escape from a confrontation with an aggressive resident rat. Rats
      then self-administered intravenous cocaine, which culminated in a 24-h unlimited
      access "binge." Behaviors during social defeat and cocaine self-administration
      were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS: PCA revealed that
      the latency to enter the threatening environment was highly predictive of later
      cocaine self-administration during the 24-h binge. This behavior was not
      associated with other cocaine-predictive traits, such as reactivity to novelty in
      an open field, saccharin preference, and motor impulsivity. Additionally, there
      was no effect of latency to enter a threatening environment on physiological
      measures of stress, including plasma corticosterone and corticotropin releasing
      factor (CRF) in the extended amygdala. However, latency to enter the threatening
      environment was negatively correlated with brain-derived neurotropic factor
      (BDNF) and its receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION:
      These data suggest that latency to enter a threatening environment is a novel
      behavioral characteristic predictive of later cocaine self-administration.

PMID- 27376947
TI  - Effects of food restriction on expression of place conditioning and biochemical
      correlates in rat nucleus accumbens.
AB  - RATIONALE: When ad libitum-fed rats undergo cocaine place preference conditioning
      (CPP) but are switched to food restriction for testing, CPP becomes resistant to
      extinction and correlates with phosphorylation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl
      4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluA1 at Ser845 in nucleus accumbens
      (NAc) core. OBJECTIVES: This study tested whether food restriction increases
      persistence of morphine CPP and conditioned place aversions (CPA) induced by LiCl
      and naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ad libitum
      fed rats were conditioned with morphine (6.0 mg/kg, i.p.), LiCl (50.0/75.0 mg/kg,
      i.p.), or naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) 22 h post-morphine (20.0 mg/kg, s.c.). Half
      of the subjects were then switched to food restriction. Daily testing resumed 3
      weeks later, and brains were harvested when one diet group met extinction
      criterion. Western analyses probed for pSer845-GluA1, pERK1, and pERK2 in NAc.
      RESULTS: Food restriction increased persistence of morphine CPP and preference
      scores correlated with pSer845-GluA1 in NAc core and shell. LiCl CPA was
      curtailed by food restriction, yet pSer845-GluA1 and pERK2 were elevated in NAc
      core of food-restricted rats. Food restriction increased persistence of naloxone
      CPA and elevated pSer845-GluA1 in NAc core and shell, and aversion scores were
      negatively correlated with pERK1 and pERK2 in NAc core. CONCLUSIONS: These
      results suggest that food restriction prolongs responsiveness to environmental
      contexts paired with subjective effects of both morphine and morphine withdrawal.
      A mechanistic scheme, attributing these effects to upregulation of pSer845-GluA1,
      but subject to override by CPA-specific, pERK2-mediated extinction learning, is
      explored to accommodate opposite effects of food restriction on LiCl and naloxone
      CPA.

PMID- 27376948
TI  - Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the central nucleus
      of the amygdala induces anxiety via melanocortin receptors.
AB  - RATIONALE: Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in the USA.
      Characterized by feelings of uncontrollable apprehension, they are accompanied by
      physical, affective, and behavioral symptoms. The neuropeptide pituitary
      adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor PAC1 (PAC1R)
      are highly expressed in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and they have
      gained growing attention for their proposed role in mediating the body's response
      to stress. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiogenic
      effects of PACAP in the CeA and its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
      (HPA) axis. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of PACAP in the CeA was
      investigated. METHODS: PACAP was microinfused into the CeA of rats, and its
      effects in the elevated plus maze (EPM), the defensive withdrawal tests, and
      plasma corticosterone levels were evaluated. The ability of the melanocortin
      receptor antagonist SHU9119 to block PACAP effect in the EPM was assessed.
      RESULTS: Intra-CeA PACAP exerted a dose-dependent anxiogenic effect and activated
      the HPA axis. In contrast, PACAP microinfused into the basolateral nucleus of the
      amygdala (BlA) had no effect. Finally, the anxiogenic effect of intra-CeA PACAP
      was prevented by SHU9119. CONCLUSIONS: These data prove an anxiogenic role for
      the PACAP system of the CeA and reveal that the melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R)
      system of CeA mediates these effects. Our data provide insights into this
      neuropeptide system as a mechanism for modulating the behavioral and endocrine
      response to stress and suggest that dysregulations of this system may contribute
      to the pathophysiology of anxiety-related disorders.

PMID- 27376949
TI  - Consent Issues in Genetic Research: Views of Research Participants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With the arrival of large-scale population-based genomic research
      studies, such as the Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI), the question of how to
      best consent participants is significant, and in an era of patient-centered
      research, few studies have evaluated participants' preferences about re-consent
      and broad consent. Using quantitative methods, this study evaluates participants'
      views regarding the acceptability of re-consent and broad consent in subjects
      from the Participant Issues Project. METHODS: A total of 450 participants were
      recruited from a cancer genetics registry, including cancer patients, their
      relatives, and controls. Participants completed a secure online survey. RESULTS:
      Most participants endorsed re-consent when investigating an unrelated health
      condition or sharing their de-identified data with an investigator at a different
      institution. Notification rather than re-consent was preferred when studying a
      different gene but the same disease. Over 80% of respondents endorsed re-consent
      when parents of a child gave the original consent and the child has now reached
      adulthood. Preferences for some scenarios varied by history of cancer at
      baseline, gender, stage of cancer, or case versus control group. The large
      majority of participants preferred the option to select broad consent categories
      of research. CONCLUSION: Understanding research participants' preferences,
      including their views on the need for re-consent, are critical to the success of
      the PMI.

PMID- 27376951
TI  - Biomimetic Immuno-Magnetosomes for High-Performance Enrichment of Circulating
      Tumor Cells.
AB  - A novel biomimetic immuno-magnetosome (IMS) is developed by coating a leukocyte
      membrane (decorated with anti-epithelial cell-adhesion molecule antibody) on a
      magnetic nanocluster. In addition to the good stability and magnetic
      controllability, the IMS also exhibits satisfactory binding avidity to
      circulating tumor cells but stealth property to leukocytes. As a result, rare
      tumor cells can be effectively enriched with undetectable leukocyte background.

PMID- 27376950
TI  - Alternative splicing of inner-ear-expressed genes.
AB  - Alternative splicing plays a fundamental role in the development and
      physiological function of the inner ear. Inner-ear-specific gene splicing is
      necessary to establish the identity and maintain the function of the inner ear.
      For example, exon 68 of Cadherin 23 (Cdh23) gene is subject to inner-ear-specific
      alternative splicing, and as a result, Cdh23(+ 68) is only expressed in inner ear
      hair cells. Alternative splicing along the tonotopic axis of the cochlea
      contributes to frequency tuning, particularly in lower vertebrates, such as
      chickens and turtles. Differential splicing of Kcnma1, which encodes for the
      alpha subunit of the Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (BK channel), has been
      suggested to affect the channel gating properties and is important for frequency
      tuning. Consequently, deficits in alternative splicing have been shown to cause
      hearing loss, as we can observe in Bronx Waltzer (bv) mice and Sfswap mutant
      mice. Despite the advances in this field, the regulation of alternative splicing
      in the inner ear remains elusive. Further investigation is also needed to clarify
      the mechanism of hearing loss caused by alternative splicing deficits. 

PMID- 27376952
TI  - Examining the Social Benefits Principle in Research with Human Participants.
AB  - The idea that research with human participants should benefit society has become
      firmly entrenched in various regulations, policies, and guidelines, but there has
      been little in-depth analysis of this ethical principle in the bioethics
      literature. In this paper, I distinguish between strong and weak versions and the
      social benefits principle and examine six arguments for it. I argue that while it
      is always ethically desirable for research with human subjects to offer important
      benefits to society (or the public), the reasonable expectation of substantial
      public benefit should be a necessary condition for regarding research as ethical
      only when (a) it imposes more than minimal risks on non-consenting subjects; or
      (b) it is supported by public resources.

PMID- 27376954
TI  - Phenotyping GABA transaminase deficiency: a case description and literature
      review.
AB  - Gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) deficiency is an autosomal
      recessive disorder reported in only three unrelated families. It is caused by
      mutations in the ABAT gene, which encodes 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, an enzyme
      of GABA catabolism and mitochondrial nucleoside salvage. We report the case of a
      boy, deceased at 12 months of age, with early-onset epileptic encephalopathy,
      severe psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, lower-limb hyporeflexia, central
      hypoventilation, and rapid increase in weight and, to a lesser rate, length and
      head circumference. He presented signs of premature pubarche, thermal
      instability, and water-electrolyte imbalance. Serum total testosterone was
      elevated (43.3 ng/dl; normal range <16), as well as serum growth hormone (7.7
      ng/ml; normal range <1). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed decreased
      myelination and generalized brain atrophy, later confirmed by post-mortem
      examination. ABAT gene sequencing was performed post-mortem, identifying a
      homozygous variant c.888G > T (p.Gln296His),not previously described. In vitro
      analysis concluded that this variant is pathogenic. The clinical features of this
      patient are similar to those reported so far in GABA-T deficiency. However,
      distinct mutations may have a different effect on enzymatic activity, which
      potentially could lead to a variable clinical outcome. Clinical investigation
      aiming for a diagnosis should not end with the patient's death, as it may allow a
      more precise genetic counselling for the family.

PMID- 27376955
TI  - Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy for Peripelvic Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A
      Single-Center Experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to report our experiences of laparoscopic and open
      partial nephrectomies on patients with peripelvic cystic renal cell carcinoma
      (cRCC). METHODS: From July 2003 and October 2014, 18 patients with suspected
      peripelvic cRCCs underwent partial nephrectomies via an open or laparoscopic
      approach at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital. Patients' perioperative and oncological
      outcomes were analyzed and compared between the open partial nephrectomy (OPN)
      and the laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) groups. RESULTS: Seven patients
      underwent OPNs, and 11 patients underwent LPNs for their peripelvic lesions. All
      procedures were performed successfully; no conversion to open surgery was
      encountered in the LPN group. There was no significant difference between the
      groups in mean operation time, blood loss, warm ischemia time or complication
      rates. The mean hospital stay in the LPN group was significantly shorter than in
      the OPN group (p = 0.004). The mean follow-up of the OPN and LPN group was 95.0
      and 65.1 months, respectively. No local recurrence or metastasis has been noted
      during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Peripelvic cRCC represents an uncommon
      variant of RCCs; few cases have been reported addressing peripelvic cRCC
      treatment. Although technically challenging, LPN is an effective minimally
      invasive modality for treating peripelvic cRCC in experienced hands.

PMID- 27376956
TI  - Damage mechanisms at the cement-implant interface of polished cemented femoral
      stems.
AB  - The occurrence of damage on polished femoral stems has been widely reported in
      the literature, and bone cement has been implicated in a tribocorrosive failure
      process. However, the mechanisms of cement-mediated damage and the impact of
      cement formulation on this process are not well understood. In this study, 13
      Zimmer CPT polished femoral stems, and the corresponding cement specimens were
      retrieved at revision surgery and analyzed using high-resolution imaging
      techniques. Surface damage attributed to tribocorrosion was observed on all
      stems. Corrosion product, in the form of black flaky surface debris, was observed
      on the surface of cement specimens; both energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and
      inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) confirmed the presence of
      cobalt and chromium, with the ICP-MS showing much higher levels of Cr compared to
      Co when compared to the original stem material. Agglomerates of ZrO2
      radiopacifier were also identified on the cement surface and, in some cases,
      showed evidence of abrasive wear; the size of these particles correlated well
      with elliptical pitting evident on the surfaces of the corresponding stems. This
      evidence supports the hypothesis that agglomerates of hard radiopacifier
      particles within the cement may induce a wear-dominated tribocorrosive
      interaction at the stem-cement interface that damages the surface of polished
      CoCr femoral stems. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B:
      Appl Biomater, 105B: 2027-2033, 2017.

PMID- 27376957
TI  - Chemical Constituents of the Rare Cliff Plant Oresitrophe rupifraga and Their
      Antineuroinflammatory Activity.
AB  - Four new (1 - 4) and thirteen known (5 - 17) compounds were isolated from a rare
      cliff plant, Oresitrophe rupifraga. Based on spectroscopic evidence, the new
      structures were established to be [(2S,3R,4R)-4-(4-methoxybenzyl)-2-(4
      methoxyphenyl)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl]methanol (1), (3alpha)-23-(acetyloxy)-3
      hydroxyolean-12-en-29-oic acid (2), 3alpha,23-(isopropylidenedioxy)olean-12-en-29
      oic acid (3, artifact of isolation), and (3beta,15beta)-3-hydroxycholest-5-en-15
      yl beta-d-glucopyranoside (4), respectively. Among the isolates, compounds 1, 4,
      epieudesmin (7), and 1-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)glycerol (17) were found to
      show significant antineuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting the NO production in
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV-2 microglial cells, with IC50
      values of 7.21, 9.39, 4.96, and 8.51 MUm, respectively. 

PMID- 27376959
TI  - Thirty-three years of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a principal basmati aroma compound in
      scented rice (Oryza sativa L.): a status review.
AB  - Rice is the staple food of around 3 billion people, most of them in Asia which
      accounts for 90% of global rice consumption. Aromatic rices have been preferred
      over non-aromatic rice for hundreds of years. They have a premium value in
      national as well as international market owing to their unique aroma and quality.
      Many researchers were involved in identifying the compound responsible for the
      pleasant aroma in aromatic rice in the 20th century. However, due to its unstable
      nature, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) was discovered very late, in 1982. Buttery and
      co-workers found 2AP to be the principal compound imparting the pleasant aroma to
      basmati and other scented rice varieties. Since then, 2AP has been identified in
      all fragrant rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and a wide range of plants,
      animals, fungi, bacteria and various food products. The present article reviews
      in detail biochemical and genetic aspects of 2AP in living systems. The site of
      synthesis, site of storage and stability in plant systems in vivo is of interest.
      This compound requires more research on stability to facilitate use as a food
      additive. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27376958
TI  - MiRNA-203 suppresses cell proliferation, migration and invasion in colorectal
      cancer via targeting of EIF5A2.
AB  - While it is known that miR-203 is frequently downregulated in many types of human
      cancer, little is known regarding its expression and functional role in
      colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression
      and the potential mechanisms of miR-203 in colorectal cancer. MiR-203 was
      significantly downregulated in CRC tissues compared with matched normal adjacent
      tissues. Our clinical data show that decreased miR-203 was associated with an
      advanced clinical tumor-node-metastasis stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor
      survival in CRC patients. Furthermore, externally induced expression of miR-203
      significantly inhibited CRC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo.
      Mechanistically, we identified EIF5A2 as a direct and functional target of miR
      203. The levels of miR-203 were inversely correlated with levels of the EIF5A2 in
      the CRC tissues. Restoration of EIF5A2 in the miR-203-overexpressing CRC cells
      reversed the suppressive effects of miR-203. Our results demonstrate that miR-203
      serves as a tumor suppressor gene and may be useful as a new potential
      therapeutic target in CRC.

PMID- 27376960
TI  - Comparative study of toxicity and biochemical responses induced by sublethal
      levels of the pesticide azinphosmethyl in two fish species from North-Patagonia,
      Argentina.
AB  - Biochemical effects of azinphosmethyl (AZM), an organophosphate pesticide, were
      determined in gill, brain and muscle tissues of Odontesthes hatcheri and Jenynsia
      multidentata. The 96-h toxicity was first assessed, estimating lethal
      concentrations fifty (LC50) of 7 and 30MUgL(-1) AZM for O. hatcheri and J.
      multidentata, respectively. Considering the LC50, sublethal 96-h static exposures
      were designed for O. hatcheri (0.1-0.5MUgL(-1) AZM) and J. multidentata (5
      10MUgL(-1)AZM) to determine biochemical endpoints. Brain acetylcholinesterase
      (AchE) was inhibited by AZM in both species, while the buffer enzyme
      carboxylesterase (CarbE) was not affected in this tissue. Conversely, muscular
      AchE was not affected but CarbE was augmented by AZM. The enzymes glutathione
      reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and CarbE were significantly inhibited in O.
      hatcheri gills but none of them was affected by AZM in J. multidentata gills
      compared to control. GSH levels were augmented in gills of both species in
      exposed fish compared to controls and in addition, lipid peroxidation was
      significantly increased in O. hatcheri gills. Ex vivo histochemical analysis of
      ROS by fluorescence microscopy was also performed in J. multidentata gills,
      indicating a significant increase upon exposure to 10MUgL(-1) AZM. Principal
      component analyses (PCA) were applied, both to the species together or
      separately. The general analysis demonstrated a clear separation of responses in
      the two species. For O. hatcheri, the variable that explains the major variation
      in PC1 is gill catalase and brain AchE in PC2. In J. multidentata in turn, the
      variable that explains the major variation in PC1 is brain AchE and total
      oxyradical scavenging capacity in PC2. The toxicity data and biomarker responses
      obtained for both species were compared to environmental concentrations of AZM
      detected in superficial water from different points in the Alto Valle region and
      risk quotients (RQ) were calculated. This approach indicated probable acute
      effects for O. hatcheri in river and irrigation channels (RQ>0.1), while the risk
      was unacceptable in drainage superficial water (RQ>1). In contrast, J.
      multidentata showed minimal risk in river or channel water (RQ<0.1) and probable
      risk in drainage water (RQ=0.75). We conclude that not only the differential
      susceptibility of both species to AZM is environmentally relevant, but also that
      the different biomarkers responding in each case underlie particular pathways
      stressed by this agrochemical. 

PMID- 27376961
TI  - Impact of molt-disrupting BDE-47 on epidermal ecdysteroid signaling in the blue
      crab, Callinectes sapidus, in vitro.
AB  - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are environmentally pervasive flame
      retardants that have been linked with endocrine disruption in a variety of
      organisms. BDE-47, one of the most prevalent congeners found in aquatic
      environments, has recently been shown to inhibit crustacean molting, but little
      is known about the specific mechanism through which molt-inhibition occurs. This
      study examined whether the inhibitory effect on molting arises from the
      disruption of hormone signaling in the epidermis using the blue crab, Callinectes
      sapidus, as the model crustacean. First, we partially sequenced cDNA of N-acetyl
      beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) from the epidermis, a terminal enzyme in the molting
      hormone-signaling cascades that is commonly used as the biomarker for ecdysteroid
      signaling. This partial cDNA sequence was then used to create primers for
      quantification of NAG gene expression. Then, a new tissue culture technique was
      developed and dubbed the epidermis-with-exoskeleton (EWE) method, wherein
      epidermal tissue, along with the overlying exoskeleton, is immersed in a medium
      of physiologically relevant osmolarity. Using this EWE tissue culture method, we
      assessed the inducibility of NAG mRNA by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in vitro.
      Exposures to 1MUM 20-HE were found to induce NAG mRNA at a significantly higher
      level than the control. Using NAG expression as a biomarker for ecdysteroid
      signaling, the effects of BDE-47 were measured. BDE-47 alone at 100nM and a
      combination of 1MUM BDE-47 and 1MUM 20-HE were found to significantly increase
      NAG mRNA. A trend of increasing NAG gene expression in the binary BDE-47 exposure
      as compared to 1MUM BDE-47 and 1MUM 20-HE alone is suggestive of a synergistic
      effect of these two chemicals on ecdysteroid signaling in the cultured epidermis.
      Discussion on the mechanism for inhibition of crustacean molting by BDE-47 is
      presented. 

PMID- 27376962
TI  - Effects of diadenylate cyclase deficiency on synthesis of extracellular
      polysaccharide matrix of Streptococcus mutans revisit.
AB  - An emerging secondary messenger c-di-AMP plays an important role in bacterial
      physiology. It was reported by Cheng et al. that inactivation of a gene coding
      for diadenylate cyclase (DAC), a c-di-AMP producing enzyme, resulted in enhanced
      synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) by a cariogenic bacterium,
      Streptococcus mutans (Cheng et al., 2016). We constructed a similar mutant and
      observed a completely different effect, the DAC deficiency resulted in a decrease
      in the production of EPS. Our studies provided the following compelling evidence,
      (1) the DAC mutant we constructed can be readily complemented for the production
      of EPS, while the mutant from the Cheng group cannot; (2) Our mutant exhibits the
      regular pattern of key enzymes that produce EPS, glucosyltransferases (Gtfs),
      while Cheng et al. reported an irregular pattern, which was inconsistent with
      their earlier studies. (3) We demonstrated that the response of the DAC mutant to
      oxidative stress is independent of GtfB, the key enzyme producing EPS, while the
      Cheng report suggests that overproduction of EPS is a responsive mechanism for
      the DAC mutant to adapt to the oxidative stress. Therefore, the validity of the
      relationship between DAC and EPS reported by Cheng et al. warrants further
      investigation and clarification.

PMID- 27376963
TI  - Giant Negative Electrocaloric Effects of Hf0.5 Zr0.5 O2 Thin Films.
AB  - Hafnia (HfO2 )-zirconia (ZrO2 ) solid solution films show giant positive (DeltaT
      = 13.4 K) and negative (DeltaT = -10.8 K) electrocaloric effects that can be
      simply controlled by tuning the Hf/Zr ratio. It is expected that the combination
      of the electrocaloric effects with opposite signs in this lead-free, simple,
      binary oxide can significantly improve the efficiency of electrocaloric cooling.

PMID- 27376964
TI  - High Performance and Cost-Effective Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Fe-N-C Methanol
      Tolerant Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts.
AB  - Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) offer great advantages for the supply of power
      with high efficiency and large energy density. The search for a cost-effective,
      active, stable and methanol-tolerant catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction
      (ORR) is still a great challenge. In this work, platinum group metal-free (PGM
      free) catalysts based on Fe-N-C are investigated in acidic medium. Post-treatment
      of the catalyst improves the ORR activity compared with previously published PGM
      free formulations and shows an excellent tolerance to the presence of methanol.
      The feasibility for application in DMFC under a wide range of operating
      conditions is demonstrated, with a maximum power density of approximately 50 mW
      cm(-2) and a negligible methanol crossover effect on the performance. A review of
      the most recent PGM-free cathode formulations for DMFC indicates that this
      formulation leads to the highest performance at a low membrane-electrode assembly
      (MEA) cost. Moreover, a 100 h durability test in DMFC shows suitable
      applicability, with a similar performance-time behavior compared to common MEAs
      based on Pt cathodes.

PMID- 27376965
TI  - Cryopreserved platelet concentrate transfusions in 43 dogs: a retrospective study
      (2007-2013).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To clinically characterize a group of thrombocytopenic dogs that
      received cryopreserved platelet concentrate (cPC) transfusion, assess efficacy of
      cPC treatment in improving patient outcome, and compare treated dogs to a control
      population of thrombocytopenic dogs that did not receive cPC transfusions.
      DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: University teaching hospital. ANIMALS:
      Eighty-six client-owned dogs (43 in treatment group, 43 in control group).
      INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Medical records of
      thrombocytopenic dogs that received cPC transfusions and those of
      thrombocytopenic dogs that did not receive cPC (control population) from January
      2007 through March 2013 were reviewed. Dogs receiving cPC were statistically more
      likely than controls to have a platelet trigger for cPC transfusion (P = 0.01),
      lower platelet count (P = 0.009) and hematocrit at presentation (P = 0.001), and
      lower hematocrit after cPC (P = 0.02). Although there was a statistically
      significant increase in platelet count from pre- to post-cPC transfusion (P =
      0.002), cPC was not found to be effective in improving clinical bleeding or
      increasing survival compared to the control group. No other characteristics were
      statistically different between groups. No dogs receiving cPC had an acute
      transfusion reaction during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: In the population
      described in this study, cPC was not found to increase survival, but was well
      tolerated. Controlled, prospective studies are necessary to determine indications
      for and efficacy of cPC transfusions.

PMID- 27376966
TI  - Desired response to phototherapy vs photoaggravation in psoriasis: what makes the
      difference?
AB  - Psoriasis commonly responds beneficially to UV radiation from natural sunlight or
      artificial sources. Therapeutic mechanisms include the proapoptotic and
      immunomodulating effects of UV, affecting many cells and involving a variety of
      pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, downregulating the Th17/IL-23 response with
      simultaneous induction of regulatory immune cells. However, exposure to UV
      radiation in a subset of psoriasis patients leads to exacerbation of the disease.
      We herein shed light on the predisposing factors of photosensitive psoriasis,
      including genetics (such as HLA-Cw*0602 or CARD14), gender and coexisting
      photodermatoses such as polymorphic light eruption (PLE) in the context of
      potential molecular mechanisms behind therapeutic photoresponsiveness or
      photoaggravation. UV-induced damage/pathogen-associated molecular patterns,
      damage to self-coding RNA (signalling through Toll-like receptors), certain
      antimicrobial peptides and/or inflammasome activation may induce innate immunity,
      leading to psoriasis at the site of UV exposure when there is concomitant,
      predisposing resistance against UV-induced suppression of the adaptive immune
      response (like in PLE) that otherwise would act to reduce psoriasis.

PMID- 27376967
TI  - Synthesis of Polyester Dendritic Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications.
AB  - Using a well-defined poly(2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid) dendrimer
      scaffold, a series of G1 to G3 dendrons is functionalized at the periphery with
      alkynes to enable "Click" functionalization via the copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide
      cycloaddition (CuAAC). The resulting dendrons are further functionalized at the
      core with a dipicolylamine (DPA) moiety to enable radiolabeling with 99m Tc for
      molecular imaging applications. Efficient CuAAC coupling is achieved using an
      azide-functionalized triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TEG-N3 ). Removal of
      copper from the DPA ligand is successfully performed on G1 and G2 dendrimers
      prior to radiolabeling with 99m Tc. Radiolabeling of the G3 dendrimer is
      accomplished via transmetallation of the [CuDPA]2+ ligand with 99m Tc, further
      demonstrating the feasibility of the synthetic strategies in the preparation of
      dendritic imaging agents. Subsequent attachment of an acyloxymethyl ketone (AOMK)
      derivative for targeting of cathepsin B is also explored. Despite demonstrating
      the ability to ligate multiple AOMK ligands, the AOMK-dendrimer conjugates are
      not able to bind to cathepsin B, which may be attributed to steric hindrance at
      the dendrimer periphery.

PMID- 27376969
TI  - Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation Therapy for Patients With Thoracic Pain: A
      Prospective Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Relative to the number of patients suffering chronic lumbar and
      cervical pain, fewer patients suffer persistent thoracic pain. Consequently there
      is less literature, with smaller sample sizes, reporting treatment of this
      cohort. Here, we assess peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNfS) as a potential
      treatment for chronic thoracic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included
      20 consecutive chronic thoracic pain sufferers that responded successfully to
      PNfS trial. The patients were subsequently implanted with permanent eight-contact
      electrode linear percutaneous leads within their major area of pain. Patients
      were followed up at 12 months for outcome reporting. All 20 patients were
      considered in the statistical analysis, despite removal of three devices prior to
      follow up. RESULTS: The average baseline pre-treatment Numerical Pain Rating
      Scale (NPRS) score was 7.75 +/- 1.4. Following PNfS, the mean NPRS score was 2.25
      +/-2.14, reflecting a significant average improvement of 5.5 +/- 3.31. Three
      patients were explanted prior to follow up: the first gained excellent thoracic
      pain relief but pain at the Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) site could not be
      overcome, the second achieved excellent pain relief but the PNfS was removed due
      to recurrent infection and in the final instance, the intervention offered only
      poor relief and the device removed. CONCLUSION: PNfS is an effective intervention
      for intractable disabling thoracic pain, offering sustained and worthwhile pain
      relief, for the overwhelming majority of the cohort. This may be especially true
      when considering a combined treatment approach of PNfS and analgesic use to
      manage remnant pain.

PMID- 27376970
TI  - Re: Urethral bulking for recurrent urinary stress incontinence after midurethral
      sling failure.

PMID- 27376968
TI  - The yeast transcription elongation factor Spt4/5 is a sequence-specific RNA
      binding protein.
AB  - The heterodimeric transcription elongation factor Spt4/Spt5 (Spt4/5) tightly
      associates with RNAPII to regulate both transcriptional elongation and co
      transcriptional pre-mRNA processing; however, the mechanisms by which Spt4/5 acts
      are poorly understood. Recent studies of the human and Drosophila Spt4/5
      complexes indicate that they can bind nucleic acids in vitro. We demonstrate here
      that yeast Spt4/5 can bind in a sequence-specific manner to single stranded RNA
      containing AAN repeats. Furthermore, we show that the major protein determinants
      for RNA-binding are Spt4 together with the NGN domain of Spt5 and that the KOW
      domains are not required for RNA recognition. These findings attribute a new
      function to a domain of Spt4/5 that associates directly with RNAPII, making
      significant steps towards elucidating the mechanism behind transcriptional
      control by Spt4/5.

PMID- 27376971
TI  - Effect of intrinsic angular momentum in the capillary filling dynamics of viscous
      fluids.
AB  - In this study, an analytical model is provided to describe the filling dynamics
      of a capillary filled with a viscous fluid containing spinning particles. The aim
      is to demonstrate the effect of angular momentum on the capillary filling
      dynamics of molecular fluids which has not been explored before. The presence of
      spinning particles generates additional coefficients of viscosity, namely, spin
      viscosity and vortex viscosity, which couples rotational and translational
      movements. Three different time stages have been noticed during the capillary
      filling phenomenon: inertia force dominated, visco-inertial, and viscous
      dominated regions. The last two regions are found to be mainly affected by the
      spinning particles. An increase in the spin and vortex viscosities is found to
      increase the viscous force and thus reduce the front position of the moving
      liquid. The results of this study are validated using the literature no-angular
      momentum (NAM) base-case results and an excellent agreement is observed. 

PMID- 27376972
TI  - Comments on the Rebuttal to the criticism on the paper "Application of Mn/MCM-41
      as an adsorbent to remove Methyl Blue from aqueous solution".

PMID- 27376973
TI  - Enhanced photocatalytic activity of degrading short chain chlorinated paraffins
      over reduced graphene oxide/CoFe2O4/Ag nanocomposite.
AB  - Short chain chlorinated paraffins have recently attracted great attention because
      of their environmental persistence and biological toxicity as an important
      organic pollutant. In this work, reduced graphene oxide/CoFe2O4/Ag
      (RGO/CoFe2O4/Ag) nanocomposite was prepared and employed for photocatalytic
      degradation of short chain chlorinated paraffins. The process of photocatalytic
      degradation of short chain chlorinated paraffins over RGO/CoFe2O4/Ag under
      visible light (lambda>400nm) was investigated by in situ Fourier transform
      infrared spectroscopy and the related mechanisms were proposed. An apparent
      degradation ratio of 91.9% over RGO/CoFe2O4/Ag could be obtained under visible
      light illumination of 12h, while only about 21.7% was obtained with commercial
      P25 TiO2 under the same experimental conditions, which demonstrates that the
      RGO/CoFe2O4/Ag nanocomposite is a potential candidate for effective
      photocatalytic removal of short chain chlorinated paraffins. 

PMID- 27376974
TI  - Precipitation of anionic emulsifier with ordinary Portland cement.
AB  - Cement has traditionally been used to accelerate bitumen emulsion breaking in
      cold mix asphalt and cold recycling asphalt. For cold emulsion mixtures, the
      mixing stability of bitumen emulsion is a crucial property, because it determines
      the distribution of bitumen and eventually affects the microstructure and the
      strength development of asphalt mixtures. Recent studies have proven that the
      interaction between cement and emulsifiers causes the destabilization of bitumen
      emulsions. The objective of this study is to understand the interaction between
      cement particles and rosin emulsifiers. For this purpose, the Ca(2+) ions and
      rosin emulsifier concentration after filtration were measured to identify the
      interaction between cement and rosin emulsifiers. The consumed emulsifier
      increases linearly with the amount of added cement or CaCl2 concentration in the
      case of diluted rosin emulsifier solutions in which the rosin emulsifier
      concentration is below the CMC (critical micelle concentration). In the case of
      concentrated rosin emulsifier solutions (above the CMC), the rosin emulsifier
      concentration shows a sharp decrease when a certain amount of cement or CaCl2 is
      added. This study indicates that cement destabilizes anionic bitumen emulsion due
      to the precipitation of rosin emulsifiers caused by Ca(2+) ions which are
      released by early cement hydration. Further studies on precipitation behavior
      have shown that micelles of rosin emulsifier can complex Ca(2+) ions but do not
      precipitate. These findings explain why slow-setting bitumen emulsions, which
      contain a higher concentration of emulsifier, show better mixing stability. 

PMID- 27376975
TI  - A predictive model of reverse micelles solubilizing water for solvent extraction.
AB  - Herein, a minimal model for the common case of W/O solubilization of badly
      soluble compounds present in an excess phase by reverse micellar aggregates in
      chemical equilibrium with its single compounds is introduced. A simple model of
      such liquid-liquid extractions is crucial for obtaining predictive parameter for
      the modelling of nuclear waste management and hydrometallurgic recycling
      strategies. The standard Gibbs free energy of aggregation and the concentration
      of the corresponding aggregate is calculated within a multiple-equilibria
      approach for a set of aggregate compositions of solute and amphiphilic extractant
      molecules. This minimal model provides potential surfaces estimating the
      stability of different aggregate compositions with 6.2kJmol(-1) as a generalized
      bending constant. The complete concentrations of free and aggregated extractant
      species as well as the favored aggregation numbers, the polydispersity, the
      activity of the organic solvent, and the critical concentrations are captured by
      this thermodynamic model. An increase of the apparent critical micelle
      concentration for an increasing solute content in the aqueous phase is detected
      by this method. 

PMID- 27376976
TI  - Te inclusion-induced electrical field perturbation in CdZnTe single crystals
      revealed by Kelvin probe force microscopy.
AB  - To understand the effects of tellurium (Te) inclusions on the device performance
      of CdZnTe radiation detectors, the perturbation of the electrical field in and
      around Te inclusions was studied in CdZnTe single crystals via Kelvin probe force
      microscopy (KPFM). Te inclusions were proved to act as lower potential centers
      with respect to surrounding CdZnTe matrix. Based on the KPFM results, the energy
      band diagram at the Te/CdZnTe interface was established, and the bias-dependent
      effects of Te inclusion on carrier transportation is discussed. 

PMID- 27376977
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes and awareness regarding fertility preservation among
      oncologists and clinical practitioners in Lebanon.
AB  - Fertility preservation (FP) aims to help individuals overcome the infertility
      associated with cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation. The
      objective of this study was to assess the awareness, attitudes and knowledge of
      oncologists' and clinical practitioners' (CPs) about fertility preservation and
      its options in Lebanon. This was a cross-sectional study with surveys carried out
      between March 2012 and February 2013 on CPs at the American University of Beirut
      Medical Centre and Saint Jude's Children Cancer Centre as well as all registered
      oncologists in Lebanon. Ninety percent of CPs (n = 88) and 94% of oncologists (n
      = 53) agreed that fertility preservation should be discussed with patient before
      their cancer treatment. Our data showed a gender bias in relation to patients
      being informed of their FP options, as well as conflicting knowledge of FP
      options available in Lebanon among oncologists. The CPs were more likely to have
      accurate knowledge of FP options and treatment than oncologists. A proactive
      approach is required to: (1) increase the awareness and knowledge of FP; (2)
      improve attitudes towards FP; and (3) encourage its communication between CPs,
      oncologists and patients in Lebanon. Increased education programs, awareness
      campaigns and development of dedicated FP centres are needed. 

PMID- 27376978
TI  - Solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura with associated Doege-Potter syndrome.
AB  - Doege-Potter syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by tumor
      associated hypoglycemia secondary to a solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura. We
      present a case of an 84-year-old man, who presented with acute mental confusion
      and therapy-resistant hypoglycemia. Diagnostic imaging revealed a large sharply
      defined pleural tumor based on the left diaphragm, after surgical resection the
      diagnosis was made of a malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura and
      restoration of the glucose homeostasis was observed.

PMID- 27376979
TI  - The molecularization of identity: science and subjectivity in the 21st century.
AB  - Recent advances in biological and computational technologies are changing the way
      different social groups imagine race, gender, kinship, citizenship and disease
      risk. Existing taxonomies are being displaced or reconfigured, impacting the ways
      in which people are governed, how lives are lived, how groups are known and how
      power is exercised. Herein we report on a two-day international symposium that we
      co-organized, titled 'The molecularization of identity: science and subjectivity
      in the 21st century,' that was held on 29-30 April 2016 at the Program on
      Science, Technology and Society, at Harvard University. The symposium drew upon
      the tools and expertise from multiple disciplines and diverse geographical
      regions and consisted of 24 original research presentations and an
      interdisciplinary roundtable. Specific attention was paid to the bioethical,
      material and lived dimensions of recent developments in molecular technologies,
      and discussions interrogated the complex ways in which the 'molecular realm' is
      an emerging site for constituting human identities in the 21st century. Herein we
      summarize some of the key findings of the conference and raise three further
      issues for practitioners and researchers to consider in relation to the broader
      impact of genetics research. Namely: transnational governance of emerging
      biotechnologies; representation of different interest groups in policy decisions;
      and rights of access to emerging technologies.

PMID- 27376980
TI  - Effect of Intestinal Flora on Protein Expression of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and
      Transporters in the Liver and Kidney of Germ-Free and Antibiotics-Treated Mice.
AB  - Dysbiosis (alteration of intestinal flora) is associated with various host
      physiologies, including diseases. The purpose of this study was to clarify the
      effect of dysbiosis on protein expression levels in mouse liver and kidney by
      quantitative proteomic analysis, focusing in particular on drug-metabolizing
      enzymes and transporters in order to investigate the potential impact of
      dysbiosis on drug pharmacokinetics. Germ-free (GF) mice and antibiotics-treated
      mice were used as dysbiosis models. Expression levels of 825 and 357 proteins
      were significantly changed in the liver and kidney, respectively, of GF mice (vs
      specific-pathogen-free mice), while 306 and 178 proteins, respectively, were
      changed in antibiotics-treated mice (vs vehicle controls). Among them, 52 and 16
      drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter proteins were significantly changed in
      the liver and kidney, respectively, of GF mice, while 25 and 8, respectively were
      changed in antibiotics-treated mice. Expression of mitochondrial proteins was
      also changed in the liver and kidney of both model mice. In GF mice, Oatp1a1 was
      decreased in both the liver and kidney, while Sult1a1 and two Cyp enzymes were
      increased and Gstp1, four Cyp enzymes, three Ces enzymes, Bcrp1, and Oct1 were
      decreased in the liver. In antibiotics-treated mice, Cyp51a1 was increased and
      three Cyp enzymes, Bcrp1, and Bsep were decreased in the liver. Notably, the
      expression of Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11 was greatly decreased in the liver of both
      models. Cyp2b activity in the liver microsomal fraction was also decreased. Our
      results indicate that dysbiosis changes the protein expression of multiple drug
      metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the liver and kidney and may alter
      pharmacokinetics in the host.

PMID- 27376981
TI  - Thorium Compounds with Bonds to Sulfur or Selenium: Synthesis, Structure, and
      Thermolysis.
AB  - Thorium chalcogenolates Th(ER)4 (E = S, Se; R = Ph, C6F5) form pyridine complexes
      with a variety of coordination numbers. Four compounds, (py)4Th(SPh)4,
      (py)3Th(SePh)4, (py)3Th(SC6F5)4, and (py)4Th(SeC6F5)4, have been isolated and
      characterized by spectroscopic methods and low-temperature single crystal X-ray
      diffraction. Two of the products, (py)4Th(SPh)4 and (py)4Th(SeC6F5)4, have
      classic eight coordinate A4B4 square-antiprism geometries. The SePh compound is
      the only seven coordinate (4Se, 3N) product, and the fluorinated thiolate is
      distinctive in that the structure contains two dative interactions between Th and
      fluoride, to give a nine coordinate (3N, 4S, 2F) structure. The EPh compounds
      decompose thermally to give ThE2 and EPh2, while the fluorinated compounds give
      primarily ThF4, E2(C6F5)2, and E(C6F5)2. 

PMID- 27376982
TI  - C-type natriuretic peptide is closely associated to obesity in Caucasian
      adolescents.
AB  - CNP is a natural regulator of adipogenesis playing a role in the development of
      obesity in childhood. Aim of the study was to evaluate CNP plasma levels in
      normal-weight (N), overweight (OW) and obese adolescents (O). Eighty two subjects
      (age:12.8+/-2.4, years) without cardiac dysfunction were enrolled and CNP plasma
      levels were measured by RIA. NT-proBNP, MR-proANP, AGEs, reactive hyperemia index
      (RHI) and standard clinical chemistry parameters were also measured. O and OW
      adolescents had higher values of BMI and fat mass than N. CNP levels were
      significantly lower in OW:4.79[3.29-21.15] and O:3.81[1.55-13.4] than in
      N:13.21[7.6-37.8]; p<0.0001N vs O, p=0.0003N vs OW). LogCNP values correlated
      significantly and inversely with BMI z-score, FM%, TF% and circulating levels of
      CRP, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, in addition to an
      inverse relationship with skin AGEs and a direct correlation with RHI. LogCNP was
      also inversely associated with LogNT-proBNP and LogMR-proANP values. Using ROC
      analysis the risk of obesity resulted significantly (p?0.0001) associated with
      CNP values (AUC=0.9724). These results suggest that CNP may play a more important
      role than BNP and ANP related peptides, as risk marker of obesity, in addition to
      its involvement in adipogenesis and endothelial dysfunction. 

PMID- 27376983
TI  - Quantification of specific IgE antibodies in immediate drug hypersensitivity:
      More shortcomings than potentials?
AB  - BACKGROUND: For many physicians, quantification of serum drug-specific IgE (sIgE)
      antibodies constitutes the first measure in the diagnostic approach of immediate
      drug hypersensitivity reactions (IDHR). AIM: To review the accuracy and
      limitations of the main drug-sIgE tests, especially those that are commercially
      available. METHODS: A literature search was conducted, using the key-words
      allergy, diagnosis, drugs, hypersensitivity, specific IgE antibodies; this was
      complemented by the authors' own experience. RESULTS: The drugs that have mostly
      been studied appeared to be beta-lactam antibiotics, neuromuscular blocking
      agents (NMBA) and morphine, the latter as a biomarker for sensitisation to
      substituted ammonium structures that constitute the major epitope of NMBA. For
      beta-lactams sensitivity and specificity varied between 0-85% and 52-100%,
      respectively. For NMBA, sensitivity and specificity varied between 38.5-92% and
      92-100%, respectively. With respect to sIgE to morphine it appears this drug to
      be a sensitive biomarker for sensitisation to rocuronium and suxamethonium but
      not for atracurium. However, sIgE morphine should not be applied in isolation to
      diagnose IDHR to NMBA nor opiates. CONCLUSIONS: Although drug-sIgE assay can
      provide valuable information they should not be performed in isolation to
      establish correct diagnosis, as their predictive value is not per se absolute.
      Larger comprehensive studies are urgently required to determine the accuracy of
      drug-sIgE assays.

PMID- 27376984
TI  - Dedifferentiated Schwann Cell Precursors Secreting Paracrine Factors Are Required
      for Regeneration of the Mammalian Digit Tip.
AB  - Adult mammals have lost multi-tissue regenerative capacity, except for the distal
      digit, which is able to regenerate via mechanisms that remain largely unknown.
      Here, we show that, after adult mouse distal digit removal, nerve-associated
      Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) dedifferentiate and secrete growth factors that
      promote expansion of the blastema and digit regeneration. When SCPs were
      dysregulated or ablated, mesenchymal precursor proliferation in the blastema was
      decreased and nail and bone regeneration were impaired. Transplantation of
      exogenous SCPs rescued these regeneration defects. We found that SCPs secrete
      factors that promote self-renewal of mesenchymal precursors, and we used
      transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to define candidate factors. Two of these,
      oncostatin M (OSM) and platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), are made by
      SCPs in the regenerating digit and rescued the deficits in regeneration caused by
      loss of SCPs. As all peripheral tissues contain nerves, these results could have
      broad implications for mammalian tissue repair and regeneration.

PMID- 27376985
TI  - Size-selective toxicity effects of the antimicrobial tylosin on estuarine
      phytoplankton communities.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to determine the lethal and sublethal effects of
      the antimicrobial tylosin on natural estuarine phytoplankton communities.
      Bioassays were used in experimental treatments with final concentrations of 5 to
      1000 MUg tylosin l(-1). Maximum percent inhibition ranged from 57 to 85% at
      concentrations of 200-400 MUg tylosin l(-1). Half maximum inhibition
      concentrations of tylosin were ca. 5x lower for small phytoplankton (<20 MUm)
      relative to larger phytoplankton (>20 MUm) and suggests that small phytoplankton
      are more sensitive to tylosin exposure. Sublethal effects occurred at
      concentrations as low as 5 MUg tylosin l(-1). Environmental concentrations of
      tylosin (e.g., 0.2-3 MUg l(-1)) may have a significant sublethal effect that
      alters the size structure and composition of phytoplankton communities. The
      results of this study highlight the potential importance of cell size on toxicity
      responses of estuarine phytoplankton. 

PMID- 27376986
TI  - Quality screening for air quality monitoring data in China.
AB  - Particulate matter data obtained from the national air quality monitoring network
      in China has become an essential and critical data source for many current and
      forthcoming studies as well as the formulation and implementation of air
      pollution regulatory policies on particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). However,
      the quality control of this data is dubitable and can affect many future studies
      and policies. This study identifies and elucidates two significant quality
      control issues with the data. They are PM2.5 levels exceeding concurrent co
      located PM10 levels and the registration of same concentrations for consecutive
      hours at some stations. Future studies utilizing particulate matter data need to
      acknowledge and address these issues to ensure accurate and reliable results. 

PMID- 27376987
TI  - High-resolution imaging of labile phosphorus and its relationship with iron redox
      state in lake sediments.
AB  - A thorough understanding of the labile status and dynamics of phosphorus (P) and
      iron (Fe) across the sediment-water interface (SWI) is essential for managing
      internal P release in eutrophic lakes. Fe-coupled inactivation of P in sediments
      is an important factor which affects internal P release in freshwater lakes. In
      this study, two in-situ high-resolution diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)
      techniques, Zr-Oxide DGT and ZrO-Chelex DGT, were used to investigate the release
      characteristics of P from sediments in a large freshwater lake (Dongting Lake,
      China; area of 2691 km2) experiencing a regional summer algal bloom. Two
      dimensional distributions of labile P in sediments were imaged with the Zr-Oxide
      DGT without destruction of the original structure of the sediment layer at four
      sites of the lake. The concentration of DGT-labile P in the sediments, ranging
      from 0.007 to 0.206 mg L-1, was highly heterogeneous across the profiles. The
      values of apparent diffusion flux (Fd) and release flux (Fr) of P varied between 
      0.027-0.197 mg m-2 d-1 and 0.037-0.332 mg m-2 d-1, respectively. Labile P showed
      a high and positive correlation (p < 0.01) with labile Fe(II) in the profiles,
      providing high-resolution evidence for the key role of Fe-redox cycling in labile
      P variation in sediments.

PMID- 27376988
TI  - Efficient arsenate removal by magnetite-modified water hyacinth biochar.
AB  - Magnetic biochars (MW) prepared by chemical co-precipitation of Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) on
      water hyacinth biomass followed by pyrolysis exhibited important potential in
      aqueous As(V) elimination. In comparison, MW2501 outperformed other MWs and
      exhibited the highest As(V) sorption capacity which was estimated to be 7.4 mg g(
      1) based on Langmuir-Freundlic model. With solution pH ranging from 3 to 10,
      As(V) removal efficiency by MW2501 kept stable and consistently higher than 90%.
      Besides, ~100% removal of 0.5 mM As(V) can be obtained in the presence of P <=
      0.1 mM or Cr/Sb <= 0.5 mM, indicating a wide applicability of MW2501 for
      treatment of As-containing water. The predominance of Fe3O4 on MW2501 surface was
      evidenced by XRD. Ligand exchange between As(V) anion and the hydroxylated
      surface of Fe3O4 as well as H bond was largely responsible for As(V) sorption as
      suggested by FTIR. XPS analysis further revealed the dominance of As(V) in the
      sorbed As on MW2501 surface with co-occurrence of a minor proportion of As(III)
      (11.45%). In parallel, oxidative transformation of Fe3O4 to Fe2O3 was also
      suggested by XPS. By a lab-scale column test, the potential and suitability of
      MW2501 in As-containing water treatment was further confirmed, which could also
      provide an alternative way to manage and utilize this highly problematic invasive
      species. 

PMID- 27376989
TI  - Preliminary evidence of nutrients release from sediment in response to oxygen
      across benthic oxidation layer by a long-term field trial.
AB  - In aquatic ecosystems, ecological processes such as organic matter mineralization
      and nutrient cycling are regulated by benthic O2 in sediments, and application of
      in situ techniques in field environments has the potential to better define the
      links between O2 dynamics and the unique biogeochemical phenomena occurring in
      these regions. The effects of benthic O2 on sediment nutrients release were
      identified on the basis of field specific observations conducted over one and a
      half years at Taihu Lake. Sediment dredging (SD) practices have sharply reworked
      the benthic boundary oxidation layer, and the oxygen penetration depth (OPD) in
      the SD responded as expected to the new-born surface, increasing immediately (7.5
      +/- 0.8 - 10.5 +/- 0.6 mm) after dredging, then further increasing with an
      unusually high heterogeneity when a significant submersed macrophytes (SM)
      coverage of about 40% was implemented. Multiple correlation analysis revealed
      that OPD was responsible for PO43- and NH4+ release. A lower benthic oxygen flux
      was immediately observed in dredging-related sediments in the case of dredging
      compared to SM or the control (CK), which suggested that oxygen demand is low in
      the uppermost sediments because of the degradable fresh organic carbon removal.
      SD and SDSM implementation was most successful at continuously reducing the size
      of PO43- released from sediments over one and a half years, and a significant
      seasonal-dependent release was also observed. The direction of flux was
      consistent among SD and SDSM, suggesting the potential to reduce internal PO43-
      release even further with the invasion of SM communities. Our results indicated
      that ecological engineering practices could alleviate internal nutrient loads
      from the contaminated bottom sediment, which was probably in positive response to
      benthic oxygen changes.

PMID- 27376990
TI  - Metal enrichment and lead isotope analysis for source apportionment in the urban
      dust and rural surface soil.
AB  - To understand the metal accumulation in the environment and identify its sources,
      29 different metal contents and lead (Pb) isotope ratios were determined for 40
      urban dust samples, 36 surface soil samples, and one river sediment sample
      collected in the municipality of Beijing, China. Results showed that cadmium,
      copper (Cu), mercury, Pb, antimony (Sb), and zinc demonstrated to be the typical
      urban contaminants and mostly influenced by the adjacent human activities with
      higher content to background ratios and SD values. Among the 29 metal elements
      investigated, Cu and Sb were found to be the most distinct elements that were
      highly affected by the developing level and congestion status of the cities with
      much higher contents in dust in more developed and congested cities. There was a
      relatively wider range of Pb isotope ratios of country surface soil than those of
      urban dust. The results of source identification based on Pb isotope ratios
      showed that coal combustion was the first largest Pb source and vehicle exhaust
      was the second largest source. The sum of them accounted for 74.6% mass
      proportion of overall Pb pollution on average. The surface soil sample collected
      at an iron mine had the highest (204)Pb/(206)Pb, (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and
      (208)Pb/(206)Pb ratios indicating ore had much higher ratios than other sources.
      The fine particle subsamples had higher (204)Pb/(206)Pb, (207)Pb/(206)Pb, and
      (208)Pb/(206)Pb ratios than the coarse particle subsamples indicating more
      anthropogenic sources of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust for fine particles
      and more background influence for coarse particles. These results help with
      pinpointing the major Pb sources and applying suitable measures for the target
      sources. 

PMID- 27376991
TI  - Bioassay-directed identification of toxicants in sediments of Liaohe River,
      northeast China.
AB  - Contaminants accumulated in sediments may directly harm benthic organisms,
      however, the specific contaminants responsible for adverse effects have been
      poorly described. In this study, a bioassay-directed analysis combined with
      toxicity tests and chemistry analysis was conducted to determine the compounds
      eliciting the greatest toxicological effect in the sediments in Liaohe River,
      northeast China. A total of 24 sediment samples were examined to determine their
      acute toxicity to midge Chironomus tentans (C. tentans). Of these samples, 15
      exhibited significant toxicity, with a mortality of 23%-93% (p < 0.05). Numerous
      contaminants, including 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 32 polychlorinated
      biphenyls, 20 organochlorine pesticides, 6 organophosphate pesticides, 8
      pyrethroids, and 5 heavy metals were analyzed. On the basis of toxic unit (TU)
      analysis results, pyrethroids may contribute to the toxicity of 9 of the 15 toxic
      samples with concentrations of >1 TU. The significant correlation between the TUs
      of pyrethroids and the mortality of C. tentans (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.01) confirmed
      the major role of pyrethroids in toxicity. The selected sediment samples
      responding to piperonyl butoxide and low temperature with the increased toxicity
      exhibited the characteristics of pyrethroids. The bioassay-based screening
      framework provided strong evidence that pyrethroids were the primary cause of
      sediment toxicity in Liaohe River. Further studies should therefore be conducted
      to regulate this important class of pollutants.

PMID- 27376992
TI  - Potential toxicity of improperly discarded exhausted photovoltaic cells.
AB  - Low tech photovoltaic panels (PVPs) installed in the early '80s are now coming to
      the end of their life cycle and this raises the problem of their proper disposal.
      As panels contain potentially toxic elements, unconventional, complex and costly
      procedures are required to avoid environmental health risks and in countries
      where environmental awareness and economic resources are limited this may be
      especially problematic. This work was designed to investigate potential risks
      from improper disposal of these panels. To accomplish this aim an exhausted panel
      was broken into pieces and these were placed in water for 30 days. The resulting
      leached solution was analyzed to determine chemical release or used in toto, to
      determine its potential toxicity in established tests. The end points were seed
      germination (on Cucumis sativus and Lens culinaris) and effects on early
      development in three larval models: two crustaceans, Daphnia magna and Artemia
      salina, and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Our results show that the
      panels release small amounts of electrolytes (Na, Ca and Mg) into solution, along
      with antimony and manganese, with a concentration under the accepted maximum
      contaminant level, and nickel at a potentially toxic concentration. Developmental
      defects are seen in the plant and animal test organisms after experimental
      exposure to the whole solution leached from the broken panel. The toxic effects
      revealed in in vitro tests are sufficient to attract attention considering that
      they are exerted on both plants and aquatic animals and that the number of old
      PVPs in disposal sites will be very high. 

PMID- 27376993
TI  - Limited recovery of soil microbial activity after transient exposure to gasoline
      vapors.
AB  - During gasoline spills complex mixtures of toxic volatile organic compounds
      (VOCs) are released to terrestrial environments. Gasoline VOCs exert baseline
      toxicity (narcosis) and may thus broadly affect soil biota. We assessed the
      functional resilience (i.e. resistance and recovery of microbial functions) in
      soil microbial communities transiently exposed to gasoline vapors by passive
      dosing via headspace for 40 days followed by a recovery phase of 84 days.
      Chemical exposure was characterized with GC-MS, whereas microbial activity was
      monitored as soil respiration (CO2 release) and soil bacterial growth
      ([(3)H]leucine incorporation). Microbial activity was strongly stimulated and
      inhibited at low and high exposure levels, respectively. Microbial growth
      efficiency decreased with increasing exposure, but rebounded during the recovery
      phase for low-dose treatments. Although benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene
      (BTEX) concentrations decreased by 83-97% during the recovery phase, microbial
      activity in high-dose treatments did not recover and numbers of viable bacteria
      were 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than in control soil. Re-inoculation with
      active soil microorganisms failed to restore microbial activity indicating
      residual soil toxicity, which could not be attributed to BTEX, but rather to
      mixture toxicity of more persistent gasoline constituents or degradation
      products. Our results indicate a limited potential for functional recovery of
      soil microbial communities after transient exposure to high, but environmentally
      relevant, levels of gasoline VOCs which therefore may compromise ecosystem
      services provided by microorganisms even after extensive soil VOC dissipation. 

PMID- 27376994
TI  - Reconstructing the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) accident 30 years after.
      A unique database of air concentration and deposition measurements over Europe.
AB  - 30 years after the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) accident, its radioactive
      releases still remain of great interest mainly due to the long half-lives of many
      radionuclides emitted. Observations from the terrestrial environment, which hosts
      radionuclides for many years after initial deposition, are important for health
      and environmental assessments. Furthermore, such measurements are the basis for
      validation of atmospheric transport models and can be used for constraining the
      still not accurately known source terms. However, although the "Atlas of cesium
      deposition on Europe after the Chernobyl accident" (hereafter referred to as
      "Atlas") has been published since 1998, less than 1% of the direct observations
      of (137)Cs deposition has been made publicly available. The remaining ones are
      neither accessible nor traceable to specific data providers and a large fraction
      of these data might have been lost entirely. The present paper is an effort to
      rescue some of the data collected over the years following the CNPP accident and
      make them publicly available. The database includes surface air activity
      concentrations and deposition observations for (131)I, (134)Cs and (137)Cs
      measured and provided by Former Soviet Union authorities the years that followed
      the accident. Using the same interpolation tool as the official authorities, we
      have reconstructed a deposition map of (137)Cs based on about 3% of the data used
      to create the Atlas map. The reconstructed deposition map is very similar to the
      official one, but it has the advantage that it is based exclusively on documented
      data sources, which are all made available within this publication. In contrast
      to the official map, our deposition map is therefore reproducible and all
      underlying data can be used also for other purposes. The efficacy of the database
      was proved using simulated activity concentrations and deposition of (137)Cs from
      a Langrangian and a Euleurian transport model. 

PMID- 27376995
TI  - The status of organochlorine pesticide contamination in the soils of the
      Campanian Plain, southern Italy, and correlations with soil properties and cancer
      risk.
AB  - The distribution, inventory, and potential risk of organochlorine pesticides
      (OCPs), including Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and
      Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and their correlation with soil
      properties and anthropogenic factors were investigated in soils of the Campanian
      Plain. The total concentrations of HCHs and DDTs ranged from 0.03 to 17.3 ng/g
      (geometric mean: GM = 0.05 ng/g), and 0.08-1231 ng/g (GM = 14.4 ng/g),
      respectively. In general, the concentration of OCPs in farmland and orchards was
      higher than on land used for non-agricultural purposes. There are significant
      differences in the concentration of OCPs in the soils across the region, more
      specifically, the Acerra-Marigliano conurbation (AMC) and Sarno River Basin (SRB)
      are recognized as severely OCP-contaminated areas. The recent application of
      technical HCHs and DDTs in large quantities appears unlikely in light of the
      ratio of alpha-HCH/beta-HCH and p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE, and the prohibition of the use
      of these chemicals in Italy nearly forty years ago. The clear correlation between
      the concentration of DDTs and organic carbon suggests a typical secondary
      distribution pattern. The mass inventory of OCPs in soils of the Campanian Plain
      is estimated to have a GM of 17.3 metric tons. There is no clear evidence linking
      the impact of geographical distribution of OCPs on the incidence of cancer, and
      the 95% confidence interval of total incremental lifetime cancer risk (TILCR)
      data falls below the internationally accepted benchmark value of 1 * 10(-5). 

PMID- 27376996
TI  - Detection of environmental impacts of shrimp farming through multiple lines of
      evidence.
AB  - In order to evaluate the impact of semi-intensive shrimp farming, comparisons
      between Control and Impact areas were made based on multiple lines of evidence
      using an asymmetrical design. Water and sediment samples were collected in four
      shrimp farms located in Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil. Nutrients, trace
      elements and macrobenthic assemblages were evaluated using uni- and multivariate
      analyzes. Significant differences were observed between Impact and Control areas
      for the water column dataset (i.e., ancillary variables, SPM, dissolved nutrients
      and major and trace elements in SPM), whereas no significant differences were
      observed for the chemistry of sediments. Macrobenthic assemblages were negatively
      affected by shrimp farm activities. Impacted sites presented the lowest
      abundance, richness and different structure of macrofaunal benthic assemblages.
      Farms clearly produced negative impacts in the Todos os Santos Bay. This
      conclusion was only possible to be reached through the use of multiple lines of
      evidence. Chemistry and benthic assemblages data combined produced a better
      description of the quality and impacts of the evaluated environments. Different
      conclusions would have been reached if chemistry and ecology results were studied
      separately vs. together.

PMID- 27376997
TI  - Increasing Occurrence of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Contemporary
      Cardiac Surgery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Patients referred for cardiac surgery are increasingly older, with a
      higher prevalence of significant comorbidities and undergoing more extensive
      surgery. The aim of the study was to ascertain the incidence and presentation of
      postoperative atrial fibrillation in contemporary patients. DESIGN: A prospective
      single-center study. SETTING: A tertiary academic center. PARTICIPANTS: Between
      January 2013 and December 2014, 1,356 consecutive patients (72% male, median age
      68), including urgent and emergency cases, were analyzed. Preoperative paroxysmal
      atrial fibrillation was present in 163 (12%) and chronic in 156 (12%) patients.
      INTERVENTIONS: No interventions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 1,164
      patients without chronic atrial fibrillation and surviving at least 5 days, 599
      (51%) developed postoperative atrial fibrillation, 43% after bypass, 55% after
      single valve, 74% after multiple valve, 66% after combined bypass and valve, and
      54% after aortic procedures, p<0.001, respectively. In 29%, the duration of
      postoperative atrial fibrillation was less than 48 hours and did not recur,
      whereas in 71% the arrhythmia persisted for at least 48 hours or recurred during
      hospitalization. Patients with postoperative atrial fibrillation were
      significantly older, had a higher prevalence of previous atrial fibrillation and
      hypertension, larger left atrium, and required longer hospitalization with
      increased rates of reoperations and infectious complications. CONCLUSIONS: The
      authors report high, 10% to 20% greater than previously described, occurrence of
      postoperative atrial fibrillation in contemporary patients undergoing cardiac
      surgery. Most patients with postoperative atrial fibrillation experienced
      prolonged duration or recurrence of the arrhythmia. The type of surgery, advanced
      age, and previous atrial fibrillation were the most important risk factors.

PMID- 27376998
TI  - Deaths: Leading Causes for 2014.
AB  - Objectives-This report presents final 2014 data on the 10 leading causes of death
      in the United States by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Leading causes of
      infant, neonatal, and postneonatal death are also presented. This report
      supplements "Deaths: Final Data for 2014," the National Center for Health
      Statistics' annual report of final mortality statistics. 

PMID- 27376999
TI  - Patterns of trace element bioaccumulation in jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo
      (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon from SE Spain.
AB  - The effects of an abandoned mining area, exploited for centuries in the mining
      district of Cartagena-La Union, result in a continuous supply of heavy metals
      into the Mar Menor coastal lagoon after rain episodes. As a consequence,
      concentration of trace elements in water column and sediments of this ecosystem
      is usually higher than in other areas. For monitoring ecosystem health, this
      study assessed the ability of Rhizostoma pulmo to bioaccumulate trace elements. A
      total of 57 individuals were sampled at eight different sampling stations during
      the summer of 2012. Although the concentrations of different analyzed elements
      (Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, and Pb) were moderate,
      bioconcentration levels in relation to seawater metal concentration were
      extremely high. In any case, the use or disposal of these organisms should
      consider their metal content, because of their potential environmental and health
      implications. 

PMID- 27377000
TI  - Is existing legislation fit-for-purpose to achieve Good Environmental Status in
      European seas?
AB  - Recent additions to marine environmental legislation are usually designed to fill
      gaps in protection and management, build on existing practices or correct
      deficiencies in previous instruments. Article 13 of the European Marine Strategy
      Framework Directive (MSFD) requires Member States to develop a Programme of
      Measures (PoM) by 2015, to meet the objective of Good Environmental Status (GES)
      for their waters by 2020. This review explores key maritime-related policies with
      the aim to identify the opportunities and threats that they pose for the
      achievement of GES. It specifically examines how Member States have relied on and
      will integrate existing legislation and policies to implement their PoM and the
      potential opportunities and difficulties associated with this. Using case studies
      of three Member States, other external impediments to achieving GES are discussed
      including uses and users of the marine environment who are not governed by the
      MSFD, and gives recommendations for overcoming barriers. 

PMID- 27377001
TI  - Estimating the input of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and SGD-derived
      nutrients in Geoje Bay, Korea using (222)Rn-Si mass balance model.
AB  - In order to evaluate the main source of nutrients for maintaining the high
      production in shellfish farming bay, we have measured (222)Rn activities and the
      concentrations of nutrients in stream water, seawater, and coastal groundwater
      around Geoje Bay, one of the largest cultivation areas of oyster in the southern
      sea of Korea in April 2013. Using the (222)Rn and Si mass balance model, the
      residence time of bay seawater was about 5days and the submarine groundwater
      discharge (SGD) into the bay was estimated to be approximately 1.8*10(6)m(3) d(
      1). The SGD-derived nutrient fluxes contributed approximately 54% for DIN, 5% for
      DIP, and 50% for DSi of total nutrient input entering into the bay. Thus, our
      results suggest that SGD is the major source of nutrients in Geoje Bay, and SGD
      derived nutrients are very important to support the biological production of this
      shellfish farming bay. 

PMID- 27377002
TI  - Dynamic fugacity model for accidental oil release during Arctic shipping.
AB  - Improved understanding of ecological risk associated with Arctic shipping would
      help advance effective oil spill prevention, control, and mitigation strategies.
      Ecological risk assessment involves analysis of a release (oil), its fate, and
      dispersion, and the exposure and intake of the contaminant to different
      receptors. Exposure analysis is a key step of the detailed ecological risk
      assessment, which involves the evaluation of the concentration and persistence of
      released pollutants in the media of contact. In the present study, a multimedia
      fate and transport model is presented, which is developed using a fugacity-based
      approach. This model considers four media: air, water, sediment, and ice. The
      output of the model is the concentration of oil (surrogate hydrocarbons
      naphthalene) in these four media, which constitutes the potential exposure to
      receptors. The concentration profiles can subsequently be used to estimate
      ecological risk thereby providing guidance to policies for Arctic shipping
      operations, ship design, and ecological response measures. 

PMID- 27377003
TI  - Benthic assemblages associated with native and non-native oysters are similar.
AB  - Invasive species can impact native species and alter assemblage structure, which
      affects associated ecosystem functioning. The pervasive Pacific oyster,
      Crassostrea gigas, has been shown to affect the diversity and composition of many
      host ecosystems. We tested for effects of the presence of the invasive C. gigas
      on native assemblages by comparing them directly to assemblages associated with
      the declining native European oyster, Ostrea edulis. The presence of both oyster
      species was manipulated in intertidal and subtidal habitats and reefs were
      constructed at horizontal and vertical orientation to the substratum. After
      12months, species diversity and benthic assemblage structure between assemblages
      with C. gigas and O. edulis were similar, but differed between habitats and
      orientation, suggesting that both oyster species were functionally similar in
      terms of biodiversity facilitation. These findings support evidence, that non
      native species could play an important role in maintaining biodiversity in
      systems with declining populations of native species. 

PMID- 27377004
TI  - Corrigendum to "Changes of Nf-kappaB expression in the context of differential
      EAAT2 level in selected brain structures of rats showing addiction-vulnerable or
      addiction-resistant phenotype" [Toxicol. Lett. 238 (2015) s382].

PMID- 27377005
TI  - Statin-induced myotoxicity is exacerbated by aging: A biophysical and molecular
      biology study in rats treated with atorvastatin.
AB  - Statin-induced skeletal muscle damage in rats is associated to the reduction of
      the resting sarcolemmal chloride conductance (gCl) and ClC-1 chloride channel
      expression. These drugs also affect the ClC-1 regulation by increasing protein
      kinase C (PKC) activity, which phosphorylate and close the channel. Also the
      intracellular resting calcium (restCa) level is increased. Similar alterations
      are observed in skeletal muscles of aged rats, suggesting a higher risk of statin
      myotoxicity. To verify this hypothesis, we performed a 4-5-weeks atorvastatin
      treatment of 24-months-old rats to evaluate the ClC-1 channel function by the two
      intracellular microelectrodes technique as well as transcript and protein
      expression of different genes sensitive to statins by quantitative real-time-PCR
      and western blot analysis. The restCa was measured using FURA-2 imaging, and
      histological analysis of muscle sections was performed. The results show a marked
      reduction of resting gCl, in agreement with the reduced ClC-1 mRNA and protein
      expression in atorvastatin-treated aged rats, with respect to treated adult
      animals. The observed changes in myocyte-enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) expression may
      be involved in ClC-1 expression changes. The activity of PKC was also increased
      and further modulate the gCl in treated aged rats. In parallel, a marked
      reduction of the expression of glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes demonstrates
      an impairment of muscle metabolism. No worsening of restCa or histological
      features was found in statin-treated aged animals. These findings suggest that a
      strong reduction of gCl and alteration of muscle metabolism coupled to muscle
      atrophy may contribute to the increased risk of statin-induced myopathy in the
      elderly.

PMID- 27377006
TI  - P-gp, MRP2 and OAT1/OAT3 mediate the drug-drug interaction between resveratrol
      and methotrexate.
AB  - The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of resveratrol (Res)
      on altering methotrexate (MTX) pharmacokinetics and clarify the related molecular
      mechanism. Res significantly increased rat intestinal absorption of MTX in vivo
      and in vitro. Simultaneously, Res inhibited MTX efflux transport in MDR1-MDCK and
      MRP2-MDCK cell monolayers, suggesting that the target of drug interaction was
      MDR1 and MRP2 in the intestine during the absorption process. Furthermore, there
      was a significant decrease in renal clearance of MTX after simultaneous
      intravenous administration. Similarly, MTX uptake was markedly inhibited by Res
      in rat kidney slices and hOAT1/3-HEK293 cell, indicating that OAT1 and OAT3 were
      involved in the drug interaction in the kidney. Additionally, concomitant
      administration of Res decreased cytotoxic effects of MTX in hOAT1/3-HEK293 cells,
      and ameliorated nephrotoxicity caused by MTX in rats. Conversely, intestinal
      damage caused by MTX was not exacerbated after Res treatment. In conclusion, Res
      enhanced MTX absorption in intestine and decreased MTX renal elimination by
      inhibiting P-gp, MRP2, OAT1 and OAT3 in vivo and in vitro. Res improved MTX
      induced renal damage without increasing intestinal toxicity.

PMID- 27377007
TI  - Proteome-wide measurement of non-canonical bacterial mistranslation by
      quantitative mass spectrometry of protein modifications.
AB  - The genetic code is virtually universal in biology and was likely established
      before the advent of cellular life. The extent to which mistranslation occurs is
      poorly understood and presents a fundamental question in basic research and
      production of recombinant proteins. Here we used shotgun proteomics combined with
      unbiased protein modification analysis to quantitatively analyze in vivo
      mistranslation in an E. coli strain with a defect in the editing mechanism of
      leucyl-tRNA synthetase. We detected the misincorporation of a non-proteinogenic
      amino acid norvaline on 10% of all measured leucine residues under microaerobic
      conditions and revealed preferential deployment of a tRNA(Leu)(CAG) isoacceptor
      during norvaline misincorporation. The strain with the norvalylated proteome
      demonstrated a substantial reduction in cell fitness under both prolonged aerobic
      and microaerobic cultivation. Unlike norvaline, isoleucine did not substitute for
      leucine even under harsh error-prone conditions. Our study introduces shotgun
      proteomics as a powerful tool in quantitative analysis of mistranslation.

PMID- 27377008
TI  - Generally representative is representative of none: commentary on the pitfalls of
      IQ test standardization in multicultural settings.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to address the issue of IQ testing within the
      multicultural context, with a focus on the adequacy of nationwide population
      based norms vs. demographically stratified within-group norms for valid
      assessment purposes. Burgeoning cultural diversity worldwide creates a pressing
      need to cultivate culturally fair psychological assessment practices. METHOD:
      Commentary is provided to highlight sources of test-taking bias on tests of
      intellectual ability that may incur invalid placement and diagnostic decisions in
      multicultural settings. Methodological aspects of population vs. within-group
      norming solutions are delineated and the challenges of culturally relevant norm
      development are discussed. Illustrative South African within-group comparative
      data are supplied to support the review. A critical evaluation of the South
      African WAIS-III and the WAIS-IV standardizations further serves to exemplify the
      issues. RESULTS: A flaw in both South African standardizations is failure to
      differentiate between African first language individuals with a background of
      advantaged education vs. those from educationally disadvantaged settings. In
      addition, the standardizations merge the performance outcomes of distinct
      racial/ethnic groups that are characterized by differentially advantaged or
      disadvantaged backgrounds. Consequently, the conversion tables are without
      relevance for any one of the disparate South African cultural groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: It is proposed that the traditional notion of a countrywide unitary
      norming (also known as 'population-based norms') of an IQ test is an
      unsatisfactory model for valid assessment practices in diverse cultural contexts.
      The challenge is to develop new solutions incorporating data from finely
      stratified within-group norms that serve to reveal rather than obscure cross
      cultural disparity in cognitive test performance.

PMID- 27377009
TI  - Piecewise linear approximations to model the dynamics of adaptation to osmotic
      stress by food-borne pathogens.
AB  - Addition of salt to food is one of the most ancient and most common methods of
      food preservation. However, little is known of how bacterial cells adapt to such
      conditions. We propose to use piecewise linear approximations to model the
      regulatory adaptation of Escherichiacoli to osmotic stress. We apply the method
      to eight selected genes representing the functions known to be at play during
      osmotic adaptation. The network is centred on the general stress response factor,
      sigma S, and also includes a module representing the catabolic repressor CRP
      cAMP. Glutamate, potassium and supercoiling are combined to represent the
      intracellular regulatory signal during osmotic stress induced by salt. The output
      is a module where growth is represented by the concentration of stable RNAs and
      the transcription of the osmotic gene osmY. The time course of gene expression of
      transport of osmoprotectant represented by the symporter proP and of the osmY is
      successfully reproduced by the network. The behaviour of the rpoS mutant
      predicted by the model is in agreement with experimental data. We discuss the
      application of the model to food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella; although the
      genes considered have orthologs, it seems that supercoiling is not regulated in
      the same way. The model is limited to a few selected genes, but the regulatory
      interactions are numerous and span different time scales. In addition, they seem
      to be condition specific: the links that are important during the transition from
      exponential to stationary phase are not all needed during osmotic stress. This
      model is one of the first steps towards modelling adaptation to stress in food
      safety and has scope to be extended to other genes and pathways, other stresses
      relevant to the food industry, and food-borne pathogens. The method offers a good
      compromise between systems of ordinary differential equations, which would be
      unmanageable because of the size of the system and for which insufficient data
      are available, and the more abstract Boolean methods.

PMID- 27377010
TI  - Worsening Hypoxemia in the Face of Increasing PEEP: A Case of Large Pulmonary
      Embolism in the Setting of Intracardiac Shunt.
AB  - BACKGROUND Patent foramen ovale (PFO) are common, normally resulting in a left-to
      right shunt or no net shunting. Pulmonary embolism (PE) can cause sustained
      increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and right atrial pressure.
      Increasing positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves oxygenation at the
      expense of increasing intrathoracic pressures (ITP). Airway pressure release
      ventilation (APRV) decreases shunt fraction, improves ventilation/perfusion (V/Q)
      matching, increases cardiac output, and decreases right atrial pressure by
      facilitating low airway pressure. CASE REPORT A 40-year-old man presented with
      dyspnea and hemoptysis. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) 80% on room air with A-a
      gradient of 633 mmHg. Post-intubation SaO2 dropped to 71% on assist control, FiO2
      100%, and PEEP of 5 cmH20. Successive PEEP dropped SaO2 to 60-70% and blood
      pressure plummeted. APRV was initaiated with improvement in SaO2 to 95% and
      improvement in blood pressure. Hemiparesis developed and CT head showed
      infarction. CT pulmonary angiogram found a large pulmonary embolism.
      Transthoracic echocardiogram detected right-to left intracardiac shunt, with
      large PFO. CONCLUSIONS There should be suspicion for a PFO when severe hypoxemia
      paradoxically worsens in response to increasing airway pressures. Concomitant
      venous and arterial thromboemboli should prompt evaluation for intra-cardiac
      shunt. Patients with PFO and hypoxemia should be evaluated for causes of
      sustained right-to-left pressure gradient, such as PE. Management should aim to
      decrease PVR and optimize V/Q matching by treating the inciting incident (e.g.,
      thrombolytics in PE) and by minimizing ITP. APRV can minimize PVR and maximize
      V/Q ratios and should be considered in treating patients similar to the one whose
      case is presented here. 

PMID- 27377011
TI  - Transporter-targeted cholic acid-cytarabine conjugates for improved oral
      absorption.
AB  - Cytarabine has a poor oral absorption due to its rapid deamination and poor
      membrane permeability. Bile acid transporters are highly expressed both in
      enterocytes and hepatocytes and to increase the oral bioavailability and
      investigate the potential application of cytarabine for liver cancers, a
      transporter- recognizing prodrug strategy was applied to design and synthesize
      four conjugates of cytarabine with cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid
      (CDCA), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). The
      anticancer activities against HepG2 cells were evaluated by MTT assay and the
      role of bile acid transporters during cellular transport was investigated in a
      competitive inhibition experiment. The in vitro and in vivo metabolic stabilities
      of these conjugates were studied in rat plasma and liver homogenates. Finally, an
      oral bioavailability study was conducted in rats. All the cholic acid-cytarabine
      conjugates (40MUM) showed potent antiproliferative activities (up to 70%) against
      HepG2 cells after incubation for 48h. The addition of bile acids could markedly
      reduce the antitumor activities of these conjugates. The N(4)-ursodeoxycholic
      acid conjugate of cytarabine (compound 5) exhibited optimal stability
      (t1/2=90min) in vitro and a 3.9-fold prolonged half-life of cytarabine in vivo.
      More importantly, compound 5 increased the oral bioavailability 2-fold compared
      with cytarabine. The results of the present study suggest that the prodrug
      strategy based on the bile acid transporters is suitable for improving the oral
      absorption and the clinical application of cytarabine. 

PMID- 27377012
TI  - Solid state stability and solubility of triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride.
AB  - The API triethylenetetramine dihydrochloride used as an alternative treatment of
      Wilson's disease is sensitive to water and it exhibits polymorphism. As this may
      become an issue for the drug formulation, the physical stability has been studied
      by differential scanning calorimetry, high-pressure thermal analysis, dynamic
      vapor sorption, and X-ray diffraction as a function of temperature. In addition,
      high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been used to study
      the purity and chemical stability of the API. A pressure-temperature phase
      diagram of the pure compound has been constructed and it can be concluded that
      form II is monotropic in relation to form I, which is the only stable solid. The
      solubilities of the different solid forms have been determined with the help of a
      temperature - composition phase diagram. The API is very soluble, at 20 degrees 
      C about 10% of the saturated solution with respect to the dihydrate consists of
      API and the solubility of the pure form I is twice as high. Moreover, it has been
      shown that at 20 degrees C, a relative humidity above 40% induces the formation
      of the dihydrate and at 70% a saturated solution appears. At higher temperatures,
      the formation of the dihydrate appears at lower relative humidity values. A clear
      link has been established between the API's chemical stability, its physical
      stability and the relative humidity in the air. Humidity levels above 40% are
      detrimental to the quality of the API. 

PMID- 27377013
TI  - The modification of the thrombin generation test for the clinical assessment of
      dabigatran etexilate efficiency.
AB  - A new oral anticoagulant, dabigatran etexilate (DE, a prodrug of direct thrombin
      inhibitor (DTI) dabigatran), has been used clinically to prevent thrombosis. The
      assessment of dabigatran efficiency is necessary in some clinical cases, such as
      renal insufficiency, risk of bleeding, and drug interactions. However, a specific
      thrombin generation test (TGT) that is one of the most informative and sensitive
      to anticoagulant therapy (calibrated automated thrombinography (SAT)) shows a
      paradoxical increase of test parameters, such as endogenous thrombin potential
      (ETP) and peak thrombin, in patients receiving DE. The paradoxical behaviour of
      ETP and peak thrombin in these patients in the presence of DTIs is mostly caused
      by a decrease in the activity of thrombin in the alpha2-macroglobulin-thrombin
      complex that is used as a calibrator in CAT. For a correct estimation of the TGT
      parameters in patient's plasma containing DTIs we proposed to use our previously
      described alternative calibration method that is based on the measurement of the
      fluorescence signal of a well-known concentration of the reaction product (7
      amino-4-methylcoumarin). In this study, the validity of such approach was
      demonstrated in an ex vivo study in patients with knee replacement and two
      special patients with multiple myeloma, who received DE for thrombosis
      prophylaxis.

PMID- 27377014
TI  - MKS1 mutations cause Joubert syndrome with agenesis of the corpus callosum.
AB  - Joubert syndrome (JS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy
      characterized by episodic hyperpnea and apnea, hypotonia, ataxia, cognitive
      impairment and ocular motor apraxia. The "molar tooth sign" is pathognomonic of
      this condition. Mutations in the MKS1 gene are a major cause of Meckel-Gruber
      syndrome (MKS), the most common form of syndromic neural tube defects, frequently
      resulting in perinatal lethality. We present the phenotype and genotype of a
      child with severe JS and agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). In our patient, a
      next generation sequencing (NGS) approach revealed the following two variants of
      the MKS1 gene: first, a novel missense variant [ c.240G > T (p.Trp80Cys)], which
      affects a residue that is evolutionarily highly conserved in mammals and
      ciliates; second, a 29 bp deletion in intron 15 [c.1408-35_1408-7del29], a
      founder mutation, which in a homozygous state constitutes the major cause of MKS
      in Finland. We review the MKS1-variants in all of the eleven JS patients reported
      to date and compare these patients to our case. To our knowledge, this is the
      first patient with Joubert syndrome and agenesis of the corpus callosum where a
      potentially causal genotype is provided. 

PMID- 27377016
TI  - Mapping the HLA diversity of the Iberian Peninsula.
AB  - The polymorphism of HLA genes can be used to reconstruct human peopling history.
      However, this huge diversity impairs successful matching in stem cell
      transplantation, a situation which has led to the recruitment of millions of
      donors worldwide. In parallel to the increase of recruitment, registries are
      progressively relying on information from population genetics to optimize their
      donor pools in terms of HLA variability. In this study, the HLA data of 65,000
      Spanish bone marrow donors were analyzed together with 60,000 Portuguese
      individuals to provide a comprehensive HLA genetic map of the Iberian Peninsula.
      The frequencies of many alleles were shown to vary continuously across the
      Peninsula, either increasing or decreasing from the Mediterranean coast to the
      Atlantic domain or from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Pyrenees and Bay of
      Biscay. Similar patterns were observed for several haplotypes. In addition,
      within some regions neighboring provinces share a close genetic similarity. These
      results outline the genetic landscape of the Iberian Peninsula, and confirm that
      the analysis of the HLA polymorphism may reveal relevant signatures of past
      demographic events even when data from donor registries are used. This conclusion
      stimulates future developments of the Spanish registry, presented here for the
      first time. 

PMID- 27377017
TI  - Unraveling low-resolution structural data of large biomolecules by constructing
      atomic models with experiment-targeted parallel cascade selection simulations.
AB  - Various low-resolution experimental techniques have gained more and more
      popularity in obtaining structural information of large biomolecules. In order to
      interpret the low-resolution structural data properly, one may need to construct
      an atomic model of the biomolecule by fitting the data using computer
      simulations. Here we develop, to our knowledge, a new computational tool for such
      integrative modeling by taking the advantage of an efficient sampling technique
      called parallel cascade selection (PaCS) simulation. For given low-resolution
      structural data, this PaCS-Fit method converts it into a scoring function. After
      an initial simulation starting from a known structure of the biomolecule, the
      scoring function is used to pick conformations for next cycle of multiple
      independent simulations. By this iterative screening-after-sampling strategy, the
      biomolecule may be driven towards a conformation that fits well with the low
      resolution data. Our method has been validated using three proteins with small
      angle X-ray scattering data and two proteins with electron microscopy data. In
      all benchmark tests, high-quality atomic models, with generally 1-3 A from the
      target structures, are obtained. Since our tool does not need to add any biasing
      potential in the simulations to deform the structure, any type of low-resolution
      data can be implemented conveniently.

PMID- 27377018
TI  - Care for children and adolescents with diabetes in New Zealand District Health
      Boards: Is the clinical resourcing ready for the challenge?
AB  - AIM: Landmark studies, including the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial,
      have demonstrated the need for intensive management and improvement of glycaemic
      control in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM). Our aim was to
      determine what clinical resources were present in New Zealand to manage diabetes
      in children and adolescents and compare this with international recommendations,
      via the Paediatric Society of New Zealand clinical network. METHOD: All 21
      District Health Board (DHB) secondary care sites in New Zealand managing children
      and adolescents with diabetes were invited to complete a survey about the
      specialist services they provided in 2012. RESULTS: All of the identified 21
      sites (encompassing 20 centres) replied. These centres managed 1,587 children and
      adolescents with diabetes up to 18 years of age (>95% with T1DM), including 251
      (16%) on insulin pumps. Average clinic HbA1c was not available for many centres.
      Staffing for specialists (general paediatricians or paediatric endocrinologists)
      was low (median 0.2/100 patients, range 0.1-0.4), but was relatively higher in
      diabetes nurses (median 0.7/100 patients, range 0.1-1.8). Despite the
      psychological and social burden of diabetes, the two allied health disciplines
      (psychology services and social worker) were the hardest to quantify as dedicated
      resource in these disciplines did not exist in all but three centres.
      CONCLUSIONS: This survey suggests that the majority of clinical services
      providing care for children with diabetes in New Zealand are significantly under
      resourced.

PMID- 27377019
TI  - Care versus convenience: Examining paracetamol overdose in New Zealand and harm
      reduction strategies through sale and supply.
AB  - AIM: To examine statistics on paracetamol overdose in New Zealand and investigate
      options to reduce paracetamol overdose rates, through supply reduction
      strategies. METHOD: Data was gathered from the Ministry of Health's National
      Minimum Dataset and Wellington Hospital Emergency Department attendances. Twenty
      articles on supply reduction strategies were sourced through article database
      searches. A survey on paracetamol availability from online pharmacies within New
      Zealand was conducted by searching for New Zealand online pharmacies through
      Google. RESULTS: A five-year audit of data (2007-2012) from the Wellington
      Hospital Emergency Department revealed that paracetamol was the most common
      medication used for overdose (23%). National data on aminophenol derivatives
      accounted for 22.4% of poisonings in New Zealand's public hospitals. An online
      search found that 25 out of 27 online pharmacies sold packets containing 50 grams
      of paracetamol. However, the literature supported restricting packets to the
      minimum threshold for an acute exposure (10 g). CONCLUSION: Paracetamol poisoning
      is the most common form of drug overdose in many developed countries. Tightening
      restrictions on the quantity of paracetamol sold per packet, in all outlets in
      New Zealand, may be an effective strategy to reduce overdose rates. This includes
      online pharmacies where large quantities of paracetamol per packet are available
      for sale.

PMID- 27377020
TI  - Differences in acute general surgical admissions between obese or overweight
      patients compared to normal-sized patients.
AB  - AIM: Obesity is changing the pattern of modern health and illness. Despite its
      adverse effect on medical ailments such as diabetes and ischaemic heart disease,
      its effect on acute general surgical conditions is unknown. This study aims to
      determine the effect that excess weight and obesity have on acute general
      surgical conditions. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study comparing
      the pattern of acute general surgical admissions in patients with a BMI >25
      kg/m(2) to those with a normal BMI from a single tertiary-level hospital.
      RESULTS: There were 2,676 (21.5%) patients who were overweight or obese (mean BMI
      32.4 +/- 6.3 kg/m(2)). These patients were significantly younger than those with
      normal BMI (48.3 +/- 18.1 years versus 50.5 +/- 22.4 years; p<0.0001). They had a
      shorter average hospital stay (2.9 +/- 4.2 compared to 3.2 +/- 5.0 days; p=0.14).
      However, more overweight patients required a visit to theatre (34% compared to
      29%; p<0.0001, OR 1.25 (1.14 to 1.37; 95% CI)). Overweight patients were more
      likely to suffer from biliary conditions (13% compared to 8%; p<0.0001; OR 1.84
      (1.60-2.10)) and pancreatitis (6% compared to 4 %; p<0.0001; OR 1.71 (1.42 to
      2.06)). In contrast, they were less likely to present with bowel obstruction (4%
      compared to 6%; p<0.0001, OR 0.63 (0.5 to 0.78)) or GI bleeding (4% compared to
      6%; p<0.0001; OR 0.64 (0.51 to 0.79)). CONCLUSIONS: Overweight or obese patients
      present at a younger age and with a higher predominance of gallstone related
      diseases.

PMID- 27377015
TI  - Role of Inflammation in Suicide: From Mechanisms to Treatment.
AB  - Suicidal behavior is complex and manifests because of a confluence of diverse
      factors. One such factor involves dysregulation of the immune system, which has
      been linked to the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. This review will provide
      a brief description of suicidality and discuss the contribution of upstream and
      downstream factors in the etiology of suicidal behavior, within the contextual
      framework of inflammation. The contribution of inflammatory conditions such as
      traumatic brain injury, autoimmune disorders, and infections to neuropsychiatric
      symptoms and suicidality is only beginning to be explored. We will summarize
      studies of inflammation in the etiology of suicide, and provide a neurobiological
      basis for different mechanisms by which inflammation might contribute to the
      pathophysiology. Finally, we will review treatments that affect upstream and
      downstream pathways related to inflammation in suicidality.

PMID- 27377021
TI  - Risk management and clinical practice.

PMID- 27377022
TI  - The case for a systematic policy approach to free primary health care for
      vulnerable groups in New Zealand.
AB  - Unmet health care needs and health inequities are prevalent in New Zealand.
      Throughout New Zealand's history, the power dynamic between general
      practitioners, as a professional group, and the government has contributed to
      policies directed at primary-care access barriers not being fully realised. This
      has given 'third sector' (non-government, non-profit) clinics a continuing role
      in delivering primary care services to vulnerable populations. The viability of
      free clinics, 18 of which were identified in our survey, is threatened by their
      funding and staffing structures. We contend that general practitioners have a
      stake in reducing health inequities and that there is a strong case for a more
      systematic policy approach to primary health care provision for vulnerable
      populations in New Zealand. 

PMID- 27377023
TI  - Reducing perioperative harm in New Zealand: the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist,
      briefings and debriefings, and venous thrombembolism prophylaxis.
AB  - New Zealand appears to have a relatively high rate of perioperative adverse
      events. The Health Quality & Safety Commission's Safe Surgery NZ programme was
      introduced to address the rates of perioperative harm in New Zealand by promoting
      proper and effective use of the World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety
      Checklist, and by encouraging use of operating room (OR) team briefings and
      debriefings. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is a key part of the checklist as
      deployed in New Zealand ORs, but it remains underused or variably used as well.
      Communication and teamwork are critical to improving patient safety and
      efficiency in the OR, and these interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in
      building and melding effective teams. 

PMID- 27377024
TI  - Protrusion of nasal floor.

PMID- 27377025
TI  - Massive localised lymphoedema: a new benign entity in the morbidly obese patient.

PMID- 27377026
TI  - Bilateral vertebral artery dissection in a patient with Turner Syndrome following
      manipulation of the cervical spine.

PMID- 27377027
TI  - RNA-Seq revealed the impairment of immune defence of tilapia against the
      infection of Streptococcus agalactiae with simulated climate warming.
AB  - Global warming is one of the causes of disease outbreaks in fishes. Understanding
      its mechanisms is critical in aquaculture and fisheries. We used tilapia to study
      the effects of a high temperature on the infection of a bacterial pathogen
      Streptococcus agalactiae using RNA-Seq. We found that the dissolved oxygen level
      in water at 32  degrees C is lower than at 22  degrees C, and tilapia infected
      with the pathogen died more rapidly at 32  degrees C. The gene expression
      profiles showed significant differences in fish raised under different
      conditions. We identified 126 and 576 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 4
      and 24 h post infection at 22  degrees C, respectively, whereas at 32  degrees C,
      the data were 312 and 1670, respectively. Almost all responding pathways at 22 
      degrees C were involved in the immune responses, whereas at 32  degrees C, the
      enriched pathways were not only involved in immune responses but also involved in
      oxygen and energy metabolisms. We identified significant signals of
      immunosuppression of immune responses at 32  degrees C. In addition, many of the
      enriched transcription factors and DEGs under positive selection were involved in
      immune responses, oxygen and/or energy metabolisms. Our results suggest that
      global warming could reduce the oxygen level in water and impair the defence of
      tilapia against bacterial infection. 

PMID- 27377028
TI  - Immunity enhancement with administration of Gracilaria corticata and
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared to gamma irradiation in expose to WSSV in
      shrimp, in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei: A comparative study.
AB  - This paper investigates the efficacy of Gracilaria corticata, Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae and gamma irradiation WSSV as immunostimulants to white shrimp
      Litopenaeus vannamei. Seven hundred and twenty healthy shrimp SPF L. vannamei
      subadult with average weight of 10 +/- 1.02 g were collected and divided into 8
      groups. The first group (T1) was fed with commercial pellet, the second group
      (T2) fed with S. cerevisiae (2 g/kg), the third group (T3) fed with G. corticata
      powder mixed with shrimp feed (2 g/kg) and, finally, the fourth group (T4) was
      fed with commercial pellet and injected intramuscularly gamma irradiant WSSV (1
      MUl/gbw) for 10 days. The shrimps were then injected with WSSV and maintained for
      25 days. The positive control group for each treatment was maintained in the same
      manner but without injection with WSSV. Moreover, survival rate and immune
      parameters such as total hemocyte count (THC), total protein plasma (TPP),
      superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity and phenoloxidase
      activity (PO) were determined. Results indicated that the survival rates for
      groups T4, T3 T2 and T1 were 57.05 +/- 3.52%, 22.5 +/- 0.5%, 15 +/- 1.05% and
      00.0 +/- 0%, respectively. Ultimately, at the end of the study the shrimp group
      T4 showed higher hematological data: THC, TPP, SOD, POD and PO. The study
      concluded that gamma irradiant WSSV is effective immunostimulants in shrimp L.
      vannamei and the immunity has better performances than those of the G. corticata
      and S. cerevisiae. 

PMID- 27377029
TI  - Analysis of digital gene expression profiling in hemocytes of white shrimp
      Litopenaeus vannamei under nitrite stress.
AB  - Accumulation of nitrite in water is highly toxic to aquatic animals. To
      understand immune responses in shrimp under such environmental stress, a digital
      gene expression (DGE) technology was applied to detect the gene expression
      profile of the Litopenaeus vannamei hemocytes in response to nitrite for 48 h. A
      total of 1922 differently expressed unigenes were generated. Of these
      transcripts, 1269 and 653 genes were up- or down-regulated respectively.
      Functional categorization and pathways of the differentially expressed genes
      revealed that immune defense, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, amino
      acid and nucleobase metabolic process, apoptosis were the differentially
      regulated processes occurring during nitrite stress. We selected 19 differential
      expression transcripts (DETs) to validate the sequencing results by real time
      quantitative PCR (qPCR). The Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) of the 19 DETs
      was 0.843, which confirmed the consistency and accuracy between these two
      approaches. Subsequently, we screened 10 genes to examine the changes in the time
      course of gene expression in more detail. The results indicated that expressions
      of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter), caspase10, QM protein, C
      type lectin 4 (CTL4), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), serine protease
      inhibitor 8 (SPI8), transglutaminase (TGase), chitinase1, inhibitors of apoptosis
      proteins (IAP) and cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450) were induced to participate in
      the anti-stress defense against nitrite. These results will provide a reference
      for follow-up study of molecular toxicology and valuable gene information for
      better understanding of immune response in L. vannamei under environmental
      stress. 

PMID- 27377030
TI  - Determinants of self-efficacy and quality of life in patients with temporary
      enterostomy: a cross-sectional survey.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify determinants of self-efficacy and quality of
      life in patients with temporary enterostomy. BACKGROUND: Anterior resection with
      temporary enterostomy is the preferred treatment for patients with rectal cancer,
      which may impair patients' quality of life. So far, most studies have focused on
      quality of life in patients with permanent enterostomy, but few studies have
      looked at that in those with temporary enterostomy. Self-efficacy may determine
      quality of life in these patients, but few studies have identified determinants
      of self-efficacy and quality of life. DESIGN: Multicentre, cross-sectional survey
      and regression analysis to identify determinants of self-efficacy and quality of
      life. METHODS: A convenience sample of patients undergoing temporary enterostomy
      at five hospitals in Guangdong Province (China) were surveyed at least four weeks
      after stoma surgery using validated Chinese versions of internationally
      recognised questionnaires, including a Stoma Self-Efficacy Scale and the City of
      Hope Quality of Life-Ostomy Questionnaire. Backward multiple regression analysis
      was performed to identify whether quality of life was determined by self-efficacy
      and other clinico-demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Of the 180 questionnaires
      distributed, 149 (82.8%) were returned, and 135 (75%) were used in the final
      analysis. Mean global quality of life was 5.40 +/- 1.58, and mean global self
      efficacy was 79.59 +/- 20.21. Significant determinants of self-efficacy and
      quality of life were identified (beta = 0.62, p < 0.01). Quality of life was
      determined by type of enterostomy (beta = 0.18, p = 0.01) and payment method
      (beta = 0.14, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life may be determined by self
      efficacy, type of enterostomy and payment method, after temporary enterostomy.
      RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Promoting stoma-related self-efficacy in patients
      with temporary enterostomy may improve their quality of life. Healthcare
      providers should focus on quality of life in those either with temporary loop
      ileostomy or entirely self-funded for medicine.

PMID- 27377031
TI  - Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta suppresses polyglutamine aggregation by inhibiting
      Vaccinia-related kinase 2 activity.
AB  - Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an abnormal
      expansion of polyglutamine repeats in the N-terminal of huntingtin. The amount of
      aggregate-prone protein is controlled by various mechanisms, including molecular
      chaperones. Vaccinia-related kinase 2 (VRK2) is known to negatively regulate
      chaperonin TRiC, and VRK2-facilitated degradation of TRiC increases polyQ protein
      aggregation, which is involved in HD. We found that VRK2 activity was negatively
      controlled by glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). GSK3beta directly bound
      to VRK2 and inhibited the catalytic activity of VRK2 in a kinase activity
      independent manner. Furthermore, GSK3beta increased the stability of TRiC and
      decreased the formation of HttQ103-GFP aggregates by inhibiting VRK2. These
      results indicate that GSK3beta signaling may be a regulatory mechanism of HD
      progression and suggest targets for further therapeutic trials for HD.

PMID- 27377032
TI  - Three-dimensional posture changes of the vocal fold from paired intrinsic
      laryngeal muscles.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Although the geometry of the vocal fold medial surface
      affects voice quality and is critical in the treatment of glottic insufficiency,
      the prephonatory shape of the vocal fold medial surface is not well understood.
      In this study, we activated intrinsic laryngeal muscles individually and in
      combinations, and recorded the temporal sequence and precise three-dimensional
      configurational changes of the vocal fold medial surface. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo
      canine hemilarynx model. METHODS: A hemilaryngectomy was performed in an in vivo
      canine model and ink was used to mark the medial surface of the in situ vocal
      fold in a grid-like fashion. The thyroarytenoid (TA), lateral cricoarytenoid
      (LCA), cricothyroid (CT), and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles were
      stimulated individually and in combinations. A right-angle prism whose hypotenuse
      formed the glottal midline provided two distinct views of the medial surface for
      a high-speed digital camera. Image-processing package DaVis (LaVision Inc.,
      Goettingen, Germany) allowed time series cross-correlation analysis for three
      dimensional deformation calculations of the vocal fold medial surface. RESULTS:
      Combined TA and LCA activation yields an evenly adducted rectangular glottal
      surface. Addition of thyroarytenoid to cricoarytenoid adducts the vocal fold from
      inferior to superior in a graded fashion allowing formation of a divergent
      glottis. Posterior cricoarytenoid has a bimodal relationship with thyroarytenoid
      favoring abduction. Cricothyroid and lateral cricoarytenoid yield unique glottal
      postures necessary but likely not conducive for efficient phonation. CONCLUSIONS:
      Understanding the three-dimensional geometry of the vocal fold medial surface
      will help us better understand the cause-effect relationship between laryngeal
      physiology and phonation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 127:656-664, 2017.

PMID- 27377033
TI  - Design of functionalized gold nanoparticle probes for computed tomography
      imaging.
AB  - The development of new molecules able to efficiently act as long-circulating
      computed tomography (CT) contrast agents is one of the most crucial topics in the
      biomedical field. In the last years, the chance to manipulate materials at the
      nano-size level gave new boost to this research, with the specific aim to design
      innovative nanoprobes. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have showed unique X-rays
      attenuation properties which, combined with their easy surface functionalization,
      makes them ideal candidates for the next generation of contrast agents. In this
      paper, we present a rational and facile approach to synthesize engineered and
      water-stable AuNPs, achieving concentrated colloidal solution with high
      Hounsfield Units (HU). An accurate control of reagents ratio allowed us to design
      AuNPs with different shapes, from symmetrical to anisotropic morphology, in a
      convenient 'one-pot' fashion. Their activity as efficient and reliable CT
      contrast agents has been evaluated and compared. Moreover, glucosamine
      functionalized gold nanoparticles have been developed ([Au] = 31.20 mg/mL; HU =
      2453), in order to obtain a CT contrast agent able to combine spatial resolution
      with metabolic information. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27377034
TI  - Predictive Model for the Meniscus-Guided Coating of High-Quality Organic Single
      Crystalline Thin Films.
AB  - A model that describes solvent evaporation dynamics in meniscus-guided coating
      techniques is developed. In combination with a single fitting parameter, it is
      shown that this formula can accurately predict a processing window for various
      coating conditions. Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), fabricated by a zone
      casting setup, indeed show the best performance at the predicted coating speeds
      with mobilities reaching 7 cm2 V-1 s-1 .

PMID- 27377035
TI  - Rational Design of Biomolecular Templates for Synthesizing Multifunctional Noble
      Metal Nanoclusters toward Personalized Theranostic Applications.
AB  - Biomolecule-templated or biotemplated metal nanoclusters (NCs) are ultrasmall (<2
      nm) metal (Au, Ag) particles stabilized by a certain type of biomolecular
      template (e.g., peptides, proteins, and DNA). Due to their unique physiochemical
      properties, biotemplated metal NCs have been widely used in sensing, imaging,
      delivery and therapy. The overwhelming applications in these individual areas
      imply the great promise of harnessing biotemplated metal NCs in more advanced
      biomedical aspects such as theranostics. Although applications of biotemplated
      metal NCs as theranostic agents are trending, the rational design of biomolecular
      templates suitable for the synthesis of multifunctional metal NCs for
      theranostics is comparatively underexplored. This progress report first
      identifies the essential attributes of biotemplated metal NCs for theranostics by
      reviewing the state-of-art applications in each of the four modalities of
      theranostics, namely sensing, imaging, delivery and therapy. To achieve high
      efficacy in these modalities, we elucidate the design principles underlying the
      use of biomolecules (proteins, peptides and nucleic acids) to control the NC
      size, emission color and surface chemistries for post-functionalization of
      therapeutic moieties. We then propose a unified strategy to engineer biomolecular
      templates that combine all these modalities to produce multifunctional
      biotemplated metal NCs that can serve as the next-generation personalized
      theranostic agents.

PMID- 27377036
TI  - COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF TOOTH RESORPTION IN CATS.
AB  - Tooth resorption is the most common dental disease in cats and can be a source of
      oral pain. The current clinical gold standard for diagnosis includes a
      combination of oral exam and dental radiography, however early lesions are not
      always detected. Computed tomography (CT) of the skull, including the dental
      arches, is a commonly performed diagnostic procedure, however the appearance of
      tooth resorption on CT and the diagnostic ability of CT to detect tooth
      resorption have not been evaluated. The purpose of this prospective, descriptive,
      diagnostic accuracy study was to characterize the CT appearance of tooth
      resorption in a sample of affected cats and to evaluate the sensitivity and
      specificity of CT for tooth resorption compared to the clinical gold standard of
      oral exam and intraoral dental radiography. Twenty-eight cat cadaver specimens
      were recruited for inclusion. Each specimen was evaluated using oral exam,
      intraoral dental radiography, and computed tomography (four different slice
      thicknesses). Each tooth was evaluated for the presence or absence of tooth
      resorption. Teeth with lesions and a subset of normal teeth were evaluated with
      histopathology. On CT, tooth resorption appeared as irregularly marginated
      hypoattenuating defects in the mineral attenuating tooth components, most
      commonly involving the root or cementoenamel junction. Sensitivity for CT
      detection of tooth resorption was fair to poor (42.2-57.7%) and specificity was
      good to excellent (92.8-96.3%). Findings from this study indicated that CT has
      high specificity but low sensitivity for detection of tooth resorption in cats. 

PMID- 27377037
TI  - Synthesis of photoactivatable azido-acyl caged oxazine fluorophores for live-cell
      imaging.
AB  - We report the design and synthesis of a photoactivatable azido-acyl oxazine
      fluorophore. Photoactivation is achieved cleanly and rapidly with UV light,
      producing a single fluorescent oxazine photoproduct. We demonstrate the utility
      of azido-acyl caged oxazines for protein specific labeling in living mammalian
      cells using the TMP-tag technology. 

PMID- 27377038
TI  - Copper induced hollow carbon nanospheres by arc discharge method: controlled
      synthesis and formation mechanism.
AB  - Hollow carbon nanospheres with controlled morphologies were synthesized via the
      copper-carbon direct current arc discharge method by alternating the
      concentrations of methane in the reactant gas mixture. A self-healing process to
      keep the structural integrity of encapsulated graphitic shells was evolved
      gradually by adding methane gas from 0% to 20%. The outer part of the coated
      layers expanded and hollow nanospheres grew to be large fluffy ones with high
      methane concentrations from 30% to 50%. A self-repairing function by the
      reattachment of broken graphitic layers initiated from near-electrode space to
      distance was also distinctly exhibited. By comparing several comparable metals
      (e.g. copper, silver, gold, zinc, iron and nickel)-carbon arc discharge products,
      a catalytic carbon-encapsulation mechanism combined with a core-escaping process
      has been proposed. Specifically, on the basis of the experimental results, copper
      could be applied as a unique model for both the catalysis of graphitic
      encapsulation and as an adequate template for the formation of hollow
      nanostructures. 

PMID- 27377039
TI  - Diagnostic characteristics of lower limb venous compression ultrasonography in
      suspected pulmonary embolism: a meta-analysis.
AB  - Essentials Lower limb ultrasonography (CUS) could be useful in suspected
      pulmonary embolism (PE). We performed a metaanalysis on the diagnostic
      characteristics of CUS in suspected PE. With a sensitivity of 41%, proximal CUS
      would be positive in one of every 7.3 patients. Complete CUS has a higher
      sensitivity but specificity for PE is too low to use it in suspected PE. SUMMARY:
      Background Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) is commonly based on D-dimer
      measurement and computed tomography (CT) angiography. Lower limb vein compression
      ultrasonography (CUS) for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis may be of interest in
      patients with suspected PE. Objectives We aimed to summarize the data on the
      diagnostic characteristics of CUS in suspected PE patients. Patients/Methods We
      conducted a literature review by using PUBMED and EMBASE and included 15
      prospective studies in which CUS was performed in consecutive patients with
      suspected PE. Results Of the 6991 included patients, 2001 (30%) had pulmonary
      embolism. Eight of the 15 studies included only outpatients, two included
      hospitalized patients and five involved both in- and outpatients. In 13 studies,
      only proximal CUS was performed. Two studies analyzed the added value of distal
      CUS including the calf veins (whole-leg CUS). Pooled estimate of proximal CUS
      sensitivity was 41% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36-46%) with strong
      heterogeneity (I square, 79%). Specificity of proximal CUS was 96% (95% CI, 94
      98%). The overall positive likelihood ratio for proximal CUS was 11.9 (95% CI,
      7.1-19.8), whereas the overall negative likelihood ratio was 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5
      0.7). The sensitivity of whole-leg CUS was 79% (95% CI, 24-98%) and specificity
      was 84% (95% CI, 76-90%). Conclusions Proximal CUS has low sensitivity and cannot
      be used to rule out PE. Nevertheless, its high specificity allows confirming PE,
      which may be useful in patients with contraindications to CT angiography. Whole
      leg CUS has a higher sensitivity but low specificity for PE and can therefore not
      be recommended.

PMID- 27377040
TI  - Pharmacokinetic parameters of three active ingredients hederacoside C,
      hederacoside D, and alpha-hederin in Hedera helix in rats.
AB  - In Hedera helix hederacoside C, hederacoside D, and alpha-hederin are three major
      bioactive saponins and play pivotal roles in the overall biological activity. In
      this study, a specific and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography
      with tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the
      quantification of three major bioactive saponins in rat plasma. Chromatographic
      separation was performed on a reversed-phase Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18 column (2.1
      mm * 50 mm, 1.9 MUm) using a gradient mobile phase system of acetonitrile-water
      containing 0.1% formic acid. The assay was successfully applied to study the
      pharmacokinetic behavior of the three analytes in rats after oral and intravenous
      administration of a mixture of saponins (hederacoside C, hederacoside D, and
      alpha-hederin). Further research was performed to compare the pharmacokinetic
      behavior of the three analytes after the oral administration of a mixture of
      saponins and an extract of saponins from Hedera helix, and results showed that
      double peaks were evident on concentration-time profile for each of the three
      saponins. The difference in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of three saponins
      between a mixture of saponins and an extract of saponins from Hedera helix was
      found in rat, which would be beneficial for the preclinical research and clinical
      use of Hedera helix. 

PMID- 27377041
TI  - Effect of early vs. late tracheostomy on clinical outcomes in critically ill
      pediatric patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies investigated the optimal timing for tracheostomy and its
      influence on the clinical outcomes in critically ill pediatric patients. This
      study evaluated the differences in clinical outcomes between early and late
      tracheostomy in pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients. METHODS: We
      assessed 111 pediatric patients. Patients who underwent a tracheostomy within 14
      days of mechanical ventilation (MV) were assigned to the early tracheostomy
      group, whereas those who underwent tracheostomy after 14 days of MV were included
      in the late tracheostomy group. Clinical outcomes, including mortality, duration
      of MV, length of ICU and hospital stays, and incidence of ventilator-associated
      pneumonia (VAP) were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Of the 111 pediatric
      patients, 61 and 50 were included in the early and late tracheostomy groups,
      respectively. Total MV duration and the length of ICU and hospital stay were
      significantly longer in the late tracheostomy group than in the early
      tracheostomy group (all P < 0.01). The VAP rate per 1000 ventilator days before
      tracheostomy was 2.6 and 3.8 in the early and late tracheostomy groups,
      respectively. There were no significant differences in mortality rate between the
      groups. No severe complications were associated with tracheostomy itself.
      CONCLUSIONS: Tracheostomy performed within 14 days after the initiation of MV was
      associated with reduced duration of MV and length of ICU and hospital stay.
      Although there was no effect on mortality rate, children may benefit from early
      tracheostomy without severe complications.

PMID- 27377042
TI  - Local Inhibition of Complement Improves Mesenchymal Stem Cell Viability and
      Function After Administration.
AB  - The results of recent clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have
      been unsatisfactory, indicating that current MSC-based therapies need to be
      improved. We and others have previously demonstrated that MSCs activate
      complement by unknown mechanisms after infusion, leading to damaged MSCs. In the
      study reported here, we found that incorporation of N-glycolylneuraminic acid
      onto MSCs during in vitro culture was a factor in the activation of complement by
      MSCs. In addition, we developed a way to "paint" heparin onto MSCs. This novel
      method improved the viability of MSCs and enhanced their function after infusion
      by directly inhibiting complement and by recruiting factor H, another potent
      complement inhibitor in serum, onto the surface of the MSCs. These data suggest
      that cell-surface engineering of MSCs with heparin to locally inhibit complement
      activation on MSCs might be a straightforward and effective method for improving
      the outcome of current MSC-based therapies.

PMID- 27377045
TI  - A Case of Angioinvasive Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Completely
      Regressed After Low-dose Systemic Methotrexate.

PMID- 27377043
TI  - Enhancing Antitumor Immune Responses by Optimized Combinations of Cell
      penetrating Peptide-based Vaccines and Adjuvants.
AB  - Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) from the protein ZEBRA are promising candidates
      to exploit in therapeutic cancer vaccines, since they can transport antigenic
      cargos into dendritic cells and induce tumor-specific T cells. Employing CPPs for
      a given cancer indication will require engineering to include relevant tumor
      associated epitopes, administration with an appropriate adjuvant, and testing for
      antitumor immunity. We assessed the importance of structural characteristics,
      efficiency of in vitro transduction of target cells, and choice of adjuvant in
      inducing the two key elements in antitumor immunity, CD4 and CD8 T cells, as well
      as control of tumor growth in vivo. Structural characteristics associated with
      CPP function varied according to CPP truncations and cargo epitope composition,
      and correlated with in vitro transduction efficiency. However, subsequent in vivo
      capacity to induce CD4 and CD8 T cells was not always predicted by in vitro
      results. We determined that the critical parameter for in vivo efficacy using
      aggressive mouse tumor models was the choice of adjuvant. Optimal pairing of a
      particular ZEBRA-CPP sequence and antigenic cargo together with adjuvant induced
      potent antitumor immunity. Our results highlight the irreplaceable role of in
      vivo testing of novel vaccine constructs together with adjuvants to select
      combinations for further development.

PMID- 27377046
TI  - Activation of Platinum(IV) Prodrugs By Motexafin Gadolinium as a Redox Mediator.
AB  - Water-soluble platinum(IV) prodrugs, which proved kinetically stable to reduction
      in the presence of physiological concentration of ascorbate, were quickly reduced
      to their active form, oxaliplatin, when co-incubated with a macrocycle
      metallotexaphyrin (i.e., Motexafin Gadolinium (MGd)). The reduction of Pt(IV) to
      Pt(II) promoted by MGd occurs in cell culture as well, leading to an increase in
      the antiproliferative activity of the Pt(IV) species in question. The mediated
      effect is proportional to the concentration of MGd and gives rise to an
      enhancement when the prodrug is relatively hydrophilic. MGd is known to
      localize/accumulate preferentially in tumor tissues. Thus, the present
      "activation by reduction" approach may allow for the cancer-selective enhancement
      in the cytotoxicity of Pt(IV) prodrugs.

PMID- 27377047
TI  - Synthesis, structure, magnetic and biological activity studies of bis-hydrazone
      derived Cu(ii) and Co(ii) coordination compounds.
AB  - Four coordination compounds of formulae [Cu(II)2(H2L(1))(HL(1))](ClO4)3.H2O (1),
      [Cu(II)2(H2L(2))(CH3OH)2](ClO4)2.2CH3OH (2), [Co(II)2(H2L(1))2](ClO4)4 (3) and
      [Co(II)2(H2L(2))2].2H2O (4) were synthesized via self-assembly of
      succinohydrazone derived ligands (H2L(1) = N',N'-4-bis(2
      pyridyl)succinohydrazide, H4L(2) = N',N'-4-bis(2
      hydroxybenzylidene)succinohydrazide) and Cu(2+) and Co(2+) ions, respectively.
      The compounds were characterized by crystal structure determination, magnetic
      measurements and biological activities. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 have discrete double
      helicate structures, whereas compound 2 is a one-dimensional chain. Magnetic
      studies show antiferromagnetic exchange interactions in 2 with a J value of -67.1
      cm(-1) and antiferromagnetic spin-canting in compound 3 originates through
      supramolecular H-bonding. For compound 3, a clear bifurcation was observed in
      zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC) measurement at a temperature of 3.5
      K and field of 0.1 T, implying long range magnetic ordering below this
      temperature. Interestingly, all of compounds 1-4 show significant changes in
      their absorption (hypo- and hyperchromism) in the presence of SS-DNA, inferring
      interaction between the compounds and DNA. In addition, compounds 1-4
      significantly exhibited nuclease activities on both RNA and pUC19 plasmid DNA.
      Moreover, the nuclease activity was further enhanced in the presence of oxidant
      (H2O2) and suggests the possible role of reactive oxygen species in DNA nicking
      ability of compounds 1-4. Furthermore, compounds 1, 2 and 4 exhibited significant
      cytotoxicity against mammalian cancer cell lines (HeLa, A549 and MDAMB-231). In
      addition, our results from Annexin/PI staining and DNA fragmentation assays
      revealed that these compounds are capable of inducing apoptosis and have
      potential to act as anticancer drugs. 

PMID- 27377048
TI  - Finite-size scaling in silver nanowire films: design considerations for practical
      devices.
AB  - We report the first application of finite-size scaling theory to nanostructured
      percolating networks, using silver nanowire (AgNW) films as a model system for
      experiment and simulation. AgNWs have been shown to be a prime candidate for
      replacing Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) in applications such as capacitive touch
      sensing. While their performance as large area films is well-studied, the
      production of working devices involves patterning of the films to produce
      isolated electrode structures, which exhibit finite-size scaling when these
      features are sufficiently small. We demonstrate a generalised method for
      understanding this behaviour in practical rod percolation systems, such as AgNW
      films, and study the effect of systematic variation of the length distribution of
      the percolating material. We derive a design rule for the minimum viable feature
      size in a device pattern, relating it to parameters which can be derived from a
      transmittance-sheet resistance data series for the material in question. This
      understanding has direct implications for the industrial adoption of silver
      nanowire electrodes in applications where small features are required including
      single-layer capacitive touch sensors, LCD and OLED display panels. 

PMID- 27377044
TI  - Viral and Synthetic RNA Vector Technologies and Applications.
AB  - Use of RNA is an increasingly popular method to transiently deliver genetic
      information for cell manipulation in basic research and clinical therapy. In
      these settings, viral and nonviral RNA platforms are employed for delivery of
      small interfering RNA and protein-coding mRNA. Technological advances allowing
      RNA modification for increased stability, improved translation and reduced
      immunogenicity have led to increased use of nonviral synthetic RNA, which is
      delivered in naked form or upon formulation. Alternatively, highly efficient
      viral entry pathways are exploited to transfer genes of interest as RNA
      incorporated into viral particles. Current viral RNA transfer technologies are
      derived from Retroviruses, nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses or positive
      stranded Alpha- and Flaviviruses. In retroviral particles, the genes of interest
      can either be incorporated directly into the viral RNA genome or as nonviral RNA.
      Nonsegmented negative-strand virus-, Alpha- and Flavivirus-derived vectors
      support prolonged expression windows through replication of viral RNA encoding
      genes of interest. Mixed technologies combining viral and nonviral components are
      also available. RNA transfer is ideal for all settings that do not require
      permanent transgene expression and excludes potentially detrimental DNA
      integration into the target cell genome. Thus, RNA-based technologies are
      successfully applied for reprogramming, transdifferentiation, gene editing,
      vaccination, tumor therapy, and gene therapy.

PMID- 27377049
TI  - Fluorescent-based evaluation of chaperone-mediated autophagy and microautophagy
      activities in cultured cells.
AB  - The autophagy-lysosome protein degradation is further classified into
      macroautophagy (MA), microautophagy (mA), and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA).
      While MA is involved in various functions and disease pathogenesis, little is
      known about CMA and mA because of the absence of easy methods to assess their
      activities. We have recently established a method to assess CMA activity using
      glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a CMA substrate, and HaloTag
      (HT) system. Another group has recently identified a mammalian mA pathway, in
      which substrates are delivered to late endosomes in an heat shock cognate protein
      (Hsc)70-dependent manner. Because Hsc70 is also involved in CMA, our method would
      detect both CMA and mA activities. In this study, we attempted to assess CMA and
      mA activities separately through the siRNA-mediated knockdown of CMA- and mA
      related proteins. Knockdown of LAMP2A, a CMA-related protein, and TSG101, an mA
      related protein, significantly but only partially decreased the punctate
      accumulation of GAPDH-HT in AD293 cells and primary cultured rat cortical
      neurons. Compounds that activate CMA significantly increased GAPDH-HT puncta in
      TSG101-knockdown cells, but not in LAMP2A-knockdown cells, suggesting that
      punctate accumulation of GAPDH-HT under LAMP2A- and TSG101-knockdown represents
      mA and CMA activities, respectively. We succeeded in establishing the method to
      separately evaluate CMA and mA activities by fluorescence observation. 

PMID- 27377050
TI  - Radiation Recall Dermatitis Secondary to Dactinomycin.
AB  - Radiation recall dermatitis (RRD) is an uncommon reaction typically triggered by
      the use of chemotherapeutic agents in the months after treatment with radiation
      therapy. It usually presents as dermatitis in the irradiated field with prominent
      intertriginous involvement, and because internal involvement occurs in up to one
      third of cases, early recognition is important. RRD has rarely been reported in
      the pediatric literature. We report the case of a 15-month-old boy with RRD to
      dactinomycin. 

PMID- 27377051
TI  - GSK-3beta inhibitors reverse cocaine-induced synaptic transmission dysfunction in
      the nucleus accumbens.
AB  - Nucleus accumbens receives glutamatergic projection from the prefrontal cortex
      (PFC) and dopaminergic input from the Ventral tegmental area (VTA). Recent
      studies have suggested a critical role for serine/threonine kinase glycogen
      synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) in cocaine-induced hyperactivity; however, the
      effect of GSK3beta on the modulation of glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents
      is unclear. In this study, we found that the GSK3 inhibitors, LiCl (100 mg/kg,
      i.p.) or SB216763 (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), blocked the cocaine-induced hyperlocomotor
      activity in rats. By employing single-unit recordings in vivo, we found that
      pretreatment with either SB216763 or LiCl for 15 min reversed the cocaine
      inhibited firing frequency of medium spiny neuron (MSN) in the nucleus accumbens
      (NAc). Preperfusion of SB216763 (5 MUM) ameliorated the inhibitory effect of
      cocaine on both the alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
      (AMPA) (up to 99 +/- 6.8% inhibition) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor
      (NMDAR)-mediate EPSC (up to 73 +/- 9.7% inhibition) in the NAc in brain slices.
      The effect of cocaine on AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediate excitatory postsynaptic
      current (EPSC) were mimicked by the D1 -like receptor agonist SKF 38393 and
      blocked by the D1 -like receptor antagonist SCH 23390, whereas D2 -like receptor
      agonist or antagonist failed to mimic or to block the action of cocaine.
      Preperfusion of SB216763 for 5 min also ameliorated the inhibitory effect of
      SKF38393 on both AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated components of EPSC, indicate the
      effect of SB216763 on cocaine was via the D1 -like receptor. Moreover, cocaine
      inhibited the presynaptic release of glutamate in the NAc, and SB216763 reversed
      this effect. In conclusion, D1 receptor-GSK3beta pathway, which mediates
      glutamatergic transmission in the NAc core through a presynaptic mechanism, plays
      an important role in acute cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion.

PMID- 27377052
TI  - A compact short-capillary based high-speed capillary electrophoresis bioanalyzer.
AB  - Here, a compact high-speed CE bioanalyzer based on a short capillary has been
      developed. Multiple modules of picoliter scale sample injection, high-speed CE
      separation, sample changing, LIF detection, as well as a custom designed tablet
      computer for data processing, instrument controlling, and result displaying were
      integrated in the bioanalyzer with a total size of 23 * 17 * 19 cm (length *
      width * height). The high-speed CE bioanalyzer is capable of performing automated
      sample injection and separation for multiple samples and has been successfully
      applied in fast separations of amino acids, chiral amino acids, proteins and DNA
      fragments. For instance, baseline separation of six FITC-labeled amino acids and
      ultrahigh-speed separation of three amino acids could be achieved within 7 and 1
      s, respectively. The separation speed and efficiency of the optimized high-speed
      CE system are comparable to or even better than those reported in microchip-based
      CE systems. We believe this bioanalyzer could provide an advanced platform for
      fundamental research in bioscience and clinical diagnosis, as well as in quality
      control for drugs, foods, and feeds.

PMID- 27377053
TI  - The phenotype and clinical course of Japanese Fanconi Anaemia infants is
      influenced by patient, but not maternal ALDH2 genotype.
AB  - Studies using Fanconi anaemia (FA) mutant mouse models suggested that the
      combination of a defective FA pathway and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)
      dysfunction could provoke bone marrow failure, leukaemia and developmental
      defects, and that both maternal and fetal aldehyde detoxification are crucial to
      protect the developing embryo from DNA damage. We studied the ALDH2 genotypes of
      35 Japanese FA patients and their mothers. We found that a normal maternal ALDH2
      allele was not essential for fetal development of ALDH2-deficient patients, and
      none of the post-natal clinical parameters were clearly affected by the maternal
      ALDH2 genotype in these patients.

PMID- 27377054
TI  - Robust anti-obesity and metabolic effects of a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor
      peptide agonist in rodents and non-human primates.
AB  - AIMS: To characterize the pharmacology of MEDI0382, a peptide dual agonist of
      glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      MEDI0382 was evaluated in vitro for its ability to stimulate cAMP accumulation in
      cell lines expressing transfected recombinant or endogenous GLP-1 or glucagon
      receptors, to potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in
      pancreatic beta-cell lines and stimulate hepatic glucose output (HGO) by primary
      hepatocytes. The ability of MEDI0382 to reduce body weight and improve energy
      balance (i.e. food intake and energy expenditure), as well as control blood
      glucose, was evaluated in mouse models of obesity and healthy cynomolgus monkeys
      following single and repeated daily subcutaneous administration for up to 2
      months. RESULTS: MEDI0382 potently activated rodent, cynomolgus and human GLP-1
      and glucagon receptors and exhibited a fivefold bias for activation of GLP-1
      receptor versus the glucagon receptor. MEDI0382 produced superior weight loss and
      comparable glucose lowering to the GLP-1 peptide analogue liraglutide when
      administered daily at comparable doses in DIO mice. The additional fat mass
      reduction elicited by MEDI0382 probably results from a glucagon receptor-mediated
      increase in energy expenditure, whereas food intake suppression results from
      activation of the GLP-1 receptor. Notably, the significant weight loss elicited
      by MEDI0382 in DIO mice was recapitulated in cynomolgus monkeys. CONCLUSIONS:
      Repeated administration of MEDI0382 elicits profound weight loss in DIO mice and
      non-human primates, produces robust glucose control and reduces hepatic fat
      content and fasting insulin and glucose levels. The balance of activities at the
      GLP-1 and glucagon receptors is considered to be optimal for achieving weight and
      glucose control in overweight or obese Type 2 diabetic patients.

PMID- 27377055
TI  - Involvement of EGF receptor signaling and NLRP12 inflammasome in fine particulate
      matter-induced lung inflammation in mice.
AB  - Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to ambient fine particulate
      matter (PM2.5 ) is associated with respiratory diseases. Lung inflammation is a
      central feature of many pulmonary diseases, which can be induced by PM2.5
      exposure. However, the mechanisms underlying PM2.5 -induced lung inflammation
      remain unclear. To characterize the role of epidermal growth factor receptor
      (EGFR) and inflammasome in PM2.5 -induced lung inflammation in mice, 30 BALB/c
      mice were intrabroncheally instilled with saline and PM2.5 suspension (4.0 mg/kg
      b.w.) for 5 consecutive days, respectively. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was
      conducted and BAL fluid (BALF) was collected. The levels of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), epidermal growth factor
      (EGF), CXCL1, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-18 in BALF were determined using
      ELISA. mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1beta, IL-18, CXCL1, IL-10, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and
      NLRP12 in lung tissues were determined by RT-PCR. Phospho-EGFR (Tyr1068) and
      phospho-Akt (Thr308) in lung tissues were examined using immunohistochemical
      staining and Western blotting, respectively. Protein levels of Caspase-1, NLRP3,
      NF-kappaB-p52/p100, and NF-kappaB-p65 in bronchial epithelium were examined using
      immunohistochemical staining. It was shown that PM2.5 exposure induced lung
      inflammation. Levels of total protein, ROS, iNOS, EGF, and CXCL1 and cell number
      in the BALF of mice exposed to PM2.5 were markedly elevated relative to the
      control. mRNA levels of CXCL1, IL-1beta, and IL-18 in lung tissues of PM2.5 
      exposed mice were increased in comparison with the control. However, level of
      NLRP12 mRNA in lung tissues of PM2.5 -exposed mice was reduced. Phospho-EGFR
      (Tyr1068) and phospho-Akt (Thr308) levels in the lungs of PM2.5 -instilled mice
      were higher than those in the lungs of the control. The protein levels of NF
      kappaB-p52/p100 and NF-kappaB-p65 in bronchial epithelium of PM2.5 -exposed mice
      were also increased compared with the control. This study suggests that EGF-EGFR
      Akt-NF-kappaB signaling and NLRP12 inflammasome may be associated with PM2.5 
      induced lung inflammation in mice. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ
      Toxicol 32: 1121-1134, 2017.

PMID- 27377056
TI  - A novel oxime-derived 3d-4f single-molecule magnet exhibiting two single-ion
      magnetic relaxations.
AB  - A new oxime-derived {DyNi} cluster with a paramagnetic butterfly-shaped Dy core
      and peripheral diamagnetic planar-square Ni(II) ions was solvothermally
      synthesized. The weak ferromagnetically coupled cluster exhibits field-induced
      single-molecule magnetic behavior with two thermally activated single-ion
      relaxations. 

PMID- 27377057
TI  - Erratum: Secondary reconstruction of vaginal stenosis using a posterior labial
      perforator based Falandry flap.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.21.185.6559.].

PMID- 27377058
TI  - Phosphate bioisostere containing amphiphiles: a novel class of squaramide-based
      lipids.
AB  - We describe a novel class of amphiphiles with squaramide moiety as a phosphate
      bioisostere. Most synthesized squaramide-based amphiphiles have the favorable
      physicochemical properties of lipids, such as: formation of stable liposomes or
      giant unilamellar vesicles in aqueous solution, high phase-transition
      temperature, low vesicle leakage and phospholipase resistance properties. 

PMID- 27377059
TI  - Adenocarcinoma risk in patients registered with Polish Barrett's Oesophagus
      Registry.
AB  - Barrett's Oesophagus (BO) is a complication of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux
      disease (GORD) and is a major risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Current
      guidelines are based on data showing a 0.5% annual malignancy progression rate.
      The Polish Barrett's Oesophagus Registry (POBOR) was established to characterize
      Polish patients with BO and estimate the risk of malignant progression. POBOR was
      established in 1999 after a dedicated training of endoscopists and
      histopathologists. Physicians registered patients using a dedicated registry
      form. After excluding patients known to have endoscopic treatment for BO, follow
      up <1 year and adenocarcinoma found at index endoscopy we have linked patients
      personal identification numbers (PESEL) with the National Cancer Registry to
      identify those with a diagnosis of oesophageal or gastric cardia adenocarcinoma.
      In total, 843 patients were registered [609 men (72.2%), male to female ratio
      2.6:1] with median age at diagnosis of 56 years (IQR:47-67). Long segment BE was
      found at index endoscopy in 294 patients (39.4%) whereas low grade dysplasia in
      147 (17.4%). 112 patients (13.3%) fulfilled the exclusion criteria and the
      remaining 731 were followed for a median of 9.8 years (IQR: 9.3-10.0). After 6779
      patient-years, 6 adenocarcinomas were diagnosed yielding an incidence rate of
      0.89 per 1000 patients-years (95% confidence interval [CI 0.40-1.97]) which
      corresponds to annual malignancy progression rate of less than 0.1%. The
      malignancy rate in patients with low grade dysplasia was 3.70 per 1000 patient
      years (95% CI 1.39-9.85). In Polish BO patients the risk of malignant progression
      was lower than previously reported. It was notably higher in patients with low
      grade dysplasia than in those with no dysplasia at index endoscopy, which may
      warrant strict surveillance in these patients.

PMID- 27377060
TI  - Hormone concentrations throughout uncomplicated pregnancies: a longitudinal
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that the hormonal milieu of pregnancy is an
      important determinant of subsequent cancer and other chronic diseases in both the
      mother and the offspring. Many of the existing maternity and birth cohorts
      include specimens drawn only once during pregnancy. How well a single blood
      specimen collected during a pregnancy characterizes exposure to these hormones
      throughout gestation, and also in subsequent pregnancies, is not well understood.
      METHODS: We used serial serum samples from 71 pregnant women (25 primiparous, 25
      multiparous, and 21 with two consecutive pregnancies) with natural, complication
      free pregnancies and a healthy offspring at term who participated in a population
      based screening trial for congenital infections in Finland between January 1st,
      1988 and June 30, 1989 and provided a blood sample in each trimester. RESULTS:
      Hormone levels were more strongly correlated between consecutive trimesters of a
      pregnancy than between the 1st and 3rd trimester (e.g., estradiol, rT1 vs. T2 =
      0.51 and rT2 vs. T3 = 0.60, p < 0.01; rT1 vs. T3 = 0.32, p < 0.05).
      Concentrations of sRANKL remained stable throughout gestation, whereas estradiol,
      estrone, progesterone, testosterone, prolactin, and osteoprotegerin increased
      throughout pregnancy. First trimester hormone concentrations explained less of
      the variation in the third trimester on their own than second trimester hormone
      levels (e.g. estradiol R(2) T1  = 16 % and R(2) T2 = 42 %). Addition of maternal
      (e.g., smoking) and/or child characteristics (e.g., sex) improved the accuracy of
      the 3rd trimester estimates for some of the hormones. CONCLUSIONS: One hormone
      measurement in early pregnancy, in conjunction with maternal and fetal
      characteristics, permits estimation of 3rd trimester hormone concentrations.
      Therefore, single hormone measurements available from maternity cohorts are
      suitable to quantify hormone exposure during pregnancy. To our knowledge, we
      provide the first data on correlations between hormone concentrations both across
      trimesters of a single pregnancy, as well as between two subsequent pregnancies.

PMID- 27377061
TI  - Expansive hematoma in delayed cerebral radiation necrosis in patients treated
      with T-DM1: a report of two cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple new targeted agents have been developed for patients with
      human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) - positive breast cancer.
      Patients with HER2- positive breast cancer will develop brain metastases with
      greater incidence than patients with non-HER2 cancers, and many of them will
      undergo stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or other CNS radiotherapy. The
      interaction between radiation effects and new targeted agents is not well
      understood. We report two cases suggesting a novel adverse effect of T-DM1
      (trastuzumab emtansine) on symptomatic enlargement of radiation necrosis (RN)
      after SRS. CASE PRESENTATION: Two patients with HER2-positive breast cancer had
      received SRS for single brain metastasis more than 5-years ago. They had been
      heavily treated for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (trastuzumab and
      pacritaxel, lapatinib and capecitabine). They initiated T-DM1 therapy for
      progressive systematic disease 5.5 years after stereotactic irradiation, when a
      small RN was recognized on brain MR images of each patient. The RN lesions
      increased in size and became symptomatic during 13 or 14 months of T-DM1
      treatment. The patients underwent surgical resection of the lesion. Pathological
      examination revealed necrosis, hematoma, granulation tissue and telangiectasia
      without neoplastic cells. CONCLUSIONS: A potential enhancement of RN by T-DM1 in
      the brain may be one of important adverse events associated with the use of T-DM1
      for patients after SRS. These cases highlight the need of careful follow-up when
      combining new systemic targeted therapies and SRS for brain metastases.

PMID- 27377062
TI  - Association between trial registration and treatment effect estimates: a meta
      epidemiological study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To increase transparency in research, the International Committee of
      Medical Journal Editors required, in 2005, prospective registration of clinical
      trials as a condition to publication. However, many trials remain unregistered or
      retrospectively registered. We aimed to assess the association between trial
      prospective registration and treatment effect estimates. METHODS: This is a meta
      epidemiological study based on all Cochrane reviews published between March 2011
      and September 2014 with meta-analyses of a binary outcome including three or more
      randomised controlled trials published after 2006. We extracted trial general
      characteristics and results from the Cochrane reviews. For each trial, we
      searched for registration in the report's full text, contacted the corresponding
      author if not reported and searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the International
      Clinical Trials Registry Platform in case of no response. We classified each
      trial as prospectively registered (i.e. registered before the start date);
      retrospectively registered, distinguishing trials registered before and after the
      primary completion date; and not registered. Treatment effect estimates of
      prospectively registered and other trials were compared by the ratio of odds
      ratio (ROR) (ROR <1 indicates larger effects in trials not prospectively
      registered). RESULTS: We identified 67 meta-analyses (322 trials). Overall,
      225/322 trials (70 %) were registered, 74 (33 %) prospectively and 142 (63 %)
      retrospectively; 88 were registered before the primary completion date and 54
      after. Unregistered or retrospectively registered trials tended to show larger
      treatment effect estimates than prospectively registered trials (combined ROR =
      0.81, 95 % CI 0.65-1.02, based on 32 contributing meta-analyses). Trials
      unregistered or registered after the primary completion date tended to show
      larger treatment effect estimates than those registered before this date
      (combined ROR = 0.84, 95 % CI 0.71-1.01, based on 43 contributing meta-analyses).
      CONCLUSIONS: Lack of trial prospective registration may be associated with larger
      treatment effect estimates.

PMID- 27377063
TI  - Quantification by real-time PCR of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in samples of Triatoma
      infestans used in xenodiagnosis of chronic Chagas disease patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma cruzi multiplies and differentiates in the digestive
      tract of triatomine insects. Xenodiagnosis (XD) is a parasitological tool in
      which the insect vectors acts as a biological culture medium to amplify and
      detect T. cruzi infection in mammals. The sensitivity of XD has been overcome by
      the application of PCR in fecal samples (FS) of XD (PCR-XD). In this study, T.
      cruzi amplified in Triatoma infestans fed by XD on individuals with chronic
      Chagas disease (CChD) is quantified by real-time PCR (qPCR-XD). FINDINGS: Under
      informed consent, 100 individuals were evaluated. In 21 of them XD, PCR-XD and
      qPCR-XD were positive. For the contrary, 79 were negative XD. In 58 (73.4 %) and
      66 cases (83.5 %) of them, PCR-XD (Fisher's exact test P = 0.005) and qPCR-XD
      (Fisher's exact test: P = 0.037) respectively, were positive. In cases with
      positive XD, qPCR-XD allowed to establish that in 9/21 cases (42.9 %) the
      parasite burden fluctuated between 100 and 1,000 par. eq./ml. Otherwise, in 32/79
      (40.5 %) cases with negative XD, a parasite burden between 1 and 10 par. eq./ml
      was determined. All samples showed amplification of exogenous internal control
      (X12, Ct average: 31.8), so problems in the DNA extraction (excess or loss of
      genetic material), unspecific amplification and/or inhibition in qPCR-XD
      reactions were ruled out. Additionally, in all the patients qPCR in blood (qPCR
      B) was performed. In the cases with positive XD, the concordance between the
      positivity of qPCR-XD and qPCR-B was 100 %, nevertheless, the parasite burden in
      blood was lower and different than XD (Chi-square test: chi (2)  = 91.82, df = 5,
      P = 0.0001). In the cases with negative XD the ranges of qPCR-XD and qPCR-B were
      similar (Chi-square test: chi (2)  = 6.71, df = 5, P = 0.1520). CONCLUSIONS: This
      study allowed the detection and quantification of T. cruzi by qPCR-XD in FS of
      Tr. infestans fed on patients with CChD. The highest parasite burden was observed
      in positive XD cases. qPCR-XD could be used in different studies related with the
      complex T. cruzi-vector-host interactions.

PMID- 27377065
TI  - Disclosing drug companies payments should be compulsory, say top earners.

PMID- 27377064
TI  - Retrovirus Integration Database (RID): a public database for retroviral insertion
      sites into host genomes.
AB  - The NCI Retrovirus Integration Database is a MySql-based relational database
      created for storing and retrieving comprehensive information about retroviral
      integration sites, primarily, but not exclusively, HIV-1. The database is
      accessible to the public for submission or extraction of data originating from
      experiments aimed at collecting information related to retroviral integration
      sites including: the site of integration into the host genome, the virus family
      and subtype, the origin of the sample, gene exons/introns associated with
      integration, and proviral orientation. Information about the references from
      which the data were collected is also stored in the database. Tools are built
      into the website that can be used to map the integration sites to UCSC genome
      browser, to plot the integration site patterns on a chromosome, and to display
      provirus LTRs in their inserted genome sequence. The website is robust, user
      friendly, and allows users to query the database and analyze the data
      dynamically. AVAILABILITY: https://rid.ncifcrf.gov ; or
      http://home.ncifcrf.gov/hivdrp/resources.htm .

PMID- 27377066
TI  - Cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory activity among centenarians with and
      without dementia.
AB  - A better knowledge of the differences existing between individuals who maintain
      cognition up to 100 years of age or more and those of the same age who present
      dementia syndrome may be of help in understanding the dementia of the very
      elderly people. The aim of this study was to assess cardiovascular risk factors
      and inflammatory markers among centenarians with and without dementia. A
      population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on centenarians residing in
      a middle-size city. Volunteers were evaluated by comprehensive geriatric
      assessment at home. General laboratory examinations were performed and
      cardiovascular risk and inflammatory activity markers were determined. Mean
      subject age was 101 +/- 2 years, and 82 % were women. Assessment of dementia
      syndrome revealed that 36.4 % of the centenarians had preserved cognition.
      Centenarians with dementia had lower schooling (p < 0.01), lower body mass index
      (p = 0.02) and higher homocysteine levels (p < 0.01) and tended to have a lower
      systolic blood pressure (p = 0.05). Regarding the markers of inflammatory
      activity, demented subjects had high levels of interleukin-6 (p < 0.01), high
      sensitivity C-reactive protein (p = 0.02), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p
      = 0.01) and lower albumin levels (p = 0.02) compared to centenarians without
      dementia. Concluding, centenarians with preserved cognition had better
      nutritional status, lower homocysteinemia, tendency to higher blood pressure and
      lower inflammatory activity compared to demented subjects.

PMID- 27377067
TI  - L-Ascorbic Acid Protected Against Extrinsic and Intrinsic Apoptosis Induced by
      Cobalt Nanoparticles Through ROS Attenuation.
AB  - Currently, tissue damage induced by cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) and cobalt ions
      (Co2+) are the most serious syndrome in the patients with metal-on-metal hip
      prostheses. Therefore, an urgent need exists for the identification of the
      mechanisms and the development of therapeutic strategies to limit it. The purpose
      of this study was to explore the mechanism of this damage and to demonstrate if L
      ascorbic acid (L-AA) could protect against the cell toxicities induced by CoNPs
      and Co2+ in vitro. With CoNPs and Co2+ treatment, cell viability was
      significantly decreased; the ROS (reactive oxygen species) level in mitochondria
      was dramatically increased in CoNPs treated cells, but cobalt ions could barely
      induce the ROS. Consistently, the level of cell apoptosis was increased with the
      upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors (caspases 8, 9, and 3, and Bax) and the
      downregulation of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. Besides that, the levels of
      cytochrome c and AIF were increased and released from mitochondria into the
      cytoplasm. After the cells were pretreated with L-AA, the cell viability
      decreased by CoNPs was reversed and the ROS induced by CoNPs was suppressed. The
      level of cell apoptosis induced by CoNPs was decreased as well. But it could not
      reverse the effects induced by Co2+. These studies demonstrated that CoNPs induce
      extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways via generation of ROS, and L-AA could
      prevent the cytotoxicity by reducing the level of ROS. While Co2+ may induce
      cytotoxicity through other signals, it could not be protected by L-AA treatment.

PMID- 27377068
TI  - All laser cataract surgery compared to femtosecond laser phacoemulsification
      surgery: corneal trauma.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate corneal tissue trauma after femtosecond
      laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and phacoemulsification (femtophaco
      surgery) compared to FLACS and nanolaser emulsification (all laser surgery). This
      is a prospective nonrandomized clinical study conducted at the Ophthalmology
      Clinic, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy, involving forty-two
      eyes of 42 patients candidates to cataract surgery. Patients were enrolled in two
      groups: femtophaco surgery (group 1 with 21 eyes) and all laser surgery (group 2
      with 21 eyes). Main outcome measures included uncorrected visual acuity and
      distance corrected visual acuity, corneal endothelial cell count, and corneal
      thickness at the tunnel site and at the center of the cornea. Best correct visual
      acuity was not significantly different between the two groups. Postoperatively, a
      significant decrement of endothelial cell count at the center of the cornea was
      observed in group 1 compared with preoperative values at 90 days (p < 0.001)
      while t remained stable in group 2. The central corneal thickness showed a
      statistically significant increase for both groups that reached a maximum
      thickness at 7 days and then returned to presurgery levels after 90 days for
      group 1 and after 60 days for group 2. The tunnel corneal thickness showed a
      statistically significant increase for both groups that reached a maximum
      thickness at 7 days, which did not return to presurgery level for group 1 but did
      return to presurgery levels after 60 days for group 2. All laser surgery induced
      lower central endothelial cell loss and lower increase of corneal thickness
      compared to femtophaco surgery.

PMID- 27377069
TI  - Revisiting the global effect and inhibition of return.
AB  - Saccades toward previously cued locations have longer latencies than saccades
      toward other locations, a phenomenon known as inhibition of return (IOR).
      Watanabe (Exp Brain Res 138:330-342. doi: 10.1007/s002210100709 , 2001) combined
      IOR with the global effect (where saccade landing points fall in between
      neighboring objects) to investigate whether IOR can also have a spatial
      component. When one of two neighboring targets was cued, there was a clear bias
      away from the cued location. In a condition where both targets were cued, it
      appeared that the global effect magnitude was similar to the condition without
      any cues. However, as the latencies in the double cue condition were shorter
      compared to the no cue condition, it is still an open question whether these
      results are representative for IOR. Considering the double cue condition can
      provide valuable insight into the interaction of the mechanisms underlying the
      two phenomena, here, we revisit this condition in an adapted paradigm. Our
      paradigm does result in longer latencies for the cued locations, and we find that
      the magnitude of the global effect is reduced significantly. Unexpectedly, this
      holds even when only including saccades with the same latencies for both
      conditions. Thus, the increased latencies associated with IOR cannot directly
      explain the reduction in global effect. The global effect reduction can likely
      best be seen as either a result of short-term depression of exogenous visual
      signals or a result of IOR established at the center of gravity of cues.

PMID- 27377070
TI  - Near-infrared light treatment reduces astrogliosis in MPTP-treated monkeys.
AB  - We have reported previously that intracranial application of near-infrared light
      (NIr) reduces clinical signs and offers neuroprotection in a subacute MPTP (1
      methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) monkey model of Parkinson's disease.
      In this study, we explored whether NIr reduces the gliosis in this animal model.
      Sections of midbrain (containing the substantia nigra pars compacta; SNc) and
      striatum were processed for glial fibrillary acidic protein (to label astrocytes;
      GFAP) and ionised calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (to label microglia; IBA1)
      immunohistochemistry. Cell counts were undertaken using stereology, and cell body
      sizes were measured using ImageJ. Our results showed that NIr treatment reduced
      dramatically (~75 %) MPTP-induced astrogliosis in both the SNc and striatum.
      Among microglia, however, NIr had a more limited impact in both nuclei; although
      there was a reduction in overall cell size, there were no changes in the number
      of microglia in the MPTP-treated monkeys after NIr treatment. In summary, we
      showed that NIr treatment influenced the glial response, particularly that of the
      astrocytes, in our monkey MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Our findings raise
      the possibility of glial cells as a future therapeutic target using NIr.

PMID- 27377072
TI  - The value of sound waves and pleural manometry in diagnosing a pleural effusion
      with the dual diagnosis.

PMID- 27377071
TI  - Retention during capsule endoscopy: Is it a real problem in routine practice?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the risks and outcomes of capsule retention
      during capsule endoscopy (CE) for investigating small bowel disease. Capsule
      retention is the most serious complication of CE. METHODS: Before CE, the
      gastrointestinal tract was evaluated for blockages with computerized tomography.
      Analysis of CE was made retrospectively. RESULTS: Capsule endoscopy was used to
      investigate obscure bleeding (90.2%; n = 324) or other symptoms (9.8%; n = 35).
      The capsule retention rate was 11/359 (3.1%); it was retained in a malignant
      lesion area (adenocarcinoma or melanoma) in two patients (18.2%), in the small
      bowel in an ulcerated area in five patients (45.5%), and in the
      oesophagus/stomach in four patients (36.4%) due to dysmotility. None of the
      patients had symptoms of obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Scanning patients before CE
      did not predict capsule retention. Retention is a complication of CE, but occurs
      as a result of the underlying disease. The risk of retention is increased in
      patients with motility disorders, suspected small bowel ulcers or malignancies.

PMID- 27377073
TI  - BREATHER (PENTA 16) short-cycle therapy (SCT) (5 days on/2 days off) in young
      people with chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection: an open, randomised,
      parallel-group Phase II/III trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents facing
      lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART), short-cycle therapy (SCT) with long-acting
      agents offers the potential for drug-free weekends, less toxicity, better
      adherence and cost savings. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether or not efavirenz
      (EFV)-based ART in short cycles of 5 days on and 2 days off is as efficacious (in
      maintaining virological suppression) as continuous EFV-based ART (continuous
      therapy; CT). Secondary objectives included the occurrence of new clinical HIV
      events or death, changes in immunological status, emergence of HIV drug
      resistance, drug toxicity and changes in therapy. DESIGN: Open, randomised, non
      inferiority trial. SETTING: Europe, Thailand, Uganda, Argentina and the USA.
      PARTICIPANTS: Young people (aged 8-24 years) on EFV plus two nucleoside reverse
      transcriptase inhibitors and with a HIV-1 ribonucleic acid level [viral load
      (VL)] of < 50 copies/ml for > 12 months. INTERVENTIONS: Young people were
      randomised to continue daily ART (CT) or change to SCT (5 days on, 2 days off
      ART). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Follow-up was for a minimum of 48 weeks (0, 4 and 12
      weeks and then 12-weekly visits). The primary outcome was the difference between
      arms in the proportion with VL > 50 copies/ml (confirmed) by 48 weeks, estimated
      using the Kaplan-Meier method (12% non-inferiority margin) adjusted for region
      and age. RESULTS: In total, 199 young people (11 countries) were randomised (n =
      99 SCT group, n = 100 CT group) and followed for a median of 86 weeks. Overall,
      53% were male; the median age was 14 years (21% >= 18 years); 13% were from the
      UK, 56% were black, 19% were Asian and 21% were Caucasian; and the median CD4%
      and CD4 count were 34% and 735 cells/mm(3), respectively. By week 48, only one
      participant (CT) was lost to follow-up. The SCT arm had a 27% decreased drug
      exposure as measured by the adherence questionnaire and a MEMSCap(TM) Medication
      Event Monitoring System (MEMSCap Inc., Durham, NC, USA) substudy (median cap
      openings per week: SCT group, n = 5; CT group, n = 7). By 48 weeks, six
      participants in the SCT group and seven in the CT group had a confirmed VL > 50
      copies/ml [difference -1.2%, 90% confidence interval (CI) -7.3% to 4.9%] and two
      in the SCT group and four in the CT group had a confirmed VL > 400 copies/ml
      (difference -2.1%, 90% CI -6.2% to 1.9%). All six participants in the SCT group
      with a VL > 50 copies/ml resumed daily ART, of whom five were resuppressed, three
      were on the same regimen and two with a switch; two others on SCT resumed daily
      ART for other reasons. Overall, three participants in the SCT group and nine in
      the CT group (p = 0.1) changed ART regimen, five because of toxicity, four for
      simplification reasons, two because of compliance issues and one because of VL
      failure. Seven young people (SCT group, n = 2; CT group, n = 5) had major non
      nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations at VL failure, of whom two
      (n = 1 SCT group, n = 1 CT group) had the M184V mutation. Two young people had
      new Centers for Disease Control B events (SCT group, n = 1; CT group, n = 1).
      There were no significant differences between SCT and CT in grade 3/4 adverse
      events (13 vs. 14) or in serious adverse events (7 vs. 6); there were fewer ART
      related adverse events in the SCT arm (2 vs. 14; p = 0.02). At week 48 there was
      no evidence that SCT led to increased inflammation using an extensive panel of
      markers. Young people expressed a strong preference for SCT in a qualitative
      substudy and in pre- and post-trial questionnaires. In total, 98% of the young
      people are taking part in a 2-year follow-up extension of the trial. CONCLUSIONS:
      Non-inferiority of VL suppression in young people on EFV-based first-line ART
      with a VL of < 50 copies/ml was demonstrated for SCT compared with CT, with
      similar resistance, safety and inflammatory marker profiles. The SCT group had
      fewer ART-related adverse events. Further evaluation of the immunological and
      virological impact of SCT is ongoing. A limitation of the trial is that the
      results cannot be generalised to settings where VL monitoring is either not
      available or infrequent, nor to use of low-dose EFV. Two-year extended follow-up
      of the trial is ongoing to confirm the durability of the SCT strategy. Further
      trials of SCT in settings with infrequent VL monitoring and with other
      antiretroviral drugs such as tenofovir alafenamide, which has a long
      intracellular half-life, and/or dolutegravir, which has a higher barrier to
      resistance, are planned. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials
      ISRCTN97755073; EUDRACT 2009-012947-40; and CTA 27505/0005/001-0001. FUNDING:
      This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)
      Health Technology Assessment programme (projects 08/53/25 and 11/136/108), the
      European Commission through EuroCoord (FP7/2007/2015), the Economic and Social
      Research Council, the PENTA Foundation, the Medical Research Council and INSERM
      SC10-US19, France, and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment;
      Vol. 20, No. 49. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project
      information.

PMID- 27377074
TI  - Predictors of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation:
      results from a data mining project on the Flec-SL trial data set.
AB  - Aims: Data mining is the computational process to obtain information from a data
      set and transform it for further use. Herein, through data mining with supportive
      statistical analyses, we identified and consolidated variables of the Flecainide
      Short-Long (Flec-SL-AFNET 3) trial dataset that are associated with the primary
      outcome of the trial, recurrence of persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) or death.
      Methods and results: The 'Ranking Instances by Maximizing the Area under the ROC
      Curve' (RIMARC) algorithm was applied to build a classifier that can predict the
      primary outcome by using variables in the Flec-SL dataset. The primary outcome
      was time to persistent AF or death. The RIMARC algorithm calculated the
      predictive weights of each variable in the Flec-SL dataset for the primary
      outcome. Among the initial 21 parameters, 6 variables were identified by the
      RIMARC algorithm. In univariate Cox regression analysis of these variables,
      increased heart rate during AF and successful pharmacological conversion (PC) to
      sinus rhythm (SR) were found to be significant predictors. Multivariate Cox
      regression analysis revealed successful PC as the single relevant predictor of SR
      maintenance. The primary outcome risk was 3.14 times (95% CI:1.7-5.81) lower in
      those who had successful PC to SR than those who needed electrical cardioversion.
      Conclusions: Pharmacological conversion of persistent AF with flecainide without
      the need for electrical cardioversion is a powerful and independent predictor of
      maintenance of SR. A strategy of flecainide pretreatment for 48 h prior to
      planned electrical cardioversion may be a useful planning of a strategy of long
      term rhythm control.

PMID- 27377075
TI  - Contact-force-guided vs. contact-force-blinded catheter ablation of typical
      atrial flutter: a prospective study.
AB  - Aims: It remains unknown whether contact force (CF) sensing technology is of
      value for cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation. We prospectively evaluated
      procedural parameters and outcomes of CF-guided vs. CF-blinded CTI ablation for
      typical atrial flutter (AFL). Methods and results: A total of 70 consecutive
      patients (62.5 +/- 10.9 years) undergoing CTI ablation for AFL were prospectively
      enrolled, 35 in CF-blinded and 35 in CF-guided groups. A CF-sensing catheter
      (power 25-35 W) was used in all. In the CF-guided group, CF target range was 10
      25 g, whereas in the CF-blinded group, the operator was blinded to CF. The
      isthmus was divided into anterior, middle, and posterior segments for region
      specific CF analysis. The procedural endpoint of bidirectional isthmus block
      following a 20-min observation period was achieved in all. A trend towards lower
      fluoroscopy and procedure duration was observed when the CF-guided group was
      compared with the CF-blinded group. The total radiofrequency (RF) energy delivery
      time required to achieve bidirectional block was significantly lower in the CF
      guided vs. CF-blinded group [10.0 min (IQR 8.3;15.1) vs. 15.9 min (IQR 9.6;24.7),
      P= 0.0020], with a significant inverse correlation between CF and total RF
      delivery time (r = -0.36; P= 0.0027). Mean CF measurements significantly
      increased from anterior to posterior anatomical zones of CTI in the CF-blinded
      group (ANOVA P= 0.0466). Conclusions: Catheter ablation of AFL guided by real
      time CF assessment results in a significant reduction in total RF delivery time.
      Real-time CF measurements facilitate the maintenance of homogenous efficient
      contact all along the CTI, particularly in the anterior segment where CF is
      generally lower.

PMID- 27377076
TI  - All that wheezes is not asthma: adult tracheomalacia resulting from innominate
      artery compression.

PMID- 27377077
TI  - A snapshot survey of perceptions of healthcare professionals on ageing surgeons.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to understand healthcare professionals'
      perception of the continued practice of ageing surgeons in Singapore.
      METHODOLOGY: A quantitative method was chosen for this research to determine
      healthcare professionals' perception of the practice of ageing surgeons. Ethical
      approval was obtained from the local ethical review board. A cross-sectional
      method using a population survey was performed among healthcare professionals in
      two tertiary institutions and the study was confined to stakeholders in practices
      of ageing surgeons. The population sampled was limited to nurses in the theatre,
      anaesthetists, surgeons and geriatricians (physicians). An online questionnaire
      was designed for the survey that took into consideration the various conceptual
      frameworks of ageing surgeons' practice that was obtained from a literature
      review. RESULTS: There were 104 respondents of a population of 350 sampled
      (theatre nurses, anaesthetists, physicians and surgeons) giving a respondent rate
      of 30%. The mean age of the participants was 39.7; 72% were doctors (surgeons
      34%, physicians 20% and anaesthetists 18%) and 28% nurses. Only 35% agreed with
      the statement that older surgeons face deterioration in cognitive faculties and
      29% remained neutral. A similar trend was seen with the perception that older
      surgeons face a decline in memory. However, 44% agreed with the statement that
      older surgeons face a decline in visuospatial ability and another 40% agreed that
      they had a decline in psychomotor skills and reaction time. Fifty per cent agreed
      with the statement that they face deterioration in physical abilities. Sixty
      three per cent did not think that older surgeons face a decline in reasoning and
      judgement. Forty-eight per cent believed that older surgeons' vast fund of
      knowledge and experience could compensate for physical and cognitive changes.
      Only 13% agreed with the statement that older surgeons have higher surgical
      mortality. Forty-five per cent agreed that the retirement age should be 65 while
      22% believed it should be over 65. Forty-four per cent agreed that a regular
      multidisciplinary, objective and comprehensive evaluation of an older surgeon's
      physical and cognitive function would help to identify and treat reversible
      problems which when corrected would aid in restoring the surgeon's function.
      Seventy-four per cent felt that it was the responsibility of all stakeholders to
      decide or report on when an ageing surgeon is unsafe to continue practicing.
      Fifty-five per cent disagreed with a mandatory retirement age for surgeons.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that, in Singapore, stakeholders agreed there are
      changes in physical and cognitive abilities of ageing surgeons but they thought
      that these can be overcome with selective strategies to optimise their role in
      the workforce. They also disagreed on a mandatory retirement age.

PMID- 27377079
TI  - Prognostic impact of ReTURB in high grade T1 primary bladder cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate whether pathological outcomes of ReTURB have a prognostic
      impact on recurrence and progression of primitive T1HG bladder cancer. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Patients affected by primitive T1HG TCC of bladder underwent
      restaging TURB (ReTURB). Patients with muscle invasive disease at ReTURB
      underwent radical cystectomy; those with non-muscle invasive residual (NMI-RT)
      and those with no residual tumour (NRT) received an intravesical BCG therapy. We
      compared recurrence and progression in NMIRT patients and NRT patients at
      restaging TURB. Patients were followed every 3-6 months with cystoscopy and urine
      cytology. RESULTS: 212 patients were enrolled in the study. At ReTURB, residual
      cancer was detected in 92 of 196 (46.9%) valuable patients: 14.3% of these were
      upstaged to T2. At follow up of 26.3 +/- 22.8 months, there were differences in
      recurrence and progression rates between NRT and NMIRT patients: 26.9% and 45.3%
      (p < 0.001), 10.6% and 23.4% (p 0.03), respectively. Recurrence-free and
      progression-free survivals were significantly higher in NRT compared to NMIRT
      patients: 73.1% and 54.7% (p < 0.001), 89.4% and 76.6 (p 0.03), respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: ReTURB allows to identify a considerable number of residual and
      understaged cancer. Patients with NMIRT on ReTURB have worse prognosis than those
      with NRT in terms of recurrence and progression free survival. These outcomes
      seem to suggest a prognostic impact of findings on ReTURB that could be a valid
      tool in management of high grade T1 TCC.

PMID- 27377078
TI  - The Related Risk Factors Analysis of Snake-Bite Induced Acute Kidney Injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND The pathogenic mechanism of snake-bite induced acute kidney injury
      (AKI) remains unclear. Analyzing the risk factors for snake-bite induced AKI may
      provide the guidance needed for AKI prevention and early treatment. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS This retrospective study included 119 snake-bite patients who were
      hospitalized at the emergency department of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital
      from January 2011 to September 2013. The patients were divided into AKI and non
      AKI groups according to the 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes
      (KDIGO) guideline. Gender, age, and clinical examination data of the patients
      were recorded. The Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher exact test were performed to
      analyze the collected data; preliminary analysis of independent risk factors was
      performed with multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Among the snake-bite
      patients, 98.3% were farmers. The mean age of patients was 46+/-12 years. Of the
      119 patients (13.4%), 16 suffered from AKI. There were statistically significant
      differences between the AKI and non-AKI groups with respect to age, time interval
      from snake bite to antivenin therapy, creatine kinase, blood myoglobin, advanced
      age, regional lymphadenopathy, incision drainage, and hemoglobin. Preliminary
      analysis with multivariate logistic regression showed that advanced age and
      increased time interval from snake bite to antivenin therapy might be independent
      risk factors for snake-bite induced AKI. CONCLUSIONS Age, time interval from
      snake bite to antivenin therapy, creatine kinase, blood myoglobin, advanced age,
      regional lymphadenopathy, incision drainage, and hemoglobin were risk factors for
      snake-bite induced AKI. Advanced age and delayed antivenin therapy might be
      independent risk factors for snake-bite induced AKI. 

PMID- 27377080
TI  - Is a second look necessary in multiple and/or large Ta tumors?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Most of the bladder cancers are tumors without muscle invasion at
      the time of diagnosis. Transurethral resection is the standard treatment in
      bladder tumors without muscle invasion. Proper review of transurethral resection
      is important for correct risk classification. In this study, our main objective
      was to show that a "second look" in patients with multiple and/or > 3 cm tumors
      regardless of T stage during the early term can be helpful in detection of
      possible residues and determining risk classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 156
      patients with primary, multiple and/or > 3 cm tumors were included in the study.
      Patients were divided into 3 groups as Group 1 (Ta), Group 2 (T1 without second
      TUR) and Group 3 (T1 with second TUR). Macroscopic tumor occurrence rates were
      compared in their 3rd month control cystoscopy. RESULTS: Macroscopic tumor
      detection rates in patients' 3rd month control cystoscopy were 21 (46.7%) in
      Group 1, 18 (30%) in Group 2 and 4 (7.8%) in Group 3. When compared with Group 3
      patients, Group 1 and Group 2 had higher statistically significant macroscopic
      tumor detection rates (p = 0.001) CONCLUSION: A second look in patients with
      multiple and/or > 3 cm tumors during early term will enable the surgeons to
      detect possible tumors and do a better job in risk classification.

PMID- 27377081
TI  - Can perineural invasion detected in prostate needle biopsy specimens predict
      surgical margin positivity in D'Amico low risk patients?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: In this study, our aim was to estimate the value of perineural
      invasion (PNI) in prostate needle biopsy (PNB) specimens in the prediction of
      surgical margin positivity (SMP) and its prognostic significance (upgrade Gleason
      Score) in patients who had undergone radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) with
      low risk prostate cancer according to D'Amico risk assessment. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 65 patients who were diagnosed
      as clinical stage T1c prostate cancer (PC) and underwent RRP between January 2010
      and June 2013. Pathological specimens of PNB and RRP were separately examined for
      the parameters of PNI, vascular invasion (VI), Gleason Score (GS) and SMP.
      RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 63.65 +/- 4.93 (range 47- 75) years. PNI in
      PNB specimens were identified in 12 of 65 patients and 11 of 12 patients showed
      SMP on RRP specimens. While 53 of 65 patients had not PNI on PNB, only 11 of them
      demonstrated SMP on RRP specimens. SMP was 30.64-fold more frequently encountered
      in PNB specimens obtained from PNI-positive patients relative to PNI-negative
      patients. In our study, PNI detected in PNB specimens was statistically
      significantly associated with SMP on RRP specimens (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: It
      is well known that higher PSA values and GS were independent predictors of SMP in
      clinically localized prostate cancer (CLPC). We think that PNI in PNB specimens
      may be a useful prognostic factor for predicting SMP in cases with CLPC.

PMID- 27377082
TI  - Safety and efficacy of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the Galdakao - Modified
      Supine Valdivia position: A prospective analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of
      Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the Galdakao- Modified Supine Valdivia
      (GMSV) position in order to predict operative time, stone-free rate and onset of
      complications taking into account comorbidity, stone-related parameters and
      anatomic upper urinary tract abnormalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective
      evaluation of patients who underwent to PCNL in GMSV position for renal stones >
      2 cm, from January 2009 to February 2015 was performed. According to the
      technique, upper urinary tract abnormalities, stone chemical and morphological
      characteristics, and patients' history were matched with operative outcome, in
      terms of stone-free, intervention time and incidence of perioperative
      complications. RESULTS: Seventy-two cases were collected; mean operative time was
      105 minutes (DS 41): staghorn stones and the presence of comorbidity resulted
      statistically significant variables. The complication-rate resulted in line with
      data showed in literature: hyperpyrexia and hemorrhage were the more frequently
      complications found. The overall stone-free was reached in 48 patients (67%), and
      it was influenced by patients' anatomic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: In the
      treatment of renal stones, PCNL may be a safe and effective choice; nevertheless,
      patients' anatomic abnormalities or staghorn-stones may influence the outcomes.
      Thus, a prospective study with a larger population is needed to verify our
      outcomes.

PMID- 27377083
TI  - The management of total avulsion of the ureter from both ends: Our experience and
      literature review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the treatment modalities of total ureteral avulsion and to
      clarify the risk factors of this serious complication. METHODS: This study
      retrospectively analyzed the data of 3 patients with complete ureteral avulsion
      during ureteroscopy. Of the three patients, two had distal ureteral complete
      avulsion, and one total ureteral avulsion on both ends. Ureteroneocystostomy
      (UNC) was immediately performed after distal ureteral avulsion cases. Ileal
      ureter substition was performed on the same session after the total ureteral
      avulsion in both ends. Two of the patients were under chronic use of
      corticosteroid treatment due to diagnosis of idiopathic trombocytopenic purpura
      and myastenia gravis and all patients had unsuccesful shockwave litotripsy (SWL)
      treatment history with at least 1 month period before surgery. RESULTS: The
      patient who had ileal ureter substitution was followed at 3-month intervals by
      ultrasonography and renal function tests and she was uneventful after a 2 year
      follow-up period. The patients treated with UNC were followed up at 3 month
      interval by ultrasonography and renal function tests. They had normal renal
      function 1 year after the operation CONCLUSION: Complete ureteral avulsion is a
      rare but severe complication. Treatment modality can vary and ileal ureter can be
      applied succesfully in the total ureter avulsion in both ends when bladder
      capacity is not enough for a Boari flap. Failed SWL and/or corticosteroid
      treatment history of patients seems to increase the risk of the ureteral
      avulsion.

PMID- 27377084
TI  - Metabolic assessment of recurrent and first renal calcium oxalate stone formers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to demonstrate the dominant role of metabolic
      disorders in the formation of calcium oxalate stones in patients with recurrent
      urolithiasis, as well as in patients experiencing their first episode of
      urolithiasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of the patients who attended our
      kidney stone outpatient clinics between 2008 and 2012 were reviewed, and the data
      of 318 calcium oxalate stone patients who had undergone a metabolic assessment
      were retrospectively analysed. The patients were divided in two groups. The first
      group included the patients who presented with their first episode of
      urolithiasis (Group 1, n = 170), and the second group included patients with
      recurrent urolithiasis (Group 2, n = 148); intergroup comparisons of metabolic
      disorders were performed. RESULTS: A significant difference was found between the
      two groups in mean urine calcium levels (Group 1, 0.25; Group 2, 0.31; p =
      0.001); the mean serum calcium level was found to be significantly higher
      although at less extent in Group 2 (Group 1, 9.4; Group 2, 9.6); p = 0.04).
      Significant differences were also found in mean urine citrate (Group 1, 481.9;
      Group 2, 397.2, p < 0.0001) and oxalate levels (Group 1, 22.1; Group 2, 28.5; p <
      0.0001) . CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed a metabolic tendency to hypercalciuria
      in calcium oxalate stone patients, predominantly in those with recurrent calcium
      oxalate urolithiasis. Urinary oxalate excretion was found to be higher in
      recurrent urolithiasis in comparison to the first episode of calcium oxalate
      urolithiasis and urinary citrate excretion lower in recurrent urolithiasis.

PMID- 27377085
TI  - The effects of stress incontinence surgery on sexual function and life quality of
      women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Transobturator tape (TOT) and Burch colposuspension
      procedure's effects on sexual functions and life quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      A total of 81 patients who underwent TOT (n = 49) or Burch (n = 32) with stress
      incontinence were included in this prospective study. Preoperatively and at
      postoperative 6 month follow up pad and stress tests, physical examinations,
      Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), International Consultation on Incontinence
      Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ-SF), Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6),
      Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ-7) questionnaires were performed. Patient
      Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) questionnare was added postoperatively.
      RESULTS: According to stress test, success rate was found to be 69% and 45%, in
      the TOT and Burch groups respectively. Pad test decreased in both groups (p <
      0.05). PGI-I scores was higher in the TOT group when compared to Burch group (p =
      0.031). ICIQ-SF scores were improved in both TOT (p < 0.0001) and Burch groups (p
      < 0.012). IUDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores improved only in TOT group. Total FSFI scores
      did not change in both groups but only in TOT group sexual desire improved. Total
      FSFI scores did not change in patients that were successful and unsuccessful
      according to the stress test in both TOT and Burch groups (p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: TOT and Burch procedures have no effect on the sexual functions.
      However TOT improved life quality of patients.

PMID- 27377086
TI  - The relationship of enuresis nocturna and adenoid hypertrophy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study was organized to assess the relationship of enuresis
      nocturna (EN) and upper airway obstruction (UAO) in children. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: This study was multi-centrically and prospectively designed including 79
      children who presented to a urology clinic with symptoms of EN between January
      2013 and February 2014. Sixty-four age-matched children with no history of
      urological complaints were randomly recruited from children admitted to a
      pediatric clinic as a control group. All children and parents were asked to fill
      out a dysfunctional elimination syndrome (DES) questionnaire and children were
      examined by an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist to evaluate the UAO.
      Descriptive statistics, chisquare and Mann-Whitney-U tests were used to compare
      variables. RESULTS: The mean ages of the 79 children (48 male, 31 female) in the
      study group and the 64 children (41 male, 23 female) in the control group were
      10.14+/-3.38 and 9.17+/- 2.85, respectively. Family history of the study showed
      that 19% of the children's mothers, 10% of the children's fathers and 37% of the
      children's siblings had experienced EN. There was a significant difference
      between the study and the control groups in terms of urge to urinate, bladder
      emptying, bowel symptoms and psychological stress. There was also a significant
      difference between rates of tonsillar hypertrophy and nasopharynx obstruction in
      the EN group (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: In this study we found that half of the
      children with EN had tonsillar hypertrophy, which was significantly higher than
      in the control group. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact
      relationship between UAO and EN.

PMID- 27377087
TI  - Buccal mucosa is a promising graft in Peyronie's disease surgery. Our experience
      and a brief literature review on autologous grafting materials.
AB  - AIM: Peyronie's Disease (PD) is an under reported acquired benign condition that,
      at the moment, is not curable with medical therapy. Surgery represent the gold
      standard of treatment. Surgical approaches are several and they consist in
      "plication techniques" or plaque incision/excision with grafting of resulting
      albuginea defect. Among grafting procedures, albuginea defect substitution with
      autologous materials demonstrated over the years not inferior results respect to
      heterologous grafts. Buccal mucosa graft (BMG) is not usually emphasized in many
      review articles and clinical series are yet limited. METHODS: We present our
      experience with seventeen plaque incision procedures and BMG in surgical
      correction of complex penile curvatures due to PD performed in a period of 30
      months. Our analyses was focused on buccal mucosa graft characteristics as major
      determinant of the surgical success. We also conducted a brief literature review
      on autologous grafting materials used in reconstructive penile surgery for PD.
      RESULTS: Our cosmetics and functional results consists in a 100% of functional
      penile straightening with no relapses and 5,8% of de novo erectile dysfunction.
      Mean age was 56.4 years, mean follow-up of 22.5 (6-36) months. No complications
      graft related were observed. Operative time was 115.3 minutes in mean. Over 94%
      of patients referred they were "really much better" and "much better" satisfied
      based on PGI-I questionnaire administrated at the last follow- up visit.
      CONCLUSION: BMG is revealing as an optimal choice for reconstructive surgery in
      PD. Anatomical characteristics consisting in the great elasticity, the quick
      integration time and the easy harvesting technique lead to high cosmetics and
      functional success rate, without omitting economical and invasiveness aspects.

PMID- 27377088
TI  - INSIST-ED: Italian Society of Andrology registry on penile prosthesis surgery.
      First data analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The Italian Society of Andrology, i.e. "Societa Italiana di
      Andrologia" (S.I.A.), launched on December 2014 a prospective, multicenter,
      monitored and internal review board approved Registry for penile implants, the
      "INSIST-ED" (Italian Nationwide Systematic Inventarisation of Surgical Treatment
      for ED) Registry. Purpose of this first report is to present a baseline data
      analysis of the characteristics of penile implant surgery in Italy. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: The INSIST-ED Registry is open to all surgeons implanting penile
      prostheses (all brands, all models) in Italy, providing anonymous patient,
      device, surgical procedure, outcome, follow-up data, for both first and revision
      surgeries. A Registry project Board overviews all the steps of the project, and a
      Registry Monitor interacts with the Registry implanting surgeons. RESULTS: As by
      April 8, 2016, 31 implanting surgeons actively joined the Registry, entering 367
      surgical procedures in its database, that comprise: 310 first implants, 43
      prosthesis substitutions, 14 device explants without substitution. Implanted
      devices account for: 288 three-component devices (81,3%), 20 two-component
      devices (5,4%), 45 non-hydraulic devices (12,3%). Leading primary ED etiologies
      in first implant surgeries resulted: former radical pelvic surgery in 111 cases
      (35,8%), Peyronie's disease in 66 cases (21,3%), diabetes in 39 cases (12,6%).
      Two intraoperative complications have been recorded. Main reasons for 57 revision
      surgeries were: device failure (52,6%), erosion (19,3%), infection (12,3%),
      patient dissatisfaction (10,5%). Surgical settings for patients undergoing a
      first penile implant were: public hospitals in 251 cases (81%), private
      environments in 59 cases (19%). CONCLUSIONS: The INSIST-ED Registry represents
      the first European experience of penile prosthesis Registry. This baseline data
      analysis shows that: three-pieces inflatable prosthesis is the most implanted
      device, leading etiology of erectile dysfunction (ED) in patient receiving a
      prosthesis is former radical pelvic surgery, primary reason for revision surgery
      is device failure, primary settings for first penile implant surgery are public
      hospitals. Evaluation of penile implant impact on recipients quality of life is
      presently ongoing.

PMID- 27377089
TI  - A survey on the experience of 136 Italian urologists in the treatment of erectile
      dysfunction with PDE5 inhibitors and recommendations for the use of Avanafil in
      the clinical practice.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: PDE5 inhibitors are the firstline treatment for erectile
      dysfunction. Although all these drugs share the same mechanism of action, each
      agent could have different characteristics in terms of selectivity,
      pharmacokinetics and tolerability profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This manuscript
      illustrates a project, undertaken by the Italian Society of Urology in order to
      obtain a "snapshot" of the experience of Italian urologists with the use of PDE5
      inhibitors in the clinical practice. This project included a survey, targeting a
      sample of 136 Italian urologists experienced in the treatment of ED, and the
      organization of a conference of experts who, based on the findings of the survey,
      the scientific literature and the clinical experience, would define some
      recommendations for the use of PDE5 inhibitors in clinical practice with a
      particular focus on Avanafil, the most recent drug in this class. RESULTS: The
      following recommendations on the use of Avanafil were issued: 1) In patients who
      are candidates for the use of Avanafil, it is advisable to use the 200-mg dose
      from the first administration; 2) When used at the highest dose (200 mg),
      Avanafil shows a favourable tolerability profile with an efficacy similar to that
      of other agents; 3) The patient should be instructed to take Avanafil on an empty
      stomach, i.e., 30-45 minutes before or 2 hours after a meal; 4) The efficacy
      window of Avanafil is between 30 minutes and 6 hours after dosing, which
      qualifies this molecule as a new drug with an intermediate duration of action; 5)
      Avanafil at a dose of 50-100 mg/day may be a therapeutic option in chronic
      rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: Among PDE5 inhibitors, Avanafil is a new agent with
      an intermediate duration of action, characterized by high efficacy and good
      tolerability even at the highest dose (200 mg).

PMID- 27377090
TI  - The role of Cajal cells in chronic prostatitis.
AB  - Types of prostatitis can be defined as groups of syndromes in adult men
      associated with infectious and noninfectious causes characterized frequently by
      lower abdominal and perineal signs and diverse clinical symptoms and
      complications. Etiopathogenesis of chronic prostatitis is not well defined.
      Moreover, its treatment outcomes are not satisfactory. Presence of c-kit positive
      interstitial cells in human prostate is already known. It has been demonstrated
      that these cells can be pacemaker cells which trigger spontaneous slow-wave
      electrical activity in the prostate and can be responsible for the transport of
      glandular secretion from acinar cells into major and minor prostatic ducts and
      finally into urethra. In the light of all these data, when presence of a possible
      inflammatory pathology is thought to involve prostate that secretes and has a
      reservoir which drains its secretion (for prostate, prostatic urethra), two
      points are worth mentioning. Impairment of secretion mechanism and collection of
      secretion within the organ with reflux of the microbial material from its
      reservoir back into prostate gland. Both of these potential conditions can be
      explained by ductal neuromuscular mechanism, which induces secretion. We think
      that in this neuromuscular mechanism interstitial Cajal cells have an important
      role in chronic prostatitis. Our hypothesis is that curability of prostatitis is
      correlated with the number of Cajal cells not subjected to apoptosis. 

PMID- 27377091
TI  - The role of Cucurbita pepo in the management of patients affected by lower
      urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: A narrative review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Phytotherapeutic compounds are largely used in the treatment of lower
      urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) due
      to low side-effect profiles and costs, high level of acceptance by patients and a
      low rate of dropout. Here, we aimed to analyze all available evidence on the role
      of Cucurbita pepo in the treatment of LUTS-BPH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In May 2016
      a systematic search was carried out thorough National Library of Medicine Pubmed,
      Scopus database and the ISI Web of Knowledge official website in order to
      identify all published studies on Cucurbita pepo and BPH. The following search
      strings were used: "Cucurbita pepo" OR "pumpkin seed" AND "prostate"; "Cucurbita
      pepo" AND "antiandrogen" OR "antiproliferative" OR "anti-inflammatory" OR
      "antioxidant activities"; "cucurbita pepo" OR "pumpkin seed" AND "LUTS" AND
      "symptoms improvement" OR "quality of life". We consider for the present analysis
      only studies related to LUTS-BPH. RESULTS: Among all 670 screened, 16 were
      related to LUTSBPH and finally analyzed. Among all, ten of them were performed in
      "in vitro setting" showing anti-inflammatory and antiandrogen effect, and a
      reduction in prostate growth and detrusor activity, while six were clinical
      studies. In all studies an improvement in International Prostatic Symptoms Score
      (IPSS) and uroflowmetry parameters has been reported. In 4 studies, an
      improvement in quality of life has been reported. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our
      narrative review, the use of Cucurbita pepo in the management of patients
      affected by LUTS-BPH seems to be useful for improving symptoms and quality of
      life. However, future clinical trials are requested to confirm these promising
      results.

PMID- 27377092
TI  - Robot-assisted laparoscopic resection of a huge pelvic tumor: A case report.
AB  - The traditional open surgery, for the treatment of huge tumor in the narrow space
      of pelvic cavity and in close proximity to pelvic organs and neurovascular
      structures, is very difficult and challenging. We report a case of huge
      neurilemmoma operated using the robot-assisted laparoscopy. We used
      interventional pre-operation embolization to control blood supply of tumor
      because MRI showed the tumor had a sufficient blood supply. 

PMID- 27377093
TI  - Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the bladder: A case report.
AB  - type of low differentiated carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal region characterized
      by marked infiltration of lymphocytes in the area involved by tumor. However,
      carcinomas with this peculiar morphologic feature have been also described in
      various anatomic locations and they are generally designated "lymphoepithelioma
      like carcinomas". Those of the urinary bladder are uncommon as they account of
      0.4%-1.3% of all bladder carcinomas. They may coexist with the conventional
      urothelial carcinoma. Given their rarity, there is poor information regarding
      their behaviour. Here we present a new case of lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma
      in the bladder and we discuss its characteristics and prognosis. 

PMID- 27377094
TI  - Malignant priapism due to penile metastases: Case series and literature review.
AB  - Malignant priapism secondary to penile metastases is a rare condition. This term
      was originally used by Peacock in 1938 to describe a condition of painful
      induration and erection of the penis due to metastatic infiltration by a
      neoplasm. In the current literature there are 512 case reports. The primary tumor
      sites are bladder, prostate and rectum. The treatment has only palliative intent
      and consists of local tumor excision, penectomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
      We present one case of malignant priapism originated from prostate cancer, and
      two from urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Different approaches in diagnosis
      and therapy were performed. The entire three patient reported a relief of the
      pain following the treatment, with an improvement of their quality of life, even
      though it was only temporary as a palliative. Malignant priapism is a rare
      medical emergency. Penile/pelvis magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and
      corporal biopsies are considered an effective method of diagnosis of the primary
      organ site. 

PMID- 27377095
TI  - We really need a classification of prostatic abscess?
AB  - Not available.

PMID- 27377096
TI  - Reply to the letter: We really need a classification of prostatic abscess?
AB  - Not available.

PMID- 27377097
TI  - Room-Temperature Energy-Sampling Kbeta X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of the Mn4Ca
      Complex of Photosynthesis Reveals Three Manganese-Centered Oxidation Steps and
      Suggests a Coordination Change Prior to O2 Formation.
AB  - In oxygenic photosynthesis, water is oxidized and dioxygen is produced at a Mn4Ca
      complex bound to the proteins of photosystem II (PSII). Valence and coordination
      changes in its catalytic S-state cycle are of great interest. In room-temperature
      (in situ) experiments, time-resolved energy-sampling X-ray emission spectroscopy
      of the Mn Kbeta1,3 line after laser-flash excitation of PSII membrane particles
      was applied to characterize the redox transitions in the S-state cycle. The
      Kbeta1,3 line energies suggest a high-valence configuration of the Mn4Ca complex
      with Mn(III)3Mn(IV) in S0, Mn(III)2Mn(IV)2 in S1, Mn(III)Mn(IV)3 in S2, and
      Mn(IV)4 in S3 and, thus, manganese oxidation in each of the three accessible
      oxidizing transitions of the water-oxidizing complex. There are no indications of
      formation of a ligand radical, thus rendering partial water oxidation before
      reaching the S4 state unlikely. The difference spectra of both manganese Kbeta1,3
      emission and K-edge X-ray absorption display different shapes for Mn(III)
      oxidation in the S2 -> S3 transition when compared to Mn(III) oxidation in the S1
      -> S2 transition. Comparison to spectra of manganese compounds with known
      structures and oxidation states and varying metal coordination environments
      suggests a change in the manganese ligand environment in the S2 -> S3 transition,
      which could be oxidation of five-coordinated Mn(III) to six-coordinated Mn(IV).
      Conceivable options for the rearrangement of (substrate) water species and metal
      ligand bonding patterns at the Mn4Ca complex in the S2 -> S3 transition are
      discussed.

PMID- 27377098
TI  - Recurrent Cellulitis Caused by Helicobacter cinaedi in a Patient with X-linked
      Agammaglobulinaemia.

PMID- 27377099
TI  - Use of HMUREL Human Coculture System for Prediction of Intrinsic Clearance and
      Metabolite Formation for Slowly Metabolized Compounds.
AB  - Design of slowly metabolized compounds is an important goal in many drug
      discovery projects. Standard hepatocyte suspension intrinsic clearance (CLint)
      methods can only provide reliable CLint values above 2.5 MUL/min/million cells. A
      method that permits extended incubation time with maintained performance and
      metabolic activity of the in vitro system is warranted to allow in vivo clearance
      predictions and metabolite identification of slowly metabolized drugs. The aim of
      this study was to evaluate the static HMUREL coculture of human hepatocytes with
      stromal cells to be set up in-house as a standard method for in vivo clearance
      prediction and metabolite identification of slowly metabolized drugs. Fourteen
      low CLint compounds were incubated for 3 days, and seven intermediate to high
      CLint compounds and a cocktail of cytochrome P450 (P450) marker substrates were
      incubated for 3 h. In vivo clearance was predicted for 20 compounds applying the
      regression line approach, and HMUREL coculture predicted the human intrinsic
      clearance for 45% of the drugs within 2-fold and 70% of the drugs within 3-fold
      of the clinical values. CLint values as low as 0.3 MUL/min/million hepatocytes
      were robustly produced, giving 8-fold improved sensitivity of robust low CLint
      determination, over the cutoff in hepatocyte suspension CLint methods. The CLint
      values of intermediate to high CLint compounds were at similar levels both in
      HMUREL coculture and in freshly thawed hepatocytes. In the HMUREL coculture
      formation rates for five P450-isoform marker reactions, paracetamol (CYP1A2), 1
      OH-bupropion (CYP2B6), 4-OH-diclofenac (CYP2C9), and 1-OH-midazolam (3A4) were
      within the range of literature values for freshly thawed hepatocytes, whereas 1
      OH-bufuralol (CYP2D6) formation rate was lower. Further, both phase I and phase
      II metabolites were detected and an increased number of metabolites were observed
      in the HMUREL coculture compared to hepatocyte suspension. In conclusion, HMUREL
      coculture can be applied to accurately estimate intrinsic clearance of slowly
      metabolized drugs and is now utilized as a standard method for in vivo clearance
      prediction of such compounds in-house.

PMID- 27377100
TI  - Theoretical Analysis of Electrochemical Formation and Phase Transition of
      Oxygenated Adsorbates on Pt(111).
AB  - The electrochemical oxygenation processes of Pt(111) surface are investigated by
      combining density functional theory (DFT) calculations and Monto Carlo (MC)
      simulations. DFT calculations are performed to construct force-field parameters
      for computing the energy of (?3 * ?3)R30 degrees -structured OH*-H2O* hydrogen
      bonding networks (differently dissociated water bilayer) on the Pt(111) surface,
      with which MC simulations are conducted to probe the reversible H2O* <-> OH*
      conversion in OH*-H2O* networks. The simulated isotherm (relation between
      electrode potential and OH* coverage) agrees well with that predicted by the
      experimental cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the potential region of 0.55-0.85 V (vs
      RHE). It is suggested that the butterfly shape of CV in this region is due to
      different variation trends of Pt-H2O* distance in low and high OH* coverages. DFT
      calculation results indicate that the oxidative voltammetry in the potential
      region from 0.85 V to ca. 1.07 V is associated with the dissociation of OH* to
      O*, which yields surface structures consisting of OH*-H2O* networks and (?3 * ?3)
      structured O* clusters. The high stability of the half-dissociated water bilayer
      (OH*-H2O* hydrogen-bonding network with equal OH* and H2O* coverages) formed in
      the butterfly region makes OH* dissociation initially very difficult in
      energetics, but become facile once starts due to the destabilization of OH* by
      the formed O* nearby. This explains the experimentally observed nucleation and
      growth behavior of O* phase formation and the high asymmetry of oxidation
      reduction voltammetry in this potential region. 

PMID- 27377101
TI  - Five lung nodules, four different pathologic findings: not all lung lesions are
      the same.
AB  - A patient with a history of colon adenocarcinoma was referred for resection of
      two lung lesions suspect for metastases. Three additional nodular areas were
      removed by wedge excision. Pathologic examination revealed four different
      diagnoses. This particular case demonstrates that the number of lesions may be
      underestimated on preoperative imaging, even on high-resolution computed
      tomography and positron emission tomography. Equally, pathologic examination of
      all detected lesions is vitally important to decide optimal treatment and to
      determine prognosis. This should be taken into account when discussing
      alternative treatment options to surgery such as stereotactic radiotherapy and
      radiofrequency ablation.

PMID- 27377102
TI  - Location-based technologies for supporting elderly pedestrian in "getting lost"
      events.
AB  - PURPOSE: Localization-based technologies promise to keep older adults with
      dementia safe and support them and their caregivers during getting lost events.
      This paper summarizes mainly technological contributions to support the target
      group in these events. Moreover, important aspects of the getting lost phenomenon
      such as its concept and ethical issues are also briefly addressed. METHODS:
      Papers were selected from scientific databases and gray literature. Since the
      topic is still in its infancy, other terms were used to find contributions
      associated with getting lost e.g. wandering. RESULTS: Trends of applying
      localization systems were identified as personal locators, perimeter systems and
      assistance systems. The first system barely considered the older adult's opinion,
      while assistance systems may involve context awareness to improve the support for
      both the elderly and the caregiver. Since few studies report multidisciplinary
      work with a special focus on getting lost, there is not a strong evidence of the
      real efficiency of localization systems or guidelines to design systems for the
      target group. CONCLUSIONS: Further research about getting lost is required to
      obtain insights for developing customizable systems. Moreover, considering
      conditions of the older adult might increase the impact of developments that
      combine localization technologies and artificial intelligence techniques.
      Implications for Rehabilitation Whilst there is no cure for dementia such as
      Alzheimer's, it is feasible to take advantage of technological developments to
      somewhat diminish its negative impact. For instance, location-based systems may
      provide information to early diagnose the Alzheimer's disease by assessing
      navigational impairments of older adults. Assessing the latest supportive
      technologies and methodologies may provide insights to adopt strategies to
      properly manage getting lost events. More user-centered designs will provide
      appropriate assistance to older adults. Namely, customizable systems could assist
      older adults in their daily walks with the aim to increase their self-confidence,
      independence and autonomy.

PMID- 27377104
TI  - Stem cells, a resource for patients and dentists.

PMID- 27377103
TI  - Anion Effects in Oxidative Aliphatic Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage Reactions of
      Cu(II) Chlorodiketonate Complexes.
AB  - Aliphatic oxidative carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions involving Cu(II)
      catalysts and O2 as the terminal oxidant are of significant current interest.
      However, little is currently known regarding how the nature of the Cu(II)
      catalyst, including the anions present, influence the reaction with O2. In
      previous work, we found that exposure of the Cu(II) chlorodiketonate complex [(6
      Ph2TPA)Cu(PhC(O)CClC(O)Ph)]ClO4 (1) to O2 results in oxidative aliphatic carbon
      carbon bond cleavage within the diketonate unit, leading to the formation of
      benzoic acid, benzoic anhydride, benzil, and 1,3-diphenylpropanedione as organic
      products. Kinetic studies of this reaction revealed a slow induction phase
      followed by a rapid decay of the absorption features of 1. Notably, the induction
      phase is not present when the reaction is performed in the presence of a
      catalytic amount of chloride anion. In the studies presented herein, a
      combination of spectroscopic (UV-vis, EPR) and density functional theory (DFT)
      methods have been used to examine the chloride and benzoate ion binding
      properties of 1 under anaerobic conditions. These studies provide evidence that
      each anion coordinates in an axial position of the Cu(II) center. DFT studies
      reveal that the presence of the anion in the Cu(II) coordination sphere decreases
      the barrier for O2 activation and the formation of a Cu(II)-peroxo species.
      Notably, the chloride anion more effectively lowers the barrier associated with O
      O bond cleavage. Thus, the nature of the anion plays an important role in
      determining the rate of reaction of the diketonate complex with O2. The same type
      of anion effects were observed in the O2 reactivity of the simple Cu(II)
      bipyridine complex [(bpy)Cu(PhC(O)C(Cl)C(O)Ph)ClO4] (3). 

PMID- 27377105
TI  - Familial and dietary risk factors in Early Childhood Caries.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the causes of Early Childhood Caries. METHODS:  STUDY DESIGN: A
      statistical comparison of two groups of patients, aged between 3 and 6, and their
      parents, in the 3-year period 2013-2015 was performed. Two groups of patients
      were selected: 40 children with early childhood caries (ECC group) and 40
      children with no decay (controls). Parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire
      on food habits, oral hygiene habits, fluoride prophylaxis and family history of
      caries. A dental visit of children and parents was performed (collection of dmft
      and DMFT index). The saliva features of the two groups of children (concentration
      of Streptococcus mutans, pH of the oral cavity and buffer capability of
      stimulated saliva) were examined by means of salivary tests. The distribution of
      the population was analysed and parametric and non-parametric tests for
      continuous and non-continuous variables, were used when appropriate. The
      statistical significance was set at p > 0.005. RESULTS AND STATISTICS: The
      average age, gender and BMI index of children of the two groups was similar. The
      difference between the two groups is statistically significant for pH (p=0.000)
      and buffer capability (p=0.001). The DMFT index in the group of mothers of ECC
      children is higher compared to the mothers of controls (p=0.004). The comparison
      among the means, for the parameters connected to the consumption of fruit juice,
      tea, soft drinks, candies, use of pacifier dipped in sugar or honey and the
      length (in months) of consumption of candies show statistically significant
      differences (p>0.05). The pH is higher in those children (24) who never consumed
      fruit juice, tea, soft drinks before the information received (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Children developing Early Childhood Caries have a diet characterised
      by high free sugars intake. Diet and, in particular, the consumption of drinks
      containing free sugars is the most important factor in determining the onset of
      ECC, being able to affect the oral environment and, in particular, saliva. There
      is a relationship between maternal and child's oral health, with a DMFT higher in
      mothers of ECC subjects than in controls' mothers.

PMID- 27377106
TI  - Aneurismal bone cyst: a conservative surgical technique. A case report treated
      with a small access osteotomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aneurismal bone cysts (ABCs) are benign, non-neoplastic, expansive,
      and locally destructive lesions that may occur rarely. They are well defined and
      usually occur in the long bones, pelvis and vertebrae. According to the 2005
      World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification of odontogenic
      tumours, ABC is classified as a bone-related lesion as ossyfing fibroma, fibrous
      dysplasia, osseous dysplasia, central giant cell lesion (granuloma-CGCL),
      cherubism and simple bone cyst (SBC). ABCs, as CGCLs and SBCs may arise as a
      consequence of an earlier trauma causing an overflow of blood into the bone,
      though a number of pathogenic theories have been put forward. The aim of this
      study is to present an unusual case of aneurismal bone cyst and to compare the
      different possibilities of surgical treatment after review of the literature.
      CASE REPORT: ABC was localised in the posterior right region of the mandible in
      an 11-year-old boy, and removed by a surgical procedure involving a small access
      osteotomy of the mandibular ramus with removal of the cortical bone in order to
      enucleate the whole lesion, the wisdom tooth and to preserve the healthy bone.

PMID- 27377107
TI  - Unusually intruded primary upper incisor: potential threat after 7 years of
      asymptomatic course. Diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Misdiagnosis of traumatic injuries can lead to inadequate treatment
      and complications both in the short and in the long term. Diagnosis and treatment
      of a patient who underwent an unusual dental trauma to the primary teeth is
      described. CASE REPORT: A misdiagnosed deeply intruded primary upper central
      incisor caused massive bleeding after seven years of asymptomatic course. The
      adequate diagnosis and management of the intrusion and oronasal connection is
      described. Furthermore, the importance of a thorough dental examination is
      addressed in the discussion. CONCLUSION: The proper immediate diagnosis and
      knowledge regarding traumatised mixed dentition is important to reduce the extent
      of damage and late complications. That is why every child that undergoes head
      injury should be examined by a dental professional.

PMID- 27377108
TI  - Indirect pulp capping versus pulpotomy for treating deep carious lesions
      approaching the pulp in primary teeth: a systematic review.
AB  - AIM: To assess dental practice regarding the use of indirect pulp capping or
      pulpotomy in children with deep carious lesions approaching the pulp in primary
      teeth and to compare the efficacy of the two pulp treatments. METHODS:  STUDY
      DESIGN: Systematic review. We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed via MEDLINE,
      and EMBASE as well as the reference lists of included reports and
      ClinicalTrials.gov (for ongoing trials). Eligible studies were surveys of dental
      practice sent to dentists regarding the use of indirect pulp capping and
      pulpotomy in children with deep carious lesions approaching the pulp in primary
      teeth and any type of clinical study. Two review authors independently extracted
      data and assessed risk of bias in duplicate. RESULTS: Of the 481 potentially
      eligible articles, 11 were included in the review: 8 described surveys of dental
      practice, 1 a non-randomised study, and 2 ongoing randomised trials. The surveys
      of dental practice showed an overall increase in the teaching and practice of
      indirect pulp capping in primary teeth. The non- randomised study found a
      statistically significant difference in favour of indirect pulp capping for
      clinical and radiological success at 3 years but with high overall risk of bias.
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite the success rate of indirect pulp capping for treating deep
      carious lesions approaching the pulp in primary teeth, practitioners still
      hesitate to practice this technique because of lack of evidence and studies on
      this topic. Thus, for strong evidence, investigators are encouraged to conduct
      randomised trials comparing the efficacy of indirect pulp capping and pulpotomy
      for treating deep carious lesions approaching the pulp in primary teeth.

PMID- 27377109
TI  - Restorative approaches to treat dentin caries in preschool children: systematic
      review.
AB  - AIM: Dental restorations have long been used for the management of early
      childhood caries, but there is a need to have an evidence based approach when
      selecting the most appropriate restorative intervention to treat dentin caries in
      preschool children. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of
      restorative treatments of dentin caries in primary teeth in preschool children.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS:  DESIGN: A systematic search of the main electronic
      databases (Pubmed, Cochrane Collaboration, EMBASE) was conducted to identify peer
      reviewed papers published in English in the years 1947-2014. Search keywords and
      MeSH headings were "dental caries", "primary dentition" and "dental restoration".
      The inclusion criteria were clinical studies conducted in children under 6 years
      old, and reported findings on the longevity or failure of restorations in primary
      teeth. Retrieved papers were read by two reviewers independently to assess
      suitability for inclusion, and the final decision was made by consensus. The
      quality of the included studies was assessed and data were extracted for
      analysis. RESULTS: The search identified 348 papers for screening. Among these,
      218 papers did not satisfy the study inclusion criteria. Consequently, 130 full
      papers were retrieved and reviewed. Finally, 9 papers were included. Most of the
      trials were assessed as having high risk of bias. Five included studies that
      compared the success rates of restorations with different filling materials and
      liner materials. Two studies showed clinical advantages of using minimally
      invasive approaches in caries removal and cavity preparation. The other two
      trials showed low success rates of interim GI restorations done in a field
      setting, compared to the high caries arrest rates of silver diammine fluoride
      application. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this systematic review, there
      is insufficient evidence to make recommendations regarding which material and
      technique is the most appropriate for restorative treatment in young children.
      Minimally invasive approaches are advantageous in operative caries management in
      primary teeth in preschool children. More well-designed randomised controlled
      trials are required to confirm these findings.

PMID- 27377110
TI  - Electromyographic evaluation of a patient treated with extraoral traction: a case
      report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This work seeks to provide information on the utility of surface
      electromyography (SEMG) as an aid for diagnosing orthodontic conditions. Classic
      orthodontic monitoring by radiography, plaster models, cephalometry, and
      photography can be improved by using SEMG before and during treatment, to prevent
      clinical worsening and relapses. CASE REPORT: This paper presents the SEMG
      results for a 10-year-old female patient, orthodontically treated by extraoral
      traction (EOT). Significant muscular variations in the patient's EMG were
      observed as she changed different postures and as headgear device was used.
      CONCLUSION: SEMG should be performed prior to the orthodontic treatment to assess
      the neuromuscular patient's pattern, in order to prevent strain induced by
      extraoral forces. EMG can be a valid aid for evaluating the patient's
      neuromuscular condition before, during, and after orthodontic treatment.

PMID- 27377111
TI  - The need for repeated dental care under general anaesthesia in children.
AB  - AIM: Though the use of advanced behaviour management may facilitate dental
      treatment in children, some patients still require comprehensive care under
      general anaesthesia (GA). This is especially true for young children and/or
      medically compromised children. Thus, this study aimed to provide information
      about children undergoing GA with regard to age, sex and medical conditions (ICD
      10), repeated treatments, dental procedures and recall. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      total of 464 medically compromised children treated under GA in a dental
      university clinic between 2004 and 2012 were included. Patients' records were
      analysed retrospectively using SPSS (Version 21.0) and R for statistical
      analysis. RESULTS: More than 75% of the patients were younger than six years when
      receiving initial GA. The proportion of children subjected to repeated treatments
      was low, at 11% for a second and <2% for a third round of GA. The greatest
      proportion of dental care consisted of restorative therapy and tooth extractions.
      The recall behaviour observed between the first and second GA revealed no
      significant influence on the time elapsed in between events (p>0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Oral care in children with medical conditions is mostly caries-related, and
      repeated treatment may be necessary, though it was generally uncommon in this
      university-based study population.

PMID- 27377112
TI  - Indicators of jawbone asymmetry through analysis of panoramic radiographs.
AB  - AIM: To assess the degree of jawbone asymmetry by drawing vertical lines on
      digital panoramic radiographs of paediatric patients with right or left
      unilateral cross-bite. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  STUDY DESIGN: The sample consisted
      of 217 paediatric patients of both genders, aged 6-9 years. A set of vertical
      lines was drawn on the side of the mandible with the cross-bite and on the side
      without the cross-bite, using software program tpsDigs version 2. Subsequently,
      the differences in the measurements of the two sides were determined through
      statistical analysis. RESULTS: Analysis of the vertical jaw lines on the
      radiographic bite indices indicated, in every case, quantifiable differences
      between the side with the cross-bite and the side without the cross-bite. The
      differences between vertical variables, related to the heights of the mandible
      body and the condyle, were statistically significant (p>0.005) for the whole
      sample and both genders. Statistically significant differences in the heights of
      the mandible body were found for all the age groups (6 to 9 years old), except
      for the 9-year-old group, which registered differences in the variables of
      condylar height. CONCLUSION: Throughout the sample and regardless of the side
      affected by cross-bite, the vertical variables corresponding to the total height
      of the ramus were always smaller on the side with the cross-bite. Gender did not
      affect the results obtained and age influenced some of the mandible's vertical
      heights.

PMID- 27377113
TI  - Chloral hydrate for sedation of children with asthma during dental treatment.
AB  - AIM: We hypothesised that chloral hydrate is safe and effective for sedation
      during dental treatments for children with mild asthma. We evaluated the safety
      and efficacy of chloral hydrate by measuring changes in heart rate (HR),
      transcutaneous oxygen saturation, (SpO2), asthma score, behaviour, types and
      frequency of adverse reactions associated with chloral hydrate were assessed
      throughout treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children (<10 years old) with mild
      asthma undergoing dental treatments received a single 65 mg/kg oral dose of
      chloral hydrate liquid 1 hour prior to treatment in an open label trial. Heart
      rate (HR), SpO2, asthma score, behaviour, types and frequency of adverse
      reactions associated with chloral hydrate were assessed throughout treatment.
      Asthma score was obtained before and after treatment. Thirty minutes after
      treatment, SpO2, HR, and level of consciousness was assessed. RESULTS: Twenty
      four children were enrolled and 92% (22/24) recovered from sedation without
      respiratory depression. Two experienced mild respiratory depression related to
      chloral hydrate. Asthma was not a contributing factor as they did not experience
      wheezing, cough, tachypnoea, or retractions. Inhaled nitrous oxide supplemented
      chloral hydrate sedation in 63% (15/24) children to achieve effective
      cooperation. Three children had a SpO2 <95% (2 during treatment, 1 during
      recovery). CONCLUSION: Chloral hydrate 65 mg/kg administered a as single oral
      dose appears to be safe with respect to disease exacerbation for children with
      mild asthma undergoing dental treatment. Due to ineffective sedation and mild
      respiratory depression associated with chloral hydrate, newer, easily titrated
      medications, such as midazolam, may offer advantages.

PMID- 27377114
TI  - Transverse maxillary deficit and its influence on the cervical vertebrae
      maturation index.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate whether a transverse maxillary deficit
      can cause an alteration of vertebral development and therefore of the skeletal
      maturation comparing the cervical maturation stages index with the hand-wrist
      index. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the study were selected 200 patients aged 7-14
      years, equally distributed by gender and divided into 100 study subjects with
      maxillary deficit and 100 controls without maxillary deficit. The skeletal
      maturation index (SM according to Fishman) was evaluated and compared with the
      hand-wrist x-rays and the cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM according to Hassel
      and Farmann). RESULTS: Forty-one per cent of the subjects in the test group show
      a discrepancy between CVM and SM. Among these 73% (30 subjects) present an
      advanced stage of CVM compared with the corresponding SM. Only 16% of the
      subjects in the control group show a discrepancy between CVM and SM. Among these
      69% (11 subjects) appear in an advanced CVM stage. CONCLUSION: The analysis of
      the CVM stage in subjects with transverse maxillary deficit appears to be altered
      compared with the SM identified through a hand-wrist x-ray. In the case of
      individuals with transverse maxillary deficit it is advisable to use also a hand
      wrist x-ray, thus not relying only on CVM for the evaluation of the skeletal
      growth stages.

PMID- 27377115
TI  - Pain management during needle insertion with low level laser.
AB  - AIM: To date, there is no safe, effective, and rapid method to eliminate the pain
      associated with needle insertion. It is noticed that using a low-energy laser
      before intradermal and intramuscular injection would help rapid local anaesthesia
      with a lidocaine product. However, there is no valuable data on the effect of the
      concomitant use of laser and benzocaine as a pre-treatment option, compared to
      local application of benzocaine products alone before needle insertion. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A prospective single-blind clinical trial was designed to assess
      pain perception during needle insertion into mucosa in 66 healthy volunteer
      dental students. They received a topical anaesthetic agent on one side (control)
      applied for one minute and a topical anaesthetic agent plus low-power laser on
      the other side (experimental) prior to needle insertion. The first pre-treatment
      method was chosen based on block randomisation table. A dentist recorded the
      subjects' reaction based on the visual analogue scale (VAS) during insertion of
      needle in the two groups. SPSS version 15 was used for data analysis. The
      statistical significant level was defined at P-value< 0.01. RESULTS: The mean
      scores of VAS for the experimental and control groups was 21+/- and 19+/- 2.70
      respectively, with a statistically significant higher VAS score in the
      experimental group, although it was not clinically significant. CONCLUSION:
      Simultaneous application of laser with local anaesthetic products containing
      benzocaine in the buccal mucosa before dental needle insertion does not reduce
      pain perception.

PMID- 27377116
TI  - Palate and alveolar ridge development in predental infants: a longitudinal study.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the developmental process of palate morphology, including the
      alveolar ridge, in healthy infants for the predental period of 7 months from
      immediately after birth. METHODS: The subjects were 32 healthy infants. Four or
      more dental casts were taken of each subject from immediately after birth until 7
      months, for a total of 144 dental casts. Twelve characteristics were then
      measured in order to morphologically study the subjects' palate development.
      Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to investigate morphological
      changes in the palatal vault. RESULTS: The 12 characteristics were classified
      into either the alveolar ridge characteristics group, which determined the size
      of the alveolar ridge, or the palate characteristics group, which determined
      palate morphology, with each group showing different growth patterns. The
      characteristics of width and length increased with age in the alveolar ridge
      characteristics group; this correlation was maintained throughout the predental
      period. Meanwhile, in the palate characteristics group, the characteristics
      showed major developmental changes in the first 2 to 3 months after birth, but
      the changes were subsequently fewer from 3 to 7 months. The PCA of the palatal
      vault showed that the first principal component increased until 3 months but
      subsequently ceased to change. CONCLUSIONS: In predental infants, growth patterns
      of palate morphology differed according to their characteristics. There were
      major developmental changes in the palate during the first 3 months after birth.
      The study findings suggest that palate growth in the first half of the predental
      period may affect subsequent palate growth.

PMID- 27377117
TI  - Oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases in children. Part 2: Crohn's
      disease.
AB  - Alterations within the oral cavity can be the first sign of systemic diseases and
      may thus allow for an early diagnosis and treatment. In particular, being the
      oral cavity a part of the gastrointestinal system, oral alterations can be an
      expression of a gastrointestinal disease. Diffuse mucosal swelling, cobblestone
      mucosa, localised mucogingivitis, deep linear ulceration, fibrous tissue tags,
      polyps, nodules, pyostomatitis vegetans, and aphthous-like ulcers have been
      described in Crohn's disease. A prompt recognition of systemic diseases through a
      careful examination of the oral cavity allows for proper investigations and
      timely treatment.

PMID- 27377118
TI  - Management of airway obstruction with nebulised adrenaline resulting in takotsubo
      cardiomyopathy: case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy has been associated with the use of
      catecholamines; however, its development after the use of nebulised adrenaline
      for the management of acute airway obstruction has not previously been described.
      CASE REPORT: A 66-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, with
      tumour-node-metastasis staging of T3N2cM0, confirmed by biopsy and computed
      tomography, presented to the emergency department with acute airway obstruction.
      He was treated twice with nebulised adrenaline and intravenous dexamethasone.
      After a period of 24 hours, cardiac rhythm changes were noted on telemetry. A 12
      lead electrocardiogram showed widespread T-wave inversion and QT prolongation
      suggestive of an acute coronary syndrome. Coronary angiography demonstrated no
      coronary artery disease, but left ventricular angiography showed marked apical
      ballooning and apical wall akinesia consistent with a diagnosis of takotsubo
      cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSION: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can mimic true ischaemic
      heart disease and the diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion in patients
      managed with nebulised adrenaline.

PMID- 27377119
TI  - Complex tribomechanical characterization of ZnO nanowires: nanomanipulations
      supported by FEM simulations.
AB  - In the present work, we demonstrate a novel approach to nanotribological
      measurements based on the bending manipulation of hexagonal ZnO nanowires (NWs)
      in an adjustable half-suspended configuration inside a scanning electron
      microscope. A pick-and-place manipulation technique was used to control the
      length of the adhered part of each suspended NW. Static and kinetic friction were
      found by a 'self-sensing' approach based on the strain profile of the elastically
      bent NW during manipulation and its Young's modulus, which was separately
      measured in a three-point bending test with an atomic force microscope. The
      calculation of static friction from the most bent state was completely
      reconsidered and a novel more realistic crack-based model was proposed. It was
      demonstrated that, in contrast to assumptions made in previously published
      models, interfacial stresses in statically bent NW are highly localized and
      interfacial strength is comparable to the bending strength of NW measured in
      respective bending tests. 

PMID- 27377120
TI  - In Vivo Significance of In Vitro Studies on G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
      Heteromers.

PMID- 27377122
TI  - Practice manager expectations of new graduate registered nurses in Australian
      general practice: a national survey.
AB  - Practice managers are often involved in the employment of practice nurses and are
      likely to have a significant role in future transition programs in general
      practice. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore practice managers'
      expectations of new graduate registered nurses working in general practice. A
      nation-wide web-based electronic survey distributed by the Australian Association
      of Practice Management was used to collect demographic data and practice
      managers' expectations of new graduate nurses directly transitioning into general
      practice in their first year of practice. The sample was broadly representative
      of the Australian state and territory population numbers. Respondents were
      predominantly female with postgraduate qualifications. The findings of this study
      highlight that practice managers who currently work with practice nurses would be
      supportive of graduate registered nurses in general practice in their first year
      with preceptor support. The results of this study have important implications for
      nursing workforce development and it is recommended that such initiatives are
      widely introduced with appropriate financial support.

PMID- 27377121
TI  - Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma with Positive Epstein-Barr Virus Status is Associated
      with More FOXP3 Regulatory T Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is characterized by sparse malignant
      Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells dispersed in an inflammatory microenvironment.
      Immune evasion of malignant cells is partially due to the existence of a
      subpopulation of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Treg). The aim of this
      study was to analyze T cell composition in cHL with special emphasis on Treg in
      regard to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status, subtype, and patient age. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS The study included 102 patients with cHL diagnosed during a 12-year
      period. EBV status of cHL was assessed immunohistochemically using antibodies
      directed to the EBV- encoded LMP1. To define T lymphocyte populations, slides
      were double-stained with FOXP3 for Treg, and CD4 or CD8 for T cells. In each case
      the number of single- and/or double-positive cells was counted on an image
      analyzer in 10 high-power fields. Statistical analysis was performed and
      differences were considered significant at P<0.05. RESULTS EBV-positive status of
      cHL was confirmed in 30 (29%) cases, mainly in patients older than 54 years and
      in mixed cellularity subtype. In EBV-positive cHL, higher numbers of CD8+ cells
      were found. In cHL with positive EBV status, more FOXP3+ Treg were found, as well
      as higher numbers of FOXP3+CD4+ Treg compared with EBV-negative cHL. The number
      of CD4+ cells decreased with age. The frequency of FOXP3+CD8+ Treg was variable,
      without a statistically significant association with age or EBV status.
      CONCLUSIONS EBV status has an impact on composition of T cell populations in the
      cHL microenvironment. 

PMID- 27377123
TI  - A Test-Retest Reliability Study of Human Experimental Models of Histaminergic and
      Non-histaminergic Itch.
AB  - Numerous exploratory, proof-of-concept and interventional studies have used
      histaminergic and non-histaminergic human models of itch. However, no reliability
      studies for such surrogate models have been conducted. This study investigated
      the test-retest reliability for the response to histamine- and cowhage- (5, 15,
      25 spiculae) induced itch in healthy volunteers. Cowhage spiculae were
      individually applied with tweezers and 1% histamine was applied with a skin prick
      test (SPT) lancet, both on the volar forearm. The intensity of itch was recorded
      on a visual analogue scale and self-reported area of itch was assessed 5 and 10
      min after itch provocation. Reliability of the evoked itch (area under the curve
      and peak intensity) was assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV), intra
      class correlation coefficient (ICC), and sample size estimation for parallel and
      cross-over designs. Cowhage (ICC = 0.57-0.77, CVbetween = 97%, CVwithin = 41%)
      and histamine: (ICC = 0.83-0.93, CVbetween = 97%, CVwithin = 20%) exhibited
      moderate-to-excellent intra-individual reliability and moderate inter-individual
      reliability for the itch intensity. For a test-retest observation period of one
      week, SPT-delivered histamine and application of cowhage-spiculae are
      reproducible human models of itch. The high inter-individual and low intra
      individual variability suggests cross-over designed studies when applicable.

PMID- 27377124
TI  - In-Depth Characterization of a Pro-Antibody-Drug Conjugate by LC-MS.
AB  - Pro-antibody-drug conjugate (PDC) is a hybrid structural format of
      immunoconjugate, where the structural complexity of pro-antibody and intrinsic
      heterogeneity of ADCs impose a prominent analytical challenge to the in-depth
      characterization of PDCs. In the present study, we successfully prepared and
      characterized PanP-DM1 as a model of PDCs, which is an anti-EGFR pro-antibody
      following conjugation with DM1 at lysine residues. The drug-to-antibody ratio
      (DAR) of PanP-DM1 was determined by LC-MS after deglycosylation, and verified by
      UV/vis spectroscopy. Following reduction or IdeS digestion, the pro-antibody
      fragments linked with DM1 were investigated by middle-down mass spectrometry.
      Furthermore, more than 20 modified lysine conjugation sites were determined by
      peptide mapping after trypsin digestion. Additionally, more than ten glycoforms
      of PanP-DM1 were also identified and quantified. In summary, critical quality
      attributes (CQAs) of PDCs including DAR, drug load distribution, and conjugation
      sites were fully characterized, which would contribute to the development of
      other PDCs for cancer treatment.

PMID- 27377125
TI  - Direct Chemical Synthesis of MnO2 Nanowhiskers on Transition-Metal Carbide
      Surfaces for Supercapacitor Applications.
AB  - Transition-metal carbides (MXenes) are an emerging class of two-dimensional
      materials with promising electrochemical energy storage performance. Herein, for
      the first time, by direct chemical synthesis, nanocrystalline epsilon-MnO2
      whiskers were formed on MXene nanosheet surfaces (epsilon-MnO2/Ti2CTx and epsilon
      MnO2/Ti3C2Tx) to make nanocomposite electrodes for aqueous pseudocapacitors. The
      epsilon-MnO2 nanowhiskers increase the surface area of the composite electrode
      and enhance the specific capacitance by nearly 3 orders of magnitude compared to
      that of pure MXene-based symmetric supercapacitors. Combined with enhanced
      pseudocapacitance, the fabricated epsilon-MnO2/MXene supercapacitors exhibited
      excellent cycling stability with ~88% of the initial specific capacitance
      retained after 10000 cycles which is much higher than pure epsilon-MnO2-based
      supercapacitors (~74%). The proposed electrode structure capitalizes on the high
      specific capacitance of MnO2 and the ability of MXenes to improve conductivity
      and cycling stability. 

PMID- 27377126
TI  - A compact tunable polarized X-ray source based on laser-plasma helical
      undulators.
AB  - Laser wakefield accelerators have great potential as the basis for next
      generation compact radiation sources because of their extremely high accelerating
      gradients. However, X-ray radiation from such devices still lacks tunability,
      especially of the intensity and polarization distributions. Here we propose a
      tunable polarized radiation source based on a helical plasma undulator in a
      plasma channel guided wakefield accelerator. When a laser pulse is initially
      incident with a skew angle relative to the channel axis, the laser and
      accelerated electrons experience collective spiral motions, which leads to
      elliptically polarized synchrotron-like radiation with flexible tunability on
      radiation intensity, spectra and polarization. We demonstrate that a radiation
      source with millimeter size and peak brilliance of 2 * 10(19)
      photons/s/mm(2)/mrad(2)/0.1% bandwidth can be made with moderate laser and
      electron beam parameters. This brilliance is comparable with third generation
      synchrotron radiation facilities running at similar photon energies, suggesting
      that laser plasma based radiation sources are promising for advanced
      applications.

PMID- 27377127
TI  - Role of Epigenetics in Biology and Human Diseases.
AB  - For a long time, scientists have tried to describe disorders just by genetic or
      environmental factors. However, the role of epigenetics in human diseases has
      been considered from a half of century ago. In the last decade, this subject has
      attracted many interests, especially in complicated disorders such as behavior
      plasticity, memory, cancer, autoimmune disease, and addiction as well as
      neurodegenerative and psychological disorders. This review first explains the
      history and classification of epigenetic modifications, and then the role of
      epigenetic in biology and connection between the epigenetics and environment are
      explained. Furthermore, the role of epigenetics in human diseases is considered
      by focusing on some diseases with some complicated features, and at the end, we
      have given the future perspective of this field. The present review article
      provides concepts with some examples to reveal a broad view of different aspects
      of epigenetics in biology and human diseases. 

PMID- 27377128
TI  - RIP3 induces ischemic neuronal DNA degradation and programmed necrosis in rat via
      AIF.
AB  - We have reported that nuclear translocation of Receptor-interacting protein 3
      (RIP3) involves in neuronal programmed necrosis after 20-min global cerebral
      ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Herein, the underlying mechanisms and the
      nuclear role of RIP3 were investigated further. The necroptosis inhibitor
      necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and the
      caspase-3 inhibitor acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-methionyl-L-glutaminyl-L-aspart-1-al (Ac
      DMQD-CHO) were administered intracerebroventricularly 1 h before ischemia.
      Protein expression, location and interaction was determined by western blot,
      immunofluorescence or immunoprecipitation. Most CA1 neuronal death induced by 20
      min global cerebral I/R injury was TUNEL-positive. Neuronal death and rat
      mortality rates were greatly inhibited by Nec-1 and 3-MA pre-treatment, but not
      by Ac-DMQD-CHO. And no activation of caspase-3 was detected after I/R injury.
      Caspase-8 was expressed richly in GFAP-positive astrocytes and Iba-1-positive
      microglia, but was not detected in Neun-positive neurons. The nuclear
      translocation and co-localization of RIP3 and AIF, and their interaction were
      detected after I/R injury. These processes were inhibited by Nec-1 and 3-MA pre
      treatment, but not by Ac-DMQD-CHO. The formation of an RIP3-AIF complex and its
      nuclear translocation are critical to ischemic neuronal DNA degradation and
      programmed necrosis. Neurons are more likely to enter the programmed necrosis
      signal pathway for the loss of caspase-8 suppression.

PMID- 27377129
TI  - Conformational stability of digestion-resistant peptides of peanut conglutins
      reveals the molecular basis of their allergenicity.
AB  - Conglutins represent the major peanut allergens and are renowned for their
      resistance to gastro-intestinal digestion. Our aim was to characterize the
      digestion-resistant peptides (DRPs) of conglutins by biochemical and biophysical
      methods followed by a molecular dynamics simulation in order to better understand
      the molecular basis of food protein allergenicity. We have mapped proteolysis
      sites at the N- and C-termini and at a limited internal segment, while other
      potential proteolysis sites remained unaffected. Molecular dynamics simulation
      showed that proteolysis only occurred in the vibrant regions of the proteins.
      DRPs appeared to be conformationally stable as intact conglutins. Also, the
      overall secondary structure and IgE-binding potency of DRPs was comparable to
      that of intact conglutins. The stability of conglutins toward gastro-intestinal
      digestion, combined with the conformational stability of the resulting DRPs
      provide conditions for optimal exposure to the intestinal immune system,
      providing an explanation for the extraordinary allergenicity of peanut
      conglutins.

PMID- 27377130
TI  - Simultaneous SPECT imaging of multi-targets to assist in identifying hepatic
      lesions.
AB  - Molecular imaging technique is an attractive tool to detect liver disease at
      early stage. This study aims to develop a simultaneous dual-isotope single photon
      emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging method to assist diagnosis of
      hepatic tumor and liver fibrosis. Animal models of liver fibrosis and orthotopic
      human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were established. The tracers of (131)I-NGA
      and (99m)Tc-3P-RGD2 were selected to target asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR)
      on the hepatocytes and integrin alphavbeta3 receptor in tumor or fibrotic liver,
      respectively. SPECT imaging and biodistribution study were carried out to verify
      the feasibility and superiority. As expected, (99m)Tc-3P-RGD2 had the ability to
      evaluate liver fibrosis and detect tumor lesions. (131)I-NGA showed that it was
      effective in assessing the anatomy and function of the liver. In synchronized
      dual-isotope SPECT/CT imaging, clear fusion images can be got within 30 minutes
      for diagnosing liver fibrosis and liver cancer. This new developed imaging
      approach enables the acquisition of different physiological information for
      diagnosing liver fibrosis, liver cancer and evaluating residual functional liver
      volume simultaneously. So synchronized dual-isotope SPECT/CT imaging with (99m)Tc
      3P-RGD2 and (131)I-NGA is an effective approach to detect liver disease,
      especially liver fibrosis and liver cancer.

PMID- 27377131
TI  - Effectiveness of iPad apps on visual-motor skills among children with special
      needs between 4y0m-7y11m.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the effectiveness
      of interventions using iPad applications compared to traditional occupational
      therapy on visual-motor integration (VMI) in school-aged children with poor VMI
      skills. METHODS: Twenty children aged 4y0m to 7y11m with poor VMI skills were
      randomly assigned to the experimental group (interventions using iPad apps
      targeting VMI skills) or control group (traditional occupational therapy
      intervention sessions targeting VMI skills). The intervention phase consisted of
      two 40-min sessions per week, over a period of 10 weeks. Participants were
      required to attend a minimum of 8 and a maximum of 12 sessions. The subjects were
      tested using the Beery-VMI and the visual-motor subscale of the M-FUN, at
      baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Results from a 2-way mixed design ANOVA yielded
      significant results for the main effect of time for the M-FUN total raw score, as
      well as in the subscales Amazing Mazes, Hidden Forks, Go Fishing and VM Behavior.
      However, gains did not differ between intervention types over time. No
      significant results were found for the Beery-VMI. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      supports the need for further research into the use of iPads for the development
      of VMI skills in the pediatric population. Implications for Rehabilitation This
      is the first study to look at the use of iPads with school-aged children with
      poor visual-motor skills. There is limited literature related to the use of iPads
      in pediatric occupational therapy, while they are increasingly being used in
      practice. When compared to the traditional occupational therapy interventions,
      participants in the iPad intervention appeared to be more interested, engaged and
      motivated to participate in the therapy sessions. Using iPad apps as an adjunct
      to therapy in intervention could be effective in improving VMI skills over time.

PMID- 27377133
TI  - Colorectal cancer: CpG island methylation indicates inferior survival outcomes.

PMID- 27377132
TI  - Combine and conquer: challenges for targeted therapy combinations in early phase
      trials.
AB  - Our increasing understanding of cancer biology has led to the development of
      molecularly targeted anticancer drugs. The full potential of these agents has
      not, however, been realised, owing to the presence of de novo (intrinsic)
      resistance, often resulting from compensatory signalling pathways, or the
      development of acquired resistance in cancer cells via clonal evolution under the
      selective pressures of treatment. Combinations of targeted treatments can
      circumvent some mechanisms of resistance to yield a clinical benefit. We explore
      the challenges in identifying the best drug combinations and the best combination
      strategies, as well as the complexities of delivering these treatments to
      patients. Recognizing treatment-induced toxicity and the inability to use
      continuous pharmacodynamically effective doses of many targeted treatments
      necessitates creative intermittent scheduling. Serial tumour profiling and the
      use of parallel co-clinical trials can contribute to understanding mechanisms of
      resistance, and will guide the development of adaptive clinical trial designs
      that can accommodate hypothesis testing, in order to realize the full potential
      of combination therapies.

PMID- 27377134
TI  - An Amphiphilic Peptide Induces Apoptosis Through the miR29b-p53 Pathway in Cancer
      Cells.
AB  - Peptides have been in the limelight, as therapeutic agents for cancer treatment
      through various applications due to their high target selectivity and exceptional
      ability to penetrate the cell membrane. Recent studies have revealed that
      synthesized peptides bind to hairpin structures of RNA that affect their
      activities such as changing the efficacy of microRNA maturation. MicroRNA
      mediated p53 activation by the microRNA-29 (miR29) family is one of the most
      important regulatory pathways in cancer therapeutics. By targeting the
      suppressors of p53, a tumor suppressor protein, miR29 induces apoptosis of cancer
      cells through p53 stabilization. Here, we identify a novel synthesized
      amphiphilic peptide, LK-L1C/K6W/L8C, which enhances expression of miR29b and
      promotes p53 activity. In the presence of LK-L1C/K6W/L8C, pre-miR29b
      preferentially forms a complex with the Dicer protein through interaction of LK
      L1C/K6W/L8C with the terminal loop region of pre-miR29b, leading to an increase
      in Dicer processing. Furthermore, LK-L1C/K6W/L8C stimulates apoptosis by
      improving p53 stability in miR29-inducible HeLa and MCF7 cells. Collectively, our
      study shows that a peptide can directly influence the miR29b-mediated p53
      activation pathway in cancer cells. Therefore, our findings provide the basis for
      a new, potentially promising peptide-based drug for cancer therapy. 

PMID- 27377135
TI  - Altered Levels of MicroRNA-9, -206, and -132 in Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Their
      Response to Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapy.
AB  - The identification of noninvasive biomarkers to monitor the disease progression
      in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is becoming increasingly important. MicroRNAs
      (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and are implicated in the pathogenesis of
      neuromuscular diseases, including motor neuron degeneration. In this study, we
      selectively characterized the expression of miR-9, miR-206, and miR-132 in spinal
      cord, skeletal muscle, and serum from SMA transgenic mice, and in serum from SMA
      patients. A systematic analysis of miRNA expression was conducted in SMA mice
      with different disease severities (severe type I-like and mild type III-like) at
      different disease stages (pre-, mid-, and late-symptomatic stages), and in
      morpholino antisense oligonucleotide-treated mice. There was differential
      expression of all three miRNAs in spinal cord, skeletal muscle and serum samples
      in SMA mice. Serum miRNAs were altered prior to the changes in spinal cord and
      skeletal muscle at the presymptomatic stage. The altered miR-132 levels in spinal
      cord, muscle, and serum transiently reversed to normal level after a single-dose
      morpholino antisense oligomer PMO25 treatment in SMA mice. We also confirmed a
      significant alteration of miR-9 and miR-132 level in serum samples from SMA
      patients. Our study indicates the potential of developing miRNAs as noninvasive
      biomarkers in SMA. 

PMID- 27377136
TI  - A group-enhanced sprint interval training program for amateur athletes.
AB  - Sprint interval training (SIT) can elicit improvements in aerobic and anaerobic
      capacity. While variations in SIT protocols have been investigated, the influence
      of social processes cannot be overlooked. As research supports the use of groups
      to influence individual cognitions and behaviours, the current project assessed
      the effectiveness of a group-based intervention with participants conducting SIT.
      Specifically, 53 amateur athletes (age, 21.9 +/- 2.9 years; 53% females) took
      part in a 4-week training program (3 sessions per week, 30-s "all-out" efforts
      with 4 min active recovery, repeated 4-6 times per session), and were assigned to
      "true group", aggregate, or individual conditions. Results indicated no
      significant differences between groups for the physiological measures. With
      regards to training improvements from baseline for all participants- regardless
      of condition - significant main effects for time were identified for maximal
      oxygen uptake (2.5-2.8 mL.kg(-1).min(-1), p < 0.001, eta(2) = 0.03), time-trial
      performance (14-32 s, p < 0.001, eta(2) = 0.37), and anaerobic power (1.1-1.7
      k.h(-1), p < 0.001, eta(2) = 0.66). With regards to the psychological measures,
      significant main effects between groups were found for motivation (p = 0.033,
      eta(2) = 0.13), task self-efficacy (p = 0.018, eta(2) = 0.15), and scheduling
      self-efficacy (p = 0.003, eta(2) = 0.22). The true group experienced greater
      improvements in motivation than the individual condition, but the aggregate and
      individual conditions demonstrated greater increases in task and scheduling self
      efficacy. Though the SIT paradigm employed induced training improvements similar
      to previous work, the group intervention was not able to further these
      improvements. 

PMID- 27377138
TI  - Upcoming Changes for Inorganic Chemistry: Adding Titles to References and
      Adjusting Communication Length Requirements.

PMID- 27377137
TI  - Interleukin-6 and associated cytokine responses to an acute bout of high
      intensity interval exercise: the effect of exercise intensity and volume.
AB  - Acute increases in interleukin (IL)-6 following prolonged exercise are associated
      with the induction of a transient anti-inflammatory state (e.g., increases in IL
      10) that is partly responsible for the health benefits of regular exercise. The
      purposes of this study were to investigate the IL-6-related inflammatory response
      to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and to determine the impact of
      exercise intensity and volume on this response. Ten participants (5 males and 5
      females) completed 3 exercise bouts of contrasting intensity and volume (LOW,
      MOD, and HIGH). The HIGH protocol was based upon standard HIIE protocols, while
      the MOD and LOW protocols were designed to enable a comparison of exercise
      intensity and volume with a fixed duration. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations
      were measured in plasma (IL-6, IL-10) and also determined the level of gene
      expression (IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4R) in peripheral blood. The plasma IL-6 response
      to exercise (reported as fold changes) was significantly greater in HIGH (2.70 +/
      1.51) than LOW (1.40 +/- 0.32) (P = 0.04) and was also positively correlated to
      the mean exercise oxygen uptake (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). However, there was no
      change in anti-inflammatory IL-10 or IL-4R responses in plasma or at the level of
      gene expression. HIIE caused a significant increase in IL-6 and was greater than
      that seen in low-intensity exercise of the same duration. The increases in IL-6
      were relatively small in magnitude, and appear to have been insufficient to
      induce the acute systemic anti-inflammatory effects, which are evident following
      longer duration exercise. 

PMID- 27377139
TI  - Screening for arteriovenous malformations in hereditary haemorrhagic
      telangiectasia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients with hereditary haemorrhagic
      telangiectasia were being screened according to international guidelines, and to
      review recent evidence in order to provide up-to-date guidelines for the initial
      systemic management of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. METHODS: A
      retrospective case note analysis was conducted, assessing patients in terms of
      screening for: genetics, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, pulmonary and
      hepatic arteriovenous malformations, and gastrointestinal telangiectasia.
      Databases searched included Medline, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied
      Health Literature, and Embase. RESULTS: Screening investigations were most
      frequently performed for hepatic arteriovenous malformations and least frequently
      for genetics. Recent data suggest avoiding routine genetic and cerebral
      arteriovenous malformation screening because of treatment morbidities; performing
      high-resolution chest computed tomography for pulmonary arteriovenous
      malformation screening; using capsule endoscopy (if possible) to reduce
      complications from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy; and omitting routine liver
      enzyme testing in favour of Doppler ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Opportunities for
      systemic arteriovenous malformation screening are frequently overlooked. This
      review highlights the need for screening and considers the form in which it
      should be undertaken.

PMID- 27377140
TI  - Satellitosis and CD117 immunohistochemical expression correlates with poor
      outcome in thick vulvar melanoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Melanoma of the vulva is the second most common vulvar cancer after
      epidermoid carcinoma. Patients suffering from this disease usually present with a
      late-stage disease with a poor prognosis. The prognostic factors reported in
      previous studies are not homogeneous and the clinical/pathogenic role of c-KIT
      expression is not clear. Breslow staging currently is the most accurate predictor
      factor. METHODS: A clinicopathological study with literature review was performed
      to identify predictors of prognosis and survival in melanoma of the vulva and
      investigated the expression of c-KIT (by immunohistochemistry) in 10 patients
      from the National Institute for Cancer Research (Mexico City). RESULTS: The 10
      patients enrolled were all older women with delayed presentation, high-stage
      disease and limited response to treatment. Five patients (50%) were found to have
      c-KIT expression; 4 of them recurred (P=0.01), and ultimately 3 died (P=0.038).
      We identified satellitosis and c-KIT expression as prognostic predictors for
      death. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that c-KIT expression is a valuable predictor of
      prognosis and survival, especially in thick (>4 mm) melanomas.

PMID- 27377141
TI  - Efficacy and tolerability of a spray product containing hydroxypropyl chitosan,
      climbazole and piroctone olamine, applied twice weekly for the treatment of the
      pitiriasis versicolor.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of a
      product containing hydroxypropyl chitosan, climbazole and piroctone olamine, by
      monitoring the adherence and the penetration of the molecules in the skin.
      Confocal microscopy led us to show the persistence of the active compound for a
      long time in the stratum corneum, thanks to the presence of hydroxypropyl
      chitosan. This evidence suggests a new protocol of application (a biweekly
      application, rather than daily). METHODS: Thirty patients (17 males, 13 females;
      average age 20.8 years) were selected from 3 dermatological centers: the
      Dermatological Clinic of "Federico II" University of Naples; the Dermatological
      outpatient clinic of Bologna private hospital "Villa Nigrisoli"; the Section of
      Cutaneous Appendages of the European Dermatological Institute of Milan. The study
      protocol entailed application of a topical spray product 2 evenings a week for 2
      months. Confocal microscopy, dermoscopy and photographic documentation were
      performed at the moment of diagnosis (T0), 12 hours after the first application
      (T1), after 7 days (T2), after 1 month (T3) and after 2 months (T4). RESULTS: The
      improvements of clinical symptoms were documented by dermoscopy and digital
      photos. Confocal microscopy shows the persistence of the product in the stratum
      corneum, at different times of observations. CONCLUSIONS: A biweekly application
      of a product containing hydroxypropyl chitosan, climbazole and piroctone olamine
      shows a clinical significative improvement, evaluated through digital photographs
      and dermoscopic images, with complete resolution at T4 in 100% of cases.

PMID- 27377142
TI  - Electrochemotherapy for basocellular and squamocellular head and neck cancer:
      preliminary experience in Day Surgery Unit.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate feasibility, safety and
      efficacy in day surgery of electrochemotherapy (ECT) using bleomycin in non
      melanoma head and neck skin cancer. METHODS: We performed a prospective study on
      fifteen patients treated at the General Surgery Department at University Hospital
      of Tor Vergata, Rome between April 2011 and February 2013. RESULTS: We observed
      100% complete response evaluated with WHO criteria at 6 weeks after treatment. No
      partial response was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: ECT is a simple, highly effective and
      safe treatment for head and neck non melanoma skin cancer. In our experience ECT
      can be performed safely in Day Surgery also in patients ASA III. Side effects
      associated with ECT are minimal and the treatment is well tolerated also by older
      patients, with minimal impairment of organ function and healthy tissues and with
      good esthetic results. We would encourage this treatment especially for older
      patients with multiple comorbidities, in which conventional surgical approach is
      not easily practicable.

PMID- 27377143
TI  - Vibrational and mechanical properties of single layer MXene structures: a first
      principles investigation.
AB  - MXenes, carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides of early transition metals are the
      new members of two dimensional materials family given with a formula of [Formula:
      see text] X n . Recent advances in chemical exfoliation and CVD growth of these
      crystals together with their promising performance in electrochemical energy
      storage systems have triggered the interest in these two dimensional structures.
      In this work, we employ first principles calculations for n = 1 structures of Sc,
      Ti, Zr, Mo and Hf pristine MXenes and their fully surface terminated forms with F
      and O. We systematically investigated the dynamical and mechanical stability of
      both pristine and fully terminated MXene structures to determine the possible
      MXene candidates for experimental realization. In conjunction with an extensive
      stability analysis, we report Raman and infrared active mode frequencies for the
      first time, providing indispensable information for the experimental elaboration
      of MXene field. After determining dynamically stable MXenes, we provide their
      phonon dispersion relations, electronic and mechanical properties. 

PMID- 27377144
TI  - Normal Skin Microbiota is Altered in Pre-clinical Hidradenitis Suppurativa.
AB  - Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease defined by
      recurrent nodules, tunnels (sinus tracts) and scarring involving the
      intertriginous regions. The clinical course of HS is compatible with a biofilm
      driven disease, and biofilm has been described in lesional HS skin. We therefore
      hypothesized that clinically unaffected HS skin would also have an increased
      presence of biofilm compared with that of healthy controls. We conducted a case
      control study, investigating the morphology of the axillary skin microbiota.
      Peptide nucleic acid - fluorescence in situ hybridization probes were used in
      combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Significant differences were
      found in both distribution and quantity of the cutaneous microbiota in clinically
      non-affected axillary skin of patients with HS compared with healthy controls.
      Surprisingly, we detected fewer bacteria and less biofilm in patients with HS.
      The reduced microbiota in patients with HS may play an important role in the
      early course of the disease.

PMID- 27377145
TI  - Laser Crystallization of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells.
AB  - Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites attract enormous research interest for next
      generation solar energy harvest. Synergistic crystalline structures comprising
      organic and inorganic components enable solution processing of perovskite films.
      A reliable crystallization method for perovskites, compatible with fast
      continuous process over large-area flexible substrates, is crucial for high
      performance solar cell production. Here, we present laser crystallization of
      hybrid perovskite solar cells using near-infrared (NIR) laser (lambda = 1064 nm).
      Crystalline morphology of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite films are widely
      controllable with laser irradiation condition while maintaining film uniformity.
      Photothermal heating effectively assisted by interfacial photoconversion layers
      is critical for phase transformation without beam damage of multilayered device
      structures. Notably, laser crystallization attains higher device performances
      than conventional thermal annealing. Fast laser crystallization with manufacture
      level scan rate (1 m min(-1)) demonstrates inverted-type perovskite solar cells
      with 11.3 and 8.0% efficiencies on typical glass and flexible polymer substrates,
      respectively, without rigorous device optimization.

PMID- 27377146
TI  - Nano-Self-Assemblies Based on Synthetic Analogues of Mycobacterial Monomycoloyl
      Glycerol and DDA: Supramolecular Structure and Adjuvant Efficacy.
AB  - The mycobacterial cell-wall lipid monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG) is a potent
      immunostimulator, and cationic liposomes composed of a shorter synthetic analogue
      (MMG-1) and dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) bromide represent a promising
      adjuvant that induces strong antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 responses. In the
      present study, we investigated the supramolecular structure and in vivo adjuvant
      activity of dispersions based on binary mixtures of DDA and an array of synthetic
      MMG-1 analogues (MMG-2/3/5/6) displaying longer (MMG-2) or shorter (MMG-3) alkyl
      chain lengths, or variations in stereochemistry of the polar headgroup (MMG-5) or
      of the hydrophobic moiety (MMG-6). Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering
      experiments and cryo transmission electron microscopy revealed that DDA:MMG
      1/2/5/6 dispersions consisted of unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles
      (ULVs/MLVs), whereas a coexistence of both ULVs and hexosomes was observed for
      DDA:MMG-3, depending on the DDA:MMG molar ratio. The studies also showed that
      ULVs were formed, regardless of the structural characteristics of the neat MMG
      analogues in excess buffer [lamellar (MMG-1/2/5) or inverse hexagonal (MMG-3/6)
      phases]. Immunization of mice with a chlamydia antigen surface-adsorbed to
      DDA:MMG-1/3/6 dispersions revealed that all tested adjuvants were immunoactive
      and induced strong Th1 and Th17 responses with a potential for a central effector
      memory profile. The MMG-1 and MMG-6 analogues were equally immunoactive in vivo
      upon incorporation into DDA liposomes, despite the reported highly different
      immunostimulatory properties of the neat analogues in vitro, which were
      attributed to the different nanostructural characteristics. This clearly
      demonstrates that optimal formulation and delivery of MMG analogues to the immune
      system is of major importance and challenges the use of in vitro screening assays
      with nondispersed compounds to identify potential new vaccine adjuvants.

PMID- 27377148
TI  - Assessing the uptake and effectiveness of a quick reference guide to antibiotic
      prescribing in Australian general practice.
AB  - Prescribing guidelines are an essential component of antimicrobial stewardship
      programs in Australian hospitals. Nonetheless, the majority of antibiotic
      prescribing occurs in the community and the effectiveness of guidelines developed
      specifically to meet the needs of Australian general practice is unknown. This
      study aims to assess the uptake and effectiveness of a quick reference guide to
      antibiotic prescribing among primary care prescribers. A quick reference guide to
      antibiotic prescribing was developed and prescribers in five Tasmanian practices
      were surveyed regarding use of this guide. Thirty-three surveys were returned
      and, of those answering specific sections, 75% were aware of the guide and 71%
      had used it within the last month. The guide affected the antibiotic prescribing
      practice of 74% of responding prescribers; most often on choice of antibiotic;
      but also on duration of treatment, dose and dosing frequency. A quick reference
      guide to antibiotic prescribing was well received by prescribers and may usefully
      support efforts to improve antimicrobial stewardship in the community.

PMID- 27377147
TI  - Structural and Magnetic Properties of LaCoO3/SrTiO3 Multilayers.
AB  - Structural and magnetic properties of the LaCoO3/SrTiO3 (LCO/STO) multilayers
      (MLs) with a fixed STO layer of 4 nm but varied LCO layer thicknesses have been
      systematically studied. The MLs grown on Sr0.7La0.3Al0.65Ta0.35O3 (LSAT) and
      SrTiO3 (STO) exhibit the in-plane lattice constant of the substrates, but those
      on LaAlO3 (LAO) show the in-plane lattice constant between those of the first two
      kinds of MLs. Compared with the LCO single layer (SL), the magnetic order of the
      MLs is significantly enhanced, as demonstrated by a very slow decrease, which is
      fast for the SL, of the Curie temperature and the saturation magnetization as the
      LCO layer thickness decreases. For example, clear ferromagnetic order is observed
      in the ML with the LCO layer of ~1.5 nm, whereas it vanishes below ~6 nm for the
      LCO SL. This result is consistent with the observation that the dark stripes,
      which are believed to be closely related to the magnetic order, remain clear in
      the MLs while they are vague in the corresponding LCO SL. The present work
      suggests a novel route to tune the magnetism of perovskite oxide films. 

PMID- 27377149
TI  - Exotic skyrmion crystals in chiral magnets with compass anisotropy.
AB  - The compass-type anisotropy appears naturally in diverse physical contexts with
      strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) such as transition metal oxides and cold atomic
      gases etc, and it has been receiving substantial attention. Motivated by recent
      studies and particularly recent experimental observations on helimagnet MnGe, we
      investigate the critical roles of this compass-type anisotropy in modulating
      various spin textures of chiral magnets with strong SOC, by Monte Carlo
      simulations based on a classical Heisenberg spin model with Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya
      interaction and compass anisotropy. A phase diagram with emergent spin orders in
      the space of compass anisotropy and out-of-plane magnetic field is presented. In
      this phase diagram, we propose that a hybrid super-crystal structure consisting
      of alternating half-skyrmion and half-anti-skyrmion is the possible zero-field
      ground state of MnGe. The simulated evolution of the spin structure driven by
      magnetic field is in good accordance with experimental observations on MnGe.
      Therefore, this Heisenberg spin model successfully captures the main physics
      responsible for the magnetic structures in MnGe, and the present work may also be
      instructive to research on the magnetic states in other systems with strong SOC.

PMID- 27377150
TI  - Assessment of upscaling potential of alternative adsorbent materials for highway
      stormwater treatment in cold climates.
AB  - Generally, studies on alternative adsorbents focus on adsorbent removal capacity,
      as a function of pollutant concentration, and other practical aspects, such as
      costs, environmental impact and end of life costs, that can affect the upscaling
      of adsorbents for real-life applications, are not explicitly considered.
      Therefore, this study combines multi-criteria modeling with experimental
      evaluation to integrate both technical and non-technical factors in assessing the
      upscaling potential of alternative adsorbents. The experimental step was used to
      verify the reported pollutant removal as well as testing environmental stability,
      of the alternative adsorbents, in cold climates. Important factors/criteria for
      the upscaling process were identified with the help of principal component
      analysis. The results indicated that adsorbents such as pine bark, olivine and
      charcoal were the best available options for upscaling. The statistical analysis
      revealed that factors such as initial costs, hydraulic loads and end-of-life
      costs were important for the upscaling process and, therefore, should be
      explicitly included in any future evaluation of the alternative adsorbents.

PMID- 27377151
TI  - An Eye on Animacy and Intention.

PMID- 27377152
TI  - Micro-motors: A motile bacteria based system for liposome cargo transport.
AB  - Biological micro-motors (microorganisms) have potential applications in energy
      utilization and nanotechnology. However, harnessing the power generated by such
      motors to execute desired work is extremely difficult. Here, we employ the power
      of motile bacteria to transport small, large, and giant unilamellar vesicles
      (SUVs, LUVs, and GUVs). Furthermore, we demonstrate bacteria-bilayer interactions
      by probing glycolipids inside the model membrane scaffold. Fluorescence Resonance
      Energy Transfer (FRET) spectroscopic and microscopic methods were utilized for
      understanding these interactions. We found that motile bacteria could
      successfully propel SUVs and LUVs with a velocity of 28 MUm s(-1) and 13 MUm s(
      1), respectively. GUVs, however, displayed Brownian motion and could not be
      propelled by attached bacteria. Bacterial velocity decreased with the larger
      loaded cargo, which agrees with our calculations of loaded bacteria swimming at
      low Reynolds number.

PMID- 27377153
TI  - Paper-based microreactor array for rapid screening of cell signaling cascades.
AB  - Investigation of cell signaling pathways is important for the study of
      pathogenesis of cancer. However, the related operations used in these studies are
      time consuming and labor intensive. Thus, the development of effective
      therapeutic strategies may be hampered. In this work, gel-free cell culture and
      subsequent immunoassay has been successfully integrated and conducted in a paper
      based microreactor array. Study of the activation level of different kinases of
      cells stimulated by different conditions, i.e., IL-6 stimulation, starvation, and
      hypoxia, was demonstrated. Moreover, rapid screening of cell signaling cascades
      after the stimulations of HGF, doxorubicin, and UVB irradiation was respectively
      conducted to simultaneously screen 40 kinases and transcription factors.
      Activation of multi-signaling pathways could be identified and the correlation
      between signaling pathways was discussed to provide further information to
      investigate the entire signaling network. The present technique integrates most
      of the tedious operations using a single paper substrate, reduces sample and
      reagent consumption, and shortens the time required by the entire process.
      Therefore, it provides a first-tier rapid screening tool for the study of
      complicated signaling cascades. It is expected that the technique can be
      developed for routine protocol in conventional biological research laboratories.

PMID- 27377154
TI  - A spliceosome intermediate with loosely associated tri-snRNP accumulates in the
      absence of Prp28 ATPase activity.
AB  - The precise role of the spliceosomal DEAD-box protein Prp28 in higher eukaryotes
      remains unclear. We show that stable tri-snRNP association during pre-catalytic
      spliceosomal B complex formation is blocked by a dominant-negative hPrp28 mutant
      lacking ATPase activity. Complexes formed in the presence of ATPase-deficient
      hPrp28 represent a novel assembly intermediate, the pre-B complex, that contains
      U1, U2 and loosely associated tri-snRNP and is stalled before disruption of the
      U1/5'ss base pairing interaction, consistent with a role for hPrp28 in the
      latter. Pre-B and B complexes differ structurally, indicating that stable tri
      snRNP integration is accompanied by substantial rearrangements in the
      spliceosome. Disruption of the U1/5'ss interaction alone is not sufficient to
      bypass the block by ATPase-deficient hPrp28, suggesting hPrp28 has an additional
      function at this stage of splicing. Our data provide new insights into the
      function of Prp28 in higher eukaryotes, and the requirements for stable tri-snRNP
      binding during B complex formation.

PMID- 27377156
TI  - Prostate cancer: Inhibiting initiation - targeting BMI1 is effective.

PMID- 27377155
TI  - Real-life effectiveness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma above the
      recommended dosing range criteria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Omalizumab (Xolair) dosing in severe allergic asthma is based on
      serum IgE and bodyweight. In Australia, patients eligible for omalizumab but
      exceeding recommended ranges for IgE (30-1500 IU/mL) and bodyweight (30-150 kg)
      may still receive a ceiling dose of 750 mg/4 weeks. About 62% of patients
      receiving government-subsidized omalizumab are enrolled in the Australian Xolair
      Registry (AXR). OBJECTIVES: To determine whether AXR participants above the
      recommended dosing ranges benefit from omalizumab and to compare their response
      to within-range participants. METHODS: Data were stratified according to dose
      range status (above-range or within-range). Further sub-analyses were conducted
      according to the reason for being above the dosing range (IgE only vs. IgE and
      weight). RESULTS: Data for 179 participants were analysed. About 55 (31%) were
      above recommended dosing criteria; other characteristics were similar to within
      range participants. Above-range participants had higher baseline IgE [812 (IQR
      632, 1747) IU/mL vs. 209 (IQR 134, 306) IU/mL] and received higher doses of
      omalizumab [750 (IQR 650, 750) mg] compared to within-range participants [450
      (IQR, 300, 600) mg]. At 6 months, improvements in Juniper 5-item Asthma Control
      Questionnaire (ACQ-5, 3.61 down to 2.01 for above-range, 3.47 down to 1.93 for
      within-range, P < 0.0001 for both) and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ
      mean score (3.22 up to 4.41 for above-range, 3.71 up to 4.88 for within-range, P
      < 0.0001) were observed in both groups. Forced expiratory volume in one second
      (FEV1 ) improved among above-range participants. There was no difference in
      response between above-range and within-range participants. Above-range
      participants due to either IgE alone or IgE and weight had similar improvements
      in ACQ-5, AQLQ and FEV1 . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Patients with
      severe allergic asthma above recommended dosing criteria for omalizumab have
      significantly improved symptom control, quality of life and lung function to a
      similar degree to within-range participants, achieved without dose escalation
      above 750 mg.

PMID- 27377157
TI  - Prostate cancer: Hypofractionated radiotherapy confirmed effective and safe.

PMID- 27377158
TI  - Kidney cancer: Cytoreductive nephrectomy improves outcomes in the era of targeted
      therapy.

PMID- 27377159
TI  - Prostate cancer: Novel subtyping could aid stratification and therapy.

PMID- 27377160
TI  - Bladder cancer: ASCO endorses EAU muscle-invasive bladder cancer guidelines.

PMID- 27377162
TI  - Branched and crosslinked supracolloidal chains with diblock copolymer micelles
      having three well-defined patches.
AB  - We report controlled branching and eventual crosslinking in supracolloidal chains
      by introducing well-defined trifunctional patchy micelles. Uniform micelles
      having three patches were induced from core-crosslinked micelles of diblock
      copolymers. Three patches in the micelles served as functional groups for
      crosslinking as well as branching in supracolloidal polymerization. 

PMID- 27377161
TI  - The endocannabinoid system - a target for the treatment of LUTS?
AB  - Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common in all age groups and both sexes,
      resulting in tremendous personal suffering and a substantial burden to society.
      Antimuscarinic drugs are the mainstay of symptom management in patients with
      LUTS, although their clinical utility is limited by the high prevalence of
      adverse effects, which often limit patients' long-term adherence to these agents.
      Data from controversial studies in the 1990s revealed the positive effects of
      marijuana-based compounds on LUTS, and sparked an interest in the possibility of
      treating bladder disorders with cannabis. Increased understanding of cannabinoid
      receptor pharmacology and the discovery of endogenous ligands of these receptors
      has prompted debate and further research into the clinical utility of exogenous
      cannabinoid receptor agonists relative to the unwanted psychotropic effects of
      these agents. Currently, the endocannabinoid system is considered as a potential
      drug target for pharmacological management of LUTS, with a more favourable
      adverse event profile than antimuscarinic agents.

PMID- 27377163
TI  - Successful Treatment of Pediatric Alopecia Areata of the Scalp Using Topical
      Bimatoprost.
AB  - Alopecia areata (AA) is a genetic and immune-mediated disease that targets anagen
      hair follicles. Despite limited evidence supporting the efficacy of
      corticosteroid treatments, they are often prescribed as first-line therapy
      because of their favorable safety profile. Prostaglandin analogues are currently
      being studied as an alternate therapy for scalp AA in adults. Herein we present a
      case of steroid-resistant multifocal AA that was successfully treated with
      topical bimatoprost. 

PMID- 27377165
TI  - Purification of Logic-Qubit Entanglement.
AB  - Recently, the logic-qubit entanglement shows its potential application in future
      quantum communication and quantum network. However, the entanglement will suffer
      from the noise and decoherence. In this paper, we will investigate the first
      entanglement purification protocol for logic-qubit entanglement. We show that
      both the bit-flip error and phase-flip error in logic-qubit entanglement can be
      well purified. Moreover, the bit-flip error in physical-qubit entanglement can be
      completely corrected. The phase-flip in physical-qubit entanglement error equals
      to the bit-flip error in logic-qubit entanglement, which can also be purified.
      This entanglement purification protocol may provide some potential applications
      in future quantum communication and quantum network.

PMID- 27377164
TI  - Transition of differential histone H3 methylation in photoreceptors and other
      retinal cells during retinal differentiation.
AB  - To analyze cell lineage-specific transitions in global transcriptional and
      epigenetic changes during retinogenesis, we purified retinal cells from normal
      mice during postnatal development into two fractions, namely, photoreceptors and
      other retinal cells, based on Cd73 expression, and performed RNA sequencing and
      ChIP sequencing of H3K27me3 and H3K4me3. Genes expressed in the photoreceptor
      lineage were marked with H3K4me3 in the Cd73-positive cell fraction; however, the
      level of H3K27me3 was very low in both Cd73-positive and -negative populations.
      H3K27me3 may be involved in spatio-temporal onset of a subset of bipolar-related
      genes. Subsets of genes expressed in amacrine and retinal ganglion cells, which
      are early-born retinal cell types, were suggested to be maintained in a silent
      state by H3K27me3 during late-stage retinogenesis. In the outer nuclear layer,
      upregulation of Rho and rod-related genes were observed in Ezh2-ablated retina,
      suggesting a role for H3K27me3 in the maintenance of proper expression levels.
      Taken together, our data on the transition of lineage-specific molecular
      signatures during development suggest that histone methylation is involved in
      retinal differentiation and maintenance through cell lineage-specific mechanisms.

PMID- 27377166
TI  - Heveochlorella (Trebouxiophyceae): a little-known genus of unicellular green
      algae outside the Trebouxiales emerges unexpectedly as a major clade of lichen
      photobionts in foliicolous communities.
AB  - Foliicolous lichens are formed by diverse, highly specialized fungi that
      establish themselves and complete their life cycle within the brief duration of
      their leaf substratum. Over half of these lichen-forming fungi are members of
      either the Gomphillaceae or Pilocarpaceae, and associate with Trebouxia-like
      green algae whose identities have never been positively determined. We
      investigated the phylogenetic affinities of these photobionts to better
      understand their role in lichen establishment on an ephemeral surface. Thallus
      samples of Gomphillaceae and Pilocarpaceae were collected from foliicolous
      communities in southwest Florida and processed for sequencing of photobiont
      marker genes, algal cultivation and/or TEM. Additional specimens from these
      families and also from Aspidothelium (Thelenellaceae) were collected from a
      variety of substrates globally. Sequences from rbcL and nuSSU regions were
      obtained and subjected to Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Analysis of
      37 rbcL and 7 nuSSU algal sequences placed all photobionts studied within the
      provisional trebouxiophycean assemblage known as the Watanabea clade. All but
      three of the sequences showed affinities within Heveochlorella, a genus recently
      described from tree trunks in East Asia. The photobiont chloroplast showed
      multiple thylakoid stacks penetrating the pyrenoid centripetally as tubules lined
      with pyrenoglobuli, similar to the two described species of Heveochlorella. We
      conclude that Heveochlorella includes algae of potentially major importance as
      lichen photobionts, particularly within (but not limited to) foliicolous
      communities in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The ease with which
      they may be cultivated on minimal media suggests their potential to thrive free
      living as well as in lichen symbiosis.

PMID- 27377167
TI  - Improvement of the Water Resistance of a Narrow-Band Red-Emitting SrLiAl3 N4
      :Eu(2+) Phosphor Synthesized under High Isostatic Pressure through Coating with
      an Organosilica Layer.
AB  - A SrLiAl3 N4 :Eu(2+) (SLA) red phosphor prepared through a high-pressure solid
      state reaction was coated with an organosilica layer with a thickness of 400-600
      nm to improve its water resistance. The observed 4f(6) 5d->4f(7) transition bands
      are thought to result from the existence of Eu(2+) at two different Sr(2+) sites.
      Luminescence spectra at 10 K revealed two zero-phonon lines at 15377 (for
      Eu(Sr1)) and 15780 cm(-1) (for Eu(Sr2)). The phosphor exhibited stable red
      emission under high pressure up to 312 kbar. The configurational coordinate
      diagram gave a theoretical explanation for the Eu(2+/3+) result. The coated
      samples showed excellent moisture resistance while retaining an external quantum
      efficiency (EQE) of 70 % of their initial EQE after aging for 5 days under harsh
      conditions. White-light-emitting diodes of the SLA red phosphor and a commercial
      Y3 Al5 O12 :Ce(3+) yellow phosphor on a blue InGaN chip showed high color
      rendition (CRI=89, R9=69) and a low correlated color temperature of 2406 K.

PMID- 27377168
TI  - Risk factors predicting outcomes for primary refractory hodgkin lymphoma patients
      treated with salvage chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation.
AB  - We aimed to identify risk factors that predict functional imaging (FI) response
      to salvage chemotherapy and evaluate outcomes following autologous stem cell
      transplant (ASCT) in primary refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL). From 1 October
      1994 to 10 July 2015, 192 primary refractory HL patients were treated on
      sequential second line protocols. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival
      (OS) were calculated from the date of histological confirmation of refractory
      disease. Covariates were analysed for relationship with FI response and EFS. By
      intent-to-treat, the median EFS was 8.9 years and OS 10.4 years with 41% having
      positive post-salvage FI. On multivariate analysis, the presence of B symptoms
      and bulk >=5 cm predicted for positive FI, with odds ratios of 2.15 and 2.03,
      respectively. For the 167 (87%) transplanted patients, 60% had a negative pre
      ASCT FI. Median EFS and OS were not reached with at a median follow-up of 3.6
      years in surviving patients. Both stage IV refractory disease and persistent FI
      abnormality pre- ASCT were associated with worse outcomes: 3-year EFS was 84%,
      54% and 28% for zero, 1 and 2 risk factors, respectively (P < 0.001). Further
      studies are needed to validate our prognostic model and to determine optimal
      therapy for patients with multiple risk factors.

PMID- 27377169
TI  - Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma: A population-based study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma (LGMS) is a rare entity
      that is described as having a predilection for occurring in the head and neck
      region. Here we analyze its demographics, clinic-pathologic, and survival
      characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective database analysis. METHODS: A cohort
      from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database of cases
      with LGMS between 2001 and 2012. RESULTS: There were 49 cases with a 5-year
      overall survival of 71.6% and disease- specific survival of 76.3%. The majority
      of cases were in patients <60 years old, female, and white ethnicity. The most
      common sites were the extremities in 40.8% of cases followed by the head and neck
      region with 26.5% of cases. Multivariate analysis showed that only older age was
      significantly associated with worse survival (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: LGMS is
      uncommon in the United States and occurs most commonly in the extremities
      followed by the head and neck region, despite an existing characterization of a
      predilection for the head and neck region. Treatment most commonly involves
      surgery, but the optimal surgical extent and/or radiotherapy needs to be further
      investigated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2c Laryngoscope, 127:116-121, 2017.

PMID- 27377170
TI  - Compression of Morbidity Is Observed Across Cohorts with Exceptional Longevity.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine, in a sample of Ashkenazi Jewish aged 95 and older,
      whether there is a compression of morbidity similar to what has been reported in
      other cohorts with exceptional longevity. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING:
      Longevity Genes Project (LGP) and New England Centenarian Study (NECS).
      PARTICIPANTS: LGP (n = 439, mean age 97.8 +/- 2.8) and NECS (n = 1,498, mean age
      101.4 +/- 4.0) participants with exceptional longevity and their respective
      younger referent cohorts (LGP, n = 696; NECS, n = 302). MEASUREMENTS: Self- and
      proxy reports of age of onset of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes
      mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, and stroke. RESULTS: Long-lived individuals
      from LGP and NECS had later age of onset of cancer, cardiovascular disease,
      diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and osteoporosis than their respective younger
      reference groups. The risk of overall morbidity was lower in participants with
      exceptional longevity than in younger participants (NECS men: relative risk (RR)
      = 0.12, women: RR = 0.20; LGP men: RR = 0.18, women: RR = 0.24). The age at which
      20% of each of the groups with exceptional longevity experienced specific
      diseases was between 18 and 24 years later than in the reference groups,
      stratified according to sex. CONCLUSION: The similar extension of health span and
      compression of morbidity seen in NECS and LGP participants with exceptional
      longevity further validates the utility of these rare individuals for the study
      of factors that delay or prevent a broad spectrum of diseases otherwise
      associated with mortality and disability.

PMID- 27377171
TI  - Wheeled-mobility correlates of life-space and social participation in adult
      manual wheelchair users aged 50 and older.
AB  - PURPOSE: To characterize the life-space mobility and social participation of
      manual wheelchair users using objective measures of wheeled mobility. METHOD:
      Individuals (n = 49) were included in this cross-sectional study if they were
      aged 50 or older, community-dwelling and used their wheelchair on a daily basis
      for the past 6 months. Life-space mobility and social participation were measured
      using the life-space assessment and late-life disability instrument. The wheeled
      mobility variables (distance travelled, occupancy time, number of bouts) were
      captured using a custom-built data logger. RESULTS: After controlling for age and
      sex, multivariate regression analyses revealed that the wheeled mobility
      variables accounted for 24% of the life-space variance. The number of bouts
      variable, however, did not account for any appreciable variance above and beyond
      the occupancy time and distance travelled. Occupancy time and number of bouts
      were significant predictors of social participation and accounted for 23% of the
      variance after controlling for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS: Occupancy time and
      distance travelled are statistically significant predictors of life-space
      mobility. Lower occupancy time may be an indicative of travel to more distant
      life-spaces, whereas the distance travelled is likely a better reflection of
      mobility within each life-space. Occupancy time and number of bouts are
      significant predictors of participation frequency. Implications for
      rehabilitation Component measures of wheelchair mobility, such as distance
      travelled, occupancy time and number of bouts, are important predictors of life
      space mobility and social participation in adult manual wheelchair users. Lower
      occupancy time is an indication of travel to more distant life-spaces, whereas
      distance travelled is likely a better reflection of mobility within each life
      space. That lower occupancy time and greater number of bouts are associated with
      more frequent participation raises accessibility and safety issues for manual
      wheelchair users.

PMID- 27377172
TI  - Role of perfusion CT in the evaluation of functional primary tumour response
      after radiochemotherapy in head and neck cancer: preliminary findings.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report the initial results of a prospective study aimed at
      evaluating the CT perfusion parameter changes (?PCTp) of the primary tumour after
      radiochemotherapy (RCT) in head and neck cancer (HNC) and to correlate with
      positron emission tomography (PET)/CT response. METHODS: Eligibility criteria
      included HNC (Stage III-IV) candidates for RCT. Patients underwent perfusion CT
      (PCT) at baseline and at 3 weeks and 3 months after treatment. Blood volume,
      blood flow, mean transit time (MTT) and permeability surface (PS) product were
      computed. Moreover, PET/CT was performed at baseline and 3 months after
      treatment. The ?PCTp were evaluated between baseline and 3-week/3-month
      evaluations, whereas PET/CT response was based on the maximum standardized uptake
      value changes according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment
      of Cancer criteria. RESULTS: Between July 2012 and July 2015, 25 patients were
      enrolled. A significant reduction of all CT tumour perfusion parameters (PCTp)
      was observed from the baseline to after RCT (p < 0.001). Specifically, a
      significant reduction was shown at 3 weeks for all PCTp except MTT (from 6.18 to
      5.14 s; p = 0.722). Differently, a significant reduction of all PCTp (p < 0.001)
      including MTT (from 6.18 to 2.24 s; p = 0.001) was shown at 3 months. Moreover,
      the reduction of PS resulted in a significant prediction of PET/CT response at 3
      months (p = 0.037) with the trend also at 3 weeks (p = 0.099) at the multivariate
      analysis. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary findings seem to show that almost all PCTp
      are significantly reduced after RCT, whereas PS seems to come out as the
      strongest factor in predicting the PET/CT response. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: This
      article provides information on the potential useful role of PCT in evaluating
      tumour response after both early and late RCT.

PMID- 27377174
TI  - Flow-Through Electroporation of HL-60 White Blood Cell Suspensions using
      Nanoporous Membrane Electrodes.
AB  - A flow-through electroporation system, based on a novel nanoporous
      membrane/electrode design, for the delivery of cell wall-impermeant molecules
      into model leukocytes, HL-60 promyelocytes, was demonstrated. The ability to
      apply low voltages to cell populations, with nm-scale concentrated electric field
      in a periodic array, contributes to high cell viability. With applied biases of 1
      4V, delivery of target molecules was achieved with 90% viability and up to 65%
      transfection efficiency. More importantly, the system allowed electrophoretic
      pumping of molecules from a microscale reservoir across the membrane/electrode
      system into a microfluidic flow channel for transfection of cells, a design that
      can reduce reagent amount by eightfold compared to current strategies. The flow
      through system, which forces intimate membrane/electrode contact by using a 10MUm
      channel height, can be easily scaled-up by adjusting the microfluidic channel
      geometry and/or the applied voltage pulse frequency to control cell residence
      times at the cell membrane/electrode interface. The demonstrated system shows
      promise in clinical applications where low-cost, high cell viability and high
      volume transfection methods are needed without the risk of viral vectors. In
      particular genetic modification of freely mobile white blood cells to either
      target disease cells or to express desired protein/enzyme biomolecules is an
      important target platform enabled by this device system.

PMID- 27377173
TI  - CO2-evoked release of PGE2 modulates sighs and inspiration as demonstrated in
      brainstem organotypic culture.
AB  - Inflammation-induced release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) changes breathing
      patterns and the response to CO2 levels. This may have fatal consequences in
      newborn babies and result in sudden infant death. To elucidate the underlying
      mechanisms, we present a novel breathing brainstem organotypic culture that
      generates rhythmic neural network and motor activity for 3 weeks. We show that
      increased CO2 elicits a gap junction-dependent release of PGE2. This alters
      neural network activity in the preBotzinger rhythm-generating complex and in the
      chemosensitive brainstem respiratory regions, thereby increasing sigh frequency
      and the depth of inspiration. We used mice lacking eicosanoid prostanoid 3
      receptors (EP3R), breathing brainstem organotypic slices and optogenetic
      inhibition of EP3R(+/+) cells to demonstrate that the EP3R is important for the
      ventilatory response to hypercapnia. Our study identifies a novel pathway linking
      the inflammatory and respiratory systems, with implications for inspiration and
      sighs throughout life, and the ability to autoresuscitate when breathing fails.

PMID- 27377175
TI  - Semi-Automatic Rating Method for Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase Activity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) score is a valuable test
      for the diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms, but it has still manually
      rated. Therefore, we developed a semi-automatic rating method using Photoshop(r)
      and Image-J, called NAP-PS-IJ. METHODS: Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase staining
      was conducted with Tomonaga's method to films of peripheral blood taken from
      three healthy volunteers. At least 30 neutrophils with NAP scores from 0 to 5+
      were observed and taken their images. From which the outer part of neutrophil was
      removed away with Image-J. These were binarized with two different procedures (P1
      and P2) using Photoshop(r) . NAP-positive area (NAP-PA) and granule (NAP-PGC)
      were measured and counted with Image-J. RESULTS: The NAP-PA in images binarized
      with P1 significantly (P < 0.05) differed between images with NAP scores from 0
      to 3+ (group 1) and those from 4+ to 5+ (group 2). The original images in group 1
      were binarized with P2. NAP-PGC of them significantly (P < 0.05) differed among
      all four NAP score groups. The mean NAP-PGC with NAP-PS-IJ indicated a good
      correlation (r = 0.92, P < 0.001) to results by human examiners. CONCLUSIONS: The
      sensitivity and specificity of NAP-PS-IJ were 60% and 92%, which might be
      considered as a prototypic method for the full-automatic rating NAP score.

PMID- 27377176
TI  - Simple field-based automated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of trace
      level phthalate esters in natural waters with gas chromatography and mass
      spectrometric analysis.
AB  - A small, simple, and field-based automated dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction method followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis
      was developed for trace level phthalate esters analysis in natural waters. With a
      single syringe pump that is coupled with a multiposition valve, the whole
      extraction procedure including cleaning, sampling, mixing of extractant and
      disperser solvents, extraction, phase separation, and analytes collection was
      carried out in a totally automated way with a sample throughput of 21 h(-1) . Key
      factors, such as type and ratio of the extractant and disperser solvent,
      aspiration flow rate, extraction time, and matrix effect, were thoroughly
      investigated. Under the optimum conditions, linearity was found in the range from
      0.03 to 60 MUg/L. Limits of detection ranged from 0.0015 to 0.003 MUg/L.
      Enrichment factors were in a range of 106-141. Reproducibility and recoveries
      were assessed by testing a series of three natural water samples that were spiked
      with different concentration levels. Finally, the proposed method was
      successfully applied in analysis of real surface waters. The developed system is
      inexpensive, light (2.6 kg), simple to use, applicable in the field, with high
      sample throughput, and sensitive enough for trace level phthalate esters analysis
      in natural waters. 

PMID- 27377177
TI  - Ligand-controlled stereodivergent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides
      with 3-methyl-4-nitro-5-styrylisoxazoles.
AB  - An unprecedented Ag(i)-catalyzed ligand-controlled stereodivergent 1,3-dipolar
      cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with 3-methyl-4-nitro-5-styrylisoxazoles has
      been developed to afford heterocycles bearing both methylisoxazole and
      pyrrolidine moieties. The endo- and exo-cycloadducts were obtained in good yields
      with excellent stereoselectivities, assisted by (t)Bu-Phosferrox and
      phosphoramidite as chiral ligands, respectively. 

PMID- 27377178
TI  - Acute Lower Limb Ischaemia and Diabetes in a Patient Treated with Anti-PD1
      Monoclonal Antibody for Metastatic Melanoma.

PMID- 27377180
TI  - The intricacy of biomarker complexity-the identification of a genuine proteomic
      biomarker is more complicated than believed.
AB  - Several reasons have been put forward to explain the irreproducibility of
      proteomic biomarker search. However, these reasons pertain to almost every part
      of biomarker search across the entire analytical workflow but are entirely
      experimental or methodological. However, in this article we point out that there
      is a further cause of such irreproducibility. This is not an additional
      methodological or experimental cause but arises directly from the biology of
      protein expression. It arises from the fact that disease changes the diversity
      within protein families. This cause of irreproducibility has been very little
      studied in relation to proteomic biomarker search. Gene expression is highly
      variable even in healthy people. Therefore, multiple proteoforms are also to be
      expected when gene expression is disrupted by disease, proteoforms that may be
      differently altered by pathology. In consequence, it is illogical to expect that
      the whole protein family produces a reliably usable biomarker. It is more
      reasonable to expect that a specific proteoform fulfills this role. Appropriate
      sample pre-fractionation methods and data analyses could help to identify this
      version, carrying the modification or the epitope required.

PMID- 27377181
TI  - Preserved entropy and fragile magnetism.
AB  - A large swath of quantum critical and strongly correlated electron systems can be
      associated with the phenomena of preserved entropy and fragile magnetism. In this
      overview we present our thoughts and plans for the discovery and development of
      lanthanide and transition metal based, strongly correlated systems that are
      revealed by suppressed, fragile magnetism, quantum criticality, or grow out of
      preserved entropy. We will present and discuss current examples such as YbBiPt,
      YbAgGe, YbFe2Zn20, PrAg2In, BaFe2As2, CaFe2As2, LaCrSb3 and LaCrGe3 as part of
      our motivation and to provide illustrative examples.

PMID- 27377182
TI  - Changes in antithrombotic therapy after a cerebrovascular or coronary ischemic
      event in the WARfarin and coronary STENTing (WAR-STENT) registry.

PMID- 27377183
TI  - Size dependent electrochemical detection of trace heavy metal ions based on nano
      patterned carbon sphere electrodes.
AB  - The challenge in efficient electrochemical detection of trace heavy metal ions
      (HMI) for early warning is to construct an electrode with a nano-patterned
      architecture. In this study, a range of carbon electrodes with ordered structures
      were fabricated using colloidal hollow carbon nanospheres (HCSs) as sensing
      materials for trace HMI (represented by Pb(ii)) detection by square wave anodic
      stripping voltammetry. The regular geometrical characteristics of the carbon
      electrode allow it to act as a model system for the estimation of electron
      transfer pathways by calculating contact points between HCSs and a glassy carbon
      electrode. A clear correlation between the contact points and the electron
      transfer resistance has been established, which fits well with the quadratic
      function model and is dependent on the size of HCSs. To our knowledge, this is
      the first clear function that expresses the structure-sensing activity
      relationship of carbon-based electrodes. The prepared carbon electrode is capable
      of sensing Pb(ii) with a sensitivity of 0.160 MUA nM(-1), which is much higher
      than those of other electrodes reported in the literature. Its detection limit of
      0.6 nM is far below the guideline value (72 nM) given by the US Environmental
      Protection Agency. In addition, the carbon electrode could be a robust
      alternative to various heavy metal sensors. 

PMID- 27377184
TI  - Dearomatization through Halofunctionalization Reactions.
AB  - Recent advances in dearomatization through halofunctionalization reactions are
      summarized in this Minireview. Two general categories of strategies are currently
      employed in this field. On one hand, the reaction can be initiated with
      electrophilic halogenation at an alkyne or alkene moiety. The resulting halonium
      ion intermediate is then captured by a pendant aromatic ring at the ipso
      position, affording the dearomatization product. On the other hand, electrophilic
      halogenation can directly take place at a substituted arene, and the final
      dearomatization product is furnished by deprotonation or intramolecular
      nucleophilic trap. Highly enantioselective variants have been realized in the
      latter case by organocatalysis or transition metal catalysis. By applying these
      methods, various valuable halogenated polycyclic molecular architectures have
      been obtained from readily available starting materials. 

PMID- 27377185
TI  - High Dielectric and Mechanical Properties Achieved in Cross-Linked PVDF/alpha-SiC
      Nanocomposites with Elevated Compatibility and Induced Polarization at the
      Interface.
AB  - Remarkably improved dielectric properties including high-k, low loss, and high
      breakdown strength combined with promising mechanical performance such as high
      flexibility, good heat, and chemical resistivity are hard to be achieved in high
      k dielectric composites based on the current composite fabrication strategy. In
      this work, a family of high-k polymer nanocomposites has been fabricated from a
      facile suspension cast process followed by chemical cross-linking at elevated
      temperature. Internal double bonds bearing poly(vinylidene fluoride
      chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-CTFE-DB)) in total amorphous phase are employed
      as cross-linkable polymer matrix. alpha-SiC particles with a diameter of 500 nm
      are surface modified with 3-aminpropyltriethoxysilane (KH-550) as fillers for
      their comparable dielectric performance with PVDF polymer matrix, low
      conductivity, and high breakdown strength. The interface between SiC particles
      and PVDF matrix has been finely tailored, which leads to the significantly
      elevated dielectric constant from 10 to over 120 in SiC particles due to the
      strong induced polarization. As a result, a remarkably improved dielectric
      constant (ca. 70) has been observed in c-PVDF/m-SiC composites bearing 36 vol %
      SiC, which could be perfectly predicted by the effective medium approximation
      (EMA) model. The optimized interface and enhanced compatibility between two
      components are also responsible for the depressed conductivity and dielectric
      loss in the resultant composites. Chemical cross-linking constructed in the
      composites results in promising mechanical flexibility, good heat and chemical
      stability, and elevated tensile performance of the composites. Therefore,
      excellent dielectric and mechanical properties are finely balanced in the
      PVDF/alpha-SiC composites. This work might provide a facile and effective
      strategy to fabricate high-k dielectric composites with promising comprehensive
      performance. 

PMID- 27377186
TI  - Identification, Characterization, and X-ray Crystallographic Analysis of a Novel
      Type of Mannose-Specific Lectin CGL1 from the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas.
AB  - A novel mannose-specific lectin, named CGL1 (15.5 kDa), was isolated from the
      oyster Crassostrea gigas. Characterization of CGL1 involved isothermal titration
      calorimetry (ITC), glycoconjugate microarray, and frontal affinity chromatography
      (FAC). This analysis revealed that CGL1 has strict specificity for the mannose
      monomer and for high mannose-type N-glycans (HMTGs). Primary structure of CGL1
      did not show any homology with known lectins but did show homology with proteins
      of the natterin family. Crystal structure of the CGL1 revealed a unique homodimer
      in which each protomer was composed of 2 domains related by a pseudo two-fold
      axis. Complex structures of CGL1 with mannose molecules showed that residues have
      8 hydrogen bond interactions with O1, O2, O3, O4, and O5 hydroxyl groups of
      mannose. The complex interactions that are not observed with other mannose
      binding lectins revealed the structural basis for the strict specificity for
      mannose. These characteristics of CGL1 may be helpful as a research tool and for
      clinical applications.

PMID- 27377187
TI  - Proteolysis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by Yersinia pestis remodulates
      the host environment to promote virulence.
AB  - Essentials Effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 on plague and its Y.
      pestis cleavage is unknown. An intranasal mouse model of infection was used to
      determine the role of PAI-1 in pneumonic plague. PAI-1 is cleaved and inactivated
      by the Pla protease of Y. pestis in the lung airspace. PAI-1 impacts both
      bacterial outgrowth and the immune response to respiratory Y. pestis infection.
      Click to hear Dr Bock discuss pathogen activators of plasminogen. SUMMARY:
      Background The hemostatic regulator plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
      inactivates endogenous plasminogen activators and aids in the immune response to
      bacterial infection. Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, produces the
      Pla protease, a virulence factor that is required during plague. However, the
      specific hemostatic proteins cleaved by Pla in vivo that contribute to
      pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. Objectives To determine whether
      PAI-1 is cleaved by the Pla protease during pneumonic plague, and to define the
      impact of PAI-1 on Y. pestis respiratory infection in the presence or absence of
      Pla. Methods An intranasal mouse model of pneumonic plague was used to assess the
      levels of total and active PAI-1 in the lung airspace, and the impact of PAI-1
      deficiency on bacterial pathogenesis, the host immune response and plasmin
      generation following infection with wild-type or ?pla Y. pestis. Results We found
      that Y. pestis cleaves and inactivates PAI-1 in the lungs in a Pla-dependent
      manner. The loss of PAI-1 enhances Y. pestis outgrowth in the absence of Pla, and
      is associated with increased conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Furthermore,
      we found that PAI-1 regulates immune cell recruitment, cytokine production and
      tissue permeability during pneumonic plague. Conclusions Our data demonstrate
      that PAI-1 is an in vivo target of the Pla protease in the lungs, and that PAI-1
      is a key regulator of the pulmonary innate immune response. We conclude that the
      inactivation of PAI-1 by Y. pestis alters the host environment to promote
      virulence during pneumonic plague.

PMID- 27377188
TI  - Structure-Function Correlation of Aminated Poly(alpha)glutamate as siRNA
      Nanocarriers.
AB  - It has been two decades since cationic polymers were introduced to the world of
      oligonucleotides delivery. However, the optimal physicochemical properties to
      make them a successful delivery vehicle are yet unknown. An ideal system became
      particularly interesting and necessary with the introduction of RNA interference
      as a promising therapeutic approach. Such nanocarrier should overcome challenges
      such as low plasma stability, poor cellular internalization and endosomal escape
      to induce gene silencing. To that end, we synthesized a library of biodegradable
      aminated poly(alpha)glutamate varied by amine moieties. In an attempt to
      elucidate the structure-function relationship, our polyplexes were
      physicochemically characterized and their silencing activity and cytotoxicity
      were evaluated. We found several structures that demonstrated improved cellular
      internalization. These candidates silenced gene expression to less than 50% of
      their initial levels, while being safe to cells and mice. Based on our research,
      an improved and promising tailor-designed siRNA delivery platform can be
      developed.

PMID- 27377189
TI  - Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of quinolones in porcine blood:
      Optimization of extraction procedure and CE separation using experimental design.
AB  - A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was developed to extract
      nine fluoroquinolones in porcine blood, six of which were quantified using a
      univariate calibration method. Extraction parameters including type and volume of
      extraction and dispersive solvent and pH, were optimized using a full factorial
      and a central composite designs. The optimum extraction parameters were a mixture
      of 250 MUL dichloromethane (extract solvent) and 1250 MUL ACN (dispersive
      solvent) in 500 MUL of porcine blood reached to pH 6.80. After shaking and
      centrifugation, the upper phase was transferred in a glass tube and evaporated
      under N2 steam. The residue was resuspended into 50 MUL of water-ACN (70:30, v/v)
      and determined by CE method with DAD, under optimum separation conditions.
      Consequently, a tenfold enrichment factor can potentially be reached with the
      pretreatment, taking into account the relationship between initial sample volume
      and final extract volume. Optimum separation conditions were as follows: BGE
      solution containing equal amounts of sodium borate (Na2 B4 O7 ) and di-sodium
      hydrogen phosphate (Na2 HPO4 ) with a final concentration of 23 mmol/L containing
      0.2% of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and adjusted to pH 7.80.
      Separation was performed applying a negative potential of 25 kV, the cartridge
      was maintained at 25.0 degrees C and the electropherograms were recorded at 275
      nm during 4 min. The hydrodynamic injection was performed in the cathode by
      applying a pressure of 50 mbar for 10 s.

PMID- 27377190
TI  - Influence of arginine on the growth, arginine metabolism and amino acid
      consumption profiles of Streptococcus thermophilus T1C2 in controlled pH batch
      fermentations.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of arginine on the
      growth, arginine metabolism and amino acid consumption profiles of Streptococcus
      thermophilus T1C2. METHODS AND RESULTS: The growth kinetics, intracellular pH,
      extracellular osmotic pressure, expression of key genes in the arginine
      metabolism pathway and amino acid consumption profiles were analysed in
      chemically defined medium with different initial arginine concentrations. The
      results showed that arginine stimulated the growth of Strep. thermophilus T1C2
      under low intracellular pH and high extracellular osmotic pressure. The
      expression of key genes in the arginine degradation pathway indicated that
      arginine relieved the drop in the intracellular pH by consuming protons and
      generating NH3 . Additionally, the results showed that arginine degradation did
      not occur via the arginine deiminase pathway but through the arginine
      decarboxylase-urease pathway. Furthermore, the utilization efficiency of amino
      acids was improved in the presence of arginine. CONCLUSIONS: Arginine improved
      the growth of Strep. thermophilus due to protecting Strep. thermophilus against
      intracellular acid stress, which was revealed at the transcriptional level of key
      genes. This study showed that the acid resistance of Strep. thermophilus was
      achieved through the arginine decarboxylase-urease pathway. SIGNIFICANCE AND
      IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The arginine-stimulated growth of Strep. thermophilus
      improved the utilization efficiency of amino acids and reduced nitrogen waste,
      which could be useful for the optimization of cultivation media.

PMID- 27377191
TI  - Immobilized Artificial Membrane HPLC Derived Parameters vs PAMPA-BBB Data in
      Estimating in Situ Measured Blood-Brain Barrier Permeation of Drugs.
AB  - The affinity indexes for phospholipids (log kW(IAM)) for 42 compounds were
      measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on two different
      phospholipid-based stationary phases (immobilized artificial membrane, IAM),
      i.e., IAM.PC.MG and IAM.PC.DD2. The polar/electrostatic interaction forces
      between analytes and membrane phospholipids (Deltalog kW(IAM)) were calculated as
      the differences between the experimental values of log kW(IAM) and those expected
      for isolipophilic neutral compounds having polar surface area (PSA) = 0. The
      values of passage through a porcine brain lipid extract (PBLE) artificial
      membrane for 36 out of the 42 compounds considered, measured by the so-called
      PAMPA-BBB technique, were taken from the literature (P0(PAMPA-BBB)). The values
      of blood-brain barrier (BBB) passage measured in situ, P0(in situ), for 38 out of
      the 42 compounds considered, taken from the literature, represented the
      permeability of the neutral forms on "efflux minimized" rodent models. The
      present work was aimed at verifying the soundness of Deltalog kW(IAM) at
      describing the potential of passage through the BBB as compared to data achieved
      by the PAMPA-BBB technique. In a first instance, the values of log P0(PAMPA-BBB)
      (32 data points) were found significantly related to the n-octanol lipophilicity
      values of the neutral forms (log P(N)) (r(2) = 0.782) whereas no significant
      relationship (r(2) = 0.246) was found with lipophilicity values of the mixtures
      of ionized and neutral forms existing at the experimental pH 7.4 (log D(7.4)) as
      well as with either log kW(IAM) or Deltalog kW(IAM) values. log P0(PAMPA-BBB)
      related moderately to log P0(in situ) values (r(2) = 0.604). The latter did not
      relate with either n-octanol lipophilicity indexes (log P(N) and log D(7.4)) or
      phospholipid affinity indexes (log kW(IAM)). In contrast, significant inverse
      linear relationships were observed between log P0(in situ) (38 data points) and
      Deltalog kW(IAM) values for all the compounds but ibuprofen and chlorpromazine,
      which behaved as moderate outliers (r(2) = 0.656 and r(2) = 0.757 for values
      achieved on IAM.PC.MG and IAM.PC.DD2, respectively). Since log P0(in situ) refer
      to the "intrinsic permeability" of the analytes regardless their ionization
      degree, no correction for ionization of Deltalog kW(IAM) values was needed.
      Furthermore, log P0(in situ) were found roughly linearly related to log BB values
      (i.e., the logarithm of the ratio brain concentration/blood concentration
      measured in vivo) for all the analytes but those predominantly present at the
      experimental pH 7.4 as anions. These results suggest that, at least for the data
      set considered, Deltalog kW(IAM) parameters are more effective than log P0(PAMPA
      BBB) at predicting log P0(in situ) values for all the analytes. Furthermore,
      ionization appears to affect differently, and much more markedly, BBB passage of
      acids (yielding anions) than that of the other ionizable compounds.

PMID- 27377193
TI  - Spontaneous bilateral and concurrent cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea: case
      presentation and literature review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea is a rare entity. Only a few cases of
      spontaneous bilateral cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea have been reported. In all
      cases, there was a definite time interval between the two (left and right)
      presentations. OBJECTIVES: To raise awareness and report on the very rare entity
      of bilateral spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea. CASE REPORT: This paper
      reports the case of a bilateral, synchronous, spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid
      otorrhoea in a 44-year-old female. The patient had grommets surgically inserted
      on two separate occasions for treatment of otitis media with effusion, and
      received several courses of oral and topical antibiotics. Five years following
      the patient's initial presentation, a suspicion of concurrent bilateral
      cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea was raised. The otorrhoea sample collected proved
      to be cerebrospinal fluid. Cross-sectional imaging revealed bilateral defects in
      the tegmen tympani of the skull base. She underwent staged middle fossa
      craniotomies to repair the defects. CONCLUSION: Careful observation of the middle
      ear fluid characteristics following myringotomy can allow for prompt diagnosis.

PMID- 27377192
TI  - Safety, complications and patients' acceptance of Mohs micrographic surgery under
      local anaesthesia: results from the U.K. MAPS (Mohs Acceptance and Patient
      Safety) Collaboration Group.

PMID- 27377194
TI  - EX VIVO CORRELATION OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC SMALL INTESTINAL WALL LAYERING WITH
      HISTOLOGY IN DOGS.
AB  - Canine ultrasonographic intestinal layers have been reported to correlate with
      histological layering. However, discrepancies have been reported in people, and
      additional layers visualized. The aim of this method comparison study was to
      describe ex vivo canine small intestinal layering and correlate it with
      histology. Small intestinal samples of 12 adult dogs euthanized for reasons
      unrelated to gastrointestinal disease were resected immediately following
      euthanasia, pinned on a Petri dish, and transverse ultrasonographic images
      acquired in a water bath, using a high-frequency linear transducer. Transverse
      histological sections were obtained at the same level. Measurements of the
      intestinal layers were performed on the ultrasonographic and histological images.
      No significant statistical differences were noted between the ultrasonographic
      and histological measurements and strong to very strong (r > 0.7) positive
      correlation was observed for all layers, except for the serosa, which had a low
      moderate positive correlation (r = 0.479). In addition to the five established
      layers, a dual mucosal echogenicity was consistently observed, with seven samples
      presenting an additional inner mucosal severe hyperechogenicity. Histologically,
      this dual echogenicity was attributed to the intestinal villi (mildly echogenic)
      and lamina propria (hypoechoic). The additional inner mucosal severe
      hyperechogenicity observed in seven samples was attributed to mild-to-moderate
      lacteal dilation histologically. In 4/12 ileal samples, an additional hyperechoic
      mucosal line was also observed parallel to the submucosa, corresponding
      histologically to prominent Peyer's patches. Finally, a hyperechoic line was
      observed within the muscularis of all samples, corresponding histologically to
      the interface between the muscularis longitudinal and circular layers. 

PMID- 27377195
TI  - Supplementation of Diabetic Rats with Leucine, Zinc, and Chromium: Effects on
      Function and Histological Structure of Testes.
AB  - The objective was to study whether leucine, zinc, and chromium supplementations
      influence function and histological structure of testes in a rat model of type 2
      diabetes. Seventy seven adult male rats were categorized into 11 groups of 7
      animals each: (1) nondiabetic (negative control); (2) non-treated (positive
      control); (3) treated with insulin; (4) treated with glibenclamide; (5) treated
      with leucine; (6) treated with zinc; (7) treated with chromium; (8) treated with
      leucine + zinc; (9) treated with leucine + chromium; (10) treated with zinc +
      chromium; (11) treated with leucine + zinc + chromium. In the non-treated group,
      hyperglycemia severely damaged testes morphology as well as the spermatogenic
      process. Diabetes induction decreased testicular length, height, width, volume,
      total number of epididymal sperm, and number of live sperm. Seminiferous tubules
      of diabetic rats showed a decrease in diameter of tubules and height of
      epithelium. Diabetes induction decreased the number of cells (spermatogonia,
      spermatocyte, spermatid, and Sertoli) in cross sections of seminiferous tubules.
      Administration of nutritional supplements to the diabetic rats improved testes
      morphology and reversed, although not completely, impairment of spermatogenesis.
      Treatment with nutritional supplements increased testicular length, height,
      width, and volume. All treatments increased the number of live sperm and the
      total number of epididymal sperm. Furthermore, nutritional supplements increased
      diameter of tubules, height of epithelium, and the number of cells in
      seminiferous tubules. These alleviating effects were more pronounced in animals
      treated with the leucine-zinc-chromium combination. The present results
      demonstrate beneficial effects of zinc, leucine, and chromium supplements to
      improve testes morphology and to restore spermatogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats.

PMID- 27377196
TI  - Multiplexing slanted spiral microchannels for ultra-fast blood plasma separation.
AB  - Blood and blood products are critical components of health care. Blood components
      perform distinct functions in the human body and thus the ability to efficiently
      fractionate blood into its individual components (i.e., plasma and cellular
      components) is of utmost importance for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
      Although conventional approaches like centrifugation and membrane filtration for
      blood processing have been successful in generating relatively pure fractions,
      they are largely limited by factors such as the required blood sample volume,
      component purity, clogging, processing time and operation efficiency. In this
      work, we developed a high-throughput inertial microfluidic system for cell
      focusing and blood plasma separation from small to large volume blood samples (1
      100 mL). Initially, polystyrene beads and blood cells were used to investigate
      the inertial focusing performance of a single slanted spiral microchannel as a
      function of particle size, flow rate, and blood cell concentration. Afterwards,
      blood plasma separation was conducted using an optimised spiral microchannel with
      relatively large dimensions. It was found that the reject ratio of the slanted
      spiral channel is close to 100% for blood samples with haematocrit (HCT) values
      of 0.5% and 1% under an optimal flow rate of 1.5 mL min(-1). Finally, through a
      unique multiplexing approach, we built a high-throughput system consisting of 16
      spiral channels connected together, which can process diluted samples with a
      total flow rate as high as 24 mL min(-1). The proposed multiplexed system can
      surmount the shortcomings of previously reported microfluidic systems for plasma
      separation and cell sorting in terms of throughput, yield and operation
      efficiency.

PMID- 27377197
TI  - Single-pixel three-dimensional imaging with time-based depth resolution.
AB  - Time-of-flight three-dimensional imaging is an important tool for applications
      such as object recognition and remote sensing. Conventional time-of-flight three
      dimensional imaging systems frequently use a raster scanned laser to measure the
      range of each pixel in the scene sequentially. Here we show a modified time-of
      flight three-dimensional imaging system, which can use compressed sensing
      techniques to reduce acquisition times, whilst distributing the optical
      illumination over the full field of view. Our system is based on a single-pixel
      camera using short-pulsed structured illumination and a high-speed photodiode,
      and is capable of reconstructing 128 * 128-pixel resolution three-dimensional
      scenes to an accuracy of ~3 mm at a range of ~5 m. Furthermore, by using a
      compressive sampling strategy, we demonstrate continuous real-time three
      dimensional video with a frame-rate up to 12 Hz. The simplicity of the system
      hardware could enable low-cost three-dimensional imaging devices for precision
      ranging at wavelengths beyond the visible spectrum.

PMID- 27377198
TI  - Labeling Pathological Tau: An Important Quest for the Unknown.

PMID- 27377199
TI  - Clinical and neuroimaging differences between posterior cortical atrophy and
      typical amnestic Alzheimer's disease patients at an early disease stage.
AB  - To identify clinical and neuroimaging characteristics between posterior cortical
      atrophy (PCA) and typical amnestic Alzheimer's disease (tAD) patients at an early
      disease stage, 16 PCA and 13 age-matched tAD patients were enrolled. Compared
      with tAD patients, PCA patients showed higher mean recognition and recall test
      scores, and lower mean calculation, spatial attention, shape discrimination, and
      writing test scores. Mean right hippocampal volume was larger in PCA patients
      compared with tAD patients, while cortical gray matter (GM) volume of bilateral
      parietal and occipital lobes was smaller in PCA patients. Further, when compared
      with tAD patients, significant hypometabolism was observed in bilateral parietal
      and occipital lobes, particularly the right occipitotemporal junction in PCA
      patients. Additionally, there were significant positive correlations in
      recognition and recall scores with hippocampal volumes. In PCA patients,
      calculation and visuospatial ability scores are positively associated with GM
      volume of parietal and occipital lobes. And only spatial attention and shape
      discrimination scores are positively associated with regional glucose metabolism
      of parietal and occipital lobes. Therefore, PCA patients display better
      recognition and recall scores, which are associated with larger hippocampal
      volumes and poorer performance in visual spatial tasks because of marked GM
      atrophy and hypometabolism of parietal and occipital lobes.

PMID- 27377201
TI  - New address of ARSMB/KVBMG The ARSMB - KVBMG Royal Association of the Medical
      Scientific Societies of Belgium Moves to Avenue Winston Churchill 11, box 30 - B
      1180 Brussels (Uccle).

PMID- 27377200
TI  - Multi agency working in forensic psychiatry: Theory and practice in Europe.

PMID- 27377202
TI  - Twelve Steps to Writing an Effective "Materials and Methods"-section.

PMID- 27377203
TI  - Percutaneous Viabahn-Assisted Subintimai Recanalization (VASIR) for Severe
      Femoropopliteal Occlusive Disease.

PMID- 27377204
TI  - Risk of Active Tuberculosis among Index Case of Householders-A Long-Term
      Assessment after the Conventional Contacts Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of active
      tuberculosis (TB) among household contacts of TB-index cases diagnosed during a 7
      year period in a public Primary Care Center located in a high-incidence area.
      DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A retrospective cohort study was performed. Data collection
      was based on the capture-recapture method; the two main sources crossed
      information from TB-index and contact cases from the El Fondo Primary Care Center
      (Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain) and their reports to the National Epidemiologic
      Surveillance Service. MEASURES: Variables were divided into demographic and
      health data (result of the Mantoux test, chest X-ray, presence of risk factors,
      and indication for chemoprophylaxis). RESULTS: Community nurses identified 103
      household contacts that underwent the conventional contact study. Overall, 60.19%
      were male; the mean age was 29.08 years. Only one case of secondary active TB was
      found, representing an incidence of 0.56% per TB-index case and year. CONCLUSION:
      The incidence of new secondary TB among household contacts with TB-index cases
      was of a case. Nevertheless, a long-term follow-up of these householders beyond
      the conventional contacts study should be considered in areas with higher
      incidences of TB or among specific high-risk populations.

PMID- 27377205
TI  - Polysomnography findings in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6.
AB  - Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is usually described as a pure ataxia
      syndrome. However, SCA6 patients may have sleep complaints. In this paper, sleep
      disorders were investigated in patients with SCA6. Twelve SCA6 patients and 12
      subjects matched by gender, age and body mass index (control group) underwent
      polysomnography and clinical investigation for sleep disorders. SCA6 had a higher
      frequency of snoring (P = 0.01), a higher index of awakening due to respiratory
      events (P = 0.003) and central apnea events during sleep (P = 0.024), a longer
      sleep Stage N1 (P = 0.02) and a lower sleep Stage N3 (P = 0.05) in SCA6 patients
      than in control subjects. SCA6 patients had a reduction in slow wave sleep and a
      higher frequency of snoring and respiratory disorders during sleep when compared
      to the control group.

PMID- 27377206
TI  - Reference values for maximum respiratory pressures in patients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 27377207
TI  - Do skeletal-related events predict overall survival in men with metastatic
      castration-resistant prostate cancer?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Skeletal-related events (SREs) including pathologic fracture, spinal
      cord compression, radiation to bone and surgery to bone, are common in men with
      bone metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Men with mCRPC are
      at high risk of death. Whether SREs predict mortality is unclear. We tested the
      association between SREs and overall survival (OS) in a multiethnic cohort with
      bone mCRPC, controlling for key covariates unavailable in claims data such as
      bone pain, number of bone metastases and PSA doubling time (PSADT). METHODS: We
      collected data on 233 men diagnosed with nonmetastatic castration-resistant
      prostate cancer (CRPC) in 2000-2013 at two Veterans Affairs hospitals who later
      progressed to bone metastases. First occurrence of SRE and OS were collected from
      the medical records. Cox models were used to test the association between SRE and
      OS, treating SRE as a time-dependent variable. We adjusted for age, year, race,
      treatment center, biopsy Gleason, primary treatment to the prostate, PSA, PSADT,
      months from androgen deprivation therapy to CRPC, months from CRPC to metastasis
      and number of bone metastases at initial bone metastasis diagnosis. In a
      secondary analysis, we also adjusted for bone pain. RESULTS: During follow-up, 88
      (38%) patients had an SRE and 198 (85%) died. After adjusting for risk factors,
      SRE was associated with increased mortality (hazard ratio (HR)=1.67; 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 1.22-2.30; P=0.001). When bone pain was added to the
      model, the association of SREs and OS was attenuated, but remained significant
      (HR=1.42; 95% CI 1.01-1.99; P=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: SREs are associated with
      increased mortality in men with bone mCRPC. Further studies on the impact of
      preventing SREs to increase survival are warranted.

PMID- 27377208
TI  - Growth and fertilization of porcine fetal oocytes grafted under the renal
      capsules of nude mice.
AB  - The fetal ovary contains a larger pool of oocytes than the adult ovary, but
      utilization of the fetal oocytes of large animals has hardly been examined. In
      this study, we investigated the developmental competence of oocytes grown in host
      mice harboring ovarian grafts obtained from fetal pigs. Ovarian fragments from
      fetuses at 55, 70, and 90 days postartificial insemination (dpi) were grafted
      into ovariectomized nude mice (Crlj:CD1-Foxn1(nu); 55-, 70- and 90-dpi groups,
      respectively). For comparison, ovarian fragments from 20-day postpartum (dpp)
      piglets were also grafted (20-dpp group). About 60 days after detection of
      vaginal opening, the mice were given 62.5 U/mL porcine FSH for 13 days by
      infusion to enhance their follicular development. In the fetal ovaries before
      grafting, the percentage of germ cells in primordial follicles (termed primordial
      oocytes) relative to the total number of germ cells was 0.06% at 55 dpi, 2.4% at
      70 dpi, and 7.2% at 90 dpi, but the majority was contained within egg nests. At
      20 dpp, primordial oocytes accounted for 91.7% of the total number of germ cells
      and the rest were mostly in primary follicles. After FSH stimulation of host
      mice, formation of antral follicles was promoted in the grafts of the 70- and 90
      dpi groups as well as the 20-dpp group, but a very small number of antral
      follicles developed in the 55-dpi group consistent with the lowest (P < 0.05)
      levels of circulating inhibin in that group. The mean number of full-sized
      oocytes with meiotic competence recovered per mouse was 6.0 in the 70-dpi, 18.0
      in the 90-dpi, and 21.2 in the 20-dpp groups, whereas virtually no oocytes were
      recovered from mice in the 55-dpi group. Moreover, the mature oocytes in the 70-
      and 90-dpi groups were fertilized in vitro, as shown by formation of male and
      female pronuclei, but the percentage of oocytes penetrated by sperm was low in
      the 70- (49%) and 90-dpi (29%) groups as compared with the 20-dpp group (88%).
      These results clearly indicate that porcine fetal ovaries during the late
      pregnancy period are able to grow and produce oocytes with fertilization ability
      after being grafted into nude mice. The presence of primordial follicles is
      likely to be associated with the ability of fetal ovaries to produce antral
      follicles after xenografting. 

PMID- 27377209
TI  - Effect of medium variations (zinc supplementation during oocyte maturation,
      perifertilization pH, and embryo culture protein source) on equine embryo
      development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
AB  - Prospective studies were conducted to help define procedural factors affecting in
      vitro embryo production via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of equine
      oocytes. In experiment 1, use of 10% fetal bovine serum as a protein source in
      embryo culture medium resulted in a higher blastocyst rate than did use of a
      combination of 3% fetal bovine serum, 3% equine preovulatory follicular fluid,
      and 4% human serum substitute (37% vs. 15%, respectively, P < 0.05). In
      experiment 2, the effect of zinc supplementation (0, 0.5, 1, or 1.5 MUg/mL)
      during IVM was examined. There were no significant differences in rates of
      cleavage or blastocyst development (20%-31%). However, the proportion of
      blastocysts that developed on Day 7 for the added-zinc treatments was
      significantly higher than that for the control treatment (45% vs. 8%). In
      experiment 3, we tested whether use of high-pH medium (pH 8.0-8.4) during ICSI
      procedures would improve blastocyst rate when sperm with low cleavage rates after
      ICSI was used. When high-pH conditions were used for sperm preparation and also
      for the first 2 hours of incubation of injected oocytes after ICSI, the cleavage
      rate was unaffected but no blastocysts developed (0% vs. 24% for control). When
      high-pH conditions were used for sperm preparation only, the blastocyst rate was
      37%. This was repeated using sperm from a second stallion; there was no
      significant difference in cleavage or blastocyst rates between sperm preparation
      in high pH vs. control medium. These findings add to our knowledge of factors
      affecting in vitro production of equine embryos. 

PMID- 27377210
TI  - A 31-kDa seminal plasma heparin-binding protein reduces cold shock stress during
      cryopreservation of cross-bred cattle bull semen.
AB  - In the present study, a 31-kDa protein, purified from cattle bull seminal plasma
      heparin-binding proteins (SP-HBP), was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate
      polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Raw semen of six cross
      bred bulls was treated with 31-kDa HBP before cryopreservation to observe its
      effect on motility, viability, hypo-osmotic swelling test, acrosome integrity, in
      vitro capacitation/acrosome reaction, and oxidative stress at pre-freeze and
      frozen-thawed phases of cryopreservation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
      gel electrophoresis of 31-kDa protein eluted and purified from SP-HBP (separated
      on acrylamide gels) resulted in a single band of 40 kDa. In matrix-assisted laser
      desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis, 12 peptides were identified with
      matching significantly (P < 0.05) to interlukin-6 of bovine with a top score of
      55. Addition of 25 MUg/mL of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated 31-kDa protein
      to raw semen and incubation at 37  degrees C for 20 minutes before
      cryopreservation resulted in its binding mainly to head region. Treatment of
      semen with 31-kDa HBP resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) average increase of
      9.2%, 6.8%, and 11.7% and 5.5%, 6.5%, and 11.0% in motile, viable, hypo-osmotic
      swelling-responsive spermatozoa in six bulls at pre-freeze and frozen-thawed
      phases of cryopreservation, respectively. Percentage of spermatozoa with intact
      acrosomes nonsignificantly enhanced in the semen treated with 31-kDa HBP at both
      phases of cryopreservation. An average nonsignificant increase of 3.1% in in
      vitro capacitated and acrosome-reacted spermatozoa was obtained in semen
      supplemented with 31-kDa HBP. Addition of 31-kDa HBP also nonsignificantly
      reduced Malonadialdehyde (MDA) level by 10.7 and 19.3 MUM/10(9) spermatozoa in
      prefrozen and frozen-thawed semen, respectively. The results obtained here
      indicate to conclude that treatment of cross-bred cattle bull semen with 31-kDa
      HBP protects the spermatozoa from cold shock effect by coating the sperm surface.

PMID- 27377212
TI  - Association between acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and risk of stroke in
      patients with dementia.
AB  - Patients with dementia are at increased risk of stroke. Acetylcholinesterase
      inhibitors (AChEIs) have endothelial function protection effects and anti
      inflammatory properties. We investigated the ischemic stroke risk in AChEIs use
      in dementia patients without stroke history. Using Taiwan National Health
      Insurance Database from 1999 to 2008, 37,352 dementia patients over 50 years old
      without stroke history were eligible. The results were analyzed by propensity
      score-matched Cox proportional hazard models with competing risk adjustment.
      AChEIs users had lower incidence of ischemic stroke (160.3/10,000 person-years),
      compared to the propensity score-matched reference (240.8/10,000 person-years).
      The adjusted hazard ratio for ischemic stroke based on propensity score-matched
      Cox proportional hazard model was 0.508 (95% confidence interval, 0.434-0.594; P
      < 0.001). There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between
      AChEIs users and nonusers. In conclusion, among dementia patients without
      previous ischemic stroke history, AChEIs treatment was associated with a
      decreased risk of ischemic stroke but not greater survival.

PMID- 27377213
TI  - Surface effects of vapour-liquid-solid driven Bi surface droplets formed during
      molecular-beam-epitaxy of GaAsBi.
AB  - Herein we investigate a (001)-oriented GaAs1-xBix/GaAs structure possessing Bi
      surface droplets capable of catalysing the formation of nanostructures during Bi
      rich growth, through the vapour-liquid-solid mechanism. Specifically, self
      aligned "nanotracks" are found to exist trailing the Bi droplets on the sample
      surface. Through cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
      the nanotracks are revealed to in fact be elevated above surface by the formation
      of a subsurface planar nanowire, a structure initiated mid-way through the
      molecular-beam-epitaxy growth and embedded into the epilayer, via epitaxial
      overgrowth. Electron microscopy studies also yield the morphological, structural,
      and chemical properties of the nanostructures. Through a combination of Bi
      determination methods the compositional profile of the film is shown to be graded
      and inhomogeneous. Furthermore, the coherent and pure zincblende phase property
      of the film is detailed. Optical characterisation of features on the sample
      surface is carried out using polarised micro-Raman and micro-photoluminescence
      spectroscopies. The important light producing properties of the surface
      nanostructures are investigated through pump intensity-dependent micro-PL
      measurements, whereby relatively large local inhomogeneities are revealed to
      exist on the epitaxial surface for important optical parameters. We conclude that
      such surface effects must be considered when designing and fabricating optical
      devices based on GaAsBi alloys.

PMID- 27377214
TI  - [Expression of miR-22 and miR-150 in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Possible
      relationship with autoimmunity and clinical characteristics].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease of
      complex aetiology. Several microRNAs (miR) have been linked to the pathogenesis
      of autoimmune diseases. To analyze the possible association of miR-22 and miR-150
      with autoimmunity and clinical severity of T1D. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study
      was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 20 patients with T1D and
      20 control subjects. The expression of miR-22 and miR-150 was performed in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells using TaqMan probes to different glucose
      concentrations (baseline, 11mm, 25mm). RESULTS: Our results suggest that the
      expression of miR-22 is increased in T1D patients compared to the controls. This
      effect was observed in baseline glucose conditions and decreased in 11 and 25mM
      of glucose. The expression of miR-150 was lower in T1D patients versus the
      controls. There was no correlation between the autoimmune profile and the two
      studied miRNAs. miR-22 (baseline condition) and miR-150 (11mM condition) or the
      ketoacidosis component. CONCLUSION: miR-22 and 150 were not associated with the
      autoimmune component present in T1D patients.

PMID- 27377215
TI  - [Chronic bacterial prostatitis. Clinical and microbiological study of 332 cases].
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is characterized by
      long-lasting symptoms, frequently associated with psychosomatic disorders. The
      objective of the study was to study PCB in our environment clinically and
      microbiologically. METHODS: Between January 2013 and December 2014 761 patients
      with suspected CBP were studied. Of these patients 332 (43.6%) underwent a
      complete microbiological study and the major clinical signs and symptoms were
      collected. RESULTS: Eighteen point four percent of patients were diagnosed
      microbiologically with CBP, Enterococcus faecalis being the main aetiologic agent
      (37.7%), followed by Escherichia coli (22.2%). Ninety-six point seven percent of
      the CBP had positive semen cultures, while only 22.9% had positive urine post
      semen cultures. Data of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and
      negative predictive value of semen were 96.7%, 95.9%, 84.3% and 99.3%,
      respectively and urine post-semen 22.9%, 99.3%, 87.5% and 85.1%, respectively.
      Testicular perineum pain (44.3%), ejaculatory discomfort (27.9%) and haemospermia
      (26.2%) were highlighted as the patients' main clinical manifestations.
      CONCLUSIONS: Fractionated culture for the microbiological diagnosis of CBP could
      be simplified by the culture of urine pre-semen and semen, without the need for
      the culture of urine post-semen. The main aetiologic agent of CBP in our media
      was Enterococcus faecalis, followed by Escherichia coli.

PMID- 27377216
TI  - Filtration markers and determination methods for the assessment of kidney
      function.
AB  - Estimation of renal function is crucial for a number of clinical situations.
      Endogenous markers such as creatinine, as well as several exogenous agents
      including inulin, 99mTc-DTPA and iothalamate are used for evaluation of kidney
      function. At present, new generation filtration markers and determination methods
      based on organic fluorescent dyes and fluorescent detection technique are
      developed. This review gives an overview of filtration markers and clearance
      methods for the assessment of kidney function. New filtration markers and
      transcutaneous measurement of renal function are described. Problems and issues
      relating to the reabsorption or secretion of each of markers and the
      applicability of methods are also discussed.

PMID- 27377217
TI  - The flavonoid fisetin as an anticancer agent targeting the growth signaling
      pathways.
AB  - Epidemiological studies show that consumption of diets rich in fruits and
      vegetables is associated with lower risks of cancer. This evidence has kindled
      interest into research on bioactive food components and has till date resulted in
      the identification of many compounds with cancer preventive and therapeutic
      potential. Among such compounds is fisetin (3,7,3,4-tetrahydroxyflavone), a
      flavonol that is commonly found in many fruits and vegetables such as apples,
      persimmons, grapes, kiwis, strawberries, onions and cucumbers. Fisetin has been
      shown to inhibit or retard the growth of various cancer cells in culture and
      implanted tumors in vivo. Fisetin targets many components of intracellular
      signaling pathways including regulators of cell survival and apoptosis, tumor
      angiogenic and metastatic switches by modulating a distinct set of upstream
      kinases, transcription factors and their regulators. Current evidence supports
      the idea that fisetin is a promising agent for cancer treatment. This review
      summarizes reported anticancer effects of fisetin, and re-emphasizes its
      potential therapeutic role in the treatment of cancer. 

PMID- 27377218
TI  - Use of a novel pulmonary artery cannula to provide extracorporeal membrane
      oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation.

PMID- 27377219
TI  - Roles of inflammation and apoptosis in experimental brain death-induced right
      ventricular failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction remains the leading cause of early
      death after cardiac transplantation. Methylprednisolone is used to improve graft
      quality; however, evidence for that remains empirical. We sought to determine
      whether methylprednisolone, acting on inflammation and apoptosis, might prevent
      brain death-induced RV dysfunction. METHODS: After randomization to placebo (n =
      11) or to methylprednisolone (n = 8; 15 mg/kg), 19 pigs were assigned to a brain
      death procedure. The animals underwent hemodynamic evaluation at 1 and 5 hours
      after Cushing reflex (i.e., hypertension and bradycardia). The animals
      euthanized, and myocardial tissue was sampled. This was repeated in a control
      group (n = 8). RESULTS: At 5 hours after the Cushing reflex, brain death resulted
      in increased pulmonary artery pressure (27 +/- 2 vs 18 +/- 1 mm Hg) and in a 30%
      decreased ratio of end-systolic to pulmonary arterial elastances (Ees/Ea).
      Cardiac output and right atrial pressure did not change. This was prevented by
      methylprednisolone. Brain death-induced RV dysfunction was associated with
      increased RV expression of heme oxygenase-1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1beta,
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1 receptor-like (ST)-2, signal transducer
      and activator of transcription-3, intercellular adhesion molecules-1 and -2,
      vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and neutrophil infiltration, whereas IL-33
      expression decreased. RV apoptosis was confirmed by terminal deoxynucleotide
      transferase-mediated deoxy uridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining.
      Methylprednisolone pre-treatment prevented RV-arterial uncoupling and decreased
      RV expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1 receptor-like-2, intercellular adhesion molecule
      1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and neutrophil infiltration. RV Ees/Ea was
      inversely correlated to RV TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Brain
      death-induced RV dysfunction is associated with RV activation of inflammation and
      apoptosis and is partly limited by methylprednisolone.

PMID- 27377220
TI  - Lung transplantation in the spotlight: Reasons for high-cost procedures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hospital treatment costs of lung transplantation are insufficiently
      analyzed. Accordingly, it remains unknown, whether current Diagnosis Related
      Groups, merely accounting for 3 ventilation time intervals and length of hospital
      stay, reproduce costs properly, even when an increasing number of complex
      recipients are treated. Therefore, in this cost determination study, actual costs
      were calculated and cost drivers identified. METHODS: A standardized microcosting
      approach allowed for individual cost calculations in 780 lung transplant patients
      taken care of at Hannover Medical School and University of Munich from 2009 to
      2013. A generalized linear model facilitated the determination of characteristics
      predictive for inpatient costs. RESULTS: Lung transplantation costs varied
      substantially by major diagnosis, with a mean of ?85,946 (median ?52,938 +/-
      3,081). Length of stay and ventilation time properly reproduced costs in many
      cases. However, complications requiring prolonged ventilation or reinterventions
      were identified as additional significant cost drivers, responsible for high
      costs. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis Related Groups properly reproduce actual lung
      transplantation costs in straightforward cases, but costs in complex cases may
      remain underestimated. Improved grouping should consider major diagnosis, a
      higher gradation of ventilation time, and the number of reinterventions to allow
      for more reasonable reimbursement.

PMID- 27377221
TI  - Temporo-parietal connectivity uniquely predicts reading change from childhood to
      adolescence.
AB  - Previous research has shown that left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) is a
      core node in the semantic network, and cross-sectional studies have shown that
      activation in this region changes developmentally and is related to skill
      measured concurrently. However, it is not known how functional connectivity with
      this region changes developmentally, and whether functional connectivity is
      related to future gains in reading. We conducted a longitudinal functional
      magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 30 typically developing children (aged
      8-15) to examine whether initial brain measures, including activation and
      connectivity, can predict future behavioral improvement in a semantic judgment
      task. Participants were scanned on entering the study (time 1, T1) and a follow
      up period of 2years (time 2, T2). Character pairs were arranged in a continuous
      variable according to association strength (i.e. strong versus weak), and
      participants were asked to determine if these visually presented pairs were
      related in meaning. Our results demonstrated greater developmental changes from
      time 1 to time 2 for weaker association pairs in the left pMTG for the children
      (aged 8-11) as compared to the adolescents (aged 12-15). Moreover, the results
      showed greater developmental changes from time 1 to time 2 for weaker association
      pairs in connectivity between the pMTG and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) for the
      children as compared to the adolescents. Furthermore, a hierarchical stepwise
      regression model revealed that connectivity between the pMTG and IPL in weak
      association pairs was uniquely predictive of behavioral improvement from time 1
      to time 2 for the children, but not the adolescents. Taken together, the
      activation results suggest relatively rapid development before adolescence of
      semantic representations in the pMTG. Moreover, the connectivity results of pMTG
      with IPL tentatively suggest that early development of semantic representations
      may be facilitated by enhanced engagement of phonological short-term memory.

PMID- 27377222
TI  - A multi-time-point modality-agnostic patch-based method for lesion filling in
      multiple sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis lesions influence the process of image analysis, leading to
      tissue segmentation problems and biased morphometric estimates. Existing
      techniques try to reduce this bias by filling all lesions as normal-appearing
      white matter on T1-weighted images, considering each time-point separately.
      However, due to lesion segmentation errors and the presence of structures
      adjacent to the lesions, such as the ventricles and deep grey matter nuclei,
      filling all lesions with white matter-like intensities introduces errors and
      artefacts. In this paper, we present a novel lesion filling strategy inspired by
      in-painting techniques used in computer graphics applications for image
      completion. The proposed technique uses a five-dimensional (5D), patch-based
      (multi-modality and multi-time-point), Non-Local Means algorithm that fills
      lesions with the most plausible texture. We demonstrate that this strategy
      introduces less bias, fewer artefacts and spurious edges than the current,
      publicly available techniques. The proposed method is modality-agnostic and can
      be applied to multiple time-points simultaneously. In addition, it preserves
      anatomical structures and signal-to-noise characteristics even when the lesions
      are neighbouring grey matter or cerebrospinal fluid, and avoids excess of
      blurring or rasterisation due to the choice of the segmentation plane, shape of
      the lesions, and their size and/or location.

PMID- 27377223
TI  - Curcumin has protective and antioxidant properties on bull spermatozoa subjected
      to induced oxidative stress.
AB  - Over the past decades, there has been an emphasis on assessment of the use of
      natural compounds in the prevention or repair of oxidative injury to spermatozoa.
      Curcumin (CUR) is a natural phenol with powerful antioxidant properties. The aim
      of the present study was to examine if CUR could reverse reactive oxygen species
      (ROS)-mediated alterations to the motility, viability and intracellular
      antioxidant profile of bull spermatozoa subjected to a prooxidant (i.e., ferrous
      ascorbate - FeAA). Spermatozoa were washed from recently collected semen samples,
      suspended in 2.9% sodium citrate and subjected to CUR treatment (5, 10, 25 and
      50MUmol/L) in the presence or absence of FeAA (150MUmol/L FeSO4 and 750MUmol/L
      ascorbic acid) during a 6h in vitro culture. Spermatozoa motility characteristics
      were assessed using the SpermVision computer-aided spermatozoa analysis (CASA)
      system. Cell viability was examined with the metabolic activity (MTT) assay, ROS
      generation was quantified using luminometry and the nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT)
      test was used to quantify the intracellular superoxide formation. Cell lysates
      were prepared at the end of the culture to assess the intracellular activity of
      superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well
      as the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Treatment
      with FeAA led to a reduced spermatozoa motility (P<0.001), viability (P<0.001)
      and decreased the antioxidant characteristics of the samples (P<0.001) but
      increased the ROS generation (P<0.001), superoxide production (P<0.001) and lipid
      peroxidation (P<0.001). The CUR treatment led to a preservation of spermatozoa
      motion (P<0.001), mitochondrial activity (P<0.001) and antioxidant
      characteristics (P<0.05 with SOD and GSH; P<0.01 with CAT and GPx), revealing the
      concentration range of 25-50MUmol/L CUR to be the most effective for sustaining
      spermatozoa viability. Data from the present study suggest that CUR exhibits
      significant protective and ROS-scavenging characteristics which may prevent
      oxidative insults to spermatozoa and thus preserve the functional activity of
      male gametes. 

PMID- 27377224
TI  - Lumbar Neuroforaminal Decompression with a Flexible Microblade Shaver System:
      Results of a Cadaveric Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The lumbar neural foraminal stenosis still is a challenging condition
      in minimally invasive spine surgery. Because of the anatomic situation a complete
      decompression of the nerve root often leads to a subtotal facetectomy associated
      with potential instability and the need for additional instrumentation of the
      decompressed segment. The iO-Flex system was introduced to address this problem
      by using a minimally invasive wire-guided microblade shaver to increase the
      neuroforaminal space by reducing the stenosis from intraforaminal while sparing
      bigger parts of the facet joint. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and
      the surgical and radiological success in relation to the experience of the
      surgeon. METHODS: We performed decompression of the neuroforamen in 10 lumbar
      levels of 2 fresh-frozen human cadavers. Before and after decompression, we
      obtained high-resolution computed tomography data to evaluate the diameter of the
      neural foramen. RESULTS: The mean foraminal width (7.88-10.94 mm, P < 0.0001) and
      area (123.27-149.18 mm2, P < 0.003) increased significantly after the
      decompression, whereas the facet joints area (131.9-107.51 mm2, P < 0.005) and
      width (16.4-13.75 mm, P < 0.001) indeed decreased significantly but with an
      overall reduction of facet joint width by 16% and facet joint area by 18%. No
      complications such as nerve root damages or dural tears were observed.
      CONCLUSIONS: The flexible micro blade shaver system is feasible with a steep
      learning curve and achieves sufficient decompression of the neuroforamen in this
      cadaveric study.

PMID- 27377225
TI  - Functional Hemispherectomy for Refractory Status Epilepticus in 2 Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency, as deleterious long
      term effects are well known. Medically induced burst suppression is often
      required if first-line and second-line treatments fail. Surgical intervention can
      be considered in some patients after prolonged treatment failure of medically
      induced coma. Multiple surgical options for terminating SE have been demonstrated
      in the literature, with only 2 reports including hemispherectomy in adults. CASE
      DESCRIPTION: We present 2 cases of adults with refractory SE who failed more
      conservative medical/surgical treatment but responded to functional
      hemispherectomy. Pertinent electroencephalography and imaging findings are
      discussed. In addition, all previously published pediatric and adult cases are
      briefly reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Functional hemispherectomy can be considered in
      patients, including adults, with super-refractory SE and diffuse hemispheric
      onset. We report acceptable outcomes and quality of life in our 2 patients.

PMID- 27377226
TI  - Radial Artery Graft Bypass with Endovascular Trapping of the Internal Carotid
      Artery for Recurrent Carotid Cavernous Fistula: Different Surgical Fields,
      Different Surgical Considerations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Venous infarction in the brainstem caused by venous congestion is an
      extremely rare complication of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs). This
      condition requires immediate treatment and a multimodal treatment strategy is
      needed to prevent recurrence. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 24-year-old man presented with
      exophthalmos and chemosis after a bicycle accident. Cerebral angiography showed
      an engorged right superior ophthalmic vein and a right carotid cavernous fistula.
      Transvenous coil embolization was successfully performed without severe
      complications. Two months later, a decline in mental status occurred. Follow-up
      angiography showed recanalization of the CCF. The patient underwent radial artery
      graft bypass surgery combined with endovascular trapping of the internal carotid
      artery. Sylvian veins and other cortical veins became intraoperatively
      arterialized and we observed marked brain edema after high-flow CCF. After
      surgery, the patient's mental status recovered and angiography showed good
      patency of the bypass graft and complete obliteration of the recurrent CCF.
      CONCLUSIONS: To ensure prevention of recurrent CCF, internal carotid artery
      trapping combined with high-flow bypass surgery can be a good salvage treatment
      for urgent cases in which an endovascular approach already failed.

PMID- 27377227
TI  - Acute typhlitis caused by a caecal faecolith.
AB  - Isolated acute typhlitis caused by a caecal faecolith is extremely rare. Hereby
      we report such a case. A 30-year-old man presented clinically as acute
      appendicitis. During open surgery, an inflamed caecal mass was found. A limited
      colectomy including the mass and grossly health margins was performed.
      Histopathological examination confirmed that acute typhlitis was caused by an
      impacted caecal faecolith. The appendix was normal. Faecolith is an extremely
      rare cause of acute inflammation of the caecum presenting as a mass which is
      usually treated by limited right hemicolectomy. 

PMID- 27377228
TI  - Strengthening aerobic granule by salt precipitation.
AB  - Structural stability of aerobic granules is generally poor during long-term
      operation. This study precipitated seven salts inside aerobic granules using
      supersaturated solutions of (NH4)3PO4, CaCO3, CaSO4, MgCO3, Mg3(PO4)2, Ca3(PO4)2
      or SiO2 to enhance their structural stability. All precipitated granules have
      higher interior strength at ultrasonic field and reveal minimal loss in organic
      matter degradation capability at 160-d sequential batch reactor tests. The
      strength enhancement followed:
      Mg3(PO4)2=CaSO4>SiO2>(NH4)3PO4>MgCO3>CaCO3=Ca3(PO4)2>original. Also, the intra
      granular solution environment can be buffered by the precipitate MgCO3 to make
      the aerobic granules capable of degradation of organic matters at pH 3. Salt
      precipitation is confirmed a simple and cost-effective modification method to
      extend the applicability of aerobic granules for wastewater treatments. 

PMID- 27377229
TI  - Preclinical evaluation of three polyspecific antivenoms against the venom of
      Echis ocellatus: Neutralization of toxic activities and antivenomics.
AB  - Snakebite envenoming has a heavy burden in the public health in sub-Saharan
      Africa. The viperid species Echis ocellatus (carpet viper or saw-scaled viper) is
      the medically most important snake in the savannahs of western sub-Saharan
      Africa. Several antivenoms are being distributed and used in this region for the
      treatment of envenomings by E. ocellatus, but the preclinical efficacy of some of
      these antivenoms has not been assessed. The present study evaluated the
      preclinical efficacy against E. ocellatus venom of three polyspecific antivenoms:
      (a) Snake Venom Antiserum (Pan Africa), manufactured by Premium Serums and
      Vaccines (India); (b) Snake Venom Antiserum (Africa), manufactured by VINS
      Bioproducts (India); and (c) Antivipmyn((r)) Africa, manufactured by Instituto
      Bioclon (Mexico). Antivenomics analysis revealed the ability of the three
      antivenoms to immunocapture the majority of components of the venoms of E.
      ocellatus from Cameroon, Nigeria and Mali, although their maximal immunocapturing
      capability varied. Bioclon and Premium Serums antivenoms were effective in the
      neutralization of lethal, hemorrhagic and in vitro coagulant activities of the
      venom of E. ocellatus from Cameroon, albeit with different potencies. VINS
      antivenom neutralized hemorrhagic activity of this venom, but failed to
      neutralize lethality at the highest antivenom dose tested, and had a low
      neutralizing efficacy against in vitro coagulant effect. 

PMID- 27377231
TI  - Reply to Letter to the Editor.

PMID- 27377230
TI  - Rapid and selective detection of experimental snake envenomation - Use of gold
      nanoparticle based lateral flow assay.
AB  - In this study, we have developed a gold nanoparticle based simple, rapid lateral
      flow assay (LFA) for detection of Indian Cobra venom (CV) and Russell's viper
      venom (RV). Presently, there is no rapid, reliable, and field diagnostic test
      available in India, where snake bite cases are rampant. Therefore, this test has
      an immense potential from the public health point of view. The test is based on
      the principle of the paper immunochromatography assay for detection of two snake
      venom species using polyvalent antisnake venom antibodies (ASVA) raised in
      equines and species-specific antibodies (SSAbs) against venoms raised in rabbits
      for conjugation and impregnation respectively. The developed, snake envenomation
      detection immunoassay (SEDIA) was rapid, selective, and sensitive to detect venom
      concentrations up to 0.1 ng/ml. The functionality of SEDIA strips was confirmed
      by experimental envenomation in mice and the results obtained were specific for
      the corresponding venom. The SEDIA has a potential to be a field diagnostic test
      to detect snake envenomation and assist in saving lives of snakebite victims. 

PMID- 27377232
TI  - Effects of Radioactive Iodine Ablation Therapy on Voice Quality.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of radioactive
      iodine ablation therapy on voice quality of patients diagnosed with well
      differentiated thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: We enrolled 36 patients who underwent
      total or subtotal thyroidectomy due to well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
      Voice recordings from patients were analyzed for acoustic and aerodynamic voice.
      The Voice Handicap Index-10 was used for subjective analysis. The control group
      consisted of 36 healthy participants. Results taken before and after therapy were
      compared statistically. RESULTS: There were no differences in the results taken
      before and after therapy for the radioactive iodine ablation group. The Voice
      Handicap Index-10 results did not differ between groups before and after therapy.
      CONCLUSION: Radioactive iodine ablation therapy has no effect on voice quality
      objectively or subjectively.

PMID- 27377233
TI  - Endolymph movement visualized with light sheet fluorescence microscopy in an
      acute hydrops model.
AB  - There are a variety of techniques available to investigate endolymph dynamics,
      primarily seeking to understand the cause of endolymphatic hydrops. Here we have
      taken the novel approach of injecting, via a glass micropipette, fluorescein
      isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dex) and artificial endolymph into scala media of
      anaesthetized guinea pigs, with subsequent imaging of the inner ear using Light
      Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) as a means to obtain highly resolved 3D
      visualization of fluid movements. Our results demonstrate endolymph movement into
      the utricle, semicircular canals and endolymphatic duct and sac when more than
      2.5 MUl of fluid had been injected into scala media, with no apparent movement of
      fluid into the perilymphatic compartments. There was no movement of endolymph
      into these compartments when less than 2.5 MUl was injected. The remarkable
      uptake of the FITC-dex into the endolymphatic duct, including an absorption into
      the periductal channels surrounding the endolymphatic duct, highlights the
      functional role this structure plays in endolymph volume regulation.

PMID- 27377234
TI  - An assessment of formaldehyde emissions from laminate flooring manufactured in
      China.
AB  - Formaldehyde emissions from two laminate flooring products, labeled as California
      Air Resources Board (CARB) compliant, were evaluated. Passive 24-hr samples (n =
      79) and real-time measurements were collected following installation and removal
      of the products in two rooms of similar size. Mean formaldehyde concentrations
      following installation were 0.038 and 0.022 ppm for Products 1 and 2
      respectively, and 7 days after flooring removal the concentrations returned to
      background pre-installation levels. Both products were also evaluated in a small
      chamber (ASTM D6007) using Deconstructive (de-laminated product) and Non
      Deconstructive (intact product) methods. Deconstructive testing showed that
      Product 1 exceeded the applicable CARB emission standard by 4-fold, while Product
      2 was equivalent to the standard. Non-Deconstructive measurements were far below
      the Deconstructive results and were used to predict 24-hr steady-state room air
      concentrations. Based on the products that we tested (one of which was found to
      not be compliant with the CARB standard), the airborne formaldehyde
      concentrations measured following installation in a real-world setting would not
      be expected to elicit adverse acute health effects.

PMID- 27377236
TI  - A new species of Dactylogyrus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) parasitic on an
      endangered freshwater fish, Rhodeus atremius atremius, endemic to Japan.
AB  - A new dactylogyrid monogenean Dactylogyrus bicorniculus sp. nov. is described
      from the gills of the kazetoge bitterling, Rhodeus atremius atremius (Jordan and
      Thompson, 1914), an endemic species in Japan, from Saga Prefecture, northern
      Kyushu. D. bicorniculus sp. nov. resembles Dactylogyrus bicornis Malevitskaja,
      1941 and Dactylogyrus lophogonus Zhang and Ji, 1980 because they have two common
      features, a large V-shaped ventral bar and well-developed second marginal hooks.
      However, the new species is distinguished from these congeners by a shorter penis
      and an accessory piece. A phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA shows that D.
      bicorniculus sp. nov. is a basal species with the T-shaped ventral bar in the
      genus. The new species has strict host-specificity to R. a. atremius, one of the
      endangered freshwater fishes in Japan, and may face the danger of co-extinction
      with its host. 

PMID- 27377235
TI  - N-linked glycosylation of Kv1.2 voltage-gated potassium channel facilitates cell
      surface expression and enhances the stability of internalized channels.
AB  - KEY POINTS: Kv1.2 and related voltage-gated potassium channels have a highly
      conserved N-linked glycosylation site in the first extracellular loop, with
      complex glycosylation in COS-7 cells similar to endogenous Kv1.2 glycosylation in
      hippocampal neurons. COS-7 cells expressing Kv1.2 show a crucial role of this N
      linked glycosylation in the forward trafficking of Kv1.2 to the cell membrane.
      Although both wild-type and non-glycosylated mutant Kv1.2 channels that have
      reached the cell membrane are internalized at a comparable rate, mutant channels
      are degraded at a faster rate. Treatment of wild-type Kv1.2 channels on the cell
      surface with glycosidase to remove sialic acids also results in the faster
      degradation of internalized channels. Glycosylation of Kv1.2 is important with
      respect to facilitating trafficking to the cell membrane and enhancing the
      stability of channels that have reached the cell membrane. ABSTRACT: Studies in
      cultured hippocampal neurons and the COS-7 cell line demonstrate important roles
      for N-linked glycosylation of Kv1.2 channels in forward trafficking and protein
      degradation. Kv1.2 channels can contain complex N-linked glycans, which
      facilitate cell surface expression of the channels. Additionally, the protein
      stability of cell surface-expressed Kv1.2 channels is affected by glycosylation
      via differences in the degradation of internalized channels. The present study
      reveals the importance of N-linked complex glycosylation in boosting Kv1.2
      channel density. Notably, sialic acids at the terminal sugar branches play an
      important role in dampening the degradation of Kv1.2 internalized from the cell
      membrane to promote its stability.

PMID- 27377237
TI  - Selective and Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide on Oxide
      Derived Nanostructured Silver Electrocatalysts.
AB  - In this work, the selective electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to
      carbon monoxide on oxide-derived silver electrocatalysts is presented. By a
      simple synthesis technique, the overall high faradaic efficiency for CO
      production on the oxide-derived Ag was shifted by more than 400 mV towards a
      lower overpotential compared to that of untreated Ag. Notably, the Ag resulting
      from Ag oxide is capable of electrochemically reducing CO2 to CO with
      approximately 80 % catalytic selectivity at a moderate overpotential of 0.49 V,
      which is much higher than that (ca. 4 %) of untreated Ag under identical
      conditions. Electrokinetic studies show that the improved catalytic activity is
      ascribed to the enhanced stabilization of COOH(.) intermediate. Furthermore,
      highly nanostructured Ag is likely able to create a high local pH near the
      catalyst surface, which may also facilitate the catalytic activity for the
      reduction of CO2 with suppressed H2 evolution.

PMID- 27377238
TI  - Sound Body Sound Mind? Physical Performance and the Risk of Dementia in the
      Oldest-Old: The 90+ Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the longitudinal association between physical performance
      and risk of dementia in individuals aged 90 and older without dementia. DESIGN:
      Population-based longitudinal study. SETTINGS: The 90+ Study, Laguna Woods,
      California. PARTICIPANTS: Men n = 176 and women n = 402 without dementia from The
      90+ Study (n = 578, mean age 93.3). At baseline, 54% of participants were
      cognitively normal, and 46% had cognitive impairment, no dementia. MEASUREMENTS:
      Physical performance measures (4-m walk, 5 chair stands, handgrip, standing
      balance) were scored from 0 (unable to perform) to 4 (best performance). The
      outcome was dementia, diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical
      Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria. Hazard ratios (HRs) for
      dementia in relation to baseline physical performance were estimated using Cox
      regression after adjustment for potential confounders. HRs and P-values for the
      overall Wald chi-square are reported to show the magnitude of each physical
      performance measure and the strength of the association between each measure and
      incident dementia. RESULTS: Poor physical performance in most measures was
      associated with greater risk of incident dementia over a mean follow-up of 2.6
      years (range 0.6-9.0 years). After controlling for potential confounders,
      standing balance had the strongest association with incident dementia (HRs = 1.9
      2.5, overall P = .02), followed by 4-m walk (HRs = 1.1-1.8, overall P = .04) and
      handgrip (HRs = 1.0-2.0, overall P = .03). The association with five chair stands
      was not significant. In a subanalysis limited to cognitively normal participants,
      HRs were attenuated, but most remained in the same direction. CONCLUSION: Poor
      physical performance is associated with risk of developing dementia over an
      average 2.6-year follow-up in the oldest-old, indicating that poor physical
      performance may be an early sign of late-age dementia.

PMID- 27377239
TI  - Transoral robotic surgery in the seated position: Rethinking our operative
      approach.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Transoral surgery (TOS) is commonly performed in a supine
      patient with an oral retractor. Paradoxically, this strategy can create
      difficulty with visualizing and accessing pathology at the base of tongue,
      inferior pharynx, and larynx. We investigate the feasibility of TOS with the
      patient in the seated position. STUDY DESIGN: Pilot study. METHODS: TOS utilizing
      the da Vinci Robotic Surgical Xi and Si systems (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale,
      CA) was performed on a fresh cadaver placed in both the traditional supine
      position and the seated position. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in the seated
      position was then performed on two patients for a supraglottic laryngectomy and a
      hypopharyngeal carcinoma resection. RESULTS: Visualization of the entire upper
      aerodigestive tract was possible in the cadaver and two patients in the seated
      position. The Si was superior for docking, instrumentation, and assistant access.
      The minimum operating table height is critical for successful access. Advantages
      of this position included increased posterior airway/operative space by
      approximately 2 cm, ability to manipulate the surgical field (nonrigid
      retraction), and improved visualization. Surgical procedures were completed in
      comparable times compared with standard TORS procedures. There were no
      complications related to seated TORS. CONCLUSIONS: TORS in the seated position
      was both safe and effective in this pilot study. It allows the surgeon to
      optimally operate in the inferior pharynx and larynx without the limitation of
      line of site access and visualization. A paradigm shift in patient positioning
      during TOS may allow improved surgical access and even greater patient candidacy.
      Further clinical investigation into this technique is warranted. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 127:122-126, 2017.

PMID- 27377240
TI  - IIAM (important information about me): a patient portability profile app for
      adults, children and families with neurodevelopmental disabilities.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the development of important information about me (IIAM), an
      application (app) used to communicate and organize healthcare information for
      people with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDD). METHODS: Prior to the
      development of IIAM version 1.0, households with NDD were selected to participate
      in a focus group. Respondents (n = 7) were parents of children with NDD.
      Participants were asked to use a beta version for at least 2 months in day-to-day
      applications and to complete a questionnaire at the end of the trial. RESULTS:
      Over half (57%) of the participants found the beta version to be useful. The
      greatest limitation in usability was the child's age and literacy level. All
      participants found the app to be visually appealing and easy to navigate. IIAM
      was commonly used to communicate information to caregivers, and to facilitate
      quality interactions between the child and others. CONCLUSION: Mobile technology
      has become ubiquitous and has emerged as an important tool in healthcare. New
      applications could potentially promote accessible, cost-effective and self
      managed interventions for the disability community. IIAM is a user-friendly, well
      accepted and useful app for people with NDD. The focus group feedback elicited
      from the beta testing was used to develop the IIAM app version 1.0. However, the
      sample size in this initial feasibility study is small, and warrants a
      prospective study that evaluates the overall benefits of this app in improving
      quality of life and helping individuals with developmental disabilities manage
      their day-to-day activities. Implications for Rehabilitation Mobile technology
      has been more ubiquitous in health care and has emerged as a tool in
      communicating healthcare needs. New applications could potentially promote
      accessible, cost-effective and self-managed interventions for the disability
      community. IIAM (important information about me) is a new iOS application that
      enables adults and children with neurodevelopmental disabilities to organize
      their medical records, advocate for their healthcare needs, and help overcome
      communication and time limitations with health professionals and caregivers.

PMID- 27377241
TI  - The impact of the introduction of a palliative Macmillan consultant radiographer
      at one UK cancer centre.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The UK radiotherapy (RT) workforce needs novel strategies to manage
      increasing demand. The appointment of a palliative RT (PRT) consultant
      radiographer (CR) offers a potential solution to enhance patient pathways
      providing timely RT. This article examined the impact of one such appointment.
      METHODS: Two prospective audits were completed 1 year apart. All patients
      receiving PRT for bone metastases between 01/01/2014-31/03/2014 (Audit 1) and
      01/01/2015-31/01/2015 (Audit 2) were included. Data collected included
      demographics, treatment site, dose, fractionation, treatment indication and
      professionals who planned the PRT. The patient pathway from decision to treat
      (DTT) to commencement of PRT was scrutinized. RESULTS: 97 patients were
      identified for Audit 1 and 87 patients for Audit 2. Demographics were similar.
      Figures relate to Audit 1 and in brackets Audit 2. Indications for treatment:
      pain 55% (61%), metastatic spinal cord compression 41% (38%) and other
      neurological symptoms 4% (1%). The CR independently planned 13% (60%), being
      supervised for 36% (3%). Consultant clinical oncologists planned 43% (31%), with
      7% (6%) planned by specialist registrars (SpRs). The pathway was enhanced in
      Audit 2, with 85% of patients treated within 14 days compared with 73% of
      patients treated in Audit 1. CONCLUSION: A CR has the potential to impact on the
      patient pathway, enabling quicker times from DTT to treatment. Continued audit of
      the role is required to ensure that it complements SpR training. ADVANCES IN
      KNOWLEDGE: Increasing longevity and improved systemic therapies have led to
      greater numbers of patients living longer with metastatic disease. The
      appointment of a CR offers a potential solution to the capacity difficulties
      faced by UK RT services.

PMID- 27377242
TI  - Polydopamine-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Loaded with Gold Nanostars and
      Doxorubicin for Combined Photothermal and Chemotherapy of Metastatic Breast
      Cancer.
AB  - Breast cancer is the leading cancer type diagnosed in the female population, and
      cancer metastasis is the main reason for cancer-caused mortality. A novel
      nanoplatform is herein presented integrating polydopamine-functionalized
      nanosized reduced graphene oxide (NRGO), gold nanostars (GNS), and doxorubicin
      (DOX) (denoted as NRGO-GNS@DOX) for combinational treatment of metastatic breast
      cancer. Upon localized near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, the NRGO-GNS@DOX
      nanocomposites induce significant cytotoxicity in 4T1 breast cancer cells due to
      a cumulative therapy effect of NRGO-GNS-elicited hyperthermia and DOX-induced
      cytotoxicity. Antitumor studies in orthotopic 4T1 breast tumor-bearing nude mice
      demonstrate that NRGO-GNS@DOX in combination with NIR laser irradiation inhibit
      the tumor growth and suppress the lung metastasis. Contribution of DOX-caused
      apoptosis of the cancer cells and hyperthermia-induced deconstruction of the
      tumor-associated blood vessels may account for the superior antitumor performance
      of the NRGO-GNS@DOX nanocomposites. These results imply a good potential of NRGO
      GNS@DOX for combined photothermal and chemotherapy of the metastatic cancer.

PMID- 27377243
TI  - Comparison of Two Risk Models in Predicting the Incidence of Contrast-Induced
      Nephropathy after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare 2 contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) risk
      prediction models in a validation cohort using a consensus definition.
      BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is independently associated with
      mortality following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Multiple prediction
      models for the development of CIN have been published using heterogeneous outcome
      definitions. METHODS: We analyzed 5,540 patients who underwent PCI from January
      2005 to June 2012 at a single academic medical center. The primary outcome was
      development of CIN, defined as an increase in serum creatinine of >=0.5 mg/dl or
      a relative increase of >=25% from baseline. Receiver operator characteristic
      (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the discriminatory power of Mehran and WBH
      prediction models. RESULTS: The mean age of our cohort was 68 +/- 12 years. The
      mean baseline creatinine was 1.2 +/- 0.53 mg/dl (eGFR 73 +/- 27 ml/min). The mean
      contrast volume used was 212 +/- 92 ml. CIN occurred in 436 patients (7.9%). The
      Mehran risk score demonstrated better discrimination than the William Beaumont
      Hospital (WBH) risk score to predict the occurrence of CIN (c statistic: 0.82 vs.
      0.73, respectively). Mortality at 30 days was approximately 8 times higher among
      patients with CIN as compared to those without (14.7% vs. 1.8% P < 0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: In an independent validation cohort, the Mehran risk model
      demonstrates greater discriminatory power than the WBH model in predicting the
      incidence of CIN. Mortality was significantly higher in patients who developed
      CIN after PCI.

PMID- 27377245
TI  - Ion chromatography with the indirect ultraviolet detection of alkali metal ions
      and ammonium using imidazolium ionic liquid as ultraviolet absorption reagent and
      eluent.
AB  - Indirect ultraviolet detection was conducted in ultraviolet-absorption-agent
      added mobile phase to complete the detection of the absence of ultraviolet
      absorption functional group in analytes. Compared with precolumn derivatization
      or postcolumn derivatization, this method can be widely used, has the advantages
      of simple operation and good linear relationship. Chromatographic separation of
      Li(+) , Na(+) , K(+) , and NH4 (+) was performed on a carboxylic acid base cation
      exchange column using imidazolium ionic liquid/acid/organic solvent as the mobile
      phase, in which imidazolium ionic liquids acted as ultraviolet absorption reagent
      and eluting agent. The retention behaviors of four kinds of cations are
      discussed, and the mechanism of separation and detection are described. The main
      factors influencing the separation and detection were the background ultraviolet
      absorption reagent and the concentration of hydrogen ion in the ion
      chromatography-indirect ultraviolet detection. The successful separation and
      detection of Li(+) , Na(+) , K(+) , and NH4 (+) within 13 min was achieved using
      the selected chromatographic conditions, and the detection limits (S/N = 3) were
      0.02, 0.11, 0.30, and 0.06 mg/L, respectively. A new separation and analysis
      method of alkali metal ions and ammonium by ion chromatography with indirect
      ultraviolet detection method was developed, and the application range of ionic
      liquid was expanded. 

PMID- 27377244
TI  - Bile salt receptor complex activates a pathogenic type III secretion system.
AB  - Bile is an important component of the human gastrointestinal tract with an
      essential role in food absorption and antimicrobial activities. Enteric bacterial
      pathogens have developed strategies to sense bile as an environmental cue to
      regulate virulence genes during infection. We discovered that Vibrio
      parahaemolyticus VtrC, along with VtrA and VtrB, are required for activating the
      virulence type III secretion system 2 in response to bile salts. The VtrA/VtrC
      complex activates VtrB in the presence of bile salts. The crystal structure of
      the periplasmic domains of the VtrA/VtrC heterodimer reveals a beta-barrel with a
      hydrophobic inner chamber. A co-crystal structure of VtrA/VtrC with bile salt,
      along with biophysical and mutational analysis, demonstrates that the hydrophobic
      chamber binds bile salts and activates the virulence network. As part of a family
      of conserved signaling receptors, VtrA/VtrC provides structural and functional
      insights into the evolutionarily conserved mechanism used by bacteria to sense
      their environment.

PMID- 27377246
TI  - Megan King: A force to be reckoned with.

PMID- 27377248
TI  - Lysosome acidification by photoactivated nanoparticles restores autophagy under
      lipotoxicity.
AB  - In pancreatic beta-cells, liver hepatocytes, and cardiomyocytes, chronic exposure
      to high levels of fatty acids (lipotoxicity) inhibits autophagic flux and
      concomitantly decreases lysosomal acidity. Whether impaired lysosomal
      acidification is causally inhibiting autophagic flux and cellular functions could
      not, up to the present, be determined because of the lack of an approach to
      modify lysosomal acidity. To address this question, lysosome-localizing
      nanoparticles are described that, upon UV photoactivation, enable controlled
      acidification of impaired lysosomes. The photoactivatable, acidifying
      nanoparticles (paNPs) demonstrate lysosomal uptake in INS1 and mouse beta-cells.
      Photoactivation of paNPs in fatty acid-treated INS1 cells enhances lysosomal
      acidity and function while decreasing p62 and LC3-II levels, indicating rescue of
      autophagic flux upon acute lysosomal acidification. Furthermore, paNPs improve
      glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that is reduced under lipotoxicity in INS1
      cells and mouse islets. These results establish a causative role for impaired
      lysosomal acidification in the deregulation of autophagy and beta-cell function
      under lipotoxicity.

PMID- 27377247
TI  - Chromatin assembly: Journey to the CENter of the chromosome.
AB  - All eukaryotic genomes are packaged into basic units of DNA wrapped around
      histone proteins called nucleosomes. The ability of histones to specify a variety
      of epigenetic states at defined chromatin domains is essential for cell survival.
      The most distinctive type of chromatin is found at centromeres, which are marked
      by the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A. Many of the factors that
      regulate CENP-A chromatin have been identified; however, our understanding of the
      mechanisms of centromeric nucleosome assembly, maintenance, and reorganization
      remains limited. This review discusses recent insights into these processes and
      draws parallels between centromeric and noncentromeric chromatin assembly
      mechanisms.

PMID- 27377249
TI  - The Sam68 nuclear body is composed of two RNase-sensitive substructures joined by
      the adaptor HNRNPL.
AB  - The mammalian cell nucleus contains membraneless suborganelles referred to as
      nuclear bodies (NBs). Some NBs are formed with an architectural RNA (arcRNA) as
      the structural core. Here, we searched for new NBs that are built on unidentified
      arcRNAs by screening for ribonuclease (RNase)-sensitive NBs using 32,651
      fluorescently tagged human cDNA clones. We identified 32 tagged proteins that
      required RNA for their localization in distinct nuclear foci. Among them, seven
      RNA-binding proteins commonly localized in the Sam68 nuclear body (SNB), which
      was disrupted by RNase treatment. Knockdown of each SNB protein revealed that
      SNBs are composed of two distinct RNase-sensitive substructures. One substructure
      is present as a distinct NB, termed the DBC1 body, in certain conditions, and the
      more dynamic substructure including Sam68 joins to form the intact SNB. HNRNPL
      acts as the adaptor to combine the two substructures and form the intact SNB
      through the interaction of two sets of RNA recognition motifs with the putative
      arcRNAs in the respective substructures.

PMID- 27377250
TI  - A qualitative exploration of the work of embodiment in adolescent girls with
      obesity.
AB  - Social representations generally associate obesity, especially in adolescent
      girls, with sedentariness, lack of self-control and laziness. These girls thus
      have substantial problems of self-esteem. Dietary, lifestyle and behavioural
      approaches alone cannot address this issue, for they do not apprehend all of the
      complexity of obesity. This qualitative study is based on a dual observation:
      that the work performed by adolescents is unrecognized and that the body is not
      considered as a subject of analysis. It raises the question of the corporality of
      these teens through an original perspective: that of the perspective of their
      organization of actions on, to and by the body, in specific situations. The
      objective is to have access to the corporal experience of young girls with
      obesity, so that we can understand and support them better. The data come from
      semi-directive interviews with 10 adolescent girls with obesity. The content was
      analysed in terms of concepts of professional didactics (a branch of educational
      psychology) and enaction. Five situations were identified from these interviews:
      the first, shopping with friends, concerns actions by the subjects towards their
      bodies; the other four are enacted actions: conduct towards a normal-weight
      person, conduct in public transportation, performing physical activity, and
      eating. The results show the work of these young women with obesity, the means
      they mobilize to live in their bodies and their considerable efforts of
      embodiment. Recognition of this work should help to enhance their self-esteem.
      Treatment and support may take this dimension of work into account and help them
      to become aware of the efforts they make every day. 

PMID- 27377251
TI  - The impact of rapid weight loss (4%) on leptin, adiponectin, and insulin
      resistance in elite adult free style wrestlers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effect of rapid weight loss program on adipocytokines is not yet
      clear. Therefore the aim of the present study was the effect of rapid weight loss
      (4%) on leptin, adiponectin, and insulin resistance in elite free style
      wrestlers. METHODS: For this purpose, fifteen young freestyle wrestlers (weight
      67.6+/-0.8, BMI 22.5+/-0.21 kg/m2, body fat percent 6.12+/-0.18, waist to hip
      circumference ratio 0.82+/-0.08) in two weight categories (60 and 66 kg) were
      randomly selected. Caloric intake (mean 7 days measured by Food analyzer
      software) measured at 1 week before weight loss program by standard methods.
      Wrestlers performed a week rapid weight loss (average of 4% of body weight loss)
      protocol by caloric and water restriction by 60% (600-700 kcal per day), under
      the supervision of their coach. Anthropometric characteristics, leptin,
      adiponectin and insulin resistance were measured before and 12 and 36 hours after
      rapid weight loss program. RESULTS: Rapid weight loss program with 4% of weight
      loss had a significantly reduced impact on anthropometric factors; leptin level,
      insulin resistance, and increased beta cell function, while the changes of
      adiponectin were not significant after rapid weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Findings
      of this study shows that rapid weight loss program significantly decreased
      leptin, L/A ratio and HOMA-IR, without significant changes on adiponectin levels.
      These changes may have harmful physiological effects on wrestlers' bodies but
      they can be useful to regulate of fatty acid, glucose metabolism, and insulin
      resistance.

PMID- 27377252
TI  - Effects of mental training on muscular force, hormonal and physiological changes
      in kickboxers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of mental
      training on muscular force generation, hormonal alterations, and physiological
      adaptations in male trained kickboxers. METHODS: Fifty-three male trained
      kickboxers (24.2+/-4.4 years, 1.75+/-0.08 m and 70.4+/-10.2 kg) were randomly
      assigned to a physical-training group (PG; N.=20), physical and mental training
      group (PMG: N.=18, mental-training package [MTP] plus physical training] or
      control group (CG: N.=15). Physical fitness tests: countermovement jump (CMJ),
      medicine ball throw (MBT), bench press, and half-squat tests; hormones: resting
      cortisol (C) blood sample, plasma testosterone (T) concentration, and T/C ratio;
      and physiological variables: resting heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP)
      were assessed before training commenced (baseline) and at week 6 and 12 of
      training. RESULTS: PMG and PG improved performance in CMJ height (16.2%, 8.4%),
      MBT (27.9%, 14.2%), bench press (26.5%, 15.7%), half-squat (27.2%, 16.3%), T
      concentration (35.2%, 22.4%), and T/C ratio (60%, 0%, for PMG only),
      respectively. In contrast, the C concentration decreased for the PMG (16.3%) and
      increased for the PG (22%) after 12 weeks. The PMG and PG had significant
      decrease from pre- to post-training for the resting HR (9.1%, 3%, respectively)
      and BP (8.5%, 5.3%, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant increase
      in MBT (9.3%) after 6 weeks in PMG. Outlined improvements (PMG and PG) were
      favorable compared to CG (P<0.05) in all instances. CONCLUSIONS: The greater
      muscular force generation in PMG than PG seem to be explained by the reduction of
      hormonal and physiological stress after 12 weeks.

PMID- 27377253
TI  - Effects of manual resistance training and free weight resistance training on
      postexercise blood pressure in hypertensive men: a pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Manual resistance training (MRT) is a low cost and practically
      applicable alternative form of resistance training that is ideal for weight rooms
      with limited equipment. The aim of this study was to compare the acute and
      subacute hemodynamic responses between MRT and free weight resistance training
      (FWRT) in normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) men. METHODS: Twenty-six
      untrained men performed a single bout of MRT and FWRT with a minimum 72-hour rest
      in between. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean
      blood pressure (MBP) were measured, and double product (DP) was calculated.
      Variables were assessed at different time points: SBP, DBP and MBP (pre- and 15,
      30, 45 and 60 minutes postexercise); DP (half-time and postintervention).
      RESULTS: The blood pressure values (BP) were greater in HT men in all analyses
      and interventions. BP responses were similar between MRT and FWRT in both groups
      of men. In HT men, there was postexercise hypotension (PEH) after 15, 30 and 60
      minutes in MBP measured for both interventions. The DP was greater for the MRT
      intervention, but within the cardiovascular safety limits. CONCLUSIONS: MRT
      induces PEH in similar levels to FWRT in HT men. Therefore, MRT is a viable and
      safe alternative for application of FWRT in NT and HT men, reducing the need for
      expensive equipment.

PMID- 27377254
TI  - Upcoming Paralympic summer games in Rio: what did the German medical team learn
      from the London Games?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal complaints are frequently diagnosed in Paralympic
      athletes. Despite the increased professionalism in Paralympic Sports, the
      documentation of injuries and other health complaints during high-level
      competition is sparse. With respect to the upcoming Paralympic Summer Games in
      Rio de Janeiro, the aim of this study was the analysis of all musculoskeletal
      complaints within the German Paralympic Athletes during the London 2012
      Paralympic Games. METHODS: All musculoskeletal complaints (MSC) of the 150 German
      athletes seeking medical attention, hereby defined as "injury", were recorded
      during the in-competition period of the London Paralympics Games (22 days),
      regardless of their severity and consequences. Standardized documentation
      included the onset of symptoms, the medical diagnoses, the therapeutic measures
      taken as well as consecutive restrictions in training and competition. Incidence
      rates and localizations were analyzed by sports discipline. RESULTS: A total of
      201 musculoskeletal complaints were recorded for 140 athletes (93.3%),
      corresponding to 1.4 musculoskeletal complaints per "injured" athlete. The
      incidence of musculoskeletal complaints in German athletes was 62.9+/-15.4/1000
      athlete-days. High incidence rates (IR) were observed in wheelchair basketball
      (IR 72/1000 athlete-days, 1.6 injuries per athlete) and equestrian events (IR
      72.7, 1.6). Musculoskeletal complaints were mainly located in the upper
      extremities (37.6%) and the spine (37.6%). The most frequent diagnoses were
      myalgia (N.=105, 52%). CONCLUSIONS: We noted a high rate of musculoskeletal
      complaints among German Paralympic athletes across sports and body parts,
      highlighting the need for prevention programs that focus on the upper extremities
      and spine.

PMID- 27377255
TI  - Aerobic power and field test results of amateur 15-a-side rugby union players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to verify whether it is possible to
      predict aerobic power in amateur 15-a-side rugby union players through the Yo-Yo
      Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IRT1) and the 5-meter Multiple Shuttle
      Test (5-m MST). METHODS: Forty-two amateur players - 22 forwards and 20 backs -
      were evaluated in three phases: 1) maximum treadmill test in the laboratory; 2)
      field test set by a drawing in the first phase; and 3) second field test.
      Descriptive, comparison, correlation, regression and level of agreement analyses
      were performed. RESULTS: Backs, when compared to forwards, showed a higher VO2max
      (61.7+/-15 mL/kg/min and 51.6+/-10.1 mL/kg/min, respectively), Yo-Yo IRT1 final
      level (16.4+/-0.8 and 14.9+/-0.9, respectively) and Yo-Yo IRT1 total distance
      (1283.3+/-312.5 m and 792+/-277.6 m, respectively), and a higher final distance
      in the 5-m MST (686.8+/-36.6 and 642.9+/-46.5, respectively). Significant
      correlations were found between the result and the total distance on the Yo-Yo
      IRT1 and the VO2max (r=0.425 and r=0.459, respectively). Using the total distance
      covered in the Yo-Yo IRT1, the VO2max of amateur 15-a-side rugby union players
      can be estimated through the equation VO2max = 0.016 * (DIST Yo-Yo) + 40.578.
      CONCLUSIONS: Yo-Yo IRT1 is most useful when the objective is to evaluate the
      aerobic power of amateur RU players in comparison with the 5-m MST.

PMID- 27377256
TI  - Feasibility of higher intensity exercise in patients with chronic kidney disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Higher intensity exercise is a more effective way of evoking
      improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness in many chronic disease populations
      compared to moderate intensity continuous training. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the feasibility of participation in higher intensity exercise in
      patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: This study is an
      observational sub-study of the intervention arm of a randomized control trial.
      Forty-four participants with stage 3-4 CKD in the intervention arm were required
      to complete a predominantly home-based 12 month individualized exercise
      intervention. Physical activity levels, exercise capacity (METs) and blood
      biochemistry were measured at baseline and 12 months. The physical activity
      groups (higher intensity, moderate intensity and not meeting guidelines) were
      determined from the six months activity prior to the 12 month testing visit.
      RESULTS: At 12 months, the number of patients who reported performing weekly
      higher intensity exercise in the previous six months of the intervention
      increased by 23%. Participants completing higher intensity exercise had a
      significantly greater exercise capacity at 12 months (11.9+/-3.7 METs) than
      participants reporting moderate intensity exercise and those not meeting
      guidelines (9.2+/-1.7, 7.6+/-3.2 METs). Hemoglobin levels and exercise capacity
      were significantly higher at baseline in patients who reported exercising at
      higher intensities (142.9+/-16.1 g/L and 9.8+/-4.2 METs) compared to those
      reporting moderate intensity exercise (129.8+/-12.9 g/L and 8+/-3.1 METs) and not
      meeting guidelines (127.3+/-12.5 g/L and 6+/-2 METs). CONCLUSIONS: The study was
      successful in increasing higher intensity physical activity in a large proportion
      of patients with CKD.

PMID- 27377257
TI  - Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance and muscle fatigue in
      athletes and non-athletes of different sports: a systematic review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Beta-alanine (BA) is a non-essential amino acid that can be
      synthesized in the liver and obtained from diet, particularly from white and red
      meat. Increased availability of BA via dietary supplement, may improve
      performance of athletes. The aim of this study was to conduct a review of the use
      of BA supplementation as an ergogenic aid to improve performance and fatigue
      resistance in athletes and non-athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: In this systematic
      review, a search in PubMed and Bireme databases was performed for the terms "beta
      alanine," "beta-alanine and exercise," "carnosine" or "carnosine and exercise" in
      the titles or abstracts. We included randomized, clinical trials published
      between 2005 and 2015. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Twenty-three studies were selected.
      Most of them included physically active individuals. The mean intervention period
      was 5.2+/-1.8 weeks, and mean BA dose was 4.8+/-1.3 g/day. The main outcome
      measures were blood lactate, pH, perceived exertion, power and physical working
      capacity at fatigue threshold. After BA supplementation, no statistically
      significant difference was observed in total work, exercise performance time,
      oxygen consumption and time to exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS: BA supplementation seems
      to improve perceived exertion and biochemical parameters related to muscle
      fatigue and less evidence was found for improvement in performance.

PMID- 27377258
TI  - Proteomic characterization of platelet gel releasate from adult peripheral and
      cord blood.
AB  - PURPOSE: Activated platelet gel (PG) derived from adult peripheral blood (APB)
      has been extensively used for topical therapy of various clinical conditions.
      Conversely, few observations on PG from umbilical cord blood (CB) have been
      reported so far. Although PG preparations are known to contain a high
      concentration of a large number of biological factors involved in inflammation
      and tissue repair, their comprehensive characterization is still missing. The
      innovative goal of our research was to use proteomics technologies in order to
      profile biologically active components in these blood derivatives. EXPERIMENTAL
      DESIGN: Supernatants recovered from three independent APB and CB-derived PGs,
      prepared using batroxobin, were enriched for low-abundance proteins with
      ProteoMiner and subsequently analyzed by GeLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: The 751 and 760
      proteins were identified in the APB and CB-derived PG releasates, respectively. A
      core dataset including only proteins found in 2/3 and 3/3 biological replicates
      was generated and functionally characterized by gene ontology. Searching against
      Vesiclepedia database showed that 33% of our dataset consists of novel releasate
      proteins. Comparison between the two types of PG secretomes revealed that 117
      proteins are present only in the APB-derived samples, 104 proteins are
      distinctive of the CB-derived samples, and 229 are in common. CONCLUSION AND
      CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our study highlighted a differential content of proteins
      supporting tissue repair and regeneration between APB and CB-derived PGs. These
      findings may help better identifying future appropriate clinical applications.

PMID- 27377259
TI  - The kinetics and mechanism of the organo-iridium catalysed racemisation of
      amines.
AB  - The dimeric iodo-iridium complex [IrCp*I2]2 (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadiene) is
      an efficient catalyst for the racemisation of secondary and tertiary amines at
      ambient and higher temperatures with a low catalyst loading. The racemisation
      occurs with pseudo-first-order kinetics and the corresponding four rate constants
      were obtained by monitoring the time dependence of the concentrations of the (R)
      and (S) enantiomers starting with either pure (R) or (S) and show a first-order
      dependence on catalyst concentration. Low temperature (1)H NMR data is consistent
      with the formation of a 1 : 1 complex with the amine coordinated to the iridium
      and with both iodide anions still bound to the metal-ion, but at the higher
      temperatures used for kinetic studies binding is weak and so no saturation zero
      order kinetics are observed. A cross-over experiment with isotopically labelled
      amines demonstrates the intermediate formation of an imine which can dissociate
      from the iridium complex. Replacing the iodides in the catalyst by other ligands
      or having an amide substituent in Cp* results in a much less effective catalysts
      for the racemisation of amines. The rate constants for a deuterated amine yield a
      significant primary kinetic isotope effect kH/kD = 3.24 indicating that hydride
      transfer is involved in the rate-limiting step. 

PMID- 27377260
TI  - Noria: A Highly Xe-Selective Nanoporous Organic Solid.
AB  - Separation of xenon and krypton is of industrial and environmental concern; the
      existing technologies use cryogenic distillation. Thus, a cost-effective,
      alternative technology for the separation of Xe and Kr and their capture from air
      is of significant importance. Herein, we report the selective Xe uptake in a
      crystalline porous organic oligomeric molecule, noria, and its structural
      analogue, PgC-noria, under ambient conditions. The selectivity of noria towards
      Xe arises from its tailored pore size and small cavities, which allows a directed
      non-bonding interaction of Xe atoms with a large number of carbon atoms of the
      noria molecular wheel in a confined space. 

PMID- 27377261
TI  - Radiosurgery with flattening-filter-free techniques in the treatment of brain
      metastases : Plan comparison and early clinical evaluation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radiosurgical treatment of brain metastases is well established in
      daily clinical routine. Utilization of flattening-filter-free beams (FFF) may
      allow for more rapid delivery of treatment doses and improve clinical comfort.
      Hence, we compared plan quality and efficiency of radiosurgery in FFF mode to FF
      techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2014 and June 2015, 21
      consecutive patients with 25 brain metastases were treated with stereotactic
      radiosurgery (SRS) in FFF mode. Brain metastases received dose-fractionation
      schedules of 1 * 20 Gy or 1 * 18 Gy, delivered to the conformally enclosing 80 %
      isodose. Three patients with critically localized or large (>3 cm) brain
      metastases were treated with 6 * 5 Gy. Plan quality and efficiency were evaluated
      by analyzing conformity, dose gradients, dose to healthy brain tissue, treatment
      delivery time, and number of monitor units. FFF plans were compared to those
      using the FF method, and early clinical outcome and toxicity were assessed.
      RESULTS: FFF mode resulted in significant reductions in beam-on time (p < 0.001)
      and mean brain dose (p = 0.001) relative to FF-mode comparison plans.
      Furthermore, significant improvements in dose gradients and sharper dose falloffs
      were found for SRS in FFF mode (-1.1 %, -29.6 %; p <= 0.003), but conformity was
      slightly superior in SRS in FF mode (-1.3 %; p = 0.001). With a median follow-up
      time of 5.1 months, 6-month overall survival was 63.3 %. Local control was
      observed in 24 of 25 brain metastases (96 %). CONCLUSION: SRS in FFF mode is time
      efficient and provides similar plan quality with the opportunity of slightly
      reduced dose exposure to healthy brain tissue when compared to SRS in FF mode.
      Clinical outcomes appear promising and show only modest treatment-related
      toxicity.

PMID- 27377262
TI  - Transient Grating Spectroscopy in Magnetic Thin Films: Simultaneous Detection of
      Elastic and Magnetic Dynamics.
AB  - Surface magnetoelastic waves are coupled elastic and magnetic excitations that
      propagate along the surface of a magnetic material. Ultrafast optical techniques
      allow for a non-contact excitation and detection scheme while providing the
      ability to measure both elastic and magnetic components individually. Here we
      describe a simple setup suitable for excitation and time resolved measurements of
      high frequency magnetoelastic waves, which is based on the transient grating
      technique. The elastic dynamics are measured by diffracting a probe laser pulse
      from the long-wavelength spatially periodic structural deformation.
      Simultaneously, a magnetooptical measurement, either Faraday or Kerr effect, is
      sensitive to the out-of-plane magnetization component. The correspondence in the
      response of the two channels probes the resonant interaction between the two
      degrees of freedom and reveals their intimate coupling. Unraveling the observed
      dynamics requires a detailed understanding of the spatio-temporal evolution of
      temperature, magnetization and thermo-elastic strain in the ferromagnet.
      Numerical solution of thermal diffusion in two dimensions provides the basis on
      which to understand the sensitivity in the magnetooptic detection.

PMID- 27377263
TI  - Conductive Polymer-Coated VS4 Submicrospheres As Advanced Electrode Materials in
      Lithium-Ion Batteries.
AB  - VS4 as an electrode material in lithium-ion batteries holds intriguing features
      like high content of sulfur and one-dimensional structure, inspiring the
      exploration in this field. Herein, VS4 submicrospheres have been synthesized via
      a simple solvothermal reaction. However, they quickly degrade upon cycling as an
      anode material in lithium-ion batteries. So, three conductive polymers,
      polythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPY), and polyaniline (PANI), are coated on
      the surface to improve the electron conductivity, suppress the diffusion of
      polysulfides, and modify the interface between electrode/electrolyte. PANI is the
      best in the polymers. It improves the Coulombic efficiency to 86% for the first
      cycle and keeps the specific capacity at 755 mAh g(-1) after 50 cycles, higher
      than the cases of naked VS4 (100 mAh g(-1)), VS4@PEDOT (318 mAh g(-1)), and
      VS4@PPY (448 mAh g(-1)). The good performances could be attributed to the
      improved charge-transfer kinetics and the strong interaction between PANI and VS4
      supported by theoretical simulation. The discharge voltage ~2.0 V makes them
      promising cathode materials. 

PMID- 27377265
TI  - Erratum to: Detection of chikungunya virus in saliva and urine.

PMID- 27377264
TI  - Occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs from Henan province of China in 2009
      2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is no information concerning the genotype of Canine parvovirus
      (CPV) currently circulating in Henan province, China. Therefore, the aim of the
      present study was to provide insights into the epidemiology and molecular
      characterization of CPV circulating in Henan province from 2009 to 2014. RESULTS:
      Nineteen thousand nine hundred seven dogs from pet hospitals in the cities of
      Luoyang, Anyang, Jiaozuo, Sanmenxia, Xinxiang, Zhengzhou in Henan province
      between 2009 and 2014 were investigated. Over the 6-year period, 1169 CPV
      positive cases were identified and the morbidity of CPV infection ranged from
      4.16 to 8.06 %, although morbidity was not significant (P > 0.05) between 2009
      and 2014. Factors associated with morbidity included sampling season, dog age,
      breed, vaccination status, and sex. CPV co-infection with coccidium (10.00 %),
      canine distemper virus (4.79 %), hookworm (2.40 %), canine coronavirus (1.11 %),
      roundworm (1.03 %), tapeworm (0.17 %) and Babesia spp. (0.09 %) were observed.
      The new CPV-2a variant was more prevalent than the new CPV-2b variant in Henan
      province. CPV 2c was not observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of
      CPV infection and identification of the circulating genotypes in Henan province,
      China from 2009 to 2014 determined that the new CPV-2a variant was more
      prevalent.

PMID- 27377267
TI  - Erratum to: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase,
      suppresses vasculogenic mimicry and proliferation of highly aggressive pancreatic
      cancer PaTu8988 cells.

PMID- 27377266
TI  - Evaluation of diagnostic performance of rK28 ELISA using urine for diagnosis of
      visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recombinant fusion proteins are now commonly used to detect
      circulating antibodies for the serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in
      Asia, Africa and the Americas. Although simple, these tests still require blood
      collection and their use in remote settings can be limited due to the need of
      collection devices, serum fractionation instrument and generation of biohazardous
      waste. The development of an accurate and non-invasive diagnostic algorithm for
      VL, such as could be achieved with urine, is desirable. METHODS: We enrolled 87
      VL patients and 81 non-VL individuals, including 33 healthy endemic controls, 16
      healthy non-endemic controls, 16 disease controls and 16 tuberculosis (TB)
      patients. We compared the efficacy of recombinant antigens rK28, rK39 and rKRP42
      for the diagnosis of VL when either serum or urine were used to develop antibody
      detection ELISA. RESULTS: As expected, each of the antigens readily detected
      antibodies in the serum of VL patients. rK28 ELISA showed the highest sensitivity
      (98.9 %), followed by rK39 and rKRP42 ELISA (97.7 and 94.4 %, respectively);
      overall specificity was > 96 %. When urine was used as the test analyte, only a
      marginal drop in sensitivity was observed, with rK28 ELISA again demonstrating
      the greatest sensitivity (95.4 %), followed by rK39 and rKRP42 ELISA,
      respectively. Again, the overall specificity was > 96 %. CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      indicate the potential for using urine in the diagnosis of VL. Detection of
      antibodies against rK28 demonstrated the greatest sensitivity. Together, our
      results indicate that rK28-based antibody detection tests using urine could
      provide a completely non-invasive tool amenable for diagnosis of VL in remote
      locations.

PMID- 27377269
TI  - A Pd4Br4 macrocycle trapped by cocrystallization from a highly dynamic
      equilibrium of eta(3)-cycloheptatrienide complexes.
AB  - In the coordination chemistry of palladium, dimers bridged via halides are a
      common motif. Higher oligomers, however, are still rare. We report the structure
      of an alternating eight-membered [Pd4Br4](4-) ring framed by cycloheptatrienide
      ligands, which was obtained by cocrystallization of dimers and tetramers of the
      complex salt bromido{eta(3)-[3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium-1
      yl]cycloheptatrienido}palladium(II) tetrafluoroborate, namely bis[di-MU-bromido
      bis({eta(3)-[3-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium-1
      yl]cycloheptatrienido}palladium(II))] cyclo-tetra-MU-bromido-tetrakis({eta(3)-[3
      (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolium-1-yl]cycloheptatrienido}palladium(II))
      octakis(tetrafluoroborate) dichloromethane octasolvate,
      [Pd4Br4(C22H26N2)4][Pd2Br2(C22H26N2)2]2(BF4)8.8CH2Cl2. These dimers and tetramers
      form a highly dynamic equilibrium in solution which was studied by low
      temperature NMR spectroscopy. In the light of the presented results, tetrameric
      Pd(II) species can be assumed to co-exist as a second species in many cases where
      by current knowledge only a dimeric compound would be expected. 

PMID- 27377270
TI  - Diminished electron density in the Vaska-type rhodium(I) complex trans
      [Rh(NCBH3)(CO)(PPh3)2].
AB  - Vaska-type complexes, i.e. trans-[RhX(CO)(PPh3)2] (X is a halogen or
      pseudohalogen), undergo a range of reactions and exhibit considerable catalytic
      activity. The electron density on the Rh(I) atom in these complexes plays an
      important role in their reactivity. Many cyanotrihydridoborate (BH3CN(-))
      complexes of Group 6-8 transition metals have been synthesized and structurally
      characterized, an exception being the rhodium(I) complex.
      Carbonyl(cyanotrihydridoborato-kappaN)bis(triphenylphosphine-kappaP)rhodium(I),
      [Rh(NCBH3)(CO)(C18H15P)2], was prepared by the metathesis reaction of sodium
      cyanotrihydridoborate with trans-[RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2], and was characterized by
      single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and IR, (1)H, (13)C and (11)B NMR
      spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction data indicate that the cyanotrihydridoborate
      ligand coordinates to the Rh(I) atom through the N atom in a trans position with
      respect to the carbonyl ligand; this was also confirmed by the IR and NMR data.
      The carbonyl stretching frequency nu(CO) and the carbonyl carbon (1)JC-Rh and
      (1)JC-P coupling constants of the Cipso atoms of the triphenylphosphine groups
      reflect the diminished electron density on the central Rh(I) atom compared to the
      parent trans-[RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2] complex. 

PMID- 27377268
TI  - Suppression of cell migration is promoted by miR-944 through targeting of SIAH1
      and PTP4A1 in breast cancer cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aberrant expression of microRNAs has been associated with migration
      of tumor cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological
      significance of miR-944 whose function is unknown in breast cancer. METHODS: MiR
      944 expression in breast cancer cells and tumors was evaluated by Taqman qRT-PCR
      assays. Transcriptional profiling of MDA-MB-231 cells expressing miR-944 was
      performed using DNA microarrays. Cell viability, migration and invasion were
      assessed by MTT, scratch/wound-healing and transwell chamber assays,
      respectively. The luciferase reporter assay was used to evaluate targeting of
      SIAH1, PTP4A1 and PRKCA genes by miR-944. SIAH1 protein levels were measured by
      Western blot. Silencing of SIAH1 gene was performed by RNA interference using
      shRNAs. RESULTS: Our data showed that miR-944 expression was severely repressed
      in clinical specimens and breast cancer cell lines. Suppression of miR-944 levels
      was independent of hormonal status and metastatic potential of breast cancer
      cells. Gain-of-function analysis indicated that miR-944 altered the actin
      cytoskeleton dynamics and impaired cell migration and invasion. Genome-wide
      transcriptional profiling of MDA-MB-231 cells that ectopically express miR-944
      showed that 15 genes involved in migration were significantly repressed. Notably,
      luciferase reporter assays confirmed the ability of miR-944 to bind the 3'UTR of
      SIAH1 and PTP4A1 genes, but not PRKCA gene. Congruently, an inverse correlation
      between miR-944 and SIAH1 protein expression was found in breast cancer cells.
      Moreover, SIAH1 was upregulated in 75 % of miR-944-deficient breast tumors.
      Finally, SIAH1 gene silencing by RNA interference significantly impaired cell
      migration of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results pointed out that miR
      944 is a novel upstream negative regulator of SIAH1 and PTP4A1 genes and provided
      for the first time evidence for its functional role in migration and invasion of
      breast cancer cells. They also suggest that miR-944 restoration may represent a
      potential strategy for breast cancer therapy.

PMID- 27377271
TI  - A study of the planarity of the pyrrolone fragment in 2-isopropyl-2,3-dihydro-1H
      isoindol-1-one.
AB  - Orthophthalaldehyde (o-phthalaldehyde, OPA) is an aromatic dialdehyde bearing two
      electron-withdrawing carbonyl groups. The reactions of OPA with primary amines
      are broadly applied for the synthesis of important heterocyclic compounds with
      biological relevance. A number of such reactions have been investigated recently
      and several structures of condensation products have been reported, however, the
      complex reaction mechanism is still not fully understood and comprises concurrent
      as well as consecutive reactions. The reaction products depend on the primary
      amine which reacts with OPA, the reaction environment (solvent) and the
      proportion of the reactants. The title molecule, C11H13NO, the product of the
      reaction of OPA with isopropylamine, contains a five-membered pyrrole C4N ring
      with a carbonyl substituent, which forms part of the isoindolinone unit. Though
      this pyrrole ring contains one C atom in the sp(3)-hybridized state, it is fairly
      planar. The title molecule has been compared with similar structures retrieved
      from the Cambridge Structural Database in order to study this phenomenon. The
      planarity of this fragment has been explained by the presence of partially
      delocalized C-C, C-N and C-O bonds, and by an inner angle in the planar
      pentagonal ring (~108 degrees ), which is close to the ideal tetrahedral value
      for the sp(3)-hybridized state of the constituent C atom. Due to this propitious
      angle, this C atom can be present in states intermediate between sp(3)- and sp(2)
      hybridized in different structures, while still maintaining the planarity of the
      ring. There are only weak intermolecular C-H...O hydrogen bonds and C-H...pi
      electron ring interactions in the structure. In particular, it is the pyrrole
      ring which is involved in these interactions. 

PMID- 27377272
TI  - Intermolecular Pb...N interactions in lead(II) dimers producing a supramolecular
      two-dimensional metal-organic compound: bis[MU2-N'-(2
      oxidobenzylidene)benzohydrazidato-kappa(4)O:O,N',O']dilead(II).
AB  - Aroylhydrazones of ortho-hydroxy aldehydes are Schiff base ligands that typically
      coordinate as a chelate in an O,N,O'-manner. Dinuclear complexes are normally
      observed, with the phenolate O atom acting as the bridging atom. The switchable
      protonation state of the tridentate N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide
      (H2sabhz) ligand can lead to variations in the resulting supramolecular
      structure. The title compound, [Pb2(C14H10N2O2)2], was prepared by the reaction
      of [Pb(OAc)2].3H2O (OAc is acetate) with the benzoylhydrazone derivative of
      salicylaldehyde, i.e. H2sabhz, in the presence of triethylamine in methanol. In
      the crystal structure, each Pb(II) atom of the dimer has an NO3 coordination
      environment, with one sabhz ligand coordinating in an O,N,O'-manner and with the
      second sabhz ligand coordinating via the bridging phenolate O atom, since the
      dimers are located on a centre of inversion. It has been found that the dimers
      are connected by Pb...N interactions, resulting in a two-dimensional
      supramolecular network which shows the [3(2).5(2),3.5(3)] net topology. The s(2)
      electron pair of the Pb(II) ion clearly influences the observed intermolecular
      interactions. 

PMID- 27377273
TI  - A new three-dimensional zinc(II) coordination polymer involving 2-[(1H-1,2,4
      triazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate ligands.
AB  - Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on multidentate N-heterocyclic ligands
      involving imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, benzimidazole, benzotriazole or
      pyridine present intriguing molecular topologies and have potential applications
      in ion exchange, magnetism, gas sorption and storage, catalysis, optics and
      biomedicine. The 2-[(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole (tmb) ligand
      has four potential N-atom donors and can act in monodentate, chelating, bridging
      and tridentate coordination modes in the construction of complexes, and can also
      act as both a hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor. In addition, the tmb ligand can
      adopt different coordination conformations, resulting in complexes with helical
      structures due to the presence of the flexible methylene spacer. A new three
      dimensional coordination polymer, poly[[bis(MU2-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylato)
      kappa(4)O(1),O(1'):O(4),O(4');kappa(2)O(1):O(4)-bis{MU2-2-[(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1
      yl)methyl-kappaN(4)]-1H-benzimidazole-kappaN(3)}dizinc(II)] trihydrate],
      {[Zn(C8H4O4)(C10H9N5)].1.5H2O}n, has been synthesized by the reaction of ZnCl2
      with tmb and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H2bdic) under solvothermal
      conditions. There are two crystallographically distinct bdic(2-) ligands [bdic(2
      )(A) and bdic(2-)(B)] in the structure which adopt different coordination modes.
      The Zn(II) ions are bridged by tmb ligands, leading to one-dimensional helical
      chains with different handedness, and adjacent helices are linked by bdic(2-)(A)
      ligands, forming a two-dimensional network structure. The two-dimensional layers
      are further connected by bdic(2-)(B) ligands, resulting in a three-dimensional
      framework with the topological notation 6(6). The IR spectra and
      thermogravimetric curves are consistent with the results of the X-ray crystal
      structure analysis and the title polymer exhibits good fluorescence in the solid
      state at room temperature. 

PMID- 27377274
TI  - A phase transition from monoclinic C2 with Z' = 1 to triclinic P1 with Z' = 4 for
      the quasiracemate L-2-aminobutyric acid-D-methionine (1/1).
AB  - Racemates of hydrophobic amino acids with linear side chains are known to undergo
      a unique series of solid-state phase transitions that involve sliding of
      molecular bilayers upon heating or cooling. Recently, this behaviour was shown to
      extend also to quasiracemates of two different amino acids with opposite
      handedness [Gorbitz & Karen (2015). J. Phys. Chem. B, 119, 4975-4984]. Previous
      investigations are here extended to an L-2-aminobutyric acid-D-methionine (1/1)
      co-crystal, C4H9NO2.C5H11NO2S. The significant difference in size between the 
      CH2CH3 and -CH2CH2SCH3 side chains leads to extensive disorder at room
      temperature, which is essentially resolved after a phase transition at 229 K to
      an unprecedented triclinic form where all four D-methionine molecules in the
      asymmetric unit have different side-chain conformations and all three side-chain
      rotamers are used for the four partner L-2-aminobutyric acid molecules. 

PMID- 27377275
TI  - A novel binuclear copper complex incorporating a nalidixic acid derivative
      displaying a one-dimensional coordination polymeric structure.
AB  - The identification of the antibacterial action of nalidixic acid (nx) was central
      to the development of the quinolone antibacterial compounds. The ability of the
      nx naphthyridyl ring to interact with and inhibit some proteins has encouraged
      the investigation of similar structures in the search for more active compounds
      with less adverse effects. The possibility of structural modification by
      attachment of other biologically active moieties to the naphthyridyl ring of nx
      allowed the development of new active antimicrobial molecules. Hydrazone
      derivatives of nx can be synthesized easily based on the condensation of the
      hydrazide derivative of nx with the desired aldehyde or ketone. Only a few
      complexes with nx hydrazone derivatives have been described but for none were the
      crystal structures elucidated. The synthesis of a new one-dimensional Cu(II)
      coordination polymer, namely catena-poly[[copper(II)-di-MU-chlorido-copper(II)
      {MU-1-ethyl-N'-[(1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylidene]-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8
      naphthyridine-3-carbohydrazidato}-[dimethanolcopper(II)]-{MU-1-ethyl-N'-[(1H
      imidazol-3-yl)methylidene]-7-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3
      carbohydrazidato}] dichloride methanol tetrasolvate],
      {[Cu3(C16H15N6O2)2Cl2(CH3OH)2]Cl2.4CH3OH}n, with the (1H-imidazol-4
      yl)methylidene carbohydrazide derivative of nalidixic acid (denoted h4imi), is
      presented and its structure is compared to the density functional theory (DFT)
      optimized structure of free h4imi. The title structure presents an octahedral
      Cu(II) ion on an inversion centre alternating along a polymer chain with a square
      pyramidal Cu(II) ion, with the two Cu(II) centres bridged by two chloride
      ligands. Hydrogen bonds involving chloride counter-ions and methanol solvent
      molecules mediate the three-dimensional packing of the polymer. Comparison of the
      geometrical results from the structure analysis with those derived from a DFT
      study of the free ligand reveal the differences that arise upon coordination. 

PMID- 27377276
TI  - Diastereoisomeric forms of 11-ethyl-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6
      carboxamide: syntheses and the molecular and supramolecular structure of the
      minor form (6RS,11RS)-11-ethyl-6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6-carboxamide.
AB  - Compounds containing the tricyclic dibenzo[b,e]azepine system have potential
      activity in the treatment of a number of diseases. Continuing with our studies on
      the synthesis of new small and potentially bioactive molecules, a synthetic
      route, involving acid-catalysed intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclization, to the
      readily separable diastereoisomers of 11-ethyl-6,11-dihydro-5H
      dibenzo[b,e]azepine-6-carboxamide, a potentially useful precursor in the
      synthesis of analogues of some anti-allergenic, antidepressant and antihistaminic
      drugs currently in use, has been developed starting from 2-allylphenylamine and
      methyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate and proceeding via racemic methyl 2-[(2
      allylphenyl)amino]-2-phenylacetate (A) and racemic 2-[(2-allylphenyl)amino]-2
      phenylacetamide (B), to give the two diastereoisomers (I) and (II), C17H18N2O.
      Isomers (I) and (II), and their precursors (A) and (B), have all been fully
      characterized spectroscopically. Structure analysis of the minor isomer (I) shows
      that it has the (6RS,11RS) configuration, and that the azepine ring adopts a
      conformation intermediate between the boat and twist-boat forms, with the
      carboxamide and ethyl substituents both occupying quasi-equatorial sites. The
      molecules of (I) are linked by a combination of N-H...O, N-H...pi(arene) and C
      H...pi(arene) hydrogen bonds to form complex sheets. Comparisons are made with
      the structures of some related compounds. 

PMID- 27377277
TI  - A cyanide-bridged heterometallic coordination polymer constructed from square
      planar [Ni(CN)4](2-): synthesis, crystal structure, thermal decomposition,
      electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum and magnetic properties.
AB  - Square-planar complexes are commonly formed by transition metal ions having a
      d(8) electron configuration. Planar cyanometallate anions have been used
      extensively as design elements in supramolecular coordination systems. In
      particular, square-planar tetracyanometallate(II) ions, i.e. [M(CN)4](2-) (M(II)
      = Ni, Pd or Pt), are used as good building blocks for bimetallic Hofmann-type
      assemblies and their analogues. Square-planar tetracyanonickellate(II) complexes
      have been extensively developed with N-donor groups as additional co-ligands, but
      studies of these systems using O-donor ligands are scarce. A new cyanide-bridged
      Cu(II)-Ni(II) heterometallic compound, poly[[diaquatetra-MU2-cyanido-kappa(8)C:N
      nickel(II)copper(II)] monohydrate], {[Cu(II)Ni(II)(CN)4(H2O)2].H2O}n, has been
      synthesized and characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analyses,
      vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal analysis, electron paramagnetic
      resonance (EPR) and magnetic moment measurements. The structural analysis
      revealed that it has a two-dimensional grid-like structure built up of cationic
      [Cu(H2O)2](2+) and anionic [Ni(CN)4](2-) units connected through bridging cyanide
      ligands. The overall three-dimensional supramolecular network is expanded by a
      combination of interlayer O-H...N and intralayer O-H...O hydrogen-bond
      interactions. The first decomposition reactions take place at 335 K under a
      static air atmosphere, which illustrates the existence of guest water molecules
      in the interlayer spaces. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum
      confirms that the Cu(II) cation has an axial coordination symmetry and that the
      unpaired electrons occupy the d(x(2)-y(2)) orbital. In addition, magnetic
      investigations showed that antiferromagnetic interactions exist in the Cu(II)
      atoms through the diamagnetic [Ni(CN)4](2-) ion. 

PMID- 27377278
TI  - Li4Ge2B as a new derivative of the Mo2B5 and Li5Sn2 structure types.
AB  - Binary and multicomponent intermetallic compounds based on lithium and p-elements
      of Groups III-V of the Periodic Table are useful as modern electrode materials in
      lithium-ion batteries. However, the interactions between the components in the Li
      Ge-B ternary system have not been reported. The structure of tetralithium
      digermanium boride, Li4Ge2B, exhibits a new structure type, in the
      noncentrosymmetric space group R3m, in which all the Li, Ge and B atoms occupy
      sites with 3m symmetry. The title structure is closely related to the Mo2B5 and
      Li5Sn2 structure types, which crystallize in the centrosymmetric space group R
      3m. All the atoms in the title structure are coordinated by rhombic dodecahedra
      (coordination number = 14), similar to the atoms in related structures. According
      to electronic structure calculations using the tight-binding-linear muffin-tin
      orbital-atomic spheres approximation (TB-LMTO-ASA) method, strong covalent Ge-Ge
      and Ge-B interactions were established. 

PMID- 27377279
TI  - Conformational dimorphism in o-nitrobenzoic acid: alternative ways to avoid the
      O...O clash.
AB  - Polymorphism is a challenging phenomenon and the competitive packing alternatives
      which are characteristic for polymorphs may be encountered for essentially rigid
      molecules. A second crystal form of the well known compound o-nitrobenzoic acid,
      C7H5NO4, an important intermediate in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals and
      agrochemicals, is described. Although obtained serendipitously, its intra- and
      intermolecular features match expectations from database searches and theoretical
      calculations. O-H...O hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid dimers represent the
      building blocks in both polymorphs. For steric reasons and in agreement with a
      calculated potential energy surface, the carboxylic acid and nitro groups cannot
      simultaneously be coplanar with the benzene ring but have to tilt. In the well
      established crystal form, this out-of-plane torsion is more pronounced for the
      nitro substituent. In contrast, the new polymorph is characterized by a major
      tilt of the carboxylic acid group. The molecules in both alternative crystal
      forms achieve a similar compromise with respect to acceptable intramolecular
      O...O contacts. 

PMID- 27377280
TI  - A polymeric silver thiosaccarinate complex with a two-dimensional triply
      entangled mesh and argentophilic interactions.
AB  - Silver(I) complexes with sulfur-donor ligands have a broad range of
      pharmacological applications. One of the most important factors for tuning the
      biological activity is the type of donor atom and the ease of ligand replacement.
      Silver thiosaccharinates display a wide range of structures from mono- to
      polynuclear complexes. We report the synthesis, crystal structure and vibrational
      spectroscopic analysis of a two-dimensional Ag(I)-thiosaccharinate coordination
      polymer, namely poly[tris(MU2-4,4'-bipyridine-kappa(2)N:N')bis(MU3-1,1-dioxo-1,2
      benzisothiazole-3-thiolato-kappa(3)N:S(3):S(3))bis(MU2-1,1-dioxo-1,2
      benzisothiazole-3-thiolato-kappa(2)S(3):S(3))tetrasilver(I)],
      [Ag2(C7H4NO2S2)2(C10H8N2)1.5]n, with 4,4'-bipyridine acting as a spacer. A
      relevant feature of the structure is the presence of an unusually short Ag...Ag
      separation of 2.8859 (10) A, well within the range of argentophilic interactions
      and confirmed as such by Raman analysis of the low-frequency spectrum. From a
      topological point of view, the structure presents interpenetration in the form of
      a threefold entangled 2D->2D mesh (2D is two-dimensional). 

PMID- 27377281
TI  - Di- and triphenylacetate complexes of yttrium and europium.
AB  - The significant variety in the crystal structures of rare-earth carboxylate
      complexes is due to both the large coordination numbers of the rare-earth cations
      and the ability of the carboxylate anions to form several types of bridges
      between rare-earth metal atoms. Therefore, these complexes are represented by
      mono-, di- and polynuclear complexes, and by coordination polymers. The
      interaction of LnCl3(thf)x (Ln = Eu or Y; thf is tetrahydrofuran) with sodium or
      diethylammonium diphenylacetate in methanol followed by recrystallization from a
      DME/THF/hexane solvent mixture (DME is 1,2-dimethoxyethane) leads to crystals of
      the non-isomorphic dinuclear complexes tetrakis(MU-2,2-diphenylacetato)
      kappa(4)O:O';kappa(3)O,O':O';kappa(3)O:O,O'-bis[(1,2-dimethoxyethane
      kappa(2)O,O')(2,2-diphenylacetato-kappa(2)O,O')europium(III)],
      [Eu(C14H11O2)6(C4H10O2)2], (I), and tetrakis(MU-2,2-diphenylacetato)
      kappa(4)O:O';kappa(3)O,O':O';kappa(3)O:O,O'-bis[(1,2-dimethoxyethane
      kappa(2)O,O')(2,2-diphenylacetato-kappa(2)O,O')yttrium(III)],
      [Y(C14H11O2)6(C4H10O2)2], (II), possessing monoclinic (P21/c) symmetry. The
      [Ln(Ph2CHCOO)3(dme)]2 molecule (Ln = Eu or Y) lies on an inversion centre and
      exhibits three different coordination modes of the diphenylacetate ligands,
      namely bidentate kappa(2)O,O'-terminal, bidentate MU2-kappa(1)O:kappa(1)O'
      bridging and tridentate MU2-kappa(1)O:kappa(2)O,O'-semibridging. The terminal and
      bridging ligands in (I) are disordered over two positions, with an occupancy
      ratio of 0.806 (2):0.194 (2). The interaction of EuCl3(thf)2 with Na[Ph3CCOO] in
      methanol followed by crystallization from hot methanol produces crystals of
      tetrakis(methanol-kappaO)tris(2,2,2-triphenylacetato)-kappa(4)O:O';kappaO
      europium(III) methanol disolvate, [Eu(C19H15O2)3(CH3OH)4].2CH3OH, (III).2MeOH,
      with triclinic (P-1) symmetry. The molecule of (III) contains two O,O'-bidentate
      and one O-monodentate terminal triphenylacetate ligand. (III).2MeOH possesses one
      intramolecular and four intermolecular hydrogen bonds, forming a [(III).2MeOH]2
      dimer with two bridging methanol molecules. 

PMID- 27377282
TI  - X-ray characterization and magnetic properties of dioxygen-bridged Cu(II) and
      Mn(III) Schiff base complexes.
AB  - The coordination chemistry of multinuclear metal compounds is important because
      of their relevance to the multi-metal active sites of various metalloproteins and
      metalloenzymes. Multinuclear Cu(II) and Mn(III) compounds are of interest due to
      their various properties in the fields of coordination chemistry, inorganic
      biochemistry, catalysis, and optical and magnetic materials. Oxygen-bridged
      binuclear Mn(III) complexes generally exhibit antiferromagnetic interactions and
      a few examples of ferromagnetic interactions have also been reported. Binuclear
      Cu(II) complexes are important due to the fact that they provide examples of the
      simplest case of magnetic interaction involving only two unpaired electrons. Two
      novel dioxygen-bridged copper(II) and manganese(III) Schiff base complexes,
      namely bis(MU-4-bromo-2-{[(3-oxidopropyl)imino]methyl}phenolato)dicopper(II),
      [Cu2(C10H10BrNO2)2], (1), and bis(diaqua{4,4'-dichloro-2,2'-[(1,1-dimethylethane
      1,2-diyl)bis(nitrilomethanylylidene)]diphenolato}manganese(III)) bis{MU-4,4'
      dichloro-2,2'-[(1,1-dimethylethane-1,2
      diyl)bis(nitrilomethanylylidene)]diphenolato}bis[aquamanganese(III)]
      tetrakis(perchlorate) ethanol disolvate,
      [Mn(C18H16Cl2N2O2)(H2O)2]2[Mn2(C18H16Cl2N2O2)2(H2O)2](ClO4)4.2C2H5OH, (2), have
      been synthesized and single-crystal X-ray diffraction has been used to analyze
      their crystal structures. The structure analyses of (1) and (2) show that each
      Cu(II) atom is four-coordinated, with long weak Cu...O interactions of 2.8631
      (13) A linking the dinuclear halves of the centrosymmetric tetranucelar
      molecules, while each Mn(III) atom is six-coordinated. The shortest intra- and
      intermolecular nonbonding Mn...Mn separations are 3.3277 (16) and 5.1763 (19) A
      for (2), while the Cu...Cu separations are 3.0237 (3) and 3.4846 (3) A for (1).
      The magnetic susceptibilities of (1) and (2) in the solid state were measured in
      the temperature range 2-300 K and reveal the presence of antiferromagnetic spin
      exchange interactions between the transition metal ions. 

PMID- 27377283
TI  - Monitoring photo-induced transformations in crystals of 2,6-difluorocinnamic acid
      under ambient conditions.
AB  - Several conditions need to be fulfilled for a photochemical reaction to proceed
      in crystals. Some of these conditions, for example, geometrical conditions,
      depend on the particular type of photochemical reaction, but the rest are common
      for all reactions. The mutual directionality of two neighbouring molecules
      determines the kind of product obtained. The influence of temperature on the
      probability of a photochemical reaction occurring varies for different types of
      photochemical reaction and different compounds. High pressure imposed on crystals
      also has a big influence on the free space and the reaction cavity. The
      wavelength of the applied UV light is another factor which can initiate a
      reaction and sometimes determine the structure of a product. It is possible, to a
      certain degree, to control the packing of molecules in stacks by using fluoro
      substituents on benzene rings. The crystal and molecular structure of 2,6
      difluorocinnamic acid [systematic name: 3-(2,6-difluorophenyl)prop-2-enoic acid],
      C9H6F2O2, (I), was determined and analysed in terms of a photochemical [2 + 2]
      dimerization. The molecules are arranged in stacks along the a axis and the
      values of the intermolecular geometrical parameters indicate that they may
      undergo this photochemical reaction. The reaction was carried out in situ and the
      changes of the unit-cell parameters during crystal irradiation by a UV beam were
      monitored. The values of the unit-cell parameters change in a different manner,
      viz. cell length a after an initial increase starts to decrease, b after a
      decrease starts to increase, c increases and the unit-cell volume V after a
      certain increase starts to decrease. The structure of a partially reacted
      crystal, i.e. containing both the reactant and the product, namely 2,6
      difluorocinnamic acid-3,4-bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic
      acid (0.858/0.071), 0.858C9H6F2O2.0.071C18H12F4O4, obtained in situ, is also
      presented. The powder of compound (I) was irradiated with UV light and afterwards
      crystallized [as 3,4-bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
      toluene hemisolvate, C18H12F4O4.0.5C7H8] in a space group different from that of
      the crystal containing the in-situ dimer. 

PMID- 27377285
TI  - Genetic risk factors for venous thrombosis in the elderly in a case-control
      study.
AB  - Essentials Risk of venous thrombosis (VT) related to common genetic variants in
      those aged 70+ is unknown. We studied Factor V Leiden, prothrombin mutation, non
      O blood group and family history (FH) of VT. Risk of VT was increased 2.2-, 1.4-,
      1.3- and 2.1-fold respectively. FH is easy to obtain and can be implemented in
      clinical decision rules of VT risk in the elderly. Click to hear Prof. Reitsma
      discuss genetic risk factors of arterial and venous thrombosis SUMMARY:
      Background As the incidence of venous thrombosis (VT) increases steeply with age
      and the number of elderly people is on the rise, studies of VT in this age group
      are important. Objectives We aimed to study the associations of common genetic
      risk factors (i.e. the factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations, non-O
      blood group and family history of VT) with risk of a first VT in older age (> 70
      years). Methods Four hundred and one consecutive cases with a first-time
      thrombosis and 431 controls (all >= 70 years) were included in the AT-AGE case
      control study. Information on risk factors for VT, including family history of VT
      in first-degree relatives, was obtained by interview. Unprovoked VT was defined
      as thrombosis not related to surgery, fracture, plaster cast or immobility within
      3 months prior to VT. Results The risk of VT was 2.2-fold increased in factor V
      Leiden carriers (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3.9), 1.4-fold increased in
      prothrombin mutation carriers (95% CI, 0.5-3.9), and 1.3-fold increased in those
      with non-O blood group (95% CI, 1.0-1.8). Positive family history of VT was
      associated with a 2.1-fold increased risk of VT (95% CI, 1.5-3.1). The highest
      risk of VT was found in individuals who had both a positive family history and
      were carriers of one of the two prothrombotic mutations. Conclusions Genetic
      factors clearly related to VT in younger populations were also risk factors in
      older age and a positive family history was also important in this age group.

PMID- 27377286
TI  - Multicapillary gel electrophoresis based analysis of genetic variants in the WFS1
      gene.
AB  - The WFS1 gene is one of the thoroughly investigated targets in diabetes research,
      variants of the gene were suggested to be the genetic components of the common
      forms (type 1 and type 2) of diabetes. Our project focused on the analysis of
      polymorphisms (rs4689388, rs148797429, rs4273545) localized in the WFS1 promoter
      region. Although submarine gel electrophoresis based approaches were also
      employed in the genetic tests, it was demonstrated that multicapillary
      electrophoresis offers a state of the art approach for reliable high-throughput
      SNP and VNTR analysis. Association studies were carried out in a case-control
      setup. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to test the effect of the
      investigated loci on the activity of gene expression in vitro. Significant
      association could be demonstrated between all three polymorphisms and type 2
      diabetes in both allele- and genotype-wise settings even using Bonferroni
      correction. It is notable; however, that the three loci were in strong linkage
      disequilibrium, thus the observed associations cannot be considered as separate
      effects. Molecular analyses showed that the rs4273545 GT SNP played a role in the
      regulation of transcription in vitro. However, this effect took place only in the
      presence of the region including the rs148797429 site, although this latter locus
      did not have its own impact on the regulation of gene expression. The paper
      provides genotyping protocols readily applicable in any multiplex SNP and VNTR
      analyses, moreover confirms and extends previous results about the role of WFS1
      polymorphisms in the genetic risk of diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 27377287
TI  - The application of phage-based faecal pollution markers to predict the
      concentration of adenoviruses in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and their overlying
      waters.
AB  - AIM: This study set out to determine whether phage-based indicators may provide a
      'low-tech' alternative to existing approaches that might help maintain the
      microbial safety of shellfish and their overlying waters. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      Mussels and their overlying waters were collected biweekly from an estuary in
      southeast England over a 2-year period (May 2013-April 2015) (n = 48). Levels of
      bacterial indicators were determined using membrane filtration and most probable
      number methods and those of bacteriophages were determined by direct plaque
      assay. The detection of adenovirus was determined using real-time polymerase
      chain reaction. The results revealed that somatic coliphages demonstrated the
      most significant correlations with AdV F and G in mussels (rho = 0.55) and
      overlying waters (rho = 0.66), followed by GB124 phages (rho = 0.43) while
      Escherichia coli showed no correlation with AdV F and G in mussels. CONCLUSION:
      This study demonstrates that the use of somatic coliphages and GB124 phages may
      provide a better indication of the risk of adenovirus contamination of mussels
      and their overlying waters than existing bacterial indicators. SIGNIFICANCE AND
      IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Phage-based detection may be particularly advantageous in
      low-resource settings where viral infectious disease presents a significant
      burden to human health.

PMID- 27377288
TI  - Increased epidermal thickness and abnormal epidermal differentiation in keloid
      scars.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis underlying keloid formation is still poorly
      understood. Research has focused mostly on dermal abnormalities, while the
      epidermis has not yet been studied. OBJECTIVES: To identify differences within
      the epidermis of mature keloid scars compared with normal skin and mature
      normotrophic and hypertrophic scars. METHODS: Rete ridge formation and epidermal
      thickness were evaluated in tissue sections. Epidermal proliferation was assessed
      using immunohistochemistry (Ki67, keratins 6, 16 and 17) and with an in vitro
      proliferation assay. Epidermal differentiation was evaluated using
      immunohistochemistry (keratin 10, involucrin, loricrin, filaggrin, SPRR2, SKALP),
      reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (involucrin) and transmission
      electron microscopy (stratum corneum). RESULTS: All scars showed flattening of
      the epidermis. A trend of increasing epidermal thickness correlating to
      increasing scar abnormality was observed when comparing normal skin, normotrophic
      scars, hypertrophic scars and keloids. No difference in epidermal proliferation
      was observed. Only the early differentiation marker involucrin showed abnormal
      expression in scars. Involucrin was restricted to the granular layer in healthy
      skin, but showed panepidermal expression in keloids. Normotrophic scars expressed
      involucrin in the granular and upper spinous layers, while hypertrophic scars
      resembled normotrophic scars or keloids. Abnormal differentiation was associated
      with ultrastructural disorganization of the stratum corneum in keloids compared
      with normal skin. CONCLUSIONS: Keloids showed increased epidermal thickness
      compared with normal skin and normotrophic and hypertrophic scars. This was not
      due to hyperproliferation, but possibly caused by abnormal early terminal
      differentiation, which affects stratum corneum formation. Our findings indicate
      that the epidermis is associated with keloid pathogenesis and identify involucrin
      as a potential diagnostic marker for abnormal scarring.

PMID- 27377289
TI  - IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-ECTOPIC SPLEEN MIMICKING HEPATIC TUMOR WITH INTRA-ABDOMINAL
      METASTASES INVESTIGATED VIA TRIPLE-PHASE HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN A DOG.
AB  - A 10-year-old castrated male miniature dachshund was presented with an abdominal
      mass. The dog had a history of splenectomy. Triple-phase helical computed
      tomography was utilized, revealing a hepatic mass and multiple intra-abdominal
      solid masses. In triple-phase helical computed tomography the images, hepatic
      mass and two of four intra-abdominal masses were heterogenous in all phases.
      Therefore, we diagnosed a malignant hepatic tumor and presumed intra-abdominal
      metastases. The masses were surgically removed and were histologically composed
      of normal spleen tissues, findings which were consistent with ectopic spleen.

PMID- 27377290
TI  - Life events and escape in conversion disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psychological models of conversion disorder (CD) traditionally assume
      that psychosocial stressors are identifiable around symptom onset. In the face of
      limited supportive evidence such models are being challenged. METHOD: Forty-three
      motor CD patients, 28 depression patients and 28 healthy controls were assessed
      using the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule in the year before symptom onset.
      A novel 'escape' rating for events was developed to test the Freudian theory that
      physical symptoms of CD could provide escape from stressors, a form of 'secondary
      gain'. RESULTS: CD patients had significantly more severe life events and
      'escape' events than controls. In the month before symptom onset at least one
      severe event was identified in 56% of CD patients - significantly more than 21%
      of depression patients [odds ratio (OR) 4.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56
      13.70] and healthy controls (OR 5.81, 95% CI 1.86-18.2). In the same time period
      53% of CD patients had at least one 'high escape' event - again significantly
      higher than 14% in depression patients (OR 6.90, 95% CI 2.05-23.6) and 0% in
      healthy controls. Previous sexual abuse was more commonly reported in CD than
      controls, and in one third of female patients was contextually relevant to life
      events at symptom onset. The majority (88%) of life events of potential
      aetiological relevance were not identified by routine clinical assessments. Nine
      per cent of CD patients had no identifiable severe life events. CONCLUSIONS:
      Evidence was found supporting the psychological model of CD, the Freudian notion
      of escape and the potential aetiological relevance of childhood traumas in some
      patients. Uncovering stressors of potential aetiological relevance requires
      thorough psychosocial evaluation.

PMID- 27377291
TI  - Physics-Inspired Micro/Nanotherapeutics: Same Problem, Different Approaches.

PMID- 27377292
TI  - Effects of two different exercise programs on chronic fatigue in lupus patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Fatigue is a major complaint of patients with systemic lupus
      erythemasosus (SLE). While several studies have demonstrated the benefits of
      exercise, the effects of supervised training were never compared to those of home
      training. METHODS: Forty-five SLE patients suffering from fatigue, as defined by
      Krupp's fatigue severity scale (FSS) >= 3.7, were randomized in 3 groups:
      supervised training group (STG), home training group (HTG), and control group
      (CG). Primary outcome was the change in FSS at month 3. In parallel, we measured
      the physical working capacity measured at 75% of the predicted maximal heart rate
      (PWC75%/kg) and the modified Borg's scale to assess perception of exertion.
      RESULTS: Both STG and HTG, but not the CG, statistically improved their FSS at
      month 3. By contrast, the PWC75%/kg and the Borg's scale did not improve in none
      of the groups. Surprinsingly, compliance was similar and low (+/-50%) in both
      exercise groups. Moreover, less compliant patients improved their fatigue as much
      as more compliant patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients included in the STG and the HTG
      similarly improved their fatigue, irrespectively of their level of compliance,
      raising the possibility that the beneficial effect on fatigue was not only
      exercise-related.

PMID- 27377293
TI  - L929 fibroblast bioassay on the in vitro toxicity of SnCl2, H3PO4, Clearfil SE
      primer and combinations thereof.
AB  - Stannous chloride (SnCl(2), 35%) can increase microtensile bond strength between
      a self-etching adhesive and dental hard tissue either alone or in combination
      with phosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4), 35%). Whereas cell toxicity of H(3)PO(4) has
      been sufficiently investigated, little is known about the toxicity of
      concentrated SnCl(2). The present study determined the in vitro toxicity of
      SnCl(2), H(3)PO(4), the primer of a self-etching adhesive (Clearfil SE) and
      combinations thereof at three concentrations (0.01%?0.3%) in a L929 fibroblast
      bioassay. Cell viability was determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5
      diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, the integrity of cell membranes was
      visualised by trypan blue staining (cell necrosis assay). Cell viability was
      impaired at concentrations between 0.09% and 0.13% for SnCl(2), between 0.06% and
      0.09% for H(3)PO(4), and between 0.19% and 0.29% for Clearfil SE primer.
      Combinations of agents showed additive toxic effects. SnCl(2) showed a slightly
      lower but comparable in vitro toxicity to H(3)PO(4), which gives a perspective
      for further in vitro, in situ and clinical studies on this issue, and for the
      intraoral use of SnCl(2) to increase bond strength between an adhesive system and
      both enamel and dentine.

PMID- 27377294
TI  - Spirituality and mood pathology in severe skin conditions: a prospective
      observational study.
AB  - Although the association between spirituality and parameters of psychological
      health and disease has been investigated extensively, little evidence is
      available for its potential role in dermatology. In a single-centre observational
      prospective study, 149 outpatients (107 women) with systemic sclerosis (SSc; n =
      44), lupus erythematosus (LE; n = 48), or early stage malignant melanoma (MM; n =
      57) were investigated using the multidimensional inventory for
      religious/spiritual well-being together with the Brief Symptom Inventory for
      psychiatric symptoms (BSI-18). SSc patients reported the highest amount of
      Somatization in comparison with LE and MM patients (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in
      line with the previous research, spiritual dimensions, such as Hope for a better
      future (p < 0.01) or Hope for a better afterlife (p < 0.01), proved to be
      especially negatively predictive for the global amount of psychiatric symptom
      burden in these dermatological patient groups. Our findings suggest that greater
      attention should be given to spiritual issues, such as encouraging patients,
      imbuing them with optimism, and offering interventions that address spiritual
      well-being. 

PMID- 27377295
TI  - Role of F225 in O-phosphoserine sulfhydrylase from Aeropyrum pernix K1.
AB  - O-Phosphoserine sulfhydrylase (OPSS) synthesizes cysteine from O-phospho-L-serine
      (OPS) and sulfide. We have determined the three-dimensional structures of OPSS
      from hyperthermophilic archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1 (ApOPSS) in complex with
      aminoacrylate intermediate (AA) formed from pyridoxal 5'-phosphate with OPS or in
      complex with cysteine and compared them with that of ApOPSS. We found an
      orientational change of F225 at the active-site entrance and constructed an F225A
      mutant to examine its activities and AA stability and clarify the role of F225 in
      ApOPSS. The OPS and O-acetyl-L-serine (OAS) sulfhydrylase activities of the F225A
      mutant decreased by 4.2- and 15-fold compared to those of the wild-type (wt)
      ApOPSS, respectively. The ability of OPS and OAS to form AA also decreased by 12-
      and 27-fold, respectively. AA was less stable in the F225A mutant than in the wt
      ApOPSS. Simulated docking showed that leaving groups, such as phosphate and
      acetate, were oriented to the inside of the active site in the F225A mutant,
      whereas they were oriented to the entrance in the wt ApOPSS. These results
      suggest that F225 in ApOPSS plays important roles in maintaining the hydrophobic
      environment of AA from solvent water and in controlling the orientation of
      leaving groups. 

PMID- 27377296
TI  - Crystal structure of a putative oligopeptide-binding periplasmic protein from a
      hyperthermophile.
AB  - Oligopeptide-binding proteins (Opps) are part of the ATP-binding cassette system,
      playing a crucial role in nutrient uptake and sensing the external environment in
      bacteria, including hyperthermophiles. Opps serve as a binding platform for
      diverse peptides; however, how these peptides are recognized by Opps is still
      largely unknown and few crystal structures of Opps from hyperthermophiles have
      been determined. To facilitate such an understanding, the crystal structure of a
      putative Opp, OppA from Thermotoga maritima (TmOppA), was solved at 2.6-A
      resolution in the open conformation. TmOppA is composed of three domains. The N
      terminal domain consists of twelve strands, nine helices, and four 310 helices,
      and the C-terminal domain consists of five strands, ten helices, and one 310
      helix. These two domains are connected by the linker domain, which consists of
      two strands, three helices, and three 310 helices. Based on structural
      comparisons of TmOppA with other OppAs and binding studies, we suggest that
      TmOppA might be a periplasmic Opp. The most distinct feature of TmOppA is the
      insertion of two helices, which are lacking in other OppAs. A cavity volume
      between the N-terminal and C-terminal domains is suggested to be responsible for
      binding peptides of various lengths. 

PMID- 27377297
TI  - Anti-phospholipid Antibodies and Smoking: An Overview.
AB  - Antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid
      antibodies, specifically lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and
      anti-beta2 glycoprotein-I antibodies. Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur on its
      own or in association with other autoimmune diseases, most commonly systemic
      lupus erythematosus (SLE). A connection between cigarette smoking and anti
      phospholipid antibodies (aPL) was first reported in the late1980s. Systemic lupus
      erythematosus patients with aPL are more likely to be smokers than those without
      aPL. These patients have a particularly high frequency of vascular events.
      Recently, a potential link between periodontitis, tobacco, and aPL has been
      proposed. Research has also suggested that periodontitis and Porphyromonas
      gingivalis infection are associated with citrullination through the action of
      peptidylarginine deiminase. A strong correlation between smoking and the presence
      of citrillunated autoantibodies, which are characteristic of rheumatoid
      arthritis, has also been observed. While many studies have investigated possible
      links between infection and aPL in patients with autoimmune diseases, the
      association of smoking with aPL has not been systematically examined. The fact
      that both aPL and tobacco are risk factors for thrombosis has complicated efforts
      to evaluate these factors separately. Also, there has been great variability in
      measurement techniques, and laboratories lack routine methods for differentiating
      transient and persistent aPL; both of these factors can make interpretation of
      autoantibody results quite challenging. This review summarizes the clinical
      evidence supporting a posited link between aPL and smoking, both in patients with
      a systemic autoimmune disease and in patients with other medical conditions.

PMID- 27377298
TI  - Bacterial and Viral Infections in Atopic Dermatitis: a Comprehensive Review.
AB  - Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common allergic skin disease in the general
      population. It is a chronic inflammatory skin disease complicated by recurrent
      bacterial and viral infections that, when left untreated, can lead to significant
      complications. The current article will review immunologic and molecular
      mechanisms underlying the propensity of AD patients to microbial infections.
      These infections include Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) skin infections,
      eczema herpeticum, eczema vaccinatum, and eczema coxsackium. Previous studies
      have shown that skin barrier defects, a decrease in antimicrobial peptides,
      increased skin pH, or Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 are potential
      contributing factors for the increased risk of skin infections in AD. In
      addition, bacterial virulence such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
      produces significantly higher number of superantigens that increase their
      potential in causing infection and more severe cutaneous inflammation in AD
      patients. More recent studies suggest that skin microbiome including
      Staphylococcus epidermidis or other coagulase-negative staphylococci may play an
      important role in controlling S. aureus skin infections in AD. Other studies also
      suggest that genetic variants in the innate immune response may predispose AD
      patients to increased risk of viral skin infections. These genetic variants
      include thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), type I interferon (alpha, beta,
      omega), type II interferon (gamma), and molecular pathways that lead to the
      production of interferons (interferon regulatory factor 2). A common
      staphylococcal toxin, alpha-toxin, may also play a role in enhancing herpes
      simplex virus skin infections in AD. Further understanding of these disease
      processes may have important clinical implications for the prevention and
      treatment of skin infections in this common skin disease.

PMID- 27377300
TI  - The splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway: could it be the efferent arm of the
      inflammatory reflex?
AB  - What is the topic of this review? We review the current literature on the neural
      reflex termed the 'inflammatory reflex' that inhibits an excessive release of
      inflammatory mediators in response to an immune challenge. What advances does it
      highlight? The original model proposed that the inflammatory reflex is a vago
      vagal reflex that controls immune function. We posit that, in the endotoxaemic
      animal model, the vagus nerves do not appear to play a role. The evidence
      suggests that the efferent motor pathway, termed here the 'splanchnic anti
      inflammatory pathway', is purely sympathetic, travelling via the greater
      splanchnic nerves to regulate the ensuing inflammatory response to immune
      challenges. Exposure to immune challenges results in the development of
      inflammation. An insufficient inflammatory response can be life-threatening,
      whereas an exaggerated response is also detrimental because it causes tissue
      damage and, in extreme cases, septic shock that can lead to death. Hence,
      inflammation must be finely regulated. It is generally accepted that the brain
      inhibits inflammation induced by an immune challenge in two main ways: humorally,
      by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to release glucocorticoids;
      and neurally, via a mechanism that has been termed the 'inflammatory reflex'. The
      efferent arm of this reflex (the neural-to-immune link) was thought to be the
      'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway'. Here, we discuss data that support the
      hypothesis that the vagus nerves play no role in the control of inflammation in
      the endotoxaemic animal model. We have shown and posit that it is the greater
      splanchnic nerves that are activated in response to the immune challenge and
      that, in turn, drive postganglionic sympathetic neurons to inhibit inflammation.

PMID- 27377299
TI  - The use of intracranial recordings to decode human language: Challenges and
      opportunities.
AB  - Decoding speech from intracranial recordings serves two main purposes:
      understanding the neural correlates of speech processing and decoding speech
      features for targeting speech neuroprosthetic devices. Intracranial recordings
      have high spatial and temporal resolution, and thus offer a unique opportunity to
      investigate and decode the electrophysiological dynamics underlying speech
      processing. In this review article, we describe current approaches to decoding
      different features of speech perception and production - such as spectrotemporal,
      phonetic, phonotactic, semantic, and articulatory components - using intracranial
      recordings. A specific section is devoted to the decoding of imagined speech, and
      potential applications to speech prosthetic devices. We outline the challenges in
      decoding human language, as well as the opportunities in scientific and
      neuroengineering applications.

PMID- 27377301
TI  - Five-year follow-up of polymer-free sirolimus- and probucol-eluting stents versus
      new generation zotarolimus-eluting stents in patients presenting with st
      elevation myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
      undergoing drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation are at increased risk of late
      adverse events, partly explained by an exaggerated inflammatory reaction to
      durable-polymer stent coatings. OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate whether
      implantation of polymer-free DES would reduce this risk. METHODS: In the ISAR
      TEST 5 (the Intracoronary Stenting and Angiographic Results: Test Efficacy of
      Sirolimus- and Probucol- and Zotarolimus-Eluting Stents) trial, patients were
      randomly allocated to receive a polymer-free sirolimus- and probucol-eluting
      stent or a new generation durable-polymer zotarolimus-eluting stent. We analyzed
      late clinical outcomes in the subgroup of patients presenting with STEMI. The
      primary endpoint was the combined incidence of cardiac death, target vessel
      related myocardial infarction or target lesion revascularization at 5 years.
      RESULTS: 311 patients with STEMI were randomized to receive sirolimus- and
      probucol-eluting stents (n = 215) or zotarolimus-eluting stents (n = 96). At 5
      years, there was no difference in the incidence of the primary endpoint in
      patients treated with sirolimus- and probucol-eluting stents versus zotarolimus
      eluting stents (18.3% versus 20.1% respectively, hazard ratio = 0.87, 95% CI,
      0.50-1.51; P = 0.62). Rates of the individual components of the primary endpoint
      were also comparable in both groups. The incidence of definite/probable stent
      thrombosis was 1.4% versus 1.0% respectively (hazard ratio = 1.35, 95% CI, 0.14
      12.94, P = 0.80). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term outcomes of patients with STEMI treated
      with polymer-free sirolimus- and probucol-eluting stents versus durable-polymer
      zotarolimus-eluting stents were similar. Stent thrombosis rates were low and
      comparable in both treatment groups, with no events beyond 12 months. CLINICAL
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT 00598533)
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377302
TI  - Electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST36) ameliorates colonic neuronal nitric oxide
      synthase upregulation in rats with neurogenic bowel dysfunction following spinal
      cord injury.
AB  - Study designExperimental study.ObjectiveTo determine the effects of
      electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST36) on colonic motility and neuronal nitric
      oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in rats with neurogenic bowel dysfunction (NBD)
      after spinal cord injury (SCI).SettingSecond School of Clinical Medical, Nanjing
      University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, China.MethodsWe divided 30 adult Sprague
      Dawley rats into a sham group (10 rats), a model group (SCI alone, 10 rats) and a
      EA group (SCI+EA at ST36, 10 rats). Defecation time was recorded as the time from
      activated carbon administration (on day 15) to evacuation of the first black
      stool. Immunohistochemical, real-time PCR and western blot analyses were
      performed to assess changes in nNOS-immunoreactive cells, and nNOS messenger RNA
      (mRNA) and protein, respectively, after 14 experimental days.ResultsDefecation
      time was lower in the EA group than in the model group (P<0.01). On
      immunohistochemical analysis, nNOS was localized in the myenteric plexus of the
      colon. The number of nNOS-immunoreactive cells and the intensity of nNOS staining
      were greater in the model group than in the sham group and lesser in the EA group
      than in the model group. Consistent with the immunohistochemical findings, nNOS
      mRNA and protein expression was higher in the model group than in the sham group
      and lower in the EA group than in the model group (P<0.05 for
      both).ConclusionIncreased colonic nNOS expression can induce/aggravate NBD in SCI
      rats. EA at ST36 ameliorated NBD, possibly by downregulating colonic nNOS
      expression.

PMID- 27377303
TI  - Cardiovascular disease risk in people with spinal cord injury: is there a
      possible association between reduced lung function and increased risk of diabetes
      and hypertension?
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive study of medical files 253 patients with
      chronic traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVES: To determine the
      frequency of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in SCI people, to estimate
      CVD risk in this population according to the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and to
      determine whether reduced lung function parameters are significant predictors of
      diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. SETTING: Academic Rehabilitation
      Hospital. METHODS: Demographic and clinical records of the patients and lung
      function parameters were obtained. RESULTS: The FRS could not be calculated in 26
      (10.3%) patients because this tool is designed for adults aged 20 years and
      older. According to the FRS guideline, ~6.7% of the SCI patients had high risk,
      5.9% of them had intermediate risk and 77.1% of the study group had low risk for
      CVD. Regression analysis showed that impaired lung function parameters (FEV1, FVC
      and MVV) were significant predictors for the future development of hypertension
      (odds ratio (OR): 0.483 (0.258-0.903 95% confidence interval (CI)), OR: 0.549
      (0.319-0.946 95% CI) and OR: 0.981 (0.965-0.998 95% CI), respectively) and DM
      (OR: 0.335 (0.140-0.801 95% CI), OR: 0.391 (0.183-0.839 95% CI) and OR: 0.970
      (0.947-0.993 95% CI), respectively) in the SCI population. CONCLUSION: This study
      showed that there might be a significant relationship between reduced lung
      function and the risk of DM and hypertension in people with SCI. Therefore,
      systematic measurement of these parameters should be performed in the routine
      clinical follow-up of SCI patients. Once reduced lung parameters are determined,
      the higher risk for developing hypertension and DM should be considered.

PMID- 27377304
TI  - Exploratory study to suggest the possibility of MMP-8 and MMP-9 serum levels as
      early markers for remission after traumatic spinal cord injury.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study reporting the correlation between
      matrix metalloprotein serum levels and remission after traumatic spinal cord
      injury (SCI). OBJECTIVES: To investigate serum cytokine levels as predictive
      markers. SETTING: Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). METHODS:
      Between 2010 and 2015, data sets from 115 patients (33 female, 82 male) after
      traumatic SCI were recorded at the BG Trauma Centre Ludwigshafen. We examined the
      serum levels of Matix metallopraoteinases (MMPs) MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-10 and
      MMP-12 over a 12-week period, that is, at admission and 4, 9, 12 h, 1 and 3 days
      and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after trauma. Following the same match-pair procedure
      as in our previous studies, we selected 10 patients with SCI and neurological
      remission (Group 1) and 10 patients with an initial American Spinal Injury
      Association (ASIA) A grade and no neurological remission (Group 0). Ten patients
      with an isolated vertebral fracture without neurological deficits served as a
      control group (Group C). Our analysis was performed using a Luminex Performance
      Human High Sensitivity Cytokine Panel. Multivariate logistic regression models
      were used to examine the predictive value of MMPs with respect to neurological
      remission vs no neurological remission. RESULTS: MMP-8 and MMP-9 provided
      significantly different values. The favoured predictive model allows to
      differentiate between neurological remission and no neurological remission in 97%
      of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that further studies with an enlarged
      collective are warranted in order to investigate current monitoring, prognostic
      and tracking techniques as well as scoring systems.

PMID- 27377305
TI  - Mechanistic insights into chemical and photochemical transformations of bismuth
      vanadate photoanodes.
AB  - Artificial photosynthesis relies on the availability of semiconductors that are
      chemically stable and can efficiently capture solar energy. Although metal oxide
      semiconductors have been investigated for their promise to resist oxidative
      attack, materials in this class can suffer from chemical and photochemical
      instability. Here we present a methodology for evaluating corrosion mechanisms
      and apply it to bismuth vanadate, a state-of-the-art photoanode. Analysis of
      changing morphology and composition under solar water splitting conditions
      reveals chemical instabilities that are not predicted from thermodynamic
      considerations of stable solid oxide phases, as represented by the Pourbaix
      diagram for the system. Computational modelling indicates that photoexcited
      charge carriers accumulated at the surface destabilize the lattice, and that self
      passivation by formation of a chemically stable surface phase is kinetically
      hindered. Although chemical stability of metal oxides cannot be assumed, insight
      into corrosion mechanisms aids development of protection strategies and discovery
      of semiconductors with improved stability.

PMID- 27377308
TI  - Better working environments could boost recruitment to anaesthesia, says study.

PMID- 27377307
TI  - Knockdown of Pentraxin 3 suppresses tumorigenicity and metastasis of human
      cervical cancer cells.
AB  - Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) as an inflammatory molecule has been shown to be involved in
      immune response, inflammation, and cancer. However, the effects of PTX3 on the
      biological features of cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo have not been
      delineated. Immunohistochemical staining showed that increased PTX3 expression
      was significantly associated with tumor grade (P < 0.011) and differentiation (P
      < 0.019). Knocking down PTX3 with lentivirus-mediated small hairpin RNA (shRNA)
      in cervical cancer cell lines resulted in inhibited cell viability, diminished
      colony-forming ability, and induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase of the
      cell cycle, along with downregulated expression of cyclin B1, cdc2, and cdc25c,
      and upregulated expression of p-cdc2, p-cdc25c, p21, and p27. Furthermore,
      knockdown of PTX3 significantly decreased the potential of migration and invasion
      of cervical cancer cells by inhibiting matrix metalloproteidase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9,
      and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Moreover, in vivo functional studies
      showed PTX3-knockdown in mice suppressed tumorigenicity and lung metastatic
      potential. Conversely, overexpression of PTX3 enhanced proliferation and invasion
      both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that PTX3 contributes to
      tumorigenesis and metastasis of human cervical cancer cells. Further studies are
      warranted to demonstrate PTX3 as a novel therapeutic biomarker for human cervical
      cancer.

PMID- 27377309
TI  - A Qualitative Study of Physician Perspectives on Prognostication in Neonatal
      Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy.
AB  - Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is the most frequent cause of neonatal
      encephalopathy and yields a great degree of morbidity and mortality. From an
      ethical and clinical standpoint, neurological prognosis is fundamental in the
      care of neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. This qualitative study
      explores physician perspectives about neurological prognosis in neonatal hypoxic
      ischemic encephalopathy. This study aimed, through semistructured interviews with
      neonatologists and pediatric neurologists, to understand the practice of
      prognostication. Qualitative thematic content analysis was used for data
      analysis. The authors report 2 main findings: (1) neurological prognosis remains
      fundamental to quality-of-life predictions and considerations of best interest,
      and (2) magnetic resonance imaging is presented to parents with a greater degree
      of certainty than actually exists. Further research is needed to explore both the
      parental perspective and, prospectively, the impact of different clinical
      approaches and styles to prognostication for neonatal hypoxic ischemic
      encephalopathy.

PMID- 27377310
TI  - LOCC indistinguishable orthogonal product quantum states.
AB  - We construct two families of orthogonal product quantum states that cannot be
      exactly distinguished by local operation and classical communication (LOCC) in
      the quantum system of (2k+i) ? (2l+j) (i, j ? {0, 1} and i >= j ) and (3k+i) ?
      (3l+j) (i, j ? {0, 1, 2}). And we also give the tiling structure of these two
      families of quantum product states where the quantum states are unextendible in
      the first family but are extendible in the second family. Our construction in the
      quantum system of (3k+i) ? (3l+j) is more generalized than the other construction
      such as Wang et al.'s construction and Zhang et al.'s construction, because it
      contains the quantum system of not only (2k) ? (2l) and (2k+1) ? (2l) but also
      (2k) ? (2l+1) and (2k+1) ? (2l+1). We calculate the non-commutativity to quantify
      the quantumness of a quantum ensemble for judging the local indistinguishability.
      We give a general method to judge the indistinguishability of orthogonal product
      states for our two constructions in this paper. We also extend the dimension of
      the quantum system of (2k) ? (2l) in Wang et al.'s paper. Our work is a necessary
      complement to understand the phenomenon of quantum nonlocality without
      entanglement.

PMID- 27377314
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27377311
TI  - Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict the clinical
      pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies.
AB  - Accurate prediction of the clinical pharmacokinetics of new therapeutic entities
      facilitates decision making during drug discovery, and increases the probability
      of success for early clinical trials. Standard strategies employed for predicting
      the pharmacokinetics of small-molecule drugs (e.g., allometric scaling) are often
      not useful for predicting the disposition monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as mAbs
      frequently demonstrate species-specific non-linear pharmacokinetics that is
      related to mAb-target binding (i.e., target-mediated drug disposition, TMDD). The
      saturable kinetics of TMDD are known to be influenced by a variety of factors,
      including the sites of target expression (which determines the accessibility of
      target to mAb), the extent of target expression, the rate of target turnover, and
      the fate of mAb-target complexes. In most cases, quantitative information on the
      determinants of TMDD is not available during early phases of drug discovery, and
      this has complicated attempts to employ mechanistic mathematical models to
      predict the clinical pharmacokinetics of mAbs. In this report, we introduce a
      simple strategy, employing physiologically-based modeling, to predict mAb
      disposition in humans. The approach employs estimates of inter-antibody
      variability in rate processes of extravasation in tissues and fluid-phase
      endocytosis, estimates for target concentrations in tissues derived through use
      of categorical immunohistochemical scores, and in vitro measures of the turnover
      of target and target-mAb complexes. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for
      four mAbs (cetuximab, figitumumab, dalotuzumab, trastuzumab) directed against
      three targets (epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor
      receptor 1, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2). The proposed modeling
      strategy was able to predict well the pharmacokinetics of cetuximab, dalotuzumab,
      and trastuzumab at a range of doses, but trended towards underprediction of
      figitumumab concentrations, particularly at high doses. The general agreement
      between model predictions and experimental observations suggests that PBPK
      modeling may be useful for the a priori prediction of the clinical
      pharmacokinetics of mAb therapeutics.

PMID- 27377312
TI  - Understanding Multiple Behavioral Risk Factors for Cancer in Rural Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the demographic and health-related factors associated with
      risk behaviors that have been linked to cancer including smoking, high BMI, and
      low physical activity. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A secondary analysis was conducted
      using data from Rural Families Speak about Health, a multistate, epidemiologic
      study of rural American women and their families (N = 444). MEASURES: Validated
      measures for various demographic and health-related items including tobacco use,
      BMI, physical activity, and depression were used. RESULTS: Of the total sample
      with complete data (n = 399), the mean age was 32 years and the majority were
      White (64%), married (67%), had a high school education or higher (73%), and had
      an annual household income of less than $40,000 (90%). Regarding cancer risk
      behaviors, 36% of the sample were smokers, 39% reported low levels of physical
      activity, and 45% had a calculated BMI over 30. Thirty-five percent of
      participants reported engaging in two or more risk behaviors. There were
      significant differences in income, perceived health status, and depression
      depending on the number of risk behaviors reported. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding
      combinations of risk behaviors can assist nurses and other health professionals
      in tailoring multiple health behavior change interventions to prevent cancer
      among rural women.

PMID- 27377315
TI  - Purulent Thyroiditis-a Clinical Study of 5 Cases.
AB  - Between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2006, 13279 patients were operated on due
      to various forms of goitre, of which five cases were diagnosed with purulent
      thyroiditis-one child aged 8, three women and one man all between 35 and 81 years
      of age. The course of the disease was unusual. In three of the patients cancer
      was suspected. In all of the patients hard nodules were discovered within the
      thyroid gland, ultrasonographically heterogeneous and hypo-echogenic, although
      scintigraphic examination showed "cold" nodules. The child presented regional
      lymph node enlargement. Except in one case, all patients were apyretic. The rapid
      growth of the thyroid gland and symptoms of compression were observed in 2 cases.
      In one of them, trache-ostomy was required. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the
      thyroid gland revealed the presence of profuse purulent infiltration in one case.
      Neither thyroid dysfunction nor autoimmune changes were detected. A subtotal
      thyroidectomy was performed in all patients. In the paediatric case, the enlarged
      lymph nodes were also resected. In 3 cases, thyroid abscess was diagnosed and
      drained and staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus epidermidis and
      streptococcus pyogenes were found. Microscopic examination proved the presence of
      aspergillus fumigatus in one case. Antibiotic therapy was applied postoperatively
      and all the patients recovered. CONCLUSIONS: 1. The clinical course of purulent
      thyroiditis leads to a diagnostic challenge. The surgical treatment of purulent
      thyroiditis allows for a faster recovery for the patient.

PMID- 27377316
TI  - Insights into Chronic Functional Movement Disorders: The Value of Qualitative
      Psychiatric Interviews.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with functional movement disorders (FMDs) are commonly seen
      by neurologists and psychosomatic medicine psychiatrists. Research literature
      provides scant information about the subjective experiences of individuals with
      this often chronic problem. OBJECTIVE: To enhance our understanding of
      psychologic aspects of FMDs by conducting qualitative interviews of research
      subjects. METHODS: In total, 36 patients with FMDs were recruited from the Human
      Motor Control clinic at the National Institutes of Health. Each subject
      participated in a qualitative psychiatric interview and a structured diagnostic
      psychiatric interview. RESULTS: Of our 36 subjects, 28 had current or lifetime
      psychiatric disorders in addition to conversion disorder and 22 had current
      disorders. Qualitative interviews provided rich information on patients'
      understanding of their illnesses and impaired cognitive processing of emotions.
      CONCLUSION: Our study supports the addition of open-ended qualitative interviews
      to delineate emotional dynamics and conceptual frameworks among such patients.
      Exploratory interviews generate enhanced understanding of such complex patients,
      above and beyond that gained by assessing DSM diagnostic comorbidities.

PMID- 27377317
TI  - A dinosaurian facial deformity and the first occurrence of ameloblastoma in the
      fossil record.
AB  - Despite documentation of various types of neoplastic pathologies encountered in
      the vertebrate fossil record, no ameloblastic tumours have been recognised so
      far. Ameloblastoma is a benign neoplasic tumour with a strong preponderance for
      the mandible. Here, we report for the first time the presence of an ameloblastoma
      neoplasm in the lower jaw of a specimen referred to the derived non-hadrosaurid
      hadrosauroid dinosaur Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus from the uppermost Cretaceous
      of the Haeg Basin in Romania. The location, external appearance and internal
      structure of the pathological outgrowth provide clear evidence for the diagnosis
      of ameloblastoma in Telmatosaurus. This report extends the range of pathologies
      encountered in hadrosauroid dinosaurs. In addition, recognition of an
      ameloblastoma neoplasm in a taxon lying close to the origin of 'duck-billed'
      hadrosaurid dinosaurs confirms the predisposition of this clade towards neoplasia
      pathologies already in its basal members.

PMID- 27377318
TI  - Response: Commentary: Past, present and future of epigenetics applied to
      livestock breeding.

PMID- 27377319
TI  - Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A translational
      update.
AB  - Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-evoked syndrome, with variable
      prevalence within the human population due to individual differences in coping
      and resiliency. In this review, we discuss evidence supporting the relevance of
      neuropeptide Y (NPY), a stress regulatory transmitter in PTSD. We consolidate
      findings from preclinical, clinical, and translational studies of NPY that are of
      relevance to PTSD with an attempt to provide a current update of this area of
      research. NPY is abundantly expressed in forebrain limbic and brainstem areas
      that regulate stress and emotional behaviors. Studies in rodents demonstrate a
      role for NPY in stress responses, anxiety, fear, and autonomic regulation, all
      relevant to PTSD symptomology. Genetic studies support an association of NPY
      polymorphisms with stress coping and affect. Importantly, cerebrospinal fluid
      (CSF) measurements in combat veterans provide direct evidence of NPY association
      with PTSD diagnosis and symptomology. In addition, NPY involvement in pain,
      depression, addiction, and metabolism may be relevant to comorbidities associated
      with PTSD. Collectively, the literature supports the relevance of NPY to PTSD
      pathophysiology, although knowledge gaps remain. The NPY system is an attractive
      target in terms of understanding the physiological basis of PTSD as well as
      treatment of the disorder.

PMID- 27377320
TI  - Epigenetics changes caused by the fusion of human embryonic stem cell and ovarian
      cancer cells.
AB  - To observe the effect of gene expression and tumorigenicity in hybrid cells of
      human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
      using a mouse model, and to determine its feasibility in reprogramming tumour
      cells growth and apoptosis, for a potential exploration of the role of hESCs and
      tumour cells fusion in the management of ovarian cancer. Stable transgenic hESCs
      (H1) and ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3 were established before fusion, and
      cell fusion system was established to analyse the related indicators. PTEN
      expression in HO-H1 cells was higher than those in the parental stem cells and
      lower than those in parental tumour cells; the growth of OV-H1 (RFP+GFP) hybrid
      cells with double fluorescence expressions were obviously slower than that of
      human embryonic stem cells and OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. The apoptosis signal
      of the OV-H1 hybrid cells was significantly higher than that of the hESCs and
      OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. In vivo results showed that compared with 7 days,
      28 days and 35 days after inoculation of OV-H1 hybrid cells; also, apoptotic cell
      detection indicated that much stronger apoptotic signal was found in OV-H1 hybrid
      cells inoculated mouse. The hESCs can inhibit the growth of OVCAR-3 cells in
      vitro by suppressing p53 and PTEN expression to suppress the growth of tumour
      that may be achieved by inducing apoptosis of OVCAR-3 cells. The change of
      epigenetics after fusion of ovarian cancer cells and hESCs may become a novel
      direction for treatment of ovarian cancer.

PMID- 27377321
TI  - Tau pathology in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease revisited.
AB  - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a human prion disease with different
      etiologies. To determine the spectrum of tau pathologies in CJD, we assessed
      phospho-Tau (pTau) immunoreactivities in 75 sporadic CJD cases including an
      evaluation of the entorhinal cortex and six hippocampal subregions. Twelve cases
      (16%) showed only small tau-immunoreactive neuritic profiles. Fifty-two (69.3%)
      showed additional tau pathology in the medial temporal lobe compatible with
      primary age related tauopathy (PART). In 22/52 cases the lower pTau
      immunoreactivity load in the entorhinal cortex as compared to subiculum, dentate
      gyrus or CA4 region of the hippocampus was significantly different from the
      typical distribution of the Braak staging. A further 11 cases (14.7%) showed
      widespread tau pathologies compatible with features of primary tauopathies or the
      gray matter type of ageing-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG). Prominent gray
      matter ARTAG was also observed in two out of three additionally examined V203I
      genetic CJD cases. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed prominent increase of
      total tau protein in cases with widespread tau pathology, while pTau (T181) level
      was increased only in four. This correlated with immunohistochemical observations
      showing less pathology with anti-pTau T181 antibody when compared to anti-pTau
      S202/T205, T212/S214 and T231. The frequency of tau pathologies is not unusually
      high in sporadic CJD and does not precisely relate to PrP deposition. However,
      the pattern of hippocampal tau pathology often deviates from the stages of Braak.
      Currently applied examination of cerebrospinal fluid pTau (T181) level does not
      reliably reflect primary tauopathies, PART and ARTAG seen in CJD brains.

PMID- 27377322
TI  - PhyPA: Phylogenetic method with pairwise sequence alignment outperforms
      likelihood methods in phylogenetics involving highly diverged sequences.
AB  - While pairwise sequence alignment (PSA) by dynamic programming is guaranteed to
      generate one of the optimal alignments, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of
      highly divergent sequences often results in poorly aligned sequences, plaguing
      all subsequent phylogenetic analysis. One way to avoid this problem is to use
      only PSA to reconstruct phylogenetic trees, which can only be done with distance
      based methods. I compared the accuracy of this new computational approach (named
      PhyPA for phylogenetics by pairwise alignment) against the maximum likelihood
      method using MSA (the ML+MSA approach), based on nucleotide, amino acid and codon
      sequences simulated with different topologies and tree lengths. I present a
      surprising discovery that the fast PhyPA method consistently outperforms the slow
      ML+MSA approach for highly diverged sequences even when all optimization options
      were turned on for the ML+MSA approach. Only when sequences are not highly
      diverged (i.e., when a reliable MSA can be obtained) does the ML+MSA approach
      outperforms PhyPA. The true topologies are always recovered by ML with the true
      alignment from the simulation. However, with MSA derived from alignment programs
      such as MAFFT or MUSCLE, the recovered topology consistently has higher
      likelihood than that for the true topology. Thus, the failure to recover the true
      topology by the ML+MSA is not because of insufficient search of tree space, but
      by the distortion of phylogenetic signal by MSA methods. I have implemented in
      DAMBE PhyPA and two approaches making use of multi-gene data sets to derive
      phylogenetic support for subtrees equivalent to resampling techniques such as
      bootstrapping and jackknifing.

PMID- 27377323
TI  - Estimating Influenza Outbreaks Using Both Search Engine Query Data and Social
      Media Data in South Korea.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As suggested as early as in 2006, logs of queries submitted to search
      engines seeking information could be a source for detection of emerging influenza
      epidemics if changes in the volume of search queries are monitored
      (infodemiology). However, selecting queries that are most likely to be associated
      with influenza epidemics is a particular challenge when it comes to generating
      better predictions. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we describe a methodological
      extension for detecting influenza outbreaks using search query data; we provide a
      new approach for query selection through the exploration of contextual
      information gleaned from social media data. Additionally, we evaluate whether it
      is possible to use these queries for monitoring and predicting influenza
      epidemics in South Korea. METHODS: Our study was based on freely available weekly
      influenza incidence data and query data originating from the search engine on the
      Korean website Daum between April 3, 2011 and April 5, 2014. To select queries
      related to influenza epidemics, several approaches were applied: (1) exploring
      influenza-related words in social media data, (2) identifying the chief concerns
      related to influenza, and (3) using Web query recommendations. Optimal feature
      selection by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) and support
      vector machine for regression (SVR) were used to construct a model predicting
      influenza epidemics. RESULTS: In total, 146 queries related to influenza were
      generated through our initial query selection approach. A considerable proportion
      of optimal features for final models were derived from queries with reference to
      the social media data. The SVR model performed well: the prediction values were
      highly correlated with the recent observed influenza-like illness (r=.956;
      P<.001) and virological incidence rate (r=.963; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: These
      results demonstrate the feasibility of using search queries to enhance influenza
      surveillance in South Korea. In addition, an approach for query selection using
      social media data seems ideal for supporting influenza surveillance based on
      search query data.

PMID- 27377325
TI  - Extramedullary haematopoiesis: radiological imaging features.
AB  - Extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) is defined as the production of blood cells
      outside of the bone marrow, which occurs when there is inadequate production of
      blood cells. The most common causes of EMH are myelofibrosis, diffuse osseous
      metastatic disease replacing the bone marrow, leukaemia, sickle cell disease, and
      thalassemia. The purpose of this article is to review the common and uncommon
      imaging appearances of EMH by anatomical compartment. In the thorax, EMH most
      commonly presents as paravertebral fat-containing masses, and typically does not
      present a diagnostic dilemma; however, EMH in the abdomen most commonly manifests
      as hepatosplenomegaly with or without focal soft-tissue masses in the liver,
      spleen, perirenal space, and in the peritoneum. Hepatosplenomegaly, a non
      specific feature, most often occurs without an associated focal mass, which makes
      suggestion of EMH difficult. EMH manifesting as visceral soft-tissue masses often
      requires biopsy as the differential diagnosis can include lymphoma, metastatic
      disease, and sarcoma. Many of these soft-tissue masses do not contain adipose
      elements, making the diagnosis of EMH difficult. Clinical history is crucial, as
      EMH would likely not otherwise be in the differential in patients with non
      specific abdominal masses. Careful biopsy planning is necessary when EMH is a
      diagnostic consideration, given the propensity for haemorrhage. Understanding the
      typical imaging appearances of EMH based on its site of manifestation can help
      the radiologist when encountered with a finding that is diagnostic for EMH, and
      can help the radiologist suggest the need and plan appropriately for image-guided
      biopsy. 

PMID- 27377324
TI  - [Spanish patients with central hypoventilation syndrome included in the European
      Registry. The 2015 data].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) is a very rare
      genetic disease. In 2012 the European Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (EuCHS)
      Consortium created an online patient registry in order to improve care. AIM: To
      determine the characteristics and outcomes of Spanish patients with CCHS, and
      detect clinical areas for improvement. MATERIALS AND METHOD: An assessment was
      made on the data from Spanish patients in the European Registry, updated on
      December 2015. RESULTS: The Registry contained 38 patients, born between 1987 and
      2013, in 18 hospitals. Thirteen (34.2%) were older than 18 years. Three patients
      had died. Genetic analysis identified PHOX2B mutations in 32 (86.5%) out of 37
      patients assessed. The 20/25, 20/26 and 20/27 polyalanine repeat mutations
      (PARMs) represented 84.3% of all mutations. Longer PARMs had more, as well as
      more severe, autonomic dysfunctions. Eye diseases were present in 47%, with 16%
      having Hirschsprung disease, 13% with hypoglycaemia, and 5% with tumours. Thirty
      patients (79%) required ventilation from the neonatal period onwards, and 8 (21%)
      later on in life (late onset/presentation). Eight children (21%) were using mask
      ventilation at the first home discharge. Five of them were infants with neonatal
      onset, two of them, both having a severe mutation, were switched to tracheostomy
      after cardiorespiratory arrest at home. Approximately one-third (34.3%) of
      patients were de-cannulated and switched to mask ventilation at a mean age of
      13.7 years. Educational reinforcement was required in 29.4% of children attending
      school. CONCLUSION: The implementation of the EuCHS Registry in Spain has
      identified some relevant issues for optimising healthcare, such as the importance
      of genetic study for diagnosis and assessment of severity, the high frequency of
      eye disease and educational reinforcement, as well as some limitations in
      ventilatory techniques.

PMID- 27377326
TI  - WITHDRAWN: Discovery of SHR1977: A highly potent and selective ROMK inhibitor.
AB  - This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor.
      The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier
      Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at
      http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.

PMID- 27377327
TI  - Novel potent pyridoxine-based inhibitors of AChE and BChE, structural analogs of
      pyridostigmine, with improved in vivo safety profile.
AB  - We report a novel class of carbamate-type ChE inhibitors, structural analogs of
      pyridostigmine. A small library of congeneric pyridoxine-based compounds was
      designed, synthesized and evaluated for AChE and BChE enzymes inhibition in
      vitro. The most active compounds have potent enzyme inhibiting activity with IC50
      values in the range of 0.46-2.1MUM (for AChE) and 0.59-8.1MUM (for BChE), with
      moderate selectivity for AChE comparable with that of pyridostigmine and
      neostigmine. Acute toxicity studies using mice models demonstrated excellent
      safety profile of the obtained compounds with LD50 in the range of 22-326mg/kg,
      while pyridostigmine and neostigmine are much more toxic (LD50 3.3 and 0.51mg/kg,
      respectively). The obtained results pave the way to design of novel potent and
      safe cholinesterase inhibitors for symptomatic treatment of neuromuscular
      disorders.

PMID- 27377329
TI  - Technical Comment: Response to Camacho.

PMID- 27377330
TI  - Image guidance in orthopaedics and traumatology: A historical perspective.
AB  - In this note we summarize the history of computer aided surgery in orthopaedics
      and traumatology from the end of the nineteenth century to currently observable
      future trends. We concentrate on the two major components of such systems, pre
      operative planning and intra-operative execution. The evolution of the necessary
      technological components, the numerous platforms and components offered
      commercially as well as their clinical use are surveyed.

PMID- 27377328
TI  - Quinoxaline-based inhibitors of Ebola and Marburg VP40 egress.
AB  - We prepared a series of quinoxalin-2-mercapto-acetyl-urea analogs and evaluated
      them for their ability to inhibit viral egress in our Marburg and Ebola VP40 VLP
      budding assays in HEK293T cells. We also evaluated selected compounds in our
      bimolecular complementation assay (BiMC) to detect and visualize a Marburg mVP40
      Nedd4 interaction in live mammalian cells. Antiviral activity was assessed for
      selected compounds using a live recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (M40
      virus) that expresses the EBOV VP40 PPxY L-domain. Finally selected compounds
      were evaluated in several ADME assays to have an early assessment of their drug
      properties. Our compounds had low nM potency in these assays (e.g., compounds 21,
      24, 26, 39), and had good human liver microsome stability, as well as little or
      no inhibition of P450 3A4.

PMID- 27377331
TI  - (Hyper)-graphical models in biomedical image analysis.
AB  - Computational vision, visual computing and biomedical image analysis have made
      tremendous progress over the past two decades. This is mostly due the development
      of efficient learning and inference algorithms which allow better and richer
      modeling of image and visual understanding tasks. Hyper-graph representations are
      among the most prominent tools to address such perception through the casting of
      perception as a graph optimization problem. In this paper, we briefly introduce
      the importance of such representations, discuss their strength and limitations,
      provide appropriate strategies for their inference and present their application
      to address a variety of problems in biomedical image analysis.

PMID- 27377332
TI  - Statistical shape analysis: From landmarks to diffeomorphisms.
AB  - We offer a blazingly brief review of evolution of shape analysis methods in
      medical imaging. As the representations and the statistical models grew more
      sophisticated, the problem of shape analysis has been gradually redefined to
      accept images rather than binary segmentations as a starting point. This
      transformation enabled shape analysis to take its rightful place in the arsenal
      of tools for extracting and understanding patterns in large clinical image sets.
      We speculate on the future developments in shape analysis and potential
      applications that would bring this mathematically rich area to bear on clinical
      practice.

PMID- 27377333
TI  - LVAD patients' and surrogates' perspectives on SPIRIT-HF: An advance care
      planning discussion.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe LVAD patients' and surrogates' experiences with, and
      perspectives on SPIRIT-HF, an advance care planning (ACP) intervention.
      BACKGROUND: ACP is important for patients with LVAD, yet little is known about
      their experiences or those of their surrogates who have participated in ACP
      discussions. METHODS: We used qualitative content analysis techniques to conduct
      a secondary analysis of 28 interviews with patients with LVAD (n = 14) and their
      surrogates (n = 14) who had participated in an RCT pilot study of SPIRIT-HF.
      RESULTS: Main themes from the data include: 1) sharing their HF stories was very
      beneficial; 2) participating in SPIRIT-HF led to greater peace of mind for
      patients and surrogates; 3) "one size does not fit all" when it comes to timing
      of ACP discussions. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding patient and surrogate
      perspectives may inform clinicians' approach to ACP discussions.

PMID- 27377334
TI  - The effect of reintubation on ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality among
      mechanically ventilated patients with intubation: A systematic review and meta
      analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis summarized the risks that reintubation impose on
      ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and mortality. BACKGROUND: Extubation
      failure increases the probability of poor clinical outcomes pertaining to
      mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Literature published during a 15-year period was
      retrieved from PubMed, Web of Knowledge databases, the Embase (Excerpa Medica
      database), and the Cochrane Library. Data involving reintubation, VAP, and
      mortality were extracted for a meta-analysis. RESULTS: Forty-one studies
      involving 29,923 patients were enrolled for the analysis. The summary odds ratio
      (OR) between VAP and reintubation was 7.57 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.63
      15.81). The merged ORs for mortality in hospital and intensive care unit were
      3.33 (95% CI = 2.02-5.49) and 7.50 (95% CI = 4.60-12.21), respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Reintubation can represent a threat to survival and increase the
      risk of VAP. The risk of mortality after reintubation differs between planned and
      unplanned extubation. Extubation failure is associated with a higher risk of VAP
      in the cardiac surgery population than in the general population.

PMID- 27377335
TI  - Adverse family experiences and obesity in children and adolescents in the United
      States.
AB  - While exposure to adverse family experiences (AFEs), subset of adverse childhood
      experiences (ACEs), has been associated with childhood obesity, less is known
      about the impact of exposures to each type of AFE. Using 2011-2012 National
      Survey of Children's Health data, we evaluated associations between exposure to
      individual AFEs and overweight/obesity status in children 10years or older,
      adjusting for socio-demographic factors. Caregivers reported their child's
      height, weight, and exposure to nine AFEs; body mass index (BMI) was classified
      by Center for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) guidelines. At Mayo Clinic,
      we calculated frequencies and weighted estimates of socio-demographic factors and
      AFEs. Unadjusted and adjusted weighted multinomial logistic regression models
      were employed to assess the independent associations of each AFE and the
      different AFE composite scores with BMI category. Exposure to two or more AFEs
      was independently associated with increased odds of overweight (odds ratio [OR],
      1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13, 1.56) and obese (OR, 1.45; 95% CI,
      1.21, 1.73) status after adjustment for age, household income, parents' education
      level, race and sex. Death of parent (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.18, 2.15) and hardship
      due to family income (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06, 1.50) were independently associated
      with obesity status with adjustment for other AFEs and socio-demographic factors.
      Our results suggest that, in addition to cumulative exposure to AFEs, exposure to
      certain childhood experiences are more strongly associated with childhood obesity
      than others. Death of parent and hardship due to family income are individual
      AFEs, which are strongly predictive of obesity.

PMID- 27377336
TI  - Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.)
      Vahl (fruit) in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The fruit of Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl, a
      well-known Chinese Materia Medica, has been traditionally used in traditional
      Chinese medicine for the treatment of diabetes and some other diseases, but the
      rational for the usage of this plant is unclear. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of the fruit of F.
      suspensa using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Crude methanol extract of F. suspense fruit was fractionated with different
      solvents and the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) was selected for in vivo studies
      based on the in vitro alpha-amylase and HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl
      glutaryl coenzyme A) inhibiting activities. For in vivo study, diabetes mellitus
      was induced in mice with STZ. Diabetic mice were orally administrated with 50,
      100 and 200mg/kg body weight of EAF for 4 weeks. Mouse body weight, blood
      glucose, glucose tolerance, biochemical parameters and gene expression related to
      pancreas and liver function were analyzed after EAF administration. RESULTS:
      After 4 weeks of EAF intervention, a significant decrease in blood glucose,
      triglyceride, creatinine total cholesterol, acid phosphatase, alkaline
      phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and hepatic lipid
      (triglycerides and cholesterol) content as well as a significant increase in body
      weight, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance was observed in EAF treated
      diabetic mice. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that EAF antagonized STZ-induced
      alteration of the expression of rate-limiting enzymes (glucokinase and
      phosphorenolpyruvate carboxykinase) in liver and insulin secretion related genes
      insulin-1, insulin-2 and duodenal homeobox factor-1 in pancreas. CONCLUSION: The
      ethyl acetate extract of Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl fruit has potency to
      develop an antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic agent for the treatment of
      diabetes mellitus via modulation of oxidative stress, the hepatic glucose
      metabolism and pancreatic insulin secretion.

PMID- 27377337
TI  - The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume - An ethnopharmacological review.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) is commonly
      called Tian ma in Chinese and mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of
      eastern Asia, such as China, Korea, Japan and India. It is an extensively used
      traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical practice of traditional
      Chinese medicine, to treat headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy, infantile
      convulsion, tetany and so on. The present paper reviews the advancements in
      investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology,
      toxicology and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume. Finally, the possible
      tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are also put
      forward. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The information on Gastrodia elata Blume was
      collected via piles of resources including classic books about Chinese herbal
      medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Web of
      science, ScienceDirect databases, CNKI and others. Plant taxonomy was validated
      by the databases "The Plant List", and "Mansfeld's Encyclopedia". RESULTS: Over
      81 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, phenolics and
      polysaccharides are generally considered as the characteristic and active
      constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume. Its active compounds possess wide-reaching
      biological activities, including sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic,
      anticonvulsive, antianxietic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic,
      anti-vertigo, circulatory system modulating, anti-inflammationary, analgesic,
      antioxidative, memory-improving and antiaging, antivirus and antitumor effects.
      CONCLUSION: Despite the publication of various papers on Gastrodia elata Blume,
      there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of
      other bioactive compounds using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies, and the
      possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic
      effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Gastrodia elata Blume need to be
      evaluated. It is also necessary and important to do more quality control and
      toxicological study on human subjects in order to maintain its efficacy stable in
      the body and validate its safety in clinical uses. In addition, more
      investigations on other parts of this plant beyond the tubers are needed. Further
      studies on Gastrodia elata Blume will lead to the development of new drugs and
      therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid
      more attention to.

PMID- 27377338
TI  - 1HNMR-based metabonomic study of sub-chronic hepatotoxicity induced by realgar.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Realgar has been used as a traditional Chinese
      medicine (TCM) for thousands of years. Recently, a number of realgar or realgar
      containing medicines poisoning cases have been reported. However, the
      toxicological mechanism of realgar has not been clearly clarified. In present
      study, the subchronic hepatotoxicity of realgar on mice was investigated using
      1HNMR-based metabonomic approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight male mice
      were divided into control group and low (0.15g/kg), middle (0.45g/kg), high
      (1.35g/kg) dosage realgar exposed groups. Their plasma and urine samples were
      used for NMR spectroscopic metabolic profiling. Principal component analysis
      (PCA) and pathway analysis were used to detect the hepatotoxic effects of
      realgar. Liver histopathological examination and plasma clinical chemistry
      analyses were also performed. RESULTS: Plasma clinical chemistry analyses showed
      increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase
      (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC) and
      choline esterase (CHE) in realgar-exposed mice indicating liver injury. The PCA
      score plots showed the metabolic profiles of realgar-exposed mice apparently
      separated from the controls. Obvious dose-dependent changes of metabolites in
      urine and plasma of realgar-exposed mice were observed. From the loading plots
      and boxplots results, the concentrations of VLDL/LDL, 3-HB, lactate, acetate,
      acetoacetate, creatine, glutamate, methionine, NAc, TMAO, alanine in plasma and
      pyruvate, succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, DMA, citrate, hippurate, glycine, taurine,
      phenylalanine, lactate in urine were significantly changed in realgar-exposed
      mice. The change trends of metabolites in urine and plasma from mice sub-chronic
      exposed to realgar are similar to those reported in rats acute exposed to
      realgar, which indicate the acute and sub-chronic toxic mechanism of realgar are
      same. The disturbed metabolic pathway include energy metabolism, amino acids
      metabolism and gut bacteria metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: The present work illustrated
      the NMR-based metabonomic approach can capture and probe the metabolic
      alterations induced by traditional Chinese medicine in the toxicological effects.

PMID- 27377339
TI  - Safety and bioactivity studies of Jasad Bhasma and its in-process intermediate in
      Swiss mice.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bhasma, Ayurvedic medicinal preparations, are
      prepared using herbs and minerals on following long iterative procedures.
      However, industrially mercury and sulphur are more commonly used to prepare
      bhasma from its raw material. The end point of this iterative procedure is mainly
      judged by the traditional tests specifying physical appearance of the powders.
      They fail to give better idea about chemical nature of the material. Moreover,
      the differences in biological activity of final product verses intermediate are
      not addressed. AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the physicochemical as well as
      biological properties of the Jasad bhasma and its in-process intermediate using
      modern science methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Jasad bhasma and its in
      process intermediate are characterized for their physicochemical properties using
      electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and CHNS(O) analysis. The biological
      effects of both the preparations are then studied. The bioaccumulation of zinc,
      effect on liver antioxidant status, liver and kidney function (by conventional
      tests as well as SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), effect on
      blood cells and effect on immune system are studied in mice model, Swiss albino.
      Since bhasma is given with an accompaniment (anupan), all the bioactivity studies
      were carried out by administering the preparation with and without Amala powder
      (Phyllanthus emblica L., fruit, dry powder) as anupan. RESULTS: The XRD results
      accompanied with Rietveld analysis indicate that the final bhasma is mainly oxide
      of zinc, whereas the intermediate is mainly sulphide of zinc. The animal studies
      show that the bhasma as well as its intermediate do not lead to any
      bioaccumulation of zinc in major organs, when administered with and without
      anupan. Both, bhasma and intermediate do not cause any deleterious effects on
      kidney and liver as indicated by blood biochemistry and SPECT studies. However,
      the intermediate perturbs antioxidant status more and affects the platelet
      turnover, in comparison with bhasma. On 28day treatment, the bhasma treated
      animals show prominence of TH1 mediated immune response whereas, intermediate
      treated animals show prominence of TH2 mediated immune response. CONCLUSION: A
      set of simple modern microscopy and diffraction techniques can affirmatively
      identify in-process intermediate from the final preparation. These can be used to
      decide the end point of long and iterative preparation methods in accordance with
      modern science practices. The differences in physicochemical properties of
      particles from the two preparations reflect in their different biological
      effects. Moreover, the bhasma affects several components of biological systems
      which again in-turn interact with each other, which emphasizes the need of
      multifaceted studies in this field.

PMID- 27377341
TI  - Historical versus contemporary medicinal plant uses in the US Virgin Islands.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hidden in the documents of the dark past of the
      trans-Atlantic slavery are gems of ethnomedicinal observations, supported by
      herbarium specimens, which tell of the traditional medicine of a by-gone slave
      society in the Caribbean. In the context of the former Danish West Indies (now US
      Virgin Islands), we identify pre-1900 medicinal plants and their historical uses,
      and trace their status in the traditional medicine of St. Croix today (2014). By
      a combined historical and ethnobotanical approach we assess the scale of loss and
      preservation of traditional medicinal knowledge on St. Croix, and explore the
      drivers involved in the disappearance of knowledge in the oral tradition of
      medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Names, uses and identities of 18th and 19th
      century medicinal plant uses in the Danish West Indies were derived from
      manuscripts and publications of Von Rohr (1757/58), Oldendorp (1777), West
      (1793), Benzon (1822), Riise (1853), Eggers (1876;1879) and Berg and Eggers
      (1888). The presence of the plant species in the pre-1900 Danish West Indies was
      confirmed by review of herbarium specimens in the University of Copenhagen
      Herbarium (C). The same species were collected on St. Croix in 2014 or their
      ecological status discussed with local specialists. Semi-structured interviews
      supported by photographs and specimens were conducted with six medicinal plant
      specialist on St. Croix, to document and compare contemporary names and uses of
      the historically used medicinal plants. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The historic
      ethnomedicinal sources revealed 102 medicinal uses of 64 plant species. Thirty
      eight (37%) of the pre-1900 medicinal uses were traced in interviews, while sixty
      four uses (63%) appear to be forgotten, discontinued or otherwise lost. Thirteen
      species appear to have entirely lost their status as medicinal plants on St.
      Croix, while 32 species (50%) have lost uses while retaining or gaining others.
      While 20% of the lost medicinal plant uses can be explained by biodiversity loss,
      and others likely have become obsolete due to advances in public health and
      scientific medicine, 33 of the 64 lost medicinal uses of non-rare species uses
      fall in the same categories as the preserved uses (fever, stomach, wound,
      laxative, pulmonary, intestinal, pain, anthelmintic, blood purifier, eye
      inflammation). We therefore argue that at least half of the known pre-1900
      medicinal plant uses have become culturally extinct for other reasons than to
      biodiversity loss or modern obsoleteness. CONCLUSIONS: The present study utilized
      knowledge from an oral medicinal tradition, documented in the context of a
      colonial society. Without doubt, basis for further similar studies exists in the
      more or less accessible archives, herbaria and collections of former colonial
      powers. Such studies could directly benefit the descendants of the original
      intellectual property holders culturally and economically, or serve as stepping
      stones to integrate, or re-integrate, lost medicinal plant uses in both local and
      wider evidence-based contexts.

PMID- 27377340
TI  - Evidence of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Plinia edulis
      leaf infusion.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Plinia edulis (Vell.) Sobral (Myrtaceae) is
      native and endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Popularly known as
      "cambuca", it has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of stomach
      disorders, diabetes, bronchitis, inflammation and as tonic. Although there are
      numerous records concerning its popular use as analgesic and anti-inflammatory,
      scientific information regarding these pharmacological activities is limited.
      Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory and
      antinociceptive activity of P. edulis leaf infusion (AEPe) in mice. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The acetic acid-induced writhing response and mechanical nociceptive paw
      tests were used to evaluate the antinociceptive activity. Carrageenan-induced paw
      edema and lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis were used to investigate the
      anti-inflammatory activity. The substances in AEPe were identified by HPLC-MS
      analysis. RESULTS: At the test doses 30-300mg/kg p.o., AEPe has clearly exhibited
      anti-inflammatory effects, reducing carrageenan-induced paw edema and inhibiting
      leukocyte recruitment into the peritoneal cavity. The infusion has shown
      significant antinociceptive activity in both models of nociception. Gallic acid,
      myricitrin, guaijaverin, quercitrin, quercetin, corosolic acid, maslinic acid,
      oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were identified in AEPe. CONCLUSION: P. edulis
      infusion presented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in all
      experiments realized in this study, which could be related to the presence of
      triterpenoids and flavonoids. These results provide scientific support for the
      traditional use of this species in the management of pain and inflammation.

PMID- 27377342
TI  - Impact of removing point-of-sale tobacco displays: data from a New Zealand youth
      survey.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The tobacco industry increasingly invests in point-of-sale (POS)
      marketing. In July 2012, New Zealand required the removal of POS tobacco displays
      concurrently with increased enforcement and penalties for selling tobacco to
      minors, and additional restrictions on tobacco sponsorship. We evaluated the
      impact of these measures using a before-after study. METHODS: We analysed data
      from annual surveys of more than 25 000 year 10 (14-15 years) students from 2007
      and 2011 to 2014. Measures included prevalence of smoking-related behaviours and
      strength of association between visiting tobacco-retailing stores and smoking
      behaviours. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2014, smoking experimentation (had smoked
      ever but smoked less than monthly currently) decreased from 23% in 2011 to 17% in
      2014 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.78); current smoking (at
      least monthly) prevalence from 9% to 7% (aOR 0.71, 0.64 to 0.79) and initiation
      in the last year from 13% to 11% (aOR 0.91, 0.84 to 0.98). Attempted purchase of
      cigarettes in the past 30 days among smokers decreased from 30% in 2012 to 26% in
      2013 (aOR 0.77, 0.63 to 0.91). Positive associations between frequency of
      visiting tobacco-retailing stores and smoking-related behaviours weakened post
      implementation. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of a POS display ban and concurrent
      measures was followed by significant reductions in initiation, experimental and
      regular smoking, attempted purchase of cigarettes, and reduced association
      between visiting tobacco-retailing stores and smoking behaviours. The findings
      suggest that POS display bans are important components of strategies to reduce
      smoking initiation among youth and young people.

PMID- 27377343
TI  - Demographic ageing and the evolution of smoking-attributable mortality: the
      example of Germany.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We sought to quantify the evolution of smoking-attributable mortality
      (SAM) in Germany and explore the impact of demographic ageing. METHODS: Smoking
      and mortality statistics from 1992 to 2013 were obtained from the German
      Statistical Office, from which SAM was calculated separately for each cause of
      death. The impact of demographic ageing was explored by comparing actual (crude)
      and age-standardised SAM. In order to estimate the impact of demographic ageing
      on future SAM, a forward projection until 2035 was modelled (assuming
      continuation of recent trends in smoking rates and constant cause-specific
      mortality rates). RESULTS: Total SAM only slightly declined from 139 000 cases in
      1992 to 125 000 cases in 2013 (-10%), despite a decrease in age-adjusted SAM by
      33%. Differences between actual and age-standardised SAM were particularly
      striking in men. While the age-standardised SAM in men decreased nearly by half,
      SAM remained more or less stable in women. The forward projection of SAM suggests
      that demographic ageing will lead to a further steady increase in SAM within the
      next two decades, for both, men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Especially in men, actual
      SAM hardly declined despite a sharp drop in age-standardised SAM, indicating that
      decreases were largely compensated by demographic ageing. The increasing number
      of deaths resulting from the ageing population will lead to a steady increase in
      SAM in the near future if no efforts are taken to curb smoking.

PMID- 27377345
TI  - Proinflammatory responses driven by non-gluten factors are masked when they
      appear associated to gliadins.
AB  - Cereal proteins are of clinical interest because of their cytotoxic and
      immunogenic features being associated to allergic processes and intestinal
      disorders. In addition to gliadins, there has been suggested an important role
      for non-gluten modulating factors (nGMF) on the onset of intestinal inflammatory
      processes. In this study, the amino acid sequences generated after a simulated
      human gastrointestinal (sGI) digestion of a commercial extract of gliadins (GEF)
      and the nGMF-enriched fraction (nGEF) obtained from them were characterized
      (nanoESI-qQTOF). These fractions were fed (20 days) to Wistar rats, sensitized
      with interferon (IFN)-gamma (1000 IU/rat) and further treated with indomethacin
      (2 mg/kg). The production of inflammatory mediators (ELISAs) and the expression
      (rt-qPCR) of innate biomarkers was monitored in duodenal tissue sections. There
      were also evaluated changes in defined leukocyte (flow cytometry) populations
      quantified in peripheral blood samples. Expected nGMF components, CM3 and 0.19,
      as well as toxic gliadin-derived peptides were generated after sGI digestion.
      Rats fed with the nGEF showed higher concentrations of IFNgamma, as well as
      expression levels of TLR-4 and the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
      alpha in duodenal samples than those animals fed with GEF. Rats fed with GEF
      showed higher expression levels of the endocannabinoid receptor-1 and an
      increased CD4(+)CD3(+)Foxp3(+) cell population. The data points out significant
      different cytotoxic and immunogenic potential of the nGEF when administered
      independently of the GEF to which are commonly associated. However,
      proinflammatory responses to nGMF are masked when present associated to gliadins.

PMID- 27377344
TI  - Parallel processing of afferent olfactory sensory information.
AB  - KEY POINTS: The functional synaptic connectivity between olfactory receptor
      neurons and principal cells within the olfactory bulb is not well understood. One
      view suggests that mitral cells, the primary output neuron of the olfactory bulb,
      are solely activated by feedforward excitation. Using focal, single glomerular
      stimulation, we demonstrate that mitral cells receive direct, monosynaptic input
      from olfactory receptor neurons. Compared to external tufted cells, mitral cells
      have a prolonged afferent-evoked EPSC, which serves to amplify the synaptic
      input. The properties of presynaptic glutamate release from olfactory receptor
      neurons are similar between mitral and external tufted cells. Our data suggest
      that afferent input enters the olfactory bulb in a parallel fashion. ABSTRACT:
      Primary olfactory receptor neurons terminate in anatomically and functionally
      discrete cortical modules known as olfactory bulb glomeruli. The synaptic
      connectivity and postsynaptic responses of mitral and external tufted cells
      within the glomerulus may involve both direct and indirect components. For
      example, it has been suggested that sensory input to mitral cells is indirect
      through feedforward excitation from external tufted cells. We also observed
      feedforward excitation of mitral cells with weak stimulation of the olfactory
      nerve layer; however, focal stimulation of an axon bundle entering an individual
      glomerulus revealed that mitral cells receive monosynaptic afferent inputs.
      Although external tufted cells had a 4.1-fold larger peak EPSC amplitude,
      integration of the evoked currents showed that the synaptic charge was 5-fold
      larger in mitral cells, reflecting the prolonged response in mitral cells.
      Presynaptic afferents onto mitral and external tufted cells had similar quantal
      amplitude and release probability, suggesting that the larger peak EPSC in
      external tufted cells was the result of more synaptic contacts. The results of
      the present study indicate that the monosynaptic afferent input to mitral cells
      depends on the strength of odorant stimulation. The enhanced spiking that we
      observed in response to brief afferent input provides a mechanism for amplifying
      sensory information and contrasts with the transient response in external tufted
      cells. These parallel input paths may have discrete functions in processing
      olfactory sensory input.

PMID- 27377346
TI  - Factors regulating the substrate specificity of cytosolic phospholipase A2-alpha
      in vitro.
AB  - Cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha (cPLA2alpha) plays a key role in signaling in
      mammalian cells by releasing arachidonic acid (AA) from glycerophospholipids
      (GPLs) but the factors determining the specificity of cPLA2alpha for AA
      containing GPLs are not well understood. Accordingly, we investigated those
      factors by determining the activity of human cPLA2alpha towards a multitude of
      GPL species present in micelles or bilayers. Studies on isomeric PC sets
      containing a saturated acyl chain of 6 to 24 carbons in the sn1 or sn2 position
      in micelles showed an abrupt decrease in hydrolysis when the length of the sn1 or
      sn2 chain exceeded 17 carbons suggesting that the acyl binding cavity on the
      enzyme is of the corresponding length. Notably, the saturated isomer pairs were
      hydrolyzed identically in micelles as well as in bilayers suggesting promiscuous
      binding of acyl chains to the active site of cPLA2alpha. Such promiscuous binding
      would explain the previous finding that cPLA2alpha has both PLA1 and PLA2
      activities. Interestingly, increasing the length of either the sn1 or sn2 acyl
      chain inhibited the hydrolysis in bilayers far more than that in micelles
      suggesting that with micelles (loosely packed) substrate accommodation at the
      active site of cPLA2alpha is rate-limiting, while with bilayers (tightly packed)
      upward movement of the substrate from the bilayer (efflux) is the rate-limiting
      step. With the AA-containing PCs, the length of the saturated acyl chain also had
      a much stronger effect on hydrolysis in bilayers vs. micelles in agreement with
      this model. In contrast to saturated PCs, a marked isomer preference was observed
      for AA-containing PCs both in micelles and bilayers. In conclusion, these data
      significantly help to understand the mode of action and specificity of
      cPLA2alpha.

PMID- 27377347
TI  - Mitochondrial acyltransferases and glycerophospholipid metabolism.
AB  - Our understanding of the synthesis and remodeling of mitochondrial phospholipids
      remains incomplete. Two isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT1
      and 2) and two isoforms of acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT4 and
      5) are located on the outer mitochondrial membrane, suggesting that both
      lysophosphatidic acid and phosphatidic acid are synthesized in situ for de novo
      glycerolipid biosynthesis. However, it is believed that the phosphatidic acid
      substrate for cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis is produced
      at the endoplasmic reticulum whereas the phosphatidic acid synthesized in the
      mitochondria must be transferred to the endoplasmic reticulum before it undergoes
      additional steps to form the mature phospholipids that are trafficked back to the
      mitochondria. It is unclear whether mitochondrial phospholipids are remodeled by
      mitochondrial acyltransferases or whether lysophospholipids must return to the
      endoplasmic reticulum or to the mitochondrial associated membrane for
      reesterification. In this review we will focus on the few glycerolipid
      acyltransferases that are known to be mitochondrial. This article is part of a
      Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.

PMID- 27377348
TI  - The effect of Nurse GraduaTeness on patient mortality: a cross-sectional survey
      (the NuGaT study).
AB  - AIM: To investigate the relationship between patient mortality and the
      educational preparation (graduateness) of the nurses who cared for them.
      BACKGROUND: There have been 18 studies over the last two decades examining the
      effect of nurses' educational qualifications on mortality. All but three have
      used mortality data aggregated at the hospital level that has been combined with
      surveys of nurses to estimate the level of graduateness in the population. Data
      collection and extraction generally has been done at different points in time.
      DESIGN: A retrospective, cross-sectional study. METHOD: Routine administrative
      patient data were extracted (May-August 2015). The primary outcome was all-cause
      patient mortality at discharge. We were able to identify the individual nurses
      who provided care during patients inpatient stay using an identification number.
      We were then able to calculate the 'graduateness' of the nursing care patients
      received by dividing the number of recorded episodes of care provided by
      baccalaureate prepared nurses with the total number of care episodes. RESULTS:
      After adjusting for confounding, we observed a significant association between
      patient mortality and nurse graduateness. Our observations suggest an optimum
      level of baccalaureate prepared nurses of approximately 70%. Above this level,
      there appears to be no additional decrease in mortality rates. CONCLUSION: This
      study represents an important methodological step forward over previous
      approaches. Our observations are generally consistent with existing literature
      and confirm the importance of baccalaureate nurse education.

PMID- 27377349
TI  - One-Step Assembly of Phytic Acid Metal Complexes for Superhydrophilic Coatings.
AB  - While of immense scientific interest, superhydrophilic surfaces are usually
      difficult to prepare, and preparation methods are typically substrate specific.
      Herein, a one-step coating method is described that can endow superhydrophilicity
      to a variety of substrates, both inorganic and organic, using the coordination
      complexes of natural phytic acid and Fe(III) ions. Coating deposition occurs in
      minutes, and coatings are ultrathin, colorless, and transparent.
      Superhydrophilicity is attributed, in part, to the high density of phosphonic
      acid groups. The ease, rapidness, and mildness of the assembly process, which is
      also cost-effective and environmental-friendly, points towards potential
      applications, such as self-cleaning, oil/water separation, antifogging.

PMID- 27377351
TI  - Prevalence of age-related hearing loss, including sex differences, in older
      adults in a large cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To obtain actual status of age-related hearing loss in a
      general unscreened population of older Dutch adults and to investigate whether
      the prevalence or degree has changed over time. STUDY DESIGN: To investigate the
      prevalence and degree of hearing loss, we conducted a large prospective cohort
      study of older adults between February 2011 and July 2015. METHODS: Pure-tone air
      and bone-conduction thresholds were measured for 4,743 participants. Results
      were compared to previous cohort studies. RESULTS: As expected, hearing loss
      increased with age. We found a correlation of R2 = 0.317 for men and R2 = 0.354
      for women (right ears). A prevalence of hearing loss greater than 35 dB hearing
      level the average of 0.5/1/2/4 kHz in the better ear, was found in 33% of the
      male and almost 29% of the female participants aged 65 years and older. Compared
      with previous studies, men had less hearing loss at the frequencies of 2 kHz and
      above. Hearing thresholds in women were significantly higher at 4 and 8 kHz. The
      difference in hearing loss between men and women is significantly less than in
      earlier studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms that hearing loss is highly
      prevalent in the general unscreened population of older adults. However, the
      difference in hearing between sexes was considerably less than previously
      reported. This is probably due to changing lifestyle and environmental
      circumstances, LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b Laryngoscope, 127:725-730, 2017.

PMID- 27377350
TI  - Incorporating Geriatric Assessment into a Nephrology Clinic: Preliminary Data
      from Two Models of Care.
AB  - Older adults with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience functional
      impairment that can complicate CKD management. Failure to recognize functional
      impairment may put these individuals at risk of further functional decline,
      nursing home placement, and missed opportunities for timely goals-of-care
      conversations. Routine geriatric assessment could be a useful tool for
      identifying older adults with CKD who are at risk of functional decline and
      provide contextual information to guide clinical decision-making. Two innovative
      programs were implemented in the Veterans Health Administration that incorporate
      geriatric assessment into a nephrology visit. In one program, a geriatrician
      embedded in a nephrology clinic used standardized geriatric assessment tools with
      individuals with CKD aged 70 and older (Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for
      CKD) (CGA-4-CKD). In the second program, a nephrology clinic used comprehensive
      appointments for individuals aged 75 and older to conduct geriatric assessments
      and CKD care (Renal Silver). Data on 68 veterans who had geriatric assessments
      through these programs between November 2013 and May 2015 are reported. In CGA-4
      CKD, difficulty with one or more activities of daily living (ADLs), history of
      falls, and cognitive impairment were each found in 27.3% of participants. ADL
      difficulty was found in 65.7%, falls in 28.6%, and cognitive impairment in 51.6%
      of participants in Renal Silver. Geriatric assessment guided care processes in
      45.4% (n = 15) of veterans in the CGA-4-CKD program and 37.1% (n = 13) of those
      in Renal Silver. Findings suggest there is a significant burden of functional
      impairment in older adults with CKD. Knowledge of this impairment is applicable
      to CKD management.

PMID- 27377352
TI  - Supporting grocery shopping for students with intellectual disability:a
      preliminary study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Decades of research exist supporting various types of self-operating
      prompting systems, including picture, audio and video to help students with
      disabilities acquire skills, especially to teach life skills. While many facets
      of life skills are important to target for instruction for secondary students
      with intellectual disability, one receiving declining attention is grocery
      shopping. METHOD: Using a single subject alternating treatment design with two
      high school students with intellectual disability, the authors analysed the
      impact of three self-operating prompts systems - picture, audio and video - on
      students' successful selection of grocery items, independence in completing the
      task (i.e., percent of steps not prompted), and task completion time. RESULTS:
      Results showed video prompting to be most successful prompting system for both
      students for selecting grocery items. However, independence and task completion
      time varied significantly for the students across the prompting systems.
      CONCLUSIONS: It is important to match the correct prompting system to individual
      students' skills, needs and preference, but also to balance efficiency - both for
      educators and students. Implications for Rehabilitation Video prompting is an
      effective instructional strategy, but must be considered in light of time and
      skill to create the video prompts as well as social stigmatization of use in
      natural community settings. It is important to match the correct prompting system
      to each student, but also to balance efficiency - both for educators and
      students.

PMID- 27377354
TI  - 3D Printed Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis Device.
AB  - The cost, time, and restrictions on creative flexibility associated with current
      fabrication methods present significant challenges in the development and
      application of microfluidic devices. Additive manufacturing, also referred to as
      three-dimensional (3D) printing, provides many advantages over existing methods.
      With 3D printing, devices can be made in a cost-effective manner with the ability
      to rapidly prototype new designs. We have fabricated a micro free-flow
      electrophoresis (MUFFE) device using a low-cost, consumer-grade 3D printer. Test
      prints were performed to determine the minimum feature sizes that could be
      reproducibly produced using 3D printing fabrication. Microfluidic ridges could be
      fabricated with dimensions as small as 20 MUm high * 640 MUm wide. Minimum valley
      dimensions were 30 MUm wide * 130 MUm wide. An acetone vapor bath was used to
      smooth acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) surfaces and facilitate bonding of
      fully enclosed channels. The surfaces of the 3D-printed features were profiled
      and compared to a similar device fabricated in a glass substrate. Stable stream
      profiles were obtained in a 3D-printed MUFFE device. Separations of fluorescent
      dyes in the 3D-printed device and its glass counterpart were comparable. A MUFFE
      separation of myoglobin and cytochrome c was also demonstrated on a 3D-printed
      device. Limits of detection for rhodamine 110 were determined to be 2 and 0.3 nM
      for the 3D-printed and glass devices, respectively.

PMID- 27377353
TI  - Target margins in radiotherapy of prostate cancer.
AB  - We reviewed the literature on the use of margins in radiotherapy of patients with
      prostate cancer, focusing on different options for image guidance (IG) and
      technical issues. The search in PubMed database was limited to include studies
      that involved external beam radiotherapy of the intact prostate. Post
      prostatectomy studies, brachytherapy and particle therapy were excluded. Each
      article was characterized according to the IG strategy used: positioning on
      external marks using room lasers, bone anatomy and soft tissue match, usage of
      fiducial markers, electromagnetic tracking and adapted delivery. A lack of
      uniformity in margin selection among institutions was evident from the review. In
      general, introduction of pre- and in-treatment IG was associated with smaller
      planning target volume (PTV) margins, but there was a lack of definitive
      experimental/clinical studies providing robust information on selection of exact
      PTV values. In addition, there is a lack of comparative research regarding the
      cost-benefit ratio of the different strategies: insertion of fiducial markers or
      electromagnetic transponders facilitates prostate gland localization but at a
      price of invasive procedure; frequent pre-treatment imaging increases patient in
      room time, dose and labour; online plan adaptation should improve radiation
      delivery accuracy but requires fast and precise computation. Finally, optimal
      protocols for quality assurance procedures need to be established.

PMID- 27377355
TI  - Collagen Substrate Stiffness Anisotropy Affects Cellular Elongation, Nuclear
      Shape, and Stem Cell Fate toward Anisotropic Tissue Lineage.
AB  - Rigidity of substrates plays an important role in stem cell fate. Studies are
      commonly carried out on isotropically stiff substrate or substrates with
      unidirectional stiffness gradients. However, many native tissues are
      anisotropically stiff and it is unknown whether controlled presentation of stiff
      and compliant material axes on the same substrate governs cytoskeletal and
      nuclear morphology, as well as stem cell differentiation. In this study,
      electrocompacted collagen sheets are stretched to varying degrees to tune the
      stiffness anisotropy (SA) in the range of 1 to 8, resulting in stiff and
      compliant material axes orthogonal to each other. The cytoskeletal aspect ratio
      increased with increasing SA by about fourfold. Such elongation was absent on
      cellulose acetate replicas of aligned collagen surfaces indicating that the
      elongation was not driven by surface topography. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
      seeded on varying anisotropy sheets displayed a dose-dependent upregulation of
      tendon-related markers such as Mohawk and Scleraxis. After 21 d of culture,
      highly anisotropic sheets induced greater levels of production of type-I, type
      III collagen, and thrombospondin-4. Therefore, SA has direct effects on MSC
      differentiation. These findings may also have ramifications of stem cell fate on
      other anisotropically stiff tissues, such as skeletal/cardiac muscles, ligaments,
      and bone.

PMID- 27377356
TI  - Basal ganglia output reflects internally-specified movements.
AB  - How movements are selected is a fundamental question in systems neuroscience.
      While many studies have elucidated the sensorimotor transformations underlying
      stimulus-guided movements, less is known about how internal goals - critical
      drivers of goal-directed behavior - guide movements. The basal ganglia are known
      to bias movement selection according to value, one form of internal goal. Here,
      we examine whether other internal goals, in addition to value, also influence
      movements via the basal ganglia. We designed a novel task for mice that
      dissociated equally rewarded internally-specified and stimulus-guided movements,
      allowing us to test how each engaged the basal ganglia. We found that activity in
      the substantia nigra pars reticulata, a basal ganglia output, predictably
      differed preceding internally-specified and stimulus-guided movements.
      Incorporating these results into a simple model suggests that internally
      specified movements may be facilitated relative to stimulus-guided movements by
      basal ganglia processing.

PMID- 27377357
TI  - Bottom-up and top-down influences at untrained conditions determine perceptual
      learning specificity and transfer.
AB  - Perceptual learning is often orientation and location specific, which may
      indicate neuronal plasticity in early visual areas. However, learning specificity
      diminishes with additional exposure of the transfer orientation or location via
      irrelevant tasks, suggesting that the specificity is related to untrained
      conditions, likely because neurons representing untrained conditions are neither
      bottom-up stimulated nor top-down attended during training. To demonstrate these
      top-down and bottom-up contributions, we applied a "continuous flash suppression"
      technique to suppress the exposure stimulus into sub-consciousness, and with
      additional manipulations to achieve pure bottom-up stimulation or top-down
      attention with the transfer condition. We found that either bottom-up or top-down
      influences enabled significant transfer of orientation and Vernier discrimination
      learning. These results suggest that learning specificity may result from under
      activations of untrained visual neurons due to insufficient bottom-up stimulation
      and/or top-down attention during training. High-level perceptual learning thus
      may not functionally connect to these neurons for learning transfer.

PMID- 27377358
TI  - Polymeric black tea polyphenols (PBPs) inhibit benzo(a)pyrene and 4
      (methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1- butanone-induced lung carcinogenesis
      potentially through down-regulation of p38 and Akt phosphorylation in A/J mice.
AB  - The aim of our study was to evaluate chemopreventive efficacy and possible
      mechanism of most abundant polyphenolic fraction in black tea, polymeric black
      tea polyphenols (PBPs), in experimental lung carcinogenesis model. Effect of 1.5%
      black tea derived PBPs on benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3
      pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) induced lung lesions were studied over 28 wks.
      Chemopreventive efficacy was studied using decrease in tumor incidence and/or
      multiplicity and/or delay in the latency period in A/J mice. Histopathological
      analysis of lung was carried out post-carcinogen treatment weeks to analyze the
      microscopic lung lesions. Inflammation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis markers
      along with signaling kinases like p38, Akt, and their phosphorylated forms were
      studied using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry at 4th, 10th, and 18th wk
      post-carcinogen treatment. Administration of PBPs throughout the treatment period
      significantly decreased the multiplicity of surface tumors as well as microscopic
      lung lesions, including adenomas. Although tumor incidence and latency period
      remains unaffected, histopathological evaluation of lung at 6, 10, and 18 wks
      post- carcinogen treatment period showed decrease in tumor multiplicity which was
      also correlated with different molecular markers. Anti- inflammatory action of
      PBPs was demonstrated by reduced Cox-2 expression. PBPs down-regulated the B(a)P
      and NNK-induced cell proliferation (diminished PCNA expression, proliferation
      index, and Bcl-2 expression) and enhanced apoptosis (increased Bax expression and
      apoptotic index) potentially through phosphorylation of p38 and Akt. PBPs, most
      abundant polyphenolic component in the black tea, have chemopreventive effect
      through inhibition of inflammation, cellular proliferation, and induction of
      apoptosis possibly via modulation of signaling kinases. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377359
TI  - Medication safety in the home care setting: Development and piloting of a
      Critical Incident Reporting System
AB  - Background: While drug-related problems are among the most frequent adverse
      events in health care, little is known about their type and prevalence in home
      care in the current literature. The use of a Critical Incident Reporting System
      (CIRS), known as an economic and efficient tool to record medication errors for
      subsequent analysis, is widely implemented in inpatient care, but less
      established in ambulatory care. Recommendations on a possible format are scarce.
      A manual CIRS was developed based on the literature and subsequently piloted and
      implemented in a Swiss home care organization. Aim: The aim of this work was to
      implement a critical incident reporting system specifically for medication safety
      in home care. Results: The final CIRS form was well accepted among staff.
      Requiring limited resources, it allowed preliminary identification and trending
      of medication errors in home care. The most frequent error reports addressed
      medication preparation at the patients' home, encompassing the following errors:
      omission (30 %), wrong dose (17.5 %) and wrong time (15 %). The most frequent
      underlying causes were related to working conditions (37.9 %), lacking attention
      (68.2 %), time pressure (22.7 %) and interruptions by patients (9.1 %).
      Conclusions: A manual CIRS allowed efficient data collection and subsequent
      analysis of medication errors in order to plan future interventions for
      improvement of medication safety. The development of an electronic CIRS would
      allow a reduction of the expenditure of time regarding data collection and
      analysis. In addition, it would favour the development of a national CIRS network
      among home care institutions.

PMID- 27377360
TI  - ?

PMID- 27377361
TI  - Does general anesthesia have a clinical impact on intraocular pressure in
      children?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reliable measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) is crucial in
      pediatric patients with suspected glaucoma. General anesthesia (GA) is usually
      needed in infants to allow a thorough examination. However, anesthesia itself may
      influence IOP, depending on the type used and the depth of sedation. The purpose
      of this study was to evaluate the normal distribution of IOP during GA in healthy
      children and to analyze differences in IOP relative to the anesthetics used and
      the measurement time point. METHODS: Approval for this observational study was
      received from the local institutional review boards and written informed consent
      was obtained from the children's parents. A total of 100 pediatric patients with
      no history of glaucoma scheduled for nonintraocular surgery underwent general
      anesthesia, induced with sevoflurane (s) or propofol (p) and maintained with
      either sevoflurane with remifentanil (S) or propofol with remifentanil (P). The
      patients were grouped to one of four subgroups (sS, sP, pP, pS) depending on the
      anesthetics used during induction and maintenance. Hemodynamic parameters and IOP
      were measured in both eyes at four defined time points: before anesthesia
      induction (M1); in apnea immediately after induction and before insertion of a
      laryngeal mask airway (M2); in deep anesthesia during mechanical ventilation
      (M3); and after extubation (M4), using a handheld Perkins applanation tonometer.
      Differences in IOP in both eyes during the measurement periods were analyzed
      using multivariate repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey-HSD as a
      posthoc test with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. Pearson correlation
      coefficient was used to investigate further relationships between heart rate,
      systolic blood pressure, and IOP. RESULTS: General anesthesia reduced IOP
      significantly. The mean IOP was normally distributed, with a mean of 7.4 +/- 2.89
      mmHg at M1. It decreased significantly to a minimum of 5.6 +/- 3.04 mmHg (P <
      0.01) at M2 and increased significantly to 7.2 +/- 2.51 mmHg (P < 0.01) at M3 and
      again to 8.4 +/- 3.72 mmHg (P = 0.03) at M4. All four subgroups (sS, sP, pP, pS)
      showed comparable decreases in IOP between M1 and M2. During deep anesthesia (M3)
      and during reversal (M4), the IOP increased again in all groups. During reversal
      (M4), however, the sS group had a significantly lower IOP than the pP group (P =
      0.001) and sP group (P = 0.02). There were no correlations between changes in IOP
      and gender, age, or type of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Sevoflurane and propofol, both
      in combination with remifentanil, significantly lower IOP in children. Individual
      IOP levels rise and fall during anesthesia, depending on the time point of
      measurement. The lowest IOP can be measured immediately after induction of
      anesthesia. This needs to be taken into account when measuring IOP in children.

PMID- 27377362
TI  - Polyimide-coated magnetic nanoparticles as a sorbent in the solid-phase
      extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater samples.
AB  - Magnetic polyimide poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide) nanoparticles were
      successfully synthesized and developed for the solid-phase extraction of
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater samples. The aromatic rings of
      polyimide coating provided a good adsorption capacity (28.3-42.5 mg/g) for
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons because of the pi-pi stacking interaction. The
      developed method was used as a simple, fast, and efficient extraction and
      preconcentration technique for the trace analysis of polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons. The high chemical, physical and thermal stability, excellent
      reusability, and good magnetic properties are the merits of the sorbent. High
      preconcentration factors (41-63) were obtained. The sorbent was also
      characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron
      microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, transmission electron
      microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. After optimizing several
      appropriate extraction parameters, the results indicated that the extraction
      recoveries of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were in the range of 61.6-94.7%,
      with relative standard deviations between 2.9 and 5.4%, the calibration graph was
      linear in the concentration range of 1-100 MUg/L (r > 0.9991) with limit of
      detection in the range of 0.15-0.19 MUg/L (n = 3). Seawater samples were analyzed
      as real samples and good recoveries (68.5-99.5%) were obtained at different
      spiked values. 

PMID- 27377363
TI  - MoYcp4 is required for growth, conidiogenesis and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe
      oryzae.
AB  - The transcription factor MoAP1 has been shown previously to be required for
      pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae via mediation of the oxidative stress
      response. In the serial analysis gene expression database, it was found that
      expression of MoYcp4, a homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae flavodoxin-like
      protein ScYcp4, was affected by MoAP1. Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that
      MoYCP4 was significantly up-regulated during conidiation, appressorium formation
      and infection. The growth rate of a DeltaMoycp4 mutant was reduced slightly, but
      conidial production was increased significantly (more than 10-fold), compared
      with the wild-type strain. Although the rate of appressorium formation was
      unaffected, the appressorial turgor was abnormal and the ability to infect rice
      and barley was reduced, resulting in decreased pathogenicity. In summary, MoYcp4,
      a target of MoAP1, is involved in the growth, conidiogenesis and pathogenicity of
      M. oryzae. Our studies provide a comprehensive analysis of flavodoxin-like
      proteins and will aid in the study of pathogen-related molecular mechanisms.

PMID- 27377364
TI  - Fracture of the clavicle and second rib: an indirect injury from tricep dips.
AB  - Due to the recent rise in the interest in strength training, an increment in the
      number of lesions is expected, whether of the tendons, muscles, or bones. We
      describe a case of fracture involving the middle third of the clavicle and the
      second rib in a low-demand weightlifter. The fractures occurred suddenly while
      performing a triceps dips exercise, and the patient had no previous symptoms. He
      was treated conservatively and was able to return to sports six months later. To
      our knowledge, this is the first study describing the association of these
      fractures triggered by a single event of muscle contraction. 

PMID- 27377365
TI  - Cysteine redox proteomics of the hemoglobin-depleted cytosolic fraction of stored
      red blood cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: Erythrocyte concentrates (ECs) represent the most transfused labile
      blood products. They are stored at 4 degrees C in additive solutions for up to 56
      days. Protein oxidation is a marker of oxidative stress and cysteine residues,
      whose oxidations are required for physiological cell functions, are highly prone
      to such modification. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Five ECs from independent donations
      were followed. Soluble protein extracts were prepared at days 6, 27, and 41, and
      cysteines were alkylated, reduced, and labeled with infrared dyes. Samples were
      mixed two by two (day 6 as reference) and analyzed by 2D-DIGE. Detection of
      labeled cysteines allows quantitative comparison of oxidative status. Spots of
      interest were analyzed by proteomics. RESULTS: Thirty-two spots containing 43
      proteins were classified as increasing, decreasing, or exhibiting a peak of
      expression during storage. Proteins having catalytic and antioxidant activities
      were particularly affected during storage, for example, peroxiredoxin-1 and DJ-1
      were reversibly oxidized and catalase was irreversibly oxidized. These proteins
      could be used to evaluate different storage strategies to maintain proper protein
      function during the overall storage period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
      This redox-DIGE approach brings new quantitative data on oxidized proteins in
      stored red blood cells. As previously reported on carbonylation, the oxidative
      damages differently affect protein functions.

PMID- 27377366
TI  - Longitudinal latent variable models given incompletely observed biomarkers and
      covariates.
AB  - In this paper, we analyze a two-level latent variable model for longitudinal data
      from the National Growth and Health Study where surrogate outcomes or biomarkers
      and covariates are subject to missingness at any of the levels. A conventional
      method for efficient handling of missing data is to re-express the desired model
      as a joint distribution of variables, including the biomarkers, that are subject
      to missingness conditional on all of the covariates that are completely observed,
      and estimate the joint model by maximum likelihood, which is then transformed to
      the desired model. The joint model, however, identifies more parameters than
      desired, in general. We show that the over-identified joint model produces biased
      estimation of the latent variable model and describe how to impose constraints on
      the joint model so that it has a one-to-one correspondence with the desired model
      for unbiased estimation. The constrained joint model handles missing data
      efficiently under the assumption of ignorable missing data and is estimated by a
      modified application of the expectation-maximization algorithm. Copyright (c)
      2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27377367
TI  - A novel bis(pinacolato)diboron-mediated N-O bond deoxygenative route to C6
      benzotriazolyl purine nucleoside derivatives.
AB  - Reaction of amide bonds in t-butyldimethylsilyl-protected inosine, 2'
      deoxyinosine, guanosine, 2'-deoxyguanosine, and 2-phenylinosine with commercially
      available peptide-coupling agents (benzotriazol-1H
      yloxy)tris(dimethylaminophosphonium) hexafluorophosphate (BOP), (6-chloro
      benzotriazol-1H-yloxy)trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyClocK),
      and (7-azabenzotriazol-1H-yloxy)trispyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophospate
      (PyAOP) gave the corresponding O(6)-(benzotriazol-1-yl) nucleoside analogues
      containing a C-O-N bond. Upon exposure to bis(pinacolato)diboron and base, the
      O(6)-(benzotriazol-1-yl) and O(6)-(6-chlorobenzotriazol-1-yl) purine nucleoside
      derivatives obtained from BOP and PyClocK, respectively, underwent N-O bond
      reduction and C-N bond formation, leading to the corresponding C6 benzotriazolyl
      purine nucleoside analogues. In contrast, the 7-azabenzotriazolyloxy purine
      nucleoside derivatives did not undergo efficient deoxygenation, but gave
      unsymmetrical nucleoside dimers instead. This is consistent with a prior report
      on the slow reduction of 1-hydroxy-1H-4-aza and 1-hydroxy-1H-7-azabenzotriazoles.
      Because of the limited number of commercial benzotriazole-based peptide coupling
      agents, and to show the applicability of the method when such coupling agents are
      unavailable, 1-hydroxy-1H-5,6-dichlorobenzotriazole was synthesized. Using this
      compound, silyl-protected inosine and 2'-deoxyinosine were converted to the O(6)
      (5,6-dichlorobenzotriazol-1-yl) derivatives via in situ amide activation with
      PyBroP. The O(6)-(5,6-dichlorobenzotriazol-1-yl) purine nucleosides so obtained
      also underwent smooth reduction to afford the corresponding C6 5,6
      dichlorobenzotriazolyl purine nucleoside derivatives. A total of 13 examples were
      studied with successful reactions occurring in 11 cases (the azabenzotriazole
      derivatives, mentioned above, being the only unreactive entities). To understand
      whether these reactions are intra or intermolecular processes, a crossover
      experiment was conducted. The results of this experiment as well as those from
      reactions conducted in the absence of bis(pinacolato)diboron and in the presence
      of water indicate that detachment of the benzotriazoloxy group from the
      nucleoside likely occurs, followed by reduction, and reattachment of the ensuing
      benzotriazole, leading to products. 

PMID- 27377369
TI  - Dual-Shell Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Self-Monitoring of pH-Responsive
      Molecule-Releasing in a Visualized Way.
AB  - The rational design and controlled synthesis of a smart device with flexibly
      tailored response ability is all along desirable for bioapplication but long
      remains a considerable challenge. Here, a pH-stimulated valve system with a
      visualized "on-off" mode is constructed through a dual-shell fluorescence
      resonance energy transfer (FRET) strategy. The dual shells refer to carbon dots
      and fluorescent molecules embedded polymethacrylic acid (F-PMAA) layers
      successively coating around a SiO2 core (ca. 120 nm), which play the roles as
      energy donor and acceptor, respectively. The total thickness of the dual-shell in
      the solid composite is ca. 10 nm. The priorities of this dual-shell FRET
      nanovalve stem from three facts: (1) the thin shell allows the formation of
      efficient FRET system without chemical bonding between energy donor and acceptor;
      (2) the maximum emission wavelength of CD layer is tunable in the range of 400
      600 nm, thus providing a flexible energy donor for a wide variety of energy
      acceptors; (3) the outer F-PMAA shell with a pH-sensitive swelling-shrinking (on
      off) behavior functions as a valve for regulating the FRET process. As such, a
      sensitive and stable pH ratiometric sensor with a working pH range of 3-6 has
      been built by simply encapsulating pH-responsive fluorescein isothiocyanate
      (FITC) into PMAA; a pH-dependent swelling-shrinking shuttle carrier with a finely
      controllable molecule-release behavior has been further fabricated using
      rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RBITC) as the energy donor and model guest molecule.
      Significantly, the controlled releasing process is visually self-monitorable. 

PMID- 27377368
TI  - The reemergence of long-term potentiation in aged Alzheimer's disease mouse
      model.
AB  - Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been developed to study the
      pathophysiology of amyloid beta protein (Abeta) toxicity, which is thought to
      cause severe clinical symptoms such as memory impairment in AD patients. However,
      inconsistencies exist between studies using these animal models, specifically in
      terms of the effects on synaptic plasticity, a major cellular model of learning
      and memory. Whereas some studies find impairments in plasticity in these models,
      others do not. We show that long-term potentiation (LTP), in the CA1 region of
      hippocampal slices from this mouse, is impared at Tg2576 adult 6-7 months old.
      However, LTP is inducible again in slices taken from Tg2576 aged 14-19 months
      old. In the aged Tg2576, we found that the percentage of parvalbumin (PV)
      expressing interneurons in hippocampal CA1-3 region is significantly decreased,
      and LTP inhibition or reversal mediated by NRG1/ErbB signaling, which requires
      ErbB4 receptors in PV interneurons, is impaired. Inhibition of ErbB receptor
      kinase in adult Tg2576 restores LTP but impairs depotentiation as shown in aged
      Tg2576. Our study suggests that hippocampal LTP reemerges in aged Tg2576.
      However, this reemerged LTP is an insuppressible form due to impaired NRG1/ErbB
      signaling, possibly through the loss of PV interneurons.

PMID- 27377370
TI  - Accuracy of Latarjet graft and screw position after using novel drill guide.
AB  - PURPOSE: For the success of Latarjet procedure a correct graft positioning is
      mandatory. Furthermore, the correct screw placement is important to avoid
      cartilage damage and soft tissue irritation. Due to a cadaveric experimental
      study, the accuracy of graft and screw positioning utilizing a novel drill guide
      for a minimal-invasive Latarjet procedure was analyzed. METHODS: Five human fresh
      frozen shoulder specimens have been treated in accordance with the Congruent-Arc
      Latarjet technique using the glenoid bone loss set (Arthrex, Naples, FL, USA)
      with 3.75 mm cannulated screws throughout a 5 cm skin incision without detachment
      of the scapularis tendon. All procedures were performed by one single,
      experienced shoulder surgeon. The accuracy of graft and screw positioning was
      assessed due to a CT scan. RESULTS: A noticeable learning curve was noted during
      the study period as the first surgery took 45 min and the last 33 min. All grafts
      were correctly positioned with regard to the articular line of the glenoid
      surface. Impingement with the maximum head circumference was not encountered. The
      screw positions did not affect the suprascapular nerve. A damage of the graft was
      not noticed. CONCLUSIONS: The authors can recommend the usage of the new drill
      guide tested in this study. It seems to be beneficial in the Latarjet procedure
      and may ease correct graft positioning and prevent screw misplacement. Compared
      to fully arthroscopically performed Latarjet procedures it provides much steeper
      learning curve and seems technically easier and quicker to handle.

PMID- 27377371
TI  - Bowel preparation prior to percutaneous ilio-sacral screw insertion: is it
      necessary?
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of ilio-sacral (IS)
      screw fixation with and without the use of bowel preparation, in terms of
      obtaining adequate visualisation, malpositioning of screw requiring revision
      surgery and neurovascular injury. METHODS: A retrospective case control study was
      performed. We reviewed 74 consecutive cases of IS screw fixation performed at our
      institution within the last 5 years. We included all patients who had undergone
      percutaneous IS screw fixation. Two groups, one consisting of patients who
      underwent bowel preparation prior to surgery (Group 1) and one consisting of
      patients who had no bowel preparation (Group 2), were compared in terms of the
      above outcomes. There were 37 patients in each group. The mean age in Group 1 was
      41 years (17-63) and in Group 2 was 47 years (12-89). RESULTS: In Group 1 there
      were two procedures abandoned due to poor visualisation. In Group 2 there were no
      cases abandoned for poor visualisation. There were two nerve injuries in Group 1
      and no nerve injuries in Group 2. Revision surgery was performed in four patients
      in Group 1-for malposition, persistent buttock pain, sciatic nerve palsy and
      inadequate fixation while one revision performed in Group 2 for persistent
      buttock pain. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we conclude that bowel
      preparation is not necessary to obtain adequate visualisation for safe and
      accurate percutaneous IS screw insertion. In fact, in Group 1 two procedures were
      abandoned and there was higher incidence of complications. Therefore, it would
      appear that this treatment arm should be abandoned all together. Further studies
      to prove it conclusively and explain the reasons are required.

PMID- 27377372
TI  - Well-defined, persistent, chiral phthalocyanine nanoclusters via G-quadruplex
      assembly.
AB  - Octameric near-IR dye nanoclusters are produced by complexation of potassium
      cations with a phthalocyanine-guanosine conjugate. The combination of hydrogen
      bonding, K(+) coordination, pi-pi stacking and steric interactions between the
      chiral side groups is responsible for defining a specific helical chromophore
      arrangement in the clusters, which display high stability and maintain their
      supramolecular identity onto substrates. 

PMID- 27377373
TI  - Plasma total antioxidant capacity and peroxidation biomarkers in psoriasis.
AB  - Systemic biomarkers of oxidative stress can be relevant for assessment of
      psoriasis severity, for prediction of the outcome of therapy and of the
      development of comorbidities. In this review we aimed to evaluate the
      relationship between plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and peroxidation
      biomarkers, as well as their association with dyslipidemia and systemic
      inflammation in psoriasis. The review of 59 case-control comparisons (from 41
      studies) and 17 interventions (from 13 studies) suggests that peroxidation
      markers are more sensitive than TAC in the evaluation of oxidative stress in
      psoriasis. Although few studies investigated the effect of treatment on oxidative
      stress, it seems that biological drugs could be the better choice in the
      treatment of psoriasis. However, considering the limitations of TAC and plasma
      peroxidation markers, this review suggests that new methods should be developed
      in order to evaluate systemic oxidative stress in psoriasis. 

PMID- 27377374
TI  - Seroprevalence of Orthopoxvirus in rural Brazil: insights into anti-OPV immunity
      status and its implications for emergent zoonotic OPV.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus, a virus
      from Orthopoxvirus genus (OPV) that affects mainly cattle herds and humans in
      rural areas in Brazil. Because most studies have focused on outbreaks situations,
      data on BV epidemiology is limited. A cross sectional study in Brazilian rural
      areas during 2012-2013 was conducted to determine the neutralizing antibodies
      seroprevalence and risk factors for BV. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was
      applied to elicit demographics data and farming practices considered risk factors
      for BV exposure. Neutralizing anti-OPV antibodies were investigated using plaque
      reduction neutralization test. The neutralizing antibodies prevalence rates were
      calculated and the risk factor analysis was performed using multivariate logistic
      regression. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty participants were enrolled in this
      study with a prevalence of neutralizing antibodies of 30.8 % (95 % confidence
      interval [CI], 25.3-36.9). In multivariate analysis, age > 35 years (Odds Ratio
      [OR] = 18.2; CI 95 % = 7.7 - 43.2) and previous outbreak in property (OR = 3.9; C
      I95 % = 1.2 - 12.6) were independently associated with anti-OPV neutralizing
      antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, anti-OPV protective immunity
      (neutralizing antibody titers) was assessed in an endemic BV Brazilian rural
      area. Our findings indicate that epidemiological surveillance is required and
      should be applied by public health authorities to create interventions and/or
      prevention strategies to avoid viral spread causing future outbreaks among
      individuals who are under risk of infection.

PMID- 27377375
TI  - CD80 down-regulation is associated to aberrant DNA methylation in non
      inflammatory colon carcinogenesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The lack of positive costimulatory molecules represents one of the
      mechanisms by which tumor cells evade immune surveillance. Promoter
      hypermethylation plays a major role in cancer development through transcriptional
      silencing of critical genes. The aim of this study was to examine the expression
      of the costimulatory molecule CD80 in relationship with genomic methylation in
      non-inflammatory colon carcinogenesis. METHODS: Colonic mucosal samples were
      collected from healthy subjects (n = 30) and from dysplastic adenoma (n = 14),
      and colon adenocarcinoma (n = 10). DNA methyltransferases-1, -3a, -3b and CD80
      mRNA expression were quantified by real time qRT-PCR. The methylation status of
      CDH13, APC, MLH1, MGMT1 and RUNX3 gene promoters was assessed by methylation
      specific PCR. CD80 expression was assessed in HT29, HCT-15 and LoVo cell lines
      after treatment with the DNA-methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine.
      RESULTS: CD80 mRNA levels were significantly lower in the non-inflammatory
      dysplastic colonic mucosa of patients with one or more methylated genes and
      inversely correlated with patients' methylation scores (tau = -0.41, p = 0.05 and
      tau = -0.37, p = 0.05, respectively). Treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine
      significantly increased CD80 expression both in terms of the level of CD80 mRNA
      (p = 0.007) and of CD80+ cells (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate
      that the failure of immune surveillance mechanisms in non-inflammatory colon
      carcinogenesis may be linked to genomic methylation directly or indirectly
      affecting CD80 expression.

PMID- 27377377
TI  - Comparative Efficacy of Selected Dust Insecticides for Controlling Cimex
      lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).
AB  - Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., are one of the most difficult urban pests to
      control. Pest management professionals rely heavily on insecticide sprays and
      dusts to control bed bugs. Dust formulations are considered to provide longer
      residual control than sprays. However, there are no scientific data available on
      the comparative efficacy of the commonly used insecticide dusts. We evaluated the
      efficacy of eight insecticide dust products using three exposure methods: 1)
      brief exposure-bed bugs crossed a 2.54-cm-wide dust-treated band, 2) forced
      exposure-bed bugs were continuously exposed to a dust-treated substrate, and 3)
      choice exposure-bed bugs were given a choice to stay on either dust-treated or
      untreated substrate. The brief exposure method was the most sensitive in
      detecting the differences among the insecticides. Only CimeXa (silica gel) dust
      caused 100% mortality from all three exposure methods. Other tested dusts (1%
      cyfluthrin, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.075% zeta-cypermethrin + 0.15% piperonyl
      butoxide, 1% pyrethrins, 1% 2-phenethyl propionate + 0.4% pyrethrin, 0.25%
      dinotefuran + 95% diatomaceous earth, 100% diatomaceous earth) caused <=65%
      mortality in a brief exposure assay. We also evaluated the horizontal transfer
      effect of the silica gel dust. Silica gel dust-exposed bed bugs transferred the
      dust horizontally to unexposed bed bugs resulting in 100% mortality at 4:6 donor:
      recipient ratio and 88.0 +/- 5.0% mortality at 1:5 donor: recipient ratio. The
      results suggest silica gel is the most promising insecticide dust for controlling
      C. lectularius.

PMID- 27377376
TI  - Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nicotine withdrawal: a
      qualitative study of patient perceptions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nicotine use has been reported to ameliorate symptoms of Attention
      Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, adults with ADHD have a
      relatively high prevalence of cigarette smoking and greater difficulty abstaining
      from smoking. Overall, though, there is scant literature investigating the
      beliefs, perceptions and experiences of smokers with ADHD regarding smoking
      cessation and withdrawal. METHODS: Our participants (n = 20) fulfilling criteria
      for ADHD and a past or current dependence from nicotine were recruited from the
      in- and outpatient clinic of the Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital and the
      Psychiatric Services Aargau (Switzerland). We conducted in-depth interviews to
      explore their motivations to quit, past experiences with and expectations about
      quitting using a purposeful sampling plan. The sample was selected to provide
      diversity in relation to level of nicotine dependence, participation in a smoking
      cessation program, gender, age, martial status and social class. Mayring's
      qualitative content analysis approach was used to evaluate findings. RESULTS:
      Adult smokers with ADHD had made several attempts to quit, experienced intense
      withdrawal symptoms, and relapsed early and often. They also often perceived a
      worsening of ADHD symptoms with nicotine abstinence. We identified three motives
      to quit smoking: 1) health concerns, 2) the feeling of being addicted, and 3)
      social factors. Most participants favored a smoking cessation program
      specifically designed for individuals with ADHD because they thought ADHD
      complicated their nicotine withdrawal and that an ADHD-specific smoking cessation
      program should address specific symptoms of this disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Since
      treatment initiation and adherence associate closely with perception, we hope
      these findings will result in better cessation interventions for the vulnerable
      subgroup of smokers with ADHD.

PMID- 27377378
TI  - Annual Fluctuations of Early Immigrant Populations of Sogatella furcifera
      (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Jiangxi Province, China.
AB  - The white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), is a destructive
      migratory pest in east and southeast Asia. Huge populations stemming from annual
      migrations by this insect have caused a series of devastating losses to rice
      production. There have been numerous early immigrations in five of the past 10 yr
      but few early immigrations in the others. The annual fluctuation in early
      immigration is evident, but the mechanism behind these annual fluctuations is
      unclear. This research aimed to determine the underlying causes for the annual
      fluctuations in early immigration. We used trajectory analysis to explore the
      source areas and investigated the meteorological conditions to determine the
      reason for the annual fluctuations. The results showed that 1) the source areas
      of S. furcifera are mainly located west of Guangdong and east of Guangxi; 2) the
      annual fluctuations of the immigrant population size is significantly correlated
      with the frequency of prevailing winds; and 3) early immigration is influenced by
      both winter and spring temperatures in the south central Indochina peninsula.
      These results indicated that an allopatric prediction and sustainable management
      of rice planthoppers would be difficult to implement within one country.
      International cooperation and information exchange about this pest between China
      and other countries in Southeast Asia should be implemented.

PMID- 27377379
TI  - Neutron and X-ray single-crystal diffraction from protein microcrystals via
      magnetically oriented microcrystal arrays in gels.
AB  - Protein microcrystals magnetically aligned in D2O hydrogels were subjected to
      neutron diffraction measurements, and reflections were observed for the first
      time to a resolution of 3.4 A from lysozyme microcrystals (~10 * 10 * 50 um).
      This result demonstrated the possibility that magnetically oriented microcrystals
      consolidated in D2O gels may provide a promising means to obtain single-crystal
      neutron diffraction from proteins that do not crystallize at the sizes required
      for neutron diffraction structure determination. In addition, lysozyme
      microcrystals aligned in H2O hydrogels allowed structure determination at a
      resolution of 1.76 A at room temperature by X-ray diffraction. The use of gels
      has advantages since the microcrystals are measured under hydrated conditions.

PMID- 27377380
TI  - Ab initio phasing by molecular averaging in real space with new criteria:
      application to structure determination of a betanodavirus.
AB  - Molecular averaging, including noncrystallographic symmetry (NCS) averaging, is a
      powerful method for ab initio phase determination and phase improvement.
      Applications of the cross-crystal averaging (CCA) method have been shown to be
      effective for phase improvement after initial phasing by molecular replacement,
      isomorphous replacement, anomalous dispersion or combinations of these methods.
      Here, a two-step process for phase determination in the X-ray structural analysis
      of a new coat protein from a betanodavirus, Grouper nervous necrosis virus, is
      described in detail. The first step is ab initio structure determination of the T
      = 3 icosahedral virus-like particle using NCS averaging (NCSA). The second step
      involves structure determination of the protrusion domain of the viral molecule
      using cross-crystal averaging. In this method, molecular averaging and solvent
      flattening constrain the electron density in real space. To quantify these
      constraints, a new, simple and general indicator, free fraction (ff), is
      introduced, where ff is defined as the ratio of the volume of the electron
      density that is freely changed to the total volume of the crystal unit cell. This
      indicator is useful and effective to evaluate the strengths of both NCSA and CCA.
      Under the condition that a mask (envelope) covers the target molecule well, an ff
      value of less than 0.1, as a new rule of thumb, gives sufficient phasing power
      for the successful construction of new structures.

PMID- 27377381
TI  - Structural basis for acyl-group discrimination by human Gcn5L2.
AB  - Gcn5 is a conserved acetyltransferase that regulates transcription by acetylating
      the N-terminal tails of histones. Motivated by recent studies identifying a
      chemically diverse array of lysine acyl modifications in vivo, the acyl-chain
      specificity of the acetyltransferase human Gcn5 (Gcn5L2) was examined. Whereas
      Gcn5L2 robustly catalyzes lysine acetylation, the acyltransferase activity of
      Gcn5L2 becomes progressively weaker with increasing acyl-chain length. To
      understand how Gcn5 discriminates between different acyl-CoA molecules,
      structures of the catalytic domain of human Gcn5L2 bound to propionyl-CoA and
      butyryl-CoA were determined. Although the active site of Gcn5L2 can accommodate
      propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA without major structural rearrangements, butyryl
      CoA adopts a conformation incompatible with catalysis that obstructs the path of
      the incoming lysine residue and acts as a competitive inhibitor of Gcn5L2 versus
      acetyl-CoA. These structures demonstrate how Gcn5L2 discriminates between acyl
      chain donors and explain why Gcn5L2 has weak activity for acyl moieties that are
      larger than an acetyl group.

PMID- 27377382
TI  - Second harmonic generation correlation spectroscopy for characterizing
      translationally diffusing protein nanocrystals.
AB  - Second harmonic generation correlation spectroscopy (SHG-CS) is demonstrated as a
      new approach to protein nanocrystal characterization. A novel line-scanning
      approach was performed to enable autocorrelation analysis without sample damage
      from the intense incident beam. An analytical model for autocorrelation was
      developed, which includes a correction for the optical scattering forces arising
      when focusing intense, infrared beams. SHG-CS was applied to the analysis of
      BaTiO3 nanoparticles ranging from 200 to ~500 nm and of photosystem I
      nanocrystals. A size distribution was recovered for each sample and compared with
      the size histogram measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Good agreement
      was observed between the two independent measurements. The intrinsic selectivity
      of the second-order nonlinear optical process provides SHG-CS with the ability to
      distinguish well ordered nanocrystals from conglomerates and amorphous
      aggregates. Combining the recovered distribution of particle diameters with the
      histogram of measured SHG intensities provides the inherent hyperpolarizability
      per unit volume of the SHG-active nanoparticles. Simulations suggest that the SHG
      activity per unit volume is likely to exhibit relatively low sensitivity to the
      subtle distortions within the lattice that contribute to resolution loss in X-ray
      diffraction, but high sensitivity to the presence of multi-domain crystals.

PMID- 27377384
TI  - Angular-split/temporal-delay approach to ultrafast protein dynamics at XFELs.
AB  - X-ray crystallography promises direct insights into electron-density changes that
      lead to and arise from structural changes such as electron and proton transfer
      and the formation, rupture and isomerization of chemical bonds. The ultrashort
      pulses of hard X-rays produced by free-electron lasers present an exciting
      opportunity for capturing ultrafast structural events in biological
      macromolecules within femtoseconds after photoexcitation. However, shot-to-shot
      fluctuations, which are inherent to the very process of self-amplified
      spontaneous emission (SASE) that generates the ultrashort X-ray pulses, are a
      major source of noise that may conceal signals from structural changes. Here, a
      new approach is proposed to angularly split a single SASE pulse and to produce a
      temporal delay of picoseconds between the split pulses. These split pulses will
      allow the probing of two distinct states before and after photoexcitation
      triggered by a laser pulse between the split X-ray pulses. The split pulses
      originate from a single SASE pulse and share many common properties; thus, noise
      arising from shot-to-shot fluctuations is self-canceling. The unambiguous
      interpretation of ultrafast structural changes would require diffraction data at
      atomic resolution, as these changes may or may not involve any atomic
      displacement. This approach, in combination with the strategy of serial
      crystallography, offers a solution to study ultrafast dynamics of light-initiated
      biochemical reactions or biological processes at atomic resolution.

PMID- 27377385
TI  - Mechanism of the allosteric regulation of Streptococcus mutans 2'-deoxycytidylate
      deaminase.
AB  - In cells, dUMP is the intermediate precursor of dTTP in its synthesis during
      deoxynucleotide metabolism. In Gram-positive bacteria and eukaryotes, zinc
      dependent deoxycytidylate deaminases (dCDs) catalyze the conversion of dCMP to
      dUMP. The activity of dCD is allosterically activated by dCTP and inhibited by
      dTTP. Here, the crystal structure of Streptococcus mutans dCD (SmdCD) complexed
      with dTTP is presented at 2.35 A resolution, thereby solving the first pair of
      activator-bound and inhibitor-bound structures from the same species to provide a
      more definitive description of the allosteric mechanism. In contrast to the dTTP
      bound dCD from the bacteriophage S-TIM5 (S-TIM5-dCD), dTTP-bound SmdCD adopts an
      inactive conformation similar to the apo form. A structural comparison suggests
      that the distinct orientations of the triphosphate group in S-TIM5-dCD and SmdCD
      are a result of the varying protein binding environment. In addition,
      calorimetric data establish that the modulators bound to dCD can be mutually
      competitively replaced. The results reveal the mechanism underlying its regulator
      specific activity and might greatly enhance the understanding of the allosteric
      regulation of other dCDs.

PMID- 27377383
TI  - Structural and functional studies of the glycoside hydrolase family 3 beta
      glucosidase Cel3A from the moderately thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii.
AB  - The filamentous fungus Hypocrea jecorina produces a number of cellulases and
      hemicellulases that act in a concerted fashion on biomass and degrade it into
      monomeric or oligomeric sugars. beta-Glucosidases are involved in the last step
      of the degradation of cellulosic biomass and hydrolyse the beta-glycosidic
      linkage between two adjacent molecules in dimers and oligomers of glucose. In
      this study, it is shown that substituting the beta-glucosidase from H. jecorina
      (HjCel3A) with the beta-glucosidase Cel3A from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia
      emersonii (ReCel3A) in enzyme mixtures results in increased efficiency in the
      saccharification of lignocellulosic materials. Biochemical characterization of
      ReCel3A, heterologously produced in H. jecorina, reveals a preference for
      disaccharide substrates over longer gluco-oligosaccharides. Crystallographic
      studies of ReCel3A revealed a highly N-glycosylated three-domain dimeric protein,
      as has been observed previously for glycoside hydrolase family 3 beta
      glucosidases. The increased thermal stability and saccharification yield and the
      superior biochemical characteristics of ReCel3A compared with HjCel3A and
      mixtures containing HjCel3A make ReCel3A an excellent candidate for addition to
      enzyme mixtures designed to operate at higher temperatures.

PMID- 27377388
TI  - Extremely Well-Differentiated Gastric Adenocarcinoma Arising in Pylorus with
      Minor Diffuse Adenocarcinoma Component.

PMID- 27377389
TI  - Merkel Cell Carcinoma Metastasis to Stomach: an Infrequent Culmination of a Rare
      Neoplasm.

PMID- 27377386
TI  - Visualizing the Bohr effect in hemoglobin: neutron structure of equine
      cyanomethemoglobin in the R state and comparison with human deoxyhemoglobin in
      the T state.
AB  - Neutron crystallography provides direct visual evidence of the atomic positions
      of deuterium-exchanged H atoms, enabling the accurate determination of the
      protonation/deuteration state of hydrated biomolecules. Comparison of two neutron
      structures of hemoglobins, human deoxyhemoglobin (T state) and equine
      cyanomethemoglobin (R state), offers a direct observation of histidine residues
      that are likely to contribute to the Bohr effect. Previous studies have shown
      that the T-state N-terminal and C-terminal salt bridges appear to have a partial
      instead of a primary overall contribution. Four conserved histidine residues
      [alphaHis72(EF1), alphaHis103(G10), alphaHis89(FG1), alphaHis112(G19) and
      betaHis97(FG4)] can become protonated/deuterated from the R to the T state, while
      two histidine residues [alphaHis20(B1) and betaHis117(G19)] can lose a
      proton/deuteron. alphaHis103(G10), located in the alpha1:beta1 dimer interface,
      appears to be a Bohr group that undergoes structural changes: in the R state it
      is singly protonated/deuterated and hydrogen-bonded through a water network to
      betaAsn108(G10) and in the T state it is doubly protonated/deuterated with the
      network uncoupled. The very long-term H/D exchange of the amide protons
      identifies regions that are accessible to exchange as well as regions that are
      impermeable to exchange. The liganded relaxed state (R state) has comparable
      levels of exchange (17.1% non-exchanged) compared with the deoxy tense state (T
      state; 11.8% non-exchanged). Interestingly, the regions of non-exchanged protons
      shift from the tetramer interfaces in the T-state interface (alpha1:beta2 and
      alpha2:beta1) to the cores of the individual monomers and to the dimer interfaces
      (alpha1:beta1 and alpha2:beta2) in the R state. The comparison of regions of
      stability in the two states allows a visualization of the conservation of fold
      energy necessary for ligand binding and release.

PMID- 27377387
TI  - Comparison of full-night and ambulatory polysomnography with ApneaGraph in the
      subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
AB  - The localization of the obstruction is crucial in determining the appropriate
      surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS); ApneaGraph has
      been introduced for diagnosis of OSAS and localization of airway obstruction
      level. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of ApneaGraph for both
      clinical staging and site of obstruction. Thirty male OSAS patients were
      prospectively enrolled in this clinical trial. The following parameter were
      included to the study: Body mass indexes and neck circumferences of the subjects,
      Epworth sleepiness scale, site of obstruction detected by flexible endoscopy and
      ApneaGraph, apnea hypopnea index (AHI), apnea index, hypopnea index, maximal
      oxygen desaturation and average oxygen saturation which were detected by both
      polysomnography (PSG) and ApneaGraph devices. Our data presented that, although
      AHI measured by ApneaGraph and PSG were significantly correlated; severity stages
      of the subjects were different in 44 % of the subjects when based on AHI of
      ApneaGraph, compared to PSG. Majority of the changes were from severe OSAS to
      mild or moderate levels. Similar dominant collapse levels were detected in 64 %
      of the subjects by both devices. It was seen that transpalatal obstruction was
      better correlated between ApneaGraph and flexible endoscopy. As a conclusion, we
      might assume that ApneaGraph can be used as a screener for OSAS and it appears to
      be a more reliable device to confirm dominancy of palatal level obstruction.

PMID- 27377390
TI  - Spiritual Well-Being and Psychological Adjustment: Mediated by Interpersonal
      Needs?
AB  - Spiritual well-being has been shown to reduce suicidal behavior, depressive
      symptoms, and hopelessness. Thwarted interpersonal needs have been shown to
      increase risk of suicidal behavior. This paper aims to explore the
      interrelationships among spiritual well-being, thwarted interpersonal needs, and
      negative outcomes including suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depressive
      symptoms among African American women. Sixty-six African American women (M =
      36.18; SD = 11.70), from a larger study of women who had experienced
      interpersonal violence within the past year, completed self-report
      questionnaires. Mediation analyses revealed that thwarted belongingness, but not
      perceived burdensomeness, significantly mediated the relations between spiritual
      well-being and the three outcomes. This study provides the first examination of
      the role of thwarted interpersonal needs on the link between spiritual well-being
      and negative psychological outcomes. Spiritual well-being serves a protective
      role against feelings of social isolation, which may reduce one's risk of
      negative psychological outcomes. Treatments that bolster a sense of spirituality
      and social connectedness may reduce suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and
      depressive symptoms.

PMID- 27377391
TI  - Government rejects BMA's call to invest extra L350m a week in NHS.

PMID- 27377392
TI  - Tolerability of Enteral Nutrition in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Septic
      Shock Who Require Vasopressors.
AB  - PURPOSE: Enteral nutrition (EN) is often held in patients receiving vasopressor
      support for septic shock. The rationale for this practice is to avoid mesenteric
      ischemia. The objective of this study is to evaluate the tolerability of EN in
      patients with septic shock who require vasopressor support and determine factors
      associated with tolerance of EN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-center
      retrospective review of adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit with a
      diagnosis of septic shock and an order for EN. The primary outcome was EN
      tolerance. Secondary outcomes included time to initiation of EN from the start of
      vasopressor(s), length of stay, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 120 patients
      were included. Sixty-two percent of patients tolerated EN. The most common reason
      for intolerance of EN was gastric residuals > 250 mL (74%). No reports of
      mesenteric ischemia were observed. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that
      patients with septic shock initiating EN within 48 hours and receiving
      norepinephrine-equivalent doses of 0.14 MUg/kg/min or less were more likely to
      tolerate EN. CONCLUSION: Based on our observation, early EN may be tolerated and
      safely administered in patients with septic shock who are adequately fluid
      resuscitated and receive doses of < 0.14 MUg/kg/min of norepinephrine
      equivalents.

PMID- 27377394
TI  - Floor space covered by broiler chickens kept at stocking densities according to
      Council Directive 2007/43/EC.
AB  - It is controversially discussed whether the stocking densities set by the EU
      Directive 2007/43/EC allow a species-appropriate housing of broiler chickens. To
      calculate the exact area broilers occupy due to their physical size and shape,
      planimetric measurements using a colour-contrast method were carried out. In
      total, 1949 photographs of standing and 1482 of squatting chickens, taken from a
      top view, were analysed. A computer program counted the pixels representing the
      previously weighed animal in the photograph and calculated the animal area. The
      average area covered by chickens with 400 g live weight was 116.64+/-13.12 cm(2)
      in a standing and 138.61+/-12.92 cm(2) in a squatting position. These areas
      increased linearly as a function of live weight to 452.57+/-58.89 cm(2)
      (R(2)=0.90 standing) and 513.54+/-42.70 cm(2) (R(2)=0.82 squatting) at the end of
      the study (3200 g live weight). Squatting chickens occupied more space compared
      with a standing position in most of the tested weight classes (P<0.05). Depending
      on target weights, stocking densities and body positions, broilers occupied 48.5
      77.7 per cent of 1 m(2) Thus, from a physical point of view, simultaneous resting
      is possible at any stocking density provided by the EU Directive and at common
      target weights. 

PMID- 27377393
TI  - Drug-related hospital admissions among old people with dementia.
AB  - PURPOSE: Drug treatment associated problems are common and are the cause of a
      large proportion of hospitalizations in old people. People with dementia are
      especially at risk of drug-related problems. The objectives of this study were to
      assess the occurrence and character of drug-related problems that lead to acute
      hospital admissions among old people (>=65 years) with dementia or cognitive
      impairment. METHODS: This study was conducted in orthopedic and internal medicine
      wards in two hospitals in Northern Sweden. Information about acute admissions was
      collected from the medical records. A total of 458 people aged 65 years or older
      with dementia or cognitive impairment were included in the study. The
      contribution of drug-related problems to each hospitalization was assessed.
      RESULTS: Of 458 acute hospital admissions, 189 (41.3 %) were determined to be
      drug-related. The most common drug-related problem (86/189; 45.5 %) was an
      adverse drug reaction. In total, 264 drugs were judged to be involved in 189 drug
      related admissions, of which cardiovascular (29.5 %) and psychotropic (26.9 %)
      drugs were the most commonly involved drug classes. The relationship between the
      drug-related problem and the admission was judged certain in 25 cases, probable
      in 78 cases, and possible in 86 cases. Drug-related admissions were more common
      among people taking more drugs (p = 0.035) and among younger patients (p =
      0.031). CONCLUSION: Drug-related problems appear to be responsible for a major
      proportion of hospitalizations among old people with dementia or cognitive
      impairment. Targeted interventions such as education and medication reviews may
      be warranted to reduce drug-related problems.

PMID- 27377395
TI  - Adjuvant therapy for highly malignant canine mammary tumours: Cox-2 inhibitor
      versus chemotherapy: a case-control prospective study.
AB  - Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) enzyme participates in different steps of the
      carcinogenetic process and in canine mammary tumours (CMTs), a high expression of
      Cox-2 is associated with malignancy and tumour angiogenesis. The objectives of
      the study were to evaluate the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival
      (OS) of a Cox-2 inhibitor as adjuvant therapy in dogs with highly malignant (HM)
      CMTs and compare it with that of dogs treated with chemotherapy and with control
      dogs. Twenty-eight dogs were prospectively included. After surgery, dogs were
      alternatively allocated into two treatment groups (chemotherapy with mitoxantrone
      n=8; Cox-2 inhibitor, firocoxib n=7). Control group (n=13) included dogs whose
      owners rejected adjuvant therapy. All dogs were followed up for two years or
      until death. The DFS was significantly higher in dogs that received adjuvant
      treatment (mitoxantrone or firocoxib) (P=0.030) than in control dogs. Dogs on
      firocoxib treatment had significantly higher DFS (P=0.015) and OS (P=0.048) than
      control dogs. The DFS and OS of dogs on mitoxantrone treatment were not
      statistically different from controls. In conclusion, this study supports the use
      of firocoxib for the treatment of HM-CMTs. Further studies are needed to compare
      the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs versus Cox-2 inhibitors as adjuvant treatment
      in these cases. 

PMID- 27377396
TI  - Comparing survival of patients with single or multiple primary melanoma in the
      Netherlands: 1994-2009.

PMID- 27377397
TI  - Simple, rapid and, cost-effective fabrication of PDMS electrophoresis microchips
      using poly(vinyl acetate) as photoresist master.
AB  - This study describes a simple, rapid, and cost-effective fabrication of PDMS
      electrophoresis microchips using poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) emulsion as
      photoresist master. High-relief microfluidic structures were defined on
      poly(vinyl acetate) previously deposited on printed circuit boards surfaces
      without cleanroom facilities and sophisticated instrumentation. After a UV
      exposure, channels with heights ranging from 30 to 140 MUm were obtained by
      controlling the emulsion mass deposited on the master surface. The developing
      stage was performed using water rather than the organic solvents that are applied
      for conventional masks. The surface morphology was characterized by optical
      imaging, profilometry, and SEM. Based on the achieved results, the proposed
      method offers suitable reproducibility for the prototyping of electrophoresis
      microchips in PDMS. The feasibility of the resulting PDMS electrophoresis chips
      was successfully demonstrated with the separation of major inorganic cations
      within 100 s using a contactless conductivity detection system. The separation
      efficiencies ranged from ca. 67 900 to 125 600 plates/m. Due to the satisfactory
      performance and simplified instrumentation, we believe this fabrication protocol
      presents potential to be implemented in any chemical, biochemical, or biological
      laboratory.

PMID- 27377401
TI  - Continuous hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to gamma-valerolactone and 2-methyl
      tetrahydrofuran over alumina doped Cu/SiO2 catalyst: the potential of
      commercialization.
AB  - Hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) and its esters to produce gamma
      valerolactone (GVL) and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) is a key step for the
      utilization of cellulose derived LA. Aiming to develop a commercially feasible
      base metal catalyst for the production of GVL from LA, with satisfactory
      activity, selectivity, and stability, Al2O3 doped Cu/SiO2 and Cu/SiO2 catalysts
      were fabricated by co-precipitation routes in parallel. The diverse physio
      chemical properties of these two catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM,
      dissociative N2O chemisorptions, and Py-IR methods. The catalytic properties of
      these two catalysts were systematically assessed in the continuous hydrogenation
      of ethyl levulinate (EL) in a fixed-bed reactor. The effect of acidic property of
      the SiO2 substrate on the catalytic properties was investigated. To justify the
      potential of its commercialization, significant attention was paid on the initial
      activity, proper operation window, by-products control, selectivity, and
      stability of the catalyst. The effect of reaction conditions, such as temperature
      and pressure, on the performance of the catalyst was also thoroughly studied. The
      development of alumina doped Cu/SiO2 catalyst strengthened the value-chain from
      cellulose to industrially important chemicals via LA and GVL.

PMID- 27377402
TI  - [Correction of congenital malformations by custom-made silicone implants:
      Contribution of computer-aided design. Experience of 611 cases].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Modern techniques of computer-aided design and tridimensional
      prototyping for manufacturing silicone elastomer custom implants are growing.
      They have widely modified the surgical indications in our unit. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: By presenting their experience of 611 cases managed between 1993 and
      2016, the authors describe the method of conception from CT-scans, the virtual
      image of the body and the manufacture of the custom-made implant perfectly
      adapted to the anatomy of each one. The operative techniques are described for
      the three main indications: the funnel chest or pectus excavatum (474 cases)
      according to a modified CHIN classification is corrected simply and very
      satisfactorily. This approach may render thoracic surgery techniques obsolete.
      Indeed, these operations remain risky and of doubtful functional utility; Poland
      syndrome (116 cases), where the use of a custom-made implant for compensation of
      muscle volume is frequently used, but can be improved by a transfer of adipose
      tissue or a classic breast implant; the leg atrophies (21 cases) receive custom
      elastomer implants introduced in a sub-fascial plane. RESULTS: The results are
      excellent for pectus excavatum but more difficult to optimize for the other two
      indications, requiring sometimes complementary techniques. Complications are rare
      and often benign, implants endure for life. Quality of life, psychological
      comfort and self-esteem have been improved with low morbidity and without having
      undergone a painful surgical experience. CONCLUSION: Reconstructive procedures of
      congenital malformations by custom-made silicone implants open a new field of
      activity for our surgical specialty with vast opportunities.

PMID- 27377403
TI  - Erratum to: Monitoring iCCM referral systems: Bugoye Integrated Community Case
      Management Initiative (BIMI) in Uganda.

PMID- 27377404
TI  - Testing the use of practice facilitation in a cluster randomized stepped-wedge
      design trial to improve adherence to cardiovascular disease prevention
      guidelines: HealthyHearts NYC.
AB  - BACKGROUND: HealthyHearts NYC (HHNYC) will evaluate the effectiveness of practice
      facilitation as a quality improvement strategy for implementing the Million
      Hearts' ABCS treatment guidelines for reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among
      high-risk patients who receive care in primary care practices in New York City.
      ABCS refers to (A) aspirin in high-risk individuals; (B) blood pressure control;
      (C) cholesterol management; and (S) smoking cessation. The long-term goal is to
      create a robust infrastructure for implementing and disseminating evidence-based
      practice guidelines (EBPG) in primary care practices. METHODS/DESIGN: We are
      using a stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial design to evaluate the
      implementation process and the impact of practice facilitation (PF) versus usual
      care on ABCS outcomes in 250 small primary care practices. Randomization is at
      the practice site level, all of which begin as part of the control condition. The
      intervention consists of one year of PF that includes a combination of one-on-one
      onsite visits and shared learning across practice sites. PFs will focus on
      helping sites implement evidence-based components of patient-centered medical
      home (PCMH) and the chronic care model (CCM), which include decision support,
      provider feedback, self-management tools and resources, and linkages to community
      based services. DISCUSSION: We hypothesize that practice facilitation will result
      in superior clinical outcomes compared to usual care; that the effects of
      practice facilitation will be mediated by greater adoption of system changes in
      accord with PCMH and CCM; and that there will be increased adaptive reserve and
      change capacity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02646488.

PMID- 27377405
TI  - Morpho-functional variety of the coxal glands in cheyletoid mites (Prostigmata).
      I. Syringophilidae.
AB  - The anatomy and fine structure of the osmoregulatory coxal glands have been
      investigated in the parasitic quill mites, Syringophylopsis fringilla (Fritsch)
      and Torotrogla cardueli Bochkov & Mironov (Syringophilidae). In both species,
      tubular coxal organs are the only pair of propodosomal glands, whereas in most
      Prostigmata, several acinous (salivary) glands are also present entering a pair
      of podocephalic canals, which are continuations of the coxal glands' excretory
      ducts. In the adults and tritonymphs of the quill mites, the coxal glands show
      the same basic morphology with slight differences in their packing mode between
      the studied species. A filtering sacculus is absent. Each gland consists of a
      long tubular gland body comprising 4 to 6 longitudinal trunks and a cuticle-lined
      excretory duct continuous into the podocephalic canal. The gland body is composed
      of 4 morphologically distinct regions: proximal and distal tubes followed by the
      two granule-containing regions denoted as the "violet" and "green" gland
      portions. Electron microscopy showed the epithelium of the proximal and distal
      tubes to be rich in deep apical membrane invaginations associated with branched
      pinocytotic canals or vacuoles, especially extensive in the distal tube. A number
      of large mitochondria are concentrated basally to maintain ionic and water
      transport. The enlarged penultimate "violet" portion is composed of high
      epithelial cells that show certain endocytotic activity and also produce a large
      amount of uniform secretory granules derived from numerous small Golgi bodies.
      The terminal "green" portion produces dense protein-like inclusions and might
      functionally substitute lost salivary glands. The fine structure of the
      podocephalic canal is also thoroughly described and compared to the information
      available in the literature. 

PMID- 27377406
TI  - Noncoding RNAs in the regulation of skeletal muscle biology in health and
      disease.
AB  - Skeletal muscle is composed of multinucleated myofibers that arise from the
      fusion of myoblasts during development. Skeletal muscle is essential for various
      body functions such as maintaining posture, locomotion, breathing, and
      metabolism. Skeletal muscle undergoes remarkable adaptations in response to
      environmental stimuli leading to atrophy or hypertrophy. Moreover, degeneration
      of skeletal muscle is a common feature in a number of muscular disorders
      including muscular dystrophy. Emerging evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs,
      such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are critical for
      skeletal muscle physiology. Several miRNAs and lncRNAs have now been found to
      control skeletal muscle development and regeneration. Noncoding RNAs also play an
      important role in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass in adults. Furthermore,
      aberrant expression of miRNAs and lncRNAs has been observed in several muscular
      disorders. In this article, we discuss the mechanisms of action of miRNAs and
      lncRNAs in skeletal muscle formation, growth, regeneration, and disease. We
      further highlight potential therapeutic strategies for utilizing noncoding RNAs
      to improve skeletal muscle function.

PMID- 27377407
TI  - Lifestyle in Multiple Myeloma - a longitudinal cohort study protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deterioration in bone health is one of the presenting symptoms of
      Multiple Myeloma (MM), a cancer of plasma cells. As a consequence of this
      condition, patients suffer bone pain and bone damage and report cancer-related
      fatigue, resulting in deterioration in their quality of life. Evidence in
      patients with solid tumours shows promise for the positive effects of physical
      activity on quality of life. However, in the case of patients with MM a better
      understanding of the association between physical fitness and quality of life
      factors is still required. Therefore, this cohort study aims to objectively and
      longitudinally assess activity and fitness levels in patients with MM in order to
      explore their role in bone health, fatigue and quality of life for this patient
      population. METHODS/DESIGN: The study is a prospective cohort study of MM
      patients in remission to assess physical activity, fatigue and bone health.
      Clinical markers of health, self-reported measures of psychological and physical
      well-being, and lifestyle behaviours are assessed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12
      months. At each time point, patients complete cardiopulmonary exercise testing
      (CPET) along with a series of objective tests to assess physical fitness (eg
      accelerometry) and a number of self-report measures. A complementary qualitative
      study will be carried out in order to explore patients' desire for lifestyle
      advice and when in their cancer journey they deem such advice to be useful.
      DISCUSSION: This study will be the first to prospectively and longitudinally
      explore associations between physical fitness and well-being, bone health, and
      fatigue (along with a number of other physical and clinical outcomes) in a cohort
      of patients with MM with the use of objective measures. The findings will also
      help to identify time points within the MM pathway at which physical activity
      interventions may be introduced for maximum benefit.

PMID- 27377408
TI  - Mental health help seeking patterns and associations among Australian same sex
      attracted women, trans and gender diverse people: a survey-based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Same sex attracted women (SSAW) are disproportionately affected by
      depression and anxiety, due to experiences of sexuality and gender based
      discrimination. They access mental health services at higher rates than
      heterosexual women, however with lower levels of satisfaction. This study
      examined the range of professional and social help seeking by same-sex attracted
      women, and patterns according to sexual orientation and gender identity subgroup.
      METHODS: Eight key stakeholders were interviewed, and a convenience sample of
      1628 Australian SSAW completed an online survey in 2015. This included several
      scales to measure mental health, community connectedness and resilience; and
      measured past 12 month help seeking behaviour, enablers, barriers and preferences
      for mental health care. Chi-square analyses and binary logistic regression
      analyses examined demographic associations with mental health. Correlations
      between help seeking, mental and physical health, and connectedness were run.
      RESULTS: A high proportion (80 %) of the total sample had perceived mental health
      problems over the past 12 months. Over half had depression, and over 96 % had
      anxiety. Trans and gender diverse participants were twice as likely as female
      participants to have mental health problems, and lesbians were least likely. High
      levels of past 12 month help seeking included 74.4 % seeing a GP, 44.3 % seeing a
      psychologist/counsellor, 74.7 % seeking family/friends support and 55.2 % using
      internet based support. Professional help was prioritised by those with higher
      mental health need. Trans participants were most likely to have sought
      professional help and participated in support groups, but least likely to have
      sought help from friends or family. The most common barriers to help seeking were
      discrimination and lack of LGBTI sensitivity of services, particularly for gender
      diverse, queer and pansexual participants. Enablers included mainstream community
      connectedness, having a trustworthy GP, and encouragement by friends.
      CONCLUSIONS: Mental health services need to be LGBTI inclusive and to understand
      the emerging diverse sexual and gender identities. Peer support is an important
      adjunct to professional support, however may not be fully meeting the needs of
      some identity sub-groups. Mental health promotion should be tailored for diverse
      sub-groups to build mental health literacy and resilience in the face of ongoing
      discrimination.

PMID- 27377410
TI  - Spatiotemporal dataset on Chinese population distribution and its driving factors
      from 1949 to 2013.
AB  - Spatio-temporal data on human population and its driving factors is critical to
      understanding and responding to population problems. Unfortunately, such spatio
      temporal data on a large scale and over the long term are often difficult to
      obtain. Here, we present a dataset on Chinese population distribution and its
      driving factors over a remarkably long period, from 1949 to 2013. Driving factors
      of population distribution were selected according to the push-pull migration
      laws, which were summarized into four categories: natural environment, natural
      resources, economic factors and social factors. Natural environment and natural
      resources indicators were calculated using Geographic Information System (GIS)
      and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques, whereas economic and social factors from 1949
      to 2013 were collected from the China Statistical Yearbook and China Compendium
      of Statistics from 1949 to 2008. All of the data were quality controlled and
      unified into an identical dataset with the same spatial scope and time period.
      The dataset is expected to be useful for understanding how population responds to
      and impacts environmental change.

PMID- 27377409
TI  - miR-155 in the progression of lung fibrosis in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: MicroRNA (miRNA) control key elements of mRNA stability and likely
      contribute to the dysregulated lung gene expression observed in systemic
      sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). We analyzed the miRNA
      gene expression of tissue and cells from patients with SSc-ILD. A chronic lung
      fibrotic murine model was used. METHODS: RNA was isolated from lung tissue of 12
      patients with SSc-ILD and 5 controls. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT)
      was performed at baseline and 2-3 years after treatment. Lung fibroblasts and
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from healthy controls and
      patients with SSc-ILD. miRNA and mRNA were analyzed by microarray, quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction, and/or Nanostring; pathway analysis was performed by
      DNA Intelligent Analysis (DIANA)-miRPath v2.0 software. Wild-type and miR-155
      deficient (miR-155ko) mice were exposed to bleomycin. RESULTS: Lung miRNA
      microarray data distinguished patients with SSc-ILD from healthy controls with
      185 miRNA differentially expressed (q < 0.25). DIANA-miRPath revealed 57 Kyoto
      Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways related to the most dysregulated
      miRNA. miR-155 and miR-143 were strongly correlated with progression of the HRCT
      score. Lung fibroblasts only mildly expressed miR-155/miR-21 after several
      stimuli. miR-155 PBMC expression strongly correlated with lung function tests in
      SSc-ILD. miR-155ko mice developed milder lung fibrosis, survived longer, and
      weaker lung induction of several genes after bleomycin exposure compared to wild
      type mice. CONCLUSIONS: miRNA are dysregulated in the lungs and PBMC of patients
      with SSc-ILD. Based on mRNA-miRNA interaction analysis and pathway tools, miRNA
      may play a role in the progression of the disease. Our findings suggest that
      targeting miR-155 might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for SSc-ILD.

PMID- 27377411
TI  - Survival and expression of acid resistance genes in Shiga toxin-producing
      Escherichia coli acid adapted in pineapple juice and exposed to synthetic gastric
      fluid.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this research was to determine the ability of non-O157 Shiga
      toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups to survive with exposure to
      synthetic gastric fluid (SGF) after adaptation to pineapple juice (PJ) at room
      and refrigerated temperatures compared to E. coli O157:H7 and to examine the
      relative transcriptional expression of acid resistance (AR) genes, rpoS, gadA and
      adiA. METHODS AND RESULTS: Resistant and sensitive strains belonging to five
      different STEC serogroups (O26, O103, O104, O111 and O157; n = 10) were used in
      this study. All strains were adapted in PJ (pH 3.8) stored at 4 and 20 degrees C
      for 24 h, and then the relative transcription levels of genes in all strains were
      quantified using a real-time quantitative-PCR assay. After adaptation in PJ, the
      STEC strains were exposed to SGF (pH 1.5 and 2.0) at 37 degrees C for 2 h.
      Generally, the STEC adapted in PJ at 4 degrees C displayed enhanced survival
      compared to acid adaptation in PJ at 20 degrees C and nonadapted controls with
      exposure to SGF (P < 0.05). Moreover, resistant strains exhibited higher survival
      rates compared to sensitive strains (P < 0.05). Overall, adaptation at 4 degrees
      C resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced gene expression levels in PJ, and
      transcript levels of gadA were higher than those of the rpoS and adiA genes.
      CONCLUSIONS: The up-regulation of AR genes due to adaptation in PJ at low
      temperature may increase STEC survival in acidic environments such as the
      gastrointestinal tract. Some non-O157 STEC strains, including serotypes O103:H2
      and O111:H8, showed relatively high AR levels similar to those of STEC O157:H7.
      SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Induction of AR genes in acidic fruit
      juice, and potentially in other acidic foods may increase the risk of foodborne
      illness by non-O157 STEC serogroups.

PMID- 27377412
TI  - Classification of CFTR mutation classes.

PMID- 27377413
TI  - Classification of CFTR mutation classes - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27377414
TI  - Classification of CFTR mutation classes.

PMID- 27377415
TI  - Treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer: the role of radium-223.
AB  - The landscape of metastatic prostate cancer has changed recently with the
      availability of six new molecules showing an overall survival benefit. The
      development of compounds able to decrease the rate of complications from bone
      metastasis has also led to improvements in overall morbidity associated with this
      disease. In this paper, we briefly review the currently available drugs indicated
      in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, focusing on the place of the
      radiopharmaceutical agent radium-223 and its very unique mechanism of action and
      safety profile.

PMID- 27377418
TI  - Selective prevention of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder using
      attention bias modification training: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Efficacy of pre-trauma prevention for post-traumatic stress disorder
      (PTSD) has not yet been established in a randomized controlled trial. Attention
      bias modification training (ABMT), a computerized intervention, is thought to
      mitigate stress-related symptoms by targeting disruptions in threat monitoring.
      We examined the efficacy of ABMT delivered before combat in mitigating risk for
      PTSD following combat. METHOD: We conducted a double-blind, four-arm randomized
      controlled trial of 719 infantry soldiers to compare the efficacy of eight
      sessions of ABMT (n = 179), four sessions of ABMT (n = 184), four sessions of
      attention control training (ACT; n = 180), or no-training control (n = 176).
      Outcome symptoms were measured at baseline, 6-month follow-up, 10 days following
      combat exposure, and 4 months following combat. Primary outcome was PTSD
      prevalence 4 months post-combat determined in a clinical interview using the
      Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Secondary outcomes were self-reported PTSD and
      depression symptoms, collected at all four assessments. RESULTS: PTSD prevalence
      4 months post-combat was 7.8% in the no-training control group, 6.7% with eight
      session ABMT, 2.6% with four-session ABMT, and 5% with ACT. Four sessions of ABMT
      reduced risk for PTSD relative to the no-training condition (odds ratio 3.13, 95%
      confidence interval 1.01-9.22, p < 0.05, number needed to treat = 19.2). No other
      between-group differences were found. The results were consistent across a
      variety of analytic techniques and data imputation approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Four
      sessions of ABMT, delivered prior to combat deployment, mitigated PTSD risk
      following combat exposure. Given its low cost and high scalability potential, and
      observed number needed to treat, research into larger-scale applications is
      warranted. The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier is NCT01723215.

PMID- 27377419
TI  - Shortening of the electromechanical window in the ketamine/xylazine-anesthetized
      guinea pig model to assess pro-arrhythmic risk in early drug development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A negative electromechanical window (EMw) was recently proposed as a
      better preclinical tool than QTc interval to predict clinical pro-arrhythmic
      potential. As such, we utilized the ketamine/xylazine anesthetized guinea pig to
      characterize the EMw and QTc interval for a diverse set of reference agents with
      known clinical pro-arrhythmic potential. Then we determined the clinical
      proarrhythmia predictive capacity of EMw shortening compared to hERG inhibition
      or QTc interval prolongation alone. METHODS: Changes in EMw and QTc interval by
      26 reference agents were evaluated in the ketamine/xylazine-anesthetized guinea
      pig. Confusion matrix analysis using the hERG, QTc and EMw indexes (hERG IC50,
      QTc EC5 or the EMw EC-10 divided by their respective free therapeutic maximal
      plasma concentration) at various folds the therapeutic concentrations was
      conducted to assess the concordance of each index to predict clinical pro
      arrhythmic risk. RESULTS: Shortening of the EMw concomitant to an increase in QTc
      interval was observed in the GP with known pro-arrhythmic drugs. Non-torsadogenic
      compounds did not cause EMw shortening, although some prolonged the QTc interval.
      The preclinical:clinical concordance of the EMw index (88%) was similar (p>0.05)
      to using QTc interval prolongation alone (85%) but significantly greater (p<0.05)
      than using hERG inhibition alone (69%). In addition, the specificity when using
      the EMw (87%) was largely greater (p<0.05) than using QTc interval (73%) or hERG
      inhibition (60%) alone. When the components of the response (duration of left
      ventricular pressure (LVP) cycle (QLVPend) or QT interval) that caused EMw
      shortening were considered, the concordance is further improved (>95%).
      CONCLUSION: EMw shortening improves QTc interval prolongation recording in early
      drug development and increases the translatability over existing preclinical
      tools in predicting clinical arrhythmias.

PMID- 27377417
TI  - Psychiatric disorders biochemical pathways unraveled by human brain proteomics.
AB  - Approximately 25 % of the world population is affected by a mental disorder at
      some point in their life. Yet, only in the mid-twentieth century a biological
      cause has been proposed for these diseases. Since then, several studies have been
      conducted toward a better comprehension of those disorders, and although a strong
      genetic influence was revealed, the role of these genes in disease mechanism is
      still unclear. This led most recent studies to focus on the molecular basis of
      mental disorders. One line of investigation that has risen in the post-genomic
      era is proteomics, due to its power of revealing proteins and biochemical
      pathways associated with biological systems. Therefore, this review compiled and
      analyzed data of differentially expressed proteins, which were found in
      postmortem brain studies of the three most prevalent psychiatric diseases:
      schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorders. Overviewing both
      the proteomic methods used in postmortem brain studies, the most consistent
      metabolic pathways found altered in these diseases. We have unraveled those
      disorders share about 21 % of proteins affected, and though most are related to
      energy metabolism pathways deregulation, the main differences found are 14-3-3
      mediated signaling in schizophrenia, mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar
      disorder and oxidative phosphorylation in depression.

PMID- 27377420
TI  - Adolescent Pregnancy and Smoking in West Virginia: Pregnancy Risk Assessment
      Monitoring System (PRAMS) 2005-2010.
AB  - Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the association between
      prenatal smoking and small for gestational age (SGA) infants among adolescent
      women in West Virginia, taking into account sociodemographic and health-related
      factors. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2005-2010 West
      Virginia Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring Systems weighted dataset. The
      study population using complete case analysis procedure consisted of 886
      adolescent women ages 19 and younger who delivered a live singleton infant in
      West Virginia. Results The prevalence of smoking among adolescents during the
      last 3 months of pregnancy was 67 %. Nearly a quarter (22.0 %) of the adolescents
      gave birth to SGA infants. Results from the logistic regression analysis showed
      that after controlling for sociodemographic and health-related variables,
      adolescents who smoked during the last 3 months of pregnancy were more likely to
      have SGA infants than those who did not smoke during the last 3 months of
      pregnancy (OR = 1.86, 95 % CI 1.06-3.27, P = 0.0307). Conclusion This study
      highlights the importance of recognizing that prenatal smoking is an issue among
      West Virginia adolescents and the need for evidence-based, culturally, and
      developmentally appropriate interventions for this Appalachian population.

PMID- 27377422
TI  - Noninvasive fractional flow reserve derived from coronary computed tomography
      angiography for identification of ischemic lesions: a systematic review and meta
      analysis.
AB  - Detection of coronary ischemic lesions by fractional flow reserve (FFR) has been
      established as the gold standard. In recent years, novel computer based methods
      have emerged and they can provide simulation of FFR using coronary artery images
      acquired from coronary computed tomography angiography (FFRCT). This meta
      analysis aimed to evaluate diagnostic performance of FFRCT using FFR as the
      reference standard. Databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medion and Web
      of Science were searched. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, including 833
      stable patients (1377 vessels or lesions) with suspected or known coronary artery
      disease (CAD). The patient-based analysis showed pooled estimates of sensitivity,
      specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for detection of ischemic lesions
      were 0.89 [95%confidence interval (CI), 0.85-0.93], 0.76 (95%CI, 0.64-0.84) and
      26.21 (95%CI, 13.14-52.28). At a per-vessel or per-lesion level, the pooled
      estimates were as follows: sensitivity 0.84 (95%CI, 0.80-0.87), specificity 0.76
      (95%CI, 0.67-0.83) and DOR 16.87 (95%CI, 9.41-30.25). Area under summary receiver
      operating curves was 0.90 (95%CI, 0.87-0.92) and 0.86 (95%CI, 0.83-0.89) at the
      two analysis levels, respectively. In conclusion, FFRCT technology achieves a
      moderate diagnostic performance for noninvasive identification of ischemic
      lesions in stable patients with suspected or known CAD in comparison to invasive
      FFR measurement.

PMID- 27377423
TI  - Oral cancer during pregnancy.

PMID- 27377424
TI  - Unmet needs for patients with salivary gland cancer.

PMID- 27377421
TI  - Patients with genetically heterogeneous synchronous colorectal cancer carry rare
      damaging germline mutations in immune-related genes.
AB  - Synchronous colorectal cancers (syCRCs) are physically separated tumours that
      develop simultaneously. To understand how the genetic and environmental
      background influences the development of multiple tumours, here we conduct a
      comparative analysis of 20 syCRCs from 10 patients. We show that syCRCs have
      independent genetic origins, acquire dissimilar somatic alterations, and have
      different clone composition. This inter- and intratumour heterogeneity must be
      considered in the selection of therapy and in the monitoring of resistance. SyCRC
      patients show a higher occurrence of inherited damaging mutations in immune
      related genes compared to patients with solitary colorectal cancer and to healthy
      individuals from the 1,000 Genomes Project. Moreover, they have a different
      composition of immune cell populations in tumour and normal mucosa, and
      transcriptional differences in immune-related biological processes. This suggests
      an environmental field effect that promotes multiple tumours likely in the
      background of inflammation.

PMID- 27377426
TI  - Comparison of the ipsi-lateral versus contra-lateral retrograde approach of
      percutaneous coronary interventions in chronic total occlusions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Retrograde recanalization of coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO)
      via contralateral (CL) collateral connections (CCs) is successful in 60-70% of
      patients in whom conventional antegrade approach fails or is unpromising. This
      study describes our experience with retrograde CTO-PCI via ipsi-lateral (IL) CCs
      in patients with unfavorable CL CCs. METHODS: Between January 2013 and September
      2015, 392 consecutive CTO procedures were performed by two high volume CTO
      operators and the relevant data were fed into an online registry (ERCTO(r)
      EuroCTO-club). Most patients (222/392; 57%) were approached antegradely, whereas
      43% were attempted retrogradely (170/392). After exclusion of all procedures
      performed via bypass-grafts (n = 12), PCI via CL CCs, the CL-group (n = 114/158;
      72%), was compared with the IL-group that was attempted via IL CCs (n = 44/158;
      28%). RESULTS: Both groups were similar with respect to risk factors and
      morphologic criteria of CTO-severity. The initial primary strategy was successful
      in 78% in the CL-group and in 68% in the IL-group. In both patient groups, the
      initial strategy had to be switched in five patients from CL toward IL (4.4%, n =
      5/114) and from IL to CL (11.3% n = 5/44). The rate of major complications was 7%
      (CL) and 5% (IL), respectively (n.s.). After retrograde failure and cross-over to
      an antegrade controlled re-entry strategy the overall success rates increased to
      92% (CL) and 93% (IL). CONCLUSIONS: In experienced hands retrograde CTO-PCI via
      IL CCs appears as safe and successful as the CL approach. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377425
TI  - Obesity and associated lifestyles modify the effect of glucose metabolism-related
      genetic variants on impaired glucose homeostasis among postmenopausal women.
AB  - PURPOSE: Impaired glucose metabolism-related genetic variants likely interact
      with obesity-modifiable factors in response to glucose intolerance, yet their
      interconnected pathways have not been fully characterized. METHODS: With data
      from 1,027 postmenopausal participants of the Genomics and Randomized Trials
      Network study and 15 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with
      glucose homeostasis, we assessed whether obesity, physical activity, and high
      dietary fat intake interact with the SNP-glucose variations. We used regression
      analysis plus stratification and graphic approaches. RESULTS: Across carriers of
      the 15 SNPs, fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment
      insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were higher in obese, inactive, and high fat-diet
      women than in their respective counterparts. Carriers within subgroups
      differently demonstrated the direction and/or magnitude of the variants' effect
      on glucose-relevant traits. Variants in GCKR, GCK, DGKB/TMEM195 (P for
      interactions = 0.02, 0.02, and 0.01), especially, showed interactions with
      obesity: obese, inactive, and high fat-diet women had greater increases in
      fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR levels. Obese carriers at TCF7L2 variant
      had greater increases in fasting glucose levels than nonobese carriers (P for
      interaction = 0.04), whereas active women had greater decreases in insulin and
      HOMA-IR levels than inactive women (P for interaction = 0.02 in both levels).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the important role of obesity in modifying glucose
      homeostasis in response to glucose metabolism-relevant variants. These findings
      may inform research on the role of glucose homeostasis in the etiology of chronic
      disease and the development of intervention strategies to reduce risk in
      postmenopausal women.

PMID- 27377427
TI  - On the distribution of intranuclear and cytoplasmic aggregates in the brainstem
      of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 and 3.
AB  - The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of genetically and clinically
      heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by the expansion of polyQ
      sequences in unrelated disease proteins, which form different types of neuronal
      aggregates. The aim of this study was to characterize the aggregation pathology
      in the brainstem of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) and 3 (SCA3) patients.
      For good recognition of neurodegeneration and rare aggregates, we employed 100 um
      PEG embedded brainstem sections, which were immunostained with the 1C2 antibody,
      targeted at polyQ expansions, or with an antibody against p62, a reliable marker
      of protein aggregates. Brainstem areas were scored semiquantitatively for
      neurodegeneration, severity of granular cytoplasmic staining (GCS) and frequency
      of neuronal nuclear inclusions (NNI). SCA2 and SCA3 tissue exhibited the same
      aggregate types and similar staining patterns. Several brainstem areas showed
      statistically significant differences between disease groups, whereby SCA2 showed
      more severe GCS and SCA3 showed more numerous NNI. We observed a positive
      correlation between GCS severity and neurodegeneration in SCA2 and SCA3 and an
      inverse correlation between the frequency of NNI and neurodegeneration in SCA3.
      Although their respective disease proteins are unrelated, SCA2 and SCA3 showed
      the same aggregate types. Apparently, the polyQ sequence alone is sufficient as a
      driver of protein aggregation. This is then modified by protein context and
      intrinsic properties of neuronal populations. The severity of GCS was the best
      predictor of neurodegeneration in both disorders, while the inverse correlation
      of neurodegeneration and NNI in SCA3 tissue implies a protective role of these
      aggregates.

PMID- 27377428
TI  - Morphological convergence in the pubis of slow-moving primates and xenarthrans.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Determining the functional significance of pubic rami is important
      for reconstructing locomotor behavior of fossil species. The slow loris pelvis,
      characterized by long pubic rami, is unusual among primates. Long pubic rami may
      be related to increasing the moment arm of the abdominal musculature during
      ventroflexion after the termination of hindlimb suspension, which is a common
      component of slow arboreal quadrupedalism (AQ). Some extant xenarthran species
      are also slow AQ taxa, and provide an ideal group to test hypotheses of
      morphologically convergent adaptations to slow AQ. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A model
      relating abdominal moment arms to pubic morphology is tested in three genera of
      slow-moving xenarthrans (Bradypus, Choloepus, and Cyclopes) and two species of
      slow loris (Nycticebus coucang and Perodicticus potto), using a comparative
      sample of 37 species of primates and xenarthrans. Phylogenetic analyses of
      variance and regression were performed on pubic dimensions (superior and inferior
      pubic ramus length, pubic symphysis length). RESULTS: As a locomotor group, slow
      moving xenarthrans and lorises share superior pubic rami that are longer than all
      other locomotor groups; at the species level, there is some overlap among slow AQ
      and non-slow-AQ taxa. Inferior pubic ramus and pubic symphysis lengths also
      differ according to locomotor category, but multiple comparisons among locomotor
      groups are non-significant. DISCUSSION: These results support the hypothesis that
      superior pubic ramus length is functionally related to slow, suspensory
      locomotion by increasing the leverage of the ventral abdominal musculature, and
      demonstrates morphological convergence among two phylogenetically distant groups
      of mammals that have evolved adaptations for slow, suspensory locomotion.

PMID- 27377430
TI  - Recombinant C-terminal 311 amino acids of HapS adhesin as a vaccine candidate for
      nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: A study on immunoreactivity in Balb/C mouse.
AB  - Hap, an auto-transporter protein, is an antigenically conserved adhesion protein
      which is present on both typeable and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. This
      protein has central role in bacterial attachment to respiratory tract epithelial
      cells. A 1000bp C-terminal fragment of Hap passenger domain (HapS) from
      nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae was cloned into a prokaryotic expression
      vector, pET-24a. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with purified rC-HapS.
      Serum IgG responses to purified rC-HapS, serum IgG subclasses were determined by
      ELISA and functional activity of antibodies was examined by Serum Bactericidal
      Assay. The output of rC-HapS was approximately 62% of the total bacterial
      proteins. Serum IgG responses were significantly increased in immunized group
      with rC-HapS mixed with Freund's adjuvant in comparison with control groups.
      Analysis of the serum IgG subclasses showed that the IgG1 subclass was
      predominant after subcutaneous immunization in BALB/c mice (IgG2a/IgG1 < 1). The
      sera from rC-HapS immunized animals were strongly bactericidal against
      nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. These results suggest that rC-HapS may be a
      potential vaccine candidate for nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. 

PMID- 27377429
TI  - The Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of Stepped Care Prevention and Treatment for
      Depressive and/or Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Stepped care is an increasingly popular treatment model for common mental health
      disorders, given the large discrepancy between the demand and supply of
      healthcare service available. In this review, we aim to compare the efficacy and
      cost-effectiveness of stepped care prevention and treatment with care-as-usual
      (CAU) or waiting-list control for depressive and/or anxiety disorders. 5
      databases were utilized from its earliest available records up until April 2015.
      10 randomized controlled trials were included in this review, of which 6 examined
      stepped care prevention and 4 examined stepped care treatment, specifically
      including ones regarding depressive and/or anxiety disorders. Only trials with
      self-help as a treatment component were included. Results showed stepped care
      treatment revealed a significantly better performance than CAU in reducing
      anxiety symptoms, and the treatment response rate of anxiety disorders was
      significantly higher in stepped care treatment than in CAU. No significant
      difference was found between stepped care prevention/treatment and CAU in
      preventing anxiety and/or depressive disorders and improving depressive symptoms.
      In conclusion, stepped care model appeared to be better than CAU in treating
      anxiety disorders. The model has the potential to reduce the burden on existing
      resources in mental health and increase the reach and availability of service.

PMID- 27377431
TI  - Hepatic cholinesterase of laying hens naturally infected by Salmonella Gallinarum
      (fowl typhoid).
AB  - Salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that may cause foodborne
      gastroenteritis in humans and animals consisting of over 2000 serovars. The
      serovar Salmonella Gallinarum is an important worldwide pathogen of poultry.
      However, little is known on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Salmonella in
      chickens. The aim of this study was to evaluate cholinesterase and
      myeloperoxidase activities in hepatic tissue of laying hens naturally infected by
      S. Gallinarum. Twenty positive liver samples for S. Gallinarum were collected, in
      addition to seven liver samples from healthy uninfected laying hens (control
      group). The right liver lobe was homogenized for analysis of acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the left lobe
      was divided into two fragments, one for histopathology and the other for
      Salmonella isolation. The results showed changes in AChE and BchE activity in the
      liver of infected laying hens compared to the control group (P < 0.05), i.e.
      reduced AChE and increased BChE activities in liver samples. Infected animals
      showed increased MPO activity compared to healthy animals (P < 0.05).
      Furthermore, the histopathological findings showed fibrinoid necrosis associated
      to the infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages,heterophils in the
      liver of infected hens. These findings suggest that the inflammatory process was
      attenuated providing a pro-inflammatory action of both enzyme analyzed in order
      to reduce the free ACh, a molecule which has an anti-inflammatory action.
      Therefore, our results lead to the hypothesis that cholinesterase plays an
      important role on the modulation of immune response against S. Gallinarum with an
      inflammatory effect, contributing to the response against this bacterium. This
      study should contribute to a better understanding on the pathogenic mechanisms
      involved in laying hens infected by S. Gallinarum. 

PMID- 27377433
TI  - [Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) a success story in apical surgery].
AB  - The objective of apical surgery is to retain teeth with persistent apical
      pathosis following orthograde root canal treatment if endodontic non-surgical
      revision is difficult or associated with risks, or is even declined by the
      patient. Since the most frequent cause of recurrent apical disease is bacterial
      reinfection from the (remaining) root canal system, the bacteria-tight root-end
      filling is the most important step in apical surgery. In the early 1990s, mineral
      trioxide aggregate (MTA) was developed at the Loma Linda University in
      California/USA. Preclinical studies clearly showed that MTA has a high sealing
      capability, a good material stability and an excellent biocompatbility. Multiple
      experimental studies in animals highlighted the mild tissue reactions observed
      adjacent to this material. Furthermore, histological analysis of the periapical
      regions demonstrated a frequent deposition of new cementum not only onto the
      resection plane (cut dentinal surface), but also directly onto MTA. For these
      reasons, MTA is considered a bioactive material. In 1997 MTA was cleared for
      clinical use in patients. Multiple prospective clinical and randomized studies
      have documented high and constant success rates of MTA-treated teeth in apical
      surgery. A recently published longitudinal study showed that MTA-treated teeth
      remained stable over five years; hence the high healed rates documented after one
      year are maintained during long-term observation. 

PMID- 27377432
TI  - New approaches in tail-bleeding assay in mice: improving an important method for
      designing new anti-thrombotic agents.
AB  - This report describes a modified, simple, low-cost and more sensitive method to
      determine bleeding patterns and haemoglobin concentration in a tail-bleeding
      assay using BALB/c mice and tail tip amputation. The cut tail was immersed in
      Drabkin's reagent to promote erythrocyte lysis and haemoglobin release, which was
      monitored over 30 min. The operator was blinded to individual conditions of the
      mice, which were treated with either saline (NaCl 0.15m), DMSO (0.5%) or clinical
      anti-thrombotic drugs. Our experimental protocols showed good reproducibility and
      repeatability of results when using Drabkin's reagent than water. Thus, the use
      of Drabkin's reagent offered a simple and low-cost method to observe and quantify
      the bleeding and rebleeding episodes. We also observed the bleeding pattern and
      total haemoglobin loss using untreated animals or those under anti-coagulant
      therapy in order to validate the new Drabkin method and thus confirm that it is a
      useful protocol to quantify haemoglobin concentrations in tail-bleeding assay.
      This modified method provided a more accurate results for bleeding patterns in
      mice and for identifying new anti-thrombotic drugs.

PMID- 27377434
TI  - 1,2-Alkylarylation of Styrenes with alpha-Carbonyl Alkyl Bromides and Indoles
      Using Visible-Light Catalysis.
AB  - A new intermolecular 1,2-alkylarylation of styrenes with alpha-carbonyl alkyl
      bromides and indoles using fac-[Ir(ppy)3] as the photoredox catalyst has been
      developed. The method allows the simultaneous formation of two new carbon-carbon
      bonds through three component reaction, and represents a new single-electron
      transfer (SET) strategy for the 1,2-alkylarylation of the styrenes with broad
      substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance.

PMID- 27377435
TI  - Objective and perceptual comparisons of two bluetooth hearing aid assistive
      devices.
AB  - PURPOSE: With the advent of Bluetooth technology, many of the assistive listening
      devices for hearing have become manufacturer specific, with little objective
      information about the performance provided. METHOD: Thirty native English
      speaking adults (mean age 29.8) with normal hearing were tested pseudo-randomly
      with two major hearing aid manufacturers' proprietary Bluetooth connectivity
      devices paired to the accompanying manufacturer's specific hearing aids. Sentence
      recognition performance was objectively measured for each system with signals
      transmitted via a land-line to the same iPhone in two conditions. RESULTS: There
      was a significant effect of participant's performance according to listening
      condition. There was no significant effect between device manufacturers according
      to listening condition, but there was a significant effect in participant's
      perception of "quality of sound". CONCLUSIONS: Despite differences in signal
      transmission for each devise, when worn by participants both the systems
      performed equally. In fact, participants expressed personal preferences for
      specific technology that was largely due to their perceived quality of sound
      while listening to recorded signals. While further research is necessary to
      investigate other measures of benefit for Bluetooth connectivity devices,
      preliminary data suggest that in order to ensure comfort and compatibility, not
      only should objective measures of the patient benefit be completed, but also
      assessing the patient's perception of benefit is equally important. Implications
      for Rehabilitation All professionals who work with individuals with hearing loss,
      become aware of the differences in the multiple choices for assistive technology
      readily available for hearing loss. With the ever growing dispensing of Bluetooth
      connectivity devices coupled to hearing aids, there is an increased burden to
      determine whether performance differences could exist between manufacturers.
      There is a growing need to investigate other measures of benefit for Bluetooth
      hearing aid connectivity devices that not only include objective measures, but
      also patient perception of benefit.

PMID- 27377437
TI  - Synthesis of a Molecule with Four Different Adjacent Pnictogens.
AB  - The synthesis of a molecule containing four adjacent different pnictogens was
      attempted by conversion of a Group 15 allyl analogue anion [Mes*NAsPMes*](-)
      (Mes*=2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) with antimony(III) chloride. A suitable
      precursor is Mes*N(H)AsPMes* (1) for which several syntheses were investigated.
      The anions afforded by deprotonation of Mes*N(H)AsPMes* were found to be labile
      and, therefore, salts could not be isolated. However, the in situ generated
      anions could be quenched with SbCl3 , yielding Mes*N(SbCl2 )AsPMes* (4). 

PMID- 27377438
TI  - Tissue-Engineered Fibrin-Based Heart Valve with Bio-Inspired Textile
      Reinforcement.
AB  - The mechanical properties of tissue-engineered heart valves still need to be
      improved to enable their implantation in the systemic circulation. The aim of
      this study is to develop a tissue-engineered valve for the aortic position - the
      BioTexValve - by exploiting a bio-inspired composite textile scaffold to confer
      native-like mechanical strength and anisotropy to the leaflets. This is achieved
      by multifilament fibers arranged similarly to the collagen bundles in the native
      aortic leaflet, fixed by a thin electrospun layer directly deposited on the
      pattern. The textile-based leaflets are positioned into a 3D mould where the
      components to form a fibrin gel containing human vascular smooth muscle cells are
      introduced. Upon fibrin polymerization, a complete valve is obtained. After 21 d
      of maturation by static and dynamic stimulation in a custom-made bioreactor, the
      valve shows excellent functionality under aortic pressure and flow conditions, as
      demonstrated by hydrodynamic tests performed according to ISO standards in a mock
      circulation system. The leaflets possess remarkable burst strength (1086 mmHg)
      while remaining pliable; pronounced extracellular matrix production is revealed
      by immunohistochemistry and biochemical assay. This study demonstrates the
      potential of bio-inspired textile-reinforcement for the fabrication of functional
      tissue-engineered heart valves for the aortic position.

PMID- 27377439
TI  - Bioinspired Collagen-Apatite Nanocomposites for Bone Regeneration.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Natural bone has a complex hierarchical nanostructure composed of
      well-organized collagen fibrils embedded with apatite crystallites. Bone tissue
      engineering requires scaffolds with structural properties and functionality
      similar to the natural bone. Inspired by bone, a collagen-apatite (Col-Ap)
      nanocomposite was fabricated with bonelike subfibrillar nanostructures using a
      modified bottom-up biomimetic approach and has a potential role in the healing of
      large bone defects in unresolved apical periodontitis. METHODS: The bone
      regeneration potential of the Col-Ap nanocomposite was investigated by comparing
      it with inorganic beta-tricalcium phosphate and organic pure collagen using a
      critical-sized rodent mandibular defect model. Micro-computed tomographic imaging
      and histologic staining were used to evaluate new bone formation in vivo.
      RESULTS: When compared with the beta-tricalcium phosphate and collagen scaffolds,
      the Col-Ap nanocomposite scaffold exhibited superior regeneration properties
      characterized by profuse deposition of new bony structures and vascularization at
      the defect center. Immunohistochemistry showed that the transcription factor
      osterix and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 were highly expressed
      in the Col-Ap group. The results indicate that the Col-Ap nanocomposite activates
      more bone-forming cells and stimulates more vascular tissue ingrowth.
      Furthermore, the Col-Ap nanocomposite induces extracellular matrix secretion and
      mineralization of rat bone marrow stem cells. The increased expression of
      transforming growth factor beta 1 may contribute to the formation of a
      mineralized extracellular matrix. CONCLUSIONS: The present study lays the
      foundation for the development of Col-Ap nanocomposite-based bone grafts for
      future clinical applications in bone regeneration of large periapical lesions
      after apical curettage or apicoectomy.

PMID- 27377440
TI  - Microbial Ecosystem Analysis in Root Canal Infections Refractory to Endodontic
      Treatment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to combine multiple displacement
      amplification and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization to qualitatively and
      quantitatively evaluate the microbiota present in infections refractory to
      endodontic treatment. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 40 patients
      presenting with periapical lesions refractory to endodontic treatment. Samples
      were taken by scraping or filing root canal walls with a #10 K-type hand file.
      Sample DNA was amplified by multiple displacement amplification, and the levels
      of 107 bacterial taxa were analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The
      taxa were divided into 3 distinct microbial populations depending on their mean
      proportion in samples (% DNA probe counts +/- standard error of the mean) as
      follows: dominant (>=3.0%), subdominant (>1.6%-3.0%), and residual (<=1.6%)
      populations. The significance of differences was determined using the Mann
      Whitney test. RESULTS: The taxa present with the highest mean proportions
      (constituting the dominant population) were Corynebacterium diphtheriae (8.03 +/-
      0.98), Porphyromonas gingivalis (5.42 +/- 2.09), Streptococcus sobrinus (5.33 +/-
      0.69), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (4.72 +/- 1.73). Among the subdominant
      population were Eubacterium saphenum (3.85 +/- 1.06), Helicobacter pylori (3.16
      +/- 0.62), Dialister pneumosintes (3.12 +/- 1.1), Clostridium difficile (2.74 +/-
      0.41), Enterobacter agglomerans (2.64 +/- 0.54), Salmonella enterica (2.51 +/-
      0.52), Mobiluncus mulieris (2.44 +/- 0.6), and Klebsiella oxytoca (2.32 +/-
      0.66). In the population of bacteria present at the lowest mean proportions (the
      residual population), Bacteroides ureolyticus (0.04 +/- 0.01), Haemophilus
      influenzae (0.04 +/- 0.02), and Prevotella oris (0.01 +/- 0.01) were found at the
      lowest mean proportions. Enterococcus faecalis was detected in the residual
      population (0.52 +/- 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: The microbial climax community in teeth
      refractory to endodontic treatment not only harbors medically important species
      but also contains distinct microbial consortia present with different population
      levels.

PMID- 27377441
TI  - Muscarinic M1 receptor partially modulates higher sensitivity to cadmium-induced
      cell death in primary basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: A cholinesterase
      variants dependent mechanism.
AB  - Cadmium is a toxic compound reported to produce cognitive dysfunctions, though
      the mechanisms involved are unknown. In a previous work we described how cadmium
      blocks cholinergic transmission and induces greater cell death in primary
      cholinergic neurons from the basal forebrain. It also induces cell death in SN56
      cholinergic neurons from the basal forebrain through M1R blockage, alterations in
      the expression of AChE variants and GSK-3beta, and an increase in Abeta and total
      and phosphorylated Tau protein levels. It was observed that the silencing or
      blockage of M1R altered ChAT activity, GSK-3beta, AChE splice variants gene
      expression, and Abeta and Tau protein formation. Furthermore, AChE-S variants
      were associated with the same actions modulated by M1R. Accordingly, we
      hypothesized that cholinergic transmission blockage and higher sensitivity to
      cadmium-induced cell death of primary basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is
      mediated by M1R blockage, which triggers this effect through alteration of the
      expression of AChE variants. To prove this hypothesis, we evaluated, in primary
      culture from the basal forebrain region, whether M1R silencing induces greater
      cell death in cholinergic neurons than cadmium does, and whether in SN56 cells
      M1R mediates the mechanisms described so as to play a part in the cadmium
      induction of cholinergic transmission blockage and cell death in this cell line
      through alteration of the expression of AChE variants. Our results prove that M1R
      silencing by cadmium partially mediates the greater cell death observed on basal
      forebrain cholinergic neurons. Moreover, all previously described mechanisms for
      blocking cholinergic transmission and inducing cell death on SN56 cells after
      cadmium exposure are partially mediated by M1R through the alteration of AChE
      expression. Thus, our results may explain cognitive dysfunctions observed in
      cadmium toxicity.

PMID- 27377442
TI  - Possibilities and limitations of 2DE-based analyses for identifying low-abundant
      tumor markers in human serum and plasma.
AB  - Hallmarks of malignancy can be monitored by protein signatures in serum or
      plasma. The current challenge in cancer research is the identification of
      clinically reliable protein biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. A
      widely used and powerful technique to screen tumor markers is two-dimensional gel
      electrophoresis (2DE). This review provides an overview of 2DE functionality with
      its advantages and drawbacks as well as a current literature overview of gel
      based cancer biomarker discovery in serum/plasma. In this context, 11 of the 12
      studies reviewed here identified at least one of eight classical serum or high
      abundant proteins (HAPs). Expression levels of those proteins are regulated by a
      vast variety of different physiological, metabolic and immunological stimuli
      leading to a questionable application as cancer-specific markers.
      Misinterpretation of HAPs as tumor markers might be caused by either the
      experimental setup or the technical and analytical potential in gel-based serum
      or plasma proteomics to detect low-abundant proteins, or a combination thereof.
      Additionally, based on currently available technology we propose an optimized
      experimental workflow to allow detecting cancer-specific protein markers of low
      abundance in future 2DE studies.

PMID- 27377443
TI  - Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infections in emergency departments.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has become an emerging
      infectious disease, especially in community settings. Little data is available on
      its frequency and characteristics in France. We aimed to describe CDI case
      patients consulting at the emergency department and to compare community-acquired
      and nosocomial CDIs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter
      retrospective study over a three-year period of community-acquired and nosocomial
      CDI case patients seen at the emergency department and compared their
      characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 2055 patients consulted for diarrhea during
      the study period and had a stool culture performed: 66 (3.2%) presented with a
      CDI, of which 28 were community-acquired and 26 were nosocomial. Community
      acquired CDI patients had a mean age of 57.7years (18-91), with a sex-ratio of
      0.65. At least one risk factor was observed in 24 patients (85.7%), of whom 22
      (78.6%) had been prescribed a previous antimicrobial treatment. Diabetes mellitus
      and renal failure were more frequently observed in patients presenting with
      nosocomial CDI. They required fluid replacement and needed be to re-hospitalized
      more often than community-acquired patients. CONCLUSION: Community-acquired CDIs
      in the emergency department account for approximately 1.4% of patients presenting
      with diarrhea. One risk factor is present in 85.7% of cases. In our study, their
      presentation and outcome seemed less severe than nosocomial CDIs.

PMID- 27377444
TI  - Community-acquired pneumonia and positive urinary antigen tests: Factors
      associated with targeted antibiotic therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use of rapid microbiological tests is supported by antimicrobial
      stewardship policies. Targeted antibiotic therapy (TAT) for community-acquired
      pneumonia (CAP) with positive urinary antigen test (UAT) has been associated with
      a favorable impact on outcome. We aimed to determine the factors associated with
      TAT prescription. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter
      study including all patients presenting with CAP and positive UAT for
      Streptococcus pneumoniae or Legionella pneumophila from January 2010 to December
      2013. Patients presenting with aspiration pneumonia, coinfection, and neutropenia
      were excluded. CAP severity was assessed using the Pneumonia Severity Index
      (PSI). TAT was defined as the administration of amoxicillin for pneumococcal
      infection and either macrolides or fluoroquinolones (inactive against S.
      pneumoniae) for Legionella infection. RESULTS: A total of 861 patients were
      included, including 687 pneumococcal infections and 174 legionellosis from eight
      facilities and 37 medical departments. TAT was prescribed to 273 patients (32%).
      Four factors were found independently associated with a lower rate of TAT: a PSI
      score>=4 (OR 0.37), Hospital A (OR 0.41), hospitalization in the intensive care
      unit (OR 0.44), and cardiac comorbidities (OR 0.60). Four other factors were
      associated with a high rate of TAT: positive blood culture for S. pneumoniae (OR
      2.32), Hospitals B (OR 2.34), E (OR 2.68), and H (OR 9.32). CONCLUSION: TAT in
      CAP with positive UAT was related to the hospitals as well as to patient
      characteristics.

PMID- 27377445
TI  - Inflammatory reaction to hyaluronic acid: A newly described complication in vocal
      fold augmentation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To establish the rate of inflammatory reaction to
      hyaluronic acid (HA) in vocal fold injection augmentation, determine the most
      common presenting signs and symptoms, and propose an etiology. STUDY DESIGN:
      Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Patients injected with HA over a 5-year
      period were reviewed to identify those who had a postoperative inflammatory
      reaction. Medical records were reviewed for patient demographic information,
      subjective complaints, Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) scores, medical
      intervention, and resolution time. Videolaryngostroboscopy examinations were also
      evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 186 patients (245 vocal folds) were injected with
      HA over a 5-year period, with a postoperative inflammatory reaction rate of 3.8%.
      The most common complaints in these patients were odynophagia, dysphonia, and
      dyspnea with vocal fold erythema, edema, and loss of pliability on
      videolaryngostroboscopy. All patients were treated with corticosteroids. Return
      of vocal fold vibration ranged from 3 weeks to 26 months, with VHI-10 scores
      normalizing in 50% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: This reaction may be a form of
      hypersensitivity related to small amounts of protein linked to HA. Alternatively,
      extravascular compression from the HA could lead to venous congestion of the
      vocal fold. The possibility of equipment contamination is also being
      investigated. Further studies are needed to determine the etiology and best
      treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 2016 127:445-449, 2017.

PMID- 27377447
TI  - Commentary: Police and Suicide Prevention.

PMID- 27377448
TI  - Organization of care for persons with HIV-infection: a systematic review.
AB  - The objective of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of the
      organization of care: case management, multidisciplinary care, multi-faceted
      treatment, hours of service, outreach programs and health information systems on
      medical, immunological, virological, psychosocial and economic outcomes for
      persons living with HIV/AIDS. We searched PubMed (MEDLINE) and 10 other
      electronic databases from 1 January 1980 to April, 2012 for both experimental and
      controlled observational studies. Thirty-three studies met the inclusion
      criteria. Eleven studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), three of which
      were conducted in low-middle income settings. Patient characteristics, study
      design, organization measures and outcomes data were abstracted independently by
      two reviewers from all studies. A risk of bias tool was applied to RCTs and a
      separate tool was used to assess the quality of observational studies. This
      review concludes that case management interventions were most consistently
      associated with improvements in immunological outcomes but case management
      demonstrates no clear association with other outcome measures. The same mixed
      results were also identified for multidisciplinary and multi-faceted care
      interventions. Eight studies with an outreach intervention were identified and
      demonstrated improvements or non-inferiority with respect to mortality, receipt
      of antiretroviral medications, immunological outcomes, improvements in healthcare
      utilization and lower reported healthcare costs when compared to usual care. Of
      the interventions examined in this review, sustained in-person case management
      and outreach interventions were most consistently associated with improved
      medical and economic outcomes, in particular antiretroviral prescribing,
      immunological outcomes and healthcare utilization. No firm conclusions can be
      reached about the impact of any one intervention on patient mortality.

PMID- 27377449
TI  - Constructing Interfacial Energy Transfer for Photon Up- and Down-Conversion from
      Lanthanides in a Core-Shell Nanostructure.
AB  - We report a new mechanistic strategy for controlling and modifying the photon
      emission of lanthanides in a core-shell nanostructure by using interfacial energy
      transfer. By taking advantage of this mechanism with Gd(3+) as the energy donor,
      we have realized efficient up- and down-converted emissions from a series of
      lanthanide emitters (Eu(3+) , Tb(3+) , Dy(3+) , and Sm(3+) ) in these core-shell
      nanoparticles, which do not need a migratory host sublattice. Moreover, we have
      demonstrated that the Gd(3+) -mediated interfacial energy transfer, in contrast
      to energy migration, is the leading process contributing to the photon emission
      of lanthanide dopants for the NaGdF4 @NaGdF4 core-shell system. Our finding
      suggests a new direction for research into better control of energy transfer at
      the nanometer length scale, which would help to stimulate new concepts for
      designing and improving photon emission of the lanthanide-based luminescent
      materials.

PMID- 27377450
TI  - Effect of cognitive behavioral group therapy for recovery of self-esteem on
      community-living individuals with mental illness: Non-randomized controlled
      trial.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to examine over a 12-month post-intervention
      period whether the participation of community-living individuals with mental
      illness in cognitive behavioral group therapy for recovery of self-esteem
      (CBGTRS) resulted in improved outcomes. METHODS: This was a non-randomized
      controlled trial. The participants were persons with mental illness who resided
      in communities in the Chugoku region of Japan. In total, 41 were assigned to an
      experimental group (CBGTRS intervention, 12 group sessions), and 21 to a control
      group. Outcome indices (self-esteem, moods, cognition, subjective well-being,
      psychiatric symptoms) were measured for the experimental group prior to
      intervention (T0), immediately post-intervention (T1), and at 3 (T2) and 12 (T3)
      months post-intervention. The control group was measured at the same intervals.
      RESULTS: For the experimental group, self-esteem scores at T1, T2, and T3 were
      significantly higher than at T0. Moods and cognition scores remained
      significantly low until T2. Scores for Inadequate Mental Mastery in the
      subjective well-being index had not decreased by T3. Confidence in Coping
      remained significantly high until T2. Psychiatric symptoms scores at T0, T1, T2,
      and T3 were significantly lower than at T0. The means and standard errors for
      self-esteem and Inadequate Mental Mastery increased until T3, and those for
      Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, and Confusion decreased until T2.
      CONCLUSION: From within-group trends and between-group differences in self
      esteem, we conclude that CBGTRS may have a relatively long-term effect on self
      esteem recovery. T2 is the turning point for moods and cognition; thus, follow-up
      is needed 3 months following the initial program.

PMID- 27377451
TI  - Familial mediterranean fever treated with anakinra: A case report.

PMID- 27377452
TI  - Calcinosis universalis in adult-onset dermatomyositis.

PMID- 27377453
TI  - A comprehensive review of the clinical approach to pregnancy and systemic lupus
      erythematosus.
AB  - Nowadays, most of the young women affected by Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
      can carry out one or more pregnancies thanks to the improvement in treatment and
      the consequent reduction in morbidity and mortality. Pregnancy outcome in these
      women has also greatly improved in the last decades. A correct timing for
      pregnancy (tailored on disease activity and established during a preconception
      counselling), together with a tight monitoring during the three trimesters and
      the post-partum period (to timely identify and treat possible obstetric
      complications or maternal disease flares), as well as the concept of
      multidisciplinary management, are currently milestones of the management of
      pregnancy in SLE patients. Nevertheless, the increasing knowledge on the
      compatibility of drugs with pregnancy has allowed a better treatment of these
      patients, by choosing medications that control maternal disease activity without
      harming the foetus. However, particular attention and strict monitoring should be
      dedicated to SLE pregnant women in particular clinical settings: patients with
      lupus nephritis and patients with aPL positivity or Antiphospholipid syndrome,
      who are at higher risk for maternal and foetal complications, but also patients
      with anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies, because of the risk of neonatal
      lupus. A discussion on family planning, as well as counselling on contraception,
      should be part of the everyday-practice for physicians caring for SLE women
      during their reproductive age. Another issue is the possible reduction of
      fertility in these women, that can be due to different reasons. Consequently, the
      request for assisted reproduction techniques has been increasing in the last
      years, so that rheumatologists and gynaecologists should be prepared to counsel
      SLE patients also in this particular setting.

PMID- 27377454
TI  - IgG4 autoantibodies are inhibitory in the autoimmune disease bullous pemphigoid.
AB  - The IgG4 subclass of antibodies exhibits unique characteristics that suggest it
      may function in an immunoregulatory capacity. The inhibitory function of IgG4 has
      been well documented in allergic disease by the demonstration of IgG4 blocking
      antibodies, but similar functions have not been explored in autoimmune disease.
      Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepidermal autoimmune blistering disease
      characterized by autoantibodies directed against BP180 and an inflammatory
      infiltrate including eosinophils and neutrophils. Animal models have revealed
      that the NC16A region within BP180 harbors the critical epitopes necessary for
      autoantibody mediated disease induction. BP180 NC16A-specific IgG belong to the
      IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 subclasses. The purpose of this study was to determine
      effector functions of different IgG subclasses of NC16A-specific autoantibodies
      in BP. We find that IgG4 anti-NC16A autoantibodies inhibit the binding of IgG1
      and IgG3 autoantibodies to the NC16A region. Moreover, IgG4 anti-NC16A blocks
      IgG1 and IgG3 induced complement fixation, neutrophil infiltration, and blister
      formation clinically and histologically in a dose-dependent manner following
      passive transfer to humanized BP180-NC16A mice. These findings highlight the
      inhibitory role of IgG4 in autoimmune disease and have important implications for
      the treatment of BP as well as other antibody mediated inflammatory and
      autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 27377455
TI  - Mortality in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in Argentina.
AB  - Some reports describe an increased mortality in patients with ankylosing
      spondylitis (AS) compared to the general population. The aims of this study were
      to evaluate the cumulative survival in patients with AS and to establish possible
      factors associated with mortality. In cross-sectional retrospective study, AS
      patients were included according to 1984 modified NY criteria, in the 2000-2010
      period, the prevalence of mortality was determined by review of medical records,
      telephone contact, family reports, and death certificates, and it was compared
      with mortality in Argentina's general population. One hundred twenty-seven
      patients were studied, 96 (75.6 %) were male, median age 49 years (interquartile
      range (IQR) 34-60) and median disease duration 8 years (IQR 4-17). During the
      follow-up period, 9 patients died (7.1 %). The median estimated survival from
      diagnosis of AS was 39 years (IQR 34-50) and median cumulative survival was 76
      years (IQR 74-85). Cardiovascular disease was the most frequent cause of death
      (5/9 patients). Deceased patients had a mean age and a mean AS disease duration
      significantly higher than living patients (68.1 +/- 12.4 years vs 46.4 +/- 15.09
      years, p = 0.0001 and 33 +/- 13.7 years vs 12 +/- 10.7 years, p = 0.001,
      respectively), higher frequency of total surgeries [3/5 (60 %) vs 5/105 (4.76 %),
      p = 0.002] and cauda equina syndrome [3/6 (50 %) vs 2/116 (1.72 %), p = 0.001],
      respectively. Frequency of mortality in AS patients was higher than the crude
      mortality rate of Argentina's general population in the same period, with
      cardiovascular cause being the most frequent one. 

PMID- 27377456
TI  - Development and psychometric analysis of the Patient Perceptions of Patient
      Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale (PPPNBS).
AB  - AIM: To (1) develop and psychometrically test the Patient Perceptions of Patient
      Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale, which measures patient perceptions of
      empowering nurse behaviours during hospitalization; and (2) refine to a shorter,
      more useful form, for measurement in clinical settings. BACKGROUND: Although
      patient empowerment has been promoted as a way to engage patients in chronic
      illness care, there is not a measure reported by patients as recipients of
      empowering nurse behaviours during hospitalization. DESIGN: Psychometric
      evaluation of construct and predictive validity, reliability and item reduction.
      METHOD: Data gathered during hospitalization and six weeks postdischarge between
      April 2012 - August 2014 were used to determine the validity and reliability of
      the long and short-form Patient Perceptions of Patient-Empowering Nurse
      Behaviours Scale in a sample of 395 chronically ill medical and surgical adult
      patients. RESULTS: The long and short-form Patient Perceptions of Patient
      Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale demonstrated strong reliability and convergent
      validity with pre-discharge 13-item Patient Activation Measure scores. Both forms
      of the Patient Perceptions of Patient-Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale predicted
      postdischarge 13-item Patient Activation Measure scores and the long-form
      predicted physical health status. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated
      improved model fit for the short-form instrument when compared with the long-form
      fit. The short-form Patient Perceptions of Patient-Empowering Nurse Behaviours
      Scale explained 98% of the variance of the long-form Patient Perceptions of
      Patient-Empowering Nurse Behaviours Scale. CONCLUSION: The results provide
      evidence supporting reliability and validity of both forms. While the scales
      measure patient reports and not direct observation of empowering nurse
      behaviours, incorporating patients' experiences as recipients of care is
      necessary to validate the contribution of nursing care to patients' engagement in
      chronic illness management.

PMID- 27377457
TI  - Bioactivities, isolation and purification methods of polysaccharides from natural
      products: A review.
AB  - Polysaccharides play multiple roles and have extensive bioactivities in life
      process and an immense potential in healthcare, food and cosmetic industries, due
      to their therapeutic effects and relatively low toxicity. This review describes
      their major functions involved in antitumor, anti-virus, and anti-inflammatory
      bioactivities. Due to their enormous structural heterogeneity, the approaches for
      isolation and purification of polysaccharides are distinct from that of the other
      macromolecules such as proteins, etc. Yet, to achieve the homogeneity is the
      initial step for studies of polysaccharide structure, pharmacology, and its
      structure-activity relationships. According to the experiences accumulated by our
      lab and the published literatures, this review also introduces the methods widely
      used in isolation and purification of polysaccharides.

PMID- 27377458
TI  - Molecular cloning and in silico studies of physiologically significant trehalase
      from Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Trehalase, a physiologically important glycosidase is known for its crucial role
      in insect glycometabolism and stress recovery. The present study describes the
      molecular cloning of a gene fragment, encoding the catalytically active trehalase
      from Drosophila melanogaster (DmTre) and its heterologous expression in
      Escherichia coli. The 1275bp gene was overexpressed in two different vectors
      viz., pET28a and pCOLD TF and investigated for variable soluble expression,
      purification and activity of the recombinant enzyme with optimum pH and
      temperature of enzyme as 6 and 55 degrees C, respectively. The sequence was
      characterized in silico by subjecting it to homology search, multiple sequence
      alignment and phylogenetic tree construction revealing its identity to other
      trehalases which belong to glycoside hydrolase family 37. The deduced amino acid
      sequence and modeled 3D structure of DmTre possessed all features of trehalase
      superfamily, including signature motifs and catalytic domain. The active site
      pocket of recombinant DmTre was compared with the crystal structure of E. coli
      trehalase identifying Glu424 and Asp226 as the putative catalytic residues.
      Additionally, enzyme-substrate docking suggests possible involvement of other
      residues in the catalysis along with Asp226. The present study holds significance
      in understanding the structural aspects of Drosophila trehalase in spite of
      unavailabilty of eukaryotic trehalase crystal structure.

PMID- 27377459
TI  - A mini-review of chemical and biological properties of polysaccharides from
      Momordica charantia.
AB  - Recently, isolation and characterization of bioactive polysaccharides from
      natural resources have attracted increasing interest. Momordica charantia L. (M.
      charantia), belongs to the Curcubitaceae family, which is widely distributed in
      the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and has been used as herbal
      medicine and a vegetable for thousands of years. M. charantia polysaccharides, as
      major active ingredients of M. charantia, have attracted a great deal of
      attention because of their various biological activities, such as antitumor,
      immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-diabetes, radioprotection, and
      hepatoprotection. The present review provides the most complete summary of the
      research progress on the polysaccharides isolated from M. charantia, including
      the extraction, separation, physical-chemical properties, structural
      characteristics, and bioactivities during the last ten years. This review also
      provides a foundation for the further development and application in the field of
      M. charantia polysaccharides.

PMID- 27377460
TI  - Inhibitory effect on HT-29 colon cancer cells of a water-soluble polysaccharide
      obtained from highland barley.
AB  - A water-soluble polysaccharide (BP-1) was obtained from highland barley (Hordeum
      vulgare L.) by hot water extraction and purification of sepharose column
      chromatography. BP-1 had an average molecular weight of about 6.7*104Da and was
      composed of glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl), arabinose (Ara) and rhamnose (Rha) with
      a relative molar ratio of 8.82:1.92:1.50:1.00. It was found that BP-1 inhibited
      proliferation of human colon cancer cells (HT-29) in a time- and dose-dependent
      manner with half maximal inhibitory concentration at 48h of 48.18MUg/mL. Western
      blotting results showed that BP-1 enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N
      terminal kinase (JNK), processes associated with the reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) formation and inhibited nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) translocation
      from cytoplasm into nucleus. Meanwhile, the BP-1-induced apoptosis was related to
      the regulation of apoptosis-associated proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl
      2), release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytoplasm and activation of
      caspase-8 and caspase-9. These results suggest that BP-1-induced HT-29 apoptosis
      through ROS-JNK and NF-kappaB-mediated caspase pathways.

PMID- 27377461
TI  - Isolation and characterisation of a novel alpha-amylase from the extreme
      haloarchaeon Haloterrigena turkmenica.
AB  - An extracellular halophilic alpha-amylase (AmyA) was produced by the haloarchaeon
      Haloterrigena turkmenica grown in medium enriched with 0.2% (w/v) starch. Sodium
      dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and size exclusion
      chromatography (SEC) analyses showed a major band at 66.0kDa and a peak of
      54.0kDa, respectively. Analysis of tryptic fragments of the protein present in
      the major SDS-PAGE band by nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS led to identification of the alpha
      amylase catalytic region, encoded by the htur2110 gene, as the protein possessing
      the described activity. Optimal values for activity were 55 degrees C, pH 8.5 and
      2M NaCl, and high thermostability was showed at 55 degrees C and 3M NaCl. AmyA
      activity was enhanced by Triton X-100 and was not influenced by n-hexane and
      chloroform. Starch hydrolysis produced different oligomers with maltose as the
      smallest end-product. The efficiency of AmyA in degrading starch contained in
      agronomic residues was tested in grape cane chosen as model substrate.
      Preliminary results showed that starch was degraded making the enzyme a potential
      candidate for utilization of agro-industrial waste in fuel and chemicals
      production. AmyA is one of the few investigated amylases produced by haloarchaea,
      and the first alpha-amylase described among microorganisms belonging to the genus
      Haloterrigena.

PMID- 27377462
TI  - Structural and thermodynamic characterisation of L94F mutant of horse cytochrome
      c.
AB  - Mammalian mitochondrial cytochromes c (cyts c) has a conserved Leu94 which is
      replaced by valine/isoleucine in some lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It is
      expected that nature substituted Leu94 with Val/Ile, for they have similar van
      der Waals volume and hydrophobicity with a difference in side chain branching
      only. Reports also suggested the presence of phenylalanine at position 94, which
      leads to questions: (i) How bulky aromatic amino acid residue fitted at position
      94 in cyt c family proteins? (ii) What is the effect of L94F mutation on protein
      stability and folding? Here, we selected horse cyt-c as a model to answer the
      second question. We generated L94F mutant of horse cytochrome c and subsequently
      characterised using far-UV, near-UV and Soret circular dichroism, absorbance,
      intrinsic and extrinsic ANS (8-anilino-1-napthalenesulfonic acid) fluorescence
      and dynamic light scattering measurements. We observed that this mutation affects
      the native state and arrests the protein folding at the molten globule state.
      Thermal stability of L94F mutant is also measured by spectroscopic techniques and
      differential scanning calorimetry. The midpoint of thermal denaturation of L94F
      mutant is 17 degrees C less than wild type. Molecular dynamics simulation study
      also supports our in vitro observation that this mutant has stable backbone
      conformation.

PMID- 27377464
TI  - In Memoriam Rudy Vanmaele (1945-2010).

PMID- 27377465
TI  - Novel stereoselective bufadienolides reveal new insights into the requirements
      for Na(+), K(+)-ATPase inhibition by cardiotonic steroids.
AB  - Cardiotonic steroids (CTS) are clinically important drugs for the treatment of
      heart failure owing to their potent inhibition of cardiac Na(+), K(+)-ATPase
      (NKA). Bufadienolides constitute one of the two major classes of CTS, but little
      is known about how they interact with NKA. We report a remarkable
      stereoselectivity of NKA inhibition by native 3beta-hydroxy bufalin over the
      3alpha-isomer, yet replacing the 3beta-hydroxy group with larger polar groups in
      the same configuration enhances inhibitory potency. Binding of the two (13)C
      labelled glycosyl diastereomers to NKA were studied by solid-state NMR (SSNMR),
      which revealed interactions of the glucose group of the 3beta- derivative with
      the inhibitory site, but much weaker interactions of the 3alpha- derivative with
      the enzyme. Molecular docking simulations suggest that the polar 3beta-groups are
      closer to the hydrophilic amino acid residues in the entrance of the ligand
      binding pocket than those with alpha-configuration. These first insights into the
      stereoselective inhibition of NKA by bufadienolides highlight the important role
      of the hydrophilic moieties at C3 for binding, and may explain why only 3beta
      hydroxylated bufadienolides are present as a toxic chemical defence in toad
      venom.

PMID- 27377466
TI  - Online Health Information-Seeking Behavior and Confidence in Filling Out Online
      Forms Among Latinos: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the California Health
      Interview Survey, 2011-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health information is increasingly being disseminated online, but
      there is a knowledge gap between Latinos and non-Hispanic whites, particularly
      those whose English language proficiency is poor, in terms both of online health
      information-seeking behavior and computer literacy skills. This knowledge gap may
      also exist between US- and foreign-born Latinos. OBJECTIVE: The specific aim of
      this study was to examine Internet use, online health information-seeking
      behavior, and confidence in filling out online forms among Latinos, particularly
      as it relates to health-risk behaviors. We then stratified our sample by
      nativity. METHODS: We used the adult population file of the 2011-2012 California
      Health Interview Survey, analyzing Internet use, online health information
      seeking behavior, and confidence in filling out online forms using binary
      logistic regression among Latinos and whites (N=27,289), Latinos (n=9506), and
      Latinos who use the Internet (n=6037). RESULTS: Foreign-born Latinos (OR 0.71,
      95% CI 0.58-0.88, P=.002) have lower odds of engaging in online health
      information-seeking behavior, and higher odds (OR 2.90, 95% CI 2.07-4.06, P<.001)
      of reporting a lack of confidence in filling out online forms compared to US-born
      Latinos. Correlates of online health information-seeking behavior and form
      confidence varied by nativity. CONCLUSIONS: Latinos, particularly foreign-born
      individuals, are at an increased risk of being left behind as the move to
      increase online content delivery and care expands. As online health information
      dissemination and online health portals become more popular, the impact of these
      sites on Latino gaps in coverage and care should be considered.

PMID- 27377463
TI  - A Frameshift in CSF2RB Predominant Among Ashkenazi Jews Increases Risk for
      Crohn's Disease and Reduces Monocyte Signaling via GM-CSF.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Crohn's disease (CD) has the highest prevalence in Ashkenazi
      Jewish populations. We sought to identify rare, CD-associated frameshift variants
      of high functional and statistical effects. METHODS: We performed exome
      sequencing and array-based genotype analyses of 1477 Ashkenazi Jewish individuals
      with CD and 2614 Ashkenazi Jewish individuals without CD (controls). To validate
      our findings, we performed genotype analyses of an additional 1515 CD cases and
      7052 controls for frameshift mutations in the colony-stimulating factor 2
      receptor beta common subunit gene (CSF2RB). Intestinal tissues and blood samples
      were collected from patients with CD; lamina propria leukocytes were isolated and
      expression of CSF2RB and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
      responsive cells were defined by adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) time-of-flight
      mass cytometry (CyTOF analysis). Variants of CSF2RB were transfected into HEK293
      cells and the expression and functions of gene products were compared. RESULTS:
      In the discovery cohort, we associated CD with a frameshift mutation in CSF2RB (P
      = 8.52 * 10(-4)); the finding was validated in the replication cohort (combined P
      = 3.42 * 10(-6)). Incubation of intestinal lamina propria leukocytes with
      granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor resulted in high levels of
      phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT5) and
      lesser increases in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and
      AK straining transforming (AKT). Cells co-transfected with full-length and mutant
      forms of CSF2RB had reduced pSTAT5 after stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage
      colony-stimulating factor, compared with cells transfected with control CSF2RB,
      indicating a dominant-negative effect of the mutant gene. Monocytes from patients
      with CD who were heterozygous for the frameshift mutation (6% of CD cases
      analyzed) had reduced responses to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating
      factor and markedly decreased activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase; activity of
      this enzyme has been associated with immune tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: In a genetic
      analysis of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals, we associated CD with a frameshift
      mutation in CSF2RB. Intestinal monocytes from carriers of this mutation had
      reduced responses to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, providing
      an additional mechanism for alterations to the innate immune response in
      individuals with CD.

PMID- 27377468
TI  - Different magnetic responses observed in Co, Co and Co-based MOFs.
AB  - Four magnetic MOFs with anisotropic Co(II) ions, {[Co5(H2O)2(MU3
      OH)2(atz)2(stp)2].1.5H2O}n (1), {[Co5(H2O)2(MU3-OH)2(trz)2(stp)2].1.3H2O}n (2),
      {[Co5(H2O)6(MU3-OH)2(trz)2(stp)2].2.5CH3OH}n (3) and
      {[Co3(H2O)4(Hdatrz)2(stp)2].3H2O}n (4) (stp(3-) = 2-sulfoterephthalate, trz(-) =
      1,2,4-triazolate, atz(-) = 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolate and Hdatrz = 3,5-diamino
      1,2,4-triazole) were solvothermally isolated by varying the substituent groups
      appended on the N-heterocyclic triazole and structurally and magnetically
      characterized. Structural analyses indicate that the former two complexes are
      crystallographically isostructural, exhibiting pillared-layer frameworks with
      mixed triazolyl and carboxylate extended Co + Co layers supported by rigid stp(3
      ) connectors. Complex 3 is built from butterfly-shaped Co cluster-based layers,
      which are interconnected with single cobalt(ii) octahedra by ditopic stp(3-)
      bridges. By contrast, complex 4 consists of linear {Co3(MU-N1,N4-Hdatrz)2}
      subunits, which are extended by 3-connected stp(3-) linkers into a stable 3D
      framework. Magnetically, 1 exhibits ferromagnetic ordering below 2.7 K due to the
      well-organized alignment of the non-compensated resultant moment from octahedra
      and tetrahedral cobalt(ii) carriers, while 3 is in a non-zero paramagnetic state
      above 2.0 K resulting from the coexistence of intermetallic ferromagnetic and
      antiferromagnetic interactions. The magnetic competition between weak inter
      subunit antiferromagnetic interactions and the external magnetic field makes 4
      behave as a field-induced metamagnet with a critical field of 27.5 kOe. These
      interesting magnetostructural results suggest that the anisotropy of the moment
      carrier and the interlayer/intersubunit separations significantly dominate the
      magnetic responses in extended MOFs, providing an informative platform for the
      further development of interesting magnetic materials, both of academic and
      industrial interest. 

PMID- 27377467
TI  - Secondary hyperalgesia is mediated by heat-insensitive A-fibre nociceptors.
AB  - KEY POINTS: It is believed that secondary hyperalgesia (the increased sensitivity
      to mechanical nociceptive stimuli that develops after cutaneous tissue injury in
      the surrounding uninjured skin) is mediated by a subclass of nociceptors: the
      slowly adapting A-fibre mechano-heat nociceptors (AMH-type I). Here we tested
      this hypothesis. By using intense long-lasting heat stimuli, which are known to
      activate these slowly adapting AMH-type I nociceptors, we show that the perceived
      intensity elicited by these stimuli is not increased in the area of secondary
      hyperalgesia. Moreover, we show that during an A-fibre nerve conduction block the
      perception elicited by the long-lasting heat stimuli is significantly reduced in
      a time window that matches the response profile of the AMH-type I nociceptors.
      AMH-type I nociceptors contribute to the perception of sustained heat, but they
      do not mediate secondary hyperalgesia. Therefore, we propose that secondary
      hyperalgesia is mediated by high threshold mechanoreceptors. ABSTRACT: Secondary
      hyperalgesia refers to the increase in sensitivity to mechanical nociceptive
      stimuli delivered outside the area of tissue injury. Previous studies have
      suggested that secondary hyperalgesia is mediated by a specific class of
      myelinated nociceptors: slowly adapting A-fibre mechano- and heat-sensitive (AMH)
      type I nociceptors. Here, we tested this hypothesis by examining whether long
      lasting heat stimuli, which are known to activate AMH-type I nociceptors, elicit
      enhanced responses when delivered to the area of secondary hyperalgesia induced
      by high frequency electrical stimulation of the skin (HFS). Before and 20 min
      after HFS, sustained 30 s radiant heat stimuli were delivered to the area of
      increased mechanical pinprick sensitivity while participants continuously rated
      intensity of perception using an online visual analog scale (0-100 mm). After
      HFS, no significant enhancement of heat perception was observed in the area of
      increased pinprick sensitivity. To establish that myelinated nociceptors actually
      contribute to the perception of sustained heat, we conducted a second experiment
      in which sustained heat stimuli were presented before and during an A-fibre nerve
      conduction block, achieved by applying a rubber band with weights which
      compresses the superficial radial nerve against the radius. During the block,
      heat perception was significantly reduced 17-33 s after the onset of the heat
      stimulus (before: mean = 53 mm, during: mean = 31 mm; P = 0.03), matching the
      response profile of AMH-type I nociceptors. These results support the notion that
      AMH-type I nociceptors contribute to the perception of sustained heat, but also
      show that these afferents do not mediate secondary hyperalgesia.

PMID- 27377469
TI  - CD24 is a genetic modifier for risk and progression of prostate cancer.
AB  - CD24 plays an oncogenic role in the onset and progression of various human
      cancers, including prostate cancer. In the present study, we identified two
      linkage disequilibrium blocks with four recombination hotspot motifs in human
      CD24 locus. To elucidate whether genetic variants of CD24 are associated with
      susceptibility to prostate cancer and its disease status, we conducted a case
      control association study with two P170 C/T and P-534 A/C polymorphisms of CD24
      in 590 patients with prostate cancer and 590 healthy controls. A significant
      increased risk of prostate cancer was found in men with the P170T/T genotype over
      the P170C/C genotype (odd ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-2.63, P =
      0.008), and in men with the P-534C/C genotype over the P-534A/A genotype (odd
      ratio = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.18-2.26, P = 0.003). Cochran-Armitage trend analysis
      showed that the P170T allele was significantly correlated with an increased risk
      of prostate cancer progression (P = 0.029, trend between genotypes and stages)
      and this observation was also validated in an independent sample cohort. Next, we
      found that tumors with P170T or P-534C alleles had more twofold increased protein
      expressions of CD24 as compared to those with P170C or P-534A alleles,
      respectively. Likewise, tumors with a combination of P170T/T and P-534C/C
      genotypes were associated with a high mRNA level of CD24. Our data suggest a
      significant association of CD24 genetic variants with prostate cancer onset and
      progression, which provides new insight into molecular genetics of prostate
      cancer; however, these findings need to be validated in multiple independent
      cohorts. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377471
TI  - Compound-Specific Isotope Analyses to Assess TCE Biodegradation in a Fractured
      Dolomitic Aquifer.
AB  - The potential for trichloroethene (TCE) biodegradation in a fractured dolomite
      aquifer at a former chemical disposal site in Smithville, Ontario, Canada, is
      assessed using chemical analysis and TCE and cis-DCE compound-specific isotope
      analysis of carbon and chlorine collected over a 16-month period. Groundwater
      redox conditions change from suboxic to much more reducing environments within
      and around the plume, indicating that oxidation of organic contaminants and
      degradation products is occurring at the study site. TCE and cis-DCE were
      observed in 13 of 14 wells sampled. VC, ethene, and/or ethane were also observed
      in ten wells, indicating that partial/full dechlorination has occurred. Chlorine
      isotopic values (delta37 Cl) range between 1.39 to 4.690/00 SMOC for TCE, and
      3.57 to 13.860/00 SMOC for cis-DCE. Carbon isotopic values range between -28.9
      and -20.70/00 VPDB for TCE, and -26.5 and -11.80/00 VPDB for cis-DCE. In most
      wells, isotopic values remained steady over the 15-month study. Isotopic
      enrichment from TCE to cis-DCE varied between 0 and 130/00 for carbon and 1 and
      40/00 for chlorine. Calculated chlorine-carbon isotopic enrichment ratios
      (epsilonCl /epsilonC ) were 0.18 for TCE and 0.69 for cis-DCE. Combined, isotopic
      and chemical data indicate very little dechlorination is occurring near the
      source zone, but suggest bacterially mediated degradation is occurring closer to
      the edges of the plume.

PMID- 27377470
TI  - Risk of second primary malignancies among cancer survivors in the United States,
      1992 through 2008.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the current study, the authors attempted to describe the
      incidence, most common sites, and mortality of second primary malignancies among
      survivors of common cancers. METHODS: The authors identified patients aged >=18
      years who were diagnosed with a primary malignancy from the 10 most common cancer
      sites (prostate, breast, lung, colon, rectum, bladder, uterus, kidney, melanoma,
      and non-Hodgkin lymphoma) between 1992 and 2008 from Surveillance, Epidemiology,
      and End Results data. Factors associated with the incidence of second primary
      malignancies were explored using bivariable and multivariable models, and
      mortality attributable to first and second primary malignancies was examined.
      RESULTS: A cohort of 2,116,163 patients was identified, 170,865 of whom (8.1%)
      developed a second primary malignancy. Survivors of bladder cancer had the
      highest risk of developing a second cancer. In a multivariable model controlling
      for age, race, tumor grade, stage of disease, marital status, educational level,
      and income, a history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (hazard ratios of 2.70 and 2.88,
      respectively, for men and women) and bladder cancer (hazard ratios of 1.88 and
      1.66, respectively, for men and women) predicted the highest risk of developing a
      second cancer. For patients with 2 incident cancers, 13% died of their initial
      cancer, but greater than one-half (55%) died of their second primary malignancy.
      Lung cancer was the cause of death in 12% of patients with 2 incident cancers.
      CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 1 in 12 patients diagnosed with a common cancer developed a
      second malignancy, the most common of which was lung cancer. Greater than one
      half of patients with 2 incident cancers died of their secondary malignancy. The
      findings from the current study may inform care strategies among cancer
      survivors. Cancer 2016;122:3075-3086. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 27377472
TI  - Local Time-Dependent Charging in a Perovskite Solar Cell.
AB  - Efficient charge extraction within solar cells explicitly depends on the
      optimization of the internal interfaces. Potential barriers, unbalanced charge
      extraction, and interfacial trap states can prevent cells from reaching high
      power conversion efficiencies. In the case of perovskite solar cells, slow
      processes happening on time scales of seconds cause hysteresis in the current
      voltage characteristics. In this work, we localized and investigated these slow
      processes using frequency-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy (FM-KPFM) on
      cross sections of planar methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) perovskite solar
      cells. FM-KPFM can map the charge density distribution and its dynamics at
      internal interfaces. Upon illumination, space charge layers formed at the
      interfaces of the selective contacts with the MAPI layer within several seconds.
      We observed distinct differences in the charging dynamics at the interfaces of
      MAPI with adjacent layers. Our results indicate that more than one process is
      involved in hysteresis. This finding is in agreement with recent simulation
      studies claiming that a combination of ion migration and interfacial trap states
      causes the hysteresis in perovskite solar cells. Such differences in the charging
      rates at different interfaces cannot be separated by conventional device
      measurements. 

PMID- 27377473
TI  - 217th ENMC International Workshop: RYR1-related myopathies, Naarden, The
      Netherlands, 29-31 January 2016.

PMID- 27377474
TI  - New ways to promote public health: lessons from the international Ice Bucket
      Challenge.

PMID- 27377475
TI  - Three novel Cu6S6 cluster-based coordination compounds: synthesis, framework
      modulation and the sensing of small molecules and Fe(3+) ions.
AB  - Three novel Cu6S6 cluster-based coordination compounds formulated as
      [Cu(mpymt)3]2 (1), {(CuBr4)[Cu(mpymt)6]}n (2), and {(CuI6)[Cu(mpymt)6]}n (3)
      (Hmpymt = 4-methylpyrimidine-2-thione), have been synthesized under solvothermal
      conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy,
      thermal gravimetric analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal X-ray
      diffraction. Structural analysis reveals that compound 1 shows a distorted
      octahedral core of six copper atoms (Cu6S6) constructed from four alpha and two
      beta type N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-SH parts from six mpymt(-) anions.
      Compound 2 displays an interesting 3D framework constructed from Cu6S6 and Cu4Br4
      Cu(i) clusters simultaneously, interestingly, six mpymt(-) with alpha type
      N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-SH parts are involved in the formation of
      Cu6S6. Compound 3 displays an infinite 1D framework constructed from Cu6S6 and
      Cu6I6 Cu(i) clusters, notably, four alpha and two beta type N[double bond, length
      as m-dash]C-SH parts are involved in the formation of the Cu6S6 cluster, however,
      only mpymt(-) ligands containing alpha type N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-SH
      parts form the bridged Cu6I6 cluster. The experimental results reveal that
      halogen ions finely modulate the structural features of compounds 1-3. The
      fluorescent properties of compounds 1-3 in the solid state and in various solvent
      emulsions were investigated in detail, the results of which indicate that
      compounds 1-3 are all highly sensitive naked eye colorimetric sensors for NB, 2
      NT and Fe(3+) (NB = nitrobenzene and 2-NT = 2-nitrotoluene). 

PMID- 27377477
TI  - Extending the Dynamic Range in Metabolomics Experiments by Automatic Correction
      of Peaks Exceeding the Detection Limit.
AB  - Metabolomics, the analysis of potentially all small molecules within a biological
      system, has become a valuable tool for biomarker identification and the
      elucidation of biological processes. While metabolites are often present in
      complex mixtures at extremely different concentrations, the dynamic range of
      available analytical methods to capture this variance is generally limited. Here,
      we show that gas chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical
      ionization mass spectrometry (GC-APCI-MS), a state of the art analytical
      technology applied in metabolomics analyses, shows an average linear range (LR)
      of 2.39 orders of magnitude for a set of 62 metabolites from a representative
      compound mixture. We further developed a computational tool to extend this
      dynamic range on average by more than 1 order of magnitude, demonstrated with a
      dilution series of the compound mixture, using robust and automatic
      reconstruction of intensity values exceeding the detection limit. The tool is
      freely available as an R package (CorrectOverloadedPeaks) from CRAN (
      https://cran.r-project.org/ ) and can be incorporated in a metabolomics data
      processing pipeline facilitating large screening assays.

PMID- 27377476
TI  - Tolerance to oxidative stress is required for maximal xylem colonization by the
      xylem-limited bacterial phytopathogen, Xylella fastidiosa.
AB  - Bacterial plant pathogens often encounter reactive oxygen species (ROS) during
      host invasion. In foliar bacterial pathogens, multiple regulatory proteins are
      involved in the sensing of oxidative stress and the activation of the expression
      of antioxidant genes. However, it is unclear whether xylem-limited bacteria, such
      as Xylella fastidiosa, experience oxidative stress during the colonization of
      plants. Examination of the X. fastidiosa genome uncovered only one homologue of
      oxidative stress regulatory proteins, OxyR. Here, a knockout mutation in the X.
      fastidiosa oxyR gene was constructed; the resulting strain was significantly more
      sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) relative to the wild-type. In addition,
      during early stages of grapevine infection, the survival rate was 1000-fold lower
      for the oxyR mutant than for the wild-type. This supports the hypothesis that
      grapevine xylem represents an oxidative environment and that X. fastidiosa must
      overcome this challenge to achieve maximal xylem colonization. Finally, the oxyR
      mutant exhibited reduced surface attachment and cell-cell aggregation and was
      defective in biofilm maturation, suggesting that ROS could be a potential
      environmental cue stimulating biofilm development during the early stages of host
      colonization.

PMID- 27377478
TI  - [Zika virus: chronicle of an "unexpected" pandemic].

PMID- 27377479
TI  - Rapid identification of the NAT2 genotype in tuberculosis patients by multicolor
      melting curve analysis.
AB  - AIM: NAT2 genotype is an indicator for isoniazid dosage adjusting for
      tuberculosis treatment. Multicolor melting curve analysis (MMCA) was evaluated as
      a potential method for NAT2 genotyping. MATERIALS & METHODS: 352 blood samples
      were analyzed by MMCA kit (Zeesan Biotech Co., Xiamen, China) targeting NAT2 SNPs
      at T341C, C481T, G590A and G857A, and direct sequencing was used as control.
      RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the MMCA assay for rapid
      NAT2 genotype detection were 97.9, 99.6 and 99.1% respectively, whereas for
      intermediate genotypes the values were 99.5, 98.7 and 99.1%, respectively, and
      for slow genotypes the values were 100% for the three aspects. The 24 saliva and
      blood for the control samples were also successfully analyzed using the MMCA
      assay, both produced uniform outcomes. CONCLUSION: The MMCA assay described in
      our study is very promising for the efficient determination of NAT2 genotype, and
      can facilitate the personalized dosing of isoniazid.

PMID- 27377480
TI  - A short and modular approach towards 3,5-disubstituted indolizidine alkaloids.
AB  - 3,5-Dialkyl indolizidines have been prepared in four linear steps from
      commercially available starting materials. The sequence involves two direct alpha
      functionalization steps and a subsequent reductive amination and provides
      diastereoselective access to both C-3 epimers of the 5,9-trans-substituted
      indolizines. The naturally occurring indolizidines 195B and 223AB have been
      synthesized using this methodology. 

PMID- 27377481
TI  - Ultrabroad Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence at New Wavelengths from
      Doped Organometal Halide Perovskites.
AB  - Doping of semiconductors by introducing foreign atoms enables their widespread
      applications in microelectronics and optoelectronics. We show that this strategy
      can be applied to direct bandgap lead-halide perovskites, leading to the
      realization of ultrawide photoluminescence (PL) at new wavelengths enabled by
      doping bismuth (Bi) into lead-halide perovskites. Structural and photophysical
      characterization reveals that the PL stems from one class of Bi doping-induced
      optically active center, which is attributed to distorted [PbI6] units coupled
      with spatially localized bipolarons. Additionally, we find that compositional
      engineering of these semiconductors can be employed as an additional way to
      rationally tune the PL properties of doped perovskites. Finally, we accomplished
      the electroluminescence at cryogenic temperatures by using this system as an
      emissive layer, marking the first electrically driven devices using Bi-doped
      photonic materials. Our results suggest that low-cost, earth-abundant, solution
      processable Bi-doped perovskite semiconductors could be promising candidate
      materials for developing optical sources operating at new wavelengths. 

PMID- 27377482
TI  - Targeting tumor hypoxia with the epigenetic anticancer agent, RRx-001: a
      superagonist of nitric oxide generation.
AB  - This study reveals a novel interaction between deoxyhemoglobin, nitrite and the
      non-toxic compound, RRx-001, to generate supraphysiologic levels of nitric oxide
      (NO) in blood. We characterize the nitrite reductase activity of deoxyhemoglobin,
      which in the presence of bound RRx-001 reduces nitrite at a much faster rate,
      leading to markedly increased NO generation. These data expand on the paradigm
      that hemoglobin generates NO via nitrite reduction during hypoxia and ischemia
      when nitric oxide synthase (NOS) function is limited. Here, we demonstrate that
      RRx-001 greatly enhances NO generation from nitrite reduction. RRx-001 is thus
      the first example of a functional superagonist for nitrite reductase. We
      hypothesize that physiologically this reaction releases the potentially cytotoxic
      effector NO selectively in hypoxic tumor regions. It may be that a binary NO-H2O2
      trigger is indirectly responsible for the observed tumoricidal activity of RRx
      001 since NO is known to inhibit mitochondrial respiration. 

PMID- 27377483
TI  - The photoprotective effects of 2-benzoyl-3-phenylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide against
      UVB-induced damage in HaCaT cells.
AB  - With the increasing levels of atmospheric ozone depletion, there has been much
      concern about the causal effects of high levels of ultraviolet radiation reaching
      the Earth's surface on skin cancer. This has led to growing interest in
      identifying new active ingredients for use in commercial sunscreens. In our
      study, the chemical compound 2-benzoyl-3-phenylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (BPQ)
      prepared by the Beirut reaction was tested for its ability to protect a human
      keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) against ultraviolet B radiation (280-315 nm). We
      show that BPQ exhibited strong absorbance in the UVB range, with an overall
      absorption spectrum very similar to that of Padimate-O, a well-known active
      ingredient used in commercial sunscreens. HaCaT cells, which were irradiated with
      UVB in the presence of multiple doses of BPQ, exhibited, in a dose-dependent
      fashion, a significantly higher viability and lower oxidative stress levels than
      cells irradiated in the absence of drug. Our results show that BPQ is a potential
      photoprotective drug that holds great promise for use as an active ingredient in
      commercial sunscreens. 

PMID- 27377484
TI  - Drug Addiction: A Global Challenge.

PMID- 27377485
TI  - Current Status of Substance Abuse in East Asia and Therapeutic Prospects.
AB  - The abuse of drugs, including opioids and stimulants, is a major public health
      problem worldwide, including in East Asia. Nonetheless, there are no
      pharmacological treatments for many psychiatric or neurological symptoms
      associated with that abuse. Abused drugs exert several detrimental effects on
      structural plasticity in brain regions associated with reward circuits.
      Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie this structural plasticity
      in brain neurons will aid in the development of novel therapeutic drugs for
      substance abuse. In this review, we discuss recent topics in substance abuse in
      East Asia and the therapeutic drugs available. Finally, we discuss potential
      therapeutic signalling pathways involved in long-term changes to structural
      plasticity in the brain after repeated administration of opioids and stimulants. 

PMID- 27377486
TI  - Developing Treatments for Stimulant Abuse: A Brief Overview.
AB  - The abuse of stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine is a
      huge problem in many parts of the world. Abuse of these drugs does not ruin just
      the user's life, but also adversely affects those around them. Despite many years
      of research, there are no approved medications for stimulant dependence, and
      treatment is focused on psychotherapy and abstinence. Over the last 10 to 20
      years, there have been some major changes in approach to medication development
      for stimulant dependence. These include assessing ligands for non-dopaminergic
      sites, atypical dopamine transporter ligands, blocking long-term potentiation and
      / or memory reconsolidation, vaccines against the stimulant, and molecular
      approaches including pharmacogenomics and gene silencing. Also included in this
      overview are non-drug treatments such as deep brain stimulation and
      psychosurgery. This overview highlights recent preclinical and clinical studies
      of treatment development for stimulant dependence. 

PMID- 27377488
TI  - Acupuncture for Detoxification in Treatment of Opioid Addiction.
AB  - Opioid is a popular drug of abuse and addiction. We evaluated acupuncture as a
      non-pharmacological treatment with a focus on managing withdrawal symptoms.
      Electrical stimulation at a low frequency (2 Hz) accelerates endorphin and
      encephalin production. High-frequency stimulation (100 Hz) up-regulates the
      dynorphin level that in turn suppresses withdrawal at the spinal level. The
      effect of 100-Hz electroacupuncture may be associated with brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor activation at the ventral tegmental area, down-regulation of
      cAMP response element-binding protein, and enhanced dynorphin synthesis in the
      spinal cord, periaqueductal grey, and hypothalamus. Clinical trials of
      acupuncture for the management of different withdrawal symptoms were reviewed.
      The potential of acupuncture to allay opioid-associated depression and anxiety,
      and its possible use as an adjuvant treatment were evident. A lack of effect was
      indicated for opioid craving. Most studies were hampered by inadequate reporting
      details and heterogeneity, thus future well-designed studies are needed to
      confirm the efficacy of acupuncture in opioid addiction treatment. 

PMID- 27377487
TI  - Permissive Attitude Towards Drug Use, Life Satisfaction, and Continuous Drug Use
      Among Psychoactive Drug Users in Hong Kong.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of a permissive attitude towards regular and
      occasional drug use, life satisfaction, self-esteem, depression, and other
      psychosocial variables in the drug use of psychoactive drug users. Psychosocial
      factors that might affect a permissive attitude towards regular / occasional drug
      use and life satisfaction were further explored. METHODS: We analysed data of a
      sample of psychoactive drug users from a longitudinal survey of psychoactive drug
      abusers in Hong Kong who were interviewed at 6 time points at 6-month intervals
      between January 2009 and December 2011. Data of the second to the sixth time
      points were stacked into an individual time point structure. Random-effects
      probit regression analysis was performed to estimate the relative contribution of
      the independent variables to the binary dependent variable of drug use in the
      last 30 days. RESULTS: A permissive attitude towards drug use, life satisfaction,
      and depression at the concurrent time point, and self-esteem at the previous time
      point had direct effects on drug use in the last 30 days. Interestingly,
      permissiveness to occasional drug use was a stronger predictor of drug use than
      permissiveness to regular drug use. These 2 permissive attitude variables were
      affected by the belief that doing extreme things shows the vitality of young
      people (at concurrent time point), life satisfaction (at concurrent time point),
      and self-esteem (at concurrent and previous time points). Life satisfaction was
      affected by sense of uncertainty about the future (at concurrent time point),
      self-esteem (at concurrent time point), depression (at both concurrent and
      previous time points), and being stricken by stressful events (at previous time
      point). CONCLUSIONS: A number of psychosocial factors could affect the
      continuation or discontinuation of drug use, as well as the permissive attitude
      towards regular and occasional drug use, and life satisfaction. Implications of
      the findings for prevention and intervention work targeted at psychoactive drug
      users are discussed.

PMID- 27377489
TI  - Depression and Associated Factors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of major depressive disorder and its
      association with socio-demographic and clinical factors in patients with type 2
      diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of patients with
      type 2 diabetes mellitus who attended the hospital-based primary care clinics at
      the University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The patients were
      interviewed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview to diagnose
      depression based on the DSM-IV criteria. The socio-demographic and clinical data
      were obtained by interviewing the patients and subsequently verified against
      their respective case notes. RESULTS: A total of 204 patients were recruited. The
      prevalence of major depressive disorder was 15.7%. Major depressive disorder was
      significantly associated with younger age of patients (mean +/- standard
      deviation, 57.8 +/- 15.1 years, p = 0.04), younger age at diagnosis of diabetes
      mellitus (46.2 +/- 13.0 years, p = 0.01), having secondary education (p = 0.02),
      and having a history of depression (p = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that
      current age (p = 0.04), duration of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.04), age at
      diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (p = 0.01), and secondary education (p = 0.01)
      were significant factors. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of major depressive
      disorder was high among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Screening of
      patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for depression should be performed
      periodically or routinely, especially in the primary care setting.

PMID- 27377490
TI  - Diabetes - An ancient disease, epidemic & an economic burden for the present era.

PMID- 27377491
TI  - Role of anticoagulation in neurological practice.

PMID- 27377492
TI  - Metabolic syndrome, serious mental illnesses & lifestyle.

PMID- 27377493
TI  - Deleting the 'neglect' from two neglected tropical diseases in India.

PMID- 27377494
TI  - Intervening at prediabetes stage is critical to controlling the diabetes epidemic
      among Asian Indians.

PMID- 27377495
TI  - Evolving locally appropriate models of care for indian sickle cell disease.
AB  - The sickle cell gene in India represents a separate occurrence of the HbS
      mutations from those in Africa. Sickle cell disease in India occurs against
      different genetic and environmental backgrounds from those seen in African
      patients and there is evidence of clinical differences between the populations.
      Knowledge of the clinical features of African disease was drawn from the Jamaican
      Cohort Study, based on prospective follow up of all cases of sickle cell disease
      detected by the screening of 100,000 consecutive newborns in Kingston, Jamaica,
      and supplemented by observations from the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell
      Disease in the US. Defining the principal causes of early morbidity in African
      sickle cell disease led to successful interventions including pneumococcal
      prophylaxis, parental education in the early diagnosis of acute splenic
      sequestration, and the early detection by trans-cranial Doppler of cerebral
      vessel stenosis predictive of stroke but their success depended on early
      diagnosis, ideally at birth. Although reducing mortality among patients with
      African forms of SS disease, the question remains whether these interventions are
      appropriate or justified in Indian patients. This dilemma is approached by
      comparing the available data in African and Indian forms of SS disease seeking to
      highlight the similarities and differences and to identify the deficiencies in
      knowledge of Indian disease. These deficiencies could be most readily addressed
      by cohort studies based on newborn screening and since much of the morbidity of
      African disease occurs in the first five years of life, these need not be a
      daunting prospect for Indian health care personnel. Newborn screening programmes
      for sickle cell disease are already underway in India and appropriate protocols
      and therapeutic trials could quickly answer many of these questions. Without this
      knowledge, Indian physicians may continue to use possibly unnecessary and
      expensive models of care. 

PMID- 27377496
TI  - Role of laparoscopy in hepatobiliary malignancies.
AB  - The many benefits of laparoscopy, including smaller incision, reduced length of
      hospital stay and more rapid return to normal function, have seen its popularity
      grow in recent years. With concurrent improvements in non-surgical cancer
      management the importance of accurate staging is becoming increasingly important.
      There are two main applications of laparoscopic surgery in managing hepato
      pancreatico-biliary (HPB) malignancy: accurate staging of disease and resection.
      We aim to summarize the use of laparoscopy in these contexts. The role of staging
      laparoscopy has become routine in certain cancers, in particular T[2] staged,
      locally advanced gastric cancer, hilar cholangiocarcinoma and non-Hodgkin's
      lymphoma. For other cancers, in particular colorectal, laparoscopy has now become
      the gold standard management for resection such that there is no role for stand
      alone staging laparoscopy. In HPB cancers, although staging laparoscopy may play
      a role, with ever improving radiology, its role remains controversial. 

PMID- 27377497
TI  - Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health.
AB  - Early menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a common cause of
      infertility in women and affects about one per cent of young women. This disorder
      has significant psychological sequelae and major health implications. Its
      relevance has increased in recent years due to the fact that age of motherhood is
      being delayed in developed countries, with the risk of having either primary
      ovarian insufficiency or less possibilities of pregnancy. The main
      characteristics are absence of ovulation, amenorrhoea and high levels of serum
      gonadotropins (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism). Although the aetiology remains
      uncertain in most cases, several rare specific causes have been elucidated.
      Potential causes for POI are iatrogenic (ovarian surgery, radiotherapy or
      chemotherapy), environmental factors, viral infections, metabolic and autoimmune
      diseases, and genetic alterations. Because of the association with other
      autoimmune diseases, close follow up is recommended in patients with POI. The
      traditional indicators to evaluate ovarian ageing are age, serum hormonal levels,
      anti-Mullerian hormone, antral follicle count, and ultrasonography of ovaries.
      Hormone replacement therapy remains the mainstay of treatment, and the best
      chance of achieving a pregnancy is through oocyte donation. This article aims to
      present an overview of potential causes, clinical manifestations, and treatment
      options of POI. 

PMID- 27377498
TI  - Quality of anticoagulation therapy in neurological patients in a tertiary care
      hospital in north India.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: There is paucity of studies on the quality of
      anticoagulation in neurological patients from India. This study evaluates the
      quality of oral anticoagulation therapy in neurology patients. METHODS:
      Consecutive patients attending a tertiary care neurology service in north India
      who were prescribed oral anticoagulant (OAC), were included. Their international
      normalized ratio (INR) values were prospectively monitored and the earlier INR
      values of the patients who were already on OAC were retrospectively analyzed. The
      patients with multi-organ dysfunction, pregnancy and those below 18 yr of age
      were excluded. The therapeutic INR range was defined as per standard
      recommendations. The level of anticoagulation, factors interfering with OAC and
      complications were noted. RESULTS: The results were based on 77 patients with
      median age 40 yr. Fifty one patients received OAC for secondary stroke
      prevention, 23 for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and three for deep
      vein thrombosis (DVT). A total 167.9 person-years of follow up was done with a
      median of 1.2 (0.3-9.3) years. of the 1287 INR reports, 505 (39.3%) reports were
      in the therapeutic range, 496 (38.5%) were below and 282 (21.91%) were above the
      therapeutic level. Stable INR was obtained in 33 (42.86%) patients only. INR
      level was improved by dose adjustment in 20 (26%), drug modification in two
      (2.6%), and dietary adjustment in six (7.8%) patients. Three patients were
      sensitive and five were resistant to OAC. Complications were noted in 28
      instances; thromboembolic in 16 and haemorrhagic stroke in 12. The overall
      complication rate was 16.7 per 100 person-years. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: It
      may be concluded that stable therapeutic INR is difficult to maintain in
      neurological patients. Optimal modification of diet, drug and dose of oral
      anticoagulant may help in stabilization of INR.

PMID- 27377499
TI  - Lifestyle related factors & impact of metabolic syndrome on quality of life,
      level of functioning & self-esteem in patients with bipolar disorder &
      schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Though studies have reported high prevalence rates of
      metabolic syndrome among patients with bipolar disorder (BPAD) and schizophrenia,
      there is lack of data on the impact of the same on the patients' life. This study
      was aimed to assess the lifestyle related factors associated with metabolic
      syndrome (MetS) and to study the impact of MetS on functioning and quality of
      life (QOL) in patients with BPAD and schizophrenia. METHODS: A total of 102
      patients with BPAD and 72 patients with schizophrenia attending the output unit
      of a tertiary care hospital in north India were evaluated for MetS. These
      patients were assessed on Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile scale II (HPLP II),
      World Health Organization QOL -Bref Version (WHOQOL-Bref), Impact of Weight on
      Quality of Life- Lite version (IWOQOL -Lite), Body weight, Image and Self-esteem
      Evaluation questionnaire (BWISE), Obesity-related Problem scale (OP scale) and
      Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. RESULTS: MetS was associated with
      lower scores on domains of health responsibility and nutrition habit domain on
      HPLP-II scale in both groups, and additionally on physical activity and stress
      management domain in BPAD group. On WHOQOL-Bref, MetS was associated with lower
      scores on the domains of physical and psychological health in both groups. On
      IWQOL-Lite, scores on personal distress and self esteem domains were higher in
      those with obesity in both groups and also on physical activity domain in
      schizophrenia group. Those with MetS had lower level of functioning as measured
      by GAF in schizophrenia group. Fulfillment of higher number of criteria of MetS
      correlated with poorer quality of life and higher problems in both groups.
      INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Many modifiable lifestyle factors increase the risk
      of MetS. MetS was found to be associated with poorer QOL in patients with BPAD
      and schizophrenia; in addition, obesity led to poor self-esteem and excessive
      personal distress.

PMID- 27377501
TI  - Association of BCL11A genetic variant (rs11886868) with severity in beta
      thalassaemia major & sickle cell anaemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The amount of foetal haemoglobin that persists in
      adulthood affects the clinical severity of haemoglobinopathies including beta
      thalassaemia major and sickle cell anaemia (SCA). The present study was
      undertaken to analyse beta-thalassaemia as well as SCA patients for the single
      nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs11886868 (T/C) in BCL11A gene and to evaluate
      the association between this polymorphism and severity of beta-thalassaemia major
      and SCA. METHODS: a total of 620 samples (420 beta-thalassaemia major and 200 SCA
      cases) were analysed before blood transfusion using basic screening tests like
      complete blood analysis and osmotic fragility and further confirmed by high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), amplification refractory mutation
      system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and reverse dot blot techniques. All
      patients were transfusion dependent. Patients with beta-thalassaemia and SCA were
      classified into mild, moderate, severe according to the severity score based on
      Hb levels, age of onset, age at which patients received their first blood
      transfusion, the degree of growth retardation and splenectomy. beta-thalassaemia
      as well as SCA patients were analysed for the SNP, rs11886868 (T/C) in BCL11A
      gene and association between this polymorphism and severity of beta-thalassaemia
      major as well as SCA was evaluated. RESULTS: There was a significant difference
      in genotypic and allelic frequencies of BCL11A gene polymorphism between mild and
      moderate and mild and severe cases in both the groups. A significant (P<0.001)
      difference was observed in the mean HbF levels between the three genotypes in
      different severity groups. HbF levels were found to be high in CC genotype
      bearing individuals followed by TC and TT in beta-thalassaemia major as well as
      SCA. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the T/C variant
      (rs11886868) of the BCL11A gene causing downregulation of BCL11A gene expression
      in adult erythroid precursors results in the induction of HbF and ameliorates the
      severity of beta-thalassaemia as well as SCA.

PMID- 27377500
TI  - Evaluation of carotid artery dynamics & correlation with cardiac & hepatic iron
      in beta-thalassaemia patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Early atherosclerosis and vascular complication have
      been described in thalassaemia patients. There is lack of data or guidelines
      regarding monitoring of vascular health in thalassaemia. This study was conducted
      to compare carotid artery structural and functional indices such as carotid
      artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), stiffness index (SI) and Young's elastic
      modulus (YEM) in beta-thalassemia patients with age and sex matched controls, and
      to correlate these parameters with serum ferritin, cardiac iron, and hepatic
      iron. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 53 beta-thalassaemia patients
      receiving regular blood transfusions. Carotid artery indices such as CIMT, SI,
      and YEM were calculated by duplex ultrasound and colour Doppler. Serum ferritin
      levels were measured by chemiluminescence. Cardiac and hepatic iron estimation
      were done using MRI T2* sequences analyzed by a special thalassaemia software.
      RESULTS: Mean CIMT of cases and controls were 0.48 +/- 0.04 and 0.44+/-0.02 mm,
      respectively and these were significantly different (P<0.001). Similarly
      significant differences were noted in SI and YEM of cases (2.45+/-0.79 and
      96.12+/-34.85, respectively) as compared to controls (1.98+/-0.54 and 68.60+/
      24.29, respectively) (p<0.001). There was significant inverse correlation between
      stiffness index and cardiac iron overload assessed by MRI cardiac T2* (p=0.03).
      Mean SI and YEM of cases were (2.1736 +/- 0.2986 and 107.3+/- 41.6, respectively)
      significantly higher among non-splenectomized patients compared to splenectomized
      patients (2.0136 +/- 0.263 and 86.9 +/- 25.2, respectively) (p<0.05).
      INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: CIMT and arterial stiffness indices were
      significantly increased in beta-thalassaemia patients compared to controls which
      was indicative of early atherogenic changes. This study supports the hypothesis
      that iron overload is a risk factor for early atherosclerosis and cardiovascular
      disease.

PMID- 27377502
TI  - Association of CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B & HHEX gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus in the population of Hyderabad, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown an
      association of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with several novel genes. We
      report here the findings on the pattern of genetic association of three genes
      (CDKAL1, CDKN2A/B and HHEX) with T2DM in the population of Hyderabad, south
      India. METHODS: A sample of 1379 individuals (758 T2DM cases and 621 controls)
      from Hyderabad, India, were genotyped for five single nucleotide polymorphisms
      (SNPs) of CDKAL1 (rs7754840, rs7756992) CDKN2A/B (rs10811661) and HHEX
      (rs1111875, rs7923837) genes on Sequenom Mass Array platform. RESULTS: The risk
      allele frequencies of the CDKAL1 and CDKN2A/B SNPs were relatively higher in
      cases than in the controls and the logistic regression analysis yielded
      significant odds ratios suggesting that the variant alleles conferred risk for
      developing T2DM in this population. the HHEX gene did not show either allelic or
      genotypic association with T2DM. The multivariate logistic regression analysis
      with reference to both alleles and genotypes of CDKAL1 SNPs showed significant
      association, suggesting an important role for this gene in the T2DM
      pathophysiology. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: A significant association was seen
      of all the three SNPs of CDKAL1 and CDKN2A/B genes with T2DM but none of the two
      SNPs of HHEX. Further studies are required to cross-validate our findings in a
      relatively larger sample. It is also necessary to explore other SNPs of HHEX gene
      to unequivocally establish the pattern of association of this gene with T2DM in
      this population.

PMID- 27377503
TI  - Linking HIV & family planning services to improve dual methods of contraception
      among women infected with HIV in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Preventing unintended pregnancies among people living
      with HIV (PLHIV) is one of the strategies of WHO for preventing parent-to-child
      transmission (PPTCT). Given the limitation of only condom use, the objective of
      this study was to improve use of dual contraceptive methods among HIV infected
      women. METHODS: An experimental study among HIV positive women was conducted at
      two tertiary care level hospitals in Mumbai. Linking HIV with family planning
      services was the focus of intervention at one site and standard level of care was
      maintained at the control site. At each site, 150 HIV+ve women attending
      counselling and testing centres, who did not intend to get pregnant in the next
      one year and were eligible to use dual methods, were enrolled and followed up to
      one year. RESULTS: At the end of one year, 60 per cent women in the intervention
      group reached Family Planning centres compared to eight per cent in the control
      group. There was three times more acceptance and continuation of use of dual
      methods along with increase in consistent use of condoms and less number of
      unplanned pregnancies in the intervention group than the control group.
      INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The study findings demonstrate that linking HIV and
      family planning services may facilitate the uptake of dual methods of
      contraception without reducing consistent condom use among HIV infected women.
      The PPTCT programmes need to focus on the component of Prong 2 of PPTCT which
      aims to prevent unintended pregnancies among HIV positive women.

PMID- 27377504
TI  - Pattern of episiotomy use & its immediate complications among vaginal deliveries
      in 18 tertiary care hospitals in India.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: In developed countries, efforts have been made to
      restrict episiotomy practice. However, in developing countries the episiotomy
      rates continue to be high. This study was conducted to evaluate the pattern of
      episiotomy use and its immediate complications among women delivering at tertiary
      level public hospitals in India. METHODS: Prospective data of all women
      undergoing vaginal delivery including instrumental delivery were collected daily
      from the labour room registers of the 18 tertiary care hospitals on a structured
      proforma. Weekly data from all sites were sent to a central unit for compilation
      and analysis. Odds ratio was used to compare the proportion of genital trauma
      among women with and without episiotomy both in nulliparous and multiparous
      women. RESULTS: Among 1,20,243 vaginal deliveries, episiotomy was performed in
      63.4 per cent (n=76,305) cases. Nulliparaous women were 8.8 times more likely to
      undergo episiotomy than multiparous women. The various genital tract injuries
      reported were first degree perineal tear (n=4805, 3.9%), second degree perineal
      tear (n=1082, 0.9%), third and fourth degree perineal tear (n=186, 0.2%),
      anterior vaginal trauma requiring suturing (n=490, 0.4%), extension of
      episiotomy/vaginal laceration/excessive bleeding from episiotomy or tear (n=177,
      0.15%), vulval/vaginal haematoma (n=70, 0.06%) and cervical tear (n=108, 0.08%).
      The combined rate of third and fourth degree perineal tears was observed to be
      significantly lower (p<0.001) among nullipara who received episiotomy (0.13%)
      compared to those who delivered without episiotomy (0.62%). INTERPRETATIONS &
      CONCLUSIONS: Significantly lower rates of third or fourth degree perineal tear
      were seen among nulliparous women undergoing episiotomy. The risk and benefit of
      episiotomy and its complications need to be evaluated through randomized clinical
      trials in the Indian context.

PMID- 27377505
TI  - Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from central India.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: There is a paucity of data available on genetic
      biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from central India. The
      present study was carried out on isolates of M. tuberculosis cultured from
      diagnostic clinical samples of patients from Bhopal, central India, using
      spoligotyping as a method of molecular typing. METHODS: DNA was extracted from
      340 isolates of M. tuberculosis from culture, confirmed as M. tuberculosis by
      molecular and biochemical methods and subjected to spoligotyping. The results
      were compared with the international SITVIT2 database. RESULTS: Sixty five
      different spoligo international type (SIT) patterns were observed. A total of 239
      (70.3%) isolates could be clustered into 25 SITs. The Central Asian (CAS) and
      East African Indian (EAI) families were found to be the two major circulating
      families in this region. SIT26/CAS1_DEL was identified as the most predominant
      type, followed by SIT11/EAI3_IND and SIT288/CAS[2]. Forty (11.8%) unique (non
      clustered) and 61 (17.9%) orphan isolates were identified in the study. There was
      no significant association of clustering with clinical and demographic
      characteristics of patients. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Well established SITs
      were found to be predominant in our study. SIT26/CAS1_DEL was the most
      predominant type. However, the occurrence of a substantial number of orphan
      isolates may indicate the presence of active spatial and temporal evolutionary
      dynamics within the isolates of M. tuberculosis.

PMID- 27377506
TI  - Analysis of expression profile of mce operon genes (mce1, mce2, mce3 operon) in
      different Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates at different growth phases.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) has four
      homologous mammalian cell entry (mce) operons (mce1-4) that encode exported
      proteins and have a possible role in the virulence mechanism of this pathogen.
      The expression of mce operon is considered to be complex and not completely
      understood. Although expression of mce operon at different in vitro growth phases
      has been studied earlier, its expression in different M. tuberculosis isolates
      under different growth phases is not yet studied. The present preliminary study
      was conducted on a limited number of isolates to know the trend of expression
      pattern of mce operon genes in different M. tuberculosis isolates under different
      growth stages. METHODS: In this study, we monitored the transcriptional profile
      of selected mce operon genes (mce1A, mce1D, mce2A, mce2D, mce3A, mce3C) in
      different M.tuberculosis isolates (MDR1, MDR2, and sensitive isolate) at early
      exponential and stationary phases using real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: The
      expression ratio of all selected mce operon genes in all M. tuberculosis isolates
      was reduced at the initial phase and increased substantially at a later phase of
      growth. Higher expression of mce1 operon genes was found in all M. tuberculosis
      isolates as compared to other mce operon genes (mce2 and mce3 operons) at
      stationary growth phase. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: the higher expression of
      mce operon genes at stationary phase (as compared to early exponential phase)
      suggested growth phase dependent expression of mce operon genes. This indicated
      that the mce operon genes might have a role in M. tuberculosis survival and
      adaptation on the onset of adverse condition like stationary phase.
      Identification of differentially expressed genes will add to our understanding of
      the bacilli involved in adaptation to different growth conditions.

PMID- 27377507
TI  - Species distribution & antifungal susceptibility pattern of oropharyngeal Candida
      isolates from human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The changing spectrum of Candida species in causation of
      oropharyngeal candidiasis and their antifungal susceptibility pattern among the
      HIV infected individuals has made the identification to species level mandatory
      and detection of drug resistance necessary for patient care. The present study
      was carried out to determine the species distribution and antifungal
      susceptibility profile of oral Candida isolates colonizing or infecting both HIV
      seropositive and seronegative individuals. METHODS: A case-control study was
      conducted including 141 consecutive, non-repeat HIV-seropositive individuals and
      an equal number of sex and age matched HIV-seronegative control. Speciation of
      the oropharyngeal Candida isolates was done using standard yeast identification
      protocol. Antifungal susceptibility testing was done by the disk-diffusion method
      as well as by Fungitest method. RESULTS: From the 59 culture positive HIV
      seropositive cases, 61 Candida isolates were recovered; Candidaalbicans (n=47,
      77.0%), C. dubliniensis (n=9, 14.7%), C. parapsilosis (n=2, 3.2%), C. glabrata
      (n=2, 3.2%), and C. famata (n=1, 1.6%). Candida colonization in HIV-seropositive
      individuals was significantly higher than that of HIV-seronegative (control)
      group. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed (n=6, 9.3%) C. albicans
      isolates resistant to voriconazole and fluconazole by disk-diffusion method
      whereas no resistance was seen by Fungitest method. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:
      C. albicans was the commonest Candida species infecting or colonizing HIV
      seropositive individuals. Oropharyngeal Candida isolates had high level
      susceptibility to all the major antifungals commonly in use. Increased level of
      immunosuppression in HIV-seropositives and drug resistance of non-albicans
      Candida species makes identification and susceptibility testing of Candida
      species necessary in different geographical areas of the country.

PMID- 27377508
TI  - Healthcare associated infections in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary
      care hospital in India: Hospital stay & extra costs.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) increase the
      length of stay in the hospital and consequently costs as reported from studies
      done in developed countries. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the
      impact of HAIs on length of stay and costs of health care in children admitted to
      Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care hospital in north India.
      METHODS: This prospective study was done in the seven bedded PICU of a large
      multi-specialty tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. A total of 20
      children with HAI (cases) and 35 children without HAI (controls), admitted to the
      PICU during the study period (January 2012 to June 2012), were matched for
      gender, age, and average severity of illness score. Each patient's length of stay
      was obtained prospectively. Costs of healthcare were estimated according to
      traditional and time driven activity based costing methods approach. RESULTS: The
      median extra length of PICU stay for children with HAI (cases), compared with
      children with no HAI (controls), was seven days (IQR 3-16). The mean total costs
      of patients with and without HAI were ' 2,04,787 (US$ 3,413) and ' 56,587 (US$
      943), respectively and the mean difference in the total cost between cases and
      controls was ' 1,48,200 (95% CI 55,716 to 2,40,685, p<0.01). INTERPRETATION &
      CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the effect of HAI on costs for PICU patients,
      especially costs due to prolongation of hospital stay, and suggests the need to
      develop effective strategies for prevention of HAI to reduce costs of health
      care.

PMID- 27377509
TI  - Prescription pattern of antidepressants in five tertiary care psychiatric centres
      of India.
AB  - BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Limited data are available on prescription patterns of
      the antidepressants from India. We studied antidepressants' prescription pattern
      from five geographically distant tertiary psychiatric care centers of the India.
      METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, all patients who attended outpatients
      department or were admitted in the psychiatry wards at Lucknow, Chandigarh,
      Tiruvalla, Mumbai and Guwahati on a fixed day, who were using or had been
      prescribed antidepressant medications, were included. The data were collected on
      a unified research protocol. RESULTS: A total of 312 patients were included. Mean
      age was 39+/-14.28 yr and 149 (47.76%) were females, 277 (87.5%) were
      outpatients. Among the patients receiving antidepressants, 150 (48.1%) were of
      diagnoses other than depression. Diabetes mellitus 18 (5.78%) was the most common
      co-morbid medical illness. A total of 194 (62.2%) patients were using selective
      serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with escitalopram 114 (36.53%) being the
      most common antidepressant used. Overall, 272 (87.18%) patients were using newer
      antidepressants. Thirty (9.62%) were prescribed more than one antidepressant; 159
      (50.96%) patients were prescribed hypnotic or sedative medications with
      clonazepam being the most common (n=116; 37.18%). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:
      About half of the patients with diagnoses other than depression were prescribed
      antidepressants. SSRIs were the most common group and escitalopram was the most
      common medication used. Concomitant use of two antidepressants was infrequent.
      Hypnotic and sedatives were frequently prescribed along with antidepressants.

PMID- 27377510
TI  - Fatal infection in adults by pneumolysin & autolysin producing, non-vaccine
      serotype Streptococcus pneumonia.

PMID- 27377511
TI  - Declining HIV seropositivity: Ten years experience from a tertiary care hospital
      in central India.

PMID- 27377513
TI  - Adherence to research reporting guidelines is needed.

PMID- 27377512
TI  - Serogroup distribution, antibiogram patterns & prevalence of ESBL production in
      Escherichia coli.

PMID- 27377514
TI  - Authors' response.

PMID- 27377515
TI  - Superior mesenteric artery (Wilkie's) syndrome following expeditious weight loss.

PMID- 27377516
TI  - Warfarin induced skin necrosis.

PMID- 27377517
TI  - Mean platelet volume as a predictive marker for venous thromboembolism and
      mortality in patients treated for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
AB  - It has been suggested that mean platelet volume (MPV) is associated with the risk
      of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and increased mortality in patients with cancer.
      We evaluated the association of MPV with VTE and mortality in patients treated
      for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Retrospective analyses were performed
      on 184 adult patients (median age 59, 55% men), of whom 141 were newly diagnosed,
      and 43 had relapse/refractory DLBCL. During the observation period (median 499
      days), 39 (21.2%) patients developed VTE. Thirty-nine patients died of various
      causes. In univariate analysis, only the MPV and the treatment line were
      associated with the occurrence of VTE. In multivariate analysis, MPV <=10th
      percentile (odd ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval 1.06-3.11, p = 0.03) and
      salvage therapy (odd ratio 2.46; 95% confidence interval 1.66-3.65, p < 0.001)
      remained significant factors for developing VTE. Other patient-related factors
      age, gender, disease-related factors-stage, the International Prognostic Index
      score, DLBCL subclassification (the germinal centre type and the activated B-cell
      type), Ki-67 index and VTE risk assessment model failed to be prognostic for VTE.
      In a Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients with MPV >10th percentile had statistically
      significantly longer VTE-free survival than patients with lower MPV. In
      multivariable Cox regression analysis, MPV <=10th percentile (hazard ratio 5.56,
      p < 0.001), male gender, age, Ki-67 index, high or high-intermediate
      International Prognostic Index and VTE development (hazard ratio 7.81, p = 0.029)
      all significantly correlated with the risk of mortality. The probability of
      survival was higher in patients with MPV >10th percentile. In conclusion, our
      results suggest that the pre-chemotherapy MPV value is a cheap and available
      parameter that may be a useful prognostic marker for a significant risk of VTE
      and inferior survival rates in patients with DLBCL.

PMID- 27377518
TI  - Preventing Endoscopy Clinic No-Shows: Prospective Validation of a Predictive
      Overbooking Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patient absenteeism for scheduled visits and procedures ("no-show")
      occurs frequently in healthcare systems worldwide, resulting in treatment delays
      and financial loss. To address this problem, we validated a predictive
      overbooking system that identifies patients at high risk for missing scheduled
      gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures ("no-shows" and cancellations), and offers
      their appointments to other patients on short notice. METHODS: We prospectively
      tested a predictive overbooking system at a Veterans Administration outpatient
      endoscopy clinic over a 34-week period, alternating between traditional booking
      and predictive overbooking methods. For the latter, we assigned a no-show risk
      score to each scheduled patient, utilizing a previously developed logistic
      regression model built with electronic health record data. To compare booking
      methods, we measured service utilization-defined as the percentage of daily total
      clinic capacity occupied by patients-and length of clinic workday. RESULTS:
      Compared to typical booking, predictive overbooking resulted in nearly all
      appointment slots being filled-2.5 slots available during control weeks vs. 0.35
      slots during intervention weeks, t(161)=4.10, P=0.0001. Service utilization
      increased from 86% during control weeks to 100% during intervention weeks,
      allowing 111 additional patients to undergo procedures. Physician and staff
      overages were more common during intervention weeks, but less than anticipated
      (workday length of 7.84 h (control) vs. 8.31 h (intervention), t(161)=2.28,
      P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Predictive overbooking may be used to maximize endoscopy
      scheduling. Future research should focus on adapting the model for use in primary
      care and specialty clinics.

PMID- 27377519
TI  - Randomized Trial of Endoscopist-Controlled vs. Assistant-Controlled Wire-Guided
      Cannulation of the Bile Duct.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Biliary cannulation is frequently the most difficult component of
      endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Techniques employed to
      improve safety and efficacy include wire-guided access and the use of
      sphincterotomes. However, a variety of options for these techniques are available
      and optimum strategies are not defined. We assessed whether the use of
      endoscopist- vs. assistant-controlled wire guidance and small vs. standard
      diameter sphincterotomes improves safety and/or efficacy of bile duct
      cannulation. METHODS: Patients were randomized using a 2 * 2 factorial design to
      initial cannulation attempt with endoscopist- vs. assistant-controlled wire
      systems (1:1 ratio) and small (3.9Fr tip) vs. standard (4.4Fr tip)
      sphincterotomes (1:1 ratio). The primary efficacy outcome was successful deep
      bile duct cannulation within 8 attempts. Sample size of 498 was planned to
      demonstrate a significant increase in cannulation of 10%. Interim analysis was
      planned after 200 patients-with a stopping rule pre-defined for a significant
      difference in the composite safety end point (pancreatitis, cholangitis,
      bleeding, and perforation). RESULTS: The study was stopped after the interim
      analysis, with 216 patients randomized, due to a significant difference in the
      safety end point with endoscopist- vs. assistant-controlled wire guidance (3/109
      (2.8%) vs. 12/107 (11.2%), P=0.016), primarily due to a lower rate of post-ERCP
      pancreatitis (3/109 (2.8%) vs. 10/107 (9.3%), P=0.049). The difference in
      successful biliary cannulation for endoscopist- vs. assistant-controlled wire
      guidance was -0.5% (95% CI-12.0 to 11.1%) and for small vs. standard
      sphincerotome -0.9% (95% CI-12.5 to 10.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of the endoscopist-
      rather than assistant-controlled wire guidance for bile duct cannulation reduces
      complications of ERCP such as pancreatitis.

PMID- 27377520
TI  - Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors According to the
      Pathologic Status After Initial Endoscopic Resection: A KASID Multicenter Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: With advances in diagnostic endoscopy, the detection of rectal
      neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has increased. However, clinical outcomes,
      especially after endoscopic treatment, are still unclear. The aim of this study
      was to determine the long-term clinical outcomes of endoscopically resected
      rectal NETs according to the pathologic status after initial resection. METHODS:
      In this large, multicenter, retrospective cohort study, we analyzed the medical
      records of patients who underwent endoscopic resection of rectal NETs and were
      followed for >=24 months at 16 university hospitals. The outcomes of interest
      were local or distant recurrence and metachronous lesions. RESULTS: On the
      pathologic assessment of 407 patients, the resection margin status was positive
      in 76 (18.7%) and indeterminate in 72 (17.7%) patients. Patients whose rectal
      NETs were diagnosed or suspected as NETs before resection showed a much higher
      complete resection rate than those whose tumors were resected as polyps and then
      diagnosed (P<0.001). Fourteen patients received salvage treatment at 1.9+/-2.8
      months after initial treatment. During a median follow-up period of 45.0 months,
      local recurrence occurred in 3 (0.74%) patients, but there was no recurrence in
      the lymph nodes or distant organs. Metachronous rectal NETs were diagnosed in 3
      (0.74%) patients. According to the pathologic status after initial resection,
      local recurrence and metachronous lesions occurred in 1 (0.4%) and 2 (0.8%)
      patients, respectively, in the pathologic tumor-free group, whereas they occurred
      in 2 (1.4%) and 1 (0.7%) patients, respectively, in the indeterminate group.
      CONCLUSIONS: Considering the long-term prognosis including that for recurrences
      or metachronous lesions, endoscopic resection is an efficient and a safe modality
      for the treatment of rectal NETs. This treatment may result in favorable clinical
      outcomes in patients with tumors of indeterminate pathology, as well as in
      pathologic tumor-free cases after initial resection.

PMID- 27377522
TI  - Pushing the Limit: How to Get the Most Out of Cold Snares.

PMID- 27377521
TI  - Impact of Single- vs. Split-Dose Low-Volume Bowel Preparations on Bowel Movement
      Kinetics, Patient Inconvenience, and Polyp Detection: A Prospective Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There are little data on bowel movement (BM) kinetics induced by
      bowel preparation. Whether single-dose (SID) or split-dose (SPD) regimens differ
      in terms of patient convenience is unclear. We compared BM kinetics, sleep and
      travel disruptions, and polyp detection rates in patients undergoing colonoscopy
      assigned to SID vs. SPDs. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to 2-L SID or
      SPD (SPD1 and SPD2) bowel preparations. Surveys were completed querying the
      onset, duration, cessation, and intensity of BMs, along with sleep and travel
      disruption en route to the endoscopy center. Colon cleansing quality and polyp
      histology were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 341 patients were enrolled, 51% in
      SPD and 49% in SID. Over half of patients had their first BM within 60 min of
      starting the preparation. After dosing, 92% of SID and 66% of SPD1 patients
      achieved clear effluent (P<0.001), whereas it was reported in 97% of SPD2
      patients (P=0.028 vs. SID). Total duration (P=0.041) and intensity (P<0.001) of
      BMs were greater in SID. More patients in SID woke up for BMs (65.9 vs. 48.8%,
      P<0.003). No differences in the need to stop driving en route to colonoscopy were
      noted. Bowel prep quality was better in SPD (P<0.001). Although no difference in
      the adenoma detection rate was noted, the sessile-serrated polyp detection rate
      was greater in SPD than in SID (9.9 vs. 2.4%, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Our data
      demonstrate that SPD bowel preparation results in decreased intensity and
      duration of BMs, less patient inconvenience, improved bowel preparation, and
      increased sessile-serrated polyp detection rates.

PMID- 27377523
TI  - The Development of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Prospective Community-Based Cohort
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: It remains controversial whether psychosocial burden is an
      independent predictor of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or occurs concurrently as
      an epiphenomenon. Here we prospectively examine the individual contribution of
      psychosocial risk factors, demographic factors, somatic symptoms, and
      gastrointestinal infection within a non-clinical, IBS-free population before
      infection occurred. METHODS: A prospective community-based cohort study including
      a consecutive sample of healthy participants with an elevated risk of developing
      gastrointestinal infection during long-distance travel was conducted. Potential
      predictive factors were investigated using validated self-report scales pre
      travel, 1 week after return, and 7 months post-travel. IBS was assessed using the
      ROME-III Diagnostic Questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 1,964 eligible long-distance
      travelers, 1,464 responded at follow-up directly after their journey, and 1,190
      participants completed the study 7 months post-journey. Fifty-three percent of
      study completers were female, mean age was 39.9 (s.d.=15.7) years. The mean
      travel duration was 40.8 (s.d.=52.8) days, and 43.3% (95% confidence interval
      (CI)=40.4-46.1%) of participants experienced at least moderate infectious
      travelers' diarrhea. The incidence of newly developed IBS 7 months post-travel
      was 7.2% (95%CI=5.8-8.6%). In multivariate analyses, female gender, vulnerability
      to diarrhea under stress, baseline somatic symptom burden, baseline illness
      anxiety, diarrhea within the 4 months pre-travel, and travelers' diarrhea during
      the journey significantly predicted IBS post-travel. CONCLUSION: This study
      indicates that gastrointestinal infection as well as predisposing factors such as
      female gender, vulnerability to diarrhea under stress, illness anxiety, and
      somatic symptom burden predict the development of IBS. The results indicate the
      necessity of simultaneously addressing both somatic and psychological needs in
      patients with IBS as early as possible.

PMID- 27377524
TI  - Outcomes of Patients with Pulmonary Atresia and Major Aortopulmonary Collaterals
      Without Intervention in Infancy.
AB  - Treatment of pulmonary atresia with major aortopulmonary collaterals (PA MAPCAs)
      remains a challenge. Despite variations in surgical technique, contemporary
      strategies all include initial intervention in the first year of life. However, a
      subset of patients presents later in life, and contemporary outcomes of this
      group have not been reported previously. We performed a retrospective case series
      of consecutive cases of PA MAPCAs who were seen at our center between January
      2001 and February 2016, who had not undergone surgery before the age of 1 year.
      We describe their presenting characteristics, operative and transcatheter
      interventions, and outcomes. A total of eight cases were identified from 76
      children with PA MAPCAs treated over the study period. Median age at presentation
      was 5.9 years. Seventy-five percent had confluent pulmonary arteries with a
      median Nakata index of 113 mm(2)/m(2). Operative intervention was performed in
      5/6 cases. Two are awaiting intervention. The combination of operative and
      transcatheter interventions allowed for ventricular septal defect closure in 60 %
      of cases, all of whom had subsystemic right ventricular pressures. Operative
      intervention is possible in some older cases with PA and MAPCAs. Though multiple
      operations and transcatheter therapies are necessary, some can achieve operative
      correction of serial circulation with tolerable physiology. Subjects with
      ventricular hypoplasia and those without confluent pulmonary arteries are more
      challenging. 

PMID- 27377525
TI  - Oral Enoximone as an Alternative to Protracted Intravenous Medication in Severe
      Pediatric Myocardial Failure.
AB  - Phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors have been used successfully in pediatric patients
      with acute or chronic myocardial dysfunction over the last two decades. Their
      protracted continuous intravenous administration is associated with risk of
      infectious and thromboembolic complications. Weaning intravenous medication and
      starting oral angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and/or beta-blockers
      can be challenging. We reviewed retrospectively hospital records of 48 patients
      receiving oral enoximone treatment in a single tertiary pediatric cardiac center
      between November 2005 and April 2014. Failure to wean from intravenous milrinone
      infusion and/or intolerance of ACE inhibitors and/or beta-blockers was
      indications for oral enoximone treatment. Age of the patients ranged between 0.5
      and 191 months (median 7.5 months) at the time of starting enoximone treatment.
      There were 14 patients (29 %) with left ventricular dysfunction due to
      myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy and 34 patients (71 %) with myocardial
      dysfunction complicating congenital heart disease. Fifteen (44 %) of these 34
      patients had left ventricular dysfunction, 13 (38 %) right ventricular
      dysfunction, and in 6 (18 %) both ventricles were failing. Duration of oral
      enoximone treatment was between 3 days and 34 months (median of 2.3 months).
      Myocardial functional recovery allowed for weaning of enoximone treatment in 15
      patients (31 %) after 6 days-15 months (median 5 months). No adverse hemodynamic
      effects were noted. Blood stained gastric aspirates encountered in two patients
      resolved with concomitant milk administration. Based on our limited experience,
      oral enoximone is a well-tolerated and promising alternative to intravenous
      medication and/or other commonly used oral medications in selected pediatric
      patients with chronic heart failure. 

PMID- 27377527
TI  - Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase in Patients Who Have Undergone the Fontan
      Operation.
AB  - Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) is produced by osteoblasts. A recent
      series noted a positive association between cardiac index (CI) and BALP in
      patients with Fontan circulation. CI is low at baseline in these patients, and
      small decreases in CI may result in diverting of blood away from bone. We
      prospectively enrolled 15 patients (males <= 14 yo, females <= 12 yo) who had
      previously undergone Fontan operation and were undergoing cardiac
      catheterization. Serum BALP was measured at catheterization, and analysis
      performed to evaluate association between age-/gender-specific BALP z-score and
      CI as well as other patient variables. The median age at catheterization was 5.6
      years (3.1-13.1), and time from Fontan was 1.5 years (0.1-12.1). The median
      superior vena cava saturation (SVC) was 65 % (52-74), median average between SVC
      and inferior vena cava (IVC) saturations was 62.5 % (51-70), and median CI was
      3.8 L/min/m(2) (2.0-8.4). The median BALP was 65 IU/L and BALP z-score was -2.1 (
      3.2 to 0.9). BALP z-score was not associated with CI (rho = -0.1, p = 0.7), but a
      positive correlation was noted with the average of SVC and IVC saturation (rho =
      0.5, p = 0.052) and with SVC saturation (rho = 0.4, p = 0.07), both nearly
      reaching statistical significance. In our cohort of children with Fontan
      circulation undergoing catheterization, BALP z-score was not associated with CI,
      but an association with estimates of mixed venous saturation was noted that
      nearly reached statistical significance. We hypothesize that BALP is a marker of
      oxygen delivery in those with Fontan circulation and may represent a valuable
      biomarker in this population. 

PMID- 27377526
TI  - Noninvasive Assessment of Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Patients with Extracardiac
      Conduit Total Cavopulmonary Connection.
AB  - To assess quantitative measurement of mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in
      extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) patients by noninvasive
      echocardiographic inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVC-CI) and also
      correlation between the peripheral vein pressure and mean PAP. In 19 TCPC
      patients with at least 1-year follow-up after completion of TCPC, complete
      echocardiography including IVC-CI was recorded. All patients underwent cardiac
      catheterization for mean PAP pressure, peripheral vein pressure (PVP) and
      contrast study. Different cutoff points of mean PAP were analyzed, and based on
      the highest cutoff point, patients were categorized into two groups: mean PAP <
      17 mmHg (acceptable) and > = 17 mmHg (high) for comparison analysis. Between 2006
      and 2015, from 43 patients who had undergone TCPC, nineteen patients with a mean
      age 12.9 +/- 6.6 years and mean follow-up time of 3.4 +/- 1.9 years were included
      in this study. Mean PAP was 14.6 +/- 3.97 (range 8-22 mmHg). Thirteen (68 %)
      patients had PAP < 17 mmHg. No significant statistical difference was detected
      with respect to age, sex, type of congenital heart disease and fenestration
      between these two groups. But, right ventricular dominancy was more prevalent in
      the high PAP group (50 % vs. 7.7 % P value 0.03). IVC-CI had a correlation with
      mean PAP (r 0.67, P < 0.001). IVC-CI < 21.8 % can predict PAP > = 17 mmHg with 83
      % sensitivity and 100 % specificity. Regression analysis proposed an equation for
      PAP measurement: PAP (mmHg) = 20.2097-0.1796 * (IVC-CI), (r2 = 0.56). Peripheral
      vein pressure measurement also showed a good correlation with mean PAP and may be
      used to estimate PAP with the following equation: PAP (mmHg) = 0. 8675 * PVP, (r
      0.90, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, IVC-CI as noninvasive and peripheral vein
      pressure measurement as a minimal invasive method may be useful for quantitative
      estimation of PAP in patients with extracardiac TCPC. 

PMID- 27377528
TI  - Radiation Dose and Image Quality in Pediatric Cardiac Computed Tomography: A
      Comparison Between Sequential and Third-Generation Dual-Source High-Pitch Spiral
      Techniques.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a reduction in
      radiation dose and improvement in image quality of pediatric cardiac computed
      tomography scans performed using the high-pitch spiral technique on a new third
      generation dual-source 2 * 192-slice scanner (group B) compared with scans
      performed using the sequential technique on a single-source 256-slice scanner
      (group A). We performed a retrospective observational study on 40 patients aged
      <=18 years who underwent prospectively electrocardiogram-triggered cardiac
      computed tomography. Image quality was assessed by pre-defined objective indices
      and a four-point subjective score. Apart from a higher mean heart rate in group A
      (P = 0.016), there were otherwise no significant inter-group differences in
      patient characteristics. The median effective dose was 4.41 mSv (interquartile
      range 2.58-5.90 mSv) in group A and 0.52 mSv (interquartile range 0.39-0.59 mSv)
      in group B (P < 0.001), representing a 88 % reduction. Subjective image quality
      score was significantly better in group B (4 = excellent with no artifact, mode
      57.1 %) than in group A (3 = good with mild artifact, mode 57.9 %) (P < 0.001).
      Noise index, signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio between both
      groups were not statistically significant. New third-generation dual-source high
      pitch spiral scan technique can deliver excellent image quality with low
      radiation dose. Our results suggest that it should be considered as a first
      choice technique for performing cardiac computed tomography in the pediatric
      population.

PMID- 27377529
TI  - Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Postoperative Care of Pediatric Cardiac
      Surgery: Survey on Stated Practice.
AB  - The optimal red blood cell transfusion threshold for postoperative pediatric
      cardiac surgery patients is unknown. This study describes the stated red blood
      cell transfusion practice of physicians who treat postoperative pediatric cardiac
      surgery patients in intensive care units. A scenario-based survey was sent to
      physicians involved in postoperative intensive care of pediatric cardiac surgery
      patients in all Canadian centers that perform such surgery. Respondents reported
      their red blood cell transfusion practice in four postoperative scenarios:
      acyanotic or cyanotic cardiac lesion, in a neonate or an infant. In part A of
      each scenario, the patient was critically ill, but stabilized; in part B, the
      patient became unstable. Response rate was 58 % (71 of 123), with 45 respondents
      indicating direct involvement in postoperative intensive care. There was a wide
      variability in stated transfusion threshold, ranging from <7.0-14.0 g/dL for
      stabilized cases. There was no significant difference between neonates and
      infants in stated transfusion threshold. The mean hemoglobin level below which
      respondents would transfuse a stabilized patient was 9 g/dL for acyanotic and
      11.2 g/dL for cyanotic patients, a statistically significant difference (2.2 +/-
      0.9 g/dL, p < 0.001). All clinical determinants of instability significantly
      increased transfusion threshold. Hemodynamic instability increased transfusion
      threshold by 2.3 +/- 1.3 g/dL in acyanotic patients and by 1.3 +/- 1.1 g/dL in
      cyanotic patients. Cyanotic lesion and clinical instability, but not patient age,
      increased stated red blood cell transfusion threshold. Significant variation in
      reported red blood cell transfusion practice exists among physicians treating
      pediatric patients in intensive care following cardiac surgery. 

PMID- 27377530
TI  - Pigmentary traits and use of indoor tanning beds in a cohort of women.

PMID- 27377531
TI  - The application of cholesky decomposition in valence bond calculation.
AB  - The Cholesky decomposition (CD) technique, used to approximate the two-electron
      repulsion integrals (ERIs), is applied to the valence bond self-consistent field
      (VBSCF) method. Test calculations on ethylene, C2 n H2 n +2 , and C2 n H4 n -2
      molecules (n = 1-7) show that the performance of the VBSCF method is much
      improved using the CD technique, and thus, the integral transformation from basis
      functions to VB orbitals is no longer the bottleneck in VBSCF calculations. The
      errors of the CD-based ERIs and of the total energy are controlled by the CD
      threshold, for which a value of 10(-6) ensures to control the total energy error
      within 10(-6) Hartree. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377532
TI  - Origin of Nanobubbles Electrochemically Formed in a Magnetic Field: Ionic Vacancy
      Production in Electrode Reaction.
AB  - As a process complementing conventional electrode reactions, ionic vacancy
      production in electrode reaction was theoretically examined; whether reaction is
      anodic or cathodic, based on the momentum conservation by Newton's second law of
      motion, electron transfer necessarily leads to the emission of original embryo
      vacancies, and dielectric polarization endows to them the same electric charge as
      trans- ferred in the reaction. Then, the emitted embryo vacancies immediately
      receive the thermal relaxation of solution particles to develop steady-state
      vacancies. After the vacancy production, nanobubbles are created by the collision
      of the vacancies in a vertical magnetic field.

PMID- 27377533
TI  - Plasma IFN-gamma and IL-6 levels correlate with peripheral T-cell numbers but not
      toxicity in RCC patients treated with CAR T-cells.
AB  - Autologous T-cells genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor
      (CAR) against carboxy-anhydrase-IX (CAIX) were administered to twelve patients
      with CAIX-positive metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Here, we questioned whether
      plasma cytokine levels following treatment or in vitro cytokine production from
      the T-cell infusion products could serve as predictors for peripheral T-cell
      persistence or in vivo T-cell activity. We demonstrated that CAR surface as well
      as gene expression are down-regulated following T-cell infusion, and that
      peripheral numbers of CAR T-cells are best captured by flow cytometry and not by
      qPCR. Numbers of CAR T-cells in blood correlated with plasma levels of IFN-gamma
      and IL-6, but not with any of the other cytokines tested. Plasma IFN-gamma or IL
      6 levels did not correlate with liver enzyme values. Thus, out of 27 cytokines
      tested, IFN-gamma and IL-6 levels in plasma are potential surrogate markers for
      CAR T-cell persistence in solid tumors.

PMID- 27377535
TI  - Distinct origins, gene expression and function of microglia and monocyte-derived
      macrophages in CNS myelin injury and regeneration.
AB  - Central nervous system (CNS) injury incurs a rapid innate immune response,
      including that from macrophages derived from endogenous microglia and circulating
      monocytes infiltrating the lesion site. One example of such injury is the
      demyelination observed in the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS), where
      macrophages are implicated in both myelin injury and regeneration. Although
      initially microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages were considered to have
      identical origins, gene expression, and function, recent advances have revealed
      important distinctions in all three categories and have caused a paradigm shift
      in view of their unique identity and roles. This has important consequences for
      understanding their individual contribution to neurological function and
      therapeutic targeting of these populations in diseases like MS. Here, we address
      the differences between CNS endogenous and exogenously-derived macrophages with a
      particular focus on myelin damage and regeneration.

PMID- 27377534
TI  - Adoptive transfer of natural killer cells promotes the anti-tumor efficacy of T
      cells.
AB  - The density of NK cells in tumors correlates positively with prognosis in many
      types of cancers. The average number of infiltrating NK cells is, however, quite
      modest (approximately 30 NK cells/sq.mm), even in tumors deemed to have a "high"
      density of infiltrating NK cells. It is unclear how such low numbers of tumor
      infiltrating NK cells can influence outcome. Here, we used ovalbumin-expressing
      tumor cell lines and TCR transgenic, OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (OT-I
      CTLs) to determine whether the simultaneous attack by anti-tumor CTLs and IL-2
      activated NK (A-NK) cells synergistically increases the overall tumor cell kill
      and whether upregulation of tumor MHC class-I by NK cell-derived interferon-gamma
      (IFNgamma) improves tumor-recognition and kill by anti-tumor CTLs. At equal E:T
      ratios, A-NK cells killed OVA-expressing tumor cells better than OT-I-CTLs. The
      cytotoxicity against OVA-expressing tumor cells increased by combining OT-I-CTLs
      and A-NK cells, but the increase was additive rather than synergistic. A-NK cells
      adenovirally-transduced to produce IL-12 (A-NKIL-12) produced high amounts of
      IFNgamma. The addition of a low number of A-NKIL-12 cells to OT-I-CTLs resulted
      in a synergistic, albeit modest, increase in overall cytotoxicity. Pre-treatment
      of tumor cells with NK cell-conditioned medium increased tumor MHC expression and
      sensitivity to CTL-mediated killing. Pre-treatment of CTLs with NK cell
      conditioned medium had no effect on CTL cytotoxicity. In vivo, MHC class-I
      expression by OVA-expressing B16 melanoma lung metastases increased significantly
      within 24-48h after adoptive transfer of A-NKIL-12 cells. OT-I-CTLs and A-NKIL-12
      cells localized selectively and equally well into OVA-expressing B16 lung
      metastases and treatment of mice bearing 7-days-old OVA-B16 lung metastases with
      both A-NKIL-12 cells and OT-I-CTLs lead to a significant prolongation of
      survival. Thus, an important function of tumor-infiltrating NK cells may be to
      increase tumor cell expression of MHC class-I through secretion of IFNgamma, to
      prepare them for recognition by tumor-specific CTLs.

PMID- 27377536
TI  - The contribution of neutrophils to CNS autoimmunity.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is believed to be initiated when myelin-specific T cells
      infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), triggering subsequent recruitment of
      inflammatory leukocytes to the CNS. The contribution of neutrophils to CNS
      autoimmune disease has been underappreciated, but several studies in experimental
      autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, indicate that
      neutrophils have an important role in inflammation. Neutrophils are hypothesized
      to contribute to the pathogenesis of EAE by producing cytokines and promoting
      breakdown of the blood brain barrier. Neutrophils may also influence the
      manifestation of EAE by facilitating parenchymal brain inflammation. This review
      summarizes evidence supporting a functional role for neutrophils in EAE and MS,
      highlighting the differential regulation of neutrophil recruitment in the brain
      and spinal cord.

PMID- 27377537
TI  - Downscaled and debiased climate simulations for North America from 21,000 years
      ago to 2100AD.
AB  - Increasingly, ecological modellers are integrating paleodata with future
      projections to understand climate-driven biodiversity dynamics from the past
      through the current century. Climate simulations from earth system models are
      necessary to this effort, but must be debiased and downscaled before they can be
      used by ecological models. Downscaling methods and observational baselines vary
      among researchers, which produces confounding biases among downscaled climate
      simulations. We present unified datasets of debiased and downscaled climate
      simulations for North America from 21 ka BP to 2100AD, at 0.5 degrees  spatial
      resolution. Temporal resolution is decadal averages of monthly data until 1950AD,
      average climates for 1950-2005 AD, and monthly data from 2010 to 2100AD, with
      decadal averages also provided. This downscaling includes two transient
      paleoclimatic simulations and 12 climate models for the IPCC AR5 (CMIP5)
      historical (1850-2005), RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 21st-century scenarios. Climate
      variables include primary variables and derived bioclimatic variables. These
      datasets provide a common set of climate simulations suitable for seamlessly
      modelling the effects of past and future climate change on species distributions
      and diversity.

PMID- 27377539
TI  - Occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed and surface irrigation water:
      relationship with microbiological and physicochemical indicators.
AB  - AIMS: To assess the prevalence of enteric viruses in different irrigation water
      sources and in the irrigated produce, and the possible links with microbiological
      and physicochemical water characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS: The prevalence
      and levels of Escherichia coli, Norovirus (NoV) genogroup I (GI) and II (GII), as
      well as Hepatitis A virus were assessed in three types of water: surface water
      (surface-W), reclaimed water subjected to secondary treatment (secondary-W) and
      reclaimed water subjected to tertiary treatment (tertiary-W), as well as in
      zucchini irrigated with these irrigation water sources. Chemical oxygen demand
      (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids, alkalinity and maximum filterable
      volume (MFV) were also measured in the water. Higher prevalence of NoV in
      secondary-W (GI 100%, GII 55.6%) and tertiary-W (GI 91.7%, GII 66.7%) compared
      with surface-W (GI 58.4%, GII 22.2%) was observed. Nov GI showed positive
      correlation with E. coli (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.68, P < 0.01),
      and with some physicochemical parameters such as COD (0.52, P < 0.01), turbidity
      (0.52, P < 0.01) and MFV (0.54, P < 0.01). Escherichia coli and enteric viruses
      were not detected in zucchini. CONCLUSION: There is a potential risk of
      contamination of crops with NoV when reclaimed water is used for irrigation.
      SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Increase the knowledge on the prevalence of
      enteric viruses in different irrigation water sources, and its consequences for
      fresh produce safety.

PMID- 27377538
TI  - Assessing supply-side barriers to uptake of intermittent preventive treatment for
      malaria in pregnancy: a qualitative study and document and record review in two
      regions of Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) with
      sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), provided as part of routine antenatal care (ANC),
      is one of three malaria-in-pregnancy prevention and control mechanisms
      recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, despite high ANC
      attendance and increased efforts to address known obstacles, IPTp uptake figures
      have remained low. This study aimed to identify and assess barriers that continue
      to impede IPTp uptake in Uganda, in particular for women who attend ANC. The
      paper focuses on supply-side barriers, i.e., challenges relating to the health
      service provider. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted in two regions of
      Uganda in November 2013 and April/May 2014 with four different target audiences:
      seven district health officials, 15 health workers, 19 women who had attended
      ANC, and five opinion leaders. In addition, a document and record review was
      carried out at four health facilities. RESULTS: Guidelines with regard to IPTp
      provision in Uganda have been shown to be inconsistent and, at the time of the
      research, did not reflect the most recent WHO policy recommendation. There is a
      lack of training and supervision opportunities for health workers, resulting in
      poor knowledge of IPTp guidelines and uncertainty about the safety and efficacy
      of SP. ANC is not consistently offered in health facilities, leading to some
      women being denied services. While strengthening of the supply chain appears to
      have reduced the occurrence of stock-outs of SP in public facilities, stock-outs
      reportedly continue to occur in the private sector. There are also sources of
      data inaccuracy along the data recording and reporting chain, limiting policy
      makers' ability to react adequately to trends and challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Given
      the high ANC attendance rates in Uganda, supply-side barriers are likely to
      account for many missed opportunities for the provision of IPTp in Uganda.
      Improvements will require consistent provision of ANC, implementation of current
      WHO IPTp policy recommendations, supply of SP to the private sector, availability
      of clear guidelines, as well as improved training and supervision for health
      workers. Improving facility and district-level recording and reporting will
      further strengthen the country's ability to address uptake of IPTp.

PMID- 27377540
TI  - Biventricular repair of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and
      severely hypoplastic right ventricle: a case report of a minimum intervention
      surgical approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients who have pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular
      septum and severe right ventricular hypoplasia, biventricular repair is
      considered to be impossible and multiple interventions are generally required for
      definitive repair. CASE PRESENTATION: An initial palliative procedure was
      performed in a 1-month-old boy to promote right ventricular development by
      pulmonary valvectomy without disrupting the annulus, and appropriate oxygenation
      was achieved with a central funnel shunt. The retained annulus caused functional
      stenosis and prevented unfavorable right ventricular dilatation due to
      regurgitation. Thirteen years later, without any other intervention,
      reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract was successfully performed
      for definitive biventricular repair by using a new expanded
      polytetrafluoroethylene bulging valved conduit with extended longevity.
      CONCLUSIONS: The successful outcome in this case suggests that our minimal
      palliation strategy could be one option for management of these patients.

PMID- 27377541
TI  - EU regulation of endocrine disruptors: a missed opportunity.

PMID- 27377542
TI  - Effects of long-term testosterone administration on cognition in older men with
      low or low-to-normal testosterone concentrations: a prespecified secondary
      analysis of data from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled TEAAM
      trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effects of testosterone on cognitive function in older men are
      incompletely understood. We aimed to establish the effects of long-term
      testosterone administration on multiple domains of cognitive function in older
      men with low or low-to-normal testosterone concentrations. METHODS: We did the
      randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group TEAAM trial at three
      medical centres in Boston, Phoenix, and Los Angeles, USA. Men aged 60 years and
      older with low or low-to-normal testosterone concentrations (3.47-13.9 nmol/L, or
      free testosterone <173 pmol/L) were randomly assigned (1:1), via computer
      generated randomisation, to receive either 7.5 g of 1% testosterone gel or
      placebo gel daily for 3 years. Randomisation was stratified by age (60-75 years
      vs >75 years) and study site. The testosterone dose was adjusted to achieve
      concentrations of 17.3-31.2 nmol/L. Participants and all study personnel were
      masked to treatment allocation. Multiple domains of cognitive function were
      assessed as prespecified secondary outcomes by use of standardised tests at
      baseline and months 6, 18, and 36. We did analyses by intention to treat (in men
      who had baseline assessments of cognitive function) and per protocol (restricted
      to participants who completed the study drug and had both baseline and 36 month
      assessments of cognitive function). The TEAAM trial is registered with
      ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00287586. FINDINGS: Between Sept 1, 2004, and Feb
      12, 2009, we randomly assigned 308 participants to receive either testosterone
      (n=156) or placebo (n=152). 280 men had baseline cognitive assessments (n=140 per
      group). Mean follow-up time was 29.0 months (SD 11.5) in the testosterone group
      and 31.1 months (9.5) in the placebo group. The last participant completed the
      study on May 11, 2012. In the testosterone group, mean concentrations of serum
      total testosterone increased from 10.6 nmol/L (SD 2.2) to 19.7 nmol/L (9.2) and
      free testosterone concentrations increased from 222 pmol/L (62) to 364 pmol/L
      (222). In the placebo group, mean concentrations of serum total testosterone were
      10.7 nmol/L (SD 2.3) at baseline and 11.1 nmol/L (3.2) post-intervention and free
      testosterone concentrations were 210 pmol/L (61) and 172 pmol/L (49),
      respectively. We recorded no between-group differences in changes in visuospatial
      ability (mean difference: Complex Figure Test -0.51, 95% CI -2.0 to 1.0),
      phonemic or category verbal fluency (phonemic fluency test 0.90, -1.3 to 3.1;
      categorical fluency test 1.1, -0.3 to 2.6), verbal memory (paragraph recall test
      0.29, -1.2 to 1.8), manual dexterity (Grooved Pegboard Test 4.2, -1.3 to 9.7),
      and attention or executive function (Stroop Interference Test -2.6, -7.4 to 2.3)
      after adjustment for age, education, and baseline cognitive function. In both the
      intention-to-treat and per-protocol (n=86 per group) populations, changes in
      cognitive function scores were not related significantly to changes in total or
      free testosterone, or oestradiol concentrations. INTERPRETATION: Testosterone
      administration for 36 months in older men with low or low-to-normal testosterone
      concentrations did not improve cognitive function. Future long-term trials are
      needed to investigate the efficacy of testosterone replacement in patients with
      impaired cognition, such as people with Alzheimer's disease. FUNDING: AbbVie
      Pharmaceuticals, Aurora Foundation, Boston Claude D Pepper Older Americans
      Independence Center, and Boston University's Clinical and Translational Science
      Institute.

PMID- 27377543
TI  - Testosterone and the brain: the power of a negative study.

PMID- 27377545
TI  - Measuring Congestion in Acute Heart Failure: The "Holy Grail" Still Awaits.

PMID- 27377546
TI  - Why is Mini-Mental state examination performance correlated with estimated
      premorbid cognitive ability?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tests requiring the pronunciation of irregular words are used to
      estimate premorbid cognitive ability in patients with clinical diagnoses, and
      prior cognitive ability in normal ageing. However, scores on these word-reading
      tests correlate with scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a widely
      used screening test for possible cognitive pathology. This study aimed to test
      whether the word-reading tests' correlations with MMSE scores in healthy older
      people are explained by childhood IQ or education. METHOD: Wechsler Test of Adult
      Reading (WTAR), National Adult Reading Test (NART), MMSE scores and information
      about education were obtained from 1024 70-year-olds, for whom childhood
      intelligence test scores were available. RESULTS: WTAR and NART were positively
      correlated with the MMSE (r ~ 0.40, p < 0.001). The shared variance of WTAR and
      NART with MMSE was significantly attenuated by ~70% after controlling for
      childhood intelligence test scores. Education explained little additional
      variance in the association between the reading tests and the MMSE. CONCLUSIONS:
      MMSE, which is often used to index cognitive impairment, is associated with prior
      cognitive ability. MMSE score is related to scores on WTAR and NART largely due
      to their shared association with prior ability. Obtained MMSE scores should be
      interpreted in the context of prior ability (or WTAR/NART score as its proxy).

PMID- 27377547
TI  - Identification of candidate domestication regions in the radish genome based on
      high-depth resequencing analysis of 17 genotypes.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: This study provides high-quality variation data of diverse radish
      genotypes. Genome-wide SNP comparison along with RNA-seq analysis identified
      candidate genes related to domestication that have potential as trait-related
      markers for genetics and breeding of radish. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an
      annual root vegetable crop that also encompasses diverse wild species. Radish has
      a long history of domestication, but the origins and selective sweep of
      cultivated radishes remain controversial. Here, we present comprehensive whole
      genome resequencing analysis of radish to explore genomic variation between the
      radish genotypes and to identify genetic bottlenecks due to domestication in
      Asian cultivars. High-depth resequencing and multi-sample genotyping analysis of
      ten cultivated and seven wild accessions obtained 4.0 million high-quality
      homozygous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/insertions or deletions.
      Variation analysis revealed that Asian cultivated radish types are closely
      related to wild Asian accessions, but are distinct from European/American
      cultivated radishes, supporting the notion that Asian cultivars were domesticated
      from wild Asian genotypes. SNP comparison between Asian genotypes identified 153
      candidate domestication regions (CDRs) containing 512 genes. Network analysis of
      the genes in CDRs functioning in plant signaling pathways and biochemical
      processes identified group of genes related to root architecture, cell wall,
      sugar metabolism, and glucosinolate biosynthesis. Expression profiling of the
      genes during root development suggested that domestication-related selective
      advantages included a main taproot with few branched lateral roots, reduced cell
      wall rigidity and favorable taste. Overall, this study provides evolutionary
      insights into domestication-related genetic selection in radish as well as
      identification of gene candidates with the potential to act as trait-related
      markers for background selection of elite lines in molecular breeding.

PMID- 27377548
TI  - Use and misuse of common terminology criteria for adverse events in cancer
      clinical trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, Version 3.0 (CTCAE
      v3.0) were released in 2003 and have been used widely to report toxicity in
      publications or presentations describing cancer clinical trials. Here we evaluate
      whether guidelines for reporting toxicity are followed in publications reporting
      randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for cancer. METHODS: Phase III RCTs evaluating
      systemic cancer therapy published between 2011 and 2013, were reviewed to
      identify eligible studies, which stated explicitly that CTCAE v3.0 was used to
      report toxicity. Each AE term and its grade were located in CTCAE v3.0 to
      determine if they fell within the guidelines provided in the explanatory file.
      RESULTS: A total of 166 publications were included in this analysis. Criteria
      from CTCAE v3.0 were frequently used incorrectly. For example, CATEGORY names
      such as Metabolic were misreported as AEs in 19 trials, and inappropriate grades
      for AEs assigned frequently. For example, febrile neutropenia was graded 1 or 2
      in 35 of 91 studies (38 %), but the minimum grade for this toxicity is 3.
      Alopecia was graded 3 or more in 19 of 77 studies (25 %), but the maximum is only
      grade 2. CONCLUSION: The present study provides evidence of poor reporting of
      toxicity in clinical trials. The study provides a lower estimate for the misuse
      of AE terms and grades, and implies that other AE terms and grades that conform
      to CTCAE v3.0 guidelines may have been assigned incorrectly. Inaccurate reporting
      of toxicity in clinical trials can lead clinicians to make inappropriate
      treatment decisions.

PMID- 27377549
TI  - Results of a pilot cluster randomised trial of the use of a Medication Review
      Tool for people taking antipsychotic medication.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Government policy encourages increasing involvement of patients in
      their long-term care. This paper describes the development and pilot evaluation
      of a 'Medication Review Tool' designed to assist people to participate more
      effectively in discussions about antipsychotic drug treatment. METHODS: The
      Medication Review Tool developed consisted of a form to help patients identify
      pros and cons of their current antipsychotic treatment and any desired changes.
      It was associated with a website containing information and links about
      antipsychotics. For the trial, participants diagnosed with psychotic disorders
      were recruited from community mental health services. Cluster randomisation was
      used to allocate health professionals (care co-ordinators) and their associated
      patients to use of the Medication Review Tool or usual care. All participants had
      a medical consultation scheduled, and those in the intervention group completed
      the Medication Review Tool, with the help of their health professional prior to
      this, and took the completed Form into the consultation. Two follow-up interviews
      were conducted up to three months after the consultation. The principal outcome
      was the Decision Self Efficacy Scale (DSES). Qualitative feedback was collected
      from patients in the intervention group. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty patients
      were screened, sixty patients were randomised, 51 completed the first follow-up
      assessment and 49 completed the second. Many patients were not randomised due to
      the timing of their consultation, and involvement of health professionals was
      inconsistent. There was no difference between the groups on the DSES (-4.16 95 %
      CI -9.81, 1.49), symptoms, side effects, antipsychotic doses or patient
      satisfaction. Scores on the Medication Adherence Questionnaire indicated an
      increase in participants' reported inclination to adherence in the intervention
      group (coefficient adjusted for baseline values -0.44; 95 % CI -0.76, -0.11), and
      there was a small increase in positive attitudes to antipsychotic medication
      (Drug Attitude Inventory, adjusted coefficient 1.65; 95 % CI -0.09, 3.40).
      Qualitative feedback indicated patients valued the Tool for identifying both
      positive and negative aspects of drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The trial
      demonstrated the design was feasible, although challenges included service re
      configurations and maintaining health professional involvement. Results may
      indicate a more intensive and sustained intervention is required to facilitate
      participation in decision-making for this group of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      Current controlled trials ISRCTN12055530 , Retrospectively registered 9/12/2013.

PMID- 27377550
TI  - Selective catalytic two-step process for ethylene glycol from carbon monoxide.
AB  - Upgrading C1 chemicals (for example, CO, CO/H2, MeOH and CO2) with C-C bond
      formation is essential for the synthesis of bulk chemicals. In general, these
      industrially important processes (for example, Fischer Tropsch) proceed at
      drastic reaction conditions (>250  degrees C; high pressure) and suffer from low
      selectivity, which makes high capital investment necessary and requires
      additional purifications. Here, a different strategy for the preparation of
      ethylene glycol (EG) via initial oxidative coupling and subsequent reduction is
      presented. Separating coupling and reduction steps allows for a completely
      selective formation of EG (99%) from CO. This two-step catalytic procedure makes
      use of a Pd-catalysed oxycarbonylation of amines to oxamides at room temperature
      (RT) and subsequent Ru- or Fe-catalysed hydrogenation to EG. Notably, in the
      first step the required amines can be efficiently reused. The presented stepwise
      oxamide-mediated coupling provides the basis for a new strategy for selective
      upgrading of C1 chemicals.

PMID- 27377551
TI  - Erratum to: The prevalence and clinical characteristics of nonradiographic axial
      spondyloarthritis among patients with inflammatory back pain in rheumatology
      practices: a multinational, multicenter study.

PMID- 27377553
TI  - Identification of radical structures on 1-pentamethylbenzyl-3
      ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and 1,3-bis(pentamethylbenzyl)-4,5
      dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide exposed to gamma rays: an EPR study.
AB  - 1-Pentamethylbenzyl-3-ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and 1,3
      bis(pentamethylbenzyl)-4,5dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide and their Ag+
      complexes were synthesized and their polycrystal forms were produced by
      recrystallization in dichloromethane/Et2 O solvent system. Structural
      determinations were carried out by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR with a Varian 400 NMR
      system using tetramethylsilane as internal standard and CDCl3 as solvent. The
      disappearance of acidic N-heterocyclic carbene proton showed the formation of
      Ag(I) complexes. Also, elemental analyses were carried out. Electron paramagnetic
      resonance (EPR) measurements were performed to determine the formed radical
      structure on the samples irradiated at the room temperature for 72 h by using 60
      Co-source with dose rate of 0.680 kGy. The EPR measurements were carried out in
      the temperature range of 200 K-450 K. Identical radicals were determined on the
      irradiated compounds. It was observed that the shapes of the spectra of the
      samples were independent of the temperature but, the resonance line intensities
      changed linearly with the temperature. Also, it was detected that the free
      radical on the 1-pentamethylbenzyl-3-ethylimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide is not
      stable compared to that on the 1,3-bis(pentamethylbenzyl)
      4,5dimethylbenzimidazoliumsilver(I)bromide. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 27377552
TI  - Hyper-resting brain entropy within chronic smokers and its moderation by Sex.
AB  - Cigarette smoking is a chronic relapsing brain disorder, and remains a premier
      cause of morbidity and mortality. Functional neuroimaging has been used to assess
      differences in the mean strength of brain activity in smokers' brains, however
      less is known about the temporal dynamics within smokers' brains. Temporal
      dynamics is a key feature of a dynamic system such as the brain, and may carry
      information critical to understanding the brain mechanisms underlying cigarette
      smoking. We measured the temporal dynamics of brain activity using brain entropy
      (BEN) mapping and compared BEN between chronic non-deprived smokers and non
      smoking controls. Because of the known sex differences in neural and behavioral
      smoking characteristics, comparisons were also made between males and females.
      Associations between BEN and smoking related clinical measures were assessed in
      smokers. Our data showed globally higher BEN in chronic smokers compared to
      controls. The escalated BEN was associated with more years of smoking in the
      right limbic area and frontal region. Female nonsmokers showed higher BEN than
      male nonsmokers in prefrontal cortex, insula, and precuneus, but the BEN sex
      difference in smokers was less pronounced. These findings suggest that BEN
      mapping may provide a useful tool for probing brain mechanisms related to
      smoking.

PMID- 27377554
TI  - Safety and efficacy profile of bioresorbable-polylactide-polymer-biolimus-A9
      eluting stents versus durable-polymer-everolimus- and zotarolimus-eluting stents
      in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Comparative data on long-term safety and efficacy of bioresorbable
      polymer-BES versus durable-polymer-EES/ZES in ACS setting have hitherto been
      lacking. We sought to assess the safety and efficacy of bioresorbable-polymer
      biolimus-A9-eluting stents (BES) compared with thin-strut-durable-polymer
      everolimus- and zotarolimus-eluting stents (EES/ZES) in patients with acute
      coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing PCI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 2007 and
      2012, 1,547 patients were implanted with new-generation drug-eluting stents
      (DES). Out of these, 369 received BES and 1,178 EES/ZES. The primary endpoint was
      probable/definite stent thrombosis (ST) while the secondary endpoint was a
      composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel
      revascularization (TVR) and definite ST up to 5 years. As stent assignment was
      not random, we performed a propensity score matching (PSM), with 1:3 ratio, to
      account for potential confounders. Primary analysis demonstrated no significant
      differences between both groups for the primary endpoint of ST (BES vs. EES/ZES:
      1.6% vs. 1.9%; mean-event-time = 1,797 days vs. 1,795 days, respectively; P =
      0.75) and composite safety endpoint (BES vs. EES/ZES: 12.5% vs. 12.9%; mean-event
      time = 1,631 days vs. 1,620 days, respectively; P = 0.88). Results regarding the
      5-year-ST- and safety endpoint remained non-significant after PSM (P = 0.85, P =
      0.56; respectively). After stratification based on cardiovascular risk, no
      difference regarding ST and composite outcome measure has been documented between
      both stent groups in high-risk- and low-risk patients. The type of stent did
      neither predict ST (HR 1.11, 95%CI 0.45-2.74, P = 0.82) nor composite safety
      endpoint (HR 0.93, 95%CI 0.67-1.30, P = 0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term safety and
      efficacy of bioresorbable-polymer-BES and durable-polymer-EES/ZES appear
      comparable in patients with ACS. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377555
TI  - Highly Conductive PEDOT:PSS Films with 1,3-Dimethyl-2-Imidazolidinone as
      Transparent Electrodes for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.
AB  - Highly conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (
      PEDOT: PSS) films as transparent electrodes for organic light-emitting diodes
      (OLEDs) are doped with a new solvent 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) and are
      optimized using solvent post-treatment. The DMI doped PEDOT: PSS films show
      significantly enhanced conductivities up to 812.1 S cm(-1) . The sheet resistance
      of the PEDOT: PSS films doped with DMI is further reduced by various solvent post
      treatment. The effect of solvent post-treatment on DMI doped PEDOT: PSS films is
      investigated and is shown to reduce insulating PSS in the conductive films. The
      solvent posttreated PEDOT: PSS films are successfully employed as transparent
      electrodes in white OLEDs. It is shown that the efficiency of OLEDs with the
      optimized DMI doped PEDOT: PSS films is higher than that of reference OLEDs doped
      with a conventional solvent (ethylene glycol). The results present that the
      optimized PEDOT: PSS films with the new solvent of DMI can be a promising
      transparent electrode for low-cost, efficient ITO-free white OLEDs.

PMID- 27377556
TI  - Diagnosing misspecification of the random-effects distribution in mixed models.
AB  - It is traditionally assumed that the random effects in mixed models follow a
      multivariate normal distribution, making likelihood-based inferences more
      feasible theoretically and computationally. However, this assumption does not
      necessarily hold in practice which may lead to biased and unreliable results. We
      introduce a novel diagnostic test based on the so-called gradient function
      proposed by Verbeke and Molenberghs (2013) to assess the random-effects
      distribution. We establish asymptotic properties of our test and show that, under
      a correctly specified model, the proposed test statistic converges to a weighted
      sum of independent chi-squared random variables each with one degree of freedom.
      The weights, which are eigenvalues of a square matrix, can be easily calculated.
      We also develop a parametric bootstrap algorithm for small samples. Our strategy
      can be used to check the adequacy of any distribution for random effects in a
      wide class of mixed models, including linear mixed models, generalized linear
      mixed models, and non-linear mixed models, with univariate as well as
      multivariate random effects. Both asymptotic and bootstrap proposals are
      evaluated via simulations and a real data analysis of a randomized multicenter
      study on toenail dermatophyte onychomycosis.

PMID- 27377557
TI  - Optimal processes for probabilistic work extraction beyond the second law.
AB  - According to the second law of thermodynamics, for every transformation performed
      on a system which is in contact with an environment of fixed temperature, the
      average extracted work is bounded by the decrease of the free energy of the
      system. However, in a single realization of a generic process, the extracted work
      is subject to statistical fluctuations which may allow for probabilistic
      violations of the previous bound. We are interested in enhancing this effect,
      i.e. we look for thermodynamic processes that maximize the probability of
      extracting work above a given arbitrary threshold. For any process obeying the
      Jarzynski identity, we determine an upper bound for the work extraction
      probability that depends also on the minimum amount of work that we are willing
      to extract in case of failure, or on the average work we wish to extract from the
      system. Then we show that this bound can be saturated within the thermodynamic
      formalism of quantum discrete processes composed by sequences of unitary quenches
      and complete thermalizations. We explicitly determine the optimal protocol which
      is given by two quasi-static isothermal transformations separated by a finite
      unitary quench.

PMID- 27377559
TI  - Formation of Curvature Subunit of Carbon in Combustion.
AB  - Curvature prevalently exists in the world of carbon materials (e.g., fullerenes,
      buckyl bowls, carbon nanotubes, and onions), but traditional C2-addition
      mechanisms fail to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the formation of
      carbon curvature starting from a pentagonal carbon ring in currently available
      chemical-physical processes such as combustion. Here, we show a complete series
      of nascent pentagon-incorporating C5-C18 that are online produced in the flame of
      acetylene-cyclopentadiene-oxygen and in situ captured by C60 or trapped as
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for clarifying the growth of the curved subunit
      of C20H10. A mechanism regarding C1-substitution and C2-addition has been
      proposed for understanding the formation of curvature in carbon materials, as
      exemplified by the typical curved molecule containing a single pentagon
      completely surrounded by five hexagons. The present mechanism, supported by the
      intermediates characterized by X-ray crystallography as well as NMR, has been
      experimentally validated for the rational synthesis of curved molecule in the
      commercially useful combustion process.

PMID- 27377558
TI  - First Data on Efficacy and Safety of Nintedanib in Patients with Idiopathic
      Pulmonary Fibrosis and Forced Vital Capacity of <=50 % of Predicted Value.
AB  - In the Phase III INPULSIS((r)) trials, 52 weeks' treatment with nintedanib
      reduced decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) versus placebo in patients with
      idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Patients who completed the INPULSIS((r))
      trials could receive nintedanib in an open-label extension trial (INPULSIS((r))
      ON). Patients with FVC <50 % predicted were excluded from INPULSIS((r)), but
      could participate in INPULSIS((r))-ON. In patients with baseline FVC <=50 % and
      >50 % predicted at the start of INPULSIS((r))-ON, the absolute mean change in FVC
      from baseline to week 48 of INPULSIS((r))-ON was -62.3 and -87.9 mL, respectively
      (n = 24 and n = 558, respectively). No new safety signals were identified in
      INPULSIS((r))-ON compared with INPULSIS((r)). The decline in FVC in INPULSIS((r))
      ON in both subgroups by baseline FVC % predicted was similar to that in
      INPULSIS((r)), suggesting that nintedanib may have a similar effect on disease
      progression in patients with advanced disease as in less advanced disease.

PMID- 27377560
TI  - Young coconut water ameliorates depression via modulation of neurotransmitters:
      possible mechanism of action.
AB  - In the current era, plants are frequently tested for its antidepressant
      potential. Therefore young coconut water, a commonly used plant based beverage,
      was selected to explore its antidepressant potential. Rodents were selected for
      this study and forced swim test was conducted to explore antidepressant activity.
      Analysis of brain biogenic amines using high performance liquid chromatography
      coupled with electrochemical detection and potentiation of noradrenaline toxicity
      model were also incorporated in this study to demonstrate probable antidepressant
      mechanism of action. Coconut water was administered orally at the dose of 4
      ml/100 g. Young coconut water showed highly significant increase in struggling
      time (p < 0.001) in forced swim test. This suggests antidepressant effect of
      young coconut water. In noradrenaline toxicity model, it was observed that young
      coconut water is not a good adrenergic component as its lethality percentage in
      this test was observed 0 % unlike imipramine which showed lethality of 100 %.
      High performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection of rodent's
      brain revealed decline in 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline and dopamine, with
      concomitant decline in metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid and increase in 5
      hydroxyindoleacetic acid/5-hydroxytryptamine ratio. Findings from the exploration
      of monoamines suggest antidepressant effect of young coconut water via
      homeostasis of monoamines synthesis.

PMID- 27377562
TI  - Knowledge Dissemination of Intimate Partner Violence Intervention Studies
      Measured Using Alternative Metrics: Results From a Scoping Review.
AB  - Alternative metrics measure the number of online mentions that an academic paper
      receives, including mentions in social media and online news outlets. It is
      important to monitor and measure dispersion of intimate partner violence (IPV)
      victim intervention research so that we can improve our knowledge translation and
      exchange (KTE) processes improving utilization of study findings. The objective
      of this study is to describe the dissemination of published IPV victim
      intervention studies and to explore which study characteristics are associated
      with a greater number of alternative metric mentions and conventional citations.
      As part of a larger scoping review, we conducted a literature search to identify
      IPV intervention studies. Outcomes included znumber of alternative metric
      mentions and conventional citations. Fifty-nine studies were included in this
      study. The median number of alternative metric mentions was six, and the median
      number of conventional citations was two. Forty-one percent of the studies
      (24/59) had no alternative metric mentions, and 27% (16/59) had no conventional
      citations. Longer time since publication was significantly associated with a
      greater number of mentions and citations, as were systematic reviews and
      randomized controlled trial designs. The majority of IPV studies receive little
      to no online attention or citations in academic journals, indicating a need for
      the field to focus on implementing strong knowledge dissemination plans. The
      papers receiving the most alternative metric mentions and conventional citations
      were also the more rigorous study designs, indicating a need to focus on study
      quality. We recommend using alternative metrics in conjunction with conventional
      metrics to evaluate the full dissemination of IPV research.

PMID- 27377561
TI  - Sex differences in the association between stressor-evoked interleukin-6
      reactivity and C-reactive protein.
AB  - Individuals differ consistently in the magnitude of their inflammatory responses
      to acute stressors, with females often showing larger responses than males. While
      the clinical significance of these individual differences remains unclear, it may
      be that greater inflammatory responses relate to increased systemic inflammation
      and thereby risk for chronic inflammatory disease. Here, we examined whether
      acute stressor-evoked interleukin (IL)-6 responses associate with resting levels
      of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, and whether this
      association differs by sex. Subjects were 57 healthy midlife adults (30-51years;
      33% female; 68% white). Blood was drawn before and 30-min after two mental stress
      tasks: a multisource interference task and a Stroop color word task. Hierarchical
      regressions controlling for age, sex, race, and BMI tested whether stressor
      evoked IL-6 responses were associated with resting CRP and whether this
      association differed by sex. Results indicated that sex and stressor-evoked IL-6
      responses interacted to predict CRP (DeltaR2=0.08, B=-1.33, beta=-0.39, p=0.02).
      In males, larger stressor-evoked IL-6 responses associated with higher CRP,
      whereas in females, stressor-evoked IL-6 responses showed a non-significant
      negative association with CRP. These findings indicate that inflammatory
      responses to acute stressors associate with resting levels of CRP; however, this
      association differs by sex. Previous literature suggests that there are sex
      differences in stressor-evoked IL-6 responses, but this is the first study to
      show sex differences in the relationship between acute inflammatory responses and
      systemic inflammation. The contribution of these sex differences to inflammatory
      disease risk warrants further investigation.

PMID- 27377563
TI  - Relationships Between Mental Health, Skill Sets, and Violence Perpetration Among
      Adolescent Girls.
AB  - This study examines relationships between emotional health, stress management
      skills, fight-avoidance skills, and two forms of violence perpetration among
      adolescent girls at high risk for violence involvement. Participants ( n = 253)
      were 13- to 17-year-old girls enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. The
      current study was completed with baseline data collected prior to the start of
      the intervention. Analyses examined self-report outcome measures of physical
      violence perpetration in the past 6 months (five-item scale, alpha = .79) and
      relational aggression perpetration in the past 30 days (six-item scale, alpha =
      .77). Independent variables included baseline measures of self-esteem (four-item
      scale, alpha = .89), emotional distress (six-item scale, alpha = .89), stress
      management skills (eight-item scale, alpha = .86), and fight avoidance skills
      (five-item scale, alpha = .70). Multivariate regression models predicted each
      form of violence perpetration controlling for age, race/ethnicity, violence
      victimization, and clustering of participants within clinics. Initial bivariate
      results showed that stress management skills and fight avoidance skills were
      inversely and significantly related to perpetration of both relational and
      physical violence. Emotional distress was related to significantly higher levels
      of both violence outcomes. In contrast, self-esteem was not significantly related
      to either violence outcome. Multivariate analyses revealed that stress management
      skills and fight avoidance skills were significantly protective against
      perpetration of both relational aggression and physical violence. In conclusion,
      findings suggest that clinicians providing services to adolescent girls involved
      in high risk behaviors assess and foster girls' development of stress management
      and fight avoidance skills to help reduce their risk of involvement in relational
      violence and physical fighting.

PMID- 27377565
TI  - Pregnancy and lactation period: Which antibiotic and rinsing solutions?
AB  - The aim of this paper is to show aspects of dental treatment in pregnancy. The
      reader should gain security in the election of the proper drugs for antibiotic
      therapy and rinsing solutions. Antibiotics as penicillins are the first choice in
      case of dental infections in pregnancy. In allergic patients, macrolides may be
      an alternative. Wound and mouth rinsing solutions containing chlorhexidine should
      be preferred in pregnancy. Ledermix((r)) in endodontic treatment should be
      avoided in the pregnant woman. Solcoseryl((r)) can be used for wound healing.
      Elective dental procedures should be postponed after delivery and after lactation
      period.

PMID- 27377566
TI  - Palladium-Catalyzed Environmentally Benign Acylation.
AB  - Recent trends in research have gained an orientation toward developing efficient
      strategies using innocuous reagents. The earlier reported transition-metal
      catalyzed carbonylations involved either toxic carbon monoxide (CO) gas as
      carbonylating agent or functional-group-assisted ortho sp(2) C-H activation
      (i.e., ortho acylation) or carbonylation by activation of the carbonyl group
      (i.e., via the formation of enamines). Contradicting these methods, here we
      describe an environmentally benign process, [Pd]-catalyzed direct carbonylation
      starting from simple and commercially available iodo arenes and aldehydes, for
      the synthesis of a wide variety of ketones. Moreover, this method comprises
      direct coupling of iodoarenes with aldehydes without activation of the carbonyl
      and also without directing group assistance. Significantly, the strategy was
      successfully applied to the synthesis n-butylphthalide and pitofenone.

PMID- 27377564
TI  - Phenotypic reversion in fas mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana by reintroduction of
      FAS genes: variable recovery of telomeres with major spatial rearrangements and
      transcriptional reprogramming of 45S rDNA genes.
AB  - Arabidopsis thaliana mutants dysfunctional in the evolutionarily conserved
      protein complex chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1), which deposits the canonical
      histone H3 variant H3.1 during DNA synthesis-dependent chromatin assembly,
      display complex phenotypic changes including meristem and growth alterations,
      sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, and reduced fertility. We reported previously
      that mutants in the FAS1 subunit of CAF-1 progressively lose telomere and 45S
      rDNA repeats. Here we show that multiple aspects of the fas phenotype are
      recovered immediately on expression of a reintroduced FAS1 allele, and are
      clearly independent of the recovery of rDNA copy-numbers and telomeres. In
      reverted lines, 45S rDNA genes are recovered to diverse levels with a strikingly
      different representation of their variants, and the typical association of
      nucleolar organizing region 4 with the nucleolus is perturbed. One of 45S rDNA
      variants (VAR1), which is silenced in wild-type (WT) plants without mutation
      history (Col-0 WT), dominates the expression pattern, whereas VAR2 is dominant in
      Col-0 WT plants. We propose an explanation for the variability of telomere and
      45S rDNA repeats associated with CAF-1 function, suggesting that the differences
      in nuclear partitioning and expression of the rDNA variants in fas mutants and
      their revertants provide a useful experimental system to study genetic and
      epigenetic factors in gene dosage compensation.

PMID- 27377567
TI  - The value of serum pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in the assessment of asphyxia
      in term neonates.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Asphyxia is a major cause of disabilities in term-born infants. Here
      we have explored the value in HIE (hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy) of using a
      combination of serum pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance (PAB) assay for predicting
      the prognosis of asphyxia. METHOD: Ninety term neonates with asphyxia were
      enrolled and followed up for two years. Serum PAB, demographic/biochemical
      characteristics of mothers, and their neonates were determined. The Denver II
      test was used to assess outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 90 asphyxiated neonates, 47
      (52.2%) had a normal outcome and 43 babies (47.8%) had abnormal outcome. Serum
      PAB levels in neonates with normal and abnormal outcomes were 17.1 +/- 9.23 and
      48.27 +/- 41.30 HK, respectively. A combination of HIE intensity and PAB,
      compared to other indicators, had a higher predictive-value (95.2%) for outcomes
      in asphyxiated babies. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that PAB in combination with
      HIE grade may have a better predictive value for the prognosis of asphyxiated
      babies and predicting future neurologic problems in asphyxiated term infants.

PMID- 27377568
TI  - Indazole, Pyrazole, and Oxazole Derivatives Targeting Nitric Oxide Synthases and
      Carbonic Anhydrases.
AB  - Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential endogenous mediator with a physiological role
      in the central nervous system as neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. A growing
      number of studies have demonstrated that abnormal nitrergic signaling is a
      crucial event in the development of neurodegeneration. In particular, the
      uncontrolled production of NO by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is
      observed in several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, it is well recognized
      that specific isoforms of human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) physiologically modulate
      crucial pathways of signal processing and that low expression of CA affects
      cognition, leading to mental retardation, Alzheimer's disease, and aging-related
      cognitive impairments. In light of this, dual agents that are able to target both
      NOS (inhibition) and CA (activation) could be useful drug candidates for the
      treatment of Alzheimer's disease, aging, and other neurodegenerative diseases. In
      the present work, we show the design, synthesis, and in vitro biological
      evaluation of new nitrogen-based heterocyclic compounds. Among the tested
      molecules, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1H-indazol-5-yl)propanamide
      hydrochloride (10 b) was revealed to be a potent dual agent, able to act as a
      selective nNOS inhibitor and activator of the hCA I isoform.

PMID- 27377569
TI  - Hydroboration of Phosphaalkynes by HB(C6 F5 )2.
AB  - The hydroboration of phosphaalkynes with Piers' borane (HB(C6 F5 )2 ) generated
      unusual phosphaalkenylboranes [RCH=PB(C6 F5 )2 ]2 that persisted as dimers in
      both solution and the solid state. These P2 B2 heterocycles underwent ring
      opening when subjected to nucleophiles, such as pyridine and tert
      butylisocyanide, to yield monomeric phosphaalkenylborane adducts RCH=PB(C6 F5 )2
      (L). DFT calculations were performed to probe the nature of the interaction of
      phosphaalkynes with boranes. 

PMID- 27377570
TI  - HD Flow Cytometry: An Improved Way to Quantify Cellular Interactions with
      Nanoparticles.
AB  - Histogram deconvolution flow cytometry enables improved quantification of
      nanomaterial-cell interactions. The algorithm identifies the positive cells in
      highly overlapped populations and calculates the fluorescence intensity of the
      positive population. This technique performs better than commercially available
      methods with the additional benefit of visualizing the output.

PMID- 27377571
TI  - The effect of the final irrigant on the antimicrobial activity of root canal
      sealers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Root canal irrigation is an essential step in root canal therapy as it
      enables the elimination of microorganisms. The final irrigant may affect the
      properties of the root canal sealer used during obturation particularly with
      tricalcium silicate-based sealers, which interact with dentine. The aim of this
      study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of tricalcium silicate-containing
      sealers in contact with different irrigants. Furthermore the sealer surface in
      contact with the irrigant was characterized. METHODOLOGY: The antimicrobial
      activity of BioRoot RCS, MTA Fillapex and AH Plus in contact with water,
      ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was
      assessed by agar diffusion test and by the intratubular infection test against
      Enterococcus faecalis. The sealer surface in contact with the three solutions was
      characterized after 1min contact and also after simulation of in vivo sealer
      contact with irrigating solution inside a tooth model by grazing angle X-ray
      diffraction analysis. RESULTS: Irrigation with EDTA showed the highest
      antimicrobial properties of the three root canal sealers followed by water
      without significant differences. The antimicrobial activity of BioRoot RCS was
      significantly higher than the other sealers after exposition to the three root
      canal irrigants followed by MTA Fillapex. AH Plus lost its antimicrobial
      properties after irrigation with water and PBS. CONCLUSIONS: BioRoot RCS showed
      the greatest antimicrobial activity. The root canal sealers exerted a higher
      antimicrobial activity when EDTA was used as final irrigant. PBS may be
      contraindicated as a final irrigant as it reduces the antimicrobial activity of
      sealers.

PMID- 27377572
TI  - Hyaluronic Acid Derivative with Improved Versatility for Processing and
      Biological Functionalization.
AB  - A hydrophobic/amino functionalized derivative of hyaluronic acid (HA-EDA-C18 )
      has been processed by salt leaching technique as porous scaffold without need of
      chemical crosslinking. Aim of this work is to demonstrate the improved
      versatility of HA-EDA-C18 in terms of processing and biological
      functionalization. In particular, the chemical procedure to tether thiol bearing
      RGD peptide has been described. Moreover, the possibility to load and to control
      the release of slightly water soluble effectors has been demonstrated by using
      dexamethasone. First, the swelling and degradation profiles of the scaffolds have
      been investigated, then the evaluation of metabolic activity of bovine
      chondrocytes, the histological analysis, and microscope observations has been
      performed to evaluate cellular adhesion and proliferation as well as the
      production of collagen type II.

PMID- 27377573
TI  - Current updates in catheters, tubes and drains in the pediatric chest: A
      practical evaluation approach.
AB  - Chest radiographs are very helpful tool not only in the evaluation of respiratory
      and/or cardiac pathologies, but also to help clinicians in the assessment of
      various tubes and catheters inserted in pediatric patients. This review article
      focuses on the indications, contraindications, ideal locations of the tips of
      these tubes and catheters, as well as the consequences of malpositioning.
      Clinical outcomes of pediatric patients can be affected by the placement of these
      medical devices. The radiologist therefore has a critical role in detecting and
      relaying such malpositioned devices for prompt revisions or removal.

PMID- 27377575
TI  - Low 22-item sinonasal outcome test scores in chronic rhinosinusitis: Why do
      patients seek treatment?
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who experience
      minimal reductions in quality of life (QoL) may present for treatment despite QoL
      scores comparable to controls without CRS. This study seeks to identify cofactors
      influencing patients with CRS and low 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22)
      scores to seek care. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, observational
      cohort. METHODS: Patients with CRS were enrolled between April 2011 and September
      2015. Patients with sinonasal mucocele or unilateral sinus opacification were
      excluded. Control subjects without CRS were enrolled for comparison. Low-SNOT CRS
      was defined as a SNOT-22 score < 20. RESULTS: A total of 774 subjects (low-SNOT
      CRS, n = 38; high-SNOT CRS, SNOT-22 >= 20, n = 641; controls without CRS, n = 95)
      were enrolled. Low SNOT scores were identified in 6% of subjects with CRS. After
      adjustment, low-SNOT CRS and control groups without CRS reported similar baseline
      average SNOT-22 total scores (P = .879). Unexpectedly, compared to controls, low
      SNOT CRS patients had significantly better average psychological (2.1 +/- 2.3 vs.
      5.8 +/- 6.0; P = .030) and sleep dysfunction (2.7 +/- 3.4 vs. 6.0 +/- 5.2; P =
      .016) scores. Fourteen of 38 (37%) low-SNOT patients elected to undergo
      endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), with a significantly lower likelihood of
      reporting a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) when compared to high
      SNOT patients (43% vs. 82%; P < .001) after a mean follow-up of ~15 months.
      CONCLUSIONS: Low-SNOT CRS patients represent an outlier population for which
      measures of QoL fail to identify factors influencing the decision to seek
      treatment. Low-SNOT CRS patients electing ESS have a decreased likelihood of
      reporting MCIDs following ESS. Further study is required to identify novel
      factors associated with treatment-seeking behavior in this population. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: 3B Laryngoscope, 127:22-28, 2017.

PMID- 27377576
TI  - Blood glucose on admission and mortality in patients with venous thromboembolism.
AB  - AIMS: Evaluate association between admission blood glucose (ABG) and mortality in
      patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) hospitalized for venous
      thromboembolism (VTE). METHODS: Observational data derived from the electronic
      records of hospitalized patients >=18years, admitted for VTE (including deep vein
      thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) between January 2011 and December 2013. ABG
      levels were classified to categories: <=70 (low), 70-110 (normal), 111-140
      (mildly elevated), 141-180mg/dl (moderately elevated) and>180mg/dl (markedly
      elevated). Main outcome was all-cause mortality at the end of follow-up. We had
      complete follow-up data at 12months for all patients; median follow-up time was
      1126days. RESULTS: Cohort included 567 patients, 137 with (mean age 73, 45%
      male), and 430 without DM (mean age 65, 40% male). There was a significant
      interaction between DM, ABG and mortality (p<=0.05). In patients without DM there
      was a significant association between ABG and mortality: [hazard ratios 1.6, 2.3,
      and 4.7 respectively for mildly, moderately and markedly elevated ABG (p<=0.01)].
      A significant association between ABG and mortality persisted following
      multivariable analysis only in patients with markedly elevated ABG (HR=2.3 95% CI
      1.2-4.5). Similar results were evident in patients with deep vein thrombosis or
      pulmonary embolism. In patients with DM there was no significant association
      between ABG and mortality. CONCLUSION: In patients without DM hospitalized for
      VTE, markedly elevated ABG is associated with increased mortality.

PMID- 27377577
TI  - Pilot trial of a parenting and self-care intervention for HIV-positive mothers:
      the IMAGE program.
AB  - A pilot study was conducted to assess the effects of the IMAGE pilot intervention
      (Improving Mothers' parenting Abilities, Growth, and Effectiveness) on mothers
      living with HIV (MLH). Based on Fisher and Fisher's IMB model [1992. Changing
      AIDS risk behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 455-474], the intervention
      focused on self-care and parenting behavior skills of MLH that affect maternal,
      child, and family outcomes. A randomized pre-test-post-test two-group design with
      repeated assessments was used. MLH (n = 62) and their children aged 6-14 (n = 62;
      total N = 124) were recruited for the trial and randomized to the theory-based
      skills training condition or a standard care control condition. Assessments were
      conducted at baseline with follow-ups at 3, 6, and 12 months. Maternal, child,
      and family outcomes were assessed. Results show significant effects of the
      intervention for improving parenting practices for mothers. The intervention also
      improved family outcomes, and showed improvements in the parent-child
      relationship. IMAGE had a positive impact on parenting behaviors, and on
      maternal, child, and family outcomes. Given MLH can be challenged by their
      illness and also live in under-resourced environments, IMAGE may be viewed as a
      viable way to improve quality of life and family outcomes.

PMID- 27377578
TI  - Reconsidering "Unprotected" and HIV Risk in the Twenty-First Century.

PMID- 27377579
TI  - Altered resting-state functional organization within the central executive
      network in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
AB  - AIM: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with deficits in response
      inhibition and planning, which are governed by the central executive network. The
      objective of this study was to investigate both intra- and inter-regional resting
      state connectivity within the central executive network in OCD. METHODS: Thirty
      OCD patients and 30 matched healthy controls were scanned using resting-state
      functional magnetic resonance imaging. The independent component analysis was
      used on a separate sample of healthy controls to generate the central executive
      network mask for the subsequent OCD analyses. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) and
      seed-based functional connectivity analyses were used to explore the differences
      between intra- and inter-regional synchronized activity within the central
      executive network in OCD patients at rest. RESULTS: Increased ReHo and functional
      connectivity in the key regions of the central executive network, such as the
      orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the angular gyrus, were
      found in OCD patients. Furthermore, changes in both the ReHo within the
      orbitofrontal cortex and the functional connectivity between the orbitofrontal
      cortex and angular gyrus were negatively correlated with OCD duration.
      CONCLUSION: The increased resting-state functional organization within the
      central executive network may be related to OCD patients' deficits in cognitive
      control and symptom progression.

PMID- 27377581
TI  - Association of the FTO (rs9939609) and MC4R (rs17782313) gene polymorphisms with
      maternal body weight during pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The fat mass and obesity (FTO) and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)
      genes have been consistently associated with the risk for obesity, but few
      studies have examined the association of the obesity risk alleles with
      gestational outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association
      between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FTO (rs9939609) and MC4R
      (rs17782313) genes with changes in maternal body weight during pregnancy.
      METHODS: A sample of 136 pregnant women were followed in a prospective cohort at
      5 to 13, 20 to 26, and 30 to 36 wk gestation and 30 to 45 d postpartum. SNPs were
      analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Associations between
      polymorphisms and the outcomes were investigated through longitudinal linear
      mixed-effects models, multiple linear regression models, and Poisson regression
      models. RESULTS: An SNP in the FTO (rs9939609) gene but not in the MC4R
      (rs17782313) gene was significantly associated with prepregnancy body mass index
      (BMI) >=25 kg/m(2) (relative riskFTO = 2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4
      3.1). SNPs were not statistically associated with excessive gestational weight
      gain (GWG) or postpartum weight retention (PPWR). For the FTO (rs9939609) gene,
      women with the AA genotype were heavier in the body weight trajectory of
      pregnancy, but not when their weight had been adjusted for prepregnancy BMI
      (betaFTO = 0.5 kg; 95% CI, -1.9 to 3). These women started pregnancy heavier but
      gained less weight (FTO*gestational age = -0.1; 95% CI, -0.2 to 0.03) compared
      with those who had at least one T allele. CONCLUSIONS: The FTO (rs9939609) AA
      genotype is positively associated with prepregnancy excessive weight. We found no
      evidence of a significant effect of the MC4R (rs17782313) or the FTO (rs9939609)
      gene polymorphisms on the GWG and PPWR.

PMID- 27377580
TI  - Caffeine consumption, insomnia, and sleep duration: Results from a nationally
      representative sample.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Insomnia symptoms have been individually associated with both caffeine
      consumption and sleep duration abnormalities in prior studies. The goal of this
      study was to determine whether caffeine consumption was associated with insomnia
      symptoms from a population perspective and whether this relationship depended on
      habitual sleep duration. METHODS: Data were extracted from the 2007-2008 National
      Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (N = 4730). Caffeine consumption was
      quantified as mg/d from 2 typical days of use, 7 to 10 d apart. Insomnia symptoms
      were evaluated using frequencies of difficulty falling asleep (DFA), difficulty
      staying asleep (DSA), non-restorative sleep (NRS), and daytime sleepiness (DS).
      Habitual sleep duration was assessed as the hours of sleep obtained on a typical
      night. Binomial logistic regression analysis evaluated the relationships of
      individual insomnia and sleepiness symptoms (DFA, DSA, NRS, and DS) with caffeine
      consumption and sleep duration variables, after adjusting for covariates.
      RESULTS: The mean +/- SD caffeine consumption was 176.6 +/- 201 mg/d. Mean
      habitual sleep duration was 6.8 +/- 1.4 h. Insomnia symptoms were prevalent in
      19.1% to 28.4% of the respondents. Although caffeine consumption was associated
      with all insomnia symptoms in the unadjusted models, the adjusted models
      demonstrated a trend toward significance with DSA. Sleep duration was inversely
      associated with the insomnia symptoms in unadjusted and adjusted analysis.
      Finally, NRS was associated with an interaction between increased caffeine
      consumption and sleep duration. CONCLUSION: The association between caffeine use
      and insomnia symptoms depends on habitual sleep duration at a population level.

PMID- 27377582
TI  - A path analysis of stress and premenstrual symptoms in Korean international and
      Korean domestic students.
AB  - AIMS: To identify the relationships between perceived stress, acculturative
      stress and premenstrual symptoms, among other associated factors (e.g. depressive
      symptoms, coping self-efficacy, perceived social support) of premenstrual
      symptoms suggested in the literature by testing the conceptual framework of the
      'Stress and Premenstrual Experience Model: Women in Cultural Transition'.
      BACKGROUND: Level of perceived stress has been cited as a major influencing
      factor for women's premenstrual symptoms; however, how these two elements are
      related, including possible mediators and moderators, remains unclear. DESIGN: A
      longitudinal causal-comparative web-based study design. METHODS: Data collection
      occurred between November, 2014 - February, 2015. The convenience sampling method
      was used to recruit 98 Korean international students and 89 Korean domestic
      students. Weekly surveys were conducted for 10 weeks to capture women's levels of
      perceived stress, acculturative stress and premenstrual symptoms from two
      menstrual cycles. The survey data collected during the premenstrual phase was
      analysed using path analyses. RESULTS/FINDINGS: The hypothesized pathways based
      on the conceptual model were partially supported in the study. Depressive
      symptoms were a partial mediator between perceived stress and premenstrual
      symptoms and between acculturative stress and symptoms in Korean international
      students. The perceived social support was a moderator between perceived stress
      and premenstrual symptoms in Korean domestic students. CONCLUSION: This study
      proposes a revised conceptual model that will contribute to the understanding of
      stress and premenstrual symptom severity in women in the acculturation process
      and concludes with suggestions and implications for future nursing practice and
      research.

PMID- 27377583
TI  - Identification of secreted and membrane-bound bat immunoglobulin using a
      Microchiropteran-specific mouse monoclonal antibody.
AB  - Bat immunity has received increasing attention because some bat species are being
      decimated by the fungal disease, White Nose Syndrome, while other species are
      potential reservoirs of zoonotic viruses. Identifying specific immune processes
      requires new specific tools and reagents. In this study, we describe a new mouse
      monoclonal antibody (mAb) reactive with Eptesicus fuscus immunoglobulins. The
      epitope recognized by mAb BT1-4F10 was localized to immunoglobulin light (lambda)
      chains; hence, the mAb recognized serum immunoglobulins and B lymphocytes. The
      BT1-4F10 epitope appeared to be restricted to Microchiropteran immunoglobulins
      and absent from Megachiropteran immunoglobulins. Analyses of sera and other E.
      fuscus fluids showed that most, if not all, secreted immunoglobulins utilized
      lambda light chains. Finally, mAb BT1-4F10 permitted the identification of B cell
      follicles in splenic white pulp. This Microchiropteran-specific mAb has potential
      utility in seroassays; hence, this reagent may have both basic and practical
      applications for studying immune process.

PMID- 27377584
TI  - CYP1A1 mediates the suppression of major inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary
      alveolar macrophage (PAM) cell lines caused by Mycoplasma hyponeumoniae.
AB  - Mycoplasmal pneumonia is a lung infection disease caused by Mycoplasma
      hyopneumoniae in swine. We previously reported that Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1)
      expression was significantly downregulated in pigs infected with M. hyopneumoniae
      compared to the healthy controls. In this study, pulmonary alveolar macrophage
      (PAM) cell lines with CYP1A1 overexpression or siRNA-mediated CYP1A1 silencing
      were used to explore the biological function and regulatory mechanism of CYP1A1
      gene expression changed on the inflammatory response of pigs infected with M.
      hyopneumoniae. The results showed that the cells overexpressing CYP1A1 infected
      with M. hyopneumoniae led to a rapid increase in PPAR-gamma expression, which
      resulted in decreasing the levels of several inflammatory cytokines including IL
      1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. On the contrary, this effect was just opposite
      in CYP1A1-RNAi cells infected with M. hyopneumoniae. We suggest that CYP1A1
      suppress the inflammatory response caused by M. hyopneumoniae infection, via PPAR
      gamma signaling pathway in pigs.

PMID- 27377585
TI  - miR-34a(-/-) mice are susceptible to diet-induced obesity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: MicroRNA (miR)-34a regulates inflammatory pathways, and increased
      transcripts have been observed in serum and subcutaneous adipose of subjects who
      have obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the role of miR-34a in adipose
      tissue inflammation and lipid metabolism in murine diet-induced obesity was
      investigated. METHODS: Wild-type (WT) and miR-34a(-/-) mice were fed chow or high
      fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. WT and miR-34a(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages
      were cultured in vitro with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Brown
      and white preadipocytes were cultured from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of
      intrascapular brown and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), with
      rosiglitazone. RESULTS: HFD-fed miR-34a(-/-) mice were significantly heavier with
      a greater increase in eWAT weight than WT. miR-34a(-/-) eWAT had a smaller
      adipocyte area, which significantly increased with HFD. miR-34a(-/-) eWAT showed
      basal increases in Cd36, Hmgcr, Lxralpha, Pgc1alpha, and Fasn. miR-34a(-/-)
      intrascapular brown adipose tissue had basal reductions in c/ebpalpha and
      c/ebpbeta, with in vitro miR-34a(-/-) white adipocytes showing increased lipid
      content. An F4/80(high) macrophage population was present in HFD miR-34a(-/-)
      eWAT, with increased IL-10 transcripts and serum IL-5 protein. Finally, miR-34a(
      /-) bone marrow-derived macrophages showed an ablated CXCL1 response to tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a multifactorial role
      of miR-34a in controlling susceptibility to obesity, by regulating inflammatory
      and metabolic pathways.

PMID- 27377586
TI  - Brain-resident memory T cells represent an autonomous cytotoxic barrier to viral
      infection.
AB  - Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) persist at sites of prior infection and have
      been shown to enhance pathogen clearance by recruiting circulating immune cells
      and providing bystander activation. Here, we characterize the functioning of
      brain-resident memory T cells (bTRM) in an animal model of viral infection. bTRM
      were subject to spontaneous homeostatic proliferation and were largely refractory
      to systemic immune cell depletion. After viral reinfection in mice, bTRM rapidly
      acquired cytotoxic effector function and prevented fatal brain infection, even in
      the absence of circulating CD8(+) memory T cells. Presentation of cognate antigen
      on MHC-I was essential for bTRM-mediated protective immunity, which involved
      perforin- and IFN-gamma-dependent effector mechanisms. These findings identify
      bTRM as an organ-autonomous defense system serving as a paradigm for TRM
      functioning as a self-sufficient first line of adaptive immunity.

PMID- 27377588
TI  - CD6 modulates thymocyte selection and peripheral T cell homeostasis.
AB  - The CD6 glycoprotein is a lymphocyte surface receptor putatively involved in T
      cell development and activation. CD6 facilitates adhesion between T cells and
      antigen-presenting cells through its interaction with CD166/ALCAM (activated
      leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), and physically associates with the T cell
      receptor (TCR) at the center of the immunological synapse. However, its precise
      role during thymocyte development and peripheral T cell immune responses remains
      to be defined. Here, we analyze the in vivo consequences of CD6 deficiency. CD6(
      /-) thymi showed a reduction in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) single-positive subsets,
      and double-positive thymocytes exhibited increased Ca(2+) mobilization to TCR
      cross-linking in vitro. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed a T cell
      autonomous selective disadvantage of CD6(-/-) T cells during development. The
      analysis of TCR-transgenic mice (OT-I and Marilyn) confirmed that abnormal T cell
      selection events occur in the absence of CD6. CD6(-/-) mice displayed increased
      frequencies of antigen-experienced peripheral T cells generated under certain
      levels of TCR signal strength or co-stimulation, such as effector/memory
      (CD4(+)TEM and CD8(+)TCM) and regulatory (T reg) T cells. The suppressive
      activity of CD6(-/-) T reg cells was diminished, and CD6(-/-) mice presented an
      exacerbated autoimmune response to collagen. Collectively, these data indicate
      that CD6 modulates the threshold for thymocyte selection and the generation
      and/or function of several peripheral T cell subpopulations, including T reg
      cells.

PMID- 27377587
TI  - Genetically distinct leukemic stem cells in human CD34- acute myeloid leukemia
      are arrested at a hemopoietic precursor-like stage.
AB  - Our understanding of the perturbation of normal cellular differentiation
      hierarchies to create tumor-propagating stem cell populations is incomplete. In
      human acute myeloid leukemia (AML), current models suggest transformation creates
      leukemic stem cell (LSC) populations arrested at a progenitor-like stage
      expressing cell surface CD34. We show that in ~25% of AML, with a distinct
      genetic mutation pattern where >98% of cells are CD34(-), there are multiple,
      nonhierarchically arranged CD34(+) and CD34(-) LSC populations. Within CD34(-)
      and CD34(+) LSC-containing populations, LSC frequencies are similar; there are
      shared clonal structures and near-identical transcriptional signatures. CD34(-)
      LSCs have disordered global transcription profiles, but these profiles are
      enriched for transcriptional signatures of normal CD34(-) mature granulocyte
      macrophage precursors, downstream of progenitors. But unlike mature precursors,
      LSCs express multiple normal stem cell transcriptional regulators previously
      implicated in LSC function. This suggests a new refined model of the relationship
      between LSCs and normal hemopoiesis in which the nature of genetic/epigenetic
      changes determines the disordered transcriptional program, resulting in LSC
      differentiation arrest at stages that are most like either progenitor or
      precursor stages of hemopoiesis.

PMID- 27377590
TI  - Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins against eri silkworm, Samia
      cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).
AB  - Ten purified crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were tested at
      concentrations ranging from 2.93 to 3000ng/cm(2) for their toxicity to eri
      silkworm through protein paint bioassays using castor leaves. Based on LC50
      values, Cry1Aa (2.6ng/cm(2)) was highly toxic followed by Cry1Ac (29.3ng/cm(2))
      and Cry1Ab (68.7ng/cm(2)). The Cry1Ca and Cry1Ea proteins were moderately toxic
      to eri silkworm larvae and resulted in 23% and 28% mortality, respectively at the
      highest concentration tested (3000ng/cm(2)). Only reduction in larval weight was
      observed with Cry2Aa, Cry1Da and Cry9Aa proteins while Cry3Aa and Cry1Ba proteins
      were found to be nontoxic.

PMID- 27377591
TI  - Pelvic Exenteration: Surgical Aspects and Analysis of Early and Late Morbidity in
      a Series of 106 Patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to report the surgical results in a
      series of pelvic exenterations, its peroperative difficulties, postoperative
      complications, mortality and long-term complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      Between November 1980 and December 2008, pelvic exenteration with curative intent
      has been performed in 106 patients, 87 female and 19 male, for gynecologic
      malignancy in 69, intestinal tumors in 29, urologic in 6 and advanced skin
      carcinomas in 2. The exenteration was performed as primary treatment in only 21
      patients, in the others it was for persistent or recurrent tumors after
      radiotherapy and/or surgery. RESULTS: In 86 patients a total exenteration was
      performed and in 55 the resection involved an extension beyond the classical
      planes of dissection. An incontinent urinary diversion was made in 100 patients,
      a colo-anal anastomis in 35, omentoplasty was standard and muscle flaps were used
      in 15 patients. Blood loss necessitating transfusion of more than 10 packed cell
      units or gauze packing did occur in 27 patients with extended resection.
      Postoperative complications occurred in 64 patients necessitating relaparotomy in
      14. Mortality within 30 days was 2%, in hospital 5% but did not occur in the last
      44 patients. During the very long follow-up serious late complications were
      observed in the kidneys of 12 patients and in the small bowel of 5. CONCLUSIONS:
      Pelvic exenteration is still a major surgical undertaking with a 60% complication
      rate but can nowadays be performed with a low mortality. Postoperative
      complications were related to radiotherapy dose above 50 Gy, extension of
      dissection, the empty pelvis, the urinary diversion and the small intestine. A
      protected colo-anal anastomosis should be offered when the pelvic floor can be
      conserved and muscle flaps should be considered after total infralevatoric
      exenteration. Bricker's urinary diversion still is the golden standard. Long-term
      complications were observed in 40 patients requiring surgery in 19.

PMID- 27377589
TI  - Siglec-H protects from virus-triggered severe systemic autoimmunity.
AB  - It is controversial whether virus infections can contribute to the development of
      autoimmune diseases. Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical antiviral cytokines
      during virus infections and have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of
      systemic lupus erythematosus. Type I IFN is mainly produced by plasmacytoid
      dendritic cells (pDCs). The secretion of type I IFN of pDCs is modulated by
      Siglec-H, a DAP12-associated receptor on pDCs. In this study, we show that Siglec
      H-deficient pDCs produce more of the type I IFN, IFN-alpha, in vitro and that
      Siglec-H knockout (KO) mice produce more IFN-alpha after murine cytomegalovirus
      (mCMV) infection in vivo. This did not impact control of viral replication.
      Remarkably, several weeks after a single mCMV infection, Siglec-H KO mice
      developed a severe form of systemic lupus-like autoimmune disease with strong
      kidney nephritis. In contrast, uninfected aging Siglec-H KO mice developed a mild
      form of systemic autoimmunity. The induction of systemic autoimmune disease after
      virus infection in Siglec-H KO mice was accompanied by a type I IFN signature and
      fully dependent on type I IFN signaling. These results show that Siglec-H
      normally serves as a modulator of type I IFN responses after infection with a
      persistent virus and thereby prevents induction of autoimmune disease.

PMID- 27377592
TI  - Climate threat on the Macaronesian endemic bryophyte flora.
AB  - Oceanic islands are of fundamental importance for the conservation of
      biodiversity because they exhibit high endemism rates coupled with fast
      extinction rates. Nowhere in Europe is this pattern more conspicuous than in the
      Macaronesian biogeographic region. A large network of protected areas within the
      region has been developed, but the question of whether these areas will still be
      climatically suitable for the globally threatened endemic element in the coming
      decades remains open. Here, we make predictions on the fate of the Macaronesian
      endemic bryophyte flora in the context of ongoing climate change. The potential
      distribution of 35 Macaronesian endemic bryophyte species was assessed under
      present and future climate conditions using an ensemble modelling approach.
      Projections of the models under different climate change scenarios predicted an
      average decrease of suitable areas of 62-87% per species and a significant
      elevational increase by 2070, so that even the commonest species were predicted
      to fit either the Vulnerable or Endangered IUCN categories. Complete extinctions
      were foreseen for six of the studied Macaronesian endemic species. Given the
      uncertainty regarding the capacity of endemic species to track areas of suitable
      climate within and outside the islands, active management associated to an
      effective monitoring program is suggested.

PMID- 27377593
TI  - The versatility of profunda femoral artery perforator flap for oncological
      reconstruction after cancer resection-Clinical cases and review of literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The profunda feomris artery perforator (PAP) flap was recently
      revisited and gains popularity as an alternative method of autologous breast
      reconstruction. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that PAP flap can
      be used reliably for reconstruction of various soft tissue defects. METHODS: A
      total of 55 free PAP flaps and 16 pedicle PAP flaps were transferred in 63
      patients. Each case was reviewed to verify a PAP flap was performed identifying
      defect location, flap size, flap design, and postoperative complications.
      RESULTS: Seven flaps in five patients underwent breast reconstructions, 48
      patients underwent head and neck reconstructions using free PAP flaps. The mean
      perforator number was 1.9, and the average pedicles length was 9.7 cm. The
      majority of perforators were musculocutaneous, and the others were
      septocutaneous. The mean ischemia time was 121.4 min. Minor complications
      included wound poor healing, flap partial necrosis, and pedicle vessels problems.
      Sixteen pedicle PAP flaps were transferred in 10 patients for vulvar
      reconstruction. Minor complications included urinary tract infection, poor wound
      healing, wound infection, hematoma. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomy and number of
      perforators of PAP flap are reliable with adequate pedicle length. This flap can
      be an excellent option for reconstruction of most soft tissue defects. J. Surg.
      Oncol. 2016;114:193-201. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377594
TI  - Rb silencing mediated by the down-regulation of MeCP2 is involved in cell
      transformation induced by long-term exposure to hydroquinone.
AB  - Hydroquinone (HQ), a metabolite of benzene, is a well-known human carcinogen;
      however, its molecular mechanisms of action remain unclear. MeCP2 has been
      traditionally described as a transcriptional repressor, though growing evidence
      indicates that it also activates gene expression. Here, we investigated whether
      some epigenetic machinery genes are aberrantly expressed as target tumor
      suppressor genes in HQ-transformed TK6 lymphoblastoid cells. Our results showed
      that treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine or trichostatin A enhanced the
      expression of Rb, resulting in cell arrest in G1-phase, and subsequently, an
      increase in apoptosis and a decrease in cell growth. Moreover, we hypothesised
      that Rb was silenced by the down-regulation of MeCP2 in HQ-transformed cells,
      resulting in the dynamic expression of Rb and epigenetic machinery proteins in HQ
      transformed cells at different time points. The expression of Rb and MeCP2 in
      patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL) showed that positive staining
      for MeCP2 or Rb was significantly lower in B-NHL tumor tissues, and these changes
      were significantly and negatively correlated with the grade of B-NHL. The
      restoration of MeCP2 in HQ-transformed cells enhanced the expression of Rb,
      promoted cell apoptosis, and inhibited cell growth. The changes in the expression
      patterns of MeCP2 and Rb were inversely correlated with the degree of DNA
      methylation. A ChiP assay revealed that MeCP2 proteins were recruited to the Rb
      promoter with lower 5'-methylcytosine levels. In conclusion, we demonstrated that
      the down-regulation of MeCP2 silences Rb, a process involved in cell
      transformation resulting from long-term exposure to HQ. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377595
TI  - Gender Differences in Child Aggression: Relations With Gender-Differentiated
      Parenting and Parents' Gender-Role Stereotypes.
AB  - This longitudinal study examines the association between child gender and child
      aggression via parents' physical control, moderated by parents' gender-role
      stereotypes in a sample of 299 two-parent families with a 3-year-old child in the
      Netherlands. Fathers with strong stereotypical gender-role attitudes and mothers
      were observed to use more physical control strategies with boys than with girls,
      whereas fathers with strong counterstereotypical attitudes toward gender roles
      used more physical control with girls than with boys. Moreover, when fathers had
      strong attitudes toward gender roles (stereotypical or counterstereotypical),
      their differential treatment of boys and girls completely accounted for the
      gender differences in children's aggressive behavior a year later. Mothers'
      gender-differentiated parenting practices were unrelated to gender differences in
      child aggression.

PMID- 27377596
TI  - Transnuclear CD8 T cells specific for the immunodominant epitope Gra6 lower acute
      phase Toxoplasma gondii burden.
AB  - We generated a CD8 T-cell receptor (TCR) transnuclear (TN) mouse specific to the
      Ld -restricted immunodominant epitope of GRA6 from Toxoplasma gondii as a source
      of cells to facilitate further investigation into the CD8 T-cell-mediated
      response against this pathogen. The TN T cells bound Ld -Gra6 tetramer and
      proliferated upon unspecific and peptide-specific stimulation. The TCR beta
      sequence of the Gra6-specific TN CD8 T cells is identical in its V- and J-region
      to the TCR-beta harboured by a hybridoma line generated in response to Gra6
      peptide. Adoptively transferred Gra6 TN CD8 T cells proliferated upon Toxoplasma
      infection in vivo and exhibited an activated phenotype similar to host CD8 T
      cells specific to Gra6. The brain of Toxoplasma-infected mice carried Gra6 TN
      cells already at day 8 post-infection. Both Gra6 TN mice as well as adoptively
      transferred Gra6 TN cells were able to significantly reduce the parasite burden
      in the acute phase of Toxoplasma infection. Overall, the Gra6 TN mouse represents
      a functional tool to study the protective and immunodominant specific CD8 T-cell
      response to Toxoplasma in both the acute and the chronic phases of infection.

PMID- 27377598
TI  - Identification of a novel mutation of the PRKAR1A gene in a patient with Carney
      complex with significant osteoporosis and recurrent fractures.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Carney complex (CNC) is a rare autosomal dominant multiple neoplasia
      syndrome characterized by the presence of endocrine and non-endocrine tumors.
      More than 125 different germline mutations of the protein Kinase A type 1-alpha
      regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A) gene have been reported. We present a novel PRKAR1A
      gene germline mutation in a patient with severe osteoporosis and recurrent
      vertebral fractures. DESIGN: Clinical case report. CASE REPORT: A 53-year-old
      male with a medical history of surgically removed recurrent cardiac myxomas was
      evaluated for repeated low-pressure vertebral fractures and severe osteoporosis.
      Physical examination revealed spotty skin pigmentation of the lower extremities
      and papules in the nuchal and thoracic region. The presence of hypercortisolism
      due to micronodular adrenal disease and the history of cardiac myxomas suggested
      the diagnosis of CNC; the patient underwent detailed imaging investigation and
      genetic testing. METHODS: Standard imaging and clinical testing; DNA was
      sequenced by the Sanger method. RESULTS: Sequence analysis from peripheral
      lymphocytes DNA revealed a novel heterozygous point mutation at codon 172 of exon
      2 (c.172G>T) of the PRKAR1A gene, resulting in early termination of the PRKAR1A
      transcript [p.Glu58Ter (E58X)]. CONCLUSION: We report a novel point mutation of
      the PRKAR1A gene in a patient with CNC who presented with significant
      osteoporosis and fractures. Low bone mineral density along with recurrent myxomas
      should point to the diagnosis of CNC.

PMID- 27377597
TI  - Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system localization in human fetal heart.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family consists of the
      neuropeptides CRF, Ucn I, II and III and the binding sites CRFR1, CRFR2 and CRF
      BP. It regulates stress response and the homeostasis of an organism. In this
      study, we examined the presence of the CRF system in the human hearts of normal
      and pathological fetuses. DESIGN: Heart tissues from 40 archival human fetuses
      were divided into Group A (without pathology, 'normal'), Group B (with
      chromosomal abnormalities) and Group C (with congenital disorders).
      Immunohistochemistry was used to localize the CRF system. Results correlated to
      gestational trimester and pathology. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity for all antigens
      was found in cardiac myocytes of all groups, in almost all samples, except Ucn
      III which was present in almost half of the fetuses of Groups B and C and was not
      detected at all in Group A. Ucn III was more often present during the earlier
      stage of development (<21weeks) and in fetuses with congenital disorders. In a
      fetus diagnosed with heart pathology, all but Ucn III antigens were also present.
      CONCLUSIONS: We localized a complete CRF system in the human fetal heart and
      correlated the presence of Ucn III to development and pathology. More studies are
      needed to verify and clarify the exact role of the CRF system in the human fetal
      heart.

PMID- 27377599
TI  - A Dewetting-Induced Assembly Strategy for Precisely Patterning Organic Single
      Crystals in OFETs.
AB  - Simple methods for patterning single crystals are critical to fully realize their
      applications in electronics. However, traditional vapor and solution methods are
      deficient in terms of crystals with random spatial and quality distributions. In
      this work, we report a dewetting-induced assembly strategy for obtaining large
      scale and highly oriented organic crystal arrays. We also demonstrate that
      organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated from patterned n-alkyl
      substituted tetrachloroperylene diimide (R-4ClPDI) single crystals can reach a
      maximum mobility of 0.65 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) for C8-4ClPDI in ambient conditions.
      This technique constitutes a facile method for fabricating OFETs with high
      performances for large-scale electronics applications. 

PMID- 27377600
TI  - Co-Adaptation Is Key to Coexisting with Large Carnivores.
AB  - There is a pressing need to integrate large carnivore species into multi-use
      landscapes outside protected areas. However, an unclear understanding of
      coexistence hinders the realization of this goal. Here, we provide a
      comprehensive conceptualization of coexistence in which mutual adaptations by
      both large carnivores and humans have a central role.

PMID- 27377601
TI  - Science Communication Through Art: Objectives, Challenges, and Outcomes.
AB  - The arts are becoming a favored medium for conveying science to the public.
      Tracking trending approaches, such as community-engaged learning, alongside
      challenges and goals can help establish metrics to achieve more impactful
      outcomes, and to determine the effectiveness of arts-based science communication
      for raising awareness or shaping public policy.

PMID- 27377602
TI  - Coexistence with Large Carnivores Informed by Community Ecology.
AB  - Conserving predators on an increasingly crowded planet brings very difficult
      challenges. Here, we argue that community ecology theory can help conserve these
      species in human-dominated landscapes. Letting humans and predators share the
      same landscapes is similar to maintaining a community of predatory species, one
      of which is humans.

PMID- 27377603
TI  - Corrigendum to "Results of hepatic and renal function tests to different CO2
      pneumoperitoneum conditions: An experimental capnoperitoneum study in dogs" [Res.
      Vet. Sci. 101 (August 2015) 1-5].

PMID- 27377604
TI  - Cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine, with or without MK-467, following
      intravenous administration in cats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To characterize the cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine, with or
      without MK-467, following intravenous (IV) administration in cats. STUDY DESIGN:
      Prospective Latin square experimental study. ANIMALS: Six healthy adult purpose
      bred cats. METHODS: Cats were anesthetized with desflurane in oxygen for
      instrumentation with a carotid artery catheter and a thermodilution catheter in
      the pulmonary artery. One hour after discontinuation of desflurane, cats were
      administered dexmedetomidine (25 MUg kg-1), MK-467 (600 MUg kg-1), or
      dexmedetomidine (25 MUg kg-1) and MK-467 (600 MUg kg-1). All treatments were
      administered IV as a bolus. Cardiovascular variables were measured prior to drug
      administration and for 8 hours thereafter. Only data from the dexmedetomidine and
      dexmedetomidine-MK-467 treatments were analyzed. RESULTS: Dexmedetomidine
      produced significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac index and right ventricular
      stroke work index, and significant increases in arterial blood pressure, central
      venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure and systemic vascular resistance
      index. Dexmedetomidine combined with MK-467 resulted in significant but transient
      decrease in blood pressure and right ventricular stroke work index. CONCLUSION
      AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Following IV co-administration, MK-467 effectively
      attenuated dexmedetomidine-induced cardiovascular effects in cats. The drug
      combination resulted in transient reduction in arterial blood pressure, without
      causing hypotension.

PMID- 27377605
TI  - Topotactic Conversion of Copper(I) Phosphide Nanowires for Sensitive
      Electrochemical Detection of H2O2 Release from Living Cells.
AB  - In this work, we clearly demonstrate for the first time the use of transition
      metal phosphides to set up a new cathodic analysis platform for sensitive and
      selective electrochemical nonenzymatic detection of H2O2. With the help of a
      facile topotactic conversion method, the noble metal-free electrocatalyst of
      copper(I) phosphide nanowires on three-dimensional porous copper foam (Cu3P
      NWs/CF) is fabricated with electrochemical anodized Cu(OH)2 NWs as precursor. The
      Cu3P NWs/CF-based sensor presents excellent electrocatalytic activity for H2O2
      reduction with a detection limit of 2 nM, the lowest detection limit achieved by
      noble-metal free electrocatalyst, which guarantees the possibility of sensitive
      and reliable detection of H2O2 release from living tumorigenic cells, thus
      showing the potential application as a sensitive cancer cell detection probe.

PMID- 27377606
TI  - Thin Ice Films at Mineral Surfaces.
AB  - Ice films formed at mineral surfaces are of widespread occurrence in nature and
      are involved in numerous atmospheric and terrestrial processes. In this study, we
      studied thin ice films at surfaces of 19 synthetic and natural mineral samples of
      varied structure and composition. These thin films were formed by sublimation of
      thicker hexagonal ice overlayers mostly produced by freezing wet pastes of
      mineral particles at -10 and -50  degrees C. Vibration spectroscopy revealed that
      thin ice films contained smaller populations of strongly hydrogen-bonded water
      molecules than in hexagonal ice and liquid water. Thin ice films at the surfaces
      of the majority of minerals considered in this work [i.e., metal
      (oxy)(hydr)oxides, phyllosilicates, silicates, volcanic ash, Arizona Test Dust]
      produced intense O-H stretching bands at ~3400 cm(-1), attenuated bands at ~3200
      cm(-1), and liquid-water-like bending band at ~1640 cm(-1) irrespective of
      structure and composition. Illite, a nonexpandable phyllosilicate, is the only
      mineral that stabilized a form of ice that was strongly resilient to sublimation
      in temperatures as low as -50  degrees C. As mineral-bound thin ice films are the
      substrates upon which ice grows from water vapor or aqueous solutions, this study
      provides new constraints from which their natural occurrences can be understood. 

PMID- 27377607
TI  - SXR rs3842689: a prognostic factor for steroid sensitivity or resistance in
      pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.
AB  - AIM: of the study was to analyse the impact of SXR rs3842689 polymorphism on the
      response to corticosteroids in pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. PATIENTS
      & METHODS: 66 children (56 steroid-sensitive, ten steroid-resistant) were studied
      for SXR gene polymorphism distribution. RESULTS: Steroid sensitive patients
      accounted for 96% of cases with In/In polymorphism, but only for 53% of cases
      with Del/Del polymorphism At odds ratio analysis, Del/Del represented a clear
      risk factor of steroid resistance (OR: 20.57; p = 0.009), while In/In was a
      favourable prognostic factor of steroid sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The analysis of
      SXR polymorphism is a promising tool to predict both the favourable response to
      corticosteroids and the risk of developing steroid resistance.

PMID- 27377608
TI  - Ground and excited state interactions of metalloporphyrin PtTMPyP4 with
      polynucleotides [poly(dG-dC)]2 and [poly(dA-dT)]2.
AB  - The ground- and excited-state interactions of Pt(ii) meso-tetrakis(4-N
      methylpyridyl)porphyrin (PtTMPyP4) with polynucleotides [poly(dG-dC)]2 and
      [poly(dA-dT)]2 have been investigated using UV/visible, circular dichroism, and
      steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopy. PtTMPyP4 intercalates into
      [poly(dG-dC)]2 with K~ 10(6) M(-1). When bound to [poly(dG-dC)]2 in aerated
      solution there is a six-fold emission enhancement with 18 nm red-shift in
      emission maximum. Emission lifetimes are biexponential. In the presence of
      [poly(dA-dT)]2 at least two distinct groove-binding modes are observed, depending
      on the binding ratio. In [poly(dA-dT)]2 the emission intensity increases by a
      maximum factor of 17 with no shift in the emission spectrum. Three exponentials
      were required for lifetime fitting. The lower extent of emission enhancement in
      the presence of [poly(dG-dC)]2 suggests that a slow electron transfer may take
      place to guanine, which is significantly less efficient than that previously
      observed for PtTMPyP4 in the presence of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP). The
      results are compared to those previously recorded with free base H2TMPyP4.

PMID- 27377609
TI  - The Evolving Field of Wound Measurement Techniques: A Literature Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Wound healing is a complex and multifactorial process that requires
      the involvement of a multidisciplinary approach. Methods of wound measurement
      have been developed and continually refined with the purpose of ensuring
      precision in wound measurement and documentation as the primary indicator of
      healing. This review aims to ascertain the efficacies of current wound area
      measurement techniques, and to highlight any perceived gaps in the literature so
      as to develop suggestions for future studies and practice. METHODS: Med- line,
      PubMed, CliniKey, and CINAHL were searched using the terms "wound/ulcer
      measurement techniques," "wound assessment," "digi- tal planimetry," and
      "structured light." Articles between 2000 and 2014 were selected, and secondary
      searches were carried out by exam- ining the references of relevant articles.
      Only papers written in English were included. RESULTS: A universal, standardized
      method of wound as- sessment has not been established or proposed. At present,
      techniques range from the simple to the more complex - most of which have char-
      acteristics that allow for applicability in both rural and urban settings.
      Techniques covered are: ruler measurements, acetate tracings/contact planimetry,
      digital planimetry, and structured light devices. Conclu- sion. In reviewing the
      literature, the precision and reliability of digital planimetry over the more
      conventional methods of ruler measurements and acetate tracings are consistently
      demonstrated. The advent and utility of the laser or structured light approach,
      however, is promising, has only been analyzed by a few, and opens up the scope
      for further evaluation of this technique.

PMID- 27377610
TI  - Femoral Vein Cannulation in the Treatment of Osteomyelitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to investigate the feasibil- ity of using the
      femoral vein for long-term venous access. This was accomplished in the course of
      treating osteomyelitis patients, using a combination of long-term (6 weeks),
      outpatient, intravenous (IV) an- tibiotics administered through a femoral central
      line. This was com- bined subsequently with the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)
      therapy. Using the femoral vein for central venous access means there is no risk
      of creating an iatrogenic pneumothorax, which would prohibit the subsequent use
      of HBO therapy. In addition, the propitious nature of the groin skin flora,
      Propionibacteriaceae, seems less inclined to par- ticipate in biofilm production,
      the root cause of central line infections. METHODS: The femoral central lines
      were all inserted in the operating room (OR) and handled like a regular
      outpatient surgery with a me- ticulous skin prep completed by experienced OR
      nurses. Experienced technicians assisted with the surgery. After insertion, the
      lines were then specially secured to prevent sliding. Vancomycin was adminis-
      tered preoperatively. RESULTS: Surprisingly, femoral lines placed in this way
      remained free of infection for up to 70 days. Eight patients with Wagner stage 2
      ulcers and underlying osteomyelitis were treated with a course of 6 weeks of
      vancomycin, followed by HBO therapy. A cure rate of 75% was achieved. CONCLUSION:
      Femoral vein cannulation for antibi- otic administration is safe and effective in
      treating patients with osteo- myelitis. The lines should be placed in the OR with
      the help of skilled personnel. Femoral cannulation avoids the risk of
      pneumothorax, and the lines can be used for up to 70 days. By avoiding
      pneumothorax, the patients remain candidates for HBO therapy.

PMID- 27377611
TI  - Reliability Assessment of an Innovative Wound Score.
AB  - The authors describe an innovative wound score and demonstrate its versatility
      for scoring a variety of wound types in addition to diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs).
      To further test its merits, they determined its interobserver reliability in a
      prospective series of patients. The Wound Score system the authors created
      integrates the most important features of 4 predominantly used wound scoring
      systems. It utilizes a logical 0 to 10 format based on 5 assessments each graded
      from 2 (best) to 0 (worst). The versatility and reliability of the Wound Score
      were studied in a prospective series of 94 patients with lower extremity wounds.
      The Wound Score was quick to determine, applicable to a variety of wound types
      and locations, and highly objective for grading the severity of each of the 5
      assessments. The Wound Score categorized wound types as "healthy," "problem," or
      "futile" for evaluation and management. Diabetes was present in 75.9%, with 70%
      of the DFUs scoring in the "problem" wound range. Interobserver reli- ability was
      high (r = 0.81). The objectivity, versatility, and reliability of the Wound Score
      system facilitates making decisions about the management of wounds, whether DFUs
      or not, and provides quantification for compara- tive effectiveness research for
      wound management. 

PMID- 27377612
TI  - Evidence Corner: Evidence-based Care for Malignant Wounds.
AB  - Malignant fungating wounds occur in 5% to 10% of individuals with cancer.1 They
      arise "when malignant tumour cells infiltrate and erode through the skin."2
      Guidelines for treating these malignant wounds (MW) often lack randomized,
      clinical trial (RCT) evidence supporting local wound care interventions that meet
      patients' physical or psychosocial needs or facilitate healing.3 The rarity of
      RCTs exploring healing of MWs likely results from their very low expectation of
      complete closure.1 Affected patients and their professional and family caregivers
      rate pain, infection, and odor management among the most important challenges in
      minimizing distress.4-6 Though a recently updated Cochrane review3 reminds us
      that evidence remains insufficient for firm conclusions supporting management of
      MW, it does cite 2 recent RCTs described herein7,8 that can serve as "current
      best evidence"9 to inform clinical decisions for alleviating some aspects of
      these patients' distress. 

PMID- 27377613
TI  - VAC Therapy Direct to the Medullary Cavity for Chronic Tibial Osteomyelitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vacuum-assisted wound closure (VAC) is useful for difficult wound
      beds, although sites where bleeding or infection is expected are usually regarded
      as problematic for this therapy. This report outlines the treatment of chronic
      tibial osteomyelitis (Cierny- Mader type III) due to mixed infection with
      Nocardia spp and Bacteroi- des fragilis by postoperative VAC therapy direct to
      the medullary cavity, followed by wound coverage with a gastrocnemius
      myocutaneous skin flap. CASE REPORT: A 64-year-old man developed chronic left
      tibial os- teomyelitis after a work injury. The nonviable tissues were debrided,
      including a sequestrum. Nocardia spp and B. fragilis were isolated from surgical
      bone specimens, and chronic tibial osteomyelitis due to mixed infection was
      diagnosed. Postoperatively, VAC therapy was performed directly to the open
      medullary cavity of the tibia and sub- sequently covered the residual soft tissue
      defect with a gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap. DISCUSSION: The authors could not
      find any English literature on VAC therapy direct to the medullary cavity
      combined with transplantation of a myocutaneous flap for osteomyelitis. Nocardia
      spp can cause a variety of infections, among which osteomyelitis occupies a
      relatively small percentage. CONCLUSION: This case raises the possibil- ity of
      treating chronic tibial osteomyelitis caused by mixed infection with Nocardia spp
      and B. fragilis by applying postoperative VAC ther- apy directly to the medullary
      cavity and covering the residual wound with a gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap.

PMID- 27377614
TI  - Comparative toxicities of 3 platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens in
      relapsed/refractory lymphoma patients.
AB  - Optimal salvage chemotherapy regimen for patients with relapsed or refractory
      Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma remains unclear but often based on platinum
      regimens. This retrospective study assesses in real life the toxicities profiles
      of patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma treated with DHA (dexamethasone,
      high dose aracytine cytarabine) plus platinum salt (dexamethasone-High dose
      aracytine (cis)platin (DHAP), dexamethasone-High dose aracytine carboplatin
      (DHAC), or dexamethasone-High dose aracytine Oxaliplatin (DHAOX)), from February
      2007 to May 2013 in 2 French hospitals. Toxicities were recorded from medical
      files and assessed according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity
      Criteria version 3.0. Potential risk factors of renal insufficiency were tested
      by univariate analyses. A total of 276 patients were treated: 168 with DHAP
      (60.9%), 79 with DHAOX (28.6%), and 29 with DHAC (10.5%). Rituximab was
      associated in 80.1% of patients (n = 221). Renal failure was reported in 97
      patients, mainly with cisplatin regimen (86.6%) leading to 8.9% grade III to IV
      renal failure (P = .001). Renal insufficiency was reversible in most patients but
      remained persistent in 24, with all of them being treated with DHAP except 1.
      Cisplatin-based regimen (50.0% versus 12.0%, P < .05) and female (44.6% versus
      29.7%, P < .05) appeared to be at higher risks of renal failure. Platinum
      cumulative dose is a significant risk factor of nephrotoxicity. Hematologic
      toxicity was more frequent with carboplatin and cisplatin with at least 1 event
      (all toxicity grade) respectively in 79.3% and 71.4% of patients treated (P <
      .005). Auditory toxicity was mainly reported with cisplatin (n = 19; 4 grade I-II
      and 15 grade III-IV). Oxaliplatin was implicated in 77.6% of neurotoxicity (n =
      59), mainly moderate (grade I-II). In conclusion, DHAOX and DHAC regimens have
      more favorable toxicity profile than DHAP regimen. Their lack of renal toxicity
      makes them attractive regimens, which may be interesting for patients eligible
      for autologous stem cell transplantation. Nevertheless, these results have to be
      confirmed by the therapeutic efficacy of these 3 regimens.

PMID- 27377616
TI  - Comparison of lidocaine/tetracaine cream and lidocaine/prilocaine cream for local
      anaesthesia during laser treatment of acne keloidalis nuchae and tattoo removal:
      results of two randomized controlled trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pain is a common adverse effect of dermatological laser procedures.
      Currently, no standard topical anaesthetic cream exists for deeper dermal laser
      procedures. OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of lidocaine/tetracaine cream and
      lidocaine/prilocaine cream in reducing self-reported pain during deeper dermal
      laser treatment of acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) and tattoos. METHODS: We
      conducted two randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials with
      intrapatient, split-lesion designs: study A included patients with AKN (n = 15);
      study B included patients with black tattoos (n = 15). The primary end point was
      the patients' self-reported pain on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS).
      Secondary objectives were the percentage of patients with adequate pain relief,
      willingness to pay ?25 for the cream that provided the best pain relief and
      safety of the creams. RESULTS: In both studies, VAS scores were lower for
      lidocaine/prilocaine cream, with a mean VAS difference in study A of 1.9 [95%
      confidence interval (CI) 1.0-2.8] and in study B of 0.6 (95% CI -0.7 to 1.9). In
      study A, adequate pain relief was achieved in 13% (n = 2) with
      lidocaine/tetracaine cream vs. 73% (n = 11) with lidocaine/prilocaine cream (P =
      0.004), and in study B in 53% (n = 8) vs. 80% (n = 12), respectively (P = 0.289).
      In study A, 47% (n = 7) were willing to pay an additional ?25 vs. 73% (n = 11) in
      study B. No serious adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Lidocaine/prilocaine
      cream under plastic occlusion is the preferred topical anaesthetic during painful
      laser procedures targeting dermal chromophores.

PMID- 27377615
TI  - Expression and Secretion of Endostar Protein by Escherichia Coli: Optimization of
      Culture Conditions Using the Response Surface Methodology.
AB  - Endostar as a specific drug in treatment of the nonsmall cell lung cancer is
      produced using Escherichia coli expression system. Plackett-Burman design (PBD)
      and response surface methodology (RSM) are statistical tools for experimental
      design and optimization of biotechnological processes. This investigation aimed
      to predict and develop the optimal culture condition and its components for
      expression and secretion of endostar into the culture medium of E. coli. The
      synthetic endostar coding sequence was fused with PhoA signal peptide. The nine
      factors involved in the production of recombinant protein-postinduction
      temperature, cell density, rotation speed, postinduction time, concentration of
      glycerol, IPTG, peptone, glycine, and triton X-100-were evaluated using PBD. Four
      significant factors were selected based on PBD results for optimizing culture
      condition using RSM. Endostar was purified using cation exchange chromatography
      and size exclusion chromatography. The maximum level of endostar was obtained
      under the following condition: 13.57-h postinduction time, 0.76 % glycine, 0.7 %
      triton X-100, and 4.87 % glycerol. The predicted levels of endostar was
      significantly correlated with experimental levels (R 2 = 0.982, P = 0.00). The
      obtained results indicated that PBD and RSM are effective tools for optimization
      of culture condition and its components for endostar production in E. coli. The
      most important factors in the enhancement of the protein production are glycerol,
      glycine, and postinduction time. 

PMID- 27377617
TI  - Couples Therapy for Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta
      Analysis.
AB  - Intimate partner violence is a serious public health problem accompanied by
      substantial morbidity and mortality. Despite its documented impact on health,
      there is no widely recognized treatment of choice. Some studies indicate that
      couples suffering from situational violence may benefit from couples therapy, but
      professionals are cautious to risk the possibility of violent retaliation between
      partners. After a comprehensive literature search of 1,733 citations, this
      systematic review and meta-analysis compiles the results of six studies to
      investigate the effectiveness of couples therapy as a treatment for violence.
      Preliminary data suggest that couples therapy is a viable treatment in select
      situations.

PMID- 27377619
TI  - X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Quantification and Speciation Modeling of Sulfate
      Adsorption on Ferrihydrite Surfaces.
AB  - Sulfate adsorption on mineral surfaces is an important environmental chemical
      process, but the structures and respective contribution of different adsorption
      complexes under various environmental conditions are unclear. By combining sulfur
      K-edge XANES and EXAFS spectroscopy, quantum chemical calculations, and surface
      complexation modeling (SCM), we have shown that sulfate forms both outer-sphere
      complexes and bidentate-binuclear inner-sphere complexes on ferrihydrite
      surfaces. The relative fractions of the complexes vary with pH, ionic strength
      (I), and sample hydration degree (wet versus air-dried), but their structures
      remained the same. The inner-sphere complex adsorption loading decreases with
      increasing pH while remaining unchanged with I. At both I = 0.02 and 0.1 M, the
      outer-sphere complex loading reaches maximum at pH ~5 and then decreases with pH,
      whereas it monotonically decreases with pH at I = 0.5 M. These observations
      result from a combination of the ionic-strength effect, the pH dependence of
      anion adsorption, and the competition between inner- and outer-sphere
      complexation. Air-drying drastically converts the outer-sphere complexes to the
      inner-sphere complexes. The respective contributions to the overall adsorption
      loading of the two complexes were directly modeled with the extended triple layer
      SCM by implementing the bidentate-binuclear inner-sphere complexation identified
      in the present study. These findings improve our understanding of sulfate
      adsorption and its effects on other environmental chemical processes and have
      important implications for generalizing the adsorption behavior of anions forming
      both inner- and outer-sphere complexes on mineral surfaces.

PMID- 27377618
TI  - Germline viral "fossils" guide in silico reconstruction of a mid-Cenozoic era
      marsupial adeno-associated virus.
AB  - Germline endogenous viral elements (EVEs) genetically preserve viral nucleotide
      sequences useful to the study of viral evolution, gene mutation, and the
      phylogenetic relationships among host organisms. Here, we describe a lineage
      specific, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-derived endogenous viral element (mAAV
      EVE1) found within the germline of numerous closely related marsupial species.
      Molecular screening of a marsupial DNA panel indicated that mAAV-EVE1 occurs
      specifically within the marsupial suborder Macropodiformes (present-day
      kangaroos, wallabies, and related macropodoids), to the exclusion of other
      Diprotodontian lineages. Orthologous mAAV-EVE1 locus sequences from sixteen
      macropodoid species, representing a speciation history spanning an estimated 30
      million years, facilitated compilation of an inferred ancestral sequence that
      recapitulates the genome of an ancient marsupial AAV that circulated among
      Australian metatherian fauna sometime during the late Eocene to early Oligocene.
      In silico gene reconstruction and molecular modelling indicate remarkable
      conservation of viral structure over a geologic timescale. Characterisation of
      AAV-EVE loci among disparate species affords insight into AAV evolution and, in
      the case of macropodoid species, may offer an additional genetic basis for
      assignment of phylogenetic relationships among the Macropodoidea. From an applied
      perspective, the identified AAV "fossils" provide novel capsid sequences for use
      in translational research and clinical applications.

PMID- 27377620
TI  - United States National Pain Strategy for Population Research: Concepts,
      Definitions, and Pilot Data.
AB  - National Pain Strategy population research objectives include: estimating chronic
      pain prevalence, studying pain treatment with electronic health care data, and
      developing metrics to assess progress in reducing chronic pain impact. In this
      article, the National Pain Strategy Population Research Workgroup reviews
      concepts relevant to achieving these aims. High-impact chronic pain was defined
      as persistent pain with substantial restriction of life activities lasting 6
      months or more. In pilot work, we tested a brief assessment of high-impact
      chronic pain, and used electronic health records data to describe pain-related
      health care. A mail survey of adult health plan enrollees (N = 770) reported that
      14% had high-impact chronic pain. Relative to persons with lower-impact chronic
      pain, those with high-impact chronic pain were more often frequent users of
      health care for pain, reported lower quality of life, greater pain-related
      interference with activities, and more often reported pain at multiple anatomic
      locations. Analyses of health care data (N = 289,464) reported that pain patients
      had higher health care costs compared with others and that pain services were
      typically delivered in primary care. These results support the feasibility of
      developing data on chronic pain through national health interview surveys and
      large electronic health care databases. PERSPECTIVE: Pilot analyses supported the
      feasibility of brief chronic pain assessments suitable for national health
      surveys and use of electronic health care databases to develop data regarding
      trends in the delivery of pain treatments, costs, and effectiveness. These
      methods are relevant to achieving the aims of the US National Pain Strategy.

PMID- 27377621
TI  - Resident Macrophages in Muscle Contribute to Development of Hyperalgesia in a
      Mouse Model of Noninflammatory Muscle Pain.
AB  - Macrophages play a role in innate immunity within the body, are located in muscle
      tissue, and can release inflammatory cytokines that sensitize local nociceptors.
      In this study we investigate the role of resident macrophages in the
      noninflammatory muscle pain model induced by 2 pH 4.0 preservative-free sterile
      saline (pH 4.0) injections 5 days apart in the gastrocnemius muscle. We showed
      that injecting 2 pH 4.0 injections into the gastrocnemius muscle increased the
      number of local muscle macrophages, and depleting muscle macrophages with
      clodronate liposomes before acid injections attenuated the hyperalgesia produced
      by this model. To further examine the contribution of local macrophages to this
      hyperalgesia, we injected mice intramuscularly with C34, a toll-like receptor 4
      (TLR4) antagonist. When given before the first pH 4.0 injection, C34 attenuated
      the muscle and tactile hyperalgesia produced by the model. However, when given
      before the second injection C34 had no effect on the development of hyperalgesia.
      Then to test whether activation of local macrophages sensitizes nociceptors to
      normally non-nociceptive stimuli we replaced either the first or second acid
      injection with the immune cell activator lipopolysaccharide, or the inflammatory
      cytokine interleukin (IL)-6. Injecting LPS or IL-6 instead of the either the
      first or second pH 4.0 injection resulted in a dose-dependent increase in paw
      withdrawal responses and decrease in muscle withdrawal thresholds. The highest
      doses of LPS and IL-6 resulted in development of hyperalgesia bilaterally. The
      present study showed that resident macrophages in muscle are key to development
      of chronic muscle pain. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents evidence for the role
      of macrophages in the development of chronic muscle pain using a mouse model.
      These data suggest that macrophages could be a potential therapeutic target to
      prevent transition of acute to chronic muscle pain particularly in tissue
      acidosis conditions.

PMID- 27377622
TI  - A catalogue of 136 microbial draft genomes from Red Sea metagenomes.
AB  - Earth is expected to continue warming and the Red Sea is a model environment for
      understanding the effects of global warming on ocean microbiomes due to its
      unusually high temperature, salinity and solar irradiance. However, most
      microbial diversity analyses of the Red Sea have been limited to cultured
      representatives and single marker gene analyses, hence neglecting the substantial
      uncultured majority. Here, we report 136 microbial genomes (completion minus
      contamination is >=50%) assembled from 45 metagenomes from eight stations
      spanning the Red Sea and taken from multiple depths between 10 to 500 m.
      Phylogenomic analysis showed that most of the retrieved genomes belong to seven
      different phyla of known marine microbes, but more than half representing
      currently uncultured species. The open-access data presented here is the largest
      number of Red Sea representative microbial genomes reported in a single study and
      will help facilitate future studies in understanding the physiology of these
      microorganisms and how they have adapted to the relatively harsh conditions of
      the Red Sea.

PMID- 27377624
TI  - Variations of rhizosphere bacterial communities in tea (Camellia sinensis L.)
      continuous cropping soil by high-throughput pyrosequencing approach.
AB  - AIMS: The goal was to investigate the dynamics of soil bacterial community in the
      chronosequence tea orchards. METHOD AND RESULTS: In this study, soils from tea
      orchards with continuously cropping histories for 1, 10 and 20 years were
      collected for investigating rhizosphere bacterial communities using 454
      pyrosequencing. The results indicated that Gammaproteobacteria,
      Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria were the main phyla in the
      tea orchard soils and accounted for more than 60% of the bacterial sequences. At
      the genus level, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as
      Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Mycobacterium and Sphingomonas,
      significantly decreased in the 20-year tea orchard soils. Similar patterns of
      bacterial community structure were observed between 1-year and 10-year tea
      orchards, which significantly differed from those of 20-year tea orchards.
      Redundancy analysis indicated that soil organic carbon and pH showed high
      correlations (positive or negative) with the majority of the taxa. CONCLUSION:
      Long-term tea cultivation altered the composition and structure of soil bacterial
      community, which led to the reduction in the beneficial bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE
      AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results can provide clues on how to regulate the
      soil microbial community and maintain the health of soils in tea orchard systems.

PMID- 27377625
TI  - Virtual drug screening for prion diseases: A valuable step?

PMID- 27377623
TI  - Glycolipid activators of invariant NKT cells as vaccine adjuvants.
AB  - Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes with
      unique phenotypic properties and a remarkably broad range of immune effector and
      regulatory functions. One subset of these cells, known as invariant NKT cells
      (iNKT cells), has become a significant focus in the search for new and better
      ways to enhance immunotherapies and vaccination. These unconventional T cells are
      characterized by their ability to be specifically activated by a range of foreign
      and self-derived glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class I-related
      antigen presenting molecule that has evolved to bind and present lipid antigens.
      The development of synthetic alpha-galactosylceramides as a family of powerful
      glycolipid agonists for iNKT cells has led to approaches for augmenting a wide
      variety of immune responses, including those involved in vaccination against
      infections and cancers. Here we review the basic background biology of iNKT cells
      that is relevant to their potential for improving immune responses, and summarize
      recent work supporting the further development of glycolipid activators of iNKT
      cells as a new class of vaccine adjuvants. 

PMID- 27377626
TI  - Identification of Circulating Tumor DNA for the Early Detection of Small-cell
      Lung Cancer.
AB  - Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a key potential biomarker for post
      diagnosis surveillance but it may also play a crucial role in the detection of
      pre-clinical cancer. Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an excellent candidate for
      early detection given there are no successful therapeutic options for late-stage
      disease, and it displays almost universal inactivation of TP53. We assessed the
      presence of TP53 mutations in the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) extracted from the plasma
      of 51 SCLC cases and 123 non-cancer controls. We identified mutations using a
      pipeline specifically designed to accurately detect variants at very low
      fractions. We detected TP53 mutations in the cfDNA of 49% SCLC patients and 11.4%
      of non-cancer controls. When stratifying the 51 initial SCLC cases by stage, TP53
      mutations were detected in the cfDNA of 35.7% early-stage and 54.1% late-stage
      SCLC patients. The results in the controls were further replicated in 10.8% of an
      independent series of 102 non-cancer controls. The detection of TP53 mutations in
      11% of the 225 non-cancer controls suggests that somatic mutations in cfDNA among
      individuals without any cancer diagnosis is a common occurrence, and poses
      serious challenges for the development of ctDNA screening tests. 

PMID- 27377627
TI  - Factors associated with use of malaria control interventions by pregnant women in
      Buwunga subcounty, Bugiri District.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Uganda, the Government has promoted the use of intermittent
      preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) and insecticide-treated bed
      nets (ITNs) as malaria control strategies for pregnant women. However, their
      utilization among pregnant women is low. This study aimed at assessing factors
      associated with use of IPTp for malaria and ITNs by pregnant women in Buwunga sub
      county, Bugiri District. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in
      Buwunga sub-county, Bugiri District, employing quantitative data collection
      tools. A total of 350 household members were randomly selected to participate in
      the study. Data were entered and analysed using Epi info version 3.5.1;
      bivariable and multivariable analysis was done to assess the factors associated
      with use of IPTp and ITNs among pregnant women. RESULTS: The level of uptake of
      IPTp1 (at least one dose) was 63.7 % while IPTp2 (at least two doses) was 42.0 %.
      More than half (58.6 %) of the mothers had slept under an ITN the night before
      the survey. Slightly more than half (51.9 %) of the mothers mentioned stock outs
      as the major reason for not accessing IPTp and ITNs. The main factors that were
      statistically significant for IPTp2 uptake were the knowledge of mothers on IPTp2
      (AOR 2.48 95 % CI 1.53-4.02) and providing women with free clean water at the
      antenatal care (ANC) clinic (AOR 3.63 95 % CI 2.06-6.39). Factors that were
      significant for ITN utilization included education level of mothers (AOR 2.03 95
      % CI 1.09-3.78), ease of access (AOR 2.74 95 % CI 1.65-4.52), and parity (AOR
      1.71 95 % CI 1.01-1.29). CONCLUSION: The level of uptake of the two recommended
      doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) tablets for malaria prevention (IPTp2)
      was low, slightly more than half of the mothers slept under an ITN the night
      before the survey. Appropriate measures to increase the level of uptake of IPTp2
      and coverage of ITNs among pregnant women should be implemented, and these
      include providing health education about IPTp and ITNs, and ensuring that mothers
      are provided with free safe clean water at ANC clinic.

PMID- 27377628
TI  - Risk and functional significance of psychotic experiences among individuals with
      depression in 44 low- and middle-income countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies on whether the co-occurrence of psychotic experiences (PEs)
      and depression confers a more pronounced decrement in health status and function
      compared with depression alone are scarce in the general adult population.
      METHOD: Data on 195 479 adults aged ?18 years from the World Health Survey were
      analysed. Using the World Mental Health Survey version of the Composite
      International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), depression in the past 12 months was
      categorized into four groups: depressive episode, brief depressive episode,
      subsyndromal depression, and no depression. Past 12-month psychotic symptoms were
      assessed using four questions on positive symptoms from the CIDI. Health status
      across seven domains (cognition, interpersonal activities, sleep/energy, self
      care, mobility, pain/discomfort, vision) and interviewer-rated presence of a
      mental health problem were assessed. Multivariable logistic and linear regression
      analyses were performed to assess the associations. RESULTS: When compared with
      those with no depression, individuals with depression had higher odds of
      reporting at least one PE, and this was seen across all levels of depression
      severity: subsyndromal depression [odds ratio (OR) 2.38, 95% confidence interval
      (CI) 2.02-2.81], brief depressive episode (OR 3.84, 95% CI 3.31-4.46) and
      depressive episode (OR 3.75, 95% CI 3.24-4.33). Having coexisting PEs and
      depression was associated with a higher risk for observable illness behavior and
      a significant decline in health status in the cognition, interpersonal activities
      and sleep/energy domains, compared with those with depression alone. CONCLUSIONS:
      This coexistence of depression and PEs is associated with more severe social,
      cognitive and sleep disturbances, and more outwardly apparent illness behavior.
      Detecting this co-occurrence may be important for treatment planning.

PMID- 27377630
TI  - Cognitive deficits in single App knock-in mouse models.
AB  - Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with nonphysiologic
      overexpression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) exhibit various unnatural
      symptoms/dysfunctions. To overcome this issue, mice with single humanized App
      knock-in (KI) carrying Swedish (NL), Beyreuther/Iberian (F), and Arctic (G)
      mutations in different combinations were recently developed. The validity of
      these mouse models of AD from a behavioral viewpoint, however, has not been
      extensively evaluated. Thus, using an automated behavior monitoring system, we
      analyzed various behavioral domains, including executive function, and learning
      and memory. The App-KI mice carrying NL-G-F mutations showed clear deficits in
      spatial memory and flexible learning, enhanced compulsive behavior, and reduced
      attention performance. Mice carrying NL-F mutations exhibited modest
      abnormalities. The NL-G-F mice had a greater and more rapid accumulation of Abeta
      deposits and glial responses. These findings reveal that single pathologic App-KI
      is sufficient to produce deficits in broad cognitive domains and that App-KI
      mouse lines with different levels of pathophysiology are useful models of AD.

PMID- 27377631
TI  - Isolated right ventricular hypoplasia caused by giant aneurysm of right coronary
      artery to left ventricle fistula in an adult: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Right ventricular hypoplasia (RVH) is often caused by tricuspid valve
      atresia and pulmonary valve atresia. this condition leads to low right
      ventricular blood volume and right ventricular maldevelopment. But, in adults,
      the main cause of RVH may also be associated with alloplasia of the right
      coronary artery, which results in an insufficient blood supply to the right
      ventricular myocardium. Isolated RVH caused by a right coronary artery fistula is
      very rare and requires immediate treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein report a
      case involving a 45-year-old man who presented with isolated RVH caused by a
      giant aneurysm from the right coronary artery to a left ventricle fistula.
      Echocardiography showed that the right coronary artery was extremely tortuous and
      obviously dilated with a huge aneurysm. A fistula drained from the right coronary
      artery into the left ventricle. Moreover, the right heart chamber was
      significantly collapsed due to extrinsic compression of multiple tortuous,
      dilated vascular structures. The patient was referred to cardiac surgery. The
      giant aneurysm was resected, and the proximal and distal openings were closed
      directly. The fistula was also closed directly, and bypasses were constructed
      sequentially from the ascending aorta to three branches of the right coronary
      artery. CONCLUSIONS: Although standard therapeutic strategies of isolated RVH
      secondary to a right coronary artery fistula are not well established because of
      the rarity of this condition, our clinical results show that diagnostic
      echocardiography, coronary artery angiography, and cardiac computed tomography
      angiography followed by surgical treatment may be an effective management option.

PMID- 27377632
TI  - End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and
      meteorite impact via climate change.
AB  - The cause of the end-Cretaceous (KPg) mass extinction is still debated due to
      difficulty separating the influences of two closely timed potential causal
      events: eruption of the Deccan Traps volcanic province and impact of the
      Chicxulub meteorite. Here we combine published extinction patterns with a new
      clumped isotope temperature record from a hiatus-free, expanded KPg boundary
      section from Seymour Island, Antarctica. We document a 7.8+/-3.3  degrees C
      warming synchronous with the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and a second,
      smaller warming at the time of meteorite impact. Local warming may have been
      amplified due to simultaneous disappearance of continental or sea ice. Intra
      shell variability indicates a possible reduction in seasonality after Deccan
      eruptions began, continuing through the meteorite event. Species extinction at
      Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming
      events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both
      volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.

PMID- 27377634
TI  - Managed Activity Graded Exercise iN Teenagers and pre-Adolescents (MAGENTA)
      feasibility randomised controlled trial: study protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Paediatric chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis
      (CFS/ME) is a relatively common and disabling condition, yet there is a limited
      evidence base for treatment. There is good evidence that graded exercise therapy
      is moderately effective in adults with CFS/ME, but there is little evidence for
      the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, acceptability or best method of delivery
      for paediatric CFS/ME. This study aims to investigate the acceptability and
      feasibility of carrying out a multicentre randomised controlled trial
      investigating the effectiveness of graded exercise therapy compared with activity
      management for children/teenagers who are mildly or moderately affected with
      CFS/ME. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: 100 paediatric patients (8-17 years) with CFS/ME
      will be recruited from 3 specialist UK National Health Service (NHS) CFS/ME
      services (Bath, Cambridge and Newcastle). Patients will be randomised (1:1) to
      receive either graded exercise therapy or activity management. Feasibility
      analysis will include the number of young people eligible, approached and
      consented to the trial; attrition rate and treatment adherence; questionnaire and
      accelerometer completion rates. Integrated qualitative methods will ascertain
      perceptions of feasibility and acceptability of recruitment, randomisation and
      the interventions. All adverse events will be monitored to assess the safety of
      the trial. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The trial has received ethical approval from
      the National Research Ethics Service (South West-Frenchay 15/SW/0124). TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN23962803; Pre-results.

PMID- 27377636
TI  - Diagnosis and mortality in prehospital emergency patients transported to
      hospital: a population-based and registry-based cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Knowledge about patients after calling for an ambulance is limited to
      subgroups, such as patients with cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, trauma
      and stroke, while population-based studies including all diagnoses are few. We
      examined the diagnostic pattern and mortality among all patients brought to
      hospital by ambulance after emergency calls. DESIGN: Registry-based cohort study.
      SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: We included patients brought to hospital in an
      ambulance dispatched after emergency calls during 2007-2014 in the North Denmark
      Region (580 000 inhabitants). We reported hospital diagnosis according to the
      chapters of the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD-10),
      and studied death on days 1 and 30 after the call. Cohort characteristics and
      diagnoses were described, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate
      mortality and 95% CIs. RESULTS: In total, 148 757 patients were included, mean
      age 52.9 (SD 24.3) years. The most frequent ICD-10 diagnosis chapters were:
      'injury and poisoning' (30.0%), and the 2 non-specific diagnosis chapters:
      'symptoms and abnormal findings, not elsewhere classified' (17.5%) and 'factors
      influencing health status and contact with health services' (14.1%), followed by
      'diseases of the circulatory system' (10.6%) and 'diseases of the respiratory
      system' (6.7%). The overall 1-day mortality was 1.8% (CI 1.7% to 1.8%) and 30-day
      mortality 4.7% (CI 4.6% to 4.8%). 'Diseases of the circulatory system' had the
      highest 1-day mortality of 7.7% (CI 7.3% to 8.1%) accounting for 1209 deaths.
      After 30 days, the highest number of deaths were among circulatory diseases
      (2313), respiratory diseases (1148), 'symptoms and abnormal findings, not
      elsewhere classified' (1119) and 'injury and poisoning' (741), and 30 days
      mortality in percentage was 14.7%, 11.6%, 4.3% and 1.7%, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients' diagnoses from hospital stay after calling 1-1-2 in this
      population-based study were distributed across all ICD-10 chapters. Mortality
      varied widely between diagnostic groups. Non-specific diagnoses accounted for one
      third of the patients and contributed to mortality in terms of total number of
      deaths.

PMID- 27377635
TI  - Sleeve gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for type 2 diabetes and morbid
      obesity: double-blind randomised clinical trial protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in association with obesity is an increasing
      disease burden. Bariatric surgery is the only effective therapy for achieving
      remission of T2D among those with morbid obesity. It is unclear which of the two
      most commonly performed types of bariatric surgery, laparoscopic sleeve
      gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), is most
      effective for obese patients with T2D. The primary objective of this study is to
      determine whether LSG or LRYGB is more effective in achieving HbA1c<6% (<42
      mmol/mol) without the use of diabetes medication at 5 years. METHODS AND
      ANALYSIS: Single-centre, double-blind (assessor and patient), parallel,
      randomised clinical trial (RCT) conducted in New Zealand, targeting 106 patients.
      Eligibility criteria include age 20-55 years, T2D of at least 6 months duration
      and body mass index 35-65 kg/m(2) for at least 5 years. Randomisation 1:1 to LSG
      or LRYGB, used random number codes disclosed to the operating surgeon after
      induction of anaesthesia. A standard medication adjustment schedule will be used
      during postoperative metabolic assessments. Secondary outcomes include
      proportions achieving HbA1c<5.7% (39 mmol/mol) or HbA1c<6.5% (48 mmol/mol)
      without the use of diabetes medication, comparative weight loss, obesity-related
      comorbidity, operative complications, revision rate, mortality, quality of life,
      anxiety and depression scores. Exploratory outcomes include changes in satiety,
      gut hormone and gut microbiota to gain underlying mechanistic insights into T2D
      remission. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was obtained from the New
      Zealand regional ethics committee (NZ93405) who also provided independent safety
      monitoring of the trial. Study commenced in September 2011. Recruitment completed
      in October 2014. Data collection is ongoing. Results will be reported in
      manuscripts submitted to peer-reviewed journals and in presentations at national
      and international meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: ACTRN12611000751976,
      NCT01486680; Pre-results.

PMID- 27377633
TI  - Early prediction of typical outcome and mild developmental delay for
      prioritisation of service delivery for very preterm and very low birthweight
      infants: a study protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Over 80% of very preterm (<32 weeks) and very low birthweight
      (<1500 g) infants will have either typical development (TD) or mild developmental
      delay (MDD) in multiple domains. As differentiation between TD and MDD can be
      difficult, infants with MDD often miss opportunities for intervention. For many
      clinicians, the ongoing challenge is early detection of MDD without over
      servicing the population. This study aims to: (1) identify early clinical
      biomarkers for use in this population to predict and differentiate between TD and
      MDD at 24 months corrected age. (2) Determine the extent to which family and
      caregiver factors will contribute to neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes.
      METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Participants will be a prospective cohort of 90 infants
      (<32 weeks and/or <1500 g). Between 34 weeks gestational age and 16 weeks post
      term, infants will have a series of 5 neurological, neuromotor, neurobehavioural
      and perceptual assessments including General Movement Assessment at preterm,
      writhing and fidgety age. Primary caregivers will complete questionnaires to
      identify social risk, maternal depression and family strain. Extensive perinatal
      data will be collected from the medical record. At 24 months, corrected age (c.a)
      infants will be assessed using standardised tools including the Bayley Scales of
      Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley III). Longitudinal
      trajectories of early assessment findings will be examined to determine any
      predictive relationship with motor and cognitive outcomes at 24 months c.a.
      Published data of a cohort of Australian children assessed with the Bayley III at
      24 months c.a will provide a reference group of term-born controls. ETHICS:
      Ethical approval has been obtained from the Queensland Children's Health Services
      Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/13/QRCH/66), the University of Queensland
      (2013001019) and the Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, SC-Research
      Governance (SSA/13/QNB/66). Publication of all study outcomes will be in peer
      reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12614000480684; Pre-results.

PMID- 27377637
TI  - Research funding for addressing tobacco-related disease: an analysis of UK
      investment between 2008 and 2012.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the UK.
      However, research spending on tobacco-related disease, and particularly smoking
      prevention, is thought to be low. We therefore aimed to assess the relation
      between tobacco-related research investment and disease burden from 2008 to 2012.
      METHODS: We used the Health Research Classification System to classify UK
      government and charitable research funding by broad health category and then by
      tobacco prevention research and 18 WHO defined tobacco-related diseases. We used
      UK mortality figures to calculate disease-specific tobacco attributable deaths
      and then compared disease specific and tobacco prevention research investment
      with all cause and tobacco attributable mortality over the 5-year period and as
      annual averages. RESULTS: 12 922 research grants were identified with a total
      value of L6.69bn, an annual average of L1.34bn. Annually an average of 110 000
      people die from tobacco-related disease, approximately 20% of total deaths. L130m
      is invested in researching tobacco-related disease each year and L5m on tobacco
      prevention, 10.8% and 0.42% of total annual research funding, respectively.
      Prevention research equated to an annual average of L46 per tobacco attributable
      death or one pound for every L29 spent on tobacco-related disease. Funding varied
      widely for diseases with different numbers of deaths (eg, lung cancer L68 per all
      cause death, cervical cancer L2500), similar numbers of deaths (leukaemia L983
      per death, stomach cancer L43) or similar numbers of tobacco attributable deaths
      (eg, colorectal cancer L5k, pancreatic cancer L670, bladder cancer L340).
      CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco-related research funding is not related to burden of disease
      or level of risk. As a result certain diseases receive a disproportionately low
      level of research funding and disease prevention funding is even lower.

PMID- 27377638
TI  - Doctors' experiences and their perception of the most stressful aspects of
      complaints processes in the UK: an analysis of qualitative survey data.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine doctors' experiences of complaints, including which
      aspects are most stressful. We also investigated how doctors felt complaints
      processes could be improved. DESIGN AND METHODS: A qualitative study based on a
      cross-sectional survey of members of the British Medical Association (BMA). We
      asked the following: (1) Try to summarise as best as you can your experience of
      the complaints process and how it made you feel. (2) What were the most stressful
      aspects of the complaint? (3) What would you improve in the complaints system?
      PARTICIPANTS: We sent the survey to 95 636 doctors, and received 10 930 (11.4%)
      responses. Of these, 6146 had a previous, recent or current complaint and 3417
      (31.3%) of these respondents answered questions 1 and 2. We randomly selected
      1000 answers for analysis, and included 100 using the saturation principle. Of
      this cohort, 93 responses for question 3 were available. MAIN RESULTS: Doctors
      frequently reported feeling powerless, emotionally distressed, and experiencing
      negative feelings towards both those managing complaints and the complainants
      themselves. Many felt unsupported, fearful of the consequences and that the
      complaint was unfair. The most stressful aspects were the prolonged duration and
      unpredictability of procedures, managerial incompetence, poor communication and
      perceiving that processes are biased in favour of complainants. Many reported
      practising defensively or considering changing career after a complaint, and few
      found any positive outcomes from complaints investigations. Physicians suggested
      procedures should be more transparent, competently managed, time limited, and
      that there should be an open dialogue with complainants and policies for dealing
      with vexatious complaints. Some felt more support for doctors was needed.
      CONCLUSIONS: Complaints seriously impact on doctors' psychological wellbeing, and
      are associated with defensive practise. This is not beneficial to patient care.
      To improve procedures, doctors propose they are simplified, time limited and more
      transparent.

PMID- 27377640
TI  - Correction: Study protocol for a pilot, randomised, double-blinded, placebo
      controlled trial of perineural local anaesthetics and steroids for chronic
      posttraumatic neuropathic pain in the ankle and foot: the PREPLANS study.

PMID- 27377639
TI  - Epidemiology of major depressive disorder in South Africa (1997-2015): a
      systematic review protocol.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disease and
      disability globally and in South Africa. Epidemiological data for MDD are
      essential to estimate the overall disease burden in a country. The objective of
      the systematic review is to examine the evidence base for prevalence, incidence,
      remission, duration, severity, case fatality and excess mortality of MDD in South
      Africa from 1997 to 2015. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will perform electronic
      searches in PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and other bibliographical databases.
      Articles published between January 1997 and December 2015 will be eligible for
      inclusion in this review. The primary outcomes will be prevalence, incidence,
      remission, duration, severity, case fatality and excess mortality of MDD. The
      secondary outcomes will be risk factors and selected populations for MDD. If
      appropriate, a meta-analysis will be performed. If a meta-analysis is not
      possible, the review findings will be presented narratively and in tables.
      Subgroup analyses will be conducted with subgroups defined by population group,
      rural/urban settings and study designs, if sufficient data are available. ETHICS
      AND DISSEMINATION: The systematic review will use published data that are not
      linked to individuals. The review findings may have implications for future
      research prioritisation and disease modelling of MDD to estimate its morbidity
      burden in South Africa, and will be disseminated electronically and in print
      through peer-reviewed publications. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: International
      Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42015024885.

PMID- 27377642
TI  - Laterality of motor control as revealed in biceps electromyography: Why seizures
      always start in the major hemisphere.

PMID- 27377641
TI  - Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Dendrimers: The Role of Generation and Alkyl Chain
      Length in siRNA Interaction.
AB  - An ideal nucleic-acid transfection system should combine the physical and
      chemical characteristics of cationic lipids and linear polymers to decrease
      cytotoxicity and uptake limitations. Previous research described new types of
      carriers termed amphiphilic dendrimers (ADs), which are based on polyamidoamine
      dendrimers (PAMAM). These ADs display the cell membrane affinity advantage of
      lipids and preserve the high affinity for DNA possessed by cationic dendrimers.
      These lipid/dendrimer hybrids consist of a low-generation, hydrophilic dendron
      (G2, G1, or G0) bonded to a hydrophobic tail. The G2-18C AD was reported to be an
      efficient siRNA vector with significant gene silencing. However, shorter tail ADs
      (G2-15C and G2-13C) and lower generation (G0 and G1) dendrimers failed as
      transfection carriers. To date, the self-assembly phenomenon of this class of
      amphiphilic dendrimers has not been molecularly explored using molecular
      simulation methods. To gain insight into these systems, the present study used
      coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to describe how ADs are able to
      self-assemble into an aggregate, and, specifically, how tail length and
      generation play a key role in this event. Finally, explanations are given for the
      better efficiency of G2/18-C as gene carrier in terms of binding of siRNA. This
      knowledge could be relevant for the design of novel, safer ADs with well
      optimized affinity for siRNA.

PMID- 27377643
TI  - 13 C dynamic nuclear polarization using isotopically enriched 4-oxo-TEMPO free
      radicals.
AB  - The nitroxide-based free radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) is
      a widely used polarizing agent in NMR signal amplification via dissolution
      dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). In this study, we have thoroughly
      investigated the effects of 15 N and/or 2 H isotopic labeling of 4-oxo-TEMPO free
      radical on 13 C DNP of 3 M [1-13 C] sodium acetate samples in 1 : 1 v/v glycerol
      : water at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. Four variants of this free radical were used for 13
      C DNP: 4-oxo-TEMPO, 4-oxo-TEMPO-15 N, 4-oxo-TEMPO-d16 and 4-oxo-TEMPO-15 N,d16 .
      Our results indicate that, despite the striking differences seen in the electron
      spin resonance (ESR) spectral features, the 13 C DNP efficiency of these 15 N
      and/or 2 H-enriched 4-oxo-TEMPO free radicals are relatively the same compared
      with 13 C DNP performance of the regular 4-oxo-TEMPO. Furthermore, when fully
      deuterated glassing solvents were used, the 13 C DNP signals of these samples all
      doubled in the same manner, and the 13 C polarization buildup was faster by a
      factor of 2 for all samples. The data here suggest that the hyperfine coupling
      contributions of these isotopically enriched 4-oxo-TEMPO free radicals have
      negligible effects on the 13 C DNP efficiency at 3.35 T and 1.2 K. These results
      are discussed in light of the spin temperature model of DNP. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27377645
TI  - TAS-102, the first "cardio-gentle" fluoropyrimidine in the colorectal cancer
      landscape?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiotoxicity in the form of cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial
      infarction, and angina-like symptoms are not rare complications of
      fluoropyrimidines as 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) and capecitabine. DISCUSSION: Tas-102,
      a novel oral fluoropyrimidine, was recently approved by FDA for the treatment of
      advanced and refractory colorectal cancer. Its unique mechanism of action doesn't
      seem linked with cardiotoxicity in clinical trials reported so far. TAS 102 may
      represent one of the drugs of choice for patients with advanced colorectal cancer
      with cardiac disease. This intriguing and clinically relevant issue is briefly
      examined.

PMID- 27377644
TI  - Luteolin reduces obesity-associated insulin resistance in mice by activating
      AMPKalpha1 signalling in adipose tissue macrophages.
AB  - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Inflammatory polarisation of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs)
      plays a critical role in the development of obesity-associated metabolic diseases
      such as insulin resistance and diabetes. Our previous study indicated that
      dietary luteolin (LU) could prevent the establishment of insulin resistance in
      mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Here, we further investigated the effects of LU,
      which is a natural flavonoid, on pre-established insulin resistance and obesity
      associated ATM polarisation in mice. METHODS: Five-week-old C57/BL6 mice were fed
      on a low-fat diet or HFD for 20 weeks, with some mice receiving supplementation
      with 0.01% LU from weeks 1 or 10 of the HFD to assess the actions of LU on
      insulin resistance and ATM polarisation. Furthermore, the role of LU in metabolic
      dysfunction-associated macrophage phenotypes was investigated in vitro. RESULTS:
      Dietary LU supplementation, either for 20 weeks or from weeks 10 to 20 of an HFD,
      significantly improved insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. In addition,
      inflammatory macrophage infiltration and polarisation were suppressed in mouse
      epididymal adipose tissues. Furthermore, LU treatment directly reversed
      lipopolysaccharide-stimulated and metabolism-regulated molecules, and induced
      inflammatory polarisation in mouse RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal cavity resident
      macrophages. Finally, using the selective AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
      inhibitor compound C and Ampkalpha1 (also known as Prkaa1) silencing with siRNA,
      we found that LU activated AMPKalpha1 in macrophages to inhibit their
      inflammatory polarisation and enhanced insulin signals in adipocytes that were
      stimulated with macrophage-conditioned media. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Dietary
      LU ameliorated insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice by promoting
      AMPKalpha1 signalling in ATMs.

PMID- 27377646
TI  - Metal Coordination Stoichiometry Controlled Formation of Linear and Hyperbranched
      Supramolecular Polymers.
AB  - Controlling the topologies of polymers is a hot topic in polymer chemistry
      because the physical and/or chemical properties of polymers are determined (at
      least partially) by their topologies. This study exploits the host-guest
      interactions between dibenzo-24-crown-8 and secondary ammonium salts and metal
      coordination interactions between 2,6-bis(benzimidazolyl)-pyridine units with
      metal ions (Zn(II) and/or Eu(III) ) as orthogonal non-covalent interactions to
      prepare supramolecular polymers. By changing the ratios of the metal ion
      additives (Zn(NO3 )2 and Eu(NO3 )3 ) linkers to join the host-guest dimeric
      complex, the linear supramolecular polymers (100 mol% Zn(NO3 )2 per ligand) and
      hyperbranched supramolecular polymers (97 mol% Zn(NO3 )2 and 3 mol% Eu(NO3 )3 per
      ligand) are separately and successfully constructed. This approach not only
      expands topological control over polymeric systems, but also paves the way for
      the functionalization of smart and adaptive materials. 

PMID- 27377647
TI  - Off-label use of the amplatzer ductal occluder II additional size for
      percutaneous treatment of acute aortic occlusion in a baby.
AB  - We describe the case of a 5-month-old baby with a pro-coagulative condition,
      referred for rapid atrial tachycardia. At echocardiography we found a large free
      floating atrial thrombus that spontaneously embolized into the descending aorta
      and produced acute sub-renal occlusion. Aorta and iliac vessels were cleared
      using the ADO II additional sizes device. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377648
TI  - Comparing large covariance matrices under weak conditions on the dependence
      structure and its application to gene clustering.
AB  - Comparing large covariance matrices has important applications in modern
      genomics, where scientists are often interested in understanding whether
      relationships (e.g., dependencies or co-regulations) among a large number of
      genes vary between different biological states. We propose a computationally fast
      procedure for testing the equality of two large covariance matrices when the
      dimensions of the covariance matrices are much larger than the sample sizes. A
      distinguishing feature of the new procedure is that it imposes no structural
      assumptions on the unknown covariance matrices. Hence, the test is robust with
      respect to various complex dependence structures that frequently arise in
      genomics. We prove that the proposed procedure is asymptotically valid under weak
      moment conditions. As an interesting application, we derive a new gene clustering
      algorithm which shares the same nice property of avoiding restrictive structural
      assumptions for high-dimensional genomics data. Using an asthma gene expression
      dataset, we illustrate how the new test helps compare the covariance matrices of
      the genes across different gene sets/pathways between the disease group and the
      control group, and how the gene clustering algorithm provides new insights on the
      way gene clustering patterns differ between the two groups. The proposed methods
      have been implemented in an R-package HDtest and are available on CRAN.

PMID- 27377649
TI  - Nationwide population-based cohort study of psychiatric disorders in individuals
      with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or hypermobility syndrome and their siblings.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To assess the risk of psychiatric disorders in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
      (EDS) and hypermobility syndrome. METHODS: Nationwide population-based matched
      cohort study. EDS, hypermobility syndrome and psychiatric disorders were
      identified through Swedish national registries. Individuals with EDS (n = 1,771)
      were matched with comparison individuals (n = 17,710). Further, siblings to
      individuals with EDS who did not have an EDS diagnosis themselves were compared
      with matched comparison siblings. Using conditional logistic regression, risk of
      autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity
      disorder (ADHD), depression, attempted suicide, suicide and schizophrenia were
      estimated. The same analyses were conducted in individuals with hypermobility
      syndrome (n = 10,019) and their siblings. RESULTS: EDS was associated with ASD:
      risk ratio (RR) 7.4, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 5.2-10.7; bipolar
      disorder: RR 2.7, CI 1.5-4.7; ADHD: RR 5.6, CI 4.2-7.4; depression: RR 3.4, 95 %
      CI 2.9-4.1; and attempted suicide: RR 2.1, 95 % CI 1.7-2.7, but not with suicide
      or schizophrenia. EDS siblings were at increased risk of ADHD: RR 2.1, 95 % CI
      1.4-3.3; depression: RR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1-1.8; and suicide attempt: RR 1.8, 95 %
      CI 1.4-2.3. Similar results were observed for individuals with hypermobility
      syndrome and their siblings. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with EDS and hypermobility
      syndrome are at increased risks of being diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.
      These risk increases may have a genetic and/or early environmental background as
      suggested by evidence showing that siblings to patients have elevated risks of
      certain psychiatric disorders.

PMID- 27377650
TI  - Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 prompts potent
      inflammatory stimuli during Neospora caninum infection.
AB  - Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for major economic
      losses due to abortions in cattle. Innate immune responses are crucial for host
      resistance against the infection, however the molecules involved in parasite
      recognition are still poorly understood. Nod2 is a cytosolic receptor that
      recognizes several pathogens and its role during N. caninum infection has not yet
      been described. In that sense, we evaluated the role of Nod2 in host response
      against this parasite. We found that infection of macrophages induced increased
      expression of Nod2, which colocalized with the parasites' vacuoles. Nod2
      deficient macrophages showed an impaired induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines,
      increased production of modulatory molecules, and failure to restrict parasite
      replication. In vivo, Nod2-knockout mice showed a reduction of MAPK
      phosphorylation and proinflammatory cytokines, followed by decreased inflammation
      in target organs and increment in parasite burden. Surprisingly, these mice were
      partially resistant to lethal doses of tachyzoites. In addition, these phenomena
      were not observed in Rip2-/- mice. In conclusion, our study indicates that Nod2
      dependent responses account for N. caninum elimination. On the other hand, the
      inflammatory milieu induced by this innate receptor provoked pathogenesis and
      death in severe experimental neosporosis.

PMID- 27377651
TI  - Comparing the performance of the public, social security and private health
      subsystems in Argentina by core dimensions of primary health care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most Latin American health systems are comprised of public (PubS),
      social security (SSS) and private (PrS) subsystems. These subsystems coexist,
      causing health care fragmentation and population segmentation. OBJECTIVE: To
      estimate the extent of subsystem cross-coverage in a geographically bounded
      population (Rosario city) and to compare the subsystems' performance on primary
      health care (PHC) dimensions. METHODS: Through a cross-sectional, interviewer
      administered survey to a representative sample (n = 822) of the Rosario
      population, we measured the percentage of cross-coverage (people with usual
      source of care in one subsystem but also covered by another subsystem) and the
      health services' performance by core PHC dimensions, as reported by each
      subsystem's usual users. We compared the subsystems' performance using chi-square
      analysis and one-way analysis of variance testing. We analyzed whether the
      observed differences were coherent with the predominant institutional and
      organizational features of each subsystem. RESULTS: Overall, 39.3% of the
      population was affiliated with the PubS, 44.8% with the SSS and 15.9% with the
      PrS. Cross-coverage was reported by 40.6% of respondents. The performance of the
      PubS was weak on accessibility but strong on person-and-community-oriented care,
      the opposite of the PrS. The SSS combined the strengths of the other two
      subsystems. CONCLUSION: Rosario's health system has a high percentage of cross
      coverage, contributing to issues of fragmentation, segmentation, financial
      inequity and inefficiency. The overall performance of the SSS was better than
      that of the PrS and PubS, though each subsystem had a particular performance
      pattern with areas of strength and weakness that were consistent with their
      institutional and organizational profiles.

PMID- 27377652
TI  - The Cell Ontology 2016: enhanced content, modularization, and ontology
      interoperability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Cell Ontology (CL) is an OBO Foundry candidate ontology covering
      the domain of canonical, natural biological cell types. Since its inception in
      2005, the CL has undergone multiple rounds of revision and expansion, most
      notably in its representation of hematopoietic cells. For in vivo cells, the CL
      focuses on vertebrates but provides general classes that can be used for other
      metazoans, which can be subtyped in species-specific ontologies. CONSTRUCTION AND
      CONTENT: Recent work on the CL has focused on extending the representation of
      various cell types, and developing new modules in the CL itself, and in related
      ontologies in coordination with the CL. For example, the Kidney and Urinary
      Pathway Ontology was used as a template to populate the CL with additional cell
      types. In addition, subtypes of the class 'cell in vitro' have received improved
      definitions and labels to provide for modularity with the representation of cells
      in the Cell Line Ontology and Reagent Ontology. Recent changes in the ontology
      development methodology for CL include a switch from OBO to OWL for the primary
      encoding of the ontology, and an increasing reliance on logical definitions for
      improved reasoning. UTILITY AND DISCUSSION: The CL is now mandated as a metadata
      standard for large functional genomics and transcriptomics projects, and is used
      extensively for annotation, querying, and analyses of cell type specific data in
      sequencing consortia such as FANTOM5 and ENCODE, as well as for the NIAID ImmPort
      database and the Cell Image Library. The CL is also a vital component used in the
      modular construction of other biomedical ontologies-for example, the Gene
      Ontology and the cross-species anatomy ontology, Uberon, use CL to support the
      consistent representation of cell types across different levels of anatomical
      granularity, such as tissues and organs. CONCLUSIONS: The ongoing improvements to
      the CL make it a valuable resource to both the OBO Foundry community and the
      wider scientific community, and we continue to experience increased interest in
      the CL both among developers and within the user community.

PMID- 27377654
TI  - Pembrolizumab: first experience with recurrent primary central nervous system
      (CNS) tumors.
AB  - Patients with progressive primary brain tumors (PBT) are attracted to promising
      new treatments, even prior to convincing data. Anti-PD1 immunotherapies have been
      in the spotlight since publication of groundbreaking results for metastatic
      melanoma with pembrolizumab (PBL). Our objective was to report on the response
      and toxicity of PBL in patients with advanced PBT. We retrospectively reviewed
      the charts of 22 patients (17 adults and 5 children) with recurrent central
      nervous system tumors treated with PBL. We analyzed prior antineoplastic
      therapies, steroid usage, and outcomes. Patients received a median of two
      neoplastic therapies prior to PBL, and a median of three infusions of PBL in
      adults and four in children. Twelve patients (9 adults and 3 children) started
      PBL on steroids (median dose in adults 4 mg; range 2-8, and in children 1.5 mg,
      range 0.5-4) and five patients received steroids later during PBL treatment.
      Twelve patients (10 adults and 2 children) received concomitant bevacizumab with
      PBL. Side effects were minimal. All patients showed progressive tumor growth
      during therapy. Median OS from the start of PBL was 2.6 months in adults and 3.2
      months in children. Two GB patients underwent tumor resection following treatment
      with PBL. Tumor-lymphocytic response in these cases was unremarkable, and PD-L1
      immuno-staining was negative. In this series of 22 patients with recurrent
      primary brain tumors, PBL showed no clinical or histologic efficacy. We do not
      recommend further use of PBL for recurrent PBT unless convincing prospective
      clinical trial data are published.

PMID- 27377653
TI  - Does the choice of antiepileptic drug affect survival in glioblastoma patients?
AB  - Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) often suffer from symptomatic epilepsy. Older
      antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) which affect the enzyme system cytochrome P450 have
      been in extensive use, but there is an increasing focus on interactions with
      other drugs. This study investigated whether newer AEDs with little or no enzyme
      effect are increasingly preferred. Previous research has indicated that valproate
      improves survival in GBM. We investigated the impact of AEDs on overall survival
      in GBM patients. All GBM patients diagnosed in Norway 2004-2010 were included
      through a linkage of national registries, and follow-up data on the malignancy
      and drug usage were analyzed. In a multivariate cox proportional-hazards
      regression, AEDs were adjusted for each other and for relevant factors. Immortal
      time bias was eliminated with time-dependent variables. The study population was
      1263 patients with histologically confirmed GBM. Carbamazepine was the most
      frequently prescribed AED to patients diagnosed with GBM during 2004-2006, while
      levetiracetam was increasingly prescribed to patients diagnosed later. Taking
      AEDs on a reimbursement code of epilepsy was not beneficial for survival. None of
      the six AEDs valproate, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine
      or phenytoin significantly altered overall survival. There has been a shift in
      the prescriptions of AEDs to GBM patients from older to newer AEDs over time. We
      found no significant survival benefit in GBM patients neither from treatment with
      AEDs for epilepsy in general, nor from the usage of six separate AEDs.

PMID- 27377656
TI  - Alzheimer's disease: A review of its visual system neuropathology. Optical
      coherence tomography-a potential role as a study tool in vivo.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent, long-term progressive degenerative
      disorder with great social impact. It is currently thought that, in addition to
      neurodegeneration, vascular changes also play a role in the pathophysiology of
      the disease. Visual symptoms are frequent and are an early clinical
      manifestation; a number of psychophysiologic changes occur in visual function,
      including visual field defects, abnormal contrast sensitivity, abnormalities in
      color vision, depth perception deficits, and motion detection abnormalities.
      These visual changes were initially believed to be solely due to
      neurodegeneration in the posterior visual pathway. However, evidence from
      pathology studies in both animal models of AD and humans has demonstrated that
      neurodegeneration also takes place in the anterior visual pathway, with
      involvement of the retinal ganglion cells' (RGCs) dendrites, somata, and axons in
      the optic nerve. These studies additionally showed that patients with AD have
      changes in retinal and choroidal microvasculature. Pathology findings have been
      corroborated in in-vivo assessment of the retina and optic nerve head (ONH), as
      well as the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
      in particular has shown great utility in the assessment of these changes, and it
      may become a useful tool for early detection and monitoring disease progression
      in AD. The authors make a review of the current understanding of retinal and
      choroidal pathological changes in patients with AD, with particular focus on in
      vivo evidence of retinal and choroidal neurodegenerative and microvascular
      changes using OCT technology.

PMID- 27377655
TI  - A Large Outbreak of Fulminant Bacterial Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal
      Injection of Counterfeit Bevacizumab.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study reports the findings in a large series of patients with acute
      bacterial endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVB) in
      two eye hospitals. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for patients who
      presented with acute fulminant endophthalmitis in one or two eyes following
      intravitreal injection of bevacizumab from two separate batches in two eye
      hospitals. RESULTS: Twenty-eight eyes of 21 patients presented with acute
      endophthalmitis 12-48 hours after IVB injection. Cultures from the eyes and the
      vials were positive for E. coli and Citrobacter, each in one of the hospitals.
      All patients were initially treated with topical, intravitreal, and systemic
      antibiotics. Twenty-four eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Best corrected
      visual acuity (BCVA) was 1.27 +/- 0.89 logMAR before IVB injecti,on which
      decreased to 2.80 +/- 0.45 LogMAR after presentation of endophthalmitis and 2.12
      +/- 0.97 logMAR three months after IVB injection. Final visual acuity was found
      to be no light perception in four eyes. CONCLUSIONS: This large outbreak of
      E.coli and Citrobacter endophthalmitis occurred after intravitreal injection of
      counterfeit bevacizumab. Visual outcomes were very poor.

PMID- 27377657
TI  - Plasma E-selectin levels can play a role in the development of diabetic
      retinopathy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness. There
      are several risk factors, such as the duration of diabetes or glycemic control of
      the patient; however, several biochemical factors also alter the process. Our aim
      was to investigate the role of soluble E-selectin in the formation of diabetic
      retinopathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients (37 female and 20 male,
      aged 61.71 +/- 12.31 years) and 14 healthy control subjects (ten female and four
      male, aged 63.06 +/- 10.46 years) were enrolled in the study. We measured the
      soluble E-selectin level in the plasma of patients by ELISA. All patients
      underwent careful ophthalmological examination, including ophthalmoscopy and
      color fundus photography, while diabetic retinopathy grading was performed in
      line with the 2012 classification of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO).
      RESULTS: The soluble E-selectin level was significantly higher in patients with
      diabetes compared to controls (32.95 ng/ml vs. 26.55 ng/ml, p = 0.03). Dividing
      patients into groups by the presence of retinopathy, the E-selectin level was
      also significantly higher in the retinopathy group (p < 0.05). When we examined
      diabetic patients by the severity of retinopathy (groups A, B, and C, by the
      guidelines of the AAO), however, we did not find any significant difference in
      soluble E-selectin levels, although it tended to be higher in group B.
      CONCLUSIONS: An elevated E-selectin level can play a role in the development of
      diabetic retinopathy, but it does not seem to alter disease severity. However,
      glycemic control and the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors may also alter
      the level of E-selectin that might play a role in the prevention of diabetic
      retinopathy.

PMID- 27377658
TI  - Accuracy and reproducibility of the ETDRS visual acuity chart: methodological
      issues.

PMID- 27377660
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27377659
TI  - Protection against death and renal failure by renin-angiotensin system blockers
      in patients with diabetes and kidney disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin
      receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used to block the renin-angiotensin system
      (RAS). Yet it remains uncertain whether these drugs are equally effective and
      safe. METHODS: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of ACEis/ARBs in diabetes and
      kidney disease published in PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure
      (CNKI) and Wanfang databases were searched for clinical outcomes including all
      cause mortality, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), hyperkalemia and cough. RESULTS:
      Eight meta-analyses included 2177-61,264 patients with follow-up of 6-108 months.
      RAS blockers reduced mortality (relative risk ratio (RR), 0.90, 95% confidence
      interval (CI), 0.86-0.95) without heterogeneity. The death protection was
      significant specifically with ACEis (RR, 0.85, 95% CI, 0.79-0.91), but not with
      ARBs. Protection against ESRD was homogenously evident by ARBs (RR, 0.79, 95% CI,
      0.73-0.87), ACEis (RR, 0.79, 95% , 0.64-0.94), and both (RR, 0.79, 95% CI, 0.73
      0.87). Significant side effects were hyperkalemia by ARBs (RR, 2.44, 95% CI, 1.13
      5.26), and cough by ACEis (RR, 2.38, 95% CI, 1.75-3.22) CONCLUSIONS: In patients
      with diabetes and kidney disease, ACEis and ARBs are consistently protective for
      the development of ESRD. Use of ACEis alone additionally reduces deaths and
      increases the risk for cough. Use of ARBs alone increases the risk for
      hyperkalemia without additional benefit of death protection.

PMID- 27377661
TI  - Sparse Bayesian Learning for Obtaining Sparsity of EEG Frequency Bands Based
      Feature Vectors in Motor Imagery Classification.
AB  - Effective common spatial pattern (CSP) feature extraction for motor imagery (MI)
      electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings usually depends on the filter band
      selection to a large extent. Subband optimization has been suggested to enhance
      classification accuracy of MI. Accordingly, this study introduces a new method
      that implements sparse Bayesian learning of frequency bands (named SBLFB) from
      EEG for MI classification. CSP features are extracted on a set of signals that
      are generated by a filter bank with multiple overlapping subbands from raw EEG
      data. Sparse Bayesian learning is then exploited to implement selection of
      significant features with a linear discriminant criterion for classification. The
      effectiveness of SBLFB is demonstrated on the BCI Competition IV IIb dataset, in
      comparison with several other competing methods. Experimental results indicate
      that the SBLFB method is promising for development of an effective classifier to
      improve MI classification.

PMID- 27377662
TI  - Which Brain Regions are Important for Seizure Dynamics in Epileptic Networks?
      Influence of Link Identification and EEG Recording Montage on Node Centralities.
AB  - Nodes in large-scale epileptic networks that are crucial for seizure facilitation
      and termination can be regarded as potential targets for individualized focal
      therapies. Graph-theoretical approaches based on centrality concepts can help to
      identify such important nodes, however, they may be influenced by the way
      networks are derived from empirical data. Here we investigate evolving functional
      epileptic brain networks during 82 focal seizures with different anatomical onset
      locations that we derive from multichannel intracranial electroencephalographic
      recordings from 51 patients. We demonstrate how the various methodological steps
      (from the recording montage via node and link inference to the assessment of node
      centralities) affect importance estimation and discuss their impact on the
      interpretability of findings in the context of pathophysiological aspects of
      seizure dynamics.

PMID- 27377663
TI  - Asynchronous Detection of Trials Onset from Raw EEG Signals.
AB  - Clinical processing of event-related potentials (ERPs) requires a precise
      synchrony between the stimulation and the acquisition units that are guaranteed
      by means of a physical link between them. This precise synchrony is needed since
      temporal misalignments during trial averaging can lead to high deviations of peak
      times, thus causing error in diagnosis or inefficiency in classification in brain
      computer interfaces (BCIs). Out of the laboratory, mobile EEG systems and BCI
      headsets are not provided with the physical link, thus being inadequate for
      acquisition of ERPs. In this study, we propose a method for the asynchronous
      detection of trials onset from raw EEG without physical links. We validate it
      with a BCI application based on the dichotic listening task. The user goal was to
      attend the cued auditory message and to report three keywords contained in it
      while ignoring the other message. The BCI goal was to detect the attended message
      from the analysis of auditory ERPs. The rate of successful onset detection in
      both synchronous (using the real onset) and asynchronous (blind detection of
      trial onset from raw EEG) was 73% with a synchronization error of less than
      1[Formula: see text]ms. The level of synchronization provided by this proposal
      would allow home-based acquisition of ERPs with low cost BCI headsets and any
      media player unit without physical links between them. 

PMID- 27377664
TI  - Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle injectable hydrogel scaffold to support osteogenic
      differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.
AB  - Bone loss associated with degenerative disease and trauma is a clinical problem
      increasing with the aging population. Thus, effective bone augmentation
      strategies are required; however, many have the disadvantages that they require
      invasive surgery and often the addition of expensive growth factors to induce
      osteoblast differentiation. Here, we investigated a LaponiteO crosslinked, pNIPAM
      DMAc copolymer (L-pNIPAM-co-DMAc) hydrogel with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
      (HAPna), which can be maintained as a liquid ex vivo, injected via narrow-gauge
      needle into affected bone, followed by in situ gelation to deliver and induce
      osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). L-pNIPAM-co
      DMAc hydrogels were synthesised and HAPna added post polymerisation. Commercial
      hMSCs from one donor (Lonza) were incorporated in liquid hydrogel, the mixture
      solidified and cultured for up to 6 weeks. Viability of hMSCs was maintained
      within hydrogel constructs containing 0.5 mg/mL HAPna. SEM analysis demonstrated
      matrix deposition in cellular hydrogels which were absent in acellular controls.
      A significant increase in storage modulus (G') was observed in cellular hydrogels
      with 0.5 mg/mL HAPna. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry and histological
      analysis demonstrated that bone differentiation markers and collagen deposition
      was induced within 48 h, with increased calcium deposition with time. The
      thermally triggered hydrogel system, described here, was sufficient without the
      need of additional growth factors or osteogenic media to induce osteogenic
      differentiation of commercial hMSCs. Preliminary data presented here will be
      expanded on multiple patient samples to ensure differentiation is seen in these
      samples. This system could potentially reduce treatment costs and simplify the
      treatment strategy for orthopaedic repair and regeneration.

PMID- 27377665
TI  - Xenotransplantation of pig chondrocytes: therapeutic potential and barriers for
      cartilage repair.
AB  - Transplantation may be the best option for the repair of many cartilage lesions
      including early osteoarthritis. Currently, autologous and allogeneic chondrocytes
      are grafted into cartilage defects to treat selected patients with moderate
      clinical success. However, their limited use justifies exploring novel therapies
      for cartilage repair. Xenotransplantation could become a solution by offering
      high cell availability, quality and genetic engineering capabilities. The
      rejection process of xenogeneic cartilage is thus being elucidated in order to
      develop counteractive strategies. Initial studies determined that pig cartilage
      xenografts are rejected by a slow process comprising humoral and cellular
      responses in which the galactose alpha1,3-galactose antigen participates. Since
      then, our group has identified key mechanisms of the human response to pig
      chondrocytes (PCs). In particular, human antibody and complement contribute to PC
      rejection by inducing a pro-inflammatory milieu. Furthermore, PCs express and up
      regulate molecules which are functionally relevant for a variety of cellular
      immune responses (SLA-I, the potent co-stimulatory molecule CD86, and adhesion
      molecules VCAM-1 and ICAM-1). These participate by triggering a T cell response,
      as well as supporting a prominent role of the innate immune responses led by
      natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes/macrophages. Human NK cells lyse PCs by
      using selected NK activating receptors, whereas human monocytes are activated by
      PCs to secrete cytokines and chemokines. All this knowledge sets the bases for
      the development of genetic engineering approaches designed to avert rejection of
      xenogeneic chondrocytes and leads the way to developing new clinical applications
      for cartilage repair.

PMID- 27377666
TI  - Pericellular colocalisation and interactive properties of type VI collagen and
      perlecan in the intervertebral disc.
AB  - The aim of this study was to immunolocalise type VI collagen and perlecan and
      determine their interactive properties in the intervertebral disc (IVD). Confocal
      laser scanning microscopy co-localised perlecan with type VI collagen as
      pericellular components of IVD cells and translamellar cross-bridges in ovine and
      murine IVDs. These cross-bridges were significantly less abundant in the heparin
      sulphate deficient Hspg2 exon 3 null mouse IVD than in wild type. This
      association of type VI collagen with elastic components provides clues as to its
      roles in conveying elastic recoil properties to annular tissues. Perlecan and
      type VI collagen were highly interactive in plasmon resonance studies.
      Pericellular colocalisation of perlecan and type VI collagen provides matrix
      stabilisation and cell-matrix communication which allows IVD cells to perceive
      and respond to perturbations in their biomechanical microenvironment. Perlecan,
      at the cell surface, provides an adhesive interface between the cell and its
      surrounding extracellular matrix. Elastic microfibrillar structures regulate
      tensional connective tissue development and function. The 2010 Global Burden of
      Disease study examined 291 disorders and identified disc degeneration and
      associated low back pain as the leading global musculoskeletal disorder
      emphasising its massive socioeconomic impact and the need for more effective
      treatment strategies. A greater understanding of how the IVD achieves its unique
      biomechanical functional properties is of great importance in the development of
      such therapeutic measures.

PMID- 27377667
TI  - Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Arylation of
      Trifluoromethylated/Perfluoroalkylated 2-Quinazolinones with High
      Enantioselectivity.
AB  - Asymmetric arylation of 4-fluoroalkyl-2-quinazolinone derivatives with
      arylboronic acids proceeded smoothly in the presence of a cationic palladium
      catalyst (1 mol %) coordinated with a chiral phosphinooxazoline (phox) ligand to
      create the corresponding fluorine-containing arylated dihydroquinazolinones in
      high yields and with greater than 99 % ee. 

PMID- 27377669
TI  - Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in the pre
      hospital setting: An additional resuscitation option for uncontrolled
      catastrophic haemorrhage.
AB  - This report describes the first use of Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon
      Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) in the pre-hospital setting to control
      catastrophic haemorrhage. The patient, who had fallen 15 meters, suffered
      catastrophic internal haemorrhage associated with a pelvic fracture. He was
      treated by London's Air Ambulance's Physician-Paramedic team. This included
      insertion of a REBOA balloon catheter at the scene to control likely fatal
      exsanguination. The patient survived transfer to hospital, emergency angio
      embolization and subsequent surgery. He was discharged neurologically normal
      after 52 days and went on to make a full recovery. The poor prognosis in
      catastrophic torso haemorrhage and novel endovascular methods of haemorrhage
      control are discussed. Also the challenges of Pre-Hospital REBOA are discussed
      together with the training and governance required for a safe system.

PMID- 27377668
TI  - Isolation of protein complexes from the model legume Medicago truncatula by
      tandem affinity purification in hairy root cultures.
AB  - Tandem affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (TAP-MS) is one of the
      most powerful techniques to isolate protein complexes and elucidate protein
      interaction networks. Here, we describe the development of a TAP-MS strategy for
      the model legume Medicago truncatula, which is widely studied for its ability to
      produce valuable natural products and to engage in endosymbiotic interactions. As
      biological material, transgenic hairy roots, generated through Agrobacterium
      rhizogenes-mediated transformation of M. truncatula seedlings, were used. As
      proof of concept, proteins involved in the cell cycle, transcript processing and
      jasmonate signalling were chosen as bait proteins, resulting in a list of
      putative interactors, many of which confirm the interologue concept of protein
      interactions, and which can contribute to biological information about the
      functioning of these bait proteins in planta. Subsequently, binary protein
      protein interactions among baits and preys, and among preys were confirmed by a
      systematic yeast two-hybrid screen. Together, by establishing a M. truncatula TAP
      MS platform, we extended the molecular toolbox of this model species.

PMID- 27377670
TI  - Echocardiographic left ventricular systolic dysfunction early after resuscitation
      from cardiac arrest does not predict mortality or vasopressor requirements.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Echocardiographic abnormalities are common after resuscitation
      from cardiac arrest. The association between echocardiographic findings with
      vasopressor requirements and mortality are not well described. We sought to
      determine the associations between echocardiographic abnormalities and mortality,
      vasopressor requirements and organ failure after cardiac arrest. METHODS: We
      prospectively evaluated 55 adult subjects undergoing transthoracic
      echocardiography within 24h after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. We evaluated
      the association between 2D echocardiographic and Doppler measurements and
      mortality, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores and vasopressor
      requirements. RESULTS: Inpatient mortality was 60%. Mean left ventricular
      ejection fraction (LVEF) was 43.6%; LVEF was <40% in 36% of subjects. None of the
      measured echocardiographic parameters (including LVEF) was significantly
      associated with inpatient mortality (all p>0.1). Subjects with LVEF <40% more
      often had shockable arrest rhythms and patients resuscitated from shockable
      rhythms had lower mean LVEF (36.2% vs. 52.3%, p=0.001). There was no correlation
      between markers of right and left ventricular systolic or diastolic function
      (including LVEF and Doppler parameters) with vasopressor requirements, lactate
      levels or SOFA scores. CONCLUSION: Echocardiographic parameters (including LVEF)
      were not associated with inpatient mortality after cardiac arrest. Vasopressor
      requirements and organ failure severity were not associated with multiple
      echocardiographic markers of systolic function.

PMID- 27377671
TI  - Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Iodoglucoazomycin (I-GAZ), an Azomycin
      Glucose Adduct with Putative Applications in Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy
      of Hypoxic Tumors.
AB  - Iodoglucoazomycin (I-GAZ; N-(2-iodo-3-(6-O-glucosyl)propyl)-2-nitroimidazole), a
      non-glycosidic nitroimidazole-6-O-glucose adduct, was synthesized,
      radioiodinated, and evaluated as a substrate of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) for
      radiotheranostic (therapy+diagnostic) management of hypoxic tumors. Nucleophilic
      iodination of the nosylate synthon of I-GAZ followed by deprotection afforded I
      GAZ in 74 % overall yield. I-GAZ was radioiodinated via 'exchange' labeling using
      [(123/131) I]iodide (50-70 % RCY) and then purified by Sep-PakTM (>96 % RCP).
      [(131) I]I-GAZ was stable in 2 % ethanolic solution in sterile water for 14 days
      when stored at 5  degrees C. In cell culture, I-GAZ was found to be nontoxic to
      EMT-6 cells at concentrations <0.5 mm, and weakly radiosensitizing (SER 1.1 at 10
      % survival of EMT-6 cells; 1.2 at 0.1 % survival in MCF-7 cells). The
      hypoxic/normoxic uptake ratio of [(123) I]I-GAZ in EMT-6 cells was 1.46 at 2 h,
      and under normoxic conditions the uptake of [(123) I]I-GAZ by EMT-6 cells was
      unaltered in the presence of 5 mm glucose. The biodistribution of [(131) I]I-GAZ
      in EMT-6 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice demonstrated rapid clearance from blood and
      extensive renal and hepatic excretion. Tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios
      reached ~3 and 8, respectively, at 4 h post-injection. Regression analysis of the
      first order polynomial plots of the blood and tumor radioactivity concentrations
      supported a perfusion-excretion model with low hypoxia-dependent binding. [(131)
      I]I-GAZ was found to be stable in vivo, and did not deiodinate.

PMID- 27377672
TI  - TRPC3-mediated Ca(2+) entry contributes to mouse airway smooth muscle cell
      proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide.
AB  - Airway remodeling is a histopathological hallmark of chronic respiratory diseases
      that includes airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation. Canonical transient
      receptor potential channel-3 (TRPC3)-encoded nonselective cation channels (NSCCs)
      are important native constitutively active channels that play significant roles
      in physiological and pathological conditions in ASMCs. Lipopolysaccharides
      (LPSs), known as lipoglycans and endotoxin, have been proven to be inducers of
      airway remodeling, though the mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that
      TRPC3 is important in LPS-induced airway remodeling by regulating ASMC
      proliferation. To test this hypothesis, mouse ASMCs were cultured with or without
      LPS for 48h. Cell viability, TRPC3 protein expression, NSCC currents and changes
      in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) were then analyzed using an
      MTT assay, western blotting, whole-cell patch clamp and calcium imaging,
      respectively. The results showed that LPS treatment significantly induced ASMC
      proliferation, up-regulation of TRPC3 protein expression and enhancement of NSCC
      currents, resting [Ca(2+)]i and ACh-elicited changes in [Ca(2+)]i. TRPC3 blocker
      Gd(3+), TRPC3 blocking antibody or TRPC3 gene silencing by siRNA significantly
      inhibited LPS-induced up-regulation of TRPC3 protein, enhancement of NSCC
      currents, resting [Ca(2+)]i and ACh-elicited changes in [Ca(2+)]i, eventually
      inhibiting LPS-induced ASMCproliferation. These results demonstrated that TRPC3
      mediated Ca(2+) entry contributed to LPS-induced ASMC proliferation and
      identified TRPC3 as a possible key target in airway remodeling intervention.

PMID- 27377673
TI  - Redox Reducible and Hydrolytically Degradable PEG-PLA Elastomers as Biomaterial
      for Temporary Drug-Eluting Medical Devices.
AB  - With the aim to develop biomaterials for temporary medical devices, a series of
      novel reducible and/or degradable elastomers has been prepared from PLA-b-PEG-b
      PLA copolymers photo-crosslinked with diallyl sulfide or pentaerythritol
      tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate). Thermal and mechanical properties, including
      elastic limit and Young modulus, are assessed. Degradation is then evaluated
      under standard hydrolytic conditions. Reducibility of a selected elastomer is
      then illustrated using 2-mercaptoethanol or glutathione as reducing agents. The
      redox-sensitivity of the selected elastomer and the possibility to modulate the
      degradability are shown. Considering drug-eluting elastomeric devices
      applications, anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen loading is illustrated with the
      two simplest elastomer formulations. A rapid or slow linear release is observed
      as a function of the low or high molecular weight of the triblock pre-polymers.
      Finally, the cytocompatibility of the degradable elastomers is assessed with
      regard to their potential to favor or inhibit L929 murine fibroblasts
      proliferation as a function of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the triblock
      copolymers.

PMID- 27377674
TI  - Underdiagnosing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections as revealed by use of a
      respiratory multiplex PCR panel.
AB  - We compared a multiplex PCR diagnostic approach against specific PCR diagnosis
      for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Seventy-five percent of all M.
      pneumoniae infections were only detected "unintentionally" by the use of the
      multiplex PCR indicating underdiagnosing of M. pneumoniae due to absence of
      clinical suspicion. 

PMID- 27377675
TI  - The potential of molecular diagnostics and serum procalcitonin levels to change
      the antibiotic management of community-acquired pneumonia.
AB  - Two diagnostic bundles were compared in 127 evaluable patients admitted with
      community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Diagnostic modalities in all patients
      included cultures of sputum (if obtainable) and blood, urine for detection of the
      antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila, and nasal swabs
      for PCR probes for S. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. At least one
      procalcitonin level was measured in all patients. For virus detection, patients
      were randomized to either a 5-virus, lab-generated PCR panel or the broader and
      faster FilmArray PCR panel. Overall, an etiologic diagnosis was established in
      71% of the patients. A respiratory virus was detected in 39%. The potential for
      improved antibiotic stewardship was evident in 25 patients with only detectable
      respiratory virus and normal levels of PCT. 

PMID- 27377677
TI  - An electronic interface to routinize outcomes assessment and streamline clinic
      workflow.

PMID- 27377678
TI  - Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) response to animal source foods varies among
      healthy young men and is influenced by their gut microbiota composition: A
      randomized controlled trial.
AB  - SCOPE: Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite linked to the gut microbiota,
      is associated with excess risk of heart disease. We hypothesized that (i) TMAO
      response to animal source foods would vary among healthy men and (ii) this
      response would be modified by their gut microbiome. METHODS AND RESULTS: A
      crossover feeding trial in healthy young men (n = 40) was conducted with meals
      containing TMAO (fish), its dietary precursors, choline (eggs) and carnitine
      (beef), and a fruit control. Fish yielded higher circulating and urinary
      concentrations of TMAO (46-62 times; p < 0.0001), trimethylamine (8-14 times; p <
      0.0001), and dimethylamine (4-6-times; P<0.0001) than eggs, beef, or the fruit
      control. Circulating TMAO concentrations were increased within 15 min of fish
      consumption, suggesting that dietary TMAO can be absorbed without processing by
      gut microbes. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes indicated that high-TMAO producers
      (>=20% increase in urinary TMAO in response to eggs and beef) had more Firmicutes
      than Bacteroidetes (p = 0.04) and less gut microbiota diversity (p = 0.03).
      CONCLUSION: Consumption of fish yielded substantially greater increases in
      circulating TMAO than eggs or beef. The higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes
      enrichment among men exhibiting a greater response to dietary TMAO precursor
      intake indicates that TMAO production is a function of individual differences in
      the gut microbiome.

PMID- 27377679
TI  - Rural residence, farming environment, and allergic diseases in Argentinean
      adolescents.
AB  - RATIONALE: Little is known about residence in a rural or farming environment and
      allergic diseases in Latin America. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of rural
      residence and current wheeze, current asthma and current symptoms of allergic
      rhino-conjunctivitis in 1,804 adolescents (ages 13-14 years) attending 31 schools
      in urban and rural areas of San Francisco (Cordoba, Argentina). Rural residence
      was classified as never, previous, and current. Duration of rural residence was
      categorized as 0, >0 but <=5 years, and >5 years. Current wheeze, current asthma,
      and current allergic rhino-conjunctivitis were defined on the basis of responses
      to an extensively validated questionnaire from the International Study of Asthma
      and Allergies in Childhood. Logistic regression was used for the multivariable
      analysis of rural residence and the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: After
      adjustment for current smoking and other covariates, current rural residence
      (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03-0.81) and rural
      residence for >5 years (OR = 0.32, 95%CI = 0.12-0.84) were significantly
      associated with reduced odds of current wheeze. In a multivariable analysis,
      current residence in a rural area (OR = 0.52, 95%CI = 0.32-0.86) and rural
      residence for >5 years (OR = 0.44, 95%CI = 0.26-0.73) were significantly
      associated with reduced odds of allergic rhino-conjunctivitis. This association
      was no longer significant after additional adjustment for current residence in a
      dairy farm, which was significantly associated with reduced odds of allergic
      rhino-conjunctivitis. Similarly, current regular contact with farm animals was
      significantly associated with reduced odds of allergic rhino-conjunctivitis.
      CONCLUSIONS: Among Argentinean adolescents, current rural residence and rural
      residence for >5 years were associated with reduced odds of current wheeze and
      allergic rhino-conjunctivitis. These potential protective effects may be
      explained by a dairy farm environment, including regular contact with farm
      animals. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:21-28. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377680
TI  - The Metalloprotease Neprilysin Degrades and Inactivates Apelin Peptides.
AB  - The apelinergic system is a mammalian peptide hormone network with key
      physiological roles. Apelin isoforms and analogues are believed to be promising
      therapeutics for cardiovascular disease. Despite extensive studies on apelin-13
      degradation patterns, only one protease, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),
      had been implicated in its physiological regulation. Through use of a peptide
      based fluorescent probe, we identified the metalloprotease neprilysin (NEP, a
      target for Entresto used in treatment of heart failure) as an enzyme that cleaves
      apelin isoforms. In vitro NEP proteolysis generated fragments that lacked the
      ability to bind to the apelin receptor, thereby making NEP the first protease to
      fully inactivate apelin. The involvement of NEP in the apelinergic system
      contributes to the understanding of its role in cardiovascular physiology.

PMID- 27377681
TI  - Temporomandibular joint involvement in patients with multiple myeloma-a
      retrospective study.
AB  - Multiple myeloma (MM) is a common hematological malignancy that has widespread
      manifestations in multiple organs, including bones and joints. This retrospective
      study aimed to evaluate the involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in
      patients with MM. Consecutive subjects with a diagnosis of MM who presented to
      the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic for routine evaluation between 2008 and
      2014 were identified. Patients who had a computed tomography (CT) scan of the
      TMJs as part of their MM staging were included in the study. Outcome variables
      were the presence of TMJ myelomatous changes on CT and the presence of TMJ
      symptoms. Of the 88 patients included in the study, 28 demonstrated TMJ
      myelomatous lesions on CT scans and 10 patients complained of TMJ pain or
      dysfunction. The CT scans of seven of the 10 symptomatic patients demonstrated
      myelomatous involvement of the TMJ area. Myelomatous involvement of the TMJ is
      common in MM patients and the majority of lesions are asymptomatic. An MM patient
      complaining of temporomandibular symptoms is relatively highly likely to having a
      lesion in the TMJ. Diagnosing the myelomatous lesions in the TMJ is important for
      accurate hemato-oncologic staging and providing treatment without delay.

PMID- 27377682
TI  - A study of the prevalence of dyslipidemia among the adult population of Ahvaz,
      Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main causes of the disease burden
      in developed and developing countries. The present study is planned to access the
      prevalence of dyslipidemia and its risk factors among the general population of
      Ahvaz over 20 years of age. METHOD: In this descriptive-analytic study, using
      multi-stage cluster method, out of the 25 existing health centers in the city of
      Ahvaz (four health centers in the Eastern Ahvaz and two centers in the west were
      chosen based on the population they covered). The blood samples of the
      participants were taken after 12h of fasting for measure FBS, TG, Chol, HDLand
      LDL level their heights, and weights were measured using the standard methods.
      Interviewing the participants, the research questionnaires were filled by the
      trained health workers. RESULTS: Out of 2505 participants, 1155 samples (%46.1)
      were male with mean age of 42.9+/-14.5years and 1350 samples (%53.9) were women
      with the mean age of 39.9+/-12.6 years. The prevalence of dyslipidemia among the
      individuals over 20 years of age in Ahvaz was %80.9 (%75.9 in male and %85.1 in
      female). Age and BMI were positively correlated with increase in the risk of
      dyslipidemia. Women had a higher risk of dyslipidemia CONCLUSION: This study
      showed that more than %80 over 20 years old Ahvazian population had
      dyslipidemia(female more than male). Age and BMI are positively correlated with
      increasing dyslipidemia in my population.

PMID- 27377683
TI  - Metabolic syndrome and C reactive protein in patients undergoing angiography:
      Inevitable association?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is characterized by a set of risk
      factors, which causes metabolic and inflammatory changes that increase vascular
      risk and may promote the development of atherosclerosis. Changes in lifestyle are
      related to obesity and associated diseases such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes
      mellitus, MS and cardiovascular disease (CVD). AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate
      the relationship of MS components and high sensitivity C Reactive Protein (hsCRP)
      in patients undergoing arteriography. METHODS: A group of patients undergoing
      arteriography was recruited in order we could evaluate the metabolic profile,
      levels of hsCRP and number of obstructions in the arteries. RESULTS: Most of our
      patients underwent arteriography are more likely to have hypertension, glucose
      intolerance, dyslipidemia, and central obesity, thus, MS is prevalent in this
      group. They also tend to exhibit higher values of hsCRP, lower values for the
      estimative of the size of the LDL-c particle and higher number of obstruction in
      the arteries. CONCLUSION: We may say that the improvement of the above parameters
      could reduce inflammation and oxidative stress and vascular damages what would
      extend life expectancy and quality of life of this group of patients.

PMID- 27377684
TI  - Association of glutathione-S-transferase with patients of type 2 diabetes
      mellitus with and without nephropathy.
AB  - STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM: Hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress is implicated
      as a contributor to the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
      and its complications like diabetic nephropathy (DN). Glutathione-S-transferase
      (GST) is primarily involved in the neutralization of reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) by enzymatic conjugation with the scavenger peptide glutathione (GSH).
      Therefore, present study was aimed to evaluate the role of GST along with
      oxidative stress markers and their correlation in patients with Type 2 diabetes
      mellitus with and without nephropathy. METHODS: This study comprised of 300
      participants divided into three groups of 100 each: healthy controls (HC), T2DM
      without complications and DN. Plasma GST, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced GSH
      levels and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were estimated
      spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: Highest GST levels was observed in T2DM which
      was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to DN and HC. However, GSH and FRAP
      levels were found to be significantly lowest whereas MDA levels were
      significantly highest in DN as compared to T2DM and HC. GST showed a significant
      negative correlation with GSH, FRAP and positive correlation with MDA in both
      patients groups. CONCLUSIONS: Highest activity of GST in T2DM might be as a
      compensatory mechanism in response to oxidative stress. GST is found to have
      significant negative association with decreased GSH. Altered redox milieu in DN
      collectively conspire to increase the risk of renal damage in T2DM.

PMID- 27377685
TI  - Predictors of sleep disorders among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - AIMS: This study examined the prevalence of sleep disorders (SD) and self
      reported sleep symptoms and risk factors among adult patients diagnosed with
      T2DM. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2012 US National Health and Wellness
      Survey, an annual Internet-based survey. A total of 7239 participants reported a
      diagnosis of T2DM. Patients also provided information on diagnosis of SD (e.g.,
      insomnia, sleep breathing disorder, other sleep conditions, etc.) and regularly
      experienced sleep symptoms (e.g., difficulty falling asleep, sleep apnea, daytime
      sleepiness, difficulty staying awake, etc.). Logistic regressions were used to
      examine factors associated with SD and symptoms. RESULTS: The average age was
      59.9 (standard deviation=12.2), 59.5% were male, 24.4% were diagnosed with SD,
      76.8% reported experiencing any sleep symptom regularly (difficulty falling
      asleep, 30.5%; sleep apnea, 17.4%; daytime sleepiness, 26.8%; difficulty staying
      awake, 10.1%). Logistic regression models showed the strongest predictors of
      diagnosed SD were obesity class (OC) III (OR=2.20), White (OR=1.92), OC II
      (OR=1.57), smoking (OR=1.57), lower income (OR=1.49-1.19), unemployment
      (OR=1.38), and comorbidities (OR=1.35), all p<0.05. The strongest predictors of
      any sleep symptom were OC III (OR=2.22), OC II (OR=1.78), lower income (OR=1.74
      1.24), female gender (OR=1.72), OC I (OR=1.60), White (OR=1.54), and smoking
      (OR=1.47), all p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Almost 25% of patients with T2DM were
      diagnosed with SD and over 75% reported experiencing at least one sleep symptom
      regularly. SD and symptoms were strongly associated with obesity, White
      ethnicity, gender, low income, and smoking. Interventions focusing on weight
      management and smoking cessation have shown to improve T2DM and may improve SD.

PMID- 27377686
TI  - Medical cost of type 2 diabetes attributable to physical inactivity in the United
      States in 2012.
AB  - AIMS: Type 2 diabetes has grown to epidemic proportions in the U.S. and physical
      activity levels in the population continues to remain low, although it is one of
      the primary preventive strategies for diabetes. The objectives of this study were
      to estimate the direct medical costs of type 2 diabetes attributable to not
      meeting physical activity Guidelines and to physical inactivity in the U.S. in
      2012. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study that used physical activity
      prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to estimate
      the population attributable risk percentage for type 2 diabetes. These data were
      combined with the prevalence and cost data of type 2 diabetes to estimate the
      cost of type 2 diabetes attributable to not meeting physical activity Guidelines
      and to inactivity in 2012. RESULTS: The cost of type 2 diabetes in the U.S. in
      2012, attributable to not meeting physical activity guidelines was estimated to
      be $18.3 billion, and that attributable to physical inactivity was estimated to
      be $4.65 billion. Based on sensitivity analyses, these estimates ranged from
      $10.19 billion to $27.43 billion for not meeting physical activity guidelines and
      $2.59 billion-$6.98 billion for physical inactivity in the year 2012.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that billions of dollars could be saved annually
      just in terms of type 2 diabetes cost in the U.S., if the entire adult population
      met physical activity guidelines. Physical activity promotion, particularly at
      the environmental and policy level should be a priority in the population.

PMID- 27377687
TI  - Understanding Diabetic Foot Infection and its Management.
AB  - Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs), a dreadful micro-vascular complication is liable for
      substantial increase in morbidity and mortality. DFU is a complicated amalgam of
      neuropathy, peripheral arterial diseases, foot deformities and infection.
      Spanning the spectrum from superficial cellulitis, microbial flora leads to
      chronic ostemyelitis and gangrenous extremity lower limb amputations. Wounds
      without affirmation of soft tissue or bone infection do not require antibiotic
      therapy. Treatment of mild and moderate infection requires empiric therapy
      covering gram-positive cocci, whereas severe or infection caused by drug
      resistant organisms needs broad spectrum anti-microbial targeting aggressive gram
      negative aerobes and obligate anaerobes. Definitive therapy employed should be
      based on culture reports and clinical response. Evaluation of bone infection
      requires imaging by plain radiographs or MRI to increase sensitivity and
      specificity. Surgical interventions are must and may range from minor debridement
      to resections or revascularization and major amputations depending upon wound
      severity. On time and forceful management of diabetic foot ulcers by employing
      multidisciplinary management approaches focusing on prevention, learning, regular
      foot assessment, aggressive intervention, and optimal use of therapeutic footwear
      can often prevent exacerbation of the difficulty and eliminate the potential for
      amputation. Here, we review recent studies addressing diabetic foot infections
      with emphasis on pathophysiology, exclusive risk factors; evaluation including
      physical inspection, laboratory investigations, relevant treatment strategies and
      assessment of infection severity.

PMID- 27377689
TI  - Cardiovascular medication adherence among patients with cardiac disease: a
      systematic review.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to critically appraise and synthesize the best
      available evidence on the effectiveness of interventions suitable for delivery by
      nurses, designed to enhance cardiac patients' adherence to their prescribed
      medications. BACKGROUND: Cardiac medications have statistically significant
      health benefits for patients with heart disease, but patients' adherence to
      prescribed medications remains suboptimal. DESIGN: A systematic quantitative
      review of intervention effects. DATA SOURCES: We conducted systematic searches
      for English-language, peer-reviewed randomized controlled trial publications via
      Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, ProQuest, Web of Science and
      Google Scholar published between January 2004-December 2014. REVIEW METHODS:
      According to pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, eligible studies
      were identified and data extracted using a predefined form. Of 1962 identified
      papers; 14 studies met the study inclusion criteria, were assessed for risk of
      bias using the Cochrane Collaboration tool; and included in the review. RESULTS:
      Study findings were presented descriptively; due to the heterogeneity of studies
      meta-analysis was not possible. Included papers described interventions
      categorized as: (1) multifaceted; and (2) behavioural and educational,
      comprising: (a) text message and mail message; (b) telephone calls; (c)
      motivational interviewing and (d) nurse-led counselling and education.
      CONCLUSIONS: Substantial heterogeneity limited the robustness of conclusions, but
      this review indicated that motivational interviewing, education and phone or text
      messaging appeared promising as means to enhance cardiac medication adherence.
      Future research should integrate multifaceted interventions that target
      individual behaviour change to enhance adherence to cardiovascular medications,
      to build on the beneficial outcomes indicated by this review.

PMID- 27377688
TI  - An association of serum vistafin level and number of circulating endothelial
      progenitor cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The decreased number and impaired functions of endothelial progenitor
      cells (EPCs) may associate with cardiovascular disease (CV) including
      atherosclerosis. However, the role of vistafin in regulation of angiogenic EPC
      subset maturation in T2DM patients without known atherosclerosis is still not
      fully understood. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate an association of serum
      vistafin level and number of circulating EPCs in T2DM patients beyond known CV
      disease. METHODS: This case-control observational investigation was evolved 54
      subjects with T2DM and 35 healthy volunteers. The flow cytometry was used for
      predictably distinguishing cell subsets, which depend on expression of CD45,
      CD34, CD14, Tie-2, and VEGFR2. Biomarkers were measured at baseline of the study.
      RESULTS: All T2DM patients were divided depending median of vistafin level
      (5.88ng/mL) in to two cohorts with low vistafin level (<5.88ng/mL; n=29) and high
      vistafin level (>=5.88ng/mL; n=25) respectively. Logistic regression analysis has
      shown that visfatin, hs-CRP, age and BMI were the best variables in the
      prediction of EPC number labeled as CD14+CD309+ and CD14+CD309+Tie2+ cells. After
      adjustment of the model to age and BMI elevated visfatin level remained the best
      predictor for both CD14+CD309+ and CD14+CD309+Tie2+ EPCs (OR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88
      0.95; P=0.001 and OR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.87-0.96; P=0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION:
      We found that elevated level of vistafin was an independent predictor for
      declined numerous of non-classical EPCs labeled as CD14+CD309+ and
      CD14+CD309+Tie2+, whereas CD34+ subsets of EPCs did not associate with vistafin
      level in T2DM individuals.

PMID- 27377690
TI  - Type 2 diabetes is associated with a higher incidence of hospitalization for
      pulmonary embolism in Spain: Analysis of hospital discharge data during 2004
      2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We compared the incidence and outcome of pulmonary
      embolism (PE) in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in
      Spain during 2004-2013. METHODS: The study was based on National Hospital
      Discharge Data, and the study population comprised patients hospitalized for PE.
      Annual incidence rates were classified according to T2DM status. In-hospital
      mortality (IHM), length of hospital stay (LOHS), comorbidities and use of
      diagnosis and therapeutic procedures were analysed. RESULTS: We identified 123
      872 discharges of patients (56 361 men and 67 511 women) with PE as their primary
      diagnosis (15.3% with T2DM). Incidence of discharge diagnoses of PE increased
      significantly in all groups. Crude rates were higher in diabetic patients. A
      positive association was identified between T2DM and PE: adjusted IRR was 2.00
      (95% CI: 1.95-2.05) for men and 2.50 (95% CI: 2.45-2.57) for women. LOHS,
      readmissions and IHM decreased significantly for both groups. An association
      between IHM and risk factors (older age, Charlson comorbidity index >3, atrial
      fibrillation and cancer) was observed. T2DM was associated with higher IHM in men
      (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.12-1.32) and women (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.15-1.33). The use of
      computed tomography pulmonary angiography increased significantly overtime.
      CONCLUSION: We confirmed that in both men and women, diabetes was an independent
      risk factor for IHM. The incidence of discharge of patients with PE increased
      significantly during the study period. Diabetic men and women had a higher risk
      of hospitalization for PE than non-diabetic men and women. Diabetic women had
      higher IHM than diabetic men.

PMID- 27377693
TI  - Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Evidence, pathophysiology and
      translational implications.
AB  - Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by severe
      and biphasic changes in mood. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been
      hypothesized to underpin the neurobiology of BD, including the presence of
      mitochondrial dysfunction. A confluence of evidence points to an underlying
      dysfunction of mitochondria, including decreases in mitochondrial respiration,
      high-energy phosphates and pH; changes in mitochondrial morphology; increases in
      mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms; and downregulation of nuclear mRNA molecules and
      proteins involved in mitochondrial respiration. Mitochondria play a pivotal role
      in neuronal cell survival or death as regulators of both energy metabolism and
      cell survival and death pathways. Thus, in this review, we discuss the genetic
      and physiological components of mitochondria and the evidence for mitochondrial
      abnormalities in BD. The final part of this review discusses mitochondria as a
      potential target of therapeutic interventions in BD.

PMID- 27377691
TI  - Neurobiological signatures associated with alcohol and drug use in the human
      adolescent brain.
AB  - Magnetic resonance (MR) techniques provide opportunities to non-invasively
      characterize neurobiological milestones of adolescent brain development.
      Juxtaposed to the critical finalization of brain development is initiation of
      alcohol and substance use, and increased frequency and quantity of use, patterns
      that can lead to abuse and addiction. This review provides a comprehensive
      overview of existing MR studies of adolescent alcohol and drug users. The most
      common alterations reported across substance used and MR modalities are in the
      frontal lobe (63% of published studies). This is not surprising, given that this
      is the last region to reach neurobiological adulthood. Comparatively, evidence is
      less consistent regarding alterations in regions that mature earlier (e.g.,
      amygdala, hippocampus), however newer techniques now permit investigations beyond
      regional approaches that are uncovering network-level vulnerabilities. Regardless
      of whether neurobiological signatures exist prior to the initiation of use, this
      body of work provides important direction for ongoing prospective investigations
      of adolescent brain development, and the significant impact of alcohol and
      substance use on the brain during the second decade of life.

PMID- 27377694
TI  - Commentary: Are Children Like Werewolves? Full Moon and Its Association with
      Sleep and Activity Behaviors in an International Sample of Children.

PMID- 27377692
TI  - Aging and the HPA axis: Stress and resilience in older adults.
AB  - Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function may change over the course of
      aging, and altered diurnal or stress-induced secretion of the hormone cortisol
      could predispose older adults to negative health outcomes. We propose that
      psychological resilience may interact with diurnal cortisol to affect health
      outcomes later in life. Emotion regulation and social support are two constructs
      that contribute to resilience and exhibit age-specific patterns in older adults.
      Determining how the use of resilience resources interacts with age-related
      diurnal cortisol will improve our understanding of the pathways between stress,
      resilience, and well-being. In this review, we assess published studies
      evaluating diurnal cortisol in older adults to better understand differences in
      their HPA axis functioning. Evidence thus far suggests that diurnal cortisol may
      increase with age, although cross-sectional studies limit the conclusions that
      can be drawn. We also review extant evidence connecting age-specific signatures
      of emotion regulation and social support with diurnal cortisol. Conclusions are
      used to propose a preliminary model demonstrating how resilience resources may
      modulate the effects of cortisol on health in aging.

PMID- 27377695
TI  - Effects of Imiquimod on Hair Follicle Stem Cells and Hair Cycle Progression.
AB  - Topical imiquimod (IMQ) application is widely used as a model for psoriasiform
      like skin inflammation in mice. Although the effects on the epidermis are well
      characterized, it is unclear how IMQ affects hair follicles and cycling. Here we
      investigated how IMQ affects hair follicle stem cells and whether the timing of
      IMQ application influences the immune infiltrate. Our results show that IMQ
      application at mid and late telogen activated hair follicle stem cells leading to
      premature hair cycle entry (anagen), which was accompanied by massive
      infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and gamma delta T cells, whereas the
      number of the respective resident populations decreased. Interestingly, high
      resident macrophage numbers were present in Rag2-/- mice and were maintained
      after IMQ treatment explaining why IMQ-induced anagen was reduced. This could be
      rescued after macrophage depletion suggesting that resident macrophages inhibit
      whereas inflammatory infiltrating macrophages stimulate hair follicle stem cell
      activation. The expression of the anagen-inhibiting factor BMP-4 was reduced by
      IMQ treatment as well as the activating factors Wnt showing that IMQ-induced hair
      follicle stem cell activation occurs by a Wnt-independent mechanism involving
      inflammatory cytokines such as CCL2 and TNF-alpha. On the basis of our findings,
      we recommend conducting experiments with IMQ during mid and late telogen as the
      biggest differences in immune cell composition are observed.

PMID- 27377696
TI  - Different Propionibacterium acnes Phylotypes Induce Distinct Immune Responses and
      Express Unique Surface and Secreted Proteomes.
AB  - Propionibacterium acnes is a skin commensal bacterium that contributes to the
      development of acne vulgaris and other infections. Recent work revealed that P.
      acnes clinical isolates can be classified into distinct phylotypes, several of
      which have associations with healthy skin or acne. We sought to determine if
      these phylotypes induce different immunological responses and express protein
      factors that may contribute to their disease associations. We found that acne
      associated P. acnes phylotypes induced 2- to 3-fold higher levels of IFN-gamma
      and IL-17 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with healthy phylotypes.
      On the other hand, P. acnes phylotypes associated with healthy skin induced 2- to
      4-fold higher levels of IL-10. Comparative proteomic analysis of P. acnes
      phylotypes revealed a differential expression of several proteins, including an
      adhesion protein that was expressed at least 10-fold higher in acne-associated
      phylotypes and a cell surface hydrolase expressed in all phylotypes except those
      associated with healthy skin. Taken together, our data provide insight into how
      specific P. acnes phylotypes influence immune responses and the pathogenesis of
      acne.

PMID- 27377697
TI  - Inactivation of RUNX3/p46 Promotes Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.
AB  - The key role of RUNX3 in physiological T-cell differentiation has been
      extensively documented. However, information on its relevance for the development
      of human T-cell lymphomas or leukemias is scarce. Here, we show that alterations
      of RUNX3 by either heterozygous deletion or methylation of its distal promoter
      can be observed in the tumor cells of 15 of 21 (71%) patients suffering from
      Sezary syndrome, an aggressive variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. As a
      consequence, mRNA levels of RUNX3/p46, the isoform controlled by the distal
      promoter, are significantly lower in Sezary syndrome tumor cells. Re-expression
      of RUNX3/p46 reduces cell viability and promotes apoptosis in a RUNX3/p46low cell
      line of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Based on this, we present evidence that RUNX3
      can act as a tumor suppressor in a human T-cell malignancy and suggest that this
      effect is predominantly mediated through transcripts from its distal promoter, in
      particular RUNX3/p46.

PMID- 27377698
TI  - The Cutaneous Microbiome and Aspects of Skin Antimicrobial Defense System Resist
      Acute Treatment with Topical Skin Cleansers.
AB  - The human skin microbiome has been suggested to play an essential role in
      maintaining health by contributing to innate defense of the skin. These
      observations have inspired speculation that the use of common skin washing
      techniques may be detrimental to the epidermal antibacterial defense system by
      altering the microbiome. In this study, several common skin cleansers were used
      to wash human forearms and the short-term effect on the abundance of the
      antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and the abundance and diversity of bacterial DNA was
      measured. Despite small but significant decreases in the amount of LL-37 on the
      skin surface shortly after washing, no significant change in the bacterial
      community was detected. Furthermore, Group A Streptococcus did not survive better
      on the skin after washing. In contrast, the addition of antimicrobial compounds
      such as benzalkonium chloride or triclocarban to soap before washing decreased
      the growth of Group A Streptococcus applied after rinse. These results support
      prior studies that hand washing techniques in the health care setting are
      beneficial and should be continued. Additional research is necessary to better
      understand the effects of chronic washing and the potential impact of skin care
      products on the development of dysbiosis in some individuals.

PMID- 27377699
TI  - Molecular Profiling of Immune Activation Associated with Regression of Melanoma
      Metastases Induced by Diphencyprone.

PMID- 27377700
TI  - Discrimination of Dysplastic Nevi from Common Melanocytic Nevi by Cellular and
      Molecular Criteria.
AB  - Dysplastic nevi (DNs), also known as Clark's nevi or atypical moles, are
      distinguished from common melanocytic nevi by variegation in pigmentation and
      clinical appearance, as well as differences in tissue patterning. However,
      cellular and molecular differences between DNs and common melanocytic nevi are
      not completely understood. Using cDNA microarray, quantitative RT-PCR, and
      immunohistochemistry, we molecularly characterized DNs and analyzed the
      difference between DNs and common melanocytic nevi. A total of 111 probesets (91
      annotated genes, fold change > 2.0 and false discovery rate < 0.25) were
      differentially expressed between the two lesions. An unexpected finding in DNs
      was altered differentiation and activation of epidermal keratinocytes with
      increased expression of hair follicle-related molecules (keratin 25,
      trichohyalin, ribonuclease, RNase A family, 7) and inflammation-related molecules
      (S100A7, S100A8) at both genomic and protein levels. The immune microenvironment
      of DNs was characterized by an increase of T helper type 1 (IFNgamma) and T
      helper type 2 (IL13) cytokines as well as an upregulation of oncostatin M and
      CXCL1. DUSP3, which regulates cellular senescence, was identified as one of the
      disease discriminative genes between DNs and common melanocytic nevi by three
      independent statistical approaches and its altered expression was confirmed by
      immunohistochemistry. The molecular and cellular changes in which the epidermal
      melanin unit undergoes follicular differentiation as well as upregulation of
      defined cytokines could drive complex immune, epidermal, and pigmentary
      alterations.

PMID- 27377702
TI  - Professor Jean-Pierre Lambilliotte (1933-2011).

PMID- 27377701
TI  - Smyd5 plays pivotal roles in both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis during
      zebrafish embryogenesis.
AB  - Methylation of histone tails plays a pivotal role in the regulation of a wide
      range of biological processes. SET and MYND domain-containing protein (SMYD) is a
      methyltransferase, five family members of which have been identified in humans.
      SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, and SMYD4 have been found to play critical roles in
      carcinogenesis and/or the development of heart and skeletal muscle. However, the
      physiological functions of SMYD5 remain unknown. To investigate the function of
      Smyd5 in vivo, zebrafish were utilised as a model system. We first examined smyd5
      expression patterns in developing zebrafish embryos. Smyd5 transcripts were
      abundantly expressed at early developmental stages and then gradually decreased.
      Smyd5 was expressed in all adult tissues examined. Loss-of-function analysis of
      Smyd5 was then performed in zebrafish embryos using smyd5 morpholino
      oligonucleotide (MO). Embryos injected with smyd5-MO showed normal gross
      morphological development, including of heart and skeletal muscle. However,
      increased expression of both primitive and definitive hematopoietic markers,
      including pu.1, mpx, l-plastin, and cmyb, were observed. These phenotypes of
      smyd5-MO zebrafish embryos were also observed when we introduced mutations in
      smyd5 gene with the CRISPR/Cas9 system. As the expression of myeloid markers was
      elevated in smyd5 loss-of-function zebrafish, we propose that Smyd5 plays
      critical roles in hematopoiesis.

PMID- 27377703
TI  - Prostaglandin E2 stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor via EP2
      receptor-dependent signaling pathways in human AGS gastric cancer cells.
AB  - Aberrant expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has
      been observed in human gastric cancers. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), whose
      biosynthesis is catalyzed by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), is implicated in cancer
      metastasis; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PGE2 -driven uPAR
      expression are yet to be elucidated in human gastric cancer AGS cells. In this
      study, we showed that PGE2 induces uPAR expression in concentration- and time
      dependent manners. Furthermore, using antagonists and siRNA, we found that among
      the four subtypes of PGE2 receptors, EP2 receptors are involved in PGE2 -induced
      uPAR expression. PGE2 induced the activation of Src, epidermal growth factor
      receptor (EGFR), c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated
      kinase (Erk), and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Specific
      inhibitor and mutagenesis studies showed that Src, EGFR, JNK1/2, and Erk1/2 are
      involved in PGE2 -induced uPAR expression. PGE2 induces EP2-dependent
      phosphorylation of Src, while the activation of Src-dependent EGFR leads to the
      phosphorylation of JNK1/2 and Erk1/2. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis
      studies demonstrated the involvement of transcription factor activator protein
      (AP)-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) in PGE2 -induced uPAR expression.
      EGFR-dependent MAPKs (JNK1/2 and Erk1/2) function as the upstream signaling
      molecules in the activation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB, respectively. AGS cells pre
      treated with PGE2 showed remarkably enhanced invasiveness, which was partially
      abrogated by uPAR-neutralizing antibodies. To the best of our knowledge, this is
      the first report that PGE2 -induced uPAR expression, which stimulates
      invasiveness of human gastric cancer AGS cells, is mediated by the EP2 receptor
      dependent Src/EGFR/JNK1/2, Erk1/2/AP-1, and Src/EGFR/JNK1/2, Erk1/2/NF-kappaB
      cascades. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377704
TI  - Partial recovery of senescence and differentiation disturbances in CD8+ T cell
      effector-memory cells in HIV-1 infection after initiation of anti-retroviral
      treatment.
AB  - Immune senescence as well as disturbed CD8+ T cell differentiation are a hallmark
      of chronic HIV infection. Here, we investigated to what extent immune senescence
      is reversible after initiation of anti-retroviral treatment (ART). Peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a cohort of HIV patients with different
      disease courses, including untreated viral controllers (n = 10), viral non
      controllers (n = 16) and patients on ART (n = 20), were analysed and compared to
      uninfected controls (n = 25) by flow cytometry on bulk and HIV-specific major
      histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramer+ CD8+ T cells for expression of
      the memory markers CCR7 and CD45RO, as well as the senescence marker CD57 and the
      differentiation and survival marker CD127. Furthermore, a subset of patients was
      analysed longitudinally before and after initiation of ART. Frequencies of CD57+
      CD8+ T cells decreased after initiation of ART in central memory (Tcm) but not in
      effector memory T cell populations (TemRO and TemRA). The frequency of CD127+
      CD8+ cells increased in Tcm and TemRO. We observed a reduction of CD127- T cells
      in Tcm, TemRO and partially in TemRA subsets after initiation of ART.
      Importantly, HIV-specific CD8+ TemRO cells predominantly displayed a CD127- CD57+
      phenotype in untreated HIV-patients, whereas the CD127+ CD57- phenotype was under
      represented in these patients. The frequency of the CD127+ CD57- CD8+ T cell
      subpopulation correlated strongly with absolute CD4+ counts in HIV-infected
      patients before and after initiation of ART. These findings can be interpreted as
      a phenotypical correlate of CD8+ memory T cell differentiation and the premature
      'ageing' of the immune system, which was even observed in successfully virally
      suppressed HIV patients.

PMID- 27377705
TI  - Patterns of expressed emotion in adolescent eating disorders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This goal of this study was to understand the patterns of expressed
      emotions (EEs) in adolescent eating disorders. As such, this study compared EE
      among families of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN),
      and a psychiatric control group, major depressive disorder (MDD). This study also
      examined the influence of family status (intact vs. nonintact) and the presence
      of siblings on EE. METHODS: Two-hundred and fifteen adolescents (ages 12-19) and
      their families were recruited for this study including 121 adolescents with AN,
      54 adolescents with BN, and 40 adolescents with MDD. Adolescents with at least
      one parent completed the Standardized Clinical Family Interview. Adolescents
      completed structured diagnostic interviews to assess eligibility for the study,
      as well as a standardized questionnaire to assess depression. RESULTS: Analyses
      revealed that fathers showed higher levels of critical comments to adolescents
      with BN or MDD than those with AN, whereas mothers made more critical comments
      toward patients with BN. Mothers made the least number of positive remarks toward
      patients with MDD. In terms of the influence of family status, fathers from
      intact families showed more expressions of warmth and were less critical than
      fathers from nonintact families, whereas mothers from intact families were less
      critical but also made fewer positive remarks than mothers from nonintact
      families. The presence of siblings appeared to reduce mothers' expression of
      warmth and emotional overinvolvement. CONCLUSIONS: Unique patterns of EE were
      found to characterize AN, BN, and MDD. Family status and the presence of siblings
      exert an influence on EE that should be taken into consideration in future
      research.

PMID- 27377708
TI  - Blocked Shape Memory Effect in Negative Poisson's Ratio Polymer Metamaterials.
AB  - We describe a new class of negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) open cell PU-PE foams
      produced by blocking the shape memory effect in the polymer. Contrary to
      classical NPR open cell thermoset and thermoplastic foams that return to their
      auxetic phase after reheating (and therefore limit their use in technological
      applications), this new class of cellular solids has a permanent negative
      Poisson's ratio behavior, generated through multiple shape memory (mSM)
      treatments that lead to a fixity of the topology of the cell foam. The mSM-NPR
      foams have Poisson's ratio values similar to the auxetic foams prior their return
      to the conventional phase, but compressive stress-strain curves similar to the
      ones of conventional foams. The results show that by manipulating the shape
      memory effect in polymer microstructures it is possible to obtain new classes of
      materials with unusual deformation mechanisms. 

PMID- 27377706
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Botulinum Toxin A Therapy in Trigeminal
      Neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several different interventions have been examined to alleviate pain
      and reduce frequency of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) paroxysms. However, some
      patients continue to have persistent or recurrent painful attacks. Using a
      systematic review and meta-analysis approach, we aimed to synthesize evidence
      from published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding safety and efficacy
      of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) as a possible emerging choice of treatment for
      TN. METHODS: We conducted an electronic search in 10 databases/electronic search
      engines to access relevant publications. All articles in all languages reporting
      RCTs on the efficacy and safety of BTX-A in the treatment of TN were included for
      systematic review and meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of four RCTs (n = 178) were
      identified for final meta-analysis. The overall effect favored BTX-A versus
      placebo in terms of proportion of responders (risk ratio RR = 2.87, 95 %
      confidence interval CI [1.76, 4.69], p <0.0001) with no significant detected
      heterogeneity (p = 0.31; I(2) = 4 %). Paroxysms frequency per day was
      significantly lower for BTX-A group (mean difference MD = -29.79, 95 % CI [
      38.50,-21.08], p <0.00001) with no significant heterogeneity (p = 0.21; I(2) = 36
      %). CONCLUSION: Despite limited data, our results suggest that BTX-A may be an
      effective and safe treatment option for patients with TN. Further larger and well
      designed RCTs are encouraged to translate these findings into better clinical
      outcome and better quality of life for TN patients.

PMID- 27377709
TI  - Human beta-defensin-2 and -3 enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine expression induced
      by TLR ligands via ATP-release in a P2X7R dependent manner.
AB  - Our previous results indicate that HBD2 and HBD3 are chemotactic for a broad
      spectrum of leukocytes in a CCR6- and CCR2-dependent manner. In this study we
      report that pre-stimulation of primary human macrophages or THP-1 cells with HBD2
      or HBD3 results in a synergistic, enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory
      cytokines and chemokines induced by TLR ligand re-stimulation. Experiments using
      specific inhibitors of the ATP-gated channel receptor P2X7 or its functional
      ligand ATP, suggest that the enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines
      and chemokines seems to be mediated by P2X7R. Furthermore, our data provide
      evidence that beta-defensins do not directly interact with P2X7R but rather
      induce the release of intracellular ATP. Interference with ATP release abrogated
      the synergistic effect mediated by HBD2 and HBD3 pre-stimulation in THP-1 cells.
      However, extracellular ATP alone seems not to be sufficient to elicit the
      enhanced synergistic effect on cytokine and chemokine expression observed by pre
      stimulation of primary human macrophages or THP-1 cells with HBD2 or HBD3.
      Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms how
      HBD2 and HBD3 interact with cells of myeloid origin and demonstrate their immuno
      modulating functions during innate immune responses.

PMID- 27377707
TI  - KYNA analogue SZR72 modifies CFA-induced dural inflammation- regarding expression
      of pERK1/2 and IL-1beta in the rat trigeminal ganglion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurogenic inflammation has for decades been considered an important
      part of migraine pathophysiology. In the present study, we asked the question if
      administration of a novel kynurenic acid analogue (SZR72), precursor of an
      excitotoxin antagonist and anti-inflammatory substance, can modify the neurogenic
      inflammatory response in the trigeminal ganglion. METHODS: Inflammation in the
      trigeminal ganglion was induced by local dural application of Complete Freunds
      Adjuvant (CFA). Levels of phosphorylated MAP kinase pERK1/2 and IL-1beta
      expression in V1 region of the trigeminal ganglion were investigated using
      immunohistochemistry and Western blot. FINDINGS: Pretreatment with one dose of
      SZR72 abolished the CFA-induced pERK1/2 and IL-1beta activation in the trigeminal
      ganglion. No significant change was noted in case of repeated treatment with
      SZR72 as compared to a single dose. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that
      demonstrates that one dose of KYNA analog before application of CFA can give anti
      inflammatory response in a model of trigeminal activation, opening a new line for
      further investigations regarding possible effects of KYNA derivates.

PMID- 27377711
TI  - Novel Regulation of Wnt Signaling at the Proximal Membrane Level.
AB  - Wnt pathways are crucial for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis
      in all multicellular animals. Our understanding of Wnt signaling networks has
      grown increasingly complex. Recent studies have revealed many regulatory proteins
      that function at the proximal membrane level to fine-tune signaling output and
      enhance signaling specificity. These proteins regulate crucial points in Wnt
      signaling, including post-translational modification of Wnt proteins, regulation
      of Wnt receptor degradation, internalization of Wnt receptor complex, and
      specific ligand-receptor complex formation. Such regulators not only provide us
      with molecular details of Wnt regulation but also serve as potential targets for
      therapeutic intervention. In this review we highlight new insights into Wnt
      regulation at the plasma membrane, especially newly identified feedback
      regulators.

PMID- 27377710
TI  - The collectins CL-L1, CL-K1 and CL-P1, and their roles in complement and innate
      immunity.
AB  - Both the complement system and collectins play important roles in our innate
      immune system. The collectins, which are characterized by their inclusion of a
      collagen-like region and a calcium-dependent carbohydrate recognition domain, are
      pattern recognition molecules and include the well characterized proteins mannan
      binding lectin (MBL) and the surfactant proteins SP-A/-D. Collectin liver 1 (CL
      L1), collectin kidney 1 (CL-K1) and collectin placenta 1 (CL-P1) are the most
      recently discovered collectins. Although their function is still under
      investigation, accumulating information suggests that CL-L1, CL-K1 and CL-P1 play
      important roles in host defense by recognizing a variety of microorganisms and
      interacting with effector proteins, including complement components. The recent
      establishment of the existence of CL-K1 in the circulation in form of heteromeric
      complexes with CL-L1 (known as CL-LK) and its activation of the lectin pathway
      via MASPs, drew new attention in the complement biology, which was further
      strengthened by the observed interactions between CL-P1 and CRP-C1q-factor H or
      properdin. Deficiency of either CL-K1 or MASP-3 has been demonstrated in 3MC
      syndrome patients with developmental abnormalities, showing that lectin pathway
      components, regulation and/or activation are essential during the embryonic
      development; another feature that they most likely share CL-P1. Herein, we
      discuss the recent characteristics and roles of the collectins CL-L1, CL-K1 and
      CL-P1 in the complement system, in innate immunity and their possible association
      with disease development and pathogenesis.

PMID- 27377712
TI  - The different roles of a cationic gold(i) complex in catalysing hydroarylation of
      alkynes and alkenes with a heterocycle.
AB  - The mechanism of twofold hydroarylation of terminal alkynes with pyrrole
      catalyzed by a cationic gold(i) complex was investigated using DFT. It was found
      that while both the hydroarylation reactions proceed via a Friedel-Crafts-type
      mechanism, the first hydroarylation is directly promoted by gold(i) but the
      second hydroarylation by a proton released through interaction of the alkene
      product with gold-bound acidic organic species such as acetic acid and terminal
      alkynes. 

PMID- 27377713
TI  - Current practice in regional anaesthesia in South America: An online survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A survey was conducted in order to obtain a profile of the practice of
      regional anesthesia in South America, and determine the limitations of its use.
      METHODS: After institutional ethics committee approval, a link to an online
      questionnaire was sent by e-mail to anaesthesiologists in Argentina, Bolivia,
      Chile, Colombia, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The questionnaire was
      processed anonymously. RESULTS: A total of 1,260 completed questionnaires were
      received. The results showed that 97.6% of the anaesthesiologists that responded
      used regional anaesthesia in clinical practice, 66.9% performed peripheral nerve
      block (PNB) regularly, 21.6% used continuous PNB techniques, and 4.6% used
      stimulating catheters. The primary source of training was residency programs. As
      regards PNB, the most common performed were interscalene (52.3%), axillary
      (45.1%), femoral (43.2%), and ankle block (43%). As regards the localisation
      technique employed, 16% used paraesthesia, 44.2% used a peripheral nerve
      stimulator, and 18.1% ultrasound guidance. CONCLUSIONS: Regional anaesthesia and
      PNB are commonly used among South American anaesthesiologists. Considering that
      each country has its own profile for use, this profile should guide training in
      clinical practice, especially in residency programs.

PMID- 27377715
TI  - Improved 6-Plex Tandem Mass Tags Quantification Throughput Using a Linear Ion
      Trap-High-Energy Collision Induced Dissociation MS(3) Scan.
AB  - The use of tandem mass tags (TMT) as an isobaric labeling strategy is a powerful
      method for quantitative proteomics, yet its accuracy has traditionally suffered
      from interference. This interference can be largely overcome by selecting MS(2)
      fragment precursor ions for high-energy collision induced dissociation (HCD)
      MS(3) analysis in an Orbitrap scan. While this approach minimizes the
      interference effect, sensitivity suffers due to the high AGC targets and long
      acquisition times associated with MS(3) Orbitrap detection. We investigated
      whether acquiring the MS(3) scan in a linear ion trap with its lower AGC target
      would increase overall quantification levels with a minimal effect on precision
      and accuracy. Trypsin-digested proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tagged
      with 6-plex TMT reagents. The sample was subjected to replicate analyses using
      either the Orbitrap or the linear ion trap for the HCD MS(3) scan. HCD MS(3)
      detection in the linear ion trap vs Orbitrap increased protein identification by
      66% with minor loss in precision and accuracy. Thus, the use of a linear ion trap
      HCD MS(3) scan during a 6-plex TMT experiment can improve overall identification
      levels while maintaining the power of multiplexed quantitative analysis.

PMID- 27377716
TI  - Extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and primary mediastinal B-cell
      lymphoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow
      up.

PMID- 27377717
TI  - Pharmacogenomic and personalized approaches to tackle nonalcoholic fatty liver
      disease.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a raising liver disease with
      increasing prevalence due to the epidemics of obesity and diabetes, with end
      points in cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. A multitude of genetic and
      metabolic perturbations, together with environmental factors, likely drive the
      disease. However, to date only a few genes, primarily PNPLA3 and TM6SF2,
      associate with NAFLD and there is no specific treatment. In this review we focus
      on the therapeutical aspects of NAFLD, taking into account drugs and lifestyle
      interventions. Sex also influences disease progression and treatment outcomes.
      Lastly, we discuss the present and potential future of personalized approaches to
      tackle NAFLD and how the known polymorphisms of NAFLD associated genes influence
      the choice and success of therapy.

PMID- 27377718
TI  - Store-operated Ca2+ channels in airway epithelial cell function and implications
      for asthma.
AB  - The epithelial cells of the lung are at the interface of a host and its
      environment and are therefore directly exposed to the inhaled air-borne
      particles. Rather than serving as a simple physical barrier, airway epithelia
      detect allergens and other irritants and then help organize the subsequent immune
      response through release of a plethora of secreted signals. Many of these signals
      are generated in response to opening of store-operated Ca(2+) channels in the
      plasma membrane. In this review, we describe the properties of airway store
      operated channels and their role in regulating airway epithelial cell
      function.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and
      ATP together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377719
TI  - Ca2+ toxicity and mitochondrial damage in acute pancreatitis: translational
      overview.
AB  - Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a leading cause of hospitalization among non-malignant
      gastrointestinal disorders. The mortality of severe AP can reach 30-50%, which is
      most probably owing to the lack of specific treatment. Therefore, AP is a major
      healthcare problem, which urges researchers to identify novel drug targets.
      Studies from the last decades highlighted that the toxic cellular Ca(2+) overload
      and mitochondrial damage are key pathogenic steps in the disease development
      affecting both acinar and ductal cell functions. Moreover, recent observations
      showed that modifying the cellular Ca(2+) signalling might be beneficial in AP.
      The inhibition of Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum or the activity
      of plasma membrane Ca(2+) influx channels decreased the severity of AP in
      experimental models. Similarly, inhibition of mitochondrial permeability
      transition pore (MPTP) opening also seems to improve the outcome of AP in in vivo
      animal models. At the moment MPTP blockers are under detailed clinical
      investigation to test whether interventions in MPTP openings and/or Ca(2+)
      homeostasis of the cells can be specific targets in prevention or treatment of
      cell damage in AP.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings
      Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377720
TI  - Running out of time: the decline of channel activity and nucleotide activation in
      adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K-channels.
AB  - KATP channels act as key regulators of electrical excitability by coupling
      metabolic cues-mainly intracellular adenine nucleotide concentrations-to cellular
      potassium ion efflux. However, their study has been hindered by their rapid loss
      of activity in excised membrane patches (rundown), and by a second phenomenon,
      the decline of activation by Mg-nucleotides (DAMN). Degradation of PI(4,5)P2 and
      other phosphoinositides is the strongest candidate for the molecular cause of
      rundown. Broad evidence indicates that most other determinants of rundown (e.g.
      phosphorylation, intracellular calcium, channel mutations that affect rundown)
      also act by influencing KATP channel regulation by phosphoinositides.
      Unfortunately, experimental conditions that reproducibly prevent rundown have
      remained elusive, necessitating post hoc data compensation. Rundown is clearly
      distinct from DAMN. While the former is associated with pore-forming Kir6.2
      subunits, DAMN is generally a slower process involving the regulatory
      sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) subunits. We speculate that it arises when SUR
      subunits enter non-physiological conformational states associated with the loss
      of SUR nucleotide-binding domain dimerization following prolonged exposure to
      nucleotide-free conditions. This review presents new information on both rundown
      and DAMN, summarizes our current understanding of these processes and considers
      their physiological roles.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution
      brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377721
TI  - P2X receptors.
AB  - Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) activates cell surface P2X and P2Y
      receptors. P2X receptors are membrane ion channels preferably permeable to
      sodium, potassium and calcium that open within milliseconds of the binding of
      ATP. In molecular architecture, they form a unique structural family. The
      receptor is a trimer, the binding of ATP between subunits causes them to flex
      together within the ectodomain and separate in the membrane-spanning region so as
      to open a central channel. P2X receptors have a widespread tissue distribution.
      On some smooth muscle cells, P2X receptors mediate the fast excitatory junction
      potential that leads to depolarization and contraction. In the central nervous
      system, activation of P2X receptors allows calcium to enter neurons and this can
      evoke slower neuromodulatory responses such as the trafficking of receptors for
      the neurotransmitter glutamate. In primary afferent nerves, P2X receptors are
      critical for the initiation of action potentials when they respond to ATP
      released from sensory cells such as taste buds, chemoreceptors or urothelium. In
      immune cells, activation of P2X receptors triggers the release of pro
      inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1beta. The development of selective
      blockers of different P2X receptors has led to clinical trials of their
      effectiveness in the management of cough, pain, inflammation and certain
      neurodegenerative diseases.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution
      brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377723
TI  - Impairments of neural circuit function in Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - An essential feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid
      beta (Abeta) peptides in the brain, many years to decades before the onset of
      overt cognitive symptoms. We suggest that during this very extended early phase
      of the disease, soluble Abeta oligomers and amyloid plaques alter the function of
      local neuronal circuits and large-scale networks by disrupting the balance of
      synaptic excitation and inhibition (E/I balance) in the brain. The analysis of
      mouse models of AD revealed that an Abeta-induced change of the E/I balance
      caused hyperactivity in cortical and hippocampal neurons, a breakdown of slow
      wave oscillations, as well as network hypersynchrony. Remarkably, hyperactivity
      of hippocampal neurons precedes amyloid plaque formation, suggesting that
      hyperactivity is one of the earliest dysfunctions in the pathophysiological
      cascade initiated by abnormal Abeta accumulation. Therapeutics that correct the
      E/I balance in early AD may prevent neuronal dysfunction, widespread cell loss
      and cognitive impairments associated with later stages of the disease.This
      article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to
      control life and death'.

PMID- 27377724
TI  - Effect of knockout of alpha2delta-1 on action potentials in mouse sensory
      neurons.
AB  - Gene deletion of the voltage-gated calcium channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta
      1 has been shown previously to have a cardiovascular phenotype, and a reduction
      in mechano- and cold sensitivity, coupled with delayed development of neuropathic
      allodynia. We have also previously shown that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron
      calcium channel currents were significantly reduced in alpha2delta-1 knockout
      mice. To extend our findings in these sensory neurons, we have examined here the
      properties of action potentials (APs) in DRG neurons from alpha2delta-1 knockout
      mice in comparison to their wild-type (WT) littermates, in order to dissect how
      the calcium channels that are affected by alpha2delta-1 knockout are involved in
      setting the duration of individual APs and their firing frequency. Our main
      findings are that there is reduced Ca(2+) entry on single AP stimulation,
      particularly in the axon proximal segment, reduced AP duration and reduced firing
      frequency to a 400 ms stimulation in alpha2delta-1 knockout neurons, consistent
      with the expected role of voltage-gated calcium channels in these events.
      Furthermore, lower intracellular Ca(2+) buffering also resulted in reduced AP
      duration, and a lower frequency of AP firing in WT neurons, mimicking the effect
      of alpha2delta-1 knockout. By contrast, we did not obtain any consistent evidence
      for the involvement of Ca(2+)-activation of large conductance calcium-activated
      potassium (BK) and small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels in
      these events. In conclusion, the reduced Ca(2+) elevation as a result of single
      AP stimulation is likely to result from the reduced duration of the AP in
      alpha2delta-1 knockout sensory neurons.This article is part of the themed issue
      'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377722
TI  - The homeostatic astroglia emerges from evolutionary specialization of neural
      cells.
AB  - Evolution of the nervous system progressed through cellular diversification and
      specialization of functions. Conceptually, the nervous system is composed from
      electrically excitable neuronal networks connected with chemical synapses and non
      excitable glial cells that provide for homeostasis and defence. Astrocytes are
      integrated into neural networks through multipartite synapses; astroglial
      perisynaptic processes closely enwrap synaptic contacts and control homeostasis
      of the synaptic cleft, supply neurons with glutamate and GABA obligatory
      precursor glutamine and contribute to synaptic plasticity, learning and memory.
      In neuropathology, astrocytes may undergo reactive remodelling or degeneration;
      to a large extent, astroglial reactions define progression of the pathology and
      neurological outcome.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings
      Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377725
TI  - Acid-sensing ion channels regulate spontaneous inhibitory activity in the
      hippocampus: possible implications for epilepsy.
AB  - Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) play an important role in numerous functions in
      the central and peripheral nervous systems ranging from memory and emotions to
      pain. The data correspond to a recent notion that each neuron and many glial
      cells of the mammalian brain express at least one member of the ASIC family.
      However, the mechanisms underlying the involvement of ASICs in neuronal activity
      are poorly understood. However, there are two exceptions, namely, the
      straightforward role of ASICs in proton-based synaptic transmission in certain
      brain areas and the role of the Ca(2+)-permeable ASIC1a subtype in ischaemic cell
      death. Using a novel orthosteric ASIC antagonist, we have found that ASICs
      specifically control the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic activity in
      the hippocampus. Inhibition of ASICs leads to a strong increase in the frequency
      of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents. This effect is presynaptic
      because it is fully reproducible in single synaptic boutons attached to isolated
      hippocampal neurons. In concert with this observation, inhibition of the ASIC
      current diminishes epileptic discharges in a low Mg(2+) model of epilepsy in
      hippocampal slices and significantly reduces kainate-induced discharges in the
      hippocampus in vivo Our results reveal a significant novel role for ASICs.This
      article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to
      control life and death'.

PMID- 27377726
TI  - Intertwining extracellular nucleotides and their receptors with Ca2+ in
      determining adult neural stem cell survival, proliferation and final fate.
AB  - In the central nervous system (CNS), during both brain and spinal cord
      development, purinergic and pyrimidinergic signalling molecules (ATP, UTP and
      adenosine) act synergistically with peptidic growth factors in regulating the
      synchronized proliferation and final specification of multipotent neural stem
      cells (NSCs) to neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming
      cells. Some NSCs still persist throughout adulthood in both specific 'neurogenic'
      areas and in brain and spinal cord parenchyma, retaining the potentiality to
      generate all the three main types of adult CNS cells. Once CNS anatomical
      structures are defined, purinergic molecules participate in calcium-dependent
      neuron-to-glia communication and also control the behaviour of adult NSCs. After
      development, some purinergic mechanisms are silenced, but can be resumed after
      injury, suggesting a role for purinergic signalling in regeneration and self
      repair also via the reactivation of adult NSCs. In this respect, at least three
      different types of adult NSCs participate in the response of the adult brain and
      spinal cord to insults: stem-like cells residing in classical neurogenic niches,
      in particular, in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), parenchymal
      oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, also known as NG2-glia) and parenchymal
      injury-activated astrocytes (reactive astrocytes). Here, we shall review and
      discuss the purinergic regulation of these three main adult NSCs, with particular
      focus on how and to what extent modulation of intracellular calcium levels by
      purinoceptors is mandatory to determine their survival, proliferation and final
      fate.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP
      together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377728
TI  - Calcium and ATP control multiple vital functions.
AB  - Life on Planet Earth, as we know it, revolves around adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      as a universal energy storing molecule. The metabolism of ATP requires a low
      cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration, and hence tethers these two molecules together.
      The exceedingly low cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration (which in all life forms is
      kept around 50-100 nM) forms the basis for a universal intracellular signalling
      system in which Ca(2+) acts as a second messenger. Maintenance of transmembrane
      Ca(2+) gradients, in turn, requires ATP-dependent Ca(2+) transport, thus further
      emphasizing the inseparable links between these two substances. Ca(2+) signalling
      controls the most fundamental processes in the living organism, from heartbeat
      and neurotransmission to cell energetics and secretion. The versatility and
      plasticity of Ca(2+) signalling relies on cell specific Ca(2+) signalling
      toolkits, remodelling of which underlies adaptive cellular responses. Alterations
      of these Ca(2+) signalling toolkits lead to aberrant Ca(2+) signalling which is
      fundamental for the pathophysiology of numerous diseases from acute pancreatitis
      to neurodegeneration. This paper introduces a theme issue on this topic, which
      arose from a Royal Society Theo Murphy scientific meeting held in March 2016.This
      article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to
      control life and death'.

PMID- 27377727
TI  - Vitamin D, reactive oxygen species and calcium signalling in ageing and disease.
AB  - Vitamin D is a hormone that maintains healthy cells. It functions by regulating
      the low resting levels of cell signalling components such as Ca(2+) and reactive
      oxygen species (ROS). Its role in maintaining phenotypic stability of these
      signalling pathways depends on the ability of vitamin D to control the expression
      of those components that act to reduce the levels of both Ca(2+) and ROS. This
      regulatory role of vitamin D is supported by both Klotho and Nrf2. A decline in
      the vitamin D/Klotho/Nrf2 regulatory network may enhance the ageing process, and
      this is well illustrated by the age-related decline in cognition in rats that can
      be reversed by administering vitamin D. A deficiency in vitamin D has also been
      linked to two of the major diseases in man: heart disease and Alzheimer's disease
      (AD). In cardiac cells, this deficiency alters the Ca(2+) transients to activate
      the gene transcriptional events leading to cardiac hypertrophy and the failing
      heart. In the case of AD, it is argued that vitamin D deficiency results in the
      Ca(2+) landscape that initiates amyloid formation, which then elevates the
      resting level of Ca(2+) to drive the memory loss that progresses to neuronal cell
      death and dementia.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings
      Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377730
TI  - The zinc sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, triggers metabotropic calcium signalling in
      colonocytes and regulates occludin recovery in experimental colitis.
AB  - Impaired epithelial barrier function is a hallmark of inflammatory bowel
      diseases, such as colitis, contributing to diarrhoea and perpetuating
      inflammation. We show that the zinc sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, triggers
      intracellular Ca(2+) signalling in colonocytes thereby inducing occludin
      expression. Moreover, ZnR/GPR39 is essential for epithelial barrier recovery in
      the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) ulcerative colitis model. Loss of ZnR/GPR39
      results in increased susceptibility to DSS-induced inflammation, owing to low
      expression of the tight junction protein occludin and impaired epithelial
      barrier. Recovery of wild-type (WT) mice from the DSS insult was faster than that
      of ZnR/GPR39 knockout (KO) mice. Enhanced recovery of the epithelial layer and
      increased crypt regeneration were observed in WT mice compared with ZnR/GPR39 KO,
      suggesting that ZnR/GPR39 is promoting epithelial barrier integrity following DSS
      insult. Indeed, cell proliferation and apical expression of occludin, following
      the DSS-induced epithelial erosion, were increased in WT tissue but not in
      ZnR/GPR39 KO tissue. Importantly, survival following DSS treatment was higher in
      WT mice compared with ZnR/GPR39 KO mice. Our results support a direct role for
      ZnR/GPR39 in promoting epithelial renewal and barrier function following DSS
      treatment, thereby affecting the severity of the disease. We suggest ZnR/GPR39 as
      a novel therapeutic target that can improve epithelial barrier function in
      colitis.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP
      together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377732
TI  - Calcium and adenosine triphosphate control of cellular pathology: asparaginase
      induced pancreatitis elicited via protease-activated receptor 2.
AB  - Exocytotic secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreatic acinar cells is
      elicited by physiological cytosolic Ca(2+) signals, occurring as repetitive short
      lasting spikes largely confined to the secretory granule region, that stimulate
      mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. By contrast, sustained
      global cytosolic Ca(2+) elevations decrease ATP levels and cause necrosis,
      leading to the disease acute pancreatitis (AP). Toxic Ca(2+) signals can be
      evoked by products of alcohol and fatty acids as well as bile acids. Here, we
      have investigated the mechanism by which l-asparaginase evokes AP. Asparaginase
      is an essential element in the successful treatment of acute lymphoblastic
      leukaemia, the most common type of cancer affecting children, but AP is a side
      effect occurring in about 5-10% of cases. Like other pancreatitis-inducing
      agents, asparaginase evoked intracellular Ca(2+) release followed by Ca(2+) entry
      and also substantially reduced Ca(2+) extrusion because of decreased
      intracellular ATP levels. The toxic Ca(2+) signals caused extensive necrosis. The
      asparaginase-induced pathology depended on protease-activated receptor 2 and its
      inhibition prevented the toxic Ca(2+) signals and necrosis. We tested the effects
      of inhibiting the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) entry by the Ca(2+) channel
      inhibitor GSK-7975A. This markedly reduced asparaginase-induced Ca(2+) entry and
      also protected effectively against the development of necrosis.This article is
      part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control
      life and death'.

PMID- 27377729
TI  - Inseparable tandem: evolution chooses ATP and Ca2+ to control life, death and
      cellular signalling.
AB  - From the very dawn of biological evolution, ATP was selected as a multipurpose
      energy-storing molecule. Metabolism of ATP required intracellular free Ca(2+) to
      be set at exceedingly low concentrations, which in turn provided the background
      for the role of Ca(2+) as a universal signalling molecule. The early-eukaryote
      life forms also evolved functional compartmentalization and vesicle trafficking,
      which used Ca(2+) as a universal signalling ion; similarly, Ca(2+) is needed for
      regulation of ciliary and flagellar beat, amoeboid movement, intracellular
      transport, as well as of numerous metabolic processes. Thus, during evolution,
      exploitation of atmospheric oxygen and increasingly efficient ATP production via
      oxidative phosphorylation by bacterial endosymbionts were a first step for the
      emergence of complex eukaryotic cells. Simultaneously, Ca(2+) started to be
      exploited for short-range signalling, despite restrictions by the preset
      phosphate-based energy metabolism, when both phosphates and Ca(2+) interfere with
      each other because of the low solubility of calcium phosphates. The need to keep
      cytosolic Ca(2+) low forced cells to restrict Ca(2+) signals in space and time
      and to develop energetically favourable Ca(2+) signalling and Ca(2+)
      microdomains. These steps in tandem dominated further evolution. The ATP molecule
      (often released by Ca(2+)-regulated exocytosis) rapidly grew to be the universal
      chemical messenger for intercellular communication; ATP effects are mediated by
      an extended family of purinoceptors often linked to Ca(2+) signalling. Similar to
      atmospheric oxygen, Ca(2+) must have been reverted from a deleterious agent to a
      most useful (intra- and extracellular) signalling molecule. Invention of
      intracellular trafficking further increased the role for Ca(2+) homeostasis that
      became critical for regulation of cell survival and cell death. Several mutually
      interdependent effects of Ca(2+) and ATP have been exploited in evolution, thus
      turning an originally unholy alliance into a fascinating success story.This
      article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to
      control life and death'.

PMID- 27377734
TI  - The Efficiency of Intravenous Iron Therapy in Korean Inflammatory Bowel Disease
      Patients.

PMID- 27377731
TI  - Short- and long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling.
AB  - There is long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling involving cell proliferation,
      differentiation, motility and death in the development and regeneration of most
      systems of the body, in addition to fast purinergic signalling in
      neurotransmission, neuromodulation and secretion. It is not always easy to
      distinguish between short- and long-term signalling. For example, adenosine
      triphosphate (ATP) can sometimes act as a short-term trigger for long-term
      trophic events that become evident days or even weeks after the original
      challenge. Examples of short-term purinergic signalling during sympathetic,
      parasympathetic and enteric neuromuscular transmission and in synaptic
      transmission in ganglia and in the central nervous system are described, as well
      as in neuromodulation and secretion. Long-term trophic signalling is described in
      the immune/defence system, stratified epithelia in visceral organs and skin,
      embryological development, bone formation and resorption and in cancer. It is
      likely that the increase in intracellular Ca(2+) in response to both P2X and P2Y
      purinoceptor activation participates in many short- and long-term physiological
      effects.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP
      together to control life and death'.

PMID- 27377735
TI  - Is Elderly Age a Simple Predictive Factor for Inadequate Bowel Preparation before
      Colonoscopy?

PMID- 27377733
TI  - Alterations of p14 ARF , p15 INK4b , and p16 INK4a Genes in Primary Laryngeal
      Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - The 9p21 gene cluster, harboring growth suppressive genes p14 ARF , p15 INK4b ,
      and p16 INK4a , is one of the major aberration hotspots in head and neck cancers.
      We try to elucidate specific aberrations affecting this region, throughout
      methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA)
      assay. Methylation of the gene was investigated by MS-MLPA in a well
      characterized series of 27 laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas and 20 samples of
      healthy mucosa. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation was confirmed using and
      methylation-specific. All samples studied except 3 (11 %) presented losses at
      9p21 segment. The most common finding was the small deletion (exon 1alpha) of the
      p16 INK4a locus (44 %). Deletion of the 9p21 gene cluster was identified in 5
      cases (18 %). We only found methylation in 8 samples (30 %) for p15 IK4b -exon 1.
      Promoter methylation of p14 ARF , p15 IK4b and p16 INK4a was not detected in any
      tumor sample. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction confirmed the
      results. Our data indicate that there may be a subgroup of patients in which
      epigenetic regulation of 9p21 segment might have little relevance. Nevertheless,
      MS-MLPA could not be suitable for the study of methylation at this region and
      further research is required.

PMID- 27377736
TI  - Serum Procalcitonin Is a Candidate Biomarker to Differentiate Bacteremia from
      Disease Flares in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

PMID- 27377737
TI  - Proton Pump Inhibitors Should be Used with Caution in Critically Ill Patients to
      Prevent the Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection.

PMID- 27377738
TI  - Towards Steroid-Free Immunosuppression after Liver Transplantation.

PMID- 27377739
TI  - Is There Room for Improvement in Increasing the Stent Patency of Biliary Plastic
      Stents?

PMID- 27377740
TI  - Navigating the Microbial Basis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Seeing the Light
      at the End of the Tunnel.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative
      colitis, are chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract
      with variable presentations and disease courses. The cause of IBD is unknown, but
      it is hypothesized that individuals with a genetic predisposition to disease
      develop an aberrant immune response to environmental triggers. Evidence suggests
      that microbiota residing in the gastrointestinal tract play an important role in
      the development and perpetuation of the disease. In this review, we discuss the
      role of microbes in the development of a healthy gut, their role in the
      development of diseases in general, and their role in the development of IBD.
      Advances in molecular technologies and bioinformatics will continue to further
      our insight into the structure of the microbial community, the function of the
      microbial community as a whole, and the interaction of this community with the
      host immune system. The latter two are crucial to understanding the role of
      microbes in IBD. The field has advanced significantly in recent years, and the
      future is very promising as we begin to elucidate the microbial basis of IBD. 

PMID- 27377741
TI  - Evaluation and Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Current Status and Future
      Directions.
AB  - Hepatic encephalopathy is a spectrum of neurocognitive manifestations often seen
      in patients with liver injury or rarely in patients with portosystemic shunting
      without liver injury. It can be divided into minimal (covert) hepatic
      encephalopathy and overt hepatic encephalopathy, depending on the severity.
      Patients with hepatic encephalopathy have compromised clinical outcomes,
      decreased quality of life, and increased healthcare utilization, often resulting
      in a heavy financial and personal burden on caregivers. The diagnosis remains
      largely clinical, with the exclusion of possible other causes for the altered
      mental status. Current treatment strategies include nonabsorbable disaccharides
      and antibiotics. This review will focus on the diagnosis, management and clinical
      impact of hepatic encephalopathy. 

PMID- 27377742
TI  - Comparison of AIMS65 Score and Other Scoring Systems for Predicting Clinical
      Outcomes in Koreans with Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The AIMS65 score has not been sufficiently validated in Korea.
      The objective of this study was to compare the AIMS65 and other scoring systems
      for the prediction of various clinical outcomes in Korean patients with acute
      nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB). METHODS: The AIMS65 score,
      clinical and full Rockall scores (cRS and fRS) and Glasgow-Blatchford (GBS) score
      were calculated in patients with NVUGIB in a single center retrospectively. The
      performance of these scores for predicting mortality, rebleeding, transfusion
      requirement, and endoscopic intervention was assessed by calculating the area
      under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: Of the 523 patients,
      3.4% died within 30 days, 2.5% experienced rebleeding, 40.0% required endoscopic
      intervention, and 75.7% needed transfusion. The AIMS65 score was useful for
      predicting the 30-day mortality, the need for endoscopic intervention and for
      transfusion. The fRS was superior to the AIMS65, GBS, and cRS for predicting
      endoscopic intervention and the GBS was superior to the AIMS65, fRS, and cRS for
      predicting the transfusion requirement. CONCLUSIONS: The AIMS65 score was useful
      for predicting the 30-day mortality, transfusion requirement, and endoscopic
      intervention in Korean patients with acute NVUGIB. However, it was inferior to
      the GBS and fRS for predicting the transfusion requirement and endoscopic
      intervention, respectively.

PMID- 27377743
TI  - Erratum: Predicting Liver-Related Events Using Transient Elastography in Chronic
      Hepatitis C Patients with Sustained Virological Response.

PMID- 27377744
TI  - Endotoxin Tolerance Inhibits Degradation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor
      Associated Factor 3 by Suppressing Pellino 1 Expression and the K48 Ubiquitin
      Ligase Activity of Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 2.
AB  - Pellino 1 positively regulates Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by regulating tumor
      necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) degradation and is
      suppressed with the induction of endotoxin tolerance. However, the role of TRAF3
      in endotoxin tolerance is largely unknown. In this study, we found that
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation decreased TARF3 protein expression in mouse
      Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver tissues, whereas endotoxin tolerization abrogated
      this effect. Degradative TRAF3 K48-linked ubiquitination and the cytoplasmic
      translocation of the MYD88-associated multiprotein complex were significantly
      inhibited in tolerized KCs, which led to markedly impaired activation of MYD88
      dependent JNK and p38 and downregulation of inflammatory cytokines. TRAF3
      ablation failed to induce a fully endotoxin-tolerant state in RAW264.7 cells.
      Pellino 1 knockdown in Raw264.7 cells did not impair induction of cIAP2 in
      response to LPS but inhibited the K63-linked ubiquitination of cellular inhibitor
      of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) and K48-linked ubiquitination of TRAF3 protein. We
      also found upregulation of Pellino 1 and downregulation of TRAF3 in liver tissues
      of patients with cholangitis. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism that
      endotoxin tolerance reprograms mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling by
      suppressing Pellino 1-mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of cIAP2, K48-linked
      ubiquitination, and degradation of TRAF3.

PMID- 27377745
TI  - Type III Secretion System of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Affects Matrix
      Metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) and MMP-13 Expression via Nuclear Factor kappaB
      Signaling in Human Carcinoma Epithelial Cells and a Pneumonia Mouse Model.
AB  - The type III secretion system (T3SS) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been linked to
      severe disease and poor clinical outcomes in animal and human studies. We aimed
      to investigate whether the ExoS and ExoT effector proteins of P. aeruginosa
      affect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) and MMP-13 via
      nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathways. To understand the T3SS, we
      used DeltaExoS, DeltaExoT, and ExsA::Omega mutants, as well as P. aeruginosa
      strain K (PAK)-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. We investigated the effects of
      DeltaExoS, DeltaExoT, and ExsA::Omega on the development of pneumonia in mouse
      models. We examined the effects of DeltaExoS, DeltaExoT, and ExsA::Omega on MMP
      12 and MMP-13 production in NCI-H292 cells. DeltaExoS and DeltaExoT markedly
      decreased the neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with a reduction
      in proinflammatory mediators, MMP-12, and MMP-13. DeltaExoS and DeltaExoT reduced
      NF-kappaB phosphorylation, together with MMP-12 and MMP-13 expression in PAK
      infected mouse models and NCI-H292 cells. To conclude, P. aeruginosa infection
      induced the expression of MMPs, and P. aeruginosa T3SS appeared to be a key
      player in MMP-12 and MMP-13 expression, which is further controlled by NF-kappaB
      signaling. These findings might be useful in devising a novel therapeutic
      approach to chronic pulmonary infections that involves decreasing the ExoS and
      ExoT levels.

PMID- 27377747
TI  - Erratum to: A method of extending the depth of focus of the high-resolution X-ray
      imaging system employing optical lens and scintillator: a phantom study.

PMID- 27377746
TI  - Ebola Virus Epidemiology and Evolution in Nigeria.
AB  - Containment limited the 2014 Nigerian Ebola virus (EBOV) disease outbreak to 20
      reported cases and 8 fatalities. We present here clinical data and contact
      information for at least 19 case patients, and full-length EBOV genome sequences
      for 12 of the 20. The detailed contact data permits nearly complete
      reconstruction of the transmission tree for the outbreak. The EBOV genomic data
      are consistent with that tree. It confirms that there was a single source for the
      Nigerian infections, shows that the Nigerian EBOV lineage nests within a lineage
      previously seen in Liberia but is genetically distinct from it, and supports the
      conclusion that transmission from Nigeria to elsewhere did not occur.

PMID- 27377748
TI  - The influence of environmental variables on platelet concentration in horse
      platelet-rich plasma.
AB  - Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) commonly refers to blood products which contain a
      higher platelet (PLT) concentration as compared to normal plasma. Autologous PRP
      has been shown to be safe and effective in promoting the natural processes of
      soft tissue healing or reconstruction in humans and horses. Variability in PLT
      concentration has been observed in practice between PRP preparations from
      different patients or from the same individual under different conditions. A
      change in PLT concentration could modify PRP efficacy in routine applications.
      The aim of this study was to test the influence of environmental, individual and
      agonistic variables on the PLT concentration of PRP in horses. Six healthy
      Standardbred mares were exposed to six different variables with a one-week
      washout period between variables, and PRP was subsequently obtained from each
      horse. The variables were time of withdrawal during the day (morning/evening),
      hydration status (overhydration/dehydration) treatment with anti-inflammatory
      drugs and training periods on a treadmill. The platelet concentration was
      significantly higher in horses treated with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
      drug (P = 0.03). The leukocyte concentration increased 2-9 fold with respect to
      whole blood in the PRP which was obtained after exposure to all the variable
      considered. Environmental variation in platelet concentration should be taken
      into consideration during PRP preparation. 

PMID- 27377749
TI  - Autocatalytic activation of a thermostable glutamyl endopeptidase capable of
      hydrolyzing proteins at high temperatures.
AB  - Glutamyl endopeptidases (GSEs) specifically hydrolyze peptide bonds formed by
      alpha-carboxyl groups of Glu and Asp residues. We cloned the gene for a
      thermophilic GSE (designated TS-GSE) from Thermoactinomyces sp. CDF. A proform of
      TS-GSE that contained a 61-amino acid N-terminal propeptide and a 218-amino acid
      mature domain was produced in Escherichia coli. We found that the proform
      possessed two processing sites and was capable of autocatalytic activation via
      multiple pathways. The N-terminal propeptide could be autoprocessed at the Glu-1
      Ser1 bond to directly generate the mature enzyme. It could also be autoprocessed
      at the Glu-12-Lys-11 bond to yield an intermediate, which was then converted into
      the mature form after removal of the remaining part of the propeptide. The
      segment surrounding the two processing sites was flexible, which allowed the
      proform and the intermediate form to be trans-processed into the mature form by
      either active TS-GSE or heterogeneous proteases. Deletion analysis revealed that
      the N-terminal propeptide is important for the correct folding and maturation of
      TS-GSE. The propeptide, even its last 11-amino acid peptide segment, could
      inhibit the activity of its cognate mature domain. The mature TS-GSE displayed a
      temperature optimum of 85  degrees C and retained approximately 90 % of its
      original activity after incubation at 70  degrees C for 6 h, representing the
      most thermostable GSE reported to date. Mutational analysis suggested that the
      disulfide bonds Cys32-Cys48 and Cys180-Cys183 cumulatively contributed to the
      thermostability of TS-GSE.

PMID- 27377750
TI  - Elevated Cytosolic Cl- Concentrations in Dendritic Knobs of Mouse Vomeronasal
      Sensory Neurons.
AB  - In rodents, the vomeronasal system controls social and sexual behavior. However,
      several mechanistic aspects of sensory signaling in the vomeronasal organ remain
      unclear. Here, we investigate the biophysical basis of a recently proposed
      vomeronasal signal transduction component-a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) current. As
      the physiological role of such a current is a direct function of the Cl(-)
      equilibrium potential, we determined the intracellular Cl(-) concentration in
      dendritic knobs of vomeronasal neurons. Quantitative fluorescence lifetime
      imaging of a Cl(-)-sensitive dye at the apical surface of the intact vomeronasal
      neuroepithelium revealed increased cytosolic Cl(-) levels in dendritic knobs, a
      substantially lower Cl(-) concentration in vomeronasal sustentacular cells, and
      an apparent Cl(-) gradient in vomeronasal neurons along their dendritic
      apicobasal axis. Together, our data provide a biophysical basis for sensory
      signal amplification in vomeronasal neuron microvilli by opening Ca(2+)-activated
      Cl(-) channels.

PMID- 27377751
TI  - Organochlorine Pesticides in the Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium brasilianum)
      in Chiapas, Mexico.
AB  - Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were quantified in samples of
      feathers (n = 17) and blood (n = 15) of the ferruginous pygmy owl (Glaucidium
      brasilianum). The individuals were captured near the Protected Natural Area Cerro
      Sonsonate, Chiapas, Mexico, between February and June 2014. In both tissues,
      pesticides belonging to seven organochlorine chemical families were detected.
      However, the organochlorine pesticide concentrations differed between feathers
      and blood. The highest concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes were found in
      feathers (0.63 +/- 0.89 MUg/g), whereas the highest concentrations of SigmaDrines
      were found in blood (0.31 +/- 0.47 MUg/mL). By using the summed concentrations
      for each of the seven families of pesticides found in feathers, we did not find
      any significant correlation between the pesticides and pectoral muscle or body
      weight (p > 0.15). The SigmaDDT group was the only pesticide family that showed a
      positive correlation with owl body weight (r = 0.60, p = 0.05); the
      concentrations of these pesticides were also high in feather and blood tissues (r
      = 0.87, p = 0.02). Our results confirm that ferruginous pygmy owls in the study
      area are exposed to these pesticides. 

PMID- 27377752
TI  - Cadmium Uptake by Cuttings of Impatiens walleriana in Response to Different
      Cadmium Concentrations and Growth Periods.
AB  - Impatiens walleriana (I. walleriana), a potential cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator,
      can propagate by cuttings, which are less expensive to grow than seedlings.
      Different growth periods for cuttings, however, may lead to different
      physiological characteristics. In this study, I. walleriana cuttings were
      hydroponically grown in Cd-containing solutions (1.0-10.0 MUM) for various growth
      periods (10-60 days). Experimental results showed that the Cd treatments had
      negative effects on growth compared to the controls that were not spiked with Cd.
      The extension of the growth period promoted most of the growth exhibitions of I.
      walleriana, except for SPAD readings for cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 MUM
      solutions. The accumulation of Cd also increased over time, except in the roots
      of the cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0 MUM solutions. The subcellular
      distribution and chemical forms of Cd showed that I. walleriana developed better
      tolerance and detoxification capacities in the cuttings grown in the 5.0 and 10.0
      MUM solutions than in the cuttings grown in the other two Cd treatments.

PMID- 27377753
TI  - A case of lymphangioleiomyomatosis associated with endometrial cancer and severe
      systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare idiopathic disorder that
      occurs in women of childbearing age, and consists of a diffuse proliferation of
      abnormal smooth muscle cells along the thoracic and abdominal lymphogenous route.
      CASE PRESENTATION: We experienced a case of a 47-yo woman with recent history of
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diagnosed with endometrial cancer, initially
      suspected to have metastasized to pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes based on
      preoperative diagnostic imaging. Subsequent pathological diagnosis revealed stage
      IB endometrial cancer without evidence of lymph node involvement. Instead,
      enlarged pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes were found to be due to
      extrapulmonary LAM, from a primary lesion found inside the uterine myometrium.
      SLE improved after surgery. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of
      comorbid endometrial cancer, SLE, and aggressive LAM metastasizing to regional
      lymph nodes, and strengthens the clinical evidence for a common role of mTOR
      pathway hyperactivity and estrogen responsiveness in the pathophysiology of
      metastasizing lesions of the genital tract.

PMID- 27377754
TI  - No association between the rs10503253 polymorphism in the CSMD1 gene and
      schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex, heritable, and devastating
      psychiatric disorder. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a
      single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs10503253) in the CUB and SUSHI multiple
      domains 1 (CSMD1) gene as a risk factor for SCZ. In this study, we investigated
      whether the rs10503253 in CSMD1 contributes to the risk of SCZ in a Han Chinese
      population. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in a population from
      eastern China, involving 1378 SCZ patients and 1091 unrelated healthy controls,
      using the ligase detection reaction-polymerase chain reaction method to genotype
      the rs10503253 polymorphism in the CSMD1 gene. RESULTS: No significant
      association was found between the SCZ patients and controls for any allele or
      genotype frequency of the SNP rs10503253 (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings do not support an association between CSMD1 rs10503253 and SCZ in a Han
      Chinese population.

PMID- 27377755
TI  - Comprehensive RNA-Seq profiling to evaluate lactating sheep mammary gland
      transcriptome.
AB  - RNA-Seq enables the generation of extensive transcriptome information providing
      the capability to characterize transcripts (including alternative isoforms and
      polymorphism), to quantify expression and to identify differential regulation in
      a single experiment. Our aim in this study was to take advantage of using RNA-Seq
      high-throughput technology to provide a comprehensive transcriptome profiling of
      the sheep lactating mammary gland. Eight ewes of two dairy sheep breeds with
      differences in milk production traits were used in this experiment (four Churra
      and four Assaf ewes). Milk samples from these animals were collected on days 10,
      50, 120 and 150 after lambing to cover the various physiological stages of the
      mammary gland across the complete lactation. RNA samples were extracted from milk
      somatic cells. The RNA-Seq dataset was generated using an Illumina HiSeq 2000
      sequencer. The information reported here will be useful to understand the biology
      of lactation in sheep, providing also an opportunity to characterize their
      different patterns on milk production aptitude. 

PMID- 27377756
TI  - Percutaneous alcohol septal ablation to acutely reduce left ventricular outflow
      tract obstruction induced by transcatheter mitral valve replacement.
AB  - Transcatheter implantation of balloon expandable valves in native mitral valves
      (MV) has been performed in patients with severe MV annular calcification who are
      not good candidates for standard surgical MV replacement. Significant left
      ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction with hemodynamic compromise has been
      described as one of the potential complications of transcatheter MV replacement.
      Surgical rescue carries significant risk in this high-risk patient population. We
      describe a percutaneous technique to acutely decrease transcatheter MV
      replacement-induced LVOT obstruction. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377757
TI  - Effects of age and non-oropharyngeal proprioceptive and exteroceptive sensation
      on the magnitude of anticipatory mouth opening during eating.
AB  - To best prevent and treat eating/swallowing problems, it is essential to
      understand how components of oral physiology contribute to the preservation
      and/or degradation of eating/swallowing in healthy ageing. Anticipatory, pre
      swallow motor movements may be critical to safe and efficient eating/swallowing,
      particularly for older adults. However, the nature of these responses is
      relatively unknown. This study compared the magnitude of anticipatory mouth
      opening during eating in healthy older (aged 70-85) and younger (aged 18-30)
      adults under four eating conditions: typical self-feeding, typical assisted
      feeding (being fed by a research assistant resulting in proprioceptive loss),
      sensory loss self-feeding (wearing blindfold/headphones resulting in
      exteroceptive loss) and sensory loss assisted feeding (proprioceptive and
      exteroceptive loss). Older adults opened their mouths wider than younger adults
      in anticipation of food intake under both typical and most non-oropharyngeal
      sensory loss conditions. Further, the loss of proprioceptive and exteroceptive
      cues resulted in decreased anticipatory mouth opening for all participants.
      Greater mouth opening in older adults may be a protective compensation,
      contributing to the preservation of function associated with healthy ageing. Our
      finding that the loss of non-oropharyngeal sensory cues resulted in decreased
      anticipatory mouth opening highlights how important proprioception, vision, and
      hearing are in pre-swallow behaviour. Age- and disease-related changes in vision,
      hearing, and the ability to self-feed may reduce the effectiveness of these pre
      swallow strategies. 

PMID- 27377758
TI  - Clinical evaluation of local hyperthermia at 44  degrees C for molluscum
      contagiosum: pilot study with 21 patients.

PMID- 27377759
TI  - No attentional capture from invisible flicker.
AB  - We tested whether fast flicker can capture attention using eight flicker
      frequencies from 20-96 Hz, including several too high to be perceived (>50 Hz).
      Using a 480 Hz visual display rate, we presented smoothly sampled sinusoidal
      temporal modulations at: 20, 30, 40, 48, 60, 69, 80, and 96 Hz. We first
      established flicker detection rates for each frequency. Performance was at or
      near ceiling until 48 Hz and dropped sharply to chance level at 60 Hz and above.
      We then presented the same flickering stimuli as pre-cues in a visual search task
      containing five elements. Flicker location varied randomly and was therefore
      congruent with target location on 20% of trials. Comparing congruent and
      incongruent trials revealed a very strong congruency effect (faster search for
      cued targets) for all detectable frequencies (20-48 Hz) but no effect for faster
      flicker rates that were detected at chance. This pattern of results (obtained
      with brief flicker cues: 58 ms) was replicated for long flicker cues (1000 ms)
      intended to allow for entrainment to the flicker frequency. These results
      indicate that only visible flicker serves as an exogenous attentional cue and
      that flicker rates too high to be perceived are completely ineffective.

PMID- 27377760
TI  - Investigation of the Coupled Effects of Molecular Weight and Charge-Transfer
      Interactions on the Optical and Photochemical Properties of Dissolved Organic
      Matter.
AB  - We studied the formation of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (RI)
      from dissolved organic matter (DOM). Specifically, we focused on the effects of
      variable molecular weight and chemical reduction on the optical properties of DOM
      (absorbance and fluorescence) and the formation of singlet oxygen ((1)O2), DOM
      triplet excited states ((3)DOM*), and the hydroxyl radical ((*)OH). The data are
      largely evaluated in terms of a charge-transfer (CT) model, but deficiencies in
      the model to explain the data are pointed out when evident. A total of two sets
      of samples were studied that were subjected to different treatments; the first
      set included secondary-treated wastewaters and a wastewater-impacted stream, and
      the second was a DOM isolate. Treatments included size fractionation and chemical
      reduction using sodium borohydride. Taken as a whole, the results demonstrate
      that decreasing molecular weight and borohydride reduction work in opposition
      regarding quantum efficiencies for (1)O2 and (3)DOM* production but in concert
      for fluorescence and (*)OH production. The optical and photochemical data provide
      evidence for a limited role of CT interactions occurring in lower-molecular
      weight DOM molecules. In addition, the data suggest that the observed optical and
      photochemical properties of DOM are a result of multiple populations of
      chromophores and that their relative contribution is changed by molecular-weight
      fractionation and borohydride reduction.

PMID- 27377761
TI  - Dog or chien? Translation equivalents in the receptive and expressive
      vocabularies of young French-English bilinguals.
AB  - In order to address gaps in the literature surrounding the acquisition of
      translation equivalents (TEs) in young bilinguals, two experiments were
      conducted. In Experiment 1, TEs were measured in the expressive vocabularies of
      thirty-four French-English bilinguals at 1;4, 1;10, and 2;6 using the MacArthur
      Bates CDI. Children's acquisition of TEs occurred gradually, with more balanced
      ratios of exposure and vocabulary associated with larger proportions of TEs at
      each wave. Experiment 2 compared a direct measure of TE comprehension with parent
      report of the same set of words. Results showed that parents may over-report
      children's TE comprehension, as our sample of two-year-old French-English
      bilinguals (n = 20) comprehended fewer TEs on a direct measure of receptive
      vocabulary than parents reported on the vocabulary checklist. The present study
      provides an original contribution to the literature on bilingual vocabulary
      development by employing both a longitudinal design and a direct measure of TE
      comprehension.

PMID- 27377762
TI  - Staphylococcus haemolyticus as a potential producer of biosurfactants with
      antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and synergistic properties.
AB  - Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an opportunistic human pathogen that usually gains
      entry into the host tissue in association with medical device contamination.
      Biofilm formation is a key factor for the establishment of this bacterium and its
      arrangement and dynamics can be influenced by the synthesis of biosurfactants.
      Biosurfactants are structurally diverse amphiphilic molecules with versatile
      biotechnological applications, but information on their production by
      staphylococci is still scarce. In this work, two Staph. haemolyticus strains,
      showing high potential for biosurfactant production - as observed by four
      complementary methods - were investigated. Biosurfactant extracts were produced
      and studied for their capacity to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation by
      other bacterial human pathogens. The biosurfactant produced by the one of the
      strains inhibited the growth of most bacteria tested and subinhibitory
      concentrations of the biosurfactant were able to decrease biofilm formation and
      showed synergistic effects with tetracycline. Because these results were also
      positive when the biosurfactants were tested against the producing strains, it is
      likely that biosurfactant production by Staph. haemolyticus may be an unexplored
      virulence factor, important for competition and biofilm formation by the
      bacterium, in addition to the biotechnological potential. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT
      OF THE STUDY: This work is the first to show the production of biosurfactants by
      Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains. Extracts showed antimicrobial, anti-adhesive
      and synergistic properties against a variety of relevant human pathogens,
      including the producing strains. In addition to the biotechnological potential,
      biosurfactants produced by Staph. haemolyticus are potentially undescribed
      virulence determinants in their producing strains.

PMID- 27377763
TI  - Genome-scale DNA variant analysis and functional validation of a SNP underlying
      yellow fruit color in wild strawberry.
AB  - Fragaria vesca is a species of diploid strawberry being developed as a model for
      the octoploid garden strawberry. This work sequenced and compared the genomes of
      three F. vesca accessions: 'Hawaii 4', 'Rugen', and 'Yellow Wonder'. Genome-scale
      analyses of shared and distinct SNPs among these three accessions have revealed
      that 'Rugen' and 'Yellow Wonder' are more similar to each other than they are to
      'Hawaii 4'. Though all three accessions are inbred seven generations, each
      accession still possesses extensive heterozygosity, highlighting the inherent
      differences between individual plants even of the same accession. The
      identification of the impact of each SNP as well as the large number of Indel
      markers provides a foundation for locating candidate mutations underlying
      phenotypic variations among these F. vesca accessions and for mapping new
      mutations generated through forward genetics screens. Through systematic analysis
      of SNP variants affecting genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation, a
      candidate SNP in FveMYB10 was identified and then functionally confirmed to be
      responsible for the yellow color fruits made by many F. vesca accessions. As a
      whole, this study provides further resources for F. vesca and establishes a
      foundation for linking traits of economic importance to specific genes and
      variants.

PMID- 27377764
TI  - Intensity of language treatment: contribution to children's language outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment intensity is an important factor in designing and
      delivering treatments to children with language impairment (LI). However, to date
      very little is understood about cumulative intervention intensity for children
      with LI in the US public school system. AIMS: To examine treatment intensity
      (dose: time spent on language; frequency: number of sessions; duration: one
      academic year) as delivered to children with LI within US public schools and to
      explore its relation to children's language outcomes. METHODS & PROCEDURES: A
      total of 233 children with LI on the caseloads of 73 speech-language pathologists
      (SLPs) participated. Direct child measures, weekly treatment logs and videotapes
      were collected to characterize children's language outcomes and treatment
      experiences. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Children on average received 36 min of treatment
      during 1.3 treatment sessions per week. Children's language severity did not
      predict children's treatment intensity. Structural equation modelling indicated a
      significant interaction between frequency and dose of treatment: children
      receiving high frequency and low dose, or low frequency and high dose treatment
      had better outcomes than children receiving high frequency, high dose or low
      frequency, low dose treatment. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Findings suggest that
      more intensive language treatment, measured as time, is not necessarily
      associated with better treatment outcomes.

PMID- 27377766
TI  - Taming pathogenic gammadelta T cells with vitamin A.

PMID- 27377765
TI  - Mevalonate kinase deficiency leads to decreased prenylation of Rab GTPases.
AB  - Mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) is caused by mutations in a key enzyme of the
      mevalonate-cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, leading to recurrent
      autoinflammatory disease characterised by enhanced release of interleukin-1beta
      (IL-1beta). It is currently believed that the inflammatory phenotype of MKD is
      triggered by temperature-sensitive loss of mevalonate kinase activity and reduced
      biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids required for the prenylation of small GTPase
      proteins. However, previous studies have not clearly shown any change in protein
      prenylation in patient cells under normal conditions. With lymphoblast cell lines
      from two compound heterozygous MKD patients, we used a highly sensitive in vitro
      prenylation assay, together with quantitative mass spectrometry, to reveal a
      subtle accumulation of unprenylated Rab GTPases in cells cultured for 3 days or
      more at 40  degrees C compared with 37  degrees C. This included a 200% increase
      in unprenylated Rab7A, Rab14 and Rab1A. Inhibition of sterol regulatory element
      binding protein (SREBP) activation by fatostatin led to more pronounced
      accumulation of unprenylated Rab proteins in MKD cells but not parent cells,
      suggesting that cultured MKD cells may partially overcome the loss of isoprenoid
      lipids by SREBP-mediated upregulation of enzymes required for isoprenoid
      biosynthesis. Furthermore, while inhibition of Rho/Rac/Rap prenylation promoted
      the release of IL-1beta, specific inhibition of Rab prenylation by NE10790 had no
      effect in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or human THP-1 monocytic
      cells. These studies demonstrate for the first time that mutations in mevalonate
      kinase can lead to a mild, temperature-induced defect in the prenylation of small
      GTPases, but that loss of prenylated Rab GTPases is not the cause of enhanced IL
      1beta release in MKD.

PMID- 27377767
TI  - Rabies awareness and dog ownership among rural northern and southern Chadian
      communities-Analysis of a community-based, cross-sectional household survey.
AB  - Canine rabies represents a major - but preventable - public health threat in
      Chad. In preparation for a nation-wide canine parenteral mass vaccination
      campaign we conducted a community-based, cross-sectional multi-stage cluster
      survey in 40 villages in two southern and two northern regions of Chad. Our
      objective was to investigate rabies awareness and dog-ownership among the rural
      population. Almost half of the households (45%) owned dogs, with an overall
      dog:human ratio of 1:7.8. Southern households owned almost two thirds (701/918)
      of all dogs and the number of dogs per household was twice as high compared to
      the north (2.7 vs. 1.3, respectively). This translates into a dog:human ratio of
      1:5.2 in the south and 1:16.4 in the north. Only 76% of the respondents had heard
      of rabies. Respondents who (1) were male, (2)>19 years, (3) had primary education
      or higher and (4) were of Muslim faith were more likely to have heard of rabies
      (p<0.01). High level of rabies knowledge was positively associated with (1)
      southern residence, (2) any kind of education and (3) Christian or "other"
      religions. In contrast to rabies awareness, high level of knowledge was
      negatively associated with increasing age. 11% of respondents reported that at
      least one family member had been bitten by a dog in the past year and half of
      these bite victims were children. 31% of respondents knew someone who had died of
      rabies and twice as many (58%) reported having encountered a rabid animal. Most
      of the respondents could identify classical rabies symptoms (58-94%), however
      they lacked knowledge about rabies prevention and appropriate wound management.
      Only 2 out of 963 (0.5%) reported to have vaccinated their dog. A major
      proportion of our study population is at great risk of rabies (likely higher than
      7 rabies death per million per year) due to lack of awareness of the disease,
      inappropriate post-bite treatment and insufficient knowledge about preventive
      measures. This reflects the urgent need for advocacy programs to raise rabies
      awareness among the community. Close intersectoral collaboration between the
      public health and veterinary sector and integration of local authorities, is a
      key element in the fight against rabies.

PMID- 27377768
TI  - Serological detection and epidemiology of Neospora caninum and Cryptosporidium
      parvum antibodies in cattle in southern Egypt.
AB  - Neospora caninum and Cryptosporidium parvum are intracellular protozoan parasites
      that are distributed worldwide and of major economical concern in cattle
      industry. N. caninum can cause abortion storms and high culling rates, whereas C.
      parvum has zoonotic implications and can cause diarrhea in calves. There are
      currently no data on the prevalence of neosporosis and cryptosporidiosis in
      humans or animals in southern Egypt. Prevalence of these two infections was
      determined in a sample of cattle from two different areas in southern Egypt,
      Sohag and Qena, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total 301 cattle were
      sampled, of which 18.9% were positive for N. caninum, 35.9% were positive for C.
      parvum and 10.0% were positive for both. Geographical location and breeding
      system were considered as potential risk factors for C. parvum infection. A
      higher prevalence of infection was identified on small scale farms, compared with
      larger, intensive systems, with a prevalence of 50.2% compared with 37.8%,
      respectively. Animals in Sohag had a significantly higher prevalence compared
      with Qena, with a seroprevalence of 46.1% compared with 31.6%, respectively. In
      brief, marked seroprevalence recorded in this study indicates a high incidence of
      N. caninum and C. parvum infections in cattle, and this necessitates the
      application of more effective strategies for combating these types of infections
      on farms in Egypt. 

PMID- 27377769
TI  - 'It's a bit too much fathering this seed': the meaning-making of the sperm donor
      in Italian lesbian mother families.
AB  - How do female-partnered mothers deal with the third-party involved in their
      reproductive arrangement? The aim of this study is to identify the meaning-making
      of the sperm donor, exploring different patterns between genetic and non-genetic
      mothers, as well as between open-identity and anonymous donation. Semi-structured
      interviews were conducted with 24 Italian female-partnered mothers, who at the
      time of data collection had at least one donor-conceived child. Interpretative
      Phenomenological Analysis was performed to identify emergent themes. None of the
      mothers considered the donor as the father of their child. Three patterns of
      thoughts and feelings recurred: 'donor as an entity', 'donor as a medical
      process', 'donor as a person'. Genetic and non-genetic mothers constructed shared
      meanings regarding the donor. Mothers who opted for anonymous donors were more
      likely to describe the donor as an entity and as a medical process compared with
      mothers who opted for open-identity donors. Different images of the donor lay
      beneath each meaning: respectively, donor as a ghost, donor as a place, donor as
      a kind man. Findings offer important insights for healthcare providers working in
      fertility clinics. They further suggest the most appropriate terms for third
      party reproduction and specific psychological counselling needs of prospective
      female-partnered mothers. 

PMID- 27377770
TI  - Does slow embryo development predict a high aneuploidy rate on trophectoderm
      biopsy?
AB  - The aneuploidy rates in expanded blastocysts biopsied on days 5 and 6 development
      were assessed in women undergoing IVF followed by array comparative genomic
      hybridization. This study included 1171 expanded blastocysts from 465 patients.
      Among the 465 patients, 215 and 141 underwent embryo biopsy on day 5 and day 6
      (46.2% and 30.3%, respectively), and 109 underwent biopsy on both days 5 and 6
      (23.4%). The cycles of 206 women were cancelled because only aneuploidy embryos
      were present (44.3%). The aneuploid embryos were classified according to the type
      as single, double or complex aneuploidy. No differences were observed in the
      distributions of these three categories according to the day of the biopsy. The
      aneuploidy rate was also evaluated according to maternal age, and was found to be
      higher in older patients; however, no differences in this rate were detected
      between embryos biopsied on days 5 and 6 according to maternal age. Biopsy was
      carried out when blastocysts reached the expanded stage. The embryos biopsied on
      day 6 had a higher rate of aneuploidy (69.9%) than those biopsied on day 5
      (61.4%); however, the euploid embryos transferred had similar chances for
      successful and healthy gestation. 

PMID- 27377771
TI  - Small Players Ruling the Hard Game: siRNA in Bone Regeneration.

PMID- 27377772
TI  - Sclerostin Antibody Preserves the Morphology and Structure of Osteocytes and
      Blocks the Severe Skeletal Deterioration After Motor-Complete Spinal Cord Injury
      in Rats.

PMID- 27377773
TI  - Nonparametric inference on quantile lost lifespan.
AB  - In this article, the existing concept of reversed percentile residual life, or
      percentile inactivity time, is recast to show that it can be used for routine
      analysis of time-to-event data under right censoring to summarize "life lost,"
      which poses several advantages over the existing methods for survival analysis.
      An estimating equation approach is adopted to avoid estimation of the probability
      density function of the underlying time-to-event distribution to estimate the
      variance of the quantile estimator. Additionally a K-sample test statistic is
      proposed to test the ratio of the quantile lost lifespans. Simulation studies are
      performed to assess finite properties of the proposed K-sample statistic in terms
      of coverage probability and power. The proposed method is illustrated with a real
      data example from a breast cancer study.

PMID- 27377776
TI  - Heat shock increases conjugation efficiency in Clostridium difficile.
AB  - Clostridium difficile infection has increased in incidence and severity over the
      past decade, and poses a unique threat to human health. However, genetic
      manipulation of C. difficile remains in its infancy and the bacterium remains
      relatively poorly characterised. Low-efficiency conjugation is currently the only
      available method for transfer of plasmid DNA into C. difficile. This is
      practically limiting and has slowed progress in understanding this important
      pathogen. Conjugation efficiency varies widely between strains, with important
      clinically relevant strains such as R20291 being particularly refractory to
      plasmid transfer. Here we present an optimised conjugation method in which the
      recipient C. difficile is heat treated prior to conjugation. This significantly
      improves conjugation efficiency in all C. difficile strains tested including
      R20291. Conjugation efficiency was also affected by the choice of media on which
      conjugations were performed, with standard BHI media giving most transconjugant
      recovery. Using our optimised method greatly increased the ease with which the
      chromosome of R20291 could be precisely manipulated by homologous recombination.
      Our method improves on current conjugation protocols and will help speed genetic
      manipulation of strains otherwise difficult to work with.

PMID- 27377774
TI  - Temperature mediates continental-scale diversity of microbes in forest soils.
AB  - Climate warming is increasingly leading to marked changes in plant and animal
      biodiversity, but it remains unclear how temperatures affect microbial
      biodiversity, particularly in terrestrial soils. Here we show that, in accordance
      with metabolic theory of ecology, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of soil
      bacteria, fungi and nitrogen fixers are all better predicted by variation in
      environmental temperature than pH. However, the rates of diversity turnover
      across the global temperature gradients are substantially lower than those
      recorded for trees and animals, suggesting that the diversity of plant, animal
      and soil microbial communities show differential responses to climate change. To
      the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that the
      diversity of different microbial groups has significantly lower rates of turnover
      across temperature gradients than other major taxa, which has important
      implications for assessing the effects of human-caused changes in climate, land
      use and other factors.

PMID- 27377777
TI  - A case of multiple recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection with severe
      hematochezia in an immunocompromised host.
AB  - Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasing in incidence and severity.
      Clinically, diarrhea frequently occurs, but severe hematochezia is rarely seen
      with CDI. We describe here a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
      recipient who experienced life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding due to
      severe CDI. Subsequent stool surveillance and molecular typing observed the
      patient who had two episodes of recurrence with a new strain of C. difficile
      distinct from the initial infection. We analyze C. difficile strains obtained
      from the patient, and also discuss the diagnosis and treatment of this case.

PMID- 27377779
TI  - Erratum to: Phenotypic differentiation of gastrointestinal microbes is reflected
      in their encoded metabolic repertoires.

PMID- 27377778
TI  - COL4A6 is dispensable for autosomal recessive Alport syndrome.
AB  - Alport syndrome is caused by mutations in the genes encoding alpha3, alpha4, or
      alpha5 (IV) chains. Unlike X-linked Alport mice, alpha5 and alpha6 (IV) chains
      are detected in the glomerular basement membrane of autosomal recessive Alport
      mice, however, the significance of this finding remains to be investigated. We
      therefore generated mice lacking both alpha3 and alpha6 (IV) chains and compared
      their renal function and survival with Col4a3 knockout mice of 129 * 1/Sv
      background. No significant difference was observed in the renal function or
      survival of the two groups, or when the mice were backcrossed once to C57BL/6
      background. However, the survival of backcrossed double knockout mice was
      significantly longer than that of the mice of 129 * 1/Sv background, which
      suggests that other modifier genes were involved in this phenomenon. In further
      studies we identified two Alport patients who had a homozygous mutation in intron
      46 of COL4A4. The alpha5 and alpha6 (IV) chains were focally detected in the
      glomerular basement membrane of these patients. These findings indicate that
      although alpha5 and alpha6 (IV) chains are induced in the glomerular basement
      membrane in autosomal recessive Alport syndrome, their induction does not seem to
      play a major compensatory role.

PMID- 27377780
TI  - Inhibitory nitrosylation of mammalian thioredoxin reductase 1: Molecular
      characterization and evidence for its functional role in cellular nitroso-redox
      imbalance.
AB  - Mammalian thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and the selenoprotein Trx reductase 1 (TrxR1) are
      key cellular enzymes that function coordinately in thiol-based redox regulation
      and signaling. Recent studies have revealed that the Trx1/TrxR1 system has an S
      nitrosothiol reductase (denitrosylase) activity through which it can regulate
      nitric oxide-related cellular processes. In this study we revealed that TrxR1 is
      itself susceptible to nitrosylation, characterized the underlying mechanism, and
      explored its functional significance. We found that nitrosothiol or nitric oxide
      donating agents rapidly and effectively inhibited the activity of recombinant or
      endogenous TrxR1. In particular, the NADPH-reduced TrxR1 was partially and
      reversibly inhibited upon exposure to low concentrations (<10MUM) of S
      nitrosocysteine (CysNO) and markedly and continuously inhibited at higher doses.
      Concurrently, TrxR1 very efficiently reduced low, but not high, levels of CysNO.
      Biochemical and mass spectrometric analyses indicated that its active site
      selenocysteine residue renders TrxR1 highly susceptible to nitrosylation-mediated
      inhibition, and revealed both thiol and selenol modifications at the two redox
      active centers of the enzyme. Studies in HeLa cancer cells demonstrated that
      endogenous TrxR1 is sensitive to nitrosylation-dependent inactivation and pointed
      to an important role for glutathione in reversing or preventing this process.
      Notably, depletion of cellular glutathione with l-buthionine-sulfoximine
      synergized with nitrosating agents in promoting sustained nitrosylation and
      inactivation of TrxR1, events that were accompanied by significant oxidation of
      Trx1 and extensive cell death. Collectively, these findings expand our knowledge
      of the role and regulation of the mammalian Trx system in relation to cellular
      nitroso-redox imbalance. The observations raise the possibility of exploiting the
      nitrosylation susceptibility of TrxR1 for killing tumor cells.

PMID- 27377781
TI  - Equity in access to health care in a rural population in Malaysia: A cross
      sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the extent of equity in access to health care, their
      determinants and reasons of unmet need of a rural population in Malaysia. DESIGN:
      Exploratory cross-sectional survey administered by trained interviewers among
      participants of a health screening program. SETTING: A rural plantation estate in
      the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and thirty out
      of 142 adults above 18 years old who attended the program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:
      Percentages of respondents reporting realised access and unmet need to health
      care, determinants of both access indicators and reasons for unmet need. Realised
      access associated with need but not predisposing or enabling factors and unmet
      need not associated with any variables were considered equitable. RESULTS: A
      total of 88 (67.7%) respondents had visited a doctor (realised access) in the
      past 6 months and 24.8% (n = 31) experienced unmet need in the past 12 months.
      Using logistic regression, realised access was associated with presence of
      chronic disease (OR 6.97, P < 0.001), whereas unmet need was associated with low
      education level (OR 6.50, P < 0.05), 'poor' or 'fair' self-assessed health status
      (OR 6.03, P < 0.05) and highest income group (> RM 2000 per month) (OR 51.27, P <
      0.05). Personal choice (67.7%) was more commonly expressed than barriers (54.8%)
      as reasons for unmet need. CONCLUSIONS: The study found equity in realised access
      and inequity in unmet need among the rural population, the latter associated with
      education level, subjective health status and income. Despite not being
      generalisable, the findings highlight the need for a national level study on
      equity in access before the country reforms its health system.

PMID- 27377782
TI  - Effect of abdominal bracing training on strength and power of trunk and lower
      limb muscles.
AB  - PURPOSE: It is unknown whether maximal voluntary co-contraction of abdominal
      muscles, called abdominal bracing, can be a training maneuver for improving
      strength and power of trunk and lower limb muscles. The present study aimed to
      elucidate this. METHODS: Twenty young adult men (23.3 +/- 1.8 years) were
      allocated to training (TG, n = 11) or control (CG, n = 9) group. TG conducted an
      8-week training program (3 days/week) consisting of 2-s maximal abdominal bracing
      followed by 2-s muscle relaxation (5 * 10 repetitions/day). Maximal voluntary
      isometric strength during trunk flexion and extension, hip extension, and knee
      extension, maximal lifting power from sitting position, and the thicknesses of
      abdominal muscles were measured before and after the intervention. In addition,
      surface electromyograms from trunk and lower limb muscles and intra-abdominal
      pressure (IAP) during the maximal abdominal bracing and maximal lifting tasks
      were also determined. RESULTS: After the intervention, TG showed significant
      increases in isometric trunk extension (+14.4 %) and hip extension (+34.7 %)
      strength and maximal lifting power (+15.6 %), while CG did not show any changes
      in strength and power variables. Furthermore, TG had significant gains in the
      muscle thickness of the oblique internal (+22.4 %), maximal IAP during abdominal
      bracing (+36.8 %), and the rate of IAP rise during lifting task (+58.8 %),
      without corresponding changes in CG. CONCLUSION: The current study indicates that
      a training style with maximal voluntary co-contraction of abdominal muscles can
      be an effective maneuver for increasing strength and power during movements
      involving trunk and hip extensions, without using external load.

PMID- 27377783
TI  - Reusable, extensible, and modifiable R scripts and Kepler workflows for
      comprehensive single set ChIP-seq analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been an enormous expansion of use of chromatin
      immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) technologies. Analysis of
      large-scale ChIP-seq datasets involves a complex series of steps and production
      of several specialized graphical outputs. A number of systems have emphasized
      custom development of ChIP-seq pipelines. These systems are primarily based on
      custom programming of a single, complex pipeline or supply libraries of modules
      and do not produce the full range of outputs commonly produced for ChIP-seq
      datasets. It is desirable to have more comprehensive pipelines, in particular
      ones addressing common metadata tasks, such as pathway analysis, and pipelines
      producing standard complex graphical outputs. It is advantageous if these are
      highly modular systems, available as both turnkey pipelines and individual
      modules, that are easily comprehensible, modifiable and extensible to allow rapid
      alteration in response to new analysis developments in this growing area.
      Furthermore, it is advantageous if these pipelines allow data provenance
      tracking. RESULTS: We present a set of 20 ChIP-seq analysis software modules
      implemented in the Kepler workflow system; most (18/20) were also implemented as
      standalone, fully functional R scripts. The set consists of four full turnkey
      pipelines and 16 component modules. The turnkey pipelines in Kepler allow data
      provenance tracking. Implementation emphasized use of common R packages and
      widely-used external tools (e.g., MACS for peak finding), along with custom
      programming. This software presents comprehensive solutions and easily repurposed
      code blocks for ChIP-seq analysis and pipeline creation. Tasks include mapping
      raw reads, peakfinding via MACS, summary statistics, peak location statistics,
      summary plots centered on the transcription start site (TSS), gene ontology,
      pathway analysis, and de novo motif finding, among others. CONCLUSIONS: These
      pipelines range from those performing a single task to those performing full
      analyses of ChIP-seq data. The pipelines are supplied as both Kepler workflows,
      which allow data provenance tracking, and, in the majority of cases, as
      standalone R scripts. These pipelines are designed for ease of modification and
      repurposing.

PMID- 27377784
TI  - Re: Scientific basis for standardization of fetal head measurements by
      ultrasound: a reproducibility study. R. Napolitano, V. Donadono, E. O. Ohuma, C.
      L. Knight, S. Z. Wanyonyi, B. Kemp, T. Norris and A. T. Papageorghiou. Ultrasound
      Obstet Gynecol 2016; 48: 80-85.

PMID- 27377785
TI  - Re: Angle of fetal head progression measured using transperineal ultrasound as a
      predictive factor of vacuum extraction failure. T. Bultez, T. Quibel, P.
      Bouhanna, T. Popowski, M. Resche-Rigon and P. Rozenberg. Ultrasound Obstet
      Gynecol 2016; 48: 86-91.

PMID- 27377786
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27377787
TI  - Re: Accuracy of first-trimester ultrasound in diagnosis of tubal ectopic
      pregnancy in the absence of an obvious extrauterine embryo: systematic review and
      meta-analysis.

PMID- 27377788
TI  - Neural correlates of mindful self-awareness in mindfulness meditators and
      meditation-naive subjects revisited.
AB  - Mindful self-awareness is central to mindfulness meditation and plays a key role
      in its salutary effects. It has been related to decreased activation in cortical
      midline structures (CMS) and amygdala, and increased activation in somatosensory
      regions. However, findings in untrained individuals are contradictory, and scarce
      in experienced meditators. Using fMRI, we investigated experienced mindfulness
      meditators (LTM, n=21, average 4652 practice-hours) and matched meditation-naive
      participants (MNP, n=19) during short periods of mindful self-awareness (FEEL)
      and self-referential thinking (THINK). We report somatosensory activations and
      decreases in CMS during FEEL for both groups, but significantly stronger
      decreases in prefrontal CMS in LTM. LTM further showed decreases in language
      related and amygdala regions, but the latter was not significantly different
      between groups. Overall, higher activations in amygdala and mid-line regions
      during FEEL were related to levels of depressiveness. Neural patterns of mindful
      self-awareness emerge already in MNP but more pronounced in LTM. Specifically,
      meditation training might reduce self-reference and verbalization during mindful
      awareness. We further corroborate the suggested link between mindfulness and
      healthy self-related functions on the neural level. Longitudinal studies need to
      corroborate these findings.

PMID- 27377789
TI  - Distinguishing shyness and sociability in adults: An event-related
      electrocortical-neuroendocrine study.
AB  - Shyness and sociability are orthogonal personality dimensions, but little is
      known about how the two traits are instantiated in the brain and body. Using a 3
      stimulus auditory oddball task, we examined whether shyness and sociability were
      distinguishable on P300 event-related potentials (ERPs) in processing task
      relevant, novel, and standard auditory tones in 48 young adults. ERP amplitudes
      were measured at four midline scalp sites (Fz, FCz, Cz, Pz). We found that
      shyness, but not sociability, was related to reduced frontal novelty P300
      amplitudes and to high emotionality. We also found that low baseline salivary
      cortisol levels mediated the relation between: (a) high shyness and reduced
      frontal P300 amplitudes to novel tones, and (b) high shyness and high scores of
      emotionality. We speculate that low baseline cortisol may serve as a putative
      mechanism influencing central attentional states of avoidance to threat and
      novelty and emotional arousal in adults who are shy.

PMID- 27377790
TI  - Investigating the behavioural effects of a mobile-phone based home telehealth
      intervention in people with insulin-requiring diabetes: Results of a randomized
      controlled trial with patient interviews.
AB  - Introduction Evidence supporting home telehealth effects on clinical outcomes in
      diabetes is available, yet mechanisms of action for these improvements remain
      poorly understood. Behavioural change is one plausible explanation. This study
      investigated the behavioural effects of a mobile-phone based home telehealth
      (MTH) intervention in people with diabetes. It was hypothesized that MTH would
      improve self-efficacy, illness beliefs, and diabetes self-care. Methods A
      randomized controlled trial compared standard care to standard care supplemented
      with MTH (self-monitoring, data transmission, graphical and nurse-initiated
      feedback, educational calls). Self-report measures of self-efficacy, illness
      beliefs, and self-care were repeated at baseline, three months, and nine months.
      MTH effects were based on the group by time interactions in hierarchical linear
      models and effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Interviews with MTH
      participants explored the perceived effects of MTH on diabetes self-management.
      Results Eighty-one participants were randomized to the intervention ( n = 45) and
      standard care ( n = 36). Significant group by time effects were observed for five
      out of seven self-efficacy subscales. Effect sizes were large, particularly at
      nine months. Interaction effects for illness beliefs and self-care were non
      significant, but effect sizes and confidence intervals suggested MTH may
      positively affect diet and exercise. In interviews, MTH was associated with
      increased awareness, motivation, and a greater sense of security. Improved self
      monitoring and diet were reported by some participants. Discussion MTH empowers
      people with diabetes to manage their condition and may influence self-care.
      Future MTH research would benefit from investigating behavioural mechanisms and
      determining patient profiles predictive of greater behavioural effectiveness.

PMID- 27377791
TI  - An asynchronous telemedicine program: Three years' experience with African
      patients treated in Spain.

PMID- 27377792
TI  - Technology-enhanced suicide prevention interventions: A systematic review.
AB  - Objective Suicide prevention is a high priority. Scalable and sustainable
      interventions for suicide prevention are needed to set the stage for population
      level impact. This systematic review explores how technology-enhanced
      interventions target suicide risk and protective factors, using the Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015) Risk and Protective Factors Ecological
      Model. Methods Information databases (PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL) were
      systematically searched and records including technology-enhanced interventions
      for suicide prevention ( n = 3764) were reviewed. Records with varying
      technologies and diverse methodologies were integrated into the search. Results
      Review of the records resulted in the inclusion of 16 studies that utilized
      technology-enhanced interventions to address determinants of suicidal behaviour.
      This includes the use of standalone or, in most cases, adjunct technology
      enhanced interventions for suicide prevention delivered by mobile phone
      application, text message, telephone, computer, web, CD-ROM and video. Conclusion
      Intervention effectiveness was variable, but several technology-enhanced
      interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing suicidal ideation and
      mental health co-morbidities. Large-scale research and evaluation initiatives are
      needed to evaluate the costs and long-term population-level impact of these
      interventions.

PMID- 27377793
TI  - The effectiveness of risk assessment methods: Commentary on "Deciding on child
      maltreatment: A literature review on methods that improve decision-making".

PMID- 27377795
TI  - Early prediction of maxillary canine impaction: number doubts: Author response.

PMID- 27377796
TI  - First Isolation and Characterization of the Highly Coordinated Group 14 Enolates:
      Effects of the Coordination Controls on the Geometry and Tautomerization of
      Germyl Enolates.
AB  - The Group 14 enolates play an important part in many organic reactions. Herein,
      the reduction of an alpha-bromo ketone with germanium(II) salts cleanly afforded
      the corresponding germyl enolate as an isolatable species. This experimental
      reductive generation of a germyl enolate enabled us to characterize both C- and O
      bound tautomers derived from an identical precursor and to unveil the tautomeric
      mechanisms, including the kinetic parameters and the relative stability of these
      tautomers, along with confirmation from DFT calculations. Moreover, the highly
      coordinated germyl enolates were isolated by a stabilization process induced by
      adding ligands. All products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray
      crystallography. 

PMID- 27377794
TI  - The pan-Kv7 (KCNQ) Channel Opener Retigabine Inhibits Striatal Excitability by
      Direct Action on Striatal Neurons In Vivo.
AB  - Central Kv7 (KCNQ) channels are voltage-dependent potassium channels composed of
      different combinations of four Kv7 subunits, being differently expressed in the
      brain. Notably, striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission is strongly suppressed by
      systemic administration of the pan-Kv7 channel opener retigabine. The effect of
      retigabine likely involves the inhibition of the activity in mesencephalic
      dopaminergic neurons projecting to the striatum, but whether Kv7 channels
      expressed in the striatum may also play a role is not resolved. We therefore
      assessed the effect of intrastriatal retigabine administration on striatal
      neuronal excitability in the rat determined by c-Fos immunoreactivity, a marker
      of neuronal activation. When retigabine was applied locally in the striatum, this
      resulted in a marked reduction in the number of c-Fos-positive neurons after a
      strong excitatory striatal stimulus induced by acute systemic haloperidol
      administration in the rat. The relative mRNA levels of Kv7 subunits in the rat
      striatum were found to be Kv7.2 = Kv7.3 = Kv7.5 > >Kv7.4. These data suggest that
      intrastriatal Kv7 channels play a direct role in regulating striatal excitability
      in vivo.

PMID- 27377797
TI  - A rapid and simple method for the determination of psychoactive alkaloids by CE
      UV: application to Peganum Harmala seed infusions.
AB  - The beta-carboline alkaloids of the harmala (HAlks) group are compounds widely
      spread in many natural sources, but found at relatively high levels in some
      specific plants like Peganum harmala (Syrian rue) or Banisteriopsis caapi. HAlks
      are a reversible Mono Amino Oxidase type A Inhibitor (MAOI) and, as a
      consequence, these plants or their extracts can be used to produce psychotropic
      effects when are combined with psychotropic drugs based on amino groups. Since
      the occurrence and the levels of the HAlks in natural sources are subject to
      significant variability, more widespread use is not clinical but recreational or
      ritual, for example B. caapi is a known part of the Ayahuasca ritual mixture. The
      lack of simple methods to control the variable levels of these compounds in
      natural sources restricts the possibilities to dose in strict quantities and, as
      a consequence, limits its use with pharmacological or clinical purposes. In this
      work, we present a fast, simple, and robust method of quantifying simultaneously
      the six HAlks more frequently found in plants, i.e., harmine, harmaline, harmol,
      harmalol, harmane, and norharmane, by capillary electrophoresis instruments
      equipped with the more common detector UV. The method is applied to analyze these
      HAlks in P. Harmala seeds infusion which is a frequent intake form for these
      HAlks. The method is validated in three different instruments in order to
      evaluate the transferability and to compare the performances between them. In
      this case, harmaline, harmine, and harmol were found in the infusion samples.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27377798
TI  - The effect of 3-ketosteroid-Delta(1)-dehydrogenase isoenzymes on the
      transformation of AD to 9alpha-OH-AD by Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM43269.
AB  - Rhodococcus rhodochrous DSM43269 is well known for its 3-ketosteroid-9alpha
      hydroxylases. However, the function of its 3-ketosteroid-Delta(1)-dehydrogenases
      (KSDD) remains unknown. This study compared the involvement of ksdds in the
      strain's androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD) transformation via gene deletion. The
      conversion was performed using AD as substrate or directly with 9alpha
      hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9alpha-OH-AD). The single deletion of ksdd1 or
      ksdd3 did not appear to result in the accumulation of 9alpha-OH-AD, whereas the
      single mutant ?ksdd2 could preserve this compound to some extent. To further
      compare the role of ksdds in this strain, double mutants were constructed. All
      ksdd2 mutants combined with ksdd1 and/or ksdd3 resulted in the accumulation of
      9alpha-OH-AD, among which the double mutant ?ksdd2,3 behaved similarly to the
      single mutant ?ksdd2 in this process. The mutant that lacked both ksdd1 and ksdd3
      was still displayed, with no effect on the degradation of 9alpha-OH-AD. The
      triple mutant ?ksdd1,2,3 was then constructed and exhibited the same capability
      as ?ksdd1,2, accumulating more 9alpha-OH-AD than ?ksdd2,3 and ?ksdd2. The
      transcription of KSDD1 and KSDD2 increased, whereas that of KSDD3 seemed to
      exhibit no change, despite the use of the inducer AD or 9alpha-OH-AD. Thus, only
      ksdd1 and ksdd2 were involved in the transformation of AD to 9alpha-OH-AD. ksdd2
      had the main role, ksdd1 had a minor effect on 9alpha-OH-AD degradation, and
      ksdd3 did not exhibit any action in this course.

PMID- 27377799
TI  - A method for simultaneous gene overexpression and inactivation in the
      Corynebacterium glutamicum genome.
AB  - The gene integration method is an important tool to stably express desirable
      genes in bacteria. To avoid heavy workload and cost, we constructed a rapid and
      efficient method for genome modification. This method depended on a mobilizable
      plasmid, which contains a P tac promoter, an introduced multiple cloning site
      (iMCS), and rrnBT1T2 terminator. Briefly, the mobilizable plasmid pK18-MBPMT with
      the P tac-iMCS-rrnBT1T2 cartridge derived from pK18mobsacB was prepared to
      directly integrate hetero-/homologous DNA into the Corynebacterium glutamicum
      genome. Like our previous method, this method was based on insertional
      inactivation and double-crossover homologous recombination, which simultaneously
      achieved gene overexpression and inactivation in the genome without the use of
      genetic markers. Compared to the previous method, this protocol omitted the
      construction of a recombinant expression plasmid and clone of the target gene(s)
      cassette, which significantly decreased the workload, cost, and operational time.
      Using this method, the heterologous gene amy and the homologous gene lysC (T311I)
      were successfully integrated into the C. glutamicum genome at alaT and avtA loci,
      respectively. Moreover, the operation time of this method was shorter than that
      of the previous method, especially for repeated integration. This method, which
      is based on the mobilizable plasmid pK18-MBPMT, thus represents a potentially
      attractive protocol for the integration of genes in the course of genetic
      modification of C. glutamicum.

PMID- 27377800
TI  - A broken heart in a broken car.
AB  - Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is still a relatively understudied and often undetected
      disease. It is usually preceded by emotional or physical triggers. We here report
      a case of TTS following a car accident. Typical apical ballooning with moderate
      reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and increased level of pro
      B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as well as slightly increased creatine kinase
      and troponin T values were found in this 76-year-old female patient, 6 h after a
      car accident. At 10 weeks follow-up, we observed a normalization of regional wall
      motion, LVEF, electrocardiogram and pro-BNP. TTS is an acute heart failure
      syndrome and an important differential diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. 

PMID- 27377801
TI  - Commentary to the article "Metabolic syndrome is associated with different
      clinical outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with
      ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy".

PMID- 27377802
TI  - Response to the letter regarding article "Metabolic syndrome is associated with
      different clinical outcome after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients
      with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy".

PMID- 27377803
TI  - Whole blood cell parameters help us predict the prognosis in patients with acute
      ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: Myth or reality?

PMID- 27377804
TI  - White blood cell count to mean platelet volume ratio as a novel blood cell
      parameter. Authors' reply.

PMID- 27377805
TI  - Pericardial effusion can affect the Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio.

PMID- 27377806
TI  - Pericardial effusion: The key point is the underlying etiology. Authors' reply.

PMID- 27377807
TI  - Inflammatory parameters must always be taken into account in ST-segment elevation
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 27377808
TI  - Response to the comments to the article "Does SYNTAX score II predict poor
      myocardial perfusion in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction?".

PMID- 27377809
TI  - Utilization of public oral health services by New South Wales teenagers, 2004-05
      to 2014-15.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to examine variations in levels of access
      to public oral health services in New South Wales by teenagers from 2004-05 to
      2014-15 and to determine whether more teenagers have been treated with preventive
      dental items in keeping with the strategic shift statewide towards prevention and
      early intervention. METHODS: This study involved an analysis of a subset of the
      New South Wales Oral Health Data Collection for teenagers treated in the New
      South Wales Public Oral Health Service in the financial years 2004-05 to 2014-15.
      Relevant Australian Dental Association dental service item groups are reported
      for teenagers by year as a percentage of total visits delivered in that year.
      RESULTS: The utilization of the New South Wales Public Oral Health Service by
      teenagers has remained relatively stable over the 11 years at approximately 6%,
      while the provision of some preventive items increased over the time period.
      CONCLUSIONS: There were important differences found in access by teenagers to
      preventive items by socio-economic status and rurality, and these differences
      will be targeted over the coming years by New South Wales Public Oral Health
      Services and better monitored by a new electronic oral health record being
      implemented statewide from 2016.

PMID- 27377810
TI  - Ulceration in bladder cancer associates with extravesical disease, independent of
      cell cycle, or hypoxia pathways status: Integrating gross morphology and
      expression profiles in cystectomies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ulceration is common in bladder tumors, but its prognostic role,
      although intuitive, is not established. We aim to explore the presence of gross
      ulceration and its relationship with other morphological and biological features
      classically associated with extravesical disease, in patients submitted to
      radical cystectomy. METHODS: Tumor size and morphology were noted on 101
      cystectomy patients (2000-2010). Papillary, exophytic, and vegetant tumors were
      grouped as "papillary" and solid/nodular, ulcerated and infiltrative as
      "nonpapillary." Ulceration was noted grossly in every case as a binary parameter,
      regardless of morphology. Immunohistochemistry was performed for hypoxia (hypoxia
      inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor), and cell cycle
      proteins (pRb, p53, and cyclin D1). RESULTS: Mean age was 66.7 year, male:female
      ratio was 2:1, 20 patients received bacillus Calmette-Guerin and 10 neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy. Upstaging rate was 56.4%. Ulcerated lesions presented mostly as
      nonpapillary and nonorgan confined (nOC), whereas nonulcerated tumors were often
      papillary and organ confined (OC). Tumor size was smaller in nonpapillary tumors
      (P = 0.002), but did not associate with altered hypoxia or cell cycle
      expressions. pRb and cyclin D1 loss and p53 overexpression were more frequent in
      ulcerated and non-OC tumors as did the phenotype vascular endothelial growth
      factor-negative/hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha-low (P<0.001). On a multivariate
      model, ulceration was an independent predictor of non-OC and extravesical
      disease. CONCLUSION: Patients with ulcerated tumors were often staged with
      extravesical disease, independent of other morphologic and biological features
      known to affect prognosis. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the
      predictive value of tumor ulceration at cystoscopy, which could improve patient
      stratification for neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

PMID- 27377811
TI  - Enantioselective Total Synthesis of RQN-18690A (18-Deoxyherboxidiene).
AB  - The first total synthesis of RQN-18690A (18-deoxyherboxidiene) and the
      determination of its absolute stereochemical configuration are described. The
      synthesis features an organocatalytic aldol reaction for the first step, 1,4- and
      1,2- dual reductions of alpha,beta-unsaturated delta-lactone followed by a domino
      reaction in a one-pot operation, and diastereoselective epoxidation with kinetic
      resolution.

PMID- 27377813
TI  - The Potent Inhibitory Effect of a Naproxen-Appended Cobalt(III)-Cyclam Complex on
      Cancer Stem Cells.
AB  - We report the potency against cancer stem cells (CSCs) of a new cobalt(III)
      cyclam complex (1) that bears the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen.
      The complex displays selective potency for breast CSC-enriched HMLER-shEcad cells
      over breast CSC-depleted HMLER cells. Additionally, it inhibited the formation of
      three-dimensional tumour-like mammospheres, and reduced their viability to a
      greater extent than clinically used breast cancer drugs (vinorelbine, cisplatin
      and paclitaxel). The anti-mammosphere potency of 1 was enhanced under hypoxia
      mimicking conditions. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that DNA damage and
      cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition contribute to the cytotoxic mechanism of 1.
      To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first cobalt-containing compound to show
      selective potency for CSCs over bulk cancer cells.

PMID- 27377812
TI  - IGFBP-3 inhibits Wnt signaling in metastatic melanoma cells.
AB  - In previous works, we have shown that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
      3 (IGFBP-3), a tissue and circulating protein able to bind to IGFs, decreases
      drastically in the blood serum of patients with diffuse metastatic melanoma. In
      agreement with the clinical data, recombinant IGFBP-3 was found to inhibit the
      motility and invasiveness of cultured metastatic melanoma cells and to prevent
      growth of grafted melanomas in mice. The present work was aimed at identifying
      the signal transduction pathways underlying the anti-tumoral effects of IGFBP-3.
      We show that the anti-tumoral effect of IGFBP-3 is due to inhibition of the Wnt
      pathway and depends upon the presence of CD44, a receptor protein known to
      modulate Wnt signaling. Once it has entered the cell, IGFBP-3 binds the Wnt
      signalosome interacting specifically with its component GSK-3beta. As a
      consequence, the beta-catenin destruction complex dissociates from the LRP6 Wnt
      receptor and GSK-3beta is activated through dephosphorylation, becoming free to
      target cytoplasmic beta-catenin which is degraded by the proteasomal pathway.
      Altogether, the results suggest that IGFBP-3 is a novel and effective inhibitor
      of Wnt signaling. As IGFBP-3 is a physiological protein which has no detectable
      toxic effects either on cultured cells or live mice, it might qualify as an
      interesting new therapeutic agent in melanoma, and potentially many other cancers
      with a hyperactive Wnt signaling. (c) 2016 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis
      Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377814
TI  - Correction: Near infrared activation of an anticancer Pt(IV) complex by Tm-doped
      upconversion nanoparticles.
AB  - Correction for 'Near infrared activation of an anticancer Pt(IV) complex by Tm
      doped upconversion nanoparticles' by Emmanuel Ruggiero et al., Chem. Commun.,
      2015, 51, 2091-2094. 

PMID- 27377815
TI  - EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The original European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for
      managing fibromyalgia assessed evidence up to 2005. The paucity of studies meant
      that most recommendations were 'expert opinion'. METHODS: A multidisciplinary
      group from 12 countries assessed evidence with a focus on systematic reviews and
      meta-analyses concerned with pharmacological/non-pharmacological management for
      fibromyalgia. A review, in May 2015, identified eligible publications and key
      outcomes assessed were pain, fatigue, sleep and daily functioning. The Grading of
      Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system was used for making
      recommendations. RESULTS: 2979 titles were identified: from these 275 full papers
      were selected for review and 107 reviews (and/or meta-analyses) evaluated as
      eligible. Based on meta-analyses, the only 'strong for' therapy-based
      recommendation in the guidelines was exercise. Based on expert opinion, a
      graduated approach, the following four main stages are suggested underpinned by
      shared decision-making with patients. Initial management should involve patient
      education and focus on non-pharmacological therapies. In case of non-response,
      further therapies (all of which were evaluated as 'weak for' based on meta
      analyses) should be tailored to the specific needs of the individual and may
      involve psychological therapies (for mood disorders and unhelpful coping
      strategies), pharmacotherapy (for severe pain or sleep disturbance) and/or a
      multimodal rehabilitation programme (for severe disability). CONCLUSIONS: These
      recommendations are underpinned by high-quality reviews and meta-analyses. The
      size of effect for most treatments is relatively modest. We propose research
      priorities clarifying who will benefit from specific interventions, their effect
      in combination and organisation of healthcare systems to optimise outcome.

PMID- 27377816
TI  - Forced exercise-induced osteoarthritis is attenuated in mice lacking the small
      leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Interterritorial regions of articular cartilage matrix are rich in
      decorin, a small leucine-rich proteoglycan and important structural protein, also
      involved in many signalling events. Decorin sequesters transforming growth factor
      beta (TGFbeta), thereby regulating its activity. Here, we analysed whether
      increased bioavailability of TGFbeta in decorin-deficient (Dcn-/-) cartilage
      leads to changes in biomechanical properties and resistance to osteoarthritis
      (OA). METHODS: Unchallenged knee cartilage was analysed by atomic force
      microscopy (AFM) and immunohistochemistry. Active transforming growth factor beta
      1 (TGFbeta1) content within cultured chondrocyte supernatants was measured by
      ELISA. Quantitative real-time (RT)-PCR was used to analyse mRNA expression of
      glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-modifying enzymes in C28/I2 cells following TGFbeta1
      treatment. In addition, OA was induced in Dcn-/- and wild-type (WT) mice via
      forced exercise on a treadmill. RESULTS: AFM analysis revealed a strikingly
      higher compressive stiffness in Dcn-/- than in WT cartilage. This was accompanied
      by increased negative charge and enhanced sulfation of GAG chains, but not by
      alterations in the levels of collagens or proteoglycan core proteins. In
      addition, decorin-deficient chondrocytes were shown to release more active
      TGFbeta1. Increased TGFbeta signalling led to enhanced Chst11 sulfotransferase
      expression inducing an increased negative charge density of cartilage matrix.
      These negative charges might attract more water resulting in augmented
      compressive stiffness of the tissue. Therefore, decorin-deficient mice developed
      significantly less OA after forced exercise than WT mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      demonstrates that the disruption of decorin-restricted TGFbeta signalling leads
      to higher stiffness of articular cartilage matrix, rendering joints more
      resistant to OA. Therefore, the loss of an important structural component can
      improve cartilage homeostasis.

PMID- 27377817
TI  - Oxygen saturation/minute heart rate index: Simple lung function test for
      children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The severity of airway obstruction can be accurately determined on
      spirometry in children with asthma. Other assessments may include peak expiratory
      flow and pulse oximetry. In the present study, we evaluated the validity and
      reliability of oxygen saturation/minute heart rate (SpO2 /MHR) index in the
      prediction of degree of severe airway obstruction in children with asthma.
      METHODS: This was a retrospective study of children aged 7-17 followed for asthma
      at Mersin Women and Children's Hospital. The study compared SpO2 /MHR ratio with
      forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ) measured on spirometry, an important
      indicator of small airway obstruction. A total of 296 patients were included in
      the study, and classified either as having normal FEV1 (FEV1 > 80% of predicted,
      n = 178) or severely reduced FEV1 (FEV1 < 60% of predicted, n = 118). Positive
      and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), sensitivity and specificity of SpO2
      /MHR index in predicting low FEV1 were calculated on receiver operating
      characteristics analysis. RESULTS: An SpO2 /MHR ratio cut-off <0.90 was
      associated with a PPV of 83.14%, NPV of 71.77%, sensitivity of 80.34% and
      specificity of 75.42% in predicting low FEV1 . CONCLUSIONS: SpO2 /MHR ratio
      appears to be a highly useful index to assess airway obstruction in older
      children with asthma. Thus, it can be used as a marker of airway obstruction
      severity when spirometry is not available.

PMID- 27377818
TI  - Effects of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of zafirlukast.
AB  - Zafirlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist, is indicated for the
      treatment of patients with mild to moderate asthma. Zafirlukast is metabolized
      mainly by CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. We investigated the effects of the major CYP2C9
      variant alleles in Asian populations, CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*13, on the
      pharmacokinetics of zafirlukast in healthy Korean subjects. A single 20-mg oral
      dose of zafirlukast was given to 23 Korean male subjects divided into two
      genotype groups according to CYP2C9 genotypes, CYP2C9EM (n = 11; CYP2C9*1/*1) and
      CYP2C9IM (n = 12; 9 and 3 carriers of CYP2C9*1/*3 and *1/*13, respectively).
      Zafirlukast concentrations were determined using a validated HPLC-MS/MS
      analytical method in plasma samples collected after the drug intake. Compared
      with the CYP2C9EM group, the Cmax and AUCinf of zafirlukast in the CYP2C9IM group
      were 1.44- and 1.70-fold higher, respectively (p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001). The CL/F
      of zafirlukast was 42.8 % lower in the CYP2C9IM group compared with the CYP2C9EM
      group (p < 0.001). Slightly higher Cmax and AUC, and lower CL/F of zafirlukast
      were observed in subjects with the CYP2C9*1/*13 genotype compared with the
      CYP2C9*1/*3 genotype subjects. CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*13 alleles significantly
      affected the plasma concentrations of zafirlukast. 

PMID- 27377820
TI  - Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity of internet addiction abusers in negative
      and positive emotional states using film clips stimulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: People with internet addiction (IA) suffer from mental,
      physical, social, and occupational problems. IA includes psychological and
      physiological syndromes, and among the syndromes, emotion was suggested important
      mental and physiological expressions of IA. However, few physiologically
      emotional characters of IA were investigated. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
      activity was a good link between IA and emotion, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia
      (RSA) gained from ANS was hypothesized related to IA. METHODS: An emotional
      induction experiment using negative and positive emotional films was conducted to
      validate the hypotheses. Thirty-four participants recruited from college were
      classified into high-risk IA group (HIA) and low-risk IA group (LIA). The
      respiratory signals, ECG signals, and self-assessed emotional intensity were
      acquired. The relationship and difference between IA and RSA was tested using
      descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The RSA values of HIA
      were lower than those of LIA both before and after the induction of positive and
      negative emotions. When participants experienced a negative emotion (anger or
      fear), their RSA values declined; the decline for HIA was greater than that for
      LIA. The RSA values of HIA participants before induction of fear, happiness, or
      surprise, statistically significantly differed from that after induction of those
      emotions, with p values of 0.007, 0.04 and 0.01 respectively. The difference
      between the changes in RSA values upon the induction of surprise of HIA and LIA
      was statistically significant difference (p = 0.03). The interaction between two
      IA groups among emotional induction states was statistically significant
      difference. CONCLUSIONS: RSA value here was the main variable that reflected ANS
      activity, and especially vagus nerve regulation. The results revealed that the
      changes in RSA values were biologically significantly different between HIA and
      LIA, especially when sadness, happiness, or surprise was induced. HIA people
      exhibited stronger RSA reactivity following negative emotion than LIA people, but
      the RSA reactivity following positive emotion was weaker. This study provides
      more physiological information about IA and assists further investigation on the
      regulation of the ANS for IA abusers. The results will benefit the further
      application, early detection, therapy, and even early prevention. Clinical trial
      registration details This study was approved by the Institution Review Board of
      the National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsinchu Branch (Hsinchu, Taiwan), under
      the research project: A study of interactions between cognition, emotion and
      physiology (contract no.100IRB-32).

PMID- 27377819
TI  - Azacytidine mitigates experimental sclerodermic chronic graft-versus-host
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs)
      play a protective role in the pathogenesis of chronic graft-versus-host disease
      (cGVHD). Tregs constitutively express the gene of the transcription factor Foxp3
      whose CNS2 region is heavily methylated in conventional CD4(+) T cells
      (CD4(+)Tconvs) but demethylated in Tregs. METHODS: Here, we assessed the impact
      of azacytidine (AZA) on cGVHD in a well-established murine model of sclerodermic
      cGVHD (B10.D2 (H-2d) -> BALB/cJ (H-2d)). RESULTS: The administration of AZA every
      48 h from day +10 to day +30 at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg mitigated
      chronic GVHD. Further, AZA-treated mice exhibited higher blood and thymic Treg
      frequencies on day +35, as well as higher demethylation levels of the Foxp3
      enhancer and the IL-2 promoter in splenocytes at day +52. Interestingly, Tregs
      from AZA-treated mice expressed more frequently the activation marker CD103 on
      day +52. AZA-treated mice had also lower counts of CD4(+)Tconvs and CD8(+) T
      cells from day +21 to day +35 after transplantation, as well as a lower
      proportion of CD4(+)Tconvs expressing the Ki67 antigen on day +21 demonstrating
      an anti-proliferating effect of the drug on T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      indicate that AZA prevented sclerodermic cGVHD in a well-established murine model
      of cGVHD. These data might serve as the basis for a pilot study of AZA
      administration for cGVHD prevention in patients at high risk for cGVHD.

PMID- 27377822
TI  - Bipolar switching in chalcogenide phase change memory.
AB  - Phase change materials based on chalcogenides are key enabling technologies for
      optical storage, such as rewritable CD and DVD, and recently also electrical
      nonvolatile memory, named phase change memory (PCM). In a PCM, the amorphous or
      crystalline phase affects the material band structure, hence the device
      resistance. Although phase transformation is extremely fast and repeatable, the
      amorphous phase suffers structural relaxation and crystallization at relatively
      low temperatures, which may affect the temperature stability of PCM state. To
      improve the time/temperature stability of the PCM, novel operation modes of the
      device should be identified. Here, we present bipolar switching operation of PCM,
      which is interpreted by ion migration in the solid state induced by elevated
      temperature and electric field similar to the bipolar switching in metal oxides.
      The temperature stability of the high resistance state is demonstrated and
      explained based on the local depletion of chemical species from the electrode
      region.

PMID- 27377821
TI  - Relationship between nongenital tender point tenderness and intravaginal muscle
      pain intensity: ratings in women with provoked vestibulodynia and implications
      for treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vulvodynia is a chronic vulvar pain disorder and fibromyalgia is a
      chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain disorder, both of unknown etiology.
      Association of these conditions is well documented. Intravaginal algometer
      measurement of tenderness to pressure applied to the pelvic floor muscles helps
      define vulvodynia associated with musculoskeletal factors. Women with both
      vulvodynia and fibromyalgia might have increased pelvic muscle pain compared to
      women with vulvodynia alone, defining the possible link of these 2 conditions.
      OBJECTIVE: We sought to: (1) correlate pain intensity during the nongenital
      tender point tenderness examination to pain intensity with the vaginal algometer
      in women with provoked vestibulodynia, and (2) determine whether subjects with
      provoked vestibulodynia and fibromyalgia had higher pain intensity scores with
      the vaginal algometer than those without fibromyalgia. STUDY DESIGN: In all, 92
      subjects referred for vulvar pain were confirmed to have provoked vestibulodynia
      using the cotton swab test. A diagnosis of fibromyalgia was made if pain was
      present (numeric rating scale >1) in at least 11 sites of the 18-point nongenital
      tender point tenderness exam. Vaginal pain sensitivity was measured using an
      intravaginal pressure algometer, where 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 kg/cm2 forces were
      applied digitally in random assignment by force and location to the right and
      left iliococcygeus muscle regions and the posterior vaginal wall. Both tender
      point tenderness and algometer pain intensity were reported on a 0 (no pain) to
      10 (worse pain) numeric rating scale. Correlations were computed between the
      composite pain intensity (total of rating scale from each pressure threshold at
      specified site) of nongenital and those of iliococcygeus regions and the
      posterior vaginal wall. Independent t tests were used to determine differences in
      iliococcygeus regions and the posterior vaginal algometer pain ratings and
      presence or absence of fibromyalgia. The significance level was at P < .05. The
      data were expressed as mean +/- SD. RESULTS: A significant correlation was found
      between numeric rating scale pain scores on the nongenital tender point
      tenderness exam and algometer testing on the iliococcygeus region (r = 0.44, P <
      .0001) and the posterior vaginal wall (r = 0.45, P < .0001). Subjects with
      fibromyalgia by tender point tenderness had significantly higher iliococcygeal
      pain (6.14 +/- 2.07 vs 3.74 +/- 2.22, P = .0001) and posterior vaginal wall pain
      (5.67 +/- 2.10 vs 3.07 +/- 2.16, P < .0001) than women without fibromyalgia by
      tender point tenderness. CONCLUSION: Women with provoked vestibulodynia who
      experience more severe pain with nongenital tender point palpation also
      experience more deep vaginal pain on pelvic exam. Those who fulfill the diagnosis
      of fibromyalgia show significantly more intense deep vaginal pain to palpation of
      iliococcygeus muscles and posterior vaginal wall. Further research using a more
      precise definition of fibromyalgia is necessary to confirm this relationship, but
      findings suggest that women with provoked vestibulodynia coexisting with
      fibromyalgia have greater risk of superimposed vaginal muscle pain and may be
      candidates for early adjunctive pelvic floor physical therapy. These findings
      need to be explored in women with generalized, nonprovoked vulvodynia.

PMID- 27377823
TI  - Genetic variation and the D2 dopamine receptor: implications for the treatment of
      neuropsychiatric disease.

PMID- 27377824
TI  - Long non-coding RNA expression profiling in the NCI60 cancer cell line panel
      using high-throughput RT-qPCR.
AB  - Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) form a new class of RNA molecules implicated in
      various aspects of protein coding gene expression regulation. To study lncRNAs in
      cancer, we generated expression profiles for 1707 human lncRNAs in the NCI60
      cancer cell line panel using a high-throughput nanowell RT-qPCR platform. We
      describe how qPCR assays were designed and validated and provide processed and
      normalized expression data for further analysis. Data quality is demonstrated by
      matching the lncRNA expression profiles with phenotypic and genomic
      characteristics of the cancer cell lines. This data set can be integrated with
      publicly available omics and pharmacological data sets to uncover novel
      associations between lncRNA expression and mRNA expression, miRNA expression, DNA
      copy number, protein coding gene mutation status or drug response. 

PMID- 27377825
TI  - The impending financial healthcare burden and ethical dilemma of systemic therapy
      in metastatic cancer.
AB  - Metastatic cancer remains a devastating disease that threatens to disrupt entire
      family structures creating economic and psychosocial stress. Fortunately, great
      strides have resulted in improved therapies over the years but at a huge social
      economic cost. The economic burden has risen greatly and carries with it new
      ethical concerns when deciding treatment. Here, we discuss the financial and
      ethical challenges that oncologists and their patients face in the era of novel
      treatment strategies. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:323-328. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 27377826
TI  - Web-Based Positive Psychology Interventions: A Reexamination of Effectiveness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Seligman, Steen, Park, and Peterson (2005) suggested that positive
      psychology interventions (PPIs) contain specific, powerful, therapeutic
      ingredients that effect greater increases in happiness and reductions in
      depression than a placebo control. This study reexamined the three PPIs that
      Seligman et al. found to be most effective when delivered over the internet.
      METHOD: Three PPIs and a placebo control, identical with the interventions used
      by Seligman et al., were examined in a web-based, randomized assignment design.
      RESULTS: Mixed-design analysis of variance and multilevel modeling showed that
      all interventions, including the placebo, led to significant increases in
      happiness and reductions in depression. The effects of PPIs were
      indistinguishable from those of the placebo control. CONCLUSION: Using web-based
      delivery, both PPIs and theoretically neutral placebos can increase happiness and
      reduce depression in self-selected populations. Possible explanations include
      that non-specific factors common to most therapeutic treatments are responsible
      for the observed changes, or that cultural or other context-related variables
      operate to account for the divergent findings.

PMID- 27377827
TI  - Long-term survival and BRCA status in male breast cancer: a retrospective single
      center analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare. Given the paucity of randomized
      trials, treatment is generally extrapolated from female breast cancer guidelines.
      METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of all male patients presenting with
      MBC at the Department of Oncology at University Federico II of Naples between
      January 1989 and January 2014. We recorded the following data: baseline
      characteristics (age, height, weight, body mass index, risk factors, family
      history), tumor characteristics (side affected, stage, histotype, hormonal and
      HER2 status, and Ki-67 expression), treatment (type of surgery, chemotherapy,
      endocrine therapy, and/or radiotherapy), BRCA1/2 mutation status (if available),
      other tumors, and long-term survival. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were
      analyzed. Median age was 62.0 [55.0-72.0]. Among risk factors, obesity and family
      history of breast cancer were associated with 21 % and 30 % of MBC cases,
      respectively. The majority of tumors were diagnosed at an early stage: stage I
      (34.0 %) and stage II (44.7 %). Infiltrating ductal carcinoma was the most
      frequent histologic subtype (95.8 %). Hormone receptors were generally positive
      (88.4 % of cases were Estrogen receptor [ER] positive and 81.4 % Progesteron
      receptor [PgR] positive). Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) was
      positive in 26.8 % of cases; 7.0 % of MBCs were triple negative. The tumor had
      high proliferation index (Ki67 >= 20 %) in 64.7 %. Surgery was predominantly
      mastectomy (85.1 %), whereas quadrantectomy was performed in 14.9 % of patients.
      Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 70.7 % of patients, endocrine therapy
      to 90.2 %, trastuzumab to 16.7 % and radiotherapy to 32.6 %. BRCA status was
      available for 17 patients: 10 wild-type, 1 BRCA1 carrier, 5 BRCA2 carriers, 1
      unknown variant sequence. The overall estimated long-term survival was about 90 %
      at 5 years, 80 % at 10 years and 70 % at 20 years. Patients carrying a BRCA
      mutation had a significantly lower survival than patients with wild-type BRCA (p
      = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term survival was high in MBC patients referred to our
      clinical unit. Survival was poorer in BRCA-mutated patients than in patients with
      wild-type BRCA.

PMID- 27377828
TI  - French Guidelines For the Emergency Management of Headaches.

PMID- 27377830
TI  - Access to Intensive Care Medicine for Undocumented Migrants: The Destiny of an
      ECMO Center in the Middle of the Mediterranean Basin.

PMID- 27377831
TI  - AFM mapping of the elastic properties of brain tissue reveals kPa MUm(-1)
      gradients of rigidity.
AB  - It is now well established that the mechanical environment of the cells in
      tissues deeply impacts cellular fate, including life cycle, differentiation and
      tumor progression. Designs of biomaterials already include the control of
      mechanical parameters, and in general, their main focus is to control the
      rheological properties of the biomaterials at a macroscopic scale. However,
      recent studies have demonstrated that cells can stress their environment below
      the micron scale, and therefore could possibly respond to the rheological
      properties of their environment at this micron scale. In this context, probing
      the mechanical properties of physiological cellular environments at subcellular
      scales is becoming critical. To this aim, we performed in vitro indentation
      measurements using AFM on sliced human pituitary gland tissues. A robust
      methodology was implemented using elasto-adhesive models, which shows that
      accounting for the adhesion of the probe on the tissue is critical for the
      reliability of the measurement. In addition to quantifying for the first time the
      rigidity of normal pituitary gland tissue, with a geometric mean of 9.5 kPa, our
      measurements demonstrated that the mechanical properties of this tissue are far
      from uniform at subcellular scales. Gradients of rigidity as large as 12 kPa MUm(
      1) were observed. This observation suggests that physiological rigidity can be
      highly non-uniform at the micron-scale. 

PMID- 27377833
TI  - Postoperative Complications in Children With Crohn Disease Treated With
      Infliximab.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Infliximab (IFX) has become a mainstay of therapy for children with
      Crohn disease (CD). Despite medical advances, many children with CD, however,
      still require operative interventions. The risk of complications following
      resection in children treated with IFX remains largely unknown. We compare
      surgical outcomes stratified by IFX therapy in a cohort of children with CD who
      require bowel resection. METHODS: We reviewed the postoperative complications in
      123 children with CD who underwent bowel resection with primary anastomosis at
      our institution between 1977 and 2011. Demographics, medications, types of
      operations, and inpatient courses were analyzed. Complications and length of stay
      were compared based on medical therapy. RESULTS: Overall, the postoperative
      complication rate was 13%. Of the 123 surgical cases, 24 children had received
      IFX before their operation. In the children treated with IFX, we identified 3
      major complications, including anastomotic leak, acute renal failure, and
      intraabdominal abscess. There were 9 major complications in the non-IFX group,
      including infections (2), intraabdominal abscesses (2), bowel obstruction, shock,
      supraventricular tachycardia, phlegmon, and anastomotic stricture. No significant
      differences in complication rates or postoperative lengths of stay were
      identified between those who did or did not receive IFX. CONCLUSIONS: In this
      cohort, surgical procedures in children and young adults treated with IFX were
      not associated with an increased number of complications or prolonged length of
      stay. Given that postoperative complications are infrequent in children, larger
      multicenter studies may be required to determine whether IFX therapy increases
      the risk of surgical complications in pediatric CD.

PMID- 27377834
TI  - The clinical findings in young adults with acute scrotal pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute scrotal pain (ASP) is a common symptom of young adults.
      Testicular torsion is the most important diagnosis in these cases. It is a
      medical emergency in which the diagnosis must be made rapidly to prevent
      testicular loss. This requires a high index of clinical suspicion and prompt
      surgical intervention. This study was conducted to examine the spectrum of
      diagnoses in young man with ASP in a prehospital setting, the frequency of
      significant diagnoses, and their outcomes. METHODS: The medical records of young
      adults in their obligatory military service presenting with ASP to primary care
      clinics from 2004 to 2014 were reviewed using the keywords: pain, testis,
      torsion, and orchialgia. Anamnestic data, physical findings, primary care
      physician decisions, and final outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 9922
      medical visits were recorded. Idiopathic scrotal pain, varicocele, scrotal
      trauma, and genital tract infections were the most common diagnoses. In 3 visits
      (0.03%), testicular cancer was diagnosed. Testicular torsion was the etiology of
      ASP in only 12 (0.12%) visits, and 60% the testes were salvaged. The mean
      duration of symptoms in the salvaged group was 6.33 hours; and in the nonsalvaged
      group, 44 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular torsion is the etiology of ASP in only
      0.12% of the visits to the primary care clinic. Patient delay before attending
      the primary care is responsible for most of the testes lost. Patient education in
      addition to high index of suspicion of primary care physicians is needed for
      salvage of more testicles.

PMID- 27377832
TI  - Heart rate response during 6-minute walking testing predicts outcome in operable
      chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Six-minute walk test (6MWT) is routinely performed in chronic
      thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) before pulmonary endarterectomy
      (PEA). However, the clinical relevance of heart rate response (DeltaHR) and
      exercise-induced oxygen desaturation (EID) during 6MWT is remaining unknown.
      METHODS: Patients undergoing PEA in our center between 03/2013-04/2014 were
      assessed prospectively with hemodynamic and exercise parameters prior to and 1
      year post-PEA. Patients with symptomatic chronic thromboembolic disease (mean
      pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) <25 mmHg) and clinical relevant obstructive
      pulmonary disease were excluded. The following definitions were used: DeltaHR =
      (peak HR - resting HR), percent heart rate reserve (HRR) = (peak HR -rest
      HR)/(220 - age - rest HR) x 100 and EID = SpO2 <=88 %. RESULTS: Thirty-seven
      patients (of 116 patients screened) with mPAP of 43.2 +/- 8.7 mmHg, pulmonary
      vascular resistance (PVR) of 605.5 +/- 228.7 dyn*s/cm(5), cardiac index (CI) of
      2.4 +/- 0.5 l/min/m(2) and a 6MWT-distance of 404.7 +/- 148.4 m and a peak VO2 of
      12.3 +/- 3.4 ml/min/kg prior to PEA were included. Baseline DeltaHR during 6MWT
      was significantly associated with PVR 1 year post-PEA using linear regression
      analysis (r = 0.43, p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated an association of
      HRR during 6MWT and residual PH with a hazard ratio of 1.06 (95 % Confidence
      interval for hazard ratio 0.99-1.14, p = 0.08). EID was observed commonly during
      6MWT but no correlations to outcome parameters were found. CONCLUSIONS: This is
      the first prospective study to describe an association of DeltaHR during 6MWT
      with pulmonary hemodynamics 1 year post-PEA. Our preliminary results indicate
      that HRR derived from 6MWT is of clinical significance. EID was commonly
      observed, albeit failed as a significant prognostic factor.

PMID- 27377835
TI  - Hyperammonemia: clinical, therapeutic, and educational aspects.

PMID- 27377836
TI  - Sool's method of dislocated shoulder reduction-Cunningham technique redux?

PMID- 27377837
TI  - A rare cause of postpartum coma: isolated hyperammonemia due to urea cycle
      disorder.

PMID- 27377838
TI  - "Cunningham technique" dislocated shoulder reduction.

PMID- 27377839
TI  - Grief and loss in older people residing in nursing homes: (un)detected by nurses
      and care-assistants?
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to explore how nurses and care-assistants (nursing
      staff) working in six Flemish nursing homes experience and describe their
      involvement in grief care. BACKGROUND: Although grief in older people is widely
      described in literature, less is known about how nursing staff in nursing homes
      offer and perceive grief care. DESIGN: A qualitative research design with
      elements of constructivist grounded theory was used. METHODS: Loosely structured
      face-to-face interviews were done with fourteen nurses and care-assistants. Data
      were collected from October 2013-March 2014. Interview transcripts were analysed
      using the Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven (QUAGOL) method with support of
      NVivo 10. FINDINGS: Grief care in nursing homes is characterized by a complex
      tension between two care dimensions: (1) being involved while keeping an
      appropriate distance; and (2) being while doing. Nursing staff described key
      enablers and influencing factors for grief care at the level of both the
      individual and the organizational context. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest an
      established personal sensitivity for grief care considered from the nursing staff
      points of view. Nevertheless, a common denominator was the necessity to further
      develop a supportive and multidisciplinary grief care policy ingrained in the
      existing care culture. Suggested components of this grief care policy are: (a)
      centring attention on non-death-related loss and the cumulative nature of loss in
      residents; (b) building capacity by means of reflective practices; and (c) the
      importance of self-care strategies for nursing staff. Furthermore, the findings
      from this study point towards a need for education and training.

PMID- 27377840
TI  - Current status and future perspective of laparoscopic surgery in hepatobiliary
      disease.
AB  - Recent advances in minimally invasive surgery include laparoscopic and robotic
      surgery. These surgical techniques have changed the paradigm of surgical
      treatment for hepatobiliary diseases. Minimally invasive surgery has the
      advantages of minimal wound extension for cosmetic effect, early postoperative
      recovery, and few postoperative complications in patients. For laparoscopic liver
      resection, the indications have been expanded and oncological outcome was proven
      to be similar with open surgery in the malignant disease. Laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy is a classical operation for benign gallbladder diseases and the
      effort to decrease the surgical wound resulted to perform single incision
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy. For choledochal cyst, laparoscopic surgery is
      applied gradually despite of the difficulties associated with anastomosis, and
      robotic surgery for hepatobiliary disease is also performed for more minimally
      invasive surgery; however, while admitting the advantage of robotic surgery,
      robotic technology should be improved for development of more convenient and
      cheaper instrument and continuous efforts to enhance surgical technique to
      overcome long operation is necessary. In this review, the status and future
      perspectives of minimally invasive surgery for hepatobiliary diseases are
      summarized and discussed. 

PMID- 27377842
TI  - Effect of day/night administration of three different inhalational anesthetics on
      melatonin levels in rats.
AB  - The nocturnal peak of melatonin can be altered after anesthesia and surgery. We
      aimed to examine the melatonin levels during the day and night after anesthesia
      with three commonly used inhalational anesthetics. Forty-eight male Wistar albino
      rats were randomized into eight groups. Rats were administered anesthesia between
      7:00 am and 1:00 pm (day groups) or 7:00 pm and 1:00 am (night groups) for 6
      hours. At the end of the anesthesia, blood samples were collected for assessing
      melatonin levels. Mean values of melatonin levels after 6 hours of anesthesia
      during daytime were 43.17+/-12.95 for control, 59.79+/-27.83 for isoflurane,
      50.75+/-34.28 for sevoflurane and 212.20+/-49.56 pg/mL for desflurane groups. The
      night groups' mean melatonin levels were 136.12+/-33.20 for control, 139.85+/
      56.29 for isoflurane, 117.48+/-82.39 for sevoflurane and 128.70+/-44.63 pg/mL for
      desflurane groups. Desflurane anesthesia between 7:00 am and 1:00 pm
      significantly increased melatonin levels (p<0.001). Sevoflurane and desflurane
      anesthesia between 7:00 pm and 1:00 am decreased the melatonin levels but there
      were no significant differences (p=0.904 and p>0.99, respectively). Isoflurane
      anesthesia did not significantly change melatonin levels during day or night
      (p=0.718 and p>0.99, respectively). Our results demonstrate that during daytime
      desflurane anesthesia can alter melatonin levels. Altered melatonin rhythm
      following inhalational anesthesia can be related to sleep disorders observed
      after anesthesia. 

PMID- 27377841
TI  - Effectiveness of sugammadex for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
AB  - Cerebral ischemia may cause permanent brain damage and behavioral dysfunction.
      The efficacy and mechanisms of pharmacological treatments administered
      immediately after cerebral damage are not fully known. Sugammadex is a licensed
      medication. As other cyclodextrins have not passed the necessary phase tests,
      trade preparations are not available, whereas sugammadex is frequently used in
      clinical anesthetic practice. Previous studies have not clearly described the
      effects of the cyclodextrin family on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage.
      The aim of this study was to determine whether sugammadex had a neuroprotective
      effect against transient global cerebral ischemia. Animals were assigned to
      control, sham-operated, S 16 and S 100 groups. Transient global cerebral ischemia
      was induced by 10-minute occlusion of the bilateral common carotid artery,
      followed by 24-hour reperfusion. At the end of the experiment, neurological
      behavior scoring was performed on the rats, followed by evaluation of
      histomorphological and biochemical measurements. Sugammadex 16 mg/kg and 100
      mg/kg improved neurological outcome, which was associated with reductions in both
      histological and neurological scores. The hippocampus TUNEL (terminal
      deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) and caspase results in the S
      16 and S 100 treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the I/R
      group. Neurological scores in the treated groups were significantly higher than
      those of the I/R group. The study showed that treatment with 16 mg/kg and 100
      mg/kg sugammadex had a neuroprotective effect in a transient global cerebral I/R
      rat model. However, 100 mg/kg sugammadex was more neuroprotective in rats. 

PMID- 27377843
TI  - Absence of CD66a expression is associated with high microvessel density and high
      histologic grade in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver. Patients
      with HCC usually have poor prognosis and high mortality. It has been shown that
      carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD66a) regulates cell
      signaling, proliferation, and tumor growth. The aim of this study is to analyze
      the expression and possible role of CD66a in HCC. Immunohistochemical staining of
      CD66a was performed on 86 HCC cases, and microvessel density was evaluated by
      CD34 immunostaining. The results were further correlated with clinicopathological
      parameters. For 47 of 86 HCC cases, the CD66a expression showed diffuse membrane
      or cytoplasmic staining. The other 39 HCC cases revealed loss of CD66a
      expression. Loss of CD66a expression was statistically significantly associated
      with large tumor size (p=0.016), fatty change (p=0.039), patients with
      transcatheter arterial embolization (p=0.007), and high microvessel density
      (p=0.036). CD34 expression had no significant association with tumor size, virus
      infection, histological grade, and capsular invasion. The diffuse and cytoplasmic
      expression of CD66a may involve the early stage of the HCC, and the loss of CD66a
      expression indicates tumor progression. 

PMID- 27377844
TI  - Impaired olfactory function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder which affects 6.6% of
      women of child-bearing age. Although olfactory dysfunction is frequent in the
      population and it negatively affects quality of life, neither physicians or
      patients consider this important. This case-control study included 30 patients
      diagnosed with PCOS, and 25 healthy age-matched controls. Sniffin' sticks tests
      (BurghartGmbH, Wedel, Germany) were used to analyze olfactory functions, and the
      Beck Depression Inventory was used to evaluate depressive symptoms. The total
      odor score was significantly lower in the PCOS group compared to the control
      group (p<0.005). The Beck depression score was higher in the PCOS group
      (p<0.005). There was a negative correlation between the total odor score and the
      Beck Depression Score. Patients with PCOS have impaired olfactory function. This
      might be related to depressive disorders that are also observed in those
      patients. 

PMID- 27377845
TI  - Methotrexate treatment in progressive tubal ectopic pregnancies and hCG-related
      clinicosurgical implications.
AB  - Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between the success of methotrexate
      treatment and beta-hCG levels in progressive tubal ectopic pregnancies. We
      defined a retrospective cohort of 394 progressive tubal ectopic pregnancy
      patients treated with methotrexate. A single-dose methotrexate protocol using 50
      mg/m(2) was administered to patients with progressive tubal ectopic pregnancy.
      Surgery was performed in patients who exhibited signs of acute abdomen due to
      tubal rupture. Of 394 patients that received methotrexate treatment, 335 (84.6%)
      responded to medical treatment, while the remaining 59 (15.36%) underwent surgery
      due to treatment failure. beta-hCG levels in the failure group were significantly
      higher as compared with the success group at Day 1, Day 4, and Day 7 (2116+/-3157
      vs. 4178+/-3422, 2062+/-3551 vs. 4935+/-4103, and 1532+/-3007 vs. 3900+/-4783,
      respectively). The receiver operating characteristics curve for beta-hCG levels
      at Day 1 was 0.738, with a cutoff value of 1418 mIU/mL, while sensitivity and
      specificity values reached the optimum for treatment success (83.1% and 59.4%,
      respectively). Medical treatment with methotrexate achieved an 85.02% success
      rate for the treatment of progressive tubal ectopic pregnancy, while success
      rates for medical treatment decreased significantly when initial beta-hCG levels
      were >1418 mIU/mL. 

PMID- 27377846
TI  - Augmentation enterocystoplasty without reimplantation for patients with
      neurogenic bladder and vesicoureteral reflux.
AB  - The objective of this study was to assess the clinical outcome of vesicoureteral
      reflux (VUR) after augmentation cystoplasty alone in patients with a
      hypocompliant neurogenic bladder. Between January 2009 and December 2014, 29
      patients with a hypocompliant bladder associated with VUR confirmed by
      videourodynamics (VUD) preoperatively were recruited in this study. All patients
      had undergone bladder augmentation with a generous detubularized segment of bowel
      at our institution. No effort had been made to correct the existing reflux.
      Preoperative assessment included urinalysis, kidney function tests,
      ultrasonography, and videourodynamic evaluation. All patients had various degrees
      of VUR. The status of VUR and bladder function were studied by VUD. The mean
      follow-up period was 2.2 years (range 0.5-5.5 years). The VUD manifested a
      significant improvement of bladder capacity, diminution of intravesical pressure,
      and resolution of reflux after bladder augmentation. After the surgery, 24/29
      (83%) no longer had reflux, 3/29 (10%) showed improvement in reflux, and 2/29
      (7%) demonstrated no change in reflux. In addition, 16/21 (76%) patients had
      reflux Grades I-III; 100% patients with reflux Grades IV and V had complete
      cessation of reflux. Only one patient had symptomatic urinary infection after the
      surgery. Augmentation enterocystoplasty without ureteral reimplantation is thus
      effective and adequate for patients with high-pressure and hypocompliant
      neurogenic bladder. Therefore, ureteral reimplantation is not necessary when
      augmentation enterocystoplasty is recommended for patients with high-pressure,
      low-compliant bladder and VUR. 

PMID- 27377847
TI  - Can the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio be used to predict recurrence and
      progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer?
AB  - The aim of our study was to evaluate whether neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)
      is a predictor of disease progression and recurrence in patients with primary non
      muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). This was a prospective study of 86
      patients with newly diagnosed NMIBC. The patients were classified by the number
      of points assigned by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of
      Cancer risk tables. The correlation between progression score, recurrence score,
      age, mean platelet volume, red blood cell distribution width and NLR was assessed
      statistically. The same parameters were compared between the risk groups. A
      significant difference in NLR and age values was observed between recurrence and
      progression risk score groups. The relationships between NLR and recurrence and
      progression risk scores were no longer significant after correcting for the
      statistical effect of age on scores. Age was significantly different between
      groups after adjusting for NLR. Our study revealed that NLR and age were
      associated with patient age and bladder tumor progression and recurrence risk
      scores. After correcting for age, the significant relationship with NLR was lost,
      in contrast to some previous studies. We recommend that patient age should be
      corrected to avoid misleading results in NLR studies. 

PMID- 27377848
TI  - Interference of diabetes on the association of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to
      platelet ratio with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.

PMID- 27377849
TI  - Novel treatment of symptomatic pontine Virchow-Robin space.

PMID- 27377850
TI  - MiR-124 suppresses the chemotactic migration of rat mesenchymal stem cells toward
      HGF by downregulating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling.
AB  - Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit the potential to repair a wide variety of
      injured adult tissues. The migration capability of MSCs is an important
      determinant of the efficiency of MSC transplant therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are
      increasingly implicated in regulating the migration of MSCs. Herein, we show that
      the expression of miR-124 was downregulated in rat MSCs (rMSCs) treated with
      hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Overexpression of miR-124 significantly reduced
      the chemotactic migration of rMSCs toward HGF, while inhibition of endogenous miR
      124 promoted the chemotactic migration. A further study revealed that miR-124
      directly targeted FZD4 and LRP6, which encode a receptor and co-receptor of the
      Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, respectively, thus reducing the activity of
      this signaling. Consistently, activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling
      pathway by LiCl and DeltaN89beta-catenin rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-124
      on the chemotactic migration of rMSCs toward HGF, while inhibition of Wnt/beta
      catenin signaling by FH535 abrogated the enhanced chemotactic response achieved
      by the miR-124 inhibitor. Collectively, our study demonstrates that miR-124
      downregulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling via targeting FZD4 and LRP6 and thus
      suppresses the chemotactic migration of rMSCs toward HGF. 

PMID- 27377851
TI  - Modeling Na+-Ca2+ exchange in the heart: Allosteric activation, spatial
      localization, sparks and excitation-contraction coupling.
AB  - The cardiac sodium (Na+)/calcium (Ca2+) exchanger (NCX1) is an electrogenic
      membrane transporter that regulates Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiomyocytes, serving
      mainly to extrude Ca2+ during diastole. The direction of Ca2+ transport reverses
      at membrane potentials near that of the action potential plateau, generating an
      influx of Ca2+ into the cell. Therefore, there has been great interest in the
      possible roles of NCX1 in cardiac Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). Interest has
      been reinvigorated by a recent super-resolution optical imaging study suggesting
      that ~18% of NCX1 co-localize with ryanodine receptor (RyR2) clusters, and ~30%
      of additional NCX1 are localized to within ~120nm of the nearest RyR2. NCX1 may
      therefore occupy a privileged position in which to modulate CICR. To examine this
      question, we have developed a mechanistic biophysically-detailed model of NCX1
      that describes both NCX1 transport kinetics and Ca2+-dependent allosteric
      regulation. This NCX1 model was incorporated into a previously developed super
      resolution model of the Ca2+ spark as well as a computational model of the
      cardiac ventricular myocyte that includes a detailed description of CICR with
      stochastic gating of L-type Ca2+ channels and RyR2s, and that accounts for local
      Ca2+ gradients near the dyad via inclusion of a peri-dyadic (PD) compartment.
      Both models predict that increasing the fraction of NCX1 in the dyad and PD
      decreases spark frequency, fidelity, and diastolic Ca2+ levels. Spark amplitude
      and duration are less sensitive to NCX1 spatial redistribution. On the other
      hand, NCX1 plays an important role in promoting Ca2+ entry into the dyad, and
      hence contributing to the trigger for RyR2 release at depolarized membrane
      potentials and in the presence of elevated local Na+ concentration. Whole-cell
      simulation of NCX1 tail currents are consistent with the finding that a
      relatively high fraction of NCX1 (~45%) resides in the dyadic and PD spaces, with
      a dyad-to-PD ratio of roughly 1:2. Allosteric Ca2+ activation of NCX1 helps to
      "functionally localize" exchanger activity to the dyad and PD by reducing
      exchanger activity in the cytosol thereby protecting the cell from excessive loss
      of Ca2+ during diastole.

PMID- 27377853
TI  - Adolescent versus parent reports on asthma and asthma symptoms.
AB  - PURPOSE: Epidemiological studies of asthma in adolescence commonly rely on self
      reports. This study aimed to compare adolescent and parent reports regarding the
      presence of asthma and asthma symptoms in two ethnic groups, Jews and Arabs,
      living in the same country. METHODS: Eighth-grade pupils attending five schools
      in Tel Aviv and four schools in two Arab cities in Israel were asked to complete
      the self-report International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)
      questionnaire in the classroom. Their parents were interviewed by telephone using
      the parental ISAAC questionnaire. We assessed prevalence rates of asthma and
      asthma symptoms according to adolescent and parent responses. Agreement between
      adolescents and parents was assessed by Cohen's kappa coefficient. RESULTS:
      Adolescents reported more asthma and asthma symptoms than their parents in both
      the Jewish (327 adolescent-parent pairs) and the Arab (335 adolescent-parent
      pairs) groups. Both groups showed moderate adolescent-parent chance-corrected
      agreement for current asthma (kappa 0.59 in Jews, 0.52 in Arabs, P = 0.60) and
      lifetime asthma (kappa 0.53 Jews, 0.44 in Arabs, P = 0.33); and slight to fair
      chance-corrected agreement for asthma symptoms. There were no statistically
      significant differences between the Jewish and Arab populations in chance
      corrected agreement for any of the parameters assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Jewish and
      Arab adolescents more often report asthma and asthma symptoms than do their
      parents. This seems to be a cross-cultural phenomenon. Therefore, particular
      attention should be paid to the source of information when comparing prevalence
      of asthma and asthma symptoms across studies. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:154-159.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377852
TI  - In vivo label-free measurement of lymph flow velocity and volumetric flow rates
      using Doppler optical coherence tomography.
AB  - Direct in vivo imaging of lymph flow is key to understanding lymphatic system
      function in normal and disease states. Optical microscopy techniques provide the
      resolution required for these measurements, but existing optical techniques for
      measuring lymph flow require complex protocols and provide limited temporal
      resolution. Here, we describe a Doppler optical coherence tomography platform
      that allows direct, label-free quantification of lymph velocity and volumetric
      flow rates. We overcome the challenge of very low scattering by employing a
      Doppler algorithm that operates on low signal-to-noise measurements. We show that
      this technique can measure lymph velocity at sufficiently high temporal
      resolution to resolve the dynamic pulsatile flow in collecting lymphatic vessels.

PMID- 27377854
TI  - Pterostilbene-induced changes in gut microbiota composition in relation to
      obesity.
AB  - SCOPE: Nutritional interventions based on the use of natural bioactive compounds
      might offer new possibilities for reshaping obesity-associated bacterial
      dysregulation or dysbiosis and improving health. We evaluated whether
      pterostilbene supplementation could induce changes in gut microbiota composition
      and whether these modifications were associated with improvements in metabolic
      variables. METHODS AND RESULTS: Zucker (fa/fa) rats were given a standard diet
      supplemented (n = 10) or not (n = 9) with pterostilbene (15 mg/kg body
      weight/day) by oral gavage for 6 weeks. Faucal samples at the beginning and at
      the end of the intervention period were analyzed by Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing
      approach. Pterostilbene exerted protective antiobesity effects, improved
      metabolic function (insulin sensitivity), and induced structural changes in gut
      microbiota composition. A decrease in the levels of Firmicutes and an increase in
      Verrucomicrobia phyla were detected in the pterostilbene-treated group. Bacterial
      species belonging to genera Akkermansia and Odoribacter were also increased. A
      strong inverse correlation between Akkermansia muciniphila and body weight was
      evidenced. Odoribacter splanchnicus showed a negative correlation with adiposity.
      CONCLUSION: Pterostilbene modifies intestinal bacteria composition toward a
      healthier microbial profile and suggests that the antiobesity effects induced in
      Zucker rats could be associated with an enrichment of the mucin-degrading
      bacterial members, namely Akkermansia and Odoribacter genus.

PMID- 27377855
TI  - Safety of low-dose dabigatran in patients with atrial fibrillation and mild renal
      insufficiency.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dabigatran etexilate (DE), an effective direct oral anticoagulant for
      patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), should be carefully used in patients with
      renal insufficiency. Data on the safety of DE in Japanese "real world" patients
      with mildly impaired renal function are limited. We hypothesized that low-dose DE
      (110mg, twice daily) could be safely used in Japanese AF patients with mildly
      impaired renal function compared to those with preserved renal function. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six consecutive AF patients taking low-dose DE
      were retrospectively enrolled in this study, and were divided into two groups:
      preserved creatinine clearance (CCr >=50ml/min; n=127) and reduced CCr (30
      49ml/min; n=69). Baseline characteristics including CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and HAS
      BLED scores were evaluated. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) was
      measured as a surrogate marker of the anticoagulant activity of DE, which was
      evaluated at 661 time points in total and the data were divided into five time
      windows after the last DE intake. The incidence of bleeding complications was
      compared between the two groups of reduced and preserved CCr. Reduced CCr group
      showed higher age (76.9+/-6.3 years vs. 67.6+/-6.7 years), higher CHADS2 (2.6+/
      1.4 vs. 1.8+/-1.2), higher CHA2DS2-VASc (4.3+/-1.6 vs. 3.2+/-1.6), and higher HAS
      BLED (2.3+/-1.0 vs. 2.0+/-1.0) scores in comparison with preserved CCr group
      (p<0.01, respectively). There was no difference in aPTT over the entire time
      windows between the two groups. The incidence of total bleeding events was not
      significantly different between the two groups (reduced vs. preserved CCr=2/69
      vs. 2/127). CONCLUSION: Low-dose DE was safe in AF patients with mildly reduced
      CCr.

PMID- 27377856
TI  - Systematic reviews of factors associated with the onset and progression of
      neurological conditions in humans: A methodological overview.
AB  - As a component of the National Population Health Study of Neurological
      conditions, systematic reviews were conducted to identify risk factors associated
      with the onset and progression of 14 priority neurological conditions. Between
      2011 and 2013, electronic databases and grey literature sources were searched to
      identify systematic reviews and primary studies reporting on the onset and
      progression of each condition. Inclusion was restricted to studies of humans
      reported in English or French. Additional condition-specific eligibility criteria
      were also applied. Titles and abstracts were screened by one reviewer with
      excluded records verified by a second reviewer. Full-text reports were screened
      independently by two reviewers. Disagreements were resolved by consensus or third
      party adjudication. Systematic reviews were quality appraised using the AMSTAR
      criteria, with only moderate and high quality reviews considered for inclusion.
      Primary studies were also sought to ensure that evidence from existing systematic
      reviews was supplemented with recent primary study findings (i.e., those
      published after the most recent systematic review). Evidence from primary studies
      was also considered if a systematic review was unavailable or of poor quality.
      Data were extracted using standardized forms. Where feasible, data were extracted
      independently by two reviewers. Otherwise, data were extracted by a single
      reviewer and independent data extraction by a second reviewer was conducted for a
      randomly selected sample of studies. An updated search was conducted in 2016 to
      identify systematic reviews published since the initial search in 2011-2013. A
      summary of the methodology used to conduct the systematic reviews is described.
      Illustrative results are provided for the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      in relation to occupational exposure to lead and other heavy metals.

PMID- 27377857
TI  - Identification of risk factors associated with onset and progression of
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Although amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was identified as a neurological
      condition 150 years ago, risk factors related to the onset and progression of ALS
      remain largely unknown. Monogenic mutations in over 30 genes are associated with
      about 10% of ALS cases. The age at onset of ALS and disease types has been found
      to influence ALS progression. The present study was designed to identify
      additional putative risk factors associated with the onset and progression of ALS
      using systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Risk factors
      that may be associated with ALS include: 1) genetic mutations, including the
      intermediate CAG repeat expansion in ATXN2; 2) previous exposure to heavy metals
      such as lead and mercury; 3) previous exposure to organic chemicals, such as
      pesticides and solvents; 4) history of electric shock; 5) history of physical
      trauma/injury (including head trauma/injury); 6) smoking (a weak risk factor for
      ALS in women); and 6) other risk factors, such as participating in professional
      sports, lower body mass index, lower educational attainment, or occupations
      requiring repetitive/strenuous work, military service, exposure to Beta-N
      methylamino-l-alanin and viral infections. Risk factors that may be associated
      with ALS progression rate include: 1) nutritional status, including vitamin D
      deficiency; 2) comorbidities; 3) ethnicity and genetic factors; 4) lack of
      supportive care; and 4) smoking. The extent to which these associations may be
      causal is discussed, with further research recommended to strengthen the evidence
      on which determinations of causality may be based.

PMID- 27377858
TI  - Commentary: The Impact of Asking Intention or Self-Prediction Questions on
      Subsequent Behavior: A Meta-Analysis.

PMID- 27377859
TI  - Seawater-Assisted Self-Healing of Catechol Polymers via Hydrogen Bonding and
      Coordination Interactions.
AB  - It is highly desirable to prevent crack formation in polymeric materials at an
      early stage and to extend their lifespan, particularly when repairs to these
      materials would be difficult for humans. Here, we designed and synthesized
      catechol-functionalized polymers that can self-heal in seawater through hydrogen
      bonding and coordination. These bioinspired acrylate polymers are originally
      viscous materials, but after coordination with environmentally safe, common metal
      cations in seawater, namely, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), the mechanical properties of the
      polymers were greatly enhanced from viscous to tough, hard materials. Reduced
      swelling in seawater compared with deionized water owing to the higher osmotic
      pressure resulted in greater toughness (~5 MPa) and self-healing efficiencies
      (~80%). 

PMID- 27377860
TI  - Measurement of obesity prevention in childcare settings: A systematic review of
      current instruments.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The incidence of childhood obesity is highest among children entering
      kindergarten. Overweight and obesity in early childhood track through adulthood.
      Programs increasingly target children in early life for obesity prevention.
      However, the published literature lacks a review on tools available for measuring
      behaviour and environmental level change in child care. The objective is to
      describe measurement tools currently in use in evaluating obesity-prevention in
      preschool-aged children. METHODS: Literature searches were conducted in PubMed
      using the keywords "early childhood obesity," "early childhood measurement,"
      "early childhood nutrition" and "early childhood physical activity." Inclusion
      criteria included a discussion of: (1) obesity prevention, risk assessment or
      treatment in children ages 1-5 years; and (2) measurement of nutrition or
      physical activity. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four publications were selected
      for analysis. Data on measurement tools, population and outcomes were abstracted
      into tables. Tables are divided by individual and environmental level measures
      and further divided into physical activity, diet and physical health outcomes.
      Recommendations are made for weighing advantages and disadvantages of tools.
      CONCLUSION: Despite rising numbers of interventions targeting obesity-prevention
      and treatment in preschool-aged children, there is no consensus for which tools
      represent a gold standard or threshold of accuracy.

PMID- 27377861
TI  - Dideoxy nucleoside triphosphate (ddNTP) analogues: Synthesis and polymerase
      substrate activities of pyrrolidinyl nucleoside triphosphates (prNTPs).
AB  - The dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNTPs) terminate the bio-polymerization of
      DNA and become essential chemical component of DNA sequencing technology which is
      now basic tool for molecular biology research. In this method the radiolabeled or
      fluorescent dye labeled ddNTP analogues are being used for DNA sequencing by
      detection of the terminated DNA fragment after single labeled ddNTP incorporation
      into DNA under PCR conditions. This report describes the syntheses of rationally
      designed novel amino-functionalized ddNTP analogue such as Pyrrolidine nucleoside
      triphosphates (prNTPs), and their polymerase activities with DNA polymerase by LC
      MS and Gel-electrophoretic techniques. The Mass and PAGE analyses strongly
      support the incorporation of prNTPs into DNA oligonucleotide with Therminator DNA
      polymerase as like control substrate ddNTP. As resultant the DNA oligonucleotide
      are functionalized as amine group by prNTP incorporation with polymerase. Hence
      prNTPs provide opportunities to prepare demandable conjugated DNA with other
      biomolecules/dyes/fluorescence molecule without modifying nucleobase structure.

PMID- 27377862
TI  - Design, synthesis, and mode of action studies of a mitomycin tetramer inducing
      double activations with a single probe.
AB  - We report design, synthesis, and mechanistic studies of a new mitomycin tetramer
      9 along with a new mitomycin dimer 10. Mitomycin 9 is a tetramer connected by the
      disulfide linker 11, and easily undergoes disulfide cleavage to provide two
      dimeric structures 9r that each contains a single thiol probe for activations.
      So, tetramer 9 as a precursor of 9r was specifically targeted to undergo double
      activations with a single probe. A tetramer 9 was synthesized using 1 and key
      intermediate 11, and a dimer 10 was synthesized from 1 and diamine 12. Activation
      studies revealed that 9 underwent effective double activations with a single
      probe by nucleophiles while the reference 10 did not. Evaluations of DNA ISC
      formations showed that 9 generated substantial levels of DNA ISC by nucleophilic
      activation while the references 10 and 2 did not. The effectiveness of 9 in
      activation and formation of DNA ISC per probe was verified by comparing with
      dimers 5-8 of double activations with two probes. These findings highlighted the
      role of a single thiol in 9r and demonstrated the intended double activations
      with a single probe, which marks the first case in mitomycin studies.

PMID- 27377863
TI  - Synthesis and biological investigation of new equatorial (beta) stereoisomers of
      3-aminotropane arylamides with atypical antipsychotic profile.
AB  - A series of novel 3beta-aminotropane derivatives containing a 2-naphthalene or a
      2-quinoline moiety was synthesised and evaluated for their affinity for 5-HT1A, 5
      HT2A and D2 receptors. Their affinity for the receptors was in the nanomolar to
      micromolar range. p-Substitution (6c, 6f, 6i, 6l, 6o), as well as substitution
      with chlorine atoms (6g, 6h, 6i), led to a significant increase in binding
      affinity for D2 receptors with compounds 6f (Ki=0.6nM), 6c and 6i (Ki=0.4nM),
      having the highest binding affinities. m-Substituted derivatives were the most
      promising ligands in terms of 5-HT2A receptor binding affinity whereas 2
      quinoline derivatives (10a, 10b) displayed the highest affinity for 5-HT1AR and
      were the most selective ligands with Ki=62.7nM and Ki=30.5nM, respectively.
      Finally, the selected ligands 6b, 6d, 6e, 6g, 6h, 6k, 6n and 6o, with triple
      binding activity for the D2, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, were subjected to in
      vivo tests, such as those for induced hypothermia, climbing behaviour and the
      head twitch response, in order to determine their pharmacological profile. The
      tested ligands presented neither agonist nor antagonist properties for the 5-HT1A
      receptors in the induced hypothermia and lower lip retraction (LLR) tests. All
      tested compounds displayed antagonistic activity against 5-HT2A, with 6n and 6o
      being the most active. Four (6b, 6k, 6n and 6o) out of eight tested compounds
      could be classified as D2 antagonists. Additionally, evaluation of metabolic
      stability was performed for selected ligands, and introduction of halogen atoms
      into the benzene ring of 6h, 6k, 6n and 6o improved their metabolic stability.
      The project resulted in the selection of the lead compounds 6n and 6o, which had
      antipsychotic profiles, combining dopamine D2-receptor and 5-HT2A antagonism and
      metabolic stability.

PMID- 27377864
TI  - Kinetic and structural insights into the binding of histone deacetylase 1 and 2
      (HDAC1, 2) inhibitors.
AB  - The structure-activity and structure-kinetic relationships of a series of novel
      and selective ortho-aminoanilide inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) 1 and
      2 are described. Different kinetic and thermodynamic selectivity profiles were
      obtained by varying the moiety occupying an 11A channel leading to the Zn(2+)
      catalytic pocket of HDACs 1 and 2, two paralogs with a high degree of structural
      similarity. The design of these novel inhibitors was informed by two ligand-bound
      crystal structures of truncated hHDAC2. BRD4884 and BRD7232 possess kinetic
      selectivity for HDAC1 versus HDAC2. We demonstrate that the binding kinetics of
      HDAC inhibitors can be tuned for individual isoforms in order to modulate target
      residence time while retaining functional activity and increased histone H4K12
      and H3K9 acetylation in primary mouse neuronal cell culture assays. These
      chromatin modifiers, with tuned binding kinetic profiles, can be used to define
      the relation between target engagement requirements and the pharmacodynamic
      response of HDACs in different disease applications.

PMID- 27377865
TI  - Boron-doped diamond electrooxidation of ethyl paraben: The effect of electrolyte
      on by-products distribution and mechanisms.
AB  - Ethyl paraben (EP), a representative emerging pollutant of the parabens family,
      was subject to electrochemical oxidation over a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode.
      Experiments were carried out in a single-compartment cell at 10-70 mA cm-2
      current density, 200-600 MUg L-1 EP concentration, initial solution pH 3-9 and
      0.1 M electrolyte concentration. The degradation rate is favored at increased
      current densities and in the presence of NaCl as the supporting electrolyte,
      while the pH effect is inconsiderable. For instance, the first order rate
      constant for the degradation of 200 MUg L-1 EP at 30 mA cm-2 was 0.25, 0.1 and
      0.07 min-1 with NaCl, Na2SO4 and HClO4, respectively. Degradation in secondary
      treated wastewater was faster than in pure water presumably due to the action of
      chloride ions present in the effluent. Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass
      spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) was employed to determine major transformation by
      products (TBPs). The route of EP degradation with Na2SO4 involves hydroxylation
      and demethylation reactions, signifying the role of electrogenerated hydroxyl
      radicals in the process. Twenty one TBPs were identified with NaCl as the
      electrolyte, including several chlorinated and non-chlorinated dimers and
      trimers; these findings suggest that indirect oxidation mediated by chlorine
      radicals and other chlorine active species also takes place. In this view, the
      role of the supporting electrolyte is crucial since it can influence both
      reaction kinetics and pathways.

PMID- 27377866
TI  - Biological invasions, ecological resilience and adaptive governance.
AB  - In a world of increasing interconnections in global trade as well as rapid change
      in climate and land cover, the accelerating introduction and spread of invasive
      species is a critical concern due to associated negative social and ecological
      impacts, both real and perceived. Much of the societal response to invasive
      species to date has been associated with negative economic consequences of
      invasions. This response has shaped a war-like approach to addressing invasions,
      one with an agenda of eradications and intense ecological restoration efforts
      towards prior or more desirable ecological regimes. This trajectory often ignores
      the concept of ecological resilience and associated approaches of resilience
      based governance. We argue that the relationship between ecological resilience
      and invasive species has been understudied to the detriment of attempts to govern
      invasions, and that most management actions fail, primarily because they do not
      incorporate adaptive, learning-based approaches. Invasive species can decrease
      resilience by reducing the biodiversity that underpins ecological functions and
      processes, making ecosystems more prone to regime shifts. However, invasions do
      not always result in a shift to an alternative regime; invasions can also
      increase resilience by introducing novelty, replacing lost ecological functions
      or adding redundancy that strengthens already existing structures and processes
      in an ecosystem. This paper examines the potential impacts of species invasions
      on the resilience of ecosystems and suggests that resilience-based approaches can
      inform policy by linking the governance of biological invasions to the
      negotiation of tradeoffs between ecosystem services.

PMID- 27377867
TI  - Shotgun Lipidomic Profiling of the NCI60 Cell Line Panel Using Rapid Evaporative
      Ionization Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) was used for the rapid
      mass spectrometric profiling of cancer cell lines. Spectral reproducibility was
      assessed for three different cell lines, and the extent of interclass differences
      and intraclass variance was found to allow the identification of these cell lines
      based on the REIMS data. Subsequently, the NCI60 cell line panel was subjected to
      REIMS analysis, and the resulting data set was investigated for its distinction
      of individual cell lines and different tissue types of origin. Information
      content of REIMS spectral profiles of cell lines were found to be similar to
      those obtained from mammalian tissues although pronounced differences in relative
      lipid intensity were observed. Ultimately, REIMS was shown to detect changes in
      lipid content of cell lines due to mycoplasma infection. The data show that REIMS
      is an attractive means to study cell lines involving minimal sample preparation
      and analysis times in the range of seconds.

PMID- 27377868
TI  - Lexical tone variation and spoken word recognition in preschool children: effects
      of perceptual salience.
AB  - Children undergo gradual progression in their ability to differentiate correct
      and incorrect pronunciations of words, a process that is crucial to establishing
      a native vocabulary. For the most part, the development of mature phonological
      representations has been researched by investigating children's sensitivity to
      consonant and vowel variation, with a much lesser focus on lexical tones. The
      current study investigates sensitivity to lexical tones in word recognition with
      specific attention to role of perceptual salience. Chinese-speaking preschoolers
      were presented with familiar words that were correctly pronounced, substituted
      for a subtle tone variant (Tones 2 and 3), or substituted for a salient tone
      variant (Tones 1 and 4). Results demonstrated that subtle tone variants were
      mistakenly perceived as correct pronunciations and only salient tone variants
      were recognized as mispronunciations. Findings suggest that tone integration
      follows a more complex developmental course that previously concluded.

PMID- 27377869
TI  - MicroRNA-26a-interleukin (IL)-6-IL-17 axis regulates the development of non
      alcoholic fatty liver disease in a murine model.
AB  - Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic presentation of obesity
      and metabolic syndrome. MicroRNA 26a (Mir-26a) has been reported to play
      functions in cellular differentiation, cell growth, cell apoptosis and
      metastasis. A recent paper indicated that Mir-26a regulated insulin sensitivity
      and metabolism of glucose and lipids. However, the role of Mir-26a in NAFLD still
      needs to be investigated further. In our current study, vectors encoding pre-Mir
      26a (LV-26a) and an empty lentiviral vector (LV-Con) delivered approximately 2 *
      107 transforming units of recombinant lentivirus were injected into mice through
      the tail vein. LV-26a-infected mice were protected from glucose dysmetabolism and
      showed markedly decreased total liver weight, hepatic triglyceride deposition and
      serum alanine transaminase (ALT) concentration when compared with LV-Con-treated
      mice. LV-26a-treated mice also exhibited decreased infiltration of immune cells
      in the liver - something attributed to reduce infiltration of T cell receptor
      (TCR)-gammadelta+ , granulocyte-differentiation antigen-1 (Gr-1)+ cells and
      CD11b+ cells. Next, we found that Mir-26a inhibited the expression of interleukin
      (IL)-17 and IL-6 in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the decreased expression of
      IL-17 in the liver tissue induced by Mir-26a was abrogated completely by IL-6
      overexpression. The decreased total liver weight, hepatic triglyceride deposition
      and serum ALT concentration induced by Mir-26a was also abrogated completely by
      IL-6 over-expression. In conclusion, the Mir-26a-IL-6-IL-17 axis regulates the
      development of NAFLD in a murine model.

PMID- 27377871
TI  - Iron Kinetics and Evolution of Microbial Populations in Low-pH, Ferrous Iron
      Oxidizing Bioreactors.
AB  - Iron-rich, acidic wastewaters are commonplace pollutants associated with metal
      and coal mining. Continuous-flow bioreactors were commissioned and tested for
      their capacities to oxidize ferrous iron in synthetic and actual acid mine
      drainage waters using (initially) pure cultures of the recently described
      acidophilic, iron-oxidizing heterotrophic bacterium Acidithrix ferrooxidans grown
      in the presence of glucose and yeast extract. The bioreactors became rapidly
      colonized by this bacterium, which formed macroscopic streamer growths in the
      flowing waters. Over 97% of ferrous iron in pH 2.0-2.2 synthetic mine water was
      oxidized (at up to 225 mg L(-1) h(-1)) at dilution rates (D) of 0.6 h(-1). Rates
      of iron oxidation decreased with pH but were still significant, with influent
      liquors as low as pH 1.37. When fed with actual mine water, >90% of ferrous iron
      was oxidized at D values of 0.4 h(-1), and microbial communities within the
      bioreactors changed over time, with Atx. ferrooxidans becoming increasingly
      displaced by the autotrophic iron-oxidizing acidophiles Ferrovum myxofaciens,
      Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans (which were all
      indigenous to the mine water), although this did not have a negative impact on
      net ferrous-iron oxidation. The results confirmed the potential of using a
      heterotrophic acidophile to facilitate the rapid commissioning of iron-oxidizing
      bioreactors and illustrated how microbial communities within them can evolve
      without compromising the performances of the bioreactors.

PMID- 27377870
TI  - p66Shc: A novel biomarker of tubular oxidative injury in patients with diabetic
      nephropathy.
AB  - Increased p66Shc expression has been associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN).
      However, whether p66Shc can serve as a potential biomarker for tubular oxidative
      injury in DN is unknown. We measured the expression of p66Shc in peripheral blood
      monocytes (PBMs) and renal biopsy tissues from DN patients and then analysed the
      relationship between p66Shc expression and the clinical characteristics of
      patients with DN. Patients were divided into 4 groups (class IIa, class IIb,
      class III and the control group). qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry
      were performed. The results showed that both p66Shc and p-p66Shc expression
      significantly increased in PBMs and kidney tissues of DN patients. Moreover,
      Spearman's correlation and multiple regression analyses were carried out. A
      positive relationship between the p66Shc expression and oxidative stress was
      found. p66Shc and oxidative stress were significant predictors of the degree of
      tubular damage. In addition, p66Shc expression was positively correlated with the
      concentrations of beta-NAG, UACR and 8-OHdG, low-density lipoprotein and blood
      glucose levels, and duration of diabetes in patients with DN from class IIa to
      class III. These data indicated that increased expression of p66Shc may serve as
      a therapeutic target and a novel biomarker of DN.

PMID- 27377872
TI  - The surface sulfur doping induced enhanced performance of cobalt catalysts in
      oxygen evolution reactions.
AB  - A novel surface sulfur (S) doped cobalt (Co) catalyst for the oxygen evolution
      reaction (OER) is theoretically designed through the optimisation of the
      electronic structure of highly reactive surface atoms which is also validated by
      electrocatalytic OER experiments. 

PMID- 27377873
TI  - Multivariate Bayesian variable selection exploiting dependence structure among
      outcomes: Application to air pollution effects on DNA methylation.
AB  - The analysis of multiple outcomes is becoming increasingly common in modern
      biomedical studies. It is well-known that joint statistical models for multiple
      outcomes are more flexible and more powerful than fitting a separate model for
      each outcome; they yield more powerful tests of exposure or treatment effects by
      taking into account the dependence among outcomes and pooling evidence across
      outcomes. It is, however, unlikely that all outcomes are related to the same
      subset of covariates. Therefore, there is interest in identifying exposures or
      treatments associated with particular outcomes, which we term outcome-specific
      variable selection. In this work, we propose a variable selection approach for
      multivariate normal responses that incorporates not only information on the mean
      model, but also information on the variance-covariance structure of the outcomes.
      The approach effectively leverages evidence from all correlated outcomes to
      estimate the effect of a particular covariate on a given outcome. To implement
      this strategy, we develop a Bayesian method that builds a multivariate prior for
      the variable selection indicators based on the variance-covariance of the
      outcomes. We show via simulation that the proposed variable selection strategy
      can boost power to detect subtle effects without increasing the probability of
      false discoveries. We apply the approach to the Normative Aging Study (NAS)
      epigenetic data and identify a subset of five genes in the asthma pathway for
      which gene-specific DNA methylations are associated with exposures to either
      black carbon, a marker of traffic pollution, or sulfate, a marker of particles
      generated by power plants.

PMID- 27377874
TI  - VCP746, a novel A1 adenosine receptor biased agonist, reduces hypertrophy in a
      rat neonatal cardiac myocyte model.
AB  - VCP746 is a novel A1 adenosine receptor (A1 AR) biased agonist previously shown
      to be cytoprotective with no effect on heart rate. The aim of this study was to
      investigate the potential anti-hypertrophic effect of VCP746 in neonatal rat
      cardiac myocytes (NCM). NCM hypertrophy was stimulated with interleukin (IL)
      1beta (10 ng/mL), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (10 ng/mL) or Ang II (100
      nmol/L) and was assessed by (3) H-leucine incorporation assay. VCP746
      significantly inhibited IL-1beta-, TNF-alpha- and Ang II-stimulated NCM
      hypertrophy as determined by (3) H-leucine incorporation. The anti-hypertrophic
      effect of VCP746 was also more potent than that of the prototypical A1 AR
      agonist, N(6) -cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). Further investigation with the 3-(4,5
      dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay
      showed that neither CPA nor VCP746 had any effect on cell viability, confirming
      that the reduction in (3) H-leucine incorporation mediated by CPA and VCP746 was
      not due to a reduction in cell viability. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and Ang II were
      also shown to increase the mRNA expression of hypertrophy biomarkers, ANP, beta
      MHC and alpha-SKA in NCM. Treatment with VCP746 at concentrations as low as 1
      nmol/L suppressed mRNA expression of ANP, beta-MHC and alpha-SKA stimulated by IL
      1beta, TNF-alpha or Ang II, demonstrating the broad mechanistic basis of the
      potent anti-hypertrophic effect of VCP746. This study has shown that the novel A1
      AR agonist, VCP746, is able to attenuate cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. As such,
      VCP746 is potentially useful as a pharmacological agent in attenuating cardiac
      remodelling, especially in the post-myocardial infarction setting, given its
      previously established cytoprotective properties.

PMID- 27377875
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27377876
TI  - Reply.

PMID- 27377878
TI  - Study on the interaction between anti-tuberculosis drug ethambutol and bovine
      serum albumin: multispectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric approaches.
AB  - The binding of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to ethambutol (EMB) was investigated
      using spectroscopic methods, viz., fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared
      (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV)/vis absorption and cyclic voltammetry techniques.
      Spectroscopic analysis of the emission quenching at different temperatures
      revealed that the quenching mechanism of serum albumin by EMB is static, which
      was also confirmed by lifetime measurements. The number of binding sites, n, and
      binding constant, K, were obtained at various temperatures. The distance, r,
      between EMB and the protein was evaluated according to the Forster energy
      transfer theory. Based on displacement experiments using site probes, viz.,
      warfarin, ibuprofen and digitoxin, the site of binding of EMB in BSA was proposed
      to be Sudlow's site I. The effect of EMB on the conformation of BSA was analyzed
      by using synchronous fluorescence spectra (SFS) and 3D fluorescence spectra. The
      results of fluorescence, UV/vis absorption and FTIR spectra showed that the
      conformation of BSA was changed in the presence of EMB. The thermodynamic
      parameters including enthalpy change (DeltaH0 ), entropy change (DeltaS0 ) and
      free energy change (DeltaG0 ) for BSA-EMB were calculated according to the van't
      Hoff equation and are discussed.

PMID- 27377877
TI  - Anti-Osteoporosis Medication Prescriptions and Incidence of Subsequent Fracture
      Among Primary Hip Fracture Patients in England and Wales: An Interrupted Time
      Series Analysis.
AB  - In January 2005, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in
      England and Wales provided new guidance on the use of antiosteoporosis therapies
      for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures. This was shortly followed
      in the same year by market authorization of a generic form of alendronic acid
      within the UK. We here set out to estimate the actual practice impact of these
      events among hip fracture patients in terms of antiosteoporosis medication
      prescribing and subsequent fracture incidence using primary care data (Clinical
      Practice Research Datalink) from 1999 to 2013. Changes in level and trend of
      prescribing and subsequent fracture following publication of NICE guidance and
      availability of generic alendronic acid were estimated using an interrupted time
      series analysis. Both events were considered in combination within a 1-year
      "intervention period." We identified 10,873 primary hip fracture patients between
      April 1999 and Sept 2012. Taking into account prior trend, the intervention
      period was associated with an immediate absolute increase of 14.9% (95% CI, 10.9
      to 18.9) for incident antiosteoporosis prescriptions and a significant and
      clinically important reduction in subsequent major and subsequent hip fracture: 
      0.19% (95% CI, -0.28 to -0.09) and -0.17% (95% CI, -0.26 to -0.09) per 6 months,
      respectively. This equated to an approximate 14% (major) and 22% (hip) reduction
      at 3 years postintervention relative to expected values based solely on
      preintervention level and trend. We conclude that among hip fracture patients,
      publication of NICE guidance and availability of generic alendronic acid was
      temporally associated with increased prescribing and a significant decline in
      subsequent fractures. (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 27377879
TI  - Lymph node image-guided core-needle biopsy for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma staging.

PMID- 27377880
TI  - Self-propelled swimming of a flexible plunging foil near a solid wall.
AB  - Numerical simulations are conducted to investigate the influences of a solid wall
      on the self-propelled swimming of a flexible plunging foil. It is found that the
      presence of a solid wall enhances the cruising speed, with the cost of increasing
      input power. Rigid foil can achieve high percentage increase in cruising speed
      when swimming near a solid wall, but the propulsive efficiency may be reduced.
      Foils with some flexibility can enjoy the enhancements in both cruising speed and
      propulsive efficiency. Another advantage of the flexible foils in near-wall
      swimming is that smaller averaged lateral forces are produced. The effects of
      wall confinement on the wake structure and the vortex dynamics are also studied
      in this paper. The results obtained in this study shed some light on the unsteady
      wall effect experienced by aquatic animals and also inform the design of bio
      mimetic underwater vehicles which are capable of exploiting the wall effect.

PMID- 27377881
TI  - Autophagy-related intrinsically disordered proteins in intra-nuclear
      compartments.
AB  - Recent analyses indicated that autophagy can be regulated via some nuclear
      transcriptional networks and many important players in the autophagy and other
      forms of programmed cell death are known to be intrinsically disordered. To this
      end, we analyzed similarities and differences in the intrinsic disorder
      distribution of nuclear and non-nuclear proteins related to autophagy. We also
      looked at the peculiarities of the distribution of the intrinsically disordered
      autophagy-related proteins in various intra-nuclear organelles, such as the
      nucleolus, chromatin, Cajal bodies, nuclear speckles, promyelocytic leukemia
      (PML) nuclear bodies, nuclear lamina, nuclear pores, and perinucleolar
      compartment. This analysis revealed that the autophagy-related proteins
      constitute about 2.5% of the non-nuclear proteins and 3.3% of the nuclear
      proteins, which corresponds to a substantial enrichment by about 32% in the
      nucleus. Curiously, although, in general, the autophagy-related proteins share
      similar characteristics of disorder with a generic set of all non-nuclear
      proteins, chromatin and nuclear speckles are enriched in the intrinsically
      disordered autophagy proteins (29 and 37% of these proteins are disordered,
      respectively) and have high disorder content at 0.24 and 0.27, respectively.
      Therefore, our data suggest that some of the nuclear disordered proteins may play
      important roles in autophagy.

PMID- 27377882
TI  - Cross-linguistic transfer effects after phonologically based cognate therapy in a
      case of multilingual specific language impairment (SLI).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinicians globally recognize as exceptionally challenging the
      development of effective intervention practices for bi- or multilingual children
      with specific language impairment (SLI). Therapy in both or all of an impaired
      child's languages is rarely possible. An alternative is to develop treatment
      protocols that facilitate the transfer of therapy effects from a treated language
      to an untreated language. AIMS: To explore whether cognates, words that share
      meaning and phonological features across languages, could be used to boost
      lexical retrieval in the context of multilingual SLI. This is dependent on
      exploiting the phonological information in the one, trained language as a
      mechanism for (phonological) language transfer to the other, untrained languages.
      METHODS & PROCEDURES: The participant is an 8.5-year-old girl diagnosed with SLI
      who showed a severe naming deficit in her three spoken languages (Bulgarian,
      English and Greek). She received training on cognates (n = 20) using a picture
      based naming task in English only, three times a week, over a 4-week period for
      20 min each time. Phonological-based naming therapy was carried out using form
      based strategies. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: There was a significant improvement during
      therapy and immediately after intervention on cognate performance in English
      which was maintained 1 month after intervention. Cognate production in Bulgarian
      and Greek also improved during all stages of the intervention. Improvement in the
      non-treated languages was slightly more than half of the improvement recorded in
      English. The findings reflected some degree of cross-linguistic transfer effects.
      CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Cross-linguistic transfer effects were evident during
      therapy and after therapy had finished and the effects were maintained 1 month
      post-treatment. Both the native language (Bulgarian) and the dominant language
      (Greek) benefitted equally from the treatment of cognates in English.
      Generalization to non-treatment words was evident, predominantly for English. The
      results suggest that cognates can indeed be used successfully as a WFD
      intervention strategy for multilingual children with SLI with lasting effects.

PMID- 27377883
TI  - Can acaricide-impregnated leg bands fitted to female red grouse reduce sheep tick
      parasitization of chicks and increase chick survival?
AB  - In parts of northern England, North Wales and the Scottish Highlands, increasing
      numbers of sheep ticks Ixodes ricinus (Ixodida: Ixodidae), and the louping ill
      virus they can carry, are considered to be important factors that reduce red
      grouse Lagopus lagopus scotica productivity. The present study tested this
      hypothesis by fitting adult female grouse with leg bands impregnated with the
      acaricide cypermethrin to experimentally control ticks on their chicks on two
      managed grouse moors in northeast Scotland. The chicks of females fitted with
      acaricide leg bands showed reduced tick infestations and improved survival in one
      of the two study years, relative to chicks of control females. Acaricide leg
      bands constitute a potential management technique that may be adopted by grouse
      moor managers in circumstances of high tick infestations on grouse chicks.

PMID- 27377884
TI  - Can an anti-Xa assay for low-molecular-weight heparin be used to assess the
      presence of rivaroxaban?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due to the convenience afforded by the lack of required laboratory
      monitoring, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly used as
      alternatives to Vitamin-K antagonists for certain medical conditions. However,
      there are circumstances in which assessment of DOAC plasma concentrations may be
      helpful in guiding clinical decisions, including patients presenting with either
      bleeding or thrombosis, or patients requiring urgent invasive procedures.
      Evaluating the anticoagulant effects of DOACs is often difficult because of the
      limited availability of DOAC-specific assays in most laboratories. OBJECTIVE: To
      evaluate the correlation between ex vivo plasma concentrations of rivaroxaban and
      a chromogenic anti-Xa assay for low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) routinely
      used in our coagulation laboratory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine blood
      samples from 20 patients anticoagulated with rivaroxaban (dose; 10-20 mg/day)
      were evaluated using an anti-Xa assay for LMWH and results were correlated with
      rivaroxaban plasma concentrations using a rivaroxaban specific assay. RESULTS: A
      linear dose-dependent relationship was demonstrated between plasma concentrations
      of rivaroxaban and the chromogenic anti-Xa assay for LMWH (R2 = 0.92). PT and PTT
      demonstrated poor correlations (R2 = 0.03; and R2 = 0.01, respectively) with
      rivaroxaban plasma concentrations. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study suggest
      that if specific assays for rivaroxaban are unavailable, then the chromogenic
      anti-Xa assay for LMWH may be useful for assessing the anticoagulant effects of
      rivaroxaban.

PMID- 27377885
TI  - Letter to the editor for "Update of the human and mouse Fanconi anemia genes".

PMID- 27377886
TI  - Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with High-Performance Liquid
      Chromatography for the Simultaneous Analysis of Matrine Alkaloids in Traditional
      Chinese Medicine.
AB  - Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), coupled with high-performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC), was developed and introduced for simultaneous
      extraction and determination of the trace level matrine alkaloids (oxymatrine,
      matrine, sophoridine and oxysophocarpine) in Composite Kushen Injection and
      Sophorae Flavescentis Radix. Several factors affecting performance were
      investigated and optimized, including type and volume of extraction solvent, type
      and volume of disperser solvent, sample phase pH, shaking time, centrifugation
      time and rate, and salt concentration in the sample solution. Under optimized
      conditions, the enrichment factors of DLLME for four matrine alkaloids ranged
      from 0.17 to 83.5; the good linearities were obtained for all analytes with the
      coefficient of determination of between 0.9924 and 0.9989; the limits of
      detection were between 0.2 and 275 ng mL-1; the satisfactory recoveries (86.6
      104.5%) and the precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) 2.0-12.2%) were also
      achieved. The average content of sophoridine, oxymatrine, matrine and
      oxysophocarpine in Composite Kushen Injection and Sophorae Flavescentis Radix are
      0.60, 40.3, 0.17, 0.39 mg mL-1 with the RSD of 5.3-9.0% (n = 3), and 0.13, 26.7,
      1.20, 0.40 mg g-1 with the RSD of 3.5-9.2% (n = 3). The experimental results
      showed that the method was a simple, sensitive and practical for simultaneous
      extracting, enriching and quantifying of the different concentrations level
      matrine alkaloids in TCM.

PMID- 27377887
TI  - A Rapid and Validated RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Quantification of
      Benzoic Acid, Metronidazole and Miconazole Nitrate in Vaginal Formulations.
AB  - A rapid, specific, precise and accurate reversed-phase high-performance liquid
      chromatography method has been developed and validated for the determination of
      benzoic acid, metronidazole and miconazole nitrate in vaginal formulations of
      cream and tablet (excluding benzoic acid). The validation was carried out with
      reference to ICH guidelines. The chromatography was carried out on a Zorbax SB-CN
      column (250 * 4.6 mm, 5 um) linear gradient elution with mixture of solvent A
      (phosphate buffer) and solvent B (acetonitrile) as a mobile phase at the flow
      rate of 1.0 mL/min and dual mode of detection that is 233 nm for benzoic acid and
      miconazole nitrate and 319 nm for metronidazole. The limit of detection and limit
      of quantification are 1.07, 0.79 and 0.62 MUg/mL and 3.23, 2.40 and 1.88 MUg/mL
      for benzoic acid, metronidazole and miconazole nitrate, respectively. The
      linearity of benzoic acid, metronidazole and miconazole nitrate showed a
      correlation coefficient of 0.9997, 0.9995 and 0.9993, respectively. The good
      results were achieved with respect to repeatability of relative standard
      deviation <=2% and recovery within 98.0-102.0%. The selected column in this study
      performed well. The method is simple, accurate and precise, and may be
      recommended for routine quality control test for any dosage forms containing
      benzoic acid, metronidazole and miconazole nitrate.

PMID- 27377888
TI  - Rapid Fingerprint Analysis of Flos Carthami by Ultra-Performance Liquid
      Chromatography and Similarity Evaluation.
AB  - Flos Carthami (FC), the dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius L., has widely been
      used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China. A rapid fingerprint
      analysis method of FC was established by ultra-performance liquid chromatography
      (UPLC) for the quality control. The analysis time was shortened by 45 min, from
      75 min on conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to 30 min on
      UPLC. Ten batches of FC samples from various sources were analyzed by the UPLC
      method. Coexisting peaks in FC chromatograms were chosen to calculate their
      relative retention time (RRT) and relative peak area (RPA). Thirteen
      characteristic peaks were illustrated on UPLC fingerprints. In the 24-h stability
      test, the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the RRT and RPA was <0.08% and
      4.41%, respectively. The RSD for precision of the RRT and RPA was <0.05% and
      4.26%, respectively. And the RSD for repeatability was <0.05% for the RRT and
      3.91% for the RPA. The similarities of the 10 batches of FC were ranged from
      0.938 to 0.995.Compared with the HPLC method, UPLC provided shorter analysis
      time, higher resolution and better separation performance, which is feasible for
      the quality control of FC.

PMID- 27377890
TI  - Confidentiality, anonymity and amnesty for midwives in distress seeking online
      support - Ethical?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Midwife health is intrinsically linked to the quality of safe patient
      care. To ensure safe patient care, there is a need to deliver emotional support
      to midwives. One option that midwives may turn to may be a confidential online
      intervention, instead of localised, face-to-face support. RESEARCH DESIGN:
      Following the Realist And MEta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards
      publication standards, this realist synthesis approach explores the ethical
      considerations in permitting confidentiality, anonymity and amnesty in online
      interventions to support midwives in work-related psychological distress. An
      iterative search methodology was used to select nine papers for review. To
      assimilate information, papers were examined for ideas relating to ethical
      dimensions of online interventions to support midwives in work-related
      psychological distress. This review takes a narrative approach. FINDINGS: Online
      interventions can support the development of insight, help seeking and open
      discussion. Additionally, Internet support groups can become morally persuasive
      in nature. Anonymity and confidentiality are both effective and therapeutic
      features of online interventions when used in collaboration with effective online
      moderation. Yet, ethical dilemmas remain where users cannot be identified.
      DISCUSSION: Confidentiality and anonymity remain key components of successful
      online interventions. However, sanctioning the corollary component of amnesty may
      provoke moral discomfort for those seeking immediate accountability. For others,
      amnesty is seen as essential for open disclosure and help seeking. Ultimately,
      the needs of midwives must be balanced with the requirement to protect the public
      and the professional reputation of midwifery. CONCLUSION: In supporting midwives
      online, the principles of anonymity, confidentiality and amnesty may evoke some
      resistance on ethical grounds. However, without offering identity protection, it
      may not be possible to create effective online support services for midwives. The
      authors of this article argue that the principles of confidentiality, anonymity
      and amnesty should be upheld in the pursuit of the greatest benefit for the
      greatest number of people.

PMID- 27377889
TI  - An international study comparing conventional versus mRNA level testing
      (TargetPrint) for ER, PR, and HER2 status of breast cancer.
AB  - To compare results from messenger RNA (mRNA)-based TargetPrint testing with those
      from immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) conducted
      according to local standard procedures at hospitals worldwide. Tumor samples were
      prospectively obtained from 806 patients at 22 hospitals. The mRNA level of
      estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth
      factor receptor 2 (HER2) was assessed by TargetPrint quantitative gene expression
      readouts. IHC/ISH assessments were performed according to local standards at the
      participating hospitals. TargetPrint readout showed a high concordance with
      IHC/ISH of 95 % (kappa 0.81) for ER, 81 % (kappa 0.56) for PR, and 94 % (kappa
      0.76) for HER2. The positive/negative agreement between TargetPrint and IHC for
      ER, PR, and HER2 was 96 %/87 %, 84 %/74 %, and 74 %/98 %, respectively. The
      concordance rate in IHC/ISH results between hospitals varied: 88-100 % for ER
      (kappa 0.50-1.00); 50-100 % for PR (kappa 0.20-1.00); and 90-100 % for HER2
      (kappa 0.59-1.00). mRNA readout of ER, PR, and HER2 status by TargetPrint was
      largely comparable to local IHC/ISH analysis. However, there was substantial
      discordance in IHC/ISH results between different hospitals. When results are
      discordant, the use of TargetPrint would improve the reliability of hormone
      receptor and HER2 results by prompting retesting in a reference laboratory. 

PMID- 27377891
TI  - A Metabolic Inhibitory Cocktail for Grave Cancers: Metformin, Pioglitazone and
      Lithium Combination in Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer and Glioblastoma
      Multiforme.
AB  - Pancreatic cancer (PC) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are among the human
      cancers with worst prognosis which require an urgent need for efficient
      therapies. Here, we propose to apply to treat both malignancies with a triple
      combination of drugs, which are already in use for different indications. Recent
      studies demonstrated a considerable link between risk of PC and diabetes. In
      experimental models, anti-diabetogenic agents suppress growth of PC, including
      metformin (M), pioglitazone (P) and lithium (L). L is used in psychiatric
      practice, yet also bears anti-diabetic potential and selectively inhibits
      glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3beta). M, a biguanide class anti-diabetic
      agent shows anticancer activity via activating AMP-activated protein kinase
      (AMPK). Glitazones bind to PPAR-gamma and inhibit NF-kappaB, triggering cell
      proliferation, apoptosis resistance and synthesis of inflammatory cytokines in
      cancer cells. Inhibition of inflammatory cytokines could simultaneously decrease
      tumor growth and alleviate cancer cachexia, having a major role in PC mortality.
      Furthermore, mutual synergistic interactions exist between PPAR-gamma and GSK
      3beta, between AMPK and GSK-3beta and between AMPK and PPAR-gamma. In GBM, M
      blocks angiogenesis and migration in experimental models. Very noteworthy, among
      GBM patients with type 2 diabetes, usage of M significantly correlates with
      better survival while reverse is true for sulfonylureas. In experimental models,
      P synergies with ligands of RAR, RXR and statins in reducing growth of GBM.
      Further, usage of P was found to be lesser in anaplastic astrocytoma and GBM
      patients, indicating a protective effect of P against high-grade gliomas. L is
      accumulated in GBM cells faster and higher than in neuroblastoma cells, and its
      levels further increase with chronic exposure. Recent studies revealed anti
      invasive potential of L in GBM cell lines. Here, we propose that a triple-agent
      regime including drugs already in clinical usage may provide a metabolic adjuvant
      therapy for PC and GBM. 

PMID- 27377893
TI  - Combined infection training-a pioneering collaborative approach to educating
      infection specialists.
AB  - This commentary discusses the recent pioneering overhaul of training for UK
      doctors wishing to pursue a career in the infection specialities. Changes include
      the introduction of new curricula that embrace increased collaboration between
      the laboratory-based and clinical specialties and a broad-based infection
      training period, named 'Combined Infection Training', which has never been seen
      before. Here, we discuss the benefits and challenges associated with the
      collaborative approach to training with particular reference to points that
      educators responsible for training programme design need to consider. We also
      describe our own local experiences in adopting a proactive, multidisciplinary
      approach to address potential obstacles prospectively.

PMID- 27377892
TI  - Profiling networks of distinct immune-cells in tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is now clearly evident that cancer outcome and response to therapy
      is guided by diverse immune-cell activity in tumors. Presently, a key challenge
      is to comprehensively identify networks of distinct immune-cell signatures
      present in complex tissue, at higher-resolution and at various stages of
      differentiation, activation or function. This is particularly so for closely
      related immune-cells with diminutive, yet critical, differences. RESULTS: To
      predict networks of infiltrated distinct immune-cell phenotypes at higher
      resolution, we explored an integrated knowledge-based approach to select immune
      cell signature genes integrating not only expression enrichment across immune
      cells, but also an automatic capture of relevant immune-cell signature genes from
      the literature. This knowledge-based approach was integrated with resources of
      immune-cell specific protein networks, to define signature genes of distinct
      immune-cell phenotypes. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by profiling
      signatures of distinct immune-cells, and networks of immune-cells, from
      metastatic melanoma patients who had undergone chemotherapy. The resultant
      bioinformatics strategy complements immunohistochemistry from these tumors, and
      predicts both tumor-killing and immunosuppressive networks of distinct immune
      cells in responders and non-responders, respectively. The approach is also shown
      to capture differences in the immune-cell networks of BRAF versus NRAS mutated
      metastatic melanomas, and the dynamic changes in resistance to targeted kinase
      inhibitors in MAPK signalling. CONCLUSIONS: This integrative bioinformatics
      approach demonstrates that capturing the protein network signatures and ratios of
      distinct immune-cell in the tumor microenvironment maybe an important factor in
      predicting response to therapy. This may serve as a computational strategy to
      define network signatures of distinct immune-cells to guide immuno-pathological
      discovery.

PMID- 27377894
TI  - A human pathogenic bacterial infection model using the two-spotted cricket,
      Gryllus bimaculatus.
AB  - Invertebrate animal species that can withstand temperatures as high as 37 degrees
      C, the human body temperature, are limited. In the present study, we utilized the
      two-spotted cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, which lives in tropical and subtropical
      regions, as an animal model of human pathogenic bacterial infection. Injection of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus into the hemolymph killed
      crickets. Injected P. aeruginosa or S. aureus proliferated in the hemolymph until
      the cricket died. The ability of these pathogenic bacteria to kill the crickets
      was blocked by the administration of antibiotics. S. aureus gene-knockout mutants
      of virulence factors, including cvfA, agr and srtA, exhibited decreased killing
      ability compared with the parent strain. The dose at which 50% of crickets were
      killed by P. aeruginosa or S. aureus was not decreased at 37 degrees C compared
      with that at 27 degrees C. Injection of Listeria monocytogenes, which upregulates
      toxin expression at 37 degrees C, killed crickets, and the dose at which 50% of
      crickets were killed was decreased at 37 degrees C compared with that at 27
      degrees C. These findings suggest that the two-spotted cricket is a useful model
      animal for evaluating the virulence properties of various human pathogenic
      bacteria at variable temperature including 37 degrees C.

PMID- 27377896
TI  - Effects of combination approach on harm reduction programs: the Taiwan
      experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2003, a major epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus emerged
      among injection drug users in Taiwan. In response to the twin epidemics of HIV
      and intravenous drug addiction, the government implemented comprehensive harm
      reduction programs beginning in 2005. Collected data from relevant agencies were
      used to explore the impact of the harm reduction programs on HIV and illicit drug
      use. METHODS: This study divided 2002-2015 into three intervention phases and
      used the surveillance data and statistics on the HIV epidemic, drug abuse, and
      the intervention from relevant agencies to explore the correlations between
      different variables in different intervention periods and the combination effects
      of interventions on the HIV epidemic. RESULTS: In the pre-intervention phase, the
      growth of the HIV epidemic followed the rapidly increasing number of heroin
      users, reaching a peak in 2005. After the initiation of harm reduction programs,
      the HIV epidemic ceased growing, even rapidly declining with the expansion of
      needle and syringe exchange programs and opioid substitution therapy; however,
      the number of heroin users remained high. When the implementation of the needle
      and syringe exchange programs and the opioid substitution therapy program reached
      the plateau level in the consolidation phase, the number of heroin users also
      decreased rapidly. The combination effects of the harm reduction programs in this
      period also pushed levels of HIV infection below those before this outbreak.
      CONCLUSIONS: The HIV epidemic among injection drug users incorporates the dual
      problems of drug addiction and needle-sharing behaviors, so the use of a single
      intervention will not resolve all of the problems. Facing a severe HIV epidemic
      among injection drug users, quickly scaling up and promoting comprehensive harm
      reduction programs is a good strategy that can be used to simultaneously reverse
      the HIV epidemic and to resolve the illicit drug use problems. More research is
      needed to find out the reasons behind why there were cases that declined opioid
      substitution therapy, so that efforts can be undertaken to avoid the epidemic
      rebounding.

PMID- 27377895
TI  - A neomorphic cancer cell-specific role of MAGE-A4 in trans-lesion synthesis.
AB  - Trans-lesion synthesis (TLS) is an important DNA-damage tolerance mechanism that
      permits ongoing DNA synthesis in cells harbouring damaged genomes. The E3
      ubiquitin ligase RAD18 activates TLS by promoting recruitment of Y-family DNA
      polymerases to sites of DNA-damage-induced replication fork stalling. Here we
      identify the cancer/testes antigen melanoma antigen-A4 (MAGE-A4) as a tumour cell
      specific RAD18-binding partner and an activator of TLS. MAGE-A4 depletion from
      MAGE-A4-expressing cancer cells destabilizes RAD18. Conversely, ectopic
      expression of MAGE-A4 (in cell lines lacking endogenous MAGE-A4) promotes RAD18
      stability. DNA-damage-induced mono-ubiquitination of the RAD18 substrate PCNA is
      attenuated by MAGE-A4 silencing. MAGE-A4-depleted cells fail to resume DNA
      synthesis normally following ultraviolet irradiation and accumulate gammaH2AX,
      thereby recapitulating major hallmarks of TLS deficiency. Taken together, these
      results demonstrate a mechanism by which reprogramming of ubiquitin signalling in
      cancer cells can influence DNA damage tolerance and probably contribute to an
      altered genomic landscape.

PMID- 27377897
TI  - Incidences of acute kidney injury, dialysis, and graft loss following intravenous
      administration of low-osmolality iodinated contrast in patients with kidney
      transplants.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), need for
      emergent dialysis, and renal graft loss in patients with kidney transplants, who
      underwent CT examinations with low-osmolality iodine-based contrast material
      (IBCM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our institutional review board approved this
      retrospective Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant
      study. From January 2005 to April 2015, a total of 224 CT examinations were
      performed using low-osmolality IBCM in patients with kidney transplants. Six
      patients who had septic or cardiogenic shock and 30 patients with documented,
      failed transplants were excluded from our analysis, yielding a total of 188
      examinations. Of these, pre- and post-CT serum creatinine (SCr) values were
      available for 104 examinations, to allow evaluation of AKI. The mean baseline SCr
      and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in this subgroup were 1.37 mg/dL
      (median 1.18, range 0.5-6.05) and 65.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively (median 65,
      range 9-114). AKI was defined as a rise in SCr of either (a) >=0.3 mg/dL or (b)
      >=0.5 mg/dL in the 24- to 72-h period following IBCM administration. For all
      patients undergoing the 188 examinations, need for dialysis and graft loss 30
      days after contrast administration were evaluated. RESULTS: In patients with pre-
      and post-CT SCr values, the incidence of AKI was 7% (7/104) based on a rise of
      >=0.3 mg/dL and 3% (3/104) based on a rise of >=0.5 mg/dL. All three patients
      with the more strict definition (>=0.5 mg/dL) had a pre-CT eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73
      m2. No patient required dialysis or had renal graft loss 30 days after contrast
      administration. CONCLUSION: The incidence of AKI after administration of low
      osmolality IBCM administration in renal transplant recipients is low, with no
      instances of emergent dialysis or graft loss at 30 days post contrast.

PMID- 27377898
TI  - Imaging, endoscopy, and pathologic findings of primary gastritis cystica
      polyposa: description of a rare entity in a small case series.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to describe a small case series of
      primary gastritis cystica polyposa (GCP) and explore its imaging features,
      endoscopic findings, and pathological manifestations. METHODS: In this
      institutional review board-approved, HIPAA-compliant, retrospective study, an
      electronic pathology database in our hospital was searched for all cases of GCP
      from July 2008 to December 2015, yielding five cases with both radiological and
      endoscopic examination. The characteristics of imaging and gastroscopy were
      explored, and the pathological basis was analyzed. RESULTS: All five cases of GCP
      occurred in a previously unoperated stomach, which underwent unenhanced CT and
      enhanced CT, and one of which underwent unenhanced MRI and enhanced MRI as well.
      Gastroscopy or gastroscopic ultrasound was performed on all five patients. Four
      submucosal cystic lesions were displayed, including three with low-attenuation
      liquid, and one with high-attenuation liquid on CT. Another lesion showed soft
      tissue mass attenuation protruding into the gastric cavity. The surface mucosal
      layers of all five lesions were smooth and obviously enhanced, with unenhanced
      cystic component inside. Four submucosal lesions were confirmed by gastroscopy.
      Gastroscopic ultrasound indicated anechoic area in the center of the lesion. A
      large mass-like lesion had protruded into the gastric cavity, and gastroscopic
      ultrasound indicated dispersed anechoic areas in the lesion. All
      Histopathological analyses indicated mild or moderate epithelial dysplasia, and
      cystic dilation of the gastric glands in the submucosal layers and lamina
      propria, surrounded by the infiltration of inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION:
      Primary GCP has relatively particular endoscopy features, which can be accurately
      diagnosed by gastroscopy when the lesion is small. But endoscopy has its
      limitations in the diagnosis and differentiation for some large lesions. In
      contrast to gastroscopy and gastroscopic ultrasound, CT or MRI provides more
      information about both the gastric wall and the extragastric extent of the
      disease, which is more helpful for differential diagnosis and surgical planning
      of GCP before operation.

PMID- 27377899
TI  - Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy
      (ALPPS) in colorectal liver metastasis: the radiologist's perspective.
AB  - PURPOSE: Hepatic resection is the only potentially curative treatment for
      patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Many multidisciplinary
      approaches, including the associating liver partition and portal vein ligation
      for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) procedure, have been proposed to increase the
      resectability rate in these patients. ALPPS is the most recently described staged
      liver resection technique, representing an advantageous strategy to induce a
      rapid and marked increase in the future liver remnant (FLR) volume. The aim of
      this article is to describe the radiological evaluation of this procedure and its
      variation. METHODS: This retrospective study included 9 patients with CRLM who
      underwent the ALPPS procedure. Abdominal imaging studies were reviewed, with an
      emphasis on a rational radiological approach. The number of liver metastases, the
      FLR volume (pre- and postportal vein ligation), anatomical variations, potential
      pitfalls related to disease progression, and postoperative complications were
      evaluated. RESULTS: The types of hepatic resection included 4 classical ALPPS
      cases, 3 right ALPPS variations, and 2 left ALPPS variations. The mean FLR volume
      calculated in the initial evaluation was 453 mL (213-790 mL). Following the first
      surgery, the mean FLR volume increased to 634 mL (410-957 mL), which indicated a
      mean volume increase of 181.1 mL (95% CI 149.7-212.5 mL; p < 0.001) and a mean
      absolute volume increase of 48% (19%-88%). CONCLUSION: The ALPPS procedure is an
      emerging form of two-stage hepatectomy. In this context, radiologists should
      provide crucial preoperative and perioperative information that may change
      surgical planning and contribute to an improvement in the oncologic outcome.

PMID- 27377900
TI  - Reduced-Intensity Conditioning with Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide, and Rituximab
      Is Associated with Improved Outcomes Compared with Fludarabine and Busulfan after
      Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for B Cell Malignancies.
AB  - Reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) has been used increasingly for allogeneic
      hematopoietic cell transplantation to minimize transplant-related mortality while
      maintaining the graft-versus-tumor effect. In B cell lymphoid malignancies,
      reduced-intensity regimens containing rituximab, an antiCD20 antibody, have been
      associated with favorable survival; however, the long-term outcomes of rituximab
      containing versus nonrituximab-containing regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic
      cell transplantation in B cell lymphoid malignancies remain to be determined. We
      retrospectively analyzed 94 patients who received an allogeneic transplant for a
      B cell lymphoid malignancy. Of these, 33 received RIC with fludarabine,
      cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
      prophylaxis with a calcineurin inhibitor and mini-methotrexate, and 61 received
      RIC with fludarabine and busulfan (FluBu) and GVHD prophylaxis with a calcineurin
      inhibitor and mycophenolate mofetil. The 2-year overall survival was superior in
      patients who received FCR versus FluBu (72.7% versus 54.1%, P = .031), and in
      multivariable analysis adjusted for Disease Risk Index and donor type, only the
      conditioning regimen (FluBu versus FCR: HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.04 to 4.08; P = .037)
      and Disease Risk Index (low versus intermediate/high: HR, .38; 95% CI, .17 to
      .86; P = .02) were independent predictors of overall survival. The 2-year
      cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was lower in patients who received FCR
      versus FluBu (24.2% versus 51.7%, P = .01). There was no difference in rate of
      relapse/progression or acute GVHD. Our results demonstrate that the use of RIC
      with FCR and GVHD prophylaxis with a calcineurin inhibitor and mini-methotrexate
      is associated with decreased chronic GVHD and improved overall survival.

PMID- 27377903
TI  - Response.

PMID- 27377901
TI  - Long-Term Outcomes after Treatment with Clofarabine +/- Fludarabine with Once
      Daily Intravenous Busulfan as Pretransplant Conditioning Therapy for Advanced
      Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome.
AB  - Pretransplant conditioning regimens critically determine outcomes in the setting
      of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). The use of nucleoside analogs
      such as fludarabine (Flu) in combination with i.v. busulfan (Bu) has been shown
      to be highly effective as a pretransplant conditioning regimen in acute myeloid
      leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and myelodysplastic syndrome
      (MDS). Because leukemia relapse remains the leading cause of death after allo
      SCT, we studied whether clofarabine (Clo), a nucleoside analog with potent
      antileukemia activity, can be used to complement Flu. In a preliminary report, we
      previously showed the safety and efficacy of Clo +/- Flu with i.v. Bu in 51
      patients with high-risk AML, CML, and MDS. The study has now been completed, and
      we present long-term follow-up data on the entire 70-patient population, which
      included 49 (70%), 8 (11%), and 13 (19%) patients with AML, MDS, and CML,
      respectively. Thirteen patients (19%) were in complete remission, and 41 patients
      (59%) received matched unrelated donor grafts. Engraftment was achieved in all
      patients. Sixty-three patients (90%) achieved complete remission. There were no
      deaths reported at day +30, and the 100-day nonrelapse mortality rate was 4% (n =
      3). Thirty-one percent of patients (n = 22) developed grades II to IV acute graft
      versus-host disease, and the median overall survival and progression-free
      survival times were 2.4 years and .9 years, respectively. Our results confirm the
      safety and overall and progression-free survival advantage of the arms with
      higher Clo doses and lower Flu doses, which was most prominent in the AML/MDS
      group.

PMID- 27377902
TI  - ATF2 predicts poor prognosis and promotes malignant phenotypes in renal cell
      carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) is a basic helix-loop-helix
      transcription factor, which has been shown to participate in the pathobiology of
      numerous cancers. However, the role of ATF2 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains
      unclear. METHODS: ATF2 knockdown and overexpression studies were performed in RCC
      cells to evaluate changes in cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and
      invasion. Xenograft models were used to examine the tumorigenic and metastatic
      capability of RCC cells upon ATF2 suppression. The expression of ATF2 in human
      RCC samples was determined using immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray.
      RESULTS: ATF2 knockdown in RCC cells reduced their proliferative and metastatic
      potentials, whereas ATF2 overexpression enhanced these properties. Mechanistic
      studies revealed that the transcription of CyclinB1, CyclinD1, Snail and Vimentin
      was directly regulated by ATF2 in RCC cells. Moreover, ATF2 was shown to be
      highly expressed in RCC tissues, especially in tumors with metastases. High
      expression of ATF2 correlated with aggressive clinico-pathological
      characteristics and predicted poor prognosis of RCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: ATF2
      exerts an oncogenic role in RCC and could serve as an important prognostic
      biomarker.

PMID- 27377904
TI  - RE: RNA Disruption Assay as a Biomarker of Pathological Complete Response in
      Neoadjuvant Trastuzumab-Treated Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive
      Breast Cancer.

PMID- 27377905
TI  - Accuracy of diagnostic tests for prosthetic joint infection: a systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: There are few evidence-based recommendations on the most effective
      methods for diagnosing prosthetic joint infections (PJIs), and the potency of
      tests in relation to each other also remains vague. This systematic review aimed
      to (1) identify systematic reviews reporting accuracies of available approaches
      for diagnosing PJI, (2) critically appraise their quality and bias, and (3)
      compare the available approaches in terms of accuracy for diagnosing PJI.
      METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for meta-analyses reporting
      accuracies of different diagnostic modalities for PJIs. Thirteen systematic
      reviews met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and their data were extracted
      and tabulated by two reviewers in duplicate and independent manners. RESULTS: The
      13 articles reported diagnostic accuracy from 278 clinical studies comprising
      27,754 patients and evaluating 13 diagnostic tests grouped into 7 broad
      categories. Implant sonication had the highest positive likelihood ratio (17.2),
      followed by bacteriology (15.3) and synovial fluid differentiated cytology
      (13.3). The highest negative likelihood ratio was for interleukin (IL)-6 serum
      marker (0.03) followed by synovial fluid cytology and differentiation (0.12 and
      0.13, respectively). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic tests that are most likely to
      rule out PJI include serum IL-6, serum C-reactive protein, and synovial fluid
      cytology. On the other hand, the diagnostic test that is most likely to confirm
      PJI is implant sonication. Nuclear imaging showed low overall accuracy as
      diagnostic tests for PJI. The findings of this study could enable clinicians to
      confirm or rule out PJIs using the most accurate, rapid, least invasive, and cost
      effective tools available, thereby enabling fast treatment before formation of
      resistant biofilms and degradation of patient conditions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Systematic review, Level IV.

PMID- 27377906
TI  - Osteosynthesis versus endoprosthesis for the treatment of femoral neck fracture
      in Asian elderly patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical results between
      osteosynthesis and endoprosthesis for femoral neck fractures in asian elderly
      patients, and to analysis the factors that may affect the failure of
      osteosynthesis. METHODS: A retrospective review of 382 hips over 65-year old with
      femoral neck fracture was done. Within non-displaced fracture group, 81 cases
      (56.6 %) underwent internal fixation (IF) and with 62 cases (43.3 %) having
      bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BPHA). As for displaced fracture group, 60 cases (25.1
      %) underwent internal fixation (IF) with 179 cases (74.8 %) having BPHA. Average
      follow-up period for the patients was 36.8 months. Analysis was conducted on
      complications depending on fracture types and osteoporosis, and clinical
      evaluation was done on gait capability by using Koval walking ability. RESULTS:
      In non-displaced group, BPHA group showed statistically significant lower
      percentage of complications compared to IF group, but re-operation rate and the
      degradations of Koval score were no significant differences. In displaced group,
      complication, re-operation rate and the degradations of Koval score of BPHA group
      were statistically better than those of IF group. Association between
      osteoporosis and non-union is no statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS:
      Endoprosthetic replacement could be a primary option for displaced femoral neck
      fracture in elderly asian patients. The choice of surgical treatment methods of
      non-displaced fracture in elderly asian patients should be determined carefully
      considering the age and the presence of osteoporosis.

PMID- 27377907
TI  - Bone alkaline phosphatase as a surrogate marker of bone metastasis in gastric
      cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone metastasis is relatively uncommon in gastric cancer patients,
      but its incidence has been rising. Early detection of bone metastasis is
      important in preventing complications related to bone metastasis such as pain,
      fracture and the compromise of chemotherapy. In this pilot study, we investigated
      the feasibility of bone turnover markers as surrogate markers of bone metastasis
      in gastric cancer patients. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with gastric cancer
      were included in this study. Serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
      parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25(OH) D, osteocalcin (OC) and C terminal telopeptide
      were measured and compared between patients with bone metastasis and those
      without. Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used in comparing two
      groups, and Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient was calculated to
      quantify the strength of the associations. RESULTS: Fifty eight age- and sex
      matched patients were evaluated for bone turnover markers, among whom 29 patients
      had bone metastasis and 29 patients with no bone metastasis. The median age was
      62 and there were 20 (68.9 %) males and 9 (31.1 %) females in each group. Bone
      ALP was significantly higher in the patient group (57.32 +/- 46.83 vs. 34.57 +/-
      21.57, P = 0.037) than control group. Bone ALP was positively associated with
      ALP, osteocalcin, CA19-9, CA 72-4 and negatively associated with 25(OH) D.
      According to ROC-curve analysis, at the threshold value of 29.60 MUg/L, the
      sensitivity of bone ALP was 76.7 % and the specificity was 59.4 %. CONCLUSION:
      Bone ALP may be a surrogate marker of bone metastasis in gastric cancer patients.
      More prospective studies are warranted to determine the optimal bone turnover
      markers in the evaluation of bone metastasis.

PMID- 27377908
TI  - Is the tenofovir based therapy almighty for previous treatment failure in chronic
      hepatitis B?

PMID- 27377909
TI  - Transarterial chemoembolization versus resection for intermediate-stage (BCLC B)
      hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Several studies have suggested that surgical resection (SR) can
      provide a survival benefit over transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the intermediate stage according to the
      Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system. However, the criteria for SR
      remain to be determined. This study compared the long-term outcome of
      intermediate-stage HCC patients treated by either TACE or SR as a primary
      treatment modality, with the aim of identifying the patient subgroup that gained
      a survival benefit by either modality. METHODS: In total, 277 BCLC intermediate
      stage HCC patients treated by either TACE (N=225) or SR (N=52) were analyzed.
      RESULTS: The overall median survival time was significantly better for SR than
      TACE (61 vs. 30 months, P=0.002). Decisiontree analysis divided patients into
      seven nodes based on tumor size and number, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level,
      and Child-Pugh score, and these were then simplified into four subgroups (B1-B4)
      based on similarities in the overall hazard rate. SR provided a significant
      survival benefit in subgroup B2, characterized by 'oligo' (2-4) nodules of
      intermediate size (5-10 cm) when the AFP levels was <400 ng/ml, or 'oligo' (2-4)
      nodules of small to intermediate size (<10 cm) plus a Child-Pugh score of 5 when
      the AFP level was >=400 ng/mL (median survival 73 vs. 28 months for SR vs. TACE
      respectively; P=0.014). The survival rate did not differ significantly between SR
      and TACE in the other subgroups (B1 and B3). CONCLUSION: SR provided a survival
      benefit over TACE in intermediate-stage HCC, especially for patients meeting
      certain criteria. Re-establishing the criteria for optimal treatment modalities
      in this stage of HCC is needed to improve survival rates.

PMID- 27377910
TI  - Efficacy and safety of daclatasvir and asunaprevir for hepatitis C virus genotype
      1b infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: The treatment strategy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been
      changing rapidly since the introduction of direct-acting antivirals such as
      daclatasvir (DCV) and asunaprevir (ASV). We evaluated the efficacy and safety of
      DCV and ASV for HCV in real-life practice. METHODS: Patients were treated with 60
      mg of DCV once daily plus 200 mg of ASV twice daily for 24 weeks, and followed
      for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was a sustained virological response at 12
      weeks after treatment (SVR12) and safety. RESULTS: This retrospective study
      included eight patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection. All of the
      enrolled patients were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, and their mean age was
      65.75 years. One patient was a nonresponder and two patients relapsed with
      previous pegylated interferon (PegIFN) and ribavirin (RBV) treatment. None of the
      patient showed NS5A mutation. An SVR12 was achieved in 88% of cases by the DCV
      and ASV combination therapy. The serum transaminase level and the aspartate
      aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio were improved after the treatment. DCV and ASV
      were well tolerated in most of the patients, with treatment discontinuation due
      to adverse events (elevated liver enzyme and decompensation) occurring in two
      patients. CONCLUSION: In this study, combination of DCV and ASV treatment
      achieved a high sustained virological response with few adverse events even in
      those with cirrhosis, advanced age, and nonresponse/relapse to previous
      interferon-based therapy. Close monitoring of safety issues may be necessary when
      treating chronic HCV patients receiving DCV and ASV, especially in older patient
      and those with cirrhosis.

PMID- 27377911
TI  - Tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B: two
      cases.
AB  - Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is effective against chronic hepatitis B
      (CHB) infection and its use is increasing rapidly worldwide. However, it has been
      established that TDF is associated with renal toxicity in human immunodeficiency
      virus-infected patients, while severe or symptomatic TDF-associated
      nephrotoxicity has rarely been reported in patients with CHB. Here we present two
      patients with TDF-associated nephrotoxicity who were being treated for CHB
      infection. The first patient was found to have clinical manifestations of
      proximal renal tubular dysfunction and histopathologic evidence of acute tubular
      necrosis at 5 months after starting TDF treatment. The second patient developed
      acute kidney injury at 17 days after commencing TDF, and he was found to have
      membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with acute tubular injury. The renal
      function improved in both patients after discontinuing TDF. We discuss the risk
      factors for TDF-associated renal toxicity and present recommendations for
      monitoring renal function during TDF therapy. 

PMID- 27377912
TI  - Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver in an adult patient.
AB  - Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL) is rare primary hepatic
      sarcoma and is known to occur in pediatric patients. This case is the UESL
      occurred in a 51-year old male patient. Multilocular cystic lesion was composed
      of primitive spindle cells without specific differentiation. This rare case would
      help to review differential diagnosis of primary sarcoma in liver and cystic
      neoplasm of the liver. 

PMID- 27377913
TI  - Residential proximity to traffic and female pubertal development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been linked with several
      adverse health outcomes, including preterm birth and low birth weight, which are
      both related to onset of puberty. No studies to date have investigated the
      association between TRAP and altered pubertal timing. OBJECTIVE: Determine the
      association between residential proximity to traffic, as a marker of long-term
      TRAP exposure, and age at pubertal onset in a longitudinal study of girls.
      METHODS: We analyzed data for 437 girls at the CYGNET study site of the Breast
      Cancer and Environment Research Program. TRAP exposure was assessed using several
      measures of residential proximity to traffic based on address at study entry.
      Using accelerated failure time models, we calculated time ratios (TRs) and their
      corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for specified traffic metrics and
      pubertal onset, defined as stage 2 or higher for breast or pubic hair development
      (respectively, B2+ and PH2+). Models were adjusted for race/ethnicity, household
      income, and cotinine levels. RESULTS: At baseline, 71% of girls lived within 150m
      of a major road. The median age of onset was 10.3years for B2+ and 10.9years for
      PH2+. Living within 150m downwind of a major road was associated with earlier
      onset of PH2+ (TR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93, 0.99). Girls in the highest quintile of
      either distance-weighted traffic density, annual average daily traffic, and/or
      traffic density also reached PH2+ earlier than girls in the lowest quintiles.
      CONCLUSIONS: In this first study to assess the association between residential
      proximity to traffic and pubertal onset we found girls with higher exposure
      reached one pubertal milestone several months earlier than low exposed girls,
      even after consideration of likely confounders. Results should be expanded in
      larger epidemiological studies, and with measured levels of air pollutants.

PMID- 27377914
TI  - Estimated Prestroke Peak VO2 Is Related to Circulating IGF-1 Levels During Acute
      Stroke.
AB  - Background Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is neuroprotective after stroke
      and is regulated by insulin-like binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). In healthy
      individuals, exercise and improved aerobic fitness (peak oxygen uptake; peak VO2)
      increases IGF-1 in circulation. Understanding the relationship between estimated
      prestroke aerobic fitness and IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 after stroke may provide insight
      into the benefits of exercise and aerobic fitness on stroke recovery. Objective
      The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3
      to estimated prestroke peak VO2 in individuals with acute stroke. We hypothesized
      that (1) estimated prestroke peak VO2 would be related to IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and
      (2) individuals with higher than median IGF-1 levels will have higher estimated
      prestroke peak VO2 compared to those with lower than median levels. Methods
      Fifteen individuals with acute stroke had blood sampled within 72 hours of
      hospital admission. Prestroke peak VO2 was estimated using a nonexercise
      prediction equation. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were quantified using enzyme-linked
      immunoassay. Results Estimated prestroke peak VO2 was significantly related to
      circulating IGF-1 levels (r = .60; P = .02) but not IGFBP-3. Individuals with
      higher than median IGF-1 (117.9 ng/mL) had significantly better estimated aerobic
      fitness (32.4 +/- 6.9 mL kg-1 min-1) than those with lower than median IGF-1
      (20.7 +/- 7.8 mL kg-1 min-1; P = .03). Conclusions Improving aerobic fitness
      prior to stroke may be beneficial by increasing baseline IGF-1 levels. These
      results set the groundwork for future clinical trials to determine whether high
      IGF-1 and aerobic fitness are beneficial to stroke recovery by providing
      neuroprotection and improving function.

PMID- 27377916
TI  - Intestinal perforation during chemotherapeutic treatment of intra-abdominal
      desmoid tumor in patients with Gardner's syndrome: report of two cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A minority of intra-abdominal desmoid tumors is associated with
      Gardner's syndrome in which desmoid tumors become an important cause of morbidity
      and mortality if they are surgically unresectable. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we
      report two cases of intestinal perforation during chemotherapy in patients with
      Gardner's syndrome-associated intra-abdominal desmoids. One female and one male
      patients who developed inoperable desmoids were given the chemotherapeutic
      regimen of doxorubicin plus dacarbazine, followed by meloxicam. Significant tumor
      regression was observed clinically. However, intestinal perforation happened in
      both patients. They were subjected to emergency surgery, follow-up management,
      and survived up to now. CONCLUSIONS: The doxorubicin plus dacarbazine
      chemotherapy is an effective treatment for intra-abdominal demoid tumors in
      patients with Gardner's syndrome. On the other hand, given severe adverse events
      might occur, clinicians should pay more attention that tumor quick regression may
      cause intestinal perforation in which urgent surgical intervention is necessary.

PMID- 27377917
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging for distinguishing ovarian clear cell carcinoma from
      high-grade serous carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To compare the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of ovarian
      clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), to distinguish
      CCC from HGSC. METHODS: MRI features (laterality, shape, size, configuration,
      papillary projection, signal intensity, enhancement, peritoneal implant,
      lymphadenopathy, ascites) of 40 tumors in 37 patients with CCC, confirmed by
      surgery and pathology, were compared with those of 62 tumors in 40 patients with
      HGSC. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney and Fisher's exact
      tests. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean
      maximum diameter, laterality, and FIGO stage (P = 0.002, P < 0.001, P < 0.001,
      respectively) between CCC and HGSC. Compared to HGSCs, CCCs were more frequently
      oval (30/40, 75 % vs 12/62, 19 %; P < 0.001), more often cystic (21/40, 53 % vs
      8/62, 13 %; P < 0.001) and unilocular (23/29, 79 % vs 7/31, 23 %; P < 0.001), had
      T1-hyperintense cystic components more often (18/29, 62 % vs 5/29, 17 %; P <
      0.001), had larger papillary projections (5.13 +/- 0.4 cm vs 2.91 +/- 0.3 cm; P <
      0.001), were peritoneally implanted less frequently (P = 0.001) and had fewer
      ascites (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CCC typically showed an oval, unilocular cystic
      mass with large papillary projection and T1-hyperintense cystic components. MRI
      could be helpful for distinguishing CCC from HGSC.

PMID- 27377915
TI  - Sex-biased gene expression and sequence conservation in Atlantic and Pacific
      salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae), are
      highly important ectoparasites of farmed and wild salmonids, and cause multi
      million dollar losses to the salmon aquaculture industry annually. Salmon lice
      display extensive sexual dimorphism in ontogeny, morphology, physiology,
      behavior, and more. Therefore, the identification of transcripts with
      differential expression between males and females (sex-biased transcripts) may
      help elucidate the relationship between sexual selection and sexually dimorphic
      characteristics. RESULTS: Sex-biased transcripts were identified from
      transcriptome analyses of three L. salmonis populations, including both Atlantic
      and Pacific subspecies. A total of 35-43 % of all quality-filtered transcripts
      were sex-biased in L. salmonis, with male-biased transcripts exhibiting higher
      fold change than female-biased transcripts. For Gene Ontology and functional
      analyses, a consensus-based approach was used to identify concordantly
      differentially expressed sex-biased transcripts across the three populations. A
      total of 127 male-specific transcripts (i.e. those without detectable expression
      in any female) were identified, and were enriched with reproductive functions
      (e.g. seminal fluid and male accessory gland proteins). Other sex-biased
      transcripts involved in morphogenesis, feeding, energy generation, and sensory
      and immune system development and function were also identified. Interestingly,
      as observed in model systems, male-biased L. salmonis transcripts were more
      frequently without annotation compared to female-biased or unbiased transcripts,
      suggesting higher rates of sequence divergence in male-biased transcripts.
      CONCLUSIONS: Transcriptome differences between male and female L. salmonis
      described here provide key insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling
      sexual dimorphism in L. salmonis. This analysis offers targets for parasite
      control and provides a foundation for further analyses exploring critical topics
      such as the interaction between sex and drug resistance, sex-specific factors in
      host-parasite relationships, and reproductive roles within L. salmonis.

PMID- 27377919
TI  - Client perspectives on an Aboriginal community led oral health service in rural
      Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: An oral health service was implemented, using a unique community
      development approach, for Northern NSW Australian Aboriginal communities in 2013
      14. This study examined the views of children (and parents) who accessed the
      service, including: the extent of reported dental problems, oral health
      knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, accessibility of oral health services,
      satisfaction and cultural sensitivity of the service. METHODS: A survey of the
      children who accessed this service was conducted between October 2014 and
      December 2014. RESULTS: A total of 49 (71%) Aboriginal children aged 4-14 (or
      parents of), provided responses to the survey. All agreed that healthy teeth were
      important (100%), but many thought oral disease leading to extraction was normal
      (68%). High levels of oral pain were reported (66%), half (53%) reported brushing
      morning and night. Access to the new dental health service was reported as 'easy'
      (92%). Many walked (47%) or were driven (35%) in <30 min (90%). All respondents
      were happy with their dental treatment, and that their Aboriginal heritage was
      respected by the oral health team (100%). CONCLUSION: The implementation of a new
      community led oral health service to Northern NSW Aboriginal communities was
      shown here to be well-utilised, respected and in an area of high need. The
      collaborative approach could be continued to be utilised to implement targeted,
      community led health promotion programs to facilitate and encourage better oral
      health practices for the Aboriginal children in these communities.

PMID- 27377918
TI  - Self-assembled targeted nanoparticles based on transferrin-modified eight-arm
      polyethylene glycol-dihydroartemisinin conjugate.
AB  - Poor delivery of insoluble anticancer drugs has so far precluded their clinical
      application. In this study, an efficient tumor targeted-nanoparticle delivery
      system, transferrin-eight-arm-polyethylene glycol-dihydroartemisinin
      nanoparticles (TF-8arm-PEG-DHA NPs) for the vehiculation of dihydroartemisinin
      (DHA) was first prepared and evaluated for its targeting efficiency and
      cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo to Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, which
      overexpress transferrin receptors (TFRs). The synthesized TF-8arm-PEG-DHA NPs had
      high solubility (~102 fold of free DHA), relatively high drug loading (~10 wt%
      DHA), long circulating half-life and moderate particle size (~147 nm). The in
      vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo tumor growth inhibition studies in LLC-tumor
      bearing mice confirmed the enhanced efficacy of TF-modified 8arm-PEG-DHA NPs
      compared to free DHA and non-modified 8arm-PEG-DHA NPs. All these results
      together supported that the formulation developed in this work exhibited great
      potential as an effective tumor targeting delivery system for insoluble
      anticancer drugs.

PMID- 27377920
TI  - HEMS in Alpine Rescue for Pediatric Emergencies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the pediatric emergencies
      encountered by the Christophorus-1 helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS)
      during a period of 2 years. METHODS: Emergency treatment of pediatric casualties
      by HEMS was evaluated at a helicopter base. Children up to 14 years who were
      treated by HEMS emergency physicians from Christophorus-1 during primary missions
      in the alpine region were retrospectively enrolled. RESULTS: Of the 1314 HEMS
      operations conducted during a 2-year investigation period, pediatric emergencies
      accounted for 114 (8.7%). Trauma was the most common emergency indication (91.3%)
      in alpine areas, and 77.5% of the indications were related to skiing and
      snowboarding; 11.3% of the prehospital pediatric emergencies were classified as
      life-threatening. Interventions on site were rendered in 46.3% of cases. Mean and
      SD intervals for approach were 11.0 +/- 3.0 minutes; for treatment, 14.0 +/- 6.0
      minutes; and for transport, 8.0 +/- 4.0 minutes. Intervals on site were
      significantly longer whenever it was necessary to search for an interim landing
      place (P < .001) or perform rope extrication (P < .001). Aggravating
      environmental conditions such as low temperature (78.8%), rocky terrain (18.8%),
      or precipitation (12.5%) were common. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid procedures are preferred
      to sustained on-scene treatment, particularly when surrounding conditions are
      hostile. HEMS emergency physicians attempt to keep on-site intervals short and
      treatment and monitoring to the essential to minimize delay in rescue.

PMID- 27377921
TI  - Anthropometric adjustments are helpful in the interpretation of BMD and BMC Z
      scores of pediatric patients with Prader-Willi syndrome.
AB  - : Anthropometric adjustments of bone measurements are necessary in Prader-Willi
      syndrome patients to correctly assess the bone status of these patients. This
      enables physicians to get a more accurate diagnosis of normal versus abnormal
      bone, allow for early and effective intervention, and achieve better therapeutic
      results. INTRODUCTION: Bone mineral density (BMD) is decreased in patients with
      Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Because of largely abnormal body height and weight,
      traditional BMD Z-scores may not provide accurate information in this patient
      group. The goal of the study was to assess a cohort of individuals with PWS and
      characterize the development of low bone density based on two adjustment models
      applied to a dataset of BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) from dual-energy X-ray
      absorptiometry (DXA) measurements. METHODS: Fifty-four individuals, aged 5-20
      years with genetically confirmed PWS, underwent DXA scans of spine and hip.
      Thirty-one of them also underwent total body scans. Standard Z-scores were
      calculated for BMD and BMC of spine and total hip based on race, sex, and age for
      all patients, as well as of whole body and whole-body less head for those
      patients with total-body scans. Additional Z-scores were generated based on
      anthropometric adjustments using weight, height, and percentage body fat and a
      second model using only weight and height in addition to race, sex, and age.
      RESULTS: As many PWS patients have abnormal anthropometrics, addition of
      explanatory variables weight, height, and fat resulted in different bone
      classifications for many patients. Thus, 25-70 % of overweight patients,
      previously diagnosed as normal, were subsequently diagnosed as below normal, and
      40-60 % of patients with below-normal body height changed from below normal to
      normal depending on bone parameter. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to
      include anthropometric adjustments into the interpretation of BMD and BMC in
      children and adolescents with PWS. This enables physicians to get a more accurate
      diagnosis of normal versus abnormal BMD and BMC and allows for early and
      effective intervention.

PMID- 27377922
TI  - Pazopanib as a second-line treatment for non-cytokine-treated metastatic renal
      cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of the effect of treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The currently recommended treatment algorithm for patients with
      advanced renal cell carcinoma who fail the first-line targeted therapy does not
      normally include pazopanib as a second-line treatment option. It would therefore
      be of interest to determine the efficiency of pazopanib in this setting in terms
      of the partial response rate (PRR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression
      free survival (PFS). METHODS: Peer-reviewed clinical reports without language
      restriction, both full papers and conference abstracts, which assessed the second
      line use of pazopanib following failure of first-line non-cytokine-targeted
      therapy, were included. After the literature retrieval, we conducted a Preferred
      Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-compliant
      systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of the size of the effect
      of each outcome measure (PRR, DCR, and PFS). The effect size and 95 % confidence
      interval (CI) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effects models based
      on the heterogeneity represented by I(2) of selected studies. Meta-analysis
      forest plots with a fixed-effect model showing the PRR and DCR were created.
      RESULTS: Our results show that there are no available comparative studies on
      pazopanib second-line treatment. Only phase II trials or retrospective analysis
      reports were retrievable. Six studies (comprising 217 patients) were included in
      the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Pazopanib as a second-line treatment
      resulted in a PRR of 23 % (95 % CI, 17-31 %; I(2) = 52.6 %) and a DCR of 73 % (95
      % CI, 65-80 %; I(2) = 0.00 %). The meta-analysis with fixed-effect model revealed
      that PFS was 6.5 months (95 % CI, 5.6-7.5 months; I(2) = 86.2 %). CONCLUSIONS: In
      conclusion, the effectiveness and indication of pazopanib for use in the second
      line setting has not yet been examined in-depth; however, this meta-analysis has
      shown that the treatment effects in terms of PRR, DCR, and PFS may be similar to
      other well-studied second-line targeted therapies. Rigorous comparative phase III
      trials testing this hypothesis are required.

PMID- 27377925
TI  - Transposable elements: The enemies within.
AB  - Understanding transformation mechanisms other than genetic aberrations has
      recently captured the attention of cancer researchers. To date, the role of
      transposable elements (TEs) in tumor development remains largely undefined.
      However, an increasing number of studies have reported that loss of epigenetic
      control causes TE reactivation and consequent oncogenic transcription. Here, we
      discuss principal examples of TEs-driven oncogenesis. Available data suggest that
      long terminal repeats and long interspersed nuclear elements play a pivotal role
      as alternative promoters. These findings provide definitive experimental evidence
      that repetitive elements are a powerful underestimated force toward oncogenesis
      and open the possibility to new therapeutic treatments.

PMID- 27377924
TI  - Transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) for rectal cancer: a systematic
      review and meta-analysis of oncological and perioperative outcomes compared with
      laparoscopic total mesorectal excision.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) is an emerging surgical
      technique for rectal cancer. However, the oncological and perioperative outcomes
      are controversial when compared with conventional laparoscopic total mesorectal
      excision (laTME). METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on
      Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA)
      guidelines was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane database. All original
      studies published in English that compared taTME with laTME were included for
      critical appraisal and meta-analysis. Data synthesis and statistical analysis
      were carried out using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of seven studies
      including 573 patients (taTME group = 270; laTME group = 303) were included in
      our meta-analysis. Concerning the oncological outcomes, no differences were
      observed in harvested lymph nodes, distal resection margin (DRM) and positive DRM
      between the two groups. However, the taTME group showed a higher rate of
      achievement of complete grading of mesorectal quality (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.02
      3.01, P = 0.04), a longer circumferential resection margin (CRM) and less
      involvement of positive CRM (CRM: WMD = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.60-1.31, P <0.01;
      positive CRM: OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.17-0.86, P = 0.02). Concerning the
      perioperative outcomes, the results for hospital stay, intraoperative
      complications and readmission were comparable between the two groups. However,
      the taTME group showed shorter operation times (WMD = -23.45, 95% CI = -37.43 to 
      9.46, P <0.01), a lower rate of conversion (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.11-0.81, P =
      0.02) and a higher rate of mobilization of the splenic flexure (OR = 2.34, 95% CI
      = 0.99-5.54, P = 0.05). Although the incidence of anastomotic leakage, ileus and
      urinary morbidity showed no difference between the groups, a significantly lower
      rate of overall postoperative complications (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.45-0.95, P =
      0.03) was observed in the taTME group. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison with laTME,
      taTME seems to achieve comparable technical success with acceptable oncologic and
      perioperative outcomes. However, multicenter randomized controlled trials are
      required to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of taTME.

PMID- 27377923
TI  - Radiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: New Indications and Directions for
      Future Study.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide; its
      incidence is increasing in the United States. Depending on disease extent and
      underlying liver status, patients may be treated with local, locoregional, and/or
      systemic therapy. Recent data indicates that radiotherapy (RT) can play a
      meaningful role in the management of HCC. Here, we review published experiences
      using RT for HCC, including the use of radiosensitizers and stereotactic RT. We
      discuss methods for performing preclinical studies of RT for HCC and biomarkers
      of response. As a part of the HCC Working Group, an informal committee of the
      National Cancer Institute's Radiation Research Program, we suggest how RT should
      be implemented in the management of HCC and identify future directions for the
      study of RT in HCC.

PMID- 27377927
TI  - Seasonal pattern of Echinococcus re-infection in owned dogs in Tibetan
      communities of Sichuan, China and its implications for control.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are
      highly endemic in Tibetan communities of Sichuan Province. Previous research in
      the region indicated that domestic dog was the major source of human infection,
      and observations indicated that domestic dog could have more access to
      intermediate hosts of Echinococcus spp.: both domestic livestock (CE) viscera and
      small mammals (AE), in early winter and again in spring. We hypothesized that
      there would therefore be a significant increase in the risk of canine infection
      with Echinococcus spp. in these two seasons and conducted a reinfection study to
      investigate this further. METHODS: Faecal samples were collected from owned dogs
      in seven townships in Ganze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (Sichuan Province,
      China), and Echinococcus spp. infection status was determined using copro-antigen
      ELISA. Dogs were sampled in April (spring), July (early summer),
      September/October (autumn/early winter) and December (winter) in 2009; and in
      April (spring) 2010. Dogs were treated with praziquantel following each of the
      five sample collections to eliminate any tapeworms. Information on dog sex, age
      and body weight was also collected. The t-test, Fisher's exact test, Poisson
      regression and logistic regression were used to compare means and prevalences,
      and to identify factors associated with infection status. RESULTS: The proportion
      of female dogs was significantly lower than that of male dogs; female dogs had
      significantly higher (22.78 %) baseline copro-ELISA prevalence than males (11.88
      %). Dog body weight, sex, age, county and previous infection status at any
      sampling point had no influence on the re-infection prevalence in general.
      Poisson regression did not found a significant influence on the re-infection
      prevalence due to different deworming/sampling time spans. Dogs exhibited
      significantly higher re-infection prevalences in spring and early summer of 2009
      and in early winter between September/October and December of 2009, suggesting a
      higher infection pressure in these seasons comparing with other seasons.
      CONCLUSION: Following praziquantel treatment, dog body weight, sex, age, county,
      deworming time span and previous infection status at any sampling point had no
      influence on the re-infection prevalence in the region in general. The
      differences between re-infection prevalences were probably due to the seasonality
      in Echinoccocus spp. infection pressure in the region. Early winter, spring and
      early summer should be important seasons for optimal dog deworming intervention
      in these Tibetan communities.

PMID- 27377928
TI  - Quality of Life, Integrative Community Therapy, Family Support, and Satisfaction
      with Health Services Among Elderly Adults with and without Symptoms of
      Depression.
AB  - The aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyse quality of life, socio
      demographic characteristics, family support, satisfaction with health services,
      and effect of integrative community therapy among non-institutionalised elderly
      adults with and without symptoms of depression in the state of Rio Grande do
      Norte, Brazil. Data from elderly adults with (n = 59) and without (n = 61)
      depressive symptoms were compared. The instruments used were the Mini-Mental
      State Examination, the short version of the Geriatric Depression Scale, a
      clinical socio-demographic questionnaire, the abbreviated version of the World
      Health Organisation Quality of Life questionnaire, the Family Assessment Device,
      and the Patient Satisfaction with Mental Health Services Rating Scale. Elderly
      adults with depressive symptoms had lower quality of life in the social relations
      domain than did those without depressive symptoms (p = 0.003). In addition,
      compared with those without depression, fewer elderly adults with depressive
      symptoms attended integrative community therapy (p = 0.04); they also reported a
      low degree of family involvement in problem solving (p = 0.04) and showed apathy
      regarding their satisfaction with health services (p = 0.007). These results have
      important implications in the decision-making process with regard to strategies
      for improving the health status of elderly adults with depressive symptoms.

PMID- 27377926
TI  - Recombinant ArtinM activates mast cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mast cells are hematopoietically derived cells that play a role in
      inflammatory processes such as allergy, as well as in the immune response against
      pathogens by the selective and rapid release of preformed and lipid mediators,
      and the delayed release of cytokines. The native homotetrameric lectin ArtinM, a
      D-mannose binding lectin purified from Artocarpus heterophyllus seeds, is one of
      several lectins that are able to activate mast cells. Besides activating mast
      cells, ArtinM has been shown to affect several biological responses, including
      immunomodulation and acceleration of wound healing. Because of the potential
      pharmacological application of ArtinM, a recombinant ArtinM (rArtinM) was
      produced in Escherichia coli. The current study evaluated the ability of rArtinM
      to induce mast cell degranulation and activation. RESULTS: The glycan binding
      specificity of rArtinM was similar to that of jArtinM. rArtinM, via its CRD, was
      able to degranulate, releasing beta-hexosaminidase and TNF-alpha, and to promote
      morphological changes on the mast cell surface. Moreover, rArtinM induced the
      release of the newly-synthesized mediator, IL-4. rArtinM does not have a co
      stimulatory effect on the FcepsilonRI degranulation via. The IgE-dependent mast
      cell activation triggered by rArtinM seems to be dependent on NFkB activation.
      CONCLUSIONS: The lectin rArtinM has the ability to activate and degranulate mast
      cells via their CRDs. The present study indicates that rArtinM is a suitable
      substitute for the native form, jArtinM, and that rArtinM may serve as an
      important and reliable pharmacological agent.

PMID- 27377931
TI  - Editorial: Professorial Leadership and the h-index: the rights and wrongs of
      academic nursing.

PMID- 27377929
TI  - Colonization of CF patients' upper airways with S. aureus contributes more
      decisively to upper airway inflammation than P. aeruginosa.
AB  - In cystic fibrosis (CF) patients' airways, inflammatory processes decisively
      contribute to remodeling and pulmonary destruction. The aims of this study were
      to compare upper airway (UAW) inflammation in the context of Staphylococcus
      aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization in a longitudinal setting, and to
      examine further factors influencing UAW inflammation. Therefore, we analyzed
      soluble inflammatory mediators in noninvasively obtained nasal lavage (NL) of CF
      patients together with microbiology, medication, and relevant clinical
      parameters. NL, applying 10 mL of isotonic saline per nostril, was serially
      performed in 74 CF patients (326 samples). Concentrations of the inflammatory
      mediators' interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9,
      and its anti-protease TIMP-1 were quantified by bead-based multiplexed assay,
      neutrophil elastase (NE) via ELISA. Culture-based microbiology of the upper and
      lower airways (LAW), as well as serological and clinical findings, were compiled.
      Our results indicate that UAW colonization with S. aureus significantly impacts
      the concentration of all measured inflammatory mediators in NL fluid except TIMP
      1, whereas these effects were not significant for P. aeruginosa. Patients with S.
      aureus colonization of both the UAW and LAW showed significantly increased
      concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9, and slightly elevated
      concentrations of NE in NL fluid compared to non-colonized patients. This work
      elaborates a survey on S. aureus' virulence factors that may contribute to this
      underestimated pathology. Serial assessment of epithelial lining fluid by NL
      reveals that colonization of the UAW with S. aureus contributes more to CF airway
      inflammatory processes than hitherto expected. 

PMID- 27377930
TI  - Functional link between ferroxidase activity of ceruloplasmin and protective
      effect of apo-lactoferrin: studying rats kept on a silver chloride diet.
AB  - Strongly pronounced argyrosis caused by adding AgCl to the feed of laboratory
      rats efficiently mimics the deficiency of ceruloplasmin (CP) ferroxidase
      activity. Bringing the concentration of AgCl in the feedstuff of lactating rats
      to 250 mg % and keeping their progeny (Ag-rats) for 3 months on the same silver
      containing feed provided the serum iron content 1.4 times lower than that in the
      control group. Besides, the ferroxidase activity of CP dropped to zero. In CP
      purified from sera of Ag-rats two copper ions were substituted with two silver
      ions. Using rat models of both post-hemorrhagic and hemolytic anemia we showed
      that the deficiency of CP ferroxidase activity in Ag-rats affects the iron
      content in serum, though does not prevent the recovery of hemoglobin level
      accompanied by exhaustion of iron caches in liver and spleen. When apo
      lactoferrin (apo-LF) was administered to Ag-rats suffering from either post
      hemorrhagic or hemolytic anemia, both hemoglobin and serum iron were restored
      more rapidly than in the control animals. In independent experiments Ag-rats were
      compared with those fed on regular diet and the former displayed a prolonged 3
      day stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2 alpha (HIF-1a and HIF-2a)
      along with an increased serum concentration of erythropoietin. Introduction to Ag
      rats of active CP separately or together with apo-LF reduced that effect to 1 day
      only. It is concluded that saturation of apo-LF with iron, provided by active CP,
      can strongly affect its protective capacity.

PMID- 27377932
TI  - Early prediction of maxillary canine impaction: number doubts.

PMID- 27377934
TI  - Physician presence at out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is not necessarily the cause
      of improved survival.
AB  - A recent publication Hiltunen et al. on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in
      Finland show increased survival when a physician attends an OHCA, compared to
      EMS. But it is likely that physicians attend OHCA patients with a different
      prognosis due to comorbidity or illness severity, which causes confounding by
      indication and is the likely cause for the physician and survival association. 

PMID- 27377933
TI  - ApoA-I induces S1P release from endothelial cells through ABCA1 and SR-BI in a
      positive feedback manner.
AB  - Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which has emerged as a pivotal signaling mediator
      that participates in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, is derived
      from various cells, including vascular endothelial cells. S1P accumulates in
      lipoproteins, especially HDL, and the majority of free plasma S1P is bound to
      HDL. We hypothesized that HDL-associated S1P is released through mechanisms
      associated with the HDL maturation process. ApoA-I, a major HDL apolipoprotein,
      is a critical factor for nascent HDL formation and lipid trafficking via ABCA1.
      Moreover, apoA-I is capable of promoting bidirectional lipid movement through SR
      BI. In the present study, we confirmed that apoA-I can facilitate the production
      and release of S1P by HUVECs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ERK1/2 and SphK
      activation induced by apoA-I is involved in the release of S1P from HUVECs.
      Inhibitor and siRNA experiments showed that ABCA1 and SR-BI are required for S1P
      release and ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by apoA-I. However, the effects
      triggered by apoA-I were not suppressed by inhibiting ABCA1/JAK2 or the SR-BI/Src
      pathway. S1P released due to apoA-I activation can stimulate the (ERK1/2)/SphK1
      pathway through S1PR (S1P receptor) 1/3. These results indicated that apoA-I not
      only promotes S1P release through ABCA1 and SR-BI but also indirectly activates
      the (ERK1/2)/SphK1 pathway by releasing S1P to trigger their receptors. In
      conclusion, we suggest that release of S1P induced by apoA-I from endothelial
      cells through ABCA1 and SR-BI is a self-positive-feedback process: apoA-I-(ABCA1
      and SR-BI)-(S1P release)-S1PR-ERK1/2-SphK1-(S1P production)-(more S1P release
      induced by apoA-I).

PMID- 27377935
TI  - Patient with disseminated tuberculosis and rare perianal involvement.

PMID- 27377936
TI  - Nicotinamide: New Indications in Dermatology.

PMID- 27377937
TI  - Treatment of Bowen Disease With Photodynamic Therapy and the Advantages of
      Sequential Topical Imiquimod.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be useful and effective in the
      treatment of actinic keratosis, Bowen disease, and basal cell carcinoma. We
      present a series of 13 Bowen disease lesions treated using PDT. Complete
      responses were achieved in 11 (84%) of the lesions after 3 months of treatment;
      at 18 months, complete responses were seen in 9 (70%) of the lesions. Patients
      who presented a partial response or recurrence were treated with topical 5%
      imiquimod and achieved complete responses. The lesions that presented partial
      response or recurrence were the largest lesions, between 3 and 5cm in diameter.
      PDT in monotherapy or combined sequentially with imiquimod is an excellent and
      well-tolerated therapeutic option for Bowen disease. The treatment has few
      adverse effects and shows satisfactory results, particularly in multiple large
      lesions in areas of difficult surgical reconstruction or in elderly patients with
      a high surgical risk.

PMID- 27377938
TI  - Current Challenges of Geriatric Voiding Dysfunction in South Korea.

PMID- 27377939
TI  - Research on Novel Intravesical Drug Delivery Devices.

PMID- 27377940
TI  - Overview of the Epidemiology of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in South Korea.
AB  - This review assessed the epidemiology of voiding dysfunctions in South Korea.
      Comprehensive understanding of this epidemiology is crucial because the senior
      population and the social burden are increasing because of voiding dysfunctions
      is growing. We searched the medical records using several terms related to
      voiding dysfunction: benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary incontinence, lower
      urinary tract symptoms, overactive bladder, and nocturia. We then estimated the
      prevalence of voiding dysfunctions in South Korea; our data were comparable with
      those from other countries, with slight differences. The ranges of incidences
      varied widely between studies, mostly because investigators defined disorders
      differently. Voiding dysfunction greatly affects healthcare costs and individual
      quality of life; therefore, more proper and valuable epidemiologic data are
      needed. In addition, efforts to unify the definitions of various voiding
      dysfunctions and progress in investigational methodologies using multimedia are
      warranted. 

PMID- 27377941
TI  - Implantable Devices for Sustained, Intravesical Drug Delivery.
AB  - In clinical settings, intravesical instillation of a drug bolus is often
      performed for the treatment of bladder diseases. However, it requires repeated
      instillations to extend drug efficacy, which may result in poor patient
      compliance. To alleviate this challenge, implantable devices have been developed
      for the purpose of sustained, intravesical drug delivery. In this review, we
      briefly summarize the current trend in the development of intravesical drug
      delivery devices. We also introduce the most recently developed devices with
      strong potential for intravesical drug-delivery applications. 

PMID- 27377942
TI  - Pentoxifylline Alleviates Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemia-Induced Short-term Memory
      Impairment by Suppressing Apoptosis in the Hippocampus of Rat Pups.
AB  - PURPOSE: Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage is a major cause of acute
      mortality and chronic neurologic morbidity in infants and children. We
      investigated the effects of pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine derivative and type
      4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on short-term memory and apoptotic neuronal cell
      death in the hippocampus following perinatal hypoxic-ischemia in newborn rats.
      METHODS: We used a step-down avoidance task to evaluate short-term memory and 3'
      5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay to detect cAMP levels. We
      evaluated apoptosis using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP
      nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay for evidence of DNA fragmentation,
      immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 levels, and western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax.
      RESULTS: Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury increased apoptotic cell death in the
      hippocampus, resulting in impaired short-term memory with decreased cAMP levels.
      Pentoxifylline treatment improved short-term memory by suppressing apoptotic cell
      death in the hippocampus with elevated cAMP levels. CONCLUSIONS: Pentoxifylline
      ameliorated perinatal hypoxic-ischemia in rat pups. This alleviating effect could
      be ascribed to the inhibition apoptosis due to increased cAMP production by
      pentoxifylline.

PMID- 27377943
TI  - Anti-interleukin-33 Reduces Ovalbumin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Expression of
      Kidney Injury Molecule-1.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of anti-interleukin-33 (anti-IL-33) on a mouse
      model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS: Twenty-four
      female BALB/c mice were assigned to 4 groups: group A (control, n=6) was
      administered sterile saline intraperitoneally (i.p.) and intranasally (i.n.);
      group B (allergic, n=6) was administered i.p./i.n. OVA challenge; group C (null
      treatment, n=6) was administered control IgG i.p. before OVA challenge; and group
      D (anti-IL-33, n=6) was pretreated with 3.6 ug of anti-IL-33 i.p. before every
      OVA challenge. The following were evaluated after sacrifice: serum blood urea
      nitrogen and creatinine levels, Kidney injury molecule-1 gene (Kim-1) and protein
      (KIM-1) expression in renal parenchyma, and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX
      2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), phosphorylated endothelial NOS (p
      eNOS), and phosphorylated AMP kinase (p-AMPK) proteins in renal parenchyma.
      RESULTS: After OVA injection and intranasal challenge, mice in groups B and C
      showed significant increases in the expression of Kim-1 at both the mRNA and
      protein levels. After anti-IL-33 treatment, mice in group D showed significant
      Kim-1 down-regulation at the mRNA and protein levels. Group D also showed
      significantly lower COX-2 protein expression, marginally lesser iNOS expression
      than groups B and C, and p-eNOS and p-AMPK expression at baseline levels.
      CONCLUSIONS: Kim-1 could be a useful marker for detecting early-stage renal
      injury in mouse models of OVA-induced AKI. Further, anti-IL-33 might have
      beneficial effects on these mouse models.

PMID- 27377945
TI  - Incidence of Nitrituria and Its Association With Metabolic Syndrome: Results From
      the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V (2010-2012).
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence of nitrituria and the relationship between
      nitrituria and metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS: Data from the Korean National
      Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V were used. A total of 19,083
      participants were included. The chi-square test, the Mantel-Haenszel extension,
      logistic regression analysis, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze
      the data. RESULTS: A total of 2.0% of the participants had nitrituria. The
      incidence of nitrituria significantly increased with age (P trend<0.001). In
      addition, nitrituria in women began to significantly increase in the fifth
      decade, more than in men, and this difference was maintained in the 60s, 70s, and
      greater than 70s age groups (P<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, the odds
      ratio (OR) for nitrituria in the MetS group was significantly increased, as
      compared to the OR for nitrituria in the group without MetS (MetS: OR, 1.577; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 1.134-2.192; P=0.007). The glycosylated hemoglobin of
      the nitrite positive group was significantly higher than the negative group
      (adjusted mean +/-standard error: 6.108 +/-0.081 vs. 5.883+/-0.065, P<0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: An effective health policy for urinary tract infection (UTI) is
      needed for older age groups and women. Screening or management guidelines for UTI
      are needed in MetS patients.

PMID- 27377944
TI  - Increased Expression of Herpes Virus-Encoded hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2-miR-H9-5p in
      Cancer-Containing Prostate Tissue Compared to That in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia
      Tissue.
AB  - PURPOSE: Previously, we reported the presence of virus-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs)
      in the urine of prostate cancer (CaP) patients. In this study, we investigated
      the expression of two herpes virus-encoded miRNAs in prostate tissue. METHODS: A
      total of 175 tissue samples from noncancerous benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH),
      248 tissue samples from patients with CaP and BPH, and 50 samples from
      noncancerous surrounding tissues from these same patients were analyzed for the
      expression of two herpes virus-encoded miRNAs by real-time polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR) and immunocytochemistry using nanoparticles as molecular beacons.
      RESULTS: Real-time reverse transcription-PCR results revealed significantly
      higher expression of hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2-miRH9- 5p in surrounding noncancerous
      and CaP tissues than that in BPH tissue (each comparison, P<0.001). Of note,
      these miRNA were expressed equivalently in the CaP tissues and surrounding
      noncancerous tissues. Moreover, immunocytochemistry clearly demonstrated a
      significant enrichment of both hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2-miR-H9 beacon-labeled cells
      in CaP and surrounding noncancerous tissue compared to that in BPH tissue (each
      comparison, P<0.05 for hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2- miR-H9). CONCLUSIONS: These results
      suggest that increased expression of hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2-miR-H95p might be
      associated with tumorigenesis in the prostate. Further studies will be required
      to elucidate the role of these miRNAs with respect to CaP and herpes viral
      infections.

PMID- 27377946
TI  - Association of Functional Ability and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia With Urinary
      Incontinence in Older Korean Men.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of urinary
      incontinence (UI) and analyze its association with instrumental activities of
      daily living (IADL) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in community-dwelling
      older men in Korea. METHODS: This study was a secondary analysis of data from the
      Actual Living Condition of the Elderly and Welfare Need Survey conducted in the
      year 2008. Data was subjected to hierarchical logistic regression analysis to
      examine the association of IADL and BPH with UI in older men, entering IADL and
      BPH in model 1, and age, body mass index (BMI) and education in model 2, and then
      comorbidities and walking speed in model 3. RESULTS: Of 6,185 men, 243 (3.9%) had
      self-reported UI. The prevalence of UI was 1.8% in men aged 60-64 years and 11.7%
      in those aged 85 years and above, indicating an increase in the prevalence of UI
      with their age. IADL and BPH remained the only significant factors associated
      with UI in model 1 (odds ratio [OR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44
      1.64 and OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.47-5.10, respectively), model 2 (OR, 1.50; 95% CI,
      1.40-1.61 and OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.42-5.07), and model 3 (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.32
      1.54 and OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.36-4.90). CONCLUSIONS: IADL limitations and presence
      of BPH were associated with UI in older men after controlling for BMI, education,
      comorbidities, and walking speed. Thus, UI should be assessed in older Korean men
      with IADL decline and BPH. Gender-sensitive interventions to attenuate IADL
      limitations and manage BPH should be developed and applied to improve UI in older
      men.

PMID- 27377947
TI  - Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate is Safe for Patients Above 80 Years: A
      Prospective Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of age on the efficacy and safety of holmium
      laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for the treatment of symptomatic benign
      prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: A total of 579 patients underwent HoLEP
      procedure performed by a single surgeon (SJO) between December 2009 and May 2013.
      The perioperative and functional outcomes of patients in the age groups of 50-59
      (group A, n=44), 60-69 (group B, n=253), 70-79 (group C, n=244), and >=80 years
      (group D, n=38) were compared. The Clavien-Dindo system was used to evaluate
      clinical outcomes. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximum
      urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual (PVR) urine volume, and urinary
      continence were used to assess functional outcomes. RESULTS: In this study, the
      patients >=80 years had significantly higher presence of hypertension (P=0.007),
      total prostate volumes (P=0.024), transitional zone volume (P=0.002), American
      Society of Anesthesiologists scores (P=0.006), urinary retention (P=0.032), and
      anticoagulation use (P=0.008) at preoperative period. Moreover, the mean values
      of operation time, enucleation time, morcellation time, and enucleation weight
      were higher in group D compared with other group patients (P=0.002, P=0.010,
      P<0.01, and P=0.009, respectively). Patients aged >=80 years had a longer
      hospital stay time (2.9+/-1.8 days) than other groups (group A, 2.3+/-0.7 days;
      group B, 2.3+/-0.7 days vs. group C, 2.4+/-0.7 days; P=0.001). All groups were
      similar in regard to the incidence of complications (Clavien-Dindo grade) post
      operatively (P>0.05). All the patients in the present study showed improvement in
      functional outcomes after HoLEP. By the sixth month, there were no significant
      differences in IPSS, quality of life, Qmax, and PVR among the groups (P>0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Compared with younger patients, the patients aged >=80 years had a
      similar overall morbidity and 6-month functional outcomes of HoLEP. HoLEP is a
      safe and effective treatment for BPH among the elderly.

PMID- 27377948
TI  - Prevalence of Spina Bifida Occulta and Its Relationship With Overactive Bladder
      in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese People.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of spina bifida occulta (SBO) and its
      relationship with the presence of overactive bladder (OAB) in middle-aged and
      elderly people in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional community-based survey was
      carried out at 7 communities in Zhengzhou City, China from December 15, 2013 to
      June 10, 2014, where residents aged over 40 years were randomly selected to
      participate. All of the participants underwent lumbosacral radiographic analysis
      and relevant laboratory tests. A questionnaire including basic information, past
      medical history and present illness, and the OAB symptom score was filled out by
      all participants. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for data
      analysis with a P-value of <0.05 denoting statistical significance. RESULTS: A
      total of 1,061 subjects were qualified for the final statistical analysis (58.8+/
      11.7 years; male, 471 [44.4%]; female, 590 [55.6%]). The overall prevalence of
      SBO was 15.1% (160 of 1,061): 18.3% (86 of 471) in men and 12.5% (74 of 590) in
      women. Among these subjects, 13.7% (145 of 1,061) had OAB: 13.2% (62 of 471) in
      men and 14.1% (83 of 590) in women. The results of logistic regression showed
      that age, SBO, history of cerebral infarction (HCI), and constipation were risk
      factors for OAB (P<0.05), while sex, history of childhood enuresis (HCE), body
      mass index (BMI), and diabetes mellitus (DM) were not (P>0.05). In men, age, SBO,
      and constipation were risk factors for OAB (P<0.05), while HCE, BMI, DM, HCI, and
      benign prostate hyperplasia were not (P>0.05). In women, age, SBO, and HCI were
      risk factors for OAB (P<0.05), while HCE, BMI, DM, vaginal delivery, and
      constipation were not (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SBO is high and it
      is related to OAB in middle-aged and elderly people in China.

PMID- 27377949
TI  - Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Language Version of the International
      Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.
AB  - PURPOSE: Patients receiving treatment for benign prostate hyperplasia may have
      persistent storage symptoms. There has been increasing debate on the precision
      and accuracy of the International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaires over
      other questionnaires in evaluating all the complaints of lower urinary tract
      symptoms (LUTS). The aim of this study was to perform the validity and
      reliability analysis of the Turkish version of the Internatinal Consultation on
      Incontinence Questionnaire-Male LUTS (ICIQ-MLUTS). METHODS: Linguistic validation
      was studied (i.e., translation and back translation). Intelligibility was
      completed between October 2013 and November 2013. Data was collected between
      November 2013 and March 2014. The stability and reliability of the form were
      measured with the Cronbach test. RESULTS: In total, 117 male patients were
      included in the study. At the first visit, the mean age of the patients was 59
      years (range, 18-84 years). For reliability, the Cronbach alpha value was 0.798,
      demonstrating the internal consistency of the form (r>0.7). The internal
      consistency of each question was examined separately and found to be over 0.7.
      For the evaluation of test-retest reliability, the test was administered to 116
      patients for a second time with an interval of 2-4 weeks. The first and second
      test scores for each question were found to be correlated (r=0.741). CONCLUSIONS:
      ICIQ-MLUTS is a new questionnaire, which can be used for evaluating male LUTS in
      Turkey. We believe that the Turkish version of the ICIQ-MLUTS is an important
      breakthrough in our country.

PMID- 27377950
TI  - Electroanatomical Mapping of the Urinary Bladder.
AB  - A noncontact mapping system (EnSite) was used for electroanatomical mapping of
      the bladder simultaneously with pressure flow study in three women with lower
      urinary tract symptoms. We selected the periods of obvious detrusor activity.
      Data were processed to remove baseline drift, and an envelope of
      electrovesicography (EVG) data was created. The correlation coefficient for the
      correlation between between the EVG envelope and the detrusor pressure (Pdet) was
      calculated. Bladder geometry was successfully created in all 3 patients.
      Simultaneous recording of EVG and pressure flow data was successful in 1 patient.
      Scatter plots were made of the highest correlation coefficient, showing a
      positive correlation between the Pdet and the envelope, and negative correlation
      between abdominal pressure (Pabd) and the envelope. Minimal electrical activity
      could be observed. Significant weak to moderate correlation coefficients were
      found for the correlations between Pdet and EVG and between Pabd and EVG. 

PMID- 27377951
TI  - Erratum: Extracellular Matrix Revisited: Roles in Tissue Engineering.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. S23 in vol. 20, PMID: 27230457.]. 

PMID- 27377952
TI  - How obesity relates to socio-economic status: identification of eating behavior
      mediators.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Socio-economic status (SES) is a strong determinant of eating
      behavior and the obesity risk. OBJECTIVE: To determine which eating and lifestyle
      behaviors mediate the association between SES and obesity. METHODS: We performed
      a case-control study of 318 obese people and 371 non-obese people in northern
      France. Ten eating behavior traits were assessed using the Three-Factor Eating
      Questionnaire Revised 21-Item and an eating attitude questionnaire (on plate
      size, the number of servings, reasons for stopping eating and the frequency of
      eating standing up, eating in front of the television set (TV) and eating at
      night). The SES score (in three categories) was based on occupation, education
      and income categories. Mediation analysis was performed using the test of joint
      significance and the difference of coefficients test. RESULTS: The age- and
      gender-adjusted obesity risk was higher for individuals in the low-SES groups
      (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.82 (1.48-2.24), P<0.0001).
      Additional servings were associated with a higher obesity risk (OR=3.43,
      P<0.0001). Cognitive restraint (P<0.0001) and emotional eating (P<0.0001) scores
      were higher in obese participants than in non-obese participants but did not
      depend on SES. Of the 10 potential factors tested, eating off a large plate
      (P=0.01), eating at night (P=0.04) and uncontrolled eating (P=0.03) significantly
      mediated the relationship between SES and obesity. CONCLUSION: Our results
      highlighted a number of obesogenic behaviors among socially disadvantaged
      participants: large plate size, uncontrolled eating and eating at night were
      significant mediators of the relationship between SES and the obesity risk.

PMID- 27377953
TI  - Dietary luteolin activates browning and thermogenesis in mice through an
      AMPK/PGC1alpha pathway-mediated mechanism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Two brown-like adipocytes, including classical brown adipocytes from
      brown adipose tissues and beige cells from white adipose tissues, regulate
      thermogenesis. The developmental and functional induction of brown-like cells
      provides a defense against obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Our
      previous study suggests dietary luteolin can improve diet-induced obesity and
      insulin resistance in mice. Here we further elucidated the action of the natural
      flavonoid on energy expenditure and adaptive thermogenesis. METHODS: Five-week
      old male C57BL/6 mice were fed low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD) and HFD
      supplemented with 0.01% luteolin. After 12 weeks, their energy expenditure were
      detected using a combined indirect calorimetry system. Moreover, thermogenic
      program and associated molecular regulators were assessed in adipose tissues. In
      another independent study, even-aged mice were fed LFD and luteolin-containing
      LFD for 12 weeks, and their energy expenditure and thermogenic program were also
      investigated. Finally, differentiated primary brown and subcutaneous adipocytes
      were used to identify the critical participation of AMPK/PGC1alpha signaling in
      luteolin-regulated browning and thermogenesis. RESULTS: In mice fed either HFD or
      LFD, dietary luteolin supplement increased oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide
      production and respiratory exchange ratio. The enhancement in energy expenditure
      was accompanied by the upregulation of thermogenic genes in brown and
      subcutaneous adipose tissues. Meanwhile, several important AMPK/PGC1alpha
      signaling molecules were activated by dietary luteolin in the tissues. Further,
      luteolin treatment directly elevated thermogenic gene expressions and activated
      AMPK/PGC1alpha signaling in differentiated primary brown and subcutaneous
      adipocytes, whereas AMPK inhibitor Compound C reversed the efficiencies.
      CONCLUSIONS: Dietary luteolin activated browning and thermogenesis through an
      AMPK/PGC1alpha pathway-mediated mechanism.

PMID- 27377955
TI  - Divergent Coupling of Alcohols and Amines Catalyzed by Isoelectronic Hydride
      Mn(I) and Fe(II) PNP Pincer Complexes.
AB  - Herein, we describe an efficient coupling of alcohols and amines catalyzed by
      well-defined isoelectronic hydride Mn(I) and Fe(II) complexes, which are
      stabilized by a PNP ligand based on the 2,6-diaminopyridine scaffold. This
      reaction is an environmentally benign process implementing inexpensive, earth
      abundant non-precious metal catalysts, and is based on the acceptorless alcohol
      dehydrogenation concept. A range of alcohols and amines including both aromatic
      and aliphatic substrates were efficiently converted in good to excellent isolated
      yields. Although in the case of Mn selectively imines were obtained, with Fe
      exclusively monoalkylated amines were formed. These reactions proceed under base
      free conditions and required the addition of molecular sieves. 

PMID- 27377954
TI  - Interspecies metabolic diversity of harmaline and harmine in in vitro 11
      mammalian liver microsomes.
AB  - The beta-carboline alkaloids harmaline and harmine are widely present in
      hallucinogenic plants with great potential for treating depression, Parkinson's
      disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The present study was to elucidate metabolic
      difference of harmaline and harmine in 11 mammalian liver microsomes in order to
      quantitate species-specific metabolic profiles. Using the probe substrate
      reaction, the enzymatic activities for 8 CYP450 isozymes of 11 liver microsomes
      were characterized. Combining ultra performance liquid chromatography combined
      with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry
      (UPLC-ESI-Q/TOF-MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with
      electrospray ionization quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)
      methods, 18 metabolites for harmaline and 11 for harmine were identified. The
      metabolism patterns differences of them presented discrepancy in the quality and
      quantity of metabolites. It was notable that O-sulfate conjugation was detected
      in all species except sheep. The intrinsic clearance CLint, LM values for the
      metabolites harmine and harmol in rabbits (37.5 and 42.4 MUL/min/mg) were higher
      than those in other animals, while dogs (16.2 and 16.7 MUL/min/mg) and humans
      (16.0 and 16.3 MUL/min/mg) exhibited similar in vitro metabolic clearance. These
      observations suggested that harmaline and harmine were rapidly metabolized in
      liver microsomes of rat, mouse, and rabbit; moderately metabolized in human and
      dog; while weakly metabolized in sheep. Comprehensive analysis of the metabolism
      indicated that dogs and humans showed considerable similarity in the elimination
      of parent drugs, metabolic profiles, and catalytic processes. To summarize, these
      findings illustrated that in vitro studies of harmaline and harmine metabolic
      profiles in different species are helpful for the proper selection and
      interpretation of animal models for pharmacological and toxicological evaluation,
      and will ultimately provide useful guidance for the development of beta-carboline
      alkaloids. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27377956
TI  - Impact of seductive details on the acquisition and transfer of laparoscopic
      suturing skills: Emotionally interesting or cognitively taxing?
AB  - BACKGROUND: A common strategy to increase learner engagement is to interweave
      educational material with interesting but slightly tangential tidbits of
      information (eg, "war stories" and funny anecdotes), known as seductive details.
      Our objective was to examine the impact of seductive details on initial
      acquisition and transfer of basic laparoscopic surgical skills. METHODS: Novices
      (first- to fourth-year medical students) were randomized into control (N = 47) or
      seductive details (N = 42) groups. Curricula consisted of a baseline skills
      assessment (Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Task 1), instructional video on
      intracorporeal laparoscopic suturing (Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Task
      5), multiple choice quiz, practice, and assessment on both primary and transfer
      tasks. Two separate instructional videos were used for Task 5; 20% of the
      seductive details group's instructional video consisted of seductive details,
      whereas the control group's video included no seductive details. Participants
      completed questionnaires of mental workload and task engagement after training.
      We also conducted a mediation analysis, which is a statistical approach to
      identify causal paths among a group of variables. RESULTS: Baseline skill scores
      (control: 112 +/- 52; standard deviation: 118 +/- 56; 0 = lowest possible score;
      600 = highest possible score) and knowledge scores (control: 76 +/- 19; standard
      deviation: 74 +/- 16; 0 = lowest possible score; 100 = highest possible score)
      were similar for both groups. The control group demonstrated better (higher)
      performance on both the primary (434 +/- 193 vs 399 +/- 133, P < .05) and
      transfer (184 +/- 74 vs 149 +/- 91, P < .05) suturing tasks. Mental workload, as
      measured by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index,
      was more demanding (higher) for the seductive details group (3.8 +/- 0.5 vs 3.4
      +/- 0.7, P < .01; 1 = low workload; 5 = high workload) and was investigated as
      the possible mechanism by which group assignment impacted performance.
      Mediational paths using hierarchical regression were significant (P < .05),
      suggesting that trainees in the seductive details group performed worse because
      of their increased workload. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the inclusion
      of seductive details may be detrimental to the acquisition and transfer of
      laparoscopic surgical skills due to increased mental workload for trainees.

PMID- 27377957
TI  - Quantitative LC-MS/MS Glycomic Analysis of Biological Samples Using AminoxyTMT.
AB  - Protein glycosylation plays an important role in various biological processes,
      such as modification of protein function, regulation of protein-protein
      interactions, and control of turnover rates of proteins. Moreover, glycans have
      been considered as potential biomarkers for many mammalian diseases and
      development of aberrant glycosylation profiles is an important indicator of the
      pathology of a disease or cancer. Hence, quantitation is an important aspect of a
      comprehensive glycomics study. Although numerous MS-based quantitation strategies
      have been developed in the past several decades, some issues affecting
      sensitivity and accuracy of quantitation still exist, and the development of more
      effective quantitation strategies is still required. Aminoxy tandem mass tag
      (aminoxyTMT) reagents are recently commercialized isobaric tags which enable
      relative quantitation of up to six different glycan samples simultaneously. In
      this study, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry conditions have been
      optimized to achieve reliable LC-MS/MS quantitative glycomic analysis using
      aminoxyTMT reagents. Samples were resuspended in 0.2 M sodium chloride solution
      to promote the formation of sodium adduct precursor ions, which leads to higher
      MS/MS reporter ion yields. This method was first evaluated with glycans from
      model glycoproteins and pooled human blood serum samples. The observed variation
      of reporter ion ratios was generally less than 10% relative to the theoretical
      ratio. Even for the highly complex minor N-glycans, the variation was still below
      15%. This strategy was further applied to the glycomic profiling of N-glycans
      released from blood serum samples of patients with different esophageal diseases.
      Our results demonstrate the benefits of utilizing aminoxyTMT reagents for
      reliable quantitation of biological glycomic samples.

PMID- 27377958
TI  - TMPRSS2:ERG gene aberrations may provide insight into pT stage in prostate
      cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: TMPRSS2:ERG gene aberration may be a novel marker that improves risk
      stratification of prostate cancer before definitive cancer therapy, but studies
      have been inconclusive. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 202 operable
      prostate cancer Slovenian patients who underwent laparoscopic radical
      prostatectomy. We retrospectively constructed tissue microarrays of their
      prostatic specimens for fluorescence in situ hybridization, with appropriate
      signals obtained in 148 patients for subsequent statistical analyses. RESULTS:
      The following genetic aberrations were found: TMPRSS2:ERG fusion, TMPRSS2 split
      (a non-ERG translocation) and ERG split (an ERG translocation without involvement
      of TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion happened in 63 patients (42 %), TMPRSS2
      split in 12 patients and ERG split in 8 patients. Association was tested between
      TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion and several clinicopathological variables, i.e., pT
      stage, extended lymph node dissection status, and Gleason score, correcting for
      multiple comparisons. Only the association with pT stage was significant at p =
      0.05: Of 62 patients with pT3 stage, 34 (55 %) had TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion. In
      pT3 stage patients, stronger (but not significant) association between eLND
      status and TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion was detected. We detected TMPRSS2:ERG gene
      fusion in 64 % of the pT3 stage patients where we did not perform an extended
      lymph node dissection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that it is possible to
      predict pT3 stage at final histology from TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion at initial core
      needle biopsy. FISH determination of TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion may be particularly
      useful for patients scheduled to undergo a radical prostatectomy in order to
      improve oncological and functional results.

PMID- 27377960
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27377959
TI  - Comparison of the miRNA profiles in HPV-positive and HPV-negative tonsillar
      tumors and a model system of human keratinocyte clones.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Better insights into the molecular changes involved in virus
      associated and -independent head and neck cancer may advance our knowledge of HNC
      carcinogenesis and identify critical disease biomarkers. Here we aimed to
      characterize the expression profiles in a matched set of well-characterized HPV
      dependent and HPV-independent tonsillar tumors and equivalent immortalized
      keratinocyte clones to define potential and clinically relevant biomarkers of HNC
      of different etiology. METHODS: Fresh frozen tonsillar cancer tissues were
      analyzed together with non-malignant tonsillar tissues and compared with cervical
      tumors and normal cervical tissues. Furthermore, relative miRNAs abundance levels
      of primary and immortalized human keratinocyte clones were evaluated. The global
      quantitation of miRNA gene abundance was performed using a TaqMan Low Density
      Array system. The confirmation of differentially expressed miRNAs was performed
      on a set of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples enriched for the tumor
      cell fraction by macrodissection. RESULTS: We defined 46 upregulated and 31
      downregulated miRNAs characteristic for the HPV-positive tonsillar tumors and 42
      upregulated miRNAs and 42 downregulated miRNAs characteristic for HPV-independent
      tumors. In comparison with the expression profiles in cervical tumors, we defined
      miR-141-3p, miR-15b-5p, miR-200a-3p, miR-302c-3p, and miR-9-5p as specific for
      HPV induced malignancies. MiR-335-5p, miR-579-3p, and miR-126-5p were shared by
      the expression profiles of HPV-positive tonsillar tumors and of the HPV
      immortalized keratinocyte clones, whereas miR-328-3p, miR-34c-3p, and miR-885-5p
      were shared by the miRNA profiles of HPV-negative tonsillar tumors and the HPV
      negative keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS: We identified the miRNAs characteristic for
      HPV-induced tumors and tonsillar tumors of different etiology, and the results
      were compared with those of the model system. Our report presents the basis for
      further investigations leading to the identification of clinically relevant
      diagnostic and/or therapeutic biomarkers for tumors of viral and non-viral
      etiology.

PMID- 27377961
TI  - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander oral health and its impact among adults: A
      cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Robust oral health epidemiological information for Aboriginal and
      Torres Strait Islander adults is scant. Set within a large urban population, this
      study describes self-reported oral health behaviours, status and impact assessed
      through computerized health checks (HC), stratified by age groups and sex, and
      identifies associations with dental appearance satisfaction. METHODS: This was a
      cross-sectional study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults (aged >=20
      years) attending the Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and
      Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care between 1 January 2014 and 31 December
      2015 who had HC and provided research consent. RESULTS: There were 945 patients,
      466 (49.3%) female, with an average age of 41.3 years (range, 20-82). Overall,
      97.3% owned a toothbrush and 56.2% brushed two or more times/day. Despite self
      reporting a significant oral health burden, only 28.8% visited a dentist within
      12 months, mostly due to problems (84.3%). Surprisingly, only 28.4% reported
      dental appearance dissatisfaction, likely a result of community normalization
      whereby people are resigned to poor oral health. CONCLUSIONS: Under-utilization
      of dental services remains problematic for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
      adults. To close the oral heath gap, culturally appropriate, acceptable and safe
      integrated primary health systems, with co-located dental services, demand
      consideration.

PMID- 27377962
TI  - The Three Gorges Dam: Does it accelerate or delay the progress towards
      eliminating transmission of schistosomiasis in China?
AB  - The Three Gorges Dam, located in the largest endemic area of schistosomiasis in
      China, is one of the world's largest hydroelectric projects to date. Some large
      scale hydro projects have resulted in schistosomiasis emergence or re-emergence.
      Therefore, the dam's potential impact on the transmission of Schistosoma
      japonicum has raised concerns from medical researchers worldwide. A systematic
      literature review, coupled with an analysis of data on the water level and snail
      density in the Yangtze River was conducted to assess the impact of the dam on
      schistosomiasis transmission after more than 10 years of operation. The dam has
      significantly altered the water levels in the Yangtze River according to
      different seasons. These changes directly impact the ecology of the schistosome
      snail host. Due to the dam, there has been a reduction in the density of
      Oncomelania snails and/or changes in the distribution of snails. The prevalence
      of infection with S. japonicum has decreased in the downstream areas of the dam,
      including in the Dongting and Poyang Lakes. The prevalence of infection with S.
      japonicum in humans has decreased from 6.80 % in 2002 (before the dam began
      operating) to 0.50 % in 2012, and the number of people infected with S. japonicum
      have decreased from 94 208 in 2002 to 59 200 in 2011 in the Poyang Lake region.
      The presence of the dam does not seem to affect snail breeding or the prevalence
      of schistosomiasis in the Three Gorges Reservoir. Overall, the Three Gorges Dam
      has significantly contributed to changes in hydrology after more than 10 years of
      the dam operating. The changes caused by the dam, together with integrated
      control of schistosomiasis, might be accelerating the progress towards
      eliminating the transmission of S. japonicum in the middle and lower reaches of
      the Yangtze River. Despite the positive effect the dam is having in controlling
      S. japonicum transmission, continued surveillance is required to monitor the
      future ecological impacts of the dam over the long term. 

PMID- 27377964
TI  - Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced insulin
      resistance by improving mitochondrial function in HepG2 cells.
AB  - Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) has been reported to have beneficial effects for
      improving insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the
      beneficial effects remains poorly understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
      and mitochondrial dysfunction are considered causal factors that induce insulin
      resistance. In this study, we investigated the effect of ALA on the modulation of
      insulin resistance in ER-stressed HepG2 cells, and we explored the potential
      mechanism of this effect. HepG2 cells were incubated with tunicamycin (Tun) for
      6h to establish an ER stress cell model. Tun treatment induced ER stress,
      mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance. Interestingly, ALA had no
      significant effect on ER stress signals. Pretreatment of the ER stress cell model
      with ALA for 24h improved insulin sensitivity, restored the expression levels of
      mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and increased
      intracellular ATP production. Moreover, ALA augmented the beta-oxidation capacity
      of the mitochondria. Importantly, ALA treatment could decrease oligomycin-induced
      mitochondrial dysfunction and then improved insulin resistance. Taken together,
      our data suggest that ALA prevents ER stress-induced insulin resistance by
      enhancing mitochondrial function.

PMID- 27377963
TI  - The dual role of FOXF2 in regulation of DNA replication and the epithelial
      mesenchymal transition in breast cancer progression.
AB  - Dysregulation of Forkhead-box (FOX) transcription factors is linked to cancers of
      numerous tissue types. Here, we report that FOXF2 is frequently silenced in
      luminal-type and HER2-positive breast cancers, but is overexpressed in basal-like
      breast cancers; thus, FOXF2 appears to play distinct roles in different breast
      cancer subtypes. Inactivation of FOXF2 in luminal-type and HER2-positive breast
      cancers is attributable to epigenetic silencing. Silencing of FOXF2 is associated
      with poor prognosis in luminal-type breast cancer. Ectopic expression of FOXF2 in
      luminal and HER2-positive breast cancer cells suppresses their tumorigenic
      properties in vitro and in vivo via inhibition of the CDK2-RB-E2F cascade. The in
      vivo function of FOXF2 is to maintain the stringency of DNA replication, and its
      loss triggers dysregulation of DNA replication, which in turn activates the p53
      checkpoint pathway. Besides its role in cell cycle regulation, FOXF2 is
      functionally required for mobility and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
      of normal breast epithelial cells. In basal-like breast cancer cells, the cell
      cycle function of FOXF2 is impaired. However, the EMT function of FOXF2 is still
      required for mobility, invasiveness and anchorage-independent growth of basal
      like breast cancer cells. Our gene expression profiling studies demonstrate that
      FOXF2 regulates the expression of genes implicated in cell cycle and EMT
      regulation. Moreover, FOXF2 is highly co-expressed with basal- and metastasis
      related genes in breast cancer. These findings suggest that FOXF2 has a dual role
      in breast tumorigenesis and functions as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene
      depending on the breast tumor subtype.

PMID- 27377965
TI  - Nuclear translocation of IQGAP1 protein upon exposure to puromycin
      aminonucleoside in cultured human podocytes: ERK pathway involvement.
AB  - IQGAP1, a protein that links the actin cytoskeleton to slit diaphragm proteins,
      is involved in podocyte motility and permeability. Its regulation in glomerular
      disease is not known. We have exposed human podocytes to puromycin
      aminonucleoside (PAN), an inducer of nephrotic syndrome in rats, and studied the
      effects on IQGAP1 biology and function. In human podocytes exposed to PAN, a
      nuclear translocation of IQGAP1 was observed by immunocytolocalization and
      confirmed by Western blot after selective nuclear/cytoplasmic extraction. In
      contrast to IQGAP1, IQGAP2 expression remained cytoplasmic. IQGAP1 nuclear
      translocation was associated with a significant decrease in its interaction with
      nephrin and podocalyxin. Activation of the ERK pathway was observed in PAN
      treated podocytes with a preponderant nuclear localization of the phosphorylated
      form of ERK (P-ERK). The interaction between IQGAP1 and P-ERK increased upon
      podocyte exposure to PAN. Inhibitors of ERK pathway activation blocked IQGAP1
      nuclear translocation (p<0.02). Chromatin interaction protein assays demonstrated
      an interaction of IQGAP1 with chromatin and with Histone H3, which increased in
      response to PAN. In summary, PAN induces the ERK dependent translocation of
      IQGAP1 into the nuclei in human podocytes which leads to the interaction of
      IQGAP1 with chromatin and Histone H3, and decreased interactions between IQGAP1
      and slit-diaphragm proteins. Therefore, IQGAP1 may have a role in podocyte gene
      regulation in glomerular disease.

PMID- 27377967
TI  - What's the Evidence: A Review of the One-Minute Preceptor Model of Clinical
      Teaching and Implications for Teaching in the Emergency Department.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The 2012 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference, "Education
      Research in Emergency Medicine: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategies for
      Success" noted that emergency medicine (EM) educators often rely on theory and
      tradition in molding their approaches to teaching and learning, and called on the
      EM education community to advance the teaching of our specialty through the
      performance and application of research in teaching and assessment methods,
      cognitive function, and the effects of education interventions. OBJECTIVE: The
      purpose of this article is to review the research-based evidence for the
      effectiveness of the one-minute preceptor (OMP) teaching method, and to provide
      suggestions for its use in clinical teaching and learning in EM. DISCUSSION: This
      article reviews hypothesis-testing education research related to the use of the
      OMP as a pedagogical method applicable to clinical teaching. Evidence indicates
      that the OMP prompts the teaching of higher level concepts, facilitates the
      assessment of students' knowledge, and prompts the provision of feedback.
      Students indicate satisfaction with this method of clinical case-based discussion
      teaching. CONCLUSION: Advancing EM education will require that high quality
      education research results be translated into actual curricular, pedagogical,
      assessment, and professional development changes. The OMP is a pedagogical method
      that is applicable to teaching in the emergency department.

PMID- 27377966
TI  - Bacterial partition complexes segregate within the volume of the nucleoid.
AB  - Precise and rapid DNA segregation is required for proper inheritance of genetic
      material. In most bacteria and archaea, this process is assured by a broadly
      conserved mitotic-like apparatus in which a NTPase (ParA) displaces the partition
      complex. Competing observations and models imply starkly different 3D
      localization patterns of the components of the partition machinery during
      segregation. Here we use super-resolution microscopies to localize in 3D each
      component of the segregation apparatus with respect to the bacterial chromosome.
      We show that Par proteins locate within the nucleoid volume and reveal that
      proper volumetric localization and segregation of partition complexes requires
      ATPase and DNA-binding activities of ParA. Finally, we find that the localization
      patterns of the different components of the partition system highly correlate
      with dense chromosomal regions. We propose a new mechanism in which the nucleoid
      provides a scaffold to guide the proper segregation of partition complexes.

PMID- 27377968
TI  - High-level SUMO-mediated fusion expression of ABP-dHC-cecropin A from multiple
      joined genes in Escherichia coli.
AB  - The antimicrobial peptide ABP-dHC-cecropin A is a small cationic peptide with
      potent activity against a wide range of bacterial species. Evidence of antifungal
      activity has also been suggested; however, evaluation of this peptide has been
      limited due to the low expression of cecropin proteins in Escherichia coli. To
      improve the expression level of ABP-dHC-cecropin A in E. coli, tandem repeats of
      the ABP-dHC-cecropin A gene were constructed and expressed as fusion proteins
      (SUMO-nABP-dHC-cecropin, n = 1, 2, 3, 4) via pSUMO-nABP-dHC-cecropin A vectors (n
      = 1, 2, 3, 4). Comparison of the expression levels of soluble SUMO-nABP-dHC
      cecropin A fusion proteins (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) suggested that BL21 (DE3)/pSUMO-3ABP
      dHC-cecropin A is an ideal recombinant strain for ABP-dHC-cecropin A production.
      Under the selected conditions of cultivation and isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG)
      induction, the expression level of ABP-dHC-cecropin A was as high as 65 mg/L,
      with ~21.3% of the fusion protein in soluble form. By large-scale fermentation,
      protein production reached nearly 300 mg/L, which is the highest yield of ABP-dHC
      cecropin A reported to date. In antibacterial experiments, the efficacy was
      approximately the same as that of synthetic ABP-dHC-cecropin A. This method
      provides a novel and effective means of producing large amounts of ABP-dHC
      cecropin A.

PMID- 27377969
TI  - Rapid quantitation of monoclonal antibody N-glyco-occupancy and afucosylation
      using mass spectrometry.
AB  - N-glyco-occupancy and afucoslyation level are two important quality attributes
      associated with N-glycosylation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We
      report here a fast mass spectrometry-based workflow for quantification of N
      glycan site-occupancy and afucoslyation level of mAbs with improved throughput,
      precision, sensitivity and robustness. This method uses the deglycosylation after
      the first GlcNAc and inter-chain reduction of the mAbs, followed by liquid
      chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The entire process can be
      completed within one hour, which provides a rapid quantitation of N-glyco
      occupancy and afucosylation to support high-throughput cell line selection and
      process development for mAb biopharmaceuticals.

PMID- 27377970
TI  - A phase I dose-ranging study of bendamustine and rituximab in chronic lymphocytic
      leukemia patients with comorbidities.

PMID- 27377971
TI  - Lysobacter humi sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from rice field.
AB  - A novel bacterial strain THG-PC4T was isolated from soil sample of rice field and
      was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-negative,
      bright yellow colored, nonmotile and rod shaped. The strain was aerobic and
      catalase positive, optimum growth temperature, and pH were 28  degrees C and 7,
      respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain THG-PC4T
      belongs to the genus Lysobacter and is most closely related to Lysobacter
      fragariae KCTC 42236T, followed by Lysobacter oryzae KCTC 22249T, Lysobacter
      tyrosinelyticus KCTC 42235T, Lysobacter terrae KACC 17646T, Lysobacter
      yangpyeongensis KACC 11407T, Lysobacter rhizosphaerae KCTC 42237T and Lysobacter
      niabensis KACC 11587T. In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the DNA relatedness
      between strain THG-PC4T and its closest phylogenetic neighbors was below 45 %.
      The DNA G + C content was 66.6 mol %, and the predominant respiratory quinone was
      ubiquinone-8. Flexirubin-type pigments were found to be present. The major
      cellular fatty acids were iso-C16:0, iso-C17:1 omega9c, iso-C17:0 and iso-C11:0
      3OH. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and
      phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA-DNA hybridization, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and
      physiological data demonstrated that strain THG-PC4T represented a novel species
      within the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobcater humi is proposed. The
      type strain is THG-PC4T (=KACC 18284T = CCTCC AB 2015292T).

PMID- 27377972
TI  - Transparent reporting for reproducible science.

PMID- 27377973
TI  - Sulforaphene inhibits triple negative breast cancer through activating tumor
      suppressor Egr1.
AB  - Sulforaphene (SFE, 4-methylsufinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate) is a member of
      isothiocyanates, which is derived from radish seeds. It has shown that multiple
      isothiocyanates, such as sulforaphane, can effectively inhibit cancer cell
      proliferation in vitro and in vivo. However, it is still largely unknown if SFE
      could impact breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects
      of SFE on triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) via a series of in vitro and in
      vivo assays. We found that SFE can significantly inhibit cell proliferation in
      multiple TNBC cell lines through inducing G2/M phase arrest as well as cell
      apoptosis. Nude mice xenograft assays support the anti-TNBC role of SFE in vivo.
      Interestingly, SFE can repress expression of cyclinB1, Cdc2, and phosphorylated
      Cdc2, and, then, induced G2/M phase arrest of TNBC cells. To identify SFE target
      genes, we detected genome-wide gene expression changes through gene expression
      profiling and observed 27 upregulated and 18 downregulated genes in MDA-MB-453
      cells treated with SFE. Among these genes, Egr1 was successfully validated as a
      consistently activated gene after SFE treatment in TNBC MDA-MB-453 and MDA-MB-436
      cells. Egr1 overexpression inhibited proliferation of TNBC cells. However, Egr1
      knockdown using siRNAs significantly promoted TNBC cell growth, indicating the
      tumor suppressor nature of Egr1. In sum, we for the first time found that SFE
      might be a potential anti-TNBC natural compound and its antiproliferation effects
      might be mediated by tumor suppressor Egr1.

PMID- 27377975
TI  - A high-value cost conscious approach to minimize heparin induced thrombocytopenia
      antibody (HITAb) testing using the 4T score.
AB  - Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious complication from
      administration of heparin products. The 4T score is a validated pre-test
      probability tool to screen for HIT in hospitalized patients. As the negative
      predictive value (NPV) is very high further testing for HIT in patients with a
      low score can be avoided. Our objective was to determine trends at our hospital
      with respect to utilization of HIT antibody (HITAb) testing and evaluate economic
      burden from unnecessary HIT testing. A retrospective cohort review was performed
      on patients age 18 and above admitted to a tertiary care center from February
      2013 to December 2014 who underwent HITAb testing. Surgical ICU patients were
      excluded. Patients were stratified into low, intermediate, and high risk for HIT
      based on the 4T model. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi square and
      regression models. Of 150 patients that underwent HITAb testing, 134 met
      inclusion criteria. 73 were male (54.47 %) and mean age was 55.50 +/- 17.27
      years. 81 patients had a low 4T score 0-3. Analysis of testing trends showed
      60.44 % of patients were tested for HITAb despite being low risk using the 4T
      model. Only three patients with low 4T score were positive on confirmatory SRA
      testing (NPV 96.29 % CI 95 = 89.56-99.23 %). Expenditure due to inappropriate
      testing and treatment was estimated at $103,348.13. The majority of HITAb testing
      was found unnecessary based on the investigator calculated 4T score. We propose
      implementation of an electronic medical record (EMR) based calculator in order to
      reduce unneeded tests and reduce use of costlier alternative anticoagulants. 

PMID- 27377974
TI  - The genetic history of Cochin Jews from India.
AB  - Cochin Jews form a small and unique community on the Malabar coast in southwest
      India. While the arrival time of any putative Jewish ancestors of the community
      has been speculated to have taken place as far back as biblical times (King
      Solomon's era), a Jewish community in the Malabar coast has been documented only
      since the 9th century CE. Here, we explore the genetic history of Cochin Jews by
      collecting and genotyping 21 community members and combining the data with that
      of 707 individuals from 72 other Indian, Jewish, and Pakistani populations,
      together with additional individuals from worldwide populations. We applied
      comprehensive genome-wide analyses based on principal component analysis, F ST,
      ADMIXTURE, identity-by-descent sharing, admixture linkage disequilibrium decay,
      haplotype sharing, allele sharing autocorrelation decay and contrasting the X
      chromosome with the autosomes. We find that, as reported by several previous
      studies, the genetics of Cochin Jews resembles that of local Indian populations.
      However, we also identify considerable Jewish genetic ancestry that is not
      present in any other Indian or Pakistani populations (with the exception of the
      Jewish Bene Israel, which we characterized previously). Combined, Cochin Jews
      have both Jewish and Indian ancestry. Specifically, we detect a significant
      recent Jewish gene flow into this community 13-22 generations (~470-730 years)
      ago, with contributions from Yemenite, Sephardi, and Middle-Eastern Jews, in
      accordance with historical records. Genetic analyses also point to high endogamy
      and a recent population bottleneck in this population, which might explain the
      increased prevalence of some recessive diseases in Cochin Jews.

PMID- 27377976
TI  - Enzymatic Biofuel Cells on Porous Nanostructures.
AB  - Biofuel cells (BFCs) that utilize enzymes as catalysts represent a new
      sustainable and renewable energy technology. Numerous efforts have been directed
      to improve the performance of the enzymatic BFCs (EBFCs) with respect to power
      output and operational stability for further applications in portable power
      sources, self-powered electrochemical sensing, implantable medical devices, etc.
      The latest advances in EBFCs based on porous nanoarchitectures over the past 5
      years are detailed here. Porous matrices from carbon, noble metals, and polymers
      promote the development of EBFCs through the electron transfer and mass transport
      benefits. Some key issues regarding how these nanostructured porous media improve
      the performance of EBFCs are also discussed. 

PMID- 27377977
TI  - Relationship between long-term use of a typical antipsychotic medication by
      Chinese schizophrenia patients and the bone turnover markers serum osteocalcin
      and beta-CrossLaps.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence shows that schizophrenia patients with long-term
      exposure to antipsychotic medications have decreased bone mass, which suggests
      that they are at a high risk of osteoporosis. However, the mechanism underlying
      this remains unclear. In this study, we selected two bone turnover markers to
      explore whether atypical antipsychotics can affect bone metabolism and identified
      possible influencing factors. METHODS: A total of 116 schizophrenia patients (18
      40years old) participated in the study. The subjects included 31 drug-naive first
      episode patients and 85 patients who had undergone atypical antipsychotic
      monotherapy for at least 6months. A total of 71 subjects were assigned as normal
      controls. Demographic and physical examination data were analyzed for all
      subjects. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was used to assess
      psychopathology in schizophrenia patients. Levels of the bone turnover markers
      osteocalcin and beta-CrossLaps were measured. Serum prolactin (PRL), lipid, sex
      hormone, glucose, insulin, and parathyroid hormone levels were also measured.
      RESULTS: The serum beta-CrossLaps levels of patients who had been treated with
      atypical antipsychotics were higher compared with those of drug-naive first
      episode patients and normal subjects. Atypical antipsychotics, schizophrenia,
      age, gender, and body mass index, as well as serum levels of PRL, triglyceride,
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and testosterone, were
      significantly associated with serum osteocalcin and beta-CrossLaps levels. Serum
      insulin was only positively associated with serum osteocalcin, whereas estradiol
      was only negatively associated with serum beta-CrossLaps. CONCLUSION: Patients
      who had been treated with atypical antipsychotics had accelerated bone
      resorption. Our findings uncover a link between atypical antipsychotics and bone
      metabolism, possibly through abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism and
      insulin resistance.

PMID- 27377978
TI  - Validation of the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite the increased recognition of catatonia in children and
      adolescents, no specific assessment instrument has been validated in this
      population. METHOD: Within the context of a prospective study on catatonia, we
      developed the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS, maximum score=60), adapted
      from the Bush and Francis Catatonia Rating Scale for its use in child and
      adolescent inpatients. We assessed the psychometric properties of the PCRS by
      measuring its internal consistency, construct validity, and factor structure.
      Bivariate analyses were performed to compare the different diagnostic patient
      groups across the extracted factors. RESULTS: Internal consistency was moderate
      (Cronbach's alpha for total score=0.67) suggesting multidimensionality. Multiple
      factors underlie the PCRS items, as revealed by factor analysis. Four distinct
      dimensions of catatonic symptoms were identified and accounted for 44% of total
      variance: a "negative withdrawal" factor (with mutism, negativism, and social
      withdrawal), a "catalepsy" factor (with posturing and waxy flexibility), an
      "abnormal movements" factor (with mannerisms and stereotypes) and an "echo
      phenomenon" factor (with echolalia and echopraxia). Receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the PCRS performance in discriminating
      individuals with catatonia vs. those without catatonia was excellent for a
      threshold>=9 (Area Under the Curve=0.983) in this sample. DISCUSSION: These
      results support the validity of the PCRS among children and adolescent
      inpatients. With regard to such analyses, the internal structure of catatonic
      syndrome in children and adolescents is roughly comparable with the adult form,
      except the lack of a "hyperactive/excitement" dimension.

PMID- 27377979
TI  - Phase Transfer of Palladized Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron for Environmental
      Remediation of Trichloroethene.
AB  - Palladium-doped nanoscale zerovalent iron (Pd-NZVI) has been shown to degrade
      environmental contaminants such as trichloroethene (TCE) to benign end-products
      through aqueous phase reactions. In this study we show that rhamnolipid
      (biosurfactant)-coated Pd-NZVI (RL-Pd-NZVI) when reacted with TCE in a 1-butanol
      organic phase with limited amounts of water results in 50% more TCE mass
      degradation per unit mass of Pd-NZVI, with a 4-fold faster degradation rate (kobs
      of 0.413 day(-1) in butanol organic phase versus 0.099 day(-1) in aqueous phase).
      RL-Pd-NZVI is preferentially suspended in water in biphasic organic liquid-water
      systems because of its hydrophilic nature. We demonstrate herein for the first
      time that their rapid phase transfer to a butanol/TCE organic phase can be
      achieved by adding NaCl and creating water-in-oil emulsions in the organic phase.
      The significant enhancement in reactivity is caused by a higher electron release
      (3e(-) per mole of Fe(0)) from Pd-NZVI in the butanol organic phase compared to
      the same reaction with TCE in the aqueous phase (2e(-) per mole of Fe(0)). XPS
      characterization studies of Pd-NZVI show Fe(0) oxidation to Fe(III) oxides for Pd
      NZVI reacted with TCE in the butanol organic phase compared to Fe(II) oxides in
      the aqueous phase, which accounted for differences in the TCE reactivity extents
      and rates observed in the two phases.

PMID- 27377980
TI  - [Auditing as a tool for ongoing improvement in the Stroke Care Plan of the Region
      of Aragon].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The Aragon Stroke Care Plan (PAIA) was created in 2008 within the
      framework of the Spanish National Health System. Monitoring hospital care of
      strokes by means of periodic audits was defined as one of its lines of work. AIM:
      To determine the quality of the hospital care process for stroke patients in
      Aragon by using quality indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three audits were
      carried out (in the years 2008, 2010 and 2012) following the same methodology,
      based on the retrospective review of a representative sample of admissions due to
      stroke in each of the general hospitals belonging to the Aragonese Health
      Service. Information was collected on 48 indicators selected according to their
      scientific evidence or clinical relevance. RESULTS: Altogether 1011 cases were
      studied (331 in the first audit, and 340 in the second and the third). Thirty-one
      indicators showed a significant improvement (some of the most notable being the
      indicators of quality of the medical record, neurological assessment, initial
      preventive measures and, especially relevant, performing the swallowing test),
      two underwent a decline in their condition (related with rehabilitation
      treatment) and 15 did not register any significant variation. CONCLUSIONS: The
      implementation of the PAIA has given rise to a notable improvement in most of the
      quality indicators evaluated, which reflects an ongoing improvement in hospital
      stroke care. The progressive generalisation of specialised care and the creation
      of stroke units are some of the determining factors.

PMID- 27377981
TI  - [Characteristics of patients with refractory epilepsy attended in a tertiary
      referral center in Costa Rica].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Thirty percent of patients with epilepsy have recurrent seizures,
      representing fifteen million people in the world. This population has been
      scarcely described. AIM: To characterize sociodemographic and clinically the
      patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy in a tertiary referral hospital of
      the Costa Rican social security. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study presents an
      analysis of all cases of refractory epilepsy evaluated at the epilepsy unit of
      San Juan de Dios Hospital from August, 2012 to October, 2014. RESULTS: Clinical
      records of 91 patients were studied; patients with psychogenic seizures were
      analyzed separately. The mean age of onset was 13.1 +/- 11.1 years, secondary
      generalized seizures were the predominant type (81.3%), the most frequent
      etiology was mesial temporal sclerosis (48.3%) and the majority had normal
      neurological exams and normal or low neuropsychological assessments. Around half
      (48.8%) of the patients had been medicated with a range of 4-6 antiepileptic
      drugs, being lamotrigine, carbamazepine, valproic acid and phenytoin the most
      prescribed. Treatment optimization, neurosurgery, and further analysis were
      standard recommendations. Sociodemographic characteristics, patient management,
      and antiepileptic drugs used are similar to the described in other latitudes.
      Differences between the age of onset and gender; seizure frequency and gender;
      age of onset and failed treatments and time of evolution of the disease and
      employment were observed. The percentage and characteristics of recurrent
      seizures of psychogenic nature found are comparable to other refractory epilepsy
      studies. CONCLUSION: Sociodemographic characteristics, management of patients,
      antiepileptic drugs used and the differences observed are similar to those
      previously described.

PMID- 27377982
TI  - [Cluster headache in pediatric population: four case reports and review of the
      literature].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cluster headache is a rare cause of primary headache in children.
      We report four cases with a mean age of onset of 8.6, ranged from 2 to 13 years.
      CASE REPORTS: Three males and one female with onset at 2, 7, 13, and 12 years
      old, respectively, were included. The symptoms of all patients fulfill the
      criteria for the diagnosis of cluster headache according to the International
      Society of Headache. CONCLUSIONS: Despite being rare during childhood, cluster
      headache should be part of the differential diagnosis of headache in childhood.
      This report highlights the variable features of this disorder in children, often
      misdiagnosed. It can be useful in making a quick diagnosis and starting the
      appropriate treatment early. Verapamil was more effective than flunarizine in
      terminating the headache in our patients. Oxygen treatment and triptans resulted
      the treatments with the best response in acute cluster headache.

PMID- 27377983
TI  - [The neuroanatomy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: neuropsychological
      and clinical correlates].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The development of structural magnetic resonance scanning and new
      methods of analysis has made it possible to explore, in a hitherto unknown way,
      the neuroanatomical bases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
      Yet, little is known about the relation between the clinical symptoms and the
      neuropsychological dysfunctions characterising ADHD and the neuroanatomical
      alterations that are observed. AIM: To explore the relation between neuroanatomy,
      clinical features and neuropsychology in ADHD. DEVELOPMENT: At group level, there
      are a number of marked differences between the brain of children, adolescents and
      adults with ADHD and the brain of subjects with a typical development. These
      differences are observed cross-sectionally and longitudinally in all the
      measurements, both in the grey matter and in the white matter. Although still
      scarce, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that these differences
      are related with the core symptoms of the disorder and with the degree of
      clinical dysfunction. They also appear to be associated with cognitive
      functioning (mainly attention and inhibitory control). CONCLUSIONS: The relation
      among the different levels of analysis in the study of ADHD bring research closer
      to the clinical features and allows a better understanding and management of the
      disorder. Although progress is undoubtedly being made in this field, there are
      still many questions that need exploring in greater depth. There is a need for a
      better understanding of the association between the neuroanatomical measurements
      and each dimension of the symptoms, and their relationship with other
      neuropsychological processes that are also involved in the disorder.

PMID- 27377985
TI  - [XXXIII Reunion de la Sociedad Valenciana de Neurologia. Communications].

PMID- 27377984
TI  - [Frenkel: one of the forerunners of neurorehabilitation?].
AB  - Neurorehabilitation is understood as the process intended to reduce the
      deficiency, limitation of activity and restriction of participation experienced
      by people as a result of a neurological diseases, and where the professionals
      involved in this field will aim to reduce the functional involvement degree of
      the patient. Due to the ignorance existed about the plastic capacity in the
      nervous system in humans, the scientific origins of neurological rehabilitation
      is relatively recent, which are located around the Second World War. However,
      there are signs that the neurologist Heinrich Sebastian Frenkel (1860-1931) was
      able to establish the basis of neurorehabilitation before that time. There are
      historical concerning regarding the work conducted and published by Frenkel that
      would support the hypothesis, based on the characteristics of their treatment
      employed and documented methodologies, that what he called 'Ubungstherapie'
      (neurological gymnastic), it could be considered as the basis of what we consider
      today as modern neurorehabilitation. This knowledge could have been used by many
      authors who introduced those experiences and lessons learned to the multiple
      therapeutic methods that emerged after, even the most innovative and
      technological, while the roots of neurorehabilitation could be found at the end
      of the 19th century. 

PMID- 27377986
TI  - [Parkinson's disease associated to mutation of the LRRK2 gene, mimicking
      multisystemic atrophy due to the combination of parkinsonism, early-onset
      dysautonomia and normal cardiac scintigraphy].

PMID- 27377987
TI  - Comparing sensibility for touch, cold, and warmth in different skin areas.
AB  - The primary objective of this pilot study was to assess if the magnitude
      estimation of suprathreshold brushing, warmth (40  degrees C), and cold (25 
      degrees C) stimuli of the skin over the dorsum of the hand and the dorsum of the
      foot are comparable to the perceived intensity for the same stimuli applied to
      the skin over any of the following areas: forehead, m. trapezius, m. deltoideus,
      thoracic back, and lumbar back, respectively. Thirty-two subjects aged 18-64
      years were included. Participants were examined by two physicians on two
      different occasions, 1-58 days apart. Participants rated the magnitude of the
      perceived sensation of each stimulus on an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS)
      0-10, where 0 was anchored to "no sensation at all for touch/cold/warmth" and 10
      anchored to "the most intense imaginable non-painful sensation of
      touch/cold/warmth". The criterion for sensory equivalence for one modality was
      arbitrarily considered satisfactory if two regions had the same numerical rating
      +/-1 point in at least 85% of the individuals. Based on the pre-study criteria
      for sensory equivalence applied in this study only one area was found to be
      equivalent to the foot skin for the percept of brushing, that is, the skin over
      the deltoid muscle and one area for the hand, that is, the skin over the
      forehead. We failed to find any area with equivalent sensitivity to the hand or
      the foot for the cold or warm stimuli.

PMID- 27377988
TI  - The structure of liquid water beyond the first hydration shell.
AB  - To date there is a general consensus on the structure of the first coordination
      shells of liquid water, namely tetrahedral short range order of molecules. In
      contrast, little is known about the structure at longer distances and the
      influence of the tetrahedral molecular arrangement of the first shells on the
      order at these length scales. An expansion of the distance dependent excess
      entropy is used in this contribution to find out which molecular arrangements are
      important at each distance range. This was done by splitting the excess entropy
      into two parts: one connected to the relative position of two molecules and the
      other one related to their relative orientation. A transition between two
      previously unknown regimes in liquid water is identified at a distance of about
      ~6 A: from a predominantly orientational order at shorter distances to a regime
      at larger distances of up to ~9 A where the order is predominantly positional and
      molecules are distributed with the same tetrahedral symmetry as the very first
      molecules. 

PMID- 27377989
TI  - Characterization of photosynthetic gas exchange in leaves under simulated adaxial
      and abaxial surfaces alternant irradiation.
AB  - Previous investigations on photosynthesis have been performed on leaves
      irradiated from the adaxial surface. However, leaves usually sway because of
      wind. This action results in the alternating exposure of both the adaxial and
      abaxial surfaces to bright sunlight. To simulate adaxial and abaxial surfaces
      alternant irradiation (ad-ab-alt irradiation), the adaxial or abaxial surface of
      leaves were exposed to light regimes that fluctuated between 100 and 1,000 MUmol
      m(-2) s(-1). Compared with constant adaxial irradiation, simulated ad-ab-alt
      irradiation suppressed net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration (E) but not
      water use efficiency. These suppressions were aggravated by an increase in
      alternant frequency of the light intensity. When leaves were transferred from
      constant light to simulated ad-ab-alt irradiation, the maximum Pn and E during
      the high light period decreased, but the rate of photosynthetic induction during
      this period remained constant. The sensitivity of photosynthetic gas exchange to
      simulated ad-ab-alt irradiation was lower on abaxial surface than adaxial
      surface. Under simulated ad-ab-alt irradiation, higher Pn and E were measured on
      abaxial surface compared with adaxial surface. Therefore, bifacial leaves can fix
      more carbon than leaves with two "sun-leaf-like" surfaces under ad-ab-alt
      irradiation. Photosynthetic research should be conducted under dynamic conditions
      that better mimic nature.

PMID- 27377990
TI  - MR lymphangiography in the treatment of lymphedema.
AB  - Lymphedema is a common condition frequently seen in cancer patients who have had
      lymph node dissection +/- radiation treatment. Traditional management is mainly
      non-surgical and unsatisfactory. Surgical treatment has relied on excisional
      techniques in the past. Physiologic operations have more recently been devised to
      help improve this condition. Assessing patients and deciding which of the
      available operations to offer them can be challenging. MRI is an extremely useful
      tool in patient assessment and treatment planning. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:18
      22. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27377991
TI  - Ultrasound-Induced Organogel Formation Followed by Thin Film Fabrication via
      Simple Doctor Blading Technique for Field-Effect Transistor Applications.
AB  - We demonstrate doctor blading technique to fabricate high performance transistors
      made up of printed small molecular materials. In this regard, we synthesize a new
      soluble phthalocyanine, tetra-n-butyl peripheral substituted copper(II)
      phthalocaynine (CuBuPc), that can easily undergo gel formation upon ultrasonic
      irradiation, leading to the formation of three-dimensional (3D) network composed
      of one-dimensional (1D) nanofibers structure. Finally, taking the advantage of
      thixotropic nature of the CuBuPc organogel, we use the doctor blade processing
      technique that limits the material wastage for the fabrication of transistor
      devices. Due to the ultrasound induced stronger pi-pi interaction, the transistor
      fabricated by doctor blading based on CuBuPc organogel exhibits significant
      increase in charge carrier mobility in comparison with other solution process
      techniques, thus paving a way for a simple and economically viable preparation of
      electronic circuits. 

PMID- 27377992
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Use of Probiotics for the Prevention of
      Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea in a Provincial Healthcare System.
AB  - OBJECTIVE To conduct a full economic evaluation assessing the costs and
      consequences related to probiotic use for the primary prevention of Clostridium
      difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). DESIGN Cost-effectiveness analysis using
      decision analytic modeling. METHODS A cost-effectiveness analysis was used to
      evaluate the risk of CDAD and the costs of receiving oral probiotics versus not
      over a time horizon of 30 days. The target population modeled was all adult
      inpatients receiving any therapeutic course of antibiotics from a publicly funded
      healthcare system perspective. Effectiveness estimates were based on a recent
      systematic review of probiotics for the primary prevention of CDAD. Additional
      estimates came from local data and the literature. Sensitivity analyses were
      conducted to assess how plausible changes in variables impacted the results.
      RESULTS Treatment with oral probiotics led to direct costs of CDN $24 per course
      of treatment per patient. On average, patients treated with oral probiotics had a
      lower overall cost compared with usual care (CDN $327 vs $845). The risk of CDAD
      was reduced from 5.5% in those not receiving oral probiotics to 2% in those
      receiving oral probiotics. These results were robust to plausible variation in
      all estimates. CONCLUSIONS Oral probiotics as a preventive strategy for CDAD
      resulted in a lower risk of CDAD as well as cost-savings. The cost-savings may be
      greater in other healthcare systems that experience a higher incidence and cost
      associated with CDAD. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:1079-1086.

PMID- 27377993
TI  - Nurse Faculty Beliefs and Teaching Practices for the Care of the Cancer Survivor
      in Undergraduate Nursing Curricula.
AB  - As the number of individuals surviving cancer continues to rise, short- and long
      term effects of cancer and its treatment that result in physical, psychosocial,
      and spiritual needs unique to the care of the cancer survivor has not been
      addressed in nursing curricula. The Institute of Medicine (IOM, 2005) recommends
      that all health care providers are educated on the care of cancer survivors. This
      descriptive qualitative study explored faculty beliefs and practices regarding
      the inclusion of caring for the cancer survivor in undergraduate nursing
      curricula. Faculty knowledge of the term "cancer survivor" and their beliefs and
      practices regarding the placement of theory and clinical experiences on cancer
      survivorship were explored through face-to-face semi-structured interviews.
      Qualitative content analysis revealed themes and patterns related to the barriers
      and facilitators for disseminating information on the gap in content on care of
      the cancer survivor. Seven themes emerged from the content analysis of the
      interviews. These were as follows: (1) descriptions of cancer survivorship; (2)
      beliefs on inclusion of cancer survivorship care within undergraduate nursing
      curriculum; (3) established content on cancer survivorship care: teaching
      practices; (4) gaps in content on cancer survivorship care; (5) lack of
      supportive literature on cancer survivorship care; (6) clinical sites providing
      opportunities for cancer survivorship care: planned versus unplanned; and (7)
      barriers and facilitators to the inclusion of cancer survivorship in
      undergraduate nursing curricula. This study reveals the need for faculty
      education on the care of cancer survivors and a revision of undergraduate
      curriculum content.

PMID- 27377994
TI  - Commentary: Enhanced Monitoring of the Preterm Infant during Stabilization in the
      Delivery Room.

PMID- 27377995
TI  - Radical Beckmann Rearrangement and Its Application in the Formal Total Synthesis
      of Antimalarial Natural Product Isocryptolepine via C-H Activation.
AB  - The Beckmann rearrangement of ketoximes, mediated by ammonium persulfate-dimethyl
      sulfoxide as a reagent, has been achieved under neutral conditions. Based on the
      radical trapping and (18)O-labeling experiments, the transformation follows a
      mechanism involving a radical pathway. The scope and generality of the developed
      protocol has been demonstrated by 19 examples. The developed protocol and Pd
      catalyzed intramolecular double C-H activation were used as key steps in the
      formal total synthesis of antimalarial natural product isocryptolepine.

PMID- 27377997
TI  - A practical approach to ichthyoses with systemic manifestations.
AB  - Inherited ichthyoses are rare disorders in terms of patient numbers, but abundant
      in terms of clinical-genetic subtypes. These disorders are often associated with
      severe systemic manifestations, in addition to significant medical, cosmetic and
      social problems. There are 17 subtypes of syndromic ichthyosis identified so far
      and most patients with these syndromes are living in countries with high
      consanguinity rates. Frequently, clinicians cannot make a definitive diagnosis
      and patients are not managed properly owing to the rarity and complexity of these
      disorders. These difficulties make this group of ichthyosis and the patients
      living with them 'orphan'. After skin and skin appendages, nervous system is the
      most frequently involved system in ichthyosis syndromes. Thus, association of
      ichthyosis with neurological symptoms provides an important clue for diagnosis.
      In this article, we aim to increase clinicians' comprehension of ichthyosis
      syndromes by providing a symptomatology-based approach based on this observation.
      Additionally, we provide a review of ichthyosis syndromes, with special emphasis
      on neurological symptoms, hoping to attract interest to this complicated field.

PMID- 27377998
TI  - Supramolecular guest relay using host-protein nanocavities: an application of
      host-induced guest protonation.
AB  - Small drug molecules and other important metabolites are delivered via a suitable
      carrier protein-mediated transport through a specific receptor. The process is
      highly coordinated and associated with complexation induced properties of
      deliverable molecules. To get a molecular insight, in this report, we tried to
      mimic the delivery process to know how the carrier protein relocates the drug
      molecule from the macrocyclic host cavity to its binding pocket and how the
      electronic and the chemical properties of the guest get altered. Bovine and human
      serum albumin (BSA and HSA) were used as the model carrier proteins which can
      snatch out 6-propanoyl-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthalene (PRO), dye used as a drug
      model (known to bind at the drug-binding pocket of the carrier protein), from the
      cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) cavity, a potential drug delivery carrier. Prior to
      performing the fluorescence-based bio-supramolecular relocation assay using BSA
      and HSA, CB7 and PRO, we have investigated the effect of CB7 encapsulation and
      protonation on the fluorescence properties of PRO. A significant shift in the pKa
      value from 3.4 to 6.6 (ca. 3.2 logarithmic units) of PRO was observed upon
      encapsulation with CB7, which causes a huge fluorescence quenching even at
      neutral pH. The binding affinity of protonated and neutral PRO for CB7 also
      confirms a 3.2 unit shift in the acid-dissociation constant. A displacement assay
      using a strong CB7 binder, viz., 1,6-diaminohexane, confirms encapsulation of PRO
      in the CB7 cavity. Encapsulation of neutral PRO by CB7 shows a significant
      fluorescence enhancement accompanied by a ~35 nm blue shift in the emission
      maxima.

PMID- 27377996
TI  - Transnasal delivery of human A-beta peptides elicits impaired learning and memory
      performance in wild type mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Murine models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are mainly based on
      overexpression of pathologic amyloid precursor protein and/or presenilins. Those
      genes resemble underlying cause of early onset type of AD while about 99 % of all
      human cases are to be characterized as sporadic, late onset. Appropriate animal
      models for this type of AD are still missing. We here investigated, if transnasal
      delivery of A-beta 42 peptides might serve to mimic pathological effects in mice.
      RESULTS: A-beta 42 peptides, used for the behavioral study, showed the expected
      dose-dependent toxicity in neur oblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and were able to form
      higher molecular weight species in vitro. Upon delivery into nostrils of wild
      type mice, protein bands that might represent aggregation products of the
      exogenously applied human A-beta 42 were only observed in total brain homogenates
      from mice pre-treated with mannitol. By using TAMRA-labeled A-beta 42 peptides we
      demonstrated, that transport throughout the brain was achieved already 1 h after
      administration. FVB/N mice treated with A-beta 42 for 3 days were significantly
      impaired in the cue-retention condition of the fear conditioning task as compared
      to controls whereas A-beta-treated C57B6/J mice were impaired in the context
      condition. In the Morris water maze test, these mice also displayed a delayed
      learning performance, indicated by significantly longer time to find the
      platform. Those deficits were also seen for memory performance in the probe trial
      as measured by number of crossings of the former platform position and time spent
      in the goal quadrant. CONCLUSIONS: Existing AD mouse models are of genetic origin
      and need prolonged housing time before onset of pathology. Our short-term
      treatment induced learning and memory deficits via exogenous application of A
      beta peptides comparable to those observed for the transgenic animals. With the
      transnasal A-beta 42 treatment we present an approach to investigate purely A
      beta related changes suitable as a model for symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia
      (AD). Resulting behavioral deficits were indicative for familial type of
      Alzheimer's disease as well as for the late onset variant.

PMID- 27377999
TI  - Objective assessment of trismus in oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients treated
      with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of trismus in oral
      and oropharyngeal cancer patients (OOPC) treated with intensity-modulated
      radiation therapy (IMRT) and to identify the role of risk factors in patients who
      developed trismus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of OOPC
      treated with IMRT in our institution from 2009 to 2014 was performed. Patients
      eligible for this study had pre-RT and post-RT maximal inter-incisal opening
      (MIO) measurements at 6-48 months post-RT, treated with high-dose radiation (>=60
      Gy) and pre-RT MIO >=36 mm. A descriptive analysis to identify the incidence of
      trismus, with trismus stated as MIO <=35 mm at or after 6 months post-RT
      measurement was performed. The role of risk factors such as age, gender, tumor
      site, tumor size (T), tumor stage, pre-RT MIO measurements and radiation dose to
      the tumor were assessed using Fisher exact test and the radiation doses to the
      ipsilateral muscles of mastication in patients who developed trismus were
      assessed by matching with control (non-trismus) patients using Wilcoxon Signed
      Rank test. RESULTS: The study consisted of 54 patients with a median age of 55
      years and 81% were males. The median follow-up time was 10 months. The prevalence
      of trismus was 14.8%. Patients with pre-RT MIO measurements <=40 mm were at risk
      of developing trismus (P < 0.001). In trismus patients, the average mean
      radiation dose to the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles was numerically
      higher but not significantly different (P = 0.08; P = 0.22, respectively) to
      matched control patients. Age, gender, radiation dose to the tumor, tumor site,
      size (T) and stage were also found to be not significant. CONCLUSION: Pre-RT MIO
      measurement was a significant risk factor for the development of trismus.
      However, this is a non-modifiable factor. Limiting radiation dose to the muscles
      of mastication could prevent this complication.

PMID- 27378000
TI  - Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of preoperative/postoperative oral
      dexketoprofen trometamol in third molar surgery: A randomized clinical trial.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of preoperative and
      postoperative dexketoprofen trometamol for pain control after third molar
      surgery. Sixty subjects indicated for impacted mandibular third molar surgery
      were randomly assigned to two groups: preoperative (group 1, n = 30) and
      postoperative (group 2, n = 30) administration. Group 1 received 25 mg of
      dexketoprofen trometamol 30 min before surgery and 1 placebo capsule (same color
      and size with active drug) immediately after surgery. Group 2 received the
      placebo capsule 30 min before surgery and 25 mg of dexketoprofen trometamol
      immediately after surgery. Pain intensity was assessed using a numeric rating
      scale (NRS) during the first 8 h. The time of the need for a second dose of
      dexketoprofen trometamol, after the first administration, was recorded. The data
      were analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures (MMRM), Wilcoxon rank-sum, and
      Kaplan-Meier analysis. After the 8 h period, no statistically significant
      difference was observed in the intensity of pain (MMRM, p = 0.41); and no
      significant difference in the time for a second dose (p = 0.956). In conclusion,
      preoperative administration of dexketoprofen trometamol is a reasonable clinical
      approach that is as effective as conventional postoperative pharmacological
      treatment, with the advantage of allowing early analgesia before pain develops.
      (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02380001). 

PMID- 27378001
TI  - Apert syndrome: Surgical outcomes and perspectives.
AB  - PURPOSE: Apert syndrome is a rare congenital malformation with severe
      craniofacial anomalies. The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of
      craniofacial and neurosurgical interventions in Apert syndrome patients treated
      at a single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of all
      patient records with a diagnosis of Apert syndrome assessed and managed in the
      Australian Craniofacial Unit (ACFU) from 1985 to 2013 was conducted. RESULTS: A
      total of 94 patients were identified, and 130 transcranial procedures were
      performed. Of the patients, 83 underwent a fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) as
      their primary procedure, and 18 patients also underwent a posterior vault
      procedure. Twenty patients underwent a fronto-facial monobloc advancement.
      Overall, 70% of patients underwent at least 2 transcranial procedures. Shunts
      were inserted in 2 patients preoperatively and in 5 patients postoperatively for
      cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks or acute hydrocephalus. Re-do FOAs were performed
      in 8 patients. Patients who underwent an FOA at the age of more than 18 months
      had no recurrence of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). Of 18 patients who also
      underwent a posterior vault procedure, 1 patient had recurrence of raised ICP.
      Midfacial surgery was performed early if there was evidence of obstructive sleep
      apnoea (OSA), but delayed midfacial surgery was preferred. Complications were
      reported in 18% of procedures. The most common complications were CSF leaks and
      acute hydrocephalus. CONCLUSION: Shunting is rarely required in Apert syndrome
      patients, confirming a predominantly nonprogressive ventriculomegaly. FOA appears
      to be a more stable procedure when performed at an age of more than 18 months.
      Undergoing a posterior vault procedure may reduce the risk of recurrent raised
      ICP and lead to fewer transcranial procedures needed in childhood. Midfacial
      surgery should be delayed until adolescence where there is no evidence of OSA,
      psychological disturbance, or complications of exorbitism. Complications are rare
      when these patients are treated by an experienced craniofacial team.

PMID- 27378002
TI  - Factors related to doctors' choice of rural pathway in general practice specialty
      training.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors eligible applicants consider in electing
      for a rural pathway into specialty training. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING:
      Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Applicants to the Australian General Practice Training
      program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Applicants' initial preference of either a
      general or rural pathway to undertake specialty training. RESULTS: Of the 2,221
      applicants, 45% were Australian Medical Graduates (AMGs), 27% Foreign Graduates
      of Accredited Medical Schools (FGAMS) and 29% International Medical Graduates
      (IMGs). Through government regulation, two thirds (70%) were eligible to train on
      both general and rural pathways and a third (30%) were required to train rurally.
      For applicants eligible for general pathway (n = 1552), those with rural
      background [Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.7, 95% CI 2.7-5.2] and rural clinical school
      experience (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.5-2.8) were more likely to choose the rural
      pathway. In addition, FGAMS who were eligible for the general pathway were less
      likely to choose a rural pathway when compared with IMGs (OR = 0.33, 95%CI 0.1 =
      0.7). In applicants who changed their training pathway from their initial to
      revised preference, lower Multiple-Mini-Interview (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.43-0.66)
      and Situational Judgement Test z-scores (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.56-0.83) were
      associated with a higher probability of changing from a general to rural pathway
      preference. CONCLUSION: For those eligible for a general or rural pathway, rural
      background and rural clinical school experience are associated with the decision
      to elect for rural training. Targeted support for international and foreign
      graduates of Australia/New Zealand schools may influence them to train rurally.

PMID- 27378003
TI  - Heart failure: health is priceless... but still expensive.

PMID- 27378004
TI  - A multiscale model of placental oxygen exchange: The effect of villous tree
      structure on exchange efficiency.
AB  - The placenta is critical to fetal health during pregnancy as it supplies oxygen
      and nutrients to maintain life. It has a complex structure, and alterations to
      this structure across spatial scales are associated with several pregnancy
      complications, including intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The relationship
      between placental structure and its efficiency as an oxygen exchanger is not well
      understood in normal or pathological pregnancies. Here we present a computational
      framework that predicts oxygen transport in the placenta which accounts for blood
      and oxygen transport in the space around a placental functional unit (the villous
      tree). The model includes the well-defined branching structure of the largest
      villous tree branches, as well as a smoothed representation of the small terminal
      villi that comprise the placenta's gas exchange interfaces. The model
      demonstrates that oxygen exchange is sensitive to villous tree geometry,
      including the villous branch length and volume, which are seen to change in IUGR.
      This is because, to be an efficient exchanger, the architecture of the villous
      tree must provide a balance between maximising the surface area available for
      exchange, and the opposing condition of allowing sufficient maternal blood flow
      to penetrate into the space surrounding the tree. The model also predicts an
      optimum oxygen exchange when the branch angle is 24  degrees , as villous
      branches and TBs are spread out sufficiently to channel maternal blood flow deep
      into the placental tissue for oxygen exchange without being shunted directly into
      the DVs. Without concurrent change in the branch length and angles, the model
      predicts that the number of branching generations has a small influence on oxygen
      exchange. The modelling framework is presented in 2D for simplicity but is
      extendible to 3D or to incorporate the high-resolution imaging data that is
      currently evolving to better quantify placental structure.

PMID- 27378005
TI  - gDNA-Prot: Predict DNA-binding proteins by employing support vector machine and a
      novel numerical characterization of protein sequence.
AB  - DNA-binding proteins are the functional proteins in cells, which play an
      important role in various essential biological activities. An effective and fast
      computational method gDNA-Prot is proposed to predict DNA-binding proteins in
      this paper, which is a DNA-binding predictor that combines the support vector
      machine classifier and a novel kind of feature called graphical representation.
      The DNA-binding protein sequence information was described with the 20
      probabilities of amino acids and the 23 new numerical graphical representation
      features of a protein sequence, based on 23 physicochemical properties of 20
      amino acids. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was employed as feature
      selection method for removing the irrelevant features and reducing redundant
      features. The Sigmod function and Min-max normalization methods for PCA were
      applied to accelerate the training speed and obtain higher accuracy. Experiments
      demonstrated that the Principal Components Analysis with Sigmod function
      generated the best performance. The gDNA-Prot method was also compared with the
      DNAbinder, iDNA-Prot and DNA-Prot. The results suggested that gDNA-Prot
      outperformed the DNAbinder and iDNA-Prot. Although the DNA-Prot outperformed gDNA
      Prot, gDNA-Prot was faster and convenient to predict the DNA-binding proteins.
      Additionally, the proposed gNDA-Prot method is available at
      http://sourceforge.net/projects/gdnaprot.

PMID- 27378006
TI  - Design principles for the analysis and construction of robustly homeostatic
      biological networks.
AB  - Homeostatic biological systems resist external disturbances, allowing cells and
      organisms to maintain a constant internal state despite perturbations from their
      surroundings. Many biological regulatory networks are known to act
      homeostatically, with examples including thermal adaptation, osmoregulation, and
      chemotaxis. Understanding the network topologies (sets of regulatory
      interactions) and biological parameter regimes that can yield homeostasis in a
      biological system is of interest both for the study of natural biological system,
      and in the context of designing new biological control schemes for use in
      synthetic biology. Here, we examine the mathematical properties of a function
      that maps a biological system's inputs to its outputs, we have formulated a novel
      criterion (the "cofactor condition") that compactly describes the conditions for
      homeostasis. We further analyze the problem of robust homeostasis, wherein the
      system is required to maintain homeostatic behavior when its parameter values are
      slightly altered. We use the cofactor condition to examine previously reported
      examples of robust homeostasis, showing that it is a useful way to unify a number
      of seemingly different analyses into a single framework. Based on the observation
      that all previous robustly homeostatic examples fall into one of three classes,
      we propose a "strong cofactor condition" and use it to provide an algorithm for
      designing new robustly homeostatic biological networks, giving both their
      topologies and constraints on their parameter values. Applying the design
      algorithm to a three-node biological network, we construct several robustly
      homeostatic genetic networks, uncovering network topologies not previously
      identified as candidates for exhibiting robust homeostasis.

PMID- 27378008
TI  - Bacterial bloodstream infections in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
      recipients before and after implementation of a central line-associated
      bloodstream infection protocol: A single-center experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There are only few reports describing the influence of central line
      associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) prevention strategies on the incidence
      of bacterial bloodstream infections (BBSIs). METHODS: We performed a
      retrospective cohort study among pediatric recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic
      stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) to assess potential changes in BBSI rates
      during 3 time periods: pre-CLABSI prevention era (era 1, 2004-2005), CLABSI
      prevention implementation era (era 2, 2006-2009), and maintenance of CLABSI
      prevention era (era 3, 2010-2012). BBSI from day 0-365 following allo-HCT were
      studied. The comparison of person-years incidence rates among different periods
      was carried out by Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of patients
      was 10.0 years. During the study period, 126 (65%) of 190 patients had at least a
      single BBSI. From day 0-30, day 31-100, day 101-180, and day 181-365, 20%, 28%,
      30%, and 17% of patients, respectively, experienced BBSIs. The rate of
      Staphylococcus epidermidis and gram-negative pathogens significantly declined
      from 3.16-0.93 and 6.32-2.21 per 100 person-months during era 1 and era 3,
      respectively (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing allo-HCT during era 3
      were associated with decreased risk of BBSI (P = .012). Maintenance of CLABSI
      protocols by nursing staff and appropriate education of other care providers is
      essential to lower incidence of BBSI in this high-risk population, and further
      strategies to decrease infection burden should be studied.

PMID- 27378009
TI  - Chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine-impregnated venous catheters are efficient even
      at subclavian sites without tracheostomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine (CHSS)-impregnated catheters have
      been found to decrease the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)
      and central venous catheter (CVC)-related costs. However, there are no published
      data about cost-effectiveness of the use of CHSS-impregnated catheters in
      subclavian venous access without the presence of tracheostomy (thus, with a very
      low risk of CRBSI). That was the objective of this study. METHODS: This was a
      retrospective study of patients admitted to a mixed intensive care unit who
      underwent placement of subclavian venous catheters without the presence of
      tracheostomy. RESULTS: Patients with standard catheters (n = 747) showed a higher
      CRBSI incidence density (0.95 vs 0/1,000 catheter-days; P = .02) and higher CVC
      related cost per day ($3.78 +/- $7.43 vs $3.31 +/- $2.72; P < .001) than patients
      with a CHSS-impregnated catheter (n = 879). Exact logistic regression analysis
      showed that catheter duration (P = .02) and the type of catheter used (P = .01)
      were associated with the risk of CRBSI. Kaplan-Meier method showed that CHSS
      impregnated catheters were associated with more prolonged CRBSI-free time than
      standard catheters (log-rank = 9.76; P = .002). Poisson regression analysis
      showed that CHSS-impregnated catheters were associated with a lower central
      venous catheter-related cost per day than standard catheters (odds ratio, 0.87;
      95% confidence interval, 0.001-0.903; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of CHSS
      impregnated catheters is an effective and efficient measure for the prevention of
      CRBSI even at subclavian venous access sites without the presence of
      tracheostomy.

PMID- 27378010
TI  - Impact of a novel, resource appropriate resuscitation curriculum on Nicaraguan
      resident physician's management of cardiac arrest.
AB  - PURPOSE: Project Strengthening Emergency Medicine, Investing in Learners in Latin
      America (SEMILLA) created a novel, language and resource appropriate course for
      the resuscitation of cardiac arrest for Nicaraguan resident physicians. We
      hypothesized that participation in the Project SEMILLA resuscitation program
      would significantly improve the physician's management of simulated code
      scenarios. METHODS: Thirteen Nicaraguan resident physicians were evaluated while
      managing simulated cardiac arrest scenarios before, immediately, and at 6 months
      after participating in the Project SEMILLA resuscitation program. This project
      was completed in 2014 in Leon, Nicaragua. The Cardiac Arrest Simulation Test
      (CASTest), a validated scoring system, was used to evaluate performance on a
      standardized simulated cardiac arrest scenario. Mixed effect logistic regression
      models were constructed to assess outcomes. RESULTS: On the pre-course simulation
      exam, only 7.7% of subjects passed the test. Immediately post-course, the
      subjects achieved a 30.8% pass rate and at 6 months after the course, the pass
      rate was 46.2%. Compared with pre-test scores, the odds of passing the CASTest at
      6 months after the course were 21.7 times higher (95% CI 4.2 to 112.8, P<0.001).
      Statistically significant improvement was also seen on the number of critical
      items completed (OR=3.75, 95% CI 2.71-5.19), total items completed (OR=4.55, 95%
      CI 3.4-6.11), and number of "excellent" scores on a Likert scale (OR=2.66, 95% CI
      1.85-3.81). CONCLUSIONS: Nicaraguan resident physicians demonstrate improved
      ability to manage simulated cardiac arrest scenarios after participation in the
      Project SEMILLA resuscitation course and retain these skills.

PMID- 27378011
TI  - Effectiveness of pre-admission data and letters of recommendation to predict
      students who will need professional behavior intervention during clinical
      rotations in the United States.
AB  - The study aimed at finding the value of letters of recommendation in predicting
      professional behavior problems in the clinical portion of a Doctor of Physical
      Therapy program learning cohorts from 2009-2014 in the United States. De
      identified records of 137 Doctor of Physical Therapy graduates were examined by
      the descriptive statistics and comparison analysis. Thirty letters of
      recommendation were investigated based on grounded theory from 10 student
      applications with 5 randomly selected students of interest and 5 non-students of
      interest. Critical thinking, organizational skills, and judgement were
      statistically significant and quantitative differentiating characteristics.
      Qualitatively, significant characteristics of the student of interest included
      effective communication and cultural competency. Meanwhile, those of nonstudents
      of interest included conflicting personality descriptor, commitment to learning,
      balance, teamwork skills, potential future success, compatible learning skills,
      effective leadership skills, and emotional intelligence. Emerged significant
      characteristics did not consistently match common non-professional behavior
      issues encountered in clinic. Pre-admission data and letters of recommendation
      appear of limited value in predicting professional behavior performance in
      clinic. 

PMID- 27378012
TI  - Congenital infundibulopelvic stenosis: Indications for intervention, surgical
      technique, and review of literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Congenital infundibulopelvic stenosis (IFPS) is a rare renal
      dysmorphism marked by dilated calyces proximal to diminutive infundibulum and
      renal pelvises. The entity is theorized to exist on the spectrum of congenital
      obstructive renal diseases between ureteropelvic junction obstruction and
      multicystic dysplasia. OBJECTIVE: This case series sought to review and present
      the surgical management of three cases of IFPS with progressive renal
      insufficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After Institute Review Board approval, we
      reviewed three cases of IFPS treated by a single surgeon over a 20-year period.
      All cases displayed evidence of progressive renal decline. The first case of a 16
      year-old female had IFPS in a solitary kidney, with previous contralateral
      nephrectomy of a multicystic dysplastic kidney. The second case, a 17-year-old
      male, presented after blunt trauma to the ipsilateral flank. The third case of a
      10-year-old female presented with microhematuria, mild azotemia and bilateral
      IFPS. RESULTS: Our current surgical management has evolved from renal sinus
      exposure and multiple infundibuloplasties in the first case to preoperative three
      dimensional mapping of the dilated calyceal system with intraoperative
      ultrasonography for selective calicocalicostomies draining to a lower pole
      ureterocalicostomy in the third case. Our first case, treated with multiple
      infundibuloplasties experienced slow renal decline into her 20s, and the later
      cases, treated with calicocalicostomies, have experienced stable to mild loss of
      renal function with ongoing nephrological follow-up. DISCUSSION: IFPS is a
      complex pediatric urology problem without a clear treatment algorithm. The goal
      of surgical intervention is to offer an opportunity to halt or reduce progressive
      renal insufficiency. Our current surgical approach utilizes preoperative three
      dimensional modeling via magnetic resonance urography to guide placement of
      multiple calicocalicostomies draining to a lower pole ureterocalicostomy.
      CONCLUSIONS: Not all cases of IFPS require surgical intervention. We have
      intervened in cases of IFPS with progressive hydronephrosis or worsening renal
      insufficiency with acceptable results.

PMID- 27378013
TI  - Cognitive Processing Therapy for Spanish-speaking Latinos: A Formative Study of a
      Model-Driven Cultural Adaptation of the Manual to Enhance Implementation in a
      Usual Care Setting.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: As part of a larger implementation trial for cognitive processing
      therapy (CPT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a community health
      center, we used formative evaluation to assess relations between iterative
      cultural adaption (for Spanish-speaking clients) and implementation outcomes
      (appropriateness and acceptability) for CPT. METHOD: Qualitative data for the
      current study were gathered through multiple sources (providers: N = 6; clients:
      N = 22), including CPT therapy sessions, provider fieldnotes, weekly consultation
      team meetings, and researcher fieldnotes. Findings from conventional and directed
      content analysis of the data informed refinements to the CPT manual. RESULTS:
      Data-driven refinements included adaptations related to cultural context (i.e.,
      language, regional variation in wording), urban context (e.g., crime/violence),
      and literacy level. Qualitative findings suggest improved appropriateness and
      acceptability of CPT for Spanish-speaking clients. CONCLUSION: Our study
      reinforces the need for dual application of cultural adaptation and
      implementation science to address the PTSD treatment needs of Spanish-speaking
      clients.

PMID- 27378014
TI  - Non-invasive measurement of cardiac output using AESCULON(r) mini after Fontan
      operation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Electrical velocimetry correlates well with established methods of
      measuring cardiac output (CO) such as thermodilution and echocardiography. In
      this study, we compared the cardiac function of children with single right
      ventricle (SRV) and single left ventricle (SLV) on non-invasive postoperative
      measurement of hemodynamic parameters using AESCULON(r) mini. METHODS:
      Demographic, preoperative, and perioperative data were obtained from medical
      records. We retrospectively reviewed the AESCULON mini data of 21 patients with
      single ventricle who underwent Fontan operation. The patients were divided into
      two groups according to morphologic diagnosis: SRV (n = 9) and SLV (n = 12). The
      following hemodynamic parameters were analyzed: stroke volume (SV); CO; cardiac
      index (CI); stroke volume variation (SVV); and ventricular ejection time (VET).
      RESULTS: Hemodynamic parameters were as follows (SRV vs SLV): heart rate (HR),
      140.5 beats/min versus 121 beats/min; SV, 14.5 mL vs 19.9 mL; CO, 2 L/min vs 2.3
      L/min; CI, 4.3 L/min/m2 versus 4.4 L/min/m2 ; SVV, 15.5% versus 13.9%; and VET,
      167.7 s versus 197.7 s. HR and VET were statistically different between the two
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: CI does not differ with laterality of the single ventricle.
      SRV VET, however, was significantly shorter than SLV VET in the acute
      postoperative period. Conversely, SRV HR was higher than SLV HR, which may mean
      that SRV compensates for lower VET by increasing HR.

PMID- 27378016
TI  - Validating the AREDS Simplified Severity Scale of Age-Related Macular
      Degeneration with 5- and 10-Year Incident Data in a Population-Based Sample.
AB  - PURPOSE: Most classification systems for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
      were developed from patients in clinical trials. We aimed to validate the Age
      Related Eye Diseases Study (AREDS) simplified severity scale of AMD
      classification using 5- and 10-year incident late AMD data from the population
      based Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) cohort. DESIGN: Comparative study of
      population-based cohort and clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Blue Mountains Eye
      Study participants 40 to 97 years of age at baseline (n = 2134) and AREDS
      participants 55 to 80 years of age (n = 3640). METHODS: In the BMES, AMD lesions
      were graded from stereoscopic color photographs and were classified according to
      the AREDS simplified severity scale. The AREDS simplified scale calculates a risk
      score based on the number of early AMD risk factors (large drusen and pigment
      abnormalities) in both eyes that can range from 0 to 4. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Five- and 10-year incident late AMD (presence of geographic atrophy or choroidal
      neovascularization). RESULTS: The AREDS simplified scale performed similarly when
      applied to both the BMES population-based participants and the AREDS clinical
      trial-based participants in predicting 5- and 10-year incidence of late AMD. For
      scores 0 to 4, the 5-year incidence rates for the BMES compared with the AREDS
      were 0.2% versus 0.4%, 3.1% versus 3.1%, 12.1% versus 11.8%, 13.5% versus 25.9%,
      and 47.1% versus 47.3%, respectively. The corresponding 10-year incidence rates
      for the BMES compared with the AREDS were 0.7% versus 1.5%, 7.3% versus 8.4%,
      36.6% versus 27.6%, 20.0% versus 52.7%, and 75.0% versus 71.4%, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: The AREDS simplified severity scale classified late AMD risk levels
      similarly when applied to population-based and clinical trial samples. These
      results support the robustness of the AREDS simplified severity scale.

PMID- 27378017
TI  - Network Analysis Implicates Alpha-Synuclein (Snca) in the Regulation of
      Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss.
AB  - The postmenopausal period in women is associated with decreased circulating
      estrogen levels, which accelerate bone loss and increase the risk of fracture.
      Here, we gained novel insight into the molecular mechanisms mediating bone loss
      in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, a model of human menopause, using co-expression
      network analysis. Specifically, we generated a co-expression network consisting
      of 53 gene modules using expression profiles from intact and OVX mice from a
      panel of inbred strains. The expression of four modules was altered by OVX,
      including module 23 whose expression was decreased by OVX across all strains.
      Module 23 was enriched for genes involved in the response to oxidative stress, a
      process known to be involved in OVX-induced bone loss. Additionally, module 23
      homologs were co-expressed in human bone marrow. Alpha synuclein (Snca) was one
      of the most highly connected "hub" genes in module 23. We characterized mice
      deficient in Snca and observed a 40% reduction in OVX-induced bone loss.
      Furthermore, protection was associated with the altered expression of specific
      network modules, including module 23. In summary, the results of this study
      suggest that Snca regulates bone network homeostasis and ovariectomy-induced bone
      loss.

PMID- 27378019
TI  - Changing patterns in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)and Hodgkin lymphoma association
      in Tunisia.
AB  - We compared the features of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Hodgkin lymphoma
      (HL) association in Tunisia in two periods of time, 1991-2001 (111 cases) and
      2002-2012 (122 cases). The investigation of the EBV status by EBER in situ
      hybridization showed a significant decrease in the prevalence of EBV-positive HL
      from 69.3 % for the period 1991-2001 to 40.1 % for the 2002-2012 period (p =
      0.00001). EBV positivity has decreased in all age groups but was more pronounced
      among young patients, in the 15-24-year age group (46.1 vs 10.3 %, p = 0.003), in
      the 25-34-year age group (56.2 vs 25 %, p = 0.04), and among children (88.4 vs
      59.2 %, p = 0.01). This decrease in EBV-positive HL over time contrasted with a
      remarkable increase in EBV-negative HL in young adults aged 15-34 years (51.2 vs
      83 %; p = 0.001), especially among women (59.1 vs 91.2 %; p = 0.01). The decrease
      in EBV-positive HL over time concerns particularly the nodular sclerosis
      histological subtype (69.2 vs 31.6 %, p = 0.000001). These results indicate that
      the epidemiology of HL and its association with EBV are changing over time, with
      a trend toward a Western profile, and point toward the emergence of other
      environmental causative factors, especially among young women, which remain to be
      identified. 

PMID- 27378020
TI  - The evolution of offensive realism.
AB  - Offensive realism, a theory of international relations, holds that states are
      disposed to competition and conflict because they are self-interested, power
      maximizing, and fearful of other states. Moreover, it argues that states are
      obliged to behave this way because doing so favors survival in the international
      system. Debate continues as to whether modern states actually do, or should,
      behave in this way, but we are struck by a different question. In this article,
      we ask whether the three core assumptions about behavior in offensive realism
      self-help, power maximization, and outgroup fear-have any basis in scientific
      knowledge about human behavioral evolution. We find that these precise traits are
      not only evolutionarily adaptive but also empirically common across the animal
      kingdom, especially in primate and human societies. Based on these findings, we
      hypothesize that states behave as offensive realists predict not just because of
      anarchy in the modern international system but also because of the legacy of our
      evolution. In short, offensive realism may really be describing the nature of the
      human species more than the nature of the international system. If our hypothesis
      is correct, then evolutionary theory offers the following: (1) a novel ultimate
      cause of offensive realist behavior; (2) an extension of offensive realism to any
      domain in which humans compete for power; and (3) an explanation for why
      individual leaders themselves, and not just states, seek power. However, a key
      insight from evolution is that the primacy of self-help, power maximization, and
      outgroup fear does not necessarily condemn individuals or groups to competition
      and conflict; rather, these traits can in themselves give rise to cooperation and
      alliances. 

PMID- 27378018
TI  - Novel multifunctional pH-sensitive nanoparticles loaded into microbubbles as drug
      delivery vehicles for enhanced tumor targeting.
AB  - This study fabricated novel multifunctional pH-sensitive nanoparticles loaded
      into microbubbles (PNP-MB) with the combined advantages of two excellent drug
      delivery vehicles, namely, pH-sensitive nanoparticles and microbubbles. As an
      antitumor drug, resveratrol (RES) was loaded into acetylated beta-cyclodextrin
      nanoparticles (RES-PNP). The drug-loaded nanoparticles were then encapsulated
      into the internal space of the microbubbles. The characterization and morphology
      of this vehicle were investigated through dynamic light scattering and confocal
      laser scanning microscopy, respectively. In vitro drug release was performed to
      investigate the pH sensitivity of RES-PNP. The antitumor property of RES-loaded
      PNP-MB (RES-PNP-MB) was also analyzed in vivo to evaluate the antitumor effect of
      RES-PNP-MB. Results suggested that PNP exhibited pH sensitivity, and was
      successfully encapsulated into the microbubbles. RES-PNP-MB exhibit effective
      tumor growth suppressing in vivo. Therefore, such drug delivery vehicle should be
      of great attention in tumor therapy.

PMID- 27378021
TI  - Shaking the tyrant's bloody robe.
AB  - Group violence, despite much study, remains enigmatic. Its forms are numerous,
      its proximate causes myriad, and the interrelation of its forms and proximate
      causes poorly understood. We review its evolution, including preadaptations and
      selected propensities, and its putative environmental and psychological triggers.
      We then reconsider one of its forms, ethnoreligious violence, in light of recent
      discoveries in the behavioral and brain sciences. We find ethnoreligious violence
      to be characterized by identity fusion and by manipulation of religious
      traditions, symbols, and systems. We conclude by examining the confluence of
      causes and characteristics before and during Yugoslavia's wars of disintegration.

PMID- 27378015
TI  - Visual Acuity Loss and Associated Risk Factors in the Retrospective Progression
      of Stargardt Disease Study (ProgStar Report No. 2).
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine the association between characteristics of Stargardt disease
      and visual acuity (VA), to estimate the longitudinal rate of VA loss, and to
      identify risk factors for VA loss. DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter cohort
      study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 176 patients (332 eyes) with molecularly and
      clinically confirmed Stargardt disease enrolled from the United States and
      Europe. METHODS: Standardized data report forms were used to collect
      retrospective data on participants' characteristics and best-corrected or
      presenting VA from medical charts. Linear models with generalized estimating
      equations were used to estimate the cross-sectional associations, and linear
      mixed effects models were used to estimate the longitudinal VA loss. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Yearly change in VA. RESULTS: The median duration of observation was
      3.6 years. At baseline, older age of symptom onset was associated with better VA,
      and a longer duration of symptoms was associated with worse VA. Longitudinal
      analysis estimated an average of 0.3 lines loss (P < 0.0001) per year overall,
      but the rate varied according to baseline VA: (1) eyes with baseline VA >=20/25
      (N = 53) declined at a rate of approximately 1.0 line per year; (2) eyes with VA
      between 20/25 and 20/70 (N = 65) declined at a rate of approximately 0.9 lines
      per year; (3) eyes with VA between 20/70 and 20/200 (N = 163) declined at a rate
      of 0.2 lines per year; and (4) eyes with VA worse than 20/200 (n = 49) improved
      at a rate of 0.5 lines per year. Older age of onset was associated with slower VA
      loss: Patients with onset age >30 years showed 0.4 lines slower change of VA per
      year (P = 0.01) compared with patients with onset age <=14 years. CONCLUSIONS:
      Given the overall slow rate of VA loss, VA is unlikely to be a sensitive outcome
      measure for treatment trials of Stargardt disease. However, given the faster
      decline in younger patients and those with no or mild visual impairment, VA may
      be a potential outcome measure for trials targeting such subgroups of patients.
      These observations will need to be assessed in a prospective study bearing in
      mind the inherent limitations of retrospective datasets.

PMID- 27378022
TI  - Evolutionary institutionalism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Institutions are hard to define and hard to study. Long prominent in
      political science have been two theories: Rational Choice Institutionalism (RCI)
      and Historical Institutionalism (HI). Arising from the life sciences is now a
      third: Evolutionary Institutionalism (EI). Comparative strengths and weaknesses
      of these three theories warrant review, and the value-to-be-added by expanding
      the third beyond Darwinian evolutionary theory deserves consideration. QUESTION:
      Should evolutionary institutionalism expand to accommodate new understanding in
      ecology, such as might apply to the emergence of stability, and in genetics, such
      as might apply to political behavior? METHODS: Core arguments are reviewed for
      each theory with more detailed exposition of the third, EI. Particular attention
      is paid to EI's gene-institution analogy; to variation, selection, and retention
      of institutional traits; to endogeneity and exogeneity; to agency and structure;
      and to ecosystem effects, institutional stability, and empirical limitations in
      behavioral genetics. FINDINGS: RCI, HI, and EI are distinct but complementary.
      CONCLUSIONS: Institutional change, while amenable to rational-choice analysis
      and, retrospectively, to criticaljuncture and path-dependency analysis, is also,
      and importantly, ecological. Stability, like change, is an emergent property of
      institutions, which tend to stabilize after change in a manner analogous to
      allopatric speciation. EI is more than metaphorically biological in that
      institutional behaviors are driven by human behaviors whose evolution long
      preceded the appearance of institutions themselves.

PMID- 27378023
TI  - Demographic variation in how the social brain processes news messages.
AB  - A high capacity for visual perception distinguishes Homo sapiens from other
      primates. This human ability to detect social cues and retain visual records of
      social networks has been tested mostly with static facial images in laboratory
      settings. However, media consumption has become closely entangled with the way
      social life is navigated. Therefore, the study reported here tested demographic
      differences (gender and education) in visual information processing of social and
      nonsocial objects featured in audiovisual news content. Women recognized
      (accuracy) and recalled (salience) social images better than men. On the other
      hand, men were more skilled at recognizing, but not recalling, nonsocial images.
      Participants with lower educational levels recognized and recalled fewer images
      than individuals with higher educational levels. Interactions between demographic
      variables and time suggest that memory records for social images are more stable
      than those for nonsocial images. Memory may have survival-relevant importance,
      serving navigational functions that vary across environmental demands, resulting
      in differences across demographic groups. 

PMID- 27378027
TI  - Brain tissue stiffness is a sensitive marker for acidosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carbon dioxide overdose is frequently used to cull rodents for tissue
      harvesting. However, this treatment may lead to respiratory acidosis, which
      potentially could change the properties of the investigated tissue. NEW METHOD:
      Mechanical tissue properties often change in pathological conditions and may thus
      offer a sensitive generic readout for changes in biological tissues with clinical
      relevance. In this study, we performed force-indentation measurements with an
      atomic force microscope on acute cerebellar slices from adult rats to test if
      brain tissue undergoes changes following overexposure to CO2 compared to other
      methods of euthanasia. RESULTS: The pH significantly decreased in brain tissue of
      animals exposed to CO2. Concomitant with the drop in pH, cerebellar grey matter
      significantly stiffened. Tissue stiffening was reproduced by incubation of acute
      cerebellar slices in acidic medium. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Tissue
      stiffness provides an early, generic indicator for pathophysiological changes in
      the CNS. Atomic force microscopy offers unprecedented high spatial resolution to
      detect such changes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the stiffness
      particularly of grey matter strongly correlates with changes of the pH in the
      cerebellum. Furthermore, the method of tissue harvesting and preparation may not
      only change tissue stiffness but very likely also other physiologically relevant
      parameters, highlighting the importance of appropriate sample preparation.

PMID- 27378028
TI  - Demonstration and validation of a new pressure-based MRI-safe pain tolerance
      device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One of the barriers to studying the behavioral and emotional effects
      of pain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is the absence of a
      commercially available, MRI-compatible, pressure-based algometer to elicit pain.
      The present study sought to address this barrier through creation and validation
      of a novel MRI-safe apparatus capable of delivering incremental, measurable
      amounts of pressure inside a scanning bore. NEW METHOD: We introduced an MR-safe
      device used to administer pressure-based pain. To test against a commercially
      available, MRI-incompatible algometer (AlgoMed), 199 participants reported their
      pain tolerance for both devices. A second experiment tested the validity of
      pressure-based pain in an MRI environment by comparing brain activation with
      established neural networks for pain. 10 participants performed an identical
      procedure to test for pain tolerance while being scanned in a 7T MRI scanner.
      RESULTS: Results support the validity and reliability of our novel device. In
      Study 1, pain tolerance with this device was strongly correlated with pain
      tolerance as measured by a commercially available algometer (r=0.78). In Study 2,
      this device yielded BOLD activation within the insula (BA 13) and anterior
      cingulate gyrus (BA 24); as pressure increased, activation in these areas
      parametrically increased. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD: These findings
      correspond to other studies using thermal, electrical, or mechanical pain
      applications. Behavioral and functional data demonstrate that this new device is
      a valid method of administering pressure-related pain in MRI environments.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our novel MRI-safe device is a valid instrument to measure and
      administer pressure-based pain.

PMID- 27378029
TI  - Sepsis in PD-1 light.
AB  - Increasing evidence suggests that after the first pro-inflammatory hours, sepsis
      is characterized by the occurrence of severe immunosuppression. Several
      mechanisms have been reported to participate in sepsis-induced immune alterations
      affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. Of these, the concept of 'cell
      exhaustion' has gained a lot of interest because some parallels can be drawn with
      the cancer field in which immunostimulation approaches through blocking immune
      checkpoints currently obtain remarkable success. Herein, perspectives regarding
      co-inhibitory receptors' contribution to lymphocyte exhaustion in sepsis will be
      discussed in the context of a recently published study investigating the
      potential of PD-1 molecule expression (i.e. PD-1 on lymphocytes, PD-L1 on
      monocytes) to predict mortality in septic shock patients.

PMID- 27378030
TI  - Re: Radical Prostatectomy or External Beam Radiation Therapy vs No Local Therapy
      for Survival Benefit in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A SEER-Medicare Analysis.

PMID- 27378031
TI  - Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Nitrogen-Starved Mycobacterium smegmatis
      Deltapup Reveals the Impact of Pupylation on Nitrogen Stress Response.
AB  - Pupylation is a bacterial ubiquitin-like protein modification pathway, which
      results in the attachment of the small protein Pup to specific lysine residues of
      cellular targets. Pup was shown to serve as a degradation signal, directing
      proteins toward the bacterial proteasome for turnover. Recently, it was
      hypothesized that pupylation and proteasomal protein degradation support the
      survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) during nitrogen starvation by supplying
      recycled amino acids. In the present study we generated a Pup deletion strain to
      investigate the influence of pupylation on Msm proteome in the absence of
      nitrogen sources. Quantitative proteomic analyses revealed a relatively low
      impact of Pup on MsmDeltapup proteome immediately after exposure to growth medium
      lacking nitrogen. Less than 5.4% of the proteins displayed altered cellular
      levels when compared to Msm wild type. In contrast, post 24 h of nitrogen
      starvation 501 proteins (41% of the total quantified proteome) of Msm pup
      deletion strain showed significant changes in abundance. Noteworthy, important
      players involved in nitrogen assimilation were significantly affected in
      MsmDeltapup. Furthermore, we quantified pupylated proteins of nitrogen-starved
      Msm to gain more detailed insights in the role of pupylation in surviving and
      overcoming the lack of nitrogen.

PMID- 27378032
TI  - Monolayer MoS2 Bandgap Modulation by Dielectric Environments and Tunable Bandgap
      Transistors.
AB  - Semiconductors with a moderate bandgap have enabled modern electronic device
      technology, and the current scaling trends down to nanometer scale have
      introduced two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. The bandgap of a semiconductor
      has been an intrinsic property independent of the environments and determined
      fundamental semiconductor device characteristics. In contrast to bulk
      semiconductors, we demonstrate that an atomically thin two-dimensional
      semiconductor has a bandgap with strong dependence on dielectric environments.
      Specifically, monolayer MoS2 bandgap is shown to change from 2.8 eV to 1.9 eV by
      dielectric environment. Utilizing the bandgap modulation property, a tunable
      bandgap transistor, which can be in general made of a two-dimensional
      semiconductor, is proposed.

PMID- 27378033
TI  - Zika virus, women and ethics.

PMID- 27378034
TI  - Attitudes toward Post-Trial Access to Medical Interventions: A Review of Academic
      Literature, Legislation, and International Guidelines.
AB  - There is currently no international consensus around post-trial obligations
      toward research participants, community members, and host countries. This
      literature review investigates arguments and attitudes toward post-trial access.
      The literature review found that academic discussions focused on the rights of
      research participants, but offered few practical recommendations for addressing
      or improving current practices. Similarly, there are few regulations or
      legislation pertaining to post-trial access. If regulatory changes are necessary,
      we need to understand the current arguments, legislation, and attitudes towards
      post-trial access and participants and community members. Given that clinical
      trials conducted in low-income countries will likely continue, there is an urgent
      need for consideration of post-trial benefits for participants, communities, and
      citizens of host countries. While this issue may not be as pressing in countries
      where participants have access to healthcare and medicines through public
      schemes, it is particularly important in regions where this may not be available.

PMID- 27378035
TI  - GOLPH3 and oncogenesis: What is the molecular link?
AB  - The Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) is encoded by a gene that is located in a
      region of the human genome that is often amplified in different solid tumours.
      GOLPH3, an evolutionary conserved phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) binding
      protein, is mainly localised at trans Golgi network (TGN). It regulates several
      cellular functions like Golgi vesicular trafficking, Golgi glycosylation and
      mitochondrial cardiolipin production. Recently, GOLPH3 was discovered to be part
      of the DNA damage response signalling pathway, with a role in cell survival
      following DNA damage. In this review, we will explore the cellular functions
      regulated by GOLPH3 and discuss if and how they contribute to the oncogenic
      activity of this intriguing Golgi localized oncoprotein.

PMID- 27378036
TI  - Ultrastructural and functional characterization of circulating hemocytes from
      Galleria mellonella larva: Cell types and their role in the innate immunity.
AB  - Galleria mellonella larvae have been widely used as a model to study the
      virulence of various human pathogens. Hemocytes play important roles in the
      innate immune response of G. mellonella. In this study, the hemocytes of G.
      mellonella larvae were analyzed by transmission electron microscope, light
      microscope, and cytochemistry. The cytological and morphological analyses
      revealed four types of hemocytes; Plasmatocytes, granular cells, spherule cells
      and oenocytoids. Differential hemocyte counts showed that under our conditions
      plasmatocytes and granular cells were the most abundant circulating cell types in
      the hemolymph. We also investigated the role of different types of hemocytes in
      the cellular and humoral immune defenses. The in-vivo experiment showed that
      plasmatocytes, granular cells and oenocytoids phagocytized FITC-labelled
      Escherichia coli bacteria in larvae of G. mellonella, whereas the granular cells
      exhibited the strongest phagocytic ability against these microbial cells. After
      incubation with L-DOPA, plasmatocytes, granular cells and oenocytoids are stained
      brown, indicating the presence of phenoloxidase activity. These results shed new
      light on our understanding of the immune function of G. mellonella hemocytes. 

PMID- 27378037
TI  - Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Men and Women in
      the United States: A Prospective Evaluation From the Aerobics Center Longitudinal
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the relation between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and
      sudden cardiac death (SCD) in a large US adult population and to study the
      effects of hypertension, obesity, and health status on the relation of CRF with
      SCD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 55,456 individuals (mean age, 44.2 years;
      13,507 women) from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, a prospective
      observational investigation (from January 2, 1974, through December 31, 2002),
      were included. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by a maximal treadmill
      test, and baseline assessment included an extensive set of measurements. RESULTS:
      There were 109 SCDs. An inverse risk of SCD was found across incremental CRF
      levels after adjusting for potential confounders. Participants with moderate and
      high CRF levels had 44% (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.90) and 48% (hazard
      ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.30-0.92) significantly lower risk of SCD, respectively,
      than did those with low CRF levels (P<.001). The risk of SCD decreased by 14%
      (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.96) per 1-metabolic equivalent increase in
      the fully adjusted model. Hypertensive, overweight, or unhealthy individuals with
      moderate to high CRF levels had lower risks of SCD (ranging from 58% to 72% of
      lower risk) than did those with the same medical conditions and low CRF levels.
      CONCLUSION: The risk of SCD in US men and women could be partially reduced by
      ensuring moderate to high levels of CRF independently of other risk factors and
      especially in those who are hypertensive, overweight, or unhealthy.

PMID- 27378038
TI  - Current Status of Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy.
AB  - Congestive heart failure (HF) remains a serious burden in the Western World.
      Despite advances in pharmacotherapy and resynchronization, many patients have
      progression to end-stage HF. These patients may be candidates for heart
      transplant or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy. Heart transplants
      are limited by organ shortages and in some cases by patient comorbidities;
      therefore, LVAD therapy is emerging as a strategy of bridge to transplant or as a
      destination therapy in patients ineligible for transplant. Patients initially
      ineligible for a transplant may, in certain cases, become eligible for transplant
      after physiologic improvement with LVAD therapy, and a small number of patients
      with an LVAD may have sufficient recovery of myocardial function to allow device
      explantation. This clinically oriented review will describe (1) the most
      frequently used pump types and aspects of the continuous-flow physiology and (2)
      the clinical indications for and the shift toward the use of LVADs in less sick
      patients with HF. Additionally, we review complications of LVAD therapy and
      project future directions in this field. We referred to the Interagency Registry
      for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support, landmark trials, and results from
      recently published studies as major sources in obtaining recent outcomes, and we
      searched for related published literature via PubMed. This review focuses
      primarily on clinical practice for primary care physicians and non-HF
      cardiologists in the United States.

PMID- 27378039
TI  - Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: Diagnosis and Treatment.
AB  - Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown cause that is seen
      worldwide and occurs mainly in patients between the ages of 20 and 60 years. It
      can be difficult to diagnose because it can mimic many other diseases including
      lymphoproliferative disorders and granulomatous infections and because there is
      no specific test for diagnosis, which depends on correlation of clinicoradiologic
      and histopathologic features. This review will focus on recent discoveries
      regarding the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis, common clinical presentations,
      diagnostic evaluation, and indications for treatment. This review is aimed
      largely at general practitioners and emphasizes the importance of differentiating
      pulmonary sarcoidosis from its common imitators.

PMID- 27378040
TI  - Risk of Disseminated Disease in Immunosuppressed Patients Receiving Live Zoster
      Vaccine.

PMID- 27378041
TI  - In Reply I-Risk of Disseminated Disease in Immunosuppressed Patients Receiving
      Live Zoster Vaccine.

PMID- 27378042
TI  - In Reply II-Risk of Disseminated Disease in Immunocompromised Patients Receiving
      Live Zoster Vaccine.

PMID- 27378043
TI  - The Different Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin
      Receptor Blockers on Mortality.

PMID- 27378044
TI  - In Reply-The Different Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and
      Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Mortality.

PMID- 27378045
TI  - Decisive Bearing of Organizational Dynamics on the Application and Success of
      Hospital-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation.

PMID- 27378046
TI  - Induction of Atrial Fibrillation by Topical Use of Nasal Decongestants.

PMID- 27378047
TI  - Correction.

PMID- 27378048
TI  - Multifocal Thoracic Tuberculosis.

PMID- 27378049
TI  - Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.

PMID- 27378051
TI  - Moss Glenn Falls by Mariella Bisson.
AB  - Recognizing the contribution art has had in the Mayo Clinic environment since the
      original Mayo Clinic Building was finished in 1914, Mayo Clinic Proceedings
      features some of the numerous works of art displayed throughout the buildings and
      grounds on Mayo Clinic campuses as interpreted by the author. 

PMID- 27378050
TI  - Elizabeth Blackburn and Maintenance of Telomeres.

PMID- 27378052
TI  - Mechanisms of anguilliform locomotion in fishes studied using simple three
      dimensional physical models.
AB  - Physical models enable researchers to systematically examine complex and dynamic
      mechanisms of underwater locomotion in ways that would be challenging with freely
      swimming animals. Previous research on undulatory locomotion, for example, has
      used rectangular flexible panels that are effectively two-dimensional as proxies
      for the propulsive surfaces of swimming fishes, but these bear little resemblance
      to the bodies of elongate eel-like swimming animals. In this paper we use a
      polyurethane rod (round cross-section) and bar (square cross-section) to
      represent the body of a swimming Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii). We
      actuated the rod and bar in both heave and pitch using a mechanical controller to
      generate a propulsive wave at frequencies between 0.5 and 2.5 Hz. We present data
      on (1) how kinematic swimming patterns change with driving frequency in these
      elongate fish-like models, (2) the thrust-generating capability of these simple
      models, (3) how forces and work done during propulsion compare between cross
      sectional shapes, (4) the wake flow patterns in these swimming models using
      particle image velocimetry. We also contrast kinematic and hydrodynamic patterns
      produced by bar and rod models to comparable new experimental data on kinematics
      and wake flow patterns from freely swimming hagfish. Increasing the driving
      frequency of bar and rod models reduced trailing edge amplitude and wavelength,
      and above 2 Hz a nodal point appeared in the kinematic wave. Above 1 Hz, both the
      rod and bar generated net thrust, with the work per cycle reaching a minimum at
      1.5 Hz, and the bar always requiring more work per cycle than the rod. Wake flow
      patterns generated by the swimming rod and bar included clearly visible lateral
      jets, but not the caudolaterally directed flows seen in the wakes from freely
      swimming hagfish.

PMID- 27378053
TI  - Determination of a Testing Threshold for Lumbar Puncture in the Diagnosis of
      Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after a Negative Head Computed Tomography: A Decision
      Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the testing threshold for lumbar
      puncture (LP) in the evaluation of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) after
      a negative head computed tomography (CT). As a secondary aim we sought to
      identify clinical variables that have the greatest impact on this threshold.
      METHODS: A decision analytic model was developed to estimate the testing
      threshold for patients with normal neurologic findings, being evaluated for SAH,
      after a negative CT of the head. The testing threshold was calculated as the
      pretest probability of disease where the two strategies (LP or no LP) are
      balanced in terms of quality-adjusted life-years. Two-way and probabilistic
      sensitivity analyses (PSAs) were performed. RESULTS: For the base-case scenario
      the testing threshold for performing an LP after negative head CT was 4.3%.
      Results for the two-way sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the test threshold
      ranged from 1.9% to 15.6%, dominated by the uncertainty in the probability of
      death from initial missed SAH. In the PSA the mean testing threshold was 4.3%
      (95% confidence interval = 1.4% to 9.3%). Other significant variables in the
      model included probability of aneurysmal versus nonaneurysmal SAH after negative
      head CT, probability of long-term morbidity from initial missed SAH, and
      probability of renal failure from contrast-induced nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      decision analysis results suggest a testing threshold for LP after negative CT to
      be approximately 4.3%, with a range of 1.4% to 9.3% on robust PSA. In light of
      these data, and considering the low probability of aneurysmal SAH after a
      negative CT, classical teaching and current guidelines addressing testing for SAH
      should be revisited.

PMID- 27378054
TI  - A study on the predictors of Korean male students' intention to receive human
      papillomavirus vaccination.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The objective was to survey the current state of human
      papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and the predictors of vaccination intention
      among Korean male students of high school (ages 15-19) and university (ages 17
      27). BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus is a sexually transmitted infectious agent
      causing uterine cervical, anal, and/or penile cancer and genital warts in males
      and females. Infection rate of human papillomavirus increases from the age when
      sexual intercourse first occurs. Therefore, motivation to receive human
      papillomavirus vaccination is needed to protect infection. DESIGN: Cross
      sectional descriptive survey was performed only in male students. They are less
      aware of human papillomavirus than females, because human papillomavirus
      vaccination has been targeted on females for preventing cervical cancer in Korea.
      METHODS: Data were collected using a self-reporting questionnaire for male high
      school and university students sampled from a city in Korea. Human papillomavirus
      vaccine-related knowledge, health beliefs, demographic, and sexual history
      information variables relating to intentions to vaccinate were assessed. RESULTS:
      The human papillomavirus vaccination rate was very low and the levels of
      knowledge and health beliefs were low. The significant predictors that raised the
      intention of human papillomavirus vaccination were a university student,
      experience of sexual intercourse and perceiving the benefits of human
      papillomavirus vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: To promote human papillomavirus
      vaccination, educational programming targeting males should include health
      beliefs and knowledge, emphasising that vaccination is important to prevent
      uterine cervical cancer and to role as a preventative measure against common male
      diseases. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Male high school students should be
      included as a major target population for school human papillomavirus education
      programmes, as they are at the age of commencing sexual intercourse. In addition,
      public health policies including human papillomavirus vaccination in the national
      immunisation programme are warranted.

PMID- 27378056
TI  - Les Syndromes De Malabsorption.

PMID- 27378057
TI  - Selected Summaries.

PMID- 27378055
TI  - Comparative genomic analysis of novel Acinetobacter symbionts: A combined systems
      biology and genomics approach.
AB  - The increasing trend of antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter drastically limits
      the range of therapeutic agents required to treat multidrug resistant (MDR)
      infections. This study focused on analysis of novel Acinetobacter strains using a
      genomics and systems biology approach. Here we used a network theory method for
      pathogenic and non-pathogenic Acinetobacter spp. to identify the key regulatory
      proteins (hubs) in each strain. We identified nine key regulatory proteins, guaA,
      guaB, rpsB, rpsI, rpsL, rpsE, rpsC, rplM and trmD, which have functional roles as
      hubs in a hierarchical scale-free fractal protein-protein interaction network.
      Two key hubs (guaA and guaB) were important for insect-associated strains, and
      comparative analysis identified guaA as more important than guaB due to its role
      in effective module regulation. rpsI played a significant role in all the novel
      strains, while rplM was unique to sheep-associated strains. rpsM, rpsB and rpsI
      were involved in the regulation of overall network topology across all
      Acinetobacter strains analyzed in this study. Future analysis will investigate
      whether these hubs are useful as drug targets for treating Acinetobacter
      infections.

PMID- 27378059
TI  - Highly luminescent S,N co-doped carbon quantum dots-sensitized chemiluminescence
      on luminol-H2 O2 system for the determination of ranitidine.
AB  - S,N co-doped carbon quantum dots (N,S-CQDs) with super high quantum yield (79%)
      were prepared by the hydrothermal method and characterized by transmission
      electron microscopy, photoluminescence, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier
      transformed infrared spectroscopy. N,S-CQDs can enhance the chemiluminescence
      intensity of a luminol-H2 O2 system. The possible mechanism of the luminol-H2 O2 
      (N,S-CQDs) was illustrated by using chemiluminescence, photoluminescence and
      ultraviolet analysis. Ranitidine can quench the chemiluminescence intensity of a
      luminol-H2 O2 -N,S-CQDs system. So, a novel flow-injection chemiluminescence
      method was designed to determine ranitidine within a linear range of 0.5-50 MUg
      ml-1 and a detection limit of 0.12 MUg ml-1 . The method shows promising
      application prospects.

PMID- 27378060
TI  - Single spin magnetic resonance.
AB  - Different approaches have improved the sensitivity of either electron or nuclear
      magnetic resonance to the single spin level. For optical detection it has
      essentially become routine to observe a single electron spin or nuclear spin.
      Typically, the systems in use are carefully designed to allow for single spin
      detection and manipulation, and of those systems, diamond spin defects rank very
      high, being so robust that they can be addressed, read out and coherently
      controlled even under ambient conditions and in a versatile set of
      nanostructures. This renders them as a new type of sensor, which has been shown
      to detect single electron and nuclear spins among other quantities like force,
      pressure and temperature. Adapting pulse sequences from classic NMR and EPR, and
      combined with high resolution optical microscopy, proximity to the target sample
      and nanoscale size, the diamond sensors have the potential to constitute a new
      class of magnetic resonance detectors with single spin sensitivity. As diamond
      sensors can be operated under ambient conditions, they offer potential
      application across a multitude of disciplines. Here we review the different
      existing techniques for magnetic resonance, with a focus on diamond defect spin
      sensors, showing their potential as versatile sensors for ultra-sensitive
      magnetic resonance with nanoscale spatial resolution.

PMID- 27378061
TI  - Eradication of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus detected for the first
      time in cystic fibrosis: A single center observational study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively identify CF patients with methicillin resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and to assess the long-term success of an
      eradication scheme introduced in 2002 for all newly colonized patients. PATIENTS:
      All microbiological results from all 505 CF patients followed between 2002 and
      2012 were analyzed focusing on the detection of MRSA. METHODS: Retrospective
      patient record analysis of MRSA positive CF patients regarding eradication and
      clinical outcome. RESULTS: We identified 57 patients with MRSA, mean age 15.3
      years (range: 0.6-36.9, incidence 0.9%/year). Of these, nine patients were lost
      to follow-up; seven chronically colonized patients were excluded from the
      intervention. Eradication was suggested to all patients, 37/41 gave their consent
      to the following two-step approach: (i) dual iv antibiotic treatment over 3
      weeks, accompanied by hygienic directives and topical therapy for 5 days followed
      by a 6-week period with dual oral antibiotic therapy and inhalation with
      vancomycin. (ii) Each new MRSA detection was treated with 6 weeks inhalation of
      vancomycin and topical therapy for 5 days. Long-term eradication was rated by the
      microbiological status in the third year after first detection. MRSA was
      eradicated in 31 of 37 patients (84%) whose clinical course was stable (mean FEV1
      one year before MRSA 80.4%, 3 years after MRSA 81.0%). CONCLUSIONS: MRSA
      colonization mandates complex and expensive hygienic measures which are not well
      accepted by patients. Therefore, MRSA eradication is desirable. Intensive therapy
      regimens may be successful in patients with CF and might help to maintain a
      stable clinical course. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1010-1019. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27378062
TI  - Inactive rhomboid proteins: New mechanisms with implications in health and
      disease.
AB  - Rhomboids, proteases containing an unusual membrane-integral serine protease
      active site, were first identified in Drosophila, where they fulfill an essential
      role in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, by cleaving membrane-tethered
      growth factor precursors. It has recently become apparent that eukaryotic genomes
      harbor conserved catalytically inactive rhomboid protease homologs, including
      derlins and iRhoms. Here we highlight how loss of proteolytic activity was
      followed in evolution by impressive functional diversification, enabling these
      pseudoproteases to fulfill crucial roles within the secretory pathway, including
      protein degradation, trafficking regulation, and inflammatory signaling. We
      distil the current understanding of the roles of rhomboid pseudoproteases in
      development and disease. Finally, we address mechanistically how versatile
      features of proteolytically active rhomboids have been elaborated to serve the
      sophisticated functions of their pseudoprotease cousins. By comparing functional
      and structural clues, we highlight common principles shared by the rhomboid
      superfamily, and make mechanistic predictions.

PMID- 27378063
TI  - The role of apelin in central cardiovascular regulation in rats with post-infarct
      heart failure maintained on a normal fat or high fat diet.
AB  - Based on the available literature, it can be assumed that in cases of post
      infarct heart failure (HF) and obesity, a significant change in the central
      regulation of the cardiovascular system takes place with, among others, the
      involvement of the apelinergic system. The main objective of the present study
      was to clarify the role of apelin-13 in the central regulation of the
      cardiovascular system in Sprague Dawley rats with HF or sham operated (SO) and
      fed on a normal fat (NFD) or a high fat diet (HFD). The study was divided into
      two parts: Part I, hemodynamic studies; and Part II, biochemical and molecular
      studies. The animals were subjected to the following research procedures. Part I
      and II: feeding NFD or HFD; experimental induction of HF or SO; Part I:
      intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the examined substances, monitoring of
      mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR); Part II: venous blood
      and tissue samples collected. ICV infusion of apelin-13 caused significantly
      higher changes in DeltaMABP in the SO NFD group. No changes were noted in DeltaHR
      in any of the studied groups. Apelin and apelin receptor (APJ) mRNA expression in
      the brain and adipose tissues was higher in the HF rats. HFD causes significant
      increase in expression of apelin and APJ mRNA in the left ventricle. In
      conclusion, HF and HFD appear to play an important role in modifying the activity
      of the central apelinergic system and significant changes in mRNA expression of
      apelin and APJ receptor.

PMID- 27378064
TI  - Mandibular dysostosis without microphthalmia caused by OTX2 deletion.
AB  - Mutations in OTX2 are mostly identified in patients with
      anophthalmia/microphthalmia with variable severity. The OTX2 homeobox gene plays
      a crucial role in craniofacial morphogenesis during early embryo development. We
      report for the first time a patient with a mandibular dysostosis caused by a 120
      kb deletion including the entire coding sequence of OTX2, identified by array
      CGH. No ocular malformations were identified after extended ophthalmologic
      examination. Our data refine the clinical spectrum associated with OTX2 mutations
      and suggests that OTX2 haploinsufficiency should be considered as a possible
      cause for isolated mandibular dysostosis. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27378065
TI  - Targeting health care in armed conflicts and emergencies: is it underestimated?

PMID- 27378066
TI  - The LZIP: A Bayesian latent factor model for correlated zero-inflated counts.
AB  - Motivated by a study of molecular differences among breast cancer patients, we
      develop a Bayesian latent factor zero-inflated Poisson (LZIP) model for the
      analysis of correlated zero-inflated counts. The responses are modeled as
      independent zero-inflated Poisson distributions conditional on a set of subject
      specific latent factors. For each outcome, we express the LZIP model as a
      function of two discrete random variables: the first captures the propensity to
      be in an underlying "at-risk" state, while the second represents the count
      response conditional on being at risk. The latent factors and loadings are
      assigned conditionally conjugate gamma priors that accommodate overdispersion and
      dependence among the outcomes. For posterior computation, we propose an efficient
      data-augmentation algorithm that relies primarily on easily sampled Gibbs steps.
      We conduct simulation studies to investigate both the inferential properties of
      the model and the computational capabilities of the proposed sampling algorithm.
      We apply the method to an analysis of breast cancer genomics data from The Cancer
      Genome Atlas.

PMID- 27378067
TI  - The hydrodynamics of bubble rise and impact with solid surfaces.
AB  - A bubble smaller than 1mm in radius rises along a straight path in water and
      attains a constant speed due to the balance between buoyancy and drag force.
      Depending on the purity of the system, within the two extreme limits of
      tangentially immobile or mobile boundary conditions at the air-water interface
      considerably different terminal speeds are possible. When such a bubble impacts
      on a horizontal solid surface and bounces, interesting physics can be observed.
      We study this physical phenomenon in terms of forces, which can be of colloidal,
      inertial, elastic, surface tension and viscous origins. Recent advances in high
      speed photography allow for the observation of phenomena on the millisecond
      scale. Simultaneous use of such cameras to visualize both rise/deformation and
      the dynamics of the thin film drainage through interferometry are now possible.
      These experiments confirm that the drainage process obeys lubrication theory for
      the spectrum of micrometre to millimetre-sized bubbles that are covered in this
      review. We aim to bridge the colloidal perspective at low Reynolds numbers where
      surface forces are important to high Reynolds number fluid dynamics where the
      effect of the surrounding flow becomes important. A model that combines a force
      balance with lubrication theory allows for the quantitative comparison with
      experimental data under different conditions without any fitting parameter. 

PMID- 27378068
TI  - Selective protein complexation and coacervation by polyelectrolytes.
AB  - This review discusses the possible relationship between protein charge
      anisotropy, protein binding affinity, polymer structure, and selective phase
      separation. We hope that a fundamental understanding of primarily
      electrostatically driven protein-polyelectrolyte (PE) interactions can enable the
      prediction of selective protein binding, and hence selective coacervation through
      non-specific electrostatics. Such research will partially challenge the
      assumption that specific binding has to be realized through specific binding
      sites with a variety of short-range interactions and some geometric match. More
      specifically, the recent studies on selective binding of proteins by
      polyelectrolytes were examined from different assemblies in addition to the
      electrostatic features of proteins and PEs. At the end, the optimization of phase
      separation based on binding affinity for selective coacervation and some
      considerations relevant to using PEs for protein purification were also
      overviewed.

PMID- 27378069
TI  - Chirality in a quaternionic representation of the genetic code.
AB  - A quaternionic representation of the genetic code, previously reported by the
      authors (BioSystems 141 (10-19), 2016), is updated in order to incorporate
      chirality of nucleotide bases and amino acids. The original representation
      associates with each nucleotide base a prime integer quaternion of norm 7 and
      involves a function that assigns to each codon, represented by three of these
      quaternions, another integer quaternion (amino acid type quaternion). The
      assignation is such that the essentials of the standard genetic code
      (particularly its degeneration) are preserved. To show the advantages of such a
      quaternionic representation we have designed an algorithm to go from the primary
      to the tertiary structure of the protein. The algorithm uses, besides of the type
      quaternions, a second kind of quaternions with real components that we
      additionally associate with the amino acids according to their order along the
      proteins (order quaternions). In this context, we incorporate chirality in our
      representation by observing that the set of eight integer quaternions of norm 7
      can be partitioned into a pair of subsets of cardinality four each with their
      elements mutually conjugate and by putting them into correspondence one to one
      with the two sets of enantiomers (D and L) of the four nucleotide bases adenine,
      cytosine, guanine and uracil, respectively. We then propose two diagrams in order
      to describe the hypothetical evolution of the genetic codes corresponding to both
      of the chiral systems of affinities: D-nucleotide bases/L-amino acids and L
      nucleotide bases/D-amino acids at reading frames 5'->3' and 3'->5', respectively.
      Guided by these diagrams we define functions that in each case assign to the
      triplets of D- (L-) bases a L- (D-) amino acid type integer quaternion.
      Specifically, the integer quaternion associated with a given D-amino acid is the
      conjugate of that one corresponding to the enantiomer L. The chiral type
      quaternions obtained for the amino acids are used, together with a common set of
      order quaternions, to describe the folding of the two classes, L and D, of
      homochiral proteins.

PMID- 27378070
TI  - Graphene-Coated ZnO and SiO2 as Supports for CoO Nanoparticles with Enhanced
      Reducibility.
AB  - The insertion of a graphene layer between cobalt and a substrate modifies the
      morphology and the oxidation/reduction properties of supported cobalt particles.
      Co forms a relatively flat structure on ZnO and SiO2 , whereas individual Co
      nanoparticles are formed after graphene coating of these substrates. The graphene
      layer moderates the formation of cobalt oxide in 5*10-7  mbar O2 and promotes the
      reduction of oxidized Co in H2 at lower temperature. Angle-resolved XPS
      measurements indicate that this is mainly a consequence of the restricted
      interaction of cobalt with the oxide supports. After the low-pressure redox
      treatments, the graphene layer maintains a relatively high quality with a small
      number of defect sites.

PMID- 27378072
TI  - Analytical Chemistry and Our National Science Initiatives.

PMID- 27378071
TI  - Startle amplitude during unpleasant pictures is greater in veterans with a
      history of multiple-suicide attempts and predicts a future suicide attempt.
AB  - Recent studies demonstrate that veterans exhibit higher suicide risk compared
      with the general U.S. POPULATION: A prior suicide attempt is a well-documented
      predictor of suicide death. Despite increased attention to clinical risk factors
      of suicide and efforts to develop psychosocial interventions to reduce suicide
      risk, the underlying biological factors that confer this risk are not well
      understood. This study examined affect-modulated startle (AMS) during a series of
      intermixed unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant pictures in a sample of 108
      demographically-matched veterans at low (passive ideators: n = 26) and high risk
      (active ideators: n = 29; single attempters: n = 28; and multiple attempters: n =
      25) for suicide based on the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. An
      exploratory aim involved a longitudinal component in a subset of the high-risk
      sample that went on to participate in a randomized 6-month clinical trial. We
      investigated whether baseline AMS predicts a subsequent suicide attempt at 12
      month follow-up. Compared with the other three groups, multiple attempters showed
      greater startle potentiation during unpleasant pictures and deficient overall
      startle habituation from early to later trials. The groups did not differ in
      startle during neutral or pleasant pictures, or self-reported picture valence.
      Greater startle during unpleasant pictures was associated with greater emotion
      dysregulation as measured by the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and a
      future suicide attempt assessed prospectively at 12-month follow-up. These
      findings suggest that startle potentiation during unpleasant pictures in multiple
      suicide attempters is a promising psychophysiological biomarker of suicide risk
      and underscore the clinical importance of targeting emotion dysregulation in the
      treatment of patients at-risk for suicide.

PMID- 27378073
TI  - Particle-directed assembly of semiflexible polymer chains.
AB  - We use Langevin dynamics simulations to study aggregation of semiflexible
      polymers driven by attractions between polymers and spherical particles. We
      consider a simple model with purely repulsive polymer/polymer and
      particle/particle interactions but attractive polymer/particle interactions. We
      find a rich "phase diagram" that contains several different types of globular and
      rod-like aggregates with either liquid-like or crystalline structure for the
      particle positions. Systems that exhibit rod-like aggregates with crystalline
      internal order exhibit a discontinuous rod-globule transition, while systems with
      liquid-like internal order exhibit a smooth crossover between isotropic and
      elongated aggregates with increasing chain stiffness. Polymers in elongated
      liquid-like aggregates often adopt helical configurations that wind around the
      axis of the aggregate. 

PMID- 27378075
TI  - In vitro membrane stabilizing, thrombolytic and antioxidant potentials of
      Drynaria quercifolia L., a remedial plant of the Garo tribal people of
      Bangladesh.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Drynaria quercifolia L. (Family- Polypodiaceae) is a fern grows in
      Bangladesh used in traditional healing by the Garo tribe of Mymensingh district.
      In the current study, rhizomes and fertile foliage fronds of this plant have been
      investigated comprehensively to assess their in vitro membrane stabilizing,
      thrombolytic and antioxidant properties. METHODS: Rhizomes and fertile foliage
      fronds of D. quercifolia were collected, dried, powdered and extracted with
      methanol. Later on, crude methanol extracts of the plant parts were fractionated
      into petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and aqueous soluble
      fractions. The extractives were then subjected to membrane stabilizing,
      thrombolytic and antioxidant assays. RESULTS: In membrane stabilizing assay,
      crude methanol extracts of rhizomes and fertile foliage fronds and their
      petroleum ether fractions were found to be very effective for stabilizing
      erythrocyte membrane in hypotonic solution. In case of thrombolytic study, crude
      methanol extract of rhizomes and its aqueous fraction exhibited noticeable clot
      lysis. However, in antioxidant assays, crude methanol extracts of the tested
      plant parts and their aqueous fractions exhibited potent 1,1-diphenyl-2
      picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide and 2, 2'-azinobis (3
      ethylbenzothiazoline sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. Besides,
      these extractives also displayed substantial ferric reducing potential in ferric
      reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Crude methanol extracts of the plant
      parts and their aqueous fractions were also found rich in phenolics. CONCLUSION:
      This study demonstrates the medicinal potentials of D. quercifolia and justifies
      the local uses of it by the Garo tribal people of Bangladesh for multiple disease
      management.

PMID- 27378074
TI  - Loss of histone deacetylase HDAC1 induces cell death in Drosophila epithelial
      cells through JNK and Hippo signaling.
AB  - Inactivation of HDAC1 and its homolog HDAC2 or addition of HDAC inhibitors in
      mammalian systems induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and developmental
      defects. Although these phenotypes have been extensively characterized, the
      precise underlying mechanisms remain unclear, particularly in in vivo settings.
      In this study, we show that inactivation of Rpd3, the only HDAC1 and HDAC2
      ortholog in Drosophila, induced apoptosis and clone elimination in the developing
      eye and wing imaginal discs. Depletion of Rpd3 by RNAi cell-autonomously
      increased JNK activities and decreased activities of Yki, the nuclear effecter of
      Hippo signaling pathway. In addition, inhibition of JNK activities largely
      rescued Rpd3 RNAi-induced apoptosis, but did not affect its inhibition of Yki
      activities. Conversely, increasing the Yki activities largely rescued Rpd3 RNAi
      induced apoptosis, but did not affect its induction of JNK activities.
      Furthermore, inactivation of Mi-2, a core component of the Rpd3-containing NuRD
      complex strongly induced JNK activities; while inactivation of Sin3A, a key
      component of the Rpd3-containing Sin3 complex, significantly inhibited Yki
      activities. Taken together, these results reveal that inactivation of Rpd3
      independently regulates JNK and Yki activities and that both Hippo and JNK
      signaling pathways contribute to Rpd3 RNAi-induced apoptosis.

PMID- 27378076
TI  - Genomics-informed isolation and characterization of a symbiotic Nanoarchaeota
      system from a terrestrial geothermal environment.
AB  - Biological features can be inferred, based on genomic data, for many microbial
      lineages that remain uncultured. However, cultivation is important for
      characterizing an organism's physiology and testing its genome-encoded potential.
      Here we use single-cell genomics to infer cultivation conditions for the
      isolation of an ectosymbiotic Nanoarchaeota ('Nanopusillus acidilobi') and its
      host (Acidilobus, a crenarchaeote) from a terrestrial geothermal environment. The
      cells of 'Nanopusillus' are among the smallest known cellular organisms (100-300
      nm). They appear to have a complete genetic information processing machinery, but
      lack almost all primary biosynthetic functions as well as respiration and ATP
      synthesis. Genomic and proteomic comparison with its distant relative, the marine
      Nanoarchaeum equitans illustrate an ancient, common evolutionary history of
      adaptation of the Nanoarchaeota to ectosymbiosis, so far unique among the
      Archaea.

PMID- 27378077
TI  - Adolescents' ratings of features of parks that encourage park visitation and
      physical activity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The neighbourhood environment such as the availability of parks are a
      key, but under-researched, influence on adolescents' physical activity. In
      addition to overall physical activity levels, park-based physical activity and
      park visitation is low in this age group. Thus, it is critical to identify park
      features that may encourage or discourage adolescents from visiting parks. This
      study used a novel methodology to identify key physical characteristics of parks
      that are perceived to be important for park visitation and park-based physical
      activity among adolescents. METHODS: Four secondary schools located in low, mid
      and high socio-economic status areas of Victoria, Australia were recruited. Using
      a purpose-built computer application, students in years 8-10 were presented with
      44 original photographic images of park features. Participants rated each image
      (range 1-10) on how likely the feature would be to encourage them to visit a park
      and to engage in park-based physical activity, and placed symbols ('thumbs
      up'/'thumbs down') on aspects of the image that had a positive or negative
      influence on their ratings. RESULTS: Participants (n = 99) had a mean age of 13.3
      years (SD = 0.87) and 53% were female. Overall, the top three rated images
      prompting park visitation by adolescents were: a long steep slide, a flying fox
      and a table tennis table. These first two features were also reported as being
      likely to promote physical activity in the park. Differences in ratings were
      observed for boys and girls. The images that received the greatest number of
      "thumbs-up" symbols included large swings and slides, table tennis tables, no
      smoking signs, flying foxes and BMX tracks. The images that received the greatest
      number of "thumbs-down" symbols included signage about rules, graffiti, toilets,
      concrete steps, and skate bowls. CONCLUSION: Physically challenging play
      equipment is likely to encourage adolescents to visit and be active in parks.
      Rules, graffiti, toilets and skate bowls may discourage visitation. It is
      important for park designers, planners and policy makers to consider adolescents'
      views of what park design features are important so that parks are created that
      support and encourage visitation and optimise levels of physical activity when in
      the park.

PMID- 27378078
TI  - Cetuximab-induced aseptic meningitis: case report and review of a rare adverse
      event.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cetuximab is a commonly used antibody agent in the treatment of
      colorectal or head and neck cancer. Although it is generally well tolerated in
      most patients, cetuximab has been associated with some rare but serious adverse
      events. Aseptic meningitis is one such distinctly uncommon adverse drug reaction.
      CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a middle-aged Caucasian patient, who
      presented with fever and headache within a few hours of starting cetuximab
      therapy and was diagnosed with cetuximab-induced aseptic meningitis after a
      complete workup. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the ninth case of
      cetuximab-induced aseptic meningitis reported in literature. Because of a
      nonspecific clinical presentation, this adverse drug reaction can be easily
      misdiagnosed. It is important to increase awareness of this potentially severe
      reaction among oncologists.

PMID- 27378079
TI  - Unmet information needs and limited health literacy in newly diagnosed breast
      cancer patients over the course of cancer treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate unmet information needs in newly diagnosed breast
      cancer patients over the course of cancer treatment and its association with
      health literacy. METHODS: We present results from a prospective, multicenter
      cohort study (PIAT). Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients (N=1060) were
      surveyed directly after breast cancer surgery, 10 and 40 weeks later. Pooled
      linear regression modeling was employed analyzing changes in unmet information
      needs over time and its association with health literacy. RESULTS: Unmet
      information needs on side effects and medication and medical examination results
      and treatment options were high and increased during the first 10 weeks after
      breast cancer surgery. Considering health promotion and social issues, unmet
      information needs started high and decreased during post-treatment. Patients with
      limited health literacy had higher unmet information needs. CONCLUSION: Our
      results indicate a mismatch in information provision and breast cancer patients'
      information needs. Patients with limited health literacy may be at a distinct
      disadvantage in having their information needs met over the course of breast
      cancer treatment. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Strategies are needed to reduce unmet
      information needs in breast cancer patients considering treatment-phase and
      health literacy and thereby enable them to better cope with their diseases.

PMID- 27378080
TI  - A qualitative exploration of favorite patients in primary care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To ascertain whether physicians have favorite patients, their
      experiences with such patients, and how such relationships may influence patients
      and physicians. METHODS: Semi-structured key informant interviews with 25 primary
      care internists practicing in several clinic settings at a large academic medical
      center. RESULTS: The term 'favorite patient' raised concerns regarding boundaries
      and favoritism. Nevertheless, most participants (22/25) reported having favorite
      patients. For many physicians, favorite patients were not necessarily the most
      compliant patients, or those most similar to them. Instead, favorite patients
      were often very sick patients and/or those who have known their physicians for a
      long time. Many of these relationships were defined by experiences that
      strengthened the patient-physician bond. Participants felt that the favorite
      patient bond had a positive effect on patients and physicians ("it improves my
      day"). Physicians also discussed their challenging patients unprompted.
      Participants voiced that being cognizant of having favorite and challenging
      patients help to prevent favoring the care of certain patients over others.
      CONCLUSIONS & PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Primary care physicians value patient
      relationships and benefit from deep bonds. A better understanding of how favorite
      patients affect primary care physicians could help inform and improve
      relationships with all patients.

PMID- 27378081
TI  - Determinants of antihypertensive adherence among patients in Beijing: Application
      of the health belief model.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to determine the factors associated with
      antihypertensive adherence based on the Health Belief Model (HBM). METHODS: A
      cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area of China in 2014. The
      questionnaire included information about demographics, a scale based on the HBM,
      and the four-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. RESULTS: 745 hypertensive
      patients participated in the study (345 men, 400 women). Patients' mean age was
      56.4+/-10.8years. The prevalence of adherence was 43.5%. Structural equation
      modeling showed that men, older participants, and those with greater knowledge of
      hypertension showed better medication adherence than did other participants.
      Based on the HBM, higher levels of self-efficacy and perceived severity and a
      lower level of perceived barriers were associated with better antihypertensive
      adherence. Self-efficacy was one of the most important mediating variables
      affecting antihypertensive adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Antihypertensive adherence was
      not optimal among patients in Beijing. Given that many factors are associated
      with medication adherence, individualized intervention strategies should be
      carried out in Beijing, China, especially in community settings. PRACTICE
      IMPLICATIONS: Medication adherence can be improved by enhancing patients' self
      efficacy because it was the most important influence and mediating variable.

PMID- 27378082
TI  - Structural studies of N-terminal mutants of Connexin 26 and Connexin 32 using
      (1)H NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - Alterations in gap junctions underlie the etiologies of syndromic deafness (KID)
      and Charcot-Marie Tooth disease (CMTX). Functional gap junctions are composed of
      connexin molecules with N-termini containing a flexible turn around G12,
      inserting the N-termini into the channel pore allowing voltage gating. The loss
      of this turn correlates with loss of Connexin 32 (Cx32) function by impaired
      trafficking to the cell membrane. Using (1)H NMR we show the N-terminus of a
      syndromic deafness mutation Cx26G12R, producing "leaky channels", contains a turn
      around G12 which is less structured and more flexible than wild-type. In
      contrast, the N-terminal structure of the same mutation in Cx32 chimera,
      Cx32*43E1G12R shows a larger constricted turn and no membrane current expression
      but forms membrane inserted hemichannels. Their function was rescued by formation
      of heteromeric channels with wild type subunits. We suggest the inflexible
      Cx32G12R N-terminus blocks ion conduction in homomeric channels and this channel
      block is relieved by incorporation of wild type subunits. In contrast, the
      increased open probability of Cx26G12R hemichannels is likely due to the addition
      of positive charge in the channel pore changing pore electrostatics and impairing
      hemichannel regulation by Ca(2+). These results provide mechanistic information
      on aberrant channel activity observed in disease.

PMID- 27378083
TI  - Transmembrane dynamics of the Thr-5 phosphorylated sarcolipin pentameric channel.
AB  - Sarcolipin (SLN), an important membrane protein expressed in the sarcoplasmic
      reticulum (SR), regulates muscle contractions in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The
      phosphorylation at amino acid Thr5 of the SLN protein modulates the amount of
      Ca(2+) that passes through the SR. Using molecular dynamics simulation, we
      evaluated the phosphorylation at Thr5 of pentameric SLN (phospho-SLN) channel's
      energy barrier and pore characteristics by calculating the potential of mean
      force (PMF) along the channel pore and determining the diffusion coefficient. The
      results indicate that pentameric phospho-SLN promotes penetration of monovalent
      and divalent ions through the channel. The analysis of PMF, pore radius and
      diffusion coefficient indicates that Leu21 is the hydrophobic gate of the
      pentameric SLN channel. In the channel, water molecules near the Leu21 pore
      demonstrated a clear hydrated-dehydrated transition; however, the mutation of
      Leu21 to an Alanine (L21A) destroyed the hydrated-dehydrated transitions. These
      water-dynamic behaviors and PMF confirm that Leu21 is the key residue that
      regulates the ion permeability of the pentameric SLN channel. These results
      provide the structural-basis insights and molecular-dynamic information that are
      needed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of ion permeability in the
      pentameric SLN channel.

PMID- 27378084
TI  - Clinical tool for predicting survival in ALS: do we need one?

PMID- 27378085
TI  - A clinical tool for predicting survival in ALS.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and usually
      fatal neurodegenerative disease. Survival from diagnosis varies considerably.
      Several prognostic factors are known, including site of onset (bulbar or limb),
      age at symptom onset, delay from onset to diagnosis and the use of riluzole and
      non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Clinicians and patients would benefit from a
      practical way of using these factors to provide an individualised prognosis.
      METHODS: 575 consecutive patients with incident ALS from a population-based
      registry in South-East England register for ALS (SEALS) were studied. Their
      survival was modelled as a two-step process: the time from diagnosis to
      respiratory muscle involvement, followed by the time from respiratory involvement
      to death. The effects of predictor variables were assessed separately for each
      time interval. FINDINGS: Younger age at symptom onset, longer delay from onset to
      diagnosis and riluzole use were associated with slower progression to respiratory
      involvement, and NIV use was associated with lower mortality after respiratory
      involvement, each with a clinically significant effect size. Riluzole may have a
      greater effect in younger patients and those with longer delay to diagnosis. A
      patient's survival time has a roughly 50% chance of falling between half and
      twice the predicted median. INTERPRETATION: A simple and clinically applicable
      graphical method of predicting an individual patient's survival from diagnosis is
      presented. The model should be validated in an independent cohort, and extended
      to include other important prognostic factors.

PMID- 27378086
TI  - NCRI phase II study of CHOP in combination with ofatumumab in induction and
      maintenance in newly diagnosed Richter syndrome.
AB  - Richter syndrome (RS) is associated with chemotherapy resistance and a poor
      historical median overall survival (OS) of 8-10 months. We conducted a phase II
      trial of standard CHOP-21 (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine,
      prednisolone every 21 d) with ofatumumab induction (Cycle 1: 300 mg day 1, 1000
      mg day 8, 1000 mg day 15; Cycles 2-6: 1000 mg day 1) (CHOP-O) followed by 12
      months ofatumumab maintenance (1000 mg given 8-weekly for up to six cycles).
      Forty-three patients were recruited of whom 37 were evaluable. Seventy-three per
      cent were aged >60 years. Over half of the patients received a fludarabine and
      cyclophosphamide-based regimen as prior CLL treatment. The overall response rate
      was 46% (complete response 27%, partial response 19%) at six cycles. The median
      progression-free survival was 6.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9-14.0
      months) and median OS was 11.4 months (95% CI 6.4-25.6 months). Treatment-naive
      and TP53-intact patients had improved outcomes. Fifteen episodes of neutropenic
      fever and 46 non-neutropenic infections were observed. There were no treatment
      related deaths. Seven patients received platinum-containing salvage at
      progression, with only one patient obtaining an adequate response to proceed to
      allogeneic transplantation. CHOP-O with ofatumumab maintenance provides minimal
      benefit beyond CHOP plus rutuximab. Standard immunochemotherapy for RS remains
      wholly inadequate for unselected RS. Multinational trials incorporating novel
      agents are urgently needed. 

PMID- 27378087
TI  - 50 years of amino acid hydrophobicity scales: revisiting the capacity for peptide
      classification.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physicochemical properties are frequently analyzed to characterize
      protein-sequences of known and unknown function. Especially the hydrophobicity of
      amino acids is often used for structural prediction or for the detection of
      membrane associated or embedded beta-sheets and alpha-helices. For this purpose
      many scales classifying amino acids according to their physicochemical properties
      have been defined over the past decades. In parallel, several hydrophobicity
      parameters have been defined for calculation of peptide properties. We analyzed
      the performance of separating sequence pools using 98 hydrophobicity scales and
      five different hydrophobicity parameters, namely the overall hydrophobicity, the
      hydrophobic moment for detection of the alpha-helical and beta-sheet membrane
      segments, the alternating hydrophobicity and the exact beta-strand score.
      RESULTS: Most of the scales are capable of discriminating between transmembrane
      alpha-helices and transmembrane beta-sheets, but assignment of peptides to pools
      of soluble peptides of different secondary structures is not achieved at the same
      quality. The separation capacity as measure of the discrimination between
      different structural elements is best by using the five different hydrophobicity
      parameters, but addition of the alternating hydrophobicity does not provide a
      large benefit. An in silico evolutionary approach shows that scales have
      limitation in separation capacity with a maximal threshold of 0.6 in general. We
      observed that scales derived from the evolutionary approach performed best in
      separating the different peptide pools when values for arginine and tyrosine were
      largely distinct from the value of glutamate. Finally, the separation of
      secondary structure pools via hydrophobicity can be supported by specific
      detectable patterns of four amino acids. CONCLUSION: It could be assumed that the
      quality of separation capacity of a certain scale depends on the spacing of the
      hydrophobicity value of certain amino acids. Irrespective of the wealth of
      hydrophobicity scales a scale separating all different kinds of secondary
      structures or between soluble and transmembrane peptides does not exist
      reflecting that properties other than hydrophobicity affect secondary structure
      formation as well. Nevertheless, application of hydrophobicity scales allows
      distinguishing between peptides with transmembrane alpha-helices and beta-sheets.
      Furthermore, the overall separation capacity score of 0.6 using different
      hydrophobicity parameters could be assisted by pattern search on the protein
      sequence level for specific peptides with a length of four amino acids.

PMID- 27378089
TI  - Glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan in skin aging.
AB  - Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) are abundant structural
      components of the extracellular matrix in addition to collagen fibers. Hyaluronic
      acid (HA), one of GAGs, forms proteoglycan aggregates, which are large complexes
      of HA and HA-binding PGs. Their crosslinking to other matrix proteins such as the
      collagen network results in the formation of supermolecular structures and
      functions to increase tissue stiffness. Skin aging can be classified as intrinsic
      aging and photoaging based on the phenotypes and putative mechanism. While
      intrinsic aging is characterized by a thinned epidermis and fine wrinkles caused
      by advancing age, photoaging is characterized by deep wrinkles, skin laxity,
      telangiectasias, and appearance of lentigines and is mainly caused by chronic sun
      exposure. The major molecular mechanism governing skin aging processes has been
      attributed to the loss of mature collagen and increased matrix metalloproteinase
      expression. However, various strategies focusing on collagen turnover remain
      unsatisfactory for the reversal or prevention of skin aging. Although the
      expression of GAGs and PGs in the skin and their regulatory mechanisms are not
      fully understood, we and others have elucidated various changes in GAGs and PGs
      in aged skin, suggesting that these molecules are important contributors to skin
      aging. In this review, we focus on skin-abundant GAGs and PGs and their changes
      in human skin during the skin aging process. 

PMID- 27378088
TI  - Integrated Charge Transfer in Organic Ferroelectrics for Flexible Multisensing
      Materials.
AB  - The ultimate or end point of functional materials development is the realization
      of strong coupling between all energy regimes (optical, electronic, magnetic, and
      elastic), enabling the same material to be utilized for multifunctionalities.
      However, the integration of multifunctionalities in soft materials with the
      existence of various coupling is still in its early stage. Here, the coupling
      between ferroelectricity and charge transfer by combining
      bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene-C60 charge-transfer crystals with
      ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride polymer matrix is reported, which enables
      external stimuli-controlled polarization, optoelectronic and magnetic field
      sensing properties. Such flexible composite films also display a superior strain
      dependent capacitance and resistance change with a giant piezoresistance
      coefficient of 7.89 * 10(-6) Pa(-1) . This mutual coupled material with the
      realization of enhanced couplings across these energy domains opens up the
      potential for multisensing applications. 

PMID- 27378091
TI  - Jerry Schnoor: The Impact on Others.

PMID- 27378090
TI  - Comet assay: an essential tool in toxicological research.
AB  - The comet assay is a versatile, reliable, cost-efficient, and fast technique for
      detecting DNA damage and repair in any tissue. It is useable in almost any cell
      type and applicable to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Instead of
      highlighting one of the numerous specific aspects of the comet assay, the present
      review aims at giving an overview about the evolution of this widely applicable
      method from the first description by Ostling and Johanson to the OECD Guideline
      489 for the in vivo mammalian comet assay. In addition, methodical aspects and
      the influence of critical steps of the assay as well as the evaluation of results
      and improvements of the method are reviewed. Methodical aspects regarding
      oxidative DNA damage and repair are also addressed. An overview about the most
      recent works and relevant cutting-edge reviews based on the comet assay with
      special regard to, e.g., clinical applications, nanoparticles or environmental
      risk assessment concludes this review. Taken together, the presented overview
      raises expectations to further decades of successful applications and
      enhancements of this excellent method. 

PMID- 27378092
TI  - A Journey with Jerry.

PMID- 27378093
TI  - An American in Zurich: Jerry Schnoor as an Ambassador for U.S. Environmental
      Science and Engineering.

PMID- 27378096
TI  - Asymmetric pulsation of rat carotid artery bifurcation in three-dimension
      observed by ultrasound imaging.
AB  - The arterial structure cyclically fluctuates in three-dimensions (3-D) caused by
      pulsatile blood flow. The evaluation of arterial wall motion and hemodynamics
      contributes to early diagnosis of carotid atherosclerosis. Ultrasound is one of
      the most appropriate imaging modalities to evaluate arterial wall motion in real
      time. Although many previous studies have discussed the mechanical properties of
      the carotid artery bifurcation (CAB) from the two-dimensional (2-D) view, the
      spatio-temporal variation of carotid artery geometry in 3-D has not yet been
      investigated in detail. In this study, the 3-D data set of CAB from rats was
      acquired using a high spatio-temporal resolution ultrasound imaging system with a
      40 MHz probe using mechanical sector scanning. A total of 31 slices of cross
      section images were stored and a spoke scan algorithm was implemented to radially
      scan the lumen area in polar coordinates based on a pre-tracked seed point. The
      boundary of the arterial lumen was segmented using intensity-threshold-based
      boundary detection and fitted by polynomial regression. Two operators, who were
      trained with the same protocol to minimize inter- and intra-operator variability,
      manually segmented the lumen boundary on systolic and diastolic phase from the
      gray-scale images. Finally, the 3-D lumen geometries of CAB during one cardiac
      cycle were constructed based on the segmented lumen boundaries. From this
      constructed 3-D geometry, we observed that the CAB geometry favorably expanded to
      the anterior/posterior direction, parallel to the sagittal plane; and the
      manually segmented geometry also confirmed the asymmetrical change in bifurcation
      geometry. This is the first study on visualization and quantification on the
      asymmetrical variation of the CAB geometry of a rat in 3-D during a whole cardiac
      cycle. This finding may be useful in understanding hemodynamic etiology of
      various cardiovascular diseases such as arterial stenosis and its complications,
      and also provides reference information for numerical simulation studies on
      arterial wall motion. 

PMID- 27378094
TI  - Integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy for children under
      five.
AB  - BACKGROUND: More than 7.5 million children younger than age five living in low-
      and middle-income countries die every year. The World Health Organization (WHO)
      developed the integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) strategy to
      reduce mortality and morbidity and to improve quality of care by improving the
      delivery of a variety of curative and preventive medical and behavioral
      interventions at health facilities, at home, and in the community. OBJECTIVES: To
      evaluate the effects of programs that implement the IMCI strategy in terms of
      death, nutritional status, quality of care, coverage with IMCI deliverables, and
      satisfaction of beneficiaries. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central
      Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2015, Issue 3), including the Cochrane
      Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group Specialised Register;
      MEDLINE; EMBASE, Ovid; the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health
      Literature (CINAHL), EbscoHost; the Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences
      Literature (LILACS), Virtual Health Library (VHL); the WHO Library & Information
      Networks for Knowledge Database (WHOLIS); the Science Citation Index and Social
      Sciences Citation Index, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of
      Science; Population Information Online (POPLINE); the WHO International Clinical
      Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP); and the Global Health, Ovid and Health
      Management, ProQuest database. We performed searches until 30 June 2015 and
      supplemented these by searching revised bibliographies and by contacting experts
      to identify ongoing and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We sought to
      include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled before-after (CBA)
      studies with at least two intervention and two control sites evaluating the
      generic IMCI strategy or its adaptation in children younger than age five, and
      including at minimum efforts to improve health care worker skills for case
      management. We excluded studies in which IMCI was accompanied by other
      interventions including conditional cash transfers, food supplementation, and
      employment. The comparison group received usual health services without provision
      of IMCI. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened
      searches, selected trials, and extracted, analysed and tabulated data. We used
      inverse variance for cluster trials and an intracluster co-efficient of 0.01 when
      adjustment had not been made in the primary study. We used the GRADE (Grades of
      Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group) approach to
      assess the certainty of evidence. MAIN RESULTS: Two cluster-randomised trials
      (India and Bangladesh) and two controlled before-after studies (Tanzania and
      India) met our inclusion criteria. Strategies included training of health care
      staff, management strengthening of health care systems (all four studies), and
      home visiting (two studies). The two studies from India included care packages
      targeting the neonatal period.One trial in Bangladesh estimated that child
      mortality may be 13% lower with IMCI, but the confidence interval (CI) included
      no effect (risk ratio (RR) 0.87, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.10; 5090 participants; low
      certainty evidence). One CBA study in Tanzania gave almost identical estimates
      (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.05; 1932 participants).One trial in India examined
      infant and neonatal mortality by implementing the integrated management of
      neonatal and childhood illness (IMNCI) strategy including post-natal home visits.
      Neonatal and infant mortality may be lower in the IMNCI group compared with the
      control group (infant mortality hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.94;
      neonatal mortality HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.03; one trial, 60,480 participants;
      low-certainty evidence).We estimated the effect of IMCI on any mortality measured
      by combining infant and child mortality in the one IMCI and the one IMNCI trial.
      Mortality may be reduced by IMCI (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.93; two trials,
      65,570 participants; low-certainty evidence).Two trials (India, Bangladesh)
      evaluated nutritional status and noted that there may be little or no effect on
      stunting (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.06; 5242 participants, two trials; low
      certainty evidence) and there is probably little or no effect on wasting (RR
      1.04, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.25; two trials, 4288 participants; moderate-certainty
      evidence).The Tanzania CBA study showed similar results.Investigators measured
      quality of care by observing prescribing for common illnesses at health
      facilities (727 observations, two studies; very low-certainty evidence) and by
      observing prescribing by lay health care workers (1051 observations, three
      studies; very low-certainty evidence). We could not confirm a consistent effect
      on prescribing at health facilities or by lay health care workers, as certainty
      of the evidence was very low.For coverage of IMCI deliverables, we examined
      vaccine and vitamin A coverage, appropriate care seeking, and exclusive breast
      feeding. Two trials (India, Bangladesh) estimated vaccine coverage for measles
      and reported that there is probably little or no effect on measles vaccine
      coverage (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.05; two trials, 4895 participants; moderate
      certainty evidence), with similar effects seen in the Tanzania CBA study. Two
      studies measured the third dose of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus vaccine;
      and two measured vitamin A coverage, all providing little or no evidence of
      increased coverage with IMCI.Four studies (2 from India, and 1 each from Tanzania
      and Bangladesh) reported appropriate care seeking and derived information from
      careful questioning of mothers about recent illness. Some studies on effects of
      IMCI may report better care seeking behavior, but others do not report this.All
      four studies recorded maternal responses on exclusive breast feeding. They
      provided mixed results and very low-certainty evidence. Therefore, we do not know
      whether IMCI impacts exclusive breast feeding.No studies reported on the
      satisfaction of mothers and service users. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The mix of
      interventions examined in research studies evaluating the IMCI strategy varies,
      and some studies include specific inputs to improve neonatal health. Most studies
      were conducted in South Asia. Implementing the integrated management of childhood
      illness strategy may reduce child mortality, and packages that include
      interventions for the neonatal period may reduce infant mortality. IMCI may have
      little or no effect on nutritional status and probably has little or no effect on
      vaccine coverage. Maternal care seeking behavior may be more appropriate with
      IMCI, but study results have been mixed, providing evidence of very low certainty
      about whether IMCI has effects on adherence to exclusive breast feeding.

PMID- 27378095
TI  - Reproducibility of coronary atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in populations
      with low, intermediate, and high prevalence of coronary artery disease by
      multidetector computer tomography: a guide to reliable visual coronary plaque
      assessments.
AB  - To evaluate the interobserver agreement of visual coronary plaque characteristics
      by 320-slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in three populations with
      low, intermediate and high CAD prevalence and to identify determinants for the
      reproducible assessment of these plaque characteristics. 150 patients, 50
      asymptomatic subjects from the general population (low CAD prevalence), 50
      symptomatic non-acute coronary syndrome (non-ACS) patients (intermediate CAD
      prevalence), and 50 ACS patients (high CAD prevalence), matched according to age
      and gender, were retrospectively enrolled. All coronary segments were evaluated
      for overall image quality, evaluability, presence of CAD, coronary stenosis,
      plaque composition, plaque focality, and spotty calcification by four readers.
      Interobserver agreement was assessed using Fleiss' Kappa (kappa) and intra-class
      correlation (ICC). Widely used clinical parameters (overall scan quality,
      presence of CAD, and determination of coronary stenosis) showed good agreement
      among the four readers, (ICC = 0.66, kappa = 0.73, ICC = 0.74, respectively).
      When accounting for heart rate, body mass index, plaque location, and coronary
      stenosis above/below 50 %, interobserver agreement for plaque composition,
      presence of CAD, and coronary stenosis improved to either good or excellent,
      (kappa = 0.61, kappa = 0.81, ICC = 0.78, respectively). Spotty calcification was
      the least reproducible parameter investigated (kappa = 0.33). Across
      subpopulations, reproducibility of coronary plaque characteristics generally
      decreased with increasing CAD prevalence except for plaque composition, (limits
      of agreement: +/-2.03, +/-1.96, +/-1.79 for low, intermediate and high CAD
      prevalence, respectively). 320-slice MDCT can be used to assess coronary plaque
      characteristics, except for spotty calcification. Reproducibility estimates are
      influenced by heart rate, body size, plaque location, and degree of luminal
      stenosis. 

PMID- 27378097
TI  - Density-dependent effects of larval dispersal mediated by host plant quality on
      populations of an invasive insect.
AB  - The success of invasive species is often thought to be due to release from
      natural enemies. This hypothesis assumes that species are regulated by top-down
      forces in their native range and are likely to be regulated by bottom-up forces
      in the invasive range. Neither of these assumptions has been consistently
      supported with insects, a group which includes many destructive invasive species.
      Winter moth (Operophtera brumata) is an invasive defoliator in North America that
      appears to be regulated by larval mortality. To assess whether regulation was
      caused by top-down or bottom-up forces, we sought to identify the main causes of
      larval mortality. We used observational and manipulative field and laboratory
      studies to demonstrate that larval mortality due to predation, parasitism, and
      disease were minimal. We measured the response of larval dispersal in the field
      to multiple aspects of foliar quality, including total phenolics, pH 10 oxidized
      phenolics, trichome density, total nitrogen, total carbon, and carbon-nitrogen
      ratio. Tree-level declines in density were driven by density-dependent dispersal
      of early instars. Late instar larvae dispersed at increased rates from previously
      damaged as compared to undamaged foliage, and in 2015 field larval dispersal
      rates were related to proportion of oxidative phenolics. We conclude that larval
      dispersal is the dominant source of density-dependent larval mortality, may be
      mediated by induced changes in foliar quality, and likely regulates population
      densities in New England. These findings suggest that winter moth population
      densities in New England are regulated by bottom-up forces, aligning with the
      natural enemy release hypothesis.

PMID- 27378099
TI  - Issues in designing a randomized clinical trial for chronic prostatitis/chronic
      pelvic pain syndrome: Comment on Wang et al. Randomized controlled trial of
      levofloxacin, terazosin, and combination therapy in patients with category III
      chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Int Urol Nephrol. 2016;48:13
      18.

PMID- 27378098
TI  - Root respiratory costs of ion uptake, root growth, and root maintenance in
      wetland plants: efficiency and strategy of O2 use for adaptation to hypoxia.
AB  - Oxygen use in roots is an important aspect of wetland plant ecophysiology, and it
      depends on the respiratory costs of three major processes: ion uptake, root
      growth, and root maintenance. However, O2 allocation in wetland plants has
      received little attention. This study aimed to determine the O2 allocation and
      specific respiratory cost of each process under hypoxic conditions, to better
      understand the strategy and efficiency of O2 use in wetland plants. The root
      respiration rate, nitrogen uptake, and root growth in three Carex species with
      different growth rates were examined under hypoxic conditions using different N
      sources, and the respiratory costs of ion uptake, root growth, and root
      maintenance were statistically estimated. All species exhibited low specific
      costs and low ratios of O2 allocation for root growth (2.0 +/- 0.4 mmol O2 g(-1)
      and 15.2 +/- 2.7 %, respectively). The specific cost of ion uptake was 20-30 %
      lower in fast-growing species than in slow-growing species. As plant growth rate
      increased, the O2 allocation ratio for ion uptake increased, and that for root
      maintenance decreased. The cost was higher when NO3 (-) was fed, than when NH4
      (+) was fed, although the pattern of O2 allocation ratios for three processes was
      similar for NO3 (-) and NH4 (+). Our results indicate that wetland plants
      primarily employ an O2 use strategy of minimising the respiratory costs of root
      growth, and fast-growing plants specifically use O2 to maximise ion uptake. These
      findings provide new insights into ecophysiological behaviours of roots in
      adaptation to hypoxia.

PMID- 27378100
TI  - Self-assembly behaviours of primitive and modern lipid membrane solutions: a
      coarse-grained molecular simulation study.
AB  - Researchers have studied the origin of life and the process of evolution on early
      Earth for decades. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of biogenesis,
      because there are many stages in the formation and growth of the first cell. We
      investigate the self-replication processes of coacervate protocells using
      computer simulations of single-chain lipid and phospholipid aqueous mixtures.
      Based on a morphological phase diagram, we develop a model of prebiotic self
      replication driven by only environmental factors (i.e. temperature and lipid
      concentrations) without any external force. Moreover, we investigate high
      concentration structures during the process of self-replication. These structures
      have an advantage in fusion and repair of cell membranes. Therefore, lipid hot
      spots may have existed in primordial soup. 

PMID- 27378101
TI  - Realization of tristability in a multiplicatively coupled dual-loop genetic
      network.
AB  - Multistability is a crucial recurring theme in cell signaling. Multistability is
      attributed to the presence of positive feedback loops, but the general condition
      and essential mechanism for realizing multistability remain unclear. Here, we
      build a generic circuit model comprising two transcription factors and a
      microRNA, representing a kind of core architecture in gene regulatory networks.
      The circuit can be decomposed into two positive feedback loops (PFLs) or one PFL
      and one negative feedback loop (NFL), which are multiplicatively coupled.
      Bifurcation analyses of the model reveal that the circuit can achieve
      tristability through four kinds of bifurcation scenarios when parameter values
      are varied in a wide range. We formulate the general requirement for tristability
      in terms of logarithmic gain of the circuit. The parameter ranges for
      tristability and possible transition routes among steady states are determined by
      the combination of gain features of individual feedback loops. Coupling two PFLs
      with bistability or one NFL with a bistable PFL is most likely to generate
      tristability, but the underlying mechanisms are largely different. We also
      interpret published results and make testable predictions. This work sheds new
      light on interlinking feedback loops to realize tristability. The proposed
      theoretical framework can be of wide applicability.

PMID- 27378102
TI  - A prognostic model for resectable soft tissue and cutaneous angiosarcoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Angiosarcoma is an aggressive tumor rising in incidence from use of
      therapeutic radiation. Because of its relative rarity, prognostic factors have
      not been clearly delineated. METHODS: Patients who underwent resection of
      localized angiosarcoma from 2002 to 2012 were identified using the National
      Cancer Data Base. Factors associated with poor overall survival (OS) were
      identified using Cox proportional hazards modeling and internally validated with
      bootstrap resampling. These were used to construct a risk model to identify low-,
      intermediate-, or high-risk groups. RESULTS: Median OS among 821 patients
      undergoing resection was 3.4 years. On multivariable analysis of factors known
      preoperatively, those associated with worse OS included: age >70 years (HR 2.02,
      P < 0.0001), black race (HR 1.92, P < 0.0001), head and neck primary (HR 1.44, P
      = 0.003), grade 3 tumor (HR 1.53, P = 0.013), size 3-7 cm (HR 1.64, P < 0.0001),
      size >7 cm (HR 2.37, P < 0.0001). After including postoperative variables,
      positive resection margins were associated with worse OS (microscopic, HR 1.59, P
      = 0.002; macroscopic, HR 3.38, P = 0.008). Stratification by risk group was
      superior to AJCC stage in discriminating OS. CONCLUSIONS: In the largest study to
      date of patients with angiosarcoma, risk factors for poor OS were identified to
      create a clinically useful risk model that can prognosticate patients with
      localized disease following surgical resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:557-563.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27378103
TI  - The association of timing of retirement with cognitive performance in old age:
      the role of leisure activities after retirement.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The role of timing of retirement on cognitive functioning in old age
      is inconclusive so far. Therefore, the present study set out to investigate the
      association of timing of retirement with cognitive performance and its interplay
      with key correlates of cognitive reserve in a large sample of older adults.
      METHODS: Two thousand two hundred and sixty three older adults served as sample
      for the present study. Different psychometric tests (Trail Making Test part A
      (TMT A), Trail Making Test part B (TMT B), Mill Hill) were administered. In
      addition, individuals were interviewed on their retirement, occupation,
      educational attainment, and regarding 18 leisure activities that have been
      carried out after retirement. RESULTS: Earlier retirement (compared to retirement
      at legal age) was significantly associated with better performance in the TMT A,
      the TMT B, and the Mill Hill vocabulary test. Moderation analyses showed that in
      individuals with a moderate number of leisure activities in old age, earlier
      retirement was related to better cognitive performance, but not in those with a
      relatively large number of leisure activities. Hierarchical regression analyses
      revealed that entering leisure activities as additional predictor significantly
      increased explained variance in the cognitive measures over and above all other
      investigated markers of cognitive reserve (i.e. occupation and education).
      CONCLUSIONS: Present data further corroborate the view that leisure activities
      even in old age may lead to further enrichment effects and thereby may be related
      to better cognitive functioning. The role of engaging in activities in the
      context of major life events such as retirement is discussed.

PMID- 27378104
TI  - Calixarene Assisted Rapid Synthesis of Silver-Graphene Nanocomposites with
      Enhanced Antibacterial Activity.
AB  - Demonstrated herein is a single rapid approach employed for synthesis of Ag
      graphene nanocomposites, with excellent antibacterial properties and low
      cytotoxicity, by utilizing a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS)
      process in combination with p-hexasulfonic acid calix[6]arene (SCX6) as an
      effective particle stabilizer. The nanocomposites showed high activity against E.
      coli (Gram-negative) and S. aureus (Gram-positive) bacteria. The materials were
      characterized using a range of techniques including transmission electron
      microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, UV
      vis spectrophotometry, FT-IR, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). This rapid,
      single step synthetic approach not only provides a facile means of enabling and
      controlling graphene reduction (under alkaline conditions) but also offers an
      optimal route for homogeneously producing and depositing highly crystalline Ag
      nanostructures into reduced graphene oxide substrate. 

PMID- 27378106
TI  - Phosphine-Catalyzed [2 + 4] Annulation of Allenoates with Thiazolone-Derived
      Alkenes: Synthesis of Functionalized 6,7-Dihydro-5H-pyrano[2,3-d]thiazoles.
AB  - Phosphine-catalyzed [2 + 4] annulation of allenoates with thiazolone-derived
      alkenes has been achieved under mild conditions, giving biologically important
      6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrano[2,3-d]thiazole derivatives in high to excellent yields.
      With the use of Kwon's phosphine as the chiral catalyst, optically active
      products were obtained in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities.

PMID- 27378105
TI  - Nature-Inspired One-Step Green Procedure for Enhancing the Antibacterial and
      Antioxidant Behavior of a Chitin Film: Controlled Interfacial Assembly of Tannic
      Acid onto a Chitin Film.
AB  - The final goal of this study was to develop antimicrobial food-contact materials
      based on a natural phenolic compound (tannic acid) and chitin, which is the
      second most abundant polysaccharide on earth, using an interfacial assembly
      approach. Chitin film has poor antibacterial and antioxidant ability, which
      limits its application in industrial fields such as active packaging. Therefore,
      in this study, a novel one-step green procedure was applied to introduce
      antibacterial and antioxidant properties into a chitin film simultaneously by
      incorporation of tannic acid into the chitin film through interfacial assembly.
      The antibacterial and antioxidant behavior of chitin film has been greatly
      enhanced. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interaction were found to be the main
      driving forces for interfacial assembly. Therefore, controlled interfacial
      assembly of tannic acid onto a chitin film demonstrated a good way to develop
      functional materials that can be potentially applied in industry. 

PMID- 27378107
TI  - Li BO-Pioneer of Ecology in China.

PMID- 27378120
TI  - Absence of Evidence or Evidence of Absence? Commentary: Captured by the pain:
      Pain steady-state evoked potentials are not modulated by selective spatial
      attention.

PMID- 27378121
TI  - Radiofrequency ablation of varicose veins improves venous clinical severity score
      despite failure of complete closure of the saphenous vein after 1 year.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endovenous treatment is increasingly supplanting open
      surgery for the treatment of varicose veins. Among emerging endovenous
      techniques, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with a ClosureFast catheter is popular
      in Korea. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy
      and patient-reported outcomes of RFA of varicose veins. METHODS: This is a
      retrospective study of a prospectively registered database of patients who
      underwent RFA for varicose veins from 2012 to 2013 in St. Mary's Hospital in
      Seoul. Korea. Efficient ClosureFast RFA catheters (Medtronic, San Jose, CA, USA)
      were used. The techniques used for RFA of varicose veins were performed according
      to the manufacturer's recommendations. Duplex scans and venous clinical severity
      scores (VCSSs) were used to document treatment outcome and patient symptoms
      before and after the procedures. Treatment outcomes were estimated before the
      procedure and 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the procedure. Outcomes
      were analyzed by paired t test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test as well
      as by logistical regression. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients were evaluated for
      183 consecutive RFA procedures (183 limbs). The initial technical success was
      97.3% (178/183). The estimated mean VCSS changed over time from 4.0 +/- 1.67 at
      preprocedure to 0.6 +/- 1.05, 0.5 +/- 1.02, and 0.6 +/- 1.14 at 3 months, 6
      months, and 12 months after the procedure, respectively. The improved VCSS was
      maintained 1 year after the procedure (p < 0.001). Recanalization of the
      saphenous vein was detected in 20 limbs at the 1-year follow up. The treatment
      failure group also exhibited a significant decline in the VCSS between
      preprocedure and 12 months (4.8 +/- 1.76 vs. 1.8 +/- 2.04, p < 0.001).
      Specifically, in the treatment failure group, 65% of limbs with episodic
      recanalization (13/20) were reoccluded or recanalized without venous reflux at
      the 1-year follow up. CONCLUSION: In this study, RFA of varicose veins had an
      initial success rate of 97.7% and a significantly improved patient VCSS at 1
      year. Patients with episodic recanalization of the saphenous vein also exhibited
      an improved VCSS with favorable duplex findings at 1 year.

PMID- 27378122
TI  - Longitudinal Trajectories of Television Watching Across Childhood and Adolescence
      Predict Bone Mass at Age 20 Years in the Raine Study.
AB  - Sedentary behaviors such as watching television (TV) are associated with
      increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. The effects of TV watching during key
      developmental stages on skeletal health are uncertain. Hours of TV watching/week
      were recorded by parental or self-report at 5, 8, 10, 14, 17, and 20 years of age
      in 1181 members (48% female) of a pregnancy cohort (the Raine Study).
      Participants were classified into one of three TV-watching trajectories (using
      latent class analysis): low (consistently <14 h/week; 20.3%), high (consistently
      >=14 h/week; 44.4%), or increasing (increased from <14 to >=14 h/week during
      adolescence; 35.3%). General linear models tested associations between TV
      trajectory and bone mineral content (BMC) measured at age 20 years using dual
      energy X-ray absorptiometry. After adjustment for height, body mass, physical
      activity, calcium intake, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, alcohol, and smoking
      (all at age 20 years), males in the low TV-watching trajectory had greater BMC
      for whole body (mean +/- SEM, 3338 +/- 59 g versus 3111 +/- 31 g), legs (612 +/-
      12 g versus 569 +/- 6 g), and arms (234 +/- 5 g versus 214 +/- 3 g) than those in
      the high TV-watching trajectory. Differences between low and high TV-watching
      trajectories were similar for females. BMC in the increasing TV-watching
      trajectory also differed for both sexes, for example males in the increasing TV
      watching trajectory had greater whole-body BMC (3252 +/- 38 g) than males in the
      high TV-watching trajectory (3111 +/- 31 g) but less arm BMC (218 +/- 3 g) than
      those in the low TV-watching trajectory (234 +/- 5 g). In this community-based
      cohort, consistently high TV watching during childhood and adolescence
      independently predicted reduced peak bone mass at age 20 years. Because
      attainment of optimal peak bone mass is protective against osteoporosis in later
      life, reducing sedentary time in children may have long-term skeletal benefits.
      (c) 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

PMID- 27378123
TI  - Are rural and remote patients, families and caregivers needs in life-limiting
      illness different from those of urban dwellers? A narrative synthesis of the
      evidence.
AB  - This review aimed to assess the evidence to answer the question whether
      palliative end-of-life care needs of patients and caregivers in rural and remote
      communities differs from those of urban dwellers. Peer-reviewed studies from 1996
      to the present dealing with the experience of rural and remote patients and
      caregivers at the end-of-life compared with that of urban people were extracted
      for narrative synthesis. The eight studies included showed that palliative needs
      of rural and remote residents are related to context. Diagnosis and treatment are
      less well managed in rural areas. Rural differences include: people are more
      accepting of death and less likely to intervene to delay death; caregivers tend
      to be younger and include friends as well as family and local support networks
      are important. Rural and remote end-of-life needs are shaped by reduced access
      and availability of services which has a negative influence on outcomes. This is
      counterbalanced by an acceptance of death and local support networks. Well
      designed longitudinal studies with samples comprised of rural and urban residents
      for comparison are required to monitor how end-of-life need might change with the
      approach of death. Clinicians, health services and policy makers need a better
      understanding of rural attitudes and of how rural community networks mobilise to
      support end-of-life care in their rural and remote communities.

PMID- 27378124
TI  - Outcomes in infants listed for liver transplantation: A retrospective cohort
      study using the United Network for Organ Sharing database.
AB  - LT in neonates and young infants can be challenging due to a variety of factors.
      To describe the waitlist mortality rates and outcomes of patients listed and
      transplanted as infants identified from the UNOS database. Infants listed for LT
      between January 1985 and September 2010 were identified from the UNOS database.
      Mortality on the waitlist as well as outcomes post-LT was compared between
      infants aged <=60 days (Group 1), 61-179 days (Group 2), and 180-364 days (Group
      3). Of 6763 infants listed for LT (Group 1 n = 496, Group 2 n = 2404, Group 3 n =
      3863), mean age at listing was 196 +/- 87 days (Group 1, 29 +/- 16 days; Group 2,
      132 +/- 32 days; Group 3, 257 +/- 52 days). Waitlist mortality was highest in
      Group 1 (Group 1 vs. 3 HR 3.01, 95% CI 2.19-4.15, Group 2 vs. Group 3 HR 0.82,
      95% CI 0.66-1.03). One- and five-yr graft survival was 59.6% and 42% (Group 1),
      66% and 45% (Group 2), and 66.8% and 41% (Group 3) (one-yr survival p = 0.20;
      five-yr survival p = 0.19). Infants listed for LT at age <=60 days had greater
      waitlist mortality risk than older infants. Infants undergoing LT at age <=60
      days had similar rates of patient and graft survival to older infants.

PMID- 27378125
TI  - Genetic association of stomatal traits and yield in wheat grown in low rainfall
      environments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In wheat, grain filling is closely related to flag leaf
      characteristics and function. Stomata are specialized leaf epidermal cells which
      regulate photosynthetic CO2 uptake and water loss by transpiration. Understanding
      the mechanisms controlling stomatal size, and their opening under drought, is
      critical to reduce plant water loss and maintain a high photosynthetic rate which
      ultimately leads to elevated yield. We applied a leaf imprinting method for rapid
      and non-destructive phenotyping to explore genetic variation and identify
      quantitative traits loci (QTL) for stomatal traits in wheat grown under
      greenhouse and field conditions. RESULTS: The genetics of stomatal traits on the
      adaxial surface of the flag leaf was investigated using 146 double haploid lines
      derived from a cross between two Australian lines of Triticum aestivum, RAC875
      and Kukri. The drought tolerant line RAC875 showed numerous small stomata in
      contrast to Kukri. Significant differences between the lines were observed for
      stomatal densitity and size related traits. A negative correlation was found
      between stomatal size and density, reflecting a compensatory relationship between
      these traits to maintain total pore area per unit leaf surface area. QTL were
      identified for stomatal traits on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, and 7A under field and
      controlled conditions. Most importantly some of these loci overlap with QTL on
      chromosome 7A that control kernel number per spike, normalized difference
      vegetation index, harvest index and yield in the same population. CONCLUSIONS: In
      this first study to decifer genetic relationships between wheat stomatal traits
      and yield in response to water deficit, no significant correlations were observed
      among yield and stomatal traits under field conditions. However we found some
      overlaps between QTL for stomatal traits and yield across environments. This
      suggested that stomatal traits could be an underlying mechanism increasing yield
      at specific loci and used as a proxy to track a target QTL in recombinant lines.
      This finding is a step-forward in understanding the function of these loci and
      identifying candidate genes to accelerate positional cloning of yield QTL in
      wheat under drought.

PMID- 27378126
TI  - Pathophysiology and preventive strategies of anthracycline-induced
      cardiotoxicity.
AB  - Cardiotoxicity is a well-known complication following treatment with
      anthracyclines. However, they are still widely used in chemotherapy for breast
      cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, and sarcoma, among others. Patient clinical
      characteristics, such as age, sex, comorbidities, anthracycline dose and infusion
      schedule, and the combined anti-cancer agents used, are diverse among cancer
      types. It is difficult to recommend guidelines for the prevention or management
      of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity applicable to all cancer types.
      Therefore, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity remains a major limitation in the
      proper management of cancer patients treated with an anthracycline-combined
      regimen. Efforts have been extensive to determine the mechanism and treatment of
      anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Because cardiotoxicity causes irreversible
      damage to the myocardium, prevention is a more effective approach than treatment
      of cardiotoxicity after symptomatic or asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction develops.
      This article will review the pathophysiological mechanisms of anthracycline
      induced cardiotoxicity and strategies for protecting the myocardium from
      anthracycline. 

PMID- 27378127
TI  - High prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Korea.

PMID- 27378129
TI  - Long-term use of calcium channel blocking drugs and breast cancer risk in a
      prospective cohort of US and Puerto Rican women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In a recent case-control study, long-term use of calcium channel
      blocking drugs was associated with a greater-than-twofold increased breast cancer
      risk. If prospectively collected data confirm that calcium channel blocker use
      increases breast cancer risk, this would have major implications for hypertension
      treatment. The objective of this study was to determine whether women using
      calcium channel blockers for 10 years or more were at increased risk of
      developing breast cancer compared with women not using calcium channel blockers.
      METHODS: The Sister Study is a prospective volunteer cohort study of women from
      the USA and Puerto Rico designed to evaluate environmental and genetic risk
      factors for breast cancer. Beginning in 2003, women between the ages of 35 and 74
      were recruited. They were eligible to participate if they had a sister with
      breast cancer but had not been diagnosed with breast cancer themselves. In total,
      50,884 women enrolled in the cohort between 2003 and 2009; 50,757 women with
      relevant baseline data and available follow-up data are included in this study.
      The exposure of interest is current use of calcium channel blocking drugs and the
      reported duration of use at entry into the cohort. Secondary exposures of
      interest were the duration and frequency of use for all other subclasses of
      antihypertensive drugs. Our main outcome is a self-reported diagnosis of breast
      cancer during the study follow-up period. With patient permission, self-reported
      diagnoses were confirmed using medical records. RESULTS: Results showed 15,817
      participants were currently using an antihypertensive drug, and 3316 women were
      currently using a calcium channel blocker at study baseline; 1965 women reported
      a breast cancer diagnosis during study follow-up. Using Cox proportional hazards
      modeling, we found no increased risk of breast cancer among women who had been
      using calcium channel blockers for 10 years or more compared with never users of
      calcium channel blockers (HR 0.88, 95 % CI 0.58-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: We saw no
      evidence of increased risk of breast cancer from 10 years or more of current
      calcium channel blocker use. Our results do not support avoiding calcium channel
      blocking drugs in order to reduce breast cancer risk.

PMID- 27378130
TI  - Common Mechanism of Cross-Resistance Development in Pathogenic Bacteria Bacillus
      cereus Against Alamethicin and Pediocin Involves Alteration in Lipid Composition.
AB  - To understand the mechanism of development of cross-resistance in food pathogen
      Bacillus cereus against an antimicrobial peptide pediocin and antibiotic
      alamethicin, the present study was designed. Pediococcus pentosaceus was taken as
      a source of pediocin, and it was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation
      followed by cation exchange chromatography with 14.01-fold purity and 14.4 %
      recovery. B. cereus strains alamethicin-resistant strains (IC50 3.23 ug/ml) were
      selected from sensitive population with IC50 2.37 ug/ml. The development of
      resistance in B. cereus against alamethicin was associated with decrease in
      alamethicin-membrane interaction observed by in vitro assay. Resistant strain of
      B. cereus was found to harbour one additional general lipid as compared to
      sensitive strain, one amino group lacking phospholipid and one amino group
      containing phospholipid (ACP). In addition, ACP content was increased in
      resistant mutant (29.7 %) as compared to sensitive strain (14.56 %). The
      alamethicin-resistant mutant B. cereus also showed increased IC50 (58.8 AU/ml)
      for pediocin as compared to sensitive strain (IC50 47.8 AU/ml). Cross-resistance
      to pediocin and alamethicin in resistant mutant of B. cereus suggested a common
      mechanism of resistance. Therefore, this understanding could result in the
      development of peptide which will be effective against the resistant strains that
      share same mechanism of resistance. 

PMID- 27378131
TI  - Comparative Analysis of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
      (CRISPR) of Streptococcus thermophilus St-I and its Bacteriophage-Insensitive
      Mutants (BIM) Derivatives.
AB  - The CRISPR-Cas (CRISPR together with CRISPR-associated proteins) modules are the
      adaptive immune system, acting as an adaptive and heritable immune system in
      bacteria and archaea. CRISPR-based immunity acts by integrating short virus
      sequences in the cell's CRISPR locus, allowing the cell to remember, recognize,
      and clear infections. In this study, the homology of CRISPRs sequence in BIMs
      (bacteriophage-insensitive mutants) of Streptococcus thermophilus St-I were
      analyzed. Secondary structures of the repeats and the PAMs (protospacer
      associated motif) of each CRISPR locus were also predicted. Results showed that
      CRISPR1 has 27 repeat-spacer units, 5 of them had duplicates; CRISPR2 has one
      repeat-spacer unit; CRISPR3 has 28 repeat-spacer units. Only BIM1 had a new
      spacer acquisition in CRISPR3, while BIM2 and BIM3 had no new spacers' insertion,
      thus indicating that while most CRISPR1 were more active than CRISPR3, new spacer
      acquisition occurred just in CRSPR3 in some situations. These findings will help
      establish the foundation for the study of CRSPR-Cas systems in lactic acid
      bacteria. 

PMID- 27378132
TI  - Catalyzing Transdisciplinarity: A Systems Ethnography of Cancer-Obesity
      Comorbidity and Risk Coincidence.
AB  - Effectively addressing wicked health problems, that is, those arising from
      complex multifactorial biological and socio-economic causes, requires
      transdisciplinary action. However, a significant body of research points toward
      substantial difficulties in cultivating transdisciplinary collaboration.
      Accordingly, this article presents the results of a study that adapts Systems
      Ethnography and Qualitative Modeling (SEQM) in response to wicked health
      problems. SEQM protocols were designed to catalyze transdisciplinary responses to
      national defense concerns. We adapted these protocols to address cancer-obesity
      comorbidity and risk coincidence. In so doing, we conducted participant
      observations and interviews with a diverse range of health care providers,
      community health educators, and health advocacy professionals who target either
      cancer or obesity. We then convened a transdisciplinary conference designed to
      catalyze a coordinated response. The findings offer productive insights into
      effective ways of catalyzing transdisciplinarity in addressing wicked health
      problems action and demonstrate the promise of SEQM for continued use in health
      care contexts.

PMID- 27378134
TI  - Chronic Prostate Inflammation is Associated with Severity and Progression of
      Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Risk of Acute
      Urinary Retention.
AB  - PURPOSE: We evaluated associations between histological prostate inflammation,
      and the development and progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary
      tract symptoms in men randomized to placebo in the REDUCE (Reduction by
      Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events) study in a 4-year period. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The association of acute and chronic inflammation detected on baseline
      biopsies and benign prostatic hyperplasia related parameters, including I-PSS
      (International Prostate Symptom Score) and prostate volume, at multiple time
      points during 4 years in men randomized to placebo enrolled in the REDUCE
      prostate cancer prevention study was analyzed with the Student t-test. The
      association of inflammation with newly developed benign prostatic
      hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia
      progression in patients with existing benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary
      tract symptoms was analyzed with univariable and multivariable Cox models.
      RESULTS: Acute and chronic inflammation was seen in baseline negative biopsies of
      641 (15.6%) and 3,216 (78.3%) of the 4,109 men in the study. Chronic but not
      acute inflammation was associated with slightly higher baseline I-PSS (0.6
      difference, p = 0.001) and larger prostate volume (3.2 cc difference, p <0.001),
      a difference noted throughout the study interval. The presence of acute and
      chronic inflammation was not associated with the incidence of benign prostatic
      hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms in men without those conditions at
      baseline or the progression of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men
      with benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms at baseline.
      However, an association was observed with more severe inflammation. Chronic
      inflammation at baseline was associated with an increased risk of acute urinary
      retention (HR 1.6-1.8, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our longitudinal evaluation of
      REDUCE patients randomized to placebo for 4 years confirmed that chronic
      inflammation is associated with severity and the progression of benign prostatic
      hyperplasia and benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptom
      outcomes.

PMID- 27378133
TI  - Pursuing Authenticity From Process to Outcome in a Community-Based Participatory
      Research Study of Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Vulnerability in North
      Karnataka, India.
AB  - Community-based participatory research has been seen to hold great promise by
      researchers aiming to bridge research and action in global health programs and
      practice. However, there is still much debate around whether achieving
      authenticity in terms of in-depth collaboration between community and academic
      partners is possible while pursuing academic expectations for quality. This
      article describes the community-based methodology for a qualitative study to
      explore intimate partner violence and HIV/AIDS among women in sex work, or female
      sex workers, and their male partners in Karnataka, South India. Developed through
      collaborative processes, the study methodology followed an interpretive approach
      to qualitative inquiry, with three key components including long-term
      partnerships, knowledge exchange, and orientation toward action. We then discuss
      lessons learned on how to pursue authenticity in terms of truly collaborative
      processes with inherent value that also contribute to, rather than hinder, the
      instrumental goal of enhancing the quality and relevance of the research
      outcomes.

PMID- 27378135
TI  - Sensory Hyperinnervation Distinguishes Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial
      Cystitis from Overactive Bladder Syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: Pain is the key symptom that distinguishes bladder pain
      syndrome/interstitial cystitis from overactive bladder syndrome but overlap
      occurs. To find a discriminating marker for these bladder diseases we examined
      sensory hyperinnervation and neurotrophin receptor expression in bladder biopsies
      as well as nerve growth factor levels in urine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bladder
      biopsies from patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis,
      including 12 with and 19 without Hunner lesions, 13 with overactive bladder
      syndrome and 12 healthy controls, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry with
      antibodies to the nerve cell marker PGP9.5 (neuron-specific protein gene product
      9.5), p75NTR (p75 neurotrophin receptor), the B-lymphocyte marker CD20 and mast
      cell tryptase. Urinary nerve growth factor was quantified by enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Subepithelial sensory hyperinnervation on PGP9.5
      staining had 97% sensitivity and 76% specificity, increased lymphocytic
      infiltration had 90% sensitivity and 80% specificity, and urothelial defects had
      97% sensitivity and 76% specificity to distinguish bladder pain
      syndrome/interstitial cystitis with and without Hunner lesions from overactive
      bladder syndrome and healthy controls. Increased sensory innervation was
      associated with submucosal mast cell localization. Staining of p75NTR in basal
      urothelial cells was indicative of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis.
      Urinary nerve growth factor levels were below the detection level and did not
      differentiate bladder diseases from healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Sensory
      hyperinnervation and basal urothelial p75NTR staining together with assessment of
      inflammatory lymphocytes and urothelial integrity allow for the differentiation
      of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder syndrome
      even in the absence of Hunner lesions. Furthermore, these histopathological
      criteria enable the identification of early disease stages or
      oligosymptomatic/asymptomatic cases and may permit timely treatment to prevent
      disease progress.

PMID- 27378137
TI  - Corrigendum to "Oxygen-independent FbFP: Fluorescent sentinel and oxygen sensor
      component in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans" [Fungal Genet. Biol.
      92 (2016) 14-25].

PMID- 27378136
TI  - Atypical presentation of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome due to CASP10
      mutation.
AB  - Herein we describe the case of a 8-years-old boy with diagnosis of atypical
      autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), carrying heterozygous mutation of
      CASP10 gene (I406L). He presented with multiple non-invasive infections of the
      skin, that were associated to chronic non-malignant non-infectious
      lymphadenopathy, failure to thrive, weakness, arthralgia, relapsing oral aftosis,
      and expansion of TCRalphabeta(+) CD4(-)/CD8(-) T cells. This observation suggests
      that cutaneous infections can be observed in ALPS patients carrying CASP10
      mutations.

PMID- 27378138
TI  - Time series modeling of pathogen-specific disease probabilities with subsampled
      data.
AB  - Many diseases arise due to exposure to one of multiple possible pathogens. We
      consider the situation in which disease counts are available over time from a
      study region, along with a measure of clinical disease severity, for example,
      mild or severe. In addition, we suppose a subset of the cases are lab tested in
      order to determine the pathogen responsible for disease. In such a context, we
      focus interest on modeling the probabilities of disease incidence given pathogen
      type. The time course of these probabilities is of great interest as is the
      association with time-varying covariates such as meteorological variables. In
      this set up, a natural Bayesian approach would be based on imputation of the
      unsampled pathogen information using Markov Chain Monte Carlo but this is
      computationally challenging. We describe a practical approach to inference that
      is easy to implement. We use an empirical Bayes procedure in a first step to
      estimate summary statistics. We then treat these summary statistics as the
      observed data and develop a Bayesian generalized additive model. We analyze data
      on hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in China in which there are two pathogens
      of primary interest, enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxackie A16 (CA16). We find that
      both EV71 and CA16 are associated with temperature, relative humidity, and wind
      speed, with reasonably similar functional forms for both pathogens. The important
      issue of confounding by time is modeled using a penalized B-spline model with a
      random effects representation. The level of smoothing is addressed by a careful
      choice of the prior on the tuning variance.

PMID- 27378139
TI  - Relationship between high blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in elderly
      frail patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - Prior studies have suggested that lower blood pressure increases the mortality
      risk in the elderly. This study examines the relationship between change in blood
      pressure and overall mortality in frail elderly patients. Medline, PubMed,
      Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases were searched until April 2, 2015 using
      search terms: frail/frailty, elderly/aged, blood pressure, hypertension,
      cardiovascular events, and mortality/prognosis. Two-arm prospective and
      retrospective studies that investigated BP and the incidence of mortality in
      frail elderly patients were included. We found that the chance of mortality
      decreased with increasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) (pooled HR = 0.870, 95%
      CI = 0.776-0.976, P = 0.018) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (pooled HR =
      0.837, 95% CI = 0.77-0.911, P < 0.001). Pulse pressure was not associated with
      mortality risk (pooled HR = 0.949, 95% CI = 0.897-1.004, P < 0.071). In elderly
      frailty patients, hypertension has a protective effect in lowering risk of
      overall mortality. Accurate identification of such elderly population is
      necessary for optimizing health care.

PMID- 27378140
TI  - Testing a Revised Interpersonal Theory of Depression Using a Laboratory Measure
      of Excessive Reassurance Seeking.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study tested whether core beliefs with themes of abandonment and
      rejection moderated the link between trait and behavioral excessive reassurance
      seeking (ERS) and interpersonal rejection. METHOD: Participants were 118 women
      with high (n = 43; mean [M]age = 18.58, standard deviation [SD]age = 1.24) and
      low (n = 75; Mage = 18.58, SDage = 1.24) levels of depression symptoms and their
      male romantic partners. Couples reported their depression, ERS,
      abandonment/rejection cognitions, and relationship quality. We also coded women's
      reassurance-seeking behavior during an audiotaped discussion task. RESULTS: Among
      women with high levels of depression symptoms and low levels of
      abandonment/rejection core beliefs, behavioral ERS was associated with lower
      partner-reported relationship quality. Self-reported ERS was significantly
      associated with partner relationship quality, but the effect was not moderated by
      depression or core beliefs. CONCLUSIONS: ERS is a potent predictor of stress and
      subsequent depression. Our findings underscore the need to better understand
      factors (e.g., cognitions, partner characteristics) that may determine whether
      ERS behaviors beget interpersonal stress and rejection.

PMID- 27378141
TI  - Atrial Remodeling and Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular
      Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Less is known about atrial remodeling and atrial tachyarrhythmias (ATa) in
      arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC); this cross-sectional
      study aimed to determine the prevalence, characterization, and predictors of
      atrial remodeling and ATa in a large series of patients with ARVC. From February
      2004 to September 2014, 294 consecutive patients who met the task force criteria
      for ARVC were enrolled. The prevalence, characterization, and predictors of
      atrial dilation and ATa were investigated. Right atrium (RA) dilation was
      identified in 160 patients (54.4%) and left atrium dilation in 66 patients
      (22.4%). Both RA and left atrium dilation were found in 44 patients (15.0%).
      Twenty-five patients (8.5%) had atrial fibrillation (AF), whereas 19 patients
      (6.5%) had atrial flutter (AFL). Of which, 7 patients (2.4%) had both AF and AFL.
      Multivariate analysis showed that AFL (odds ratio [OR] 10.309; 95% confidence
      interval [CI] 2.770 to 38.462; p <0.001), hypertension (OR 9.174; 95% CI 2.364 to
      35.714; p = 0.001), and RA dilation (OR 6.993; 95% CI 1.623 to 30.303; p = 0.009)
      were associated with increased risk for AF. AF (OR 10.526; 95% CI 2.786 to
      40.000; p = 0.001) increased the risk of AFL. In conclusion, atrial remodeling
      and ATa were common in patients with ARVC.

PMID- 27378143
TI  - Comparative Efficacy of Transradial Versus Transfemoral Approach for Coronary
      Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
AB  - Transradial artery (TRA) approach is associated with fewer vascular complications
      and reduced mortality in patients at high risk compared with transfemoral
      approach (TFA). The objective of our study was to compare the characteristics and
      outcomes of patients who had coronary angiography by TRA and TFA over the course
      of hospital implementation of this approach. We included 12,928 patients from
      Baylor University Medical Center and Baylor Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas,
      Texas, who underwent a coronary angiography from January 2008 to March 2015. To
      control for selection bias and the learning curve, a nested matched study design
      was used for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with TRA
      patients matched with TFA by age (+/-2 years) and calendar year of the procedure
      in a ratio of 1:3. TRA for PCI increased from nearly 0% in 2008 to 9% in 2014.
      Including patients from 2011 to 2015 for the analysis, patients with TFA were
      older (65 +/- 12 vs 64 +/- 11) and had lower mean body mass index (30 +/- 7 vs 33
      +/- 9 kg/m(2)) than patients with TRA. Patients with TRA had less bleeding,
      dialysis, pseudoaneurysm, and access site hematomas than the patients with TRA
      (0.7% vs 0%; p = 0.02). By a conditional logistic regression, we observed fewer
      complications, readmissions, and in-hospital deaths among TRA patients than the
      matched TFA patients. In conclusion, patients undergoing angiography with/without
      PCI through TRA had fewer complications, readmissions, and a shorter length of
      hospital stay after procedure versus TFA at our hospital. 

PMID- 27378142
TI  - Puncture Versus Surgical Cutdown Complications of Transfemoral Aortic Valve
      Implantation (from the Spanish TAVI Registry).
AB  - Vascular complications in transcatheter aortic valve implantation using
      transfemoral approach are related to higher mortality. Complete percutaneous
      approach is currently the preferred technique for vascular access. However, some
      centers still perform surgical cutdown. Our purpose was to determine
      complications related to vascular access technique in the population of the
      Spanish TAVI National Registry. From January 2010 to July 2015, 3,046 patients
      were included in this Registry. Of them, 2,465 underwent transfemoral approach
      and were treated with either surgical cutdown and closure (cutdown group, n =
      632) or percutaneous approach (puncture group, n = 1,833). Valve Academic
      Research Consortium-2 definitions were used to assess vascular and bleeding
      complications. Propensity matching resulted in 615 matched pairs. Overall, 30-day
      vascular complications were significantly higher in the puncture group (109 [18%]
      vs 42 [6.9%]; relative risk [RR] 2.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.85 to 3.64,
      p <0.001) due mostly by minor vascular events (89 [15%] vs 25 [4.1%], RR 3.56,
      95% CI 2.32 to 5.47, p <0.001). Bleeding rates were lower in the puncture group
      (18 [3%] vs 40 [6.6%], RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.78, p = 0.003) mainly driven by
      major bleeding (9 [1.5%] vs 21 [3.4%], RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.93, p = 0.03).
      At a mean follow-up of 323 days, complication rates remained significantly
      different between groups (minor vascular complications 90 [15%] vs 31 [5.1%],
      hazard ratio 2.99, 95% CI 1.99 to 4.50, p <0.001 and major bleeding 10 [1.6%] vs
      21 [3.4%], hazard ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.0, p = 0.04, puncture versus
      cutdown group, respectively). In conclusion, percutaneous approach yielded higher
      rates of minor vascular complications but lower rates of major bleeding compared
      with the surgical cutdown, both at 30-day and at mid-term follow-up in our
      population. 

PMID- 27378145
TI  - Pioneering In Situ Recrystallization during Bead Milling: A Top-down Approach to
      Prepare Zeolite A Nanocrystals.
AB  - Top-down approach has been viewed as an efficient and straightforward method to
      prepare nanosized zeolites. Yet, the mechanical breaking of zeolite causes
      amorphization, which usually requires a post-milling recrystallization to obtain
      fully crystalline nanoparticles. Herein we present a facile methodology to
      prepare zeolite nanocrystals, where milling and recrystallization can be
      performed in situ. A milling apparatus specially designed to work under
      conditions of high alkalinity and temperature enables the in situ
      recrystallization during milling. Taking zeolite A as an example, we demonstrate
      its size reduction from ~3 MUm to 66 nm in 30 min, which is quite faster than
      previous methods reported. Three functions, viz., miniaturization, amorphization
      and recrystallization were found to take effect concurrently during this one-pot
      process. The dynamic balance between these three functions was achieved by
      adjusting the milling period and temperature, which lead to the tuning of zeolite
      A particle size. Particle size and crystallinity of the zeolite A nanocrystals
      were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission
      electron microscopy and water adsorption-desorption. This work presents a
      pioneering advancement in this field of nanosized zeolites, and will facilitate
      the mass production as well as boost the wide applications of nanosized zeolites.

PMID- 27378144
TI  - Impact of Hospital Teaching Status on Mortality, Length of Stay and Cost Among
      Patients With Cardiac Arrest in the United States.
AB  - Limited data exist regarding the in-hospital outcomes in patients with cardiac
      arrest (CA) in teaching versus nonteaching hospital settings. Using the
      Nationwide (National) Inpatient Sample (2008 to 2012), 731,107 cases of CA were
      identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition codes.
      Among these patients, 348,368 (47.6%) were managed in teaching hospitals and
      376,035 (51.4%) in nonteaching hospitals. Patients in teaching hospitals with CA
      were younger (62.42 vs 68.08 years old), had less co-morbidities (p <0.001), were
      less likely to be white (54.6% vs 65.5%) and more likely to be uninsured (9.1% vs
      7.6%). Mortality in patients with CA was significantly lower in teaching
      hospitals than in nonteaching hospitals (55.3% vs 58.8%; all p <0.001). The
      mortality remained significantly lower after adjusting for baseline patient and
      hospital characteristics (odds ratio 0.917, CI 0.899 to 0.937, p <0.001).
      However, the survival benefit was no longer present after adjusting for in
      hospital procedures (OR 0.997, CI 0.974 to 1.02, p = 0.779). In conclusion,
      teaching status of the hospital was associated with decreased in-hospital
      mortality in patients with CA. The differences in mortality disappeared after
      adjusting for in-hospital procedures, indicating that routine application of
      novel therapeutic methods in patients with CA in teaching hospitals could
      translate into improved survival outcomes.

PMID- 27378146
TI  - A chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication causes hyperactivity through dysregulation
      of miR-484/protocadherin-19 signaling.
AB  - Chromosome 16p13.11 microduplication is a risk factor associated with various
      neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,
      intellectual disabilities, developmental delay and autistic spectrum disorder.
      The underlying molecular mechanism of this genetic variation remained unknown,
      but its core genetic locus-conserved across mice and humans-contains seven genes.
      Here, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome-transgenic mice carrying a
      human 16p13.11 locus, and these mice showed the behavioral hyperactivity
      phenotype. We identified miR-484 as the responsible gene using a combination of
      expression and functional analyses. Mature miR-484 was expressed during active
      cortical neurogenesis, and overexpression of miR-484 decreased proliferation and
      increased neural progenitor differentiation in vivo. Luciferase screening
      identified the 3'-untranslated region of protocadherin-19 (Pcdh19) as a target of
      miR-484. The effect of miR-484 on neurogenesis was rescued by ectopic PCDH19
      expression. These results demonstrate that miR-484 promotes neurogenesis by
      inhibiting PCDH19. Dysregulation of neurogenesis by imbalanced miR-484/PCDH19
      expression contributes to the pathogenesis of 16p13.11 microduplication syndrome.

PMID- 27378148
TI  - Prostate Cancer-Associated Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 4 Activates Matrix
      Metalloproteinase-1 and Thrombospondin-1.
AB  - Prostate cancer metastasis to bone is terminal; thus, novel therapies are
      required to prevent end-stage disease. Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) is a
      serine protease that is overproduced in localized prostate cancer and is abundant
      in prostate cancer bone metastases. In vitro, KLK4 induces tumor-promoting
      phenotypes; however, the underlying proteolytic mechanism is undefined. The
      protein topography and migration analysis platform (PROTOMAP) was used for high
      depth identification of KLK4 substrates secreted by prostate cancer bone
      metastasis-derived PC-3 cells to delineate the mechanism of KLK4 action in
      advanced prostate cancer. Thirty-six putative novel substrates were determined
      from the PROTOMAP analysis. In addition, KLK4 cleaved the established substrate,
      urokinase-type plasminogen activator, thus validating the approach. KLK4
      activated matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), a protease that promotes prostate
      tumor growth and metastasis. MMP1 was produced in the tumor compartment of
      prostate cancer bone metastases, highlighting its accessibility to KLK4 at this
      site. KLK4 further liberated an N-terminal product, with purported angiogenic
      activity, from thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and cleaved TSP1 in an osteoblast-derived
      matrix. This is the most comprehensive analysis of the proteolytic action of KLK4
      in an advanced prostate cancer model to date, highlighting KLK4 as a potential
      multifunctional regulator of prostate cancer progression.

PMID- 27378150
TI  - Production of Ultracold 87 Rb133 Cs in the Absolute Ground State: Complete
      Characterisation of the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage Transfer.
AB  - We present the production of ultracold 87 RbCs molecules in the electronic,
      rovibrational and hyperfine ground state, using stimulated Raman adiabatic
      passage to transfer the molecules from a weakly bound Feshbach state. We measure
      one-way transfer efficiencies of 92(1)% and fully characterise the strengths and
      linewidths of the transitions used. We model the transfer, including a Monte
      Carlo simulation of the laser noise, and find this matches well with both the
      transfer efficiency and our previous measurements of the laser linewidth and
      frequency stability.

PMID- 27378149
TI  - Andrographolide ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by attenuating hyperglycemia
      mediated renal oxidative stress and inflammation via Akt/NF-kappaB pathway.
AB  - Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is characterized by proliferation of mesangial cells,
      mesangial hypertrophy and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. Our recent
      study found that andrographolide inhibited high glucose-induced mesangial cell
      proliferation and fibronectin expression through inhibition of AP-1 pathway.
      However, whether andrographolide has reno-protective roles in DN has not been
      fully elucidated. Here, we studied the pharmacological effects of andrographolide
      against the progression of DN and high glucose-induced mesangial dysfunction.
      Diabetes was induced in C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of
      streptozotocin (STZ). After 1 weeks after STZ injection, normal diet was
      substituted with a high-fat diet (HFD). Diabetic mice were intraperitoneal
      injected with andrographolide (2 mg/kg, twice a week). After 8 weeks, functional
      and histological analyses were carried out. Parallel experiments uncovering the
      molecular mechanism by which andrographolide prevents from DN was performed in
      mesangial cells. Andrographolide inhibited the increases in fasting blood
      glucose, triglyceride, kidney/body weight ratio, blood urea nitrogen, serum
      creatinine and 24-h albuminuria in diabetic mice. Andrographolide also prevented
      renal hypertrophy and ECM accumulation. Furthermore, andrographolide markedly
      attenuated NOX1 expression, ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokines as
      well. Additionally, andrographolide inhibited Akt/NF-kappaB signaling pathway.
      These results demonstrate that andrographolide is protective against the
      progression of experimental DN by inhibiting renal oxidative stress, inflammation
      and fibrosis.

PMID- 27378147
TI  - Altered proliferation and networks in neural cells derived from idiopathic
      autistic individuals.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are common, complex and heterogeneous
      neurodevelopmental disorders. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for
      ASD pathogenesis have been proposed based on genetic studies, brain pathology and
      imaging, but a major impediment to testing ASD hypotheses is the lack of human
      cell models. Here, we reprogrammed fibroblasts to generate induced pluripotent
      stem cells, neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons from ASD individuals with
      early brain overgrowth and non-ASD controls with normal brain size. ASD-derived
      NPCs display increased cell proliferation because of dysregulation of a beta
      catenin/BRN2 transcriptional cascade. ASD-derived neurons display abnormal
      neurogenesis and reduced synaptogenesis leading to functional defects in neuronal
      networks. Interestingly, defects in neuronal networks could be rescued by insulin
      growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a drug that is currently in clinical trials for ASD.
      This work demonstrates that selection of ASD subjects based on endophenotypes
      unraveled biologically relevant pathway disruption and revealed a potential
      cellular mechanism for the therapeutic effect of IGF-1.

PMID- 27378151
TI  - Molecular biosignatures reveal common benthic microbial sources of organic matter
      in ooids and grapestones from Pigeon Cay, The Bahamas.
AB  - Ooids are sedimentary grains that are distributed widely in the geologic record.
      Their formation is still actively debated, which limits our understanding of the
      significance and meaning of these grains in Earth's history. Central questions
      include the role played by microbes in the formation of ooids and the sources of
      ubiquitous organic matter within ooid cortices. To address these issues, we
      investigated the microbial community composition and associated lipids in modern
      oolitic sands at Pigeon Cay on Cat Island, The Bahamas. Surface samples were
      taken along a transect from the shallow, turbulent surf zone to calmer, deeper
      water. Grains transitioned from shiny and abraded ooids in the surf zone, to
      biofilm-coated ooids at about 3 m water depth. Further offshore, grapestones
      (cemented aggregates of ooids) dominated. Benthic diatoms and Proteobacteria
      dominated biofilms. Taxa that may promote carbonate precipitation were abundant,
      particularly those associated with sulfur cycling. Compared to the lipids
      associated with surface biofilms, relict lipids bound within carbonate exhibited
      remarkably similar profiles in all grain types. The enhanced abundance of methyl
      branched fatty acids and beta-hydroxy fatty acids, 1-O-monoalkyl glycerol ethers
      and hopanoids bound within ooid and grapestone carbonate confirms a clear
      association of benthic sedimentary bacteria with these grains. Lipids bound
      within ooid cortices also contain molecular indicators of microbial heterotrophic
      degradation of organic matter, possibly in locally reducing conditions. These
      included the loss of labile unsaturated fatty acids, enhanced long-chain fatty
      acids/short-chain fatty acids, enriched stable carbon isotopes ratios of fatty
      acids, and very high stanol/stenol ratios. To what extent some of these molecular
      signals are derived from later heterotrophic endolithic activity remains to be
      fully resolved. We speculate that some ooid carbonate forms in microbial biofilms
      and that early diagenetic degradation of biofilms may also play a role in early
      stage carbonate precipitation around ooids.

PMID- 27378153
TI  - A structural equation model of soil metal bioavailability to earthworms:
      confronting causal theory and observations using a laboratory exposure to field
      contaminated soils.
AB  - Structural equation models (SEM) are increasingly used in ecology as multivariate
      analysis that can represent theoretical variables and address complex sets of
      hypotheses. Here we demonstrate the interest of SEM in ecotoxicology, more
      precisely to test the three-step concept of metal bioavailability to earthworms.
      The SEM modeled the three-step causal chain between environmental availability,
      environmental bioavailability and toxicological bioavailability. In the model,
      each step is an unmeasured (latent) variable reflected by several observed
      variables. In an exposure experiment designed specifically to test this SEM for
      Cd, Pb and Zn, Aporrectodea caliginosa was exposed to 31 agricultural field
      contaminated soils. Chemical and biological measurements used included CaC12
      extractable metal concentrations in soils, free ion concentration in soil
      solution as predicted by a geochemical model, dissolved metal concentration as
      predicted by a semi-mechanistic model, internal metal concentrations in total
      earthworms and in subcellular fractions, and several biomarkers. The observations
      verified the causal definition of Cd and Pb bioavailability in the SEM, but not
      for Zn. Several indicators consistently reflected the hypothetical causal
      definition and could thus be pertinent measurements of Cd and Pb bioavailability
      to earthworm in field-contaminated soils. SEM highlights that the metals present
      in the soil solution and easily extractable are not the main source of available
      metals for earthworms. This study further highlights SEM as a powerful tool that
      can handle natural ecosystem complexity, thus participating to the paradigm
      change in ecotoxicology from a bottom-up to a top-down approach. 

PMID- 27378152
TI  - Comparison of fipronil sources in North Carolina surface water and identification
      of a novel fipronil transformation product in recycled wastewater.
AB  - Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole insecticide that is widely used in residential and
      agricultural settings to control ants, roaches, termites, and other pests.
      Fipronil and its transformation products have been found in a variety of
      environmental matrices, but the source[s] which makes the greatest contribution
      to fipronil in surface water has yet to be determined. A sampling effort designed
      to prioritize known fipronil inputs (golf courses, residential areas, biosolids
      application sites and wastewater facilities) was conducted in North Carolina to
      learn more about the origins of fipronil in surface water. High resolution mass
      spectrometry (HRMS) analysis indicated that fipronil and its known derivatives
      were routinely present in all samples, but concentrations were substantially
      elevated near wastewater treatment plant outfalls (range 10-500ng/L combined),
      suggesting that they predominate as environmental sources. Corresponding recycled
      wastewater samples, which were treated with NaOCl for disinfection, showed
      disappearance of fipronil and all known degradates. HRMS and nuclear magnetic
      resonance (NMR) analysis techniques were used to determine that all fipronil
      related compounds are oxidized to a previously unidentified fipronil sulfone
      chloramine species in recycled wastewater. The implications of the presence of a
      new fipronil-related compound in recycled wastewater need to be considered. 

PMID- 27378154
TI  - Prediction of fish and sediment mercury in streams using landscape variables and
      historical mining.
AB  - Widespread mercury (Hg) contamination of aquatic systems in the Sierra Nevada of
      California, U.S., is associated with historical use to enhance gold (Au) recovery
      by amalgamation. In areas affected by historical Au mining operations, including
      the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and downstream areas in northern
      California, such as San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento River-San Joaquin River
      Delta, microbial conversion of Hg to methylmercury (MeHg) leads to
      bioaccumulation of MeHg in food webs, and increased risks to humans and wildlife.
      This study focused on developing a predictive model for THg in stream fish tissue
      based on geospatial data, including land use/land cover data, and the
      distribution of legacy Au mines. Data on total mercury (THg) and MeHg
      concentrations in fish tissue and streambed sediment collected during 1980-2012
      from stream sites in the Sierra Nevada, California were combined with geospatial
      data to estimate fish THg concentrations across the landscape. THg concentrations
      of five fish species (Brown Trout, Rainbow Trout, Sacramento Pikeminnow,
      Sacramento Sucker, and Smallmouth Bass) within stream sections were predicted
      using multi-model inference based on Akaike Information Criteria, using
      geospatial data for mining history and landscape characteristics as well as fish
      species and length (r(2)=0.61, p<0.001). Including THg concentrations in
      streambed sediment did not improve the model's fit, however including MeHg
      concentrations in streambed sediment, organic content (loss on ignition), and
      sediment grain size resulted in an improved fit (r(2)=0.63, p<0.001). These
      models can be used to estimate THg concentrations in stream fish based on
      landscape variables in the Sierra Nevada in areas where direct measurements of
      THg concentration in fish are unavailable. 

PMID- 27378155
TI  - Infant and mother related outcomes from exposure to metals with endocrine
      disrupting properties during pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endocrine-related adverse health effects from exposure to heavy
      metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury are yet to be adequately
      described. The purpose of this review was to gain insight into maternal exposure
      to heavy metals, and to identify potential endocrine-related adverse health
      effects in the mother and the infant. METHODS: Relevant databases were searched
      for original research reports and a total of 46 articles were retained for
      scrutiny. Required data was extracted from these studies and their methodology
      was assessed. RESULTS: Impaired fetal growth was observed from exposure to all
      endocrine disrupting metals, while exposure to lead and arsenic were associated
      with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and neonatal deaths. Maternal exposure to
      arsenic was associated with impaired glucose tolerance in these mothers.
      CONCLUSION: Impaired fetal growth, fetal loss, and neonatal deaths were
      significantly associated with heavy metals exposure during pregnancy; however,
      hypertension and gestational diabetes require further investigation.

PMID- 27378156
TI  - Cell-sized liposome doublets reveal active tension build-up driven by acto-myosin
      dynamics.
AB  - Cells modulate their shape to fulfill specific functions, mediated by the cell
      cortex, a thin actin shell bound to the plasma membrane. Myosin motor activity,
      together with actin dynamics, contributes to cortical tension. Here, we examine
      the individual contributions of actin polymerization and myosin activity to
      tension increase with a non-invasive method. Cell-sized liposome doublets are
      covered with either a stabilized actin cortex of preformed actin filaments, or a
      dynamic branched actin network polymerizing at the membrane. The addition of
      myosin II minifilaments in both cases triggers a change in doublet shape that is
      unambiguously related to a tension increase. Preformed actin filaments allow us
      to evaluate the effect of myosin alone while, with dynamic actin cortices, we
      examine the synergy of actin polymerization and myosin motors in driving shape
      changes. Our assay paves the way for a quantification of tension changes
      triggered by various actin-associated proteins in a cell-sized system. 

PMID- 27378157
TI  - Chronic impedance spectroscopy of an endovascular stent-electrode array.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Recently, we reported a minimally invasive stent-electrode array
      capable of recording neural signals from within a blood vessel. We now
      investigate the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements
      to infer changes occurring to the electrode-tissue interface from devices
      implanted in a cohort of sheep for up to 190 days. APPROACH: In a cohort of 15
      sheep, endovascular stent-electrode arrays were implanted in the superior
      sagittal sinus overlying the motor cortex for up to 190 days. EIS was performed
      routinely to quantify viable electrodes for up to 91 days. An equivalent circuit
      model (ECM) was developed from the in vivo measurements to characterize the
      electrode-tissue interface changes occurring to the electrodes chronically
      implanted within a blood vessel. Post-mortem histological assessment of stent and
      electrode incorporation into the wall of the cortical vessels was compared to the
      electrical impedance measurements. MAIN RESULTS: EIS could be used to infer
      electrode viability and was consistent with x-ray analysis performed in vivo, and
      post-mortem evaluation. Viable electrodes exhibited consistent 1 kHz impedances
      across the 91 day measurement period, with the peak resistance frequency for the
      acquired data also stable over time. There was a significant change in 100 Hz
      phase angles, increasing from -67.8 degrees  +/- 8.8 degrees  at day 0 to -43.8
      degrees  +/- 0.8 degrees  at day 91, which was observed to stabilize after eight
      days. ECM's modeled to the data suggested this change was due to an increase in
      the capacitance of the electrode-tissue interface. This was supported by
      histological assessment with >85% of the implanted stent struts covered with
      neointima and incorporated into the blood vessel within two weeks. CONCLUSION:
      This work demonstrated that EIS could be used to determine the viability of
      electrode implanted chronically within a blood vessel. Impedance measurements
      alone were not observed to be a useful predictor of alterations occurring at the
      electrode tissue interface. However, measurement of 100 Hz phase angles was in
      good agreement with the capacitive changes predicted by the ECM and consistent
      with suggestions that this represents protein absorption on the electrode
      surface. 100 Hz phase angles stabilized after 8 days, consistent with
      histologically assessed samples. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate the
      potential application of this technology for use as a chronic neural recording
      system and indicate the importance of conducting EIS as a measure to identify
      viable electrodes and changes occurring at the electrode-tissue interface.

PMID- 27378158
TI  - A pre-operative clinical model to predict microvascular invasion and long-term
      outcome after resection of hepatocellular cancer: The Australian experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a leading cause of mortality
      worldwide. Liver resection or transplantation offer the best chance of long-term
      survival. The aim of this study was to perform a survival and prognostic factor
      analysis on patients who underwent resection of HCC at two major tertiary
      referral hospitals, and to investigate a pre-operative prediction model for
      microvascular invasion (MVI). METHODS: Clinico-pathological and survival data
      were collected from all patients who underwent liver resection for HCC at two
      tertiary referral centres (Royal North Shore/North Shore Private Hospitals and
      Westmead Hospital) from 1998 to 2012. An overall and disease-free survival
      analysis was performed and a predictive model for MVI identified. RESULTS: The
      total number of patients in this series was 125 and the 5-year overall and
      disease-free survival rates were 56% and 37%, respectively. MVI was the only
      factor to be independently associated with a poor prognosis on both overall and
      disease-free survival. Age >=64 years, a serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) >=400
      ng/ml (*40 above normal) and tumor size >=50 mm were independently associated
      with MVI. An MVI prediction model using these three pre-operative factors
      provides a good assessment of the risk of MVI. CONCLUSION: MVI in the resected
      specimen of patients with HCC is associated with a poor prognosis. A preoperative
      MVI prediction model offers a useful way to identify patients at risk of relapse.
      However, more precise predictive models using molecular and genetic variables are
      needed to improve selection of patients most suitable for radical surgical
      treatment.

PMID- 27378159
TI  - Intraoperative Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging using indocyanine green in
      colorectal carcinomatosis surgery: Proof of concept.
AB  - PURPOSES: This study assesses the value of using Intraoperative Near Infrared
      Fluorescence Imaging and Indocyanine green to detect colorectal carcinomatosis
      during oncological surgery. In colorectal carcinomatosis cancer, two of the most
      important prognostic factors are completeness of staging and completeness of
      cytoreductive surgery. Presently, intraoperative assessment of tumoral margins
      relies on palpation and visual inspection. The recent introduction of Near
      Infrared fluorescence image guidance provides new opportunities for surgical
      roles, particularly in cancer surgery. METHODS: The study was a non-randomized,
      monocentric, pilot "ex vivo" blinded clinical trial validated by the ethical
      committee of University Hospital of Saint Etienne. Ten patients with colorectal
      carcinomatosis cancer scheduled for cytoreductive surgery were included. Patients
      received 0.25 mg/kg of Indocyanine green intravenously 24 h before surgery. A
      Near Infrared camera was used to detect "ex-vivo" fluorescent lesions. RESULTS:
      There was no surgical mortality. Each analysis was done blindly. In a total of 88
      lesions analyzed, 58 were classified by a pathologist as cancerous and 30 as non
      cancerous. Among the 58 cancerous lesions, 42 were correctly classified by the
      Intraoperative Near-Infrared camera (sensitivity of 72.4%). Among the 30 non
      cancerous lesions, 18 were correctly classified by the Intraoperative Near
      Infrared camera (specificity of 60.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Near Infrared fluorescence
      imaging is a promising technique for intraoperative tumor identification. It
      could help the surgeon to determine resection margins and reduce the risk of
      locoregional recurrence.

PMID- 27378160
TI  - Is aortic lymphadenectomy indicated in locally advanced cervical cancer after
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery? A retrospective study on
      261 women.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of aortic lymph nodes
      (LN) metastases/recurrences among patients affected by locally advanced stage
      cancer patients (LACC), treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and radical
      surgery. METHODS: Retrospective evaluation of consecutive 261 patients affected
      by LACC (stage IB2-IIB), treated with NACT followed by radical surgery at
      National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy, between 1990 and 2011. RESULTS: Stage at
      presentation included stage IB2, IIA and IIB in 100 (38.3%), 50 (19.2%) and 111
      (42.5%) patients, respectively. Squamous cell carcinoma accounted for more than
      80%, followed by adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous cancers (20%). Overall, 56 women
      (21.5%) had LN metastases. Four out of 83 women (5%) who underwent both pelvic
      and aortic LN dissection had aortic LN metastases, and all women had concomitant
      pelvic and aortic LN metastases. Only one woman out of 178 (0.5%) who underwent
      pelvic lymphadenectomy only, had an aortic LN recurrence. Overall 2% of women
      (5/261) had aortic LN metastases/recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that
      aortic lymphadenectomy at the time of surgery is not routinely indicated in LACC
      after NACT, but should reserved in case of bulky LN in both pelvic and/or aortic
      area. The risk of isolated aortic LN relapse is negligible. Further prospective
      studies are warranted.

PMID- 27378161
TI  - Surgeon volume impact on outcomes and cost of adrenal surgeries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The number of adrenal surgeries performed in the United Stated is
      continuing to increase. Identifying factors associated with favorable outcomes
      can have a major impact on cost-differences. We aim to assess the impact of
      surgeon volume on both clinical outcomes and cost following adrenal surgery.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed utilizing data
      from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2003-2009. Surgeon volumes included
      (adrenalectomies/year): low-volume (1), intermediate-volume (2-6), and high
      volume (>=7). RESULTS: A total of 7045 patients were included. Surgeries
      performed by low-volume surgeons were associated with a higher risk of
      postoperative complications [OR: 1.66, 95% CI: (1.23, 2.24)]. During the study
      period, if all operations performed by low-volume surgeons were selectively
      referred to intermediate-volume surgeons, a 7.7% cost savings would have been
      incurred. Potential savings were even higher (8.1%) if the operations had been
      performed by the high-volume surgeons. With the conservative assumption that
      there are 5000 adrenalectomies per year in the United States, the high-volume
      surgeons would produce savings of $8.8 million over a span of 14 years.
      CONCLUSION: A surgeon's expertise is associated with favorable outcomes. Our
      model estimates that considerable cost savings are attainable with appropriate
      referrals to high volume endocrine surgeons.

PMID- 27378163
TI  - Flexible All-organic, All-solution Processed Thin Film Transistor Array with
      Ultrashort Channel.
AB  - Shrinking the device dimension has long been the pursuit of the semiconductor
      industry to increase the device density and operation speed. In the application
      of thin film transistors (TFTs), all-organic TFT arrays made by all-solution
      process are desired for low cost and flexible electronics. One of the greatest
      challenges is how to achieve ultrashort channel through a cost-effective method.
      In our study, ultrashort-channel devices are demonstrated by direct inkjet
      printing conducting polymer as source/drain and gate electrodes without any
      complicated substrate's pre-patterning process. By modifying the substrate's
      wettability, the conducting polymer's contact line is pinned during drying
      process which makes the channel length well-controlled. An organic TFT array of
      200 devices with 2 MUm channel length is fabricated on flexible substrate through
      all-solution process. The simple and scalable process to fabricate high
      resolution organic transistor array offers a low cost approach in the development
      of flexible and wearable electronics.

PMID- 27378162
TI  - The effect of peer-group size on the delivery of feedback in basic life support
      refresher training: a cluster randomized controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Students are largely providing feedback to one another when
      instructor facilitates peer feedback rather than teaching in group training. The
      number of students in a group affect the learning of students in the group
      training. We aimed to investigate whether a larger group size increases students'
      test scores on a post-training test with peer feedback facilitated by instructor
      after video-guided basic life support (BLS) refresher training. Students' one
      rescuer adult BLS skills were assessed by a 2-min checklist-based test 1 year
      after the initial training. METHODS: A cluster randomized controlled trial was
      conducted to evaluate the effect of student number in a group on BLS refresher
      training. Participants included 115 final-year medical students undergoing their
      emergency medicine clerkship. The median number of students was 8 in the large
      groups and 4 in the standard group. The primary outcome was to examine group
      differences in post-training test scores after video-guided BLS training.
      Secondary outcomes included the feedback time, number of feedback topics, and
      results of end-of-training evaluation questionnaires. RESULTS: Scores on the post
      training test increased over three consecutive tests with instructor-led peer
      feedback, but not differ between large and standard groups. The feedback time was
      longer and number of feedback topics generated by students were higher in
      standard groups compared to large groups on the first and second tests. The end
      of-training questionnaire revealed that the students in large groups preferred
      the smaller group size compared to their actual group size. CONCLUSIONS: In this
      BLS refresher training, the instructor-led group feedback increased the test
      score after tutorial video-guided BLS learning, irrespective of the group size. A
      smaller group size allowed more participations in peer feedback.

PMID- 27378164
TI  - The use of a multiple imputation method to investigate the trends in Histologic
      types of lung cancer in Songkhla province, Thailand, 1989-2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of lung cancer in many parts of the country as shown in
      cancer registry statistics is not decreasing. The incidence of adenocarcinoma
      (ADCA) in Songkhla is now higher than that of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in
      both sexes. The percentage of the unknown histologic type of lung cancer in
      Songkhla is around 30 %. The objective of this study is to estimate trends in
      incidence of the two major histologic types of lung cancer: SCC and ADCA, in
      Songkhla province of Thailand from 1989 to 2013. METHODS: Age-standardized
      incidence rates (ASR) were used to compare and described the trends in both major
      types of cancers. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to impute
      unknown histological cancer types using a multiple imputation (MI) method to
      account for the high percentage of unknown histology. RESULTS: The multinomial
      predictive model for major types of lung cancer in Songkhla consisted of sex,
      age, year of diagnosis, and place of residence. After MI, the number of cases
      with both SCC and ADCA in both sexes increased by one-third of the number of
      cases with originally known histology. The increasing trends were observed in
      ADCA in both sexes while SCC in males was stable and in females was decreasing.
      CONCLUSIONS: A rapid increase in the incidence of ADCA was found while the
      incidence of SCC in males showed no significant change and it was declining in
      females. These results warrant an investigation into risk factors other than
      cigarette smoking. The number of cases has limited use when the age structure of
      the population under study is changing. Year of diagnosis was one of the
      predictors in the MI model.

PMID- 27378165
TI  - Predictive Synthesis of Freeform Carbon Nanotube Microarchitectures by Strain
      Engineered Chemical Vapor Deposition.
AB  - High-throughput fabrication of microstructured surfaces with multi-directional,
      re-entrant, or otherwise curved features is becoming increasingly important for
      applications such as phase change heat transfer, adhesive gripping, and control
      of electromagnetic waves. Toward this goal, curved microstructures of aligned
      carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be fabricated by engineered variation of the CNT
      growth rate within each microstructure, for example by patterning of the CNT
      growth catalyst partially upon a layer which retards the CNT growth rate. This
      study develops a finite-element simulation framework for predictive synthesis of
      complex CNT microarchitectures by this strain-engineered growth process. The
      simulation is informed by parametric measurements of the CNT growth kinetics, and
      the anisotropic mechanical properties of the CNTs, and predicts the shape of CNT
      microstructures with impressive fidelity. Moreover, the simulation calculates the
      internal stress distribution that results from extreme deformation of the CNT
      structures during growth, and shows that delamination of the interface between
      the differentially growing segments occurs at a critical shear stress. Guided by
      these insights, experiments are performed to study the time- and geometry
      depended stress development, and it is demonstrated that corrugating the
      interface between the segments of each microstructure mitigates the interface
      failure. This study presents a methodology for 3D microstructure design based on
      "pixels" that prescribe directionality to the resulting microstructure, and show
      that this framework enables the predictive synthesis of more complex
      architectures including twisted and truss-like forms. 

PMID- 27378166
TI  - Foreign body removal is getting "cooler".
AB  - Foreign body removal is commonly performed with the rigid bronchoscope. However,
      based on recent literature, extraction with the flexible bronchoscope has
      increased in popularity. Here, we discuss a new tool - the flexible cryoprobe -
      that may enhance foreign body retrieval in select patients and comment on the
      methods of foreign body extraction in the view of common clinical practice.
      Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016; 51:886-888. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27378167
TI  - Effects and molecular mechanism of chitosan-coated levodopa nanoliposomes on
      behavior of dyskinesia rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chitosan, the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a cationic
      polyelectrolyte due to the presence of amino groups, one of the few occurring in
      nature. The use of chitosan in protein and drug delivery systems is being
      actively researched and reported in the literature. RESULTS: In this study, we
      used chitosan-coated levodopa liposomes to investigate the behavioral character
      and the expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase
      (ERK1/2), dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and
      FosB/DeltaFosB in striatum of rat model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). We
      found that scores of abnormal involuntary movement (AIM) decreased significantly
      in liposome group (P < 0.05), compared with levodopa group. Levels of phospho
      ERK1/2, phospho-Thr34 DARPP-32 and FosB/DeltaFosB in striatum decreased
      significantly in liposome group lesion side compared with levodopa group (P <
      0.05). However, both of two groups above have significantly differences compared
      with the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Chitosan-coated levodopa liposomes
      may be useful in reducing dyskinesias inducing for Parkinson disease. The
      mechanism might be involved the pathway of signaling molecular phospho-ERK1/2,
      phospho-Thr34 DARPP-32 and DeltaFosB in striatum.

PMID- 27378169
TI  - Prickle1 promotes focal adhesion disassembly in cooperation with the CLASP
      LL5beta complex in migrating cells.
AB  - Prickle is known to be involved in planar cell polarity, including convergent
      extension and cell migration; however, the detailed mechanism by which Prickle
      regulates cellular functions is not well understood. Here, we show that Prickle1
      regulates front-rear polarization and migration of gastric cancer MKN1 cells.
      Prickle1 preferentially accumulated at the cell retraction site in close
      proximity to paxillin at focal adhesions. Prickle1 dynamics correlated with those
      of paxillin during focal adhesion disassembly. Furthermore, Prickle1 was required
      for focal adhesion disassembly. CLASPs (of which there are two isoforms, CLASP1
      and CLASP2, in mammals) and LL5beta (also known as PHLDB2) have been reported to
      form a complex at cell edges and to control microtubule-dependent focal adhesion
      disassembly. Prickle1 was associated with CLASPs and LL5beta, and was required
      for the LL5beta-dependent accumulation of CLASPs at the cell edge. Knockdown of
      CLASPs and LL5beta suppressed Prickle1-dependent cell polarization and migration.
      Prickle1 localized to the membrane through its farnesyl moiety, and the membrane
      localization was necessary for Prickle1 to regulate migration, to bind to CLASPs
      and LL5beta, and to promote microtubule targeting of focal adhesions. Taken
      together, these results suggest that Prickle1 promotes focal adhesion disassembly
      during the retraction processes of cell polarization and migration.

PMID- 27378168
TI  - 8q21.11 microdeletion in two patients with syndromic peters anomaly.
AB  - Peters anomaly is a form of anterior segment dysgenesis characterized by central
      ocular opacity and corneo-lenticular adhesions. Isolated and syndromic Peters
      anomaly can be observed and demonstrate significant genetic heterogeneity. We
      report the identification of overlapping 8q21.11 deletions in two patients with
      syndromic Peters anomaly via whole exome sequencing and chromosomal microarray
      analyses. Microdeletions of 8q21.11 were recently reported in 10 patients with
      highly variable phenotypes involving craniofacial features, ptosis, intellectual
      disability, abnormalities of the hands/feet and other defects; sclerocornea
      and/or microphthalmia were reported in three cases. The two additional cases
      presented in this report expand the phenotypic spectrum of 8q21.11 microdeletions
      to include Peters anomaly (seen in both patients) and persistent primary
      dentition (seen in one patient with a larger deletion). The two novel deletions
      include the ZFHX4 and PEX2 genes, which were also affected in all three previous
      cases involving ocular anomalies. Screening of the remaining alleles of ZFHX4 and
      PEX2 did not identify any additional likely pathogenic variants in either
      patient, suggesting a dominant mechanism (haploinsufficiency) for the identified
      deletion. This report provides further insight into the phenotypes associated
      with 8q21.11 deletions and, for the first time, reports Peters anomaly as an
      additional ocular feature; screening for copy number variations of the 8q21.11
      region should be considered in patients with Peters anomaly and related syndromic
      features. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27378170
TI  - Conditional ablation of TGF-beta signaling inhibits tumor progression and
      invasion in an induced mouse bladder cancer model.
AB  - The role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling in cancer
      progression is still under debate. To determine the function of TGF-beta
      signaling in bladder cancer progression, we conditionally knocked out the Tgfbr2
      in mouse model after a N-butyl-N-4-hydroxybutyl Nitrosamine induced bladder
      carcinogenesis. We found the ablation of TGF-beta signaling could inhibit the
      cancer cell proliferation, cancer stem cell population and EMT, hence suppressed
      the invasive cancer progression, which is similar with the result of TGF-beta
      receptor I inhibitor treatment. These findings recognize the roles and mechanisms
      of TGF-beta signaling in bladder cancer progression in vivo for the first time.

PMID- 27378171
TI  - Yield and Clinical Utility of Next-Generation Sequencing in Selected Patients
      With Lung Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Next-generation sequencing is available for assessing genomic
      alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), although the performance
      characteristics and clinical utility has not been well characterized. This
      technique can be used to sequence hundreds of known cancer-associated genes. Our
      aim was to investigate the diagnostic success and clinically relevant results of
      extensive sequencing in NSCLC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A case series of 49
      NSCLC patients was used to determine the success of extended next-generation
      sequencing, record genomic alterations, and evaluate clinical utility. Data were
      collected in a retrospective review. Sequencing was performed using a
      hybridization capture of 3320 exons from 236 cancer-related genes and 47 introns
      of 19 genes applied to >=50 ng of DNA and sequenced to high, uniform coverage of
      622 times. RESULTS: Sequencing was successful in 29 of 32 (91%)
      surgical/excisional specimens, and 12 of 17 (71%) nonsurgical specimens including
      an endoscopic forceps biopsy, core needle biopsies, fine-needle aspirates, and
      effusion cytologies. All 5 transthoracic core needle biopsies failed. A total of
      179 genomic alterations (average 4.37 per tumor) were found. A total of 63 were
      clinically relevant (average 1.54 per tumor). The most frequently mutated genes
      were tumor protein p53, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, megalencephalic
      leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1, rapamycin-insensitive companion of
      mammalian target of rapamycin, epithelial growth factor receptor, SWI/SNF
      Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator Of Chromatin, Subfamily A,
      Member 4, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B, phosphatidylinositol-4,5
      bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral
      oncogene homolog, Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2, Serine/Threonine Kinase 11,
      and NK2 Homeobox 1. Sequencing results led to a change in management in 7 of 49
      cases (14.3%). CONCLUSION: Extended next-generation sequencing was performed
      successfully in 41 (83.7%) cases of NSCLC using a range of pathology specimens.
      Testing had the potential to affect treatment decisions in selected patients.

PMID- 27378172
TI  - Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Patients With Non-Small
      Cell Lung Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alternative treatment regimens are needed for patients with non-small
      cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who cannot receive definitive treatment with concurrent
      chemoradiotherapy, surgery, or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR).
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report survival, patterns of failure and toxicity
      outcomes for patients with NSCLC who were not eligible for surgical resection,
      concurrent chemoradiotherapy, or SABR and underwent hypofractionated intensity
      modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to
      evaluate the progression-free and overall survival. Competing risk analysis was
      used to evaluate in-field, locoregional, and distant failure. RESULTS: A total of
      42 patients treated to 52.5 to 60 Gy in 15 fractions were included. Most of the
      patients had metastatic or recurrent disease (64%) and a relatively large,
      centrally located tumor burden (74%). The median follow-up period was 13 months
      (interquartile range, 6-18 months). All patients received the total prescribed
      dose. The median survival was 15.1 months. The overall and progression-free
      survival rates at 1 year were 63% and 22.5%, respectively. The pattern of failure
      was predominantly distant, with only 2% of patients experiencing isolated in
      field recurrence. The cumulative incidence of in-field failure at 6 and 12 months
      was 2.5% (95% confidence interval, 0.4%-15.6%) and 16.1% (95% confidence
      interval, 7.5%-34.7%), respectively. The risk of esophageal toxicity was
      associated with the esophageal mean dose, maximal point dose, and dose to the 5
      cm3 volume. The risk of pneumonitis was associated with the lung mean dose and
      volume receiving 18 Gy. CONCLUSION: Hypofractionated IMRT without concurrent
      chemotherapy provides favorable rates of local control and survival for well
      selected patients with NSCLC who cannot tolerate standard definitive therapy.

PMID- 27378173
TI  - Clinical Implications of Isolated Bone Failure Without Systemic Disease
      Progression During EGFR-TKI Treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We investigated the characteristics of patients with epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had
      experienced isolated progression of bone metastases without aggravation of
      extraskeletal organs during EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data from 870 patients
      with EGFR-mutant NSCLC treated with EGFR-TKI from 2004 to 2014. Of these
      patients, 71 (8.2%), who had undergone radiation therapy to bone metastases
      because of skeletal-related events, impending skeletal-related events, or
      medically uncontrolled bone pain, were selected and defined as having bone
      failure (BF). BFs were classified into 2 categories according to the presence of
      accompanying disease progression in extraskeletal organs: isolated BF (IBF) and
      non-IBF. RESULTS: Of the 71 BF patients, 33 (46.5%) experienced IBF without
      aggravation of disease in extraskeletal organs. IBF was more frequent in the
      clinical benefit group (responders and stable for >= 6 months) than in
      nonclinical benefit group (54.4% vs. 14.3%; P = .007). IBF was also more frequent
      in those with good performance status (82.5% vs. 42.9%; P = .005) and 19 deletion
      (68.4% vs. 35.7%; P = .024). Female sex, good performance status, and clinical
      benefit from TKI were more frequent in patients with IBF than in those with non
      IBF (female sex, 69.7% vs. 44.7%; P = .034; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0
      or 1, 87.9% vs. 63.2%; P = .017; clinical benefit from TKI, 93.9% vs. 68.4%; P =
      .007). Clinical benefit from EGFR-TKI was an independent predictor of IBF
      (adjusted odds ratio, 6.647; 95% confidence interval, 1.328-33.262; P = .021).
      Patients with IBF tended to exhibit longer survival times from the initiation of
      the TKI (20.7 vs. 11.1 months; P = .2) and from the onset of BF (8.6 vs. 3.4
      months; P = .186). CONCLUSION: IBF without systemic disease progression
      frequently occurs in patients with clinical benefits from EGFR-TKI and is
      associated with better survival. This finding requires future studies to explore
      the differential activity of EGFR-TKI in the bones over time or in preference to
      other organs.

PMID- 27378174
TI  - Neoadjuvant Oncogene-Targeted Therapy in Early Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
      as a Strategy to Improve Clinical Outcome and Identify Early Mechanisms of
      Resistance.
AB  - Evaluations of resistance mechanisms to targeted treatments in non-small-cell
      lung cancer (NSCLC) are necessary for development of improved treatment after
      disease progression and to help delay progression of disease. Populations of
      cells that survive after initial treatment form the basis of resistance via
      outgrowth of resistant clones or activation of alternative signaling pathways. In
      this report we describe a clinical trial approach in which patients with
      epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), C-ros
      1 proto-oncogene (ROS1), and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET) exon 14
      alterations and early stage (IA-IIIA) NSCLC will be treated with induction EGFR
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) or crizotinib, a TKI that inhibits ALK, ROS1, and
      MET. We will evaluate resected tumor samples for pathologic response to induction
      therapy, overall response rate, and disease-free survival. Additionally, we will
      assess patients for early evidence of resistance to targeted therapy in terms of
      activation of alternative signaling pathways and for identification of resistance
      clones in remnant cell populations.

PMID- 27378175
TI  - Optimizing Survival of Patients With Marginally Operable Stage IIIA Non-Small
      Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Chemoradiotherapy With or Without Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For marginally operable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC), surgery might not be done as planned after neoadjuvant concurrent
      chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for reasons (unresectable or medically inoperable
      conditions, or patient refusal). This study aims to investigate the outcomes of a
      phased CCRT protocol established to maximize the operability of marginally
      operable stage IIIA NSCLC and to care for reassessed inoperable patients, in
      comparison with continuous-course definitive CCRT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty
      seven patients with marginally operable stage IIIA NSCLC receiving CCRT were
      included. Twenty-eight patients were treated with our phased CCRT protocol,
      including neoadjuvant CCRT followed by surgery (group A, n = 16) or, for
      reassessed inoperable patients, maintenance chemotherapy and split-course CCRT
      boost (group B, n = 12). The other 19 were treated with continuous-course
      definitive CCRT (group C). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival
      (PFS) were analyzed. RESULTS: Among all, median OS and PFS were 35.6 and 12.8
      months, respectively (median follow-up, 22.3 months). The median OS of group A
      (not reached) was better than that of group B (34.4 months) and group C (15.2
      months) (P = .009). On multivariate analysis, performance status 0 to 1 (hazard
      ratio [HR], 0.026; P < .001), adenocarcinoma (HR, 0.156; P = .003), and group A
      (HR, 0.199; P = .033) were independent prognostic factors. The OS of group B (HR,
      0.450; 95% confidence interval, 0.118-1.717; P = .243) was not statistically
      different from that of group C. CONCLUSIONS: For marginally operable stage IIIA
      NSCLC, our phased CCRT strategy may optimize survival by maximizing operability
      and maintain an acceptable survival for reassessed inoperable patients by split
      course CCRT boost following maintenance chemotherapy.

PMID- 27378177
TI  - Bipolar and related disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-10.
AB  - Bipolar disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders with profound negative
      impact on affected patients. Even if their symptomatology has long been
      recognized, diagnostic criteria have changed over time and diagnosis often
      remains difficult. The Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
      Mental Disorders (DSM-5), issued in May 2013, comprises several changes regarding
      the diagnosis of bipolar disorders compared to the previous edition. Diagnostic
      categories and criteria for bipolar disorders show some concordance with the
      internationally also widely used Tenth Edition of the International Statistical
      Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). However, there
      are also major differences that are worth highlighting. The aim of the following
      text is to depict and discuss those. 

PMID- 27378176
TI  - IRS1 deficiency protects beta-cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis by
      modulating sXBP-1 stability and protein translation.
AB  - Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is among several pathological features that
      underlie beta-cell failure in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
      Adaptor proteins in the insulin/insulin-like-growth factor-1 signaling pathways,
      such as insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) and IRS2, differentially impact beta
      cell survival but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that
      beta-cells deficient in IRS1 (IRS1KO) are resistant, while IRS2 deficiency
      (IRS2KO) makes them susceptible to ER stress-mediated apoptosis. IRS1KOs
      exhibited low nuclear accumulation of spliced XBP-1 due to its poor stability, in
      contrast to elevated accumulation in IRS2KO. The reduced nuclear accumulation in
      IRS1KO was due to protein instability of Xbp1 secondary to proteasomal
      degradation. IRS1KO also demonstrated an attenuation in their general translation
      status in response to ER stress revealed by polyribosomal profiling.
      Phosphorylation of eEF2 was dramatically increased in IRS1KO enabling the beta
      cells to adapt to ER stress by blocking translation. Furthermore, significantly
      high ER calcium (Ca(2+)) was detected in IRS1KO beta-cells even upon induction of
      ER stress. These observations suggest that IRS1 could be a therapeutic target for
      beta-cell protection against ER stress-mediated cell death by modulating XBP-1
      stability, protein synthesis, and Ca(2+) storage in the ER.

PMID- 27378178
TI  - Determinants of neonatal mortality in rural and urban Nigeria: Evidence from a
      population-based national survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Significant reduction in the global burden of neonatal mortality was
      achieved through the millennium development goals. In Nigeria, however, only a
      marginal reduction was realized. This study assesses the rural-urban differences
      in neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and the associated risk factors in Nigeria.
      METHODS: The dataset from the 2013 Nigeria demographic and health survey (NDHS),
      disaggregated by rural-urban residence (n = 20 449 and 9935, respectively), was
      explored using univariate, bivariate, and multivariable analysis. Complex samples
      analysis was applied to adjust for the unequal selection probabilities due to the
      multi-stage cluster sampling method used in the 2013 NDHS. The adjusted
      relationship between the outcome and predictor variables was assessed on multi
      level logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: NMR for rural and urban populations
      was 36 and 28 deaths per 1000 live births, respectively. Risk factors in urban
      residence were lack of electricity access (adjusted OR [AOR], 1.555; 95%CI: 1.089
      2.220), small birth size (as a proxy for low birthweight; AOR, 3.048; 95%CI:
      2.047-4.537), and male gender (AOR, 1.666; 95%CI: 1.215-2.284). Risk factors in
      rural residence were small birth size (a proxy for low birthweight; AOR, 2.118;
      95%CI: 1.600-2.804), and birth interval <2 years (AOR, 2.149; 95%CI: 1.760
      2.624). Cesarean delivery was a risk factor both in rural (AOR, 5.038; 95%CI:
      2.617-9.700) and urban Nigeria (AOR, 2.632; 95%CI: 1.543-4.489). CONCLUSIONS:
      Determinants of neonatal mortality were different in rural and urban Nigeria, and
      rural neonates had greater risk of mortality than their urban counterparts.

PMID- 27378179
TI  - The therapeutic effects of apigenin and dexamethasone on 5-fluorouracil-induced
      oral mucositis - a pilot study using a Syrian hamster model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Oral mucositis (OM) is a common complication of chemotherapy and
      radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of treating 5
      fluorouracil-induced OM with apigenin and dexamethasone. METHODS: Thirty-six male
      Syrian hamsters were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (50%
      acetic acid + 5-FU), 50% acetic acid + 5-FU + potassium Apigenin (KA), and 50%
      acetic acid + 5-FU + dexamethasone. The animals from each group were sacrificed
      5, 7, 10, and 14 days after inducing the mucositis, and two samples collected
      from each animal, accounting a total of 72 samples. Macroscopic changes were
      assessed by histomorphometric analysis, with ulcers being assessed by imaging
      analysis and the number of inflammatory cells in the ulcerated region quantified
      in all periods through histomorphometric analysis (H&E). Furthermore,
      immunohistochemical changes were evaluated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
      RESULTS: All groups presented an increased inflammatory infiltrate after 7 days,
      compared to other evaluation times (P >= 0.05). There was significant difference
      between apigenin and control group in the 10-days period. Lower quantity of
      inflammatory cells in the apigenin-treated group in comparison with control group
      in the 7- and 10-days periods was observed (P < 0.05). No statistically
      significant difference was verified among the groups in 5- and 14-days periods.
      The healing process of the control group was slower than that of apigenin and
      dexamethasone-treated groups, with an overall significant difference between
      apigenin and the control group in the 10-days period. CONCLUSIONS: Apigenin
      treatment may enhance healing of OM induced by 5-fluorouracil, thus suggesting
      that more extensive research in this area may be useful to assess the role of
      agents of natural origin capable of preventing OM. Hence, further studies
      involving broader samples are need to confirm the therapeutic potential shown by
      this study.

PMID- 27378180
TI  - From facultative to obligatory parental care: Interspecific variation in
      offspring dependency on post-hatching care in burying beetles.
AB  - Studies on the evolution of parental care have focused primarily on the costs and
      benefits of parental care and the life-history attributes that favour it.
      However, once care evolves, offspring in some taxa appear to become increasingly
      dependent on their parents. Although offspring dependency is a central theme in
      family life, the evolutionary dynamics leading to it are not fully understood.
      Beetles of the genus Nicrophorus are well known for their elaborate biparental
      care, including provisioning of their young. By manipulating the occurrence of
      pre- or post-hatching care, we show that the offspring of three burying beetle
      species, N. orbicollis, N. pustulatus, and N. vespilloides, show striking
      variation in their reliance on parental care. Our results demonstrate that this
      variation within one genus arises through a differential dependency of larvae on
      parental feeding, but not on pre-hatching care. In N. pustulatus, larvae appear
      to be nutritionally independent of their parents, but in N. orbicollis, larvae do
      not survive in the absence of parental feeding. We consider evolutionary
      scenarios by which nutritional dependency may have evolved, highlighting the role
      of brood size regulation via infanticide in this genus.

PMID- 27378182
TI  - Exploring the Reactivity of N-Alkynylated Sulfoximines: Acid-Catalyzed
      Cyclizations.
AB  - N-Alkynylated sulfoximines undergo acid-promoted cyclization processes under mild
      reaction conditions. The transformations proceed in short reaction times
      affording sulfoximidoyl-functionalized naphtho[2,1-b]thiophenes or pyrrolo[1,2
      a]quinolines in up to excellent yields.

PMID- 27378181
TI  - Macroalgae of Izmir Gulf: Dictyotaceae exhibit high in vitro anti-cancer activity
      independent from their antioxidant capabilities.
AB  - In this study, 24 marine macroalgae collected from the coastline of Izmir Gulf
      were examined for their antioxidant activities and their effects on cell
      proliferation. Crude extracts were obtained from samples with cold methanol
      extraction. Antioxidant activity was evaluated as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl
      (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content (TPC); growth
      inhibitory effects of the extracts were determined by using WST-8. Amongst the
      species, Polysiphonia denuata (Rhodophyta) and Cystoseira species (Phaeophyceae)
      have been noticed by their high DPPH radical scavenging activities and TPCs. As
      expected, there was a strong correlation between these tests. Dictyota dichotoma
      (Phaeophyceae) showed the highest anti-cancer activity on MCF-7 cells with an
      IC50 of 17.2 ng mL-1. Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that D. dichotoma
      methanolic extract strongly induced apoptosis. This extract exhibited moderate
      viability inhibition on MCF10A cells (IC50: 49.3 ng mL-1), suggesting a potential
      use of the extracts or its compounds for cancer therapy. There was no correlation
      between anti-cancer potential and antioxidant content of the extracts.

PMID- 27378183
TI  - Loss of function of NaPiIIa causes nephrocalcinosis and possibly kidney
      insufficiency.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inherited metabolic disorders associated with nephrocalcinosis are
      rare conditions. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic cause of an
      Israeli-Arab boy from a consanguineous family with severe nephrocalcinosis and
      kidney insufficiency. METHODS: Clinical and biochemical data of the proband and
      family members were obtained from both previous and recent medical charts.
      Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells. The coding sequence and
      splice sites of candidate genes (CYP24A1, CYP27B1, FGF23, KLOTHO, SLC34A3 and
      SLC34A1) were sequenced directly. Functional studies were performed in Xenopus
      laevis oocytes and in transfected opossum kidney (OK) cells. RESULTS: Our patient
      was identified as having nephrocalcinosis in utero, and at the age of 16.5 years,
      he had kidney insufficiency but no bone disease. Genetic analysis revealed a
      novel homozygous missense mutation, Arg215Gln, in SLC34A1, which encodes the
      renal sodium phosphate cotransporter NaPiIIa. Functional studies of the Arg215Gln
      mutant revealed reduced transport activity in Xenopus laevis oocytes and
      increased intracellular cytoplasmic accumulation in OK cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings show that dysfunction of the human NaPiIIa causes severe renal
      calcification that may eventually lead to reduced kidney function, rather than
      complications of phosphate loss.

PMID- 27378184
TI  - Ocean acidification leads to deformations of caudal vein angio-architecture in
      juvenile threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus.

PMID- 27378187
TI  - Adaptation of the Cutaneous Microcirculation in Preterm Neonates.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Transition from fetal to neonatal circulation is characterized by
      multiple hemodynamic changes. The role of the microcirculation in this process is
      underexposed. Visualizing the cutaneous microcirculation can help us understand
      peripheral perfusion in a noninvasive manner. METHODS: Cutaneous microcirculation
      of term and preterm infants born below 32 weeks of GA was measured in the first
      month of life using IDF imaging. Linear mixed modeling was used to identify
      clinical variables which influence the cutaneous microcirculation. RESULTS: Sixty
      preterm and 33 term infants were included. TVD of preterm infants significantly
      decreased in the first month of life (31.7 mm/mm(2)  day 1 vs 27.9 mm/mm(2)  day
      28), but remained significantly higher compared to TVD of term infants on day 1
      (25.8 mm/mm(2) ). Besides postnatal age, no clinical variables were associated
      with TVD. Infants born SGA had significantly higher TVD values directly after
      birth than those born appropriate for GA (35.4 mm/mm(2) vs 31.6 mm/mm(2) ; p =
      0.015). CONCLUSIONS: TVD decreases in the first month after birth and is higher
      in preterm infants compared to those born term. Differences in antenatal oxygen
      exposure might explain the adaptation of the microcirculation.

PMID- 27378185
TI  - Vitamin D deficiency and its risk factors in Malaysian children with epilepsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Long-term use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is a significant risk
      factor for vitamin D deficiency in children with epilepsy. The aims of our study
      were to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency among
      Malaysian children with epilepsy. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of ambulant
      children with epilepsy on long-term AEDs for >1 year seen in three tertiary
      hospitals in Malaysia from April 2014 to April 2015. Detailed assessment of
      pubertal status, skin pigmentation, sunshine exposure behavior, physical
      activity, dietary vitamin D and calcium intake, anthropometric measurements and
      bone health blood tests (vitamin D, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphate, and
      parathyroid hormone levels) were obtained on all patients. Vitamin D deficiency
      was defined as 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels <=35 nmol/L and
      insufficiency as 25(OH)D levels of 36-50 nmol/L. RESULTS: A total of 244 children
      (146 male) participated in the study. Ages ranged between 3.7 and 18.8 years
      (mean 12.3 years). 25(OH)D levels ranged between 7.5 and 140.9 nmol/L (mean 53.9
      nmol/L). Vitamin D deficiency was identified in 55 patients (22.5%), and a
      further 48 (19.7%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Multivariate logistic regression
      analysis identified polytherapy >1 AED (odds ratio [OR] 2.16, 95% confidence
      interval [CI] 1.07-4.36), age >12 years (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.13-15.30), Indian
      ethnicity (OR 6.97, 95% CI 2.48-19.55), sun exposure time 30-60 min/day (OR 2.44,
      95% CI 1.05-5.67), sun exposure time <30 min/day (OR 3.83, 95% CI 1.61-9.09), and
      female (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.31-5.20) as statistically significant (p < 0.05) risk
      factors for vitamin D deficiency. SIGNIFICANCE: Despite living in the tropics, a
      high proportion of Malaysian children with epilepsy are at risk of vitamin D
      deficiency. Targeted strategies including vitamin D supplementation and lifestyle
      advice of healthy sunlight exposure behavior should be implemented among children
      with epilepsy, particularly for those at high risk of having vitamin D
      deficiency.

PMID- 27378188
TI  - Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolite profiling of
      PEGylated rFIX (nonacog beta pegol, N9-GP) in rats.
AB  - Nonacog beta pegol (N9-GP) is a novel recombinant factor IX conjugated with a 40
      kDa branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) to extend plasma half-life (t1/2) compared
      with native FIX, developed for the treatment of haemophilia B. This is the first
      time distribution, metabolism, and excretion data of N9-GP have been presented.
      ADME studies were performed using single i.v. doses of radiolabelled N9-GP
      administered to rats, focussing on the biological fate of the 40-kDa PEG. Results
      indicated that N9-GP-related radioactivity was distributed throughout the body,
      being most abundant in highly vascularised tissues, and with lowest levels seen
      in the central nervous system. N9-GP was cleared from plasma within 1week after
      dosing, while total radioactivity was eliminated more slowly, in a more
      pronounced biphasic manner. N9-GP seems to be cleared via receptor-mediated
      uptake (e.g., in the liver) or via the reticuloendothelial system with subsequent
      proteolysis. PEG is thereafter either cleared alongside the protein or released
      back into circulation. Furthermore, N9-GP-related radioactivity was excreted in
      both faeces and urine as 40kDa PEG and degradation products. Some PEG-related
      radioactivity (not in any particular organ) was present in the carcass 12weeks
      postdose, consistent with the long terminal elimination t1/2 of plasma
      radioactivity. As shown here for N9-GP, and previously for other protein-PEG
      conjugate products, disposition kinetics of conjugates and individual
      constituents appears to be compound specific. In addition to the size/structure
      of the PEG and protein moieties, protein-specific clearance pathways may
      contribute to the disposition of intact conjugate and PEG moiety. 

PMID- 27378190
TI  - Using multiple hydrogen bonding cross-linkers to access reversibly responsive
      three dimensional graphene oxide architecture.
AB  - Three-dimensional (3D) graphene materials have attracted a lot of attention for
      efficiently utilizing inherent properties of graphene sheets. However, 3D
      graphene materials reported in the previous literature are constructed through
      covalent or weak non-covalent interactions, causing permanent structure/property
      changes. In this paper, a novel 3D graphene material of dynamic interactions
      between lamellas with 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone as a supra-molecular motif has
      been synthesized. This 3D graphene material shows enhanced sheet interactions
      while the cross-linking takes place. With proper solvent stimulation, the
      integrated 3D graphene material can disassemble as isolated sheets. The driving
      force for the 3D structure assembly or disassembly is considered to be the
      forming or breaking of the multiple hydrogen bonding pairs. Furthermore, the 3D
      material is used as an intelligent dye adsorber to adsorb methylene blue and
      release it. The controllable and reversible characteristic of this 3D graphene
      material may open an avenue to the synthesis and application of novel intelligent
      materials. 

PMID- 27378189
TI  - Global changes of the RNA-bound proteome during the maternal-to-zygotic
      transition in Drosophila.
AB  - The maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) is a process that occurs in animal
      embryos at the earliest developmental stages, during which maternally deposited
      mRNAs and other molecules are degraded and replaced by products of the zygotic
      genome. The zygotic genome is not activated immediately upon fertilization, and
      in the pre-MZT embryo post-transcriptional control by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)
      orchestrates the first steps of development. To identify relevant Drosophila RBPs
      organism-wide, we refined the RNA interactome capture method for comparative
      analysis of the pre- and post-MZT embryos. We determine 523 proteins as high
      confidence RBPs, half of which were not previously reported to bind RNA.
      Comparison of the RNA interactomes of pre- and post-MZT embryos reveals high
      dynamicity of the RNA-bound proteome during early development, and suggests
      active regulation of RNA binding of some RBPs. This resource provides
      unprecedented insight into the system of RBPs that govern the earliest steps of
      Drosophila development.

PMID- 27378191
TI  - Dynamic reorganization of photosystem II supercomplexes in response to variations
      in light intensities.
AB  - Plants are sessile organisms and need to acclimate to ever-changing light
      conditions in order to survive. These changes trigger a dynamic reorganization of
      the membrane protein complexes in the thylakoid membranes. Photosystem II (PSII)
      and its light harvesting system (LHCII) are the major target of this acclimation
      response, and accumulating evidences indicate that the amount and composition of
      PSII-LHCII supercomplexes in thylakoids are dynamically adjusted in response to
      changes in light intensity and quality. In this study, we characterized the PSII
      LHCII supercomplexes in thylakoid membranes of pea plants in response to long
      term acclimation to different light intensities. We provide evidence of a
      reorganization of the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes showing distinct changes in their
      antenna moiety. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed a specific reduction of
      Lhcb3, Lhcb6 and M-LHCII trimers bound to the PSII cores, while the Lhcb4.3
      isoform increased in response to high light intensities. The modulation of Lhcb
      protein content correlates with the reduction of the functional PSII antenna
      size. These results suggest that the Lhcb3, Lhcb4.3 and Lhcb6 antenna subunits
      are major players in modulation of the PSII antenna size upon long-term
      acclimation to increased light levels. PsbS was not detected in the isolated PSII
      LHCII supercomplexes at any light condition, despite an increased accumulation in
      thylakoids of high light acclimated plants, suggesting that PsbS is not a
      constitutive component of PSII-LHCII supercomplexes.

PMID- 27378192
TI  - Sleep quality in patients with chronic illness.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore sleep quality in patients with chronic illness in
      primary care. BACKGROUND: Many people suffer from chronic illness with the
      numbers increasing. One common issue arises from problems that people have with
      their quality of sleep: a largely under-researched topic. This study exploring
      poor quality sleep allowed patients to describe their daily struggles with poor
      sleep in their own lives. This allowed the development of a deeper understanding
      of what it means to sleep poorly and find out how participants cope with not
      sleeping well. DESIGN: A qualitative approach enabling a deep exploration of
      patient's experiences of sleep quality was used. Interviews were conducted with a
      purposive sample of nine participants from a primary care clinic. Analysis
      utilised an interpretative approach. RESULTS: Data analysed produced four
      recurrent themes that were grouped into two categories. First, themes that
      identified the recognition by participants that 'something was wrong' were abrupt
      beginning and impact on their life. Second, themes that identified that the
      participants considered there was 'nothing wrong' were I am fine and I just carry
      on. CONCLUSION: Data revealed that poor quality sleep can have a profound effect
      on quality of life. Participants lived without good quality sleep for years. They
      had come to accept two seemingly irreconcilable ideas that not being able to
      sleep is an enduring problem with a distinct starting point, and paradoxically,
      this is not a problem that deserves much professional attention. RELEVANCE TO
      CLINICAL PRACTICE: Important original data were generated on the impact of poor
      quality sleep indicating that chronically disturbed sleep can increase the
      disease burden on patients with chronic illness. The results of this study
      suggest healthcare professionals need to understand how sleep quality issues
      impact on patient's experience of chronic illness. Data from this study will help
      nurses and other health professionals to deepen their understanding of the
      profound impact of poor quality sleep on patients with chronic illness. A
      programme of education highlighting the important role of sleep quality in
      chronic illness is suggested by the issues raised in this study. Nurses are
      ideally placed to assess sleep quality in patients and tailor intervention to
      positively affect the quality of life for this group.

PMID- 27378193
TI  - Recommendations for the diagnosis and initial evaluation of patients with
      Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia: A Task Force from the 8th International Workshop
      on Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia.
AB  - The diagnosis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM) can be challenging given the
      variety of signs and symptoms patients can present. Furthermore, once the
      diagnosis of WM is established, the initial evaluation should be thorough as well
      as appropriately directed. During the 8th International Workshop for WM in
      London, United Kingdom, a multi-institutional task force was formed to develop
      consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and initial evaluation of patients
      with WM. In this document, we present the results of the deliberations that took
      place to address these issues. We provide recommendations for history-taking and
      physical examination, laboratory studies, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
      analysis and imaging studies. We also provide guidance on the initial evaluation
      of special situations, such as anaemia, hyperviscosity, neuropathy, Bing-Neel
      syndrome and amyloidosis. We hope these recommendations serve as a practical
      guidance to clinicians taking care of patients with a suspected or an established
      diagnosis of WM.

PMID- 27378194
TI  - Metformin use and gynecological cancers: A novel treatment option emerging from
      drug repositioning.
AB  - Metformin exerts antitumor effects mainly through AMP-activated protein kinase
      [AMPK] activation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K]-Akt-mammalian target
      of rapamycin [mTOR] inhibition. This drug leads to activation of the cellular
      energy-sensing liver kinase B1 [LKB1]/AMPK pathway. LKB1 is implicated as a tumor
      suppressor gene in molecular pathogenesis of different malignancies. AMPK is a
      serine/threonine protein kinase that acts as an ultra-sensitive cellular energy
      sensor maintaining the energy balance within the cell. AMPK activation inhibits
      mRNA translation and proliferation in cancer cells via down-regulation of
      PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Moreover, metformin decreases the production of insulin,
      insulin-like growth factor, inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial
      growth factor, and therefore it exerts anti-mitotic, anti-inflammatory and anti
      angiogenetic effects. Recent in vitro and experimental data suggest that
      metformin electively targets cancer stem cells, and acts together with
      chemotherapy to block tumor growth in different cancers. Several epidemiological
      studies and meta-analysis have shown that metformin use is associated with
      decreased cancer risk and/or reduced cancer mortality for different malignancies.
      The present review analyzes the recent biological and clinical data suggesting a
      possible growth-static effect of metformin also in gynecological cancers. The
      large majority of available clinical data on the anti-cancer potential of
      metformin are based on observational studies. Therefore long-term phase II-III
      clinical trials are strongly warranted to further investigate metformin activity
      in gynecological cancers. 

PMID- 27378195
TI  - Fully automated synthesis of [(18) F]fluoro-dihydrotestosterone ([(18) F]FDHT)
      using the FlexLab module.
AB  - Imaging of androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer using F-18 FDHT is
      becoming increasingly popular. With the radiolabelling precursor now commercially
      available, developing a fully automated synthesis of [(18) F] FDHT is important.
      We have fully automated the synthesis of F-18 FDHT using the iPhase FlexLab
      module using only commercially available components. Total synthesis time was 90
      min, radiochemical yields were 25-33% (n = 11). Radiochemical purity of the final
      formulation was > 99% and specific activity was > 18.5 GBq/umol for all batches.
      This method can be up-scaled as desired, thus making it possible to study
      multiple patients in a day. Furthermore, our procedure uses 4 mg of precursor
      only and is therefore cost-effective. The synthesis has now been validated at
      Austin Health and is currently used for [(18) F]FDHT studies in patients. We
      believe that this method can easily adapted by other modules to further widen the
      availability of [(18) F]FDHT.

PMID- 27378196
TI  - Albuminuria in Childhood is a Risk Factor for Chronic Kidney Disease and End
      Stage Renal Disease.

PMID- 27378197
TI  - Walking for recreation and transport by geographic remoteness in South Australian
      adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine differences in walking for recreation and transport
      between Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) categories, in South
      Australian adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional self-reported data from adult
      telephone survey respondents between April and May in 2012 and 2013. SETTING:
      Population of South Australia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4004 adults (aged over 18
      years) participated: n = 1956 men and n = 2048 women. Area of residence was
      categorised using ARIA (major city, inner regional, outer regional and
      remote/very remote). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Self-reported participation in
      walking for transport and recreation/exercise as the number of times and minutes
      per week. Data were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test for median minutes and
      negative binomial regression for times walked with adjustment for socioeconomic
      status, age and body mass index. RESULTS: Average age was 47.8 +/- 18.5 years,
      51.1% were women, 70.9% lived in the major cities, 14.6% in inner regional, 10.8%
      in outer regional and 3.6% in remote/very remote areas. Relative to major city,
      times walked for recreation was lower for only remote/very remote residents
      (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.74 (95%CI 0.59-0.92), P = 0.008). This difference
      was only observed for men (IRR 0.54 (95%CI 0.39-0.73), P < 0.001). Relative to
      major city, times walked for transport was less for inner regional (IRR 0.74
      (95%CI 0.67-0.85), P < 0.001) and outer regional (IRR 0.64 (95%CI 0.56-0.74), P <
      0.001) only. This difference in transport walking was seen in both men and women.
      CONCLUSION: Frequency of walking varied by purpose, level of remoteness and sex.
      As walking is the focus of population-level health promotion, more detailed
      understanding of the aetiology of regular walking is needed.

PMID- 27378198
TI  - Efficient transmission of IncFIIY and IncL plasmids and Klebsiella pneumoniae
      ST101 clone producing OXA-48, NDM-1 or OXA-181 in Bucharest hospitals.

PMID- 27378199
TI  - Improved Blood Pressure Control to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Morbidity and
      Mortality: The Standardized Hypertension Treatment and Prevention Project.
AB  - Hypertension is the leading remediable risk factor for cardiovascular disease,
      affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide, and is responsible for more than
      10 million preventable deaths globally each year. While hypertension can be
      successfully diagnosed and treated, only one in seven persons with hypertension
      have controlled blood pressure. To meet the challenge of improving the control of
      hypertension, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, the authors
      developed the Standardized Hypertension Treatment and Prevention Project, which
      involves a health systems-strengthening approach that advocates for standardized
      hypertension management using evidence-based interventions. These interventions
      include the use of standardized treatment protocols, a core set of medications
      along with improved procurement mechanisms to increase the availability and
      affordability of these medications, registries for cohort monitoring and
      evaluation, patient empowerment, team-based care (task shifting), and community
      engagement. With political will and strong partnerships, this approach provides
      the groundwork to reduce high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease-related
      morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 27378200
TI  - Associations between liking for fat, sweet or salt and obesity risk in French
      adults: a prospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individual sensory liking appears to be an important determinant of
      dietary intake and may consequently influence weight status. Cross-sectional
      studies have shown positive association between fat liking and weight status and
      equivocal results regarding salt and sweet liking. Moreover, the contribution of
      dietary intake to explain this relationship has not been studied yet. We
      investigated the prospective association between sensory liking for fat, sweet or
      salt and the onset of obesity over 5 years in adults, and the mediating effect of
      dietary intake. METHODS: We prospectively examine the risk of obesity among
      24,776 French adults participating in the NutriNet-Sante cohort study. Liking
      scores and dietary data were assessed at baseline using a validated web-based
      questionnaire and 24 h records, respectively. Self-reported anthropometric data
      were collected using web-based questionnaire, each year during 5 years.
      Associations between quartiles of liking for fat, sweet or salt and obesity risk,
      and the mediating effect of diet were assessed by multivariate Cox proportional
      hazards models stratified by gender, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle
      factors. RESULTS: In both genders, sensory liking for fat was associated with an
      increased risk of obesity (hazard ratios for quartile 4 compared to quartile 1,
      men: HR(Q4vs.Q1) = 2.39 (95% CI 1.39,4.11) P-trend = 0.0005, women: HR(Q4vs.Q1) =
      2.02 (1.51,2.71) P-trend = <0.0001). Dietary intake explained 32% in men and 52%
      in women of the overall variation of liking for fat in obesity. Sensory liking
      for sweet was associated with a decreased risk of obesity (men: HR(Q4vs.Q1) =
      0.51 (0.31,0.83) P-trend = 0.01, women: HR(Q4vs.Q1) = 0.72 (0.54,0.96) P-trend =
      0.035). No significant association between salt liking and the risk of obesity
      was found. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike sweet and salt liking, higher liking for fat
      appears to be a major risk factor of obesity, largely explained by dietary
      intake. Our findings emphasize the need to centrally position sensory liking in
      obesity prevention.

PMID- 27378201
TI  - The effects of direct hemoperfusion using a polymyxin B-immobilized column in a
      pig model of severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hemoperfusion through a column containing polymyxin B-immobilized
      fiber (PMX-HP) is beneficial in abdominal sepsis. We assessed the effects of PMX
      HP in a model of severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. METHODS: Eighteen pigs
      with severe P. aeruginosa pneumonia were mechanically ventilated for 76 h. Pigs
      were randomized to receive standard treatment with fluids and vasoactive drugs,
      or standard treatment with two 3-h PMX-HP sessions. Antibiotics against P.
      aeruginosa were never administered. We assessed endotoxemia through the endotoxin
      activity assay (EA). We measured the static lung elastance, ratio of arterial
      partial pressure per inspiratory fraction of oxygen (PaO2/FIO2), mean arterial
      pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and inotropic score.
      Finally, every 24 h, we assessed complete blood count. RESULTS: In comparison
      with the control group, PMX-HP decreased percentage of circulating neutrophils
      from 47.4 +/- 13.8 to 40.8 +/- 11.5 % (p = 0.009). In a subgroup of animals with
      the worst hemodynamic impairment, EA in the control and PMX-HP groups was 0.50 +/
      0.29 and 0.29 +/- 0.14, respectively (p = 0.018). Additionally, in the control
      and PMX-HP groups, static lung elastance was 26.9 +/- 8.7 and 25.3 +/- 7.5 cm
      H2O/L (p = 0.558), PaO2/FIO2 was 347.3 +/- 61.9 and 356.4 +/- 84.0 mmHg (p =
      0.118), mean arterial pressure was 81.2 +/- 10.3 and 81.6 +/- 13.1 mmHg (p =
      0.960), cardiac output was 3.30 +/- 1.11 and 3.28 +/- 1.19 L/min (p = 0.535),
      systemic vascular resistance was 1982.6 +/- 608.4 and 2011.8 +/- 750.0 dyne/s/cm(
      5) (p = 0.939), and inotropic score was 0.25 +/- 0.10 and 0.26 +/- 0.18 (p =
      0.864). CONCLUSIONS: In mechanically ventilated pigs with severe P. aeruginosa
      pneumonia, PMX-HP does not have any valuable clinical benefit, and studies are
      warranted to fully evaluate a potential role of PMX-HP in septic shock associated
      with severe pulmonary infections.

PMID- 27378202
TI  - A putative mitochondrial calcium uniporter in A. fumigatus contributes to
      mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis and stress responses.
AB  - Ca(2+) uptake into mitochondria plays a central role in cell physiology by
      stimulating ATP production, shaping cytosolic Ca(2+) transients and regulating
      cell survival or death. Although this system has been studied extensively in
      mammalian cells, the physiological implications of Ca(2+) uptake into
      mitochondria in fungal cells are still unknown. In this study, a bi-directional
      best-hit BLASTP search revealed that the genome of Aspergillus fumigatus encodes
      a homolog of a putative mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter (MCU) and a mitochondrial
      carrier protein AGC1/MICU1 homolog. Both putative homologs are mitochondrially
      localized and required for the response to azole and oxidative stress such that
      the loss of either McuA or AgcA results in reduced susceptibility to azole and
      oxidative stress, suggesting a role in environmental stress adaptation.
      Overexpressing mcuA restores the azole-resistance phenotype of the DeltaagcA
      strain to wild-type levels, but not vice versa, indicating McuA plays a dominant
      role during these stress responses. Using a mitochondrially targeted version of
      the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin, we found that only mcuA deletion
      leads to dysfunctional [Ca(2+)]mt and [Ca(2+)]c homeostasis, suggesting that
      McuA, but not AgcA, contributes to Ca(2+) uptake into mitochondria. Further point
      mutation experiments combined with extracellular Ca(2+) chelator treatment
      verified that two predicted Ca(2+)-binding sites in McuA are required for Ca(2+)
      uptake into mitochondria and stress responses through the regulation of [Ca(2+)]c
      homeostasis.

PMID- 27378203
TI  - Metabolic activity in dormant conidia of Aspergillus niger and developmental
      changes during conidial outgrowth.
AB  - The early stages of development of Aspergillus niger conidia during outgrowth
      were explored by combining genome-wide gene expression analysis (RNAseq),
      proteomics, Warburg manometry and uptake studies. Resting conidia suspended in
      water were demonstrated for the first time to be metabolically active as low
      levels of oxygen uptake and the generation of carbon dioxide were detected,
      suggesting that low-level respiratory metabolism occurs in conidia for
      maintenance. Upon triggering of spore germination, generation of CO2 increased
      dramatically. For a short period, which coincided with mobilisation of the
      intracellular polyol, trehalose, there was no increase in uptake of O2 indicating
      that trehalose was metabolised by fermentation. Data from genome-wide mRNA
      profiling showed the presence of transcripts associated with fermentative and
      respiratory metabolism in resting conidia. Following triggering of conidial
      outgrowth, there was a clear switch to respiration after 25min, confirmed by
      cyanide inhibition. No effect of SHAM, salicylhydroxamic acid, on respiration
      suggests electron flow via cytochrome c oxidase. Glucose entry into spores was
      not detectable before 1h after triggering germination. The impact of sorbic acid
      on germination was examined and we showed that it inhibits glucose uptake. O2
      uptake was also inhibited, delaying the onset of respiration and extending the
      period of fermentation. In conclusion, we show that conidia suspended in water
      are not completely dormant and that conidial outgrowth involves fermentative
      metabolism that precedes respiration.

PMID- 27378204
TI  - Ligand-targeted bacterial minicells: Futuristic nano-sized drug delivery system
      for the efficient and cost effective delivery of shRNA to cancer cells.
AB  - In this study, shRNA against VEGFA was packaged in bacterial minicells and
      surface of minicells was modified with folic acid. Analysis of cellular
      internalization revealed that folic acid conjugated minicells internalized
      through receptor mediated endocytosis in folate and PSMA receptor positive KB and
      LNCaP cells, respectively. In contrast, A549 (folate receptor negative) cells
      showed minute internalization. In vitro delivery of FAminicellsVEGFA
      significantly reduced the expression of VEGFA mRNA in KB and LNCaP cells whereas
      expression of VEGFA remained unaltered in A549 cells. FAminicellsVEGFA
      significantly reduced tumor volume in mice bearing KB and LNCaP xenograft. On
      contrary, gradual increase in the tumor volume was recorded in A549 xenograft.
      FAminicellsVEGFA significantly silenced the VEGFA mRNA in KB and LNCaP xenograft.
      Expression of VEGFA remained same in FAminicellsVEGFA delivered A549 xenograft.
      In vivo biodistribution study showed that majority of FAminicellsVEGFA were
      localized in the tumor followed by intravenous administration.

PMID- 27378205
TI  - Heparin-appended polycaprolactone core/corona nanoparticles for site specific
      delivery of 5-fluorouracil.
AB  - The aim of the present work is to formulate heparin-modified-polycaprolactone
      (HEP) core shell nanoparticles (NPs) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). These NPs were
      characterized for various in vitro parameters like particle size, zeta potential,
      etc. HEP NPs were found to maintain comparatively slower drug release pattern
      (98.9% in 96 h) than PCL NPs. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated a massive
      cytotoxic potential of 5-FU-loaded HEP NPs in A549, MDA-MD-435, and SK-OV-3
      cancer cell lines. Pharmacokinetic parameters were also determined in blood after
      IV administration of HEP NPs: AUC, Cmax, MRT, and Tmax values are 6096.075 +/-
      5.90 MUg h/mL, 144.38 +/- 1.52 MUg/L, 58.71 +/- 0.25 h, 96 +/- 0.50 h,
      respectively and 117.92 +/- 1.78, 45.35 +/- 3.00, 1.2 +/- 0.25, 0.5 +/- 0.02 in
      plain 5-FU solution.

PMID- 27378207
TI  - Arterioveneuze Aneurysmata Van De Long.
AB  - A case history is presented of a 12 year old girl with pulmonary arteriovenous
      fistula. The diagnosis was based on clinical and radiological signs and on
      physiological evidence for a large arteriovenous shunting of blood in the lungs.
      As an unexpected other finding, diffusing capacity was markedly decreased. The
      largest radiologically apparent fistula, situated in the right lower lobe, was
      resected; peroperative clamping of pulmonary arterial blood supply to the
      affected lobe substantiated the presence of an arteriovenous fistula. Following
      surgery, arteriovenous shunting was found to be only slightly decreased (from 30
      % to 25 % of cardiac output). In the resected lobe cavernous angiomata were
      demonstrated but also multiple capillary teleangiectases and marked thickening of
      alveolar walls. We suggest that the finding of a decreased diffuing capacity in
      patients with arteriovenous fistula indicates diffuse pulmonary disease which
      precludes surgical correction. A review of recent literature on pulmonary
      arteriovenous fistula is presented. 

PMID- 27378206
TI  - Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data
      meta-analysis.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine whether the allergy status and other
      characteristics of common cold patients modify the effects of zinc acetate
      lozenges. METHODS: We had available individual patient data for three randomized
      placebo-controlled trials in which zinc acetate lozenges were administered to
      common cold patients. We used both one stage and two stage meta-analysis to
      estimate the effects of zinc lozenges. RESULTS: The total number of common cold
      patients was 199, the majority being females. Eighty percent of them fell into
      the age range 20-50 years. One third of the patients had allergies. The one stage
      meta-analysis gave an overall estimate of 2.73 days (95% CI 1.8, 3.3 days)
      shorter colds by zinc acetate lozenge usage. The two stage meta-analysis gave an
      estimate of 2.94 days (95% CI 2.1, 3.8 days) reduction in common cold duration.
      These estimates are to be compared with the 7 day average duration of colds in
      the three trials. The effect of zinc lozenges was not modified by allergy status,
      smoking, baseline severity of the common cold, age, gender or ethnic group.
      CONCLUSION: Since the effects of zinc acetate lozenges were consistent between
      the compared subgroups, the overall estimates for effect seemed applicable over a
      wide range of common cold patients. While the optimal composition of zinc
      lozenges and the best frequency of their administration should be further
      investigated, given the current evidence of efficacy, common cold patients may be
      encouraged to try zinc lozenges for treating their colds.

PMID- 27378209
TI  - Postsynthetic Inner-Surface Functionalization of the Highly Stable Zirconium
      Based Metal-Organic Framework DUT-67.
AB  - A postsynthetic functionalization approach was used to tailor the hydrophobicity
      of DUT-67, a metal-organic framework (MOF) consisting of 8-connected Zr6O6(OH)2
      clusters and 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate as the ligand, using postsynthetic
      exchange of the modulator by fluorinated monocarboxylates. Water adsorption
      isotherms demonstrated that, by the incorporation of such hydrophobic molecules,
      the hydrophobicity of the inner surface of the network can be tuned. Furthermore,
      tolerance of the material toward the removal of adsorbed water can be
      significantly enhanced compared to the parent DUT-67 MOF. 

PMID- 27378210
TI  - Sticking to (first) principles: quantum molecular dynamics and Bayesian
      probabilistic methods to simulate aquatic pollutant absorption spectra.
AB  - This work explores the relationship between theoretically predicted excitation
      energies and experimental molar absorption spectra as they pertain to
      environmental aquatic photochemistry. An overview of pertinent Quantum Chemical
      descriptions of sunlight-driven electronic transitions in organic pollutants is
      presented. Second, a combined molecular dynamics (MD), time-dependent density
      functional theory (TD-DFT) analysis of the ultraviolet to visible (UV-Vis)
      absorption spectra of six model organic compounds is presented alongside accurate
      experimental data. The functional relationship between the experimentally
      observed molar absorption spectrum and the discrete quantum transitions is
      examined. A rigorous comparison of the accuracy of the theoretical transition
      energies (DeltaES0->Sn) and oscillator strength (fS0->Sn) is afforded by the
      probabilistic convolution and deconvolution procedure described. This method of
      deconvolution of experimental spectra using a Gaussian Mixture Model combined
      with Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) to determine the mean (MU) and standard
      deviation (sigma) as well as the number of observed singlet to singlet transition
      energy state distributions. This procedure allows a direct comparison of the one
      electron (quantum) transitions that are the result of quantum chemical
      calculations and the ensemble of non-adiabatic quantum states that produce the
      macroscopic effect of a molar absorption spectrum. Poor agreement between the
      vertical excitation energies produced from TD-DFT calculations with five
      different functionals (CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, M06-2X, BP86, and LC-BLYP) suggest a
      failure of the theory to capture the low energy, environmentally important,
      electronic transitions in our model organic pollutants. However, the method of
      explicit-solvation of the organic solute using the quantum Effective Fragment
      Potential (EFP) in a density functional molecular dynamics trajectory simulation
      shows promise as a robust model of the hydrated organic pollutant. Furthermore,
      the described protocol can be extended using higher-level equilibration and
      vertical excitation methods to increase the numerical accuracy and describe multi
      reference electronic transitions. Finally, a measure of the accuracy of
      theoretically derived absorption spectra is discussed as a tool to further
      develop our capacity to produce accurate a priori simulations of sunlight-driven
      photochemistry in natural waters. 

PMID- 27378211
TI  - Commentary: Cerebral Lateralization is Protective in the Very Prematurely Born.

PMID- 27378212
TI  - Radiotherapy for diffuse brainstem glioma in children and young adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diffuse brainstem glioma is a devastating disease with very poor
      prognosis. The most commonly used radiological treatment is conventional
      fractionated radiation. So far, there is no meta-analysis or systematic review
      available that assesses the benefits or harms of radiation in people with diffuse
      brainstem glioma. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of conventional fractionated
      radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) versus other therapies (including
      different radiotherapy techniques) for newly diagnosed diffuse brainstem gliomas
      in children and young adults aged 0 to 21 years. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE/PubMed, and
      EMBASE to 19 August 2015. We scanned conference proceedings from the
      International Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOP), International Symposium on
      Paediatric Neuro-Oncology (ISPNO), Society of Neuro-Oncology (SNO), and European
      Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO) from 1 January 2010 to 19 August 2015. We
      searched trial registers including the International Standard Randomised
      Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) Register, the World Health Organization (WHO)
      International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and the register of the
      National Institutes of Health to 19 August 2015. We imposed no language
      restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi
      randomised trials (QRCTs), or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) that compared
      conventional fractionated radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) versus
      other therapies (including different radiotherapy techniques) for newly diagnosed
      diffuse brainstem glioma in children and young adults aged 0 to 21 years. DATA
      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened studies for
      inclusion, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias in each eligible trial, and
      conducted GRADE assessment of included studies. We resolved disagreements through
      discussion. We performed analyses according to the guidelines of the Cochrane
      Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. MAIN RESULTS: We identified two
      RCTs that fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The two trials tested different
      comparisons.One multi-institutional RCT included 130 participants and compared
      hyperfractionated radiotherapy (six-week course with twice a day treatment of 117
      cGy per fraction to a total dose of 7020 cGy) with conventional radiotherapy (six
      week course with once a day treatment of 180 cGy per fraction to a total dose of
      5400 cGy). The median time overall survival (OS) was 8.5 months in the
      conventional group and 8.0 months in the hyperfractionated group. We detected no
      clear evidence of effect on OS or event-free survival (EFS) in participants
      receiving hyperfractionated radiotherapy compared with conventional radiotherapy
      (OS: hazard ratio (HR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75 to 1.53; EFS: HR
      1.26, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.90). Radiological response (risk ratio (RR) 0.94, 95% CI
      0.54 to 1.63) and various types of toxicities were similar in the two groups.
      There was no information on other outcomes. According to the GRADE approach, we
      judged the quality of evidence to be low (i.e. further research is very likely to
      have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is
      likely to change the estimate) for OS and EFS, and very low (i.e. we are very
      uncertain about the estimate) for radiological response and toxicities.The second
      RCT included 71 participants and compared hypofractionated radiotherapy (39 Gy in
      13 fractions over 2.6 weeks, 3 Gy per fraction) with conventional radiotherapy
      (54 Gy in 30 fractions over six weeks, 1.8 Gy per fraction). This trial reported
      a median OS of 7.8 months for the hypofractionated group and 9.5 months for the
      conventional group. It reported a progression-free survival (PFS) of 6.3 months
      for the hypofractionated group and 7.3 months for the conventional group. We
      found no clear evidence of effect on OS (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.53 to 2.01) or PFS (HR
      1.19, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.22) in participants receiving hypofractionated
      radiotherapy when compared with participants receiving conventional radiotherapy.
      The mainly observed adverse effect was local erythema and dry desquamation
      especially behind the auricles. There were some other toxicities, but there was
      no statistically significant difference between treatment groups. There was no
      information on other outcomes. We judged the quality of evidence to be moderate
      (i.e. further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in
      the estimate of effect and may change the estimate) for OS, and low for PFS and
      toxicities. It should be mentioned that the sample size in this RCT was small,
      which could lead to insufficient statistical power for a clinically relevant
      outcome. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We could make no definitive conclusions from this
      review based on the currently available evidence. Further research is needed to
      establish the role of radiotherapy in the management of newly diagnosed diffuse
      brainstem glioma in children and young adults. Future RCTs should be conducted
      with adequate power and all relevant outcomes should be taken into consideration.
      Moreover, international multicentre collaboration is encouraged. Considering the
      potential advantage of hypofractionated radiotherapy to decrease the treatment
      burden and increase the quality of remaining life, we suggest that more attention
      should be paid to hypofractionated radiotherapy.

PMID- 27378213
TI  - Extremely Robust and Patternable Electrodes for Copy-Paper-Based Electronics.
AB  - We propose a fabrication process for extremely robust and easily patternable
      silver nanowire (AgNW) electrodes on paper. Using an auxiliary donor layer and a
      simple laminating process, AgNWs can be easily transferred to copy paper as well
      as various other substrates using a dry process. Intercalating a polymeric binder
      between the AgNWs and the substrate through a simple printing technique enhances
      adhesion, not only guaranteeing high foldability of the electrodes, but also
      facilitating selective patterning of the AgNWs. Using the proposed process,
      extremely crease-tolerant electronics based on copy paper can be fabricated, such
      as a printed circuit board for a 7-segment display, portable heater, and
      capacitive touch sensor, demonstrating the applicability of the AgNWs-based
      electrodes to paper electronics. 

PMID- 27378214
TI  - Pharmaceuticals, Their Metabolites, and Other Polar Pollutants in Field-Grown
      Vegetables Irrigated with Treated Municipal Wastewater.
AB  - The reuse of treated municipal wastewater for crop irrigation is a necessity in
      arid and semiarid regions but a potential entrance for emerging contaminants into
      the food chain. However, little attention has yet been paid to the detection of
      micropollutants and possible metabolites in vegetables grown under realistic
      field conditions. In this study, the uptake of 28 micropollutants and
      carbamazepine metabolites in 10 different field-grown vegetable species (among
      them carrot, lettuce, potato, and zucchini) from Jordan was studied. A total of
      12 micropollutants and six carbamazepine metabolites, four of which have never
      been analyzed before in plant-uptake studies, could be detected in all of the
      samples in concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 216 ng per g of dry weight. In
      edible tissues, the total concentration of micropollutants decreased in the order
      of leafy (247-533) > root (73-126) > fruit-bearing (5-76 ng per g of dry weight)
      vegetables. A preliminary health-risk assessment for nine compounds according to
      the TTC concept shows no risk for seven of the micropollutats; for ciprofloxacin
      and 10,11-epoxycarbamazepine, however, more-specific toxicity data would be
      required for a refined risk assessment. 

PMID- 27378215
TI  - A Multistate Molecular Switch Based on the 6,8-Rearrangement in Bromo
      apigeninidin Operated with pH and Host-Guest Inputs.
AB  - The equilibrium between 6- and 8-bromo-apigeninidin is quantitatively displaced
      toward the formation of the former in the presence of cucurbit[7]uril because of
      the selective recognition of the 6-bromo isomer by the host. This phenomenon
      permits us to conceive a unidirectional multistate switch addressed with host
      guest inputs and enables the reversible activation and deactivation of the 6-/8
      bromo-apigeninidin dynamic molecular multistate through coupled host-guest and pH
      inputs.

PMID- 27378216
TI  - Plasma and tissue disposition of florfenicol in Escherichia coli
      lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxaemic sheep.
AB  - 1. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of the acute
      inflammatory response (AIR) induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      on florfenicol (FFC) and FFC-amine (FFC-a) plasma and tissue concentrations. 2.
      Ten Suffolk Down sheep, 60.5 +/- 4.7 kg, were distributed into two experimental
      groups: group 1 (LPS) treated with three intravenous doses of 1 MUg/kg bw of LPS
      at 24, 16, and 0.75 h (45 min) before FFC treatment; group 2 (Control) was
      treated with saline solution (SS) in parallel to group 1. An IM dose of 20 mg
      FFC/kg was administered at 0.75 h after the last injection of LPS or SS. Blood
      and tissue samples were taken after FFC administration. 3. The plasma AUC0-4 h
      values of FFC were higher (p = 0.0313) in sheep treated with LPS (21.8 +/- 2.0
      MUg.min/mL) compared with the control group (12.8 +/- 2.3 MUg.min/mL).
      Lipopolysaccharide injections increased FFC concentrations in kidneys, spleen,
      and brain. Low levels of plasma FFC-a were observed in control sheep (Cmax = 0.14
      +/- 0.01 MUg/mL) with a metabolite ratio (MR) of 4.0 +/- 0.87%. While in the LPS
      group, Cmax increased slightly (0.25 +/- 0.01 MUg/mL), and MR decreased to 2.8 +/
      0.17%. 4. The changes observed in the plasma and tissue concentrations of FFC
      were attributed to the pathophysiological effects of LPS on renal hemodynamics
      that modified tissue distribution and reduced elimination of the drug.

PMID- 27378217
TI  - Chylous ascites after lymphadenectomy for gynecological malignancies.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chylous ascites, an accumulation of milky-white lymph
      fluid in the peritoneal cavity, is a rare complication following retroperitoneal
      lymphadenectomy. This study evaluated the appearance and management of chylous
      ascites following lymphadenectomy for gynecological malignancies. METHODS: A
      total of 931 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy for gynecological
      malignancies at Erlangen University Hospital between 2002 and 2013 were reviewed
      retrospectively. RESULTS: Chylous ascites occurred postoperatively in 28 of the
      931 patients (3.0%). All patients with chylous ascites had undergone combined
      systematic para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy (SAPL). Patients with chylous
      ascites had a larger mean number of lymph nodes removed (51.9 vs. 40.0, P =
      0.002) and the proportion of laparoscopic SAPLs was significantly higher (20/28;
      71.4%) in comparison with open surgery (8/28; 28.6%) (P < 0.0001). Additional
      parameters, such as the number of positive lymph nodes, were not significantly
      associated with the occurrence of chylous ascites. Conservative management was
      sufficient to resolve chylous ascites in all observed cases, with a mean time to
      resolution of 8 days. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative chylous ascites was more
      frequently observed in patients with laparoscopic SAPL in comparison with open
      SAPL and was strongly associated with a larger mean number of removed lymph
      nodes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:613-618. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27378218
TI  - Facile modulation of optical properties of octagold clusters through the control
      of ligand-mediated interactions.
AB  - In the recent development of structurally defined ligand-stabilized gold
      clusters, it has been revealed that not only the inorganic units but also the
      surrounding organic ligands substantially affect their electronic/optical
      properties. In this work, a series of core + exo type Au8 clusters decorated by
      dppp (Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2) and arylthiolate ligands ([Au8(dppp)4(SR)2](2+), 1-5) were
      synthesized, and their optical properties were studied in order to gain insights
      into the perturbation effects of the organic ligands. 1-5 showed visible
      absorption and photoluminescence emission bands at longer wavelengths compared to
      their chloro- and acetylide-modified analogues, suggesting the contribution of
      weak non-bonding interactions of the Au framework with the ligand heteroatoms.
      Upon acid treatment, 2- and 4-pyridinethiolate clusters (R = Py, 2 and 4) showed
      larger red shifts of the absorption and emission bands than the 3-pyridyl isomer
      (3), implying the involvement of the resonance structures of the SPy units. On
      the other hand, all regioisomers (2-4) showed large photoluminescence
      enhancements upon pyridine protonation. X-ray crystallographic and NMR analyses
      of 4 and its protonated form (4') showed that the electron-deficient pyridinium
      rings of 4' form pi-stacks with neighbouring phenyl groups of dppp, suggesting
      that the orientation of the surface aromatics is a plausible factor governing the
      emission efficiency. These observations provide examples of successful modulation
      of optical properties of small gold clusters through the electronic and/or steric
      perturbation by the proximal organic ligands, highlighting the importance of the
      ligand design in the fine tuning of cluster properties directed for optical
      chemosensors and luminescent materials. 

PMID- 27378219
TI  - Dietary unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil supplementation
      attenuates lung injury and DNA damage of rats co-exposed to aluminum and
      acrylamide.
AB  - Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and acrylamide (ACR) are well known as environmental
      pollutants inducing oxidative stress. Our study investigated the effects of these
      contaminants and if the hydrophilic fraction of extra virgin olive oil was able
      to prevent lung oxidative stress and DNA damage. Animals were divided into four
      groups of six each: group 1, serving as controls, received distilled water; group
      2 received in drinking water aluminum chloride (50 mg/ kg body weight) and by
      gavage acrylamide (20 mg/kg body weight); group 3 received both aluminum and
      acrylamide in the same way and the same dose as group 2 and hydrophilic fraction
      from olive oil (OOHF) (1 ml) by gavage; group 4 received only OOHF by gavage.
      Exposure of rats to both aluminum and acrylamide provoked oxidative stress in
      lung tissue based on biochemical parameters and histopathological alterations. In
      fact, we have observed an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, and advanced
      oxidation protein product (AOPP) and a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), non
      protein thiols (NPSH), and vitamin C levels. Activities of catalase (CAT),
      glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also decreased.
      Histopathological changes in lung tissue were noted like emphysema, vascular
      congestion, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. A random DNA degradation was
      observed on agarose gel in the lung of AlCl3 and acrylamide (ACR)-treated rats.
      Co-administration of OOHF to treated rats improved biochemical parameters to near
      control values and lung histoarchitecture. The smear formation of genomic DNA was
      reduced. The hydrophilic fraction of extra virgin olive oil might provide a basis
      for developing a new dietary supplementation strategy in order to prevent lung
      tissue damage. 

PMID- 27378221
TI  - Addition to Special Issue "Fate and effects of the residues of anticancer drugs
      in the environment".

PMID- 27378220
TI  - Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and their major degradation product
      residues in food samples by HPLC-UV.
AB  - A simple method based on dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) and dispersive
      liquid-liquid microextraction method based on solidification of floating organic
      droplets (DLLME-SFO) was developed for the extraction of chlorpyrifos (CP),
      chlorpyrifos-methyl (CPM), and their main degradation product 3,5,6-trichloro-2
      pyridinol (TCP) in tomato and cucumber samples. The determination was carried out
      by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV).
      In the DSPE-DLLME-SFO, the analytes were first extracted with acetone. The clean
      up of the extract by DSPE was carried out by directly adding activated carbon
      sorbent into the extract solution, followed by shaking and filtration. Under the
      optimum conditions, the proposed method was sensitive and showed a good linearity
      within a range of 2-500 ng/g, with the correlation coefficients (r) varying from
      0.9991 to 0.9996. The enrichment factors ranged from 127 to 138. The limit of
      detections (LODs) were in the range of 0.12-0.68 ng/g, and the relative standard
      deviations (RSDs) for 50 ng/g of each analytes in tomato samples were in the
      range of 3.25-6.26 % (n = 5). The proposed method was successfully applied for
      the extraction and determination of the mentioned analytes residues in tomato and
      cucumber samples, and satisfactory results were obtained. 

PMID- 27378222
TI  - Modeling urban air pollution with optimized hierarchical fuzzy inference system.
AB  - Environmental exposure assessments (EEA) and epidemiological studies require
      urban air pollution models with appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions.
      Uncertain available data and inflexible models can limit air pollution modeling
      techniques, particularly in under developing countries. This paper develops a
      hierarchical fuzzy inference system (HFIS) to model air pollution under different
      land use, transportation, and meteorological conditions. To improve performance,
      the system treats the issue as a large-scale and high-dimensional problem and
      develops the proposed model using a three-step approach. In the first step, a
      geospatial information system (GIS) and probabilistic methods are used to
      preprocess the data. In the second step, a hierarchical structure is generated
      based on the problem. In the third step, the accuracy and complexity of the model
      are simultaneously optimized with a multiple objective particle swarm
      optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. We examine the capabilities of the proposed model
      for predicting daily and annual mean PM2.5 and NO2 and compare the accuracy of
      the results with representative models from existing literature. The benefits
      provided by the model features, including probabilistic preprocessing, multi
      objective optimization, and hierarchical structure, are precisely evaluated by
      comparing five different consecutive models in terms of accuracy and complexity
      criteria. Fivefold cross validation is used to assess the performance of the
      generated models. The respective average RMSEs and coefficients of determination
      (R (2)) for the test datasets using proposed model are as follows: daily PM2.5 =
      (8.13, 0.78), annual mean PM2.5 = (4.96, 0.80), daily NO2 = (5.63, 0.79), and
      annual mean NO2 = (2.89, 0.83). The obtained results demonstrate that the
      developed hierarchical fuzzy inference system can be utilized for modeling air
      pollution in EEA and epidemiological studies. 

PMID- 27378223
TI  - Theoretical study and control optimization of an integrated pest management
      predator-prey model with power growth rate.
AB  - This work presents a pest control predator-prey model, where rate of change in
      prey density follows a scaling law with exponent less than one and the control is
      by an integrated management strategy. The aim is to investigate the change in
      system dynamics and determine a pest control level with minimum control price.
      First, the dynamics of the proposed model without control is investigated by
      taking the exponent as an index parameter. And then, to determine the frequency
      of spraying chemical pesticide and yield releases of the predator, the existence
      of the order-1 periodic orbit of the control system is discussed in cases.
      Furthermore, to ensure a certain robustness of the adopted control, i.e., for an
      inaccurately detected species density or a deviation, the control system could be
      stabilized at the order-1 periodic orbit, the stability of the order-1 periodic
      orbit is verified by an stability criterion for a general semi-continuous
      dynamical system. In addition, to minimize the total cost input in pest control,
      an optimization problem is formulated and the optimum pest control level is
      obtained. At last, the numerical simulations with a specific model are carried
      out to complement the theoretical results.

PMID- 27378224
TI  - Prognostic factors, pathophysiology and novel biomarkers in Crimean-Congo
      hemorrhagic fever.
AB  - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a geographically widespread tick-borne
      zoonosis. The clinical spectrum of the illness varies from mild infection to
      severe disease and death. In severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations develop,
      with fatality rates of 4-20%, depending on the geographic region and quality of
      the health care. Although vast majority of the CCHF cases were reported from
      Turkey, mortality rate is lower than the other regions, which is 5% on average.
      Prediction of the clinical course of the disease enables appropriate management
      planning by the physician and prompt transportation, if needed, of the patient to
      a tertiary care hospital for an intensive therapy. Thus, predicting the outcome
      of the disease may avert potential mortality. There are numerous studies
      investigating the prognostic factors of CCHF in the literature. Majority of them
      were reported from Turkey and included investigations on clinical and biochemical
      parameters, severity scoring systems and some novel biomarkers. Somnolence,
      bleeding, thrombocytopenia, elevated liver enzymes and prolonged bleeding times
      are the most frequently reported prognostic factors to predict the clinical
      course of the disease earlier. High viral load seems to be the strongest
      predictor to make a clinical decision about the patient outcome. The severity
      scoring systems based on clinically important mortality-related parameters are
      especially useful for clinicians working in the field to predict the course of
      the disease and to decide which patient should be referred to a tertiary care
      hospital for intensive care. In the light of the pathophysiological
      characteristics of CCHF, some new biomarkers of prognosis including cytokines,
      soluble adhesion molecules, genetic polymorphisms and coagulopathy parameters
      were also investigated. However most of these tests are not available to
      clinicians and they were obtained mostly for research purposes. In spite of the
      various studies about prognostic factors, they have several inherent limitations,
      including large variability in the results and confusing data that are not useful
      for clinicians in routine practice. In this paper, the results of diverse studies
      of the prediction of the prognosis in CCHF based on epidemiological, clinical and
      laboratory findings of the disease were summarized and suggestions for future
      studies are provided.

PMID- 27378225
TI  - Prevention strategies differentially modulate the impact of cytomegalovirus
      replication on CD8(+) T-cell differentiation in high-risk solid organ transplant
      patients.
AB  - The present study aimed to determine whether antiviral prevention strategies
      against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection used in high-risk D+R- solid organ
      transplanted patients can modulate the impact of CMV replication on CD8(+) T-cell
      differentiation. The different CD8(+) T-cell subpopulations were measured at a
      single point when at least one year had elapsed since transplantation. A total of
      68 D+R- patients were included, of which 33 underwent pre-emptive therapy and 35
      received prophylaxis. Multivariate analysis showed that CMV replication was
      associated with the expansion of CD28? EMRA CD8(+) T cells in patients managed
      pre-emptively but not in patients under prophylaxis (21.4% vs. 3.6%). This
      finding is likely related to the higher frequency of CMV recurrence observed in
      patients under pre-emptive therapy compared to those under prophylaxis (75% vs.
      14.3%; p < 0.001). In fact, multivariate analysis showed that having more than
      one replication episode was associated with a 17.2% increase (p = 0.001) in the
      percentage of CD28? EMRA CD8(+) T cells compared to "no episode" and with a 10.9%
      increase with respect to "single episodes" (p = 0.025). Additionally, patients
      with IFNgamma response to CMV (QuantiFERON-CMV Reactive) had a higher percentage
      of late-differentiated CD8(+) T cells than patients lacking this response. In
      summary, recurrent CMV replication in D+R- patients under pre-emptive therapy was
      associated with the expansion of CD28? EMRA CD8(+) T cells, which might have a
      short-term beneficial effect related to the high functionality of this T-cell
      subpopulation. Nevertheless, we cannot rule out that this accumulation might have
      a long-term detrimental effect related to immunosenescence and inflammation.

PMID- 27378226
TI  - The Membrane-Bound Form of IL-17A Promotes the Growth and Tumorigenicity of Colon
      Cancer Cells.
AB  - Interleukin-17A is a member of the IL-17 family, and is known as CTLA8 in the
      mouse. It is produced by T lymphocytes and NK cells and has proinflammatory
      roles, inducing cytokine and chemokine production. However, its role in tumor
      biology remains controversial. We investigated the effects of locally produced IL
      17A by transferring the gene encoding it into CT26 colon cancer cells, either in
      a secretory or a membrane-bound form. Expression of the membrane-bound form on
      CT26 cells dramatically enhanced their proliferation in vitro. The enhanced
      growth was shown to be due to an increased rate of cell cycle progression: after
      synchronizing cells by adding and withdrawing colcemid, the rate of cell cycle
      progression in the cells expressing the membrane-bound form of IL-17A was much
      faster than that of the control cells. Both secretory and membrane-bound IL-17A
      induced the expression of Sca-1 in the cancer cells. When tumor clones were
      grafted into syngeneic BALB/c mice, the tumor clones expressing the membrane
      bound form IL-17A grew rapidly; those expressing the secretory form also grew
      faster than the wild type CT26 cells, but slower than the clones expressing the
      membrane-bound form. These results indicate that IL-17A promotes tumorigenicity
      by enhancing cell cycle progression. This finding should be considered in
      treating tumors and immune-related diseases. 

PMID- 27378227
TI  - A Pair of Oviduct-Born Pickpocket Neurons Important for Egg-Laying in Drosophila
      melanogaster.
AB  - During copulation, male Drosophila transfers Sex Peptide (SP) to females where it
      acts on internal sensory neurons expressing pickpocket (ppk). These neurons
      induce a post-mating response (PMR) that includes elevated egg-laying and
      refractoriness to re-mating. Exactly how ppk neurons regulate the different
      aspects of the PMR, however, remains unclear. Here, we identify a small subset of
      the ppk neurons which requires expression of a pre-mRNA splicing factor CG3542
      for egg-laying, but not refractoriness to mating. We identify two CG3542-ppk
      expressing neurons that innervate the upper oviduct and appear to be responsible
      for normal egg-laying. Our results suggest specific subsets of the ppk neurons
      are responsible for each PMR component. 

PMID- 27378228
TI  - Is it a matter of urgency? A survey of assessments by walk-in patients and
      doctors of the urgency level of their encounters at a general emergency
      outpatient clinic in Oslo, Norway.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emergency room (ER) use is increasing in several countries.
      Variability in the proportion of non-urgent ER visits was found to range from 5
      to 90 % (median 32 %). Non-urgent emergency visits are considered an
      inappropriate and inefficient use of the health-care system because they may lead
      to higher expenses, crowding, treatment delays, and loss of continuity of health
      care provided by a general practitioner. Urgency levels of doctor-walk-in patient
      encounters were assessed based on their region of origin in a diverse Norwegian
      population. METHODS: An anonymous, multilingual questionnaire was distributed to
      all walk-in patients at a general emergency outpatient clinic in Oslo during two
      weeks in September 2009. We analysed demographic data, patient-doctor assessments
      of the level of urgency, and the results of the consultation. We used descriptive
      statistics to obtain frequencies with 95 % confidence interval (CI) for assessed
      levels of urgency and outcomes. Concordance between the patients' and doctors'
      assessments was analysed using a Kendall tau-b test. We used binary logistic
      regression modelling to quantify associations of explanatory variables and
      outcomes according to urgency level assessments. RESULTS: The analysis included
      1821 walk-in patients. Twenty-four per cent of the patients considered their
      emergency consultation to be non-urgent, while the doctors considered 64 % of
      encounters to be non-urgent. The concordance between the assessments by the
      patient and by their doctor was positive but low, with a Kendall tau-b
      coefficient of 0.202 (p < 0.001). Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed
      that patients from Eastern Europe (odds ratio (OR) = 3.04; 95 % CI 1.60-5.78),
      Asia and Turkey (OR = 4.08; 95 % CI 2.43-6.84), and Africa (OR = 8.47; 95 % CI
      3.87-18.5) reported significantly higher urgency levels compared with Norwegians.
      The doctors reported no significant difference in assessment of urgency based on
      the patient's region of origin, except for Africans (OR = 0.64; 95 % CI 0.43
      0.96). CONCLUSION: This study reveals discrepancies between assessments by walk
      in patients and doctors of the urgency level of their encounters at a general
      emergency clinic. The patients' self-assessed perception of the urgency level was
      related to their region of origin.

PMID- 27378229
TI  - Modeling of successive cancer risks in Lynch syndrome families in the presence of
      competing risks using copulas.
AB  - In this article, we propose an association model to estimate the penetrance
      (risk) of successive cancers in the presence of competing risks. The association
      between the successive events is modeled via a copula and a proportional hazards
      model is specified for each competing event. This work is motivated by the
      analysis of successive cancers for people with Lynch Syndrome in the presence of
      competing risks. The proposed inference procedure is adapted to handle missing
      genetic covariates and selection bias, induced by the data collection protocol of
      the data at hand. The performance of the proposed estimation procedure is
      evaluated by simulations and its use is illustrated with data from the Colon
      Cancer Family Registry (Colon CFR).

PMID- 27378230
TI  - Assessing quality of life of self-reported rheumatic patients.
AB  - The aims of this study were to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
      in patients with self-reported rheumatic diseases (RD), to classify self-reported
      rheumatic patients in groups according to their health state and to explore the
      associations between health status and sociodemographic variables. Data came from
      the Portuguese Epidemiologic study of the RD. A sample of the Portuguese
      population aged 18 or more (n = 10,661) stratified by region and locality
      dimension was interviewed by trained interviewers and answered a standardized
      questionnaire that included the SF-36v1, the EQ-5D-3L, medical history,
      identification of potential rheumatic diseases, sociodemographic characteristics,
      among others. Descriptive statistics and parametric tests were used to compare
      HRQoL of respondents with and without RD. Comparisons with normative data from
      the Portuguese population were also carried out. A cluster analysis was used to
      classify respondents into homogeneous groups. Regression analyses were used to
      identify factors associated with HRQoL. Respondents with self-reported RD
      assigned a lower self-perception to their health status. The burden of disease
      was observed mainly in physical function, role physical and bodily pain. The EQ
      5D-3L dimensions show similar results: the intensity of problems is significantly
      more evident in respondents with self-reported RD. HRQoL of respondents with self
      reported RD is related to sociodemographic variables and is significantly lower
      when compared with the Portuguese population. Four clusters of homogeneous
      respondents with self-reported RD were formed and characterized according to a
      number of variables. Factors associated with HRQoL were identified. In
      conclusion, suffering from a self-reported RD has a significant impact on self
      perceived health status and on the quality of life. 

PMID- 27378231
TI  - Accounting for treatment by center interaction in sample size determinations and
      the use of surrogate outcomes in the pessary for the prevention of preterm birth
      trial: a simulation study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Pessary for the Prevention of Preterm Birth Study (PS3) is an
      international, multicenter, randomized clinical trial designed to examine the
      effectiveness of the Arabin pessary in preventing preterm birth in pregnant women
      with a short cervix. During the design of the study two methodological issues
      regarding power and sample size were raised. Since treatment in the Standard Arm
      will vary between centers, it is anticipated that so too will the probability of
      preterm birth in that arm. This will likely result in a treatment by center
      interaction, and the issue of how this will affect the sample size requirements
      was raised. The sample size requirements to examine the effect of the pessary on
      the baby's clinical outcome was prohibitively high, so the second issue is how
      best to examine the effect on clinical outcome. The approaches taken to address
      these issues are presented. RESULTS: Simulation and sensitivity analysis were
      used to address the sample size issue. The probability of preterm birth in the
      Standard Arm was assumed to vary between centers following a Beta distribution
      with a mean of 0.3 and a coefficient of variation of 0.3. To address the second
      issue a Bayesian decision model is proposed that combines the information
      regarding the between-treatment difference in the probability of preterm birth
      from PS3 with the data from the Multiple Courses of Antenatal Corticosteroids for
      Preterm Birth Study that relate preterm birth and perinatal mortality/morbidity.
      The approach provides a between-treatment comparison with respect to the
      probability of a bad clinical outcome. The performance of the approach was
      assessed using simulation and sensitivity analysis. Accounting for a possible
      treatment by center interaction increased the sample size from 540 to 700
      patients per arm for the base case. The sample size requirements increase with
      the coefficient of variation and decrease with the number of centers. Under the
      same assumptions used for determining the sample size requirements, the simulated
      mean probability that pessary reduces the risk of perinatal mortality/morbidity
      is 0.98. The simulated mean decreased with coefficient of variation and increased
      with the number of clinical sites. CONCLUSION: Employing simulation and
      sensitivity analysis is a useful approach for determining sample size
      requirements while accounting for the additional uncertainty due to a treatment
      by center interaction. Using a surrogate outcome in conjunction with a Bayesian
      decision model is an efficient way to compare important clinical outcomes in a
      randomized clinical trial in situations where the direct approach requires a
      prohibitively high sample size.

PMID- 27378232
TI  - Relative importance of the determinants of serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D
      in patients with chronic kidney disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The cause of vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease (CKD)
      is probably multi-factorial; however, the relative importance of each potential
      determinant is uncertain. AIMS: To determine factors associated with serum levels
      of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) and their relative importance in a cohort of pre
      dialysis CKD patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Incident patients admitted to a CKD
      outpatient clinic were included. Those who were receiving vitamin D supplements
      or anticonvulsants were excluded. In addition to demographic and clinical data,
      information about outdoor physical activity, season of blood collection,
      prescription of statins, anti-angiotensin drugs and xanthine-oxidase inhibitors
      were included as potential determinants. Johnson's relative weights analysis was
      used to estimate the relative importance of each potential determinant and the
      results were expressed as percentage contribution to multiple R. RESULTS: The
      study group consisted of 397 patients, 30 of whom were excluded. The mean serum
      level of 25OHD was 13.7+/-7.4ng/ml, and 81% of patients had serum levels lower
      than 20ng/ml. By multiple linear regression and relative weights analyses, the
      best determinants of low serum 25OHD levels and their relative importance were:
      higher proteinuria (28.5%), old age (21.4%), low physical activity (19.4%),
      female gender (19.3%) and low serum bicarbonate levels (11.4%). CONCLUSIONS:
      Proteinuria and age are the determinants with the highest relative importance for
      predicting 25OHD levels in CKD patients.

PMID- 27378233
TI  - An Investigation of the Relationship Between the Alliance Negotiation Scale and
      Psychotherapy Process and Outcome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study examines the validity of the Alliance Negotiation Scale
      (ANS) in a psychotherapy research program. Analyses were designed to evaluate the
      relationship between the ANS and psychotherapy process and outcome variables.
      METHOD: Data were collected in a metropolitan psychotherapy research program.
      Participants completed 30 sessions of therapy, postsession assessments, and a
      battery of measures at intake and termination. RESULTS: Relationships were found
      between the ANS and session outcome, working alliance, and the presence of
      ruptures and their resolution. Relationships emerged between the ANS and
      treatment outcome on measures of psychiatric distress and interpersonal problems.
      CONCLUSIONS: The ANS demonstrated relationships with several psychotherapy
      process and outcome variables. The ANS was the most differentiated from the
      working alliance on measures of interpersonal functioning and in discriminating
      personality disorder pathology. These results extend previous findings on the
      ANS' psychometric integrity, and offer new data on the relationship between
      negotiation and treatment outcome.

PMID- 27378234
TI  - Arbitrarily tunable orbital angular momentum of photons.
AB  - Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons, as a new fundamental degree of
      freedom, has excited a great diversity of interest, because of a variety of
      emerging applications. Arbitrarily tunable OAM has gained much attention, but its
      creation remains still a tremendous challenge. We demonstrate the realization of
      well-controlled arbitrarily tunable OAM in both theory and experiment. We present
      the concept of general OAM, which extends the OAM carried by the scalar vortex
      field to the OAM carried by the azimuthally varying polarized vector field. The
      arbitrarily tunable OAM we presented has the same characteristics as the well
      defined integer OAM: intrinsic OAM, uniform local OAM and intensity ring, and
      propagation stability. The arbitrarily tunable OAM has unique natures: it is
      allowed to be flexibly tailored and the radius of the focusing ring can have
      various choices for a desired OAM, which are of great significance to the benefit
      of surprising applications of the arbitrary OAM.

PMID- 27378235
TI  - Chlorogenic Acid Extends the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans via Insulin/IGF-1
      Signaling Pathway.
AB  - Coffee and tea, two of the most popular drinks around the world, share many in
      common from chemical components to beneficial effects on human health. One of
      their shared components, the polyphenols, most notably chlorogenic acid (CGA),
      was supposed to account for many of the beneficial effects on ameliorating
      diseases occurred accompanying people aging, such as the antioxidant effect and
      against diabetes and cardiovascular disease. CGA is also present in many
      traditional Chinese medicines. However, the mechanism of these effects was vague.
      The aging signaling pathways were conservative from yeast and worms to mammals.
      So, we tested if CGA had an effect on aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found
      that CGA could extend the lifespan of C. elegans by up to 20.1%, delay the age
      related decline of body movement, and improve stress resistance. We conducted
      genetic analysis with a series of worm mutants and found that CGA could extend
      the lifespan of the mutants of eat-2, glp-1, and isp-1, but not of daf-2, pdk-1,
      akt-1, akt-2, sgk-1, and clk-1. CGA could activate the FOXO transcription factors
      DAF-16, HSF-1, SKN-1, and HIF-1, but not SIR-2.1. Taken together, CGA might
      extend the lifespan of C. elegans mainly via DAF-16 in insulin/IGF-1 signaling
      pathway.

PMID- 27378238
TI  - Identification of Epigenetic Factor Proteins Expressed in Human Embryonic Stem
      Cell-Derived Trophoblasts and in Human Placental Trophoblasts.
AB  - Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been used to derive trophoblasts through
      differentiation in vitro. Intriguingly, mouse ESCs are prevented from
      differentiation to trophoblasts by certain epigenetic factor proteins such as
      Dnmt1, thus necessitating the study of epigenetic factor proteins during hESC
      differentiation to trophoblasts. We used stable isotope labeling by amino acids
      in cell culture and quantitative proteomics to study changes in the nuclear
      proteome during hESC differentiation to trophoblasts and identified changes in
      the expression of 30 epigenetic factor proteins. Importantly, the DNA
      methyltransferases DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B were downregulated. Additionally, we
      hypothesized that nuclear proteomics of hESC-derived trophoblasts may be used for
      screening epigenetic factor proteins expressed by primary trophoblasts in human
      placental tissue. Accordingly, we conducted immunohistochemistry analysis of six
      epigenetic factor proteins identified from hESC-derived trophoblasts-DNMT1,
      DNMT3B, BAF155, BAF60A, BAF57, and ING5-in 6-9 week human placentas. Indeed,
      expression of these proteins was largely, though not fully, consistent with that
      observed in 6-9 week placental trophoblasts. Our results support the use of hESC
      derived trophoblasts as a model for placental trophoblasts, which will enable
      further investigation of epigenetic factors involved in human trophoblast
      development.

PMID- 27378239
TI  - Lung Cancer Deaths in the National Lung Screening Trial Attributed to Nonsolid
      Nodules.
AB  - Purpose To validate the recommendation of performing annual follow-up of nonsolid
      nodules (NSNs) identified by computed tomographic (CT) screening for lung cancer,
      all cases of lung cancer manifesting as NSN in the National Lung Screening Trial
      (NLST) were reviewed. Materials and Methods Institutional review board and
      informed consent were waived for this study. The NLST database was searched to
      identify all participants with at least one NSN on CT scan with lung cancer as
      the cause of death (COD) documented by the NLST endpoint verification process.
      Among the 26 722 participants, 2534 (9.4%) had one or more NSNs, and lung cancer
      as the COD occurred for 48 participants. On review, 21 of the 48 patients had no
      NSN in the cancerous lobe, which left 27 patients whose CT scans were reviewed by
      four radiologists: Group A (n = 12) were cases of lung cancer as the COD because
      of adenocarcinoma, and group B (n = 15) were cases of lung cancer as the COD
      because of other cell types. Frequency of lung cancer as the COD because of NSN
      and the time from randomization to diagnosis within these groups was determined.
      Results Six of the 12 patients in group A had no NSN in the cancerous lobe
      whereas the remaining six patients had a dominant solid or part-solid nodule in
      the lobe that rapidly grew in four patients, was multifocal in one patient, and
      had a growing NSN in one patient in whom diagnosis was delayed for over 3 years.
      Five of the 15 patients in group B had no NSN, and for the remaining 10 patients,
      lung cancer as the COD was not because of NSN. Conclusion It seems unlikely that
      patients with lung cancer as the COD occurred with solitary or dominant NSN as
      long as annual follow-up was performed. This lends further support that lung
      cancers that manifest as NSNs have an indolent course and can be managed with
      annual follow-up. (c) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 27378236
TI  - Oral Delivery of Protein Drugs Bioencapsulated in Plant Cells.
AB  - Plants cells are now approved by the FDA for cost-effective production of protein
      drugs (PDs) in large-scale current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) hydroponic
      growth facilities. In lyophilized plant cells, PDs are stable at ambient
      temperature for several years, maintaining their folding and efficacy. Upon oral
      delivery, PDs bioencapsulated in plant cells are protected in the stomach from
      acids and enzymes but are subsequently released into the gut lumen by microbes
      that digest the plant cell wall. The large mucosal area of the human intestine
      offers an ideal system for oral drug delivery. When tags (receptor-binding
      proteins or cell-penetrating peptides) are fused to PDs, they efficiently cross
      the intestinal epithelium and are delivered to the circulatory or immune system.
      Unique tags to deliver PDs to human immune or nonimmune cells have been developed
      recently. After crossing the epithelium, ubiquitous proteases cleave off tags at
      engineered sites. PDs are also delivered to the brain or retina by crossing the
      blood-brain or retinal barriers. This review highlights recent advances in PD
      delivery to treat Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, hypertension, Gaucher's or
      ocular diseases, as well as the development of affordable drugs by eliminating
      prohibitively expensive purification, cold chain and sterile delivery.

PMID- 27378237
TI  - Morpholino-mediated Knockdown of DUX4 Toward Facioscapulohumeral Muscular
      Dystrophy Therapeutics.
AB  - Derepression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle has emerged as a likely cause of
      pathology in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Here we report on the
      use of antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides to suppress DUX4
      expression and function in FSHD myotubes and xenografts. The most effective was
      phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide FM10, which targets the
      polyadenylation signal of DUX4. FM10 had no significant cell toxicity, and RNA
      seq analyses of FSHD and control myotubes revealed that FM10 down-regulated many
      transcriptional targets of DUX4, without overt off-target effects.
      Electroporation of FM10 into FSHD patient muscle xenografts in mice also down
      regulated DUX4 and DUX4 targets. These findings demonstrate the potential of
      antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides as an FSHD therapeutic
      option.

PMID- 27378240
TI  - Photodegradation of the azole fungicide climbazole by ultraviolet irradiation
      under different conditions: Kinetics, mechanism and toxicity evaluation.
AB  - Climbazole (CZ) has been known to persist in various environmental media, and may
      cause potential risks to aquatic organisms. This study investigated the
      photodegradation of CZ by ultraviolet (UV, 254nm) under different conditions. The
      results revealed that CZ could be effectively degraded in aqueous solutions under
      UV-254 irradiation with a half-life of 9.78min (pH=7.5), and the photodegradation
      followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. pH had almost no effect on its rate
      constants and quantum yields; but the water quality of natural waters could
      affect the photolysis of CZ, and the coexisting constituents such as Fe(3+), NO3(
      ), and HA obviously inhibited its photolysis. The addition of different radical
      scavengers also inhibited the photodegradation of CZ due to the reduction of
      reactive oxygen species (ROS). CZ underwent direct and self-sensitized photolysis
      involving ROS. Based on the identified photodegradation by-products, the proposed
      pathways included hydroxylative dechlorination, dechlorination and de-pinacolone.
      Moreover, toxicity evaluation using duckweed found significant toxicity reduction
      in the photodegradation system of CZ after the irradiation of UV-254, and the
      remaining by-products did not pose extra toxicity compared with CZ itself. These
      findings from present study suggest that CZ in effluent could be further reduced
      by applying UV photolysis treatment. 

PMID- 27378241
TI  - Two-year clinical comparison of a flowable-type nano-hybrid composite and a paste
      type composite in posterior restoration.
AB  - AIM: The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical efficacy
      between a flowable-type nano-hybrid composite and a paste-type composite for
      posterior restoration. METHODS: Of 62 posterior teeth in 33 patients (mean age:
      34.1 years), 31 were filled with a paste-type composite (Heliomolar [HM] group),
      and another 31 with a flowable nano-hybrid composite (MI FIL [MI] group).
      Clinical efficacy was evaluated at 2 years after the restoration. RESULTS: There
      were no differences for retention, surface texture deterioration, anatomical form
      change, deterioration of marginal adaptation, and secondary caries, while a
      statistical difference was found for marginal discoloration, which was
      significantly greater in the HM group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, color matching in
      the MI group was superior to that in the HM group immediately after the
      restoration throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The present 2-year clinical
      evaluation of different composites showed that the flowable nano-hybrid composite
      could be an effective esthetic material for posterior restoration.

PMID- 27378242
TI  - EYA4 functions as tumor suppressor gene and prognostic marker in pancreatic
      ductal adenocarcinoma through beta-catenin/ID2 pathway.
AB  - Eye absent homolog 4 (EYA4) was initially found as key gene in controlling eye
      development in Drosophila. We recently found that EYA4 was an independent
      prognostic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma. Its biological functions in
      malignancies remained unknown. The present study aimed at investigating its
      biological functions, molecular mechanisms and prognostic values in pancreatic
      ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Overexpression of EYA4 in PDAC cells inhibited
      proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Depletion of EYA4
      in PDAC cells enhanced proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in
      vivo. Mechanistically, armed with the serine/threonine-specific protein
      phosphatase activity, EYA4 dephosphorylated beta-catenin at Ser675, blocked beta
      catenin nuclear translocation and inhibited ID2 transactivation. Consistently,
      EYA4 expression inversely correlated with the levels of p-Ser675-beta-catenin and
      ID2 in tissues. EYA4 expression in PDAC tissues was significantly reduced as
      compared with adjacent non-tumoral tissues. EYA4 expression was an independent
      prognostic factor in PDAC, with a lower EYA4 level in association with shorter
      long-term survival and disease-free time. We showed that EYA4 functioned as tumor
      suppressor gene in PDAC via repressing beta-catenin/ID2 activation, and was an
      independent prognostic factor in PDAC.

PMID- 27378243
TI  - Apigenin inhibits the inducible expression of programmed death ligand 1 by human
      and mouse mammary carcinoma cells.
AB  - Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed by many cancer cell types, as well
      as by activated T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Constitutive and inducible
      PD-L1 expression contributes to immune evasion by breast cancer (BC) cells. We
      show here that the dietary phytochemical apigenin inhibited interferon (IFN)
      gamma-induced PD-L1 upregulation by triple-negative MDA-MB-468 BC cells, HER2(+)
      SK-BR-3 BC cells, and 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells, as well as human mammary
      epithelial cells, but did not affect constitutive PD-L1 expression by triple
      negative MDA-MB-231 BC cells. IFN-beta-induced expression of PD-L1 by MDA-MB-468
      cells was also inhibited by apigenin. In addition, luteolin, the major metabolite
      of apigenin, inhibited IFN-gamma-induced PD-L1 expression by MDA-MB-468 cells.
      Apigenin-mediated inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced PD-L1 expression by MDA-MB-468
      and 4T1 cells was associated with reduced phosphorylation of STAT1, which was
      early and transient at Tyr701 and sustained at Ser727. Apigenin-mediated
      inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced PD-L1 expression by MDA-MB-468 cells also
      increased proliferation and interleukin-2 synthesis by PD-1-expressing Jurkat T
      cells that were co-cultured with MDA-MB-468 cells. Apigenin therefore has the
      potential to increase the vulnerability of BC cells to T cell-mediated anti-tumor
      immune responses.

PMID- 27378244
TI  - Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy of C4 N- , C6 N- and C8 N.
AB  - The gas-phase vibrational spectroscopy of cold C2n N- (n=2-4) anions is
      investigated in the CC and CN multiple bond stretching region (1700-2250 cm-1 )
      by means of infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy in a cryogenically
      cooled ion trap of the corresponding messenger-tagged complexes. The IRPD spectra
      are assigned to N-terminated linear structures with triplet ground states (3
      Sigma- ) based on a comparison with harmonic vibrational frequencies and
      intensities from density functional theory computations. In contrast to the
      polyacetylenic C2n+1 N- anions, the linear C-C chains investigated here exhibit
      cumulenic character, which is most pronounced in C4 N- and decreases with chain
      length. Additional intense transitions are observed for C6 N- above 3000 cm-1 and
      are attributed to overtone and combination bands involving the CC stretching
      modes, based on anharmonic computations. The influence of a D2 tag on the
      vibrational features of C2n N- anions is shown to be small.

PMID- 27378245
TI  - Increased risk of hospital admission for dehydration or heat-related illness
      after initiation of medicines: a sequence symmetry analysis.
AB  - WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Although several studies have identified factors
      which increase the risk of heat-related illness, few have assessed the
      contribution of medicines. To address this knowledge gap, our study aimed to
      assess the risk of hospital admission for dehydration or other heat-related
      illness following initiation of medicines. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective
      analysis using prescription event symmetry analysis (PESA) of 6700 veterans with
      incident hospital admission for dehydration or heat-related illness (ICD-10-AM
      codes E86, X30, T67), between 1 January 2001 and 30 June 2013. The main outcome
      measure was first ever hospital admission for dehydration or heat-related illness
      following initiation of commonly used medicines. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A
      significantly higher risk of incident hospital admission for dehydration or heat
      related illness was observed following initiation of anticoagulants,
      cardiovascular medicines, NSAIDs, antipsychotics, antidepressants and
      anticholinergic agents. The risk of hospital admission for dehydration or heat
      related illness ranged from 1.17 (SSRIs) to 2.79 (ACEI plus diuretic combination
      product). No significant association was observed between initiation of
      anticonvulsants, anti-Parkinson's agents, hypnotics, anxiolytics or
      antihistamines and hospital admission for dehydration or heat-related illness.
      WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Many commonly used medicines were found to be
      associated with increased risk of hospitalization for dehydration or heat-related
      illness. Initiation of ACE inhibitors in combination with diuretics had the
      highest risk. Prescribers and patients should be aware of the potential for
      medicines to be associated with increased risk of dehydration and heat-related
      illness.

PMID- 27378246
TI  - Multiple sequential light and laser sources to activate aminolevulinic acid for
      rosacea.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The use of multiple, sequential light and laser sources for
      topical ALA activation in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of rosacea has been largely
      absent from the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate ALA-PDT for
      rosacea using blue light sequentially with red light, pulsed-dye laser (PDL),
      and/or intense pulsed light (IPL). PATIENTS/METHODS: Thirty patients (39
      treatments) were enrolled in this retrospective, single-center study. Treatment
      groups included blue light + PDL, blue light + IPL, blue light + PDL + IPL, or
      blue light + red light + PDL + IPL. Patient-reported outcome measures (incidence
      of adverse events, improvement in rosacea, and improvement in overall skin
      quality) were obtained via a telephone questionnaire and graded on a 4-point
      scale. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in patient
      reported rosacea or overall skin quality improvement. Apart from decreased
      peeling following blue light + IPL compared to blue light + PDL (P = 0.041) and
      blue light + IPL + PDL (P = 0.005), there were no other statistically significant
      differences in postprocedure adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The use of multiple,
      sequential light and laser sources with ALA-PDT for rosacea, while well
      tolerated, did not lead to statistically significant improvements in patient
      reported efficacy. Although this retrospective study is limited by a small sample
      size with disparate patient numbers between groups and no physician-evaluated
      outcome criteria, it does demonstrate that multiple light sources with PDT can be
      safely used in a single session.

PMID- 27378247
TI  - Corticosteroid-related adverse events in patients with giant cell arteritis: A
      claims-based analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Corticosteroids (CS) are standard treatment for giant cell arteritis
      (GCA), but concerns persist over toxicities associated with long-term use. In
      this retrospective study of medical claims data, we estimated risks for adverse
      events (AEs) in CS-treated GCA patients. METHODS: Cox regression analyses with CS
      use as a time-dependent variable were conducted on data from the 2003 to 2012
      Truven Health Analytics MarketScan Database. Patients 50 years of age and older
      who had >=2 claims of newly diagnosed GCA, >=1 filled oral CS prescription, and
      no AEs before GCA diagnosis were included. The primary outcome was presence of a
      new CS-related AE. RESULTS: In total, 2497 patients were included. Their mean age
      was 71.0 years, and 71% were women. Follow-up was 9680 patient-years (PY). CS
      treatment continued for a mean (SD) of 1.196 (729.2) days; mean (SD) prescribed
      cumulative CS dose was 6983.3mg (6519.9). The overall AE rate was 0.43 events/PY;
      the most frequent AEs were cataract and bone disease. For each 1000-mg increase
      in CS exposure, the hazard ratio (HR) increased by 3% (HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02
      1.05; P < 0.001). Additionally, statistically significant individual associations
      between increased CS exposure and AE risk were observed for bone-related AEs (P <
      0.001), cataract (P < 0.001), glaucoma (P = 0.005), pneumonia (P = 0.003), and
      diabetes mellitus (P < 0.001 in a subset of patients with no previous history of
      diabetes). CONCLUSION: CS exposure significantly increased risk for potentially
      serious AEs, emphasizing a need for new treatment options for GCA patients.

PMID- 27378248
TI  - The gas chromatographic analysis of the reaction products of the partial
      isobutane oxidation as a two phase process.
AB  - The partial oxidation of isobutane to t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) has been
      studied analytically for the first time as a two-phase process in a capillary
      micro reactor. In order to obtain detailed information on products, yields,
      selectivities and reaction pathways, the products have been investigated by
      GC/MS. An Rxi-5ms column and a PTV-injector have been used to analyze the liquid
      products. TBHP, di-t-butyl peroxide (DTBP), t-butanol (TBA), and propanone as
      main products as well as further by-products e.g. methanal, isopropanol,
      isobutanol and isobutanal in minor quantities have been identified by MS. The
      liquid products have been obtained by quenching the reaction and vaporizing the
      isobutane afterwards by pressure reduction using a mass flow controller allowing
      a constant mass flow. For all liquid reaction products calibrations, a validation
      of the method including limits of quantification and detection as well as
      calculation of uncertainties has been performed. The results have been applied
      successfully for the investigation of the selectivities of the main products
      (TBHP, DTBP, TBA, propanone) of the isobutane oxidation. In the frame of the
      analytical investigation of this reaction a correlation coefficient of r(2)>0.999
      for TBHP and DTBP, which is necessary to perform a validation, has been obtained
      for the first time. The gaseous phase has been analyzed using a GASPRO column, a
      DEANS switch, a mole sieve column and a TCD detector. Apart from the gaseous
      reactants, isobutene has been found. 

PMID- 27378249
TI  - Water-compatible dummy molecularly imprinted resin prepared in aqueous solution
      for green miniaturized solid-phase extraction of plant growth regulators.
AB  - A water-compatible dummy molecularly imprinted resin (MIR) was synthesized in
      water using melamine, urea, and formaldehyde as hydrophilic monomers of co
      polycondensation. A triblock copolymer (PEO-PPO-PEO, P123) was used as porogen to
      dredge the network structure of MIR, and N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine
      dihydrochloride, which has similar shape and size to the target analytes, was the
      dummy template of molecular imprinting. The obtained MIR was used as the
      adsorbent in a green miniaturized solid-phase extraction (MIR?mini-SPE) of plant
      growth regulators, and there was no organic solvent used in the entire MIR?mini
      SPE procedure. The calibration linearity of MIR?mini-SPE?HPLC method was obtained
      in a range 5?250ngmL(?1) for IAA, IPA, IBA, and NAA with correlation coefficient
      (r) ?0.9998. Recoveries at three spike levels are in the range of 87.6?100.0% for
      coconut juice with relative standard deviations ?8.1%. The MIR?mini-SPE method
      possesses the advantages of environmental friendliness, simple operation, and
      high efficiency, so it is potential to apply the green pretreatment strategy to
      extraction of trace analytes in aqueous samples. 

PMID- 27378250
TI  - Comparison of liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography mobile phases for
      enantioselective separations on polysaccharide stationary phases.
AB  - Analysis and production of enantiomerically pure compounds is a major topic of
      interest when active pharmaceutical ingredients are concerned. Enantioselective
      chromatography has become a favourite both at the analytical and preparative
      scales. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and supercritical fluid
      chromatography (SFC) are dominating the scene and are often seen as complementary
      techniques. Nowadays, for economic and ecologic reasons, SFC may be preferred
      over normal-phase HPLC (NPLC) as it allows significant reductions in solvent
      consumption. However, the transfer of NPLC methods to SFC is not always
      straightforward. In this study, we compare the retention of achiral molecules and
      separation of enantiomers under supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide with ethanol
      or isopropanol) and liquid normal-phase (heptane with ethanol or isopropanol)
      elution modes with polysaccharide stationary phases in order to explore the
      differences between the retention and enantioseparation properties between the
      two modes. Chemometric methods (namely quantitative structure-retention
      relationships and discriminant analysis) are employed to compare the results
      obtained on a large set of analytes (171 achiral probes and 97 racemates) and
      gain some understanding on the retention and separation mechanisms. The results
      indicate that, contrary to popular belief, carbon dioxide - solvent SFC mobile
      phases are often weaker eluents than liquid mobile phases. It appears that SFC
      and NPLC elution modes provide different retention mechanisms. While some
      enantioseparations are unaffected, facilitating the transfer between the two
      elution modes, other enantioseparations may be drastically different due to
      different types and strength of interactions contributing to enantioselectivity.

PMID- 27378251
TI  - Linear modeling of the soil-water partition coefficient normalized to organic
      carbon content by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography.
AB  - Soil-water partition coefficient normalized to the organic carbon content (KOC)
      is one of the crucial properties influencing the fate of organic compounds in the
      environment. Chromatographic methods are well established alternative for direct
      sorption techniques used for KOC determination. The present work proposes
      reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography (RP-TLC) as a simpler, yet equally
      accurate method as officially recommended HPLC technique. Several TLC systems
      were studied including octadecyl-(RP18) and cyano-(CN) modified silica layers in
      combination with methanol-water and acetonitrile-water mixtures as mobile phases.
      In total 50 compounds of different molecular shape, size, and various ability to
      establish specific interactions were selected (phenols, beznodiazepines, triazine
      herbicides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons). Calibration set of 29 compounds with
      known logKOC values determined by sorption experiments was used to build simple
      univariate calibrations, Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least
      Squares (PLS) models between logKOC and TLC retention parameters. Models exhibit
      good statistical performance, indicating that CN-layers contribute better to
      logKOC modeling than RP18-silica. The most promising TLC methods, officially
      recommended HPLC method, and four in silico estimation approaches have been
      compared by non-parametric Sum of Ranking Differences approach (SRD). The best
      estimations of logKOC values were achieved by simple univariate calibration of
      TLC retention data involving CN-silica layers and moderate content of methanol
      (40-50%v/v). They were ranked far well compared to the officially recommended
      HPLC method which was ranked in the middle. The worst estimates have been
      obtained from in silico computations based on octanol-water partition
      coefficient. Linear Solvation Energy Relationship study revealed that increased
      polarity of CN-layers over RP18 in combination with methanol-water mixtures is
      the key to better modeling of logKOC through significant diminishing of dipolar
      and proton accepting influence of the mobile phase as well as enhancing molar
      refractivity in excess of the chromatographic systems. 

PMID- 27378252
TI  - Aggregation behaviour of biohybrid microgels from elastin-like recombinamers.
AB  - Investigation of the aggregation behavior of biohybrid microgels, which can
      potentially be used as drug carriers, is an important topic, because aggregation
      not only causes loss of activity, but also toxicity and immunogenicity. To study
      this effect we synthesized microgels from elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) using
      the miniemulsion technique. The existence of aggregation for such biohybrid
      microgels at different concentrations and temperatures was studied by different
      methods which include dynamic light scattering (DLS), (1)H high-resolution magic
      angle sample spinning (HRMAS) NMR spectroscopy, relaxometry and diffusometry. A
      hysteresis effect was detected in the process of aggregation by DLS as a function
      of temperature that strongly depends on ELR microgel concentration. The
      aggregation process was further quantitatively analyzed by the concentration
      dependence of the (1)H amino-acid residue chemical shifts and microgel
      diffusivity measured by NMR methods using the population balance kinetic
      aggregation model. 

PMID- 27378253
TI  - Novel semi-dry electrodes for brain-computer interface applications.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Modern applications of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on
      electroencephalography rely heavily on the so-called wet electrodes (e.g. Ag/AgCl
      electrodes) which require gel application and skin preparation to operate
      properly. Recently, alternative 'dry' electrodes have been developed to increase
      ease of use, but they often suffer from higher electrode-skin impedance and
      signal instability. In the current paper, we have proposed a novel porous ceramic
      based 'semi-dry' electrode. The key feature of the semi-dry electrodes is that
      their tips can slowly and continuously release a tiny amount of electrolyte
      liquid to the scalp, which provides an ionic conducting path for detecting neural
      signals. APPROACH: The performance of the proposed electrode was evaluated by
      simultaneous recording of the wet and semi-dry electrodes pairs in five classical
      BCI paradigms: eyes open/closed, the motor imagery BCI, the P300 speller, the
      N200 speller and the steady-state visually evoked potential-based BCI. MAIN
      RESULTS: The grand-averaged temporal cross-correlation was 0.95 +/- 0.07 across
      the subjects and the nine recording positions, and these cross-correlations were
      stable throughout the whole experimental protocol. In the spectral domain, the
      semi-dry/wet coherence was greater than 0.80 at all frequencies and greater than
      0.90 at frequencies above 10 Hz, with the exception of a dip around 50 Hz (i.e.
      the powerline noise). More importantly, the BCI classification accuracies were
      also comparable between the two types of electrodes. SIGNIFICANCE: Overall, these
      results indicate that the proposed semi-dry electrode can effectively capture the
      electrophysiological responses and is a feasible alternative to the conventional
      dry electrode in BCI applications.

PMID- 27378254
TI  - Evidence-Based Decision Making in Youth Mental Health Prevention.
AB  - Given the impressive amount of knowledge relevant to prevention efforts, this
      paper articulates strategies to capitalize on such knowledge through evidence
      based decision making. Knowledge, or "evidence," is understood here as coming
      from multiple sources, including research, individual people, group history, and
      relevant theory. The presented strategies to facilitate evidence-based decision
      making are: (1) intervention knowledge management; (2) collaborative design; (3)
      knowledge resources for intervention; and (4) developmentally sensitive training
      and supervision. Examples and benefits are outlined for each strategy. It is
      ultimately argued that evidence-based decision making embodies the scientific
      approach, and is worth consideration within primary prevention, given its early
      success in secondary intervention of youth mental health.

PMID- 27378255
TI  - Physical Activity During the Early Years: A Systematic Review of Correlates and
      Determinants.
AB  - CONTEXT: Being physically active during the early years (age 0-6 years) is vital
      for healthy development. Identifying correlates and determinants of physical
      activity (PA) is crucial to guide effective interventions. This systematic review
      synthesized studies investigating potential correlates and determinants of PA
      during the early years, accounting for different types of PA assessment. EVIDENCE
      ACQUISITION: Nine electronic databases were searched from inception year (1900)
      until September 2014; data were analyzed/interpreted in April 2015. The following
      inclusion criteria were used: written in English, published in peer-reviewed
      journals, participants not in statutory/school education, and an observational
      design investigating associations between an exposure/variable, and a
      quantitative measure of PA. Correlates/determinants of total, moderate to
      vigorous, and light PA were reported using an ecologic model. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS:
      Of 22,045 identified studies, 130 were included. All took place in high-income
      countries and few (6%) were of high quality. Correlates of total PA were sex
      (male, ++); parental PA (+); parental support (+); and time outdoors (+).
      Determinants of total PA were sex (+) and time spent playing with parents (+).
      The only correlate of moderate to vigorous PA was sex (male, ++). No determinants
      of moderate to vigorous or light PA were found. PA correlates/determinants were
      relatively consistent between objective and subjective PA measures. CONCLUSIONS:
      Numerous studies investigated potential correlates and determinants of PA, but
      overall quality was low. A small number of demographic/biological and
      social/cultural factors were associated with PA. There is a need for high-quality
      studies exploring correlates/determinants across all domains of the ecologic
      model.

PMID- 27378256
TI  - Mobility and subcellular localization of endogenous, gene-edited Tau differs from
      that of over-expressed human wild-type and P301L mutant Tau.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a subset of frontotemporal dementia termed FTLD-Tau
      are characterized by a massive, yet incompletely characterized and understood
      redistribution of Tau. To establish a framework for understanding this pathology,
      we used the genome-editing tool TALEN and generated Tau-mEOS2 knock-in mice to
      determine the mobility and subcellular localization of endogenous Tau in
      hippocampal cultures. We analysed Tau in axons, dendrites and spines at three
      stages of maturation using live-cell imaging, photo-conversion and FRAP assays.
      Tau-mEOS2 cultures were compared with those over-expressing EGFP-tagged forms of
      human wild-type (hWT-Tau) and P301L mutant Tau (hP301L-Tau), modelling Tau
      accumulation in AD and FTLD-Tau, respectively. In developing neurons, Tau-mEOS2
      followed a proximo-distal gradient in axons and a subcellular distribution
      similar to that of endogenous Tau in neurons obtained from wild-type mice, which
      were abolished, when either hWT-Tau or hP301L-Tau was over-expressed. For the
      three conditions, FRAP analysis revealed a similar mobility in dendrites compared
      with axons; however, Tau-mEOS2 was less mobile than hWT-Tau and hP301L-Tau and
      the mobile fraction was smaller, possibly reflecting less efficient microtubule
      binding of Tau when over-expressed. Together, our study presents Tau-mEOS2 mice
      as a novel tool for the study of Tau in a physiological and a pathological
      context.

PMID- 27378257
TI  - Inorganic Nano Light-Emitting Transistor: p-Type Porous Silicon Nanowire/n-Type
      ZnO Nanofilm.
AB  - An inorganic nano light-emitting transistor (INLET) consisting of p-type porous
      Si nanowires (PoSiNWs) and an n-type ZnO nanofilm was integrated on a heavily
      doped p-type Si substrate with a thermally grown SiO2 layer. To verify that
      modulation of the Fermi level of the PoSiNWs is key for switchable light
      emitting, I-V and electroluminescent characteristics of the INLET are
      investigated as a function of gate bias (V g ). As the V g is changed from 0 V to
      -20 V, the current level and light-emission intensity in the orange-red range
      increase by three and two times, respectively, with a forward bias of 20 V in the
      p-n junction, compared to those at a V g of 0 V. On the other hand, as the V g
      approaches 10 V, the current level decreases and the emission intensity is
      reduced and then finally switched off. This result arises from the modulation of
      the Fermi level of the PoSiNWs and the built-in potential at the p-n junction by
      the applied gate electric field. 

PMID- 27378259
TI  - [Myotonic dystrophy in children; how can you recognise the symptoms in a child
      and in family members?].
AB  - Myotonic dystrophy type 1 is an autosomal dominant disease, which affects
      multiple organ systems. Clinical symptoms in young children are non-specific, and
      include learning disabilities, behavioural problems and fatigue. Myotonic
      dystrophy type 1 is characterised by the phenomenon "anticipation": the
      occurrence of increasing severity of disease and lower age of onset in successive
      generations. Early diagnosis and treatment of early-onset symptoms in the patient
      and in family members is essential. Genetic counselling of all family members
      regarding hereditary risks is important. This article provides insight into the
      diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy in childhood.

PMID- 27378258
TI  - Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C patients in Mid
      Delta, Egypt: A single center study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an increasing incidence
      worldwide. In this study we aimed to assess the prevalence of HCC among HCV
      patients in our center in Mid Delta, Egypt. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the
      period between April 2013 and January 2015, we screened sequentially chronic HCV
      patients attending inpatient wards or outpatient Clinic of Tropical Medicine
      Department in Tanta University Hospital for HCC. Individuals with focal lesion in
      Ultrasound (US) and/or serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level >200ng/ml were
      examined by triphasic computed tomography scanning (CT), and/or magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Among 514 HCV patients interviewed and accepted
      sharing in this study, 90 (17.5%), 144 (28%), and 280 (54.5%) were Child A, B,
      and C, respectively. We found that 108/514 patients (21%) had focal lesion
      detected by US. Also, 89/514 (17.3%) had elevated AFP >200, 13 of them (14.6%)
      had no focal lesion on US, but further work up showed HCC in 2 of them. Overall
      HCC diagnosis was confirmed in 103 cases, 94 of them (91.3%) were Child B or C.
      Occurrence of HCC was significantly higher in smokers, diabetics, patients with
      decompensated liver and those with positive family history of HCC. Only 20/103
      (19.4%) were candidates to curative treatments, 8 of them were Child A
      asymptomatic and discovered accidentally during screening. CONCLUSION: The high
      prevalence of HCC in our HCV patients (22%) was mainly associated with
      decompensated cirrhosis. A national surveillance program for the detection of HCC
      in cirrhotic HCV Egyptian patients by combining ultrasound examination and AFP is
      highly recommended.

PMID- 27378260
TI  - [Neurological symptoms with a hepatitis E virus infection].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infection with hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV3) is an emerging
      zoonosis in the industrialized world. The infection usually proceeds
      asymptomatically. Extrahepatic sequelae including neurological symptoms have been
      described. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 52-year-old man presented at the emergency
      department with pain, muscle weakness and sensory disorders in both shoulders and
      arms. He was found to have bilateral neuralgic amyotrophy accompanying an HEV3
      infection. CONCLUSION: An HEV3 infection can have neurological sequelae, but very
      little is known about its incidence and spectrum of symptoms.

PMID- 27378261
TI  - [Assessment of bleeding risk in patients with venous thromboembolism: we are
      still a long way from home].
AB  - Recent American, European and Dutch guidelines recommend lifelong anticoagulation
      after a diagnosis of unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the absence of
      high bleeding risk. Major bleeding events may, however, be devastating, and are
      reported to have a higher case fatality rate than recurrent venous
      thromboembolism itself. Unfortunately, there are no validated risk assessment
      tools for major bleeding that help physicians determine the optimal duration of
      anticoagulant therapy after VTE. Furthermore, the scarce studies on this subject
      have focused on vitamin K antagonist treatment regimens only, covering mainly the
      initial weeks and first month, during which period the level of anticoagulation
      is unstable. New studies focusing on bleeding risk during the 'chronic' treatment
      period with modern anticoagulants, i.e. the direct oral anticoagulants or
      'DOACs', are urgently needed. Until these are available, the 2016 Dutch guideline
      on anticoagulation therapy provides a table with a summary of known individual
      risk factors that can be applied in clinical practice.

PMID- 27378262
TI  - [A woman with aswelling of the hallux].
AB  - A 73-year-old woman presented at the Surgery department with a swelling at the
      base of the toe nail of her left hallux, 20 years after partial wedge resection
      because of onychocryptosis. We removed the swelling surgically. Histological
      examination of the tissue revealed a traumatic epithelial cyst.

PMID- 27378263
TI  - [Bifid rib: the importance of good radiological procedure].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bifid rib is a congenital abnormality occurring in about 0.6% of the
      healthy population. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 5-year-old boy attended the Orthopaedics
      outpatient clinic with a swelling on the right of his sternum that was increasing
      in size. A chest x-ray did not reveal any abnormalities. However, on the CT scan
      that was then performed we saw a bifurcation of the fourth rib, for which we
      adopted a watchful waiting treatment strategy. With hindsight, the bifurcation
      was also visible on the x-ray image but we had not initially recognised it as
      such. CONCLUSION: Bifurcation of a rib is not always recognised as such.
      Unnecessary supplementary diagnostics can be avoided with the use of a correctly
      implemented radiological procedure.

PMID- 27378264
TI  - [Asthma/COPD service in general practice. Study into feasibility and
      effectiveness].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A study of the effectiveness and functioning of an asthma/COPD service
      (AC service). DESIGN: Observational study. METHOD: General practitioners (GPs) in
      the northern part of the Netherlands can refer patients with airway symptoms to
      the AC service, which was set up in 2007 by local pulmonologists, GPs and the
      primary care laboratory CERTE. Before the assessment, patients fill in three
      questionnaires at home: the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ), the Asthma Control
      Questionnaire (ACQ) and a medical history list. The laboratory assesses lung
      function and a physical examination is carried out. All data is sent via the
      Internet to a pulmonologist, who advises the GP on diagnosis and treatment via an
      information system. The pulmonologist can offer a follow-up service if required.
      For this publication we had access to data from 14,748 registered patients and
      3721 follow-up consultations. RESULTS: The pulmonologist diagnosed 6201 (42%)
      patients with asthma, 2728 (19%) with COPD and 1039 (7%) with 'asthma/COPD
      overlap syndrome'. The pulmonologist advised that 940 patients (6%) should have a
      change in medication and reassessment after 3 months. In this group, the number
      of unstable COPD patients (CCQ >= 1) dropped from 134 (67%) to 99 (50%). The
      number of patients with unstable asthma (ACQ >= 1.5) dropped from 245 (3%) to 137
      (24%). For 1642 (11%) patients the pulmonologist advised no change in medication
      and the GP referred the patient for reassessment after 12 months. These patients
      were generally stable, with a slight improvement in smoking status, exacerbations
      and inhalation technique. CONCLUSION: Approximately 60% of all patients with
      asthma or COPD in this region were assessed by the AC service at least once in
      the period 2007-2014. Advice on diagnosis and treatment given to the GP resulted
      in better patient-related outcomes in both asthma and COPD patients.

PMID- 27378265
TI  - [An abnormal colour of a haemodialysis filter].
AB  - In a 76-year-old man, the filter of the dialyser turned yellow instead of pink
      after haemodialysis. He had no complaints, but physical examination revealed mild
      jaundice and his serum bilirubin was elevated. A CT scan of the abdomen showed a
      pancreatic neoplasm. Discoloration of a filter of the dialyser might thus be a
      first sign of painless icterus.

PMID- 27378266
TI  - [The crux of the sacroiliac joint].
AB  - Pain from the sacroiliac (SI) joint is, along with osteoarthritis of the facet
      joints, one of the main sources of mechanical low back pain. Here we discuss the
      negative results of two recent randomized controlled trials in the Netherlands on
      the use of radiofrequency (RF) denervation to treat low back pain arising from
      the SI joint. Possible causes of treatment failure are discussed. The authors
      also discuss the use of an intra-articular injection of the combination of a
      local anaesthetic and a glucocorticoid as an alternative to RF denervation.

PMID- 27378267
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - A man with excessive skin lesions.

PMID- 27378268
TI  - Assessment and improvement of HIV screening rates in a Midwest primary care
      practice using an electronic clinical decision support system: a quality
      improvement study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Universal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening remains low in
      many clinical practices despite published guidelines recommending screening for
      all patients between ages 13-65. Electronic clinical decision support tools have
      improved screening rates for many chronic diseases. We designed a quality
      improvement project to improve the rate of universal HIV screening of adult
      patients in a Midwest primary care practice using a clinical decision support
      tool. METHODS: We conducted this quality improvement project in Rochester,
      Minnesota from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. Baseline primary care
      practice HIV screening data were acquired from January 1, 2014 to April 30, 2014.
      We surveyed providers and educated them about current CDC recommended screening
      guidelines. We then added an HIV screening alert to an existing electronic
      clinical decision support tool and post-intervention HIV screening rates were
      obtained from May 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. The primary quality outcome being
      assessed was change in universal HIV screening rates. RESULTS: Twelve thousand
      five hundred ninety-six unique patients were eligible for HIV screening in 2014;
      327 were screened for HIV. 6,070 and 6,526 patients were seen before and after
      the intervention, respectively. 1.80 % of eligible patients and 3.34 % of
      eligible patients were screened prior to and after the intervention, respectively
      (difference of -1.54 % [-2.1 %, -0.99 %], p < 0.0001); OR 1.89 (1.50, 2.38).
      Prior to the intervention, African Americans were more likely to have been
      screened for HIV (OR 3.86 (2.22, 6.71; p < 0.001) than Whites, but this effect
      decreased significantly after the intervention (OR 1.90 (1.12, 3.21; p = 0.03).
      CONCLUSIONS: These data showed that an electronic alert almost doubled the rates
      of universal HIV screening by primary care providers in a Midwestern practice and
      reduced racial disparities, but there is still substantial room for improvement
      in universal screening practices. Opportunities for universal HIV screening
      remain abundant, as many providers either do not understand the importance of
      screening average risk patients or do not remember to discuss it. Alerts to
      remind providers of current guidelines and help identify screening opportunities
      can be helpful.

PMID- 27378270
TI  - Molecular chaperone accumulation as a function of stress evidences adaptation to
      high hydrostatic pressure in the piezophilic archaeon Thermococcus barophilus.
AB  - The accumulation of mannosyl-glycerate (MG), the salinity stress response
      osmolyte of Thermococcales, was investigated as a function of hydrostatic
      pressure in Thermococcus barophilus strain MP, a hyperthermophilic, piezophilic
      archaeon isolated from the Snake Pit site (MAR), which grows optimally at 40 MPa.
      Strain MP accumulated MG primarily in response to salinity stress, but in
      contrast to other Thermococcales, MG was also accumulated in response to thermal
      stress. MG accumulation peaked for combined stresses. The accumulation of MG was
      drastically increased under sub-optimal hydrostatic pressure conditions,
      demonstrating that low pressure is perceived as a stress in this piezophile, and
      that the proteome of T. barophilus is low-pressure sensitive. MG accumulation was
      strongly reduced under supra-optimal pressure conditions clearly demonstrating
      the structural adaptation of this proteome to high hydrostatic pressure. The lack
      of MG synthesis only slightly altered the growth characteristics of two different
      MG synthesis deletion mutants. No shift to other osmolytes was observed.
      Altogether our observations suggest that the salinity stress response in T.
      barophilus is not essential and may be under negative selective pressure,
      similarly to what has been observed for its thermal stress response.

PMID- 27378269
TI  - Systematic drug screening reveals specific vulnerabilities and co-resistance
      patterns in endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitor tamoxifen reduces breast cancer
      mortality by 31 % and has served as the standard treatment for ER-positive breast
      cancers for decades. However, 50 % of advanced ER-positive cancers display de
      novo resistance to tamoxifen, and acquired resistance evolves in 40 % of patients
      who initially respond. Mechanisms underlying resistance development remain poorly
      understood and new therapeutic opportunities are urgently needed. Here, we report
      the generation and characterization of seven tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer
      cell lines from four parental strains. METHODS: Using high throughput drug
      sensitivity and resistance testing (DSRT) with 279 approved and investigational
      oncology drugs, exome-sequencing and network analysis, we for the first time,
      systematically determine the drug response profiles specific to tamoxifen
      resistance. RESULTS: We discovered emerging vulnerabilities towards specific
      drugs, such as ERK1/2-, proteasome- and BCL-family inhibitors as the cells became
      tamoxifen-resistant. Co-resistance to other drugs such as the survivin inhibitor
      YM155 and the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel also occurred. CONCLUSION: This
      study indicates that multiple molecular mechanisms dictate endocrine resistance,
      resulting in unexpected vulnerabilities to initially ineffective drugs, as well
      as in emerging co-resistances. Thus, combatting drug-resistant tumors will
      require patient-tailored strategies in order to identify new drug
      vulnerabilities, and to understand the associated co-resistance patterns.

PMID- 27378271
TI  - Gate dependence of upper critical field in superconducting (110) LaAlO3/SrTiO3
      interface.
AB  - The fundamental parameters of the superconducting state such as coherence length
      and pairing strength are essential for understanding the nature of
      superconductivity. These parameters can be estimated by measuring critical
      parameters such as upper critical field, Hc2. In this work, Hc2 of a
      superconducting (110) LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface is determined through
      magnetoresistive measurements as a function of the gate voltage, VG. When VG
      increases, the critical temperature has a dome-like shape, while Hc2
      monotonically decreases. This relationship of independence between the variation
      of Tc and of Hc2 suggests that the Cooper pairing potential is stronger in the
      underdoped region and the coherence length increases with the increase of VG. The
      result is as for high temperature superconducting cuprates and it is different
      than for conventional low temperature superconductors.

PMID- 27378272
TI  - Metabolic Control in Older Dependent People: Need for Improvement?

PMID- 27378273
TI  - Reply to Letter to the Editor by R.L. Jump et al.

PMID- 27378274
TI  - Treatment of Stroke in Canadian Emergency Departments: Time to be Leaders.

PMID- 27378275
TI  - The prevalence of food allergy and epinephrine auto-injectors in Dutch food
      allergic adolescents.

PMID- 27378277
TI  - Efficient Route to Deuterated Aromatics by the Deamination of Anilines.
AB  - One-step replacement of NH2 groups in ring-substituted anilines by deuterium is
      reported. Approaches comprising both solid-phase and solution-phase syntheses can
      be used on a large variety of substrates. The method uses diazotization in a
      mixture of water and either dichloromethane or chloroform, which serve as a
      source of hydrogen. This protocol can be used as a general method for fast and
      easy incorporation of deuterium into an aromatic system using deuterated
      chloroform.

PMID- 27378276
TI  - Recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS) produced in
      the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris.
AB  - Mucopolysaccharidosis IV A (MPS IV A, Morquio A disease) is a lysosomal storage
      disease (LSD) produced by mutations on N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase
      (GALNS). Recently an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for this disease was
      approved using a recombinant enzyme produced in CHO cells. Previously, we
      reported the production of an active GALNS enzyme in Escherichia coli that showed
      similar stability properties to that of a recombinant mammalian enzyme though it
      was not taken-up by culture cells. In this study, we showed the production of the
      human recombinant GALNS in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris GS115
      (prGALNS). We observed that removal of native signal peptide and co-expression
      with human formylglycine-generating enzyme (SUMF1) allowed an improvement of 4.5
      fold in the specific GALNS activity. prGALNS enzyme showed a high stability at 4 
      degrees C, while the activity was markedly reduced at 37 and 45  degrees C. It
      was noteworthy that prGALNS was taken-up by HEK293 cells and human skin
      fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner through a process potentially mediated by
      an endocytic pathway, without any additional protein or host modification. The
      results show the potential of P. pastoris in the production of a human
      recombinant GALNS for the development of an ERT for Morquio A.

PMID- 27378278
TI  - The effect of cilostazol on electrophysiologic changes in non-proliferative
      diabetic retinopathy patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of cilostazol, an antiplatelet and vasodilation
      agent, on the retinal function of patients with non-proliferative diabetic
      retinopathy (NPDR) using a full-field electroretinogram (ffERG). METHODS: A total
      of 20 eyes from 20 patients were enrolled as the cilostazol-treated group, and 16
      eyes from 16 patients were enrolled as the control group to assess the functional
      effects of cilostazol. Ophthalmologic examinations including fundus fluorescein
      angiography (FFA), fundus color photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT),
      and ffERG responses were recorded at baseline and after 1 year of cilostazol
      treatment. The number of microaneurysms on FFA, the number of exudates on fundus
      photographs, and central macular thickness (CMT) on OCT were compared between the
      two groups. Recording of ffERG was also performed at baseline and repeated after
      1 year of treatment. The mean implicit times and amplitudes of a- and b-waves in
      each ffERG response were analyzed to evaluate the retinal function. RESULTS: CMT
      and the numbers of microaneurysms and exudates showed no significant change in
      the cilostazol-treated group. There was no significant change in ffERG parameters
      between baseline and 1 year after the treatment in each group. The mean changes
      in implicit times from the cilostazol-treated group were significantly less than
      in the control group in b-waves from dark-adapted 3 ERG (p = 0.017) and 10 ERG
      responses (p = 0.047). On the other hand, the mean changes in amplitudes were not
      significant after 1 year of cilostazol treatment, but there were slight increases
      in amplitudes of dark-adapted 0.01 ERG and 10 ERG in the cilostazol-treated
      group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that cilostazol administration could
      reduce the implicit times of ffERG in patients with NPDR. It may be beneficial to
      preserve the retinal function in the diabetic retina, and additional research
      with larger populations and extended duration are needed to clarify the efficacy
      and safety of cilostazol for these patients.

PMID- 27378279
TI  - The effect of early life status epilepticus on ultrasonic vocalizations in mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Infant crying is a series of innate vocal patterns intended to elicit
      the attention of adult caregivers for fulfillment of specific needs such as pain,
      hunger, or hypostimulation. It is one of the earliest forms of observable
      communication. In neonatal rodents, this behavior has recently been investigated
      as a potential early behavioral marker of neural deficits in neurodevelopmental
      disorders. However, few studies have examined the effects of seizures on
      vocalization behavior during the neonatal period. The purpose of this study is to
      investigate the effect of a single kainate-induced early life seizure on
      vocalization behavior in mice. This study also investigates the subsequent effect
      of seizures on two pathways critical for early neural development and
      epileptogenesis: the phosphoinositide 3-kinase|serine/threonine kinase|mammalian
      target of rapamycin (PI3K-Akt-mTOR) and canonical (Wingless-Int Wnt)
      intracellular signaling pathways. METHODS: On postnatal day 10, male and female
      129SvEvTac mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid (2.5
      mg/kg) or vehicle injection. The kainate administration resulted in 1-2 h of
      status epilepticus. On postnatal days 11 and 12, the quantity and duration of
      isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded. Western blotting
      analyses were performed using male and female pups on postnatal day 12. RESULTS:
      There was significant, male-specific suppression in the quantity and total
      duration of 50-kHz calls on postnatal day 12 following seizures. The hippocampi
      of male mice on this postnatal day also revealed male-specific changes in the
      PI3K-Akt-mTOR intracellular signaling pathway, as well as changes in
      phosphorylated fragile * mental retardation protein. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings
      demonstrate that early life seizures can disrupt communication behavior in
      neonatal mice.

PMID- 27378280
TI  - Climate-based statistical regression models for crop yield forecasting of coffee
      in humid tropical Kerala, India.
AB  - A study on the variability of coffee yield of both Coffea arabica and Coffea
      canephora as influenced by climate parameters (rainfall (RF), maximum temperature
      (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), and mean relative humidity (RH)) was
      undertaken at Regional Coffee Research Station, Chundale, Wayanad, Kerala State,
      India. The result on the coffee yield data of 30 years (1980 to 2009) revealed
      that the yield of coffee is fluctuating with the variations in climatic
      parameters. Among the species, productivity was higher for C. canephora coffee
      than C. arabica in most of the years. Maximum yield of C. canephora (2040 kg ha
      1) was recorded in 2003-2004 and there was declining trend of yield noticed in
      the recent years. Similarly, the maximum yield of C. arabica (1745 kg ha-1) was
      recorded in 1988-1989 and decreased yield was noticed in the subsequent years
      till 1997-1998 due to year to year variability in climate. The highest
      correlation coefficient was found between the yield of C. arabica coffee and
      maximum temperature during January (0.7) and between C. arabica coffee yield and
      RH during July (0.4). Yield of C. canephora coffee had highest correlation with
      maximum temperature, RH and rainfall during February. Statistical regression
      model between selected climatic parameters and yield of C. arabica and C.
      canephora coffee was developed to forecast the yield of coffee in Wayanad
      district in Kerala. The model was validated for years 2010, 2011, and 2012 with
      the coffee yield data obtained during the years and the prediction was found to
      be good.

PMID- 27378281
TI  - Evaluating of simulated carbon flux phenology over a cropland ecosystem in a
      semiarid area of China with SiBcrop.
AB  - The cropland ecosystem in semiarid areas is sensitive to climate change. The
      accurate representation of crop phenology is important for predicting the carbon
      and water exchange process. The performance of a newly developed phenological
      model (SiBcrop) for simulations of carbon flux phenology in a semiarid area
      ecosystem was evaluated. The results showed that the SiBcrop improved the
      prediction for daily maximum gross primary production (GPP), and the days GPP
      reached the maximum value were closer to the observation, compared to SiB3.
      SiBcrop had a better prediction for both monthly total net ecosystem exchange
      (NEE) in the growing season than in the dormant season in semiarid areas. The day
      when the cumulative NEE predicted with SiBcrop became positive was closer to the
      observation. The observed start date of carbon uptake (CUstart) had a larger
      annual variation than did the end date of carbon uptake (CUend). SiBcrop had a
      better prediction for CUstart but poor for CUend, compared to SiB3. There was a
      longer carbon uptake period (CUP) predicted with SiBcrop than the observed
      results.

PMID- 27378282
TI  - Environmental controls of evapotranspiration in a mixed plantation in North
      China.
AB  - The mixed plantation plays an important role in the water cycle in the hilly area
      of North China. To evaluate the effect of afforestation on the water balance in
      this region, the temporal variation of evapotranspiration (ET) and environmental
      controls were investigated based on the eddy flux measurement of water vapor in a
      31-year-old mixed plantation from 2006 to 2010. During 5 years, annual ET ranged
      from 513 to 680 mm, with an average of 579 mm. Growing season ET accounted for 72
      82 % of annual ET during the 5-year period and its interannual variation was
      determined by the number of rainy days. In the non-growing and growing seasons,
      monthly ET was primarily dependent on monthly mean soil water content and monthly
      mean net radiation, respectively. Annual mean Priestley-Taylor coefficient
      (alpha) was 0.64, and the decoupling factor (Omega) was 0.48. High values of
      alpha and Omega implied that ET was energy limited in the growing seasons of 2006
      2010. The mean annual ratio of ET to precipitation (ET/P) was 1.10. The density
      of the mixed plantation was around 50 % higher than the optimal value determined
      by local water capacity, leading to a large ET/P ratio. The dense plantation
      needs to be thinned to prevent excessive water loss in the hilly area of North
      China.

PMID- 27378283
TI  - Engineering biosynthesis of the anticancer alkaloid noscapine in yeast.
AB  - Noscapine is a potential anticancer drug isolated from the opium poppy Papaver
      somniferum, and genes encoding enzymes responsible for the synthesis of noscapine
      have been recently discovered to be clustered on the genome of P. somniferum.
      Here, we reconstitute the noscapine gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to
      achieve the microbial production of noscapine and related pathway intermediates,
      complementing and extending previous in planta and in vitro investigations. Our
      work provides structural validation of the secoberberine intermediates and the
      description of the narcotoline-4'-O-methyltransferase, suggesting this activity
      is catalysed by a unique heterodimer. We also reconstitute a 14-step biosynthetic
      pathway of noscapine from the simple alkaloid norlaudanosoline by engineering a
      yeast strain expressing 16 heterologous plant enzymes, achieving reconstitution
      of a complex plant pathway in a microbial host. Other engineered yeasts produce
      previously inaccessible pathway intermediates and a novel derivative, thereby
      advancing protoberberine and noscapine related drug discovery.

PMID- 27378284
TI  - Constructing thioether-tethered cyclic peptides via on-resin intra-molecular
      thiol-ene reaction.
AB  - Thiol-ene reactions have been used in a variety of applications that mostly
      involve an inter-molecular pathway. Herein, we report a facile method to
      construct thioether-tethered cyclic peptides via an intra-molecular thiol-ene
      reaction. This reaction is efficient, selective, and has good residue
      compatibility. Short peptides with thioether tethers were constructed and were
      used to construct longer cyclic peptides. This synthetic method may be useful for
      constructing bioactive peptides. Copyright (c) 2016 European Peptide Society and
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 27378285
TI  - Degradation and protection of DNAzymes on human skin.
AB  - DNAzymes are catalytic nucleic acid based molecules that have become a new class
      of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Until now, five DNAzymes have entered
      clinical trials. Two of them were tested for topical application, whereby
      dermally applied DNAzymes had been prone to enzymatic degradation. To protect the
      DNAzymes the enzymatic activity of human skin has to be examined. Therefore, the
      enzymatic activity of human skin was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed.
      Activity similar to that of DNase II could be identified and the specific
      activity was determined to be 0.59Units/mg. These results were used to develop an
      in vitro degradation assay to screen different kinds of protective systems on
      human skin. The chosen protective systems consisted of biodegradable chitosans or
      polyethylenimine, which forms polyplexes when combined with DNAzymes. The
      polyplexes were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential,
      stability and degree of complexation. The screening revealed that the protective
      efficiency of the polyplexes depended on the polycation and the charge ratio
      (xi). At a critical xi ratio between 1.0 and 4.1 and at a maximal zeta potential,
      sufficient protection of the DNAzyme was achieved. The results of this study will
      be helpful for the development of a protective dermal drug delivery systems using
      polyplexes. 

PMID- 27378286
TI  - A nanoformulation containing a scFv reactive to electronegative LDL inhibits
      atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease responsible for the majority of
      cases of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. The electronegative low
      density lipoprotein, a modified subfraction of native LDL, is pro-inflammatory
      and plays an important role in atherogenesis. To investigate the effects of a
      nanoformulation (scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn) containing a scFv reactive to LDL(-)
      on the inhibition of atherosclerosis, its toxicity was evaluated in vitro and in
      vivo and further it was also administered weekly to LDL receptor knockout mice.
      The scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation did not induce cell death in RAW
      264.7 macrophages and HUVECs. The 5mg/kg dose of scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn did not
      cause any typical signs of toxicity and it was chosen for the evaluation of its
      atheroprotective effect in Ldlr(-/-) mice. This nanoformulation significantly
      decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area at the aortic sinus, compared with that
      in untreated mice. In addition, the Il1b mRNA expression and CD14 protein
      expression were downregulated in the atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic arch
      of Ldlr(-/-) mice treated with scFv anti-LDL(-)-MCMN-Zn. Thus, the scFv anti-LDL(
      )-MCMN-Zn nanoformulation inhibited the progression of atherosclerotic lesions,
      indicating its potential use in a future therapeutic strategy for
      atherosclerosis. 

PMID- 27378287
TI  - Theoretical and experimental investigation of drug-polymer interaction and
      miscibility and its impact on drug supersaturation in aqueous medium.
AB  - Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have the potential to offer higher apparent
      solubility and bioavailability of BCS class II drugs. Knowledge of the solid
      state drug-polymer solubility/miscibility and their mutual interaction are
      fundamental requirements for the effective design and development of such
      systems. To this end, we have carried out a comprehensive investigation of
      various ASD systems of dipyridamole and cinnarizine in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
      and polyacrylic acid (PAA) at different drug loadings. Theoretical and
      experimental examinations (by implementing binary and ternary Flory-Huggins (F-H)
      theory) related to drug-polymer interaction/miscibility including solubility
      parameter approach, melting point depression method, phase diagram, drug-polymer
      interaction in the presence of moisture and the effect of drug loading on
      interaction parameter were performed. The information obtained from this study
      was used to predict the stability of ASDs at different drug loadings and under
      different thermal and moisture conditions. Thermal and moisture sorption analysis
      not only provided the composition-dependent interaction parameter but also
      predicted the composition dependent miscibility. DPM-PVP, DPM-PAA and CNZ-PAA
      systems have shown molecular level mixing over the complete range of drug
      loading. For CNZ-PVP, the presence of a single Tg at lower drug loadings (10, 20
      and 35%w/w) indicates the formation of solid solution. However, drug
      recrystallization was observed for samples with higher drug weight fractions (50
      and 65%w/w). Finally, the role of polymer in maintaining drug supersaturation has
      also been explored. It has been found that drug-polymer combinations capable of
      hydrogen-bonding in the solution state (DPM-PVP, DPM-PAA and CNZ-PAA) are more
      effective in preventing drug crystallization compared to the drug-polymer systems
      without such interaction (CNZ-PVP). The DPM-PAA system outperformed all other
      ASDs in various stability conditions (dry-state, in the presence of moisture and
      in solution state), which was attributed to the drug's low crystallization
      tendency, the strong DPM-PAA interaction, the robustness of this interaction
      against moisture or water and the ability of PAA in maintaining DPM
      supersaturation. 

PMID- 27378288
TI  - AMIGO2, a toolbox for dynamic modeling, optimization and control in systems
      biology.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Many problems of interest in dynamic modeling and control of
      biological systems can be posed as non-linear optimization problems subject to
      algebraic and dynamic constraints. In the context of modeling, this is the case
      of, e.g. parameter estimation, optimal experimental design and dynamic flux
      balance analysis. In the context of control, model-based metabolic engineering or
      drug dose optimization problems can be formulated as (multi-objective) optimal
      control problems. Finding a solution to those problems is a very challenging task
      which requires advanced numerical methods. RESULTS: This work presents the AMIGO2
      toolbox: the first multiplatform software tool that automatizes the solution of
      all those problems, offering a suite of state-of-the-art (multi-objective) global
      optimizers and advanced simulation approaches. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION:
      The toolbox and its documentation are available at:
      sites.google.com/site/amigo2toolbox CONTACT: ebalsa@iim.csic.esSupplementary
      information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378289
TI  - w4CSeq: software and web application to analyze 4C-seq data.
AB  - : Circularized Chromosome Conformation Capture followed by deep sequencing (4C
      Seq) is a powerful technique to identify genome-wide partners interacting with a
      pre-specified genomic locus. Here, we present a computational and statistical
      approach to analyze 4C-Seq data generated from both enzyme digestion and
      sonication fragmentation-based methods. We implemented a command line software
      tool and a web interface called w4CSeq, which takes in the raw 4C sequencing data
      (FASTQ files) as input, performs automated statistical analysis and presents
      results in a user-friendly manner. Besides providing users with the list of
      candidate interacting sites/regions, w4CSeq generates figures showing genome-wide
      distribution of interacting regions, and sketches the enrichment of key features
      such as TSSs, TTSs, CpG sites and DNA replication timing around 4C sites.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Users can establish their own web server by
      downloading source codes at https://github.com/WGLab/w4CSeq Additionally, a demo
      web server is available at http://w4cseq.wglab.org CONTACT: kaiwang@usc.edu or
      wangelu@usc.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at
      Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378290
TI  - TwoPhaseInd: an R package for estimating gene-treatment interactions and
      discovering predictive markers in randomized clinical trials.
AB  - : In randomized clinical trials, identifying baseline genetic or genomic markers
      for predicting subgroup treatment effects is of rising interest. Outcome
      dependent sampling is often employed for measuring markers. The R package
      TwoPhaseInd implements a number of efficient statistical methods we developed for
      estimating subgroup treatment effects and gene-treatment interactions, exploiting
      the gene-treatment independence dictated by randomization, including the case
      only estimator, the maximum estimated likelihood estimator and the semiparametric
      maximum likelihood estimator for parameters in a logistic model. For rare failure
      events subject to censoring, we have proposed efficient augmented case-only
      designs, a variation of the case-cohort design, to estimate genetic associations
      and subgroup treatment effects in a Cox regression model. The R package is
      computationally scalable to genome-wide studies, as illustrated by an example
      from Women's Health Initiative. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The R package
      TwoPhaseInd is available from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages CONTACT:
      jdai@fredhutch.org.

PMID- 27378291
TI  - SwiSpot: modeling riboswitches by spotting out switching sequences.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Riboswitches are cis-regulatory elements in mRNA, mostly found in
      Bacteria, which exhibit two main secondary structure conformations. Although one
      of them prevents the gene from being expressed, the other conformation allows its
      expression, and this switching process is typically driven by the presence of a
      specific ligand. Although there are a handful of known riboswitches, our
      knowledge in this field has been greatly limited due to our inability to identify
      their alternate structures from their sequences. Indeed, current methods are not
      able to predict the presence of the two functionally distinct conformations just
      from the knowledge of the plain RNA nucleotide sequence. Whether this would be
      possible, for which cases, and what prediction accuracy can be achieved, are
      currently open questions. RESULTS: Here we show that the two alternate secondary
      structures of riboswitches can be accurately predicted once the 'switching
      sequence' of the riboswitch has been properly identified. The proposed SwiSpot
      approach is capable of identifying the switching sequence inside a putative,
      complete riboswitch sequence, on the basis of pairing behaviors, which are
      evaluated on proper sets of configurations. Moreover, it is able to model the
      switching behavior of riboswitches whose generated ensemble covers both alternate
      configurations. Beyond structural predictions, the approach can also be paired to
      homology-based riboswitch searches. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: SwiSpot
      software, along with the reference dataset files, is available at:
      http://www.iet.unipi.it/a.bechini/swispot/Supplementary information:
      Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. CONTACT:
      a.bechini@ing.unipi.it.

PMID- 27378292
TI  - ConsPred: a rule-based (re-)annotation framework for prokaryotic genomes.
AB  - MOTIVATION: The rapidly growing number of available prokaryotic genome sequences
      requires fully automated and high-quality software solutions for their initial
      and re-annotation. Here we present ConsPred, a prokaryotic genome annotation
      framework that performs intrinsic gene predictions, homology searches,
      predictions of non-coding genes as well as CRISPR repeats and integrates all
      evidence into a consensus annotation. ConsPred achieves comprehensive, high
      quality annotations based on rules and priorities, similar to decision-making in
      manual curation and avoids conflicting predictions. Parameters controlling the
      annotation process are configurable by the user. ConsPred has been used in the
      institutions of the authors for longer than 5 years and can easily be extended
      and adapted to specific needs. SUMMARY: The ConsPred algorithm for producing a
      consensus from the varying scores of multiple gene prediction programs approaches
      manual curation in accuracy. Its rule-based approach for choosing final
      predictions avoids overriding previous manual curations. AVAILABILITY AND
      IMPLEMENTATION: ConsPred is implemented in Java, Perl and Shell and is freely
      available under the Creative Commons license as a stand-alone in-house pipeline
      or as an Amazon Machine Image for cloud computing, see
      https://sourceforge.net/projects/conspred/. CONTACT:
      thomas.rattei@univie.ac.atSupplementary information: Supplementary data are
      available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378293
TI  - MetaPred2CS: a sequence-based meta-predictor for protein-protein interactions of
      prokaryotic two-component system proteins.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Two-component systems (TCS) are the main signalling pathways of
      prokaryotes, and control a wide range of biological phenomena. Their functioning
      depends on interactions between TCS proteins, the specificity of which is poorly
      understood. RESULTS: The MetaPred2CS web-server interfaces a sequence-based meta
      predictor specifically designed to predict pairing of the histidine kinase and
      response-regulator proteins forming TCSs. MetaPred2CS integrates six sequence
      based methods using a support vector machine classifier and has been intensively
      tested under different benchmarking conditions: (i) species specific gene sets;
      (ii) neighbouring versus orphan pairs; and (iii) k-fold cross validation on
      experimentally validated datasets. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Web server
      at: http://metapred2cs.ibers.aber.ac.uk/, Source code:
      https://github.com/martinjvickers/MetaPred2CS or implemented as Virtual Machine
      at: http://metapred2cs.ibers.aber.ac.uk/download CONTACT:
      naf4@aber.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at
      Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378294
TI  - ChAsE: chromatin analysis and exploration tool.
AB  - : : We present ChAsE, a cross-platform desktop application developed for
      interactive visualization, exploration and clustering of epigenomic data such as
      ChIP-seq experiments. ChAsE is designed and developed in close collaboration with
      several groups of biologists and bioinformaticians with a focus on usability and
      interactivity. Data can be analyzed through k-means clustering, specifying
      presence or absence of signal in epigenetic data and performing set operations
      between clusters. Results can be explored in an interactive heat map and profile
      plot interface and exported for downstream analysis or as high quality figures
      suitable for publications. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Software, source code
      (MIT License), data and video tutorials available at http://chase.cs.univie.ac.at
      CONTACT: : mkarimi@brc.ubc.ca or torsten.moeller@univie.ac.atSupplementary
      information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378295
TI  - Unbiased classification of spatial strategies in the Barnes maze.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Spatial learning is one of the most widely studied cognitive domains
      in neuroscience. The Morris water maze and the Barnes maze are the most commonly
      used techniques to assess spatial learning and memory in rodents. Despite the
      fact that these tasks are well-validated paradigms for testing spatial learning
      abilities, manual categorization of performance into behavioral strategies is
      subject to individual interpretation, and thus to bias. We have previously
      described an unbiased machine-learning algorithm to classify spatial strategies
      in the Morris water maze. RESULTS: Here, we offer a support vector machine-based,
      automated, Barnes-maze unbiased strategy (BUNS) classification algorithm, as well
      as a cognitive score scale that can be used for memory acquisition, reversal
      training and probe trials. The BUNS algorithm can greatly benefit Barnes maze
      users as it provides a standardized method of strategy classification and
      cognitive scoring scale, which cannot be derived from typical Barnes maze data
      analysis. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Freely available on the web at
      http://okunlab.wix.com/okunlab as a MATLAB application. CONTACT:
      eitan.okun@biu.ac.ilSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available
      at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378296
TI  - Application of the MAFFT sequence alignment program to large data-reexamination
      of the usefulness of chained guide trees.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Large multiple sequence alignments (MSAs), consisting of thousands of
      sequences, are becoming more and more common, due to advances in sequencing
      technologies. The MAFFT MSA program has several options for building large MSAs,
      but their performances have not been sufficiently assessed yet, because realistic
      benchmarking of large MSAs has been difficult. Recently, such assessments have
      been made possible through the HomFam and ContTest benchmark protein datasets.
      Along with the development of these datasets, an interesting theory was proposed:
      chained guide trees increase the accuracy of MSAs of structurally conserved
      regions. This theory challenges the basis of progressive alignment methods and
      needs to be examined by being compared with other known methods including
      computationally intensive ones. RESULTS: We used HomFam, ContTest and OXFam (an
      extended version of OXBench) to evaluate several methods enabled in MAFFT: (1) a
      progressive method with approximate guide trees, (2) a progressive method with
      chained guide trees, (3) a combination of an iterative refinement method and a
      progressive method and (4) a less approximate progressive method that uses a
      rigorous guide tree and consistency score. Other programs, Clustal Omega and UPP,
      available for large MSAs, were also included into the comparison. The effect of
      method 2 (chained guide trees) was positive in ContTest but negative in HomFam
      and OXFam. Methods 3 and 4 increased the benchmark scores more consistently than
      method 2 for the three datasets, suggesting that they are safer to use.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: http://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/software/
      CONTACT: katoh@ifrec.osaka-u.ac.jpSupplementary information: Supplementary data
      are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378297
TI  - The SMAL web server: global multiple network alignment from pairwise alignments.
AB  - MOTIVATION: Alignments of protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN) can be used
      to predict protein function, study conserved aspects of the interactome, and to
      establish evolutionary correspondences. Within this problem context, determining
      multiple network alignments (MNA) is a significant challenge that involves high
      computational complexity. A limited number of public MNA implementations are
      available currently and the majority of the pairwise network alignment (PNA)
      algorithms do not have MNA counterparts. Furthermore, current MNA algorithms do
      not allow choosing a specific PPIN relative to which an MNA could be constructed.
      Also, once an MNA is obtained, it cannot easily be modified, such as through
      addition of a new network, without expensive re-computation of the entire MNA.
      RESULTS: SMAL (Scaffold-Based Multiple Network Aligner) is a public, open-source,
      web-based application for determining MNAs from existing PNAs that addresses all
      the aforementioned challenges. With SMAL, PNAs can be combined rapidly to obtain
      an MNA. The software also supports visualization and user-data interactions to
      facilitate exploratory analysis and sensemaking. SMAL is especially useful when
      multiple alignments relative to a particular PPIN are required; furthermore, SMAL
      alignments are persistent in that existing correspondences between networks
      (obtained during PNA or MNA) are not lost as new networks are added. In
      comparative studies alongside existent MNA techniques, SMAL MNAs were found to be
      superior per a number of measures, such as the total number of identified
      homologs and interologs as well as the fraction of all identified correspondences
      that are functionally similar or homologous to the scaffold. While directed
      primarily at PPIN-alignment, SMAL is a generic network aligner and may be applied
      to arbitrary networks.Availability information: The SMAL web server and source
      code is available at: http://haddock6.sfsu.edu/smal/ CONTACT:
      rahul@sfsu.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at
      Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378299
TI  - Icarus: visualizer for de novo assembly evaluation.
AB  - : : Data visualization plays an increasingly important role in NGS data analysis.
      With advances in both sequencing and computational technologies, it has become a
      new bottleneck in genomics studies. Indeed, evaluation of de novo genome
      assemblies is one of the areas that can benefit from the visualization. However,
      even though multiple quality assessment methods are now available, existing
      visualization tools are hardly suitable for this purpose. Here, we present Icarus
      a novel genome visualizer for accurate assessment and analysis of genomic draft
      assemblies, which is based on the tool QUAST. Icarus can be used in studies where
      a related reference genome is available, as well as for non-model organisms. The
      tool is available online and as a standalone application. AVAILABILITY AND
      IMPLEMENTATION: http://cab.spbu.ru/software/icarus CONTACT:
      aleksey.gurevich@spbu.ruSupplementary information: Supplementary data are
      available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378298
TI  - Performance of protein-structure predictions with the physics-based UNRES force
      field in CASP11.
AB  - : Participating as the Cornell-Gdansk group, we have used our physics-based
      coarse-grained UNited RESidue (UNRES) force field to predict protein structure in
      the 11th Community Wide Experiment on the Critical Assessment of Techniques for
      Protein Structure Prediction (CASP11). Our methodology involved extensive
      multiplexed replica exchange simulations of the target proteins with a recently
      improved UNRES force field to provide better reproductions of the local
      structures of polypeptide chains. All simulations were started from fully
      extended polypeptide chains, and no external information was included in the
      simulation process except for weak restraints on secondary structure to enable us
      to finish each prediction within the allowed 3-week time window. Because of
      simplified UNRES representation of polypeptide chains, use of enhanced sampling
      methods, code optimization and parallelization and sufficient computational
      resources, we were able to treat, for the first time, all 55 human prediction
      targets with sizes from 44 to 595 amino acid residues, the average size being 251
      residues. Complete structures of six single-domain proteins were predicted
      accurately, with the highest accuracy being attained for the T0769, for which the
      CalphaRMSD was 3.8 A for 97 residues of the experimental structure. Correct
      structures were also predicted for 13 domains of multi-domain proteins with
      accuracy comparable to that of the best template-based modeling methods. With
      further improvements of the UNRES force field that are now underway, our physics
      based coarse-grained approach to protein-structure prediction will eventually
      reach global prediction capacity and, consequently, reliability in simulating
      protein structure and dynamics that are important in biochemical processes.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Freely available on the web at
      http://www.unres.pl/ CONTACT: has5@cornell.edu.

PMID- 27378300
TI  - An empirical Bayes method for genotyping and SNP detection using multi-sample
      next-generation sequencing data.
AB  - MOTIVATION: The development of next generation sequencing technology provides an
      efficient and powerful approach to rare variant detection. To identify genetic
      variations, the essential question is how to quantity the sequencing error rate
      in the data. Because of the advantage of easy implementation and the ability to
      integrate data from different sources, the empirical Bayes method is popularly
      employed to estimate the sequencing error rate for SNP detection. RESULTS: We
      propose a novel statistical model to fit the observed non-reference allele
      frequency data, and utilize the empirical Bayes method for both genotyping and
      SNP detection, where an ECM algorithm is implemented to estimate the model
      parameters. The performance of our proposed method is investigated via
      simulations and real data analysis. It is shown that our method makes less
      genotype-call errors, and with the parameter estimates from the ECM algorithm, it
      attains high detection power with FDR being well controlled. AVAILABILITY AND
      IMPLEMENTATION: The proposed algorithm is wrapped in the R package ebGenotyping,
      which can be downloaded from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ebGenotyping/
      CONTACT: youn@mail.sysu.edu.cnSupplementary information: Supplementary data are
      available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378301
TI  - Recognizing metal and acid radical ion-binding sites by integrating ab initio
      modeling with template-based transferals.
AB  - MOTIVATION: More than half of proteins require binding of metal and acid radical
      ions for their structure and function. Identification of the ion-binding
      locations is important for understanding the biological functions of proteins.
      Due to the small size and high versatility of the metal and acid radical ions,
      however, computational prediction of their binding sites remains difficult.
      RESULTS: We proposed a new ligand-specific approach devoted to the binding site
      prediction of 13 metal ions (Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Na+, K+)
      and acid radical ion ligands (CO32-, NO2-, SO42-, PO43-) that are most frequently
      seen in protein databases. A sequence-based ab initio model is first trained on
      sequence profiles, where a modified AdaBoost algorithm is extended to balance
      binding and non-binding residue samples. A composite method IonCom is then
      developed to combine the ab initio model with multiple threading alignments for
      further improving the robustness of the binding site predictions. The pipeline
      was tested using 5-fold cross validations on a comprehensive set of 2,100 non
      redundant proteins bound with 3,075 small ion ligands. Significant advantage was
      demonstrated compared with the state of the art ligand-binding methods including
      COACH and TargetS for high-accuracy ion-binding site identification. Detailed
      data analyses show that the major advantage of IonCom lies at the integration of
      complementary ab initio and template-based components. Ion-specific feature
      design and binding library selection also contribute to the improvement of small
      ion ligand binding predictions. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION:
      http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/IonCom CONTACT: hxz@imut.edu.cn or
      zhng@umich.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at
      Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378302
TI  - Heat*seq: an interactive web tool for high-throughput sequencing experiment
      comparison with public data.
AB  - : Better protocols and decreasing costs have made high-throughput sequencing
      experiments now accessible even to small experimental laboratories. However,
      comparing one or few experiments generated by an individual lab to the vast
      amount of relevant data freely available in the public domain might be limited
      due to lack of bioinformatics expertise. Though several tools, including genome
      browsers, allow such comparison at a single gene level, they do not provide a
      genome-wide view. We developed Heat*seq, a web-tool that allows genome scale
      comparison of high throughput experiments chromatin immuno-precipitation followed
      by sequencing, RNA-sequencing and Cap Analysis of Gene Expression) provided by a
      user, to the data in the public domain. Heat*seq currently contains over 12 000
      experiments across diverse tissues and cell types in human, mouse and drosophila.
      Heat*seq displays interactive correlation heatmaps, with an ability to
      dynamically subset datasets to contextualize user experiments. High quality
      figures and tables are produced and can be downloaded in multiple formats.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Web application:
      http://www.heatstarseq.roslin.ed.ac.uk/ Source code: https://github.com/gdevailly
      CONTACT: Guillaume.Devailly@roslin.ed.ac.uk or
      Anagha.Joshi@roslin.ed.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are
      available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378303
TI  - deBGA: read alignment with de Bruijn graph-based seed and extension.
AB  - MOTIVATION: As high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology becomes ubiquitous and
      the volume of data continues to rise, HTS read alignment is becoming increasingly
      rate-limiting, which keeps pressing the development of novel read alignment
      approaches. Moreover, promising novel applications of HTS technology require
      aligning reads to multiple genomes instead of a single reference; however, it is
      still not viable for the state-of-the-art aligners to align large numbers of
      reads to multiple genomes. RESULTS: We propose de Bruijn Graph-based Aligner
      (deBGA), an innovative graph-based seed-and-extension algorithm to align HTS
      reads to a reference genome that is organized and indexed using a de Bruijn
      graph. With its well-handling of repeats, deBGA is substantially faster than
      state-of-the-art approaches while maintaining similar or higher sensitivity and
      accuracy. This makes it particularly well-suited to handle the rapidly growing
      volumes of sequencing data. Furthermore, it provides a promising solution for
      aligning reads to multiple genomes and graph-based references in HTS
      applications. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: deBGA is available at:
      https://github.com/hitbc/deBGA CONTACT: ydwang@hit.edu.cnSupplementary
      information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378304
TI  - MetaCycle: an integrated R package to evaluate periodicity in large scale data.
AB  - : Detecting periodicity in large scale data remains a challenge. While efforts
      have been made to identify best of breed algorithms, relatively little research
      has gone into integrating these methods in a generalizable method. Here, we
      present MetaCycle, an R package that incorporates ARSER, JTK_CYCLE and Lomb
      Scargle to conveniently evaluate periodicity in time-series data. MetaCycle has
      two functions, meta2d and meta3d, designed to analyze two-dimensional and three
      dimensional time-series datasets, respectively. Meta2d implements N-version
      programming concepts using a suite of algorithms and integrating their results.
      AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: MetaCycle package is available on the CRAN
      repository (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/MetaCycle/index.html) and
      GitHub (https://github.com/gangwug/MetaCycle). CONTACT:
      hogenesch@gmail.comSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at
      Bioinformatics online.

PMID- 27378306
TI  - Boosting the oxidase mimicking activity of nanoceria by fluoride capping:
      rivaling protein enzymes and ultrasensitive F(-) detection.
AB  - Nanomaterial-based enzyme mimics (nanozymes) are currently a new forefront of
      chemical research. However, the application of nanozymes is limited by their low
      catalytic activity and low turnover numbers. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles
      (nanoceria) are among the few with oxidase activity. Herein, we report an
      interesting finding addressing their limitations. The oxidase activity of
      nanoceria is improved by over 100-fold by fluoride capping, making it more close
      to real oxidases. The turnover number reached 700 in 15 min, drastically improved
      from ~15 turnovers for the naked particles. The mechanism is attributed to
      surface charge modulation and facilitated electron transfer by F(-) capping based
      on zeta-potential and free radical measurements. Ultrasensitive sensing of
      fluoride was achieved with a detection limit of 0.64 MUM F(-) in water and in
      toothpastes, while no other tested anions can achieve the activity enhancement. 

PMID- 27378305
TI  - LRG1 downregulation in allergic airway disorders and its expression in peripheral
      blood and tissue cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increased leucine-rich alpha2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1) has been observed
      in plasma of individuals with various diseases. However, the role of LRG1 in
      allergic airway disease has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: To explore the
      involvement of LRG1 in allergy and its cell origins. METHODS: The expression
      levels of LRG1 and its receptor transforming growth factor-beta receptor II
      (TGFBR2) in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma (AS) were examined by
      flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: LRG1 and
      soluble TGFBR2 expression in plasma of patients with AR and AS were markedly
      lower than that of healthy control (HC) subjects. Large proportions of CD123 +
      HLA-DR-, CD16+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, and CD19+ cells expressed LRG1, although the
      percentages of LRG1+ cells in these cell populations were lower in AR and AS
      patients. Up to 89.8 and 15.5 % of dispersed mast cells expressed LRG1 and
      TGFBR2. Moreover, allergen extract exposure significantly reduced LRG1 and TGFBR2
      expression in the plasma and leukocytes of patients with AR and AS. CONCLUSIONS:
      Reduced LRG1 and TGFBR2 levels in patients with allergic airway disorders are
      likely caused by inhibitory actions of allergens in LRG1 producing cells. Thus,
      LRG1 may be a key regulatory factor of allergic responses.

PMID- 27378307
TI  - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase a novel hope on a blood-based diagnosis of
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder that
      numerous factors have key properties in the development of this proteopathy.
      Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the most common form of enzymopathy.
      We have examined G6PD enzyme activity levels in the serum of newly diagnosed AD
      patients compared with control subjects without dementia from the both sexes.
      Serum G6PD levels were found to be significantly higher (approximately two times)
      in AD patients compared to control geriatric subjects in both sexes. We have
      concluded that G6PD seems to play an integral role in the progress and/or
      prevention of AD.

PMID- 27378308
TI  - Development and validation of the Simulation Learning Effectiveness Scale for
      nursing students.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate the Simulation Learning
      Effectiveness Scale, which is based on Bandura's social cognitive theory.
      BACKGROUND: A simulation programme is a significant teaching strategy for nursing
      students. Nevertheless, there are few evidence-based instruments that validate
      the effectiveness of simulation learning in Taiwan. DESIGN: This is a
      quantitative descriptive design. METHODS: In Study 1, a nonprobability
      convenience sample of 151 student nurses completed the Simulation Learning
      Effectiveness Scale. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the factor
      structure of the instrument. In Study 2, which involved 365 student nurses,
      confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were used to
      analyse the construct validity of the Simulation Learning Effectiveness Scale.
      RESULTS: In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis yielded three components: self
      regulation, self-efficacy and self-motivation. The three factors explained 29.09,
      27.74 and 19.32% of the variance, respectively. The final 12-item instrument with
      the three factors explained 76.15% of variance. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. In
      Study 2, confirmatory factor analysis identified a second-order factor termed
      Simulation Learning Effectiveness Scale. Goodness-of-fit indices showed an
      acceptable fit overall with the full model (chi2 /df (51) = 3.54, comparative fit
      index = 0.96, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.95 and standardised root-mean-square
      residual = 0.035). In addition, teacher's competence was found to encourage
      learning, and self-reflection and insight were significantly and positively
      associated with Simulation Learning Effectiveness Scale. Teacher's competence in
      encouraging learning also was significantly and positively associated with self
      reflection and insight. Overall, theses variable explained 21.9% of the variance
      in the student's learning effectiveness. CONCLUSION: The Simulation Learning
      Effectiveness Scale is a reliable and valid means to assess simulation learning
      effectiveness for nursing students. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The
      Simulation Learning Effectiveness Scale can be used to examine nursing students'
      learning effectiveness and serve as a basis to improve student's learning
      efficiency through simulation programmes. Future implementation research that
      focuses on the relationship between learning effectiveness and nursing competence
      in nursing students is recommended.

PMID- 27378309
TI  - GBT440 increases haemoglobin oxygen affinity, reduces sickling and prolongs RBC
      half-life in a murine model of sickle cell disease.
AB  - A major driver of the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) is
      polymerization of deoxygenated haemoglobin S (HbS), which leads to sickling and
      destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) and end-organ damage. Pharmacologically
      increasing the proportion of oxygenated HbS in RBCs may inhibit polymerization,
      prevent sickling and provide long term disease modification. We report that
      GBT440, a small molecule which binds to the N-terminal alpha chain of Hb,
      increases HbS affinity for oxygen, delays in vitro HbS polymerization and
      prevents sickling of RBCs. Moreover, in a murine model of SCD, GBT440 extends the
      half-life of RBCs, reduces reticulocyte counts and prevents ex vivo RBC sickling.
      Importantly, oral dosing of GBT440 in animals demonstrates suitability for once
      daily dosing in humans and a highly selective partitioning into RBCs, which is a
      key therapeutic safety attribute. Thus, GBT440 has the potential for clinical use
      as a disease-modifying agent in sickle cell patients.

PMID- 27378310
TI  - The lipidation profile of aquaporin-0 correlates with the acyl composition of
      phosphoethanolamine lipids in lens membranes.
AB  - The lens fiber major intrinsic protein (otherwise known as aquaporin-0 (AQP0),
      MIP26 and MP26) has been examined by mass spectrometry (MS) in order to determine
      the speciation of acyl modifications to the side chains of lysine residues and
      the N-terminal amino group. The speciation of acyl modifications to the side
      chain of one specific, highly conserved lysine residue (K238) and the N-terminal
      amino group of human and bovine AQP0 revealed, in decreasing order of abundance,
      oleoyl, palmitoyl, stearoyl, eicosenoyl, dihomo-gamma-linolenoyl, palmitoleoyl
      and eicosadienoyl modifications. In the case of human AQP0, an arachidonoyl
      modification was also found at the N-terminus. The relative abundances of these
      modifications mirror the fatty acid composition of lens phosphatidylethanolamine
      lipids. This lipid class would be expected to be concentrated in the inner
      leaflet of the lens fiber membrane to which each of the potential AQP0 lipidation
      sites is proximal. Our data evidence a broad lipidation profile that is both
      species and site independent, suggesting a chemical-based ester aminolysis
      mechanism to explain such modifications.

PMID- 27378311
TI  - SALS-linked WT-SOD1 adopts a highly similar helical conformation as FALS-causing
      L126Z-SOD1 in a membrane environment.
AB  - So far >180 mutations have been identified within the 153-residue human SOD1 to
      cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS), while wild-type (WT) SOD1
      was intriguingly implicated in sporadic ALS (SALS). SOD1 mutations lead to ALS by
      a dominant gain of cytotoxicity but its mechanism still remains elusive.
      Previously functional studies have revealed that SOD1 mutants became unexpectedly
      associated with organelle membranes. Indeed we decoded that the ALS-causing
      truncation mutant L126Z-SOD1 with an elevated toxicity completely loses the
      ability to fold into the native beta-barrel structure but acquire a novel
      capacity to interact with membranes by forming helices over
      hydrophobic/amphiphilic segments. Very recently, the abnormal insertion of SOD1
      mutants into ER membrane has been functionally characterized to trigger ER
      stress, an initial event of a cascade of cell-specific damages in ALS
      pathogenesis. Here we attempted to understand the mechanism for gain of
      cytotoxicity of the WT SOD1. We obtained atomic-resolution evidence that the
      nascent WT SOD1 without metalation and disulfide bridge is also highly disordered
      as L126Z. Most importantly, it owns the same capacity in interacting with
      membranes by forming very similar helices over the first 125 residues identical
      to L126Z-SOD1, plus an additional hydrophobic helix over Leu144-Ala152. Our study
      thus implies that the WT and mutant SOD1 indeed converge on a common mechanism
      for gain of cytotoxicity by abnormally interacting with membranes. Moreover, any
      genetic/environmental factors which can delay or impair its maturation might act
      to transform SOD1 into cytotoxic forms with the acquired capacity to abnormally
      interact with membranes.

PMID- 27378312
TI  - Two weeks of watermelon juice supplementation improves nitric oxide
      bioavailability but not endurance exercise performance in humans.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that watermelon juice supplementation would
      improve nitric oxide bioavailability and exercise performance. Eight healthy
      recreationally-active adult males reported to the laboratory on two occasions for
      initial testing without dietary supplementation (control condition). Thereafter,
      participants were randomly assigned, in a cross-over experimental design, to
      receive 16 days of supplementation with 300 mL.day(-1) of a watermelon juice
      concentrate, which provided ~3.4 g l-citrulline.day(-1) and an apple juice
      concentrate as a placebo. Participants reported to the laboratory on days 14 and
      16 of supplementation to assess the effects of the interventions on blood
      pressure, plasma [l-citrulline], plasma [l-arginine], plasma [nitrite], muscle
      oxygenation and time-to-exhaustion during severe-intensity exercise. Compared to
      control and placebo, plasma [l-citrulline] (29 +/- 4, 22 +/- 6 and 101 +/- 23
      MUM), [l-arginine] (74 +/- 9, 67 +/- 13 and 116 +/- 9 MUM) and [nitrite] (102 +/-
      29, 106 +/- 21 and 201 +/- 106 nM) were higher after watermelon juice
      supplementation (P < 0.01). However, systolic blood pressure was higher in the
      watermelon juice (130 +/- 11) and placebo (131 +/- 9) conditions compared to the
      control condition (124 +/- 8 mmHg; P < 0.05). The skeletal muscle oxygenation
      index during moderate-intensity exercise was greater in the watermelon juice
      condition than the placebo and control conditions (P < 0.05), but time-to
      exhaustion during the severe-intensity exercise test (control: 478 +/- 80,
      placebo: 539 +/- 108, watermelon juice: 550 +/- 143 s) was not significantly
      different between conditions (P < 0.05). In conclusion, while watermelon juice
      supplementation increased baseline plasma [nitrite] and improved muscle
      oxygenation during moderate-intensity exercise, it increased resting blood
      pressure and did not improve time-to-exhaustion during severe-intensity exercise.
      These findings do not support the use of watermelon juice supplementation as a
      nutritional intervention to lower blood pressure or improve endurance exercise
      performance in healthy adults.

PMID- 27378313
TI  - Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors vs Other Antihypertensives in Hypertensive
      Blacks: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of renin-angiotensin system
      (RAS) inhibitors vs other antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular outcomes in
      hypertensive black patients. The authors performed a systematic review and meta
      analysis of studies that compared the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme
      (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) with calcium channel
      blockers (CCBs), diuretics, and beta-blockers in hypertensive black patients on
      cardiovascular outcomes. A total of 38,983 patients with a mean age of 60 years
      and mean follow-up of 4 years were included in our meta-analysis. No significant
      differences were found in all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, heart
      failure, and cardiovascular mortality rates among patients treated with RAS
      inhibitors compared with CCBs, diuretics, and beta-blockers. The incidence of
      stroke was significantly increased in patients treated with RAS inhibitors
      compared with CCBs (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-1.87
      [P<.00001]; I2 =0%) and diuretics (odds ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence interval,
      1.16-2.17 [P=.004]; I2 =56%) but not beta-blockers.

PMID- 27378314
TI  - First-in-human study assessing safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of BI
      409306, a selective phosphodiesterase 9A inhibitor, in healthy males.
AB  - AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety, tolerability,
      dose proportionality and relative bioavailability of tablet and oral solution
      formulations of BI 409306 in healthy male subjects, and to compare the safety and
      pharmacokinetics in subjects who were extensive metabolizers (EMs) or poor
      metabolizers (PMs) of cytochrome P450 (CYP)-2C19. METHODS: The present
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-centre study evaluated
      single rising doses of BI 409306 (0.5-500 mg) administered as a tablet or oral
      solution to EMs or PMs. RESULTS: Of 80 enrolled subjects (mean age 36.7 years),
      79 (CYP2C19 EMs, 71; CYP2C19 PMs, eight) received treatment and completed the
      study. Adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate in intensity. Overall, 17/71
      (23.9%) EMs and 6/8 (75.0%) PMs experienced 28 and eight AEs, respectively, of
      which, 25 and seven AEs, respectively, were considered to be drug related. The
      most frequently reported AEs were nervous system and eye disorders; all occurred
      shortly (20-30 min) after administration and mostly resolved within 1-2 h. No
      serious AEs occurred. BI 409306 systemic absorption and elimination were rapid;
      peak plasma concentration (Cmax ) was reached <1 h after drug administration, and
      the half-life ranged from 0.99 h to 2.71 h. Both the tablet and oral solution
      resulted in similar exposures. In PMs, at dose levels of 10 mg and 100 mg, Cmax
      was 2.2-2.3-fold higher, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve
      over the time interval 0 extrapolated to infinity was 4.1-5.0-fold higher
      compared with EMs. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy male subjects, BI 409306 was generally
      safe and well tolerated, with rapid absorption and elimination. Systemic exposure
      was higher in CYP2C19 PMs than EMs at the same dose level.

PMID- 27378316
TI  - Multidisciplinary Team Service Redesign: a Step to Improved Quality of Care for
      Lung Cancer Patients.

PMID- 27378315
TI  - Analysis of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes expression profiles in contrasting
      cultivars of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina L.) during fruit development.
AB  - Flavonoids are responsible of different fruit sensorial properties. In Japanese
      plum (Prunus salicina L.) these compounds are variable in both type and quantity
      during the different stages of fruit growth and maturation. Here we present the
      first study which determines the expression profile of structural genes of the
      flavonoid pathway and accumulation profiles of total phenols, proanthocyanidins
      and anthocyanins during fruit development stages in contrasting cultivars in
      Japanese plum. The biosynthesis of these compounds is differentially regulated in
      different tissues and cultivars. Our result showed that all pigmented tissues
      increased the expression of the leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX) gene, while
      all tissues without anthocyanin accumulation presented a minimal expression of
      LDOX. In addition, the regulation of putative transcription factors PsMYB10 and
      PsMYB1 were correlated positively and negatively with the pigmented tissues
      respectively, suggesting a critical and coordinated mechanism involved in the
      change of the fruit color.

PMID- 27378318
TI  - Clinical Problem Solving Series.

PMID- 27378317
TI  - The DSM-5 Dimensional Anxiety Scales in a Dutch non-clinical sample: psychometric
      properties including the adult separation anxiety disorder scale.
AB  - With DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association encourages complementing
      categorical diagnoses with dimensional severity ratings. We therefore examined
      the psychometric properties of the DSM-5 Dimensional Anxiety Scales, a set of
      brief dimensional scales that are consistent in content and structure and assess
      DSM-5-based core features of anxiety disorders. Participants (285 males, 255
      females) completed the DSM-5 Dimensional Anxiety Scales for social anxiety
      disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, agoraphobia, and panic
      disorder that were included in previous studies on the scales, and also for
      separation anxiety disorder, which is included in the DSM-5 chapter on anxiety
      disorders. Moreover, they completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related
      Emotional Disorders Adult version (SCARED-A). The DSM-5 Dimensional Anxiety
      Scales demonstrated high internal consistency, and the scales correlated
      significantly and substantially with corresponding SCARED-A subscales, supporting
      convergent validity. Separation anxiety appeared present among adults, supporting
      the DSM-5 recognition of separation anxiety as an anxiety disorder across the
      life span. To conclude, the DSM-5 Dimensional Anxiety Scales are a valuable tool
      to screen for specific adult anxiety disorders, including separation anxiety.
      Research in more diverse and clinical samples with anxiety disorders is needed.
      (c) 2016 The Authors International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
      Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PMID- 27378320
TI  - The Clinical Practice of Nephrology.

PMID- 27378319
TI  - An Autopsy of the Clinical Reasoning Process.

PMID- 27378321
TI  - Synthesis of Hierarchical Sb2MoO6 Architectures and Their Electrochemical
      Behaviors as Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries.
AB  - We report a facile microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical Sb2MoO6
      architectures assembled from single-crystalline nanobelts, which are first
      demonstrated as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with superior
      electrochemical properties. Sb2MoO6 delivers a high initial reversible capacity
      of ~1140 mA h/g at 200 mA/g with large initial Coulombic efficiency of ~89%, and
      a reversible capacity of ~878 mA h/g after 100 cycles at 200 mA/g. As a new
      anode, the electrochemical behaviors are investigated through ex situ TEM and XPS
      measurements, revealing that the superior electrochemical performance is
      attributed to the novel hierarchical structures and the synergistic interaction
      between both the active Sb- and Mo-species, in which the in situ generated Li2O
      MoOx serves as matrix and efficiently buffers the volume changes of the Li-Sb
      alloying-dealloying upon cycling. 

PMID- 27378322
TI  - Enhancement in the Neuroprotective Power of Riluzole Against Cerebral Ischemia
      Using a Brain Targeted Drug Delivery Vehicle.
AB  - Riluzole is the only available drug for motor neuron diseases quite well-known
      for its neuroprotective activity. But its poor aqueous solubility, short half
      life with some side-effects at higher concentration poses a limitation to its use
      as a therapeutic agent. The present study was performed to investigate the
      therapeutic potential of nanoriluzole (NR), i.e., riluzole encapsulated in
      nanoparticles against cerebral ischemia (stroke) at three different
      concentrations [10 (NRL), 20 (NRM), and 40 (NRH) MUg/kg body weight
      intraperitoneally (i.p.)]. Chitosan conjugated NIPAAM (N-isopropylacrylamide)
      nanoparticles coated with tween80 were synthesized through free radical
      polymerization. The particles were characterized with Transmission Electron
      Microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy
      and were found to have size of ~50 nm. Cerebral ischemia was induced by Middle
      Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) model for 1 h and NR was given intraperitoneally
      after 1 h of MCAO. Animals were dissected after a reperfusion period of 24 h for
      evaluation of various parameters. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining shows
      substantial reduction in infarct size in all three treated groups. It was also
      supported by histopathological results, biochemical parameters, and behavioral
      studies. Immunological parameters like NOS-2, NF-kB, and COX-2 also show profound
      reduction in expression in NR treated groups. Thus, the present work clearly
      demonstrated that the nanoparticle was good enough to carry large amount of drug
      across the Blood Brain Barrier which results in significant neuroprotection even
      at a very low concentration. It also substantially lowered the required
      concentration by overcoming the poor aqueous solubility; hence hardly leaving any
      scope for side-effects. 

PMID- 27378323
TI  - Urban case studies: general discussion.

PMID- 27378324
TI  - Self-monitoring and self-management of oral anticoagulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The introduction of point-of-care devices for the management of
      patients on oral anticoagulation allows self-testing by the patient at home.
      Patients who self-test can either adjust their medication according to a pre
      determined dose-INR (international normalized ratio) schedule (self-management),
      or they can call a clinic to be told the appropriate dose adjustment (self
      monitoring). Increasing evidence suggests self-testing of oral anticoagulant
      therapy is equal to or better than standard monitoring. This is an updated
      version of the original review published in 2010. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the
      effects on thrombotic events, major haemorrhages, and all-cause mortality of self
      monitoring or self-management of oral anticoagulant therapy compared to standard
      monitoring. SEARCH METHODS: For this review update, we re-ran the searches of the
      Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), 2015, Issue 6, the
      Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to June week 4 2015), Embase (Ovid, 1980 to
      2015 week 27) on 1 July 2015. We checked bibliographies and contacted
      manufacturers and authors of relevant studies. We did not apply any language
      restrictions . SELECTION CRITERIA: Outcomes analysed were thromboembolic events,
      mortality, major haemorrhage, minor haemorrhage, tests in therapeutic range,
      frequency of testing, and feasibility of self-monitoring and self-management.
      DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Review authors independently extracted data and we
      used a fixed-effect model with the Mantzel-Haenzel method to calculate the pooled
      risk ratio (RR) and Peto's method to verify the results for uncommon outcomes. We
      examined heterogeneity amongst studies with the Chi(2) and I(2) statistics and
      used GRADE methodology to assess the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS: We
      identified 28 randomised trials including 8950 participants (newly incorporated
      in this update: 10 trials including 4227 participants). The overall quality of
      the evidence was generally low to moderate. Pooled estimates showed a reduction
      in thromboembolic events (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.75; participants = 7594;
      studies = 18; moderate quality of evidence). Both, trials of self-management or
      self-monitoring showed reductions in thromboembolic events (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.31
      to 0.70; participants = 3497; studies = 11) and (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.97;
      participants = 4097; studies = 7), respectively; the quality of evidence for both
      interventions was moderate. No reduction in all-cause mortality was found (RR
      0.85, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.01; participants = 6358; studies = 11; moderate quality of
      evidence). While self-management caused a reduction in all-cause mortality (RR
      0.55, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.84; participants = 3058; studies = 8); self-monitoring did
      not (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.15; participants = 3300; studies = 3); the quality
      of evidence for both interventions was moderate. In 20 trials (8018 participants)
      self-monitoring or self-management did not reduce major haemorrhage (RR 0.95, 95%
      CI, 0.80 to 1.12; moderate quality of evidence). There was no significant
      difference found for minor haemorrhage (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.41;
      participants = 5365; studies = 13). The quality of evidence was graded as low
      because of serious risk of bias and substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 82%).
      AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Participants who self-monitor or self-manage can improve
      the quality of their oral anticoagulation therapy. Thromboembolic events were
      reduced, for both those self-monitoring or self-managing oral anticoagulation
      therapy. A reduction in all-cause mortality was observed in trials of self
      management but not in self-monitoring, with no effects on major haemorrhage.

PMID- 27378325
TI  - Commentary: Interpersonal style should be included in taxonomies of behavior
      change techniques.

PMID- 27378327
TI  - Hydrocortisone Counteracts Adverse Stress Effects on Dual-Task Performance by
      Improving Visual Sensory Processes.
AB  - The impact of acute stress on executive processes is commonly attributed to
      glucocorticoid-induced disruptions of the pFC. However, the occipital cortex
      seems to express a higher density of glucocorticoid receptors. Consequently,
      acute stress effects on executive processes could as well be mediated by
      glucocorticoid (e.g., cortisol)-induced alterations of visual sensory processes.
      To investigate this alternative route of stress action by demarcating the effects
      of acute stress and cortisol on executive from those on visual sensory processes,
      40 healthy young men completed a standardized stress induction (i.e., the Trier
      Social Stress Test) and control protocol in two consecutive sessions. In
      addition, they received either a placebo or hydrocortisone (0.12-mg/kg
      bodyweight) pill and processed a dual and a partial report task to assess their
      executive and visual sensory processing abilities, respectively. Hydrocortisone
      administration improved both partial report and dual-task performance as
      indicated by increased response accuracies and/or decreased RTs. Intriguingly,
      the hydrocortisone-induced increase in dual-task performance was completely
      mediated by its impact on partial report performance (i.e., visual sensory
      processes). Moreover, RT measures in both tasks shared approximately 26% of
      variance, which was only in part attributable to hydrocortisone administration
      (DeltaR2 = 8%). By contrast, acute stress selectively impaired dual-task
      performance (i.e., executive processes), presumably through an alternative route
      of action. In summary, the present results suggest that cortisol secretion (as
      mimicked by hydrocortisone administration) may counteract adverse residual stress
      effects on executive processes by improving visual sensory processes (e.g., the
      maintenance and amplification of task-relevant sensory information).

PMID- 27378328
TI  - An Anatomical Interface between Memory and Oculomotor Systems.
AB  - Visual behavior is guided by memories from prior experience and knowledge of the
      visual scene. The hippocampal system (HC), in particular, has been implicated in
      the guidance of saccades: Amnesic patients, following damage to the HC, exhibit
      selective deficits in their gaze patterns. However, the neural circuitry by which
      mnemonic representations influence the oculomotor system remains unknown. We used
      a data-driven, network-based approach on directed anatomical connectivity from
      the macaque brain to reveal an extensive set of polysnaptic pathways spanning the
      extrastriate, posterior parietal and prefrontal cortices that potentially mediate
      the exchange of information between the memory and visuo-oculomotor systems. We
      additionally show how the potential for directed information flow from the
      hippocampus to oculomotor control areas is exceptionally high. In particular, the
      dorsolateral pFC and FEF-regions known to be responsible for the cognitive
      control of saccades-are topologically well positioned to receive information from
      the hippocampus. Together with neuropsychological evidence of altered gaze
      patterns following damage to the hippocampus, our findings suggest that a
      reconsideration of hippocampal involvement in oculomotor guidance is needed.

PMID- 27378326
TI  - Altruism, personal benefit, and anxieties: a phenomenological study of healthy
      volunteers' experiences in a placebo-controlled trial of duloxetine.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to develop an in-depth understanding
      of healthy volunteers' experiences of mental health trials. METHODS: A
      qualitative study was nested within a healthy volunteer placebo-controlled trial
      of duloxetine, a psychotropic drug used for treating patients with major
      depression and generalized anxiety disorder. Eight participants were interviewed,
      and data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. RESULTS:
      Interviewees described volunteering for the trial because they were interested in
      research, wanted the monetary incentive, wanted to help researchers, and wanted
      to be part of something. On entering the trial, participants considered the
      possible risks and described feeling anxious, excited, and determined; they had
      some clear expectations and some loosely held hopes about what would happen.
      During the trial, participants were curious about whether they were taking
      duloxetine or placebo, self-monitored their bodies' reactions, and guessed which
      treatment they received. On being un-blinded to treatment allocation after
      completing the trial, some participants' guesses were confirmed, but others were
      surprised, and a few were disappointed. CONCLUSIONS: Small changes to
      advertising/consent materials to reflect volunteers' motivations could improve
      recruitment rates to similar trials; "active" placebos might be particularly
      useful for maintaining blinding in healthy volunteer trials; and sensitive
      procedures are needed for un-blinding participants to treatment allocation.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27378329
TI  - Visual Category Learning Results in Rapid Changes in Brain Activation Reflecting
      Sensitivity to the Category Relation between Perceived Objects and to Decision
      Correctness.
AB  - Little is known about the time scales in which sensitivity to novel category
      identity may become evident in visual and executive cortices in visual category
      learning (VCL) tasks and the nature of such changes in brain activation. We used
      fMRI to investigate the processing of category information and trial-by-trial
      feedback information. In each VCL task, stimuli differed in three feature
      dimensions. In each trial, either two same-category stimuli or two different
      categories stimuli were presented. The participant had to learn which feature
      dimension was relevant for categorization based on the feedback that followed
      each categorization decision. We contrasted between same-category stimuli trials
      and different-category trials and between correct and incorrect categorization
      decision trials. In each trial, brain activation in the visual stimuli processing
      phase was modeled separately from activation during the later feedback processing
      phase. We found activation in the lateral occipital complex, indicating
      sensitivity to the category relation between stimuli, to be evident in VCL within
      only few learning trials. Specifically, greater lateral occipital complex
      activation was evident when same-category stimuli were presented than when
      different-category stimuli were presented. In the feedback processing phase,
      greater activation in both executive and visual cortices was evident primarily
      after "misdetections" of same-category stimuli. Implications regarding the
      contribution of different learning trials to VCL, and the respective role of key
      brain regions, at the onset of VCL, are discussed.

PMID- 27378331
TI  - Empathy or Ownership? Evidence from Corticospinal Excitability Modulation during
      Pain Observation.
AB  - Recent studies show that motor responses similar to those present in one's own
      pain (freezing effect) occur as a result of observation of pain in others. This
      finding has been interpreted as the physiological basis of empathy.
      Alternatively, it can represent the physiological counterpart of an embodiment
      phenomenon related to the sense of body ownership. We compared the empathy and
      the ownership hypotheses by manipulating the perspective of the observed hand
      model receiving pain so that it could be a first-person perspective, the one in
      which embodiment occurs, or a third-person perspective, the one in which we
      usually perceive the others. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) by TMS over M1 were
      recorded from first dorsal interosseous muscle, whereas participants observed
      video clips showing (a) a needle penetrating or (b) a Q-tip touching a hand
      model, presented either in first-person or in third-person perspective. We found
      that a pain-specific inhibition of MEP amplitude (a significantly greater MEP
      reduction in the "pain" compared with the "touch" conditions) only pertains to
      the first-person perspective, and it is related to the strength of the self
      reported embodiment. We interpreted this corticospinal modulation according to an
      "affective" conception of body ownership, suggesting that the body I feel as my
      own is the body I care more about.

PMID- 27378332
TI  - Reaching-related Neurons in Superior Parietal Area 5: Influence of the Target
      Visibility.
AB  - Reaching movements require the integration of both somatic and visual
      information. These signals can have different relevance, depending on whether
      reaches are performed toward visual or memorized targets. We tested the
      hypothesis that under such conditions, therefore depending on target visibility,
      posterior parietal neurons integrate differently somatic and visual signals.
      Monkeys were trained to execute both types of reaches from different hand resting
      positions and in total darkness. Neural activity was recorded in Area 5 (PE) and
      analyzed by focusing on the preparatory epoch, that is, before movement
      initiation. Many neurons were influenced by the initial hand position, and most
      of them were further modulated by the target visibility. For the same starting
      position, we found a prevalence of neurons with activity that differed depending
      on whether hand movement was performed toward memorized or visual targets. This
      result suggests that posterior parietal cortex integrates available signals in a
      flexible way based on contextual demands.

PMID- 27378330
TI  - Temporal Tuning of Word- and Face-selective Cortex.
AB  - Sensitivity to temporal change places fundamental limits on object processing in
      the visual system. An emerging consensus from the behavioral and neuroimaging
      literature suggests that temporal resolution differs substantially for stimuli of
      different complexity and for brain areas at different levels of the cortical
      hierarchy. Here, we used steady-state visually evoked potentials to directly
      measure three fundamental parameters that characterize the underlying neural
      response to text and face images: temporal resolution, peak temporal frequency,
      and response latency. We presented full-screen images of text or a human face,
      alternated with a scrambled image, at temporal frequencies between 1 and 12 Hz.
      These images elicited a robust response at the first harmonic that showed
      differential tuning, scalp topography, and delay for the text and face images.
      Face-selective responses were maximal at 4 Hz, but text-selective responses, by
      contrast, were maximal at 1 Hz. The topography of the text image response was
      strongly left-lateralized at higher stimulation rates, whereas the response to
      the face image was slightly right-lateralized but nearly bilateral at all
      frequencies. Both text and face images elicited steady-state activity at more
      than one apparent latency; we observed early (141-160 msec) and late (>250 msec)
      text- and face-selective responses. These differences in temporal tuning profiles
      are likely to reflect differences in the nature of the computations performed by
      word- and face-selective cortex. Despite the close proximity of word- and face
      selective regions on the cortical surface, our measurements demonstrate
      substantial differences in the temporal dynamics of word- versus face-selective
      responses.

PMID- 27378333
TI  - Prefrontal Cortex Activation Reflects Efficient Exploitation of Higher-order
      Statistical Structure.
AB  - Because everyday actions are statistically structured, knowing which action a
      person has just completed allows predicting the most likely next action step.
      Taking even more than the preceding action into account improves this
      predictability but also causes higher processing costs. Using fMRI, we
      investigated whether observers exploit second-order statistical regularities
      preferentially if information on possible upcoming actions provided by first
      order regularities is insufficient. We hypothesized that anterior pFC balances
      whether or not second-order information should be exploited. Participants watched
      videos of actions that were structured by first- and second-order conditional
      probabilities. Information provided by the first and by the second order was
      manipulated independently. BOLD activity in the action observation network was
      more attenuated the more information on upcoming actions was provided by first
      order structure, reflecting expectation suppression for more predictable actions.
      Activation in posterior parietal sites decreased further with second-order
      information but increased in temporal areas. As expected, second-order
      information was integrated more when less first-order information was provided,
      and this interaction was mediated by anterior pFC (BA 10). Observers
      spontaneously used both the present and the preceding action to predict the
      upcoming action, and integration of the preceding action was enhanced when the
      present action was uninformative.

PMID- 27378334
TI  - Impairment of contextual fear extinction by chronic nicotine and withdrawal from
      chronic nicotine is associated with hippocampal nAChR upregulation.
AB  - Chronic nicotine and withdrawal from chronic nicotine have been shown to be major
      modulators of fear learning behavior. Moreover, recent studies from our
      laboratory have shown that acute nicotine impaired fear extinction and safety
      learning in mice. However, the effects of chronic nicotine and withdrawal on fear
      extinction are unknown. Therefore, the current experiments were conducted to
      investigate the effects of chronic nicotine as well as withdrawal from chronic
      nicotine on contextual fear extinction in mice. C57BL6/J mice were given
      contextual fear conditioning training and retention testing during chronic
      nicotine administration. Mice then received contextual fear extinction either
      during chronic nicotine or during withdrawal from chronic nicotine. Our results
      showed that contextual fear extinction was impaired both during chronic nicotine
      administration and subsequent withdrawal. However, it was also observed that the
      effects of prior chronic nicotine disappeared after 72 h in withdrawal, a
      timeline that closely matches with the timing of the chronic nicotine-induced
      upregulation of hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) density.
      Additional experiments found that 4 days, but not 1 day, of continuous nicotine
      administration upregulated hippocampal nAChRs and impaired contextual fear
      extinction. These effects disappeared following 72 h withdrawal. Overall, these
      experiments provide a potential link between nicotine-induced upregulation of
      hippocampal nAChRs and fear extinction deficits observed in patients with anxiety
      disorders, which may lead to advancements in the pharmacological treatment
      methods for this disorder.

PMID- 27378335
TI  - Stress-induced resistance to the fear memory labilization/reconsolidation
      process. Involvement of the basolateral amygdala complex.
AB  - Consolidated memories can enter into a labile state after reactivation followed
      by a restabilization process defined as reconsolidation. This process can be
      interfered with Midazolam (MDZ), a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA-A
      receptor. The present study has evaluated the influence of prior stress on MDZ's
      interfering effect. We also assessed the influence of both systemic and intra
      basolateral amygdala (BLA) infusion of d-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist of
      the NMDA receptors, on the MDZ effect in previously stressed rats. Furthermore,
      we analyzed the effect of stress on the expression of Zif-268 and the GluN2B
      sites, two molecular markers of the labilization/reconsolidation process,
      following reactivation. The results revealed that prior stress resulted into a
      memory trace that was insensitive to the MDZ impairing effect. Both systemic and
      intra-BLA DCS administration previous to reactivation restored MDZ's disruptive
      effect on memory reconsolidation in stressed animals. Further, reactivation
      enhanced Zif-268 expression in the BLA in control unstressed rats, whereas no
      elevation was observed in stressed animals. In agreement with the behavioral
      findings, DCS restored the increased level of Zif-268 expression in the BLA in
      stressed animals. Moreover, memory reactivation in unstressed animals elevated
      GluN2B expression in the BLA, thus suggesting that this effect is involved in
      memory destabilization, whereas stressed animals did not reveal any changes.
      These findings are consistent with resistance to the MDZ effect in these rats,
      indicating that stress exposure prevents the onset of destabilization following
      reactivation. In summary, prior stress limited both the occurrence of the
      reactivation-induced destabilization and restabilization.

PMID- 27378336
TI  - The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism enhances glutamatergic transmission but diminishes
      activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the dorsolateral striatum.
AB  - The Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene
      disrupts the activity-dependent release of BDNF, which might underlie its
      involvement in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Consistent with the potential
      role of regulated release of BDNF in synaptic functions, earlier studies have
      demonstrated that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism impairs NMDA receptor-mediated
      synaptic transmission and plasticity in the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal
      cortex and the central amygdala. However, it is unknown whether the BDNF Val66Met
      polymorphism affects synapses in the dorsal striatum, which depends on cortical
      afferents for BDNF. Electrophysiological experiments revealed an enhanced
      glutamatergic transmission in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) of knock-in mice
      containing the variant polymorphism (BDNFMet/Met) compared to the wild-type
      (BDNFVal/Val) mice. This increase in glutamatergic transmission is mediated by a
      potentiation in glutamate release and NMDA receptor transmission in the medium
      spiny neurons without any alterations in non-NMDA receptor-mediated transmission.
      We also observed an impairment of synaptic plasticity, both long-term
      potentiation and depression in the DLS neurons, in BDNFMet/Met mice. Thus, the
      BDNF Val66Met polymorphism exerts an increase in glutamatergic transmission but
      impairs synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum, which might play a role in
      its effect on neuropsychiatric symptoms. This article is part of the Special
      Issue entitled 'Ionotropic glutamate receptors'.

PMID- 27378337
TI  - Involvement of ventral tegmental area ionotropic glutamate receptors in the
      expression of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference.
AB  - The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a well-established neural substrate of reward
      related processes. Activity within this structure is increased by the primary and
      conditioned rewarding effects of abused drugs and its engagement is heavily
      reliant on excitatory input from structures upstream. In the case of drug
      seeking, it is thought that exposure to drug-associated cues engages
      glutamatergic VTA afferents that signal directly to dopamine cells, thereby
      triggering this behavior. It is unclear, however, whether glutamate input to VTA
      is directly involved in ethanol-associated cue seeking. Here, the role of intra
      VTA ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) signaling in ethanol-cue seeking was
      evaluated in DBA/2J mice using an ethanol conditioned place preference (CPP)
      procedure. Intra-VTA iGluRs alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic
      acid (AMPAR)/kainate and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDAR) were blocked during ethanol
      CPP expression by co-infusion of antagonist drugs 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3
      dione (DNQX; AMPA/kainate) and d-(-)-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5;
      NMDA). Compared to aCSF, bilateral infusion of low (1 DNQX+100 AP5ng/side) and
      high (5 DNQX+500 AP5ng/side) doses of the AMPAR and NMDAR antagonist cocktail
      into VTA blocked ethanol CPP expression. This effect was site specific, as
      DNQX/AP5 infusion proximal to VTA did not significantly impact CPP expression. An
      increase in activity was found at the high but not low dose of DNQX/AP5. These
      findings demonstrate that activation of iGluRs within the VTA is necessary for
      ethanol-associated cue seeking, as measured by CPP.

PMID- 27378338
TI  - M100907 attenuates elevated grooming behavior in the BTBR mouse.
AB  - Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit social-communication
      deficits along with restricted interests and repetitive behaviors (RRBs). To
      date, there is a lack of effective treatments to alleviate RRBs. A recent study
      found that treatment with the 5HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 attenuates a
      reversal learning deficit in the BTBR mouse model of autism. The BTBR mouse also
      exhibits elevated grooming behavior which may model stereotyped motor behaviors
      also observed in ASD. The present study examined whether 5HT2A receptor blockade
      with M100907 at either 0.01 or 0.1mg/kg can reduce repetitive grooming in BTBR
      mice compared to that of vehicle-treated BTBR and C57BL6/J (B6) mice. M100907 at
      0.1mg/kg, but not 0.01mg/kg, significantly attenuated repetitive grooming in BTBR
      mice compared to that of vehicle-treated BTBR mice. M100907 at either dose did
      not affect grooming behavior in B6 mice. To determine whether 0.1mg/kg M100907
      had a more general effect on activity in BTBR mice, a second experiment
      determined whether M100907 at 0.1mg/kg affected locomotor activity in BTBR mice.
      M100907 treatment in BTBR and B6 mice did not alter locomotor activity compared
      to that of vehicle-treated BTBR and B6 mice. The present findings taken together
      with past results suggest that treatment with a 5HT2A receptor antagonist may be
      effective in ameliorating RRBs in ASD.

PMID- 27378339
TI  - Significant variations in alternative splicing patterns and expression profiles
      between human-mouse orthologs in early embryos.
AB  - Human and mouse orthologs are expected to have similar biological functions;
      however, many discrepancies have also been reported. We systematically compared
      human and mouse orthologs in terms of alternative splicing patterns and
      expression profiles. Human-mouse orthologs are divergent in alternative splicing,
      as human orthologs could generally encode more isoforms than their mouse
      orthologs. In early embryos, exon skipping is far more common with human
      orthologs, whereas constitutive exons are more prevalent with mouse orthologs.
      This may correlate with divergence in expression of splicing regulators.
      Orthologous expression similarities are different in distinct embryonic stages,
      with the highest in morula. Expression differences for orthologous transcription
      factor genes could play an important role in orthologous expression discordance.
      We further detected largely orthologous divergence in differential expression
      between distinct embryonic stages. Collectively, our study uncovers significant
      orthologous divergence from multiple aspects, which may result in functional
      differences and dynamics between human-mouse orthologs during embryonic
      development.

PMID- 27378340
TI  - WNK3 interacts with NCC.

PMID- 27378341
TI  - Expanding the antigenic repertoire of CAR-T cells with "TCR-like" antibody
      specificity.

PMID- 27378342
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells versus
      losartan on adriamycin-induced renal cortical injury in adult albino rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal disease is a major health problem. Recent studies have reported
      the efficacy of stem cell therapy in nephropathy animal models. AIM OF THE WORK:
      This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effectiveness of bone
      marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) versus losartan in the treatment
      of renal alterations induced by adriamycin (ADR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty
      five adult male albino rats were divided into four groups. Group I was the
      control group. Group II (adriamycin-treated group),which included ten rats that
      were injected with a single dose of adriamycin (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, was
      subdivided into subgroup IIa and IIb and they were sacrificed 1 week and 5 weeks
      after adriamycin injection, respectively. Group III was the adriamycin + losartan
      treated group and 1 week after adriamycin injection five rats received 10 mg/kg
      of losartan orally and daily for 4 weeks. Group IV was the adriamycin + MSC
      treated group); five rats were injected with adriamycin as group II then supplied
      with MSCs at a dose of 1 * 10(6) cells suspended in 0.5 mL of phosphate-buffered
      saline (PBS) per rat in the tail vein 1 week after adriamycin injection. Rats of
      this group were sacrificed 4 weeks after the stem cell injection. Blood urea
      nitrogen and serum creatinine were measured. Samples from renal cortex were
      processed for light and electron microscope examination. As regards light
      microscope, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H-E), periodic acid
      Schiff (PAS), masson trichrome, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and
      Caspase-3 immunohistochemical stains. Morphometrical and statistical analyses
      were also conducted. RESULTS: Examination of adriamycin-treated group revealed
      deterioration of renal functions and various degrees of renal structural
      alterations as vacuolated cytoplasm, dark nuclei and detached epithelial lining.
      Administration of losartan partially improved ADR-induced kidney dysfunction,
      whereas MSCs denoted a more ameliorative role evidenced by structural and
      functional recovery. CONCLUSION: MSCs have a relevant therapeutic potential
      against ADR-induced renal damage. MSCs may accomplish this role by decreasing
      caspase-3 expression and increasing proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining
      which influence the regeneration of the kidney.

PMID- 27378343
TI  - PR1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are relatively frequent in umbilical cord
      blood and can be effectively expanded to target myeloid leukemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIMS: PR1 is an HLA-A2 restricted leukemia-associated antigen derived
      from neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3, both of which are normally stored in
      the azurophil granules of myeloid cells but overexpressed in myeloid leukemic
      cells. PR1-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (PR1-CTLs) have activity against
      primary myeloid leukemia in vitro and in vivo and thus could have great potential
      in the setting of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT). Adult peripheral blood-derived
      PR1-CTLs are infrequent but preferentially lyse myeloid leukemia cells. We sought
      to examine PR1-CTLs in umbilical cord blood (UCB) because UCB units provide a
      rapidly available cell source and a lower risk of graft-versus-host disease, even
      in the setting of mismatched human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. METHODS: We
      first determined the frequency of PR1-CTLs in HLA-A2(+) UCB units and then
      successfully expanded them ex vivo using repeated stimulation with PR1 peptide
      pulsed antigen-presenting cells (APCs). After expansion, we assessed the PR1-CTL
      phenotype (naive, effector, memory) and function against PR1-expressing target
      cells. RESULTS: PR1-CTLs are detected at an average frequency of 0.14% within the
      CD8(+) population of fresh UCB units, which is 45 times higher than in healthy
      adult peripheral blood. UCB PR1-CTLs are phenotypically naive, consistent with
      the UCB CD8(+) population as a whole. In addition, the cells can be expanded by
      stimulation with PR1 peptide-pulsed APCs. Expansion results in an increased
      frequency of PR1-CTLs, up to 4.56%, with an average 20-fold increase in total
      number. After expansion, UCB PR1-CTLs express markers consistent with effector
      memory T cells. Expanded UCB PR1-CTLs are functional in vitro as they are able to
      produce cytokines and lyse PR1-expressing leukemia cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study is the first report to show that T cells specific for a leukemia-associated
      antigen are found at a significantly higher frequency in UCB than adult blood.
      Our results also demonstrate specific cytotoxicity of expanded UCB-derived PR1
      CTLs against PR1-expressing targets. Together, our data suggest that UCB PR1-CTLs
      could be useful to prevent or treat leukemia relapse in myeloid leukemia
      patients.

PMID- 27378344
TI  - Automated manufacturing of chimeric antigen receptor T cells for adoptive
      immunotherapy using CliniMACS prodigy.
AB  - Novel cell therapies derived from human T lymphocytes are exhibiting enormous
      potential in early-phase clinical trials in patients with hematologic
      malignancies. Ex vivo modification of T cells is currently limited to a small
      number of centers with the required infrastructure and expertise. The process
      requires isolation, activation, transduction, expansion and cryopreservation
      steps. To simplify procedures and widen applicability for clinical therapies,
      automation of these procedures is being developed. The CliniMACS Prodigy
      (Miltenyi Biotec) has recently been adapted for lentiviral transduction of T
      cells and here we analyse the feasibility of a clinically compliant T-cell
      engineering process for the manufacture of T cells encoding chimeric antigen
      receptors (CAR) for CD19 (CAR19), a widely targeted antigen in B-cell
      malignancies. Using a closed, single-use tubing set we processed mononuclear
      cells from fresh or frozen leukapheresis harvests collected from healthy
      volunteer donors. Cells were phenotyped and subjected to automated processing and
      activation using TransAct, a polymeric nanomatrix activation reagent
      incorporating CD3/CD28-specific antibodies. Cells were then transduced and
      expanded in the CentriCult-Unit of the tubing set, under stabilized culture
      conditions with automated feeding and media exchange. The process was
      continuously monitored to determine kinetics of expansion, transduction
      efficiency and phenotype of the engineered cells in comparison with small-scale
      transductions run in parallel. We found that transduction efficiencies, phenotype
      and function of CAR19 T cells were comparable with existing procedures and
      overall T-cell yields sufficient for anticipated therapeutic dosing. The
      automation of closed-system T-cell engineering should improve dissemination of
      emerging immunotherapies and greatly widen applicability.

PMID- 27378345
TI  - Safety, immune and clinical responses in metastatic melanoma patients vaccinated
      with a long peptide derived from indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in combination with
      ipilimumab.
AB  - BACKGROUND AIM: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an emerging new target in
      cancer therapy that can be targeted with active immunotherapy (e.g. through
      peptide vaccination). Furthermore, IDO has been identified as a key mechanism
      underlying resistance to treatment with the checkpoint blocking antibody
      ipilimumab (ipi). METHODS: Ten patients with metastatic melanoma participated in
      a phase I first-in-human clinical study assessing safety of combining ipi with a
      21-mer synthetic peptide vaccine from IDO denoted IDOlong. Secondary and tertiary
      end points included vaccine and clinical response. RESULTS: Treatment was
      generally safe and well tolerated. Vaccine related adverse reactions included
      grade I and II erythema, oedema and pruritus at the vaccination site, which were
      manageable with mild topical corticosteroids. One patient developed presumed ipi
      induced colitis. It initially responded to high-dose parenteral corticosteroids
      but later relapsed while the patient was admitted to a local hospital, where he
      died after receiving suboptimal therapy. Vaccine-specific T-cell responses were
      detectable ex vivo in three patients. At first evaluation, five of the 10 treated
      patients were in stable disease, one of whom had an unconfirmed partial response.
      CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with IDOlong synthetic peptide vaccine in combination with
      ipi was generally safe and without augmented toxicity. The vaccine induced
      readily detectable T-cell responses in a subset of patients. Treatment showed
      signs of clinical activity, although not exceeding efficacy of ipi alone. Results
      should be confirmed in a larger study.

PMID- 27378346
TI  - 'Classic Papers' in this issue of Acta Radiologica.

PMID- 27378347
TI  - A Case of Calculous Pericarditis.

PMID- 27378349
TI  - Foreword.

PMID- 27378348
TI  - The Roentgen Diagnosis of Ulcus Duodeni with Respect to the Local Direct Roentgen
      Symptoms.

PMID- 27378351
TI  - Disclaimer.

PMID- 27378353
TI  - Abstracts for the British Association of Dermatologists 96th Annual Meeting,
      Birmingham, U.K., 5-7 July 2016.

PMID- 27378354
TI  - Teaching communication and supporting autonomy with a team-based operative
      simulator.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Changing residency structure emphasizes the need for formal
      instruction on team leadership and intraoperative teaching skills. A high
      fidelity, multi-learner surgical simulation may offer opportunities for senior
      learners (SLs) to learn these skills while teaching technical skills to junior
      learners (JLs). METHODS: We designed and optimized a low-cost inguinal hernia
      model that paired JLs and SLs as an operative team. This was tested in 3 pilot
      simulations. Participants' feedback was analyzed using qualitative methods.
      RESULTS: JL feedback to SLs included the themes "guiding and instructing" and
      "allowing autonomy." Senior Learner feedback to JLs focused on "mechanics,"
      "knowledge," and "perspective/flow." Both groups focused on "communication" and
      "professionalism." CONCLUSIONS: A multi-learner simulation can successfully meet
      the technical learning needs of JLs and the teaching and communication learning
      needs of SLs. This model of resident-driven simulation may illustrate future
      opportunities for operative simulation.

PMID- 27378355
TI  - Mitotic genes are transcriptionally upregulated in the fibroblast irradiated with
      very low doses of UV-C.
AB  - Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces a variety of biological effects, including DNA
      damage response and cell signaling pathways. We performed transcriptome analysis
      using microarray in human primary cultured fibroblasts irradiated with UV-C (0.5
      or 5 J/m(2)) and harvested at 4 or 12 h following UV exposure. All transcript
      data were analyzed by comparison with the corresponding results in non-irradiated
      (control) cells. The number of genes with significantly altered expression (>=2
      fold difference relative to the control) is higher in the sample irradiated with
      high dose of UV, suggesting that gene expression was UV dose-dependent. Pathway
      analysis on the upregulated genes at 12 h indicates that the expression of some
      cell cycle-related genes was predominantly induced irrespective of UV-dose.
      Interestingly, almost all the genes with significant altered expression were cell
      cycle-related genes designated as 'Mitotic Genes', which function in the spindle
      assembly checkpoint. Therefore, even a low dose of UV could affect the
      transcriptional profile.

PMID- 27378356
TI  - High-throughput sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly of Swertia japonica
      to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of therapeutic metabolites.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: Here, we report potential transcripts involved in the biosynthesis
      of therapeutic metabolites in Swertia japonica , the first report of
      transcriptome assembly, and characterization of the medicinal plant from Swertia
      genus. Swertia genus, representing over 170 plant species including herbs such as
      S. chirata, S. hookeri, S. longifolia, S. japonica, among others, have been used
      as the traditional medicine in China, India, Korea, and Japan for thousands of
      years. Due to the lack of genomic and transcriptomic resources, little is known
      about the molecular basis involved in the biosynthesis of characteristic key
      bioactive metabolites. Here, we performed deep-transcriptome sequencing for the
      aerial tissues and the roots of S. japonica, generating over 2 billion raw reads
      with an average length of 101 bps. Using a combined approach of three popular
      assemblers, de novo transcriptome assembly for S. japonica was obtained, yielding
      81,729 unigenes having an average length of 884 bps and N50 value of 1452 bps, of
      which 46,963 unigenes were annotated based on the sequence similarity against
      NCBI-nr protein database. Annotation of transcriptome assembly resulted in the
      identification of putative genes encoding all enzymes from the key therapeutic
      metabolite biosynthesis pathways. Transcript abundance analysis, gene ontology
      enrichment analysis, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed metabolic
      processes being up-regulated in the aerial tissues with respect to the roots of
      S. japonica. We also identified 37 unigenes as potential candidates involved in
      the glycosylation of bioactive metabolites. Being the first report of
      transcriptome assembly and annotation for any of the Swertia species, this study
      will be a valuable resource for future investigations on the biosynthetic
      pathways of therapeutic metabolites and their regulations.

PMID- 27378357
TI  - Improvement in Aqueous Solubility of Retinoic Acid Receptor (RAR) Agonists by
      Bending the Molecular Structure.
AB  - Aqueous solubility is a key requirement for many functional molecules, e. g.,
      drug candidates. Decrease of the partition coefficient (log P) by chemical
      modification, i.e., introduction of hydrophilic group(s) into molecules, is a
      classical strategy for improving aqueous solubility. We have been investigating
      alternative strategies for improving the aqueous solubility of pharmaceutical
      compounds by disrupting intermolecular interactions. Here, we show that
      introducing a bend into the molecular structure of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)
      agonists by changing the substitution pattern from para to meta or ortho
      dramatically enhances aqueous solubility by up to 890-fold. We found that meta
      analogs exhibit similar hydrophobicity to the parent para compound, and have
      lower melting points, supporting the idea that the increase of aqueous solubility
      was due to decreased intermolecular interactions in the solid state as a result
      of the structural changes. 

PMID- 27378359
TI  - Uncoupling Mitochondrial Respiration for Diabesity.
AB  - Until recently, the mechanism of adaptive thermogenesis was ascribed to the
      expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown and beige adipocytes. UCP1 is
      known to catalyze a proton leak of the inner mitochondrial membrane, resulting in
      uncoupled oxidative metabolism with no production of adenosine triphosphate and
      increased energy expenditure. Thus increasing brown and beige adipose tissue with
      augmented UCP1 expression is a viable target for obesity-related disorders.
      Recent work demonstrates an UCP1-independent pathway to uncouple mitochondrial
      respiration. A secreted enzyme, PM20D1, enriched in UCP1+ adipocytes, exhibits
      catalytic and hydrolytic activity to reversibly form N-acyl amino acids. N-acyl
      amino acids act as endogenous uncouplers of mitochondrial respiration at
      physiological concentrations. Administration of PM20D1 or its products, N-acyl
      amino acids, to diet-induced obese mice improves glucose tolerance by increasing
      energy expenditure. In short-term studies, treated animals exhibit no toxicity
      while experiencing 10% weight loss primarily of adipose tissue. Further study of
      this metabolic pathway may identify novel therapies for diabesity, the disease
      state associated with diabetes and obesity. 

PMID- 27378358
TI  - Dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors in southern Benin following
      a large scale implementation of vector control interventions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Large-scale implementation of Indoor Residual Spraying and
      Insecticide Treated Nets has been implemented in Plateau Department, Benin
      between 2011 and 2014. The purpose of this study was to monitor the frequency and
      mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors following the
      implementation of vector control tools for malaria prevention. METHODS: Anopheles
      larvae were collected in 13 villages twice a year from 2012 to 2014. WHO tube
      tests were used to assess the phenotypic resistance of each population to 0.05 %
      deltamethrin. Sibling species within Anopheles gambiae complex were identified by
      PCR techniques. Taqman and biochemical assays were performed to identify the
      presence of kdr mutations in individual mosquitoes and to detect any increase in
      the activity of enzymes putatively involved in insecticide metabolism (oxidases,
      esterase and glutathione-S-transferases). Quantitative real time PCR was used to
      measure the expression of three metabolic genes involved in pyrethroid resistance
      (CYP6P3, CYP6M2 and GSTD3). RESULTS: Anopheles populations showed < 90 %
      mortality to deltamethrin in all villages and at all time points. The 1014 F kdr
      allele frequency was close to fixation (> 0.9) over the sampling periods in both
      An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. Biochemical assays showed higher activities of
      alpha esterase and GST in field malaria vector populations compared to
      susceptible mosquitoes. qPCR assays showed a significant increase of CYP6P3,
      CYP6M2 GSTD3 expression in An. gambiae after a three-year implementation of
      LLINs. CONCLUSION: The study confirmed that deltamethrin resistance is widespread
      in malaria vectors in Southern Benin. We suspect that the increase in
      deltamethrin resistance between 2012 and 2014 resulted from an increased
      expression of metabolic detoxification genes (CYP6M2 and CYP6P3) rather than from
      kdr mutations. It is urgent to evaluate further the impact of metabolic
      resistance on the efficacy of vector control interventions using pyrethroid
      insecticides.

PMID- 27378360
TI  - An algorithm for using expanded cervical flaps to resurface facial defects based
      on five different methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For patients with healthy skin in the cervical region, the expanded
      cervical flap method is highly recommended for resurfacing facial skin defects.
      Many methods exist that use an expanded cervical flap. However, a gold standard
      for selecting the appropriate method for each patient is lacking. Here, we
      introduce 5 basic principles for how to use an expanded cervical flap and an
      algorithm for selecting the appropriate method. METHODS: The authors reviewed the
      medical records for all patients treated with an expanded cervical flap to
      restore a facial skin lesion in Shanghai's Ninth People's Hospital between 2010
      and 2015. RESULTS: We summarized the 5 techniques according to different types of
      facial deformities: (1) an advancement of the expanded cervical flap; (2) an
      expanded cervical flap that is rotated toward the temporal side (the rotation
      pivot is located in the angle of the mandible); (3) an expanded cervical flap
      that is rotated toward the nasal side (the rotation pivot is located in the
      mentum; (4) an expanded cervical flap that is rotated cephalically along the
      midline toward the lower third of the face (the rotation pivot is located in the
      bilateral angle of the mandible); and (5) a prefabricated cervical flap that is
      used with superficial temporal vessels. CONCLUSION: By using this algorithm and
      following five basic principles, all facial defects except for those on the nose
      and forehead can be resurfaced using an expanded cervical skin flap.

PMID- 27378361
TI  - A review of negative-pressure wound therapy in the management of burn wounds.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Negative pressure has been employed in various aspects of burn care
      and the aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence for each of those uses.
      METHODS: The PubMed and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were queried for articles in
      the following areas: negative pressure as a dressing for acute burns,
      intermediate treatment prior to skin grafting, bolster for skin autografts,
      dressing for integration of dermal substitutes, dressing for skin graft donor
      sites, and integrated dressing in large burns. RESULTS: Fifteen studies met our
      inclusion criteria. One study showed negative pressure wound therapy improved
      perfusion in acute partial-thickness burns, 8 out of 9 studies showed benefits
      when used as a skin graft bolster dressing, 1 out of 2 studies showed improved
      rate of revascularization when used over dermal substitutes, and 1 study showed
      increased rate of re-epithelialization when used over skin graft donor sites.
      CONCLUSIONS: Negative pressure can improve autograft take when used as a bolster
      dressing. There is limited data to suggest that it may also improve the rate of
      revascularization of dermal substitutes and promote re-epithelialization of skin
      graft donor sites. Other uses suggested by studies that did not meet our
      inclusion criteria include improving vascularity in acute partial-thickness burns
      and as an integrated dressing for the management of large burns. Further studies
      are warranted for most clinical applications to establish negative pressure as an
      effective adjunct in burn wound care.

PMID- 27378362
TI  - Increased cell proliferation and neural activity by physostigmine in the
      telencephalon of adult zebrafish.
AB  - Physostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is known to affect the brain
      function in various aspects. This study was conducted to test whether
      physostigmine affects cell proliferation in the telencephalon of zebrafish. BrdU
      labeled cells was prominently observed in the ventral zone of the ventral
      telencephalon of zebrafish. The increased number of BrdU- and proliferating cell
      nuclear antigen-labeled cells were shown in zebrafish treated with 200MUM
      physostigmine, which was inhibited by pretreatment with 200MUM scopolamine. iNOS
      mRNA expression was increased in the brain of zebrafish treated with 200MUM
      physostigmine. Consistently, aminoguanidine, an iNOS inhibitor, attenuated the
      increase in the number of BrdU-labeled cells by physostigmine treatment.
      Zebrafish also showed seizure-like locomotor activity characterized by a rapid
      and abrupt movement during a 30min treatment with 200MUM physostigmine. Neural
      activity in response to an electrical stimulus was increased in the isolated
      telencephalon of zebrafish continuously perfused with 200MUM physostigmine. None
      of the number of BrdU-labeled cells, neural activity, or locomotor activity was
      affected by treatment with 20MUM physostigmine. These results suggest that 200MUM
      physostigmine increased neural activity and induced cell proliferation via nitric
      oxide production in zebrafish.

PMID- 27378364
TI  - The missing link: introducing travel medicine into the undergraduate medical
      curriculum.

PMID- 27378363
TI  - Association between plasma lipoprotein levels and bioprosthetic valve structural
      degeneration.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Structural valve degeneration (SVD) leads to the failure of aortic
      valve bioprostheses. It is suspected that lipid-derived factors could play a role
      in SVD. We hypothesised that oxidised low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), OxLDL/LDL,
      OxLDL/high-density lipoprotein (OxLDL/HDL) and proprotein convertase
      subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) may be associated with SVD. METHODS: We included 199
      patients who underwent an aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis and had
      an echocardiography follow-up to evaluate the function of the prosthesis. SVD was
      defined as an increase in mean transprosthetic gradient (>=10 mm Hg) or a
      worsening of transprosthetic regurgitation (>=1/3) during the follow-up. RESULTS:
      After a mean follow-up of 8+/-3.5 years, 41(21%) patients developed SVD. The
      univariate predictors of SVD were LDL (p=0.03), apolipoprotein B (p=0.01), OxLDL
      (p=0.02), OxLDL/HDL (p=0.009) and LDL associated with small, dense particles (LDL
      C<255A) (p=0.02). In a model adjusted for covariates, only OxLDL/HDL (OR 1.49,
      95%CI 1.08 to 2.07 per 10 units, p=0.01) remained associated with SVD. There was
      a significant interaction between OxLDL/HDL and PCSK9 on SVD (p=0.05). After
      adjustment, compared with patients with low OxLDL/HDL (median, <25.4) and low
      PCSK9 (median, <298 ng/mL) (referent), patients with both an elevated OxLDL/HDL
      ratio and PCSK9 had a higher risk of SVD (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.02 to 9.29, p=0.04).
      CONCLUSIONS: OxLDL/HDL ratio is independently associated with SVD.

PMID- 27378365
TI  - Travel medicine education-what are the needs?

PMID- 27378366
TI  - Varicella outbreak in Sudanese refugees from Calais.
AB  - We describe an outbreak of varicella in 31 Sudanese refugees (all except one were
      male, mean age: 26 +/- 1), from the Calais migrant camp and sheltered in a French
      transit area. The attack rate was 39%. Adults are scantly immunized against
      varicella zoster virus in East Africa and may be exposed to epidemics once in
      France. 

PMID- 27378367
TI  - A comparison of compliance rates with anti-vectorial protective measures during
      travel to regions with dengue or chikungunya activity, and regions endemic for
      Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is limited information on compliance rates with anti-vectorial
      protective measures (AVPMs) during travel to countries with risk of dengue and
      chikungunya. We evaluated differences in mosquito exposures, and factors
      associated with AVPM compliance in travellers going to countries where the
      principal mosquito-borne infectious disease threat is falciparum malaria and
      those where risk of dengue or chikungunya predominates. METHODS: Department of
      Defence beneficiaries with planned travel to regions where the predominant
      mosquito-borne infection is falciparum malaria, and those with predominantly
      dengue or chikungunya risk, were included. Regions were divided into three
      groups: 'high-risk falciparum malaria', 'low-risk falciparum malaria' and
      'chikungunya/dengue risk'. Demographics, trip characteristics, arthropod exposure
      and AVPM compliance were captured using pre- and post-travel surveys. Skin
      repellent compliance was defined as self-reported use, categorized as
      'often/every day'. A logistic regression model was used to estimate factors
      associated with AVPM compliance. RESULTS: 183 (9%), 185 (9%) and 149 (7%)
      travelled to high and low falciparum malaria risk regions, and chikungunya/dengue
      risk regions, respectively. Overall, 53% (95% CI: 48-57%) and 16% (95% CI: 12
      19%) were compliant with repellent use on skin and clothing, respectively.
      Daytime bites were reported more frequently in chikungunya/dengue risk regions
      than high malaria risk regions (37% vs. 10%), while night time bites were
      frequently in high malaria risk regions (53% vs 20%; P < 0.001). Compliance with
      skin repellents was associated with female gender [RR: 1.54 (95% CI: 1.05-2.28)],
      observing mosquitoes during travel [RR: 2.77 (95% CI: 1.76-4.36)] and travel
      during the rainy season [RR: 2.45 (95% CI: 1.66-3.71)]). CONCLUSIONS: Poor AVPM
      compliance was observed in the overall cohort. Compliance with skin repellent use
      was associated with female gender, observing mosquitoes and travelling during the
      rainy season, and was not associated with the risk of malaria or
      chikungunya/dengue at the travel destination.

PMID- 27378368
TI  - Travelers lowering their guard: a bacterial, viral and protozoan co-infection
      after a five-day journey in India.
AB  - We present a case of concurrent infections by Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia
      intestinalis and Hepatitis E virus acquired during a 5-days travel to India by an
      Italian traveller : Professionals responsible for pre- and post-travel care
      should underline food and water precautions and prescribe an adequate diagnostic
      work-up in symptomatic patients. 

PMID- 27378369
TI  - Adverse event reports following yellow fever vaccination, 2007-13.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Yellow fever (YF) vaccines have been available since the 1930s and
      are generally considered safe and effective. However, rare reports of serious
      adverse events (SAE) following vaccination have prompted the Advisory Committee
      for Immunization Practices to periodically expand the list of conditions
      considered contraindications and precautions to vaccination. METHODS: We describe
      adverse events following YF vaccination reported to the U.S. Vaccine Adverse
      Event Reporting System (VAERS) from 2007 through 2013 and calculate age- and sex
      specific reporting rates of all SAE, anaphylaxis, YF vaccine-associated
      neurologic disease (YEL-AND) and YF vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL
      AVD). RESULTS: There were 938 adverse events following YF vaccination reported to
      VAERS from 2007 through 2013. Of these, 84 (9%) were classified as SAEs for a
      rate of 3.8 per 100 000 doses distributed. Reporting rates of SAEs increased with
      increasing age with a rate of 6.5 per 100 000 in persons aged 60-69 years and
      10.3 for >=70 years. The reporting rate for anaphylaxis was 1.3 per 100 000 doses
      distributed and was highest in persons <=18 years (2.7 per 100 000). Reporting
      rates of YEL-AND and YEL-AVD were 0.8 and 0.3 per 100 000 doses distributed,
      respectively; both rates increased with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: These
      findings reinforce the generally acceptable safety profile of YF vaccine, but
      highlight the importance of continued physician and traveller education regarding
      the risks and benefits of YF vaccination, particularly for older travellers.

PMID- 27378370
TI  - Early detection of Zika virus infection among travellers from areas of ongoing
      transmission in China.
AB  - Nine imported Zika virus (ZIKV) infections (four through temperature monitoring
      and epidemiological investigation at entry and five by active surveillance
      tracking of index case contacts during follow-up; from Venezuela [n = 5], Samoa
      [n = 3] and both Samoa and Fiji [n = 1]) were detected in mainland China from
      February 1 to 29, 2016. The minimal incubation period lasted 5.2 days, with mean
      lag time to diagnosis of 2.6 days. Diagnosis relied on positive real-time reverse
      transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for ZIKV RNA in serum (n = 7), urine (n =
      4) or saliva (n = 3), respectively. All cases recovered rapidly without serious
      complications. 

PMID- 27378371
TI  - Pupil diameter changes reflect difficulty and diagnostic accuracy during medical
      image interpretation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No automated methods exist to objectively monitor and evaluate the
      diagnostic process while physicians review computerized medical images. The
      present study tested whether using eye tracking to monitor tonic and phasic pupil
      dynamics may prove valuable in tracking interpretive difficulty and predicting
      diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: Pathologists interpreted digitized breast biopsies
      varying in diagnosis and rated difficulty, while pupil diameter was monitored.
      Tonic diameter was recorded during the entire duration of interpretation, and
      phasic diameter was examined when the eyes fixated on a pre-determined diagnostic
      region during inspection. RESULTS: Tonic pupil diameter was higher with
      increasing rated difficulty levels of cases. Phasic diameter was interactively
      influenced by case difficulty and the eventual agreement with consensus
      diagnosis. More difficult cases produced increases in pupil diameter, but only
      when the pathologists' diagnoses were ultimately correct. All results were robust
      after adjusting for the potential impact of screen brightness on pupil diameter.
      CONCLUSIONS: Results contribute new understandings of the diagnostic process,
      theoretical positions regarding locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system function,
      and suggest novel approaches to monitoring, evaluating, and guiding medical image
      interpretation.

PMID- 27378373
TI  - Anticonvulsant effect of a ghrelin receptor agonist in 6Hz corneally kindled
      mice.
AB  - Ghrelin has anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in models of
      chemoconvulsant-induced seizures and status epilepticus. In this study we
      investigated whether deletion of the ghrelin receptor could alter the kindling
      process in the 6 Hz corneal kindling model and whether ghrelin receptor ligands
      possess anticonvulsant effects in fully kindled mice. Ghrelin receptor wild-type
      and knockout mice were electrically stimulated at a subconvulsive current twice
      daily via corneal electrodes until they reached the fully kindled state. Mice
      lacking the ghrelin receptor showed similar seizure severity during kindling
      acquisition as well as in the maintenance phase when compared to their wild-type
      littermates. Subsequently we proceeded by investigating possible anticonvulsant
      effects of the ghrelin receptor ligands in the acute 6 Hz seizure model and the
      fully 6 Hz kindled mice. The ghrelin receptor agonist JMV-1843 decreased the
      seizure severity score both in acutely 6 Hz stimulated mice and in fully kindled
      ghrelin receptor wild-type mice, but not in fully kindled ghrelin receptor
      knockout mice. No effect on seizure severity was observed following the ghrelin
      receptor antagonist JMV-2959 in both models. This finding indicates that JMV-1843
      exerts an anticonvulsant effect in kindled mice via the ghrelin receptor.

PMID- 27378372
TI  - Context dependent regulatory patterns of the androgen receptor and androgen
      receptor target genes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Expression of the androgen receptor (AR) is associated with androgen
      dependent proliferation arrest and terminal differentiation of normal prostate
      epithelial cells. Additionally, activation of the AR is required for survival of
      benign luminal epithelial cells and primary cancer cells, thus androgen
      deprivation therapy (ADT) leads to apoptosis in both benign and cancerous tissue.
      Escape from ADT is known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In the
      course of CRPC development the AR typically switches from being a cell-intrinsic
      inhibitor of normal prostate epithelial cell proliferation to becoming an
      oncogene that is critical for prostate cancer cell proliferation. A clearer
      understanding of the context dependent activation of the AR and its target genes
      is therefore desirable. METHODS: Immortalized human prostate basal epithelial
      EP156T cells and progeny cells that underwent epithelial to mesenchymal
      transition (EMT), primary prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) and prostate cancer
      cell lines LNCaP, VCaP and 22Rv1 were used to examine context dependent
      restriction and activation of the AR and classical target genes, such as KLK3.
      Genome-wide gene expression analyses and single cell protein analyses were
      applied to study the effect of different contexts. RESULTS: A variety of growth
      conditions were tested and found unable to activate AR expression and
      transcription of classical androgen-dependent AR target genes, such as KLK3, in
      prostate epithelial cells with basal cell features or in mesenchymal type
      prostate cells. The restriction of androgen- and AR-dependent transcription of
      classical target genes in prostate basal epithelial cells was at the level of AR
      expression. Exogenous AR expression was sufficient for androgen-dependent
      transcription of AR target genes in prostate basal epithelial cells, but did not
      exert a positive feedback on endogenous AR expression. Treatment of basal
      prostate epithelial cells with inhibitors of epigenetic gene silencing was not
      efficient in inducing androgen-dependent transcription of AR target genes,
      suggesting the importance of missing cofactor(s). CONCLUSIONS: Regulatory
      mechanisms of AR and androgen-dependent AR target gene transcription are
      insufficiently understood and may be critical for prostate cancer initiation,
      progression and escape from standard therapy. The present model is useful for the
      study of context dependent activation of the AR and its transcriptome.

PMID- 27378375
TI  - Taking personal responsibility: Nurses' and assistant nurses' experiences of good
      nursing practice in psychiatric inpatient care.
AB  - Therapeutic nurse-patient relationships are considered essential for good nursing
      practice in psychiatric inpatient care. Previous research suggests that inpatient
      care fails to fulfil patients' expectations in this regard, and that nurses might
      experience the reality of inpatient care as an obstruction. The aim of the
      present study was to explore nurses' and assistant nurses' experiences of good
      nursing practice in the specific context of psychiatric inpatient care.
      Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 skilled, relationship-oriented
      nurses and assistant nurses in order to explore their experiences with nursing
      practice related to psychiatric inpatient care. Interviews were transcribed and
      analysed using an interpretive descriptive approach. Findings describe good
      nursing practice as a matter of nurses and assistant nurses taking personal
      responsibility for their actions and for the individual patient as a person.
      Difficulties in providing dignified nursing care and taking personal
      responsibility cause them to experience feelings of distress and frustration.
      Shared values and nursing leadership supports being moral and treating patients
      with respect, having enough time supports being present and connecting with
      patients, and working as a part of a competent team with critical daily
      discussions and diversity supports being confident and building trust. The
      findings suggest that taking personal responsibility is integral to good nursing
      practice. If unable to improve poor circumstances, nurses might be forced to
      promote their own survival by refuting or redefining their responsibility. Nurses
      need to prioritize being with patients and gain support in shaping their own
      nursing practice. Nursing leadership should provide moral direction and defend
      humanistic values. 

PMID- 27378376
TI  - The dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of natural honey promote
      cell proliferation and neural regeneration in a rat model of colitis.
AB  - A decreased antioxidant capacity and excessive inflammation are well-known
      features in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Recent evidence has
      suggested a role of honey in reducing colitis-induced inflammatory and oxidative
      stress markers. In this study, we examined whether the anti-inflammatory and anti
      oxidative properties of honey have a beneficial effect on the enteric innervation
      and cellular proliferation of UC in rat. The colitis was induced in rats by
      dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). The effect of natural honey on induced colitis was
      assessed by the following parameters in colonic samples: tissue injury,
      inflammatory infiltration, interleukin-1beta and -6, superoxide dismutase and
      reduced glutathione. In addition, the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha,
      inducible NO synthase, caspase-3, CD34, Ki67, S100, c-kit, and neuron-specific
      enolase were examined by immunohistochemistry. Compared to the DSS-induced
      colitis group, the honey-treated group had significantly improved macroscopic and
      microscopic scores and exhibited the down-regulation of oxidative, inflammatory,
      and apoptotic markers. In addition, up-regulation of intrinsic muscular
      innervation and epithelial cellular proliferation markers was detected. These
      results provide new insight into the beneficial role of natural honey in the
      treatment of DSS-induced colitis via the inhibition of colonic motor dysfunction
      and the inflammatory-oxidative-apoptotic cascade. In addition, the role of honey
      in epithelial regeneration was clarified. 

PMID- 27378374
TI  - Distinct and shared functions of ALS-associated proteins TDP-43, FUS and TAF15
      revealed by multisystem analyses.
AB  - The RNA-binding protein (RBP) TAF15 is implicated in amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS). To compare TAF15 function to that of two ALS-associated RBPs,
      FUS and TDP-43, we integrate CLIP-seq and RNA Bind-N-Seq technologies, and show
      that TAF15 binds to ~4,900 RNAs enriched for GGUA motifs in adult mouse brains.
      TAF15 and FUS exhibit similar binding patterns in introns, are enriched in 3'
      untranslated regions and alter genes distinct from TDP-43. However, unlike FUS
      and TDP-43, TAF15 has a minimal role in alternative splicing. In human neural
      progenitors, TAF15 and FUS affect turnover of their RNA targets. In human stem
      cell-derived motor neurons, the RNA profile associated with concomitant loss of
      both TAF15 and FUS resembles that observed in the presence of the ALS-associated
      mutation FUS R521G, but contrasts with late-stage sporadic ALS patients. Taken
      together, our findings reveal convergent and divergent roles for FUS, TAF15 and
      TDP-43 in RNA metabolism.

PMID- 27378377
TI  - Immunotoxicity of skin acid secretion produced by the sea slug Berthellina
      citrina in mice spleen: Histological and Immunohistochemical study.
AB  - Acid secretion containing sulfuric and hydrochloric acids is a fascinating
      defensive phenomenon within many groups of marine organisms. This study aimed to
      investigate the mice spleen histology and immunotoxicity using skin acid
      secretion (SAS) of the sea slug Berthellina citrina after oral administration.
      The spleen showed atrophy in the white pulp, decrease in the splenocytes density,
      megakaryocytes cytoplasmic degeneration as well as inflammatory cells
      infiltrations. The white and red pulp splenocytes number decreased time
      dependently in the treated spleens. Additionally, the size of the megakaryocytes
      increased as compared with the control. The administration with SAS increased the
      number of the IgA(+) cells aggregation in the splenic red pulp. Furthermore,
      after 7days of the administration, large number of dispersed IgA(+) cells were
      distributed in splenic parenchyma. The IgA(+) cells numbers increased time
      dependently as compared with those in the control. The aggregation sizes and
      number of the F4/80(+) cell in the splenic red pulp were increased. Furthermore
      the F4/80(+) cells numbers increased time-dependently as compared with those in
      the control. The UEAI(+) cells were found as free cells but not in aggregations
      in the control splenic red pulp. Contradictory to the number of IgA(+) cells and
      F4/80(+) cells the number of the UEAI(+) cells decreased time-dependently after
      administration with SAS. Hematologically, abnormal numbers of WBCs different
      cells were observed after administration with SAS. This study provides new
      insight about the toxicity of a marine extract may be used in natural products
      industry or medical applications. 

PMID- 27378378
TI  - Has gene duplication impacted the evolution of Eutherian longevity?
AB  - One of the greatest unresolved questions in aging biology is determining the
      genetic basis of interspecies longevity variation. Gene duplication is often the
      key to understanding the origin and evolution of important Eutherian phenotypes.
      We systematically identified longevity-associated genes in model organisms that
      duplicated throughout Eutherian evolution. Longevity-associated gene families
      have a marginally significantly higher rate of duplication compared to non
      longevity-associated gene families. Anti-longevity-associated gene families have
      significantly increased rate of duplication compared to pro-longevity gene
      families and are enriched in neurodegenerative disease categories. Conversely,
      duplicated pro-longevity-associated gene families are enriched in cell cycle
      genes. There is a cluster of longevity-associated gene families that expanded
      solely in long-lived species that is significantly enriched in pathways relating
      to 3-UTR-mediated translational regulation, metabolism of proteins and gene
      expression, pathways that have the potential to affect longevity. The
      identification of a gene cluster that duplicated solely in long-lived species
      involved in such fundamental processes provides a promising avenue for further
      exploration of Eutherian longevity evolution.

PMID- 27378379
TI  - Time Economical Total Synthesis of (-)-Oseltamivir.
AB  - A time economical 60 min total synthesis of (-)-oseltamivir was accomplished in a
      single reaction vessel over five steps. One of the key issues is reduction in the
      number of steps by eliminating lengthy reaction steps with substitution of a
      rapid epimerization step. A catalytic system consisting of three reagents,
      namely, diphenylprolinol silyl ether, thiourea, and acid, was developed for a
      rapid asymmetric Michael reaction with excellent diastereo- and
      enantioselectivities. All reactions were optimized in terms of not only yield and
      selectivity but also reaction time.

PMID- 27378382
TI  - Recent advances in the template-directed synthesis of porphyrin nanorings.
AB  - The template-directed strategy is a powerful method to construct porphyrin
      nanorings with high complexities, wherein metalloporphyrin precursors pre
      organize via supramolecular interactions of the porphyrin or its central metal
      with a carefully selected template, and then react with each other to deliver a
      final cyclic multiporphyrin structure. In this article, we review the recent
      breakthroughs in the template-directed synthesis methods and new structures of
      porphyrin or metalloporphyrin nanorings, as well as their applications in host
      guest chemistry and artificial light-harvesting. 

PMID- 27378380
TI  - Worry about recurrence in a multi-ethnic population of breast cancer survivors
      and their partners.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objectives of this study are to describe racial/ethnic differences
      and clinical/treatment correlates of worry about recurrence and examine
      modifiable factors in the health care experience to reduce worry among breast
      cancer survivors, partners, and pairs. METHODS: Women with non-metastatic breast
      cancer identified by the Detroit and Los Angeles SEER registries between 6/05 and
      2/07 were surveyed at 9 months and 4 years. Latina and Black women were
      oversampled. Partners were surveyed at time 2. Worry about recurrence was
      regressed on sociodemographics, clinical/treatment, and modifiable factors (e.g.,
      emotional support received by providers) among survivors, partners, and pairs.
      RESULTS: The final sample included 510 pairs. Partners reported more worry about
      recurrence than survivors. Compared to Whites, Latinas(os) were more likely to
      report worry and Blacks were less likely to report worry (all p < 0.05). Partners
      of survivors who received chemotherapy reported more worry (OR = 2.47 [1.45,
      4.22]). Among modifiable factors, survivors and pairs who received more emotional
      support from providers were less likely to report worry than those survivors and
      pairs who did not receive such support (OR = 0.56 [0.32, 0.97]) and (OR = 0.45
      [0.23,0.85]), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Early identification of survivors and
      partners who are reporting considerable worry about recurrence can lead to
      targeted culturally sensitive interventions to avoid poorer outcomes.
      Interventions focused on health care providers offering information on risk and
      emotional support to survivors and partners is warranted.

PMID- 27378381
TI  - The 14th Ile residue is essential for Leptin function in regulating energy
      homeostasis in rat.
AB  - LEPTIN (LEP) is a circulating hormone released primarily from white adipocytes
      and is crucial for regulating satiety and energy homeostasis in humans and
      animals. Using the CRISPR technology, we created a set of Lep mutant rats that
      carry either null mutations or a deletion of the 14(th) Ile (LEP(?I14)) in the
      mature LEP protein. We examined the potential off-target sites (OTS) by whole
      genome high-throughput sequencing and/or Sanger-sequencing analysis and found no
      OTS in mutant rats. Mature LEP(?I14) is incessantly produced and released to
      blood at a much elevated level due to the feedback loop. Structure modeling of
      binding conformation between mutant LEP(?I14) and LEPTIN receptor (LEPR) suggests
      that the conformation of LEP(?I14) impairs its binding with LEPR, consistent with
      its inability to activate STAT3-binding element in the luciferase reporter assay.
      Phenotypic study demonstrated that Lep(?I14) rats recapitulate phenotypes of Lep
      null mutant rats including obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis,
      nephropathy, and infertility. Compared to the existing ob/ob mouse models, this
      Lep(?I14/?I14) rat strain provides a robust tool for further dissecting the roles
      of LEP in the diabetes related kidney disease and reproduction problem, beyond
      its well established function in regulating energy homeostasis.

PMID- 27378385
TI  - Electrocardiographic findings during balloon angioplasty of the left circumflex
      coronary artery - influence of location of the ischemic segments with respect to
      the obtuse margin of the left ventricle.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) occlusion is not easily
      detected by the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS: In 16 patients
      continuous ECG recording was performed during balloon occlusion. The treated
      lesions were divided into proximal and distal based on the location of the
      ischemic segments with respect to the left obtuse margin of the heart. RESULTS:
      Mean DeltaST (=ST amplitude during inflation - pre-inflation ST) >=0.5mm in both
      leads I and aVL predicted a proximal occlusion site with sensitivity of 62.5%
      (95% confidence interval [CI] 24.9-91.5%), specificity 100% (95% CI 63.1-100%),
      positive predictive value 100% (95% CI 47.8-100%), and negative predictive value
      72.7% (95% CI 39-94%). In lead III, mean DeltaST was +0.3mm in the distal and 
      0.2mm in the proximal group, respectively (p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: ST elevation in
      leads I and aVL is associated with myocardial ischemia at or proximal to the left
      obtuse margin.

PMID- 27378383
TI  - Evaluation of the biomarker candidate MFAP4 for non-invasive assessment of
      hepatic fibrosis in hepatitis C patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The human microfibrillar-associated protein 4 (MFAP4) is located to
      extracellular matrix fibers and plays a role in disease-related tissue
      remodeling. Previously, we identified MFAP4 as a serum biomarker candidate for
      hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis in hepatitis C patients. The aim of the present
      study was to elucidate the potential of MFAP4 as biomarker for hepatic fibrosis
      with a focus on the differentiation of no to moderate (F0-F2) and severe fibrosis
      stages and cirrhosis (F3 and F4, Desmet-Scheuer scoring system). METHODS: MFAP4
      levels were measured using an AlphaLISA immunoassay in a retrospective study
      including n = 542 hepatitis C patients. We applied a univariate logistic
      regression model based on MFAP4 serum levels and furthermore derived a
      multivariate model including also age and gender. Youden-optimal cutoffs for
      binary classification were determined for both models without restrictions and
      considering a lower limit of 80 % sensitivity (correct classification of F3 and
      F4), respectively. To assess the generalization error, leave-one-out cross
      validation (LOOCV) was performed. RESULTS: MFAP4 levels were shown to differ
      between no to moderate fibrosis stages F0-F2 and severe stages (F3 and F4) with
      high statistical significance (t test on log scale, p value <2.2.10(-16)). In the
      LOOCV, the univariate classification resulted in 85.8 % sensitivity and 54.9 %
      specificity while the multivariate model yielded 81.3 % sensitivity and 61.5 %
      specificity (restricted approaches). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the applicability
      of MFAP4 as a novel serum biomarker for assessment of hepatic fibrosis and
      identification of high-risk patients with severe fibrosis stages in hepatitis C.
      The combination of MFAP4 with existing tests might lead to a more accurate non
      invasive diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis and allow a cost-effective disease
      management in the era of new direct acting antivirals.

PMID- 27378384
TI  - Cyclic di-AMP targets the cystathionine beta-synthase domain of the osmolyte
      transporter OpuC.
AB  - Cellular turgor is of fundamental importance to bacterial growth and survival.
      Changes in external osmolarity as a consequence of fluctuating environmental
      conditions and colonization of diverse environments can significantly impact
      cytoplasmic water content, resulting in cellular lysis or plasmolysis. To ensure
      maintenance of appropriate cellular turgor, bacteria import ions and small
      organic osmolytes, deemed compatible solutes, to equilibrate cytoplasmic
      osmolarity with the extracellular environment. Here, we show that elevated levels
      of c-di-AMP, a ubiquitous second messenger among bacteria, result in significant
      susceptibility to elevated osmotic stress in the bacterial pathogen Listeria
      monocytogenes. We found that levels of import of the compatible solute carnitine
      show an inverse correlation with intracellular c-di-AMP content and that c-di-AMP
      directly binds to the CBS domain of the ATPase subunit of the carnitine importer
      OpuC. Biochemical and structural studies identify conserved residues required for
      this interaction and transport activity in bacterial cells. Overall, these
      studies reveal a role for c-di-AMP mediated regulation of compatible solute
      import and provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which this
      essential second messenger impacts bacterial physiology and adaptation to
      changing environmental conditions.

PMID- 27378386
TI  - BEACON: A Summary Framework to Overcome Potential Reimbursement Hurdles.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To provide a framework for addressing payers' criteria during the
      development of pharmaceuticals. METHODS: A conceptual framework was presented to
      an international health economic expert panel for discussion. A structured
      literature search (from 2010 to May 2015), using the following databases in Ovid:
      Medline((r)) and Medline((r)) In-Process (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), EconLit
      (EBSCOhost) and the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS
      EED), and a 'grey literature' search, were conducted to identify existing
      criteria from the payer perspective. The criteria assessed by existing frameworks
      and guidelines were collated; the most commonly reported criteria were considered
      for inclusion in the framework. A mnemonic was conceived as a memory aide to
      summarise these criteria. RESULTS: Overall, 41 publications were identified as
      potentially relevant to the objective. Following further screening, 26 were
      excluded upon full-text review on the basis of no framework presented (n = 13),
      redundancy (n = 11) or abstract only (n = 2). Frameworks that captured criteria
      developed for or utilised by the pharmaceutical industry (n = 5) and
      reimbursement guidance (n = 10) were reviewed. The most commonly identified
      criteria-unmet need/patient burden, safety, efficacy, quality-of-life outcomes,
      environment, evidence quality, budget impact and comparator-were incorporated
      into the summary framework. For ease of communication, the following mnemonic was
      developed: BEACON (Burden/target population, Environment, Affordability/value,
      Comparator, Outcomes, Number of studies/quality of evidence). CONCLUSIONS: The
      BEACON framework aims to capture the 'essence' of payer requirements by
      addressing the most commonly described criteria requested by payers regarding the
      introduction of a new pharmaceutical.

PMID- 27378387
TI  - Geochemical disturbance of soil cover in the nonferrous mining centers of the
      Selenga River basin.
AB  - The anthropogenic geochemical transformation of soil cover in large nonferrous
      mining centers of the Selenga River basin was assessed. The results of the
      geochemical survey of 2010-2012 revealed the spatial distribution patterns and
      abundances of 18 hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in the soils of Erdenet
      (Mongolia) and Zakamensk (Buryat republic, Russian Federation). In both cities,
      mining activities disturbed soil cover which accumulates Mo, Cu, As, Sb, W in
      Erdenet and Bi, W, Cd, Be, Pb, Mo, Sb in Zakamensk. Maximum accumulation of
      elements in Erdenet is restricted to the industrial zone. In Zakamensk, it has
      spread on 1/2 of the territory with the degree of multielemental pollution
      exceeding the extremely dangerous level by 16 times. The effect of mining centers
      on the state of the river system is local and does not spread to the Selenga
      River. Downstream from Erdenet, an artificial pool intercepts heavy metal and
      metalloid flows of the Erdenetii-Gol River. By contrast, downstream from the
      tailing dumps of the Dzhida tungsten-molybdenum plant the concentrations of ore
      elements W and Mo and their accessories Bi and Cd in the Modonkul River exceed
      background values by 146, 20, 57, and 21 times, respectively, decreasing by an
      order of magnitude 30 km downstream.

PMID- 27378388
TI  - Vascular laminins in physiology and pathology.

PMID- 27378389
TI  - Arthroscopic Central Acetabular Decompression: Clinical Outcomes at Minimum 2
      Year Follow-up Using a Matched-Pair Analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess 2-year clinical outcomes of patients who underwent hip
      arthroscopy for central acetabular osteophytes (CAO) treated with central
      acetabular decompression (CAD), and to compare these outcomes with those of a
      matched control group. METHODS: Data were prospectively gathered for patients
      undergoing CAD during hip arthroscopy from February 2008 to July 2012. All
      patients were assessed pre- and postoperatively at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years
      with modified Harris Hip Score, Non-Arthritic Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score
      Activities of Daily Living, Hip Outcome Score-Sport-Specific Subscale, and visual
      analog scale (VAS) for pain. Patient satisfaction (0 to 10) was collected. A
      matched control group of patients without CAOs who did not undergo CAD was
      selected on a 1:3 ratio. RESULTS: Forty-nine hips were included in the CAD group
      and 147 in the control group. The mean change in patient-reported outcome (PRO)
      scores at 2-year follow-up in the CAD group for modified Harris Hip Score, Hip
      Outcome Score-Activities of Daily Living, Hip Outcome Score-Sport-Specific
      Subscale, Non-Arthritic Hip Score, and VAS was 11.0, 19.6, 15.2, 21.4, and -2,
      respectively. The mean change in PRO scores at 2-year follow-up in the control
      group was 17.0, 19.8, 24.0, 20.9, and -2.75, respectively. All improvements in
      PRO scores for both groups were statistically significant compared with the data
      collected preoperatively (P < .001). There was no statistically significant
      difference in postoperative PRO scores and VAS between the groups. Postoperative
      patient satisfaction at the latest follow-up was 7.14 and 7.60 for CAD and
      control groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that patients with a
      CAO treated with CAD during hip arthroscopy had favorable outcomes at minimum 2
      years postoperatively. Furthermore, the study group showed similar PRO scores and
      VAS to the control group. We conclude that CAD is a viable treatment option for
      CAO, yielding clinical improvement at short-term follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Level III, prospective comparative study.

PMID- 27378390
TI  - Decarboxylative Csp(3)-Csp(3) coupling for benzylation of unstable ketone
      enolates: synthesis of p-(acylethyl)phenols.
AB  - A new decarboxylative Csp(3)-Csp(3) coupling approach for the benzylation of
      ketone enolates has been developed. A variety of raspberry ketone derivatives
      were conveniently synthesized in good to excellent yields under mild conditions.
      A crossover reaction shed light on the mechanism of this tandem reaction. 

PMID- 27378392
TI  - Development of a room laser based real-time alignment monitoring system using an
      array of photodiodes.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a real-time alignment monitoring system (RAMS) to compensate
      for the limitations of the conventional room-laser-based alignment system. To
      verify the feasibility of the RAMS, reproducibility and accuracy tests were
      conducted. METHODS: RAMS was composed of a room laser sensing array (RLSA), an
      electric circuit, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), and a control PC. The
      RLSA was designed to arrange photodiodes in a pattern that results in the RAMS
      having a resolution of 1mm. The photodiodes were used for quantitative assessment
      of the alignment condition. To verify the usability of the developed system, we
      conducted tests of temporal reproducibility, repeatability, and accuracy.
      RESULTS: The results of the temporal reproducibility test suggested that the
      signal of the RAMS was stable with respect to time. Further, the repeatability
      test resulted in a maximum coefficient of variance of 1.14%, suggesting that the
      signal of the RAMS was stable over repeated set-ups. The accuracy test confirmed
      that the "on" and "off" signals could be distinguished by signal intensity,
      considering that the "off" signal was below 75% of the "on" signal in every case.
      In addition, we confirmed that the system can detect 1mm of movement by
      monitoring the pattern of the "on" and "off" signals. CONCLUSION: We developed a
      room laser based alignment monitoring system. The feasibility test verified that
      the system is capable of quantitative alignment monitoring in real time. We
      expect that the RAMS can propose the potential of the room laser based alignment
      monitoring method.

PMID- 27378391
TI  - Nanoconjugation prolongs endosomal signaling of the epidermal growth factor
      receptor and enhances apoptosis.
AB  - It is becoming increasingly clear that intracellular signaling can be subject to
      strict spatial control. As the covalent attachment of a signaling ligand to a
      nanoparticle (NP) impacts ligand-receptor binding, uptake, and trafficking,
      nanoconjugation provides new opportunities for manipulating intracellular
      signaling in a controlled fashion. To establish the effect of nanoconjugation on
      epidermal growth factor (EGF) mediated signaling, we investigate here the
      intracellular fate of nanoconjugated EGF (NP-EGF) and its bound receptor (EGFR)
      by quantitative correlated darkfield/fluorescence microscopy and density-based
      endosomal fractionation. We demonstrate that nanoconjugation prolongs the dwell
      time of phosphorylated receptors in the early endosomes and that the retention of
      activated EGFR in the early endosomes is accompanied by an EGF mediated apoptosis
      at effective concentrations that do not induce apoptosis in the case of free EGF.
      Overall, these findings indicate nanoconjugation as a rational strategy for
      modifying signaling that acts by modulating the temporo-spatial distribution of
      the activated EGF-EGFR ligand-receptor complex. 

PMID- 27378393
TI  - The medical physics specialization system in Poland.
AB  - This paper presents the situation of the profession of medical physicists in
      Poland. The official recognition of the profession of medical physicist in Polish
      legislation was in 2002. In recent years, more and more Universities which have
      Physics Faculties introduce a medical physics specialty. At present, there are
      about 15 Universities which offer such programmes. These Universities are able to
      graduate about 150 medical physicists per year. In 2002, the Ministry of Health
      introduced a programme of postgraduate specialization in medical physics along
      the same rules employed in the specialization of physicians in various branches
      of medicine. Five institutions, mostly large oncology centres, were selected as
      teaching institutions, based on their experience, the quality of the medical
      physics professionals, staffing levels, equipment availability, lecture halls,
      etc. The first cycle of the specialization programme started in 2006, and the
      first candidates completed their training at the end of 2008, and passed their
      official state exams in May 2009. As of January 2016, there are 196 specialized
      medical physicists in Poland. Another about 120 medical physicists are undergoing
      specialization. The system of training of medical physics professionals in Poland
      is well established. The principles of postgraduate training and specialization
      are well defined and the curriculum of the training is very demanding. The
      programme of specialization was revised in 2011 and is in accordance with EC and
      EFOMP recommendations. 

PMID- 27378394
TI  - Highly fluorescent resorcinarene cavitand nanocapsules with efficient renal
      clearance.
AB  - Nanomaterial based imaging approaches hold substantial promise in addressing
      current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. One of the key requirements for
      the successful clinical translation of nanomaterials is their complete clearance
      from the body within a reasonable time period preferably via the renal filtration
      route. This article describes the synthesis of highly fluorescent, water soluble,
      resorcinarene cavitand nanocapsules and demonstrates their effective renal
      clearance in mice. The synthesis and functionalization of nanocapsules was
      accomplished in a one-pot operation via thiol-ene reactions without involving
      self-assembly, sacrificial templates or emulsions. Water soluble resorcinarene
      cavitand nanocapsules obtained by this approach were covalently functionalized
      with Alexa Fluor 750. Highly fluorescent nanocapsules with hydrodynamic diameters
      of 122 nm and 68 nm and extinction coefficients of 1.3 * 10(9) M(-1) cm(-1) and
      1.5 * 10(8) M(-1) cm(-1) respectively were prepared by varying the reaction
      conditions. The in vivo biodistribution and clearance of these nanocapsules in
      mice followed by whole-body fluorescence imaging showed that they were both
      cleared renally within a few hours. Given the inherent encapsulation capabilities
      of nanocapsules, the renal clearance demonstrated in this work opens up new
      opportunities for their theranostic applications especially for targeting and
      treating the urinary tract. 

PMID- 27378395
TI  - Inhibition of transglutaminase 2 reduces efferocytosis in human macrophages: Role
      of CD14 and SR-AI receptors.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), a member of the transglutaminase
      family of enzymes, is a multifunctional protein involved in numerous events
      spanning from cell differentiation, to signal transduction, apoptosis, and wound
      healing. It is expressed in a variety of cells, macrophages included. Macrophage
      TGM2 promotes the clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and emerging
      evidence suggests that defective efferocytosis contributes to the consequences of
      inflammation-associated diseases, including atherosclerotic lesion progression
      and its sequelae. Of interest, active TGM2 identified in human atherosclerotic
      lesions plays critical roles in plaque stability through effects on matrix cross
      linking and TGFbeta activity. This study explores the mechanisms by which TGM2
      controls efferocytosis in human macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS: Herein we show
      that TGM2 increases progressively during monocyte differentiation towards
      macrophages and controls their efferocytic potential as well as morphology and
      viability. Two experimental approaches that took advantage of the inhibition of
      TGM2 activity and protein silencing give proof that TGM2 reduction significantly
      impairs macrophage efferocytosis. Among the mechanisms involved we highlighted a
      role of the receptors CD14 and SR-AI whose levels were markedly reduced by TGM2
      inhibition. Conversely, CD36 receptor and alphavbeta3 integrin levels were not
      influenced. Of note, lipid accumulation and IL-10 secretion were reduced in
      macrophages displaying defective efferocytosis. CONCLUSION: Overall, our data
      define a crucial role of TGM2 activity during macrophage differentiation via
      mechanisms involving CD14 and SR-AI receptors and show that TGM2 inhibition
      triggers a pro-inflammatory phenotype.

PMID- 27378396
TI  - Circulating SIRT1 inversely correlates with epicardial fat thickness in patients
      with obesity.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Obesity is increasing worldwide and is related to undesirable
      cardiovascular outcomes. Epicardial fat (EF), the heart visceral fat depot,
      increases with obesity and correlates with cardiovascular risk. SIRT1, an enzyme
      regulating metabolic circuits linked with obesity, has a cardioprotective effect
      and is a predictor of cardiovascular events. We aimed to assess the relationship
      of EF thickness (EFT) with circulating SIRT1 in patients with obesity. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: Sixty-two patients affected by obesity and 23 lean controls were
      studied. Plasma SIRT1 concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA). EFT was measured by echocardiography. Body mass index (BMI), waist
      circumference, heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and laboratory findings (fasting
      glucose, insulin, HbA1c, cholesterol, and triglycerides) were assessed. SIRT1 was
      significantly lower (P = 0.002) and EFT was higher (P < 0.0001) in patients with
      obesity compared with lean controls. SIRT1 showed a negative correlation with EFT
      and HR in the obesity group (rho = -0.350, P = 0.005; rho = -0.303, P = 0.008,
      respectively). After adjustment for obesity-correlated variables, multiple linear
      regression analysis showed that EFT remained the best correlate of SIRT1 (beta = 
      0.352, P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating SIRT1 correlates with the visceral
      fat content of the heart. Serum SIRT1 levels might provide additional information
      for risk assessment of coronary artery disease in patients with obesity.

PMID- 27378397
TI  - Current cardiovascular outcomes trials in type 2 diabetes: Perspectives and
      insight.
AB  - AIMS: The increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2
      diabetes has been known for many years. However, until recently the
      cardiovascular (CV) impact of glucose lowering strategies has been inadequately
      understood. Major clinical trials have now investigated the impact of
      intensification of glycemic control upon CV outcomes, as well as the CV effects
      of glucose management with newer antihyperglycemic agents. DATA SYNTHESIS: Key
      findings from recently completed CV outcomes trials of dipeptidyl peptidase-4
      (DPP4) inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2
      (SGLT2) inhibitors completed thus far are reviewed and summarized. CONCLUSIONS:
      Multiple trials designed to meet regulatory requirements for CV safety of
      antihyperglycemic medications have been initiated. The results of several
      completed CV outcomes trials clarify the risks and benefits associated with newer
      medications used to manage hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes,
      particularly in individuals at high CV risk. Important differences have been
      noted with respect to heart failure outcomes within the DPP4 inhibitor class, and
      thus far one agent in the SGLT2 inhibitor class has been found to significantly
      reduce rates of important CV outcomes. Robust safety related information from
      trials designed to assess the CV effects of diabetes therapies will permit the
      incorporation of outcomes-based evidence into the formulation of diabetes care
      guidelines.

PMID- 27378398
TI  - DNA brick self-assembly with an off-lattice potential.
AB  - We report Monte Carlo simulations of a simple off-lattice patchy-particle model
      for DNA 'bricks'. We relate the parameters that characterise this model with the
      binding free energy of pairs of single-stranded DNA molecules. We verify that an
      off-lattice potential parameterised in this way reproduces much of the behaviour
      seen with a simpler lattice model we introduced previously, although the
      relaxation of the geometric constraints leads to a more error-prone self-assembly
      pathway. We investigate the self-assembly process as a function of the strength
      of the non-specific interactions. We show that our off-lattice model for DNA
      bricks results in robust self-assembly into a variety of target structures. 

PMID- 27378399
TI  - Standalone ethanol micro-reformer integrated on silicon technology for onboard
      production of hydrogen-rich gas.
AB  - A novel design of a silicon-based micro-reformer for onboard hydrogen generation
      from ethanol is presented in this work. The micro-reactor is fully fabricated
      with mainstream MEMS technology and consists of an active low-thermal-mass
      structure suspended by an insulating membrane. The suspended structure includes
      an embedded resistive metal heater and an array of ca. 20k vertically aligned
      through-silicon micro-channels per square centimetre. Each micro-channel is 500
      MUm in length and 50 MUm in diameter allowing a unique micro-reformer
      configuration that presents a total surface per projected area of 16 cm(2) cm(-2)
      and per volume of 320 cm(2) cm(-3). The walls of the micro-channels become the
      active surface of the micro-reformer when coated with a homogenous thin film of
      Rh-Pd/CeO2 catalyst. The steam reforming of ethanol under controlled temperature
      conditions (using the embedded heater) and using the micro-reformer as a
      standalone device are evaluated. Fuel conversion rates above 94% and hydrogen
      selectivity values of ca. 70% were obtained when using operation conditions
      suitable for application in micro-solid oxide fuel cells (micro-SOFCs), i.e. 750 
      degrees C and fuel flows of 0.02 mlL min(-1) (enough to feed a one watt power
      source).

PMID- 27378400
TI  - Eosinophilic dermatosis of haematological malignancy.

PMID- 27378401
TI  - Reproducibility and validity of a semi-quantitative FFQ for trace elements.
AB  - The aim of this study was to test the reproducibility and validity of a self
      administered FFQ for the Trace Element Study of Korean Adults in the Yeungnam
      area (SELEN). Study subjects were recruited from the SELEN cohort selected from
      rural and urban areas in Yeungnam, Korea. A semi-quantitative FFQ with 146 items
      was developed considering the dietary characteristics of cohorts in the study
      area. In a validation study, seventeen men and forty-eight women aged 38-62 years
      completed 3-d dietary records (DR) and two FFQ over a 3-month period. The
      validity was examined with the FFQ and DR, and the reproducibility was estimated
      using partial correlation coefficients, the Bland-Altman method and cross
      classification. There were no significant differences between the mean intakes of
      selected nutrients as estimated from FFQ1, FFQ2 and DR. The median correlation
      coefficients for all nutrients were 0.47 and 0.56 in the reproducibility and
      validity tests, respectively. Bland-Altman's index and cross-classification
      showed acceptable agreement between FFQ1 and FFQ2 and between FFQ2 and DR.
      Ultimately, 78 % of the subjects were classified into the same and adjacent
      quartiles for most nutrients. In addition, the weighted kappa value indicated
      that the two methods agreed fairly. In conclusion, this newly developed FFQ was a
      suitable dietary assessment method for the SELEN cohort study.

PMID- 27378402
TI  - Adherence to transfusion strategies in a randomized controlled trial: experiences
      from the TITRe2 trial.

PMID- 27378403
TI  - Editorial: Biomedical Engineering Approaches for HIV/AIDS Prophylaxis,
      Diagnostics and Therapy.

PMID- 27378404
TI  - Cloning and mineralization-related functions of the calponin gene in Chlamys
      farreri.
AB  - Calponin is a widely distributed protein which is associated with the bio
      mineralization process in vertebrates. Recently, a new type of calponin has been
      found in shellfish; the present study aimed to determine if this gene in
      shellfish functions in bio-mineralization, one of the most important processes in
      a mollusk's growth. We chose Chlamys farreri, a seashell species with great
      economic value, as the object of the study and obtained its full-length cDNA to
      study the function of calponin by gene expression analysis, shell notching
      experiment and RNA interference assays. Calponin in C. farreri is a basic protein
      that is highly conserved among mollusk species. Except for high expression in the
      adductor muscle and foot, which correlated with its function of regulating muscle
      contraction, the calponin gene was expressed more in the mantle than in other
      tissues. The expression of the gene was induced by shell notching and an RNA
      interference assay showed that inhibition of calponin expression caused the
      growth of irregular mineral crystals on the shell. Further analysis indicated
      that calponin might function by regulating the expression of other mineralization
      related genes. Calponin is a mineralization-related protein in C. farreri that
      might influence mineral crystal growth by affecting the expressions of other
      proteins, such as matrix proteins and mineralization-regulating proteins. 

PMID- 27378405
TI  - Comparison of the effects of human and chicken ghrelin on chicken ovarian hormone
      release.
AB  - The aim of the present experiments was to examine the species-specific and cell
      specific effects of ghrelin on chicken ovarian hormone release. For this purpose,
      we compared the effects of chicken and human ghrelin on the release of estradiol
      (E), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) by cultured
      fragments of chicken ovarian follicles and on the release of T and AVT by
      cultured ovarian granulosa cells. In cultured chicken ovarian fragments, both
      human and chicken ghrelin promoted E release. T output was stimulated by chicken
      ghrelin but not by human ghrelin. No effect of either human or chicken ghrelin on
      P release was observed. Human ghrelin promoted but chicken ghrelin suppressed AVT
      release by chicken ovarian fragments. In cultured ovarian granulosa cells, human
      ghrelin inhibited while chicken ghrelin stimulated T release. Both human and
      chicken ghrelin suppressed AVT output by chicken granulosa cells. These data
      confirm the involvement of ghrelin in the control of ovarian secretory activity
      and demonstrate that the effect of ghrelin is species-specific. The similarity of
      avian ghrelin on avian ovarian granulosa cells and ovarian fragments (containing
      both granulosa and theca cells) suggests that ghrelin can influence chicken
      ovarian hormones primarily by acting on granulosa cells. 

PMID- 27378406
TI  - Cloning and characterization of carboxyl terminus of heat shock cognate 70
      interacting protein gene from the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
AB  - Carboxyl terminus of heat shock cognate 70-interacting protein (CHIP) is an
      evolutionarily conserved E3 ubiquitin ligase across different eukaryotic species
      and is known to play a key role in protein quality control. CHIP has two distinct
      functional domains, an N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) and a C-terminal
      U-box domain, which are required for the ubiquitination of numerous labile client
      proteins that are chaperoned by heat shock proteins (HSPs) and heat shock cognate
      proteins (HSCs). During our screen for CHIP-like proteins in the Bombyx mori
      databases, we found a novel silkworm gene, Bombyx mori CHIP. Phylogenetic
      analysis showed that BmCHIP belongs to Lepidopteran lineages. Quantitative
      reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated that BmCHIP was relatively highly
      expressed in the gonad and fat body. A pull-down experiment and auto
      ubiquitination assay showed that BmCHIP interacted with BmHSC70 and had E3 ligase
      activity. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that BmCHIP was
      partially co-localized with ubiquitin in BmN4 cells. These data support that
      BmCHIP plays an important role in the ubiquitin proteasome system as an E3
      ubiquitin ligase in B. mori. 

PMID- 27378407
TI  - Molecular cloning and functional characterization of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase
      (Alox5), and its expression in response to the ratio of linolenic acid to
      linoleic acid in diets of large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea).
AB  - This study was conducted to clone and functionally characterize a full-length
      cDNA encoding arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (Alox5) from large yellow croaker
      (Larmichthys crocea) and investigate its gene expression in response to graded
      dietary ratio of linolenic acid (ALA) to linoleic acid (LNA) (0.03, 0.06, 0.45,
      0.90 and 1.51). An isolated 2372bp cDNA clone of Alox5 contained an open reading
      frame spanning 2025bp encoding a protein with the ability to modify arachidonate
      acid (AA) to 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (5-HETE). In the liver, the Alox5 mRNA
      expression levels significantly increased to the maximum when the dietary ALA/LNA
      increased from 0.03 to 0.06, and then significantly decreased with dietary
      ALA/LNA increased to 1.51 (P<0.05). In the kidney, the expression levels of Alox5
      of fish fed diets with low dietary ALA/LNA (0.03-0.06) were significantly higher
      than those of fish fed diets with high dietary ALA/LNA (0.45-1.51) (P<0.05). The
      dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that the nuclear factor kappa B (NF
      kappaB) could act on cognate cis-acting elements in the promoter of Alox5 and
      increased the transcription of Alox5. Results of the present study suggested that
      the expression of Alox5 is higher in croakers fed high concentrations of LNA
      compared to those fed high concentrations of ALA, which might be regulated by NF
      kappaB and contribute to the inflammation process by catalyzing the dioxygenation
      of AA. 

PMID- 27378408
TI  - First report of spotted fever group Rickettsia in Cuba.

PMID- 27378409
TI  - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus lineages Europe 1 and Europe 2 in Bulgarian
      ticks.
AB  - Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne human viral disease with
      fatality rate up to 30%. Two genetic lineages of CCHF virus (CCHFV) are present
      in Europe - lineage Europe 1 which contains pathogenic CCHFV strains, and lineage
      Europe 2 consisting of AP92 and AP92-like strains. In order to investigate CCHFV
      distribution and potential risk for humans, ticks were collected from livestock
      in the five districts where CCHF cases have been reported in the last five years
      in Bulgaria. CCHFV lineage Europe 1 was detected in 39 of 623 Hyalomma marginatum
      ticks (6.3%; range per village 2.7-15.2%), while CCHFV lineage Europe 2 was
      detected for the first time in Bulgaria in 49 of 415 Rhipicephalus sanguineus
      sensu lato ticks (11.8%; range 0-58.3%). The present study shows that both Europe
      1 and Europe 2 CCHFV lineages are present in Bulgaria. The pathogenic role of the
      AP92-like strains remains to be elucidated.

PMID- 27378410
TI  - Open arms, conflicted hearts: nurse-practitioner's attitudes towards working with
      lesbian, gay and bisexual patients.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore nurse-practitioner's attitudes towards working
      with lesbian, gay and bisexual patients. BACKGROUND: Literature suggests that
      lesbians, gay men and bisexuals have significant health disparities compared to
      heterosexuals. Although the reasons are multifactorial, research suggests that
      attitudes of healthcare providers (HCPs) may be a contributing factor in both
      accessing and receiving care. There is currently no literature exploring the
      attitudes of the approximately 300,000 nurse-practitioners in the United States.
      Thus, nurse-practitioners strengths and challenges in providing care to sexual
      minorities are unknown. DESIGN: As part of a larger study, Corbin & Strauss'
      grounded theory methodology was used to explore the attitudes towards lesbian,
      gay and bisexual patients among primary care nurse-practitioners in NYC. METHODS:
      Data were collected via individual semi-structured interviews with nurse
      practitioners currently in practice in primary or outpatient care in NYC (n =
      19). Data were evaluated using the three-step constant comparison method.
      RESULTS: Nurse-practitioners in this study had varied, often overlapping and
      sometimes conflicting, attitudes about working with lesbian, gay and bisexual
      patients. The main theme identified was 'open arms, conflicted hearts' with three
      major subthemes - feeling at home, struggling to maintain professionalism and
      finding comfort under the umbrella of diversity. CONCLUSIONS: Nurse-practitioner
      participants in this study had varied attitudes about working with lesbian, gay
      and bisexual patients, ranging from open, confident and comfortable to
      ambivalent, cautious and unsure about working with lesbian, gay and bisexual
      patients generally and specifically regarding the health needs of this
      population. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study highlights the inadequate
      didactic and clinical preparation most nurse-practitioners feel they have to care
      for lesbian, gay and bisexual patients. There is a need for increased education
      for registered nurses and nurse-practitioners regarding lesbian, gay and bisexual
      culture, their unique healthcare needs, as well as the role of stigma and
      marginalisation in caring for vulnerable populations.

PMID- 27378411
TI  - Impact of Mental Disorders on the Association Between Adherence to
      Antihypertensive Agents and All-Cause Healthcare Costs.
AB  - Depression and anxiety are factors associated with poor adherence to medications
      that lead to increased healthcare costs. The authors hypothesize that these
      conditions will moderate the association between adherence and healthcare costs.
      The aim was to examine the healthcare costs associated with adherence to
      antihypertensive agents in the elderly with and without depression and anxiety.
      The sample included participants with hypertension and used hypertensive agents
      (N=926). Medication possession ratio was used to calculate medication adherence.
      Mean total healthcare costs included costs for inpatient stays, emergency
      department visits, outpatient visits, physician fees, and outpatient medications.
      Mental disorders were assessed using a questionnaire based on Diagnostic and
      Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria. The total
      healthcare costs were significantly greater for nonadherent participants with
      depression/anxiety than for adherent participants without depression/anxiety
      (Delta$1841, P<.0001). This study suggests that treating mental disorders in
      elderly patients with hypertension will decrease total healthcare costs.

PMID- 27378414
TI  - Structural varieties of selectively mixed G- and C-rich short DNA sequences
      studied with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - Short guanine(G)-repeat and cytosine(C)-repeat DNA strands can self-assemble to
      form four-stranded G-quadruplexes and i-motifs, respectively. Herein, G-rich and
      C-rich strands with non-G or non-C terminal bases and different lengths of G- or
      C-repeats are mixed selectively in pH 4.5 and 6.7 ammonium acetate buffer
      solutions and studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).
      Various strand associations corresponding to bi-, tri- and tetramolecular ions
      are observed in mass spectra, indicating that the formation of quadruplex
      structures is a random strand by strand association process. However, with
      increasing incubation time for the mixtures, initially associated hybrid
      tetramers will transform into self-assembled conformations, which is mainly
      driven by the structural stability. The melting temperature values of self
      assembled quadruplexes suggest that the length of G-repeats or C-repeats shows
      more significant effect on the stability of quadruplex structures than that of
      terminal residues. Accordingly, we can obtain the self-associated tetrameric
      species generated from the mixtures of various homologous G- or C-strands
      efficiently by altering the length of G- or C-repeats. Our studies demonstrate
      that ESI-MS is a very direct, fast and sensitive tool to provide significant
      information on DNA strand associations and stoichiometric transitions,
      particularly for complex mixtures. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27378415
TI  - Full-genome based molecular characterization of encephalitis-associated bovine
      astroviruses.
AB  - Novel types of astrovirus have been identified recently in association with
      neurological disease in cattle. Among those viruses is bovine astrovirus CH13
      (BoAstV CH13) that has been identified in Switzerland in a cow with encephalitis.
      Molecular testing by a combination of reverse transcription (RT-) PCR and in situ
      hybridization (ISH) indicated that astrovirus infection accounts for around one
      quarter of viral encephalitis cases of unknown etiology in cattle. Yet, it
      remained to be explored whether these animals were infected by BoAstV CH13 or
      other astrovirus species. In the present study we sequenced the entire astrovirus
      genome in brain tissues of eight RT-PCR and/or ISH positive cattle. Phylogenetic
      comparison of the genomic RNA and the encoded non-structural and structural
      proteins revealed that all these astrovirus strains were very similar to BoAstV
      CH13 as well as to a bovine encephalitis strain reported from the USA (BoAstV
      NeuroS1), and clearly distinct from other previously reported astroviruses.
      Conserved 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) were predicted to display
      distinct secondary RNA structures, which likely play a role in viral RNA
      replication and/or protein translation. Based on these data we propose that
      BoAstV CH13/NeuroS1 represents a new genotype species within the genus
      Mammastrovirus. The high degree of similarity between the strains and their
      relative distance to other genotype species suggest that during evolution some
      astroviruses acquired factors that specifically contribute to neuroinvasion.

PMID- 27378416
TI  - Genetic parameters for thermoregulation and production traits in lactating sows
      reared in tropical climate.
AB  - The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for
      thermoregulation traits and the relationships with performance of Large White
      lactating sows reared in a tropical humid climate. The thermoregulation traits
      were rectal temperature (RT), cutaneous temperature (CT) and respiratory rate
      (RR) during lactation measured in the afternoon (1200 h) and in the morning (0700
      h). The production traits were sow's average daily feed intake (ADFI), litter BW
      gain (LBWg) and sow's proportion of BW change between farrowing and weaning
      (BWc). Complete data included 931 lactating performance on 329 Large White sows
      from the INRA experimental unit in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Random
      regression models using linear spline functions were used for longitudinal data
      (RT, CT, RR and daily feed intake). Results showed that when ignoring values at
      the beginning and the end of lactation, the traits studied can be treated as the
      same trait throughout days of lactation, with fairly constant heritability and
      variance. However, largest heritabilities and genetic variances were estimated in
      mid-lactation. Heritability estimates on average performance during lactation
      were low to moderate for thermoregulation traits (0.35+/-0.09 for RT, 0.34+/-0.12
      for CT and 0.39+/-0.13 for RR). Heritability estimates for production traits were
      0.26+/-0.08 for ADFI, 0.20+/-0.07 for BWc and 0.31+/-0.09 for LBWg. Significant
      genetic correlations between thermoregulation traits and production traits were
      only obtained for ADFI and RR (0.35+/-0.12). From this study it can be concluded
      that thermoregulation traits are heritable, indicating that there are genetic
      differences in heat stress tolerance in lactating Large White sows.

PMID- 27378418
TI  - Evidence for social cooperation in rodents by automated maze.
AB  - Social cooperation is defined as a joint action for mutual benefit that depends
      on the individual and the counterparts' behaviors. To gain valid evidence for
      social cooperation behavior we conducted a series of experiments in our suggested
      fully automated non-conditioned maze and depicted three major findings: (i)
      During 18 days of training the rats showed a progressive social learning curve as
      well as latent social learning; (ii) Examining the perceptual communication
      between the cooperating partners, we found a correlation between the available
      perceptual modalities and the social cooperation performance; and (iii)
      Investigating contextual learning as a competing process to the social
      cooperation, we found that additional contextual cues impaired the social
      cooperation performance. In conclusion, our suggested automated cooperation maze
      is designed to further our understanding of social cooperation under normal
      conditions, such as decision-making, and to examine the neural basis of social
      cooperation. A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by
      disruptions in social behavior and social cognition, including depression, autism
      spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia. Thus, on
      the pathological end, our maze for social cooperation evaluation can contribute
      significantly to the investigation of a wide range of social cooperation
      impairments in a rodent model.

PMID- 27378417
TI  - Multivariate Neural Representations of Value during Reward Anticipation and
      Consummation in the Human Orbitofrontal Cortex.
AB  - The role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in value processing is a focus of
      research. Conventional imaging analysis, where smoothing and averaging are
      employed, may not be sufficiently sensitive in studying the OFC, which has
      heterogeneous anatomical structures and functions. In this study, we employed
      representational similarity analysis (RSA) to reveal the multi-voxel fMRI
      patterns in the OFC associated with value processing during the anticipatory and
      the consummatory phases. We found that multi-voxel activation patterns in the OFC
      encoded magnitude and partial valence information (win vs. loss) but not outcome
      (favourable vs. unfavourable) during reward consummation. Furthermore, the
      lateral OFC rather than the medial OFC encoded loss information. Also, we found
      that OFC encoded values in a similar way to the ventral striatum (VS) or the
      anterior insula (AI) during reward anticipation regardless of motivated response
      and to the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and the VS in reward consummation. In
      contrast, univariate analysis did not show changes of activation in the OFC.
      These findings suggest an important role of the OFC in value processing during
      reward anticipation and consummation.

PMID- 27378419
TI  - Dual-Cross-Linked Methacrylated Alginate Sub-Microspheres for Intracellular
      Chemotherapeutic Delivery.
AB  - Intracellular delivery vehicles comprised of methacrylated alginate (Alg-MA) were
      developed for the internalization and release of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX).
      Alg-MA was synthesized via an anhydrous reaction, and a mixture of Alg-MA and DOX
      was formed into sub-microspheres using a water/oil emulsion. Covalently cross
      linked sub-microspheres were formed via exposure to green light, in order to
      investigate effects of cross-linking on drug release and cell internalization,
      compared to traditional techniques, such as ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation.
      Cross-linking was performed using light exposure alone or in combination with
      ionic cross-linking using calcium chloride (CaCl2). Alg-MA sub-microsphere
      diameters were between 88 and 617 nm, and zeta-potentials were between -20 and 
      37 mV. Using human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (A549) as a model, cellular
      internalization was confirmed using flow cytometry; different sub-microsphere
      formulations varied the efficiency of internalization, with UV-cross-linked sub
      microspheres achieving the highest internalization percentages. While blank
      (nonloaded) Alg-MA submicrospheres were noncytotoxic to A549 cells, DOX-loaded
      sub-microspheres significantly reduced mitochondrial activity after 5 days of
      culture. Photo-cross-linked Alg-MA sub-microspheres may be a potential
      chemotherapeutic delivery system for cancer treatment. 

PMID- 27378421
TI  - An observational study on the incidence of tuberculosis among a cohort of HIV
      infected adults in a setting with low prevalence of tuberculosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a main cause of morbidity and mortality
      among individuals infected with HIV. We investigated the incidence of TB among a
      cohort of HIV infected patients attending a setting with low TB burden where
      screening for latent TB infection is not routinely carried out. METHODS: an
      observational cohort study on HIV-infected adults attending the HIV clinic at
      Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, UK between 1 January 2011 and 30 September
      2015. Patients with culture-proven TB after HIV diagnosis, or those treated for
      clinical diagnosis of the infection, were classified as having "active TB".
      RESULTS: 1824 patients were included in the study (5347 patient years of follow
      up), of whom 21 patients developed TB (16 microbiology confirmed). Of the 666 new
      HIV diagnoses, six patients developed TB within one month, giving a TB prevalence
      at the time of HIV diagnosis of 0.9%. The total TB incidence for the remaining
      1818 patients was 2.81 cases per 1000 patient years (95% CI: 1.63-4.53). TB
      incidence was significantly more common among patients with CD4 <= 200 cells/mm3
      compared to those with CD4 > 500 cells/mm3 (28.2 vs. 1.22 per 1000 patient years,
      p < 0.001), and in patients with VL >= 40 copies/mL compared to <40 copies/mL
      (8.30 vs. 1.42, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In settings with low TB prevalence, early
      start of combined antiretroviral therapy and intensified TB case finding
      protocols may significantly reduce the incidence of TB.

PMID- 27378420
TI  - Optimizing rice plant photosynthate allocation reduces N2O emissions from paddy
      fields.
AB  - Rice paddies are a major source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions,
      especially under alternate wetting-drying irrigation and high N input. Increasing
      photosynthate allocation to the grain in rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been
      identified as an effective strategy of genetic and agronomic innovation for yield
      enhancement; however, its impacts on N2O emissions are still unknown. We
      conducted three independent but complementary experiments (variety, mutant study,
      and spikelet clipping) to examine the impacts of rice plant photosynthate
      allocation on paddy N2O emissions. The three experiments showed that N2O fluxes
      were significantly and negatively correlated with the ratio of grain yield to
      total aboveground biomass, known as the harvest index (HI) in agronomy (P <
      0.01). Biomass accumulation and N uptake after anthesis were significantly and
      positively correlated with HI (P < 0.05). Reducing photosynthate allocation to
      the grain by spikelet clipping significantly increased white root biomass and
      soil dissolved organic C and reduced plant N uptake, resulting in high soil
      denitrification potential (P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that optimizing
      photosynthate allocation to the grain can reduce paddy N2O emissions through
      decreasing belowground C input and increasing plant N uptake, suggesting the
      potential for genetic and agronomic efforts to produce more rice with less N2O
      emissions.

PMID- 27378422
TI  - Sirtuin1 promotes osteogenic differentiation through downregulation of peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor gamma in MC3T3-E1 cells.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by bone loss, resulting in
      architectural deterioration of the skeleton, decreased bone strength and an
      increased risk of fragility fractures. Strengthening osteogenesis is an effective
      way to relieve osteoporosis. Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) is a nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent deacetylase, which is reported to be involved in
      improving osteogenesis. Sirt1 targets peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
      gamma (PPARgamma) in the regulation of adipose tissues; however, the molecular
      mechanism of Sirt1 in osteogenic differentiation is still unknown. PPARgamma
      tends to induce more adipogenic differentiation rather than osteogenic
      differentiation. Hence, we hypothesized that Sirt1 facilitates osteogenic
      differentiation through downregulation of PPARgamma signaling. Mouse pre
      osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured under osteogenic medium. Sirt1 was
      overexpressed through plasmid transfection. The results showed that high
      expression of Sirt1 was associated with increased osteogenic differentiation, as
      indicated by quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis of osteogenic markers,
      and Von Kossa staining. Sirt1 overexpression also directly and negatively
      regulated the expression of PPARgamma and its downstream molecules. Use of the
      PPARgamma agonist Rosiglitazone, reversed the effects of Sirt1 on osteogenic
      differentiation. Using constructed luciferase plasmids, we demonstrated a role of
      Sirt1 in inhibiting PPARgamma-induced activity and expression of adipocyte
      specific genes, including acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (Acc) and fatty acid
      binding protein 4 (Fabp4). The interaction between Sirt1 and PPARgamma was
      further confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Together, these results
      reveal a novel mechanism for Sirt1 in osteogenic differentiation through
      downregulation of PPARgamma activity. These findings suggest that the Sirt1
      PPARgamma pathway may represent a potential target for enhancement of
      osteogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis.

PMID- 27378423
TI  - Ghrelin inhibits high glucose-induced 16HBE cells apoptosis by regulating
      Wnt/beta-catenin pathway.
AB  - Ghrelin has a protective effect on diabetes and its complications. To expound its
      probable molecular mechanisms, we investigated the effects of ghrelin on high
      glucose (HG)-induced cell apoptosis and intracellular signaling pathways in
      cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE). In this study, we firstly came
      to conclusion that HG-induced 16HBE apoptosis was significantly inhibited by co
      treatment of ghrelin. The molecular mechanism of ghrelin-induced protective
      effects for lungs is still not understood. We reported here for the first time
      that ghrelin can not only eliminate apoptosis of 16HBE, but also regulate the
      disordered cell cycle caused by HG. We speculated here that ghrelin inhibits the
      apoptosis of 16HBE by regulating the abnormal cell cycle to some extent. The
      mechanism may be that ghrelin up-regulates the expression of cyclin D1 via
      regulating Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, which has an intimate relationship with lung
      diseases. These results suggested the possible role of ghrelin in treating
      diabetic lung diseases, especially in view of its low toxicity in humans.

PMID- 27378424
TI  - Open reading frames 1a and 1b of the porcine reproductive and respiratory
      syndrome virus (PRRSV) collaboratively initiate viral minus-strand RNA synthesis.
AB  - The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a
      persistent threat to the swine industry, especially when highly pathogenic PRRSV
      (HP-PRRSV) emerges. Previous studies have indicated that PRRSV RNA synthesis was
      correlated with HP-PRRSV virulence. PRRSV RNA synthesis includes genomic RNA and
      sub-genomic mRNA, and these processes require minus-strand RNA as a template.
      However, the mechanisms involved in PRRSV minus-strand RNA synthesis are not
      fully understood. A mini-genome system can be used to assess viral replication
      mechanisms and to evaluate the effects of potential antiviral drugs on viral
      replicase activities. In this study, we developed a mini-genome system that uses
      firefly luciferase as a reporter. Based on this system, we found that PRRSV RNA
      dependent RNA polymerase nsp9 alone failed to activate virus minus-strand RNA
      synthesis. We also demonstrated that combinations of open reading frames 1a
      (ORF1a) and ORF1b are necessary for viral minus-strand RNA synthesis.

PMID- 27378425
TI  - Myricetin is a novel inhibitor of human inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase
      with anti-leukemia activity.
AB  - Human inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (hIMPDH) is a rate-limiting enzyme
      in the de novo biosynthetic pathway of purine nucleotides, playing crucial roles
      in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Dysregulation of
      hIMPDH expression and activity have been found in a variety of human cancers
      including leukemia. In this study, we found that myricetin, a naturally occurring
      phytochemical existed in berries, wine and tea, was a novel inhibitor of human
      type 1 and type 2 IMPDH (hIMPDH1/2) with IC50 values of 6.98 +/- 0.22 MUM and
      4.10 +/- 0.14 MUM, respectively. Enzyme kinetic analysis using Lineweaver-Burk
      plot revealed that myricetin is a mix-type inhibitor for hIMPDH1/2. Differential
      scanning fluorimetry and molecular docking simulation data demonstrate that
      myricetin is capable of binding with hIMPDH1/2. Myricetin treatment exerts potent
      anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on K562 human leukemia cells in a
      dose-dependent manner. Importantly, cytotoxicity of myricetin on K562 cells were
      markedly attenuated by exogenous addition of guanosine, a salvage pathway of
      maintaining intracellular pool of guanine nucleotides. Taking together, these
      results indicate that natural product myricetin exhibits potent anti-leukemia
      activity by interfering with purine nucleotides biosynthetic pathway through the
      suppression of hIMPDH1/2 catalytic activity.

PMID- 27378426
TI  - Cardioprotection by 6-gingerol in diabetic rats.
AB  - The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 6-gingerol (6G) on
      cardiac complications in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (DM) rats. STZ
      induced DM rats (single 50 mg/kg i.p. injection, 15 days prior to drug treatment)
      or time-matched controls were treated with 6G (75 mg/day route orally). After a
      further 8 weeks, blood was collected for biochemical analysis and 8-isoprostenol
      was measured in urine. Cardiac hemodynamics and ECG was assessed. 6G
      significantly attenuated the increased level of blood glucose in diabetic rats
      and improved cardiac hemodynamics in including RR interval, max dP/dt, min dP/dt
      and Tau. In addition, 6G alleviated the elevated ST segment, T amplitude and R
      amplitude with no significant effect on disturbed levels of adiponectin, TGF-beta
      or 8-isoprostenol induced by diabetes. The results showed that treatment with 6G
      has an ameliorative effect on cardiac dysfunction induced by diabetes. Which may
      be not related to its potential antioxidant effect.

PMID- 27378427
TI  - Sinomenine alleviates high glucose-induced renal glomerular endothelial
      hyperpermeability by inhibiting the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
AB  - As an early sign of diabetic cardiovascular disease, endothelial dysfunction may
      contribute to progressive diabetic nephropathy (DN). Endothelial
      hyperpermeability induced by hyperglycemia (HG) is a central pathogenesis for DN.
      Sinomenine (SIN) has strong anti-inflammatory and renal protective effects,
      following an unknown protective mechanism against HG-induced hyperpermeability.
      We herein explored the role of SIN in vitro in an HG-induced barrier dysfunction
      model in human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs). The cells were
      exposed to SIN and/or HG for 24 h, the permeability of which was significantly
      increased by HG. Moreover, junction protein occludin in the cell-cell junction
      area and its total expression in HRGECs were significantly decreased by HG.
      However, the dysfunction of tight junction and hyperpermeability of HRGECs were
      significantly reversed by SIN. Furthermore, SIN prevented HG-increased reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) by activating nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2).
      Interestingly, activation of RhoA/ROCK induced by HG was reversed by SIN or ROCK
      inhibitor. HG-induced hyperpermeability was prevented by SIN. High ROS level,
      tight junction dysfunction and RhoA/ROCK activation were significantly attenuated
      with knockdown of Nrf2. Mediated by activation of Nrf2, SIN managed to
      significantly prevent HG-disrupted renal endothelial barrier function by
      suppressing the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway through reducing ROS. We successfully
      identified a novel pathway via which SIN exerted antioxidative and renal
      protective functions, and provided a molecular basis for potential SIN
      applications in treating DN vascular disorders.

PMID- 27378428
TI  - MLF1IP is correlated with progression and prognosis in luminal breast cancer.
AB  - Myeloid leukemia factor 1-interacting protein (MLF1IP) has been found to be
      involved in the progression of several malignancies. The potential correlation
      between MLF1IP and clinical outcome in patients with luminal breast cancer,
      however, remains unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that MLF1IP was
      significantly upregulated in luminal breast cancer tissue compared with adjacent
      normal tissue both in validated cohort and TCGA cohort. Upregulated expression of
      MLF1IP was correlated with more often lymph node metastasis and negative
      progesterone receptor expression in TCGA cohorts. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated
      that patients with high MLF1IP expression had significantly lower overall
      survival. Moreover, multivariate analysis revealed that high MLF1IP expression
      was independent high risk factor as well as old age (>60) and distant metastasis.
      This study provides new insights and evidences that MLF1IP over-expression plays
      important roles in progression of luminal breast cancer. However, the precise
      cellular mechanisms for MLF1IP in luminal breast cancer need to be further
      explored.

PMID- 27378429
TI  - A Porous Cu(II)-MOF with Proline Embellished Cavity: Cooperative Catalysis for
      the Baylis-Hillman Reaction.
AB  - l-Proline has been covalently attached in a rigid linear ligand, H4L, having an
      isophthalate moiety at each terminal to form the chiral ligand, H4LPRO. This
      linker has been used for the construction of a porous MOF, LCuPRO. The free l
      proline moiety in the cavity of the framework in the presence of imidazole as a
      cocatalyst functions synergistically to catalyze the Baylis-Hillman reaction
      between alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and aromatic aldehydes. High
      porosity of the framework is proven by the nitrogen adsorption isotherm. 

PMID- 27378430
TI  - Establishment of replacement International Standard 13/132 for human antibodies
      to Toxoplasma gondii.
AB  - Sixteen laboratories carried out a collaborative study to validate 13/132 as a
      replacement International Standard (IS) for TOXM (3rd IS for anti-Toxoplasma
      Serum, Human, 1000 IU). 13/132 is a freeze dried preparation of pooled human
      plasma from six donors who experienced a recent Toxoplasma gondii infection. The
      potency of 13/132 was compared to TOXM and 01/600 (1st IS for anti-Toxoplasma
      IgG, Human, 20 IU). Samples were tested for IgA, IgG, IgG avidity and IgM in
      agglutination assays; enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), enzyme linked
      fluorescent assays, immunoblots, immunofluorescence assays and the Sabin-Feldman
      dye test for Ig. 13/132 was strongly positive for Ig, IgA, IgG and IgM and the
      reproducibility was very good. 13/132 contains high levels of anti-Toxoplasma Ig,
      IgG and IgM and its potency falls between TOXM and 01/600. The avidity of IgG was
      found to be low, similar to the avidity of IgG from TOXM. 13/132 was established
      by the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization as the 4th IS for
      Antibodies, Human, to T. gondii with an assigned unitage of 160 IU per ampoule
      for Ig by dye test and 263 U per ampoule for IgG by ELISA. 

PMID- 27378431
TI  - Numerical modelling strategies for the urban atmosphere: general discussion.

PMID- 27378432
TI  - Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) for treatment of constipation in
      children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood constipation is a common problem with substantial health,
      economic and emotional burdens. Existing therapeutic options, mainly
      pharmacological, are not consistently effective, and some are associated with
      adverse effects after prolonged use. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES),
      a non-pharmacological approach, is postulated to facilitate bowel movement by
      modulating the nerves of the large bowel via the application of electrical
      current transmitted through the abdominal wall. OBJECTIVES: Our main objective
      was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TES when employed to improve
      bowel function and constipation-related symptoms in children with constipation.
      SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed) (1950 to July 2015), the Cochrane
      Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 7,
      2015), EMBASE (1980 to July 2015), the Cochrane IBD Group Specialized Register,
      trial registries and conference proceedings to identify applicable studies .
      SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials that assessed any type of TES,
      administered at home or in a clinical setting, compared to no treatment, a sham
      TES, other forms of nerve stimulation or any other pharmaceutical or non
      pharmaceutical measures used to treat constipation in children were considered
      for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed
      studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of the included
      studies. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence
      interval (CI) for categorical outcomes data and the mean difference (MD) and
      corresponding 95% CI for continuous outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: One study from
      Australia including 46 children aged 8 to 18 years was eligible for inclusion.
      There were multiple reports identified, including one unpublished report, that
      focused on different outcomes of the same study. The study had unclear risk of
      selection bias, high risks of performance, detection and attrition biases, and
      low risks of reporting biases.There were no significant differences between TES
      and the sham control group for the following outcomes: i).number of children with
      > 3 complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM) per week (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.74 to
      1.53, one study, 42 participants) ( QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high
      risk of bias and serious imprecision ), ii). number of children with improved
      colonic transit assessed radiologically (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.79 to 31.63; one
      study, 21 participants) ( QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of
      bias, serious imprecision and indirectness of the outcome). However, mean colonic
      transit rate, measured as the position of the geometric centre of the radioactive
      substance ingested along the intestinal tract, was significantly higher in
      children who received TES compared to sham (MD 1.05, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.74; one
      study, 30 participants) ( QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of bias
      , serious imprecision and indirectness of the outcome). There was no significant
      difference between the two groups in the number of children with improved soiling
      related symptoms (RR 2.08, 95% CI 0.86 to 5.00; one study, 25 participants) (
      QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of bias and serious imprecision).
      There was no significant difference in the number of children with improved
      quality of life (QoL) (RR 4.00, 95% CI 0.56 to 28.40; one study, 16 participants)
      ( QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: very low, due to high risk of bias issues and serious
      imprecision ). There were also no significant differences in in self-perceived
      (MD 5.00, 95% CI -1.21 to 11.21) or parent-perceived QoL (MD -0.20, 95% CI -7.57
      to 7.17, one study, 33 participants for both outcomes) (QUALITY OF EVIDENCE for
      both outcomes: very low, due to high risk of bias and serious imprecision). No
      adverse effects were reported in the included study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The
      very low quality evidence gathered in this review does not suggest that TES
      provides a benefit for children with chronic constipation. Further randomized
      controlled trials assessing TES for the management of childhood constipation
      should be conducted. Future trials should include clear documentation of
      methodologies, especially measures to evaluate the effectiveness of blinding, and
      incorporate patient-important outcomes such as the number of patients with
      improved CSBM, improved clinical symptoms and quality of life.

PMID- 27378433
TI  - A lipidomics study reveals hepatic lipid signatures associating with deficiency
      of the LDL receptor in a rat model.
AB  - The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a critical role in the liver
      for the clearance of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Its deficiency causes
      hypercholesterolemia in many models. To facilitate the usage of rats as animal
      models for the discovery of cholesterol-lowering drugs, we took a genetic
      approach to delete the LDLR in rats aiming to increase plasma LDL cholesterol
      (LDL-C). An LDLR knockout rat was generated via zinc-finger nuclease technology,
      which harbors a 19-basepair deletion in the seventh exon of the ldlr gene. As
      expected, deletion of the LDLR elevated total cholesterol and total triglyceride
      in the plasma, and caused a tenfold increase of plasma LDL-C and a fourfold
      increase of plasma very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C). A lipidomics analysis
      revealed that deletion of the LDLR affected hepatic lipid metabolism,
      particularly lysophosphatidylcholines, free fatty acids and sphingolipids in the
      liver. Cholesterol ester (CE) 20:4 also displayed a significant increase in the
      LDLR knockout rats. Taken together, the LDLR knockout rat offers a new model of
      hypercholesterolemia, and the lipidomics analysis reveals hepatic lipid
      signatures associating with deficiency of the LDL receptor. 

PMID- 27378434
TI  - PFA fixation enables artifact-free super-resolution imaging of the actin
      cytoskeleton and associated proteins.
AB  - Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) allows precise localization of proteins in
      cellular organelles and structures, including the actin cytoskeleton. Yet sample
      preparation protocols for SRM are rather anecdotal and still being optimized.
      Thus, SRM-based imaging of the actin cytoskeleton and associated proteins often
      remains challenging and poorly reproducible. Here, we show that proper
      paraformaldehyde (PFA)-based sample preparation preserves the architecture of the
      actin cytoskeleton almost as faithfully as gold-standard glutaraldehyde fixation.
      We show that this fixation is essential for proper immuno-based localization of
      actin-binding and actin-regulatory proteins involved in the formation of
      lamellipodia and ruffles, such as mDia1, WAVE2 and clathrin heavy chain, and
      provide detailed guidelines for the execution of our method. In summary, proper
      PFA-based sample preparation increases the multi-color possibilities and the
      reproducibility of SRM of the actin cytoskeleton and its associated proteins. 

PMID- 27378435
TI  - Quality comparison of elephant apple juices after high-pressure processing and
      thermal treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the present work, the effect of high pressure processing (HPP) on
      the quality parameters (pH,  degrees Brix, total acidity, viscosity, colour,
      antioxidant activity, total phenols, total flavonoids, microbial flora, and
      sensory analysis) of elephant apple (Dillenia indica) juice was investigated. The
      juice samples were analysed periodically (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60
      days) during 60 days of storage period and results were compared with thermally
      processed as well as with untreated (fresh juice) samples. RESULTS: Slight
      variations had been observed in the quality parameters like pH,  degrees Brix and
      total acidity. Other parameters like colour values, antioxidant activity, total
      phenols and total flavonoids were varied significantly (P < 0.05) in between the
      treated (HPP and thermal) and untreated juice samples. The microbial counts of
      the HPP treated samples were lower than the other samples. Sensory results also
      showed similar results to those of the other analyses that the treated samples
      were better for consumption rather than the untreated samples. The shelf-life of
      the HPP processed elephant apple juice was established as 60 days at 4  degrees
      C. CONCLUSION: This study showed that application of HPP effectively maintained
      quality attributes and extended shelf life of the elephant apple juice. It may be
      suggested that application of HPP could be considered for commercial application
      during storage and marketing. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27378436
TI  - Diagnostic reference levels of paediatric computed tomography examinations
      performed at a dedicated Australian paediatric hospital.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRL) of procedures involving ionizing
      radiation are important tools to optimizing radiation doses delivered to patients
      and in identifying cases where the levels of doses are unusually high. This is
      particularly important for paediatric patients undergoing computed tomography
      (CT) examinations as these examinations are associated with relatively high-dose.
      METHODS: Paediatric CT studies, performed at our institution from January 2010 to
      March 2014, have been retrospectively analysed to determine the 75th and 95th
      percentiles of both the volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol ) and dose
      length product (DLP) for the most commonly performed studies to: establish local
      diagnostic reference levels for paediatric computed tomography examinations
      performed at our institution, benchmark our DRL with national and international
      published paediatric values, and determine the compliance of CT radiographer with
      established protocols. RESULTS: The derived local 75th percentile DRL have been
      found to be acceptable when compared with those published by the Australian
      National Radiation Dose Register and two national children's hospitals, and at
      the international level with the National Reference Doses for the UK. The 95th
      percentiles of CTDIvol for the various CT examinations have been found to be
      acceptable values for the CT scanner Dose-Check Notification. Benchmarking CT
      radiographers shows that they follow the set protocols for the various
      examinations without significant variations in the machine setting factors.
      CONCLUSION: The derivation of DRL has given us the tool to evaluate and improve
      the performance of our CT service by improved compliance and a reduction in
      radiation dose to our paediatric patients. We have also been able to benchmark
      our performance with similar national and international institutions.

PMID- 27378437
TI  - Constant supervision of bathing in French public swimming pools: an unrealistic
      regulatory requirement?
AB  - In France, to prevent drowning accidents in public swimming pools (PSPs), bathing
      must be constantly supervised by qualified staff. However, fatal drowning
      regularly occurs in supervised aquatic facilities. A review of the literature
      shows that human supervision is a complex task. The aim of this research is to
      fully assess the periods during which supervision is not carried out, or carried
      out in an inadequate manner. The observations made in 108 French PSPs show that
      supervision is not carried out 18% of the time and that it is carried out
      inadequately 33% of the time. The medical literature shows that, in order to
      expect to survive without after-effects, an immersed victim requires intervention
      within a time limit of not more than three minutes; however, we noted, over a
      total observation time of 54 hours, 147 periods (29.8%) during which the
      supervision system was degraded for three minutes or more. This quantification
      research on the periods of degraded supervision is complemented by an
      identification of the causes leading to these degradations, from which we can
      draw interesting areas for improvement, particularly from an organizational point
      of view, in order to improve safety management in French PSPs.

PMID- 27378438
TI  - Much Higher Case-fatality Rates of Index Cases. Commentary: Differences in the
      Epidemiology of Human Cases of Avian Influenza A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) Viruses
      Infection.

PMID- 27378440
TI  - Oscillatory power and functional connectivity in the speech change detection
      network.
AB  - We used passive and active oddball conditions with two types of acoustic
      contrasts, between speech syllables that cross phonetic boundaries (across
      category, AC) and between those that do not cross them (within-category, WC), to
      explore the effects of meaningful speech contrasts on the dynamics of the neural
      network underlying the mismatch negativity (MMN) to the speech deviants. We found
      that easily detected AC deviants evoked a MMN response that lateralized to the
      left hemisphere, but the very difficult to detect WC deviants did not elicit a
      MMN response at all. Based on independent component analysis of the continuous
      EEG, we computed both power changes within, and functional connectivity (phase
      synchronization) between, brain regional sources comprising the neural network
      associated with the MMN for these speech stimuli. We found that for acoustic
      contrasts for which an MMN was generated, power changes suggested whether a
      particular brain region was more involved with processing standards or deviants.
      Moreover, we not only replicated the changes in functional connectivity between
      orbitofrontal cortex and superior temporal gyrus found in previous experiments,
      but also found significant increases in synchronization between those regions and
      regions of the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), which is thought to be
      involved in the storage and retrieval of phonological and semantic information.

PMID- 27378439
TI  - The effects of ongoing distraction on the neural processes underlying signal
      detection.
AB  - Distraction can impede our ability to detect and effectively process task
      relevant stimuli in our environment. Here we leveraged the high temporal
      resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs) to study the neural consequences of
      a global, continuous distractor on signal-detection processes. Healthy, young
      adults performed the dSAT task, a translational sustained-attention task that has
      been used across different species and in clinical groups, in the presence and
      absence of ongoing distracting stimulation. We found the presence of distracting
      stimuli impaired participants' ability to behaviorally detect task-relevant
      signal stimuli and greatly affected the neural cascade of processes underlying
      signal detection. Specifically, we found distraction reduced an anterior and a
      posterior early-latency N2 ERP component (~140-220ms) and modulated long-latency,
      detection-related P3 components (P3a: ~200-330ms, P3b: 300-700ms), even to
      correctly detected targets. These data provide evidence that distraction can
      induce powerful alterations in the neural processes related to signal detection,
      even when stimuli are behaviorally detected.

PMID- 27378441
TI  - Impaired assessment of cumulative lifetime familiarity for object concepts after
      left anterior temporal-lobe resection that includes perirhinal cortex but spares
      the hippocampus.
AB  - The ability to recognize the prior occurrence of objects can operate effectively
      even in the absence of successful recollection of episodic contextual detail
      about a relevant past object encounter. The pertinent process, familiarity
      assessment, is typically probed in humans with recognition-memory tasks that
      include an experimentally controlled study phase for a list of items. When
      meaningful stimuli such as words or pictures of common objects are employed,
      participants must judge familiarity with reference to the recent experimental
      encounter rather than their lifetime of autobiographical experience, which may
      have involved hundreds or thousands of exposures across numerous episodic
      contexts. Humans can, however, also judge the cumulative familiarity of objects
      concepts they have encountered over their lifetime. At present, little is known
      about the cognitive and neural mechanisms that support this ability. Here, we
      tested an individual (NB) with a rare left anterior temporal-lobe lesion that
      included perirhinal cortex but spared the hippocampus, who had previously been
      found to exhibit selective impairments in familiarity assessment on verbal
      recognition-memory tasks. As NB exhibits normal recollection abilities, her case
      presents a unique opportunity to examine potential links between both types of
      familiarity. In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that NB's impairment in making
      recognition judgments affects cumulative frequency judgments for exposure to
      concept names in a recent study episode. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed, with a
      task borrowed from the semantic-memory literature, that NB's impairments do
      indeed extend to abnormalities in judging cumulative lifetime familiarity for
      object concepts. These abnormalities were not limited to verbal processing, and
      were present even when pictures were offered as additional cues. Moreover, they
      showed sensitivity to concept structure as reflected in semantic feature norms;
      we only observed them for judgments on object concepts with high feature overlap.
      In Experiment 4, we found that an amnesic patient (HC) with previously
      established deficits in autobiographical recollection, due to a selective lesion
      of the extended hippocampal system, does not exhibit any abnormalities in
      assessing lifetime familiarity. Together, these findings provide support for a
      functional link between the assessment of recent changes in familiarity, as
      probed with experimental study-test paradigms, and cumulative lifetime
      familiarity based on autobiographical experience accrued outside the laboratory.
      They argue in favor of the notion that familiarity is closely related to the
      representation of concept knowledge, likely through computations in perirhinal
      cortex.

PMID- 27378442
TI  - Purification of infectious and non-infectious chlamydial particles using
      iodixanol for density gradient preparation.
AB  - Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria with two distinct morphological
      stages, the infectious elementary bodies (EBs) and non-infectious reticulate
      bodies (RBs). Here we describe a rapid and straightforward protocol for the
      purification of EBs and RBs involving special density gradients. It has been
      successfully applied to three chlamydial species.

PMID- 27378443
TI  - Hyperspectral interventional imaging for enhanced tissue visualization and
      discrimination combining band selection methods.
AB  - PURPOSE: Hyperspectral imaging is an emerging technology recently introduced in
      medical applications inasmuch as it provides a powerful tool for noninvasive
      tissue characterization. In this context, a new system was designed to be easily
      integrated in the operating room in order to detect anatomical tissues hardly
      noticed by the surgeon's naked eye. METHOD: Our LCTF-based spectral imaging
      system is operative over visible, near- and middle-infrared spectral ranges (400
      1700 nm). It is dedicated to enhance critical biological tissues such as the
      ureter and the facial nerve. We aim to find the best three relevant bands to
      create a RGB image to display during the intervention with maximal contrast
      between the target tissue and its surroundings. A comparative study is carried
      out between band selection methods and band transformation methods. Combined band
      selection methods are proposed. All methods are compared using different
      evaluation criteria. RESULTS: Experimental results show that the proposed
      combined band selection methods provide the best performance with rich
      information, high tissue separability and short computational time. These methods
      yield a significant discrimination between biological tissues. CONCLUSION: We
      developed a hyperspectral imaging system in order to enhance some biological
      tissue visualization. The proposed methods provided an acceptable trade-off
      between the evaluation criteria especially in SWIR spectral band that outperforms
      the naked eye's capacities.

PMID- 27378444
TI  - Authors' response to the letter of Nagirnaja et al., "Response to annexin A5
      haplotype M2 is not a risk factor for recurrent miscarriages in Northern Europe,
      is there sufficient evidence?".

PMID- 27378445
TI  - Pre-Liver Transplant Transthoracic Echocardiogram Findings and 6-Month Post
      Transplant Outcomes: A Case-Control Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary (CP) outcomes remain a leading cause of morbidity and
      mortality following liver transplantation (LT). The optimal CP risk
      stratification of LT candidates remains unclear. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate the association of pre-LT transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) findings
      and 6-month post-LT outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective review
      analyzed adults who underwent LT, comparing those who died within 6 months of LT
      (cases; n=38) with age- and sex-matched patients who survived >6 months
      (controls; n=38). Cases were categorized by cause of death (COD) defined as
      either a primary CP process (n=20) or a non-CP process (n=18). Data were analyzed
      using logistic regression and survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier
      curves. RESULTS There was a higher odds of death within 6 months of LT with >=
      mild mitral regurgitation (OR 3.44, p=0.03) or an incomplete assessment of right
      ventricular systolic function (RVSF) (OR 24, p=0.004). On subgroup analysis,
      these findings only persisted in patients with a CP COD. Patients with CP COD
      were older (61 vs. 54.5, p=0.04), had longer intervals between TTE and LT (122
      vs. 29 days, p=0.05), less complete assessments of RVSF (p=0.009), and lower RV
      fractional area change (p=0.04) compared to patients with non-CP COD. CONCLUSIONS
      Multiple TTE parameters were associated with patients who died within 6 months of
      LT, and in particular patients with a CP COD. Our findings suggest that pre-LT
      TTEs can convey useful CP risk stratification information and emphasizes the
      importance of adequately assessing these parameters prior to LT. 

PMID- 27378446
TI  - [Potential protective role of nitric oxide and Hsp70 linked to functional foods
      in the atherosclerosis].
AB  - Atherosclerosis, one of the main pathologic entities considered epidemic and a
      worldwide public health problem, is currently under constant review as regards
      its basic determining mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities. In this regard,
      all patients afflicted with the disease exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction,
      oxidative stress and inflammation. Interestingly, nitric oxide - a known
      vasoactive messenger gas - has been closely related to the inflammatory,
      oxidative and mitochondrial dysfunctional process that characterizes
      atherosclerosis. In addition, it has recently been demonstrated that alterations
      in the bioavailability of nitric oxide would induce the expression of heat shock
      proteins. This agrees with the use of functional foods as a strategy to prevent
      both vascular aging and the development of atherosclerosis. Finally, a greater
      knowledge regarding the mechanisms implied in the development of atherosclerosis
      will enable proposing new and possible hygiene, health and therapeutic
      interventions.

PMID- 27378448
TI  - Can Australian psychiatrists prescribe clozapine off-label for treatment
      refractory bipolar disorder?

PMID- 27378447
TI  - HANDS2: accurate assignment of homoeallelic base-identity in allopolyploids
      despite missing data.
AB  - Characterization of homoeallelic base-identity in allopolyploids is difficult
      since homeologous subgenomes are closely related and becomes further challenging
      if diploid-progenitor data is missing. We present HANDS2, a next-generation
      sequencing-based tool that enables highly accurate (>90%) genome-wide discovery
      of homeolog-specific base-identity in allopolyploids even in the absence of a
      diploid-progenitor. We applied HANDS2 to the transcriptomes of various
      cruciferous plants belonging to genus Brassica. Our results suggest that the
      three C genomes in Brassica are more similar to each other than the three A
      genomes, and provide important insights into the relationships between various
      Brassica tetraploids and their diploid-progenitors at a single-base resolution.

PMID- 27378449
TI  - [Intraoperative optical coherence tomography in retinal detachment].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Using intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) can be
      advantageous during macular surgery and lamellar keratoplasty. It is yet unknown
      if there is a distinct benefit in its application in retinal detachment surgery.
      OBJECTIVE: What can be shown using iOCT during retinal detachment surgery? Can
      therapeutically relevant decisions be made and do they have a prognostic
      implication on postoperative results? METHODS: Based on already published (11
      patients/eyes) and our own new data (23 patients/eyes),findings by iOCT during
      retinal detachment surgery are presented. RESULTS: Outer retinal corrugations are
      a frequent feature in iOCT in retinal detachment. These corrugations persist
      during the application of heavy liquids. Even when the retina seems clinically
      reattached under the use of perfluoroctane, there is significant subfoveal fluid.
      Using perfluordecaline, there seems to be less subfoveal fluid. In patients with
      retinal detachment and macula off situation, subclinical full thickness macular
      holes seem to be more common than assumed. It is unclear if their incidence is
      influenced by the use of heavy liquids. They appear to have a negative predictive
      value regarding postoperative visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Even if there are no
      obvious benefits in using iOCT in retinal detachment surgery, this new technique
      offers deeper insights into the microarchitecture of the detached retina. Further
      investigations in more patients will show if the use of the iOCT will result in a
      better prognosis for our patients.

PMID- 27378450
TI  - Evaluation of protective efficacy induced by virus-like particles containing a
      Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory (ES) protein in mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The frequent outbreaks of human trichinellosis globally underscore
      the need to develop effective vaccine. We hypothesized that a novel vaccine could
      improve vaccine efficacy against Trichinella spiralis. METHODS: In this study, we
      developed virus-like particles (VLPs) containing the 53 KDa excretory/secretory
      (ES) protein of T. spiralis and the influenza matrix protein 1 (M1) as a core
      protein, and investigated the protective efficacy of the VLPs alone or with
      cholera toxin (CT) in a mouse model. RESULTS: Intramuscular immunization induced
      T. spiralis-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody responses before and after
      challenge infections in the sera. These antibody responses were significantly
      enhanced in mice immunized with adjuvanted VLPs. Upon challenge infection,
      vaccinated mice showed significantly reduced worm burden in the diaphragm.
      Protective immune responses and efficacy of protection were significantly
      improved by immunization with VLPs together with CT adjuvant. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results are informative for a better understanding of the protective immunity
      induced by T. spiralis VLPs, and will provide insight into designing safe and
      effective vaccines.

PMID- 27378452
TI  - Oxidative beta-Csp(3) -H Functionalization of tBuOH: A Selective Radical/Radical
      Cross-Coupling Access to beta-Hydroxy Thioethers.
AB  - An oxidative beta-Csp(3) -H functionalization of tert-butanol (tBuOH) for the
      construction of C-S bonds through an iodine-catalyzed Csp(3) -H/S-H coupling was
      successfully achieved. Different kinds of mercaptans were shown to be good
      coupling partners, affording the desired products in good yields. This protocol
      not only offers a novel method for the synthesis of beta-hydroxy thioethers, but
      also provides an effective strategy for selective radical/radical cross-coupling.

PMID- 27378451
TI  - Hyperparathyroidism complicating CYP 24A1 mutations.
AB  - CYP24A1 gene mutations induce infantile hypercalcemia, with high 1,25(OH)2D
      contrasting with low PTH levels. The adult phenotype is not well known. Two
      unrelated adult patients were referred for nephrolithiasis, hypertension,
      hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, normal 25-OHD levels, and inappropriate PTH levels
      (22 to 92pg/mL;N: 15-68) suggesting primary hyperparathyroidism, leading to
      surgery. Hypercalciuria improved despite persistent hypercalcemia, treated with
      cinacalcet. The ratio 25-OHD3/24-25-(OH)2D3>100 (N<25) suggested the diagnosis of
      CYP24A1 mutations which were confirmed through Sanger sequencing. In conclusion,
      the adult phenotype associated with CYP24A1 mutations can evolve over time from
      hypercalcemia with suppressed PTH towards hyperparathyroidism with moderately
      increased PTH level, adenoma and/or slightly increased parathyroid glands.
      Surgery decreased calciuria and improved kidney function. Cinacalcet was
      partially effective on hypercalcemia since PTH was inappropriate. This novel
      phenotype, a phenocopy of hyperparathyroidism, might evolve in few cases towards
      hyperparathyroidism despite random association of the 2 diseases cannot be
      excluded.

PMID- 27378453
TI  - Enhancement of Skeletal Muscle in Aged Rats Following High-Intensity Stretch
      Shortening Contraction Training.
AB  - Exercise is the most accessible, efficacious, and multifactorial intervention to
      improve health and treat chronic disease. High-intensity resistance exercise, in
      particular, also maximizes skeletal muscle size and strength-outcomes crucial at
      advanced age. However, such training is capable of inducing muscle maladaptation
      when misapplied at old age. Therefore, characterization of parameters (e.g., mode
      and frequency) that foster adaptation is an active research area. To address this
      issue, we utilized a rodent model that allowed training at maximal intensity in
      terms of muscle activation and tested the hypothesis that muscles of old rats
      adapt to stretch-shortening contraction (SSC) training, provided the training
      frequency is sufficiently low. At termination of training, normalized muscle mass
      (i.e., muscle mass divided by tibia length) and muscle quality (isometric force
      divided by normalized muscle mass) were determined. For young rats, normalized
      muscle mass increased by ~20% regardless of training frequency. No difference was
      observed for muscle quality values after 2 days versus 3 days per week training
      (0.65 +/- 0.09 N/mg/mm vs. 0.59 +/- 0.05 N/mg/mm, respectively). For old rats
      following 3 days per week training, normalized muscle mass was unaltered and
      muscle quality was 30% lower than young levels. Following 2 days per week
      training at old age, normalized muscle mass increased by 17% and muscle quality
      was restored to young levels. To investigate this enhanced response, oxidative
      stress was assessed by lipid peroxidation quantification. For young rats, lipid
      peroxidation levels were unaltered by training. With aging, baseline levels of
      lipid peroxidation increased by 1.5-fold. For old rats, only 2 days per week
      training decreased lipid peroxidation to levels indistinguishable from young
      values. These results imply that, appropriately scheduled high-intensity SSC
      training at old age is capable of restoring muscle to a younger phenotype in
      terms of lipid peroxidation levels and muscle quality.

PMID- 27378454
TI  - Optic nerve melanocytoma.

PMID- 27378455
TI  - Congenital optic nerve anomalies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To update the current knowledge about congenital optic disc anomalies.
      METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed in the major biomedical
      databases. RESULTS: Patients with these anomalies usually have poor vision in
      infancy. Refractive errors are common, and serous retinal detachment may develop
      in some of these anomalies. It is critically important to clinically
      differentiate between these congenital optic disc anomalies, as central nervous
      system malformations are common in some, whereas others may be associated with
      systemic anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital optic disc anomalies are a
      heterogeneous group of pathologies with characteristic fundus appearance and
      systemic associations. We should always try to make a correct diagnosis, in order
      to ask for specific tests, as well as to provide an adequate follow-up.

PMID- 27378456
TI  - Implications of the anatomical classification of the neovascular form of age
      related macular degeneration.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present the clinical relevance of the anatomical classification of
      the neovascular form of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). METHODS: Critical
      analysis of the current situation in the management of patients with neovascular
      AMD, by reviewing the available scientific evidence with regards to the
      classification of the types of neovascular lesion by angiography and optical
      coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: The classification of the neovascular lesion
      type secondary to AMD by OCT in type 1 lesions (under the pigment epithelium),
      type 2 (subretinal), and type 3 (retinal angiomatous proliferation), provides an
      added value in allowing to establish a long-term visual prognosis, an estimate of
      the number of treatments that a certain case may require, and a stratification of
      the risk for secondary geographic atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating OCT to the
      initial qualitative analysis of cases with neovascular AMD offers an added value
      superior to that provided by the angiography, with the relevant clinical
      implications.

PMID- 27378457
TI  - Presumed solitary circumscribed retinal astrocytic proliferation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Presumed solitary circumscribed retinal astrocytic proliferation
      (PSCRAP) is a small defined solitary lesion. CASE REPORT: A 58-year-old man had
      an opaque yellow retinal lesion inferonasal to the optic disc. Fluorescein
      angiography showed mild early hyperfluorescence and late fluorescence. Ultrasound
      showed no calcification. Autofluorescence disclosed moderate
      hyperautofluorescence. Optical coherence tomography showed the mass with a
      snowball configuration and a smooth surface. More than one year later, the lesion
      was unchanged. DISCUSSION: PSCRAP is a benign stable lesion. The main importance
      lies in its differentiation from well-circumscribed yellow-white lesions of the
      retina.

PMID- 27378458
TI  - Tideglusib, a chemical inhibitor of GSK3beta, attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain
      injury in neonatal mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypoxia-ischemia is an important cause of brain injury and
      neurological morbidity in the newborn infants. The activity of glycogen synthase
      kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) is up-regulated following neonatal stroke. Tideglusib is
      a GSK-3beta inhibitor which has neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative
      diseases in clinical trials. However, the effect of tideglusib on hypoxic
      ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonates is still unknown. METHODS: Postnatal day 7
      (P7) mouse pups subjected to unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed
      by 1h of hypoxia or sham surgery was performed. HI animals were administered
      tideglusib (5mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally 20min prior to the onset of
      ischemia. The brain infarct volume and whole brain images, were used in
      conjunction with Nissl staining to evaluate the protective effects of tideglusib.
      Protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Notch1, cleaved caspase
      3/9, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3),
      GSK-3beta and protein kinase B (Akt) were detected to identify potentially
      involved molecules. RESULTS: Tideglusib significantly reduced cerebral infarct
      volume at both 24h and 7days after HI injury. Tideglusib also increased
      phosphorylated GSK-3beta(Ser9) and Akt(Ser473), and reduced the expression of
      GFAP and p-STAT3(Tyr705). In addition, pretreatment with tideglusib also enhanced
      the protein level of Notch1. Moreover, tideglusib reduced the cleavage of pro
      apoptotic signal caspase proteins, including caspase 3 and caspase 9 following
      HI. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that tideglusib shows neuroprotection
      against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE:
      Tideglusib is a potential compound for the prevention or treatment of hypoxic
      ischemic brain injury in neonates.

PMID- 27378460
TI  - Optimism for prison syringe programs.

PMID- 27378459
TI  - The physicochemical properties of membranes correlate with the NADPH oxidase
      activity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Phagocytes kill ingested microbes by exposure to high concentrations
      of toxic reactive species generated by NADPH-oxidases. This membrane-bound
      electron-transferring enzyme is tightly regulated by cellular signaling cascades.
      So far, molecular and biophysical studies of the NADPH-oxidase were performed
      over limited temperature ranges, which weaken our understanding of immune
      response or inflammatory events. In this work, we have inspected the influence of
      temperature and lipid membrane properties on the NADPH-oxidase activity using a
      system free of cell complexity. METHODS: We have extended the experimental
      conditions of the accepted model for NADPH-oxidase activity, the so-called cell
      free assay, to a large temperature range (10-40 degrees C) using different
      membrane compositions (subcellular compartments or liposomes). RESULTS: A
      remarkable increase of superoxide production rate was observed with rising
      temperature. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism data showed that this is
      not correlated with protein secondary structure changes. When lipid bilayers are
      in fluid phase, Arrhenius plots of the oxidase activity showed linear
      relationships with small activation energy (Ea), while when in solid phase, high
      Ea was found. The sterol content modulates kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.
      CONCLUSION: High temperature promotes the rate of superoxide production. The key
      element of this enhancement is related to membrane properties such as thickness
      and viscosity and not to protein structural changes. Membrane viscosity that can
      be driven by sterols is a paramount parameter of Ea of NADPH oxidase activity.
      The membrane bilayer state modulated by its sterol content may be considered
      locally as an enzyme regulator. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled
      "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazu and Dr.
      Federica Migliardo.

PMID- 27378461
TI  - Critical illness polyneuromyopathy.

PMID- 27378462
TI  - Intensive lowering of blood pressure: Should we SPRINT?

PMID- 27378463
TI  - Canada's emergency medicine shortfall.

PMID- 27378464
TI  - Development of the Canadian Syncope Risk Score to predict serious adverse events
      after emergency department assessment of syncope.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Syncope can be caused by serious conditions not evident during
      initial evaluation, which can lead to serious adverse events, including death,
      after disposition from the emergency department. We sought to develop a clinical
      decision tool to identify adult patients with syncope who are at risk of a
      serious adverse event within 30 days after disposition from the emergency
      department. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled adults (age >= 16 yr) with syncope
      who presented within 24 hours after the event to 1 of 6 large emergency
      departments from Sept. 29, 2010, to Feb. 27, 2014. We collected standardized
      variables at index presentation from clinical evaluation and investigations.
      Adjudicated serious adverse events included death, myocardial infarction,
      arrhythmia, structural heart disease, pulmonary embolism, serious hemorrhage and
      procedural interventions within 30 days. RESULTS: We enrolled 4030 patients with
      syncope; the mean age was 53.6 years, 55.5% were women, and 9.5% were admitted to
      hospital. Serious adverse events occurred in 147 (3.6%) of the patients within 30
      days after disposition from the emergency department. Of 43 candidate predictors
      examined, we included 9 in the final model: predisposition to vasovagal syncope,
      heart disease, any systolic pressure reading in the emergency department < 90 or
      > 180 mm Hg, troponin level above 99th percentile for the normal population,
      abnormal QRS axis (< -30 degrees  or > 100 degrees ), QRS duration longer than
      130 ms, QTc interval longer than 480 ms, emergency department diagnosis of
      cardiac syncope and emergency department diagnosis of vasovagal syncope (C
      statistic 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85-0.90; optimism 0.015; goodness
      of-fit p = 0.11). The risk of a serious adverse event within 30 days ranged from
      0.4% for a score of -3 to 83.6% for a score of 11. The sensitivity was 99.2% (95%
      CI 95.9%-100%) for a threshold score of -2 or higher and 97.7% (95% CI 93.5%
      99.5%) for a threshold score of -1 or higher. INTERPRETATION: The Canadian
      Syncope Risk Score showed good discrimination and calibration for 30-day risk of
      serious adverse events after disposition from the emergency department. Once
      validated, the tool will be able to accurately stratify the risk of serious
      adverse events among patients presenting with syncope, including those at low
      risk who can be discharged home quickly.

PMID- 27378465
TI  - Methodologic approaches to evaluating new highly sensitive diagnostic tests:
      avoiding overdiagnosis.

PMID- 27378466
TI  - Indigenous health: Time for top-down change?

PMID- 27378467
TI  - Effect of human papillomavirus vaccination on cervical cancer screening in
      Alberta.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A school-based program with quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV)
      vaccination was implemented in Alberta in 2008. We assessed the impact of this
      program on Pap test cytology results using databases of province-wide vaccination
      and cervical cancer screening. METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study
      involving a cohort of women in Alberta born between 1994 and 1997 who had at
      least 1 Pap test between 2012 and 2015. Women with negative cytology results were
      controls. Women with low-grade (atypical squamous cells of undetermined
      significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and high-grade
      (atypical squamous cells, cannot rule out a high-grade lesion; or high-grade
      squamous intraepithelial lesion) cervical abnormalities were cases. Exposure
      status was assigned according to records of HPV vaccination. Odds ratios (ORs)
      for abnormal cytology results by vaccination status were adjusted for
      neighbourhood income, laboratory service, rural versus urban residency, and age.
      RESULTS: The total study population was 10 204. Adjusting for age, vaccinated
      women had a higher screening rate than unvaccinated women (13.0% v. 11.4%, p <
      0.001). Among women who received full vaccination (>= 3 doses), the adjusted OR
      for cervical abnormalities was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63-0.82). For
      high-grade lesions, the adjusted OR was 0.50 (95% CI 0.30-0.85). With 2-dose HPV
      vaccination, the adjusted OR for cervical abnormalities was 1.08 (95% CI 0.84
      1.38). INTERPRETATION: Quadrivalent HPV vaccination significantly reduced high
      grade cervical abnormalities but required 3 doses. Vaccination against HPV was
      associated with screening uptake. Population-based vaccination and screening
      programs should work together to optimize cervical cancer prevention.

PMID- 27378468
TI  - Organizational factors associated with Health Care Provider (HCP) influenza
      campaigns in the Veterans health care system: a qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is an important goal to vaccinate a high proportion of health care
      providers (HCPs) against influenza, to prevent transmission to patients.
      Different aspects of how a HCP vaccination campaign is conducted may be linked to
      different vaccination rates. We sought to characterize organizational factors and
      practices that were associated with vaccination campaign success among six sites
      within the Veterans Health Administration, where receipt of flu-vaccination is
      voluntary. METHOD: We conducted a total of 31 telephone interviews with key
      informants who were involved with HCP flu vaccination campaigns at three sites
      with high-vaccination rates and three sites with low-vaccination rates. We
      compared the organization and management of the six sites' campaigns using
      constant comparison methods, characterzing themes and analyzing data iteratively.
      RESULTS: Three factors distinguished sites with high flu vaccination rates from
      those with low vaccination rates. 1) High levels of executive leadership
      involvement: demonstrating visible support, fostering new ideas, facilitating
      resources, and empowering flu team members; 2) Positive flu team characteristics:
      high levels of collaboration, sense of campaign ownership, sense of empowerment
      to meet challenges, and adequate time and staffing dedicated to the campaign; and
      3) Several concrete strong practices emerged: advance planning, easy access to
      the vaccine, ability to track employee vaccination status, use of innovative
      methods to educate staff, and use of audit and feedback to promote targeted
      efforts to reach unvaccinated employees. CONCLUSION: Successful HCP flu campaigns
      shared several recognizable characteristics, many of which are amenable to
      adoption or emulation by programs hoping to improve their vaccination rates.

PMID- 27378469
TI  - Metalloproteases meprin-alpha (MEP1A) is a prognostic biomarker and promotes
      proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Meprin displays multiple functions in both health and disease, due in
      part to its broad proteolytic activity. In this report, we explored the clinical
      significance and functional relevance of the expression of meprin-alpha (MEP1A)
      in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: The mRNA and protein expression levels of
      MEP1A in tumor specimens obtained from CRC patients was determined by
      quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot assay and comparatively paired with
      adjacent mucosa that presented as normal tissue. ShRNA was used to knock-down
      MEP1A expression in CRC cell-lines and the effects of dampened expression of
      MEP1A on the proliferation and invasion were determined by colony formation
      assays, Cell Counting Kit-8 assays and matrigel invasion assays. Moreover, nude
      mouse xenograft models were designed to investigate the same effect in vivo. In
      order to determine whether MEP1A expression correlated with CRC clinicopathologic
      factors and survival, immunohistochemical staining of a tissue microarray
      containing 88 paired CRC specimens was performed. RESULTS: In CRC, enhanced
      expression of MEP1A was seen. Additionally, both in vitro and in vivo, CRC
      cellular proliferation and invasiveness was inhibited by dampened MEP1A
      expression. Several parameters were associated with enhanced MEP1A expression
      including tumor size (P = 0.023), staging of CRC by the American Joint Committee
      on Cancer (AJCC) (P = 0.024), and T (P = 0.032) and N stages (P = 0.001).
      Moreover, the expression of MEP1A is an independent prognostic factor for overall
      survival in CRC (HR 3.643; 95 % CI 0.305-5.842; P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: MEP1A was
      not only found to be functionally important, but it might also serve as an
      important and unique indicator of patient prognosis and therapeutic targeting in
      CRC.

PMID- 27378471
TI  - Erratum: Embryonic transcription is controlled by maternally defined chromatin
      state.

PMID- 27378470
TI  - Process evaluation of two participatory approaches: Implementing total worker
      health(r) interventions in a correctional workforce.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Correctional Officers (COs) have among the highest injury rates and
      poorest health of all the public safety occupations. The HITEC-2 (Health
      Improvement Through Employee Control-2) study uses Participatory Action Research
      (PAR) to design and implement interventions to improve health and safety of COs.
      METHOD: HITEC-2 compared two different types of participatory program, a CO-only
      "Design Team" (DT) and "Kaizen Event Teams" (KET) of COs and supervisors, to
      determine differences in implementation process and outcomes. The Program
      Evaluation Rating Sheet (PERS) was developed to document and evaluate program
      implementation. RESULTS: Both programs yielded successful and unsuccessful
      interventions, dependent upon team-, facility-, organizational, state-,
      facilitator-, and intervention-level factors. CONCLUSIONS: PAR in corrections,
      and possibly other sectors, depends upon factors including participation,
      leadership, continuity and timing, resilience, and financial circumstances. The
      new PERS instrument may be useful in other sectors to assist in assessing
      intervention success. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:897-918, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27378472
TI  - Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism in women: roles of apoC-II and apoC-III.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Experimental data suggest that apolipoprotein (apo) C-II and C-III
      regulate triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism, but there are limited
      studies in humans. We investigated the metabolic associations of TRLs with apoC
      II and apoC-III concentrations and kinetics in women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      kinetics of plasma apoC-II, apoC-III and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) apoB
      100 and triglycerides were measured in the postabsorptive state using stable
      isotopic techniques and compartmental modelling in 60 women with wide-ranging
      body mass index (19.5-32.9 kg/m(2) ). RESULTS: Plasma apoC-II and apoC-III
      concentrations were positively associated with the concentrations of plasma
      triglycerides, VLDL1 - and VLDL2 -apoB-100 and triglyceride (all P < 0.05). ApoC
      II production rate (PR) was positively associated with VLDL1 -apoB-100
      concentration, VLDL1 triglyceride concentration and VLDL1 triglyceride PR, while
      apoC-II fractional catabolic rate (FCR) was positively associated with VLDL1
      triglyceride FCR (all P < 0.05). No significant associations were observed
      between apoC-II and VLDL2 apoB-100 or triglyceride kinetics. ApoC-III PR, but not
      FCR, was positively associated with VLDL1 triglyceride, and VLDL2 -apoB-100 and
      triglyceride concentrations (all P < 0.05). No significant associations were
      observed between apoC-III and VLDL-apoB-100 and triglyceride kinetics. In
      multivariable analysis, including homoeostasis model assessment score, menopausal
      status and obesity, apoC-II concentration was significantly associated with
      plasma triglyceride, VLDL1 -apoB-100 and VLDL1 triglyceride concentrations and
      PR. Using the same multivariable analysis, apoC-III was significantly associated
      with plasma triglyceride and VLDL1 - and VLDL2 -apoB-100 and triglyceride
      concentrations and FCR. CONCLUSIONS: In women, plasma apoC-II and apoC-III
      concentrations are regulated by their respective PR and are significant,
      independent determinants of the kinetics and plasma concentrations of TRLs.

PMID- 27378473
TI  - Fourth consensus of the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD):
      auditable standards for diagnosis and management of premenstrual disorder.
AB  - Whilst professional bodies such as the Royal College and the American College of
      Obstetricians and Gynecologists have well-established standards for audit of
      management for most gynaecology disorders, such standards for premenstrual
      disorders (PMDs) have yet to be developed. The International Society of
      Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD) has already published three consensus papers on
      PMDs covering areas that include definition, classification/quantification,
      clinical trial design and management (American College Obstetricians and
      Gynecologists 2011; Brown et al. in Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001396, 2009;
      Dickerson et al. in Am Fam Physician 67(8):1743-1752, 2003). In this fourth
      consensus of ISPMD, we aim to create a set of auditable standards for the
      clinical management of PMDs. All members of the original ISPMD consensus group
      were invited to submit one or more auditable standards to be eligible in the
      inclusion of the consensus. Ninety-five percent of members (18/19) responded with
      at least one auditable standard. A total of 66 auditable standards were received,
      which were returned to all group members who then ranked the standards in order
      of priority, before the results were collated. Proposed standards related to the
      diagnosis of PMDs identified the importance of obtaining an accurate history,
      that a symptom diary should be kept for 2 months prior to diagnosis and that
      symptom reporting demonstrates symptoms in the premenstrual phase of the
      menstrual cycle and relieved by menstruation. Regarding treatment, the most
      important standards were the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
      (SSRIs) as a first line treatment, an evidence-based approach to treatment and
      that SSRI side effects are properly explained to patients. A set of comprehensive
      standards to be used in the diagnosis and treatment of PMD has been established,
      for which PMD management can be audited against for standardised and improved
      care.

PMID- 27378474
TI  - Serum metabolites predict response to angiotensin II receptor blockers in
      patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individual patients show a large variability in albuminuria response
      to angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). Identifying novel biomarkers that predict
      ARB response may help tailor therapy. We aimed to discover and validate a serum
      metabolite classifier that predicts albuminuria response to ARBs in patients with
      diabetes mellitus and micro- or macroalbuminuria. METHODS: Liquid chromatography
      tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics was performed on serum samples. Data from
      patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria (n = 49) treated with
      irbesartan 300 mg/day were used for discovery. LASSO and ridge regression were
      performed to develop the classifier. Improvement in albuminuria response
      prediction was assessed by calculating differences in R(2) between a reference
      model of clinical parameters and a model with clinical parameters and the
      classifier. The classifier was externally validated in patients with type 1
      diabetes and macroalbuminuria (n = 50) treated with losartan 100 mg/day.
      Molecular process analysis was performed to link metabolites to molecular
      mechanisms contributing to ARB response. RESULTS: In discovery, median change in
      urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was -42 % [Q1-Q3: -69 to -8]. The classifier,
      consisting of 21 metabolites, was significantly associated with UAE response to
      irbesartan (p < 0.001) and improved prediction of UAE response on top of the
      clinical reference model (R(2) increase from 0.10 to 0.70; p < 0.001). In
      external validation, median change in UAE was -43 % [Q1-Q35: -63 to -23]. The
      classifier improved prediction of UAE response to losartan (R(2) increase from
      0.20 to 0.59; p < 0.001). Specifically ADMA impacting eNOS activity appears to be
      a relevant factor in ARB response. CONCLUSIONS: A serum metabolite classifier was
      discovered and externally validated to significantly improve prediction of
      albuminuria response to ARBs in diabetes mellitus.

PMID- 27378475
TI  - A pathophysiology-based approach to the diagnosis and treatment of lupus
      nephritis.
AB  - Lupus is no longer an unknown chameleon of medicine. Significant progress has
      been made on unraveling the pathogenesis of lupus and lupus nephritis, and how to
      treat the disease. Here we provide an update on the pathophysiology of lupus and
      its related kidney disease, consider areas of controversy in disease management,
      and discuss the unmet needs of lupus nephritis and how to address these needs. We
      focus on rethinking how innovative therapies for lupus nephritis should be
      evaluated and evolving strategies to more efficiently mitigate irreversible
      nephron loss in patients with lupus nephritis.

PMID- 27378477
TI  - Lateral approach for sinus floor elevation: large versus small bone window - a
      split-mouth randomized clinical trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To test whether a reduction of bone window dimension, in a split
      mouth randomized study design, focused on lateral sinus floor elevations, can
      achieve better results than a wider window in terms of augmented bone height and
      a reduction of patient discomfort and surgical complications. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Of the sixteen subjects enrolled in the study, each underwent a
      bilateral sinus lift procedure based on two different access flaps to maxillary
      sinus. Test side: small access window (6 * 6 mm) + bone filling using a special
      device. Control side: large access window (10 * 8 mm) + manual bone filling.
      Alveolar bone height and width were measured at pre-op and 6-month post-op CT
      scans; repeatable measurements were obtained using radiographic stents. Surgical
      intervention duration was also recorded. Patients' evaluation of surgical
      discomfort was assessed using a VAS diagram at 7-day, 14-day and 30-day follow
      up. RESULTS: A significant bone augmentation in height and width of alveolar
      crest was obtained in both test (8.71 +/- 1.11 mm, 4.70 +/- 0.58 mm) and control
      (8.5 +/- 2.02 mm, 4.68 +/- 0.70 mm) sides, although no significant differences
      were found between the two groups. Neither any significant differences emerge in
      data concerning the duration of the intervention (Test 42.62 +/- 6.67 min,
      Control 41.68 +/- 8.34 min). Patients' opinion relating to surgical discomfort
      showed a preference for test procedure at 7-day, 14-day and 30-day follow-up.
      CONCLUSIONS: A reduction of window dimensions did not affect the safety of the
      surgical procedure. The two testing techniques showed no statistically
      significant differences in surgical intervention duration. Patients' opinion at 7
      day and 14-day post-op showed a preference for test procedure.

PMID- 27378476
TI  - Human mannose-binding lectin inhibitor prevents Shiga toxin-induced renal injury.
AB  - Hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC
      HUS) is a worldwide endemic problem, and its pathophysiology is not fully
      elucidated. Here we tested whether the mannose-binding lectin (MBL2), an
      initiating factor of lectin complement pathway activation, plays a crucial role
      in STEC HUS. Using novel human MBL2-expressing mice (MBL2 KI) that lack murine
      Mbls (MBL2(+/+)Mbl1(-/-)Mbl2(-/-)), a novel STEC HUS model consisted of an
      intraperitoneal injection with Shiga toxin-2 (Stx-2) with or without anti-MBL2
      antibody (3F8, intraperitoneal). Stx-2 induced weight loss, anemia, and
      thrombocytopenia and increased serum creatinine, free serum hemoglobin, and
      cystatin C levels, but a significantly decreased glomerular filtration rate
      compared with control/sham mice. Immunohistochemical staining revealed renal C3d
      deposition and fibrin deposition in glomeruli in Stx-2-injected mice. Treatment
      with 3F8 completely inhibited serum MBL2 levels and significantly attenuated Stx
      2 induced-renal injury, free serum hemoglobin levels, renal C3d, and fibrin
      deposition and preserved the glomerular filtration rate. Thus, MBL2 inhibition
      significantly protected against complement activation and renal injury induced by
      Stx-2. This novel mouse model can be used to study the role of complement,
      particularly lectin pathway-mediated complement activation, in Stx-2-induced
      renal injury.

PMID- 27378478
TI  - beta-Pyrrolopyrazino Annulated Corroles via a Pictet-Spengler Approach.
AB  - Reaction of 2-amino-3-(pyrrol-1-yl)-5,10,15-tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)corrolato
      copper(II) with arylaldehydes affords novel pi-extended beta,beta'-pyrrolo(1,2
      a)pyrazino-fused corroles via a Pictet-Spengler reaction. Corrole shows an
      unprecedented reaction pathway, leading to a mixture of phenyl-substituted and
      nonsubstituted pyrrolopyrazino annulated species as reaction products.

PMID- 27378480
TI  - Sublethal effects of pulp and paper mill effluent on two commonly cultured carps:
      a SEM- and EDS-based hematological biomarker analysis.
AB  - Blood being a vehicle for the transport of industrial pollutants in living
      system, fish hematology is considered as potent biomarker. In the present study,
      we investigated respective sublethal effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on
      hematology of two commonly cultured carps, Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngodon
      idella, using optical, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray
      spectroscopy. Irrespective of species, results showed significant decrease in
      erythrocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin contents while an increase in white blood
      cell counts (P < 0.05). We observed an increasing trend of MCV (170.0 +/- 3.07 to
      193.16 +/- 2.5) and MCH (34.31 +/- 1.89 to 38.71 +/- 3.61) up to 28th day in C.
      carpio (P < 0.05), while, in C. idella, the highest percent increase in MCV
      (180.8 +/- 2.19) and MCH (32.9 +/- 0.62) was observed on seventh exposure day,
      which subsequently declined, respectively, to 173.1 +/- 17.1 and 27.9 +/- 2.45 on
      28th day. Unlike C. carpio, significant and progressive MCHC declining trend
      (18.23 +/- 0.28 to 16.13 +/- 0.31) was observed in C. idella. The most commonly
      observed abnormalities under SEM include echinocytes, cytoplasmic blebbing,
      cytoplasmic ring, spherocytes, lobopodial projections and acanthocytes in red
      blood cells of exposed fishes. EDS further revealed the presence of aluminum,
      antimony, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, tungsten, zinc and titanium; some of these
      metals were not even detected in the effluent samples, suggesting the probable
      metal bio-concentration in fish tissue, and subsequent jeopardization is a major
      concern particularly in the industrial area. Our study further suggested the use
      of sensitive and specific techniques like SEM and EDS in fish hematological
      biomarker analysis along with the conventional approach.

PMID- 27378481
TI  - Successful Use of Four Factor-Prothrombin Complex Concentrate for Congenital
      Factor X Deficiency in the Setting of Neurosurgery.
AB  - Congenital factor X deficiency is an extremely rare coagulation disorder that can
      place patients at risk for spontaneous hemorrhage or excessive bleeding in the
      setting of trauma or invasive procedures. Given the rarity of this disorder,
      there is little published guidance on how best to prevent or treat bleeding.
      Herein, we report a case of a 56-year-old white man with congenital factor X
      deficiency who was scheduled for major neurosurgery and who was treated
      perioperatively with 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC). Doses of
      4F-PCC at 15 U per kg, administered immediately preoperatively and once at 24
      hours postoperatively, allowed for successful completion of an anterior cervical
      discectomy and fusion without excessive bleeding. Moreover, no thromboembolic
      complications were observed. As such, given the wide availability of 4F-PCC, it
      may be considered as a first-line therapy and an alternative to fresh frozen
      plasma for factor X deficiencies, particularly in high-risk operative cases. 

PMID- 27378479
TI  - Specific miRNA Disease Biomarkers in Blood, Serum and Plasma: Challenges and
      Prospects.
AB  - Significant effort has been devoted to discovering microRNA (miRNA) disease
      biomarkers. In particular, miRNAs in whole blood or specific blood components are
      candidates for improving the diagnosis of diseases, including life-threatening
      pathologies. This review covers the challenges crucial for the translation of
      miRNAs in body fluids (circulating miRNAs) from a research setting into a
      clinical care scenario. First, we discuss the specificity of miRNA biomarkers for
      the diagnosis of a disease. While single miRNAs such as miR-20a, miR-21, miR-155,
      and miR-126 are frequently not disease specific, miRNA signatures that consist of
      a plurality of different miRNAs may help to improve differentiation between
      pathologies. Second, we discuss the degree of reproducibility and highlight
      selected validation studies. While single miRNA markers are often confirmed by
      independent studies, miRNA signatures are less frequently verified. Third, we
      address challenges to the profiling of miRNAs in high-throughput settings and we
      discuss the appropriateness of various analytical platforms and bioinformatics
      towards a clinical application of miRNAs. Finally, we shed light on the
      suitability of enriched miRNA sources, e.g. fractionation of body fluids for
      extracellular vesicles such as exosomes or blood cells, to develop miRNA
      signatures. With an increasing number of verified miRNA signatures and with the
      advance of matured medium-throughput approaches in clinical settings, specific
      miRNA markers are increasingly likely to contribute to human healthcare.

PMID- 27378483
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27378482
TI  - Pasteurella multocida Bacteremia With Associated Knee Arthroplasty Infection in
      an 80-Year-Old Caucasian Man.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify the gram-negative rods grown from blood cultures and a
      right-knee fluid aspirate from an 80-year-old caucasian man who had undergone a
      total right knee arthroplastic procedure 6 years ago, and to assess the genetic
      similarity between the 2 isolates. METHODS: We used 3 different approaches:
      biochemical testing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight
      (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing.
      RESULTS: The 3 methods identified the gram-negative rods as Pasteurella
      multocida; 16S rRNA gene sequencing further identified the organisms as P.
      multocida subsp. septica. CONCLUSION: A concordant identification of P. multocida
      was observed using biochemical testing, mass spectrometry, and 16S rRNA gene
      sequencing. Only 16S rRNA sequencing was able to determine the subspecies of P.
      multocida and to determine the genetic relatedness of the 2 isolates.

PMID- 27378484
TI  - Regulation of size and uniformity of In2O3 nanooctahedra.
AB  - Rational regulation of the size and uniformity of nanoparticles has drawn great
      interests and shown widespread application, but this cannot be simply achieved by
      the vapor route. In this work, by adopting a chemical vapor deposition approach,
      the growth process was intricately regulated to guide the reagent
      supersaturation, and the large-scale growth of uniform-sized In2O3 nanooctahedra
      was realized. A one-time nucleation and synchronous growth mode controlled by the
      reagent supersaturation ratio is proposed to be responsible for the uniformity of
      size. Furthermore, a series of comparative experiments were conducted to study
      the size dependence on reaction duration, and temperature difference between the
      heating and depositing zones. This study demonstrates a feasible approach to
      prepare uniform-sized nanoparticles through precisely controlling the crystal
      growth process, and the developed growth strategy could be generalized to
      synthesize uniform-sized nanostructures of other material systems. 

PMID- 27378487
TI  - Vitamin D status in healthy Moroccan men and women aged 50 years and older: a
      cross-sectional study.
AB  - This study aimed to compare the vitamin D status in healthy Moroccan men and
      women aged 50 years and older. A total of 186 Moroccan women and 68 men, who had
      no previous diagnosis of osteoporosis, were recruited prospectively. We found in
      this study a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D with no difference between men
      and women. PURPOSE: The main purpose of this study was to describe and compare
      the vitamin D status, parathormone, calcium, and phosphate of healthy Moroccan
      men and women aged 50 years and older. METHODS: We conducted two cross-sectional
      studies, in postmenopausal women from October 2008 to November 2009 and in men
      over 50 years old, from December 2009 to August 2010. A total of 186 Moroccan
      women and 68 men, who had no previous diagnosis of osteoporosis, were recruited
      prospectively. For the definition of hypovitaminosis D, the preferred level for
      25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency, which is now recommended by many
      experts, is 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L), and the levels below 10 ng/ml (25 nmol/L)
      indicate deficiency. RESULTS: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in men and
      women was 4.4 and 8.6 %, respectively, and the prevalence of vitamin D(25(OH) D)
      insufficiency in men and women were 85.2 and 77.4 %, respectively. In men and
      women, no correlations were found between intact parathormone (PTHi) and 25(OH) D
      (r = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a sunny environment, we found in this study a
      high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D (insufficiency + deficiency) in Moroccan men
      over 50 years old and postmenopausal women.

PMID- 27378486
TI  - Surrogate and clinical endpoints in interventional cardiology: are statistics the
      brakes?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for demonstrating
      safety and efficacy of coronary devices with or without accompanying drug
      treatments in interventional cardiology. With the advent of last-generation drug
      eluting stents having enhanced technical attributes and long-term clinical
      benefits, the proof of incremental angiographic or long-term clinical efficacy
      becomes more challenging. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of
      the most common and alternative study endpoints in interventional cardiology and
      their potential reimbursement value. Moreover, we intend to describe the
      statistical limitations in order to demonstrate differences between potential
      treatment groups. Furthermore, careful endpoint recommendations for a given
      patient number are offered for future study designs. METHODS: The number of
      patients per treatment group was estimated for various study designs such as
      noninferiority test hypotheses with hard clinical endpoints and various surrogate
      endpoints. To test for differences in various surrogate endpoint scenarios, the
      corresponding patient group sizes were explored. To evaluate these endpoints in
      terms of their reimbursement impact, preferred endpoints for technical appraisals
      in interventional cardiology at the National Institute of Health and Care
      Excellence (NICE) were used. RESULTS: Even with the most stringent experimental
      control to reduce bias-introducing factors, studies with hard primary clinical
      endpoints such as the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) or target
      lesion revascularization (TLR) rates remain the gold standard, with numbers
      reaching into the 300-700 patient range per group. Study designs using loss in
      fractional-flow reserve (FFR) or stent-strut-coverage rates can be statistically
      formulated; however, the clinical ramifications for the patient remain to be
      discussed. Nonrandomized study designs with intrapatient angiographic controls in
      nontarget vessels may merit further thoughts and explorations. CONCLUSIONS: From
      a reimbursement impact, the primary endpoints MACE and TLR are the best choices
      for a moderately sized study population of 500 patients per group. Angiographic
      endpoints, in particular minimal lumen diameter (MLD), are not useful in this
      context. The emerging endpoints such as loss in FFR or stent coverage require
      smaller patient populations. However, their impact on reimbursement-related
      decisions is limited.

PMID- 27378485
TI  - Ageing and ocular surface immunity.
AB  - The prevalence of ocular surface immunopathologies is enhanced in the elderly.
      This increased prevalence has been attributed to age-related dysregulation of
      innate and adaptive immune system responses. Age-related changes in ocular
      surface immunity have similar and distinct characteristics to those changes seen
      in other mucosal tissues. This mini review provides a brief outline of key
      findings in the field of ocular ageing, draws comparisons with other mucosal
      tissues and, finally, discusses age-related changes in the context of
      immunopathogenesis of infectious keratitis and dry eye disease, two of the most
      common inflammatory disorders of the ocular surface.

PMID- 27378488
TI  - Learning words during shared book reading: The role of extratextual talk designed
      to increase child engagement.
AB  - Shared book reading (SBR) is a valuable context for word learning during early
      childhood, and adults' extratextual talk boosts the vocabulary building potential
      of SBR. We propose that the benefits of such talk depend largely on a reader's
      success in promoting children's active engagement (attention and interest) during
      SBR. When readers ask children questions about new words, especially if they
      respond to children in a prompt, contingent, and appropriate (positive) manner,
      this verbal responsiveness functions as an effective engagement strategy. We
      randomly assigned 3- and 4-year-olds to three reading conditions (low, moderate,
      and high) distinguished by the degree to which the reader used extratextual
      engagement strategies, including verbal responsiveness. Despite equal exposure to
      unfamiliar target words, children's performance improved on two measures of word
      learning across the three conditions, demonstrating the value of engagement
      strategies in extratextual talk. This study provides a strong experimental
      demonstration that adult verbal responsiveness directly benefits preschoolers'
      word learning.

PMID- 27378489
TI  - Chloroplast genome structure in Ilex (Aquifoliaceae).
AB  - Aquifoliaceae is the largest family in the campanulid order Aquifoliales. It
      consists of a single genus, Ilex, the hollies, which is the largest woody
      dioecious genus in the angiosperms. Most species are in East Asia or South
      America. The taxonomy and evolutionary history remain unclear due to the lack of
      a robust species-level phylogeny. We produced the first complete chloroplast
      genomes in this family, including seven Ilex species, by Illumina sequencing of
      long-range PCR products and subsequent reference-guided de novo assembly. These
      genomes have a typical bicyclic structure with a conserved genome arrangement and
      moderate divergence. The total length is 157,741 bp and there is one large single
      copy region (LSC) with 87,109 bp, one small single-copy with 18,436 bp, and a
      pair of inverted repeat regions (IR) with 52,196 bp. A total of 144 genes were
      identified, including 96 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA and 8 rRNA. Thirty-four
      repetitive sequences were identified in Ilex pubescens, with lengths >14 bp and
      identity >90%, and 11 divergence hotspot regions that could be targeted for
      phylogenetic markers. This study will contribute to improved resolution of deep
      branches of the Ilex phylogeny and facilitate identification of Ilex species.

PMID- 27378490
TI  - Active cycle of breathing technique for cystic fibrosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: People with cystic fibrosis experience chronic airway infections as a
      result of mucus build up within the lungs. Repeated infections often cause lung
      damage and disease. Airway clearance therapies aim to improve mucus clearance,
      increase sputum production, and improve airway function. The active cycle of
      breathing technique (also known as ACBT) is an airway clearance method that uses
      a cycle of techniques to loosen airway secretions including breathing control,
      thoracic expansion exercises, and the forced expiration technique. This is an
      update of a previously published review. OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical
      effectiveness of the active cycle of breathing technique with other airway
      clearance therapies in cystic fibrosis. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane
      Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register, compiled from electronic database searches and
      handsearching of journals and conference abstract books. We also searched the
      reference lists of relevant articles and reviews.Date of last search: 25 April
      2016. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled clinical
      studies, including cross-over studies, comparing the active cycle of breathing
      technique with other airway clearance therapies in cystic fibrosis. DATA
      COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened each article,
      abstracted data and assessed the risk of bias of each study. MAIN RESULTS: Our
      search identified 62 studies, of which 19 (440 participants) met the inclusion
      criteria. Five randomised controlled studies (192 participants) were included in
      the meta-analysis; three were of cross-over design. The 14 remaining studies were
      cross-over studies with inadequate reports for complete assessment. The study
      size ranged from seven to 65 participants. The age of the participants ranged
      from six to 63 years (mean age 22.33 years). In 13 studies, follow up lasted a
      single day. However, there were two long-term randomised controlled studies with
      follow up of one to three years. Most of the studies did not report on key
      quality items, and therefore, have an unclear risk of bias in terms of random
      sequence generation, allocation concealment, and outcome assessor blinding. Due
      to the nature of the intervention, none of the studies blinded participants or
      the personnel applying the interventions. However, most of the studies reported
      on all planned outcomes, had adequate follow up, assessed compliance, and used an
      intention-to-treat analysis.Included studies compared the active cycle of
      breathing technique with autogenic drainage, airway oscillating devices, high
      frequency chest compression devices, conventional chest physiotherapy, and
      positive expiratory pressure. Preference of technique varied: more participants
      preferred autogenic drainage over the active cycle of breathing technique; more
      preferred the active cycle of breathing technique over airway oscillating
      devices; and more were comfortable with the active cycle of breathing technique
      versus high frequency chest compression. No significant difference was seen in
      quality of life, sputum weight, exercise tolerance, lung function, or oxygen
      saturation between the active cycle of breathing technique and autogenic drainage
      or between the active cycle of breathing technique and airway oscillating
      devices. There was no significant difference in lung function and the number of
      pulmonary exacerbations between the active cycle of breathing technique alone or
      in conjunction with conventional chest physiotherapy. All other outcomes were
      either not measured or had insufficient data for analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:
      There is insufficient evidence to support or reject the use of the active cycle
      of breathing technique over any other airway clearance therapy. Five studies,
      with data from eight different comparators, found that the active cycle of
      breathing technique was comparable with other therapies in outcomes such as
      participant preference, quality of life, exercise tolerance, lung function,
      sputum weight, oxygen saturation, and number of pulmonary exacerbations. Longer
      term studies are needed to more adequately assess the effects of the active cycle
      of breathing technique on outcomes important for people with cystic fibrosis such
      as quality of life and preference.

PMID- 27378491
TI  - G protein-coupled estrogen receptor enhances melanogenesis via cAMP-protein
      kinase (PKA) by upregulating microphthalmia-related transcription factor
      tyrosinase in melanoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the role and mechanism of action of G protein
      coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in melanogenesis. METHODS: GPER expression was
      detected in the A375 human melanoma cell line and B16 mouse melanoma cell line.
      Cell proliferation, melanin content, tyrosinase (TYR) activity, cyclic adenosine
      monophosphate (cAMP) level, and TYR and microphthalmia-related transcription
      factor (MITF) expression were measured. GPER activation was altered by agonist
      and antagonist treatment and its expression was downregulated by gene silencing.
      Estradiol-induced melanin synthesis and the activation of related signaling
      pathways were suppressed by inhibiting GPER via antagonist treatment. The
      relationship between GPER and TYR was evaluated in clinical chloasma samples by
      immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Upregulation of GPER in A375 cells promoted
      melanogenesis, favored as indicated by increases in TYR and MITF expression and
      TYR activity. GPER activated melanin production via the cAMP-protein kinase (PK)
      A pathway, suggesting that GPER plays an important role in estrogen-induced
      melanin synthesis. The effect of GPER activation on cAMP-MITF-TYR signaling was
      also demonstrated in B16 cells. A significant association was observed between
      GPER and TYR expression in chloasma skin lesions relative to normal skin.
      CONCLUSION: GPER enhances melanin synthesis via cAMP-PKA-MITF-TYR signaling and
      modulates the effects of estrogen in melanogenesis. GPER is therefore a potential
      drug target for chloasma treatment.

PMID- 27378492
TI  - New developments in prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is an
      autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene. Females
      affected with classical CAH are at risk for genital ambiguity, but can be treated
      in utero with dexamethasone before 9 gestational weeks to prevent virilization.
      Early genetic diagnosis is unavailable through current invasive methods of
      chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. New developments in prenatal genetic
      testing utilize fetal DNA extracted from maternal blood through noninvasive
      methods, which allow the determination of fetal gender and the diagnosis of CAH
      at an early gestational age (<9 weeks). Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis allows for
      the establishment of early and effective management plans in fetuses at risk for
      CAH and avoids unnecessary prenatal dexamethasone treatment.

PMID- 27378493
TI  - Becoming a "second victim" in health care: Pathway of recovery after adverse
      event.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The healthcare worker involved in an unanticipated adverse patient
      event can become second victim. These workers suffer physically and psycho
      socially and try to overcome the post-event emotional stress by obtaining
      emotional support in a variety of ways. The goal of this research was to study
      second victims among health care providers in Italy. METHODS: This contribution
      contains the results of 33 interviews of nurses, physicians and other healthcare
      workers. After institutional approval, the semi-structured interview, composed of
      25 questions, was translated from English into Italian. The audio-interviews were
      transcribed on paper verbatim by the interviewer. It was then verified if the
      interviewees experienced the six post-event stages of second victim recovery
      previously described within the literature. RESULTS: The interviewees described
      the post-event recovery stages described by literature but stages were not
      detailed in the exact succession order as the American study. All participants
      clearly remembered the adverse event and referred the physical and psycho-social
      symptoms. The psychological support obtained by second victims was described as
      poor and inefficient. DISCUSSION: The post-event recovery pathway is predictable
      but not always clearly respected as defined within this Italian sample. Future
      study of the second-victim phenomenon and desired supportive interventions is
      necessary to understand the experience and interventions to mitigate harm of
      future clinicians. Every day healthcare workers become second victims and,
      considering that human resources are the most important heritage of healthcare
      infrastructures, after an adverse event it is very important to execute valid
      interventional programs to support and train these workers.

PMID- 27378494
TI  - Star polymer synthesis vialambda-orthogonal photochemistry.
AB  - We introduce a light induced sequence enabling lambda-orthogonal star polymer
      formation via an arms-first approach, based on an alpha,omega-functional polymer
      carrying tetrazole and o-methyl benzaldehyde moieties, which upon irradiation can
      readily undergo cycloaddition with a trifunctional maleimide core. Depending on
      the wavelength, the telechelic strand can be attached to the core at either photo
      reactive end. 

PMID- 27378495
TI  - Respiratory autoresuscitation following severe acute hypoxemia in anesthetized
      adult rats.
AB  - In the present study we investigated the pattern and efficacy of respiratory
      autoresuscitation in spontaneously breathing adult male rats across three
      separate anesthetic backgrounds. Each animal was administered one of three
      injectable anesthetics to achieve a surgical plane of anesthesia: ketamine
      xylazine (KET, n=10), pentobarbital (PEN, n=10), or urethane (URE, n=10). Animals
      were tracheostomized and equipped with a femoral artery catheter to record
      airflow and arterial pressures. In response to a bout of breathing anoxic air,
      none of the 10 URE animals were able to mount a successful autoresuscitation
      response. In contrast, all KET and PEN animals survived all four consecutive
      anoxic exposures, restoring eupneic breathing in all cases. Moreover, only 4/10
      URE animals expressed gasping breaths following the onset of respiratory arrest,
      and these were temporally delayed (p<0.001) and much smaller in volume (P<=0.012)
      compared to KET and PEN animals. URE animals showed no clear aberrations in their
      cardiovascular responses to anoxia, with the exception of lower arterial pulse
      pressures compared to either KET or PEN animals at specific points following RA.
      Ketamine-xylazine and pentobarbital anesthesia can be reliably and effectively
      used to create models for the study of autoresuscitation in adult rats. In
      contrast, urethane causes catastrophic failure of respiratory autoresuscitation,
      by delaying or outright preventing the elaboration of gasping breaths following
      anoxia-induced respiratory arrest. The neuronal and synaptic alterations
      accompanying urethane anesthesia may therefore provide a means of understanding
      potential pathological alterations in rhythm generation that can predispose the
      respiratory control system to failed autoresuscitation following an episode of
      acute severe hypoxemia.

PMID- 27378496
TI  - Engineering E. coli for large-scale production - Strategies considering ATP
      expenses and transcriptional responses.
AB  - Microbial producers such as Escherichia coli are evolutionarily trained to adapt
      to changing substrate availabilities. Being exposed to large-scale production
      conditions, their complex, multilayered regulatory programs are frequently
      activated because they face changing substrate supply due to limited mixing.
      Here, we show that E. coli can adopt both short- and long-term strategies to
      withstand these stress conditions. Experiments in which glucose availability was
      changed over a short time scale were performed in a two-compartment bioreactor
      system. Quick metabolic responses were observed during the first 30s of glucose
      shortage, and after 70s, fundamental transcriptional programs were initiated.
      Since cells are fluctuating under simulated large-scale conditions, this scenario
      represents a continuous on/off switching of about 600 genes. Furthermore, the
      resulting ATP maintenance demands were increased by about 40-50%, allowing us to
      conclude that hyper-producing strains could become ATP-limited under large-scale
      production conditions. Based on the observed transcriptional patterns, we
      identified a number of candidate gene deletions that may reduce unwanted ATP
      losses. In summary, we present a theoretical framework that provides biological
      targets that could be used to engineer novel E. coli strains such that large
      scale performance equals laboratory-scale expectations.

PMID- 27378498
TI  - Welcome, thank you, and good luck!

PMID- 27378497
TI  - Thrombus-mimicking artifacts in two-point Dixon MRI: Prevalence, appearance, and
      severity.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence and severity of potentially thrombus
      mimicking, flow-induced misallocation artifacts in a clinical setting. Two-point
      "Dixon" fat-water separation methods, with bipolar readout gradients, may suffer
      from flow-induced fat-water misallocation artifacts. If these artifacts occur
      within blood vessels, they may mimic thrombus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-point
      Dixon coronal and axial images acquired in 102 consecutive patients were
      retrospectively evaluated for the presence of flow-induced artifacts in arteries
      and veins. Artifacts were graded on a 3-point scale (none, mild, severe) by two
      independent readers. Interreader agreement was evaluated with kappa statistics.
      RESULTS: Reader 1 reported 63 artifacts in 46 (45%) of the cases (severe in 19
      cases, 18.6%). Reader 2 reported 51 artifacts in 43 (42.2%) of the cases (severe
      in 18 cases, 17.6%). Misallocation of fat and water was apparent in all datasets
      with severe artifacts, whereas variable signal intensity changes in water and fat
      images were observed in mild artifacts. Interreader agreement was good for
      artifacts appearing in coronal images (kappa = 0.7) and fair for artifact
      appearance in axial images (kappa = 0.24). CONCLUSION: Our study shows a high
      incidence of flow-induced mild and severe artifacts in a two-point Dixon method
      with bipolar readout gradients. This artifact should not be misinterpreted as
      intravascular thrombus. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:229
      236.

PMID- 27378499
TI  - Push-pull flexibly-bridged bis(haloBODIPYs): solvent and spacer switchable red
      emission.
AB  - A series of uncommon bis(BODIPYs), involving a flexible bridge linking the BODIPY
      alpha-positions and key functionalities to efficiently give an electronic push
      pull effect, has been synthesized, as well as photophysically and structurally
      studied. It is demonstrated that the designed push-pull effect efficiently
      enables intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) processes upon photoexcitation, with
      the generated low-lying ICT state being the main deactivation channel from the
      locally excited state and, hence, ruling the fluorescence response. Noticeably,
      this response is modulated by the solvent polarity, and also by the bridge
      structure. Regarding this, BINOL- and BINAM-based bridges are found to promote an
      interesting unprecedented solvent-switchable dual emission from the ICT state
      with high Stokes shifts, triggering a significant bright red emission in less
      polar media. 

PMID- 27378500
TI  - [An employer-based integrated approach to sickness absence].

PMID- 27378501
TI  - [Quality and compliance with the regulations of workers'health examinations in
      relation to their preventive purpose].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether examinations for health surveillance in Catalonia
      are carried out with a high enough degree of quality as to comply with the
      preventive aim of the regulations, and to identify potential differences by type
      of prevention service. METHOD: Qualitative and quantitative techniques. Body of
      data: Spanish regulations related to health surveillance, and a self-reported
      questionnaire answered by occupational health professionals who performed health
      examinations in their usual practice. Content analysis of regulations,
      identifying concepts, and linking them to survey questions. Quality criteria were
      established for each concept, referring to the minimum that must be met to ensure
      that the professional practice can be of quality; quality indicators (percentage
      of professionals whose practice met the quality criteria) were calculated
      globally and by type of prevention service; and quality standards (fulfilment of
      quality criteria by 75% or more of the professionals) were set. RESULTS: The
      concepts identified were: availability of clinical and exposure information, job
      specificity, identification of workers with special susceptibilities, referral to
      mutual insurance companies for appropriate diagnosis and treatment, development
      of preventive proposals, and professional independence and non detriment for
      workers. Quality indicators ranged between 0 and 88%. None of the concepts
      globally reached the quality standard. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of health
      examinations performed for health surveillance in Catalonia, doesn't seem to be
      high enough as to comply with the preventive aim of the regulations. The
      situation is worse in external prevention services.

PMID- 27378502
TI  - [Work-related violence among public health professionals (2008-2012)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the types of work-related violence and associated factors
      among professionals of the Navarra Health Service-Osasunbidea from August 2008 to
      December 2012. METHOD: This was a descriptive study of reported work-related
      violence incidents. The outcome variable was the type of violence (physical
      and/or verbal assault). The characteristics of the victims and the aggression
      were described using frequencies and percentages. Associations between the type
      of violence and the independent variables were evaluated using chi-square
      statistics. Work-related violence incidence rates per 100 worker-years were
      estimated and rates compared using the rate ratio. RESULTS: 684 attacks were
      reported (45.4%were verbal).Mental health was the service where most attacks were
      recorded (51.9%), predominantly physical. Verbal aggression were most common in
      primary and specialty care. The incidence of aggressions were highest among
      orderlies (4.5 per 100 worker-years), mental health (5,5 per 100 worker-years)
      and professionals under 35 years of age (5.9 per 100 worker-years). Rates were
      similar in men and women (1.6 per 100 workeryears). However, when stratified by
      professional category, women at the greatest risk were female physicians and
      administrative assistants; among the men, risk was greatest among male nurses and
      orderlies. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with work-related violence, such as
      location and professional category, should be considered when designing
      preventive measures.

PMID- 27378503
TI  - [Healthy university: a health promotion strategy and health for all policies for
      the creation of a healthy workplace].
AB  - The objective of this study is to describe a model of healthy university and the
      experience of the International University of Catalonia in creating a healthy
      workplace. The model focuses on interventions and programs for changing the
      population distribution of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases.
      The three pillars of the model are: a) interventions and programs, b)
      surveillance and evaluation, and c) education and research in health for all
      policies. The university as a place of work and knowledge-linked entity is an
      ideal institution for health promotion. The proposed model may be useful for
      incorporating the concept of health promotion into the university culture, and in
      its institutional policies and study plans. 

PMID- 27378506
TI  - The Poet's Obligation (The Problem of a "Calling").

PMID- 27378504
TI  - Three year functional changes and long-term mortality hazard in community
      dwelling older men.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low levels of physical function have been associated with higher
      mortality hazard in older persons. However, few studies have investigated the
      association between functional changes and subsequent mortality. This study aimed
      to examine whether 3-year functional changes independently predict subsequent all
      cause mortality. METHODS: This population-based cohort study included 171
      community-dwelling men aged >=71years at wave 2 (baseline of the present
      analysis), living in the semi-rural community of Merelbeke (Belgium). Physical
      function assessments included the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Physical Function Index,
      Grip strength, Chair rising, and Timed Up and Go. Changes over a 3-year time were
      calculated using data obtained at four annual visits. RESULTS: After a 15-year
      follow-up, 149 men (87%) died. Median survival time was 8.2 (4.2-12.4) years.
      Physical function assessed at a single time point (at wave 2 or wave 5) was
      significantly associated with subsequent mortality hazard, independently from
      future or preceding 3-year changes. Greater functional declines during the 3-year
      follow-up were associated with higher mortality hazards. These associations were
      1) more pronounced within the first seven years, 2) independent from baseline
      age, polypharmacy, depression, disability, and physical function, and 3) no
      longer significant when closure physical function was taken into account.
      CONCLUSION: Physical function assessed at a single time point is a robust
      predictor of all-cause long-term mortality in community-dwelling older men. Yet,
      repeated assessments of physical function can provide prognostic information
      beyond that available from single initial assessment. However, with repeated
      assessments, most prognostic information can be found in the final assessment of
      physical function.

PMID- 27378505
TI  - Gallium, a promising candidate to disrupt the vicious cycle driving osteolytic
      metastases.
AB  - Bone metastases of breast cancer typically lead to a severe osteolysis due to an
      excessive osteoclastic activity. On the other hand, the semi-metallic element
      gallium (Ga) displays an inhibitory action on osteoclasts, and therefore on bone
      resorption, as well as antitumour properties. Thus, we explored in vitro Ga
      effects on osteoclastogenesis in an aggressive bone metastatic environment based
      on the culture of pre-osteoclast RAW 264.7 cells with conditioned medium from
      metastatic breast tumour cells, i.e. the breast tumour cell line model MDA-MB-231
      and its bone-seeking clone MDA-231BO. We first observed that Ga dose-dependently
      inhibited the tumour cells-induced osteoclastic differentiation of RAW 264.7
      cells. To mimic a more aggressive environment where pro-tumourigenic factors are
      released from bone matrix due to osteoclastic resorption, metastatic breast
      tumour cells were stimulated with TGF-beta, a mayor cytokine in bone metastasis
      vicious cycle. In these conditions, we observed that Ga still inhibited cancer
      cells-driven osteoclastogenesis. Lastly, we evidenced that Ga affected directly
      and strongly the proliferation/viability of both cancer cell lines, as well as
      the expression of major osteolytic factors in MDA-231BO cells. With the exception
      of two small scale clinical studies from 1980s, this is the first time that
      antitumour properties of Ga have been specifically studied in the context of bone
      metastases. Our data strongly suggest that, through its action against the
      vicious cycle involving bone cells and tumour cells, Ga represents a relevant and
      promising candidate for the local treatment of bone metastases in patients with
      breast cancer. 

PMID- 27378507
TI  - Effects of standardized Ginkgo biloba extract on the acquisition, retrieval and
      extinction of conditioned suppression: Evidence that short-term memory and long
      term memory are differentially modulated.
AB  - Studies in our laboratory have characterized the putative neuromodulatory effects
      of a standardized extract of the green leaves of Ginkgo biloba (EGb), which
      comprises a formulation of 24% ginkgo-flavoglycosides and 6% ginkgo-terpenoid
      lactones, on conditioned suppression. This model comprises a suitable animal
      model for investigating the behavioral changes and pharmacological mechanisms
      that underlie fear memory and anxiety. The characterization of the effects on
      distinct stages of fear memory or fear extinction will help illustrate both the
      beneficial and harmful effects. Three hundred adult male Wistar rats were
      randomly assigned to 30 groups according to the treatment as follows: i-ii)
      control groups (CS-US and CSno-US); iii) vehicle group (12% Tween(r)80); and iv
      vi) EGb groups (250, 500 and 1000mgkg(-1)); or experimental procedures designed
      to assess the effects of EGb treatment prior to the acquisition (n=20 per group)
      and retrieval of conditioned fear (n=10 per group) or prior to the extinction
      training (n=10 per group) and extinction retention test (n=10 per group).
      Furthermore, to better understand the effects of acute EGb treatment on fear
      memory, we conducted two additional analyses: the acquisition of within- and
      between-session extinction of fear memory (short- and long-term memory,
      respectively). No difference was identified between the control and treatment
      groups during the retention test (P>0.05), with the exception of the CSno-US
      group in relation to all groups (P<0.05). A between-session analysis indicated
      that EGb at 250mgkg(-1) facilitated the acquisition of extinction fear memory,
      which was verified by the suppression ration in the first trial of extinction
      training (SR=0.39) and the extinction retention test session (SR=0.53, P<0.05),
      without impairments in fear memory acquisition, which were evaluated during the
      retention test (SR=0.79). Moreover, EGb administered at 1000mgkg(-1) prior to
      conditioning did not enhance the long-term extinction memory, i.e., it did not
      prevent the return of extinguished fear memory in the extinction retention test,
      in which the spontaneous recovery of fear was demonstrated (SR=0.63, P<0.05);
      however, it significantly facilitated short-term memory as verified by data from
      the within-session extinction (1 to 8-10 trials) during the retention test
      (SR=0.73 to SR=0.59; P<0.05) and the extinction retention test (SR=0.63 to
      SR=0.41; P<0.05). Moreover, spontaneous recovery was identified in response to a
      higher dose of EGb when administered prior to extinction training (SR=0.75,
      P<0.05) and the extinction retention test (SR=0.70; P<0.05). At dose of 500mgkg(
      1) EGb reduced the suppression ratio when administered prior to the retention
      test (SR=0.57) and extinction training (SR=0.55; P<0.05) without preventing the
      acquisition of fear memory, which suggests that EGb has anti-anxiety effects.
      Taken together, the current findings suggest that EGb differentially modulates
      short- and long-term memory, as well as anxiety-like behavior. The actions of EGb
      may provide information regarding the beneficial effects in the prevention and
      treatment of neurocognitive impairments and anxiety disorders. Additional
      analyses are necessary to facilitate an understanding of these effects; however,
      previous data from our group suggest that GABAergic, serotoninergic and
      glutamatergic receptors are potential targets of the effects of EGb on
      conditioned suppression.

PMID- 27378508
TI  - Behavioural and neurophysiological disruption of corticobulbar motor systems and
      their effects on sequential pharyngeal swallowing.
AB  - Primary motor networks are known to be involved in the control of voluntary oral
      movements as well as the modulation of pharyngeal movements during experimentally
      controlled single swallows performed on command. The role of these networks in
      the more typical task of sequential swallowing remains unexplored. This study
      evaluated the hypothesis that experimental disruption of motor cortical
      activation would reduce the rate and regularity of repeatedly performed
      volitional or volitionally initiated motor tasks controlled by corticospinal
      (finger tapping) and corticobulbar (eyebrow movement, jaw opening, volitional
      sequential swallowing) motor systems, but would not influence a more reflexive
      corticobulbar task (reflexive sequential swallowing to pharyngeal water
      infusion). This premise was investigated in 24 healthy participants using two
      techniques: a dual task paradigm and a transcranial magnetic stimulation
      paradigm. Disruption effects were quantified by changes in rate and regularity of
      performance for each tested motor task. In summary, volitional motor tasks
      controlled by corticospinal motor networks (finger tapping) are more susceptible
      to behavioural and neurophysiological disruption than tasks controlled by
      cortiobulbar motor networks containing a reflexive component (both volitional and
      experimentally initiated consecutive swallowing). Purely volitional motor tasks
      controlled by the corticobulbar motor system (eyebrow raising or jaw opening)
      were affected in similar ways as the volitional corticospinal motor tasks. In
      summary, tasks involving sequential pharyngeal swallowing - whether volitionally
      or experimentally initiated - are largely robust against disruption of primary
      cortical motor networks, supporting a key role of medullary CPGs in the motor
      control of sequential pharyngeal swallowing.

PMID- 27378509
TI  - Olfactory attractants and parity affect prenatal androgens and territoriality of
      coyote breeding pairs.
AB  - Hormones are fundamental mediators of personality traits intimately linked with
      reproductive success. Hence, alterations to endocrine factors may dramatically
      affect individual behavior that has subsequent fitness consequences. Yet it is
      unclear how hormonal or behavioral traits change with environmental stressors or
      over multiple reproductive opportunities, particularly for biparental fauna. To
      simulate an environmental stressor, we exposed captive coyote (Canis latrans)
      pairs to novel coyote odor attractants (i.e. commercial scent lures) mid
      gestation to influence territorial behaviors, fecal glucocorticoid (FGMs) and
      fecal androgen metabolites (FAMs). In addition, we observed coyote pairs as first
      time and experienced breeders to assess the influence of parity on our measures.
      Treatment pairs received the odors four times over a 20-day period, while control
      pairs received water. Odor-treated pairs scent-marked (e.g. urinated, ground
      scratched) and investigated odors more frequently than control pairs, and had
      higher FAMs when odors were provided. Pairs had higher FAMs as first-time versus
      experienced breeders, indicating that parity also affected androgen production
      during gestation. Moreover, repeatability in scent-marking behaviors corresponded
      with FGMs and FAMs, implying that coyote territoriality during gestation is
      underpinned by individually-specific hormone profiles. Our results suggest coyote
      androgens during gestation are sensitive to conspecific olfactory stimuli and
      prior breeding experience. Consequently, fluctuations in social or other
      environmental stimuli as well as increasing parity may acutely affect coyote
      traits essential to reproductive success.

PMID- 27378510
TI  - Do physicians clean their hands? Insights from a covert observational study.
AB  - Physicians are notorious for poor hand hygiene (HH) compliance. We wondered if
      lower performance by physicians compared with other health professionals might
      reflect differences in the Hawthorne effect. We introduced covert HH observers to
      see if performance differences between physicians and nurses decreased and to
      gain further insights into physician HH behaviors. Following training and
      validation with a hospital HH auditor, 2 students covertly measured HH during
      clinical rotations. Students rotated off clinical services every week to increase
      exposure to different providers and minimize risk of exposing the covert
      observation. We compared covertly measured HH compliance with data from overt
      observation by hospital auditors during the same time period. Covert observation
      produced much lower HH compliance than recorded by hospital auditors during the
      same time period: 50.0% (799/1597) versus 83.7% (2769/3309) (P < 0.0002). The
      difference in physician compliance between hospital auditors and covert observers
      was 19.0% (73.2% vs 54.2%); for nurses this difference was much higher at 40.7%
      (85.8% vs 45.1%) (P < 0.0001). Physician trainees showed markedly better
      compliance when attending staff cleaned their hands compared with encounters when
      attending did not (79.5% vs 18.9%; P < 0.0002). Our study suggests that
      traditional HH audits not only overstate HH performance overall, but can lead to
      inaccurate inferences about performance by professional groupings due to relative
      differences in the Hawthorne effect. We suggest that future improvement efforts
      will rely on more accurate HH monitoring systems and strong attending physician
      leadership to set an example for trainees. Journal of Hospital Medicine
      2015;11:862-864. (c) 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 27378511
TI  - Is the image "right" for everyone? Introduction to the parallax effect in
      laparoscopic surgery.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: During minimally invasive abdominal surgery, a laparoscope is
      used to film the procedure, which is transmitted to a flat screen monitor. The
      horizontality of the image depends on the orientation in space and the visual
      comfort of the surgeon. Observing the screen via a lateral angle of incidence
      frequently results in the camera assistant making errors in determining the
      horizontality of the image. Thus, what is "right" for the camera assistant is not
      necessarily 'right' for the surgeon. We aimed to explain the impact of these
      errors in laparoscope manipulation, by the description of the parallax effect.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: To describe this phenomenon of perceptions changing
      depending on the angle of view, from the basis of the parallax effect, we
      observed the change of position and for two observers, (the surgeon and the
      camera assistant) seated at two different locations, using an experimental set up
      (i.e., photography equipment, a screen and a pelvitrainer). RESULTS: The position
      of the camera assistant positioned at an angle of incidence of 45 degrees  from
      the surgeon, the observation of the screen with a lateral incidence changes the
      perception of the image viewed on the screen. For correcting the conflict between
      the subjective visual perception of the camera assistant and the actual image
      horizon, the camera assistant instinctively rotates the image, which can lead to
      an "incorrect" image, deleterious for the surgeon. CONCLUSIONS: This article
      introduces a previously unexplained concept in medical literature, called the
      parallax effect. The parallax effect results in the camera assistant making
      systematic errors in determining image horizontality on the screen.

PMID- 27378512
TI  - Thermal growth potential of Atlantic cod by the end of the 21st century.
AB  - Ocean warming may lead to smaller body sizes of marine ectotherms, because
      metabolic rates increase exponentially with temperature while the capacity of the
      cardiorespiratory system to match enhanced oxygen demands is limited. Here, we
      explore the impact of rising sea water temperatures on Atlantic cod (Gadus
      morhua), an economically important fish species. We focus on changes in the
      temperature-dependent growth potential by a transfer function model combining
      growth observations with climate model ensemble temperatures. Growth potential is
      expressed in terms of asymptotic body weight and depends on water temperature. We
      consider changes between the periods 1985-2004 and 2081-2100, assuming that
      future sea water temperatures will evolve according to climate projections for
      IPCC AR5 scenario RCP8.5. Our model projects a response of Atlantic cod to future
      warming, differentiated according to ocean regions, leading to increases of
      asymptotic weight in the Barents Sea, while weights are projected to decline at
      the southern margin of the biogeographic range. Southern spawning areas will
      disappear due to thermal limitation of spawning stages. These projections match
      the currently observed biogeographic shifts and the temperature- and oxygen
      dependent decline in routine aerobic scope at southern distribution limits.

PMID- 27378513
TI  - Allergy to local anesthetics: Reality or myth?
AB  - The incidence of allergic reactions to local anesthetics is low. Most cases
      involve a psychogenic reaction rather than an allergic reaction. Additives and
      preservatives added to local anesthetics may cause allergic reactions. Vascular
      resorption of epinephrine-containing local anesthetics may produce cardiovascular
      signs similar to an allergic reaction. Diagnosis of allergy to local anesthetics
      must be established by skin testing and provocative challenge. 

PMID- 27378514
TI  - Ultrasensitive DNA detection based on two-step quantitative amplification on
      magnetic nanoparticles.
AB  - Sensitive detection of a specific deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) sequence is
      important for biomedical applications. In this report, a two-step amplification
      strategy is developed based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to achieve
      ultrasensitive DNA fluorescence detection. The first level amplification is
      obtained from multiple binding sites on MNPs to achieve thousands of probe DNA
      molecules on one nanoparticle surface. The second level amplification is gained
      by enzymatic reaction to achieve fluorescence signal enhancement. MNPs
      functionalized by probe DNA (DNAp) are bound to target DNA (t-DNA) molecules with
      a ratio of 1:1 on a substrate with capture DNA (DNAc). After the MNPs with DNAp
      are released from the substrate, alkaline phosphatase (AP) is labelled to MNPs
      via hybridization reaction between DNAp on MNPs and detection DNAs (DNAd) with
      AP. The AP on MNPs catalyses non-fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (4
      MUP) to fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) with high intensity. Finally,
      fluorescence intensity of the 4-MU is detected by a conventional fluorescence
      spectrophotometer. With this two-step amplification strategy, the limit of
      detection (LOD) of 2.8 * 10(-18) mol l(-1) for t-DNA has been achieved. 

PMID- 27378516
TI  - Rh(I) -Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbonylative C-H/C-I Coupling of 2-Iodobiphenyls
      Using Furfural as a Carbonyl Source.
AB  - Synthesis of fluoren-9-ones by a Rh-catalyzed intramolecular C-H/C-I
      carbonylative coupling of 2-iodobiphenyls using furfural as a carbonyl source is
      presented. The findings indicate that the rate-determining step is not a C-H bond
      cleavage but, rather, the oxidative addition of the C-I bond to a Rh(I) center. 

PMID- 27378515
TI  - IL-10 differentially controls the infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and
      antigen-presenting cells during inflammation.
AB  - The inflammatory activation and recruitment of defined myeloid populations is
      essential for controlling the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and
      shaping the immune response to microbial challenge. However, these cells exhibit
      significant functional heterogeneity and the inflammatory signals that
      differentially influence their effector characteristics are poorly characterized.
      In this study, we defined the phenotype of discrete subsets of effective antigen
      presenting cells (APCs) in the peritoneal cavity during peritonitis. When the
      functional properties of these cells were compared to inflammatory monocyte
      derived macrophages we noted differential responses to the immune-modulatory
      cytokine IL-10. In contrast to the suppressive actions of IL-10 on inflammatory
      macrophages, the recruitment of APCs was relatively refractory and we found no
      evidence for selective inhibition of APC differentiation. This differential
      response of myeloid cell subsets to IL-10 may thus have limited impact on
      development of potentially tissue-damaging adaptive immune responses, while
      restricting the magnitude of the inflammatory response. These findings may have
      clinical relevance in the context of peritoneal dialysis patients, where
      recurrent infections are associated with immune-mediated membrane dysfunction,
      treatment failure, and increased morbidity.

PMID- 27378517
TI  - In-vivo absorption of pinocembrin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside in rats and its in-vitro
      biotransformation.
AB  - Pinocembrin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside (PCBG), a flavonoid isolated from Penthorum
      chinense Pursh., has significant liver-protecting effects. The pharmacokinetics
      of PCBG and its major metabolite pinocembrin (PCB) in rats were investigated in
      this study. A sensitive and accurate UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and
      validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of PCBG and PCB in rat
      plasma after oral and intravenous administration of PCBG. After intravenous
      administration, PCBG was the main form in plasma. In contrast, after oral
      administration, the concentration of PCB was about 4-fold higher than that of
      PCBG, indicating that PCBG was metabolized to PCB. We also investigated the
      biotransformation of PCBG in vitro in order to understand whether the pH and the
      intestinal flora of gastrointestinal tract could affect the metabolism of PCBG.
      PCBG was incubated in rat plasma, liver homogenization, gastrointestial contents,
      liver microsomes (RLM) and hepatocytes in vitro. The data showed that PCB was
      quickly formed in the gastrointestinal incubation but PCBG was converted to PCB
      gradually in other incubations. The results indicated that the majority of PCBG
      was converted to its aglycone PCB in digestive system after oral administration,
      and PCB could be the active ingredient in the body.

PMID- 27378518
TI  - Correlation of multiparameter flow cytometry and bone marrow trephine
      immunohistochemistry in the identification and characterization of neoplastic
      plasma cells.

PMID- 27378520
TI  - Non-traumatic vertebral artery dissection presenting with unilateral cervical
      pain, hemilateral vision problems and headache.
AB  - Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection is a rare condition, mainly affecting
      young adults with non-specific symptoms, which are often considered not severe.
      We report a case of a non-traumatic vertebral artery dissection in a 30-year-old
      woman. Our patient presented with unilateral right-sided neck pain and frontal
      headache during 3 weeks and recently developed right-sided vision problems.
      History and clinical findings were non-specific. Neurovascular imaging showed a
      right-sided vertebral artery dissection from C2 to C6 with an intima flap at C5
      C6. The patient was observed in the stroke unit for 1 week and antithrombotics
      were given during 3 months. There was a complete revascularization of the
      vertebral artery after 3 months. A review of literature is given concerning
      predisposing factors, clinical symptoms, neurovascular imaging and treatment
      options.

PMID- 27378519
TI  - Beef palatability and its relationship with protein degradation and muscle fibre
      type profile in longissimus thoracis in Alentejana breed from divergent growth
      pathways.
AB  - The traditional beef production in the South of Portugal is based on a
      discontinuous growth (DG) system that requires lower external inputs and could
      enhance meat quality and financial returns to cattle producers. This system
      allows farmers to take advantage of the bull's compensatory growth when the
      pasture is abundant and finishes the cattle on concentrates for 2 to 3 months
      before slaughter. The fast gain rate before slaughter could be a valuable
      strategy to improve tenderness and to reduce its inconsistency in beef
      production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of
      production system (continuous growth (CG) v. DG) on longissimus thoracis muscle
      properties from Alentejana bulls. In total, 40 Alentejana male calves were
      allocated to two distinct feeding regimes: in the CG system, animals were fed
      concentrate plus hay and slaughtered at 18 months of age, whereas in the DG
      system, animals were fed on hay until 15 months of age and then fed the same diet
      provided to the CG group until 24 months of age. The DG system had a positive
      impact on meat tenderness (P<0.001) and global acceptability (P<0.001). DG bulls
      had greater fibre cross-sectional area (CSA) of glycolytic fibres (P<0.05) and
      relative area of the muscle (RA) occupied by type IIX fibres (P<0.01) and greater
      levels of alpha-actinin (P<0.05) and myosin light chain 2 (P<0.01) proteins, and
      pH24h (P<0.01) than CG bulls. The latter had greater CSA of type I (P<0.05) and
      type IIA (P<0.01) and greater RA of type IIA (P<0.05) and oxidative (P<0.05) than
      CG bulls. The compensatory growth production system had a positive impact on meat
      tenderness and global acceptability, overcoming the negative effects of slaughter
      of the bulls at a later age. The DG beef system could be a worthwhile strategy of
      beef production in Mediterranean areas due to the low-quality pasture in summer.

PMID- 27378521
TI  - Fifteen-minute consultation: public health for paediatricians-adolescent public
      health.
AB  - Paediatricians have a key role to play in ensuring a holistic, integrated
      approach is taken to meeting adolescent health needs. There is increasing
      evidence that failure to do so can lead to poor healthcare experience, avoidable
      ill health and increased need for healthcare services, both in the short term and
      in adult life. This article aims to guide paediatricians in answering the
      questions 'How well are the public health and clinical needs of the adolescent
      population in my area being met? And how can we improve?' 

PMID- 27378522
TI  - Choroidal melanoma treated with stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy and
      prophylactic intravitreal bevacizumab: The Dunedin Hospital experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Choroidal melanoma (CM) is the most common primary ocular
      malignancy in adults. This study reviewed the Dunedin Hospital (DH) experience in
      the treatment of CM with stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy (SRT) and the
      outcome of prophylactic use of intravitreal injection bevacizumab (PIB) in
      preventing radiation retinopathy (RR). METHODS: A retrospective study was
      conducted of patients at DH who underwent SRT for CM with and without PIB from 1
      January 2001 to 31 January 2012. In DH, some patients who had SRT following the
      introduction of intravitreal bevacizumab in December 2006 were also treated with
      PIB with the expectation that this might reduce the risk of developing RR,
      although the evidence of its effectiveness in this respect is not clear. The
      primary outcome measure was local progression as monitored with regular
      ultrasound. Secondary outcome measures were metastatic progression incidence,
      enucleation incidence, no functional vision incidence, overall survival, disease
      specific mortality, incidence of RR, and radiotherapy to clinical diagnosis of RR
      time. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients who were followed up at DH were reviewed
      after a mean follow-up of 5.1 years (range 0.4-12.6). Fourteen patients received
      PIB. The local progression, metastatic progression and enucleation rate were 4%,
      8% and 11%, respectively. The no functional vision (hand movements or less) rate
      was 62%. Overall survival was 63%, but only three (11%) deaths were due to
      metastatic choroidal melanoma. Incidence of RR was 57% and 54% for those that
      received PIB and those who did not, respectively. PIB did not reduce the rate of
      RR (P = 1.00). CONCLUSION: This study reaffirmed that SRT achieves very good
      local control and eye retention rates. PIB did not appear to reduce the radiation
      retinopathy rate in this study, and more studies are required especially Phase II
      and III trials to determine PIB efficacy in preventing RR.

PMID- 27378524
TI  - Stellate Ganglion Block for Debilitating Photophobia Secondary to Trigeminal,
      Postherpetic Neuralgia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this case report was to demonstrate the
      therapeutic benefit of stellate ganglion block in trigeminal postherpetic
      neuralgia. METHODS: This was a case report on a single patient who presented with
      debilitating photophobia secondary to left-sided trigeminal postherpetic
      neuralgia. A left-sided stellate ganglion block was performed on the patient
      under fluoroscopic guidance. The primary endpoints were VAS pain scores and
      changes in functional capacity. RESULTS: The patient demonstrated significant
      reduction in her VAS pain score and improved functional capacity for
      approximately 6 months after the intervention. This case report provides evidence
      that sympathectomy via a stellate ganglion block can treat photophobia secondary
      to postherpetic neuralgia in the V1 distribution.

PMID- 27378523
TI  - Multiple CDK inhibitor dinaciclib suppresses neuroblastoma growth via inhibiting
      CDK2 and CDK9 activity.
AB  - Neuroblastoma (NB), the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, is
      responsible for approximately 15% of cancer-related mortality in children.
      Aberrant activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) has been shown to
      contribute to tumor cell progression in many cancers including NB. Therefore,
      small molecule inhibitors of CDKs comprise a strategic option in cancer therapy.
      Here we show that a novel multiple-CDK inhibitor, dinaciclib (SCH727965, MK
      7965), exhibits potent anti-proliferative effects on a panel of NB cell lines by
      blocking the activity of CDK2 and CDK9. Dinaciclib also significantly sensitized
      NB cell lines to the treatment of chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin
      (Dox) and etoposide (VP-16). Furthermore, dinaciclib revealed in vivo antitumor
      efficacy in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of two NB cell lines and blocked
      tumor development in the TH-MYCN transgenic NB mouse model. Taken together, this
      study suggests that CDK2 and CDK9 are potential therapeutic targets in NB and
      that abrogating CDK2 and CDK9 activity by small molecules like dinaciclib is a
      promising strategy and a treatment option for NB patients.

PMID- 27378525
TI  - Maternal fatty acid intake during pregnancy and the development of childhood
      overweight: a birth cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal diet during pregnancy may contribute to the risk of
      offspring adiposity. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study is to explore the
      associations between maternal antenatal dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of
      offspring overweight and obesity at the ages of 2 to 7 years. METHODS: In a
      prospective Finnish birth cohort with 3807 mother-child pairs, maternal diet in
      late pregnancy was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Intakes of total
      fatty acids and individual saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty
      acids (PUFAs) were calculated. Generalized estimating equation models were used
      to study the associations of maternal dietary variables with repeatedly measured
      offspring overweight and obesity. RESULTS: In girls, maternal intake ratio of n
      6:n-3 PUFAs had a U-shaped association with obesity (adjusted OR for the lowest
      2.0 [95% CI 1.27-3.20] and the highest 1.7 [1.03-2.73] vs. the two middle
      quartiles of n-6:n-3 PUFAs, p = 0.01). In boys, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6):
      docosahexaenoic acid + eicosapentaenoic acid ratio was associated with obesity
      (adjusted OR for the lowest 1.0 [0.60-1.57] and the highest 0.5 [0.26-0.88] vs.
      the two middle quartiles, p = 0.02). Saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated
      fatty acids were not associated with overweight or obesity in either sex.
      CONCLUSIONS: Maternal intakes of PUFAs in late pregnancy were associated with
      risk of later obesity differently in girls and boys.

PMID- 27378526
TI  - Commentary: A Humanized Clinically Calibrated Quantitative Systems Pharmacology
      Model for Hypokinetic Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease.

PMID- 27378527
TI  - Effects of Theophylline with Methylprednisolone Combination Therapy on
      Biomechanics and Histopathology in Diaphragm Muscles of Rats.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of theophylline and
      methylprednisolone on the mechanical response and histopathology of hemidiaphragm
      muscle in rats. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of
      theophylline and methylprednisolone, which are frequently used in clinics and
      which have different effects on the respiratory system and on the biomechanics
      and histopathology of the diaphragm muscle. The study included four groups of
      rats. Group T received 1 mg/kg of intraperitoneal theophylline, group M received
      2 mg/kg of intraperitoneal methylprednisolone, group TM received 1 mg/kg of
      intraperitoneal theophylline plus 2 mg/kg of intraperitoneal methylprednisolone,
      and group K received of 1 mL intraperitoneal isotonic solution (of 0.9 % NaCl).
      The medications were continued for 7 days in each group. The rats underwent
      cervical dislocation under anesthesia on the eighth day, and their diaphragm
      samples were extracted. The left hemidiaphragm was used for the investigation of
      biomechanical parameters, and the right hemidiaphragm was used for the
      histopathological evaluation. It was observed that the medication administered in
      group T increased the contraction strength and duration compared with that in
      group M. Additionally, the duration of semi-relaxation was prolonged in group T
      compared with group M. The highest contraction strength and the longest
      contraction period among all of the groups were observed in group TM. It was
      concluded that the combined use of theophylline and methylprednisolone had
      positive effects on the contraction strength and the durations of contraction and
      semi-relaxation of the diaphragm muscle. In addition, both drugs had synergistic
      effects on each other. 

PMID- 27378528
TI  - Hesperidin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice by
      Promoting the miRNA-132 Pathway.
AB  - Previous studies have demonstrated that hesperidin, a flavanone glycoside from
      citrus fruits, produces antidepressant-like effects in both mice and rats.
      However, whether these effects are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines remains
      unknown. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effects of
      hesperidin on the depressive-like behavior; the serum corticosterone
      concentrations; and the interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like
      mice. In particular, we evaluated the miRNA-132 expression after LPS and
      hesperidin treatment. We found that LPS injection not only decreased the sucrose
      preference and increased the serum corticosterone levels but also elevated IL
      1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in the prefrontal cortex. More importantly, LPS down
      regulated the expression of miRNA-132. Pre-treatment with hesperidin (25, 50, 100
      mg/kg) for 7 days prevented these abnormalities induced by LPS injection. In
      contrast, this effect of hesperidin was abolished by a miRNA-132 antagomir. Taken
      together, these results suggest that the antidepressant-like mechanisms of
      hesperidin are at least partially related to decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine
      levels via the miRNA-132 pathway in the brain. 

PMID- 27378530
TI  - [A painful knee].

PMID- 27378531
TI  - [Bridging anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: Is it mandatory
      ?]

PMID- 27378529
TI  - Melatonin Alters the Mechanical and Thermal Hyperalgesia Induced by Orofacial
      Pain Model in Rats.
AB  - Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone that presents a wide range of physiological
      functions including regulating circadian rhythms and sleep, enhancing immune
      function, sleep improvement, and antioxidant effects. In addition, melatonin has
      received special attention in pain treatment since it is effective and presents
      few adverse effects. In this study, we evaluated the effect of acute dose of
      melatonin upon hyperalgesia induced by complete Freund's adjuvant in a chronic
      orofacial pain model in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nociceptive behavior was assessed by
      facial Von Frey and the hot plate tests at baseline and thereafter 30, 60, and
      120 min, 24 h, and 7 days after melatonin treatment. We demonstrated that acute
      melatonin administration alters mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by an
      orofacial pain model (TMD), highlighting that the melatonin effect upon
      mechanical hyperalgesia remained until 7 days after its administration. Besides,
      we observed specific tissue profiles of neuroimmunomodulators linked to pain
      conditions and/or melatonin effect (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve
      growth factor, and interleukins 6 and 10) in the brainstem levels, and its
      effects were state-dependent of the baseline of these animals. 

PMID- 27378532
TI  - Purification and characterisation of a salt-stable protease from the halophilic
      archaeon Halogranum rubrum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because proteases play an important role in the fermentation of fish
      sauce, the purification and characterisation of an extracellular protease from
      the halophilic archaeon Halogranum rubrum was investigated. RESULTS: The
      molecular mass of the protease was estimated to be approximately 47 kDa based on
      sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropheresis (SDS-PAGE) and native
      PAGE analysis. The optimum conditions for catalytic activity were pH 8.0 and 50
      degrees C. The protease showed alkaline stability (pH 7.0-10.0). The protease
      also exhibited novel catalytic ability over a broad range of salinity (NaCl 0-3
      mol L-1 ). Calcium ion enhanced the proteolytic activity of the enzyme. The Km
      and Vmax values of the purified protease for casein were calculated to be 4.89 mg
      mL-1 and 1111.11 U mL-1 , respectively. The protease was strongly inhibited by
      ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride
      (PMSF). Meanwhile, the protease was stable in the presence of Triton X-100,
      isopropanol, ethanol or dithio-bis-nitrobenzoic (DTNB), but was inhibited by
      sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methanol. MALDI 
      TOF/TOF MS analysis revealed that the protease shared some functional traits with
      protease produced by Halogranum salarium. Furthermore, it exhibited high
      hydrolytic activity on silver carp myosin protein. CONCLUSION: The protease is an
      alkaline and salt-tolerant enzyme that hydrolyses silver carp myosin with high
      efficiency. These excellent characteristics make this protease an attractive
      candidate for industrial use in low-salt fish sauce fermentation. (c) 2016
      Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27378533
TI  - Context Effects in Forensic Entomology and Use of Sequential Unmasking in
      Casework.
AB  - Context effects are pervasive in forensic science, and are being recognized by a
      growing number of disciplines as a threat to objectivity. Cognitive processes can
      be affected by extraneous context information, and many proactive scientists are
      therefore introducing context-minimizing systems into their laboratories.
      Forensic entomologists are also subject to context effects, both in the processes
      they undertake (e.g., evidence collection) and decisions they make (e.g., whether
      an invertebrate taxon is found in a certain geographic area). We stratify the
      risk of bias into low, medium, and high for the decisions and processes
      undertaken by forensic entomologists, and propose that knowledge of the time the
      deceased was last seen alive is the most potentially biasing piece of information
      for forensic entomologists. Sequential unmasking is identified as the best system
      for minimizing context information, illustrated with the results of a casework
      trial (n = 19) using this approach in Victoria, Australia. 

PMID- 27378534
TI  - [Usefulness of a rapid intrapartum real-time PCR assay in comparison with the
      group B Streptococcus culture screening at the end of pregnancy in pregnant
      women].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objectives were to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy
      of a rapid real-time PCR assay at the onset of labor with those of the current
      antenatal culture-based test at 34-38 weeks gestation for group B Streptococcus
      (GBS) screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study including all
      pregnant women admitted for delivery after a 34-week gestation period was
      conducted in October 2012 at the Grenoble University Hospital Centre. A first
      culture-based GBS screening test was performed between 34 and 38 weeks of
      gestation followed by a second screening test at the onset of labor, using a real
      time PCR Assay and a culture-based method (gold standard) in order to calculate
      the diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: One hundred an fifty-seven patients were
      enrolled. The sensitivity was 94.4% (95% CI, 72.7-99.9%) with intrapartum PCR
      assay and 50% (95% CI, 26-74%) with antepartum culture. Prevalence of GBS
      colonization was 7.6% with the antepartum culture method, 11.5% with intrapartum
      culture and 16.6% by using PCR-test. CONCLUSION: Intrapartum PCR shows a much
      higher sensitivity compared to the antepartum culture-based screening mainly due
      to variations in GBS colonization and could allow us to target patients requiring
      intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis more effectively.

PMID- 27378535
TI  - The photobase generator nifedipine as a novel matrix for the detection of
      polyphenols in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.
AB  - Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is
      widely used for the detection and analysis of ionizable compounds. However, the
      method has less potential for the analysis of neutral compounds, such as
      polyphenols, owing to their lack of favorable proton-attachment or -removal
      groups. In this study, we reported for the first time that nifedipine (2,6
      dimethyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxy-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine), which is a
      strong photobase generator commonly used in polymerization, can abstract protons
      from neutral compounds in negative mode-MALDI experiments. When nifedipine (5
      mg/ml) was used as a matrix reagent, the limit of detection (LOD) for
      epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) was determined to be 100 fmol/spot, which
      constitutes >50-fold improvement compared to the LOD obtained when trans-3
      indoleacrylic acid, a matrix reagent previously reported for polyphenol
      detection, was used. Of the dihydropyridines investigated, only nifedipine
      facilitated the detection of EGCG, suggesting that the nitrosophenyl pyridine
      derivative of nifedipine formed by photoreduction under laser irradiation at 355
      nm plays a crucial role in detecting polyphenols in negative mode. Reduced MS
      detection of 5-O-methylnaringenin indicated that nifedipine may preferably remove
      a proton from the 5-position OH group in the A ring of the flavonoid skeleton.
      The significant MS detection by nifedipine was extensively observed for
      polyphenols including flavones, flavonones, chalcones, stilbenoids and phenolic
      acids. In conclusion, nifedipine can act as a novel matrix for improving
      polyphenol detection by MALDI-MS in negative mode. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley
      & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27378536
TI  - Successful factors to prevent pressure ulcers - an interview study.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore successful factors to prevent pressure ulcers in
      hospital settings. BACKGROUND: Pressure ulcer prevalence has been recognised as a
      quality indicator for both patient safety and quality of care in hospital and
      community settings. Most pressure ulcer can be prevented if effective measures
      are implemented and evaluated. The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and
      Regions initiated nationwide pressure ulcer prevalence studies in 2011. In 2014,
      after four years of measurement, the prevalence was still unacceptably high on a
      national level. The mean prevalence of pressure ulcer in the spring of 2014 was
      14% in hospital settings with a range from 2.7-36.4%. DESIGN: Qualitative
      semistructured interviews were conducted. METHODS: A qualitative content
      analysis, in addition to Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health
      Services frameworks, was used in the analysis of the data text. Individual
      interviews and focus groups were used to create opportunities for both individual
      responses and group interactions. The study was conducted at six hospitals during
      the fall of 2014. RESULTS: Three main categories were identified as successful
      factors to prevent pressure ulcer in hospitals: creating a good organisation,
      maintaining persistent awareness and realising the benefits for patients.
      CONCLUSION: The goal for all healthcare personnel must be delivering high
      quality, sustainable care to patients. Prevention of pressure ulcer is crucial in
      this work. It seems to be easier for small hospitals (with a low number of
      units/beds) to develop and sustain an effective organisation in prevention work.
      RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The nurse managers' attitude and engagement are
      crucial to enable the personnel to work actively with pressure ulcer prevention.
      Strategies are proposed to advance clinical leadership, knowledge, skills and
      abilities for the crucial implementation of pressure ulcer prevention.

PMID- 27378537
TI  - Oscillatory profiles of positive, negative and neutral feedback stimuli during
      adaptive decision making.
AB  - The electrophysiological response to positive and negative feedback during
      reinforcement learning has been well documented over the past two decades, yet,
      little is known about the neural response to uninformative events that often
      follow our actions. To address this issue, we recorded the electroencephalograph
      (EEG) during a time-estimation task using both informative (positive and
      negative) and uninformative (neutral) feedback. In the time-frequency domain,
      uninformative feedback elicited significantly less induced beta-gamma activity
      than informative feedback. This result suggests that beta-gamma activity is
      particularly sensitive to feedback that can guide behavioral adjustments,
      consistent with other work. In contrast, neither theta nor delta activity were
      sensitive to the difference between negative and neutral feedback, though both
      frequencies discriminated between positive, and non-positive (neutral or
      negative) feedback. Interestingly, in the time domain, we observed a linear
      relationship in the amplitude of the feedback-related negativity
      (neutral>negative>positive), a component of the event-related brain potential
      thought to index a specific kind of reinforcement learning signal called a reward
      prediction error. Taken together, these results suggest that the reinforcement
      learning system treats neutral feedback as a special case, providing valuable
      information about the electrophysiological measures used to index the cognitive
      function of frontal midline cortex.

PMID- 27378539
TI  - Generalized colloidal synthesis of high-quality, two-dimensional cesium lead
      halide perovskite nanosheets and their applications in photodetectors.
AB  - All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I)
      nanocrystals (NCs) are emerging as an important class of semiconductor materials
      with superior photophysical properties and wide potential applications in
      optoelectronic devices. So far, only a few studies have been conducted to control
      the shape and geometry of CsPbX3 NCs. Here we report a general approach to
      directly synthesize two-dimensional (2D) CsPbX3 perovskite and mixed perovskite
      nanosheets with uniform and ultrathin thicknesses down to a few monolayers. The
      key to the high-yield synthesis of perovskite nanosheets is the development of a
      new Cs-oleate precursor. The as-synthesized CsPbX3 nanosheets exhibit bright
      photoluminescence with broad wavelength tunability by composition modulation. The
      excellent optoelectronic properties of CsPbX3 nanosheets combined with their
      unique 2D geometry and large lateral dimensions make them ideal building blocks
      for building functional devices. To demonstrate their potential applications in
      optoelectronics, photodetectors based on CsPbBr3 nanosheets are fabricated, which
      exhibit high on/off ratios with a fast response time. 

PMID- 27378538
TI  - Meta-analysis and psychophysiology: A tutorial using depression and action
      monitoring event-related potentials.
AB  - Meta-analyses are regularly used to quantitatively integrate the findings of a
      field, assess the consistency of an effect and make decisions based on extant
      research. The current article presents an overview and step-by-step tutorial of
      meta-analysis aimed at psychophysiological researchers. We also describe best
      practices and steps that researchers can take to facilitate future meta-analysis
      in their sub-discipline. Lastly, we illustrate each of the steps by presenting a
      novel meta-analysis on the relationship between depression and action-monitoring
      event-related potentials - the error-related negativity (ERN) and the feedback
      negativity (FN). This meta-analysis found that the literature on depression and
      the ERN is contaminated by publication bias. With respect to the FN, the meta
      analysis found that depression does predict the magnitude of the FN; however,
      this effect was dependent on the type of task used by the study.

PMID- 27378540
TI  - Providing Higher Value Care Through Population Health Management: What Is the
      Radiologist's Role?

PMID- 27378541
TI  - True Grit.

PMID- 27378542
TI  - Osteonecrosis of the Hip?

PMID- 27378543
TI  - Authors' Reply.

PMID- 27378544
TI  - Drowning among the lakeside fishing communities in Uganda: results of a community
      survey.
AB  - The study aimed to determine the drowning burden in four Ugandan lakeside
      districts; the prevalence of life jacket use, and community knowledge and
      attitudes regarding water safety. Subjects were recruited as they disembarked
      from boats. A structured questionnaire was used for demographics, experience on
      water, details of incidents in water, and awareness of drowning prevention
      measures. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews were held.
      The study interviewed 544 participants; 81.1% male, 86.8% below 45 years, and
      51.1% involved in the fishing industry. A quarter (26.1%) of the respondents were
      observed wearing life jackets as they disembarked. Participants who had been in a
      boat that nearly capsized (57.8%), or that actually capsized (21.7%), were no
      more likely to wear life jackets than those who had not had these experiences.
      Three quarters (73.2%) did not know how to call for rescue, and only 48.7% could
      swim. There drowning fatality rate in this community was 502 deaths per 100,000
      population. Majority of drowning events occurred during transportation (51.7%) or
      fishing (39.0%). The most frequently mentioned factors were stormy weather and
      overloading. Drowning is a common threat to young adults in the fishing
      communities around Lake Victoria. Few preventive interventions are in place.

PMID- 27378545
TI  - The effect of parental presence on the child's perception and co-operation during
      dental treatment.
AB  - AIM: This was to study the influence of parental presence during dental treatment
      on children's behaviour and perception. METHODS: Parents of 100 patients (mean
      age 7 +/- 2.2 years) who visited the Postgraduate Paediatric Dental Clinic were
      randomly divided into two equal groups during one familiarisation and two
      treatment sessions: (1) parent present in the surgery/operatory and (2) parent
      absent (with their child observed through a window). Both an independent
      paediatric dentist and the parent rated the child's behaviour using the Venham
      scale. The child's perception was measured using the Wong-Baker Faces Rating
      Scale (FPRS) at the end of every session. Statistical analysis was performed with
      the IBM Statistics SPSS 22.0 (p < 0.05). Comparisons between variables were
      performed with the Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon and Friedman's tests. RESULTS:
      According to the paediatric dentist's rating, children's behaviour was worse when
      the parent was absent, with a significant difference only for the second
      restorative treatment session (p = 0.011). There was no difference on parents'
      rating child behaviour scores between the two groups. There was no difference of
      children's own perception between the two groups, except for any increased
      discomfort found at the second treatment (p = 0.021) when the parent was present.
      In both groups, the dentist rated lower Venham scores (better child behaviour),
      than parents did (presence: p = 0.001, absence: p = 0.038). Children recorded
      worse scores than both parents and the paediatric dentist. CONCLUSION: The only
      significant finding lay in the antithesis of how children perceived their last
      treatment session and how the dentist rated children's behaviour regarding
      parental presence. Parents' scores of their child's behaviour were unrelated to
      parental presence.

PMID- 27378546
TI  - A Functional Taxonomy of Bottom-Up Sensory Feedback Processing for Motor Actions.
AB  - Humans are adept at performing an extraordinary breadth of voluntary motor
      actions that allow us to rapidly move around and interact with the environment.
      While voluntary motor actions necessarily include top-down intention to generate
      a motor act, a key to voluntary control is the selective use of bottom-up sensory
      feedback to select and guide motor actions. This review classifies the many ways
      in which sensory feedback is used by the motor system and highlights regularities
      in the timing of each class of motor responses to sensory stimuli, revealing a
      functional hierarchical organization of motor control. The highly automatic way
      in which feedback is typically used in goal-directed action blurs the distinction
      between reflexes and voluntary control.

PMID- 27378547
TI  - Do Cortical Circuits Need Protecting from Themselves?
AB  - All hippocampal and neocortical networks can be driven to seize quite easily.
      This can be done using drugs, by altering the ionic constituency of the bathing
      medium [cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)], or by electrical stimulation (both
      experimentally and clinically, as in electroconvulsive therapy). It is worth
      asking why this is so, because this will both tell us more about potentially
      devastating neurological disorders and extend our understanding of cortical
      function and architecture. Here I review work examining the features of cortical
      networks that bias activity towards and away from hyperexcitability. I suggest
      that several cellular- and circuit-level features of rapidly responsive
      interneuron networks tip the balance away from seizure in the healthy brain.

PMID- 27378549
TI  - Identification of learning-induced changes in protein networks in the hippocampi
      of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - Memory loss is the most profound clinical manifestation in Alzheimer's disease
      (AD); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these deficits are poorly
      understood. Identification of the molecular pathways involved in the onset of
      cognitive deficits may lead to the identification of key events in the
      pathogenesis of AD. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation
      (iTRAQ) and proteomic methods, here we identified learning-induced changes in the
      hippocampal proteome of non-transgenic (NonTg) and 3 * Tg-AD mice, a widely used
      animal model of AD. We found that expression of 192 proteins was differentially
      regulated by learning in NonTg mice. Notably, of these 192 proteins, only 28 were
      also differentially regulated by learning in 3 * Tg-AD mice, whereas the levels
      of 164 proteins were uniquely changed in NonTg mice but not in 3 * Tg-AD mice.
      These data suggest that during learning, 3 * Tg-AD mice fail to differentially
      regulate 164 proteins. Gene ontology and protein interaction analyses indicated
      that these proteins were overrepresented in RNA processing, specifically RNA
      transport, splicing and mRNA translation initiation pathways. These findings
      suggest that mRNA-processing events that take place during learning and memory
      are significantly altered in 3 * Tg-AD mice.

PMID- 27378548
TI  - Methylation of the leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter in adults:
      associations with early adversity and depressive, anxiety and substance-use
      disorders.
AB  - Early adversity increases risk for developing psychopathology. Epigenetic
      modification of stress reactivity genes is a likely mechanism contributing to
      this risk. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene is of particular interest
      because of the regulatory role of the GR in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
      axis function. Mounting evidence suggests that early adversity is associated with
      GR promoter methylation and gene expression. Few studies have examined links
      between GR promoter methylation and psychopathology, and findings to date have
      been mixed. Healthy adult participants (N=340) who were free of psychotropic
      medications reported on their childhood experiences of maltreatment and parental
      death and desertion. Lifetime depressive and anxiety disorders and past substance
      use disorders were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for the
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.
      Methylation of exon 1F of the GR gene (NR3C1) was examined in leukocyte DNA via
      pyrosequencing. On a separate day, a subset of the participants (n=231) completed
      the dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test. Childhood
      adversity and a history of past substance-use disorder and current or past
      depressive or anxiety disorders were associated with lower levels of NR3C1
      promoter methylation across the region as a whole and at individual CpG sites
      (P<0.05). The number of adversities was negatively associated with NR3C1
      methylation in participants with no lifetime disorder (P=0.018), but not in those
      with a lifetime disorder. GR promoter methylation was linked to altered cortisol
      responses to the Dex/CRH test (P<0.05). This study presents evidence of reduced
      methylation of NR3C1 in association with childhood maltreatment and depressive,
      anxiety and substance-use disorders in adults. This finding stands in contrast to
      our prior work, but is consistent with emerging findings, suggesting complexity
      in the regulation of this gene.

PMID- 27378551
TI  - Analysis of the complete genome sequence of black queen cell virus JL1 from
      infected honeybees in China.
AB  - There are six strains of the complete genomic sequences of black queen cell virus
      (BQCV) published in the GenBank, including South Africa (AF183905), South Korea
      (JX149531), Hungary 10 (EF517515), Poland 4 (EF517519), Poland 5 (EF517520) and
      Poland 6 (EF517521). Based on the six BQCV strains published in the GenBank, ten
      pairs of primers were designed in the present study using reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction to obtain the first complete genome sequence of a BQCV
      strain in China, called the BQCV China-JL1 strain (KP119603). A phylogenetic tree
      was then built to analyse their genetic relationships. The BQCV China-JL1 strain
      showed 86-93% similarity with the six strains published in the GenBank. The BQCV
      China-JL1 strain consisted of 8358 nucleotides (nt). The 5'-proximal open reading
      frame (ORF1) initiated at nt position 546 and terminated at nt position 4676,
      ORF3 initiated at nt position 4891 and terminated at nt position 5433, and the 3'
      proximal ORF (ORF2) was located between nt positions 5750 and 8203. 

PMID- 27378550
TI  - Dopamine D2/3- and MU-opioid receptor antagonists reduce cue-induced responding
      and reward impulsivity in humans.
AB  - Increased responding to drug-associated stimuli (cue reactivity) and an inability
      to tolerate delayed gratification (reward impulsivity) have been implicated in
      the development and maintenance of drug addiction. Whereas data from animal
      studies suggest that both the dopamine and opioid system are involved in these
      two reward-related processes, their role in humans is less clear. Moreover,
      dopaminergic and opioidergic drugs have not been directly compared with regard to
      these functions, even though a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms
      might inform the development of specific treatments for elevated cue reactivity
      and reward impulsivity. In a randomized, double-blind, between-subject design we
      administered the selective dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist amisulpride (400
      mg, n=41), the unspecific opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (50 mg, n=40) or
      placebo (n=40) to healthy humans and measured cue-induced responding with a
      Pavlovian-instrumental transfer task and reward impulsivity with a delay
      discounting task. Mood was assessed using a visual analogue scale. Compared with
      placebo, amisulpride significantly suppressed cue-induced responding and reward
      impulsivity. The effects of naltrexone were similar, although less pronounced.
      Both amisulpride and naltrexone decreased average mood ratings compared with
      placebo. Our results demonstrate that a selective blockade of dopamine D2/D3
      receptors reduces cue-induced responding and reward impulsivity in healthy
      humans. Antagonizing MU-opioid receptors has similar effects for cue-induced
      responding and to a lesser extent for reward impulsivity.

PMID- 27378552
TI  - A highly diverse, desert-like microbial biocenosis on solar panels in a
      Mediterranean city.
AB  - Microorganisms colonize a wide range of natural and artificial environments
      although there are hardly any data on the microbial ecology of one the most
      widespread man-made extreme structures: solar panels. Here we show that solar
      panels in a Mediterranean city (Valencia, Spain) harbor a highly diverse
      microbial community with more than 500 different species per panel, most of which
      belong to drought-, heat- and radiation-adapted bacterial genera, and sun
      irradiation adapted epiphytic fungi. The taxonomic and functional profiles of
      this microbial community and the characterization of selected culturable bacteria
      reveal the existence of a diverse mesophilic microbial community on the panels'
      surface. This biocenosis proved to be more similar to the ones inhabiting deserts
      than to any human or urban microbial ecosystem. This unique microbial community
      shows different day/night proteomic profiles; it is dominated by reddish pigment-
      and sphingolipid-producers, and is adapted to withstand circadian cycles of high
      temperatures, desiccation and solar radiation.

PMID- 27378553
TI  - Left Ventricular Unloading After Acute Myocardial Infarction Reduces MMP/JNK
      Associated Apoptosis and Promotes FAK Cell-Survival Signaling.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mechanism underlying left ventricular remodeling and reverse
      remodeling in the setting of mechanical support following acute myocardial
      infarction (MI) is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that left ventricular assist
      device (LVAD) unloading can decrease apoptotic signals after MI. METHODS: An MI
      model was created in 16 sheep by coronary artery ligation. Eight were unloaded
      with a LVAD during the first 2 weeks after MI and observed for 10 more weeks.
      Myocardial tissue was collected from the nonischemic adjacent zone and the remote
      zone. Proteins in the apoptotic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2/c-Jun N
      terminal kinase (JNK) and prosurvival beta1D-integrin/focal adhesion kinase (FAK)
      pathway were quantified. RESULTS: Increased TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl
      transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) positive nuclei were observed in the
      MI group and to a lesser extent in the LVAD group (6.18 +/- 0.26 versus 0.82 +/-
      0.18; p < 0.05). Pro-MMP-2, MMP-2, JNK, and phosphorylated (p)-JNK were all
      elevated in the adjacent zone of the MI-only group but not in the adjacent zone
      of the LVAD-supported group. There were higher levels of prosurvival p-FAK in the
      LVAD-supported group than in the MI group. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-2/JNK apoptotic and
      beta1D-integrin/FAK survival pathways are activated in the nonischemic adjacent
      zone after MI in adult sheep. LVAD unloading of approximately 50% cardiac output
      for 2 weeks attenuates remodeling in part by its negative effect on stretch
      induced apoptosis and inhibition of MMP-2 activity.

PMID- 27378555
TI  - Structural Design Principle of Small-Molecule Organic Semiconductors for Metal
      Free, Visible-Light-Promoted Photocatalysis.
AB  - Herein, we report on the structural design principle of small-molecule organic
      semiconductors as metal-free, pure organic and visible light-active
      photocatalysts. Two series of electron-donor and acceptor-type organic
      semiconductor molecules were synthesized to meet crucial requirements, such as 1)
      absorption range in the visible region, 2) sufficient photoredox potential, and
      3) long lifetime of photogenerated excitons. The photocatalytic activity was
      demonstrated in the intermolecular C-H functionalization of electron-rich
      heteroaromates with malonate derivatives. A mechanistic study of the light
      induced electron transport between the organic photocatalyst, substrate, and the
      sacrificial agent are described. With their tunable absorption range and defined
      energy-band structure, the small-molecule organic semiconductors could offer a
      new class of metal-free and visible light-active photocatalysts for chemical
      reactions.

PMID- 27378554
TI  - Does Platelet Reactivity Predict Bleeding in Patients Needing Urgent Coronary
      Artery Bypass Grafting During Dual Antiplatelet Therapy?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Up to 15% of patients require coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
      during dual antiplatelet therapy. Available evidence suggests an association
      between platelet reactivity and CABG-related bleeding. However, platelet
      reactivity cutoffs for bleeding remain elusive. We sought to explore the
      association between platelet reactivity and bleeding. METHODS: Patients on
      aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor within 48 hours before isolated CABG (n =
      149) were enrolled in this prospective study. Blood was drawn 2 to 4 hours
      preoperatively and platelet reactivity assessed by light transmittance
      aggregometry (LTA), vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) assay,
      Multiplate analyzer and Innovance PFA2Y. The primary endpoint was calculated red
      blood cell loss computed as follows: (blood volume * preoperative hematocrit *
      0.91) - (blood volume * hematocrit * 0.91 on postoperative day 5) + (mL of
      transfused red blood cells * 0.59). RESULTS: Preoperative platelet reactivity was
      low [median (interquartile range): LTA: 20 (9-28)%; VASP-PRI: 39 (15-73)%;
      Multiplate adenosine phosphate test: 16 (12-22) U*min]. Innovance PFA2Y >=300
      seconds, 72%. Median (IQR) red blood cell loss in patients in first the LTA
      tertile was 1,449 (1,020 to 1,754) mL compared with 1,107 (858 to 1,512) mL and
      1,075 (811 to 1,269) mL in those in the second and third tertiles, respectively
      (p < 0.004). Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC)-4 bleeding differed
      between tertiles (62% versus 46% versus 36%; p = 0.037). In a multivariable
      linear regression model, aspirin dose >=300 mg, cardiopulmonary bypass time,
      EuroSCORE, and tertile distribution of platelet reactivity were significantly
      associated with red blood cell loss. CONCLUSIONS: A gradual decrease in red blood
      cell loss and BARC-4 bleeding occurs with increasing platelet reactivity in
      patients on antiplatelet therapy undergoing CABG. Our findings support current
      guidelines to determine time of surgery based on an objective measurement of
      platelet function (Platelet Inhibition and Bleeding in Patients Undergoing
      Emergent Cardiac Surgery; clinicaltrials.gov NCT01468597).

PMID- 27378556
TI  - Can hyaluronan injections augment deficient papillae at implant-supported crowns
      in the anterior maxilla? A randomized controlled clinical trial with 6 months
      follow-up.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The present randomized controlled trial aimed to assess the effect of
      hyaluronan (HY) injections to augment deficient interproximal papillae at implant
      supported crowns in the anterior maxilla. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with a
      deficient papilla in the anterior maxilla next to an implant-supported crown were
      randomly assigned to receive twice either HY (test) or saline solution (control)
      injection. The following parameters were recorded prior to injection (baseline)
      and 3 and 6 months after injection: distance between the papilla tip and contact
      point (PT-CP), modified papilla index score (MPIS), and standard clinical
      periodontal parameters. Pain level after injection was recorded on a visual
      analogue scale (VAS). The deficient area was evaluated on clinical photographs,
      and the esthetic appearance was recorded on a VAS. Differences in mucosal volume
      were assessed after 3 months by intraoral scans. The bone level was assessed on
      periapical radiographs. RESULTS: No differences were observed between groups,
      neither at baseline nor at 3 and 6 months post-treatment. Mean PT-CP ranged
      between 1.8 mm and 2.3 mm without significant differences between groups or over
      time within groups; MPIS was 2 for all patients at all time points. Similarly,
      insignificant differences between groups or time points were observed for
      deficient area, gingival volume changes, bone level, and esthetic appearance.
      There were no differences in pain level between groups during injection, but
      discomfort after injection lasted longer in the test group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Injection of HY adjacent to maxillary anterior implant-supported crowns did not
      result in any clinical conspicuous volume augmentation of deficient papillae.

PMID- 27378557
TI  - Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan or ultrasound in screening for vesicoureteral reflux
      among children with urinary tract infections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is considerable interest in detecting vesicoureteral reflux
      (VUR) because its presence, especially when severe, has been linked to an
      increased risk of urinary tract infections and renal scarring. Voiding
      cystourethrography (VCUG), also known as micturating cystourethrography, is the
      gold standard for the diagnosis of VUR, and the grading of its severity. Because
      VCUG requires bladder catheterisation and exposes children to radiation, there
      has been a growing interest in other screening strategies that could identify at
      risk children without the risks and discomfort associated with VCUG. OBJECTIVES:
      The objective of this review is to evaluate the accuracy of two alternative
      imaging tests - the dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan (DMSA) and renal-bladder
      ultrasound (RBUS) - in diagnosing VUR and high-grade VUR (Grade III-V VUR).
      SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and the Cochrane Register of
      Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies from 1985 to 31 March 2016. The reference lists
      of relevant review articles were searched to identify additional studies not
      found through the electronic search. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered published
      cross-sectional or cohort studies that compared the results of the index tests
      (DMSA scan or RBUS) with the results of radiographic VCUG in children less than
      19 years of age with a culture-confirmed urinary tract infection. DATA COLLECTION
      AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently applied the selection criteria to all
      citations and independently abstracted data. We used the bivariate model to
      calculate summary sensitivity and specificity values. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 42
      studies met our inclusion criteria. Twenty studies reported data on the test
      performance of RBUS in detecting VUR; the summary sensitivity and specificity
      estimates were 0.44 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.54) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.86),
      respectively. A total of 11 studies reported data on the test performance of RBUS
      in detecting high-grade VUR; the summary sensitivity and specificity estimates
      were 0.59 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.72) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.87), respectively. A
      total of 19 studies reported data on the test performance of DMSA in detecting
      VUR; the summary sensitivity and specificity estimates were 0.75 (95% CI 0.67 to
      0.81) and 0.48 (95% CI 0.38 to 0.57), respectively. A total of 10 studies
      reported data on the accuracy of DMSA in detecting high-grade VUR. The summary
      sensitivity and specificity estimates were 0.93 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.98) and 0.44
      (95% CI 0.33 to 0.56), respectively. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Neither the renal
      ultrasound nor the DMSA scan is accurate enough to detect VUR (of all grades).
      Although a child with a negative DMSA test has an < 1% probability of having high
      grade VUR, performing a screening DMSA will result in a large number of children
      falsely labelled as being at risk for high-grade VUR. Accordingly, the usefulness
      of the DMSA as a screening test for high-grade VUR should be questioned.

PMID- 27378558
TI  - Acetyl-l-carnitine restores synaptic transmission and enhances the inducibility
      of stable LTP after oxygen-glucose deprivation.
AB  - Hypoxic circumstances result in functional and structural impairments of the
      brain. Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on hippocampal slices is a technique
      widely used to investigate the consequences of ischemic stroke and the potential
      neuroprotective effects of different drugs. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) is a
      naturally occurring substance in the body, and it can therefore be administered
      safely even in relatively high doses. In previous experiments, ALC pretreatment
      proved to be effective against global hypoperfusion. In the present study, we
      investigated whether ALC can be protective in an OGD model. We are not aware of
      any earlier study in which the long-term potentiation (LTP) function on
      hippocampal slices was measured after OGD. Therefore, we set out to determine
      whether an effective ALC concentration has an effect on synaptic plasticity after
      OGD in the hippocampal CA1 subfield of rats. A further aim was to investigate the
      mechanism underlying the protective effect of this compound. The experiments
      revealed that ALC is neuroprotective against OGD in a dose-dependent manner,
      which is manifested not only in the regeneration of the impaired synaptic
      transmission after the OGD, but also in the inducibility and stability of the
      LTP. In the case of the most effective concentration of ALC (500MUM), use of a
      phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) revealed that the PI3K/Akt
      signaling pathway has a key role in the restoration of the synaptic transmission
      and plasticity reached by ALC treatment.

PMID- 27378559
TI  - Guess who's coming to dinner: Brain signatures of racially biased and politically
      correct behaviors.
AB  - The ability to share feelings with those of someone in pain is affected by the
      racial difference between the target and the onlooker. A differential empathic
      activation for race (DEAR effect) in favor of in-group members has been
      documented in the brain pain matrix. However, we are also capable of unbiased
      responses that manifest politically correct behaviors toward people of a
      different race. To address the neurofunctional signatures underlying both the
      DEAR effect and the manifestation of politically correct behaviors, we scanned
      with fMRI Caucasian participants while watching African or Caucasian actors
      touched by either a rubber eraser or a needle. Participants were instructed to
      empathize with the actors during the video presentation (stimulus phase) and to
      explicitly judge the pain level experienced by the actors (response phase).
      During the stimulus phase, we found a typical DEAR effect within the pain-matrix.
      This effect correlated with the level of implicit racial bias as measured by the
      IAT. On the other hand, during the response phase a significant out-group
      specific DEAR effect emerged in the prefrontal cortices. This latter effect was
      coupled with a revealing behavioral pattern: while the magnitude of the painful
      experience attributed to Caucasians and Africans was the same, our participants
      were significantly slower when judging the pain experience of the African actors.
      We propose a model that logically integrates these two contrasting forces at the
      neurobiological and behavioral level.

PMID- 27378560
TI  - Preliminary evaluation of a gel tube agglutination major cross-match method in
      dogs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A major cross-match gel tube test is available for use in dogs yet
      has not been clinically evaluated. OBJECTIVES: This study compared cross-match
      results obtained using the gel tube and the standard tube methods for canine
      samples. METHODS: Study 1 included 107 canine sample donor-recipient pairings
      cross-match tested with the RapidVet-H method gel tube test and compared results
      with the standard tube method. Additionally, 120 pairings using pooled sera
      containing anti-canine erythrocyte antibody at various concentrations were tested
      with leftover blood from a hospital population to assess sensitivity and
      specificity of the gel tube method in comparison with the standard method.
      RESULTS: The gel tube method had a good relative specificity of 96.1% in
      detecting lack of agglutination (compatibility) compared to the standard tube
      method. Agreement between the 2 methods was moderate. Nine of 107 pairings showed
      agglutination/incompatibility on either test, too few to allow reliable
      calculation of relative sensitivity. Fifty percent of the gel tube method results
      were difficult to interpret due to sample spreading in the reaction and/or
      negative control tubes. CONCLUSIONS: The RapidVet-H method agreed with the
      standard cross-match method on compatible samples, but detected incompatibility
      in some sample pairs that were compatible with the standard method. Evaluation
      using larger numbers of incompatible pairings is needed to assess diagnostic
      utility. The gel tube method results were difficult to categorize due to sample
      spreading. Weak agglutination reactions or other factors such as centrifuge model
      may be responsible.

PMID- 27378561
TI  - Isolated Disruption of the Right Coronary Artery Following a Steam Pop during
      Cavotricuspid Linear Ablation with a Contact Force Catheter.
AB  - A 70-year-old woman with persistent atrial fibrillation underwent pulmonary vein
      isolation and linear ablation with a contact sensor catheter. During
      cavotricuspid isthmus ablation, a steam pop resulted in cardiac tamponade, and
      the patient developed severe hypotension despite successful pericardial puncture
      and minimal residual pericardial effusion. Right coronary artery angiography
      revealed extravasal contrast medium accumulation posterior of the Crux Cordis.
      Emergent cardiac surgery confirmed isolated disruption of the artery in the
      absence of additional heart perforation. Although contact sensor catheters may
      reduce complications, steam pops can still occur and result in dramatic
      complications. 

PMID- 27378562
TI  - Diaphragmatic Myopotential Oversensing Caused by Change in Implantable
      Cardioverter Defibrillator Sensing Bandpass Filter.
AB  - Diaphragmatic myopotential oversensing (DMO) causes inhibition of pacing and
      inappropriate detection of ventricular fibrillation in implantable cardioverter
      defibrillators (ICDs). It occurs almost exclusively with integrated bipolar leads
      and is extremely rare with dedicated bipolar leads. If DMO cannot be corrected by
      reducing programmed sensitivity, ventricular lead revision is often required. The
      new Low Frequency Attenuation (LFA) filter in St. Jude Medical ICDs (St. Jude
      Medical, Sylmar, CA, USA) alters the sensing bandpass to reduce T-wave
      oversensing. This paper aims to present the LFA filter as a reversible cause of
      DMO. Unnecessary lead revision can be avoided by the simple programming solution
      of deactivating this LFA filter.

PMID- 27378563
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27378565
TI  - HMGB1 as biomarker and drug target.
AB  - High Mobility Group Box 1 protein was discovered as a nuclear protein, but it has
      a "second life" outside the cell where it acts as a damage-associated molecular
      pattern. HMGB1 is passively released or actively secreted in a number of
      diseases, including trauma, chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases
      and cancer. Extracellular HMGB1 triggers and sustains the inflammatory response
      by inducing cytokine release and by recruiting leucocytes. These characteristics
      make extracellular HMGB1 a key molecular target in multiple diseases. A number of
      strategies have been used to prevent HMGB1 release or to inhibit its activities.
      Current pharmacological strategies include antibodies, peptides, decoy receptors
      and small molecules. Noteworthy, salicylic acid, a metabolite of aspirin, has
      been recently found to inhibit HMGB1. HMGB1 undergoes extensive post
      translational modifications, in particular acetylation and oxidation, which
      modulate its functions. Notably, high levels of serum HMGB1, in particular of the
      hyper-acetylated and disulfide isoforms, are sensitive disease biomarkers and are
      associated with different disease stages. In the future, the development of
      isoform-specific HMGB1 inhibitors may potentiate and fine-tune the
      pharmacological control of inflammation. We review here the current therapeutic
      strategies targeting HMGB1, in particular the emerging and relatively unexplored
      small molecules-based approach.

PMID- 27378564
TI  - Gbetagamma subunits-Different spaces, different faces.
AB  - Gbetagamma subunits play key roles in modulation of canonical effectors in G
      protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-dependent signalling at the cell surface.
      However, a number of recent studies of Gbetagamma function have revealed that
      they regulate a large number of molecules at distinct subcellular sites. These
      novel, non-canonical Gbetagamma roles have reshaped our understanding of how
      important Gbetagamma signalling is compared to our original notion of Gbetagamma
      subunits as simple negative regulators of Galpha subunits. Gbetagamma dimers have
      now been identified as regulators of transcription, anterograde and retrograde
      trafficking and modulators of second messenger molecule generation in
      intracellular organelles. Here, we review some recent advances in our
      understanding of these novel non-canonical roles of Gbetagamma.

PMID- 27378566
TI  - In silico pharmacology: Drug membrane partitioning and crossing.
AB  - Over the past decade, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have become
      particularly powerful to rationalize drug insertion and partitioning in lipid
      bilayers. MD simulations efficiently support experimental evidences, with a
      comprehensive understanding of molecular interactions driving insertion and
      crossing. Prediction of drug partitioning is discussed with respect to drug
      families (anesthetics; beta-blockers; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
      antioxidants; antiviral drugs; antimicrobial peptides). To accurately evaluate
      passive permeation coefficients turned out to be a complex theoretical challenge;
      however the recent methodological developments based on biased MD simulations are
      particularly promising. Particular attention is paid to membrane composition
      (e.g., presence of cholesterol), which influences drug partitioning and
      permeation. Recent studies concerning in silico models of membrane proteins
      involved in drug transport (influx and efflux) are also reported here. These
      studies have allowed gaining insight in drug efflux by, e.g., ABC transporters at
      an atomic resolution, explicitly accounting for the mandatory forces induced by
      the surrounded lipid bilayer. Large-scale conformational changes were thoroughly
      analyzed.

PMID- 27378567
TI  - Regulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase redox state by hydrogen sulfide.
AB  - Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is a receptor for nitric oxide (NO). Binding of
      NO to ferrous (Fe(2+)) heme increases its catalytic activity, leading to the
      production of cGMP from GTP. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule that
      exerts both direct and indirect anti-oxidant effects. In the present, study we
      aimed to determine whether H2S could regulate sGC redox state and affect its
      responsiveness to NO-releasing agents and sGC activators. Using cultured rat
      aortic smooth muscle cells, we observed that treatment with H2S augmented the
      response to the NO donor DEA/NO, while attenuating the response to the heme
      independent activator BAY58-2667 that targets oxidized sGC. Similarly,
      overexpression of H2S-synthesizing enzyme cystathionine-gamma lyase reduced the
      ability of BAY58-2667 to promote cGMP accumulation. In experiments with
      phenylephrine-constricted mouse aortic rings, treatment with rotenone (a compound
      that increases ROS production), caused a rightward shift of the DEA/NO
      concentration-response curve, an effect partially restored by H2S. When rings
      were pre-treated with H2S, the concentration-response curve to BAY 58-2667
      shifted to the right. Using purified recombinant human sGC, we observed that
      treatment with H2S converted ferric to ferrous sGC enhancing NO-donor-stimulated
      sGC activity and reducing BAY 58-2667-triggered cGMP formation. The present study
      identified an additional mechanism of cross-talk between the NO and H2S pathways
      at the level of redox regulation of sGC. Our results provide evidence that H2S
      reduces sGC heme Fe, thus, facilitating NO-mediated cellular signaling events.

PMID- 27378568
TI  - Plasma vemurafenib exposure and pre-treatment hepatocyte growth factor level are
      two factors contributing to the early peripheral lymphocytes depletion in BRAF
      mutated melanoma patients.
AB  - The therapeutic response to vemurafenib, a BRAF serine-threonine kinase
      inhibitor, exhibits large variations between patients. Evaluation of factors
      predicting the clinical efficacy of vemurafenib may help to identify patients at
      high risk of non-response in the early phase of treatment. The aim of this study
      was to analyze the pharmacokinetics of vemurafenib by a population approach and
      to evaluate the relationship between plasma drug exposure and pre-treatment
      plasma hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) levels with clinical effects (progression
      free survival (PFS), peripheral lymphocytes depletion) in patients with
      metastatic BRAFV600 mutated melanoma treated with single agent vemurafenib.
      Concentration-time data (n=332) obtained in 44 patients were analyzed using the
      NONMEM program. Pre-treatment plasma levels of HGF (n=36) were assayed by ELISA
      method. A Cox model was used to identify prognostic factors associated with
      progression-free survival (PFS), and a linear regression to identify factors
      contributing to the depletion of peripheral lymphocytes at day 15. Steady-state
      pharmacokinetics of vemurafenib was described by a one compartment model with
      first order absorption and first order elimination. None of the tested covariates
      explained the inter-patient variability in CL/F. A significant decrease in total
      lymphocytes count was observed within the first 15days (median ratio
      Day15/Day0=0.66, p<0.0001). Patients with Day15/Day0 ratio below 0.66 had longer
      PFS (14 vs 4 months, HR=0.41, CI95%=[0.15-0.77], p=0.0095). In the multivariate
      Cox model analysis, ECOG PS was the only parameter independently associated with
      PFS (grade 1 vs 0, HR=3.26, CI95%=[1.29-8.22], p=0.01 and grade >=2 vs 0,
      HR=4.77, CI95%=[1.52-14.95], p=0.007). Plasma vemurafenib exposure (p=0.046) and
      pre-treatment HGF levels (p=0.003) were independently associated with the total
      lymphocyte ratio Day15/Day0. These findings show that plasma vemurafenib exposure
      and pre-treatment HGF levels are two factors contributing to the early peripheral
      lymphocytes depletion which itself is associated with PFS.

PMID- 27378569
TI  - Serum free thiols in chronic heart failure.
AB  - Oxidative stress is a key element of the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF).
      As free thiols are readily oxidized by reactive oxygen and sulfur species, their
      circulating level may directly reflect the systemic redox status. This study
      addresses the role of serum free thiols in chronic HF, which is of particular
      interest as free thiols are amenable to therapeutic modulation and thus are a
      potential target for therapy. Free thiols were measured in serum of 101
      previously characterized stable chronic HF patients (93% male, age 63.7+/-10.0y,
      left ventricular ejection fraction 34.6+/-8.2%), adjusted for total serum
      protein, and subsequently analysed for associations with clinical and outcome
      parameters. The mean serum free thiol concentration was 3.6+/-0.5MUM/g protein.
      Patients with above-average levels were younger, had better renal function, lower
      levels of NT-proBNP and PTH, and higher levels of cholesterol. Furthermore, above
      average levels were associated with favourable disease outcome, i.e. a decreased
      rehospitalisation rate and increased patient survival (HR 0.27 (95% CI 0.11
      0.62), P=0.002) independent of associated clinical parameters, age and PTH. After
      adjustment for cholesterol or established prognostic factors in HF, eGFR and NT
      proBNP the association was no longer significant, suggesting involvement of these
      variables in a common pathophysiological pathway. This exploratory study
      demonstrates favourable associations of serum free thiols with markers of HF
      severity and prognosis as well as disease outcome, which should be further
      investigated in larger prospective studies. Restoring redox status by therapeutic
      modulation of free thiols may be a promising strategy to improve disease outcome
      in CHF.

PMID- 27378570
TI  - Pharmacological postconditioning against myocardial infarction with a slow
      releasing hydrogen sulfide donor, GYY4137.
AB  - Exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
      injury but the mechanism of action is unclear. The present study investigated the
      effect of GYY4137, a slow-releasing H2S donor, on myocardial infarction given
      specifically at reperfusion and the signalling pathway involved. Thiobutabarbital
      anesthetised rats were subjected to 30min of left coronary artery occlusion and
      2h reperfusion. Infarct size was assessed by tetrazolium staining. In the first
      study, animals randomly received either no treatment or GYY4137 (26.6, 133 or
      266MUmolkg(-1)) by intravenous injection 10min before reperfusion. In a second
      series, involvement of PI3K and NO signalling were interrogated by concomitant
      administration of LY294002 or L-NAME respectively and the effects on the
      phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS, GSK-3beta and ERK1/2 during early reperfusion were
      assessed by immunoblotting. GYY4137 266MUmolkg(-1) significantly limited infarct
      size by 47% compared to control hearts (P<0.01). In GYY4137-treated hearts,
      phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS and GSK-3beta was increased 2.8, 2.2 and 2.2 fold
      respectively at early reperfusion. Co-administration of L-NAME and GYY4137
      attenuated the cardioprotection afforded by GYY4137, associated with attenuated
      phosphorylation of eNOS. LY294002 totally abrogated the infarct-limiting effect
      of GYY4137 and inhibited Akt, eNOS and GSK-3beta phosphorylation. These data are
      the first to demonstrate that GYY4137 protects the heart against lethal
      reperfusion injury through activation of PI3K/Akt signalling, with partial
      dependency on NO signalling and inhibition of GSK-3beta during early reperfusion.
      H2S-based therapeutic approaches may have value as adjuncts to reperfusion in the
      treatment of acute myocardial infarction.

PMID- 27378572
TI  - Deaths: Final Data for 2014.
AB  - Objectives-This report presents final 2014 data on U.S. deaths, death rates, life
      expectancy, infant mortality, and trends, by selected characteristics such as
      age, sex, Hispanic origin, race, state of residence, and cause of death. 

PMID- 27378571
TI  - Screening for genotypic and phenotypic variations in CYP450 activity in patients
      with therapeutic problems in a psychiatric setting, a retrospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study aimed to assess to what extent an adverse
      drug reaction (ADR), an abnormal therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) or a non
      response, was attributable to an abnormal cytochrome P450 activity in a
      psychiatric setting. METHOD: We collected the results of investigations performed
      in these situations related to psychotropic drugs between January 2005 and
      November 2014. Activities of different cytochrome P450 were assessed by
      genotyping and/or phenotyping. Two experienced clinical pharmacologists assessed
      independently the possible association between the event and the results of the
      investigations. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty eight clinical or biological
      situations had a complete assessment of all major metabolic pathways of the
      target drug. A majority of clinical or biological situations were observed with
      antidepressants (n=93, 67.4%), followed by antipsychotics (n=28, 20.3%),
      benzodiazepines and hypnotics (n=13, 9.4%), and psychostimulants (n=4, 2.9%).
      Genotype and/or phenotype determination was mainly performed because of ADRs
      (n=68, 49.3%) or non-response (n=46, 33.3%). Inter-rate reliability of the
      scoring system between the pharmacologists was excellent (kappa=0.94). The
      probability of an association between ADR, TDM or non-response and metabolic
      status was rated as intermediate to high in 34.7% of all cases, with proportions
      of 30.4% and 36.7%, for non-response and ADR respectively. CONCLUSION: When
      indicated by clinical pharmacologists, ADR, TDM or non-response may be
      attributable to a variation of the metabolic status with an intermediate to high
      probability in 34.7% of patients, based on the congruent assessment made by two
      clinical pharmacologists. Further studies assessing the clinical relevance of
      prospective explorations and clarifying the appropriate method according to the
      clinical context are needed.

PMID- 27378573
TI  - Effect of colchicine in prevention of pericardial effusion and atrial
      fibrillation: a meta-analysis.
AB  - Randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed the effect of colchicine
      therapy in prevention of pericardial effusion (PE) and atrial fibrillation (AF).
      However, the effects are still inconclusive. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google
      Scholar, and EMBASE database were searched. Primary outcome was the risk of PE
      and AF. Ten RCTs with 1981 patients and a mean follow-up of 12.6 months were
      included. Colchicine therapy was not associated with a significantly lower risk
      of post-operative PE (RR, 0.89; 95 % CI 0.70-1.13; p = 0.33, I (2) = 72.8 %) and
      AF (RR, 0.77; 95 % CI 0.52-1.13; p = 0.18, I (2) = 47.3 %). However, rates of
      pericarditis recurrence, symptoms persistence, and pericarditis-related
      hospitalization were significantly decreased with colchicine treatment. In
      addition, cardiac tamponade occurrence was similar between groups, and adverse
      events were significantly higher in the colchicine group. Colchicine may not
      significantly decrease the post-operative risk of PE and AF. However, only
      limited studies about patients undergoing cardiac surgery provide data about PE
      and AF. 

PMID- 27378574
TI  - The prosegment catalyzes native folding of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin II.
AB  - Plasmepsin II is a malarial pepsin-like aspartic protease produced as a zymogen
      containing an N-terminal prosegment domain that is removed during activation.
      Despite structural similarities between active plasmepsin II and pepsin, their
      prosegments adopt different conformations in the respective zymogens. In contrast
      to pepsinogen, the proplasmepsin II prosegment is 80 residues longer, contains a
      transmembrane region and is non-essential for recombinant expression in an active
      form, thus calling into question the prosegment's precise function. The present
      study examines the role of the prosegment in the folding mechanism of plasmepsin
      II. Both a shorter (residues 77-124) and a longer (residues 65-124) prosegment
      catalyze plasmepsin II folding at rates more than four orders of magnitude faster
      compared to folding without prosegment. Native plasmepsin II is kinetically
      trapped and requires the prosegment both to catalyze folding and to shift the
      folding equilibrium towards the native conformation. Thus, despite low sequence
      identity and distinct zymogen conformations, the folding landscapes of plasmepsin
      II and pepsin, both with and without prosegment, are qualitatively identical.
      These results imply a conserved and unusual feature of the pepsin-like protease
      topology that necessitates prosegment-assisted folding.

PMID- 27378575
TI  - Structural characterization of peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase from Mycobacterium
      smegmatis by NMR spectroscopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Accumulation of toxic peptidyl-tRNAs in the bacterial cytoplasm is
      averted by the action of peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Pth), which cleaves peptidyl
      tRNA into free tRNA and peptide. NMR studies are needed for a protein homolog
      with a complete crystal structure, for comparison with the NMR structure of
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pth. METHODS: The structure and dynamics of
      Mycobacterium smegmatis Pth (MsPth) were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and MD
      simulations. The thermal stability of MsPth was characterized by DSC. RESULTS:
      MsPth NMR structure has a central mixed seven stranded beta-sheet that is
      enclosed by six alpha-helices. NMR relaxation and MD simulations studies show
      that most of the ordered regions are rigid. Of the substrate binding segments,
      the gate loop is rigid, the base loop displays slow motions, while the lid loop
      displays fast timescale motions. MsPth displays high thermal stability
      characterized by a melting temperature of 61.71 degrees C. CONCLUSION: The NMR
      structure of MsPth shares the canonical Pth fold with the NMR structure of MtPth.
      The motional characteristics for the lid region, the tip of helix alpha3, and the
      gate region, as indicated by MD simulations and NMR data, are similar for MsPth
      and MtPth. However, MsPth has relatively less rigid base loop and more compactly
      packed helices alpha5 and alpha6. The packing and the dynamic differences appear
      to be an important contributing factor to the thermal stability of MsPth, which
      is significantly higher than that of MtPth. SIGNIFICANCE: MsPth structure
      consolidates our understanding of the structure and dynamics of bacterial Pth
      proteins.

PMID- 27378576
TI  - IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-A LUMINAL LAMINATED DEBRIS BALL IN THE URINARY BLADDER OF A
      DOG.
AB  - A 5-year-old dog presented with pollakiuria and urinary incontinence. Abdominal
      radiographs revealed an oval, multilayered structure with soft tissue opacity and
      gas lucency in the urinary bladder. Ultrasonography showed an oval luminal
      structure with hyper- and hypoechoic layers and internal reverberation artifacts.
      Following cystotomy, the hemisected plane showed a layered, pale whitish matrix
      with a gas layer around the core. Histopathological examination showed no
      evidence of cells, bacteria, or fungi. The core and laminae comprised fibrinous
      and mineral debris. A final diagnosis of a freely floating, gas-filled laminated
      debris ball was made.

PMID- 27378577
TI  - Daclatasvir plasma level and resistance selection in HIV patients with hepatitis
      C virus cirrhosis treated with daclatasvir, sofosbuvir, and ribavirin.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Effective treatment with direct-acting antiviral drugs against
      hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a medical need in cirrhotic HIV-HCV co-infected
      patients. METHODS: This study investigated the plasma levels of daclatasvir (DCV)
      and ribavirin (RBV) in HIV-HCV co-infected subjects treated with DCV, sofosbuvir,
      and RBV. Drug concentrations were quantified using validated high-performance
      liquid chromatography methods with ultraviolet detection. The HCV non-structural
      protein 5A and non-structural protein 5B coding regions were analyzed by
      population-based sequencing. RESULTS: DCV was dosed at week 4 and at week 8 of
      treatment, and RBV at week 8. One patient had the lowest DCV level, corresponding
      to 32.7% of the overall median value of the other patients at week 4 and about
      40% at week 8. The Y93H variant was detected in this subject at weeks 8, 16, and
      20 of treatment, but not before treatment or at day 2, and the patient
      experienced virological failure. Another subject with the Y93H variant at
      baseline and appropriate DCV levels had HCV RNA <12 IU/ml at week 12 and
      undetectable at week 16. CONCLUSIONS: Sub-optimal DCV drug levels allow the
      selection of resistance-associated variants and fail to contribute to antiviral
      activity. No definite reason for the low DCV level was found. Quantifying the
      drug is suggested in difficult-to-treat patients.

PMID- 27378578
TI  - Safety of reduced antibiotic prescribing for self limiting respiratory tract
      infections in primary care: cohort study using electronic health records.
AB  - OBJECTIVE:  To determine whether the incidence of pneumonia, peritonsillar
      abscess, mastoiditis, empyema, meningitis, intracranial abscess, and Lemierre's
      syndrome is higher in general practices that prescribe fewer antibiotics for self
      limiting respiratory tract infections (RTIs). DESIGN:  Cohort study. SETTING: 
      610 UK general practices from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
      PARTICIPANTS:  Registered patients with 45.5 million person years of follow-up
      from 2005 to 2014. EXPOSURES:  Standardised proportion of RTI consultations with
      antibiotics prescribed for each general practice, and rate of antibiotic
      prescriptions for RTIs per 1000 registered patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 
      Incidence of pneumonia, peritonsillar abscess, mastoiditis, empyema, meningitis,
      intracranial abscess, and Lemierre's syndrome, adjusting for age group, sex,
      region, deprivation fifth, RTI consultation rate, and general practice. RESULTS: 
      From 2005 to 2014 the proportion of RTI consultations with antibiotics prescribed
      decreased from 53.9% to 50.5% in men and from 54.5% to 51.5% in women. From 2005
      to 2014, new episodes of meningitis, mastoiditis, and peritonsillar abscess
      decreased annually by 5.3%, 4.6%, and 1.0%, respectively, whereas new episodes of
      pneumonia increased by 0.4%. Age and sex standardised incidences for pneumonia
      and peritonsillar abscess were higher for practices in the lowest fourth of
      antibiotic prescribing compared with the highest fourth. The adjusted relative
      risk increases for a 10% reduction in antibiotic prescribing were 12.8% (95%
      confidence interval 7.8% to 17.5%, P<0.001) for pneumonia and 9.9% (5.6% to
      14.0%, P<0.001) for peritonsillar abscess. If a general practice with an average
      list size of 7000 patients reduces the proportion of RTI consultations with
      antibiotics prescribed by 10%, then it might observe 1.1 (95% confidence interval
      0.6 to 1.5) more cases of pneumonia each year and 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) more cases of
      peritonsillar abscess each decade. Mastoiditis, empyema, meningitis, intracranial
      abscess, and Lemierre's syndrome were similar in frequency at low prescribing and
      high prescribing practices. CONCLUSIONS:  General practices that adopt a policy
      to reduce antibiotic prescribing for RTIs might expect a slight increase in the
      incidence of treatable pneumonia and peritonsillar abscess. No increase is likely
      in mastoiditis, empyema, bacterial meningitis, intracranial abscess, or
      Lemierre's syndrome. Even a substantial reduction in antibiotic prescribing was
      predicted to be associated with only a small increase in numbers of cases
      observed overall, but caution might be required in subgroups at higher risk of
      pneumonia.

PMID- 27378580
TI  - Enhanced recovery care after colorectal surgery in elderly patients. Compliance
      and outcomes of a multicenter study from the Spanish working group on ERAS.
AB  - PURPOSE: ERAS (enhanced recovery after surgery) programs have proven to reduce
      morbidity and hospital stay in colorectal surgery. However, the feasibility of
      these programs in elderly patients has been questioned. The aim of this study is
      to assess the implementation and outcomes of an ERAS program for colorectal
      cancer in elderly patients. METHODS: This is a multicenter observational study of
      a cohort of elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery within an ERAS
      program. A total of 188 consecutive patients over 70 years who underwent elective
      colorectal surgery within an ERAS program at three institutions during a 2-year
      period were included. The compliance with the ERAS protocol interventions was
      measure. Complications were evaluated according to Clavien-Dindo classification.
      Data on length of stay and readmission rates were analyzed. RESULTS: Early intake
      and early mobilization were the most successfully carried out interventions.
      There was a global compliance rate of 56 % of patients for whom compliance was
      achieved with all measured interventions. The median hospital length of stay was
      6 days. Almost 60 % of patients had no complications, 24 % had minor
      complications while 13 % had major complications; of them, 8 % patients were
      reoperated. The readmission rate was 6.4 %. CONCLUSIONS: ERAS after colorectal
      surgery in elderly patients presents as safe and feasible based on good reported
      outcomes of compliance rates, complications, readmissions, and needs for
      reoperation.

PMID- 27378579
TI  - Notch signaling in lung diseases: focus on Notch1 and Notch3.
AB  - Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-cell communication mechanism
      that plays a key role in lung homeostasis, injury and repair. The loss of
      regulation of Notch signaling, especially Notch1 and Notch3, has recently been
      linked to the pathogenesis of important lung diseases, in particular, chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary
      arterial hypertension (PAH), lung cancer and lung lesions in some congenital
      diseases. This review focuses on recent advances related to the mechanisms and
      the consequences of aberrant or absent Notch1/3 activity in the initiation and
      progression of lung diseases. Our increasing understanding of this signaling
      pathway offers great hope that manipulating Notch signaling may represent a
      promising alternative complementary therapeutic strategy in the future.

PMID- 27378581
TI  - Making It Safe to Grow Old: A Financial Simulation Model for Launching MediCaring
      Communities for Frail Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries.
AB  - POLICY POINTS: At age 65, the average man and woman can respectively expect 1.5
      years and 2.5 years of requiring daily help with "activities of daily living."
      Available services fail to match frail elders' needs, thereby routinely
      generating errors, unreliability, unwanted services, unmet needs, and high costs.
      The number of elderly Medicare beneficiaries likely to be frail will triple
      between 2000 and 2050. Low retirement savings, rising medical and long-term care
      costs, and declining family caregiver availability portend gaps in badly needed
      services. The financial simulation reported here for 4 diverse MediCaring
      Communities shows lower per capita costs. Program savings are substantial and can
      improve coverage and function of local supportive services within current overall
      Medicare spending levels. CONTEXT: The Altarum Institute Center for Elder Care
      and Advanced Illness has developed a reform model, MediCaring Communities, to
      improve services for frail elderly Medicare beneficiaries through longitudinal
      care planning, better-coordinated and more desirable medical and social services,
      and local monitoring and management of a community's quality and supply of
      services. This study uses financial simulation to determine whether communities
      could implement the model within current Medicare and Medicaid spending levels,
      an important consideration to enable development and broad implementation.
      METHODS: The financial simulation for MediCaring Communities uses 4 diverse
      communities chosen for adequate size, varying health care delivery systems, and
      ability to implement reforms and generate data rapidly: Akron, Ohio; Milwaukie,
      Oregon; northeastern Queens, New York; and Williamsburg, Virginia. For each
      community, leaders contributed baseline population and program effect estimates
      that reflected projections from reported research to build the model. FINDINGS:
      The simulation projected third-year savings between $269 and $537 per beneficiary
      per month and cumulative returns on investment between 75% and 165%. CONCLUSIONS:
      The MediCaring Communities financial simulation demonstrates that better care at
      lower cost for frail elderly Medicare beneficiaries is possible within current
      financing levels. Long-term success of the initiative will require reinvestment
      of Medicare savings to bolster nonmedical supportive services in the community.
      Successful implementation will necessitate waiving certain regulations and
      developing new infrastructure in pilot communities. This financial simulation
      methodology will help leadership in other communities to project fiscal
      performance. Since the MediCaring Communities model also achieves the Centers for
      Medicare and Medicaid Services' vision for care for frail elders (better care,
      healthier people, smarter spending) and since these reforms can proceed with
      limited waivers from Medicare, willing communities should explore implementation
      and share best practices about how to achieve fundamental service delivery
      changes that can meet the challenges of a much older population in the 21st
      century.

PMID- 27378582
TI  - Burden of Keloid Disease: A Cross-sectional Health-related Quality of Life
      Assessment.
AB  - Keloid scars may be painful, itch severely and be cosmetically disturbing. The
      burden of keloid disease, however, has not yet been determined. This study
      evaluated the association of keloid disease with health-related quality of life
      (HRQL) and identified indicators of burden using a cross-sectional survey study,
      with one disease-specific HRQL measure (Skindex-29) and 2 generic HRQL measures
      (SF-36 and EQ-5D-5L). A total of 106 keloid patients with no other skin diseases
      participated in the study. Having keloid disease was associated with a
      considerable impairment of emotional wellbeing, with most impairment on the
      emotional and mental HRQL. Pain and itch were the strongest indicators of HRQL
      impairment in keloid patients. Having painful or itchy keloids was related to low
      mental and emotional HRQL, implying that patients with keloids require access to
      effective treatment aimed at alleviating physical symptoms.

PMID- 27378583
TI  - The contribution of activated peripheral kappa opioid receptors (kORs) in the
      inflamed knee joint to anti-nociception.
AB  - The systemic administration of opioids can be used for their strong analgesic
      effect. However, extensive activation of opioid receptors (ORs) beyond the
      targeted tissue can cause dysphoria, pruritus, and constipation. Therefore,
      selective activation of peripheral ORs present in the afferent fibers of the
      targeted tissue can be considered a superior strategy in opioid analgesia to
      avoid potential adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to clarify the
      role of peripheral kappa opioid receptors (kORs) in arthritic pain for the
      possible use of peripheral ORs as a target in anti-nociceptive therapy. We
      administered U50488 or nor-BNI/DIPPA, a selective agonist or antagonist of kOR,
      respectively into arthritic rat knee joints induced using 1% carrageenan. After
      the injection of U50488 or U50488 with nor-BNI or DIPPA into the inflamed knee
      joint, we evaluated nociceptive behavior as indicated by reduced weight-bearing
      on the ipsilateral limbs of the rat and recorded the activity of mechanosensitive
      afferents (MSA). In the inflamed knee joint, the intra-articular application of
      1MUM, 10nM, or 0.1nM U50488 resulted in a significant reduction in nociceptive
      behavior. In addition, 1MUM and 10nM U50488 decreased MSA activity. However, in a
      non-inflamed knee joint, 1MUM U50488 had no effect on MSA activity. Additionally,
      intra-articular pretreatment with 20MUM nor-BNI or 10MUM DIPPA significantly
      blocked the inhibitory effects of 1MUM U50488 on nociceptive behavior and MSA
      activity in the inflamed knee joint. These results implicate that peripheral kORs
      can contribute to anti-nociceptive processing in an inflamed knee joint.

PMID- 27378585
TI  - Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension Special Issue.

PMID- 27378584
TI  - Co-expression of GAD67 and choline acetyltransferase in neurons in the mouse
      spinal cord: A focus on lamina X.
AB  - Lamina X of the spinal cord is a functionally diverse area with roles in
      locomotion, autonomic control and processing of mechano and nociceptive
      information. It is also a neurochemically diverse region. However, the different
      populations of cells in lamina X remain to be fully characterised. To determine
      the co-localisation of the enzymes responsible for the production of GABA and
      acetylcholine (which play major roles in the spinal cord) in lamina X of the
      adult and juvenile mouse, we used a transgenic mouse expressing green fluorescent
      protein (GFP) in glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) neurons, combined with
      choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunohistochemistry. ChAT-immunoreactive (IR)
      and GAD67-GFP containing neurons were observed in lamina X of both adult and
      juvenile mice and in both age groups a population of cells containing both ChAT
      IR and GAD67-GFP were observed in lumbar, thoracic and cervical spinal cord. Such
      dual labelled cells were predominantly located ventral to the central canal.
      Immunohistochemistry for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and GAD67
      revealed a small number of double labelled terminals located lateral,
      dorsolateral and ventrolateral to the central canal. This study therefore
      describes in detail a population of ChAT-IR/GAD67-GFP neurons predominantly
      ventral to the central canal of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal cord of
      adult and juvenile mice. These cells potentially correspond to a sub-population
      of the cholinergic central canal cluster cells which may play a unique role in
      controlling spinal cord circuitry.

PMID- 27378586
TI  - Dermoscopy and direct immunofluorescence findings of elastosis perforans
      serpiginosa.
AB  - Elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) is a rare skin disorder characterized by
      transepidermal elimination of abnormal elastic fibres. We present a new case of D
      penicillamine (DPA)-induced EPS, and describe the clinical, dermoscopic,
      histopathological and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) findings. A 33-year-old
      woman receiving treatment with DPA presented with annular skin lesions. Digital
      dermoscopy of the lesions showed a central area of pink and yellowish
      discolouration with keratotic papules in the periphery, surrounded by a white
      halo, disposed in a way that resembled the islands of an archipelago. Other
      lesions showed a white to yellow central colouration and 'chrysalides'
      surrounding the keratotic plugs. Linear and granular deposits of IgG attached to
      the abnormal elastic fibres were seen with DIF. Dermoscopy can be helpful in the
      diagnosis of EPS. Moreover, DIF findings in skin biopsies of this case support
      the immune-mediated pathogenesis of EPS. 

PMID- 27378588
TI  - Highly efficient adenoviral transduction of pancreatic islets using a
      microfluidic device.
AB  - Tissues are challenging to genetically manipulate due to limited penetration of
      viral particles resulting in low transduction efficiency. We are particularly
      interested in expressing genetically-encoded sensors in ex vivo pancreatic islets
      to measure glucose-stimulated metabolism, however poor viral penetration biases
      these measurements to only a subset of cells at the periphery. To increase mass
      transfer of viral particles, we designed a microfluidic device that holds islets
      in parallel hydrodynamic traps connected by an expanding by-pass channel. We
      modeled viral particle flow into the tissue using fluorescently-labelled gold
      nanoparticles of varying sizes and showed a penetration threshold of only ~5 nm.
      To increase this threshold, we used EDTA to transiently reduce cell-cell adhesion
      and expand intercellular space. Ultimately, a combination of media flow and ETDA
      treatment significantly increased adenoviral transduction to the core of the
      islet. As proof-of-principle, we used this protocol to transduce an ER-targeted
      redox sensitive sensor (eroGFP), and revealed significantly greater ER redox
      capacity at core islet cells. Overall, these data demonstrate a robust method to
      enhance transduction efficiency of islets, and potentially other tissues, by
      using a combination of microfluidic flow and transient tissue expansion.

PMID- 27378587
TI  - Long length of hospital stay in children with medical complexity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hospitalizations of children with medical complexity (CMC) account
      for one-half of hospital days in children, with lengths of stays (LOS) that are
      typically longer than those for children without medical complexity. The
      objective was to assess the impact of, risk factors for, and variation across
      children's hospitals regarding long LOS (>=10 days) hospitalizations in CMC.
      METHODS: A retrospective study of 954,018 CMC hospitalizations, excluding
      admissions for neonatal and cancer care, during 2013 to 2014 in 44 children's
      hospitals. CMC were identified using 3M's Clinical Risk Group categories 6, 7,
      and 9, representing children with multiple and/or catastrophic chronic
      conditions. Multivariable regression was used to identify demographic and
      clinical characteristics associated with LOS >=10 days. Hospital-level risk
      adjusted rates of long LOS generated from these models were compared using a
      covariance test of the hospitals' random effect. RESULTS: Among CMC, LOS >=10
      days accounted for 14.9% (n = 142,082) of all admissions and 61.8% ($13.7
      billion) of hospital costs. The characteristics most strongly associated with LOS
      >=10 days were use of intensive care unit (ICU) (odds ratio [OR]: 3.5, 95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 3.4-3.5), respiratory complex chronic condition (OR:
      2.7, 95% CI: 2.6-2.7), and transfer from another medical facility (OR: 2.1, 95%
      CI: 2.0-2.1). After adjusting for severity, there was significant (P < 0.001)
      variation in the prevalence of LOS >=10 days for CMC across children's hospitals
      (range, 10.3%-21.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Long hospitalizations for CMC are costly.
      Their prevalence varies significantly by type of chronic condition and across
      children's hospitals. Efforts to reduce hospital costs in CMC might benefit from
      a focus on prolonged LOS. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:750-756. (c) 2016
      Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 27378589
TI  - Minimally Invasive Transradial Percutaneous Closure of Aortic Paravalvular Leaks:
      Following the Steps of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.
AB  - Two patients with severe aortic paravalvular leaks (PVLs) in a mechanical
      prosthesis were percutaneously treated. Procedures were performed with mild
      sedation, angiographic guidance, and a 6-French right radial artery approach with
      good final results. Percutaneous PVL treatment is routinely performed with
      general anaesthesia, transesophageal echocardiographic guidance, and femoral
      access. Although another case of radial aortic PVL closure has been previously
      reported, it was performed with an 8-French radial sheath, transesophageal
      echocardiographic guidance, and general anaesthesia. According to our initial
      experience, aortic PVLs could be treated in a minimally invasive way. Larger
      studies should be conducted to confirm these observations.

PMID- 27378590
TI  - Aortitis With Associated Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis: Role of Cardiac
      Computed Tomography.
AB  - We report on a 49-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with
      progressive angina. Echocardiography displayed severe aortic regurgitation and
      aortic valve thickening. The suspected diagnosis was acute aortic syndrome.
      Cardiac computed tomography showed circumferential thickening of the aortic wall
      and left main coronary artery ostial stenosis. Histologic examination showed
      diffuse aortic inflammation. No damage of any other organ or vascular structure
      was reported, and the final diagnosis was nonspecific aortitis. Differential
      diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies are discussed.

PMID- 27378592
TI  - Combination Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and
      Meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Combination therapy (CT) for patients with pulmonary arterial
      hypertension (PAH) has been recommended for many years, despite weak evidence of
      efficacy over monotherapy (MT). A previous meta-analysis comparing CT vs MT with
      pulmonary vasodilators failed to demonstrate a clear reduction in clinical
      worsening events. METHODS: We searched for relevant articles in PubMed, EMBASE,
      the Cochrane Database, and clinicaltrials.gov; we also manually searched review
      articles and conference abstracts from 1980-December 2015. Target articles were
      double-blinded studies of 2 or more pulmonary vasodilators given in combination
      vs monotherapy for treatment of patients with PAH. The principal outcome of
      interest was "combined clinical worsening" (CCW) events (including but not
      limited to death or hospitalization). Data on physiological outcomes were also
      explored. Meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian and Laird random
      effects model. RESULTS: We extracted data from 18 randomized controlled trials
      (RCTs) (N = 4162). CT was associated with a significant 38% reduction of risk of
      CCW (15 RCTs: n = 3906; risk ratio [RR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50
      0.77). This reduction in risk was driven by a reduction in nonfatal end points
      (12 RCTs: n = 2611; RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.40-0.78) and not by a reduction of
      mortality (12 RCTs: n = 2717; RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.53-1.17). CT was also
      associated with improvement in 6-minute walking distance (10 RCTs: n = 1553;
      weighted mean difference [WMD], +23.0 m; 95% CI, 15.9-30.1), improved functional
      class (9 RCTs: n = 1737; RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.51), and beneficial effects on
      pulmonary hemodynamics such as cardiac index (WMD, +0.35 L/min/m; 95% CI, 0.14
      0.56). CONCLUSIONS: In this highly comprehensive meta-analysis, CT reduces the
      risk of CCW events in patients with PAH and brings physiological improvement.

PMID- 27378591
TI  - Patient-Centred Care of Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease and Multiple
      Chronic Conditions.
AB  - Multimorbidity, defined as the presence of 2 or more chronic conditions, is
      common among older adults with cardiovascular disease. These individuals are at
      increased risk for poor health outcomes and account for a large proportion of
      health care utilization. Clinicians are challenged with the heterogeneity of this
      population, the complexity of the treatment regimen, limited high-quality
      evidence, and fragmented health care systems. Each treatment recommended by a
      clinical practice guideline for a single cardiovascular disease might be
      rational, but the combination of all evidence-based recommendations can be
      impractical or even harmful to individuals with multimorbidity. These challenges
      can be overcome with a patient-centred approach that incorporates the
      individual's preferences, relevant evidence, the overall and condition-specific
      prognosis, clinical feasibility of treatments, and interactions with other
      treatments and coexisting chronic conditions. The ultimate goal is to maximize
      benefits and minimize harms by optimizing adherence to the most essential
      treatments, while acknowledging trade-offs between treatments for different
      health conditions. It might be necessary to discontinue therapies that are not
      essential or potentially harmful to decrease the risk of drug-drug and drug
      disease interactions from polypharmacy. A decision to initiate, withhold, or stop
      a treatment should be on the basis of the time horizon to benefits vs the
      individual's prognosis. In this review, we illustrate how cardiologists and
      general practitioners can adopt a patient-centred approach to focus on the
      aspects of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular health that have the greatest
      effect on functioning and quality of life in older adults with cardiovascular
      disease and multimorbidity.

PMID- 27378593
TI  - NF-kappaB-Dependent Upregulation of NCX1 Induced by Angiotensin II Contributes to
      Calcium Influx in Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The reverse mode of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) 1 can transport Ca2+
      into cells and is involved in the contractile regulation of vascular smooth
      muscle cells (VSMCs) and the development of hypertension. We hypothesized that
      upregulation of NCX1 expression induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) could be
      dependent on activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and contributes to
      Ca2+ influx in VSMCs. METHODS: An osmotic minipump was implanted for
      administration of Ang II in Sprague-Dawley rats, and blood pressure, as well as
      NCX1 expression, in the aorta was measured. VSMCs were cultured to verify that
      Ang II-upregulated NCX1 expression is dependent on activation of NF-kappaB and
      contributes to Ca2+ influx. RESULTS: Ang II-upregulated NCX1 expression in rat
      aortas (2.1-fold at day 6) and VSMCs (1.7-fold at 24 hours) and NF-kappaB
      knockdown and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor resulted in
      2.1- and 2.0-fold decreases in Ang II-upregulated NCX1 expression in VSMCs. KB
      R7943 (an inhibitor of NCX1 reversal) and NCX1 knockdown decreased Ang II-induced
      Ca2+ influx 1.4- and 1.3- fold, respectively. KB-R7943 and removal of
      extracellular Na+ decreased Ang II-initiated store depletion-mediated Ca2+ entry
      by 1.5- and 1.3-fold, respectively. Moreover, NF-kappaB knockdown and use of a
      p38 MAPK inhibitor resulted in about 1.3-fold decreases in Ang II-induced Ca2+
      influx through activation of reverse-mode NCX1. CONCLUSIONS: Ang II upregulates
      NCX1 expression through p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways, and reverse-mode NCX1
      plays an important part in Ang II-induced Ca2+ influx in VSMCs, which may be
      associated with Ang II-initiated store-operated channel entry.

PMID- 27378594
TI  - Complete vs Culprit-Only Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in STEMI With
      Multivessel Disease: A Meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized
      Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and
      multivessel disease (MVD) most commonly are treated with culprit-only
      percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, this has been recently
      challenged, suggesting benefit with complete revascularization (CR). Still, these
      latest findings are largely based on clinical trials powered for composite
      outcomes that frequently include "softer" end points. We performed a meta
      analysis comparing routine culprit-only PCI vs CR in STEMI, with an emphasis on
      "hard" clinical end points. METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and
      CENTRAL were searched from 1996-May 2015. Studies included patients with STEMI
      and MVD who received primary PCI. The primary end point was long-term
      death/myocardial infarction (MI). Data were combined using a fixed-effects model.
      RESULTS: Seven randomized trials (2004 patients: 1065 CR and 939 culprit-only PCI
      procedures) were included. Compared with culprit-only PCI, CR reduced the
      composite of death/MI (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52
      0.96) but not death (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.53-1.15) or recurrent MI (OR, 0.85; 95%
      CI, 0.58-1.24) alone. If CR was performed during the index catheterization, a
      reduction in death/MI was observed (death/MI: OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.25-0.65; death:
      OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.34-1.00; recurrent MI: OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.18-0.69). If
      staged, no benefits were noted (death/MI: OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.67-1.45; death: OR,
      0.95; 95% CI, 0.56-1.61; recurrent MI: OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.61-1.70). However,
      when trial sequential analysis was performed for the overall population, the
      cumulative z-curve did not cross the monitoring boundary, suggesting a lack of
      evidence for reducing death/MI with CR (similar for index catheterization).
      CONCLUSIONS: In STEMI with MVD, there is insufficient evidence to support a
      reduction in death/MI with CR. Our results reinforce the need for larger clinical
      trials powered for robust clinical end points.

PMID- 27378595
TI  - Lack of Association Between Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease and
      Stroke After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Carotid artery stenosis is a risk factor for stroke after surgical
      aortic valve replacement, but it is unknown whether carotid and vertebral artery
      disease impacts the risk of stroke after transcatheter aortic valve replacement
      (TAVR). METHODS: We reviewed 294 consecutive cases of TAVR at a tertiary care
      medical centre. Thirty-one patients without preoperative carotid/vertebral duplex
      ultrasonograms were excluded. Carotid or vertebral artery disease was defined on
      the basis of >50% stenosis. Outcomes were stroke within 30 days after TAVR, 30
      day mortality, and overall survival. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients (19%) had at
      least 50% stenosis of a carotid or vertebral artery. The carotid and vertebral
      artery disease group had higher rates of coronary artery disease, previous
      coronary artery bypass surgery, and peripheral artery disease compared with the
      control group. Transfemoral access was less common in the carotid and vertebral
      artery disease group (55% vs 77%; P < 0.01). Stroke occurred in 6.8% of patients
      (n = 18) within 30 days after TAVR, but no patients in the carotid and vertebral
      artery disease group had a stroke. The presence of at least 50% stenosis of a
      carotid or vertebral artery was not predictive of stroke by logistic regression.
      There was no difference in 30-day mortality (10% vs 4%; P = 0.11) and overall
      survival (log-rank test P = 0.84) between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The presence
      or absence of carotid or vertebral artery stenosis was not significantly related
      to the occurrence of stroke after TAVR. Routine screening for carotid and
      vertebral artery disease before TAVR does not appear justified.

PMID- 27378596
TI  - Predictors of Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Death in a Quebec Cohort With
      Brugada Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) are at risk for ventricular
      arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden death. Identification of high-risk individuals
      beyond those with syncope or resuscitated sudden death remains a major challenge.
      METHODS: We assessed the value of clinical, electrophysiological, and
      electrocardiographic (ECG) features, including depolarization and repolarization
      metrics, in predicting arrhythmic events and sudden death in consecutive patients
      with BrS diagnosed between 2002 and 2013 in Quebec, Canada. Qualifying
      electrocardiograms with the highest type 1 ST-segment elevations were reviewed
      and analyzed by 2 electrophysiologists who were blinded to clinical history.
      Survival analyses were adjusted for Firth bias correction and left truncation.
      RESULTS: A total of 105 patients, 79.8% of whom were men, were diagnosed with BrS
      at a mean age of 46.2 +/- 13.3 years and were followed for 59.6 +/- 16.4 months.
      Ten (9.5%) had a history of cardiac arrest, 37 (35.2%) had syncope, and 7 (6.7%)
      experienced 20 arrhythmic events during follow-up, all consisting of appropriate
      ICD therapy (7 antitachycardia pacing; 13 shocks). In multivariate Cox regression
      analyses, a spontaneous type 1 electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern (hazard ratio
      [HR], 10.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-113.87; P = 0.0476), maximal T
      peak-end (Tp-e) duration >= 100 ms (HR, 29.73; 95% CI, 1.33-666.37; P = 0.0325),
      and QRS duration in lead V6 > 110 ms (HR, 15.27; 95% CI, 1.07-217.42; P = 0.0443)
      were independently associated with VAs or aborted sudden cardiac death.
      CONCLUSIONS: In a multicentre cohort with BrS from Quebec, Canada, VAs and sudden
      death were independently associated with standard 12-lead ECG features, including
      a spontaneous type 1 pattern, depolarization (QRS in lead V6), and repolarization
      (maximal Tp-e duration) criteria.

PMID- 27378597
TI  - Spin diffusion and non-local spin-valve effect in an exfoliated multilayer
      graphene with a Co electrode.
AB  - We fabricated a non-local spin valve with a thin layer of graphite with Co
      transparent electrodes. The spin-valve effect and spin precession were observed
      at room temperature. The magnitude of the mangetoresistance increases when
      temperature decreases. The spin-relaxation time, [Formula: see text], obtained
      from the fitting of the Hanle curves increases with decreasing temperature with a
      weak dependence [Formula: see text] while the spin-diffusion constant D
      decreases. At room temperature, [Formula: see text] exceeds 100 ps and the spin
      diffusion length, [Formula: see text], is ~2 MUm. The temperature dependence of
      [Formula: see text] is not monotonic, and it has the largest value at room
      temperature. Our results show that multilayer graphene is a suitable material for
      spintronic devices. 

PMID- 27378599
TI  - An Azaacene Derivative as Promising Electron-Transport Layer for Inverted
      Perovskite Solar Cells.
AB  - It is highly desirable to develop novel n-type organic small molecules as an
      efficient electron-transport layer (ETL) for the replacement of PCBM to obtain
      high-performance metal-oxide-free, solution-processed inverted perovskite solar
      cells (PSCs) because this type of solar cells with a low-temperature and solution
      based process would make their fabrication more feasible and practical. In this
      research, the new azaacene QCAPZ has been synthesized and employed as non
      fullerene ETL material for inverted PSCs through a solution-based process without
      the need for additional dopants or additives. The as-fabricated inverted PSCs
      show a power conversion efficiency up to 10.26 %. Our results clearly suggest
      that larger azaacenes could be promising electron-transport materials to achieve
      high-performance solution-processed inverted PSCs. 

PMID- 27378598
TI  - FOXN1 in thymus organogenesis and development.
AB  - Development of the primary T-cell repertoire takes place in the thymus. The
      linked processes of T-cell differentiation and T-cell repertoire selection each
      depend on interactions between thymocytes and thymic stromal cells; in
      particular, with the epithelial cells of the cortical and medullary thymic
      compartments (cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells; cTECs and mTECs,
      respectively). The importance of the thymic epithelial cell lineage in these
      processes was revealed in part through analysis of nude (nu/nu) mice, which are
      congenitally hairless and athymic. The nude phenotype results from null mutation
      of the forkhead transcription factor FOXN1, which has emerged as a pivotal
      regulator both of thymus development and homeostasis. FOXN1 has been shown to
      play critical roles in thymus development, function, maintenance, and even
      regeneration, which positions it as a master regulator of thymic epithelial cell
      (TEC) differentiation. In this review, we discuss current understanding of the
      regulation and functions of FOXN1 throughout thymus ontogeny, from the earliest
      stages of organogenesis through homeostasis to age-related involution,
      contextualising its significance through reference to other members of the wider
      Forkhead family.

PMID- 27378600
TI  - Zinc Resistance Mechanisms of P1B-type ATPases in Sinorhizobium meliloti
      CCNWSX0020.
AB  - The Sinorhizobium meliloti (S. meliloti) strain CCNWSX0020 displayed tolerance to
      high levels exposures of multiple metals and growth promotion of legume plants
      grown in metal-contaminated soil. However, the mechanism of metal-resistant
      strain remains unknown. We used five P1B-ATPases deletions by designating as
      ?copA1b, ?fixI1, ?copA3, ?zntA and ?nia, respectively to investigate the role of
      P1B-ATPases in heavy metal resistance of S. meliloti. The ?copA1b and ?zntA
      mutants were sensitive to zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in different
      degree, whereas the other mutants had no significant influence on the metal
      resistance. Moreover, the expression of zntA was induced by Zn, Cd and Pb whereas
      copA1b was induced by copper (Cu) and silver (Ag). This two deletions could led
      to the increased intracellular concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cd, but not of Cu.
      Complementation of ?copA1b and ?zntA mutants showed a restoration of tolerance to
      Zn, Cd and Pb to a certain extent. Taken together, the results suggest an
      important role of copA1b and zntA in Zn homeostasis and Cd and Pb detoxification
      in S. meliloti CCNWSX0020.

PMID- 27378601
TI  - Dose adjusted-EPOCH-R and mediastinal disease may improve outcomes for patients
      with gray-zone lymphoma.

PMID- 27378602
TI  - Audit of CT reporting standards in cases of intracerebral haemorrhage at a
      comprehensive stroke centre in Australia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Multiple CT-derived biomarkers that are predictive of intracerebral
      haemorrhage (ICH) growth and outcome have been described in the literature, but
      the extent to which these appear in imaging reports of ICH is unknown. The aim of
      this retrospective process audit was to determine which of the known predictors
      of ICH outcome was recorded in reports of the disease, with a view to providing
      reporting recommendations, as appropriate. METHOD: We examined the initial CT
      report of patients diagnosed with ICH presenting to a metropolitan comprehensive
      stroke centre and meeting inclusion criteria during the audit period between 1
      March 2013 and 28 February 2014. Each report was assessed for the inclusion of
      the following ICH characteristics: the number of measurement dimensions; volume;
      location; hydrocephalus; shape; density; 'CTA spot sign' (where CTA was
      performed). RESULTS: A total of 100 patients met audit inclusion criteria. At
      least one ICH dimension was recorded in 90% of reports; however, 39% did not
      include the measurements in three dimensions and volume was reported in just 6%.
      No ICH dimension was recorded in 10% of reports. With the exception of density
      and shape, reporting of other CT features exceeded 95%. Where CTA was performed
      (58%), 14 (24%) of 58 reported the 'CTA spot sign' status. CONCLUSION: In this
      audit, volume was the most under-reported of the established ICH characteristics
      predictive of ICH outcome. Readily calculated from multiplanar reformats using
      the ABC/2 technique, the routine reporting of ICH volume is recommended. More
      reporting attention to ICH density heterogeneity and shape irregularity is
      encouraged, given their emerging importance. Where acute CTA is performed, the
      presence of any dynamic haemorrhage (CTA spot sign) should be reported.

PMID- 27378603
TI  - Protamine (heparin)-induced thrombocytopenia: a review of the serological and
      clinical features associated with anti-protamine/heparin antibodies.
AB  - Protamine is widely used in medicine as a rapidly-acting antidote to heparin,
      particularly for reversing heparin anticoagulation after cardiac surgery.
      Protamine is also used as a stabilizing additive to certain preparations of
      insulin. Recent reports demonstrate that protamine and heparin form
      multimolecular complexes that result in high rates of immunization in post
      cardiac surgery patients, particularly of immunoglobulin G (IgG) class
      antibodies; a subset of these anti-protamine/heparin IgG antibodies activates
      platelets through their FcgammaIIA (IgG) receptors. Although the clinical
      consequences of anti-protamine/heparin antibodies that are newly generated after
      cardiac surgery are unknown, there is evidence that platelet-activating anti
      protamine/heparin antibodies already present at the time of cardiac surgery might
      occasionally explain more severe thrombocytopenia with delayed platelet count
      recovery, as well as thromboembolic complications, in the post-cardiac surgery
      setting. Triggers for such antibodies remain poorly-defined, but could include
      preoperative administration of heparin to diabetic patients receiving protamine
      insulin as well as recent previous cardiac surgery. Anti-protamine/heparin
      antibodies have several features in common with anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4)
      PF4/heparin antibodies implicated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT),
      including immunization by heparin-containing multimolecular complexes,
      predominant IgG class, pathological platelet-activating properties, relatively
      rapid IgG formation without IgM precedence, and antibody transience. Despite
      these similarities, the risk of anti-protamine/heparin antibody-mediated
      complications seems to affect the early post-cardiac surgery period, whereas HIT
      usually occurs at least 5 days following cardiac surgery. Clinicians need to
      become aware of this recently recognized immunohematological disorder, and
      research is needed to identify triggers of immunization, improve detection of
      pathological antibodies and identify patients at risk of this complication.

PMID- 27378604
TI  - Interventional cardiology, where real life and science do not necessarily meet.
AB  - Evidence-based diagnosis, decision-making, and therapy appear a must these days.
      Generating and publishing evidence is a tedious job according to ever new and
      tightened research practice regulations. Rules will never prevent the typical
      human behaviour from showing the new thing to be shinier and the old thing
      dustier than they really are. The medical community is solicited to concoct a
      meal that is gullible for patients, authorities, and third-party payers out of
      the available evidence (after applying some conversion factors correcting the
      common bias of the researchers), anticipation of what will be the evidence
      tomorrow, common sense, and digested experience. Examples of misguidance by
      poorly produced or misinterpreted evidence are plentiful in interventional
      cardiology as they are in other disciplines. Coronary stents, for instance, were
      first underestimated due to the fact that they were generally used in bailout
      situations where the outcome remained rather dismal in spite of the salvaging
      potential of stents. Then they were overused quite uncritically rather to the
      detriment of the patient. Now with the high quality of the modern drug-eluting
      stents (DESs), the overuse persists but is no longer a concern. However, the
      enhanced potential of DESs compared with bare-metal stents was poorly exploited
      for >10 years because of reports that slipped through the meshes of good review
      and publication practice to convey the untenable message that bare-metal stents
      were preferable in many situations. As other examples, use of the fractional flow
      reserve (FFR) for decision-making has to be questioned despite prominently
      published reports recommending it. Fixing a lesion is today easier and hardly
      more complication prone than assessing it with the FFR. Closure of the patent
      foramen ovale may never be properly applied, because the collection of the
      understandably requested evidence takes decades, a follow-up duration that makes
      research unattractive to physicians and financiers. Transarterial aortic valve
      replacement, finally, is certain to eventually supplant surgical aortic valve
      replacement. However, this should have already been accomplished as a logical
      progress. The adoption of this remarkable breakthrough technology is slowed down
      by the quest for providing randomized evidence in patients, for whom the evidence
      should rather be derived from already existing studies, and by the quest to
      triage all these patients in a heart team, meaning to also keep the surgeons
      happy, although these patients do not really need them.

PMID- 27378606
TI  - Four new HLA class I alleles in Spaniards, HLA-A*32:01:23, HLA-B*18:01:24, HLA
      B*18:72:02 and HLA-C*12:166.
AB  - Characterization of four new human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles,
      A*32:01:23, B*18:01:24, B*18:72:02 and C*12:166.

PMID- 27378605
TI  - Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles impair proteasome activity and increase the
      formation of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in vitro.
AB  - The potential toxicity of nanoparticles, particularly to neurons, is a major
      concern. In this study, we assessed the cytotoxicity of silica-coated magnetic
      nanoparticles containing rhodamine B isothiocyanate dye (MNPs@SiO2(RITC)) in
      HEK293 cells, SH-SY5Y cells, and rat primary cortical and dopaminergic neurons.
      In cells treated with 1.0 MUg/MUl MNPs@SiO2(RITC), the expression of several
      genes related to the proteasome pathway was altered, and proteasome activity was
      significantly reduced, compared with control and with 0.1 MUg/MUl MNPs@SiO2(RITC)
      treated cells. Due to the reduction of proteasome activity, formation of
      cytoplasmic inclusions increased significantly in HEK293 cells over-expressing
      the alpha-synuclein interacting protein synphilin-1 as well as in primary
      cortical and dopaminergic neurons. Primary neurons, particularly dopaminergic
      neurons, were more vulnerable to MNPs@SiO2(RITC) than SH-SY5Y cells. Cellular
      polyamines, which are associated with protein aggregation, were significantly
      altered in SH-SY5Y cells treated with MNPs@SiO2(RITC). These findings highlight
      the mechanisms of neurotoxicity incurred by nanoparticles.

PMID- 27378608
TI  - Immunoglobulin G fragment C receptor polymorphisms and efficacy of preoperative
      chemotherapy plus trastuzumab and lapatinib in HER2-positive breast cancer.
AB  - Lapatinib enhances antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity
      of trastuzumab. FcgammaR polymorphisms have been associated with both ADCC and
      clinical activity of trastuzumab in HER2+ breast cancer (BC) patients (pts). We
      analyzed FcgammaRIIa-H131R and FcgammaRIIIa-V158F polymorphisms in the CHER-LOB
      trial population of HER2+ BCs treated with preoperative chemotherapy plus
      trastuzumab (arm A), lapatinib (arm B) or both (arm C). Genotyping was
      successfully performed in 73/121 (60%) pts. A significant improvement in
      pathological complete response (pCR) rate was observed for the combination arm C,
      but only in FcgammaRIIIa V allele carriers (C vs A, 67 vs 27%, P=0.043; C vs B,
      67 vs 22%, P=0.012). An independent interaction between arm C and FcgammaRIIIa V
      allele was found for pCR (odds ratio=9.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-39.6;
      P=0.003). No significant associations were observed between pCR and FcgammaRIIa
      polymorphism, and between pre-treatment tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and
      FcgammaR polymorphisms. Our study provides evidence for a FcgammaRIIIa V allele
      restricted pCR benefit from neoadjuvant trastuzumab plus lapatinib in HER2+ BC.

PMID- 27378610
TI  - Negative Poisson's Ratio in Modern Functional Materials.
AB  - Materials with negative Poisson's ratio attract considerable attention due to
      their underlying intriguing physical properties and numerous promising
      applications, particularly in stringent environments such as aerospace and
      defense areas, because of their unconventional mechanical enhancements. Recent
      progress in materials with a negative Poisson's ratio are reviewed here, with the
      current state of research regarding both theory and experiment. The inter
      relationship between the underlying structure and a negative Poisson's ratio is
      discussed in functional materials, including macroscopic bulk, low-dimensional
      nanoscale particles, films, sheets, or tubes. The coexistence and correlations
      with other negative indexes (such as negative compressibility and negative
      thermal expansion) are also addressed. Finally, open questions and future
      research opportunities are proposed for functional materials with negative
      Poisson's ratios.

PMID- 27378609
TI  - Effect of ABCB1 diplotype on tacrolimus disposition in renal recipients depends
      on CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 genotype.
AB  - The relevance of most genetic polymorphisms beyond CYP3A5*1 on tacrolimus
      disposition remains unclear. We constructed a predictive mixed model for
      tacrolimus dose-corrected trough concentration (C0/dose) at months 3, 12 and 24
      after transplantation in a retrospective cohort of 766 predominantly Causasian
      adult renal recipients (n=2042 trough concentrations). All patients were
      genotyped for 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a proven or possible
      relevance to tacrolimus disposition based on the previous studies. Of these,
      ABCB1, ABCC2, OATP1B1, COMT, FMO, PPARA and APOA5 were analyzed as (functional)
      diplotype groups. Predictors of C0/dose were CYP3A5*1, hematocrit, age,
      CYP3A4*22, use of concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer, ALT, estimated
      glomerular filtration rate, tacrolimus formulation (once vs twice daily), ABCB1
      diplotype and time after transplantation. The effect of ABCB1 diplotype was small
      but strongly accentuated in CYP3A4*22 carriers and non-existent in CYP3A5
      expressors. ABCC2 diplotype had a limited effect on C0/dose that was only
      statistically significant in CYP3A5 non-expressors.

PMID- 27378611
TI  - A Health at Every Size intervention improves intuitive eating and diet quality in
      Canadian women.
AB  - BACKGROUND & AIMS: Health at Every Size(r) (HAES(r)) interventions focus on
      healthy lifestyle by promoting behavioral changes related to diet and physical
      activity while emphasizing self-acceptance and well-being through an empowerment
      and intuitive approach. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects
      of a HAES(r) program on intuitive eating and diet quality in women. METHODS: The
      HAES(r) intervention, offered by professionals from Health and Social Services
      Centers in Quebec (Canada), was composed of thirteen 3-h weekly meetings and a 6
      h intensive day. For this study, 216 women (1.9% normal-weight, 21.1% overweight,
      77.0% obese) who took part to the HAES program were compared to 110 women (3.9%
      normal-weight, 23.3% overweight, 72.8% obese) from a control group (waiting
      list). Intuitive eating was assessed using the Intuitive Eating Scale and diet
      quality was evaluated through the calculation of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)
      from a validated web-based self-administrated food frequency questionnaire.
      Measurements were performed at baseline, post-intervention, and at one-year
      follow-up. RESULTS: Women who participated in the HAES(r) program significantly
      increased their intuitive eating score compared to women in the control group at
      post-intervention and at follow-up (group by time interaction, p = 0.0002). A
      significant improvement in diet quality was also observed in the HAES(r) group in
      comparison with the control group at post-intervention (group by time
      interaction, p = 0.0139). The intuitive eating score and the HEI score were
      positively associated in the HAES(r) group at post-intervention (r = 0.20, p =
      0.0237) and one-year follow-up (r = 0.22, p = 0.0359), but no such associations
      were noted in the control group (post-intervention, r = 0.04, p = 0.70; one-year
      follow-up, r = -0.15, p = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: The HAES(r) program seems effective
      in improving intuitive eating and also favours improvements in diet quality.
      However, the association between intuitive eating and diet quality remains
      unclear, being positive and significant only after the HAES(r) intervention.

PMID- 27378613
TI  - Fluazifop- p-butyl, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide, diminishes renal and
      hepatic functions and triggers testicular oxidative stress in orally exposed
      rats.
AB  - Fluazifop- p-butyl (FPB) is a selective aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide. Its
      phytotoxicity mechanism involves inhibition of lipid biosynthesis, free-radical
      generation, and oxidative stress in vulnerable plants. This study evaluates the
      impact of orally administered FPB on selected tissues in non-target animal model.
      Twenty-four male wistar rats (160-180g) were randomized into groups (I-IV). Group
      I served as control, while animals in groups II, III, and IV received FPB at
      18.75, 37.5, and 75 mg/kg body weight/day p.o., respectively, for 21 days. FPB
      caused significant ( p < 0.05) increase in plasma biomarkers of renal and hepatic
      function (urea, creatinine, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine
      aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase) when compared to control.
      Significant reductions in testicular ascorbic acid, glutathione, and activities
      of glutathione-S transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were observed in
      FPB-treated animals when compared to control, in a dose-dependent manner. This
      was accompanied by increased testicular lipid peroxidation in the treated groups.
      Furthermore, a significant decrease in testicular acid phosphatase and gamma
      glutamyl transferase activities was also observed in the FPB-treated groups in a
      dose-dependent manner compared to control. However, testicular lactate
      dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased in the FPB-treated rats when
      compared to control. Additionally, histopathological studies revealed severe
      interstitial oedema and congestion of testicular blood vessels in the FPB-treated
      groups. Overall, data from this study suggest that FPB induced hepatotoxicity,
      nephrotoxicity, and oxidative stress-mediated alteration of testicular functions
      in rat.

PMID- 27378612
TI  - Culprit lesion location and outcome in patients with cardiogenic shock
      complicating myocardial infarction: a substudy of the IABP-SHOCK II-trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock (CS), the affected
      coronary vessel has significant influence on the final infarct size and patient
      prognosis. CS data on this relation are scarce. The objective of this study was
      to determine the prognostic relevance of the culprit lesion location in patients
      with CS complicating acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: In the Intraaortic
      Balloon Pump in Cardiogenic Shock II (IABP-SHOCK II) trial patients with CS were
      randomized to therapy with intraaortic balloon pump or control. Additional CS
      patients not eligible for the randomized trial were included in a registry. We
      compared the location of the culprit lesions in these patients with regard to the
      affected coronary vessel [left main (LM), left anterior descending (LAD), left
      circumflex (LCX) and right coronary artery (RCA)] and location within the vessel
      (proximal, mid or distal) regarding short- and long-term outcome. RESULTS: Of 758
      patients, the majority had the culprit lesion in the LAD (44 %) compared to RCA
      (27 %), LCX (19 %) or LM (10 %). Proximal lesions were more frequent than mid or
      distal culprit lesions (60 vs. 27 vs. 13 %, p < 0.001). No differences were
      observed for mortality with respect to either culprit vessel (log-rank p value =
      0.54). In contrast, a higher mortality was observed for patients with distal
      culprit lesions after 1 year (log-rank p value = 0.04). This difference persisted
      after multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio for distal lesions 1.40; 95 %
      confidential interval 1.03-1.90; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: For patients with CS
      complicating myocardial infarction, the culprit vessel seems to be unrelated with
      mortality whereas distal culprit lesions may have a worse outcome.

PMID- 27378614
TI  - Introducing The Wiley Transplant Peer Review Network.

PMID- 27378615
TI  - Long-Term Hemodialysis via Arteriovenous Fistula in Patients With Continuous-Flow
      Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

PMID- 27378616
TI  - Communications.

PMID- 27378617
TI  - Effects of Nano-hydroxyapatite/Poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microsphere-Based
      Composite Scaffolds on Repair of Bone Defects: Evaluating the Role of Nano
      hydroxyapatite Content.
AB  - The aim of the current study was to prepare microsphere-based composite scaffolds
      made of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA)/poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) at
      different ratios and evaluate the effects of nHA on the characteristics of
      scaffolds for tissue engineering application. First, microsphere-based composite
      scaffolds made of two ratios of nHA/PLGA (nHA/PLGA = 20/80 and nHA/PLGA = 50/50)
      were prepared. Then, the effects of nHA on the wettability, mechanical strength,
      and degradation of scaffolds were investigated. Second, the biocompatibility and
      osteoinductivity were evaluated and compared by co-culture of scaffolds with bone
      marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs). The results showed that the adhesion,
      proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs with nHA/PLGA (50/50) were
      better than those with nHA/PLGA (20/80). Finally, we implanted the scaffolds into
      femur bone defects in a rabbit model, then the capacity of guiding bone
      regeneration as well as the in vivo degradation were observed by micro-CT and
      histological examinations. After 4 weeks' implantation, there was no significant
      difference on the repair of bone defects. However, after 8 and 12 weeks'
      implantation, the nHA/PLGA (20/80) exhibited better bone formation than nHA/PLGA
      (50/50). These results suggested that a proper concentration of nHA in the
      nHA/PLGA composite should be taken into account when the composite scaffolds were
      prepared, which plays an important role in the biocompatibility, degradation rate
      and osteoconductivity. 

PMID- 27378618
TI  - Intermittent urethral catheterisation: the reality of the lubricants and
      catheters in the clinical practice of a Brazilian service.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify how catheters and lubricants have been used
      among patients using intermittent urinary catheterisation in rehabilitation.
      BACKGROUND: The clean intermittent urinary catheterisation technique is an
      invasive procedure can cause discomfort, pain and urethral traumas. The use of
      lubricants and lubricated urinary catheters reduces the friction between the
      catheter and the urethral mucosa, minimising the risks. DESIGN: A descriptive
      exploratory design was used. METHODS: Quantitative and descriptive study
      developed at a rehabilitation centre of a University Hospital in the interior of
      the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, at the Intermittent Urinary Catheterisation
      Outpatient Clinic, between June 2012-December 2014. After ethical approval, the
      data were collected through an interview with the support of a semistructured
      questionnaire, held during the nursing consultation. Among the users, patients
      using intermittent urinary catheterisation were interviewed, over 18 years of age
      and minors younger than eight years accompanied. Descriptive statistical analysis
      was applied. RESULTS: Most of 214 (100.0%) patients were interviewed were male,
      single, young adults and with a primary medical diagnosis of bone marrow injury
      and myelomeningocele. Most patients perform the urinary catheterisation between
      four and six times per day. For the procedure, the majority uses polyethylene
      (polyvinyl chloride) catheter and, as a lubricant, 2.0% lidocaine hydrochloride
      on the catheter itself. Many mention lack of sensitivity when passing the
      catheter. CONCLUSION: In the study sample, a risk of urethral traumas was
      evidenced, related to the inappropriate use of catheters and lubricants. For the
      patients' safety, the professionals need to acknowledge the importance of the
      appropriate use of lubricants and lubricated catheters to implement evidence
      based practices that mobilise public policies. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE:
      The use of evidences demonstrates that the appropriate use of lubricants for
      intermittent urinary catheterisation is fundamental for patient safety and the
      performance of the best practices.

PMID- 27378619
TI  - Characterization and reconstruction of 3D stochastic microstructures via
      supervised learning.
AB  - The need for computational characterization and reconstruction of volumetric maps
      of stochastic microstructures for understanding the role of material structure in
      the processing-structure-property chain has been highlighted in the literature.
      Recently, a promising characterization and reconstruction approach has been
      developed where the essential idea is to convert the digitized microstructure
      image into an appropriate training dataset to learn the stochastic nature of the
      morphology by fitting a supervised learning model to the dataset. This compact
      model can subsequently be used to efficiently reconstruct as many statistically
      equivalent microstructure samples as desired. The goal of this paper is to build
      upon the developed approach in three major directions by: (1) extending the
      approach to characterize 3D stochastic microstructures and efficiently
      reconstruct 3D samples, (2) improving the performance of the approach by
      incorporating user-defined predictors into the supervised learning model, and (3)
      addressing potential computational issues by introducing a reduced model which
      can perform as effectively as the full model. We test the extended approach on
      three examples and show that the spatial dependencies, as evaluated via various
      measures, are well preserved in the reconstructed samples.

PMID- 27378620
TI  - Oil sands tailings ponds harbour a small core prokaryotic microbiome and diverse
      accessory communities.
AB  - Oil sands tailings ponds store the waste slurry generated by extracting bitumen
      from surface-mined oil (tar) sands ores. The ponds support diverse microbial
      communities involved in element cycling, greenhouse gas production, and
      hydrocarbon biodegradation that influence pond management and their environmental
      footprint. Since previous reports indicate that there are similar microbial
      metabolic functions amongst ponds, analogous microbiomes may be expected but
      ponds actually harbour distinct communities. Partial 16S rRNA gene pyrotag
      sequences from 95 samples were obtained from six ponds managed by three
      operators. From these we discerned a core prokaryotic microbiome, a subset of
      microbes shared amongst different samples, defined as operational taxonomic units
      (OTUs) at the lowest taxonomic level identifiable in individual ponds and pooled
      pond datatsets. Of the ~1500-2700 OTUs detected per pond, 4-10 OTUs were shared
      among >=75% of the samples per pond, but these few OTUs represented 39-54% of the
      ponds' sequence reads. Only 2-5 OTUs were shared by the majority of samples from
      all ponds. Thus the prokaryotic communities within these ponds consist of a few
      core taxa and numerous accessory members that likely afford resiliency and
      functional redundancy including roles in iron-, nitrogen- and sulfur-cycling,
      syntrophy, fermentation, and methanogenesis. 

PMID- 27378622
TI  - Targeted supplementation design for improved production and quality of enveloped
      viral particles in insect cell-baculovirus expression system.
AB  - The recent approval of vaccines and gene therapy products for human use produced
      in the Insect Cell-Baculovirus Expression Vector System (IC-BEVS) underlines the
      high potential and versatility of this platform. The interest in developing
      robust production processes emerges to cope with manufacturing pressure, as well
      as stringent product quality guidelines. Previously, we addressed the impact of
      the baculovirus infection on the physiology of insect host cell lines,
      identifying key cellular pathways enrolled in heterologous gene/protein
      expression. In the present work, this knowledge was applied to design tailored
      media supplementation schemes to boost IC-BEVS production yields and quality of
      enveloped viral particles: influenza VLPs (Inf-VLP) and baculovirus vectors (BV).
      The addition of reduced glutathione, antioxidants and polyamines increased the
      cell specific yields of baculovirus particles up to 3 fold. Cholesterol was
      identified as the most critical system booster, capable of improving 2.5 and 6
      fold cell specific yields of BV and Inf-VLPs, respectively. Surprisingly, the
      combination of polyamines and cholesterol supplementation improved baculovirus
      stock quality, by preventing the accumulation of non-infectious particles during
      viral replication while selectively increasing infectious particles production.
      In addition, the specific yields of both enveloped viral particles, BVs and Inf
      VLPs, were also increased. The correlation between supplement addition and
      systems productivity was extensively analyzed, providing a critical assessment on
      final product quantity and quality as drivers of bioprocess optimization efforts.

PMID- 27378621
TI  - Screening of recombinant glycosyltransferases reveals the broad acceptor
      specificity of stevia UGT-76G1.
AB  - UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are a promising class of biocatalysts that offer
      a sustainable alternative for chemical glycosylation of natural products. In this
      study, we aimed to characterize plant-derived UGTs from the GT-1 family with an
      emphasis on their acceptor promiscuity and their potential application in
      glycosylation processes. Recombinant expression in E. coli provided sufficient
      amounts of enzyme for the in-depth characterization of the salicylic acid UGT
      from Capsella rubella (UGT-SACr) and the stevia UGT from Stevia rebaudiana (UGT
      76G1Sr). The latter was found to have a remarkably broad specificity with
      activities on a wide diversity of structures, from aliphatic and branched
      alcohols, over small phenolics to larger flavonoids, terpenoids and even higher
      glycoside compounds. As an example for its industrial potential, the
      glycosylation of curcumin was thoroughly evaluated. Under optimized conditions,
      96% of curcumin was converted within 24h into the corresponding curcumin beta
      glycosides. In addition, the reaction was performed in a coupled system with
      sucrose synthase from Glycine max, to enable the cost-efficient (re)generation of
      UDP-Glc from sucrose as abundant and renewable resource. 

PMID- 27378623
TI  - Effects of antiretroviral treatment on paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in rats.
AB  - Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), especially protease inhibitors
      (PIs), commonly used in HIV-infected patients, effectively suppresses a viral
      replication. However, it is frequently associated with significant side effects,
      including fat redistribution, lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance
      and diabetes mellitus. Currently, metabolic complications and atherosclerosis
      resulting from them become the major cause of mortality in HIV-infected patients
      receiving HAART. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is the HDL-bound esterase, which inhibits
      development of atherosclerosis by decomposing lipid peroxidation products and
      hydrolyzing homocysteine thiolactone. The aim of this study was to characterize
      the effects of HIV protease inhibitors on PON1 activity, total plasma
      homocysteine and protein-bound homocysteine thiolactone as well as lipid profile
      in rats. The study was performed on seven groups of male Wistar rats: (1)
      control; (2) and (3) receiving ritonavir (RTV) at doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg,
      respectively; (4) and (5) receiving atazanavir (ATV) at 10 and 100 mg/kg,
      respectively; (6) and (7) receiving saquinavir (SQV) at 10 and 50 mg/kg,
      respectively. All drugs were administered orally for 4 weeks. Compared to control
      animals, rats receiving PIs had significantly higher concentration of
      triglycerides and total cholesterol, but the levels of HDL-cholesterol were not
      different between groups. PON1 activity toward paraoxon was decreased in groups
      receiving PIs (control: 149 +/- 5 U/ml; PIs-treated: RTV at doses 10 mg/kg 133 +/
      9.5  U/ml, RTV at doses 50 mg/kg 134 +/- 10.8 U/ml, SQV at doses 10 mg/kg 131 +/
      9.2 U/ml, ATV at doses 10 mg/kg 132 +/- 11.8 U/ml, ATV at doses 100 mg/kg 108 +/
      7.8 U/ml). ATV reduced total homocysteine level around 25-28%, whereas other PIs
      had no effect on its concentration. In contrast, 10-15% increase in protein-bound
      homocysteine thiolactone was observed in PIs-receiving groups, such as RTV10,
      RTV50, SQV50, ATV10. In conclusion, dyslipidemia induced by PIs is associated
      with reduced PON1 activity as well as increased protein homocysteinylation. PON1
      deficiency may contribute to increased risk of atherosclerosis in these patients.

PMID- 27378625
TI  - Oxidative stress, polarization of macrophages and tumour angiogenesis: Efficacy
      of caffeic acid.
AB  - Macrophage polarization is a process when macrophage expresses different
      functional programs in response to microenvironmental signals and two extreme
      forms exist; M1 and M2 macrophages. M1 macrophages are highly microbicidal and
      anticancer with enhanced ability to kill and phagocytose pathogens, upregulate
      pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive molecular species, and present antigens;
      M2 macrophages and the related tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) regulate
      tissue remodelling and promote tissue repair and angiogenesis and can
      amplification of metabolic pathways that can suppress adaptive immune responses.
      It is demonstrated that ROS production, critical for the activation and functions
      of M1 macrophages, is necessary for the differentiation of M2 macrophages and
      TAMs, and that antioxidant therapy blocks TAMs differentiation and tumorigenesis
      in mouse models of cancer. In order to study how caffeic acid (CA), a natural
      antioxidant, affects macrophage function, polarization, angiogenesis and tumour
      growth we injected mice with Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) cells and treated them
      for 10 days with CA in a dose of 40 and/or 80 mg kg(-1.) Macrophage polarization
      was further characterized by quantifying secreted pro- and anti-inflammatory
      cytokines, nitric oxide and arginase 1 activity. CA may increase the cytotoxic
      actions of M1 macrophages and inhibit tumour growth; inhibitory activity on TAMs
      may be mediated through its antioxidative activity. Taken together, we conclude
      that the antitumour activity of CA was the result of the synergistic activities
      of different mechanisms by which CA acts on proliferation, angiogenesis,
      immunomodulation and survival. The continuous administration of CA efficiently
      blocked the occurrence of TAMs and markedly suppressed tumorigenesis in mouse
      cancer models. Targeting TAMs by antioxidants can be a potentially effective
      method for cancer treatment. 

PMID- 27378624
TI  - Selective inhibition of JAK2/STAT1 signaling and iNOS expression mediates the
      anti-inflammatory effects of coniferyl aldehyde.
AB  - Urgent needs still exist for selective control of excessive inflammation. Despite
      the therapeutic potential of natural compounds against inflammation-associated
      chronic conditions, lack of specific molecular targets renders these bioactive
      compounds difficult for further development. Here we examined the bioactivity of
      coniferyl aldehyde (CA), a natural phenolic compound found in several dietary
      substances and medicinal plants, elucidating its efficacy both in vivo and in
      vitro with underlying molecular mechanisms. IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha-stimulated human
      keratinocytes and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages were
      used to examine the effect of CA in vitro and to elucidate the underlying
      mechanisms. In vivo models of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear
      edema and carrageenan (CRG)-induced paw edema were employed to investigate the
      topical and systemic anti-inflammatory effects of CA, respectively. CA
      significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide
      synthase (iNOS) expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. While nuclear factor
      kappaB (NF-kappaB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) pathways, the
      representative cellular pathways for iNOS induction, were not affected by CA,
      phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal Transducers and Activators of
      Transcription 1 (STAT1) and subsequent nuclear translocation of p-STAT1 were
      significantly decreased by CA. The effect of CA on JAK2-STAT1-iNOS axis was also
      observed in human keratinocytes stimulated with IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha. Topical
      application of CA to mice produced significant protection against TPA-induced ear
      edema along with suppressed epidermal hyperproliferation and leucocyte
      infiltration. Systemic administration of CA significantly reduced CRG-induced paw
      edema in rats, where CRG-induced iNOS expression and STAT1 phosphorylation were
      decreased by CA. In summary, CA has significant anti-inflammatory properties both
      in vitro and in vivo, mediated by significant selective inhibition of JAK2-STAT1
      iNOS signaling. CA is an attractive novel candidate for treating inflammatory
      diseases associated with excessive production of NO. 

PMID- 27378626
TI  - Isolation and characterization of alborixin from Streptomyces scabrisporus: A
      potent cytotoxic agent against human colon (HCT-116) cancer cells.
AB  - The ethyl acetate extract from the fermentation broth of an actinomycete strain,
      identified as Streptomyces scabrisporus isolated from soil of Kashmir Himalayas -
      India, exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against a panel of human cancer
      cell lines. The active fraction subjected to column chromatography led to the
      isolation of pharmacologically potent anticancer compound whose structure was
      established to be alborixin on the basis of spectral data analysis. The compound
      exhibited antiproliferative activity against panel of cell lines N2a, MCF-7,
      MiaPaca-2, PC-3, HCT-116, MDA-MB-231, HL-60 and A-549 cells with IC50 of 9.7,
      15.4, 7.2, 8.1, 3.2, 9.7, 7.5 and 11.5 MUM respectively. Alborixin displayed the
      maximum cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells and
      therefore further studies were carried on this cell line. Alborixin decreased the
      clonogenic potential of HCT-116 cells in a dose dependent manner. It induced
      apoptotic cell death in HCT116 cells that were confirmed by Flow cytometric
      analysis of Annexin V/PI staining and microscopic examination of cellular
      morphology through DAPI-stained cells. Biochemical evidence of apoptosis came
      from elevating the intracellular ROS level that was accompanied by mitochondrial
      membrane potential loss, decreasing the expression profile of anti-apoptotic
      protein Bcl-2, whereas it augments cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP-1, activates
      caspase-8 and 9 with concomitant increase in expression of proapoptotic protein
      Bax in a dose dependent manner. These results indicate that alborixin obtained
      from Streptomyces scabrisporus IIIM55 induces apoptotic cell death in colon
      cancer cells HCT-116 and can be further evaluated for its potential as an
      anticancer agent. 

PMID- 27378627
TI  - Expression of globular form acetylcholinesterase is not altered in P2Y1R knock
      out mouse brain.
AB  - Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator, has
      been shown to be co-stored and co-released with acetylcholine (ACh) at the pre
      synaptic vesicles in vertebrate neuromuscular junction (nmj). Several lines of
      studies demonstrated that binding of ATP to its corresponding P2Y1 receptors
      (P2Y1R) in muscle and neuron regulated the post-synaptic gene expressions.
      Indeed, the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in muscle was markedly
      decreased in P2Y1R-/- (P2Y1R knock-out) mice. In order to search for possible
      role of P2Y1R in cholinergic function of the brain, the expression of globular
      form AChE was determined in the brain of P2Y1R-/- mice. In contrast to that in
      muscle, the amounts of AChE activity, AChE catalytic subunit, structure subunit
      PRiMA and the amount of ACh, in the brain were not, significantly, altered,
      suggesting the role of P2Y1R in neuron could have different function as that in
      muscle. However, the expressions of a series of neuronal development markers,
      i.e. neurofilaments, were reduced in P2Y1R-/- mouse brain, indicating P2Y1R may
      be involved in neuronal development process.

PMID- 27378629
TI  - Determination of arsenic species in Solanum Lyratum Thunb using capillary
      electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
AB  - A simple and highly efficient interface to couple capillary electrophoresis with
      inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry by a microflow polyfluoroalkoxy
      nebulizer and a quadruple ion deflector was developed in this study. By using
      this interface, six arsenic species, including arsenite, arsenate,
      monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine,
      were baseline-separated and determined in a single run within 11 min under the
      optimized separation conditions. The instrumental detection limit was in the
      range of 0.02-0.06 ng/mL for the six arsenic compounds. Repeatability expressed
      as the relative standard deviation (n = 5) of both migration time and peak area
      were better than 2.5 and 4.3% for six arsenic compounds. The proposed method,
      combined with a closed-vessel microwave-assisted extraction procedure, was
      successfully applied for the determination of arsenic species in the Solanum
      Lyratum Thunb samples from Anhui province in China with the relative standard
      deviations (n = 5) <=4%, method detection limits of 0.2-0.6 ng As/g and a
      recovery of 98-104%. The experimental results showed that arsenobetaine was the
      main speciation of arsenic in the Solanum Lyratum Thunb samples from different
      provinces in China, with a concentration of 0.42-1.30 MUg/g. 

PMID- 27378630
TI  - An investigation of the usability of sound recognition for source separation of
      packaging wastes in reverse vending machines.
AB  - In this study, we investigate the usability of sound recognition for source
      separation of packaging wastes in reverse vending machines (RVMs). For this
      purpose, an experimental setup equipped with a sound recording mechanism was
      prepared. Packaging waste sounds generated by three physical impacts such as free
      falling, pneumatic hitting and hydraulic crushing were separately recorded using
      two different microphones. To classify the waste types and sizes based on sound
      features of the wastes, a support vector machine (SVM) and a hidden Markov model
      (HMM) based sound classification systems were developed. In the basic
      experimental setup in which only free falling impact type was considered, SVM and
      HMM systems provided 100% classification accuracy for both microphones. In the
      expanded experimental setup which includes all three impact types, material type
      classification accuracies were 96.5% for dynamic microphone and 97.7% for
      condenser microphone. When both the material type and the size of the wastes were
      classified, the accuracy was 88.6% for the microphones. The modeling studies
      indicated that hydraulic crushing impact type recordings were very noisy for an
      effective sound recognition application. In the detailed analysis of the
      recognition errors, it was observed that most of the errors occurred in the
      hitting impact type. According to the experimental results, it can be said that
      the proposed novel approach for the separation of packaging wastes could provide
      a high classification performance for RVMs. 

PMID- 27378628
TI  - Low Merlin expression and high Survivin labeling index are indicators for poor
      prognosis in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Alterations of the tumor suppressor Neurofibromatosis type II (NF2)
      have been reported in about 40% of Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients.
      NF2 (Merlin) deficiency leads to alterations of the Hippo pathway; resulting in
      activation of the oncogenic Yes Associated Protein-1 (YAP1). Our aim was to
      investigate the association between these alterations and clinical outcomes.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tissue microarrays composed of MPM tumors derived from 2
      independent MPM cohorts were employed for this study. Immunohistochemical
      expression of Merlin, YAP1 and its target genes, Survivin and connective tissue
      growth factor (CTGF) were assessed in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. Cohort 1
      was comprised of 145 patients intended to be treated with chemotherapy (CTX)
      followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP), thus both pre- and post-CTX tissues
      were available. Cohort 2 was comprised of 59 patients treated with EPP followed
      by intraoperative hyperthermic cisplatin and/or adjuvant CTX and/or radiotherapy.
      Marker expression was quantified by means of labeling index (%) for nuclear
      Survivin and by H-score for the other markers. The dichotomized marker expression
      was tested for the association with overall survival (OS) and freedom from
      recurrence (FFR). RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed a significant
      association between low cytoplasmic Merlin expression in pre-induction CTX
      tissues of cohort 1 with shorter FFR (p = 0.02) and OS (p = 0.03). The same
      tendency was observed in the chemotherapy naive tissues obtained during EPP of
      cohort 2. Low nuclear Merlin expression in post-CTX tissues (available from
      cohort 1 only) was associated with shorter FFR (p = 0.04) and OS (p = 0.05). High
      nuclear Survivin labeling indices in both pre- and post-CTX tissues of cohort 1
      was associated with shorter FFR (p = 0.02). In cohort 2, this was associated with
      both FFR and OS (p = 0.046 and p = 0.002, respectively). In multivariate
      analysis, low expression of cytoplasmic Merlin remained an independent
      prognosticator for shorter FFR of cohort 1 [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.5, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) = 0.3-0.9, p = 0.001] and OS [HR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-1,
      p = 0.04]. High Survivin labeling index was an independent prognostic factor for
      shorter FFR in patients from cohort 1 [HR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.7-6.8, p = 0.006] and
      shorter OS in patients from cohort 2 [HR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.27-4.33, p = 0.006].
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings uncover the significance of Merlin protein expression
      and Survivin labeling index as prognosticators for poor clinical outcome in two
      independent MPM cohorts. If confirmed, these markers may be used to identify
      subgroups of patients benefitting from additional treatment.

PMID- 27378631
TI  - Signs of low-grade systemic inflammation in female offspring of women with type 1
      diabetes: The EPICOM study.

PMID- 27378632
TI  - Effect of Total Joint Arthroplasty Surgical Day of the Week on Length of Stay and
      Readmissions: A Clinical Pathway Approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The demand for total joint arthroplasty (TJA) is increasing at the
      same time that alternative payment models place increased scrutiny on the cost of
      these procedures. Using a clinical pathway model, this study aimed to examine the
      effect of day of surgery on length of stay (LOS). METHODS: A retrospective
      electronic chart review was conducted on 2968 cases over 20 months at a single
      hospital. Least square means analysis of the effect of surgical day of the week
      on LOS was conducted using Statistical Analysis Software 9.3, followed by Tukey's
      multiple comparison test. Logistic regression assessed the effect of surgical day
      of week on readmission. RESULTS: Within the primary TJA group, there was no
      significant difference in mean LOS for each day of the week (1.17, 1.32, 1.29,
      1.27, and 1.27 for Monday through Friday, respectively). Of all days, mean LOS
      for revision TJA (1.51, 1.57, 1.57, 2.49, and 2.03) only differed significantly
      for Thursday (P < .0001), although in adjusted analysis with age and American
      Society of Anesthesiologist, this difference was no longer significant (P =
      .3954). Readmission was likewise not significantly affected by surgical day of
      week (chi sq = 1.426, P = .8396) in the sample. CONCLUSION: As the volume of
      joint arthroplasties increases and alternative payment models are implemented,
      programs that promote decreased LOS regardless of operative day of the week are
      critical. Practices can use clinical pathway models to reduce costs related to
      LOS while maintaining a high level of patient care.

PMID- 27378633
TI  - Effect of Preoperative Leg Length Discrepancy on Functional Outcome and Patient
      Satisfaction After Total Hip Arthroplasty in Cases of Osteonecrosis of the
      Femoral Head.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Severe preoperative leg length discrepancy (LLD) can lead to poor
      preoperative functional status in patients with extensive osteonecrosis of the
      femoral head (ONFH). This study aimed to assess the effect of preoperative LLD on
      functional outcomes and patient satisfaction post-total hip arthroplasty (THA) in
      ONFH patients. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with severe LLD (>=15 mm) and 44
      patients with mild LLD (<15 mm) on preoperative radiographs were enrolled as the
      study group and control group, respectively. All 66 patients were diagnosed with
      unilateral ONFH. Patients' functional outcomes (Harris Hip Score [HHS], Oxford
      Hip Score [OHS], patient-perceived LLD, Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] pain score,
      and Limping Assessment]) and satisfaction (self-administered patient satisfaction
      scale) were evaluated at 3 and 12 months after THA. RESULTS: At 3 months after
      THA, the study group had poorer outcomes in terms of the HHS (P = .002) and OHS
      (P = .002), a higher prevalence of patient-perceived LLD (P = .002), and worse
      limping (P < .001) than the control group, but the self-administered patient
      satisfaction scale and VAS pain scores did not differ. However, improvements in
      the HHS and OHS from preoperative assessment to 3 months were comparable in both
      groups. At 12 months after THA, there were no significant differences in
      functional outcomes or self-satisfaction, and the study group showed
      significantly greater improvements from preoperative assessment to 12 months (P <
      .05). CONCLUSION: Patients with severe LLD experienced similar improvement at 3
      months after THA as those with mild LLD in terms of the HHS and OHS but showed
      greater improvement at 12 months postoperatively than patients with mild LLD.

PMID- 27378634
TI  - Is Outpatient Arthroplasty as Safe as Fast-Track Inpatient Arthroplasty? A
      Propensity Score Matched Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the emerging fiscal climate of value-based decision-making and
      shared risk and remuneration, outpatient total joint arthroplasty is attractive
      provided the incidence of costly complications is comparable to contemporary
      "fast-track" inpatient pathways. METHODS: All patients undergoing total hip
      arthroplasty or total knee arthroplasty between 2011 and 2013 were selected from
      the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
      database. A propensity score was used to match 1476 fast-track (<=2 day length of
      stay) inpatients with 492 outpatients (3:1 ratio). Thirty-day complication,
      reoperation, and readmission rates were compared, both during and after
      hospitalization. Logistic regression was used to calculate propensity score
      adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS: After matching, outpatients had higher rates of
      medical complication (anytime, 10.0% vs 6.7%, P = .018; post discharge, 6.3% vs
      1.1%, P < .001). Most complications were bleeding requiring transfusion, which
      occurred at similar rates after surgery but at higher rates post discharge in
      outpatients (anytime, 7.5% outpatients vs 5.6% inpatients, P = .113; post
      discharge, 4.1% outpatients vs 0.1% inpatients, P < .001). There was no
      difference in readmission rate (2.4% outpatient vs 2.0% inpatient, P = .589).
      CONCLUSION: Outpatients experience higher rates of post-discharge complications,
      which may countermand cost savings. Surgeons wishing to implement outpatient
      total joint arthroplasty clinical pathways must focus on preventing post
      discharge medical complications to include blood management strategies.

PMID- 27378635
TI  - Epidemiology of Dislocation Following Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty: A
      Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cumulative mid- to long-term risk of dislocation following total
      hip arthroplasty is considerably greater than has been reported in short-term
      studies. We retrospectively investigated the epidemiology of first-time
      dislocation following total hip arthroplasty using 28-mm heads through the direct
      anterior approach in patients with hip dysplasia who were followed up for more
      than 5 years. METHODS: The operative records of 871 hips in 790 consecutive
      patients were reviewed to determine the incidence of postoperative first-time
      dislocation. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration was 7.8 (range, 5.6-11.7)
      years. The direct anterior approach was used for all hips. Postoperative
      dislocation was observed in 8 hips (0.92%) in 8 patients. First-time dislocation
      occurred during the first 3 weeks in 6 hips (75%). The cumulative risk of
      postoperative dislocation was 0.69% at 1 month, 0.80% at 1 year, and 0.93% at 5
      years. One patient underwent revision surgery for recurrent dislocation within
      the first month due to malalignment of the cup. CONCLUSION: Our findings
      demonstrated that the direct anterior approach limits the time of dislocation to
      the very early postoperative period; that is, the risk of a first-time
      dislocation after the first month is considerably low. Preserving muscular
      structures may contribute to continuous dynamic stability of the hip, which could
      explain the slight increase in the cumulative risk of first-time dislocation.

PMID- 27378636
TI  - Patient Perception of Value in Bundled Payments for Total Joint Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A central concern for providers in a bundled payment model is
      determining how the bundle is distributed. Prior studies have shown that current
      reimbursement rates are often not aligned with patients' values. While
      willingness-to-pay (WTP) surveys are perhaps useful in a fee-for-service
      arrangement to determine overall reimbursement, the percentage of payment
      distribution might be as or more important in a bundled payment model. METHODS:
      All patients undergoing primary total joint arthroplasty by a single surgeon were
      offered participation in a preoperative WTP survey. At a minimum 3 months
      postoperatively, patients were mailed instructions for an online follow-up survey
      asking how they would allocate a hypothetical bonus payment. RESULTS: From
      January through December 2014, 45 patients agreed to participate in the
      preoperative WTP survey. Twenty patients who were minimum 3 months postoperative
      also completed the follow-up survey. Patients valued total knee and hip
      arthroplasty at $28,438 (95% confidence interval [CI]: $20,551-36,324) and
      $39,479 (95% CI: $27,848-$51,112), respectively. At 3 months postoperatively,
      patients distributed a hypothetical bonus payment 55.5% to the surgeon (95% CI:
      47.8%-63.1%), 38% to the hospital (95% CI: 30.3%-45.7%), and 6.5% (95% CI: -1.2%
      to 14.2%) to the implant manufacturer (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The data suggest
      that total joint arthroplasty patients have vastly different perceptions of
      payment distributions than what actually exists. In contrast to the findings of
      this study, the true distribution of payments for an episode of care averages 65%
      to the hospital, 27% to the implant manufacturer, and 8% to the surgeon. While
      many drivers of payment distribution exist, this study suggests that patients
      would allocate a larger proportion of a bundled payment to surgeons than is
      currently disbursed. This finding may also provide a plausible explanation for
      patients' consistent overestimation of surgeon reimbursements.

PMID- 27378637
TI  - Outcome of Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty in Management of Failed Metal-on-Metal
      Hip Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This is a retrospective review of the functional outcomes and
      complications of revision total hip arthroplasty (THA) of failed metal-on-metal
      (MoM) hip arthroplasty. METHODS: A total of 20 revision THAs were performed in 19
      patients. Of them, 2 cases were failed hip resurfacing, and 18 cases were failed
      (MoM) THA. The mean age at revision (THA) was 59.35 years (standard deviation
      [SD] 9.83). RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 45 months (SD 13.98). The indications
      of revision were aseptic loosening of acetabular component without adverse local
      tissue reaction (ALTR; 10 hips), aseptic loosening of the acetabular and femoral
      components without ALTR (1 hip), painful hip associated with ALTR (6 hips),
      iliopsoas impingement associated with a large-diameter femoral head or
      malpositioned acetabular component (3 hips). The acetabular components were
      revised in 18 hips using Trabecular Metal Modular cups. The femoral components
      were revised in 3 hips. A constrained acetabular liner was used in 5 hips. The
      Harris hip score significantly improved from 48.4 (SD 12.98) to 83.25 (SD 10.08).
      There were 2 complications (1 foot drop and 1 superficial infection) and 1
      failure (recurrent dislocation) that required revision to a constrained liner.
      CONCLUSION: Early results of revision THA of failed MoM hip arthroplasty showed
      improvement in pain and functional outcome. No case of failed bone ingrowth was
      noted with the use of Trabecular Metal Modular cups. Extensive soft tissue and
      abductor muscles dysfunctions were common. A constrained acetabular component
      with repair of the hip abductors might be beneficial.

PMID- 27378638
TI  - Preoperative Predictors of Pain Catastrophizing, Anxiety, and Depression in
      Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The relationship between pain catastrophizing and emotional disorders
      including anxiety and depression in osteoarthritic patients undergoing total
      joint arthroplasty (TJA) is an emerging area of study. The purpose of this study
      was to examine the association of these factors with preoperative patient
      characteristics. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of preoperative TJA patients
      using the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression
      Scale (HADS-A/HADS-D) was conducted. Preoperative measures included visual analog
      pain scale (VAS), Harris Hip and Knee Society scores, Oxford Score, and Kellgren
      Lawrence grade. Logistic and quantile regression were used to assess the
      relationship between preoperative characteristics and PCS or HADS, adjusting for
      covariate effects. RESULTS: We recruited 463 TJA patients. VAS pain (odds ratio
      [OR] 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.45) and Oxford (OR 1.13; 95% CI
      1.07-1.20) were significant predictors for PCS and its subdomains excluding
      rumination. Oxford was the only significant predictor for abnormal HADS-A (OR
      1.10; 95% CI 1.04-1.17). VAS pain (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.02-1.52) and Oxford (OR
      1.09; 95% CI 1.01-1.17) were significant predictors for abnormal HADS-D. The
      quantile regression showed similar patterns of association, with female gender,
      younger age, and higher ASA also associated with HADS-A. CONCLUSION: The most
      important predictor of catastrophizing, anxiety and/or depression in TJA patients
      is preoperative pain and poor subjective function. At-risk patients include those
      with increased pain and generally good clinical function, as well as younger
      women with significant comorbidities. Such patients should be identified and
      targeted psychological therapy implemented preoperatively to optimize coping
      strategies and adaptive behavior to mitigate potential for inferior TJA outcomes
      including pain and patient dissatisfaction.

PMID- 27378639
TI  - Alumina Delta-on-Highly Crosslinked-Remelted Polyethylene Bearing in Cementless
      Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients Younger than 50 Years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the clinical
      and radiographic results, prevalence of polyethylene wear and osteolysis, and
      fracture of alumina delta ceramic femoral head or highly crosslinked, remelted
      polyethylene (HXLPE) liner associated with the use of alumina delta ceramic
      femoral head-on-HXLPE bearing in cementless total hip arthroplasty in patients
      younger than 50 years. METHODS: We reviewed the cases of 119 patients (130 hips)
      who underwent a cementless total hip arthroplasty using alumina delta ceramic-on
      HXLPE bearing when they were 50 years or younger at the time of surgery. The most
      common diagnoses were osteonecrosis (51%) and osteoarthritis secondary to
      developmental dysplastic hip (39%). Osteolysis and polyethylene wear rates were
      evaluated with use of radiography and computed tomography. In addition,
      prevalence of fracture of alumina delta ceramic head and polyethylene line was
      documented. The mean follow-up was 8.3 years (range, 7-9 years). RESULTS: The
      mean Harris hip score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis
      Index score, University of California, Los Angeles activity score were 94 points,
      14 points, and 8.1 points, respectively, at the final follow-up. No patient had
      thigh pain. All acetabular components and all but one femoral components were
      well fixed. The mean annual penetration rate of femoral head was 0.022 +/- 0.003
      mm/year. No hip had osteolysis or ceramic head or HXLPE liner fracture.
      CONCLUSION: Our average 8.3-year results with the use of alumina delta ceramic-on
      HXLPE bearing in the patients younger than 50 years suggest that cementless
      acetabular and femoral components provide a high survival rate without evidence
      of osteolysis or ceramic head or AXLPE liner fracture.

PMID- 27378640
TI  - Proximal Femur Bone Density Decreases up to 5 Years After Total Hip Arthroplasty
      in Young, Active Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The number of young, active patients undergoing hip arthroplasty
      continues to increase. The purpose of this study was to evaluate femoral bone
      density over a 5-year period after hip arthroplasty in young, active patients.
      METHODS: A total of 96 patients (103 hips) with a presymptomatic University of
      California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score >=6 who had a total hip arthroplasty (THA;
      45 hips) or surface replacement arthroplasty (SRA; 58 hips) were prospectively
      enrolled. UCLA and Harris Hip Scores were collected preoperatively and
      postoperatively, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were performed at 6
      weeks, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years postoperatively. Bone density was
      analyzed for 7 traditional Gruen zones in both groups and 6 femoral neck zones in
      the SRA group. Bone density ratios were calculated for change in bone density
      compared with baseline. RESULTS: No differences were present in the preoperative
      or postoperative UCLA or Harris Hip Scores between the SRA and THA cohorts (P =
      .07-.7). In the THA group, bone density never returned to baseline during the 5
      year period in Gruen zones 1 (91.2% of baseline), 2 (94.8%), 6 (97.3%), and 7
      (89.2%). There were no decreases in bone mineral density ratio for the femoral
      Gruen zones in the SRA group at any interval. Femoral neck bone density after SRA
      increased on the lateral, tension side up to 5 years postoperatively (P < .0001).
      CONCLUSION: Young, active patients undergoing THA with cementless femoral
      fixation demonstrate reductions in bone density in the proximal femur in Gruen
      zones 1, 2, and 7 over time.

PMID- 27378641
TI  - Letter to the Editor on "What Do Scottish Patients Expect of Their Total Knee
      Arthroplasty?".

PMID- 27378642
TI  - Improved Resistance to Neck-Liner Impingement in Second-Generation Highly
      Crosslinked Polyethylene-The Role of Vitamin E and Crosslinks.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radiation crosslinking of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
      (UHMWPE) results in the reduced tensile strength and fracture toughness as an
      expense of dramatic increase in the wear resistance. Clinical rim fracture has
      been reported due to neck-liner impingement on a first-generation highly
      crosslinked UHMWPE acetabular component. The objective of this study was to
      investigate whether a second-generation, vitamin E-blended highly crosslinked
      UHMWPE possesses the improved impingement resistance. METHODS: Cyclic impingement
      testing was performed in a variety of UHMWPE acetabular components (vitamin E
      free or blended, noncrosslinked or highly crosslinked, and GUR1050 or GUR1020)
      with the same design specification. The kinematics used to reproduce the neck
      liner impingement was a uniaxial fatigue compression in concert with an axial
      rotational torque. After the test, the geometry and morphological changes were
      characterized by coordinate measuring machine, scanning electron microscopy, and
      confocal Raman microspectroscopy. RESULTS: A total of 300-kGy irradiated and
      annealed GUR1050 liner resulted in a significant geometry change and microcracks
      on the rim surface after the test. However, regardless of the similar level of
      crosslinking, much less damage was noted in the 300-kGy irradiated GUR1050 liner
      blended with vitamin E at a concentration of 3000 ppm. On the other hand, vitamin
      E-blended noncrosslinked GUR1050 exhibited an extensive microscopic fibrillation
      and folding on the impinged surface. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that
      vitamin E-blending into UHMWPE has compensated the negative effect of toughness
      decrease induced by radiation crosslinking. We concluded that the coexistence of
      vitamin E and crosslinks can restrain impingement damage more effectively than
      either of them.

PMID- 27378643
TI  - Disparities in Discharge Destination After Lower Extremity Joint Arthroplasty:
      Analysis of 7924 Patients in an Urban Setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Discharge destination is an important factor to consider to maximize
      care coordination and manage patient expectations after total joint arthroplasty
      (TJA). It also has significant impact on the cost-effectiveness of these
      procedures given the significant cost of post-acute inpatient care. Therefore,
      understanding factors that impact discharge destination after TJA is critical.
      METHODS: An evaluation of socioeconomic, geographic, and racial/ethnic factors
      associated with discharge destination to either home or institution (ie,
      rehabilitation, skilled nursing facility, and so forth) following joint
      arthroplasty of the lower extremity was conducted. We analyzed data on patients
      admitted between 2011 and 2014 for primary or revision hip or knee arthroplasty
      at a single institution. Bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques were
      applied to determine associations. RESULTS: Included in the analysis were 7924
      cases of lower extremity joint procedures, of which 4836 (61%), 785 (10%), and
      2770 (35%) were of female gender, low socioeconomic status, and nonwhite
      race/ethnicity, respectively. A total of 5088 (64%) and 2836 (36%) cases were
      discharged to home and institution, respectively. Significant predictors of
      discharge to an institution in the multivariate analysis include SES (low and
      middle SES [odds ratio {OR}: 1.27, 95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.02-1.57, P =
      .029; and OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.10-1.44, P = .001]), age (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.049
      1.060, P < .001), female gender (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.52-1.89, P < .001) and TKA
      procedure (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.33-1.64, P < .001). Patients of nonblack
      race/ethnicity were more likely to be discharged home (white OR: 0.84, 95% CI:
      0.72-0.98, P = .027; other OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.67-0.95, P = .009). CONCLUSION:
      Socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity are important factors related to
      discharge destination following TJA. Thoroughly understanding and addressing
      these factors may help increase the rates of discharge to home as opposed to
      institution.

PMID- 27378644
TI  - Incidence, Risk Factors, and Sources of Sepsis Following Total Joint
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a rare but serious complication following total joint
      arthroplasty (TJA). Common sources include urinary tract infection (UTI),
      surgical site infection (SSI), and pneumonia. The purpose of this study is to
      characterize the incidence, risk factors, and sources of sepsis following TJA.
      METHODS: Patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty or total knee
      arthroplasty during 2005-2013 were identified in the American College of Surgeons
      National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Independent associations
      were tested for using multivariate regression adjusting for baseline
      characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 117,935 patients were identified (45,612
      undergoing total hip arthroplasty and 72,323 undergoing total knee arthroplasty).
      Of these, 402 (0.34%) developed sepsis following surgery. Patients who developed
      sepsis had an elevated mortality rate (3.7% vs 0.1%, P < .001). Among the 402
      patients who developed sepsis, 124 (31%) had concomitant UTI, 110 (27%) SSI, and
      60 (15%) pneumonia. Twenty-one patients (5%) had multiple infectious sources and
      129 patients (32%) had no identifiable source. Independent risk factors for
      sepsis included greater age, male sex, functional dependence, insulin-dependent
      diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, current smoker,
      and greater operative time. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the rate of
      sepsis following TJA is about 1 in 300, and that sepsis is associated with a high
      risk of mortality. The most common sources of sepsis are UTI, SSI, and pneumonia,
      potentially accounting for at least two-thirds of cases. The information provided
      here can be used to guide the diagnostic workup of sepsis in patients following
      TJA.

PMID- 27378645
TI  - American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons-Endorsed Comorbidity Coding for
      Total Joint Arthroplasty: How Often Did We Hit the Mark With International
      Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Initiatives led by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and
      the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) have indicated a number
      of clinical risk factors associated with total joint arthroplasty that might
      reflect the complexity of contemporary hip and knee care. This study sought to
      examine the prevalence of specific International Classification of Diseases,
      Ninth Revision (ICD-9), coding with respect to an AAHKS-endorsed list of
      comorbidity codes. METHODS: An administrative data set from an academic
      arthroplasty referral center was analyzed in an attempt to measure the prevalence
      of clinical risk factors (ICD-9) endorsed by AAHKS. Total, partial, and revision
      joint arthroplasty procedures from January 1, 2012, to April 27, 2015, were
      included. Demographic data, along with diagnosis and procedural coding data, were
      collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Results analysis found a number of poorly coded
      variables. The following variables were omitted in the data: narcotic use,
      worker's compensation status, previous intra-articular infection, previous open
      reduction and internal fixation knee, and depression/psychiatric disease.
      Likewise, there was a discrepancy between the rate of ICD coding for obesity and
      body mass index measurements and categorization recorded in the clinic.
      CONCLUSION: From this single-center study, there remain opportunities for coding
      to adequately reflect the comorbidities and complexities of patients undergoing
      arthroplasty.

PMID- 27378646
TI  - The Fate of Allogeneic Femoral Head Bone Grafts Using Varus-Valgus Constrained
      Total Knee Arthroplasty in Neuropathic Joints.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess the clinical and radiological
      results of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with an allogeneic bone graft using
      varus-valgus constrained (VVC) prostheses in knees with severe bone defects and
      unstable neuropathy. METHODS: This study included 20 knees of 16 patients who
      underwent TKA between August 2001 and January 2006 due to unstable knees with
      severe bone destruction resulting from neuropathic arthritis. At the time of
      surgery, the mean age of the patients was 56 years. The mean length of the follow
      up period was 10.7 years. A VVC condylar prosthesis was used with an allogeneic
      femoral head graft to reconstruct large bony defects. Clinical results were
      evaluated using the Hospital for Special Surgery, Knee Society function, and
      Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis scores. Three
      dimensional computed tomography was used to evaluate the radiological parameters,
      which included the tibiofemoral angle, loosening or osteolysis of components, and
      incorporation of the bone graft. RESULTS: The preoperative mean Hospital for
      Special Surgery, Knee Society function, and Western Ontario and McMaster
      Universities Osteoarthritis scores were 40.5, 43.2, and 78.3, respectively, and
      these scores improved to 86.0, 64.6, and 33.8, respectively at the final follow
      up. The mean postoperative alignment was 6.1 degrees  of valgus angulation. One
      knee had instability, another knee had partial bony absorption, which was
      confirmed using 3-dimensional computed tomography, and the other 18 cases (90%)
      had satisfactory results. No cases experienced radiolucency, fracture, or
      infection. CONCLUSIONS: TKA with an allogeneic bone graft using a VVC prosthesis
      provides a viable option for the treatment of severe bone defects with soft
      tissue insufficiency in neuropathic knee arthropathy.

PMID- 27378647
TI  - Recurrent Periprosthetic Joint Infection After Irrigation and Debridement With
      Component Retention Is Most Often Due to Identical Organisms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Irrigation and debridement with prosthetic retention (I&D) is an oft
      utilized treatment option for PJI, despite its known limited success. While it is
      known that nearly half of all patients treated with I&D have recurrent infection,
      the organism persistence between infection events remains unreported. In
      addition, identifying those cases in which I&D routinely failed to eradicate the
      infection (not simply prevent recurrent infection) may allow improved patient
      selection for this less morbid procedure-a difficult task to date. METHODS: Using
      an institutional database, 146 patients (153 joints) undergoing I&D between April
      2000 and July 2013 were identified. There were 60 hips (40%). The overall success
      rate of I&D in this group was 52% (80/153). The failure group was limited to
      those patients with growth on culture at both initial failure and recurrent
      failure (46 cases). Analyses were performed to identify potential predictors of
      failed I&D and organism persistence in those cases. RESULTS: In the study group,
      83.7% (36/43) of cases failed with the same organism. Knees with failed I&D had
      an organism persistence of 92.3% (24/26) compared with 70.5% (12/17; P = .09) for
      the hip. Patients initially infected with Staphylococcus aureus (specifically
      methicillin-resistant [13/13]) had a higher risk of persistent PJI (96%; 24/25)
      compared to other organisms (66.7%; 12/18; P = .01). CONCLUSION: I&D had a
      success rate of approximately 50% and typically failed due to organism
      persistence rather than a new infection. Given that persistent infection was most
      common in knees and S aureus, I&D should have a limited role in treating PJI,
      especially in these cases.

PMID- 27378648
TI  - Targeted fluorescence imaging enhanced by 2D materials: a comparison between 2D
      MoS2 and graphene oxide.
AB  - Here we demonstrate that 2D MoS2 can enhance the receptor-targeting and imaging
      ability of a fluorophore-labelled ligand. The 2D MoS2 has an enhanced working
      concentration range when compared with graphene oxide, resulting in the improved
      imaging of both cell and tissue samples. 

PMID- 27378649
TI  - Green tea extract as an anti-browning agent for cloudy apple juice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enzymatic browning of fruits and vegetables and their products is an
      important factor worsening their quality. The influence of five green tea
      extracts at the concentrations of 1 g L-1 , 2 g L-1 and 3 g L-1 on polyphenol
      oxidase (PPO) activity in fresh cloudy apple juice was investigated. Moreover,
      PPO inhibition by tea extract and colour stability of juice during short-time
      refrigerated storage was studied. The changes of juice colour during storage was
      expressed as the total colour differences (DeltaE*), browning index (BI),
      yellowness index (YI), and the absorbance at 420 nm (A420 ). RESULTS: All
      extracts inhibited PPO activity in fresh apple juice in concentration-dependent
      manner. PPO activity in pure apple juice decreased by 7% after 48 h, whereas PPO
      activity in samples with 1 g L-1 , 2 g L-1 and 3 g L-1 tea extract decreased by
      53%, 74%, and 96%, respectively. Browning of apple juice during storage decreased
      with increased concentration of green tea extract. After 48 h, extract at 1 g L-1
      , 2 g L-1 and 3 g L-1 inhibited browning of juice expressed as BI by 48%, 60%,
      and 86%, respectively, comparing to pure apple juice. CONCLUSION: Green tea
      extract may be an effective anti-browning agent for short-time stored cloudy
      apple juices. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27378650
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Tracheobronchial lavage from a dog.

PMID- 27378651
TI  - Age-dependent effects on social interaction of NMDA GluN2A receptor subtype
      selective antagonism.
AB  - NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission is implicated in the regulation of
      normal sociability in mice. The heterotetrameric NMDA receptor is composed of two
      obligatory GluN1 and either two "modulatory" GluN2A or GluN2B receptor subunits.
      GluN2A and GluN2B-containing receptors differ in terms of their developmental
      expression, distribution between synaptic and extrasynaptic locations, and
      channel kinetic properties, among other differences. Because age-dependent
      differences in disruptive effects of GluN2A and GluN2B subtype-selective
      antagonists on sociability and locomotor activity have been reported in rats, the
      current investigation explored age-dependent effects of PEAQX, a GluN2A subtype
      selective antagonist, on sociability, stereotypic behaviors emerging during
      social interaction, and spatial working memory in 4- and 8-week old male Swiss
      Webster mice. The data implicate an age-dependent contribution of GluN2A
      containing NMDA receptors to the regulation of normal social interaction in mice.
      Specifically, at a dose of PEAQX devoid of any effect on locomotor activity and
      mouse rotarod performance, the social interaction of 8-week old mice was
      disrupted without any effect on the social salience of a stimulus mouse.
      Moreover, PEAQX attenuated stereotypic behavior emerging during social
      interaction in 4- and 8-week old mice. However, PEAQX had no effect on
      spontaneous alternations, a measure of spatial working memory, suggesting that
      neural circuits mediating sociability and spatial working memory may be discrete
      and dissociable from each other. Also, the data suggest that the regulation of
      stereotypic behaviors and sociability may occur independently of each other.
      Because expression of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors occurs at a later
      developmental stage, they may be more involved in mediating the pathogenesis of
      ASDs in patients with histories of "regression" after a period of normal
      development than GluN2B receptors.

PMID- 27378652
TI  - Oviposition site selection and survival of susceptible and resistant larvae of
      Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bt and non-Bt cotton.
AB  - In Australia Bt cotton has been planted since 1996, and has greatly improved the
      control of its key target Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). There is no strong
      evidence that genetically modified cotton has been selected for significant
      physiological resistance to Bt toxin in field populations. There are many
      possible explanations for the lack of apparent selection that range from high
      compliance with the resistance management strategy for this technology to a lack
      of behavioral preference in key traits such as oviposition that could favor
      survival. To date most experiments that test oviposition of H. armigera on Bt
      cotton vs. conventional cotton have been done with susceptible moths. We
      determine the oviposition preference of a field isolated Bt resistant line of H.
      armigera and a susceptible counterpart when given a choice of non-Bt cotton and
      Bt-cotton with the same genetic background, and test whether there is any
      relationship between oviposition site selection (different plant structures) and
      the survival of the first instar larvae. Within cotton plants, our experiments
      consistently showed that both resistant and susceptible moths did not choose
      plants or plant parts that were less toxic in terms of Bt toxin on which to lay
      eggs. There was one exception in that susceptible moths were more likely to lay
      eggs on squares of Bt cotton plants than squares of non-Bt cotton. As expected,
      the mortality of susceptible H. armigera neonates was significantly higher on
      structures of Bt cotton plants than on those structures of conventional cotton,
      and survival was greater on flowers than on other structures of Bt cotton. This
      confirms opportunities for selection for resistance, and demonstrates no
      advantage in this respect to carrying resistance genes that might overcome the Bt
      toxins.

PMID- 27378653
TI  - Na3 SbS4 : A Solution Processable Sodium Superionic Conductor for All-Solid-State
      Sodium-Ion Batteries.
AB  - All-solid-state sodium-ion batteries that operate at room temperature are
      attractive candidates for use in large-scale energy storage systems. However,
      materials innovation in solid electrolytes is imperative to fulfill multiple
      requirements, including high conductivity, functional synthesis protocols for
      achieving intimate ionic contact with active materials, and air stability. A new,
      highly conductive (1.1 mS cm(-1) at 25  degrees C, Ea =0.20 eV) and dry air
      stable sodium superionic conductor, tetragonal Na3 SbS4 , is described.
      Importantly, Na3 SbS4 can be prepared by scalable solution processes using
      methanol or water, and it exhibits high conductivities of 0.1-0.3 mS cm(-1) . The
      solution-processed, highly conductive solidified Na3 SbS4 electrolyte coated on
      an active material (NaCrO2 ) demonstrates dramatically improved electrochemical
      performance in all-solid-state batteries.

PMID- 27378654
TI  - Boosting compound-protein interaction prediction by deep learning.
AB  - The identification of interactions between compounds and proteins plays an
      important role in network pharmacology and drug discovery. However,
      experimentally identifying compound-protein interactions (CPIs) is generally
      expensive and time-consuming, computational approaches are thus introduced. Among
      these, machine-learning based methods have achieved a considerable success.
      However, due to the nonlinear and imbalanced nature of biological data, many
      machine learning approaches have their own limitations. Recently, deep learning
      techniques show advantages over many state-of-the-art machine learning methods in
      some applications. In this study, we aim at improving the performance of CPI
      prediction based on deep learning, and propose a method called DL-CPI (the
      abbreviation of Deep Learning for Compound-Protein Interactions prediction),
      which employs deep neural network (DNN) to effectively learn the representations
      of compound-protein pairs. Extensive experiments show that DL-CPI can learn
      useful features of compound-protein pairs by a layerwise abstraction, and thus
      achieves better prediction performance than existing methods on both balanced and
      imbalanced datasets.

PMID- 27378655
TI  - Multilocular Facial Necrosis in a Young Boy: A Quiz.

PMID- 27378656
TI  - Restoring movement representation and alleviating phantom limb pain through short
      term neurorehabilitation with a virtual reality system.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We developed a quantitative method to measure movement
      representations of a phantom upper limb using a bimanual circle-line coordination
      task (BCT). We investigated whether short-term neurorehabilitation with a virtual
      reality (VR) system would restore voluntary movement representations and
      alleviate phantom limb pain (PLP). METHODS: Eight PLP patients were enrolled. In
      the BCT, they repeatedly drew vertical lines using the intact hand and intended
      to draw circles using the phantom limb. Drawing circles mentally using the
      phantom limb led to the emergence of an oval transfiguration of the vertical
      lines ('bimanual-coupling' effect). We quantitatively measured the degree of this
      bimanual-coupling effect as movement representations of the phantom limb before
      and immediately after short-term VR neurorehabilitation. This was achieved using
      an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS) for PLP intensity and the Short-Form
      McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ). During VR neurorehabilitation, patients wore
      a head-mounted display that showed a mirror-reversed computer graphic image of an
      intact arm (the virtual phantom limb). By intending to move both limbs
      simultaneously and similarly, the patients perceived voluntary execution of
      movement in their phantom limb. RESULTS: Short-term VR neurorehabilitation
      promptly restored voluntary movement representations in the BCT and alleviated
      PLP (NRS: p = 0.015; 39.1 +/- 28.4% relief, SF-MPQ: p = 0.015; 61.5 +/- 48.5%
      relief). Restoration of phantom limb movement representations and reduced PLP
      intensity were linearly correlated (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: VR rehabilitation may
      encourage patient's motivation and multimodal sensorimotor re-integration of a
      phantom limb and subsequently have a potent analgesic effect. SIGNIFICANCE: There
      was no objective evidence that restoring movement representation by
      neurorehabilitation with virtual reality alleviated phantom limb pain. This study
      revealed quantitatively that restoring movement representation with virtual
      reality rehabilitation using a bimanual coordination task correlated with
      alleviation of phantom limb pain.

PMID- 27378658
TI  - Risk factors' management to impact on acute coronary syndromes.

PMID- 27378657
TI  - Precise and accurate assay of pregnenolone and five other neurosteroids in monkey
      brain tissue by LC-MS/MS.
AB  - A series of steroids present in the brain have been named "neurosteroids"
      following the possibility of their role in the central nervous system impairments
      such as anxiety disorders, depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD),
      addiction, or even neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and
      Parkinson's diseases. Study of their potential role requires a sensitive and
      accurate assay of their concentration in the monkey brain, the closest model to
      the human. We have thus developed a robust, precise and accurate liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the assay of pregnenolone,
      pregnanolone, epipregnanolone, allopregnanolone, epiallopregnanolone, and
      androsterone in the cynomolgus monkey brain. The extraction method includes a
      thorough sample cleanup using protein precipitation and phospholipid removal,
      followed by hexane liquid-liquid extraction and a Girard T ketone-specific
      derivatization. This method opens the possibility of investigating the potential
      implication of these six steroids in the most suitable animal model for
      neurosteroid-related research.

PMID- 27378659
TI  - Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi): Clinical studies on a new class
      of drugs.
AB  - Sacubritil*valsartan (Entresto, Novartis, still commonly referred to as LCZ696)
      is a combination drug described as a new class of dual-acting angiotensin
      receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNi). This combination drug has been successfully
      studied in patients with heart failure with both preserved (HFpEF) and reduced
      ejection fraction (HFrEF). In this review, the evidences in patients with HFpEF
      and HFrEF are summarized, including the results of more recent studies.

PMID- 27378660
TI  - Contemporary roles of registries in clinical cardiology: Insights from Western
      and Eastern European countries.

PMID- 27378662
TI  - The diplomats.

PMID- 27378661
TI  - Coronary heart disease differences in Eastern versus Western Europe: A demanding
      situation.

PMID- 27378665
TI  - Thermodynamics of N-H bond formation in bis(phosphine) molybdenum(ii) diazenides
      and the influence of the trans ligand.
AB  - A series of bis(phosphine) molybdenum(ii) diazenides [(dppe)2Mo(NNCy)(I)],
      [(dppe)2(CH3CN)Mo(NNCy)][BArF24] and [(dppe)2)(3,5-(CF3)2C6H3CN)Mo(NNCy)][BArF24]
      (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane; Cy = cyclohexyl; ArF24 = (3,5
      (CF3)2C6H3)4) were synthesized and structurally characterized. Treatment of the
      diazenido complexes with a stoichiometric amount of [H(OEt2)2][BArF24] afforded
      the corresponding molybdenum(iv) hydrazido species [(dppe)2Mo(NNHCy)(I)][BArF24],
      [(dppe)2(CH3CN)Mo(NNHCy)][BArF24]2 and [(dppe)2(3,5
      (CF3)2C6H3CN)Mo(NNHCy)][BArF24]2, enabling the study of N-H bond dissociation
      free energies (BDFEs) in the classical Chatt-type bis(phosphine) diazenide
      platform as a function of ligand (L) trans to the nitrogenous fragment.
      Deprotonation and electrochemical experiments established that the trans nitrile
      3,5-(CF3)2C6H3CN afforded the least reducing molybdenum(iv) hydrazido complex in
      the series ( = -1.32 V vs. Fc/Fc+) with the most acidic N-H bond (pKa < 2.6,
      THF), whereas the ligands CH3CN ( = -1.60 V, pKa < 5.5) and I- ( = -2.03 V, pKa =
      9.3) gave more reducing complexes with less acidic N-H bonds. Computational (DFT)
      studies confirm weak N-H bond strengths of 32.8 (L = I-), 35.4 (L = CH3CN) and
      36.2 kcal mol-1 (L = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3CN) in the hydrazido series.

PMID- 27378666
TI  - Vascular calcification: How an evolutionary approach may help to shed light on
      its significance.

PMID- 27378667
TI  - Editorial Commentary: Sudden cardiac death: We shall never surrender.

PMID- 27378668
TI  - Enhancement of the electrical properties of silver nanowire transparent
      conductive electrodes by atomic layer deposition coating with zinc oxide.
AB  - Transparent conductive electrodes for applications in optoelectronic devices such
      as solar cells and light-emitting diodes are important components and require low
      sheet resistance and high transmittance. Herein, we report an enhancement of the
      electrical properties of silver (Ag) nanowire networks by coating with zinc oxide
      using the atomic layer deposition technique. A strong decrease in the sheet
      resistance of Ag nanowires, namely from 20-40 Omega/? to 7-15 Omega/?, was
      observed after coating with ZnO. Ag nanowire electrodes coated with 200-cycle ZnO
      by atomic layer deposition show the best quality, with a sheet resistance of 11
      Omega/? and transmittance of 75%. 

PMID- 27378669
TI  - Re: Brown, Sharma, Ardern, et al., Secular changes in the association between
      caloric intake, macronutrient intake and physical activity with obesity.

PMID- 27378670
TI  - Reprint of: Obesity and social factors.

PMID- 27378671
TI  - Reprint of: Response to the Letter to the Editor: "Re: Ruth E. Brown, Arya M.
      Sharma, Chris I. Ardern, Pedi Mirdamadi, Paul Mirdamadi and Jennifer L. Kuk,
      'Secular differences in the association between caloric intake, macronutrient
      intake, and physical activity with obesity' [Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. (2015)]".

PMID- 27378672
TI  - Reprint of: Ruth E. Brown, Arya M. Sharma, Chris I. Ardern, Pedi Mirdamadi, Paul
      Mirdamadi and Jennifer L. Kuk. "Secular differences in the association between
      caloric intake, macronutrient intake, and physical activity with obesity."
      [Obesity Research & Clinical Practice (2015)].

PMID- 27378673
TI  - High-affinity von Willebrand factor binding does not affect the anatomical or
      hepatocellular distribution of factor VIII in rats.
AB  - Essentials Von Willebrand factor (VWF) stabilizes factor VIII (FVIII) and
      prevents its premature clearance. Rat anatomical and hepatocellular distribution
      studies assessed the VWF effect on FVIII clearance. Hepatocytes and liver
      sinusoidal endothelial cells play a key role in FVIII clearance. Anatomical and
      hepatocellular distribution of FVIII is independent of high-affinity VWF binding.
      ABSTRACT: Background Von Willebrand factor (VWF) stabilizes factor VIII in the
      circulation and prevents its premature clearance. Objective To study the effects
      of VWF on FVIII clearance in rats with endogenous VWF. Methods Anatomical and
      hepatocellular distribution studies were performed in rats following intravenous
      administration of glycoiodinated recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) and a FVIII variant,
      FVIII-Y1680F, lacking high-affinity VWF binding. Radioactivity was quantified in
      organs, and in distinct liver cell populations. The role of VWF binding was also
      studied by immunohistochemical staining of rat livers perfused ex vivo with
      rFVIII alone or with a FVIII-binding VWF fragment. Results The liver was the
      predominant organ of rFVIII distribution, and a radioactivity peak was also
      observed in the intestines, suggesting FVIII secretion to the bile by
      hepatocytes. In the liver, ~60% of recovered radioactivity was associated with
      hepatocytes, 32% with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and 9% with
      Kupffer cells (KCs). When calculated per cell, 1.5-fold to 3-fold more
      radioactivity was associated with LSECs than with hepatocytes. The importance of
      hepatocytes and LSECs was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining; strong
      staining was seen in LSECs, and less intense, punctate staining in hepatocytes.
      Minor staining in KCs was observed. Comparable anatomical and hepatocellular
      distributions were observed with rFVIII and FVIII-Y1680F, and the presence of the
      VWF fragment, D'D3A1, did not change the FVIII staining pattern in intact livers.
      Conclusions The present data support FVIII clearance via the liver, with
      hepatocytes and LSECs playing a key role. High-affinity VWF binding did not alter
      the anatomical or hepatocellular distribution of FVIII.

PMID- 27378674
TI  - 15-year follow-up of the Second Nordic Mantle Cell Lymphoma trial (MCL2):
      prolonged remissions without survival plateau.
AB  - In recent decades, the prognosis of Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) has been
      significantly improved by intensified first-line regimens containing cytarabine,
      rituximab and consolidation with high-dose-therapy and autologous stem cell
      transplantation. One such strategy is the Nordic MCL2 regimen, developed by the
      Nordic Lymphoma Group. We here present the 15-year updated results of the Nordic
      MCL2 study after a median follow-up of 11.4 years: For all patients on an intent
      to-treat basis, the median overall and progression-free survival was 12.7 and 8.5
      years, respectively. The MCL International Prognostic Index (MIPI), biological
      MIPI, including Ki67 expression (MIPI-B) and the MIPI-B including mIR-18b
      expression (MIPI-B-miR), in particular, significantly divided patients into
      distinct risk groups. Despite very long response durations of the low and
      intermediate risk groups, we observed a continuous pattern of relapse and the
      survival curves never reached a plateau. In conclusion, despite half of the
      patients being still alive and 40% in first remission after more than 12 years,
      we still see an excess disease-related mortality, even among patients
      experiencing long remissions. Even though we consider the Nordic regimen as a
      very good choice of regimen, we recommend inclusion in prospective studies to
      explore the benefit of novel agents in the frontline treatment of MCL.

PMID- 27378675
TI  - Retrospective analysis of therapeutic effect and prognostic factors on early
      glottic carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of surgery, radiotherapy and
      photodynamic therapy on early glottic carcinoma and prognostic factors. METHODS:
      Retrospective analysis of 202 cases with early glottic carcinoma (Tis-T2N0M0)
      underwent surgery (n=152), radiotherapy (n=20) and PDT (n=30) from 2000 to 2013
      The KPS score, the disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), local
      control (LC), larynx preservation rate, laryngeal function were evaluated. The
      methods of chi (2)test or Fisher's exact probability method, Kaplan Meier method,
      log-rank test of Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazards model were used to
      analyze the data. RESULTS: There was no statistical significance in OS, DFS and
      LC among the three groups. The laryngeal function preservation rate of RT group,
      PDT group and Surgery group were 90%, 86.7% and 65.1% respectively, with the
      former two groups significantly superior to Surgery group. While there is no
      statistical significance between RT group and PDT group. Single factor analysis
      showed that KPS score before treatment, vocal fold mobility limitation and
      differentiation degree could have an effect on prognosis. Multivariate regression
      analyses indicated that anterior commissure invasion, T stage and KPS score
      before treatment were independent adverse prognostic factors for OS. T stage and
      differentiation degree were adverse prognostic factors for DFS. T stage was also
      an adverse factor of LC. Thirty-three cases experienced local recurrence or
      cervical lymph node metastasis. Three groups showed no statistical difference in
      local recurrence or lymph node metastasis, with twenty-two cases in Surgery
      group, four in RT group and seven in PDT group. CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic
      effect was approximate in surgery group, radiotherapy group and photodynamic
      group, and all three treatment regimens achieved good clinical effect.
      Radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy may be the first or very important
      treatment on early stage glottic squamous cell cancer (Tis~T2N0M0). However only
      6 patients underwent PDT for T2 disease, making definitive treatment conclusions
      for this subgroup unclear.

PMID- 27378676
TI  - Sinusology.
AB  - This paper presents a brief history of the successive anatomical, physiological
      and pathophysiological concepts about the paranasal sinuses. Sinusology, the
      science of the paranasal sinuses, is founded on scientific work on the production
      of nitric oxide (NO) by the sinuses and on the evo-devo theory of their
      formation. The paranasal sinuses seem to develop after regression of the
      erythropoietic marrow in the maxillary, frontal and sphenoid bones and its
      replacement by cavities filled with gas, which escapes into the nasal fossae
      through the ostium. The sinus epithelium synthesizes NO continuously. The
      paranasal sinus cavities form a compartmentalized reservoir of NO, which is
      released discontinuously in boli after an opening of the ostium. Ostium opening
      can be induced by sound vibration, either internal (humming) or external (an
      acoustic vibration added to the in-breath). NO plays the role of an "aerocrine"
      messenger between the upper and lower respiratory tracts, reducing pulmonary
      vascular resistance and facilitating alveolar oxygen transfer into the
      bloodstream. Its physiological role in arterial blood oxygenation could be
      involved in speech and singing or be activated by physiological snoring during
      sleep. Rhinology, the science of the nose, in which the evo-devo concept
      distinguishes the respiratory and the olfactory nose, is now backed up by
      sinusology. 

PMID- 27378677
TI  - Reduced Burst Release and Enhanced Oral Bioavailability in Shikimic Acid-Loaded
      Polylactic Acid Submicron Particles by Coaxial Electrospray.
AB  - In this study, using the coaxial electrospray method, we prepared submicron
      particles of the water-soluble drug shikimic acid (SA) with polylactic acid (PLA)
      as a polymer, to reduce the burst release and enhance the oral bioavailability.
      In vitro release study performed in HCl solution (pH 1.2) showed that the coaxial
      electrospray submicron particles could reduce burst release effect and presented
      a sustained release profile, compared with free SA and the particles prepared by
      electrospray method. The absorption of SA in the intestinal tract, studied using
      an in situ perfusion method in rats, also revealed jejunum as the main absorptive
      segment followed by duodenum and ileum. Moreover, the SA-loaded particles greatly
      enhanced the absorption of SA in the tested intestinal segments. The intestinal
      absorption rate was not enhanced with increasing drug concentration (5-15 MUg/mL)
      which suggested that active transport or facilitated diffusion could play vital
      role in SA absorption. In addition, the SA-loaded PLA coaxial electrospray
      particle exhibited a prolonged plasma circulation with enhanced bioavailability
      after oral administration. In all, the coaxial electrospray technique could
      provide notable advantages for the oral delivery of SA, thereby enhancing its
      clinical application.

PMID- 27378678
TI  - Subcutaneous Injection Volume of Biopharmaceuticals-Pushing the Boundaries.
AB  - Administration into the subcutaneous (SC) tissue is a typical route of delivery
      for therapeutic proteins, especially for frequent treatments, long-term regimens,
      or self-administration. It is currently believed that the maximum volume for SC
      injections is approximately 1.5 mL. Larger SC injection volumes are considered to
      be associated with injection pain and adverse events at the injection site.
      However, no controlled clinical studies and actual evidence exist to support this
      assumption. In this review, we discuss current and publically available data
      related to SC administration volumes. We conclude that injection volumes higher
      than 3.5 mL are worth exploring if required for the development of efficacious
      drug treatments. Studying tissue back pressure, injection site leakage, local
      tolerability, and injection-related adverse events, such as injection pain,
      should be considered for the development of higher SC injection volumes.

PMID- 27378679
TI  - Sitting at patients' bedsides may improve patients' perceptions of physician
      communication skills.
AB  - Sitting at a patient's bedside in the inpatient setting is recommended as a best
      practice but has not been widely adopted. Previous studies suggest that a
      physician's seated posture may increase the patient's perception of time spent in
      the room but have not included hospitalists. We performed a cluster-randomized
      trial of seated versus standing physician posture during inpatient rounds on a
      hospitalist service at an academic medical center. Patients whose physician sat
      were significantly more likely to rate their physician highly on measures of
      listening carefully and explaining things in a way that was easy to understand.
      The average time spent in the patient's room was approximately 12 minutes and was
      not affected by physician posture. Patients' perception of the time their
      physician spent in their room was not affected by physician posture. Sitting at
      the bedside during rounds does not increase the amount of time spent with the
      patient but may improve patient-physician communication. Journal of Hospital
      Medicine 2015;11:865-868. (c) 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 27378680
TI  - Early Recognition of Proteus Syndrome.
AB  - Proteus syndrome is an extremely rare mosaic condition characterized by
      progressive overgrowth of tissues due to a somatic activating mutation of the
      AKT1 gene. Distinct cutaneous features, including cerebriform connective tissue
      nevi, epidermal nevi, vascular malformations, and adipose abnormalities, can
      alert the dermatologist to the underlying condition before the onset of
      asymmetric skeletal overgrowth. We present a series of photographs documenting
      the skin and musculoskeletal changes in a patient with Proteus syndrome over the
      first 2 years of life to emphasize the key signs that a dermatologist can
      recognize to facilitate an earlier diagnosis in these patients. 

PMID- 27378681
TI  - Polio infrastructure strengthened disease outbreak preparedness and response in
      the WHO African Region.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The continuous deployments of polio resources, infrastructures and
      systems for responding to other disease outbreaks in many African countries has
      led to a number of lessons considered as best practice that need to be documented
      for strengthening preparedness and response activities in future outbreaks.
      METHODS: We reviewed and documented the influence of polio best practices in
      outbreak preparedness and response in Angola, Nigeria and Ethiopia. Data from
      relevant programmes of the WHO African Region were also analyzed to demonstrate
      clearly the relative contributions of PEI resources and infrastructure to
      effective disease outbreak preparedness and response. RESULTS: Polio resources
      including, human, financial, and logistic, tool and strategies have tremendously
      contributed to responding to diseases outbreaks across the African region. In
      Angola, Nigeria and Ethiopia, many disease epidemics including Marburg
      Hemorrhagic fever, Dengue fever, Ebola Virus Diseases (EVD), Measles, Anthrax and
      Shigella have been controlled using existing polio Eradication Initiatives
      resources. Polio staffs are usually deployed in occasions to supports outbreak
      response activities (coordination, surveillance, contact tracing, case
      investigation, finance, data management, etc.). Polio logistics such vehicles,
      laboratories were also used in the response activities to other infectious
      diseases. Many polio tools including micro planning, dashboard, guidelines, SOPs
      on preparedness and response have also benefited to other epidemic-prone
      diseases. The Countries' preparedness and response plan to WPV importation as
      well as the Polio Emergency Operation Center models were successfully used to
      develop, strengthen and respond to many other diseases outbreak with the
      implication of partners and the strong leadership and ownership of governments.
      This review has important implications for WHO/AFRO initiative to strengthening
      and improving disease outbreak preparedness and responses in the African Region
      in respect to the international health regulations core capacities.

PMID- 27378682
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27378684
TI  - GPs should have direct access to wider range of tests for suspected cancer, says
      NICE.

PMID- 27378685
TI  - Chitotriosidase as a novel biomarker of early atherosclerosis in hemodialysis
      patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Increasing evidence suggests that inflammation and increased
      macrophage activity have a central role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. It is
      shown that chitotriosidase (CHIT-1) is a marker of macrophage activity in
      atherosclerotic plaque, and is found associated with severity of atherosclerotic
      lesion. There is no data about CHIT-1 activity of hemodialysis patients in the
      literature. Thus, we hypothesized that in hemodialysis patients, CHIT-1 levels
      might be a novel biomarker in early atherosclerosis. METHODS: Forty-five
      hemodialysis patients were included in the study (age: 61.93 +/- 13.34). Intima
      media thickness (IMT) was evaluated with high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography.
      Biomarker levels were measured in serum of patients. FINDINGS: We found positive
      correlation among IMT, age (R: 0.426, P: 0.004) and, CHIT-1 value (R: 0.462, P:
      0.001) in spearman correlation analysis. When age, CRP, creatinine, P, Alb, CHIT
      1 were chosen as measures that can effect IMT in multiple regression model, IMT
      level was related with CHIT-1 (Beta: 0,396, P: 0.012) and age (Beta: 0,313 P:
      0,048) independently. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, this is the first report showing
      that serum CHIT-1 level was related independently with carotid IMT in
      hemodialysis patients. This biomarker might have an unknown role in the
      development of atherosclerosis during uremia.

PMID- 27378686
TI  - Antisense pre-treatment increases gene therapy efficacy in dystrophic muscles.
AB  - In preclinical models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, dystrophin restoration
      during adeno-associated virus (AAV)-U7-mediated exon-skipping therapy was shown
      to decrease drastically after six months in treated muscles. This decline in
      efficacy is strongly correlated with the loss of the therapeutic AAV genomes,
      probably due to alterations of the dystrophic myofiber membranes. To improve the
      membrane integrity of the dystrophic myofibers at the time of AAV-U7 injection,
      mdx muscles were pre-treated with a single dose of the peptide-phosphorodiamidate
      morpholino (PPMO) antisense oligonucleotides that induced temporary dystrophin
      expression at the sarcolemma. The PPMO pre-treatment allowed efficient
      maintenance of AAV genomes in mdx muscles and enhanced the AAV-U7 therapy effect
      with a ten-fold increase of the protein level after 6 months. PPMO pre-treatment
      was also beneficial to AAV-mediated gene therapy with transfer of micro
      dystrophin cDNA into muscles. Therefore, avoiding vector genome loss after AAV
      injection by PPMO pre-treatment would allow efficient long-term restoration of
      dystrophin and the use of lower and thus safer vector doses for Duchenne
      patients.

PMID- 27378688
TI  - Identification of plexin A4 as a novel clusterin receptor links two Alzheimer's
      disease risk genes.
AB  - Although abundant genetic and biochemical evidence strongly links Clusterin (CLU)
      to Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis, the receptor for CLU within the adult
      brain is currently unknown. Using unbiased approaches, we identified Plexin A4
      (PLXNA4) as a novel, high-affinity receptor for CLU in the adult brain. PLXNA4
      protein expression was high in brain with much lower levels in peripheral organs.
      CLU protein levels were significantly elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      of Plxna4-/- mice and, in humans, CSF levels of CLU were also associated with
      PLXNA4 genotype. Human AD brains had significantly increased the levels of CLU
      protein but decreased levels of PLXNA4 by ~50%. To determine whether PLXNA4
      levels influenced cognition, we analyzed the behaviour of Plxna4+/+, Plxna4+/-,
      and Plxna4-/- mice. In comparison to WT controls, both Plxna4+/- and Plxna4-/-
      mice were hyperactive in the open field assay while Plxna4-/- mice displayed a
      hyper-exploratory (low-anxiety phenotype) in the elevated plus maze. Importantly,
      both Plxna4+/- and Plxna4-/- mice displayed prominent deficits in learning and
      memory in the contextual fear-conditioning paradigm. Thus, even a 50% reduction
      in the level of PLXNA4 is sufficient to cause memory impairments, raising the
      possibility that memory problems seen in AD patients could be due to reductions
      in the level of PLXNA4. Both CLU and PLXNA4 have been genetically associated with
      AD risk and our data thus provide a direct relationship between two AD risk
      genes. Our data suggest that increasing the levels of PLXNA4 or targeting CLU
      PLXNA4 interactions may have therapeutic value in AD.

PMID- 27378687
TI  - Genetic ablation of IP3 receptor 2 increases cytokines and decreases survival of
      SOD1G93A mice.
AB  - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive
      neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective death of motor neurons.
      Disease pathophysiology is complex and not yet fully understood. Higher gene
      expression of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 2 gene (ITPR2), encoding
      the IP3 receptor 2 (IP3R2), was detected in sporadic ALS patients. Here, we
      demonstrate that IP3R2 gene expression was also increased in spinal cords of ALS
      mice. Moreover, an increase of IP3R2 expression was observed in other models of
      chronic and acute neurodegeneration. Upregulation of IP3R2 gene expression could
      be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine astrocytes, murine macrophages
      and human fibroblasts indicating that it may be a compensatory response to
      inflammation. Preventing this response by genetic deletion of ITPR2 from SOD1G93A
      mice had a dose-dependent effect on disease duration, resulting in a
      significantly shorter lifespan of these mice. In addition, the absence of IP3R2
      led to increased innate immunity, which may contribute to the decreased survival
      of the SOD1G93A mice. Besides systemic inflammation, IP3R2 knockout mice also had
      increased IFNgamma, IL-6 and IL1alpha expression. Altogether, our data indicate
      that IP3R2 protects against the negative effects of inflammation, suggesting that
      the increase in IP3R2 expression in ALS patients is a protective response.

PMID- 27378689
TI  - Ectodysplasin signalling deficiency in mouse models of hypohidrotic ectodermal
      dysplasia leads to middle ear and nasal pathology.
AB  - Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) results from mutation of the EDA, EDAR or
      EDARADD genes and is characterized by reduced or absent eccrine sweat glands,
      hair follicles and teeth, and defective formation of salivary, mammary and
      craniofacial glands. Mouse models with HED also carry Eda, Edar or Edaradd
      mutations and have defects that map to the same structures. Patients with HED
      have ear, nose and throat disease, but this has not been investigated in mice
      bearing comparable genetic mutations. We report that otitis media, rhinitis and
      nasopharyngitis occur at high frequency in Eda and Edar mutant mice and explore
      the pathogenic mechanisms related to glandular function, microbial and immune
      parameters in these lines. Nasopharynx auditory tube glands fail to develop in
      HED mutant mice and the functional implications include loss of lysozyme
      secretion, reduced mucociliary clearance and overgrowth of nasal commensal
      bacteria accompanied by neutrophil exudation. Heavy nasopharynx foreign body load
      and loss of gland protection alters the auditory tube gating function and the
      auditory tubes can become pathologically dilated. Accumulation of large foreign
      body particles in the bulla stimulates granuloma formation. Analysis of immune
      cell populations and myeloid cell function shows no evidence of overt immune
      deficiency in HED mutant mice. Our findings using HED mutant mice as a model for
      the human condition support the idea that ear and nose pathology in HED patients
      arises as a result of nasal and nasopharyngeal gland deficits, reduced
      mucociliary clearance and impaired auditory tube gating function underlies the
      pathological sequelae in the bulla.

PMID- 27378690
TI  - Reduction of TMEM97 increases NPC1 protein levels and restores cholesterol
      trafficking in Niemann-pick type C1 disease cells.
AB  - Niemann-Pick type C disease (NP-C) is a progressive lysosomal lipid storage
      disease caused by mutations in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes. NPC1 is essential for
      transporting cholesterol and other lipids out of lysosomes, but little is known
      about the mechanisms that control its cellular abundance and localization. Here
      we show that a reduction of TMEM97, a cholesterol-responsive NPC1-binding
      protein, increases NPC1 levels in cells through a post-transcriptional mechanism.
      Reducing TMEM97 through RNA-interference reduces lysosomal lipid storage and
      restores cholesterol trafficking to the endoplasmic reticulum in cell models of
      NP-C. In TMEM97 knockdown cells, NPC1 levels can be reinstated with wild type
      TMEM97, but not TMEM97 missing an ER-retention signal suggesting that TMEM97
      contributes to controlling the availability of NPC1 to the cell. Importantly,
      knockdown of TMEM97 also increases levels of residual NPC1 in NPC1-mutant patient
      fibroblasts and reduces cholesterol storage in an NPC1-dependent manner. Our
      findings propose TMEM97 inhibition as a novel strategy to increase residual NPC1
      levels in cells and a potential therapeutic target for NP-C.

PMID- 27378691
TI  - Long-range regulators of the lncRNA HOTAIR enhance its prognostic potential in
      breast cancer.
AB  - Predicting response to endocrine therapy and survival in oestrogen receptor
      positive breast cancer is a significant clinical challenge and novel prognostic
      biomarkers are needed. Long-range regulators of gene expression are emerging as
      promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for human diseases, so we have
      explored the potential of distal enhancer elements of non-coding RNAs in the
      prognostication of breast cancer survival. HOTAIR is a long non-coding RNA that
      is overexpressed, promotes metastasis and is predictive of decreased survival.
      Here, we describe a long-range transcriptional enhancer of the HOTAIR gene that
      binds several hormone receptors and associated transcription factors, interacts
      with the HOTAIR promoter and augments transcription. This enhancer is dependent
      on Forkhead-Box transcription factors and functionally interacts with a novel
      alternate HOTAIR promoter. HOTAIR expression is negatively regulated by
      oestrogen, positively regulated by FOXA1 and FOXM1, and is inversely correlated
      with oestrogen receptor and directly correlated with FOXM1 in breast tumours. The
      combination of HOTAIR and FOXM1 enables greater discrimination of endocrine
      therapy responders and non-responders in patients with oestrogen receptor
      positive breast cancer. Consistent with this, HOTAIR expression is increased in
      cell-line models of endocrine resistance. Analysis of breast cancer gene
      expression data indicates that HOTAIR is co-expressed with FOXA1 and FOXM1 in
      HER2-enriched tumours, and these factors enhance the prognostic power of HOTAIR
      in aggressive HER2+ breast tumours. Our study elucidates the transcriptional
      regulation of HOTAIR, identifies HOTAIR and its regulators as novel biomarkers of
      patient response to endocrine therapy and corroborates the importance of
      transcriptional enhancers in cancer.

PMID- 27378693
TI  - Dystrophin contains multiple independent membrane-binding domains.
AB  - Dystrophin is a large sub-sarcolemmal protein. Its absence leads to Duchenne
      muscular dystrophy (DMD). Binding to the sarcolemma is essential for dystrophin
      to protect muscle from contraction-induced injury. It has long been thought that
      membrane binding of dystrophin depends on its cysteine-rich (CR) domain. Here, we
      provide in vivo evidence suggesting that dystrophin contains three additional
      membrane-binding domains including spectrin-like repeats (R)1-3, R10-12 and C
      terminus (CT). To systematically study dystrophin membrane binding, we split full
      length dystrophin into ten fragments and examined subcellular localizations of
      each fragment by adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer. In skeletal
      muscle, R1-3, CR domain and CT were exclusively localized at the sarcolemma. R10
      12 showed both cytosolic and sarcolemmal localization. Importantly, the CR
      independent membrane binding was conserved in murine and canine muscles. A
      critical function of the CR-mediated membrane interaction is the assembly of the
      dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC). While R1-3 and R10-12 did not
      restore the DGC, surprisingly, CT alone was sufficient to establish the DGC at
      the sarcolemma. Additional studies suggest that R1-3 and CT also bind to the
      sarcolemma in the heart, though relatively weak. Taken together, our study
      provides the first conclusive in vivo evidence that dystrophin contains multiple
      independent membrane-binding domains. These structurally and functionally
      distinctive membrane-binding domains provide a molecular framework for dystrophin
      to function as a shock absorber and signaling hub. Our results not only shed
      critical light on dystrophin biology and DMD pathogenesis, but also provide a
      foundation for rationally engineering minimized dystrophins for DMD gene therapy.

PMID- 27378692
TI  - A recurrent p.Arg92Trp variant in steroidogenic factor-1 (NR5A1) can act as a
      molecular switch in human sex development.
AB  - Cell lineages of the early human gonad commit to one of the two mutually
      antagonistic organogenetic fates, the testis or the ovary. Some individuals with
      a 46,XX karyotype develop testes or ovotestes (testicular or ovotesticular
      disorder of sex development; TDSD/OTDSD), due to the presence of the testis
      determining gene, SRY Other rare complex syndromic forms of TDSD/OTDSD are
      associated with mutations in pro-ovarian genes that repress testis development
      (e.g. WNT4); however, the genetic cause of the more common non-syndromic forms is
      unknown. Steroidogenic factor-1 (known as NR5A1) is a key regulator of
      reproductive development and function. Loss-of-function changes in NR5A1 in 46,XY
      individuals are associated with a spectrum of phenotypes in humans ranging from a
      lack of testis formation to male infertility. Mutations in NR5A1 in 46,XX women
      are associated with primary ovarian insufficiency, which includes a lack of ovary
      formation, primary and secondary amenorrhoea as well as early menopause. Here, we
      show that a specific recurrent heterozygous missense mutation (p.Arg92Trp) in the
      accessory DNA-binding region of NR5A1 is associated with variable degree of
      testis development in 46,XX children and adults from four unrelated families.
      Remarkably, in one family a sibling raised as a girl and carrying this NR5A1
      mutation was found to have a 46,XY karyotype with partial testicular dysgenesis.
      These unique findings highlight how a specific variant in a developmental
      transcription factor can switch organ fate from the ovary to testis in mammals
      and represents the first missense mutation causing isolated, non-syndromic 46,XX
      testicular/ovotesticular DSD in humans.

PMID- 27378694
TI  - An enhanced Q175 knock-in mouse model of Huntington disease with higher mutant
      huntingtin levels and accelerated disease phenotypes.
AB  - Huntington disease (HD) model mice with heterozygous knock-in (KI) of an expanded
      CAG tract in exon 1 of the mouse huntingtin (Htt) gene homolog genetically
      recapitulate the mutation that causes HD, and might be favoured for preclinical
      studies. However, historically these mice have failed to phenotypically
      recapitulate the human disease. Thus, homozygous KI mice, which lack wildtype
      Htt, and are much less relevant to human HD, have been used. The zQ175 model was
      the first KI mouse to exhibit significant HD-like phenotypes when heterozygous.
      In an effort to exacerbate HD-like phenotypes and enhance preclinical utility, we
      have backcrossed zQ175 mice to FVB/N, a strain highly susceptible to
      neurodegeneration. These Q175F mice display significant HD-like phenotypes along
      with sudden early death from fatal seizures. The zQ175 KI allele retains a floxed
      neomycin resistance cassette upstream of the Htt gene locus and produces
      dramatically reduced mutant Htt as compared to the endogenous wildtype Htt
      allele. By intercrossing with mice expressing cre in germ line cells, we have
      excised the neo cassette from Q175F mice generating a new line, Q175FDeltaneo
      (Q175FDN). Removal of the neo cassette resulted in a ~2 fold increase in mutant
      Htt and rescue of fatal seizures, indicating that the early death phenotype of
      Q175F mice is caused by Htt deficiency rather than by mutant Htt. Additionally,
      Q175FDN mice exhibit earlier onset and a greater variety and severity of HD-like
      phenotypes than Q175F mice or any previously reported KI HD mouse model, making
      them valuable for preclinical studies.

PMID- 27378696
TI  - LRRK2 modulates microglial activity through regulation of chemokine (C-X3-C)
      receptor 1 -mediated signalling pathways.
AB  - Multiple missense mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been
      linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common degenerative movement
      disorder. LRRK2 is expressed by both neurons and microglia, the residential
      immune cells in the brain. Increasing evidence supports a role of LRRK2 in
      modulating microglial activity, of which Lrrk2-null rodent microglia display less
      inflammatory response to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The underlying
      molecular mechanism, however, remains elusive. Chemokine (C-X3-C) receptor 1
      (CX3CR1), predominantly expressed by microglia, suppresses microglial
      inflammation while promotes migration. Using whole-genome microarray screening,
      we found that Cx3cr1 mRNA levels were substantially higher in microglia derived
      from Lrrk2 knockout (Lrrk2-/-) mice. The total and cell surface levels of CX3CR1
      proteins were also remarkably increased. In correlation with the enhanced CX3CR1
      expression, Lrrk2-null microglia migrated faster and travelled longer distance
      toward the source of fractalkine (CX3CL1), an endogenous ligand of CX3CR1. To
      investigate the impact of CX3CR1 elevation in vivo, we compared LPS-induced
      inflammation in the striatum of Lrrk2-/- knockout mice with Cx3cr1 heterozygous
      and homozygous knockout background. We found that a complete loss of Cx3cr1
      restored the responsiveness of Lrrk2-/- microglia to LPS stimulation. In
      conclusion, our findings reveal a previously unknown regulatory role for LRRK2 in
      CX3CR1 signalling and suggest that an increase of CX3CR1 activity contributes to
      the attenuated inflammatory responses in Lrrk2-null microglia.

PMID- 27378697
TI  - Sustained expression of FMR1 mRNA from reactivated fragile X syndrome alleles
      after treatment with small molecules that prevent trimethylation of H3K27.
AB  - Expansion of a CGG-repeat tract in the 5'-untranslated region of the FMR1 gene to
      >200 repeats results in epigenetic silencing of the gene by a mechanism that is
      still unknown. FMR1 gene silencing results in fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most
      common heritable cause of intellectual disability. We have previously shown that
      reactivation of the FMR1 gene in FXS cells with 5-azadeoxycytidine (AZA) leads to
      the transient recruitment of EZH2, the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)
      component responsible for H3K27 trimethylation, and that this recruitment depends
      on the presence of the FMR1 transcript. However, whether H3K27 trimethylation was
      essential for FMR1 re-silencing was not known. We show here that EZH2 inhibitors
      increased FMR1 expression and significantly delayed re-silencing of the FMR1 gene
      in AZA-treated FXS cells. This delay occurred despite the fact that EZH2
      inhibition did not prevent the return of DNA methylation. Treatment with compound
      1a, a small molecule that targets CGG-repeats in the FMR1 mRNA, also resulted in
      sustained expression of the FMR1 gene in AZA-treated cells. This effect of 1a was
      also associated with a decrease in the levels of H3K27 trimethylation but not DNA
      methylation. Thus, our data show that EZH2 plays a critical role in the FMR1 gene
      silencing process and that its inhibition can prolong expression of the FMR1 gene
      even in the presence of its transcript.

PMID- 27378698
TI  - Autophagic lysosome reformation dysfunction in glucocerebrosidase deficient
      cells: relevance to Parkinson disease.
AB  - Glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene mutations increase the risk of Parkinson disease
      (PD). While the cellular mechanisms associating GBA1 mutations and PD are
      unknown, loss of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme (GCase) activity, inhibition of
      autophagy and increased alpha-synuclein levels have been implicated. Here we show
      that autophagy lysosomal reformation (ALR) is compromised in cells lacking
      functional GCase. ALR is a cellular process controlled by mTOR which regenerates
      functional lysosomes from autolysosomes formed during macroautophagy. A decrease
      in phopho-S6K levels, a marker of mTOR activity, was observed in models of GCase
      deficiency, including primary mouse neurons and the PD patient derived
      fibroblasts with GBA1 mutations, suggesting that ALR is compromised. Importantly
      Rab7, a GTPase crucial for endosome-lysosome trafficking and ALR, accumulated in
      GCase deficient cells, supporting the notion that lysosomal recycling is
      impaired. Recombinant GCase treatment reversed ALR inhibition and lysosomal
      dysfunction. Moreover, ALR dysfunction was accompanied by impairment of
      macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, increased levels of total and
      phosphorylated (S129) monomeric alpha-synuclein, evidence of amyloid oligomers
      and increased alpha-synuclein release. Concurrently, we found increased
      cholesterol and altered glucosylceramide homeostasis which could compromise ALR.
      We propose that GCase deficiency in PD inhibits lysosomal recycling. Consequently
      neurons are unable to maintain the pool of mature and functional lysosomes
      required for the autophagic clearance of alpha-synuclein, leading to the
      accumulation and spread of pathogenic alpha-synuclein species in the brain. Since
      GCase deficiency and lysosomal dysfunction occur with ageing and sporadic PD
      pathology, the decrease in lysosomal reformation may be a common feature in PD.

PMID- 27378695
TI  - Exome genotyping arrays to identify rare and low frequency variants associated
      with epithelial ovarian cancer risk.
AB  - Rare and low frequency variants are not well covered in most germline genotyping
      arrays and are understudied in relation to epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk.
      To address this gap, we used genotyping arrays targeting rarer protein-coding
      variation in 8,165 EOC cases and 11,619 controls from the international Ovarian
      Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC). Pooled association analyses were conducted
      at the variant and gene level for 98,543 variants directly genotyped through two
      exome genotyping projects. Only common variants that represent or are in strong
      linkage disequilibrium (LD) with previously-identified signals at established
      loci reached traditional thresholds for exome-wide significance (P < 5.0 * 10 - 
      7). One of the most significant signals (Pall histologies = 1.01 * 10 - 
      13;Pserous = 3.54 * 10 -  14) occurred at 3q25.31 for rs62273959, a missense
      variant mapping to the LEKR1 gene that is in LD (r2 = 0.90) with a previously
      identified 'best hit' (rs7651446) mapping to an intron of TIPARP. Suggestive
      associations (5.0 * 10 -  5 > P>=5.0 *10 -  7) were detected for rare and low
      frequency variants at 16 novel loci. Four rare missense variants were identified
      (ACTBL2 rs73757391 (5q11.2), BTD rs200337373 (3p25.1), KRT13 rs150321809
      (17q21.2) and MC2R rs104894658 (18p11.21)), but only MC2R rs104894668 had a large
      effect size (OR = 9.66). Genes most strongly associated with EOC risk included
      ACTBL2 (PAML = 3.23 * 10 -  5; PSKAT-o = 9.23 * 10 -  4) and KRT13 (PAML = 1.67 *
      10 -  4; PSKAT-o = 1.07 * 10 -  5), reaffirming variant-level analysis. In
      summary, this large study identified several rare and low-frequency variants and
      genes that may contribute to EOC susceptibility, albeit with possible small
      effects. Future studies that integrate epidemiology, sequencing, and functional
      assays are needed to further unravel the unexplained heritability and biology of
      this disease.

PMID- 27378700
TI  - Surface functionality affects the biodistribution and microglia-targeting of
      intra-amniotically delivered dendrimers.
AB  - Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a chronic childhood disorder with limited therapeutic
      options. Maternal intrauterine inflammation/infection is a major risk factor in
      the pathogenesis of CP. In pre-clinical models, dendrimer-based therapies are
      viable in postnatal period, attenuating inflammation and improving motor function
      in vivo. However, treatment to the mother, in the prenatal period, may provide
      the possibility of preventing/resolving inflammation at early stages. Towards
      this goal, we used a maternal intrauterine inflammation-induced rabbit model of
      CP to study fetal-maternal transport and neuroinflammation targeting of intra
      amniotically administrated dendrimers with neutral/anionic surface functionality.
      Our study suggested both hydroxyl-terminated 'neutral' (D-OH) and carboxyl
      terminated 'anionic' (D-COOH) Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers were absorbed by
      fetuses and demonstrated bi-directional transport between fetuses and mother. D
      OH was more effective in crossing the fetal blood-brain barrier, and targeting
      activated microglia. The cell-specific targeting was associated with the extent
      of microglia activation. This study demonstrated intra-amniotically administered
      hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimers could be an effective drug delivery vehicle for
      targeting fetal inflammation and preventing subsequent neurologic injury
      associated with chorioamnionitis.

PMID- 27378701
TI  - A novel method of using accelerometry for upper limb FES control.
AB  - This paper reports on a novel approach to using a 3-axis accelerometer to capture
      body segment angle for upper limb functional electrical stimulation (FES)
      control. The approach calculates the angle between the accelerometer x-axis and
      the gravity vector, while avoiding poor sensitivity at certain angles and
      minimizing errors when true acceleration is relatively large in comparison to
      gravity. This approach was incorporated into a state-machine controller which is
      used for the real-time control of FES during upper limb functional task
      performance. An experimental approach was used to validate the new method. Two
      participants with different upper limb impairments resulting from a stroke
      carried out four different FES-assisted tasks. Comparisons were made between
      angle calculated from arm-mounted accelerometer data using our algorithm and
      angle calculated from limb-mounted reflective marker data. After removal of
      coordinate misalignment error, mean error across tasks and subjects ranged
      between 1.4 and 2.9 degrees . The approach shows promise for use in the control
      of upper limb FES and other human movement applications where true acceleration
      is relatively small in comparison with gravity.

PMID- 27378699
TI  - Transcriptome sequencing reveals aberrant alternative splicing in Huntington's
      disease.
AB  - Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder
      caused by a CAG expansion in the gene-encoding Huntingtin (HTT). Transcriptome
      dysregulation is a major feature of HD pathogenesis, as revealed by a large body
      of work on gene expression profiling of tissues from human HD patients and mouse
      models. These studies were primarily focused on transcriptional changes affecting
      steady-state overall gene expression levels using microarray based approaches. A
      major missing component, however, has been the study of transcriptome changes at
      the post-transcriptional level, such as alternative splicing. Alternative
      splicing is a critical mechanism for expanding regulatory and functional
      diversity from a limited number of genes, and is particularly complex in the
      mammalian brain. Here we carried out a deep RNA-seq analysis of the BA4 (Brodmann
      area 4) motor cortex from seven human HD brains and seven controls to
      systematically discover aberrant alternative splicing events and characterize
      potential associated splicing factors in HD. We identified 593 differential
      alternative splicing events between HD and control brains. Using two expanded
      panels with a total of 108 BA4 tissues from patients and controls, we identified
      four splicing factors exhibiting significantly altered expression levels in HD
      patient brains. Moreover, follow-up molecular analyses of one splicing factor
      PTBP1 revealed its impact on disease-associated splicing patterns in HD.
      Collectively, our data provide genomic evidence for widespread splicing
      dysregulation in HD brains, and suggest the role of aberrant alternative splicing
      in the pathogenesis of HD.

PMID- 27378702
TI  - A thermoregulation model for hypothermic treatment of neonates.
AB  - This paper presents a thermoregulation finite element model (FEM) to simulate
      hypothermia procedures for the treatment of encephalopathy hypoxic-ischemia (EHI)
      in neonates, a dangerous ischemic condition that can cause neurological damages
      and even death. Therapeutic hypothermia is the only recommended technique to
      reduce sequels caused by EHI in neonates; intervention with moderate cooling for
      neural rescue in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is the culmination
      of a series of clinical research studies spanning decades. However, the direct
      monitoring of brain cooling is difficult and can lead to additional tissue
      damage. Therefore, the measurement of efficiency during clinical trials of
      hypothermia treatment is still challenging. The use of computational methods can
      aid clinicians to observe the continuous temperature of tissues and organs during
      cooling procedures without the need for invasive techniques, and can thus be a
      valuable tool to assist clinical trials simulating different cooling options that
      can be used for treatment. The use of low cost methods such as cooling blankets
      can open the possibility of using brain cooling techniques in hospitals and
      clinics that cannot currently afford the available expensive equipment and
      techniques. In this work, we developed a FEM package using isoparametric linear
      three-dimensional elements which is applied to the solution of the continuum
      bioheat Pennes equation. Blood temperature changes were considered using a blood
      pool approach. The results of the FEM model were compared to those obtained
      through the implementation of a user-defined function (UDF) in the commercial
      finite volume software FLUENT and validated with experimental tests. Numerical
      analyses were performed using a three-dimensional mesh based on a complex
      geometry obtained from MRI scan medical images.

PMID- 27378703
TI  - Prescription drugs associated with false-positive results when using faecal
      immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer screening.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The most common side effect in population screening programmes is a
      false-positive result which leads to unnecessary risks and costs. AIMS: To
      identify factors associated with false-positive results in a colorectal cancer
      screening programme with the faecal immunochemical test (FIT). METHODS: Cross
      sectional study of 472 participants with a positive FIT who underwent colonoscopy
      for confirmation of diagnosis between 2013 and 2014. A false-positive result was
      defined as having a positive FIT (>=20MUg haemoglobin per gram of faeces) and
      follow-up colonoscopy without intermediate/high-risk lesions or cancer. RESULTS:
      Women showed a two-fold increased likelihood of a false-positive result compared
      with men (adjusted OR, 2.3; 95%CI, 1.5-3.4), but no female-specific factor was
      identified. The other variables associated with a false-positive result were
      successive screening (adjusted OR, 1.5; 95%CI, 1.0-2.2), anal disorders (adjusted
      OR, 3.1; 95%CI, 2.1-4.5) and the use of proton pump inhibitors (adjusted OR, 1.8;
      95%CI, 1.1-2.9). Successive screening and proton pump inhibitor use were
      associated with FP in men. None of the other drugs were related to a false
      positive FIT. CONCLUSION: Concurrent use of proton pump inhibitors at the time of
      FIT might increase the likelihood of a false-positive result. Further
      investigation is needed to determine whether discontinuing them could decrease
      the false-positive rate.

PMID- 27378705
TI  - Patients with mild enteropathy have apoptotic injury of enterocytes similar to
      that in advanced enteropathy in celiac disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Severity of villous atrophy in celiac disease (CeD) is the cumulative
      effect of enterocyte loss and cell regeneration. Gluten-free diet has been shown
      to benefit even in patients having a positive anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG)
      antibody titre and mild enteropathy. AIM: We explored the balance between mucosal
      apoptotic enterocyte loss and cell regeneration in mild and advanced
      enteropathies. METHODS: Duodenal biopsies from patients with mild enteropathy
      (Marsh grade 0 and 1) (n=26), advanced enteropathy (Marsh grade >=2) (n=41) and
      control biopsies (n=12) were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for end
      apoptotic markers (M30, H2AX); markers of cell death (perforin, annexin V); and
      cell proliferation (Ki67). Composite H-scores based on the intensity and
      distribution of markers were compared. RESULTS: End-apoptotic markers and marker
      of cell death (perforin) were significantly up-regulated in both mild and
      advanced enteropathies, in comparison to controls; without any difference between
      mild and advanced enteropathies. Ki67 labelling index was significantly higher in
      crypts of mild enteropathy, in comparison to controls, suggesting maintained
      regenerative activity in the former. CONCLUSIONS: Even in patients with mild
      enteropathy, the rate of apoptosis is similar to those with advanced enteropathy.
      These findings suggest the necessity of reviewing the existing practice of not
      treating patients with mild enteropathy.

PMID- 27378704
TI  - Comparison of paroxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of refractory globus
      pharyngeus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinical trials of antidepressants for treatment of globus are
      generally rare, let alone for refractory globus pharyngeus. AIMS: To illustrate
      the efficacy and side-effects of antidepressants between paroxetine and
      amitriptyline for refractory globus patients. METHODS: Refractory globus patients
      were randomized into paroxetine group; amitriptyline group and lansoprazole group
      for 6-week treatment. All the subjects were asked to complete the following
      questionnaires pre- and post-therapy: Glasgow Edinburgh Throat Scale (GETS),
      Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Hamilton Rating Scale Anxiety/Depression and
      Medical outcome short-form 36. Treatment response was defined as a >50% reduction
      in the GETS score. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-eight patients completed the
      study. After 6 week treatment, 71.7% of paroxetine group (33/46) were calculated
      as treatment response, significantly higher than that in amitriptyline group
      (46.2%, 24/52) and lansoprazole group (14.0%, 7/50). Compared with lansoprazole
      group or amitriptyline group, a more distinct improvement of emotional well
      being, quality of life and quality of sleep were observed in paroxetine group
      after 6-week treatment. CONCLUSION: Paroxetine therapy is more efficacious than
      empirical high-dose antisecretory treatment, or even the low-dose amitriptyline
      therapy in alleviating globus symptoms, and producing global improvements for
      refractory globus patients.

PMID- 27378706
TI  - Low testosterone in non-responsive coeliac disease: A case series, case-control
      study with comparisons to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adults with coeliac disease (CD) often report persistent fatigue,
      even when CD appears well controlled for unknown reasons. AIMS: To evaluate
      common indications for testosterone panel (TP) testing and prevalence of low
      testosterone (T) in CD. METHODS: In our case series, we determined common
      indications for checking TP in CD. Next, we conducted a case-control study to
      compare TP in CD vs. healthy controls (HC). We compared mean total T (TT), free T
      (FT) based on serologic, histologic disease activity. Finally, we assessed TT in
      tissue transglutaminase (tTG)+ vs. tTG- subjects and CD vs. HC obtained from the
      National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). RESULTS: 53 coeliac
      males had TP tested. Common indications included osteoporosis and fatigue. Low FT
      was observed in 7/13 men with osteoporosis and 5/6 with fatigue. In our case
      control study (n=26 each), there was no difference in mean TT or FT between CD
      vs. HC, tTG+ vs tTG- or Marsh 0 vs. Marsh 3 groups. NHANES data showed no
      difference in mean TT between tTG+ vs tTG- (n=16 each) or CD vs. HC subjects (n=5
      each). CONCLUSIONS: Low T occurs in CD patients at a similar rate as the general
      population. Common presentations of low T may mimic non-responsive CD symptoms.

PMID- 27378707
TI  - Predictive factors of poor response to therapy in Autoimmune Hepatitis.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate "ex ante" the predictive factors of incomplete/absent response
      to the standard therapy in a well characterized series of Autoimmune Hepatitis
      (AIH) patients from Italy. METHODS: Of 282 AIH patients screened from our
      database 166 (59%) had a sustained response and 116 (41%) had an
      incomplete/absent response to the therapy; all patients were analyzed for the
      clinical, serological and histological parameters at diagnosis. RESULTS: The
      patients with incomplete/absent response were characterized by significantly
      younger age (30 aa vs 42 aa p=0.001) and a significantly higher frequency of
      cirrhosis at diagnosis than patients who had a complete response to therapy (26%
      vs 3% p<0.0001); furthermore, patients with incomplete/absent response were
      distinguished from those with a complete response for significantly lower serum
      levels of both AST (7.9*upper normal limit [unl] vs 13*unl p<0.005) and ALT
      (10.9*unl vs 18*unl p=0.002) at diagnosis, and by an increase in IgG serum levels
      (1.43*unl vs 1.27*unl p=0.009). After stepwise logistic regression, cirrhosis at
      diagnosis (p=0.003, OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.49) and younger age (p=0.001, OR 1.03,
      95% CI 1.01-1.05) represent two independent variables of incomplete/absent
      response. CONCLUSIONS: Younger age and cirrhosis are predictive of lack of
      response to the standard therapy in AIH patients.

PMID- 27378708
TI  - Enhanced recovery pathway for elective caesarean section.

PMID- 27378709
TI  - A retrospective review of an epidural blood patch database: the incidence of
      epidural blood patch associated with obstetric neuraxial anesthetic techniques
      and the effect of blood volume on efficacy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The optimal volume of blood required to treat post-dural puncture
      headache remains in question. In our institution a target volume of 30mL is used
      for an epidural blood patch unless the patient experiences pain during injection.
      METHODS: The institutional database was retrospectively reviewed for epidural
      blood patch and delivery statistics over a 15-year period to determine if the
      volume of blood administered during the procedure directly correlated with the
      number of epidural blood patches administered. The primary endpoint was defined
      as the need for a repeat epidural blood patch. RESULTS: There were 466 epidural
      blood patches performed on 394 patients, associated with 84 804 obstetric
      neuraxial procedures. Thirty-two percent (95% CI 28.3 to 34.9%) of patients who
      had an inadvertent dural puncture with an epidural needle received an epidural
      blood patch versus 0.19% (0.16% to 0.22%) of patients who received neuraxial
      anesthesia with no documented dural puncture with an epidural needle. All
      patients experienced relief of post-dural puncture headache, although 17%
      required two and 1.5% required three epidural blood patches. The mean+/-SD volume
      of blood administered was 20.5+/-5.4mL and only 35 patients (8.9%) received 30mL.
      CONCLUSION: Increasing blood volumes up to 30mL did not reduce the need for
      repeat epidural blood patch. Although the optimal volume of blood to administer
      during epidural blood patch placement remains unknown, our institution will
      continue to administer up to 30mL or until the patient experiences pain during
      epidural injection.

PMID- 27378710
TI  - Anesthetic management of a parturient with Stiff person syndrome for urgent
      cesarean delivery.
AB  - Stiff person syndrome is a rare neurologic disorder with an estimated incidence
      of 1:1000000. The underlying pathophysiology is truncal and proximal limb muscle
      stiffness resulting from continuous co-contracture of agonist and antagonist
      muscle groups concomitant with superimposed episodic muscle spasms. Loss of gamma
      aminobutyric acid-mediated inhibition creates chronic excitation manifested by
      tonic agonist-antagonist muscle contraction. To date, only three case reports
      referred indirectly to the anesthetic management of parturients with Stiff person
      syndrome. The authors describe their management of a parturient with Stiff person
      syndrome who underwent urgent cesarean delivery under epidural anesthesia. 

PMID- 27378711
TI  - Another look at religious objections to obstetric anaesthesia.
AB  - Starting with the earliest biographies of James Young Simpson, the topic of
      religious opposition to obstetric anaesthesia in 1847 was gradually embellished
      in historical articles. Objective data are lacking and it has been suggested that
      this is a myth of recent medical history. A search for more information led to a
      contemporaneous case-book of the maternity hospital in Edinburgh, which was
      examined. The provision of anaesthesia in the 11months before publication of
      Simpson's pamphlet Answer to the Religious Objections was compared with that in
      the 11months after. This revealed a marked increase (P<0.01) in the provision of
      anaesthesia for childbirth after the publication of Simpson's pamphlet in
      December 1847. This analysis supports the existence of opposition to obstetric
      anaesthesia and the success of Simpson's pamphlet in overcoming it, but the
      introduction of chloroform about six weeks earlier, may also have contributed. 

PMID- 27378712
TI  - The changes of aortic diameter after aortic repair with aortic tailoring
      technique for chronic type B aortic dissection.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Aortic repair with aortic tailoring of the false lumen can preserve
      the true lumen and intercostal arteries naturally. It is a useful surgical
      strategy to prevent paraplegia. However, aortic remodelling of tailored segments
      in a late phase after surgery is another concern. This study investigates the
      destiny of aortic remodelling of tailored aorta. METHODS: From June 2004 to April
      2013, 21 consecutive patients underwent aortic tailoring operation for chronic
      type B aortic dissecting aneurysm. The mean age at operation was 60 +/- 10 years
      (range, 43-77). The tailored aortic segments were followed by serial CT scanning
      with the mean follow-up period of 46 +/- 32 months (range, 2-103). RESULTS: There
      were no operative deaths but paraplegia in 1, stroke in 1 and reversible renal
      failure in 2 patients. There were two late deaths: one due to pneumonia and the
      other due to aneurysmal rupture of the abdominal aorta. Eighteen patients
      revealed a completely thrombosed false lumen and no expansion of the tailored
      aorta, with it remaining less than 40 mm in diameter during follow-up. However, 3
      cases were associated with a patent false lumen and 2 cases revealed aortic
      events. The aortic event-free rate at 5 years was 95 +/- 5.1% in all patients and
      66 +/- 27% in patients in the patent false lumen group. CONCLUSIONS: Aortic
      tailoring is a useful surgical technique for chronic type B aortic dissection.
      Paraplegia and ischaemia of other visceral organs could less likely occur.
      Patients with a completely thrombosed false lumen revealed no aortic events;
      however, a patent false lumen was associated with a high risk of aortic events.

PMID- 27378713
TI  - Right ventricular and chest wall perforation caused by a permanent pacemaker lead
      after implantation.

PMID- 27378714
TI  - Precision Medicine an Interprofessional Science.

PMID- 27378716
TI  - What is your diagnosis? Liver aspirate from a cat.

PMID- 27378715
TI  - Renal recovery and long-term survival following acute kidney injury after
      coronary artery surgery: a nationwide study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a relatively common complication
      following CABG and is associated with adverse outcomes. Nonetheless, we
      hypothesized that the majority of patients make a good long-term recovery of
      their renal function. We studied the incidence and risk factors of AKI together
      with renal recovery and long-term survival in patients who developed AKI
      following CABG. METHODS: This nationwide study examined AKI among 1754
      consecutive patients undergoing CABG in 2001-2013. AKI was defined according to
      the KDIGO criteria. RESULTS: Postoperatively 184 (11%) patients developed AKI;
      121 (7%), 27 (2%), and 36 (2%) at stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively. AKI was an
      independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and AKI patients had
      worse post-operative outcomes. Lower pre-operative glomerular filtration rate,
      higher EuroSCORE and BMI, diabetes, reoperation, and units of red blood cells
      transfused were independent risk factors of AKI. At post-operative day 10, renal
      recovery rates, defined as serum creatinine ratio <1.25 of baseline, were 96 (95%
      CI 91-99%), 78 (95% CI 53-90%), and 94% (95% CI 77-98%) for AKI stages 1, 2, and
      3, respectively. Long-term survival was predicted by AKI with 10-year survival of
      patients without AKI being 76% and those with AKI stages 1, 2, and 3 being 63%,
      56%, and 49%, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Depending on the severity of
      the initial AKI, 78-97% of patients made good recovery of their kidney function.
      However, AKI was significantly linked to progression to CKD and long-term
      survival remained markedly affected by the severity of the initial kidney injury.

PMID- 27378717
TI  - Health-related quality of life and its association with self-esteem and fatigue
      among children diagnosed with cancer.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify the links between self-esteem, fatigue and
      health-related quality of life for children and young people during and following
      treatment for cancer. BACKGROUND: Measures to minimise adverse outcomes for
      survivors of childhood cancer have been developed, but the crucial periods of
      returning to school and transition to adult life and adult services are not
      addressed so well. Screening of quality of life, fatigue and self-esteem in
      childhood cancer patients during and after treatment is important for optimising
      the nursing response and improving outcomes for children. DESIGN: A cross
      sectional, descriptive, correlational, comparative survey was designed. METHODS:
      Validated measures of the attributes being studied were used. This study was
      conducted in private rooms on the ward and in the outpatient clinic of a major
      oncology hospital in Jordan in 2015. Seventy children aged 5-16 years were
      included. Ethical approval was secured. RESULTS: The age range of the children
      was 5-16 years (Mean 10.17, SD 3.4 years). Thirty were girls and 40 were boys.
      The total quality of life scores ranged from 21-100 (M = 65.5; SD = 17.6). The
      total scores of fatigue range from 12.5-100 (M = 65.79; SD = 22.20). Children
      with a high level of fatigue experienced lower quality of life. CONCLUSION:
      Continuing education centres at hospitals may find the results of this study
      helpful to provide professional updates and training events to enhance nurses'
      understanding of psychosocial distress responses and ability to intervene
      effectively within the multiprofessional effort. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE:
      The outcomes of this study may enhance the development of guidelines for routine
      assessment by nurses and others of these factors among children with cancer. The
      nursing role in ensuring holistic care and attention to the problems of most
      concern to patients could be strengthened.

PMID- 27378718
TI  - Rape and Mental Health Outcomes Among Women: Examining the Moderating Effects of
      "Healthy" Fear Levels.
AB  - This study examined the mediating and moderating impact of fear of victimization
      on the relationships between forcible and vicarious rape on depression and post
      traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among college women. Forcible and vicarious rape
      positively affected PTSD and depression symptomology, but fear did not mediate
      these relationships. Fear moderated the impact of forcible rape on PTSD, but was
      not a moderator for depression. Findings suggest that there may be "healthy"
      levels of fear in the aftermath of victimization where having too little fear may
      leave women unnecessarily vulnerable to victimization, while having too much fear
      may lead to social isolation and withdrawal.

PMID- 27378719
TI  - Gender Equality, Patriarchal Cultural Norms, and Perpetration of Intimate Partner
      Violence: Comparison of Male University Students in Asian and European Cultural
      Contexts.
AB  - This study examined the relationship between patriarchal cultural norms and
      violence perpetration by male partners using a subsample of university students
      in Asia ( n = 784) and Europe ( n = 575) from the International Dating Violence
      Study (IDVS) data set. Bivariate analyses indicated Asian students scored
      significantly higher than Europeans on dominance, hostility to women, jealousy,
      negative attribution, and violence approval as well as perpetration of severe
      physical assault in dating relationships. Logistic regression models demonstrated
      that dominance and violence approval were significant predictors of severe
      physical and psychological aggression against dating partners. Implications for
      culturally relevant programming for intimate partner violence prevention are
      discussed.

PMID- 27378720
TI  - "There Were Rapes!": Sexual Assaults of African American Women and Children in
      Jim Crow.
AB  - Using data from 92 interviews, this article examines the narratives of African
      Americans' experiences as children and young adults during Jim Crow in the
      Southeast and Southwest. It gives voice to the realities of sexual assaults
      committed by ordinary White men who systematically terrorized African American
      families with impunity after the post-Reconstruction south until the 1960s. The
      interviewees discuss the short- and long-term impact of physical, mental,
      emotional, and sexual assaults in their communities. We discuss the top four
      prevalent themes that emerged related to sexual assault, specifically (a) the
      normalization of sexual assaults, (b) protective measures to avoid White
      violence, (c) the morality of African American women, and (d) the long-term
      consequences of assaults on children.

PMID- 27378722
TI  - GP is suspended for three months for smacking hand of patient with dementia.

PMID- 27378721
TI  - Logistic regression analysis of Pierre Robin sequence patients requiring surgical
      intervention.
AB  - OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Determine predictive patient characteristics that guide
      the decision to proceed with surgical management of tongue-based airway
      obstruction (TBAO) in Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) patients. STUDY DESIGN:
      Retrospective review of PRS patients between 2005 and 2014 requiring observation
      in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). METHODS: Patient charts were reviewed
      for prenatal diagnoses, clinical course, and need for surgical intervention
      (tracheotomy or mandibular distraction osteogenesis), and the nonsurgical and
      surgical group were compared with a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Thirty
      eight PRS patients who were identified with TBAO and required NICU observation
      had an average follow-up of 5.4 years. Associated anomalies identified in the PRS
      patients included neurologic disease (n = 6), renal abnormalities (n = 5), limb
      abnormalities (n = 4), and cardiac abnormalities (n = 12). Nonsurgical management
      of PRS TBAO included side (n = 12)/stomach positioning (n = 15), oral airway (n =
      6), nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) (n = 14), and intubation (n = 12). Surgical
      intervention occurred in 13 patients, with tracheotomy in eight due to unstable
      airway, and mandible distraction in five due to NPA dependence. Factors with
      significant uncontrolled correlations with the need for surgical airways included
      presence of cardiac disease (P = .03), cardiac disease severity (P = .03),
      neurologic disease (P = .01), and continuous positive airway pressure
      (CPAP)/bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) use (P = .006). Further, stepwise
      regression showed strong predictive value for CPAP/BiPAP use (odds ratio [OR]:
      10.43) and presence of neurological disease (OR: 9.16). PRS TBAO patients
      required multiple modalities of noninvasive surgical intervention to stabilize
      their airway. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified patient characteristics
      predictive of progression to a surgical airway to address TBAO, which may
      decrease healthcare utilization and improve quality of life for these families.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 127:945-949, 2017.

PMID- 27378723
TI  - Malpractice in Cases of Pediatric Appendicitis.
AB  - Appendicitis is one of the most common diagnoses in children and is frequently
      the focus of alleged malpractice. Causes for medical malpractice claims and
      outcomes of disputes in pediatric patients with appendicitis are currently
      unknown. A retrospective database review of all medical malpractice claims
      concerning the diagnosis of appendicitis from 1984 to 2013 in pediatric patients
      was performed. Alleged claims, causes of malpractice, and outcomes were recorded
      and analyzed. Of the 203 included cases, failure or delays in diagnosing
      appendicitis are the most common causes of malpractice lawsuits and account for
      the majority of the largest payments to plaintiffs outcomes. Cases that
      ultimately went to trial resulted in defense verdicts in 67.5%. Mortality
      occurred in 19.9% of included cases. Timely diagnosis of appendicitis in children
      should be the focus of physicians across all specialties to improve patient
      safety and potentially reduce medicolegal liability.

PMID- 27378724
TI  - Effect of GR24 Stereoisomers on Plant Development in Arabidopsis.

PMID- 27378725
TI  - Functional Analysis of Semi-conserved Transit Peptide Motifs and Mechanistic
      Implications in Precursor Targeting and Recognition.
AB  - Over 95% of plastid proteins are nuclear-encoded as their precursors containing
      an N-terminal extension known as the transit peptide (TP). Although highly
      variable, TPs direct the precursors through a conserved, posttranslational
      mechanism involving translocons in the outer (TOC) and inner envelope (TOC). The
      organelle import specificity is mediated by one or more components of the Toc
      complex. However, the high TP diversity creates a paradox on how the sequences
      can be specifically recognized. An emerging model of TP design is that they
      contain multiple loosely conserved motifs that are recognized at different steps
      in the targeting and transport process. Bioinformatics has demonstrated that many
      TPs contain semi-conserved physicochemical motifs, termed FGLK. In order to
      characterize FGLK motifs in TP recognition and import, we have analyzed two well
      studied TPs from the precursor of RuBisCO small subunit (SStp) and ferredoxin
      (Fdtp). Both SStp and Fdtp contain two FGLK motifs. Analysis of large set
      mutations (~85) in these two motifs using in vitro, in organello, and in vivo
      approaches support a model in which the FGLK domains mediate interaction with
      TOC34 and possibly other TOC components. In vivo import analysis suggests that
      multiple FGLK motifs are functionally redundant. Furthermore, we discuss how FGLK
      motifs are required for efficient precursor protein import and how these elements
      may permit a convergent function of this highly variable class of targeting
      sequences.

PMID- 27378726
TI  - Shaping Small Bioactive Molecules to Untangle Their Biological Function: A Focus
      on Fluorescent Plant Hormones.
AB  - Modern biology overlaps with chemistry in explaining the structure and function
      of all cellular processes at the molecular level. Plant hormone research is
      perfectly located at the interface between these two disciplines, taking
      advantage of synthetic and computational chemistry as a tool to decipher the
      complex biological mechanisms regulating the action of plant hormones. These
      small signaling molecules regulate a wide range of developmental processes,
      adapting plant growth to ever changing environmental conditions. The synthesis of
      small bioactive molecules mimicking the activity of endogenous hormones allows us
      to unveil many molecular features of their functioning, giving rise to a new
      field, plant chemical biology. In this framework, fluorescence labeling of plant
      hormones is emerging as a successful strategy to track the fate of these
      challenging molecules inside living organisms. Thanks to the increasing
      availability of new fluorescent probes as well as advanced and innovative imaging
      technologies, we are now in a position to investigate many of the dynamic
      mechanisms through which plant hormones exert their action. Such a deep and
      detailed comprehension is mandatory for the development of new green technologies
      for practical applications. In this review, we summarize the results obtained so
      far concerning the fluorescent labeling of plant hormones, highlighting the basic
      steps leading to the design and synthesis of these compelling molecular tools and
      their applications.

PMID- 27378727
TI  - Significant Improvement of Cotton Verticillium Wilt Resistance by Manipulating
      the Expression of Gastrodia Antifungal Proteins.

PMID- 27378729
TI  - Comparison of Caring Ability Between Chinese and American Nursing Students.
AB  - This descriptive comparative study aimed to compare caring ability between
      Chinese and American nursing students. A survey was conducted in 544 Chinese and
      109 American nursing students using Caring Ability Inventory and socio
      demographic data sheet. The results indicated that the Chinese nursing students
      reported significantly lower scores in the Caring Ability Inventory total and
      three subscales ( p < .001) compared with their American counterpart. Years of
      program and number of siblings were factors affecting the Caring Ability
      Inventory scores among Chinese students ( p < .05), whereas program, marital
      status, prior work experience, and gender were found to influence the Caring
      Ability Inventory scores of American students ( p < .05). Some gaps and
      differences between the Chinese and America nursing students' caring ability were
      identified. Nurse educator should leverage the influencing factors to strengthen
      the caring ability of nursing students in both countries.

PMID- 27378728
TI  - Learning from magnetotactic bacteria: A review on the synthesis of biomimetic
      nanoparticles mediated by magnetosome-associated proteins.
AB  - Much interest has gained the biomineralization process carried out by
      magnetotactic bacteria. These bacteria are ubiquitous in natural environments and
      share the ability to passively align along the magnetic field lines and actively
      swim along them. This ability is due to their magnetosome chain, each magnetosome
      consisting on a magnetic crystal enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane to which
      very unique proteins are associated. Magnetotactic bacteria exquisitely control
      magnetosome formation, making the magnetosomes the ideal magnetic nanoparticle of
      potential use in many technological applications. The difficulty to scale up
      magnetosome production has triggered the research on the in vitro production of
      biomimetic (magnetosome-like) magnetite nanoparticles. In this context,
      magnetosome proteins are being used to mediate such in vitro magnetite
      precipitation experiments. The present work reviews the knowledgement on the
      magnetosome proteins thought to have a role on the in vivo formation of magnetite
      crystals in the magnetosome, and the recombinant magnetosome proteins used in
      vitro to form biomimetic magnetite. It also summarizes the data provided in the
      literature on the biomimetic magnetite nanoparticles obtained from those in vitro
      experiments.

PMID- 27378730
TI  - UBE2D2 is not involved in MuRF1-dependent muscle wasting during hindlimb
      suspension.
AB  - The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is mainly responsible for the increased
      protein breakdown observed in muscle wasting. The E3 ligase MuRF1 is so far the
      only enzyme known to direct the main contractile proteins for degradation (i.e.
      troponin I, myosin heavy chains and actin). However, MuRF1 does not possess any
      catalytic activity and thus depends on the presence of a dedicated E2 for
      catalyzing the covalent binding of polyubiquitin (polyUb) chains on the
      substrates. The E2 enzymes belonging to the UBE2D family are commonly used for in
      vitro ubiquitination assays but no experimental data suggesting their
      physiological role as bona fide MuRF1-interacting E2 enzymes are available. In
      this work, we first found that the mRNA levels of critical E3 enzymes implicated
      in the atrophying program (MuRF1, MAFbx, Nedd4 and to a lesser extent Mdm2) are
      tightly and rapidly controlled during the atrophy (up regulation) and recovery
      (down regulation) phases in the soleus muscle from hindlimb suspended rats. By
      contrast, E3 ligases (Ozz, ASB2beta and E4b) implicated in other processes
      (muscle development or regeneration) poorly responded to atrophy and recovery.
      UBE2B, an E2 enzyme systematically up regulated in various catabolic situations,
      was controlled at the mRNA levels like the E3s implicated in the atrophying
      process. By contrast, UBE2D2 was progressively repressed during atrophy and
      recovery, which makes it a poor candidate for a role during muscle atrophy. In
      addition, UBE2D2 did not exhibit any affinity with MuRF1 using either yeast two
      hybrid or Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) approaches. Finally, UBE2D2 was unable
      to promote the degradation of the MuRF1 substrate alpha-actin in HEK293T cells,
      suggesting that no functional interaction exists between these enzymes within a
      cellular context. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that UBE2D2 is not the
      cognate ubiquitinating enzyme for MuRF1 and that peculiar properties of UBE2D
      enzymes may have biased in vitro ubiquitination assays.

PMID- 27378731
TI  - Inhibition of autophagy enhances effects of PF-04691502 on apoptosis and DNA
      damage of lung cancer cells.
AB  - Autophagy modulation has been considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for
      lung diseases. The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway may be one of the main targets for
      regulation of autophagy. We previously reported that a PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor
      PF-04691502 suppressed hepatoma cells growth in vitro. However, it is still
      unclear whether PF-04691502 induces autophagy and its roles in DNA damage and
      cell death in human lung cancer cells. In this study, we investigate the effects
      of PF-04691502 on the autophagy and its correlation with cell apoptosis and DNA
      damage in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. PF-04691502 efficiently
      inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity in
      A549 and H1299 cells. PF-04691502 also triggered apoptosis and the cleavage of
      caspase-3 and PARP. Phosphorylated histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX), a hallmark of DNA
      damage response, was dramatically induced by PF-04691502 treatment. By exposure
      to PF-04691502, A549 cells acquired a senescent-like phenotype with an increase
      in the level of beta-galactosidase. Furthermore, PF-04691502 enhanced the
      expression of LC3-II in a concentration-dependent manner. More interestingly,
      effects of PF-04691502 on toxicity and DNA damage were remarkably increased by co
      treatment with an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), in human lung cancer
      cells. These data suggest that a strategy of blocking autophagy to enhance the
      activity of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors warrants further attention in treatment of NSCLC
      cells.

PMID- 27378732
TI  - Safety and Efficacy of Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke of
      Anticoagulated Patients-A Prospective Observational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anticoagulated patients (APs) are excluded from the acute stroke
      management with alteplase in Europe, not in the United States. They could benefit
      from mechanical thrombectomy (MT), which was not undoubtedly proven. There are
      scarce data about its results in such patients. The authors' aim is to analyze
      the efficacy and safety of MT in APs presenting with an acute stroke in our
      institution. METHODS: Prospective observational study comparing 30 APs and 109
      non-anticoagulated patients (N-APs) underwent direct MT without alteplase.
      Demographic data, clinical severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
      [NIHSS]), efficacy (recanalization thrombolysis in cerebral infarction [TICI] >=
      2b and modified Rankin Scale score <= 2 at 3 months), and security (symptomatic
      intracranial hemorrhage [SICH], mortality at 3 months) were compared between both
      groups. RESULTS: In both groups men were more frequent (63.3% of APs were men and
      61.5% of N-APs were men). Mean age was 73 in APs and 67.2 in N-APs. Median NIHSS
      was similar (17 APs; 16 N-APs), also TICI greater than or equal to 2b (93.3% APs;
      89.9% N-APs). The 3-month modified Rankin Scale score less than or equal to 2 was
      46.7% in APs and 55.2% in N-APs (P = .40). SICH was present in 16.7% of APs and
      8.3% of N-APs (P = .15). Mortality at 3 months was 6.7% in APs and 19% in N-APs
      (P = .08). CONCLUSIONS: MT is a valid treatment option in APs. It achieves an
      efficacy as in N-APs with a tendency to suffer more from SICH, but lower
      mortality. We hypothesize that cardioembolic clots may be easier to be removed
      than atherotrombotics, and that embolic stroke in APs might be less severe than
      that in N-APs or might suffer less of other complications than atherotrombotics.

PMID- 27378733
TI  - A Home- and Community-Based Physical Activity Program Can Improve the
      Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Walking Capacity of Stroke Survivors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cardiorespiratory fitness of stroke survivors is low. Center
      based exercise programs that include an aerobic component have been shown to
      improve poststroke cardiorespiratory fitness. This pilot study aims to determine
      the feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of an individually tailored
      home- and community-based exercise program to improve cardiorespiratory fitness
      and walking capacity in stroke survivors. METHODS: Independently ambulant,
      community-dwelling stroke survivors were recruited. The control (n = 10) and
      intervention (n = 10) groups both received usual care. In addition the
      intervention group undertook a 12-week, individually tailored, home- and
      community-based exercise program, including once-weekly telephone or e-mail
      support. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at 12 weeks. Feasibility was
      determined by retention and program participation, and safety by adverse events.
      Efficacy measures included change in cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen
      consumption [VO2peak]) and distance walked during the Six-Minute Walk Test
      (6MWT). Analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. RESULTS: All
      participants completed the study with no adverse events. All intervention
      participants reported undertaking their prescribed program. VO2peak improved more
      in the intervention group (1.17 +/- .29 L/min to 1.35 +/- .33 L/min) than the
      control group (1.24 +/- .23 L/min to 1.24 +/- .33 L/min, between-group difference
      = .18 L/min, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .01-.36). Distance walked improved
      more in the intervention group (427 +/- 123 m to 494 +/- 67m) compared to the
      control group (456 +/- 101m to 470 +/- 106m, between-group difference = 45 m, 95%
      CI: .3-90). CONCLUSIONS: Our individually tailored approach with once-weekly
      telephone or e-mail support was feasible and effective in selected stroke
      survivors. The 16% greater improvement in VO2peak during the 6MWT achieved in the
      intervention versus control group is comparable to improvements attained in
      supervised, center-based programs.

PMID- 27378734
TI  - Pre-irradiation tumour volumes defined by MRI and dual time-point FET-PET for the
      prediction of glioblastoma multiforme recurrence: A prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging
      (MRI) for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is suboptimal. We analysed pre-treatment
      MRI- and dual time-point 18F-fluoroethylthyrosine-PET (FET-PET)-based target
      volumes and GBM recurrence patterns following radiotherapy with temozolomide.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-four patients with primary GBM were treated
      according to MRI-based treatment volumes (GTVRM). Patients underwent dual time
      point FET-PET scans prior to treatment, and biological tumour volumes (GTVPET)
      were contoured but not used for target definition. Progressions were classified
      based on location of primary GTVs. Volume and uniformity of MRI- vs. FET-PET/CT
      derived GTVs and progression patterns assessed by MRI were analysed. RESULTS: FET
      based GTVs measured 10min after radionuclide injection (a.r.i.; median 37.3cm(3))
      were larger than GTVs measured 60min a.r.i. (median 27.7cm(3)). GTVPET volumes
      were significantly larger than corresponding MRI-based GTVs. MRI and PET
      concordance for the identification of glioblastoma GTVs was poor (mean uniformity
      index 0.4). 74% of failures were inside primary GTVPET volumes, with no solitary
      progressions inside the MRI-defined margin +20mm but outside the GTVPET detected.
      CONCLUSIONS: The size and geometry of GTVs differed in the majority of patients.
      The GTVPET volume depends on time after radionuclide injection. FET-PET better
      defined failure site than MRI alone.

PMID- 27378735
TI  - Neonatal outcomes and length of stay: A firm grasp of the obvious?

PMID- 27378736
TI  - Impending cardiac herniation following robotic mitral valve repair: A case report
      and review of the literature.

PMID- 27378737
TI  - Scimitar syndrome with atrial fibrillation: Repair in an adult.

PMID- 27378738
TI  - Tuning the magnetic properties of multisegmented Ni/Cu electrodeposited nanowires
      with controllable Ni lengths.
AB  - The fabrication of segmented Ni/Cu nanowires (NWs), with tunable structural and
      magnetic properties, is reported. A potentiostatic electrodeposition method with
      a single electrolytic bath has been used to fabricate multisegmented Ni/Cu NWs
      inside a highly hexagonally ordered anodic nanoporous alumina membrane, with
      diameters of 50 nm and Ni segment lengths (L Ni) tuned from 10 nm up to 140 nm.
      The x-ray diffraction results evidenced a strong dependence of the Ni NWs
      crystallographic face-centered-cubic (fcc) texture along the [220] direction on
      the aspect ratio of the NWs. The magnetic behavior of the multisegmented Ni/Cu NW
      arrays, as a function of the magnetic field and temperature, is also studied and
      correlated with their structural and morphological properties. Micromagnetic
      simulations, together with the experimental results, showed a dominant
      antiferromagnetic coupling between Ni segments along the wire length for small
      low aspect-ratio magnetic segments. When increasing the Ni segments' length, the
      magnetic interactions between these along the wire became stronger, favouring a
      ferromagnetic coupling. The Curie temperature of the NWs was also found to
      strongly depend on the Ni magnetic segment length. Particularly the Curie
      temperature was found to be reduced 75 K for the 20 nm Ni segments, following the
      finite-size scaling relation with xi 0 = 8.1 A and gamma = 0.48. These results
      emphasize the advantages of using a template assisted method to electrodeposit
      multilayer NWs, as it allows an easy tailor of the respective morphological,
      chemical, structural and magnetic properties. 

PMID- 27378739
TI  - The relationships between rumination and core executive functions: A meta
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rumination has been thought to relate to deficits in core executive
      functions (EFs), but the empirical findings for this idea are mixed. The aim of
      the present study is to synthesize existing literature to clarify these
      relations. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search revealed 34 published as
      well as unpublished studies on the associations between rumination and core EF.
      These studies report on 3,066 participants. The effect size in the meta-analyses
      was obtained by the z transformation of correlation coefficients. RESULTS:
      Analysis revealed significant negative associations between rumination and both
      inhibition (r = -.23) and set-shifting (r = -.19). There was no significant
      association between rumination and working memory. These associations were not
      moderated by age, sex, type of sample (depressed or healthy), type of outcome
      measure (accuracy vs. reaction time), or affective content of the task, although
      statistical power for these tests was limited. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant
      negative associations between rumination and inhibition or set-shifting. There
      was no significant association between rumination and working memory. Future
      research should adopt multiple measures of EF to provide clear evidence on the
      associations between EF and rumination. A better understanding of this
      relationship may have important implications for intervention of rumination, such
      as training programs to improve EF or teach compensatory strategies to mitigate
      the effects of EF impairments.

PMID- 27378740
TI  - Head and neck cancer surgery provision in England: A current analysis of
      contributing specialties caseloads.
AB  - To ascertain the current provision for surgery for head and neck cancer in
      England with respect to the operative caseloads of oral and maxillofacial, ear
      nose and throat (ENT) and plastic surgeons, we analysed data from the 2013 report
      of the National Head and Neck Audit (DAHNO). Clinicians were grouped by specialty
      of affiliation and assigned surgical caseloads were compared. There was a wide
      disparity in the extent of surgical activity between the specialties (p<0.001),
      and the percentage of those active in head and neck oncology within each
      specialty similarly varied (p<0.001).

PMID- 27378741
TI  - Cost of training in oral and maxillofacial surgery: beyond the second degree.
AB  - Training in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) involves considerable personal
      expense, a long period of training and the need for two degrees. Other costs have
      also increased, with little change in pay and poor access to funding. After a
      Freedom of Information request and having reviewed available data, we have
      established the cost of training in OMFS. There is considerable regional
      variation in access to funding, with escalating fees for conferences and courses.
      Recent changes have failed to address these.

PMID- 27378742
TI  - Immunogenicity of the recombinant HxuCBA proteins encoded by hxuCBA gene cluster
      of Haemophilus parasuis in mice.
AB  - Haemophilus parasuis causes serious economic losses in pigs, which is the
      etiology of Glasser's disease. In this study we studied the immunogenicity of
      proteins encoded by the hxuCBA gene cluster in H. parasuis. Through
      bioinformatics analysis, HxuC, HxuB, and HxuA proteins were found that they might
      have strong antigenicity, with 31 putative cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes
      and multiple B-cell antigenic determinants. Western blotting assay indicated that
      all these antigens are highly immunogenic. The antibody levels and the levels of
      IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma in the groups of HxuA, HxuB, HxuC, HxuCBA (include HxuC,
      HxuB and HxuA proteins), and M-3 were observed to significantly increase with
      time post vaccination. HxuC, HxuB, HxuCBA and H. parasuis M-3 vaccinated groups
      showed a strong immune response and protection against challenge with
      6.5*10(9)cfu (5*LD50) of H. parasuis M-3 strain in a mouse model, but HxuA group
      showed only a low level protection. Additionally, the immune response induced by
      all of the proteins reduced histopathological lesions and their antisera could
      inhibit the growth of H. parasuis. We concluded that HxuC, HxuB and HxuCBA may
      have potential for use as a recombinant subunit vaccine against H. parasuis
      challenge. 

PMID- 27378744
TI  - Differential expression of miR-672-5p and miR-146a-5p in osteoblasts in rats
      after steroid intervention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes is one cause of steroid
      induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head; however, the molecular mechanism of
      steroid affecting osteoblasts at the genetic level is unclear. The aim of the
      present work is to examine differential expression of osteoblasts in rats after
      steroid intervention and to verify expression by real-time polymerase chain
      reaction (RT-PCR). METHODS: Primary culture, passaging and identification of
      osteoblasts of SD neonatal rats were conducted; osteoblasts were divided into two
      groups, the control group, and the steroid group. Total RNA was extracted
      separately, and quality control was performed; by means of RNA labeling and
      microarray hybridization, data were collected and then standardized to ascertain
      differences in miRNA expression between the two groups. The gene expression
      spectrum was analyzed. Obvious differential expression of miR-672-5p and miR-146a
      5p was verified by RT-PCR. Miranda, microcosm and mirdb bioinformatics software
      were used to predict target genes. RESULTS: Compared with the control group,
      morphologically, the osteoblasts in the steroid group were more irregular and
      showed various shapes. The number of miRNAs (fold change >2) in the steroid group
      was six. Four miRNAs were upregulated and two miRNAs were downregulated. In
      particular, upregulated miR-672-5p expression and downregulated miR-146a-5p
      expression were significant. RT-PCR results showed that the 2(-??) CT value of
      miR-672-5p in the steroid group was 3.743-fold of that in the control group, and
      the 2(-??) CT value of miR-146a-5p in the steroid group was 0.322-fold of that in
      the control group. Angptl4, Ccdc51, Ssbp3 and RGD1306991 were predicted as the
      target gene of miR-672-5p, while Hrp12 was that of miR-146a-5p. CONCLUSION:
      Expression profiles of miR-672-5p and miR-146a-5p had the most significant
      changes in the osteoblasts of rats with steroid intervention, which may provide a
      new viewpoint to pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

PMID- 27378743
TI  - The synovial microenvironment of osteoarthritic joints alters RNA-seq expression
      profiles of human primary articular chondrocytes.
AB  - Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling degenerative joint disease that prompts pain
      and has limited treatment options. To permit early diagnosis and treatment of OA,
      a high resolution mechanistic understanding of human chondrocytes in normal and
      diseased states is necessary. In this study, we assessed the biological effects
      of OA-related changes in the synovial microenvironment on chondrocytes embedded
      within anatomically intact cartilage from joints with different pathological
      grades by next generation RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). We determined the
      transcriptome of primary articular chondrocytes derived from anatomically
      unaffected knees and ankles, as well as from joints affected by OA. The GALAXY
      bioinformatics platform was used to facilitate biological interpretations.
      Comparisons of patient samples by k-means, hierarchical clustering and principal
      component analyses together reveal that primary chondrocytes exhibit OA grade
      related differences in gene expression, including genes involved in cell
      adhesion, ECM production and immune response. We conclude that diseased synovial
      microenvironments in joints with different histopathological OA grades directly
      alter gene expression in chondrocytes. One ramification of this finding is that
      anatomically intact cartilage from OA joints is not an ideal source of healthy
      chondrocytes, nor should these specimens be used to generate a normal baseline
      for the molecular characterization of diseased joints. 

PMID- 27378745
TI  - MTHFR (C677T) CT genotype and CT-apoE3/3 genotypic combination predisposes the
      risk of ischemic stroke.
AB  - The predisposition to ischemic stroke (IS) might involve interactions of several
      genes and environmental factors. The present study was aimed to evaluate the
      influence of polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR-C677T)
      and apolipoprotein-E (apo-E) as risk factors for IS patients in south Indian
      population. 200 IS patients and 193 age and sex matched controls were genotyped
      for MTHFR-C677T and apoE by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length
      Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Statistically significant association was
      observed for MTHFR CT genotype (IS-Pooled: OR=4.29; p=5.01*10(-5); IS-Males:
      OR=4.13; p=0.001; IS-Females: OR=8.62; p=0.027; IS-Large Vessel Disease (LVD)-
      Pooled: OR=4.14; p=0.0002) and T allele (IS-Pooled: OR=4.82; p=1.49*10(-5); IS
      Males: OR=4.33; p=0.0002; IS-Females: OR=7.99; p=0.031; IS-LVD-Pooled: OR=4.13;
      p=0.0001). Further, reduced frequencies of CC genotype (IS-Pooled: OR=0.20;
      p=9.80*10(-6); IS-Males: OR=0.25; p=0.001; IS-Females: OR=0.12; p=0.027; IS-LVD
      Pooled: OR=0.23; p=0.0001) and C allele (IS-Pooled: OR=0.21; p=1.49*10(-5); IS
      Males: OR=0.23; p=0.0002; IS-Females: OR=0.13; p=0.031; IS-LVD-Pooled: OR=0.24;
      p=0.0001) were observed in IS patients than the controls. No association was
      observed for apoE genotypes/alleles in IS/LVD cases. Our study demonstrated the
      presence of risk for MTHFR CT genotype/T allele and 'CT-3/3' (n=33 vs. 5;
      OR=7.42; p=0.001) genotypic combination in the development of IS in south India.
      Further, follow-up study of these stroke cases i.e., in later stages of the
      disease whether they are developing the neurological disorders such as
      Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) is needed to draw a fruitful
      conclusion in connection between neurological disorders and with these two
      polymorphisms, before translating it into clinical practice. 

PMID- 27378746
TI  - Genetic demographic networks: Mathematical model and applications.
AB  - Recent improvement in the quality of genetic data obtained from extinct human
      populations and their ancestors encourages searching for answers to basic
      questions regarding human population history. The most common and successful are
      model-based approaches, in which genetic data are compared to the data obtained
      from the assumed demography model. Using such approach, it is possible to either
      validate or adjust assumed demography. Model fit to data can be obtained based on
      reverse-time coalescent simulations or forward-time simulations. In this paper we
      introduce a computational method based on mathematical equation that allows
      obtaining joint distributions of pairs of individuals under a specified
      demography model, each of them characterized by a genetic variant at a chosen
      locus. The two individuals are randomly sampled from either the same or two
      different populations. The model assumes three types of demographic events
      (split, merge and migration). Populations evolve according to the time-continuous
      Moran model with drift and Markov-process mutation. This latter process is
      described by the Lyapunov-type equation introduced by O'Brien and generalized in
      our previous works. Application of this equation constitutes an original
      contribution. In the result section of the paper we present sample applications
      of our model to both simulated and literature-based demographies. Among other we
      include a study of the Slavs-Balts-Finns genetic relationship, in which we model
      split and migrations between the Balts and Slavs. We also include another example
      that involves the migration rates between farmers and hunters-gatherers, based on
      modern and ancient DNA samples. This latter process was previously studied using
      coalescent simulations. Our results are in general agreement with the previous
      method, which provides validation of our approach. Although our model is not an
      alternative to simulation methods in the practical sense, it provides an
      algorithm to compute pairwise distributions of alleles, in the case of haploid
      non-recombining loci such as mitochondrial and Y-chromosome loci in humans.

PMID- 27378747
TI  - The non-equilibrium allele frequency spectrum in a Poisson random field
      framework.
AB  - In population genetic studies, the allele frequency spectrum (AFS) efficiently
      summarizes genome-wide polymorphism data and shapes a variety of allele frequency
      based summary statistics. While existing theory typically features equilibrium
      conditions, emerging methodology requires an analytical understanding of the
      build-up of the allele frequencies over time. In this work, we use the framework
      of Poisson random fields to derive new representations of the non-equilibrium AFS
      for the case of a Wright-Fisher population model with selection. In our approach,
      the AFS is a scaling-limit of the expectation of a Poisson stochastic integral
      and the representation of the non-equilibrium AFS arises in terms of a fixation
      time probability distribution. The known duality between the Wright-Fisher
      diffusion process and a birth and death process generalizing Kingman's coalescent
      yields an additional representation. The results carry over to the setting of a
      random sample drawn from the population and provide the non-equilibrium behavior
      of sample statistics. Our findings are consistent with and extend a previous
      approach where the non-equilibrium AFS solves a partial differential forward
      equation with a non-traditional boundary condition. Moreover, we provide a bridge
      to previous coalescent-based work, and hence tie several frameworks together.
      Since frequency-based summary statistics are widely used in population genetics,
      for example, to identify candidate loci of adaptive evolution, to infer the
      demographic history of a population, or to improve our understanding of the
      underlying mechanics of speciation events, the presented results are potentially
      useful for a broad range of topics.

PMID- 27378748
TI  - Family caregivers as partners in care transitions: The caregiver advise record
      and enable act.
AB  - The objective of this Perspective was to provide guidance to hospitalists and
      hospital clinical leadership on how to implement the Caregiver Advise Record and
      Enable (CARE) Act, which has been passed into law in 30 US states and
      territories. Specifically, the objective is 3-fold: (1) increase awareness among
      hospitalists and encourage them to begin to prepare for implementation, (2)
      explore the impetus for this legislation, and (3) provide a list of suggested
      resources geared to both family caregivers and healthcare professionals that may
      be helpful in preparation for implementing the CARE Act. Journal of Hospital
      Medicine 2015;11:883-885. (c) 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine.

PMID- 27378749
TI  - Does environmental friendliness equal healthiness? Swiss consumers' perception of
      protein products.
AB  - Food production and consumption have major impacts on the environment. At the
      same time, changes in human diets worldwide are increasingly leading to health
      problems. Both issues are highly influenced by consumers' everyday food choices
      and could be addressed by reducing consumption of meat and other animal products.
      To promote sustainable food consumption, we need to know how consumers perceive
      the environmental friendliness and healthiness of food products, on which
      criteria they base their evaluations of environmental friendliness and
      healthiness, and how their estimations relate to life cycle assessments and
      nutrient profiling. We presented 30 protein products, which varied in provenance,
      production methods, and processing, to 85 participants from Switzerland. They
      were asked to sort the products once according to their perceived environmental
      friendliness and once according to their perceived healthiness. The mean
      distances between the products were compared to the products' life cycle
      assessments and nutrient profiles. The results showed that perceived
      environmental friendliness and healthiness are highly correlated. The main
      predictors of the products' perceived environmental friendliness were product
      category, presence of an organic label, and provenance; and for perceived
      healthiness, these predictors were product category, fat content, processing, and
      presence of an organic label. Environmental friendliness and healthiness
      estimations were significantly correlated to the life cycle assessments and the
      nutrient profiles of the products, respectively. Hence, to promote healthy and
      environmentally friendly food choices, motivators related to environmental
      friendliness and healthiness could be used in synergy. Awareness about meat's
      environmental impact should be increased and better information is needed for
      consumers to make an accurate environmental impact and healthiness assessments of
      protein products.

PMID- 27378750
TI  - Motives of consumers following a vegan diet and their attitudes towards animal
      agriculture.
AB  - The number of consumers following a vegan diet has notably increased in many
      industrialised countries and it is likely that their influence on the food sector
      will continue to grow. The aim of the present study was to identify different
      segments of consumers according to their motivation for following a vegan diet.
      Another objective was to analyse the attitudes of these consumers towards animal
      agriculture. The main focus was to determine whether all consumers following a
      vegan diet oppose animal agriculture in general or if some of these consumers
      accept certain forms of animal agriculture. The 2014 study, conducted at seven
      vegan supermarkets in Germany, was based on face-to-face interviews with 329
      consumers following a vegan diet. The open question on consumer motivations for
      adopting a vegan diet revealed three main motives: Animal-related motives
      (mentioned by 89.7% of the respondents), motives related to personal well-being
      and/or health (69.3%), and environment-related motives (46.8%). The two-step
      cluster analysis identified five consumer segments with different motivations for
      following a vegan diet. The vast majority of respondents (81.8%) mentioned more
      than one motive. We conclude that making a dichotomous segmentation into ethical
      versus self-oriented consumers, as previous authors have done, disregards the
      fact that many consumers following a vegan diet are driven by more than one
      motive. The consumer segments had significantly different attitudes towards
      animal agriculture. We identified consumers following a vegan diet (about one
      third of the sample) who might be open to forms of animal agriculture
      guaranteeing animal welfare standards going beyond current practices. The present
      study has interesting implications for the food sector and the agricultural
      sector.

PMID- 27378751
TI  - Sodium fluoride induces hypertension and cardiac complications through generation
      of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappa beta.
AB  - Human exposure to sodium fluoride through its daily usage is almost inevitable.
      Cardiovascular and renal dysfunction has been associated with fluoride toxicity.
      Therefore, this study investigated the mechanism of action of sodium fluoride
      (NaF) induced hypertension and cardiovascular complications Forty male albino
      rats of an average of 10 rats per group were used. Group A received clean tap
      water. Toxicity was induced in Group B to D by administering graded doses of NaF
      through drinking water ad libitum for 10 days at 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 600 ppm
      concentration respectively. Following administration of NaF, there was
      significant increase in systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and mean arterial
      pressure. Markers of oxidative stress; malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide,
      advance oxidation protein products, and protein carbonyl were significantly
      increased in dose-dependent pattern in the cardiac and renal tissues of rats
      together with significant decrease in the GST activity in NaF-treated rats
      compared to the control. Also serum markers of inflammation, cardiac, and renal
      damage including myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase, blood urea nitrogen,
      creatinine, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Creatinine kinase myocardial band
      (CK-MB) significantly increased indicating induction of oxidative stress, renal,
      and cardiac damage after exposure. Histopathology of the kidney and heart
      revealed aberrations in the histological architecture in NaF-treated rats. Also,
      immunohistochemistry showed higher expression of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF
      kB) in the cardiac and renal tissues of rats administered NaF. Combining all,
      these results indicate NaF-induced hypertension through generation of reactive
      oxygen species and activation of renal and cardiac NF-kB expressions. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1089-1101, 2017.

PMID- 27378752
TI  - FOXP3(+) CD4 T-cell maturity and responses to microbial stimulation alter with
      age and associate with early-life gut colonization.

PMID- 27378754
TI  - Chapter One - Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination of G Protein-Coupled Receptors.
AB  - The seven-transmembrane containing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute
      the largest family of cell-surface receptors. Transmembrane signaling by GPCRs is
      fundamental to many aspects of physiology including vision, olfaction,
      cardiovascular, and reproductive functions as well as pain, behavior and
      psychomotor responses. The duration and magnitude of signal transduction is
      tightly controlled by a series of coordinated trafficking events that regulate
      the cell-surface expression of GPCRs at the plasma membrane. Moreover, the
      intracellular trafficking profiles of GPCRs can correlate with the signaling
      efficacy and efficiency triggered by the extracellular stimuli that activate
      GPCRs. Of the various molecular mechanisms that impart selectivity, sensitivity
      and strength of transmembrane signaling, ubiquitination of the receptor protein
      plays an important role because it defines both trafficking and signaling
      properties of the activated GPCR. Ubiquitination of proteins was originally
      discovered in the context of lysosome-independent degradation of cytosolic
      proteins by the 26S proteasome; however a large body of work suggests that
      ubiquitination also orchestrates the downregulation of membrane proteins in the
      lysosomes. In the case of GPCRs, such ubiquitin-mediated lysosomal degradation
      engenders long-term desensitization of transmembrane signaling. To date about 40
      GPCRs are known to be ubiquitinated. For many GPCRs, ubiquitination plays a major
      role in postendocytic trafficking and sorting to the lysosomes. This chapter will
      focus on the patterns and functional roles of GPCR ubiquitination, and will
      describe various molecular mechanisms involved in GPCR ubiquitination.

PMID- 27378753
TI  - Trends, characteristics, and incidence of anaphylaxis in 2001-2010: A population
      based study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening systemic allergic
      reaction. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the incidence rate and causes of
      anaphylaxis during a 10-year period in Olmsted County, Minnesota. METHODS: Using
      the resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a comprehensive records
      linkage system, we performed a population-based incidence study in Olmsted
      County, Minnesota, from 2001 through 2010. All cases with a diagnosis of
      anaphylactic shock and 20% of cases with related diagnoses were manually
      reviewed. The relationships of age group, sex, and year of anaphylaxis with
      incidence rates were assessed by fitting Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Six
      hundred thirty-one cases of anaphylaxis were identified. The median age was 31
      years (interquartile range, 19-44 years). The overall age- and sex-adjusted
      incidence rate was 42 (95% CI, 38.7-45.3) per 100,000 person-years. There was a
      significant increase in the overall incidence of anaphylaxis during the study
      period, with an average increase of 4.3% per year (P < .001). In addition, there
      was a 9.8% increase per year in the incidence rate of food-related anaphylaxis.
      Food-related anaphylaxis was most common in children aged 0 to 9 years, venom
      related anaphylaxis was most common in those 20 to 39 years of age, and
      medication-related anaphylaxis was most common in those 30 to 39 years of age.
      CONCLUSION: The overall incidence rate of anaphylaxis was 42 per 100,000 person
      years from 2001-2010 in Olmsted County, Minnesota. The incidence of anaphylaxis
      increased over time, and several inciting triggers were uniquely associated with
      different age groups.

PMID- 27378755
TI  - Chapter Two - Heterotrimeric G Protein Ubiquitination as a Regulator of G Protein
      Signaling.
AB  - Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of G proteins has been known for over 20 years as a
      result of discoveries made independently in yeast and vertebrate model systems
      for pheromone and photoreception, respectively. Since that time, several details
      underlying the cause and effect of G protein ubiquitination have been determined
      including the initiating signals, responsible enzymes, trafficking pathways, and
      their effects on protein structure, function, interactions, and cell signaling.
      The collective body of evidence suggests that Galpha subunits are the primary
      targets of ubiquitination. However, longstanding and recent results suggest that
      Gbeta and Ggamma subunits are also ubiquitinated, in some cases impacting cell
      polarization-a process essential for chemotaxis and polarized cell growth. More
      recently, evidence from mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics coupled with
      advances in PTM bioinformatics have revealed that protein families representing G
      protein subunits contain several structural hotspots for ubiquitination-most of
      which have not been investigated for a functional role in signal transduction.
      Taken together, our knowledge and understanding of heterotrimeric G protein
      ubiquitination as a regulator of G protein signaling-despite 20 years of research
      is still emerging.

PMID- 27378756
TI  - Chapter Three - Ubiquitination and Protein Turnover of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor
      Kinases in GPCR Signaling and Cellular Regulation.
AB  - G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are responsible for regulating a wide variety
      of physiological processes, and distinct mechanisms for GPCR inactivation exist
      to guarantee correct receptor functionality. One of the widely used mechanisms is
      receptor phosphorylation by specific G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs),
      leading to uncoupling from G proteins (desensitization) and receptor
      internalization. GRKs and beta-arrestins also participate in the assembly of
      receptor-associated multimolecular complexes, thus initiating alternative G
      protein-independent signaling events. In addition, the abundant GRK2 kinase has
      diverse "effector" functions in cellular migration, proliferation, and metabolism
      homeostasis by means of the phosphorylation or interaction with non-GPCR
      partners. Altered expression of GRKs (particularly of GRK2 and GRK5) occurs
      during pathological conditions characterized by impaired GPCR signaling including
      inflammatory syndromes, cardiovascular disease, and tumor contexts. It is
      increasingly appreciated that different pathways governing GRK protein stability
      play a role in the modulation of kinase levels in normal and pathological
      conditions. Thus, enhanced GRK2 degradation by the proteasome pathway occurs upon
      GPCR stimulation, what allows cellular adaptation to chronic stimulation in a
      physiological setting. beta-arrestins participate in this process by facilitating
      GRK2 phosphorylation by different kinases and by recruiting diverse E3 ubiquitin
      ligase to the receptor complex. Different proteolytic systems (ubiquitin
      proteasome, calpains), chaperone activities and signaling pathways influence the
      stability of GRKs in different ways, thus endowing specificity to GPCR regulation
      as protein turnover of GRKs can be differentially affected. Therefore, modulation
      of protein stability of GRKs emerges as a versatile mechanism for feedback
      regulation of GPCR signaling and basic cellular processes.

PMID- 27378757
TI  - Chapter 4 - Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor Ubiquitination.
AB  - Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are large (~300kDa) proteins that
      associate into tetrameric ion channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
      membrane. Activation and opening of the channel upon binding of IP3 and Ca(2+)
      allows the flow of Ca(2+) ions from stores within the ER lumen to the cytosol,
      thereby promoting a number of Ca(2+)-dependent cellular events, such as
      secretion, neurotransmitter release, and cell division. Intriguingly, it appears
      that the same conformational change that IP3Rs undergo during activation makes
      them a target for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and that this
      mode of processing allows the cell to tune its internal Ca(2+) response to
      extracellular signals. Here, we review recent studies showing that activated
      IP3Rs interact with an array of proteins that mediate their degradation, that
      IP3Rs are modified by a complex array of ubiquitin conjugates, that this
      ubiquitination and degradation functions to regulate IP3-mediated Ca(2+)
      responses in the cell, and that mutations to different proteins involved in IP3R
      degradation result in a set of similar diseases.

PMID- 27378758
TI  - Chapter Five - Ubiquitination of Ion Channels and Transporters.
AB  - Ion channels and transporters play essential roles in excitable cells including
      cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells, neurons, and endocrine cells. Their
      dysfunction underlies the pathology of various diseases. Thus, the tight
      regulation of these transmembrane proteins is essential for cell physiology.
      While the ubiquitin system is involved in many aspects of cellular processes,
      this chapter focuses on the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of ion channels and
      transporters. Ubiquitination of ion channels and transporters is multifaceted and
      occurs at various cellular compartments such as the plasma membrane and the
      endoplasmic reticulum. While various molecules are involved in the ubiquitination
      of ion channels and transporters, E3 ubiquitin ligases play a central role in
      selectively targeting substrates for ubiquitination and will be a major focus in
      this chapter. To date, the Nedd4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases and their
      regulations of ion channels and transporters have been extensively studied. In
      this chapter, we will first review Nedd4/Nedd4-2 and their regulations. We will
      then discuss how E3 ubiquitin ligases, especially Nedd4-2, regulate various ion
      channels and transporters including epithelial Na(+) channels, voltage-gated
      Na(+) channels, KCNQ and hERG K(+) channels, Cl(-) channels such as CFTR,
      transporters such as Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, and gap junctions. Furthermore, diseases
      caused by improper ubiquitination of ion channels and transporters will be
      discussed to highlight the process of ubiquitination and its biological as well
      as clinical significance.

PMID- 27378759
TI  - Chapter Six - The Ubiquitin Network in the Control of EGFR Endocytosis and
      Signaling.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent signaling is involved in many
      physiological processes, and its deregulation leads to cellular dysfunctions and
      pathologies, of which cancer tops the list. Ubiquitin is the major determinant of
      EGFR fate all along the endocytic pathway, directly controlling EGFR signaling
      output. Indeed, the EGFR-ubiquitin network is often hijacked by cancer cells in
      order to have a proliferative advantage. In this chapter, we will review the
      different steps of EGFR activation and signal propagation, starting from the
      plasma membrane all the way down to the endosomal station, with a particular
      focus on the role of the ubiquitin system in controlling the balance between
      signal sustaining and downmodulation.

PMID- 27378760
TI  - Chapter Seven - When Phosphorylation Encounters Ubiquitination: A Balanced
      Perspective on IGF-1R Signaling.
AB  - Cell-surface receptors govern the critical information passage from outside to
      inside the cell and hence control important cellular decisions such as survival,
      growth, and differentiation. These receptors, structurally grouped into different
      families, utilize common intracellular signaling-proteins and pathways, yet
      promote divergent biological consequences. In rapid processing of extracellular
      signals to biological outcomes, posttranslational modifications offer a
      repertoire of protein processing options. Protein ubiquitination was originally
      identified as a signal for protein degradation through the proteasome system. It
      is now becoming increasingly recognized that both ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like
      proteins, all evolved from a common ubiquitin structural superfold, are used
      extensively by the cell and encompass signal tags for many different cellular
      fates. In this chapter we examine the current understanding of the ubiquitin
      regulation surrounding the insulin-like growth factor and insulin signaling
      systems, major members of the larger family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)
      and key regulators of fundamental physiological and pathological states.

PMID- 27378761
TI  - Chapter Eight - Ubiquitin-Mediated Regulation of Cellular Responses to Vascular
      Endothelial Growth Factors.
AB  - Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) bind receptor tyrosine kinases
      (VEGFRs) to regulate vascular and lymphatic development and homeostasis. Such
      interactions are also implicated in pathological conditions ranging from cancer
      to heart disease. Increasingly, it is evident that ubiquitination plays a central
      role in regulating VEGFR function and the cellular response to VEGFs. E1, E2, and
      E3 ubiquitination enzymes deliver ubiquitin-specific modifications to protein
      substrates but there is much debate on the exact enzymes involved. The
      deubiquitinase (DUB) enzymes remove such modifications and are attracting
      increasing interest as potential therapeutic targets in a host of different
      disease states. Understanding how these enzyme families regulate VEGFR function
      in different cells and tissues is a major challenge. An understanding of the
      fundamental mechanisms underlying such biochemical regulation is needed for
      providing new therapeutics that target diseases such as cancer and heart disease.

PMID- 27378762
TI  - Chapter Nine - Cellular Roles of Beta-Arrestins as Substrates and Adaptors of
      Ubiquitination and Deubiquitination.
AB  - beta-Arrestin1 and beta-arrestin2 are homologous adaptor proteins that are
      ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells. They belong to a four-member family of
      arrestins that regulate the vast family of seven-transmembrane receptors that
      couple to heterotrimeric G proteins (7TMRs or GPCRs), and that modulate 7TMR
      signal transduction. beta-Arrestins were originally identified in the context of
      signal inhibition via the 7TMRs because they competed with and thereby blocked G
      protein coupling to 7TMRs. Currently, in addition to their role as desensitizers
      of signaling, beta-arrestins are appreciated as multifunctional adaptors that
      mediate trafficking and signal transduction of not only 7TMRs, but a growing list
      of additional receptors, ion channels, and nonreceptor proteins. beta-Arrestins'
      interactions with their multifarious partners are based on their dynamic
      conformational states rather than particular domain-domain interactions. beta
      Arrestins adopt activated conformations upon 7TMR association. In addition, beta
      arrestins undergo various posttranslational modifications that are choreographed
      by activated 7TMRs, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation,
      nitrosylation, and SUMOylation. Ubiquitination of beta-arrestins is critical for
      their high-affinity interaction with 7TMRs as well as with endocytic adaptor
      proteins and signaling kinases. beta-Arrestins also function as critical adaptors
      for ubiquitination and deubiquitination of various cellular proteins, and thereby
      affect the longevity of signal transducers and the intensity of signal
      transmission.

PMID- 27378763
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 27378764
TI  - Obama presses Congress to agree to Zika funding.

PMID- 27378765
TI  - Structural changes in a Schiff base molecular assembly initiated by scanning
      tunneling microscopy tip.
AB  - We report the controlled self-organization and switching of newly designed Schiff
      base (E)-4-((4-(phenylethynyl) benzylidene) amino) benzenethiol (EPBB) molecules
      on a Au (111) surface at room temperature. Scanning tunneling microscopy and
      spectroscopy (STM/STS) were used to image and analyze the conformational changes
      of the EPBB molecules. The conformational change of the molecules was induced by
      using the STM tip while increasing the tunneling current. The switching of a
      domain or island of molecules was shown to be induced by the STM tip during
      scanning. Unambiguous fingerprints of the switching mechanism were observed via
      STM/STS measurements. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering was employed, to control
      and identify quantitatively the switching mechanism of molecules in a monolayer.
      Density functional theory calculations were also performed in order to understand
      the microscopic details of the switching mechanism. These calculations revealed
      that the molecular switching behavior stemmed from the strong interaction of the
      EPBB molecules with the STM tip. Our approach to controlling intermolecular
      mechanics provides a path towards the bottom-up assembly of more sophisticated
      molecular machines. 

PMID- 27378767
TI  - Fertility, pregnancy and gynecological outcomes after fetoscopic surgery for
      congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: What is the impact of fetoscopic surgery for isolated Congenital
      Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) on future reproductive and gynecological outcomes?
      SUMMARY ANSWER: We did not observe an increase of obstetric or gynecological
      problems after fetoscopic surgery nor was there an increased risk for subsequent
      infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The reproductive and gynecological outcomes
      of patients undergoing open maternal-fetal surgery are known. The most relevant
      counseling items are the elevated risk for uterine dehiscence and rupture (up to
      14%). STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Bi-centric study over a 10-year period
      including 371 women carrying a fetus with isolated CDH either managed expectantly
      (n = 167) or operated in utero (n = 204). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING,
      METHODS: Consenting patients filled out a survey with 23 questions (2 open and 21
      multiple choice). Questionnaires were custom designed to obtain information on
      subsequent reproductive or gynecological problems as well as psychological
      impact. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The response rate was 40% (147/371).
      More women in the FETO group attempted a subsequent pregnancy: 70% (62/89) when
      compared with 47% (27/58) in controls (P = 0.009). This coincided with a longer
      follow-up in the FETO group (76 versus 59 months; P < 0.001) and a lower survival
      rate in the index pregnancy (53 versus 72%; P = 0.028). There was no difference
      in the number of nulliparous or parous women, neither in the conception rate. In
      total, there were 129 subsequent pregnancies. Nobody reported secondary fertility
      problems. Four women in the FETO group and one in the control reported a
      congenital anomaly in a subsequent pregnancy. Twenty-one pregnancies were
      reported with at least one complication (FETO: 23% (14/60), controls 27% (7/26)).
      During delivery or in the post-partum period 11 patients reported at least 1
      complication (FETO 17% (10/59), controls 4% (1/24)). New onset gynecological
      problems occurred in 14 participants (10%). None of these events were more likely
      in one or the other group. Psychological and emotional impacts were frequent in
      both the FETO (41%) and the control groups (46%) (P = 0.691). LIMITATIONS,
      REASONS FOR CAUTION: The response rate was 40% (147/371), less than desired. The
      use of unvalidated self-reported outcomes may skew exact determination of the
      nature and severity of medical complications. The number of observations for
      uncommon events was low. The mean follow-up period to detect gynecological
      complications may be too short. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This is the
      first evidence that fetoscopic surgery for CDH does not compromise future
      reproductive potential or obstetrical outcome when compared with expectant
      management. A pregnancy complicated by a serious congenital birth defect, such as
      CDH, frequently has a measurable psychological impact. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING
      INTEREST: The authors have no conflicts to declare. J.D. receives a fundamental
      clinical research grant of the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen
      (FWO; 18.01207). A.C.E. is supported by the Erasmus+Program of the European Union
      (Framework agreement number 2013-0040; contract 1011990). This was presented at
      the 61st meeting of the Society of Gynaecologic Investigation, in Florence, March
      2014 (F-111).

PMID- 27378768
TI  - Ninety-five orthotopic transplantations in 74 women of ovarian tissue after
      cytotoxic treatment in a fertility preservation network: tissue activity,
      pregnancy and delivery rates.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: What is the success rate in terms of ovarian activity (menstrual
      cycles) as well as pregnancy and delivery rates 1 year after orthotopic ovarian
      transplantations conducted in a three-country network? SUMMARY ANSWER: In 49
      women with a follow-up >1 year after transplantation, the ovaries were active in
      67% of cases and the pregnancy and delivery rates were 33 and 25%, respectively.
      WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue in advance of cytotoxic
      therapies and later transplantation of the tissue is being performed increasingly
      often, and the total success rates in terms of pregnancy and delivery have been
      described in case series. However, published case series have not allowed either
      a more detailed analysis of patients with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)
      or calculation of success rates based on the parameter 'tissue activity'. STUDY
      DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Retrospective analysis of 95 orthotopic transplantations
      in 74 patients who had been treated for cancer, performed in the FertiPROTEKT
      network from 2008 to June 2015. Of those 95 transplantations, a first subgroup
      (Subgroup 1) was defined for further analysis, including 49 women with a follow
      up period >1 year after transplantation. Of those 49 women, a second subgroup
      (Subgroup 5) was further analysed, including 40 women who were transplanted for
      the first time and who were diagnosed with POI before transplantation.
      PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Transplantation was performed in 16
      centres and data were transferred to the FertiPROTEKT registry. The
      transplantations were carried out after oncological treatment had been completed
      and after a remission period of at least 2 years. Tissue was transplanted
      orthotopically, either into or onto the residual ovaries or into a pelvic
      peritoneal pocket. The success rates were defined as tissue activity (menstrual
      cycles) after 1 year (primary outcome) and as pregnancies and deliveries
      achieved. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The average age of all
      transplanted 74 women was 31 +/- 5.9 years at the time of cryopreservation and 35
      +/- 5.2 at the time of transplantation. Twenty-one pregnancies and 17 deliveries
      were recorded. In Subgroup 1, tissue was cryopreserved at the age of 30 +/- 5.6
      and transplanted at 34 +/- 4.9 years. Ovaries remained active 1 year after
      transplantation in 67% of cases (n = 33/49), the pregnancy rate was 33% (n =
      16/49) and the delivery rate was 25% (n = 12/49). In Subgroup 5, tissue was
      cryopreserved at the age 30 +/- 5.9 years and transplanted at 34 +/- 5.2 years.
      Ovaries remained active 1 year after transplantation in 63% of cases (n = 25/40),
      the pregnancy rate was 28% (n = 11/40) and the delivery rate was 23% (n = 9/40).
      The success rates were age dependant with higher success in women who
      cryopreserved at a younger age. In Subgroup 5, tissue was exclusively
      transplanted into the ovary in 10% (n = 4/40) of women and into a peritoneal
      pocket in 75% (n = 30/40), resulting in spontaneous conceptions in 91% of
      patients (n = 10/11). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The data were drawn from
      a retrospective analysis. The cryopreservation and transplantation techniques
      used have changed during the study period. The tissue was stored in many tissue
      banks and many surgeons were involved, leading to heterogeneity of the
      procedures. However, this does reflect the realistic situation in many countries.
      Although patients with POI were evaluated before transplantation to allow
      specific analysis of the transplanted tissue itself, the possibility cannot be
      excluded that residual ovarian tissue was also reactivated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF
      THE FINDINGS: This is the largest case series worldwide to date and it confirms
      that cryopreservation and transplantation of ovarian tissue can be a successful
      option for preserving fertility. Persistent tissue activity 12 months after
      transplantation suggests that the pregnancy and delivery rates may increase
      further in the future. As transplantation into the peritoneum results in a high
      success rate, this approach may be an alternative to transplantation into the
      ovary. However, in order to establish the best transplantation site, a randomized
      study is required. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST: This study was in part
      funded from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (# DI 1525) and the Wilhelm
      Sander Foundation (2012.127.1) and did not receive any funding from a commercial
      company. No competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: None.

PMID- 27378769
TI  - Global myocardial oedema in advanced decompensated heart failure.
AB  - Aims: To use cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging with quantitative T2
      mapping as surrogate for myocardial water content in patients with advanced
      decompensated heart failure (ADHF), compare these values with T2-values observed
      in chronic heart failure, and evaluate the change with decongestive therapy.
      Methods and Results: Volumetric CMR measurements and quantitative T2 mapping were
      performed in 18 consecutive ADHF patients with clinical signs of volume overload.
      Eleven patients with stable heart failure were used as controls. Vasodilator
      therapy and diuretics were administered to achieve a pulmonary arterial wedge
      pressure (PAWP) of <18 mmHg and central venous pressure (CVP) of <12 mmHg, after
      which CMR was repeated. ADHF patients (62 +/- 12 years; 89% male; left
      ventricular ejection fraction 23 +/- 8%) presented with low cardiac index (2.08
      +/- 0.59 L/min/m2), high PAWP (25 +/- 7 mmHg), and high CVP (14 +/- 5 mmHg).
      After decongestion, the patients had a significant increase in cardiac index
      (+0.41 +/- 0.53 L/min/m2; P = 0.005) and decreases in both PAWP (-9 +/- 6 mmHg; P
      < 0.001) and CVP (-6 +/- 5 mmHg; P < 0.001). At baseline, global left ventricular
      T2-values were higher in ADHF patients compared with controls (59.5 +/- 4.6 vs.
      54.7 +/- 2.2 ms, respectively; P = 0.001). After decongestion, T2-values fell
      significantly to 55.9 +/- 5.1 ms (P = 0.001), comparable with controls (P =
      0.580). In contrast, psoas muscle T2-values were similar at baseline (38.6 +/-
      4.4 ms) vs. after decongestion (37.8 +/- 4.8 ms; P = 0.397). Each 1 ms decrease
      in global left ventricular T2-value during decongestion was associated with a
      1.14 +/- 0.40 mmHg decrease in PAWP (P = 0.013), after correction for age and
      gender. Conclusion: Patients presenting with ADHF and volume overload have
      increased global left ventricular-but not psoas muscle-T2-values, which decrease
      with successful decongestion. Relief of myocardial oedema correlates with
      haemodynamic unloading.

PMID- 27378766
TI  - Parity, breastfeeding and risk of coronary heart disease: A pan-European case
      cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is uncertainty about the direction and magnitude of the
      associations between parity, breastfeeding and the risk of coronary heart disease
      (CHD). We examined the separate and combined associations of parity and
      breastfeeding practices with the incidence of CHD later in life among women in a
      large, pan-European cohort study. METHODS: Data were used from European
      Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-CVD, a case-cohort
      study nested within the EPIC prospective study of 520,000 participants from 10
      countries. Information on reproductive history was available for 14,917 women,
      including 5138 incident cases of CHD. Using Prentice-weighted Cox regression
      separately for each country followed by a random-effects meta-analysis, we
      calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CHD, after
      adjustment for age, study centre and several socioeconomic and biological risk
      factors. RESULTS: Compared with nulliparous women, the adjusted HR was 1.19 (95%
      CI: 1.01-1.41) among parous women; HRs were higher among women with more children
      (e.g., adjusted HR: 1.95 (95% CI: 1.19-3.20) for women with five or more
      children). Compared with women who did not breastfeed, the adjusted HR was 0.71
      (95% CI: 0.52-0.98) among women who breastfed. For childbearing women who never
      breastfed, the adjusted HR was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.09-2.30) compared with nulliparous
      women, whereas for childbearing women who breastfed, the adjusted HR was 1.19
      (95% CI: 0.99-1.43). CONCLUSION: Having more children was associated with a
      higher risk of CHD later in life, whereas breastfeeding was associated with a
      lower CHD risk. Women who both had children and breastfed did have a non
      significantly higher risk of CHD.

PMID- 27378770
TI  - Impact of high-intensity endurance exercise on regional left and right
      ventricular myocardial mechanics.
AB  - Aims: Strenuous endurance exercise acutely increases myocardial wall stress and
      evokes transient functional cardiac perturbations. However, it is unclear whether
      exercise-induced functional cardiac disturbances are ubiquitous throughout the
      myocardium or are segment specific. The aim of this study was to examine the
      influence of high-intensity endurance exercise on global and segmental left (LV)
      and right (RV) ventricular tissue deformation (strain). Methods and results:
      Echocardiography was used to measure strain in 23 active men (age: 28 +/- 2
      years; VO2 peak: 4.5 +/- 0.7 L min-1) at rest and during a standardized low
      intensity exercise challenge, before and after a 90-min high-intensity endurance
      cycling intervention. Following the cycling intervention, LV and RV global strain
      decreased at rest (LV: -18.4 +/- 0.4% vs. -17.7 +/- 0.4%, P < 0.05; RV: -27.6 +/-
      0.7% vs. -26.4 +/- 0.6%, P < 0.05) and by a greater extent during the low
      intensity exercise challenge (LV: -21.3 +/- 0.4% vs. -19.2 +/- 0.5%, P < 0.01;
      RV: -28.4 +/- 0.8% vs. -23.5 +/- 0.9%, P < 0.01). Reductions in LV strain were
      unique to regions of RV attachment (e.g. LV septum: -24.4 +/- 0.5% vs. -21.4 +/-
      0.6%, P < 0.01) with lateral (-18.9 +/- 0.4% vs. -18.4 +/- 0.5%) and posterior
      segments (-19.5 +/- 0.4% vs. -18.8 +/- 0.7%) unaffected. Similarly, augmentation
      of strain from rest to exercise was abolished in the RV free wall (-1.1 +/- 1.0%
      vs. 2.9 +/- 1.2%, P < 0.01), reduced in the septum (-4.6 +/- 0.4% vs. -2.4 +/-
      0.5%, P < 0.01), and unchanged in the lateral (-1.2 +/- 0.6% vs. -0.9 +/- 0.6%)
      and posterior walls (-1.7 +/- 0.6% vs. -1.3 +/- 0.7%). Conclusion: Changes in
      ventricular strain following high-intensity exercise are more profound in the
      right ventricle than in the left ventricle. Reductions in LV strain were unique
      to the septal myocardium and may reflect ventricular interactions secondary to
      exercise-induced RV dysfunction.

PMID- 27378771
TI  - Amyloid in the heart: an under-recognized threat at the interface of cardiology,
      haematology, and pathology.

PMID- 27378772
TI  - An AT-barrier mechanically controls DNA reannealing under tension.
AB  - Regulation of genomic activity occurs through the manipulation of DNA by
      competent mechanoenzymes. Force-clamp optical tweezers that allow the structural
      dynamics of the DNA molecule to be measured were used here to investigate the
      kinetics of mechanically-driven strand reannealing. When the force on the
      torsionally unconstrained lambda-phage DNA is decreased stepwise from above to
      below the overstretching transition, reannealing occurs via discrete shortening
      steps separated by exponentially distributed time intervals. Kinetic analysis
      reveals a transition barrier 0.58 nm along the reaction coordinate and an average
      reannealing-step size of ~750 bp, consistent with the average bp interval
      separating segments of more than 10 consecutive AT bases. In an AT-rich DNA
      construct, in which the distance between segments of more than 10 consecutive AT
      is reduced to ~210 bps, the reannealing step reduces accordingly without changes
      in the position of the transition barrier. Thus, the transition barrier for
      reannealing is determined by the presence of segments of more than 10 consecutive
      AT bps independent of changes in sequence composition, while the length of the
      reannealing strand changes according to the distance between poly-AT segments at
      least 10 bps long.

PMID- 27378773
TI  - The role of repressor kinetics in relief of transcriptional interference between
      convergent promoters.
AB  - Transcriptional interference (TI), where transcription from a promoter is
      inhibited by the activity of other promoters in its vicinity on the same DNA,
      enables transcription factors to regulate a target promoter indirectly, inducing
      or relieving TI by controlling the interfering promoter. For convergent
      promoters, stochastic simulations indicate that relief of TI can be inhibited if
      the repressor at the interfering promoter has slow binding kinetics, making it
      either sensitive to frequent dislodgement by elongating RNA polymerases (RNAPs)
      from the target promoter, or able to be a strong roadblock to these RNAPs. In
      vivo measurements of relief of TI by CI or Cro repressors in the bacteriophage
      lambda PR-PRE system show strong relief of TI and a lack of dislodgement and
      roadblocking effects, indicative of rapid CI and Cro binding kinetics. However,
      repression of the same lambda promoter by a catalytically dead CRISPR Cas9
      protein gave either compromised or no relief of TI depending on the orientation
      at which it binds DNA, consistent with dCas9 being a slow kinetics repressor.
      This analysis shows how the intrinsic properties of a repressor can be
      evolutionarily tuned to set the magnitude of relief of TI.

PMID- 27378774
TI  - Identifying gene regulatory network rewiring using latent differential graphical
      models.
AB  - Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are highly dynamic among different tissue types.
      Identifying tissue-specific gene regulation is critically important to understand
      gene function in a particular cellular context. Graphical models have been used
      to estimate GRN from gene expression data to distinguish direct interactions from
      indirect associations. However, most existing methods estimate GRN for a specific
      cell/tissue type or in a tissue-naive way, or do not specifically focus on
      network rewiring between different tissues. Here, we describe a new method called
      Latent Differential Graphical Model (LDGM). The motivation of our method is to
      estimate the differential network between two tissue types directly without
      inferring the network for individual tissues, which has the advantage of
      utilizing much smaller sample size to achieve reliable differential network
      estimation. Our simulation results demonstrated that LDGM consistently
      outperforms other Gaussian graphical model based methods. We further evaluated
      LDGM by applying to the brain and blood gene expression data from the GTEx
      consortium. We also applied LDGM to identify network rewiring between cancer
      subtypes using the TCGA breast cancer samples. Our results suggest that LDGM is
      an effective method to infer differential network using high-throughput gene
      expression data to identify GRN dynamics among different cellular conditions.

PMID- 27378775
TI  - RecA stimulates AlkB-mediated direct repair of DNA adducts.
AB  - The Escherichia coli AlkB protein is a 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent
      demethylase that repairs alkylated single stranded and double stranded DNA.
      Immunoaffinity chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry identified RecA, a
      key factor in homologous recombination, as an AlkB-associated protein. The
      interaction between AlkB and RecA was validated by yeast two-hybrid assay; size
      exclusion chromatography and standard pull down experiment and was shown to be
      direct and mediated by the N-terminal domain of RecA. RecA binding results AlkB
      RecA heterodimer formation and RecA-AlkB repairs alkylated DNA with higher
      efficiency than AlkB alone.

PMID- 27378776
TI  - Mechanism of endonuclease cleavage by the HigB toxin.
AB  - Bacteria encode multiple type II toxin-antitoxin modules that cleave ribosome
      bound mRNAs in response to stress. All ribosome-dependent toxin family members
      structurally characterized to date adopt similar microbial RNase architectures
      despite possessing low sequence identities. Therefore, determining which residues
      are catalytically important in this specialized RNase family has been a challenge
      in the field. Structural studies of RelE and YoeB toxins bound to the ribosome
      provided significant insights but biochemical experiments with RelE were required
      to clearly demonstrate which residues are critical for acid-base catalysis of
      mRNA cleavage. Here, we solved an X-ray crystal structure of the wild-type,
      ribosome-dependent toxin HigB bound to the ribosome revealing potential catalytic
      residues proximal to the mRNA substrate. Using cell-based and biochemical assays,
      we further determined that HigB residues His54, Asp90, Tyr91 and His92 are
      critical for activity in vivo, while HigB H54A and Y91A variants have the largest
      effect on mRNA cleavage in vitro Comparison of X-ray crystal structures of two
      catalytically inactive HigB variants with 70S-HigB bound structures reveal that
      HigB active site residues undergo conformational rearrangements likely required
      for recognition of its mRNA substrate. These data support the emerging concept
      that ribosome-dependent toxins have diverse modes of mRNA recognition.

PMID- 27378777
TI  - Entropic stabilization of folded RNA in crowded solutions measured by SAXS.
AB  - Non-coding RNAs must fold into specific structures that are stabilized by metal
      ions and other co-solutes in the cell's interior. Large crowder molecules such as
      PEG stabilize a bacterial group I ribozyme so that the RNA folds in low Mg2+
      concentrations typical of the cell's interior. To understand the thermodynamic
      origins of stabilization by crowder molecules, small angle X-ray scattering was
      used to measure the folding and helix assembly of a bacterial group I ribozyme at
      different temperatures and in different MgCl2 and polyethylene glycol (PEG)
      concentrations. The resulting phase diagrams show that perturbations to folding
      by each variable do not overlap. A favorable enthalpy change drives the formation
      of compact, native-like structures, but requires Mg2+ ions at all temperatures
      studied (5-55 degrees C). PEG reduces the entropic cost of helix assembly and
      increases correlations between RNA segments at all temperatures. The phase
      diagrams also revealed a semi-compact intermediate between the unfolded and
      folded ensemble that is locally more flexible than the unfolded state, as judged
      by SHAPE modification. These results suggest that environmental variables such as
      temperature and solute density will favor different types of RNA structures.

PMID- 27378779
TI  - The functional requirement of two structural domains within telomerase RNA
      emerged early in eukaryotes.
AB  - Telomerase emerged during evolution as a prominent solution to the eukaryotic
      linear chromosome end-replication problem. Telomerase minimally comprises the
      catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA (TR) that
      provides the template for telomeric DNA synthesis. While the TERT protein is well
      conserved across taxa, TR is highly divergent amongst distinct groups of species.
      Herein, we have identified the essential functional domains of TR from the basal
      eukaryotic species Trypanosoma brucei, revealing the ancestry of TR comprising
      two distinct structural core domains that can assemble in trans with TERT and
      reconstitute active telomerase enzyme in vitro The upstream essential domain of
      T. brucei TR, termed the template core, constitutes three short helices in
      addition to the 11-nt template. Interestingly, the trypanosome template core
      domain lacks the ubiquitous pseudoknot found in all known TRs, suggesting later
      evolution of this critical structural element. The template-distal domain is a
      short stem-loop, termed equivalent CR4/5 (eCR4/5). While functionally similar to
      vertebrate and fungal CR4/5, trypanosome eCR4/5 is structurally distinctive,
      lacking the essential P6.1 stem-loop. Our functional study of trypanosome TR core
      domains suggests that the functional requirement of two discrete structural
      domains is a common feature of TRs and emerged early in telomerase evolution.

PMID- 27378778
TI  - An increase in negative supercoiling in bacteria reveals topology-reacting gene
      clusters and a homeostatic response mediated by the DNA topoisomerase I gene.
AB  - We studied the transcriptional response to an increase in DNA supercoiling in
      Streptococcus pneumoniae by using seconeolitsine, a new topoisomerase I
      inhibitor. A homeostatic response allowing recovery of supercoiling was observed
      in cells treated with subinhibitory seconeolitsine concentrations. Supercoiling
      increases of 40.7% (6 MUM) and 72.9% (8 MUM) were lowered to 8.5% and 44.1%,
      respectively. Likewise, drug removal facilitated the recovery of cell viability
      and DNA-supercoiling. Transcription of topoisomerase I depended on the
      supercoiling level. Also specific binding of topoisomerase I to the gyrase A gene
      promoter was detected by chromatin-immunoprecipitation. The transcriptomic
      response to 8 MUM seconeolitsine had two stages. An early stage, associated to an
      increase in supercoiling, affected 10% of the genome. A late stage, manifested by
      supercoiling recovery, affected 2% of the genome. Nearly 25% of the early
      responsive genes formed 12 clusters with a coordinated transcription. Clusters
      were 6.7-31.4 kb in length and included 9-22 responsive genes. These clusters
      partially overlapped with those observed under DNA relaxation, suggesting that
      bacteria manage supercoiling stress using pathways with common components. This
      is the first report of a coordinated global transcriptomic response that is
      triggered by an increase in DNA supercoiling in bacteria.

PMID- 27378780
TI  - Absolute quantitative measurement of transcriptional kinetic parameters in vivo.
AB  - mRNA expression involves transcription initiation, elongation and degradation. In
      cells, these dynamic processes are highly regulated. However, experimental
      characterization of the dynamic processes in vivo is difficult due to the paucity
      of methods capable of direct measurements. We present a highly sensitive and
      versatile method enabling direct characterization of the dynamic processes. Our
      method is based on single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH)
      and quantitative analyses of hybridization signals. We hybridized multiple probes
      labelled with spectrally distinct fluorophores to multiple sub-regions of single
      mRNAs, and visualized the kinetics of synthesis and degradation of the sub
      regions. Quantitative analyses of the data lead to absolute quantification of the
      lag time of mRNA induction (the time it takes for external signals to activate
      transcription initiation), transcription initiation rate, transcription
      elongation speed (i.e. mRNA chain-growth speed), the rate of premature
      termination of transcripts and degradation rates. Applying our method to three
      different biological problems, we demonstrated how our method may be applicable
      to reveal dynamics of mRNA expression that was difficult to study previously. We
      expect such absolute quantification can greatly facilitate understanding of gene
      expression and its regulation working at the levels of transcriptional
      initiation, elongation and degradation.

PMID- 27378781
TI  - Annexin A2 facilitates endocytic trafficking of antisense oligonucleotides.
AB  - Chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) designed to mediate site
      specific cleavage of RNA by RNase H1 are used as research tools and as
      therapeutics. ASOs modified with phosphorothioate (PS) linkages enter cells via
      endocytotic pathways. The mechanisms by which PS-ASOs are released from membrane
      enclosed endocytotic organelles to reach target RNAs remain largely unknown. We
      recently found that annexin A2 (ANXA2) co-localizes with PS-ASOs in late
      endosomes (LEs) and enhances ASO activity. Here, we show that co-localization of
      ANXA2 with PS-ASO is not dependent on their direct interactions or mediated by
      ANXA2 partner protein S100A10. Instead, ANXA2 accompanies the transport of PS
      ASOs to LEs, as ANXA2/PS-ASO co-localization was observed inside LEs. Although
      ANXA2 appears not to affect levels of PS-ASO internalization, ANXA2 reduction
      caused significant accumulation of ASOs in early endosomes (EEs) and reduced
      localization in LEs and decreased PS-ASO activity. Importantly, the kinetics of
      PS-ASO activity upon free uptake show that target mRNA reduction occurs at least
      4 hrs after PS-ASOs exit from EEs and is coincident with release from LEs. Taken
      together, our results indicate that ANXA2 facilitates PS-ASO trafficking from
      early to late endosomes where it may also contribute to PS-ASO release.

PMID- 27378782
TI  - Inverted repeat Alu elements in the human lincRNA-p21 adopt a conserved secondary
      structure that regulates RNA function.
AB  - LincRNA-p21 is a long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) involved in the p53
      mediated stress response. We sequenced the human lincRNA-p21 (hLincRNA-p21) and
      found that it has a single exon that includes inverted repeat Alu elements
      (IRAlus). Sense and antisense Alu elements fold independently of one another into
      a secondary structure that is conserved in lincRNA-p21 among primates. Moreover,
      the structures formed by IRAlus are involved in the localization of hLincRNA-p21
      in the nucleus, where hLincRNA-p21 colocalizes with paraspeckles. Our results
      underscore the importance of IRAlus structures for the function of hLincRNA-p21
      during the stress response.

PMID- 27378783
TI  - Experimental single-strain mobilomics reveals events that shape pathogen
      emergence.
AB  - Virulence genes on mobile DNAs such as genomic islands (GIs) and plasmids promote
      bacterial pathogen emergence. Excision is an early step in GI mobilization,
      producing a circular GI and a deletion site in the chromosome; circular forms are
      also known for some bacterial insertion sequences (ISs). The recombinant sequence
      at the junctions of such circles and deletions can be detected sensitively in
      high-throughput sequencing data, using new computational methods that enable
      empirical discovery of mobile DNAs. For the rich mobilome of a hospital
      Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, circularization junctions (CJs) were detected for
      six GIs and seven IS types. Our methods revealed differential biology of multiple
      mobile DNAs, imprecision of integrases and transposases, and differential
      activity among identical IS copies for IS26, ISKpn18 and ISKpn21 Using the
      resistance of circular dsDNA molecules to exonuclease, internally calibrated with
      the native plasmids, showed that not all molecules bearing GI CJs were circular.
      Transpositions were also detected, revealing replicon preference (ISKpn18 prefers
      a conjugative IncA/C2 plasmid), local action (IS26), regional preferences,
      selection (against capsule synthesis) and IS polarity inversion. Efficient
      discovery and global characterization of numerous mobile elements per experiment
      improves accounting for the new gene combinations that arise in emerging
      pathogens.

PMID- 27378784
TI  - Identification of consensus binding sites clarifies FMRP binding determinants.
AB  - Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is a multifunctional RNA-binding
      protein with crucial roles in neuronal development and function. Efforts aimed at
      elucidating how FMRP target mRNAs are selected have produced divergent sets of
      target mRNA and putative FMRP-bound motifs, and a clear understanding of FMRP's
      binding determinants has been lacking. To clarify FMRP's binding to its target
      mRNAs, we produced a shared dataset of FMRP consensus binding sequences (FCBS),
      which were reproducibly identified in two published FMRP CLIP sequencing
      datasets. This comparative dataset revealed that of the various sequence and
      structural motifs that have been proposed to specify FMRP binding, the short
      sequence motifs TGGA and GAC were corroborated, and a novel TAY motif was
      identified. In addition, the distribution of the FCBS set demonstrates that FMRP
      preferentially binds to the coding region of its targets but also revealed
      binding along 3' UTRs in a subset of target mRNAs. Beyond probing these putative
      motifs, the FCBS dataset of reproducibly identified FMRP binding sites is a
      valuable tool for investigating FMRP targets and function.

PMID- 27378785
TI  - The use of an artificial nucleotide for polymerase-based recognition of
      carcinogenic O6-alkylguanine DNA adducts.
AB  - Enzymatic approaches for locating alkylation adducts at single-base resolution in
      DNA could enable new technologies for understanding carcinogenesis and supporting
      personalized chemotherapy. Artificial nucleotides that specifically pair with
      alkylated bases offer a possible strategy for recognition and amplification of
      adducted DNA, and adduct-templated incorporation of an artificial nucleotide has
      been demonstrated for a model DNA adduct O(6)-benzylguanine by a DNA polymerase.
      In this study, DNA adducts of biological relevance, O(6)-methylguanine (O(6)-MeG)
      and O(6)-carboxymethylguanine (O(6)-CMG), were characterized to be effective
      templates for the incorporation of benzimidazole-derived 2'-deoxynucleoside-5'-O
      triphosphates ( BENZI: TP and BIM: TP) by an engineered KlenTaq DNA polymerase.
      The enzyme catalyzed specific incorporation of the artificial nucleotide BENZI:
      opposite adducts, with up to 150-fold higher catalytic efficiency for O(6)-MeG
      over guanine in the template. Furthermore, addition of artificial nucleotide
      BENZI: was required for full-length DNA synthesis during bypass of O(6)-CMG.
      Selective incorporation of the artificial nucleotide opposite an O(6)
      alkylguanine DNA adduct was verified using a novel 2',3'-dideoxy derivative of
      BENZI: TP. The strategy was used to recognize adducts in the presence of excess
      unmodified DNA. The specific processing of BENZI: TP opposite biologically
      relevant O(6)-alkylguanine adducts is characterized herein as a basis for
      potential future DNA adduct sequencing technologies.

PMID- 27378786
TI  - Uptake, outcomes, and costs of implementing non-invasive prenatal testing for
      Down's syndrome into NHS maternity care: prospective cohort study in eight
      diverse maternity units.
AB  - OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the benefits and costs of implementing non-invasive
      prenatal testing (NIPT) for Down's syndrome into the NHS maternity care pathway.
      DESIGN:  Prospective cohort study. SETTING:  Eight maternity units across the
      United Kingdom between 1 November 2013 and 28 February 2015. PARTICIPANTS:  All
      pregnant women with a current Down's syndrome risk on screening of at least
      1/1000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:  Outcomes were uptake of NIPT, number of cases of
      Down's syndrome detected, invasive tests performed, and miscarriages avoided.
      Pregnancy outcomes and costs associated with implementation of NIPT, compared
      with current screening, were determined using study data on NIPT uptake and
      invasive testing in combination with national datasets. RESULTS:  NIPT was
      prospectively offered to 3175 pregnant women. In 934 women with a Down's syndrome
      risk greater than 1/150, 695 (74.4%) chose NIPT, 166 (17.8%) chose invasive
      testing, and 73 (7.8%) declined further testing. Of 2241 women with risks between
      1/151 and 1/1000, 1799 (80.3%) chose NIPT. Of 71 pregnancies with a confirmed
      diagnosis of Down's syndrome, 13/42 (31%) with the diagnosis after NIPT and 2/29
      (7%) after direct invasive testing continued, resulting in 12 live births. In an
      annual screening population of 698 500, offering NIPT as a contingent test to
      women with a Down's syndrome screening risk of at least 1/150 would increase
      detection by 195 (95% uncertainty interval -34 to 480) cases with 3368 (2279 to
      4027) fewer invasive tests and 17 (7 to 30) fewer procedure related miscarriages,
      for a non-significant difference in total costs (L-46 000, L-1 802 000 to L2 661
      000). The marginal cost of NIPT testing strategies versus current screening is
      very sensitive to NIPT costs; at a screening threshold of 1/150, NIPT would be
      cheaper than current screening if it cost less than L256. Lowering the risk
      threshold increases the number of Down's syndrome cases detected and overall
      costs, while maintaining the reduction in invasive tests and procedure related
      miscarriages. CONCLUSIONS:  Implementation of NIPT as a contingent test within a
      public sector Down's syndrome screening programme can improve quality of care,
      choices for women, and overall performance within the current budget. As some
      women use NIPT for information only, the Down's syndrome live birth rate may not
      change significantly. Future research should consider NIPT uptake and informed
      decision making outside of a research setting.

PMID- 27378788
TI  - Cloud storage for endosomes.

PMID- 27378787
TI  - A behavioral intervention promoting physical activity in people with subacute
      spinal cord injury: secondary effects on health, social participation and quality
      of life.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess, for people with subacute spinal cord injury, if
      rehabilitation that is reinforced with the addition of a behavioral intervention
      to promote physical activity leads to a better health, participation and quality
      of life. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Rehabilitation centers.
      PARTICIPANTS: A total of 39 participants analyzed (45 included), with subacute
      spinal cord injury in inpatient rehabilitation, dependent on a manual wheelchair
      (33% tetraplegia, 62% motor complete, 150 +/-74 days postinjury). INTERVENTION: A
      behavioral intervention promoting physical activity after discharge, involving 13
      individual sessions delivered by a coach trained in motivational interviewing,
      beginning two months before and ending six months after discharge from inpatient
      rehabilitation. MAIN MEASURES: Physical capacity as determined during a maximal
      exercise test, body mass index, blood pressure, fasting lipid profile, and social
      participation (IMPACT-S) and quality of life (SF-36) were determined using
      questionnaires. Measurements were performed two months before discharge, at
      discharge, and six and 12 months after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. B
      represents the between-group difference. RESULTS: Twelve months after discharge,
      significant intervention effects were found for diastolic blood pressure (B = 
      11.35 mmHg, 95% CI = -19.98 to -2.71), total cholesterol (B = -0.89 mmol/L, 95%
      CI = -1.59 to -0.20), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (B = -0.63 mmol/L, 95%
      CI = -1.25 to -0.00) and participation (B = 9.91, 95% CI = 3.34 to 16.48).
      CONCLUSIONS: A behavioral intervention promoting physical activity after
      discharge from inpatient rehabilitation improves social participation and seems
      to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease in people with subacute spinal
      cord injury.

PMID- 27378789
TI  - Do we have to operate on moderate functional mitral regurgitation during aortic
      valve replacement for aortic stenosis?
AB  - A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured
      protocol. The question addressed was 'Do we have to operate on moderate
      functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) during aortic valve replacement (AVR) for
      aortic stenosis (AS)?' Altogether 325 papers were found using the reported
      search, of which 9 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question.
      The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied,
      study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers are tabulated. The
      current evidence obtained from these papers revealed that the significant
      predictors of improvement outcome include lower preoperative mitral regurgitation
      and lower preoperative left ventricle fractional area change. We also know that
      persistent atrial fibrillation, enlarged left atrium, increased indexed left
      ventricular mass, pulmonary hypertension and preoperative peak aortic valve
      gradient <60 mmHg are predictors of deterioration. Generally, we observed a trend
      towards improvement or non-progression of FMR following AVR for AS. In the six
      papers that suggest conservative treatment of FMR, the degree of mitral
      regurgitation (MR) improved in 45-95%, remained unchanged in 19-38% and
      deteriorated in 1-14%. In the three papers favoring surgical treatment of MR, the
      degree of MR improved in 46-69%, stay unchanged in 34-53% and deteriorated in
      10%. The current evidence suggests that moderate or less grade of FMR without
      predictors of deterioration should be treated conservatively and moderate-severe
      and severe FMR warrants additional surgical procedure. A clearly randomized
      study, especially in patients with moderate and moderate-severe FMR for AS, seems
      appropriate to further elucidate surgical strategy.

PMID- 27378791
TI  - Pragmatic clinical trials: Emerging challenges and new roles for statisticians.
AB  - Patients, clinicians, and policymakers alike need access to high-quality
      scientific evidence in order to make informed choices about health and
      healthcare, but the current national clinical trials enterprise is not yet
      optimally configured for the efficient creation and dissemination of such
      evidence. However, new technologies and methods hold significant potential for
      accelerating the rate at which we are able to translate raw findings gathered
      from both patient care and clinical research into actionable knowledge. We are
      now entering a period in which the quantitative sciences are emerging as the
      critical disciplines for advancing knowledge about health and healthcare, and
      statisticians will increasingly serve as critical mediators in transforming data
      into evidence. In this new, data-centric era, biostatisticians not only need to
      be expert at analyzing data but should also be involved directly in diverse
      efforts, including the review and analysis of research portfolios in order to
      optimize the relevance of research questions, the use of "quality by design"
      principles to improve reliability and validity of each individual trial, and the
      mining of aggregate knowledge derived from the clinical research enterprise as a
      whole. In order to meet these challenges, it is imperative that we (1) nurture
      and build the biostatistical workforce, (2) develop a deeper understanding of the
      biological and clinical context among statisticians, (3) facilitate collaboration
      among biostatisticians and other members of the clinical trials enterprise, (4)
      focus on communication skills in training and education programs, and (5) enhance
      the quantitative capacity of the research and clinical practice worlds.

PMID- 27378790
TI  - Effectiveness of prophylactic levosimendan in patients with impaired left
      ventricular function undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized
      pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Perioperative low cardiac output syndrome occurs in 3-14% of patients
      undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), leading to
      significant increase in major morbidity and mortality. Considering the unique
      pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of levosimendan, we conducted a
      prospective, double-blind, randomized pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness
      of prophylactic levosimendan in patients with impaired left ventricular function
      undergoing CABG. METHODS: Thirty-two patients undergoing CABG with low left
      ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF <= 40%) were randomized to receive either a
      continuous infusion of levosimendan at a dose of 0.1 MUg/kg/min for 24 h without
      a loading dose or a placebo. The primary outcome of the study was the change in
      the LVEF assessed with transthoracic echocardiography on the seventh
      postoperative day. Secondary outcomes included the physiological and clinical
      effects of levosimendan. RESULTS: All patients tolerated preoperative infusion of
      levosimendan well. The LVEF improved in both groups; this increase was
      statistically significant in the levosimendan group (from 35.8 +/- 5%
      preoperatively to 42.8 +/- 7.8%, P = 0.001) compared with the control group (from
      37.5 +/- 3.4% preoperatively to 41.2 +/- 8.3%, P = 0.1). The cardiac index, SvO2,
      pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and right ventricular stroke work index showed
      a similar trend, which was optimized in patients treated with levosimendan.
      Moreover, an increase in extravascular lung water was noticed in this group
      during the first 24 h after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study shows that
      prophylactic levosimendan infusion is safe and effective in increasing the LVEF
      postoperatively in patients with impaired cardiac function undergoing coronary
      surgery. This finding may be translated to 'optimizing' patients' status before
      surgery.

PMID- 27378792
TI  - Inhibition of DNA methylation promotes breast tumor sensitivity to netrin-1
      interference.
AB  - In a number of human cancers, NTN1 upregulation inhibits apoptosis induced by its
      so-called dependence receptors DCC and UNC5H, thus promoting tumor progression.
      In other cancers however, the selective inhibition of this dependence receptor
      death pathway relies on the silencing of pro-apoptotic effector proteins. We show
      here that a substantial fraction of human breast tumors exhibits simultaneous DNA
      methylation-dependent loss of expression of NTN1 and of DAPK1, a serine threonine
      kinase known to transduce the netrin-1 dependence receptor pro-apoptotic pathway.
      The inhibition of DNA methylation by drugs such as decitabine restores the
      expression of both NTN1 and DAPK1 in netrin-1-low cancer cells. Furthermore, a
      combination of decitabine with NTN1 silencing strategies or with an anti-netrin-1
      neutralizing antibody potentiates tumor cell death and efficiently blocks tumor
      growth in different animal models. Thus, combining DNA methylation inhibitors
      with netrin-1 neutralizing agents may be a valuable strategy for combating
      cancer.

PMID- 27378794
TI  - Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of a Novel Inhaled Insulin.
AB  - Advances in insulin treatment options over recent decades have markedly improved
      the management of diabetes. Despite this, glycemic control remains suboptimal in
      many people with diabetes. Although postprandial glucose control has been
      improved with the development of subcutaneously injected rapid-acting insulin
      analogs, currently available insulins are not able to fully mimic the
      physiological time-action profile of endogenously secreted insulin after a meal.
      The delayed onset of metabolic action and prolonged period of effect induce the
      risk of postprandial hyperglycemia and late postprandial hypoglycemia. A number
      of alternative routes of insulin administration have been investigated over time
      in an attempt to overcome the limitations associated with subcutaneous
      administration and to provide an improved time-action insulin profile more
      closely simulating physiological prandial insulin release. Among these, pulmonary
      insulin delivery has shown the most promise. Technosphere(r) Inhaled Insulin (TI)
      is a rapid-acting inhaled human insulin recently approved by the FDA for prandial
      insulin therapy. In this article we discuss the pharmacokinetic and
      pharmacodynamic properties of TI, and, based on key studies performed during its
      clinical development, the implications for improved postprandial glucose control.

PMID- 27378795
TI  - Intraoperative Ultrasound Guidance for the Removal of Nonmetallic Foreign Body
      from the Foot.
AB  - : Ultrasound has become an increasingly valuable diagnostic tool throughout all
      areas of medicine. The role of diagnostic ultrasonography has an evolving role in
      orthopaedic surgery and particularly in the field of foot and ankle. Whether in
      the clinic or hospital setting, ultrasound has proven to be pivotal in the
      identification and localization of foreign bodies. The inherent limitations of
      plain films in identifying nonmetallic penetrating foreign bodies of the foot can
      be overcome or enhanced with the assistance of diagnostic ultrasound. LEVELS OF
      EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case report.

PMID- 27378793
TI  - Neurotrophin Genes and Antidepressant-Worsening Suicidal Ideation: A Prospective
      Case-Control Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antidepressant-worsening suicidal ideation is a rare but serious
      phenomenon. This study aimed to test for association between antidepressant
      worsening suicidal ideation and polymorphisms of BDNF/NTRK2 neurotrophin pathway
      genes, known to be involved in depression and suicide. METHODS: This was a case
      control study comparing patients with antidepressant-worsening suicidal ideation
      to patients without. Patients were collected from the GENESE cohort (3771
      depressed tianeptine-treated outpatients). Antidepressant-worsening suicidal
      ideation was defined by an increase of at least 2 points on the Montgomery-Asberg
      Depression Rating Scale-item10 during treatment. Controls were matched for age,
      sex, and baseline Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale-item10 score.
      Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms covering 5 BDNF/NTRK2 pathway genes were
      genotyped. RESULTS: A total 78 cases and 312 controls were included. Two NTRK2
      single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated to antidepressant-worsening
      suicidal ideation: rs1439050 (P=.01) and rs1867283 (P=.04). Association with
      rs1439050 remained significant after adjustment for potentially confounding
      factors, including previous suicide attempts (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: This
      naturalistic prospective study is consistent with previous studies on
      highlighting the potential role of the neurotrophin pathway, and especially of
      NTRK2, in antidepressant-worsening suicidal ideation.

PMID- 27378797
TI  - George C Williams Prize 2015.

PMID- 27378796
TI  - Cohort Profile: The Birmingham Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
      Cohort Study.

PMID- 27378798
TI  - Depression and anxiety: maladaptive byproducts of adaptive mechanisms.

PMID- 27378800
TI  - Weight stigma in frequent exercisers: Overt, demeaning and condescending.
AB  - The aim of this study was to qualitatively examine weight stigma in individuals
      who exercise frequently. In total, six focus groups, comprising 30 participants
      aged 18-25 years, were conducted using convenience sampling. All participants
      were frequent exercisers. Five themes emerged in the data with participants
      discussing bullying, the consequences of obesity, causes of obesity, lack of
      willpower and interventions to reduce obesity. This study is the first
      qualitative examination of weight stigmatisation in frequent exercisers, where
      the beliefs reported by focus group participants suggest that frequent exercisers
      stigmatise, discriminate and dehumanise obese people. Future research to examine
      the impact of weight stigma on exercise motivation and behaviour of obese people
      appears warranted.

PMID- 27378799
TI  - What Does It Cost to Improve Household Diets in Nepal? Using the Cost of the Diet
      Method to Model Lowest Cost Dietary Changes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Nepal, limited availability and affordability of nutritious foods
      contribute to malnutrition. OBJECTIVES: To identify nutrient deficiencies in
      commonly consumed diets and model lowest cost changes that could improve diet
      quality in 3 agroecological zones of Nepal. METHODS: In August to September 2014,
      we collected market price and women's food frequency data from 3 representative
      villages in Nepal's mountains (Mahat Gaun, Jumla, n = 181 households), hills
      (Sitapur, Arghakhanchi, n = 166), and terai (Saigaun, Banke, n = 232) and
      verified local diets during women's group discussions. Using the Cost of the Diet
      method, we compared models of the most nutritious version of a commonly consumed
      diet given locally available foods ("common diet") with the cheapest possible
      diet meeting nutrient requirements, including foods not currently available
      ("optimal diet"). RESULTS: The household common diet lacks sufficient vitamin
      B12, riboflavin, and calcium in the mountains; B6, B12, calcium, and iron in the
      hills; vitamin A, calcium, and iron in the terai. Adding fish to the mountain and
      hill diets and increasing dark green leafy vegetable consumption in all zones
      yielded nutritional adequacy. Optimal diets are more expensive than the common
      diet in the mountains and hills but less expensive in the terai. CONCLUSION: The
      modeled lowest cost diet commonly eaten in 3 Nepalese communities lacks key
      nutrients. Policies and interventions that increase market availability and
      consumption of vitamin B12- and calcium-rich fish and dark green leafy vegetables
      could improve local diets, particularly in the mountains and hills.

PMID- 27378801
TI  - Form or function: Does focusing on body functionality protect women from body
      dissatisfaction when viewing media images?
AB  - We examined whether shifting young women's ( N =322) attention toward
      functionality components of media-portrayed idealized images would protect
      against body dissatisfaction. Image type was manipulated via images of models in
      either an objectified body-as-object form or active body-as-process form; viewing
      focus was manipulated via questions about the appearance or functionality of the
      models. Social comparison was examined as a moderator. Negative outcomes were
      most pronounced within the process-related conditions (body-as-process images or
      functionality viewing focus) and for women who reported greater functionality
      comparison. Results suggest that functionality-based depictions, reflections, and
      comparisons may actually produce worse outcomes than those based on appearance.

PMID- 27378802
TI  - Natural kinds, psychiatric classification and the history of the DSM.
AB  - This paper addresses philosophical issues concerning whether mental disorders are
      natural kinds and how the DSM should classify mental disorders. I argue that some
      mental disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, depression) are natural kinds in the sense
      that they are natural classes constituted by a set of stable biological
      mechanisms. I subsequently argue that a theoretical and causal approach to
      classification would provide a method for classifying natural kinds that is
      superior to the purely descriptive approach adopted by the DSM since DSM-III My
      argument suggests that the DSM should classify natural kinds in order to provide
      predictively useful (i.e. projectable) diagnostic categories and that a causal
      approach to classification would provide a more promising method for formulating
      valid diagnostic categories.

PMID- 27378804
TI  - Susceptibility-weighted MRI signs of compensatory mechanism in nonconvulsive
      status epilepticus.

PMID- 27378805
TI  - Cranial bone collapse in microcephalic infants prenatally exposed to Zika virus
      infection.

PMID- 27378806
TI  - Disruption of posteromedial large-scale neural communication predicts recovery
      from coma.

PMID- 27378807
TI  - Calcified otogenic brain abscess.

PMID- 27378808
TI  - Child Neurology: Two sisters with dystonia and regression: PLA2G6-associated
      neurodegeneration.

PMID- 27378809
TI  - Teaching NeuroImages: White matter hypomyelination and progressive calcifications
      in cerebral folate deficiency.

PMID- 27378810
TI  - Teaching NeuroImages: Hemigeographic tongue following an acute ischemic stroke.

PMID- 27378811
TI  - Accelerating international MS care through videoconference-based education and
      case consultation.

PMID- 27378812
TI  - Comparing human respiratory adverse effects after acute exposure to particulate
      matter in conventional and particle-reduced swine building environments.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate innate immunity responses, lung function and symptoms in
      volunteers acutely exposed to organic dust in swine buildings after installing
      particle separators aimed to reduce particulate matter exposure. METHODS: 11
      healthy participants were exposed in 2 different facilities, with and without
      installed particle separators, in a cross-over design including 2-3 weeks wash
      out between the 2 exposures. Size, distribution and composition of particulate
      matter and endotoxins in the air were measured. Lung function (spirometry),
      bronchial responsiveness, symptoms questionnaire and markers of innate immunity
      in blood and nasal lavage were measured before and after the 3-hour exposures.
      RESULTS: The number of particles, in particular fine particles sized 0.3-0.5 um,
      was reduced in the particle-separated swine building environment (PSE) compared
      with that in the conventional building (CE). In the PSE, headache (p=0.03) and
      increased body temperature (p=0.016) were less pronounced than in the CE. The
      expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)2 and TLR4 on blood monocytes
      significantly increased (p=0.016 and 0.017, respectively) while cluster of
      differentiation (CD)14 on neutrophils decreased (p=0.05) after exposure in the
      CE, yet with no difference between the 2 exposures. Compared with the
      conventional environment, exposure to the PSE yielded lower interleukin (IL)-6
      (p=0.02) and IL-8 (p=0.04) levels in the upper respiratory tract, as assessed by
      nasal lavage. CONCLUSIONS: Particulate matter and organic dust in the swine
      building were reduced after installing particle separators, which, in naive never
      exposed volunteers, in turn reduced adverse health effects caused by acute
      exposure in swine buildings compared with exposure to the conventional swine
      building environment.

PMID- 27378813
TI  - ROMK expression remains unaltered in a mouse model of familial hyperkalemic
      hypertension caused by the CUL3Delta403-459 mutation.
AB  - Familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt) is a rare inherited form of salt
      dependent hypertension caused by mutations in proteins that regulate the renal
      Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter NCC Mutations in four genes have been reported to cause
      FHHt including CUL3 (Cullin3) that encodes a component of a RING E3 ligase.
      Cullin-3 binds to WNK kinase-bound KLHL3 (the substrate recognition subunit of
      the ubiquitin ligase complex) to promote ubiquitination and proteasomal
      degradation of WNK kinases. Deletion of exon 9 from CUL3 (affecting residues 403
      459, CUL3(Delta403-459)) causes a severe form of FHHt (PHA2E) that is
      recapitulated closely in a knock-in mouse model. The loss of functionality of
      CUL3(Delta403-459) and secondary accumulation of WNK kinases causes substantial
      NCC activation. This accounts for the hypertension in FHHt but the origin of the
      hyperkalemia is less clear. Hence, we explored the impact of CUL3(Delta403-459)
      on expression of the distal secretory K channel, ROMK, both in vitro and in vivo.
      We found that expressing wild-type but not the CUL3(Delta403-459) mutant form of
      CUL3 prevented the suppression of ROMK currents by WNK4 expressed in Xenopus
      oocytes. The mutant CUL3 protein was also unable to affect ROMK-EGFP protein
      expression at the surface of mouse M-1 cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. The
      effects of CUL3 on ROMK expression in both oocytes and M-1 CCD cells was reduced
      by addition of the neddylation inhibitor, MLN4924. This confirms that neddylation
      is important for CUL3 activity. Nevertheless, in our knock-in mouse model
      expressing CUL3(Delta403-459) we could not show any alteration in ROMK expression
      by either western blotting whole kidney lysates or confocal microscopy of kidney
      sections. This suggests that the hyperkalemia in our knock-in mouse and human
      PHA2E subjects with the CUL3(Delta403-459) mutation is not caused by reduced ROMK
      expression in the distal nephron. 

PMID- 27378814
TI  - Efficacy of anidulafungin in the treatment of experimental Candida parapsilosis
      catheter infection using an antifungal-lock technique.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of anidulafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B
      (LAmB) for treating experimental Candida parapsilosis catheter-related infection
      by an antifungal-lock technique was assessed. METHODS: Two clinical strains of C.
      parapsilosis (CP12 and CP54) were studied. In vitro studies were used to
      determine the biofilm MICs (MBIC50 and MBIC90) by XTT reduction assay and
      LIVE/DEAD biofilm viability for anidulafungin and LAmB on 96-well microtitre
      polystyrene plates and silicone discs. An intravenous catheter was implanted in
      New Zealand white rabbits. Infection was induced by locking the catheter for 48 h
      with the inoculum. The 48 h antifungal-lock treatment groups included control,
      3.3 mg/mL anidulafungin and 5.5 mg/mL LAmB. RESULTS: Anidulafungin showed better
      in vitro activity than LAmB against C. parapsilosis growing in biofilm on
      silicone discs. MBIC90 of LAmB: CP12, >1024 mg/L; CP54, >1024 mg/L. MBIC90 of
      anidulafungin: CP12, 1 mg/L; CP54, 1 mg/L (P <= 0.05). Moreover, only
      anidulafungin (1 mg/L) showed >90% non-viable cells in the LIVE/DEAD biofilm
      viability assay on silicone discs. No differences were observed between the in
      vitro susceptibility of anidulafungin or LAmB when 96-well plates were used.
      Anidulafungin achieved significant reductions relative to LAmB in log10 cfu
      recovered from the catheter tips for both strains (P <= 0.05). Only anidulafungin
      achieved negative catheter tip cultures (CP12 63%, CP54 73%, P <= 0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Silicone discs may be a more reliable substrate for the study of in
      vitro biofilm susceptibility of C. parapsilosis. Anidulafungin-lock therapy
      showed the highest activity for experimental catheter-related infection with C.
      parapsilosis.

PMID- 27378815
TI  - The Systemic Acquired Resistance Regulator OsNPR1 Attenuates Growth by Repressing
      Auxin Signaling through Promoting IAA-Amido Synthase Expression.
AB  - Systemic acquired resistance is a long-lasting and broad-spectrum disease
      resistance to pathogens. Our previous study demonstrated that overexpression of
      NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (OsNPR1), a master gene for systemic
      acquired resistance in rice (Oryza sativa), greatly enhanced resistance to
      bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae However, the growth and
      development of the OsNPR1 overexpression (OsNPR1-OX) plants were restrained, and
      the mechanism remained elusive. In this study, we dissected the OsNPR1-induced
      growth inhibition. We found that the OsNPR1-OX lines displayed phenotypes
      mimicking auxin-defective mutants, with decreases in root system, seed number and
      weight, internode elongation, and tiller number. Whole-genome expression analysis
      revealed that genes related to the auxin metabolism and signaling pathway were
      differentially expressed between the OsNPR1-OX and wild-type plants.
      Consistently, the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content was decreased and the auxin
      distribution pattern was altered in OsNPR1-OX plants. Importantly, we found that
      some GH3 family members, in particular OsGH3.8 coding IAA-amido synthetase, were
      constitutively up-regulated in OsNPR1-OX plants. Decreased OsGH3.8 expression by
      RNA interference could partially restore IAA level and largely rescue the
      restrained growth and development phenotypes but did not affect the disease
      resistance of OsNPR1-OX plants. Taken together, we revealed that OsNPR1 affects
      rice growth and development by disrupting the auxin pathway at least partially
      through indirectly up-regulating OsGH3.8 expression.

PMID- 27378816
TI  - A Brachypodium UDP-Glycosyltransferase Confers Root Tolerance to Deoxynivalenol
      and Resistance to Fusarium Infection.
AB  - Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease caused by Fusarium graminearum, a
      fungus able to produce type B trichothecenes on cereals, including deoxynivalenol
      (DON), which is harmful for humans and animals. Resistance to FHB is
      quantitative, and the mechanisms underlying resistance are poorly understood.
      Resistance has been related to the ability to conjugate DON into a glucosylated
      form, deoxynivalenol-3-O-glucose (D3G), by secondary metabolism UDP
      glucosyltransferases (UGTs). However, functional analyses have never been
      performed within a single host species. Here, using the model cereal species
      Brachypodium distachyon, we show that the Bradi5g03300 UGT converts DON into D3G
      in planta. We present evidence that a mutation in Bradi5g03300 increases root
      sensitivity to DON and the susceptibility of spikes to F. graminearum, while
      overexpression confers increased root tolerance to the mycotoxin and spike
      resistance to the fungus. The dynamics of expression and conjugation suggest that
      the speed of DON conjugation rather than the increase of D3G per se is a critical
      factor explaining the higher resistance of the overexpressing lines. A detached
      glumes assay showed that overexpression but not mutation of the Bradi5g03300 gene
      alters primary infection by F. graminearum, highlighting the involvement of DON
      in early steps of infection. Together, these results indicate that early and
      efficient UGT-mediated conjugation of DON is necessary and sufficient to
      establish resistance to primary infection by F. graminearum and highlight a novel
      strategy to promote FHB resistance in cereals.

PMID- 27378817
TI  - Fatostatin Inhibits Cancer Cell Proliferation by Affecting Mitotic Microtubule
      Spindle Assembly and Cell Division.
AB  - The sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) transcription factors have
      become attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition in the treatment of
      metabolic diseases and cancer. SREBPs are critical for the production and
      metabolism of lipids and cholesterol, which are essential for cellular
      homeostasis and cell proliferation. Fatostatin was recently discovered as a
      specific inhibitor of SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), which is required
      for SREBP activation. Fatostatin possesses antitumor properties including the
      inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and it arrests
      cancer cells in G2/M phase. Although Fatostatin has been viewed as an antitumor
      agent due to its inhibition of SREBP and its effect on lipid metabolism, we show
      that Fatostatin's anticancer properties can also be attributed to its inhibition
      of cell division. We analyzed the effect of SREBP activity inhibitors including
      Fatostatin, PF-429242, and Betulin on the cell cycle and determined that only
      Fatostatin possessed antimitotic properties. Fatostatin inhibited tubulin
      polymerization, arrested cells in mitosis, activated the spindle assembly
      checkpoint, and triggered mitotic catastrophe and reduced cell viability. Thus
      Fatostatin's ability to inhibit SREBP activity and cell division could prove
      beneficial in treating aggressive types of cancers such as glioblastomas that
      have elevated lipid metabolism and fast proliferation rates and often develop
      resistance to current anticancer therapies.

PMID- 27378819
TI  - Synthesis of beta-substituted tryptamines by regioselective ring opening of
      aziridines.
AB  - Functionalized tryptamines are targets of interest for development as small
      molecule therapeutics. The ring opening of aziridines with indoles is a powerful
      method for tryptamine synthesis if site selectivity can be controlled. 4
      Nitrobenzyl carbamate (PNZ)-protected aziridines undergo regioselective ring
      opening to produce beta-substituted tryptamines for a series of indoles. The PNZ
      protected tryptamines can be further manipulated by PNZ removal under mild
      conditions.

PMID- 27378818
TI  - Single-molecule Force Spectroscopy Reveals the Calcium Dependence of the
      Alternative Conformations in the Native State of a betagamma-Crystallin Protein.
AB  - Although multidomain proteins predominate the proteome of all organisms and are
      expected to display complex folding behaviors and significantly greater
      structural dynamics as compared with single-domain proteins, their conformational
      heterogeneity and its impact on their interaction with ligands are poorly
      understood due to a lack of experimental techniques. The multidomain calcium
      binding betagamma-crystallin proteins are particularly important because their
      deterioration and misfolding/aggregation are associated with melanoma tumors and
      cataracts. Here we investigate the mechanical stability and conformational
      dynamics of a model calcium-binding betagamma-crystallin protein, Protein S, and
      elaborate on its interactions with calcium. We ask whether domain interactions
      and calcium binding affect Protein S folding and potential structural
      heterogeneity. Our results from single-molecule force spectroscopy show that the
      N-terminal (but not the C-terminal) domain is in equilibrium with an alternative
      conformation in the absence of Ca(2+), which is mechanically stable in contrast
      to other proteins that were observed to sample a molten globule under similar
      conditions. Mutagenesis experiments and computer simulations reveal that the
      alternative conformation of the N-terminal domain is caused by structural
      instability produced by the high charge density of a calcium binding site. We
      find that this alternative conformation in the N-terminal domain is diminished in
      the presence of calcium and can also be partially eliminated with a hitherto
      unrecognized compensatory mechanism that uses the interaction of the C-terminal
      domain to neutralize the electronegative site. We find that up to 1% of all
      identified multidomain calcium-binding proteins contain a similarly highly
      charged site and therefore may exploit a similar compensatory mechanism to
      prevent structural instability in the absence of ligand.

PMID- 27378820
TI  - Impact of increasing heat waves on U.S. ozone episodes in the 2050s: Results from
      a multimodel analysis using extreme value theory.
AB  - We develop a statistical model using extreme value theory to estimate the 2000
      2050 changes in ozone episodes across the United States. We model the
      relationships between daily maximum temperature (Tmax) and maximum daily 8-hour
      average (MDA8) ozone in May-September over 2003-2012 using a Point Process (PP)
      model. At ~20% of the sites, a marked decrease in the ozone-temperature slope
      occurs at high temperatures, defined as ozone suppression. The PP model sometimes
      fails to capture ozone-Tmax relationships, and so we refit the ozone-Tmax slope
      using logistic regression and a Generalized Pareto Distribution model. We then
      apply the resulting hybrid-EVT model to projections of Tmax from an ensemble of
      downscaled climate models. Assuming constant anthropogenic emissions at the
      present level, we find an average increase of 2.3 days a-1 in ozone episodes (>
      75 ppbv) across the United States by the 2050s, with a change of +3-9 days a-1 at
      many sites.

PMID- 27378821
TI  - Transfer Learning for Class Imbalance Problems with Inadequate Data.
AB  - A fundamental problem in data mining is to effectively build robust classifiers
      in the presence of skewed data distributions. Class imbalance classifiers are
      trained specifically for skewed distribution datasets. Existing methods assume an
      ample supply of training examples as a fundamental prerequisite for constructing
      an effective classifier. However, when sufficient data is not readily available,
      the development of a representative classification algorithm becomes even more
      difficult due to the unequal distribution between classes. We provide a unified
      framework that will potentially take advantage of auxiliary data using a transfer
      learning mechanism and simultaneously build a robust classifier to tackle this
      imbalance issue in the presence of few training samples in a particular target
      domain of interest. Transfer learning methods use auxiliary data to augment
      learning when training examples are not sufficient and in this paper we will
      develop a method that is optimized to simultaneously augment the training data
      and induce balance into skewed datasets. We propose a novel boosting based
      instance-transfer classifier with a label-dependent update mechanism that
      simultaneously compensates for class imbalance and incorporates samples from an
      auxiliary domain to improve classification. We provide theoretical and empirical
      validation of our method and apply to healthcare and text classification
      applications.

PMID- 27378822
TI  - Integrating Expert Knowledge with Data in Bayesian Networks: Preserving Data
      Driven Expectations when the Expert Variables Remain Unobserved.
AB  - When developing a causal probabilistic model, i.e. a Bayesian network (BN), it is
      common to incorporate expert knowledge of factors that are important for decision
      analysis but where historical data are unavailable or difficult to obtain. This
      paper focuses on the problem whereby the distribution of some continuous variable
      in a BN is known from data, but where we wish to explicitly model the impact of
      some additional expert variable (for which there is expert judgment but no data).
      Because the statistical outcomes are already influenced by the causes an expert
      might identify as variables missing from the dataset, the incentive here is to
      add the expert factor to the model in such a way that the distribution of the
      data variable is preserved when the expert factor remains unobserved. We provide
      a method for eliciting expert judgment that ensures the expected values of a data
      variable are preserved under all the known conditions. We show that it is
      generally neither possible, nor realistic, to preserve the variance of the data
      variable, but we provide a method towards determining the accuracy of expertise
      in terms of the extent to which the variability of the revised empirical
      distribution is minimised. We also describe how to incorporate the assessment of
      extremely rare or previously unobserved events.

PMID- 27378823
TI  - Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Plasma Concentration May
      Predict Susceptibility to High Altitude Pulmonary Edema.
AB  - Introduction. Acute exposure to high altitude induces inflammation. However, the
      relationship between inflammation and high altitude related illness such as high
      altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and acute mountain sickness (AMS) is poorly
      understood. We tested if soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor
      (suPAR) plasma concentration, a prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease and
      marker for low grade activation of leukocytes, will predict susceptibility to
      HAPE and AMS. Methods. 41 healthy mountaineers were examined at sea level (SL,
      446 m) and 24 h after rapid ascent to 4559 m (HA). 24/41 subjects had a history
      of HAPE and were thus considered HAPE-susceptible (HAPE-s). Out of the latter,
      10/24 HAPE-s subjects were randomly chosen to suppress the inflammatory cascade
      with dexamethasone 8 mg bid 24 h prior to ascent. Results. Acute hypoxic exposure
      led to an acute inflammatory reaction represented by an increase in suPAR (1.9 +/
      0.4 at SL versus 2.3 +/- 0.5 at HA, p < 0.01), CRP (0.7 +/- 0.5 at SL versus 3.6
      +/- 4.6 at HA, p < 0.01), and IL-6 (0.8 +/- 0.4 at SL versus 3.3 +/- 4.9 at HA, p
      < 0.01) in all subjects except those receiving dexamethasone. The ascent
      associated decrease in PaO2 correlated with the increase in IL-6 (r = 0.46, p <
      0.001), but not suPAR (r = 0.27, p = 0.08); the increase in IL-6 was not
      correlated with suPAR (r = 0.16, p = 0.24). Baseline suPAR plasma concentration
      was higher in the HAPE-s group (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 1.8 +/- 0.4, p = 0.04); no
      difference was found for CRP and IL-6 and for subjects developing AMS.
      Conclusion. High altitude exposure leads to an increase in suPAR plasma
      concentration, with the missing correlation between suPAR and IL-6 suggesting a
      cytokine independent, leukocyte mediated mechanism of low grade inflammation. The
      correlation between IL-6 and PaO2 suggests a direct effect of hypoxia, which is
      not the case for suPAR. However, suPAR plasma concentration measured before
      hypoxic exposure may predict HAPE susceptibility. 

PMID- 27378824
TI  - Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Inflammatory Mediators in Pediatric
      Asthma.
AB  - Objective. To observe the effects of empirical prescriptions of traditional
      Chinese medicine (TCM) on inflammatory mediators in pediatric asthma and to
      explore the underlying molecular mechanism in the treatment of asthma. Methods. A
      total of 182 children with asthma were randomly placed into either the TCM group
      (n = 97) or the salbutamol and montelukast (SM) group (n = 85). Patients in the
      TCM group were treated with a series of empirical prescriptions of TCM, while
      those in the SM group received salbutamol and montelukast. Both groups received
      their respective treatment for 12 weeks. There were 35 patients in TCM group and
      34 patients in SM group providing venous blood. Real-time PCR was used to
      determine the mRNA expression levels of interleukin- (IL-) 10, IL-17, matrix
      metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) in
      peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and after treatment. Enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of IL-10, IL-17, MMP-9, and
      TGF-beta1 in peripheral blood before and after treatment. Results. The mRNA
      expression of TGF-beta1 in the SM group was downregulated (P = 0.00) after
      treatment. No significant differences were found between the TCM group and the SM
      group after treatment (P > 0.05). In the TCM group, the levels of IL-10, IL-17,
      and MMP-9 significantly decreased after treatment (P = 0.01, 0.04, and 0.03,
      resp.). In the SM group, IL-17, MMP-9, and TGF-beta1 levels significantly
      decreased after treatment (P = 0.00, 0.03, and 0.00, resp.). There was no
      significant difference between the two groups regarding the levels of IL-10, IL
      17, TGF-beta1, and MMP-9 (P > 0.05). The difference of the level of IL-17 was
      negatively correlated with the change of C-ACT score in TCM group and SM group.
      Conclusion. TCM has a regulatory effect on the balance of some inflammatory
      mediators in pediatric asthma. 

PMID- 27378825
TI  - Induction of Mast Cell Accumulation by Tryptase via a Protease Activated Receptor
      2 and ICAM-1 Dependent Mechanism.
AB  - Mast cells are primary effector cells of allergy, and recruitment of mast cells
      in involved tissue is one of the key events in allergic inflammation. Tryptase is
      the most abundant secretory product of mast cells, but little is known of its
      influence on mast cell accumulation. Using mouse peritoneal model, cell migration
      assay, and flow cytometry analysis, we investigated role of tryptase in
      recruiting mast cells. The results showed that tryptase induced up to 6.7-fold
      increase in mast cell numbers in mouse peritoneum following injection. Inhibitors
      of tryptase, an antagonist of PAR-2 FSLLRY-NH2, and pretreatment of mice with
      anti-ICAM-1, anti-CD11a, and anti-CD18 antibodies dramatically diminished
      tryptase induced mast cell accumulation. On the other hand, PAR-2 agonist
      peptides SLIGRL-NH2 and tc-LIGRLO-NH2 provoked mast cell accumulation following
      injection. These implicate that tryptase induced mast cell accumulation is
      dependent on its enzymatic activity, activation of PAR-2, and interaction between
      ICAM-1 and LFA-1. Moreover, induction of trans-endothelium migration of mast
      cells in vitro indicates that tryptase acts as a chemoattractant. In conclusion,
      provocation of mast cell accumulation by mast cell tryptase suggests a novel self
      amplification mechanism of mast cell accumulation. Mast cell stabilizers as well
      as PAR-2 antagonist agents may be useful for treatment of allergic reactions. 

PMID- 27378826
TI  - Small Interfering RNA Targeted to ASPP2 Promotes Progression of Experimental
      Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy.
AB  - Background. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium
      (RPE) is vital in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) development. Apoptosis
      stimulating proteins of p53 (ASPP2) have recently been reported to participate in
      EMT. However, the role of ASPP2 in PVR pathogenesis has not been identified.
      Methods. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the expression of ASPP2 in
      epiretinal membranes of PVR patients. ARPE-19 cells were transfected with ASPP2
      siRNA, followed with measurement of cell cytotoxicity, proliferation, and
      migration ability. EMT markers and related inflammatory and fibrosis cytokines
      were measured by western blot or flow cytometry. Additionally, PVR rat models
      were induced by intravitreal injection of ARPE-19 cells transfected with ASPP2
      siRNA and evaluated accordingly. Results. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed
      less intense expression of ASPP2 in PVR membranes. ASPP2 knockdown facilitated
      the proliferation and migration of RPE cells and enhanced the expression of
      mesenchymal markers such as alpha smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, and ZEB1.
      Meanwhile, ASPP2-siRNA increased EMT-related and inflammatory cytokines,
      including TGF-beta, CTGF, VEGF, TNF-alpha, and interleukins. PVR severities were
      more pronounced in the rat models with ASPP2-siRNA treatment. Conclusions. ASPP2
      knockdown promoted EMT of ARPE-19 cells in vitro and exacerbated the progression
      of experimental PVR in vivo, possibly via inflammatory and fibrosis cytokines. 

PMID- 27378827
TI  - Caspase-11 Modulates Inflammation and Attenuates Toxoplasma gondii Pathogenesis.
AB  - Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that is the etiologic
      agent responsible for toxoplasmosis. Infection with T. gondii results in
      activation of nucleotide binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing
      receptors (NLRs). NLR activation leads to inflammasome formation, the activation
      of caspase-1, and the subsequent cleavage of IL-1beta and IL-18. Recently, a
      noncanonical inflammasome has been characterized which functions through caspase
      11 and appears to augment many biological functions previously considered to be
      dependent upon the canonical inflammasome. To better elucidate the function of
      this noncanonical inflammasome in toxoplasmosis, we utilized Asc (-/-) and Casp11
      (-/-) mice and infected these animals with T. gondii. Our data indicates that
      caspase-11 modulates the innate immune response to T. gondii through a mechanism
      which is distinct from that currently described for the canonical inflammasome.
      Asc (-/-) mice demonstrated increased disease pathogenesis during the acute phase
      of T. gondii infection, whereas Casp11 (-/-) mice demonstrated significantly
      attenuated disease pathogenesis and reduced inflammation. This attenuated host
      response was associated with reduced local and systemic cytokine production,
      including diminished IL-1beta. During the chronic phase of infection, caspase-11
      deficiency resulted in increased neuroinflammation and tissue cyst burden in the
      brain. Together, our data suggest that caspase-11 functions to protect the host
      by enhancing inflammation during the early phase of infection in an effort to
      minimize disease pathogenesis during later stages of toxoplasmosis. 

PMID- 27378828
TI  - Long-Term Endoscopic Follow-Up of Patients with Chronic Radiation Proctopathy
      after Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer.
AB  - Background. Chronic radiation proctopathy (CRP) is late toxicity and associated
      with morbidity. Aim. To investigate the predictors of prognosis in patients with
      CRP after brachytherapy (BT). Methods. One hundred four patients with prostate
      cancer were treated with BT or BT followed by external-beam radiotherapy (BT +
      EBRT). We retrospectively investigated the 5-year incidence of rectal bleeding
      and endoscopic findings of CRP using the Vienna Rectoscopy Score (VRS). Twenty
      patients with VRS >= 1 were divided into the improved VRS group without
      treatment, unchanged VRS group, and treated group. The parameters associated with
      alteration of VRS were analyzed. Results. The incidence of rectal bleeding was
      24%. The risk of rectal bleeding was higher in patients treated with BT + EBRT
      compared to those treated with BT (p < 0.0001). The incidence of superficial
      microulceration was higher in the improved VRS group than in the unchanged VRS
      group (p < 0.05). The incidence of multiple confluent telangiectasia or
      superficial ulcers > 1 cm(2) was higher in the treated group than in both the
      improved and unchanged VRS groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Patients treated with
      BT + EBRT have a high risk of CRP. Endoscopic findings were useful for prognostic
      prediction of CRP. 

PMID- 27378829
TI  - Notch Signaling Mediates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Cancer Cachexia Caused by
      Osteosarcoma.
AB  - Skeletal muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia is mediated by the interaction between
      muscle stem cells and various tumor factors. Although Notch signaling has been
      known as a key regulator of both cancer development and muscle stem cell
      activity, the potential involvement of Notch signaling in cancer cachexia and
      concomitant muscle atrophy has yet to be elucidated. The murine K7M2 osteosarcoma
      cell line was used to generate an orthotopic model of sarcoma-associated
      cachexia, and the role of Notch signaling was evaluated. Skeletal muscle atrophy
      was observed in the sarcoma-bearing mice, and Notch signaling was highly active
      in both tumor tissues and the atrophic skeletal muscles. Systemic inhibition of
      Notch signaling reduced muscle atrophy. In vitro coculture of osteosarcoma cells
      with muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) isolated from normal mice resulted in
      decreased myogenic potential of MDSCs, while the application of Notch inhibitor
      was able to rescue this repressed myogenic potential. We further observed that
      Notch-activating factors reside in the exosomes of osteosarcoma cells, which
      activate Notch signaling in MDSCs and subsequently repress myogenesis. Our
      results revealed that signaling between tumor and muscle via the Notch pathway
      may play an important role in mediating the skeletal muscle atrophy seen in
      cancer cachexia. 

PMID- 27378830
TI  - An Examination of Interactions between Hospice Health Care Providers and
      Adolescents with a Parent in Hospice.
AB  - Interviews conducted with adolescents living with a dying parent were examined to
      identify the type of interactions the adolescents had with members of a hospice
      healthcare team. Four types of interactions were identified: No Interactions, In
      passing Interactions, Engaged Interactions, and Formal Interactions. Results
      indicated that most of the adolescents had no contact with the hospice healthcare
      team or interacted with providers only briefly. Some adolescents reported more
      engagement with one or more hospice healthcare team members, and a few received
      formal counseling services from the hospice healthcare team or outside provider.
      Overall, limited contact occurred because of logistics or because the teens
      perceived that hospice services were exclusively targeted to dying patients, not
      their families. Based on these findings, strategies to increase engagement
      between adolescents and hospice healthcare team are discussed.

PMID- 27378831
TI  - Effects of Body Mass Index and Body Fat Percent on Default Mode, Executive
      Control, and Salience Network Structure and Function.
AB  - It is well established that obesity decreases overall life expectancy and
      increases the risk of several adverse health conditions. Mounting evidence
      indicates that body fat is likely also associated with structural and functional
      brain changes, reduced cognitive function, and greater impulsivity. However,
      previously reported differences in brain structure and function have been
      variable across studies and difficult to reconcile due to sample population and
      methodological differences. To clarify these issues, we correlated two
      independent measures of body composition-i.e., body mass index (BMI) and body fat
      percent (BFP)-with structural and functional neuroimaging data obtained from a
      cohort of 32 neurologically healthy adults. Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses
      indicated that higher BMI and BFP were associated with widespread decreases in
      gray matter volume, white matter volume, and white matter microstructure
      (including several regions, such as the striatum and orbitofrontal cortex, which
      may influence value assessment, habit formation, and decision-making). Moreover,
      closer examination of resting state functional connectivity, white matter volume,
      and white matter microstructure throughout the default mode network (DMN),
      executive control network (ECN), and salience network (SN) revealed that higher
      BMI and BFP were associated with increased SN functional connectivity and
      decreased white matter volumes throughout all three networks (i.e., the DMN, ECN,
      and SN). Taken together, these findings: (1) offer a biologically plausible
      explanation for reduced cognitive performance, greater impulsivity, and altered
      reward processing among overweight individuals, and (2) suggest neurobiological
      mechanisms (i.e., altered functional and structural brain connectivity) that may
      affect overweight individuals' ability to establish and maintain healthy
      lifestyle choices. 

PMID- 27378833
TI  - Temporally Regular Musical Primes Facilitate Subsequent Syntax Processing in
      Children with Specific Language Impairment.
AB  - Children with developmental language disorders have been shown to be also
      impaired in rhythm and meter perception. Temporal processing and its link to
      language processing can be understood within the dynamic attending theory. An
      external stimulus can stimulate internal oscillators, which orient attention over
      time and drive speech signal segmentation to provide benefits for syntax
      processing, which is impaired in various patient populations. For children with
      Specific Language Impairment (SLI) and dyslexia, previous research has shown the
      influence of an external rhythmic stimulation on subsequent language processing
      by comparing the influence of a temporally regular musical prime to that of a
      temporally irregular prime. Here we tested whether the observed rhythmic
      stimulation effect is indeed due to a benefit provided by the regular musical
      prime (rather than a cost subsequent to the temporally irregular prime). Sixteen
      children with SLI and 16 age-matched controls listened to either a regular
      musical prime sequence or an environmental sound scene (without temporal
      regularities in event occurrence; i.e., referred to as "baseline condition")
      followed by grammatically correct and incorrect sentences. They were required to
      perform grammaticality judgments for each auditorily presented sentence. Results
      revealed that performance for the grammaticality judgments was better after the
      regular prime sequences than after the baseline sequences. Our findings are
      interpreted in the theoretical framework of the dynamic attending theory (Jones,
      1976) and the temporal sampling (oscillatory) framework for developmental
      language disorders (Goswami, 2011). Furthermore, they encourage the use of
      rhythmic structures (even in non-verbal materials) to boost linguistic structure
      processing and outline perspectives for rehabilitation. 

PMID- 27378834
TI  - The Indris Have Got Rhythm! Timing and Pitch Variation of a Primate Song Examined
      between Sexes and Age Classes.
AB  - A crucial, common feature of speech and music is that they show non-random
      structures over time. It is an open question which of the other species share
      rhythmic abilities with humans, but in most cases the lack of knowledge about
      their behavioral displays prevents further studies. Indris are the only lemurs
      who sing. They produce loud howling cries that can be heard at several
      kilometers, in which all members of a group usually sing. We tested whether
      overlapping and turn-taking during the songs followed a precise pattern by
      analysing the temporal structure of the individuals' contribution to the song. We
      found that both dominants (males and females) and non-dominants influenced the
      onset timing one another. We have found that the dominant male and the dominant
      female in a group overlapped each other more frequently than they did with the
      non-dominants. We then focused on the temporal and frequency structure of
      particular phrases occurring during the song. Our results show that males and
      females have dimorphic inter-onset intervals during the phrases. Moreover, median
      frequencies of the unit emitted in the phrases also differ between the sexes,
      with males showing higher frequencies when compared to females. We have not found
      an effect of age on the temporal and spectral structure of the phrases. These
      results indicate that singing in indris has a high behavioral flexibility and
      varies according to social and individual factors. The flexible spectral
      structure of the phrases given during the song may underlie perceptual abilities
      that are relatively unknown in other non-human primates, such as the ability to
      recognize particular pitch patterns. 

PMID- 27378835
TI  - Monitoring of Tumor Growth with [(18)F]-FET PET in a Mouse Model of Glioblastoma:
      SUV Measurements and Volumetric Approaches.
AB  - Noninvasive tumor growth monitoring is of particular interest for the evaluation
      of experimental glioma therapies. This study investigates the potential of
      positron emission tomography (PET) using O-(2-(18)F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine
      ([(18)F]-FET) to determine tumor growth in a murine glioblastoma (GBM) model
      including estimation of the biological tumor volume (BTV), which has hitherto not
      been investigated in the pre-clinical context. Fifteen GBM-bearing mice (GL261)
      and six control mice (shams) were investigated during 5 weeks by PET followed by
      autoradiographic and histological assessments. [(18)F]-FET PET was quantitated by
      calculation of maximum and mean standardized uptake values within a universal
      volume-of-interest (VOI) corrected for healthy background (SUVmax/BG,
      SUVmean/BG). A partial volume effect correction (PVEC) was applied in comparison
      to ex vivo autoradiography. BTVs obtained by predefined thresholds for VOI
      definition (SUV/BG: >=1.4; >=1.6; >=1.8; >=2.0) were compared to the
      histologically assessed tumor volume (n = 8). Finally, individual "optimal"
      thresholds for BTV definition best reflecting the histology were determined. In
      GBM mice SUVmax/BG and SUVmean/BG clearly increased with time, however at high
      inter-animal variability. No relevant [(18)F]-FET uptake was observed in shams.
      PVEC recovered signal loss of SUVmean/BG assessment in relation to
      autoradiography. BTV as estimated by predefined thresholds strongly differed from
      the histology volume. Strikingly, the individual "optimal" thresholds for BTV
      assessment correlated highly with SUVmax/BG (rho = 0.97, p < 0.001), allowing
      SUVmax/BG-based calculation of individual thresholds. The method was verified by
      a subsequent validation study (n = 15, rho = 0.88, p < 0.01) leading to
      extensively higher agreement of BTV estimations when compared to histology in
      contrast to predefined thresholds. [(18)F]-FET PET with standard SUV measurements
      is feasible for glioma imaging in the GBM mouse model. PVEC is beneficial to
      improve accuracy of [(18)F]-FET PET SUV quantification. Although SUVmax/BG and
      SUVmean/BG increase during the disease course, these parameters do not correlate
      with the respective tumor size. For the first time, we propose a histology
      verified method allowing appropriate individual BTV estimation for volumetric in
      vivo monitoring of tumor growth with [(18)F]-FET PET and show that standardized
      thresholds from routine clinical practice seem to be inappropriate for BTV
      estimation in the GBM mouse model. 

PMID- 27378832
TI  - Functional Zonation of the Adult Mammalian Adrenal Cortex.
AB  - The standard model of adrenocortical zonation holds that the three main zones,
      glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis each have a distinct function,
      producing mineralocorticoids (in fact just aldosterone), glucocorticoids, and
      androgens respectively. Moreover, each zone has its specific mechanism of
      regulation, though ACTH has actions throughout. Finally, the cells of the cortex
      originate from a stem cell population in the outer cortex or capsule, and migrate
      centripetally, changing their phenotype as they progress through the zones.
      Recent progress in understanding the development of the gland and the
      distribution of steroidogenic enzymes, trophic hormone receptors, and other
      factors suggests that this model needs refinement. Firstly, proliferation can
      take place throughout the gland, and although the stem cells are certainly
      located in the periphery, zonal replenishment can take place within zones.
      Perhaps more importantly, neither the distribution of enzymes nor receptors
      suggest that the individual zones are necessarily autonomous in their production
      of steroid. This is particularly true of the glomerulosa, which does not seem to
      have the full suite of enzymes required for aldosterone biosynthesis. Nor, in the
      rat anyway, does it express MC2R to account for the response of aldosterone to
      ACTH. It is known that in development, recruitment of stem cells is stimulated by
      signals from within the glomerulosa. Furthermore, throughout the cortex local
      regulatory factors, including cytokines, catecholamines and the tissue renin
      angiotensin system, modify and refine the effects of the systemic trophic
      factors. In these and other ways it more and more appears that the functions of
      the gland should be viewed as an integrated whole, greater than the sum of its
      component parts. 

PMID- 27378836
TI  - Computational Pipeline for NIRS-EEG Joint Imaging of tDCS-Evoked Cerebral
      Responses-An Application in Ischemic Stroke.
AB  - Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates cortical neural activity
      and hemodynamics. Electrophysiological methods (electroencephalography-EEG)
      measure neural activity while optical methods (near-infrared spectroscopy-NIRS)
      measure hemodynamics coupled through neurovascular coupling (NVC). Assessment of
      NVC requires development of NIRS-EEG joint-imaging sensor montages that are
      sensitive to the tDCS affected brain areas. In this methods paper, we present a
      software pipeline incorporating freely available software tools that can be used
      to target vascular territories with tDCS and develop a NIRS-EEG probe for joint
      imaging of tDCS-evoked responses. We apply this software pipeline to target
      primarily the outer convexity of the brain territory (superficial divisions) of
      the middle cerebral artery (MCA). We then present a computational method based on
      Empirical Mode Decomposition of NIRS and EEG time series into a set of intrinsic
      mode functions (IMFs), and then perform a cross-correlation analysis on those
      IMFs from NIRS and EEG signals to model NVC at the lesional and contralesional
      hemispheres of an ischemic stroke patient. For the contralesional hemisphere, a
      strong positive correlation between IMFs of regional cerebral hemoglobin oxygen
      saturation and the log-transformed mean-power time-series of IMFs for EEG with a
      lag of about -15 s was found after a cumulative 550 s stimulation of anodal tDCS.
      It is postulated that system identification, for example using a continuous-time
      autoregressive model, of this coupling relation under tDCS perturbation may
      provide spatiotemporal discriminatory features for the identification of
      ischemia. Furthermore, portable NIRS-EEG joint imaging can be incorporated into
      brain computer interfaces to monitor tDCS-facilitated neurointervention as well
      as cortical reorganization. 

PMID- 27378837
TI  - Benefits of Stimulus Exposure: Developmental Learning Independent of Task
      Performance.
AB  - Perceptual learning (training-induced performance improvement) can be elicited by
      task-irrelevant stimulus exposure in humans. In contrast, task-irrelevant
      stimulus exposure in animals typically disrupts perception in juveniles while
      causing little to no effect in adults. This may be due to the extent of exposure,
      which is brief in humans while chronic in animals. Here we assessed the effects
      of short bouts of passive stimulus exposure on learning during development in
      gerbils, compared with non-passive stimulus exposure (i.e., during testing). We
      used prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response, a method that can be
      applied at any age, to measure gap detection thresholds across four age groups,
      spanning development. First, we showed that both gap detection thresholds and gap
      detection learning across sessions displayed a long developmental trajectory,
      improving throughout the juvenile period. Additionally, we demonstrated larger
      within- and across-animal performance variability in younger animals. These
      results are generally consistent with results in humans, where there are extended
      developmental trajectories for both the perception of temporally-varying signals,
      and the effects of perceptual training, as well as increased variability and
      poorer performance consistency in children. We then chose an age (mid-juveniles)
      that displayed clear learning over sessions in order to assess effects of brief
      passive stimulus exposure on this learning. We compared learning in mid-juveniles
      exposed to either gap detection testing (gaps paired with startles) or equivalent
      gap exposure without testing (gaps alone) for three sessions. Learning was
      equivalent in both these groups and better than both naive age-matched animals
      and controls receiving no gap exposure but only startle testing. Thus, short
      bouts of exposure to gaps independent of task performance is sufficient to induce
      learning at this age, and is as effective as gap detection testing. 

PMID- 27378839
TI  - Testable Hypotheses for Unbalanced Neuroimaging Data.
AB  - Unbalanced group-level models are common in neuroimaging. Typically, data for
      these models come from factorial experiments. As such, analyses typically take
      the form of an analysis of variance (ANOVA) within the framework of the general
      linear model (GLM). Although ANOVA theory is well established for the balanced
      case, in unbalanced designs there are multiple ways of decomposing the sums-of
      squares of the data. This leads to several methods of forming test statistics
      when the model contains multiple factors and interactions. Although the Type I
      III sums of squares have a long history of debate in the statistical literature,
      there has seemingly been no consideration of this aspect of the GLM in
      neuroimaging. In this paper we present an exposition of these different forms of
      hypotheses for the neuroimaging researcher, discussing their derivation as
      estimable functions of ANOVA models, and discussing the relative merits of each.
      Finally, we demonstrate how the different hypothesis tests can be implemented
      using contrasts in analysis software, presenting examples in SPM and FSL. 

PMID- 27378838
TI  - Toward an Interdisciplinary Understanding of Sensory Dysfunction in Autism
      Spectrum Disorder: An Integration of the Neural and Symptom Literatures.
AB  - Sensory processing differences have long been associated with autism spectrum
      disorder (ASD), and they have recently been added to the diagnostic criteria for
      the disorder. The focus on sensory processing in ASD research has increased
      substantially in the last decade. This research has been approached from two
      different perspectives: the first focuses on characterizing the symptoms that
      manifest in response to real world sensory stimulation, and the second focuses on
      the neural pathways and mechanisms underlying sensory processing. The purpose of
      this paper is to integrate the empirical literature on sensory processing in ASD
      from the last decade, including both studies characterizing sensory symptoms and
      those that investigate neural response to sensory stimuli. We begin with a
      discussion of definitions to clarify some of the inconsistencies in terminology
      that currently exist in the field. Next, the sensory symptoms literature is
      reviewed with a particular focus on developmental considerations and the
      relationship of sensory symptoms to other core features of the disorder. Then,
      the neuroscience literature is reviewed with a focus on methodological approaches
      and specific sensory modalities. Currently, these sensory symptoms and
      neuroscience perspectives are largely developing independently from each other
      leading to multiple, but separate, theories and methods, thus creating a
      multidisciplinary approach to sensory processing in ASD. In order to progress our
      understanding of sensory processing in ASD, it is now critical to integrate these
      two research perspectives and move toward an interdisciplinary approach. This
      will inevitably aid in a better understanding of the underlying biological basis
      of these symptoms and help realize the translational value through its
      application to early identification and treatment. The review ends with specific
      recommendations for future research to help bridge these two research
      perspectives in order to advance our understanding of sensory processing in ASD. 

PMID- 27378840
TI  - Implications of Oxytocin in Human Linguistic Cognition: From Genome to Phenome.
AB  - The neurohormone oxytocin (OXT) has been found to mediate the regulation of
      complex socioemotional cognition in multiple ways both in humans and other
      animals. Recent studies have investigated the effects of OXT in different levels
      of analysis (from genetic to behavioral) chiefly targeting its impact on the
      social component and only indirectly indicating its implications in other
      components of our socio-interactive abilities. This article aims at shedding
      light onto how OXT might be modulating the multimodality that characterizes our
      higher-order linguistic abilities (vocal-auditory-attentional-memory-social
      systems). Based on evidence coming from genetic, EEG, fMRI, and behavioral
      studies, I attempt to establish the promises of this perspective with the goal of
      stressing the need for neuropeptide treatments to enter clinical practice. 

PMID- 27378841
TI  - Beyond the Metronome: Auditory Events and Music May Afford More than Just
      Interval Durations as Gait Cues in Parkinson's Disease.

PMID- 27378842
TI  - Qualitative-Modeling-Based Silicon Neurons and Their Networks.
AB  - The ionic conductance models of neuronal cells can finely reproduce a wide
      variety of complex neuronal activities. However, the complexity of these models
      has prompted the development of qualitative neuron models. They are described by
      differential equations with a reduced number of variables and their low
      dimensional polynomials, which retain the core mathematical structures. Such
      simple models form the foundation of a bottom-up approach in computational and
      theoretical neuroscience. We proposed a qualitative-modeling-based approach for
      designing silicon neuron circuits, in which the mathematical structures in the
      polynomial-based qualitative models are reproduced by differential equations with
      silicon-native expressions. This approach can realize low-power-consuming
      circuits that can be configured to realize various classes of neuronal cells. In
      this article, our qualitative-modeling-based silicon neuron circuits for analog
      and digital implementations are quickly reviewed. One of our CMOS analog silicon
      neuron circuits can realize a variety of neuronal activities with a power
      consumption less than 72 nW. The square-wave bursting mode of this circuit is
      explained. Another circuit can realize Class I and II neuronal activities with
      about 3 nW. Our digital silicon neuron circuit can also realize these classes. An
      auto-associative memory realized on an all-to-all connected network of these
      silicon neurons is also reviewed, in which the neuron class plays important roles
      in its performance. 

PMID- 27378843
TI  - What Pinnipeds Have to Say about Human Speech, Music, and the Evolution of
      Rhythm.
AB  - Research on the evolution of human speech and music benefits from hypotheses and
      data generated in a number of disciplines. The purpose of this article is to
      illustrate the high relevance of pinniped research for the study of speech,
      musical rhythm, and their origins, bridging and complementing current research on
      primates and birds. We briefly discuss speech, vocal learning, and rhythm from an
      evolutionary and comparative perspective. We review the current state of the art
      on pinniped communication and behavior relevant to the evolution of human speech
      and music, showing interesting parallels to hypotheses on rhythmic behavior in
      early hominids. We suggest future research directions in terms of species to test
      and empirical data needed. 

PMID- 27378844
TI  - Bio-Inspired Controller on an FPGA Applied to Closed-Loop Diaphragmatic
      Stimulation.
AB  - Cervical spinal cord injury can disrupt connections between the brain respiratory
      network and the respiratory muscles which can lead to partial or complete loss of
      ventilatory control and require ventilatory assistance. Unlike current open-loop
      technology, a closed-loop diaphragmatic pacing system could overcome the
      drawbacks of manual titration as well as respond to changing ventilation
      requirements. We present an original bio-inspired assistive technology for real
      time ventilation assistance, implemented in a digital configurable Field
      Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The bio-inspired controller, which is a spiking
      neural network (SNN) inspired by the medullary respiratory network, is as robust
      as a classic controller while having a flexible, low-power and low-cost hardware
      design. The system was simulated in MATLAB with FPGA-specific constraints and
      tested with a computational model of rat breathing; the model reproduced
      experimentally collected respiratory data in eupneic animals. The open-loop
      version of the bio-inspired controller was implemented on the FPGA. Electrical
      test bench characterizations confirmed the system functionality. Open and closed
      loop paradigm simulations were simulated to test the FPGA system real-time
      behavior using the rat computational model. The closed-loop system monitors
      breathing and changes in respiratory demands to drive diaphragmatic stimulation.
      The simulated results inform future acute animal experiments and constitute the
      first step toward the development of a neuromorphic, adaptive, compact, low
      power, implantable device. The bio-inspired hardware design optimizes the FPGA
      resource and time costs while harnessing the computational power of spike-based
      neuromorphic hardware. Its real-time feature makes it suitable for in vivo
      applications. 

PMID- 27378845
TI  - Structural Studies of GABAA Receptor Binding Sites: Which Experimental Structure
      Tells us What?
AB  - Atomic resolution structures of cys-loop receptors, including one of a gamma
      aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAA receptor) subtype, allow amazing
      insights into the structural features and conformational changes that these
      pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) display. Here we present a
      comprehensive analysis of more than 30 cys-loop receptor structures of homologous
      proteins that revealed several allosteric binding sites not previously described
      in GABAA receptors. These novel binding sites were examined in GABAA receptor
      homology models and assessed as putative candidate sites for allosteric ligands.
      Four so far undescribed putative ligand binding sites were proposed for follow up
      studies based on their presence in the GABAA receptor homology models. A
      comprehensive analysis of conserved structural features in GABAA and glycine
      receptors (GlyRs), the glutamate gated ion channel, the bacterial homologs
      Erwinia chrysanthemi (ELIC) and Gloeobacter violaceus GLIC, and the serotonin
      type 3 (5-HT3) receptor was performed. The conserved features were integrated
      into a master alignment that led to improved homology models. The large fragment
      of the intracellular domain that is present in the structure of the 5-HT3
      receptor was utilized to generate GABAA receptor models with a corresponding
      intracellular domain fragment. Results of mutational and photoaffinity ligand
      studies in GABAA receptors were analyzed in the light of the model structures.
      This led to an assignment of candidate ligands to two proposed novel pockets,
      candidate binding sites for furosemide and neurosteroids in the trans-membrane
      domain were identified. The homology models can serve as hypotheses generators,
      and some previously controversial structural interpretations of biochemical data
      can be resolved in the light of the presented multi-template approach to
      comparative modeling. Crystal and cryo-EM microscopic structures of the closest
      homologs that were solved in different conformational states provided important
      insights into structural rearrangements of binding sites during conformational
      transitions. The impact of structural variation and conformational motion on the
      shape of the investigated binding sites was analyzed. Rules for best template and
      alignment choice were obtained and can generally be applied to modeling of cys
      loop receptors. Overall, we provide an updated structure based view of ligand
      binding sites present in GABAA receptors. 

PMID- 27378846
TI  - Inter- and Intra-Subunit Butanol/Isoflurane Sites of Action in the Human Glycine
      Receptor.
AB  - Glycine receptors (GlyRs) mediate inhibitory neurotransmission and are targets
      for alcohols and anesthetics in brain. GlyR transmembrane (TM) domains contain
      critical residues for alcohol/anesthetic action: amino acid A288 in TM3 forms
      crosslinks with TM1 (I229) in the adjacent subunit as well as TM2 (S267) and TM4
      (Y406, W407, I409, Y410) in the same subunit. We hypothesized that these residues
      may participate in intra-subunit and inter-subunit sites of alcohol/anesthetic
      action. The following double and triple mutants of GLRA1 cDNA (encoding human
      glycine receptor alpha 1 subunit) were injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes:
      I229C/A288C, I229C/A288C/C290S, A288C/Y406C, A288C/W407C, A288C/I409C, and
      A288C/Y410C along with the corresponding single mutants and wild-type GLRA1.
      Butanol (22 mM) or isoflurane (0.6 mM) potentiation of GlyR-mediated currents
      before and after application of the cysteine crosslinking agent HgCl2 (10 MUM)
      was measured using two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology. Crosslinking
      nearly abolished butanol and isoflurane potentiation in the I229C/A288C and
      I229C/A288C/C290S mutants but had no effect in single mutants or wild-type.
      Crosslinking also inhibited butanol and isoflurane potentiation in the TM3-4
      mutants (A288C/Y406C, A288C/W407C, A288C/I409C, A288C/Y410C) with no effect in
      single mutants or wild-type. We extracted proteins from oocytes expressing
      I229C/288C, A288C/Y410C, or wild-type GlyRs, used mass spectrometry to verify
      their expression and possible inter-subunit dimerization, plus immunoblotting to
      investigate the biochemical features of proposed crosslinks. Wild-type GlyR
      subunits measured about 50 kDa; after crosslinking, the dimeric/monomeric 100:50
      kDa band ratio was significantly increased in I229C/288C but not A288C/Y410C
      mutants or wild-type, providing support for TM1-3 inter-subunit and TM3-4 intra
      subunit crosslinking. A GlyR homology model based on the GluCl template provides
      further evidence for a multi-site model for alcohol/anesthetic interaction with
      human GLRA1. 

PMID- 27378848
TI  - Versatile Structures of alpha-Synuclein.
AB  - alpha-Synuclein (alpha-syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein abundantly
      distributed in presynaptic terminals. Aggregation of alpha-syn into Lewy bodies
      (LB) is a molecular hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). alpha-Syn features an
      extreme conformational diversity, which adapts to different conditions and
      fulfills versatile functions. However, the molecular mechanism of alpha-syn
      transformation and the relation between different structural species and their
      functional and pathogenic roles in neuronal activities and PD remain unknown. In
      this mini-review, we summarize the recent discoveries of alpha-syn structures in
      the membrane-bound state, in cytosol, and in the amyloid state under
      physiological and pathological conditions. From the current knowledge on
      different structural species of alpha-syn, we intend to find a clue about its
      function and toxicity in normal neurons and under disease conditions, which could
      shed light on the PD pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27378847
TI  - Energy and Potassium Ion Homeostasis during Gamma Oscillations.
AB  - Fast neuronal network oscillations in the gamma frequency band (30-100 Hz) occur
      in various cortex regions, require timed synaptic excitation and inhibition with
      glutamate and GABA, respectively, and are associated with higher brain functions
      such as sensory perception, attentional selection and memory formation. However,
      little is known about energy and ion homeostasis during the gamma oscillation.
      Recent studies addressed this topic in slices of the rodent hippocampus using
      cholinergic and glutamatergic receptor models of gamma oscillations (GAM).
      Methods with high spatial and temporal resolution were applied in vitro, such as
      electrophysiological recordings of local field potential (LFP) and extracellular
      potassium concentration ([K(+)]o), live-cell fluorescence imaging of nicotinamide
      adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide [NAD(P)H and
      FAD, respectively] (cellular redox state), and monitoring of the interstitial
      partial oxygen pressure (pO2) in depth profiles with microsensor electrodes,
      including mathematical modeling. The main findings are: (i) GAM are associated
      with high oxygen consumption rate and significant changes in the cellular redox
      state, indicating rapid adaptations in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation;
      (ii) GAM are accompanied by fluctuating elevations in [K(+)]o of less than 0.5
      mmol/L from baseline, likely reflecting effective K(+)-uptake mechanisms of
      neuron and astrocyte compartments; and (iii) GAM are exquisitely sensitive to
      metabolic stress induced by lowering oxygen availability or by pharmacological
      inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. These findings reflect precise
      cellular adaptations to maintain adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), ion and
      neurotransmitter homeostasis and thus neural excitability and synaptic signaling
      during GAM. Conversely, the exquisite sensitivity of GAM to metabolic stress
      might significantly contribute the exceptional vulnerability of higher brain
      functions in brain disease. 

PMID- 27378849
TI  - Enhanced Immune Response in Immunodeficient Mice Improves Peripheral Nerve
      Regeneration Following Axotomy.
AB  - Injuries to peripheral nerves cause loss of motor and sensory function, greatly
      affecting life quality. Successful repair of the lesioned nerve requires
      efficient cell debris removal, followed by axon regeneration and reinnervation of
      target organs. Such process is orchestrated by several cellular and molecular
      events in which glial and immune cells actively participate. It is known that
      tissue clearance is largely improved by macrophages, which activation is
      potentiated by cells and molecules of the acquired immune system, such as T
      helper lymphocytes and antibodies, respectively. In the present work, we
      evaluated the contribution of lymphocytes in the regenerative process of crushed
      sciatic nerves of immunocompetent (wild-type, WT) and T and B-deficient (RAG-KO)
      mice. In Knockout animals, we found increased amount of macrophages under basal
      conditions and during the initial phase of the regenerative process, that was
      evaluated at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after lesion (wal). That parallels with faster
      axonal regeneration evidenced by the quantification of neurofilament and a growth
      associated protein immunolabeling. The motor function, evaluated by the sciatic
      function index, was fully recovered in both mouse strains within 4 wal, either in
      a progressive fashion, as observed for RAG-KO mice, or presenting a subtle
      regression, as seen in WT mice between 2 and 3 wal. Interestingly, boosting the
      immune response by early adoptive transference of activated WT lymphocytes at 3
      days after lesion improved motor recovery in WT and RAG-KO mice, which was not
      ameliorated when cells were transferred at 2 wal. When monitoring lymphocytes by
      in vivo imaging, in both mouse strains, cells migrated to the lesion site shortly
      after transference, remaining in the injured limb up to its complete motor
      recovery. Moreover, a first peak of hyperalgesia, determined by von-Frey test,
      was coincident with increased lymphocyte infiltration in the damaged paw.
      Overall, the present results suggest that a wave of immune cell infiltration
      takes place during subacute phase of axonal regeneration, resulting in transient
      set back of motor recovery following peripheral axonal injury. Moreover,
      modulation of the immune response can be an efficient approach to speed up nerve
      regeneration. 

PMID- 27378850
TI  - A Novel Form of Compensation in the Tg2576 Amyloid Mouse Model of Alzheimer's
      Disease.
AB  - One century after its first description, pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is
      still poorly understood. Amyloid-related dendritic atrophy and membrane
      alterations of susceptible brain neurons in AD, and in animal models of AD are
      widely recognized. However, little effort has been made to study the potential
      effects of combined morphological and membrane alterations on signal transfer and
      synaptic integration in neurons that build up affected neural networks in AD. In
      this study spatial reconstructions and electrophysiological measurements of layer
      II/III pyramidal neurons of the somatosensory cortex from wild-type (WT) and
      transgenic (TG) human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) overexpressing Tg2576 mice
      were used to build faithful segmental cable models of these neurons. Local
      synaptic activities were simulated in various points of the dendritic arbors and
      properties of subthreshold dendritic impulse propagation and predictors of
      synaptic input pattern recognition ability were quantified and compared in
      modeled WT and TG neurons. Despite the widespread dendritic degeneration and
      membrane alterations in mutant mouse neurons, surprisingly little, or no change
      was detected in steady-state and 50 Hz sinusoidal voltage transfers, current
      transfers, and local and propagation delays of PSPs traveling along dendrites of
      TG neurons. Synaptic input pattern recognition ability was also predicted to be
      unaltered in TG neurons in two different soma-dendritic membrane models
      investigated. Our simulations predict the way how subthreshold dendritic
      signaling and pattern recognition are preserved in TG neurons: amyloid-related
      membrane alterations compensate for the pathological effects that dendritic
      atrophy has on subthreshold dendritic signal transfer and integration in layer
      II/III somatosensory neurons of this hAPP mouse model for AD. Since neither
      propagation of single PSPs nor integration of multiple PSPs (pattern recognition)
      changes in TG neurons, we conclude that AD-related neuronal hyperexcitability
      cannot be accounted for by altered subthreshold dendritic signaling in these
      neurons but hyperexcitability is related to changes in active membrane properties
      and network connectivity. 

PMID- 27378851
TI  - Neuroserpin Differentiates Between Forms of Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator via
      pH Dependent Deacylation.
AB  - Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), initially characterized for its
      critical role in fibrinolysis, also has key functions in both physiologic and
      pathologic processes in the CNS. Neuroserpin (NSP) is a t-PA specific serine
      protease inhibitor (serpin) found almost exclusively in the CNS that regulates t
      PA's proteolytic activity and protects against t-PA mediated seizure propagation
      and blood-brain barrier disruption. This report demonstrates that NSP inhibition
      of t-PA varies profoundly as a function of pH within the biologically relevant pH
      range for the CNS, and reflects the stability, rather than the formation of NSP:
      t-PA acyl-enzyme complexes. Moreover, NSP differentiates between the zymogen-like
      single chain form (single chain t-PA, sct-PA) and the mature protease form (two
      chain t-PA, tct-PA) of t-PA, demonstrating different pH profiles for protease
      inhibition, different pH ranges over which catalytic deacylation occurs, and
      different pH dependent profiles of deacylation rates for each form of t-PA. NSP's
      pH dependent inhibition of t-PA is not accounted for by differential acylation,
      and is specific for the NSP-t-PA serpin-protease pair. These results demonstrate
      a novel mechanism for the differential regulation of the two forms of t-PA in the
      CNS, and suggest a potential specific regulatory role for CNS pH in controlling t
      PA proteolytic activity. 

PMID- 27378852
TI  - Social Isolation Blunted the Response of Mesocortical Dopaminergic Neurons to
      Chronic Ethanol Voluntary Intake.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that stress can increase the response of mesolimbic
      dopaminergic neurons to acute administration of drugs of abuse included ethanol.
      In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of the mesocortical
      dopaminergic pathway in the development of ethanol abuse under stress conditions.
      To this aim we trained both socially isolated (SI) and group housed (GH) rats to
      self administer ethanol which was made available only 2 ha day (from 11:00 to
      13:00 h). Rats have been trained for 3 weeks starting at postnatal day 35. After
      training, rats were surgically implanted with microdialysis probes under deep
      anesthesia, and 24 hlater extracellular dopamine concentrations were monitored in
      medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for the 2 hpreceding ethanol administration
      (anticipatory phase), during ethanol exposure (consummatory phase) and for 2
      hafter ethanol removal. Results show that, in GH animals, dopamine extracellular
      concentration in the mPFC increased as early as 80 min before ethanol
      presentation (+50% over basal values) and remained elevated for 80 min during
      ethanol exposure. In SI rats, on the contrary, dopamine extracellular
      concentration did not show any significant change at any time point. Ethanol
      consumption was significantly higher in SI than in GH rats. Moreover,
      mesocortical dopaminergic neurons in SI animals also showed a decreased
      sensitivity to an acute administration of ethanol with respect to GH rats. Our
      results show that prolonged exposure to stress, as in social isolation, is able
      to induce significant changes in the response of mesocortical dopaminergic
      neurons to ethanol exposure and suggest that these changes might play an
      important role in the compulsivity observed in ethanol addiction. 

PMID- 27378853
TI  - The Revolution in Migraine Genetics: From Aching Channels Disorders to a Next
      Generation Medicine.
AB  - Channelopathies are a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders resulting
      from dysfunction of ion channels located in cell membranes and organelles. The
      clinical scenario is broad and symptoms such as generalized epilepsy (with or
      without fever), migraine (with or without aura), episodic ataxia and periodic
      muscle paralysis are some of the best known consequences of gain- or loss-of
      function mutations in ion channels. We review the main clinical effects of ion
      channel mutations associated with a significant impact on migraine headache.
      Given the increasing and evolving use of genetic analysis in migraine research
      greater emphasis is now placed on genetic markers of dysfunctional biological
      systems-we also show how novel information in rare monogenic forms of migraine
      might help to clarify the disease mechanisms in the general population of
      migraineurs. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and more accurate and precise
      phenotyping strategies are expected to further increase understanding of migraine
      pathophysiology and genetics. 

PMID- 27378854
TI  - Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: Its Role in Early Neural Development and in Adult
      and Aged Brain Function.
AB  - The kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates signals triggered by
      energy, stress, oxygen levels, and growth factors. It regulates ribosome
      biogenesis, mRNA translation, nutrient metabolism, and autophagy. mTOR
      participates in various functions of the brain, such as synaptic plasticity,
      adult neurogenesis, memory, and learning. mTOR is present during early neural
      development and participates in axon and dendrite development, neuron
      differentiation, and gliogenesis, among other processes. Furthermore, mTOR has
      been shown to modulate lifespan in multiple organisms. This protein is an
      important energy sensor that is present throughout our lifetime its role must be
      precisely described in order to develop therapeutic strategies and prevent
      diseases of the central nervous system. The aim of this review is to present our
      current understanding of the functions of mTOR in neural development, the adult
      brain and aging. 

PMID- 27378855
TI  - Isolation Rearing Reduces Neuronal Excitability in Dentate Gyrus Granule Cells of
      Adolescent C57BL/6J Mice: Role of GABAergic Tonic Currents and Neurosteroids.
AB  - Early-life exposure to stress, by impacting on a brain still under development,
      is considered a critical factor for the increased vulnerability to psychiatric
      disorders and abuse of psychotropic substances during adulthood. As previously
      reported, rearing C57BL/6J weanling mice in social isolation (SI) from their
      peers for several weeks, a model of prolonged stress, is associated with a
      decreased plasma and brain levels of neuroactive steroids such as 3alpha,5alpha
      THP, with a parallel up-regulation of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAAR) in
      dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells compared to group-housed (GH) mice. In the
      present study, together with the SI-induced decrease in plasma concentration of
      both progesterone and 3alpha,5alpha-THP, and an increase in THIP-stimulated
      GABAergic tonic currents, patch-clamp analysis of DG granule cells revealed a
      significant decrease in membrane input resistance and action potential (AP)
      firing rate, in SI compared to GH mice, suggesting that SI exerts an inhibitory
      action on neuronal excitability of these neurons. Voltage-clamp recordings of
      glutamatergic spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) revealed a SI
      associated decrease in frequency as well as a shift from paired-pulse (PP)
      depression to PP facilitation (PPF) of evoked EPSCs, indicative of a reduced
      probability of glutamate release. Daily administration of progesterone during
      isolation reverted the changes in plasma 3alpha,5alpha-THP as well as in
      GABAergic tonic currents and neuronal excitability caused by SI, but it had only
      a limited effect on the changes in the probability of presynaptic glutamate
      release. Overall, the results obtained in this work, together with those
      previously published, indicate that exposure of mice to SI during adolescence
      reduces neuronal excitability of DG granule cells, an effect that may be linked
      to the increased GABAergic tonic currents as a consequence of the sustained
      decrease in plasma and hippocampal levels of neurosteroids. All these changes may
      be consistent with cognitive deficits observed in animals exposed to such type of
      prolonged stress. 

PMID- 27378856
TI  - Controlling the Emotional Bias: Performance, Late Positive Potentials, and the
      Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).
AB  - Cognitive control of emotional processing is essential for adaptive human
      behavior. Biased attention toward emotionally salient information is critically
      linked with affective disorders and is discussed as a promising treatment target.
      Anodal (activity enhancing) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has
      been shown to increase healthy and impaired cognitive control over emotional
      distraction and is therefore widely used for the investigation and experimental
      treatment of this disorder. In this study, event-related potential (ERP) were
      recorded parallel to tDCS to track its online effects. Healthy volunteers (n =
      87) performed a delayed working memory paradigm with emotional salient and
      neutral distractors during stimulation with different intensities (sham, 0.5, 1,
      1.5 mA). Measuring the late positive potential (LPP), an ERP that indexes
      attention allocation, we found that a valence-specific increase of the early
      portion of the LPP (eLPP, 250-500 ms) was associated with less emotional
      distraction in the sham group. Of note, stimulation with tDCS exerted an
      intensity related effect on this correlation. The later part of the LPP (lLPP,
      500-1000 ms) was found to be correlated with reaction time, regardless of
      valence. General effect of tDCS on LPPs and task performance were not observed.
      These findings demonstrate that ERP recordings parallel to tDCS are feasible to
      investigate the neuronal underpinnings of stimulation effects on executive
      functions. Furthermore, they support the notion that the LPP induced by a
      distractive stimulus during a working memory task mirrors the additional
      allocation of neuronal resources with a specific sensitivity of the early LPP for
      highly arousing negative stimuli. Finally, together with the variable magnitude
      and direction of the emotional bias, the lack of systematic modulations of LPPs
      and behavior by tDCS further underlines the important influence of the individual
      brain activity patterns on stimulation effects both on the behavioral and
      neurophysiological level. 

PMID- 27378858
TI  - Editorial: Glial Plasticity in Depression.

PMID- 27378857
TI  - Effects of Fluoxetine on Human Embryo Development.
AB  - The use of antidepressant treatment during pregnancy is increasing, and selective
      serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely prescribed
      antidepressants in pregnant women. Serotonin plays a role in embryogenesis, and
      serotonin transporters are expressed in two-cell mouse embryos. Thus, the aim of
      the present study was to evaluate whether fluoxetine, one of the most prescribed
      SSRI antidepressant world-wide, exposure influences the timing of different
      embryo developmental stages, and furthermore, to analyze what protein, and
      protein networks, are affected by fluoxetine in the early embryo development.
      Human embryos (n = 48) were randomly assigned to treatment with 0.25 or 0.5 MUM
      fluoxetine in culture medium. Embryo development was evaluated by time-lapse
      monitoring. The fluoxetine-induced human embryo proteome was analyzed by shotgun
      mass spectrometry. Protein secretion from fluoxetine-exposed human embryos was
      analyzed by use of high-multiplex immunoassay. The lower dose of fluoxetine had
      no influence on embryo development. A trend toward reduced time between thawing
      and start of cavitation was noted in embryos treated with 0.5 MUM fluoxetine (p =
      0.065). Protein analysis by shotgun mass spectrometry detected 45 proteins that
      were uniquely expressed in fluoxetine-treated embryos. These proteins are
      involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, and inflammatory response.
      Culturing with 0.5 MUM, but not 0.25 MUM fluoxetine, caused a significant
      increase in urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in the culture medium. In
      conclusion, fluoxetine has marginal effects on the timing of developmental stages
      in embryos, but induces expression and secretion of several proteins in a manner
      that depends on dose. For these reasons, and in line with current guidelines, the
      lowest possible dose of SSRI should be used in pregnant women who need to
      continue treatment. 

PMID- 27378859
TI  - Mathematical Model of Evolution of Brain Parcellation.
AB  - We study the distribution of brain and cortical area sizes [parcellation units
      (PUs)] obtained for three species: mouse, macaque, and human. We find that the
      distribution of PU sizes is close to lognormal. We propose the mathematical model
      of evolution of brain parcellation based on iterative fragmentation and
      specialization. In this model, each existing PU has a probability to be split
      that depends on PU size only. This model suggests that the same evolutionary
      process may have led to brain parcellation in these three species. Within our
      model, region-to-region (macro) connectivity is given by the outer product form.
      We show that most experimental data on non-zero macaque cortex macroscopic-level
      connections can be explained by the outer product power-law form suggested by our
      model (62% for area V1). We propose a multiplicative Hebbian learning rule for
      the macroconnectome that could yield the correct scaling of connection strengths
      between areas. We thus propose an evolutionary model that may have contributed to
      both brain parcellation and mesoscopic level connectivity in mammals.

PMID- 27378860
TI  - Distinct Spatiotemporal Activation Patterns of the Perirhinal-Entorhinal Network
      in Response to Cortical and Amygdala Input.
AB  - The perirhinal (PER) and entorhinal cortex (EC) receive input from the agranular
      insular cortex (AiP) and the subcortical lateral amygdala (LA) and the main
      output area is the hippocampus. Information transfer through the PER/EC network
      however, is not always guaranteed. It is hypothesized that this network actively
      regulates the (sub)cortical activity transfer to the hippocampal network and that
      the inhibitory system is involved in this function. This study determined the
      recruitment by the AiP and LA afferents in PER/EC network with the use of voltage
      sensitive dye (VSD) imaging in horizontal mouse brain slices. Electrical
      stimulation (500 MUA) of the AiP induced activity that gradually propagated
      predominantly in the rostro-caudal direction: from the PER to the lateral EC
      (LEC). In the presence of 1 MUM of the competitive gamma-aminobutyric acid
      (GABAA) receptor antagonist bicuculline, AiP stimulation recruited the medial EC
      (MEC) as well. In contrast, LA stimulation (500 MUA) only induced activity in the
      deep layers of the PER. In the presence of bicuculline, the initial population
      activity in the PER propagated further towards the superficial layers and the EC
      after a delay. The latency of evoked responses decreased with increasing stimulus
      intensities (50-500 MUA) for both the AiP and LA stimuli. The stimulation
      threshold for evoking responses in the PER/EC network was higher for the LA than
      for the AiP. This study showed that the extent of the PER/EC network activation
      depends on release of inhibition. When GABAA dependent inhibition is reduced,
      both the AiP and the LA activate spatially overlapping regions, although in a
      distinct spatiotemporal fashion. It is therefore hypothesized that the inhibitory
      network regulates excitatory activity from both cortical and subcortical areas
      that has to be transmitted through the PER/EC network.

PMID- 27378861
TI  - Structural Plasticity, Effectual Connectivity, and Memory in Cortex.
AB  - Learning and memory is commonly attributed to the modification of synaptic
      strengths in neuronal networks. More recent experiments have also revealed a
      major role of structural plasticity including elimination and regeneration of
      synapses, growth and retraction of dendritic spines, and remodeling of axons and
      dendrites. Here we work out the idea that one likely function of structural
      plasticity is to increase "effectual connectivity" in order to improve the
      capacity of sparsely connected networks to store Hebbian cell assemblies that are
      supposed to represent memories. For this we define effectual connectivity as the
      fraction of synaptically linked neuron pairs within a cell assembly representing
      a memory. We show by theory and numerical simulation the close links between
      effectual connectivity and both information storage capacity of neural networks
      and effective connectivity as commonly employed in functional brain imaging and
      connectome analysis. Then, by applying our model to a recently proposed memory
      model, we can give improved estimates on the number of cell assemblies that can
      be stored in a cortical macrocolumn assuming realistic connectivity. Finally, we
      derive a simplified model of structural plasticity to enable large scale
      simulation of memory phenomena, and apply our model to link ongoing adult
      structural plasticity to recent behavioral data on the spacing effect of
      learning. 

PMID- 27378862
TI  - Inhibition of Protease-Activated Receptor 1 Does not Affect Dendritic Homeostasis
      of Cultured Mouse Dentate Granule Cells.
AB  - Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are widely expressed in the central nervous
      system (CNS). While a firm link between PAR1-activation and functional synaptic
      and intrinsic neuronal properties exists, studies on the role of PAR1 in neural
      structural plasticity are scarce. The physiological function of PAR1 in the brain
      remains not well understood. We here sought to determine whether prolonged
      pharmacologic PAR1-inhibition affects dendritic morphologies of hippocampal
      neurons. To address this question we employed live-cell microscopy of mouse
      dentate granule cell dendrites in 3-week old entorhino-hippocampal slice cultures
      prepared from Thy1-GFP mice. A subset of cultures were treated with the PAR1
      inhibitor SCH79797 (1 MUM; up to 3 weeks). No major effects of PAR1-inhibition on
      static and dynamic parameters of dentate granule cell dendrites were detected
      under control conditions. Granule cells of PAR1-deficient slice cultures showed
      unaltered dendritic morphologies, dendritic spine densities and excitatory
      synaptic strength. Furthermore, we report that PAR1-inhibition does not prevent
      dendritic retraction following partial deafferentation in vitro. Consistent with
      this finding, no major changes in PAR1-mRNA levels were detected in the
      denervated dentate gyrus (DG). We conclude that neural PAR1 is not involved in
      regulating the steady-state dynamics or deafferentation-induced adaptive changes
      of cultured dentate granule cell dendrites. These results indicate that drugs
      targeting neural PAR1-signals may not affect the stability and structural
      integrity of neuronal networks in healthy brain regions. 

PMID- 27378863
TI  - Identification of Radial Glia Progenitors in the Developing and Adult Retina of
      Sharks.
AB  - Neural stem cells give rise to transient progenitors termed neuroepithelial cells
      (NECs) and radial glial cells (RGCs). RGCs represent the major source of neurons,
      glia and adult stem cells in several regions of the central nervous system (CNS).
      RGCs are mostly transient in mammals, but they are widely maintained in the adult
      CNS of fishes, where they continue to be morphologically similar to RGCs in the
      mammalian brain and fulfill similar roles as progenitors and guide for migrating
      neurons. The retina of fishes offers an exceptional model to approach the study
      of adult neurogenesis because of the presence of constitutive proliferation from
      the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ), containing NECs, and from adult glial cells with
      radial morphology (the Muller glia). However, the cellular hierarchies and
      precise contribution of different types of progenitors to adult neurogenesis
      remain unsolved. We have analyzed the transition from NECs to RGCs and RGC
      differentiation in the retina of the cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus canicula,
      which offers a particularly good spatial and temporal frame to investigate this
      process. We have characterized progenitor and adult RGCs by immunohistochemical
      detection of glial markers as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and
      glutamine synthetase (GS). We have compared the emergence and localization of
      glial markers with that of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, a
      proliferation maker) and Doublecortin (DCX, which increases at early stages of
      neuronal differentiation). During retinal development, GFAP-immunoreactive NECs
      located in the most peripheral CMZ (CMZp) codistribute with DCX-immunonegative
      cells. GFAP-immunoreactive RGCs and Muller cells are located in successive more
      central parts of the retina and codistribute with DCX- and DCX/GS-immunoreactive
      cells, respectively. The same types of progenitors are found in juveniles,
      suggesting that the contribution of the CMZ to adult neurogenesis implies a
      transition through the radial glia (RG) state. 

PMID- 27378864
TI  - Ultra-High Field MRI Post Mortem Structural Connectivity of the Human Subthalamic
      Nucleus, Substantia Nigra, and Globus Pallidus.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and globus pallidus,
      three nuclei of the human basal ganglia, play an important role in motor,
      associative, and limbic processing. The network of the basal ganglia is generally
      characterized by a direct, indirect, and hyperdirect pathway. This study aims to
      investigate the mesoscopic nature of these connections between the subthalamic
      nucleus, substantia nigra, and globus pallidus and their surrounding structures.
      METHODS: A human post mortem brain specimen including the substantia nigra,
      subthalamic nucleus, and globus pallidus was scanned on a 7 T MRI scanner. High
      resolution diffusion weighted images were used to reconstruct the fibers
      intersecting the substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and globus pallidus. The
      course and density of these tracks was analyzed. RESULTS: Most of the commonly
      established projections of the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and globus
      pallidus were successfully reconstructed. However, some of the reconstructed
      fiber tracks such as the connections of the substantia nigra pars compacta to the
      other included nuclei and the connections with the anterior commissure have not
      been shown previously. In addition, the quantitative tractography approach showed
      a typical degree of connectivity previously not documented. An example is the
      relatively larger projections of the subthalamic nucleus to the substantia nigra
      pars reticulata when compared to the projections to the globus pallidus internus.
      DISCUSSION: This study shows that ultra-high field post mortem tractography
      allows for detailed 3D reconstruction of the projections of deep brain structures
      in humans. Although the results should be interpreted carefully, the newly
      identified connections contribute to our understanding of the basal ganglia.

PMID- 27378865
TI  - 512-Channel and 13-Region Simultaneous Recordings Coupled with Optogenetic
      Manipulation in Freely Behaving Mice.
AB  - The development of technologies capable of recording both single-unit activity
      and local field potentials (LFPs) over a wide range of brain circuits in freely
      behaving animals is the key to constructing brain activity maps. Although mice
      are the most popular mammalian genetic model, in vivo neural recording has been
      traditionally limited to smaller channel count and fewer brain structures because
      of the mouse's small size and thin skull. Here, we describe a 512-channel tetrode
      system that allows us to record simultaneously over a dozen cortical and
      subcortical structures in behaving mice. This new technique offers two major
      advantages - namely, the ultra-low cost and the do-it-yourself flexibility for
      targeting any combination of many brain areas. We show the successful recordings
      of both single units and LFPs from 13 distinct neural circuits of the mouse
      brain, including subregions of the anterior cingulate cortices, retrosplenial
      cortices, somatosensory cortices, secondary auditory cortex, hippocampal CA1,
      dentate gyrus, subiculum, lateral entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and
      prelimbic cortex. This 512-channel system can also be combined with Cre-lox
      neurogenetics and optogenetics to further examine interactions between genes,
      cell types, and circuit dynamics across a wide range of brain structures.
      Finally, we demonstrate that complex stimuli - such as an earthquake and fear
      inducing foot-shock - trigger firing changes in all of the 13 brain regions
      recorded, supporting the notion that neural code is highly distributed. In
      addition, we show that localized optogenetic manipulation in any given brain
      region could disrupt network oscillations and caused changes in single-unit
      firing patterns in a brain-wide manner, thereby raising the cautionary note of
      the interpretation of optogenetically manipulated behaviors. 

PMID- 27378866
TI  - No Evidence for Automatic Remapping of Stimulus Features or Location Found with
      fMRI.
AB  - The input to our visual system shifts every time we move our eyes. To maintain a
      stable percept of the world, visual representations must be updated with each
      saccade. Near the time of a saccade, neurons in several visual areas become
      sensitive to the regions of visual space that their receptive fields occupy after
      the saccade. This process, known as remapping, transfers information from one set
      of neurons to another, and may provide a mechanism for visual stability. However,
      it is not clear whether remapping transfers information about stimulus features
      in addition to information about stimulus location. To investigate this issue, we
      recorded blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fMRI) responses while human subjects viewed images of faces and houses
      (two visual categories with many feature differences). Immediately after some
      image presentations, subjects made a saccade that moved the previously stimulated
      location to the opposite side of the visual field. We then used a combination of
      univariate analyses and multivariate pattern analyses to test whether information
      about stimulus location and stimulus features were remapped to the ipsilateral
      hemisphere after the saccades. We found no reliable indication of stimulus
      feature remapping in any region. However, we also found no reliable indication of
      stimulus location remapping, despite the fact that our paradigm was highly
      similar to previous fMRI studies of remapping. The absence of location remapping
      in our study precludes strong conclusions regarding feature remapping. However,
      these results also suggest that measurement of location remapping with fMRI
      depends strongly on the details of the experimental paradigm used. We highlight
      differences in our approach from the original fMRI studies of remapping, discuss
      potential reasons for the failure to generalize prior location remapping results,
      and suggest directions for future research. 

PMID- 27378867
TI  - Non-anemic Iron Deficiency from Birth to Weaning Does Not Impair Growth or Memory
      in Piglets.
AB  - Early iron deficiency is associated with impaired (cognitive) development, the
      severity of which depends on the timing and duration of the under-supply of iron.
      To design effective treatment and prevention strategies for iron deficiency in
      humans, suited animal models are needed. In an earlier study (Antonides et al.,
      2015b) we separated 10 pairs of piglets from their mothers within a few days
      after birth and reared one sibling with artificial iron-deficient (ID) and the
      other with balanced control milk until weaning. ID piglets grew slower and showed
      poorer reference memory (RM) performance than their controls in a spatial
      holeboard task, even weeks after iron repletion. One putative intervening factor
      in that study was pre-weaning maternal deprivation. In an attempt to refine the
      piglet iron-deficiency model, we assessed whether piglets reared by sows, but
      withheld iron supplementation, can serve as animal model of iron deficiency. As
      sow milk is inherently ID, piglets normally receive a prophylactic iron
      injection. Ten pairs of piglets were housed with foster sows until weaning (4
      weeks). One sibling per pair was randomly assigned to the control group
      (receiving iron dextran injections: 40 mg iron per kilogram body mass on days 3
      and 10), the other to the ID group. From weaning, all pigs were fed a balanced
      commercial diet. Blood samples were taken in week 1, 3.5, 6, and 12. Pre-weaning
      blood iron values of ID piglets were lower than those of controls, but recovered
      to normal values after weaning. Hemoglobin of ID piglets did not reach anemic
      values. Hematocrit and hemoglobin of ID animals did not decrease, and serum iron
      even increased pre-weaning, suggesting that the piglets had access to an external
      source of iron, e.g., spilled feed or feces of the foster sows. Growth, and
      spatial memory assessed in the holeboard from 10 to 16 weeks of age, was
      unaffected in ID pigs. We conclude that sow-raised piglets are not a suitable
      model for iron-deficiency induced cognitive deficits in humans. Based on our
      previous and the present study, we conclude that growth and memory are only
      impaired in piglets that suffered from pre-weaning anemia. 

PMID- 27378869
TI  - Editorial: Extinction Learning from a Mechanistic and Systems Perspective.

PMID- 27378868
TI  - Social Memory Formation Rapidly and Differentially Affects the Motivation and
      Performance of Vocal Communication Signals in the Bengalese Finch (Lonchura
      striata var. domestica).
AB  - Cognitive processes like the formation of social memories can shape the nature of
      social interactions between conspecifics. Male songbirds use vocal signals during
      courtship interactions with females, but the degree to which social memory and
      familiarity influences the likelihood and structure of male courtship song
      remains largely unknown. Using a habituation-dishabituation paradigm, we found
      that a single, brief (<30 s) exposure to a female led to the formation of a short
      term memory for that female: adult male Bengalese finches were significantly less
      likely to produce courtship song to an individual female when re-exposed to her 5
      min later (i.e., habituation). Familiarity also rapidly decreased the duration of
      courtship songs but did not affect other measures of song performance (e.g., song
      tempo and the stereotypy of syllable structure and sequencing). Consistent with a
      contribution of social memory to the decrease in courtship song with repeated
      exposures to the same female, the likelihood that male Bengalese finches produced
      courtship song increased when they were exposed to a different female (i.e.,
      dishabituation). Three consecutive exposures to individual females also led to
      the formation of a longer-term memory that persisted over days. Specifically,
      when courtship song production was assessed 2 days after initial exposures to
      females, males produced fewer and shorter courtship songs to familiar females
      than to unfamiliar females. Measures of song performance, however, were not
      different between courtship songs produced to familiar and unfamiliar females.
      The formation of a longer-term memory for individual females seemed to require at
      least three exposures because males did not differentially produce courtship song
      to unfamiliar females and females that they had been exposed to only once or
      twice. Taken together, these data indicate that brief exposures to individual
      females led to the rapid formation and persistence of social memories and support
      the existence of distinct mechanisms underlying the motivation to produce and the
      performance of courtship song. 

PMID- 27378871
TI  - Editorial: Intellectual Disabilities in Down Syndrome from Birth and Throughout
      Life: Assessment and Treatment.

PMID- 27378870
TI  - Neural Dynamics of Emotional Salience Processing in Response to Voices during the
      Stages of Sleep.
AB  - Sleep has been related to emotional functioning. However, the extent to which
      emotional salience is processed during sleep is unknown. To address this concern,
      we investigated night sleep in healthy adults regarding brain reactivity to the
      emotionally (happily, fearfully) spoken meaningless syllables dada, along with
      correspondingly synthesized nonvocal sounds. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals
      were continuously acquired during an entire night of sleep while we applied a
      passive auditory oddball paradigm. During all stages of sleep, mismatch
      negativity (MMN) in response to emotional syllables, which is an index for
      emotional salience processing of voices, was detected. In contrast, MMN to
      acoustically matching nonvocal sounds was undetected during Sleep Stage 2 and 3
      as well as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Post-MMN positivity (PMP) was
      identified with larger amplitudes during Stage 3, and at earlier latencies during
      REM sleep, relative to wakefulness. These findings clearly demonstrated the
      neural dynamics of emotional salience processing during the stages of sleep. 

PMID- 27378872
TI  - Dopamine Replacement Therapy, Learning and Reward Prediction in Parkinson's
      Disease: Implications for Rehabilitation.
AB  - The principal feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the impaired ability to
      acquire and express habitual-automatic actions due to the loss of dopamine in the
      dorsolateral striatum, the region of the basal ganglia associated with the
      control of habitual behavior. Dopamine replacement therapy (DRT) compensates for
      the lack of dopamine, representing the standard treatment for different motor
      symptoms of PD (such as rigidity, bradykinesia and resting tremor). On the other
      hand, rehabilitation treatments, exploiting the use of cognitive strategies,
      feedbacks and external cues, permit to "learn to bypass" the defective basal
      ganglia (using the dorsolateral area of the prefrontal cortex) allowing the
      patients to perform correct movements under executive-volitional control.
      Therefore, DRT and rehabilitation seem to be two complementary and synergistic
      approaches. Learning and reward are central in rehabilitation: both of these
      mechanisms are the basis for the success of any rehabilitative treatment. Anyway,
      it is known that "learning resources" and reward could be negatively influenced
      from dopaminergic drugs. Furthermore, DRT causes different well-known
      complications: among these, dyskinesias, motor fluctuations, and dopamine
      dysregulation syndrome (DDS) are intimately linked with the alteration in the
      learning and reward mechanisms and could impact seriously on the rehabilitative
      outcomes. These considerations highlight the need for careful titration of DRT to
      produce the desired improvement in motor symptoms while minimizing the associated
      detrimental effects. This is important in order to maximize the motor re-learning
      based on repetition, reward and practice during rehabilitation. In this scenario,
      we review the knowledge concerning the interactions between DRT, learning and
      reward, examine the most impactful DRT side effects and provide suggestions for
      optimizing rehabilitation in PD. 

PMID- 27378873
TI  - Mifepristone Treatment during Early Adolescence Fails to Restore Maternal
      Deprivation-Induced Deficits in Behavioral Inhibition of Adult Male Rats.
AB  - Early life adversity has a profound impact on brain development and later life
      health. Animal models have provided insight how early life stress programs stress
      responsiveness and might contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders.
      In the present study, the long-term effects of maternal deprivation (MD) on
      behavioral inhibition and attention were examined in adult male Wistar rats. To
      this end animals were tested in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-choice
      SRTT). We also explored the potential of a 3-day treatment with the
      glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone during early adolescence to
      normalize putative behavioral effects of early life stress. Deprivation of the
      mother for 24 h on postnatal day (PND) 3 led to a modest but significant increase
      in premature responses in the 5-choice SRTT, but did not affect measures of
      attention. Body weight was lower in deprived animals from weaning until the start
      of testing. Early adolescent mifepristone treatment (PND 26-28) did not influence
      performance on the 5-choice SRTT and did not mitigate the deprivation-related
      impairment in behavioral inhibition. Our results indicate that MD leads to
      impaired behavioral inhibition, and that mifepristone treatment during early
      adolescence does not normalize the behavioral changes caused by early life
      stress. 

PMID- 27378874
TI  - Subthalamic and Cortical Local Field Potentials Associated with Pilocarpine
      Induced Oral Tremor in the Rat.
AB  - Tremulous jaw movements (TJMs) are rapid vertical deflections of the lower jaw
      that resemble chewing but are not directed at any particular stimulus. In
      rodents, TJMs are induced by neurochemical conditions that parallel those seen in
      human Parkinsonism, including neurotoxic or pharmacological depletion of striatal
      dopamine (DA), DA antagonism, and cholinomimetic administration. Moreover, TJMs
      in rodents can be attenuated by antiparkinsonian agents, including levodopa (L
      DOPA), DA agonists, muscarinic antagonists, and adenosine A2A antagonists. In
      human Parkinsonian patients, exaggerated physiological synchrony is seen in the
      beta frequency band in various parts of the cortical/basal ganglia/thalamic
      circuitry, and activity in the tremor frequency range (3-7 Hz) also has been
      recorded. The present studies were undertaken to determine if tremor-related
      local field potential (LFP) activity could be recorded from motor cortex (M1) or
      subthalamic nucleus (STN) during the TJMs induced by the muscarinic agonist
      pilocarpine, which is a well-known tremorogenic agent. Pilocarpine induced a
      robust TJM response that was marked by rhythmic electromyographic (EMG) activity
      in the temporalis muscle. Compared to periods with no tremor activity, TJM epochs
      were characterized by increased LFP activity in the tremor frequency range in
      both neocortex and STN. Tremor activity was not associated with increased
      synchrony in the beta frequency band. These studies identified tremor-related LFP
      activity in parts of the cortical/basal ganglia circuitry that are involved in
      the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism. This research may ultimately lead to
      identification of the oscillatory neural mechanisms involved in the generation of
      tremulous activity, and promote development of novel treatments for tremor
      disorders. 

PMID- 27378875
TI  - Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, Fear Conditioning, and The Uncinate
      Fasciculus: A Pilot Study.
AB  - Mindfulness has been suggested to impact emotional learning, but research on
      these processes is scarce. The classical fear conditioning/extinction/extinction
      retention paradigm is a well-known method for assessing emotional learning. The
      present study tested the impact of mindfulness training on fear conditioning and
      extinction memory and further investigated whether changes in white matter fiber
      tracts might support such changes. The uncinate fasciculus (UNC) was of
      particular interest in the context of emotional learning. In this pilot study, 46
      healthy participants were quasi-randomized to a Mindfulness-Based Stress
      Reduction (MBSR, N = 23) or waitlist control (N = 23) group and underwent a two
      day fear conditioning, extinction learning, and extinction memory protocol before
      and after the course or control period. Skin conductance response (SCR) data
      served to measure the physiological response during conditioning and extinction
      memory phases. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were analyzed with
      probabilistic tractography and analyzed for changes of fractional anisotropy in
      the UNC. During conditioning, participants were able to maintain a differential
      response to conditioned vs. not conditioned stimuli following the MBSR course
      (i.e., higher sensitivity to the conditioned stimuli), while controls dropped the
      response. Extinction memory results were not interpretable due to baseline
      differences. MBSR participants showed a significant increase in fractional
      anisotropy in the UNC, while controls did not (group by time interaction missed
      significance). Pre-post changes in UNC were correlated with changes in the
      response to the conditioned stimuli. The findings suggest effects of mindfulness
      practice on the maintenance of sensitivity of emotional responses and suggest
      underlying neural plasticity. (ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT01320969,
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01320969). 

PMID- 27378876
TI  - Behavioral Differences in the Upper and Lower Visual Hemifields in Shape and
      Motion Perception.
AB  - Perceptual accuracy is known to be influenced by stimuli location within the
      visual field. In particular, it seems to be enhanced in the lower visual
      hemifield (VH) for motion and space processing, and in the upper VH for object
      and face processing. The origins of such asymmetries are attributed to
      attentional biases across the visual field, and in the functional organization of
      the visual system. In this article, we tested content-dependent perceptual
      asymmetries in different regions of the visual field. Twenty-five healthy
      volunteers participated in this study. They performed three visual tests
      involving perception of shapes, orientation and motion, in the four quadrants of
      the visual field. The results of the visual tests showed that perceptual accuracy
      was better in the lower than in the upper visual field for motion perception, and
      better in the upper than in the lower visual field for shape perception.
      Orientation perception did not show any vertical bias. No difference was found
      when comparing right and left VHs. The functional organization of the visual
      system seems to indicate that the dorsal and the ventral visual streams,
      responsible for motion and shape perception, respectively, show a bias for the
      lower and upper VHs, respectively. Such a bias depends on the content of the
      visual information. 

PMID- 27378877
TI  - Effects of Gene * Attachment Interaction on Adolescents' Emotion Regulation and
      Aggressive Hostile Behavior Towards their Mothers during a Computer Game.
AB  - Adolescence is a time of increased emotionality and major changes in emotion
      regulation often elicited in autonomy-relevant situations. Both genetic as well
      as social factors may lead to inter-individual differences in emotional processes
      in adolescence. We investigated whether both 5-HTTLPR and attachment security
      influence adolescents' observed emotionality, emotional dysregulation, and their
      aggressive hostile autonomy while interacting with their mothers. Eighty-eight
      adolescents at age 12 were observed in interaction with their mothers during a
      standardized, emotion eliciting computer game task. They were genotyped for the 5
      HTTLPR, a repeat polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter
      gene. Concurrent attachment quality was assessed by the Late Childhood Attachment
      Interview (LCAI). Results revealed a significant gene * attachment effect showing
      that ss/sl carriers of 5-HTTLPR show increased emotional dysregulation and
      aggressive hostile autonomy towards their mothers. The results of the study
      suggest that secure attachment in adolescence moderates the genetically based
      higher tendency for emotional dysregulation and aggressive reactions to
      restrictions of autonomy during emotional social interactions with their mothers.

PMID- 27378878
TI  - Ego-Dissolution and Psychedelics: Validation of the Ego-Dissolution Inventory
      (EDI).
AB  - AIMS: The experience of a compromised sense of "self", termed ego-dissolution, is
      a key feature of the psychedelic experience. This study aimed to validate the Ego
      Dissolution Inventory (EDI), a new 8-item self-report scale designed to measure
      ego-dissolution. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the specificity of the
      relationship between psychedelics and ego-dissolution. METHOD: Sixteen items
      relating to altered ego-consciousness were included in an internet questionnaire;
      eight relating to the experience of ego-dissolution (comprising the EDI), and
      eight relating to the antithetical experience of increased self-assuredness,
      termed ego-inflation. Items were rated using a visual analog scale. Participants
      answered the questionnaire for experiences with classical psychedelic drugs,
      cocaine and/or alcohol. They also answered the seven questions from the Mystical
      Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ) relating to the experience of unity with one's
      surroundings. RESULTS: Six hundred and ninety-one participants completed the
      questionnaire, providing data for 1828 drug experiences (1043 psychedelics, 377
      cocaine, 408 alcohol). Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the eight
      EDI items loaded exclusively onto a single common factor, which was orthogonal to
      a second factor comprised of the items relating to ego-inflation (rho = -0.110),
      demonstrating discriminant validity. The EDI correlated strongly with the MEQ
      derived measure of unitive experience (rho = 0.735), demonstrating convergent
      validity. EDI internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha 0.93). Three
      analyses confirmed the specificity of ego-dissolution for experiences occasioned
      by psychedelic drugs. Firstly, EDI score correlated with drug-dose for
      psychedelic drugs (rho = 0.371), but not for cocaine (rho = 0.115) or alcohol
      (rho = -0.055). Secondly, the linear regression line relating the subjective
      intensity of the experience to ego-dissolution was significantly steeper for
      psychedelics (unstandardized regression coefficient = 0.701) compared with
      cocaine (0.135) or alcohol (0.144). Ego-inflation, by contrast, was specifically
      associated with cocaine experiences. Finally, a binary Support Vector Machine
      classifier identified experiences occasioned by psychedelic drugs vs. cocaine or
      alcohol with over 85% accuracy using ratings of ego-dissolution and ego-inflation
      alone. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the psychometric structure, internal
      consistency and construct validity of the EDI. Moreover, we demonstrate the close
      relationship between ego-dissolution and the psychedelic experience. The EDI will
      facilitate the study of the neuronal correlates of ego-dissolution, which is
      relevant for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and our understanding of
      psychosis.

PMID- 27378879
TI  - Proprioception Is Necessary for Body Schema Plasticity: Evidence from a
      Deafferented Patient.
AB  - The ability of using a large variety of tools is important in our daily life.
      Behind human tool-use abilities lays the brain capacity to incorporate tools into
      the body representation for action (Body Schema, BS), thought to rely mainly on
      proprioceptive information. Here, we tested whether tool incorporation is
      possible in absence of proprioception by studying a patient with right upper-limb
      deafferentation. We adopted a paradigm sensitive to changes of the BS and
      analyzed the kinematics of free-hand movements before and after tool-use, in
      three sessions over a period of 2 years. In the first session, before tool-use,
      the kinematics of the deafferented hand was disrupted. Similarly, the first
      movements with the tool (a mechanical grabber elongating the arm by ~40 cm)
      showed an abnormal profile that tended to normalize at the end of the session.
      Subsequent free-hand movements were also normalized. At session 2, 6 months
      later, the patient exhibited normal free-hand kinematic profiles, additionally
      showing changes in grasping kinematics after tool-use, but no sign of tool
      incorporation. A follow-up 2 years later, further confirmed the normalized
      kinematic profile but the absence of tool incorporation. This first description
      of tool-use in absence of proprioception shows the fundamental role of
      proprioception in the update of the BS. These results provide an important
      further step in understanding human motor control and have implications for
      future development of rehabilitation programs for patients with sensory deficits.

PMID- 27378880
TI  - Characterization of Face-Selective Patches in Orbitofrontal Cortex.
AB  - Face processing involves a complex, multimodal brain network. While visual
      perceptual face patches in posterior parts of the brain have been studied for
      over a decade, the existence and properties of face-selective regions in
      orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a relatively new area of research. While regions of
      OFC are implicated in the emotional processing of faces, this is typically
      interpreted as a domain-general response to affective value rather than a face-
      or socially-specific response. However, electrophysiology studies in monkeys have
      identified neurons in OFC that respond more to faces than any other stimuli.
      Here, we characterize the prevalence and location of OFC face-selective regions
      in 20 healthy college students. We did this by including another biologically
      motivating category (appetizing foods) in a variant of the standard face
      localizer. Results show that face-selective patches can be identified at the
      individual level. Furthermore, in both a region of interest (ROI) and a whole
      brain analysis, medial regions of the OFC were face-selective, while lateral
      regions were responsive to faces and foods, indicating a domain-general response
      in lateral OFC. Medial OFC (mOFC) response to faces scales in relationship to a
      measure of social motivation that is distinct from face processing abilities
      associated with fusiform cortex. 

PMID- 27378881
TI  - A Mathematical Model of Levodopa Medication Effect on Basal Ganglia in
      Parkinson's Disease: An Application to the Alternate Finger Tapping Task.
AB  - Malfunctions in the neural circuitry of the basal ganglia (BG), induced by
      alterations in the dopaminergic system, are responsible for an array of motor
      disorders and milder cognitive issues in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently
      Baston and Ursino (2015a) presented a new neuroscience mathematical model aimed
      at exploring the role of basal ganglia in action selection. The model is
      biologically inspired and reproduces the main BG structures and pathways,
      modeling explicitly both the dopaminergic and the cholinergic system. The present
      work aims at interfacing this neurocomputational model with a compartmental model
      of levodopa, to propose a general model of medicated Parkinson's disease.
      Levodopa effect on the striatum was simulated with a two-compartment model of
      pharmacokinetics in plasma joined with a motor effect compartment. The latter is
      characterized by the levodopa removal rate and by a sigmoidal relationship (Hill
      law) between concentration and effect. The main parameters of this relationship
      are saturation, steepness, and the half-maximum concentration. The effect of
      levodopa is then summed to a term representing the endogenous dopamine effect,
      and is used as an external input for the neurocomputation model; this allows both
      the temporal aspects of medication and the individual patient characteristics to
      be simulated. The frequency of alternate tapping is then used as the outcome of
      the whole model, to simulate effective clinical scores. Pharmacokinetic
      pharmacodynamic modeling was preliminary performed on data of six patients with
      Parkinson's disease (both "stable" and "wearing-off" responders) after levodopa
      standardized oral dosing over 4 h. Results show that the model is able to
      reproduce the temporal profiles of levodopa in plasma and the finger tapping
      frequency in all patients, discriminating between different patterns of levodopa
      motor response. The more influential parameters are the Hill coefficient, related
      with the slope of the effect sigmoidal relationship, the drug concentration at
      half-maximum effect, and the drug removal rate from the effect compartment. The
      model can be of value to gain a deeper understanding on the pharmacokinetics and
      pharmacodynamics of the medication, and on the way dopamine is exploited in the
      neural circuitry of the basal ganglia in patients at different stages of the
      disease progression. 

PMID- 27378882
TI  - Differing Connectivity of Exner's Area for Numbers and Letters.
AB  - There is a growing body of evidence indicating a crucial role of Exner's area in
      (hand-) writing symbolic codes such as letters and words. However, a recent study
      reported a patient with a lesion affecting Broca's and Exner's area, who suffered
      from severe peripheral agraphia for letters but not for Arabic digits. The
      authors suggested a speculative account postulating differential connectivity of
      Exner's area for numbers and letters in order to explain this dissociation. In
      the present study, we evaluated this account, employing atlas-based tractography
      for the patient's anatomy, deterministic fiber-tracking as well as an automated
      toolkit to investigate the connectivity of Exner's area in healthy adults. In
      particular, fiber pathways connecting Exner's area with areas associated with
      language processing (e.g., the arcuate fascicle, ventral pathways encompassing
      the external/extreme capsule system) reached the inferior part of Exner's area,
      while fronto-parietal fibers (e.g., the superior longitudinal fascicle) connected
      the upper part of Exner's area with the intraparietal sulcus typically involved
      in number processing. Our results substantiated the differential connectivity
      account for Exner's area by identifying the neural connections between fiber
      tracts and cortex areas of interest. Our data strongly suggest that white matter
      connectivity should be taken into account when investigating the neural
      underpinnings of impaired and intact human cognition. 

PMID- 27378883
TI  - Doubt in the Insula: Risk Processing in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
AB  - Extensive cleaning or checking of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
      (OCD) are often interpreted as strategies to avoid harm and as an expression of
      the widespread belief that OCD patients are more risk-averse. However, despite
      its clinical significance, the neural basis of risk attitude in OCD is unknown.
      Here, we investigated neural activity during risk processing using functional
      magnetic resonance imaging and simultaneously assessed risk attitude using a
      separate behavioral paradigm in OCD patients with different symptoms versus
      healthy controls (HCs). We found opposite insula responses to high versus low
      risk in OCD patients compared to HCs: a positive correlation between insula
      activity and risk-aversion in patients versus a negative correlation in controls.
      Although OCD patients overall were not more risk-averse than controls, there were
      differences between subgroups of OCD patients: patients with doubt/checking
      symptoms were more risk-averse than other patients. Taken together, OCD patients
      show a reversed pattern of risk processing by the insula compared to HCs.
      Moreover, the data suggest that increased activation of the insula signals an
      abnormal urge to avoid risks in the subpopulation of OCD patients with doubt and
      checking symptoms. These results indicate a role for the insula in excessive risk
      avoidance relevant to OCD. 

PMID- 27378885
TI  - Oscillation Phase Locking and Late ERP Components of Intracranial Hippocampal
      Recordings Correlate to Patient Performance in a Working Memory Task.
AB  - In working memory tasks, stimulus presentation induces a resetting of
      intracranial temporal lobe oscillations in multiple frequency bands. To further
      understand the functional relevance of this phenomenon, we investigated whether
      working memory performance depends on the phase precision of ongoing oscillations
      in the hippocampus. We recorded intra-hippocampal local field potentials in
      individuals performing a working memory task. Two types of trials were
      administered. For high memory trials presentation of a list of four letters
      ("List") was followed by a single letter memory probe ("Test"). Low memory load
      trials, consisting of four identical letters (AAAA) followed by a probe with the
      same letter (A), were interspersed. Significant phase locking of ongoing
      oscillations across trials, estimated by the Pairwise Phase Consistency Index
      (PPCI) was observed in delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (5-7 Hz), and alpha (8-12 Hz)
      bands during stimulus presentation and recall but was increased in low memory
      load trials. Across patients however, higher delta PPCIs during recall in the
      left hippocampus were associated with faster reaction times. Because phase
      locking could also be interpreted as a consequence of a stimulus evoked
      potential, we performed event related potential analysis (ERP) and examined the
      relationship of ERP components with performance. We found that both amplitude and
      latency of late ERP components correlated with both reaction time and accuracy.
      We propose that, in the Sternberg task, phase locking of oscillations, or
      alternatively its ERP correlate, synchronizes networks within the hippocampus and
      connected structures that are involved in working memory. 

PMID- 27378884
TI  - Sex Differences in the Neural Correlates of Specific and General Autobiographical
      Memory.
AB  - Autobiographical memory (AM) underlies the formation and temporal continuity over
      time of personal identity. The few studies on sex-related differences in AM
      suggest that men and women adopt different cognitive or emotional strategies when
      retrieving AMs. However, none of the previous works has taken into account the
      distinction between episodic autobiographical memory (EAM), consisting in the
      retrieval of specific events by means of mental time travel, and semantic
      autobiographical memory (SAM), which stores general personal events. Thus, it
      remains unclear whether differences in these strategies depend on the nature of
      the memory content to be retrieved. In the present study we employed functional
      MRI to examine brain activity underlying potential sex differences in EAM and SAM
      retrieval focusing on the differences in strategies related to the emotional
      aspects of memories while controlling for basic cognitive strategies. On the
      behavioral level, there was no significant sex difference in memory performances
      or subjective feature ratings of either type of AM. Activations common to men and
      women during AM retrieval were observed in a typical bilateral network comprising
      medial and lateral temporal regions, precuneus, occipital cortex as well as
      prefrontal cortex. Contrast analyses revealed that there was no difference
      between men and women in the EAM condition. In the SAM condition, women showed an
      increased activity, compared to men, in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex,
      inferior parietal and precentral gyrus. Overall, these findings suggest that
      differential neural activations reflect sex-specific strategies related to
      emotional aspects of AMs, particularly regarding SAM. We propose that this
      pattern of activation during SAM retrieval reflects the cognitive cost linked to
      emotion regulation strategies recruited by women compared to men. These sex
      related differences have interesting implications for understanding psychiatric
      disorders with differential sex prevalence and in which one of key features is
      overgenerality in AM. 

PMID- 27378886
TI  - Changes in Balance Strategy and Neuromuscular Control during a Fatiguing Balance
      Task-A Study in Perturbed Unilateral Stance.
AB  - Fatigue impairs sensorimotor performance, reduces spinal reflexes and affects the
      interaction of antagonistic muscles in complex motor tasks. Although there is
      literature dealing with the interference of fatigue and postural control, the
      interpretation is confounded by the variety of paradigms used to study it. This
      study aimed to evaluate the effects of postural fatigue on balance control and
      strategy, as well as on neuromuscular modulation, in response to postural
      perturbation (PERT) during a fatiguing balance task. A fatigue protocol
      consisting of continuous exposure to perturbations until exhaustion was executed
      in 24 subjects. Number of failed attempts, paths of center of pressure
      displacement (COP), ankle, knee, and hip joint kinematics, electromyographic
      activity of the soleus (SOL), tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF), vastus
      lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and gluteus maximus muscles (GM) and spinal
      excitability of SOL at the peak of the short-latency responses (SLR) were
      recorded after posterior PERT. The co-contraction index (CCI) was calculated for
      TA_SOL, VL_BF and RF_GM. (1) The number of failed attempts significantly
      increased while COP amplitude and velocity, as well as angular excursion at the
      ankle, knee and hip joints, decreased with fatigue (P < 0.05). (2) Concomitantly,
      CCI of SOL_TA, VL_BF and RF_GM increased and spinal excitability in SOL declined.
      (3) Adaptations progressively augmented with progressing exhaustion and occurred
      in the distal prior to proximal segment. Distinctly deteriorated balance ability
      was accompanied by a modified neuromuscular control-the increase in co
      contraction reflected by simultaneously activated antagonists is accompanied by
      smaller knee and hip joint excursions, indicating an elevated level of articular
      stiffness. These changes may be associated with an exaggerated postural rigidity
      and could have caused the delayed and reduced postural reactions that are
      reflected in the changes in COP displacement when compensating for sudden PERT.
      The reduction in spinal excitability may either be caused by fatigue itself or by
      an increase in reciprocal inhibition due to augmented TA activity. 

PMID- 27378887
TI  - An Exploration of Rhythmic Grouping of Speech Sequences by French- and German
      Learning Infants.
AB  - Rhythm in music and speech can be characterized by a constellation of several
      acoustic cues. Individually, these cues have different effects on rhythmic
      perception: sequences of sounds alternating in duration are perceived as short
      long pairs (weak-strong/iambic pattern), whereas sequences of sounds alternating
      in intensity or pitch are perceived as loud-soft, or high-low pairs (strong
      weak/trochaic pattern). This perceptual bias-called the Iambic-Trochaic Law (ITL)
      has been claimed to be an universal property of the auditory system applying in
      both the music and the language domains. Recent studies have shown that language
      experience can modulate the effects of the ITL on rhythmic perception of both
      speech and non-speech sequences in adults, and of non-speech sequences in 7.5
      month-old infants. The goal of the present study was to explore whether language
      experience also modulates infants' grouping of speech. To do so, we presented
      sequences of syllables to monolingual French- and German-learning 7.5-month-olds.
      Using the Headturn Preference Procedure (HPP), we examined whether they were able
      to perceive a rhythmic structure in sequences of syllables that alternated in
      duration, pitch, or intensity. Our findings show that both French- and German
      learning infants perceived a rhythmic structure when it was cued by duration or
      pitch but not intensity. Our findings also show differences in how these infants
      use duration and pitch cues to group syllable sequences, suggesting that pitch
      cues were the easier ones to use. Moreover, performance did not differ across
      languages, failing to reveal early language effects on rhythmic perception. These
      results contribute to our understanding of the origin of rhythmic perception and
      perceptual mechanisms shared across music and speech, which may bootstrap
      language acquisition. 

PMID- 27378888
TI  - Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Increases Reward Responsiveness in
      Individuals with Higher Hedonic Capacity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left
      dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been documented to influence striatal
      and orbitofrontal dopaminergic activity implicated in reward processing. However,
      the exact neuropsychological mechanisms of how DLPFC stimulation may affect the
      reward system and how trait hedonic capacity may interact with the effects
      remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: In this sham-controlled study in healthy
      individuals, we investigated the effects of a single session of neuronavigated
      intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on reward responsiveness, as well as
      the influence of trait hedonic capacity. METHODS: We used a randomized crossover
      single session iTBS design with an interval of 1 week. We assessed reward
      responsiveness using a rewarded probabilistic learning task and measured
      individual trait hedonic capacity (the ability to experience pleasure) with the
      temporal experience of pleasure scale questionnaire. RESULTS: As expected, the
      participants developed a response bias toward the most rewarded stimulus (rich
      stimulus). Reaction time and accuracy for the rich stimulus were respectively
      shorter and higher as compared to the less rewarded stimulus (lean stimulus).
      Active or sham stimulation did not seem to influence the outcome. However, when
      taking into account individual trait hedonic capacity, we found an early
      significant increase in the response bias only after active iTBS. The higher the
      individual's trait hedonic capacity, the more the response bias toward the rich
      stimulus increased after the active stimulation. CONCLUSION: When taking into
      account trait hedonic capacity, one active iTBS session over the left DLPFC
      improved reward responsiveness in healthy male participants with higher hedonic
      capacity. This suggests that individual differences in hedonic capacity may
      influence the effects of iTBS on the reward system.

PMID- 27378889
TI  - The Dorsal Rather than Ventral Pathway Better Reflects Individual Syntactic
      Abilities in Second Language.
AB  - The left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) has been reported to be critically involved
      in syntactic processing, not only in first language (L1), but in second language
      (L2). Indeed, the leftward lateralization of the IFG has been shown to be
      correlated with the performance of a syntactic task in L2. Given that posterior
      language-related regions are systematically connected with the left IFG, the next
      question is which of the dorsal and ventral pathways is more critical to the
      individual syntactic abilities in L2. Here we used diffusion magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) and tractography with newly developed semi-automatic methods of
      defining seeds and selecting regions of interest (ROIs). We calculated mean
      thickness and fractional anisotropy (FA) in each ROI for the arcuate fasciculus
      (Arcuate) of the dorsal pathway, as well as for the inferior fronto-occipital
      fasciculus (IFOF) of the ventral pathway. In Experiment I, we performed partial
      correlation analyses between FA and the accuracy of the syntactic task, removing
      the effects of the accuracy of a spelling task, gender, and handedness. Among the
      two pathways in each hemisphere, only FA of the left Arcuate was significantly
      correlated with individual accuracy of the syntactic task. In Experiment II, we
      recruited monozygotic twins and examined to what extent their L2 abilities and
      their structural properties were similar. Within twin pairs, the highest
      significant correlation was observed for reaction times of the spelling task,
      while the correlation for the accuracy of the syntactic task was marginal; these
      two correlation coefficients were significantly different. Moreover, the
      thickness of the left Arcuate was highly correlated within pairs, while its FA,
      as well as the thickness/FA in the ventral pathways, was not significantly
      correlated. The correlation coefficient for the thickness of the left Arcuate was
      significantly larger than that of the left IFOF. These results suggest that the
      thickness of the left Arcuate is more associated with the shared
      genetic/environmental factors, whereas both of mutually correlated FA in the left
      Arcuate and individual syntactic abilities in L2 may be less prone to these
      shared factors. 

PMID- 27378890
TI  - Comparing the Neural Correlates of Conscious and Unconscious Conflict Control in
      a Masked Stroop Priming Task.
AB  - Although previous studies have suggested that conflict control can occur in the
      absence of consciousness, the brain mechanisms underlying unconscious and
      conscious conflict control remain unclear. The current study used a rapid event
      related functional magnetic resonance imaging design to collect data from 24
      participants while they performed a masked Stroop priming task under both
      conscious and unconscious conditions. The results revealed that the fronto
      parietal conflict network, including medial frontal cortex (MFC), left and right
      dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC),
      was activated by both conscious and unconscious Stroop priming, even though in
      MFC and left DLPFC the activations elicited by unconscious Stroop priming were
      smaller than conscious Stroop priming. The findings provide evidence for the
      existence of quantitative differences between the neural substrates of conscious
      and unconscious conflict control. 

PMID- 27378891
TI  - The Cognitive Side of M1.
AB  - The primary motor cortex (M1) is traditionally implicated in voluntary movement
      control. In order to test the hypothesis that there is a functional topography of
      M1 activation in studies where it has been implicated in higher cognitive tasks
      we performed activation-likelihood-estimation (ALE) meta-analyses of functional
      neuroimaging experiments reporting M1 activation in relation to six cognitive
      functional categories for which there was a sufficient number of studies to
      include, namely motor imagery, working memory, mental rotation,
      social/emotion/empathy, language, and auditory processing. The six categories
      activated different sub-sectors of M1, either bilaterally or lateralized to one
      hemisphere. Notably, the activations found in the M1 of the left or right
      hemisphere detected in our study were unlikely due to button presses. In fact,
      all contrasts were selected in order to eliminate M1 activation due to activity
      related to the finger button press. In addition, we identified the M1 sub-region
      of Area 4a commonly activated by 4/6 categories, namely motor imagery and working
      memory, emotion/empathy, and language. Overall, our findings lend support to the
      idea that there is a functional topography of M1 activation in studies where it
      has been found activated in higher cognitive tasks and that the left Area 4a can
      be involved in a number of cognitive processes, likely as a product of implicit
      mental simulation processing. 

PMID- 27378892
TI  - The Do's and Don'ts of Neurofeedback Training: A Review of the Controlled Studies
      Using Healthy Adults.
AB  - The goal of EEG neurofeedback (EEG-NFB) training is to induce changes in the
      power of targeted EEG bands to produce beneficial changes in cognitive or motor
      function. The effectiveness of different EEG-NFB protocols can be measured using
      two dependent variables: (1) changes in EEG activity and (2) behavioral changes
      of a targeted function (for therapeutic applications the desired changes should
      be long-lasting). To firmly establish a causal link between these variables and
      the selected protocol, similar changes should not be observed when appropriate
      control paradigms are used. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the
      evidence, reported in the scientific literature, which supports the validity of
      various EEG-NFB protocols. Our primary concern is to highlight the role that
      uncontrolled nonspecific factors can play in the results generated from EEG-NFB
      studies. Nonspecific factors are often ignored in EEG-NFB designs or the data are
      not presented, which means conclusions should be interpreted cautiously. As an
      outcome of this review we present a do's and don'ts list, which can be used to
      develop future EEG-NFB methodologies, based on the small set of experiments in
      which the proper control groups have excluded non-EEG-NFB related effects. We
      found two features which positively correlated with the expected changes in power
      of the trained EEG band(s): (1) protocols which focused on training a smaller
      number of frequency bands and (2) a bigger number of electrodes used for
      neurofeedback training. However, we did not find evidence in support of the
      positive relationship between power changes of a trained frequency band(s) and
      specific behavioral effects. 

PMID- 27378894
TI  - Mid-Task Break Improves Global Integration of Functional Connectivity in Lower
      Alpha Band.
AB  - Numerous efforts have been devoted to revealing neurophysiological mechanisms of
      mental fatigue, aiming to find an effective way to reduce the undesirable fatigue
      related outcomes. Until recently, mental fatigue is thought to be related to
      functional dysconnectivity among brain regions. However, the topological
      representation of brain functional connectivity altered by mental fatigue is only
      beginning to be revealed. In the current study, we applied a graph theoretical
      approach to analyse such topological alterations in the lower alpha band (8~10
      Hz) of EEG data from 20 subjects undergoing a two-session experiment, in which
      one session includes four successive blocks with visual oddball tasks (session 1)
      whereas a mid-task break was introduced in the middle of four task blocks in the
      other session (session 2). Phase lag index (PLI) was then employed to measure
      functional connectivity strengths for all pairs of EEG channels. Behavior and
      connectivity maps were compared between the first and last task blocks in both
      sessions. Inverse efficiency scores (IES = reaction time/response accuracy) were
      significantly increased in the last task block, showing a clear effect of time-on
      task in participants. Furthermore, a significant block-by-session interaction was
      revealed in the IES, suggesting the effectiveness of the mid-task break on
      maintaining task performance. More importantly, a significant session-independent
      deficit of global integration and an increase of local segregation were found in
      the last task block across both sessions, providing further support for the
      presence of a reshaped topology in functional brain connectivity networks under
      fatigue state. Moreover, a significant block-by-session interaction was revealed
      in the characteristic path length, small-worldness, and global efficiency,
      attributing to the significantly disrupted network topology in session 1 in
      comparison of the maintained network structure in session 2. Specifically, we
      found increased nodal betweenness centrality in several channels resided in
      frontal regions in session 1, resembling the observations of more segregated
      global architecture under fatigue state. Taken together, our findings provide
      insights into the substrates of brain functional dysconnectivity patterns for
      mental fatigue and reiterate the effectiveness of the mid-task break on
      maintaining brain network efficiency. 

PMID- 27378893
TI  - Implicit Timing as the Missing Link between Neurobiological and Self Disorders in
      Schizophrenia?
AB  - Disorders of consciousness and the self are at the forefront of schizophrenia
      symptomatology. Patients are impaired in feeling themselves as the authors of
      their thoughts and actions. In addition, their flow of consciousness is
      disrupted, and thought fragmentation has been suggested to be involved in the
      patients' difficulties in feeling as being one unique, unchanging self across
      time. Both impairments are related to self disorders, and both have been
      investigated at the experimental level. Here we review evidence that both
      mechanisms of motor control and the temporal structure of signal processing are
      impaired in schizophrenia patients. Based on this review, we propose that the
      sequencing of action and perception plays a key role in the patients'
      impairments. Furthermore, the millisecond time scale of the disorders, as well as
      the impaired sequencing, highlights the cooperation between brain networks
      including the cerebellum, as proposed by Andreasen (1999). We examine this
      possibility in the light of recent knowledge on the anatomical and physiological
      properties of the cerebellum, its role in timing, and its involvement in known
      physiological impairments in patients with schizophrenia, e.g., resting states
      and brain dynamics. A disruption in communication between networks involving the
      cerebellum, related to known impairments in dopamine, glutamate and GABA
      transmission, may help to better explain why patients experience reduced
      attunement with the external world and possibly with themselves. 

PMID- 27378895
TI  - Bodily Experience in Schizophrenia: Factors Underlying a Disturbed Sense of Body
      Ownership.
AB  - Emerging evidence is now challenging the view that patients diagnosed with
      schizophrenia experience a selective deficit in their sense of agency. Additional
      disturbances seem to exist in their sense of body ownership. However, the factors
      underlying this disturbance in body ownership remain elusive. Knowledge of these
      factors, and increased understanding of how body ownership is related to other
      abnormalities seen in schizophrenia, could ultimately advance development of new
      treatments. Research on body ownership in schizophrenia has mainly been
      investigated with the rubber hand illusion (RHI). Schizophrenia patients show
      higher susceptibility to the RHI, which may be explained by a stronger reliance
      on multisensory information over weaker stored body representations. This review
      shows that a coherent sense of body ownership arises from the integration of both
      bottom-up sensory processes and higher order, top-down bodily- and perceptual
      representations. Multisensory integration, temporal binding, anticipation,
      intention and efferent signals all partly modulate the complex experience of body
      ownership. Specifically, we propose that patients with schizophrenia have weaker
      stored body representations, and rely to a greater extent on external stimuli,
      such as visual information, due to imprecise or highly variable internal
      predictions. Moreover, the reduced sense of agency in schizophrenia may
      additionally contribute to the disturbed sense of body ownership, as evidence
      from healthy participants suggests that agency and body ownership are
      interrelated. Vice versa, a reduced sense of body ownership may also contribute
      to a reduced sense of agency. Future studies should explicitly target the precise
      relationship between the two in schizophrenia. 

PMID- 27378897
TI  - Bumps in Small-World Networks.
AB  - We consider a network of coupled excitatory and inhibitory theta neurons which is
      capable of supporting stable spatially-localized "bump" solutions. We randomly
      add long-range and simultaneously remove short-range connections within the
      network to form a small-world network and investigate the effects of this
      rewiring on the existence and stability of the bump solution. We consider two
      limits in which continuum equations can be derived; bump solutions are fixed
      points of these equations. We can thus use standard numerical bifurcation
      analysis to determine the stability of these bumps and to follow them as
      parameters (such as rewiring probabilities) are varied. We find that under some
      rewiring schemes bumps are quite robust, whereas in other schemes they can become
      unstable via Hopf bifurcation or even be destroyed in saddle-node bifurcations. 

PMID- 27378896
TI  - Alien Hand, Restless Brain: Salience Network and Interhemispheric Connectivity
      Disruption Parallel Emergence and Extinction of Diagonistic Dyspraxia.
AB  - Diagonistic dyspraxia (DD) is by far the most spectacular manifestation reported
      by sufferers of acute corpus callosum (CC) injury (so-called "split-brain"). In
      this form of alien hand syndrome, one hand acts at cross purposes with the other
      "against the patient's will". Although recent models view DD as a disorder of
      motor control, there is still little information regarding its neural
      underpinnings, due to widespread connectivity changes produced by CC insult, and
      the obstacle that non-volitional movements represent for task-based functional
      neuroimaging studies. Here, we studied patient AM, the first report of DD in
      patient with complete developmental CC agenesis. This unique case also offers the
      opportunity to study the resting-state connectomics of DD in the absence of
      diffuse changes subsequent to CC injury or surgery. AM developed DD following
      status epilepticus (SE) which resolved over a 2-year period. Whole brain
      functional connectivity (FC) was compared (Crawford-Howell [CH]) to 16 controls
      during the period of acute DD symptoms (Time 1) and after remission (Time 2).
      Whole brain graph theoretical models were also constructed and topological
      efficiency examined. At Time 1, disrupted FC was observed in inter-hemispheric
      and intra-hemispheric right edges, involving frontal superior and midline
      structures. Graph analysis indicated disruption of the efficiency of salience and
      right frontoparietal (FP) networks. At Time 2, after remission of diagnostic
      dyspraxia symptoms, FC and salience network changes had resolved. In sum,
      longitudinal analysis of connectivity in AM indicates that DD behaviors could
      result from disruption of systems that support the experience and control of
      volitional movements and the ability to generate appropriate behavioral responses
      to salient stimuli. This also raises the possibility that changes to large-scale
      functional architecture revealed by resting-state functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fMRI) (rs-fMRI) may provide relevant information on the evolution of
      behavioral syndromes in addition to that provided by structural and task-based
      functional imaging. 

PMID- 27378899
TI  - Scene Construction, Visual Foraging, and Active Inference.
AB  - This paper describes an active inference scheme for visual searches and the
      perceptual synthesis entailed by scene construction. Active inference assumes
      that perception and action minimize variational free energy, where actions are
      selected to minimize the free energy expected in the future. This assumption
      generalizes risk-sensitive control and expected utility theory to include
      epistemic value; namely, the value (or salience) of information inherent in
      resolving uncertainty about the causes of ambiguous cues or outcomes. Here, we
      apply active inference to saccadic searches of a visual scene. We consider the
      (difficult) problem of categorizing a scene, based on the spatial relationship
      among visual objects where, crucially, visual cues are sampled myopically through
      a sequence of saccadic eye movements. This means that evidence for competing
      hypotheses about the scene has to be accumulated sequentially, calling upon both
      prediction (planning) and postdiction (memory). Our aim is to highlight some
      simple but fundamental aspects of the requisite functional anatomy; namely, the
      link between approximate Bayesian inference under mean field assumptions and
      functional segregation in the visual cortex. This link rests upon the
      (neurobiologically plausible) process theory that accompanies the normative
      formulation of active inference for Markov decision processes. In future work, we
      hope to use this scheme to model empirical saccadic searches and identify the
      prior beliefs that underwrite intersubject variability in the way people forage
      for information in visual scenes (e.g., in schizophrenia). 

PMID- 27378898
TI  - A System Computational Model of Implicit Emotional Learning.
AB  - Nowadays, the experimental study of emotional learning is commonly based on
      classical conditioning paradigms and models, which have been thoroughly
      investigated in the last century. Unluckily, models based on classical
      conditioning are unable to explain or predict important psychophysiological
      phenomena, such as the failure of the extinction of emotional responses in
      certain circumstances (for instance, those observed in evaluative conditioning,
      in post-traumatic stress disorders and in panic attacks). In this manuscript,
      starting from the experimental results available from the literature, a
      computational model of implicit emotional learning based both on prediction
      errors computation and on statistical inference is developed. The model
      quantitatively predicts (a) the occurrence of evaluative conditioning, (b) the
      dynamics and the resistance-to-extinction of the traumatic emotional responses,
      (c) the mathematical relation between classical conditioning and unconditioned
      stimulus revaluation. Moreover, we discuss how the derived computational model
      can lead to the development of new animal models for resistant-to-extinction
      emotional reactions and novel methodologies of emotions modulation. 

PMID- 27378900
TI  - A Neuronal Network Model for Pitch Selectivity and Representation.
AB  - Pitch is a perceptual correlate of periodicity. Sounds with distinct spectra can
      elicit the same pitch. Despite the importance of pitch perception, understanding
      the cellular mechanism of pitch perception is still a major challenge and a
      mechanistic model of pitch is lacking. A multi-stage neuronal network model is
      developed for pitch frequency estimation using biophysically-based, high
      resolution coincidence detector neurons. The neuronal units respond only to
      highly coincident input among convergent auditory nerve fibers across frequency
      channels. Their selectivity for only very fast rising slopes of convergent input
      enables these slope-detectors to distinguish the most prominent coincidences in
      multi-peaked input time courses. Pitch can then be estimated from the first-order
      interspike intervals of the slope-detectors. The regular firing pattern of the
      slope-detector neurons are similar for sounds sharing the same pitch despite the
      distinct timbres. The decoded pitch strengths also correlate well with the
      salience of pitch perception as reported by human listeners. Therefore, our model
      can serve as a neural representation for pitch. Our model performs successfully
      in estimating the pitch of missing fundamental complexes and reproducing the
      pitch variation with respect to the frequency shift of inharmonic complexes. It
      also accounts for the phase sensitivity of pitch perception in the cases of
      Schroeder phase, alternating phase and random phase relationships. Moreover, our
      model can also be applied to stochastic sound stimuli, iterated-ripple-noise, and
      account for their multiple pitch perceptions. 

PMID- 27378901
TI  - A Nonlinear Causality Estimator Based on Non-Parametric Multiplicative
      Regression.
AB  - Causal prediction has become a popular tool for neuroscience applications, as it
      allows the study of relationships between different brain areas during rest,
      cognitive tasks or brain disorders. We propose a nonparametric approach for the
      estimation of nonlinear causal prediction for multivariate time series. In the
      proposed estimator, C NPMR , Autoregressive modeling is replaced by Nonparametric
      Multiplicative Regression (NPMR). NPMR quantifies interactions between a response
      variable (effect) and a set of predictor variables (cause); here, we modified
      NPMR for model prediction. We also demonstrate how a particular measure, the
      sensitivity Q, could be used to reveal the structure of the underlying causal
      relationships. We apply C NPMR on artificial data with known ground truth (5
      datasets), as well as physiological data (2 datasets). C NPMR correctly
      identifies both linear and nonlinear causal connections that are present in the
      artificial data, as well as physiologically relevant connectivity in the real
      data, and does not seem to be affected by filtering. The Sensitivity measure also
      provides useful information about the latent connectivity.The proposed estimator
      addresses many of the limitations of linear Granger causality and other nonlinear
      causality estimators. C NPMR is compared with pairwise and conditional Granger
      causality (linear) and Kernel-Granger causality (nonlinear). The proposed
      estimator can be applied to pairwise or multivariate estimations without any
      modifications to the main method. Its nonpametric nature, its ability to capture
      nonlinear relationships and its robustness to filtering make it appealing for a
      number of applications. 

PMID- 27378902
TI  - VoxelStats: A MATLAB Package for Multi-Modal Voxel-Wise Brain Image Analysis.
AB  - In healthy individuals, behavioral outcomes are highly associated with the
      variability on brain regional structure or neurochemical phenotypes. Similarly,
      in the context of neurodegenerative conditions, neuroimaging reveals that
      cognitive decline is linked to the magnitude of atrophy, neurochemical declines,
      or concentrations of abnormal protein aggregates across brain regions. However,
      modeling the effects of multiple regional abnormalities as determinants of
      cognitive decline at the voxel level remains largely unexplored by multimodal
      imaging research, given the high computational cost of estimating regression
      models for every single voxel from various imaging modalities. VoxelStats is a
      voxel-wise computational framework to overcome these computational limitations
      and to perform statistical operations on multiple scalar variables and imaging
      modalities at the voxel level. VoxelStats package has been developed in
      Matlab((r)) and supports imaging formats such as Nifti-1, ANALYZE, and MINC v2.
      Prebuilt functions in VoxelStats enable the user to perform voxel-wise general
      and generalized linear models and mixed effect models with multiple volumetric
      covariates. Importantly, VoxelStats can recognize scalar values or image volumes
      as response variables and can accommodate volumetric statistical covariates as
      well as their interaction effects with other variables. Furthermore, this package
      includes built-in functionality to perform voxel-wise receiver operating
      characteristic analysis and paired and unpaired group contrast analysis.
      Validation of VoxelStats was conducted by comparing the linear regression
      functionality with existing toolboxes such as glim_image and RMINC. The
      validation results were identical to existing methods and the additional
      functionality was demonstrated by generating feature case assessments (t
      statistics, odds ratio, and true positive rate maps). In summary, VoxelStats
      expands the current methods for multimodal imaging analysis by allowing the
      estimation of advanced regional association metrics at the voxel level. 

PMID- 27378903
TI  - An Automatic Method for Nucleus Boundary Segmentation Based on a Closed Cubic
      Spline.
AB  - The recognition of brain nuclei is the basis for localizing brain functions.
      Traditional histological research, represented by atlas illustration, achieves
      the goal of nucleus boundary recognition by manual delineation, but it has become
      increasingly difficult to extend this handmade method to delineating brain
      regions and nuclei from large datasets acquired by the recently developed single
      cell-resolution imaging techniques for the whole brain. Here, we propose a method
      based on a closed cubic spline (CCS), which can automatically segment the
      boundaries of nuclei that differ to a relatively high degree in cell density from
      the surrounding areas and has been validated on model images and Nissl-stained
      microimages of mouse brain. It may even be extended to the segmentation of target
      outlines on MRI or CT images. The proposed method for the automatic extraction of
      nucleus boundaries would greatly accelerate the illustration of high-resolution
      brain atlases. 

PMID- 27378904
TI  - Stimulation of Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis by the Mental Disease Gene DISC1 is
      Mediated by N-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels.
AB  - Lesions and mutations of the DISC1 (Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1) gene have been
      linked to major depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism, but the
      influence of DISC1 on synaptic transmission remains poorly understood. Using two
      independent genetic approaches-RNAi and a DISC1 KO mouse-we examined the impact
      of DISC1 on the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle by population imaging of the synaptic
      tracer vGpH in hippocampal neurons. DISC1 loss-of-function resulted in a marked
      decrease in SV exocytic rates during neuronal stimulation and was associated with
      reduced Ca(2+) transients at nerve terminals. Impaired SV release was efficiently
      rescued by elevation of extracellular Ca(2+), hinting at a link between DISC1 and
      voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Accordingly, blockade of N-type Cav2.2 channels
      mimics and occludes the effect of DISC1 inactivation on SV exocytosis, and
      overexpression of DISC1 in a heterologous system increases Cav2.2 currents.
      Collectively, these results show that DISC1-dependent enhancement of SV
      exocytosis is mediated by Cav2.2 and point to aberrant glutamate release as a
      probable endophenotype of major psychiatric disorders. 

PMID- 27378905
TI  - A Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Neuropsychological Examination in
      the Diagnostic Distinction of Alzheimer's Disease and Behavioral Variant
      Frontotemporal Dementia.
AB  - The clinical distinction between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and behavioral variant
      frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) remains challenging and largely dependent on the
      experience of the clinician. This study investigates whether objective machine
      learning algorithms using supportive neuroimaging and neuropsychological clinical
      features can aid the distinction between both diseases. Retrospective
      neuroimaging and neuropsychological data of 166 participants (54 AD; 55 bvFTD; 57
      healthy controls) was analyzed via a Naive Bayes classification model. A subgroup
      of patients (n = 22) had pathologically-confirmed diagnoses. Results show that a
      combination of gray matter atrophy and neuropsychological features allowed a
      correct classification of 61.47% of cases at clinical presentation. More
      importantly, there was a clear dissociation between imaging and
      neuropsychological features, with the latter having the greater diagnostic
      accuracy (respectively 51.38 vs. 62.39%). These findings indicate that, at
      presentation, machine learning classification of bvFTD and AD is mostly based on
      cognitive and not imaging features. This clearly highlights the urgent need to
      develop better biomarkers for both diseases, but also emphasizes the value of
      machine learning in determining the predictive diagnostic features in
      neurodegeneration. 

PMID- 27378906
TI  - Aging Affects Neural Synchronization to Speech-Related Acoustic Modulations.
AB  - As people age, speech perception problems become highly prevalent, especially in
      noisy situations. In addition to peripheral hearing and cognition, temporal
      processing plays a key role in speech perception. Temporal processing of speech
      features is mediated by synchronized activity of neural oscillations in the
      central auditory system. Previous studies indicate that both the degree and
      hemispheric lateralization of synchronized neural activity relate to speech
      perception performance. Based on these results, we hypothesize that impaired
      speech perception in older persons may, in part, originate from deviances in
      neural synchronization. In this study, auditory steady-state responses that
      reflect synchronized activity of theta, beta, low and high gamma oscillations
      (i.e., 4, 20, 40, and 80 Hz ASSR, respectively) were recorded in young, middle
      aged, and older persons. As all participants had normal audiometric thresholds
      and were screened for (mild) cognitive impairment, differences in synchronized
      neural activity across the three age groups were likely to be attributed to age.
      Our data yield novel findings regarding theta and high gamma oscillations in the
      aging auditory system. At an older age, synchronized activity of theta
      oscillations is increased, whereas high gamma synchronization is decreased. In
      contrast to young persons who exhibit a right hemispheric dominance for
      processing of high gamma range modulations, older adults show a symmetrical
      processing pattern. These age-related changes in neural synchronization may very
      well underlie the speech perception problems in aging persons. 

PMID- 27378907
TI  - Melodic Contour Identification Reflects the Cognitive Threshold of Aging.
AB  - Cognitive decline is a natural phenomenon of aging. Although there exists a
      consensus that sensitivity to acoustic features of music is associated with such
      decline, no solid evidence has yet shown that structural elements and contexts of
      music explain this loss of cognitive performance. This study examined the extent
      and the type of cognitive decline that is related to the contour identification
      task (CIT) using tones with different pitches (i.e., melodic contours). Both
      younger and older adult groups participated in the CIT given in three listening
      conditions (i.e., focused, selective, and alternating). Behavioral data (accuracy
      and response times) and hemodynamic reactions were measured using functional near
      infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Our findings showed cognitive declines in the
      older adult group but with a subtle difference from the younger adult group. The
      accuracy of the melodic CITs given in the target-like distraction task (CIT2) was
      significantly lower than that in the environmental noise (CIT1) condition in the
      older adult group, indicating that CIT2 may be a benchmark test for age-specific
      cognitive decline. The fNIRS findings also agreed with this interpretation,
      revealing significant increases in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) concentration in
      the younger (p < 0.05 for Deltapre - on task; p < 0.01 for Deltaon - post task)
      rather than the older adult group (n.s for Deltapre - on task; n.s for Deltaon -
      post task). We further concluded that the oxyHb difference was present in the
      brain regions near the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Taken together,
      these findings suggest that CIT2 (i.e., the melodic contour task in the target
      like distraction) is an optimized task that could indicate the degree and type of
      age-related cognitive decline. 

PMID- 27378908
TI  - Electrophysiology of Memory-Updating Differs with Age.
AB  - In oddball tasks, the P3 component of the event-related potential systematically
      varies with the time between target stimuli-the target-to-target interval (TTI).
      Longer TTIs result in larger P3 amplitudes and shorter latencies, and this
      pattern of results has been linked with working memory-updating processes. Given
      that working memory and the P3 have both been shown to diminish with age, the
      current study aimed to determine whether the linear relationship between P3 and
      TTI is compromised in healthy aging by comparing TTI effects on P3 amplitudes and
      latencies, and reaction time (RT), in young and older adults. Older adults were
      found to have an overall reduction in P3 amplitudes, longer latencies, an
      anterior shift in topography, a trend toward slower RTs, and a flatter linear
      relationship between P3 and TTI than young adults. Results suggest that the
      ability to maintain templates in working memory required for stimulus
      categorization decreases with age, and that as a result, neural compensatory
      mechanisms are employed. 

PMID- 27378909
TI  - Progressive Bidirectional Age-Related Changes in Default Mode Network Effective
      Connectivity across Six Decades.
AB  - The default mode network (DMN) is a set of regions that is tonically engaged
      during the resting state and exhibits task-related deactivation that is readily
      reproducible across a wide range of paradigms and modalities. The DMN has been
      implicated in numerous disorders of cognition and, in particular, in disorders
      exhibiting age-related cognitive decline. Despite these observations,
      investigations of the DMN in normal aging are scant. Here, we used blood oxygen
      level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquired
      during rest to investigate age-related changes in functional connectivity of the
      DMN in 120 healthy normal volunteers comprising six, 20-subject, decade cohorts
      (from 20-29 to 70-79). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess age
      related changes in inter-regional connectivity within the DMN. SEM was applied
      both using a previously published, meta-analytically derived, node-and-edge
      model, and using exploratory modeling searching for connections that optimized
      model fit improvement. Although the two models were highly similar (only 3 of 13
      paths differed), the sample demonstrated significantly better fit with the
      exploratory model. For this reason, the exploratory model was used to assess age
      related changes across the decade cohorts. Progressive, highly significant
      changes in path weights were found in 8 (of 13) paths: four rising, and four
      falling (most changes were significant by the third or fourth decade). In all
      cases, rising paths and falling paths projected in pairs onto the same nodes,
      suggesting compensatory increases associated with age-related decreases. This
      study demonstrates that age-related changes in DMN physiology (inter-regional
      connectivity) are bidirectional, progressive, of early onset and part of normal
      aging. 

PMID- 27378910
TI  - Etiologic Framework for the Study of Neurodegenerative Disorders as Well as
      Vascular and Metabolic Comorbidities on the Grounds of Shared Epidemiologic and
      Biologic Features.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During the last two decades, protein aggregation at all organismal
      levels, from viruses to humans, has emerged from a neglected area of protein
      science to become a central issue in biology and biomedicine. This article
      constitutes a risk-based review aimed at supporting an etiologic scenario of
      selected, sporadic, protein-associated, i.e., conformational, neurodegenerative
      disorders (NDDs), and their vascular- and metabolic-associated ailments. METHODS:
      A rationale is adopted, to incorporate selected clinical data and results from
      animal-model research, complementing epidemiologic evidences reported in two
      prior articles. FINDINGS: Theory is formulated assuming an underlying
      conformational transmission mechanism, mediated either by horizontal transfer of
      mammalian genes coding for specific aggregation-prone proteins, or by xeno
      templating between bacterial and host proteins. We build a few population-based
      and experimentally-testable hypotheses focusing on: (1) non-disposable surgical
      instruments for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) and other rapid
      progressive neurodegenerative dementia (sRPNDd), multiple system atrophy (MSA),
      and motor neuron disease (MND); and (2) specific bacterial infections such as B.
      pertussis and E. coli for all forms, but particularly for late-life sporadic
      conformational, NDDs, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and atherosclerosis where
      natural protein fibrils present in such organisms as a result of adaptation to
      the human host induce prion-like mechanisms. CONCLUSION: Implications for cohort
      alignment and experimental animal research are discussed and research lines
      proposed.

PMID- 27378912
TI  - Over-Expressed Pathogenic miRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Prion Disease
      (PrD) Drive Deficits in TREM2-Mediated Abeta42 Peptide Clearance.
AB  - One prominent and distinguishing feature of progressive, age-related neurological
      diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and prion disease (PrD) is the gradual
      accumulation of amyloids into dense, insoluble end-stage protein aggregates.
      These polymorphic proteolipid lesions are known to contribute to immunogenic and
      inflammatory pathology in these insidious and fatal disorders of the human
      central nervous system (CNS). For example, the evolution of self-aggregating
      amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides, such as the 42 amino acid Abeta42 peptide monomer
      into higher order aggregates are largely due to: (1) the inability of natural
      processes to clear them from the cellular environment; and/or (2) the
      overproduction of these amyloid monomers which rapidly mature into higher order
      oligomers, fibrils and insoluble, end-stage senile plaques. Cells of the CNS such
      as microglial (MG) cells have evolved essential homeostatic mechanisms to clear
      Abeta peptides to avoid their accumulation, however, when defective, these
      clearance mechanisms become overwhelmed and excessive deposition and aggregation
      of these amyloids result. This 'Perspectives' paper will highlight some emerging
      concepts on the up-regulation of an inducible microRNA-34a in AD and PrD that
      drives the down-regulation of the amyloid sensing- and clearance receptor protein
      TREM2 (the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid/microglial cells). The
      impairment of this inducible, miRNA-34a-regulated TREM2- and MG-cell based
      amyloid clearance mechanism may thereby contribute to the age-related
      amyloidogenesis associated with both AD and PrD. 

PMID- 27378911
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Detect Early Molecular and Cellular Changes in
      Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Recent pharmaceutical trials have demonstrated that slowing or reversing
      pathology in Alzheimer's disease is likely to be possible only in the earliest
      stages of disease, perhaps even before significant symptoms develop. Pathology in
      Alzheimer's disease accumulates for well over a decade before symptoms are
      detected giving a large potential window of opportunity for intervention. It is
      therefore important that imaging techniques detect subtle changes in brain tissue
      before significant macroscopic brain atrophy. Current diagnostic techniques often
      do not permit early diagnosis or are too expensive for routine clinical use.
      Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most versatile, affordable, and powerful
      imaging modality currently available, being able to deliver detailed analyses of
      anatomy, tissue volumes, and tissue state. In this mini-review, we consider how
      MRI might detect patients at risk of future dementia in the early stages of
      pathological change when symptoms are mild. We consider the contributions made by
      the various modalities of MRI (structural, diffusion, perfusion, relaxometry) in
      identifying not just atrophy (a late-stage AD symptom) but more subtle changes
      reflective of early dementia pathology. The sensitivity of MRI not just to gross
      anatomy but to the underlying "health" at the cellular (and even molecular)
      scales, makes it very well suited to this task. 

PMID- 27378913
TI  - Editorial: A Hand at Work: Effects of Aging.

PMID- 27378914
TI  - Mortality, Recurrence, and Dependency Rates Are Higher after Acute Ischemic
      Stroke in Elderly Patients with Diabetes Compared to Younger Patients.
AB  - Stroke has a greater effect on the elderly than on younger patients. However, the
      long-term outcomes associated with stroke among elderly patients with diabetes
      are unknown. We aimed to assess the differences in long-term outcomes between
      young and elderly stroke patients with diabetes. A total of 3,615 acute ischemic
      stroke patients with diabetes were recruited for this study between 2006 and
      2014. Outcomes at 12 and 36 months after stroke (including mortality, recurrence,
      and dependency) were compared between younger (age <75 years) and elderly (age
      >=75 years) patients. The elderly group included 692 patients (19.1%) overall.
      Elderly patients were more likely than younger patients to have a Trial of Org
      10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification of stroke due to cardioembolism,
      moderate and severe stroke, and atrial fibrillation, but less likely to have
      hypertension and dyslipidemia, current smokers, and alcohol consumers. Mortality,
      dependency, and recurrence rates at 12 months after stroke were 19.0, 48.5, and
      20.9% in the elderly group and 7.4, 30.9, and 15.4% in the younger group,
      respectively (all P < 0.05). Corresponding rates at 36 months after stroke were
      35.4, 78.7, and 53.8% in the elderly group and 13.7, 61.7, and 43.0% in the
      younger group, respectively (all P < 0.001). The mortality, dependency, and
      recurrence rates at 12 and 36 months after stroke were significantly higher in
      the elderly group than in the younger group after adjusting for stroke subtypes,
      stroke severity, and risk factors. Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) at 12
      and 36 months after stroke were 2.18 (1.64-2.89) and 3.10 (2.35-4.08),
      respectively, for mortality, all P < 0.001; 1.81 (1.49-2.20) and 2.04 (1.57
      2.34), respectively, for dependency, all P < 0.001; and 1.37 (1.06-1.76) and 1.40
      (1.07-1.85), respectively, for recurrence, P = 0.016. The findings from this
      study suggest that management and secondary prevention should be emphasized in
      elderly patients with diabetes in China to reduce mortality, recurrence, and
      dependency after stroke. 

PMID- 27378915
TI  - The Association of Aging with White Matter Integrity and Functional Connectivity
      Hubs.
AB  - Normal aging is associated with reduced cerebral structural integrity and altered
      functional brain activity, yet the association of aging with the relationship
      between structural and functional brain changes remains unclear. Using combined
      diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
      modalities, we hypothesized that aging-related changes in white matter integrity
      (i.e., fractional anisotropy) was associated with the short- or long-range
      functional connectivity density (FCD) in hub regions. We tested this hypothesis
      by using a healthy aging cohort comprised of 140 younger adults aged 20-39 years
      and 109 older adults aged 60-79 years. Compared with the younger group, older
      adults exhibited widespread reductions in white matter integrity with selective
      preservation in brain stem tracts and the cingulum connected to the hippocampus
      and cingulate cortex, whereas FCD mapping in older adults showed a reduced FCD in
      the visual, somatosensory, and motor functional networks and an increased FCD in
      the default mode network. The older adults exhibited significantly increased
      short- or long-range FCD in functional hubs of the precuneus, posterior, and
      middle cingulate, and thalamus, hippocampus, fusiform, and inferior temporal
      cortex. Furthermore, DTI-fMRI relationship were predominantly identified in older
      adults in whom short- and long-range FCD in the left precuneus was negatively
      correlated to structural integrity of adjacent and nonadjacent white matter
      tracts, respectively. We also found that long-range FCD in the left precuneus was
      positively correlated to cognitive function. These results support the
      compensatory hypothesis of neurocognitive aging theory and reveal the DTI-fMRI
      relationship associated with normal aging. 

PMID- 27378916
TI  - Pharmacotherapy of Pain in the Older Population: The Place of Opioids.
AB  - Pain is a common symptom in older people. It is possible that pain is
      underreported in older persons due to an incorrect belief that it is an
      inevitable part of aging. Opioid analgesics are potent medications, with
      confirmed efficacy for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. These drugs are
      commonly used in older persons. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding
      safety of opioids in older patients. One of the reasons for this is the lack of
      randomized, controlled clinical trials. People of advanced age often have
      comorbidites and use other prescription drugs, as well as over-the-counter (OTC)
      compounds, thus making them more suceptible to the risk of interactions with
      opioids. Significant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes that occur with
      advancing age increase the risk of adverse effects of opioids. There are also
      some discrepancies between guidelines, which recommend the use of lower doses of
      opioids in older patients, and the findings in the literature which suggest that
      pain is often undertreated in this age group. It seems that there are significant
      variations in the tolerability of different opioid analgesics in older people.
      Morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, and buprenorphine are still the preferred evidence
      based choices for add-on opioid therapy for these patients. However, the safety
      and efficacy of other opioids in older patients, especially if comorbidities and
      polypharmacy are present, is still questionable. This review addresses the most
      important aspects of the use of opioids in older persons, focusing on
      pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects, and interactions. 

PMID- 27378918
TI  - Corrigendum: The Busier the Better: Greater Busyness Is Associated with Better
      Cognition.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 98 in vol. 8, PMID: 27242510.]. 

PMID- 27378917
TI  - Hippocampal Amyloid Burden with Downstream Fusiform Gyrus Atrophy Correlate with
      Face Matching Task Scores in Early Stage Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: Neuronal activity during face matching shows co-activation of the
      fusiform gyrus (FG) and areas along the ventral visual network. To elucidate the
      mechanisms related to the facial discrimination deficits in Alzheimer's disease
      (AD), the study evaluates the relationships between beta-amyloid (Abeta) load and
      gray matter (GM) atrophy within the ventral visual network. METHODS:
      Comprehensive cognitive assessments and GM volumetry using 3-dimentional T1
      weighted images and AV-45 positron emission tomography (PET) were studied in 44
      patients with AD. We used AV-45 PET to measure regional Abeta to analyze the
      correlations between the regional neocortical AV-45 retention and atrophy in
      patients with AD. RESULTS: FG volume was positively correlated with the para
      hippocampus (beta = 0.565, P < 0.001), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC; beta =
      0.402, P < 0.001), and hippocampus volumes (beta = 0.209, P = 0.044). After
      carefully confounded all possible factors simultaneously, the hippocampus
      standardized uptake value (SUV) ratio was independently associated with FG volume
      (beta = -0.151, P = 0.017). Furthermore, volumes of the hippocampus (r = 0.473, P
      = 0.003), para-hippocampus (r = 0.515, P = 0.001), and FG (r = 0.383, P = 0.018)
      were associated with Benton's facial recognition test (BFRT). CONCLUSIONS: In
      conclusion, our study indicated that amyloid burden within the hippocampus might
      contribute to FG cortical hub GM atrophy. While the face matching task scores
      were related to the FG, hippocampus, and para-hippocampus volumes, concordant
      changes of the aforementioned three structures suggested the importance of the
      three ventral visual network hubs in AD.

PMID- 27378919
TI  - Pharmacometabolomic Assessment of Metformin in Non-diabetic, African Americans.
AB  - Millions of individuals are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), which
      increases the risk for a plethora of adverse outcomes including cardiovascular
      events and kidney disease. Metformin is the most widely prescribed medication for
      the treatment of T2D; however, its mechanism is not fully understood and
      individuals vary in their response to this therapy. Here, we use a non-targeted,
      pharmacometabolomics approach to measure 384 metabolites in 33 non-diabetic,
      African American subjects dosed with metformin. Three plasma samples were
      obtained from each subject, one before and two after metformin administration.
      Validation studies were performed in wildtype mice given metformin. Fifty-four
      metabolites (including 21 unknowns) were significantly altered upon metformin
      administration, and 12 metabolites (including six unknowns) were significantly
      associated with metformin-induced change in glucose (q < 0.2). Of note, indole-3
      acetate, a metabolite produced by gut microbes, and 4-hydroxyproline were
      modulated following metformin exposure in both humans and mice. 2-Hydroxybutanoic
      acid, a metabolite previously associated with insulin resistance and an early
      biomarker of T2D, was positively correlated with fasting glucose levels as well
      as glucose levels following oral glucose tolerance tests after metformin
      administration. Pathway analysis revealed that metformin administration was
      associated with changes in a number of metabolites in the urea cycle and in
      purine metabolic pathways (q < 0.01). Further research is needed to validate the
      biomarkers of metformin exposure and response identified in this study, and to
      understand the role of metformin in ammonia detoxification, protein degradation
      and purine metabolic pathways. 

PMID- 27378920
TI  - Extracted Triterpenes from Antrodia cinnamomea Reduce the Inflammation to Promote
      the Wound Healing via the STZ Inducing Hyperglycemia-Diabetes Mice Model.
AB  - This research evaluated the effects of triterpenes on the regulation of STZ
      induced hyperglycaemic diabetes through an anti-inflammatory response. Diabetic
      mice were orally administered various concentrations of triterpenes on a daily
      basis. Weight gain, volume of drinking water, and liver and spleen weight were
      recorded and evaluated. These evaluations presented a positive regulation to the
      abnormal metabolism appearance compared to the diabetic mice. In the diabetic
      mice, the detection of adiponectin production or elevated levels of inflammatory
      factors such as CCL1 and TPO expression were found to reduce hyperglycaemia and
      thereby induce an inflammatory response. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge,
      hyperglycaemia impairs the tissue healing associated with an increased and
      prolonged inflammatory response. An investigation of the anti-inflammatory
      response in wound healing as affected by the triterpenes verified the promotion
      of wound recovery. 

PMID- 27378921
TI  - MinION: A Novel Tool for Predicting Drug Hypersensitivity?
AB  - The launch of the MinION Access Program has caused much activity within the
      scientific community. MinION represents a keenly anticipated, novel addition to
      the current melange of commercial sequencers. Driven by the nanopore sequencing
      mechanism that requires minimal sample manipulation, the device is capable of
      generating long sequence reads in sizes (up to or exceeding 50 kb) that surpass
      those of all other platforms. One notable advantage of this feature is that long
      range haplotypes can be more accurately resolved; such advantage is particularly
      pertinent to the genotyping of complex loci such as genes encoding the human
      leukocyte antigens, which are pivotal determinants of drug hypersensitivity. With
      this timely, albeit brief, review, we set out to examine the applications on
      which MinION has been tested thus far, the bioinformatics workflow tailored to
      the unique characteristics of its extended sequence reads, the device's potential
      utility in the detection of genetic markers for drug hypersensitivity, and how it
      may eventually evolve to become fit for diagnostic purposes in the clinical
      setting. 

PMID- 27378922
TI  - Multitarget Multiscale Simulation for Pharmacological Treatment of Dystonia in
      Motor Cortex.
AB  - A large number of physiomic pathologies can produce hyperexcitability in cortex.
      Depending on severity, cortical hyperexcitability may manifest clinically as a
      hyperkinetic movement disorder or as epilpesy. We focus here on dystonia, a
      movement disorder that produces involuntary muscle contractions and involves
      pathology in multiple brain areas including basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum,
      and sensory and motor cortices. Most research in dystonia has focused on basal
      ganglia, while much pharmacological treatment is provided directly at muscles to
      prevent contraction. Motor cortex is another potential target for therapy that
      exhibits pathological dynamics in dystonia, including heightened activity and
      altered beta oscillations. We developed a multiscale model of primary motor
      cortex, ranging from molecular, up to cellular, and network levels, containing
      1715 compartmental model neurons with multiple ion channels and intracellular
      molecular dynamics. We wired the model based on electrophysiological data
      obtained from mouse motor cortex circuit mapping experiments. We used the model
      to reproduce patterns of heightened activity seen in dystonia by applying
      independent random variations in parameters to identify pathological parameter
      sets. These models demonstrated degeneracy, meaning that there were many ways of
      obtaining the pathological syndrome. There was no single parameter alteration
      which would consistently distinguish pathological from physiological dynamics. At
      higher dimensions in parameter space, we were able to use support vector machines
      to distinguish the two patterns in different regions of space and thereby trace
      multitarget routes from dystonic to physiological dynamics. These results suggest
      the use of in silico models for discovery of multitarget drug cocktails. 

PMID- 27378923
TI  - The Guanine-Based Purinergic System: The Tale of An Orphan Neuromodulation.
AB  - Guanine-based purines (GBPs) have been recently proposed to be not only metabolic
      agents but also extracellular signaling molecules that regulate important
      functions in the central nervous system. In such way, GBPs-mediated
      neuroprotection, behavioral responses and neuronal plasticity have been broadly
      described in the literature. However, while a number of these functions (i.e.,
      GBPs neurothophic effects) have been well-established, the molecular mechanisms
      behind these GBPs-dependent effects are still unknown. Furthermore, no plasma
      membrane receptors for GBPs have been described so far, thus GBPs are still
      considered orphan neuromodulators. Interestingly, an intricate and controversial
      functional interplay between GBPs effects and adenosine receptors activity has
      been recently described, thus triggering the hypothesis that GBPs mechanism of
      action might somehow involve adenosine receptors. Here, we review recent data
      describing the GBPs role in the brain. We focus on the involvement of GBPs
      regulating neuronal plasticity, and on the new hypothesis based on putative GBPs
      receptors. Overall, we expect to shed some light on the GBPs world since although
      these molecules might represent excellent candidates for certain neurological
      diseases management, the lack of putative GBPs receptors precludes any high
      throughput screening intent for the search of effective GBPs-based drugs. 

PMID- 27378925
TI  - Downregulation of GSTK1 Is a Common Mechanism Underlying Hypertrophic
      Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular
      hypertrophy and is associated with a number of potential outcomes, including
      impaired diastolic function, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Various
      etiologies have been described for HCM, including pressure overload and mutations
      in sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric genes. However, the molecular pathogenesis of
      HCM remains incompletely understood. In this study, we performed comparative
      transcriptome analysis to identify dysregulated genes common to five mouse HCM
      models of differing etiology: (i) mutation of myosin heavy chain 6, (ii) mutation
      of tropomyosin 1, (iii) expressing human phospholamban on a null background, (iv)
      knockout of frataxin, and (v) transverse aortic constriction. Gene-by-gene
      comparison identified five genes dysregulated in all five HCM models. Glutathione
      S-transferase kappa 1 (Gstk1) was significantly downregulated in the five models,
      whereas myosin heavy chain 7 (Myh7), connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf),
      periostin (Postn), and reticulon 4 (Rtn4) were significantly upregulated. Gene
      ontology comparison revealed that 51 cellular processes were significantly
      enriched in genes dysregulated in each transcriptome dataset. Among them, six
      processes (oxidative stress, aging, contraction, developmental process, cell
      differentiation, and cell proliferation) were related to four of the five genes
      dysregulated in all HCM models. GSTK1 was related to oxidative stress only,
      whereas the other four genes were related to all six cell processes except MYH7
      for oxidative stress. Gene-gene functional interaction network analysis suggested
      correlative expression of GSTK1, MYH7, and actin alpha 2 (ACTA2). To investigate
      the implications of Gstk1 downregulation for cardiac function, we knocked out
      gstk1 in zebrafish using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic
      repeats/Cas9 system. We found that expression of the zebrafish homologs of MYH7,
      ACTA2, and actin alpha 1 were increased in the gstk1-knockout zebrafish. In vivo
      imaging of zebrafish expressing a fluorescent protein in cardiomyocytes showed
      that gstk1 deletion significantly decreased the end diastolic volume and, to a
      lesser extent, end systolic volume. These results suggest that downregulation of
      GSTK1 may be a common mechanism underlying HCM of various etiologies, possibly
      through increasing oxidative stress and the expression of sarcomere genes. 

PMID- 27378926
TI  - Toxic Constituents Index: A Toxicity-Calibrated Quantitative Evaluation Approach
      for the Precise Toxicity Prediction of the Hypertoxic Phytomedicine-Aconite.
AB  - Complex chemical composition is an important reason for restricting herbal
      quality evaluation. Despite the multi-components determination method
      significantly promoted the progress of herbal quality evaluation, however, which
      mainly concerned the total amount of multiple components and ignored the activity
      variation between each one, and did not accurately reflect the biological
      activity of botanical medicines. In this manuscript, we proposed a toxicity
      calibrated contents determination method for hyper toxic aconite, called toxic
      constituents index (TCI). Initially, we determined the minimum lethal dose value
      of mesaconitine (MA), aconitine (AC), and hypaconitine (HA), and established the
      equation TCI = 100 * (0.3387 *X MA + 0.4778 *X AC + 0.1835 *X HA). Then, 10
      batches of aconite were selected and their evaluation results of toxic potency
      (TP), diester diterpenoid alkaloids (DDAs), and TCI were compared. Linear
      regression analysis result suggested that the relevance between TCI and TP was
      the highest and the correlation coefficient R was 0.954. Prediction error values
      study also indicated that the evaluation results of TCI was highly consistent
      with that of TP. Moreover, TCI and DDAs were both applied to evaluate 14 batches
      of aconite samples oriented different origins; from the different evaluation
      results, we found when the proportion of HA was reached 25% in DDAs, the
      pharmacopeia method could generate false positive results. All these results
      testified the accuracy and universality of TCI method. We believe that this study
      method is rather accurate, simple, and easy operation and it will be of great
      utility in studies of other foods and herbs. 

PMID- 27378927
TI  - Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Menthol and Menthone in Schistosoma mansoni
      Infection.
AB  - Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of trematode
      worms and it is believed that more than 261 million people are affected
      worldwide. New drug development has become essential because there is a risk of
      the parasite becoming resistant to Praziquantel, the only drug available for this
      infection. This study evaluated parasitological, immunological and histological
      parameters in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni and treated with an herbal
      commercial medicine. This drug consists of menthol (30-55%) and menthone (14
      32%). A 60 day treatment regimen with the herbal medicine decreased the number of
      S. mansoni eggs in the feces, liver, and intestine and reduced the number of
      hepatic granulomas. We observed a reduction of 84% in blood eosinophilia and a
      decrease in the IL-4 and IL-10 blood levels after treatment. Therefore, we
      propose that schistosomiasis treatment with this herbal medicine for 60 days has
      an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action in this animal model for
      schistosomiasis thus contributing to the decrease in physio pathological effects
      caused by S. mansoni infection. 

PMID- 27378924
TI  - Non-invasive Markers of Liver Fibrosis: Adjuncts or Alternatives to Liver Biopsy?
AB  - Liver fibrosis reflects sustained liver injury often from multiple, simultaneous
      factors. Whilst the presence of mild fibrosis on biopsy can be a reassuring
      finding, the identification of advanced fibrosis is critical to the management of
      patients with chronic liver disease. This necessity has lead to a reliance on
      liver biopsy which itself is an imperfect test and poorly accepted by patients.
      The development of robust tools to non-invasively assess liver fibrosis has
      dramatically enhanced clinical decision making in patients with chronic liver
      disease, allowing a rapid and informed judgment of disease stage and prognosis.
      Should a liver biopsy be required, the appropriateness is clearer and the
      diagnostic yield is greater with the use of these adjuncts. While a number of non
      invasive liver fibrosis markers are now used in routine practice, a steady stream
      of innovative approaches exists. With improvement in the reliability,
      reproducibility and feasibility of these markers, their potential role in disease
      management is increasing. Moreover, their adoption into clinical trials as
      outcome measures reflects their validity and dynamic nature. This review will
      summarize and appraise the current and novel non-invasive markers of liver
      fibrosis, both blood and imaging based, and look at their prospective application
      in everyday clinical care. 

PMID- 27378928
TI  - Basophil Reactivity as Biomarker in Immediate Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions
      Potential and Limitations.
AB  - Immediate drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) resemble typical immunoglobulin
      E (IgE)-mediated symptoms. Clinical manifestations range from local skin
      reactions, gastrointestinal and/or respiratory symptoms to severe systemic
      involvement with potential fatal outcome. Depending on the substance group of the
      eliciting drug the correct diagnosis is a major challenge. Skin testing and in
      vitro diagnostics are often unreliable and not reproducible. The involvement of
      drug-specific IgE is questionable in many cases. The culprit substance (parent
      drug or metabolite) and potential cross-reacting compounds are difficult to
      identify, patient history and drug provocation testing often remain the only
      means for diagnosis. Hence, several groups proposed basophil activation test
      (BAT) for the diagnosis of immediate DHRs as basophils are well-known effector
      cells in allergic reactions. However, the usefulness of BAT in immediate DHRs is
      highly variable and dependent on the drug itself plus its capacity to
      spontaneously conjugate to serum proteins. Stimulation with pure solutions of the
      parent drug or metabolites thereof vs. drug-protein conjugates may influence
      sensitivity and specificity of the test. We thus, reviewed the available
      literature about the use of BAT for diagnosing immediate DHRs against drug
      classes such as antibiotics, radio contrast media, neuromuscular blocking agents,
      non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and biologicals. Influencing factors like
      the selection of stimulants or of the identification and activation markers, the
      stimulation protocol, gating strategies, and cut-off definition are addressed in
      this overview on BAT performance. The overall aim is to evaluate the suitability
      of BAT as biomarker for the diagnosis of immediate drug-induced hypersensitivity
      reactions. 

PMID- 27378929
TI  - The Relation between Hepatotoxicity and the Total Coumarin Intake from
      Traditional Japanese Medicines Containing Cinnamon Bark.
AB  - Cinnamon bark is commonly used in traditional Japanese herbal medicines (Kampo
      medicines). The coumarin contained in cinnamon is known to be hepatotoxic, and a
      tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.1 mg/kg/day, has been quantified and used in
      Europe to insure safety. Risk assessments for hepatotoxicity by the cinnamon
      contained in foods have been reported. However, no such assessment of cinnamon
      bark has been reported and the coumarin content of Kampo medicines derived from
      cinnamon bark is not yet known. To assess the risk for hepatotoxicity by Kampo
      medicines, we evaluated the daily coumarin intake of patients who were prescribed
      Kampo medicines and investigated the relation between hepatotoxicity and the
      coumarin intake. The clinical data of 129 outpatients (18 male and 111 female,
      median age 58 years) who had been prescribed keishibukuryogankayokuinin (TJ-125)
      between April 2008 and March 2013 was retrospectively investigated. Concurrent
      Kampo medicines and liver function were also surveyed. In addition to TJ-125, the
      patients took some of the other 32 Kampo preparations and 22 decoctions that
      include cinnamon bark. The coumarin content of these Kampo medicines was
      determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). TJ-125 had the
      highest daily content of coumarin (5.63 mg/day), calculated from the daily
      cinnamon bark dosage reported in the information leaflet inserted in each package
      of Kampo medicine. The coumarin content in 1g cinnamon bark decoction was 3.0 mg.
      The daily coumarin intake of the patients was 0.113 (0.049-0.541) mg/kg/day, with
      98 patients (76.0%) exceeding the TDI. Twenty-three patients had an abnormal
      change in liver function test value, but no significant difference was found in
      the incidence of abnormal change between the group consuming less than the TDI
      value (6/31, 19.4%) and the group consuming equal to or greater than the TDI
      value (17/98, 17.3%). In addition, no abnormal change related to cinnamon bark
      was found for individual patients. This paper was done to assess the risk of
      hepatotoxicity by the coumarin contained in Kampo medicines and to clarify
      whether or not the Kampo preparations in general use that contain cinnamon bark
      may be safely used in clinical practice. 

PMID- 27378930
TI  - Expression of Concern: Mechanism of Action of the Novel Nickel(II) Complex in
      Simultaneous Reactivation of the Apoptotic Signaling Networks Against Human Colon
      Cancer Cells.

PMID- 27378931
TI  - Cancer Markers Selection Using Network-Based Cox Regression: A Methodological and
      Computational Practice.
AB  - International initiatives such as the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the
      International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) are collecting multiple datasets at
      different genome-scales with the aim of identifying novel cancer biomarkers and
      predicting survival of patients. To analyze such data, several statistical
      methods have been applied, among them Cox regression models. Although these
      models provide a good statistical framework to analyze omic data, there is still
      a lack of studies that illustrate advantages and drawbacks in integrating
      biological information and selecting groups of biomarkers. In fact, classical Cox
      regression algorithms focus on the selection of a single biomarker, without
      taking into account the strong correlation between genes. Even though network
      based Cox regression algorithms overcome such drawbacks, such network-based
      approaches are less widely used within the life science community. In this
      article, we aim to provide a clear methodological framework on the use of such
      approaches in order to turn cancer research results into clinical applications.
      Therefore, we first discuss the rationale and the practical usage of three
      recently proposed network-based Cox regression algorithms (i.e., Net-Cox,
      AdaLnet, and fastcox). Then, we show how to combine existing biological knowledge
      and available data with such algorithms to identify networks of cancer biomarkers
      and to estimate survival of patients. Finally, we describe in detail a new
      permutation-based approach to better validate the significance of the selection
      in terms of cancer gene signatures and pathway/networks identification. We
      illustrate the proposed methodology by means of both simulations and real case
      studies. Overall, the aim of our work is two-fold. Firstly, to show how network
      based Cox regression models can be used to integrate biological knowledge (e.g.,
      multi-omics data) for the analysis of survival data. Secondly, to provide a clear
      methodological and computational approach for investigating cancers regulatory
      networks. 

PMID- 27378933
TI  - The Stress and Vascular Catastrophes in Newborn Rats: Mechanisms Preceding and
      Accompanying the Brain Hemorrhages.
AB  - In this study, we analyzed the time-depended scenario of stress response cascade
      preceding and accompanying brain hemorrhages in newborn rats using an
      interdisciplinary approach based on: a morphological analysis of brain tissues,
      coherent-domain optical technologies for visualization of the cerebral blood
      flow, monitoring of the cerebral oxygenation and the deformability of red blood
      cells (RBCs). Using a model of stress-induced brain hemorrhages (sound stress,
      120 dB, 370 Hz), we studied changes in neonatal brain 2, 4, 6, 8 h after stress
      (the pre-hemorrhage, latent period) and 24 h after stress (the post-hemorrhage
      period). We found that latent period of brain hemorrhages is accompanied by
      gradual pathological changes in systemic, metabolic, and cellular levels of
      stress. The incidence of brain hemorrhages is characterized by a progression of
      these changes and the irreversible cell death in the brain areas involved in
      higher mental functions. These processes are realized via a time-depended
      reduction of cerebral venous blood flow and oxygenation that was accompanied by
      an increase in RBCs deformability. The significant depletion of the molecular
      layer of the prefrontal cortex and the pyramidal neurons, which are crucial for
      associative learning and attention, is developed as a consequence of homeostasis
      imbalance. Thus, stress-induced processes preceding and accompanying brain
      hemorrhages in neonatal period contribute to serious injuries of the brain blood
      circulation, cerebral metabolic activity and structural elements of cognitive
      function. These results are an informative platform for further studies of
      mechanisms underlying stress-induced brain hemorrhages during the first days of
      life that will improve the future generation's health. 

PMID- 27378934
TI  - The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Cytokine Alarmins to Treat Allergic Airway
      Inflammation.
AB  - Asthma is a heterogeneous disorder that results in recurrent attacks of
      breathlessness, coughing, and wheezing that affects millions of people worldwide.
      Although the precise causes of asthma are unclear, studies suggest that a
      combination of genetic predisposition and environmental exposure to various
      allergens and pathogens contribute to its development. Currently, the most common
      treatment to control asthma is a dual combination of beta2-adrenergic receptor
      agonists and corticosteroids. However, studies have shown that some patients do
      not respond well to these medications, while others experience significant side
      effects. It is reported that the majority of asthmas are associated with T helper
      type 2 (TH2) responses. In these patients, allergen challenge initiates the
      influx of TH2 cells in the airways leading to an increased production of TH2
      associated cytokines and the promotion of allergy-induced asthma. Therefore,
      biologics that target this pathway may provide an alternative method to treat the
      allergic airway inflammation associated with asthma. As of now, only two
      biologics (omalizumab and mepolizumab), which target immunoglobulin E and
      interleukin-5, respectively, are FDA-approved and being prescribed to asthmatics.
      However, recent studies have reported that targeting other components of the TH2
      response also show great promise. In this review, we will briefly describe the
      immunologic mechanisms underlying allergic asthma. Furthermore, we will discuss
      the current therapeutic strategies used to treat asthma including their
      limitations. Finally, we will highlight the benefits of using biologics to treat
      asthma-associated allergic airway inflammation with an emphasis on the potential
      of targeting cytokine alarmins, especially thymic stromal lymphopoietin. 

PMID- 27378932
TI  - Insights into the Pathology of the alpha3 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase Ion Pump in
      Neurological Disorders; Lessons from Animal Models.
AB  - The transmembrane Na(+)-/K(+) ATPase is located at the plasma membrane of all
      mammalian cells. The Na(+)-/K(+) ATPase utilizes energy from ATP hydrolysis to
      extrude three Na(+) cations and import two K(+) cations into the cell. The
      minimum constellation for an active Na(+)-/K(+) ATPase is one alpha (alpha) and
      one beta (beta) subunit. Mammals express four alpha isoforms (alpha1-4), encoded
      by the ATP1A1-4 genes, respectively. The alpha1 isoform is ubiquitously expressed
      in the adult central nervous system (CNS) whereas alpha2 primarily is expressed
      in astrocytes and alpha3 in neurons. Na(+) and K(+) are the principal ions
      involved in action potential propagation during neuronal depolarization. The
      alpha1 and alpha3 Na(+)-/K(+) ATPases are therefore prime candidates for
      restoring neuronal membrane potential after depolarization and for maintaining
      neuronal excitability. The alpha3 isoform has approximately four-fold lower Na(+)
      affinity compared to alpha1 and is specifically required for rapid restoration of
      large transient increases in [Na(+)]i. Conditions associated with alpha3
      deficiency are therefore likely aggravated by suprathreshold neuronal activity.
      The alpha3 isoform been suggested to support re-uptake of neurotransmitters.
      These processes are required for normal brain activity, and in fact autosomal
      dominant de novo mutations in ATP1A3 encoding the alpha3 isoform has been found
      to cause the three neurological diseases Rapid Onset Dystonia Parkinsonism (RDP),
      Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood (AHC), and Cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes
      cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss (CAPOS). All three diseases
      cause acute onset of neurological symptoms, but the predominant neurological
      manifestations differ with particularly early onset of hemiplegic/dystonic
      episodes and mental decline in AHC, ataxic encephalopathy and impairment of
      vision and hearing in CAPOS syndrome and late onset of dystonia/parkinsonism in
      RDP. Several mouse models have been generated to study the in vivo consequences
      of Atp1a3 modulation. The different mice show varying degrees of hyperactivity,
      gait problems, and learning disability as well as stress-induced seizures. With
      the advent of several Atp1a3-gene or chemically modified animal models that
      closely phenocopy many aspects of the human disorders, we will be able to reach a
      much better understanding of the etiology of RDP, AHC, and CAPOS syndrome. 

PMID- 27378935
TI  - Swimming Training Modulates Nitric Oxide-Glutamate Interaction in the Rostral
      Ventrolateral Medulla in Normotensive Conscious Rats.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of swimming training on nitric oxide (NO) modulation to
      glutamate microinjection within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in
      conscious freely moving rats. Male Wistar rats were submitted to exercise
      training (Tr) by swimming or kept sedentary (Sed) for 4 weeks. After the last
      training session, RVLM guide cannulas and arterial/venous catheters were
      chronically implanted. Arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR), and baroreflex
      control of HR (loading/unloading of baroreceptors) were recorded in conscious
      rats at rest. Pressor response to L-glutamate in the RVLM was compared before and
      after blockade of local nitric oxide (NO) production. In other Tr and Sed groups,
      brain was harvested for gene (qRT-PCR) and protein (immunohistochemistry)
      expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms and measurement of NO content (nitrite
      assay) within the RVLM. Trained rats exhibited resting bradycardia (average
      reduction of 9%), increased baroreflex gain (Tr: -4.41 +/- 0.5 vs. Sed: -2.42 +/-
      0.31 b/min/mmHg), and unchanged resting MAP. The pressor response to glutamate
      was smaller in the Tr group (32 +/- 4 vs. 53 +/- 2 mmHg, p < 0.05); this
      difference disappeared after RVLM pretreatment with carboxy-PTIO (NO scavenger),
      Nw-Propyl-L-Arginine and L-NAME (NOS inhibitors). eNOS immunoreactivity observed
      mainly in RVLM capillaries was higher in Tr, but eNOS gene expression was
      reduced. nNOS gene and protein expression was slightly reduced (-29 and -9%,
      respectively, P > 0.05). Also, RVLM NO levels were significantly reduced in Tr (
      63% vs. Sed). After microinjection of a NO-donor, the attenuated pressor response
      of L-glutamate in Tr group was restored. Data indicate that swimming training by
      decreasing RVLM NO availability and glutamatergic neurotransmission to locally
      administered glutamate may contribute to decreased sympathetic activity in
      trained subjects. 

PMID- 27378936
TI  - Chronic Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Treatment Variably Affects Cellular
      Repolarization in a Healed Post-MI Arrhythmia Model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Over the last 40 years omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
      have been shown to be anti-arrhythmic or pro-arrhythmic depending on the method
      and duration of administration and model studied. We previously reported that
      omega-3 PUFAs do not confer anti-arrhythmic properties and are pro-arrhythmic in
      canine model of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Here, we evaluated the effects of
      chronic omega-3 PUFA treatment in post-MI animals susceptible (VF+) or resistant
      (VF-) to ventricular tachyarrhythmias. METHODS: Perforated patch clamp techniques
      were used to measure cardiomyocyte action potential durations (APD) at 50 and 90%
      repolarization and short term variability of repolarization. The early
      repolarizing transient outward potassium current Ito was also studied. RESULTS:
      Omega-3 PUFAs prolonged the action potential in VF- myocytes at both 50 and 90%
      repolarization. Short term variability of repolarization was increased in both
      untreated and treated VF- myocytes vs. CONTROLS: Ito was unaffected by omega-3
      PUFA treatment. Omega-3 PUFA treatment attenuated the action potential
      prolongation in VF+ myocytes, but did not return repolarization to control
      values. CONCLUSIONS: Omega-3 PUFAs do not confer anti-arrhythmic properties in
      the setting of healed myocardial infarction in a canine model of SCD. In canines
      previously resistant to ventricular fibrillation (VF-), omega-3 PUFA treatment
      prolonged the action potential in VF- myocytes, and may contribute to pro
      arrhythmic responses.

PMID- 27378937
TI  - Uninephrectomy-Induced Lipolysis and Low-Grade Inflammation Are Mimicked by
      Unilateral Renal Denervation.
AB  - Uninephrectomy (UniNX) in rats on a fixed food intake leads to increased
      lipolysis and a low-grade inflammation with an increased subset of circulating
      cytokines. Because UniNX ablates renal nerves on the side of the removed kidney,
      we tested the contribution of unilateral renal denervation in the phenotype of
      UniNX. We compared Sham-operated controls, left nephrectomy (UniNX) and
      unilateral left kidney denervation (uDNX) in rats 4 weeks after surgery. uDNX did
      not affect kidney weight and function. In general, the uDNX phenotype was similar
      to the UniNX phenotype especially for lipolysis in fat pads and increased low
      grade inflammation. uDNX led to decreased fat pad weight and increased hormone
      sensitive lipase and adipocyte triglyceride lipase mRNA levels in epididymal and
      inguinal adipose tissue, as well as increased circulating lipolysis markers beta
      hydroxybutyrate and glycerol. Measured circulating hormones such as leptin, T3
      and insulin were similar amongst the three groups. The lipolytic cytokines
      interferon-gamma and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor were
      increased in the circulation of both uDNX and UniNX groups. These two cytokines
      were also elevated in the spleen of both groups, but contrastingly they were
      decreased in fat pads, liver, and kidneys. Both uDNX and UniNX similarly
      increased noradrenaline content in fat pads and spleen. Melanocortin 4 receptor
      mRNA levels were increased in the brains of both uDNX and UniNX compared to Sham
      and may contribute to increased tissue noradrenaline levels. In addition, the
      farnesoid x receptor (FXR) may contribute to changes in tissue metabolism and
      inflammation, as anti-inflammatory FXR was decreased in the spleen but increased
      in other tissues in uDNX and UniNX compared to Sham. In summary, both uDNX and
      UniNX in rats promote metabolic and immunological alterations by mechanisms that
      seem to implicate modification of unilateral renal nerve pathways as well as
      central and peripheral neural pathways. 

PMID- 27378938
TI  - Understanding the Cap Structure in K2P Channels.

PMID- 27378940
TI  - Psychophysical Differences in Ventilatory Awareness and Breathlessness between
      Athletes and Sedentary Individuals.
AB  - PURPOSE: Breathlessness is a complex set of symptoms that are comprised of both
      sensory and affective (emotional) dimensions. While ventilation is now understood
      to be a potential limiter to performance in highly-trained individuals, the
      contribution of breathlessness-anxiety in those nearing maximal ventilation
      during intense exercise has not yet been considered as a limiter to performance.
      METHODS: In this study, we compared the physiology and psychology of
      breathlessness in 20 endurance athletes with 20 untrained age- and sex-matched
      sedentary controls. Subjects completed baseline spirometry and anxiety
      questionnaires, an incremental exercise test to exhaustion and a steady-state
      hypercapnic ventilatory response test, with concurrent measures of breathlessness
      intensity and breathlessness-anxiety. RESULTS: Compared with sedentary subjects,
      athletes reported equivalent breathlessness intensity but greater breathlessness
      anxiety at maximal exercise (athletes vs. sedentary (mean +/- SD): breathlessness
      intensity (0-100%) 80.7 (22.7) vs. 72.5 (17.2), p = 0.21; breathlessness-anxiety
      (0-100%), 45.3 (36.3) vs. 22.3 (20.0), p = 0.02). Athletes operated at higher
      proportions of their maximal ventilatory capacity (MVV) (athletes vs. sedentary
      (mean ventilation +/- SD; % MVV): 101.6 (27.2) vs. 73.7 (30.1), p = 0.003). In
      the athletes there was a positive linear correlation between ventilation and
      breathlessness score during the hypercapnic challenge that was not observed in
      the sedentary controls. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that
      whilst operating at high proportions of maximal ventilation, breathlessness
      anxiety becomes increasingly prominent in athletes. Our results suggest that
      ventilatory perception pathways may be a target for improved athletic performance
      in some individuals.

PMID- 27378939
TI  - Electrophysiological Mechanisms of Gastrointestinal Arrhythmogenesis: Lessons
      from the Heart.
AB  - Disruptions in the orderly activation and recovery of electrical excitation
      traveling through the heart and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can lead to
      arrhythmogenesis. For example, cardiac arrhythmias predispose to thromboembolic
      events resulting in cerebrovascular accidents and myocardial infarction, and to
      sudden cardiac death. By contrast, arrhythmias in the GI tract are usually not
      life-threatening and much less well characterized. However, they have been
      implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of GI motility disorders, including
      gastroparesis, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, mesenteric ischaemia,
      Hirschsprung disease, slow transit constipation, all of which are associated with
      significant morbidity. Both cardiac and gastrointestinal arrhythmias can broadly
      be divided into non-reentrant and reentrant activity. The aim of this paper is to
      compare and contrast the mechanisms underlying arrhythmogenesis in both systems
      to provide insight into the pathogenesis of GI motility disorders and potential
      molecular targets for future therapy. 

PMID- 27378941
TI  - Slower Lower Limb Blood Pooling Increases Orthostatic Tolerance in Women with
      Vasovagal Syncope.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Slower lower limb blood pooling and associated blunted
      sympathetic activation has been detected in healthy women prone to orthostatic
      syncope. Whether these findings are true also for patients with vasovagal syncope
      (VVS) is unknown. The aim was to investigate initial blood pooling time
      (poolingtime, time to 50% of total blood pooling) together with hemodynamic
      responses and orthostatic tolerance during lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in
      VVS and healthy controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fourteen VVS women (25.7 +/- 1.3
      years) and 15 healthy women (22.8 +/- 0.8 years) were subjected to single-step
      and graded LBNP to pre-syncope. Lower limb blood pooling (ml . 100 ml(-1)),
      poolingtime (s), hemodynamic responses and LBNP-tolerance were evaluated. LBNP
      induced comparable lower limb blood pooling in both groups (controls, 3.1 +/-
      0.3; VVS, 2.9 +/- 0.3 ml . 100 ml(-1), P = 0.70). In controls, shorter
      poolingtime correlated to higher LBNP-tolerance (r = -0.550, P < 0.05) as well as
      better maintained stroke volume (r = -0.698, P < 0.01) and cardiac output (r = 
      0.563, P < 0.05). In contrast, shorter poolingtime correlated to lower LBNP
      tolerance in VVS (r = 0.821, P < 0.001) and larger decline in stroke volume (r =
      0.611, P < 0.05). Furthermore, in controls, shorter poolingtime correlated to
      baroreflex-mediated hemodynamic changes during LBNP, e.g., increased
      vasoconstriction (P < 0.001). In VVS, poolingtime was not correlated with LBNP
      induced baroreceptor unloading, but rather highly correlated to resting calf
      blood flow (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Shorter poolingtime seems to elicit greater
      sympathetic activation with a concomitant higher orthostatic tolerance in healthy
      women. The contrasting findings in VVS indicate a deteriorated vascular
      sympathetic control suggesting well-defined differences already in the initial
      responses during orthostatic stress.

PMID- 27378942
TI  - Nitrate Intake Promotes Shift in Muscle Fiber Type Composition during Sprint
      Interval Training in Hypoxia.
AB  - PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) in
      normoxia, vs. SIT in hypoxia alone or in conjunction with oral nitrate intake, on
      buffering capacity of homogenized muscle (betahm) and fiber type distribution, as
      well as on sprint and endurance performance. METHODS: Twenty-seven moderately
      trained participants were allocated to one of three experimental groups: SIT in
      normoxia (20.9% FiO2) + placebo (N), SIT in hypoxia (15% FiO2) + placebo (H), or
      SIT in hypoxia + nitrate supplementation (HN). All participated in 5 weeks of SIT
      on a cycle ergometer (30-s sprints interspersed by 4.5 min recovery-intervals, 3
      weekly sessions, 4-6 sprints per session). Nitrate (6.45 mmol NaNO3) or placebo
      capsules were administered 3 h before each session. Before and after SIT
      participants performed an incremental VO2max-test, a 30-min simulated cycling
      time-trial, as well as a 30-s cycling sprint test. Muscle biopsies were taken
      from m. vastus lateralis. RESULTS: SIT decreased the proportion of type IIx
      muscle fibers in all groups (P < 0.05). The relative number of type IIa fibers
      increased (P < 0.05) in HN (P < 0.05 vs. H), but not in the other groups. SIT had
      no significant effect on betahm. Compared with H, SIT tended to enhance 30-s
      sprint performance more in HN than in H (P = 0.085). VO2max and 30-min time-trial
      performance increased in all groups to a similar extent. CONCLUSION: SIT in
      hypoxia combined with nitrate supplementation increases the proportion of type
      IIa fibers in muscle, which may be associated with enhanced performance in short
      maximal exercise. Compared with normoxic training, hypoxic SIT does not alter
      betahm or endurance and sprinting exercise performance.

PMID- 27378943
TI  - Copper Deficiency in the Lungs of TNF-alpha Transgenic Mice.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a well-known pro-inflammatory cytokine.
      Increased expression of Tnf-alpha is a feature of inflammatory lung diseases,
      such as asthma, emphysema, fibrosis, and smoking-induced chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD). Using a mouse line with lung-specific Tnf-alpha
      overexpression (SPC-TNF-alpha) to mimic TNF-alpha-associated lung diseases, we
      investigated the role of chronic inflammation in the homeostasis of lung trace
      elements. We performed a quantitative survey of micronutrients and biometals,
      including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se), in the transgenic mice
      tissues. We also examined the expression of Cu-dependent proteins in the
      inflammatory lung tissue to determine whether they were affected by the severe Cu
      deficiency, including cuproenzymes, Cu transporters, and Cu chaperones. We found
      consistent lung-specific reduction of the metal Cu, with a mean decrease of 70%;
      however, Zn and Se were unaffected in all other tissues. RT-PCR showed that two
      Cu enzymes associated with lung pathology were downregulated: amine oxidase, Cu
      containing 3 (Aoc3) and lysyl oxidase (Lox). Two factors, vascular endothelial
      growth factor (Vegf) and focal adhesion kinase (Fak), related with Cu deficiency
      treatment, showed decreased expression in the transgenic inflammatory lung. We
      concluded that Cu deficiency occurs following chronic TNF-alpha-induced lung
      inflammation and this likely plays an essential role in the inflammation-induced
      lung damage. These results suggest the restoration of lung Cu status as a
      potential strategy in both treatment and prevention of chronic lung inflammation
      and related disorders. 

PMID- 27378944
TI  - Cardiovascular Response Patterns to Sympathetic Stimulation by Central
      Hypovolemia.
AB  - In healthy subjects, variation in cardiovascular responses to sympathetic
      stimulation evoked by submaximal lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is
      considerable. This study addressed the question whether inter-subject variation
      in cardiovascular responses coincides with consistent and reproducible responses
      in an individual subject. In 10 healthy subjects (5 female, median age 22 years),
      continuous hemodynamic parameters (finger plethysmography; Nexfin, Edwards
      Lifesciences), and time-domain baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were quantified
      during three consecutive 5-min runs of LBNP at -50 mmHg. The protocol was
      repeated after 1 week to establish intra-subject reproducibility. In response to
      LBNP, 5 subjects (3 females) showed a prominent increase in heart rate (HR; 54 +/
      14%, p = 0.001) with no change in total peripheral resistance (TPR; p = 0.25)
      whereas the other 5 subjects (2 females) demonstrated a significant rise in TPR
      (7 +/- 3%, p = 0.017) with a moderate increase in HR (21 +/- 9%, p = 0.004).
      These different reflex responses coincided with differences in resting BRS (22 +/
      8 vs. 11 +/- 3 ms/mmHg, p = 0.049) and resting HR (57 +/- 8 vs. 71 +/- 12 bpm, p
      = 0.047) and were highly reproducible over time. In conclusion, we found distinct
      cardiovascular response patterns to sympathetic stimulation by LBNP in young
      healthy individuals. These patterns of preferential autonomic blood pressure
      control appeared related to resting cardiac BRS and HR and were consistent over
      time. 

PMID- 27378945
TI  - Coordinated Metabolic Changes and Modulation of Autophagy during Myogenesis.
AB  - Autophagy undergoes a fine tuning during tissue differentiation and organ
      remodeling in order to meet the dynamic changes in the metabolic needs. While the
      involvement of autophagy in the homeostasis of mature muscle tissues has been
      intensively studied, no study has so far addressed the regulation of autophagy in
      relation to the metabolic state during the myogenic differentiation. In our
      recently published study (Fortini et al., 2016) we investigated the metabolic
      profile and regulation of autophagy that accompany the differentiation process of
      mouse skeletal muscle satellite cells (MSC)-derived myoblasts into myotubes.
      Here, we briefly present these findings also in the light of similar studies
      conducted by other authors. We show that during myogenic differentiation
      mitochondrial function and activity are greatly increased, and the activation of
      autophagy accompanies the transition from myoblasts to myotube. Autophagy is
      mTORC1 inactivation-independent and, remarkably, is required to allow the myocyte
      fusion process, as shown by impaired cell fusion when the autophagic flux is
      inhibited either by genetic or drug manipulation. Further, we found that
      myoblasts derived from p53 null mice show defective terminal differentiation into
      myotubes and reduced activation of basal autophagy. Of note, glycolysis prevails
      and mitochondrial biogenesis is strongly impaired in p53-null myoblasts. Thus,
      autophagy, mitochondrial homeostasis, and differentiation are finely tuned in a
      coordinate manner during muscle biogenesis. 

PMID- 27378946
TI  - Molecular and Functional Effects of a Splice Site Mutation in the MYL2 Gene
      Associated with Cardioskeletal Myopathy and Early Cardiac Death in Infants.
AB  - The homozygous appearance of the intronic mutation (IVS6-1) in the MYL2 gene
      encoding for myosin ventricular/slow-twitch skeletal regulatory light chain (RLC)
      was recently linked to the development of slow skeletal muscle fiber type I
      hypotrophy and early cardiac death. The IVS6-1 (c403-1G>C) mutation resulted from
      a cryptic splice site in MYL2 causing a frameshift and replacement of the last 32
      codons by 19 different amino acids in the RLC mutant protein. Infants who were
      IVS6-1(+/+)-positive died between 4 and 6 months of age due to cardiomyopathy and
      heart failure. In this report we have investigated the molecular mechanism and
      functional consequences associated with the IVS6-1 mutation using recombinant
      human cardiac IVS6-1 and wild-type (WT) RLC proteins. Recombinant proteins were
      reconstituted into RLC-depleted porcine cardiac muscle preparations and subjected
      to enzymatic and functional assays. IVS6-1-RLC showed decreased binding to the
      myosin heavy chain (MHC) compared with WT, and IVS6-1-reconstituted myosin
      displayed reduced binding to actin in rigor. The IVS6-1 myosin demonstrated a
      significantly lower Vmax of the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity compared
      with WT. In stopped-flow experiments, IVS6-1 myosin showed slower kinetics of the
      ATP induced dissociation of the acto-myosin complex and a significantly reduced
      slope of the kobs-[MgATP] relationship compared to WT. In skinned porcine cardiac
      muscles, RLC-depleted and IVS6-1 reconstituted muscle strips displayed a
      significant decrease in maximal contractile force and a significantly increased
      Ca(2+) sensitivity, both hallmarks of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-associated
      mutations in MYL2. Our results showed that the amino-acid changes in IVS6-1 were
      sufficient to impose significant conformational alterations in the RLC protein
      and trigger a series of abnormal protein-protein interactions in the cardiac
      muscle sarcomere. Notably, the mutation disrupted the RLC-MHC interaction and the
      steady-state and kinetics of the acto-myosin interaction. Specifically, slower
      myosin cross-bridge turnover rates and slower second-order MgATP binding rates of
      acto-myosin interactions were observed in IVS6-1 vs. WT reconstituted cardiac
      preparations. Our in vitro results suggest that when placed in vivo, IVS6-1 may
      lead to cardiomyopathy and early death of homozygous infants by severely
      compromising the ability of myosin to develop contractile force and maintain
      normal systolic and diastolic cardiac function. 

PMID- 27378947
TI  - Exercise, Nrf2 and Antioxidant Signaling in Cardiac Aging.
AB  - Aging is represented by a progressive decline in cellular functions. The age
      related deformities in cardiac behaviors are the loss of cardiac myocytes through
      apoptosis or programmed cell death. Oxidative stress (OS) and its deleterious
      consequence contribute to age-related mechanical remodeling, reduced regenerative
      capacity, and apoptosis in cardiac tissue. The pathogenesis of OS in the elderly
      can predispose the heart to other cardiac complications such as atherosclerosis,
      hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cardiac myopathy, and so on. At the
      molecular level, oxidant-induced activation of Nrf2 (Nuclear erythroid-2-p45
      related factor-2), a transcription factor, regulates several genes containing
      AREs (Antioxidant Response Element) and bring the respective translates to
      counteract the reactive radicals and establish homeostasis. Myriad of Nrf2 gene
      knockout studies in various organs such as lung, liver, kidney, brain, etc. have
      shown that dysregulation of Nrf2 severely affects the oxidant/ROS sensitivity and
      predispose the system to several pathological changes with aberrant cellular
      lesions. On the other hand, its gain of function chemical interventions exhibited
      oxidant stress resistance and cytoprotection. However, thus far, only a few
      investigations have shown the potential role of Nrf2 and its non-pharmacological
      induction in cardiac aging. Therefore, here we review the involvement of Nrf2
      signaling along with its responses and ramifications on the cascade of OS under
      acute exercise stress (AES), moderate exercise training (MET), and endurance
      exercise stress (EES) conditions in the aging heart. 

PMID- 27378948
TI  - Lower Arm Muscle Activation during Indirect-Localized Vibration: The Influence of
      Skill Levels When Applying Different Acceleration Loads.
AB  - We investigated the electromyographic response to synchronous indirect-localized
      vibration interventions in international and national table tennis players.
      Twenty-six male table tennis players, in a standing position, underwent firstly
      an upper arms maximal voluntary contraction and thereafter two different 30-s
      vibration interventions in random order: high acceleration load (peak
      acceleration = 12.8 g, frequency = 40 Hz; peak-to-peak displacement = 4.0 mm),
      and low acceleration load (peak acceleration = 7.2 g, frequency = 30 Hz, peak-to
      peak displacement = 4.0 mm). Surface electromyography root mean square from
      brachioradialis, extensor digitorum, flexor carpi radialis, and flexor digitorum
      superficialis recorded during the two vibration interventions was normalized to
      the maximal voluntary contraction recording. Normalized surface electromyography
      root mean square was higher in international table tennis players with respect to
      national ones in all the interactions between muscles and vibration conditions (P
      < 0.05), with the exception of flexor carpi radialis (at low acceleration load, P
      > 0.05). The difference in normalized surface electromyography root mean square
      between international table tennis players and national ones increased in all the
      muscles with high acceleration load (P < 0.05), with the exception of flexor
      digitorum superficialis (P > 0.05). The muscle activation during indirect
      localized vibration seems to be both skill level and muscle dependent. These
      results can optimize the training intervention in table tennis players when
      applying indirect-localized vibration to lower arm muscles. Future investigations
      should discriminate between middle- and long-term adaptations in response to
      specific vibration loads. 

PMID- 27378950
TI  - Outpatient Psychotherapy Reduces Health-Care Costs: A Study of 22,294 Insurants
      over 5 Years.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The project "Quality Assurance in Ambulatory Psychotherapy in
      Bavaria" (QS-PSY-BAY) focuses on the quality assurance of outpatient
      psychotherapy (OPT) in Germany in terms of symptom reduction and cost reduction
      under naturalistic conditions. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of
      psychotherapy in terms of pre-post cost reduction. METHOD: The health-care costs
      of N = 22,294 insurants over a 5-year period were examined in a naturalistic
      longitudinal design. Six participating health insurance funds provided data on
      costs related to inpatient treatment, outpatient treatment, drugs, and
      hospitalization and work disability days. RESULTS: We found that the average
      annual total costs for inpatient and outpatient treatments as well as drug costs
      and work disability days increased from the second to the first year before OPT.
      Besides a large and significant reduction of work disability days (41.8%),
      hospitalization days (27.4%), and inpatient costs (21.5%) from the first year
      before versus the first year following OPT, we found evidence for long-term
      effects: the number of work disability days in the second year after OPT was
      lower (23.8%), and drug costs were higher than in the second year before OPT
      (41.5%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that OPT as a part of the health insurance
      system is an investment which can pay off in the future especially in terms of
      lower inpatient costs and work disability.

PMID- 27378951
TI  - Effectiveness of In Virtuo Exposure and Response Prevention Treatment Using
      Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Study Based on
      a Single-Case Study Protocol.
AB  - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the presence of
      distressing, recurrent and intrusive thoughts, impulses, or doubts as well as
      behavioral or mental rituals. OCD has various subtypes, including the fear of
      contamination in which individuals fear bacteria, germs, disease, or bodily
      secretions, and engage in clinically significant cleaning and avoidance rituals.
      Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for OCD and
      involves, among other therapeutic strategies, exposing patients to feared stimuli
      while preventing them to engage in compulsive behaviors. In recent years, virtual
      reality (VR) has shown the potential of in virtuo exposure with people suffering
      from anxiety disorders and OCD. The objective of this pilot study is to examine
      the effectiveness of a CBT program where exposure in conducted in virtuo. Three
      adults suffering from OCD with a dominant subtype of contamination were enrolled
      in a single-case design with multiple baselines across participants. The presence
      and intensity of obsessions and compulsions were assessed daily during baselines
      of 3-, 4-, or 5-week, and a 12-session treatment. Follow-up information was
      gathered after 4 and 8 months. Treatment outcome is assessed with visual
      inspection of the graphs and ARMA time-series analyses. Clinical information,
      self-reports, and details of the treatment are provided for each patient.
      Statistical analyses for the time-series data revealed a statistically
      significant improvement in all three participants, but global improvement is
      considered positive for only two. This study innovates in proving preliminary
      support for the usefulness of VR in the CBT of OCD with contamination features. 

PMID- 27378949
TI  - Updates and Current Perspectives of Psychiatric Assessments after Traumatic Brain
      Injury: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Neuropsychological and psychiatric disorders represent a major concern and cause
      of disabilities after the trauma, contributing to worse recovery after traumatic
      brain injury (TBI). However, the lack of well-defined parameters to evaluate
      patient's psychiatric disorders leads to a wide range of diagnoses and symptoms.
      The aim of this study was to perform a review of literature in order to gather
      data of the most common scales and inventories used to assess and diagnose
      depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after TBI. We
      conducted a literature search via MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science. We
      included reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis studies, and we used the
      following keywords: "traumatic brain injury OR TBI," "depression OR depressive
      disorder," "anxiety," and "posttraumatic stress disorder OR PTSD." From 610
      titles, a total of 68 systematic reviews or meta-analysis were included in the
      section "Results" of this review: depression (n = 32), anxiety (n = 9), and PTSD
      (n = 27). Depression after TBI is a more established condition, with more
      homogeneous studies. Anxiety and PTSD disorders have been studied in a
      heterogeneous way, usually as comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. Some
      scales and inventories designed for the general community may not be appropriate
      for patients with TBI. 

PMID- 27378952
TI  - Reward Learning, Neurocognition, Social Cognition, and Symptomatology in
      Psychosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with psychosis spectrum disorders exhibit deficits in social
      and neurocognition, as well as hallmark abnormalities in motivation and reward
      processing. Aspects of reward processing may overlap behaviorally and
      neurobiologically with some elements of cognitive functioning, and abnormalities
      in these processes may share partially overlapping etiologies in patients.
      However, whether reward processing and cognition are associated across the
      psychoses and linked to state and trait clinical symptomatology is unclear.
      METHOD: The present study examined associations between cognitive functioning,
      reward learning, and clinical symptomatology in a cross-diagnostic sample.
      Patients with schizophrenia (SZ; n = 37), bipolar I disorder with psychosis (BD;
      n = 42), and healthy controls (n = 29) were assessed for clinical symptoms
      (patients only), neurocognitive functioning using the MATRICS Battery (MCCB) and
      reward learning using the probabilistic reward task (PRT). Groups were compared
      on neurocognition and PRT response bias, and associations between PRT response
      bias and neurocognition or clinical symptoms were examined controlling for
      demographic variables and PRT task difficulty (discriminability). RESULTS:
      Patients with SZ performed worse than controls on most measures of
      neurocognition; patients with BD exhibited deficits in some domains between the
      level of patients with SZ and controls. The SZ - but not BD - group exhibited
      deficits in social cognition compared to controls. Patients and controls did not
      differ on PRT response bias, but did differ on PRT discriminability. Better
      response bias across the sample was associated with poorer social cognition, but
      not neurocognition; conversely, discriminability was associated with
      neurocognition but not social cognition. Symptoms of psychosis, particularly
      negative symptoms, were associated with poorer response bias across patient
      groups. DISCUSSION: Reward learning was associated with symptoms of psychosis -
      in particular negative symptoms - across diagnoses, and was predictive of worse
      social cognition. Reward learning was not associated with neurocognitive
      performance, suggesting that, across patient groups, social cognition but not
      neurocognition may share common pathways with this aspect of reinforcement
      learning. Better understanding of how cognitive dysfunction and reward processing
      deficits relate to one another, to other key symptom dimensions (e.g.,
      psychosis), and to diagnostic categories, may help clarify shared etiological
      pathways and guide efforts toward targeted treatment approaches.

PMID- 27378953
TI  - Neuroinflammation and Behavior in HIV-1 Transgenic Rats Exposed to Chronic
      Adolescent Stress.
AB  - Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved prognosis for people
      living with HIV (PLWH) and dramatically reduced the incidence of AIDS. However,
      even when viral load is controlled, PLWH develop psychiatric and neurological
      disorders more frequently than those living without HIV. Adolescents with HIV are
      particularly susceptible to the development of psychiatric illnesses and
      neurocognitive impairments. While both psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders
      have been found to be exacerbated by stress, the extent to which chronic stress
      and HIV-1 viral proteins interact to impact behavior and relevant
      neuroinflammatory processes is unknown. Determination of the individual
      contributions of stress and HIV to neuropsychiatric disorders is heavily
      confounded in humans. In order to isolate the influence of HIV-1 proteins and
      chronic stress on behavior and neuroinflammation, we employed the HIV-1
      transgenic (Tg) rat model, which expresses HIV-1 proteins with a gag and pol
      deletion, allowing for viral protein expression without viral replication. This
      Tg line has been characterized as a model of HAART-controlled HIV-1 infection due
      to the lack of viral replication but continued presence of HIV-1 proteins. We
      exposed male and female adolescent HIV-1 Tg rats to a mixed-modality chronic
      stress paradigm consisting of isolation, social defeat and restraint, and
      assessed behavior, cerebral vascularization, and neuroinflammatory endpoints.
      Stress, sex, and presence of the HIV-1 transgene impacted weight gain in
      adolescent rats. Female HIV-1 Tg rats showed decreases in central tendency during
      the light cycle in the open field regardless of stress exposure. Both male and
      female HIV-1 Tg rats exhibited decreased investigative behavior in the novel
      object recognition task, but no memory impairments. Adolescent stress had no
      effect on the tested behaviors. Microglia in female HIV-1 Tg rats exhibited a
      hyper-ramified structure, and gene expression of complement factor B was
      increased in the hippocampus. In addition, adolescent stress exposure increased
      microglial branching and junctions in female wild-type rats without causing any
      additional increase in HIV-1 rats. These data suggest that the presence of HIV-1
      proteins during development leads to alterations in behavioral and
      neuroinflammatory endpoints that are not further impacted by concurrent chronic
      adolescent stress. 

PMID- 27378954
TI  - The Impact of Target Frequency on Intra-Individual Variability in Euthymic
      Bipolar Disorder: A Comparison of Two Sustained Attention Tasks.
AB  - Greater intra-individual variability (IIV) in reaction time (RT) on a sustained
      attention task has been reported in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) compared
      with healthy controls. However, it is unclear whether IIV is task specific, or
      whether it represents general cross-task impairment in BD. This study aimed to
      investigate whether IIV occurs in sustained attention tasks with different
      parameters. Twenty-two patients with BD (currently euthymic) and 17 controls
      completed two sustained attention tasks on different occasions: a low target
      frequency (~20%) Vigil continuous performance test (CPT) and a high target
      frequency (~70%) CPT version A-X (CPT-AX). Variability measures (individual
      standard deviation and coefficient of variation) were calculated per participant,
      and ex-Gaussian modeling was also applied. This was supplemented by Vincentile
      analysis to characterize RT distributions. Results indicated that participants
      (patients and controls) were generally slower and more variable when completing
      the Vigil CPT compared with CPT-AX. Significant group differences were also
      observed in the Vigil CPT, with euthymic BD patients being more variable than
      controls. This result suggests that IIV in BD demonstrates some degree of task
      specificity. Further research should incorporate analysis of additional RT
      distributional models (drift diffusion and fast Fourier transform) to fully
      characterize the pattern of IIV in BD, as well as its relationship to cognitive
      processes. 

PMID- 27378956
TI  - Mental Pain and Suicide: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mental pain, defined as a subjective experience characterized by
      perception of strong negative feelings and changes in the self and its function,
      is no less real than other types of grief. Mental pain has been considered to be
      a distinct entity from depression. We have performed a systematic review
      analyzing the relationship between mental pain and suicide by providing a
      qualitative data synthesis of the studies. METHODS: We have conducted, in
      accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search for the literature in
      PubMed, Web Of Science, and Scopus. Search terms were "mental pain" "OR"
      "psychological pain" OR "psychache" combined with the Boolean "AND" operator with
      "suicid*." In addition, a manual search of the literature, only including the
      term "psychache," was performed on Google Scholar for further studies not yet
      identified. RESULTS: Initial search identified 1450 citations. A total of 42
      research reports met the predefined inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Mental
      pain was found to be a significant predictive factor of suicide risk, even in the
      absence of a diagnosed mental disorder. Specifically, mental pain is a stronger
      factor of vulnerability of suicidal ideation than depression. CONCLUSION: Mental
      pain is a core clinical factor for understanding suicide, both in the context of
      mood disorders and independently from depression. Health care professionals need
      to be aware of the higher suicidal risk in patients reporting mental pain. In
      this regard, psychological assessment should include a clinimetric evaluation of
      mental pain in order to further detect its contribution to suicidal tendency.

PMID- 27378957
TI  - Clinical Characteristics Associated with Suicide Attempts in Clinical Settings: A
      Comparison of Suicidal and Non-Suicidal Depressed Inpatients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Both psychiatrists and psychiatric nurses are involved in the
      psychiatric management of suicidal inpatients. One-to-one observation by
      qualified nurses and the accommodation of the patient in a room close to the
      infirmary are usually recommended. Suicidal risk should be reassessed
      periodically to check response to treatment. AIM: To compare the severity of
      depressive symptoms in depressed inpatients admitted after an attempted suicide
      and those admitted for any other reason and to assess the severity of suicide
      attempts and the management of suicidal risk in clinical settings. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We divided the sample into two subgroups: patients with a diagnosis of
      depression admitted because of a recent suicide attempt and depressed patients
      with no recent history of attempted suicide. Socio-demographic and clinical data
      were gathered; assessments included the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
      and the Nurses' Global Assessment of Suicide Risk (NGASR). RESULTS: Forty-six
      patients were recruited over a 1-year period: 20 were admitted to the hospital
      following a suicide attempt; the other 26 had not attempted suicide and were
      admitted for other depression-related reasons. Multivariate analysis revealed a
      correlation between use of antidepressants and recent attempted suicide.
      Attempting suicide was not related to the severity of depressive symptoms. In the
      recent suicide attempt subgroup, NGASR suicide risk levels were lower at
      discharge than at admission. Patients with a recent history of attempted suicide
      had a higher number of suicide attempts in their clinical history than patients
      with no recent history of attempted suicide. CONCLUSION: There were no
      correlations between psychiatric diagnosis, severity of depressive symptoms, and
      recent suicide attempt. Antidepressant therapy protected against suicide
      attempts. History of suicide attempts was one of the best predictors of recent
      attempted suicide. A more thorough understanding of the complex phenomenon of
      suicide and the reasons for suicidal behavior is needed.

PMID- 27378955
TI  - Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice?
AB  - Diagnosis and individualized treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
      represent major problems for contemporary psychiatry. Tackling these problems
      requires guidance by a pathophysiological theory. In this paper, we consider
      recent theories that re-conceptualize ASD from a "Bayesian brain" perspective,
      which posit that the core abnormality of ASD resides in perceptual aberrations
      due to a disbalance in the precision of prediction errors (sensory noise)
      relative to the precision of predictions (prior beliefs). This results in
      percepts that are dominated by sensory inputs and less guided by top-down
      regularization and shifts the perceptual focus to detailed aspects of the
      environment with difficulties in extracting meaning. While these Bayesian
      theories have inspired ongoing empirical studies, their clinical implications
      have not yet been carved out. Here, we consider how this Bayesian perspective on
      disease mechanisms in ASD might contribute to improving clinical care for
      affected individuals. Specifically, we describe a computational strategy, based
      on generative (e.g., hierarchical Bayesian) models of behavioral and functional
      neuroimaging data, for establishing diagnostic tests. These tests could provide
      estimates of specific cognitive processes underlying ASD and delineate
      pathophysiological mechanisms with concrete treatment targets. Written with a
      clinical audience in mind, this article outlines how the development of
      computational diagnostics applicable to behavioral and functional neuroimaging
      data in routine clinical practice could not only fundamentally alter our concept
      of ASD but eventually also transform the clinical management of this disorder. 

PMID- 27378958
TI  - Editorial: Frontiers in Synaptic Plasticity: Dendritic Spines, Circuitries and
      Behavior.

PMID- 27378959
TI  - The Construction of Impossibility: A Logic-Based Analysis of Conjuring Tricks.
AB  - Psychologists and cognitive scientists have long drawn insights and evidence from
      stage magic about human perceptual and attentional errors. We present a
      complementary analysis of conjuring tricks that seeks to understand the
      experience of impossibility that they produce. Our account is first motivated by
      insights about the constructional aspects of conjuring drawn from magicians'
      instructional texts. A view is then presented of the logical nature of
      impossibility as an unresolvable contradiction between a perception-supported
      belief about a situation and a memory-supported expectation. We argue that this
      condition of impossibility is constructed not simply through misperceptions and
      misattentions, but rather it is an outcome of a trick's whole structure of
      events. This structure is conceptualized as two parallel event sequences: an
      effect sequence that the spectator is intended to believe; and a method sequence
      that the magician understands as happening. We illustrate the value of this
      approach through an analysis of a simple close-up trick, Martin Gardner's
      Turnabout. A formalism called propositional dynamic logic is used to describe
      some of its logical aspects. This elucidates the nature and importance of the
      relationship between a trick's effect sequence and its method sequence,
      characterized by the careful arrangement of four evidence relationships:
      similarity, perceptual equivalence, structural equivalence, and congruence. The
      analysis further identifies two characteristics of magical apparatus that enable
      the construction of apparent impossibility: substitutable elements and stable
      occlusion. 

PMID- 27378960
TI  - The Importance of Formalizing Computational Models of Face Adaptation
      Aftereffects.
AB  - Face adaptation is widely used as a means to probe the neural representations
      that support face recognition. While the theories that relate face adaptation to
      behavioral aftereffects may seem conceptually simple, our work has shown that
      testing computational instantiations of these theories can lead to unexpected
      results. Instantiating a model of face adaptation not only requires specifying
      how faces are represented and how adaptation shapes those representations but
      also specifying how decisions are made, translating hidden representational
      states into observed responses. Considering the high-dimensionality of face
      representations, the parallel activation of multiple representations, and the non
      linearity of activation functions and decision mechanisms, intuitions alone are
      unlikely to succeed. If the goal is to understand mechanism, not simply to
      examine the boundaries of a behavioral phenomenon or correlate behavior with
      brain activity, then formal computational modeling must be a component of theory
      testing. To illustrate, we highlight our recent computational modeling of face
      adaptation aftereffects and discuss how models can be used to understand the
      mechanisms by which faces are recognized. 

PMID- 27378961
TI  - Are Individual Differences in Arithmetic Fact Retrieval in Children Related to
      Inhibition?
AB  - Although it has been proposed that inhibition is related to individual
      differences in mathematical achievement, it is not clear how it is related to
      specific aspects of mathematical skills, such as arithmetic fact retrieval. The
      present study therefore investigated the association between inhibition and
      arithmetic fact retrieval and further examined the unique role of inhibition in
      individual differences in arithmetic fact retrieval, in addition to numerical
      magnitude processing. We administered measures of cognitive inhibition (i.e.,
      numerical and non-numerical stroop tasks) and a complementary, more ecologically
      valid measure of children's inhibition in the classroom (i.e., teacher
      questionnaire), as well as numerical magnitude processing (i.e., symbolic and non
      symbolic numerical magnitude comparison) and arithmetic fact retrieval (i.e., two
      verification tasks) in 86 typically developing third graders. We used a
      correlation, a regression and a Bayesian analysis. This study failed to observe a
      significant association between inhibition and arithmetic fact retrieval.
      Consequently, our results did not reveal a unique contribution of inhibition to
      arithmetic fact retrieval in addition to numerical magnitude processing. On the
      other hand, symbolic numerical magnitude processing turned out to be a very
      powerful predictor of arithmetic fact retrieval, as indicated by both frequentist
      and Bayesian approaches. 

PMID- 27378962
TI  - Distinct Visual Processing of Real Objects and Pictures of Those Objects in 7- to
      9-month-old Infants.
AB  - The present study examined 7- and 9-month-old infants' visual habituation to real
      objects and pictures of the same objects and their preferences between real and
      pictorial versions of the same objects following habituation. Different
      hypotheses would predict that infants may habituate faster to pictures than real
      objects (based on proposed theoretical links between behavioral habituation in
      infants and neuroimaging adaptation in adults) or to real objects vs. pictures
      (based on past infant electrophysiology data). Sixty-one 7-month-old infants and
      fifty-nine 9-month-old infants were habituated to either a real object or a
      picture of the same object and afterward preference tested with the habituation
      object paired with either the novel real object or its picture counterpart.
      Infants of both age groups showed basic information-processing advantages for
      real objects. Specifically, during the initial presentations, 9-month-old infants
      looked longer at stimuli in both formats than the 7-month olds but more
      importantly both age groups looked longer at real objects than pictures, though
      with repeated presentations, they habituated faster for real objects such that at
      the end of habituation, they looked equally at both types of stimuli.
      Surprisingly, even after habituation, infants preferred to look at the real
      objects, regardless of whether they had habituated to photos or real objects. Our
      findings suggest that from as early as 7-months of age, infants show strong
      preferences for real objects, perhaps because real objects are visually richer
      and/or enable the potential for genuine interactions. 

PMID- 27378963
TI  - Smartphone Applications Utilizing Biofeedback Can Aid Stress Reduction.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Stress is one of the leading global causes of disease and premature
      mortality. Despite this, interventions aimed at reducing stress have low
      adherence rates. The proliferation of mobile phone devices along with gaming
      style applications allows for a unique opportunity to broaden the reach and
      appeal of stress-reduction interventions in modern society. We assessed the
      effectiveness of two smartphone applications games combined with biofeedback in
      reducing stress. METHODS: We compared a control game to gaming-style smartphone
      applications combined with a skin conductance biofeedback device (the Pip). Fifty
      participants aged between 18 and 35 completed the Trier Social Stress Test. They
      were then randomly assigned to the intervention (biofeedback game) or control
      group (a non-biofeedback game) for thirty minutes. Perceived stress, heart rate
      and mood were measured before and after participants had played the games.
      RESULTS: A mixed factorial ANOVA showed a significant interaction between time
      and game type in predicting perceived stress [F(1,48) = 14.19, p < 0.001].
      Participants in the biofeedback intervention had significantly reduced stress
      compared to the control group. There was also a significant interaction between
      time and game in predicting heart rate [F(1,48) = 6.41, p < 0.05]. Participants
      in the biofeedback intervention showed significant reductions in heart rate
      compared to the control group. DISCUSSION: This illustrates the potential for
      gaming-style smartphone applications combined with biofeedback as stress
      reduction interventions.

PMID- 27378964
TI  - Dance Movements Enhance Song Learning in Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants.
AB  - Music perception of cochlear implants (CI) users is constrained by the absence of
      salient musical pitch cues crucial for melody identification, but is made
      possible by timing cues that are largely preserved by current devices. While
      musical timing cues, including beats and rhythms, are a potential route to music
      learning, it is not known what extent they are perceptible to CI users in complex
      sound scenes, especially when pitch and timbral features can co-occur and obscure
      these musical features. The task at hand, then, becomes one of optimizing the
      available timing cues for young CI users by exploring ways that they might be
      perceived and encoded simultaneously across multiple modalities. Accordingly, we
      examined whether training tasks that engage active music listening through dance
      might enhance the song identification skills of deaf children with CIs. Nine CI
      children learned new songs in two training conditions: (a) listening only
      (auditory learning), and (2) listening and dancing (auditory-motor learning). We
      examined children's ability to identify original song excerpts, as well as
      mistuned, and piano versions from a closed-set task. While CI children were less
      accurate than their normal hearing peers, they showed greater song identification
      accuracies in versions that preserved the original instrumental beats following
      learning that engaged active listening with dance. The observed performance
      advantage is further qualified by a medium effect size, indicating that the gains
      afforded by auditory-motor learning are practically meaningful. Furthermore,
      kinematic analyses of body movements showed that CI children synchronized to
      temporal structures in music in a manner that was comparable to normal hearing
      age-matched peers. Our findings are the first to indicate that input from CI
      devices enables good auditory-motor integration of timing cues in child CI users
      for the purposes of listening and dancing to music. Beyond the heightened arousal
      from active engagement with music, our findings indicate that a more robust
      representation or memory of musical timing features was made possible by
      multimodal processing. Methods that encourage CI children to entrain, or track
      musical timing with body movements, may be particularly effective in
      consolidating musical knowledge than methods that engage listening only. 

PMID- 27378965
TI  - A Novel Technique for Improving Bodily Experience in a Non-operable Super-Super
      Obesity Case.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The available clinical guidelines for super-super obese patients
      (i.e., with body mass index (BMI) > 60 kg/m(2)) that are not suitable for
      bariatric surgery mandate a palliative multidisciplinary treatment (i.e.,
      production and maintenance of weight loss) provided in a center of excellence.
      However, the modality and the impact of this approach are still controversial.
      Moreover, it is not able to address the high level of body dissatisfaction and
      body distortions that are common among these patients. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We
      report the case of a non-operable super-super obesity - a 37 year old woman with
      a BMI of 62 kg/m(2) - receiving a specialized treatment for her obstructive sleep
      apnea. She entered a multidisciplinary program that promoted healthy behaviors,
      including physical activities and psychological intervention. To improve body
      dissatisfaction, which was linked to a significant multisensory impairment of
      body perception, she also entered a virtual reality (VR) body-swapping illusion
      protocol. At the end of the current investigation, the patient continued her
      multidisciplinary program, reporting an increase in the motivation for
      undertaking healthy behavior and a decrease in the anxiety feelings associated
      with her clinical condition. CONCLUSION: This case provides preliminary evidence
      that both body dissatisfaction and body-size distortions of non-operable super
      super obesity patients could be addressed by a VR body-swapping protocol, which
      is important because the palliative multidisciplinary treatment recommended for
      these patients is not able to address them. Interestingly, the use of a VR body
      swapping illusion protocol seems to be able to improve not only the experience of
      the body in these patients but their motivation for change, too.

PMID- 27378966
TI  - Greater Emotional Gain from Giving in Older Adults: Age-Related Positivity Bias
      in Charitable Giving.
AB  - Older adults have been shown to avoid negative and prefer positive information to
      a higher extent than younger adults. This positivity bias influences their
      information processing as well as decision-making. We investigate age-related
      positivity bias in charitable giving in two studies. In Study 1 we examine
      motivational factors in monetary donations, while Study 2 focuses on the
      emotional effect of actual monetary donations. In Study 1, participants (n = 353,
      age range 20-74 years) were asked to rate their affect toward a person in need
      and then state how much money they would be willing to donate to help this
      person. In Study 2, participants (n = 108, age range 19-89) were asked to rate
      their affect toward a donation made a few days prior. Regression analysis was
      used to investigate whether or not the positivity bias influences the
      relationship between affect and donations. In Study 1, we found that older adults
      felt more sympathy and compassion and were less motivated by negative affect when
      compared to younger adults, who were motivated by both negative and positive
      affect. In Study 2, we found that the level of positive emotional reactions from
      monetary donations was higher in older participants compared to younger
      participants. We find support for an age-related positivity bias in charitable
      giving. This is true for motivation to make a future donation, as well as
      affective thinking about a previous donation. We conclude that older adults draw
      more positive affect from both the planning and outcome of monetary donations and
      hence benefit more from engaging in monetary charity than their younger
      counterparts. 

PMID- 27378967
TI  - Is Anorexia Nervosa a Disorder of the Self? A Psychological Approach.
AB  - The debate concerning the pathogenesis and the maintaining factors of eating
      disorders, anorexia nervosa in particular, is ongoing especially since
      therapeutic interventions do not result in satisfactory and enduring rates of
      remission. This paper presents a model for the pathogenesis of eating disorders,
      based on the hypothesis of a deficiency in the development of the self. We
      present the theory in light of new evidence concerning the role of attachment
      insecurity in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. In particular,
      we define the self in eating disorders in a comprehensive way by taking into
      account recent evidence from experimental psychology and neurobiology. The paper
      considers the development of the self in terms of its synchronic (i.e.,
      experienced in the moment) and diachronic (i.e., experienced as continuous over
      time) aspects. Both synchronic and diachronic aspects of the self are relevant to
      the expression of eating disorder symptoms. Further, the maturation of the self
      is interwoven with the development of attachment functioning from infancy to
      adolescence. This interplay between these developmental processes of the self and
      of attachment could be crucial in understanding the pathogenesis of eating
      disorders. The final part of the paper suggests a neurobiological link between
      the theory of the self in the eating disorders and the spatiotemporal functioning
      of the brain. Disturbances in spatiotemporal functioning may represent the
      neurobiological pathway by which deficiencies in the self is related to
      attachment functions in individuals with eating disorders. 

PMID- 27378969
TI  - Asynchronous Video Interviewing as a New Technology in Personnel Selection: The
      Applicant's Point of View.
AB  - The present study aimed to integrate findings from technology acceptance research
      with research on applicant reactions to new technology for the emerging selection
      procedure of asynchronous video interviewing. One hundred six volunteers
      experienced asynchronous video interviewing and filled out several questionnaires
      including one on the applicants' personalities. In line with previous technology
      acceptance research, the data revealed that perceived usefulness and perceived
      ease of use predicted attitudes toward asynchronous video interviewing.
      Furthermore, openness revealed to moderate the relation between perceived
      usefulness and attitudes toward this particular selection technology. No
      significant effects emerged for computer self-efficacy, job interview self
      efficacy, extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. Theoretical and
      practical implications are discussed. 

PMID- 27378968
TI  - Synchrony in Psychotherapy: A Review and an Integrative Framework for the
      Therapeutic Alliance.
AB  - During psychotherapy, patient and therapist tend to spontaneously synchronize
      their vocal pitch, bodily movements, and even their physiological processes. In
      the present article, we consider how this pervasive phenomenon may shed new light
      on the therapeutic relationship- or alliance- and its role within psychotherapy.
      We first review clinical research on the alliance and the multidisciplinary area
      of interpersonal synchrony. We then integrate both literatures in the
      Interpersonal Synchrony (In-Sync) model of psychotherapy. According to the model,
      the alliance is grounded in the coupling of patient and therapist's brains.
      Because brains do not interact directly, movement synchrony may help to establish
      inter-brain coupling. Inter-brain coupling may provide patient and therapist with
      access to another's internal states, which facilitates common understanding and
      emotional sharing. Over time, these interpersonal exchanges may improve patients'
      emotion-regulatory capacities and related therapeutic outcomes. We discuss the
      empirical assessment of interpersonal synchrony and review preliminary research
      on synchrony in psychotherapy. Finally, we summarize our main conclusions and
      consider the broader implications of viewing psychotherapy as the product of two
      interacting brains. 

PMID- 27378970
TI  - Effect of Partnership Status on Preferences for Facial Self-Resemblance.
AB  - Self-resemblance has been found to have a context-dependent effect when
      expressing preferences for faces. Whereas dissimilarity preference during mate
      choice in animals is often explained as an evolutionary adaptation to increase
      heterozygosity of offspring, self-resemblance can be also favored in humans,
      reflecting, e.g., preference for kinship cues. We performed two studies, using
      transformations of facial photographs to manipulate levels of resemblance with
      the rater, to examine the influence of self-resemblance in single vs. coupled
      individuals. Raters assessed facial attractiveness of other-sex and same-sex
      photographs according to both short-term and long-term relationship contexts. We
      found a preference for dissimilarity of other-sex and same-sex faces in single
      individuals, but no effect of self-resemblance in coupled raters. No effect of
      sex of participant or short-term vs. long-term attractiveness rating was
      observed. The results support the evolutionary interpretation that dissimilarity
      of other-sex faces is preferred by uncoupled individuals as an adaptive mechanism
      to avoid inbreeding. In contrast, lower dissimilarity preference of other-sex
      faces in coupled individuals may reflect suppressed attention to attractiveness
      cues in potential alternative partners as a relationship maintenance mechanism,
      and its substitution by attention to cues of kinship and psychological similarity
      connected with greater likelihood of prosocial behavior acquisition from such
      persons. 

PMID- 27378971
TI  - Reminiscence through the Lens of Social Media.
AB  - Reminiscence is used to support and create new social bonds and give meaning to
      life. Originally perceived as a preoccupation of the aged, we now recognize that
      reminiscence has value throughout the lifespan. Increasingly, social media can be
      used to both support and prompt reminiscence, with Facebook's Lookback or Year in
      Review as recent examples. This work takes prompted reminiscence further, asking
      what forms and functions of reminiscence are supported by social media. Utilizing
      the online service MySocialBook, we invited participants to curate content from
      their personal Facebook account to then be transformed into a printed book. We
      used that book as a prompt for discussion of the reminiscence function of the
      curated material, using Westerhof and Bohlmeijer's (2014) reminiscence framework
      as a starting point. We conclude that this framework is valuable in understanding
      the role of social media in reminiscence, but note that earlier models, such as
      Webster's Reminiscence Functions Scale, are also relevant. We contribute to the
      reminiscence debate by adding a technological lens to the process of life review,
      whilst concurring with other researchers in this field that a robust conceptual
      framework is lacking, particularly when considering the forms of reminiscence
      that are most salient for younger people. 

PMID- 27378972
TI  - The ADHD Concomitant Difficulties Scale (ADHD-CDS), a Brief Scale to Measure
      Comorbidity Associated to ADHD.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although the critical feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity
      disorder (ADHD) is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or
      hyperactivity/impulsivity behavior, the disorder is clinically heterogeneous, and
      concomitant difficulties are common. Children with ADHD are at increased risk for
      experiencing lifelong impairments in multiple domains of daily functioning. In
      the present study we aimed to build a brief ADHD impairment-related tool -ADHD
      concomitant difficulties scale (ADHD-CDS)- to assess the presence of some of the
      most important comorbidities that usually appear associated with ADHD such as
      emotional/motivational management, fine motor coordination, problem
      solving/management of time, disruptive behavior, sleep habits, academic
      achievement and quality of life. The two main objectives of the study were (i) to
      discriminate those profiles with several and important ADHD functional
      difficulties and (ii) to create a brief clinical tool that fosters a
      comprehensive evaluation process and can be easily used by clinicians. METHODS:
      The total sample included 399 parents of children with ADHD aged 6-18 years (M =
      11.65; SD = 3.1; 280 males) and 297 parents of children without a diagnosis of
      ADHD (M = 10.91; SD = 3.2; 149 male). The scale construction followed an item
      improved sequential process. RESULTS: Factor analysis showed a 13-item single
      factor model with good fit indices. Higher scores on inattention predicted higher
      scores on ADHD-CDS for both the clinical sample (beta = 0.50; p < 0.001) and the
      whole sample (beta = 0.85; p < 0.001). The ROC curve for the ADHD-CDS (against
      the ADHD diagnostic status) gave an area under the curve (AUC) of.979 (95%, CI =
      [0.969, 0.990]). DISCUSSION: The ADHD-CDS has shown preliminary adequate
      psychometric properties, with high convergent validity and good sensitivity for
      different ADHD profiles, which makes it a potentially appropriate and brief
      instrument that may be easily used by clinicians, researchers, and health
      professionals in dealing with ADHD.

PMID- 27378973
TI  - "Letting Go" (Implicitly): Priming Mindfulness Mitigates the Effects of a
      Moderate Social Stressor.
AB  - This experimental study investigated whether implicitly priming mindfulness would
      facilitate psychological and cortisol recovery after undergoing a standardized
      psychological stressor. After completing baseline measures of well-being, all
      participants (N = 91) completed a public speaking stress task, were implicitly
      primed with "mindfulness" or "neutral" concepts using a scrambled sentence task,
      and finally, reported their situational well-being and provided cortisol samples.
      Simple moderation regression analyses revealed that the implicit mindfulness
      condition had significant beneficial effects for participants with low trait
      mindfulness. These participants reported higher situational self-esteem as well
      as less negative affect, perceived stress, and self-reported physiological
      arousal than their counterparts in the control condition. Cortisol analyses
      revealed that participants in the implicit mindfulness condition, regardless of
      level of trait mindfulness, showed a greater decline in cortisol during the early
      recovery stage compared to those in the control condition. Overall, results
      suggest that implicitly activating mindfulness can mitigate the psychological and
      physiological effects of a social stressor. 

PMID- 27378974
TI  - Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Retrieval Interference in Spoken
      Language Comprehension.
AB  - The cue-based retrieval theory (Lewis et al., 2006) predicts that interference
      from similar distractors should create difficulty for argument integration,
      however this hypothesis has only been examined in the written modality. The
      current study uses the Visual World Paradigm (VWP) to assess its feasibility to
      study retrieval interference arising from distractors present in a visual display
      during spoken language comprehension. The study aims to extend findings from Van
      Dyke and McElree (2006), which utilized a dual-task paradigm with written
      sentences in which they manipulated the relationship between extra-sentential
      distractors and the semantic retrieval cues from a verb, to the spoken modality.
      Results indicate that retrieval interference effects do occur in the spoken
      modality, manifesting immediately upon encountering the verbal retrieval cue for
      inaccurate trials when the distractors are present in the visual field. We also
      observed indicators of repair processes in trials containing semantic
      distractors, which were ultimately answered correctly. We conclude that the VWP
      is a useful tool for investigating retrieval interference effects, including both
      the online effects of distractors and their after-effects, when repair is
      initiated. This work paves the way for further studies of retrieval interference
      in the spoken modality, which is especially significant for examining the
      phenomenon in pre-reading children, non-reading adults (e.g., people with
      aphasia), and spoken language bilinguals. 

PMID- 27378975
TI  - The Influence of the Social Environment Context in Stress and Coping in Sport.
AB  - Lazarus (1999) model of stress and coping is based on the reciprocal interaction
      between the person and the environment. The aim of this study therefore was to
      examine whether the social environment (significant others) are of influence on
      the stress and coping of team athletes. The study consisted of two separate
      studies in which a total of 12 team athletes participated. First, six field
      hockey players (two males, four females) aged 18-29 years (M = 23.0 years)
      participated in a diary study. Second, six team athletes of different sports (two
      males, four females) aged 24-29 years (M = 25.8 years) were interviewed. The
      results showed that in particular teammates are important for the appraisal of
      stress and coping in team sports. For over half (i.e., 51.5%) of the reported
      stressors in the diary study the participants felt that others were of influence
      on their coping. Team athletes experienced the highest stress intensity during
      competition, or when they appraised the situation as a threat. When others were
      of influence the team athletes were most likely to appraise the situation as a
      challenge and use problem- or emotion-focused coping strategies. These finding
      might provide a new portal for intervention to enhance coping with stress in
      sport and enhance performance and satisfaction. 

PMID- 27378976
TI  - Editorial: Overlap of Neural Systems for Processing Language and Music.

PMID- 27378977
TI  - Motivational Hierarchy in the Chinese Brain: Primacy of the Individual Self,
      Relational Self, or Collective Self?
AB  - According to the three-tier hierarchy of motivational potency in the self system,
      the self can be divided into individual self, relational self, and collective
      self, and individual self is at the top of the motivational hierarchy in Western
      culture. However, the motivational primacy of the individual self is challenged
      in Chinese culture, which raises the question about whether the three-tier
      hierarchy of motivational potency in the self system can be differentiated in the
      collectivist brain. The present study recorded the event-related potentials
      (ERPs) to evaluate brain responses when participants gambled for individual self,
      for a close friend (relational self), or for the class (collective self). The ERP
      results showed that when outcome feedback was positive, gambling for individual
      self evoked a larger reward positivity compared with gambling for a friend or for
      the class, while there is no difference between the latter two conditions. In
      contrast, when outcome feedback was negative, no significant effect was found
      between conditions. The present findings provide direct electrophysiological
      evidence that individual self is at the top of the three-tier hierarchy of the
      motivational system in the collectivist brain, which supports the classical
      pancultural view that individual self has motivational primacy. 

PMID- 27378978
TI  - Exploring Selective Exposure and Confirmation Bias as Processes Underlying
      Employee Work Happiness: An Intervention Study.
AB  - Employee psychological capital (PsyCap), perceptions of organizational virtue
      (OV), and work happiness have been shown to be associated within and over time.
      This study examines selective exposure and confirmation bias as potential
      processes underlying PsyCap, OV, and work happiness associations. As part of a
      quasi-experimental study design, school staff (N = 69) completed surveys at three
      time points. After the first assessment, some staff (n = 51) completed a positive
      psychology training intervention. Results of descriptive statistics, correlation,
      and regression analyses on the intervention group provide some support for
      selective exposure and confirmation bias as explanatory mechanisms. In focusing
      on the processes through which employee attitudes may influence work happiness
      this study advances theoretical understanding, specifically of selective exposure
      and confirmation bias in a field study context. 

PMID- 27378979
TI  - Incarceration and Family Stress as Understood through the Family Process Theory:
      Evidence from Hong Kong.
AB  - The myriad of negative effects brought about by the incarceration of a family
      member have consistently been demonstrated in research. However, previous works
      have tended to focus on the perspectives of family members separately, rather
      than exploring the dynamic relationships within the family as an entire unit.
      Moreover, such research is still limited in the Chinese cultural context. Thus,
      the current study aimed to examine the applicability of the Family Process Theory
      on a small sample of Chinese fathers who were imprisoned and have returned to
      their communities, conceptualizing the challenges faced by their families under
      the theoretical elements of rules of transformation, rituals, ambiguous loss, and
      boundary ambiguity. A total of 17 participants were recruited through the
      assistance of service organizations, and data were collected via semi-structured
      interviews. As congruent with the theory, inmates' families were found to come
      across problems particularly in the transitioning phase and establishment of new
      rituals, while ambiguity surrounding the incarceration and the blurred role of
      the father led to problems with fatherhood identity both during and after the
      incarceration. Recommendations are made, in line with these findings and the
      suggestions of ex-prisoners, for services to have more of a focus on preserving
      the integrity of inmates' families. Given the right circumstances, families can
      even serve as a motivator for incarcerated fathers to improve themselves and
      mature, leveraging the important supportive role of the family and the fear of
      again being separated from one's family as effective deterrents to recidivism. 

PMID- 27378980
TI  - The Revised Identity Style Inventory: Factor Structure and Validity in Italian
      Speaking Students.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factor structure and convergent and
      discriminant validity of scores on an Italian translation of the Revised Identity
      Style Inventory (ISI-5) with samples of 237 adolescents (50 males, M age = 18.04,
      SD = .86) and 268 university students (42 males, M age = 22.71, SD = 3.70).
      Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that a three-factor solution provided a
      good fit, which was invariant across age and sex groups. The theoretically
      relationships between scores on the ISI and scores on measures of reasoning and
      identity processes, identity commitment, and social desirability were partially
      consistent, thus further studies are needed to give more evidence to the
      convergent and discriminant validity. 

PMID- 27378981
TI  - Age-Related Changes in Children's Associations of Economic Resources and Race.
AB  - Age-related changes in children's associations of economic resources and race
      were investigated. The sample (N = 308) included 5-6 year-olds (n = 153, M = 6.01
      years, SD = 0.33 years) and 10-11 year-olds (n = 155, M = 11.12 years, SD = 0.59
      years) of African-American (n = 93), European-American (n = 92), Latino (n = 62),
      Asian-American (n = 23), and multi-racial or multi-ethnic (n = 26) background.
      Participants matched pairs of target children (African-American and European
      American) with visual indicators of low, middle, and high economic status.
      Children's associations of economic resources with racial groups changed with
      age, and reflected different associations at high, middle, and low levels of the
      economic spectrum. Specifically, children associated targets of both races with
      middle economic status at a comparable rate, and with age, increasingly
      associated targets of both races with indicators of middle economic status. By
      contrast, both younger and older children associated African-American targets
      with indicators of low economic status more frequently than European-American
      targets. Finally, children associated African-American targets with indicators of
      high economic status less frequently with age, resulting in a perceived disparity
      in favor of European-American targets at high economic status among older
      children that was not present among younger children. No differences were found
      by participants' own racial or ethnic background. These results highlight the
      need to move beyond a dichotomized view (rich or poor) to include middle economic
      status when examining children's associations of economic resources and race. 

PMID- 27378982
TI  - Beat Perception and Sociability: Evidence from Williams Syndrome.
AB  - Beat perception in music has been proposed to be a human universal that may have
      its origins in adaptive processes involving temporal entrainment such as social
      communication and interaction. We examined beat perception skills in individuals
      with Williams syndrome (WS), a genetic, neurodevelopmental disorder. Musical
      interest and hypersociability are two prominent aspects of the WS phenotype
      although actual musical and social skills are variable. On a group level, beat
      and meter perception skills were poorer in WS than in age-matched peers though
      there was significant individual variability. Cognitive ability, sound processing
      style, and musical training predicted beat and meter perception performance in
      WS. Moreover, we found significant relationships between beat and meter
      perception and adaptive communication and socialization skills in WS. Results
      have implications for understanding the role of predictive timing in both music
      and social interactions in the general population, and suggest music as a
      promising avenue for addressing social communication difficulties in WS. 

PMID- 27378984
TI  - Self-regulation and Beyond: Affect Regulation and the Infant-Caregiver Dyad.
AB  - In the available psychological literature, affect regulation is fundamentally
      considered in terms of self-regulation, and according to this standard picture,
      the contribution of other people in our affect regulation has been viewed in
      terms of socially assisted self-regulation. The present article challenges this
      standard picture. By focusing on affect regulation as it unfolds in early
      infancy, it will be argued that instead of being something original and
      fundamental, self-regulation developmentally emerges from the basis of a further
      type of affect regulation. While infants' capacities in recognizing,
      understanding, and modifying their own affective states are initially immature
      and undeveloped, affect regulation is initially managed by the other: it is
      initially the self, and not the other, that plays the role of an assistant in
      affect regulation. To capture this phenomenon, the concepts of "auto-matic,"
      "hetero-matic," and "altero-matic" affect regulation will be introduced and their
      interrelations elaborated. By showing how the capacity of affective self
      regulation, which is characteristic to maturity, is developmentally achieved by
      internalizing regulative functions that, at the outset of development, are
      managed by the caregiver, it will be argued that altero-matic affect regulation
      is an autonomous type of affect regulation and the developmental basis for self
      regulation. 

PMID- 27378985
TI  - Assessing Workplace Relational Civility (WRC) with a New Multidimensional
      "Mirror" Measure.
AB  - This article first introduces a new psychological construct and then presents the
      psychometric properties of a new multidimensional measure for assessing workplace
      relational civility (WRC). This new self-report mirror measure has two specular
      sections (Part A-Me with others; Part B-Others with me) that can assess
      individuals' relational patterns regarding civility and that can help reduce the
      bias in the assessment process. The results of exploratory factor analysis
      revealed a factor structure with three robust dimensions [relational decency
      (RD), relational culture (RCu), and relational readiness (RR)] exhibiting good
      values of internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis showed, in turn, a
      good fit of the model to the data. The correlations between the sections of the
      measure and the 11 instruments used were significant and in the expected
      directions. These results suggest that this new, brief mirror measure for
      assessing WRC can be easily employed in different organizational contexts to open
      different typologies of actions on the basis of the three dimensions, thereby
      facilitating the construction of a safer and more decent relational work
      environment. 

PMID- 27378983
TI  - Parental Substance Abuse As an Early Traumatic Event. Preliminary Findings on
      Neuropsychological and Personality Functioning in Young Drug Addicts Exposed to
      Drugs Early.
AB  - Parental substance use is a major risk factor for child development, heightening
      the risk of drug problems in adolescence and young adulthood, and exposing
      offspring to several types of traumatic events. First, prenatal drug exposure can
      be considered a form of trauma itself, with subtle but long-lasting sequelae at
      the neuro-behavioral level. Second, parents' addiction often entails a
      childrearing environment characterized by poor parenting skills, disadvantaged
      contexts and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), leading to dysfunctional
      outcomes. Young adults born from/raised by parents with drug problems and
      diagnosed with a Substance Used Disorder (SUD) themselves might display a
      particularly severe condition in terms of cognitive deficits and impaired
      personality function. This preliminary study aims to investigate the role of
      early exposure to drugs as a traumatic event, capable of affecting the
      psychological status of young drug addicts. In particular, it intends to examine
      the neuropsychological functioning and personality profile of young adults with
      severe SUDs who were exposed to drugs early in their family context. The research
      involved three groups, each consisting of 15 young adults (aged 18-24): a group
      of inpatients diagnosed with SUDs and exposed to drugs early, a comparison group
      of non-exposed inpatients and a group of non-exposed youth without SUDs. A
      neuropsychological battery (Esame Neuropsicologico Breve-2), an assessment
      procedure for personality disorders (Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200) and
      the Symptom CheckList-90-Revised were administered. According to present
      preliminary results, young drug addicts exposed to drugs during their
      developmental age were characterized by elevated rates of neuropsychological
      impairments, especially at the expense of attentive and executive functions (EF);
      personality disorders were also common but did not differentiate them from non
      exposed youth with SUDs. Alternative multi-focused prevention and intervention
      programs are needed for children of drug-misusing parents, addressing EF and
      adopting a trauma-focused approach. 

PMID- 27378986
TI  - What's in a Day? A Guide to Decomposing the Variance in Intensive Longitudinal
      Data.
AB  - In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of intensive
      longitudinal research designs to study within-person processes. Examples are
      studies that use experience sampling data and autoregressive modeling to
      investigate emotion dynamics and between-person differences therein. Such designs
      often involve multiple measurements per day and multiple days per person, and it
      is not clear how this nesting of the data should be accounted for: That is,
      should such data be considered as two-level data (which is common practice at
      this point), with occasions nested in persons, or as three-level data with beeps
      nested in days which are nested in persons. We show that a significance test of
      the day-level variance in an empty three-level model is not reliable when there
      is autocorrelation. Furthermore, we show that misspecifying the number of levels
      can lead to spurious or misleading findings, such as inflated variance or
      autoregression estimates. Throughout the paper we present instructions and R code
      for the implementation of the proposed models, which includes a novel three-level
      AR(1) model that estimates moment-to-moment inertia and day-to-day inertia. Based
      on our simulations we recommend model selection using autoregressive multilevel
      models in combination with the AIC. We illustrate this method using empirical
      emotion data from two independent samples, and discuss the implications and the
      relevance of the existence of a day level for the field. 

PMID- 27378987
TI  - Neural Correlates of Math Gains Vary Depending on Parental Socioeconomic Status
      (SES).
AB  - We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural
      predictors of math development, and asked whether these predictors vary as a
      function of parental socioeconomic status (SES) in children ranging in age from 8
      to 13 years. We independently localized brain regions subserving verbal versus
      spatial processing in order to characterize relations between activation in these
      regions during an arithmetic task and long-term change in math skill (up to 3
      years). Neural predictors of math gains encompassed brain regions subserving both
      verbal and spatial processing, but the relation between relative reliance on
      these regions and math skill growth varied depending on parental SES. Activity in
      an area of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) identified by the verbal
      localizer was related to greater growth in math skill at the higher end of the
      SES continuum, but lesser improvements at the lower end. Activity in an area of
      the right superior parietal cortex identified by the spatial localizer was
      related to greater growth in math skill at the lower end of the SES continuum,
      but lesser improvements at the higher end. Results highlight early neural
      mechanisms as possible neuromarkers of long-term arithmetic learning and suggest
      that neural predictors of math gains vary with parental SES. 

PMID- 27378988
TI  - Comparison of Athletes' Proneness to Depressive Symptoms in Individual and Team
      Sports: Research on Psychological Mediators in Junior Elite Athletes.
AB  - Depression among elite athletes is a topic of increasing interest and public
      awareness. Currently, empirical data on elite athletes' depressive symptoms are
      rare. Recent results indicate sport-related mechanisms and effects on depression
      prevalence in elite athlete samples; specific factors associated with depression
      include overtraining, injury, and failure in competition. One such effect is that
      athletes competing in individual sports were found to be more prone to depressive
      symptoms than athletes competing in team sports. The present study examined this
      effect by testing three possible, psychological mediators based on theoretical
      and empirical assumptions: namely, cohesion in team or training groups;
      perception of perfectionistic expectations from others; and negative attribution
      after failure. In a cross-sectional study, 199 German junior elite athletes (M
      age = 14.96; SD = 1.56) participated and completed questionnaires on
      perfectionism, cohesion, attribution after failure, and depressive symptoms.
      Mediation analysis using path analysis with bootstrapping was used for data
      analysis. As expected, athletes in individual sports showed higher scores in
      depression than athletes in team sports [t(197) = 2.05; p < 0.05; d = 0.30].
      Furthermore, negative attribution after failure was associated with individual
      sports (beta = 0.27; p < 0.001), as well as with the dependent variable
      depression (beta = 0.26; p < 0.01). Mediation hypothesis was supported by a
      significant indirect effect (beta = 0.07; p < 0.05). Negative attribution after
      failure mediated the relationship between individual sports and depression
      scores. Neither cohesion nor perfectionism met essential criteria to serve as
      mediators: cohesion was not elevated in either team or individual sports, and
      perfectionism was positively related to team sports. The results support the
      assumption of previous findings on sport-specific mechanisms (here the effect
      between individual and team sports) contributing to depressive symptoms among
      elite athletes. Additionally, attribution after failure seems to play an
      important role in this regard and could be considered in further research and
      practitioners in the field of sport psychology. 

PMID- 27378989
TI  - Does the Component Processes Task Assess Text-Based Inferences Important for
      Reading Comprehension? A Path Analysis in Primary School Children.
AB  - Using a component processes task (CPT) that differentiates between higher-level
      cognitive processes of reading comprehension provides important advantages over
      commonly used general reading comprehension assessments. The present study
      contributes to further development of the CPT by evaluating the relative
      contributions of its components (text memory, text inferencing, and knowledge
      integration) and working memory to general reading comprehension within a single
      study using path analyses. Participants were 173 third- and fourth-grade
      children. As hypothesized, knowledge integration was the only component of the
      CPT that directly contributed to reading comprehension, indicating that the text
      inferencing component did not assess inferential processes related to reading
      comprehension. Working memory was a significant predictor of reading
      comprehension over and above the component processes. Future research should
      focus on finding ways to ensure that the text-inferencing component taps into
      processes important for reading comprehension. 

PMID- 27378990
TI  - Editorial: The Social Nature of Emotions.

PMID- 27378991
TI  - A Simulation Study of Threats to Validity in Quasi-Experimental Designs:
      Interrelationship between Design, Measurement, and Analysis.
AB  - The Campbellian tradition provides a conceptual framework to assess threats to
      validity. On the other hand, different models of causal analysis have been
      developed to control estimation biases in different research designs. However,
      the link between design features, measurement issues, and concrete impact
      estimation analyses is weak. In order to provide an empirical solution to this
      problem, we use Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as a first approximation to
      operationalize the analytical implications of threats to validity in quasi
      experimental designs. Based on the analogies established between the Classical
      Test Theory (CTT) and causal analysis, we describe an empirical study based on
      SEM in which range restriction and statistical power have been simulated in two
      different models: (1) A multistate model in the control condition (pre-test); and
      (2) A single-trait-multistate model in the control condition (post-test), adding
      a new mediator latent exogenous (independent) variable that represents a threat
      to validity. Results show, empirically, how the differences between both the
      models could be partially or totally attributed to these threats. Therefore, SEM
      provides a useful tool to analyze the influence of potential threats to validity.

PMID- 27378992
TI  - Exercise Experiences and Changes in Affective Attitude: Direct and Indirect
      Effects of In Situ Measurements of Experiences.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between
      exercise experiences (perceptions of competence, perceived exertion, acute
      affective responses to exercise) and affective attitudes toward exercise. This
      relationship was analyzed in a non-laboratory setting during a 13-weeks exercise
      program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 56 women and 49 men (aged 35-65 years; M age =
      50.0 years; SD = 8.2 years) took part in the longitudinal study. Affective
      responses to exercise (affective valence, positive activation, calmness) as well
      as perceptions of competence and perceived exertion were measured at the
      beginning, during, and end of three exercise sessions within the 13-weeks
      exercise program. Affective attitude toward exercise were measured before and at
      the end of the exercise program. A two-level path analysis was conducted. The
      direct and indirect effects of exercise experiences on changes in affective
      attitude were analyzed on the between-person level: firstly, it was tested
      whether perceptions of competence and perceived exertion directly relate to
      changes in affective attitude. Secondly, it was assessed whether perceptions of
      competence and perceived exertion indirectly relate to changes in affective
      attitudes-imparted via the affective response during exercise. RESULTS AND
      CONCLUSION: At the between-person level, a direct effect on changes in affective
      attitude was found for perceptions of competence (beta = 0.24, p < 0.05). The
      model revealed one significant indirect pathway between perceived exertion and
      changes in affective attitude via positive activation: on average, the less
      strenuous people perceive physical exercise to be, the more awake they will feel
      during exercise (beta = -0.57, p < 0.05). Those people with higher average levels
      of positive activation during exercise exhibit more improvements in affective
      attitudes toward exercise from the beginning to the end of the 13-weeks exercise
      program (beta = 0.24, p < 0.05). Main study results have revealed that in situ
      experiences predicted changes in affective attitude during multi-week exercise
      programs. These relevant in situ experiences encompass cognitive factors, the
      sensation of interoceptive cues, and affective responses to exercise. Considering
      the predictive role of affective attitudes for exercise behavior, these findings
      suggest that exercise interventions should put greater emphasis on specific
      exercise experiences.

PMID- 27378993
TI  - Blind-Sight vs. Degraded-Sight: Different Measures Tell a Different Story.
AB  - Blindsight patients can detect, localize, and discriminate visual stimuli in
      their blind field, despite denying being able to see the stimuli. However, the
      literature documents the cases of blindsight patients who demonstrated a
      preserved degree of awareness in their impaired visual field. The aim of this
      study is to investigate the nature of visual processing within the impaired
      visual field and to ask whether it reflects pure unconscious behavior or
      conscious, yet degraded, vision. A hemianopic patient (SL) with a complete lesion
      to the left primary visual cortex was tested. SL was asked to discriminate
      several stimulus features (orientation, color, contrast, and motion) presented in
      her impaired visual field in a two-alternative forced-choice task. SL had to
      report her subjective experience: in the first experiment as "seen" or "guessed,"
      whereas in the second experiment as the degree of clarity of her experience
      according to the perceptual awareness scale. In the first experiment, SL
      demonstrated a performance above-chance in the discrimination task for "guessed"
      trials, thus showing type 1 blindsight. In the second experiment, however, SL
      showed above-chance performance only when she reported a certain degree of
      awareness, thus showing that SL's preserved discrimination ability relies on
      conscious vision. These data show that graded measures to assess awareness, which
      can better tap on the complexity of conscious experience, need to be used in
      order to differentiate genuine forms of blindsight from degraded conscious
      vision. 

PMID- 27378995
TI  - Editorial: Historical Roots of Psychopathology.

PMID- 27378994
TI  - The Relationship between Expertise in Sports, Visuospatial, and Basic Cognitive
      Skills.
AB  - Team sports place high demands on visuospatial and other cognitive skills.
      However, there is a lack of research on visuospatial skills of elite athletes and
      there are heterogeneous results on basic cognitive skills of this population.
      Therefore, this series of studies tested different cognitive skills in elite team
      sports athletes. In Experiment 1, elite athletes were compared to recreational
      athletes, but no differences were observed between the groups in choice response
      time (CRT) and mental rotation (MR). To see if differences could be observed when
      the tested groups had a greater difference in expertise and more representative
      stimuli, in Experiment 2, we tested CRT and MR of elite athletes who had higher
      level of expertise, and we also used three-dimensional human stimuli. Overall, we
      still found no differences in MR; however, elite athletes did have shorter CRTs.
      In Experiment 3, instead of testing MR, we compared elite athletes' and
      recreational athletes' basic cognitive skills, such as processing speed, letter
      readout speed, memory span, and sustained attention. We found that elite athletes
      only performed better in sustained attention. Building on this data, in a
      supplementary analysis (Experiment 4) we tested whether MR and CRTs are
      correlated with basic cognitive skills. Results show that processing speed is the
      best predictor for MR, whereas letter readout speed explains most of the variance
      in CRTs. Finally, we discuss these findings against the backdrop of expertise and
      offer implications for future studies on mental rotation. 

PMID- 27378997
TI  - Effects of Semantic Context and Fundamental Frequency Contours on Mandarin Speech
      Recognition by Second Language Learners.
AB  - Speech recognition by second language (L2) learners in optimal and suboptimal
      conditions has been examined extensively with English as the target language in
      most previous studies. This study extended existing experimental protocols (Wang
      et al., 2013) to investigate Mandarin speech recognition by Japanese learners of
      Mandarin at two different levels (elementary vs. intermediate) of proficiency.
      The overall results showed that in addition to L2 proficiency, semantic context,
      F0 contours, and listening condition all affected the recognition performance on
      the Mandarin sentences. However, the effects of semantic context and F0 contours
      on L2 speech recognition diverged to some extent. Specifically, there was
      significant modulation effect of listening condition on semantic context,
      indicating that L2 learners made use of semantic context less efficiently in the
      interfering background than in quiet. In contrast, no significant modulation
      effect of listening condition on F0 contours was found. Furthermore, there was
      significant interaction between semantic context and F0 contours, indicating that
      semantic context becomes more important for L2 speech recognition when F0
      information is degraded. None of these effects were found to be modulated by L2
      proficiency. The discrepancy in the effects of semantic context and F0 contours
      on L2 speech recognition in the interfering background might be related to
      differences in processing capacities required by the two types of information in
      adverse listening conditions. 

PMID- 27378996
TI  - Action Video Game Training for Healthy Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study.
AB  - Action video game (AVG) has attracted increasing attention from both the public
      and from researchers. More and more studies found video game training improved a
      variety of cognitive functions. However, it remains controversial whether healthy
      adults can benefit from AVG training, and whether young and older adults benefit
      similarly from AVG training. In the present study, we aimed to quantitatively
      assess the AVG training effect on the cognitive ability of adults and to compare
      the training effects on young and older adults by conducting a meta-analysis on
      previous findings. We systematically searched video game training studies
      published between January 1986 and July 2015. Twenty studies were included in the
      present meta-analysis, for a total of 313 participants included in the training
      group and 323 participants in the control group. The results demonstrate that
      healthy adults achieve moderate benefit from AVG training in overall cognitive
      ability and moderate to small benefit in specific cognitive domains. In contrast,
      young adults gain more benefits from AVG training than older adults in both
      overall cognition and specific cognitive domains. Age, education, and some
      methodological factors, such as the session duration, session number, total
      training duration, and control group type, modulated the training effects. These
      meta-analytic findings provide evidence that AVG training may serve as an
      efficient way to improve the cognitive performance of healthy adults. We also
      discussed several directions for future AVG training studies. 

PMID- 27378998
TI  - Attending to Race (or Gender) Does Not Increase Race (or Gender) Aftereffects.
AB  - Recent research has shown that attention can influence the strength of face
      aftereffects. For example, attending to changes in facial features increases the
      strength of identity and figural aftereffects relative to passive viewing (Rhodes
      et al., 2011). Here, we ask whether attending to a specific social dimension of a
      face (such as race or gender) influences the strength of face aftereffects along
      that dimension. Across three experiments, participants completed many single-shot
      face adaptation trials. In each trial, participants observed a computer-generated
      adapting face for 5 s while instructed to focus on either the race or gender of
      that adapting face. Adapting faces were either Asian and female or Caucasian and
      male. In Experiment 1, all trials included an intermediate question (IQ)
      following each adaptation period, soliciting a rating of the adapting face on the
      attended dimension (e.g., race). In Experiment 2, only half of the trials
      included this IQ, and in Experiment 3 only a quarter of the trials did. In all
      three experiments, participants were subsequently presented with a race- and
      gender-neutral face and asked to rate it on either the attended dimension (e.g.,
      race, attention-congruent trials) or the unattended dimension (e.g., gender,
      attention-incongruent trials) using a seven-point scale. Overall, participants
      showed significant aftereffects in all conditions, manifesting as (i) higher
      Asian ratings of the neutral faces following Caucasian vs. Asian adapting faces
      and (ii) higher female ratings of neutral faces following male vs. female
      adapting faces. Intriguingly, although reaction times were shorter during
      attention-congruent vs. attention-incongruent trials, aftereffects were not
      stronger along attention-congruent than attention-incongruent dimensions. Our
      results suggest that attending to a facial dimension such as race or gender does
      not result in increased adaptation to that dimension. 

PMID- 27379000
TI  - Is Accessing of Words Affected by Affective Valence Only? A Discrete Emotion View
      on the Emotional Congruency Effect.
AB  - This paper advances the discussion on which emotion information affects word
      accessing. Emotion information, which is formed as a result of repeated
      experiences, is primary and necessary in learning and representing word meanings.
      Previous findings suggested that valence (i.e., positive or negative) denoted by
      words can be automatically activated and plays a role in many significant
      cognitive processes. However, there has been a lack of discussion about whether
      discrete emotion information (i.e., happiness, anger, sadness, and fear) is also
      involved in these processes. According to the hierarchy model, emotions are
      considered organized within an abstract-to-concrete hierarchy, in which emotion
      prototypes are organized following affective valence. By controlling different
      congruencies of emotion relations (i.e., matches or mismatches between valences
      and prototypes of emotion), the present study showed both an evaluative
      congruency effect (Experiment 1) and a discrete emotional congruency effect
      (Experiment 2). These findings indicate that not only affective valences but also
      discrete emotions can be activated under the present priming lexical decision
      task. However, the present findings also suggest that discrete emotions might be
      activated at the later priming stage as compared to valences. The present work
      provides evidence that information about discrete emotion could be involved in
      word processing. This might be a result of subjects' embodied experiences. 

PMID- 27378999
TI  - Compulsive Buying Behavior: Clinical Comparison with Other Behavioral Addictions.
AB  - Compulsive buying behavior (CBB) has been recognized as a prevalent mental health
      disorder, yet its categorization into classification systems remains unsettled.
      The objective of this study was to assess the sociodemographic and clinic
      variables related to the CBB phenotype compared to other behavioral addictions.
      Three thousand three hundred and twenty four treatment-seeking patients were
      classified in five groups: CBB, sexual addiction, Internet gaming disorder,
      Internet addiction, and gambling disorder. CBB was characterized by a higher
      proportion of women, higher levels of psychopathology, and higher levels in the
      personality traits of novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence,
      persistence, and cooperativeness compared to other behavioral addictions. Results
      outline the heterogeneity in the clinical profiles of patients diagnosed with
      different behavioral addiction subtypes and shed new light on the primary
      mechanisms of CBB. 

PMID- 27379001
TI  - Affective Priming by Simple Geometric Shapes: Evidence from Event-related Brain
      Potentials.
AB  - Previous work has demonstrated that simple geometric shapes may convey emotional
      meaning using various experimental paradigms. However, whether affective meaning
      of simple geometric shapes can be automatically activated and influence the
      evaluations of subsequent stimulus is still unclear. Thus the present study
      employed an affective priming paradigm to investigate whether and how two
      geometric shapes (circle vs. downward triangle) impact on the affective
      processing of subsequently presented faces (Experiment 1) and words (Experiment
      2). At behavioral level, no significant effect of affective congruency was found.
      However, ERP results in Experiment 1 and 2 showed a typical effect of affective
      congruency. The LPP elicited by affectively incongruent trials was larger
      compared to congruent trials. Our results provide support for the notion that
      downward triangle is perceived as negative and circle as positive and their
      emotional meaning can be activated automatically and then exert an influence on
      the electrophysiological processing of subsequent stimuli. The lack of
      significant congruent effect in behavioral measures and the inversed N400
      congruent effect might reveal that the affective meaning of geometric shapes is
      weak because they are just abstract threatening cues rather than real threat. In
      addition, because no male participants are included in the present study, our
      findings are limited to females. 

PMID- 27379002
TI  - Semantic Verbal Fluency in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder:
      Relationship with Chronological Age and IQ.
AB  - We administered a semantic verbal fluency (SVF) task to two groups of children
      (age range from 5 to 8): 47 diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD Group)
      and 53 with typical development (Comparison Group), matched on gender,
      chronological age, and non-verbal IQ. Four specific indexes were calculated from
      the SVF task, reflecting the different underlying cognitive strategies used:
      clustering (component of generativity and lexical-semantic access), and switching
      (executive component, cognitive flexibility). First, we compared the performance
      of the two groups on the different SVF task indicators, with the ASD group
      scoring lower than the Comparison Group, although the difference was greater on
      switching than on clustering. Second, we analyzed the relationships between the
      different SVF measures and chronological age, verbal IQ and non-verbal IQ. While
      in the Comparison Group chronological age was the main predictor of performance
      on the SVF task, in the ASD Group verbal IQ was the best predictor. In the
      children with ASD, therefore, greater linguistic competence would be associated
      with better performance on the SVF task, which should be taken into account in
      speech therapies designed to achieve improvements in linguistic generativity and
      cognitive flexibility. 

PMID- 27379003
TI  - Character Decomposition and Transposition Processes in Chinese Compound Words
      Modulates Attentional Blink.
AB  - The attentional blink (AB) is the phenomenon in which the identification of the
      second of two targets (T2) is attenuated if it is presented less than 500 ms
      after the first target (T1). Although the AB is eliminated in canonical word
      conditions, it remains unclear whether the character order in compound words
      affects the magnitude of the AB. Morpheme decomposition and transposition of
      Chinese two-character compound words can provide an effective means to examine AB
      priming and to assess combinations of the component representations inherent to
      visual word identification. In the present study, we examined the processing of
      consecutive targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm using
      Chinese two-character compound words in which the two characters were transposed
      to form meaningful words or meaningless combinations (reversible, transposed, or
      canonical words). We found that when two Chinese characters that form a compound
      word, regardless of their order, are presented in an RSVP sequence, the
      likelihood of an AB for the second character is greatly reduced or eliminated
      compared to when the two characters constitute separate words rather than a
      compound word. Moreover, the order of the report for the two characters is more
      likely to be reversed when the normal order of the two characters in a compound
      word is reversed, especially when the interval between the presentation of the
      two characters is extremely short. These findings are more consistent with the
      cognitive strategy hypothesis than the resource-limited hypothesis during
      character decomposition and transposition of Chinese two-character compound
      words. These results suggest that compound characters are perceived as a unit,
      rather than two separate words. The data further suggest that readers could
      easily understand the text with character transpositions in compound words during
      Chinese reading. 

PMID- 27379004
TI  - Less Is More: Psychologists Can Learn More by Studying Fewer People.

PMID- 27379005
TI  - Hyperacute versus Subacute Coiling of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage a Short
      term Outcome and Single-Center Experience, Pilot Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: After the initial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), rebleeding is the
      major cause of morbidity and poor outcome, which is maximal in the first 24 h. We
      supposed that the coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms within 24 h of SAH
      is related to the improved clinical outcome compared with coiling 24 h after
      aneurysmal SAH. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether coiling ruptured aneurysms within
      24 h of aneurysmal SAH is associated with better early 24 h and late 30 days
      outcome. METHOD: This prospective study was carried on 30 patients with
      aneurysmal SAH presenting to the Alexandria University Hospital and Insurance
      Main Hospital during the period from February 2013 to May 2014. They were divided
      into two groups: Group I (10 patients treated within 24 h of presentation) and
      Group II (20 patients treated after 24 h of presentation). Time interval from
      presentation to treatment were 78.60 and 10.60 h for subacute and hyperacute
      group, respectively. All patients were treated with endovascular coiling. Change
      between admission and immediate postoperative World Federation of Neurosurgeons
      classification Scale was measured for early outcome, while remote outcome was
      measured by modified Rankin Scale at 30 days follow-up. RESULTS: There was a
      clinical improvement regarding early 24 h outcome (weighted by postoperative WFNS
      grade) and on late 30 days outcome (weighted by Modified Rankin Scale Score) in
      the group managed within 24 h versus who were treated after 24 h (P = 0.049 and P
      = 0.024, respectively). There was a significant decrease in the incidence of
      clinical rebleeding detected by postoperative computed tomography (CT) of the
      brain in patients undergoing aneurysm treatment within 24 h (P = 0.029).
      CONCLUSION: The study affirms evidence that the management of ruptured
      intracranial aneurysms within 24 h of SAH is associated with better immediate and
      short-term clinical outcome.

PMID- 27379007
TI  - Slow Bursting Neurons of Mouse Cortical Layer 6b Are Depolarized by
      Hypocretin/Orexin and Major Transmitters of Arousal.
AB  - Neurons firing spontaneously in bursts in the absence of synaptic transmission
      have been previously recorded in different layers of cortical brain slices. It
      has been suggested that such neurons could contribute to the generation of
      alternating UP and DOWN states, a pattern of activity seen during slow-wave
      sleep. Here, we show that in layer 6b (L6b), known from our previous studies to
      contain neurons highly responsive to the wake-promoting transmitter
      hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx), there is a set of neurons, endowed with distinct
      intrinsic properties, which displayed a strong propensity to fire spontaneously
      in rhythmic bursts. In response to small depolarizing steps, they responded with
      a delayed firing of action potentials which, upon higher depolarizing steps,
      invariably inactivated and were followed by a depolarized plateau potential and a
      depolarizing afterpotential. These cells also displayed a strong
      hyperpolarization-activated rectification compatible with the presence of an I h
      current. Most L6b neurons with such properties were able to fire spontaneously in
      bursts. Their bursting activity was of intrinsic origin as it persisted not only
      in presence of blockers of ionotropic glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors but
      also in a condition of complete synaptic blockade. However, a small number of
      these neurons displayed a mix of intrinsic bursting and synaptically driven
      recurrent UP and DOWN states. Most of the bursting L6b neurons were depolarized
      and excited by hcrt/orx through a direct postsynaptic mechanism that led to tonic
      firing and eventually inactivation. Similarly, they were directly excited by
      noradrenaline, histamine, dopamine, and neurotensin. Finally, the intracellular
      injection of these cells with dye and their subsequent Neurolucida reconstruction
      indicated that they were spiny non-pyramidal neurons. These results lead us to
      suggest that the propensity for slow rhythmic bursting of this set of L6b neurons
      could be directly impeded by hcrt/orx and other wake-promoting transmitters. 

PMID- 27379006
TI  - A Pathway Proteomic Profile of Ischemic Stroke Survivors Reveals Innate Immune
      Dysfunction in Association with Mild Symptoms of Depression - A Pilot Study.
AB  - Depression after stroke is a common occurrence, raising questions as to whether
      depression could be a long-term biological and immunological sequela of stroke.
      Early explanations for post-stroke depression (PSD) focused on the
      neuropsychological/psychosocial effects of stroke on mobility and quality of
      life. However, recent investigations have revealed imbalances of inflammatory
      cytokine levels in association with PSD, though to date, there is only one
      published proteomic pathway analysis testing this hypothesis. Thus, we examined
      the serum proteome of stroke patients (n = 44, mean age = 63.62 years) and
      correlated these with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
      scores at 3 months post-stroke. Overall, the patients presented with mild
      depression symptoms on the MADRS, M = 6.40 (SD = 7.42). A discovery approach
      utilizing label-free relative quantification was employed utilizing an LC-ESI
      MS/MS coupled to a LTQ-Orbitrap Elite (Thermo-Scientific). Identified peptides
      were analyzed using the gene set enrichment approach on several different genomic
      databases that all indicated significant downregulation of the complement and
      coagulation systems with increasing MADRS scores. Complement and coagulation
      systems are traditionally thought to play a key role in the innate immune system
      and are established precursors to the adaptive immune system through pro
      inflammatory cytokine signaling. Both systems are known to be globally affected
      after ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Thus, our results suggest that lowered
      complement expression in the periphery in conjunction with depressive symptoms
      post-stroke may be a biomarker for incomplete recovery of brain metabolic needs,
      homeostasis, and inflammation following ischemic stroke damage. Further proteomic
      investigations are now required to construct the temporal profile, leading from
      acute lesion damage to manifestation of depressive symptoms. Overall, the
      findings provide support for the involvement of inflammatory and immune
      mechanisms in PSD symptoms and further demonstrate the value and feasibility of
      the proteomic approach in stroke research. 

PMID- 27379010
TI  - Editorial: When Physics Meets Biology; Biomechanics and Biology of Traumatic
      Brain Injury.

PMID- 27379009
TI  - Degradation of Binocular Coordination during Sleep Deprivation.
AB  - To aid a clear and unified visual perception while tracking a moving target, both
      eyes must be coordinated, so the image of the target falls on approximately
      corresponding areas of the fovea of each eye. The movements of the two eyes are
      decoupled during sleep, suggesting a role of arousal in regulating binocular
      coordination. While the absence of visual input during sleep may also contribute
      to binocular decoupling, sleepiness is a state of reduced arousal that still
      allows for visual input, providing a context within which the role of arousal in
      binocular coordination can be studied. We examined the effects of sleep
      deprivation on binocular coordination using a test paradigm that we previously
      showed to be sensitive to sleep deprivation. We quantified binocular coordination
      with the SD of the distance between left and right gaze positions on the screen.
      We also quantified the stability of conjugate gaze on the target, i.e., gaze
      target synchronization, with the SD of the distance between the binocular average
      gaze and the target. Sleep deprivation degraded the stability of both binocular
      coordination and gaze-target synchronization, but between these two forms of gaze
      control the horizontal and vertical components were affected differently,
      suggesting that disconjugate and conjugate eye movements are under different
      regulation of attentional arousal. The prominent association found between sleep
      deprivation and degradation of binocular coordination in the horizontal direction
      may be used for a fit-for-duty assessment. 

PMID- 27379008
TI  - Major Histocompatibility Complex I Expression by Motor Neurons and Its
      Implication in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
AB  - Neuronal expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI)-related
      molecules in adults and during CNS diseases is involved in the synaptic
      plasticity and axonal regeneration with mechanisms either dependent or
      independent of their immune functions. Motor neurons are highly responsive in
      triggering the expression of MHCI molecules during normal aging or following
      insults and diseases, and this has implications in the synaptic controls, axonal
      regeneration, and neuromuscular junction stability of these neurons. We recently
      reported that MHCI and immunoproteasome are strongly activated in spinal motor
      neurons and their peripheral motor axon in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis (ALS) during the course of the disease. This response was
      prominent in ALS mice with slower disease progression in which the axonal
      structure and function was better preserved than in fast-progressing mice. This
      review summarizes and discusses our observations in the light of knowledge about
      the possible role of MHCI in motor neurons providing additional insight into the
      pathophysiology of ALS. 

PMID- 27379011
TI  - Visual Rehabilitation in Chronic Cerebral Blindness: A Randomized Controlled
      Crossover Study.
AB  - The treatment of patients suffering from cerebral blindness following stroke is a
      topic of much recent interest. Several types of treatment are under
      investigation, such as substitution with prisms and compensation training of
      saccades. A third approach, aimed at vision restitution is controversial, as a
      proper controlled study design is missing. In the current study, 27 chronic
      stroke patients with homonymous visual field defects were trained at home with a
      visual training device. We used a discrimination task for two types of stimuli: a
      static point stimulus and a new optic flow-discontinuity stimulus. Using a
      randomized controlled crossover design, each patient received two successive
      training rounds, one with high contrast stimuli in their affected hemifield
      (test) and one round with low-contrast stimuli in their intact hemifield
      (control). Goldmann and Humphrey perimetry were performed at the start of the
      study and following each training round. In addition, reading performance was
      measured. Goldmann perimetry revealed a statistically significant reduction of
      the visual field defect after the test training, but not after the control
      training or after no intervention. For both training rounds combined, Humphrey
      perimetry revealed that the effect of a directed training (sensitivity change in
      trained hemifield) exceeded that of an undirected training (sensitivity change in
      untrained hemifield). The interaction between trained and tested hemifield was
      just above the threshold of significance (p = 0.058). Interestingly, reduction of
      the field defect assessed by Goldmann perimetry increases with the difference
      between defect size as measured by Humphrey and Goldmann perimetry prior to
      training. Moreover, improvement of visual sensitivity measured by Humphrey
      perimetry increases with the fraction of non-responsive elements (i.e., more
      relative field loss) in Humphrey perimetry prior to training. Reading speed
      revealed a significant improvement after training. Our findings demonstrate that
      our training can result in reduction of the visual field. Improved reading
      performance after defect training further supports the significance of our
      training for improvement in daily life activities. 

PMID- 27379012
TI  - Editorial: The Physiology and Pharmacology of Leucine-rich Repeat GPCRs.

PMID- 27379013
TI  - Simulated Interventions to Ameliorate Age-Related Bone Loss Indicate the
      Importance of Timing.
AB  - Bone remodeling is the continuous process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and
      bone formation by osteoblasts, in order to maintain homeostasis. The activity of
      osteoclasts and osteoblasts is regulated by a network of signaling pathways,
      including Wnt, parathyroid hormone (PTH), RANK ligand/osteoprotegrin, and TGF
      beta, in response to stimuli, such as mechanical loading. During aging there is a
      gradual loss of bone mass due to dysregulation of signaling pathways. This may be
      due to a decline in physical activity with age and/or changes in hormones and
      other signaling molecules. In particular, hormones, such as PTH, have a circadian
      rhythm, which may be disrupted in aging. Due to the complexity of the molecular
      and cellular networks involved in bone remodeling, several mathematical models
      have been proposed to aid understanding of the processes involved. However, to
      date, there are no models, which explicitly consider the effects of mechanical
      loading, the circadian rhythm of PTH, and the dynamics of signaling molecules on
      bone remodeling. Therefore, we have constructed a network model of the system
      using a modular approach, which will allow further modifications as required in
      future research. The model was used to simulate the effects of mechanical loading
      and also the effects of different interventions, such as continuous or
      intermittent administration of PTH. Our model predicts that the absence of
      regular mechanical loading and/or an impaired PTH circadian rhythm leads to a
      gradual decrease in bone mass over time, which can be restored by simulated
      interventions and that the effectiveness of some interventions may depend on
      their timing. 

PMID- 27379014
TI  - Sex and Immunogen-Specific Benefits of Immunotherapy Targeting Islet Amyloid
      Polypeptide in Transgenic and Wild-Type Mice.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the deposition of islet amyloid
      polypeptide (IAPP) as amyloid in islets, a process thought to be toxic to beta
      cells. To determine the feasibility of targeting these aggregates
      therapeutically, we vaccinated transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress human IAPP
      and were fed a high-fat diet to promote their diabetic phenotype. Our findings
      indicate that prophylactic vaccination with IAPP and its derivative IAPP7-19-TT,
      protects wild-type female mice, but not males, from obesity-induced early
      mortality, and the derivative showed a strong trend for prolonging the lifespan
      of Tg females but not males. Furthermore, IAPP7-19-TT-immunized Tg females
      cleared a glucose bolus more efficiently than controls, while IAPP-immunized Tg
      females showed an impaired ability to clear a glucose bolus compared to their
      adjuvant injected Tg controls. Interestingly, IAPP or IAPP7-19-TT treatments had
      no effect on glucose clearance in Tg males. Overall, these beneficial effects of
      IAPP targeted immunization depend on Tg status, sex, and immunogen. Hence, future
      studies in this field should carefully consider these variables that clearly
      affect the therapeutic outcome. In conclusion, IAPP targeting immunotherapy may
      have benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes. 

PMID- 27379015
TI  - Role of EPAC in cAMP-Mediated Actions in Adrenocortical Cells.
AB  - Adrenocorticotropic hormone regulates adrenal steroidogenesis mainly via the
      intracellular signaling molecule cAMP. The effects of cAMP are principally
      relayed by activating protein kinase A (PKA) and the more recently discovered
      exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP 1 and 2 (EPAC1 and EPAC2). While the
      intracellular roles of PKA have been extensively studied in steroidogenic
      tissues, those of EPACs are only emerging. EPAC1 and EPAC2 are encoded by the
      genes RAPGEF3 and RAPGEF4, respectively. Whereas EPAC1 is ubiquitously expressed,
      the expression of EPAC2 is more restricted, and typically found in endocrine
      tissues. Alternative promoter usage of RAPGEF4 gives rise to three different
      isoforms of EPAC2 that vary in their N-termini (EPAC2A, EPAC2B, and EPAC2C) and
      that exhibit distinct expression patterns. EPAC2A is expressed in the brain and
      pancreas, EPAC2B in steroidogenic cells of the adrenal gland and testis, and
      EPAC2C has until now only been found in the liver. In this review, we discuss
      current knowledge on EPAC expression and function with focus on the known roles
      of EPAC in adrenal gland physiology. 

PMID- 27379016
TI  - A Review of the Phenomenon of Hysteresis in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid
      Axis.
AB  - The existence of a phase of prolonged suppression of TSH despite normalization of
      serum thyroid hormones over a variable period of time during the recovery of
      thyrotoxicosis has been documented in literature. Conversely, a temporary
      elevation of TSH despite attainment of euthyroid levels of serum thyroid hormones
      following extreme hypothyroidism has also been observed. This rate-independent
      lag time in TSH recovery is an evidence of a "persistent memory" of the history
      of dysthyroid states the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis has
      encountered after the thyroid hormone perturbations have faded out, a phenomenon
      termed "hysteresis." Notwithstanding its perplexing nature, hysteresis impacts
      upon the interpretation of thyroid function tests with sufficient regularity that
      clinicians risk misdiagnosing and implementing erroneous treatment out of
      ignorance of this aspect of thyrotropic biology. Mathematical modeling of this
      phenomenon is complicated but may allow the euthyroid set point to be predicted
      from thyroid function data exhibiting strong hysteresis effects. Such model
      predictions are potentially useful for clinical management. Although the
      molecular mechanisms mediating hysteresis remain elusive, epigenetics, such as
      histone modifications, are probably involved. However, attempts to reverse the
      process to hasten the resolution of the hysteretic process may not necessarily
      translate into improved physiology or optimal health benefits. This is not
      unexpected from teleological considerations, since hysteresis probably represents
      an adaptive endocrinological response with survival advantages evolutionarily
      conserved among vertebrates with a HPT system. 

PMID- 27379017
TI  - Exercise and Adipose Tissue Macrophages: New Frontiers in Obesity Research?
AB  - Obesity is a major public health problem in the twenty-first century. Mutations
      in genes that regulate substrate metabolism, subsequent dysfunction in their
      protein products, and other factors, such as increased adipose tissue
      inflammation, are some underlying etiologies of this disease. Increased
      inflammation in the adipose tissue microenvironment is partly mediated by the
      presence of cells from the innate and adaptive immune system. A subset of the
      innate immune population in adipose tissue include macrophages, termed adipose
      tissue macrophages (ATMs), which are central players in adipose tissue
      inflammation. Being extremely plastic, their responses to diverse molecular
      signals in the microenvironment dictate their identity and functional properties,
      where they become either pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2).
      Endurance exercise training exerts global anti-inflammatory responses in multiple
      organs, including skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. The purpose of this
      review is to discuss the different mechanisms that drive ATM-mediated
      inflammation in obesity and present current evidence of how exercise training,
      specifically endurance exercise training, modulates the polarization of ATMs from
      an M1 to an M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. 

PMID- 27379018
TI  - The Mineralocorticoid Agonist Fludrocortisone Promotes Survival and Proliferation
      of Adult Hippocampal Progenitors.
AB  - Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation has been shown to reduce adult
      hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis. By contrast,
      mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) signaling is associated with neuronal survival in
      the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and impairment of hippocampal MR has been
      linked to pathological conditions, such as depression or neurodegenerative
      disorders. Here, we aimed to further clarify the protective role of MR in adult
      hippocampal neurons by studying the survival and proliferative effects of the
      highly potent MR agonist fludrocortisone (Fludro) in adult rat hippocampal
      progenitor cells (AHPs), along with the associated signaling mechanisms. Fludro,
      which upregulated MR but not GR expression, increased survival and proliferation
      and prevented apoptosis in AHPs cultured in growth factor-deprived medium. These
      effects were blunted by the MR antagonist spironolactone and by high doses of the
      GR agonist dexamethasone. Moreover, they involved signaling through cAMP/protein
      kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
      (PI3K)/Akt and its downstream targets glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)
      and mammalian target of rapamycin. Furthermore, Fludro attenuated the detrimental
      effects of amyloid-beta peptide 1-42 (Abeta1-42) on cell survival, proliferation,
      and apoptosis in AHPs, and increased the phosphorylation of both PI3K/Akt and GSK
      3beta, which was reduced by Abeta1-42. Finally, Fludro blocked Abeta1-42-induced
      hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, which is a main feature of Alzheimer's
      disease. Overall, these results are the first to show the protective and
      proliferative role of Fludro in AHPs, suggesting the potential therapeutic
      importance of targeting MR for increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and for
      treating neurodegenerative diseases. 

PMID- 27379019
TI  - Signaling Interplay between Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Multiple Myeloma
      cells.
AB  - In the year 2000, Hanahan and Weinberg (1) defined the six Hallmarks of Cancer
      as: self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, insensitivity to
      antigrowth mechanisms, tissue invasion and metastasis, limitless replicative
      potential, and sustained angiogenesis. Eleven years later, two new Hallmarks were
      added to the list (avoiding immune destruction and reprograming energy
      metabolism) and two new tumor characteristics (tumor-promoting inflammation and
      genome instability and mutation) (2). In multiple myeloma (MM), a destructive
      cancer of the plasma cell that grows predominantly in the bone marrow (BM), it is
      clear that all these hallmarks and characteristics are in play, contributing to
      tumor initiation, drug resistance, disease progression, and relapse. Bone marrow
      adipose tissue (BMAT) is a newly recognized contributor to MM oncogenesis and
      disease progression, potentially affecting MM cell metabolism, immune action,
      inflammation, and influences on angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss the
      confirmed and hypothetical contributions of BMAT to MM development and disease
      progression. BMAT has been understudied due to technical challenges and a
      previous lack of appreciation for the endocrine function of this tissue. In this
      review, we define the dynamic, responsive, metabolically active BM adipocyte. We
      then describe how BMAT influences MM in terms of: lipids/metabolism,
      hypoxia/angiogenesis, paracrine or endocrine signaling, and bone disease. We then
      discuss the connection between BMAT and systemic inflammation and potential
      treatments to inhibit the feedback loops between BM adipocytes and MM cells that
      support MM progression. We aim for researchers to use this review to guide and
      help prioritize their experiments to develop better treatments or a cure for
      cancers, such as MM, that associate with and may depend on BMAT. 

PMID- 27379020
TI  - All-Atom Structural Models of the Transmembrane Domains of Insulin and Type 1
      Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptors.
AB  - The receptor tyrosine kinase superfamily comprises many cell-surface receptors
      including the insulin receptor (IR) and type 1 insulin-like growth factor
      receptor (IGF1R) that are constitutively homodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins.
      Therefore, these receptors require ligand-triggered domain rearrangements rather
      than receptor dimerization for activation. Specifically, binding of peptide
      ligands to receptor ectodomains transduces signals across the transmembrane
      domains for trans-autophosphorylation in cytoplasmic kinase domains. The
      molecular details of these processes are poorly understood in part due to the
      absence of structures of full-length receptors. Using MD simulations and enhanced
      conformational sampling algorithms, we present all-atom structural models of
      peptides containing 51 residues from the transmembrane and juxtamembrane regions
      of IR and IGF1R. In our models, the transmembrane regions of both receptors adopt
      helical conformations with kinks at Pro961 (IR) and Pro941 (IGF1R), but the C
      terminal residues corresponding to the juxtamembrane region of each receptor
      adopt unfolded and flexible conformations in IR as opposed to a helix in IGF1R.
      We also observe that the N-terminal residues in IR form a kinked-helix sitting at
      the membrane-solvent interface, while homologous residues in IGF1R are unfolded
      and flexible. These conformational differences result in a larger tilt-angle of
      the membrane-embedded helix in IGF1R in comparison to IR to compensate for
      interactions with water molecules at the membrane-solvent interfaces. Our
      metastable/stable states for the transmembrane domain of IR, observed in a lipid
      bilayer, are consistent with a known NMR structure of this domain determined in
      detergent micelles, and similar states in IGF1R are consistent with a previously
      reported model of the dimerized transmembrane domains of IGF1R. Our all-atom
      structural models suggest potentially unique structural organization of kinase
      domains in each receptor. 

PMID- 27379021
TI  - Fatty Infiltration of Skeletal Muscle: Mechanisms and Comparisons with Bone
      Marrow Adiposity.
AB  - Skeletal muscle and bone share common embryological origins from mesodermal cell
      populations and also display common growth trajectories early in life. Moreover,
      muscle and bone are both mechanoresponsive tissues, and the mass and strength of
      both tissues decline with age. The decline in muscle and bone strength that
      occurs with aging is accompanied in both cases by an accumulation of adipose
      tissue. In bone, adipocyte (AC) accumulation occurs in the marrow cavities of
      long bones and is known to increase with estrogen deficiency, mechanical
      unloading, and exposure to glucocorticoids. The factors leading to accumulation
      of intra- and intermuscular fat (myosteatosis) are less well understood, but
      recent evidence indicates that increases in intramuscular fat are associated with
      disuse, altered leptin signaling, sex steroid deficiency, and glucocorticoid
      treatment, factors that are also implicated in bone marrow adipogenesis.
      Importantly, accumulation of ACs in skeletal muscle and accumulation of
      intramyocellular lipid are linked to loss of muscle strength, reduced insulin
      sensitivity, and increased mortality among the elderly. Resistance exercise and
      whole body vibration can prevent fatty infiltration in skeletal muscle and also
      improve muscle strength. Therapeutic strategies to prevent myosteatosis may
      improve muscle function and reduce fall risk in the elderly, potentially
      impacting the incidence of bone fracture. 

PMID- 27379023
TI  - Serotypes and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from
      Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and Asymptomatic Carriage in a Pre-vaccination
      Period, in Algeria.
AB  - In Algeria, few data is available concerning the distribution of pneumococcal
      serotypes and respective antibiotic resistance for the current pre-vaccination
      period, which is a public health concern. We identified the most frequent
      Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroup/types implicated in invasive pneumococcal
      disease (IPD; n = 80) and carriage (n = 138) in Algerian children younger than 5
      years old. Serogroup/types of 78 IPD isolates were identified by capsular typing
      using a sequential multiplex PCR. Overall, serotypes 14, 19F, 6B, 23F, 18C, 1, 5,
      7F, 19A, and 3 (55% of PCV7 serotypes, 71.3% of PCV10, and 90% of PCV13) were
      identified. Additionally, 7.5% of the non-vaccine serotypes 6C, 9N/L, 20, 24F,
      35B, and 35F, were observed. In the case of S. pneumoniae asymptomatic children
      carriers, the most common serogroup/types were 6B, 14, 19F, 23F, 4, 9V/A, 1, 19A,
      6A, and 3 (42.7% of PCV7 serotypes, 44.2% of PCV10, and 58% of PCV13). For 6.1%
      of the cases co-colonization was detected. Serotypes 14, 1, 5, and 19A were more
      implicated in IPD (p < 0.01), whereas serotype 6A was exclusively isolated from
      carriers (p < 0.01). Deaths associated with IPD were related to serotypes 19A,
      14, 18C, and one non-typeable isolate. Among IPD related to vaccine serotypes,
      the rates of penicillin non-susceptible isolates were higher in no meningitis
      cases (80%) than in meningitis (66.7%), with serotypes 14, 19A, 19F, and 23F
      presenting the highest MIC levels (>2MUg/ml). Resistance to cefotaxime was higher
      in isolates from meningitis (40.5%); however, resistance to erythromycin and co
      trimoxazole (>40%) was more pronounced in no-meningeal forms. Overall, our
      results showed that PCV13 conjugate vaccine would cover up to 90% of the
      circulating isolates associated with IPD in Algeria, highlighting the importance
      of monitoring the frequency of S. pneumoniae serogroups/types during pre- and
      post-vaccination periods. 

PMID- 27379022
TI  - The Role of ACTH and Corticosteroids for Sepsis and Septic Shock: An Update.
AB  - Sepsis is a common disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality. It is
      now defined as an abnormal host response to infection, resulting in life
      threatening dysfunction of organs. There is evidence from in vitro and in vivo
      experiments in various animal models and in patients that endotoxin or sepsis may
      directly and indirectly alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to
      severe infection. These alterations may include necrosis or hemorrhage or
      inflammatory mediator-mediated decreased ACTH synthesis, steroidogenesis,
      cortisol delivery to tissues, clearance from plasma, and decreased sensitivity of
      tissues to cortisol. Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may
      translate in patients with sepsis into cardiovascular and other organ
      dysfunction, and eventually an increase in the risk of death. Exogenous
      administration of corticosteroids at moderate dose, i.e., <400 mg of
      hydrocortisone or equivalent for >96 h, may help reversing sepsis-associated
      shock and organ dysfunction. Corticosteroids may also shorten the duration of
      stay in the ICU. Except for increased blood glucose and sodium levels, treatment
      with corticosteroids was rather well tolerated in the context of clinical trials.
      The benefit of treatment on survival remains controversial. Based on available
      randomized controlled trials, the likelihood of survival benefit is greater in
      septic shock versus sepsis patients, in sepsis with acute respiratory distress
      syndrome or with community-acquired pneumonia versus patients without these
      conditions, and in patients with a blunted cortisol response to 250 MUg of ACTH
      test versus those with normal response. 

PMID- 27379024
TI  - ICEApl1, an Integrative Conjugative Element Related to ICEHin1056, Identified in
      the Pig Pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.
AB  - ICEApl1 was identified in the whole genome sequence of MIDG2331, a tetracycline
      resistant (MIC = 8 mg/L) serovar 8 clinical isolate of Actinobacillus
      pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. PCR
      amplification of virB4, one of the core genes involved in conjugation, was used
      to identify other A. pleuropneumoniae isolates potentially carrying ICEApl1. MICs
      for tetracycline were determined for virB4 positive isolates, and shotgun whole
      genome sequence analysis was used to confirm presence of the complete ICEApl1.
      The sequence of ICEApl1 is 56083 bp long and contains 67 genes including a Tn10
      element encoding tetracycline resistance. Comparative sequence analysis was
      performed with similar integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) found in other
      members of the Pasteurellaceae. ICEApl1 is most similar to the 59393 bp
      ICEHin1056, from Haemophilus influenzae strain 1056. Although initially
      identified only in serovar 8 isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae (31 from the UK and
      1 from Cyprus), conjugal transfer of ICEApl1 to representative isolates of other
      serovars was confirmed. All isolates carrying ICEApl1 had a MIC for tetracycline
      of 8 mg/L. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of an ICE in A.
      pleuropneumoniae, and the first report of a member of the ICEHin1056 subfamily in
      a non-human pathogen. ICEApl1 confers resistance to tetracycline, currently one
      of the more commonly used antibiotics for treatment and control of porcine
      pleuropneumonia.

PMID- 27379025
TI  - Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Metabolism Is Unrelated to the Sporulation and
      Parasporal Crystal Protein Formation in Bacillus thuringiensis.
AB  - Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a natural polymer synthesized by many bacteria as
      a carbon-energy storage material. It was accumulated maximally prior to the spore
      formation but was degraded during the process of sporulation in Bacillus
      thuringiensis. Intriguingly, B. thuringiensis also accumulates large amounts of
      insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) during sporulation, which requires
      considerable input of carbon and energy sources. How PHB accumulation affects
      sporulation and ICP formation remains unclear to date. Intuitively, one would
      imagine that accumulated PHB provides the energy required for ICP formation. Yet
      our current data indicate that this is not the case. First, growth curves of the
      deletion mutants of phaC (encoding the PHB synthase) and phaZ (encoding the PHB
      depolymerase) were found to be similar to the parent strain BMB171; no difference
      in growth rate could be observed. In addition we further constructed the cry1Ac10
      ICP gene overexpression strains of BMB171 (BMB171-cry), as well as its phaC and
      phaZ deletion mutants DeltaphaC-cry and DeltaphaZ-cry to compare their spore and
      ICP production rates. Again, not much change of ICP production was observed among
      these strains either. In fact, PHB was still degraded in most DeltaphaZ-cry cells
      as observed by transmission electron microscopy. Together these results indicated
      that there is no direct association between the PHB accumulation and the
      sporulation and ICP formation in B. thuringiensis. Some other enzymes for PHB
      degradation or other energy source may be responsible for the sporulation and/or
      ICP formation in B. thuringiensis. 

PMID- 27379027
TI  - A Novel Treatment Protects Chlorella at Commercial Scale from the Predatory
      Bacterium Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus.
AB  - The predatory bacterium, Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus, can destroy a Chlorella
      culture in just a few days, rendering an otherwise robust algal crop into a
      discolored suspension of empty cell walls. Chlorella is used as a benchmark for
      open pond cultivation due to its fast growth. In nature, V. chlorellavorus plays
      an ecological role by controlling this widespread terrestrial and freshwater
      microalga, but it can have a devastating effect when it attacks large commercial
      ponds. We discovered that V. chlorellavorus was associated with the collapse of
      four pilot commercial-scale (130,000 L volume) open-pond reactors. Routine
      microscopy revealed the distinctive pattern of V. chlorellavorus attachment to
      the algal cells, followed by algal cell clumping, culture discoloration and
      ultimately, growth decline. The "crash" of the algal culture coincided with
      increasing proportions of 16s rRNA sequencing reads assigned to V.
      chlorellavorus. We designed a qPCR assay to predict an impending culture crash
      and developed a novel treatment to control the bacterium. We found that (1)
      Chlorella growth was not affected by a 15 min exposure to pH 3.5 in the presence
      of 0.5 g/L acetate, when titrated with hydrochloric acid and (2) this treatment
      had a bactericidal effect on the culture (2-log decrease in aerobic counts).
      Therefore, when qPCR results indicated a rise in V. chlorellavorus amplicons, we
      found that the pH-shock treatment prevented the culture crash and doubled the
      productive longevity of the culture. Furthermore, the treatment could be
      repeatedly applied to the same culture, at the beginning of at least two
      sequential batch cycles. In this case, the treatment was applied preventively,
      further increasing the longevity of the open pond culture. In summary, the
      treatment reversed the infection of V. chlorellavorus as confirmed by
      observations of bacterial attachment to Chlorella cells and by detection of V.
      chlorellavorus by 16s rRNA sequencing and qPCR assay. The pH-shock treatment is
      highly selective against prokaryotes, and it is a cost-effective treatment that
      can be used throughout the scale up and production process. To our knowledge, the
      treatment described here is the first effective control of V. chlorellavorus and
      will be an important tool for the microalgal industry and biofuel research. 

PMID- 27379028
TI  - Supersaturation of Dissolved Hydrogen and Methane in Rumen of Tibetan Sheep.
AB  - Hydrogen (H2) is an essential substrate for methanogens to produce methane (CH4),
      and also influences pathways of volatile fatty acids (VFA) production in the
      rumen. Dissolved H2 (H2 (aq)) is the form of H2 available to microbes, and
      dissolved CH4 (CH4 (aq)) is important for indicating methanogens activity. Rumen
      H2 (aq) concentration has been estimated by assuming equilibrium with headspace
      gaseous H2 (H2 (g)) concentration using Henry's law, and has also been directly
      measured in the liquid phase in some in vitro and in vivo experiments. In this in
      vivo study, H2 (aq) and CH4 (aq) concentration measured directly in rumen fluid
      and their corresponding concentrations estimated from their gaseous phase
      concentrations, were compared to investigate the existence of equilibrium between
      the gas and liquid phases. Twenty-four Tibetan sheep were randomly assigned to
      two mixed diets containing the same concentrate mixed with oat grass (OG diet) or
      barley straw (BS diet). Rumen gaseous phase and contents were sampled using
      rumenocentesis and oral stomach tubing, respectively. Rumen H2 (aq) and CH4 (aq)
      concentration and VFA profile differed between sheep fed OG and BS diets.
      Measured H2 (aq) and CH4 (aq) concentration were greater than H2 (aq) and CH4
      (aq) concentrations estimated using gas concentrations, indicating lack of
      equilibrium between gas and liquid phase and supersaturation of H2 and CH4 in
      rumen fluid. As a consequence, Gibbs energy changes (DeltaG) estimated for
      various metabolic pathways were different when calculated using dissolved gases
      concentrations directly measured and when using dissolved gases concentrations
      assuming equilibrium with the gaseous phase. Dissolved CH4, but not CH4 (g), was
      positively correlated with H2 (aq). Both H2 (aq) and H2 (g) concentrations were
      positively correlated with the molar percentage of butyrate and negatively
      correlated with the molar percentage of acetate. In summary, rumen fluid was
      supersaturated with both H2 and CH4, and H2 (aq) was closely associated with the
      VFA profile and CH4 (aq) concentration. The assumption of equilibrium between
      dissolved gases and gaseous phase affected DeltaG estimation. 

PMID- 27379029
TI  - Acid-Tolerant Moderately Thermophilic Methanotrophs of the Class
      Gammaproteobacteria Isolated From Tropical Topsoil with Methane Seeps.
AB  - Terrestrial tropical methane seep habitats are important ecosystems in the
      methane cycle. Methane oxidizing bacteria play a key role in these ecosystems as
      they reduce methane emissions to the atmosphere. Here, we describe the isolation
      and initial characterization of two novel moderately thermophilic and acid
      tolerant obligate methanotrophs, assigned BFH1 and BFH2 recovered from a tropical
      methane seep topsoil habitat. The new isolates were strictly aerobic, non-motile,
      coccus-shaped and utilized methane and methanol as sole carbon and energy source.
      Isolates grew at pH range 4.2-7.5 (optimal 5.5-6.0) and at a temperature range of
      30-60 degrees C (optimal 51-55 degrees C). 16S rRNA gene phylogeny placed them in
      a well-separated branch forming a cluster together with the genus Methylocaldum
      as the closest relatives (93.1-94.1% sequence similarity). The genes pmoA, mxaF,
      and cbbL were detected, but mmoX was absent. Strains BFH1 and BFH2 are, to our
      knowledge, the first isolated acid-tolerant moderately thermophilic methane
      oxidizers of the class Gammaproteobacteria. Each strain probably denotes a novel
      species and they most likely represent a novel genus within the family
      Methylococcaceae of type I methanotrophs. Furthermore, the isolates increase our
      knowledge of acid-tolerant aerobic methanotrophs and signify a previously
      unrecognized biological methane sink in tropical ecosystems. 

PMID- 27379026
TI  - Genomic Microbial Epidemiology Is Needed to Comprehend the Global Problem of
      Antibiotic Resistance and to Improve Pathogen Diagnosis.
AB  - Contamination of waste effluent from hospitals and intensive food animal
      production with antimicrobial residues is an immense global problem.
      Antimicrobial residues exert selection pressures that influence the acquisition
      of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in diverse microbial populations.
      Despite these concerns there is only a limited understanding of how antimicrobial
      residues contribute to the global problem of antimicrobial resistance.
      Furthermore, rapid detection of emerging bacterial pathogens and strains with
      resistance to more than one antibiotic class remains a challenge. A
      comprehensive, sequence-based genomic epidemiological surveillance model that
      captures essential microbial metadata is needed, both to improve surveillance for
      antimicrobial resistance and to monitor pathogen evolution. Escherichia coli is
      an important pathogen causing both intestinal [intestinal pathogenic E. coli
      (IPEC)] and extraintestinal [extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC)] disease
      in humans and food animals. ExPEC are the most frequently isolated Gram negative
      pathogen affecting human health, linked to food production practices and are
      often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Cattle are a known reservoir of IPEC but
      they are not recognized as a source of ExPEC that impact human or animal health.
      In contrast, poultry are a recognized source of multiple antibiotic resistant
      ExPEC, while swine have received comparatively less attention in this regard.
      Here, we review what is known about ExPEC in swine and how pig production
      contributes to the problem of antibiotic resistance. 

PMID- 27379030
TI  - Quantifying Limits on Replication, Death, and Quiescence of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis in Mice.
AB  - When an individual is exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) three outcomes
      are possible: bacterial clearance, active disease, or latent infection. It is
      generally believed that most individuals exposed to Mtb become latently infected
      and carry the mycobacteria for life. How Mtb is maintained during this latent
      infection remains largely unknown. During an Mtb infection in mice, there is a
      phase of rapid increase in bacterial numbers in the murine lungs within the first
      3 weeks, and then bacterial numbers either stabilize or increase slowly over the
      period of many months. It has been debated whether the relatively constant
      numbers of bacteria in the chronic infection result from latent (dormant,
      quiescent), non-replicating bacteria, or whether the observed Mtb cell numbers
      are due to balance between rapid replication and death. A recent study of mice,
      infected with a Mtb strain carrying an unstable plasmid, showed that during the
      chronic phase, Mtb was replicating at significant rates. Using experimental data
      from this study and mathematical modeling we investigated the limits of the rates
      of bacterial replication, death, and quiescence during Mtb infection of mice.
      First, we found that to explain the data the rates of bacterial replication and
      death could not be constant and had to decrease with time since infection unless
      there were large changes in plasmid segregation probability over time. While a
      decrease in the rate of Mtb replication with time since infection was expected
      due to depletion of host's resources, a decrease in the Mtb death rate was
      counterintuitive since Mtb-specific immune response, appearing in the lungs 3-4
      weeks after infection, should increase removal of bacteria. Interestingly, we
      found no significant correlation between estimated rates of Mtb replication and
      death suggesting the decline in these rates was driven by independent mechanisms.
      Second, we found that the data could not be explained by assuming that bacteria
      do not die, suggesting that some removal of bacteria from lungs of these mice had
      to occur even though the total bacterial counts in these mice always increased
      over time. Third and finally, we showed that to explain the data the majority of
      bacterial cells (at least ~60%) must be replicating in the chronic phase of
      infection further challenging widespread belief of nonreplicating Mtb in latency.
      Our predictions were robust to some changes in the structure of the model, for
      example, when the loss of plasmid-bearing cells was mainly due to high fitness
      cost of the plasmid. Further studies should determine if more mechanistic models
      for Mtb dynamics are also able to accurately explain these data. 

PMID- 27379031
TI  - H11/HSPB8 Restricts HIV-2 Vpx to Restore the Anti-Viral Activity of SAMHD1.
AB  - Virus-host interactions play vital roles in viral replication and virus-induced
      pathogenesis. Viruses rely entirely upon host cells to reproduce progeny viruses;
      however, host factors positively or negatively regulate virus replication by
      interacting with viral proteins. The elucidation of virus-host protein
      interaction not only provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms
      by which host cells combat viral infections, but also facilitates the development
      of new anti-viral therapeutics. Identification of relevant host factors requires
      techniques that enable comprehensive characterization of virus-host protein
      interactions. In this study, we developed a proteomic approach to systematically
      identify human protein kinases that interact potently with viral proteins. For
      this purpose, we synthesized 412 full-length human protein kinases using the
      wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system, and screened them for their
      association with a virus protein using the amplified luminescent proximity
      homogenous assay (AlphaScreen). Using this system, we attempted to discover a
      robust anti-viral host restriction mechanism targeting virus protein X (Vpx) of
      HIV-2. The screen identified H11/HSPB8 as a Vpx-binding protein that negatively
      regulates the stability and function of Vpx. Indeed, overexpression of H11/HSPB8
      promoted the degradation of Vpx via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and
      inhibited its interaction with SAMHD1, a host restriction factor responsible for
      blocking replication of HIV. Conversely, targeted knockdown of H11/HSPB8 in human
      trophoblast cells, which ordinarily express high levels of this protein, restored
      the expression and function of Vpx, making the cells highly susceptible to viral
      replication. These results demonstrate that our proteomic approach represents a
      powerful tool for revealing virus-host interaction not yet identified by
      conventional methods. Furthermore, we showed that H11/HSPB8 could be a potential
      host regulatory factor that may prevent placental infection of HIV-2 during
      pregnancy. 

PMID- 27379033
TI  - Tracing Back Clinical Campylobacter jejuni in the Northwest of Italy and
      Assessing Their Potential Source.
AB  - Food-borne campylobacteriosis is caused mainly by the handling or consumption of
      undercooked chicken meat or by the ingestion of contaminated raw milk. Knowledge
      about the contributions of different food sources to gastrointestinal disease is
      fundamental to prioritize food safety interventions and to establish proper
      control strategies. Assessing the genetic diversity among Campylobacter species
      is essential to our understanding of their epidemiology and population structure.
      We molecularly characterized 56 Campylobacter jejuni isolates (31 from patients
      hospitalized with gastroenteritis, 17 from raw milk samples, and 8 from chicken
      samples) using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel
      electrophoresis (PFGE) in order to trace the source of the disease. We also used
      a population genetic approach to investigate the source of the human cases from
      six different reservoirs of infection. MLST identified 25 different sequence
      types and 11 clonal complexes (CCs) (21, 658, 206, 353, 443, 48, 61, 257, 1332,
      354, 574) and these included several alleles not cited previously in the PubMLST
      international database. The most prevalent CCs were 21, 206, and 354. PFGE showed
      34 pulsotypes divided between 28 different clusters. At the fine scale, by means
      of PFGE and MLST, only two human cases were linked to raw milk, while one case
      was linked to chicken meat. The investigation revealed the presence of several
      genotypes among the human isolates, which probably suggests multiple foci for the
      infections. Finally, the source attribution model we used revealed that most
      cases were attributed to chicken (69.75%) as the main reservoir in Italy,
      followed to a lesser extent by the following sources: cattle (8.25%); environment
      (6.28%); wild bird (7.37%); small ruminant (5.35%), and pork (2.98%). This study
      confirms the importance of correlating epidemiological investigations with
      molecular epidemiological data to better understand the dynamics of infection. 

PMID- 27379032
TI  - The Chromosomal parDE2 Toxin-Antitoxin System of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      H37Rv: Genetic and Functional Characterization.
AB  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv escapes host-generated stresses by entering a
      dormant persistent state. Activation of toxin-antitoxin modules is one of the
      mechanisms known to trigger such a state with low metabolic activity. M.
      tuberculosis harbors a large number of TA systems mostly located within
      discernible genomic islands. We have investigated the parDE2 operon of M.
      tuberculosis H37Rv encoding MParE2 toxin and MParD2 antitoxin proteins. The
      parDE2 locus was transcriptionally active from growth phase till late stationary
      phase in M. tuberculosis. A functional promoter located upstream of parD2 GTG
      start-site was identified by 5'-RACE and lacZ reporter assay. The MParD2 protein
      transcriptionally regulated the P parDE2 promoter by interacting through Arg16
      and Ser15 residues located in the N-terminus. In Escherichia coli, ectopic
      expression of MParE2 inhibited growth in early stages, with a drastic reduction
      in colony forming units. Live-dead analysis revealed that the reduction was not
      due to cell death alone but due to formation of viable but non-culturable cells
      (VBNCs) also. The toxic activity of the protein, identified in the C-terminal
      residues Glu98 and Arg102, was neutralized by the antitoxin MParD2, both in vivo
      and in vitro. MParE2 inhibited mycobacterial DNA gyrase and interacted with the
      GyrB subunit without affecting its ATPase activity. Introduction of parE2 gene in
      the heterologous M. smegmatis host prevented growth and colony formation by the
      transformed cells. An M. smegmatis strain containing the parDE2 operon also
      switched to a non-culturable phenotype in response to oxidative stress. Loss in
      colony-forming ability of a major part of the MParE2 expressing cells suggests
      its potential role in dormancy, a cellular strategy for adaptation to
      environmental stresses. Our study has laid the foundation for future
      investigations to explore the physiological significance of parDE2 operon in
      mycobacterial pathogenesis. 

PMID- 27379034
TI  - Responses of Aquatic Bacteria to Terrestrial Runoff: Effects on Community
      Structure and Key Taxonomic Groups.
AB  - Organic fertilizer application is often touted as an economical and effective
      method to increase soil fertility. However, this amendment may increase dissolved
      organic carbon (DOC) runoff into downstream aquatic ecosystems and may
      consequently alter aquatic microbial community. We focused on understanding the
      effects of DOC runoff from soils amended with compost, vermicompost, or biochar
      on the aquatic microbial community of a tropical reservoir. Runoff collected from
      a series of rainfall simulations on soils amended with different organic
      fertilizers was incubated for 16 days in a series of 200 L mesocosms filled with
      water from a downstream reservoir. We applied 454 high throughput pyrosequencing
      for bacterial 16S rRNA genes to analyze microbial communities. After 16 days of
      incubation, the richness and evenness of the microbial communities present
      decreased in the mesocosms amended with any organic fertilizers, except for the
      evenness in the mesocosms amended with compost runoff. In contrast, they
      increased in the reservoir water control and soil-only amended mesocosms.
      Community structure was mainly affected by pH and DOC concentration. Compared to
      the autochthonous organic carbon produced during primary production, the addition
      of allochthonous DOC from these organic amendments seemed to exert a stronger
      effect on the communities over the period of incubation. While the Proteobacteria
      and Actinobacteria classes were positively associated with higher DOC
      concentration, the number of sequences representing key bacterial groups differed
      between mesocosms particularly between the biochar runoff addition and the
      compost or vermi-compost runoff additions. The genera of Propionibacterium spp.
      and Methylobacterium spp. were highly abundant in the compost runoff additions
      suggesting that they may represent sentinel species of complex organic carbon
      inputs. Overall, this work further underlines the importance of studying the off
      site impacts of organic fertilizers as their impact on downstream aquatic systems
      is not negligible. 

PMID- 27379035
TI  - Antifungal and Zearalenone Inhibitory Activity of Pediococcus pentosaceus
      Isolated from Dairy Products on Fusarium graminearum.
AB  - The present study was aimed to evaluate the bio-control efficacy of Pediococcus
      pentosaceus isolated from traditional fermented dairy products originated from
      India, against the growth and zearalenone (ZEA) production of Fusarium
      graminearum. The cell-free supernatants of P. pentosaceus (PPCS) were prepared
      and chemical profiling was carried out by GC-MS and MALDI-TOF analysis. Chemical
      profiling of PPCS evidenced that, the presence of phenolic antioxidants, which
      are responsible for the antifungal activity. Another hand, MALDI-TOF analysis
      also indicated the presence of antimicrobial peptides. To know the antioxidant
      potential of PPCS, DPPH free radical scavenging assay was carried out and IC50
      value was determined as 32 +/- 1.89 MUL/mL. The antifungal activity of P.
      pentosaceus was determined by dual culture overlay technique and zone of
      inhibition was recorded as 47 +/- 2.81%, and antifungal activity of PPCS on F.
      graminearum was determined by micro-well dilution and scanning electron
      microscopic techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PPCS was
      determined as 66 +/- 2.18 MUL/mL in the present study. Also a clear variation in
      the micromorphology of mycelia treated with MIC value of PPCS compared to
      untreated control was documented. Further, the mechanism of growth inhibition was
      revealed by ergosterol analysis and determination of reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) in PPCS treated samples. The effects of PPCS on mycelial biomass and ZEA
      production were observed in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism behind the
      suppression of ZEA production was studied by reverse transcriptase qPCR analysis
      of ZEA metabolic pathway genes (PKS4 and PKS13), and results showed that there is
      a dose dependent down-regulation of target gene expression in PPCS treated
      samples. The results of the present study were collectively proved that, the
      antifungal and ZEA inhibitory activity of PPCS against F. graminearum and it may
      find a potential application in agriculture and food industry as a natural bio
      controlling agent. 

PMID- 27379036
TI  - A Bacterial Pathogen Displaying Temperature-Enhanced Virulence of the Microalga
      Emiliania huxleyi.
AB  - Emiliania huxleyi is a globally abundant microalga that plays a significant role
      in biogeochemical cycles. Over the next century, sea surface temperatures are
      predicted to increase drastically, which will likely have significant effects on
      the survival and ecology of E. huxleyi. In a warming ocean, this microalga may
      become increasingly vulnerable to pathogens, particularly those with temperature
      dependent virulence. Ruegeria is a genus of Rhodobacteraceae whose population
      size tracks that of E. huxleyi throughout the alga's bloom-bust lifecycle. A
      representative of this genus, Ruegeria sp. R11, is known to cause bleaching
      disease in a red macroalga at elevated temperatures. To investigate if the
      pathogenicity of R11 extends to microalgae, it was co-cultured with several cell
      types of E. huxleyi near the alga's optimum (18 degrees C), and at an elevated
      temperature (25 degrees C) known to induce virulence in R11. The algal
      populations were monitored using flow cytometry and pulse-amplitude modulated
      fluorometry. Cultures of algae without bacteria remained healthy at 18 degrees C,
      but lower cell counts in control cultures at 25 degrees C indicated some stress
      at the elevated temperature. Both the C (coccolith-bearing) and S (scale-bearing
      swarming) cell types of E. huxleyi experienced a rapid decline resulting in
      apparent death when co-cultured with R11 at 25 degrees C, but had no effect on N
      (naked) cell type at either temperature. R11 had no initial negative impact on C
      and S type E. huxleyi population size or health at 18 degrees C, but caused death
      in older co-cultures. This differential effect of R11 on its host at 18 and 25
      degrees C suggest it is a temperature-enhanced opportunistic pathogen of E.
      huxleyi. We also detected caspase-like activity in dying C type cells co-cultured
      with R11, which suggests that programmed cell death plays a role in the death of
      E. huxleyi triggered by R11 - a mechanism induced by viruses (EhVs) and
      implicated in E. huxleyi bloom collapse. Given that E. huxleyi has recently been
      shown to have acquired resistance against EhVs at elevated temperature, bacterial
      pathogens with temperature-dependent virulence, such as R11, may become much more
      important in the ecology of E. huxleyi in a warming climate. 

PMID- 27379037
TI  - Tobacco Rotated with Rapeseed for Soil-Borne Phytophthora Pathogen Biocontrol:
      Mediated by Rapeseed Root Exudates.
AB  - Black shank, caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, is a widespread
      and destructive disease of tobacco. Crop rotation is essential in controlling
      black shank. Here, we confirmed that rotating black shank-infested fields with
      rapeseed (Brassica napus) suppressed the incidence this disease. Further study
      demonstrated that rapeseed roots have a strong ability to attract zoospores and
      subsequently stop the swimming of zoospores into cystospores. Then, rapeseed
      roots secrete a series of antimicrobial compounds, including 2-butenoic acid,
      benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-ethanone, and 4
      methoxyindole, to inhibit the cystospore germination and mycelial growth of P.
      parasitica var. nicotianae. Thus, rapeseed rotated with tobacco suppresses
      tobacco black shank disease through the chemical weapons secreted by rapeseed
      roots. 

PMID- 27379039
TI  - Enhanced Biocide Mitigation of Field Biofilm Consortia by a Mixture of D-Amino
      Acids.
AB  - Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a major problem in the oil and
      gas industry as well as in many other industries. Current treatment methods rely
      mostly on pigging and biocide dosing. Biocide resistance is a growing concern.
      Thus, it is desirable to use biocide enhancers to improve the efficacy of
      existing biocides. D-Amino acids are naturally occurring. Our previous work
      demonstrated that some D-amino acids are biocide enhancers. Under a biocide
      stress of 50 ppm (w/w) hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate (THPS) biocide, 1 ppm D
      tyrosine and 100 ppm D-methionine used separately successfully mitigated the
      Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm on carbon steel coupons. The data reported in this
      work revealed that 50 ppm of an equimolar mixture of D-methionine, D-tyrosine, D
      leucine, and D-tryptophan greatly enhanced 50 ppm THPS biocide treatment of two
      recalcitrant biofilm consortia containing sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB),
      nitrate reducing bacteria (NRB), and fermentative bacteria, etc., from oil-field
      operations. The data also indicated that individual D-amino acids were inadequate
      for the biofilm consortia. 

PMID- 27379041
TI  - Reconstruction of the High-Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) Signaling Pathway from the
      Halophilic Fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The basidiomycetous fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga grows between 1.7 and 5.1 M NaCl
      and is the most halophilic eukaryote described to date. Like other fungi, W.
      ichthyophaga detects changes in environmental salinity mainly by the
      evolutionarily conserved high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway. In
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the HOG pathway has been extensively studied in
      connection to osmotic regulation, with a valuable knock-out strain collection
      established. In the present study, we reconstructed the architecture of the HOG
      pathway of W. ichthyophaga in suitable S. cerevisiae knock-out strains, through
      heterologous expression of the W. ichthyophaga HOG pathway proteins. Compared to
      S. cerevisiae, where the Pbs2 (ScPbs2) kinase of the HOG pathway is activated via
      the SHO1 and SLN1 branches, the interactions between the W. ichthyophaga Pbs2
      (WiPbs2) kinase and the W. ichthyophaga SHO1 branch orthologs are not conserved:
      as well as evidence of poor interactions between the WiSho1 Src-homology 3 (SH3)
      domain and the WiPbs2 proline-rich motif, the absence of a considerable part of
      the osmosensing apparatus in the genome of W. ichthyophaga suggests that the SHO1
      branch components are not involved in HOG signaling in this halophilic fungus. In
      contrast, the conserved activation of WiPbs2 by the S. cerevisiae ScSsk2/ScSsk22
      kinase and the sensitivity of W. ichthyophaga cells to fludioxonil, emphasize the
      significance of two-component (SLN1-like) signaling via Group III histidine
      kinase. Combined with protein modeling data, our study reveals conserved and non
      conserved protein interactions in the HOG signaling pathway of W. ichthyophaga
      and therefore significantly improves the knowledge of hyperosmotic signal
      processing in this halophilic fungus. 

PMID- 27379040
TI  - Streptomyces antioxidans sp. nov., a Novel Mangrove Soil Actinobacterium with
      Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Potentials.
AB  - A novel strain, Streptomyces antioxidans MUSC 164(T) was recovered from mangrove
      forest soil located at Tanjung Lumpur, Malaysia. The Gram-positive bacterium
      forms yellowish-white aerial and brilliant greenish yellow substrate mycelium on
      ISP 2 agar. A polyphasic approach was used to determine the taxonomy status of
      strain MUSC 164(T). The strain showed a spectrum of phylogenetic and
      chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of the members of the genus
      Streptomyces. The cell wall peptidoglycan was determined to contain LL
      diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6) and
      MK-9(H8), while the identified polar lipids consisted of aminolipid,
      diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine,
      phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylglycerol and lipid. The cell wall sugars consist of galactose,
      glucose and ribose. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10.0%) were identified
      as iso-C15: 0 (34.8%) and anteiso-C15: 0(14.0%). Phylogenetic analysis identified
      that closely related strains for MUSC 164(T) as Streptomyces javensis NBRC
      100777(T) (99.6% sequence similarity), Streptomyces yogyakartensis NBRC 100779(T)
      (99.6%) and Streptomyces violaceusniger NBRC 13459(T) (99.6%). The DNA-DNA
      relatedness values between MUSC 164(T) and closely related type strains ranged
      from 23.8 +/- 0.3% to 53.1 +/- 4.3%. BOX-PCR fingerprints comparison showed that
      MUSC 164(T) exhibits a unique DNA profile, with DNA G + C content determined to
      be 71.6 mol%. Based on the polyphasic study of MUSC 164(T), it is concluded that
      this strain represents a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces
      antioxidans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MUSC 164(T) (=DSM 101523(T)
      = MCCC 1K01590(T)). The extract of MUSC 164(T) showed potent antioxidative and
      neuroprotective activities against hydrogen peroxide. The chemical analysis of
      the extract revealed that the strain produces pyrazines and phenolic-related
      compounds that could explain for the observed bioactivities. 

PMID- 27379042
TI  - Reconstructing the Genetic Potential of the Microbially-Mediated Nitrogen Cycle
      in a Salt Marsh Ecosystem.
AB  - Coastal ecosystems are considered buffer zones for the discharge of land-derived
      nutrients without accounting for potential negative side effects. Hence, there is
      an urgent need to better understand the ecological assembly and dynamics of the
      microorganisms that are involved in nitrogen (N) cycling in such systems. Here,
      we employed two complementary methodological approaches (i.e., shotgun
      metagenomics and quantitative PCR) to examine the distribution and abundance of
      selected microbial genes involved in N transformations. We used soil samples
      collected along a well-established pristine salt marsh soil chronosequence that
      spans over a century of ecosystem development at the island of Schiermonnikoog,
      The Netherlands. Across the examined soil successional stages, the structure of
      the populations of genes involved in N cycling processes was strongly related to
      (shifts in the) soil nitrogen levels (i.e., [Formula: see text], [Formula: see
      text]), salinity and pH (explaining 73.8% of the total variation, R (2) = 0.71).
      Quantification of the genes used as proxies for N fixation, nitrification and
      denitrification revealed clear successional signatures that corroborated the
      taxonomic assignments obtained by metagenomics. Notably, we found strong evidence
      for niche partitioning, as revealed by the abundance and distribution of marker
      genes for nitrification (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea) and
      denitrification (nitrite reductase nirK, nirS and nitrous oxide reductase nosZ
      clades I and II). This was supported by a distinct correlation between these
      genes and soil physico-chemical properties, such as soil physical structure, pH,
      salinity, organic matter, total N, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and
      [Formula: see text], across four seasonal samplings. Overall, this study sheds
      light on the successional trajectories of microbial N cycle genes along a
      naturally developing salt marsh ecosystem. The data obtained serve as a
      foundation to guide the formulation of ecological models that aim to effectively
      monitor and manage pristine and impacted salt marsh areas. Such models should
      account for the ecology as well as the historical contingency of N cycling
      communities. 

PMID- 27379043
TI  - Flow Cytometric Assessment of Bacterial Abundance in Soils, Sediments and Sludge.
AB  - Bacterial abundance is a fundamental measure in microbiology, but its assessment
      is often tedious, especially for soil, and sediment samples. To overcome this
      limitation, we adopted a time-efficient flow-cytometric (FCM) counting method
      involving cell detachment and separation from matrix particles by centrifugation
      in tubes receiving sample suspensions and Histodenz((r)) solution. We used this
      approach to assess bacterial abundances in diverse soils (natural and
      agricultural), sediments (streams and lakes) and sludge from sand-filters in a
      drinking water treatment plant and compared the results to bacterial abundances
      determined by two established methods, epifluorescence microscopy (EM) and
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP) quantification. Cell abundances determined by FCM
      and EM correlated fairly well, although absolute cell abundances were generally
      lower when determined by FCM. FCM also showed significant relations with cell
      counts converted from ATP concentrations, although estimates derived from ATP
      determinations were typically higher, indicating the presence of ATP sources
      other than bacteria. Soil and sediment organic matter (OM) content influenced the
      goodness of fit between counts obtained with EM and FCM. In particular, bacterial
      abundance determined by FCM in samples containing less than 10% OM, such as
      stream sediment, was particularly well correlated with the cell counts assessed
      by EM. Overall, these results suggest that FCM following cell detachment and
      purification is a useful approach to increase sample throughput for determining
      bacterial abundances in soils, sediments and sludge. However, notable scatter and
      only partial concordance among the FCM and reference methods suggests that
      protocols require further improvement for assessments requiring high precision,
      especially when OM contents in samples are high. 

PMID- 27379044
TI  - From DNA to FBA: How to Build Your Own Genome-Scale Metabolic Model.
AB  - Microbiological studies are increasingly relying on in silico methods to perform
      exploration and rapid analysis of genomic data, and functional genomics studies
      are supplemented by the new perspectives that genome-scale metabolic models
      offer. A mathematical model consisting of a microbe's entire metabolic map can be
      rapidly determined from whole-genome sequencing and annotating the genomic
      material encoded in its DNA. Flux-balance analysis (FBA), a linear programming
      technique that uses metabolic models to predict the phenotypic responses imposed
      by environmental elements and factors, is the leading method to simulate and
      manipulate cellular growth in silico. However, the process of creating an
      accurate model to use in FBA consists of a series of steps involving a multitude
      of connections between bioinformatics databases, enzyme resources, and metabolic
      pathways. We present the methodology and procedure to obtain a metabolic model
      using PyFBA, an extensible Python-based open-source software package aimed to
      provide a platform where functional annotations are used to build metabolic
      models (http://linsalrob.github.io/PyFBA). Backed by the Model SEED biochemistry
      database, PyFBA contains methods to reconstruct a microbe's metabolic map, run
      FBA upon different media conditions, and gap-fill its metabolism. The
      extensibility of PyFBA facilitates novel techniques in creating accurate genome
      scale metabolic models. 

PMID- 27379045
TI  - Two Small RNAs Conserved in Enterobacteriaceae Provide Intrinsic Resistance to
      Antibiotics Targeting the Cell Wall Biosynthesis Enzyme Glucosamine-6-Phosphate
      Synthase.
AB  - Formation of glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P) by enzyme GlcN6P synthase (GlmS)
      represents the first step in bacterial cell envelope synthesis. In Escherichia
      coli, expression of glmS is controlled by small RNAs (sRNAs) GlmY and GlmZ. GlmZ
      activates the glmS mRNA by base-pairing. When not required, GlmZ is bound by
      adapter protein RapZ and recruited to cleavage by RNase E inactivating the sRNA.
      The homologous sRNA GlmY activates glmS indirectly. When present at high levels,
      GlmY sequesters RapZ by an RNA mimicry mechanism suppressing cleavage of GlmZ.
      The interplay of both sRNAs is believed to adjust GlmS synthesis to the needs of
      the cell, i.e., to achieve GlcN6P homeostasis. Bacilysin (tetaine) and Nva-FMDP
      are dipeptide antibiotics that impair cell envelope synthesis by inhibition of
      enzyme GlmS through covalent modification. However, although taken up
      efficiently, these antibiotics are less active against E. coli for reasons
      unknown so far. Here we show that the GlmY/GlmZ circuit provides resistance.
      Inhibition of GlmS causes GlcN6P deprivation leading to activation of GlmY and
      GlmZ, which in turn trigger glmS overexpression in a dosage-dependent manner.
      Mutation of glmY or glmZ disables this response and renders the bacteria highly
      susceptible to GlmS inhibitors. Thus, E. coli compensates inhibition of GlmS by
      increasing its synthesis through the GlmY/GlmZ pathway. This mechanism is also
      operative in Salmonella indicating that it is conserved in Enterobacteriaceae
      possessing these sRNAs. As GlmY apparently responds to GlcN6P, co-application of
      a non-metabolizable GlcN6P analog may prevent activation of the sRNAs and thereby
      increase the bactericidal activity of GlmS inhibitors against wild-type bacteria.
      Initial experiments using glucosamine-6-sulfate support this possibility. Thus,
      GlcN6P analogs might be considered for co-application with GlmS inhibitors in
      combined therapy to treat infections caused by pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. 

PMID- 27379038
TI  - Global Dissemination of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae:
      Epidemiology, Genetic Context, Treatment Options, and Detection Methods.
AB  - The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens poses a serious
      threat to public health worldwide. In particular, the increasing prevalence of
      carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major source of concern. K.
      pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs) and carbapenemases of the oxacillinase-48 (OXA
      48) type have been reported worldwide. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM)
      carbapenemases were originally identified in Sweden in 2008 and have spread
      worldwide rapidly. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of K. pneumoniae
      producing three carbapenemases (KPCs, NDMs, and OXA-48-like). Although the
      prevalence of each resistant strain varies geographically, K. pneumoniae
      producing KPCs, NDMs, and OXA-48-like carbapenemases have become rapidly
      disseminated. In addition, we used recently published molecular and genetic
      studies to analyze the mechanisms by which these three carbapenemases, and major
      K. pneumoniae clones, such as ST258 and ST11, have become globally prevalent.
      Because carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae are often resistant to most beta
      lactam antibiotics and many other non-beta-lactam molecules, the therapeutic
      options available to treat infection with these strains are limited to colistin,
      polymyxin B, fosfomycin, tigecycline, and selected aminoglycosides. Although,
      combination therapy has been recommended for the treatment of severe
      carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae infections, the clinical evidence for this
      strategy is currently limited, and more accurate randomized controlled trials
      will be required to establish the most effective treatment regimen. Moreover,
      because rapid and accurate identification of the carbapenemase type found in K.
      pneumoniae may be difficult to achieve through phenotypic antibiotic
      susceptibility tests, novel molecular detection techniques are currently being
      developed. 

PMID- 27379046
TI  - Development of Genetic Tools for the Manipulation of the Planctomycetes.
AB  - Bacteria belonging to the Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae (PVC)
      superphylum are of interest for biotechnology, evolutionary cell biology,
      ecology, and human health. Some PVC species lack a number of typical bacterial
      features while others possess characteristics that are usually more associated to
      eukaryotes or archaea. For example, the Planctomycetes phylum is atypical for the
      absence of the FtsZ protein and for the presence of a developed endomembrane
      system. Studies of the cellular and molecular biology of these infrequent
      characteristics are currently limited due to the lack of genetic tools for most
      of the species. So far, genetic manipulation in Planctomycetes has been described
      in Planctopirus limnophila only. Here, we show a simple approach that allows
      mutagenesis by homologous recombination in three different planctomycetes species
      (i.e., Gemmata obscuriglobus, Gimesia maris, and Blastopirellula marina), in
      addition to P. limnophila, thus extending the repertoire of genetically
      modifiable organisms in this superphylum. Although the Planctomycetes show high
      resistance to most antibiotics, we have used kanamycin resistance genes in G.
      obscuriglobus, P. limnophila, and G. maris, and tetracycline resistance genes in
      B. marina, as markers for mutant selection. In all cases, plasmids were
      introduced in the strains by mating or electroporation, and the genetic
      modification was verified by Southern Blotting analysis. In addition, we show
      that the green fluorescent protein (gfp) is expressed in all four backgrounds
      from an Escherichia coli promoter. The genetic manipulation achievement in four
      phylogenetically diverse planctomycetes will enable molecular studies in these
      strains, and opens the door to developing genetic approaches not only in other
      planctomycetes but also other species of the superphylum, such as the
      Lentisphaerae. 

PMID- 27379047
TI  - A Prospective Surveillance Study of Candidaemia: Epidemiology, Risk Factors,
      Antifungal Treatment and Outcome in Hospitalized Patients.
AB  - This study provide an up-to-date overview of the epidemiology and risk factors
      for Candida bloodstream infection in Scotland in 2012/2013, and the antifungal
      susceptibility of isolates from blood cultures from 11 National Health Service
      boards within Scotland. Candida isolates were identified by chromogenic agar and
      confirmed by MALDI-TOF methods. Survival and associated risk factors for patients
      stratified as albicans and non-albicans cases were assessed. Information on the
      spectrum of antifungals used was collected and summarized. The isolates
      sensitivity to different antifungals was tested by broth microdilution method and
      interpreted according to CLSI/EUCAST guidelines. Forty one percent of candidaemia
      cases were associated with Candida albicans, followed by C. glabrata (35%), C.
      parapsilosis (11.5%), and remainder with other Candida spp. C. albicans and C.
      glabrata infections were associated with 20.9 and 16.3% mortality, respectively.
      Survival of patients with C. albicans was significantly lower compared to non-C.
      albicans and catheter line removal in C. albicans patients significantly
      increases the survival days. Predisposing factors such as total parenteral
      nutrition, and number of days on mechanical ventilation or in intensive care,
      were significantly associated with C. albicans infections. Fluconazole was used
      extensively (64.5%) for treating candidaemia cases followed by echinocandins
      (33.8%). Based on CLSI breakpoints, MIC test found no resistance to any
      antifungals tested except 5.26% fluconazole resistance among C. glabrata
      isolates. Moreover, by comparing to EUCAST breakpoints we found 3.95% of C.
      glabrata isolates were resistant to anidulafungin. We have observed a shift in
      Candida spp. with an increasing isolation of C. glabrata. Delay and choice of
      antifungal treatment are associated with poor clinical outcomes. 

PMID- 27379048
TI  - Rapid Detection of Candida albicans by Polymerase Spiral Reaction Assay in
      Clinical Blood Samples.
AB  - Candida albicans is the most common human yeast pathogen which causes mucosal
      infections and invasive fungal diseases. Early detection of this pathogen is
      needed to guide preventative and therapeutic treatment. The aim of this study was
      to establish a polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) assay that rapidly and accurately
      detects C. albicans and to assess the clinical applicability of PSR-based
      diagnostic testing. Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), a region between 5.8S
      and 28S fungal ribosomal DNA, was used as the target sequence. Four primers were
      designed for amplification of ITS2 with the PSR method, which was evaluated using
      real time turbidity monitoring and visual detection using a pH indicator.
      Fourteen non-C. albicans yeast strains were negative for detection, which
      indicated the specificity of PSR assay was 100%. A 10-fold serial dilution of C.
      albicans genomic DNA was subjected to PSR and conventional polimerase chain
      reaction (PCR) to compare their sensitivities. The detection limit of PSR was 6.9
      pg/MUl within 1 h, 10-fold higher than that of PCR (69.0 pg/MUl). Blood samples
      (n = 122) were collected from intensive care unit and hematological patients with
      proven or suspected C. albicans infection at two hospitals in Beijing, China.
      Both PSR assay and the culture method were used to analyze the samples. Of the
      122 clinical samples, 34 were identified as positive by PSR. The result was
      consistent with those obtained by the culture method. In conclusion, a novel and
      effective C. albicans detection assay was developed that has a great potential
      for clinical screening and point-of-care testing. 

PMID- 27379050
TI  - Modeling the Inactivation of Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and
      Uropathogenic E. coli in Ground Chicken by High Pressure Processing and Thymol.
AB  - Disease causing Escherichia coli commonly found in meat and poultry include
      intestinal pathogenic E. coli (iPEC) as well as extraintestinal types such as the
      Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). In this study we compared the resistance of iPEC
      (O157:H7) to UPEC in chicken meat using High Pressure Processing (HPP) in with
      (the hurdle concept) and without thymol essential oil as a sensitizer. UPEC was
      found slightly more resistant than E. coli O157:H7 (iPEC O157:H7) at 450 and 500
      MPa. A central composite experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of
      pressure (300-400 MPa), thymol concentration (100-200 ppm), and pressure-holding
      time (10-20 min) on the inactivation of iPEC O157:H7 and UPEC in ground chicken.
      The hurdle approach reduced the high pressure levels and thymol doses imposed on
      the food matrices and potentially decreased food quality damaged after treatment.
      The quadratic equations were developed to predict the impact (lethality) on iPEC
      O157:H7 (R (2) = 0.94) and UPEC (R (2) = 0.98), as well as dimensionless non
      linear models [Pr > F (<0.0001)]. Both linear and non-linear models were
      validated with data obtained from separated experiment points. All models may
      predict the inactivation/lethality within the same order of accuracy. However,
      the dimensionless non-linear models showed potential applications with parameters
      outside the central composite design ranges. The results provide useful
      information of both iPEC O157:H7 and UPEC in regard to how they may survive HPP
      in the presence or absence of thymol. The models may further assist regulatory
      agencies and food industry to assess the potential risk of iPEC O157:H7 and UPEC
      in ground chicken. 

PMID- 27379049
TI  - The Dark Side of the Mushroom Spring Microbial Mat: Life in the Shadow of
      Chlorophototrophs. I. Microbial Diversity Based on 16S rRNA Gene Amplicons and
      Metagenomic Sequencing.
AB  - Microbial-mat communities in the effluent channels of Octopus and Mushroom
      Springs within the Lower Geyser Basin at Yellowstone National Park have been
      studied for nearly 50 years. The emphasis has mostly focused on the
      chlorophototrophic bacterial organisms of the phyla Cyanobacteria and
      Chloroflexi. In contrast, the diversity and metabolic functions of the
      heterotrophic community in the microoxic/anoxic region of the mat are not well
      understood. In this study we analyzed the orange-colored undermat of the
      microbial community of Mushroom Spring using metagenomic and rRNA-amplicon (iTag)
      analyses. Our analyses disclosed a highly diverse community exhibiting a high
      degree of unevenness, strongly dominated by a single taxon, the filamentous
      anoxygenic phototroph, Roseiflexus spp. The second most abundant organisms
      belonged to the Thermotogae, which have been hypothesized to be a major source of
      H2 from fermentation that could enable photomixotrophic metabolism by
      Chloroflexus and Roseiflexus spp. Other abundant organisms include two members of
      the Armatimonadetes (OP10); Thermocrinis sp.; and phototrophic and heterotrophic
      members of the Chloroflexi. Further, an Atribacteria (OP9/JS1) member; a sulfate
      reducing Thermodesulfovibrio sp.; a Planctomycetes member; a member of the EM3
      group tentatively affiliated with the Thermotogae, as well as a putative member
      of the Arminicenantes (OP8) represented >=1% of the reads. Archaea were not
      abundant in the iTag analysis, and no metagenomic bin representing an archaeon
      was identified. A high microdiversity of 16S rRNA gene sequences was identified
      for the dominant taxon, Roseiflexus spp. Previous studies demonstrated that
      highly similar Synechococcus variants in the upper layer of the mats represent
      ecological species populations with specific ecological adaptations. This study
      suggests that similar putative ecotypes specifically adapted to different niches
      occur within the undermat community, particularly for Roseiflexus spp. 

PMID- 27379052
TI  - Evaluation of a High-Intensity Green Fluorescent Protein Fluorophage Method for
      Drug- Resistance Diagnosis in Tuberculosis for Isoniazid, Rifampin, and
      Streptomycin.
AB  - A novel method for detecting drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using
      mycobacteriophage Phi (2) GFP10 was evaluated with clinical isolates. The phage
      facilitates microscopic fluorescence detection due to the high expression of
      green fluorescence protein which also simplifies the operative protocol as well.
      A total of 128 clinical isolates were tested by the phage assay for isoniazid
      (INH), rifampin (RIF), and streptomycin (STR) resistance while conventional drug
      susceptibility test, by MGIT960, was used as reference. The sensitivities of Phi
      (2) GFP10 assay for INH, RIF, and STR resistance detection were 100, 98.2, and
      89.3%, respectively while their specificities were 85.1, 98.6, and 95.8%,
      respectively. The agreement between phage and conventional assay for detecting
      INH, RIF, and STR resistance was 92.2, 98.4, and 93.0%, respectively. The Phi (2)
      GFP10-phage results could be available in 2 days for RIF and STR, while it takes
      3 days for INH, with an estimated cost of less than $2 to test all the three
      antibiotics. The Phi (2) GFP10-phage method has the potential to be a valuable,
      rapid and economical screening method for detecting drug-resistant tuberculosis. 

PMID- 27379051
TI  - Challenges in Identifying and Determining the Impacts of Infection with
      Pestiviruses on the Herd Health of Free Ranging Cervid Populations.
AB  - Although most commonly associated with the infection of domestic livestock, the
      replication of pestiviruses, in particular the two species of bovine viral
      diarrhea virus (BVDV), occurs in a wide range of free ranging cervids including
      white-tailed deer, mule deer, fallow deer, elk, red deer, roe deer, eland and
      mousedeer. While virus isolation and serologic analyses indicate that
      pestiviruses are circulating in these populations, little is known regarding
      their impact. The lack of regular surveillance programs, challenges in sampling
      wild populations, and scarcity of tests and vaccines compound the difficulties in
      detecting and controlling pestivirus infections in wild cervids. Improved
      detection rests upon the development and validation of tests specific for use
      with cervid samples and development and validation of tests that reliably detect
      emerging pestiviruses. Estimation of impact of pestivirus infections on herd
      health will require the integration of several disciplines including
      epidemiology, cervid natural history, veterinary medicine, pathology and
      microbiology. 

PMID- 27379053
TI  - Degraded Land Restoration in Reinstating CH4 Sink.
AB  - Methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, contributes about one third to the global
      green house gas emissions. CH4-assimilating microbes (mostly methanotrophs) in
      upland soils play very crucial role in mitigating the CH4 release into the
      atmosphere. Agricultural, environmental, and climatic shifts can alter CH4 sink
      profiles of soils, likely through shifts in CH4-assimilating microbial community
      structure and function. Landuse change, as forest and grassland ecosystems
      altered to agro-ecosystems, has already attenuated the soil CH4 sink potential,
      and are expected to be continued in the future. We hypothesized that variations
      in CH4 uptake rates in soils under different landuse practices could be an
      indicative of alterations in the abundance and/or type of methanotrophic
      communities in such soils. However, only a few studies have addressed to number
      and methanotrophs diversity and their correlation with the CH4 sink potential in
      soils of rehabilitated/restored lands. We focus on landuse practices that can
      potentially mitigate CH4 gas emissions, the most prominent of which are improved
      cropland, grazing land management, use of bio-fertilizers, and restoration of
      degraded lands. In this perspective paper, it is proposed that restoration of
      degraded lands can contribute considerably to improved soil CH4 sink strength by
      retrieving/conserving abundance and assortment of efficient methanotrophic
      communities. We believe that this report can assist in identifying future
      experimental directions to the relationships between landuse changes, methane
      assimilating microbial communities and soil CH4 sinks. The exploitation of
      microbial communities other than methanotrophs can contribute significantly to
      the global CH4 sink potential and can add value in mitigating the CH4 problems. 

PMID- 27379054
TI  - Short-Term Heat Shock Affects Host-Virus Interaction in Mice Infected with Highly
      Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1.
AB  - Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 is a highly contagious virus
      that can cause acute respiratory infections and high human fatality ratio due to
      excessive inflammatory response. Short-term heat shock, as a stressful condition,
      could induce the expression of heat shock proteins that function as molecular
      chaperones to protect cells against multiple stresses. However, the protective
      effect of short-term heat shock in influenza infection is far from being
      understood. In this study, mice were treated at 39 degrees C for 4 h before being
      infected with HPAIV H5N1. Interestingly, short-term heat shock significantly
      increased the levels of HSP70 and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN
      beta, and IFN-gamma in the lung tissues of mice. Following HPAIV H5N1 infection,
      short-term heat shock alleviated immunopathology and viral replication in lung
      tissue and repressed the weight loss and increased the survival rate of H5N1
      infected mice. Our data reported that short-term heat shock provided beneficial
      anti-HPAIV H5N1 properties in mice model, which offers an alternative strategy
      for non-drug prevention for influenza infection. 

PMID- 27379056
TI  - Genome Sequence of Dengue virus 3 from the Pythium insidiosum Transcriptomes.

PMID- 27379057
TI  - Corrigendum: Exploring the Secretomes of Microbes and Microbial Communities Using
      Filamentous Phage Display.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 429 in vol. 7, PMID: 27092113.]. 

PMID- 27379055
TI  - Bifidobacteria and Their Role as Members of the Human Gut Microbiota.
AB  - Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are among the first microbes to colonize the
      human gastrointestinal tract and are believed to exert positive health benefits
      on their host. Due to their purported health-promoting properties, bifidobacteria
      have been incorporated into many functional foods as active ingredients.
      Bifidobacteria naturally occur in a range of ecological niches that are either
      directly or indirectly connected to the animal gastrointestinal tract, such as
      the human oral cavity, the insect gut and sewage. To be able to survive in these
      particular ecological niches, bifidobacteria must possess specific adaptations to
      be competitive. Determination of genome sequences has revealed genetic attributes
      that may explain bifidobacterial ecological fitness, such as metabolic abilities,
      evasion of the host adaptive immune system and colonization of the host through
      specific appendages. However, genetic modification is crucial toward fully
      elucidating the mechanisms by which bifidobacteria exert their adaptive abilities
      and beneficial properties. In this review we provide an up to date summary of the
      general features of bifidobacteria, whilst paying particular attention to the
      metabolic abilities of this species. We also describe methods that have allowed
      successful genetic manipulation of bifidobacteria. 

PMID- 27379058
TI  - Colonization of the Intestinal Tract of the Polyphagous Pest Spodoptera
      littoralis with the GFP-Tagged Indigenous Gut Bacterium Enterococcus mundtii.
AB  - The alkaline gut of Lepidopterans plays a crucial role in shaping communities of
      bacteria. Enterococcus mundtii has emerged as one of the predominant gut
      microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of the major agricultural pest,
      Spodoptera littoralis. Therefore, it was selected as a model bacterium to study
      its adaptation to harsh alkaline gut conditions in its host insect throughout
      different stages of development (larvae, pupae, adults, and eggs). To date, the
      mechanism of bacterial survival in insects' intestinal tract has been unknown.
      Therefore, we have engineered a GFP-tagged species of bacteria, E. mundtii, to
      track how it colonizes the intestine of S. littoralis. Three promoters of
      different strengths were used to control the expression of GFP in E. mundtii. The
      promoter ermB was the most effective, exhibiting the highest GFP fluorescence
      intensity, and hence was chosen as our main construct. Our data show that the
      engineered fluorescent bacteria survived and proliferated in the intestinal tract
      of the insect at all life stages for up to the second generation following
      ingestion. 

PMID- 27379059
TI  - Photodynamic Inactivation of Root Canal Bacteria by Light Activation through
      Human Dental Hard and Simulated Surrounding Tissue.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria (PIB) may be a supportive
      antimicrobial approach for use in endodontics, but sufficient activation of
      photosensitizers (PS) in root canals is a critical point. Therefore, aim of this
      study was to evaluate the ability of PS absorbing blue (TMPyP) or red light
      (Methylene Blue; MB) for light activation through human dental hard and simulated
      surrounding tissue to inactivate root canal bacteria. METHODS: A tooth model was
      fabricated with a human premolar and two molars in an acrylic resin bloc
      simulating the optical properties of a porcine jaw. The distal root canal of the
      first molar was enlarged to insert a glass tube (external diameter 2 mm)
      containing PS and stationary-phase Enterococcus faecalis. Both PS (10 MUM) were
      irradiated for 120 s with BlueV (20 mW/cm(2); lambdaem = 400-460 nm) or PDT 1200L
      (37.8 mW/cm(2); lambdaem = 570-680 nm; both: Waldmann Medizintechnik),
      respectively. Irradiation parameters ensured identical numbers of photons
      absorbed by each PS. Three setups were chosen: irradiating the glass pipette only
      (G), the glass pipette inside the single tooth without (GT) and with (GTM)
      simulated surrounding tissues. Colony forming units (CFU) were evaluated.
      Transmission measurements of the buccal halves of hemisected mandibular first
      molars were performed by means of a photospectrometer. RESULTS: PIB with both PS
      led to reduction by >= 5 log10 of E. faecalis CFU for each setup. From
      transmission measurements, a threshold wavelength lambdath for allowing an amount
      of light transmission for sufficient activation of PS was determined to be 430
      nm. CONCLUSION: This study can be seen as proof of principle that light
      activation of given intra-canal PS from outside a tooth may be possible at
      wavelengths >= 430 nm, facilitating clinical application of PIB in endodontics.

PMID- 27379060
TI  - Yeast Biodiversity from DOQ Priorat Uninoculated Fermentations.
AB  - Climate, soil, and grape varieties are the primary characteristics of terroir and
      lead to the definition of various appellations of origin. However, the microbiota
      associated with grapes are also affected by these conditions and can leave a
      footprint in a wine that will be part of the characteristics of terroir. Thus, a
      description of the yeast microbiota within a vineyard is of interest not only to
      provide a better understanding of the winemaking process, but also to understand
      the source of microorganisms that maintain a microbial footprint in wine from the
      examined vineyard. In this study, two typical grape varieties, Grenache and
      Carignan, have been sampled from four different vineyards in the DOQ Priorat
      winegrowing region. Afterward, eight spontaneous alcoholic fermentations
      containing only grapes from one sampling point and of one variety were conducted
      at laboratory scale. The fermentation kinetics and yeast population dynamics
      within each fermentation experiment were evaluated. Yeast identification was
      performed by RFLP-PCR of the 5.8S-ITS region and by sequencing D1/D2 of the 26S
      rRNA gene of the isolates. The fermentation kinetics did not indicate clear
      differences between the two varieties of grapes or among vineyards. Approximately
      1,400 isolates were identified, exhibiting high species richness in some
      fermentations. Of all the isolates studied, approximately 60% belong to the genus
      Hanseniaspora, 16% to Saccharomyces, and 11% to Candida. Other minor genera, such
      as Hansenula, Issatchenkia, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomycodes, and
      Zygosaccharomyces, were also found. The distribution of the identified yeast
      throughout the fermentation process was studied, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was
      found to be present mainly at the end of the fermentation process, while
      Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated primarily during the first days of
      fermentation in three of the eight spontaneous fermentations. This work
      highlights the complexity and diversity of the vineyard ecosystem, which contains
      yeasts from different species. The description of this yeast diversity will lead
      to the selection of native microbiota that can be used to produce quality wines
      with the characteristics of the Priorat. 

PMID- 27379061
TI  - Siderophore Biosynthesis but Not Reductive Iron Assimilation Is Essential for the
      Dimorphic Fungus Nomuraea rileyi Conidiation, Dimorphism Transition, Resistance
      to Oxidative Stress, Pigmented Microsclerotium Formation, and Virulence.
AB  - Iron is an indispensable factor for the dimorphic insect pathogenic Nomuraea
      rileyi to form persistent microsclerotia which can replace conidia or
      blastospores for commercial mass production. There are two high affinity iron
      acquisition pathways in N. rileyi, siderophore-assisted iron mobilization and
      reductive iron assimilation systems. Transcription of the two iron uptake
      pathways related genes is induced under iron-limiting conditions. Stage-specific
      iron uptake-related genes expression during microsclerotia development shows
      siderophore-mediated iron acquisition genes are rigorously upregulated
      specifically during the formation and mature period while reductive iron
      assimilation related genes just display a higher expression at the late
      maturation period. Abrogation of reductive iron assimilation, by the deletion of
      the high affinity iron permease (NrFtrA), has no visible effect on microsclerotia
      biogenesis in N. rileyi. In sharp contrast, N. rileyi L-ornithine-N(5)
      monooxygenase (NrSidA), required for synthesis of all siderophores, is absolutely
      necessary for the development of pigmented microsclerotia. In agreement with the
      lower intracellular iron contents of microsclerotia in DeltaNrSidA strains, not
      only the pigments, but both the number and the biomass are also noticeably
      reduced. Certain concentration of ROS is required for promoting microsclerotia
      biogenesis. Combined with expression pattern analysis of related genes and
      quantitative of intracellular iron or extracellular siderophore in WT and
      mutants, these data demonstrate the lack of adequate intracellular iron caused by
      the loss of the siderophore results in the deficiency of ROS detoxication.
      Furthermore, DeltaNrSidA strains show significantly increased sensitivity to
      hydrogen peroxide. Besides, NrSidA, but not NrFtrA, play a crucial role in
      vegetative growth under iron-limiting conditions, conidiation, and dimorphic
      switching. Remarkably, the slower growth of the DeltaNrSidA strains in vivo due
      to a reduced capacity for iron acquisition leads to the loss of virulence in
      Spodoptera litura while the DeltaNrFtrA mutants behaved as WT during infection.
      Together, these results prove siderophore-assisted iron mobilization is the major
      pathway of cellular iron uptake and essential for conidiation, dimorphism
      transition, oxidative stress resistance, pigmented microsclerotium formation and
      full virulence. 

PMID- 27379062
TI  - Synergistic Cellulose Hydrolysis Dominated by a Multi-Modular Processive
      Endoglucanase from Clostridium cellulosi.
AB  - Recalcitrance of biomass feedstock remains a challenge for microbial conversion
      of lignocellulose into biofuel and biochemicals. Clostridium cellulosi, one
      thermophilic bacterial strain dominated in compost, could hydrolyze
      lignocellulose at elevated temperature by secreting more than 38 glycoside
      hydrolases belong to 15 different families. Though one multi-modular
      endoglucanase CcCel9A has been identified from C. cellulosi CS-4-4, mechanism of
      synergistic degradation of cellulose by various cellulases from strain CS-4-4
      remains elusive. In this study, CcCel9A, CcCel9B, and CcCel48A were characterized
      as processive endoglucanase, non-processive endoglucanase, and exoglucanase,
      respectively. To understand how they cooperate with each other, we estimated the
      approximate concentration ratio on the zymogram and optimized it using purified
      enzymes in vitro. Synergism between individual glycoside hydrolase during
      cellulose hydrolysis in the mixture was observed. CcCel9A and CcCel48A could
      degrade cellulose chain from non-reducing ends and reducing ends, respectively,
      to cello-oligosaccharide. CcCel9B could cut cellulose chain randomly and cello
      oligosaccharides with varied length were released. In addition, a beta
      glucosidase BlgA from Caldicellulosiruptor sp. F32 which could cleave cello
      oligosaccharides including G2-G6 to glucose was added to the enzyme mixture to
      remove the product inhibition of its partners. The combination and ratios of
      these cellulases were optimized based on the release rate of glucose. Hydrolysis
      of corn stalk was conducted by a four-component cocktail
      (CcCel9A:CcCel9B:CcCel48A:BlgA = 25:25:10:18), and only glucose was detected as
      main production by using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography.
      Processive endoglucanase CcCel9A, dominated in secretome of C. cellulosi, showed
      good potential in developing cellulase cocktail due to its exquisite cooperation
      with various cellulases. 

PMID- 27379063
TI  - Indirect Evidence Link PCB Dehalogenation with Geobacteraceae in Anaerobic
      Sediment-Free Microcosms.
AB  - Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) production was brought to a halt 30
      years ago, recalcitrance to degradation makes them a major environmental
      pollutant at a global scale. Previous studies confirmed that organohalide
      respiring bacteria (OHRB) were capable of utilizing chlorinated congeners as
      electron acceptor. OHRB belonging to the Phyla Chloroflexi and Firmicutes are
      nowadays considered as the main PCB-dechlorinating organisms. In this study, we
      aimed at exploring the involvement of other taxa in PCB dechlorination using
      sediment-free microcosms (SFMs) and the Delor PCB mixture. High rates of congener
      dehalogenation (up to 96%) were attained in long-term incubations of up to 692
      days. Bacterial communities were dominated by Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and
      Firmicutes, among strictly simplified community structures composed of 12 major
      phyla only. In a first batch of SFMs, Dehalococcoides mccartyi closely affiliated
      with strains CG4 and CBDB1 was considered as the main actor associated with
      congener dehalogenation. Addition of 2-bromoethanesulfonate (BES), a known
      inhibitor of methanogenic activity in a second batch of SFMs had an adverse
      effect on the abundance of Dehalococcoides sp. Only two sequences affiliated to
      this Genus could be detected in two (out of six) BES-treated SFMs, contributing
      to a mere 0.04% of the communities. BES-treated SFMs showed very different
      community structures, especially in the contributions of organisms involved in
      fermentation and syntrophic activities. Indirect evidence provided by both
      statistical and phylogenetic analysis validated the implication of a new cluster
      of actors, distantly affiliated with the Family Geobacteraceae (Phylum delta
      Proteobacteria), in the dehalogenation of low chlorinated PCB congeners. Members
      of this Family are known already for their dehalogenation capacity of chlorinated
      solvents. As a result, the present study widens the knowledge for the
      phylogenetic reservoir of indigenous PCB dechlorinating taxa. 

PMID- 27379064
TI  - SLPW: A Virulent Bacteriophage Targeting Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus
      aureus In vitro and In vivo.
AB  - Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive pathogen causing a variety
      of infections in humans and animals. Extensive use of antibiotics has led to the
      emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). As an alternative
      antibacterial agent against drug-resistant S. aureus, a lytic phage, designated
      SLPW, was isolated from fecal sewage in a pig farm. The SLPW was morphologically
      classified under Podoviridae and contains a double-stranded DNA genome. The
      genome of SLPW was 17,861 bp (29.35% G+C) containing 20 open reading frames and
      lacked regions encoding lysogeny-related integrase gene and cI repressor gene.
      Phage SLPW showed a broad host range and high efficiency of plating against
      various types of S. aureus. One-step growth curve showed a short latency period
      (10 min) and a long lytic period (120 min). Phage SLPW remained stable under a
      wide range of temperatures or pH and was almost unaffected in chloroform or
      ultraviolet light. Further, it efficiently lysed MRSA strains in vitro and in
      vivo. Intraperitoneal phage administration at 1 h post-infection cured the mice
      and reduced the bacterial expression of inflammatory cytokines in mice.
      Specifically, the phage SLPW displayed a wide antibacterial spectrum. It was
      therapeutically effective against intra-abdominal infection in mice harboring
      different multilocus sequence typing (MLST) types of S. aureus strains.
      Therefore, phage SLPW is a potential therapeutic agent against MRSA infections. 

PMID- 27379065
TI  - Multi-Drug Resistance Mediated by Class 1 Integrons in Aeromonas Isolated from
      Farmed Freshwater Animals.
AB  - Aeromonas is regarded as an important pathogen of freshwater animals but little
      is known about the genetics of its antimicrobial resistance in Chinese
      aquaculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of integrons
      and characterize multidrug resistant Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseased farmed
      freshwater animals. These animal samples included fish, ornamental fish, shrimp,
      turtles, and amphibians which were collected from 64 farms in Guangdong province
      of South China. One hundred and twelve Aeromonas spp. isolates were examined for
      antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and the presence of class 1 integron
      sequences. Twenty-two (19.6%) of these isolates carried a class 1 integron
      comprising six different gene insertion cassettes including drfA12-orfF-aadA2,
      drfA12-orfF, aac(6')-II-bla OXA-21 -cat3, catB3, arr-3, and dfrA17. Among these,
      drfA12-orfF-aadA2 was the dominant gene cassette array (63.6%, 14/22) and this is
      the first report of aac(6')-II-bla OXA-21 -cat3 in an Aeromonas hydrophila
      isolate from a Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). All the integron
      positive strains were resistant to more than five agents and 22 contained other
      resistance genes including bla CTX-M-3, bla TEM-1, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and tetA. All
      integron-positive isolates also contained mutations in the quinolone resistance
      determining regions (QRDR). Our investigation demonstrates that freshwater
      animals can serve as a reservoir for pathogenic Aeromonas strains containing
      multiple drug-resistance integrons. This data suggests that surveillance for
      antimicrobial resistance of animal origin and a prudent and responsible use of
      antimicrobials in aquaculture is necessary in these farms. 

PMID- 27379066
TI  - Composition and Functional Characterization of Microbiome Associated with Mucus
      of the Coral Fungia echinata Collected from Andaman Sea.
AB  - This study describes the community composition and functions of the microbiome
      associated with the mucus of the coral Fungia echinata based on metagenomic
      approach. Metagenome sequence data showed a dominance of the class
      Gammaproteobacteria followed by Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria,
      Deltaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, Bacilli, and Clostridia. At the order level,
      the most abundant groups were Pseudomonadales, Oceanospirillales,
      Alteromonadales, and Rhodobacterales. The genus Psychrobacter was the most
      predominant followed by Thalassolituus and Cobetia, although other genera were
      also present, such as Sulfitobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Oleispira, Halomonas,
      Oceanobacter, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Marinobacter. The metabolic
      profile of the bacterial community displayed high prevalence of genes associated
      with core-housekeeping processes, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins,
      and nucleic acid metabolism. Further, high abundance of genes coding for DNA
      replication and repair, stress response, and virulence factors in the metagenome
      suggested acquisition of specific environmental adaptation by the microbiota.
      Comparative analysis with other coral metagenome exhibits marked differences at
      the taxonomical and functional level. This study suggests the bacterial community
      compositions are influenced by the specific coral micro-niche and the
      oligotrophic marine environment. 

PMID- 27379067
TI  - Contribution of Two Different Packaging Material to Microbial Contamination of
      Peaches: Implications in Their Microbiological Quality.
AB  - AIM: AIM of this work was understanding the microbial transfer dynamics from
      packaging to packed peaches in relation to the packaging used. METHOD AND
      RESULTS: A challenge test was performed, inoculating Escherichia coli,
      Pseudomonas spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on cardboards and RPC (Reusable
      Plastic Containers), and monitoring their cell loads on fruits according to a
      probabilistic model and a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in relation to
      several independent variables (number of fruit lesions, fruit temperature storage
      and commercialization time). The data recorded on packed peaches for Pseudomonas
      and S. cerevisiae were modeled to fit the second order model to study the main,
      interactive and quadratic effects of the independent variables on the cell loads
      of target microorganisms as well as on the shelf-life of the fruits in relation
      to packaging material used. The data collected for E. coli were codified as
      presence (1) or absence (0) and modeled with a logistic regression analysis to
      assess the probability of E. coli transferring from packaging to fruits in
      relation to the adopted variables. The data showed a higher contamination
      frequency of the fruits packed in plastic than in cardboard. Increasing the
      storage temperature and the number of lesions, the probability of transferring of
      E. coli from packaging materials to fruits increased, independently on
      commercialization time or packaging used. For Pseudomonas, the contamination
      levels detected on fruits packaged in plastic were significantly higher compared
      to those found on fruits packed in cardboard, independently on the considered
      variables. The polynomial equations showed the S. cerevisiae cell loads of fruits
      stored in plastic was positively affected by the quadratic term of temperature.
      CONCLUSIONS: the use of cardboard, compared to plastic, can significantly reduce
      the potential of microbial transferring from packaging to fruits. The
      probabilistic and kinetic models used showed a higher microbiological qualities
      of peaches stored in cardboard boxes, independently on the independent variables
      considered. The best performances of cardboard, compared to plastic, was probably
      due to its capability to entrap microbial cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT:
      cardboard reduces fruit contamination and increases their shelf-life with
      positive fallouts on fruit shelf-life and all the logistic and distribution
      chain.

PMID- 27379068
TI  - Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Hyphae Alter Soil Bacterial Community and Enhance
      Polychlorinated Biphenyls Dissipation.
AB  - We investigated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) hyphae in
      alternation of soil microbial community and Aroclor 1242 dissipation. A two
      compartment rhizobox system with double nylon meshes in the central was employed
      to exclude the influence of Cucurbita pepo L. root exudates on hyphal compartment
      soil. To assess the quantitative effect of AMF hyphae on soil microbial
      community, we separated the hyphal compartment soil into four horizontal layers
      from the central mesh to outer wall (e.g., L1-L4). Soil total PCBs dissipation
      rates ranged from 35.67% of L4 layer to 57.39% of L1 layer in AMF inoculated
      treatment, which were significant higher than the 17.31% of the control (P <
      0.05). The dissipation rates of tri-, tetrachlorinated biphenyls as well as the
      total PCBs were significantly correlated with soil hyphal length (P < 0.01). Real
      time quantitative PCR results indicated that the Rhodococcus-like bphC gene was 2
      3 orders of magnitude more than that of Pseudomonas-like bphC gene, and was found
      responded positively to AMF. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rDNA sequenced by
      the Illumina Miseq sequencing platform indicated that AMF hyphae altered
      bacterial community compositions. The phylum Betaproteobacteria and
      Actinobacteria were dominated in the soil, while Burkholderiales and
      Actinomycetales were dominated at the order level. Taxa from the Comamonadaceae
      responded positively to AMF and trichlorinated biphenyl dissipation, while taxa
      from the Oxalobacteraceae and Streptomycetaceae responded negatively to AMF and
      PCB congener dissipation. Our results suggested that the AMF hyphal exudates as
      well as the hyphae per se did have quantitative effects on shaping soil microbial
      community, and could modify the PCBs dissipation processes consequently. 

PMID- 27379069
TI  - Identification of Candida haemulonii Complex Species: Use of ClinProTools(TM) to
      Overcome Limitations of the Bruker Biotyper(TM), VITEK MS(TM) IVD, and VITEK
      MS(TM) RUO Databases.
AB  - Candida haemulonii is now considered a complex of two species and one variety: C.
      haemulonii sensu stricto, Candida duobushaemulonii and the variety C. haemulonii
      var. vulnera. Identification (ID) of these species is relevant for
      epidemiological purposes and for therapeutic management, but the different
      phenotypic commercial systems are unable to provide correct species ID for these
      emergent pathogens. Hence, we evaluated the MALDI-TOF MS performance for the ID
      of C. haemulonii species, analyzing isolates/strains of C. haemulonii complex
      species, Candida pseudohaemulonii and Candida auris by two commercial platforms,
      their databases and softwares. To differentiate C. haemulonii sensu sctricto from
      the variety vulnera, we used the ClinProTools(TM) models and a single-peak
      analysis with the software FlexAnalysis(TM). The Biotyper(TM) database gave 100%
      correct species ID for C. haemulonii sensu stricto, C. pseudohaemulonii and C.
      auris, with 69% of correct species ID for C. duobushaemulonii. Vitek MS(TM) IVD
      database gave 100% correct species ID for C. haemulonii sensu stricto,
      misidentifying all C. duobushaemulonii and C. pseudohaemulonii as C. haemulonii,
      being unable to identify C. auris. The Vitek MS(TM) RUO database needed to be
      upgraded with in-house SuperSpectra to discriminate C. haemulonii sensu stricto,
      C. duobushaemulonii, C. pseudohaemulonii, and C. auris strains/isolates. The
      generic algorithm model from ClinProTools(TM) software showed recognition
      capability of 100% and cross validation of 98.02% for the discrimination of C.
      haemulonii sensu stricto from the variety vulnera. Single-peak analysis showed
      that the peaks 5670, 6878, or 13750 m/z can distinguish C. haemulonii sensu
      stricto from the variety vulnera. 

PMID- 27379071
TI  - Rapid Detection and Isolation of Escherichia coli O104:H4 from Milk Using
      Monoclonal Antibody-coated Magnetic Beads.
AB  - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of
      Escherichia coli O104:H4 were produced by fusion of Sp2/O-Ag-14 mouse myeloma
      cells with spleen cells of Balb/c mice, immunized with heat-inactivated and
      sonicated E. coli O104:H4 bacterial cells. Four MAbs specific for the E. coli
      O104:H4 LPS (1E6G6, 1F4C9, 3G6G7, and 4G10D2) were characterized and evaluated
      for the use in a method for the detection of E. coli O104:H4 in milk samples that
      involves antibody conjugation to magnetic microbeads to reduce time and increase
      the efficiency of isolation. MAb 1E6G6 was selected and coupled to microbeads,
      then used for immuno-magnetic separation (IMS); the efficiency of the IMS method
      for E. coli O104:H4 isolation from milk was evaluated and compared to that of the
      EU RL VTEC conventional culture-based isolation procedure. Milk suspensions also
      containing other pathogenic bacteria that could potentially be found in milk
      (Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus) were
      also tested to evaluate the specificity of MAb-coated beads. Beads coated with
      MAb 1E6G6 showed a good ability to capture the E. coli O104:H4, even in milk
      samples contaminated with other bacteria, with a higher number of E. coli O104:H4
      CFU reisolated in comparison with the official method (121 and 41 CFU,
      respectively, at 10(3) E. coli O104:H4 initial load; 19 and 6 CFU, respectively,
      at 10(2) E. coli O104:H4 initial load; 1 and 0 CFU, respectively, at 10(1) E.
      coli O104:H4 initial load). The specificity was 100%. 

PMID- 27379070
TI  - Diversity and Distribution of Prokaryotes within a Shallow-Water Pockmark Field.
AB  - Pockmarks are crater-like depression on the seafloor associated with hydrocarbon
      ascent through muddy sediments in continental shelves around the world. In this
      study, we examine the diversity and distribution of benthic microbial communities
      at shallow-water pockmarks adjacent to the Middle Adriatic Ridge. We integrate
      microbial diversity data with characterization of local hydrocarbons
      concentrations and sediment geochemistry. Our results suggest these pockmarks are
      enriched in sedimentary hydrocarbons, and host a microbial community dominated by
      Bacteria, even in deeper sediment layers. Pockmark sediments showed higher
      prokaryotic abundance and biomass than surrounding sediments, potentially due to
      the increased availability of organic matter and higher concentrations of
      hydrocarbons linked to pockmark activity. Prokaryotic diversity analyses showed
      that the microbial communities of these shallow-water pockmarks are unique, and
      comprised phylotypes associated with the cycling of sulfur and nitrate compounds,
      as well as numerous know hydrocarbon degraders. Altogether, this study suggests
      that shallow-water pockmark habitats enhance the diversity of the benthic
      prokaryotic biosphere by providing specialized environmental niches. 

PMID- 27379072
TI  - Simultaneous Alcoholic and Malolactic Fermentations by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      and Oenococcus oeni Cells Co-immobilized in Alginate Beads.
AB  - Malolactic fermentation (MLF) usually takes place after the end of alcoholic
      fermentation (AF). However, the inoculation of lactic acid bacteria together with
      yeast starter cultures is a promising system to enhance the quality and safety of
      wine. In recent years, the use of immobilized cell systems has been investigated,
      with interesting results, for the production of different fermented foods and
      beverages. In this study we have carried out the simultaneous immobilization of
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni in alginate beads and used them in
      microvinifications tests to produce Negroamaro wine. The process was monitored by
      chemical and sensorial analyses and dominance of starters and cell leaking from
      beads were also checked. Co-immobilization of S. cerevisiae and O. oeni allowed
      to perform an efficient fermentation process, producing low volatile acidity
      levels and ethanol and glycerol concentrations comparable with those obtained by
      cell sequential inoculum and co-inoculum of yeast and bacteria cells in free
      form. More importantly, co-immobilization strategy produced a significant
      decrease of the time requested to complete AF and MLF. The immobilized cells
      could be efficiently reused for the wine fermentation at least three times
      without any apparent loss of cell metabolic activities. This integrated
      biocatalytic system is able to perform simultaneously AF and MLF, producing wines
      similar in organoleptic traits in comparison with wines fermented following
      traditional sequential AF and MLF with free cell starters. The immobilized-cell
      system, that we here describe for the first time in our knowledge, offers many
      advantages over conventional free cell fermentations, including: (i) elimination
      of non-productive cell growth phases; (ii) feasibility of continuous processing;
      (iii) re-use of the biocatalyst. 

PMID- 27379073
TI  - Corrigendum: Leishmanicidal Activity of Piper nigrum Bioactive Fractions is
      Interceded via Apoptosis In Vitro and Substantiated by Th1 Immunostimulatory
      Potential In Vivo.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 1368 in vol. 6, PMID: 26696979.]. 

PMID- 27379074
TI  - Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
AB  - Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the prototypic member of the genus
      Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Infections with BVDV cause substantial
      economic losses to the cattle industries, prompting various organized control
      programs in several countries. In North America, these control programs are
      focused on the identification and removal of persistently infected (PI) cattle,
      enhancement of BVDV-specific immunity through vaccination, and the implementation
      of biosecure farming practices. To be successful, control measures must be based
      on complete knowledge of the epidemiology of BVDV, including the recognition of
      other potential sources of the virus. BVDV does not possess strict host
      specificity, and infections of over 50 species in the mammalian order
      Artiodactyla have been reported. Over 50 years ago, serologic surveys first
      suggested the susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the
      most abundant free-ranging ruminant in North America, to BVDV. However,
      susceptibility of white-tailed deer to BVDV infection does not alone imply a role
      in the epidemiology of the virus. To be a potential wildlife reservoir, white
      tailed deer must: (1) be susceptible to BVDV, (2) shed BVDV, (3) maintain BVDV in
      the population, and (4) have sufficient contact with cattle that allow spillback
      infections. Based on the current literature, this review discusses the potential
      of white-tailed deer to be a reservoir for BVDV. 

PMID- 27379075
TI  - A Synthetic Ecology Perspective: How Well Does Behavior of Model Organisms in the
      Laboratory Predict Microbial Activities in Natural Habitats?
AB  - In this perspective article, we question how well model organisms, the ones that
      are easy to cultivate in the laboratory and that show robust growth and biomass
      accumulation, reflect the dynamics and interactions of microbial communities
      observed in nature. Today's -omics toolbox allows assessing the genomic potential
      of microbes in natural environments in a high-throughput fashion and at a strain
      level resolution. However, understanding of the details of microbial activities
      and of the mechanistic bases of community function still requires experimental
      validation in simplified and fully controlled systems such as synthetic
      communities. We have studied methane utilization in Lake Washington sediment for
      a few decades and have identified a number of species genetically equipped for
      this activity. We have also identified co-occurring satellite species that appear
      to form functional communities together with the methanotrophs. Here, we compare
      experimental findings from manipulation of natural communities involved in
      metabolism of methane in this niche with findings from manipulation of synthetic
      communities assembled in the laboratory of species originating from the same
      study site, from very simple (two-species) to rather complex (50-species)
      synthetic communities. We observe some common trends in community dynamics
      between the two types of communities, toward representation of specific
      functional guilds. However, we also identify strong discrepancies between the
      dominant methane oxidizers in synthetic communities compared to natural
      communities, under similar incubation conditions. These findings highlight the
      challenges that exist in using the synthetic community approach to modeling
      dynamics and species interactions in natural communities. 

PMID- 27379076
TI  - Mild Nutrient Starvation Triggers the Development of a Small-Cell Survival
      Morphotype in Mycobacteria.
AB  - Mycobacteria, generally believed to be non-sporulating, are well known to survive
      shock starvation in saline for extended periods of time in a non-replicating
      state without any apparent morphological changes. Here, we uncover that
      mycobacteria can undergo cellular differentiation by exposing Mycobacterium
      smegmatis to mild starvation conditions. Traces of various carbon sources in
      saline triggered the development of a novel small resting cell (SMRC) morphotype.
      Development of SMRCs could also be observed for other mycobacteria, suggesting
      evolutionary conservation of this differentiation pathway. Fluorescence
      microscopic analyses showed that development of SMRCs progresses via septated,
      multi-nucleoided cell intermediates, which divide to generate mono-nucleoided
      SMRCs. Intriguingly, saline shock-starved large resting cells (LARCs), which did
      not show cell size or surface changes when observed by scanning electron
      microscopy, remodeled their internal structure to septated, multi-nucleoided
      cells, similar to the intermediates seen during differentiation to SMRCs. Our
      results suggest that mycobacteria harbor a starvation-induced differentiation
      program in which at first septated, multi-nucleoided cells are generated. Under
      zero-nutrient conditions bacteria terminate development at this stage as LARCs.
      In the presence of traces of a carbon source, these multi-nucleoided cells
      continue differentiation into mono-nucleoided SMRCs. Both SMRCs and LARCs
      exhibited extreme antibiotic tolerance. SMRCs showed increased long-term
      starvation survival, which was associated with the presence of lipid inclusion
      bodies. 

PMID- 27379077
TI  - Corrigendum: Survey and Visual Detection of Zaire Ebolavirus in Clinical Samples
      Targeting the Nucleoprotein Gene in Sierra Leone.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 1332 in vol. 6, PMID: 26648918.]. 

PMID- 27379078
TI  - Prediction of Biofilm Inhibiting Peptides: An In silico Approach.
AB  - Approximately 75% of microbial infections found in humans are caused by microbial
      biofilms. These biofilms are resistant to host immune system and most of the
      currently available antibiotics. Small peptides are extensively studied for their
      role as anti-microbial peptides, however, only a limited studies have shown their
      potential as inhibitors of biofilm. Therefore, to develop a unique computational
      method aimed at the prediction of biofilm inhibiting peptides, the experimentally
      validated biofilm inhibiting peptides sequences were used to extract sequence
      based features and to identify unique sequence motifs. Biofilm inhibiting
      peptides were observed to be abundant in positively charged and aromatic amino
      acids, and also showed selective abundance of some dipeptides and sequence
      motifs. These individual sequence based features were utilized to construct
      Support Vector Machine-based prediction models and additionally by including
      sequence motifs information, the hybrid models were constructed. Using 10-fold
      cross validation, the hybrid model displayed the accuracy and Matthews
      Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 97.83% and 0.87, respectively. On the validation
      dataset, the hybrid model showed the accuracy and MCC value of 97.19% and 0.84,
      respectively. The validated model and other tools developed for the prediction of
      biofilm inhibiting peptides are available freely as web server at
      http://metagenomics.iiserb.ac.in/biofin/ and
      http://metabiosys.iiserb.ac.in/biofin/. 

PMID- 27379079
TI  - Genome Analysis of Thermosulfurimonas dismutans, the First Thermophilic Sulfur
      Disproportionating Bacterium of the Phylum Thermodesulfobacteria.
AB  - Thermosulfurimonas dismutans S95(T), isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent
      is the first bacterium of the phylum Thermodesulfobacteria reported to grow by
      the disproportionation of elemental sulfur, sulfite, or thiosulfate with carbon
      dioxide as the sole carbon source. In contrast to its phylogenetically close
      relatives, which are dissimilatory sulfate-reducers, T. dismutans is unable to
      grow by sulfate respiration. The features of this organism and its 2,1 Mb draft
      genome sequence are described in this report. Genome analysis revealed that the
      T. dismutans genome contains the set of genes for dissimilatory sulfate reduction
      including ATP sulfurylase, the AprA and B subunits of adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
      reductase, and dissimilatory sulfite reductase. The oxidation of elemental sulfur
      to sulfite could be enabled by APS reductase-associated electron transfer complex
      QmoABC and heterodisulfide reductase. The genome also contains several membrane
      linked molybdopterin oxidoreductases that are thought to be involved in sulfur
      metabolism as subunits of thiosulfate, polysulfide, or tetrathionate reductases.
      Nitrate could be used as an electron acceptor and reduced to ammonium, as
      indicated by the presence of periplasmic nitrate and nitrite reductases.
      Autotrophic carbon fixation is enabled by the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, and the
      complete set of genes that is required for nitrogen fixation is also present in
      T. dismutans. Overall, our results provide genomic insights into energy and
      carbon metabolism of chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-disproportionating bacterium
      that could be important primary producer in microbial communities of deep-sea
      hydrothermal vents. 

PMID- 27379080
TI  - Corrigendum: Integrating DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Data in the
      Development of the Soybean-Bradyrhizobium N2-Fixing Symbiosis.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 518 in vol. 7, PMID: 27148207.]. 

PMID- 27379081
TI  - Symbiotic Association with Mycoplasma hominis Can Influence Growth Rate, ATP
      Production, Cytolysis and Inflammatory Response of Trichomonas vaginalis.
AB  - The symbiosis between the parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis and the
      opportunistic bacterium Mycoplasma hominis is the only one currently described
      involving two obligate human mucosal symbionts with pathogenic capabilities that
      can cause independent diseases in the same anatomical site: the lower urogenital
      tract. Although several aspects of this intriguing microbial partnership have
      been investigated, many questions on the influence of this symbiosis on the
      parasite pathobiology still remain unanswered. Here, we examined with in vitro
      cultures how M. hominis could influence the pathobiology of T. vaginalis by
      investigating the influence of M. hominis on parasite replication rate,
      haemolytic activity and ATP production. By comparing isogenic mycoplasma-free T.
      vaginalis and parasites stably associated with M. hominis we could demonstrate
      that the latter show a higher replication rate, increased haemolytic activity and
      are able to produce larger amounts of ATP. In addition, we demonstrated in a T.
      vaginalis-macrophage co-culture system that M. hominis could modulate an aspect
      of the innate immuno-response to T. vaginalis infections by influencing the
      production of nitric oxide (NO) by human macrophages, with the parasite-bacteria
      symbiosis outcompeting the human cells for the key substrate arginine. These
      results support a model in which the symbiosis between T. vaginalis and M.
      hominis influences host-microbes interactions to the benefit of both microbial
      partners during infections and to the detriment of their host. 

PMID- 27379082
TI  - IL-36gamma Augments Host Defense and Immune Responses in Human Female
      Reproductive Tract Epithelial Cells.
AB  - IL-36gamma is a proinflamatory cytokine which belongs to the IL-1 family of
      cytokines. It is expressed in the skin and by epithelial cells (ECs) lining lung
      and gut tissue. We used human 3-D organotypic cells, that recapitulate either in
      vivo human vaginal or cervical tissue, to explore the possible role of IL-36gamma
      in host defense against pathogens in the human female reproductive tract (FRT).
      EC were exposed to compounds derived from virus or bacterial sources and
      induction and regulation of IL-36gamma and its receptor was determined.
      Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), flagellin, and synthetic lipoprotein
      (FSL-1) significantly induced expression of IL-36gamma in a dose-dependent
      manner, and appeared to be TLR-dependent. Recombinant IL-36gamma treatment
      resulted in self-amplification of IL-36gamma and its receptor (IL-36R) via
      increased gene expression, and promoted other inflammatory signaling pathways.
      This is the first report to demonstrate that the IL-36 receptor and IL-36gamma
      are present in the human FRT EC and that they are differentially induced by
      microbial products at this site. We conclude that IL-36gamma is a driver for
      epithelial and immune activation following microbial insult and, as such, may
      play a critical role in host defense in the FRT. 

PMID- 27379083
TI  - Composition of Gut Microbiota Influences Resistance of Newly Hatched Chickens to
      Salmonella Enteritidis Infection.
AB  - Since poultry is a very common source of non-typhoid Salmonella for humans,
      different interventions aimed at decreasing the prevalence of Salmonella in
      chickens are understood as an effective measure for decreasing the incidence of
      human salmonellosis. One such intervention is the use of probiotic or competitive
      exclusion products. In this study we tested whether microbiota from donor hens of
      different age will equally protect chickens against Salmonella Enteritidis
      infection. Newly hatched chickens were therefore orally inoculated with cecal
      extracts from 1-, 3-, 16-, 28-, and 42-week-old donors and 7 days later, the
      chickens were infected with S. Enteritidis. The experiment was terminated 4 days
      later. In the second experiment, groups of newly hatched chickens were inoculated
      with cecal extracts of 35-week-old hens either on day 1 of life followed by S.
      Enteritidis infection on day 2 or were infected with S. Enteritidis infection on
      day 1 followed by therapeutic administration of the cecal extract on day 2 or
      were inoculated on day 1 of life with a mixture of the cecal extract and S.
      Enteritidis. This experiment was terminated when the chickens were 5 days old.
      Both Salmonella culture and chicken gene expression confirmed that inoculation of
      newly hatched chickens with microbiota from 3-week-old or older chickens
      protected them against S. Enteritidis challenge. On the other hand, microbiota
      from 1-week-old donors failed to protect chickens against S. Enteritidis
      challenge. Microbiota from 35-week-old hens protected chickens even 24 h after
      administration. However, simultaneous or therapeutic microbiota administration
      failed to protect chickens against S. Enteritidis infection. Gut microbiota can
      be used as a preventive measure against S. Enteritidis infection but its
      composition and early administration is critical for its efficacy. 

PMID- 27379084
TI  - Relationships between the Regulatory Systems of Quorum Sensing and Multidrug
      Resistance.
AB  - Cell-cell communications, known as quorum sensing (QS) in bacteria, involve the
      signal molecules as chemical languages and the corresponding receptors as
      transcriptional regulators. In Gram-negative bacteria, orphan LuxR receptors
      recognize signals more than just acylhomoserine lactones, and modulate
      interspecies and interkingdom communications. Whereas, in the Gram-positive
      Streptomyces, pseudo gamma-butyrolactones (GBLs) receptors bind antibiotics other
      than GBL signals, and coordinate antibiotics biosynthesis. By interacting with
      structurally diverse molecules like antibiotics, the TetR family receptors
      regulate multidrug resistance (MDR) by controlling efflux pumps. Antibiotics at
      subinhibitory concentration may act as signal molecules; while QS signals also
      have antimicrobial activity at high concentration. Moreover, the QS and MDR
      systems may share the same exporters to transport molecules. Among these orphan
      LuxR, pseudo GBL receptors, and MDR regulators, although only with low sequence
      homology, they have some structure similarity and function correlation.
      Therefore, perhaps there might be evolutionary relationship and biological
      relevance between the regulatory systems of QS and MDR. Since the QS systems
      become new targets for antimicrobial strategy, it would expand our understanding
      about the evolutionary history of these regulatory systems. 

PMID- 27379085
TI  - Neurological Sequelae Resulting from Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection.
AB  - The recent surge in viral clinical cases and associated neurological deficits
      have reminded us that viral infections can lead to detrimental, long-term
      effects, termed sequelae, in survivors. Alphaviruses are enveloped, single
      stranded positive-sense RNA viruses in the Togaviridae family. Transmission of
      alphaviruses between and within species occurs mainly via the bite of an infected
      mosquito bite, giving alphaviruses a place among arboviruses, or arthropod-borne
      viruses. Alphaviruses are found throughout the world and typically cause
      arthralgic or encephalitic disease in infected humans. Originally detected in the
      1930s, today the major encephalitic viruses include Venezuelan, Western, and
      Eastern equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV, respectively). VEEV,
      WEEV, and EEEV are endemic to the Americas and are important human pathogens,
      leading to thousands of human infections each year. Despite awareness of these
      viruses for nearly 100 years, we possess little mechanistic understanding
      regarding the complications (sequelae) that emerge after resolution of acute
      infection. Neurological sequelae are those complications involving damage to the
      central nervous system that results in cognitive, sensory, or motor deficits that
      may also manifest as emotional instability and seizures in the most severe cases.
      This article serves to provide an overview of clinical cases documented in the
      past century as well as a summary of the reported neurological sequelae due to
      VEEV, WEEV, and EEEV infection. We conclude with a treatise on the utility of,
      and practical considerations for animal models applied to the problem of
      neurological sequelae of viral encephalopathies in order to decipher mechanisms
      and interventional strategies. 

PMID- 27379086
TI  - Human Oncogenic Herpesvirus and Post-translational Modifications -
      Phosphorylation and SUMOylation.
AB  - Pathogens, especially viruses, evolve abilities to utilize cellular machineries
      to facilitate their survival and propagation. Post-translational modifications
      (PTMs), especially phosphorylation and SUMOylation, that reversibly modulate the
      function and interactions of target proteins are among the most important
      features in cell signaling pathways. PTM-dependent events also serve as one of
      the favorite targets for viruses. Among the seven unambiguous human oncogenic
      viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus
      (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), human papillomavirus
      (HPV), Human T lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1), and Merkel cell polyomavirus
      (MCPyV), two are herpesviruses. The life cycle of herpesviruses consists of
      latent and lytic phases and the rapid switch between these states includes global
      remodeling of the viral genome from heterochromatin-to-euchromatin. The balance
      between lytic replication and latency is essential for herpesvirus to maintain a
      persistent infection through a combination of viral propagation and evasion of
      the host immune response, which consequently may contribute to tumorigenesis. It
      is no surprise that the swift reversibility of PTMs, especially SUMOylation, a
      modification that epigenetically regulates chromatin structure, is a major hijack
      target of the host for oncogenic herpesviruses. In this brief review, we
      summarize the varied ways in which herpesviruses engage the host immune
      components through PTMs, focusing on phosphorylation and SUMOylation. 

PMID- 27379087
TI  - Current Technological Improvements in Enzymes toward Their Biotechnological
      Applications.
AB  - Enzymes from extremophiles are creating interest among researchers due to their
      unique properties and the enormous power of catalysis at extreme conditions.
      Since community demands are getting more intensified, therefore, researchers are
      applying various approaches viz. metagenomics to increase the database of
      extremophilic species. Furthermore, the innovations are being made in the
      naturally occurring enzymes utilizing various tools of recombinant DNA technology
      and protein engineering, which allows redesigning of the enzymes for its better
      fitment into the process. In this review, we discuss the biochemical constraints
      of psychrophiles during survival at the lower temperature. We summarize the
      current knowledge about the sources of such enzymes and their in vitro
      modification through mutagenesis to explore their biotechnological potential.
      Finally, we recap the microbial cell surface display to enhance the efficiency of
      the process in cost effective way. 

PMID- 27379088
TI  - Modulation of Adjuvant Arthritis by Cellular and Humoral Immunity to Hsp65.
AB  - Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are highly conserved, and their expression is
      upregulated in cells by heat and other stressful stimuli. These proteins play a
      vital role in preserving the structural and functional integrity of cells under
      stress. Despite the ubiquitous expression of Hsps in an individual, the immune
      system is not fully tolerant to them. In fact, Hsps are highly immunogenic in
      nature, and immune response to these proteins is observed in various inflammatory
      and autoimmune diseases. Studies on the immunopathogenesis of autoimmune
      arthritis in the rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) as well as observations in patients with RA and juvenile idiopathic
      arthritis (JIA) have unraveled immunoregulatory attributes of self-Hsp65-directed
      immunity. Notable features of Hsp65 immunity in AA include protection rather than
      disease induction following immunization of Lewis rats with self (rat)-Hsp65; the
      diversification of T cell response to mycobacterial Hsp65 during the course of AA
      and its association with spontaneous induction of response to self-Hsp65; the
      cross-reactive T cells recognizing foreign and self homologs of Hsp65 and their
      role in disease suppression in rats; the suppressive effect of antibodies to
      Hsp65 in AA; and the use of Hsp65, its peptides, or altered peptide ligands in
      controlling autoimmune pathology. The results of studies in the AA model have
      relevance to RA and JIA. We believe that these insights into Hsp65 immunity would
      not only advance our understanding of the disease process in RA/JIA, but also
      lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for autoimmune arthritis.

PMID- 27379089
TI  - Genetic Diagnosis Using Whole Exome Sequencing in Common Variable
      Immunodeficiency.
AB  - Whole exome sequencing (WES) has proven an effective tool for the discovery of
      genetic defects in patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). However,
      success in dissecting the genetic etiology of common variable immunodeficiency
      (CVID) has been limited. We outline a practical framework for using WES to
      identify causative genetic defects in these subjects. WES was performed on 50
      subjects diagnosed with CVID who had at least one of the following criteria:
      early onset, autoimmune/inflammatory manifestations, low B lymphocytes, and/or
      familial history of hypogammaglobulinemia. Following alignment and variant
      calling, exomes were screened for mutations in 269 PID-causing genes. Variants
      were filtered based on the mode of inheritance and reported frequency in the
      general population. Each variant was assessed by study of familial segregation
      and computational predictions of deleteriousness. Out of 433 variations in PID
      associated genes, we identified 17 probable disease-causing mutations in 15
      patients (30%). These variations were rare or private and included monoallelic
      mutations in NFKB1, STAT3, CTLA4, PIK3CD, and IKZF1, and biallelic mutations in
      LRBA and STXBP2. Forty-two other damaging variants were found but were not
      considered likely disease-causing based on the mode of inheritance and/or patient
      phenotype. WES combined with analysis of PID-associated genes is a cost-effective
      approach to identify disease-causing mutations in CVID patients with severe
      phenotypes and was successful in 30% of our cohort. As targeted therapeutics are
      becoming the mainstay of treatment for non-infectious manifestations in CVID,
      this approach will improve management of patients with more severe phenotypes. 

PMID- 27379090
TI  - Differential Expression of Immune Checkpoint Modulators on In Vitro Primed CD4(+)
      and CD8(+) T Cells.
AB  - PD-1, TIM-3, and LAG-3 are molecules shown to have immune modulatory properties,
      and although initially classified as indicators of T cell hyporesponsiveness, it
      has become clear that they are also associated with the normal course of T cell
      activation. Functional studies have focused mainly on CD8(+) T cells during
      chronic inflammation due to interest in co-opting the cellular immune response to
      eliminate viral or cancerous threats; however, there remains a relative lack of
      data regarding the expression of these molecules on CD4(+) T cells. Here, we
      report that expression of the immune checkpoint (IC) molecules PD-1, LAG-3, and
      TIM-3 are differentially expressed on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the allogeneic
      response resulting from a mixed lymphocyte reaction. In these studies, PD-1
      expression is higher on CD4(+) T cells compared to CD8(+) T cells. In contrast,
      TIM-3 is expressed at higher levels on CD8(+) T cells compared to CD4(+) T cells
      with an apparent reciprocity in that PD-1(+) CD4(+) T cells are frequently TIM
      3(lo/-), while TIM-3-expressing CD8(+) T cells are largely PD-1(lo/-). In
      addition, there is a decrease in the frequency of TIM-3(+) CD4(+) cells producing
      IFN-gamma and IL-5 compared to TIM-3(+) CD8(+) cells. Lastly, the memory T cell
      phenotype within each IC-expressing subset differs between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T
      cells. These findings highlight key differences in IC expression patterns between
      CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and may allow for more effective therapeutic targeting
      of these molecules in the future. 

PMID- 27379091
TI  - The Scavenger Receptor SREC-I Cooperates with Toll-Like Receptors to Trigger
      Inflammatory Innate Immune Responses.
AB  - Scavenger receptor expressed by endothelial cell-I (SREC-I) is a class F
      scavenger receptor expressed by immune cells with a significant role in CD8(+)-
      and CD4(+)-mediated T cell immunity. This receptor can also modulate the function
      of toll-like receptors (TLRs), which play essential roles in innate immunity.
      Earlier, it was found that human monocyte/macrophage THP1 cells and bone marrow
      derived macrophages from mice exhibited increased responses to polyinosine
      polycytidylic acid (poly I:C, PIC) and CpG (unmethylated) DNA and enhanced
      production of inflammatory cytokines with overexpressed SREC-I. Our data also
      showed that intracellular/endocytic TLR3 and TLR9 could directly interact with
      SREC-I in the presence of their respective ligands. We also observed that the
      internalized ligand along with TLR3/TLR9 colocalized in the endosome in
      macrophages and THP-1 cells overexpressing these receptors. In the absence of
      these ligands, there was no detectable colocalization between the SREC-I and
      endocytic TLRs. Earlier, it was shown that SREC-I stimulated double-stranded
      RNA/CpGDNA-mediated TLR3/TLR9 activation of the innate immune response by
      triggering signaling through the NF-kappaB, IRF3, and MAP kinase pathways leading
      to transcription of cytokine genes. We also established that SREC-I can associate
      with plasma membrane TLRs, such as TLR2 and TLR4. We demonstrated that SREC-I
      TLR4 signals more efficiently from lipid microdomain in which lipopolysaccharide
      (LPS) can associate with SREC-I-TLR4 complex. We also proved that SREC-I is an
      alternate receptor for LPS capable of internalizing the complex and for endocytic
      TLR ligands as well. This binding activated endocytic TLR-mediated downstream
      cytokine production in THP1 cells and macrophages. Finally, SREC-I could also
      form complexes with TLR2 and induce the release of cytokines in the presence of
      bacterial, viral, and fungal ligands. 

PMID- 27379093
TI  - TIM-3 Regulates Distinct Functions in Macrophages.
AB  - The transmembrane protein TIM-3 is a type I protein expressed by sub-types of
      lymphoid cells, such as lymphocytes Th1, Th17, Tc1, NK, as well as in myeloid
      cells. Scientific evidence indicates that this molecule acts as a negative
      regulator of T lymphocyte activation and that its expression is modified in viral
      infections or autoimmune diseases. In addition to evidence from lymphoid cells,
      the function of TIM-3 has been investigated in myeloid cells, such as monocytes,
      macrophages, and dendritic cells (DC), where studies have demonstrated that it
      can regulate cytokine production, cell activation, and the capture of apoptotic
      bodies. Despite these advances, the function of TIM-3 in myeloid cells and the
      molecular mechanisms that this protein regulates are not yet fully understood.
      This review examines the most recent evidence concerning the function of TIM-3
      when expressed in myeloid cells, primarily macrophages, and the potential impact
      of that function on the field of basic immunology. 

PMID- 27379094
TI  - Complement Component C1q Programs a Pro-Efferocytic Phenotype while Limiting
      TNFalpha Production in Primary Mouse and Human Macrophages.
AB  - Deficiency in complement component C1q is associated with an inability to clear
      apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and aberrant inflammation in lupus, and
      identification of the pathways involved in these processes should reveal
      important regulatory mechanisms in lupus and other autoimmune or inflammatory
      diseases. In this study, C1q-dependent regulation of TNFalpha/IL-6 expression and
      efferocytosis was investigated using primary mouse bone marrow-derived
      macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages. C1q downregulated LPS
      dependent TNFalpha production in mouse and human macrophages. While prolonged
      stimulation with C1q (18 h) was required to elicit a dampening of TNFalpha
      production from mouse macrophages, the human macrophages responded to C1q with
      immediate downregulation of TNFalpha. IL-6 production was unchanged in mouse and
      upregulated by human macrophages following prolonged stimulation with C1q. Our
      previous studies indicated that C1q programmed enhanced efferocytosis in mouse
      macrophages by enhancing expression of Mer tyrosine kinase and its ligand Gas6, a
      receptor-ligand pair that also inhibits proinflammatory signaling. Here, we
      demonstrated that C1q-dependent programming of human macrophage efferocytosis
      required protein synthesis; however, neither Mer nor the related receptor Axl was
      upregulated in human cells. In addition, while the C1q-collagen-like tails are
      sufficient for promoting C1q-dependent phagocytosis of antibody-coated targets,
      the C1q-tails failed to program enhanced efferocytosis or dampen TNFalpha
      production. These data further elucidate the mechanisms by which C1q regulates
      proinflammatory signaling and efferocytosis in macrophages, functions that are
      likely to influence the progression of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. 

PMID- 27379092
TI  - Mucosal Regulatory T Cells and T Helper 17 Cells in HIV-Associated Immune
      Activation.
AB  - Residual mucosal inflammation along with chronic systemic immune activation is an
      important feature in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV), and has been linked to a wide range of co-morbidities, including
      malignancy, opportunistic infections, immunopathology, and cardiovascular
      complications. Although combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can reduce plasma
      viral loads to undetectable levels, reservoirs of virus persist, and increased
      mortality is associated with immune dysbiosis in mucosal lymphoid tissues. Immune
      based therapies are pursued with the goal of improving CD4(+) T-cell restoration,
      as well as reducing chronic immune activation in cART-treated patients. However,
      the majority of research on immune activation has been derived from analysis of
      circulating T cells. How immune cell alterations in mucosal tissues contribute to
      HIV immune dysregulation and the associated risk of non-infectious chronic
      complications is less studied. Given the significant differences between mucosal
      T cells and circulating T cells, and the immediate interactions of mucosal T
      cells with the microbiome, more attention should be devoted to mucosal immune
      cells and their contribution to systemic immune activation in HIV-infected
      individuals. Here, we will focus on mucosal immune cells with a specific emphasis
      on CD4(+) T lymphocytes, such as T helper 17 cells and CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory
      T cells (Tregs), which play crucial roles in maintaining mucosal barrier
      integrity and preventing inflammation, respectively. We hypothesize that pro
      inflammatory milieu in cART-treated patients with immune activation significantly
      contributes to enhanced loss of Th17 cells and increased frequency of
      dysregulated Tregs in the mucosa, which in turn may exacerbate immune dysfunction
      in HIV-infected patients. We also present initial evidence to support this
      hypothesis. A better comprehension of how pro-inflammatory milieu impacts these
      two types of cells in the mucosa will shed light on mucosal immune dysfunction
      and HIV reservoirs, and lead to novel ways to restore immune functions in HIV(+)
      patients. 

PMID- 27379095
TI  - Reconstitution of CD8 T Cells Protective against Cytomegalovirus in a Mouse Model
      of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Dynamics and Inessentiality of Epitope
      Immunodominance.
AB  - Successful reconstitution of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8(+) T cells by
      hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) gives a favorable prognosis for the
      control of CMV reactivation and prevention of CMV disease after hematoablative
      therapy of hematopoietic malignancies. In the transient immunocompromised state
      after HCT, pre-emptive cytoimmunotherapy with viral epitope-specific effector or
      memory CD8(+) T cells is a promising option to speed up antiviral control.
      Despite high-coding capacity of CMVs and a broad CD8(+) T-cell response on the
      population level, which reflects polymorphism in major histocompatibility complex
      class-I (MHC-I) glycoproteins, the response in terms of quantity of CD8(+) T
      cells in any individual is directed against a limited set of CMV-encoded epitopes
      selected for presentation by the private repertoire of MHC-I molecules. Such
      epitopes are known as "immunodominant" epitopes (IDEs). Besides host
      immunogenetics, genetic variance in CMV strains harbored as latent viruses by an
      individual HCT recipient can also determine the set of IDEs, which complicates a
      "personalized immunotherapy." It is, therefore, an important question if IDE
      specific CD8(+) T-cell reconstitution after HCT is critical or dispensable for
      antiviral control. As viruses with targeted mutations of IDEs cannot be
      experimentally tested in HCT patients, we employed the well-established mouse
      model of HCT. Notably, control of murine CMV (mCMV) after HCT was comparably
      efficient for IDE-deletion mutant mCMV-Delta4IDE and the corresponding IDE
      expressing revertant virus mCMV-Delta4IDE-rev. Thus, antigenicity-loss mutations
      in IDEs do not result in loss-of-function of a polyclonal CD8(+) T-cell
      population. Although IDE deletion was not associated with global changes in the
      response to non-IDE epitopes, the collective of non-IDE-specific CD8(+) T-cells
      infiltrates infected tissue and confines infection within nodular inflammatory
      foci. We conclude from the model, and predict also for human CMV, that there is
      no need to exclusively aim for IDE-specific immunoreconstitution. 

PMID- 27379096
TI  - Autoimmune Myopathies: Where Do We Stand?
AB  - Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) as a whole represent a major health concern and remain
      a medical and scientific challenge. Some of them, such as multiple sclerosis or
      type 1 diabetes, have been actively investigated for many decades. Autoimmune
      myopathies (AIMs), also referred to as idiopathic inflammatory myopathies or
      myositis, represent a group of very severe AID for which we have a more limited
      pathophysiological knowledge. AIM encompass a group of, individually rare but
      collectively not so uncommon, diseases characterized by symmetrical proximal
      muscle weakness, increased serum muscle enzymes such as creatine kinase,
      myopathic changes on electromyography, and several typical histological patterns
      on muscle biopsy, including the presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates in
      muscle tissue. Importantly, some AIMs are strongly related to cancer. Here, we
      review the current knowledge on the most prevalent forms of AIM and, notably, the
      diagnostic contribution of autoantibodies. 

PMID- 27379097
TI  - "Natural Regulators": NK Cells as Modulators of T Cell Immunity.
AB  - Natural killer (NK) cells are known as frontline responders capable of rapidly
      mediating a response upon encountering transformed or infected cells. Recent
      findings indicate that NK cells, in addition to acting as innate effectors, can
      also regulate adaptive immune responses. Here, we review recent studies on the
      immunoregulatory function of NK cells with a specific focus on their ability to
      affect the generation of early, as well as long-term antiviral T cell responses,
      and their role in modulating immune pathology and disease. In addition, we
      summarize the current knowledge of the factors governing regulatory NK cell
      responses and discuss origin, tissue specificity, and open questions about the
      classification of regulatory NK cells as classical NK cells versus group 1 innate
      lymphoid cells. 

PMID- 27379098
TI  - Aerobic Exercise Reduces Asthma Phenotype by Modulation of the Leukotriene
      Pathway.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Leukotrienes (LTs) play a central role in asthma. Low- to moderate
      intensity aerobic exercise (AE) reduces asthmatic inflammation in clinical
      studies and in experimental models. This study investigated whether AE attenuates
      LT pathway activation in an ovalbumin (OVA) model of asthma. METHODS: Sixty-four
      male, BALB/c mice were distributed into Control, Exercise (Exe), OVA, and OVA +
      Exe groups. Treadmill training was performed at moderate intensity, 5*/week, 1
      h/session for 4 weeks. Quantification of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
      cellularity, leukocytes, airway remodeling, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, cysteinyl
      leukotriene (CysLT), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in BAL was performed. In addition,
      quantitative analyses on peribronchial leukocytes and airway epithelium for LT
      pathway agents: 5-lypoxygenase (5-LO), LTA4 hydrolase (LTA4H), CysLT1 receptor,
      CysLT2 receptor, LTC4 synthase, and LTB4 receptor 2 (BLT2) were performed. Airway
      hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine (MCh) was assessed via whole body
      plethysmography. RESULTS: AE decreased eosinophils (p < 0.001), neutrophils (p >
      0.001), lymphocytes (p < 0.001), and macrophages (p < 0.01) in BAL, as well as
      eosinophils (p < 0.01), lymphocytes (p < 0.001), and macrophages (p > 0.001) in
      airway walls. Collagen (p < 0.01), elastic fibers (p < 0.01), mucus production (p
      < 0.01), and smooth muscle thickness (p < 0.01), as well as IL-5 (p < 0.01), IL
      13 (p < 0.01), CysLT (p < 0.01), and LTB4 (p < 0.01) in BAL were reduced. 5-LO (p
      < 0.05), LTA4H (p < 0.05), CysLT1 receptor (p < 0.001), CysLT2 receptor (p <
      0.001), LTC4 synthase (p < 0.001), and BLT2 (p < 0.01) expression by
      peribronchial leukocytes and airway epithelium were reduced. Lastly, AHR to MCh
      25 mg/mL (p < 0.05) and 50 mg/mL (p < 0.01) was reduced. CONCLUSION: Moderate
      intensity AE attenuated asthma phenotype and LT production in both pulmonary
      leukocytes and airway epithelium of OVA-treated mice.

PMID- 27379099
TI  - Pharmacologic Inhibition of Host Phosphodiesterase-4 Improves Isoniazid-Mediated
      Clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - The lengthy duration of multidrug therapy needed to cure tuberculosis (TB) poses
      significant challenges for global control of the disease. Moreover, chronic
      inflammation associated with TB leads to pulmonary damage that can remain even
      after successful cure. Thus, there is a great need for the development of
      effective shorter drug regimens to improve clinical outcome and strengthen TB
      control. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is emerging as a novel adjunctive strategy
      to enhance the efficacy and shorten the duration of TB treatment. Previously, we
      showed that the administration of CC-3052, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor
      (PDE4i), reduced the host inflammatory response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      (Mtb) infection and improved the antimicrobial efficacy of isoniazid (INH) in
      both the mouse and rabbit models. In the present study, we evaluated the
      pharmacokinetics and explored the mechanism underlying the efficacy of a more
      potent PDE4i, CC-11050, as adjunct to INH treatment in a mouse model of pulmonary
      Mtb infection. Genome-wide lung transcriptome analysis confirmed the dampening of
      inflammation and associated network genes that we previously reported with CC
      3052. Consistent with the reduction in inflammation, a significant improvement in
      Mtb control and pathology was observed in the lungs of mice treated with CC-11050
      plus INH, compared to INH alone. This important confirmatory study will be used
      to help design upcoming human clinical trials with CC-11050 as an HDT for TB
      treatment. 

PMID- 27379100
TI  - Combined Expression of IFN-gamma, IL-17, and IL-4 mRNA by Recall PBMCs Moderately
      Discriminates Active Tuberculosis from Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      Infection in Patients with Miscellaneous Inflammatory Underlying Conditions.
AB  - New biomarkers are needed for discriminating active tuberculosis (TB) from latent
      TB infection (LTBI), especially in vulnerable groups representing the major
      diagnostic challenge. This pilot study was carried out to explore the diagnostic
      potential of selected genes, IFN-gamma, IL-17, IL-4, and FoxP3, associated with
      TB immunity and immunopathology. IFN-gamma, IL-17, IL-4, and FoxP3 mRNA
      expression levels were measured by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT
      qPCR) from antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with
      active TB (n = 25); patients with miscellaneous inflammatory disorders and
      concomitant LTBI (n = 20), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) being the most predominant
      in the group (n = 11); and in healthy Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccinees (n
      = 8). While the levels of FoxP3 mRNA did not differ between the tested groups,
      the cumulative expression levels of purified protein derivative-stimulated IFN
      gamma, IL-17, and IL-4 mRNAs were found to distinguish active TB from the whole
      group of LTBI with 48% sensitivity and 85% specificity. When restricting the LTBI
      group to RA cases only, the sensitivity was 56% and specificity 100%. When
      interpreting the result as positive in at least one of the mRNAs IFN-gamma, IL
      17, or IL-4, sensitivity of 64% and specificities of 75% (heterogeneous group of
      LTBI) or 100% (LTBI with RA) were achieved. Moderate discrimination of active TB
      from LTBI with miscellaneous inflammatory underlying conditions by using combined
      quantitative expression of IFN-gamma, IL-17, and IL-4 mRNA seems not to be of
      high diagnostic potential. 

PMID- 27379101
TI  - T-bet and Eomesodermin in NK Cell Development, Maturation, and Function.
AB  - Recent reports give insights into the role of the T-box transcription factors, T
      bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes), in NK cell biology. In this mini-review, we
      recapitulate the initial reports that delineate T-bet and Eomes as master
      regulators of NK cell development, maturation, and function. We discuss how T-bet
      and Eomes expression is regulated during NK cell development and peripheral
      maturation. Furthermore, we summarize the current literature on the role of T-bet
      and Eomes in the transcriptional regulation of NK cell function and review
      possible effects of T-box transcription factor anomalies during aging, infection,
      cancer, and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We discuss how the
      current data argue in favor of a model of T-bet and Eomes synergy in
      transcriptional regulation of NK cell function and identify T-box transcription
      factors as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. 

PMID- 27379102
TI  - Unveiling the Redox Control of Plant Reproductive Development during Abiotic
      Stress.
AB  - Plants being sessile in nature are often challenged to various abiotic stresses
      including temperature fluctuations, water supply, salinity, and nutrient
      availability. Exposure of plants to such environmental perturbations result in
      the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. To scavenge ROS,
      enzymatic and molecular antioxidants are produced at a cellular level. ROS act as
      a signaling entity at lower concentrations maintaining normal growth and
      development, but if their levels increase beyond certain threshold, they produce
      toxic effects in plants. Some developmental stages, such as development of
      reproductive organs are more sensitive to abiotic stress than other stages of
      growth. As success of plant reproductive development is directly correlated with
      grain yield, stresses coinciding with reproductive phase results in the higher
      yield losses. In this article, we summarize the redox control of plant
      reproductive development, and elaborate how redox homeostasis is compromised
      during abiotic stress exposure. We highlight why more emphasis should be given to
      understand redox control of plant reproductive organ development during abiotic
      stress exposure96to engineer crops with better crop yield. We specifically
      discuss the role of ROS as a signaling molecule and its cross-talk with other
      signaling molecules such as hormones and sugars. 

PMID- 27379103
TI  - Transient Expression of Tetrameric Recombinant Human Butyrylcholinesterase in
      Nicotiana benthamiana.
AB  - To optimize the expression, extraction and purification of plant-derived
      tetrameric recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (prBChE), we describe the
      development and use of plant viral amplicon-based gene expression system; Tobacco
      Mosaic Virus (TMV) RNA-based overexpression vector (TRBO) to express
      enzymatically active FLAG-tagged plant made recombinant butyrylcholinesterase
      (rBChE) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves using transient agroinfiltration. Two
      gene expression cassettes were designed to express the recombinant protein in
      either the ER or to the apoplastic compartment. Leaf homogenization was used to
      isolate ER-retained recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (prBChE-ER) while apoplast
      targeted rBChE was isolated by either leaf homogenization (prBChE) or vacuum
      extraction of apoplastic wash fluid (prBChE-AWF). rBChE from apoplast wash fluid
      had a higher specific activity but lower enzyme yield than leaf homogenate. To
      optimize the isolation and purification of total recombinant protein from leaf
      homogenates, an acidic extraction buffer was used. The acidic extraction buffer
      yielded >95% enzymatically active tetrameric rBChE as verified by Coomassie
      stained and native gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, when compared to human
      butyrylcholinesterase, the prBChE was found to be similar in terms of
      tetramerization and enzyme kinetics. The N-linked glycan profile of purified
      prBChE-ER was found to be mostly high mannose structures while the N-linked
      glycans on prBChE-AWF were primarily complex. The glycan profile of the prBChE
      leaf homogenates showed a mixture of high mannose, complex and paucimannose type
      N-glycans. These findings demonstrate the ability of plants to produce rBChE that
      is enzymatically active and whose oligomeric state is comparable to mammalian
      butyrylcholinesterase. The process of plant made rBChE tetramerization and
      strategies for improving its pharmacokinetics properties are also discussed. 

PMID- 27379104
TI  - Silicon: Potential to Promote Direct and Indirect Effects on Plant Defense
      Against Arthropod Pests in Agriculture.
AB  - Silicon has generally not been considered essential for plant growth, although it
      is well recognized that many plants, particularly Poaceae, have substantial plant
      tissue concentrations of this element. Recently, however, the International Plant
      Nutrition Institute [IPNI] (2015), Georgia, USA has listed it as a "beneficial
      substance". This reflects that numerous studies have now established that silicon
      may alleviate both biotic and abiotic stress. This paper explores the existing
      knowledge and recent advances in elucidating the role of silicon in plant defense
      against biotic stress, particularly against arthropod pests in agriculture and
      attraction of beneficial insects. Silicon confers resistance to herbivores via
      two described mechanisms: physical and biochemical/molecular. Until recently,
      studies have mainly centered on two trophic levels; the herbivore and plant.
      However, several studies now describe tri-trophic effects involving silicon that
      operate by attracting predators or parasitoids to plants under herbivore attack.
      Indeed, it has been demonstrated that silicon-treated, arthropod-attacked plants
      display increased attractiveness to natural enemies, an effect that was reflected
      in elevated biological control in the field. The reported relationships between
      soluble silicon and the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway, and JA and herbivore
      induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) suggest that soluble silicon may enhance the
      production of HIPVs. Further, it is feasible that silicon uptake may affect
      protein expression (or modify proteins structurally) so that they can produce
      additional, or modify, the HIPV profile of plants. Ultimately, understanding
      silicon under plant ecological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular
      contexts will assist in fully elucidating the mechanisms behind silicon and plant
      response to biotic stress at both the bi- and tri-trophic levels. 

PMID- 27379106
TI  - Copper-Induced Membrane Depolarizations Involve the Induction of Mosaic TRP
      Channels, Which Activate VDCC Leading to Calcium Increases in Ulva compressa.
AB  - The marine macroalga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyceae) is a cosmopolitan species,
      tolerant to heavy metals, in particular to copper. U. compressa was cultivated
      with 10 MUM copper for 12 h and membrane depolarization events were detected.
      First, seven depolarization events occurred at 4, 8, 12-13, 80, and 86 min, and
      at 5 and 9 h of copper exposure. Second, bathocuproine sulphonate, a specific
      copper-chelating compound, was added before incorporating copper to the culture
      medium. Copper-induced depolarizations were inhibited by bathocuproine at 4, 8,
      12-13, 80, and 86 min, but not at 5 and 9 h, indicating that initial events are
      due to copper ions entry. Third, specific inhibitors of human TRPA1, C4, C5, M8,
      and V1corresponding to HC030031, ML204, SKF96363, M8B, and capsazepin,
      respectively, were used to analyze whether copper-induced depolarizations were
      due to activation of transient receptor potentials (TRPs). Inhibitor effects
      indicate that the seven depolarizations involved the activation of functional
      mosaic TRPs that displayed properties similar to human TRPA, C, M, and/or V.
      Finally, inhibition of copper-induced depolarizations using specific TRP
      inhibitors suppressed calcium increases at 2, 3, and 12 h due to activation of
      voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). Thus, copper induces seven
      depolarization events that involve activation of mosaic TRPs which, in turn,
      activates VDCC leading to calcium increases at 2, 3, and 12 h in U. compressa. 

PMID- 27379105
TI  - Desiccation and Mortality Dynamics in Seedlings of Different European Beech
      (Fagus sylvatica L.) Populations under Extreme Drought Conditions.
AB  - European beech (Fagus sylvatica L., hereafter beech), one of the major native
      tree species in Europe, is known to be drought sensitive. Thus, the
      identification of critical thresholds of drought impact intensity and duration
      are of high interest for assessing the adaptive potential of European beech to
      climate change in its native range. In a common garden experiment with one-year
      old seedlings originating from central and marginal origins in six European
      countries (Denmark, Germany, France, Romania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Spain), we
      applied extreme drought stress and observed desiccation and mortality processes
      among the different populations and related them to plant water status (predawn
      water potential, PsiPD) and soil hydraulic traits. For the lethal drought
      assessment, we used a critical threshold of soil water availability that is
      reached when 50% mortality in seedling populations occurs (LD50SWA). We found
      significant population differences in LD50SWA (10.5-17.8%), and mortality
      dynamics that suggest a genetic difference in drought resistance between
      populations. The LD50SWA values correlate significantly with the mean growing
      season precipitation at population origins, but not with the geographic margins
      of beech range. Thus, beech range marginality may be more due to climatic
      conditions than to geographic range. The outcome of this study suggests the
      genetic variation has a major influence on the varying adaptive potential of the
      investigated populations. 

PMID- 27379107
TI  - Over-Expression of the Pikh Gene with a CaMV 35S Promoter Leads to Improved Blast
      Disease (Magnaporthe oryzae) Tolerance in Rice.
AB  - Magnaporthe oryzae is a rice blast fungus and plant pathogen that causes a
      serious rice disease and, therefore, poses a threat to the world's second most
      important food security crop. Plant transformation technology has become an
      adaptable system for cultivar improvement and to functionally analyze genes in
      plants. The objective of this study was to determine the effects (through over
      expressing and using the CaMV 35S promoter) of Pikh on MR219 resistance because
      it is a rice variety that is susceptible to the blast fungus pathotype P7.2.
      Thus, a full DNA and coding DNA sequence (CDS) of the Pikh gene, 3172 bp, and
      1206 bp in length, were obtained through amplifying the gDNA and cDNA template
      from a PH9-resistant rice variety using a specific primer. Agrobacterium-mediated
      transformation technology was also used to introduce the Pikh gene into the MR219
      callus. Subsequently, transgenic plants were evaluated from the DNA to protein
      stages using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), semi-quantitative RT-PCR, real-time
      quantitative PCR and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Transgenic
      plants were also compared with a control using a real-time quantification
      technique (to quantify the pathogen population), and transgenic and control
      plants were challenged with the local most virulent M. oryzae pathotype, P7.2.
      Based on the results, the Pikh gene encodes a hydrophilic protein with 18 sheets,
      4 helixes, and 21 coils. This protein contains 401 amino acids, among which the
      amino acid sequence from 1 to 376 is a non-cytoplasmic region, that from 377 to
      397 is a transmembrane region, and that from 398 to 401 is a cytoplasmic region
      with no identified disordered regions. The Pikh gene was up-regulated in the
      transgenic plants compared with the control plants. The quantity of the amino
      acid leucine in the transgenic rice plants increased significantly from 17.131 in
      the wild-type to 47.865 mg g(-1) in transgenic plants. The M. oryzae population
      was constant at 31, 48, and 72 h after inoculation in transgenic plants, while it
      was increased in the inoculated control plants. This study successfully clarified
      that over-expression of the Pikh gene in transgenic plants can improve their
      blast resistance against the M. oryzae pathotype P7.2. 

PMID- 27379108
TI  - Flood-Ring Formation and Root Development in Response to Experimental Flooding of
      Young Quercus robur Trees.
AB  - Spring flooding in riparian forests can cause significant reductions in earlywood
      vessel size in submerged stem parts of ring-porous tree species, leading to the
      presence of 'flood rings' that can be used as a proxy to reconstruct past
      flooding events, potentially over millennia. The mechanism of flood-ring
      formation and the relation with timing and duration of flooding are still to be
      elucidated. In this study, we experimentally flooded 4-year-old Quercus robur
      trees at three spring phenophases (late bud dormancy, budswell, and internode
      expansion) and over different flooding durations (2, 4, and 6 weeks) to a stem
      height of 50 cm. The effect of flooding on root and vessel development was
      assessed immediately after the flooding treatment and at the end of the growing
      season. Ring width and earlywood-vessel size and density were measured at 25- and
      75-cm stem height and collapsed vessels were recorded. Stem flooding inhibited
      earlywood-vessel development in flooded stem parts. In addition, flooding upon
      budswell and internode expansion led to collapsed earlywood vessels below the
      water level. At the end of the growing season, mean earlywood-vessel size in the
      flooded stem parts (upon budswell and internode expansion) was always reduced by
      approximately 50% compared to non-flooded stem parts and 55% compared to control
      trees. This reduction was already present 2 weeks after flooding and occurred
      independent of flooding duration. Stem and root flooding were associated with
      significant root dieback after 4 and 6 weeks and mean radial growth was always
      reduced with increasing flooding duration. By comparing stem and root flooding,
      we conclude that flood rings only occur after stem flooding. As earlywood-vessel
      development was hampered during flooding, a considerable number of narrow
      earlywood vessels present later in the season, must have been formed after the
      actual flooding events. Our study indicates that root dieback, together with
      strongly reduced hydraulic conductivity due to anomalously narrow earlywood
      vessels in flooded stem parts, contribute to reduced radial growth after flooding
      events. Our findings support the value of flood rings to reconstruct spring
      flooding events that occurred prior to instrumental flood records. 

PMID- 27379109
TI  - Genotyping-by-Sequencing SNP Identification for Crops without a Reference Genome:
      Using Transcriptome Based Mapping as an Alternative Strategy.
AB  - Next-generation sequencing opens the way for genomic studies of diversity even
      for non-model crops and animals. Genome reduction techniques are becoming
      progressively more popular as they allow a fraction of the genome to be sequenced
      for multiple individuals and/or populations. These techniques are an efficient
      way to explore genome diversity in non-model crops and animals for which no
      reference genome is available. Genome reduction techniques emerged with the
      development of specific pipelines such as UNEAK (Universal Network Enabled
      Analysis Kit) and Stacks. However, even for non-model crops and animals,
      transcriptomes are easier to obtain, thereby making it possible to directly map
      reads. We investigate the direct use of transcriptome as an alternative strategy.
      Our specific objective was to compare SNPs obtained from the UNEAK pipeline as
      well as SNPs obtained by directly mapping genotyping-by-sequencing reads on a
      transcriptome. We assessed the feasibility of both SNP datasets, UNEAK and
      transcriptome mapping, to investigate the diversity of 91 samples of wild pearl
      millet sampled across its distribution area. Both approaches produced several
      tens of thousands of single nucleotide variants, but differed in the way the
      variants were identified, leading to differences in the frequency spectrum
      associated with marked differences in the assessment of diversity. Difference in
      the frequency spectrum significantly biased a large set of diversity analyses as
      well as detection of selection approaches. However, whatever the approach, we
      found very similar inference of genetic structure, with three major genetic
      groups from West, Central, and East Africa. For non-model crops, using
      transcriptome data as a reference is thus a particularly promising way to obtain
      a more thorough analysis of datasets generated using genome reduction techniques.

PMID- 27379110
TI  - Transcriptome- Assisted Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals Novel
      Insights into Piper nigrum-Phytophthora capsici Phytopathosystem.
AB  - Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), a tropical spice crop of global acclaim, is
      susceptible to Phytophthora capsici, an oomycete pathogen which causes the highly
      destructive foot rot disease. A systematic understanding of this phytopathosystem
      has not been possible owing to lack of genome or proteome information. In this
      study, we explain an integrated transcriptome-assisted label-free quantitative
      proteomics pipeline to study the basal immune components of black pepper when
      challenged with P. capsici. We report a global identification of 532 novel leaf
      proteins from black pepper, of which 518 proteins were functionally annotated
      using BLAST2GO tool. A label-free quantitation of the protein datasets revealed
      194 proteins common to diseased and control protein datasets of which 22 proteins
      showed significant up-regulation and 134 showed significant down-regulation.
      Ninety-three proteins were identified exclusively on P. capsici infected leaf
      tissues and 245 were expressed only in mock (control) infected samples. In-depth
      analysis of our data gives novel insights into the regulatory pathways of black
      pepper which are compromised during the infection. Differential down-regulation
      was observed in a number of critical pathways like carbon fixation in
      photosynthetic organism, cyano-amino acid metabolism, fructose, and mannose
      metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The
      proteomics results were validated with real-time qRT-PCR analysis. We were also
      able to identify the complete coding sequences for all the proteins of which few
      selected genes were cloned and sequence characterized for further confirmation.
      Our study is the first report of a quantitative proteomics dataset in black
      pepper which provides convincing evidence on the effectiveness of a transcriptome
      based label-free proteomics approach for elucidating the host response to biotic
      stress in a non-model spice crop like P. nigrum, for which genome information is
      unavailable. Our dataset will serve as a useful resource for future studies in
      this plant. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003887. 

PMID- 27379111
TI  - FcLDP1, a Gene Encoding a Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Domain Protein,
      Responds to Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid during the Development of Fruits
      in Fragaria chiloensis.
AB  - White Chilean strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis) are non-climacteric fruits, with
      an exotic color and aroma. In order to discover genes involved in the development
      of these fruits, we identified a fragment of a gene encoding a late embryogenesis
      abundant domain protein, FcLDP1, that was expressed in early stages of fruit
      development, particularly in receptacles. Hormones play key roles in regulating
      the development of non-climacteric fruits. We show that the brassinosteroid
      content of the white strawberry varies during development. Additionally, FcLDP1
      as well as the closest ortholog in the woodland strawberry, F. vesca (FvLDP1)
      possess multiple brassinosteroid, as well as abscisic acid (ABA) response motifs
      in the promoter region, consistent with the response of transiently expressed
      FcLDP1 promoter-GFP fusions to these hormones, and the rise in FcLDP1 transcript
      levels in white strawberry fruits treated with brassinosteroids or ABA. These
      findings suggest that both hormones regulate FcLDP1 expression during the
      development of white strawberries. 

PMID- 27379112
TI  - Intraspecific Variation in Wood Anatomical, Hydraulic, and Foliar Traits in Ten
      European Beech Provenances Differing in Growth Yield.
AB  - In angiosperms, many studies have described the inter-specific variability of
      hydraulic-related traits and little is known at the intra-specific level. This
      information is however mandatory to assess the adaptive capacities of tree
      populations in the context of increasing drought frequency and severity. Ten 20
      year old European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances representing the entire
      distribution range throughout Europe and differing significantly in aboveground
      biomass increment (ABI) by a factor of up to four were investigated for branch
      wood anatomical, hydraulic, and foliar traits in a provenance trial located in
      Northern Europe. We quantified to which extend xylem hydraulic and leaf traits
      are under genetic control and tested whether the xylem hydraulic properties
      (hydraulic efficiency and safety) trades off with yield and wood anatomical and
      leaf traits. Our results showed that only three out of 22 investigated
      ecophysiological traits showed significant genetic differentiations between
      provenances, namely vessel density (VD), the xylem pressure causing 88% loss of
      hydraulic conductance and mean leaf size. Depending of the ecophysiological
      traits measured, genetic differentiation between populations explained 0-14% of
      total phenotypic variation, while intra-population variability was higher than
      inter-population variability. Most wood anatomical traits and some foliar traits
      were additionally related to the climate of provenance origin. The lumen to
      sapwood area ratio, vessel diameter, theoretical specific conductivity and
      theoretical leaf-specific conductivity as well as the C:N-ratio increased with
      climatic aridity at the place of origin while the carbon isotope signature
      (delta(13)C) decreased. Contrary to our assumption, none of the wood anatomical
      traits were related to embolism resistance but were strong determinants of
      hydraulic efficiency. Although ABI was associated with both VD and delta(13)C,
      both hydraulic efficiency and embolism resistance were unrelated, disproving the
      assumed trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety. European beech seems
      to compensate increasing water stress with growing size mainly by adjusting
      vessel number and not vessel diameter. In conclusion, European beech has a high
      potential capacity to cope with climate change due to the high degree of intra
      population genetic variability. 

PMID- 27379114
TI  - Elevated CO2 Atmosphere Minimizes the Effect of Drought on the Cerrado Species
      Chrysolaena obovata.
AB  - Chrysolaena obovata stores inulin in the rhizophores, associated with drought
      tolerance. While crop plants are widely studied concerning the interactive
      effects of high [CO2] and drought, few studies reported these effects in native
      species. Here, we evaluated the combined effects of these factors on water status
      and fructan metabolism in C. obovata, a native Cerrado species. Two lots of
      plants were kept at 380 and 760 ppm CO2 in open-top chambers. In each, [CO2]
      plants were divided into four groups and cultivated under different water
      availability: irrigation with 100 (control), 75 (low), 50 (medium), and 25%
      (severe drought) of the water evapotranspirated in the last 48 h. In each, water
      treatment plants were collected at 0, 9, 18, and 27 days. On day 27, all plants
      were re-watered to field capacity and, after 5 days, a new sampling was made.
      Water restriction caused a decrease in plant moisture, photosynthesis, and in
      enzymes of fructan metabolism. These changes were generally more pronounced in
      25% plants under ambient [CO2]. In the later, increases in the proportion of
      hexoses and consequent modification of the fructan chain sizes were more marked
      than under high [CO2]. The results indicate that under elevated [CO2], the
      negative effects of water restriction on physiological processes were minimized,
      including the maintenance of rhizophore water potential, increase in water use
      efficiency, maintenance of photosynthesis and fructan reserves for a longer
      period, conditions that shall favor the conservation of this species in the
      predicted climate change scenarios. 

PMID- 27379113
TI  - DNA Methylation and Chromatin Regulation during Fleshy Fruit Development and
      Ripening.
AB  - Fruit ripening is a developmental process that results in the leaf-like carpel
      organ of the flower becoming a mature ovary primed for dispersal of the seeds.
      Ripening in fleshy fruits involves a profound metabolic phase change that is
      under strict hormonal and genetic control. This work reviews recent developments
      in our understanding of the epigenetic regulation of fruit ripening. We start by
      describing the current state of the art about processes involved in histone post
      translational modifications and the remodeling of chromatin structure and their
      impact on fruit development and ripening. However, the focus of the review is the
      consequences of changes in DNA methylation levels on the expression of ripening
      related genes. This includes those changes that result in heritable phenotypic
      variation in the absence of DNA sequence alterations, and the mechanisms for
      their initiation and maintenance. The majority of the studies described in the
      literature involve work on tomato, but evidence is emerging that ripening in
      other fruit species may also be under epigenetic control. We discuss how
      epigenetic differences may provide new targets for breeding and crop improvement.

PMID- 27379116
TI  - Extensin and Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis: Glycosyltransferases, Research
      Challenges, and Biosensors.
AB  - Recent research, mostly in Arabidopsis thaliana, has led to the identification
      and characterization of the glycosyltransferases responsible for the biosynthesis
      of two of the most functionally important and abundant families of plant cell
      wall proteins, extensins, and arabinogalactan-proteins. Extensin glycosylation
      involves monogalactosylation of serine residues by O-alpha-serine
      galactosyltransferase and the addition of oligoarabinosides one to five arabinose
      units in length to contiguous hydroxyproline residues by a set of specific
      arabinosyltransferase enzymes, which includes hydroxyproline O-beta
      arabinosyltransferases, beta-1,2-arabinosyltransferases, and at least one alpha
      1,3-arabinosyltransferase. AGP glycosylation, however, is much more complex and
      involves the addition of large arabinogalactan polysaccharide chains to non
      contiguous hydroxyproline residues. These arabinogalactan chains are composed of
      beta-1,3-galactan backbones decorated with beta-1,6-galactose side chains that
      are further modified with alpha-arabinose as well as other sugars, including beta
      (methyl)glucuronic acid, alpha-rhamnose, and alpha-fucose. Specific sets of
      hydroxyproline O-beta-galactosyltransferases, beta-1,3-galactosyltransferases,
      beta-1,6-galactosyltransferases, alpha-arabinosyltransferases, beta
      glucuronosyltransferases, alpha-rhamnosyltransferases, and alpha
      fucosyltransferases are responsible for the synthesis of these complex
      structures. This mini-review summarizes the EXT and AGP glycosyltransferases
      identified and characterized to date along with corresponding genetic mutant
      data, which addresses the functional importance of EXT and AGP glycosylation. In
      one case, genetic mutant data indicate that the carbohydrate moiety of
      arabinogalactan-proteins may serve as an extracellular biosensor or signal for
      normal cellular growth. Finally, future research challenges with respect to
      understanding the function of these enzymes more completely and discovering and
      characterizing additional glycosyltransferases responsible for extensin and
      arabinogalactan-protein biosynthesis are also discussed. 

PMID- 27379115
TI  - Jasmonates: Multifunctional Roles in Stress Tolerance.
AB  - Jasmonates (JAs) [Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonates (MeJAs)] are known to
      take part in various physiological processes. Exogenous application of JAs so far
      tested on different plants under abiotic stresses particularly salinity, drought,
      and temperature (low/high) conditions have proved effective in improving plant
      stress tolerance. However, its extent of effectiveness entirely depends on the
      type of plant species tested or its concentration. The effects of introgression
      or silencing of different JA- and Me-JA-related genes have been summarized in
      this review, which have shown a substantial role in improving crop yield and
      quality in different plants under stress or non-stress conditions. Regulation of
      JAs synthesis is impaired in stressed as well as unstressed plant cells/tissues,
      which is believed to be associated with a variety of metabolic events including
      signal transduction. Although, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are
      important components of JA signaling and biosynthesis pathways, nitric oxide,
      ROS, calcium, ABA, ethylene, and salicylic acid are also important mediators of
      plant growth and development during JA signal transduction and synthesis. The
      exploration of other signaling molecules can be beneficial to examine the details
      of underlying molecular mechanisms of JA signal transduction. Much work is to be
      done in near future to find the proper answers of the questions like action of JA
      related metabolites, and identification of universal JA receptors etc. Complete
      signaling pathways involving MAPKs, CDPK, TGA, SIPK, WIPK, and WRKY transcription
      factors are yet to be investigated to understand the complete mechanism of action
      of JAs. 

PMID- 27379118
TI  - Quantification of Carbohydrates in Grape Tissues Using Capillary Zone
      Electrophoresis.
AB  - Soluble sugars play an important role in freezing tolerance in both herbaceous
      and woody plants, functioning in both the reduction of freezing-induced
      dehydration and the cryoprotection of cellular constituents. The quantification
      of soluble sugars in plant tissues is, therefore, essential in understanding
      freezing tolerance. While a number of analytical techniques and methods have been
      used to quantify sugars, most of these are expensive and time-consuming due to
      complex sample preparation procedures which require the derivatization of the
      carbohydrates being analyzed. Analysis of soluble sugars using capillary zone
      electrophoresis (CZE) under alkaline conditions with direct UV detection has
      previously been used to quantify simple sugars in fruit juices. However, it was
      unclear whether CZE-based methods could be successfully used to quantify the
      broader range of sugars present in complex plant extracts. Here, we present the
      development of an optimized CZE method capable of separating and quantifying mono
      , di-, and tri-saccharides isolated from plant tissues. This optimized CZE method
      employs a column electrolyte buffer containing 130 mM NaOH, pH 13.0, creating a
      current of 185 MUA when a separation voltage of 10 kV is employed. The optimized
      CZE method provides limits-of-detection (an average of 1.5 ng/MUL) for individual
      carbohydrates comparable or superior to those obtained using gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry, and allows resolution of non-structural sugars and cell wall
      components (structural sugars). The optimized CZE method was successfully used to
      quantify sugars from grape leaves and buds, and is a robust tool for the
      quantification of plant sugars found in vegetative and woody tissues. The
      increased analytical efficiency of this CZE method makes it ideal for use in high
      throughput metabolomics studies designed to quantify plant sugars. 

PMID- 27379117
TI  - MicroRNAs As Potential Targets for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants.
AB  - The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small (20-24 nt) sized, non-coding, single stranded
      riboregulator RNAs abundant in higher organisms. Recent findings have established
      that plants assign miRNAs as critical post-transcriptional regulators of gene
      expression in sequence-specific manner to respond to numerous abiotic stresses
      they face during their growth cycle. These small RNAs regulate gene expression
      via translational inhibition. Usually, stress induced miRNAs downregulate their
      target mRNAs, whereas, their downregulation leads to accumulation and function of
      positive regulators. In the past decade, investigations were mainly aimed to
      identify plant miRNAs, responsive to individual or multiple environmental
      factors, profiling their expression patterns and recognizing their roles in
      stress responses and tolerance. Altered expressions of miRNAs implicated in plant
      growth and development have been reported in several plant species subjected to
      abiotic stress conditions such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures,
      nutrient deprivation, and heavy metals. These findings indicate that miRNAs may
      hold the key as potential targets for genetic manipulations to engineer abiotic
      stress tolerance in crop plants. This review is aimed to provide recent updates
      on plant miRNAs, their biogenesis and functions, target prediction and
      identification, computational tools and databases available for plant miRNAs, and
      their roles in abiotic stress-responses and adaptive mechanisms in major crop
      plants. Besides, the recent case studies for overexpressing the selected miRNAs
      for miRNA-mediated enhanced abiotic stress tolerance of transgenic plants have
      been discussed. 

PMID- 27379119
TI  - Obligate Biotroph Pathogens of the Genus Albugo Are Better Adapted to Active Host
      Defense Compared to Niche Competitors.
AB  - Recent research suggested that plants behave differently under combined versus
      single abiotic and biotic stress conditions in controlled environments. While
      this work has provided a glimpse into how plants might behave under complex
      natural conditions, it also highlights the need for field experiments using
      established model systems. In nature, diverse microbes colonize the phyllosphere
      of Arabidopsis thaliana, including the obligate biotroph oomycete genus Albugo,
      causal agent of the common disease white rust. Biotrophic, as well as
      hemibiotrophic plant pathogens are characterized by efficient suppression of host
      defense responses. Lab experiments have even shown that Albugo sp. can suppress
      non-host resistance, thereby enabling otherwise avirulent pathogen growth. We
      asked how a pathogen that is vitally dependent on a living host can compete in
      nature for limited niche space while paradoxically enabling colonization of its
      host plant for competitors? To address this question, we used a proteomics
      approach to identify differences and similarities between lab and field samples
      of Albugo sp.-infected and -uninfected A. thaliana plants. We could identify
      highly similar apoplastic proteomic profiles in both infected and uninfected
      plants. In wild plants, however, a broad range of defense-related proteins were
      detected in the apoplast regardless of infection status, while no or low levels
      of defense-related proteins were detected in lab samples. These results indicate
      that Albugo sp. do not strongly affect immune responses and leave distinct
      branches of the immune signaling network intact. To validate our findings and to
      get mechanistic insights, we tested a panel of A. thaliana mutant plants with
      induced or compromised immunity for susceptibility to different biotrophic
      pathogens. Our findings suggest that the biotroph pathogen Albugo selectively
      interferes with host defense under different environmental and competitive
      pressures to maintain its ecological niche dominance. Adaptation to host immune
      responses while maintaining a partially active host immunity seems advantageous
      against competitors. We suggest a model for future research that considers not
      only host-microbe but in addition microbe-microbe and microbe-host environment
      factors. 

PMID- 27379120
TI  - Polyploidy can Confer Superiority to West African Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.
      Trees.
AB  - Polyploidy is a common phenomenon in the evolution of angiosperms. It has been
      suggested that polyploids manage harsh environments better than their diploid
      relatives but empirical data supporting this hypothesis are scarce, especially
      for trees. Using microsatellite markers and flow cytometry, we examine the
      frequency of polyploids and diploids in a progeny trial testing four different
      populations of Acacia senegal, a species native to sub-Saharan regions of Africa.
      We compare growth between cytotypes and test whether polyploid seedlings grow
      better than diploids. Our results show that polyploids coexist with diploids in
      highly variable proportions among populations in Senegal. Acacia senegal
      genotypes were predominantly diploid and tetraploid, but triploid, pentaploid,
      hexaploid, and octaploid forms were also found. We find that polyploids show
      faster growth than diploids under our test conditions: in an 18 years old field
      trial, polyploid superiority was estimated to be 17% in trunk diameter and 9% in
      height while in a growth chamber experiment, polyploids grew 28% taller, but only
      after being exposed to drought stress. The results suggest that polyploid A.
      senegal can have an adaptive advantage in some regions of Africa. 

PMID- 27379121
TI  - Digital Gene Expression Analysis of Populus simonii * P. nigra Pollen Germination
      and Tube Growth.
AB  - Pollen tubes are an ideal model for the study of cell growth and morphogenesis
      because of their extreme elongation without cell division; however, the genetic
      basis of pollen germination and tube growth remains largely unknown. Using the
      Illumina/Solexa digital gene expression system, we identified 13,017 genes
      (representing 28.3% of the unigenes on the reference genes) at three stages,
      including mature pollen, hydrated pollen, and pollen tubes of Populus simonii *
      P. nigra. Comprehensive analysis of P. simonii * P. nigra pollen revealed dynamic
      changes in the transcriptome during pollen germination and pollen tube growth
      (PTG). Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that genes
      involved in functional categories such as catalytic activity, binding,
      transporter activity, and enzyme regulator activity were overrepresented during
      pollen germination and PTG. Some highly dynamic genes involved in pollen
      germination and PTG were detected by clustering analysis. Genes related to some
      key pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway,
      regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, calcium signaling, and ubiquitin-mediated
      proteolysis were significantly changed during pollen germination and PTG. These
      data provide comprehensive molecular information toward further understanding
      molecular mechanisms underlying pollen germination and PTG. 

PMID- 27379122
TI  - Floral Nectary Morphology and Proteomic Analysis of Nectar of Liriodendron
      tulipifera Linn.
AB  - Nectar is a primary nutrient reward for a variety of pollinators. Recent studies
      have demonstrated that nectar also has defensive functions against microbial
      invasion. In this study, the Liriodendron tulipifera nectary was first examined
      by scanning electron microscopy, and then the nectar was analyzed by two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry, which led to identification of 42 nectar proteins involved in
      various biological functions. Bioinformatic analysis was then performed on an
      identified novel rubber elongation factor (REF) protein in L. tulipifera nectar.
      The protein was particularly abundant, representing ~60% of the major bands of 31
      to 43 kDa, and showed high, stage-specific expression in nectary tissue. The REF
      family proteins are the major allergens in latex. We propose that REF in L.
      tulipifera nectar has defensive characteristics against microorganisms. 

PMID- 27379123
TI  - The RNA Structure of cis-acting Translational Elements of the Chloroplast psbC
      mRNA in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
AB  - Photosystem II is the first of two light-driven oxidoreductase complexes in
      oxygenic photosynthesis. The biogenesis of photosystem II requires the synthesis
      of polypeptide subunits encoded by the genomes in the chloroplast and the
      nucleus. In the chloroplast of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the
      synthesis of each subunit requires interactions between the 5' UTR of the mRNA
      encoding it and gene-specific translation factors. Here, we analyze the sequences
      and structures in the 5' UTR of the psbC mRNA, which are known to be required to
      promote translation and genetic interaction with TBC1, a nuclear gene required
      specifically for psbC translation. Results of enzymatic probing in vitro and
      chemical probing in vivo and in vitro support three secondary structures and
      reveal that one participates in a pseudoknot structure. Analyses of the effects
      of mutations affecting pseudoknot sequences, by structural mapping and thermal
      gradient gel electrophoresis, reveal that flexibility at the base of the major
      stem-loop is required for translation and higher order RNA conformation, and
      suggest that this conformation is stabilized by TBC1. This RNA pseudoknot
      tertiary structure is analogous to the internal ribosome entry sites that promote
      translation of certain viruses and cellular mRNAs in the nuclear-cytoplasmic
      systems of eukaryotes. 

PMID- 27379124
TI  - Characterization of Pearl Millet Root Architecture and Anatomy Reveals Three
      Types of Lateral Roots.
AB  - Pearl millet plays an important role for food security in arid regions of Africa
      and India. Nevertheless, it is considered an orphan crop as it lags far behind
      other cereals in terms of genetic improvement efforts. Breeding pearl millet
      varieties with improved root traits promises to deliver benefits in water and
      nutrient acquisition. Here, we characterize early pearl millet root system
      development using several different root phenotyping approaches that include
      rhizotrons and microCT. We report that early stage pearl millet root system
      development is characterized by a fast growing primary root that quickly
      colonizes deeper soil horizons. We also describe root anatomical studies that
      revealed three distinct types of lateral roots that form on both primary roots
      and crown roots. Finally, we detected significant variation for two root
      architectural traits, primary root lenght and lateral root density, in pearl
      millet inbred lines. This study provides the basis for subsequent genetic
      experiments to identify loci associated with interesting early root development
      traits in this important cereal. 

PMID- 27379125
TI  - Comparative Cuticle Development Reveals Taller Sporophytes Are Covered by Thicker
      Calyptra Cuticles in Mosses.
AB  - The calyptra is a maternal structure that protects the sporophyte offspring from
      dehydration, and positively impacts sporophyte survival and fitness in mosses. We
      explore the relationship between cuticle protection and sporophyte height as a
      proxy for dehydration stress in Funariaceae species with sporophytes across a
      range of sizes. Calyptrae and sporophytes from four species were collected from
      laboratory-grown populations at two developmental stages. Tissues were embedded,
      sectioned, and examined using transmission electron microscopy. Cuticle thickness
      was measured from three epidermal cells per organ for each individual and
      compared statistically. All four species have cuticles consisting of a cuticle
      proper and a cuticular layer on the calyptra and sporophyte at both developmental
      stages. Across species, shorter sporophytes are associated with smaller calyptra
      and thinner calyptra cuticles, whereas taller sporophytes are associated with
      larger calyptra and thicker calyptra cuticles. Independent of size, young
      sporophytes have a thin cuticle that thickens later during development, while
      calyptrae have a mature cuticle produced early during development that persists
      throughout development. This study adds to our knowledge of maternal effects
      influencing offspring survival in plants. Released from the pressures to invest
      in protection for their sporophyte offspring, maternal resources can be allocated
      to other processes that support sporophyte reproductive success. Using a
      comparative developmental framework enables us to broaden our understanding of
      cuticle development across species and provides structural evidence supporting
      the waterproofing role of the moss calyptra. 

PMID- 27379126
TI  - Combined Linkage and Association Mapping Reveals QTL and Candidate Genes for
      Plant and Ear Height in Maize.
AB  - Plant height (PH) and ear height (EH) are two very important agronomic traits
      related to the population density and lodging in maize. In order to better
      understand of the genetic basis of nature variation in PH and EH, two bi-parental
      populations and one genome-wide association study (GWAS) population were used to
      map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for both traits. Phenotypic data analysis
      revealed a wide normal distribution and high heritability for PH and EH in the
      three populations, which indicated that maize height is a highly polygenic trait.
      A total of 21 QTL for PH and EH in three common genomic regions (bin 1.05,
      5.04/05, and 6.04/05) were identified by QTL mapping in the two bi-parental
      populations under multiple environments. Additionally, 41 single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified for PH and EH by GWAS, of which 29 SNPs were
      located in 19 unique candidate gene regions. Most of the candidate genes were
      related to plant growth and development. One QTL on Chromosome 1 was further
      verified in a near-isogenic line (NIL) population, and GWAS identified a C2H2
      zinc finger family protein that maybe the candidate gene for this QTL. These
      results revealed that nature variation of PH and EH are strongly controlled by
      multiple genes with low effect and facilitated a better understanding of the
      underlying mechanism of height in maize. 

PMID- 27379127
TI  - Polyamine Resistance Is Increased by Mutations in a Nitrate Transporter Gene
      NRT1.3 (AtNPF6.4) in Arabidopsis thaliana.
AB  - Polyamines are small basic compounds present in all living organisms and act in a
      variety of biological processes. However, the mechanism of polyamine sensing,
      signaling and response in relation to other metabolic pathways remains to be
      fully addressed in plant cells. As one approach, we isolated Arabidopsis mutants
      that show increased resistance to spermine in terms of chlorosis. We show here
      that two of the mutants have a point mutation in a nitrate transporter gene of
      the NRT1/PTR family (NPF), NRT1.3 (AtNPF6.4). These mutants also exhibit
      increased resistance to putrescine and spermidine while loss-of-function mutants
      of the two closest homologs of NRT1.3, root-specific NRT1.1 (AtNPF6.3) and
      petiole-specific NRT1.4 (AtNPF6.2), were shown to have a normal sensitivity to
      polyamines. When the GUS reporter gene was expressed under the control of the
      NRT1.3 promoter, GUS staining was observed in leaf mesophyll cells and stem
      cortex cells but not in the epidermis, suggesting that NRT1.3 specifically
      functions in parenchymal tissues. We further found that the aerial part of the
      mutant seedling has normal levels of polyamines but shows reduced uptake of
      norspermidine compared with the wild type. These results suggest that polyamine
      transport or metabolism is associated with nitrate transport in the parenchymal
      tissue of the shoot. 

PMID- 27379128
TI  - Mixed Nodule Infection in Sinorhizobium meliloti-Medicago sativa Symbiosis
      Suggest the Presence of Cheating Behavior.
AB  - In the symbiosis between rhizobia and legumes, host plants can form symbiotic
      root nodules with multiple rhizobial strains, potentially showing different
      symbiotic performances in nitrogen fixation. Here, we investigated the presence
      of mixed nodules, containing rhizobia with different degrees of mutualisms, and
      evaluate their relative fitness in the Sinorhizobium meliloti-Medicago sativa
      model symbiosis. We used three S. meliloti strains, the mutualist strains Rm1021
      and BL225C and the non-mutualist AK83. We performed competition experiments
      involving both in vitro and in vivo symbiotic assays with M. sativa host plants.
      We show the occurrence of a high number (from 27 to 100%) of mixed nodules with
      no negative effect on both nitrogen fixation and plant growth. The estimation of
      the relative fitness as non-mutualist/mutualist ratios in single nodules shows
      that in some nodules the non-mutualist strain efficiently colonized root nodules
      along with the mutualist ones. In conclusion, we can support the hypothesis that
      in S. meliloti-M. sativa symbiosis mixed nodules are formed and allow non
      mutualist or less-mutualist bacterial partners to be less or not sanctioned by
      the host plant, hence allowing a potential form of cheating behavior to be
      present in the nitrogen fixing symbiosis. 

PMID- 27379129
TI  - Root Herbivores Drive Changes to Plant Primary Chemistry, but Root Loss Is
      Mitigated under Elevated Atmospheric CO2.
AB  - Above- and belowground herbivory represents a major challenge to crop
      productivity and sustainable agriculture worldwide. How this threat from multiple
      herbivore pests will change under anthropogenic climate change, via altered
      trophic interactions and plant response traits, is key to understanding future
      crop resistance to herbivory. In this study, we hypothesized that atmospheric
      carbon enrichment would increase the amount (biomass) and quality (C:N ratio) of
      crop plant resources for above- and belowground herbivore species. In a
      controlled environment facility, we conducted a microcosm experiment using the
      large raspberry aphid (Amphorophora idaei), the root feeding larvae of the vine
      weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), and the raspberry (Rubus idaeus) host-plant.
      There were four herbivore treatments (control, aphid only, weevil only and a
      combination of both herbivores) and an ambient (aCO2) or elevated (eCO2) CO2
      treatment (390 versus 650 +/- 50 MUmol/mol) assigned to two raspberry cultivars
      (cv Glen Ample or Glen Clova) varying in resistance to aphid herbivory. Contrary
      to our predictions, eCO2 did not increase crop biomass or the C:N ratio of the
      plant tissues, nor affect herbivore abundance either directly or via the host
      plant. Root herbivory reduced belowground crop biomass under aCO2 but not eCO2,
      suggesting that crops could tolerate attack in a CO2 enriched environment. Root
      herbivory also increased the C:N ratio in leaf tissue at eCO2, potentially due to
      decreased N uptake indicated by lower N concentrations found in the roots. Root
      herbivory greatly increased root C concentrations under both CO2 treatments. Our
      findings confirm that responses of crop biomass and biochemistry to climate
      change need examining within the context of herbivory, as biotic interactions
      appear as important as direct effects of eCO2 on crop productivity. 

PMID- 27379130
TI  - Accumulation of Flavonols over Hydroxycinnamic Acids Favors Oxidative Damage
      Protection under Abiotic Stress.
AB  - Efficient detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is thought to play a
      key role in enhancing the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses. Although
      multiple pathways, enzymes, and antioxidants are present in plants, their exact
      roles during different stress responses remain unclear. Here, we report on the
      characterization of the different antioxidant mechanisms of tomato plants
      subjected to heat stress, salinity stress, or a combination of both stresses. All
      the treatments applied induced an increase of oxidative stress, with the salinity
      treatment being the most aggressive, resulting in plants with the lowest biomass,
      and the highest levels of H2O2 accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and protein
      oxidation. However, the results obtained from the transcript expression study and
      enzymatic activities related to the ascorbate-glutathione pathway did not fully
      explain the differences in the oxidative damage observed between salinity and the
      combination of salinity and heat. An exhaustive metabolomics study revealed the
      differential accumulation of phenolic compounds depending on the type of abiotic
      stress applied. An analysis at gene and enzyme levels of the phenylpropanoid
      metabolism concluded that under conditions where flavonols accumulated to a
      greater degree as compared to hydroxycinnamic acids, the oxidative damage was
      lower, highlighting the importance of flavonols as powerful antioxidants, and
      their role in abiotic stress tolerance. 

PMID- 27379131
TI  - Canavanine Alters ROS/RNS Level and Leads to Post-translational Modification of
      Proteins in Roots of Tomato Seedlings.
AB  - Canavanine (CAN), a structural analog of arginine (Arg), is used as a selective
      inhibitor of inducible NOS in mammals. CAN is incorporated into proteins'
      structure in the place of Arg, leading to the formation of aberrant compounds.
      This non-protein amino acid is found in legumes, e.g., Canavalia ensiformis (L.)
      DC. or Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. and acts as a strong toxin against
      herbivores or plants. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings were treated for
      24-72 h with CAN (10 or 50 MUM) inhibiting root growth by 50 or 100%, without
      lethal effect. We determined ROS level/production in root extracts, fluorescence
      of DAF-FM and APF derivatives corresponding to RNS level in roots of tomato
      seedlings and linked CAN-induced restriction of root growth to the post
      translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins: carbonylation and nitration. Both
      PTMs are stable markers of nitro-oxidative stress, regarded as the plant's
      secondary response to phytotoxins. CAN enhanced H2O2 content and superoxide
      radicals generation in extracts of tomato roots and stimulated formation of
      protein carbonyl groups. An elevated level of carbonylated proteins was
      characteristic for the plants after 72 h of the culture, mainly for the roots
      exposed to 10 MUM CAN. The proteolytic activity was stimulated by tested non
      protein amino acid. CAN treatment led to decline of fluorescence of DAF-FM
      derivatives, and transiently stimulated fluorescence of APF derivatives. Short
      term exposure of tomato seedlings to CAN lowered the protein nitration level.
      Activity of peroxidase, polyamine oxidase and NADPH oxidase, enzymes acting as
      modulators of H2O2 concentration and governing root architecture and growth were
      determined. Activities of all enzymes were stimulated by CAN, but no strict CAN
      concentration dependence was observed. We conclude, that although CAN treatment
      led to a decline in the nitric oxide level, PTMs observed in roots of plants
      exposed to CAN are linked rather to the formation of carbonyl groups than to
      nitration, and are detected particularly after 24 h. Thus, oxidative stress and
      oxidative modifications of proteins seems to be of significant importance in the
      rapid response of plants to CAN. 

PMID- 27379132
TI  - Complete Chloroplast Genome of Nicotiana otophora and its Comparison with Related
      Species.
AB  - Nicotiana otophora is a wild parental species of Nicotiana tabacum, an
      interspecific hybrid of Nicotiana tomentosiformis and Nicotiana sylvestris.
      However, N. otophora is least understood as an alternative paternal donor. Here,
      we compared the fully assembled chloroplast (cp) genome of N. otophora and with
      those of closely related species. The analysis showed a cp genome size of 156,073
      bp and exhibited a typical quadripartite structure, which contains a pair of
      inverted repeats separated by small and large single copies, containing 163
      representative genes, with 165 microsatellites distributed unevenly throughout
      the genome. Comparative analysis of a gene with known function across Nicotiana
      species revealed 76 protein-coding sequences, 20 tRNA sequences, and 3 rRNA
      sequence shared between the cp genomes. The analysis revealed that N. otophora is
      a sister species to N. tomentosiformis within the Nicotiana genus, and Atropha
      belladonna and Datura stramonium are their closest relatives. These findings
      provide a valuable analysis of the complete N. otophora cp genome, which can
      identify species, elucidate taxonomy, and reconstruct the phylogeny of genus
      Nicotiana. 

PMID- 27379133
TI  - Effects of Intercropping with Potato Onion on the Growth of Tomato and
      Rhizosphere Alkaline Phosphatase Genes Diversity.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In China, excessive fertilization has resulted in phosphorus
      (P) accumulation in most greenhouse soils. Intercropping can improve the
      efficiency of nutrient utilization in crop production. In this study, pot
      experiments were performed to investigate the effects of intercropping with
      potato onion (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G. Don) on tomato (Solanum
      lycopersicum L.) seedlings growth and P uptake, the diversity of rhizosphere
      phosphobacteria and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) genes in phosphorus-rich soil.
      METHODS: The experiment included three treatments, namely tomato monoculture
      (TM), potato onion monoculture (OM), and tomato/potato onion intercropping (TI
      tomato intercropping and OI-potato onion intercropping). The growth and P uptake
      of tomato and potato onion seedlings were evaluated. The dilution plating method
      was used to determine the population of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and
      phosphate-mineralizing bacteria (PMB). The genomic DNAs of PSB and PMB in the
      rhizosphere of tomato and potato onions were extracted and purified, and then,
      with the primer set of 338f /518r, the PCR amplification of partial bacterial 16S
      rDNA sequence was performed and sequenced to determine the diversities of PSB and
      PMB. After extracting the total genomic DNAs from the rhizosphere, the copy
      numbers and diversities of ALP genes were investigated using real-time PCR and
      PCR-DGGE, respectively. RESULTS: Intercropping with potato onion promoted the
      growth and P uptake of tomato seedlings, but inhibited those of potato onion.
      After 37 days of transplanting, compared to the rhizosphere of TM, the soil pH
      increased, while the electrolytic conductivity and Olsen P content decreased (p <
      0.05) in the rhizosphere of TI. The populations and diversities of PSB, PMB, and
      ALP genes increased significantly in the rhizosphere of TI, compared to the
      rhizosphere of TM. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that intercropping with
      potato onion promoted the growth and P uptake of tomato in phosphorus-rich soil
      and affected the community structure and function of phosphobacteria in tomato
      rhizosphere. Intercropping with potato onion also improved soil quality by
      lowering levels of soil acidification and salinization.

PMID- 27379135
TI  - Reference Genes for qPCR Analysis in Resin-Tapped Adult Slash Pine As a Tool to
      Address the Molecular Basis of Commercial Resinosis.
AB  - Pine oleoresin is a major source of terpenes, consisting of turpentine (mono- and
      sesquiterpenes) and rosin (diterpenes) fractions. Higher oleoresin yields are of
      economic interest, since oleoresin derivatives make up a valuable source of
      materials for chemical industries. Oleoresin can be extracted from living trees,
      often by the bark streak method, in which bark removal is done periodically,
      followed by application of stimulant paste containing sulfuric acid and other
      chemicals on the freshly wounded exposed surface. To better understand the
      molecular basis of chemically-stimulated and wound induced oleoresin production,
      we evaluated the stability of 11 putative reference genes for the purpose of
      normalization in studying Pinus elliottii gene expression during oleoresinosis.
      Samples for RNA extraction were collected from field-grown adult trees under
      tapping operations using stimulant pastes with different compositions and at
      various time points after paste application. Statistical methods established by
      geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper softwares were consistent in pointing as
      adequate reference genes HISTO3 and UBI. To confirm expression stability of the
      candidate reference genes, expression profiles of putative P. elliottii orthologs
      of resin biosynthesis-related genes encoding Pinus contorta beta-pinene synthase
      [PcTPS-(-)beta-pin1], P. contorta levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase (PcLAS1),
      Pinus taeda alpha-pinene synthase [PtTPS-(+)alphapin], and P. taeda alpha
      farnesene synthase (PtalphaFS) were examined following stimulant paste
      application. Increased oleoresin yields observed in stimulated treatments using
      phytohormone-based pastes were consistent with higher expression of pinene
      synthases. Overall, the expression of all genes examined matched the expected
      profiles of oleoresin-related transcript changes reported for previously examined
      conifers. 

PMID- 27379134
TI  - The Photosynthesis, Na(+)/K(+) Homeostasis and Osmotic Adjustment of Atriplex
      canescens in Response to Salinity.
AB  - Atriplex canescens (fourwing saltbush) is a C4 perennial fodder shrub with
      excellent resistance to salinity. However, the mechanisms underlying the salt
      tolerance in A. canescens are poorly understood. In this study, 5-weeks-old A.
      canescens seedlings were treated with various concentrations of external NaCl (0
      400 mM). The results showed that the growth of A. canescens seedlings was
      significantly stimulated by moderate salinity (100 mM NaCl) and unaffected by
      high salinity (200 or 400 mM NaCl). Furthermore, A. canescens seedlings showed
      higher photosynthetic capacity under NaCl treatments (except for 100 mM NaCl
      treatment) with significant increases in net photosynthetic rate and water use
      efficiency. Under saline conditions, the A. canescens seedlings accumulated more
      Na(+) in either plant tissues or salt bladders, and also retained relatively
      constant K(+) in leaf tissues and bladders by enhancing the selective transport
      capacity for K(+) over Na(+) (ST value) from stem to leaf and from leaf to
      bladder. External NaCl treatments on A. canescens seedlings had no adverse impact
      on leaf relative water content, and this resulted from lower leaf osmotic
      potential under the salinity conditions. The contribution of Na(+) to the leaf
      osmotic potential (Psis) was sharply enhanced from 2% in control plants to 49% in
      plants subjected to 400 mM NaCl. However, the contribution of K(+) to Psis showed
      a significant decrease from 34% (control) to 9% under 400 mM NaCl. Interestingly,
      concentrations of betaine and free proline showed significant increase in the
      leaves of A. canescens seedlings, these compatible solutes presented up to 12% of
      contribution to Psis under high salinity. These findings suggest that, under
      saline environments, A. canescens is able to enhance photosynthetic capacity,
      increase Na(+) accumulation in tissues and salt bladders, maintain relative K(+)
      homeostasis in leaves, and use inorganic ions and compatible solutes for osmotic
      adjustment which may contribute to the improvement of water status in plant. 

PMID- 27379136
TI  - Oligouridylate Binding Protein 1b Plays an Integral Role in Plant Heat Stress
      Tolerance.
AB  - Stress granules (SGs), which are formed in the plant cytoplasm under stress
      conditions, are transient dynamic sites (particles) for mRNA storage. SGs are
      actively involved in protecting mRNAs from degradation. Oligouridylate binding
      protein 1b (UBP1b) is a component of SGs. The formation of microscopically
      visible cytoplasmic foci, referred to as UBP1b SG, was induced by heat treatment
      in UBP1b-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (UBP1b-ox). A detailed understanding
      of the function of UBP1b, however, is still not clear. UBP1b-ox plants displayed
      increased heat tolerance, relative to control plants, while ubp1b mutants were
      more sensitive to heat stress than control plants. Microarray analysis identified
      117 genes whose expression was heat-inducible and higher in the UBP1b-ox plants.
      RNA decay analysis was performed using cordycepin, a transcriptional inhibitor.
      In order to determine if those genes serve as targets of UBP1b, the rate of RNA
      degradation of a DnaJ heat shock protein and a stress-associated protein (AtSAP3)
      in UBP1b-ox plants was slower than in control plants; indicating that the mRNAs
      of these genes were protected within the UBP1b SG granule. Collectively, these
      data demonstrate that UBP1b plays an integral role in heat stress tolerance in
      plants. 

PMID- 27379137
TI  - QTLs Regulating the Contents of Antioxidants, Phenolics, and Flavonoids in
      Soybean Seeds Share a Common Genomic Region.
AB  - Soybean seeds are a rich source of phenolic compounds, especially isoflavonoids,
      which are important nutraceuticals. Our study using 14 wild- and 16 cultivated
      soybean accessions shows that seeds from cultivated soybeans generally contain
      lower total antioxidants compared to their wild counterparts, likely an
      unintended consequence of domestication or human selection. Using a recombinant
      inbred population resulting from a wild and a cultivated soybean parent and a bin
      map approach, we have identified an overlapping genomic region containing major
      quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that regulate the seed contents of total
      antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids. The QTL for seed antioxidant content
      contains 14 annotated genes based on the Williams 82 reference genome (Gmax1.01).
      None of these genes encodes functions that are related to the phenylpropanoid
      pathway of soybean. However, we found three putative Multidrug And Toxic Compound
      Extrusion (MATE) transporter genes within this QTL and one adjacent to it
      (GmMATE1-4). Moreover, we have identified non-synonymous changes between GmMATE1
      and GmMATE2, and that GmMATE3 encodes an antisense transcript that expresses in
      pods. Whether the polymorphisms in GmMATE proteins are major determinants of the
      antioxidant contents, or whether the antisense transcripts of GmMATE3 play
      important regulatory roles, awaits further functional investigations. 

PMID- 27379138
TI  - Transcriptome Profiling Revealed Stress-Induced and Disease Resistance Genes Up
      Regulated in PRSV Resistant Transgenic Papaya.
AB  - Papaya is a productive and nutritious tropical fruit. Papaya Ringspot Virus
      (PRSV) is the most devastating pathogen threatening papaya production worldwide.
      Development of transgenic resistant varieties is the most effective strategy to
      control this disease. However, little is known about the genome-wide functional
      changes induced by particle bombardment transformation. We conducted
      transcriptome sequencing of PRSV resistant transgenic papaya SunUp and its PRSV
      susceptible progenitor Sunset to compare the transcriptional changes in young
      healthy leaves prior to infection with PRSV. In total, 20,700 transcripts were
      identified, and 842 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) randomly distributed
      among papaya chromosomes. Gene ontology (GO) category analysis revealed that
      microtubule-related categories were highly enriched among these DEGs. Numerous
      DEGs related to various transcription factors, transporters and hormone
      biosynthesis showed clear differences between the two cultivars, and most were up
      regulated in transgenic papaya. Many known and novel stress-induced and disease
      resistance genes were most highly expressed in SunUp, including MYB, WRKY, ERF,
      NAC, nitrate and zinc transporters, and genes involved in the abscisic acid,
      salicylic acid, and ethylene signaling pathways. We also identified 67,686
      alternative splicing (AS) events in Sunset and 68,455 AS events in SunUp, mapping
      to 10,994 and 10,995 papaya annotated genes, respectively. GO enrichment for the
      genes displaying AS events exclusively in Sunset was significantly different from
      those in SunUp. Transcriptomes in Sunset and transgenic SunUp are very similar
      with noteworthy differences, which increased PRSV-resistance in transgenic
      papaya. No detrimental pathways and allergenic or toxic proteins were induced on
      a genome-wide scale in transgenic SunUp. Our results provide a foundation for
      unraveling the mechanism of PRSV resistance in transgenic papaya. 

PMID- 27379139
TI  - Evaluation of Three Protein-Extraction Methods for Proteome Analysis of Maize
      Leaf Midrib, a Compound Tissue Rich in Sclerenchyma Cells.
AB  - Leaf morphology is closely related to the growth and development of maize (Zea
      mays L.) plants and final kernel production. As an important part of the maize
      leaf, the midrib holds leaf blades in the aerial position for maximum sunlight
      capture. Leaf midribs of adult plants contain substantial sclerenchyma cells with
      heavily thickened and lignified secondary walls and have a high amount of
      phenolics, making protein extraction and proteome analysis difficult in leaf
      midrib tissue. In the present study, three protein-extraction methods that are
      commonly used in plant proteomics, i.e., phenol extraction, TCA/acetone
      extraction, and TCA/acetone/phenol extraction, were qualitatively and
      quantitatively evaluated based on 2DE maps and MS/MS analysis using the midribs
      of the 10th newly expanded leaves of maize plants. Microscopy revealed the
      existence of substantial amounts of sclerenchyma underneath maize midrib
      epidermises (particularly abaxial epidermises). The spot-number order obtained
      via 2DE mapping was as follows: phenol extraction (655) > TCA/acetone extraction
      (589) > TCA/acetone/phenol extraction (545). MS/MS analysis identified a total of
      17 spots that exhibited 2-fold changes in abundance among the three methods
      (using phenol extraction as a control). Sixteen of the proteins identified were
      hydrophilic, with GRAVY values ranging from -0.026 to -0.487. For all three
      methods, we were able to obtain high-quality protein samples and good 2DE maps
      for the maize leaf midrib. However, phenol extraction produced a better 2DE map
      with greater resolution between spots, and TCA/acetone extraction produced higher
      protein yields. Thus, this paper includes a discussion regarding the possible
      reasons for differential protein extraction among the three methods. This study
      provides useful information that can be used to select suitable protein
      extraction methods for the proteome analysis of recalcitrant plant tissues that
      are rich in sclerenchyma cells. 

PMID- 27379140
TI  - Root Architecture Diversity and Meristem Dynamics in Different Populations of
      Arabidopsis thaliana.
AB  - Arabidopsis thaliana has been an excellent model system for molecular genetic
      approaches to development and physiology. More recently, the potential of
      studying various accessions collected from diverse habitats has been started to
      exploit. Col-0 has been the best-studied accession but we now know that several
      traits show significant divergences among them. In this work, we focused in the
      root that has become a key system for development. We studied root architecture
      and growth dynamics of 12 Arabidopsis accessions. Our data reveal a wide
      variability in root architecture and root length among accessions. We also found
      variability in the root apical meristem (RAM), explained mainly by cell size at
      the RAM transition domain and possibly by peculiar forms of organization at the
      stem cell niche in some accessions. Contrary to Col-0 reports, in some accessions
      the RAM size not always explains the variations in the root length; indicating
      that elongated cell size could be more relevant in the determination of root
      length than the RAM size itself. This study contributes to investigations dealing
      with understanding the molecular and cellular basis of phenotypic variation, the
      role of plasticity on adaptation, and the developmental mechanisms that may
      restrict phenotypic variation in response to contrasting environmental
      conditions. 

PMID- 27379141
TI  - An Alternative Pathway for Formononetin Biosynthesis in Pueraria lobata.
AB  - The O-methylation is an important tailing process in Pueraria lobata isoflavone
      metabolism, but the molecular mechanism governing it remains not elucidated. This
      manuscript describes the mining of key O-methyltransferases (OMTs) involved in
      the process. Using our previously constructed P. lobata transcriptome, the OMT
      candidates were searched, extensively analyzed, and their functions were
      investigated by expression in yeast, Escherichia coli, or Glycine max hairy
      roots. Here, we report the identification of the key OMT gene responsible for
      formononetin production in P. lobata (designated as PlOMT9). PlOMT9 primarily
      functions as an isoflavone-specific 4'-O-methyltransferase, although it shows
      high sequence identities with isoflavone 7-O-methyltransferases. Moreover, unlike
      the previously reported OMTs that catalyze the 4'-O-methylation for formononetin
      biosynthesis at the isoflavanone stage, PlOMT9 performs this modifying step at
      the isoflavone level, using daidzein rather than 2,7,4'-trihydroxy-isoflavanone
      as the substrate. Gene expression analyses and metabolite profiling supported its
      proposed roles in P. lobata. Using the system of transgenic G. max hairy roots,
      the role of PlOMT9 in the biosynthesis of formononetin was further demonstrated
      in vivo. 

PMID- 27379142
TI  - The Aquaporin Splice Variant NbXIP1;1alpha Is Permeable to Boric Acid and Is
      Phosphorylated in the N-terminal Domain.
AB  - Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channel proteins that transport water and
      uncharged solutes across different membranes in organisms in all kingdoms of
      life. In plants, the AQPs can be divided into seven different subfamilies and
      five of these are present in higher plants. The most recently characterized of
      these subfamilies is the XIP subfamily, which is found in most dicots but not in
      monocots. In this article, we present data on two different splice variants
      (alpha and beta) of NbXIP1;1 from Nicotiana benthamiana. We describe the
      heterologous expression of NbXIP1;1alpha and beta in the yeast Pichia pastoris,
      the subcellular localization of the protein in this system and the purification
      of the NbXIP1;1alpha protein. Furthermore, we investigated the functionality and
      the substrate specificity of the protein by stopped-flow spectrometry in P.
      pastoris spheroplasts and with the protein reconstituted in proteoliposomes. The
      phosphorylation status of the protein and localization of the phosphorylated
      amino acids were verified by mass spectrometry. Our results show that
      NbXIP1;1alpha is located in the plasma membrane when expressed in P. pastoris,
      that it is not permeable to water but to boric acid and that the protein is
      phosphorylated at several amino acids in the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the
      protein. A growth assay showed that the yeast cells expressing the N-terminally
      His-tagged NbXIP1;1alpha were more sensitive to boric acid as compared to the
      cells expressing the C-terminally His-tagged isoform. This might suggest that the
      N-terminal His-tag functionally mimics the phosphorylation of the N-terminal
      domain and that the N-terminal domain is involved in gating of the channel. 

PMID- 27379143
TI  - The Transcription Factor AtDOF4.7 Is Involved in Ethylene- and IDA-Mediated Organ
      Abscission in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Organ abscission is an important plant developmental process that occurs in
      response to environmental stress or pathogens. In Arabidopsis, ligand signals,
      such as ethylene or INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA), can regulate
      organ abscission. Previously, we reported that overexpression of AtDOF4.7, a
      transcription factor gene, directly suppresses the expression of the abscission
      related gene ARABIDOPSIS DEHISCENCE ZONE POLYGALACTURONASE 2 (ADPG2), resulting
      in a deficiency of floral organ abscission. However, the relationship between
      AtDOF4.7 and abscission pathways still needs to be investigated. In this study,
      we showed that ethylene regulates the expression of AtDOF4.7, and the peptide
      ligand, IDA negatively regulates AtDOF4.7 at the transcriptional level. Genetic
      evidence indicates that AtDOF4.7 and IDA are involved in a common pathway, and a
      MAPK cascade can phosphorylate AtDOF4.7 in vitro. Further in vivo data suggest
      that AtDOF4.7 protein levels may be regulated by this phosphorylation.
      Collectively, our results indicate that ethylene regulates AtDOF4.7 that is
      involved in the IDA-mediated floral organ abscission pathway. 

PMID- 27379144
TI  - Phytohormones Signaling Pathways and ROS Involvement in Seed Germination.
AB  - Phytohormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major determinants of the
      regulation of development and stress responses in plants. During life cycle of
      these organisms, signaling networks of plant growth regulators and ROS interact
      in order to render an appropriate developmental and environmental response. In
      plant's photosynthetic (e.g., leaves) and non-photosynthetic (e.g., seeds)
      tissues, enhanced and suboptimal ROS production is usually associated with
      stress, which in extreme cases can be lethal to cells, a whole organ or even an
      organism. However, controlled production of ROS is appreciated for cellular
      signaling. Despite the current progress that has been made in plant biology and
      increasing number of findings that have revealed roles of ROS and hormonal
      signaling in germination, some questions still arise, e.g., what are the
      downstream protein targets modified by ROS enabling stimulus-specific cellular
      responses of the seed? Or which molecular regulators allow ROS/phytohormones
      interactions and what is their function in seed life? In this particular review
      the role of some transcription factors, kinases and phosphatases is discussed,
      especially those which usually known to be involved in ROS and hormonal signal
      transduction under stress in plants, may also play a role in the regulation of
      processes occurring in seeds. The summarized recent findings regarding particular
      ROS- and phytohormones-related regulatory proteins, as well as their integration,
      allowed to propose a novel, possible model of action of LESION SIMULATING DISEASE
      1, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1, and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 functioning
      during seeds life. 

PMID- 27379145
TI  - Vigorous Root Growth Is a Better Indicator of Early Nutrient Uptake than Root
      Hair Traits in Spring Wheat Grown under Low Fertility.
AB  - A number of root and root hair traits have been proposed as important for
      nutrient acquisition. However, there is still a need for knowledge on which
      traits are most important in determining macro- and micronutrient uptake at low
      soil fertility. This study investigated the variations in root growth vigor and
      root hair length (RHL) and density (RHD) among spring wheat genotypes and their
      relationship to nutrient concentrations and uptake during early growth. Six
      spring wheat genotypes were grown in a soil with low nutrient availability. The
      root and root hair traits as well as the concentration and content of macro- and
      micronutrients were identified. A significant genetic variability in root and
      root hair traits as well as nutrient uptake was found. Fast and early root
      proliferation and long and dense root hairs enhanced uptake of macro- and
      micronutrients under low soil nutrient availability. Vigorous root growth,
      however, was a better indicator of early nutrient acquisition than RHL and RHD.
      Vigorous root growth and long and dense root hairs ensured efficient acquisition
      of macro- and micronutrients during early growth and a high root length to shoot
      dry matter ratio favored high macronutrient concentrations in the shoots, which
      is assumed to be important for later plant development. 

PMID- 27379146
TI  - Prolonged Soil Frost Affects Hydraulics and Phenology of Apple Trees.
AB  - Restoration of an adequate water supply in spring is a prerequisite for survival
      of angiosperm trees in temperate regions. Trees must re-establish access to soil
      water and recover xylem functionality. We thus hypothesized that prolonged soil
      frost impairs recovery and affects hydraulics and phenology of Malus domestica
      var. 'Golden Delicious.' To test this hypothesis, over two consecutive winters
      the soil around some trees was insulated to prolong soil frosting, From mid
      winter to early summer, the level of native embolism, the water and starch
      contents of wood, bark and buds were quantified at regular intervals and findings
      correlated with various phenological parameters, xylogenesis and fine root
      growth. The findings confirm that prolonged soil frost affects tree hydraulics
      and phenology but the severity of the effect depends on the climatic conditions.
      In both study years, percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) decreased
      from about 70% at the end of winter to about 10% in May. Thereby, xylem refilling
      strongly coincided with a decrease of starch in wood and bark. Also treated trees
      were able to restore their hydraulic system by May but, in the warm spring of
      2012, xylem refilling, the increases in water content and starch depolymerization
      were delayed. In contrast, in the cold spring of 2013 only small differences
      between control and treated trees were observed. Prolongation of soil frost also
      led to a delay in phenology, xylogenesis, and fine root growth. We conclude that
      reduced water uptake from frozen or cold soils impairs refilling and thus
      negatively impacts tree hydraulics and growth of apple trees in spring. Under
      unfavorable circumstances, this may cause severe winter damage or even dieback. 

PMID- 27379147
TI  - Misannotation Awareness: A Tale of Two Gene-Groups.
AB  - Incorrectly or simply not annotated data is largely increasing in most public
      databases, undoubtedly caused by the rise in sequence data and the more recent
      boom of genomic projects. Molecular biologists and bioinformaticists should join
      efforts to tackle this issue. Practical challenges have been experienced when
      studying the alternative oxidase (AOX) gene family, and hence the motivation for
      the present work. Commonly used databases were screened for their capacity to
      distinguish AOX from the plastid terminal oxidase (also called plastoquinol
      terminal oxidase; PTOX) and we put forward a simple approach, based on amino
      acids signatures, that unequivocally distinguishes these gene families. Further,
      available sequence data on the AOX family in plants was carefully revised to: (1)
      confirm the classification as AOX and (2) identify to which AOX family member
      they belong to. We bring forward the urgent need of misannotation awareness and
      re-annotation of public AOX sequences by highlighting different types of
      misclassifications and the large under-estimation of data availability. 

PMID- 27379148
TI  - Transcriptome Profile Analysis from Different Sex Types of Ginkgo biloba L.
AB  - In plants, sex determination is a comprehensive process of correlated events,
      which involves genes that are differentially and/or specifically expressed in
      distinct developmental phases. Exploring gene expression profiles from different
      sex types will contribute to fully understanding sex determination in plants. In
      this study, we conducted RNA-sequencing of female and male buds (FB and MB) as
      well as ovulate strobilus and staminate strobilus (OS and SS) of Ginkgo biloba to
      gain insights into the genes potentially related to sex determination in this
      species. Approximately 60 Gb of clean reads were obtained from eight cDNA
      libraries. De novo assembly of the clean reads generated 108,307 unigenes with an
      average length of 796 bp. Among these unigenes, 51,953 (47.97%) had at least one
      significant match with a gene sequence in the public databases searched. A total
      of 4709 and 9802 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in MB vs.
      FB and SS vs. OS, respectively. Genes involved in plant hormone signal and
      transduction as well as those encoding DNA methyltransferase were found to be
      differentially expressed between different sex types. Their potential roles in
      sex determination of G. biloba were discussed. Pistil-related genes were
      expressed in male buds while anther-specific genes were identified in female
      buds, suggesting that dioecism in G. biloba was resulted from the selective
      arrest of reproductive primordia. High correlation of expression level was found
      between the RNA-Seq and quantitative real-time PCR results. The transcriptome
      resources that we generated allowed us to characterize gene expression profiles
      and examine differential expression profiles, which provided foundations for
      identifying functional genes associated with sex determination in G. biloba. 

PMID- 27379149
TI  - Triacontanol Reduces Transplanting Shock in Machine-Transplanted Rice by
      Improving the Growth and Antioxidant Systems.
AB  - Machine transplantation results in serious transplant shock in seedlings and
      results in a longer recover stage, which negatively impacts the growth of low
      position tillers and the yield of machine-transplanted rice. A barrel experiment
      was conducted to examine the effect of the foliar application of triacontanol
      (TRIA) on machine-transplanted rice during the recovery stage. TRIA (0, 1, 5, and
      10 MUM) was sprayed over leaves 2 days before transplanting. The chlorophyll
      content, sucrose content, oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme levels,
      glutathione (GSH), and ascorbate (ASA) redox states, tiller dynamics and yield
      components of the plants were investigated. The results show that foliar-applied
      TRIA significantly alleviates the growth inhibition and oxidative damage caused
      by transplant shock. Furthermore, the application of TRIA increased the
      chlorophyll and sucrose contents of the plants. Importantly, TRIA not only
      significantly improved the activity of catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase
      (POD), demonstrating that POD can play an important role in scavenging H2O2
      during the recovery stage, but it also enhanced the redox states of ASA and GSH
      by regulating the activities of enzymes involved in the ASA-GSH cycle, such as
      ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR). A dose of 10 MUM TRIA
      was the most efficient in reducing the negative effects of transplant shock,
      increasing the panicles, grain filling, and grain yield per hill by 17.80, 5.86,
      and 16.49%, respectively. These results suggest that TRIA acts to reduce
      transplant shock in association with the regulation of the redox states of ASA
      and GSH and antioxidant enzymes and serves as an effective antioxidant to
      maintain photosynthetic capacity and promote the occurrence of low tillers. 

PMID- 27379150
TI  - A Modeling Approach to Quantify the Effects of Stomatal Behavior and Mesophyll
      Conductance on Leaf Water Use Efficiency.
AB  - Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as a determinant of yield under stress
      and a component of crop drought resistance. Stomatal behavior regulates both
      transpiration rate and net assimilation and has been suggested to be crucial for
      improving crop WUE. In this work, a dynamic model was used to examine the impact
      of dynamic properties of stomata on WUE. The model includes sub-models of
      stomatal conductance dynamics, solute accumulation in the mesophyll, mesophyll
      water content, and water flow to the mesophyll. Using the instantaneous value of
      stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration rate were simulated using
      a biochemical model and Penman-Monteith equation, respectively. The model was
      parameterized for a cucumber leaf and model outputs were evaluated using climatic
      data. Our simulations revealed that WUE was higher on a cloudy than a sunny day.
      Fast stomatal reaction to light decreased WUE during the period of increasing
      light (e.g., in the morning) by up to 10.2% and increased WUE during the period
      of decreasing light (afternoon) by up to 6.25%. Sensitivity of daily WUE to
      stomatal parameters and mesophyll conductance to CO2 was tested for sunny and
      cloudy days. Increasing mesophyll conductance to CO2 was more likely to increase
      WUE for all climatic conditions (up to 5.5% on the sunny day) than modifications
      of stomatal reaction speed to light and maximum stomatal conductance. 

PMID- 27379151
TI  - Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Silicon Synergistically Enhance Salinity
      Tolerance of Mung Bean.
AB  - The present study explored the eco-friendly approach of utilizing plant-growth
      promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculation and foliar application of silicon (Si)
      to improve the physiology, growth, and yield of mung bean under saline
      conditions. We isolated 18 promising PGPR from natural saline soil in Saudi
      Arabia, and screened them for plant-growth-promoting activities. Two effective
      strains were selected from the screening trial, and were identified as
      Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus drentensis using matrix-assisted laser
      desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene
      sequencing techniques, respectively. Subsequently, in a 2-year mung bean field
      trial, using a randomized complete block design with a split-split plot
      arrangement, we evaluated the two PGPR strains and two Si levels (1 and 2 kg ha(
      1)), in comparison with control treatments, under three different saline
      irrigation conditions (3.12, 5.46, and 7.81 dS m(-1)). The results indicated that
      salt stress substantially reduced stomatal conductance, transpiration rate,
      relative water content (RWC), total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a,
      chlorophyll b, carotenoid content, plant height, leaf area, dry biomass, seed
      yield, and salt tolerance index. The PGPR strains and Si levels independently
      improved all the aforementioned parameters. Furthermore, the combined application
      of the B. drentensis strain with 2 kg Si ha(-1) resulted in the greatest
      enhancement of mung bean physiology, growth, and yield. Overall, the results of
      this study provide important information for the benefit of the agricultural
      industry. 

PMID- 27379152
TI  - A Modified Reverse One-Hybrid Screen Identifies Transcriptional Activation
      Domains in PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 3.
AB  - Transcriptional activation domains (TADs) are difficult to predict and identify,
      since they are not conserved and have little consensus. Here, we describe a yeast
      based screening method that is able to identify individual amino acid residues
      involved in transcriptional activation in a high throughput manner. A plant
      transcriptional activator, PIF3 (phytochrome interacting factor 3), was fused to
      the yeast GAL4-DNA-binding Domain (BD), driving expression of the URA3 (Orotidine
      5'-phosphate decarboxylase) reporter, and used for negative selection on 5
      fluroorotic acid (5FOA). Randomly mutagenized variants of PIF3 were then selected
      for a loss or reduction in transcriptional activation activity by survival on
      FOA. In the process, we developed a strategy to eliminate false positives from
      negative selection that can be used for both reverse-1- and 2-hybrid screens.
      With this method we were able to identify two distinct regions in PIF3 with
      transcriptional activation activity, both of which are functionally conserved in
      PIF1, PIF4, and PIF5. Both are collectively necessary for full PIF3
      transcriptional activity, but neither is sufficient to induce transcription
      autonomously. We also found that the TAD appear to overlap physically with other
      PIF3 functions, such as phyB binding activity and consequent phosphorylation. Our
      protocol should provide a valuable tool for identifying, analyzing and
      characterizing novel TADs in eukaryotic transcription factors, and thus
      potentially contribute to the unraveling of the mechanism underlying
      transcriptional activation. 

PMID- 27379153
TI  - Rapid Identification of Officinal Akebiae Caulis and Its Toxic Adulterant
      Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis (Aristolochia manshuriensis) by Loop-Mediated
      Isothermal Amplification.
AB  - Mu-tong (Akebiae Caulis) is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used as a
      diuretic and antiphlogistic. A common adulterant of Mu-tong is Guan-mu-tong
      (Aristolochiae Manshuriensis Caulis), which is derived from the stem of
      Aristolochia manshuriensis Komarov, and contains carcinogenic aristolochic acids.
      We used an alternative technique, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP),
      to differentiate Mu-tong from Guan-mu-tong because LAMP is quick, highly
      sensitive, and specific. We designed a set of four common primers (G-F3, G-B3, G
      FIP, and G-BIP) and a loop primer (G-LB) for LAMP based on the internal
      transcribed spacer 2 sequence of Ar. manshuriensis. We successfully amplified the
      LAMP assays and visual detection occurred within 60 min at isothermal conditions
      of 65 degrees C. The LAMP reaction exhibited a tenfold increase in detection
      (4.22 pg/MUl DNA) over conventional polymerase chain reaction demonstrating that
      LAMP is a useful technique to detect Guan-mu-tong. We conclude that the LAMP
      technique is a potentially valuable safety control method for simple and
      efficient discrimination of Mu-tong from its adulterant Guan-mu-tong. 

PMID- 27379154
TI  - Current Advances in the Metabolomics Study on Lotus Seeds.
AB  - Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), which is distributed widely throughout Asia, Australia
      and North America, is an aquatic perennial that has been cultivated for over
      2,000 years. It is very stimulating that almost all parts of lotus have been
      consumed as vegetable as well as food, especially the seeds. Except for the
      nutritive values of lotus, there has been increasing interest in its potential as
      functional food due to its rich secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and
      alkaloids. Not only have these metabolites greatly contributed to the biological
      process of lotus seeds, but also have been reported to possess multiple health
      promoting effects, including antioxidant, anti-amnesic, anti-inflammatory, and
      anti-tumor activities. Thus, comprehensive metabolomic profiling of these
      metabolites is of key importance to help understand their biological activities,
      and other chemical biology features. In this context, this review will provide an
      update on the current technological platforms, and workflow associated with
      metabolomic studies on lotus seeds, as well as insights into the application of
      metabolomics for the improvement of food safety and quality, assisting breeding,
      and promotion of the study of metabolism and pharmacokinetics of lotus seeds;
      meanwhile it will also help explore new perspectives and outline future
      challenges in this fast-growing research subject. 

PMID- 27379155
TI  - A Predictive Based Regression Algorithm for Gene Network Selection.
AB  - Gene selection has become a common task in most gene expression studies. The
      objective of such research is often to identify the smallest possible set of
      genes that can still achieve good predictive performance. To do so, many of the
      recently proposed classification methods require some form of dimension-reduction
      of the problem which finally provide a single model as an output and, in most
      cases, rely on the likelihood function in order to achieve variable selection. We
      propose a new prediction-based objective function that can be tailored to the
      requirements of practitioners and can be used to assess and interpret a given
      problem. Based on cross-validation techniques and the idea of importance
      sampling, our proposal scans low-dimensional models under the assumption of
      sparsity and, for each of them, estimates their objective function to assess
      their predictive power in order to select. Two applications on cancer data sets
      and a simulation study show that the proposal compares favorably with competing
      alternatives such as, for example, Elastic Net and Support Vector Machine.
      Indeed, the proposed method not only selects smaller models for better, or at
      least comparable, classification errors but also provides a set of selected
      models instead of a single one, allowing to construct a network of possible
      models for a target prediction accuracy level. 

PMID- 27379157
TI  - Do Copy Number Changes in CACNA2D2, CACNA2D3, and CACNA1D Constitute a
      Predisposing Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease?
AB  - Dysregulation of calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis is now being recognized to be a key
      step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Data from the literature,
      in particular the association between AD and polymorphism that interfere with
      Ca(2+) homeostasis indicates the presence of genetic factors in this process;
      further, presenilins mutations, which are known to cause the familial form of AD,
      are involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Here, we wish to
      draw attention to rare DNA copy number variations identified in two subjects with
      late-onset AD that led to partial or full duplication of genes that encode
      different subunits of the same type of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels; these
      duplications of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel genes is consistent with the
      critical role of calcium signaling in molecular processes underlying memory as
      has been demonstrated by several studies. 

PMID- 27379158
TI  - Association of a SNP in SLC35F3 Gene with the Risk of Hypertension in a Chinese
      Han Population.
AB  - A recent study suggested that SLC35F3 which encoded a thiamine transporter was a
      new candidate gene for hypertension. The goal of this study was to investigate
      the association between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLC35F3
      gene and hypertension in a Chinese population. Sanger sequencing was performed in
      93 samples to find SNPs in coding regions and intron-exon boundaries in the
      SLC35F3 gene. We found eight genetic variants in the coding regions of SLC35F3
      and subsequently genotyped a non-synonymous variant rs34032258 (C > G) in 1060
      hypertension patients and 1467 controls. After adjusting for age and gender,
      multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the variant was associated with
      hypertensive traits. In detail, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 8 mmHg higher,
      blood urea nitrogen was 12 mmol/L higher, and creatinine was 15 mmol/L lower in
      G/G group compared with C/C group (p = 0.007; 0.012 and 0.029, respectively).
      Further study suggested that C/G+G/G had higher DBP than C/C genotype in those
      whose DBP >= 90 mmHg (98.02 mmHg vs. 94.04 mmHg, p = 0.021). No significant
      difference has been found in systolic blood pressure between different genotypes.
      Additionally, in the subgroup of obesity, allele distribution of this variant has
      shown significant difference between hypertensive patients and normotensive
      controls (p = 0.018). In conclusion, we found that the rs34032258 in the SLC35F3
      gene was associated with high blood pressure and may increase the risk of
      hypertension. The new hypertension-susceptibility locus may involve in the
      pathogenesis of hypertension and indicate some novel treatment implications. 

PMID- 27379156
TI  - The Regulation of DNA Damage Tolerance by Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers.
AB  - DNA replication is an extremely complex process that needs to be executed in a
      highly accurate manner in order to propagate the genome. This task requires the
      coordination of a number of enzymatic activities and it is fragile and prone to
      arrest after DNA damage. DNA damage tolerance provides a last line of defense
      that allows completion of DNA replication in the presence of an unrepaired
      template. One of such mechanisms is called post-replication repair (PRR) and it
      is used by the cells to bypass highly distorted templates caused by damaged
      bases. PRR is extremely important for the cellular life and performs the bypass
      of the damage both in an error-free and in an error-prone manner. In light of
      these two possible outcomes, PRR needs to be tightly controlled in order to
      prevent the accumulation of mutations leading ultimately to genome instability.
      Post-translational modifications of PRR proteins provide the framework for this
      regulation with ubiquitylation and SUMOylation playing a pivotal role in choosing
      which pathway to activate, thus controlling the different outcomes of damage
      bypass. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the DNA clamp for
      replicative polymerases, plays a central role in the regulation of damage
      tolerance and its modification by ubiquitin, and SUMO controls both the error
      free and error-prone branches of PRR. Furthermore, a significant number of
      polymerases are involved in the bypass of DNA damage possess domains that can
      bind post-translational modifications and they are themselves target for
      ubiquitylation. In this review, we will focus on how ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like
      modifications can regulate the DNA damage tolerance systems and how they control
      the recruitment of different proteins to the replication fork. 

PMID- 27379159
TI  - Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics for Investigating DNA Damage-Associated
      Protein Ubiquitylation.
AB  - Modification of proteins with the 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin plays essential
      roles in cellular signaling. Development of methods for specific enrichment of
      ubiquitin remnant peptides and advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry have
      enabled proteome-wide identification of endogenous ubiquitylation sites.
      Moreover, ubiquitin remnant profiling has emerged as a powerful approach for
      investigating changes in protein ubiquitylation in response to cellular
      perturbations, such as DNA damage, as well as for identification of substrates of
      ubiquitin-modifying enzymes. Despite these advances, interrogation of ubiquitin
      chain topologies on substrate proteins remains a challenging task. Here, we
      describe mass spectrometry-based approaches for quantitative analyses of site
      specific protein ubiquitylation and highlight recent studies that employed these
      methods for investigation of ubiquitylation in the context of the cellular DNA
      damage response. Furthermore, we provide an overview of experimental strategies
      for probing ubiquitin chain topologies on proteins and discuss how these methods
      can be applied to analyze functions of ubiquitylation in the DNA damage response.

PMID- 27379161
TI  - Editorial: Protein Interaction Networks in Health and Disease.

PMID- 27379160
TI  - Comparative Epigenomic Profiling of the DNA Methylome in Mouse and Zebrafish
      Uncovers High Interspecies Divergence.
AB  - The DNA methylation landscape is dynamically patterned during development and
      distinct methylation patterns distinguish healthy from diseased cells. However,
      whether tissue-specific methylation patterns are conserved across species is not
      known. We used comparative methylome analysis of base-resolution DNA methylation
      profiles from the liver and brain of mouse and zebrafish generated by reduced
      representation bisulfite sequencing to identify the conserved and divergent
      aspects of the methylome in these commonly used vertebrate model organisms. On
      average, 24% of CpGs are methylated in mouse livers and the pattern of
      methylation was highly concordant among four male mice from two different
      strains. The same level of methylation (24.2%) was identified in mouse brain. In
      striking contrast, zebrafish had 63 and 70% of CpG methylation in the liver and
      brain, respectively. This is attributed, in part, to the higher percentage of the
      zebrafish genome occupied by transposable elements (52% vs. 45% in mice). Thus,
      the species identity was more significant in determining methylome patterning
      than was the similarity in organ function. Conserved features of the methylome
      across tissues and species was the exclusion of methylation from promoters and
      from CpG islands near transcription start sites, and the clustering of methylated
      CpGs in gene bodies and intragenic regions. These data suggest that DNA
      methylation reflects species-specific genome structure, and supports the notion
      that DNA methylation in non-promoter regions may contribute to genome evolution. 

PMID- 27379162
TI  - Protease-Activated Receptors and other G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: the Melanoma
      Connection.
AB  - The vast array of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in both
      physiological and pathological processes, including vision, coagulation,
      inflammation, autophagy, and cell proliferation. GPCRs also affect processes that
      augment cell proliferation and metastases in many cancers including melanoma.
      Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, yet limited therapeutic modalities
      are available to patients with metastatic melanoma. Studies have found that both
      chemokine receptors and protease-activated receptors, both of which are GPCRs,
      are central to the metastatic melanoma phenotype and may serve as potential
      targets in novel therapies against melanoma and other cancers. 

PMID- 27379163
TI  - Development of SSR Markers and Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Medicinal
      Chrysanthemum morifolium Cultivars.
AB  - Chrysanthemum morifolium, is a well-known flowering plant worldwide, and has a
      high commercial, floricultural, and medicinal value. In this study, simple
      sequence repeat (SSR) markers were generated from EST datasets and were applied
      to assess the genetic diversity among 32 cultivars. A total of 218 in silico SSR
      loci were identified from 7300 C. morifolium ESTs retrieved from GenBank. Of all
      SSR loci, 61.47% of them (134) were hexa-nucleotide repeats, followed by tri
      nucleotide repeats (17.89%), di-nucleotide repeats (12.39%), tetra-nucleotide
      repeats (4.13%), and penta-nucleotide repeats (4.13%). In this study, 17 novel
      EST-SSR markers were verified. Along with 38 SSR markers reported previously, 55
      C. morifolium SSR markers were selected for further genetic diversity analysis.
      PCR amplification of these EST-SSRs produced 1319 fragments, 1306 of which showed
      polymorphism. The average polymorphism information content of the SSR primer
      pairs was 0.972 (0.938-0.993), which showed high genetic diversity among C.
      morifolium cultivars. Based on SSR markers, 32 C. morifolium cultivars were
      separated into two main groups by partitioning of the clusters using the
      unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram, which was further
      supported by a principal coordinate analysis plot. Phylogenetic relationship
      among C. morifolium cultivars as revealed by SSR markers was highly consistent
      with the classification of medicinal C. morifolium populations according to their
      origin and ecological distribution. Our results demonstrated that SSR markers
      were highly reproducible and informative, and could be used to evaluate genetic
      diversity and relationships among medicinal C. morifolium cultivars. 

PMID- 27379164
TI  - Deriving Gene Networks from SNP Associated with Triacylglycerol and Phospholipid
      Fatty Acid Fractions from Ribeyes of Angus Cattle.
AB  - The fatty acid profile of beef is a complex trait that can benefit from gene
      interaction network analysis to understand relationships among loci that
      contribute to phenotypic variation. Phenotypic measures of fatty acid profile
      from triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions of longissimus muscle, pedigree
      information, and Illumina 54 k bovine SNP genotypes were utilized to derive an
      annotated gene network associated with fatty acid composition in 1,833 Angus beef
      cattle. The Bayes-B statistical model was utilized to perform a genome wide
      association study to estimate associations between 54 k SNP genotypes and 39
      individual fatty acid phenotypes within each fraction. Posterior means of the
      effects were estimated for each of the 54 k SNP and for the collective effects of
      all the SNP in every 1-Mb genomic window in terms of the proportion of genetic
      variance explained by the window. Windows that explained the largest proportions
      of genetic variance for individual lipids were found in the triacylglycerol
      fraction. There was almost no overlap in the genomic regions explaining variance
      between the triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions. Partial correlations were
      used to identify correlated regions of the genome for the set of largest 1 Mb
      windows that explained up to 35% genetic variation in either fatty acid fraction.
      SNP were allocated to windows based on the bovine UMD3.1 assembly. Gene network
      clusters were generated utilizing a partial correlation and information theory
      algorithm. Results were used in conjunction with network scoring and
      visualization software to analyze correlated SNP across 39 fatty acid phenotypes
      to identify SNP of significance. Significant pathways implicated in fatty acid
      metabolism through GO term enrichment analysis included homeostasis of number of
      cells, homeostatic process, coenzyme/cofactor activity, and immunoglobulin. These
      results suggest different metabolic pathways regulate the development of
      different types of lipids found in bovine muscle tissues. Network analysis using
      partial correlations and annotation of significant SNPs can yield information
      about the genetic architecture of complex traits. 

PMID- 27379165
TI  - Adaptive Shape Kernel-Based Mean Shift Tracker in Robot Vision System.
AB  - This paper proposes an adaptive shape kernel-based mean shift tracker using a
      single static camera for the robot vision system. The question that we address in
      this paper is how to construct such a kernel shape that is adaptive to the object
      shape. We perform nonlinear manifold learning technique to obtain the low
      dimensional shape space which is trained by training data with the same view as
      the tracking video. The proposed kernel searches the shape in the low-dimensional
      shape space obtained by nonlinear manifold learning technique and constructs the
      adaptive kernel shape in the high-dimensional shape space. It can improve mean
      shift tracker performance to track object position and object contour and avoid
      the background clutter. In the experimental part, we take the walking human as
      example to validate that our method is accurate and robust to track human
      position and describe human contour. 

PMID- 27379166
TI  - Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome:
      Clinical Characteristics, Psychological Factors, and Peripheral Cytokines.
AB  - Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) has been implicated in the
      pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Psychosocial factors and low
      grade colonic mucosal immune activation have been suggested to play important
      roles in the pathophysiology of IBS. In total, 94 patients with IBS and 13
      healthy volunteers underwent a 10 g lactulose hydrogen breath test (HBT) with
      concurrent (99m)Tc scintigraphy. All participants also completed a face-to-face
      questionnaire survey, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Life
      Event Stress (LES), and general information. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha,
      interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-8, and IL-10 levels were measured. The 89 enrolled
      patients with IBS and 13 healthy controls had no differences in baseline
      characteristics. The prevalence of SIBO in patients with IBS was higher than that
      in healthy controls (39% versus 8%, resp.; p = 0.026). Patients with IBS had
      higher anxiety, depression, and LES scores, but anxiety, depression, and LES
      scores were similar between the SIBO-positive and SIBO-negative groups.
      Psychological disorders were not associated with SIBO in patients with IBS. The
      serum IL-10 level was significantly lower in SIBO-positive than SIBO-negative
      patients with IBS. 

PMID- 27379167
TI  - Effects of Hypoxia and Chitosan on Equine Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem
      Cells.
AB  - Chitosan opens new perspectives in regenerative medicine as it enhances the
      properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through formation of spheroids.
      Hypoxia has also been proposed to enhance stemness and survival of MSCs after in
      vivo implantation. These characteristics are relevant to the development of an
      off-the-shelf source of allogenic cells for regenerative therapy of
      tendinopathies. Umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCM-MSCs) offer an abundant source
      of immature and immunoprivileged stem cells. In this study, equine UCM-MSCs
      (eqUCM-MSCs) conditioned for 3 and 7 days on chitosan films at 5% oxygen were
      compared to eqUCM-MSCs under standard conditions. Equine UCM-MSCs formed
      spheroids on chitosan but yielded 72% less DNA than standard eqUCM-MSCs.
      Expression of Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog was 4 to 10 times greater in conditioned
      cells at day 7. Fluorescence-labeled cells cultured for 7 days under standard
      conditions or on chitosan films under hypoxia were compared in a bilateral
      patellar tendon defect model in rats. Fluorescence was present in all treated
      tendons, but the modulus of elasticity under tension was greater in tendons
      treated with conditioned cells. Chitosan and hypoxia affected cell yield but
      improved the stemness of eqUCM-MSCs and their contribution to the healing of
      tissues. Given the abundance of allogenic cells, these properties are highly
      relevant to clinical applications and outweigh the negative impact on cell
      proliferation. 

PMID- 27379168
TI  - Growth and descent of the testes in infants with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
      receiving subcutaneous gonadotropin infusion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One third of infants with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
      (CHH) are said to have micropenis and/or bilateral or unilateral cryptorchidism
      leading many of them to orchiopexy. Our previous study in two patients suggests
      that prolonged subcutaneous infusion of large doses of gonadotropins might
      normalize testicular function and growth. CASE PRESENTATION: To confirm the
      effects of early and prolonged subcutaneous infusion of large doses of
      gonadotropins on growth and descent of the testes. Eight boys with CHH, aged 0.25
      11 months. Testes were non-palpable in 5 or in high scrotal position in 3. CHH
      was isolated in 5 infants and part of a syndrome of combined pituitary hormonal
      deficits in the 3 others. In response to gonadotropin infusion, mean levels of
      testicular hormones were normalized. Complete testis descent occurred in 6
      patients. Partial descent occurred in 2. Testes re-ascended in 1 patient. Testes
      and penis gained normal dimensions in all cases. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous
      gonadotropin infusion seems able to induce testis descent in a large proportion
      of infants with CHH. If confirmed, this may allow patients to avoid testes
      surgery but studies in larger series are needed to evaluate the benefits of this
      treatment versus traditional orchiopexy.

PMID- 27379169
TI  - Identification of Raoultella terrigena as a Rare Causative Agent of Subungual
      Abscess Based on 16S rRNA and Housekeeping Gene Sequencing.
AB  - A 63-year-old-man was admitted to our hospital with severe subungual abscess.
      Bacteria were isolated from pus samples, and an inconsistent identification was
      shown by VITEK 2 system and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as Raoultella planticola
      and Raoultella terrigena, respectively. Molecular identification by 16S rRNA
      sequencing suggested that the isolate is R. terrigena, and this was further
      demonstrated by sequencing three housekeeping genes (rpoB, gyrA, and parC) with
      phylogenetic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of subungual
      abscess caused by R. terrigena, a rare case of human infection due to soil
      bacterium. Our study highlights the technique importance on this pathogen
      identification. 

PMID- 27379170
TI  - Regional Influences on Chinese Medicine Education: Comparing Australia and Hong
      Kong.
AB  - High quality education programs are essential for preparing the next generation
      of Chinese medicine (CM) practitioners. Currently, training in CM occurs within
      differing health and education policy contexts. There has been little analysis of
      the factors influencing the form and status of CM education in different regions.
      Such a task is important for understanding how CM is evolving internationally and
      predicting future workforce characteristics. This paper compares the status of CM
      education in Australia and Hong Kong across a range of dimensions: historical and
      current positions in the national higher education system, regulatory context and
      relationship to the health system, and public and professional legitimacy. The
      analysis highlights the different ways in which CM education is developing in
      these settings, with Hong Kong providing somewhat greater access to clinical
      training opportunities for CM students. However, common trends and challenges
      shape CM education in both regions, including marginalisation from mainstream
      health professions, a small but established presence in universities, and an
      emphasis on biomedical research. Three factors stand out as significant for the
      evolution of CM education in Australia and Hong Kong and may have international
      implications: continuing biomedical dominance, increased competition between
      universities, and strengthened links with mainland China. 

PMID- 27379171
TI  - Image Reconstruction Using Analysis Model Prior.
AB  - The analysis model has been previously exploited as an alternative to the
      classical sparse synthesis model for designing image reconstruction methods.
      Applying a suitable analysis operator on the image of interest yields a cosparse
      outcome which enables us to reconstruct the image from undersampled data. In this
      work, we introduce additional prior in the analysis context and theoretically
      study the uniqueness issues in terms of analysis operators in general position
      and the specific 2D finite difference operator. We establish bounds on the
      minimum measurement numbers which are lower than those in cases without using
      analysis model prior. Based on the idea of iterative cosupport detection (ICD),
      we develop a novel image reconstruction model and an effective algorithm,
      achieving significantly better reconstruction performance. Simulation results on
      synthetic and practical magnetic resonance (MR) images are also shown to
      illustrate our theoretical claims. 

PMID- 27379172
TI  - Automatic Identification of Interictal Epileptiform Discharges in Secondary
      Generalized Epilepsy.
AB  - Ictal epileptiform discharges (EDs) are characteristic signal patterns of scalp
      electroencephalogram (EEG) or intracranial EEG (iEEG) recorded from patients with
      epilepsy, which assist with the diagnosis and characterization of various types
      of epilepsy. The EEG signal, however, is often recorded from patients with
      epilepsy for a long period of time, and thus detection and identification of EDs
      have been a burden on medical doctors. This paper proposes a new method for
      automatic identification of two types of EDs, repeated sharp-waves (sharps), and
      runs of sharp-and-slow-waves (SSWs), which helps to pinpoint epileptogenic foci
      in secondary generalized epilepsy such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). In the
      experiments with iEEG data acquired from a patient with LGS, our proposed method
      detected EDs with an accuracy of 93.76% and classified three different signal
      patterns with a mean classification accuracy of 87.69%, which was significantly
      higher than that of a conventional wavelet-based method. Our study shows that it
      is possible to successfully detect and discriminate sharps and SSWs from
      background EEG activity using our proposed method. 

PMID- 27379173
TI  - Epigenetic origin of adaptive phenotypic variants in the human blood fluke
      Schistosoma mansoni.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adaptive evolution is not possible without the generation of
      phenotypic variants. The origin of these variations has been a central topic in
      evolutionary biology. Up to now, it was commonly accepted that standing genetic
      variation is the only cause of phenotypic variants. However, epigenetic
      information is emerging as a complementary source of heritable phenotypic
      variation that contributes to evolution. The relative importance of genetics and
      epigenetics in generating heritable phenotypic variation is nevertheless a matter
      of debate. RESULTS: We used a host-parasite system to address this question. The
      human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni can adapt rapidly to new intermediate snail
      hosts. The interaction between parasite and mollusk is characterized by a
      compatibility polymorphism illustrating the evolutionary dynamics in this system.
      The principal molecular marker for compatibility (infection success) is the
      expression pattern of a group of polymorphic mucins (SmPoMuc) in the parasite. We
      show here that chromatin structure changes as the SmPoMuc promoters are the cause
      for SmPoMuc transcription polymorphism leading to phenotypic novelty and increase
      in infection success, i.e., fitness. CONCLUSION: We establish that epigenetic
      changes can be the major if not only cause of adaptive phenotypic variants in
      Schistosoma mansoni, suggesting that epimutations can provide material for
      adaptive evolution in the absence of genetic variation in other systems. In
      addition, our results indicate that epidrugs can be used to control parasite
      development but also parasite evolution.

PMID- 27379175
TI  - Sirtuins and Cancer: Role in the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.
AB  - The human sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7) enzymes are a highly conserved family of NAD(+)
      dependent histone deacetylases, which play a critical role in the regulation of a
      large number of metabolic pathways involved in stress response and aging. Cancer
      is an age-associated disease, and sirtuins may have a considerable impact on a
      plethora of processes that regulate tumorigenesis. In particular, growing
      evidence suggests that sirtuins may modulate epithelial plasticity by inducing
      transcriptional reprogramming leading to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT),
      invasion, and metastases. Though commonly regarded as EMT inducers, sirtuins may
      also suppress this process, and their functional properties seem to largely
      depend on the cellular context, stage of cancer development, tissue of origin,
      and microenvironment architecture. Here, we review the role of sirtuins in cancer
      biology with particular emphasis on their role in EMT. 

PMID- 27379176
TI  - Immediate Remote Ischemic Postconditioning Reduces Brain Nitrotyrosine Formation
      in a Piglet Asphyxia Model.
AB  - Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) is a promising therapeutic
      intervention that could be administered as an alternative to cooling in cases of
      perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In the current study we hypothesized that
      RIPostC in the piglet model of birth asphyxia confers protection by reducing
      nitrosative stress and subsequent nitrotyrosine formation, as well as having an
      effect on glial immunoreactivity. Postnatal day 1 (P1) piglets underwent HI brain
      injury and were randomised to HI (control) or HI + RIPostC. Immunohistochemistry
      assessment 48 hours after HI revealed a significant decrease in brain
      nitrotyrosine deposits in the RIPostC-treated group (p = 0.02). This was
      accompanied by a significant increase in eNOS expression (p < 0.0001) and
      decrease in iNOS (p = 0.010), with no alteration in nNOS activity. Interestingly,
      RIPostC treatment was associated with a significant increase in GFAP (p = 0.002)
      and IBA1 (p = 0.006), markers of astroglial and microglial activity,
      respectively. The current study demonstrates a beneficial effect of RIPostC
      therapy in the preclinical piglet model of neonatal asphyxia, which appears to be
      mediated by modulation of nitrosative stress, despite glial activation. 

PMID- 27379174
TI  - Current status of biomarker research in neurology.
AB  - Neurology is one of the typical disciplines where personalized medicine has been
      recently becoming an important part of clinical practice. In this article, the
      brief overview and a number of examples of the use of biomarkers and personalized
      medicine in neurology are described. The various issues in neurology are
      described in relation to the personalized medicine and diagnostic, prognostic as
      well as predictive blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Such neurological
      domains discussed in this work are neuro-oncology and primary brain tumors
      glioblastoma and oligodendroglioma, cerebrovascular diseases focusing on stroke,
      neurodegenerative disorders especially Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and
      demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Actual state of the art and
      future perspectives in diagnostics and personalized treatment in diverse domains
      of neurology are given. 

PMID- 27379177
TI  - Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Value of Circulating miRNAs in Heart
      Failure Patients Associated with Oxidative Stress.
AB  - Heart failure is a major public health problem especially in the aging population
      (>=65 years old), affecting nearly 5 million Americans and 15 million European
      people. Effective management of heart failure (HF) depends on a correct and rapid
      diagnosis. Presently, BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) or N-terminal pro-brain
      natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) assay is generally accepted by the international
      community for diagnostic evaluation and risk stratification of patients with HF.
      However, regardless of its widespread clinical use, BNP is still encumbered by
      reduced specificity. As a result, diagnosis of heart failure remains challenging.
      Although significant improvement happened in the clinical management of HF over
      the last 2 decades, traditional treatments are ultimately ineffective in many
      patients who progress to advanced HF. Therefore, a novel diagnostic, prognostic
      biomarker and new therapeutic approach are required for clinical management of HF
      patients. Circulating miRNAs seem to be the right choice for novel noninvasive
      biomarkers as well as new treatment strategies for HF. In this review, we briefly
      discuss the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic role of circulating miRNAs in
      heart failure patients. We also mentioned our own technique of extraction of RNA
      and detection of circulating miRNAs from human plasma and oxidative stress
      associated miRNAs with HF. 

PMID- 27379178
TI  - The immediate effect of multiple mechanical impulses on electromyography and
      pressure pain threshold of lumbar latent trigger points: an experimental study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Myofascial pain is a common syndrome, which has not been studied
      extensively in the low back. Despite a variety of manual and instrument assisted
      interventions available, little work has targeted the possible effects of fast
      mechanical impulses on myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) on its sensitivity and
      electrical activity. The purpose of this experimental study was to quantify the
      immediate effect of one session of mechanical impulses to lumbar latent MTrPs and
      to normal muscle tissue with pressure pain threshold (PPT) and surface
      electromyography (sEMG) as outcome measures. METHODS: During the autumn of 2009,
      in 41 asymptomatic subjects between 17-40 years of age the lumbar musculature was
      searched for a latent MTrP by a trained clinician. Using 3 disposable pre-gelled
      electrodes bilaterally, sEMG was recorded continuously from muscle containing
      either latent or no MTrP. Both the trigger point group and control group received
      the intervention and were blinded to group allocation. The immediate effects of
      mechanical impulses were assessed by sEMG and PPT before and after intervention
      using Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, Mann-Whitney U test and paired t
      tests. RESULTS: The PPT increased significantly across both groups (p < 0.01)
      after intervention. The proportionate increase (14.6 %) was comparable in both
      MTrP and control groups. The electrical activity on the MTrP side was not
      significantly higher in the MTrP group compared to the contralateral side. The
      decrease of resting electrical activity after intervention was significant in the
      MTrP group on the side of the latent MTrP (P = 0.001) as well as the
      contralateral side (p=0.022), and not significant in the control group on either
      side (p=0.33 and p=0.93). CONCLUSION: In this study, the immediate effect of one
      session of mechanical impulses was associated with a significant increase in PPT
      for both groups and a significant decrease in the resting electrical activity of
      the lumbar muscles only in the MTrP group. It is unknown if these effects have
      clinical significance.

PMID- 27379179
TI  - Eight unique basal bodies in the multi-flagellated diplomonad Giardia lamblia.
AB  - Giardia lamblia is an intestinal parasitic protist that causes significant acute
      and chronic diarrheal disease worldwide. Giardia belongs to the diplomonads, a
      group of protists in the supergroup Excavata. Diplomonads are characterized by
      eight motile flagella organized into four bilaterally symmetric pairs. Each of
      the eight Giardia axonemes has a long cytoplasmic region that extends from the
      centrally located basal body before exiting the cell body as a membrane-bound
      flagellum. Each basal body is thus unique in its cytological position and its
      association with different cytoskeletal features, including the ventral disc,
      axonemes, and extra-axonemal structures. Inheritance of these unique and complex
      cytoskeletal elements is maintained through basal body migration, duplication,
      maturation, and their subsequent association with specific spindle poles during
      cell division. Due to the complex composition and inheritance of specific basal
      bodies and their associated structures, Giardia may require novel basal body
      associated proteins. Thus, protists such as Giardia may represent an undiscovered
      source of novel basal body-associated proteins. The development of new tools that
      make Giardia genetically tractable will enable the composition, structure, and
      function of the eight basal bodies to be more thoroughly explored. 

PMID- 27379180
TI  - Fast exchange fluxes around the pyruvate node: a leaky cell model to explain the
      gain and loss of unlabelled and labelled metabolites in a tracer experiment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glucose and glutamine are the two dominant metabolic substrates in
      cancer cells. In (13)C tracer experiments, however, it is necessary to account
      for all significant input substrates, as some natural (unlabelled) substrate in
      the medium, often derived from serum, can be metabolised by cells despite not
      showing signs of net consumption. RESULTS: Using [U-(13)C6]-glucose tracers and
      measuring extracellular metabolite enrichments by GC-MS, we found that pancreatic
      cells HPDE and PANC-1 secrete lactate, pyruvate, TCA cycle metabolites and non
      essential amino acids synthesised from glucose. Focusing our investigations on
      pyruvate exchange in HEK293 cells, we observed that the four metabolites pools,
      intracellular and extracellular lactate and pyruvate, had similar (13)C
      enrichment trajectories. This indicated that these metabolites can mix rapidly.
      Using a hybrid (13)C-MFA, we followed to show that the lactate exchange flux had
      increased when extracellular lactate concentration was increased by 10-fold. By
      allowing rapid exchange fluxes around the pyruvate node, (13)C-MFA revealed that
      PANC-1 cells cultured in [U-(13)C6]-glucose doubled the conversion of unlabelled
      substrates to pyruvate when treated with TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS: The current work
      established the possibility that a cell's range of significant input substrates
      may be broader than anticipated. Metabolite exchange can affect intracellular
      enrichments. In particular, we showed that pyruvate was more strongly connected
      to lactate than to upstream glycolytic intermediates and that a fast lactate
      exchange may alter the outcome of flux analyses. Nevertheless, the leaky cell
      model may be an opportunity in disguise-the ability to continuously monitor
      metabolism using only the enrichments of extracellular metabolites.

PMID- 27379181
TI  - Assessment of Corneal Epithelial Thickness in Asymmetric Keratoconic Eyes and
      Normal Eyes Using Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography.
AB  - Purpose. To compare the characteristics of asymmetric keratoconic eyes and normal
      eyes by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) corneal mapping.
      Methods. Retrospective corneal and epithelial thickness OCT data for 74 patients
      were compared in three groups of eyes: keratoconic (n = 22) and normal fellow
      eyes (n = 22) in patients with asymmetric keratoconus and normal eyes (n = 104)
      in healthy subjects. Areas under the curve (AUC) of receiver operator
      characteristic (ROC) curves for each variable were compared across groups to
      indicate their discrimination capacity. Results. Three variables were found to
      differ significantly between fellow eyes and normal eyes (all p < 0.05): minimum
      corneal thickness, thinnest corneal point, and central corneal thickness. These
      variables combined showed a high discrimination power to differentiate fellow
      eyes from normal eyes indicated by an AUC of 0.840 (95% CI: 0.762-0.918).
      Conclusions. Our findings indicate that topographically normal fellow eyes in
      patients with very asymmetric keratoconus differ from the eyes of healthy
      individuals in terms of their corneal epithelial and pachymetry maps. This type
      of information could be useful for an early diagnosis of keratoconus in
      topographically normal eyes. 

PMID- 27379182
TI  - A Pilot Study of Parent Mentors for Early Childhood Obesity.
AB  - Objective. To assess the feasibility of a parent mentor model of intervention for
      early childhood obesity using positive deviance-based methods to inform the
      intervention. Methods. In this pilot, randomized clinical trial, parent-child
      dyads (age: 2-5) with children whose body mass index (BMI) was >=95th percentile
      were randomized to parent mentor intervention or community health worker
      comparison. The child's height and weight were measured at baseline, after the
      six-month intervention, and six months after the intervention. Feasibility
      outcomes were recruitment, participation, and retention. The primary clinical
      outcome was BMI z-score change. Results. Sixty participants were enrolled, and
      forty-eight completed the six-month intervention. At baseline, the BMI z-score in
      the parent mentor group was 2.63 (SD = 0.65) and in the community health worker
      group it was 2.61 (SD = 0.89). For change in BMI z-score over time, there was no
      difference by randomization group at the end of the intervention: -0.02 (95% CI: 
      0.26, 0.22). At the end of the intervention, the BMI z-score for the parent
      mentor group was 2.48 (SD = 0.58) and for the community health worker group it
      was 2.45 (SD = 0.91), both reduced from baseline, p < 0.001. Conclusion. The
      model of a parent mentor clinical trial is feasible, and both randomized groups
      experienced small, sustained effects on adiposity in an obese, Hispanic
      population.

PMID- 27379183
TI  - The Effect of Preoperative Type 2 Diabetes and Physical Fitness on Mental Health
      and Health-Related Quality of Life after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.
AB  - Objective. To investigate the predictive value of type 2 diabetes and lack of
      physical activity for mental health and health-related quality of life after Roux
      en-Y gastric bypass. Method. Forty severely obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y
      gastric bypass were included in the GASMITO study. Information about
      physiological and psychological factors was prospectively assessed at four time
      points, two times prior to surgery and two times after surgery. Measures included
      oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests, VO2max test, Symptoms Checklist
      (SCL-90), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36), Body Image Questionnaire, and a
      questionnaire assessing sociodemographic factors and medical status. Results.
      Mean % excess weight loss was 65% (+/-12) at 18-month follow-up and 50% of the
      participants with diabetes experienced total remission. Also, significant
      improvements were observed with regard to physical fitness, mental distress,
      health-related quality of life, and weight-related body image (p < 0.05). The
      interaction between follow-up time and type 2 diabetes at baseline significantly
      predicted six of the thirteen psychological subscales (p < 0.05) and, across the
      follow-ups, physical fitness level made modest contributions to variations in
      mental symptoms and HRQOL but not weight-related body image. Conclusion. The
      results suggest that baseline difference in mental symptoms and physical HRQOL
      between diabetic and nondiabetic patients declines across follow-ups and resolves
      around the time of surgery.

PMID- 27379185
TI  - The Regional Centralization of Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring and Its
      Impact on Neonatal Acidemia and the Cesarean Birth Rate.
AB  - Objective. The improvement of the accuracy of fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern
      interpretation to improve perinatal outcomes remains an elusive challenge. We
      examined the impact of an FHR centralization system on the incidence of neonatal
      acidemia and cesarean births. Methods. We performed a regional, population-based,
      before-and-after study of 9,139 deliveries over a 3-year period. The chi-squared
      test was used for the statistical analysis. Results. The before-and-after study
      showed no difference in the rates of acidemia, cesarean births, or perinatal
      death in the whole population. A subgroup analysis using the 4 hospitals in which
      an FHR centralization system was continuously connected (compliant group) and 3
      hospitals in which the FHR centralization system was connected on demand
      (noncompliant group) showed that the incidence acidemia was significantly
      decreased (from 0.47% to 0.11%) without a corresponding increase in the cesarean
      birth rate due to nonreassuring FHR patterns in the compliant group. Although
      there was no difference in the incidence of nonreassuring FHR patterns in the
      noncompliant group, the total cesarean birth rate was significantly higher than
      that in the compliant group. Conclusion. The continuous FHR centralization
      system, in which specialists help to interpret results and decide clinical
      actions, was beneficial in reducing the incidence of neonatal acidemia (pH < 7.1)
      without increasing the cesarean birth rate due to nonreassuring FHR patterns. 

PMID- 27379184
TI  - Relationships between Wasting and Stunting and Their Concurrent Occurrence in
      Ghanaian Preschool Children.
AB  - Objective. The main aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of concurrent
      wasting and stunting among Ghanaian preschool children. Secondly, we investigated
      the relationship between wasting and stunting as well as factors associated with
      these conditions. Methods. This paper is based on reanalysis of anthropometric
      and other relevant data which was collected in the 2014 Ghana Demographic and
      Health Survey. The data set consisted of 2,720 preschool children aged 0-59
      months. We conducted three-step moderated hierarchical multiple regression
      analyses to determine independent predictors and moderators of height-for-age Z
      score. Results. Nationally, the prevalence of concurrent wasting and stunting
      among children aged 0-59 months was low at 1.4% but it varied geographically with
      the Upper East Region having the highest prevalence of 3.2% (95% CI: 1.7-5.8).
      Children who had low weight-for-height Z-scores were at a higher risk of linear
      growth retardation (stunting) especially among children aged less than three
      years. A 1-unit increase in weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) was associated with
      0.07 standard units' increase in height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) [beta = 0.071 (95%
      CI: 0.03, 0.15)]. Conclusions. The study results suggest that weight-for-height
      relates to linear growth but this relationship is moderated by age of child.
      Stunting and wasting share some common risk factors. Therefore, measures to
      prevent wasting may positively influence linear growth. 

PMID- 27379186
TI  - Disparities in Survival with Bystander CPR following Cardiopulmonary Arrest Based
      on Neighborhood Characteristics.
AB  - The American Heart Association reports the annual incidence of out-of-hospital
      cardiopulmonary arrests (OHCA) is greater than 300,000 with a survival rate of
      9.5%. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) saves one life for every 30,
      with a 10% decrease in survival associated with every minute of delay in CPR
      initiation. Bystander CPR and training vary widely by region. We conducted a
      retrospective study of 320 persons who suffered OHCA in South Florida over 25
      months. Increased survival, overall and with bystander CPR, was seen with
      increasing income (p = 0.05), with a stronger disparity between low- and high
      income neighborhoods (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, resp.). Survival with bystander CPR
      was statistically greater in white- versus black-predominant neighborhoods (p =
      0.04). Increased survival, overall and with bystander CPR, was seen with high-
      versus low-education neighborhoods (p = 0.03). Neighborhoods with more high
      school age persons displayed the lowest survival. We discovered a significant
      disparity in OHCA survival within neighborhoods of low-income, black
      predominance, and low-education. Reduced survival was seen in neighborhoods with
      larger populations of high school students. This group is a potential target for
      training, and instruction can conceivably change survival outcomes in these
      neighborhoods, closing the gap, thus improving survival for all. 

PMID- 27379188
TI  - Focal Hyperhidrosis Associated with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections.
AB  - Hyperhidrosis affects almost 3% of the population and is characterized by
      sweating that occurs in excess of that needed for normal thermoregulation. It can
      occur as a primary disease or secondary to underlying clinical conditions.
      Hyperhidrosis can stem from neurogenic sympathetic over activity involving normal
      eccrine glands. We report the interesting case of a 75-year-old male patient with
      a 6-month history of new onset secondary focal hyperhidrosis of buttocks, pelvis,
      and upper thighs. Each time his symptoms worsened he was found to have culture
      positive urine samples for Escherichia coli (E. coli). He underwent urological
      investigation and was found to have urethral strictures and cystitis. The
      hyperhidrosis improved each time his urinary tract infection (UTI) was treated
      with antibiotics and continued to remain stable with a course of prophylactic
      trimethoprim. We hypothesize that the patient's urethral strictures led to
      inhibition in voiding which in turn increased the susceptibility to UTIs.
      Accumulation of urine and increased bladder pressure in turn raised sympathetic
      nerve discharge leading to excessive sweating. We recommend that a urine dip form
      part of the routine assessment of patients presenting with new onset focal
      hyperhidrosis of pelvis, buttocks, and upper thighs. Timely urological referral
      should be made for all male patients with recurrent UTI. To the authors'
      knowledge, there have been no other reports of UTI-associated focal
      hyperhidrosis. 

PMID- 27379189
TI  - Aspergillus fumigatus Endophthalmitis with Necrotizing Scleritis following Pars
      Plana Vitrectomy.
AB  - We present a case of Aspergillus fumigatus endophthalmitis complicated by
      necrotizing scleritis in a 68-year-old man with diet-controlled diabetes, after
      retinal detachment repair. He was initially treated with systemic steroids for
      surgically induced necrotizing scleritis following routine pars plana vitrectomy.
      An additional diagnosis of endophthalmitis was made when the patient developed a
      hypopyon. Repeat vitreous culture isolated Aspergillus fumigatus. Symptoms
      improved following antifungal treatment leaving the patient with scleromalacia
      and an advanced postoperative cataract. Fungal scleritis and endophthalmitis are
      rare complications of intraocular surgery with sight-threatening consequences,
      and, as this case demonstrates, may even occur concomitantly. The overlapping
      features of both conditions can make differentiating one from the other
      difficult. A fungal aetiology should be considered in cases of postoperative
      scleritis and endophthalmitis that are protracted and refractory to standard
      therapy. Even in cases of early diagnosis and treatment, visual outcomes in
      Aspergillus endophthalmitis and scleritis are variable and often disappointing,
      not infrequently necessitating enucleation of a painful blind eye. 

PMID- 27379187
TI  - KV1 and KV3 Potassium Channels Identified at Presynaptic Terminals of the
      Corticostriatal Synapses in Rat.
AB  - In the last years it has been increasingly clear that KV-channel activity
      modulates neurotransmitter release. The subcellular localization and composition
      of potassium channels are crucial to understanding its influence on
      neurotransmitter release. To investigate the role of KV in corticostriatal
      synapses modulation, we combined extracellular recording of population-spike and
      pharmacological blockage with specific and nonspecific blockers to identify
      several families of KV channels. We induced paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and
      studied the changes in paired-pulse ratio (PPR) before and after the addition of
      specific KV blockers to determine whether particular KV subtypes were located pre
      or postsynaptically. Initially, the presence of KV channels was tested by
      exposing brain slices to tetraethylammonium or 4-aminopyridine; in both cases we
      observed a decrease in PPR that was dose dependent. Further experiments with
      tityustoxin, margatoxin, hongotoxin, agitoxin, dendrotoxin, and BDS-I toxins all
      rendered a reduction in PPR. In contrast heteropodatoxin and phrixotoxin had no
      effect. Our results reveal that corticostriatal presynaptic KV channels have a
      complex stoichiometry, including heterologous combinations KV1.1, KV1.2, KV1.3,
      and KV1.6 isoforms, as well as KV3.4, but not KV4 channels. The variety of KV
      channels offers a wide spectrum of possibilities to regulate neurotransmitter
      release, providing fine-tuning mechanisms to modulate synaptic strength.

PMID- 27379190
TI  - Giant Primary Schwannoma of the Left Nasal Cavity and Ethmoid Sinus.
AB  - A unilateral tumour in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses is commonly caused
      by polyps, cysts, and mucoceles, as well as invasive tumours such as papillomas
      and squamous cell carcinomas. Schwannomas, in contrast, are rare lesions in this
      area (Minhas et al., 2013). We present a case of a 52-year-old female who
      presented with a 4-year progressive history of mucous hypersecretion, nasal
      obstruction, pain, and fullness. Imaging of the paranasal sinuses showed complete
      opacification of the entire left nasal cavity and sinuses by a tumour causing
      subsequent obstruction of the frontal and maxillary sinuses. The tumour was
      completely excised endoscopically. Histopathology was consistent with that of a
      schwannoma. 

PMID- 27379191
TI  - Diplopia, Convergent Strabismus, and Eye Abduction Palsy in a 12-Year-Old Boy
      with Autoimmune Thyroiditis.
AB  - Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is defined by clinical criteria of increased
      intracranial pressure, elevated intracranial pressure with normal cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF) composition, and exclusion of other causes such tumors, vascular
      abnormalities, or infections. The association of PTC with levothyroxine (LT4) has
      been reported. A 12-year-old boy has been followed up for autoimmune thyroiditis
      under LT4. Family history was irrelevant for endocrine or autoimmune diseases. A
      TSH level of 4.43 MUUI/mL (0.39-3.10) motivated a LT4 adjustment from 75 to 88
      MUg/day. Five weeks later, he developed horizontal diplopia, convergent
      strabismus with left eye abduction palsy, and papilledema. Laboratorial
      evaluation revealed elevated free thyroxine level (1.05 ng/dL [0.65-1.01]) and
      low TSH, without other alterations. Lumbar puncture was performed and CSF opening
      pressure was 24 cm H2O with normal composition. Blood and CSF cultures were
      sterile. Brain MRI was normal. LT4 was temporarily discontinued and progressive
      improvement was observed, with a normal fundoscopy at day 10 and reversion of
      diplopia one month later. LT4 was restarted at lower dose and gradually titrated.
      The boy is currently asymptomatic. This case discloses the potential role of LT4
      in inducing PTC. Despite its rarity and unclear association, PTC must be seen as
      a potential complication of LT4, after excluding all other intracranial
      hypertension causes. 

PMID- 27379192
TI  - CT Findings of Axillary Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis: A Case Detected by Breast
      Cancer Screening Examination.
AB  - We report the first description of CT findings of axillary tuberculous
      lymphadenitis confirmed by the pathological specimen. The breast cancer screening
      examination is one of the prime methods of detection of axillary tuberculous
      lymphadenitis. The most common site of axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis is the
      deep axilla. Screening mammography often fails to cover the whole axilla. The
      presence on the contrast-enhanced CT of unilateral multiple circumscribed dense
      nodes, some of which have large and dotted calcifications, might suggest
      tuberculous lymphadenitis in axillary region. 

PMID- 27379193
TI  - Torsion of the Appendix Testis in a Neonate.
AB  - Torsion of the appendix testis is a rare cause of scrotal swelling in the
      neonatal period. We present a case of torsion of the appendix testis in a one-day
      old male. We discuss the physical examination and radiologic studies used to make
      the diagnosis. Nonoperative therapy was recommended and the patient has done
      well. Recognition of this condition in the neonatal period can prevent surgical
      intervention and its associated risks. 

PMID- 27379194
TI  - FRTL-5 Rat Thyroid Cells Release Thyroglobulin Sequestered in Exosomes: A
      Possible Novel Mechanism for Thyroglobulin Processing in the Thyroid.
AB  - Exosomes are 30-100 nm, membrane-bound vesicles containing specific cellular
      proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs that take part in intercellular communication
      between cells. A possible role for exosomes in thyroid function has not been
      fully explored. In the present study, FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells were grown to
      confluence and received medium containing either thyroid stimulating hormone
      (TSH), exogenous bovine thyroglobulin (bTg), or neither additive for 24 or 48
      hours followed by collection of spent medium and ultracentrifugation to isolate
      small vesicles. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting for CD9
      indicated the presence of exosomes. Western blotting of exosome extract using a
      monoclonal anti-Tg antibody revealed a Tg-positive band at ~330 kDa (the expected
      size of monomeric Tg) with a higher density in TSH-treated cells compared to that
      in untreated cells. These results are the first to show that normal thyroid cells
      in culture produce exosomes containing undegraded Tg. 

PMID- 27379195
TI  - Identification of bapA in Strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Isolated
      from Wild Animals Kept in Captivity in Sinaloa, Mexico.
AB  - bapA, previously named stm2689, encodes the BapA protein, which, along with
      cellulose and fimbriae, constitutes biofilms. Biofilms are communities of
      microorganisms that grow in a matrix of exopolysaccharides and may adhere to
      living tissues or inert surfaces. Biofilm formation is associated with the
      ability to persist in different environments, which contributes to the
      pathogenicity of several species. We analyzed the presence of bapA in 83 strains
      belonging to 17 serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica from wildlife in
      captivity at Culiacan's Zoo and Mazatlan's Aquarium. Each isolate amplified a
      product of 667 bp, which corresponds to the expected size of the bapA initiator,
      with no observed variation between different serovars analyzed. bapA gene was
      found to be highly conserved in Salmonella and can be targeted for the genus
      specific detection of this organism from different sources. Since bapA expression
      improves bacterial proliferation outside of the host and facilitates resistance
      to disinfectants and desiccation, the survival of Salmonella in natural habitats
      may be favored. Thus, the risk of bacterial contamination from these animals is
      increased. 

PMID- 27379196
TI  - The Association between Birth Weight and Gestational Age and Asthma in 6-7- and
      13-14-Year-Old Children.
AB  - Background. Previous studies that assessed the role of birth weight and
      gestational age in the risk of asthma have been conflicting. Objectives. To
      examine the association between birth weight and gestational age and symptoms of
      asthma. Patients and Methods. Subjects were 6656 school children of ages 6-7 and
      13-14 years from urban districts of Mazandaran, Iran. ISAAC questionnaires were
      used. Results. There was an increased risk of "wheeze ever" in both age groups
      with birth weight under 2.5 kg and in all subgroups of low birth weight (LBW).
      Birth weight more than 3.5 kg was associated with lower risk of "severe asthma"
      in age group 6-7 years. With respect to gestational age, higher risks of "wheeze
      ever," "asthma ever," and "night cough in the past 12 months" were found in age
      group 13-14 years born before 37 weeks and the risk of "severe asthma" was higher
      in younger group (6-7 years). A lower risk of "asthma ever" was also found in 6-7
      year-old children and 13-14-year-old girls who were born after 40 weeks.
      Conclusions. This study showed that there is a direct relation between "wheeze
      ever" and LBW and an inverse relation between risk of "severe asthma" and birth
      weight more than 3.5 kg. 

PMID- 27379198
TI  - Static Balance in Patients with Vestibular Impairments: A Preliminary Study.
AB  - Aims. Vestibular system is indicated as one of the most important sensors
      responsible for static and dynamic postural control. In this study, we evaluated
      static balance in patients with unilateral vestibular impairments. Materials and
      Methods. We compared static balance control using Kistler force plate platform
      between 10 patients with unilateral vestibular impairments and 20 normal
      counterparts in the same sex ratio and age limits (50 +/- 7). We evaluated
      excursion and velocity of center of pressure (COP) and path length in
      anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) planes with eyes open and with eyes
      closed. Results. There was no significant difference between COP excursions in ML
      and AP planes between both groups with eyes open and eyes closed (p value >
      0.05). In contrast, the difference between velocity and path length of COP in the
      mentioned planes was significant between both groups with eyes open and eyes
      closed (p value < 0.05). Conclusions. The present study showed the static
      instability and balance of patients with vestibular impairments indicated by the
      abnormal characteristics of body balance. 

PMID- 27379199
TI  - Frequent Episodes of Detectable Viremia in HIV Treatment-Experienced Children is
      Associated with a Decline in CD4+ T-cells Over Time.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The clinical consequences of the magnitude and the duration of
      detectable viremia in HIV-infected children have not been well characterized. We
      examined the predictors and immunologic consequences over time of frequent
      episodes of detectable viremia in HIV-infected children followed at Yale-New
      Haven Hospital. METHODS: We analyzed the CD4+ T-cell and HIV viral load over a 19
      year period (1996 to 2013) of 104 HIV-infected children enrolled in the Yale
      Prospective Longitudinal Pediatric HIV Cohort. Both CD4+ T-lymphocytes and HIV
      viral load were measured at clinic visits every 3 to 4 months. Longitudinal data
      analyses using polynomial random coefficients models were conducted to examine
      overtime changes in CD4+ T-cell counts by frequency of episodes of detectable
      viremia. Moreover, regression analyses using logistic regression models were used
      to assess the predictors of frequent episodes of detectable viremia. RESULTS: One
      hundred and four (104) HIV-infected children with more than one HIV viral load
      measurement between 1996 and November 2013 were included in the analysis. Over
      80% (N=86) of the children had detectable viral load (HIV RNA viral load >=50
      copies/ml) during more than 50% of their clinic visits. Children with infrequent
      episodes of detectable viremia had significantly higher CD4+ T-cell counts
      overtime compared to those with frequent episodes of detectable viremia
      (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Both frequency and magnitude of episodes of detectable
      viremia had effect on CD4+ T-cells. Strict adherence to a treatment goal of
      undetectable HIV viremia in children is likely to be beneficial.

PMID- 27379197
TI  - Advances in the Use of Stem Cells in Veterinary Medicine: From Basic Research to
      Clinical Practice.
AB  - Today, several veterinary diseases may be treated with the administration of stem
      cells. This is possible because these cells present a high therapeutic potential
      and may be injected as autologous or allogenic, freshly isolated, or previously
      cultured. The literature supports that the process is safe and brings
      considerable benefits to animal health. Knowledge about how adult stem cells
      modulate the molecular signals to activate cell homing has also been increasingly
      determined, evidencing the mechanisms which enable cells to repair and regenerate
      injured tissues. Preclinical studies were designed for many animal models and
      they have contributed to the translation to the human clinic. This review shows
      the most commonly used stem cell types, with emphasis on mesenchymal stem cells
      and their mechanistic potential to repair, as well as the experimental protocols,
      studied diseases, and species with the highest amount of studies and
      applications. The relationship between stem cell protocols utilized on clinics,
      molecular mechanisms, and the physiological responses may offer subsidies to new
      studies and therefore improve the therapeutic outcome for both humans and
      animals. 

PMID- 27379201
TI  - Comparison of Individual Radiosensitivity to gamma-Rays and Carbon Ions.
AB  - Carbon ions are an up-and-coming ion species, currently being used in charged
      particle radiotherapy. As it is well established that there are considerable
      interindividual differences in radiosensitivity in the general population that
      can significantly influence clinical outcomes of radiotherapy, we evaluate the
      degree of these differences in the context of carbon ion therapy compared with
      conventional radiotherapy. In this study, we evaluate individual radiosensitivity
      following exposure to carbon-13 ions or gamma-rays in peripheral blood
      lymphocytes of healthy individuals based on the frequency of ionizing radiation
      (IR)-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that was either misrepaired or left
      unrepaired to form chromosomal aberrations (CAs) (simply referred to here as DSBs
      for brevity). Levels of DSBs were estimated from the scoring of CAs visualized
      with telomere/centromere-fluorescence in situ hybridization (TC-FISH). We examine
      radiosensitivity at the dose of 2 Gy, a routinely administered dose during
      fractionated radiotherapy, and we determined that a wide range of DSBs were
      induced by the given dose among healthy individuals, with highly radiosensitive
      individuals harboring more IR-induced breaks in the genome than radioresistant
      individuals following exposure to the same dose. Furthermore, we determined the
      relative effectiveness of carbon irradiation in comparison to gamma-irradiation
      in the induction of DSBs at each studied dose (isodose effect), a quality we term
      "relative dose effect" (RDE). This ratio is advantageous, as it allows for simple
      comparison of dose-response curves. At 2 Gy, carbon irradiation was three times
      more effective in inducing DSBs compared with gamma-irradiation (RDE of 3); these
      results were confirmed using a second cytogenetic technique, multicolor-FISH. We
      also analyze radiosensitivity at other doses (0.2-15 Gy), to represent hypo- and
      hyperfractionation doses and determined that RDE is dose dependent: high ratios
      at low doses, and approaching 1 at high doses. These results could have clinical
      implications as IR-induced DNA damage and the ensuing CAs and genomic instability
      can have significant cellular consequences that could potentially have profound
      implications for long-term human health after IR exposure, such as the emergence
      of secondary cancers and other pathobiological conditions after radiotherapy. 

PMID- 27379200
TI  - (13)C MRS and LC-MS Flux Analysis of Tumor Intermediary Metabolism.
AB  - We present the first validated metabolic network model for analysis of flux
      through key pathways of tumor intermediary metabolism, including glycolysis, the
      oxidative and non-oxidative arms of the pentose pyrophosphate shunt, the TCA
      cycle as well as its anaplerotic pathways, pyruvate-malate shuttling,
      glutaminolysis, and fatty acid biosynthesis and oxidation. The model that is
      called Bonded Cumomer Analysis for application to (13)C magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy ((13)C MRS) data and Fragmented Cumomer Analysis for mass
      spectrometric data is a refined and efficient form of isotopomer analysis that
      can readily be expanded to incorporate glycogen, phospholipid, and other pathways
      thereby encompassing all the key pathways of tumor intermediary metabolism.
      Validation was achieved by demonstrating agreement of experimental measurements
      of the metabolic rates of oxygen consumption, glucose consumption, lactate
      production, and glutamate pool size with independent measurements of these
      parameters in cultured human DB-1 melanoma cells. These cumomer models have been
      applied to studies of DB-1 melanoma and DLCL2 human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
      cells in culture and as xenografts in nude mice at 9.4 T. The latter studies
      demonstrate the potential translation of these methods to in situ studies of
      human tumor metabolism by MRS with stable (13)C isotopically labeled substrates
      on instruments operating at high magnetic fields (>=7 T). The melanoma studies
      indicate that this tumor line obtains 51% of its ATP by mitochondrial metabolism
      and 49% by glycolytic metabolism under both euglycemic (5 mM glucose) and
      hyperglycemic conditions (26 mM glucose). While a high level of glutamine uptake
      is detected corresponding to ~50% of TCA cycle flux under hyperglycemic
      conditions, and ~100% of TCA cycle flux under euglycemic conditions,
      glutaminolysis flux and its contributions to ATP synthesis were very small.
      Studies of human lymphoma cells demonstrated that inhibition of mammalian target
      of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling produced changes in flux through the glycolytic,
      pentose shunt, and TCA cycle pathways that were evident within 8 h of treatment
      and increased at 24 and 48 h. Lactate was demonstrated to be a suitable biomarker
      of mTOR inhibition that could readily be monitored by (1)H MRS and perhaps also
      by FDG-PET and hyperpolarized (13)C MRS methods. 

PMID- 27379202
TI  - Radiation-Induced Reprogramming of Pre-Senescent Mammary Epithelial Cells
      Enriches Putative CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) Stem Cell Phenotype.
AB  - The enrichment of putative CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) breast stem cell populations
      following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) has been ascribed to their inherent
      radioresistance and an elevated frequency of symmetric division during
      repopulation. However, recent studies demonstrating radiation-induced phenotypic
      reprogramming (the transition of non-CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) cells into the
      CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) phenotype) as a potential mechanism of CD44(+)/CD24(-/low)
      cell enrichment have raised the question of whether a higher survival and
      increased self-renewal of existing CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) cells or induced
      reprogramming is an additional mode of enrichment. To investigate this question,
      we combined a cellular automata model with in vitro experimental data using both
      MCF-10A non-tumorigenic human mammary epithelial cells and MCF-7 breast cancer
      cells, with the goal of identifying the mechanistic basis of CD44(+)/CD24(-/low)
      stem cell enrichment in the context of radiation-induced cellular senescence.
      Quantitative modeling revealed that incomplete phenotypic reprogramming of pre
      senescent non-stem cells (reprogramming whereby the CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) phenotype
      is conveyed, along with the short-term proliferation capacity of the original
      cell) could be an additional mode of enriching the CD44(+)/CD24(-/low)
      subpopulation. Furthermore, stem cell enrichment in MCF-7 cells occurs both at
      lower doses and earlier time points, and has longer persistence, than that
      observed in MCF-10A cells, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity appears to be
      less regulated in breast cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that
      reprogramming of pre-senescent non-stem cells may play a significant role in both
      cancer and non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial populations following exposure to
      IR, a finding with important implications for both radiation therapy and
      radiation carcinogenesis. 

PMID- 27379204
TI  - Rationally Repurposing Ruxolitinib (Jakafi ((r))) as a Solid Tumor Therapeutic.
AB  - We determined whether the approved myelofibrosis drug ruxolitinib (Jakafi((r))),
      an inhibitor of Janus kinases 1/2 (JAK1 and JAK2), could be repurposed as an anti
      cancer agent for solid tumors. Ruxolitinib synergistically interacted with dual
      ERBB1/2/4 inhibitors to kill breast as well as lung, ovarian and brain cancer
      cells. Knock down of JAK1/2 or of ERBB1/2/3/4 recapitulated on-target drug
      effects. The combination of (ruxolitinib + ERBB1/2/4 inhibitor) rapidly
      inactivated AKT, mTORC1, mTORC2, STAT3, and STAT5, and activated eIF2alpha. In
      parallel, the drug combination reduced expression of MCL-1, BCL-XL, HSP90, HSP70,
      and GRP78, and increased expression of Beclin1. Activated forms of STAT3, AKT, or
      mTOR prevented the drug-induced decline in BCL-XL, MCL-1, HSP90, and HSP70
      levels. Over-expression of chaperones maintained AKT/mTOR activity in the
      presence of drugs and protected tumor cells from the drug combination. Expression
      of dominant negative eIF2alpha S51A prevented the increase in Beclin1 expression
      and protected tumor cells from the drug combination. Loss of mTOR activity was
      associated with increased ATG13 S318 phosphorylation and with autophagosome
      formation. Autophagosomes initially co-localized with mitochondria and
      subsequently with lysosomes. Knock down of Beclin1 suppressed: drug-induced
      mitophagy; the activation of the toxic BH3 domain proteins BAX and BAK; and tumor
      cell killing. Knock down of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) protected tumor cells
      from the drug combination, whereas blockade of caspase 9 signaling did not. The
      drug combination released AIF into the cytosol and increased nuclear AIF: eIF3A
      co-localization. A 4-day transient exposure of orthotopic tumors to (ruxolitinib
      + afatinib) profoundly reduced mammary tumor growth over the following 35 days.
      Re-grown tumors exhibited high levels of BAD S112 phosphorylation and activation
      of ERK1/2 and NFkappaB. Our data demonstrate that mitophagy is an essential
      component of (ruxolitinib + ERBB inhibitor) lethality and that this drug
      combination should be explored in a phase I trial in solid tumor patients. 

PMID- 27379203
TI  - Modern Radiotherapy Concepts and the Impact of Radiation on Immune Activation.
AB  - Even though there is extensive research carried out in radiation oncology, most
      of the clinical studies focus on the effects of radiation on the local tumor
      tissue and deal with normal tissue side effects. The influence of dose
      fractionation and timing particularly with regard to immune activation is not
      satisfactorily investigated so far. This review, therefore, summarizes current
      knowledge on concepts of modern radiotherapy (RT) and evaluates the potential of
      RT for immune activation. Focus is set on radiation-induced forms of tumor cell
      death and consecutively the immunogenicity of the tumor cells. The so-called non
      targeted, abscopal effects can contribute to anti-tumor responses in a specific
      and systemic manner and possess the ability to target relapsing tumor cells as
      well as metastases. The impact of distinct RT concepts on immune activation is
      outlined and pre-clinical evidence and clinical observations on RT-induced
      immunity will be discussed. Knowledge on the radiosensitivity of immune cells as
      well as clinical evidence for enhanced immunity after RT will be considered.
      While stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy seem to have a beneficial outcome
      over classical RT fractionation in pre-clinical animal models, in vitro model
      systems suggest an advantage for classical fractionated RT for immune activation.
      Furthermore, the optimal approach may differ based on the tumor site and/or
      genetic signature. These facts highlight that clinical trials are urgently needed
      to identify whether high-dose RT is superior to induce anti-tumor immune
      responses compared to classical fractionated RT and in particular how the outcome
      is when RT is combined with immunotherapy in selected tumor entities. 

PMID- 27379205
TI  - Pretransplant Locoregional Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Evaluation of
      Explant Pathology and Overall Survival.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Liver transplant is an important treatment option for
      patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within Milan criteria. We sought to
      determine the rate of complete tumor necrosis after bridging therapy. METHODS:
      The medical records of all 178 patients undergoing liver transplantation between
      January 1, 2008 and July 31, 2015 were reviewed. Response to therapy by imaging
      was based on mRECIST criteria (1). RESULTS: Sixty-three (35%) patients had HCC.
      Forty-three (68%) were treated with at least one bridging therapy and 14 (22%)
      were diagnosed incidentally. Eighteen (42%) underwent TACE and 25 (58%) underwent
      ablation. Twenty (80%) patients who underwent ablation and nine (60%) who
      underwent TACE had complete response based on imaging. Viable tumor was
      identified in explant pathology in 32 patients (74%). The presence or absence of
      viable tumor was not associated with overall survival. CONCLUSION: Rates of
      viable tumor based on pathologic analysis in the hepatic explant were high after
      bridging therapy, but not associated with worse outcome. We conclude that serial
      bridging to achieve complete pathologic tumor response is not needed prior to
      transplant for HCC, and presence of complete response by imaging is adequate.
      Further studies are needed to determine if cancer cells that appear viable are
      alive.

PMID- 27379206
TI  - Hypoxia on the Expression of Hepatoma Upregulated Protein in Prostate Cancer
      Cells.
AB  - Hepatoma upregulated protein (HURP) is a multifunctional protein with clinical
      promise. This protein has been demonstrated to be a predictive marker for the
      outcome in high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) patients, besides being a resistance
      factor in PCa. Although changes in oxygen tension (pO2) are associated with PCa
      aggressiveness, the role of hypoxia in the regulation of tumor progression genes
      such as HURP has not yet been described. We hypothesized that pO2 alteration is
      involved in the regulation of HURP expression in PCa cells. In the present study,
      PCa cells were incubated at 2% O2 (hypoxia) and 20% O2 (normoxia) conditions.
      Hypoxia reduced cell growth rate of PCa cells, when compared to the growth rate
      of cells cultured under normoxia (p < 0.05). The decrease in cell viability was
      accompanied by fivefold (p < 0.05) elevated rate of vascular endothelial growth
      factor (VEGF) release. The expression of VEGF and the hypoxia-inducible metabolic
      enzyme carbonic anhydrase 9 were elevated maximally nearly 61-fold and 200-fold,
      respectively (p < 0.05). Noted in two cell lines (LNCaP and C4-2B) and
      independent of the oxygen levels, HURP expression assessed at both mRNA and
      protein levels was reduced. However, the decrease was more pronounced in cells
      cultured under hypoxia (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the analysis of patients'
      specimens by Western blot revealed a marked increase of HURP protein (fivefold),
      when compared to control (cystoprostatectomy) tissue (p < 0.05).
      Immunohistochemistry analysis showed an increase in the immunostaining intensity
      of HURP and the hypoxia-sensitive molecules, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
      (HIF-1alpha), VEGF, and heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60) in association with tumor
      grade. The data also suggested a redistribution of subcellular localization for
      HURP and HIF-1alpha from the nucleus to the cytoplasmic compartment in relation
      to increasing tumor grade. Analysis of HURP Promoter for HIF-1-binding sites
      revealed presence of four putative HIF binding sites on the promoter of
      DLGAP5/HURP gene in the non-translated region upstream from the start codon,
      suggesting association between HIF-1alpha and the regulation of HURP protein.
      Taken together, our findings suggest a modulatory role of hypoxia on the
      expression of HURP. Additionally our results provide basis for utilization of
      tumor-associated molecules as predictors of aggressive PCa. 

PMID- 27379207
TI  - Overexpression of Specific CD44 Isoforms Is Associated with Aggressive Cell
      Features in Acquired Endocrine Resistance.
AB  - While endocrine therapy is the mainstay of ER+ breast cancer, the clinical
      effectiveness of these agents is limited by the phenomenon of acquired resistance
      that is associated with disease relapse and poor prognosis. Our previous studies
      revealed that acquired resistance is accompanied by a gain in cellular invasion
      and migration and also that CD44 family proteins are overexpressed in the
      resistant phenotype. Given the association of CD44 with tumor progression, we
      hypothesized that its overexpression may act to promote the aggressive behavior
      of endocrine-resistant breast cancers. Here, we have investigated further the
      role of two specific CD44 isoforms, CD44v3 and CD44v6, in the endocrine-resistant
      phenotype. Our data revealed that overexpression of CD44v6, but not CD44v3, in
      endocrine-sensitive MCF-7 cells resulted in a gain in EGFR signaling, enhanced
      their endogenous invasive capacity, and attenuated their response to endocrine
      treatment. Suppression of CD44v6 in endocrine-resistant cell models was
      associated with a reduction in their invasive capacity. Our data suggest that
      upregulation of CD44v6 in acquired resistant breast cancer may contribute to a
      gain in the aggressive phenotype of these cells and loss of endocrine response
      through transactivation of the EGFR pathway. Future therapeutic targeting of
      CD44v6 may prove to be an effective strategy alongside EGFR-targeted agents in
      delaying/preventing acquired resistance in breast cancer. 

PMID- 27379208
TI  - Tissue Microstructure Is Linked to MRI Parameters and Metabolite Levels in
      Prostate Cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can portray spatial variations in
      tumor heterogeneity, architecture, and its microenvironment in a non-destructive
      way. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between MRI
      parameters measured on patients in vivo, individual metabolites measured in
      prostatectomy tissue ex vivo, and quantitative histopathology. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Fresh frozen tissue samples (n = 53 from 15 patients) were extracted
      from transversal prostate slices and linked to in vivo MR images, allowing
      spatially matching of ex vivo measured metabolites with in vivo MR parameters.
      Color-based segmentation of cryosections of each tissue sample was used to
      identify luminal space, stroma, and nuclei. RESULTS: Cancer samples have
      significantly lower area percentage of lumen and higher area percentage of nuclei
      than non-cancer samples (p <= 0.001). Apparent diffusion coefficient is
      significantly correlated with percentage area of lumen (rho = 0.6, p < 0.001) and
      percentage area of nuclei (rho = -0.35, p = 0.01). There is a positive
      correlation (rho = 0.31, p = 0.053) between citrate and percentage area of lumen.
      Choline is negatively correlated with lumen (rho = -0.38, p = 0.02) and
      positively correlated with percentage area of nuclei (rho = 0.38, p = 0.02).
      CONCLUSION: Microstructures that are observed by histopathology are linked to MR
      characteristics and metabolite levels observed in prostate cancer.

PMID- 27379209
TI  - Export of microRNAs: A Bridge between Breast Carcinoma and Their Neighboring
      Cells.
AB  - Breast cancer is a leading type of cancer among women in India as well as
      worldwide. According to the WHO 2015 report, it has been anticipated that there
      would be a twofold rise in the death due to breast cancer among women. The
      heterogeneous property of breast carcinoma has been suggested to be linked with
      dedicated set of communication and signaling pathway with their surroundings,
      which culminate into progression and development of the cancer. Among the
      plethora of communication tools in the hand of breast carcinoma cells is the
      recently appreciated exocytosis of the tightly packed short non-coding RNA
      molecules, predominantly the microRNAs (miRNAs). Recent studies suggest that
      miRNAs may work as courier messengers to participate in endocrine and paracrine
      signaling to facilitate information transfer between breast carcinoma and their
      neighboring cells. Evidence suggests that breast tumor cells communicate via
      packaged miRNAs in the tumor-released microvesicles, which enrich the tumor
      microenvironment. There is a strong view that dissecting out the mechanistic and
      regulatory aspects of miRNA export and role may uncover many prospects for
      overcoming the signaling defects and thereby controlling aberrant cell division.
      The detection of circulating miRNAs associated with breast carcinoma can also be
      used as biomarkers for early diagnosis. This review article is an attempt to
      provide updated knowledge on implications of short RNAs and their transport in
      the breast cancer pathophysiology. 

PMID- 27379210
TI  - Appendiceal Mixed Adeno-Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study of the
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is a rare pathological
      diagnosis recently defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010. Prior
      to the definition by the WHO, tumors with both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine
      components were given multiple pathological designations making it difficult to
      characterize the disease. The aim of our study is to better characterize MANEC to
      better understand its natural history to influence patient care and positively
      impact outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The surveillance, epidemiology, and end
      results program database was queried for all patients aged 18 years or older
      between 1973 and 2012 who had the diagnosis composite carcinoid (n = 249) of the
      appendix. Composite carcinoid tumors refer to tumors that have both
      adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumor components present, consistent with that
      pathological diagnosis MANEC. For comparison, the database was also queried for
      carcinoid tumor of the appendix (n = 950), signet ring cell carcinoma of the
      appendix (n = 579), and goblet cell carcinoid (GCC) tumors of the appendix (n =
      944). The data were retrospectively reviewed, and clinicopathological
      characteristics, treatment regimens, and survival data were obtained. RESULTS:
      The median age of diagnosis of MANEC tumors was 58 years of age. Eighty percent
      of patients were White, and 49% were female. Fifty-four percent of patients
      underwent hemicolectomy and 31% had partial/subtotal colectomy as their surgical
      management. Median overall survival for MANEC was 6.5 years (95% CI 4.5-9.7),
      which was statistically significantly shorter (p < 0.0001) in comparison to 13.8
      years (95% CI 12.1-16.5) for GCC, 2.1 years (95% CI 1.8-2.3) for signet ring cell
      carcinoma, and 39.4 years (95% CI 37.1-NA) for carcinoid tumors. DISCUSSION:
      MANEC is a more aggressive clinical entity than both GCC of the appendix and
      carcinoid tumors of the appendix. Based on these findings, patients with MANEC
      tumors should undergo aggressive multidisciplinary cancer management.

PMID- 27379213
TI  - Conway's "Game of Life" and the Epigenetic Principle.
AB  - Cellular automatons and computer simulation games are widely used as heuristic
      devices in biology, to explore implications and consequences of specific
      theories. Conway's Game of Life has been widely used for this purpose. This game
      was designed to explore the evolution of ecological communities. We apply it to
      other biological processes, including symbiopoiesis. We show that Conway's
      organization of rules reflects the epigenetic principle, that genetic action and
      developmental processes are inseparable dimensions of a single biological system,
      analogous to the integration processes in symbiopoiesis. We look for similarities
      and differences between two epigenetic models, by Turing and Edelman, as they are
      realized in Game of Life objects. We show the value of computer simulations to
      experiment with and propose generalizations of broader scope with novel testable
      predictions. We use the game to explore issues in symbiopoiesis and evo-devo,
      where we explore a fractal hypothesis: that self-similarity exists at different
      levels (cells, organisms, ecological communities) as a result of homologous
      interactions of two as processes modeled in the Game of Life.

PMID- 27379211
TI  - Big Data Analytics for Prostate Radiotherapy.
AB  - Radiation therapy is a first-line treatment option for localized prostate cancer
      and radiation-induced normal tissue damage are often the main limiting factor for
      modern radiotherapy regimens. Conversely, under-dosing of target volumes in an
      attempt to spare adjacent healthy tissues limits the likelihood of achieving
      local, long-term control. Thus, the ability to generate personalized data-driven
      risk profiles for radiotherapy outcomes would provide valuable prognostic
      information to help guide both clinicians and patients alike. Big data applied to
      radiation oncology promises to deliver better understanding of outcomes by
      harvesting and integrating heterogeneous data types, including patient-specific
      clinical parameters, treatment-related dose-volume metrics, and biological risk
      factors. When taken together, such variables make up the basis for a multi
      dimensional space (the "RadoncSpace") in which the presented modeling techniques
      search in order to identify significant predictors. Herein, we review outcome
      modeling and big data-mining techniques for both tumor control and radiotherapy
      induced normal tissue effects. We apply many of the presented modeling approaches
      onto a cohort of hypofractionated prostate cancer patients taking into account
      different data types and a large heterogeneous mix of physical and biological
      parameters. Cross-validation techniques are also reviewed for the refinement of
      the proposed framework architecture and checking individual model performance. We
      conclude by considering advanced modeling techniques that borrow concepts from
      big data analytics, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, before
      discussing the potential future impact of systems radiobiology approaches. 

PMID- 27379212
TI  - Unraveling the Pathogenesis of MDS: The NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis Drive
      the MDS Phenotype.
AB  - Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by bone marrow cytological
      dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis in the setting of recurrent somatic gene
      mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms
      that drive a common clinical phenotype from a diverse array of genetic
      abnormalities have only recently begun to emerge. Accumulating evidence has
      highlighted the integral role of the innate immune system in upregulating
      inflammatory cytokines via NF-kappaB activation in the pathogenesis of MDS.
      Recent investigations implicate activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in
      hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells as a critical convergence signal in MDS with
      consequent clonal expansion and pyroptotic cell death though caspase-1
      maturation. Specifically, the alarmin S100A9 and/or founder gene mutations
      trigger pyroptosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species leading to
      assembly and activation of the redox-sensitive NLRP3 inflammasome and beta
      catenin, assuring propagation of the MDS clone. More importantly, targeted
      inhibition of varied steps in this pathway restore effective hematopoiesis.
      Together, delineation of the role of pyroptosis in the clinical phenotype of MDS
      patients has identified novel therapeutic strategies that offer significant
      promise in the treatment of MDS. 

PMID- 27379214
TI  - Oseltamivir PK/PD Modeling and Simulation to Evaluate Treatment Strategies
      against Influenza-Pneumococcus Coinfection.
AB  - Influenza pandemics and seasonal outbreaks have shown the potential of Influenza
      A virus (IAV) to enhance susceptibility to a secondary infection with the
      bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp). The high morbidity and
      mortality rate revealed the poor efficacy of antiviral drugs and vaccines to
      fight IAV infections. Currently, the most effective treatment for IAV is by
      antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors. Among them, the most frequently stockpiled is
      Oseltamivir which reduces viral release and transmission. However, effectiveness
      of Oseltamivir is compromised by the emergence of resistant IAV strains and
      secondary bacterial infections. To date, little attention has been given to
      evaluate how Oseltamivir treatment strategies alter Influenza viral infection in
      presence of Sp coinfection and a resistant IAV strain emergence. In this paper we
      investigate the efficacy of current approved Oseltamivir treatment regimens using
      a computational approach. Our numerical results suggest that the curative regimen
      (75 mg) may yield 47% of antiviral efficacy and 9% of antibacterial efficacy. An
      increment in dose to 150 mg (pandemic regimen) may increase the antiviral
      efficacy to 49% and the antibacterial efficacy to 16%. The choice to decrease the
      intake frequency to once per day is not recommended due to a significant
      reduction in both antiviral and antibacterial efficacy. We also observe that the
      treatment duration of 10 days may not provide a clear improvement on the
      antiviral and antibacterial efficacy compared to 5 days. All together, our in
      silico study reveals the success and pitfalls of Oseltamivir treatment strategies
      within IAV-Sp coinfection and calls for testing the validity in clinical trials.

PMID- 27379215
TI  - Physiological Roles of the Dual Phosphate Transporter Systems in Low and High
      Phosphate Conditions and in Capsule Maintenance of Streptococcus pneumoniae D39.
AB  - Unlike most bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) has two
      evolutionarily distinct ABC transporters (Pst1 and Pst2) for inorganic phosphate
      (Pi) uptake. The genes encoding a two-component regulator (PnpRS) are located
      immediately upstream of the pst1 operon. Both the pst1 and pst2 operons encode
      putative PhoU-family regulators (PhoU1 and PhoU2) at their ends. This study
      addresses why S. pneumoniae contains dual Pi uptake systems and the regulation
      and contribution of the Pst1 and Pst2 systems in conditions of high (mM) Pi
      amount and low (MUM) Pi amount. We show that in unencapsulated mutants, both pst1
      and pst2 can be deleted, and Pi is taken up by a third Na(+)/Pi co-transporter,
      designated as NptA. In contrast, either pst1 or pst2 is unexpectedly required for
      the growth of capsule producing strains. We used a combination of mutational
      analysis, transcript level determinations by qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq, assays for
      cellular PnpR~P amounts by SDS-PAGE, and pulse-Pi uptake experiments to study the
      regulation of Pi uptake. In high Pi medium, PhoU2 serves as the master negative
      regulator of Pst2 transporter function and PnpR~P levels (post
      transcriptionally). DeltaphoU2 mutants have high PnpR~P levels and induction of
      the pst1 operon, poor growth, and sensitivity to antibiotics, possibly due to
      high Pi accumulation. In low Pi medium, Pst2 is still active, but PnpR~P amount
      and pst1 operon levels increase. Together, these results support a model in which
      pneumococcus maintains high Pi transport in high and low Pi conditions that is
      required for optimal capsule biosynthesis.

PMID- 27379216
TI  - Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Medium Regulates Flagellar Biosynthesis through
      the flhF Gene in Burkholderia cenocepacia.
AB  - Burkholderia cenocepacia belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), a
      group of at least 18 distinct species that establish chronic infections in the
      lung of people with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF). The sputum of CF
      patients is rich in amino acids and was previously shown to increase flagellar
      gene expression in B. cenocepacia. We examined flagellin expression and flagellar
      morphology of B. cenocepacia grown in synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium
      (SCFM) compared to minimal medium. We found that CF nutritional conditions induce
      increased motility and flagellin expression. Individual amino acids added at the
      same concentrations as found in SCFM also increased motility but not flagellin
      expression, suggesting a chemotactic effect of amino acids. Electron microscopy
      and flagella staining demonstrated that the increase in flagellin corresponds to
      a change in the number of flagella per cell. In minimal medium, the ratio of
      multiple: single: aflagellated cells was 2:3.5:4.5; while under SCFM conditions,
      the ratio was 7:2:1. We created a deletion mutant, DeltaflhF, to study whether
      this putative GTPase regulates the flagellation pattern of B. cenocepacia K56-2
      during growth in CF conditions. The DeltaflhF mutant exhibited 80% aflagellated,
      14% single and 6% multiple flagellated bacterial subpopulations. Moreover, the
      ratio of multiple to single flagella in WT and DeltaflhF was 3.5 and 0.43,
      respectively in CF conditions. The observed differences suggest that FlhF
      positively regulates flagellin expression and the flagellation pattern in B.
      cenocepacia K56-2 during CF nutritional conditions.

PMID- 27379217
TI  - Rationale for Prolonged Glucocorticoid Use in Pediatric ARDS: What the Adults Can
      Teach Us.
AB  - Based on molecular mechanisms and physiologic data, a strong association has been
      established between dysregulated systemic inflammation and progression of acute
      respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In ARDS patients, glucocorticoid receptor
      mediated downregulation of systemic inflammation is essential to restore
      homeostasis, decrease morbidity and improve survival and can be significantly
      enhanced with prolonged low-to-moderate dose glucocorticoid treatment. A large
      body of evidence supports a strong association between prolonged glucocorticoid
      treatment-induced downregulation of the inflammatory response and improvement in
      pulmonary and extrapulmonary physiology. The balance of the available data from
      eight controlled trials (n = 622) provides consistent strong level of evidence
      for improving patient-centered outcomes and hospital survival. The sizable
      increase in mechanical ventilation-free days (weighted mean difference, 6.48
      days; CI 95% 2.57-10.38, p < 0.0001) and intensive care unit-free days (weighted
      mean difference, 7.7 days; 95% CI, 3.13-12.20, p < 0.0001) by day 28 is superior
      to any investigated intervention in ARDS. For treatment initiated before day 14
      of ARDS, the increased in hospital survival (70 vs. 52%, OR 2.41, CI 95% 1.50
      3.87, p = 0.0003) translates into a number needed to treat to save one life of
      5.5. Importantly, prolonged glucocorticoid treatment is not associated with
      increased risk for nosocomial infections (22 vs. 27%, OR 0.61, CI 95% 0.35-1.04,
      p = 0.07). Treatment decisions involve a tradeoff between benefits and risks, as
      well as costs. This low-cost, highly effective therapy is familiar to every
      physician and has a low risk profile when secondary prevention measures are
      implemented. 

PMID- 27379218
TI  - What Interventional Cardiologists Are Still Leaving to the Surgeons?
AB  - Nowadays, development of new technologies is still ongoing with the ultimate goal
      of maximizing treatment outcomes with less invasiveness and reduced procedural
      risk. This review is intended to update on when interventionalists need surgical
      support in common or emerging problems in congenital heart disease. 

PMID- 27379219
TI  - BPD Following Preterm Birth: A Model for Chronic Lung Disease and a Substrate for
      ARDS in Childhood.
AB  - It has been suggested that pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS)
      may be a different entity, vis-a-vis adult acute respiratory distress syndrome
      (ARDS), based on its epidemiology and outcomes. A more pediatric-specific
      definition of PARDS to include the subgroup of patients with underlying lung (and
      heart) disease has been proposed. Epidemiological data suggest that up to 13% of
      the children with ARDS have a history of prematurity and/or underlying chronic
      lung disease. However, the specific contribution of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
      (BPD), the most common chronic lung disease in infants, to the development of
      PARDS is not known. BPD leads to damaged lungs with long-term consequences
      secondary to disordered growth and immune function. These damaged lungs could
      potentially act as a substrate, which given the appropriate noxious stimuli, can
      predispose a child to PARDS. Interestingly, similar biomarkers [KL-6, interleukin
      (IL)-6, IL-8, sICAM-1, angiopoietin-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-8 and -9] of
      pulmonary injury have been associated both with BPD and ARDS. Recognition of a
      unique pattern of clinical symptomatology and/or outcomes of PARDS, if present,
      could potentially be useful for investigating targeted therapeutic interventions.

PMID- 27379220
TI  - Influence of Yoga-Based Personality Development Program on Psychomotor
      Performance and Self-efficacy in School Children.
AB  - Selective attention and efficacy are important components of scholastic
      performance in school children. While attempts are being made to introduce new
      methods to improve academic performance either as part of curricular or
      extracurricular activities in schools, the success rates are minimal. Hence, this
      study assessed the effect of yoga-based intervention on psychomotor performance
      and self-efficacy in school children. Two hundred ten school children with ages
      ranging from 11 to 16 years (mean age +/- SD; 13.7 +/- 0.8 years) satisfying the
      inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited for the 10-day yoga program. An
      equal number of age-matched participants (n = 210; mean +/- SD; 13.1 +/- 0.8
      years) were selected for the control group. Participants were assessed for
      attention and performance at the beginning and end of 10 days using trail making
      task (TMT) A and B, and self-efficacy questionnaire. The yoga group showed higher
      self-efficacy and improved performance after 10 days of yoga intervention. The
      performance in TMT-A and -B of the yoga group showed a significantly higher
      number of attempts with a reduction in time taken to complete the task and a
      number of wrong attempts compared with control group. Results suggest that yoga
      practice enhances self-efficacy and processing speed with fine motor
      coordination, visual-motor integration, visual perception, planning ability, and
      cognitive performance. 

PMID- 27379221
TI  - Transportation of Critically Ill Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be a life-saving procedure for
      patients with severe reversible pulmonary or cardiac failure or for patients in
      need for a bridge to transplantation. ECMO is provided by specialized centers,
      but patients in need of ECMO are frequently taken care of at other centers.
      Conventional transports to an ECMO center can be hazardous and deaths have been
      described. For this reason, many ECMO centers have developed transport programs
      with mobile ECMO. After request, the mobile team including all necessary
      equipment to initiate ECMO is sent to the referring hospital, where the patient
      is cannulated and ECMO commenced. The patient is then transported on ECMO to the
      ECMO facility by road, helicopter, or fixed-wing aircraft depending on distance,
      weather conditions, etc. Eight publications have reported series of more than 50
      transports on ECMO of which the largest included over 700. Together, these papers
      report on more than 1400 patient transports on ECMO. Two deaths during transport
      have occurred. A number of other adverse events are described, but without effect
      on patient outcome. Survival of patients transported on ECMO is equivalent to
      that of non-transported ECMO patients. It is concluded that long-, short-distance
      interhospital transports on ECMO can be performed safely. The staff should be
      experienced and highly competent in intensive care, ECMO cannulation, ECMO
      treatment, intensive care transport, and air transport medicine. 

PMID- 27379222
TI  - Is Health Practitioner Regulation Keeping Pace with the Changing Practitioner and
      Health-Care Landscape? An Australian Perspective.
AB  - Health-care delivery is undergoing significant evolution and change. Task
      substitution has resulted in some practitioner groups expanding their scope of
      practice by assuming more complex clinical roles, new practitioner groups have
      emerged, and consumer-driven demand has changed the way the public engage with
      health practitioners and the way many health-care services are delivered. Using
      Australia as a case study, this paper explores the issue of the hesitancy to
      include new professions in health professions regulation schemes. Despite the
      significant changes in the health-care delivery landscape, policy development in
      this area has remained relatively static, with active resistance to extending
      formal registration to new practitioner groups. Ignoring the issue of new
      practitioner groups in regulatory schemes is unacceptable from a public health
      perspective and runs against the key public protection objectives of health
      practitioner regulation. Development of pathways for the entry of new health
      practitioner groups into regulatory schemes must be developed as a matter of
      priority. 

PMID- 27379223
TI  - Cadmium Level, Glycemic Control, and Indices of Renal Function in Treated Type II
      Diabetics: Implications for Polluted Environments.
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) has recently emerged as a major concern not only in environmental
      toxicology but also in metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and its
      complications. Conflicting data aside, these studies have not been examined in a
      clinical population undergoing management as well as possible modulation by the
      prominent metabolic antagonist of Cd such as zinc (Zn). This study examined the
      relationship between cadmium levels, glycemic control, and renal pathology in
      established type II diabetic patients with focus on populations exposed to modern
      environmental health hazards (MEHHs). Sixty-five participants, consisting of 45
      type-2 diabetics and 20 non-diabetics were enrolled for the study, mean age 61.51
      +/- 5.27 years. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to classify them into three
      sub-groups: (A) good glycemic control (44.4%), (B) fair glycemic control (24.4%),
      and (C) poor glycemic control (31.1%). Plasma levels of glucose, Cd, Zn, HbA1c,
      creatinine, urinary creatinine, microalbuminuria, and estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR) were determined in all participants using standard
      methods. Fasting plasma glucose was higher in diabetics than in non-diabetics (p
      = 0.000) as well as Zn level, though not significantly. Interestingly, Cd level,
      Cd/Zn ratio, and urinary creatinine were significantly lower in diabetics than in
      non-diabetics. The group with poor glycemic control (C) had significantly higher
      Cd level compared to the one with good glycemic control (group A). The renal
      function revealed that microalbuminuria and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio
      (UACR) was significantly higher in diabetics than in non-diabetics, while eGFR
      was found to be similar in both diabetics and non-diabetics. UACR inversely
      correlated with Cd level, while plasma creatinine level positively correlated
      with Cd but not significantly. Correlation between Cd and HbA1c revealed non
      significant inverse correlation (r = -0.007; p > 0.05), while Zn showed a
      significant inverse correlation with Cd (r = -0.317; p < 0.014). The lower Cd
      level in diabetics compared to non-diabetics probably reflects the modulating
      effect of Zn in treated diabetics given nutritional education in addition to
      their regular regime, including good sources of Zn. The renal insufficiency with
      increasing Cd level may suggest that the progression of renal impairment may not
      be responsive to the putative modulating effect of Zn. 

PMID- 27379224
TI  - Value-Based Model: A New Perspective in Medical Decision-making.

PMID- 27379225
TI  - Rebuilding Earthquake Struck Nepal through Community Engagement.
AB  - Nepal underwent two major earthquakes during 2015 which claimed 9,000 deaths,
      left more than 23,000 injured, displaced about 2 million people and destroyed
      about 1,000 health facilities. Emerging health issues and disease outbreaks soon
      after the earthquakes were major priorities. However, preventive measures such as
      health education, health promotion and trainings embedded in community engagement
      remained largely unimplemented. Establishing community preparedness by delivering
      knowledge about the disasters, preparing contingency plans and conducting
      disaster drills can be promising in Nepal where geographical inaccessibility
      invariably impedes the on time management during disasters. The steps that could
      be taken in Nepal without additional resources include identifying community
      leaders and volunteers who could participate in health promotion initiatives,
      training of thus identified community volunteers, formation of community task
      force, devolvement of responsibilities with continual support (trainings and
      resources) and supervision of the community task force. 

PMID- 27379226
TI  - Designing Evidence-Based Family Planning Programs for the Marginalized Community:
      An Example of Muslim Community in Nepal.
AB  - CONTEXT: Family planning (FP), considered as an encouraging trend for
      development, is thought to be positively correlated with family health and well
      being and negatively correlated with poverty levels. Despite being a priority
      goal of government and development agencies, in a heterogeneous society like
      Nepal, FP can be an issue that needs to be dealt with consideration for religious
      and cultural beliefs of different sections of society. Despite steady progress in
      achieving FP goals, minority populations have lagged behind the rest of the
      country in achieving improved family health outcomes; Muslim community being one
      such example. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to explore the existing situation of FP
      use in Muslim communities and to identify key policy-related issues affecting the
      access to and utilization of FP services. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Mixed approach was
      used in Kapilbastu district, which accommodated the larger proportion of Muslims
      in Nepal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Interview was conducted among 160 married women
      using semi-structured questionnaire. Focus group discussion, key informant
      interviews, and consultative meeting were the qualitative techniques employed in
      this study. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential
      statistics (Chi-square test), while qualitative data by thematic approach.
      RESULTS: More than half of women (56.0%) expressed their interest in FP use,
      while reported users were just below the quarter (24.0%). Husband approval and
      secrecy of their personal identity affect use of any method of contraception.
      Future plan for children and prior information regarding FP found to affect
      current use of FP, significantly. FP word itself was found to be stigmatizing, so
      women prefer replacing the word FP with culturally appropriate one. Furthermore,
      incorporating it into comprehensive package for improving women's health will
      definitely contribute to improve access and uptake of services. CONCLUSION:
      Discrepancy exists between current use and desire for use of FP among Muslim
      women in future. This highlights the inadequacy of implementing the current
      blanket policy and programs related to FP and offer ways to move forward with the
      national FP agenda ensuring the cultural rights and non-discrimination of women.

PMID- 27379227
TI  - A Journey with Elie Metchnikoff: From Innate Cell Mechanisms in Infectious
      Diseases to Quantum Biology.
AB  - Many reviews of Elie Metchnikoff's work have been published, all unanimously
      acknowledging the significant contributions of his cellular theory to the fields
      of immunology and infectious diseases. In 1883, he published a key paper
      describing phagocytic cells in frogs. His descriptions were not just about
      phagocytes involved in host defense, he also described how these specialized
      cells eliminated degenerating or dying cells of the host. This perspective
      focuses on key concepts developed by Metchnikoff by presenting relevant excerpts
      of his 1883 paper and matching these concepts with challenges of modern
      immunology. A new approach to macrophage polarization is included to introduce
      some creative thinking about the exciting emerging area of quantum biology. 

PMID- 27379228
TI  - Higher Educational Attainment Associated with Optimal Antenatal Care Visits among
      Childbearing Women in Zambia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Attendance of at least four antenatal care (ANC) visits over the
      period of pregnancy has been accepted by World Health Organization to comprise
      the optimal and adequate standard of ANC because of its positive association with
      good maternal and neonatal outcomes during the prenatal period. Despite free ANC
      being provided, many pregnant women have been found not to meet this minimum
      number of ANC visits in Zambia. We investigated if educational attainment is
      associated with optimal ANC visits among childbearing women in Zambia. METHODS:
      Data stem from the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey for women, aged 15
      49 years, who reported ever having been pregnant in the 5 years preceding the
      survey. The linked data comprised sociodemographic and other obstetrical data,
      which were cleaned, recoded, and analyzed using STATA version 12 (Stata
      Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). Multivariate logistic regression was used
      to examine the association of educational attainment and other background
      variables. RESULTS: Women who had higher education level were more likely to
      attend at least four ANC visits compared to those with no education (AOR 2.8, 95%
      CI 1.51-5.15; p = 0.001); this was especially true in the urban areas. In
      addition, women with partners with higher education level were also more likely
      to have optimal ANC attendance (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-3.1; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION:
      Educational attainment-associated differentials found to be linked with optimal
      ANC attendance in this population suggests that access to health care is still
      driven by inequity-related dynamics and imbalances. Given that inequity stresses
      are heaviest in the uneducated and probably rural and poor groups, interventions
      should aim to reach this group. SIGNIFICANCE: The study results will help program
      managers to increase access to ANC services and direct interventional efforts
      towards the affected subpopulations, such as the young, uneducated, and rural
      women. Furthermore, results will help promote maternal health education and
      advise policy makers and program implementers.

PMID- 27379230
TI  - Signal Propagation between Neuronal Populations Controlled by Micropatterning.
AB  - The central nervous system consists of an unfathomable number of functional
      networks enabling highly sophisticated information processing. Guided neuronal
      growth with a well-defined connectivity and accompanying polarity is essential
      for the formation of these networks. To investigate how two-dimensional protein
      patterns influence neuronal outgrowth with respect to connectivity and functional
      polarity between adjacent populations of neurons, a microstructured model system
      was established. Exclusive cell growth on patterned substrates was achieved by
      transferring a mixture of poly-l-lysine and laminin to a cell-repellent glass
      surface by microcontact printing. Triangular structures with different opening
      angle, height, and width were chosen as a pattern to achieve network formation
      with defined behavior at the junction of adjacent structures. These patterns were
      populated with dissociated primary cortical embryonic rat neurons and
      investigated with respect to their impact on neuronal outgrowth by
      immunofluorescence analysis, as well as their functional connectivity by calcium
      imaging. Here, we present a highly reproducible technique to devise neuronal
      networks in vitro with a predefined connectivity induced by the design of the
      gateway. Daisy-chained neuronal networks with predefined connectivity and
      functional polarity were produced using the presented micropatterning method.
      Controlling the direction of signal propagation among populations of neurons
      provides insights to network communication and offers the chance to investigate
      more about learning processes in networks by external manipulation of cells and
      signal cascades. 

PMID- 27379231
TI  - Upconversion Nanoparticles for Bioimaging and Regenerative Medicine.
AB  - Nanomaterials are proving useful for regenerative medicine in combination with
      stem cell therapy. Nanoparticles (NPs) can be administrated and targeted to
      desired tissues or organs and subsequently be used in non-invasive real-time
      visualization and tracking of cells by means of different imaging techniques, can
      act as therapeutic agent nanocarriers, and can also serve as scaffolds to guide
      the growth of new tissue. NPs can be of different chemical nature, such as gold,
      iron oxide, cadmium selenide, and carbon, and have the potential to be used in
      regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues to be solved, such as
      toxicity, stability, and resident time. Upconversion NPs have relevant properties
      such as (i) low toxicity, (ii) capability to absorb light in an optical region
      where absorption in tissues is minimal and penetration is optimal (note they can
      also be designed to emit in the near-infrared region), and (iii) they can be used
      in multiplexing and multimodal imaging. An overview on the potentiality of
      upconversion materials in regenerative medicine is given. 

PMID- 27379233
TI  - Biomechanical Analysis of the Effects of Bilateral Hinged Knee Bracing.
AB  - This research analyzed the effect of bilateral hinged knee braces on a healthy
      knee from a biomechanical frame in vivo. This was accomplished by fitting a knee
      brace with two customized wireless force/torque (F/T) sensors that could readily
      record force and torque during live motion, while the kinetics at the knee were
      computed using the inverse dynamics of the motion capture and force plate data.
      Four tasks to test the brace's effects were drop vertical jumping, pivoting, stop
      vertical jumping, and cutting. The results showed that the hinges in the knee
      brace can absorb up to 18% of the force and 2.7% of the torque at the knee during
      various athletic motions. Thus, the hinges demonstrated minimal effect in
      reducing the mechanical load on the knee. There were limitations concerning the
      consistency of the motions performed by the subjects during the trials and the
      influence of the other portions of the brace to evaluate the overall
      effectiveness of the brace as a whole. Future works may incorporate a fatigue
      protocol and injured subjects to better determine the effects of the brace. There
      is still a need for more research on the biomechanical influence of knee braces
      to develop safer and more effective products. 

PMID- 27379232
TI  - Biomaterials for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease
      represents a huge unmet need for treatment. The low efficacy of current treatment
      methods is not only due to low drug potency but also due to the presence of
      various obstacles in the delivery routes. One of the main barriers is the blood
      brain barrier. The increasing prevalence of AD and the low efficacy of current
      therapies have increased the amount of research on unraveling of disease pathways
      and development of treatment strategies. One of the interesting areas for the
      latter subject is biomaterials and their applications. This interest originates
      from the fact that biomaterials are very useful for the delivery of therapeutic
      agents, such as drugs, proteins, and/or cells, in order to treat diseases and
      regenerate tissues. Recently, manufacturing of nano-sized delivery systems has
      increased the efficacy and delivery potential of biomaterials. In this article,
      we review the latest developments with regard to the use of biomaterials for the
      treatment of AD, including nanoparticles and liposomes for delivery of
      therapeutic compounds and scaffolds for cell delivery strategies. 

PMID- 27379234
TI  - Erratum: Addendum: Miniaturized Technologies for Enhancement of Motor Plasticity.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 30 in vol. 4, PMID: 27148525.]. 

PMID- 27379235
TI  - Recognition of Membrane Sterols by Polyene Antifungals Amphotericin B and
      Natamycin, A (13)C MAS NMR Study.
AB  - The molecular action of polyene macrolides with antifungal activity, amphotericin
      B and natamycin, involves recognition of sterols in membranes. Physicochemical
      and functional studies have contributed details to understanding the interactions
      between amphotericin B and ergosterol and, to a lesser extent, with cholesterol.
      Fewer molecular details are available on interactions between natamycin with
      sterols. We use solid state (13)C MAS NMR to characterize the impact of
      amphotericin B and natamycin on mixed lipid membranes of DOPC/cholesterol or
      DOPC/ergosterol. In cholesterol-containing membranes, amphotericin B addition
      resulted in marked increase in both DOPC and cholesterol (13)C MAS NMR linewidth,
      reflecting membrane insertion and cooperative perturbation of the bilayer. By
      contrast, natamycin affects little either DOPC or cholesterol linewidth but
      attenuates cholesterol resonance intensity preferentially for sterol core with
      lesser impact on the chain. Ergosterol resonances, attenuated by amphotericin B,
      reveal specific interactions in the sterol core and chain base. Natamycin
      addition selectively augmented ergosterol resonances from sterol core ring one
      and, at the same time, from the end of the chain. This puts forward an
      interaction model similar to the head-to-tail model for amphotericin B/ergosterol
      pairing but with docking on opposite sterol faces. Low toxicity of natamycin is
      attributed to selective, non-cooperative sterol engagement compared to
      cooperative membrane perturbation by amphotericin B. 

PMID- 27379229
TI  - Selection and Biosensor Application of Aptamers for Small Molecules.
AB  - Small molecules play a major role in the human body and as drugs, toxins, and
      chemicals. Tools to detect and quantify them are therefore in high demand. This
      review will give an overview about aptamers interacting with small molecules and
      their selection. We discuss the current state of the field, including advantages
      as well as problems associated with their use and possible solutions to tackle
      these. We then discuss different kinds of small molecule aptamer-based sensors
      described in literature and their applications, ranging from detecting drinking
      water contaminations to RNA imaging. 

PMID- 27379236
TI  - miRNAs As Emerging Regulators of Oligodendrocyte Development and Differentiation.
AB  - Chronic demyelination is a hallmark of neurological disorders such as multiple
      sclerosis (MS) and several leukodystrophies. In the central nervous system (CNS),
      remyelination is a regenerative process that is often inadequate during these
      pathological states. In the MS context, in situ evidence suggests that
      remyelination is mediated by populations of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
      (OPCs) that proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into mature, myelin-producing
      oligodendrocytes at sites of demyelinated lesions. The molecular programming of
      OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes is governed by a myriad of complex
      intracellular signaling pathways that modulate this process. Recent research has
      demonstrated the importance of specific and short non-coding RNAs, known as
      microRNAs (miRNAs), in regulating OPC differentiation and remyelination.
      Fortunately, it may be possible to take advantage of numerous developmental
      studies (both human and rodent) that have previously characterized miRNA
      expression profiles from the early neural progenitor cell to the late myelin
      producing oligodendrocyte. Here we review much of the work to date and discuss
      the impact of miRNAs on OPC and oligodendrocyte biology. Additionally, we
      consider the potential for miRNA-mediated therapy in the context of remyelination
      and brain repair. 

PMID- 27379237
TI  - Separating Putative Pathogens from Background Contamination with Principal
      Orthogonal Decomposition: Evidence for Leptospira in the Ugandan Neonatal
      Septisome.
AB  - Neonatal sepsis (NS) is responsible for over 1 million yearly deaths worldwide.
      In the developing world, NS is often treated without an identified microbial
      pathogen. Amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene can be used to
      identify organisms that are difficult to detect by routine microbiological
      methods. However, contaminating bacteria are ubiquitous in both hospital settings
      and research reagents and must be accounted for to make effective use of these
      data. In this study, we sequenced the bacterial 16S rRNA gene obtained from blood
      and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 80 neonates presenting with NS to the Mbarara
      Regional Hospital in Uganda. Assuming that patterns of background contamination
      would be independent of pathogenic microorganism DNA, we applied a novel
      quantitative approach using principal orthogonal decomposition to separate
      background contamination from potential pathogens in sequencing data. We designed
      our quantitative approach contrasting blood, CSF, and control specimens and
      employed a variety of statistical random matrix bootstrap hypotheses to estimate
      statistical significance. These analyses demonstrate that Leptospira appears
      present in some infants presenting within 48 h of birth, indicative of infection
      in utero, and up to 28 days of age, suggesting environmental exposure. This
      organism cannot be cultured in routine bacteriological settings and is enzootic
      in the cattle that often live in close proximity to the rural peoples of western
      Uganda. Our findings demonstrate that statistical approaches to remove background
      organisms common in 16S sequence data can reveal putative pathogens in small
      volume biological samples from newborns. This computational analysis thus reveals
      an important medical finding that has the potential to alter therapy and
      prevention efforts in a critically ill population. 

PMID- 27379238
TI  - Community-Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae: How Physical and
      Radiological Examination Contribute to Successful Diagnosis.
AB  - Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of community-acquired
      pneumonia (CAP), particularly in young adults. Vital signs are usually normal
      except for temperature. On physical examination, general appearance is normal
      compared with that of typical pneumonia such as pneumococcal pneumonia patients.
      Mycoplasma sometimes causes ear infections such as otitis media. It is important
      to distinguish between typical pneumonia and atypical pneumonia such as
      mycoplasma pneumonia because having the right diagnosis allows for the use of the
      correct antibiotic to treat CAP while preventing development of drug-resistant
      bacteria and also decreasing medical cost. The symptoms and diagnosis of
      mycoplasma pneumonia is multi-fold. Auscultation of patients can demonstrate
      trace late inspiratory crackles or normal alveolar sounds; however, bilateral
      polyphonic wheezes can sometimes be heard because of bronchiolitis. With regard
      to radiological findings, a chest radiogragh often shows bilateral
      reticulonodular or patchy consolidation in both lower lobes. Pleural effusion is
      rarely observed in adult cases. Immunocompetent patients tend to reveal more
      extensive shadowing compared with immunocompromised patients. As serological
      diagnostic methods are not able to offer 100% reliable diagnosis, integration of
      physical and radiological examination is crucial to accurately diagnose
      mycoplasma pneumonia. Herein, I review the typical findings from physical
      examination and imaging patterns of patients with mycoplasma pneumonia. 

PMID- 27379240
TI  - Drivers of Plant-Availability of Phosphorus from Thermally Conditioned Sewage
      Sludge as Assessed by Isotopic Labeling.
AB  - Urban sewage sludge is a potential source of phosphorus (P) for agriculture and
      represents an alternative way to recycle P as fertilizer. However, the use of
      thermally conditioned sewage sludge (TCSS) required an accurate assessment of its
      value as P-fertilizer. This work aimed at assessing the plant-availability of P
      from TCSS. Uptake of P by a mixture of ryegrass and fescue from TCSS and triple
      super phosphate (TSP) fertilizers was studied using (32)P-labeling technique in a
      greenhouse experiment. Phosphorus was applied at the rate of 50 mg P kg(-1).We
      also conducted incubation experiments considering the same treatments to assess
      soil microbial respiration. Applications of TCSS and TSP increased plant P uptake
      that is related to the root P acquisition. The P taken up by plant from soil
      plant-available P was lower for control compared to TSP or TCSS that was
      attributed to the increase of root interception of soil P. The contribution of
      TSP to ryegrass nutrition (Pdff%) was 55% with 22% of the applied P which was
      taken up by plants (CPU%). The Pdff value for TCSS was 56% with 14% of fertilizer
      P recovery (CPU%). Shoot biomass and total P uptake from TCSS were lower than
      those from TSP. As a result, the agronomic effectiveness of TCSS calculated from
      Pdff value (in comparison with TSP treatment) was 102%, while the AE of TCSS
      estimated from CPU value (in % TSP) was 64%, which is attributed to microbial
      activity stimulation inducing P immobilization onto soil constituents and
      microbial biomass during plant growth. The high C/N ratio of TCSS stimulated soil
      microbial biomass that competes with plant roots to acquire nutrients, such as P.
      As a consequence, the P taken up from either native soil or TCSS decreased in
      similar proportions. The AE value calculated with Pdff% took into account these
      interactions between soil, plant, and microbial biomass, and is less dependent on
      operational conditions than the AE value calculated with %Precovery. 

PMID- 27379239
TI  - Thiamine Deficiency in Tropical Pediatrics: New Insights into a Neglected but
      Vital Metabolic Challenge.
AB  - In humans, thiamine is a micronutrient prone to depletion that may result in
      severe clinical abnormalities. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge
      on thiamine deficiency (TD) and bridges the gap between pathophysiology and
      clinical presentation by integrating thiamine metabolism at subcellular level
      with its function to vital organs. The broad clinical spectrum of TD is outlined,
      with emphasis on conditions encountered in tropical pediatric practice. In
      particular, TD is associated with type B lactic acidosis and classic forms of
      beriberi in children, but it is often unrecognized. Other severe acute conditions
      are associated with hypermetabolism, inducing a functional TD. The crucial role
      of thiamine in infant cognitive development is also highlighted in this review,
      along with analysis of the potential impact of TD in refeeding syndrome during
      severe acute malnutrition (SAM). This review aims to increase clinical awareness
      of TD in tropical settings where access to diagnostic tests is poor, and
      advocates for an early therapeutic thiamine challenge in resource-limited
      settings. Moreover, it provides evidence for thiamine as treatment in critical
      conditions requiring metabolic resuscitation, and gives rationale to the
      consideration of increased thiamine supplementation in therapeutic foods for
      malnourished children. 

PMID- 27379242
TI  - Hemodynamic Functions of Fenestrated Stent Graft under Resting, Hypertension, and
      Exercise Conditions.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess the hemodynamic performance of a patient
      specific fenestrated stent graft (FSG) under different physiological conditions,
      including normal resting, hypertension, and hypertension with moderate lower limb
      exercise. A patient-specific FSG model was constructed from computed tomography
      images and was discretized into a fine unstructured mesh comprising tetrahedral
      and prism elements. Blood flow was simulated using Navier-Stokes equations, and
      physiologically realistic boundary conditions were utilized to yield clinically
      relevant results. For a given cycle-averaged inflow of 2.08 L/min at normal
      resting and hypertension conditions, approximately 25% of flow was channeled into
      each renal artery. When hypertension was combined with exercise, the cycle
      averaged inflow increased to 6.39 L/min but only 6.29% of this was channeled into
      each renal artery, which led to a 438.46% increase in the iliac flow. For all the
      simulated scenarios and throughout the cardiac cycle, the instantaneous flow
      streamlines in the FSG were well organized without any notable flow
      recirculation. This well-organized flow led to low values of endothelial cell
      activation potential, which is a hemodynamic metric used to identify regions at
      risk of thrombosis. The displacement forces acting on the FSG varied with the
      physiological conditions, and the cycle-averaged displacement force at normal
      rest, hypertension, and hypertension with exercise was 6.46, 8.77, and 8.99 N,
      respectively. The numerical results from this study suggest that the analyzed FSG
      can maintain sufficient blood perfusion to the end organs at all the simulated
      conditions. Even though the FSG was found to have a low risk of thrombosis at
      rest and hypertension, this risk can be reduced even further with moderate lower
      limb exercise. 

PMID- 27379241
TI  - Bone Marrow Aspirate in the Treatment of Chondral Injuries.
AB  - The ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to transdifferentiate into a desired
      cell lineage has captured the imagination of scientists and clinicians alike. The
      limited ability for chondrocytes to regenerate in chondral injuries has raised
      the concept of using MSCs to help regenerate and repair damaged tissue. The
      expansion of cells in a laboratory setting to be delivered back to the patient is
      too costly for clinical use in the present tough economic climate. This process
      is slow with due to the complexity of trying to imitate the natural environment
      and biological stimulation of chondral cell replication and proliferation. Bone
      marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) has the potential to provide an easily
      accessible and readily available source of MSCs with key growth factors that can
      be used in treating chondral injuries. This review summarizes the underlying
      basic science of MSCs and the therapeutic potential of BMAC. 

PMID- 27379243
TI  - Standard Surgical Skin Markers Should Be Avoided for Intraoperative Vein Graft
      Marking during Cardiac and Peripheral Bypass Operations.

PMID- 27379244
TI  - Systematic Identification of Anti-Fungal Drug Targets by a Metabolic Network
      Approach.
AB  - New antimycotic drugs are challenging to find, as potential target proteins may
      have close human orthologs. We here focus on identifying metabolic targets that
      are critical for fungal growth and have minimal similarity to targets among human
      proteins. We compare and combine here: (I) direct metabolic network modeling
      using elementary mode analysis and flux estimates approximations using expression
      data, (II) targeting metabolic genes by transcriptome analysis of condition
      specific highly expressed enzymes, and (III) analysis of enzyme structure, enzyme
      interconnectedness ("hubs"), and identification of pathogen-specific enzymes
      using orthology relations. We have identified 64 targets including metabolic
      enzymes involved in vitamin synthesis, lipid, and amino acid biosynthesis
      including 18 targets validated from the literature, two validated and five
      currently examined in own genetic experiments, and 38 further promising novel
      target proteins which are non-orthologous to human proteins, involved in
      metabolism and are highly ranked drug targets from these pipelines. 

PMID- 27379245
TI  - Genetic Evaluation and Use of Chromosome Microarray in Patients with Isolated
      Heart Defects: Benefits and Challenges of a New Model in Cardiovascular Care.
AB  - Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are common birth defects and result in
      significant morbidity and global economic impact. Genetic factors play a role in
      most CHDs; however, identification of these factors has been historically slow
      due to technological limitations and incomplete understanding of the impact of
      human genomic variation on normal and abnormal cardiovascular development. The
      advent of chromosome microarray (CMA) brought tremendous gains in identifying
      chromosome abnormalities in a variety of human disorders and is now considered
      part of a standard evaluation for individuals with multiple congenital anomalies
      and/or neurodevelopmental disorders. Several studies investigating use of CMA
      found that this technology can identify pathogenic copy-number variations (CNVs)
      in up to 15-20% of patients with CHDs with other congenital anomalies. However,
      there have been fewer studies exploring the use of CMA for patients with isolated
      CHDs. Recent studies have shown that the diagnostic yield of CMA in individuals
      with seemingly isolated CHD is lower than in individuals with CHDs and additional
      anomalies. Nevertheless, positive CMA testing in this group supports chromosome
      variation as one mechanism underlying the development of isolated, non-syndromic
      CHD - either as a causative or risk-influencing genetic factor. CMA has also
      identified novel genomic variation in CHDs, shedding light on candidate genes and
      pathways involved in cardiac development and malformations. Additional studies
      are needed to further address this issue. Early genetic diagnosis can enhance the
      medical management of patients and potentially provide crucial information about
      recurrence. This information is critical for genetic counseling of patients and
      family members. In this review, we review CMA for the non-genetics cardiology
      provider, offer a summary of CNV in isolated CHDs, and advocate for the use of
      CMA as part of the cardiovascular genetics evaluation of patients with isolated
      CHDs. We also provide perspective regarding the benefits and challenges that lie
      ahead for this model in the clinical setting. 

PMID- 27379246
TI  - Association of Temperament and Acute Stress Responsiveness with Productivity,
      Feed Efficiency, and Methane Emissions in Beef Cattle: An Observational Study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to assess individual differences in temperament and
      stress response and quantify their impact on feed efficiency, performance, and
      methane (CH4) emissions in beef cattle. Eighty-four steers (castrated males)
      (Charolais or Luing) were used. Temperament was assessed using two standardized
      tests: restlessness when restrained [crush score (CS)] and flight speed (FS) on
      release from restraint. Over a 56-day period individual animal dry matter intake
      (DMI) and weekly body weight was measured. Ultrasound fat depth was measured at
      the end of 56 days. Average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and
      residual feed intake (RFI) were calculated. After the 56-day test period, animals
      were transported in groups of six/week to respiration chamber facilities. Blood
      samples were taken before and 0, 3, 6, and 9 h after transport. Plasma cortisol,
      creatine kinase (CK), glucose, and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined to
      assess physiological stress response. Subsequently, CH4 emissions were measured
      over a 3-day period in individual respiration chambers. CS (1.7 +/- 0.09) and FS
      (1.6 +/- 0.60 m/s) were repeatable (0.63 and 0.51, respectively) and correlated
      (r = 0.36, P < 0.001). Plasma cortisol, CK, and FFA concentrations increased
      after transport (P = 0.038, P = 0.006, and P < 0.001, respectively). Temperament
      (CS) and CK concentration were correlated (r = 0.29; P = 0.015). The extreme
      group analysis reveals that excitable animals (FS; P = 0.032) and higher stress
      response (cortisol, P = 0.007; FFA, P = 0.007; and CK, P = 0.003) were associated
      with lower DMI. ADG was lower in more temperamental animals (CS, P = 0.097, and
      FS, P = 0.030). Fat depth was greater in steers showing calmer CS (P = 0.026) and
      lower plasma CK (P = 0.058). Temperament did not show any relationship with RFI
      or CH4 emissions. However, steers with higher cortisol showed improved feed
      efficiency (lower FCR and RFI) (P < 0.05) and greater CH4 emissions (P = 0.017).
      In conclusion, agitated temperament and higher stress responsiveness is
      detrimental to productivity. A greater stress response is associated with a
      reduction in feed intake that may both increase the efficiency of consumed feed
      and the ratio of CH4 emissions/unit of feed. Therefore, temperament and stress
      response should be considered when designing strategies to improve efficiency and
      mitigate CH4 emissions in beef cattle. 

PMID- 27379247
TI  - Drug Target Identification and Prioritization for Treatment of Ovine Foot Rot: An
      In Silico Approach.
AB  - Ovine foot rot is an infection of the feet of sheep, mainly caused by
      Dichelobacter nodosus. In its virulent form, it is highly contagious and
      debilitating, causing significant losses in the form of decline in wool growth
      and quality and poor fertility. Current methods of treatment are ineffective in
      complete eradication. Effective antibiotic treatment of foot rot is hence
      necessary to ensure better outcomes during control phases by reduction in culling
      count and the possibility of carriers of the infection. Using computational
      approaches, we have identified a set of 297 proteins that are essential to the D.
      nodosus and nonhomologous with sheep proteins. These proteins may be considered
      as potential vaccine candidates or drug targets for designing antibiotics against
      the bacterium. This core set of drug targets have been analyzed for pathway
      annotation to identify 67 proteins involved in unique bacterial pathways. Choke
      point analysis on the drug targets identified 138 choke-point proteins, 29
      involved in unique bacterial pathways. Subcellular localization was also
      predicted for each target to identify the ones that are membrane associated or
      secreted extracellularly. In addition, a total of 13 targets were identified that
      are common in at least 10 pathogenic bacterial species. 

PMID- 27379248
TI  - The Preclinical Research Progress of Stem Cells Therapy in Parkinson's Disease.
AB  - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a type of degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia,
      causing tremor at rest, muscle rigidity hypokinesia, and dementia. The
      effectiveness of drug treatments gradually diminishes because the conversion to
      dopamine within the brain is increasingly disrupted by the progressive
      degeneration of the dopaminergic terminals. After long-term treatment, most
      patients with PD suffer from disability that cannot be satisfactorily controlled.
      To solve these issues, stem cells have recently been used for cell therapy of PD.
      In this review, the characteristics of different stem cells and their therapeutic
      effects on PD treatment will be discussed. 

PMID- 27379249
TI  - A Long-Acting BMP-2 Release System Based on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Nanoparticles
      Modified by Amphiphilic Phospholipid for Osteogenic Differentiation.
AB  - We explored a novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) nanoparticle loaded with
      hydrophilic recombinant human BMP-2 with amphiphilic phospholipid (BPC-PHB NP)
      for a rapid-acting and long-acting delivery system of BMP-2 for osteogenic
      differentiation. The BPC-PHB NPs were prepared by a solvent evaporation method
      and showed a spherical particle with a mean particle size of 253.4 nm, mean zeta
      potential of -22.42 mV, and high entrapment efficiency of 77.18%, respectively.
      For BPC-PHB NPs, a short initial burst release of BMP-2 from NPs in 24 h was
      found and it has steadily risen to reach about 80% in 20 days for in vitro test.
      BPC-PHB NPs significantly reduced the burst release of BMP-2, as compared to that
      of PHB NPs loading BMP-2 without PL (B-PHB NPs). BPC-PHB NPs maintained the
      content of BMP-2 for a long-term osteogenic differentiation. The OCT-1 cells with
      BPC-PHB NPs have high ALP activity in comparison with others. The gene markers
      for osteogenic differentiation were significantly upregulated for sample with BPC
      PHB NPs, implying that BPC-PHB NPs can be used as a rapid-acting and long-acting
      BMP-2 delivery system for osteogenic differentiation. 

PMID- 27379250
TI  - The Influence of Humidity on Assessing Irritation Threshold of Ammonia.
AB  - A large number of occupational exposure limit values (OELs) are based on avoiding
      of sensory irritation of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract. In order to
      investigate the chemosensory effect range of a chemical, odor and sensory
      irritation thresholds (lateralization thresholds, LTs) can be assessed. Humidity
      affects olfactory function and thus influences odor thresholds; however, a
      similar effect has not been shown for sensory irritation thresholds. The purpose
      of the present study was to explore whether LTs for ammonia vapor vary depending
      on the water vapor content of the inspired stimulus. Eight healthy nonsmoking
      volunteers were simultaneously exposed to ammonia vapor through one nostril and
      clean air through the other and were asked to determine which nostril received
      the chemical. Within experimental runs, ascending ammonia concentrations (60-350
      ppm) that were either dry or humidified were administered at fixed time
      intervals. Geometric mean LTs obtained at wet (181 ppm) or dry (172 ppm)
      conditions did not differ significantly (P = 0.19) and were within the range of
      those reported by previous studies. These results suggest that humidity is not a
      critical factor in determining sensory irritation thresholds for ammonia, and
      future studies will examine if these findings are transferable to sensory
      irritation thresholds for other chemicals. 

PMID- 27379251
TI  - Clinical, Radiographic and Microbiological Evaluation of High Level Laser
      Therapy, a New Photodynamic Therapy Protocol, in Peri-Implantitis Treatment; a
      Pilot Experience.
AB  - Aim. Endosseous implants are widely used to replace missing teeth but mucositis
      and peri-implantitis are the most frequent long-term complications related with
      dental implants. Removing all bacterial deposits on contaminated implant surface
      is very difficult due to implant surface morphology. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate the bactericidal potential of photodynamic therapy by using a new high
      level laser irradiation protocol associated with hydrogen peroxide in peri
      implantitis. Materials and Methods. 10 patients affected by peri-implantitis were
      selected for this study. Medical history, photographic documentation, periodontal
      examination, and periapical radiographs were collected at baseline and 6 months
      after surgery. Microbiological analysis was performed with PCR Real Time. Each
      patient underwent nonsurgical periodontal therapy and surgery combined with
      photodynamic therapy according to High Level Laser Therapy protocol. Results. All
      peri-implant pockets were treated successfully, without having any complication
      and not showing significant differences in results. All clinical parameters
      showed an improvement, with a decrease of Plaque Index (average decrease of 65%,
      range 23-86%), bleeding on probing (average decrease of 66%, range 26-80%), and
      probing depth (average decrease of 1,6 mm, range 0,46-2,6 mm). Periapical
      radiographs at 6 months after surgery showed a complete radiographic filling of
      peri-implant defect around implants treated. Results showed a decrease of total
      bacterial count and of all bacterial species, except for Eikenella corrodens, 6
      months after surgery. Conclusion. Photodynamic therapy using HLLT appears to be a
      good adjunct to surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. 

PMID- 27379252
TI  - Animal Model of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Pathophysiological Resemblance
      to the Human Condition Induced by Multiple Factors (Nutritional, Pharmacological,
      and Stress) in Rats.
AB  - This study attempts to develop an experimental gestational diabetes mellitus
      (GDM) animal model in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were fed with high fat
      sucrose diet, impregnated, and induced with Streptozotocin and Nicotinamide on
      gestational day 0 (D0). Sleeping patterns of the rats were also manipulated to
      induce stress, a lifestyle factor that contributes to GDM. Rats were tested for
      glycemic parameters (glucose, C-peptide, and insulin), lipid profiles (total
      cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL), genes affecting insulin signaling (IRS
      2, AKT-1, and PCK-1), glucose transporters (GLUT-2 and GLUT-4), proinflammatory
      cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha), and antioxidants (SOD, CAT, and GPX) on D6 and D21.
      GDM rats showed possible insulin resistance as evidenced by high expression of
      proinflammatory cytokines, PCK-1 and CRP. Furthermore, low levels of IRS-2 and
      AKT-1 genes and downregulation of GLUT-4 from the initial to final phases
      indicate possible defect of insulin signaling. GDM rats also showed an impairment
      of antioxidant status and a hyperlipidemic state. Additionally, GDM rats
      exhibited significantly higher body weight and blood glucose and lower plasma
      insulin level and C-peptide than control. Based on the findings outlined, the
      current GDM animal model closely replicates the disease state in human and can
      serve as a reference for future investigations. 

PMID- 27379255
TI  - The Onstep Method for Inguinal Hernia Repair: Operative Technique and Technical
      Tips.
AB  - Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most common surgical procedures and several
      different surgical techniques are available. The Onstep method is a new promising
      technique. The technique is simple with a number of straightforward steps. This
      paper provides a full description of the technique together with tips and tricks
      to make it easy and without complications. 

PMID- 27379254
TI  - Knowledge and attitudes toward corneal donation among Singaporean youth: a cross
      sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To assess the knowledge of Singaporean youth regarding corneal
      donation and gauge their willingness to donate their corneas. METHODS: We
      conducted a cross-sectional study among 500 students from five tertiary
      institutions in Singapore. All students answered self-administered questionnaires
      which included seven questions that tested knowledge and three questions that
      determined willingness to donate corneas. RESULTS: Among 500 Singaporean youth
      aged 18 to 25, most students (73.2 %) answered 3 or fewer of the 7 questions
      about corneal donation correctly. With regards to the willingness to donate, 155
      (31 %) were willing to donate their corneas, 111 (22.2 %) were not willing to
      donate their corneas, and 234 (46.8 %) were undecided. Willingness to donate
      corneas was associated with an older age group (21 to 25 years old), those who
      are non-Muslims, and have good basic knowledge. Particularly, students with good
      basic knowledge were 1.71 times more likely to willingly donate their corneas.
      CONCLUSION: The knowledge of the Singaporean youth regarding corneal donation and
      transplantation is poor. Since insufficient information was cited as the most
      common reason for being undecided in regards to corneal donation, specific and
      tailored programs to increase knowledge and awareness are needed to convince the
      youth to support corneal donation.

PMID- 27379256
TI  - Mortality and Pathology Associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1
      Outbreaks in Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Nigeria.
AB  - Commercial layer-type, pullet, cockerel, and broiler chicken flocks infected with
      highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Nigeria between 2006 and 2008
      were investigated for morbidity, mortality, and pathology. Of the one hundred and
      fifty-three (153) farms confirmed with HPAI infection, one hundred and twenty
      seven (127) were layer-type farms, nine (9) were pullet and broiler farms each,
      and eight (8) were cockerel rearing farms. This study revealed the morbidity and
      mortality of a total of 939,620 commercial layer chickens, 16,421 pullets, 3,109
      cockerels, and 6,433 broilers. Mortality rates were 11.11% in commercial layers,
      26.84% in pullets, 45.51% in cockerels, and 73.92% in broilers in a total of
      eighteen (18) states and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. A total of 316
      carcasses were examined of which 248 were commercial layer, 25 were pullet, 14
      were cockerel, and 29 were broiler. Main clinical and pathologic findings were
      observed in the nervous, circulatory, respiratory, integumentary,
      musculoskeletal, hemopoietic, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems and,
      occasionally, lesions were generally nonspecific and multisystemic. Lesions
      occurred more frequently, severely, and in most of the carcasses examined,
      irrespective of chicken type. 

PMID- 27379253
TI  - Histone Acetylation and Its Modifiers in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic
      Nephropathy.
AB  - Diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide despite
      advances in its prevention and management. A comprehensive understanding of
      factors contributing to DN is required to develop more effective therapeutic
      options. It is becoming more evident that histone acetylation (HAc), as one of
      the epigenetic mechanisms, is thought to be associated with the etiology of
      diabetic vascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic
      cardiomyopathy (DCM), and DN. Histone acetylases (HATs) and histone deacetylases
      (HDACs) are the well-known regulators of reversible acetylation in the amino
      terminal domains of histone and nonhistone proteins. In DN, however, the roles of
      histone acetylation (HAc) and these enzymes are still controversial. Some new
      evidence has revealed that HATs and HDACs inhibitors are renoprotective in
      cellular and animal models of DN, while, on the other hand, upregulation of HAc
      has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DN. In this review, we focus on the
      recent advances on the roles of HAc and their covalent enzymes in the development
      and progression of DN in certain cellular processes including fibrosis,
      inflammation, hypertrophy, and oxidative stress and discuss how targeting these
      enzymes and their inhibitors can ultimately lead to the therapeutic approaches
      for treating DN. 

PMID- 27379257
TI  - Clinical Evaluation of Etched Enamel Discoloration following Immediate and
      Delayed Exposure to Colored Agents.
AB  - Introduction. The aim was to evaluate etched enamel discoloration following
      immediate and delayed exposure to colored agents. Method & Material. 64 premolars
      were divided into four groups. Buccal surface of the teeth was divided into two
      halves and baseline color values were measured. One half was covered and the
      other half was etched and dried. In first and second groups, the patients did not
      eat any colored agents for the next 24 hours. Both halves were colorimetered
      after 48 hours and 1 month, respectively. In third and fourth groups, the process
      was similar, but the patients drank cola and avoid eating any other colored
      agents and the teeth were colorimetered after 48 hours and 1 month, respectively.
      Color change values (DeltaE) of each half were calculated according to CIE lab
      system. Sign test was used to compare values of etched and unetched halves. P <
      0.08 was set as significant. Results. A significant difference was observed in
      groups III and IV regarding comparison of DeltaE of the etched and control enamel
      (P = 0.077). Conclusion. Exposure of etched enamel to colored agents in the first
      24 hours after etching can affect its color which remains at least for one month.

PMID- 27379258
TI  - Obstetric Scar Endometriosis: Retrospective Study on 19 Cases and Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - Endometriosis is defined as the presence of functioning endometrial tissue
      outside the uterine cavity. This disease is one of the most common gynecologic
      disorders in reproductive age women. It generally occurs in pelvic cavity. But
      extrapelvic location has been defined (such as extremities, central nervous
      system, lungs, pleurae, liver, umbilicus, pericardium, urinary tract, intestines,
      and surgical scar tissue). Scar endometriosis is a rare disease and defined as
      presence of endometriotic lesions on the abdominal (such as cesarean section and
      hysterectomy) or vaginal (episiotomy) excision line. It is difficult to diagnose
      due to the extreme variability in presentation. The symptoms are nonspecific,
      typically involving pain, swelling at the incision site at the time of
      menstruation. Excision and histopathologic examination are necessary for
      diagnosis. We present a case series of obstetric scar endometriosis and review of
      the literature. 

PMID- 27379259
TI  - Exposure of Prostate to Lipopolysaccharide and Hypoxia Potentiates Neoplastic
      Behavior and Risk for Prostate Carcinogenesis In Vivo.
AB  - A number of studies showed that men from tropical countries have higher burden of
      prostate cancer similar to data from USA. We developed a translational model to
      examine whether exposure to microbial inflammation-inducing molecule
      lipopolysacchride LPS was associated with prostatic cell transformation to more
      proliferative phenotype as indicated by PSA secretion. Immunocompetent adult mice
      were divided into two groups; the first group received a local prostate
      inoculation with E. coli, while the second group received inoculation with
      sterile solution of saline as vehicle. At the end of 6 days, the PSA values were
      measured and compared. In the second experiment, two groups of animals were
      involved. The test group received two drops of the hydrogen peroxide orally for
      six to seven days to induce hypoxia, while the control group received normal
      saline. Blood samples were evaluated for serum level of PSA. Result showed a 2
      fold increase in level of PSA compared to the control mice in the E. coli
      inoculated-LPS exposed animals. In addition, exposure of the animals to hypoxic
      stress resulted in 3.5 fold increase in the serum PSA compared to the control
      group, which was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). In
      conclusion, our data shows that chronic prostatic infection and exposure to
      inflammatory stimulus, especially LPS, may alter the phenotype of prostate
      epithelial cells for increased PSA secretion, a known cancer-like behavior; this
      is mediated by compromised redox state and oxidative stress injury. We propose
      that exposure of the prostate epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
      promotes chronic inflammation and risk of neoplastic behavior of the prostate in
      vivo; this may explain the high rate of prostate cancer in tropics. 

PMID- 27379260
TI  - Dynamic of Plant Composition and Regeneration following Windthrow in a Temperate
      Beech Forest.
AB  - The effects of soil pedoturbation (i.e., pit and mound microtopography, PM) on
      development of herbaceous plant species and woody species regeneration were
      examined in a temperate beech forest (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in northern Iran.
      We recorded the vegetation in 20 pairs of disturbed and adjacent undisturbed
      plots and established a chronosequence of PM ages to study the effect of time
      since microsite formation on cover percent of herbaceous plants and woody
      regeneration status. According to our findings, Carex acutiformis L., Sambucus
      ebulus L., Brachypodium pinnatum L., and Cyclamen coum L. are found only in the
      PM microsites, whereas the Equisetum ramosissimum L. is recorded only under
      closed canopy. The coverage percent of Rubus caesius L. increased in PM
      microsites compared to closed canopy intensively. In addition, Albizia
      julibrissin Durazz. is detected in PM microsite, whereas the Acer cappadocicum B.
      and Prunus persica L. species were recorded only under closed canopy. We found
      significant differences in understory species diversity between different ages of
      PM, and disturbed and adjacent undisturbed plots. Our study supports that the PM
      complex will create a mosaic of environmental conditions. This environmental
      heterogeneity could be responsible for the diversity of herbaceous plant species
      and regeneration of woody species. 

PMID- 27379261
TI  - Complementary N Uptake Strategies between Tree Species in Tropical Rainforest.
AB  - Within tree communities, the differential use of soil N mineral resources, a key
      factor in ecosystem functioning, may reflect functional complementarity, a major
      mechanism that could explain species coexistence in tropical rainforests. Eperua
      falcata and Dicorynia guianensis, two abundant species cooccurring in rainforests
      of French Guiana, were chosen as representative of two functional groups with
      complementary N uptake strategies (contrasting leaf delta (15)N signatures
      related to the delta (15)N of their soil N source, NO3 (-) or NH4 (+)). The
      objectives were to investigate if these strategies occurred under contrasted soil
      N resources in sites with distinct geological substrates representative of the
      coastal rainforests. Results showed that species displayed contrasting leaf delta
      (15)N signatures on both substrates, confirming their complementary N uptake
      strategy. Consequently, their leaf (15)N can be used to trace the presence of
      inorganic N-forms in soils (NH4 (+) and NO3 (-)) and thus to indicate the
      capacity of soils to provide each of these two N sources to the plant community. 

PMID- 27379263
TI  - Adaptogenic Activity of Lyophilized Hydroethanol Extract of Pandanus
      odoratissimus in Swiss Albino Mice.
AB  - Background. The leaves of Pandanus odoratissimus Linn have been widely used in
      Ayurveda to treat a variety of common and stress related disorders. In the
      present investigation, hydroethanol extract of leaves of Pandanus odoratissimus
      Linn (LEPO) were evaluated for antistress activity in normal and stress induced
      mice. Furthermore, the extract was studied for nootropic (adaptogenic) activity
      in mice and in vitro antioxidant potential to correlate with its adaptogenic and
      antistress activity. LEPO (100 and 200 mg/kg p.o) was evaluated against forced
      swimming endurance stress test, anoxia stress tolerance and immobilization stress
      and chronic cold resistant stress tests, and biomarkers (serum glucose,
      Corticosterone, WBC, RBC, and DLC count) to assess the antistress activity in
      mice. Withania somnifera (WS) (100 mg/kg p.o) was selected as reference standard.
      The parameters like anoxia stress tolerance time were recorded in anoxia stress
      and estimation of biochemical marker levels and determination of organs weight
      were carried out in immobilization stress models. Results. Concomitant treatment
      with LEPO 200 mg/kg significantly increased in anoxia stress tolerance time. Dose
      dependent significant reduction in serum glucose, corticosterone, and WBC, RBC,
      and DLC was observed in immobilisation stress model as compared to stressed
      group. LEOP 200 mg/kg and WS 100 mg/kg significantly reversed/inhibited the
      stress induced changes in these parameters. The results from the present study
      indicate that these values also express that dose dependent significant
      adaptogenic activity in stressed animals. Conclusion. The present study provides
      scientific support for the antistress (adaptogenic) and nootropic activities of
      lyophilized hydroethanol extract of Pandanus odoratissimus Linn and substantiate
      the traditional claims for the usage of Pandanus in stress induced disorders. 

PMID- 27379262
TI  - Knowledge and Attitude of Faculty Members Working in Dental Institutions towards
      the Dental Treatment of Patients with HIV/AIDS.
AB  - Background. Dentists have an ethical responsibility to provide treatment to HIV
      infected patients, particularly because oral lesions are common among these
      patients. However, there are no official guidelines as to how to treat people
      living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
      (AIDS) (PLWHA) or how to screen for potentially infectious people. Materials and
      Method. A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire based study which assessed
      the knowledge and attitude of the faculty members towards the treatment of
      patients with HIV/AIDS was carried out in the Sudha Rustagi College of Dental
      Sciences, Faridabad, and Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, New Delhi.
      Results. The willingness to treat patients with HIV was found to be 86.0% among
      the faculty members in the present study. The majority (79%) of the faculty
      members thought that treating an HIV-positive patient is ethical responsibility
      of the dentist. There was a positive attitude (88.0%) among faculty members that
      routine dental care should be a part of the treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS.
      Conclusion. The level of knowledge regarding HIV and AIDS was acceptable in the
      present study. However, continuing dental education (CDE) programmes should be
      conducted on a regular basis for updating the knowledge level of the faculty
      members towards the dental treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS patients. 

PMID- 27379264
TI  - Bayesian Perspective on Random Censored Survival Data.
AB  - A unit is said to be randomly censored when the information on time occurrence of
      an event is not available due to either loss to followup, withdrawal, or
      nonoccurrence of the outcome event before the end of the study. It is assumed in
      independent random/noninformative censoring that each individual has his/her own
      failure time T and censoring time C; however, one can only observe the random
      vector, say, (X; delta). The classical approach is considered for analysing the
      generalised exponential distribution with random or noninformative censored
      samples which occur most often in biological or medical studies. The Bayes
      methods are also considered via a numerical approximation suggested by Lindley in
      1980 and that of the Laplace approximation procedure developed by Tierney and
      Kadane in 1986 with assumed informative priors alongside linear exponential loss
      function and squared error loss function. A simulation study is carried out to
      compare the estimators proposed in this paper. Two datasets have also been
      illustrated. 

PMID- 27379265
TI  - Optical Fiber-Based Steady State and Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy for Rapid
      Identification and Classification of Bacterial Pathogens Directly from Colonies
      on Agar Plates.
AB  - Fluorescence spectroscopy was examined as a potential technique for
      identification and classification of bacterial pathogens. Colonies of
      Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella
      pneumoniae on agar plates were measured directly using a laboratory
      spectrofluorimeter coupled with optical fiber. Steady state fluorescence spectra
      were collected following excitation at 280 nm (tryptophan) and 380 nm (NADH).
      Results showed that fluorescence lifetime decays of tryptophan at 280 nm
      excitation from the four organisms were best described with triexponential fit
      and it reveals the existence of different protein conformation. The emission
      spectroscopy of the four bacteria at 380 nm excitation (NADH) provided better
      classification (100% of original grouped cases correctly classified and 98.1% of
      cross-validated grouped cases correctly classified) than that of 280 nm
      excitation (tryptophan). Our results demonstrated that optical fiber-based
      fluorescence identification and classification of bacteria is rapid, easy to
      perform, and of low cost compared to standard methods. 

PMID- 27379266
TI  - A Single Surgeon's Experience with Open, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Partial
      Nephrectomy.
AB  - Objective. To report the perioperative outcomes of patients treated with partial
      nephrectomy by a single surgeon using three surgical modalities-open,
      laparoscopic, and robotic. Methods. Between August 2006 and February 2012, 106
      consecutive patients underwent open partial nephrectomy (OPN) (n = 23),
      laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) (n = 48), and robotic partial nephrectomy
      (RPN) (n = 35) by a single surgeon. Clinical variables, operative parameters, and
      renal functional outcomes were analyzed. Results. Preoperative patient
      characteristics were similar except for baseline glomerular filtration rate
      (GFR), which was highest in the RPN group (P = 0.004). Surgery time was longest
      in the RPN group (244 minutes) and shortest in the OPN group (163 minutes, P <
      0.0001). Patients who had OPN had the highest incidence of 30-day complications
      (30%), while the RPN approach had the lowest (14%, P = 0.008). Conclusions. When
      performed by a single surgeon, robotic partial nephrectomy appears to be
      associated with fewer complications than both open and laparoscopic partial
      nephrectomy. Kidney function was not affected by surgical approach. 

PMID- 27379267
TI  - Sustainable Supplier Performance Evaluation and Selection with Neofuzzy TOPSIS
      Method.
AB  - Supplier selection plays an important role in the supply chain management and
      traditional criteria such as price, quality, and flexibility are considered for
      supplier performance evaluation in researches. In recent years sustainability has
      received more attention in the supply chain management literature with triple
      bottom line (TBL) describing the sustainability in supply chain management with
      social, environmental, and economic initiatives. This paper explores
      sustainability in supply chain management and examines the problem of identifying
      a new model for supplier selection based on extended model of TBL approach in
      supply chain by presenting fuzzy multicriteria method. Linguistic values of
      experts' subjective preferences are expressed with fuzzy numbers and Neofuzzy
      TOPSIS is proposed for finding the best solution of supplier selection problem.
      Numerical results show that the proposed model is efficient for integrating
      sustainability in supplier selection problem. The importance of using
      complimentary aspects of sustainability and Neofuzzy TOPSIS concept in
      sustainable supplier selection process is shown with sensitivity analysis. 

PMID- 27379268
TI  - Ichnocarpus frutescens Ameliorates Experimentally Induced Convulsion in Rats.
AB  - The present study was carried out to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity and
      probable mechanism of action of the methanol root extract from I. frutescens
      (MEIF) using different experimental animal models. Anticonvulsant activity of the
      single dose of MEIF (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated in maximal
      electroshock- (MES-), pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ-), and isoniazid- (INH-) induced
      convulsions models in rats. The levels of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA),
      glutamate, GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) activity and oxidative stress markers were
      measured in pretreated rat's brain homogenate to corroborate the mechanism of
      observed anticonvulsant activity. MEIF (200-400 mg/kg, p.o.) protected the
      animals in all the behavioral models used. Pretreatment of MEIF (200-400 mg/kg,
      p.o.) and diazepam (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) to the animals in INH-induced convulsion
      model showed 100% and 80% protection, respectively, as well as significant
      restoration of GABA and glutamate level in the rat's brain. MEIF and vigabatrin
      (50 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the PTZ-induced increase in the activity of GABA-T (46%)
      in the brain. Further, MEIF reversed the PTZ-induced increase in lipid peroxidase
      (LPO) and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) activities. The findings of this study validate the
      anticonvulsant activity of I. frutescens. 

PMID- 27379269
TI  - Synthesis and Antimicrobial Screening of Novel 4-Substituted Phenyl-5-[1-(4
      fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl]-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones.
AB  - The paper describes a convenient method for the preparation of 4-substituted
      phenyl-5-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-yl]-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3
      thiones. The structures of the synthesized compounds are established by the
      results of LCMS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and IR and elemental analyses. The
      mercaptotriazoles are indicated to be in thione form by (1)H NMR spectra. All the
      synthesized compounds have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal
      activities. Compounds 12d and 12h exhibit encouraging results, while the
      remaining compounds show moderate activities. On the basis of spectral studies,
      formation of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles from the isobenzofuran acyl
      thiosemicarbazides 11(a-h) is ruled out. 

PMID- 27379270
TI  - Determining Nitrate and Nitrite Content in Beverages, Fruits, Vegetables, and
      Stews Marketed in Arak, Iran.
AB  - Background and Objectives. Presence of excessive nitrite and nitrate in foodstuff
      can have toxic and carcinogenic effects on humans. This study is aimed at
      measuring nitrate and nitrite in different foodstuffs available in Arak city
      market, Iran, in 2013. Methods. Totally 323 samples including stew (102 samples),
      beverage (116 samples), fruit (55 samples), and vegetables (50 samples) were
      randomly collected and analyzed according to official AOAC method 973 and ISO
      6635 through spectrophotometric method. Results. Average concentration of nitrate
      and nitrite in the samples was 6.58-136.76, 1.52-38.22 mg kg(-1) or liter,
      respectively. Presence of nitrate and nitrite was confirmed in all samples. High
      levels of nitrate and nitrite were observed in celery and ghormeh stew; and lower
      level of nitrate and nitrite was found in traditionally produced vinegar,
      verjuice, and tomato. Conclusions. It was found that the mean values for nitrite
      in investigated products were higher than ADI levels of WHO. 

PMID- 27379271
TI  - Response of Yield and Yield Components of Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] to
      Tillage, Nutrient, and Weed Management Practices in Dura Area, Northern Ethiopia.
AB  - The low average grain yield (0.7 ton ha(-1)) of tef in Ethiopia is mainly
      attributed to low soil fertility, and inappropriate tillage and weeds control
      practices. Despite this, limited scientific information has been documented so
      far on their interaction effects on tef crop productivity in northern Ethiopia.
      The objective of this study was to assess the separate and interaction effects of
      tillage, fertilizer, and weed control practices on tef yield and yield components
      in the conditions of northern Ethiopia. A two-year study (2008-2009) was
      conducted using split-split-plot design with three replications. In the main
      plot, three tillage treatments: conventional tillage (6 times tillage passes)
      (T1), four times tillage passes (T2), and reduced tillage (single tillage pass at
      sowing) (T3) were applied. The fertilizer treatments in the subplots were: no
      fertilizer (F1); 23 kg N ha(-1) (F2); 23 kg N ha(-1) and 10 kg P ha(-1) (F3); 23
      kg N ha(-1) and 2.5 ton manure ha(-1) (F4); and 2.5 ton manure ha(-1) (F5). The
      sub-subplot weed control treatments included farmer weed control practice or hand
      weeding (W1); 2,4 D at 0.75 kg ha(-1) at five-leaf stage; 2,4 D at 0.75 kg ha(-1)
      at six-leaf stage; 2,4 D at 1.5 kg ha(-1) at five-leaf stage; and 2,4 D at 1.5 kg
      ha(-1) at six-leaf stage. This study showed that the separate and interaction
      effects of tillage, fertilizer, and weed control practices significantly affected
      tef crop yield and yield components in both crop seasons. T2 increased tef yield
      by >42% over the other tillage and F3 increased yield by >21% over the other
      fertilizer treatments. Grain yield increased by >23% due to W1. This study thus
      suggested that promising treatments such as T2, F3, and W1 should be demonstrated
      at on-farm fields in order to evaluate their performance at farmers' conditions. 

PMID- 27379272
TI  - In Vitro Intestinal Permeability Studies and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of
      Famotidine Microemulsion for Oral Delivery.
AB  - The absolute bioavailability of famotidine after oral administration is about 40
      45% and absorbance only in the initial part of small intestine may be due to low
      intestinal permeability. Hence, an olive oil based microemulsion formulation with
      Tween-80 as surfactant and PEG-400 as cosurfactant was developed by using water
      titration method with the aim of enhancing the intestinal permeability as well as
      oral bioavailability. In vitro drug permeation in intestine after 8 h for all
      formulations varied from 30.42% to 78.39% and most of the formulations showed
      enhanced permeation compared to pure drug (48.92%). Famotidine microemulsion
      exhibited the higher absorption and C max? achieved from the optimized famotidine
      formulation (456.20 ng.h/ml) was higher than the standard (126.80 ng.h/mL). It
      was found that AUC0-24 h obtained from the optimized famotidine test formulation
      (3023.5 ng.h/mL) was significantly higher than the standard famotidine (1663.3
      ng.h/mL). F-1 demonstrated a longer (6 h) T max? compared with standard drug (2
      h) and sustained the release of drug over 24 h. The bioavailability of F-1
      formulation was about 1.8-fold higher than that of standard drug. This enhanced
      bioavailability of famotidine loaded in microemulsion system might be due to
      increased intestinal permeability. 

PMID- 27379273
TI  - Detection and Assay of Vitamin B-2 (Riboflavin) in Alkaline Borate Buffer with
      UV/Visible Spectrophotometry.
AB  - The detection and assay of vitamin B-2 (riboflavin) was accomplished under
      aqueous conditions using sodium borate buffering at pH 7.52 conditions. The
      absorbance spectrum of riboflavin was determined at different pH values utilizing
      several buffers. The buffer at pH at 7.52 is followed by accurate and sensitive
      assay of riboflavin by spectrophotometer at 440 nm wavelength. Where indicated an
      origin solution (stock) was employed by dissolving sufficient vitamin to make a
      stock solution of 1.403 * 10(-4) molar concentrations. Measurements of various
      aqueous solutions containing riboflavin were accomplished that included aqueous
      test samples, vitamin capsules/tablets, and water vitamin mixtures. A standard
      curve extended from 7.97 * 10(-7) molar to 1.23 * 10(-4) molar (a 154x folds
      spread in concentration). The equation of the line was y = 12545x (intercept at
      origin) with Pearson r correlation of 1.000 (R (2) = 1.000). Concentration of
      riboflavin assayed ranged from 3.00 * 10(-4) gram per liter (0.30 ppm) to 0.0463
      gram per liter (46.35 ppm). The B vitamin riboflavin can be assayed by UV/VIS
      spectrophotometer at 440 nm in aqueous media and using sodium borate buffer at pH
      7.52. The assay can reach as low as 0.30 parts per million with high levels of
      accuracy and sensitivity. 

PMID- 27379274
TI  - Alternans and Spiral Breakup in an Excitable Reaction-Diffusion System: A
      Simulation Study.
AB  - The determination of the mechanisms of spiral breakup in excitable media is still
      an open problem for researchers. In the context of cardiac electrophysiological
      activities, spiral breakup exhibits complex spatiotemporal pattern known as
      ventricular fibrillation. The latter is the major cause of sudden cardiac deaths
      all over the world. In this paper, we numerically study the instability of
      periodic planar traveling wave solution in two dimensions. The emergence of
      stable spiral pattern is observed in the considered model. This pattern occurs
      when the heart is malfunctioning (i.e., ventricular tachycardia). We show that
      the spiral wave breakup is a consequence of the transverse instability of the
      planar traveling wave solutions. The alternans, that is, the oscillation of pulse
      widths, is observed in our simulation results. Moreover, we calculate the widths
      of spiral pulses numerically and observe that the stable spiral pattern
      bifurcates to an oscillatory wave pattern in a one-parameter family of solutions.
      The spiral breakup occurs far below the bifurcation when the maximum and the
      minimum excited states become more distinct, and hence the alternans becomes more
      pronounced. 

PMID- 27379276
TI  - Efficient QCA Exclusive-or and Multiplexer Circuits Based on a Nanoelectronic
      Compatible Designing Approach.
AB  - Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are a transistorless computation approach
      which encodes binary information via configuration of charges among quantum dots.
      The fundamental QCA logic primitives are majority and inverter gates which can be
      utilized to design various QCA circuits. This study presents a novel approach to
      designing efficient QCA-based circuits based on Boolean expressions achieved from
      reconfiguration of five-input and three-input majority gates. Whereas the
      multiplexer and Exclusive-or are the most important fundamental logical circuits
      in digital systems, designing efficient and single layer structures without
      coplanar cross-over wiring is advantageous in QCA technology. In order to
      demonstrate the efficiency and usefulness of the proposed approach, simple and
      dense multiplexer and Exclusive-or structures are implemented. The proposed
      designs have significant improvement in terms of area, complexity, latency, and
      gate count in comparison to previous designs. The correct logical functionalities
      of presented structures have been authenticated using QCA designer tool. 

PMID- 27379275
TI  - Osteopontin and Osteoprotegerin as Potential Biomarkers in Abdominal Aortic
      Aneurysm before and after Treatment.
AB  - Aim. Although osteopontin (OPN) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) have been associated
      with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), no association of these two biomarkers
      with AAA surgical or endovascular treatment has been reported. Material and
      Methods. Seventy-four AAA patients were prospectively selected for open or
      endovascular repair. All aneurysms were classified (Types A-E) according to
      aneurysmal extent in CT imaging (EUROSTAR criteria). All patients had
      preoperative serum OPN and OPG values measurements and 1 week after the
      procedure. Preoperative and postoperative values were compared with a control
      group of twenty patients (inguinal hernia repair). Results. Preoperative OPN
      values in patients with any type of aneurysm were higher than in the control
      group, while OPG values showed no difference. Postoperative OPN values in AAA
      patients were higher than in the control group. OPN values increased after open
      surgery and after EVAR. OPG values increased after open surgery but not after
      EVAR. There was no difference in OPN/OPG values between EVAR and open surgery
      postoperatively. Conclusions. OPN values are associated with aneurysm presence
      but not with aneurysm extent. OPG values are not associated either with aneurysm
      presence or with aneurysm extent. OPN values increase after AAA repair,
      independently of the type of repair. 

PMID- 27379278
TI  - Some Simple Formulas for Posterior Convergence Rates.
AB  - We derive some simple relations that demonstrate how the posterior convergence
      rate is related to two driving factors: a "penalized divergence" of the prior,
      which measures the ability of the prior distribution to propose a nonnegligible
      set of working models to approximate the true model and a "norm complexity" of
      the prior, which measures the complexity of the prior support, weighted by the
      prior probability masses. These formulas are explicit and involve no essential
      assumptions and are easy to apply. We apply this approach to the case with model
      averaging and derive some useful oracle inequalities that can optimize the
      performance adaptively without knowing the true model. 

PMID- 27379277
TI  - Andrographolide Exerts Chondroprotective Activity in Equine Cartilage Explant and
      Suppresses Interleukin-1 beta -Induced MMP-2 Expression in Equine Chondrocyte
      Culture.
AB  - Cartilage erosion in degenerative joint diseases leads to lameness in affected
      horses. It has been reported that andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata
      inhibited cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes. This study aimed to explore whether
      this compound protects equine cartilage degradation in the explant culture model
      and to determine its effect on matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression, a
      matrix-degrading enzyme, in equine chondrocyte culture. Equine articular
      cartilage explant culture was induced by 25 ng/mL interleukin-1beta, a key
      inducer of cartilage degeneration, in cultures with or without andrographolide
      ranging from 10 to 50 MUM. After 3-21 days, they were analyzed for the markers of
      cartilage degradation. It was found that interleukin-1beta increased the release
      of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronan from the explants into the culture
      media consistently with the decrease in uronic acid and collagen content in the
      cartilage explants. These catabolic effects were inhibited when cotreated with
      interleukin-1beta and andrographolide. In primary equine chondrocytes,
      andrographolide suppressed interleukin-1beta-induced MMP-2 mRNA expression and
      MMP-2 activity in the culture medium. These results confirmed the in vitro potent
      chondroprotective activities of this compound which were performed in cartilage
      explants and on a cellular level. These may indicate the application of
      andrographolide for therapeutic use in equine degenerative joint diseases. 

PMID- 27379279
TI  - Do Glazed Ceramic Pots in a Mexico-US Border City Still Contain Lead?
AB  - In order to identify the presence of lead in glazed ceramic pots in a Mexico-US
      border city, 41 clay pots were sampled. The pots were purchased in several
      establishments located in different geographical areas of the city. The presence
      of lead was determined using LeadCheck Swabs. Most (58.5%) of the pots were from
      the State of Jalisco and 24.4% were of unknown origin. Only 4 pots did not
      contain varnish and were lead-negative. Thirty-seven (81.1%) of the glazed pots
      were lead positive. Among the lead-negative pots, 4 showed the label "this pot is
      lead-free." Thus, if we consider the remaining 33 glazed pots without the "Lead
      Free" label, 90.9% were lead-positive and only 9.1% were lead-negative. We also
      found that earthenware glazed utensils without the "Lead-Free" label were 1.6
      times more likely to contain lead (OR: 1.6, 95% CI 1.0-2.5), P = 0.003. We
      concluded that lead was detected in almost all acquired food containers.
      Government interventions in Mexico have focused on training manufacturers to make
      lead-free glazed ceramics but it has been difficult to eradicate this practice.
      Educational interventions to make and acquire lead-free glazed ceramics should be
      targeted to both sellers and buyers. 

PMID- 27379280
TI  - Transfusion-Dependent Anaemia: An Overlooked Complication of Paraoesophageal
      Hernias.
AB  - Introduction. A paraoesophageal hernia (PH) may be one reason for iron-deficiency
      anaemia (IDA) but is often overlooked as a cause. We aimed to assess the
      incidence and resolution of transfusion-dependent IDA in patients presenting for
      hiatal hernia surgery. Methods. We analysed a prospective database of patients
      undergoing laparoscopic hiatal repair in order to identify patients with severe
      IDA requiring red cell/iron transfusion. Results. Of 138 patients with PH managed
      over a 4-year period, 7 patients (5.1%; M : F 2 : 5; median age 62 yrs (range 57
      82)) with IDA requiring red cell/iron transfusion were identified.
      Preoperatively, 3/7 patients underwent repetitive and unnecessary diagnostic
      endoscopic investigations prior to surgery. Only 2/7 ever demonstrated gastric
      mucosal erosions (Cameron ulcers). All patients were cured from anaemia
      postoperatively. Discussion. PH is an important differential diagnosis in
      patients with IDA, even those with marked anaemia and no endoscopically
      identifiable mucosal lesions. Early recognition can avoid unnecessary additional
      diagnostic endoscopies. Laparoscopic repair is associated with low morbidity and
      results in resolution of anaemia. 

PMID- 27379281
TI  - Validation of a Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Determination of l
      Carnitine in Tablets.
AB  - A rapid and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for determination
      of l-carnitine in tablets. The separation was based on a C18 analytical column
      using a mobile phase which consisted of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH = 3): ethanol
      (99 : 1), including 0.56 mg/mL of sodium 1-heptanesulfonate. Column temperature
      was set at 50 degrees C and quantitation was achieved by UV detection at 225 nm.
      In forced degradation studies, the drug was subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis,
      photolysis, and heat. Among the different stress conditions, the exposure to
      acidic and basic conditions was found to be an important adverse stability
      factor. The method was validated for specificity, selectivity, linearity,
      precision, accuracy, and robustness. The applied procedure was found to be linear
      in l-carnitine concentration range of 84.74-3389.50 ug/mL (r (2) = 0.9997).
      Precision was evaluated by replicate analysis in which relative standard
      deviation (RSD) values for areas were found below 2.0%. The recoveries obtained
      (100.83%-101.54%) ensured the accuracy of the developed method. The expanded
      uncertainty (3.14%) of the method was also estimated from method validation data.
      Accordingly, the proposed validated and rapid procedure was proved to be suitable
      for routine analyzing and stability studies of l-carnitine in tablets. 

PMID- 27379282
TI  - Ion Slip Effect on Viscoelastic Fluid Flow past an Impulsively Started Infinite
      Vertical Plate Embedded in a Porous Medium with Chemical Reaction.
AB  - This paper presents the study of convective heat and mass transfer
      characteristics of an incompressible MHD viscoelastic fluid past an infinite
      vertical plate immersed in a porous medium with chemical reaction and ion slip
      effects. Highly nondimensional governing equations are solved analytically by
      perturbation scheme. The analytical expressions for velocity, shearing stress,
      temperature, concentration, rate of heat transfer, and mass transfer are
      obtained. Also, graphical representations have been carried out for velocity
      field and shearing stress to investigate the effects of viscoelasticity and the
      effects of ion slip on the fluid flow in combination with other physical
      parameters involved in the solution. 

PMID- 27379283
TI  - Simple Syntheses of Two New Benzo-Fused Macrocycles Incorporating Chalcone
      Moiety.
AB  - Simple syntheses of the benzo-fused 26-membered macrocyclic bischalcone (19E,43E)
      2.11.27.36
      tetroxaheptacyclo[44.4.0.0(4,9).0(12,17).0(21,26).0(29,34).0(37,42)]pentaconta
      1(46),4(9),5,7,12(17),13,15,19,21,23,25,29,31,33,37,39,41,43,47,49-icosaene-18,45
      dione (3) and the benzo-fused 13-membered macrocyclic chalcone (19E)-2.11
      dioxatetracyclo[19.4.0.0(4,9).0(12,17)]pentacosa
      1(25),4(9),5,7,12(17),13,15,19,21,23-decaen-18-one (5) using very common starting
      materials and reagents are described. The compounds are new and they have been
      characterized from their analytical and spectral data. 

PMID- 27379284
TI  - Development and Validation of an Affinity Chromatography-Protein G Method for IgG
      Quantification.
AB  - Nimotuzumab, an IgG that recognizes the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R)
      overexpressed in some tumors, is used in the treatment of advanced head and neck
      cancer. For the quantification of this protein in cell culture supernatants,
      protein G-HPLC affinity chromatography is used due to its high affinity and
      specificity for antibodies of this class. The technique relies on the comparison
      of the area under the curve of the elution peak of the samples to be evaluated
      versus to a calibration curve of well-known concentrations and was validated by
      assessment of its robustness, specificity, repeatability, intermediate precision,
      accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, and range.
      According to results of the study all validation parameters fulfilled the
      preestablished acceptance criteria and demonstrated the feasibility of the assay
      for the analysis of samples of cell culture supernatant as well as drug product. 

PMID- 27379285
TI  - Effect of Hygrothermal Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Fluorinated and
      Nonfluorinated Clay-Epoxy Nanocomposites.
AB  - Hydrophilic nature of epoxy polymers can lead to both reversible and
      irreversible/permanent changes in epoxy upon moisture absorption. The permanent
      changes leading to the degradation of mechanical properties due to combined
      effect of moisture and elevated temperature on EPON 862, Nanomer I.28E, and
      Somasif MAE clay-epoxy nanocomposites are investigated in this study. The extent
      of permanent degradation on fracture and flexural properties due to the
      hygrothermal aging is determined by drying the epoxy and their clay-epoxy
      nanocomposites after moisture absorption. Significant permanent damage is
      observed for fracture toughness and flexural modulus, while the extent of
      permanent damage is less significant for flexural strength. It is also observed
      that permanent degradation in Somasif MAE clay-epoxy nanocomposites is higher
      compared to Nanomer I.28E clay-epoxy nanocomposites. Fourier transform infrared
      (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that both clays retained their original chemical
      structure after the absorption-desorption cycle without undergoing significant
      changes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fracture surfaces
      provide evidence that Somasif MAE clay particles offered very little resistance
      to crack propagation in case of redried specimens when compared to Nanomer I.28E
      counterpart. The reason for the observed higher extent of permanent degradation
      in Somasif MAE clay-epoxy system has been attributed to the weakening of the
      filler-matrix interface. 

PMID- 27379286
TI  - In Vitro Antimycobacterial Activity of Pakistani Beri Honey Using BACTEC MGIT
      960.
AB  - Background. Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease. Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis, being the leading member of the MTB complex, is the main cause of
      tuberculosis worldwide. Tuberculosis is managed with combination of drugs:
      streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Over the
      recent past years resistance against first line antituberculous drugs has emerged
      rapidly throughout the world resulting in MDR strains. The new threat in the
      management of MDR-TB is the development of resistance against second line drugs:
      aminoglycosides, polypeptides, fluoroquinolones, and thioamides. Multidrug
      resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR) strains have become a
      major concern to control TB particularly in the developing countries. The need of
      the hour is to look for new modalities having antimycobacterial activity. Honey
      has been well known for its antibacterial activity. We intended to explore its
      antimycobacterial activity against MDR-TB. Objective. The objective of this study
      was to determine whether Pakistani Beri honey has any antimycobacterial activity.
      Method. The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, University of
      Health Sciences, Lahore. Clinical isolates (n = 21) of MDR-MTB were evaluated for
      their susceptibility to Beri honey. The isolates were provided, courtesy of
      Pakistan Medical Research Council. These isolates were identified by MTBc ID test
      (Becton & Dickinson) and further tested for their antimycobacterial activity
      using Beri honey. The honey was tested at the following concentrations (v/v): 1%,
      2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% in MGIT 960. Growth controls were also inoculated with each
      isolate (growth control has no concentration of honey, only containing growth of
      isolate). Results. MDR-TB isolates (n = 21) were tested; 3 (14%) isolates were
      susceptible at 1% v/v honey, while at 2% v/v of honey 18 (86%) isolates were
      found to be susceptible. All the 21 isolates (n = 21) were susceptible at 3% v/v
      of honey. Conclusion. The present study clearly demonstrates that Pakistani Beri
      honey possesses significant antimycobacterial activity in vitro. The
      antimycobacterial activity of Pakistani Beri honey may, therefore, be exploited
      in an appropriate mouse model. 

PMID- 27379287
TI  - Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anticancer Evaluation
      of Copolyester Bearing 4-Arylidene Curcumin in the Main Chain.
AB  - Synthesis of random copolyester bearing 4-arylidene curcumin M 1 in the polymer
      backbone was prepared by solution polycondensation method. The influence of
      copolyester bearing 4-arylidene curcumin M 1 unit on the properties of
      copolyester such as inherent viscosity, solubility, and thermal stability was
      investigated and studied in detail. The inherent viscosity and polydispersity
      index of the copolyester were found to be 0.19 dL/g and 1.38, respectively. The
      chemical structure of the copolyester was investigated by Fourier-transform
      infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-NMR)
      spectroscopy. The physical properties of copolyester were characterized by
      thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel
      permeation chromatography (GPC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Agar disc
      diffusion method was employed to study the antimicrobial activity of the random
      copolyester. In vitro anticancer activity against lung cancer (Hep-2) cell line
      was investigated. 

PMID- 27379288
TI  - Tillage Effects on Selected Soil Physical Properties in a Maize-Bean
      Intercropping System in Mwala District, Kenya.
AB  - A field study was carried out to evaluate the effects of tillage practices on
      soil physical properties in Mwala district, Eastern Kenya, during the long rains
      (LR) and short rains (SR) of 2012/13. The treatments were disc ploughing (DP),
      disc ploughing and harrowing (DPH), ox-ploughing (OX), subsoiling-ripping (SSR),
      hand hoeing with tied ridges (HTR), hand hoeing only (H). These were investigated
      under three cropping systems of sole maize, sole bean, and maize-bean intercrop
      in a split-plot design with four replications. Soil physical properties were
      monitored at different weeks after planting (WAP) throughout the growing seasons.
      A four-season average shows that soil moisture content was significantly (P <
      0.05) higher in OX > SSR > DPH > H > HTR > DP with values ranging from 13.1 to
      14.1%. Soil surface roughness and crust strength varied significantly (P < 0.05)
      over time within the growing seasons, between the tillage practices, and across
      the different seasons with values ranging from 26 to 66% and 1.21 to 1.31 MPa,
      respectively. Tillage practices and cropping systems did not significantly affect
      bulk density, porosity, or K sat values. It is apparent that long term tillage
      experiment (>4 seasons) would be required to detect changes in soil physical
      properties as a result of the soil management practices. 

PMID- 27379289
TI  - Status of Day Care Laparoscopic Appendectomy in Developing Countries.
AB  - The practice of laparoscopic appendectomy as an ambulatory surgery is uncommon
      even in apex institutes, more so in developing countries, despite proven
      feasibility. To promote this practice in the developing countries like ours, we
      attempted to find the safety and cost effectiveness in such institutions which
      have limited resources. Thirty cases of symptomatic appendicitis were tried for
      same day discharge after laparoscopic appendectomies. The results were
      encouraging with 87% patients discharged on the same day and 13% on the next day
      in the early morning. Among the next day discharged cases, only 03% stayed for
      medical reasons (nausea, vomiting, and pain) while 10% stayed as their attendants
      declined to leave (social reasons), even though they were medically eligible for
      discharge from the hospital. There were no significant postoperative
      complications except tolerable pain in all patients and mild to moderate
      nausea/vomiting in 80%. There was no readmission. The mean length of hospital
      stay was 11.20 hrs. At the time of discharge all patients were highly satisfied.
      We concluded that routine same day discharge is safe and feasible after
      appendectomies in developing countries, with social decline as the main hurdle
      which can be improved by proper communication. 

PMID- 27379290
TI  - Taste Masked Orally Disintegrating Pellets of Antihistaminic and Mucolytic Drug:
      Formulation, Characterization, and In Vivo Studies in Human.
AB  - The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of orally
      disintegrating pellets (ODPs) as an approach for taste masking of bitter drugs,
      namely, Ambroxol hydrochloride (A-HCl) and Cetirizine dihydrochloride (C-DHCl).
      Pellets were prepared by extrusion/spheronization with Eudragit EPO, kyron T-134,
      Kyron T-314, mannitol, sorbitol, MCC (Avicel PH-101), sucralose, chocolate
      flavor, and 5% xanthum gum. The prepared pellets were characterized for
      percentage yield, drug content, particle size, in vitro drug release, and in vivo
      evaluation on humans for taste, mouth feel, and in vivo disintegration time. The
      results revealed that the average size of pellets was influenced greatly by the
      percentage of binder and extrusion speed. The optimized ODPs disintegrated in
      less than 20 s and showed more than 98% of drugs in ODPs dissolved within 15 min.
      Taste perception study was carried out on human volunteers to evaluate the taste
      masking ability of ODPs for taste, mouth feel, and in vivo disintegration time.
      Crystalline state evaluation of drugs in the optimized ODPs was conducted for X
      ray powder diffraction. In conclusion, the study confirmed that ODPs can be
      utilized as an alternative approach for effective taste masking and rapid
      disintegration in the oral cavity. 

PMID- 27379291
TI  - Determinants of Physical Health of Older People in Iran.
AB  - Background. Many of the older people are encountered with physical and mental
      health problems, chronic diseases, and also living conditions. We aimed to
      evaluate the disability scores and its associated factors among a sample of older
      people in Iran. Material and Methods. 330 people aged 60-70 years were
      interviewed about daily living activities and physical functioning using two
      standard questionnaires. Results. According to univariate analysis, aging 66-70
      years, being employed, and receiving financial aids were associated with better
      ADL mean score (P < 0.05). Also, being between 66 and 70 years of age, males,
      being illiterate, being employed, and receiving financial aids were statistically
      related to higher SF-36 mean scores (P < 0.05). Multivariate analyses have shown
      that higher age and receiving financial aids were related to less need for help
      and being unemployed with salary was related to higher need for help. However,
      being illiterate, being employed, and receiving financial aids were significant
      related factors for better physical functioning. Conclusions. Physical health in
      old people is decreased not only by aging of people but also by other factors
      such as financial problems and also employment status could decrease physical
      health of old people regardless of aging. 

PMID- 27379292
TI  - Bayesian Inference for Source Reconstruction: A Real-World Application.
AB  - This paper applies a Bayesian probabilistic inferential methodology for the
      reconstruction of the location and emission rate from an actual contaminant
      source (emission from the Chalk River Laboratories medical isotope production
      facility) using a small number of activity concentration measurements of a noble
      gas (Xenon-133) obtained from three stations that form part of the International
      Monitoring System radionuclide network. The sampling of the resulting posterior
      distribution of the source parameters is undertaken using a very efficient Markov
      chain Monte Carlo technique that utilizes a multiple-try differential evolution
      adaptive Metropolis algorithm with an archive of past states. It is shown that
      the principal difficulty in the reconstruction lay in the correct specification
      of the model errors (both scale and structure) for use in the Bayesian
      inferential methodology. In this context, two different measurement models for
      incorporation of the model error of the predicted concentrations are considered.
      The performance of both of these measurement models with respect to their
      accuracy and precision in the recovery of the source parameters is compared and
      contrasted. 

PMID- 27379293
TI  - The Effect of Interventional Program on Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Duration
      of Exclusive Breastfeeding in Pregnant Women in Ahvaz, Iran.
AB  - Objective. This study aimed to determine the effect of educational program on
      Breastfeeding self-efficacy and duration of exclusive breastfeeding in pregnant
      women in Ahvaz, Iran. Methods. This randomized controlled trial was conducted on
      120 nulliparous pregnant women who tended to breastfeed. The primary self
      efficacy scores of samples were measured using Faux and Dennis breastfeeding self
      efficacy questionnaire. Women were randomly recruited into two intervention and
      control groups. Educational program (two training sessions, each lasted two
      hours) with two days interval was performed for intervention group. One month
      after delivery, self-efficacy scores were determined. Six months after child
      birth, duration of exclusive breastfeeding was assessed. Data were analyzed by
      means of descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings. The breastfeeding self
      efficacy in the intervention group increased significantly compared to the
      control group one month after delivery (123.6 versus 101.7, P < 0.001). The
      duration of exclusive breastfeeding was significantly higher in the intervention
      group (5.03 mo versus 2.7 mo, P < 0.001). Also, there was a significant
      relationship between breastfeeding self-efficacy and duration of exclusive
      breastfeeding (P < 0.001). Conclusion. The educational program could increase the
      self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding duration of mothers. These results can
      draw the attention of authorities to the importance of educational programs for
      mothers regarding the exclusive breastfeeding. 

PMID- 27379294
TI  - Occlusal Characteristics and Spacing in Primary Dentition: A Gender Comparative
      Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - Context. Occlusion in primary teeth varies among children of different
      populations and races. Aim. To assess and compare the occlusal characteristics
      and spacing in primary dentition among 3-6-year-old Dravidian children. Materials
      and Methods. The study included 2281 school going children. The primary molar
      relation, canine relation, overjet, and overbite were assessed using Foster and
      Hamilton criteria. Spacing conditions were registered according to Kisling and
      Krebs criteria. Results. The flush terminal plane molar relation (80.3%) was the
      most common primary molar relation. The distal step molar relation was more
      frequently found in female children (12.8%) than in males (8.6%). Class 1 canine
      relation was the most prevalent canine relation (81.3%) among males and females.
      Ideal overjet (84.3%) and overbite (72.7%) were observed among the majority of
      the children. Spaced type of arches occurred more frequently than closed arches
      in this sample. The incidence of primate spaces was more in males than in
      females. Conclusion. The study population has fewer deviations from normal
      occlusion which indicates decreased tendency for malocclusion in permanent
      dentition. However, further longitudinal studies are necessary to identify the
      potential limitations of a clinical approach relying on early orthodontic
      diagnosis and intervention. 

PMID- 27379295
TI  - Studies on Oligomer Metal Complexes Derived from Bisamic Acid of Pyromellitic
      Dianhydride and 4-Bromoaniline.
AB  - Novel oligomer metal complexes (2a-f) of the ligand 2,5-bis((4
      bromophenyl)carbamoyl) terephthalic acid (1) were prepared using transition metal
      salts and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The geometry of
      oligomer metal complexes was carried out by electronic spectral analysis and
      magnetic measurement studies. Polymeric properties have also been carried out.
      Ligand was synthesized using pyromellitic dianhydride and 4-bromoaniline. It was
      duly characterized. All novel synthesized compounds 1 and 2a-f were evaluated for
      their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The results showed significantly
      higher antibacterial and antifungal activity of oligomer metal complexes compared
      to the ligand. 

PMID- 27379296
TI  - Nitrite as Direct S-Nitrosylating Agent of Kir2.1 Channels.
AB  - Nitrite, a physiological nitric oxide (NO) storage form and an alternative way
      for NO generation, affects numerous biological processes through NO-dependent and
      independent pathways, including the S-nitrosylation of thiol-containing proteins.
      Mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not fully understood. The purpose of
      this study was to analyse in the rat heart (as prototype of mammalian heart)
      whether nitrite affects S-nitrosylation of cardiac proteins and the potential
      targets for S-nitrosylation. Rat hearts, perfused according to Langendorff, were
      exposed to nitrite. By Biotin Switch Method, we showed that nitrite treatment
      increased the degree of S-nitrosylation of a broad range of membrane proteins.
      Further analysis, conducted on subfractioned proteins, allowed us to identify a
      high level of nitrosylation in a small range of plasmalemmal proteins
      characterized by using an anti-Kir2.1 rabbit polyclonal antibody. We also
      verified that this effect of nitrite is preserved in the presence of the NO
      scavenger PTIO (2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide). Our
      results suggest, for the first time, that nitrite represents a direct S
      nitrosylating agent in cardiac tissues and that inward-rectifier potassium ion
      channels (Kir2.1) are one of the targets. These observations are of relevance
      since they support the growing evidence that nitrite is not only a NO reserve but
      also a direct modulator of important functional cardiac proteins. 

PMID- 27379297
TI  - Occupational and Personal Determinants of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Urban
      Taxi Drivers in Ghana.
AB  - Background. There is a lack of epidemiological data on musculoskeletal disorders
      (MSDs) among occupational drivers in Ghana. The present study seeks to estimate
      the prevalence, body distribution, and occupational and personal determinants of
      MSDs in a sample of taxi drivers in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. Methods. A
      total of 210 participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All the
      participants were evaluated by using a semistructured questionnaire and the
      standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorder Questionnaire. Results. The
      estimated prevalence of MSDs was 70.5%. The prevalence of the various MSD domains
      was as follows: lower back pain (34.3%), upper back pain (16.7%), neck pain
      (15.2%), shoulder pain (11.0%), knee pain (10.0%), hip/thigh pain (2.9%), elbow
      pain (4.8%), ankle/feet pain (2.4%), and wrist/hand pain (1.9%). Multiple
      logistic regression analysis of the data showed that participants who were
      employee drivers, drove taxi more than 12 hours per day or at least 5 days per
      week, perceived their job as stressful, and were dissatisfied with their job were
      at a greater risk of developing MSDs. Conclusions. These findings call for
      preventive strategies and safety guidelines in order to reduce the incidence of
      MSDs among urban taxi drivers in Ghana. 

PMID- 27379298
TI  - Experimental Study on the Strength Characteristics and Water Permeability of
      Hybrid Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete.
AB  - Results of an investigation conducted to study the effect of fibre hybridization
      on the strength characteristics such as compressive strength, split tensile
      strength, and water permeability of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) are
      presented. Steel fibres of different lengths, that is, 12.5 mm, 25 mm, and 50 mm,
      having constant diameter of 0.6 mm, were systematically combined in different mix
      proportions to obtain mono, binary, and ternary combinations at each of 0.5%,
      1.0%, and 1.5% fibre volume fraction. A concrete mix containing no fibres was
      also cast for reference purpose. A total number of 1440 cube specimens of size
      100*100*100 mm were tested, 480 each for compressive strength, split tensile
      strength, and water permeability at 7, 28, 90, and 120 days of curing. It has
      been observed from the results of this investigation that a fibre combination of
      33% 12.5 mm + 33% 25 mm + 33% 50 mm long fibres can be adjudged as the most
      appropriate combination to be employed in hybrid steel fibre reinforced concrete
      (HySFRC) for optimum performance in terms of compressive strength, split tensile
      strength and water permeability requirements taken together. 

PMID- 27379300
TI  - A Comparative Study between Karydakis Flap Reconstruction and Double Z-Plasty in
      Patients with Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Disease.
AB  - The most difficult problems that follow surgery for pilonidal disease are
      persistent unhealed midline wound and recurrence. Various innovations were
      proposed to deal with these problems. The adipocutaneous flap of Karydakis was
      devised to shift the natal cleft, while Z-plasty involves fasciocutaneous flap.
      The present prospective randomized trial was conducted on 50 cases of symptomatic
      or recurrent pilonidal sinuses divided randomly into two equal groups undergoing
      Karydakis procedure and Z-plasty. The duration of hospitalization for Karydakis
      procedure was found significantly lesser than that for double Z-plasty (P <
      0.001). Similar observations are obtained for duration of wound healing (P <
      0.001), work off period (P < 0.001), and the duration of presence of significant
      pain postoperatively (P < 0.001). The overall complications were more in double Z
      plasty. Recurrence developed in 32% of the cases in double Z-plasty group
      comparable to no recurrence seen in Karydakis procedure. Thus, Karydakis flap was
      found superior to double Z-plasty having less seroma formation, no local
      hematoma, and no flap necrosis. Statistically, this comparison was highly
      significant (P < 0.001). Karydakis flap has some added advantages over double Z
      plasty technique like keeping scar away from the midline and flattening of the
      natal cleft, thus reducing local recurrence rates. 

PMID- 27379299
TI  - Protective Effects of Tualang Honey against Oxidative Stress and Anxiety-Like
      Behaviour in Stressed Ovariectomized Rats.
AB  - The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anxiolytic-like effect of
      Tualang honey in stressed ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The animals were divided
      into; (i) nonstressed sham-operated control rats, (ii) sham-operated control rats
      exposed to stress, (iii) nonstressed OVX rats, (iv) OVX rats exposed to stress,
      (v) OVX rats exposed to stress and treated with 17 beta-oestradiol (E2) (20 MUg
      daily, sc), and (vi) OVX rats exposed to stress and treated with Tualang honey
      (0.2 g/kg body weight, orally). The open field test was used to evaluate the
      anxiety-like behaviour and ELISA kits were used to measure oxidant/antioxidant
      status of the brain homogenates. The result showed that anxiety-like behavior was
      significantly increased in stressed OVX compared to other groups, and
      administering either E2 or Tualang honey significantly decreased anxiety-like
      behaviour in stressed OVX rats. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein
      carbonyl (PCO) were significantly decreased while the levels/activities of
      superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferases (GST), glutathione
      peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were significantly increased in
      the brain homogenates of treated stressed OVX groups compared to untreated
      stressed OVX. In conclusion, Tualang honey has protective effects against brain
      oxidative stress and may be useful alternative anxiolytic agent especially for
      postmenopausal women. 

PMID- 27379301
TI  - Giardia duodenalis: Number and Fluorescence Reduction Caused by the Advanced
      Oxidation Process (H2O2/UV).
AB  - This study evaluated the effect of peroxidation assisted by ultraviolet radiation
      (H2O2/UV), which is an advanced oxidation process (AOP), on Giardia duodenalis
      cysts. The cysts were inoculated in synthetic and surface water using a
      concentration of 12 g H2O2 L(-1) and a UV dose (lambda = 254 nm) of 5,480 mJcm(
      2). The aqueous solutions were concentrated using membrane filtration, and the
      organisms were observed using a direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The AOP
      was effective in reducing the number of G. duodenalis cysts in synthetic and
      surface water and was most effective in reducing the fluorescence of the cyst
      walls that were present in the surface water. The AOP showed a higher deleterious
      potential for G. duodenalis cysts than either peroxidation (H2O2) or photolysis
      (UV) processes alone. 

PMID- 27379302
TI  - Barriers to and Suggestions on Improving Utilization of Eye Care in High-Risk
      Individuals: Focus Group Results.
AB  - Purpose. To understand barriers facing high-risk individuals and to solicit the
      suggestions of these individuals, especially nonusers, on how to change the eye
      care delivery system to better meet their needs. Methods. Four focus groups were
      conducted. All discussion was audiotaped and transcribed. Content analysis was
      performed by the authors and with the assistance of qualitative software,
      NUD(*)IST Vivo. Results. The most frequently cited barriers include (1) cost, (2)
      trust, (3) communication, (4) clinic accessibility (transportation/distance), and
      (5) doctor-patient relationship. In underutilizers, trust was the most identified
      barrier to care. Suggestions on increasing educational opportunities/awareness of
      eye care and addressing cost and insurance issues as a means of improving trust
      and communications were most frequently offered, including using the Department
      of Social Services as a focal point for eye care education and assessment.
      Discussion. Trust is a major barrier to eye care, especially among underutilizers
      of disadvantaged populations. Increasing trust and eye care education at the
      community and individual levels is essential to increasing eye care utilization. 

PMID- 27379303
TI  - On Critical Buckling Loads of Columns under End Load Dependent on Direction.
AB  - Most of the phenomena of various fields of applied sciences are nonlinear
      problems. Recently, various types of analytical approximate solution techniques
      were introduced and successfully applied to the nonlinear differential equations.
      One of the aforementioned techniques is the Homotopy analysis method (HAM). In
      this study, we applied HAM to find critical buckling load of a column under end
      load dependent on direction. We obtained the critical buckling loads and compared
      them with the exact analytic solutions in the literature. 

PMID- 27379304
TI  - Existence and Uniqueness of Positive Solution for Discrete Multipoint Boundary
      Value Problems.
AB  - It is expected in this paper to investigate the existence and uniqueness of
      positive solution for the following difference equation: -Delta(2) u(t - 1) =
      f(t, u(t)) + g(t, u(t)), t ? Z 1,  T , subject to boundary conditions either u(0)
      - betaDeltau(0) = 0, u(T + 1) = alphau(eta) or Deltau(0) = 0, u(T + 1) =
      alphau(eta), where 0 < alpha < 1, beta > 0,  and eta ? Z 2,T-1. The proof of the
      main result is based upon a fixed point theorem of a sum operator. It is expected
      in this paper not only to establish existence and uniqueness of positive
      solution, but also to show a way to construct a series to approximate it by
      iteration. 

PMID- 27379306
TI  - Comparing in Cylinder Pressure Modelling of a DI Diesel Engine Fuelled on
      Alternative Fuel Using Two Tabulated Chemistry Approaches.
AB  - The present work presents the comparative simulation of a diesel engine fuelled
      on diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel. Two models, based on tabulated chemistry, were
      implemented for the simulation purpose and results were compared with
      experimental data obtained from a single cylinder diesel engine. The first model
      is a single zone model based on the Krieger and Bormann combustion model while
      the second model is a two-zone model based on Olikara and Bormann combustion
      model. It was shown that both models can predict well the engine's in-cylinder
      pressure as well as its overall performances. The second model showed a better
      accuracy than the first, while the first model was easier to implement and faster
      to compute. It was found that the first method was better suited for real time
      engine control and monitoring while the second one was better suited for engine
      design and emission prediction. 

PMID- 27379307
TI  - Growth Analysis of Composite Entire and Meromorphic Functions in the Light of
      Their Relative Orders.
AB  - We study some comparative growth properties of composite entire and meromorphic
      functions on the basis of their relative orders (relative lower orders). 

PMID- 27379305
TI  - Current Trends in Bioethanol Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Substrate,
      Inhibitor Reduction, Growth Variables, Coculture, and Immobilization.
AB  - Bioethanol is one of the most commonly used biofuels in transportation sector to
      reduce greenhouse gases. S. cerevisiae is the most employed yeast for ethanol
      production at industrial level though ethanol is produced by an array of other
      yeasts, bacteria, and fungi. This paper reviews the current and nonmolecular
      trends in ethanol production using S. cerevisiae. Ethanol has been produced from
      wide range of substrates such as molasses, starch based substrate, sweet sorghum
      cane extract, lignocellulose, and other wastes. The inhibitors in lignocellulosic
      hydrolysates can be reduced by repeated sequential fermentation, treatment with
      reducing agents and activated charcoal, overliming, anion exchanger, evaporation,
      enzymatic treatment with peroxidase and laccase, in situ detoxification by
      fermenting microbes, and different extraction methods. Coculturing S. cerevisiae
      with other yeasts or microbes is targeted to optimize ethanol production, shorten
      fermentation time, and reduce process cost. Immobilization of yeast cells has
      been considered as potential alternative for enhancing ethanol productivity,
      because immobilizing yeasts reduce risk of contamination, make the separation of
      cell mass from the bulk liquid easy, retain stability of cell activities,
      minimize production costs, enable biocatalyst recycling, reduce fermentation
      time, and protect the cells from inhibitors. The effects of growth variables of
      the yeast and supplementation of external nitrogen sources on ethanol
      optimization are also reviewed. 

PMID- 27379308
TI  - Second Order Duality in Multiobjective Fractional Programming with Square Root
      Term under Generalized Univex Function.
AB  - Three approaches of second order mixed type duality are introduced for a
      nondifferentiable multiobjective fractional programming problem in which the
      numerator and denominator of objective function contain square root of positive
      semidefinite quadratic form. Also, the necessary and sufficient conditions of
      efficient solution for fractional programming are established and a
      parameterization technique is used to establish duality results under generalized
      second order rho-univexity assumption. 

PMID- 27379309
TI  - Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Emtricitabine and
      Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Three-Component Tablet Formulation Containing
      Rilpivirine Hydrochloride.
AB  - Developing a single analytical method for estimation of individual drug from a
      multidrug composition is a very challenging task. A complexation, derivatization,
      extraction, evaporation, and sensitive-free direct UV spectrophotometric method
      is developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of some antiviral
      drugs such as emtricitabine (EMT), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and
      rilpivirine HCl (RPV) in tablet dosage form by Vierordt's method. The solutions
      of standard and sample were prepared in methanol. The lambda max? for
      emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and rilpivirine hydrochloride were
      240.8 nm, 257.6 nm, and 305.6 nm, respectively. Calibration curves are linear in
      the concentration ranges 4-12 MUg/ml for EMT, 6-18 MUg/ml for TDF, and 0.5-1.5
      MUg/ml for RPV, respectively. Results of analysis of simultaneous equation method
      were analyzed and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines. 

PMID- 27379310
TI  - A Low-Dimensional Radial Silhouette-Based Feature for Fast Human Action
      Recognition Fusing Multiple Views.
AB  - This paper presents a novel silhouette-based feature for vision-based human
      action recognition, which relies on the contour of the silhouette and a radial
      scheme. Its low-dimensionality and ease of extraction result in an outstanding
      proficiency for real-time scenarios. This feature is used in a learning algorithm
      that by means of model fusion of multiple camera streams builds a bag of key
      poses, which serves as a dictionary of known poses and allows converting the
      training sequences into sequences of key poses. These are used in order to
      perform action recognition by means of a sequence matching algorithm.
      Experimentation on three different datasets returns high and stable recognition
      rates. To the best of our knowledge, this paper presents the highest results so
      far on the MuHAVi-MAS dataset. Real-time suitability is given, since the method
      easily performs above video frequency. Therefore, the related requirements that
      applications as ambient-assisted living services impose are successfully
      fulfilled. 

PMID- 27379311
TI  - Two-Sided Annihilator Condition with Generalized Derivations on Multilinear
      Polynomials.
AB  - Let R be a prime ring of characteristic different from 2, with extended centroid
      C, U its two-sided Utumi quotient ring, F a nonzero generalized derivation of R,
      f(x 1,..., x n ) a noncentral multilinear polynomial over C in n noncommuting
      variables, and a, b ? R such that a[F(f(r 1,..., r n )), f(r 1,..., r n )]b = 0
      for any r 1,..., r n ? R. Then one of the following holds: (1) a = 0; (2) b = 0;
      (3) there exists lambda ? C such that F(x) = lambdax, for all x ? R; (4) there
      exist q ? U and lambda ? C such that F(x) = (q + lambda)x + xq, for all x ? R,
      and f(x 1,..., x n )(2) is central valued on R; (5) there exist q ? U and lambda,
      MU ? C such that F(x) = (q + lambda)x + xq, for all x ? R, and aq = MUa, qb =
      MUb. 

PMID- 27379312
TI  - Occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae in Raw Meat and in Human Samples from Egyptian
      Retail Sellers.
AB  - The present study was performed to assess the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in
      raw meat and handlers in Egypt using cultivation and matrix-assisted laser
      desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A total of
      100 raw meat samples (chicken and beef meat, 50 each) were randomly purchased
      from butchers and local meat retailers located at Mansoura city, Egypt. Fifty
      human samples were collected from meat handlers (hand swabs and stool specimens,
      25 each). 228 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples. Unidentified
      isolates were characterized by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Escherichia coli
      isolates were further typed using a DNA microarray system. Proteus spp. (60.0%)
      were found to be the most abundant followed by Escherichia coli (38.7%),
      Klebsiella spp. (17.3%), and Citrobacter spp. (13.3%). The presence of different
      Enterobacteriaceae in locally produced retail raw meat demonstrates the risk of
      infection of people through consumption of raw or undercooked meat and the risk
      for cross-contamination of other food products. Harmonized and concerted actions
      from veterinary and public health authorities are needed to reduce the risk of
      infection. 

PMID- 27379313
TI  - Outcomes of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy with a Posterior Approach
      to the Seminal Vesicle in 300 Patients.
AB  - Background. The goal of this study was to analyze the perioperative outcomes of
      robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomies (RALPs) performed at our
      center. Methodology. We retrospectively reviewed 300 consecutive patients with
      clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent RALP with a posterior
      dissection approach to the seminal vesicle between May 2011 and November 2013.
      The mean patient age was 67.2 +/- 5.5 years (range: 41-78 years), and the mean
      prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, at diagnosis of prostate cancer,
      was 9.16 +/- 6.50 ng/mL (range: 2.20-55.31 ng/mL). Results. The median duration
      of robotic surgery was 160 min (mean: 165 +/- 40 min; range: 75-345 min). Median
      estimated blood loss, including that in urine, was 200 mL (mean: 277 +/- 324 mL;
      range: 4-3250 mL). Intraoperative and immediate postoperative complications
      occurred in 3.0% of patients; 4 patients required allogeneic blood transfusion.
      As a measure of patient continence, 82.4% did not use more than 1 absorbent pad
      in 24 h, at 6 months postoperatively. Conclusion. RALP with an initial posterior
      dissection to the seminal vesicle was a safe and efficient method for controlling
      prostate cancer, even in these initial cases. 

PMID- 27379314
TI  - Phytochemical Profiling of Leaf, Stem, and Tuber Parts of Solena amplexicaulis
      (Lam.) Gandhi Using GC-MS.
AB  - Objective. To explore the possible bioactive compounds in the methanolic extracts
      of leaf, stem, and tuber parts of the medicinal climber, Solena amplexicaulis,
      using GC-MS. Methods. GC-MS analysis of the plant extracts were performed by
      using GC-MS-5975C [Agilent] and mass spectra of the compounds found in the
      extract was matched with the data in the library of National Institute of
      Standards and Technology (NIST). Results. Thirty-five compounds were determined
      to be present in the parts studied. The active principles with their retention
      time, molecular formula, molecular weight, peak area, structure, category of the
      compounds, and activities were predicted. The most prevailing compounds were
      phytol (38.24%) in leaf, 4-(4-ethoxyphenyl) but-3-en-2-one (56.90%) in stem, and
      9,17-octadecadienal, (Z)- (21.77%) in tuber. Conclusion. This study revealed that
      the species S. amplexicaulis is a good source of many bioactive compounds like
      terpenes, triazines, esters, alkanes, alcohols, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, amides,
      and so forth. That justifies the traditional usage of this species. 

PMID- 27379315
TI  - Influence of Sulfur Induced Stress on Oxidative Status and Antioxidative
      Machinery in Leaves of Allium cepa L.
AB  - A pot culture experiment was carried out to assess the effect of sulfur stress on
      growth, oxidative status, and antioxidative metabolism. Onion plants were treated
      with three different levels of sulfur, namely, 1.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mM S L(-1).
      Plants raised with 4.0 mM S L(-1) represent sufficient growth for the best
      vegetative yield. Plants supplied with 1.0 and 8.0 mM S L(-1) showed retarded
      growth, chlorosis, and reduction in biomass and photoassimilatory pigments.
      Tissue sulfur concentration and cysteine were increased with increasing sulfur
      supply. Carbohydrates (sugars and starch) were accumulated in sulfur stressed
      plants. Hydrogen peroxide levels were increased in sulfur stressed plants.
      Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were also increased which was an
      indicator of lipid peroxidation. Enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase,
      peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) and nonenzymatic
      (asorbate) antioxidative components were enhanced in sulfur stressed plants.
      Glutathione was increased with increasing sulfur supply. The present study showed
      that the adverse effects of inadequate sulfur supply result in irregular
      metabolic activities and antioxidant machinery. 

PMID- 27379316
TI  - Heat and Mass Transfer on MHD Flow of a Viscoelastic Fluid through Porous Media
      over a Shrinking Sheet.
AB  - An attempt has been made to study the heat and mass transfer effect in a boundary
      layer flow through porous medium of an electrically conducting viscoelastic fluid
      over a shrinking sheet subject to transverse magnetic field in the presence of
      heat source. Effects of radiation, viscous dissipation, and uniform heat sink on
      the heat transfer have been considered. The method of solution involves
      similarity transformation. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations
      representing momentum, concentration, and nonhomogenous heat equation are reduced
      into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The transformed
      equations are solved by applying Kummer's function. The exact solution of
      temperature field is obtained for power-law surface temperature (PST) as well as
      power-law heat flux (PHF) boundary condition. The interaction of magnetic field
      is proved to be counterproductive in enhancing velocity and concentration
      distribution, whereas presence of porous matrix reduces the temperature field at
      all points. 

PMID- 27379317
TI  - Comparison of the Antifungal Efficacy of 1.3% NaOCl/MTAD with Other Routine
      Irrigants: An Ex-Vivo Study.
AB  - Objectives. To evaluate and compare the antifungal efficacy of 1.3% NaOCl/MTAD
      with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), and
      iodine potassium iodide (IKI). Materials and Methods. Fifty-two single rooted
      teeth were used which were divided into four groups with 10 teeth in each group:
      2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, IKI, 1.3% NaOCl/MTAD, and physiologic saline. Two teeth
      served as negative controls and were placed in fresh brain-heart infusion broth
      (BHI) after autoclaving. The teeth were inoculated and incubated with Candida
      albicans after which the teeth were instrumented and irrigated with the test
      irrigants. The first microbial sampling was then performed and colony forming
      unit/mL (cfu/mL) was counted. The second microbial sampling was performed 1 week
      after instrumentation and irrigation. Results. The test irrigants were effective
      against C. albicans in both the first and second microbial samplings. When the
      irrigants were compared, there was no statistical difference in their activity in
      the 1st and 2nd microbial sampling. On comparison of the change in mean cfu/mL
      between the 1st and 2nd microbial samplings, the antifungal activity of the test
      irrigants was in the order 2.5% NaOCl > 2% CHX > 1.3% NaOCl/MTAD > IKI. 

PMID- 27379318
TI  - A Real Valued Neural Network Based Autoregressive Energy Detector for Cognitive
      Radio Application.
AB  - A real valued neural network (RVNN) based energy detector (ED) is proposed and
      analyzed for cognitive radio (CR) application. This was developed using a known
      two-layered RVNN model to estimate the model coefficients of an autoregressive
      (AR) system. By using appropriate modules and a well-designed detector, the power
      spectral density (PSD) of the AR system transfer function was estimated and
      subsequent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the detector
      generated and analyzed. A high detection performance with low false alarm rate
      was observed for varying signal to noise ratio (SNR), sample number, and model
      order conditions. The proposed RVNN based ED was then compared to the simple
      periodogram (SP), Welch periodogram (WP), multitaper (MT), Yule-Walker (YW), Burg
      (BG), and covariance (CV) based ED techniques. The proposed detector showed
      better performance than the SP, WP, and MT while providing better false alarm
      performance than the YW, BG, and CV. Data provided here support the effectiveness
      of the proposed RVNN based ED for CR application. 

PMID- 27379319
TI  - The Neuroepithelium Disruption Could Generate Autoantibodies against AQP4 and
      Cause Neuromyelitis Optica and Hydrocephalus.
AB  - Neuromyelitis optica is an inflammatory disease characterized by neuritis and
      myelitis of the optic nerve. Its physiopathology is connected with the aquaporin
      4 water channel, since antibodies against aquaporin-4 have been found in the
      cerebrospinal fluid and blood of neuromyelitis optica patients. The
      seropositivity for aquaporin-4 antibodies is used for the diagnosis of
      neuromyelitis optica or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease. On the other hand,
      aquaporin-4 is expressed in astrocyte feet in the brain-blood barrier and
      subventricular zones of the brain ventricles. Aquaporin-4 expression is high in
      cerebrospinal fluid in hydrocephalus. Furthermore, neuroepithelial denudation
      precedes noncommunicating hydrocephalus and this neuroepithelial disruption could
      allow aquaporin-4 to reach anomalous brain areas where it is unrecognized and
      induce the generation of aquaporin-4 antibodies which could cause the
      neuromyelitis optica and certain types of hydrocephalus. 

PMID- 27379320
TI  - Improvements of Jensen-Type Inequalities for Diamond-alpha Integrals.
AB  - We give further improvements of the Jensen inequality and its converse on time
      scales, allowing also negative weights. These results generalize the Jensen
      inequality and its converse for both discrete and continuous cases. Further, we
      investigate the exponential and logarithmic convexity of the differences between
      the left-hand side and the right-hand side of these inequalities and present
      several families of functions for which these results can be applied. 

PMID- 27379321
TI  - Evaluation of Root Canal Configuration of Mandibular First Molars in a
      Palestinian Population by Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: An Ex Vivo Study.
AB  - Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the number of canals and
      variations in root canal configuration in the mandibular permanent first molar
      teeth of a Palestinian population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
      Methods. A sample of 320 extracted double-rooted mandibular permanent first
      molars from Palestinian population was collected for this study and scanned with
      CBCT scanner. The following observations were made: number of root canals per
      root and canal configuration in each root based on Vertucci's classification.
      Results. Of the 320 mandibular first molars analyzed, 174 (54.4%) had three
      canals, 132 teeth (41.3%) had four canals, and only four teeth had two canals.
      The most common canal configuration in the mesial roots was Vertucci type IV
      (53.8%) followed by type II (38.8%). In the distal roots, the most prevalent
      canal configuration was Vertucci type I (57.5%) followed by type II ( 22.5%) and
      type III (10.6%). Conclusion. Our results showed that the number of canals and
      canal configuration in Palestinian population were consistent with previously
      reported data. The present study also indicates that CBCT is helpful as a
      diagnostic tool for the investigation of root canal morphology. 

PMID- 27379322
TI  - Hypertrophic Scar Formation on Application of Terpenoid Fraction of Tuberous Root
      of Mirabilis jalapa L. on Excision Wound Model in Wistar Albino Rats.
AB  - The study was designed to evaluate the effects of hydromethanolic extract of
      tuberous root of M. jalapa and its terpenoid and flavonoid fractions on cutaneous
      wound healing in Wistar Albino rats. The hydromethanolic extract was
      subfractionated by sequential extraction in solvents (moderately nonpolar to
      polar). The extract and its (terpenoid and flavonoid) fractions were used for
      cutaneous wound healing studies by using excision wound model on rat. Their
      effects on wound contraction rate, biochemical and histological changes, and
      expression of growth factors such as collagen 3A, basic fibroblast growth factor,
      and vascular endothelial growth factor were investigated. The results indicated
      that flavonoid treated group showed significant decrease (P < 0.05) in
      antioxidant enzyme level as compared to control in wound healing process, whereas
      terpenoid fraction showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in expression of growth
      factor levels but regeneration and remodeling stages were delayed due to
      formation of thicker ulcus layer and also there were no hair follicle-like blood
      capillaries formation which ultimately may lead to formation of hypertrophic scar
      of wound. Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded that terpenoid fraction
      prolongs proliferation phase and hence may have tendency to convert the wound
      into hypertrophic wound. 

PMID- 27379323
TI  - Functional Evaluation in High Energy (Schatzker Type V and Type VI) Tibial
      Plateau Fractures Treated by Open Reduction and Internal Fixation.
AB  - Objective. To review functional outcome in high energy tibial plateau fractures
      treated by plating. Design. Retrospective analysis. Material and Methods. Sixty
      five patients with Schatzker type V and type VI tibial plateau fractures treated
      with open reduction and internal fixation using plates were included in the
      study. The functional evaluation of the patients was carried out with Oxford knee
      scoring. Results. Fifty-four cases (83%) had Oxford knee score between 40 and 48.
      Seven (10.7%) had score between 30 and 39, three (4.6%) had score between 20 and
      29, and one patient (1.5%) had a score of 18. Delayed union was seen in two cases
      and nonunion was seen in one case. The superficial wound infection was noticed in
      (9.2%) patients which was resolved with regular dressings and oral antibiotics.
      Three (4.6%) patients had developed deep wound infection and one among them had
      developed osteomyelitis. Conclusion. Open reduction and internal fixation in high
      energy tibial plateau fractures can provide good functional results in
      appropriately selected cases. 

PMID- 27379324
TI  - Hand Hygiene Practices in Medical Students: A Follow-Up Study.
AB  - Objective. The study was conducted to study the impact of various measures
      instituted to improve hand hygiene practices of the medical students after having
      documented poor hand hygiene awareness and compliance in a study conducted in
      2012. Methods. A self-designed questionnaire based on World Health Organization's
      concept of "Five Moments for Hand Hygiene" was used to evaluate the awareness of
      the indications of hand hygiene. Compliance was observed during Objective
      Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) sessions. Fifty-one students participated
      voluntarily in the study. Results. The awareness and compliance of hand hygiene
      among the medical students in 2014 had shown statistically significant
      improvement (P < 0.005) as compared to figures of the study conducted in 2012.
      Conclusion. Dedicated multifaceted intervention can improve the hand hygiene
      practices in medical students. 

PMID- 27379325
TI  - Primary Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder.
AB  - Primary clear cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (PCCUB) is rare. Literature
      review has revealed 47 cases of PCCUB which commonly affects women. The
      histogenesis of PCCUB is not certain and Mullerian origin and urotheilal origin
      have been postulated. The microscopic characteristics of PCCUB include cells with
      abundant clear cytoplasm, arranged in a solid, glandular, tubulocystic, or
      papillary pattern. The cells may be flat or cuboidal with abundant clear
      eosinophilic cytoplasm. Hobnailing may be evident. PCCUB, on
      immunohistochemistry, stain positively with pan-cytokeratin, cytokeratin 7, and
      CA 125. PCCUB may manifest with visible haematuria, lower urinary tract symptoms,
      and discharge. There is no consensus opinion regarding the best treatment option
      for PCCUBs and patient outcomes are not very clear. Surgery has been the adopted
      treatment of choice. Differential diagnoses of PCCUB include nephrogenic
      metaplasia, urothelial carcinoma with clear cell cytoplasm, diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma, and metastatic clear cell carcinoma with the primary originating
      elsewhere. Conclusions. A thorough radiological imaging assessment is required in
      cases of PCCUB to exclude a primary tumour elsewhere. Urologists and oncologists
      should report cases of PCCUB they encounter and should enter them into a
      multicentric trial to ascertain the best management option. 

PMID- 27379327
TI  - Fatigue Life Assessment of 65Si7 Leaf Springs: A Comparative Study.
AB  - The experimental fatigue life prediction of leaf springs is a time consuming
      process. The engineers working in the field of leaf springs always face a
      challenge to formulate alternate methods of fatigue life assessment. The work
      presented in this paper provides alternate methods for fatigue life assessment of
      leaf springs. A 65Si7 light commercial vehicle leaf spring is chosen for this
      study. The experimental fatigue life and load rate are determined on a full scale
      leaf spring testing machine. Four alternate methods of fatigue life assessment
      have been depicted. Firstly by SAE spring design manual approach the fatigue test
      stroke is established and by the intersection of maximum and initial stress the
      fatigue life is predicted. The second method constitutes a graphical method based
      on modified Goodman's criteria. In the third method codes are written in FORTRAN
      for fatigue life assessment based on analytical technique. The fourth method
      consists of computer aided engineering tools. The CAD model of the leaf spring
      has been prepared in solid works and analyzed using ANSYS. Using CAE tools, ideal
      type of contact and meshing elements have been proposed. The method which
      provides fatigue life closer to experimental value and consumes less time is
      suggested. 

PMID- 27379326
TI  - Meteorological Variables Associated with Stroke.
AB  - To elucidate relationships between meteorological variables and incidence of
      stroke, we studied patients diagnosed with stroke after presenting to the
      emergency department (May 1, 2010-August 8, 2011). Patient demographics and
      medical data were reviewed retrospectively with regional meteorological data.
      Across 467 days, 134 stroke events were recorded on 114 days. On stroke days,
      maximum temperature (max T) and atmospheric pressure (AP) combined were a
      significant predictor of stroke (max T odds ratio (OR) = 1.014, 95% confidence
      interval (CI) = 1.003-1.026, and P = 0.04; AP: OR = 1.033, 95% CI = 0.997-1.071,
      and P = 0.02). When the patient could identify the hour of the stroke, average
      temperature (avg T) was significantly higher than nonstroke hours (18.2 degrees C
      versus 16.16 degrees C, P = 0.04). Daily fluctuations in AP and avg T also had
      significant effects on stroke incidence (AP: OR = 0.629, 95% CI = 0.512-0.773,
      and P = 0.0001; avg T OR = 1.1399, 95% CI = 1.218-606, and P = 0.0001). Patient
      age, stroke history, body mass index, ethnicity, and sex were further
      contributors to stroke risk. Temperature, atmospheric pressure, and certain
      physiological conditions likely play roles in weather-related stroke
      susceptibility. The mechanisms driving these associations are not fully
      understood. 

PMID- 27379328
TI  - Use of Nonspecific, Glutamic Acid-Free, Media and High Glycerol or High Amylase
      as Inducing Parameters for Screening Bacillus Isolates Having High Yield of
      Polyglutamic Acid.
AB  - Out of fifty-five Bacillus isolates obtained from ten different regional
      locations and sources, seven showed the ability to consistently produce specific
      extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) on rich as well as synthetic but
      nonspecific media which did not contain glutamic acid. The isolates were
      identified as either Bacillus licheniformis or Bacillus subtilis. The EPS from
      all isolates was resistant to alpha protease, proteinase K, and was thus of high
      molecular weight. Further it was detected after SDS-PAGE by methylene blue but
      not by coomassie blue R staining as in case of proteins with high proportion of
      acidic amino acids. Cell-free EPS, after acid hydrolysis, showed absence of
      carbohydrates and presence of only glutamic acid. Thus the native the EPS from
      all seven isolates was confirmed to be gamma polyglutamic acid (PGA) and not
      exopolysaccharide. The Bacillus isolate T which produced maximum polymer on all
      media tested had higher amylase: protease activity as compared to other strains.
      If inoculum was developed in rich medium as compared to synthetic medium, the PGA
      produced increased by twofold in the subsequent synthetic production medium.
      Similarly, use of inoculum consisting of young and vegetative cells also
      increased the PGA production by twofold though amount of inoculum did not affect
      yield of PGA. Though PGA was produced in even in the absence of glutamic acid
      supplementation in the production medium by all isolates, the yield of PGA
      increased by fourfold in the presence glutamic acid and the maximum yield was 30
      g/l for isolate K. The supplementation of glutamine instead of glutamic acid into
      the medium caused an increase in the viscosity of the non-Newtonian solution of
      PGA. 

PMID- 27379329
TI  - The Effect of Light Exposure on Water Sorption and Solubility of Self-Adhesive
      Resin Cements.
AB  - Purpose. To investigate the effect of light activation on the water sorption (WS)
      and solubility (SL) of resin cements after 24 h and 7 days. Methods. Disk-shaped
      specimens were prepared using five dual-polymerized cements (four self-adhesive
      [RelyX Unicem, MaxCem, SeT and G-Cem] and one conventional [Panavia F 2.0]) and
      divided according to the curing mode (direct light exposure or self-cure) and
      water immersion period (24 h or 7 days). Specimens were dry-stored and weighed
      daily until a constant mass was recorded (M1). Then, specimens were stored in
      water for either 24 h or 7 days and immediately weighed (M2). After desiccation,
      specimens were weighed again until a constant mass was achieved (M3). WS and SL
      were calculated and statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Mann
      Whitney U tests (alpha = 0.05%). Results. There was a significant increase in WS
      for all products after one-week immersion in water. The highest water uptake was
      observed for autopolymerized groups. Extended water immersion significantly
      affected the SL for most of autopolymerized cements. Significant differences
      between products were observed in both tests. Conclusions. The curing mode and
      the water immersion period may affect the mechanical stability of the resin
      cements, and these differences appear to be product-dependent. 

PMID- 27379330
TI  - Functional Performance Testing and Patient Reported Outcomes following ACL
      Reconstruction: A Systematic Scoping Review.
AB  - Objective. A systematic scoping review of the literature to identify functional
      performance tests and patient reported outcomes for patients who undergo anterior
      cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and rehabilitation that are used in
      clinical practice and research during the last decade. Methods. A literature
      search was conducted. Electronic databases used included Medline, PubMed,
      Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and AMED. The inclusion
      criteria were English language, publication between April 2004 and April 2014,
      and primary ACL reconstruction with objective and/or subjective outcomes used.
      Two authors screened the selected papers for title, abstract, and full-text in
      accordance with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological
      quality of all papers was assessed by a checklist of the Critical Appraisal
      Skills Programme (CASP). Results. A total of 16 papers were included with full
      text. Different authors used different study designs for functional performance
      testing which led to different outcomes that could not be compared. All papers
      used a measurement for quantity of functional performance except one study which
      used both quantity and quality outcomes. Several functional performance tests and
      patient reported outcomes were identified in this review. Conclusion. No
      extensive research has been carried out over the past 10 years to measure the
      quality of functional performance testing and control stability of patients
      following ACL reconstruction. However this study found that the measurement of
      functional performance following ACL reconstruction consisting of a one-leg hop
      for a set distance or a combination of different hops using limb symmetry index
      (LSI) was a main outcome parameter of several studies. A more extensive series of
      tests is suggested to measure both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of
      functional performance after the ACL reconstruction. The KOOS and the IKDC
      questionnaires are both measures that are increasingly being used for ACL
      reconstruction throughout the last decade. 

PMID- 27379331
TI  - Immunological Testing Reveals Exposure to Malaria in the Hypoendemic Region of
      Iran.
AB  - Background. South eastern parts of Iran remain endemic for malaria infection.
      There is some concern that malaria infection may spread into Bushehr, which is
      located in the south western part bordering the Persian Gulf and at the periphery
      of the declared endemic region Hormozgan province due to frequency of visitors
      from eastern endemic areas and from neighboring malaria endemic countries. We
      investigated malaria prevalence in Bushehr. Methods and Results. Attempts were
      made to identify malaria active infection in blood smears and malaria specific
      antibody and antigens in serum samples. Traditional blood smears prepared from
      1955 blood specimens yielded no definitive malaria positive case by microscopic
      technique. A total of 270 (13.8%) serum samples were positive for malaria
      antibodies. Using specific ELISA kits, presence of histidine rich proteins and
      lactate dehydrogenase antigens were investigated in serum samples. No histidine
      rich proteins specific for P. falciparum were detected amongst 270 antibody
      positive samples. However, six samples representing 0.3% of total population,
      were found to be positive for plasmodium pan specific lactate dehydrogenase
      antigens. This suggested the possibility of low level exposure to malaria in
      Bushehr community. Conclusions. Out of a total of 1955 samples tested, 270
      (13.8%) were positive for malaria antibodies and six (0.3%) of these were
      positive for plasmodium-specific lactate dehydrogenase antigen suggesting a low
      level exposure to malaria in a hypoendemic region based on immunological testing.
      Since none of the 270 antibody samples were positive for histidine rich protein
      antigens, there is scope for further testing of blood samples by molecular
      methods such as polymerase chain reactions to confirm the plasmodium species and
      provide information valuable for future investigations. Our testing strategy for
      hypoemdemic malaria can be used as a template for investing malaria in 32
      eliminating countries for testing ongoing transmission. This approach may be
      useful as a method in epidemiological studies. 

PMID- 27379333
TI  - The Interdependency of the Morphological Variations of the Planktonic
      Foraminiferal Species Globigerina bulloides in Surface Sediments on the
      Environmental Parameters of the Southwestern Indian Ocean.
AB  - 18 surface sediment samples collected from a north-south transect along the
      Indian Ocean have been analyzed for planktonic Foraminifera content. Among the
      other planktonic foraminiferal faunas, Globigerina bulloides was present
      substantially in all samples. Census data of G. bulloides were measured for
      different parameters (average size, mean proloculus size, coiling direction, and
      number of chambers) and a Q-mode cluster analysis was applied on these data.
      Samples were segregated into two homogeneous clusters, each reflecting particular
      environmental conditions. Two clusters are as follows: (1) Cluster A, comprised
      of 6 samples and characterized by the highest range of foraminiferal and
      ecological parameters, except sea surface temperature and salinity which shows
      the lowest range, and (2) Cluster B, comprised of 12 samples and characterized by
      the lowest range of foraminiferal parameters and ecological parameters, except
      sea surface temperature and salinity which shows the highest range. The study
      suggests that the ecological parameters are the governing factors for the
      morphological characteristics of planktonic foraminiferal species G. bulloides. 

PMID- 27379332
TI  - Epidemiologic Behavior and Estimation of an Optimal Cut-Off Point for Homeostasis
      Model Assessment-2 Insulin Resistance: A Report from a Venezuelan Population.
AB  - Background. Mathematical models such as Homeostasis Model Assessment have gained
      popularity in the evaluation of insulin resistance (IR). The purpose of this
      study was to estimate the optimal cut-off point for Homeostasis Model Assessment
      2 Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR) in an adult population of Maracaibo, Venezuela.
      Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study with randomized, multistaged sampling
      included 2,026 adult individuals. IR was evaluated through HOMA2-IR calculation
      in 602 metabolically healthy individuals. For cut-off point estimation, two
      approaches were applied: HOMA2-IR percentile distribution and construction of ROC
      curves using sensitivity and specificity for selection. Results. HOMA2-IR
      arithmetic mean for the general population was 2.21 +/- 1.42, with 2.18 +/- 1.37
      for women and 2.23 +/- 1.47 for men (P = 0.466). When calculating HOMA2-IR for
      the healthy reference population, the resulting p75 was 2.00. Using ROC curves,
      the selected cut-off point was 1.95, with an area under the curve of 0.801,
      sensibility of 75.3%, and specificity of 72.8%. Conclusions. We propose an
      optimal cut-off point of 2.00 for HOMA2-IR, offering high sensitivity and
      specificity, sufficient for proper assessment of IR in the adult population of
      our city, Maracaibo. The determination of population-specific cut-off points is
      needed to evaluate risk for public health problems, such as obesity and metabolic
      syndrome. 

PMID- 27379334
TI  - Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Should Be Included with the Initial Surgery for High
      Risk Ductal Carcinoma-In-Situ.
AB  - Background. A proportion of those diagnosed preoperatively with ductal carcinoma
      in-situ (DCIS) will be histologically upgraded to invasive carcinoma. Repeat
      surgery for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy will be required if it had not been
      included with the initial surgery. We reviewed the outcome of SLN biopsy
      performed with the initial surgery based on a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS and
      aimed to identify patients at risk of histological upgrade. Methods.
      Retrospective review of 294 consecutive female patients diagnosed with DCIS was
      performed at our institute from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2008. Results.
      Of the 294 patients, 132 (44.9%) underwent SLN biopsy together with the initial
      surgery. The SLN was positive for metastases in 5 patients, all of whom had
      tumours that were histologically upgraded. Histological upgrade also occurred in
      43 of the 127 patients (33.9%) in whom the SLN was negative for metastases. On
      multivariate analysis, histological upgrade was more likely if a mass was
      detected on mammogram, if the preoperative diagnosis was obtained with core
      biopsy and if microinvasion was reported in the biopsy. Conclusion. Patients in
      whom a preoperative diagnosis of DCIS is likely to be upgraded to invasive
      carcinoma will benefit from SLN biopsy being performed with the initial surgery. 

PMID- 27379335
TI  - Integrated Duo Wavelength VCSEL Using an Electrically Pumped GaInAs/AlGaAs 980 nm
      Cavity at the Bottom and an Optically Pumped GaInAs/AlGaInAs 1550 nm Cavity on
      the Top.
AB  - In this work, an integrated single chip dual cavity VCSEL has been designed which
      comprises an electrically pumped 980 nm bottom VCSEL section fabricated using
      GaInAs/AlGaAs MQW active region and a 1550 nm top VCSEL section constructed using
      GaInAs/AlGaInAs MQW active region but optically pumped using half of the produced
      980 nm light entering into it from the electrically pumped bottom cavity. In this
      design, the active region of the intracavity structure 980 nm VCSEL consists of 3
      quantum wells (QWs) using Ga0.847In0.153As, 2 barriers using Al0.03Ga0.97As, and
      2 separate confinement heterostructures (SCH) using the same material as the
      barrier. The active region of the top emitting 1550 nm VCSEL consists of 3 QWs
      using Ga0.47In0.52As, 2 barriers using Al0.3Ga0.17In0.53As, and 2 SCHs using the
      same material as the barrier. The top DBR and the bottom DBR mirror systems of
      the 1550 nm VCSEL section plus the top and bottom DBR mirror systems of the 980
      nm VCSEL section have been formed using GaAs/Al0.8Ga0.2As. Computations show that
      the VCSEL is capable of producing 8.5 mW of power at 980 nm from the bottom side
      and 2 mW of power at the 1550 nm from top side. 

PMID- 27379336
TI  - Determination of Catechin and Epicatechin Content in Chocolates by High
      Performance Liquid Chromatography.
AB  - A simple and sensitive reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic
      (HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of catechin and
      epicatechin in cocoa powder and chocolates. The separation was achieved on a
      reversed phase C 18 column (TARGA) 5 MUm by gradient elution with a flow rate of
      1.0 mL/minute with an operating temperature of 30 degrees C and detection with a
      UV-Visible detector was at 280 nm. The method was validated for linearity,
      precision, intra- and interday precision, and accuracy. The developed method is
      successfully applied for the determination of catechin and epicatechin content in
      chocolates. The Godiva brand chocolate contains high concentration of
      epicatechin. 

PMID- 27379337
TI  - Study of the Effect of Dillenia indica Fruit Mucilage on the Properties of
      Metformin Hydrochloride Loaded Spray Dried Microspheres.
AB  - Natural materials are preferred over synthetic counterparts because of their
      biodegradable and biocompatible nature. The present work was proposed to utilize
      mucilage from natural source for the development of controlled release
      formulation of metformin hydrochloride. Natural mucilaginous substance extracted
      from Dillenia indica L. (DI) fruit was used in fabricating controlled release
      microspheres. The microspheres were prepared by spray drying method under
      different formulation parameters. The prepared microspheres were studied for
      particle size, drug excipient compatibility, particle shape and surface
      morphologies, drug entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesivity, and in vitro drug
      release properties. The prepared microspheres exhibited mucoadhesive properties
      and demonstrated controlled release of metformin hydrochloride. The study reveals
      that the natural materials can be used for formulation of controlled release
      microspheres and would provide ample opportunities for further study. 

PMID- 27379338
TI  - The Association between Early Artificial Amniotomy and Chorioamnionitis in
      Nulliparous Induction of Labor.
AB  - Objectives. To investigate whether early artificial amniotomy (AROM) <4 cm in
      nulliparous women admitted for induction of labor was associated with an
      increased rate of chorioamnionitis and cesarean section or a decreased time to
      vaginal delivery. Study Design. A retrospective cohort study was performed on
      nulliparous women with a term, singleton gestation and intact membranes who
      presented for induction of labor (January 2008 to December 2011).
      Chorioamnionitis was defined using ICD9 codes. Results. 1,567 women were
      enrolled; 25.4% underwent early AROM. Overall, the prevalence of chorioamnionitis
      was 12.4%, the rate of cesarean section was 32.2%, and the time from 4 cm
      cervical dilation to vaginal delivery was 413 min. Compared to women without AROM
      < 4 cm, early AROM did not affect overall chorioamnionitis rates (10.2 versus
      13.2%, P = 0.12) but was associated with an increased cesarean section rate (40.2
      versus 29.5%, P < 0.001). However, among those who delivered vaginally, AROM < 4
      cm decreased the rate of chorioamnionitis (8.4 versus 14.6%, P = 0.01), which
      persisted when controlling for potential confounders (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33-0.92),
      and decreased the time from 4 cm dilation to vaginal delivery (329 versus 472
      min, P < 0.001). Conclusions. Our findings do not suggest that early AROM is
      associated with an increased rate of clinical chorioamnionitis. 

PMID- 27379339
TI  - Efficacy of Levofloxacin Based Triple and High-Dose PPI-Amoxicillin Dual
      Eradication Therapy for Helicobacter pylori after Failures of First- and Second
      Line Therapies.
AB  - Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the eradication
      rate of Helicobacter pylori as the third-line triple therapy with rabeprazole
      (RPZ) + amoxicillin (AMPC) + levofloxacin (LVFX) and high-dose RPZ + AMPC.
      Methods. 51 patients who failed Japanese first-line (proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
      + AMPC + clarithromycin) and second-line (PPI + AMPC + metronidazole) eradication
      therapy were randomly assigned at a 1 : 1 ratio to one of the following third
      line eradication groups: (1) RAL group: RPZ 10 mg (b.i.d.), AMPC 750 mg (b.i.d.),
      and LVFX 500 mg (o.d.) for 10 days; (2) RA group: RPZ 10 mg (q.i.d.) and AMPC 500
      mg (q.i.d.) for 14 days. Patients who failed to respond to third-line eradication
      therapy received salvage therapy. Results. The rates of eradication success,
      based on intention to treat (ITT) analysis, were 45.8% in the RAL group and 40.7%
      in the RA group. The overall eradication rates were 73.9% in the RAL group and
      64.0% in the RA group. There was no significant difference between the two
      groups. Conclusions. The third-line triple therapy with RPZ, AMPC, and LVFX was
      as effective as that with high-dose RPZ and AMPC. 

PMID- 27379340
TI  - Quantitative Analysis of Resorcinol from Marketed Hair Tonic Using Liquid
      Chromatographic Technique.
AB  - Quantitative estimation of resorcinol from marketed pharmaceutical formulation
      has been reported in this study. Resorcinol as a pharmaceutical ingredient has a
      broad spectrum of application but its application is limited due to its toxic
      side effects. Method for the accurate estimation of resorcinol is therefore
      essential. In the current study we have developed a chromatographic technique for
      its estimation from a marketed hair tonic meant for the treatment of several
      dermatological diseases of the scalp. A stainless steel column 25 cm in length
      and 4 mm internal diameter packed with octadecylsilane (5 um) was used for this
      purpose. The mobile phase was a mixture of phosphate buffer of pH 2.8 and
      acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.6 mL.min(-1) and the detection wavelength was
      280 nm. The method was found to be linear between concentration range 10.28
      ug.mL(-1) to 71.96 ug.mL(-1) with r (2) value 0.999. The accuracy of the method
      and the intraday and interday precession study presents the applicability of the
      method for the estimation of resorcinol from any pharmaceutical and cosmetic
      product containing resorcinol. 

PMID- 27379341
TI  - Safety Evaluation of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Rhizome Extract: Acute and Chronic
      Toxicity Studies in Rats.
AB  - Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. has been used for traditional medicine, but few studies
      have described its potential toxicity. In this study, the acute and chronic oral
      toxicity of Z. cassumunar extract granules were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats.
      The extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight did not produce treatment
      related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during the 14
      day observation period. However, a decrease in body weights was observed in
      treated males (P < 0.05). The weights of lung and kidney of treated females were
      increased (P < 0.05). Treated males were increased in spleen and epididymis
      weights (P < 0.05). In repeated dose 270-day oral toxicity study, the
      administration of the extracts at concentrations of 0.3, 3, 30, 11.25, 112.5, and
      1,125 mg/kg body weight/day revealed no-treatment toxicity. Although certain
      endpoints among those monitored (i.e., organ weight, hematological parameters,
      and clinical chemistry) exhibited statistically significant effects, none was
      adverse. Gross and histological observations revealed no toxicity. Our findings
      suggest that the Z. cassumunar extract granules are well tolerated for both
      single and chronic administration. The oral no-observed-adverse-effect level
      (NOAEL) for the extract was 1,125 mg/kg body weight/day for males and females. 

PMID- 27379342
TI  - Protective Effects of Quercetin against Dimethoate-Induced Cytotoxicity and
      Genotoxicity in Allium sativum Test.
AB  - The present investigation was directed to study the possible protective activity
      of quercetin-a natural antioxidant against dimethoate-induced cyto- and
      genotoxicity in meristematic cells of Allium sativum. So far there is no report
      on the biological properties of quercetin in plant test systems. Chromosome
      breaks, multipolar anaphase, stick chromosome, and mitotic activity were
      undertaken in the current study as markers of cyto- and genotoxicity. Untreated
      control, quercetin controls (@ 5, 10 and 20 MUg/mL for 3 h), and dimethoate
      exposed groups (@ 100 and 200 MUg/mL for 3 h) were maintained. For protection
      against cytogenotoxicity, the root tip cells treated with dimethoate at 100 and
      200 MUg/mL for 3 h and quercetin treatment at 5, 10, and 20 MUg/mL for 16 h,
      prior to dimethoate treatment, were undertaken. Quercetin was found to be neither
      cytotoxic nor genotoxic in Allium sativum control at these doses. A significant
      increase (P < 0.05) in chromosomal aberrations was noted in dimethoate treated
      Allium. Pretreatment of Allium sativum with quercetin significantly (P < 0.05)
      reduced dimethoate-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in meristematic cells,
      and these effects were dose dependent. In conclusion, quercetin has a protective
      role in the abatement of dimethoate-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in the
      meristematic cells of Allium sativum that resides, at least in part, on its
      antioxidant effects. 

PMID- 27379343
TI  - Identification of small molecule inhibitors that block the Toxoplasma gondii
      rhoptry kinase ROP18.
AB  - The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii secretes a family of serine-threonine
      protein kinases into its host cell in order to disrupt signaling and alter immune
      responses. One prominent secretory effector is the rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18), a
      serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates immunity related GTPases (IRGs) and
      hence blocks interferon gamma-mediated responses in rodent cells. Previous
      genetic studies show that ROP18 is a major virulence component of T. gondii
      strains from North and South America. Here, we implemented a high throughput
      screen to identify small molecule inhibitors of ROP18 in vitro and subsequently
      validated their specificity within infected cells. Although ROP18 was not
      susceptible to many kinase-directed inhibitors that affect mammalian kinases, the
      screen identified several sub micromolar inhibitors that belong to three chemical
      scaffolds: oxindoles, 6-azaquinazolines, and pyrazolopyridines. Treatment of
      interferon gamma-activated cells with one of these inhibitors enhanced immunity
      related GTPase recruitment to wild type parasites, recapitulating the defect of
      Deltarop18 mutant parasites, consistent with targeting ROP18 within infected
      cells. These compounds provide useful starting points for chemical biology
      experiments or as leads for therapeutic interventions designed to reduce parasite
      virulence.

PMID- 27379345
TI  - New Analytical Tools for Evaluating Dental Care Systems - Results for Germany and
      Selected Highly Developed Countries.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To propose new analytical tools that facilitate the obtention of
      quantifiable results for evaluating different dental care systems. METHODS: The
      paper describes the construction of a composite indicator that measures dental
      health on a population basis in one overall indicator, the Dental Health Index
      (DHI). If the DHI is combined with a Dental Care Cost Index, an efficiency index
      (EI) can be created. RESULTS: The use of these new instruments for analysing
      different dental care systems reveals that the Swedish and Danish populations
      enjoy the best dental health status, followed by US, Japanese, Australian and
      Canadian citizens. Germany ranks in the middle, while the Dutch and Finnish
      populations enjoy a lesser degree of dental health. Advanced dental health can be
      achieved in any oral healthcare system, irrespective of the underlying cost
      sharing and funding structures. As a benchmark for industrialised countries, cost
      levels for dental care between 0.5% and 0.7% of GDP, seem to be the international
      norm. A population's dental status is determined by the degree to which
      preventive and tooth-preserving treatment approaches are practised, also amongst
      adults. CONCLUSION: The new instruments broaden the diagnostic possibilities for
      investigating different dental care systems. The greater the degree to which
      preventive and tooth-preserving treatment methods for the entire population are
      incorporated in daily clinical practice, the faster and better such systems
      progress and perform in terms of efficacy and efficiency.

PMID- 27379344
TI  - 15N Hyperpolarization of Imidazole-15N2 for Magnetic Resonance pH Sensing via
      SABRE-SHEATH.
AB  - 15N nuclear spins of imidazole-15N2 were hyperpolarized using NMR signal
      amplification by reversible exchange in shield enables alignment transfer to
      heteronuclei (SABRE-SHEATH). A 15N NMR signal enhancement of ~2000-fold at 9.4 T
      is reported using parahydrogen gas (~50% para-) and ~0.1 M imidazole-15N2 in
      methanol:aqueous buffer (~1:1). Proton binding to a 15N site of imidazole occurs
      at physiological pH (pKa ~ 7.0), and the binding event changes the 15N isotropic
      chemical shift by ~30 ppm. These properties are ideal for in vivo pH sensing.
      Additionally, imidazoles have low toxicity and are readily incorporated into a
      wide range of biomolecules. 15N-Imidazole SABRE-SHEATH hyperpolarization
      potentially enables pH sensing on scales ranging from peptide and protein
      molecules to living organisms.

PMID- 27379346
TI  - Effect of Capsaicin Cream on the Secretion of the Submandibular and Parotid Gland
      in the General Population with Different Chilli-eating Habits.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of capsaicin cream on the secretion of the
      submandibular gland (SMG) and the parotid gland (PG) in the general population,
      with different chilli-eating habits. METHODS: In two groups with different chilli
      eating habits, the salivary flow rate of the SMG and the PG was detected at
      statics and different times, after application of capsaicin cream. RESULTS: In
      both groups, the topical application of capsaicin cream could significantly
      increase the salivary secretion of SMG (P < 0.05), but the increase in the
      salivary flow rate of the SMG between the two groups had no significant
      difference (P > 0.05). On the other hand, although the salivary flow rate of PG
      also increased after stimulation, the increase had no statistical difference (P >
      0.05). CONCLUSION: The application of capsaicin cream can effectively promote the
      secretion of the SMG and the PG, and its effect is independent of chilli-eating
      habits, which indicates that topical application of capsaicin cream can be
      considered as a potential treatment for the hypofunction of the salivary gland.

PMID- 27379347
TI  - Asymmetric Head Gear: A Comparison between Unilateral Outer Bow Expansion and
      Unilateral Outer Bow Shortening - an Energy Approach using the Finite Element
      Method.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the influence of outer bow length difference and unilateral
      outer bow expansion on the 'asymmetric effect' of the headgear. METHODS: Twelve
      3D finite element models of a headgear with two tubes were designed, which were
      similar except for the outer bow length or the degree of unilateral expansion in
      Solid-Works 2011. A 3N force was applied to the outer bow ends in ANSYS Workbench
      12.1 and the distalising, lateral forces to molars, moments and the energy of the
      system were evaluated. RESULTS: As the degree of unilateral expansion increased,
      the net differences in all findings were increased up to a point, and then
      changed. There was an increasing pattern in the length difference group. Buccal
      movement was observed in the intact/shorter side molar. CONCLUSION: Unilateral
      shortened outer bow asymmetric headgears are more efficient and more predictable
      in clinical application than the unilateral outer bow expansion.

PMID- 27379348
TI  - Osteoprotegerin Promotes Cementoblastic Activity of Murine Cementoblast Cell Line
      in vitro.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of osteoprotegerin (OPG) on the
      cementoblastic activity of a clonal population of immortalised murine
      cementoblasts (OCCM-30) in vitro. METHODS: OCCM-30 cells were transiently
      transfected with the mouse OPG using the Avalanche transfection reagent. The
      ectopic expression of OPG was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The cell counting Kit-8 assay was used to
      investigate the effect of OPG on cell proliferation. The expression levels of
      cementoblastic-related mRNA and protein in the transfected OCCM-30 cells were
      detected using real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining.
      RESULTS: Satisfactory transfection efficiency was observed 48 h after
      transfection. The results of the cell proliferation assay indicated that the
      expansion rate of the OPG transfection group was greater than that of the control
      group at both 72 h and 96 h. The mRNA levels of osterix (Osx), protein kinase B
      (Akt1), cementum attachment protein (CAP) and osteopontin (Opn) were
      significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) in the OPG group. Protein levels of OPN,
      bone sialoprotein II (BSP II), osteocalcin (OC) and CAP, which are responsible
      for osteogenetic and cementoblastic activity, were significantly increased in the
      OPG-overexpressing group. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of OPG in OCCM-30 cells
      promotes cementoblastic activity.

PMID- 27379349
TI  - Inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis by Calcium Peroxide.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibition of Enterococcus faecalis by calcium
      peroxide (CaO2). METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum
      bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Enterococcus faecalis by CaO2 and calcium
      hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) were determined by direct exposure tests (n = 10). The
      inhibition zone of E. faecalis mycoderm treated with CaO2 and Ca(OH)2 paste (53%
      w/w) was observed using agar diffusion tests (n = 20). The inhibition of E.
      faecalis biofilms by CaO2/phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and Ca(OH)2/PBS
      suspensions were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the
      percentages of live bacteria in the biofilms calculated. RESULTS: The MIC of
      Ca(OH)2 (4.5 to 5.5 mg/ml) was higher than the MIC of CaO2 (2.0 to 2.5 mg/ml) (P
      < 0.05), and the MBC of Ca(OH)2 (14.5 to 15.5 mg/ml) was higher than that of CaO2
      (3.0 to 3.5 mg/ml) (P < 0.05). No inhibition zone was observed for Ca(OH)2 in
      agar diffusion tests, while the diameter of the inhibition zone around CaO2 was
      8.6 +/- 0.4 mm. There were significant differences between groups in the
      percentages of surviving bacteria in E. faecalis biofilms after treatment (P <
      0.05): group CaO2 < group Ca(OH)2 < group PBS < group BHI. CONCLUSION: The
      inhibition of E. faecalis by CaO2 was greater than that by Ca(OH)2.

PMID- 27379350
TI  - Partial Pulpotomy of Immature Teeth with Apical Periodontitis using Bioceramics
      and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Report of Three Cases.
AB  - Pulpal necrosis of an immature permanent tooth with an open apex poses a
      challenge for the clinician. The conventional apexification technique using
      calcium hydroxide has yielded short-term success, but this technique has
      inevitable shortcomings. Hence, this case series aimed to evaluate the
      effectiveness of using bioceramics (iRoot BP) or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)
      for partial pulpotomies. Three boys aged 9 to 11 years old presented with partial
      pulp necrosis and symptomatic apical periodontitis of the mandibular right and
      left second premolar. The involved teeth were treated with a partial pulpotomy
      using either iRoot BP (case 1 and 2) or MTA (case 3). At the 8-month follow-up,
      no abnormal clinical signs or symptoms were observed. Periapical radiographs
      revealed a significant reduction in periapical radiolucency, a marked increase in
      the root canal wall thickness and ongoing closure of the apical opening. The
      bioceramic material (iRoot BP) and MTA both produced successful outcomes in the
      partial pulpotomy of immature teeth with partial pulp necrosis and apical
      periodontitis. However, iRoot BP was superior in terms of ease of clinical
      application, and would therefore be a better treatment alternative than MTA. 

PMID- 27379351
TI  - Willingness of Rhode Island Dentists to Provide Limited Preventive Primary Care.
AB  - In response to the shortage of primary care physicians and the need for greater
      intercollaboration among health professionals, dentists with sufficient medical
      and surgical training are an untapped resource to provide limited preventive
      primary care (LPPC), such as chairside screening for chronic diseases. The
      objective of this study was to determine attitudes of Rhode Island dentists
      toward becoming more involved in the overall health of their patients. Using a 5
      point scale (1 being highest), a pretested survey was administered to 92
      respondent RI dentists who were asked to indicate their willingness to become
      more involved in patients' overall health, and undergo additional training to
      provide LPPC. Their moderate level of willingness was offset by great concern for
      liability, with older dentists being significantly more willing to assume these
      additional responsibilities than younger dentists (p< .05). Rank order of
      designation of oral health providers among dentist, dental physician, oral
      physician, odontologist, stomatologist, and stomiatrist was still dentist first,
      but with no significant difference between the mean ranks of dentist and oral
      physician.[Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016
      07.asp, free with no login]. 

PMID- 27379352
TI  - Geriatric Issues in Older Dialysis Patients.
AB  - Geriatric syndrome is common among older patients on dialysis. Basic knowledge
      about its prevalence and management is crucial for nephrologists to provide
      standard patient care. In busy clinical settings, up-to-date and holistic medical
      care can be delivered to elderly dialysis patients by collaboration of nephrology
      and geriatrics teams, or in part by training nephrology fellows the basics of
      geriatrics. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016
      07.asp, free with no login]. 

PMID- 27379353
TI  - Influence of Medical Student Debt on the Decision to Pursue Careers in Primary
      Care.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine if medical student debt has an effect on medical student
      specialty choice. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was distributed to students
      at 12 medical schools across the United States to assess the effect of debt on
      specialty choice. RESULTS: In total, 415 students responded to the survey; 98
      medical students reported that they were pursuing a primary care residency (PCR)
      and 250 reported that they were pursing a non-primary care residency (NPCR).
      There was no significant difference in average student loan debt anticipated by
      medical students pursing PCR and NPCR ($142,217 vs $150,784; P>0.46). Medical
      students pursuing a PCR reported lower estimated salaries on average than medical
      students pursuing NPCR ($137,711 vs $241,804; p<0.01). Of the surveyed students,
      62% of students who are pursuing PCR and 77% of the students who are pursuing a
      NPCR would not have pursued medicine as a career if residents were responsible
      for paying tuition. CONCLUSION: This study revealed no significant difference
      between the student debt of medical students pursuing PCR compared to those who
      are pursuing a NPCR. However, a large majority of medical students would not
      pursue a career in medicine if faced with the responsibility of paying tuition
      for residency. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016
      07.asp, free with no login].

PMID- 27379354
TI  - Surveillance of Travel-Related Mosquito-borne Illness in Rhode Island.
AB  - Malaria and Dengue are some of the common infections occurring in persons
      traveling to countries endemic for these infections. Chinkungunya virus infection
      is another illness that can occur in people who have travelled to areas endemic
      for chikungunya virus infection. Herein we report cases of malaria, dengue, and
      chikungunya in Newport Hospital, The Miriam Hospital and Rhode Island Hospital
      between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2014. [Full article available at
      http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-07.asp, free with no login]. 

PMID- 27379355
TI  - Atypical presentation of infective endocarditis.
AB  - The HACEK group of organisms are one of the infrequent causes of infective
      endocarditis. Infective endocarditis should be recognized and treated promptly to
      prevent excessive morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Sometimes
      the diagnosis is delayed due to vague and subtle presentation. Through this case
      report, risk factors of Cardiobacterium hominis endocarditis and its atypical
      presentation is illustrated to increase the recognition of infective endocarditis
      as one of the differential diagnosis. [Full article available at
      http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-07.asp, free with no login]. 

PMID- 27379356
TI  - A case of Ochrobactrum anthropi-induced septic shock and infective endocarditis.
AB  - Ochrobactrum anthropi is a gram-negative rod of low virulence. Infections due to
      this organism are uncommon; however in immunocompromised hosts it can cause
      severe infections. Among the many infections it can cause, infective endocarditis
      is very rare. Even rarer is infective endocarditis of the native valves, as
      Ochrobactrum antropi affects damaged or prosthetic valves almost exclusively.
      This case describes native valve endocarditis due to Ochrobactrum anthropi. [Full
      article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-07.asp, free with no
      login]. 

PMID- 27379358
TI  - The Misperceived Curmudgeon.

PMID- 27379357
TI  - The pharma-fever that almost got away.

PMID- 27379359
TI  - An aerodynamic assisted miniature mass spectrometer for enhanced volatile sample
      analysis.
AB  - Previously, we have reported the development of a miniature mass spectrometer
      with a continuous atmospheric pressure interface (CAPI), and the use of it for
      non-volatile sample analysis, such as drugs, peptides and proteins. However due
      to the diffusion effects in the CAPI, especially stronger for light ions, the
      instrument shows low detection sensitivities for volatile samples when coupling
      with an atmosphere pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source (>ppmv). In this
      study, an in-vacuum plasma ionization source was designed and integrated into the
      system. By performing ionization in the first vacuum stage, ion transfer loss
      through the CAPI was minimized and tens of ppbv level detection sensitivities
      were achieved for volatile samples. Due to its improved sensitivity, chemical
      source tracing was demonstrated in an indoor environment as a simple proof-of
      concept example. Furthermore, an aerodynamic sampling method was developed to
      facilitate directional sample transfer towards the miniature mass spectrometer in
      an open environment. By coupling this aerodynamic method with the miniature mass
      spectrometer, remote chemical source sensing could be achieved at a distance of
      more than two meters. This aerodynamic sampling method could also be applied to
      other mass spectrometry instruments for enhanced sample sampling in open
      environments. 

PMID- 27379360
TI  - Structures and magnetism of mono-palladium and mono-platinum doped Au25(PET)18
      nanoclusters.
AB  - Herein we report three important results of widespread interest, which are (1)
      the crystal structure of [Au24Pt(PET)18](0), (2) the crystal structure of
      [Au24Pd(PET)18](0) and (3) the main source of magnetism in [Au25(PET)18](0). 

PMID- 27379362
TI  - In Response.

PMID- 27379363
TI  - The author responds.

PMID- 27379361
TI  - A novel anticancer theranostic pro-prodrug based on hypoxia and photo sequential
      control.
AB  - A novel anticancer pro-prodrug (GMC-CAE-NO2) with diagnosis and therapy functions
      based on hypoxia and photo sequential control was designed. It provides a
      platform for constructing theranostic pro-prodrugs to release active drugs
      controlled by hypoxic status and UV illumination. 

PMID- 27379365
TI  - New survey reveals the value of being  a Cat Friendly Practice.

PMID- 27379364
TI  - Two of the roundtable participants respond.

PMID- 27379366
TI  - Winn Feline Foundation--fostering improvements in feline health.

PMID- 27379367
TI  - NICE menopause guidelines: A war of   words and a war of numbers.

PMID- 27379369
TI  - Retraction notice to '1alpha,25(OH)2D3-induced DNA methylation suppresses the
      human CYP27B1 gene'.

PMID- 27379368
TI  - Guidelines reaffirm diagnosis of premature   ovarian insufficiency.

PMID- 27379370
TI  - Autocrine Positive Feedback Regulation of Prolactin Release From Tilapia
      Prolactin Cells and Its Modulation by Extracellular Osmolality.
AB  - Prolactin (PRL) is a vertebrate hormone with diverse actions in osmoregulation,
      metabolism, reproduction, and in growth and development. Osmoregulation is
      fundamental to maintaining the functional structure of the macromolecules that
      conduct the business of life. In teleost fish, PRL plays a critical role in
      osmoregulation in fresh water. Appropriately, PRL cells of the tilapia are
      directly osmosensitive, with PRL secretion increasing as extracellular osmolality
      falls. Using a model system that employs dispersed PRL cells from the euryhaline
      teleost fish, Oreochromis mossambicus, we investigated the autocrine regulation
      of PRL cell function. Unknown was whether these PRL cells might also be sensitive
      to autocrine feedback and whether possible autocrine regulation might interact
      with the well-established regulation by physiologically relevant changes in
      extracellular osmolality. In the cell-perfusion system, ovine PRL and two
      isoforms of tilapia PRL (tPRL), tPRL177 and tPRL188, stimulated the release of
      tPRLs from the dispersed PRL cells. These effects were significant within 5-10
      minutes and lasted the entire course of exposure, ceasing within 5-10 minutes of
      removal of tested PRLs from the perifusion medium. The magnitude of response
      varied between tPRL177 and tPRL188 and was modulated by extracellular osmolality.
      On the other hand, the gene expression of tPRLs was mainly unchanged or
      suppressed by static incubations of PRL cells with added PRLs. By demonstrating
      the regulatory complexity driven by positive autocrine feedback and its
      interaction with osmotic stimuli, these findings expand upon the knowledge that
      pituitary PRL cells are regulated complexly through multiple factors and
      interactions.

PMID- 27379371
TI  - Up-regulation of 11beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Expression by
      Hedgehog Ligand Contributes to the Conversion of Cortisol Into Cortisone.
AB  - The cortisol-inactivating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2
      (11beta-HSD2) that catalyzes the intracellular inactivation of glucocorticoids
      plays a pivotal role in human pregnant maintenance and normal fetal development.
      Given the fact that the main components of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway are
      predominantly expressed in syncytial layer of human placental villi where 11beta
      HSD2 is robustly expressed, in the present study, we have investigated the
      potential roles and underlying mechanisms of HH signaling in 11beta-HSD2
      expression. Activation of HH signaling by a variety of approaches robustly
      induced 11beta-HSD2 expression as well as the 11beta-HSD2 activity, whereas
      suppression of HH signaling significantly attenuated 11beta-HSD2 expression as
      well as the 11beta-HSD2 activity in both human primary cytotrophoblasts and
      trophoblast-like BeWo cells. Moreover, among glioma-associated oncogene (GLI)
      family transcriptional factors in HH signaling, knockdown of GLI2 but not GLI1
      and GLI3 significantly attenuated HH-induced 11beta-HSD2 expression and activity,
      and overexpression of GLI2 activator alone was sufficient to induce 11beta-HSD2
      expression and activity. Finally, GLI2 not only directly bound to the promoter
      region of gene hsd11b2 to transactivate hsd11b2 but also formed a heterodimer
      with RNA polymerase II, an enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of DNA to
      synthesize mRNAs, resulting in up-regulation of hsd11b2 gene transcription. Taken
      together, the present study has uncovered a hitherto uncharacterized role of
      HH/GLI2 signaling in 11beta-HSD2 regulation, implicating that HH signaling
      through GLI2 could be required for the human pregnant maintenance and fetal
      development.

PMID- 27379373
TI  - Marcus Bell-Shaped Electron Transfer Kinetics Observed in an Arrhenius Plot.
AB  - The Marcus theory of electron transfer predicts a bell-shaped dependence of the
      reaction rate on the reaction free energy. The top of the "inverted parabola"
      corresponds to zero activation barrier when the electron-transfer reorganization
      energy and the reaction free energy add up to zero. Although this point has
      traditionally been reached by altering the chemical structures of donors and
      acceptors, the theory suggests that it can also be reached by varying other
      parameters of the system including temperature. We find here dramatic evidence of
      this phenomenon from experiments on a fullerene-porphyrin dyad. Following
      photoinduced electron transfer, the rate of charge recombination shows a bell
      shaped dependence on the inverse temperature, first increasing with cooling and
      then decreasing at still lower temperatures. This non-Arrhenius rate law is a
      result of a strong, approximately hyperbolic temperature variation of the
      reorganization energy and the reaction free energy. Our results provide
      potentially the cleanest confirmation of the Marcus energy gap law so far since
      no modification of the chemical structure is involved.

PMID- 27379372
TI  - Differences in Attributions for Public and Private Face-to-face and Cyber
      Victimization Among Adolescents in China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India,
      Japan, and the United States.
AB  - The authors' aim was to investigate gender and cultural differences in the
      attributions used to determine causality for hypothetical public and private face
      to-face and cyber victimization scenarios among 3,432 adolescents (age range = 11
      15 years; 49% girls) from China, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, India, Japan, and
      the United States, while accounting for their individualism and collectivism.
      Adolescents completed a questionnaire on cultural values and read four
      hypothetical victimization scenarios, including public face-to-face
      victimization, public cyber victimization, private face-to-face victimization,
      and private cyber victimization. After reading the scenarios, they rated
      different attributions (i.e., self-blame, aggressor-blame, joking, normative,
      conflict) according to how strongly they believed the attributions explained why
      victimization occurred. Overall, adolescents reported that they would utilize the
      attributions of self-blame, aggressor-blame, and normative more for public forms
      of victimization and face-to-face victimization than for private forms of
      victimization and cyber victimization. Differences were found according to gender
      and country of origin as well. Such findings underscore the importance of
      delineating between different forms of victimization when examining adolescents'
      attributions.

PMID- 27379374
TI  - The effects of item material on encoding strategies: Survival processing compared
      to the method of loci.
AB  - When imagining being stranded in the grasslands of a foreign land without any
      basic survival material, participants have a magnificent memory for words rated
      according to their usefulness in this particular situation. Numerous studies
      could demonstrate that survival processing boosts memory performance more than
      other memory enhancing techniques. The method of loci is an old mnemonic strategy
      used to enhance serial recall. This method encompasses navigating mentally
      through a familiar environment and placing the to-be-remembered items in specific
      locations. In the later recall phase, the participant re-imagines walking through
      the environment, "looking" for the to-be-remembered items. In two studies, we
      compared the survival scenario with the method of loci and two different control
      conditions. In addition, we manipulated the used word-material on two different
      dimensions (imageability and relevance) to analyse its influences on the two
      methods. For words high in imageability, we found that memory performance in the
      survival condition is comparable to the method of loci. However, for words low in
      imageability the method of loci proved to be more effective than survival
      processing. Furthermore, we found that survival relevance has a high impact on
      the amount of the survival processing effect, even when imageability is low.

PMID- 27379375
TI  - Microcavity-Integrated Carbon Nanotube Photodetectors.
AB  - Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered to be highly promising nanomaterials for
      multiwavelength, room-temperature infrared detection applications. Here, we
      demonstrate a single-tube diode photodetector monolithically integrated with a
      Fabry-Perot microcavity. A ~6-fold enhanced optical absorption can be achieved,
      because of the confined effect of the designed optical mode. Furthermore, taking
      advantage of Van-Hove-singularity band structures in CNTs, we open the
      possibility of developing chirality-specific (n,m) CNT-film-based signal
      detectors. Utilizing a concept of the "resonance and off-resonance" cavity, we
      achieved cavity-integrated chirality-sorted CNT-film detectors working at zero
      bias and resonance-allowed mode, for specific target signal detection. The
      detectors exhibited a higher suppression ratio until a power density of 0.07 W
      cm(-2) and photocurrent of 5 pA, and the spectral full width at half-maximum is
      ~33 nm at a signal wavelength of 1200 nm. Further, with multiple array detectors
      aiming at different target signals integrated on a chip, a multiwavelength signal
      detector system can be expected to have applications in the fields of monitoring,
      biosensing, color imaging, signal capture, and on-chip or space information
      transfers. The approach can also bring other nanomaterials into on-chip or
      information optoelectronics, regardless of the available doping polarity.

PMID- 27379376
TI  - Speech perception in medico-legal assessment of hearing disabilities.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Examination of Danish data for medico-legal compensations regarding
      hearing disabilities. The study purposes are: (1) to investigate whether
      discrimination scores (DSs) relate to patients' subjective experience of their
      hearing and communication ability (the latter referring to audio-visual
      perception), (2) to compare DSs from different discrimination tests
      (auditory/audio-visual perception and without/with noise), and (3) to relate
      different handicap measures in the scaling used for compensation purposes in
      Denmark. DESIGN: Data from a 15 year period (1999-2014) were collected and
      analysed. STUDY SAMPLE: The data set includes 466 patients, from which 50 were
      omitted due to suspicion of having exaggerated their hearing disabilities.
      RESULTS: The DSs relate well to the patients' subjective experience of their
      speech perception ability. By comparing DSs for different test setups it was
      found that adding noise entails a relatively more difficult listening condition
      than removing visual cues. The hearing and communication handicap degrees were
      found to agree, whereas the measured handicap degrees tended to be higher than
      the self-assessed handicap degrees. CONCLUSIONS: The DSs can be used to assess
      patients' hearing and communication abilities. The difference in the obtained
      handicap degrees emphasizes the importance of collecting self-assessed as well as
      measured handicap degrees.

PMID- 27379377
TI  - Interrupted Time Series Analysis of the Effect of Rescheduling Alprazolam in
      Australia: Taking Control of Prescription Drug Use.

PMID- 27379378
TI  - Reducing the Harmful Effects of Infrared Radiation on the Skin Using Bicosomes
      Incorporating beta-Carotene.
AB  - AIM: In this work the effect of infrared (IR) radiation, at temperatures between
      25 and 30 degrees C, on the formation of free radicals (FRs) in the skin is
      studied. Additionally, the influence of IR radiation at high temperatures in the
      degradation of skin collagen is evaluated. In both experiments the protective
      effect against IR radiation of phospholipid nanostructures (bicosomes)
      incorporating beta-carotene (Bcb) is also evaluated. METHODS: The formation of
      FRs in skin under IR exposure was measured near physiological temperatures (25-30
      degrees C) using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide spin trap and electron
      paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The study of the collagen structure
      was performed by small-angle X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation.
      RESULTS: EPR results showed an increase in the hydroxyl radical in the irradiated
      skin compared to the native skin. The skin collagen was degraded by IR exposure
      at high temperatures of approximately 65 degrees C. The treatment with Bcb
      reduced the formation of FRs and kept the structure of collagen. CONCLUSIONS: The
      formation of FRs by IR radiation does not depend on the increase of skin
      temperature. The decrease of FRs and the preservation of collagen fibers in the
      skin treated with Bcb indicate the potential of this lipid system to protect skin
      under IR exposure.

PMID- 27379380
TI  - Hypervalent Iodine(III) Mediated Synthesis of 3-Substituted 5-Amino-1,2,4
      thiadiazoles through Intramolecular Oxidative S-N Bond Formation.
AB  - An efficient synthesis of 3-substituted-5-arylamino-1,2,4-thiadiazoles through
      intramolecular oxidative S-N bond formation of imidoyl thioureas by
      phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate) is reported. The protocol features a
      metal-free approach, broad substrate scope, very short reaction times, good to
      excellent yields, and simple starting materials.

PMID- 27379379
TI  - Choline Ameliorates Disease Phenotypes in Human iPSC Models of Rett Syndrome.
AB  - Rett syndrome (RTT) is a postnatal neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily
      affects girls. Mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene account
      for approximately 95 % of all RTT cases. To model RTT in vitro, we generated
      induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of two RTT patients with
      different mutations (MECP2 (R306C) and MECP2 (1155Delta32)) in their MECP2 gene.
      We found that these iPSCs were capable of differentiating into functional
      neurons. Compared to control neurons, the RTT iPSC-derived cells had reduced soma
      size and a decreased amount of synaptic input, evident both as fewer Synapsin 1
      positive puncta and a lower frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic
      currents. Supplementation of the culture media with choline rescued all of these
      defects. Choline supplementation may act through changes in the expression of
      choline acetyltransferase, an important enzyme in cholinergic signaling, and also
      through alterations in the lipid metabolite profiles of the RTT neurons. Our
      study elucidates the possible mechanistic pathways for the effect of choline on
      human RTT cell models, thereby illustrating the potential for using choline as a
      nutraceutical to treat RTT. 

PMID- 27379381
TI  - Birthing postures and birth canal lacerations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to assess the differences in the birth canal
      lacerations following the lateral and fours posture deliveries compared with
      those following the supine posture deliveries. METHODS: We examined the birth
      canal lacerations of our "low risk" pregnant women under the midwife-led delivery
      care at Japanese Red Cross Katsushika Maternity Hospital between April 2006 and
      March 2015. RESULTS: There were 3826, 1754 and 719 women who delivered with
      supine, lateral and fours postures. The rate of no laceration in the women who
      delivered with lateral posture was significant lower than that in the women who
      delivered with supine posture (OR 0.630, 95% CI 0.56-0.71, p < 0.01); however,
      the incidence of perineal laceration in the women who delivered with lateral
      posture was significant lower than that in the women who delivered with supine
      posture (OR 0.856, 95% CI 0.76-0.90, p < 0.01). The incidence of perineal
      laceration of third- or fourth-degree in the women who delivered with fours
      posture was significant higher than that in the women who delivered with supine
      posture (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.2-4.2, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The current results may
      be to help for self-determination of birthing postures in prenatal women.

PMID- 27379383
TI  - Uranium Reduction by Fe(II) in the Presence of Montmorillonite and Nontronite.
AB  - Uranium(VI) interactions with three smectites (one montmorillonite and two
      nontronites - NAu1 and NAu2) were examined with 0, 1, and 2 mM aqueous
      concentrations of Fe(II) over the pH range of 3-9.5 in a background electrolyte
      of 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM CaCl2 in equilibration with 400 ppmv CO2(g) ([U(VI)] = 4
      MUM and 0.5 g smectite/L). In the absence of Fe(II), no differences were observed
      in the U(VI) sorption curves for the three clay minerals. In the presence of 1 or
      2 mM Fe(II), under anoxic conditions, U(VI) uptake by the smectites changed
      slightly between ~pH 3 and 6; however, uranium uptake increased significantly
      above ~pH 6 and was proportional to the concentration of Fe(II) added to the
      system, particularly at pH values >8. The uptake of Fe(II) showed a sharp edge
      starting from ~pH 6.5 with 95%-100% uptake occurring at pH values >7.5, with no
      difference observed between the iron-rich nontronites and montmorillonite. After
      3 days of reaction at pH 7.6 (i.e., above the Fe(II) "sorption" edge), U(VI) was
      transformed to a mixture of U(IV) and U(VI) sorption complexes, and after 14 days
      of reaction, 100% of the U was found to be reduced to U(IV) in the form of
      nanocrystalline uraninite. In contrast, U remained as sorbed species until 14
      days of reaction at pH 6.5. Ferrihydrite (NAu1), lepidocrocite, and magnetite
      (NAu2) were detected as secondary mineralization products upon reaction of the
      nontronites with Fe(II) but appeared to have no effect on the partitioning or
      speciation of uranium.

PMID- 27379382
TI  - Blocking TGF-beta Signaling Pathway Preserves Mitochondrial Proteostasis and
      Reduces Early Activation of PDGFRbeta+ Pericytes in Aristolochic Acid Induced
      Acute Kidney Injury in Wistar Male Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRbeta)+
      perivascular cell activation becomes increasingly recognized as a main source of
      scar-associated kidney myofibroblasts and recently emerged as a new cellular
      therapeutic target. AIMS: In this regard, we first confirmed the presence of
      PDGFRbeta+ perivascular cells in a human case of end-stage aristolochic acid
      nephropathy (AAN) and thereafter we focused on the early fibrosis events of
      transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) inhibition in a rat model of AAN.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neutralizing anti-TGFbeta antibody (1D11) and its control
      isotype (13C4) were administered (5 mg/kg, i.p.) at Days -1, 0, 2 and 4; AA (15
      mg/kg, sc) was injected daily. RESULTS: At Day 5, 1D11 significantly suppressed p
      Smad2/3 signaling pathway improving renal function impairment, reduced the score
      of acute tubular necrosis, peritubular capillaritis, interstitial inflammation
      and neoangiogenesis. 1D11 markedly decreased interstitial edema, disruption of
      tubular basement membrane loss of brush border, cytoplasmic edema and organelle
      ultrastructure alterations (mitochondrial disruption and endoplasmic reticulum
      edema) in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, 1D11 significantly
      inhibited p-PERK activation and attenuated dysregulation of unfolded protein
      response (UPR) pathways, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial proteostasis in
      vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: The early inhibition of p-Smad2/3 signaling
      pathway improved acute renal function impairment, partially prevented epithelial
      endothelial axis activation by maintaining PTEC proteostasis and reduced early
      PDGFRbeta+ pericytes-derived myofibroblasts accumulation.

PMID- 27379384
TI  - Diagnosis of Ocular Tuberculosis.
AB  - Ocular tuberculosis remains a presumptive clinical diagnosis, as the gold
      standard tests for diagnosing ocular tuberculosis are often not useful:
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures require weeks to process on Lowenstein-Jenson
      media and have low yield from ocular samples; while acid-fast bacilli smears or
      polymerase chain reaction detection of M. tuberculosis DNA have low
      sensitivities. Thus, diagnosis is often based on suggestive clinical signs, which
      are supported by positive investigations: tuberculin skin test or interferon
      gamma release assays; chest X-ray findings suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis,
      and/or evidence of associated systemic tuberculosis infections in the absence of
      other underlying disease. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the
      methods of diagnosing ocular tuberculosis, and discuss the challenges of its
      diagnosis. We also suggest a step-ladder approach to a more accurate diagnosis of
      ocular tuberculosis by combining the available diagnostic tests.

PMID- 27379385
TI  - Control of the Crystalline Morphology of Poly(l-lactide) by Addition of High
      Melting-Point Poly(l-lactide) and Its Effect on the Distribution of Multiwalled
      Carbon Nanotubes.
AB  - The key to fabricating conductive polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites is
      controlling the distribution of CNTs in the polymer matrix. Here, an effective
      and simple approach for controlling the distribution of multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs)
      is reported to largely improve the electrical conductivity of biodegradable
      poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) through crystalline morphology development by addition of
      high-melting-point PLLA (hPLLA) crystallites. hPLLA crystallites are efficient
      nucleating agents, increasing the crystallinity and crystallization rate of
      PLLA/MWCNT nanocomposites. Furthermore, the diameter of spherulites decreases
      from 9.7 to 1.0 MUm with an increase in the concentration of hPLLA from 0.03 to
      3.0 wt %. The electrical conductivity of PLLA/MWCNT nanocomposites with 0.3 wt %
      MWCNTs greatly increases from 1.89 * 10(-15) to 1.56 * 10(-8) S/cm with an
      increase in the matrix crystallinity from 2.4 to 46.8% on introducing trace
      amounts of hPLLA (0.07 wt %). The percolation threshold of PLLA/MWCNT
      nanocomposites is reduced from 0.51 to 0.21 wt % on addition of 0.07 wt % hPLLA.
      The high electrical conductivity and low percolation threshold of PLLA/MWCNT
      nanocomposites incorporated with hPLLA are related to the high crystallinity and
      crystalline morphologies of the PLLA matrix. Big spherulites lock a lot of MWCNTs
      at the intervals in the spherulites, which is harmful to the electrical
      conductivity. Small spherulites, with large surface areas, also need more MWCNTs
      to form conductive networks in the amorphous regions. Most MWCNTs that are
      bundled together to form conductive paths are found in samples with mid-sized
      spherulites of ~6.7 MUm. More interestingly, the high crystallinity and
      reconstructed MWCNT network also enhanced the Young modulus, elongation at break,
      and elastic modulus at high temperature of PLLA/MWCNT nanocomposites with small
      amounts of hPLLA.

PMID- 27379386
TI  - Predictive factors of the pharmacological action of tolvaptan in patients with
      liver cirrhosis: a post hoc analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tolvaptan has been approved in Japan for the treatment of hepatic
      edema. An important consideration in providing a clinical benefit to patients
      with liver cirrhosis is the improvement of ascites-related clinical symptoms. In
      the present post hoc analysis, we aimed to identify factors that were predictive
      of the potency of tolvaptan, and to examine the relationship between changes in
      initial urine volume and improvement in ascites-related clinical symptoms.
      METHODS: This post hoc analysis was based on three previous phase 2 and 3
      clinical trials of tolvaptan in patients with liver cirrhosis. Predictive factors
      associated with a change in initial urine volume were identified. A change of
      >=500 mL from baseline confirmed the pharmacological action of tolvaptan
      treatment. The relationship between the change in initial urine volume and
      improvement in ascites-related clinical symptoms was also examined. RESULTS: A
      total of 152 patients were enrolled in this study. Body weight and BUN were
      identified as predictive parameters. Among patients with a change in initial
      urine volume of >=500 mL, 75 % demonstrated improvement in ascites-related
      clinical symptoms, while no improvement was seen in those with a change of <500
      mL. None of the patients with initial urine volume of <500 mL showed resolution
      of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Change in urine volume was affected by both baseline
      body weight and BUN in tolvaptan-treated subjects. Higher urine output was
      associated with improvements in ascites-related clinical symptoms.

PMID- 27379387
TI  - Investigation into Host Selection of the Cecal Acetogen Population in Rabbits
      after Weaning.
AB  - Homoacetogenic bacteria have received attention as a hydrogenotrophic population
      that offers a significant energetic advantage to the host animal. Reductive
      acetogenesis is likely an important hydrogen disposal mechanism in the cecum of
      rabbits. However, molecular ecology information about cecal acetogen candidates
      has rarely been reported. To better understand the effect of host selection in
      the rabbit cecal acetogen community with respect to growth, rabbits at four
      different age stages (30, 60, 120 and 180 days) with the same diet were studied.
      Although the abundance of potential acetogens and methanogens was high in the
      cecum of rabbits undergoing growth, many novel potential acetogen populations
      were observed in the cecum of rabbits across all age groups. Young and adult
      rabbits had their own distinct acetogen community although they received the same
      diet, which suggests that as the rabbit ages, acetogens in the cecum undergo
      developmental changes because of host selection that are independent of diet, and
      perhaps the different acetogen communities result in different hydrogenotrophic
      characteristics. The within-group similarity increased with age, indicating that
      the acetogen community converges to a more homogeneous and stable arrangement
      with aging. 

PMID- 27379388
TI  - Clinical Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine for Thyroidectomy: A Prospective,
      Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Systemic lidocaine has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The
      purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to evaluate the
      effects of intravenous lidocaine on pain following thyroidectomy. METHODS: Fifty
      eight adult patients scheduled for total thyroidectomy were randomly allocated to
      receive a 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine bolus followed by a 2 mg/kg/h infusion during
      surgery, or the same volume of normal saline (control). After thyroidectomy, we
      evaluated postoperative pain, nausea, fentanyl consumption, frequency of pushing
      the button (FPB) for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), High-sensitivity C
      reactive protein (hs-CRP) in serum, and patient satisfaction scores regarding the
      recovery process. RESULTS: Postoperative pain and nausea scores were
      significantly lower in the lidocaine group for the first 4 h following
      thyroidectomy, compared to the control group. Fentanyl consumption and FPB for
      the PCA were also significantly reduced in the lidocaine group for 4 h following
      thyroidectomy, and hs-CRP was significantly less in the lidocaine group at
      postoperative days 1 and 3. Furthermore, satisfaction scores were significantly
      higher in the lidocaine group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Intravenous lidocaine effectively reduced postoperative pain and nausea following
      thyroidectomy as well as improved the quality of recovery. TRIAL REGISTRATION
      NUMBER: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01608360.

PMID- 27379390
TI  - Altered plasma levels of decanoic acid in colorectal cancer as a new diagnostic
      biomarker.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common tumors in developed countries.
      The five-year survival rate decreases depending on how advanced the CRC is when
      first diagnosed. Screening has been proven to greatly reduce mortality from
      colorectal cancer, but an ideal screening tool is far from being established.
      Here, we aimed to discover and validate early CRC biomarkers by means of an
      untargeted/targeted metabolomic approach. A preliminary untargeted analysis of
      plasma lipids performed on a small patient cohort (30 plasma samples) revealed
      some alterations that occurred in the presence of this tumor. In particular,
      medium-chain fatty acids with between six and twelve carbon atoms (C6-C12) were
      found to be the lipid class that showed the most marked changes upon the
      development of CRC. In order to evaluate the utility of this lipid class as
      diagnostic CRC biomarkers, a further study based on a wider cohort of patients
      (117 plasma samples) was performed. Using a targeted approach, these fatty acids
      were quantified in plasma samples by means of fast gas chromatography coupled to
      a time-of-flight analyzer. Plasma samples from patients with CRCs at different
      tumor stages were analyzed and compared to those from healthy subjects,
      ulcerative colitis patients, high-grade dysplasia adenoma patients, and breast
      cancer patients in order to test the specificity and sensitivity of these
      possible biomarkers. Results revealed significant differences among the
      considered groups in terms of their C6, C8, C10, and C12 fatty acid plasma
      concentrations. In particular, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves
      obtained for the C10 fatty acid gave an area under the curve of 0.8195 along with
      a sensitivity of 87.8 % and a specificity of 80 %, strongly suggesting that it
      could be a valuable early diagnostic biomarker of CRC. 

PMID- 27379389
TI  - Regulation of the BMP Signaling-Responsive Transcriptional Network in the
      Drosophila Embryo.
AB  - The BMP signaling pathway has a conserved role in dorsal-ventral axis patterning
      during embryonic development. In Drosophila, graded BMP signaling is transduced
      by the Mad transcription factor and opposed by the Brinker repressor. In this
      study, using the Drosophila embryo as a model, we combine RNA-seq with Mad and
      Brinker ChIP-seq to decipher the BMP-responsive transcriptional network
      underpinning differentiation of the dorsal ectoderm during dorsal-ventral axis
      patterning. We identify multiple new BMP target genes, including positive and
      negative regulators of EGF signaling. Manipulation of EGF signaling levels by
      loss- and gain-of-function studies reveals that EGF signaling negatively
      regulates embryonic BMP-responsive transcription. Therefore, the BMP gene network
      has a self-regulating property in that it establishes a balance between its
      activity and that of the antagonistic EGF signaling pathway to facilitate correct
      patterning. In terms of BMP-dependent transcription, we identify key roles for
      the Zelda and Zerknullt transcription factors in establishing the resulting
      expression domain, and find widespread binding of insulator proteins to the Mad
      and Brinker-bound genomic regions. Analysis of embryos lacking the BEAF-32
      insulator protein shows reduced transcription of a peak BMP target gene and a
      reduction in the number of amnioserosa cells, the fate specified by peak BMP
      signaling. We incorporate our findings into a model for Mad-dependent activation,
      and discuss its relevance to BMP signal interpretation in vertebrates.

PMID- 27379392
TI  - Investigations on the cell metabolomics basis of multidrug resistance from tumor
      cells by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - Although anticancer drug resistance has been linked to high expression of P
      glycoprotein and the enhanced DNA repair ability, the biochemical process and the
      underlying mechanisms of drug resistance are not clear. In order to clarify the
      biochemical mechanisms of drug resistance during anticancer drug treatment, we
      studied the metabolomics of MCF-7/S and MCF-7/Adr cell lines, the COC1 and
      COC1/DDP cell lines, including the metabolic pathways of multidrug-resistant
      tumor cells and the changes of endogenous substances in cells. The intracellular
      metabolites were profiled using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem
      mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In this study, 24 biomarkers in MCF-7/Adr cells
      and 15 biomarkers in COC1/DDP cells that are involved in some important metabolic
      pathways were putatively identified. Several metabolic pathways are changed in
      tumor cells showing drug resistance, such as protein synthesis pathways, cysteine
      synthesis, the glutamine metabolic pathway, and the ammonia cycle; the first of
      these are involved in the synthesis of some important proteins including membrane
      proteins, multidrug resistance-associated proteins, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp).
      Proteins related to drug resistance were overexpressed in multidrug-resistant
      tumor cells. These proteins depended on energy and play important roles in the
      emergence of drug resistance. The changes in glutathione and cysteine metabolic
      pathways showed that the cells can activate related metabolic pathways and reduce
      the cell apoptosis when they encounter oxidative damage. These findings indicate
      that drug resistance is likely associated with increased P-gp synthesis and
      reduced apoptosis of tumor cells. Graphical Abstract Drug resistance was
      charactered in the changing of genomics and proteomics. Like enhancing DNA
      repair, reducing uptake, high P-g protein expression. Here, we studied the
      changes of metabolite pathway which could be also play an imported role in drug
      resistance. 

PMID- 27379391
TI  - Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of tetracycline
      drugs from egg supplements before flow injection analysis coupled to a liquid
      waveguide capillary cell.
AB  - A simple, rapid, and efficient ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction (US-DLLME) method was developed for extraction of tetracycline
      residues from egg supplement samples, with subsequent determination by flow
      injection analysis (FIA) coupled to a liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC) and
      a controlled temperature heating bath. Tetracyclines react with diazotized p
      sulfanilic acid, in a slightly alkaline medium, to form azo compounds that can be
      measured at 435 nm. The reaction sensitivity improved substantially (5.12-fold)
      using an in-line heating temperature of 45  degrees C. Multivariate methodology
      was used to optimize the factors affecting the extraction efficiency, considering
      the volumes of extraction and disperser solvents, sonication time, extraction
      time, and centrifugation time. Good linearity in the range 30-600 MUg L(-1) was
      obtained for all the tetracyclines, with regression coefficients (r) higher than
      0.9974. The limits of detection ranged from 6.4 to 11.1 MUg L(-1), and the
      recoveries were in the range 85.7-96.4 %, with relative standard deviation lower
      than 9.8 %. Analyte recovery was improved by approximately 6 % when the
      microextraction was assisted by ultrasound. The results obtained with the
      proposed US-DLLME-FIA method were confirmed by a reference HPLC method and showed
      that the egg supplement samples analyzed were suitable for human consumption. 

PMID- 27379393
TI  - ABC's spotlight on the nanoworld.

PMID- 27379394
TI  - ADMET Evaluation in Drug Discovery. 16. Predicting hERG Blockers by Combining
      Multiple Pharmacophores and Machine Learning Approaches.
AB  - Blockade of human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG) channel by compounds may lead
      to drug-induced QT prolongation, arrhythmia, and Torsades de Pointes (TdP), and
      therefore reliable prediction of hERG liability in the early stages of drug
      design is quite important to reduce the risk of cardiotoxicity-related attritions
      in the later development stages. In this study, pharmacophore modeling and
      machine learning approaches were combined to construct classification models to
      distinguish hERG active from inactive compounds based on a diverse data set.
      First, an optimal ensemble of pharmacophore hypotheses that had good capability
      to differentiate hERG active from inactive compounds was identified by the
      recursive partitioning (RP) approach. Then, the naive Bayesian classification
      (NBC) and support vector machine (SVM) approaches were employed to construct
      classification models by integrating multiple important pharmacophore hypotheses.
      The integrated classification models showed improved predictive capability over
      any single pharmacophore hypothesis, suggesting that the broad binding
      polyspecificity of hERG can only be well characterized by multiple
      pharmacophores. The best SVM model achieved the prediction accuracies of 84.7%
      for the training set and 82.1% for the external test set. Notably, the accuracies
      for the hERG blockers and nonblockers in the test set reached 83.6% and 78.2%,
      respectively. Analysis of significant pharmacophores helps to understand the
      multimechanisms of action of hERG blockers. We believe that the combination of
      pharmacophore modeling and SVM is a powerful strategy to develop reliable
      theoretical models for the prediction of potential hERG liability.

PMID- 27379395
TI  - MRI Background Parenchymal Enhancement Is Not Associated with Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previously, a strong positive association between background
      parenchymal enhancement (BPE) at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and breast
      cancer was reported in high-risk populations. We sought to determine, whether
      this was also true for non-high-risk patients. METHODS: 540 consecutive patients
      underwent breast MRI for assessment of breast findings (BI-RADS 0-5, non-high
      risk screening (no familial history of breast cancer, no known genetic mutation,
      no prior chest irradiation, or previous breast cancer diagnosis)) and subsequent
      histological work-up. For this IRB-approved study, BPE and fibroglandular tissue
      FGT were retrospectively assessed by two experienced radiologists according to
      the BI-RADS lexicon. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to explore
      associations between BPE, FGT, age and final diagnosis of breast cancer.
      Subsequently, multivariate logistic regression analysis, considering covariate
      colinearities, was performed, using final diagnosis as the target variable and
      BPE, FGT and age as covariates. RESULTS: Age showed a moderate negative
      correlation with FGT (r = -0.43, p<0.001) and a weak negative correlation with
      BPE (r = -0.28, p<0.001). FGT and BPE correlated moderately (r = 0.35, p<0.001).
      Final diagnosis of breast cancer displayed very weak negative correlations with
      FGT (r = -0.09, p = 0.046) and BPE (r = -0.156, p<0.001) and weak positive
      correlation with age (r = 0.353, p<0.001). On multivariate logistic regression
      analysis, the only independent covariate for prediction of breast cancer was age
      (OR 1.032, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data, neither BPE nor FGT
      independently correlate with breast cancer risk in non-high-risk patients at MRI.
      Our model retained only age as an independent risk factor for breast cancer in
      this setting.

PMID- 27379396
TI  - "Initial investigation into computer scoring of candidate essays for personnel
      selection": Correction to Campion et al. (2016).
AB  - Reports an error in "Initial Investigation Into Computer Scoring of Candidate
      Essays for Personnel Selection" by Michael C. Campion, Michael A. Campion, Emily
      D. Campion and Matthew H. Reider (Journal of Applied Psychology, Advanced Online
      Publication, Apr 14, 2016, np). In the article the affiliations for Emily D.
      Campion and Matthew H. Reider were originally incorrect. All versions of this
      article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article
      appeared in record 2016-18130-001.) Emerging advancements including the
      exponentially growing availability of computer-collected data and increasingly
      sophisticated statistical software have led to a "Big Data Movement" wherein
      organizations have begun attempting to use large-scale data analysis to improve
      their effectiveness. Yet, little is known regarding how organizations can
      leverage these advancements to develop more effective personnel selection
      procedures, especially when the data are unstructured (text-based). Drawing on
      literature on natural language processing, we critically examine the possibility
      of leveraging advances in text mining and predictive modeling computer software
      programs as a surrogate for human raters in a selection context. We explain how
      to "train" a computer program to emulate a human rater when scoring
      accomplishment records. We then examine the reliability of the computer's scores,
      provide preliminary evidence of their construct validity, demonstrate that this
      practice does not produce scores that disadvantage minority groups, illustrate
      the positive financial impact of adopting this practice in an organization (N ~
      46,000 candidates), and discuss implementation issues. Finally, we discuss the
      potential implications of using computer scoring to address the adverse impact
      validity dilemma. We suggest that it may provide a cost-effective means of using
      predictors that have comparable validity but have previously been too expensive
      for large-scale screening. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 27379397
TI  - Validation of inertial measurement units with an optoelectronic system for whole
      body motion analysis.
AB  - The potential of inertial measurement units (IMUs) for ergonomics applications
      appears promising. However, previous IMUs validation studies have been incomplete
      regarding aspects of joints analysed, complexity of movements and duration of
      trials. The objective was to determine the technological error and biomechanical
      model differences between IMUs and an optoelectronic system and evaluate the
      effect of task complexity and duration. Whole-body kinematics from 12
      participants was recorded simultaneously with a full-body Xsens system where an
      Optotrak cluster was fixed on every IMU. Short functional movements and long
      manual material handling tasks were performed and joint angles were compared
      between the two systems. The differences attributed to the biomechanical model
      showed significantly greater (P <= .001) RMSE than the technological error. RMSE
      was systematically higher (P <= .001) for the long complex task with a mean on
      all joints of 2.8 degrees  compared to 1.2 degrees  during short functional
      movements. Definition of local coordinate systems based on anatomical landmarks
      or single posture was the most influent difference between the two systems.
      Additionally, IMUs accuracy was affected by the complexity and duration of the
      tasks. Nevertheless, technological error remained under 5 degrees  RMSE during
      handling tasks, which shows potential to track workers during their daily labour.

PMID- 27379398
TI  - Ca L2,3-edge XANES and Sr K-edge EXAFS study of hydroxyapatite and fossil bone
      apatite.
AB  - Upon burial, the organic and inorganic components of hard tissues such as bone,
      teeth, and tusks are subjected to various alterations as a result of interactions
      with the chemical milieu of soil, groundwater, and presence of microorganisms. In
      this study, simulation of the Ca L 2,3-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure
      (XANES) spectrum of hydroxyapatite, using the CTM4XAS code, reveals that the
      different symmetry of the two nonequivalent Ca(1) and Ca(2) sites in the unit
      cell gives rise to specific spectral features. Moreover, Ca L 2,3-edge XANES
      spectroscopy is applied in order to assess variations in fossil bone apatite
      crystallinity due to heavy bacterial alteration and catastrophic mineral
      dissolution, compared to well-preserved fossil apatite, fresh bone, and geologic
      apatite reference samples. Fossilization-induced chemical alterations are
      investigated by means of Ca L 2,3-edge XANES and scanning electron microscopy
      (SEM) and are related to histological evaluation using optical microscopy images.
      Finally, the variations in the bonding environment of Sr and its preference for
      substitution in the Ca(1) or Ca(2) sites upon increasing the Sr/Ca ratio is
      assessed by Sr K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
      spectroscopy. 

PMID- 27379399
TI  - To attach or not to attach? The effect of carrier surface morphology and
      topography on attachment of phoretic deutonymphs of Uropoda orbicularis (Acari).
AB  - Previous studies on preferences of phoretic deutonymphs of Uropodina for
      attachment sites have shown that they frequently select smooth and hydrophobic
      surfaces. The aim of our study was to provide the detailed morphological and
      topographical characteristics of beetle body surfaces to which deutonymphs
      frequently attach and to verify how the presence of setae and surface sculpture
      affects deutonymph attachment. The study was conducted on Uropoda orbicularis
      (Muller, 1776) and its common beetle carriers: Aphodius prodromus (Brahm, 1790),
      Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1758), Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
      and Margarinotus carbonarius (Hoffmann, 1803). Morphology and topography of
      elytra, femora, propygidia and pygidia of beetles were analysed mainly using SEM
      methods supported with CLSM and AFM techniques. The hypothesis that deutonymphs
      may attach to surfaces covered with setae, if seta density is low enough not to
      disturb mite movement, was tested. The study revealed that deutonymphs attach to
      surfaces of various types as follows: (i) smooth, (ii) hairy, i.e., covered with
      setae, (iii) flat and (iv) sculptured. Smooth body parts and body parts covered
      with setae of low density were most frequently and intensively occupied with
      deutonymphs. Surfaces of high seta density were avoided by mites. Within elytra
      of Aphodius beetles, deutonymphs definitely preferred flat surfaces of elytral
      intervals. On the contrary, densely punctuated propygidium and pygidium in M.
      carbonarius were heavily infested with deutonymphs. We conclude that carrier
      surface morphology and topography are important for Uropodina deutonymph
      attachment, but these two factors cannot fully explain the observed relation. 

PMID- 27379400
TI  - Generation of functional hepatocyte-like cells from human deciduous periodontal
      ligament stem cells.
AB  - Human deciduous periodontal ligament stem cells have been introduced for as an
      easily accessible source of stem cells from dental origin. Although recent
      studies have revealed the ability of these stem cells in multipotential
      attribute, their efficiency of hepatic lineage differentiation has not been
      addressed so far. The aim of this study is to investigate hepatic lineage fate
      competence of periodontal ligament stem cells through direct media induction.
      Differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells was
      conducted by the exposure of two phase media induction. First phase was performed
      in the presence of hepatocyte growth factors to induce a definitive endoderm
      formation. In the subsequent phase, the cells were treated with oncostatin M and
      dexamethosone followed by insulin and transferrin to generate hepatocyte-like
      cells. Hepatic-related characters of the generated hepatocyte-like cells were
      determined at both mRNA and protein level followed by functional assays. Foremost
      changes observed in the generation of hepatocyte-like cells were the
      morphological features in which these cells were transformed from fibroblastic
      shape to polygonal shape. Temporal expression of hepatic markers ranging from
      early endodermal up to late markers were detected in the hepatocyte-like cells.
      Crucial hepatic markers such as glycogen storage, albumin, and urea secretion
      were also shown. These findings exhibited the ability of periodontal ligament
      stem cells of dental origin to be directed into hepatic lineage fate. These cells
      can be regarded as an alternative autologous source in the usage of stem cell
      based treatment for liver diseases. 

PMID- 27379401
TI  - The effect of colour polymorphism on thermoregulation in an orb web spider.
AB  - Spiders that build aerial webs in open areas face the risk of overheating due to
      incident solar radiation. These spiders can counteract overheating by either
      moving the web to another site or by adopting behavioural thermoregulation within
      the web. Since moving can be costly, studies have suggested that a passive but
      effective method of reducing heat load is by light reflectance through body
      colouration. We explored the interaction between colour and thermoregulation in a
      colour polymorphic species, under both field and laboratory conditions. We show
      that in natural conditions, the spiders maintain their body temperature below
      that of the ambient, but with no difference in surface temperature between colour
      morphs. In laboratory experiments with internal temperature measurements, white
      morphs bore the risk of overheating better than the yellow morphs since they
      heated up slower and cooled faster. We suggest that the thermoregulatory
      properties of colour polymorphism in Verrucosa arenata have physiological
      consequences and may play an important role in the maintenance of colour
      polymorphism in this species. 

PMID- 27379402
TI  - Population Pharmacokinetic and Covariate Analysis of Apatinib, an Oral Tyrosine
      Kinase Inhibitor, in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Solid Tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Apatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved
      in China for the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic gastric cancer.
      The approved dosing schedule is 850 mg once daily. The objective of this study
      was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model of apatinib and
      determine factors that affect its pharmacokinetics. METHODS: A popPK model for
      apatinib was developed using data from 106 individuals, including healthy
      volunteers and patients with malignant solid tumors. The potential influence of
      demographic, patient, and laboratory characteristics on oral apatinib
      pharmacokinetics were investigated in a covariate analysis. The extent of the
      impact of significant covariates on the exposure of apatinib was evaluated using
      simulations. RESULTS: The final popPK model was a two-compartment model with
      mixed first- and zero-order absorption and first-order elimination. The
      population estimates of apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume at steady
      state were 57.8 L/h and 112.5 L, respectively. The non-linear dose
      proportionality in apatinib relative bioavailability was characterized by a
      sigmoidal maximum effect (E max) equation wherein the midpoint dose for the
      decrease in bioavailability was 766 mg. Patients with advanced gastric cancer
      exhibited lower bioavailability. Cancer patients in general had lower CL/F than
      healthy volunteers. Simulation results indicated that apatinib exposure in
      various population groups were impacted by disease and laboratory
      characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in apatinib exposure was less than
      proportional to dose. The pharmacokinetics of apatinib in gastric cancer patients
      were significantly different from those in patients with other cancer types.
      Dosing of apatinib in various cancer subpopulations may require adjustments to
      optimize efficacy and benefits to patients.

PMID- 27379404
TI  - Trifluoromethylthiolation and Trifluoromethylselenolation of alpha-Diazo Esters
      Catalyzed by Copper.
AB  - alpha-Diazo esters are smoothly converted into the corresponding trifluoromethyl
      thio- or selenoethers by reaction with Me4 NSCF3 or Me4 NSeCF3 , respectively, in
      the presence of catalytic amounts of copper thiocyanate. This straightforward
      method gives high yields under neutral conditions at room temperature and is
      applicable to a wide range of functionalized molecules, including diverse alpha
      amino acid derivatives. It is well-suited for the late-stage introduction of
      trifluoromethylthio or -seleno groups into drug-like molecules. 

PMID- 27379403
TI  - Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in the Ovarian Follicle Attracts the Stromal Cells
      of the Fallopian Tube Fimbriae.
AB  - During human ovulation, the fallopian tube fimbriae must move to the ovulation
      site to catch the oocyte. As the tissue-of-origin of the majority of ovarian high
      grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), the fallopian tube fimbriae carrying a precursor
      cancer lesion may also approach the ovulatory site for metastasis. We hypothesize
      that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in mature follicle fluid (FF) attracts
      the migration of PDGFR-expressing fimbriae toward the ovulating follicle. We
      observed that more PDGFR-beta was expressed in the distal part than in the
      proximal parts of the fallopian tube, particularly in stromal cells in the lamina
      propria. The stromal cells, but not the epithelial cells, from normal fimbriae
      and fallopian tube HGSC were highly chemotactic to mature FF. The chemotactic
      activities were positively correlated with PDGF-BB and estradiol levels in FF and
      were abolished by a blocking antibody of PDGFR-beta and by tyrosine kinase
      inhibitor imatinib. When PDGF-BB/AB was depleted from the FF, more than 80% of
      chemotaxis activities were diminished. This study suggests an ovarian follicle
      directed and PDGF-dependent attraction of fallopian tube fimbriae before
      ovulation. The same mechanism may also be crucial for the ovarian homing of HGSC,
      which largely originates in the fimbriae. 

PMID- 27379406
TI  - Three-year trajectories of global perceived quality of life for youth with
      chronic health conditions.
AB  - PURPOSE: Objectives of this longitudinal study were to examine 3-year
      trajectories of global perceived quality of life (QOL) for youth with chronic
      health conditions, as obtained from youth and parent reports, and to identify
      personal and environmental factors associated with the trajectory groups for each
      perspective. METHODS: Youth with various chronic conditions aged 11-17 years and
      one of their parents were recruited from eight children's treatment centers.
      Latent class growth analysis was used to investigate perceived QOL trajectories
      (separately for youth and parent perspectives) over a 3-year period (four data
      collection time points spaced 12 months apart). Multinomial logistic regression
      was employed to identify factors associated with these trajectories. RESULTS: A
      total of 439 youth and one of their parents participated at baseline, and 302 (69
      %) of those youth/parent dyads completed all four data collection time points.
      Two QOL trajectories were identified for the youth analysis: 'high and stable'
      (85.7 %) and 'moderate/low and stable' (14.3 %), while three trajectories were
      found for the parent analysis: 'high and stable' (35.7 %), 'moderate and stable'
      (46.6 %), and 'moderate/low and stable' (17.7 %). Relative to the 'high and
      stable' groups, youth with more reported pain/other physical symptoms, emotional
      symptoms, and home/community barriers were more likely to be in the 'moderate and
      stable' or 'moderate/low and stable' groups. Also, youth with higher reported
      self-determination, spirituality, family social support, family functioning,
      school productivity/engagement, and school belongingness/safety were less likely
      to be in the 'moderate and stable' or 'moderate/low and stable' groups, compared
      to the 'high and stable' groups. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that youth with
      chronic conditions experience stable global perceived QOL across time, but that
      some individuals maintain stability at moderate to moderate/low levels which is
      related to ongoing personal and environmental influences. Potential benefits of
      universal strategies and programs to safeguard resilience for all youth and
      targeted interventions to optimize certain youths' global perceived QOL are
      indicated.

PMID- 27379405
TI  - QOL and sociodemographic factors among first-time parents in Japan: a multilevel
      analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between
      sociodemographic factors and domains of quality of life (QOL) among married
      adults in Japan who were either rearing or expecting their first child. Our
      research focus was on whether different sociodemographic variables interacted
      with each other in predicting the first-time parents' QOL. METHOD: In total, 4374
      (mean age = 34.9 years, SD = 8.4, range 18-71) community-based married couples
      pooled from two surveys provided their sociodemographic information (i.e., age,
      years of education, and annual income) and responded to the brief version of the
      QOL instrument developed by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-BREF in
      Psychological Medicine 28(3):551-555, 1998). RESULTS: Series of multilevel
      regression analyses revealed that household annual income and education were
      associated with all domains of QOL, and other sociodemographic variables worked
      in a domain-specific manner. In addition, the effect of educational attainment on
      psychological domain was significant for mothers only, whereas the effects of
      household income on psychological and environmental domains were stronger for the
      younger (below age 26) than the older (over 43) couples. CONCLUSION: The effects
      of sociodemographic factors at couple as well as individual levels on the first
      time parents' QOL were examined for the first time in Japan using couple data. In
      addition to corroborating previous findings on the main effects concerning these
      variables, the present study demonstrated the complex patterns of interaction
      across different levels. These findings provide evidence for the need for
      financial and health measures targeted at specific parent populations.

PMID- 27379407
TI  - Simultaneous quantification of monoamine neurotransmitters and their biogenic
      metabolites intracellularly and extracellularly in primary neuronal cell cultures
      and in sub-regions of guinea pig brain.
AB  - In the present paper, we describe a validated chromatographic method for the
      simultaneous quantification of monoamine neurotransmitters and their biogenic
      metabolites intracellularly and extracellularly in primary neuronal cell culture
      and in sub-regions of the guinea pig brain. Electrochemical detection provided
      limits of quantifications (LOQs) between 3.6 and 12nM. Within the linear range,
      obtained recoveries were from 90.9+/-9.9 to 120+/-14% and intra-day and inter-day
      precisions found to be less than 5.5% and 12%, respectively. The analytical
      method was applicable for quantification of intracellular and extracellular
      amounts of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites in guinea pig
      frontal cortex and hippocampal primary neuronal cell cultures. Noradrenaline,
      dopamine and serotonin were found to be in a range from 0.31 to 1.7pmol per 2
      million cells intracellularly, but only the biogenic metabolites could be
      detected extracellularly. Distinct differences in monoamine concentrations were
      observed when comparing concentrations in guinea pig frontal cortex and
      cerebellum tissue with higher amounts of dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4
      dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in frontal cortex, as compared
      to cerebellum. The chemical turnover in frontal cortex tissue of guinea pig was
      for serotonin successfully predicted from the turnover observed in the frontal
      cortex cell culture. In conclusion, the present analytical method shows high
      precision, accuracy and sensitivity and is broadly applicable to monoamine
      measurements in cell cultures as well as brain biopsies from animal models used
      in preclinical neurochemistry. 

PMID- 27379408
TI  - Investigating Female Sexual Concordance: Do Sexual Excitation and Sexual
      Inhibition Moderate the Agreement of Genital and Subjective Sexual Arousal in
      Women?
AB  - The agreement of subjective and genital sexual response, also referred to as
      sexual concordance, shows substantial variability between women. Identifying
      predictors of sexual arousal and sexual concordance is important to improve our
      understanding of female sexual response and its relationship to sexual function
      or dysfunction. The aim of this study was to assess the relevance of sexual
      excitation and sexual inhibition as predictors of subjective sexual arousal,
      genital arousal, and sexual concordance. In a laboratory setting, sexual arousal
      was induced by erotic video stimuli. Subjective sexual arousal was assessed
      continuously during stimulus presentation and genital arousal was measured with
      vaginal photoplethysmography. Data of 58 women (M age = 24.95, SD = 4.65) were
      analyzed using multilevel analyses (HLM). This data analytic technique estimates
      the within-subject associations of subjective and genital arousal, by controlling
      for between-subject differences. An interaction term of sexual excitation and
      sexual inhibition significantly predicted genital sexual arousal. In exploratory
      analyses, two lower order factors of sexual inhibition (Concerns about Sexual
      Function and Arousal Contingency) were predictive of sexual concordance. Further
      examination of these associations might increase our knowledge of female sexual
      function and deepen our understanding of how sexual excitation and sexual
      inhibition affect sexual arousal and consequently, impact sexual behaviors, in
      women.

PMID- 27379409
TI  - 2 or 5?

PMID- 27379410
TI  - Camellia nanningensis sp. nov.: the earliest fossil wood record of the genus
      Camellia (Theaceae) from East Asia.
AB  - A new species Camellia nanningensis was described on the basis of well-preserved
      mummified wood from the upper Oligocene Yongning Formation of Nanning Basin in
      Guangxi Province, South China. This represents the most ancient fossil wood
      assigned to Camellia, and the earliest fossil record of the family Theaceae in
      China. This fossil material shows that Camellia occurred in China as early as the
      late Oligocene, suggesting more ancient radiation of this genus than estimated by
      molecular dating. 

PMID- 27379411
TI  - Characteristics of Synthetic Cannabinoid and Cannabis Users Admitted to a
      Psychiatric Hospital: A Comparative Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Psychotic and affective exacerbations associated with synthetic
      cannabinoid (SC) use are becoming an emerging concern in psychiatric hospitals.
      However, data are lacking regarding whether clinical manifestations of SC use
      differ from those associated with cannabis use. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to explore
      the unique profile of SC users admitted to a mental health center in terms of
      demographic, clinical, and physiologic variables in comparison to cannabis users.
      METHODS: We retrieved retrospective data of patients admitted to a mental health
      center between October 2007 and May 2014 who self-reported recent use of SC (n =
      60) and patients who were cannabis users (positive carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol
      urine test at admission) without a history of SC use (n = 163). Clinical measures
      included hospitalization length, number of previous hospitalizations, Positive
      and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores, psychiatric status at admission, and
      relevant physiologic and laboratory parameters. RESULTS: Hospitalized SC users
      were younger than hospitalized cannabis users (n = 163) (30.46 +/- 7.83 years
      versus 34.67 +/- 10.07 years, U223 = 3,781.5, P = .009, respectively). SC
      patients had longer hospitalizations compared to cannabis users (43.45 +/- 54.02
      days versus 22.91 +/- 31.36 days, U219 = 5,701.5, P = .005, respectively), had
      more previous hospitalizations (3.73 +/- 5.05 versus 1.98 +/- 5.12, U223 = 6,284,
      P < .001, respectively), and were more likely to be hospitalized by criminal
      court order (36.7% [n = 22] versus 19.9% [n = 32], chi22 = 7.136, P = .028,
      respectively). SC patients presented with a more severe clinical picture
      manifested by higher total PANSS scores (82.53 +/- 23.05 versus 69.98 +/- 19.94,
      t91 = -2.696, P = .008) in a subset of patients with PANSS scores assessed within
      a week from admission (n = 30 in the SC group and n = 63 in the cannabis group).
      No differences were found in physiologic or laboratory measures on admission
      between the SC and cannabis groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients admitted following use
      of SC are generally younger males who have higher severity of psychotic symptoms
      at admission, are more likely to be admitted by criminal court order, and require
      longer hospitalization periods in comparison to cannabis users.

PMID- 27379412
TI  - Beyond the Parental Generation: The Influence of Grandfathers and Great
      grandfathers on Status Attainment.
AB  - Studies on intergenerational social mobility usually examine the extent to which
      social positions of one generation determine the social positions of the next.
      This study investigates whether the persistence of inequality can be expected to
      stretch over more than two generations. Using a multigenerational version of
      GENLIAS, a large-scale database containing information from digitized Dutch
      marriage certificates during 1812-1922, this study describes and explains the
      influence of grandfathers and great-grandfathers on the occupational status
      attainment of 119,662 men in the Netherlands during industrialization. Multilevel
      regression models show that both grandfather's and great-grandfather's status
      influence the status attainment of men, after fathers and uncles are taken into
      account. Whereas the influence of the father and uncles decreases over time, that
      of the grandfather and great-grandfather remains stable. The results further
      suggest that grandfathers influence their grandsons through contact but also
      without being in contact with them. Although the gain in terms of explained
      variance from using a multigenerational model is moderate, leaving out the
      influence of the extended family considerably misrepresents the influence of the
      family on status attainment.

PMID- 27379413
TI  - Decompressive Hemicraniectomy in Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction: The
      'Real World' Beyond Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is life-saving in patients with
      malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMI), but outcome, perspectives and
      complications after DHC in daily practice are largely unknown. METHODS: From 2008
      until 2014, we extracted patient's characteristics as well as complications from
      our database for patients with MMI who underwent DHC. Additionally, we analysed
      medical records from the different rehabilitation steps. RESULTS: We identified
      48 consecutive patients (mean 57 years, 21 male, 41.7% >60 years) with MMI who
      underwent DHC. The decision for DHC was made on an individual basis, including
      patients without impaired consciousness or stroke onset >48 h. In-hospital
      patients achieved only marginal clinical improvement. Seventy-five percent
      attended an early-rehabilitation, 44% achieved post-stroke rehabilitation and 6%
      carried on late-stage rehabilitation. In all, 45.5% returned home after
      rehabilitation. In-hospital mortality was 14.6%, overall mortality was 16.7%.
      Surviving patients (78.9%) had a modified Rankin Scale of 4-5. Frequent
      neurologic complications were symptomatic epilepsy and delirium. Following
      DHC/bone-flap-reimplantation, wound-healing disorders, epidural hematoma and
      wound infections were major surgery-related complications. Pulmonary infections
      were frequent in the acute-phase and urinary tract infections were predominant in
      the late-phase. CONCLUSIONS: DHC is a life-saving technique in patients with MMI,
      but complications are frequent, were underestimated in randomized clinical trials
      and may worsen the functional outcome.

PMID- 27379414
TI  - Circulating miR-30 is related to carotid artery atherosclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship of miR-30 with
      office and ambulatory blood pressure parameters and carotid intima-media
      thickness (CIMT) in patients with hypertension and healthy controls. METHODS: We
      assessed the expression level of miR-30 in 40 patients with essential
      hypertension and 40 healthy individuals. All patients underwent carotid artery
      ultrasonography, and office and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
      Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used
      to evaluate the expression level of selected miR-30. The miR-30 expression level
      correlation between blood pressure parameters and CIMT was assessed using the
      Spearman correlation coefficient. Multiple logistic regression analysis was
      performed to assess independent association between miR-30 expression level and
      CIMT. RESULTS: We observed lower expression level of miR-30 (26.01 +/- 2.40 vs.
      28.26 +/- 1.28; p < 0.001) in hypertensive patients compared with healthy control
      individuals, as well as in increased CIMT group compared with normal CIMT group
      (25.09 +/- 1.84 vs. 27.81 +/- 2.37; p < 0.001). miR-30 expression level showed
      significant negative correlation with 24 h mean SBP (r = -0.51, p < 0.001), 24 h
      mean DBP(r = -0.316, p = 0.004), office SBP(r = -0.502, p < 0.001), office DBP (r
      = -0.205, p = 0.068), and CIMT (r = -0.578, p < 0.001), respectively. The odds
      ratio for CIMT was 0.519 (B = -0.748, CI 95% 0.278, 0.806; p = 0.006).
      CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that circulating miR-30 might be used as a
      biomarker for atherosclerosis in essential hypertensive patients.

PMID- 27379415
TI  - Effect of Size and Structure on the Ground-State and Excited-State Electronic
      Structure of TiO2 Nanoparticles.
AB  - We investigated the influence of size and structure on the electronic structure
      of TiO2 nanoparticles 0.5-3.2 nm in diameter, in both vacuum and water, using
      density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Specifically, we tracked the
      optical and electronic energy gap of a set of (TiO2)n nanoparticles ranging from
      small non-bulklike clusters with n = 4, 8, and 16, to larger nanoparticles
      derived from the anatase bulk crystal with n = 35 and 84. As the difference
      between these two energy gaps (the exciton binding energy) becomes negligible in
      the bulk, this magnitude provides an indicator of the bulklike character of the
      electronic structure of the nanoparticles under study. Extrapolating our results
      to larger sizes, we obtain a rough estimate of the nanoparticle size at which the
      electronic structure will begin to be effectively bulklike. Our results generally
      confirmed that the electronic structure of the nanoparticle ground state and
      excited state has a more pronounced structure dependency than size dependency
      within a size range of 0.5-1.5 nm. We also showed that the thermodynamic
      preference for the photocatalytic species is the first S1 exciton. This S1
      exciton is stable under vacuum but may evolve to free charge carriers upon
      structural relaxation in an aqueous environment for particles 0.5-1.5 nm in size
      studied in the present article. An analysis of ionization potentials and electron
      affinities, relative to the standard reduction potential for the water splitting
      half-reactions, revealed the importance of considering the structural relaxation
      in the excited states and the presence of water for assessing the thermodynamic
      conditions for photocatalytic water splitting. 

PMID- 27379416
TI  - Frailty Index as a Predictor of Adverse Postoperative Outcomes in Patients
      Undergoing Cervical Spinal Fusion.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of prospectively collected data. OBJECTIVE: To
      investigate the applicability of the modified frailty index (mFI) as a predictor
      of adverse postoperative events in patients undergoing anterior cervical
      discectomy and fusion (ACDF) or posterior cervical fusion (PCF). SUMMARY OF
      BACKGROUND DATA: Prior studies have investigated the mFI and shown it as an
      independent predictor of adverse postoperative outcomes across multiple surgical
      specialties. However, this topic has not still been studied in patients
      undergoing cervical fusion or in spinal surgery. METHODS: The National Surgical
      Quality Improvement Program is a multicenter clinical registry that prospectively
      collects preoperative risk factors, intraoperative variables, and 30-day
      postoperative morbidity and mortality outcomes from about 400 hospitals
      nationwide. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to query the database
      for adults who underwent elective ACDF and PCF between 2005 and 2012. The mFI was
      calculated for each patient. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic
      regression were used to analyze the mFI as a predictor for postoperative
      complications. RESULTS: For ACDF group, Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications rate
      increased from 0.8% to 9.0% as mFI increased from 0 to >=0.27, and mFI = 0.27 was
      found to be an independent predictor of Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications
      (odds ratio, OR, = 4.67, 95% confidence interval, CI, = 2.27-9.62, P < 0.001).
      For PCF groups, Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications rate increased from 0.7% to
      20.0% as mFI increased from 0 to >=0.36, and mFI >= 0.36 was identified as an
      independent predictor of Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications (OR = 41.26, 95% CI
      = 6.62-257.15, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The mFI was shown to be an independent
      predictor of Clavien-Dindo grade IV complications in patients undergoing ACDF or
      PCF. The mFI itself may be used to stratify risks in patients undergoing cervical
      fusion, or, the mFI scheme could be used as a platform upon which more efficient
      risk stratification could be done with addition of other variables. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: 4.

PMID- 27379417
TI  - Underlying Anatomy and Typing Diagnosis of May-Thurner Syndrome and Clinical
      Significance: An Observation Based on CT.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE: To explore the underlying anatomy
      of May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) using computed tomography (CT) and discuss its
      clinical significance for typing diagnosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Because
      the anatomical position of the corpse cannot fully illustrate the actual clinical
      situation in vivo, the diversity of MTS has not been fully elucidated yet.
      METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 69 patients with MTS. By CT
      showing, patients were categorized to simple MTS (sMTS, 22 patients), lumbar
      degeneration-related MTS (dMTS, 33 patients) and other causes MTS (oMTS, 14
      patients); meanwhile, a healthy control group were set. Evaluated indexes were
      onset age, course of disease, diameter of the iliac vein tunnel (IVTD), lumbar
      degeneration-related iliac vein compression (IVC), therapeutic effect, and
      diagnostic cutoff of risk IVTD prone to MTS. RESULTS: The onset age of sMTS,
      dMTS, and oMTS were respectively 42.3 +/- 6.5 years, 61.5 +/- 10.6 years, and
      53.1 +/- 16.8 years (P < 0.001); courses were respectively 12.1 +/- 9.2 days,
      22.5 +/- 7.6 days, and 6.8 +/- 6.7 days (P = 0.002). IVTDs of sMTS, dMTS, oMTS,
      and the control were respectively 2.52 +/- 0.50 mm, 2.29 +/- 0.30 mm, 5.93 +/-
      2.21 mm, and 4.34 +/- 1.61 mm (P < 0.001). Lumbar degeneration-related IVC in
      dMTS occurred at 41 places, including forward bulging or protruding
      intervertebral discs (51%,17/33), osteophytes (50%,16/33), and spondylolisthesis
      (19%, 8/33), but none happened in sMTS, oMTS, and the control. Eighty-six percent
      of sMTSs, 55% dMTSs, and none oMTSs needed intravenous stent-implanted operation
      to obtain effective treatment. MTS type (Waldchi = 6.092, P = 0.009), course
      (Waldchi = 4.618, P = 0.032), and treatment plan (Waldchi = 14.748, P < 0.001)
      markedly influence the therapeutic result. The cutoff of risk IVTD for sMTS and
      dMTS was 2.98 mm, which diagnostic sensitivity was 90% and specificity 100%.
      CONCLUSION: Owing to the distinct pathoanatomy and causes, diagnosis in
      classification of MTS by CT is helpful in accurate treatment program. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: 3.

PMID- 27379419
TI  - In Vivo Characteristics of Nondegenerated Adjacent Segment Intervertebral
      Foramina in Patients With Degenerative Disc Disease During Flexion-Extension.
AB  - STUDY DESIGN: In vivo patient biomechanical study. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the
      dimensions of lumbar intervertebral foramen (LIVF) of patients with degenerative
      disc disease (DDD) during a flexion-extension motion of the body. SUMMARY OF
      BACKGROUND DATA: LIVF narrowing may result in nerve root compression. The area
      changes of degenerated and adjacent nondegenerated LIVFs in DDD patients under
      physiologic loading conditions are unknown. METHODS: Nine symptomatic low back
      pain patients with radiological evidence of L4-S1 DDD were recruited. Each
      subject was magnetic resonance imaging scanned for construction of three
      dimensional lumbar vertebral models, and fluoroscopically imaged when the body
      extended from 45 flexion to full extension for reconstruction of LIVF dimensions.
      The data of the adjacent segment L3/4 and diseased segments L4/5 and L5/S1 were
      compared with a normal control group at 45 flexion, upright, and full extension
      of the body. RESULTS: The mean LIVF areas of DDD segments were significantly
      smaller than those of the normal subjects in all positions (P <0.05). In upright
      position, the LIVF areas of the DDD patients were 32.8% and 33.6% smaller than
      the normal subjects for L4/5 and L5/S1, respectively. For the adjacent L3/4, the
      LIVF area of the DDD patients was 32.3% smaller than that of the normal controls
      (P <0.05). The total change of L3/4 LIVF area in DDD patients from flexion to
      extension was significantly smaller than that of the normal subjects, but the
      changes in L4/5 and L5/S1 LIVF areas were similar between the two groups (P
      >0.05). CONCLUSION: Similar reductions of the LIVF dimensions were observed at
      the adjacent and the involved levels of the DDD patients, implying that
      biomechanical changes might have already occurred at the adjacent segment despite
      the lack of radiographic evidence of degeneration. Subsequent research should
      focus on the effects of surgical fusion on the biomechanical features of the
      adjacent segment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

PMID- 27379422
TI  - Authors reply to Letter to the Editor-In response to: "Ersan I, Kilic S, Arikan
      S, et al. Evaluation of macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer and choroid
      in psoriasis patients using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical
      coherence tomography".

PMID- 27379421
TI  - Role of PKCdelta in Enhanced Expression of Gqalpha/PLCbeta1 Proteins and VSMC
      Hypertrophy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.
AB  - Gqalpha signaling has been implicated in cardiac hypertrophy. In addition,
      angiotensin II (Ang II) was also shown to induce its hypertrophic effect through
      Gqalpha and PKCdelta activation. We recently showed the role of enhanced
      expression of Gqalpha/PLCbeta1 proteins in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)
      hypertrophy, however, the role of PKCdelta in VSMC hypertrophy in animal model is
      still lacking. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the role of
      PKCdelta and the associated signaling mechanisms in VSMC hypertrophy using 16
      week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). VSMC from 16-week-old SHR
      exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Tyr311 and increased protein
      synthesis, marker of hypertrophy, as compared to WKY rats which was attenuated by
      rottlerin, an inhibitor of PKCdelta. In addition, knocking down of PKCdelta by
      PKCdelta-siRNA also attenuated enhanced protein synthesis in VSMC from SHR.
      Furthermore, rottlerin attenuated the increased production of superoxide anion,
      NAD(P)H oxidase activity, increased expression of Gqalpha, phospholipase C
      (PLC)beta1, insulin like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR) proteins in VSMC from SHR. In addition, the enhanced
      phosphorylation of c-Src, PKCdelta-Tyr311, IGF-1R, EGFR and ERK1/2 exhibited by
      VSMC from SHR was also attenuated by rottlerin. These results suggest that VSMC
      from SHR exhibit enhanced activity of PKCdelta and that PKCdelta is the upstream
      molecule of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and contributes to the enhanced
      expression of Gqalpha and PLCbeta1 proteins and resultant VSMC hypertrophy
      involving c-Src, growth factor receptor transactivation and MAP kinase signaling.

PMID- 27379423
TI  - L1 splitting rules in survival forests.
AB  - The log-rank test is used as the split function in many commonly used survival
      trees and forests algorithms. However, the log-rank test may have a significant
      loss of power in some circumstances, especially when the hazard functions or when
      the survival functions cross each other in the two compared groups. We
      investigate the use of the integrated absolute difference between the two
      children nodes survival functions as the splitting rule. Simulations studies and
      applications to real data sets show that forests built with this rule produce
      very good results in general, and that they are often better compared to forests
      built with the log-rank splitting rule.

PMID- 27379424
TI  - Amplifying Health Through Community Gardens: A Framework for Advancing
      Multicomponent, Behaviorally Based Neighborhood Interventions.
AB  - The article presents a framework for understanding the relationship between
      community garden participation, and the myriad ways gardens and participation
      lead to emotional, social, and health impacts. Existing empirical research
      relating community gardens to health behaviors, such as physical activity and
      diet, and longer-term chronic disease-related outcomes is summarized. The
      research areas discussed include the effects of community garden participation on
      individual, social, emotional, and environmental processes; health behaviors
      including diet and physical activity; and health outcomes such as self-rated
      health, obesity, and mental health. Other mechanisms through which community
      gardens may affect population health are described. Applying a multitheoretical
      lens to explore associations between community garden participation and health
      enables us to delineate key aspects of gardening that elicit positive health
      behaviors and multifactorial health assets that could be applied to designing
      other types of health interventions.

PMID- 27379425
TI  - Long-term prospective assessment of shoulder function after breast reconstruction
      involving a latissimus dorsi muscle flap transfer and postoperative radiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Several investigators have evaluated the impaired function of the
      shoulder after removal of the latissimus dorsi muscle for breast reconstruction.
      However, a few investigators have studied whether including radiotherapy has a
      negative effect on functional recovery of the shoulder by a long-term follow-up
      after surgery. In this study, we compared objective measurements of shoulder
      function preoperatively and postoperatively for 3 years after latissimus dorsi
      muscle (LDM) flap transfer and postoperative radiotherapy (PRT). METHODS:
      Eighteen patients who underwent unilateral transfer of a pedicled LDM flap and
      PRT within 2 months of breast-conserving surgery were enrolled in this study.
      Range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength in exhaustive shoulder movements were
      measured before surgery, and at 3 and 6 months, and 1 and 3 years. RESULTS: The
      results of ROM measurements at 3months postsurgery showed significant decreases
      in both flexion and abduction by 7.1 and 9.2 % and at 3 years postsurgery by 4.7
      and 5.7 %. The muscle strength measurements at 3 months postsurgery showed
      statistically significant decreases both in adduction and in the 2nd medial
      rotation by 30.7 and 25.9 % and at 3 years postsurgery by 36.4 and 20.4 %. A
      significant improvement in these impairments was not observed for 3 years after
      surgery compared with that at 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: A combination
      of the LDM flap procedure and PRT could be associated with a higher incidence of
      tissue adhesions in both flexion and abduction and muscle deficit both in
      adduction and in the 2nd medial rotation.

PMID- 27379427
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379426
TI  - Letter to the Editor: regarding "Lipomatous ependymoma: report of a rare
      differentiation pattern with a comprehensive review of literature".

PMID- 27379428
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379429
TI  - Correction: A Seroepidemiological Study of Serogroup A Meningococcal Infection in
      the African Meningitis Belt.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147928.].

PMID- 27379430
TI  - Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Restores Estrogen Reduced-cTnI Expression in
      Neonatal Hearts of Mice.
AB  - Diastolic cardiac dysfunction can be caused by abnormality in cTnI expression
      during cardiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of estrogen on
      the abnormal expression of cTnI in the hearts of neonatal mice and its potential
      epigenetic mechanisms. We then evaluated suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA),
      a HDAC inhibitor, as a new target treatment of diastolic cardiac dysfunction.
      Postnatal day 0.5 C57BL/6 mice were injected with estrogen for 1 week, then the
      hearts of 7-day-old neonatal mice were retrieved for examination. The activities
      of HDAC and HAT were assayed by colorimetry, and the interaction of cTnI with
      HDAC5 in mice hearts were examined using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.
      The expression of cTnI was tested by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western
      blot. Estrogen treated groups displayed a significantly increased HDAC activity
      in the hearts of neonatal mice while HAT activity remained unchanged.
      Additionally, HDAC5 was higher at the cTnI promoter, as compared to the saline
      treated control groups. The acetylation of histone H3K9ac on cTnI promoter
      significantly decreased in the hearts of neonatal mice treated with estrogen, and
      the expression of cTnI at transcriptional and protein levels also decreased. SAHA
      was shown to increase the acetylation of histone H3K9ac and upregulate the
      expression of cTnI. The data demonstrated that SAHA can correct cTnI expression
      abnormality caused by estrogen through inhibiting the binding of HDAC5 to the
      promoter of cTnI. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2377-2384, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27379431
TI  - Processing and characteristics of canola protein-based biodegradable packaging: A
      review.
AB  - Interest increased recently in manufacturing food packaging, such as films and
      coatings, from protein-based biopolymers. Among various protein sources, canola
      protein is a novel source for manufacturing polymer films. It can be concentrated
      or isolated by aqueous extraction technology followed by protein precipitation.
      Using this procedure, it was claimed that more than 99% of protein was extracted
      from the defatted canola meal, and protein recovery was 87.5%. Canola protein
      exhibits thermoplastic properties when plasticizers are present, including water,
      glycerol, polyethylene glycol, and sorbitol. Addition of these plasticizers
      allows the canola protein to undergo glass transition and facilitates deformation
      and processability. Normally, canola protein-based bioplastics showed low
      mechanical properties, which had tensile strength (TS) of 1.19 to 4.31 MPa. So,
      various factors were explored to improve it, including blending with synthetic
      polymers, modifying protein functionality through controlled denaturation, and
      adding cross-linking agents. Canola protein-based bioplastics were reported to
      have glass transition temperature, Tg, below -50 degrees C but it highly depends
      on the plasticizer content. Canola protein-based bioplastics have demonstrated
      comparable mechanical and moisture barrier properties compared with other plant
      protein-based bioplastics. They have great potential in food packaging
      applications, including their use as wraps, sacks, sachets, or pouches.

PMID- 27379434
TI  - Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Children: A Separate Clinical Entity.

PMID- 27379432
TI  - Serum Lipid Profile, Prevalence of Dyslipidaemia, and Associated Risk Factors
      Among Northern Mexican Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The increase in overweight and obese children and adolescents may be
      linked to increased rates of dyslipidaemia. The aim was to assess the serum lipid
      profile, the prevalence of dyslipidaemia, and associated risk factors among the
      North Mexican adolescent population. METHODS: Two hundred and ninety-three
      subjects (47.8% girls) ages 11 to 16 years took part in the Nuevo Leon State
      Survey of Nutrition and Health 2011-2012. According to the 2011 Expert Panel on
      Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children
      and Adolescents, dyslipidaemia was defined as a presence of >=1 of the following
      levels (mg/dL): Total cholesterol >=200, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      >=130, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40, and triglyceride >=130.
      RESULTS: The overall frequency of dyslipidaemia was 48.8% with no differences
      between sexes. Adolescents with high body mass index were more likely to have at
      least 1 abnormal lipid level (overweight: odds ratio [OR]: 2.07; 95% confidence
      interval [CI]: 1.14-3.77, P < 0.05; obesity: OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.11-4.41, P <
      0.05) than those with normal weight. Abdominally subjects with obesity were also
      more likely to have at least 1 abnormal lipid level (OR: 2.30; 95% CI: 1.35-3.91,
      P < 0.01) than their leaner counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Half of Mexican
      adolescents living in the State of Nuevo Leon have at least 1 abnormal lipid
      concentration. Low HDL-chol level was the most common dyslipidaemia. Body mass
      index and abdominal obesity were associated with the prevalence of at least 1
      abnormal lipid level.

PMID- 27379435
TI  - Secondary metabolites from marine-derived Streptomyces antibioticus strain H74
      21.
AB  - A new secondary metabolite, (2S,3R)-l-threonine, N-[3-(formylamino)-2
      hydroxybenzoyl]-ethyl ester (streptomyceamide C, 1), together with four known
      compounds 1, 4-dimethyl-3-isopropyl-2,5-piperidinedione (2), cyclo-((S)-Pro-8-
      hydroxy-(R)-Ile (3), cyclo-((S)-Pro-(R)-Leu (4), and seco-((S)-Pro-(R)-Val) (5),
      were isolated from the EtOH extract of the fermented mycelium of the marine
      derived streptomycete strain H74-21, which was isolated from sea sediment in a
      mangrove site. The structure of the new compound was established on the basis of
      its spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-TOF-MS. Their antifungal
      activities against Candida albicans and cytotoxicities against human breast
      adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7, human glioblastoma cell line SF-268 and human
      lung cancer cell line NCI-H460 were tested. Compounds 1 only displayed
      cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 with the IC50
      value of 27.0 MUg/mL. However, compounds 1-5 do not show antifungal activities at
      the test concentration of 1 mg/mL, and 2-5 have no cytotoxicities at the test
      concentration of 50 MUg/mL. 

PMID- 27379437
TI  - Late stent thrombosis after the use of a bioresorbable vascular scaffold for the
      treatment of in-stent restenosis.

PMID- 27379436
TI  - Chemotherapy use and adoption of new agents is affected by age and comorbidities
      in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has changed
      substantially in the last 2 decades, but to the authors' knowledge, the effect of
      age and comorbidities on chemotherapy use has not been well studied to date.
      METHODS: Patients with mCRC who were being treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
      based chemotherapy between January 1995 to December 2009 were studied using the
      LifeLink Health Plan Claims Database. The cohort was divided into older (aged >70
      years) and younger (aged <=70 years) patients. The Charlson Comorbidity Index
      (CCI) was used to assess comorbidity burden. The Wilcoxon and chi-square tests
      were used in univariate and logistic regression in multivariate analyses.
      RESULTS: A total of 16,087 patients were identified, with 24% of the patients who
      were receiving chemotherapy being aged >70 years. The percentage of patients with
      a CCI >1 receiving chemotherapy increased over time (14% in 1996 vs 40% after
      2004; P<.05). Older patients were less likely to receive treatment with >2 agents
      compared with younger patients (15% vs.22% and 11% vs.16%, respectively, in 2003
      and 2009; P<.001). After approval by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1998,
      the use of irinotecan was lower in older compared with younger patients, a
      difference that resolved by 2002 (15% vs 38% [P<.05]; 62% in both groups [P =
      .9], respectively). Similarly, oxaliplatin was used more frequently in younger
      patients in 2003 (22% vs 15%; P<.05), with a decrease in this difference noted by
      2009 (64% vs 60%; P = .95). On multivariate analysis, older age (odds ratio,
      0.65; P<.001) and a CCI >1 (odds ratio, 0.84; P<.001) were found to be associated
      with a lower likelihood of receiving combination chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In
      this commercially insured population, the percentage of older patients treated
      for mCRC was low, and the rate of chemotherapy adoption was found to lag behind
      that of younger patients. However, the percentage of older patients with
      comorbidities receiving therapy increased over time. Cancer 2016;122:3191-8. (c)
      2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 27379438
TI  - Review of gynecologic and reproductive care for women with developmental
      disabilities.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Care for women with developmental disabilities requires
      special consideration for unique needs related to their cognitive and physical
      abilities. These women and their caregivers require more support and guidance
      during reproductive health care. We review the literature and provide expert
      opinion surrounding gynecological issues for women with developmental
      disabilities to support healthcare providers better understand and care for this
      population. RECENT FINDINGS: Women with developmental disabilities are more
      vulnerable to abuse and experience poorer gynecological healthcare outcomes. Many
      women with developmental disabilities are fertile and participate in sexual
      activity without adequate knowledge. They are at higher risk of pregnancy and
      birth complications. They are less likely to receive appropriate preventive
      screening. SUMMARY: The review highlights important issues and practice
      suggestions related to the reproductive health care of women with developmental
      disabilities. Topics include clinic visits, menstruation, sexuality, sexual
      abuse, sexual health education, contraception, sexually transmitted infections,
      pregnancy, labor and delivery, and cancer screening/prevention. We emphasize the
      need for an individualized, comprehensive approach for these patients and review
      perceived and actual barriers to care. More education is needed on the
      aforementioned topics for women with developmental disabilities, their
      caregivers, and their providers.

PMID- 27379439
TI  - The urinary microbiota: a paradigm shift for bladder disorders?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: A resident microbial community [the female urinary microbiota
      (FUM)] exists within the female bladder of many adult women. Information about
      the FUM is likely to modify the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of adult
      women with urinary disorders. This review highlights key findings from recent
      literature relevant to adult, nonpregnant women. RECENT FINDINGS: Similar to
      other human microbial communities, the FUM varies in its characteristics,
      including organism diversity and predominant organism identity. Recent literature
      reveals previously undetected organisms and community characteristics that appear
      associated with certain urinary symptoms, including urinary tract infection and
      urgency urinary incontinence. The role of individual organisms may range from
      beneficial to pathogenic and may vary on the basis of an individual's FUM
      characteristics. The simple dichotomy of 'infected' or 'sterile' no longer
      sufficiently captures the microbiological complexity of the female bladder.
      SUMMARY: Deeper understanding of the FUM should yield better methods to restore
      the microbiota to a healthy state, providing symptom relief. Opportunities to
      modify the FUM without antibiotic use are exciting possibilities for future
      research; stand-alone antibiotic use may be reevaluated to improve treatment
      precision. Long-standing nomenclature for conditions such as asymptomatic
      bacteriuria and urinary tract infection will likely require modification.

PMID- 27379440
TI  - The Effects of Resveratrol Supplementation in Overweight and Obese Humans: A
      Systematic Review of Randomized Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are significant global health issues,
      with current public health messages predominately focused on altering dietary and
      physical activity behaviors. Resveratrol is a polyphenol (stilbenoid) commonly
      found in grapes, and human trials to date have shown conflicting and limited
      beneficial effects with respect to health. The aim of this study was to determine
      the effect of resveratrol supplementation on reducing body weight and modifying
      associated inflammatory markers. METHODS: A systematic review was undertaken
      following the PRISMA guidelines and using five indexed databases (OVID MEDLINE,
      Cochrane Library, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and CINAHL). A search strategy was
      formulated to select randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trials
      investigating the effects of resveratrol supplementation on obesity or
      overweight, including body weight, metabolic and inflammatory markers. RESULTS:
      Five thousand five hundred sixty-nine studies published from 1990 to November
      2015 were identified, with only nine papers meeting the inclusion criteria. The
      studies involved 208 participants (aged 49.2 +/- 8.3 years) and utilized a
      substantial range of resveratrol doses (75-3000 mg/day). Study durations were a
      minimum of 2 weeks (14-90 days). Seven studies indicated no significant change in
      body mass index or body weight (P > 0.05), and three studies showed no
      improvements in fat mass, fat volume, or abdominal fat distribution (P > 0.05).
      Four studies included measurements of inflammatory markers, with three of these
      finding resveratrol supplementation to have a significant positive effect (P >
      0.05). CONCLUSION: Based on the included studies, there is currently insufficient
      evidence to support the recommendation of resveratrol supplements in management
      of obesity. However, there were significant but not entirely consistent anti
      inflammatory effects after resveratrol supplementation in overweight and obese
      individuals.

PMID- 27379441
TI  - Diffusion-weighted imaging reflects variable cellularity and stromal density
      present in breast fibroadenomas.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the underlying histopathologic features influencing
      apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of breast fibroadenomas. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Biopsy-proven fibroadenomas (n=26) initially identified as
      suspicious on breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were retrospectively
      evaluated. Histopathologic assessments of lesion cellularity and stromal type
      were compared with ADC measures on diffusion-weighted MRI. RESULTS: Presence of
      epithelial hyperplasia (increased cellularity) and dense collagenous stroma were
      both significantly associated with lower lesion ADC values (P=.02 and .004,
      respectively). CONCLUSION: Variations in epithelial cellularity and stromal type
      influence breast lesion ADC values and may explain the wide range of ADC measures
      observed in benign fibroadenomas.

PMID- 27379442
TI  - The Transmembrane Domain of a Bicomponent ABC Transporter Exhibits Channel
      Forming Activity.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that expresses two unique
      forms of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) on its bacterial surface, the A- and B-bands.
      The A-band polysaccharides (A-band PSs) are thought to be exported into the
      periplasm via a bicomponent ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter located within
      the inner membrane. This ABC protein complex consists of the transmembrane (TMD)
      Wzm and nucleotide-binding (NBD) Wzt domain proteins. Here, we were able to probe
      ~1.36 nS-average conductance openings of the Wzm-based protein complex when
      reconstituted into a lipid membrane buffered by a 200 mM KCl solution,
      demonstrating the large-conductance, channel-forming ability of the TMDs. In
      agreement with this finding, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging
      revealed the ring-shaped structure of the transmembrane Wzm protein complex. As
      hypothesized, using liposomes, we demonstrated that Wzm interacts with Wzt.
      Further, the Wzt polypeptide indeed hydrolyzed ATP but exhibited a ~75% reduction
      in the ATPase activity when its Walker A domain was deleted. The distribution and
      average unitary conductance of the TMD Wzm protein complex were altered by the
      presence of the NBD Wzt protein, confirming the regulatory role of the latter
      polypeptide. To our knowledge, the large-conductance, channel-like activity of
      the Wzm protein complex, although often hypothesized, has not previously been
      demonstrated. These results constitute a platform for future structural,
      biophysical, and functional explorations of this bicomponent ABC transporter.

PMID- 27379443
TI  - Word Gap Redux: Developmental Sequence and Quality.

PMID- 27379444
TI  - Alcohol-approach inclinations and drinking identity as predictors of behavioral
      economic demand for alcohol.
AB  - Behavioral economic demand curve indices of alcohol consumption reflect decisions
      to consume alcohol at varying costs. Although these indices predict alcohol
      related problems beyond established predictors, little is known about the
      determinants of elevated demand. Two cognitive constructs that may underlie
      alcohol demand are alcohol-approach inclinations and drinking identity. The aim
      of this study was to evaluate implicit and explicit measures of these constructs
      as predictors of alcohol demand curve indices. College student drinkers (N = 223,
      59% female) completed implicit and explicit measures of drinking identity and
      alcohol-approach inclinations at 3 time points separated by 3-month intervals,
      and completed the Alcohol Purchase Task to assess demand at Time 3. Given no
      change in our alcohol-approach inclinations and drinking identity measures over
      time, random intercept-only models were used to predict 2 demand indices:
      Amplitude, which represents maximum hypothetical alcohol consumption and
      expenditures, and Persistence, which represents sensitivity to increasing prices.
      When modeled separately, implicit and explicit measures of drinking identity and
      alcohol-approach inclinations positively predicted demand indices. When implicit
      and explicit measures were included in the same model, both measures of drinking
      identity predicted Amplitude, but only explicit drinking identity predicted
      Persistence. In contrast, explicit measures of alcohol-approach inclinations, but
      not implicit measures, predicted both demand indices. Therefore, there was more
      support for explicit, versus implicit, measures as unique predictors of alcohol
      demand. Overall, drinking identity and alcohol-approach inclinations both exhibit
      positive associations with alcohol demand and represent potentially modifiable
      cognitive constructs that may underlie elevated demand in college student
      drinkers. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379445
TI  - Incidence and Predictors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Serum Biomarkers
      in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at high risk for
      non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Longitudinal data on incident NAFLD
      are lacking. We employed non-invasive methods to study incidence and predictors
      of NAFLD. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of IBD patients without known
      liver disease followed at IBD clinic of McGill University. NAFLD was defined as
      Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI) >=36 and absence of alcohol intake. Advanced liver
      fibrosis was diagnosed by FIB-4 >=2.67. Active IBD was defined as partial Mayo
      score >=3 for ulcerative colitis, Harvey Bradshaw Index >= 5 or flare during
      follow-up. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to investigate
      incidence and predictors of NAFLD development. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-one
      consecutive patients (median age 33.7 yr, 47% males) were observed for a median
      of 3.2 years (interquartile range 1.5-6). Over 1181.2 persons-year (PY), 108
      (33.6%) patients developed NAFLD, accounting for an incidence rate of 9.1/100 PY
      (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4-10.9). 7 (2.2%) patients developed advanced
      liver fibrosis, accounting for an incidence rate of 0.5/100 PY (95% CI, 0.2-1.1).
      Development of NAFLD was predicted by disease activity (adjusted hazard ratio
      [aHR] = 1.58; 95% CI, 1.08-2.33, P = 0.02), disease duration (aHR = 1.12; 95% CI,
      1.03-1.23, P = 0.01), and prior surgery for IBD (aHR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.04-1.74, P
      = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD is a frequent comorbidity in patients with IBD. These
      patients can also develop advanced liver fibrosis. Disease activity, duration of
      IBD and prior surgery are predictors of NAFLD development. This should represent
      one more incentive to achieve and maintain early clinical remission. Further
      prospective studies are of interest.

PMID- 27379446
TI  - Racial and Ethnic Minorities with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United
      States: A Systematic Review of Disease Characteristics and Differences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has predominantly affected whites,
      particularly Ashkenazi Jews. Over the last 2 decades, IBD has "emerged" in
      minorities. Differences in natural history and disease characteristics have been
      suggested. The objective of this systematic review is to summarize these
      differences in studies from the United States. METHODS: A structured search was
      performed within the Medline database through PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane
      databases. Published studies of genetics, pathogenesis, prevalence or incidence,
      disease location and behavior, extraintestinal manifestations, disparities and
      access to care in patients with IBD who are of African American, Asian, and
      Hispanic descent living in the United States were eligible. RESULTS: A total of
      47 studies were included for African Americans (n = 20,054), Hispanics (n =
      10,762), and Asians (n = 2668). The incidence and prevalence of IBD is increasing
      among minorities. There is less of a genetic influence in the pathogenesis of IBD
      among African Americans; however, novel variants have been identified. There is a
      predilection for pancolonic ulcerative colitis among Hispanics and Asians.
      Crohn's disease-related hospitalizations are increasing in Asians, whereas
      African Americans are more likely to use the emergency department. No major
      differences are seen in disease location and behavior, upper gastrointestinal
      tract, and perianal involvement and extraintestinal manifestations among races
      and ethnic groups. Medication utilization seems to be similar. Differences in
      surgery are likely explained by health insurance status. CONCLUSIONS: Future
      prospective studies are needed to fully characterize disease characteristics and
      treatment response among minorities. With novel IBD therapies in the pipeline,
      enrollment in clinical trials should emphasize increased representation of all
      races and ethnic groups.

PMID- 27379447
TI  - Electrochemical Behavior of meso-Substituted Porphyrins: The Role of Cation
      Radicals to the Half-Wave Oxidation Potential Splitting.
AB  - In this study, the electrochemical behavior of free base and zinc meso
      substituted porphyrins is examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and density
      functional theory (DFT). The results show that the half-wave oxidation potential
      splitting of the two oxidation states (DeltaE= second E1/2 - first E1/2) of
      tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and its zinc complex (ZnTPP) are higher than those
      of porphyrins and their zinc complexes with meso-substituted five-membered
      heterocylic rings. The DeltaE values follow the trend of TPP > T(3'-thienyl)P >
      T(3'-furyl)P > T(2'-thienyl)P for both meso-porphyrins and their respective zinc
      complexes. By employing DFT calculations, we have found that the trend of DeltaE
      values is consistent with that of highest spin density (HSD) distribution and
      HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of cationic radicals as well as the pi-conjugation between
      central porphyrin and meso-substituted rings. Also, they exhibit the better
      resonance between the porphyrin ring with meso-substituted rings as moving from
      porphyrins and their zinc complexes with phenyl rings to five-membered
      heterocyclic rings. A good agreement between calculated and experimental results
      indicates that cationic radicals, especially their spin density distribution, do
      play an important role in half-wave oxidation potential splitting of meso
      porphyrins and their zinc complexes. 

PMID- 27379449
TI  - The evolving frontier of diabetes therapy: The renaissance of glycemology.
AB  - It was previously proposed that diabetes could be a "cardiovascular disease".
      This concept was based on evidence showing that controlling hypertension and
      dyslipidemia could be more effective than controlling hyperglycemia. At that time
      it was concluded that the real need to focus on reaching optimal glycemic control
      had lost its appeal. However, the concept of glycemic control was strictly
      correlated to levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), the integrated measure of
      mean glycemia over the previous 2-3months, while recent evidence suggests that
      the concept of hyperglycemia has profoundly changed, and it is more appropriate
      to speak of different kinds or aspects of hyperglycemia. A modern, updated
      approach to glycemic control in people with diabetes, in fact, must focus not
      only on reaching and maintaining optimal HbA1c levels as soon as possible, but to
      obtain this result by reducing postprandial hyperglycemia and glycemic
      variability, while avoiding hypoglycemia. 

PMID- 27379448
TI  - Simplified ultrasound protocol for the exclusion of clinically significant
      carotid artery stenosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a simplified ultrasound protocol for the exclusion of
      clinically significant carotid artery stenosis for screening purposes. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: A total of 9,493 carotid arteries in 4,748 persons underwent carotid
      ultrasound examination. Most subjects were 65-year-old men attending screening
      for abdominal aortic aneurysm. The presence of a stenosis on B-mode and/or a
      mosaic pattern in post-stenotic areas on colour Doppler and maximum peak systolic
      velocity (PSV) in the internal carotid artery (ICA) were recorded. A carotid
      stenosis was defined as The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy
      Trial (NASCET) >20% and a significant stenosis as NASCET >50%. The kappa (kappa)
      statistic was used to assess agreement between methods. Sensitivity, specificity,
      positive predictive (PPV), and negative predictive (NPV) values were calculated
      for the greyscale/mosaic method compared to conventional assessment by means of
      PSV measurement. RESULTS: An ICA stenosis was found in 121 (1.3%) arteries; 82
      (0.9%) were graded 20%-49%, 16 (0.2%) were 50%-69%, and 23 (0.2%) were 70%-99%.
      Eighteen (0.2%) arteries were occluded. Overall, the greyscale/mosaic protocol
      showed a moderate agreement with ICA PSV measurements for the detection of
      carotid artery stenosis, kappa = 0.455. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and
      NPV for detection of >20% ICA stenosis were 91% (95% CI 0.84-0.95), 97% (0.97
      0.98), 31% (0.26-0.36), and 97% (0.97-0.97), respectively. The corresponding
      figures for >50% stenosis were 90% (0.83-0.95), 97% (0.97-0.98), 11% (0.08-0.15),
      and 100% (0.99-1.00). CONCLUSION: Compared with PSV measurements, the simplified
      greyscale/mosaic protocol had a high negative predictive value for detection of
      >50% carotid stenosis, suggesting that it may be suitable as a screening method
      to exclude significant disease.

PMID- 27379451
TI  - Refractive Outcomes of Combined Cataract and Glaucoma Surgery.

PMID- 27379450
TI  - Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Double-Seronegative Myasthenia Gravis
      and Antibodies to Cortactin.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Double-seronegative myasthenia gravis (dSNMG) includes patients with
      myasthenia gravis (MG) without detectable antibodies to the nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or to muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK). The
      lack of a biomarker hinders the diagnosis and clinical management in these
      patients. Cortactin, a protein acting downstream from agrin/low-density
      lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4)/MuSK, has been described as an
      antigen in dSNMG. OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and clinical features of
      patients with dSNMG who have cortactin antibodies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Hospital de
      la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, an institutional practice referral center in Barcelona,
      Spain, between May 1, 2015, and November 30, 2015. We included 250 patients with
      a definitive diagnosis of MG with available serum samples at the time of
      diagnosis. Descriptive and comparative data analyses were performed. EXPOSURES:
      Cortactin antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
      Western blot; AChR, MuSK, and anti-striated muscle antibodies were detected using
      a standard method; and LRP4 antibodies were tested using a cell-based assay. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the frequency of patients with
      dSNMG who have cortactin antibodies. Secondary outcomes were demographic,
      clinical, neurophysiological, and laboratory data. RESULTS: Of 250 patients (mean
      [SD] age at onset, 49.7 [21.2] years; 56% female), 38 (15.2%) had dSNMG, 201
      (80.4%) had MG with AChR antibodies, and 11 (4.4%) had MG with MuSK antibodies.
      Cortactin antibodies were identified in 28 patients with MG: 9 of 38 (23.7%) who
      had dSNMG, 19 of 201 (9.5%) who had MG with AChR antibodies (significantly lower
      than those with dSNMG: 9.5% vs 23.7%; P = .02), and 0 of 11 who had MG with MuSK
      antibodies; 0 of 29 controls had cortactin antibodies. At onset, among the 9
      patients with dSNMG and cortactin antibodies, 6 had ocular MG and 3 had
      Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America clinical classification IIA. Two patients
      with ocular MG developed generalized MG. The group with dSNMG and cortactin
      antibodies, compared with those who had MG with AChR antibodies, more frequently
      had mild forms at onset (100.0% vs 62.7%; P = .03), had fewer bulbar signs at
      maximal worsening (0% vs 41.3%; P = .01), and were younger at onset (median
      [interquartile range], 34.9 [9.5] vs 53.9 [38.5] years; P = .03); the group with
      dSNMG and cortactin antibodies also more frequently had ocular MG at onset than
      those with MG and AChR antibodies, although the difference was not statistically
      significant (66.7% vs 40.8%; P = .17). Of 17 patients with ocular dSNMG, 4
      (23.5%) had antibodies to cortactin. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study,
      patients with cortactin antibodies and dSNMG had an ocular or mild generalized
      phenotype of MG. Including the detection of cortactin antibodies in the routine
      diagnosis of dSNMG may be helpful in ocular MG.

PMID- 27379453
TI  - Effects of Swimming Goggles Wearing on Intraocular Pressure, Ocular Perfusion
      Pressure, and Ocular Pulse Amplitude.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in the ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) and ocular
      perfusion pressure (OPP), and investigate factors associated with intraocular
      pressure (IOP) elevation due to periorbital compression during swimming goggles
      (SG) use. METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated 35 eyes of 35 healthy
      volunteers during the wearing of a drilled SG. OPP calculation, Goldman
      applanation tonometry, and OPA measurements (using Pascal dynamic contour
      tonometer) were performed before, during, and after SG use. Scleral rigidity
      (calculated with Schiotz tonometry readings), orbital rim area, exophthalmometry,
      spherical equivalent, axial length, corneal thickness, and the goggles' rubber
      elastic force were considered in the multivariable analysis as potentially
      related to IOP changes. RESULTS: SG significantly increased IOP after 2 minutes
      of use (13.34+/-2.67 vs. 23.46+/-7.20 mm Hg, P<0.0001). After removal, IOP
      decreased significantly (10.20+/-5.85 mm Hg, P<0.0001). A inverse correlation
      between IOP and OPP differences was observed with the SG wearing (r=-0.57;
      P=0.0003). Mean OPA was significantly higher during compared with before SG wear
      (2.57+/-1.34 vs. 1.82+/-0.55 mm Hg for the timepoints 2 and 1, respectively;
      P=0.0064). Only orbital rim area (P=0.0052) and elastic force (P=0.0019) were
      significantly associated with IOP elevation. CONCLUSIONS: SG provoked acute IOP
      elevation and disturbance in the ocular hemodynamics, which was associated with
      larger orbital rim area and greater SG elastic force. These findings could have
      implications for subjects at high risk for glaucoma onset or progression.

PMID- 27379454
TI  - Assessing Health Practitioner Knowledge of Appropriate Psychotropic Medication
      Use in Nursing Homes: Validation of the Older Age Psychotropic Quiz.
AB  - HOW TO OBTAIN CONTACT HOURS BY READING THIS ARTICLE INSTRUCTIONS XX contact hours
      will be awarded by Villanova University College of Nursing upon successful
      completion of this activity. A contact hour is a unit of measurement that denotes
      60 minutes of an organized learning activity. This is a learner-based activity.
      Villanova University College of Nursing does not require submission of your
      answers to the quiz. A contact hour certificate will be awarded once you
      register, pay the registration fee, and complete the evaluation form online at
      http://goo.gl/gMfXaf. To obtain contact hours you must: 1. Read the article,
      "Assessing Health Practitioner Knowledge of Appropriate Psychotropic Medication
      Use in Nursing Homes: Validation of the Older Age Psychotropic Quiz" found on
      pages XX-XX, carefully noting any tables and other illustrative materials that
      are included to enhance your knowledge and understanding of the content. Be sure
      to keep track of the amount of time (number of minutes) you spend reading the
      article and completing the quiz. 2. Read and answer each question on the quiz.
      After completing all of the questions, compare your answers to those provided
      within this issue. If you have incorrect answers, return to the article for
      further study. 3. Go to the Villanova website listed above to register for
      contact hour credit. You will be asked to provide your name; contact information;
      and a VISA, MasterCard, or Discover card number for payment of the $20.00 fee.
      Once you complete the online evaluation, a certificate will be automatically
      generated. This activity is valid for continuing education credit until MONTH XX,
      20XX. CONTACT HOURS This activity is co-provided by Villanova University College
      of Nursing and SLACK Incorporated. Villanova University College of Nursing is
      accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses
      Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation. ACTIVITY OBJECTIVES 1. XXX 2.
      XXX DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Neither the planners nor the authors have any conflicts
      of interest to disclose. Despite widespread concern over psychotropic medication
      use, their regular administration continues in nursing homes. Consequently, it is
      vital that health practitioners in this setting have adequate knowledge of
      appropriate use. The Older Age Psychotropic Quiz (OAPQ) was developed to assess
      this knowledge, with psychometric testing reported herein. The 10-item OAPQ was
      constructed after substantial literature review and consultation with 10
      experienced senior care professionals. Data from 36 nursing students, 461 nursing
      home staff, and 30 senior care pharmacists were used for validation analyses.
      Satisfactory construct validity was identified via the group comparison method
      (chi2 [2, n = 101] = 79.21, p < 0.001). Internal reliability was strong (alpha =
      0.89). Test-retest reliability was acceptable over time (r = 0.77). Factor
      analysis resulted in a two-factor solution. Psychometric analyses support the
      OAPQ for use in the nursing home setting. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing,
      xx(x), xx-xx.].

PMID- 27379455
TI  - Critical Association Between Mental Health Disorders and Medical Status:
      Depression Intervention Use Indicates a Two-Fold Risk for Subsequent Medical
      Events in Older American Home Health Care Patients.
AB  - The current study examined longitudinal associations between mental disorders and
      all-cause subsequent medical events in a 5% random sample of records in the 2010
      national Outcome and Assessment Information Set. Records of older adults (N =
      28,475) receiving home health care (HHC) services were examined with respect to
      mental disorders and medical events, including acute care hospitalization,
      emergency department admission, and 30-day rehospitalization. Predominant mental
      disorders were depression and anxiety identified by formal diagnoses, symptom
      clusters, and/or prescription of related mental health services. Depression
      intervention use was the strongest risk factor for all three types of medical
      events. However, 61.6% of patients receiving depression interventions did not
      screen positive at admission using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Moving
      forward, nurses must closely monitor high-risk older adults throughout the HHC
      stay using sensitive depression screening tools, as well as receive targeted
      training in geriatric psychiatry. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 42(10), 42
      55.]. 

PMID- 27379456
TI  - Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction and Associated Factors in Korean Older Adults
      With Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - The current study aimed to identify the prevalence and associated factors of
      erectile dysfunction (ED) among 161 Korean adults 60 and older with coronary
      artery disease (CAD). ED was diagnosed in 72.2% of patients-the prevalence of
      which was significantly associated with age, education, employment, monthly
      income, frequency of sexual intercourse, body mass index, and low-density
      lipoprotein. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was lower in patients with ED
      than in those without ED (p < 0.001). Hierarchical multiple regression analysis
      revealed that ED significantly influenced HRQoL in patients with CAD after
      adjusting for sociodemographic and disease-related characteristic variables (p <
      0.001). Interventions and training courses for health care providers should focus
      on improving caregivers' knowledge and communication skills with patients and
      spouses regarding sexual health. Furthermore, guidelines to improve HRQoL in
      patients with CAD should consider incorporating sexual counseling. [Journal of
      Gerontological Nursing, 42(10), 32-41.]. 

PMID- 27379457
TI  - Self-Assembly of Concentric Hexagons and Hierarchical Self-Assembly of
      Supramolecular Metal-Organic Nanoribbons at the Solid/Liquid Interface.
AB  - In an effort to exert more precise control over structural features of
      supramolecules, a series of giant concentric hexagons were assembled as discrete
      structures using tetratopic terpyridine (tpy) ligands. In preparation of
      tetratopic ligand, pyrylium and pyridinium salts chemistry significantly
      facilitated synthesis. The key compounds were obtained by condensation reactions
      of pyrylium salts with corresponding primary amine derivatives in good yields.
      These discrete metallo-supramolecular concentric hexagons were fully
      characterized by NMR, ESI-MS, TWIM-MS, and TEM, establishing their hexagon-in
      hexagon architectures. The combination of different tetratopic ligands also
      assembled hybrid concentric hexagons with increasing diversity and complexity.
      Furthermore, these concentric hexagon supramolecules with precisely controlled
      shapes and sizes were utilized as building blocks to hierarchically self-assemble
      supramolecular metal-organic nanoribbons (SMON) at solid-liquid interfaces.
      Ambient STM imaging showed the formation of long 1D SMON rather than 2D assembly
      on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface after
      simple dropcasting of the solution of preassembled concentric hexagons onto a
      freshly cleaved surface of HOPG. This wet chemical method based on self-assembly
      may offer simple, economical, and scalable routes to deliver complex materials.

PMID- 27379458
TI  - Risk estimation of second primary cancers after breast radiotherapy.
AB  - AIMS: There is evidence towards the induction of second primary cancers (SPCs)
      after breast radiotherapy (RT). Organs, such as the lungs and the esophagus, have
      been identified as common sites for SPC formation. As a result, the current study
      investigated the risk of secondary carcinogenesis associated with particular RT
      techniques for breast cancer; including whole breast, segmented breast, partial
      breast and mammosite brachytherapy. METHODS: In this study, seven breast cancer
      patients had all major organs contoured on their planning computed tomography
      (CT) images. Whole breast, segmented breast, accelerated partial breast
      irradiation (APBI) and mammosite boost treatment plans were generated for each
      patient using Pinnacle3 treatment planning system. Differential dose-volume
      histograms were generated for a number of critical structures: bladder, brain and
      central nervous system (CNS), breast, colon, liver, lung, mouth and pharynx,
      esophagus, ovary, salivary gland, small intestine, stomach, and uterus. The
      lifetime attributed risk (LAR) of cancer induction was estimated using the
      Schneider et al. excess absolute risk models and dose-volume histograms for the
      above organs. RESULTS: The sites with the highest LAR estimates were the
      ipsilateral and contralateral lungs, and contralateral breast for all treatment
      techniques. For all sites, the LAR estimates for the segmented breast and
      mammosite treatments were lower than those for the whole breast and APBI
      treatments. For right-sided target volumes the liver also resulted in high LAR
      estimates, with all techniques having a LAR greater than 20 per 10 000 person
      years (PY), except for mammosite with a mean LAR estimate of 13.2 per 10 000 PY.
      For left-sided target volumes the stomach also resulted in high LAR estimates,
      with both whole breast and APBI having a LAR greater than 20 per 10 000 PY, and
      mammosite the lowest with a LAR of 8.3 per 10 000 PY. CONCLUSION: It is concluded
      that the lungs and contralateral breast showed high LAR estimates.

PMID- 27379459
TI  - Alkylidene Dihydropyridines As Synthetic Intermediates: Model Studies toward the
      Synthesis of the Bis(piperidine) Alkaloid Xestoproxamine C.
AB  - Results of model studies demonstrating a stereoselective synthetic route to
      tricyclic analogues of the bis(piperidine) alkaloid xestoproxamine C are
      presented. Dearomatization of a tricyclic pyridine derivative to afford an
      alkylidene dihydropyridine (anhydrobase) intermediate followed by catalytic
      heterogeneous hydrogenation was used to install the correct relative
      stereochemistry about the bis(piperidine) ring system. Other key features of
      these model studies include development of an efficient ring-closing metathesis
      procedure to prepare macrocyclic derivatives of 3,4-disusbstituted pyridines,
      intramolecular cyclizations of alkylidene dihydropyridines to establish pyridine
      substituted pyrrolidines and piperidines, successful homologation of pyridine-4
      carboxaldehydes using formaldehyde dimethyl thioacetal monoxide (FAMSO), and
      application of B-alkyl Suzuki coupling to assemble substituted pyridines.

PMID- 27379460
TI  - Visuospatial and verbal memory in mental arithmetic.
AB  - Working memory allows complex information to be remembered and manipulated over
      short periods of time. Correlations between working memory and mathematics
      achievement have been shown across the lifespan. However, only a few studies have
      examined the potentially distinct contributions of domain-specific visuospatial
      and verbal working memory resources in mental arithmetic computation. Here we
      aimed to fill this gap in a series of six experiments pairing addition and
      subtraction tasks with verbal and visuospatial working memory and interference
      tasks. In general, we found higher levels of interference between mental
      arithmetic and visuospatial working memory tasks than between mental arithmetic
      and verbal working memory tasks. Additionally, we found that interference that
      matched the working memory domain of the task (e.g., verbal task with verbal
      interference) lowered working memory performance more than mismatched
      interference (verbal task with visuospatial interference). Findings suggest that
      mental arithmetic relies on domain-specific working memory resources.

PMID- 27379461
TI  - pH/Reductant Dual-Responsive Core-Cross-Linked Micelles via Facile in Situ ATRP
      for Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drug with Enhanced Anticancer
      Efficiency.
AB  - Anticancer drugs cause severe side effects on normal tissues and organs due to
      their nonspecific delivery. Thus, tumor-targeting delivery of anticancer drugs
      remains a serious challenge in chemotherapy. Here a facile strategy was
      established for the pH/reductant dual-responsive core-cross-linked (CCL) micelles
      for tumor-targeted delivery of anticancer drug, via in situ atom transfer radical
      polymerization (ATRP). In the in vitro controlled release experiments with
      doxorubicin (DOX) as a model drug, the premature drug leakage rate was only 13.4%
      in the physiological medium within 36 h, while the cumulative release rate in the
      stimulated tumor microenvironment reached 78.7%, demonstrating the excellent
      tumor microenvironment responsive controlled release behavior upon acidic medium
      with high GSH level. As a folate receptor (FR) mediated targeting drug delivery
      system (DDS), the micelles showed excellent cytocompatibility, and enhanced
      anticancer efficiency after loading of DOX, compared with free DOX.

PMID- 27379462
TI  - Inherent Tracers for Carbon Capture and Storage in Sedimentary Formations:
      Composition and Applications.
AB  - Inherent tracers-the "natural" isotopic and trace gas composition of captured CO2
      streams-are potentially powerful tracers for use in CCS technology. This review
      outlines for the first time the expected carbon isotope and noble gas
      compositions of captured CO2 streams from a range of feedstocks, CO2-generating
      processes, and carbon capture techniques. The C-isotope composition of captured
      CO2 will be most strongly controlled by the feedstock, but significant isotope
      fractionation is possible during capture; noble gas concentrations will be
      controlled by the capture technique employed. Comparison with likely baseline
      data suggests that CO2 generated from fossil fuel feedstocks will often have
      delta(13)C distinguishable from storage reservoir CO2. Noble gases in amine
      captured CO2 streams are likely to be low concentration, with isotopic ratios
      dependent on the feedstock, but CO2 captured from oxyfuel plants may be strongly
      enriched in Kr and Xe which are potentially valuable subsurface tracers. CO2
      streams derived from fossil fuels will have noble gas isotope ratios reflecting a
      radiogenic component that will be difficult to distinguish in the storage
      reservoir, but inheritance of radiogenic components will provide an easily
      recognizable signature in the case of any unplanned migration into shallow
      aquifers or to the surface.

PMID- 27379463
TI  - Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Gas Storage in Porous Liquids.
AB  - The recent synthesis of organic molecular liquids with permanent porosity opens
      up exciting new avenues for gas capture, storage, and separation. Using molecular
      simulations, we study the thermodynamics and kinetics for the storage of CH4,
      CO2, and N2 molecules in porous liquids consisting of crown-ether-substituted
      cage molecules in a 15-crown-5 solvent. It is found that the intrinsic gas
      storage capacity per cage molecule follows the order CH4 > CO2 > N2, which does
      not correlate simply with the size of gas molecules. Different gas molecules are
      stored inside the cage differently; e.g., CO2 molecules prefer the cage's core
      whereas CH4 molecules favor both the core and the branch regions. All gas
      molecules considered can enter the cage essentially without energy barriers and
      leave the cage on a nanosecond time scale by overcoming a modest energy penalty.
      The molecular mechanisms of these observations are clarified.

PMID- 27379464
TI  - Experiences of hearing loss and views towards interventions to promote uptake of
      rehabilitation support among UK adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Effective hearing loss rehabilitation support options are available.
      Yet, people often experience delays in receiving rehabilitation support. This
      study aimed to document support-seeking experiences among a sample of UK adults
      with hearing loss, and views towards potential strategies to increase
      rehabilitation support uptake. People with hearing loss were interviewed about
      their experiences of seeking support, and responses to hypothetical intervention
      strategies, including public awareness campaigns, a training programme for health
      professionals, and a national hearing screening programme. DESIGN: Semi
      structured qualitative interview design with thematic analysis. STUDY SAMPLE:
      Twenty-two people with hearing loss, aged 66-88. RESULTS: Three themes,
      representing barriers to receiving rehabilitation support and potential areas for
      intervention, were identified: making the journey from realization to readiness,
      combatting social stigma, and accessing appropriate services. Barriers to
      receiving support mostly focused on appraisal of hearing loss symptoms.
      Interventions enabling symptom appraisal, such as routine screening, or
      demonstrating how to raise the topic effectively with a loved one, were welcomed.
      CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to facilitate realization of hearing loss should be
      prioritized. Raising awareness of the symptoms and prevalence of hearing loss may
      help people to identify hearing problems and reduce stigma, in turn increasing
      hearing loss acceptance.

PMID- 27379465
TI  - Generalizability of Pharmacologic and Psychotherapy Clinical Trial Results for
      Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to Community Samples.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The present study sought to quantify the generalizability of
      pharmacologic and psychotherapy clinical trial results in individuals with a DSM
      IV diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to a large representative
      community sample. METHODS: Data were derived from the 2004-2005 National
      Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a large
      nationally representative sample of the adult US population. We applied a
      standard set of exclusion criteria representative of pharmacologic and
      psychotherapy clinical trials to all adults with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD in
      the previous 12 months (n = 1,715) and then to a subsample of participants
      seeking treatment (n = 366). Our aim was to assess how many participants with
      PTSD would fulfill typical eligibility criteria. RESULTS: We found that more than
      6 of 10 respondents from the overall PTSD sample and more than 7 of 10
      respondents seeking treatment for PTSD would have been excluded by 1 exclusion
      criterion or more in a typical pharmacologic trial. In contrast, about 2 of 10
      participants in the full sample and about 3 of 10 participants seeking treatment
      for PTSD would have been excluded in a typical psychotherapy efficacy trial.
      CONCLUSIONS: We found that psychotherapy trial results may be applied to most
      patients with PTSD in routine clinical practice. The designers of pharmacologic
      clinical trials should carefully consider the trade-offs between the application
      of each exclusion criterion and its impact on representativeness. Specification a
      priori of the goals of the study, better justification for each exclusion
      criterion, and estimation of the proportion of individuals ineligible for the
      trial would assist study design. Developing integrated forms of pharmacotherapy
      and psychotherapy that simultaneously target commonly overlapping psychiatric
      disorders may yield more informative results for mental health care providers and
      research funding agencies.

PMID- 27379466
TI  - The effect of parental 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C/T and
      1298A/C gene polymorphisms on response to single-dose methotrexate in tubal
      ectopic pregnancy.
AB  - OBJECT: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of parental 5,10
      methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms (677C/T and
      1298A/C) on response to single-dose methotrexate (MTX) treatment in tubal ectopic
      pregnancy (TEP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, cases
      with unruptured TEPs were grouped into two according to their response to single
      dose MTX treatment (Group 1: responsive, n:88; Group 2: unresponsive, n:21). The
      groups were compared with regard to baseline demographic and clinical parameters.
      As a main outcome measure, the independent effects of parental MTHFR gene
      polymorphisms on response to single dose MTX treatment were evaluated. RESULTS:
      One hundred and nine unruptured TEP were included in the final analysis. The mean
      maternal age was 29.30 +/- 5.21 years, gravity 2 (min-max: 1-5), parity 1 (min
      max: 0-4). The median serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) was
      1403.35 MI/I (Q1-Q3: 517-2564). The overall response rate was 81% (88/109). The
      groups were similar with respect to basic baseline demographic data and serum
      beta-hCG level. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of
      parental MTHFR677C/T and 1298A/C polymorphism were not independent factor
      predicting treatment success (p > 0.05). The only independent factor for
      resistance to single dose MTX was the previous TEP (OR: 4.47 (1.18-16.9)).
      CONCLUSION: Parental MTHFR 677C/T and 1298A/C mutations do not predict the
      outcome of single dose intramuscular MTX treatment in unruptured TEP.

PMID- 27379467
TI  - Hypertension, lipoprotein subclasses and lipid transfer proteins in obese
      children and adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity-related childhood hypertension is associated with
      disturbances of serum lipids, but less is known about distribution of lipoprotein
      subclasses and activities of proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport
      in hypertensive obese children. Our objective was to determine low-density
      lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses distribution and
      activities of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and cholesteryl ester
      transfer protein (CETP) in hypertensive and non-hypertensive obese children.
      METHODS: A total of 40 hypertensive and 25 non-hypertensive obese children were
      enrolled. Lipoprotein subclasses were assessed by polyacrylamide gradient gel
      electrophoresis. LCAT and CETP activities were determined as a rate of formation
      and a rate of transfer of cholesteryl esters. RESULTS: Despite of comparable
      values of serum lipid parameters, a shift toward smaller LDL and HDL subclasses
      was observed in hypertensive compared to normotensive obese children. Activities
      of LCAT were similar, but proatherogenic CETP activities were significantly
      higher in the hypertensive group (p = 0.036). LCAT/net CETP ratio inversely
      correlated with relative proportion of small, dense LDL particles (rho = -0.423;
      p = 0.025) in the group with hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study
      demonstrated a tendency toward altered distribution of lipoprotein subclasses in
      favor of more proatherogenic particles in childhood hypertension. Also,
      hypertensive obese children had increased proatherogenic CETP activity.

PMID- 27379468
TI  - An Efficient Variational Principle for the Direct Optimization of Excited States.
AB  - We present a variational principle that enables systematically improvable
      predictions for individual excited states through an efficient Monte Carlo
      evaluation. We demonstrate its compatibility with different ansatzes and with
      both real space and Fock space sampling and discuss its potential for use in the
      solid state. In numerical demonstrations for challenging molecular excitations,
      the method rivals or surpasses the accuracy of very high level methods using
      drastically more compact wave function approximations. 

PMID- 27379469
TI  - Detection of Asymptomatic Choroiditis by Fundus Examination in Vogt-Koyanagi
      Harada Disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the ophthalmoscopic changes of the choroidal vessels in the
      posterior pole of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease patients whose choroid is
      thickened due to asymptomatic choroiditis. METHODS: Three patients whose
      choroidal vessels are indistinct or not visible in the posterior pole by
      ophthalmoscopy were examined by fundus photography and enhanced-depth imaging
      optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). RESULTS: They did not complain of vision
      problems, and visual acuity was good. Serous retinal detachment was not observed
      by ophthalmoscopy or by OCT. However, choroidal thickening was observed in the
      EDI-OCT, while choroidal vessels became blurred or invisible on ophthalmoscopy.
      After steroid therapy, choroidal thickness decreased to normal levels and the
      small and large choroidal vessels previously indiscernible became visible by
      ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic choroiditis not
      accompanied by serous retinal detachment can be detected and assessed by
      observing the changes in the choroidal vessels by ophthalmoscopy and fundus
      photography.

PMID- 27379470
TI  - The Montpellier Leishmania Collection, from a Laboratory Collection to a
      Biological Resource Center: A 39-Year-Long Story.
AB  - We report the development of a laboratory collection of Leishmania that was
      initiated in 1975 and, after 39 years, has become an international Biological
      Resource Center (BRC-Leish, Montpellier, France, BioBank No. BB-0033-00052),
      which includes 6353 strains belonging to 36 Leishmania taxa. This is a
      retrospective analysis of the technical and organizational changes that have been
      adopted over time to take into account the technological advances and related
      modifications in the collection management and quality system. The technical
      improvements concerned the culture and cryopreservation techniques, strain
      identification by isoenzymatic and molecular techniques, data computerization and
      quality management to meet the changes in international standards, and in the
      cryogenic and microbiological safety procedures. The BRC is working toward
      obtaining the NF-S 96-900 certification in the coming years. Our long-term
      expertise in Leishmania storage and typing and collection maintenance should
      encourage field epidemiologists and clinical practitioners in endemic countries
      to secure their own strain collection with the help of the French BRC-Leish.

PMID- 27379471
TI  - Polyamines, myosin heavy chains, and collagen specific amino acids after a
      repeated bout of eccentric exercise.
AB  - We investigated alternatives to commonly used biomarkers of exercise-induced
      tissue damage. Over 5 days following two bouts of 100 drop-to-vertical jumps
      (inter-bout rest period of 3 weeks), myosin heavy chain 1, hydroxylysine (HYL),
      hydroxyproline (HYP), spermine (SPM) and spermine synthase (SMS) were measured in
      the serum of 10 participants. HYL significantly increased from 5.92 +/- 1.49
      ng/mL to 6.48 +/- 1.47 ng/mL at 24 h. A similar trend was observed for bout 2,
      but without reaching significance. SPM significantly increased only after bout 1
      from 0.96 +/- 0.19 ng/mL at pretest to a peak level of 1.12 +/- 0.26 ng/mL at 24
      h, while B2 increments remained non-significant. Myosin heavy chain 1, HYP and
      SMS values remained below the detection limit of the applied enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Though HYL and SM increased after the
      intervention, both markers showed a large standard deviation (SD) combined with
      small increments. Therefore, none of the investigated biomarkers provides a
      meaningful alternative to commonly used damage markers. 

PMID- 27379472
TI  - Single-Electron Transmetalation via Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis: Unlocking a
      New Paradigm for sp(3)-sp(2) Cross-Coupling.
AB  - The important role of transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling in expanding the
      frontiers of accessible chemical territory is unquestionable. Despite empowering
      chemists with Herculean capabilities in complex molecule construction,
      contemporary protocols are not without their Achilles' heel: Csp(3)-Csp(2)/sp(3)
      coupling. The underlying challenge in sp(3) cross-couplings is 2-fold: (i)
      methods employing conventional, bench-stable precursors are universally reliant
      on extreme reaction conditions because of the high activation barrier of
      transmetalation; (ii) circumvention of this barrier invariably relies on use of
      more reactive precursors, thereby sacrificing functional group tolerance,
      operational simplicity, and broad applicability. Despite the ubiquity of this
      problem, the nature of the transmetalation step has remained unchanged from the
      seminal reports of Negishi, Suzuki, Kumada, and Stille, thus suggesting that the
      challenges in Csp(3)-Csp(2)/sp(3) coupling result from inherent mechanistic
      constraints in the traditional cross-coupling paradigm. Rather than submitting to
      the limitations of this conventional approach, we envisioned that a process
      rooted in single-electron reactivity could furnish the same key metalated
      intermediate posited in two-electron transmetalation, while demonstrating
      entirely complementary reactivity patterns. Inspired by literature reports on the
      susceptibility of organoboron reagents toward photochemical, single-electron
      oxidative fragmentation, realization of a conceptually novel open shell
      transmetalation framework was achieved in the facile coupling of benzylic
      trifluoroborates with aryl halides via cooperative visible-light activated
      photoredox and Ni cross-coupling catalysis. Following this seminal study, we
      disclosed a suite of protocols for the cross-coupling of secondary alkyl, alpha
      alkoxy, alpha-amino, and alpha-trifluoromethylbenzyltrifluoroborates.
      Furthermore, the selective cross-coupling of Csp(3) organoboron moieties in the
      presence of Csp(2) organoboron motifs was also demonstrated, highlighting the
      nuances of this approach to transmetalation. Computational modeling of the
      reaction mechanism uncovered useful details about the intermediates and
      transition-state structures involved in the nickel catalytic cycle. Most notably,
      a unique dynamic kinetic resolution process, characterized by radical
      homolysis/recombination equilibrium of a Ni(III) intermediate, was discovered.
      This process was ultimately found to be responsible for stereoselectivity in an
      enantioselective variant of these cross-couplings. Prompted by the intrinsic
      limitations of organotrifluoroborates, we sought other radical feedstocks and
      quickly identified alkylbis(catecholato)silicates as viable radical precursors
      for Ni/photoredox dual catalysis. These hypervalent silicate species have several
      notable benefits, including more favorable redox potentials that allow extension
      to primary alkyl systems incorporating unprotected amines as well as
      compatibility with less expensive Ru-based photocatalysts. Additionally, these
      reagents exhibit an amenability to alkenyl halide cross-coupling while
      simultaneously expanding the aryl halide scope. In the process of exploring these
      reagents, we serendipitously discovered a method to effect thioetherification of
      aryl halides via a H atom transfer mechanism. This latter discovery emphasizes
      that this robust cross-coupling paradigm is "blind" to the origins of the
      radical, opening opportunities for a wealth of new discoveries. Taken together,
      our studies in the area of photoredox/nickel dual catalysis have validated single
      electron transmetalation as a powerful platform for enabling conventionally
      challenging Csp(3)-Csp(2) cross-couplings. More broadly, these findings represent
      the power of rational design in catalysis and the strategic use of mechanistic
      knowledge and manipulation for the development of new synthetic methods.

PMID- 27379473
TI  - Redox-Dependent Dynamics in Heme-Bound Bacterial Iron Response Regulator (Irr)
      Protein.
AB  - The iron response regulator (Irr) protein from Bradyrhizobium japonicum mediates
      iron-dependent regulation of heme biosynthesis. Irr degrades in response to heme
      availability through a process that involves the binding of heme to Cys-29 in the
      heme regulatory motif (HRM) in the presence of molecular oxygen. In this work, we
      assessed the dynamics of one-electron reduction of heme-bound Irr by monitoring
      the formation of transient intermediates by pulse radiolysis. Hydrated electrons
      generated by pulse radiolysis reduced heme iron-bound Irr, facilitating the
      binding of molecular oxygen to the heme iron in Irr through an initial
      intermediate with an absorption maximum at 420 nm. This initial intermediate was
      converted to a secondary intermediate with an absorption maximum at 425 nm, with
      a first-order rate constant of 1.0 * 10(4) s(-1). The Cys-29 -> Ala (C29A) mutant
      of Irr, on the other hand, did not undergo the secondary phase, implying that
      ligand exchange of Cys-29 for another ligand takes place during the process.
      Spectral changes during the reduction of the heme-bound Irr revealed that binding
      of CO to ferrous heme consisted of two phases with kon values of 1.3 * 10(5) and
      2.5 * 10(4) M(-1) s(-1), a finding consistent with the presence of two distinct
      hemes in Irr. In aerobic solutions, by contrast, oxidation of the ferrous heme to
      the ferric form was found to be a two-phase process. The C29A mutant was
      similarly oxidized, but this occurred as a single-phase process. We speculate
      that a reactive oxygen species essential for degradation of the protein is
      generated during the oxidation process.

PMID- 27379474
TI  - Transitions in romantic relationships and development of self-esteem.
AB  - Research suggests that self-esteem increases during late adolescence and young
      adulthood, but that there is large interindividual variability in this
      development. However, little is known about the factors accounting for these
      findings. Using propensity score matching, we tested whether important
      transitions in the domain of romantic relationships (i.e., beginning a
      relationship, marrying, and breaking up) explain why individuals differ in the
      particular self-esteem trajectory they follow. Data came from a longitudinal
      German study with a large sample of 3 nationally representative cohorts of late
      adolescents and young adults (total N = 9,069). The analyses were based on 4
      assessments across a 3-year period. Using matched samples, the results showed
      that beginning a relationship increased self-esteem and that the increase
      persisted when the relationship held at least for 1 year. Experiencing a
      relationship break-up decreased self-esteem, but the effect disappeared after 1
      year, even if the participant stayed single. Marrying did not influence self
      esteem. Additionally, we tested for selection effects of self-esteem on the later
      occurrence of relationship transitions. High self-esteem predicted the beginning
      of a relationship and low self-esteem predicted relationship break-up. All
      findings held across gender, age, and migration background. Furthermore,
      relationship quality mediated the effect of self-esteem on relationship break-up
      and the effect of beginning a longer versus a short relationship on self-esteem.
      The findings have significant implications because they show that self-esteem
      influences whether important transitions occur in the relationship domain and
      that, in turn, experiencing these transitions influences the further development
      of self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379475
TI  - Low-Lying Electronic States of CuAu.
AB  - Coinage metal diatomic molecules are building blocks for nanostructured
      materials, electronic devices, and catalytically or photochemically active
      systems that are currently receiving lively interest in both fundamental and
      applied research. The theoretical study presented here elucidates the electronic
      structure in the ground and several low-lying excited states of the diatomic
      molecule CuAu that result from the combination of the atoms in their ground
      states nd(10)(n + 1)s(1 2)S and lowest excited d-hole states nd(9)(n + 1)s(2 2)D
      (n = 3 for Cu, n = 5 for Au). Full and smooth potential energy curves, obtained
      at the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) level of theory, are
      presented for the complete set of the thus resulting 44 Lambda-S terms and 86
      Omega terms. Our approach is based on a scalar relativistic description using the
      Douglas-Kroll-Hess (DKH) Hamiltonian, with subsequent perturbative inclusion of
      spin-orbit (SO) coupling via the spin-orbit terms of the Breit-Pauli (BP)
      Hamiltonian. The Omega terms span an energy interval of about 7 eV at the ground
      state's equilibrium distance. Spectroscopic constants, calculated for all terms,
      are shown to accurately reproduce the observation for those nine terms that are
      experimentally known. 

PMID- 27379479
TI  - A Perspective on Hospice Reform and Additional Caregiver Support.

PMID- 27379480
TI  - A Perspective on Hospice Reform and Additional Caregiver Support-Reply.

PMID- 27379481
TI  - Osteoporosis Overtreatment-A Clinical Problem That Needs to Be Discussed.

PMID- 27379482
TI  - A Perspective on Hospice Reform and Additional Caregiver Support-Reply.

PMID- 27379483
TI  - Telemedicine in Heart Failure-Ineffective or Just Ill Used?

PMID- 27379484
TI  - Telemedicine in Heart Failure-Ineffective or Just Ill Used?

PMID- 27379485
TI  - Telemedicine in Heart Failure-Ineffective or Just Ill Used?-Reply.

PMID- 27379487
TI  - Error in SI Conversion Factor.

PMID- 27379486
TI  - The Two-Question Method in Other High-Stress Settings.

PMID- 27379488
TI  - Association of Higher Consumption of Foods Derived From Subsidized Commodities
      With Adverse Cardiometabolic Risk Among US Adults.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Food subsidies are designed to enhance food availability, but whether
      they promote cardiometabolic health is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether
      higher consumption of foods derived from subsidized food commodities is
      associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk among US adults. DESIGN, SETTING,
      AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition
      Examination Survey data from 2001 to 2006. Our final analysis was performed in
      January 2016. Participants were 10 308 nonpregnant adults 18 to 64 years old in
      the general community. EXPOSURE: From a single day of 24-hour dietary recall in
      the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we calculated an individual
      level subsidy score that estimated an individual's consumption of subsidized food
      commodities as a percentage of total caloric intake. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      The main outcomes were body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided
      by height in meters squared), abdominal adiposity, C-reactive protein level,
      blood pressure, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and glycemia.
      RESULTS: Among 10 308 participants, the mean (SD) age was 40.2 (0.3) years, and a
      mean (SD) of 50.5% (0.5%) were male. Overall, 56.2% of calories consumed were
      from the major subsidized food commodities. United States adults in the highest
      quartile of the subsidy score (compared with the lowest) had increased
      probabilities of having a body mass index of at least 30 (prevalence ratio, 1.37;
      95% CI, 1.23-1.52), a ratio of waist circumference to height of at least 0.60
      (prevalence ratio, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.25-1.59), a C-reactive protein level of at
      least 0.32 mg/dL (prevalence ratio, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.19-1.51), an elevated non
      high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (prevalence ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05
      1.25), and dysglycemia (prevalence ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04-1.40). There was no
      statistically significant association between the subsidy score and blood
      pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among US adults, higher consumption of
      calories from subsidized food commodities was associated with a greater
      probability of some cardiometabolic risks. Better alignment of agricultural and
      nutritional policies may potentially improve population health.

PMID- 27379489
TI  - The 30 Million-Word Gap: Relevance for Pediatrics.

PMID- 27379490
TI  - Neuroscience-based Nomenclature (NbN): A call for action.

PMID- 27379491
TI  - Call for Papers for JAMA Pediatrics Contest for Trainees.

PMID- 27379492
TI  - Implementation of transdiagnostic cognitive therapy in community behavioral
      health: The Beck Community Initiative.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Progress bringing evidence-based practice (EBP) to community
      behavioral health (CBH) has been slow. This study investigated feasibility,
      acceptability, and fidelity outcomes of a program to implement transdiagnostic
      cognitive therapy (CT) across diverse CBH settings, in response to a policy shift
      toward EBP. METHOD: Clinicians (n = 348) from 30 CBH programs participated in
      workshops and 6 months of consultation. Clinician retention was examined to
      assess feasibility, and clinician feedback and attitudes were evaluated to assess
      implementation acceptability. Experts rated clinicians' work samples at baseline,
      mid-, and end-of-consultation with the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale (CTRS) to
      assess fidelity. RESULTS: Feasibility was demonstrated through high program
      retention (i.e., only 4.9% of clinicians withdrew). Turnover of clinicians who
      participated was low (13.5%) compared to typical CBH turnover rates, even during
      the high-demand training period. Clinicians reported high acceptability of EBP
      and CT, and self-reported comfort using CT improved significantly over time. Most
      clinicians (79.6%) reached established benchmarks of CT competency by the final
      assessment point. Mixed-effects hierarchical linear models indicated that CTRS
      scores increased significantly from baseline to the competency assessment (p <
      .001), on average by 18.65 points. Outcomes did not vary significantly between
      settings (i.e., outpatient vs. other). CONCLUSIONS: Even clinicians motivated by
      policy-change rather than self-nomination may feasibly be trained to deliver a
      case-conceptualization driven EBP with high levels of competency and
      acceptability. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379493
TI  - Detection of Molecular Alterations in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Using Next
      Generation Sequencing: an Institutional Experience.
AB  - Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) harbors rearranged during transfection (RET)
      gene and rarely RAS gene mutations. The knowledge of the type of gene mutation in
      MTC is important to determine the treatment of the patients and the management of
      their family members. Targeted next-generation sequencing with a panel of 47
      genes was performed in a total of 12 cases of sporadic (9/12) and hereditary MTC
      (3/12). Two of three hereditary MTCs had RET/C634R mutation, while the other one
      harbored two RET mutations (L790F and S649L). All the sporadic MTC had RET/M918T
      mutation except one case with HRAS mutation. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) can
      provide comprehensive analysis of molecular alterations in MTC in a routine
      clinical setting, which facilitate the management of the patient and the family
      members.

PMID- 27379494
TI  - Arachnoid cyst: a further anomaly associated with Kallmann syndrome?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kallmann syndrome (KS) is defined by the association of
      hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia. It is characterized by a significant
      clinical and genetic heterogeneity; actually, it may present several non
      reproductive non-olfactory anomalies, and all the ways of genetic transmission
      can be involved in the inheritance of the disease. Although six pathogenesis
      related genes have been identified so far, KS remains sporadic in 70 % of the
      cases, and the genetic diagnosis is not available for all of them. The purpose of
      this paper is to present a further disease that can enrich the wide spectrum of
      KS variability, that is cerebral arachnoid cyst. CASE DESCRIPTION: This 11-year
      old boy presented with the typical characteristics of KS together with those
      related to a sylvian arachnoid cyst. He was admitted because of worsening
      headache. At the admission, the physical examination revealed eunuchoid aspect,
      micropenis, previous cryptorchidism, and anosmia. MRI pointed out a large, left
      sylvian arachnoid cyst, agenesia of the olfactory bulbs/tracts complex, and
      hypoplasia of the left olfactory sulcus. The child was operated on by endoscopic
      fenestration of the cyst, followed by transient external drainage for subdural
      hygroma and microscopic fenestration for recurrence of the cyst. His statural
      growth is normal but the sexual development still delayed in spite of hormone
      replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: According to the present and the other four
      cases in the literature, arachnoid cyst should be included among the anomalies
      possibly accompanying KS date although this association seems to be occasional as
      far as embryogenesis and physiopathology are concerned.

PMID- 27379497
TI  - Sesquiterpenoids from the Rhizomes of Homalomena occulta.
AB  - Naturally occurring oplopanane sesquiterpenoids are rarely reported. A
      phytochemical investigation on the rhizomes of Homalomena occulta (Lours) has
      resulted in the discovery of six oplopanane sesquiterpenoids (1-6), including
      four new (1-4) and one 3,5-seco-oplopanane (6), together with three previously
      reported sesquiterpenoids (7-9). In addition three new oplopananes (2a-4a) were
      also obtained by chemical transformation. All structures of these
      sesquiterpenoids were established based on the comprehensive spectroscopic
      analyses, including NMR, MS, and IR, and comparing with the literatures. 

PMID- 27379496
TI  - Impact of aspirin use on morbidity and mortality in massively transfused cardiac
      surgery patients: a propensity score matched cohort study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Aspirin may prevent organ dysfunction in critically ill patients and
      mitigate transfusion associated acute lung injury. We hypothesized that aspirin
      use might be associated with decreased morbidity and mortality in massively
      transfused cardiac surgery patients. METHODS: A single center retrospective
      cohort study was performed using data from an 8.5-year period (2006-2014).
      Massive transfusion was defined as receiving at least 2400 ml (8 units) of red
      blood cell units intraoperatively. A propensity score model was created to
      account for the likelihood of receiving aspirin and matched pairs were identified
      using global optimal matching. The primary endpoint, in-hospital mortality, was
      compared between aspirin users and non-users. Secondary outcomes including: ICU
      hours, mechanical lung ventilation hours, prolonged mechanical lung ventilation
      (>24 h), pneumonia, stroke, acute renal failure, atrial fibrillation, deep
      sternal wound infection, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were also
      compared. RESULTS: Of 7492 cardiac surgery patients, 452 (6 %) were massively
      transfused and mortality was 30.6 %. There were 346 patients included in the
      matched cohort. No significant association was found between preoperative aspirin
      use and in-hospital mortality; absolute risk reduction with aspirin = 7.5 % (95 %
      CI -2.0 to 16.9 %, p = 0.12). Preoperative aspirin use was associated with fewer
      total mechanical lung ventilation hours (p = 0.02) and less prolonged mechanical
      lung ventilation; absolute risk reduction = 11.0 % (95 % CI 1.1-20.5 %, p =
      0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative aspirin use is not associated with decreased in
      hospital mortality in massively transfused cardiac surgery patients, but may be
      associated with less mechanical lung ventilation time.

PMID- 27379495
TI  - Pre-radiation chemotherapy improves survival in pediatric diffuse intrinsic
      pontine gliomas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The median survival of patients with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
      (DIPG) remains less than 1 year. The BSG 98 pre-irradiation chemotherapy protocol
      showed a significant increase in overall survival. In contrast to current
      treatment strategies, patients did not have to undergo surgical stereotactic
      biopsy, which can sometimes lead to complications, to be included in this
      protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all the cases of
      DIPG that were treated in our department from September 15, 2004 to September 15,
      2014. We compared the group of patients who followed our BSG 98 protocol to those
      who were treated with new targeted therapy protocols where systematic biopsy was
      required. RESULTS: Patients in the BSG 98 protocol were treated with BCNU,
      cisplatin, and methotrexate, followed by radiation at disease progression.
      Targeted therapy protocols included radiation therapy along with treatment by
      erlotinib, cilengitide, or an association of nimotuzumab and vinblastine. Sixteen
      patients were treated with the BSG 98 protocol, and 9 patients were treated with
      new targeted therapy protocols. Median overall survival was significantly higher
      in the BSG 98 group compared to the targeted therapy group (16.1 months (95 % CI,
      10.4-19.0) vs 8.8 months (95 % CI 1.4-12.3); p = 0.0003). An increase in the
      median progression-free survival was observed (respectively, 8.6 vs 3.0 months; p
      = 0.113). CONCLUSION: The present study confirms that the BSG 98 protocol is one
      of the most effective current treatment strategies for DIPG. It may be used as
      the control arm in randomized trials investigating the use of innovative
      treatments and may be proposed to families who are averse to biopsy.

PMID- 27379498
TI  - Lack of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between ramucirumab and paclitaxel
      in a phase II study of patients with advanced malignant solid tumors.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective of this phase II study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic
      interaction potential between ramucirumab and paclitaxel in patients with
      advanced cancer. METHODS: This study was designed to assess 2-way pharmacokinetic
      drug-drug interactions between ramucirumab and paclitaxel. Twenty-four patients
      participated in Part A, which consisted of a 2-week monotherapy period in which
      paclitaxel 80 mg/m(2) was administered on day 1, followed by a 4-week cycle of
      combination treatment with ramucirumab (8 mg/kg on days 1 and 15; paclitaxel on
      days 1, 8, and 15). Patients could continue to receive combination therapy with
      ramucirumab and paclitaxel. In 16 patients in Part B, ramucirumab monotherapy was
      administered on day 1 of a 3-week cycle. Patients could continue to receive
      ramucirumab monotherapy or combination therapy with paclitaxel. RESULTS:
      Concomitant administration of ramucirumab had no effect on pharmacokinetics of
      paclitaxel, with ratios of geometric least squares (LS) means (with ramucirumab
      vs. alone) of 1.09 (90 % confidence interval [CI] 0.93, 1.29) for AUC(0-infinity)
      and 0.97 (90 % CI 0.83, 1.13) for C max. In addition, similar ramucirumab
      pharmacokinetic characteristics were observed with or without paclitaxel
      administration. The ratios of geometric LS means of AUC(0-infinity) and C max of
      ramucirumab (with paclitaxel vs. alone) were 1.00 (90 % CI 0.84, 1.19) for AUC(0
      infinity) and 1.07 (90 % CI 0.93, 1.24) for C max, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      Concomitant paclitaxel administration is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics
      of ramucirumab, and vice versa. The incidence and severity of adverse events were
      consistent with the known safety profiles of paclitaxel and ramucirumab.

PMID- 27379499
TI  - Correlation between ADAMTS13 activity and neurological impairment in acute
      thrombotic microangiopathy patients.
AB  - Differential diagnosis between thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and
      other thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA) is usually difficult because of
      frequently overlapping clinical presentations. Severely depressed ADAMTS13
      activity (<10 %) seems distinctive for TTP because of its pathogenetic role.
      However a long debate exists in the literature about its sensibility and
      specificity. Our aim was to search for clinical differences between TMA patients
      referred to our laboratory, comparing them for protease activity <10 versus >=10
      %. ADAMTS13 activity >=10 % patients (n = 73) showed a higher prevalence of drug-
      (p = 0.005) and cancer-associated (p < 0.001) TMA. Mean platelet count and renal
      dysfunction prevalence was lower (p < 0.001), while neurological impairment was
      more frequent (p = 0.001) in the <10 % ADAMTS13 activity group (n = 109),
      confirming previous literature findings. When taken neurological manifestations
      singularly, epilepsy (p = 0.04), focal motor deficit (p < 0.001) and cranial
      nerve palsy (p = 0.007) were more frequent in the <10 % activity group. In our
      case series, a <10 % ADAMTS13 activity depicts a group of patients with clinical
      features similar to TTP patients. Focal motor impairment or epileptic
      manifestations could further address toward a TTP diagnosis. Studies about
      treatment efficacy and follow-up are advised to determine whether laboratory
      findings can guide therapeutic decisions. 

PMID- 27379500
TI  - Dysautonomic polyneuropathy as a variant of chronic inflammatory "demyelinating"
      polyneuropathy?
AB  - This report describes the clinical course over almost one decade of a male
      patient presenting with immune-mediated pure autonomic neuropathy resembling a
      distinct variant of chronic dysimmune polyneuropathies. We suppose autoantibodies
      directed against epitopes on autonomic axons or neurons causative for the
      symptoms.

PMID- 27379501
TI  - A pose prediction approach based on ligand 3D shape similarity.
AB  - Molecular docking predicts the best pose of a ligand in the target protein
      binding site by sampling and scoring numerous conformations and orientations of
      the ligand. Failures in pose prediction are often due to either insufficient
      sampling or scoring function errors. To improve the accuracy of pose prediction
      by tackling the sampling problem, we have developed a method of pose prediction
      using shape similarity. It first places a ligand conformation of the highest 3D
      shape similarity with known crystal structure ligands into protein binding site
      and then refines the pose by repacking the side-chains and performing energy
      minimization with a Monte Carlo algorithm. We have assessed our method utilizing
      CSARdock 2012 and 2014 benchmark exercise datasets consisting of co-crystal
      structures from eight proteins. Our results revealed that ligand 3D shape
      similarity could substitute conformational and orientational sampling if at least
      one suitable co-crystal structure is available. Our method identified poses
      within 2 A RMSD as the top-ranking pose for 85.7 % of the test cases. The median
      RMSD for our pose prediction method was found to be 0.81 A and was better than
      methods performing extensive conformational and orientational sampling within
      target protein binding sites. Furthermore, our method was better than similar
      methods utilizing ligand 3D shape similarity for pose prediction.

PMID- 27379502
TI  - Reduction of misregistration on cerebral four-dimensional computed tomography
      angiography images using advanced patient motion correction reconstruction.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether advanced patient motion
      correction (APMC) can reduce the misregistration of pixels between the different
      X-ray tube positions in four-dimensional CT angiography (4D-CTA). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Eight patients with intracranial aneurysms were included in this
      retrospective study. We compared the CTA images with APMC reconstruction and half
      scan reconstruction with regard to the following 3 items: (1) bone misalignment
      area; (2) image noise; and (3) aneurysm volume change. RESULTS: The bone
      misalignment area and image noise were significantly reduced in the APMC images,
      as compared to that in the half-scan reconstruction images (bone misalignment
      area: 33.0 +/- 18.1 cm(3) vs 152.0 +/- 72.2 cm(3), respectively; p < 0.001)
      (image noise at pons: 9.70 +/- 2.58 vs 15.16 +/- 5.02, respectively, p < 0.001).
      The aneurysm volume and volume variance were significantly smaller in the APMC
      reconstruction than those in the half-scan reconstruction (volume: 1107.2 +/-
      1813.8 mm(3) vs 1135.1 +/- 1853.8 mm(3); p < 0.05; coefficient of variation:
      0.0291 +/- 0.014 vs 0.0463 +/- 0.026, p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our
      results show that APMC reduces the reconstruction related misregistration between
      the cardiac phases compared to half-scan reconstruction.

PMID- 27379503
TI  - Microvascular function, is there a link to myocardial viability: Is this another
      piece to the puzzle?

PMID- 27379504
TI  - Age-related changes in the brain antioxidant status: modulation by dietary
      supplementation of Decalepis hamiltonii and physical exercise.
AB  - The synergistic effects of physical exercise and diet have profound benefits on
      brain function. The present study was aimed to determine the effects of exercise
      and Decalepis hamiltonii (Dh) on age-related responses on the antioxidant status
      in discrete regions of rat brain. Male Wistar albino rats of 4 and 18 months old
      were orally supplemented with Dh extract and swim trained at 3 % intensity for 30
      min/day, 5 days/week, for a period of 30 days. Supplementation of 100 mg Dh
      aqueous extract/kg body weight and its combination with exercise significantly
      elevated the antioxidant enzyme activities irrespective of age. Age-related and
      region-specific changes were observed in superoxide levels, and protein carbonyl
      and malondialdehyde contents, and were found to be decreased in both trained and
      supplemented groups. Levels of total thiols, protein, and nonprotein thiols
      decreased with age and significantly increased in the SW-T(+100 mg) groups. Our
      results demonstrated that the interactive effects of two treatments enhanced the
      antioxidant status and decreased the risk of protein and lipid oxidation in the
      rat brain. 

PMID- 27379505
TI  - Age-dependent modulation of fasting and long-term dietary restriction on
      acetylcholinesterase in non-neuronal tissues of mice.
AB  - Dietary restriction (DR) without malnutrition is a robust intervention that
      extends lifespan and slows the onset of nervous system deficit and age-related
      diseases in diverse organisms. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a thoroughly studied
      enzyme better known for hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh) in neuronal tissues, has
      recently been linked with multiple unrelated biological functions in different
      non-neuronal tissues. In the present study, the activity and protein expression
      level of AChE in liver, heart, and kidney of young (1 month), adult (6 month),
      and aged (18 month) mice were investigated. We also studied age- and tissue
      specific changes in AChE activity and protein expression level after the mice
      were subjected to 24-h fasting and long-term DR. Our results showed that AChE
      activity and protein expression in kidney and heart of aged mice decreased
      significantly in comparison with young mice. On the contrary, long-term DR
      decreases the AChE activity and the protein expression level in all tissues
      irrespective of ages studied. We summarized that changes in AChE with age in
      different tissues studied reflects its different roles at different phases of an
      organism's life. Conversely, the cumulative modulation manifested in the form of
      lowering AChE by long-term DR may prevent the futile synthesis and accumulation
      of unwanted AChE besides the added compensatory benefit of enhanced ACh
      availability needed during the period of starvation. This, in turn, may help in
      preventing the declining homeostatic roles of this important neurotransmitter in
      different tissues. 

PMID- 27379506
TI  - Graft placement with an omental flap for ruptured infective common iliac aneurysm
      in a patient with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device: alternative
      surgical approach avoiding driveline injury and pathogen identification by 16S
      ribosomal DNA gene analysis.
AB  - Patients supported by mechanical circulatory support have to wait for longer
      periods for heart transplantation in Japan. Infective events are a major
      complication and influence survival. Here, we present the case of a patient with
      an implantable left ventricular assist device for 6 months who had the
      complication of ruptured infective common iliac aneurysm. Graft placement with an
      omental flap was successfully performed via the alternative surgical approach to
      avoid percutaneous driveline injury. In samples of aortic specimens, 16S
      ribosomal DNA gene analysis identified Helicobacter cinaedi. Complete removal of
      the infected tissue and correct pathogen identification may have been relevant to
      the good clinical course.

PMID- 27379507
TI  - Improving health care communication for caregivers: A pilot study.
AB  - With the growing older adult population, there will also be more informal
      caregivers assisting friends and family with their health care. With the
      increasing complexity of health care, improved caregiver communication skills
      have the potential to reduce caregiver burden and frustration and improve care
      recipient health. The primary goal of this project was to develop and refine the
      content and teaching methods of a small-group behavioral change program to
      improve communication between caregivers of older adults and health care
      professionals. The authors developed the Care Talks program for improving
      communication between caregivers and health care professionals. They conducted a
      prospective cohort feasibility study of the intervention to assess caregiver
      communication confidence at baseline and one month postintervention. Six
      participants were enrolled. Of the 15 participants who answered the question, 15
      (100%) would recommend this program to a friend. There was significant
      improvement in a 10-question composite of communication confidence pre/post
      scores from 74.1 to 79.6 p = .03. This small-group behavioral change intervention
      significantly improved communication confidence for this sample of caregivers.
      Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of this program on
      caregivers and care recipients.

PMID- 27379508
TI  - Effects of Fibronectin Coating on Bacterial and Osteoblast Progenitor Cells
      Adherence in a Co-culture Assay.
AB  - Bacterial adherence to the surface of implants functionalized with cell-adhesive
      biomolecules is a critical first step of infection development. This study was
      designed to determine how the immobilization of human plasmatic fibronectin (pFN)
      could impact bacterial and osteoblast cells interaction with the surface during
      concomitant exposition to the two cell-types. Calibrated suspensions of P.
      aeruginosa PAOI or S. aureus CIP4.83 bacteria and STRO-1+A osteoblast progenitor
      cells were mixed, co-seeded on glass coverslips coated or not with pFN and
      incubated at 37  degrees C. After 3 h of co-culture, the presence of bacteria did
      not modify the STRO-1+A cells adherence to glass. pFN coating significantly
      enhanced STRO-1+A cells, CIP4.83 and PAOI adherence to glass and bacterial
      interaction with STRO-1+A cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy observations
      revealed that cells on the pFN-coated substrate exhibited a greater spreading,
      better organized network of cytoskeletal filaments, and an increased cellular FN
      expression than cells on the uncoated substrate. The use of fluorescently labeled
      pFN showed that adherent STRO-1+A cells were able to remodel and to concentrate
      coated pFN at the cells surface. Thus, the use of FN coating could increase the
      risk of bacterial adherence to the material surface, acting either directly onto
      the coating layer or indirectly on adherent osteoblastic cells. This may increase
      the infection risk in the presence of bacterial contamination.

PMID- 27379511
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379510
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379509
TI  - The alpha-1 adrenoceptor (ADRA1A) genotype moderates the magnitude of acute
      cocaine-induced subjective effects in cocaine-dependent individuals.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We examined whether a functional variant of the ADRA1A gene moderated
      cocaine-induced subjective effects in a group of cocaine-dependent individuals.
      METHODS: This study was a within-participant, double-blind, placebo-controlled
      inpatient human laboratory evaluation of 65 nontreatment-seeking, cocaine
      dependent [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM
      IV)] individuals aged 18-55 years. Participants received both placebo (saline,
      IV) and cocaine (40 mg, IV), and subjective responses were assessed 15 min before
      receiving an infusion and at 5 min intervals for the subsequent 20 min. The
      rs1048101 variant of the alpha1A-adrenoceptor (ADRA1A) gene was genotyped and it
      was evaluated whether the Cys to Arg substitution at codon 347 in exon 2
      (Cys347Arg) moderated the magnitude of the subjective effects produced by
      cocaine. RESULTS: Thirty (46%) participants were found to have the major allele
      CC genotype and 35 (44%) carried at least one minor T-allele of rs1048101 (TT or
      TC genotype). Individuals with the CC genotype showed greater responses for
      'desire' (P<0.0001), 'high' (P<0.0001), 'any drug effect' (P<0.0001), 'like
      cocaine' (P<0.0001), and 'likely to use cocaine if given access' (P<0.05) with
      experiment-wise significance. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the ADRA1A
      genotype could be used to identify individuals for whom acute cocaine exposure
      may be more rewarding and by inference may result in greater difficulty in
      establishing and/or maintaining abstinence from cocaine.

PMID- 27379512
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379513
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379514
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379515
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379517
TI  - Arterial spin labeling perfusion predicts longitudinal decline in semantic
      variant primary progressive aphasia.
AB  - The objective of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of regional
      cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by arterial spin labeled (ASL) perfusion MRI
      in patients with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA). We
      acquired pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) MRI and whole-brain T1-weighted structural
      MRI in svPPA patients (N = 13) with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers consistent
      with frontotemporal lobar degeneration pathology. Follow-up T1-weighted MRI was
      available in a subset of patients (N = 8). We performed whole-brain comparisons
      of partial volume-corrected CBF and cortical thickness between svPPA and
      controls, and compared baseline and follow-up cortical thickness in regions of
      significant hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion. Patients with svPPA showed partial
      volume-corrected hypoperfusion relative to controls in left temporal lobe and
      insula. svPPA patients also had typical cortical thinning in anterior temporal,
      insula, and inferior frontal regions at baseline. Volume-corrected hypoperfusion
      was seen in areas of significant cortical thinning such as the left temporal lobe
      and insula. Additional regions of hypoperfusion corresponded to areas without
      cortical thinning. We also observed regions of hyperperfusion, some associated
      with cortical thinning and others without cortical thinning, including right
      superior temporal, inferior parietal, and orbitofrontal cortices. Regions of
      hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion near cortical thinning at baseline had
      significant longitudinal thinning between baseline and follow-up scans, but
      perfusion changes in distant areas did not show progressive thinning. Our
      findings suggest ASL MRI may be sensitive to functional changes not readily
      apparent in structural MRI, and specific changes in perfusion may be prognostic
      markers of disease progression in a manner consistent with cell-to-cell spreading
      pathology. 

PMID- 27379516
TI  - Activation-Induced TIM-4 Expression Identifies Differential Responsiveness of
      Intestinal CD103+ CD11b+ Dendritic Cells to a Mucosal Adjuvant.
AB  - Macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) populations residing in the intestinal lamina
      propria (LP) are highly heterogeneous and have disparate yet collaborative roles
      in the promotion of adaptive immune responses towards intestinal antigen. Under
      steady-state conditions, macrophages are efficient at acquiring antigen but are
      non-migratory. In comparison, intestinal DC are inefficient at antigen uptake but
      migrate to the mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) where they present antigen to T
      cells. Whether such distinction in the roles of DC and macrophages in the uptake
      and transport of antigen is maintained under immunostimulatory conditions is less
      clear. Here we show that the scavenger and phosphatidylserine receptor T cell
      Immunoglobulin and Mucin (TIM)-4 is expressed by the majority of LP macrophages
      at steady-state, whereas DC are TIM-4 negative. Oral treatment with the mucosal
      adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) induces expression of TIM-4 on a proportion of CD103+
      CD11b+ DC in the LP. TIM-4+ DC selectively express high levels of co-stimulatory
      molecules after CT treatment and are detected in the mLN a short time after
      appearing in the LP. Importantly, intestinal macrophages and DC expressing TIM-4
      are more efficient than their TIM-4 negative counterparts at taking up apoptotic
      cells and soluble antigen ex vivo. Taken together, our results show that CT
      induces phenotypic changes to migratory intestinal DC that may impact their
      ability to take up local antigens and in turn promote the priming of mucosal
      immunity. 

PMID- 27379518
TI  - Risks and Population Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated with Diabetes
      in China: A Prospective Study of 0.5 Million Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In China, diabetes prevalence is rising rapidly, but little is known
      about the associated risks and population burden of cardiovascular diseases. We
      assess associations of diabetes with major cardiovascular diseases and the
      relevance of diabetes duration and other modifiable risk factors to these
      associations. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A nationwide prospective study recruited
      512,891 men and women aged 30-79 y between 25 June 2004 and 15 July 2008 from ten
      diverse localities across China. During ~7 y of follow-up, 7,353 cardiovascular
      deaths and 25,451 non-fatal major cardiovascular events were recorded among
      488,760 participants without prior cardiovascular disease at baseline. Cox
      regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) comparing disease risks in
      individuals with diabetes to those without. Overall, 5.4% (n = 26,335) of
      participants had self-reported (2.7%) or screen-detected (2.7%) diabetes.
      Individuals with self-reported diabetes had an adjusted HR of 2.07 (95% CI 1.90
      2.26) for cardiovascular mortality. There were significant excess risks of major
      coronary event (2.44, 95% CI 2.18-2.73), ischaemic stroke (1.68, 95% CI 1.60
      1.77), and intracerebral haemorrhage (1.24, 95% CI 1.07-1.44). Screen-detected
      diabetes was also associated with significant, though more modest, excess
      cardiovascular risks, with corresponding HRs of 1.66 (95% CI 1.51-1.83), 1.62
      (95% CI 1.40-1.86), 1.48 (95% CI 1.40-1.57), and 1.17 (95% CI 1.01-1.36),
      respectively. Misclassification of screen-detected diabetes may have caused these
      risk estimates to be underestimated, whilst lack of data on lipids may have
      resulted in residual confounding of diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease
      risks. Among individuals with diabetes, cardiovascular risk increased
      progressively with duration of diabetes and number of other presenting modifiable
      cardiovascular risk factors. Assuming a causal association, diabetes now accounts
      for ~0.5 million (489,676, 95% CI 335,777-681,202) cardiovascular deaths annually
      in China. CONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese adults, diabetes is associated with
      significantly increased risks of major cardiovascular diseases. The increasing
      prevalence and younger age of onset of diabetes foreshadow greater diabetes
      attributable disease burden in China.

PMID- 27379519
TI  - Analysis of recombination QTLs, segregation distortion, and epistasis for fitness
      in maize multiple populations using ultra-high-density markers.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: Using two nested association mapping populations and high-density
      markers, some important genomic regions controlling recombination frequency and
      segregation distortion were detected. Understanding the maize genomic features
      would be useful for the study of genetic diversity and evolution and for maize
      breeding. Here, we used two maize nested association mapping (NAM) populations
      separately derived in China (CN-NAM) and the US (US-NAM) to explore the maize
      genomic features. The two populations containing 36 families and about 7000
      recombinant inbred lines were evaluated with genotyping-by-sequencing. Through
      the comparison between the two NAMs, we revealed that segregation distortion is
      little, whereas epistasis for fitness is present in the two maize NAM
      populations. When conducting quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for the total
      number of recombination events, we detected 14 QTLs controlling recombination.
      Using high-density markers to identify segregation distortion regions (SDRs), a
      total of 445 SDRs were detected within the 36 families, among which 15 common
      SDRs were found in at least ten families. About 80 % of the known maize
      gametophytic factors (ga) genes controlling segregation distortion were
      overlapped with highly significant SDRs. In addition, we also found that the
      regions with high recombination rate and high gene density usually tended to have
      little segregation distortion. This study will facilitate population genetic
      studies and gene cloning affecting recombination variation and segregation
      distortion in maize, which can improve plant breeding progress.

PMID- 27379520
TI  - Molecular Characterization and Transcriptional Regulation Analysis of the Bovine
      PDHB Gene.
AB  - The pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (PDHB) is a subunit of pyruvate
      dehydrogenase (E1), which catalyzes pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and provides a
      linkage between the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the glycolysis pathway.
      Previous studies demonstrated PDHB to be positively related to the intramuscular
      fat (IMF) content. However, the transcriptional regulation of PDHB remains
      unclear. In our present study, the cDNA of bovine PDHB was cloned and the genomic
      structure was analyzed. The phylogenetic tree showed bovine PDHB to be closely
      related to goat and sheep, and least related to chicken. Spatial expression
      pattern analysis revealed the products of bovine PDHB to be widely expressed with
      the highest level in the fat of testis. To understand the transcriptional
      regulation of bovine PDHB, 1899 base pairs (bp) of the 5'-regulatory region was
      cloned. Sequence analysis neither found consensus TATA-box nor CCAAT-box in the
      5'-flanking region of bovine PDHB. However, a CpG island was predicted from
      nucleotides -284 to +117. Serial deletion constructs of the 5'-flanking region,
      evaluated in dual-luciferase reporter assay, revealed the core promoter to be
      located 490bp upstream from the transcription initiation site (+1).
      Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation
      assay (ChIP) in combination with asite-directed mutation experiment indicated
      both myogenin (MYOG) and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) to
      be important transcription factors for bovine PDHB in skeletal muscle cells and
      adipocytes. Our results provide an important basis for further investigation of
      the bovine PDHB function and regulation in cattle. 

PMID- 27379521
TI  - Gender Disparities in the Prevalence of Undernutrition and the Higher Risk among
      the Young Women of Indian Tribes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: High undernutrition is a grave concern in India. Marginalized
      populations like Indian tribes have been under the serious stress of such
      nutritional extreme. Women, in particular, are the worst sufferers. Gender
      related comprehensive studies regarding the prevalence and risks of
      undernutrition among the tribes have not been properly pursued in India; the
      vulnerability of the young females has least been examined. METHODS AND FINDINGS:
      We conducted a cross-sectional study during January 2011 to December 2013 among
      1066 males and 1090 females (n = 2156) in the 20-60 years age group belonging to
      the nine major tribes; Santals, Oraons and Koras (West Bengal): Santals, Bhumijs
      and Bathudis (Odisha): Dhodias, Kuknas and Chaudharis (Gujarat). The
      undernutrition burden was estimated and such risks were analyzed for the women in
      comparison to the men. The overall undernutrition among the females was found to
      be 47.4% (95% CI 44.4-50.4) against 32.1% (95% CI 29.3-34.9) among males,
      indicating about a half of the female population undernourished. The odds of
      risks for underweight status among females were observed to be high in comparison
      to males with an odds of 1.9 (95% CI, 1.6-2.2; p<=0.001) for the overall
      undernutrition category, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.3-2.3; p<=0.001) for the mild
      undernutrition category, 1.3 (95% CI, 1.1-1.6; p<=0.01) for combined moderate and
      mild undernutrition category and 3.3 (95% CI at 2.3-4.6; p<=0.001) for severe
      undernutrition category. The young females were observed with a high prevalence
      of undernutrition along with increased risk. The 30-year mean BMI trend of the
      Indian population in comparison to the males, females, and overall tribal
      population places the tribal females at the highest risk. CONCLUSION: Indian
      tribes are suffering from the higher prevalence of undernutrition by further
      highlighting a high gender bias. The health and empowerment of adolescent and
      young tribal girls needs additional focus. Overall, no remarkable control on
      undernutrition has been achieved among Indian tribes despite various efforts.

PMID- 27379522
TI  - Estradiol Exposure Differentially Alters Monolayer versus Microtissue MCF-7 Human
      Breast Carcinoma Cultures.
AB  - The development of three-dimensional (3D) cultures is increasing, as they are
      able to provide the utility of in vitro models and the strength of testing in
      physiologically relevant systems. When cultured in a scaffold-free agarose
      hydrogel system, MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells organize and develop into
      microtissues that contain a luminal space, in stark contrast to the flat
      morphology of MCF-7 two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Following exposure
      to 1nM E2, expression of typical estrogen-responsive genes, including
      progesterone receptor (PGR), PDZ containing domain 1 (PDZK1) and amphiregulin
      (AREG) is increased in both 2D and 3D cultures. When examining expression of
      other genes, particularly those involved in cell adhesion, there were large
      changes in 3D MCF-7 microtissues, with little to no change observed in the MCF-7
      monolayer cultures. Together, these results indicate that while the initial
      estrogen-regulated transcriptional targets respond similarly in 2D and 3D
      cultures, there are large differences in activation of other pathways related to
      cell-cell interactions. 

PMID- 27379523
TI  - Issues in Developing and Evaluating a Culturally Tailored Internet Cancer Support
      Group.
AB  - The purpose of this article is to explore practical issues in developing and
      implementing a culturally tailored Internet Cancer Support Group for a group of
      ethnic minority patients with cancer-Asian Americans. Throughout the research
      process of the original study testing the Internet cancer support group, the
      research team made written records of practical issues and plausible rationales
      for the issues. Weekly group discussion among research team members was
      conducted, and the discussion records were evaluated and analyzed using a content
      analysis (with individual words as the unit of analysis). The codes from the
      analysis process were categorized into idea themes, through which the issues were
      extracted. The issues included those in (1) difficulties in using multiple
      languages, (2) collaboration with the information technology department and
      technical challenges, (3) difficulties in recruitment, (4) difficulties in
      retention, (5) optimal timing, and (6) characteristics of the users. Based on the
      findings, we suggest that researchers plan a workable translation process, check
      technical needs in advance, use multiple strategies to recruit and retain
      research participants, plan the right time for data collection, and consider
      characteristics of the users in the study design.

PMID- 27379524
TI  - Development of a Tobacco Cessation Clinical Decision Support System for Pediatric
      Emergency Nurses.
AB  - Almost 50% of children who visit the pediatric emergency department are exposed
      to tobacco smoke. However, pediatric emergency nurses do not routinely address
      this issue. The incorporation of a clinical decision support system into the
      electronic health record may improve the rates of tobacco exposure screening and
      interventions. We used a mixed-methods design to develop, refine, and implement
      an evidence-based clinical decision support system to help nurses screen,
      educate, and assist caregivers to quit smoking. We included an advisory panel of
      emergency department experts and leaders and focus and user groups of nurses. The
      prompts include the following: (1) "Ask" about child smoke exposure and caregiver
      smoking; (2) "Advise" caregivers to reduce their child's smoke exposure by
      quitting smoking; (3) "Assess" interest; and (4) "Assist" caregivers to quit. The
      clinical decision support system was created to reflect nurses' suggestions and
      was implemented in five busy urgent care settings with 38 nurses. The nurses
      reported that the system was easy to use and helped them to address caregiver
      smoking. The use of this innovative tool may create a sustainable and
      disseminable model for prompting nurses to provide evidence-based tobacco
      cessation treatment.

PMID- 27379525
TI  - HtrA1 Proteolysis of ApoE In Vitro Is Allele Selective.
AB  - Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) belongs to a large class of proteins that solubilize
      lipids for physiological transport. Humans have three different APOE alleles,
      APOE epsilon2, APOE epsilon3, and APOE epsilon4, and genetic studies identified
      ApoE4 as the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). People
      who are homozygous for ApoE4 (i.e., ApoE4/E4) are an order of magnitude more
      likely to develop late-onset AD (LOAD) than ApoE3/E3 carriers. Several
      differences between ApoE3 and ApoE4 may contribute to AD including the
      observation that ApoE4 is degraded to a greater extent than ApoE3 in the human
      brain. Experiments with high-temperature requirement serine peptidase A1 (HtrA1),
      which is found in the nervous system, demonstrate that HtrA1 is an allele
      selective ApoE-degrading enzyme that degrades ApoE4 more quickly than ApoE3. This
      activity is specific to HtrA1, as similar assays with HtrA2 showed minimal ApoE4
      proteolysis and trypsin had no preference between ApoE4 and ApoE3. HtrA1 has also
      been reported to cleave the tau protein (Tau) and the amyloid protein precursor
      (APP) to hinder the formation of toxic amyloid deposits associated with AD.
      Competition assays with ApoE4, ApoE3, and Tau revealed that ApoE4 inhibits Tau
      degradation. Thus, the identification of ApoE4 as an in vitro HtrA1 substrate
      suggests a potential biochemical mechanism that links ApoE4 regulation of AD
      proteins such as Tau.

PMID- 27379527
TI  - Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Platelet Indices in Extremely Premature Neonates.
AB  - Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a multifactorial disorder, the most
      important risk factors of which are prematurity and low birth weight.
      Disturbances in cerebral blood flow, inherent fragility of the germinal matrix
      vasculature, and platelet/coagulation disturbances are the 3 major pathogenic
      mechanisms. In this context, we investigated the role of platelet indices and
      several maternal and neonatal characteristics in the development of IVH through a
      retrospective cohort analysis of 130 extremely premature neonates, 24% of whom
      presented with severe IVH. There was a significant difference in platelet counts
      between the IVH and the control group on the first day of life (P=0.046).
      Presence of IVH was linked with lower birth weight (P=0.006) and lower
      gestational age (P=0.001). Platelet count on the first day of life was positively
      correlated with survival (P=0.001) and, along with platelet mass, was indicative
      of the worst IVH grade recorded for each neonate (P=0.002 and 0.007,
      respectively). Prolonged prothrombin time was also correlated with IVH (P<0.001),
      but factor analysis supported no prominent role. Maternal medications seem to
      play a minor role as well. In conclusion, IVH in extremely premature infants
      cannot be solely explained by platelet parameters, and further studies are
      required to determine the relationships between IVH, platelet indices, and
      outcomes. 

PMID- 27379526
TI  - Nonplanar Monocyanines: Meso-Substituted Thiazole Orange with High Photostability
      and Their Synthetic Strategy as well as a Cell Association Study.
AB  - A convenient approach for the direct synthesis of meso-substituted thiazole
      orange (meso-TO) analogues has been unprecedentedly developed through the AlCl3
      catalyzed reaction of parent TO with benzyl alcohol derivatives. Single-crystal X
      ray structures show that the prepared new meso-TO analogues are nonplanar,
      forming a sharp contrast to planar TO. The spectral properties show that
      nonplanar meso-TO analogues do not aggregate, existing in monomer form (M) in PBS
      buffer, and have little effect of solvatochromism in different solvents. In
      comparison with the parents, meso-TO analogues exhibit a large Stokes shift,
      excellent light fastness, and inertness to singlet oxygen. A cellular association
      study demonstrates that incorporation of a benzyl group at the meso position
      methine of parent TO can decrease the cytotoxicity, change staining area in
      cells, and emit long-wavelength fluorescence for an extended time, which are
      useful for the development of smarter TOs for imaging in biological science.

PMID- 27379528
TI  - Effect of Everolimus (RAD001) on Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Mice.

PMID- 27379529
TI  - Transcranial Doppler Screening in a Regional Care Network for Sickle Cell Disease
      in the United Kingdom.
AB  - The risk of stroke in children screened with transcranial Doppler ultrasound in
      the United Kingdom is not known. We evaluated a clinician-led program using a
      risk assessment modified from the STOP protocol. High-risk classification
      included abnormal velocities in the anterior cerebral artery, and single abnormal
      scan if initial velocity >220 cm/s (high abnormal) or if preceded by at least 2
      conditional scans. In total, 1653 scans were performed in 542 children, followed
      for 2235 patient-years. Fifty-eight (10.7%) high-risk subjects were identified,
      including 18 (31%) with high abnormal, and 15 (26%) with previous conditional
      scans. In 2 (3%), abnormal velocity was restricted to the anterior cerebral
      artery. The estimated proportion of children at high risk, scanned before 6 years
      of age was >20%. There were 4 cases of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and 2 of acute
      hemorrhagic stroke. The incidence of all stroke, AIS, and acute hemorrhagic
      stroke were 0.27, 0.18, and 0.09 per 100 patient-years, respectively. The
      proportion of children at high risk is higher than most previous estimates,
      partly as a result of our modified risk assessment. About 2 children per 1000
      screened with transcranial Doppler ultrasound progress to AIS.

PMID- 27379530
TI  - Outcome of Nephroblastoma Treatment According to the SIOP-2001 Strategy at a
      Single Institution in Argentina.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Wilms tumor (WT) is a disease with a good prognosis. The aim of this
      study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with WT, treated according to the
      SIOP-2001 strategy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 141 consecutive patients
      with WT diagnosed at our institution between December 2001 and 2013 was
      performed. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients, median age 38.8 months (3 to 155
      mo), were assessable for analysis. Fine-needle aspiration was initially performed
      in 88 patients (84.6%). Stage distribution was: I: 33%, II: 9.6%, III: 28%, IV:
      14%, V: 14.9%. Six patients were stage III because of tumor spillage. The
      remaining patients received preoperative chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy was
      given without randomization, using vincristine-actinomycin for stage II and
      vincristine-doxorubicin-actinomycin plus radiotherapy for stage III. After a
      median follow-up of 52 months, 5-year overall survival and event-free survival
      were 91% and 85%, respectively. Overall survival according to stage was: I: 96%,
      II: 99%, III: 88%, IV: 78%, V: 90% (P=0.16). There was no significant difference
      in event-free survival (P=0.7). Seventy-eight (85.7%) were intermediate-risk and
      11 (12%) were high-risk patients. Seventeen patients (14.9%) relapsed within 2 to
      99 months (median 29.9 mo). Eight patients (7%) died of progressive disease.
      There were no treatment-related deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The SIOP-01 protocol
      proposes a treatment strategy that is feasible in our institution, achieving good
      results.

PMID- 27379531
TI  - Fatal Pulmonary Embolism Due to Inherited Thrombophilia Factors in a Child With
      Wolfram Syndrome.
AB  - Wolfram syndrome-1 is a rare and severe autosomal recessive neurodegenerative
      disease characterized by diabetes mellitus (DM), optic atrophy, diabetes
      insipidus, and deafness. Poorly controlled type 1 DM increases the risk for
      thrombosis. However, coexistence of DM and hereditary thrombosis factors is
      rarely observed. Here we present the case of a 13.5-year-old, nonfollowed girl
      newly diagnosed with poorly controlled Wolfram syndrome on the basis of the
      results of clinical and laboratory examinations. On the eighth day after diabetic
      ketoacidosis treatment, pulmonary embolism developed in the subject. Thrombus
      identified in the right atrium using echocardiography was treated by emergency
      thrombectomy. Homozygous mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene
      C677T, heterozygous factor-V Leiden mutation, and active protein C resistance
      were identified in the patient. The patient was lost because of a recurring
      episode of pulmonary embolism on the 86th day of hospitalization. We present this
      case to highlight the need for investigating hereditary thrombosis risk factors
      in diabetic patients in whom thromboembolism develops.

PMID- 27379532
TI  - Demographic History and Reproductive Output Correlates with Intraspecific Genetic
      Variation in Seven Species of Indo-Pacific Mangrove Crabs.
AB  - The spatial distribution and the amount of intraspecific genetic variation of
      marine organisms are strongly influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors.
      Comparing biological and genetic data characterizing species living in the same
      habitat can help to elucidate the processes driving these variation patterns.
      Here, we present a comparative multispecies population genetic study on seven
      mangrove crabs co-occurring in the West Indian Ocean characterized by
      planktotrophic larvae with similar pelagic larval duration. Our main aim was to
      investigate whether a suite of biological, behavioural and ecological traits
      could affect genetic diversities of the study species in combination with
      historical demographic parameters. As possible current explanatory factors, we
      used the intertidal micro-habitat colonised by adult populations, various
      parameters of individual and population fecundity, and the timing of larval
      release. As the genetic marker, we used partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase
      subunit I gene. Genetic and ecological data were collected by the authors and/or
      gathered from primary literature. Permutational multiple regression models and
      ANOVA tests showed that species density and their reproductive output in
      combination with historical demographic parameters could explain the
      intraspecific genetic variation indexes across the seven species. In particular,
      species producing consistently less eggs per spawning event showed higher values
      of haplotype diversity. Moreover, Tajima's D parameters well explained the
      recorded values for haplotype diversity and average gammast. We concluded that
      current intraspecific gene diversities in crabs inhabiting mangrove forests were
      affected by population fecundity as well as past demographic history. The results
      were also discussed in terms of management and conservation of fauna in the
      Western Indian Ocean mangroves. 

PMID- 27379533
TI  - Relation of unprocessed, processed red meat and poultry consumption to blood
      pressure in East Asian and Western adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence suggests that relationships of red meat
      consumption with risk of cardiovascular diseases depends on whether or not the
      meat is processed, including addition of preservatives, but evidence is limited
      for blood pressure (BP). OBJECTIVE: To examine cross-sectional associations with
      BP of unprocessed and processed red meat and poultry consumption, total and by
      type, using data from the INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood
      Pressure. DESIGN: INTERnational study on MAcro/micronutrients and blood Pressure
      included 4680 men and women ages 40-59 years from 17 population samples in Japan,
      China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. During four visits, eight BP
      measurements, four multipass 24-h dietary recalls, and two timed 24-h urine
      samples were collected. RESULTS: Average daily total unprocessed/processed meat
      consumption (g/1000 kcal) was 20/5 in East Asian and 38/21 in Western
      participants. Unprocessed meat intakes comprised red meat for 75% in East Asian
      and 50% in Western participants. In Westerners, multiple linear regression
      analyses showed SBP/DBP differences for total unprocessed red meat consumption
      higher by 25 g/1000 kcal +0.74/+0.57 mmHg (P = 0.03/0.01) and for unprocessed
      poultry of +0.79/+0.16 mmHg (P = 0.02/0.50). Unprocessed red meat was not related
      to BP in East Asian participants. In Westerners, SBP/DBP differences for
      processed red meat higher by 12.5 g/1000 kcal were +1.20/+0.24 mmHg (P <
      0.01/0.24), due to consumption of cold cuts and sausages (+1.59/+0.32 mmHg, P <
      0.001/0.27). CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with recommendations to
      limit meat intake (processed and unprocessed) to maintain and improve
      cardiovascular health.

PMID- 27379534
TI  - Oscillometric analysis compared with cardiac magnetic resonance for the
      assessment of aortic pulse wave velocity in patients with myocardial infarction.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Measurement of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is the gold standard
      for assessment of aortic stiffness. In patients with ST-segment elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI), high aortic PWV has deleterious effects on the
      myocardium. In the present study, we compared a novel oscillometric device with
      cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging for the assessment of aortic PWV in
      STEMI patients. METHODS: We measured aortic PWV in 60 reperfused STEMI patients
      using two different methods. The oscillometric method (PWVOSC) is based on
      mathematical transformation of brachial pressure waveforms, oscillometrically
      determined using a common cuff (Mobil-O-Graph, I.E.M., Stolberg, North Rhine
      Westphalia, Germany). Phase-contrast CMR imaging (1.5 T scanner, Siemens,
      Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany) at the level of the ascending and abdominal aorta was
      performed to determine CMR-derived pulse wave velocity with the use of the
      transit time method. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 57 +/- 11
      years; 11 (18%) were women. Median PWVOSC was 7.4 m/s (interquartile range 6.8
      8.9 m/s), and median CMR-derived pulse wave velocity was 6.3 m/s (interquartile
      range 5.7-8.2 m/s) (P < 0.001). A strong correlation was detected between both
      methods (r = 0.724, P < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias of 0.62 m/s
      (upper and lower limit of agreement: 3.84 and -2.61 m/s). The coefficient of
      variation between both methods was 21%. CONCLUSION: In reperfused STEMI patients,
      aortic PWV assessed noninvasively by transformation of brachial pressure
      waveforms showed an acceptable agreement with the CMR-derived transit time
      method.

PMID- 27379535
TI  - Partial inhibition of activin receptor-like kinase 4 attenuates pressure overload
      induced cardiac fibrosis and improves cardiac function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Activin receptor-like kinase 4 (ALK4), a downstream receptor of
      transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is highly expressed in the mammal
      heart. Upregulated ALK4 expression and activated ALK4-small mother against
      decapentaplegic (Smad)2/3 signaling have been reported to play a pivotal role in
      tumorigenesis and in the development of systemic sclerosis. However, the role of
      ALK4-Smad2/3 pathway in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac
      fibrosis remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, the mice with
      heterozygous knocking out of ALK4 gene (ALK4) were generated and subjected to
      aortic banding for 4 weeks. We found that ALK4 expression was upregulated in
      aortic banding-induced model of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in wild
      type mice. Compared with the wild-type mice, ALK4mice demonstrated a similar
      extent of aortic banding-induced cardiac hypertrophy, but a significant
      suppression of cardiac fibrosis to 64.8% of the basal level, and a subsequent
      amelioration in the cardiac dysfunction (left ventricle ejection fraction: 59.0
      +/- 6.4 in wild-type mice vs. 75.6 +/- 3.9% in ALK4 mice; left ventricle end
      diastolic pressure: 16.6 +/- 4.7 mmHg in wild-type mice vs. 6.6 +/- 2.8 mmHg in
      ALK4 mice) associated with inhibition of cardiac fibroblast activation and
      cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In vitro, ALK4 haploinsufficiency blocked the cellular
      proliferation/differentiation and collagen production in cultured cardiac
      fibroblasts after angiotensin-II stimulation. Mechanistically, ALK4
      haploinsufficiency resulted in the suppression of Smad2/3 activity. CONCLUSION:
      Our results demonstrate that ALK4 haploinsufficiency ameliorates cardiac fibrosis
      and dysfunction in a mouse pressure-overload model associated with inhibition of
      cardiac fibroblast activation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the suppression
      of Smad2/3 activity, and suggest that ALK4 is a novel therapeutic target in
      treating pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling and heart failure.

PMID- 27379536
TI  - Catheter-based radio-frequency renal nerve denervation lowers blood pressure in
      obese hypertensive swine model.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Radio-frequency renal denervation (RDN) therapy is under
      investigation for the treatment of uncontrolled hypertension. Data in
      hypertensive, drug-naive large animal models using RDN is limited. METHODS: A
      cohort of Ossabaw swine (N = 9) was implanted with telemetry monitors, enrolled
      on a high calorie-feed regimen and randomly assigned to RDN. Blood pressure (BP)
      data were separated and analyzed according to the following epoch definitions: 24
      h (h), most-active-h, light-h, and dark-h. RESULTS: The mean weight increased by
      45% from 86.5 +/- 2.5 kg at telemetry implant (day 87) to 125.2 +/- 4.5 kg at
      time of RDN therapy (day 227). Hypertension developed in all swine (24-h BP:
      169.5/128.3 +/- 5.8/5.1 mmHg pre-RDN). RDN resulted in significant reductions in
      noradrenaline kidney tissue concentration by 63%. Significant BP reductions were
      documented at 45 days post-RDN in all defined interday epochs, except for the
      dark-h period. The most pronounced SBP/DBP reduction was 12.4/11.2 mmHg (P <
      0.05), observed during the most-active-h period. Animals continued to gain weight
      after the RDN procedure to the end of the study at 90 days (125.2 +/- 4.5-138.5
      +/- 6.6 kg, P < 0.001). At 90 days post-RDN, the mean 24-h BP returned near pre
      RDN baseline values. Given the strong relationship of BP to weight (R = 0.87, P <
      0.001), group mean SBP/DBP was normalized by weight resulting in significant and
      continued reductions at both 45 and 90 days post-RDN across all intradaily
      epochs. CONCLUSION: Catheter-based RDN, using a multielectrode system, resulted
      in a significant reduction in 24-h BP in this drug-naive, hypertensive animal
      model.

PMID- 27379537
TI  - Parathyroid hormone, aldosterone-to-renin ratio and fibroblast growth factor-23
      as determinants of nocturnal blood pressure in primary hyperparathyroidism: the
      eplerenone in primary hyperparathyroidism trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The high prevalence of arterial hypertension in primary
      hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is largely unexplained. Apart from parathyroid hormone
      (PTH), the mineral hormones fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and aldosterone-to
      renin ratio (ARR) are upregulated in pHPT. We aimed to determine whether
      nocturnal blood pressure (BP) is related with PTH, FGF-23 or ARR in a relatively
      large sample of pHPT patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional data of the single-center
      "Eplerenone in Primary Hyperparathyroidism" trial were used. All patients with a
      biochemical diagnosis of pHPT who had both available 24-h ambulatory BP
      monitoring and valid laboratory data were included. RESULTS: Full data were
      available in 136 patients (mean age 67 +/- 10 years, 78% women). Median PTH was
      99 (interquartile range: 82-124) pg/ml and mean calcium was 2.63 +/- 0.15 mmol/l.
      ARR, but not PTH or FGF-23, was significantly and directly related with nocturnal
      SBP (Pearson's r = 0.241, P < 0.01) and DBP (r = 0.328, P < 0.01). In
      multivariate regression analyses, with adjustment for age, sex, PTH, FGF-23,
      traditional cardiovascular risk factors, antihypertensive medication and
      parameters of calcium metabolism ARR remained significantly and directly related
      with nocturnal BP (SBP: adjusted beta-coefficient = 0.289, P < 0.01; DBP: beta =
      0.399, P < 0.01). The relationship between ARR and nocturnal SBP was exclusively
      present in patients with PTH levels above the median of 99 pg/ml. CONCLUSION:
      ARR, but not FGF-23 or PTH, was independently and directly related with nocturnal
      BP parameters in patients with pHPT, and this relationship was dependent on pHPT
      disease severity. Inappropriately, elevated aldosterone may partially explain the
      high prevalence of arterial hypertension in pHPT.

PMID- 27379538
TI  - Gonadectomy prevents the increase in blood pressure and glomerular injury in
      angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 knockout diabetic male mice. Effects on renin
      angiotensin system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) deletion worsens kidney
      injury, and its amplification ameliorates diabetic nephropathy. Male sex
      increases the incidence, prevalence, and progression of chronic kidney disease in
      our environment. METHOD: Here, we studied the effect of ACE2 deficiency and
      gonadectomy (GDX) on diabetic nephropathy and its relationship with fibrosis,
      protein kinase B (Akt) activation, and the expression of several components of
      the renin-angiotensin system (RAS).Mice were injected with streptozotocin to
      induce diabetes and followed for 19 weeks. Physiological and renal parameters
      were studied in wild-type and ACE2 knockout (ACE2KO) male mice with and without
      GDX. RESULTS: Diabetic ACE2KO showed increased blood pressure (BP), glomerular
      injury, and renal fibrosis compared with diabetic wild-type. Gonadectomized
      diabetic ACE2KO presented a decrease in BP. In the absence of ACE2, GDX
      attenuated albuminuria and renal lesions, such as mesangial matrix expansion and
      podocyte loss. Both, alpha-smooth muscle actin accumulation and collagen
      deposition were significantly decreased in renal cortex of gonadectomized
      diabetic ACE2KO but not diabetic wild-type mice. GDX also reduced circulating ACE
      activity in ACE2KO mice. Loss of ACE2 modified the effect of GDX on cortical gene
      expression of RAS in diabetic mice. Akt phosphorylation in renal cortex was
      increased by diabetes and loss of ACE2 and decreased by GDX in control and
      diabetic ACE2KO but not in wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that
      GDX may exert a protective effect within the kidney under pathological conditions
      of diabetes and ACE2 deficiency. This renoprotection may be ascribed to different
      mechanisms such as decrease in BP, modulation of RAS, and downregulation of Akt
      related pathways.

PMID- 27379539
TI  - New-onset left atrial enlargement in a general population.
AB  - AIM: Increased left atrium diameter (LAD) is associated with elevated risk of
      cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We evaluated new-onset left atrium
      enlargement (LAE) and their correlates over a 10-year period in participants of
      the general population enrolled in the Pressioni Monitorate e Loro Associazioni
      study. METHODS: The study included 1045 participants with normal LAD at baseline
      evaluation having a readable echocardiogram at the end of follow-up. Cut-points
      for abnormal LAD were derived from reference values recommended by American
      Society of Echocardiography. RESULTS: Over a 10-year period, 123 participants
      (11.8%) progressed to LAE. The incidence of new-onset LAE increased significantly
      from the lowest to the highest tertile of baseline office, home and 24-h blood
      pressure (BP); BMI; fasting blood glucose and left ventricular mass index (LVMI).
      In multivariate analysis, baseline LAD [odds ratio (OR) 3.18, confidence interval
      (CI) 2.26-4.47, P < 0.001], female sex (OR 3.68, CI 2.20-6.18, P < 0.001), office
      SBP (OR 1.36, CI 1.08-1.70, P = 0.008), BMI (OR 1.35, CI 1.07-1.69, P = 0.01 and
      LVMI (OR 1.29, CI 1.01-1.64, P = 0.04) emerged as key correlates of new-onset
      LAE. CONCLUSION: The study shows that in the population, long-term changes from
      normal LAD to LAE are independently driven by several risk factors such as the
      female sex and an increased baseline LAD, BMI, LVMI and BP, with no predictive
      superiority of home and ambulatory versus office values. Preventing BP
      elevations, overweight/obesity and left ventricular hypertrophy may thus all be
      important for LAE prevention.

PMID- 27379540
TI  - Pulse rate reactivity in childhood as a risk factor for adult hypertension: the
      1970 British cohort study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress has been used as a tool to
      predict short-term hypertension risk in adults but the impact of cardiovascular
      reactivity in childhood on hypertension in adulthood is unknown. Using the 1970
      British Cohort study, we examined the association between pulse rate reactivity
      in childhood and risk of hypertension in adulthood. METHODS: A total of 6507
      participants (51.6% women) underwent clinical examination at 10 years of age that
      involved measurement of blood pressure, BMI, and pulse rate pre and
      postexamination. Hypertension was ascertained by self-reported doctor diagnosis
      32 years later at age 42. RESULTS: On average, there was a reduction in pulse
      rate after the medical examination (-1.2 +/- 8.2 bpm), although nearly a third of
      the sample recorded an increase in pulse rate of at least 3 bpm. A total of 488
      (7.5%) study members developed hypertension at follow-up. After adjustment for a
      range of covariates, including resting blood pressure and BMI in childhood, a
      heightened pulse rate response to the examination (>=3 bpm) was associated with
      greater risk of hypertension in adulthood (odds ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence
      interval, 1.02, 1.67). The association persisted whether we modelled pulse rate
      as an absolute measure (postexamination) or a change score. CONCLUSION: These
      observational data suggest that elevated childhood cardiovascular reactivity
      could increase risk for hypertension in adulthood.

PMID- 27379541
TI  - Associations of blood pressure, sunlight, and vitamin D in community-dwelling
      adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is associated with hypertension.
      Blood pressure (BP) and circulating vitamin D concentrations vary with the
      seasons and distance from the equator suggesting BP varies inversely with the
      sunshine available (insolation) for cutaneous vitamin D photosynthesis. METHODS:
      To determine if the association between insolation and BP is partly explained by
      vitamin D, we evaluated 1104 participants in the Reasons for Racial and
      Geographic Differences in Stroke study whose BP and plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D
      [25(OH)D] concentrations were measured. RESULTS: We found a significant inverse
      association between SBP and 25(OH)D concentration and an inverse association
      between insolation and BP in unadjusted analyses. After adjusting for other
      confounding variables, the association of solar insolation and BP was augmented, 
      0.3.5 +/- SEM 0.01 mmHg/1 SD higher solar insolation, P = 0.01. The greatest of
      effects of insolation on SBP were observed in whites (-5.2 +/- SEM 0.92 mmHg/1 SD
      higher solar insolation, P = 0.005) and in women (-3.8 +/- SEM 1.7 mmHg, P =
      0.024). We found that adjusting for 25(OH)D had no effect on the association of
      solar insolation with SBP. CONCLUSION: We conclude that although 25(OH)D
      concentration is inversely associated with SBP, it did not explain the
      association of greater sunlight exposure with lower BP.

PMID- 27379542
TI  - Altered matrix metalloproteinase 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1
      levels in children with primary hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of
      metalloproteinases (TIMP) are involved in cardiovascular remodeling in
      hypertension. Because metabolic abnormalities typical of metabolic syndrome is
      the dominant phenotype of primary hypertension in children, we hypothesized that
      MMP-9 and TIMP-1 plasma concentrations are altered in hypertensive children and
      correlate with metabolic abnormalities and target organ damage. METHOD: A total
      of 109 children (15.6, 10-17 years) with untreated primary hypertension were
      included to the study. The control group consisted of 74 healthy, normotensive
      children. RESULTS: Plasma MMP-9, TIMP-1 concentrations, and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio
      were significantly elevated in hypertensive boys in comparison with normotensive
      boys (P = 0.0001, P = 0.04, and P = 0.001, respectively), whereas there were no
      differences between hypertensive and normotensive girls. The levels of MMP-9 and
      TIMP-1 as well as MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were not associated either with hypertension
      stage, left ventricular hypertrophy, or carotid intima-media thickness. However,
      in a subgroup of 30 hypertensive patients in whom arterial stiffness was
      measured, TIMP-1 concentrations correlated with aortic pulse pressure (P < 0.05;
      r = 0.367), augmentation pressure (P < 0.05; r = 0.428), and augmentation index
      (P < 0.05; r = 0.404).Only hypertensive boys presented negative correlations of
      both MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 
      0.254, P = 0.01 and r = -0.241, P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: Hypertensive
      boys but not girls had elevated MMP-9 and TIMP-1 plasma concentrations, which
      indicates sex-related role of MMP/TIMP system in pediatric hypertension. The
      correlation between serum TIMP-1 and markers of arterial stiffness indicates on
      the involvement of TIMPs in arterial remodeling.

PMID- 27379543
TI  - Optoacoustic Imaging of Human Vasculature: Feasibility by Using a Handheld Probe.
AB  - Purpose To investigate whether multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT)
      developed for deep-tissue imaging in humans could enable the clinical assessment
      of major blood vessels and microvasculature. Materials and Methods The study was
      approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University Medical Center
      Groningen (CCMO-NL-43587) and registered in the Dutch National Trial Registry
      (NTR4125). The authors designed a real-time handheld optoacoustic scanner for
      human use, based on a concave 8-MHz transducer array, attaining 135 degrees 
      angular coverage. They applied a single-pulse-frame (SPF) sequence, which enabled
      motion insensitive optoacoustic imaging during handheld operation. SPF
      optoacoustic imaging was applied to imaging arteries and microvascular landmarks
      in the lower extremities of 10 healthy volunteers. The diameters selected
      microvessels were determined by measuring the full width at half maximum through
      the vessels in the MSOT images. Duplex ultrasonography was performed on the same
      landmarks in seven of the 10 volunteers for subjective comparison to the
      corresponding optoacoustic images. Results Optoacoustic imaging resolved blood
      vessels as small as 100 um in diameter and within 1 cm depth. Additionally, MSOT
      provided images reflecting hemoglobin oxygen saturation in blood vessels, clearly
      identifying arteries and veins, and was able to identify pulsation in arteries
      during imaging. Larger blood vessels, specifically the tibialis posterior and the
      dorsalis pedis arteries, were also visualized with MSOT. Conclusion Handheld MSOT
      was found to be capable of clinical vascular imaging, providing visualization of
      major blood vessels and microvasculature and providing images of hemoglobin
      oxygen saturation and pulsation. ((c)) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 27379545
TI  - Correction: Suppression of USP18 Potentiates the Anti-HBV Activity of Interferon
      Alpha in HepG2.2.15 Cells via JAK/STAT Signaling.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156496.].

PMID- 27379544
TI  - Comparison of Background Parenchymal Enhancement at Contrast-enhanced Spectral
      Mammography and Breast MR Imaging.
AB  - Purpose To assess the extent of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) at
      contrast material-enhanced (CE) spectral mammography and breast magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging, to evaluate interreader agreement in BPE assessment, and
      to examine the relationships between clinical factors and BPE. Materials and
      Methods This was a retrospective, institutional review board-approved, HIPAA
      compliant study. Two hundred seventy-eight women from 25 to 76 years of age with
      increased breast cancer risk who underwent CE spectral mammography and MR imaging
      for screening or staging from 2010 through 2014 were included. Three readers
      independently rated BPE on CE spectral mammographic and MR images with the
      ordinal scale: minimal, mild, moderate, or marked. To assess pairwise agreement
      between BPE levels on CE spectral mammographic and MR images and among readers,
      weighted kappa coefficients with quadratic weights were calculated. For overall
      agreement, mean kappa values and bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals were
      calculated. The univariate and multivariate associations between BPE and clinical
      factors were examined by using generalized estimating equations separately for CE
      spectral mammography and MR imaging. Results Most women had minimal or mild BPE
      at both CE spectral mammography (68%-76%) and MR imaging (69%-76%). Between CE
      spectral mammography and MR imaging, the intrareader agreement ranged from
      moderate to substantial (kappa = 0.55-0.67). Overall agreement on BPE levels
      between CE spectral mammography and MR imaging and among readers was substantial
      (kappa = 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.61, 0.70). With both modalities, BPE
      demonstrated significant association with menopausal status, prior breast
      radiation therapy, hormonal treatment, breast density on CE spectral mammographic
      images, and amount of fibroglandular tissue on MR images (P < .001 for all).
      Conclusion There was substantial agreement between readers for BPE detected on CE
      spectral mammographic and MR images. (c) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 27379546
TI  - Mercury Release to Aquatic Environments from Anthropogenic Sources in China from
      2001 to 2012.
AB  - Based on an analysis of measured data and distribution factors, we developed the
      China Aquatic Mercury Release (CAMR) model, which we used to calculate an
      inventory of mercury (Hg) that was released to aquatic environments from primary
      anthropogenic sources in China. We estimated a total release of 98 tons of Hg in
      2012, including coal-fired power plants (17%), nonferrous metal smelting (33%),
      coal mining and washing (25%), domestic sewage (17%), and other sectors (8.3%).
      The total primary anthropogenic Hg released to aquatic environments in China
      decreased at an annual average rate of 1.7% between 2001 and 2012, even though
      GDP grew at an annual average rate of 10% during this period. In addition to the
      Hg that was released to aquatic environments in China's provinces, we estimated
      the Hg release amounts and intensities (in g/km(2).yr) for China's 58 secondary
      river basins. The highest aquatic Hg release intensities in China were associated
      with industrial wastewater on the North China Plain and domestic sewage in
      eastern China and southern China. We found that the overall uncertainty of our
      inventory ranges from -22% to 32%. We suggest that the inventory provided by this
      study can help establish a more accurate map of regional and global Hg cycling;
      it also has implications for water quality management in China.

PMID- 27379547
TI  - Primary treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss with
      intratympanic dexamethasone.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Systemic corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment
      of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) for over 30 years.
      Recently, intratympanic steroids have risen in popularity; however, there is no
      consensus regarding the details of their application. The purpose of this article
      is to review the current literature and share our opinion that intratympanic
      dexamethasone (alone or with systemic steroids) should be offered as primary
      treatment of ISSNHL. RECENT FINDINGS: Intratympanic steroids have been shown to
      result in higher inner ear concentrations than systemic steroids in animal and
      human studies. Primary treatment of ISSNHL with intratympanic steroids in
      combination with systemic steroids has been demonstrated to result in better
      hearing outcomes than systemic steroids alone. Recent evidence has revealed these
      hearing outcomes to be dependent on the dose of intratympanic steroid.
      Dexamethasone may be better absorbed than methylprednisolone, and potentially
      offer a greater benefit. Furthermore, intratympanic steroids provide an effective
      alternative for patients who cannot tolerate systemic steroids. SUMMARY:
      Intratympanic dexamethasone alone, or in combination with systemic steroids,
      provides effective treatment of ISSNHL and should be utilized as primary
      treatment. Further investigation is required to determine the optimal choice,
      concentration, and administration schedule of intratympanic steroids.

PMID- 27379548
TI  - Management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is an otologic
      emergency and should be managed quickly and effectively. This review focuses on
      the management of sudden SNHL, primarily idiopathic sudden SNHL as it is the most
      common cause. RECENT FINDINGS: Management options include observation, oral
      steroids, intratympanic steroids, or combined oral/intratympanic steroids. One
      third to two-thirds of patients will achieve spontaneous recovery, most likely
      within the first 2 weeks. Despite the lack of randomized controlled trials on
      steroid therapy efficacy, all patients should be offered steroid treatment given
      low risk and possible significant benefits. All patients should undergo MRI with
      gadolinium to rule out retrocochlear disorder. Bilateral sudden hearing loss
      should alert the clinician to possible systemic disease. SUMMARY: Sudden hearing
      loss is an otologic emergency. Appropriate counseling of patients is necessary to
      allow physician and patient to make a joint, educated decision. It is paramount
      to rule out retrocochlear disorder and to follow patients closely for improvement
      or need for future auditory rehabilitation.

PMID- 27379549
TI  - Current state of stem cell-mediated therapies for facial nerve injury.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Interest in the application of stem cell therapy to nerve
      injury has grown exponentially in recent years, as the armamentarium of potential
      stem cell sources has increased. This article reviews literature on the recent
      developments in the application of stem cell therapy for facial nerve injury.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Current stem cell therapy for the treatment of peripheral nerve
      injury can be generalized into those that either enhance native neural
      regeneration via an anti-inflammatory effect or growth factor secretion, replace
      Schwann cells, or replace motor neurons. Animal studies have shown that nerve
      conduits seeded with stem cells (either undifferentiated or differentiated into
      Schwann-like cells) in sciatic and facial nerve injury models can promote nerve
      regeneration with similar efficacy to autologous nerve autografts. In-vivo
      studies have also shown that induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons,
      when transplanted into transected mouse tibial nerves, can form functional
      neuromuscular junctions with the denervated mouse triceps surae. SUMMARY: The
      authors believe that induced pluripotent stem cells have significant therapeutic
      potential. This source of human stem cells can be harvested with little
      morbidity, is isogenic to the donor, and has fewer ethical concerns compared with
      embryonic cellular sources. Further research is required to determine stem cell
      efficacy and safety. Questions of stem cell fate unpredictability and possible
      tumorigenesis must be addressed prior to human trials.

PMID- 27379550
TI  - Positively Charged Surface-Modified Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Promote the
      Intestinal Transport of Docetaxel through Multifunctional Mechanisms in Rats.
AB  - Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are one of the most promising nanocarriers to
      increase the oral absorption of drugs with poor solubility and low permeability.
      However, the absorption mechanism of SLNs remains incomplete and thus requires
      further careful consideration. In this study, positively charged chitosan (CS)
      modified SLNs or hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride chitosan (HACC)
      modified SLNs were designed and their absorption mechanisms were fully clarified
      to improve the oral absorption of docetaxel (DTX). The HACC-DTX-SLNs showed the
      highest cellular uptake in Caco-2 cell monolayer; the transport efficacy in the
      follicle-associated epithelium cell monolayer was higher than that in the Caco-2
      cell monolayer. The CS- or HACC-modified SLNs could reversibly regulate the
      transepithelial electrical resistance and the expressions of tight junction (TJ)
      associated proteins, such as claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1. The
      uptake of HACC-DTX-SLNs through Peyer's patches was higher than that of the
      normal tissue of the small intestine in rats. The enhanced absorption mechanisms
      of HACC-DTX-SLNs were mainly related to the caveola-mediated endocytosis, M cell
      phagocytosis, and reversible TJ opening.

PMID- 27379551
TI  - Unique CD8+ T Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Primed in the Liver.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The liver immune environment is tightly regulated to balance immune
      activation with immune tolerance. Understanding the dominant immune pathways
      initiated in the liver is important because the liver is a site for cell
      transplantation, such as for islet and hepatocyte transplantation. The purpose of
      this study is to examine the consequences of alloimmune stimulation when
      allogeneic cells are transplanted to the liver in comparison to a different
      immune locale, such as the kidney. METHODS: We investigated cellular and humoral
      immune responses when allogeneic hepatocytes are transplanted directly to the
      recipient liver by intraportal injection. A heterotopic kidney engraftment site
      was used for comparison to immune activation in the liver microenvironment.
      RESULTS: Transplantation of allogeneic hepatocytes delivered directly to the
      liver, via recipient portal circulation, stimulated long-term, high magnitude CD8
      T cell-mediated allocytotoxicity. CD8 T cells initiated significant in vivo
      allocytotoxicity as well as rapid rejection of hepatocytes transplanted to the
      liver even in the absence of secondary lymph nodes or CD4 T cells. In contrast,
      in the absence of recipient peripheral lymphoid tissue and CD4 T cells, CD8
      mediated in vivo allocytotoxicity was abrogated, and rejection was delayed when
      hepatocellular allografts were transplanted to the kidney subcapsular site.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the CD8-dominant proinflammatory immune
      responses unique to the liver microenvironment. Allogeneic cells transplanted
      directly to the liver do not enjoy immune privilege but rather require
      immunosuppression to prevent rejection by a robust and persistent CD8-dependent
      allocytotoxicity primed in the liver.

PMID- 27379552
TI  - Peripheral Vascular Disease and Death in Southern European Kidney Transplant
      Candidates: A Competing Risk Modeling Approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association between peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and
      survival among kidney transplant (KT) candidates is uncertain. METHODS: We
      assessed 3851 adult KT candidates from the Andalusian Registry between 1984 and
      2012. Whereas 1975 patients received a KT and were censored, 1876 were on the
      waiting list at any time. Overall median waitlist time was 21.2 months
      (interquartile range, 11-37.4). We assessed the association between PVD and
      mortality in waitlisted patients using a multivariate Cox regression model, with
      a competing risk approach as a sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Peripheral vascular
      disease existed in 308 KT candidates at waitlist entry. The prevalence of PVD
      among nondiabetic and diabetic patients was 4.5% and 25.3% (P < 0.0001). All
      cause mortality was higher in candidates with PVD (45% vs 21%; P < 0.0001). Among
      patients on the waiting list (n = 1876) who died (n = 446; 24%), 272 (61%) died
      within 2 years after listing. Cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality at 2
      years in patients with and without PVD was 23% and 6.4%, respectively (P <
      0.0001); similar differences were observed in patients with and without diabetes.
      By competing risk models, PVD was associated with a 1.9-fold increased risk of
      mortality (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.4-2.5). This association was
      stronger in waitlisted patients without cardiac disease (subhazard ratio, 2.2;
      95% CI, 1.6-3.1) versus those with cardiac disorders (subhazard ratio, 1.5; 95%
      CI, 0.9-2.5). No other significant interactions were observed. Similar results
      were seen after excluding diabetics. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral vascular disease is
      a strong predictor of mortality in KT candidates. Identification of PVD at list
      entry may contribute to optimize targeted therapeutic interventions and help
      prioritize high-risk KT candidates.

PMID- 27379553
TI  - Eliminating Xenoantigen Expression on Swine RBC.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The rapidly improving tools of genetic engineering may make it
      possible to overcome the humoral immune barrier that prevents
      xenotransplantation. We hypothesize that levels of human antibody binding to
      donor tissues from swine must approximate the antibody binding occurring in
      allotransplantation. It is uncertain if this is an attainable goal. Here we
      perform an initial analysis of this issue by comparing human antibody binding to
      red blood cells (RBC) isolated from knockout swine and to allogeneic or
      autologous human RBC. METHODS: Human sera were incubated with RBC isolated from
      various genetically engineered swine or from humans. The level of IgG and IgM
      binding to these cells were compared using either flow cytometry or a novel mass
      spectrometric assay. RESULTS: Mass spectroscopic quantitation of human antibody
      binding demonstrated that as few as 3 gene inactivations can reduce the levels
      human antibody binding to swine RBC that is as low as autologous human RBC. Flow
      cytometry showed that RBC from 2-gene knockout swine exhibited less human
      antibody binding than human blood group O allogeneic RBC in 22% of tested sera.
      Deletion of a third gene from pigs resulted in 30% of human samples having less
      IgG and IgM RBC xenoreactivity than alloreactivity. CONCLUSIONS: Xenoantigenicity
      of swine RBC can be eliminated via gene disruption. These results suggest that
      the gene knockout approach may be able reduce antigenicity in other pig tissues
      to levels that enable the xenotransplantation humoral barrier to be overcome.

PMID- 27379554
TI  - The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Clostridium difficile Infection in
      Liver Transplant Recipients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is common after liver
      transplantation (LT); however, few studies have examined the risk factors,
      clinical manifestations, and outcomes of CDI in this population. METHODS: A
      retrospective study of adults who underwent LT between January 1, 2011, and April
      4, 2013, at The Mount Sinai Hospital was conducted. Potential risk factors were
      evaluated via univariate and multivariable analysis to determine predictors of
      CDI in this population. The clinical manifestations of CDI and patient outcomes
      were also reviewed. RESULTS: Clostridium difficile infection occurred in 27 (14%)
      of 192 patients after LT. In multivariable analysis, CDI was associated with
      having a model for end-stage liver disease score of 20 or greater (hazards ratio,
      2.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-6.52; P = 0.010), and receiving a LT from a
      living donor (hazards ratio, 3.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.47-9.67; P =
      0.006). Forty-one percent of CDI cases occurred within 1 week of LT. Seven
      percent of patients with CDI had a serum white blood cell count greater than 12
      000 cells per MUL, and 26% had a temperature greater than 38.0 degrees C. After
      treatment 6 (22%) patients developed CDI relapse, and all were successfully
      treated. No patients died of CDI after a mean follow-up time of 1.8 years;
      however, overall survival was significantly lower among those with CDI (78% vs
      92%; P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Clostridium difficile infection after LT was
      associated with higher model for end-stage liver disease scores and receiving a
      LT from a living donor. Clostridium difficile infection often occurred soon after
      LT and was infrequently associated with leukocytosis or fever. Clostridium
      difficile infection in LT recipients was associated with lower overall survival.

PMID- 27379555
TI  - Cost-Effectiveness of Antibody-Based Induction Therapy in Deceased Donor Kidney
      Transplantation in the United States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Induction therapy in deceased donor kidney transplantation is costly,
      with wide discrepancy in utilization and a limited evidence base, particularly
      regarding cost-effectiveness. METHODS: We linked the United States Renal Data
      System data set to Medicare claims to estimate cumulative costs, graft survival,
      and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER - cost per additional year of
      graft survival) within 3 years of transplantation in 19 450 deceased donor kidney
      transplantation recipients with Medicare as primary payer from 2000 to 2008. We
      divided the study cohort into high-risk (age > 60 years, panel-reactive antibody
      > 20%, African American race, Kidney Donor Profile Index > 50%, cold ischemia
      time > 24 hours) and low-risk (not having any risk factors, comprising
      approximately 15% of the cohort). After the elimination of dominated options, we
      estimated expected ICER among induction categories: no-induction, alemtuzumab,
      rabbit antithymocyte globulin (r-ATG), and interleukin-2 receptor-antagonist.
      RESULTS: No-induction was the least effective and most costly option in both risk
      groups. Depletional antibodies (r-ATG and alemtuzumab) were more cost-effective
      across all willingness-to-pay thresholds in the low-risk group. For the high-risk
      group and its subcategories, the ICER was very sensitive to the graft survival;
      overall both depletional antibodies were more cost-effective, mainly for higher
      willingness to pay threshold (US $100 000 and US $150 000). Rabbit ATG appears to
      achieve excellent cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (80% of the recipients)
      in both risk groups at US $50 000 threshold (except age > 60 years). In addition,
      only r-ATG was associated with graft survival benefit over no-induction category
      (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.99) in a multivariable Cox
      regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Antibody-based induction appears to offer
      substantial advantages in both cost and outcome compared with no-induction.
      Overall, depletional induction (preferably r-ATG) appears to offer the greatest
      benefits.

PMID- 27379556
TI  - Decreased Circulating Sclerostin Levels in Renal Transplant Recipients With
      Persistent Hyperparathyroidism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sclerostin is an osteocyte-secreted soluble antagonist of the
      Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway requisite for osteoblast development and
      activity. The regulation of sclerostin expression in bone is complex. Parathyroid
      hormone (PTH) is recognized to be an important suppressor. Circulating sclerostin
      levels are 2- to 4-fold higher in patients with end-stage renal disease as
      compared with individuals with normal renal function. METHODS: We performed a
      longitudinal observational cohort study and case-control study in 50 de novo
      renal transplant recipients, 50 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (n = 50)
      matched for age, sex, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, and 23 renal
      transplant recipients referred for parathyroidectomy to define the impact of
      renal transplantation on circulating sclerostin levels and to clarify the role of
      persistent (tertiary) hyperparathyroidism. RESULTS: Sclerostin serum levels
      decreased by 61.2% (median) during the first 3 months after transplantation (1.24
      vs 0.44 ng/mL, P < 0.0001) to increase thereafter toward levels observed in CKD
      counterparts (0.63 ng/ml). High PTH levels independently associated with low
      sclerostin levels, both at time of transplantation and at 1 year. Sclerostin
      levels significantly increased after parathyroidectomy (0.49 vs. 0.32 ng/ml, P <
      0.0001). The time course of bone biomarkers after parathyroidectomy suggests that
      bone resorption normalizes earlier than bone formation. CONCLUSIONS: Circulating
      sclerostin levels appear to show a biphasic pattern after renal transplantation
      with a rapid and profound decrease, followed by gradual increase towards levels
      observed in CKD counterparts. Our data support the notion that PTH is an
      important regulator of circulating sclerostin levels.

PMID- 27379557
TI  - Center Volume Is Associated With Outcome After Pancreas Transplantation Within
      the Eurotransplant Region.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Outcome after surgery depends on several factors, among these, the
      annual volume-outcome relationship. This might also be the case in a highly
      complex field as pancreas transplantation. No study has investigated this
      relationship in a European setting. METHODS: All consecutive pancreas
      transplantations from January 2008 until December 2013 were included. Donor-,
      recipient-, and transplant-related factors were analyzed for their association
      with patient and graft survivals. Centers were classified in equally sized groups
      as being low volume (<5 transplantations on average each year in the 5 preceding
      years), medium volume (5-13/year), or high volume (>=13/year). RESULTS: In the
      study period, 1276 pancreas transplantations were included. Unadjusted 1-year
      patient survival was associated with center volume and was best in high volume
      centers, compared with medium and low volume: 96.5%, 94% and 92.3%, respectively
      (P = 0.017). Pancreas donor risk index (PDRI) was highest in high volume centers:
      1.38 versus 1.21 in medium and 1.25 in low volume centers (P < 0.001). Pancreas
      graft survival at 1 year did not differ significantly between volume categories:
      86%, 83.2%, and 81.6%, respectively (P = 0.114). After multivariate Cox
      regression analysis, higher PDRI (hazard ratio [HR], 1.60; P < 0.001),
      retransplantation (HR, 1.91; P = 0.002), and higher recipient body mass index
      (HR, 1.04; P = 0.024) were risk factors for pancreas graft failure. High center
      volume was protective for graft failure (HR, 0.70; P = 0.037) compared with low
      center volume. CONCLUSION: Patient and graft survival after pancreas
      transplantation are superior in higher volume centers. High volume centers have
      good results, even though they transplant organs with the highest PDRI.

PMID- 27379558
TI  - Regulatory Myeloid Cells for Tolerance-inducing Therapy: Finding Their Own
      Identity.

PMID- 27379559
TI  - Targeting Ischemia Reperfusion in Intestinal Transplantation by COX-2 Inhibition
      A S.M.A.R.T Approach?

PMID- 27379560
TI  - 32 Doses of Bortezomib for Desensitization Is Not Well Tolerated and Is
      Associated With Only Modest Reductions in Anti-HLA Antibody.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We previously showed that bortezomib (BTZ) partially depletes plasma
      cells, yet has limited efficacy for desensitization in kidney transplant
      candidates when up to 16 doses is given. METHODS: This study aimed to determine
      the safety and efficacy of 32 doses of BTZ (1.3 mg/m of body surface area) in 10
      highly sensitized kidney transplant candidates with alloantibodies against their
      intended living donor. RESULTS: Dose reduction was needed in 2 patients and 2
      others completely discontinued therapy for adverse events. Anti-HLA antibodies
      mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) values were stable prior to BTZ (P = 0.96) but
      decreased after therapy (mean decrease of 1916 [SE, 425] MFI, P < 0.01). No
      patient developed a negative crossmatch against their original intended donor,
      and the calculated panel-reactive antibodies based on MFI of 2000, 4000, and 8000
      was unchanged in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that 32 doses of
      BTZ monotherapy was not well tolerated and resulted in only a modest reduction in
      anti-HLA antibodies.

PMID- 27379561
TI  - Effects of Spatially Dependent Mobilities on the Kinetics of the Diffusion
      Controlled Association Derived from the First-Passage-Time Approach.
AB  - Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations and the first-passage-time approach are
      applied to investigate diffusion-controlled association in a biologically
      relevant model system consisting of a fixed receptor with an elongated cavity and
      a capsule-like ligand that fits this cavity precisely. Before the binding at the
      receptor cavity, the ligand undergoes translational and rotational diffusion,
      either free or under the influence of electrostatic interactions with the
      receptor. The spatial dependence of the translational and rotational mobilities
      of the ligand resulting from its hydrodynamic interactions (HIs) with the
      receptor is accounted for in BD simulations, and an accurate numerical approach
      is applied for the evaluation of the spatially dependent mobility tensor of the
      ligand. Different magnitudes of electrostatic interactions (either attraction or
      repulsion) between the ligand and receptor are considered. The effective range of
      receptor-ligand electrostatic interactions is varied to account for their
      screening under different conditions of ionic strength. The effects of HIs on the
      kinetics of the diffusion-controlled association, evaluated for different
      electrostatic properties of binding partners, are thoroughly analyzed and
      discussed.

PMID- 27379562
TI  - Evaluation of lower blepharoplasty treated with the SmartLipo 1064-nm system and
      its clinical implications: A retrospective review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study used the SmartLipo 1064-nm system to remove herniated
      orbital fat tissue to improve lower eyelid appearance. A retrospective review of
      128 patients was performed to evaluate the size of prominent fat pads and
      complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Altogether, 128 patients underwent a
      procedure using the SmartLipo 1064-nm system via postseptal access, which helped
      locate fat tissue more precisely. Digital photographs were taken preoperatively
      and at one week and six months postoperatively. Eyebag sizes were determined
      preoperatively and six months postoperatively using the Non-Contact 3D Digitizer.
      RESULTS: Altogether, 118 primary and 10 revision patients (average age 31 years)
      were placed in one of two groups: mildly protruding fat pads (group 1, 86
      patients) and moderately protruding fat pads (group 2, 42 patients). After
      injection of about 1 ml of anesthetic and 1 ml of 0.9% iced saline on each side,
      the patients received an average 450 joules of energy delivered at 20 Hz and 3 W.
      Postoperatively, the eyebag's height, depth, and area were significantly reduced
      in both groups (r = 0.000). The main symptoms (swelling, chemosis, engorgement,
      and pain) subsided within 5-7 days. CONCLUSION: The SmartLipo 1064-nm system with
      postseptal access, a minimally invasive procedure, can be used to correct mildly
      and moderately prominent fat pads.

PMID- 27379563
TI  - Frontostriatal Connectivity Changes in Major Depressive Disorder After Repetitive
      Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Randomized Sham-Controlled Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this randomized, sham-controlled study was to investigate
      the therapeutic effects of underlying neurobiological changes after 2-week
      repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment using functional
      connectivity magnetic resonance imaging in patients with major depression.
      METHODS: Twenty-four patients with major depressive disorder diagnosed with DSM
      IV-TR criteria were randomly assigned to the active rTMS (n = 13) or sham (n =
      11) groups from January 2009 to June 2011. rTMS was given for 2 weeks at 110% of
      the motor threshold for 10 minutes at 10 Hz over the left dorsolateral prefrontal
      cortex (DLPFC). Resting state functional connectivity was evaluated before and
      after rTMS. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) was administered,
      and neurocognitive tasks were performed. We examined between-group differences in
      functional connectivity changes from the bilateral DLPFC. RESULTS: Participants
      in the active rTMS group showed significant clinical improvement in HDRS scores
      compared to those in the sham group (P < .001). After 2-week rTMS, there were
      significant differences in changes in DLPFC-left caudate connectivity (corrected
      P < .05): the active group showed a greater reduction of connectivity strength
      between the DLPFC and left caudate compared to the sham group. Reduced levels of
      DLPFC-left caudate connectivity predicted improvement in depressive symptoms (r =
      0.58, P = .001). Additionally, a positive correlation between residual depressive
      symptoms and connectivity strength after 2-week rTMS was found (r = 0.46, P =
      .023). CONCLUSIONS: High-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC showed therapeutic
      effects in patients with major depression. The therapeutic effect of rTMS is
      related to the modulation of functional connectivity in the frontostriatal
      network. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01325831.

PMID- 27379564
TI  - HLA: revisiting an old suspect in the complex pathogenesis of posttransplant
      lymphoproliferative disorders.

PMID- 27379565
TI  - Quality of Life is Similar between Long-term Survivors of Indolent and Aggressive
      Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
AB  - Differences in quality of life (QOL) of long-term survivors of aggressive or
      indolent subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have not been frequently
      evaluated. We assessed these differences by analyzing results of a large QOL
      survey of long-term NHL survivors. We hypothesized that the incurable nature of
      indolent NHL would relate to worse QOL in long-term survivors while the
      potentially cured long-term survivors of aggressive lymphoma would have better
      QOL. We found that QOL was similar between the two groups. Results suggest that
      patients with indolent NHL are coping well with their disease, yet experience
      some overall feelings of life threat. 

PMID- 27379566
TI  - Expression of Apoptotic and Antioxidant Enzyme Genes in Sheep Oocytes and In
      Vitro Produced Embryos.
AB  - The present study was to find out the expression pattern and relative expression
      level of apoptotic (Bcl2, Bax, Casp3, and PCNA) and antioxidant enzyme [(GPx,
      Cu/Zn-SOD (SOD1) and Mn-SOD (SOD2)] genes in sheep oocytes and developing embryos
      produced in vitro by conventional RT-PCR and real time qPCR, respectively.
      Different developmental stages of embryos were produced in vitro from oocytes
      collected from local slaughter house ovaries. RT-PCR amplicons showed expression
      of Bcl2 and PCNA in all stages except at morula. In contrast Bax and Casp3 were
      expressed in all stages. GPx and SOD1 were expressed in all stages but SOD2 was
      not expressed in 8-16 cells, although expressed in the remaining stages. The qPCR
      analysis reflected that Bcl2 expression was significantly (P < 0.05)
      downregulated in morula and maximum upregulated expression was observed in in
      vitro matured oocytes. Higher upregulated expression (P < 0.05) of Bax was in
      morula and downregulated expression was at 2-4 cells. Casp3 was significantly
      upregulated at 8-16 cells and downregulated in in vitro matured oocyte. PCNA
      expression was highest at blastocyst and least expression was at morula. GPx was
      expressed significantly highest in matured oocytes and least expression was at
      zygote. SOD1 was expressed significantly highest at 8-16 cells and least
      expression was at zygote. Expression of SOD2 was least among all the antioxidant
      enzymes but significantly higher expression of SOD2 was in immature oocyte;
      however, least expression was at 8-16 cells. It can be concluded from the study
      that the sheep embryos produced in vitro are highly sensitive to culture
      condition, which alters the expression level of apoptotic and antioxidant enzyme
      genes.

PMID- 27379567
TI  - Mycophenolate Mofetil for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis-associated Uveitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as adjunctive
      therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated uveitis. METHODS:
      In this retrospective, interventional case series, patients with MS-associated
      uveitis who were treated by MMF as an adjunct therapy to systemic corticosteroid
      were studied. Patients' demographics, clinical course, response to treatment, and
      complications were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 30 eyes of 15 patients with a
      mean age of 34.5 +/- 8.3 years were studied. In three patients (20%), onset of
      uveitis preceded the diagnosis of MS. The course of MS was relapsing-remitting in
      11 patients (73.3%) and secondary progressive in four patients (26.7%). At 1 year
      after institution of MMF, all the patients were on oral prednisolone <= 7.5
      mg/day, all eyes were quiet without macular edema, and 53.3% of eyes gained
      visual improvement. Supplemental periocular and intraocular injections were
      needed during the first 6 months after starting MMF therapy. The systemic adverse
      effects were transient and minor in severity. CONCLUSIONS: MMF had beneficial
      effects on vision and intraocular inflammation with an acceptable safety profile.

PMID- 27379568
TI  - Associations of MicroRNA Polymorphisms (miR-146a, miR-196a2, and miR-499) with
      the Risk of Hypertension in the Korean Population.
AB  - AIMS: Polymorphisms in microRNA (miR) genes are thought to be associated with
      various cancers and vascular diseases. To date, however, the effects of the miR
      gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to hypertension have rarely been
      investigated. In this study, we investigated the associations of three miR gene
      polymorphisms (miR-146aC>G/rs2910164, miR-196a2T>C/rs11614913, and miR
      499A>G/rs3746444) with the risk of hypertension in Korean patients. METHODS: A
      total of 855 study subjects (340 patients with hypertension and 515 healthy
      normotensive subjects) were included in this study. Genotyping of the three miR
      gene polymorphisms was accomplished by polymerase chain reaction-restriction
      fragment length polymorphism analyses. RESULTS: Significant differences were
      observed in the genotype distributions of the miR-146aC>G polymorphism between
      the hypertensive patients and controls with the GG genotype, in both model
      independent analyses, as well as in dominant (CC vs. CG+GG) and recessive (CC+CG
      vs. GG) models, being highly significantly associated with disease (AOR = 2.293,
      95% CI: 1.466-3.586, p = 0.001; AOR = 1.727, 95% CI: 1.182-2.522, p = 0.015; AOR
      = 1.782, 95% CI: 1.267-2.506, p = 0.001, respectively). Neither the miR-196a2T>C
      nor the miR-499A>G polymorphisms were distributed significantly differently
      between hypertensive patients and control subjects. Several allelic combinations
      of the three miR polymorphisms were also associated with susceptibility to
      hypertension. Stratified analysis revealed that the miR-146aC>G and miR-499A>G
      polymorphisms are associated with a greater risk of hypertension. CONCLUSION:
      This study suggests that the variant of miR-146aC>G polymorphism and allelic
      combinations, at least in Koreans, affect susceptibility to hypertension.

PMID- 27379569
TI  - Central Body Fat Mass Measured by Bioelectrical Impedanciometry But Not Body Mass
      Index Is a High-Grade Prostate Cancer Risk Factor.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between body fat mass distribution
      measured by bioelectrical impedanciometry (BEI) and high-grade prostate cancer
      (HGPC). METHODS: We prospectively analyze 323 patients who underwent prostate
      biopsy. BEI was performed prior to biopsy. Prostate cancer (PC) was stratified
      according to D'Amico classification. For univariate analysis, Student t test was
      done. For multivariate analysis, bivariate logistic regression was performed
      using PSA, body mass index (BMI), percentage central body fat, percentage total
      body fat, and visceral fat as explicative variables for the diagnosis of HGPC.
      RESULTS: PC was found in 134 patients. Thirty seven (27.2%) were HGPC. This group
      had higher age, PSA, and percentage central body fat (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p =
      0.04). BMI showed no association with HRPC. Age, PSA, and percentage central body
      fat (OR 1,123, 95% CI 1,022-1,233, p = 0.001) were independent risk factors.
      CONCLUSIONS: Central body fat measured by BEI could explain the association
      between obesity and HGPC better than BMI suggesting the use of this technique to
      study body fat distribution.

PMID- 27379571
TI  - Radiological predictors of malignant transformation of IPMNs: importance of the
      predictive model validation.

PMID- 27379570
TI  - The Topography of Cortical Microinfarcts in Neurodegenerative Diseases and in
      Vascular Dementia: A Postmortem 7.0-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cortical microinfarcts (CoMIs) are considered as barely visible
      lesions in clinical-neuroradiological correlation studies. On postmortem 7.0
      tesla MRI, however, CoMIs of different size are easily detected. SUMMARY: The
      present MRI study investigates 84 postmortem brains with different
      neurodegenerative diseases and vascular dementia (VaD) for their topographic
      distribution and the prevalence of CoMIs. The mean numbers of CoMIs were
      determined on 6 hemispheric coronal sections and in 22 different gyri with a 7.0
      tesla MRI Bruker BioSpin SA. A large coronal section at the level of the
      mammillary body was also used for neuropathological evaluation. CoMIs were
      predominantly observed in the prefrontal and postcentral sections of VaD brains.
      The mean number of CoMIs was significantly increased in the inferior frontal and
      in the cingulate gyri of VaD brains compared to the controls. No topographic
      differences were observed in the neurodegenerative diseases. KEY MESSAGES: As the
      inferior frontal and the cingulated gyri are areas frequently involved in VaD,
      CoMIs in those strategic locations must have an impact on the evolution of the
      vascular cognitive decline in those patients.

PMID- 27379572
TI  - NeurHistAlert 22.

PMID- 27379573
TI  - Construction of Functional Monomeric Type 2 Isopentenyl Diphosphate:Dimethylallyl
      Diphosphate Isomerase.
AB  - Type 2 isopentenyl diphosphate:dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase (IDI-2)
      catalyzes the interconversion of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl
      diphosphate (DMAPP) in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. The enzyme from
      Streptomyces pneumoniae (spIDI-2) is a homotetramer in solution with behavior,
      including a substantial increase in the rate of FMN reduction by NADPH in the
      presence of IPP, suggesting that substrate binding at one subunit alters the
      kinetic and binding properties of another. We now report the construction of
      catalytically active monomeric spIDI-2. The monomeric enzyme contains a single
      point mutation (N37A) and a six-residue C-terminal deletion that preserves the
      secondary structure of the subunits in the wild-type (wt) homotetramer. UV-vis
      spectra of the enzyme-bound flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor in FMNox,
      FMNred, and FMNred.IPP/DMAPP states are the same for monomeric and wt
      homotetrameric spIDI-2. The mutations in monomeric IDI-2 lower the melting
      temperature of the protein by 20  degrees C and reduce the binding affinities of
      FMN and IDI by 40-fold but have a minimal effect on kcat. Stopped-flow kinetic
      studies of monomeric spIDI-2 showed that the rate of reduction of FMN by NADH (k
      = 1.64 * 10(-3) s(-1)) is substantially faster when IPP is added to the monomeric
      enzyme (k = 0.57 s(-1)), similar to behavior seen for wt-spIDI-2. Our results
      indicate that cooperative interactions among subunits in the wt homotetramer are
      not responsible for the increased rate of reduction of spIDI-2.FMN by NADH, and
      two possible scenarios for the enhancement are suggested.

PMID- 27379576
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379575
TI  - Cooperative inference: Features, objects, and collections.
AB  - Cooperation plays a central role in theories of development, learning, cultural
      evolution, and education. We argue that existing models of learning from
      cooperative informants have fundamental limitations that prevent them from
      explaining how cooperation benefits learning. First, existing models are shown to
      be computationally intractable, suggesting that they cannot apply to realistic
      learning problems. Second, existing models assume a priori agreement about which
      concepts are favored in learning, which leads to a conundrum: Learning fails
      without precise agreement on bias yet there is no single rational choice. We
      introduce cooperative inference, a novel framework for cooperation in concept
      learning, which resolves these limitations. Cooperative inference generalizes the
      notion of cooperation used in previous models from omission of labeled objects to
      the omission values of features, labels for objects, and labels for collections
      of objects. The result is an approach that is computationally tractable, does not
      require a priori agreement about biases, applies to both Boolean and first-order
      concepts, and begins to approximate the richness of real-world concept learning
      problems. We conclude by discussing relations to and implications for existing
      theories of cognition, cognitive development, and cultural evolution. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 27379574
TI  - Association of Specific Dietary Fats With Total and Cause-Specific Mortality.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Previous studies have shown distinct associations between specific
      dietary fat and cardiovascular disease. However, evidence on specific dietary fat
      and mortality remains limited and inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To examine the
      associations of specific dietary fats with total and cause-specific mortality in
      2 large ongoing cohort studies. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort
      study investigated 83 349 women from the Nurses' Health Study (July 1, 1980, to
      June 30, 2012) and 42 884 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study
      (February 1, 1986, to January 31, 2012) who were free of cardiovascular disease,
      cancer, and types 1 and 2 diabetes at baseline. Dietary fat intake was assessed
      at baseline and updated every 2 to 4 years. Information on mortality was obtained
      from systematic searches of the vital records of states and the National Death
      Index, supplemented by reports from family members or postal authorities. Data
      were analyzed from September 18, 2014, to March 27, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: Total and cause-specific mortality. RESULTS: During 3 439 954 person
      years of follow-up, 33 304 deaths were documented. After adjustment for known and
      suspected risk factors, dietary total fat compared with total carbohydrates was
      inversely associated with total mortality (hazard ratio [HR] comparing extreme
      quintiles, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.81-0.88; P < .001 for trend). The HRs of total
      mortality comparing extreme quintiles of specific dietary fats were 1.08 (95% CI,
      1.03-1.14) for saturated fat, 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78-0.84) for polyunsaturated fatty
      acid (PUFA), 0.89 (95% CI, 0.84-0.94) for monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and
      1.13 (95% CI, 1.07-1.18) for trans-fat (P < .001 for trend for all). Replacing 5%
      of energy from saturated fats with equivalent energy from PUFA and MUFA was
      associated with estimated reductions in total mortality of 27% (HR, 0.73; 95% CI,
      0.70-0.77) and 13% (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82-0.93), respectively. The HR for total
      mortality comparing extreme quintiles of omega-6 PUFA intake was 0.85 (95% CI,
      0.81-0.89; P < .001 for trend). Intake of omega-6 PUFA, especially linoleic acid,
      was inversely associated with mortality owing to most major causes, whereas
      marine omega-3 PUFA intake was associated with a modestly lower total mortality
      (HR comparing extreme quintiles, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-1.00; P = .002 for trend).
      CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Different types of dietary fats have divergent
      associations with total and cause-specific mortality. These findings support
      current dietary recommendations to replace saturated fat and trans-fat with
      unsaturated fats.

PMID- 27379578
TI  - Different Ipsi- and Contralateral Glial Responses to Anti-VEGF and Triamcinolone
      Intravitreal Injections in Rats.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the glial response of the rat retina to single or
      repeated intravitreal injections (IVI). METHODS: Albino Sprague-Dawley rats
      received one or three (one every 7 days) IVI of anti-rat VEGF (5 MUL; 0.015
      MUg/MUL), triamcinolone (2.5 or 5 MUL; 40 MUg/MUL; Trigon Depot), bevacizumab (5
      MUL; 25 MUg/MUL; Avastin), or their vehicles (PBS and balanced salt solution) and
      were processed 7 days after the last injection. Retinas were dissected as whole
      mounts and incubated with antibodies against: Iba1 (Ionized Calcium-Binding
      Adapter Molecule 1) to label retinal microglia, GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic
      Protein) to label macroglial cells, and vimentin to label Muller cells. The
      retinas were examined with fluorescence and confocal microscopy, and the numbers
      of microglial cells in the inner retinal layers were quantified using a
      semiautomatic method. RESULTS: All the injected substances caused an important
      micro- and macroglial response locally at the injection site and all throughout
      the injected retina that was exacerbated by repeated injections. The microglial
      response was also observed but was milder in the contralateral noninjected eyes.
      The IVI of the humanized antibody bevacizumab caused a very strong microglial
      reaction in the ipsilateral retina. Two types of macroglial response were
      observed: astrocyte hypertrophy and Muller end-foot hypertrophy. While astrocyte
      hypertrophy was widespread throughout the injected retina, Muller end-foot
      hypertrophy was localized and more extensive with triamcinolone use or after
      repeated injections. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal injections cause micro- and
      macroglial responses that vary depending on the injected agent but increase with
      repeated injections. This inflammatory glial response may influence the effects
      of the injected substances on the retina.

PMID- 27379577
TI  - Familial Clustering of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in First-Degree
      Relatives: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A genetic predisposition to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia has been
      demonstrated in animals, suggesting that genetic differences might influence
      susceptibility to S aureus in humans. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a history
      of S aureus bacteremia in first-degree relatives increases the rate of the
      disease, and whether this rate is affected by the type of family relationship
      (that is, parent or sibling) or by how the relative acquired the infection.
      DESIGN: Register-based nationwide cohort study (1992 to 2011). SETTING: Denmark.
      PARTICIPANTS: First-degree relatives (children or siblings) of patients
      previously hospitalized with S aureus bacteremia. MEASUREMENTS: Poisson
      regression models were used to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of
      S aureus bacteremia, with the incidence rate in the population as a reference.
      RESULTS: 34 774 individuals (the exposed cohort) with a first-degree relative
      (index case patient) previously hospitalized with S aureus bacteremia were
      followed up for a median of 7.8 years (interquartile range, 3.6 to 13.0). A
      higher rate of S aureus bacteremia was observed among these first-degree
      relatives (SIR, 2.49 [95% CI, 1.95 to 3.19]) than in the background population.
      The estimate was significantly higher if the index case patient was a sibling
      (SIR, 5.01 [CI, 3.30 to 7.62]) than a parent (SIR, 1.96 [CI, 1.45 to 2.67];
      interaction P < 0.0001). No interaction was observed regarding the sex of the
      first-degree relative (interaction P for parents = 0.85; interaction P for
      siblings = 0.92). Stratifying by disease acquisition revealed the highest rates
      in individuals exposed to index case patients with non-hospital-acquired
      infection. Few were infected with genetically identical bacteremia isolates.
      LIMITATION: The rarity of the outcome limited the number of variables in the
      multiple regression analysis, and whether nonsignificant interactions were true
      or caused by insufficient statistical power remains uncertain. CONCLUSION: A
      significant familial clustering of S aureus bacteremia was found, with the
      greatest relative rate of disease observed in individuals exposed to siblings
      with a history of the disease. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: The Danish Heart
      Foundation and the Christian Larsen and Judge Ellen Larsen Foundation.

PMID- 27379579
TI  - A Systematic Comparison of Static and Dynamic Cues for Depth Perception.
AB  - PURPOSE: A clinical diagnosis of stereoblindness does not necessarily preclude
      compelling depth perception. Qualitative observations suggest that this may be
      due to the dynamic nature of the stimuli. The purpose of this study was to
      systematically investigate the effectiveness of static and dynamic stereoscopic
      stimuli. METHODS: Stereoscopic stimuli were presented on a passive polarized
      stereoscopic monitor and were manipulated as follows: static disparity (baseline
      condition), dynamic disparity (change in z-location), change in stimulus pattern,
      change in z-location with pattern change, change in x-location (horizontal
      shift), a control (nil-disparity signal). All depth-detection thresholds were
      measured simultaneously using an adaptive four-alternative-forced-choice (4AFC)
      paradigm with all six conditions randomly interleaved. RESULTS: A total of 127
      participants (85 women, 42 men; mean [SD] age, 21 [5] years) with visual acuity
      better than 0.22 logMAR in both eyes were assessed. In comparison to the static
      disparity condition, depth-detection thresholds were up to 50% lower for the
      dynamic disparity conditions, with and without pattern change (P < 0.001). The
      presence of a changing pattern in isolation (P = 0.71) or a horizontal shift (P =
      0.41) did not affect the thresholds. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic disparity information
      facilitates the extraction of depth in comparison to static disparity signals.
      This finding may account for the compelling perception of depth reported in
      individuals with no measurable static stereoacuity. Our findings challenge the
      traditional definition of stereoblindness and suggest that current diagnostic
      tests using static stimuli may be suboptimal. We argue that both static and
      dynamic stimuli should be employed to fully assess the binocular potential of
      patients when considering management options.

PMID- 27379580
TI  - Superposition Violations in the Compensatory Eye Movement System.
AB  - PURPOSE: Compensatory eye movements (CEM) maintain a stable image on the retina
      by minimizing retinal slip. The optokinetic reflex (OKR) and vestibulo-ocular
      reflex (VOR) compensate for low and high velocity stimuli, respectively. The OKR
      system is known to be highly nonlinear. The VOR is generally modeled as a linear
      system and assumed to satisfy the superposition and homogeneity principles. To
      probe CEM violation of the superposition principle, we recorded eye movement
      responses in C57BL/6 mice to sum of sine (SoS) stimulation, a combination of
      multiple nonharmonic inputs. METHODS: We tested the VOR, OKR, VVOR (visually
      enhanced VOR), and SVOR (suppressed VOR). We used stimuli containing 0.6 Hz, 0.8
      Hz, 1.0 Hz, and 1.9 Hz. Power spectra of SoS stimuli did not yield distortion
      products. Gains and delays of SoS and single sine (SS) responses were compared to
      yield relative gains and delays. RESULTS: We find the superposition principle is
      violated primarily in the OKR, VOR, and SVOR conditions. In OKR, we observed
      relative gain suppression of the lower SoS stimulus frequency component
      irrespective of the absolute frequency. Conversely, SVOR and VOR results showed
      gain enhancement of the lower frequency component and overall decrease in lead.
      Visually enhanced VOR results showed trends for overall gain suppression and
      delay decrease. CONCLUSIONS: Compensatory eye movements arguably depend on
      predictive signals. These results may reflect better prediction for SS stimuli.
      Natural CEM system stimulation generally involves complex frequency spectra. Use
      of SoS stimuli is a step toward unravelling the signals that really drive CEM and
      the predictive algorithms they depend on.

PMID- 27379584
TI  - Incorrect Answer in CME Online Quiz Questions.

PMID- 27379583
TI  - Red Scaly Eruption in an Otherwise Healthy 2-Month-Old Boy.

PMID- 27379585
TI  - Donor Breast Milk.

PMID- 27379588
TI  - Letters to the Editor.

PMID- 27379586
TI  - In This Issue * July 15, 2016.

PMID- 27379589
TI  - What Is Your Diagnosis?

PMID- 27379590
TI  - ECG of the Month.

PMID- 27379591
TI  - Pathology in Practice.

PMID- 27379592
TI  - Pathology in Practice.

PMID- 27379593
TI  - The Association of Shelter Veterinarians' 2016 Veterinary Medical Care Guidelines
      for Spay-Neuter Programs.
AB  - As community efforts to reduce the overpopulation and euthanasia of unwanted and
      unowned cats and dogs have increased, many veterinarians have increasingly
      focused their clinical efforts on the provision of spay-neuter services. Because
      of the wide range of geographic and demographic needs, a wide variety of spay
      neuter programs have been developed to increase delivery of services to targeted
      populations of animals, including stationary and mobile clinics, MASH-style
      operations, shelter services, community cat programs, and services provided
      through private practitioners. In an effort to promote consistent, high-quality
      care across the broad range of these programs, the Association of Shelter
      Veterinarians convened a task force of veterinarians to develop veterinary
      medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs. These guidelines consist of
      recommendations for general patient care and clinical procedures, preoperative
      care, anesthetic management, surgical procedures, postoperative care, and
      operations management. They were based on current principles of anesthesiology,
      critical care medicine, infection control, and surgical practice, as determined
      from published evidence and expert opinion. They represent acceptable practices
      that are attainable in spay-neuter programs regardless of location, facility, or
      type of program. The Association of Shelter Veterinarians envisions that these
      guidelines will be used by the profession to maintain consistent veterinary
      medical care in all settings where spay-neuter services are provided and to
      promote these services as a means of reducing sheltering and euthanasia of cats
      and dogs. 

PMID- 27379594
TI  - Detection of heart rate and rhythm with a smartphone-based electrocardiograph
      versus a reference standard electrocardiograph in dogs and cats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic utility of ECGs acquired with a smartphone
      based device, compared with reference 6-lead ECGs, for identification of heart
      rate and rhythm in dogs and cats. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 51 client
      owned dogs and 27 client-owned cats. PROCEDURES Patients examined by a small
      animal referral cardiology service between April 2012 and January 2013 were
      enrolled consecutively. In each patient, a 30-second ECG was simultaneously
      acquired with a smartphone-based device (a bipolar, single-lead recorder coupled
      to a smartphone with an ECG application) and a standard 6-lead ECG machine.
      Recordings were evaluated by 3 board-certified cardiologists, and intra- and
      interobserver agreement were evaluated for both rhythm diagnosis and QRS polarity
      identification. RESULTS Values for instantaneous and mean heart rates for the
      smartphone-acquired and reference ECGs were within 1 beat of each other when mean
      heart rates were calculated. Intraobserver agreement for rhythm assessment was
      very high, with maximum disagreement for any observer for only 2 of 51 dogs and
      only 4 of 27 cats. There was minimal disagreement in the polarity of
      depolarization between the smartphone-acquired and reference ECGs in dogs but
      frequent disagreement in cats. Interobserver agreement for smartphone-acquired
      ECGs was similar to that for reference ECGs. with all 3 observers agreeing on the
      rhythm analysis and minimal disagreement on polarity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL
      RELEVANCE Results suggested that ECGs acquired with the smartphone-based device
      accurately identified heart rate and rhythm in dogs and cats. Thus, the device
      may allow veterinarians to evaluate and manage cardiac arrhythmias relatively
      inexpensively at the cage side and could also allow clinicians to rapidly share
      information via email for further consultation, potentially enhancing patient
      care. 

PMID- 27379595
TI  - Laryngeal structure and function in dogs with cough.
AB  - OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and type of laryngeal abnormalities in
      dogs examined because of cough that did not have signs of upper airway disease
      and to compare the prevalence of those abnormalities among dogs with various
      respiratory tract diseases. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 138 dogs with cough
      that did not have signs of upper airway disease. PROCEDURES The study was
      conducted between July 2001 and October 2014 and included dogs examined for cough
      that had laryngoscopic and bronchoscopic examinations performed by 1 examiner.
      Laryngeal hyperemia and swelling were recorded, and laryngeal function was
      assessed before and after doxapram stimulation when indicated. Results were
      compared among dogs on the basis of cough duration (acute [< 2 weeks], subacute
      [2 weeks to 2 months], and chronic [> 2 months]) and disease diagnosed
      (inflammatory airway disease, airway collapse, lower respiratory tract infection,
      and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy). RESULTS Laryngeal hyperemia was detected in
      73 of 134 (54%) dogs with cough of subacute or chronic duration, and its
      prevalence did not vary significantly among dogs with various diseases. Thirteen
      dogs had laryngeal paresis, and 13 dogs had laryngeal paralysis; dysphonia (n =
      2) and stridor (1) were uncommon findings in those dogs. The prevalence of
      laryngeal dysfunction (paresis or paralysis) did not differ significantly among
      diseases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that 26 of 138
      (19%) dogs examined because of cough alone had laryngeal dysfunction, which
      suggested that a complete laryngoscopic examination should be included in the
      diagnostic evaluation of dogs with cough. 

PMID- 27379596
TI  - Efficacy of a single dose of trazodone hydrochloride given to cats prior to
      veterinary visits to reduce signs of transport- and examination-related anxiety.
AB  - OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of trazodone for reducing
      anxiety in cats during transport to a veterinary hospital and facilitating
      handling during veterinary examination. DESIGN Double-blind, placebo-controlled,
      randomized crossover study. ANIMALS 10 healthy client-owned cats (2 to 12 years
      of age) with a history of anxiety during transport or veterinary examination.
      PROCEDURES Each cat was randomly assigned to first receive trazodone
      hydrochloride (50 mg) or a placebo PO. The assigned treatment was administered,
      and each cat was placed in a carrier and transported by car to a veterinary
      clinic, where it received a structured veterinary examination. Owners scored
      their cat's signs of anxiety before, during, and after transport and examination.
      The veterinarian also assessed signs of anxiety during examination. After a 1- to
      3-week washout period, each cat received the opposite treatment and the protocol
      was repeated. RESULTS Compared with placebo, trazodone resulted in a significant
      improvement in the cats' signs of anxiety during transport. Veterinarian and
      owner scores for ease of handling during veterinary examination also improved
      with trazodone versus the placebo. No significant differences were identified
      between treatments in heart rate or other physiologic variables. The most common
      adverse event related to trazodone administration was signs of sleepiness.
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of a single dose of
      trazodone to cats prior to a veterinary visit resulted in fewer signs of
      transport- and examination-related anxiety than did a placebo and was generally
      well tolerated by most cats. Use of trazodone in this manner may promote
      veterinary visits and, consequently, enhance cat welfare. 

PMID- 27379597
TI  - Outcomes and complications following surgical correction of grade IV medial
      patellar luxation in dogs: 24 cases (2008-2014).
AB  - OBJECTIVE To determine short- and long-term outcomes and complications of dogs
      undergoing surgical correction of grade IV medial patellar luxation (MPL). DESIGN
      Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 24 dogs (29 stifle joints) that underwent
      surgical correction of grade IV MPL between March 2008 and April 2014. PROCEDURES
      Medical records of all dogs were reviewed. When available, long-term follow-up
      information was obtained for each dog via the orthopedic surgeon (results of
      orthopedic examination and radiographic interpretation) and the dog's owner
      (responses to a questionnaire regarding postsurgical outcomes). Types of
      postsurgical complications and intervals to follow-up data collection were
      recorded. Recurrence of MPL was recorded separately. Successful outcome was
      defined as one without catastrophic complication, with owner-reported full or
      acceptable return to function and a surgeon- and owner-assigned pain or lameness
      score < 3. RESULTS 24% (7/29) of stifle joints had major complications, and 21%
      (6) of joints required surgical revision. Grade II to IV recurrence of MPL was
      identified in 21% (6) of stifle joints. One dog had a catastrophic complication
      requiring limb amputation. For all other dogs, owner-reported return to function
      was full or acceptable. Surgeon-assigned pain and lameness scores for all dogs at
      the final follow-up evaluation were < 2/5 (0 = pain or lameness free). Surgical
      correction of grade IV MPL had an overall success rate of 93% (27/29).
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Surgical correction of grade IV MPL in dogs
      had a favorable overall success rate; however, owners should be counseled
      regarding the high rate of complications associated with surgery. 

PMID- 27379598
TI  - Treatment of intrathoracic grass awn migration with video-assisted thoracic
      surgery in two dogs.
AB  - CASE DESCRIPTION A 17-month-old sexually intact male Vizsla and a 2-year-old
      spayed female mixed-breed dog were examined because of suspected intrathoracic
      grass awn migration. CLINICAL FINDINGS Thoracic CT revealed focal areas of
      pulmonary infiltration in the right caudal lung lobe in one dog and in the left
      caudal lung lobe in the other. In 1 patient, bronchoscopy revealed 2 grass awns
      in the bronchi. Results of thoracic radiography and bronchoscopy were
      unremarkable in the second patient; however, a grass awn was recovered from the
      tonsillar crypt during oropharyngeal examination. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME In both
      dogs, grass awns were successfully retrieved from the pleural cavity by means of
      video-assisted thoracic surgery during 1-lung ventilation. In one patient, a
      grass awn was recovered bronchoscopically from the left caudal lung lobe bronchus
      and another was visualized distally in an accessory lung lobe bronchus but could
      not be retrieved. This dog underwent accessory lung lobectomy. The second dog
      underwent left caudal lung lobectomy. Both patients recovered uneventfully from
      surgery, were discharged from the hospital, and had no apparent recurrence of
      clinical signs at telephone follow-up 31 months and 18 months after surgery.
      CLINICAL RELEVANCE With careful case selection, successful management of
      intrathoracic grass awn migration in dogs can be achieved by means of video
      assisted thoracic surgery. Comprehensive preoperative evaluation including both
      computed tomography and bronchoscopy is suggested. Further investigation is
      necessary to evaluate whether treatment of this condition with video-assisted
      thoracic surgery is as effective as with traditional open thoracotomy. 

PMID- 27379599
TI  - Cardiomyopathy in a Harris hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus).
AB  - CASE DESCRIPTION An adult sexually intact female Harris hawk (Parabuteo
      unicinctus) housed at a wildlife hospital was evaluated because of acute collapse
      during an educational exhibition. CLINICAL FINDINGS Physical examination and
      hematologic analysis revealed no abnormalities; radiography revealed findings
      consistent with a previous tibiotarsal fracture. Coelioscopy with histologic
      examination and fungal culture of lung and air sac samples revealed anthracosis
      but no fungal infection. The hawk was discharged and temporarily removed from the
      education program; 1 month later, upon reintroduction into the program, it
      collapsed again. Physical examination and hematologic findings were similar to
      those after the first episode. Transcoelomic and transesophageal echocardiography
      and CT angiocardiography findings were consistent with cardiomyopathy. TREATMENT
      AND OUTCOME Initial cardiac treatment included furosemide (0.5 mg/kg [0.23
      mg/lb], PO, q 24 h) and pimobendan (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h). After 10
      days of treatment, peak and trough plasma concentrations of pimobendan were
      measured at 25, 196 and 715.97 ng/mL, respectively; the dosage was decreased to
      0.25 mg/kg (0.11 mg/lb), PO, every 12 hours. No overt signs of toxicosis were
      detected. A sample was collected to reevaluate plasma pimobendan concentration
      after 30 days of treatment; results were not obtained prior to the patient's
      death but revealed a peak concentration of 16.8 ng/mL, with an undetectable
      trough concentration. The hawk was found dead 6 months after initial evaluation.
      Necropsy revealed cardiomegaly, but histologic examination did not reveal an
      inciting cause of cardiac dysfunction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cardiac disease in
      raptors may be underreported. Transcoelomic and transesophageal echocardiography
      and CT angiography provided useful information for the diagnosis of cardiac
      disease in the hawk of this report. 

PMID- 27379601
TI  - Electron-Catalyzed Fluoroalkylation of Vinyl Azides.
AB  - The transition-metal free fluoroalkylation of vinyl azides is herein reported.
      This operationally simple reaction employs the Togni reagent as a CF3 source, Bu4
      NI as an initiator, and occurs under electron catalysis. A range of readily
      prepared starting materials are functionalized using this approach to produce
      both phenanthridines and quinoxalin-2-ones. 

PMID- 27379602
TI  - Intramolecular transformation of an antifungal antibiotic nystatin A1 into its
      isomer, iso-nystatin A1 - structural and molecular modeling studies.
AB  - Nystatin A1 , a polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotic, in a slightly basic or
      acidic solution undergoes an intramolecular transformation, yielding a structural
      isomer, the translactonization product, iso-nystatin A1 with lactone ring
      diminished by two carbon atoms. Structural evidence is provided by advanced NMR
      and Mass Spectrometry (MS) studies. Molecular dynamics simulations and quantum
      mechanics calculations gave the insight into the course and mechanism of the
      transformation and its effect on the conformation of the subject molecule.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27379603
TI  - Group relationships in early and late sessions and improvement in interpersonal
      problems.
AB  - Groups are more effective when positive bonds are established and interpersonal
      conflicts resolved in early sessions and work is accomplished in later sessions.
      Previous research has provided mixed support for this group development model. We
      performed a test of this theoretical perspective using group members' (actors)
      and aggregated group members' (partners) perceptions of positive bonding,
      positive working, and negative group relationships measured early and late in
      interpersonal growth groups. Participants were 325 Italian graduate students
      randomly (within semester) assigned to 1 of 16 interpersonal growth groups.
      Groups met for 9 weeks with experienced psychologists using Yalom and Leszcz's
      (2005) interpersonal process model. Outcome was assessed pre- and posttreatment
      using the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, and group relationships were
      measured at Sessions 3 and 6 using the Group Questionnaire. As hypothesized,
      early measures of positive bonding and late measures of positive working, for
      both actors and partners, were positively related to improved interpersonal
      problems. Also as hypothesized, late measures of positive bonding and early
      measures of positive working, for both actors and partners, were negatively
      related to improved interpersonal problems. We also found that early actor and
      partner positive bonding and negative relationships interacted to predict changes
      in interpersonal problems. The findings are consistent with group development
      theory and suggest that group therapists focus on group-as-a-whole positive
      bonding relationships in early group sessions and on group-as-a-whole positive
      working relationships in later group sessions. (PsycINFO Database Record 

PMID- 27379605
TI  - Applying Physiologically Relevant Strains to Tenocytes in an In Vitro Cell Device
      Induces In Vivo Like Behaviors.
AB  - We have developed a novel cell stretching device (called Cell Gym) capable of
      applying physiologically relevant low magnitude strains to tenocytes on a
      collagen type I coated membrane. We validated our device thoroughly on two
      levels: (1) substrate strains, (2) cell level strains. Our cell level strain
      results showed that the applied stretches were transferred to cells accurately
      (~90%). Our gene expression data showed that mechanically stimulated tenocytes
      (4%) expressed a lower level of COL I gene. COX2 gene was increased but did not
      reach statistical significance. Our device was then tested to see if it could
      reproduce results from an in vivo study that measured time-dependent changes in
      collagen synthesis. Our results showed that collagen synthesis peaked at 24 hrs
      after exercise and then decreased, which matched the results from the in vivo
      study. Our study demonstrated that it is important to incorporate physiologically
      relevant low strain magnitudes in in vitro cell mechanical studies and the need
      to validate the device thoroughly to operate the device at small strains. This
      device will be used in designing novel tendon tissue engineering scaffolds in the
      future.

PMID- 27379604
TI  - Subsets of salivary duct carcinoma defined by morphologic evidence of pleomorphic
      adenoma, PLAG1 or HMGA2 rearrangements, and common genetic alterations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The authors hypothesized that histogenetic classification of salivary
      duct carcinoma (SDC) could account for de novo tumors and those with morphologic
      or molecular evidence (pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 [PLAG1], high-mobility group AT
      hook 2 [HMGA2] rearrangement, amplification) of pleomorphic adenoma (PA).
      METHODS: SDCs (n = 66) were reviewed for morphologic evidence of PA. PLAG1 and
      HMGA2 alterations were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
      PLAG1-positive tumors were tested by FISH for fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
      (FGFR1) rearrangement. Thirty-nine tumors were analyzed using a commercial panel
      for mutations and copy number variations in 50 cancer-related genes. RESULTS: On
      the basis of combined morphologic and molecular evidence of PA, 4 subsets of SDC
      emerged: 1) carcinomas with morphologic evidence of PA but intact PLAG1 and HMGA2
      (n = 22); 2) carcinomas with PLAG1 alteration (n = 18) or 3) HMGA2 alteration (n
      = 12); and 4) de novo carcinomas, without morphologic or molecular evidence of PA
      (n = 14). The median disease-free survival was 37 months (95% confidence
      interval, 28.4-45.6 months). Disease-free survival and other clinicopathologic
      parameters did not differ for the subsets defined above. Combined Harvey rat
      sarcoma viral oncogene homolog/phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate 3-kinase,
      catalytic subunit alpha (HRAS/PIK3CA) mutations were observed predominantly in de
      novo carcinomas (5 of 8 vs 2 of 31 tumors; P = .035). Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine
      kinase 2 (ERBB2) copy number gain was not observed in de novo carcinomas (0 of 8
      vs 12 of 31 tumors; P = .08). Tumor protein 53 (TP53) mutations were more common
      in SDC ex pleomorphic adenomas than in de novo carcinomas (17 of 31 vs 1 of 8
      tumors; P = .033). CONCLUSIONS: The genetic profile of SDC varies with the
      absence or presence of pre-existing PA and its cytogenetic signature. Most de
      novo SDCs harbor combined HRAS/PIK3CA mutations and no ERBB2 amplification.
      Cancer 2016;122:3136-44. (c) 2016 American Cancer Society.

PMID- 27379606
TI  - Determinants of knee replacement in subjects with a history of arthroscopy: data
      from the osteoarthritis initiative.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk and determinants of knee replacement (KR) in
      subjects with or at risk of osteoarthritis (OA) and a history of arthroscopy.
      METHODS: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative cohort were analyzed (n = 4796,
      up to the seventh year of follow-up). Cox proportional hazard analysis was used
      to determine the risk of KR according to the history of arthroscopy. A
      multivariable model was used to determine the risk factors for KR among subjects
      with a history of arthroscopy (n = 842), including age, gender, body mass index,
      history of knee injury, and baseline physical activity scale for the elderly,
      Western Ontario and McMaster (WOMAC) total score, and radiographic Kellgren and
      Lawrence (KL) score. RESULTS: History of arthroscopy was associated with risk of
      KR after adjustments for the mentioned determinants of OA (HR: 1.90 (1.49-2.44);
      P value <0.001). Female gender (HR: 1.86 (1.30-2.68); P value <0.001), higher
      WOMAC (HR: 1.02 (1.01-1.03); P value <0.001), and KL score (HR: 2.64 (2.08-3.35);
      P value <0.001) increased the risk of KR among subjects with a history of
      arthroscopy. Subjects with a history of knee injury had 50 % lower risk of KR
      (HR: 0.50 (0.35-0.72); P value <0.001) after arthroscopy. CONCLUSION: Female
      gender, more clinical symptoms and radiographic signs of OA, was associated with
      higher risk of future KR in subjects with a history of arthroscopy. Subjects with
      arthroscopy in the setting of concomitant knee injury were 50 % less likely to
      undergo KR compared to subjects who underwent arthroscopy without a history of
      concomitant knee injury.

PMID- 27379607
TI  - Timing: the Achilles heel of forensic pathology.

PMID- 27379608
TI  - Sudden unexpected death due to severe pulmonary and cardiac sarcoidosis.
AB  - In this paper we report the autopsy findings of a 57 year old woman who died
      unexpectedly at home. She had been complaining of shortness of breath, episodes
      of dry coughing, and nausea. Her past medical and social history was
      unremarkable. She had no previous history of any viral or bacterial disease and
      no history of oncological disorders. Autopsy revealed multiple grayish-white
      nodular lesions in the pleura and epicardial fat and areas resembling fibrosis on
      the cut surface of the anterior and posterior wall of the left ventricle and
      interventricular septum. Histological examination of the lungs and heart revealed
      multiple well-formed noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas with multinucleated
      giant cells. Death was attributed to myocardial ischemia due to vasculitis of
      intramural coronary artery branches associated with sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a
      multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by the formation of
      noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas in the affected organs and tissues. The
      diagnosis of sarcoidosis in this case was established when other causes of
      granulomatous disease such as tuberculosis, berylliosis, hypersensitivity
      pneumonitis, and giant cell myocarditis had been reasonably excluded. 

PMID- 27379609
TI  - Anthropometric correlations between parts of the upper and lower limb: models for
      personal identification in a Sudanese population.
AB  - PURPOSE: Identification of a deceased individual is an essential component of
      medicolegal practice. However, personal identification based on commingled limbs
      or parts of limbs, necessary in investigations of mass disasters or some crimes,
      is a difficult task. Limb measurements have been utilized in the development of
      biological parameters for personal identification, but the possibility to
      estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs other than hands and feet has not been
      assessed. The present study proposes an approach to estimate the dimensions of
      various parts of limbs based on other limb measurements. METHODS: The study
      included 320 Sudanese adults, with equal representation of men and women. Nine
      limb dimensions were measured (five based on the upper limb, four based on the
      lower limb), and extensive statistical analysis of the distribution of values was
      performed. RESULTS: The results showed that all of the measured dimensions were
      sexually dimorphic and that there was a significant positive correlation between
      the dimensions of various parts of limbs. Regression models (direct and stepwise)
      were developed to estimate the dimensions of parts of limbs based on measurements
      pertaining to one or more other parts of limbs. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed
      that the dimensions of parts of the upper and lower limb can be estimated from
      one another. These findings can be used in medicolegal practice and extended to
      constructive surgery, orthopedics, and prosthesis design for lost limbs.

PMID- 27379610
TI  - Fractional flow reserve-guided coronary angioplasty using paclitaxel-coated
      balloons without stent implantation: feasibility, safety and 6-month results by
      angiography and optical coherence tomography.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) with drug-coated balloons
      (DCB) might be a promising trade-off between balloon angioplasty and drug-eluting
      stents, since DCB inhibit neointimal proliferation and limit duration of dual
      antiplatelet therapy. We investigated the safety, feasibility, and 6-month
      results of fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided use of the paclitaxel-coated
      SeQuent Please(r) balloon without stenting for elective PCI of de novo lesions.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: In 46 patients (54 lesions) with stable symptomatic coronary
      artery disease (CAD), a FFR-guided POBA (plain old balloon angioplasty) was
      performed. In case of a sufficient POBA result with residual stenosis < 40 %, FFR
      > 0.8 and no severe dissection, the target lesion was finally dilated using the
      DCB. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed before and after the
      index procedure and at 6-month follow-up (f/u) to calculate late lumen loss (LLL)
      and net luminal gain (NLG). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed at
      f/u to assess vascular remodeling. DCB-only treatment was applied to 43 patients
      (51 lesions), while 3 patients (3 lesions) needed provisional stenting. Invasive
      f/u was completed in 39 patients (47 lesions). At the stenotic site, the lumen
      diameter showed a trend toward progressive increase at f/u (LLL: -0.13 +/- 0.44
      mm, n.s.; NLG: 1.10 +/- 0.53 mm, p < 0.001) without aneurysm formation or
      restenosis after DCB-only treatment. CONCLUSIONS: FFR-guided DCB-only PCI of de
      novo lesions appeared feasible and safe in stable CAD with clopidogrel
      discontinuation after 4 weeks, showing a trend toward positive vessel remodeling
      without lumen loss at 6 months. Clinical trial registration
      http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02120859.

PMID- 27379611
TI  - BETAWIN-AHF study: effect of beta-blocker withdrawal during acute decompensation
      in patients with chronic heart failure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of discontinuing chronic beta-blocker (BB)
      treatment on short-term outcome in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF)
      during acute decompensation. METHODS: We selected all the patients previously
      diagnosed with CHF and currently on BB and attended for acute heart failure (AHF)
      in one of the 35 Spanish emergency departments participating in the EAHFE
      registry. Patients were classified according to BB maintenance or withdrawal (BBM
      or BBW, respectively) during the episode. In-hospital mortality was the primary
      endpoint; and 30-day mortality, 30-day combined endpoint, and prolonged
      hospitalization were secondary. We used logistic regression for adjustment of
      results according to the differences between the BBM and BBW groups, and
      stratified analysis by age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease, heart rate (HR), and BB type
      (carvedilol/bisoprolol) was performed. RESULTS: Among 2058 patients receiving
      chronic BB treatment, 1990 were analyzed: BBM 530 (27 %), BBW 1460 (73 %).
      Compared to BBM, BBW had a higher in-hospital mortality (5.5 vs 3.0 %; p < 0.05),
      30-day mortality (8.7 vs 4.5 %; p < 0.01), and 30-day combined endpoint (29.8 vs
      23.4 %; p < 0.05). Multivariate adjustment confirmed an independent direct
      association between BBW and in-hospital mortality (OR 1.89; 95 % CI 1.09-3.26)
      and 30-day mortality (OR 2.01; 95 % CI 1.28-3.15). Stratified analysis indicated
      no interaction by all the subgroups analyzed, except for HR (p = 0.01 for
      interaction), which showed a greater negative impact of BBW in patients with HR
      >80 bpm (OR 2.74; 95 % CI 1.13-6.63). CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of clear
      contraindications, BB treatment should be maintained during AHF episodes in
      patients already receiving BB at home.

PMID- 27379612
TI  - Risk factors for HIV positivity among more than 3,400 Tanzanian women.
AB  - In a cross-sectional study of 3,424 women from urban (Dar es Salaam) and rural
      (Pwani, Mwanza, and Mtwara) Tanzania, conducted in 2008-2009, we investigated
      risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the association between
      different measures of human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV positivity. Study
      participants were interviewed about socio-demographic and reproductive factors
      and sexual behavior. Blood samples were tested for HIV, and the women underwent a
      gynecological examination. HPV status was determined by Hybrid Capture 2, and HPV
      genotyping was performed using the LiPA Extra test. Multivariable logistic
      regression models estimating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)
      were used. The overall HIV prevalence was 10.2%. HIV-positive women were more
      likely to have high-risk (HR) HPV detected (OR = 4.11; 95% CI: 3.23-5.24) and
      clinically visible genital warts (OR = 4.37; 95% CI: 1.81-10.5). Other risk
      factors included age, place of residence, education, number of births, lifetime
      number of sexual partners, and time in present relationship. HIV risk factors
      among urban and rural women and among HPV-positive and HPV-negative women were
      similar. HPV vaccination may provide some protection against HIV infection in
      Tanzania, but focus must still be on preventing established risk factors for HIV.

PMID- 27379613
TI  - The first breath during resuscitation of prematurely born infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The first five initial inflation pressures and times during
      resuscitation of prematurely born infants are frequently lower than those
      recommended and rarely result in tidal volumes exceeding the anatomical dead
      space. Greater volumes were produced when the infant was provoked to inspire by
      an inflation (active inflation). AIMS: To assess factors associated with a
      shorter time to the first active inflation. STUDY DESIGN: Respiratory function
      monitoring was undertaken during resuscitation, peak inflation pressures (PIP),
      inflation times and the infant's respiratory activity were simultaneously
      recorded. SUBJECTS: Infants with a gestational age<34weeks requiring
      resuscitation at birth. OUTCOME MEASURES: The relationships of the PIP and
      inflation time of the first five inflations and first active inflation to the
      time to the first active inflation. RESULTS: Recordings from 47 infants, median
      gestational age of 29 (23-34) weeks, were analysed. The median PIP of the first
      five inflations was 27 (range 9-37) cmH2O and inflation time 1.22 (range 0.32
      4.08) s. The median PIP of the first active inflation was 25 (range 19-37) cmH2O
      and inflation time 1.35 (0.35-3.67) s. The median time to the first active
      inflation was 7 (range 0-50) seconds and was inversely correlated with the PIP
      (p=0.001) and inflation time (p=0.018) of the first five inflations and the PIP
      (p=0.001) and inflation time (p=0.008) of the first active inflation. CONCLUSION:
      The magnitude of the inflation pressures and times of the first five inflations
      inversely correlate with the time to the first breath during resuscitation.

PMID- 27379615
TI  - A fast algorithm for calculating an expected outbreak size on dynamic contagion
      networks.
AB  - Calculation of expected outbreak size of a simple contagion on a known contact
      network is a common and important epidemiological task, and is typically carried
      out by computationally intensive simulation. We describe an efficient exact
      method to calculate the expected outbreak size of a contagion on an outbreak
      invariant network that is a directed and acyclic, allowing us to model all
      dynamically changing networks when contagion can only travel forward in time. We
      describe our algorithm and its use in pseudocode, as well as showing examples of
      its use on disease relevant, data-derived networks.

PMID- 27379614
TI  - Affective lability and difficulties with regulation are differentially associated
      with amygdala and prefrontal response in women with Borderline Personality
      Disorder.
AB  - The present neuroimaging study investigated two aspects of difficulties with
      emotion associated with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): affective lability
      and difficulty regulating emotion. While these two characteristics have been
      previously linked to BPD symptomology, it remains unknown whether individual
      differences in affective lability and emotion regulation difficulties are
      subserved by distinct neural substrates within a BPD sample. To address this
      issue, sixty women diagnosed with BPD were scanned while completing a task that
      assessed baseline emotional reactivity as well as top-down emotion regulation.
      More affective instability, as measured by the Affective Lability Scale (ALS),
      positively correlated with greater amygdala responses on trials assessing
      emotional reactivity. Greater difficulties with regulating emotion, as measured
      by the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), was negatively
      correlated with left Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) recruitment on trials assessing
      regulatory ability. These findings suggest that, within a sample of individuals
      with BPD, greater bottom-up amygdala activity is associated with heightened
      affective lability. By contrast, difficulties with emotion regulation are related
      to reduced IFG recruitment during emotion regulation. These results point to
      distinct neural mechanisms for different aspects of BPD symptomology.

PMID- 27379616
TI  - Repositioning of anti-viral drugs as therapy for cervical cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Increase in expression of eIF4E (Eukaryotic translation initiation
      factor 4E) protein is mediated by oncogenic proteins of Human Papilloma Virus
      (HPV). Increased expression of eIF4E plays an important role in HPV induced
      carcinogenesis. Ribavirin and Indinavir are known inhibitors of eIF4E activity.
      METHODS: The effect of the drugs on HeLa cells was assessed by in vitro assays
      including cell viability using MTT and Neutral red assay, apoptotic potential
      using Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 activity assays and MMP-2 and MMP-9
      secretion by determination of Gelatinase activity. The in vivo effect of
      Ribavirin treatment on tumor volume was assessed in human xenograft in
      immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS: In vitro analyses indicate that
      Ribavirin and Indinavir reduce viability of HeLa cells, induce apoptosis and
      decrease secretion of MMPs. Treatment with Ribavirin at a dose of 50mg/kg and
      100mg/kg daily led to significant decrease in tumor volume in vivo. CONCLUSION:
      The study thus provides evidence that Ribavirin and Indinavir can be explored as
      therapy against HPV-18 induced cervical cancer.

PMID- 27379617
TI  - Silenced rice in both cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases displays pre-acclimation to
      cope with oxidative stress induced by 3-aminotriazole-inhibited catalase.
AB  - The maintenance of H2O2 homeostasis and signaling mechanisms in plant subcellular
      compartments is greatly dependent on cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases (APX1 and
      APX2) and peroxisomal catalase (CAT) activities. APX1/2 knockdown plants were
      utilized in this study to clarify the role of increased cytosolic H2O2 levels as
      a signal to trigger the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress
      generated in peroxisomes after 3-aminotriazole-inhibited catalase (CAT). Before
      supplying 3-AT, silenced APX1/2 plants showed marked changes in their oxidative
      and antioxidant profiles in comparison to NT plants. After supplying 3-AT, APX1/2
      plants triggered up-expression of genes belonging to APX (OsAPX7 and OsAPX8) and
      GPX families (OsGPX1, OsGPX2, OsGPX3 and OsGPX5), but to a lower extent than in
      NT plants. In addition, APX1/2 exhibited lower glycolate oxidase (GO) activity,
      higher CO2 assimilation, higher cellular integrity and higher oxidation of GSH,
      whereas the H2O2 and lipid peroxidation levels remained unchanged. This evidence
      indicates that redox pre-acclimation displayed by silenced rice contributed to
      coping with oxidative stress generated by 3-AT. We suggest that APX1/2 plants
      were able to trigger alternative oxidative and antioxidant mechanisms involving
      signaling by H2O2, allowing these plants to display effective physiological
      responses for protection against oxidative damage generated by 3-AT, compared to
      non-transformed plants. 

PMID- 27379620
TI  - "Whole-of-Community" Obesity Prevention: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities
      in Multilevel, Multicomponent Interventions.
AB  - The causes of obesity worldwide are complex and multilevel, including changing
      food environments, physical activity levels, policies, and food production
      systems. This intricate context requires multilevel and multicomponent (MLMC)
      interventions to improve health outcomes. We conducted a literature review of
      MLMC interventions for obesity prevention and mitigation; 14 studies meeting
      search criteria were identified. We found examples of successes in preventing
      obesity, reducing overweight, improving healthful behaviors, and enhancing some
      psychosocial indicators. Of eight studies that reported health and behavioral
      results, five showed no significant impact and three showed reductions in
      obesity. Four studies showed significant improvement in dietary behavior, and
      five reported significant desirable effects in physical activity or screen time.
      Five studies reported psychosocial impacts, and three of these showed significant
      improvements. MLMC approaches show promising results, particularly when they are
      able to integrate components at the policy, community, and interpersonal levels. 

PMID- 27379618
TI  - Executive function deficits associated with current and past major depressive
      symptoms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although there has been extensive research showing that depression is
      associated with executive function (EF) deficits, the nature of these deficits is
      not clearly delineated. Specifically, previous reviews on this topic have yielded
      different conclusions about the particular domains of EF that are disrupted in
      depressed individuals. Further, research on whether these deficits persist after
      depressed mood has remitted is less prevalent and not consistent. METHODS: In two
      independent samples of college students, we examined associations between
      clinical ratings of current and past symptoms of a Major Depressive Episode (MDE)
      and difficulties in two domains of EF: inhibition and shifting. In Study 1
      (n=162), EF was measured using behavioral tasks shown to index these two domains.
      In Study 2 (n=95), EF was measured using a self-report questionnaire believed to
      capture EF difficulties experienced in daily life. RESULTS: In both studies, past
      MDE symptoms were associated with worse shifting. In contrast, current MDE
      symptoms were associated with worse inhibition, though only on the behavioral
      measure (in Study 1). LIMITATIONS: Both studies used college samples and
      retrospective assessments of past symptoms. Further, only two domains of EF were
      examined, and the EF measures employed in each study have their own unique
      methodological limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that inhibition
      deficits vary as a function of current symptoms and thus may be a by-product of
      distress rather than a causal contributor. In contrast, shifting deficits
      associated with depression appear to be more enduring, suggesting that they could
      contribute to risk for depression.

PMID- 27379621
TI  - [Grading of neuroendocrine tumors].
AB  - The current WHO classification of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) differentiates
      between typical carcinoids (low grade NET), atypical carcinoids (intermediate
      grade NET) and small cell and large cell carcinomas (high grade NET) according to
      the prognosis. Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) of the gastrointestinal tract and
      the pancreas are graded in an identical way. Together with the TNM system this
      enables a preoperative estimation of the prognosis in biopsies and fine needle
      aspirates. Well-differentiated tumors are graded into G1 tumors by the number of
      mitoses, <2 per 10 high-power fields (HPF) and the Ki-67 (index <3 %) and G2
      tumors (2-20 mitoses/10 HPF, Ki-67 3-20 %). Discrepancies between the number of
      mitoses and the Ki-67 index are not uncommon and in these cases the higher value
      of the two should be applied. The more differentiated tumors of the G3 type have
      to be differentiated from undifferentiated carcinomas of the small cell type and
      large cell type with a much poorer prognosis. Prognosis relevant grading of
      thyroid cancers is achieved by special subtyping so that the G1-G3 system is not
      applicable. The rare cancers of the parathyroid gland and of the pituitary gland
      are not graded. Adrenal tumors also have no grading system. The prognosis is
      dependent on the Ki-67 index and with some reservations on the established
      scoring systems. 

PMID- 27379623
TI  - Bilateral renal cancers: oncological and functional outcomes.
AB  - PURPOSE: The authors assessed the characteristics of bilateral renal cancers.
      METHODS: From January 1995 to January 2015, 65 patients underwent surgery for
      bilateral renal cancers. Thirty-four of the patients had 36 synchronous tumors,
      while the remaining 29 had metachronous tumors. The mean age of the patients was
      60 +/- 11 years. There were 22 females and 43 males. In all cases, bilateral
      partial nephrectomies or unilateral nephrectomy and contralateral nephron-sparing
      surgery were performed. RESULTS: The mean sizes of the synchronous tumors were
      5.0 +/- 2.7 and 4.7 +/- 3.0 cm at the first and the second operations,
      respectively. The average diameters of the metachronous carcinomas were 6.6 +/-
      3.0 and 3.1 +/- 1.6 cm at the initial and the second surgeries, respectively.
      Histologic concordance was 91.1 % in the synchronous and 96.5 % in the
      metachronous tumors. The mean postoperative creatinine levels increased by 116 %,
      while the GFR decreased by 44.8 % in synchronous tumors at the second operation.
      The mean postoperative creatinine levels increased by 42 %, while the GFR
      decreased by 30.4 % in metachronous carcinomas at the second operation. The mean
      follow-up time was 4.8 +/- 3.7 years. During this period, distant metastases
      occurred in two patients with synchronous tumors and in six cases with
      metachronous tumors. Local recurrences were detected in one case of synchronous
      tumor and in four patients with metachronous carcinomas. The 5-year overall and
      tumor-specific survivals were 53 and 80 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In patients
      with bilateral renal carcinomas, the histologic concordance was 93.6 %. The
      bilateral partial nephrectomies or unilateral nephrectomy and contralateral
      resection provided acceptable oncological and functional outcomes.

PMID- 27379624
TI  - Clinical factors associated with constipation in hemodialysis patients.

PMID- 27379622
TI  - [Grading of gynecological tumors : Current aspects].
AB  - Histopathological assessment of the tumor grade and cell type is central to the
      management and prognosis of various gynecological malignancies. Conventional
      grading systems for squamous carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of the vulva, vagina
      and cervix are poorly defined. For endometrioid tumors of the female genital
      tract as well as for mucinous endometrial, ovarian and seromucinous ovarian
      carcinomas, the 3-tiered FIGO grading system is recommended. For uterine
      neuroendocrine tumors the grading system of the gastrointestinal counterparts has
      been adopted. Uterine leiomyosarcomas are not graded. Endometrial stromal
      sarcomas are divided into low and high grades, based on cellular morphology,
      immunohistochemical and molecular findings. A chemotherapy response score was
      established for chemotherapeutically treated high-grade serous pelvic cancer. For
      non-epithelial ovarian malignancies, only Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors and immature
      teratomas are graded. At this time molecular profiling has no impact on the
      grading of tumors of the female genital tract. 

PMID- 27379626
TI  - Effects of modified penoplasty for concealed penis in children.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of modified penoplasty in the management of
      concealed penis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 96 consecutive patients
      with concealed penis, which had been surgically corrected between July 2013 and
      July 2015. All patients underwent modified Shiraki phalloplasty. All patients
      were scheduled for regular follow-up at 1, 3, and 6 months after the surgery.
      Data on the patients' age, operative time, postoperative complications, and
      parents' satisfaction grade were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean follow
      up period was 17.4 months (range 7-31 months). The mean operative time was 63.2
      +/- 8.7 min. The mean perpendicular penile length was 1.89 +/- 0.77 cm
      preoperatively and 4.42 +/- 0.87 cm postoperatively, with an improved mean length
      of 2.5 +/- 0.68 cm in the flaccid state postoperatively (p < 0.05). The patients'
      satisfaction grades after the surgery were improved significantly (p < 0.05).
      Fifty-two patients had penile lymphedema postoperatively; however, it disappeared
      spontaneously within 3 months. Additionally, postoperative wound infection
      occurred in two patients. There were no complications such as flap necrosis,
      penile shaft contracture, voiding difficulty, and erection difficulties.
      CONCLUSION: The modified Shiraki phalloplasty for concealed penis can achieve
      maximum utilization of prepuce to assure coverage of the exposed penile shaft. It
      has fewer complications, achieving marked asthetics, and functional improvement.
      It is a relatively ideal means for treating concealed penis.

PMID- 27379625
TI  - Comparison of high-flux hemodialysis with hemodialysis filtration in treatment of
      uraemic pruritus: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: Uraemic pruritus (UP) is one of the most common complications in
      patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing dialysis and greatly
      undermines their quality of life. The present study was designed to compare the
      clinical effect of high-flux hemodialysis (HFHD) with hemodialysis filtration
      (HDF) in the treatment of UP in ESRD patients, and to explore the possible
      underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this 12-week randomized and
      controlled trial, the clinical efficacy of HFHD or HDF on UP patients undergoing
      dialysis was evaluated. A total of 51 uremia patients suffering from pruritus
      from January 2009 to May 2013 were recruited and randomly assigned to
      intervention (n = 27) and control (n = 24) groups. The control group was received
      only HDF therapy, and the intervention group underwent HFHD treatment three times
      a week for 12 weeks. RESULTS: The scores for Visual Analogue Scale in both two
      groups were obviously decreased, but the Visual Analogue Scale scores in the
      intervention group had a better improvement than the control group within 12
      weeks. The PSQI and SF-12 values in the intervention group had a better
      improvement than the control group within 12 weeks. In comparison of the changes
      from baseline between the control groups, there was greater improvement in BUN,
      creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, PTH, beta2-MG, histamine, CRP and IL-6 levels of
      intervention group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that HFHD has a better
      efficacy in the treatment of UP than HDF. HFHD has an exactly therapeutical
      efficacy in the UP associated with the inhibition of microinflammation state in
      dialysis patients.

PMID- 27379627
TI  - Bioprosthetic mesh of bacterial cellulose for treatment of abdominal muscle
      aponeurotic defect in rat model.
AB  - The use of meshes for treatment of hernias continues to draw attention of
      surgeons and the industry in the search of an ideal prosthesis. The purpose of
      this work is to use meshes manufactured from bacterial cellulose, evaluate their
      organic tissue interaction and compare with an expanded polytetrafluorethylene
      (ePTFE's) prosthesis used to repair acute defect of muscle aponeurotic induced in
      rats. Forty-five male Wistar rats were classified using the following criteria:
      (1) surgical repair of acute muscle aponeurotic defect with perforated bacterial
      cellulose film (PBC; n = 18); (2) compact bacterial cellulose film (CBC; n = 12)
      and (3) ePTFE; (n = 15). After postoperative period, rectangles (2 * 3 cm)
      including prosthesis, muscles and peritoneum were collected for biomechanical,
      histological and stereological analysis. In all cases, the maximum acceptable
      error probability for rejecting the null hypothesis was 5 %. Between PBC and CBC
      samples, the variables of strain (P = 0.011) and elasticity (P = 0.035) were
      statistically different. The same was found between CBC and ePTFE (elasticity, P
      = 0.000; strain, P = 0.009). PBC differed from CBC for giant cells (P = 0.001)
      and new blood vessels (P = 0.000). In conclusion, there was biological
      integration and biomechanical elasticity of PBC; therefore, we think this option
      should be considered as a new alternative biomaterial for use as a bio
      prosthesis. 

PMID- 27379628
TI  - In vitro investigation of nanohydroxyapatite/poly(L-lactic acid) spindle
      composites used for bone tissue engineering.
AB  - Calcium phosphate ceramics such as synthetic hydroxyapatite and tricalcium
      phosphate are widely used in the clinic, but they stimulate less bone
      regeneration. In this paper, nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(L-lactic acid) (nano
      HA/PLLA) spindle composites with good mechanical performance were fabricated by a
      modified in situ precipitation method. The HA part of composite, distributing
      homogenously in PLLA matrix, is spindle shape with size of 10-30 nm in diameter
      and 60-100 nm in length. The molar ratio of Ca/P in the synthesized nano-HA
      spindles was deduced as 1.52 from the EDS spectra, which is close to the
      stoichiometric composition of HA (Ca/P & 1.67). The compress strength is up to
      150 MPa when the HA content increase to 20 %. The in vitro tests indicate that
      HA/PLLA bio-composites have good biodegradability and bioactivity when immersed
      in simulated body fluid solutions. All the results suggested that HA/PLLA nano
      biocomposites are appropriate to be applied as bone substitute in bone tissue
      engineering. 

PMID- 27379629
TI  - Memories and Promises of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Functions.
AB  - This is a very personal reminiscence of the long period of Enteric Nervous System
      research in which I have been involved. I started to work on the gut in the early
      60s really because in Turin when I arrived from Argentina, where my family
      migrated temporarily after the WWII, nobody was seriously working on the brain.
      In Anatomy they were studying the neural "intramural plexuses" and that for me
      was close enough to the nervous system. I grew up in the mountains near Turin
      near the French border where our ex-family house still bears our name. I joined
      the Department of Anatomy as an intern student and I was privileged to seat at a
      desk where a previous generation of young scientists, who studied under the
      professor of Anatomy A. Levi, the founder of the methods for culturing neural
      tissue. They were Salvador Luria, Renato Dulbecco and Rita Levi-Montalcini, who,
      after migrating to the USA, were each were given the Noble prize. 

PMID- 27379630
TI  - A Personal Perspective on the Development of Our Understanding of the Myogenic
      Control Mechanisms of Gut Motor Function.
AB  - Myogenic control mechanisms play a role in all motor activities of the gut.
      Myogenic control systems are defined here as control systems that are intrinsic
      to the smooth muscle cells and/or interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and that can
      operate without an essential contribution of the intrinsic (ENS) and extrinsic
      nervous systems. In vivo however, the ENS and the myogenic control systems always
      work in cooperation. Although myogenic control plays a role in every gut organ,
      this review focuses on the peristaltic and segmentation activity of the small
      intestine. It provides some historical perspectives and some discussion on the
      development of our understanding of the cooperative nature of the myogenic and
      neurogenic control mechanisms. It highlights how some influential papers
      inadvertently provided hindrance to full understanding, it discusses how the
      guinea pig model has hampered acceptance of myogenic control systems and it
      provides some background into the genesis of our understanding of control
      mechanisms involving ICC.

PMID- 27379631
TI  - Enteric Inhibitory Neurotransmission, Starting Down Under.
AB  - The idea of an inhibitory innervation in the gut came from Geoff Burnstock's
      group at the University of Melbourne in the 1960s. Being resistant to antagonists
      of norepinephrine and acetylcholine, enteric inhibitory neurotransmission became
      known as non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic (NANC) neurotransmission. ATP (or a
      closely related nucleotide) was proposed as the inhibitory neurotransmitter based
      on release of purines during nerve stimulation and similarities between responses
      to ATP and transmural nerve stimulation in several gut preparations. Apamin was
      found to block purinergic responses, providing evidence that small-conductance
      Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK) channels were responsible for inhibitory junction
      potentials (IJPs). Actually the IJPs in GI muscles are composed of multiple
      components, and later studies discovered nitric oxide (NO) to be the other major
      mediator of NANC inhibitory neurotransmission. The purinergic component of
      enteric inhibitory neurotransmission is mediated by P2Y1 receptors, and this
      component is absent in P2Y1(-/-) mice. The criteria for a neurotransmitter are
      better met by beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD) or its immediate
      metabolite ADP-ribose (ADPR) than by ATP. The cells mediating post-junctional
      responses have been identified. In addition to smooth muscle cells, two classes
      of interstitial cells express receptors and effectors for NANC neurotransmitters
      and are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells. This integrated structure
      has been named the SIP syncytium. Interstitial cells of Cajal are involved in
      transduction of cholinergic and nitrergic inputs to GI muscles, and PDGFRalpha(+)
      cells mediate purinergic effects. This short symposium report summarizes major
      historical points of interest and some of the more recent findings related to
      enteric inhibitory neurotransmission.

PMID- 27379632
TI  - Spatio-Temporal Mapping and the Enteric Nervous System.
AB  - Study of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is somewhat less glamorous than other
      body systems but offers a unique opportunity to study the sensory, interneuronal
      and motor outputs of a highly developed neural network in the same tissue. This
      has not been a trivial task, and even after a century, we still struggle to
      understand both the simple (e.g. reflexes) and complex (e.g. MMCs) behaviors the
      gut produces. On top of that, other control networks (such as ICC) that are
      integrated with ENS at varying levels, can modify ENS activity directly or
      indirectly. While many of the methods used to study the ENS were originally
      developed in other systems (e.g. brain/heart), a few were spawned "in the offal"
      so to speak, due to the unique characteristics of the gut. The brief perspective
      below outlines how spatio-temporal maps (ST Maps) originated and continue to
      flourish in GI research as a tool to describe and analyze the complexity of GI
      movements.I apologize that I am not able to specifically mention all the people
      involved in the development and use of ST Maps in enteric/motility research due
      to space constraints (GWH, July 2014). 

PMID- 27379633
TI  - Development of Neural Activity in the Enteric Nervous System: Similarities and
      Differences to Other Parts of the Nervous System.
AB  - All the neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) arise from neural
      crest-derived cells that migrate into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during
      development (Yntema and Hammond 1954; Le Douarin and Teillet 1973). Most of the
      ENS originates from vagal neural crest cells (NCCs), which arise from the caudal
      hindbrain region of the neural tube, adjacent to somites 1-7. In the developing
      mouse, vagal NCCs migrate into the developing oesophagus and stomach at embryonic
      day (E)9.5, enter the small intestine at E10.5, and colonise the developing GI
      tract in a rostral-to-caudal wave, reaching the anal end of the colon at E14.5
      (Serbedzija et al. 1991; Kapur et al. 1992; Anderson et al. 2006). Recent
      evidence indicates that there is also trans-mesenteric migration of vagal NCCs,
      where some NCCs leave the small intestine and migrate directly across the
      mesentery into the colon (Nishiyama et al. 2012). Sacral NCCs also contribute to
      a small population of neurons and glia in the colon (Burns and Le Douarin 1998;
      Wang et al. 2011). 

PMID- 27379634
TI  - ENS Development Research Since 1983: Great Strides but Many Remaining Challenges.
AB  - The first enteric nervous system (ENS) conference, organized by Marcello Costa
      and John Furness, was held in Adelaide, Australia in 1983. In this article, we
      review what was known about the development of the ENS in 1983 and then summarize
      some of the major advances in the field since 1983. 

PMID- 27379635
TI  - Extrinsic Sensory Innervation of the Gut: Structure and Function.
AB  - Extrinsic sensory neurons play a key role in the function of the gastrointestinal
      tract. They are responsible for the sensations that arise in the gut and can
      initiate automatic reflexes. In some cases, disordered sensation is clinically
      problematic-pain, bloating, excessive urgency and nausea are well-known examples.
      Major advances have been made in understanding the function of somatic sensory
      neurons in the last 50 years. However, the sensory neurons that mediate
      sensations from the viscera remain less well understood. This is partly because
      viscera receive a dense autonomic innervation that can be difficult to separate
      from extrinsic sensory neurons. A key requirement to understand the genesis of
      sensation is to distinguish the different classes of sensory neurons and the
      types of stimuli which they encode. The aim of this short paper is to summarise
      what was known about these matters 30 years ago and highlight some of the major
      advances in the understanding of the types of extrinsic sensory neurons to the
      gut. Necessarily, the choice of papers is somewhat idiosyncratic, but they
      illustrate the range of advances that have been made in distinguishing the
      different classes of gastrointestinal afferent nerves. 

PMID- 27379636
TI  - Ageing and Gastrointestinal Sensory Function.
AB  - Over the past few decades a combination of electrophysiological, morphological
      and molecular approaches has enabled the different populations of vagal and
      spinal afferents that innervate the bowel to be characterized. The sensitivity of
      these afferents is determined by their location in the gut wall, their
      relationship with other cells and structures and the receptors and ion channels
      that they express on their nerve terminals. An important feature of this
      innervation is that it is upregulated during injury, inflammation and ischaemia
      through changes in receptors and ion channels that determine excitability and
      sensitivity. In recent studies we have sought to identify how sensory mechanisms
      are influenced as part of the normal ageing process. Attenuated signaling was
      evident in different gastrointestinal afferent subpopulations conveying low and
      high threshold mechanosensory information and there was impairment in the ability
      of sensory neurons to sensitize in response to chemical mediators such as 5-HT.
      These sensory deficits may contribute to altered bowel habits with age and the
      prevalence of incontinence in the elderly. 

PMID- 27379637
TI  - Altered Ion Channel/Receptor Expression and Function in Extrinsic Sensory
      Neurons: The Cause of and Solution to Chronic Visceral Pain?
AB  - The gastrointestinal tract is unique in that it is innervated by several distinct
      populations of neurons, whose cell bodies are either intrinsic (enteric,
      viscerofugal) or extrinsic (sympathetic, sensory afferents) to the wall of the
      gut. We are usually completely unaware of the continuous, complicated orchestra
      of functions that these neurons conduct. However, for patients with Inflammatory
      Bowel Disease (IBD) or functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as Functional
      Dyspepsia (FD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) altered gastrointestinal
      motility, discomfort and pain are common, debilitating symptoms. Whilst bouts of
      inflammation underlie the symptoms associated with IBD, over the past few years
      there is increased pre-clinical and clinical evidence that infection and
      inflammation are key risk factors for the development of several functional
      gastrointestinal disorders, in particular IBS. There is a strong correlation
      between prior exposure to gut infection and symptom occurrence; with the duration
      and severity of the initial illness the strongest associated risk factors. This
      review discusses the current body of evidence for neuroplasticity during
      inflammation and how in many cases fails to reset back to normal, long after
      healing of the damaged tissues. Recent evidence suggests that the altered
      expression and function of key ion channels and receptors within extrinsic
      sensory neurons play fundamental roles in the aberrant pain sensation associated
      with these gastrointestinal diseases and disorders.

PMID- 27379638
TI  - Purinergic Signalling in the Gut.
AB  - The article will begin with the discovery of purinergic inhibitory neuromuscular
      transmission in the 1960s/1970s, the proposal for purinergic cotransmission in
      1976 and the recognition that sympathetic nerves release adenosine 5'
      triphosphate (ATP), noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y, while non-adrenergic, non
      cholinergic inhibitory nerve cotransmitters are ATP, nitric oxide and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide in variable proportions in different regions of the gut.
      Later, purinergic synaptic transmission in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses
      was established and purinergic receptors expressed by both glial and interstitial
      cells. The focus will then be on purinergic mechanosensory transduction involving
      release of ATP from mucosal epithelial cells during distension to activate P2X3
      receptors on submucosal sensory nerve endings. The responses of low threshold
      fibres mediate enteric reflex activity via intrinsic sensory nerves, while high
      threshold fibres initiate pain via extrinsic sensory nerves. Finally, the
      involvement of purinergic signalling in an animal model of colitis will be
      presented, showing that during distension there is increased ATP release,
      increased P2X3 receptor expression on calcitonin gene-related peptide-labelled
      sensory neurons and increased sensory nerve activity. 

PMID- 27379639
TI  - Is There a Role for Endogenous 5-HT in Gastrointestinal Motility? How Recent
      Studies Have Changed Our Understanding.
AB  - Over the past few years, there have been dramatic changes in our understanding of
      the role of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the generation of
      gastrointestinal (GI) motility patterns in the small and large intestine. The
      idea that endogenous 5-HT played a major role in the generation of peristalsis in
      the small intestine was first proposed in the mid 1950s, after it was discovered
      that endogenous 5-HT could be released from the mucosa at a similar time that
      peristalsis occurred; and that exogenous 5-HT could potently stimulate
      peristalsis. The fact that exogenous 5-HT stimulated peristalsis and that there
      was a similarity in timing between the release of 5-HT from the mucosa and the
      onset of peristalsis led investigators to propose that release of endogenous 5-HT
      from the mucosa was causally related to the generation of peristalsis. In further
      support of this, other studies showed that selective 5-HT antagonists could
      inhibit or block peristalsis, and other motor patterns, such as the migrating
      motor complex. Taken together, based on these findings, some laboratories
      believed that endogenous 5-HT (synthesized in the gut wall) was an important
      mediator, or initiator, of different propulsive motor patterns in the lower GI
      tract. This notion changed dramatically in the past few years, however, after it
      was discovered that removal of the mucosa abolished all cyclical release of
      endogenous 5-HT, but did not block peristalsis, nor the cyclical migrating
      complex. Furthermore, other laboratories revealed that genetic deletion of the
      gene tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH-1) (that synthesizes endogenous 5-HT in the
      mucosa) actually had no inhibitory effect on transit of intestinal contents in
      live animals. Then, perhaps one of the most startling of all observations was the
      discovery that selective 5-HT receptor antagonists actually have the same
      inhibitory effects on peristalsis and the migrating complex in segments of
      intestine that had been depleted of all endogenous 5-HT. Taken together, these
      recent findings have led to a major revision in our understanding of the
      functional role of endogenous 5-HT in the generation of propulsive motor patterns
      in the lower GI tract. This review will focus on how our understanding of
      endogenous 5-HT in the GI tract has changed substantially in recent times.

PMID- 27379640
TI  - Enteric neuropathies: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow.
AB  - Enteric neuropathy is a term indicating an impairment of the innervation
      supplying the gastrointestinal tract. The clinical phenotypes of the enteric
      neuropathies are the 'tip of the iceberg' of severe functional digestive
      diseases, such as intestinal pseudo-obstruction syndromes (e.g., chronic
      intestinal pseudo-obstruction). Despite progress acquired over the years, the
      pathogenetic mechanisms leading to enteric neuropathies are still far from being
      elucidated and the therapeutic approaches to these patients are mainly
      supportive, rather than curative.The purpose of this chapter is to review the
      advancements that have been done in the knowledge of enteric neuropathies
      identified in adult patients ('tomorrow'), going through where we currently are
      ('today') following a brief history of the major milestones on the pioneering
      discoveries in the field ('yesterday'). 

PMID- 27379641
TI  - Postnatal Development of the Mouse Enteric Nervous System.
AB  - Owing to over three decades of research, we now have a good understanding of the
      genetic and molecular control of enteric nervous system (ENS) development during
      embryonic and prenatal stages. On the other hand, it has only just become clear
      that a substantial process of ENS maturation occurs after birth (Hao et al.
      2013a). During postnatal stages, in addition to genetic influences, ENS
      development is also potentially affected by the external environment. Thus it is
      possible that manipulating certain environmental factors could help prevent or
      reduce motility disorders. However the genetic and environmental factors that
      regulate postnatal ENS development remain unknown. Researchers have used a
      variety of animal models that are easy to manipulate genetically or
      experimentally, and have short gestational periods, to understand the development
      of the ENS. Notably, due to the availability of mouse models for several human
      enteric neuropathies, many studies have used the mature and developing murine ENS
      as a model. Here, I will discuss recent advances in knowledge about postnatal
      development of the murine ENS, and highlight future directions for this emerging
      research field. 

PMID- 27379642
TI  - G Protein-Coupled Receptor Trafficking and Signalling in the Enteric Nervous
      System: The Past, Present and Future.
AB  - G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) enable cells to detect and respond to changes
      in their extracellular environment. With over 800 members, the GPCR family
      includes receptors for a diverse range of agonists including olfactants,
      neurotransmitters and hormones. Importantly, GPCRs represent a major therapeutic
      target, with approximately 50 % of all current drugs acting at some aspect of
      GPCR signalling (Audet and Bouvier 2008). GPCRs are widely expressed by all cell
      types in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are major regulators of every aspect
      of gut function. Many GPCRs are internalised upon activation, and this represents
      one of the mechanisms through which G protein-signalling is terminated. The
      latency between the endocytosis of GPCRs and their recycling and resensitization
      is a major determinant of the cell's ability to respond to subsequent exposure to
      agonists.

PMID- 27379643
TI  - The Intrinsic Reflex Circuitry of the Inflamed Colon.
AB  - In 1899, Bayliss and Starling determined that the innervation of the intestines
      differs from that of other organs. They found that local neuronal networks are
      capable of generating reflex responses without the involvement of the central
      nervous system (Bayliss and Starling 1899). Once this unique feature of the
      enteric nervous system (ENS) was identified, it took roughly a century for
      enteric neurobiologists to accomplish the task of being able to identify the
      components of this "intrinsic neural mechanism", including intrinsic primary
      afferent neuron, ascending and descending interneuron, and excitatory and
      inhibitory motor neurons (Bayliss and Starling 1899). Once this was possible, we
      and others began to investigate the intrinsic circuitry of the colon and ileum to
      systematically determine the cellular mechanisms that explain the changes in
      motility and secretion that occur in intestinal inflammation. We wanted to
      establish what changes occur in the enteric neural circuitry, where they occur,
      the mechanisms responsible for these changes, and how these changes in the neural
      circuitry impact intestinal function.

PMID- 27379644
TI  - Integrated Neural and Endocrine Control of Gastrointestinal Function.
AB  - The activity of the digestive system is dynamically regulated by external
      factors, including body nutritional and activity states, emotions and the
      contents of the digestive tube. The gut must adjust its activity to assimilate a
      hugely variable mixture that is ingested, particularly in an omnivore such as
      human for which a wide range of food choices exist. It must also guard against
      toxins and pathogens. These nutritive and non-nutritive components of the gut
      contents interact with the largest and most vulnerable surface in the body, the
      lining of the gastrointestinal tract. This requires a gut sensory system that can
      detect many classes of nutrients, non-nutrient components of food,
      physicochemical conditions, toxins, pathogens and symbionts (Furness et al., Nat
      Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:729-740, 2013). The gut sensors are in turn coupled
      to effector systems that can respond to the sensory information. The responses
      are exerted through enteroendocrine cells (EEC), the enteric nervous system
      (ENS), the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut immune and tissue defence
      systems. It is apparent that the control of the digestive organs is an integrated
      function of these effectors. The peripheral components of the EEC, ENS and CNS
      triumvirate are extensive. EEC cells have traditionally been classified into
      about 12 types (disputed in this review), releasing about 20 hormones, together
      making the gut endocrine system the largest endocrine organ in the body.
      Likewise, in human the ENS contains about 500 million neurons, far more than the
      number of neurons in the remainder of the peripheral autonomic nervous system.
      Together gut hormones, the ENS and the CNS control or influence functions
      including satiety, mixing and propulsive activity, release of digestive enzymes,
      induction of nutrient transporters, fluid transport, local blood flow, gastric
      acid secretion, evacuation and immune responses. Gut content receptors, including
      taste, free fatty acid, peptide and phytochemical receptors, are primarily
      located on EEC. Hormones released by EEC act via both the ENS and CNS to optimise
      digestion. Toxic chemicals and pathogens are sensed and then avoided, expelled or
      metabolised. These defensive activities also involve the EEC and signalling from
      EEC to the ENS and the CNS. A major challenge is to develop a comprehensive
      understanding of the integrated responses of the gut, via its effector systems,
      the ENS, extrinsic innervation, EEC and the gut immune system, to the sensory
      information it receives. 

PMID- 27379645
TI  - Enteric Neurobiology: Discoveries and Directions.
AB  - Discovery and documentation of noncholinergic-nonadrenergic neurotransmission in
      the enteric nervous system started a revolution in mechanisms of neural control
      of the digestive tract that continues into a twenty-first century era of
      translational gastroenterology, which is now firmly embedded in the term,
      neurogastroenterology. This chapter, on Enteric Neurobiology: Discoveries and
      Directions, tracks the step-by-step advances in enteric neuronal
      electrophysiology and synaptic behavior and progresses to the higher order
      functions of central pattern generators, hard wired synaptic circuits and
      libraries of neural programs in the brain-in-the-gut that underlie the several
      different patterns of motility and secretory behaviors that occur in the
      specialized, serially-connected compartments extending from the esophagus to the
      anus. 

PMID- 27379646
TI  - Advanced 3D Optical Microscopy in ENS Research.
AB  - Microscopic techniques are among the few approaches that have survived the test
      of time. Being invented half way the seventeenth century by Antonie van
      Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, this technology is still essential in modern
      biomedical labs. Many microscopy techniques have been used in ENS research to
      guide researchers in their dissections and later to enable electrode recordings.
      Apart from this, microscopy has been instrumental in the identification of
      subpopulations of cells in the ENS, using a variety of staining methods. A
      significant step forward in the use of microscopy was the introduction of
      fluorescence approaches. Due to the fact that intense excitation light is now
      filtered away from the longer wavelength emission light, the contrast can be
      improved drastically, which helped to identify subpopulations of enteric neurons
      in a variety of species. Later functionalized fluorescent probes were used to
      measure and film activity in muscle and neuronal cells. Another important impetus
      to the use of microscopy was the discovery and isolation of the green fluorescent
      protein (GFP), as it gave rise to the development of many different color
      variants and functionalized constructs. Recent advances in microscopy are the
      result of a continuous search to enhance contrast between the item of interest
      and its background but also to improve resolving power to tell two small objects
      apart. In this chapter three different microscopy approaches will be discussed
      that can aid to improve our understanding of ENS function within the gut wall.

PMID- 27379647
TI  - Excitability and Synaptic Transmission in the Enteric Nervous System: Does Diet
      Play a Role?
AB  - Changes in diet are a challenge to the gastrointestinal tract which needs to
      alter its processing mechanisms to continue to process nutrients and maintain
      health. In particular, the enteric nervous system (ENS) needs to adapt its motor
      and secretory programs to deal with changes in nutrient type and load in order to
      optimise nutrient absorption.The nerve circuits in the gut are complex, and the
      numbers and types of neurons make recordings of specific cell types difficult,
      time-consuming, and prone to sampling errors. Nonetheless, traditional research
      methods like intracellular electrophysiological approaches have provided the
      basis for our understanding of the ENS circuitry. In particular, animal models of
      intestinal inflammation have shown us that we can document changes to neuronal
      excitability and synaptic transmission.Recent studies examining diet-induced
      changes to ENS programming have opted to use fast imaging techniques to reveal
      changes in neuron function. Advances in imaging techniques using voltage- or
      calcium-sensitive dyes to record neuronal activity promise to overcome many
      limitations inherent to electrophysiological approaches. Imaging techniques allow
      access to a wide range of ENS phenotypes and to the changes they undergo during
      dietary challenges. These sorts of studies have shown that dietary variation or
      obesity can change how the ENS processes information-in effect reprogramming the
      ENS. In this review, the data gathered from intracellular recordings will be
      compared with measurements made using imaging techniques in an effort to
      determine if the lessons learnt from inflammatory changes are relevant to the
      understanding of diet-induced reprogramming. 

PMID- 27379648
TI  - Recording In Vivo Human Colonic Motility: What Have We Learnt Over the Past 100
      Years?
AB  - To understand the abnormalities that underpin functional gut disorders we must
      first gain insight into the normal patterns of gut motility. While detailed
      information continually builds on the motor patterns (and mechanisms that control
      them) of the human esophagus and anorectum, our knowledge of normal and abnormal
      motility in the more inaccessible regions of the gut remains poor. This
      particularly true of the human colon. Investigation of in vivo colonic motor
      patterns is achieved through measures of transit (radiology, scintigraphy and,
      more recently, "smart pills") or by direct real-time recording of colonic
      contractility (intraluminal manometry). This short review will provide an
      overview of findings from the past and present and attempt to piece together the
      complex nature of colonic motor patterns. In doing so it will build a profile of
      human colonic motility and determine the likely mechanisms that control this
      motility. 

PMID- 27379649
TI  - The Virus of Vagueness in Authorship.

PMID- 27379650
TI  - Adolescent male chimpanzees do not form a dominance hierarchy with their peers.
AB  - Dominance hierarchies are a prominent feature of the lives of many primate
      species. These hierarchies have important fitness consequences, as high rank is
      often positively correlated with reproduction. Although adult male chimpanzees
      strive for status to gain fitness benefits, the development of dominance
      relationships is not well understood. While two prior studies found that
      adolescent males do not display dominance relationships with peers, additional
      research at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda, indicates that adolescents
      there form a linear dominance hierarchy. These conflicting findings could reflect
      different patterns of rank acquisition across sites. An alternate possibility
      arises from a recent re-evaluation of age estimates at Ngogo and suggests that
      the report describing decided dominance relationships between adolescent males
      may have been due to the accidental inclusion of young adult males in the sample.
      To investigate these issues, we conducted a study of 23 adolescent male
      chimpanzees of known age during 12 months at Ngogo. Adolescent male chimpanzees
      exchanged pant grunts, a formal signal of submission, only 21 times. Recipients
      of pant grunts were late adolescent males, ranging between 14 and 16 years old.
      In contrast, younger adolescent males never received pant grunts from other
      males. Aggression between adolescent males was also rare. Analysis of pant grunts
      and aggressive interactions did not produce a linear dominance hierarchy among
      adolescent males. These data indicate that adolescent male chimpanzees do not
      form decided dominance relationships with their peers and are consistent with the
      hypothesis that the hierarchy described previously at Ngogo resulted from
      inaccurate age estimates of male chimpanzees. Because dominance relationships
      develop before adulthood in other primates, our finding that adolescent male
      chimpanzees do not do so is surprising. We offer possible explanations for why
      this is the case and suggest future studies that may help clarify the matter.

PMID- 27379651
TI  - Bringing the Family's Voice to Research.

PMID- 27379652
TI  - Gene expression pattern analysis of a recombinant Escherichia coli strain
      possessing high growth and lycopene production capability when using fructose as
      carbon source.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Escherichia coli K12f-pACLYC has a high capability for growth and
      lycopene production when using fructose as carbon source and the transcription of
      genes involved was compared in glucose-grown and fructose-grown cells. RESULTS:
      Escherichia coli K12f-pACLYC was grown on 10 g fructose l(-1) and reached 4.6 g
      DCW l(-1) with lycopene at 192 mg g DCW(-1), values that are 3-fold and 7-fold
      higher than when growing on glucose. Gene transcription profiles of fructose
      grown and glucose-grown cells were compared. 384 differentially expressed genes
      (DEGs) with fold changes >=4 were identified, and the transcription of genes
      involved in fructose uptake and metabolism, pyruvate catabolism, tricarboxylic
      acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation varied significantly. These changes
      enhanced the metabolic flux into the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the
      tricarboxylic acid cylcle and coupled to oxidative phosphorylation. These
      enhanced activities provide more precursors, cofactors and energy needed for
      growth lycopene production. CONCLUSION: The high capability of E. coli K12f
      pACLYC for growth and lycopene production when growing on fructose is due to
      transcriptional regulation, and the relevant genes were identified.

PMID- 27379653
TI  - Covalent immobilization of Agrobacterium radiobacter epoxide hydrolase on
      ethylenediamine functionalised epoxy supports for biocatalytical synthesis of (R)
      epichlorohydrin.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To improve the operational stability and reusability of an epoxide
      hydrolase (EH) for the biosynthesis of optically active epoxides. RESULTS: A
      covalently immobilization strategy was employed to improve the stability of
      Agrobacterium radiobacter EH by using ethylenediamine (EDA)-functionalised epoxy
      resin LX-1000EP as carrier. Under the optimal conditions, the activity recovery
      of immobilized enzyme was 72 % and the specific activity was 634 U/g. Immobilized
      EH exhibited significantly enhanced thermal stability with a half-life of more
      than 6.8-fold at 50  degrees C than that of the free enzyme. A gram-scale kinetic
      resolution of (R,S)-epichlorohydrin using immobilized preparation as biocatalyst
      was performed and (R)-epichlorohydrin was obtained with 35 % yield and 99 %
      enantiomeric excess. The immobilized EH showed good operational stability and
      even after six reactions, it retained >85 % of the initial activity. CONCLUSION:
      The operational stability and recyclability of immobilized EH on an EDA
      functionalized epoxy supports demonstrated its potential for producing (R)
      epichlorohydrin.

PMID- 27379655
TI  - Circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor binding
      protein-3 level in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis.
AB  - It has been reported that the associations between circulating insulin-like
      growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP
      3) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are controversial. Thus, present meta-analysis
      was carried out to confirm the probable associations. We searched "PubMed",
      "Springer" and "Medline" databases using the term ("insulin-like growth factor-1"
      or "IGF-1" or "insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3" or "IGFBP-3") and
      ("Alzheimer's disease") until April 2016. Furthermore, standard mean differences
      (SMDs) were calculated. A total of seven reports involving 1342 percipients were
      pooled. SMDs were -0.25 (P = 0.22) and -0.33 (P = 0.08) for IGF-1 and IGFBP-3,
      respectively. Furthermore, the circulating IGF-1 levels in AD patients were lower
      than controls when studies with the difference of mean age <=1 year (SMD -0.57, P
      = 0.007) or 2 years (SMD -0.58, P = 0.02) or difference of mean MMSE scores <=10
      scores (SMD -0.94, P < 0.00001), or studies from Europe (SMD -0.89, P < 0.00001)
      were excluded. In addition, the circulating IGFBP-3 levels in AD patients were
      lower than controls when studies with the difference of mean age <=2 years (SMD 
      0.62, P = 0.006) or difference of mean MMSE scores <=6 scores (SMD -0.48, P =
      0.0004), 7 scores (SMD -0.58, P = 0.02), or 8 scores (SMD -0.80, P = 0.03) were
      excluded. Even though no significant difference of circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3
      levels in AD patients comparing with controls was found in present meta-analysis,
      the current study provided the evidence that the circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3
      level in AD patients were influenced by the difference of mean age as well as
      MMSE scores. Furthermore, circulating IGFBP-3 levels in AD patients may be
      decreased earlier than IGF-1. 

PMID- 27379656
TI  - Vessel floating sign by echocardiography.

PMID- 27379654
TI  - A Randomized Trial of Iloperidone for Prevention of Relapse in Schizophrenia: The
      REPRIEVE Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and
      effectiveness of iloperidone for the prevention of relapse in schizophrenia.
      METHODS: Study subjects were adults with schizophrenia who started on oral open
      label iloperidone titrated to an initial target dose of 12 mg/day (6 mg twice
      daily) and then stabilized on a flexible-dose iloperidone regimen (range 8-24
      mg/day) for up to 24 weeks. Subjects meeting stabilization criteria then entered
      the relapse-prevention phase and were randomized 1:1 in a double-blind fashion to
      continue with iloperidone or placebo withdrawal for up to 26 weeks or until
      meeting relapse or other withdrawal criteria. RESULTS: A total of 303 subjects
      were randomized to the relapse-prevention phase; 153 continued to receive
      iloperidone, and 150 were withdrawn to placebo. The modal total daily dose for
      iloperidone in all phases of the study was 12 mg/day. The pre-defined unblinded
      interim analysis upon reaching 68 relapse events confirmed the hypothesis that
      iloperidone (n = 97) was more effective than placebo (n = 96) in preventing
      relapse events, and the trial was stopped early. The estimated relapse rates were
      63.4 % (Kaplan-Meier [KM] estimate) for placebo compared with 20.4 % (KM
      estimate) for those continuing to receive iloperidone (log rank test: p <
      0.0001). The mean time to relapse was 71 days for placebo and 139 days for
      iloperidone (hazard ratio 4.7; 95 % confidence interval 2.7-8.3; p < 0.0001). The
      safety profile observed in previous short-term studies was also reaffirmed in
      this maintenance treatment setting. The most common treatment-emergent adverse
      events (TEAEs) in the stabilization phase were dizziness (11.6 %), somnolence
      (8.3 %), and dry mouth (6.8 %). Rates of reported extrapyramidal disorder or
      akathisia during stabilization were 2.5 and 3.7 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      Flexible dosing of iloperidone for maintenance-phase therapy, with a modal dose
      of 12 mg/day was effective in preventing relapse in subjects previously
      stabilized on iloperidone. The adverse event profile for iloperidone was
      consistent with other studies, and the low extrapyramidal symptom and akathisia
      burden during stabilization was sustained during the course of the study.
      ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01291511.

PMID- 27379657
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379658
TI  - Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in the Overhead Athlete: A Report of 2 Cases of
      Subclavius Posticus Muscle.
AB  - Subclavius posticus muscle is a supernumerary anatomical variation of the
      subclavius muscle. The aim of this study was to show the possible contribution of
      the posticus muscle in the development of unilateral thoracic outlet syndrome
      (TOS) in overhead athletes, presenting hypertrophy of the dominant arm due to
      their sport activity. Reported here are 2 young overhead athletes complaining
      pain, paresthesia, weakness in the dominant upper limb, although presenting none
      of the main shoulder and neurological disorders. After developing subclavian vein
      thrombosis, TOS was suspected and finally diagnosed by dynamic magnetic resonance
      angiography, which also showed bilateral subclavius posticus muscle in both
      patients. Despite bilateral subclavius posticus, TOS was only evident in the
      dominant limb in which the association of hypertrophy of lateral cervical
      muscles, resulting from the overhead sport activity, to the subclavius posticus
      likely led to a significant reduction of the upper thoracic outlet space.

PMID- 27379659
TI  - Heart Rate Variability of Athletes Across Concussion Recovery Milestones: A
      Preliminary Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess heart rate variability (HRV) in athletes with concussion
      across three phases of recovery. DESIGN: A prospective matched control group
      design included the collection of HRV and symptoms measured by the Rivermead Post
      Concussion Questionnaire. These measures were taken at 3 phases of recovery [(1)
      symptomatic; (2). asymptomatic; and (3) one-week after return-to-play (RTP)]. The
      same protocol was completed by noninjured athletes. SETTING: Interuniversity
      sports teams at a single institution. PARTICIPANTS: 11 athletes, across 7 sports,
      diagnosed with concussion, and 11 matched-athlete controls volunteered for the
      study. INTERVENTION: Physician diagnosed concussion and a sitting to standing
      protocol for HRV monitoring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The frequency, time, and
      nonlinear domains of HRV were assessed along with the absolute difference between
      sitting and standing for each. RESULTS: A 2 x 3 (group x phase) repeated-measures
      analysis of variance revealed significant interactions for sitting High Frequency
      (HF) norm, sitting Low Frequency (LF) norm, the difference between sitting and
      standing HF norm, and difference between sitting and standing LF norm. Acutely,
      athletes with concussion displayed increased LF norm and decreased HF norm while
      sitting and a decreased change in their HF and LF norm measures between sitting
      and standing. A significant group effect for sample entropy when standing was
      detected, with the concussed group displaying decreased values compared with the
      matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: Athletes with concussion displayed autonomic
      dysfunction in some measures of HRV that persisted beyond RTP and were related to
      a previous history of concussion.

PMID- 27379661
TI  - Comparison of Different Physical Activity Measurement Methods in Adults Aged 45
      to 64 Years Under Free-Living Conditions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare physical activity (PA) measured by 4 methods in adults
      under free-living conditions in relation to selected demographic and
      anthropometric variables. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Department of Sports
      Medicine. PARTICIPANTS: Clinically healthy men (81) and women (69) aged 45 to 64
      years. INTERVENTIONS: Physical activity monitoring for 7 consecutive days under
      free-living conditions by pedometer (P) and accelerometer (A) simultaneously and
      PA questionnaires: International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Seven
      Day Physical Activity Questionnaire Recall (SDPAR) completed after the 7-day PA.
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of PA measured by pedometer, IPAQ, and SDPAR
      with accelerometer with regard to age, body mass, gender, and obesity type.
      RESULTS: Total energy expenditure (EE) by IPAQ was higher than A (P < 0.001) in
      both groups regardless of age, body mass, or obesity type. Mean EE value by P was
      greater than A (P < 0.001) in central-obesity males and lower than A (P < 0.001)
      in central-obesity females. There were differences in step counts in women,
      unnoticed in men. SDPAR overestimated total EE in gynoid-obesity males and in
      central-obesity females compared with A. Ninety-five percent CI was the largest
      around IPAQ compared with P and SDPAR, with SDPAR showing the best agreement with
      A. CONCLUSIONS: Body mass and obesity type influenced PA measurements. To monitor
      PA, it is recommended to use pedometer in normal bodyweight and overweight groups
      while accelerometer is advisable in obese subjects. A combined approach of
      objective and subjective PA monitoring tools is preferable.

PMID- 27379660
TI  - Sex Differences in Vestibular/Ocular and Neurocognitive Outcomes After Sport
      Related Concussion.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine sex differences in vestibular and oculomotor symptoms and
      impairment in athletes with sport-related concussion (SRC). The secondary purpose
      was to replicate previously reported sex differences in total concussion
      symptoms, and performance on neurocognitive and balance testing. DESIGN:
      Prospective cross-sectional study of consecutively enrolled clinic patients
      within 21 days of a SRC. SETTING: Specialty Concussion Clinic. PARTICIPANTS:
      Included male (n = 36) and female (n = 28) athletes ages 9 to 18 years.
      INTERVENTIONS: Vestibular symptoms and impairment was measured with the
      Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS). Participants completed the Immediate
      Post-concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), Post-concussion Symptom
      Scale (PCSS), and Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES:
      Sex differences on clinical measures. RESULTS: Females had higher PCSS scores (P
      = 0.01) and greater VOMS vestibular ocular reflex (VOR) score (P = 0.01) compared
      with males. There were no sex differences on BESS or ImPACT. Total PCSS scores
      together with female sex accounted for 45% of the variance in VOR scores.
      CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest higher VOR scores after SRC in female compared with
      male athletes. Findings did not extend to other components of the VOMS tool
      suggesting that sex differences may be specific to certain types of vestibular
      impairment after SRC. Additional research on the clinical significance of the
      current findings is needed.

PMID- 27379663
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379662
TI  - Study on the Mechanism of Interaction between Phthalate Acid Esters and Bovine
      Hemoglobin.
AB  - Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are widely used in plastic products as a series of
      chemical softeners. However, PAEs, which now exist in many environmental media
      such as the atmosphere, water, and soil, have been shown to be environmental
      endocrine disruptors. Hemoglobin is a functional protein that carries oxygen in
      the red blood cells of animals. This study aims at revealing the interactions
      between bovine hemoglobin (BHb) and PAEs using spectroscopic and molecular
      modeling methods. The results indicate that the selected representative PAEs
      dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
      can interact with BHb to form BHb-PAE complexes with one binding site, mainly
      relying on hydrophobic forces, with the affinity order DMP > DEP > DBP, opposite
      to the order of side-chain length. The binding of PAEs can cause conformational
      and micro-environmental changes in BHb, which may affect the physiological
      functions of Hb. Furthermore, molecular docking was applied to define the
      specific binding sites, the results of which show that all the three PAEs can
      bind into the central cavity of BHb. The study contributes to expound the toxic
      mechanism of PAEs in vivo from the point of hematological toxicology. 

PMID- 27379664
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - Jaundice is a symptom with a multitude of possible causes. These can be divided
      up into primary diseases of bilirubin metabolism, secondary hyperbilirubinemia in
      patients with liver disease, and diseases with bile duct occlusion.The major
      objective of the examination must be to exclude those causes that represent an
      acute danger to the patient, in particular cholangitis or cholecystitis. Symptoms
      that should cause alarm bells to ring include abdominal pain, fever and chills.
      When obtaining the patient's anamnesis, particular attention must be paid to
      lithiasis and previous operations. Laboratory findings of elevated alkaline
      phosphatase and gamma-GT indicate the presence of cholestasis. If an extrahepatic
      obstruction is suspected, ultrasonography of the upper abdomen is required. 

PMID- 27379665
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379666
TI  - Iodine(III)-Mediated Selective Intermolecular C-H Amination for the Chemical
      Diversification of Tryptamines.
AB  - Defined hypervalent iodine reagents of the general structure PhI[N(SO2R)(SO2R')]2
      promote the selective direct C-H-amination of the indole core of various
      tryptamines. Starting from a general C2-amination strategy, subsequent
      transformations enable a variety of site-selective functionalizations, which
      proceed with noteworthy high chemoselectivity and provide an overall access to
      structurally diversified products.

PMID- 27379667
TI  - Current and cumulative night shift work and subclinical atherosclerosis: results
      of the Gutenberg Health Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The study examines the association between exposure to current and
      cumulative night shift work and subclinical parameters of atherosclerosis.
      METHODS: Participants of a population-based cohort study (the Gutenberg Health
      Study, N = 15,010) aged 35-64 years were examined at baseline (2007-2012).
      Investigations included measurements of arterial stiffness, vascular function
      [reactive hyperaemia (RH) index], and intima media thickness (IMT). Also, a
      complete job history (including up to 15 periods), occupational exposures, a
      variety of lifestyle, and dispositional variables were enquired. RESULTS: Night
      shift work was performed by 1071 out of 8065 currently employed individuals. The
      strongest association after adjustment for age, sex, job complexity level, being
      a manager, overtime work, and noise appeared for more than 660 night shifts
      within the last 10 years and a significantly increased arterial stiffness of 0.33
      m/s. This reflects a 4 % flow velocity increase for individuals with more than
      660 night shifts compared to non-night workers. Regarding the entire professional
      life, night shift workers showed a significantly decreased vascular function by 
      0.054 RH index points by using the same adjustment. IMT values did not differ
      statistically from non-night workers. Lifestyle and dispositional factors showed
      an influence on all used subclinical atherosclerosis parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The
      cross-sectional results demonstrate an association between night work and
      detrimental changes in the atherosclerotic process. The association is more
      pronounced with more years in night shift and is partly explained by lifestyle
      and dispositional factors. Longitudinal analyses are necessary to confirm the
      results.

PMID- 27379668
TI  - Family and Community Predictors of Comorbid Language, Socioemotional and Behavior
      Problems at School Entry.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence and family and community-level predictors
      of comorbid speech-language difficulties and socioemotional and behavioral (SEB)
      difficulties across a population of children at school entry. METHODS: The School
      Entry Health Questionnaire is a parent survey of children's health and wellbeing,
      completed by all children starting school in Victoria, Australia (N = 53256). It
      includes parental report of speech-language difficulties, the Strengths and
      Difficulties Questionnaire (behavior), and numerous family and community
      variables. Following univariate analysis, family and community risk
      characteristics were entered into a multinomial logistic regression model to
      identify the associated relative risk of comorbid speech/language and SEB needs.
      The influence of experiencing multiple risk factors was also examined. RESULTS:
      20.4% (n = 10,868) began school with either speech-language or SEB difficulties,
      with 3.1% (n = 1670) experiencing comorbid needs. Five factors predicted
      comorbidity: the child having witnessed violence; a history of parent mental
      illness; living in more deprived communities; and the educational attainment of
      each parent (independently). The relative risk of comorbidity was 6.1 (95%
      Confidence Interval: 3.9, 9.7) when a child experienced four or more risk
      factors, compared to those with no risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of
      comorbidity in early childhood is associated with a range of family and community
      factors, and elevated by the presence of multiple factors. Children growing up in
      families experiencing multiple, complex needs are therefore at heightened risk of
      the early development of difficulties likely to impact upon schooling. Early
      identification of these children offers opportunities for appropriate and timely
      health and education intervention.

PMID- 27379669
TI  - Placental endoplasmic reticulum stress and acidosis: relevant aspects in
      gestational diabetes.
AB  - In this issue, Yung and colleagues (doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-4040-2 ) report
      endoplasmic reticulum stress in the placenta of patients with gestational
      diabetes mellitus. With the use of a trophoblast-like cell line, these authors
      identify putative mechanisms involved in, and treatments to prevent the induction
      of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, the relevance and possible implications of
      these findings and areas for further research are discussed.

PMID- 27379670
TI  - Single-stage medial open reduction and Pemberton acetabuloplasty in developmental
      dysplasia of the hip.
AB  - In this study, we aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiological
      results of single-stage open reduction through a medial approach and Pemberton
      acetabuloplasty in developmental dysplasia of the hip. We treated 32 hips (22
      patients) with developmental dysplasia by a single-stage open reduction through
      Ferguson's medial approach and Pemberton acetabuloplasty. The procedure was
      performed bilaterally in 10 patients. The mean age of the patients at the time of
      the operation was 19.8 months (16-24 months). The mean follow-up period was 10.9
      years (7-19 years). Group I avascular necrosis according to the Kalamchi and
      MacEwen classification was observed in two hips and group II in one hip.
      Radiologically, 90.6% of the hips were classified as Severin class I and 9.4% of
      the hips were classified as Severin class II. At the latest follow-up, 30 hips
      were assessed clinically as excellent and two hips as good. No patient required
      subsequent surgery. We conclude that single-stage medial open reduction and
      Pemberton acetabuloplasty represent an effective method for developmental
      dysplasia of the hip in children older than 15 months of age. 

PMID- 27379671
TI  - The management of residual acetabular dysplasia: updates and controversies.
AB  - Residual acetabular dysplasia is a frequent cause of secondary osteoarthritis of
      the hip and its management is still controversial. The aim of this review is to
      describe residual acetabular dysplasia, to estimate the age limit above which
      surgical management is needed, and to emphasize the role of assistive imaging in
      evaluating predictive parameters for future acetabular development. A decision
      making algorithm is presented.

PMID- 27379673
TI  - Consumption of Meals Prepared at Home and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: An Analysis of
      Two Prospective Cohort Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been a trend towards increased dining out in many
      countries. Consuming food prepared out of the home has been linked to poor diet
      quality, weight gain, and diabetes risk, but whether having meals prepared at
      home (MPAH) is associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unknown.
      METHODS AND FINDINGS: We followed 58,051 women (from 1986 to 2012) and 41,676 men
      (from 1986 to 2010) in two prospective cohort studies of health professionals.
      Frequencies of consuming midday or evening MPAH were assessed at baseline and
      during follow-up. Incident T2D was identified through self-report and confirmed
      using a validated supplementary questionnaire. During 2.1 million person-years of
      follow-up, 9,356 T2D cases were documented. After adjusting for demographic,
      socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence
      intervals (95% CIs) of T2D were 1 (reference), 0.93 (0.88-0.99), 0.96 (0.90
      1.03), and 0.86 (0.81-0.91) for those eating 0-6, 7-8, 9-10, and 11-14 MPAH (p
      trend < 0.001) per week, respectively. Participants eating 5-7 midday MPAH had 9%
      lower T2D risk than those with 0-2 midday MPAH, and participants having 5-7
      evening MPAH had 15% lower risk than those with 0-2 evening MPAH (both p-trend <
      0.001). In the first 8 y of follow-up, women and men who consumed 11-14 MPAH per
      week had 0.34 kg (95% CI: 0.15-0.53; p < 0.001) and 1.23 kg (95% CI: 0.92-1.54)
      less weight gain than those with 0-6 MPAH, respectively. Among participants who
      were nonobese (body mass index [BMI] < 30 kg/m2) at baseline, pooled HR (95% CI)
      of developing obesity (BMI >= 30 kg/m2) was 0.86 (0.82-0.91; p-trend < 0.001)
      when extreme MPAH groups (11-14 MPAH versus 0-6 MPAH) were compared. When midday
      and evening MPAH were analyzed separately, HRs comparing extreme groups (5-7 MPAH
      versus 0-2 MPAH) were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89-0.97, p-trend = 0.003) for midday MPAH
      and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.70-0.83; p-trend < 0.001) for evening MPAH. Further adjusting
      for BMI during follow-up attenuated the association between MPAH and T2D risk:
      the HR (95% CI) for participants with 11-14 MPAH was 0.95 (0.89-1.01, p-trend =
      0.13). The main limitations of our study were that it lacked assessments on
      individual foods constituting the MPAH and that the findings were limited to
      health professionals with a relatively homogeneous socioeconomic status.
      CONCLUSIONS: In two large prospective cohort studies, frequent consumption of
      MPAH is associated with a lower risk of developing T2D, and this association is
      partly attributable to less weight gain linked with this dining behavior.

PMID- 27379675
TI  - State of the Society.

PMID- 27379674
TI  - Infusion Standards: A Document Without Borders.

PMID- 27379676
TI  - 2015 INS Financial Report.

PMID- 27379677
TI  - Presidential Address.

PMID- 27379678
TI  - Influencing Patient Satisfaction Scores: Prospective One-Arm Study of a Novel
      Intravenous Catheter System With Retractable Coiled-Tip Guidewire Compared With
      Published Literature for Conventional Peripheral Intravenous Catheters.
AB  - With potential hospital reimbursement centered on patient satisfaction, limiting
      the number of invasive peripheral venipunctures may increase Press Ganey
      satisfaction scores. A prospective study compared published outcomes with
      conventional intravenous (IV) catheters against results using a newly designed IV
      catheter with a retractable, coiled-tip guidewire. The objectives were to
      determine whether successful first-attempt and IV complication rates might be
      altered using the new technology. In a small community hospital-based study of 95
      patients, first-attempt success, complications, dwell time, and patient
      satisfaction results with the new technology scored significantly better, from
      insertion to removal, than published outcomes with conventional catheters. 

PMID- 27379672
TI  - Fine-Mapping of Common Genetic Variants Associated with Colorectal Tumor Risk
      Identified Potential Functional Variants.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many common single
      nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with colorectal cancer risk. These
      SNPs may tag correlated variants with biological importance. Fine-mapping around
      GWAS loci can facilitate detection of functional candidates and additional
      independent risk variants. We analyzed 11,900 cases and 14,311 controls in the
      Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium and the Colon Cancer
      Family Registry. To fine-map genomic regions containing all known common risk
      variants, we imputed high-density genetic data from the 1000 Genomes Project. We
      tested single-variant associations with colorectal tumor risk for all variants
      spanning genomic regions 250-kb upstream or downstream of 31 GWAS-identified SNPs
      (index SNPs). We queried the University of California, Santa Cruz Genome Browser
      to examine evidence for biological function. Index SNPs did not show the
      strongest association signals with colorectal tumor risk in their respective
      genomic regions. Bioinformatics analysis of SNPs showing smaller P-values in each
      region revealed 21 functional candidates in 12 loci (5q31.1, 8q24, 11q13.4,
      11q23, 12p13.32, 12q24.21, 14q22.2, 15q13, 18q21, 19q13.1, 20p12.3, and
      20q13.33). We did not observe evidence of additional independent association
      signals in GWAS-identified regions. Our results support the utility of
      integrating data from comprehensive fine-mapping with expanding publicly
      available genomic databases to help clarify GWAS associations and identify
      functional candidates that warrant more onerous laboratory follow-up. Such
      efforts may aid the eventual discovery of disease-causing variant(s). 

PMID- 27379679
TI  - Catheter Securement Systems for Peripherally Inserted and Nontunneled Central
      Vascular Access Devices: Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Sutureless Device.
AB  - Sutureless catheter securement systems are intended to eliminate risks associated
      with sutures. The clinical acceptability of a novel system was investigated
      compared with the current method of securement for peripherally inserted central
      catheters (19 facilities using StatLock or sutures) or nontunneled central
      vascular access devices (3 facilities using StatLock or sutures or HubGuard +
      Sorbaview Shield). More than 94% of respondents rated the novel system as same,
      better, or much better than their current product. More than 82% of respondents
      were willing to replace their current system with the new one. 

PMID- 27379680
TI  - Evolution of the Treatments for Hemophilia.
AB  - Although hemophilia has been recognized for centuries as an inherited disorder
      primarily affecting males, advances in treatments have been very recent. Initial
      availability of plasma-derived therapies offered significant improvements in
      morbidity and mortality, but the transmission of viruses quickly negated the
      benefit of early factor replacement products. After developing successful viral
      inactivation methods and subsequently developing recombinant technology, the
      manufacturing of factor concentrates became much safer. Access to safer factor
      products allowed for a shift from the treatment of bleeds to prevention, called
      prophylaxis. Although dosing and interval vary, prevention of joint disease is
      now a realistic goal. Unfortunately, despite advances in the safety of therapy,
      some patients are unable to use factor replacement products because they develop
      antibodies, known as inhibitors. Eradication of inhibitors is possible in the
      majority of patients, but it is expensive and takes time. Management of acute
      bleeding may require significantly higher doses of factor replacement or the use
      of a bypassing agent. As a result, patients with inhibitors are at increased risk
      for sequelae, including joint disease, life-threatening bleeding, infectious
      complications with central vascular access devices, and thrombotic complications.

PMID- 27379681
TI  - Taking Another View: How Nurses Perceive Infusion Pumps as Demanding for Both
      Themselves and Their Patients.
AB  - Based on an organization theory perspective, this study proposes that nurses not
      only consider how infusion pumps place demands on themselves but also consider
      how infusion pumps place demands on patients. Results from a sample of nurses in
      a large, public authority, nonprofit teaching hospital located in the midwestern
      United States indicate that "demanding formalization for nurses" and "demanding
      formalization for patients" are 2 empirically distinct constructs. Demanding
      formalization for patients was a stronger predictor of infusion pump-related
      attitudes, in addition to trust and pay satisfaction. Demanding formalization for
      nurses was a stronger predictor of job satisfaction, turnover intention, and
      burnout. 

PMID- 27379682
TI  - Medication Errors Involving the Intravenous Administration Route: Characteristics
      of Voluntarily Reported Medication Errors.
AB  - Characteristics of medication errors involving the intravenous (IV) route of
      administration were analyzed in reports from 1995 to 2013. This was accomplished
      through a voluntary medication error reporting program. A retrospective case
      study design analyzed reports by practitioners or consumers on IV-associated
      medication errors (N = 975) affecting patients. Patterns in error accounts
      reflected cultural changes in health care organizations. Equipment, labeling,
      incorrect route of administration, types of errors, patient outcomes, and causal
      agents represented major codes. Results point to health care provider and
      consumer knowledge, the need for ongoing education of nursing staff, and
      interdisciplinary strategies for preventing IV-associated medication errors. 

PMID- 27379683
TI  - Structure of Exogenous Gene Integration and Event-Specific Detection in the
      Glyphosate-Tolerant Transgenic Cotton Line BG2-7.
AB  - In this study, the flanking sequence of an inserted fragment conferring
      glyphosate tolerance on transgenic cotton line BG2-7 was analyzed by thermal
      asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction (TAIL-PCR) and standard PCR. The
      results showed apparent insertion of the exogenous gene into chromosome D10 of
      the Gossypium hirsutum L. genome, as the left and right borders of the inserted
      fragment are nucleotides 61,962,952 and 61,962,921 of chromosome D10,
      respectively. In addition, a 31-bp cotton microsatellite sequence was noted
      between the genome sequence and the 5' end of the exogenous gene. In total, 84
      and 298 bp were deleted from the left and right borders of the exogenous gene,
      respectively, with 30 bp deleted from the cotton chromosome at the insertion
      site. According to the flanking sequence obtained, several pairs of event
      specific detection primers were designed to amplify sequence between the 5' end
      of the exogenous gene and the cotton genome junction region as well as between
      the 3' end and the cotton genome junction region. Based on screening tests, the
      5'-end primers GTCATAACGTGACTCCCTTAATTCTCC/CCTATTACACGGCTATGC and 3'-end primers
      TCCTTTCGCTTTCTTCCCTT/ACACTTACATGGCGTCTTCT were used to detect the respective BG2
      7 event-specific primers. The limit of detection of the former primers reached 44
      copies, and that of the latter primers reached 88 copies. The results of this
      study provide useful data for assessment of BG2-7 safety and for accelerating its
      industrialization. 

PMID- 27379685
TI  - Activation of human bitter taste receptors by polymethoxylated flavonoids.
AB  - Tangeretin and nobiletin are polymethoxylated flavonoids in citrus peel. Both
      tangeretin and nobiletin are bitter; however, their bitterness has not been
      evaluated using human bitter taste receptors (hTAS2Rs). We screened 25 kinds of
      hTAS2Rs and found that hTAS2R14 and hTAS2R46 received both compounds. 

PMID- 27379686
TI  - Effects and Location of Coplanar and Noncoplanar PCB in a Lipid Bilayer: A Solid
      State NMR Study.
AB  - Coplanar and noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are known to have
      different routes and degree of toxicity. Here, the effects of noncoplanar PCB 52
      and coplanar PCB 77 present at 2 mol % in a model system consisting of POPC
      liposomes (50% hydrated) are investigated by solid-state (13)C and (31)P NMR at
      298 K. Both PCBs intercalate horizontally in the outer part of the bilayer, near
      the segments of the acyl chain close to the glycerol group. Despite similar
      membrane locations, the coplanar PCB 77 shows little effect on the bilayer
      properties overall, except for the four nearest neighboring lipids, while the
      effect of PCB 52 is more dramatic. The first ~2 layers of lipids around each PCB
      52 in the bilayer form a high fluidity lamellar phase, whereas lipids beyond
      these layers form a lamellar phase with a slight increase in fluidity compared to
      a bilayer without PCB 52. Further, a third high mobility domain is observed. The
      explanation for this is the interference of several high fluidity lamellar phases
      caused by interactions of PCB 52 molecules in different leaflets of the model
      bilayer. This causes formation of high curvature toroidal region in the bilayer
      and might induce formation of channels.

PMID- 27379684
TI  - Prolonged Treatment with Propofol Transiently Impairs Proliferation but Not
      Survival of Rat Neural Progenitor Cells In Vitro.
AB  - Neurocognitive dysfunction is common in survivors of intensive care. Prolonged
      sedation has been implicated but the mechanisms are unclear. Neurogenesis
      continues into adulthood and is implicated in learning. The neural progenitor
      cells (NPC) that drive neurogenesis have receptors for the major classes of
      sedatives used clinically, suggesting that interruption of neurogenesis may
      partly contribute to cognitive decline in ICU survivors. Using an in vitro
      system, we tested the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to propofol
      concentration- and duration-dependently kills or markedly decreases the
      proliferation of NPCs. NPCs isolated from embryonic day 14 Sprague-Dawley rat
      pups were exposed to 0, 2.5, or 5.0 MUg/mL of propofol, concentrations consistent
      with deep clinical anesthesia, for either 4 or 24 hours. Cells were assayed for
      cell death and proliferation either immediately following propofol exposure or 24
      hours later. NPC death and apoptosis were measured by propidium iodine staining
      and cleaved caspase-3 immunocytochemistry, respectively, while proliferation was
      measured by EdU incorporation. Staurosporine (1MUM for 6h) was used as a positive
      control for cell death. Cells were analyzed with unbiased high-throughput
      immunocytochemistry. There was no cell death at either concentration of propofol
      or duration of exposure. Neither concentration of propofol impaired NPC
      proliferation when exposure lasted 4 h, but when exposure lasted 24 h, propofol
      had an anti-proliferative effect at both concentrations (P < 0.0001, propofol vs.
      control). However, this effect was transient; proliferation returned to baseline
      24 h after discontinuation of propofol (P = 0.37, propofol vs. control). The
      transient but reversible suppression of NPC proliferation, absence of
      cytotoxicity, and negligible effect on the neural stem cell pool pool suggest
      that propofol, even in concentrations used for clinical anesthesia, has limited
      impact on neural progenitor cell biology. 

PMID- 27379689
TI  - Letter From the Editor: The pedant and the scoundrel.

PMID- 27379687
TI  - Malpighian Tubule Cells in Overwintering Cave Crickets Troglophilus cavicola
      (Kollar, 1833) and T. neglectus Krauss, 1879 (Rhaphidophoridae, Ensifera).
AB  - During winter, cave cricket larvae undergo dormancy in subterranean habitats;
      this dormancy is termed diapause in second year Troglophilus cavicola larvae
      because they mature during this time, and termed quiescence in T. neglectus,
      because they mature after dormancy. Here we used electron microscopy to analyze
      ultrastructural changes in the epithelial cells in the Malpighian tubules (MTs)
      of T. cavicola during diapause, in order to compare them with previous findings
      on T. neglectus. Moreover, the autophagosomes were studied with
      immunofluorescence microscopy in both species. Although the basic ultrastructure
      of the cells was similar, specific differences appeared during overwintering.
      During this natural starvation period, the nucleus, rER, the Golgi apparatus and
      mitochondria did not show structural changes, and the spherites were exploited.
      The abundances of autophagic structures in both species increased during
      overwintering. At the beginning of overwintering, in both species and sexes, the
      rates of cells with autophagic structures (phagophores, autophagosomes,
      autolysosomes and residual bodies) were low, while their rates increased
      gradually towards the end of overwintering. Between sexes, in T. cavicola
      significant differences were found in the autophagosome abundances in the middle
      and at the end, and in T. neglectus at the end of overwintering. Females showed
      higher rates of autophagic cells than males, and these were more abundant in T.
      cavicola. Thus, autophagic processes in the MT epithelial cells induced by
      starvation are mostly parallel in diapausing T. cavicola and quiescent T.
      neglectus, but more intensive in diapausing females. 

PMID- 27379688
TI  - Image-guided adaptive brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer: recent
      advances and perspectives.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT) is a high
      precision radiation that allows defining accurately treatment targets and
      optimizing their coverage whereas sparing efficiently the surrounding organs at
      risk. Ten years ago, in a will of harmonizing the reporting of brachytherapy, the
      Groupe Europeen de Curietherapie - European Society for Radiation Oncology (GEC
      ESTRO) published recommendations on target definitions and dosimetric parameters.
      During the last years, clinical and dosimetric studies supporting their relevance
      led the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements to propose a
      report on prescribing and reporting. This review aims to highlight the recent
      advances in IGABT and its future developments. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical evidence
      demonstrating the superiority of IGABT over radiographs-based brachytherapy is
      accumulating. In parallel, dose-volume effects have been established between dose
      volume parameters and tumor response or the occurrence of late radiation
      morbidity. Preliminary studies indicate that planning aims could be adapted to
      clinical situations and cofactors. The first publications from the large studies
      led by the GEC-ESTRO enforce these findings. SUMMARY: A trend emerges toward a
      personalization of treatment with the adaptation of planning aims to prognostic
      features and the development of individualized applicators. Image-guidance
      modalities are developed with a better use of MRI or conversely the use of more
      accessible modalities such as transrectal ultrasound.

PMID- 27379690
TI  - FDA regulation of laboratory-developed tests.

PMID- 27379691
TI  - Current understanding of resistance to abiraterone  and enzalutamide in advanced
      prostate cancer.

PMID- 27379692
TI  - Preventive strategies for invasive Aspergillus in acute myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 27379693
TI  - What should standard frontline therapy be in older patients with chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia? Ibrutinib should be standard frontline therapy.

PMID- 27379694
TI  - What should standard frontline therapy be in older patients with chronic
      lymphocytic leukemia? Chemoimmunotherapy should be standard frontline therapy.

PMID- 27379696
TI  - HSP90 inhibitors in lung cancer: promise still unfulfilled.
AB  - Despite recent advances in the treatment of lung cancer, non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United
      States and worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 17%. Analysis of
      the molecular drivers of NSCLC led to the recognition that NSCLC is a collection
      of distinct, molecularly driven neoplasms. Several subsets of NSCLC with clinical
      relevance to targeted therapies are defined based on alterations in EGFR, ALK,
      and other key oncogenic drivers. However, for many oncogenic drivers-such as
      mutant KRAS-targeted therapies are lacking. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is an
      adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent molecular chaperone that is critically
      required for the stability of its clientele, many of which are driver
      oncoproteins. Therefore, HSP90 inhibitors could prove to be an effective and
      alternate approach to treat patients with NSCLC that has a specific molecular
      background or that has acquired resistance to other drugs. Over the last 2
      decades, several HSP90 inhibitors have been developed that produced promising
      preclinical and clinical results. The quest is far from over, however. In this
      review, we discuss the development and the preclinical and clinical profiles of
      some of the HSP90 inhibitors that may help to improve the targeted treatment of
      NSCLC. 

PMID- 27379697
TI  - Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for the Characterization of Intracranial
      Hemorrhage and Calcification: A Systematic Approach in a Phantom System.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic framework for
      distinguishing calcific from hemorrhagic cerebral lesions using dual-energy
      computed tomography (DECT) in an anthropomorphic phantom system. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: An anthropomorphic phantom was designed to mimic the CT imaging
      characteristics of the human head. Cylindrical lesion models containing either
      calcium or iron, mimicking calcification or hemorrhage, respectively, were
      developed to exhibit matching, and therefore indistinguishable, single-energy CT
      (SECT) attenuation values from 40 to 100 HU. These lesion models were fabricated
      at 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm in diameter and positioned in simulated cerebrum and skull
      base locations within the anthropomorphic phantom. All lesion sizes were modeled
      in the cerebrum, while only 1.5-cm lesions were modeled in the skull base. Images
      were acquired using a GE 750HD CT scanner and an expansive dual-energy protocol
      that covered variations in dose (36.7-132.6 mGy CTDIvol, n = 12), image thickness
      (0.625-5 mm, n = 4), and reconstruction filter (soft, standard, detail, n = 3)
      for a total of 144 unique technique combinations. Images representing each
      technique combination were reconstructed into water and calcium material density
      images, as well as a monoenergetic image chosen to mimic the attenuation of a 120
      kVp SECT scan. A true single-energy routine brain protocol was also included for
      verification of lesion SECT attenuation. Points representing the 3 dual-energy
      reconstructions were plotted into a 3-dimensional space (water
      [milligram/milliliter], calcium [milligram/milliliter], monoenergetic Hounsfield
      unit as x, y, and z axes, respectively), and the distribution of points analyzed
      using 2 approaches: support vector machines and a simple geometric bisector (GB).
      Each analysis yielded a plane of optimal differentiation between the
      calcification and hemorrhage lesion model distributions. By comparing the
      predicted lesion composition to the known lesion composition, we identified the
      optimal combination of CTDIvol, image thickness, and reconstruction filter to
      maximize differentiation between the lesion model types. To validate these
      results, a new set of hemorrhage and calcification lesion models were created,
      scanned in a blinded fashion, and prospectively classified using the planes of
      differentiation derived from support vector machine and GB methods. RESULTS:
      Accuracy of differentiation improved with increasing dose (CTDIvol) and image
      thickness. Reconstruction filter had no effect on the accuracy of
      differentiation. Using an optimized protocol consisting of the maximum CTDIvol of
      132.6 mGy, 5-mm-thick images, and a standard filter, hemorrhagic and calcific
      lesion models with equal SECT attenuation (Hounsfield unit) were differentiated
      with over 90% accuracy down to 70 HU for skull base lesions of 1.5 cm, and down
      to 100 HU, 60 HU, and 60 HU for cerebrum lesions of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm,
      respectively. The analytic method that yielded the best results was a simple GB
      plane through the 3-dimensional DECT space. In the validation study, 96% of
      unknown lesions were correctly classified across all lesion sizes and locations
      investigated. CONCLUSIONS: We define the optimal scan parameters and expected
      limitations for the accurate classification of hemorrhagic versus calcific
      cerebral lesions in an anthropomorphic phantom with DECT. Although our proposed
      DECT protocol represents an increase in dose compared with routine brain CT, this
      method is intended as a specialized evaluation of potential brain hemorrhage and
      is thus counterbalanced by increased diagnostic benefit. This work provides
      justification for the application of this technique in human clinical trials.

PMID- 27379699
TI  - Model-Based Characterization of the Transpulmonary Circulation by Dynamic
      Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Heart Failure and Healthy
      Volunteers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Novel quantitative measures of transpulmonary circulation status may
      allow the improvement of heart failure (HF) patient management. In this work, we
      propose a method for the assessment of the transpulmonary circulation using
      measurements from indicator time intensity curves, derived from dynamic contrast
      enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) series. The derived indicator
      dilution parameters in healthy volunteers (HVs) and HF patients were compared,
      and repeatability was assessed. Furthermore, we compared the parameters derived
      using the proposed method with standard measures of cardiovascular function, such
      as left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In
      total, 19 HVs and 33 HF patients underwent a DCE-MRI scan on a 1.5 T MRI scanner
      using a T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo sequence. Image loops with 1 heartbeat
      temporal resolution were acquired in 4-chamber view during ventricular late
      diastole, after the injection of a 0.1-mmol gadoteriol bolus. In a subset of
      subjects (8 HFs, 2 HVs), a second injection of a 0.3-mmol gadoteriol bolus was
      performed with the same imaging settings. The study was approved by the local
      institutional review board.Indicator dilution curves were derived, averaging the
      MR signal within regions of interest in the right and left ventricle; parametric
      deconvolution was performed between the right and LV indicator dilution curves to
      identify the impulse response of the transpulmonary dilution system. The local
      density random walk model was used to parametrize the impulse response; pulmonary
      transit time (PTT) was defined as the mean transit time of the indicator. lambda,
      related to the Peclet number (ratio between convection and diffusion) for the
      dilution process, was also estimated. RESULTS: Pulmonary transit time was
      significantly prolonged in HF patients (8.70 +/- 1.87 seconds vs 6.68 +/- 1.89
      seconds in HV, P < 0.005) and even stronger when normalized to subject heart rate
      (normalized PTT, 9.90 +/- 2.16 vs 7.11 +/- 2.17 in HV, dimensionless, P < 0.001).
      lambda was significantly smaller in HF patients (8.59 +/- 4.24 in HF vs 12.50 +/-
      17.09 in HV, dimensionless, P < 0.005), indicating a longer tail for the impulse
      response. Pulmonary transit time correlated well with established cardiovascular
      parameters (LV end-diastolic volume index, r = 0.61, P < 0.0001; LV ejection
      fraction, r = -0.64, P < 0.0001). The measurement of indicator dilution
      parameters was repeatable (correlation between estimates based on the 2
      repetitions for PTT: r = 0.94, P < 0.001, difference between 2 repetitions 0.01
      +/- 0.60 second, for lambda: r = 0.74, P < 0.01, difference 0.69 +/- 4.39).
      CONCLUSIONS: Characterization of the transpulmonary circulation by DCE-MRI is
      feasible in HF patients and HVs. Significant differences are observed between
      indicator dilution parameters measured in HVs and HF patients; preliminary
      results suggest good repeatability for the proposed parameters.

PMID- 27379698
TI  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings After Percutaneous Irreversible
      Electroporation of Liver Metastases: A Systematic Longitudinal Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically investigate the course of
      magnetic resonance (MR) signal intensity (SI) changes that occur in noncirrhotic
      livers after irreversible electroporation (IRE) of liver metastases. METHODS:
      This study is an institutional review board-approved prospective longitudinal
      follow-up study on 27 patients with 37 liver metastases who underwent computed
      tomography-guided percutaneous IRE and a standardized follow-up protocol by
      serial hepatic MR imaging studies that consisted of a gadobutrol-enhanced dynamic
      series, axial T2-weighted (T2w) turbo spin echo, and diffusion-weighted imaging
      (b = 0/50/800), acquired before, within 2, and at 24 hours after IRE; at 1, 2, 4,
      6, 8, and 12 weeks after IRE; and every 3 months thereafter for a follow-up of at
      least 12 months. RESULTS: The ablated target lesion remained visible within the
      ablation zone in 23 (62%) of 37 of cases for a mean time of 21 +/- 20 weeks
      (median, 12 weeks). The ablation zone appeared homogeneously hyperintense on T2w
      turbo spin echo images on the day of IRE in 37 of 37 cases. By 24 hours after
      IRE, the ablation zone inverted its SI in 35 of 37 cases to intermediately
      hypointense, with a rim of T2w bright SI that exhibited arterial phase
      enhancement; this persisted for 7 +/- 5 weeks (median, 4 weeks). The rim resolved
      in 35 (95%) of 37 cases within 3 months. The ablation zone increased slightly
      over the first 48 hours, then shrank progressively. Complete healing of the
      ablation zone was observed in 57% (21/37) after an average of 14 +/- 15 (median,
      8 weeks).Average apparent diffusion coefficient values of the ablation zone
      decreased from 0.74 +/- 0.36 * 10 mm/s pre-IRE to 0.63 +/- 0.27 * 10 mm/s within
      the first 24 hours (P < 0.05), followed by a progressive normalization to 0.91 +/
      0.30 * 10 mm/s at 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the broad spectrum of MR
      imaging findings after IRE is important to avoid diagnostic errors in the follow
      up of patients after IRE.

PMID- 27379700
TI  - Water in a Soft Confinement: Structure of Water in Amorphous Sorbitol.
AB  - The structure of water in 70 wt % sorbitol-30 wt % water mixture is investigated
      by wide-angle neutron scattering (WANS) as a function of temperature. WANS data
      are analyzed using empirical potential structure refinement to obtain the site
      site radial distribution functions (RDFs). Orientational structure of water is
      represented using OW-OW-OW triangles distributions and a tetrahedrality
      parameter, q, while water-water correlation function is used to estimate size of
      water clusters. Water structure in the sorbitol matrix is compared with that of
      water confined in nanopores of MCM41. The results indicate the existence of voids
      in the sorbitol matrix with the length scale of approximately 5 A, which are
      filled by water. At 298 K, positional water structure in these voids is similar
      to that of water in MCM41, whereas there is a difference in the tetrahedral
      (orientational) arrangement. Cooling to 213 K strengthens tetrahedrality, with
      the orientational order of water in sorbitol becoming similar to that of confined
      water in MCM41 at 210 K, whereas further cooling to 100 K does not introduce any
      additional changes in the tetrahedrality. The results obtained allow us to
      propose, for the first time, that such confinement of water in a sorbitol matrix
      is the main reason for the lack of ice formation in this system.

PMID- 27379701
TI  - Correction: Mortality, Rehospitalisation and Violent Crime in Forensic
      Psychiatric Patients Discharged from Hospital: Rates and Risk Factors.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155906.].

PMID- 27379702
TI  - The Regulation of Dietary Supplements in Canada: Many Promises but Little
      Progress.
AB  - This article examines key issues concerning the regulation of dietary supplements
      in Canada. The article looks at problems related to both the composition of
      supplements and of marketing practices. It looks back to the situation around
      1999, the year of the introduction of the new system for the regulation of
      supplements, and then assesses the situation now. The new system has failed to
      bring about the intended improvement in either the formulation of supplements or
      the level of honesty in their marketing.

PMID- 27379703
TI  - CEBPA mutation in a case of chronic myeloid leukemia presenting in myeloid blast
      crisis.

PMID- 27379704
TI  - Second prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients with a high HVPG.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) could be used to stratify
      patients in different risk groups. No studies have reported the role of
      transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) placement in a subgroup of
      patients with a high HVPG (>=20 mmHg) for secondary prophylaxis of variceal
      bleeding. This study was designed to evaluate the benefit of TIPS in cirrhotic
      patients with a high HVPG (>=20 mmHg) for rebleeding and survival. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: We included 46 cirrhotic patients with a history of variceal bleeding
      and a high HVPG (>=20 mmHg) admitted to our hospital between January 2013 and
      June 2014 (TIPS group). Patients were matched by Child-Pugh scores to patients in
      our historical cohort hospitalized for prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding between
      April 2011 and December 2012 (propranolol + EVL group). The end points included
      time to significant rebleeding from portal hypertensive sources, 1-year survival,
      and time to the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). RESULTS: The 1-year
      actuarial probability of remaining free of variceal rebleeding was significantly
      higher in the TIPS group than in the propranolol + EVL group (85% vs. 54%, p =
      0.01). The 1-year survival rates were not different between the two groups (85%
      vs. 89%, p = 0.591). The 1-year actuarial probability of remaining free of HE was
      significantly lower in the TIPS group than in the propranolol + EVL group (67%
      vs. 91%, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: TIPS was more effective than propranolol + EVL
      in preventing variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with a high HVPG (>=20
      mmHg). During the limited follow-up, survival was similar in the two groups.

PMID- 27379705
TI  - Further Evidence of a Cohort Effect in Bipolar Disorder: More Early Onsets and
      Family History of Psychiatric Illness in More Recent Epochs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Given that a cohort effect is rarely mentioned as one of the possible
      contributors to the increased incidence of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in
      the United States, we reexamined evidence for the phenomenon within our
      outpatient Bipolar Collaborative Network. METHODS: 968 outpatients (mean age, 41
      years) with DSM bipolar disorder from 1995 to 2002 from 4 sites in the United
      States and 3 in the Netherlands and Germany (abbreviated as Europe) gave informed
      consent and provided detailed demographic, illness, and family history
      information on a patient questionnaire. Family history of bipolar disorder,
      depression, suicide attempt, alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and "other" illness
      was collected for each parent and the 4 grandparents. Age at onset and family
      history of illness burden were then assessed as a function of the age of the
      patient at network entry. RESULTS: Data for patients aged 35 years or older (n =
      613) were included in the first analysis. Compared to older patients, those who
      were younger when they entered the network had an earlier age at onset of their
      bipolar disorder (r = 0.33, P < .001). Similarly, the youngest patients at entry
      (representing the most recent cohorts) had parents and grandparents with more
      psychiatric illness than patients born in earlier cohorts (n = 968). CONCLUSIONS:
      These preliminary data, taken with the substantial literature, suggest a cohort
      effect for earlier age at onset of bipolar disorder and greater burden of
      psychiatric disorders in 2 generations of direct progenitors of our patients. The
      resulting likely increase in severity of bipolar illness in future generations
      based on this earlier age at onset and increased familial loading, particularly
      in the United States, deserves focused clinical and public health attention and
      attempts at amelioration.

PMID- 27379706
TI  - Long-awaited pregnancy: intelligence and academic performance in offspring of
      infertile parents-a cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study whether fertility treatment, subfertility, or pregnancy
      planning are related to long-term intellectual development. DESIGN: Cohort study.
      SETTING: Not applicable. PATIENT(S): A total of 5,032 singletons born from 1990
      to 1992 in the Aarhus Birth Cohort were followed up to a mean age of 19 years.
      These children were born as a result of fertility treatment (n = 210), had
      subfertile parents who took more than 12 months before conceiving naturally (n =
      334), had fertile parents who conceived naturally within 12 months (n = 2,661),
      or had parents who reported the pregnancy as unplanned (n = 1,827).
      INTERVENTION(S): The children were followed up using questionnaires and
      information from Danish national registers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Parent
      reported school difficulties at ages 9-11 years, register-based school grades at
      ages 16, 17, and 19 years, and conscription intelligence test scores at age 19
      years. RESULT(S): We found no evidence of school difficulties in childhood,
      impaired school performance in adolescence, or lower intelligence in young
      adulthood in multivariate analyses adjusted for parental age, educational level,
      maternal parity, before pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking and alcohol
      intake in pregnancy, cohabitation status, child gender, and age. CONCLUSION(S):
      In the longest follow-up of cognitive development of children conceived after
      fertility treatment or by subfertile parents conducted so far, this study did not
      show any association between pregnancy planning, subfertility, or fertility
      treatment and cognitive ability or academic performance.

PMID- 27379707
TI  - Adolescents' Daily Worries and Risky Behaviors: The Buffering Role of Support
      Seeking.
AB  - With worries and risky behaviors becoming more prominent in adolescence, this
      study investigated bidirectional temporal connections between these two important
      adolescent concerns, that is, whether change in one concern is linked to change
      in the other either within the same day or during the next day. We also tested
      whether the coping strategy of seeking support from family and friends moderated
      the link between worries and risky behaviors. For 10 days, an ethnically and
      racially diverse sample of adolescents (N = 103; M age = 18.0) reported on 26
      common worries, 18 risky behaviors, and the impact of seeking support from
      others. Multilevel models showed that worries and risky behaviors covaried on the
      same day and that worries predicted next-day risky behavior for male but not
      female participants. In contrast, risky behaviors did not predict next-day
      worries. For adolescents reporting negative experiences of support seeking,
      worries led to next-day risky behaviors and risky behaviors led to next-day
      worries. Female adolescents' positive support-seeking experiences buffered the
      association between risky behaviors and next-day worries. These results were
      significant beyond any influence of daily negative mood or depressive and anxiety
      symptoms. The data demonstrate that worries and risky behaviors may be
      situational triggers for each other and highlight the importance, from
      intervention perspectives, of adolescents' communication of concerns to others.

PMID- 27379708
TI  - A Phase 2 Study of the Hsp90 Inhibitor AUY922 as Treatment for Patients with
      Refractory Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: AUY922 is an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Hsp90
      inhibitors induce kit degradation in preclinical gastrointestinal stromal tumor
      (GIST) models. This trial was designed to determine the progression-free survival
      (PFS) of patients with GIST refractory to or intolerant of imatinib and
      sunitinib. METHODS: Eligible patients received AUY922 70 mg/mg(2) by intravenous
      (IV) infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of 21-day cycles. Treatment continued until
      progression or unacceptable toxicity. RESULTS: Between December 2011 and January
      2015, 25 patients were enrolled (median age, 63 years; 56% male) and received a
      median of 2 cycles (range: 1-12) of AUY922 treatment. Thirty-four patients were
      planned, but enrollment was stopped early due to slow accrual. Median PFS was 3.9
      months (95% CI: 2.5, 5.3) and median OS was 8.5 months (95% CI: 5.2, 16.7).
      Radiographic response was evaluated in 21 patients; one patient achieved PR (4%)
      with another 15 having best response of stable disease (60%). The most common
      treatment-related adverse event was diarrhea (60% all grades). Reversible ocular
      toxicities that resulted in drug hold (24%) or reduction (8%) were also observed.
      CONCLUSION: AUY922 produced a median PFS which compares favorably to historical
      controls of placebo (6 weeks) for patients refractory to treatment with imatinib.
      While diarrhea and ocular toxicities were common, the majority of patients
      received treatment until disease progression.

PMID- 27379709
TI  - The Effect of Local Anesthetic Infiltration Around Nephrostomy Tract on
      Postoperative Pain Control after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and efficacy of local anesthetic infiltration
      around nephrostomy tract on postoperative pain control after percutaneous
      nephrolithotomy. METHODS: This systematic review was performed based on
      randomized clinic trials about local anesthetic infiltration around nephrostomy
      tract on postoperative pain control. The weighted mean difference (WMD), with
      their corresponding 95% CI, was calculated to compare continuous variables.
      RESULTS: Our results showed that the consumption of analgesic was less in the
      experimental group than in the control group (WMD -25.32, 95% CI -48.09 to -2.55,
      p = 0.003). There was no significant difference between the mean Visual Analog
      Scale (VAS) in the experimental group than the control group after 6 h while
      significantly lower after 24 h. The time of first analgesic demand was
      significantly longer in the experimental group (WMD 2.19, 95% CI 0.98-3.41).
      There was no significant difference between 2 groups in terms of operation time,
      hemoglobin (Hb) alteration, and hospital stay. CONCLUSION: Local anesthetic
      infiltration around nephrostomy tract had similar efficacy in the control group
      in terms of operation time, Hb alteration, and hospital stay, but offers some
      potential advantages in terms of analgesia requirement, the time of first
      analgesic demand, and VAS-24 h. However, good quality and large studies with long
      term follow-up are warranted for further research.

PMID- 27379710
TI  - The Aortic Isthmus: A Significant yet Underexplored Watershed of the Fetal
      Circulation.
AB  - The aortic isthmus (AoI) is a unique fetal watershed with a waveform reflecting
      its complex haemodynamic physiology. The systolic component represents left and
      right ventricular systolic ejection, and the diastolic component represents
      comparative downstream vascular impedance between the brachiocephalic and
      subdiaphragmatic fetal circulations. Several indices have been devised to
      quantify different components of the waveform, including the pulsatility index,
      resistance index, isthmic flow index, and recently the isthmic systolic index.
      There have been promising preliminary studies applying these indices to both
      cardiac (congenital) and extracardiac pathologies, including intrauterine growth
      restriction and twin-twin transfusion syndrome. However, the waveform's
      multifactorial origin has proven to be challenging, and the difficulty in
      separating various components of the waveform could explain that AoI evaluation
      does not have a clear clinical utility. Further research is underway to realise
      the full potential of this vessel in fetal cardiac and haemodynamically
      compromised pathological conditions. In this review article we outline the
      physiological origin of this Doppler waveform, describe in detail the various
      published indices, summarise the published literature to date, and finally
      outline potential future research and hopefully clinical applications. 

PMID- 27379711
TI  - Investigation of the Roles of Allosteric Domain Arginine, Aspartate, and
      Glutamate Residues of Rhizobium etli Pyruvate Carboxylase in Relation to Its
      Activation by Acetyl CoA.
AB  - The mechanism of allosteric activation of pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl CoA is
      not fully understood. Here we have examined the roles of residues near the acetyl
      CoA binding site in the allosteric activation of Rhizobium etli pyruvate
      carboxylase using site-directed mutagenesis. Arg429 was found to be especially
      important for acetyl CoA binding as substitution with serine resulted in a 100
      fold increase in the Ka of acetyl CoA activation and a large decrease in the
      cooperativity of this activation. Asp420 and Arg424, which do not make direct
      contact with bound acetyl CoA, were nonetheless found to affect acetyl CoA
      binding when mutated, probably through changed interactions with another acetyl
      CoA binding residue, Arg427. Thermodynamic activation parameters for the pyruvate
      carboxylation reaction were determined from modified Arrhenius plots and showed
      that acetyl CoA acts to decrease the activation free energy of the reaction by
      both increasing the activation entropy and decreasing the activation enthalpy.
      Most importantly, mutations of Asp420, Arg424, and Arg429 enhanced the activity
      of the enzyme in the absence of acetyl CoA. A main focus of this work was the
      detailed investigation of how this increase in activity occurred in the R424S
      mutant. This mutation decreased the activation enthalpy of the pyruvate
      carboxylation reaction by an amount consistent with removal of a single hydrogen
      bond. It is postulated that Arg424 forms a hydrogen bonding interaction with
      another residue that stabilizes the asymmetrical conformation of the R. etli
      pyruvate carboxylase tetramer, constraining its interconversion to the
      symmetrical conformer that is required for catalysis.

PMID- 27379712
TI  - Laparoscopic Repair of a Sciatic Hernia Containing the Ipsilateral Ovary: Case
      Report and Review of the Literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sciatic hernia is a very rare pelvic floor hernia, but apparently its
      incidence has been growing in the past few years. The symptomatology is usually
      aspecific or absent, but in some cases complications such as intestinal
      obstruction, intractable pain, or urinary sepsis can occur. The usual treatment
      is the surgical correction of the defect, mainly with an open approach. CASE
      SUMMARY: We describe a case of sciatic hernia causing intermittent abdominal pain
      and subocclusive symptoms. The hernia has been treated with a laparoscopic
      technique using a polypropylene extraperitoneal mesh fixed with biological glue.
      The postoperative course of our patient was uneventful and at 3 months follow-up,
      no relapse or symptoms occurred. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic treatment of this
      rare type of hernia appears to be a feasible and safe surgical option with all
      the advantages of the mini-invasive technique.

PMID- 27379713
TI  - Inhibitors of the Cysteine Synthase CysM with Antibacterial Potency against
      Dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AB  - Cysteine is an important amino acid in the redox defense of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis, primarily as a building block of mycothiol. Genetic studies have
      implicated de novo cysteine biosynthesis in pathogen survival in infected
      macrophages, in particular for persistent M. tuberculosis. Here, we report on the
      identification and characterization of potent inhibitors of CysM, a critical
      enzyme in cysteine biosynthesis during dormancy. A screening campaign of 17 312
      compounds identified ligands that bind to the active site with micromolar
      affinity. These were characterized in terms of their inhibitory potencies and
      structure-activity relationships through hit expansion guided by three
      dimensional structures of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The top compound binds to
      CysM with 300 nM affinity and displays selectivity over the mycobacterial
      homologues CysK1 and CysK2. Notably, two inhibitors show significant potency in a
      nutrient-starvation model of dormancy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with little
      or no cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells.

PMID- 27379714
TI  - Incentive contrast effects regulate responding to a flavor presented in compound
      with a saccharin unconditioned stimulus in rats.
AB  - A flavor conditioned stimulus (conditional stimulus; CS) presented in
      simultaneous compound with a sweet-tasting unconditioned stimulus (US) acquires a
      certain sweetness and/or hedonic value. The present study examined whether
      responding to the flavor CS is influenced by postconditioning changes in the
      strength of the sweet US representation. In each experiment, rats were exposed to
      presentations of each of 2 flavors, A and B, in simultaneous compound with a 0.4%
      saccharin solution, and then tested with presentations of CS A in water.
      Experiments 1 and 2 showed that responding to CS A depended on its pairing with
      saccharin and increased with the training-to-test interval. Experiment 3 showed
      that a progressive reduction in the saccharin concentration of the trained
      compounds led to an increase in responding to CS A when tested in the absence of
      saccharin. Experiments 4 and 5 showed that, after a 7-day training-to-test delay,
      responding to CS A decreased following pretest exposure to a strong saccharin
      solution, and increased following pretest exposure to a very weak saccharin
      solution. These findings are taken to imply that incentive contrast effects
      regulate responding to a flavor CS. Hence, responding to the flavor CS increases
      with the training-to-test interval as the representation of the sweet US decays;
      decreases following pretest exposure to very sweet solutions as these reinstate
      the decayed sweet US representation (negative contrast); and increases following
      pretest exposure to weakly sweet solutions as these are perceived as less
      attractive than the CS itself (positive contrast). (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379715
TI  - Learning to inhibit the response during instrumental (operant) extinction.
AB  - Five experiments tested implications of the idea that instrumental (operant)
      extinction involves learning to inhibit the learned response. All experiments
      used a discriminated operant procedure in which rats were reinforced for lever
      pressing or chain pulling in the presence of a discriminative stimulus (S), but
      not in its absence. In Experiment 1, extinction of the response (R) in the
      presence of S weakened responding in S, but equivalent nonreinforced exposure to
      S (without the opportunity to make R) did not. Experiment 2 replicated that
      result and found that extinction of R had no effect on a different R that had
      also been reinforced in the stimulus. In Experiments 3 and 4, rats first learned
      to perform several different stimulus and response combinations (S1R1, S2R1,
      S3R2, and S4R2). Extinction of a response in one stimulus (i.e., S1R1)
      transferred and weakened the same response, but not a different response, when it
      was tested in another stimulus (i.e., S2R1 but not S3R2). In Experiment 5,
      extinction still transferred between S1 and S2 when the stimuli set the occasion
      for R's association with different types of food pellets. The results confirm the
      importance of response inhibition in instrumental extinction: Nonreinforcement of
      the response in S causes the most effective suppression of responding, and
      response suppression is specific to the response but transfers and influences
      performance of the same response when it is occasioned by other stimuli.
      Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379716
TI  - A cumulative decision model for three-alternative choice in concurrent chains.
AB  - Traditional models for choice in the concurrent-chains procedure have assumed
      that terminal-link stimuli acquire value as conditioned reinforcers, and that 2
      alternative choice provides a measure of relative value according to the matching
      law. By contrast, the cumulative decision model (CDM; Christensen & Grace, 2010)
      explains choice as the aggregate effect of comparing delays to a criterion on
      initial-link responding, not conditioned reinforcement. Here we test whether the
      CDM can account for choice in 3-alternative concurrent-chains (3ACC) and compare
      it with the hyperbolic value-added model (HVA; Mazur, 2001), which assumes that
      choice depends on the increase in conditioned reinforcement value signaled by
      terminal-link stimuli and has been successful in previous 3ACC research (Mazur,
      2000). In Experiment 1, 4 pigeons responded in 3ACC in which the terminal links
      were fixed-interval schedules, and parameter estimates from fits of CDM and HVA
      were used to calculate predictions for conditions with variable-interval terminal
      links. The predictions of CDM were more accurate than those of HVA. In Experiment
      2, 7 pigeons responded in 3ACC in which the terminal links were fixed-interval
      schedules. Although both models described the data well, residuals from HVA fits
      showed a systematic pattern predicted by CDM, characterized by a third-order
      polynomial with a negative cubic coefficient. Finally, we conducted a residual
      meta-analysis (Sutton, Grace, McLean, & Baum, 2008) of data from prior 3ACC
      studies. HVA residuals showed the same negative cubic pattern as in Experiment 2,
      whereas no systematic pattern was found in the CDM residuals. Overall, results
      support the CDM and suggest that the same principles which describe binary choice
      in concurrent chains generalize without modification to 3-alternative choice.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379717
TI  - Cue salience influences the use of height cues in reorientation in pigeons
      (Columba livia).
AB  - Although orienting ability has been examined with numerous types of cues, most
      research has focused only on cues from the horizontal plane. The current study
      investigated pigeons' use of wall height, a vertical cue, in an open-field task
      and compared it with their use of horizontal cues. Pigeons were trained to locate
      food in 2 diagonal corners of a rectangular enclosure with 2 opposite high walls
      as height cues. Before each trial, pigeons were rotated to disorient them. In
      training, pigeons could use either the horizontal cues from the rectangular
      enclosure or the height information from the walls to locate the food. In
      testing, the apparatus was modified to provide (a) horizontal cues only, (b)
      height cues only, and (c) both height and horizontal cues in conflict. In
      Experiment 1 the lower and high walls, respectively, were 40 and 80 cm, whereas
      in Experiment 2 they were made more perceptually salient by shortening them to 20
      and 40 cm. Pigeons accurately located the goal corners with horizontal cues alone
      in both experiments, but they searched accurately with height cues alone only in
      Experiment 2. When the height cues conflicted with horizontal cues, pigeons
      preferred the horizontal cues over the height cues in Experiment 1 but not in
      Experiment 2, suggesting that perceptual salience influences the relative
      weighting of cues. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379718
TI  - Perceptual learning with tactile stimuli in rats: Changes in the processing of a
      dimension.
AB  - Four experiments with male rats investigated perceptual learning involving a
      tactile dimension (A, B, C, D, E), where A denotes 1 end of the continuum (e.g.,
      a rough floor) and E the other (e.g., a smooth floor). In Experiment 1, rats
      given preexposure to A and E learned an appetitive discrimination between them
      more readily than those not given preexposure. Experiment 2a showed that rats
      preexposed to B and D acquired a discrimination between A and E more readily than
      those preexposed to A and E; and in Experiment 2b the same preexposure treatments
      had no effect on the acquisition of a discrimination between B and D. In
      Experiments 3a and 3b, rats given preexposure to C learned a discrimination
      between A and E more readily than those not given preexposure. Experiment 4
      demonstrated that preexposure to a texture (e.g., B) that was adjacent to the to
      be-discriminated textures (e.g., C and E) facilitated a discrimination between
      them relative to preexposure to their midpoint (D). These novel perceptual
      learning effects are interpreted as reflecting a redistribution of processing
      between the notional elements of the texture dimension. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379719
TI  - "Contexts control negative contrast and restrict the expression of flavor
      preference conditioning": Correction to Austen and Sanderson (2016).
AB  - Reports an error in "Contexts control negative contrast and restrict the
      expression of flavor preference conditioning" by Joseph M. Austen and David J.
      Sanderson (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition,
      2016[Jan], Vol 42[1], 95-105). In Table 2 of the article, the conditions in
      Experiment 3 are labeled AB and XY, but they should be AX and BY. (The following
      abstract of the original article appeared in record 2015-59080-002.) Consumption
      of a high concentration of sucrose can have either a detrimental, negative
      contrast effect or a facilitatory, preference conditioning effect on subsequent
      consumption of a low concentration of sucrose, depending on the cues that are
      present during consumption. The role of context and flavor cues in determining
      these effects were studied using analysis of the microstructure of licking in
      mice. Exposure to a high concentration followed by exposure to a low
      concentration resulted in a transient reduction in mean lick cluster size, which
      was context dependent (Experiment 1). However, there was no change in the total
      number of licks or overall consumption. When a flavor that had previously been
      paired with a high concentration was paired with a low concentration, there was
      an increase in the total number of licks, and overall consumption, but no change
      in the mean lick cluster size (Experiment 2). Pairing a high concentration with a
      flavor in a particular context before pairing the context and flavor compound
      with a low concentration resulted in abolishing the expression of the flavor
      preference conditioning effect on the total number of licks and consumption
      (Experiment 3). These results demonstrate that although context and flavor cues
      have dissociable effects on licking behavior, their interaction has an
      antagonistic effect on the behavioral expression of memory. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 27379720
TI  - Switching off perceptual learning: Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation
      (tDCS) at Fp3 eliminates perceptual learning in humans.
AB  - Perceptual learning can be acquired as a result of experience with stimuli that
      would otherwise be difficult to tell apart, and is often explained in terms of
      the modulation of feature salience by an error signal based on how well that
      feature can be predicted by the others that make up the stimulus. In this article
      we show that anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) at Fp3
      directly influences this modulation process so as to eliminate and possibly
      reverse perceptual learning. In 2 experiments, anodal stimulation disrupted
      perceptual learning (indexed by an inversion effect) compared with sham
      (Experiment 1) or cathodal (Experiment 2) stimulation. Our findings can be
      interpreted as showing that anodal tDCS severely reduced or even abolished the
      modulation of salience based on error, greatly increasing generalization between
      stimuli. This result supports accounts of perceptual learning based on variations
      in salience as a consequence of pre-exposure, and opens up the possibility of
      controlling this phenomenon. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379723
TI  - Dental Implant Length and Diameter: A Proposed Classification Scheme.
AB  - PURPOSE: To propose a length-and-diameter-based classification scheme for dental
      implants to standardize terminology in the dental literature and communication
      between interested parties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was mainly based on
      searching two major resources: published scientific research papers and 14 of the
      most popular dental implant manufacturers. Indexed databases were searched from
      January 2004 up to and including February 2016 using the keywords "dental implant
      length" and "dental implant diameter." Retrieved titles and abstracts were
      screened, and related full-text articles were reviewed. Full-text articles that
      clearly stated the terms and measurements of implants used were included and
      considered for proposing this classification scheme. RESULTS: The initial search
      for implant diameter and length yielded 1007 and 936 articles, respectively. A
      total of 85 studies (41 about diameter, 44 about length) were selected and
      reviewed. The remaining studies (966 about diameter, 892 about length) that did
      not abide by the eligibility criteria were excluded. The terms "long," "short,"
      "standard," "wide," and "narrow" were the most commonly used terms in the
      literature. A classification scheme for implants by diameter and length was
      proposed. CONCLUSIONS: Indexed publications contain a variety of terms used by
      authors to describe diameter and length of dental implants without conformity and
      standardization. The classification scheme proposed in this article could serve
      as a reference for interested parties.

PMID- 27379722
TI  - Nuclear import sequence identification in hOAS3 protein.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The OAS proteins are characterized by their capacity to synthesize
      2',5'-linked phosphodiester bonds to polymerize ATP into oligomers of adenosine.
      OAS3, belonging to OASs gene family, synthesizes dimeric 2-5A that binds to RNase
      L with low affinity and produces 2-5A oligomers shorter than the tri-tetramer 2
      5As produced by other family members. METHODS: For these studies, we used the
      open source tools cNLS Mapper, PredictProtein and COMPARTMENTS for the nuclear
      localization signal prediction, UCSF Chimera for molecular graphics and analyses,
      The Human Protein Atlas to confirm with the IF the OAS3 cell localization and
      Ensembl Variation Table to identify the presence of putative single nucleotide
      polymorphisms in the NLS sequence identification. RESULTS: The analysis of OAS3
      protein sequence (NP_006178.2) displayed a putative nuclear localization signal
      (cNLS Mapper score 8 and PP 100 %), identified by 11 and 5 amino acids (LQRQL
      KRPRP V) located in the outer portion ready to interact with the importin
      alpha/beta. Furthermore, we showed that in all cells lines available in the Human
      Protein Atlas subcell section, the OAS3 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and
      nucleus, but not in the nucleoli. We identify six known variant SNPs mapping in
      the nuclear import sequence, but only three were associated with a missense
      variation (rs781335794, rs750458641, rs550465943) and were able to strongly
      reduce the cNLS score. CONCLUSIONS: The catalytically inactive domain of human
      OAS3 has a potential nuclear import function, susceptible to SNPs, which could
      determine their roles in the viral infection and IFNs response.

PMID- 27379724
TI  - American neurophysiology and two nineteenth-century American Physiological
      Societies.
AB  - This article contrasts two American Physiological Societies, one founded near the
      beginning of the nineteenth century in 1837 and the other founded near its end in
      1887. The contrast allows a perspective on how much budding neuroscience had
      developed during the nineteenth century in America. The contrast also emphasizes
      the complicated structure needed in both medicine and physiology to allow
      neurophysiology to flourish. The objectives of the American Physiological Society
      of 1887 were (and are) to promote physiological research and to codify physiology
      as a discipline. These would be accomplished by making physiology much more
      inclusive than traditionally accepted by raising research standards, by giving
      prestige to its members, by providing members a source of professional
      interchange, by protecting its members from antivivisectionists, and by promoting
      physiology as fundamental to medicine. The quantity of neuroscientific
      experiments by its members was striking. The main organizers of the society were
      Silas Weir Mitchell, John Call Dalton, Henry Pickering Bowditch, and Henry Newell
      Martin. The objective of the American Physiological Society of 1837 was to
      disperse knowledge of the "laws of life" and to promote human health and
      longevity. The primary organizers were William Andrus Alcott and Sylvester Graham
      with the encouragement of John Benson. Its technique was to use physiological
      information, not create it as was the case in 1887. Its object was to disseminate
      the word that healthy eating will improve the quality of life.

PMID- 27379721
TI  - The cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist beta-caryophyllene modulates the inflammatory
      reaction induced by Mycobacterium bovis BCG by inhibiting neutrophil migration.
AB  - OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: beta-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a sesquiterpene that binds to
      the cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. In this
      study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of BCP and another CB2
      agonist, GP1a in inflammatory experimental model induced by Mycobacterium bovis
      (BCG). METHODS: C57Bl/6 mice were pretreated orally with BCP (0.5-50 mg/kg) or
      intraperitonealy with GP1a (10 mg/kg) 1 h before the induction of pleurisy or
      pulmonary inflammation by BCG. The direct action of CB2 agonists on neutrophils
      function was evaluated in vitro. RESULTS: beta-Caryophyllene (50 mg/kg) impaired
      BCG-induced neutrophil accumulation in pleurisy without affecting mononuclear
      cells or the production of TNF-alpha and CCL2/MCP-1. However, BCP inhibited
      CXCL1/KC, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), IL-12, and nitric oxide production. GP1a had a
      similar effect to BCP. Preincubation of neutrophils with BCP (10 uM) impaired
      chemotaxis toward LTB4 and adhesion to endothelial cells stimulated with TNF
      alpha, and both, BCP and GP1a, impaired LTB4-induced actin polymerization.
      CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the CB2 receptor may represent a new
      target for modulating the inflammatory reaction induced by mycobacteria.

PMID- 27379725
TI  - Radiological predictors of malignant transformation of IPMNs: importance of the
      predictive model validation: Author reply.

PMID- 27379726
TI  - Arc discharge-mediated disassembly of viral particles in water.
AB  - In this study, we investigated the inactivation effects on murine norovirus (MNV
      1) with/without purification in water using a submerged plasma reactor of arc
      discharge (underwater arc), which produced a shockwave, UV light, reactive oxygen
      species and reactive nitrogen species. Underwater arc treatments of 3 and 6 Hz at
      12 kV resulted in 2.6- and 4.2-log reductions in the virus titer of non-purified
      MNV-1 after 1 min of treatment, respectively. The reduction of purified MNV-1 was
      higher than that of non-purified MNV-1 after underwater arc treatment for all
      applied conditions (12 or 15 kV and 3 or 6 Hz). One of the viral capsid proteins
      (VP1) was not detectable after underwater arc treatment, when its integrity was
      assessed by western blot analysis. Transmission electron microscopy analysis also
      revealed that MNV-1 particles were completely dissembled by the treatment. This
      study demonstrates that underwater arc treatment, which was capable of
      disintegrating the MNV-1 virion structure and the viral capsid protein, can be an
      effective disinfection process for the inactivation of water-borne noroviruses.

PMID- 27379727
TI  - Effect of co-existing kaolinite and goethite on the aggregation of graphene oxide
      in the aquatic environment.
AB  - Broad applications of graphene oxide (GO) will result in the release of GO into
      aquatic environments, where clay minerals and metal (hydr)oxides are commonly
      present. Thereby the interactions between GO and a binary system containing clay
      minerals and metal (hydr)oxides can occur. We investigated the aggregation of GO
      with kaolinite and kaolinite-goethite associations (KGAs) in aquatic systems
      under different pHs, ionic strengths, and GO concentrations. GO suspension was
      unstable at low pHs, and the aggregation of GO occurred in the presence of KGA-4%
      and KGA-10% until pH 5 and 6, respectively. Kaolinite decreased the critical
      coagulation concentration (CCC) of GO at pH 5.5 from around 50 to 20 mM NaCl due
      to the reduced energy barrier. Heteroaggregation of GO with KGAs was extremely
      sensitive to ionic strength at pH 5.5, and the CCC of GO in the presence of KGA
      10% increased from less than 1 mM NaCl to 5 mM NaCl with the increase of pH from
      5.5 to 9. The heteroaggregation extent of GO with KGAs was enhanced firstly, then
      reduced with the increase of GO concentrations at pH 5.0, which is likely because
      KGA plates were more efficiently wrapped by large-size GO sheets with increasing
      GO concentrations. These findings are useful for understanding and predicting the
      fate of GO in the relatively complicated aquatic and soil environments where
      binary minerals co-exist.

PMID- 27379729
TI  - Life cycle water footprint of hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel production
      from lignocellulosic biomass.
AB  - The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel requires water. This study
      is focused on the production of hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel (HDRD)
      from lignocellulosic biomass. Although there has been considerable focus on the
      assessment of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, there is limited work on the
      assessment of the life cycle water footprint of HDRD production. This paper
      presents a life cycle water consumption study on lignocellulosic biomass to HDRD
      via pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) processes. The results of this
      study show that whole tree (i.e., tree chips) biomass has water requirements of
      497.79 L/MJ HDRD and 376.16 L/MJ HDRD for production through fast pyrolysis and
      the HTL process, respectively. Forest residues (i.e., chips from branches and
      tops generated during logging operations) have water requirements of 338.58 L/MJ
      HDRD and 255.85 L/MJ HDRD for production through fast pyrolysis and the HTL
      process, respectively. Agricultural residues (i.e., straw from wheat, oats, and
      barley), which are more water efficient, have water requirements of 83.7 L/MJ
      HDRD and 59.1 L/MJ HDRD through fast pyrolysis and the HTL process, respectively.
      Differences in water use between feedstocks and conversion processes indicate
      that the choices of biomass feedstock and conversion pathway water efficiency are
      crucial factors affecting water use efficiency of HDRD production.

PMID- 27379728
TI  - Pathways regulating the removal of nitrogen in planted and unplanted subsurface
      flow constructed wetlands.
AB  - Single-stage constructed wetlands (CWs) are characterized by a low potential for
      N removal. Understanding the pathways regulating N cycling as well as their
      dependence on environmental variables might improve the potential of CWs for N
      removal and results in more accurate simulation tools. In this study we employed
      qPCR targeting marker functional genes (amoA, nirK, nirS, clade I and II nosZ) or
      microorganisms (anammox) regulating key pathways of N cycling to unravel their
      relative importance. Furthermore, the influence of plant species on treatment
      performance was studied. Our findings indicated nitrification-denitrification as
      the principal route of N removal in CWs, while anammox did not have a strong
      contribution. Evidence was also arisen that ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA)
      contributed on NH3 oxidation. Overall, plant species had a weak effect on the
      abundance of N functional genes (amoA of AOA), but it strongly affected the
      performance of CWs in terms of N removal in the following order: unplanted <
      Phragmites communis < Typha latifolia. These findings suggest that plant species
      stimulate N removal by upregulating the rates that the responsible biochemical
      pathways operate, probably by increasing O2 supply. In addition, our study
      revealed differences in indicators linked to N2O emissions. The abundance of
      clade II nosZ genes remained low across the season scaling down a strong
      contribution in the reduction of the emitted N2O. The increasing ratios of
      nosZ/Sigmanir and nirS/nirK with the progress of season indicate a shift in the
      composition of denitrifiers towards strains with a lower genetic potential for
      N2O release. Similar trends were observed among the treatments but the mechanisms
      differed. The planted treatments stimulated an increase in the SigmanosZ/Sigmanir
      ratio, while the unplanted an increase in the nirS/nirK ratio.

PMID- 27379730
TI  - Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tear after Immunosuppressive Treatment for Sarcoidosis
      related Choroidal Granuloma.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the formation of a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) tear
      following immunosuppressive treatment of a large choroidal granuloma in a patient
      with sarcoidosis-related panuveitis. METHODS: A 25-year-old woman presented with
      bilateral sarcoidosis-related panuveitis and optic disc edema in both eyes with a
      large choroidal granuloma temporal to the fovea in the left eye. High-dose oral
      prednisone therapy was given. RESULTS: High-dose oral prednisone therapy produced
      improvement in her panuveitis with reduction in size of the left choroidal
      granuloma. An RPE tear overlying the flattening choroidal granuloma developed by
      3 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of choroidal granuloma with rapid
      reduction in size may result in an RPE tear.

PMID- 27379731
TI  - Risk of Bleeding and Thrombosis in Patients 70 Years or Older Using Vitamin K
      Antagonists.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Previous studies have shown that, despite the higher risk of
      bleeding, the elderly still benefit from taking anticoagulants if they have a
      stringent indication. However, owing to the relatively low number of patients
      older than 90 years in these studies, it is unknown whether this benefit is also
      seen with the eldest patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine how the risk of bleeding
      and thrombosis is associated with age in patients older than 70 years who were
      treated with a vitamin K antagonist (VKA). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A
      matched cohort study was conducted of patients at a thrombosis service who were
      treated with a VKA between January 21, 2009, and June 30, 2012. All 1109 patients
      90 years or older who were treated with a VKA were randomly matched 1:1:1 with
      1100 patients aged 80 to 89 years and 1104 patients aged 70 to 79 years based on
      duration of VKA treatment. Data analysis was conducted from April 2015 to April
      2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was a composite of
      clinically relevant nonmajor and major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included
      thromboses and quality of VKA control. RESULTS: During 6419 observation-years,
      713 of the 3313 patients (1394 men and 1919 women) had 1050 bleeding events. The
      risk of bleeding was not significantly increased in patients aged 80 to 89 years
      (event rate per 100 patient-years [ER], 16.7; hazard ratio [HR], 1.07; 95% CI,
      0.89-1.27) and mildly increased in patients 90 years or older (ER, 18.1; HR,
      1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.50) compared with patients aged 70 to 79 years (ER, 14.8).
      The point estimates for major bleeding (including fatal) were comparable for
      patients aged 80 to 89 years (ER, 1.0; HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.60-1.98) and those 90
      years or older (ER, 1.1; HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.65-2.22) compared with those aged 70
      to 79 years (ER, 0.9). The increase in bleeding risk was sharper in men than in
      women. Eighty-five patients (2.6%) developed a thrombotic event. Risk of
      thrombosis was higher for patients in their 90s (HR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.22-3.75) and
      80s (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.002-3.05) than for patients in their 70s. Vitamin K
      antagonist control became significantly poorer with rising age, which partly
      explained the increased bleeding risk in patients 90 years or older, but most of
      the increased risk of thrombosis was not mediated by VKA control. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: These clinical practice data of patients considered eligible for
      anticoagulation show that the bleeding risk with a VKA only mildly increases
      after the age of 80 years, while there is a sharp increase in the risk of
      thrombosis in the same age group.

PMID- 27379734
TI  - Photophysics of Diphenylbutadiynes in Water, Acetonitrile-Water, and Acetonitrile
      Solvent Systems: Application to Single Component White Light Emission.
AB  - Diacetylenes have been the subject of current research because of their
      interesting optoelectronic properties. Herein, we report that substituted
      diphenylbutadiynes exhibit locally excited (LE) and excimer emissions in water
      and multiple emissions from the LE, excimer, and intramolecular charge transfer
      (ICT) states in acetonitrile-water solvent systems. The LE, excimer, and ICT
      emissions are clearly distinguishable for a diphenylbutadiynyl derivative with
      push (-NMe2)-pull (-CN) substituents and those are closely overlapped for non
      push-pull analogues. In neat acetonitrile, the excimer emission disappears and
      the LE and ICT emissions predominate. In the case of the push (-NMe2)-pull (-CN)
      diphenylbutadiyne, the intensity of the ICT emission increases with increasing
      the fluorophore concentration. This suggests that the ICT emission accompanies
      with intermolecular CT emission which is of exciplex type. As the LE and exciplex
      emissions of the push-pull diphenylbutadiyne together cover the visible region
      (400-700 nm) in acetonitrile, a control of the fluorophore concentration makes
      the relative intensities of the LE and exciplex emissions such that pure white
      light emission is achieved. The white light emission is not observed in those
      diphenylbutadiynyl analogues in which the peripheral substituents of the phenyl
      rings do not possess strong push-pull character. 

PMID- 27379732
TI  - Association of functional status and treatment choice among older men with
      prostate cancer in the Medicare Advantage population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are several effective treatments for prostate cancer. To what
      extent a patient's functional status influences the treatment decision is
      unknown. This study examined the association between functional status and
      treatment among older men with prostate cancer. METHODS: Surveillance,
      Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare Health Outcomes Survey data were used to
      identify men who were 65 years old or older and were diagnosed with prostate
      cancer between 1998 and 2009. The primary outcome was treatment choice:
      conservative management, surgery, or radiation within 1 year of the diagnosis.
      The exposure was the functional status assessed as 4 measures within 3 domains:
      1) physical function (activities of daily living [ADLs] and physical component
      summary score), 2) cognitive function (survey completer: self vs proxy), and 3)
      emotional well-being (mental component summary score). A multivariate,
      multinomial logistic regression was fitted with adjustments for several patient,
      tumor, and regional characteristics. RESULTS: This study identified 508
      conservative management patients, 195 surgery patients, and 603 radiation
      patients. Compared with men with no ADL dependency, those with any ADL dependency
      had lower odds of receiving surgery (odds ratio [OR], 0.61; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 0.38-0.99) or radiation (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.43-0.78) versus
      conservative management. ADL dependency did not differ when surgery and radiation
      were compared. Patients with a proxy survey response were less likely to receive
      surgery or radiation versus conservative management. CONCLUSIONS: Functional
      status is associated with treatment choice for men with prostate cancer. Future
      research should examine whether this is due to physician recommendations, patient
      preferences, or a combination. Cancer 2016;122:3199-206. (c) 2016 American Cancer
      Society.

PMID- 27379733
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and bone metabolism: is vitamin D the link?
AB  - AIMS: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4-Is) represent a promising class of
      agents for type 2 diabetes treatment. Experimental models and clinical studies
      have reported positive effects of DPP4-Is on bone; however, how DPP4-Is
      positively impact bone homeostasis in humans remains an unanswered question. Aim
      of this study investigated the relationship between treatment with DPP4-Is and
      vitamin D balance in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: This is a cross
      sectional study. A total of 295 consecutive individuals with type 2 diabetes
      referring to our diabetes outpatient clinics were enrolled; among them, 53 % were
      in treatment with DPP4-Is. Metabolic profile and routine biochemistry were
      assessed by standard methods; serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels [25(OH)D] were
      measured by colorimetric method (LAISON, DiaSorin). RESULTS: DPP4-Is-treated
      participants had significantly higher serum 25(OH)D levels then those undertaking
      other antidiabetic therapies (18.4 +/- 10.7 vs. 14.9 +/- 8.6 ng/ml, p = 0.004);
      this association persisted after adjusting for all major confounders. Increased
      25(OH)D concentrations also correlated with the duration of DPP4-Is treatment and
      with a stronger DPP4 inhibitory activity. CONCLUSIONS: DPP4-Is treatment is
      associated with improved vitamin D balance in people with type 2 diabetes; our
      findings suggest that vitamin D may underlie the link between DPP4-Is and bone
      metabolism.

PMID- 27379736
TI  - [Therapy-resistant cells of the B cell line].

PMID- 27379735
TI  - Low-Level Laser Irradiation Improves Depression-Like Behaviors in Mice.
AB  - Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the leading forms of psychiatric
      disorders, characterized by aversion to mobility, neurotransmitter deficiency,
      and energy metabolic decline. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been
      investigated in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders associated with
      mitochondrial dysfunction and functional impairments. The goal of this study was
      to examine the effect of LLLT on depression-like behaviors and to explore the
      potential mechanism by detecting mitochondrial function following LLLT.
      Depression models in space restriction mice and Abelson helper integration site-1
      (Ahi1) knockout (KO) mice were employed in this work. Our results revealed that
      LLLT effectively improved depression-like behaviors, in the two depression mice
      models, by decreasing immobility duration in behavioral despair tests. In
      addition, ATP biosynthesis and the level of mitochondrial complex IV expression
      and activity were significantly elevated in prefrontal cortex (PFC) following
      LLLT. Intriguingly, LLLT has no effects on ATP content and mitochondrial complex
      I-IV levels in other tested brain regions, hippocampus and hypothalamus. As a
      whole, these findings shed light on a novel strategy of transcranial LLLT on
      depression improvement by ameliorating neurotransmitter abnormalities and
      promoting mitochondrial function in PFC. The present work provides concrete
      groundwork for further investigation of LLLT for depression treatment.

PMID- 27379737
TI  - [Standardized outcome parameters].

PMID- 27379738
TI  - [Clinical immunology in rheumatology : State of the art].

PMID- 27379739
TI  - [Pachydermodactyly : A rare but benign consequence of repetitive movement
      patterns].
AB  - Pachydermodactyly is an acquired swelling of the lateral aspects of the fingers
      and is thought to be a reactive pattern due to exogenous factors, such as
      repetitive mechanical friction. We describe the clinical case of a 17-year-old
      male patient who presented with the typical symptoms of pachydermodactyly.

PMID- 27379740
TI  - [Medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in 2014 : Current data from the German
      Collaborative Arthritis Centers].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of biologic treatment in rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA), disease activity and treatment modalities have changed substantially. The
      current provision and developments in recent years are analyzed with annual data
      from the National Database of the Collaborative Arthritis Centers in Germany.
      METHODS: To analyze disease activity, diagnostics and treatment in RA patients in
      2014 with regard to seropositivity and disease duration. Time trends from 2007
      2014 are reported for disease activity (DAS28) distribution and biologic
      treatment. RESULTS: In 2014, a total of 8,084 RA patients were analyzed: 72 %
      were rheumatoid factor and/or ACPA positive, the mean age was 62 years and the
      mean disease duration 12 years. According to DAS28, 35.9 % were in remission,
      19.2 % had low, 37.1 % moderate and 7.8 % high disease activity. An increase
      since 2007 was only observed in patients with a disease duration >2 years.
      Synthetic DMARDS were used for treatment in 78 %. Biologic treatment increased
      from 16 % (2007) to 27 % (2014). Especially those patients with a disease
      duration >5 years were treated more frequently with biologics. Seronegative
      patients had slightly less severe mean disease activity parameters. They were
      treated equally frequent with DMARDS but only half as often with biologics
      compared to seropositive patients. CONCLUSION: The use of biologics in RA
      patients has increased since 2007; however this was not observed in patients with
      short disease duration. Early intensive treatment adaption seems justified to
      improve disease activity in the large portion of patients who do not reach low
      disease activity under conventional DMARDs.

PMID- 27379741
TI  - [Synovial fibroblasts : Main players in rheumatoid arthritis].

PMID- 27379742
TI  - Use of Decision Models in the Development of Evidence-Based Clinical Preventive
      Services Recommendations: Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
AB  - The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) develops evidence-based
      recommendations about preventive care based on comprehensive systematic reviews
      of the best available evidence. Decision models provide a complementary,
      quantitative approach to support the USPSTF as it deliberates about the evidence
      and develops recommendations for clinical and policy use. This article describes
      the rationale for using modeling, an approach to selecting topics for modeling,
      and how modeling may inform recommendations about clinical preventive services.
      Decision modeling is useful when clinical questions remain about how to target an
      empirically established clinical preventive service at the individual or program
      level or when complex determinations of magnitude of net benefit, overall or
      among important subpopulations, are required. Before deciding whether to use
      decision modeling, the USPSTF assesses whether the benefits and harms of the
      preventive service have been established empirically, assesses whether there are
      key issues about applicability or implementation that modeling could address, and
      then defines the decision problem and key questions to address through modeling.
      Decision analyses conducted for the USPSTF are expected to follow best practices
      for modeling. For chosen topics, the USPSTF assesses the strengths and
      limitations of the systematically reviewed evidence and the modeling analyses and
      integrates the results of each to make preventive service recommendations.

PMID- 27379744
TI  - High-Throughput Screening Across Quaternary Alloy Composition Space: Oxidation of
      (AlxFeyNi1-x-y)~0.8Cr~0.2.
AB  - Composition spread alloy films (CSAFs) are commonly used as libraries for high
      throughput screening of composition-property relationships in multicomponent
      materials science. Because lateral gradients afford two degrees of freedom, an n
      component CSAF can, in principle, contain any composition range falling on a
      continuous two-dimensional surface through an (n - 1)-dimensional composition
      space. However, depending on the complexity of the CSAF gradients, characterizing
      and graphically representing this composition range may not be straightforward
      when n >= 4. The standard approach for combinatorial studies performed using
      quaternary or higher-order CSAFs has been to use fixed stoichiometric ratios of
      one or more components to force the composition range to fall on some well
      defined plane in the composition space. In this work, we explore the synthesis of
      quaternary Al-Fe-Ni-Cr CSAFs with a rotatable shadow mask CSAF deposition tool,
      in which none of the component ratios are fixed. On the basis of the unique
      gradient geometry produced by the tool, we show that the continuous quaternary
      composition range of the CSAF can be rigorously represented using a set of two
      dimensional "pseudoternary" composition diagrams. We then perform a case study of
      (AlxFeyNi1-x-y)~0.8Cr~0.2 oxidation in dry air at 427  degrees C to demonstrate
      how such CSAFs can be used to screen an alloy property across a continuous two
      dimensional subspace of a quaternary composition space. We identify a continuous
      boundary through the (AlxFeyNi1-x-y)~0.8Cr~0.2 subspace at which the oxygen
      uptake into the CSAF between 1 and 16 h oxidation time increases abruptly with
      decreasing Al content. The results are compared to a previous study of the
      oxidation of AlxFeyNi1-x-y CSAFs in dry air at 427  degrees C.

PMID- 27379743
TI  - Investigating the KNDy Hypothesis in Humans by Coadministration of Kisspeptin,
      Neurokinin B, and Naltrexone in Men.
AB  - CONTEXT: A subpopulation of hypothalamic neurons colocalize three neuropeptides,
      namely kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin, collectively termed KNDy
      neurons. Animal studies suggest they interact to affect pulsatile GnRH release
      (KNDy hypothesis); kisspeptin stimulates, NKB modulates, and dynorphin (an
      opioid) inhibits. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the KNDy hypothesis in humans, we
      assessed for the first time the effects of the coadministration of kisspeptin-54,
      NKB, and an opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, on LH pulsatility (surrogate
      marker for GnRH pulsatility) and gonadotropin release. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: This was an ethically approved prospective, single-blinded, placebo
      controlled study. Healthy male volunteers (n = 5/group) attended our research
      facility for eight study visits. INTERVENTION AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: After 1
      hour of baseline blood sampling, participants received a different intervention
      at each visit: oral 50 mg naltrexone, 8-hour iv infusions of vehicle, 2.56
      nmol/kg . h NKB, 0.1 nmol/kg . h kissspeptin-54 (KP) alone and in combination.
      Frequent blood sampling to measure plasma gonadotropins and sex steroids was
      conducted and LH pulsatility was determined using blinded deconvolution analysis.
      RESULTS: All kisspeptin and naltrexone containing groups potently increased LH
      and LH pulsatility (P < .001 vs vehicle). NKB alone did not affect gonadotropins.
      NKB+KP had significantly lower increases in gonadotropins compared with
      kisspeptin alone (P < .01). Naltrexone+KP was the only group to significantly
      increase LH pulse amplitude (P < .001 vs vehicle). CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      suggest significant interactions between the KNDy neuropeptides on LH pulsatility
      and gonadotropin release in humans. This has important implications for improving
      our understanding of GnRH pulse generation in humans.

PMID- 27379745
TI  - A randomized controlled trial of attention bias modification training for
      socially anxious adolescents.
AB  - The current study aimed to examine the efficacy of attention bias modification
      (ABM) training to reduce social anxiety in a community-based sample of
      adolescents 15-18 years. The study used a single-blind, parallel group,
      randomized controlled trial design (Clinical Trials ID: NCT02270671).
      Participants were screened in second-level schools using a social anxiety
      questionnaire. 130 participants scoring >=24 on the Social Phobia and Anxiety
      Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) were randomized to the ABM training (n =
      66)/placebo (n = 64) group, 120 of which completed pre-, post-, and 12-week
      follow-up data collection including threat bias, anxiety, and depression
      measures. The ABM intervention included 4 weekly training sessions using a dot
      probe task designed to reduce attention bias to threatening stimuli. ABM training
      did not alter the primary outcomes of attention bias to threat or social anxiety
      symptoms raising questions about the efficacy of ABM as an intervention for
      adolescents.

PMID- 27379746
TI  - Semi-synthesis and NMR spectral assignments of flavonoid and chalcone
      derivatives.
AB  - Previous investigations of the aerial parts of the Australian plant Eremophila
      microtheca and Syzygium tierneyanum resulted in the isolation of the
      antimicrobial flavonoid jaceosidin (4) and 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-3',5'
      dimethyl chalcone (7), respectively. In this current study, compounds 4 and 7
      were derivatized by acetylation, pivaloylation, and methylation reactions. The
      final products, 5,7,4'-triacetoxy jaceosidin (10), 5,7,4'-tripivaloyloxy
      jaceosidin (11), 5,7,4'-trimethoxy jaceosidin (12), 2',6'-diacetoxy-4'-methoxy
      3',5'-dimethyl chalcone (13), 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-6'-pivaloyloxy-3',5'-dimethyl
      chalcone (14), and 2'-hydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxy-3',5'-dimethyl chalcone (15) were
      all fully characterized by NMR and MS. Derivatives 10 and 13 have been previously
      reported but were only partially characterized. This is the first reported
      synthesis of 11 and 14. The natural products and their derivatives were evaluated
      for their antibacterial and antifungal properties, and the natural product,
      jaceosidin (4) and the acetylated derivative, 5,7,4'-triacetoxy jaceosidin (10),
      showed modest antibacterial activity (32-128 ug/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus
      strains. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27379747
TI  - A highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for determination of ketoconazole in human
      plasma: Application to a clinical study of the exposure to ketoconazole in
      patients after topical administration.
AB  - A simple, rapid and highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated
      for the determination of ketoconazole in human plasma. Sample preparation was
      accomplished through a single step liquid-liquid extraction by ethyl acetate. The
      chromatography separation was carried out on a Hedera CN (150mm*2.1mm, 5MUm)
      column with isocratic elution using acetonitrile and 10mM ammonium acetate
      containing 0.1% formic acid (45:55, v/v) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was
      0.5mL/min. Detection was performed in the positive ion electrospray ionization
      mode using multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions of 531.2->489.3 and
      286.1->217.1 for ketoconazole and letrozole (the internal standard),
      respectively. The method exhibited good linearity over the concentration range of
      0.01-12ng/mL for ketoconazole. The intra- and inter-batch precision and accuracy
      of ketoconazole were all within the acceptable criteria. The method was
      successfully applied to a clinical study of the exposure to ketoconazole in
      Chinese seborrheic dermatitis patients after topical administration of two
      ketoconazole formulations of foam and lotion, respectively. The study results
      showed that there was little systemic absorption of ketoconazole in patients for
      the two formulations, and the ketoconazole foam and lotion are safe therapeutic
      drugs for seborrheic dermatitis patients. 

PMID- 27379748
TI  - Internal hernia through a congenital peritoneal defect in the vesico-uterine
      space.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: An internal hernia is a rare type of hernia that may either be
      congenital or acquired in etiology. Acquired internal hernias generally develop
      from mesenteric defects or adhesions from prior surgery. These hernias can trap
      and/or twist small bowel, resulting in bowel obstruction. The diagnosis of small
      bowel obstruction (SBO) secondary to internal hernia is particularly challenging
      given its non-specific clinical presentation. Thus, it is critical for the
      clinician to keep internal hernias as part of the differential for a patient
      presenting with SBO. PRESENTATION OF CASE: In this case, we present the first
      reported case of a hernia through the vesico-uterine space as a cause of an SBO.
      Our patient was a 38-year-old female with no past medical or surgical history who
      presents with nausea, vomiting, and obstipation. Upon exploratory laparoscopy,
      she was found to have an internal hernia through a peritoneal defect in the
      vesico-uterine space. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge this is the first report of an
      intestinal obstruction caused by herniated bowel through a congenital vesico
      uterine peritoneal defect. It is important for surgeons to keep in mind that
      while rare, congenital pelvic peritoneal defects can lead to bowel obstructions.
      CONCLUSION: The patient underwent laparoscopic exploration, during which the
      incarcerated bowel was freed and appeared to be viable. The peritoneal defect was
      subsequently closed. Post-operatively, she recovered without issues and her
      obstructive symptoms resolved.

PMID- 27379749
TI  - Individualized multimodal treatment strategy for anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
      Case report of long-term remission and review of literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The prognosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is poor with a
      mean survival time of six months following diagnosis. Despite various attempts to
      modify common treatment modalities including surgery, external beam radiation and
      chemotherapy, an effective treatment is not available yet. We report, here, a
      patient who achieved long-term survival based on multimodal treatment, including
      in vitro evaluation of drug response of his tumor cells. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A
      42 years old male patient underwent total thyroidectomy with central and lateral
      neck dissection for ATC (pT4b, pN0 (0/36), L0, V0, Pn1, R0 cM0 - UICC-Stage: IV
      b). From the tumor tissue a primary cell culture was established. While the
      patient received a combined radio-chemotherapy cell viability assays were
      performed using Sorafenib, Vandetanib und MLN8054 (Aurora kinase inhibitor) as
      inhibitors. Cell viability was determined by MTT-assay after 72 and 144h of
      treatment. DISCUSSION: All the three compounds affected cell viability in a time-
      and dose dependent manner. These effects were most pronounced by Sorafenib. Based
      on in vitro findings, the patient was treated daily with 400mg Sorafenib for
      75days. 43 months after initial diagnosis, the patient had no evidence of disease
      as shown by MRI, CT and FDG-PET-CT imaging. CONCLUSION: In the setting of
      multimodal treatment, in vitro drug evaluation of individual tumor cells of
      patients might be a promising tool to ameliorate the fatal prognosis of selected
      ATC patients.

PMID- 27379750
TI  - Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma identified
      at laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: More than one third of Americans are obese. Obesity is a risk
      factor for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma
      (EA). The only durable treatment for morbid obesity and its comorbid conditions
      is bariatric surgery. There is no consensus among bariatric surgeons, however,
      regarding the role of preoperative screening upper endoscopy in bariatric
      surgery. PRESENTATION OF CASE: Two cases of incidental EA were identified by
      completion EGD following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB). EGD was
      done for anastomotic surveillance and provocative leak testing. Esophageal masses
      were identified and biopsies demonstrated adenocarcinoma. In both cases a
      laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy (LTHE) was completed using the gastric
      remnant as conduit; the biliopancreatic limb was divided proximal to the
      jejunojejunostomy and anastomosed to the proximal roux limb to complete the
      reconstruction. DISCUSSION: Obesity is a risk factor for GERD and EA. The role of
      EGD prior to bariatric surgery is unclear. Studies have demonstrated routine EGD
      prior to bariatric surgery may diagnose foregut pathology; however, few of the
      findings alter the planned treatment. The cost effectiveness of this strategy is
      questionable. There are reports of EA developing after bariatric surgery;
      however, we found no previous case reports of EA identified at LRYGB. CONCLUSION:
      Our institution has opted for selective preoperative endoscopy in patients with
      preoperative gastrointestinal symptoms. In post gastric bypass patients LTHE can
      be performed with good results.

PMID- 27379751
TI  - Mountain bikes as seed dispersers and their potential socio-ecological
      consequences.
AB  - Seed dispersal critically influences plant community composition and species
      distributions. Increasingly, human mediated dispersal is acknowledged as
      important dispersal mechanism, but we are just beginning to understand the
      different vectors that might play a role. We assessed the role of mountain bikes
      as potential dispersal vectors and associated social-ecological consequences in
      areas of conservation concern near Freiburg, Germany. Seed attachment and
      detachment on a mountain bike were measured experimentally at distances from 0 to
      500 m. We assessed effects of seed traits, weather conditions, riding distance
      and tire combinations using generalized linear mixed effect models. Most seeds
      detached from the mountain bike within the first 5-20 m. However, a small
      proportion of seeds remained on tires after 200-500 m. Attachment was higher, and
      the rate of detachment slower, in semi-wet conditions and lighter seeds travelled
      farther. Seed dispersal by mountain bikes was moderate compared to other forms of
      human mediated dispersal. However, we found that lighter seeds could attach to
      other bike parts and remain there until cleaning which, depending on riders'
      preferences, might only be after 70 km and in different habitats. Ecological
      impacts of mountain biking are growing with the popularity of the activity. We
      demonstrate that mountain bikes are effective seeds dispersers at landscape
      scales. Thus, management to mitigate their potential to spread non-native species
      is warranted. We suggest bike cleaning between rides, control of non-native
      species at trailheads and increased awareness for recreationalists in areas of
      conservation concern to mitigate the potential negative consequences of seed
      dispersal. 

PMID- 27379753
TI  - (1)H-(14)N cross-relaxation spectrum analysis in sildenafil and sildenafil
      citrate.
AB  - Here we describe a method for the extraction of (14)N quadrupole parameters from
      a (1)H-(14)N cross-relaxation spectrum by fitting the lineshapes of the (14)N
      quadrupole transitions. The procedures used typically to fit quadrupole
      lineshapes are not directly applicable to fit the (1)H-(14)N cross-relaxation
      spectrum, because the presence of proton homonuclear dipolar interaction broadens
      the lineshapes considerably and prevents a reliable determination of Cq and eta
      from a single lineshape. Instead, one must fit two or even three lineshapes
      originating from the same nitrogen site simultaneously. The problem is to
      identify which lineshapes belong together when many are observed due to the
      existence of several nitrogen sites. We solve this problem by fitting the
      spectrum for all possible combinations and find the best-fitting one. This
      combination then most likely correctly identifies lineshapes belonging to the
      same nitrogen site. There are two main advantages of our method compared to the
      typically used method, which relies only on lineshape singularities: (i) the
      method is "automatic" and does not require knowledge of nitrogen quadrupole
      parameters in similar environments to aid dip pairing and (ii) the accuracy of
      quadrupole parameters is better, as proton linewidth is included in the fits. We
      use sildenafil and sildenafil citrate as model compounds, each with six non
      equivalent nitrogen sites.

PMID- 27379752
TI  - RAB25 expression is epigenetically downregulated in oral and oropharyngeal
      squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node metastasis.
AB  - Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC) have a low survival rate,
      mainly due to metastasis to the regional lymph nodes. For optimal treatment of
      these metastases, a neck dissection is required; however, inaccurate detection
      methods results in under- and over-treatment. New DNA prognostic methylation
      biomarkers might improve lymph node metastases detection. To identify
      epigenetically regulated genes associated with lymph node metastases, genome-wide
      methylation analysis was performed on 6 OOSCC with (pN+) and 6 OOSCC without
      (pN0) lymph node metastases and combined with a gene expression signature
      predictive for pN+ status in OOSCC. Selected genes were validated using an
      independent OOSCC cohort by immunohistochemistry and pyrosequencing, and on data
      retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas. A two-step statistical selection of
      differentially methylated sequences revealed 14 genes with increased methylation
      status and mRNA downregulation in pN+ OOSCC. RAB25, a known tumor suppressor
      gene, was the highest-ranking gene in the discovery set. In the validation sets,
      both RAB25 mRNA (P = 0.015) and protein levels (P = 0.012) were lower in pN+
      OOSCC. RAB25 mRNA levels were negatively correlated with RAB25 methylation levels
      (P < 0.001) but RAB25 protein expression was not. Our data revealed that promoter
      methylation is a mechanism resulting in downregulation of RAB25 expression in pN+
      OOSCC and decreased expression is associated with lymph node metastasis.
      Detection of RAB25 methylation might contribute to lymph node metastasis
      diagnosis and serve as a potential new therapeutic target in OOSCC.

PMID- 27379754
TI  - The Effect of Noise on Relationships Between Speech Intelligibility and Self
      Reported Communication Measures in Tracheoesophageal Speakers.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine how sentence intelligibility
      relates to self-reported communication in tracheoesophageal speakers when speech
      intelligibility is measured in quiet and noise. METHOD: Twenty-four
      tracheoesophageal speakers who were at least 1 year postlaryngectomy provided
      audio recordings of 5 sentences from the Sentence Intelligibility Test. Speakers
      also completed self-reported measures of communication-the Voice Handicap Index
      10 and the Communicative Participation Item Bank short form. Speech recordings
      were presented to 2 groups of inexperienced listeners who heard sentences in
      quiet or noise. Listeners transcribed the sentences to yield speech
      intelligibility scores. RESULTS: Very weak relationships were found between
      intelligibility in quiet and measures of voice handicap and communicative
      participation. Slightly stronger, but still weak and nonsignificant,
      relationships were observed between measures of intelligibility in noise and both
      self-reported measures. However, 12 speakers who were more than 65% intelligible
      in noise showed strong and statistically significant relationships with both self
      reported measures (R2 = .76-.79). CONCLUSIONS: Speech intelligibility in quiet is
      a weak predictor of self-reported communication measures in tracheoesophageal
      speakers. Speech intelligibility in noise may be a better metric of self-reported
      communicative function for speakers who demonstrate higher speech intelligibility
      in noise.

PMID- 27379755
TI  - Organic gunshot residues: Observations about sampling and transfer mechanisms.
AB  - This work aimed at studying the sampling, storage, transfer and persistence of
      organic gunshot residue (OGSR), mainly stabilizers, using liquid chromatography
      hyphenated to mass spectrometry. Collection using swabs and stubs was compared
      through sequential sampling in terms of amount of residues left on the hand of a
      shooter. While stubs collected nearly all residues, swabs left about 50% of the
      residues on the hands. Moreover, the study of storage conditions after sampling
      showed that stubs were more stable than swabs and could be held at room
      temperature without significant compound loss up to 2weeks. Then, shooting
      experiments were performed to evaluate transfer of OGSR. It was not possible to
      differentiate different brands of ammunition based on a single compound
      concentration. Moreover, a memory effect was identified when different ammunition
      was shot using the same firearm. Finally, various exposed skin surfaces and hair
      as well as clothing were sampled to estimate what surfaces might be the best
      targets for OGSR sampling by comparing results just after discharge and 2h after
      discharging a pistol. The results indicated that OGSR were more rapidly lost from
      hands than from clothing. Moreover, it was shown that the face and hair of a
      suspect might be contaminated through secondary transfer. Thus, OGSR might remain
      longer on other skin surfaces, hair and clothing than on the hands of a suspect.
      As a consequence, sampling should also include clothing, hair and face. 

PMID- 27379756
TI  - Effect of mussel reproductive status on biomarker responses to PAHs: Implications
      for large-scale monitoring programs.
AB  - Biomarkers are useful tools to assess biological effects of pollutants and have
      been extensively used in monitoring programs to determine ecosystem health. In
      these programs, a wide range of environmental conditions are covered and
      sometimes, obtained data are difficult to interpret because of natural variables
      are affecting biomarker responses. Among these variables, mussels reproductive
      status has been considered one of the most changing variables between sites in a
      monitoring survey. Thus, the main aim of this work was to identify the effect
      that mussel reproductive status has on biomarker responses. For that purpose,
      mussels sampled at two periods in the reproductive cycle (reproductive and
      resting stages) were conditioned to the same laboratory conditions and exposed to
      fluoranthene (FLU) for three weeks. Studied biomarkers covering a wide range of
      organism responses were included: bioaccumulation, physiological rates (clearance
      rate -CR-, absorption efficiency -AE-, respiration rate -RR- and their
      integration in the scope for growth -SFG-), antioxidant enzyme activities
      (superoxide-dismutase -SOD-, catalase -CAT-, glutathione reductase -GR-,
      glutathione peroxidase -GPx-, glutathione-S-tranferase -GST-) and biochemical
      damage responses (lipid membrane peroxidation -LPO-). The results obtained
      evidenced that the levels of the biomarkers studied (RR, SOD, CAT and GPx) were
      higher at reproductive than at resting stage. On the other hand, the effect of
      toxicant was observed in SFG, CAT and GPx but this effect was only detected
      during the resting period. Moreover, there was a deterioration of mussel gonadal
      tissue with FLU exposure during reproductive stage. FLU accumulation in mussel
      tissues was also dependent of the reproductive status with higher internal
      concentrations during resting than reproductive period. In conclusion, there was
      a strong effect of reproductive status on studied biomarkers which seems to mask
      the effect of FLU at reproductive stage. The present study evidences the need to
      include the measurement of mussel biological status in marine pollution
      monitoring programs for a correct interpretation of biomarker data. 

PMID- 27379757
TI  - Abstracts from the 31st Annual Meeting of the Engineering and Urology Society May
      7, 2016 San Diego, CA.

PMID- 27379758
TI  - Female Colour Polymorphism and Unique Reproductive Behaviour in Polythore
      Damselflies (Zygoptera: Polythoridae).
AB  - We studied Polythore damselflies by mark-recapture techniques in the Jatun Sacha
      Biological Reserve (Ecuador) for a period of 48 days in October-December 2014.
      Three species were found: Polythore mutata (MacLachlan) was the commonest species
      (111 individuals marked), Polythore derivata (MacLachlan) was rare (24
      individuals) and Polythore concinna (MacLachlan) occasional (four individuals).
      In P. mutata, we found two phenotypes amongst females, one of them with a white
      band on the wings, very similar in colouration to the conspecific male
      (androchrome), and the other with an amber band (gynochrome). The recapture of
      marked females indicates that both phenotypes are maintained since emergence to
      maturation and are not age-related (i.e. polymorphism). Androchromes represent
      40% of females observed. The colour of the wing band showed an age-dependent
      change in size with opposite trends between sexes, increasing in males and
      decreasing in females. Males and females were observed to return to the same
      forest locations in different days. Courtships and ovipositions involving
      androchrome females were not observed. No matings were observed in any morph. In
      contrast, we recorded two consecutive matings of one female P. derivata. We found
      that Polythore males grasp the mesothorax of females during mating instead of the
      prothorax as in other Zygoptera. We discuss the rarity of reproductive behaviour
      in this genus and how female morphs might be maintained.

PMID- 27379759
TI  - Biological Strategies of Dermestes maculatus DeGeer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) at
      Larval Stages in Different Temperatures.
AB  - The intraspecific variation in larval instars is a widely distributed phenomenon
      amongst holometabolous insects. Several factors can affect the number of instars,
      such as temperature, humidity, and density. Only a few references could be found
      in the literature because the invariability in the number of larval instars is
      considered normal, and the issue has raised little to no interest. Despite this,
      no study to date has intended to assess or focus on the larval development. Here,
      we analyzed the effect of different rearing temperature on the larval stage of
      Dermestes maculatus DeGeer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). The results indicated that
      at all temperatures, L5 represented a decisive point for individuals as well as
      the other later larval instars, because the next step to follow was to pupate or
      molt to the next larval instar. Furthermore, there were mainly two populations,
      L5 and L6, although in different proportions according to temperature. We also
      found that at a greater number of instars, the larval development at all
      temperatures lasted longer. Moreover, the exponential model was the best
      adjustment in the developmental time of all populations as well as for the
      accumulated developmental time of L1-L4. Thus, we conclude that random factors
      such as genetics could probably cause interspecific variability in D. maculatus
      larval development.

PMID- 27379760
TI  - Toxicity of Secondary Metabolites from Meliaceae Against Spodoptera frugiperda
      (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).
AB  - The study was carried out to evaluate the bioactivity of secondary metabolites
      from Trichilia pallida, Trichilia pallens, and Toona ciliata against fall
      armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae. The studied compounds
      included (+/-)-catechins, a triglyceride, and cedrelone isolated from T. ciliata
      branches, fruits, and stems, respectively; dammaradienol isolated from T. pallida
      leaves; and scopoletin isolated from T. pallens branches. The compounds' activity
      was evaluated through ingestion and topic treatment. Treated artificial diet was
      offered to first instar larvae to evaluate ingestion effect, while an application
      on the dorsal thoracic region of third instar larvae was used to evaluate the
      topic effect. Mortality was assessed daily, and larval weight was recorded after
      7 days for ingestion and 5 days for topic application. Scopoletin and
      triglyceride caused low mortality rates and reduction in larval weight by
      ingestion, (+/-)-catechins caused larval weight reduction by ingestion, and
      scopoletin reduced survival by topic treatment. The most effective compound was
      cedrelone that affected larval survival and development mainly by ingestion. The
      estimated LC50, LC90, and EC50 for cedrelone were 0.0365, 0.0659, and 0.0095%,
      respectively. Further, cedrelone-treated corn leaf discs were offered to fourth
      instar larvae during 16 h in choice and no-choice tests. The deterrence indexes
      obtained in the choice tests were 23.5 and 36.3% at concentrations of 0.0365 and
      0.0659, respectively. Consumption of cedrelone-treated leaf discs at the
      concentration of 0.0659% was lower compared to the control in the no-choice test.
      Thus, cedrelone caused lethal and sublethal effects and phagodeterrence on S.
      frugiperda and should be further studied.

PMID- 27379761
TI  - Chemical Composition of the Low-Polar Fraction of the Copitarsia uncilata Burgos
      & Leiva (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eversible Pheromone Gland.
AB  - In Colombia, Copitarsia uncilata Burgos & Leiva has been reported as a pest of
      ornamental flowers. The leafworm causes serious economic losses to farmers
      because the shipments are intercepted at the detection sites. The identification
      and subsequent synthesis of the sex pheromone compounds can lead to the use of
      semiochemicals as an important strategy to complement the pest management. This
      paper identifies and characterizes the chemical components of the female sexual
      gland of C. uncilata at three different age stages in order to relate the effect
      of age on the gland extract composition. Eggs and larvae were collected from
      commercial crops. The specimens were reared and sexed. Pheromone glands of intact
      females were excised at (a) 1-2, (b) 3-4, and (c) 5-6 days old. The extracts were
      analyzed using GC-MS after two extraction time points: 20 min and 8 days. The
      extracts from the third age stage showed an increase in concentration for 35% of
      the compounds after 8 days of storage. The relative abundance as a function of
      the female age showed two trends: an upward trend, where the relative abundances
      of the compounds increased through the age stages, while some compounds shown a
      downward trend. Within the first trend, mostly of the compounds were found to be
      related with infochemicals type structures, where tetradec-9-en-1-yl acetate
      (within several C-14 long-chain alcohols) is the main one. The 9-14:Ac quadrupled
      concentration through the ages is possibly related to the increased length of
      calling period as female moth age.

PMID- 27379762
TI  - Prevalence, severity, and clinical features of acute and chronic pancreatitis in
      patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - Pancreatitis is a rare, life-threatening complication of systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed to describe the clinical features of acute
      pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) in patients with SLE. Data of
      patients who fulfilled the revised criteria of the American Rheumatism
      Association for diagnosis of SLE were retrospectively analyzed. SLE activity was
      graded according to the SLE Disease Activity Index. Logistic regression analysis
      was conducted to find out independent associations. Survival rates were estimated
      by using Kaplan-Meier plots. This study included 5665 SLE patients admitted
      between January 1983 and January 2014, of whom 52 patients were diagnosed with
      pancreatitis. Pancreatitis prevalence in SLE patients was 0.92 % (52/5665). AP
      (0.8 %, 46/5665) was more prevalent than CP (0.1 %, 6/5665), presented mostly
      during active SLE, and affected more organs. Hypertriglyceridemia occurred in
      76.9 % of AP patients and in none of the CP patients. AP patients were divided
      into severe (n = 10) or mild (n = 20) cases. The average triglyceride level in
      severe AP cases was higher than that in mild AP cases (P = 0.006), and the
      mortality rate of lupus-associated AP was 32.6 % (15/46). Concomitant infections
      and thrombocytopenia were independently associated with poor prognosis (P <
      0.001, P = 0.028, respectively). There were significant differences in the
      clinical manifestations of AP and CP. Patients with severe AP were found to have
      a higher incidence of concomitant infection and serum triglyceride levels.
      Concomitant infections and thrombocytopenia were independent risk factors for
      poor prognosis. 

PMID- 27379764
TI  - Association of the ATIC 347 C/G polymorphism with responsiveness to and toxicity
      of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis.
AB  - This study investigated whether the 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide
      transformylase gene (ATIC) 347 C/G polymorphism can predict the response to or
      toxicity of methotrexate (MTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We
      conducted a meta-analysis of studies on the association between ATIC 347 C/G
      polymorphism and non-responsiveness to or toxicity of MTX in RA patients, using
      PUBMED, EMBASE, and COCHRANE. Nine comparative studies from 6 articles including
      1056 RA patients met our inclusion criteria. This final group of studies
      comprised 5 studies on response to MTX and 4 on toxicity of MTX in RA patients in
      relation to the ATIC 347 C/G polymorphism status. Meta-analysis showed
      association between the ATIC 347 GG + GC genotype and non-response to MTX therapy
      (OR = 1.572, 95 % CI 1.146-2.156, p = 0.005). Stratification by ethnicity
      indicated significant association between the ATIC 347 GG + GC genotype and non
      response to MTX in Caucasians (OR = 1.884, 95 % CI 1.236-2.873, p = 0.003), but
      not in Asian patients. Similarly, associations were noted for the ATIC 347 C/G
      polymorphism through analysis using recessive and overdominant models. Meta
      analysis revealed association between the ATIC 347 GG + GC genotype and MTX
      toxicity (OR = 1.454 95 % CI 1.034-2.044, p = 0.032). Stratification by ethnicity
      indicated significant association between the ATIC 347 GG + GC genotype and MTX
      toxicity in Caucasians (OR = 1.741, 95 % CI 1.080-2.806, p = 0.023), but not in
      Asian patients. The ATIC 347 C/G polymorphism may be associated with non
      responsiveness to and or toxicity of MTX in Caucasian RA patients.

PMID- 27379766
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379763
TI  - Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - The ankylosed spine is prone to fracture even after minor trauma due to its
      changed biomechanical properties. The two central features of ankylosing
      spondylitis (AS) that promote the pathological remodeling of the spine are
      inflammation and new bone formation. AS is also associated with osteoporosis that
      is attributed to an uncoupling of the bone formation and bone resorption
      processes. Therefore, bone resorption occurs and promotes weakening of the spine
      as well as increased risk of vertebral fractures which can be hugely different in
      terms of clinical relevance. Even in the presence of symptomatic clinical
      vertebral fractures, the diagnosis can be overruled by attributing the pain to
      disease activity. Furthermore, given the highly abnormal structure of the spine,
      vertebral fracture diagnosis can be difficult on the basis of radiography alone.
      CT can show the fractures in detail. Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the
      method of choice for the imaging of spinal cord injuries, and a reasonable option
      for exclusion of occult fractures undetected by CT. Since it is equally important
      for radiologists and clinicians to have a common knowledge base rather than a
      compartmentalized view, the aim of this review article was to provide the
      required clinical knowledge that radiologists need to know and the relevant
      radiological semiotics that clinicians require in diagnosing clinically
      significant injury to the ankylosed spine. 

PMID- 27379767
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379765
TI  - Severe Early-Onset Combined Immunodeficiency due to Heterozygous Gain-of-Function
      Mutations in STAT1.
AB  - PURPOSE: Loss and gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in human signal transducer and
      activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) lead to distinct phenotypes. Although
      recurrent infections are common to both types of STAT1 mutations, GOF mutations
      are distinguished by chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and autoimmunity. However,
      the clinical spectra of STAT1 GOF mutations continue to expand. We here describe
      two patients with STAT1 GOF mutations presenting early in life with combined
      immunodeficiency (CID). METHODS: Clinical data and laboratory findings including
      immunophenotyping, level of interferon (IFN)-gamma/IL-17(+) T cells, interferon
      induced STAT1 phosphorylation, and JAK inhibitor assays were evaluated.
      Sequencing of STAT1 gene was performed by Sanger sequencer. RESULTS: Patient 1
      (P1) had persistent oral candidiasis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection since 2
      months of age and later developed cavitary lung lesions due to Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis. Patient 2 (P2) presented with oral candidiasis and recurrent
      pneumonia at 4 months of age and subsequently developed CMV pneumonitis. Both
      patients suffered heterozygous missense mutations in STAT1, leading to
      deleterious amino acid substitutions in the DNA binding domain (P1: c.1154C > T;
      p.T385M; P2. c.971G > T; p.C324F). Circulating CD4(+) T cells of both patients
      exhibited increased interferon-gamma and decreased IL-17 expression as compared
      to controls. They also exhibited increased IFN-beta and -gamma-induced STAT1
      phosphorylation that was reversed upon treatment with the JAK kinase inhibitor
      ruxolitinib. CONCLUSION: STAT1 GOF mutations may present early in life with CID,
      consistent with the clinical heterogeneity of the disease. JAK kinase inhibitors
      may potentially be useful in some patients as adjunct therapy pending definitive
      treatment with bone marrow transplantation.

PMID- 27379768
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379769
TI  - Physical Fitness and Body Composition Two Years after Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass in
      Adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We have previously shown promising results 2 years after Roux-en-Y
      gastric bypass surgery, within the Adolescence Morbid Obesity Surgery study
      (AMOS). The aim of the current study was to describe the 2-year outcome in
      cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and functional capacity in the
      Stockholm subset of the AMOS study. METHODS: Forty-one adolescents (10 male, 31
      female, age 14-18 years, body mass index 35-69 kg.m-2) were included. In addition
      to anthropometric measurements, participants performed a submaximal bicycle test,
      6-min walk test, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and a short interview at
      baseline, 1 and 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: Relative improvements in maximal
      oxygen consumption (VO2max) per kilogram body mass (+62 %) and per kilogram fat
      free mass (+21 %), as well as walking distance (+13 %) were observed after 1
      year, and persisted 2 years after surgery. Despite a reduction of fat-free mass (
      15 %), absolute VO2max was maintained across the full group (+8 %, p = ns) and
      significantly increased in non-smokers. Body mass and fat mass were significantly
      decreased (-45.4 and -33.3 kg, respectively). Self-reported physical activity was
      significantly increased, and pain associated with movement was reduced.
      CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents with obesity, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improved
      VO2max more than could be explained by fat mass loss alone. In combination with
      improved functional capacity and body composition, these results suggest that
      surgery in adolescence might add specific benefits of importance for future
      health.

PMID- 27379770
TI  - Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy With or Without Staple Line Inversion and Distal
      Fixation to the Transverse Mesocolon: Impact on Early Postoperative Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Staple line complications and axial rotation of the gastric
      tube after sleeve gastrectomy are well-recognized complications of the procedure.
      The present study aims to investigate the role of staple line inversion and
      distal fixation to the transverse mesocolon in reducing these complications.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected
      data of 252 patients with morbid obesity who underwent laparoscopic sleeve
      gastrectomy (LSG). Patients were subdivided into two groups: group I comprising
      124 patients did not have distal sleeve fixation and group II comprising 128
      patients underwent staple line inversion and distal fixation. RESULTS: Patients
      were 171 females and 81 males with a mean age of 33.2 +/- 8.7 years and a mean
      preoperative body mass index (BMI) of 50.9 +/- 8.6 Kg/m2. The mean operating time
      was 103.9 +/- 26.9 min and the median hospital stay was 1 day. Major
      complications were detected in 15 (5.9 %) patients, who were all in group I.
      Group I had significantly shorter operative time and significantly higher rates
      of staple line bleeding (4 % in group I versus 0 in group II) and gastric axial
      rotation (5.6 % in group I versus 0 in group II). There were no significant
      differences between the two groups regarding early postoperative vomiting (21.7 %
      versus 26.5 %) and staple line leak (2.4 % versus 0). CONCLUSION: Staple line
      inversion and distal fixation to the transverse mesocolon can be a simple,
      effective strategy to prevent staple line bleeding, and gastric axial rotation,
      though it prolonged the operative time of LSG.

PMID- 27379771
TI  - Evidence for a role for the putative Drosophila hGRX1 orthologue in copper
      homeostasis.
AB  - Glutaredoxins are a family of small molecular weight proteins that have a central
      role in cellular redox regulation. Human GRX1 (hGRX1) has also been shown to play
      an integral role in copper homeostasis by regulating the redox activity of the
      metalated sites of copper chaperones such as ATOX1 and SOD1, and the copper
      efflux proteins ATP7A and ATP7B. To further elucidate the role of hGRX1 in copper
      homeostasis, we examined the impact of RNA interference-mediated knockdown of
      CG6852, a putative Drosophila orthologue of hGRX1. CG6852 shares ~41 % amino acid
      identity with hGRX1 and key functional domains including the metal-binding CXXC
      motif are conserved between the two proteins. Knockdown of CG6852 in the adult
      midline caused a thoracic cleft and reduced scutellum, phenotypes that were
      exacerbated by additional knockdown of copper uptake transporters Ctr1A and
      Ctr1B. Knockdown of CG6852 in the adult eye enhanced a copper-deficiency
      phenotype caused by Ctr1A knockdown while ubiquitous knockdown of CG6852 resulted
      a mild systemic copper deficiency. Therefore we conclude that CG6852 is a
      putative orthologue of hGRX1 and may play an important role in Drosophila copper
      homeostasis.

PMID- 27379772
TI  - De Barsy syndrome type B presenting with cardiac and genitourinary abnormalities.

PMID- 27379773
TI  - Metabolism of Pyrithiobac Sodium in Soils and Sediment, Addressing Bound Residues
      via Kinetics Modeling.
AB  - Degradation of pyrithiobac sodium (PE350) was examined in a number of soils and
      sediments using (14)C-PE350. It degrades primarily via microbial degradation
      which leads to the separation of the two rings of the molecule. Identification of
      several metabolites, many of which were minor products, helped to understand the
      formation of nonextractable residues (NER) and (14)CO2. In all studies,
      unextractable residues accounted for a large portion (20-60%) of the residues.
      Traditional kinetics modeling treats NER and CO2 as a single compartment, stated
      as sink, and formation mechanism of such components individually is ignored.
      Since studies conducted with radiolabeled test substance provides an accurate
      measurement of NER and CO2, we have demonstrated that kinetics modeling with
      these compartments separately can be used to clarify degradation pathways,
      including the origin of NER and CO2. This work demonstrated that overall
      metabolism in soils and sediments proceeded via similar pathways, and kinetics
      modeling was useful in clarifying the degradation route and formation of NER in
      all studies. 

PMID- 27379775
TI  - [Extracorporeal lung support-news and future developments].
AB  - Technical developments as well as the experiences during the 2009 influenza
      pandemia have led to an increased and safer use of extracorporeal gas exchange.
      Indications are expanding as new systems with the main goal of CO2 elimination
      have entered the market, thus, broadening the range of systems in addition to
      classic "high flow" extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), although evidence
      for many suggested indications is sparse or lacking. However, recent research has
      shed light into the pathophysiology and interaction between the organism and the
      extracorporeal systems. Upcoming indications like avoiding intubation and
      mechanical ventilation or reducing invasiveness of ventilation are being
      evaluated. Novel data and technical advances will keep perspectives of
      extracorporeal gas exchange dynamic and exciting.

PMID- 27379778
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379776
TI  - Low intensity laser and LED therapies associated with lateral decubitus position
      and flexion exercises of the lower limbs in patients with lumbar disk herniation:
      clinical randomized trial.
AB  - The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of laser and LED
      therapies, associated with lateral decubitus position and flexion exercises of
      the lower limbs in patients with lumbar disk herniation (LDH). It is a randomized
      blinded clinical trial. Fifty-four subjects with LDH L4-L5 and L5-S1 were
      selected and randomly allocated into groups: laser 904 nm, placebo, and LED 945
      nm. The numbers of subjects for each group that completed the treatment were 18,
      13, and 18, respectively. Twelve points over the lumbar spine region (L2 to S1)
      and eight points on the injured thigh in the path of the lumbar roots L5 and S1
      were irradiated. Irradiation parameters for each point were as follows: laser
      wavelength 904 +/- 10 nm, average power 0.038 +/- 20 % W, irradiated area 0.16
      cm(2), energy per point 4 J, and treatment time per point 104 s; LED wavelength
      945 +/- 15 nm, power 0.1 W, irradiated area 1.0cm(2), energy per point 4 J, and
      treatment time per point 40 s. Lateral decubitus opposite to the side of the
      radicular was the standard position for all patients. After phototherapy and
      laser placebo sessions, the subjects performed sequences of flexion exercises of
      the lower limbs (ten per session) for 15 daily sessions. VARIABLES STUDIED: pain
      intensity assessed by visual analog scale (VAS), degree of flexion of the
      affected hip measured by the universal goniometer and functional capacity
      assessed by the Oswestry Disability Index. The three groups had statistically
      significant improvement in lumbar and radicular pain, in hip mobility, and in the
      functional disability index (p <= 0.001). There was a statistically significant
      difference (p = 0.024) in radicular pain between the groups, gait claudication
      and Oswestry Disability Index. We can conclude that in the treatment of L4-L5 and
      L5-S1 LDH with radiculopathy, LED, associated with lateral decubitus position and
      flexion exercises of the lower limbs, showed better therapeutic performance for
      radicular pain, gait claudication, and functional disability.

PMID- 27379779
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379777
TI  - Online tobacco websites and online communities-who uses them and do users quit
      smoking? The quit-primo and national dental practice-based research network Hi
      Quit studies.
AB  - Online tobacco cessation communities are beneficial but underused. Our study
      examined whether, among smokers participating in a web-assisted tobacco
      intervention (Decide2quit.org), specific characteristics were associated with
      navigating to BecomeAnEx.org, an online cessation community, and with subsequent
      quit rates. Among smokers (N = 759) registered with Decide2quit.org, we
      identified visitors to BecomeAnEx.org, examining associations between smoker
      characteristics and likelihood of visiting. We then tested for associations
      between visits and 6-month cessation (point prevalence). We also tested for an
      interaction between use of other online support-seeking (Decide2quit.org tobacco
      cessation coaches), visiting, and 6-month cessation. One quarter (26.0 %; n =
      197) of the smokers visited BecomeAnEx.org; less than one tenth (7.5 %; n = 57)
      registered to participate in the online forum. Visitors were more likely to be
      female (73.0 vs. 62.6 % of non-visitors, P < 0.01) to have visited a cessation
      website before (33.0 vs. 17.4 %, P < 0.01) and to report quit attempts in the
      previous year (62.0 vs. 53.0 %, P = 0.03). In analyses of all participants,
      BecomeAnEx.org visiting was not associated with 6-month quit completion. Among
      participants who communicated with a coach, BecomeAnEx.org visiting also lacked a
      significant association with 6 month quit completion, although a non-significant
      trend toward quit completion in visitors was noted (OR 2.21, 95 % CI 0.81-3.1).
      Online cessation communities attract smokers with previous cessation website
      experience and recent quit attempts. Community visiting was not associated with
      quit rates in our study, but low use may have limited our power to detect
      differences. Further research should explore whether an additive effect can be
      achieved by offering community visitors support via online coaches.

PMID- 27379780
TI  - Tissue Bioengineering in the Treatment of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Talus
      in Children With Open Physis: Preliminary Results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the talus (JOCDT) is a focal
      idiopathic lesion primarily of the subchondral bone leading to subsequent
      cartilaginous damage. The majority of the papers dealing with JOCDT reported
      heterogeneous case studies of patients treated with different cartilage repair
      techniques. The purpose of this paper is to retrospectively review both clinical
      and radiologic results among 7 patients affected by JOCDT treated with
      arthroscopic bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) transplantation with the 1
      step technique. METHODS: Both standard anterior-posterior and lateral radiographs
      and a 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging of the affected ankle were preoperatively
      performed in all the patients. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society
      (AOFAS) score and the visual analogue scale were administered to the patients
      preoperatively and at the final follow-up. RESULTS: Patients were followed up to
      an average of 48.1+/-18.4 months. According to the Berndt and Harty
      classification, 6 lesions were found to be in stage III and 1 lesion in stage IV.
      The average preoperative AOFAS score was 58.8+/-7.6 points. At the mean follow-up
      of 48.1 months the average AOFAS score improved to 95.7+/-5.4 points (P<0.05).
      Visual analogue scale improved from 6.3 preoperatively to 0.4 at final follow-up
      (P<0.05). Complete radiographic healing, in terms of complete bony filling, was
      observed in 3 of 7 cases. The magnetic resonance imaging analysis showed a
      complete filling of the osteochondral defect in 4 patients, whereas in 1 patient
      a hypotrofic tissue was observed. CONCLUSIONS: BMAC transplantation is able to
      provide good to excellent results in the treatment of JOCDT. The 43% of our
      patients showed a complete radiographic healing, but all the patients were
      satisfied with the procedure. Because of the rareness of the lesion, further
      studies involving more patients and with a longer follow-up are required, to
      establish the advantage of performing a regenerative procedure like the BMAC
      transplantation in a pediatric population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

PMID- 27379781
TI  - Treatment of the Dislocated Hip in Infants With Spasticity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although many studies have separately investigated the treatment of
      developmental dysplasia of the hip and spastic hip disease, little data exist
      regarding the treatment of infants with dislocated hips and underlying
      spasticity. The purpose of this study was to review our results after the
      surgical treatment of these infants. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all
      children below 3 years of age who underwent hip reconstruction for dislocated
      hips in the setting of cerebral palsy or other spastic/high-tone neuromuscular
      disease. Medical records were reviewed for clinical data including treatment
      course, complications, and need for further surgery. Preoperative and
      postoperative radiographs were used to determine International Hip Dysplasia
      Institute (IHDI) grade of dislocation, acetabular index, migration percentage,
      and presence of avascular necrosis according to the Salter criteria. RESULTS:
      Eleven patients with 15 hips met our inclusion criteria with a mean age of 20+/-8
      (range, 6 to 34) months. Preoperatively, 12 of 15 hips (80%) were IHDI grade 4
      and 3 of 15 (20%) were IHDI grade 3. Mean acetabular index was 29+/-8 (range, 19
      to 46) degrees. Patients underwent open reduction (15 hips), adductor tenotomy
      (14 hips), femoral osteotomy (10 hips), and pelvic osteotomy (12 hips). At a mean
      follow-up of 40+/-16 (range, 13 to 71) months, 13 of 15 hips were IHDI grade 1
      (86.7%), 1 was IHDI grade 2 (6.7%), and 1 hip was IHDI grade 3 (6.7%). The mean
      postoperative migration index was 7%+/-24% (range, -30% to 46%); the mean
      acetabular index was 22+/-8 (range, 9 to 38) degrees. No patients developed
      radiographically significant osteonecrosis. Complications included 2 femur
      fractures (13.3%) and 1 symptomatic implant that required early removal. One
      patient underwent further reconstructive hip surgery. CONCLUSIONS: In this series
      of infants with hip dislocations and underlying spasticity, open reduction+/
      pelvic osteotomy and/or femoral osteotomy has a nearly 90% success rate in
      achieving and maintaining adequate hip reduction at intermediate-term follow-up.
      In the unique population of infants with dislocated hips and underlying
      spasticity, comprehensive hip reconstruction is largely successful with an
      acceptable rate of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-retrospective.

PMID- 27379782
TI  - Introduction to Evidence-based Recommendations for Pediatric Orthopaedic
      Practice.

PMID- 27379783
TI  - Mid-term Results of Femoral and Tibial Osteotomies and Fassier-Duval Nailing in
      Children With Osteogenesis Imperfecta.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have significant burden of
      both fractures and bony deformities. The present approach to care in this
      disorder is a combination of surgical care with intramedullary rod fixation,
      cyclic bisphosphonate therapy, and rehabilitation with goal of maximizing patient
      function and quality of life. METHODS: Retrospective chart review identified 58
      children with OI who had realignment osteotomies with Fassier-Duval (FD)
      intramedullary nailing of the lower extremity by a single surgeon. This is a
      consecutive series treated between 2003 and 2010. Postoperatively, patients were
      followed up clinically and radiologically. Motor function was assessed using the
      Brief Assessment of Motor Function score and the walking scale subset of the
      Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients had
      179 lower extremity FD intramedullary rods placed. This technique allowed for
      intervention on multiple long bones, with 29% having bilateral femur and tibial
      rodding in the same procedure. Revisions were required in 53% of patients, which
      occurred at a mean time of 52 months after initial rodding surgery. In most
      cases, revision surgery was related to patient growth and subsequent fracture,
      although rod migration did occur in a minority of patients. Nonunion or
      incomplete union was 14.5% in this series. Bisphosphonate infusion was not
      postponed after surgical procedures. Patients had improvement in mobility status
      at the latest follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This series lends evidence to the medium
      term utility of FD intramedullary rods as an effective and less invasive platform
      for stabilization and correction of deformity in long bones of patients with OI.
      Relatively low blood loss and relatively short hospitalizations were noted.
      Nonunion rate was comparable with existing literature noting that our patients
      did not have postsurgical postponement of bisphosphonate therapy. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study to investigate the results of treatment with FD rods.
      Retrospective case series model of Level IV evidence quality.

PMID- 27379784
TI  - Management of Scoliosis in Patients With Loeys-Dietz Syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a genetic connective tissue disorder.
      We sought to determine the incidence of scoliosis in patients with LDS,
      characterize the spectrum of spinal deformity, determine the results of bracing
      and surgery, and define surgical complications. METHODS: Patients were selected
      from our institution's database of 183 patients with LDS. Imaging measurements
      were performed for 141 patients whose records permitted spinal evaluation.
      Deformity changes and complications after intervention were recorded for patients
      who underwent bracing or surgery, and associations were tested using Student t
      tests (significance, P<0.05). RESULTS: Eighty-eight of 141 (62%) patients with
      LDS had scoliosis, with main thoracic and thoracolumbar curves being most common.
      Fifteen patients were braced (mean age, 9+/-3 y) for a mean of 2.3 years. They
      had a mean postbracing curve progression of 12+/-21 degrees (5+/-9 deg./y). There
      were no significant differences in age, sex, curve type, or prebracing curve
      magnitude between successfully braced (n=4) and unsuccessfully braced (n=11)
      patients (P>0.05). Nine patients, (mean age, 12+/-3 y), underwent 24 surgical
      procedures (16 growing rod procedures, 8 fusions). Mean curve corrections were
      61% for growing rods and 73% for fusions. Associated blood loss for these
      procedures was 400 mL and 1293 mL, respectively, and normalized blood loss for
      fusion was 2.34 mL/kg/level. Fifteen of 24 surgical procedures involved
      complications (63%), including cerebrospinal fluid leaks (n=7) and blood loss
      >20% of estimated total blood volume (n=11). CONCLUSIONS: Scoliosis was present
      in 62% of our sample of LDS patients. Bracing did not halt curves in 11 of 15
      patients, whose curves progressed >5 degrees or to >50 degrees by completion of
      bracing. At latest follow-up, 47% of the braced patients had undergone surgery
      after prior bracing attempts. The high blood loss associated with these
      operations is believed to be related to vascular fragility in patients with LDS.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-retrospective cohort study.

PMID- 27379785
TI  - How Many Patients Who Have a Clubfoot Treated Using the Ponseti Method are Likely
      to Undergo a Tendon Transfer?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Ponseti method has become the standard of care for the treatment
      of idiopathic clubfoot. A commonly reported problem encountered with this
      technique is a relapsed deformity that is sometimes treated in patients older
      than 2.5 years by an anterior tibial tendon transfer (ATTT) to the third
      cuneiform. Presently, there is insufficient information to properly counsel
      families whose infants are beginning Ponseti treatment on the probability of
      needing later tendon transfer surgery. METHODS: All idiopathic clubfoot patients
      seen at the authors' institution during the study period who met the inclusion
      criteria and who were followed for >2.5 years were included (N=137 patients).
      Kaplan-Meier Survival analysis was used to determine the probability of survival
      without the need for ATTT surgery. In addition, the influence of patient
      characteristics, socioeconomic variables, and treatment variables on need for
      surgery was calculated. RESULTS: On the basis of the survivorship analysis, the
      probability of undergoing an ATTT remained below 5% for all patients at 3 years
      of age, but exceeded 15% by 4 years of age, increasing steadily afterwards such
      that by 6 years of age, the probability of undergoing an ATTT reached 29% of all
      patients. Overall, controlling for all other variables in the analysis, parent
      reported adherence with bracing reduced the odds of undergoing surgery by 6.88
      times, compared with parent-reported nonadherence (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This is
      the first study to report the probability of undergoing ATTT surgery as a
      function of age using survivorship analysis following Ponseti clubfoot treatment.
      Although the overall probability reached 29% at 6 years, this was significantly
      reduced by compliance with bracing. This information may be useful to the
      clinician when counseling families at the start of treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Level III-theraputic.

PMID- 27379786
TI  - Predicting Postsurgical Satisfaction in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis:
      The Role of Presurgical Functioning and Expectations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a need to better assess patient satisfaction and surgical
      outcomes. The purpose of the current study is to identify how preoperative
      expectations can impact postsurgical satisfaction among youth with adolescent
      idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion surgery. METHODS: The present study
      includes patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing spinal fusion
      surgery enrolled in a prospective, multicentered registry examining postsurgical
      outcomes. The Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire-Version 30, which assesses
      pain, self-image, mental health, and satisfaction with management, along with the
      Spinal Appearance Questionnaire, which measures surgical expectations was
      administered to 190 patients before surgery and 1 and 2 years postoperatively.
      Regression analyses with bootstrapping (with n=5000 bootstrap samples) were
      conducted with 99% bias-corrected confidence intervals to examine the extent to
      which preoperative expectations for spinal appearance mediated the relationship
      between presurgical mental health and pain and 2-year postsurgical satisfaction.
      RESULTS: Results indicate that preoperative mental health, pain, and expectations
      are predictive of postsurgical satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: With the shifting
      health care system, physicians may want to consider patient mental health, pain,
      and expectations before surgery to optimize satisfaction and ultimately improve
      clinical care and patient outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I-prognostic study.

PMID- 27379787
TI  - Complications After Plate Fixation of Displaced Pediatric Midshaft Clavicle
      Fractures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Operative treatment of displaced pediatric midshaft clavicle
      fractures has become increasingly popular, despite lack of evidence that surgical
      management leads to superior outcomes. Complications, such as plate irritation
      necessitating removal and wound infection, have been reported in adults. The
      purpose of this study was to evaluate complications after plate fixation of
      midshaft clavicle fractures in the pediatric population. METHODS: We
      retrospectively identified patients 10 to 18 years old who had undergone plate
      fixation of a displaced midshaft clavicle fracture between 2009 and 2014.
      Patients who had surgery for a malunion or nonunion, and patients with <6 months
      of follow-up were excluded. Demographic data, radiographic union, time to return
      to activity, and complications were recorded. Any complication that led to
      unplanned surgery was considered a major complication. RESULTS: We analyzed 36
      patients (25 males, 11 females) with 37 fractures. The average age at surgery was
      14.5+/-1.7 years and mean follow-up was 1.3+/-1.0 years. All of the fractures
      healed and average time to return to activity was 58+/-28 days. The overall
      postoperative complication rate was 86% (32/37): 59% (22/37) implant prominence
      or irritation, 16% (6/37) anterior chest wall numbness, 5% (2/37) superficial
      wound dehiscence or infection, 3% (1/37) refracture adjacent to the plate, and 3%
      (1/37) refracture after implant removal. The major complication rate was 43%
      (16/37). Fifteen patients underwent a second surgery for implant removal
      secondary to prominence or pain. One patient underwent revision open reduction
      and internal fixation after he sustained a refracture at the distal aspect of the
      plate that resulted in a painful nonunion. Only 1 patient had a refracture after
      implant removal and this was treated nonoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Implant
      prominence or irritation is common after plate fixation of displaced pediatric
      midshaft clavicle fractures. A second surgery for implant removal may be
      necessary. Patients should be appropriately counseled regarding complications
      before plate fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV
      therapeutic.

PMID- 27379788
TI  - Comparison of Allograft and Bovine Xenograft in Calcaneal Lengthening Osteotomy
      for Flatfoot Deformity in Cerebral Palsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Evan's calcaneal lengthening osteotomy is a treatment method for
      spastic flatfoot deformity in patients with cerebral palsy that fail nonoperative
      measures. Autograft and allograft have been reported as potential graft choices.
      Bovine xenograft has been introduced as an alternative, but limited human data
      exists supporting its efficacy. This study compares the long-term results of
      allograft versus xenograft in isolated Evan's procedure performed for correction
      of flexible spastic flatfoot deformity. METHODS: This retrospective study
      accessed charts of 4- to 18-year-olds diagnosed with cerebral palsy who received
      an Evan's procedure. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic measurements
      (lateral calcaneal pitch, lateral talocalcaneal, lateral talo-first metatarsal,
      anteroposterior talonavicular coverage, anteroposterior talo-first metatarsal),
      graft incorporation, recurrence, secondary procedures, and complications were
      recorded and analyzed between graft types. RESULTS: Sixty-three feet (34
      allograft and 29 xenograft) in 36 patients (mean age 9.3 y) were included. Gross
      Motor Function Classification System between groups was significant (P=0.001).
      Mean time for preoperative x-rays was 5.3 months before day of surgery (DOS) for
      allograft and 3.6 months for xenograft. Mean time of first and last postoperative
      x-ray for allograft was 3.6 and 39.5 months, respectively; for xenograft, 1.8 and
      35.1 months, respectively. There was a significant difference in timing of
      preoperative x-ray to DOS and DOS to first postoperative x-ray (P=0.012, 0.006,
      respectively). Radiographically, xenograft retained postoperative improvement
      better than allograft, yet allograft had a higher grade 4 incorporation rate
      (P=0.036). The allograft group experienced significantly more cast pressure
      ulcers (P=0.006), but no other differences in complications between groups, and
      no infections were reported in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Allograft incorporated
      better than xenograft, likely with a greater potential to reach grade 5
      incorporation, yet both groups retained postoperative improvement. Results
      indicate both grafts are appropriate; yet incorporation rate could affect
      correction maintenance, and should be considered during graft selection for
      Evan's procedure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: This study presents clinical results using a
      novel bone graft material. Level III-retrospective comparative study.

PMID- 27379789
TI  - Risk Factors for Early ACL Reconstruction Failure in Pediatric and Adolescent
      Patients: A Review of 561 Cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction failure is relatively
      common in young high-risk athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine a
      single center's 10-year experience with ACL reconstructions in pediatric and
      adolescent patients to better define short-term failure rates and risk factors
      for revision ACL surgery. METHODS: This institutional review board-approved
      retrospective study included all patients who underwent a primary ACL
      reconstruction between 2002 and 2013. Chart and radiographic review was performed
      to assess patient demographic, injury, and surgical data including growth plate
      status, concomitant ligament/meniscus/cartilage injury, surgical procedures,
      femoral drilling technique, graft source and type, femoral and tibial fixation
      devices, and graft size. Graft failures had to be confirmed both with clinical
      examination and magnetic resonance imaging or the patient had to undergo a
      revision ACL reconstruction. Potential factors associated with failure were
      evaluated using either parametric or nonparametric analysis as appropriate.
      RESULTS: A total of 561 ACL reconstructions were performed that met our inclusion
      criteria. The average patient age was 15.4 years (range, 5 to 19 y) and 53% of
      the patients were male. In all, 54 failures were identified for a 9.6% failure
      rate. Soft tissue grafts were twice as likely to fail compared with patellar
      tendon grafts (13% vs. 6%; P<0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that graft
      choice (soft tissue vs. patellar tendon) was the primary variable predictive of
      failure (P<0.05), with interactions/mediating effects contributed by maturity
      (growth plate status) and ACL technique (P<0.05). The average time to failure was
      13.6 months and hamstring grafts and anatomic femoral tunnels were both found to
      fail earlier (P<0.05). During the study period, approximately 8% of patients
      sustained a contralateral ACL injury. CONCLUSIONS: ACL failure rates in
      adolescent and pediatric patients vary based on patient age, graft selection, and
      surgical technique. Bone patellar tendon bone autografts had the lowest failure
      rate in this high-risk population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-retrospective case
      series.

PMID- 27379791
TI  - Effective Electroconvulsive Therapy in a Patient With Psychotic Depression With
      Active Cushing Disease.

PMID- 27379792
TI  - Recurrent Right Upper Quadrant Pain Responsive Only to Electroconvulsive Therapy.

PMID- 27379790
TI  - Expanded Safety and Efficacy Data for a New Method of Performing
      Electroconvulsive Therapy: Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most rapid and effective
      antidepressant treatment but with concerns about cognitive adverse effects. A new
      form of ECT, focal electrically administered seizure therapy (FEAST), was
      designed to increase the focality of stimulation and better match stimulus
      parameters with neurophysiology. We recently reported on the safety and
      feasibility of FEAST in a cohort (n = 17) of depressed patients. We now report on
      the safety, feasibility, preliminary efficacy, and cognitive effects of FEAST in
      a new cohort. METHODS: Open-label FEAST was administered to 20 depressed adults
      (6 men; 3 with bipolar disorder; age 49.1 +/- 10.6 years). Clinical and cognitive
      assessments were obtained at baseline and end of course. Time to orientation
      recovery was assessed at each treatment. Nonresponders switched to conventional
      ECT. RESULTS: Participants tolerated the treatment well with no dropouts. Five
      patients (25%) transitioned from FEAST to conventional ECT due to inadequate
      response. After FEAST (mean, 9.3 +/- 3.5 sessions; range, 4-14), there was a
      58.1% +/- 36.0% improvement in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores
      compared with that in the baseline (P < 0.0001); 13 (65%) of 20 patients met
      response criteria, and 11 (55%) of 20 met remission criteria. Patients achieved
      reorientation (4 of 5 items) in 4.4 +/- 3.0 minutes (median, 4.5 minutes), timed
      from eyes opening. There was no deterioration in neuropsychological measures.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide further support for the safety and efficacy
      of FEAST. The remission and response rates were in the range found using
      conventional ECT, and the time to reorientation may be quicker. However, without
      a randomized comparison group, conclusions are tentative.

PMID- 27379793
TI  - Seven days of high carbohydrate ingestion does not attenuate post-exercise IL-6
      and hepcidin levels.
AB  - PURPOSE: This investigation examined if a high carbohydrate (CHO) diet,
      maintained across a seven-day training period, could attenuate post-exercise
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) and serum hepcidin levels. METHODS: Twelve endurance-trained
      male athletes completed two seven-day running training blocks whilst consuming
      either a high (8 g kg(-1)) versus a low (3 g kg(-1)) CHO isoenergetic diet. Each
      training block consisted of five running sessions performed on days 1, 2, 4, 5,
      and 7, with the intensity and duration of each session matched between training
      weeks. Serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hepcidin were measured pre- and
      either immediately (IL-6) or 3-h (hepcidin) post-exercise on days 1 and 7 of each
      training week. RESULTS: During each training week, the immediate post-exercise IL
      6 and 3-h post-exercise serum hepcidin levels were significantly elevated (both p
      = 0.001) from pre-exercise on days 1 and 7. These increases were not different
      between trials. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the ingestion of a high
      (compared to low) CHO diet over a seven-day training period is ineffective in
      attenuating post-exercise IL-6 and hepcidin responses. Such results may be due to
      the modest training load, the increased protein intake in the low-CHO trial, and
      a 48 h recovery period prior to sample collection on day 7, allowing a full
      recovery of muscle glycogen status between exercise sessions.

PMID- 27379795
TI  - Understanding intercultural competence in intensive care medicine.

PMID- 27379794
TI  - Examining the Effects of Sodium Ions on the Binding of Antagonists to Dopamine D2
      and D3 Receptors.
AB  - Many G protein-coupled receptors have been shown to be sensitive to the presence
      of sodium ions (Na+). Using radioligand competition binding assays, we have
      examined and compared the effects of sodium ions on the binding affinities of a
      number of structurally diverse ligands at human dopamine D2 and dopamine D3
      receptor subtypes, which are important therapeutic targets for the treatment of
      psychotic disorders. At both receptors, the binding affinities of the
      antagonists/inverse agonists SB-277011-A, L,741,626, GR 103691 and U 99194 were
      higher in the presence of sodium ions compared to those measured in the presence
      of the organic cation, N-methyl-D-glucamine, used to control for ionic strength.
      Conversely, the affinities of spiperone and (+)-butaclamol were unaffected by the
      presence of sodium ions. Interestingly, the binding of the antagonist/inverse
      agonist clozapine was affected by changes in ionic strength of the buffer used
      rather than the presence of specific cations. Similar sensitivities to sodium
      ions were seen at both receptors, suggesting parallel effects of sodium ion
      interactions on receptor conformation. However, no clear correlation between
      ligand characteristics, such as subtype selectivity, and sodium ion sensitivity
      were observed. Therefore, the properties which determine this sensitivity remain
      unclear. However these findings do highlight the importance of careful
      consideration of assay buffer composition for in vitro assays and when comparing
      data from different studies, and may indicate a further level of control for
      ligand binding in vivo. 

PMID- 27379796
TI  - Adverse Childhood Experiences, Support, and the Perception of Ability to Work in
      Adults with Disability.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and
      support on self-reported work inability of adults reporting disability.
      PARTICIPANTS: Adults (ages 18-64) who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor
      Surveillance System in 2009 or 2010 and who reported having a disability (n =
      13,009). DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study used a retrospective cohort
      design with work inability as the main outcome. ACE categories included abuse
      (sexual, physical, emotional) and family dysfunction (domestic violence,
      incarceration, mental illness, substance abuse, divorce). Support included
      functional (perceived emotional/social support) and structural (living with
      another adult) support. Logistic regression was used to adjust for potential
      confounders (age, sex and race) and to evaluate whether there was an independent
      effect of ACEs on work inability after adding other important predictors
      (support, education, health) to the model. RESULTS: ACEs were highly prevalent
      with almost 75% of the sample reporting at least one ACE category and over 25%
      having a high ACE burden (4 or more categories). ACEs were strongly associated
      with functional support. Participants experiencing a high ACE burden had a higher
      adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval] of 1.9 [1.5-2.4] of work
      inability (reference: zero ACEs). Good functional support (adjusted OR 0.52 [0.42
      0.63]) and structural support (adjusted OR 0.48 [0.41-0.56]) were protective
      against work inability. After adding education and health to the model, ACEs no
      longer appeared to have an independent effect. Structural support remained highly
      protective, but functional support only appeared to be protective in those with
      good physical health. CONCLUSIONS: ACEs are highly prevalent in working-age US
      adults with a disability, particularly young adults. ACEs are associated with
      decreased support, lower educational attainment and worse adult health. Health
      care providers are encouraged to screen for ACEs. Addressing the effects of ACEs
      on health and support, in addition to education and retraining, may increase
      ability to work in those with a disability.

PMID- 27379797
TI  - First-Year Evaluation of Mexico's Tax on Nonessential Energy-Dense Foods: An
      Observational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In an effort to prevent continued increases in obesity and diabetes,
      in January 2014, the Mexican government implemented an 8% tax on nonessential
      foods with energy density >=275 kcal/100 g and a peso-per-liter tax on sugar
      sweetened beverages (SSBs). Limited rigorous evaluations of food taxes exist
      worldwide. The objective of this study was to examine changes in volume of taxed
      and untaxed packaged food purchases in response to these taxes in the entire
      sample and stratified by socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS AND FINDINGS: This
      study uses data on household packaged food purchases representative of the
      Mexican urban population from The Nielsen Company's Mexico Consumer Panel
      Services (CPS). We included 6,248 households that participated in the Nielsen CPS
      in at least 2 mo during 2012-2014; average household follow-up was 32.7 mo. We
      analyzed the volume of purchases of taxed and untaxed foods from January 2012 to
      December 2014, using a longitudinal, fixed-effects model that adjusted for
      preexisting trends to test whether the observed post-tax trend was significantly
      different from the one expected based on the pre-tax trend. We controlled for
      household characteristics and contextual factors like minimum salary and
      unemployment rate. The mean volume of purchases of taxed foods in 2014 changed by
      -25 g (95% confidence interval = -46, -11) per capita per month, or a 5.1% change
      beyond what would have been expected based on pre-tax (2012-2013) trends, with no
      corresponding change in purchases of untaxed foods. Low SES households purchased
      on average 10.2% less taxed foods than expected (-44 [-72, -16] g per capita per
      month); medium SES households purchased 5.8% less taxed foods than expected (-28
      [-46, -11] g per capita per month), whereas high SES households' purchases did
      not change. The main limitations of our findings are the inability to infer
      causality because the taxes were implemented at the national level (lack of
      control group), our sample is only representative of urban areas, we only have 2
      y of data prior to the tax, and, as with any consumer panel survey, we did not
      capture all foods purchased by the household. CONCLUSIONS: Household purchases of
      nonessential energy-dense foods declined in the first year after the
      implementation of Mexico's SSB and nonessential foods taxes. Future studies
      should evaluate the impact of the taxes on overall energy intake, dietary
      quality, and food purchase patterns (see S1 Abstract in Spanish).

PMID- 27379799
TI  - Column Chromatography To Obtain Organic Cation Sorption Isotherms.
AB  - Column chromatography was evaluated as a method to obtain organic cation sorption
      isotherms for environmental solids while using the peak skewness to identify the
      linear range of the sorption isotherm. Custom packed HPLC columns and standard
      batch sorption techniques were used to intercompare sorption isotherms and solid
      water sorption coefficients (Kd) for four organic cations (benzylamine, 2,4
      dichlorobenzylamine, phenyltrimethylammonium, oxytetracycline) with two
      aluminosilicate clay minerals and one soil. A comparison of Freundlich isotherm
      parameters revealed isotherm linearity or nonlinearity was not significantly
      different between column chromatography and traditional batch experiments.
      Importantly, skewness (a metric of eluting peak symmetry) analysis of eluting
      peaks can establish isotherm linearity, thereby enabling a less labor intensive
      means to generate the extensive data sets of linear Kd values required for the
      development of predictive sorption models. Our findings clearly show that column
      chromatography can reproduce sorption measures from conventional batch
      experiments with the benefit of lower labor-intensity, faster analysis times, and
      allow for consistent sorption measures across laboratories with distinct
      chromatography instrumentation.

PMID- 27379798
TI  - Alcoholic Hepatitis Markedly Decreases the Capacity for Urea Synthesis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Data on quantitative metabolic liver functions in the life
      threatening disease alcoholic hepatitis are scarce. Urea synthesis is an
      essential metabolic liver function that plays a key regulatory role in nitrogen
      homeostasis. The urea synthesis capacity decreases in patients with compromised
      liver function, whereas it increases in patients with inflammation. Alcoholic
      hepatitis involves both mechanisms, but how these opposite effects are balanced
      remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate how alcoholic hepatitis affects the
      capacity for urea synthesis. We related these findings to another measure of
      metabolic liver function, the galactose elimination capacity (GEC), as well as to
      clinical disease severity. METHODS: We included 20 patients with alcoholic
      hepatitis and 7 healthy controls. The urea synthesis capacity was quantified by
      the functional hepatic nitrogen clearance (FHNC), i.e., the slope of the linear
      relationship between the blood alpha-amino nitrogen concentration and urea
      nitrogen synthesis rate during alanine infusion. The GEC was determined using
      blood concentration decay curves after intravenous bolus injection of galactose.
      Clinical disease severity was assessed by the Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score
      and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score. RESULTS: The FHNC was
      markedly decreased in the alcoholic hepatitis patients compared with the healthy
      controls (7.2+/-4.9 L/h vs. 37.4+/-6.8 L/h, P<0.01), and the largest decrease was
      observed in those with severe alcoholic hepatitis (4.9+/-3.6 L/h vs. 9.9+/-4.9
      L/h, P<0.05). The GEC was less markedly reduced than the FHNC. A negative
      correlation was detected between the FHNC and MELD score (rho = -0.49, P<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Alcoholic hepatitis markedly decreases the urea synthesis capacity.
      This decrease is associated with an increase in clinical disease severity. Thus,
      the metabolic failure in alcoholic hepatitis prevails such that the liver cannot
      adequately perform the metabolic up-regulation observed in other stressful
      states, including extrahepatic inflammation, which may contribute to the
      patients' poor prognosis.

PMID- 27379801
TI  - Increase of beta2-integrin on adhesion of THP-1 cells to collagen vitrigel
      membrane.
AB  - When human monocyte-derived leukemia (THP-1) cells, which are floating cells, are
      stimulated with lipid peroxides, or Streptococcus suis, these cells adhere to a
      plastic plate or endothelial cells. However, it is unclear whether or not non
      stimulated THP-1 cells adhere to collagen vitrigel membrane (CVM). In this study,
      firstly, we investigated the rate of adhesion of THP-1 cells to CVM. When THP-1
      cells were not stimulated, the rate of adhesion to CVM was high. Then, to
      identify adhesion molecules involved in adhesion of THP-1 cells to CVM,
      expressions of various cell adhesion molecules on the surface of THP-1 cells
      adhering to CVM were measured. beta-actin, beta-catenin, and beta1-integrin
      expressions did not change in non-stimulated THP-1 cells cultured on CVM compared
      with those in cells cultured in a flask, but beta2-integrin expression markedly
      increased.

PMID- 27379800
TI  - Improved Clinical Risk Stratification in Patients with Long QT Syndrome? Novel
      Insights from Multi-Channel ECGs.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We investigated whether multichannel ECG-recordings are useful to
      risk-stratify patients with congenital long-QT syndrome (LQTS) for risk of sudden
      cardiac death under optimized medical treatment. METHODS: In 34 LQTS-patients (11
      male; age 31+/-13 years, QTc 478+/-51ms; LQT1 n = 8, LQT2 n = 15) we performed a
      standard 12-channel ECG and a 120-channel body surface potential mapping. The
      occurrence of clinical events (CE; syncope, torsade de pointes (TdP), sudden
      cardiac arrest (SCA)) was documented and correlated with different ECG-parameters
      in all lead positions. RESULTS: Seven patients developed TdP, four survived SCA
      and 12 experienced syncope. 12/34 had at least one CE. CE was associated with a
      longer QTc-interval (519+/-43ms vs. 458+/-42ms; p = 0.001), a lower T-wave
      integral (TWI) on the left upper chest (-1.2+/-74.4mV*ms vs. 63.0+/-29.7mV*ms; p
      = 0.001), a lower range of T-wave amplitude (TWA) in the region of chest lead V8
      (0.10+/-0.08mV vs. 0.18+/-0.07mV; p = 0.008) and a longer T-peak-T-end time
      (TpTe) in lead V1 (98+/-23ms vs. 78+/-26ms; p = 0.04). Receiver-operating
      characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of
      75% (area under curve (AUC) 0.89+/-0.06, p = 0.001) at a cut-off value of
      26.8mV*ms for prediction of CE by TWI, a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of
      83% at a cut-off value of 0.11mV (AUC 0.83+/-0.09, p = 0.002) for prediction of
      CE by TWA and a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 73% at a cut-off value of
      87ms (AUC 0.80+/-0.07, p = 0.005) for prediction of CE by TpTe. CONCLUSIONS:
      Occurrence of CE in LQTS-patients seems to be associated with a prolonged, low
      amplitude T-wave.

PMID- 27379803
TI  - Coronary artery anomalies in children: what is the risk?
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To better understand the risk of sudden death from coronary
      anomalies. RECENT FINDINGS: Most coronary anomalies are benign, but there are
      certain coronary anomalies that increase the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD)
      in the young, notably anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the wrong
      sinus. Previously, the risk of SCD attributed to certain coronary anomalies was
      felt to be quite high, as the risk assessment was based on autopsy series. Recent
      studies have shown that the risk attributed to anomalous coronary arteries is
      much lower than once believed. Risk appears to be highest with anomalous left
      coronary artery from the right sinus of Valsalva with interarterial course,
      notably when the young patient is participating in vigorous physical exertion,
      such as with competitive sports. SUMMARY: Treatment strategies may include
      exercise restriction or surgical repair. Management decisions should be based on
      a complete understanding of the risk for SCD because of anomalous coronary
      arteries. Future directions should focus on better methods to risk stratify these
      pediatric patients.

PMID- 27379805
TI  - Letter From the Editor: When Breath Becomes Air.

PMID- 27379806
TI  - Checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer: hype or promise?

PMID- 27379804
TI  - ABO-incompatible heart transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: ABO-incompatible (ABOi) heart transplantation (HTx) in young
      children has evolved from an experimental approach to a standard allocation
      option in many countries. Clinical and immunological research in ABOi
      transplantation has revealed insight into the immature immune system and its role
      in superior graft acceptance in childhood and antigen-specific tolerance. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Multicenter experience has confirmed equal actuarial survival, freedom
      from rejection, and graft vasculopathy comparing ABOi with ABO-compatible HTx.
      Observations of reduced antibody production and B-cell immunity toward the donor
      blood group have been confirmed in long-term follow-up. Mechanisms contributing
      to tolerance in this setting involve the interplay between B-cells and the
      complement system and the development of B-cell memory. Better characterization
      of the ABH polysaccharide antigens has improved diagnostic methods and clinical
      assessment of blood group antibodies. Boundaries regarding age, immune maturity,
      and therapeutic interventions to extend the applicability of ABOi HTx have been
      explored and resulted in data that may be useful for HTx patients beyond infancy
      and ABOi transplantation of other organs. Tolerance of ABH antigens possibly
      extends to HLA response. SUMMARY: The review provides insight into the clinical
      evolution of ABOi HTx and associated immunologic discoveries. Current experiences
      and boundaries are discussed together with recent and potential future
      developments for utilization in other patient and age groups.

PMID- 27379802
TI  - Humoral Dysregulation Associated with Increased Systemic Inflammation among
      Injection Heroin Users.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Injection drug use is a growing major public health concern.
      Injection drug users (IDUs) have a higher incidence of co-morbidities including
      HIV, Hepatitis, and other infections. An effective humoral response is critical
      for optimal homeostasis and protection from infection; however, the impact of
      injection heroin use on humoral immunity is poorly understood. We hypothesized
      that IDUs have altered B cell and antibody profiles. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A
      comprehensive systems biology-based cross-sectional assessment of 130 peripheral
      blood B cell flow cytometry- and plasma- based features was performed on HIV
      /Hepatitis C-, active heroin IDUs who participated in a syringe exchange program
      (n = 19) and healthy control subjects (n = 19). The IDU group had substantial
      polydrug use, with 89% reporting cocaine injection within the preceding month.
      IDUs exhibited a significant, 2-fold increase in total B cells compared to
      healthy subjects, which was associated with increased activated B cell subsets.
      Although plasma total IgG titers were similar between groups, IDUs had
      significantly higher IgG3 and IgG4, suggestive of chronic B cell activation.
      Total IgM was also increased in IDUs, as well as HIV Envelope-specific IgM,
      suggestive of increased HIV exposure. IDUs exhibited numerous features suggestive
      of systemic inflammation, including significantly increased plasma sCD40L, TNF
      alpha, TGF-alpha, IL-8, and ceramide metabolites. Machine learning multivariate
      analysis distilled a set of 10 features that classified samples based on group
      with absolute accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate broad alterations
      in the steady-state humoral profile of IDUs that are associated with increased
      systemic inflammation. Such dysregulation may impact the ability of IDUs to
      generate optimal responses to vaccination and infection, or lead to increased
      risk for inflammation-related co-morbidities, and should be considered when
      developing immune-based interventions for this growing population.

PMID- 27379807
TI  - Personalized treatment for patients with myelofibrosis.

PMID- 27379808
TI  - Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 27379810
TI  - What is optimal first-line treatment of unresectable or advanced BRAF-mutant
      melanoma?

PMID- 27379811
TI  - Manipulating the microbiome to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.

PMID- 27379812
TI  - Clinical use of checkpoint inhibition in kidney cancer.

PMID- 27379813
TI  - Resistance exercise training in patients with genitourinary cancers to mitigate
      treatment-related skeletal muscle loss.
AB  - The use of targeted therapies in patients with genitourinary malignancies has
      significantly improved outcomes. For example, androgen receptor (AR) pathway
      inhibitors have improved outcomes for patients with prostate cancer, and
      antiangiogenic agents have improved outcomes for those with kidney cancer.
      However, these advances have been accompanied by musculoskeletal side effects
      that manifest as physical dysfunction. Although the effects of androgen
      deprivation therapy on skeletal muscle are well-known, an additional concern is
      that the muscle loss associated with these newer drugs-especially AR pathway
      inhibitors-may result in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, thus
      increasing the risk for cardiovascular events and diabetes. Antiangiogenic agents
      also may cause muscle loss, although this has been poorly described in the
      literature. As these targeted therapies begin to be used in the earlier stages of
      treatment, there will be a critical need to prevent treatment-related toxicities
      with nonpharmacologic interventions. Over the past decade, exercise training has
      emerged as a novel nonpharmacologic adjunctive method to address toxicities
      resulting from these targeted therapies. Despite numerous studies in patients
      with prostate cancer, there remains a large gap in our knowledge of the true
      efficacy of exercise therapy, as well as the best way to prescribe exercise
      programs. Here, we suggest that the central role of skeletal muscle in the
      development of side effects of AR pathway inhibitors and antiangiogenic agents
      may unlock a number of unique opportunities to study how exercise prescriptions
      can be used more effectively. Resistance training may be a particularly important
      modality. 

PMID- 27379814
TI  - Challenges of conducting clinical trials of natural products to combat cancer.
AB  - Numerous drugs that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved for
      use in cancer therapy are derived from plants, including taxanes such as
      paclitaxel and vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine. Dietary supplements are
      another category of natural products that are widely used by patients with
      cancer, but without the FDA-reviewed evidence of safety and efficacy--be it
      related to survival, palliation, symptom mitigation, and/or immune system
      enhancement-that is required for therapy approval. Nearly half of patients in the
      United States with cancer report that they started taking new dietary supplements
      after being given a diagnosis of cancer. Oncologists are challenged in providing
      advice to patients about which supplements are safe and effective to use to treat
      cancer or the side effects of cancer therapy, and which supplements are
      antagonistic to standard treatment with chemotherapy, radiation, and/or
      immunotherapy. Despite the large number of trials that have been launched, the
      FDA has not approved any dietary supplement or food to prevent cancer, halt its
      growth, or prevent its recurrence. In this article, we review the primary
      challenges faced by researchers attempting to conduct rigorous trials of natural
      products, including shortages of funding due to lack of patentability,
      manufacturing difficulties, contamination, and lack of product consistency. We
      also highlight the methods used by dietary supplement marketers to persuade
      patients that a supplement is effective (or at least safe) even without FDA
      approval, as well as the efforts of the US government to protect the health and
      safety of its citizens by ensuring that the information used to market natural
      products is accurate. We close with a summary of the most widely used databases
      of information about the safety, efficacy, and interactions of dietary
      supplements. 

PMID- 27379815
TI  - A Two-Step Method for smFRET Data Analysis.
AB  - We demonstrate a two-step data analysis method to increase the accuracy of single
      molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) experiments. Most current
      smFRET studies are at a time resolution on the millisecond level. When the system
      also contains molecular dynamics on the millisecond level, simulations show that
      large errors are present (e.g., > 40%) because false state assignment becomes
      significant during data analysis. We introduce and confirm an additional step
      after normal smFRET data analysis that is able to reduce the error (e.g., < 10%).
      The idea is to use Monte Carlo simulation to search ideal smFRET trajectories and
      compare them to the experimental data. Using a mathematical model, we are able to
      find the matches between these two sets, and back guess the hidden rate constants
      in the experimental results.

PMID- 27379817
TI  - Gonadal agenesis with hypoplastic paramesonephric ducts (PMNDs) derivatives in
      dizygotic twins.
AB  - : The co-occurrence of gonadal agenesis alongside hypoplastic derivatives of the
      paramesonephric ducts has rarely been observed. PATIENT(S): 16-year-old dizygotic
      twin sisters were referred to our department because of primary amenorrhea. X
      ray, bone densitometry, ultrasonography, pelvic MRI and measurement of pituitary,
      ovary, and thyroid hormones were performed. Both twins showed hypergonadotropic
      hypogonadism, bilateral gonadal agenesis, fallopian tube, uterus, and vaginal
      hypoplasia but normal kidney and urinary tract structures and skeletal system.
      Analysis of Q-banded chromosomes in peripheral blood for the search for
      centromeric X-chromosome DNA and SRY gene was normal as well as the molecular
      analysis of FMR1, GDF9, and BMP15 genes. Estradiol gel was administered for one
      year followed by estroprogestin treatment. Both twins growth increased; breast
      development was stimulated and first menses occurred. Deregulation in the
      expression of the various HOX genes along the axis of the developing reproductive
      tract in a determinate time of development may be one of the mechanisms involved
      in the origin of this complex and rare association.

PMID- 27379816
TI  - PET CT Identifies Reactivation Risk in Cynomolgus Macaques with Latent M.
      tuberculosis.
AB  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection presents across a spectrum in humans, from
      latent infection to active tuberculosis. Among those with latent tuberculosis, it
      is now recognized that there is also a spectrum of infection and this likely
      contributes to the variable risk of reactivation tuberculosis. Here, functional
      imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxygluose positron emission tomography and computed
      tomography (PET CT) of cynomolgus macaques with latent M. tuberculosis infection
      was used to characterize the features of reactivation after tumor necrosis factor
      (TNF) neutralization and determine which imaging characteristics before TNF
      neutralization distinguish reactivation risk. PET CT was performed on latently
      infected macaques (n = 26) before and during the course of TNF neutralization and
      a separate set of latently infected controls (n = 25). Reactivation occurred in
      50% of the latently infected animals receiving TNF neutralizing antibody defined
      as development of at least one new granuloma in adjacent or distant locations
      including extrapulmonary sites. Increased lung inflammation measured by PET and
      the presence of extrapulmonary involvement before TNF neutralization predicted
      reactivation with 92% sensitivity and specificity. To define the biologic
      features associated with risk of reactivation, we used these PET CT parameters to
      identify latently infected animals at high risk for reactivation. High risk
      animals had higher cumulative lung bacterial burden and higher maximum lesional
      bacterial burdens, and more T cells producing IL-2, IL-10 and IL-17 in lung
      granulomas as compared to low risk macaques. In total, these data support that
      risk of reactivation is associated with lung inflammation and higher bacterial
      burden in macaques with latent Mtb infection.

PMID- 27379818
TI  - Placental and fetal effects of antenatal exposure to antidepressants or untreated
      maternal depression.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess systematically the effects of antidepressants and untreated
      maternal depression on human placenta and the developing fetus. METHODS:
      Pertinent medical literature information was identified using MEDLINE/PubMed,
      SCOPUS and EMBASE. Electronic searches, limited to human studies published in
      English, provided 21 studies reporting primary data on placental and fetal
      effects of antidepressant exposure or untreated gestational depression. RESULTS:
      The impact of antidepressants and non-medicated maternal depression on placental
      functioning and fetal biochemical architecture seems to be demonstrated, although
      its clinical significance remains unclear. More robust data seem to indicate that
      exposure to either antidepressants or untreated maternal depression may induce
      epigenetic changes and interfere with the physiological fetal behavior. Two cases
      of iatrogenic fetal tachyarrhythmia have also been reported. CONCLUSIONS: Future
      research should clarify the clinical relevance of the impact of antidepressant
      and untreated maternal depression exposure on placental functioning. Moreover,
      ultrasound studies investigating fetal responses to antidepressants or maternal
      depressive symptoms are mandatory. This assessment should be performed during the
      whole duration of gestational period, when different fetal behavioral patterns
      become progressively detectable. Analyses of biochemical and epigenetic
      modifications associated with maternal mood symptoms and antidepressant treatment
      should also be implemented.

PMID- 27379819
TI  - Utilizing a Two-stage Design to Investigate the Safety and Potential Efficacy of
      Monthly Naltrexone Plus Once-daily Bupropion as a Treatment for Methamphetamine
      Use Disorder.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This 2-stage open-label pilot study evaluated the safety and
      potential efficacy of naltrexone + bupropion as a pharmacotherapy for
      methamphetamine (MA) use disorder. METHODS: The study was conducted in 2 stages
      of recruitment across 3 sites; 20 participants were enrolled in stage 1 and 29
      participants were enrolled in stage 2. Eight weeks of open-label pharmacotherapy
      with a combination of extended-release injectable naltrexone (XR-NTX; Vivitrol)
      plus extended-release oral bupropion (BRP; Wellbutrin XL) were provided with a
      smartphone-assisted medication adherence platform. Participants met Diagnostic
      and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition criteria for severe MA
      use disorder, self-reported >=20 days of MA use in the 30 days prior to consent,
      and submitted 3 MA-positive urine drug screens (UDS) out of 4 collected during
      screening. Participants attended clinic twice weekly for observed BRP dosing, UDS
      testing, assessments, and medical management; XR-NTX was administered at weeks 1
      and 5. A BRP taper and follow-up visit occurred in week 9. RESULTS: Analyses
      evaluated effects of XR-NTX + BRP to determine the number of "responders"
      according to a statistically predefined response criterion (6 of 8 MA-negative
      UDS during the last 4 weeks of medication). The 2-stage design required that
      stage 1 yield >=3 responders to continue to stage 2; 11 of the 49 participants
      met responder criteria across both stages (5 in stage 1, 6 in stage 2).
      CONCLUSIONS: Under the statistical analysis plan, study "success" required >=9
      responders. With 11 responders, the study demonstrated sufficient potential of
      naltrexone plus bupropion as a combination pharmacotherapy for MA use disorder to
      warrant further study.

PMID- 27379820
TI  - Substance Use Disorders Among Danish Physicians: An Explorative Study of the
      Professional Socialization and Management of Colleagues With Substance Use
      Disorders.
AB  - AIM: This study has 2 aims. Firstly, we explore and analyze the associations
      between physicians' unhealthy substance use and various work-cultural and social
      aspects; secondly, we describe how substance use disorder (SUD defined as by
      Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT] and Drug Use Disorders
      Identification Test [DUDIT]) among colleagues is managed and how physicians seek
      help. METHOD: During the spring of 2014, a nationwide cross-sectional study was
      conducted as an anonymous electronic survey among a randomly weighted sample of
      medical specialists, junior hospital doctors, and general practitioners in
      Denmark. A total of 4000 physicians (approximately 1333 from each group) were
      sampled, and 1943 responded (49%). The survey included the AUDIT, the DUDIT, and
      questions on health and psychological issues. RESULTS: Among the physicians in
      our study, 18.3% had an AUDIT exceeding 8 (hazardous or harmful alcohol use) and
      3.2% had a DUDIT exceeding 1. Of these, 12.9% reported that their substance use
      had negative consequences for their social networks, and 34% to 42% reported no
      openness about substance use at their workplace. In total, 4 physicians (1%) of
      the 383 physicians with risky substance use reported to have been in regular
      treatment for SUDs. Most of the physicians with an unhealthy consumption of
      substances (78%) reported that it was irrelevant for them to seek help. Half of
      them reported that they had limited or insufficient knowledge of SUD. Around 55%
      of the physicians would encourage colleagues with SUDs to seek treatment.
      CONCLUSIONS: Around 50% of physicians reported that their "SUD knowledge" was
      relevant, but limited or not satisfactory. One-third never experienced openness
      about SUD at work. More than half wished to encourage a colleague with SUD to
      seek treatment. Three quarters of the physicians with unhealthy substance use
      reported that they found it irrelevant to seek help.

PMID- 27379821
TI  - Prognostic Significance of Percentage and Architectural Types of Contemporary
      Gleason Pattern 4 Prostate Cancer in Radical Prostatectomy.
AB  - The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) 2014 consensus meeting
      recommended a novel grade grouping for prostate cancer that included dividing
      Gleason score (GS) 7 into grade groups 2 (GS 3+4) and 3 (GS 4+3). This division
      of GS 7, essentially determined by the percent of Gleason pattern (GP) 4 (< or
      >50%), raises the question of whether a more exact quantification of the percent
      GP 4 within GS 7 will yield additional prognostic information. Modifications were
      also made by ISUP regarding the definition of GP 4, now including 4 main
      architectural types: cribriform, glomeruloid, poorly formed, and fused glands.
      This study was conducted to analyze the prognostic significance of the percent GP
      4 and main architectural types of GP 4 according to the 2014 ISUP grading
      criteria in radical prostatectomies (RPs). The cohort included 585 RP cases of GS
      6 (40.2%), 3+4 (49.0%), and 4+3 (10.8%) prostate cancers. Significantly different
      5-year biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survival rates were observed among GS 6
      (99%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 97%-100%), 3+4 (81%, 95% CI: 76%-86%), and
      4+3 (60%, 95% CI: 45%-71%) cancers (P<0.01). Dividing the GP 4 percent into
      quartiles showed a 5-year BCR-free survival of 84% (95% CI: 78%-89%) for 1% to
      20%, 74% (95% CI: 62%-83%) for 21% to 50%, 66% (95% CI: 50%-78%) for 51% to 70%,
      and 32% (95% CI: 9%-59%) for >70% (P<0.001). Among the GP 4 architectures,
      cribriform was the most prevalent (43.7%), and combination of architectures with
      cribriform present was more frequently observed in GS 4+3 (60.3%). Glomeruloid
      was mostly (67.1%) seen combined with other GP 4 architectures. Unlike the other
      GP 4 architectures, glomeruloid as the sole GP 4 was observed only as a secondary
      pattern (ie, 3+4). Among patients with GS 7 cancer, the presence of cribriform
      architecture was associated with decreased 5-year BCR-free survival when compared
      with GS 7 cancers without this architecture (68% vs. 85%, P<0.01), whereas the
      presence of glomeruloid architecture was associated with improved 5-year BCR-free
      survival when compared with GS 7 cancers without this architecture (87% vs. 75%,
      P=0.01). However, GS 7 disease having only the glomeruloid architecture had
      significantly lower 5-year BCR-free survival than GS 6 cancers (86% vs. 99%,
      P<0.01). Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model for factors
      associated with BCR among GS 7 cancers identified age (hazard ratio [HR] 0.95,
      P<0.01), preoperative prostate-specific antigen (HR 1.07, P<0.01), positive
      surgical margin (HR 2.70, P<0.01), percent of GP 4 (21% to 50% [HR 2.21], 51% to
      70% [HR 2.59], >70% [HR 6.57], all P<0.01), presence of cribriform glands (HR
      1.78, P=0.02), and presence of glomeruloid glands (HR 0.43, P=0.03) as
      independent predictors. In conclusion, our study shows that increments in percent
      of GP 4 correlate with increased risk for BCR supporting the ISUP recommendation
      of recording the percent of GP 4 in GS 7 prostate cancers at RP. However,
      additional larger studies are needed to establish the optimal interval for
      reporting percent GP 4 in GS 7 cancers. Among the GP 4 architectures, cribriform
      independently predicts BCR, whereas glomeruloid reduces the risk of BCR.
      Distinction should be made between cribriform and glomeruloid architectures,
      despite glomeruloid being considered as an early stage of cribriform, as
      cribriform confers a higher risk for poorer outcome.

PMID- 27379822
TI  - Risk of thromboembolism with lymphoma: myth or reality?

PMID- 27379823
TI  - Adjunctive Brexpiprazole in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and
      Irritability: An Exploratory Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of adjunctive brexpiprazole on symptoms of
      irritability in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: Patients
      diagnosed with MDD according to DSM-IV-TR criteria who had inadequate response to
      antidepressant treatment continued treatment with their current antidepressant
      for 2 weeks. Patients still having inadequate response, and with irritability,
      received 6 weeks of open-label treatment with their current antidepressant at the
      same dose and adjunctive brexpiprazole (target dose: 3 mg/d). Brexpiprazole was
      discontinued at week 6, and the patients continued with their antidepressant
      until week 10. Changes from baseline to week 6 and week 6 to week 10 were
      analyzed. RESULTS: This study was conducted between October 7, 2013, and July 30,
      2014. Fifty-four patients were treated with adjunctive brexpiprazole. At week 6,
      clinically relevant improvements were observed in Sheehan Irritability Scale
      total (-21.1) and item 1 (irritable mood) (-3.5) scores, Kellner Symptom
      Questionnaire total (-24.4) and anger-hostility subscale (-7.7) scores, and 30
      item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, clinician version (IDS-C30), item 6
      (irritable mood) score (-1.2). More (15 patients) stopped than developed (5
      patients) anger attacks during treatment, as measured by the Anger Attacks
      Questionnaire. The Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness score improved
      (-1.4), as did the depressive symptoms (IDS-C30 total score, -17.8; Kellner
      Symptom Questionnaire depression subscale score, -7.7; and Montgomery-Asberg
      Depression Rating Scale total score, -14.2). Irritability symptoms worsened after
      brexpiprazole discontinuation, assessed at week 10. Adjunctive brexpiprazole was
      well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive treatment with brexpiprazole may
      represent a strategy for patients with MDD and inadequate response to
      antidepressant treatment who have symptoms of irritability. TRIALS REGISTRATION:
      ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01942785.

PMID- 27379824
TI  - A Subtrochanteric Femoral Stress Fracture following Bisphosphonate Treatment in
      an Adolescent Girl.
AB  - Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures (AFFs) have emerged as
      a potential complication of bisphosphonate treatment in adults. Despite
      increasing off-label use of bisphosphonates in children and adolescents for a
      variety of skeletal disorders, there have been no reports of AFFs in children or
      adolescents outside of the osteogenesis imperfecta population. We present the
      case of a 16-year-old girl who developed a subtrochanteric femoral stress
      fracture following pamidronate treatment for idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis.

PMID- 27379825
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27379826
TI  - Influence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy on In-Hospital Outcomes in Acute
      Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
AB  - Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with worse outcomes in chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, its role in an acute exacerbation
      of COPD (AECOPD) has not been reported. This was a retrospective cohort study
      during 2008-2012 at an academic medical center. AECOPD patients >18 years with
      available echocardiographic data were included. LVH was defined as LV mass index
      (LVMI) >95 g/m2 (women) and >115g/m2 (men). Relative wall thickness was used to
      classify LVH as concentric (>0.42) or eccentric (<0.42). Outcomes included need
      for and duration of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and mechanical ventilation
      (MV), NIV failure, intensive care unit (ICU) and total length of stay (LOS), and
      in-hospital mortality. Two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered statistically
      significant. Of 802 patients with AECOPD, 615 patients with 264 (42.9%) having
      LVH were included. The LVH cohort had higher LVMI (141.1 +/- 39.4 g/m2 vs. 79.7
      +/- 19.1 g/m2; p < 0.001) and lower LV ejection fraction (44.5+/-21.9% vs. 50.0+/
      21.6%; p <= 0.001). The LVH cohort had statistically non-significant longer ICU
      LOS, and higher NIV and MV use and duration. Of the 264 LVH patients, concentric
      LVH (198; 75.0%) was predictive of greater NIV use [82 (41.4%) vs. 16 (24.2%), p
      = 0.01] and duration (1.0 +/- 1.9 vs. 0.6 +/- 1.4 days, p = 0.01) compared to
      eccentric LVH. Concentric LVH remained independently associated with NIV use and
      duration. In-hospital outcomes in patients with AECOPD were comparable in
      patients with and without LVH. Patients with concentric LVH had higher NIV need
      and duration in comparison to eccentric LVH.

PMID- 27379827
TI  - Minimally invasive subpial tonsillectomy for Chiari I decompression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A number of different surgical techniques have been used through the
      years to address Chiari I malformation (CMI). METHODS: This article describes how
      we surgically manage CMI at two high-volume centers. We call the technique the
      minimally invasive subpial tonsillectomy (MIST). The technique consists of a
      minimalistic dissection and craniectomy with a short, linear durotomy for the
      subpial tonsillar resection. The dura is closed without the use of a duraplasty.
      CONCLUSIONS: We describe our current methods of surgery for CMI.

PMID- 27379828
TI  - Unraveling a Patient's Post-Op Symptoms.

PMID- 27379829
TI  - One-carbon metabolites and telomere length in a prospective and randomized study
      of B- and/or D-vitamin supplementation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin B deficiency is common in elderly people and has been
      associated with an increased risk of developing age-related diseases. B-vitamins
      are essential for the synthesis and stability of DNA. Telomers are the end caps
      of chromosomes that shorten progressively with age, and short telomers are
      associated with DNA instability. OBJECTIVE: In the present randomized
      intervention study, we investigated whether the one-carbon metabolism is related
      to telomere length, a surrogate marker for cellular aging. DESIGN: Sixty-five
      subjects (>54 years) were randomly assigned to receive either a daily combination
      of vitamin D3 (1200 IU), folic acid (0.5 mg), vitamin B12 (0.5 mg), vitamin B6
      (50 mg) and calcium carbonate (456 mg) (group A) or vitamin D3 and calcium
      carbonate alone (group B). Blood testing was performed at baseline and after 1
      year of supplementation. The concentrations of several metabolites of the one
      carbon pathway, as well as relative telomere length (RTL) and 5,10
      methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T genotype, were analyzed. RESULTS: At
      baseline, age- and gender-adjusted RTL correlated with total folate and 5
      methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF). Subjects with RTL above the median had
      higher concentrations of total folate and 5-methylTHF compared to subjects below
      the median. At study end, gender- and age-adjusted RTL correlated in group A with
      methylmalonic acid (MMA; r = -0.460, p = 0.0012) and choline (r = 0.434, p =
      0.0021) and in group B with 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (r = 0.455, p = 0.026)
      and dimethylglycine (DMG; r = -0.386, p = 0.047). Subjects in the group A with
      RTL above the median had lower MMA and higher choline compared to subjects below
      the median. CONCLUSIONS: The present pilot study suggests a functional
      relationship between one-carbon metabolism and telomere length. This conclusion
      is supported by several correlations that were modified by B-vitamin
      supplementation. In agreement with our hypothesis, the availability of
      nucleotides and methylation groups seems to impact telomere length. Due to the
      small sample size and the limitations of the study, further studies should
      confirm the present results in a larger cohort.

PMID- 27379831
TI  - Silencing of epidermal growth factor, latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain
      containing protein 1 (ELTD1) via siRNA-induced cell death in glioblastoma.
AB  - The failure of therapies targeting tumor angiogenesis may be caused by anti
      angiogenic resistance mechanisms induced by VEGF and non-VEGF pathways
      alterations. Anti-angiogenic therapy failure is also attributed to immune system,
      acting by tumor-associated macrophages that release pro-angiogenic factors and a
      consequent increase of blood vessels. Recently, in a study by Rheal et al., a new
      angiogenic receptor, epidermal growth factor, latrophilin, and 7 trans-membrane
      domain-containing protein 1 on chromosome 1(ELTD1) has been identified as a
      promising glioma biomarker. In this study we aim to analyse whether this receptor
      may be used as a target molecule in glioblastoma therapy. Our results showed that
      small interfering RNA silencing ELTD1 caused cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cells.
      We also found that PDGFR, VEGFR, and their common PI3K/mTOR intracellular pathway
      inactivation-induced cytotoxicity in glioblastoma cells. Further, we found high
      percent of cytotoxicity in a low passage glioblastoma cell line after BEZ235 (a
      dual inhibitor of PI3K/mTOR pathway) treatment at nanomolar concentrations,
      compared to AG1433 (a PDGFR inhibitor) and SU1498 (a VEGFR inhibitor) that were
      only cytotoxic at micromolar ranges. In the future, these could prove as
      attractive therapeutic targets in single therapy or coupled with classic
      therapeutic approaches such as chemotherapy of radiotherapy.

PMID- 27379830
TI  - The effect of the macronutrient composition of breakfast on satiety and cognitive
      function in undergraduate students.
AB  - PURPOSE: It is believed that breakfast is an important meal due to its effect on
      appetite control and cognitive performance, yet little evidence exists to support
      this hypothesis. METHODS: Using a crossover design, 33 healthy undergraduates
      (aged 22 +/- 2 years with a BMI of 23.5 +/- 1.7 kg/m2) were randomized one of
      four breakfast treatments: no breakfast, a low-protein breakfast containing no
      animal protein, a high-carbohydrate/low-protein breakfast containing animal
      protein or a low-carbohydrate/high-protein breakfast. After an overnight fast,
      participants reported to the laboratory and baseline appetite questionnaires and
      cognitive tests were completed. A baseline blood sample was also collected. These
      measures were repeated at regular intervals throughout the test session. An ad
      libitum lunch meal was provided 240 min after breakfast, and the amount eaten
      recorded. Diet diaries and hourly appetite questionnaires were completed for the
      rest of the day. RESULTS: The no-breakfast treatment had a marked effect on
      appetite before lunch (p < .05). Moreover, participants consumed more energy at
      lunch following the no-breakfast treatment (p < .05). There was no difference in
      appetite before lunch or food intake at lunch following any treatment when
      breakfast was eaten. However, food intake over the entire test day was lowest for
      the no-breakfast treatment (p < .05). Plasma glucose and insulin were lower
      following the high-protein/low-carbohydrate treatment compared to the low
      protein/high-carbohydrate-no animal protein treatment (p < .05). Participants
      were less happy when they missed breakfast (p < .05), but there were no other
      statistically significant effects of breakfast on mood or cognitive performance.
      CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that changing the macronutrient content of
      breakfast influences the glycemic response, but has no effect on the appetitive
      or cognitive performance measures used in this present study.

PMID- 27379834
TI  - Six-month Follow-up of Cervical Composite Restorations Placed With a New
      Universal Adhesive System: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: The objective of this double-blind, randomized clinical trial was to
      evaluate the six-month clinical performance of a new universal adhesive (Xeno
      Select, Dentsply) in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) using two evaluation
      criteria: World Dental Federation (FDI) and the US Public Health Service (USPHS).
      METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 124 restorations were randomly placed in 31
      patients according to the following groups: ER-D = etch-and-rinse/dry dentin; ER
      M = etch-and-rinse/moist dentin; SE-et = selective enamel etching; and SET = self
      etch. The composite resin EVOLUX (Dentsply) was placed incrementally. The
      restorations were evaluated after one week (baseline) and at six months using the
      FDI and USPHS criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using appropriate
      tests (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: Fifteen restorations were lost or fractured at six
      months (one for ER-D, three for ER-M, five for SE-et, and six for SET) (p>0.05 at
      six-month recall). When ER (ER-D and ER-M) was compared with SE (SE-et and SET)
      there was a significant difference in the retention rate after six months
      (p=0.001). Marginal staining and postoperative sensitivity to air were only
      observed in three (one for ER-M and two for SET) and two restorations (two for ER
      D) in both evaluation criteria (p>0.05), respectively. Forty-seven restorations
      were considered to have minor discrepancies in marginal adaptation at the six
      month recall using the FDI criteria (13 for ER-D, 10 for ER-M, 11 for SE-et, and
      13 for SET; p>0.05 between groups). However, for all groups, a significant
      difference was detected when baseline and six-month data were compared (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: The six-month clinical behavior of Xeno Select Universal Adhesive
      depends on the bonding strategy used. The universal adhesive did not fulfill the
      American Dental Association criteria for full approval when used in the self-etch
      mode.

PMID- 27379833
TI  - Discovery and Characterization of a Class of Pyrazole Inhibitors of Bacterial
      Undecaprenyl Pyrophosphate Synthase.
AB  - Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase (UppS) is an essential enzyme in bacterial
      cell wall synthesis. Here we report the discovery of Staphylococcus aureus UppS
      inhibitors from an Encoded Library Technology screen and demonstrate binding to
      the hydrophobic substrate site through cocrystallography studies. The use of
      bacterial strains with regulated uppS expression and inhibitor resistant mutant
      studies confirmed that the whole cell activity was the result of UppS inhibition,
      validating UppS as a druggable antibacterial target. 

PMID- 27379832
TI  - Activation Mechanism of the Bacteroides fragilis Cysteine Peptidase, Fragipain.
AB  - Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis produces a secreted metalloprotease known as
      B. fragilis toxin (BFT), which contributes to anaerobic sepsis, colitis, and
      colonic malignancy in mouse models of disease. A C11 family cysteine protease,
      fragipain (Fpn), directly activates BFT in the B. fragilis cell by removing the
      BFT prodomain. Fpn is itself a proenzyme and is autoactivated upon cleavage at an
      arginine residue in its activation loop. We have defined the proteolytic active
      site of Fpn, demonstrated that Fpn autoactivation can occur by an in trans loop
      cleavage mechanism, and characterized structural features of the Fpn activation
      loop that control peptidase activity against several substrates, including BFT.
      An arginine residue at the autocleavage site determines the fast activation
      kinetics of Fpn relative to the homologous C11 protease, PmC11, which is cleaved
      at lysine. Arginine to alanine substitution at the cleavage site ablated
      peptidase activity, as did partial truncation of the Fpn activation loop.
      However, complete truncation of the activation loop yielded an uncleaved, pro
      form of Fpn that was active as a peptidase against both Fpn and BFT substrates.
      Thus, Fpn can be transformed into an active peptidase in the absence of
      activation loop cleavage. This study provides insight into the mechanism of
      fragipain activation and, more generally, defines the role of the C11 activation
      loop in the control of peptidase activity and substrate specificity.

PMID- 27379835
TI  - Effect of Preparation Depth on the Marginal and Internal Adaptation of Computer
      aided Design/Computer-assisted Manufacture Endocrowns.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of preparation depth and
      intraradicular extension on the marginal and internal adaptation of computer
      aided design/computer-assisted manufacture (CAD/CAM) endocrown restorations.
      Standardized preparations were made in resin endodontic tooth models (Nissin
      Dental), with an intracoronal preparation depth of 2 mm (group H2), with extra 1-
      (group H3) or 2-mm (group H4) intraradicular extensions in the root canals
      (n=12). Vita Enamic polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material endocrowns were
      fabricated using the CEREC AC CAD/CAM system and were seated on the prepared
      teeth. Specimens were evaluated by microtomography. Horizontal and vertical
      tomographic sections were recorded and reconstructed by using the CTSkan software
      (TView v1.1, Skyscan).The surface/void volume (S/V) in the region of interest was
      calculated. Marginal gap (MG), absolute marginal discrepancy (MD), and internal
      marginal gap were measured at various measuring locations and calculated in
      microscale (MUm). Marginal and internal discrepancy data (MUm) were analyzed with
      nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance by ranks with Dunn's post hoc,
      whereas S/V data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni
      multiple comparisons (alpha=0.05). Significant differences were found in MG, MD,
      and internal gap width values between the groups, with H2 showing the lowest
      values from all groups. S/V calculations presented significant differences
      between H2 and the other two groups (H3 and H4) tested, with H2 again showing the
      lowest values. Increasing the intraradicular extension of endocrown restorations
      increased the marginal and internal gap of endocrown restorations.

PMID- 27379836
TI  - Effect of Storage Time on Bond Strength Performance of Multimode Adhesives to
      Indirect Resin Composite and Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the bond strength performance of multimode adhesives
      (MMAs) to indirect resin composite and lithium disilicate glass ceramic after 24
      hours or one year of water storage. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty flat and
      polished plates of indirect resin composite (Epricord) and thirty lithium
      disilicate glass ceramic plates (IPS e.max Press) were prepared. Surfaces were
      pretreated using sandblasting (indirect resin composite) or hydrofluoric acid
      (glass-based ceramic). Specimens were bonded with one of two MMAs (Scotchbond
      Universal [SBU] or All-Bond Universal [ABU]) or ceramic primer and hydrophobic
      bonding (RelyX Ceramic Primer and Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Bond) as a
      control (n=10). Resin cement cylinders (0.75 mm in diameter * 0.5 mm in height)
      were bonded to both substrate surfaces using the respective adhesives. After 24
      hours or one year of water storage, bonding performance was measured by
      microshear bond strength (MSBS) testing. Results were analyzed using three-way
      ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: For indirect resin
      composite, significantly higher MSBS values were found for ABU after 24 hours
      (ABU > SBU = control); however, no significant difference among the adhesives was
      observed after one year (p>0.05). For glass-based ceramic, significantly
      different bond strengths were observed among the adhesives after 24 hours
      (control = ABU > SBU) and one year (control > SBU = ABU; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      Both MMAs tested can be considered effective alternatives for bonding to
      sandblasted indirect resin composite after aging, as they showed similar bond
      performance to that of the control group. However, separate bottles of silane
      bonding resin showed higher MSBS values and more durable bonding for etched glass
      based ceramic.

PMID- 27379838
TI  - MicroRNA-205-5p is upregulated in myelodysplastic syndromes and induces cell
      proliferation via PTEN suppression.
AB  - Micro (mi)RNA dysregulation is implicated in the development of myelodysplastic
      syndrome (MDS). Chromosomal abnormalities on 1q are frequently detected in Korean
      patients with MDS; however, how these are related to disease development is
      unknown. The present study compared the expression profiles of miRNAs encoded by
      chromosome 1q between 65 MDS patients and 11 controls. We found that miR-205-5p
      levels were 12.5 fold higher in the former (P=0.001). miR-205-5p level was
      increased in 44.7% of patients when an arbitrary 2(-DeltaCt) cut-off value of
      1.25 was used. miR-205-5p expression data were used to generate a receiver
      operating characteristic (ROC) curve for miR-205-5p, for which the area under the
      curve (AUC) was 0.825 (95% confidence interval: 0.710-0.941; P=0.001). Moreover,
      transfection with a miR-205-5p mimic induced cell proliferation by inhibiting the
      expression of the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN).
      Our findings suggest that miR-205-5p upregulation contributes to MDS by
      suppressing PTEN and that miR-205-5p thus acts as an oncogene in hematopoietic
      cells.

PMID- 27379839
TI  - White Light Emission in Butadiyne Bridged Pyrene-Phenyl Hybrid Fluorophore:
      Understanding the Photophysical Importance of Diyne Spacer and Utilizing the
      Excited-State Photophysics for Vapor Detection.
AB  - Generation of white light emission (WLE) from a single organic fluorophore is
      challenging because of the need to get fluorescence covering the visible region
      (400-700 nm) upon excitation of the dye at near-ultraviolet wavelength. Herein,
      we report WLE from a butadiyne bridged pyrene-phenyl hybrid fluorophore in mixed
      aqueous solvents as well as in polymer film matrices. The ability of the
      butadiynyl dye to emit from multiple excited states such as locally excited (LE;
      400-500 nm), aggregate (excimer type; 475-600 nm), and charge transfer (CT; 500
      750 nm) states spanning the emission almost throughout the visible range has made
      the generation of the white light to be possible. In highly polar solvent such as
      acetonitrile, the butadiynyl dye emits from the LE and CT states, and the WLE is
      achieved through a control of the dye concentration such that intermolecular CT
      (exciplex type) contributes along with the intramolecular CT and LE emissions. In
      mixed-aqueous systems such as water-acetonitrile and water-N,N-dimethylformamide,
      the CT emission is red-shifted (because of the high dielctric constant of water),
      and the contribution of the aggregate emission (originated because of the poor
      solvent water) is important in maintaining the relative distribution of the
      fluorescence intensities (LE, excimer, and CT) in the entire visible region. The
      significance of the diyne spacer in achieving the WLE is delineated through a
      control study with a single acetylenic analogue. The LE, aggregate, and CT
      emissions are involved in generating bluish-white light in a poly(vinyl alcohol)
      film matrix of the butadiynyl dye. Blue emission is noted in a poly(methyl
      methacrylate) (PMMA) film matrix of the dye with a major contribution from the LE
      and a minor contribution from the aggregate state. Exposure of the PMMA film of
      the dye to polar aprotic vapors assists in gaining the CT state emission such
      that the LE, aggregate, CT emissions cover the entire visible region to produce
      the WLE. This opens a new strategy for selective vapor sensing. 

PMID- 27379837
TI  - Traumatic brain injury decreases AMP-activated protein kinase activity and
      pharmacological enhancement of its activity improves cognitive outcome.
AB  - Prolonged metabolic suppression in the brain is a well-characterized secondary
      pathology of both experimental and clinical traumatic brain injury (TBI). AMP
      activated kinase (AMPK) acts as a cellular energy sensor that, when activated,
      regulates various metabolic and catabolic pathways to decrease ATP consumption
      and increase ATP synthesis. As energy availability after TBI is suppressed, we
      questioned if increasing AMPK activity after TBI would improve cognitive outcome.
      TBI was delivered using the electromagnetic controlled cortical impact model on
      male Sprague-Dawley rats (275-300 g) and C57BL/6 mice (20-25 g). AMPK activity
      within the injured parietal cortex and ipsilateral hippocampus was inferred by
      western blots using phospho-specific antibodies. The consequences of acute
      manipulation of AMPK signaling on cognitive function were assessed using the
      Morris water maze task. We found that AMPK activity is decreased as a result of
      injury, as indicated by reduced AMPK phosphorylation and corresponding changes in
      the phosphorylation of its downstream targets: ribosomal protein S6 and Akt
      Substrate of 160 kDa (AS160). Increasing AMPK activity after injury using the
      drugs 5-amino-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide or metformin did not
      affect spatial learning, but significantly improved spatial memory. Taken
      together, our results suggest that decreased AMPK activity after TBI may
      contribute to the cellular energy crisis in the injured brain, and that AMPK
      activators may have therapeutic utility. Increased phosphorylation of Thr172
      activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) under conditions of low cellular
      energy availability. This leads to inhibition of energy consuming, while
      activating energy generating, processes. Hill et al., present data to indicate
      that TBI decreases Thr172 phosphorylation and that its stimulation by
      pharmacological agents offers neuroprotection and improves memory. These results
      suggest that decreased AMPK phosphorylation after TBI incorrectly signals the
      injured brain that excess energy is available, thereby contributing to the
      cellular energy crisis and memory impairments.

PMID- 27379840
TI  - Dead Sea ultraviolet climatotherapy for children with atopic dermatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic, and relapsing
      inflammatory skin disorder. Moderate to severe cases represent an extremely
      disabling disease, for both children and their parents. Dead Sea climatotherapy
      (DSC), recognized as a natural treatment for patients with skin diseases, takes
      advantage of the selectively scattered ultraviolet irradiation (UV) present at
      the lowest terrestrial site on the earth. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the impact
      on short-term results of DSC in moderate to severe AD children from the Czech
      Republic treated 4 weeks at the Deutsches Medizinisches Zentrum (DMZ), Israel,
      and to correlate their results to the cumulative UVA and UVB irradiation doses
      received during treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-two patients aged <19
      years were divided into three groups and treated in March 2014, October 2014, and
      March 2015 with gradually increasing sun exposure during 28 consecutive days.
      Daily and cumulative exposure doses of UVB and UVA were calculated through
      patients' recorded sun exposure logs. The SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD)
      index was recorded immediately after DSC and 3 months later by the same
      dermatologist. RESULTS: Good clinical results were observed in all groups, with
      overall improvement in SCORAD reaching 87.5 +/- 13.4% and 71.3 +/- 21.3%
      immediately after DSC and 3 months later, respectively. No side effects were
      observed during the treatments. Higher cumulative exposure times correlated with
      better results and enhanced remission. CONCLUSION: Dead Sea climatotherapy
      represents a valuable option for the treatment of AD in children. Medically
      controlled and prescribed sun exposure seems to directly and positively influence
      the results obtained.

PMID- 27379841
TI  - Insertion of intra-oral electrodes for cranial nerve monitoring using a Crowe
      Davis retractor.
AB  - Acoustic neuroma resection is an example of a neurosurgical procedure where the
      brainstem and multiple cranial nerves are at risk for injury. Electrode placement
      for monitoring of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves during acoustic
      neuroma resection can be challenging. The purpose of this report is to illustrate
      the use of a device for intra-oral electrode placement for intraoperative
      monitoring of the glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves. A 60-year-old male
      presented for acoustic neuroma resection. Under general anesthesia, a Crowe-Davis
      retractor was used to open the mouth, providing access to the posterior pharynx.
      For glossopharyngeal monitoring, two bent subdermal needle electrodes were
      inserted just lateral to the uvula. Two additional electrodes were inserted on
      the lateral tongue to monitor the hypoglossal nerve. Cranial nerves monitoring
      was conducted utilizing both free running and triggered electromyography of the
      trigeminal and facial nerves in addition to the lower cranial nerves. The tumor
      was resected successfully. Monitoring of the cranial nerves (including the
      glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal nerves) revealed no concerning responses. The
      Crowe-Davis retractor and the technique described allowed insertion of electrodes
      for neural monitoring, contributing to neural preservation.

PMID- 27379842
TI  - Genetic and molecular characterization of a novel reassortant H2N8 subtype avian
      influenza virus isolated from a domestic duck in Zhejiang Province in China.
AB  - The circulation of the H2 subtype influenza viruses in domestic animals increases
      the risk of human exposure to these viruses. An H2N8 avian influenza virus (AIV)
      was isolated from a domestic duck during AIV surveillance of poultry in live
      poultry markets (LPMs) in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, in 2013. The
      phylogenetic trees suggested that this strain is a novel reassortant virus
      derived from multiple AIV subtypes from aquatic birds and poultry in Eastern
      Asia. Although this reassortant strain exhibited low pathogenicity in mice, it
      was able to replicate in the lungs of the mice without prior adaptation.
      Continued surveillance of domestic ducks in LPMs is required for early detection
      of AIV outbreaks in poultry and humans.

PMID- 27379843
TI  - Phenotypic variability in two infants sharing the same MECP2 mutation: evidence
      of chromosomal rearrangements and high sister-chromatid exchange levels in Rett
      syndrome.
AB  - Rett syndrome (RTT) whose major cause is the mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene
      is a genetic disease that affects females. We screened two RTT patients using
      cytogenetic studies and in silico analysis as well as molecular analysis by the
      direct sequencing of MECP2. The cytogenetic results showed that although patient
      A was karyotypically normal, patient B showed chromosomal abnormalities,
      including chromosomal breakage in both chromosomes 2 and 5. In addition,
      chromosome 9 was detected on heteromorphic pattern (9ph+). A significant increase
      in sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency was also observed in this patient.
      Although both patients were karyotypically different, they share the same MeCP2
      mutation (p.P152R) which was predicted to be deleterious. To our knowledge, we
      describe the first association between MECP2 mutation, chromosomal abnormalities
      and high SCE frequency, which further validates the importance of the thorough
      chromosomal and molecular analyses that should be performed on the suspected RTT
      cases.

PMID- 27379844
TI  - Investigation of contactless detection using a giant magnetoresistance sensor for
      detecting prostate specific antigen.
AB  - This paper presents a contactless detection method for detecting prostate
      specific antigen with a giant magnetoresistance sensor. In contactless detection
      case, the prostate specific antigen sample preparation was separated from the
      sensor that prevented the sensor from being immersed in chemical solvents, and
      made the sensor implementing in immediately reuse without wash. Experimental
      results showed that applied an external magnetic field in a range of 50 Oe to 90
      Oe, Dynabeads with a concentration as low as 0.1 MUg/mL can be detected by this
      system and could give an approximate quantitation to the logarithmic of Dynabeads
      concentration. Sandwich immunoassay was employed for preparing PSA samples. The
      PSA capture was implemented on a gold film modified with a self-assembled
      monolayer and using biotinylated secondary antibody against PSA and
      streptavidinylated Dynabeads. With DC magnetic field in the range of 50 to 90 Oe,
      PSA can be detected with a detection limit as low as 0.1 ng/mL. Samples spiked
      with different concentrations of PSA can be distinguished clearly. Due to the
      contactless detection method, the detection system exhibited advantages such as
      convenient manipulation, reusable, inexpensive, small weight. So, this detection
      method was a promising candidate in biomarker detection, especially in point of
      care detection.

PMID- 27379845
TI  - Improved synthesis and growth of graphene oxide for field effect transistor
      biosensors.
AB  - Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has many advantages over graphene such as low-cost,
      aqueous processable and industrial-scalable. However, two main limitations that
      prevent the use of RGO in electronics are the high electrical resistance and
      large electrical resistance deviation between fabricated devices. This limits
      RGO's use in biosensors, capacitors and other electronic devices. Herein, we
      present (1) a modified Hummer's method to obtain large RGO flakes via in-situ
      size fractionation and (2) the novel growth of RGO which can bridge the gaps in
      between existing RGO flakes. Together, these two processes reduced the electrical
      resistance drastically from 1.99E + 06 to 4.68E + 03 Omega/square and the
      standard deviation decreased from 80.5 % to 16.5 %. The RGO was then fabricated
      into a field-effect transistor biosensor. A 1 pmol to 100 nmol change in
      Cytochrome C protein corresponded to a 3 % change in electrical resistance. The
      reported improved RGO synthesis method and subsequent growth enable large-scale
      application of RGO in practical electronic devices such as biosensors.

PMID- 27379846
TI  - Androgenesis, gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis haploids in cucurbit species.
AB  - Haploids and doubled haploids are critical components of plant breeding. This
      review is focused on studies on haploids and double haploids inducted in
      cucurbits through in vitro pollination with irradiated pollen, unfertilized
      ovule/ovary culture, and anther/microspore culture during the last 30 years, as
      well as comprehensive analysis of the main factors of each process and comparison
      between chromosome doubling and ploidy identification methods, with special focus
      on the application of double haploids in plant breeding and genetics. This review
      identifies existing problems affecting the efficiency of androgenesis,
      gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis in cucurbit species. Donor plant genotypes and
      surrounding environments, developmental stages of explants, culture media, stress
      factors, and chromosome doubling and ploidy identification are compared at length
      and discussed as methodologies and protocols for androgenesis, gynogenesis, and
      parthenogenesis in haploid and double haploid production technologies. 

PMID- 27379847
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379848
TI  - A new synthesis of S-aryl uracils from aryl thiols and 6-amino uracils in the
      presence of NCS.
AB  - Sulfenylchloride intermediates generated from the reaction of aryl thiols with N
      chlorosuccinimide were trapped by 6-amino uracil derivatives to yield 6-amino-5
      (arylthio)-pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione compounds at room temperature.

PMID- 27379849
TI  - Palmar hyperhidrosis treated by noninvasive ultrasound stellate ganglion block.
AB  - Focal palmar hyperhidrosis is a common and often debilitating eccrine sweat gland
      disorder with negative impact on quality of life and self-esteem. For treatment
      of recalcitrant cases, a stellate ganglion block is a nonsurgical alternative.
      Although this method has only a temporary effect, surgical risks can be avoided.
      The usual way to perform the block is by ultrasound-guided injection of local
      anesthetics. Here we describe the use of therapeutic ultrasound at 0.8 MHz for
      stellate ganglion block. Ultrasound was applied for 1 min unilaterally every
      other day for 6 days. The efficacy was monitored by video capillaroscopy and
      Minor's iodine starch test. Treatment was well tolerated and no adverse effects
      were noted. Sweating was stopped and capillary blood flow increased. The effect
      lasted for several weeks.

PMID- 27379850
TI  - Cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis : The spectrum of a rare cutaneous
      neoplasia.
AB  - Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder that is now recognized as
      a true malignancy of dendritic Langerhans cells. Various somatic mutations have
      been discovered for BRAF and MAP kinases. The clinical variability is remarkable.
      A very rare variant is cutaneous LCH without internal organ manifestations. We
      present a case series of cutaneous LCH illustrating the spectrum of clinical
      symptoms, treatment, and disease course. Cutaneous LCH needs a careful
      investigation of possible internal involvement and a long follow-up since second
      malignancies may develop over time. Overtreatment should be avoided, since too
      aggressive treatment will not improve the outcome.

PMID- 27379851
TI  - [Differential diagnosis of skin changes on the lower extremities in chronic
      venous insufficiency].
AB  - Varicous veins and postthrombotic syndrome can make typical reversible or
      irreversible skin changes on the lower extremities if no treatment is initiated.
      The typical clinical signs should be recognised in an early stage and possible
      differential diagnoses have to be excluded. 

PMID- 27379852
TI  - [Cardiac herniation and torsion after transpericardial pneumonectomy].
AB  - This article presents the case of a 43 year old woman with right-sided lung
      cancer. She underwent transpericardial pneumonectomy. After an uneventfull
      surgery, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit for postoperative
      monitoring. She was hemodynamically stable and had already been extubated in the
      OR.On postoperative chest X-ray a mediastinal shift to the operated side as well
      as a herniation of the heart into the right chest cavity was detected. While the
      patient remained hemodynamically stable a computed tomography of the chest was
      performed which confirmed the diagnosis of cardiac herniation and torsion. The
      lady underwent rethoracotomy the following day where the heart was repositioned
      and the pericardial defect was closed. She made an uneventfull recovery.Five
      years after the pneumonectomy she remains well and is without relapse of lung
      cancer.Mechanism for cardiac herniation and torsion, the clinical presentation
      and the typical radiologic signs are discussed. However, the clue to early
      diagnosis is a high index of clinical suspicion.It is highlighted that a
      hemodynamically unstable patient under these circumstances demands urgent
      rethoracotomy.

PMID- 27379853
TI  - [Practical Aspects of Sclerotherapy].
AB  - Sclerotherapy is an important part of the treatment of varicose veins. It may
      also be performed in patients with contraindications for operative procedures. By
      adjusting the mode of application (liquid or foam) and the concentration it can
      be used for the treatment of all vein types. In comparison to other treatment
      options it is especially well suited for the treatment of spider veins and
      reticular veins, pudendal varicosity and so called "feeding" varicose veins in
      the proximity of venous leg ulcers. A current European guideline, which was
      approved by 23 European phlebologic societies, supports the good international
      standardization of this treatment technique. 

PMID- 27379854
TI  - Pyoderma gangrenosum-a novel approach?
AB  - Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) represents a rare skin disorder, with several clinical
      variants and still not fully understood ethiopathogenesis. Often associated with
      inflammatory or neoplastic disease, PG is nowadays considered an inflammatory
      neutrophilic disease with common underlying morbidity. Modern treatment options
      are oriented towards key mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the disease,
      namely inflammatory mediators, and seem to be the most effective treatment
      currently available. Although promising, the results are not invariable and these
      treatments are sometimes surrounded by controversy, as recent studies have
      reported cases that are refractory to therapy with biological agents. It is
      possible that refractoriness to the use of biological agents as monotherapy stems
      from the fact that a single agent is not able to affect the entire inflammatory
      cascade, or to simultaneously influence all of its levels. Based on the
      pathogenesis of inflammation, we can suggest that an ideal targeted therapy
      should be able to induce the following changes: 1) reduction of the secretion of
      interleukin (IL)-1a/b from the inflammasome with subsequent blocking of its
      biological effect (by therapy with IL-1 receptor antagonists); 2) blocking of the
      activation of the secreted procytokines in their active form (by therapy with
      caspase-1 inhibitors; 3) blocking of the effect of the already released active
      cytokines (by therapy with tumour necrosis factor alpha, TNF-alpha, inhibitors);
      4) blocking of the effector action of the cytokines on the target intracellular
      molecules (by therapy with kinase inhibitors). The specific therapy should aim to
      attack more than one link in the inflammatory cascade, in order to achieve
      maximum therapeutic effectiveness. Most surely, this could be achieved with
      combined therapy with different groups of biological agents (for example a
      combined therapy with IL-1 receptor antagonist and a TNF-alpha inhibitor).
      Currently, no data in the literature exist to support this statement, and there
      are no safety data relating to such approaches. We focus this review on the novel
      etiopathogenetic concepts of PG and the future therapeutic approaches based on
      blocking different levels of the inflammatory cascade, which seems to be the most
      promising weapon in the target-oriented treatment options.

PMID- 27379855
TI  - [Drug Treatment of Chronic Venous Diesease].
AB  - Chronic venous disease (CVD) affects at least 15-25 % of the general population
      incurring not only high morbidity but also considerable economical burden. The
      mainstay of modern treatment of CVD are endovenous therapeutic procedures and
      compression therapy. As far as the pathogenesis of CVD is being gradually
      unraveled the interest in drugs able to impact the process is growing. Here we
      have presented an overview of a majority of oral preparations used so far to
      treat CVD including venous leg ulcers. After several decades of clinical use a
      few flavonoid preparations, in the first place micronized purified flavonoid
      fraction, collected enough evidence to recommend them as a short-term adjunct
      treatment of CVD. However, other compounds are also promising in this regards.
      Yet, we need more larger and longer-term clinical trials to more precisely define
      effects, cost-effectiveness and, above all, capacity for prophylactic application
      of the drugs. Learning more about basis of CVD will help design new drugs
      directed at specific aspects of the disease process. 

PMID- 27379857
TI  - [Hallux amputation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Debridement of infected tissue with the main aim being the re
      establishment of mobilization with preservation of standing and walking ability.
      Prevention of secondary pressure points or amputations due to inadequate
      resection or deficient soft tissue cover. INDICATIONS: In the case of increasing
      necrosis of the big toe, surgical abrasion and/or amputation is considered
      unavoidable. Other indications where surgery could be considered include diabetes
      and its associated angiopathies together with peripheral arterial angiopathy.
      CONTRAINDICATIONS: In the case of insufficient blood supply an expansion of the
      resection margins should be taken into account. If there are possible
      alternatives to amputation. Surgery for patients with renal failure requiring
      dialysis associated with increased complication rate. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: A
      dorsal cuneiform resection is performed to facilitate implantation of a plantar
      skin transplant and wound healing. Important is the resection of bone in a slide
      oblique technique. Amputation scars should be outside pressure zones. Partial
      amputations in the area of the first ray as exarticulation or via the individual
      amputated segments possible (as opposed to toes 2-5). POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT:
      Direct postoperative weight-bearing with rigid insole and dispensing aid for 6-8
      weeks. Following complete wound healing, foot support with orthopedic arch and
      transverse strain relief should be advocated, together with a joint roll in ready
      made individual shoes. RESULTS: Both trauma and nontrauma cases were included in
      our present cohort. A total of 7 cases were surgically revised in 2014 due to
      superficial skin necrosis that was likely the result of skin tension from the
      wound stitches.

PMID- 27379856
TI  - [Arthroscopic refixation of TFCC by bone screw anchor].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this operation technique is a stable refixation of the
      triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) to the fovea ulnaris. The stability of
      the distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) should be re-established. The patients pain
      and the feeling of instability should be reduced. INDICATIONS: Lesions of the
      foveal component of the TFCC resulting in DRUJ instability. Combined lesions of
      both components of the TFCC. Complete detachment of the TFCC from the ulna either
      without fracture of the styloid process of the ulna or with fracture (floating
      styloid). CONTRAINDICATIONS: Severe lacerations of the TFCC and clinically
      relevant arthrosis of the DRUJ. Severely osteoporotic bone. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE:
      Following diagnostic arthroscopy and performance of stability control of the TFCC
      with a palpation hook, reduction of the DRUJ with supination position of the
      wrist. Bone anchor fixation through the direct foveal portal (DF). Under
      arthroscopic control through the 3/4 portal, the suture from the DF portal is
      placed through the TFCC. Pull out and tie the strands through the 6 U portal.
      POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: Restriction of rotation of the forearm in a Munster
      cast or special cast brace for 6 weeks. Self-controlled exercise of the wrist
      after 6 weeks. Physiotherapy and strength building 8 weeks postoperatively.
      RESULTS: Clinical studies of this technique showed a significant amelioration of
      pain perception, improved range of motion and DASH score in all patients after
      anchor fixation. The results are comparable to other techniques. All patients
      returned to work after the operation. Accordingly, using this technique a very
      good stabilization of the DRUJ with low complications can be achieved.

PMID- 27379859
TI  - Optical Characterization of Commercial Lithiated Graphite Battery Electrodes and
      in Situ Fiber Optic Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy.
AB  - Optical characterization of graphite anodes in lithium ion batteries (LIB) is
      presented here for potential use in estimating their state of charge (SOC). The
      characterization is based on reflectance spectroscopy of the anode of commercial
      LIB cells and in situ optical measurements using an embedded optical fiber
      sensor. The optical characterization of the anode using wavelengths ranging from
      500 to 900 nm supports the dominance of graphite over the solid electrolyte
      interface in governing the anode's reflectance properties. It is demonstrated
      that lithiated graphite's reflectance has a significant change in the near
      infrared band, 750-900 nm, compared with the visible spectrum as a function of
      SOC. An embedded optical sensor is used to measure the transmittance of graphite
      anode in the near-infrared band, and the results suggest that a unique
      inexpensive method may be developed to estimate the SOC of a LIB. 

PMID- 27379858
TI  - [Arthroscopic partial resection of the ulnar head for ulnocarpal decompression].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Arthroscopic decompression (wafer procedure) of the ulnocarpal
      compartment in patients with ulnar impaction syndrome. INDICATIONS: The
      arthroscopic wafer procedure is recommended in ulnar-plus situations with up to 3
      mm length-excess. To perform this procedure the ulnar head needs to be accessible
      for the burr through a pre-existing, impaction-related, centroradial lesion of
      the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). The additional presence of a distal
      radioulnar joint (DRUJ) type C confirms the indication. CONTRAINDICATIONS: The
      wafer procedure is contraindicated if there is no consistent TFCC injury ensuring
      access to the ulnar head and furthermore in ulna-plus situations of more than 3
      mm. Relative contraindications: in young patients due to lack of evidence-based
      studies. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Arthroscopic, semicircular, partial resection of the
      ulnar head in terms of oblique-helicoidal osteotomy using a 4.2 mm burr, while
      sparing the DRUJ and the dorsal and the palmar radioulnar ligaments.
      POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: Immobilization for 1 week in a palmar splint with
      immediate intensive exercising of pro- and supination under physiotherapeutic
      instruction. RESULTS: Between 2008 and 2010, an arthroscopic wafer procedure was
      performed in 24 patients. The resection of the ulnar head was 2.5 mm on average.
      After a mean follow-up time of 13.25 months, very good results were archived in
      23 of 24 patients; the ulnar impingement test was negative. On a visual analog
      scale (0-10) average postoperative pain was 1.16 at rest and 4.5 under stress.
      The mean postoperative DASH score was 13.4.

PMID- 27379861
TI  - Common and Rare Ocular Side-effects of the Dexamethasone Implant.
AB  - PURPOSE: Expanding indications for use, and overall increased use of the slow
      release dexamethasone (DEX) implant yields an opportunity to study the reported
      ocular side-effects and adverse events associated with this drug. METHODS: A
      PubMed.gov (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health)
      review of literature for the search terms, "Ozurdex and complication," through
      December 2015. RESULTS: Ocular hypertension and cataract are the main long-term
      sequelae identified in large, randomized clinical trials. Case reports have
      emerged regarding implant migration, complications with implantation, infection,
      and posterior segment sequelae, including vitreomacular traction. CONCLUSION: DEX
      implant overall is well-tolerated and, with careful monitoring, can be a useful
      adjunct to treating macular edema associated with diabetes, retinal vein
      occlusion, and chronic uveitis.

PMID- 27379862
TI  - Students in Telemedicine: A Lasting Impact.

PMID- 27379863
TI  - Introduction to a Special Issue on IFN Regulatory Factors in Innate Immune
      Responses.

PMID- 27379864
TI  - IFN Regulatory Factors and Antiviral Innate Immunity: How Viruses Can Get Better.
AB  - The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family consists of transcriptional
      regulators that exert multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological
      processes. Their crucial role as central mediators in the establishment and
      execution of host immunity in response to pathogen-derived signals downstream
      pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) makes IRFs a hallmark of the host antiviral
      response. They function as hub molecules at the crossroad of different signaling
      pathways for the induction of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines, as
      well as of antiviral and immunomodulatory genes even in an IFN-independent
      manner. By regulating the development and activity of immune cells, IRFs also
      function as a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. As such, IRFs
      represent attractive and compulsive targets in viral strategies to subvert
      antiviral signaling. In this study, we discuss current knowledge on the wide
      array of strategies put in place by pathogenic viruses to evade, subvert, and/or
      hijack these essential components of host antiviral immunity.

PMID- 27379865
TI  - Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Innate Immune Cell Development by
      the Transcription Factor, Interferon Regulatory Factor-8.
AB  - The transcription factor, interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF8), is required for
      the development of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), basophils, and
      eosinophils, while it inhibits the generation of neutrophils. Recently, the
      molecular mechanisms by which IRF8 regulates their development have been
      increasingly clarified by genome-wide analyses, including chromatin
      immunoprecipitation-sequencing and transcriptome profiling. IRF8 associates with
      the myeloid master transcription factor, PU.1, to promote the establishment of
      cell-type-specific enhancers and gene expression, thereby driving monocyte
      development or maintaining the plasmacytoid DC-specific gene expression profiles.
      Furthermore, microbial stimulation enables IRF8 to associate with other
      transcription factors, including IRF1, to induce immune response genes. Knowledge
      about the regulation of Irf8 expression in myeloid development has also
      increased. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of
      transcriptional and epigenetic regulation involving IRF8 in the development of
      myeloid cells.

PMID- 27379868
TI  - Specificity and Function of IRF Family Transcription Factors: Insights from
      Genomics.
AB  - The effective deployment of immune responses depends on the activation of well
      defined signaling pathways that interact with cell-intrinsic epigenetic features
      to control the activation of stimulus-specific and kinetically accurate gene
      expression programs. The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are critical
      regulators of both development and activation of distinct cells of the immune
      system. The influence of the IRF family transcription factors (TFs) on immune
      responses is mainly linked to the control of the type I interferon (IFN) system,
      which must be not only rapidly activated to mount an efficient host response, but
      also tightly regulated to avoid detrimental effects. In this review we discuss
      the different regulatory layers controlling IRF activity and specifically IRF
      mediated IFN responses. We also highlight how the interplay between the DNA
      binding properties of the IRF family TFs and the epigenetic landscape controls
      cell- and context-specific responses.

PMID- 27379866
TI  - Relevance of Interferon Regulatory Factor-8 Expression in Myeloid-Tumor
      Interactions.
AB  - Perturbations in myelopoiesis are a common feature in solid tumor biology,
      reflecting the central premise that cancer is not only a localized affliction but
      also a systemic disease. Because the myeloid compartment is essential for the
      induction of adaptive immunity, these alterations in myeloid development
      contribute to the failure of the host to effectively manage tumor progression.
      These "dysfunctional" myeloid cells have been coined myeloid-derived suppressor
      cells (MDSCs). Interestingly, such cells not only arise in neoplasia but also are
      associated with many other inflammatory or pathologic conditions. MDSCs affect
      disease outcome through multiple mechanisms, including their ability to mediate
      generalized or antigen-specific immune suppression. Consequently, MDSCs pose a
      significant barrier to effective immunotherapy in multiple disease settings.
      Although much interest has been devoted to unraveling mechanisms by which MDSCs
      mediate immune suppression, a large gap has remained in our understanding of the
      mechanisms that drive their development in the first place. Investigations into
      this question have identified an unrecognized role of interferon regulatory
      factor-8 (IRF-8), a member of the IRF family of transcription factors, in tumor
      induced myeloid dysfunction. Ordinarily, IRF-8 is involved in diverse stages of
      myelopoiesis, namely differentiation and lineage commitment toward monocytes,
      dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Several recent studies now support the
      hypothesis that IRF-8 functions as a "master" negative regulator of MDSC
      formation in vivo. This review focuses on IRF-8 as a potential target suppressed
      by tumors to cripple normal myelopoiesis, redirecting myeloid differentiation
      toward the emergence of MDSCs. Understanding the bases by which neoplasia drives
      MDSC accumulation has the potential to improve the efficacy of therapies that
      require a competent myeloid compartment.

PMID- 27379867
TI  - Epigenetic Mechanisms Governing Innate Inflammatory Responses.
AB  - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are major receptors of the host innate immune system
      that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of
      invading microbes. Activation of TLR signaling culminates in the expression of
      multiple genes in a coordinate and kinetically defined manner. In this review, we
      summarize the current studies describing the chromatin landscape of TLR
      responsive inflammatory genes and how changes to this chromatin landscape govern
      cell type-specific and temporal gene expression. We further elaborate classical
      endotoxin tolerance and epigenetic mechanisms controlling tolerance and
      interferon priming effects on inflammatory promoters.

PMID- 27379870
TI  - Holistic processing of face configurations and components.
AB  - Although many researchers agree that faces are processed holistically, we know
      relatively little about what information holistic processing captures from a
      face. Most studies that assess the nature of holistic processing do so with
      changes to the face affecting many different aspects of face information (e.g.,
      different identities). Does holistic processing affect every aspect of a face? We
      used the composite task, a common means of examining the strength of holistic
      processing, with participants making same-different judgments about configuration
      changes or component changes to 1 portion of a face. Configuration changes
      involved changes in spatial position of the eyes, whereas component changes
      involved lightening or darkening the eyebrows. Composites were either aligned or
      misaligned, and were presented either upright or inverted. Both configuration
      judgments and component judgments showed evidence of holistic processing, and in
      both cases it was strongest for upright face composites. These results suggest
      that holistic processing captures a broad range of information about the face,
      including both configuration-based and component-based information. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 27379869
TI  - Chromatin Landscape of the IRF Genes and Role of the Epigenetic Reader BRD4.
AB  - Histone post-translational modification patterns represent epigenetic states of
      genomic genes and denote the state of their transcription, past history, and
      future potential in gene expression. Genome-wide chromatin modification patterns
      reported from various laboratories are assembled in the ENCODE database,
      providing a fertile ground for understanding epigenetic regulation of any genes
      of interest across many cell types. The IRF family genes critically control
      innate immunity as they direct expression and activities of interferons. While
      these genes have similar structural and functional traits, their chromatin
      landscapes and epigenetic features have not been systematically evaluated. Here,
      by mining ENCODE database using an imputational approach, we summarize chromatin
      modification patterns for 6 of 9 IRF genes and show characteristic features that
      connote their epigenetic states. BRD4 is a BET bromodomain protein that "reads
      and translates" epigenetic marks into transcription. We review recent findings
      that BRD4 controls constitutive and signal-dependent transcription of many genes,
      including IRF genes. BRD4 dynamically binds to various genomic genes with a
      spatial and temporal specificity. Of particular importance, BRD4 is shown to
      critically regulate IRF-dependent anti-pathogen protection, inflammatory
      responses triggered by NF-kappaB, and the growth and spread of many cancers. The
      advent of small molecule inhibitors that disrupt binding of BET bromdomain to
      acetylated histone marks has opened new therapeutic possibilities for cancer and
      inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 27379871
TI  - Priming stress patterns in word recognition.
AB  - This study addresses the lexical representation of stress in a series of 5
      intramodal and cross-modal priming experiments in the Greek language using
      lexical decision tasks with auditory and visual targets. Three-syllable primes
      and targets were matched in first syllable segments, length, and other variables,
      and differed segmentally in the second and third syllable. Primes matched or
      mismatched targets in stress, which was placed on the penultimate or
      antepenultimate syllable. There was no evidence for stress priming in either
      accuracy or latency of responses to either words or pseudowords in any of these
      experiments, either intramodally or cross-modally. In contrast, a control
      fragment priming experiment using only the first 2 syllables of the primes
      produced a significant effect of stress congruence for words but not for
      pseudowords. The results are interpreted in the context of previous findings in
      the literature as arising from lexical activation rather than from matching
      stress patterns. Overall, findings are consistent with lexical representations
      including stress information that is inseparable from segmental specification,
      rather than with abstract representations of metrical templates. (PsycINFO
      Database Record

PMID- 27379872
TI  - Listeners lengthen phrase boundaries in self-paced music.
AB  - Previous work has shown that musicians tend to slow down as they approach phrase
      boundaries (phrase-final lengthening). In the present experiments, we used a
      paradigm from the action perception literature, the dwell time paradigm (Hard,
      Recchia, & Tversky, 2011), to investigate whether participants engage in phrase
      boundary lengthening when self-pacing through musical sequences. When
      participants used a key press to produce each successive chord of Bach chorales,
      they dwelled longer on boundary chords than nonboundary chords in both the
      original chorales and atonal manipulations of the chorales. When a novel musical
      sequence was composed that controlled for metrical and melodic contour cues to
      boundaries, the dwell time difference between boundaries and nonboundaries was
      greater in the tonal condition than in the atonal condition. Furthermore, similar
      results were found for a group of nonmusicians, suggesting that phrase-final
      lengthening in musical production is not dependent on musical training and can be
      evoked by harmonic cues.

PMID- 27379873
TI  - Dissociation of local and global contributions to detection of shape with age.
AB  - Radial Frequency (RF) patterns are a useful stimulus for assessing sensitivity to
      changes in shape. With these patterns it is possible to separate sensitivity to
      local curvature information from the ability to globally integrate information
      around the contour. Previous work has demonstrated that young, school-age
      children are less sensitive to deformation in RF patterns than adults. However,
      since the efficiency of contour integration was not assessed, age-related
      differences in performance could arise from either changes in the strength of
      global pooling of information, the sensitivity to local curvature information, or
      both. In this study, psychophysical methods were used to reassess changes in
      sensitivity to RF patterns, separating changes in sensitivity to local curvature
      information from changes in contour integration strength. Typically developing
      observers (aged 6-24, N = 104) were tested using a 2-alternative forced-choice
      discrimination task with either 1, 2 or 3 cycles of sinusoidal modulation in a
      pattern of fixed RF. Thresholds were lower for older observers but the rate of
      change, as more modulation cycles were added, was approximately constant across
      age. The results indicate that changes in sensitivity to RF3 patterns across age
      are due to changes in local curvature sensitivity and not to the strength of
      contour integration. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379874
TI  - Distinct information critically distinguishes judgments of face familiarity and
      identity.
AB  - Accurately determining the familiarity of another and correctly establishing
      their identity are vital social skills. A considerable body of work has explored
      their perceptual and neural underpinnings and debate remains regarding whether
      they are dissociable, that is, separable parts of a dual process, or different
      aspects of a common retrieval process. Less is known about the specific visual
      information that guides familiarity judgments and how this compares to the
      information used to identify a face by name. Here we sought to establish the
      critical information underlying participants' judgments of facial familiarity and
      identification. We created a new standardized stimulus set comprising 6
      personally familiar and 12 unfamiliar faces and applied the Bubbles reverse
      correlation methodology to establish the information driving correct performance
      in each task. Results revealed that markedly different information underlies
      familiarity and identity judgments. When categorizing familiarity, participants
      relied more upon lower spatial-frequency, broad facial cues (eye and face shape)
      than when categorizing identity, which relied on fine details in the internal
      features (eyes and mouth). These results provide novel evidence of qualitatively
      distinct information use in familiarity and identification judgments and
      emphasize the importance of considering the task set for participants and their
      processing strategy when investigating face recognition. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 27379875
TI  - Effect of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on left ventricular diastolic
      function and geometry in the Korean general population.
AB  - AIM: Previous studies showed that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD) could
      be related to subclinical left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction and
      remodeling. However, this association is still equivocal in the general
      population. Thus, this study was carried out to examine whether NAFLD is
      associated with the risk for LV diastolic dysfunction and remodeling. METHODS: A
      cross-sectional study was carried out for 20 821 Korean men and women who
      received a health checkup including echocardiography from 2011 to 2012. The study
      population was divided into three groups of normal, mild and moderate-to-severe
      NAFLD detected by ultrasonography. Using multivariable logistic regression
      analysis, the odd ratios of abnormal LV relaxation and remodeling were analyzed
      according to the degree of NAFLD. Additionally, adjusted mean values of LV
      diastolic functional and structural parameters were evaluated in the three
      groups. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the mild and moderate-to-severe
      NAFLD groups had higher odd ratios for abnormal LV relaxation (mild group 1.29,
      95% confidence interval 1.15-1.46; moderate-to-severe group 1.95, 95% confidence
      interval 1.61-2.35) and increased relative wall thickness (>0.42; mild group
      1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.52; moderate-to-severe group 1.46, 95%
      confidence interval 1.08-1.95). Analyzing adjusted mean values of LV parameters
      also showed the significant association between the degree of NAFLD and impaired
      LV diastolic function and concentric LV remodeling. CONCLUSIONS: The risk for LV
      diastolic dysfunction and remodeling proportionally increased according to the
      degree of NAFLD. NAFLD is significantly associated with LV functional and
      structural alteration.

PMID- 27379876
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379877
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379879
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379878
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379880
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379882
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379881
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379883
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379884
TI  - Medical Toxicology and Public Health-Update on Research and Activities at the
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Agency for Toxic Substances
      and Disease Registry : Environmental Exposures among Arctic Populations: The
      Maternal Organics Monitoring Study in Alaska.
AB  - Evidence suggests that in-utero exposure to environmental chemicals, such as
      persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, and radionuclides, that might
      bioaccumulate in the mother may increase a newborn's risk of adverse
      developmental, neurological, and immunologic effects. Chemical contamination of
      bodies of water and strong ocean currents worldwide can drive these chemicals
      from lower latitudes to Arctic waters where they accumulate in common traditional
      subsistence foods. In response to concerns of the people from Alaska of the
      effects of bio-accumulated chemicals on their children, the Maternal Organics
      Monitoring Study(MOMS) was developed. The objective of the study was to assess
      the risks and benefits associated with the population's subsistence diet. Data
      analysis of biological samples at the CDC's NCEH laboratory and maternal
      questionnaires is ongoing. Results will be provided to Alaska Native communities
      to help support public health actions and inform future interventions and
      research.

PMID- 27379885
TI  - Prophylactic immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease using recombinant amyloid-beta
      B-cell epitope chimeric protein as subunit vaccine.
AB  - Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that impairs memory and
      cognition. The neuropathological features of the disease include senile plaques
      (SPs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and neuronal loss in affected brain
      regions. The amyloid cascade hypothesis suggests that production and accumulation
      of excessive amyloid-beta (Abeta) may be the main cause in the onset and
      progression of Alzheimer's disease. Active and passive immunotherapy targeting
      Abeta may be the most promising strategy to prevent or treat AD. This commentary
      focuses on the prophylactic immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease using
      recombinant Abeta B-cell epitope chimeric protein as subunit vaccine targeting
      amyloid-beta. We discuss the efficiency and perspective of this type of
      recombinant subunit protein vaccine and suggest a novel direction on the path to
      a successful AD immunotherapy. This novel chimeric protein immunogen as subunit
      vaccine of AD may be designed to mimic the assembly states of Abeta42 or
      oligomers using multivalent foldable Abeta1-15 (B cell epitopes of Abeta42) and
      foreign T helper (Th) epitopes (as the T cell epitopes of Abeta42) constructs.

PMID- 27379886
TI  - Development of a Subject-Specific Foot-Ground Contact Model for Walking.
AB  - Computational walking simulations could facilitate the development of improved
      treatments for clinical conditions affecting walking ability. Since an effective
      treatment is likely to change a patient's foot-ground contact pattern and timing,
      such simulations should ideally utilize deformable foot-ground contact models
      tailored to the patient's foot anatomy and footwear. However, no study has
      reported a deformable modeling approach that can reproduce all six ground
      reaction quantities (expressed as three reaction force components, two center of
      pressure (CoP) coordinates, and a free reaction moment) for an individual subject
      during walking. This study proposes such an approach for use in predictive
      optimizations of walking. To minimize complexity, we modeled each foot as two
      rigid segments-a hindfoot (HF) segment and a forefoot (FF) segment-connected by a
      pin joint representing the toes flexion-extension axis. Ground reaction forces
      (GRFs) and moments acting on each segment were generated by a grid of linear
      springs with nonlinear damping and Coulomb friction spread across the bottom of
      each segment. The stiffness and damping of each spring and common friction
      parameter values for all springs were calibrated for both feet simultaneously via
      a novel three-stage optimization process that used motion capture and ground
      reaction data collected from a single walking trial. The sequential three-stage
      process involved matching (1) the vertical force component, (2) all three force
      components, and finally (3) all six ground reaction quantities. The calibrated
      model was tested using four additional walking trials excluded from calibration.
      With only small changes in input kinematics, the calibrated model reproduced all
      six ground reaction quantities closely (root mean square (RMS) errors less than
      13 N for all three forces, 25 mm for anterior-posterior (AP) CoP, 8 mm for medial
      lateral (ML) CoP, and 2 N.m for the free moment) for both feet in all walking
      trials. The largest errors in AP CoP occurred at the beginning and end of stance
      phase when the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) was small. Subject-specific
      deformable foot-ground contact models created using this approach should enable
      changes in foot-ground contact pattern to be predicted accurately by gait
      optimization studies, which may lead to improvements in personalized
      rehabilitation medicine.

PMID- 27379888
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379887
TI  - Patient-Reported Safety Information: A Renaissance of Pharmacovigilance?
AB  - The role of patients as key contributors in pharmacovigilance was acknowledged in
      the new EU pharmacovigilance legislation. This contains several efforts to
      increase the involvement of the general public, including making patient adverse
      drug reaction (ADR) reporting systems mandatory. Three years have passed since
      the legislation was introduced and the key question is: does pharmacovigilance
      yet make optimal use of patient-reported safety information? Independent research
      has shown beyond doubt that patients make an important contribution to
      pharmacovigilance signal detection. Patient reports provide first-hand
      information about the suspected ADR and the circumstances under which it
      occurred, including medication errors, quality failures, and 'near misses'.
      Patient-reported safety information leads to a better understanding of the
      patient's experiences of the ADR. Patients are better at explaining the nature,
      personal significance and consequences of ADRs than healthcare professionals'
      reports on similar associations and they give more detailed information regarding
      quality of life including psychological effects and effects on everyday tasks.
      Current methods used in pharmacovigilance need to optimise use of the information
      reported from patients. To make the most of information from patients, the
      systems we use for collecting, coding and recording patient-reported information
      and the methodologies applied for signal detection and assessment need to be
      further developed, such as a patient-specific form, development of a severity
      grading and evolution of the database structure and the signal detection methods
      applied. It is time for a renaissance of pharmacovigilance.

PMID- 27379889
TI  - Prognostic and predictive value of the novel classification of lung
      adenocarcinoma in patients with stage IB.
AB  - PURPOSE: Controversy remains exist for the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT)
      among stage IB lung adenocarcinoma patients. This study aimed to investigate the
      predictive value of the current lung adenocarcinoma classification system on
      benefit of ACT among patients with stage IB lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A total
      of 928 pathological stage IB invasive adenocarcinoma patients with R0 resection
      were included in this study. Based on the predominant growth pattern present in
      the tumor, invasive adenocarcinomas with mixed histologic components were
      classified into five subtypes: lepidic (LEP), acinar (ACN), papillary (PAP),
      micropapillary (MIP) and solid (SOL). These five histologic subtypes were
      collapsed into three groups (LEP, ACN/PAP and SOL/MIP). Disease-free survival
      (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed to evaluate benefit from ACT in
      patients with different histologic patterns using the Kaplan-Meier approach and
      multivariable Cox models. RESULTS: For all stage IB invasive adenocarcinoma
      patients, SOL/MIP subgroup presented the worst prognosis, and LEP subgroup showed
      approximately 100 % 5-year survival. ACT was associated with a better DFS (HR,
      0.70; 95 % CI 0.51-0.96, p = .026) for all stage IB patients. In SOL/MIP
      subgroup, patients could benefit from ACT for a significant improved DFS (HR,
      0.81; 95 % CI 0.49-1.35; p = .030), but not for OS (HR, 0.39; 95 % CI 0.12-1.30,
      p = .111). In ACN/PAP subgroup, there was no significant benefit from ACT for
      both DFS (HR, 0.76; 95 % CI 0.54-1.08, p = .125) and OS (HR, 0.81; 95 % CI 0.49
      1.35, p = .421). CONCLUSIONS: SOL/MIP predominant pattern was predictive for ACT
      benefit for DFS among invasive lung adenocarcinoma patients in stage IB.

PMID- 27379890
TI  - A new validated score for detecting patient-reported success on postoperative
      ICIQ-SF: a novel two-stage analysis from two large RCT cohorts.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)
      and International Consultation of Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ
      SF) are validated instruments for the assessment of patient reported outcome
      measures (PROM) following treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI).
      However, there is a paucity of evidence as to what represents a successful
      postintervention ICIQ-SF score. To determine the correlation between the
      postoperative ICIQ-SF scores with the PGI-I outcomes, the latter was considered
      one of the standard PROM following surgical treatment for SUI. The aim of this
      study was to determine, and if appropriate validate, an ICIQ-SF cut-off score
      that can predict a successful PROM as determined by PGI-I. METHODS: Four large
      datasets yielding 674 ICIQ-SF score/PGI-I outcome data pairs were used in this
      study for (a) determining and (b) validating the cut-off ICIQ-SF score for a
      successful PGI-I outcome. Two long-term follow-up datasets were used representing
      follow-up periods of 3 and 8 years of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)
      performed between April 2005 and April 2007 in a tertiary urogynaecology centre
      in Scotland, UK. All patients had urodynamic SUI or mixed urinary incontinence
      (MUI, with predominant SUI) and were randomized to treatment with either an
      inside-out or an outside-in transobturator tape (TVT-O or TOT, respectively) as a
      sole procedure. The datasets yielded 432 ICIQ-SF score/PGI-I outcome data pairs.
      Successful outcome was defined as "very much improved/much improved" on the PGI-I
      scale. SPSS v. 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used for all statistical
      analyses. The correlations and cut-off scores generated were then validated on
      two independent datasets representing the 1-year and 4-year follow-up periods of
      the multicentre RCT in six units in the UK. The datasets yielded 242 ICIQ-SF
      score/PGI-I outcome data pairs. All patients had urodynamic SUI or MUI (with
      predominant SUI) and were randomized to either adjustable single incision
      minisling (SIMS) or TVT-O. RESULTS: Significant correlations at the 0.01 level
      (two-tailed) were clearly demonstrated between ICIQ-SF scores at follow up and
      PGI-I outcomes in terms of success/failure in both the generation and validation
      datasets. Higher ICIQ-SF scores correlated with a 'poorer' PGI-I score. Using ROC
      analysis, a postoperative ICIQ-SF score of 6 was validated as approximately 90 %
      sensitive and 85 % specific for success/failure with a high Cohen's kappa
      coefficient of 0.83 (95 % CI 0.74 - 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: This two-stage study
      provided a robust well-validated postoperative ICIQ-SF cut-off score (of 6/21)
      that is likely to be associated with a patient-reported successful outcome on the
      PGI-I following surgical treatment with a midurethral sling in women at different
      stages of follow-up over 1 - 8 years. Such a cut-off score could enable the
      comparison of results between various studies and serve as a valuable guide for
      surgeons to counsel patients before and/or after surgical treatment. Our study
      fills a research gap in providing a way to compare trial results when baseline
      ICIQ-SF scores are not available.

PMID- 27379893
TI  - Correction: Patterns of Freshwater Species Richness, Endemism, and Vulnerability
      in California.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130710.].

PMID- 27379892
TI  - Native-tissue repair of isolated primary rectocele compared with nonabsorbable
      mesh: patient-reported outcomes.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We evaluated patient-reported outcomes and complications after
      treatment of isolated primary rectocele in routine health-care settings using
      native-tissue repair or nonabsorbable mesh. METHODS: We used prospective data
      from the Swedish National Register for Gynaecological Surgery and included 3988
      women with a primary operation for rectocele between 2006 and 2014: 3908 women
      had native-tissue repair, 80 were operated with nonabsorbable mesh. No concurrent
      operations were performed. Pre- and perioperative data were collected from
      doctors and patients. Patient-reported outcomes were evaluated 2 and 12 months
      after the operation. Only validated questionnaires were used. RESULTS: One year
      after native-tissue repair, 77.8 % (76.4-79.6) felt they were cured, which was
      defined as never or hardly ever feeling genital protrusion; 74.0 % (72.2-75.7)
      were very satisfied or satisfied, and 84 % (82.8-85.9) reported improvement of
      symptoms. After mesh repair, 89.8 % (77.8-96.6) felt cured, 69.2 % (54.9-81.3)
      were very satisfied or satisfied, and 86.0 % (72.1-94.7) felt improvement. No
      significant differences were found between groups. Organ damage was found in 16
      (0.4 %) patients in the native-tissue repair group compared with one (1.3 %)
      patient in the mesh group [odds ratio (OR) 3.08; 95 % confidence interval (CI)
      0.07-20.30]. The rate of de novo dyspareunia after native-tissue repair was 33.1
      % (30.4-35.8), comparable with that after mesh repair. The reoperation rate was
      1.1 % (0.8-1.5) in both groups. CONCLUSION: Most patients were cured and
      satisfied after native-tissue repair of the posterior vaginal wall, and the
      patient-reported outcomes were comparable with results after mesh repair. The
      risk of serious complications and reoperation were comparable between groups.

PMID- 27379891
TI  - Recurrent pelvic organ prolapse: International Urogynecological Association
      Research and Development Committee opinion.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: This committee opinion paper summarizes available
      evidence about recurrent pelvic organ prolapse (POP) to provide guidance on
      management. METHOD: A working subcommittee from the International
      Urogynecological Association (IUGA) Research and Development Committee was
      formed. The literature regarding recurrent POP was reviewed and summarized by
      individual members of the subcommittee. Recommendations were graded according to
      the 2009 Oxford Levels of Evidence. The summary was reviewed by the Committee.
      RESULTS: There is no agreed definition for recurrent POP and evidence in relation
      to its evaluation and management is limited. CONCLUSION: The assessment of
      recurrent POP should entail looking for possible reason(s) for failure, including
      persistent and/or new risk factors, detection of all pelvic floor defects and
      checking for complications of previous surgery. The management requires
      individual evaluation of the risks and benefits of different options and
      appropriate patient counseling. There is an urgent need for an agreed definition
      and further research into all aspects of recurrent POP.

PMID- 27379894
TI  - The influence of facial sex cues on emotional expression categorization is not
      fixed.
AB  - The speed of recognizing facial expressions of emotion is influenced by a range
      of factors including other concurrently present facial attributes, like a
      person's sex. Typically, when participants categorize happy and angry expressions
      on male and female faces, they are faster to categorize happy than angry
      expressions displayed by females, but not displayed by males. Using the same
      emotional faces across tasks, we demonstrate that this influence of sex cues on
      emotion categorization is dependent on the other faces recently encountered in an
      experiment. Altering the salience of gender by presenting male and female faces
      in separate emotion categorization tasks rather than together in a single task
      changed the influence of sex cues on emotion categorization, whereas changing the
      evaluative dimension by presenting happy and angry expressions in separate tasks
      alongside neutral faces rather than together within 1 task did not. These results
      suggest that the way facial attributes influence emotion categorization depends
      on the situation in which the faces are encountered and specifically on what
      information is made salient within or across tasks by other recently encountered
      faces. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27379895
TI  - Proximal gastrectomy with exclusion of no. 3b lesser curvature lymph node
      dissection could be indicated for patients with advanced upper-third gastric
      cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proximal gastrectomy has been introduced for early gastric cancer
      located in the upper third of the stomach, but expansion of its indication to
      advanced tumors has not been generally accepted in terms of lesser curvature
      lymph node dissection. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of 385 patients
      with tumors in the upper third of the stomach, and the incidence of metastasis
      and the therapeutic index related to the proximal (no. 3a) and distal (no. 3b)
      lymph nodes of the lesser curvature were analyzed and compared with those of
      tumors in the middle third (n = 1093) and lower third (n = 922) of the stomach.
      RESULTS: The no. 3a rate of metastasis from advanced tumors in the upper third of
      the stomach was significantly higher than that from tumors in the middle third or
      lower third of the stomach. The no. 3b metastasis rate did not show any
      significant differences between the three locations, but the therapeutic index of
      no. 3b lymph nodes in the upper third of the stomach (1.7) was far lower than
      that in the middle third (7.1) or lower third (7.0). Further, the rate of
      metastasis from tumors with the distal border ending in the upper third of the
      stomach (2.2 %) was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower than that from tumors
      located in the upper third of the stomach but extending to the middle third (19.6
      %), as well as from tumors located in middle third (17.1 %) or lower third (19.6
      %), with the therapeutic index being only 1.1. The four no.-3b-positive tumors
      all measured more than 40 mm, and included one T3 tumor and three T4 tumors.
      CONCLUSION: Proximal gastrectomy with exclusion of no. 3b lymphadenectomy could
      be indicated for at least T2 tumors measuring less than 40 mm localized in the
      upper third of the stomach.

PMID- 27379896
TI  - A Rare Cause of Myoclonus: A Cupric Conundrum.
AB  - A woman aged 22 years presented with a 3-year history of jerks when brushing her
      teeth and a tremor when carrying drinks. Examination revealed a bilateral jerky
      tremor, stimulus-sensitive myoclonus, and difficulty with tandem gait. Thyroid
      and liver function test results were normal, but she had rapidly progressive
      renal failure. Serum copper, ceruloplasmin, and manganese levels were normal, but
      her urinary copper level was elevated on 2 occasions. Pathological findings on
      organ biopsy prompted genetic testing to confirm the diagnosis. The differential
      diagnosis, tissue biopsy findings, and final genetic diagnosis are discussed. 

PMID- 27379897
TI  - Retinal regeneration in birds and mice.
AB  - Retinal regeneration from resident Muller glia cells is robust in teleost fish,
      but is severely limited in birds and mammals. After neurotoxic injury, chick
      Muller glia can proliferate, and activate neurogenic genes, but they display
      limited capacity to differentiate into neurons. Developmental signaling molecules
      enhance this process. Regeneration of retinal neurons in rodents is even more
      limited. However, studies show evidence of proliferation and neurogenic gene
      expression after injury, with stronger effects in rats than mice, and differences
      between mouse strains. Mitogenic growth factors and Wnt signaling potentiate the
      proliferative response, while misexpression of the proneural transcription
      factor, Ascl1, reprograms to generate neurons from Muller glial in vitro, and
      stimulates neuronal regeneration in young mice, in vivo.

PMID- 27379898
TI  - The interstitial stem cells in Hydractinia and their role in regeneration.
AB  - Hydractinia species have been animal models in developmental biology and
      comparative immunology for over a century, but are having a renaissance due to
      the establishment of modern genetic and genomic tools by the growing community of
      researchers utilizing them. Hydractinia has a predictable and accessible life
      cycle and its stem cell system, known as interstitial- or i-cells has been a
      paradigm for animal stem cells since the late 1800s. In adult Hydractinia, i
      cells continuously provide progenitors to sustain clonal growth, tissue
      homeostasis, sexual reproduction and regeneration. We review recent developments
      in stem cell and regeneration research centered on this animal. Hydractinia joins
      an established team of cnidarian genetic models in times of rapid progress in
      these disciplines. While each animal is particularly suited to specific
      experimental settings, jointly they can provide an integrative insight into the
      diversity of animal stem cell systems, how they drive regeneration, and how they
      evolved.

PMID- 27379899
TI  - (Neo)blast from the past: new insights into planarian stem cell lineages.
AB  - Collectively, planarian stem cells (neoblasts) are totipotent and are required
      for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Recent work has begun to test the long
      standing question of whether all neoblasts have the same potential, or whether
      they actually represent molecularly distinct subpopulations with distinct tissue
      restriction. Here, we summarize the current state of the field in neoblast
      lineage organization. It is clear that at least some neoblasts are totipotent,
      whereas other neoblasts represent functionally distinct molecular subclasses with
      restricted potential. In addition to neoblast subclasses, tissue-specific
      progenitors have also been identified, though their ability to proliferate is
      largely unknown. Together, neoblast lineage development, subclasses, and cell
      hierarchies are becoming elucidated, showing the complex regulation required for
      proper tissue homeostasis and regeneration in planarians.

PMID- 27379900
TI  - Colonial ascidians as model organisms for the study of germ cells, fertility,
      whole body regeneration, vascular biology and aging.
AB  - Colonial ascidians are marine invertebrate chordates that are the closest
      invertebrate relative to the vertebrates. Colonies of Botryllus schlosseri
      undergo a continuous asexual reproduction process that involves the regeneration
      of entire new bodies, which include all somatic and germline tissues. This adult
      regenerative process depends on signaling pathways known to regulate the
      formation of tissues and organs during embryonic development. The formation of
      gonads within regenerated bodies depends on migration and homing of germ cell
      precursors to niches within the developing bodies, and Botryllus colonies can
      cycle between fertile and infertile states. The vasculature that connects all
      individuals within the colony is highly regenerative, and is a valuable tool for
      the study of angiogenesis in adult blood vessels. The tremendous regenerative
      capacity of the vasculature even results in regeneration of entire new bodies
      solely from fragments of blood vessels upon surgical removal of all bodies. The
      mechanism underlying this regeneration of whole bodies is not well understood,
      but appears to depend on proliferation of circulating, blood borne cells. Because
      of all of these features, colonial ascidians are ideal model organisms for the
      study of germ cell migration, fertility, vascular biology and regeneration.

PMID- 27379901
TI  - Co-option during the evolution of multicellular and developmental complexity in
      the volvocine green algae.
AB  - Despite its major impact on the evolution of Life on Earth, the transition to
      multicellularity remains poorly understood, especially in terms of its genetic
      basis. The volvocine algae are a group of closely related species that range in
      morphology from unicellular individuals (Chlamydomonas) to undifferentiated
      multicellular forms (Gonium) and complex organisms with distinct developmental
      programs and one (Pleodorina) or two (Volvox) specialized cell types. Modern
      genetic approaches, complemented by the recent sequencing of genomes from several
      key species, revealed that co-option of existing genes and pathways is the
      primary driving force for the evolution of multicellularity in this lineage. The
      initial transition to undifferentiated multicellularity, as typified by the
      extant Gonium, was driven primarily by the co-option of cell cycle regulation.
      Further morphological and developmental innovations in the lineage leading to
      Volvox resulted from additional co-option events involving genes important for
      embryonic inversion, asymmetric cell division, somatic and germ cell
      differentiation and the structure and function of the extracellular matrix.
      Because of their relatively low but variable levels of morphological and
      developmental complexity, simple underlying genetics and recent evolutionary
      history, the volvocine algae are providing significant insight into our
      understanding of the genetics and evolution of major developmental and
      morphological traits.

PMID- 27379902
TI  - Predicting Endurance Time in a Repetitive Lift and Carry Task Using Linear Mixed
      Models.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Repetitive manual handling tasks account for a substantial portion of
      work-related injuries. However, few studies report endurance time in repetitive
      manual handling tasks. Consequently, there is little guidance to inform expected
      work time for repetitive manual handling tasks. We aimed to investigate endurance
      time and oxygen consumption of a repetitive lift and carry task using linear
      mixed models. METHODS: Fourteen male soldiers (age 22.4 +/- 4.5 yrs, height 1.78
      +/- 0.04 m, body mass 76.3 +/- 10.1 kg) conducted four assessment sessions that
      consisted of one maximal box lifting session and three lift and carry sessions.
      The relationships between carry mass (range 17.5-37.5 kg) and the duration of
      carry, and carry mass and oxygen consumption, were assessed using linear mixed
      models with random effects to account for between-subject variation. RESULTS:
      Results demonstrated that endurance time was inversely associated with carry mass
      (R2 = 0.24), with significant individual-level variation (R2 = 0.85). Normalising
      carry mass to performance in a maximal box lifting test improved the prediction
      of endurance time (R2 = 0.40). Oxygen consumption presented relative to total
      mass (body mass, external load and carried mass) was not significantly related to
      lift and carry mass (beta1 = 0.16, SE = 0.10, 95%CI: -0.04, 0.36, p = 0.12),
      indicating that there was no change in oxygen consumption relative to total mass
      with increasing lift and carry mass. CONCLUSION: Practically, these data can be
      used to guide work-rest schedules and provide insight into methods assessing the
      physical capacity of workers conducting repetitive manual handling tasks.

PMID- 27379903
TI  - Program design for incentivizing ignition interlock installation for alcohol
      impaired drivers: The Ontario approach.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Drinking and driving is a major risk factor for traffic injuries.
      Although ignition interlocks reduce drinking and driving while installed, several
      issues undermine their implementation including delayed eligibility for
      installation, low installation once eligible, and a return to previous risk
      levels after de-installation. The Canadian province of Ontario introduced a
      "Reduced Suspension with Ignition Interlock Conduct Review" Program,
      significantly changing pre-existing interlock policy. The Program incentivizes
      interlock installation and an "early" guilty plea. It also attempts to reduce
      long-term recidivism through behavioural feedback and compliance-based removal.
      This evaluation is the first in assessing Program impact. METHODS: Ontario
      drivers with a first time alcohol-impaired driving conviction between July 1,
      2005 and November 25, 2014 comprised the study cohort. Longitudinal analyses,
      using interrupted time series and Cox regression, were conducted in which
      exposure was the Program and the outcomes were ignition interlock installation
      (N=30,200), pre-trial elapsed time (N=30,200), and post-interlock recidivism
      (N=9326). RESULTS: After Program implementation, installation rates increased by
      54% and pre-trial elapsed time decreased by 146 days. Results suggest no effect
      on post-interlock recidivism. CONCLUSIONS: Through an incentive-based design,
      this Program was effective at addressing two commonly cited barriers to interlock
      implementation- delayed eligibility for installation and low installation once
      eligible. Results reveal that installation rates are responsive not only to
      incentivization but also to other external factors, thus presenting an
      opportunity for policy makers to find unique ways to influence interlock uptake,
      and thereby, to extend their deterrent effects to a larger subset of the
      population. This study is one of the few that do not rely on proxy measures of
      installation rate.

PMID- 27379904
TI  - Effects of Moderate and Vigorous Exercise on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A
      Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent risk factor
      for chronic liver disease and cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: To compare the
      effects of moderate and vigorous exercise on intrahepatic triglyceride content
      and metabolic risk factors among patients with NAFLD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: In this randomized clinical trial, participants with central
      obesity and NAFLD were recruited from community-based screening in Xiamen, China,
      from December 1, 2011, through December 25, 2013. Data analysis was performed
      from August 28, 2015, through December 15, 2015. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were
      randomly assigned to vigorous-moderate exercise (jogging 150 minutes per week at
      65%-80% of maximum heart rate for 6 months and brisk walking 150 minutes per week
      at 45%-55% of maximum heart rate for another 6 months), moderate exercise (brisk
      walking 150 minutes per week for 12 months), or no exercise. MAIN OUTCOMES AND
      MEASURES: Primary outcome, change in intrahepatic triglyceride content measured
      by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 6 and 12 months; secondary outcomes,
      changes in body weight, waist circumference, body fat, and metabolic risk
      factors. RESULTS: A total of 220 individuals (mean [SD] age, 53.9 [7.1] years;
      149 woman [67.7%]) were randomly assigned to control (n = 74), moderate exercise
      (n = 73), and vigorous-moderate exercise (n = 73) groups. Of them, 211 (95.9%)
      completed the 6-month follow-up visit; 208 (94.5%) completed the 12-month follow
      up visit. Intrahepatic triglyceride content was reduced by 5.0% (95% CI, -7.2% to
      2.8%; P < .001) in the vigorous-moderate exercise group and 4.2% (95% CI, -6.3%
      to -2.0%; P < .001) in the moderate exercise group compared with the control
      group at the 6-month assessment. It was reduced by 3.9% (95% CI, -6.0% to -1.7%;
      P < .001) in the vigorous-moderate exercise group and 3.5% (95% CI, -5.6% to 
      1.3%; P = .002) in the moderate exercise group compared with the control group at
      the 12-month assessment. Changes in intrahepatic triglyceride content were not
      significantly different between vigorous-moderate and moderate exercise at the 6-
      or 12-month assessment. Body weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were
      significantly reduced in the vigorous-moderate exercise group compared with the
      moderate exercise and control groups at the 6-month assessment and in the
      vigorous-moderate and moderate exercise groups compared with the control group at
      the 12-month assessment. In addition, body fat was significantly reduced in the
      vigorous-moderate exercise group compared with the moderate exercise and control
      groups at the 12-month assessment. After adjusting for weight loss, the net
      changes in intrahepatic triglyceride content were diminished and became
      nonsignificant between the exercise and control groups (except for the moderate
      exercise group at the 6-month assessment). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Vigorous
      and moderate exercise were equally effective in reducing intrahepatic
      triglyceride content; the effect appeared to be largely mediated by weight loss.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01418027.

PMID- 27379905
TI  - A potential case of remission of Parkinson's disease.
AB  - We present the case of a 78-year-old male who, 16 years ago, was diagnosed with
      Parkinson's disease (PD) by a neurologist. He initially presented with left-hand
      tremor, stooped posture, shuffling gait, and frequent falls, which eventually
      progressed to bilateral motor symptoms after 3 years. Since 2012, his symptoms
      and signs have almost completely remitted, and he has been off all
      pharmacotherapy for that time. The accuracy of the initial PD diagnosis is
      supported by an appropriate clinical presentation, history of positive response
      to Sinemet, and an abnormal SPECT DaT scan; thus this case suggests the
      possibility of remission of symptoms in some patients. We propose that the
      patient's long history of meditation practice may have been one contributing
      factor of this improvement as meditation has been shown to release dopamine in
      the striatum.

PMID- 27379906
TI  - Recent advances in oncolytic adenovirus therapies for cancer.
AB  - Oncolytic adenoviruses (Onc.Ads) selectively replicate in and lyse cancer cells
      and are therefore commonly used vectors in clinical trials for cancer gene
      therapy. Building upon the well-characterized adenoviral natural tropism, genetic
      modification of Onc.Ad can enhance/regulate their transduction and replication
      within specific cancer cell types. However, Onc.Ad-mediated tumor cell lysis
      cannot fully eliminate tumors. The hostile tumor microenvironment provides many
      barriers to efficient oncolytic virotherapy, as tumors develop structure and
      immune-evasion mechanisms in order to grow and ultimately spread. For these
      reasons, Onc.Ads modified to deliver structural or immune modulatory molecules
      (Armed Onc.Ads) have been developed to overcome the physical and immunological
      barriers of solid tumors. The combination of oncolysis with tumor
      microenvironment modulation/destruction may provide a promising platform for Ad
      based cancer gene therapy.

PMID- 27379907
TI  - Early Life Predictors of Socio-Emotional Development in a Sample of Egyptian
      Infants.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Emotional problems are amongst the most critical concerns to be
      intentionally handled to enhance the wellbeing and development of children.
      OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictors of socio-emotional development of Egyptian
      infants related to infant feeding practices, aspects of infant and maternal
      health and socioeconomic status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional
      comparative study included 322 breast fed, 240 bottle fed and 93 mixed fed
      infants, from 6-24 months of age, who were enrolled in the Well-Baby Clinic of
      the National Research Centre and from pediatric outpatient facilities in urban
      Cairo. Assessment of socio-emotional development was performed using Bayley
      Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley III). Detailed maternal and
      infant history was recorded. Levels of serum zinc, copper, iron, vitamin B12 and
      complete blood count (CBC) were assessed in a subsample of 193 infants. RESULTS:
      The risk of having below average socio-emotional composite score was nearly two
      and half times among formula-fed infants than among breast-fed infants. By binary
      logistical regression analysis, predictors of below average socio-emotional score
      were a lower serum zinc value, being formula fed during the first half-year and
      introduction of complementary food before the age of six months (p< 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Exclusive breastfeeding and to a lesser extent mixed feeding during
      the first half year is correlated with above average socio-emotional development.
      Maternal education and zinc status were also determinants of better infant mental
      health. Our endeavors ought to be directed towards integrated interventions
      addressing multiple risks to children's development.

PMID- 27379909
TI  - Medical Observation Units and Emergency Department Collaboration: Improving
      Patient Throughput.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify whether observation status
      patients placed in a dedicated unit would decompress the emergency department
      (ED) more than observation patients who were admitted to other available beds.
      BACKGROUND: An urban quaternary hospital has a high volume of patients with
      average daily census of 95% capacity. A medical observation unit (MOU) was
      created to improve patient throughput. METHODS: In phase 1, the MOU charge nurse
      reviewed the ED patients to be admitted and selected appropriate patients based
      on unit inclusion criteria. In phase 2, the MOU charge nurse did rounds with the
      ED charge nurse once per shift. RESULTS: MOU observation patients demonstrated a
      53-minute (16%) reduction in average overall ED length of stay compared with
      observation patients admitted to other units. CONCLUSION: Inclusion criteria, a
      rounding checklist, and engagement of MOU and ED nurses helped the MOU and ED
      with patient throughput.

PMID- 27379908
TI  - The Impact of an Integrated Electronic Health Record Adoption on Nursing Care
      Quality.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of an integrated
      electronic health record (EHR) innovation adoption on the quality of nursing care
      delivered, including hospital-acquired falls, hospital-acquired pressure ulcers,
      ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), central line-associated bloodstream
      infections (CLABSIs), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), and
      costs measured in nursing hours. The impact on quality, cost, and nurse
      satisfaction measured in turnover rates before, during, and after implementation
      of EHR tools was also investigated. BACKGROUND: Little is known about the
      adoption patterns of computerized documentation by nursing and the effects on the
      practice environment. METHODS: A quantitative, retrospective analysis using
      interrupted time series model of a large data set was conducted in a 431-bed
      urban hospital, with 10 medical surgical units and 2 critical care units. The
      research was constructed using the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory.
      RESULTS: Incorporating electronic, evidenced-based practice (EBP) tools into
      bedside nurse's workflow promotes decision making at the point of care that may
      improve quality with no negative impact on direct cost. The data revealed that
      total falls, CAUTI, and CLABSI rates were positively impacted after the
      implementation of an integrated EHR. Hospital-acquired pressure ulcer and VAP
      rates were negatively impacted at the implementation period followed by a
      significant positive rate reduction that surpassed the preimplementation period.
      Cost indicators, measured in hours per patient day and overtime, were negatively
      impacted during the implementation period followed by a return to baseline. Nurse
      turnover had a significant increase from the preimplementation to
      postimplementation period and failed to return to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: This
      study confirms that nurses have the ability to positively impact the quality of
      patient care through successful innovation adoption related to the use of EBP
      computerized documentation tools at the bedside. This study further clarified the
      practice environment of nurses during DOI.

PMID- 27379910
TI  - Responding to Emotional Stress in Pediatric Hospitals: Results From a National
      Survey of Chief Nursing Officers.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify leadership awareness of
      emotional stress and employee support efforts in pediatric hospitals. BACKGROUND:
      The current pediatric environment has seen increases in treatment intensity, care
      duration, and acuity of patients resulting in increased likelihood of being
      exposed to emotional events. METHODS: Mail survey was sent to chief nursing
      officers at 87 pediatric hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 49 responses (56%) were
      received. Hospitals with less than 250 beds were significantly more likely to
      rate emotional stress as a large to very large problem, whereas ANCC Magnet(r)
      hospitals felt better about support efforts after patient deaths. Most commonly
      used support offerings focused on staff recovery after a traumatic event as
      opposed to training for prevention of emotional stress. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional
      stress is a well-recognized issue in pediatric hospitals with comparatively large
      resource commitment. Further focus on caregiver prevention training and unit
      leadership recognition of stress may be needed.

PMID- 27379911
TI  - Inhalation of a Short-Acting beta2-Adrenoreceptor Agonist Induces a
      Hypercoagulable State in Healthy Subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Catecholamine infusion elicits an increase in clotting factors and
      this increase has been attributed to stimulation of beta2-adrenorecptors
      (beta2AR). Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that inhalation of a short
      acting selective beta2AR agonist can induce a procoagulant state in healthy
      individuals. METHODS: We recruited 23 healthy volunteers (nine females; mean age:
      26+/-0.8 years; body mass index: 24.7+/-0.5 kg/m2) and randomly allocated them
      into two groups, the beta2AR arm (seventeen subjects) and the saline arm (six
      subjects). Hemodynamics, plasma norepinephrine concentration, and procoagulant,
      anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic profiles of each participant were determined
      using specific assays before and after inhalation of either 2 mL nebulized normal
      saline or a mixture of 1 mL saline and 1 mL of salbutamol (5 mg salbutamol
      sulfate), a selective beta2AR agonist, which were delivered by a nebulizer over
      ten minutes. RESULTS: Saline inhalation had no effect on the procoagulant,
      anticoagulant and fibrinolytic profiles of the six healthy volunteer in the
      study's saline arm. Salbutamol inhalation caused (a) a significant increase in
      the activity or levels of the procoagulant factors; FVIII increased by 11+/-3% (p
      = 0.04), von Willebrand factor increased by 7+/-1% (p = 0.03), and (b) a
      significant decrease in the activated partial prothrombin time from 27.4+/-0.4
      seconds to 25.5 +/-0.5 seconds (p<0.001) in the 17 volunteers in the study's
      beta2AR arm. D-dimer and prothrombin fragments F1+2 were elevated by 200 +/-90%
      and 505.0 +/-300.0%, respectively. In addition, the activity of the anticoagulant
      protein C pathway (demonstrated by the protein C Global assay) decreased from
      1.0+/-0.08 to 0.82+/-0.06 (p<0.001). Although plasma levels of tissue plasminogen
      activator decreased, all other indices of the fibrinolytic system did not change
      following salbutamol inhalation. CONCLUSION: We found that a single inhalation of
      salbutamol, a short-acting beta2AR agonist, activates the clotting system without
      affecting the fibrinolytic system. This induction of a procoagulant state in
      healthy subjects warrants further investigation in patients treated with these
      agents.

PMID- 27379912
TI  - Using severity factor as a parameter to optimize krill treatment under
      subcritical water conditions.
AB  - The aim of this study was to optimize the conditions for subcritical water
      treatment of krill, as expressed with a single parameter: the severity factor
      (log R0). Raw krill was treated under subcritical water conditions at various log
      R0 values (1.54-3.75) by varying the treatment temperatures (120-180  degrees C)
      and times (0-10 min) in two different sizes of batch-type vessel (10 and 117 mL).
      The log R0 value could efficiently describe changes in various properties of the
      obtained liquid extracts and solid residues. The most desirable shrimp-like
      flavor intensity and highest sensory preference were obtained for log R0 values
      of 2.75-3.01. The results also proved that severity factor can be used as a
      single parameter to control subcritical water treatment conditions in differently
      sized batch-type vessels to produce shrimp-like flavor extract and residue from
      krill.

PMID- 27379913
TI  - In Vitro Antioxidant-Activity Evaluation of Gallic-Acid-Grafted Chitosan
      Conjugate Synthesized by Free-Radical-Induced Grafting Method.
AB  - The major objective of this work was to develop a green and facile process to
      prepare gallic acid-chitosan conjugate and comprehensively evaluate the
      physicochemical properties and biological activities of an as-prepared water
      soluble chitosan derivative. A free-radical-induced grafting approach using an
      ascorbic acid-hydrogen peroxide redox pair was adopted. The obtained conjugate
      was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis, X-ray
      diffraction, and pKa analysis. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,2
      diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6)
      sulphonic acid (ABTS), reducing power, and oxygen-radical antioxidant-capacity
      assays. The results showed that the mass ratio of gallic acid to chitosan played
      a vital role in determining the grafting degree and zeta potential of the
      conjugates, with the ratio of 0.5:1 being the optimal ratio that resulted in the
      highest grafting degree. The antioxidant assays demonstrated that conjugation
      significantly improved the antioxidant activities, being dramatically higher than
      that of free chitosan. It was notable that the DPPH- and ABTS-scavenging
      activities of conjugate at 0.4 mg/mL reached the same level as the free gallic
      acid at the equivalent concentration. Our study demonstrated a green and facile
      synthesis approach to preparing a novel water-soluble chitosan derivative that
      may have promising potentials in the food industry. 

PMID- 27379914
TI  - [Use of Complementary Medicine in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer: 2 Case
      Reports].
AB  - Despite optimised diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer can only be cured in a
      specific subset of patients. Advanced prostate cancer may lead to complications
      that severely impair the patient's quality of life, e. g. recurrent intravesical
      blood clotting due to local tumor necrosis. We report the successful use of the
      homeopathic remedy Thlaspi bursa pastoris in 2 patients for whom conventional
      treatment was not sufficiently effective. These case reports imply that
      complementary or alternative medical treatment may be an efficient adjunctive
      treatment in patients with advanced prostate cancer.

PMID- 27379915
TI  - Structured discharge instructions for hospitalized heart failure patients to
      improve guideline implementation and patient outcomes.

PMID- 27379916
TI  - Impact of postconditioning with lactate-enriched blood on in-hospital outcomes of
      patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reperfusion injury offsets the beneficial effects of reperfusion
      therapy for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In our previous
      reports, postconditioning with lactate-enriched blood (PCLeB) induced excellent
      microcirculation recovery and less inflammation in STEMI patients. This study
      aimed to determine the in-hospital outcomes of STEMI patients treated using
      PCLeB. METHODS: Fifty-five consecutive STEMI patients were treated using PCLeB
      (Age 66.6+/-13.8years, 76.4% men) within 12h of symptom onset. In our modified
      postconditioning protocol, the duration of each brief reperfusion was prolonged
      from 10s to 60s in a stepwise manner. Lactated Ringer's solution (20-30mL) was
      injected directly into the culprit coronary artery at the end of each brief
      reperfusion and the balloon was quickly inflated at the lesion site, whereby
      lactate could be trapped inside the ischemic myocardium. Each brief ischemic
      period lasted 60s. After 7cycles of balloon inflation and deflation, full
      reperfusion was performed. Thereafter, stenting was performed and percutaneous
      coronary intervention (PCI) was completed. RESULTS: The mean corrected
      thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count was 20.1+/-10.1 after PCI
      completion. The mean peak serum creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB levels
      were 2751+/-2227IU/L and 276+/-181IU/L respectively. None of the study patients
      died during their hospital stay or required continuation of oral diuretic or
      inotropic therapy for heart failure on discharge. CONCLUSIONS: PCLeB led to zero
      in-hospital mortality and no overt heart failure on discharge in 55 consecutive
      STEMI patients undergoing reperfusion therapy.

PMID- 27379917
TI  - An injectable capillary-like microstructured alginate hydrogel improves left
      ventricular function after myocardial infarction in rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A new post-myocardial infarction (MI) therapy is injection of high
      water-content polymeric biomaterial gels (hydrogels) into damaged myocardium to
      modulate cardiac negative remodeling and preserve heart function. METHODS: We
      investigated the therapeutic potential of a novel gelatinized alginate hydrogel
      with a unique microstructure of uniform capillary-like channels (termed Capgel).
      Shortly (48h) after induced anterior MI, Sprague Dawley rats received
      intramyocardial injection of Capgel directly into the antero-septal wall at the
      infarct border zone (n=12) or no injection (n=10, controls). Echocardiograms were
      performed at 48h (week 0) and 4weeks (week 4) to evaluate left ventricular
      function. RESULTS: Echocardiograms showed 27% improvement of left ventricular
      systolic function over time with gel injection: fractional shortening increased
      from 26+/-3% at week 0 to 33+/-2% at week 4 (p=0.001). Capgel was present at the
      injection site after 4weeks, but was minimal at 8weeks. The remaining gel was
      heavily populated by CD68(+) macrophages with CD206(+) clusters and blood
      vessels. An in vitro experiment was performed to assess Angiotensin-(1-7)
      released from Capgel. Angiotensin-(1-7) was released from the Capgel in a
      sustained manner for 90days. CONCLUSIONS: Use of Capgel, a degradable, bioactive
      hydrogel composed of gelatinized capillary-alginate gel, appears safe for
      intramyocardial injection, is associated with improved left ventricular function
      after MI in rats, and may provide a long-term supply of Angiotensin-(1-7).

PMID- 27379918
TI  - Infective endocarditis: Absence of microbiological diagnosis is an independent
      predictor of inhospital mortality.

PMID- 27379919
TI  - Impact of chronic kidney disease on clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST
      elevation myocardial infarction receiving percutaneous coronary intervention - A
      five-year observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience poor outcomes
      after acute myocardial infarction. This study investigated how CKD affects
      clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
      (NSTEMI) receiving PCI. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed record-linked
      data for 314 patients who had received PCI for NSTEMI between January 2008 and
      September 2010. The 141 patients with advanced CKD were compared with 173
      patients who had mild or no CKD. The primary endpoint was long-term mortality.
      The secondary endpoint was long-term major adverse cardiac events. RESULTS:
      Compared to the control group, the advanced CKD group had older patients, more
      females, and more patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The advanced
      CKD group also had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction and more patients
      with advanced HF and pulmonary edema. The advanced CKD group and the control
      group did not significantly differ in total in-hospital mortality, cardiac death
      or temporary hemodialysis post-PCI. The advanced CKD group had a significantly
      higher rate of long-term events. Finally, multiple stepwise Cox regression
      analysis showed that old age, advanced CKD and advanced HF were independent
      predictors of primary endpoint. The best predictors of secondary endpoint were
      post-PCI Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction-3 flow, multiple vessel disease,
      advanced HF and advanced CKD. CONCLUSIONS: In NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI, in
      hospital mortality does not significantly differ between patients with and
      without advanced CKD. However, long-term follow up of CKD patients consistently
      reveals poor outcomes.

PMID- 27379920
TI  - A critical review on the translational journey of cardioprotective therapies!
AB  - The failure to translate novel cardioprotective therapies tested in pre-clinical
      studies into the clinical setting for patient benefit can be attributed to a
      number of factors at different stages of the research process. This review
      focuses on the evidences and the gaps with regard to the translational journey of
      cardioprotective interventions. Gaps are classified into 3 main groups: 1) those
      related to pre-clinical studies, 2) those associated with the validation of
      infarct size as a good surrogate and 3) those based on design and interpretation
      of randomized clinical trials on cardioprotection. Addressing these gaps might
      increase the chances to successfully translate cardioprotective therapies into
      improving both post-STEMI heart failure and cardiovascular death rates. 

PMID- 27379921
TI  - Inhibition of intimal thickening after vascular injury with a cocktail of
      vascular endothelial growth factor and cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp peptide.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention is widely used for the treatment
      of coronary artery disease; however, significant challenges such as restenosis
      remain. Key to solving these problems is to inhibit smooth muscle cell activation
      while enhancing re-endothelialization. Early growth response-1 (Egr-1) is a
      transcription factor that regulates vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC)
      proliferation and migration through its control of an array of downstream genes.
      METHODS: A "cocktail" of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-D and
      cyclic RGD was tested for its ability to inhibit neointima formation and
      accelerate re-endothelialization following balloon injury to carotid arteries of
      rats. RESULTS: In vitro, the cocktail stimulated endothelial cell growth yet
      inhibited smooth muscle cell growth. In vivo, cocktail-treated injured arteries
      exhibited reduced intimal thickening by >50% (P<0.05). It increased both re
      endothelialization and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression.
      Cocktail reduced Egr-1 expression, an effect blocked by the NOS inhibitor L-N(G)
      nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) that also prevented cocktail inhibition of
      neointima inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: This combination may potentially be useful for
      the treatment of restenosis with concomitant stimulation of revascularization.

PMID- 27379922
TI  - Effects of short-term administration of tolvaptan after open heart surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postoperative fluid overload following cardiac surgery is associated
      with increased morbidity and mortality. Unlike loop diuretics, tolvaptan (TLV)
      promotes aquaretic effect. Relatively little has been documented regarding the
      efficacy of TLV after cardiac surgery. The aim of the study was to investigate
      the effectiveness and safety of tolvaptan for the management of immediately
      postoperative fluid retention following cardiac surgery. METHODS: Between January
      to May 2014, patients undergoing cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to
      control or TLV group immediately after cardiac surgery. In control group,
      patients received 20mg of furosemide and 25mg of spironolactone as conventional
      diuretics. In the TLV group, 7.5mg of TLV was administered in combination with
      conventional diuretics. RESULTS: TLV use was associated with increased urine
      output from postoperative day 1 to 3.Body weight reduction in the TLV group was
      significantly greater than the control group from postoperative day 2 to 4, and
      serum creatinine levels decreased to below preoperative values in the TLV group.
      CONCLUSIONS: The combination of tolvaptan with conventional diuretics increases
      urine output without renal dysfunction and can be effective for postoperative
      fluid management and appropriate body weight reduction.

PMID- 27379924
TI  - Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Parallel Telomeric DNA Quadruplexes at
      Different Ionic Strengths: Evaluation of Water and Ion Models.
AB  - Most molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of DNA quadruplexes have been performed
      under minimal salt conditions using the Aqvist potential parameters for the
      cation with the TIP3P water model. Recently, this combination of parameters has
      been reported to be problematic for the stability of quadruplex DNA, especially
      caused by the ion interactions inside or near the quadruplex channel. Here, we
      verify how the choice of ion parameters and water model can affect the quadruplex
      structural stability and the interactions with the ions outside the channel. We
      have performed a series of MD simulations of the human full-parallel telomeric
      quadruplex by neutralizing its negative charge with K(+) ions. Three combinations
      of different cation potential parameters and water models have been used: (a)
      Aqvist ion parameters, TIP3P water model; (b) Joung and Cheatham ion parameters,
      TIP3P water model; and (c) Joung and Cheatham ion parameters, TIP4Pew water
      model. For the combinations (b) and (c), the effect of the ionic strength has
      been evaluated by adding increasing amounts of KCl salt (50, 100, and 200 mM).
      Two independent simulations using the Aqvist parameters with the TIP3P model show
      that this combination is clearly less suited for the studied quadruplex with K(+)
      as counterions. In both simulations, one ion escapes from the channel, followed
      by significant deformation of the structure, leading to deviating conformation
      compared to that in the reference crystallographic data. For the other
      combinations of ion and water potentials, no tendency is observed for the channel
      ions to escape from the quadruplex channel. In addition, the internal mobility of
      the three loops, torsion angles, and counterion affinity have been investigated
      at varied salt concentrations. In summary, the selection of ion and water models
      is crucial as it can affect both the structure and dynamics as well as the
      interactions of the quadruplex with its counterions. The results obtained with
      the TIP4Pew model are found to be closest to the experimental data at all of the
      studied ion concentrations.

PMID- 27379923
TI  - Neurohormonal activation and exercise tolerance in patients supported with a
      continuous-flow left ventricular assist device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Neurohormones play a key role in regulating hemodynamics in heart
      failure (HF) both at rest and during exercise. In contrast, little is known about
      the importance of neurohormonal regulation for exercise capacity in continuous
      flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) patients. The aim of this study was
      to assess the relation between neurohormonal activation patterns in CF-LVAD
      patients and exercise capacity. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of the C-terminal
      portion of pro-arginine vasopressin precursor (copeptin), pro-adrenomedullin
      (proADM), pro-B-type (proBNP) and pro-atrial (proANP) natriuretic peptides were
      measured in 25 CF-LVAD patients (HeartMate II) in the morning prior to maximal
      cardiopulmonary exercise testing determining peak oxygen uptake (peak VO2).
      Quality of life (QOL) was determined by questionnaires. RESULTS: Peak VO2 was
      severely reduced averaging 13.0+/-5.3ml/kg/min and exhibited strong negative
      correlations with copeptin, r=-0.61 (p=0.001) and proADM, r=-0.56 (p=0.005).
      Additionally comparing patients with peak VO2<14 vs>=14ml/kg/min demonstrated
      significant differences in copeptin and proADM concentrations, 2.8+/-0.8 vs 2.1+/
      0.7pmol/l (p=0.03) and 1.0+/-0.5 vs 0.7+/-0.2nmol/l (p=0.01), respectively. In
      contrast natriuretic peptides were not associated with maximal exercise capacity.
      Lower QOL correlated with increasing proBNP. CONCLUSION: Resting plasma levels of
      proADM and copeptin are significantly correlated with peak VO2 in CF-LVAD
      patients. Future studies should address if interventions to lower the levels of
      these markers are associated with restoration of exercise tolerance.

PMID- 27379925
TI  - Diabetes: A Cinderella Subject We Can't Afford to Ignore.
AB  - In a Perspective, Juliana Chan and Andrea Luk discuss the impact of diabetes in
      countries around the world, setting the scene for a special issue on diabetes
      prevention comprising discussion pieces and research reports.

PMID- 27379926
TI  - Catastrophic Health Care Expenditure among Older People with Chronic Diseases in
      15 European Countries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: It is well-known that the prevalence of chronic diseases is high
      among older people, especially those who are poor. Moreover, chronic diseases can
      result in catastrophic health expenditure. The relationship between chronic
      diseases and their financial burden on households is thus double-sided, as
      financial difficulties can give rise to, and result from, chronic diseases. Our
      aim was to examine the levels of catastrophic health expenditure imposed by
      private out-of-pocket payments among older people diagnosed with diabetes
      mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer in 15 European countries. METHODS:
      The SHARE dataset for individuals aged 50+ and their households, collected in
      2010-2012 was used. The total number of participants included in this study was N
      = 51,661. The sample consisted of 43.8% male and 56.2% female participants. The
      average age was 67 years. We applied an instrumental variable approach for binary
      instrumented variables known as a treatment-effect model. RESULTS: We found that
      being diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases was associated
      with catastrophic health expenditure among older people even in comparatively
      wealthy countries with developed risk-pooling mechanisms. When compared to the
      Netherlands (the country with the lowest share of out-of-pocket payments as a
      percentage of total health expenditure in our study), older people diagnosed with
      diabetes mellitus in Portugal, Poland, Denmark, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, the
      Czech Republic and Hungary were more likely to experience catastrophic health
      expenditure. Similar results were observed for diagnosed cardiovascular diseases.
      In contrast, cancer was not associated with catastrophic health expenditure.
      DISCUSSION: Our study shows that older people with diagnosed chronic diseases
      face catastrophic health expenditure even in some of the wealthiest countries in
      Europe. The effect differs across chronic diseases and countries. This may be due
      to different socio-economic contexts, but also due to the specific
      characteristics of the different health systems. In view of the ageing of
      European populations, it will be crucial to strengthen the mechanisms for
      financial protection for older people with chronic diseases.

PMID- 27379927
TI  - Plasma vitamin D levels and inflammation in the aortic wall of patients with
      coronary artery disease with and without inflammatory rheumatic disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D modulates inflammation, and this may explain the observed
      associations between vitamin D status and disorders driven by systemic
      inflammation, such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and inflammatory rheumatic
      diseases (IRDs). The aims of this study were to assess vitamin D status in
      patients with CAD alone and in patients with CAD and IRD, and to explore
      potential associations between vitamin D status and the presence of mononuclear
      cell infiltrates (MCIs) in the aortic adventitia of these patients. METHOD:
      Plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [(25(OH)D3] were determined by
      radioimmunoassay and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] by enzyme immunoassay
      in the 121 patients from the Feiring Heart Biopsy Study (FHBS) who had available
      histology data on adventitial MCIs; 53 of these had CAD alone and 68 had CAD and
      IRD. RESULTS: In the crude analysis, vitamin D levels were similar in CAD
      patients with and without IRD. After adjustment for potential confounders, IRD
      was associated with an increase of 8.8 nmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0
      16.6; p = 0.027] in 25(OH)D3 and an increase of 18.8 pmol/L (95% CI 4.3-33.3; p =
      0.012) in 1,25(OH)2D3, while MCIs in the aortic adventitia were associated with
      lower levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 (beta = -18.8, 95% CI -33.6 to -4.0; p = 0.014).
      CONCLUSIONS: IRD was associated with higher levels of both 25(OH)D3 and
      1,25(OH)2D3. These findings argue against the hypothesis that patients with high
      systemic inflammatory burden (CAD+IRD) should have lower vitamin D levels than
      those with less inflammation (CAD only). Of note, when controlled for potential
      confounders, low 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were associated with adventitial aortic
      inflammation.

PMID- 27379928
TI  - Fluoxetine Exhibits Pharmacological Effects and Trait-Based Sensitivity in a
      Marine Worm.
AB  - Global production of pharmacologically active compounds exceeds 100 000 tons
      annually, a proportion of which enters aquatic environments through patient use,
      improper medicine disposal, and production. These compounds are designed to have
      mode-of-action (MoA) effects on specific biological pathways, with potential to
      impact nontarget species. Here, we used MoA and trait-based approaches to
      quantify uptake and biological effects of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin
      reuptake inhibitor, in filter and deposit feeding marine worms (Hediste
      diversicolor). Worms exposed to 10 MUg L(-1), accumulated fluoxetine with a body
      burden over 270 times greater than exposure concentrations, resulting in ~10%
      increased coelomic fluid serotonin, a pharmacological effect. Observed effects
      included weight loss (up to 2% at 500 MUg L(-1)), decreased feeding rate (68% at
      500 MUg L(-1)), and altered metabolism (oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion,
      and O/N from 10 MUg L(-1)). Bioconcentration of fluoxetine was dependent on route
      of uptake, with filter feeding worms experiencing up to 130 times greater body
      burden ratios and increased magnitudes of effects than deposit feeders, a trait
      based sensitivity likely as a consequence of fluoxetine partitioning to sediment.
      This study highlights how novel approaches such as MoA and trait-based methods
      can supplement environmental risk assessments of pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 27379930
TI  - Quality properties and adsorption behavior of freeze-dried beef meat from the
      Biceps femoris and Semimembranosus muscles.
AB  - The aim of this research was to determine the quality properties and adsorption
      behavior of freeze-dried beef meat from the Biceps femoris and Semimembranosus
      muscles. Most quality properties of both muscles were similar apart from total
      fat content. Freeze-dried meat pieces were kept in ten different equilibrium
      levels of relative humidity (2.0-97.3%) at 5, 15, 25 and 30 degrees C. The
      experimental data were evaluated using BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) and GAB
      (Guggenheim, Anderson and deBoer) models. The equilibrium moisture contents of
      freeze-dried Biceps femoris were lower than those of Semimembranosus at all water
      activities and temperature. The constants m0 and C of BET and GAB equations were
      determined to be between 6.27 and 8.07g/100g dry matter and 9.32-13.73,
      respectively. Constant k was about 0.90 at all temperatures, and the GAB equation
      exhibited a better fit to the experimental data of both muscles as a result of
      all %E values being approximately equal to 10%. 

PMID- 27379931
TI  - ESPE Position Statement for Paediatric Endocrinology Subspecialty.

PMID- 27379932
TI  - Diagnostic De L'Hypertension Arterielle.
AB  - Arterial hypertension is a very common disease, and one of the main causes of
      death in our countries. In the early stages, this disease is completely
      asymptomatic and thus the diagnosis can only be made by systematic examinations.
      How to treat, it is a problem which can only be solved if a certain amount of
      information is obtained. The physician must find out if other risk factors of
      atherosclerosis are involved: hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, cigarette smoking,
      etc. He must also look for complications of high blood pressure with respect to
      the heart, the kidneys, the arteries and the brain. All these parameters may
      affect the decision and the choice of the treatment. The first step of treatment
      must be the research for curable causes of hypertension. However, from data
      obtained during the last few years, we know that surgical causes of hypertension
      are unusual: less than 10% of the patients in a reference centre. In most of the
      case, the patient should be treated with drugs. 

PMID- 27379933
TI  - The Management Of Hypertension - Back To Square One?

PMID- 27379929
TI  - KSP inhibitor SB743921 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of breast cancer
      cells by regulating p53, Bcl-2, and DTL.
AB  - Kinesin spindle protein (KSP) is a microtubule-associated motor protein that is
      specifically expressed by mitosis cells. It is highly expressed in various types
      of tumors including hematomalignances and solid tumors. Chemical KSP inhibition
      has become a novel strategy in the development of anticancer drugs. SB743921 is a
      selective inhibitor for KSP, which is a mitotic protein essential for cell-cycle
      progression. Although SB743921 has shown antitumor activities for several types
      of cancers and entered into clinical trials, its therapeutic effects on breast
      cancer and mechanisms have not been explored. In this study, we tested the
      antitumor activity of SB743921 in breast cancer cell lines and partly elucidated
      its mechanisms. KSP and denticleless E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase homolog (DTL)
      are overexpressed in breast cancer cells compared with no-cancer tissues.
      Chemical inhibition of KSP by SB743921 not only reduces proliferation but also
      induces cell-cycle arrest and leads to apoptosis in breast cancer cells.
      Treatment of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines with SB743921 results
      in decreased ability of colony formation in culture. SB743921 treatment also
      causes a KSP accumulation in protein level that is associated with cell arrest.
      Furthermore, we showed that SB743921 treatment significantly reduces the
      expression of bcl-2 and cell cycle-related protein DTL, and upregulates p53 and
      caspase-3 in breast cancer cells. Taken together, these data indicated that
      SB743921 can be expected to be a novel treatment agent for breast cancers.

PMID- 27379934
TI  - Complications Renales De L'Hypertension.
AB  - High blood pressure has a deleterious effect on the kidney. It significantly
      modifies renal handling of water and electrolytes partially, at least, as a
      result of haemodynamic changes in the kidney. These disorders, which are observed
      only under conditions of maximal stimulation, are of little interest to the
      clinician. Hypertension ultimately accelerates the ageing process of the kidney
      resulting in benign nephrosclerosis. This latter condition is not usually a cause
      of severe renal failure. Severe elevation of blood pressure occasionally induces
      malignant hypertension. This condition is characterized by necrotizing angeitis
      associated with subacute renal failure. Prompt and efficient hypotensive therapy
      may prevent or stabilize renal insufficiency. In a few cases, a return of normal
      renal function has been observed despite initial acute renal failure. The
      prognosis of malignant hypertension is determined largely by th2 degree of renal
      insufficien cy prevailing when hypotensive therapy is started. At first, lowering
      blood pressure may decrease glomerular filtration rate. In the long run, however,
      renal function improves. 

PMID- 27379935
TI  - Drievoudige Antihypertensive Behandeling.
AB  - The systemic arterial pressure is determined by 1) the cardiac output, 2) the
      blood volume, and 3) the total peripheral resistance. A triple antihypertensive
      therapy is therefore considered which interferes primarily with these three
      factors using 1) beta adrenergic blocking agents, 2) a low sodium diet and
      diuretics, and 3) vasodilating antihypertensive drugs. The hae-modynamic changes
      during this therapy are described. Since cardiac output, resistance and blood
      volume cannot be determined routinely in all hypertensive patients, a therapeutic
      regimen is discussed based on the determination of 1) rate, 2) body weight and 3)
      arterial blood pressure. 

PMID- 27379936
TI  - Causes D'Abandon Du Traitement Anti-Hypertenseur.
AB  - Two recent publications have demonstrated that, in the United States, most
      hypertensive patients are lost to treatment by 5 years. This high percentage of
      abandonment is not caused by side effects of the prescribed therapy; most
      patients claimed they stopped the treatment because they were not correctly
      informed about the nature of their disease and the way the treatment had to be
      carried out. The frequency of drop-out may be markedly decreased if the
      hypertensive patient or his family has a good understanding of the disease, and
      correct information about the treatment and the expected results, as well as the
      possible side effects. 

PMID- 27379937
TI  - Selected Sumaries.

PMID- 27379939
TI  - Prediction of the length of repeat post C-section hospital stay and comparison of
      perinatal outcomes in patients with >=3 versus <3 previous C-section.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To create a model for prediction of repeat post cesarean section (CS)
      length of hospital stay (LOHS) in patients undergoing repeat CS. Our other aim
      was to compare the perinatal outcomes in patients with >=3 versus <3 previous CS
      procedures. METHODS: Individual characteristics, pre-, intra- and post-operative
      data of 186 pregnant women who had >=3 previous CS were compared with 195
      pregnant women with <3 previous CS. RESULTS: Regression analyses revealed that
      models can be used to predict the dependents "postpartum LOHS" and "needed units
      of erythrocyte suspension", both pre-operatively and intra-operatively. Patients
      with >=3 previous CS procedures were older, delivered earlier and had lower Apgar
      1 and Apgar 5 values than patients with <3 previous CS. The rate of elective CS
      operations was lower in patients with >=3 previous CS. Pregnant women >=3
      previous CS had significantly more severe intraperitoneal adhesion (IPA) and
      higher rate of bladder injury. CONCLUSIONS: Prediction models can be conducted
      for LOHS and other perinatal and operative parameters in patients with previous
      CS. Pregnancy and repeat CS, even in patients with >=3 previous CS procedures,
      are both safe conditions with optimal follow-up and management.

PMID- 27379940
TI  - Letter From the Editor: When will we ever learn?

PMID- 27379941
TI  - The role of microsatellite instability testing in management of colorectal
      cancer.

PMID- 27379942
TI  - The Mediterranean diet in hypercoagulable states and cancer.

PMID- 27379943
TI  - Highlights in breast cancer from the 2016 American Society of Clinical Oncology
      Annual Meeting.

PMID- 27379944
TI  - Management of invasive Aspergillosis in acute myelogenous leukemia.

PMID- 27379945
TI  - Current insights into the impact of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency in
      patients receiving treatment with 5-fluorouracil.

PMID- 27379946
TI  - Update on the biology and management of neuroendocrine prostate cancer.

PMID- 27379947
TI  - Long-term outcomes of neoadjuvant treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
AB  - Long-term outcomes for women with a diagnosis of human epidermal growth factor
      receptor 2 (HER2)-driven early-stage breast cancer have significantly improved
      since the advent of HER2-targeted therapy. Although the first studies in the
      early-stage setting focused on the adjuvant use of trastuzumab plus chemotherapy,
      clinical trials increasingly are using a neoadjuvant design to evaluate novel
      HER2-targeted therapies. Neoadjuvant therapy downstages locally advanced breast
      cancer, improves rates of breast conservation, and provides information regarding
      the responsiveness of a cancer to systemic therapy; in addition, studies have
      shown that the pathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy is correlated with
      event-free and overall survival. Given these advantages, multiple studies of
      neoadjuvant therapy, several of which have reported longer-term outcomes, have
      been conducted to evaluate HER2-targeted therapies. This review summarizes
      available data from prior and ongoing neoadjuvant trials in HER2-positive breast
      cancer, focusing on those studies that have reported not only pathologic response
      rates but also event-free, disease-free, and/or overall survival. The long-term
      outcomes associated with the achievement of a pathologic complete response are
      explored, and the comparisons of pathologic complete response rates, event-free
      survival, and overall survival reported for different HER2-targeted regimens are
      reviewed. 

PMID- 27379948
TI  - Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma.
AB  - The development of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and their
      introduction into clinical practice represent a major advance in the treatment of
      chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other B-cell lymphomas. Although ibrutinib
      is the only BTK inhibitor that has been approved by the US Food and Drug
      Administration, several others are under investigation. Ibrutinib is currently
      approved for use in relapsed/refractory CLL, CLL with 17p deletion (del[17p]),
      relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
      Although it is clear that ibrutinib has altered treatment paradigms and outcomes
      in these diseases, several questions remain regarding (1) its role in frontline
      vs salvage therapy; (2) its use as a single agent vs in combination with biologic
      agents, other small molecules, or traditional chemoimmunotherapy; (3) the optimal
      duration of treatment; and (4) the treatment of patients who cannot tolerate or
      have disease resistant to ibrutinib. Because sparse clinical data are available
      on other BTK inhibitors, it is unclear at present whether their clinical efficacy
      and toxicity will differ from those of ibrutinib. 

PMID- 27379949
TI  - In-Cell Protein Structures from 2D NMR Experiments.
AB  - In-cell NMR spectroscopy provides atomic resolution insights into the structural
      properties of proteins in cells, but it is rarely used to solve entire protein
      structures de novo. Here, we introduce a paramagnetic lanthanide-tag to
      simultaneously measure protein pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) and residual dipolar
      couplings (RDCs) to be used as input for structure calculation routines within
      the Rosetta program. We employ this approach to determine the structure of the
      protein G B1 domain (GB1) in intact Xenopus laevis oocytes from a single set of
      2D in-cell NMR experiments. Specifically, we derive well-defined GB1 ensembles
      from low concentration in-cell NMR samples (~50 MUM) measured at moderate
      magnetic field strengths (600 MHz), thus offering an easily accessible
      alternative for determining intracellular protein structures. 

PMID- 27379950
TI  - Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Auditory Information Processing in Adolescence:
      A Study on Sex Differences.
AB  - To date, little is known about sex differences in the neurophysiological
      correlates underlying auditory information processing. In the present study,
      auditory evoked potentials were evoked in typically developing male (n = 15) and
      female (n = 14) adolescents (13-18 years) during an auditory oddball task. Girls
      compared to boys displayed lower N100 and P300 amplitudes to targets. Larger N100
      amplitudes in adolescent boys might indicate higher neural sensitivity to changes
      of incoming auditory information. The P300 findings point toward sex differences
      in auditory working memory and might suggest that adolescent boys might allocate
      more attentional resources when processing relevant auditory stimuli than
      adolescent girls.

PMID- 27379951
TI  - Validity of Treadmill-Derived Critical Speed on Predicting 5000-Meter Track
      Running Performance.
AB  - Nimmerichter, A, Novak, N, Triska, C, Prinz, B, and Breese, BC. Validity of
      treadmill-derived critical speed on predicting 5,000-meter track-running
      performance. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 706-714, 2017-To evaluate 3 models of
      critical speed (CS) for the prediction of 5,000-m running performance, 16 trained
      athletes completed an incremental test on a treadmill to determine maximal
      aerobic speed (MAS) and 3 randomly ordered runs to exhaustion at the
      [INCREMENT]70% intensity, at 110% and 98% of MAS. Critical speed and the distance
      covered above CS (D') were calculated using the hyperbolic speed-time (HYP), the
      linear distance-time (LIN), and the linear speed inverse-time model (INV). Five
      thousand meter performance was determined on a 400-m running track. Individual
      predictions of 5,000-m running time (t = [5,000-D']/CS) and speed (s = D'/t + CS)
      were calculated across the 3 models in addition to multiple regression analyses.
      Prediction accuracy was assessed with the standard error of estimate (SEE) from
      linear regression analysis and the mean difference expressed in units of
      measurement and coefficient of variation (%). Five thousand meter running
      performance (speed: 4.29 +/- 0.39 m.s; time: 1,176 +/- 117 seconds) was
      significantly better than the predictions from all 3 models (p < 0.0001). The
      mean difference was 65-105 seconds (5.7-9.4%) for time and -0.22 to -0.34 m.s (
      5.0 to -7.5%) for speed. Predictions from multiple regression analyses with CS
      and D' as predictor variables were not significantly different from actual
      running performance (-1.0 to 1.1%). The SEE across all models and predictions was
      approximately 65 seconds or 0.20 m.s and is therefore considered as moderate. The
      results of this study have shown the importance of aerobic and anaerobic energy
      system contribution to predict 5,000-m running performance. Using estimates of CS
      and D' is valuable for predicting performance over race distances of 5,000 m.

PMID- 27379952
TI  - High School Athletes' Perceptions of the Motivational Climate in Their Off-Season
      Training Programs.
AB  - Chamberlin, JM, Fry, MD, and Iwasaki, S. High school athletes' perceptions of the
      motivational climate in their off-season training programs. J Strength Cond Res
      31(3): 736-742, 2017-Athletes benefit tremendously from working hard in off
      season training (OST) because it sets them up to avoid injuries and perform their
      best during the season. Ironically, many athletes struggle to stay motivated to
      participate regularly in this training. Research has highlighted the benefits for
      athletes perceiving a caring and task-involving climate, where they gauge their
      success based on their personal effort and improvement, and perceive each member
      of the team is treated with mutual kindness and respect. Athletes who perceive a
      caring and task-involving climate on their teams are more likely to report
      greater adaptive motivational responses. Research has not currently examined
      athletes' perceptions of the climate in OST programs. The purpose of this study
      was to examine the relationship between athletes' perceptions of the climate in
      an OST program and their motivational responses. High school athletes (N = 128;
      90 males 35 females; mean age = 15.3 years) participating in summer OST programs
      completed a survey that included measures of intrinsic motivation, commitment,
      their valuing OST, feeling like it is their decision to participate in OST, their
      perceptions that their teammates take OST seriously, and attendance. A canonical
      correlation revealed that athletes, who perceived a highly caring and task
      involving climate reported higher intrinsic motivation, value of and commitment
      to OST; attendance; and perceived teammates take OST seriously. Results suggest
      that creating a caring and task-involving climate in OST programs may help
      athletes optimize their motivation to participate in important strength and
      conditioning programs.

PMID- 27379953
TI  - No Dose-Response Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Concentration on 5-km Running
      Performance in Recreational Athletes.
AB  - Clarke, ND, Thomas, JR, Kagka, M, Ramsbottom, R, and Delextrat, A. No dose
      response effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse concentration on 5-km running
      performance in recreational athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 715-720, 2017
      Oral carbohydrate rinsing has been demonstrated to provide beneficial effects on
      exercise performance of durations of up to 1 hour, albeit predominately in a
      laboratory setting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects
      of different concentrations of carbohydrate solution mouth rinse on 5-km running
      performance. Fifteen healthy men (n = 9; mean +/- SD age; 42 +/- 10 years;
      height, 177.6 +/- 6.1 cm; body mass, 73.9 +/- 8.9 kg) and women (n = 6; mean +/-
      SD age, 43 +/- 9 years; height, 166.5 +/- 4.1 cm; body mass, 65.7 +/- 6.8 kg)
      performed a 5-km running time trial on a track on 4 separate occasions.
      Immediately before starting the time trial and then after each 1 km, subjects
      rinsed 25 ml of 0, 3, 6, or 12% maltodextrin for 10 seconds. Mouth rinsing with
      0, 3, 6, or 12% maltodextrin did not have a significant effect on the time to
      complete the time trial (0%, 26:34 +/- 4:07 minutes:seconds; 3%, 27:17 +/- 4:33
      minutes:seconds; 6%, 27:05 +/- 3:52 minutes:seconds; 12%, 26:47 +/- 4.31
      minutes:seconds; p = 0.071; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.15),
      heart rate (p = 0.095; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.16),
      rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.195; (Equation is included in full-text
      article.)= 0.11), blood glucose (p = 0.920; (Equation is included in full-text
      article.)= 0.01), and blood lactate concentration (p = 0.831; (Equation is
      included in full-text article.)= 0.02), with only nonsignificant trivial to small
      differences between concentrations. Results of this study suggest that
      carbohydrate mouth rinsing provides no ergogenic advantage over an acaloric
      placebo (0%) and that there is no dose-response relationship between carbohydrate
      solution concentration and 5-km track running performance.

PMID- 27379954
TI  - Mechanical Determinants of Faster Change of Direction Speed Performance in Male
      Athletes.
AB  - Dos'Santos, T, Thomas, C, Jones, PA, and Comfort, P. Mechanical determinants of
      faster change of direction speed performance in male athletes. J Strength Cond
      Res 31(3): 696-705, 2017-Mechanical variables during change of directions, for
      example, braking and propulsive forces, impulses, and ground contact times (GCT)
      have been identified as determinants of faster change of direction speed (CODS)
      performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical
      determinants of 180 degrees  CODS performance with mechanical characteristic
      comparisons between faster and slower performers; while exploring the role of the
      penultimate foot contact (PEN) during the change of direction. Forty
      multidirectional male athletes performed 6 modified 505 (mod505) trials (3 left
      and right), and ground reaction forces were collected across the PEN and final
      foot contact (FINAL) during the change of direction. Pearson's correlation
      coefficients and coefficients of determination were used to explore the
      relationship between mechanical variables and mod505 completion time. Independent
      T-tests and Cohen's d effect sizes (ES) were conducted between faster (n = 10)
      and slower (n = 10) mod505 performers to explore differences in mechanical
      variables. Faster CODS performance was associated (p <= 0.05) with shorter GCTs
      (r = 0.701-0.757), greater horizontal propulsive forces (HPF) (r = -0.572 to 
      0.611), greater horizontal braking forces (HBF) in the PEN (r = -0.337), lower
      HBF ratios (r = -0.429), and lower FINAL vertical impact forces (VIF) (r = 0.449
      0.559). Faster athletes demonstrated significantly (p <= 0.05, ES = 1.08-2.54)
      shorter FINAL GCTs, produced lower VIF, lower HBF ratios, and greater HPF in
      comparison to slower athletes. These findings suggest that different mechanical
      properties are required to produce faster CODS performance, with differences in
      mechanical properties observed between fast and slower performers. Furthermore,
      applying a greater proportion of braking force during the PEN relative to the
      FINAL may be advantageous for turning performance.

PMID- 27379955
TI  - Relationships Between Measures of Physical Fitness Change When Age-Dependent Bias
      is Removed in a Group of Young Male Soccer Players.
AB  - James, RS, Thake, CD, and Birch, SL. Relationships between measures of physical
      fitness change when age-dependent bias is removed in a group of young male soccer
      players. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2100-2109, 2017-Age-dependent bias is a key
      issue within talent identification of children, particularly when measures of
      physical fitness are used. Coaches in sport would benefit from a relatively
      straightforward method to remove age-dependent bias, enabling identification of
      children who are relatively high performers for their age. This study aimed to
      determine whether removal of age effects caused changes in the relationships
      between physical performance and anthropometric measures commonly used in talent
      identification and development systems. Sixty male soccer players, aged 11-17
      years, underwent measures of anthropometry, muscular power, strength, sprint
      speed, and agility. Most absolute measures of performance were significantly
      correlated with each other, and all performance measures were significantly
      correlated with age. Age residuals were calculated, for all variables, to
      determine which players performed relatively well for their age and to
      investigate age-independent relationships between variables. In general, players
      with relatively fast sprint performance for their age were taller and had
      relatively high performance in jump power output and grip strength for their age
      (r > 0.25 and p < 0.025 in each case). Absolute sprint performance PC1 was
      significantly correlated with absolute agility performance PC1 (r = 0.473, p <
      0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between age-independent
      measures of agility and any other measures. Usage of age residuals highlights
      performers that have relatively high physical fitness for their age. Such
      analyses may assist the talent identification and development processes as long
      as differential rates of physical development between players are also
      considered.

PMID- 27379956
TI  - Resting Heart Rate Variability Among Professional Baseball Starting Pitchers.
AB  - Cornell, DJ, Paxson, JL, Caplinger, RA, Seligman, JR, Davis, NA, and Ebersole,
      KT. Resting heart rate variability among professional baseball starting pitchers.
      J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 575-581, 2017-The purpose of this study was to examine
      the changes in resting heart rate variability (HRV) across a 5-day pitching
      rotation schedule among professional baseball starting pitchers. The HRV data
      were collected daily among 8 Single-A level professional baseball starting
      pitchers (mean +/- SD, age = 21.9 +/- 1.3 years; height = 185.4 +/- 3.6 cm;
      weight = 85.2 +/- 7.5 kg) throughout the entire baseball season with the
      participant quietly lying supine for 10 minutes. The HRV was quantified by
      calculating the natural log of the square root of the mean sum of the squared
      differences (lnRMSSD) during the middle 5 minutes of each R-R series data file. A
      split-plot repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the
      influence of pitching rotation day on resting lnRMSSD. A statistically
      significant main effect of rotation day was identified (F4,706 = 3.139, p =
      0.029). Follow-up pairwise analyses indicated that resting lnRMSSD on day 2 was
      significantly (p <= 0.05) lower than all other rotation days. In addition, a
      statistically significant main effect of pitcher was also identified (F7,706 =
      83.388, p < 0.001). These results suggest that professional baseball starting
      pitchers display altered autonomic nervous system function 1 day after completing
      a normally scheduled start, as day 2 resting HRV was significantly lower than all
      other rotation days. In addition, the season average resting lnRMSSD varied among
      participants, implying that single-subject analysis of resting measures of HRV
      may be more appropriate when monitoring cumulative workload among this cohort
      population of athletes.

PMID- 27379957
TI  - Pre-Training Muscle Characteristics of Subjects Who Are Obese Determine How Well
      Exercise Training Will Improve Their Insulin Responsiveness.
AB  - Stuart, CA, Lee, ML, South, MA, Howell, MEA, Cartwright, BM, Ramsey, MW, and
      Stone, MH. Pre-training muscle characteristics of subjects who are obese
      determine how well exercise training will improve their insulin responsiveness. J
      Strength Cond Res 31(3): 798-808, 2017-Only half of prediabetic subjects who are
      obese who underwent exercise training without weight loss increased their insulin
      responsiveness. We hypothesized that those who improved their insulin
      responsiveness might have pretraining characteristics favoring a positive
      response to exercise training. Thirty nondiabetic subjects who were obese
      volunteered for 8 weeks of either strength training or endurance training. During
      training, subjects increased their caloric intake to prevent weight loss. Insulin
      responsiveness by euglycemic clamps and muscle fiber composition, and expression
      of muscle key biochemical pathways were quantified. Positive responders initially
      had 52% higher intermediate muscle fibers (fiber type IIa) with 27% lower slow
      twitch fibers (type I) and 23% lower expression of muscle insulin receptors.
      Whether after weight training or stationary bike training, positive responders'
      fiber type shifted away from type I and type IIa fibers to an increased
      proportion of type IIx fibers (fast twitch). Muscle insulin receptor expression
      and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression increased in all trained
      subjects, but these moderate changes did not consistently translate to
      improvement in whole-body insulin responsiveness. Exercise training of previously
      sedentary subjects who are obese can result in muscle remodeling and increased
      expression of key elements of the insulin pathway, but in the absence of weight
      loss, insulin sensitivity improvement was modest and limited to about half of the
      participants. Our data suggest rather than responders being more fit, they may
      have been less fit, only catching up to the other half of subjects who are obese
      whose insulin responsiveness did not increase beyond their pretraining baseline.

PMID- 27379958
TI  - Strength-Power Performance of Visually Impaired Paralympic and Olympic Judo
      Athletes From the Brazilian National Team: A Comparative Study.
AB  - Loturco, I, Nakamura, FY, Winckler, C, Braganca, JR, da Fonseca, RA, Filho, JM,
      Zaccani, WA, Kobal, R, Cal Abad, CC, Kitamura, K, Pereira, LA, and Franchini, E.
      Strength-power performance of visually impaired paralympic and olympic judo
      athletes from the brazilian national team: a comparative study. J Strength Cond
      Res 31(3): 743-749, 2017-The aim of this study was to compare the muscle power
      and maximal isometric strength capacities of Olympic and visually impaired
      Paralympic judo athletes. Twenty-eight elite judo athletes (7 men and 7 women per
      group) from the permanent Brazilian National Paralympic and Olympic teams took
      part in this study. After a specific warm-up, the athletes performed loaded jump
      squat (JS), bench press (BP), and standing barbell row (SBR) exercises to
      determine their values of maximum mean propulsive power (MPP) in these respective
      exercises. The maximal isometric strength (MIS) was also determined for both
      upper and lower limbs, through the use of BP and half-squat (HS) exercises.
      Finally, the jumping ability was assessed using unloaded squat jump (SJ). The
      magnitude-based inference was used to compare the groups. The Olympic judo
      athletes presented a likely higher SJ height than the Paralympic athletes. The
      Olympic group presented almost certainly higher MPP in the loaded JS and in the
      SBR exercises and likely higher MPP in the BP exercise. Importantly, in the MIS
      assessments the differences between groups in the HS and BP exercises were rated
      as unclear. In conclusion, our results showed that both Olympic and Paralympic
      judo athletes present similar levels of maximal isometric strength, but muscle
      power performance is superior in Olympic athletes.

PMID- 27379959
TI  - Interday Reliability of the Reactive Strength Index and Optimal Drop Height.
AB  - Byrne, DJ, Browne, DT, Byrne, PJ, and Richardson, N. Interday reliability of the
      reactive strength index and optimal drop height. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 721
      726, 2017-The purpose of this study was to investigate the interday reliability
      of the reactive strength index (RSI) and optimal drop height (ODH) identification
      from multiple drop heights. Nineteen male trained hurling players (23.1 +/- 2.9
      years, 83.1 +/- 15.5 kg, and 182.5 +/- 4.89 cm) completed 2 maximal depth jumps
      from 4 incremental drop heights (30, 40, 50, and 60 cm), over 2 separate testing
      sessions 48 hours apart. The RSI and ODH were analyzed for reliability using
      intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV). The
      RSI and ODH both demonstrated good reliability with ICC >=0.80 (0.87 and 0.81)
      and CV <=10% (4.2 and 2.98), respectively. The results of this study support the
      use of an incremental depth jump protocol to find the RSI and ODH in trained
      hurlers. It is recommended that the incremental depth jump protocol be used when
      assessing an athlete's reactive strength, as it allows a reactive strength
      profile, maximum RSI, and an ODH to be determined, all of which can provide vital
      information when determining an athletes training intensity and load.

PMID- 27379960
TI  - Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Muscle Strength in Athletes: A Systematic
      Review.
AB  - Chiang, C-m, Ismaeel, A, Griffis, RB, and Weems, S. Effects of vitamin D
      supplementation on muscle strength in athletes: A systematic review. J Strength
      Cond Res 31(2): 566-574, 2017-The purpose of this systematic review of the
      literature was to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on muscle
      strength in athletes. A computerized literature search of 3 databases (PubMed,
      MEDLINE, and Scopus) was performed. Included in the review were randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs), published in English, which measured serum vitamin D
      concentrations and muscle strength in healthy, athletic participants aged 18-45
      years. Quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Five RCTs and 1 controlled
      trial were identified, and quality assessment showed 5 trials were of "excellent
      quality" and 1 was of "good quality." Trials lasted from 4 weeks to 6 months and
      dosages ranged from 600 to 5,000 International Units (IU) per day. Vitamin D2 was
      found to be ineffective at impacting muscle strength in both studies wherein it
      was administered. In contrast, vitamin D3 was shown to have a positive impact on
      muscle strength. In 2 studies, strength outcome measures were significantly
      improved after supplementation (p <= 0.05). In the other 2 studies administering
      vitamin D3, there were trends for improved muscle strength. Specifically,
      improvements in strength ranged from 1.37 to 18.75%. Additional studies are
      needed to confirm these associations.

PMID- 27379961
TI  - A Comparison of Mixed-Method Cooling Interventions on Preloaded Running
      Performance in the Heat.
AB  - Stevens, CJ, Bennett, KJM, Sculley, DV, Callister, R, Taylor, L, and Dascombe,
      BJ. A comparison of mixed-method cooling interventions on preloaded running
      performance in the heat. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 620-629, 2017-The purpose of
      this investigation was to assess the effect of combining practical methods to
      cool the body on endurance running performance and physiology in the heat. Eleven
      trained male runners completed 4 randomized, preloaded running time trials (20
      minutes at 70% V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and a 3 km time trial) on a
      nonmotorized treadmill in the heat (33 degrees  C). Trials consisted of
      precooling by combined cold-water immersion and ice slurry ingestion (PRE),
      midcooling by combined facial water spray and menthol mouth rinse (MID), a
      combination of all methods (ALL), and control (CON). Performance time was
      significantly faster in MID (13.7 +/- 1.2 minutes; p < 0.01) and ALL (13.7 +/-
      1.4 minutes; p = 0.04) but not PRE (13.9 +/- 1.4 minutes; p = 0.24) when compared
      with CON (14.2 +/- 1.2 minutes). Precooling significantly reduced rectal
      temperature (initially by 0.5 +/- 0.2 degrees  C), mean skin temperature, heart
      rate and sweat rate, and increased iEMG activity, whereas midcooling
      significantly increased expired air volume and respiratory exchange ratio
      compared with control. Significant decreases in forehead temperature, thermal
      sensation, and postexercise blood prolactin concentration were observed in all
      conditions compared with control. Performance was improved with midcooling,
      whereas precooling had little or no influence. Midcooling may have improved
      performance through an attenuated inhibitory psychophysiological and endocrine
      response to the heat.

PMID- 27379962
TI  - Association Between Anaerobic Metabolic Demands During Simulated Brazilian Jiu
      Jitsu Combat and Specific Jiu-Jitsu Anaerobic Performance Test.
AB  - Villar, R, Gillis, J, Santana, G, Pinheiro, DS, and Almeida, ALRA. Association
      between anaerobic metabolic demands during simulated Brazilian jiu-jitsu combat
      and specific jiu-jitsu anaerobic performance test. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 432
      440, 2018-The aims of this study were to design a specific Jiu-Jitsu anaerobic
      performance test (JJAPT) and investigate the relationship between blood lactate
      ([La]), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during simulated
      Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu combat (SBJJC) and JJAPT. Nine male elite Brazilian medium
      heavy weight athletes performed a 10-minute SBJJC and JJAPT that required
      performance of a common BJJ technique for 5 consecutive bouts of 1-minute with 45
      second rest between bouts. [La] was measured by a lactate analyzer, HR by an HR
      monitor, and RPE using Borg's scale, and the number of repetitions of butterfly
      lifts (NBL) was recorded. During JJAPT, NBL decreased in the fourth and fifth
      bouts (p <= 0.05) with increases in [La], HR, and RPE (p <= 0.05), indicating
      that the JJAPT measured anaerobic performance. [La] during SBJJC was not
      different than [La] at the third and fourth bouts, but was significantly
      different than the fifth bout (p <= 0.05). [La] showed strong correlation between
      SBJJC and JJAPT for the third (r = 0.80, p <= 0.05), fourth (r = 0.83, p <=
      0.05), and fifth (r = 0.82, p <= 0.05) bouts, but not between the HR and RPE. The
      JJAPT with 4 bouts presented the best combination of stimulus and highest
      correlation with SBJJC, supporting its use to assess anaerobic performance of BJJ
      athletes. These data will aid coaches and athletes to better understand the
      demands of their sport and may help to monitor adaptation in sport-specific
      performance across periodized training plans.

PMID- 27379963
TI  - Individual Response to Different Forms of Resistance Training in School-Aged
      Boys.
AB  - Radnor, JM, Lloyd, RS, and Oliver, JL. Individual response to different forms of
      resistance training in school-aged boys. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 787-797, 2017
      The aim of this study was to examine individual responses to different forms of
      resistance training on measures of jumping and sprinting performance in school
      aged boys. Eighty boys were categorized into 2 maturity groups (pre- or post-peak
      height velocity [PHV]) and randomly assigned to a plyometric training, resistance
      training, combined training, or control group. Intervention groups participated
      in training twice weekly for 6 weeks, with measures of acceleration, maximal
      running velocity, squat jump height, and reactive strength index (RSI) collected
      preintervention and postintervention. In the pre-PHV cohort, plyometric training
      and combined training resulted in significantly more positive responders than the
      other 2 groups in both sprint variables (standardized residual values >1.96). In
      the post-PHV cohort, significantly more positive responders for acceleration and
      squat jump height resulted from traditional strength training and combined
      training groups, compared with other groups. Conversely, plyometric training and
      combined training resulted in a significantly greater number of positive
      responders than the other 2 groups for maximal velocity and RSI. Control
      participants rarely demonstrated meaningful changes in performance over the 6
      week period. Irrespective of maturation, it would seem that combined training
      provides the greatest opportunity for most individuals to make short-term
      improvements in jump and sprint performance. Taking maturation into account, our
      data show that a plyometric training stimulus is important for individuals in the
      pre-PHV stage of development, whether as a stand-alone method or in combination
      with traditional strength training, when attempting to improve jumping and
      sprinting ability. However, individuals in the post-PHV stage require a more
      specific training stimulus depending on the performance variable that is being
      targeted for improvement.

PMID- 27379964
TI  - Changes in Rugby League Tackling Ability During a Competitive Season: The
      Relationship With Strength and Power Qualities.
AB  - Speranza, MJA, Gabbett, TJ, Greene, DA, Johnston, RD, and Sheppard, JM. Changes
      in rugby league tackling ability during a competitive season: the relationship
      with strength and power qualities. J Strength Cond Res 31(12): 3311-3318, 2017
      This study examined the relationship between changes in tackling ability, and
      muscular strength and power during a semiprofessional rugby league competitive
      season. Twelve semiprofessional rugby league players (mean +/- SD age, 23.3 +/-
      2.0 years) underwent tests of upper- and lower-body strength and power during the
      preseason period. Tackling ability was tested using video analysis of a
      standardized one-on-one tackling drill. Players repeated these tests after round
      15 of a 25-match competitive season. Changes in 1 repetition maximum (1RM) squat
      (rs = 0.70; p < 0.02) and squat relative to body mass (rs = 0.73; p < 0.01) were
      significantly related to changes in tackling ability. Players with the greatest
      improvements in tackling ability (i.e., "responders") retained 1RM squat (effect
      size, ES = 0.85, p = 0.09) and squat relative to body mass (ES = 0.82, p = 0.15)
      to a greater extent than the "nonresponders." The results of this study suggest
      that players who retained lower-body strength were able to improve tackling
      ability during the competitive season, whereas reductions in lower-body strength
      were associated with decrements in tackling ability. This study highlights the
      importance of the development and maintenance of lower-body muscular strength for
      effective tackling performance throughout the rugby league season.

PMID- 27379965
TI  - Neuromuscular Activity and Muscular Oxygenation Through Different Movement
      Cadences During In-water and On-land Knee Extension Exercise.
AB  - Chien, K-Y, Kan, N-W, Liao, Y-H, Lin, Y-L, Lin, C-L, and Chen, W-C. Neuromuscular
      activity and muscular oxygenation through different movement cadences during in
      water and on-land knee extension exercise. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 750-757,
      2017-The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of various knee
      extension exercise cadences on neuromuscular activation and hemodynamic
      properties of the quadriceps muscle in water and on land. Seventeen young women
      participated in this study, and the subjects were randomly allocated to perform
      loaded knee extension exercises in water and on land at 4 different cadences of
      30, 50, 70, and 90 b.min. Heart rate (HR), blood flow (BF), total saturation
      index (TSI) of oxygen, electromyography (EMG) for the extent of muscular
      activity, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Response values of
      HR, BF, TSI, and RPE at each cadence were obtained by subtracting the resting
      values from the indicator values measured at the respective cadences. We observed
      that BF, EMG, and RPE in water at 90 b.min were comparable with those on land.
      The HR and TSI changes were higher in water compared with on land (p = 0.004 and
      p = 0.013, respectively). In conclusion, we demonstrate that the neuromuscular
      activity when performing knee extension exercises at 90 b.min in water was
      comparable with that on land. However, exercising in water at the same cadence
      evoked higher TSI responses and greater cardiovascular challenges. A knee
      extension exercise at 90 b.min is the recommended operating speed of
      rehabilitation in water.

PMID- 27379966
TI  - Developing a Digital Medicine System in Psychiatry: Ingestion Detection Rate and
      Latency Period.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A digital medicine system (DMS) has been developed to measure and
      report adherence to an atypical antipsychotic, aripiprazole, in psychiatric
      patients. The DMS consists of 3 components: ingestible sensor embedded in a
      medication tablet, wearable sensor, and secure mobile and cloud-based
      applications. An umbrella study protocol was designed to rapidly assess the
      technical performance and safety of the DMS in multiple substudies to guide the
      technology development. METHODS: Two sequential substudies enrolled 30 and 29
      healthy volunteers between March-April 2014 and February-March 2015,
      respectively, to assess detection accuracy of the ingestible sensor by the DMS
      and the latency period between ingestion and detection of the ingestion by the
      wearable sensor or the cloud-based server. RESULTS: The first substudy identified
      areas for improvement using early versions of the wearable sensor and the mobile
      application. The second substudy tested updated versions of the components and
      showed an overall ingestion detection rate of 96.6%. Mean latency times for the
      signal transmission were 1.1-1.3 minutes (from ingestion to the wearable sensor
      detection) and 6.2-10.3 minutes (from the wearable sensor detection to the server
      detection). Half of transmissions were completed in < 2 minutes, and ~90% of
      ingestions were registered by the smartphone within 30 minutes of ingestion. No
      serious adverse events, discontinuations, or clinically significant
      laboratory/vital signs findings were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The DMS implementing
      modified versions of the smartphone application and the wearable sensor has the
      technical capability to detect and report tablet ingestion with high accuracy and
      acceptable latency time. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:
      NCT02091882.

PMID- 27379968
TI  - Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features: a critical appraisal of the new
      definition.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review the newly formulated and published research
      classification criteria for interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features and
      appraise these criteria in light of findings from recent investigations. RECENT
      FINDINGS: Previous studies demonstrated that interstitial pneumonia may be caused
      by an autoimmune process with a variety of names and criteria utilized for this
      entity. To standardize terminology and provide a definition for future research,
      a multidisciplinary task force formulated criteria by which patients with
      interstitial lung disease and autoimmune features might be recognized. The
      interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features criteria require the presence of
      an interstitial pneumonia on chest imaging or surgical lung biopsy, exclusion of
      an alternate cause, the absence of a defined connective tissue disease and at
      least one feature suggestive of autoimmunity from at least two of three domains:
      clinical with specific extra-thoracic features, serologic with positive
      autoantibodies and morphologic as demonstrated by chest imaging, histopathology,
      or multicompartment involvement. Although recent studies provide insight into
      features of significance, these criteria have not undergone formal validation.
      SUMMARY: A uniform name and set of research criteria for interstitial pneumonia
      with autoimmune features may identify patients with treatment responsive
      interstitial lung disease and an improved prognosis. These criteria require
      validation before they can be applied in the clinical setting.

PMID- 27379967
TI  - From granuloma to fibrosis: sarcoidosis associated pulmonary fibrosis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Up to twenty percent of patients with sarcoidosis develop
      pulmonary fibrosis, transforming an often benign disease into a highly morbid and
      potentially fatal one. We highlight the fibrotic pulmonary sarcoidosis phenotype
      as an area of intense clinical and translational investigation, review recent
      developments in treatment, and provide a roadmap for future research in
      sarcoidosis associated pulmonary fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS: Granulomatous
      inflammation in a lymphatic distribution is the hallmark finding of pulmonary
      sarcoidosis and the nidus for fibrosis. Recent research demonstrates that
      fibrotic sarcoidosis begins in the setting of persistent, uncontrolled
      inflammation, and is aided by pro-fibrotic genetic features and immune responses.
      Comparison to other fibrotic lung diseases also reveals key features that inform
      our understanding of common pathways in fibrosis. SUMMARY: Understanding the
      mechanisms of fibrotic transformation in sarcoidosis enhances clinical care and
      facilitates development of novel therapeutic options. The impact of these
      findings in fibrotic sarcoidosis may be amplified through application to other
      interstitial lung diseases marked by inflammatory to fibrotic transformation.
      Important aspects of clinical management of fibrotic sarcoidosis include
      surveillance for co-morbidities, such as pulmonary hypertension, airway disease,
      and infection, and assessment for pulmonary disease activity that may benefit
      from immunosuppression.

PMID- 27379969
TI  - T-cell immunology in sarcoidosis: Disruption of a delicate balance between helper
      and regulatory T-cells.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although the aetiology of sarcoidosis is not yet completely
      understood, immunological changes within the T-cell compartment are
      characteristic for an exaggerated antigen-driven immune response. In this review,
      we describe the most recent findings on T-cell subset responses and regulation in
      sarcoidosis. We discuss how future immunological research can advance the field
      to unravel pathobiological mechanisms of this intriguingly complex disease.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Research into the field of T-cell plasticity has recently
      challenged the long-held T helper type 1 (Th1) paradigm in sarcoidosis and
      striking parallels with autoimmune disorders and common variable immunodeficiency
      were recognized. For instance, it was demonstrated that Th17.1-cells rather than
      Th1-cells are responsible for the exaggerated IFN-gamma production in pulmonary
      sarcoidosis. Furthermore, impaired regulatory T-cell function and alterations
      within the expression of co-inhibitory receptors that control T-cell responses,
      such as PD-1, CTLA-4 and BTNL2, raise new questions regarding T-cell regulation
      in pulmonary sarcoidosis. SUMMARY: It becomes increasingly clear that Th17(.1)
      cells and regulatory T-cells are key players in sarcoidosis T-cell immunology.
      New findings on plasticity and co-inhibitory receptor expression by these subsets
      help build a more comprehensive model for T-cell regulation in sarcoidosis and
      will finally shed light on the potential of new treatment modalities.

PMID- 27379970
TI  - Is COPD a Risk Factor for Hip Fracture?
AB  - This study aimed to describe trends in the incidence of hip fracture
      hospitalizations, use of surgical procedures, and hospital outcomes among elderly
      patients with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain
      (2004-2013). We selected all patients with a discharge primary diagnosis of hip
      fracture using the Spanish national hospital discharge database. Discharges were
      grouped by COPD status. From 2004 to 2013, 432,760 discharges with hip fracture
      were identified (6.9% suffered COPD). Incidence among COPD men increased by 2.63%
      per year from 2004 to 2013. There were no significant changes in tendency in the
      incidence among women with COPD during the study period. COPD women have almost
      three times higher incidence than COPD men. Incidences and hospital complications
      were higher among patients with COPD beside sex. The proportion of patients who
      underwent internal fixation increased for all groups of patients and the open
      reduction decreased. After multivariate analysis, in-hospital mortality (IHM) has
      improved over the study period for all patients. Suffering COPD was associated
      with higher IHM in men (odds ratio 1.45; 95% confidence interval 1.33-1.58) than
      women. In conclusion, hip fracture incidence is higher in subjects with than
      without COPD and is much higher among women than men. In COPD patients, incidence
      rates increased significantly in men from 2004 to 2013, but not in women. For all
      groups, the use of internal fixation has increased overtime and open reduction,
      IHM, and length of hospital stay have decreased from 2004 to 2013.

PMID- 27379971
TI  - Impaired cellular energy metabolism contributes to bluetongue-virus-induced
      autophagy.
AB  - Bluetongue virus (BTV) has been found to trigger autophagy to favor its
      replication, but the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. Here, we show
      that cellular energy metabolism is involved in BTV-induced autophagy. Cellular
      ATP synthesis was impaired by BTV1 infection, causing metabolic stress, which was
      responsible for activation of autophagy, since the conversion of LC3 and
      aggregation of GFP-LC3 (autophagy markers) were suppressed when infection-caused
      energy depletion was reversed via MP (metabolic substrate) treatment. The reduced
      virus yields with MP further supported this view. Overall, our findings suggest
      that BTV1-induced disruption of cellular energy metabolism contributes to
      autophagy, and this provides new insights into BTV-host interactions. 

PMID- 27379972
TI  - Adenomyosis: a systematic review of medical treatment.
AB  - Adenomyosis is a heterogeneous gynaecologic condition with a range of clinical
      presentations, the most common being heavy menstrual bleeding and dysmenorrhoea;
      however, patients can also be asymptomatic. Several studies support the theory
      that adenomyosis results from invasion of the endometrium into the myometrium,
      causing alterations in the junctional zone. These changes are commonly seen on
      imaging studies, such as transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.
      The aim of this review is to discuss the medical approach to the management of
      adenomyosis symptoms, including pain and abnormal uterine bleeding. The standard
      treatment of adenomyosis is hysterectomy, but there is no medical therapy to
      treat the symptoms of adenomyosis while still allowing patients to conceive.
      Medical therapies using suppressive hormonal treatments, such as continuous use
      of oral contraceptive pills, high-dose progestins, selective oestrogen receptor
      modulators, selective progesterone receptor modulators, the levonorgestrel
      releasing intrauterine device, aromatase inhibitors, danazol, and gonadotrophin
      receptor hormone agonists can temporarily induce regression of adenomyosis and
      improve the symptoms.

PMID- 27379973
TI  - Predictive factors of mortality in pediatric patients with acute renal injury
      associated with sepsis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognosis factors of children with sepsis and acute
      kidney injury. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of children with sepsis
      and acute kidney injury that were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit
      (PICU) of a tertiary hospital. A multivariate analysis was performed to compare
      risk factors for mortality. RESULTS: Seventy-seven children (47 males) were
      retrospectively studied, median age of 4 months. Mean length of hospital stay was
      7.33+/-0.16 days, 68.9% of patients received mechanical ventilation, 25.9% had
      oligo-anuria, and peritoneal dialysis was performed in 42.8%. The pRIFLE criteria
      were: injury (5.2%) and failure (94.8%), and the staging system criteria were:
      stage 1 (14.3%), stage 2 (29.9%), and stage 3 (55.8%). The mortality rate was
      33.7%. In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors for mortality were PICU
      length of stay (OR=0.615, SE=0.1377, 95% CI=0.469-0.805, p=0.0004); invasive
      mechanical ventilation (OR=14.599, SE=1.1178, 95% CI=1.673-133.7564, p=0.0155);
      need for dialysis (OR=9.714, SE=0.8088, 95% CI=1.990-47.410, p=0.0049), and
      hypoalbuminemia (OR=10.484, SE=1.1147, 95% CI=1.179-93.200, p=0.035).
      CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for mortality in children with acute kidney injury
      were associated with sepsis severity.

PMID- 27379974
TI  - Two-staged application of PRP in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a matched-pair
      analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Failure rates after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair remain high.
      Platelet-rich plasma has gained interest as a potential biological augmentation
      to enhance bone-tendon healing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
      clinical and structural outcomes of repeated PRP application on rotator cuff
      repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients underwent arthroscopic
      reconstruction, using knotless anchor double-row repair. Eighteen patients [10
      female, 8 male; 61.2 (+/-9.2) years] received two applications of PRP-directly
      subsequent to the repair and 7 days postoperatively. Eighteen patients [11 male,
      7 female; 61.4 (+/-6.5) years] who solely received the same technique of rotator
      cuff repair were matched for age. The subjective shoulder value, WORC, and the
      Constant-Murley score were used for clinical evaluation. MRI was performed for
      tendon integrity, and cuff appearances were graded according to the Sugaya
      classification. RESULTS: We prospectively evaluated the PRP group with a minimum
      follow-up of 24 months. Clinical results did not show significantly differences
      in comparison to patients with isolated rotator cuff repair concerning CS (79 +/-
      13 vs. 77 +/- 13; P = 0.6), SSV (90 +/- 14 vs. 88 +/- 16; P = 0.5) or WORC Score
      (90 +/- 18 vs. 86 +/- 20; P = 0.2). At the final follow-up, MRI showed retears in
      11 % of the PRP and in 28 % of the control group (P = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Knotless
      anchor double-row repair shows good to excellent clinical results with an
      acceptable retear rate. Additional two-staged PRP application failed to
      significantly improve clinical parameters. Even though there was a trend for
      lower retear rates in the PRP group, it did not achieve statistical difference.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Retrospective comparative study.

PMID- 27379976
TI  - The English word disgust has no exact translation in Hindi or Malayalam.
AB  - Do different languages have a translation for the English word disgust that
      labels the same underlying concept? If not, the English word might label a
      culture-specific concept. Four studies (Ns = 93, 90, 180, 960) compared disgust
      to its common translation in Hindi (an Indo-European language) and in Malayalam
      (a Dravidian language) by examining two components of the concept thought of as a
      script: causal antecedent and facial expression. The English word was used to
      refer to reactions to both unclean substances and moral violations; Hindi and
      Malayalam translations referred mainly to moral violations. Speakers of all three
      languages associated different facial expressions to unclean substances and moral
      violations. Words for disgust in the three languages failed a test of translation
      equivalence (a correlation of .80 or above across emotional facial expressions).

PMID- 27379975
TI  - The cortical irregularity in the transition zone of the radial head and neck: a
      reliable radiographic sign of an occult radial head fracture.
AB  - PURPOSE: Exclusion or detection of non-displaced radial head fractures can be
      difficult in radiographs, because they might lack conclusive radiographic signs,
      such as fracture lines or distracted articular fragments. Based on the typical
      injury mechanism of a radial head fracture, causing the head to hit the capitulum
      and leading to a depression of the anterolateral border of the radial head, we
      hypothesized that even slight cortical irregularities in the transition zone of
      the radial neck and head result from that depression and may be a reliable
      radiographic sign of an underlying radial head fracture. Secondarily, we tested
      the null hypothesis that the lack of cortical irregularities is sufficient to
      exclude a fracture of the radial head. METHODS: 84 patients with sets of
      anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the elbow were identified from the
      database of a level 1 trauma center and divided into 2 groups. Group A was formed
      out of 42 patients with non-displaced radial head fractures, group B out of 42
      patients without a history of previous elbow trauma, whose medical history also
      contained radiographic images. After the radial head was blackened, the
      transition zone of the radial neck and head was assessed by two attending
      orthopedic surgeons for presence of a cortical irregularity. The sensitivity,
      specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV)
      of cortical irregularity were calculated for the assessment of radial head
      fractures. The kappa measure of agreement was utilized to evaluate interrater
      agreement. RESULTS: The specificity was 87.80 and 97.56 %, respectively, its
      sensitivity 86.04 and 75.61 %. A high NPV (85.71 %; 80.00 %) and PPV (96.88 %;
      88.10 %.) were observed. The interrater agreement for the proposed diagnostic
      method was high, with a Cohen kappa score of 0.737 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A
      cortical irregularity in the transition zone of the radial neck and head seems to
      be a reliable radiographic sign of an underlying radial head fracture. The
      absence of the cortical irregularity can be used to correctly identify a non
      fractured radial head.

PMID- 27379977
TI  - Mutation in the Human HPRT1 Gene and the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.
AB  - Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare X-linked inherited neurogenetic disorder of
      purine metabolism in which the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine
      phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt) is defective. The authors report a novel
      mutation which led to HGprt-related neurological dysfunction (HND) in two
      brothers from the same family with a missense mutation in exon 6 of the coding
      region of the HPRT1 gene: c.437T>C, p.L146S. Molecular diagnosis discloses the
      genetic heterogeneity of the HPRT1 gene responsible for HGprt deficiency. It
      allows fast, accurate carrier detection and genetic counseling. 

PMID- 27379978
TI  - 4-Oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide Derivatives as New Axl Kinase
      Inhibitors.
AB  - Axl is a new potential target for anticancer drug discovery. A series of 4-oxo
      1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamides were designed and synthesized as highly
      potent Axl kinase inhibitors. One of the most promising compounds, 9im, tightly
      bound with Axl protein and potently inhibited its kinase function with a Kd value
      of 2.7 nM and an IC50 value of 4.0 nM, respectively, while was obviously less
      potent against most of the 403 wild-type kinases evaluated at a relatively high
      concentration. The compound dose-dependently inhibited the TGF-beta1-induced
      epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and suppressed the migration and invasion
      of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In addition, 9im also demonstrated reasonable
      pharmacokinetics properties in rats and exhibited in vivo therapeutic effect on
      hepatic metastasis in a xenograft model of highly metastatic 4T1 murine breast
      cancer cells. Compound 9im may serve as a lead compound for new anticancer drug
      discovery and a valuable research probe for further biological investigation on
      Axl.

PMID- 27379979
TI  - Implications of Predictive Low-Glucose Management System in Hybrid of Full Closed
      Loop System.

PMID- 27379980
TI  - Increasing toxicity of enrofloxacin over four generations of Daphnia magna.
AB  - The effects of both continuous and alternate exposure to 2mgL(-1) of enrofloxacin
      (EFX) on survival, growth and reproduction were evaluated over four generations
      of Daphnia magna. Mortality increased, reaching 100% in most groups by the end of
      the third generation. Growth inhibition was detected in only one group of the
      fourth generation. Reproduction inhibition was >50% in all groups and, in second
      and third generations, groups transferred to pure medium showed a greater
      inhibition of reproduction than those exposed to EFX. To verify whether the
      effects observed in these groups could be explained by the perinatal exposure to
      the antibacterial, a reproduction test with daphnids obtained from in vitro
      exposed D. magna embryos was also carried out. Perinatal exposure to EFX seemed
      to act as an 'all-or-nothing' toxicity effect as 31.4% of embryos died, but the
      surviving daphnids did not show any inhibition of reproduction activity. However,
      the embryonic mortality may at least partially justify the inhibition of
      reproduction observed in exposed groups along the multigenerational test.
      Concluding, the multigenerational test with D. magna did show disruption to a
      population that cannot be evidenced by the official tests. The increasing
      deterioration across generations might be inferred as the consequence of
      heritable alterations. Whilst the concentration tested was higher than those
      usually detected in the natural environment, the increasing toxicity of EFX
      across generations and the possible additive toxicity of fluoroquinolone
      mixtures, prevent harm to crustacean populations by effects in the real context
      from being completely ruled out. 

PMID- 27379981
TI  - Konstantin N. Mikhelson: Ion-selective electrodes.

PMID- 27379982
TI  - FGFR2 overexpression predicts survival outcome in patients with metastatic
      papillary renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Up to date, there are no data about FGFR2 expression and its
      predictive role in papillary RCC (pRCC) patients. The aim of the present study
      was to test FGFR2 expression and mutations for association with survival outcome
      in patients with pRCC. METHODS: Specimens of removed primary tumors from 214
      untreated metastatic pRCC patients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry with
      FGFR2 antibody. FGFR2 mutations were assessed by PCR and direct sequencing, with
      DNA obtained from 62 paraffin-embedded pRCC samples. FGFR2 expression was tested
      for associations with progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and
      best objective response. RESULTS: Expression of FGFR2 was observed in 23 %
      (49/214) of primary pRCC, mostly in cytoplasm of tumor cells. Expression of FGFR2
      was significant lower in normal tissue of kidney (1 %, P = 0.001). FGFR2 S252W
      mutation was found in one patient (1.6 %), and no N549K mutation was detected.
      FGFR2 expression was strongly associated with a number of metastatic sites, type
      2 of pRCC, lower nucleolar grade (P < 0.001). FGFR2-positive patients had
      significantly shorter OS and PFS (P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, FGFR2
      expression, MSKCC risk group and type of pRCC were found to be independent
      predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we described
      immunohistochemical expression of FGFR2 in a large series of pRCC specimens.
      FGFR2 expression was found to be prognostic factor for survival in patients with
      metastatic pRCC. FGFR2 mutations are rare across papillary types of RCC.

PMID- 27379983
TI  - Phonon-Assisted Population Inversion in Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Ba2 LaF7
      Nanocrystals in Glass-Ceramics.
AB  - The effective population inversion of 2 H11/2 from 4 S3/2 state of Er3+ ions can
      be achieved through the annihilation of phonons; random lasing action from BLF
      films embedded with Yb3+ /Er3+ codoped BLF nanocrystals is demonstrated and high
      ambient temperature (>433 K) operation lasers with a very low excitation
      threshold (<530 nJ cm-2 ) are realized.

PMID- 27379984
TI  - In vivo use of the CYP inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole to increase long-term
      exposure in mice.
AB  - 1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) is a well-known in vivo nonspecific inhibitor of
      cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. An effective dosing regimen of ABT for a multiple
      administration study is needed to conduct pharmacological studies for proof-of
      concept, although it has been established for single-administration study, to
      characterize the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. This study demonstrated a
      suitable dosing vehicle of ABT for continuous administration and increased
      exposure to antipyrine, which is a nonspecific probe of CYP, using ABT for a long
      period in mice. The dosing vehicle of ABT was 0.5% (w/v) hydroxypropyl
      methylcellulose and 0.5% (v/v) Tween 80 in N,N-dimethylacetamide/20%
      hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin aqueous solution (2:8, v/v) based on the duration
      of apparent solubility. After implantation of an ALZET osmotic pump with ABT, the
      plasma concentrations of ABT were maintained at more than 4.1 MUg/ml over 336 h.
      Compared with the vehicle group, the CLtot of antipyrine with ABT decreased to
      approximately one-fourth, and the BA of antipyrine with ABT increased up to 3
      fold. In addition, the enhancement of exposure of antipyrine by ABT was
      maintained over the 336 h. The body weight, food consumption and hematological
      parameters of mice did not change with ABT administration for 16 days. These
      findings demonstrated that pretreatment of ABT can increase long-term exposure
      using continuous administration with the ALZET osmotic pump in mice with no overt
      toxicity. It is concluded that the in vivo use of 1-aminobenzotriazole can be
      applied to pharmacological studies for proof-of-concept, thus contributing to the
      selection of drug candidates at an early drug discovery stage. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

PMID- 27379985
TI  - Do Parents and Overweight, Treatment-Seeking Youth Provide Similar Ratings of
      Youths' Psychosocial Functioning and Fatigue?
AB  - Patterns of agreement between parent and child ratings of psychosocial
      functioning and fatigue in children with obesity were examined. Analyses
      demonstrated moderate agreement for social anxiety in elementary children and
      small agreement for social anxiety in adolescents. Results of analyses of overall
      quality of life revealed small agreement in children under the age of 8, large
      agreement in children ages 8-12, and moderate agreement in adolescents ages 13
      18. Overall ratings of fatigue demonstrated moderate agreement both in elementary
      children and in adolescents. A meaningful relationship was found between each
      factor measured by a parent and a child. Patterns which were unexpected given the
      existing literature were found; possible hypotheses explaining these patterns are
      presented; and the need for further research is highlighted.

PMID- 27379986
TI  - Quantitative Analysis of [18F]FMISO PET for Tumor Hypoxia: Correlation of
      Modeling Results with Immunohistochemistry.
AB  - PURPOSE: Quantitative evaluation of tumor hypoxia based on H-1-(3-[18F]fluoro-2
      hydroxypropyl)-2-nitroimidazole ([18F]FMISO) positron emission tomography (PET)
      can deliver important information for treatment planning in radiotherapy.
      However, the merits and limitations of different analysis methods in revealing
      the underlying physiological feature are not clear. This study aimed to assess
      these quantitative analysis methods with the support of immunohistological data.
      PROCEDURES: Sixteen nude mice bearing xenografted human squamous cell carcinomas
      (FaDu or CAL-33) were scanned using 2-h dynamic [18F]FMISO PET. Tumors were
      resected and sliced, and the hypoxia marker pimonidazole was immunostained
      followed by H&E staining. The pimonidazole signal was segmented using a k-means
      clustering algorithm, and the hypoxic fraction (HF) was calculated as the hypoxic
      area/viable tumor-tissue-area ratio pooled over three tissue slices from the
      apical, center, and basal layers. PET images were analyzed using various methods
      including static analysis [standard uptake value (SUV), tumor-to-blood ratio
      (T/B), tumor-to-muscle ratio (T/M)] and kinetic modeling (Casciari alphak A ,
      irreversible and reversible two-tissue compartment k 3, Thorwarth w A k 3, Patlak
      K i , Logan V d , Cho K), and correlated with HF. RESULTS: No significant
      correlation was found for static analysis. A significant correlation between k 3
      of the irreversible two-tissue compartment model and HF was observed (r = 0.61, p
      = 0.01). The correlation between HF and alphak A of the Casciari model could be
      improved through reducing local minima by testing more sets of initial values (r
      = 0.59, p = 0.02) or by reducing the model complexity by fixing three parameters
      (r = 0.63, p = 0.0008). CONCLUSIONS: With support of immunohistochemistry data,
      this study shows that various analysis methods for [18F]FMISO PET perform
      differently for assessment of tumor hypoxia. A better fitting quality does not
      necessarily mean a higher physiological correlation. Hypoxia PET analysis needs
      to consider both the mathematical stability and physiological fidelity. Based on
      the results of this study, preference should be given to the irreversible two
      tissue compartment model as well as the Casciari model with reduced parameters.

PMID- 27379987
TI  - Fluorescent Affibody Molecule Administered In Vivo at a Microdose Level Labels
      EGFR Expressing Glioma Tumor Regions.
AB  - PURPOSE: Fluorescence guidance in surgical oncology provides the potential to
      realize enhanced molecular tumor contrast with dedicated targeted tracers,
      potentially with a microdose injection level. For most glioma tumors, the blood
      brain barrier is compromised allowing some exogenous drug/molecule delivery and
      accumulation for imaging. The aberrant overexpression and/or activation of
      epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is associated with many types of cancers,
      including glioblastoma, and so the use of a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent
      molecule targeted to the EGFR receptor provides the potential for improving tumor
      contrast during surgery. Fluorescently labeled affibody molecule (ABY-029) has
      high EGFR affinity and high potential specificity with reasonably fast plasma
      clearance. In this study, ABY-29 was evaluated in glioma versus normal brain
      uptake from intravenous injection at a range of doses, down to a microdose
      injection level. PROCEDURE: Nude rats were inoculated with the U251 human glioma
      cell line in the brain. Tumors were allowed to grow for 3-4 weeks. ABY-029
      fluorescence ex vivo imaging of brain slices was acquired at different time
      points (1-48 h) and varying injection doses from 25 to 122 MUg/kg (from human
      protein microdose equivalent to five times microdose levels). RESULTS: The tumor
      was most clearly visualized at 1-h post-injection with 8- to 16-fold average
      contrast relative to normal brain. However, the tumor still could be identified
      after 48 h. In all cases, the ABY-029 fluorescence appeared to localize
      preferentially in EGFR-positive regions. Increasing the injected dose from a
      microdose level to five times, a microdose level increased the signal by 10-fold,
      and the contrast was from 8 to 16, showing that there was value in doses slightly
      higher than the microdose restriction. Normal tissue uptake was found to be
      affected by the tumor size, indicating that edema was a likely factor affecting
      the expected tumor to normal tissue contrast. CONCLUSION: These results suggest
      that the NIR-labeled affibody molecules provide an excellent potential to
      increase surgical visualization of EGFR-positive tumor regions.

PMID- 27379988
TI  - Photoresponse of a Single Y-Junction Carbon Nanotube.
AB  - We report investigation of optical response in a single strand of a branched
      carbon nanotube (CNT), a Y-junction CNT composed of multiwalled CNTs. The
      experiment was performed by connecting a pair of branches while grounding the
      remaining one. Of the three branch combinations, only one combination is
      optically active which also shows a nonlinear semiconductor-like I-V curve, while
      the other two branch combinations are optically inactive and show linear ohmic I
      V curves. The photoresponse includes a zero-bias photocurrent from the active
      branch combination. Responsivity of ~1.6 mA/W has been observed from a single Y
      CNT at a moderate bias of 150 mV with an illumination of wavelength 488 nm. The
      photoresponse experiment allows us to understand the nature of internal
      connections in the Y-CNT. Analysis of data locates the region of photoactivity at
      the junction of only two branches and only the combination of these two branches
      (and not individual branches) exhibits photoresponse upon illumination. A model
      calculation based on back-to-back Schottky-type junctions at the branch
      connection explains the I-V data in the dark and shows that under illumination
      the barriers at the contacts become lowered due to the presence of photogenerated
      carriers. 

PMID- 27379989
TI  - Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of laryngeal cancer in a case-control
      study from Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Besides tobacco and alcohol, diet and inflammation have been
      suggested to be important risk factors for laryngeal cancer. In this study, we
      examined the role of diet-associated inflammation, as estimated by dietary
      inflammatory index (DII) scores, in laryngeal cancer in a multicentre case
      control study conducted between 1992 and 2000 in Italy. METHODS: This study
      included 460 cases with incident, histologically confirmed laryngeal cancer, and
      1,088 controls hospitalized for acute non-neoplastic diseases unrelated to
      tobacco and alcohol consumption. DII scores were computed from a reproducible and
      valid 78-item food-frequency questionnaire. Logistic regression models
      controlling for age, sex, study center, education, body mass index, tobacco
      smoking, alcohol drinking, and non-alcohol energy intake were used to estimate
      odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS:
      Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e., with a more pro-inflammatory diet) had a
      higher risk of laryngeal cancer. The OR was 3.30 (95 % CI 2.06, 5.28; p for trend
      <0.0001) for the highest versus the lowest DII quartile. When DII was considered
      as a continuous variable, the OR was 1.27 (95 % CI 1.15, 1.40) for a one-unit (9
      % of the DII range) increase. Stratified analyses produced slightly stronger
      associations between DII and laryngeal cancer risk among Subjects <60 years old
      (ORquartile4vs1 = 4.68), overweight subjects (ORQuartile4vs1 = 3.62), and among
      those with higher education (ORQuartile4vs1 = 3.92). We also observed a strong
      combined effect of higher DII and tobacco smoking or alcohol consumption on risk
      of laryngeal cancer. Compared with non-smokers having low DII scores, the OR was
      6.64 for smokers with high DII scores. Likewise, compared with non/moderate
      drinkers with low DII, the OR was 5.82 for heavy drinkers with high DII.
      CONCLUSION: These results indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated
      with increased risk of laryngeal cancer.

PMID- 27379991
TI  - In Response to: "Esen E, Tas DA, Sizmaz S, et al. Evaluating Choroidal
      Characteristics in Systemic Sclerosis Using Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical
      Coherence Tomography".

PMID- 27379990
TI  - Vascular morphology differentiates prostate cancer mortality risk among men with
      higher Gleason grade.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Higher Gleason grade is associated with prostate cancer mortality;
      however, there is significant heterogeneity in this association. We evaluated
      whether vessel morphology, a biomarker of angiogenesis, aided in distinguishing
      mortality risks among men with high Gleason grading. METHODS: We characterized
      vessel morphology (area and irregularity) among 511 patients diagnosed with
      prostate cancer during 1986 to 2000, re-reviewed Gleason grade, and followed men
      through 2012. Men were grouped according to integrated vessel lumen irregularity
      and vessel area across Gleason grade. The more angiogenic group was identified as
      those with more irregular vessel lumen and smaller vessel area. Crude rates (95 %
      confidence intervals) and survival probability were estimated across Gleason
      grade and vessel morphology. RESULTS: During a median 14-year follow-up, 62 men
      developed bone metastases or died of prostate cancer. Lethality rates were
      uniformly low within Gleason grade categories 6 and 7(3 + 4), regardless of
      vessel morphology. However, among men with Gleason grades of 7(4 + 3) or 8-10,
      the more angiogenic group was associated with fourfold higher risk of lethal
      outcomes compared to those with less angiogenic potential. Ten-year survival
      probability ranged from 95 to 74 % according to the extent of vessel morphology
      (p < 0.0001, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS: Vessel morphology may aid Gleason
      grading in predicting prostate cancer mortality risks among men diagnosed with
      high-grade Gleason cancers.

PMID- 27379993
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379994
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27379992
TI  - Evaluation of brain ageing: a quantitative longitudinal MRI study over 7 years.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: T1 relaxometry is a promising tool for the assessment of
      microstructural changes during brain ageing. Previous cross-sectional studies
      demonstrated increasing T1 values in white and decreasing T1 values in grey
      matter over the lifetime. However, these findings have not yet been confirmed on
      the basis of a longitudinal study. In this longitudinal study over 7 years, T1
      relaxometry was used to investigate the dynamics of age-related microstructural
      changes in older healthy subjects. METHODS: T1 mapping was performed in 17
      healthy subjects (range 51-77 years) at baseline and after 7 years. Advanced
      cortical and white matter segmentation was used to determine mean T1 values in
      the cortex and white matter. RESULTS: The analysis revealed a decrease of mean
      cortical T1 values over 7 years, the rate of T1 reduction being more prominent in
      subjects with higher age. T1 decreases were predominantly localized in the
      lateral frontal, parietal and temporal cortex. In contrast, mean white matter T1
      values remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: T1 mapping is shown to be sensitive to age
      related microstructural changes in healthy ageing subjects in a longitudinal
      setting. Data of a cohort in late adulthood and the senescence period demonstrate
      a decrease of cortical T1 values over 7 years, most likely reflecting decreasing
      water content and increased iron concentrations. KEY POINTS: * T1 mapping is
      sensitive to age-related microstructural changes in a longitudinal setting. * T1
      decreases were predominantly localized in the lateral frontal, parietal and
      temporal cortex. * The rate of T1 reduction was more prominent in subjects with
      higher age. * These changes most likely reflect decreasing cortical water and
      increasing iron concentrations.

PMID- 27379995
TI  - Telemonitoring of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) affects 382 million people worldwide.
      INTRODUCTION: This study aimed at assessing whether telemonitoring (TM) of DM
      patients improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL). MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      As part of the RENEWING HEALTH project, 299 DM patients with HbA1c >7.0% were
      enrolled in a randomized controlled trial, with 208 patients in the TM group and
      91 patients in the usual-care group. TM electronically transmitted glucose
      measurements to physicians during a 12-month follow-up. The SF-36v2 questionnaire
      was used to assess HRQoL. RESULTS: In a total of 243 patients analyzed, the study
      did not identify any clinically important improvement in HRQoL, our primary
      endpoint. There was no statistically significant difference in HbA1c between the
      two groups; however, outpatient visits and planned hospitalizations were
      significantly reduced in the TM group (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.02). DISCUSSION: The
      results regarding HRQoL might be, at least in part, an artifact stemming from the
      criteria used to select patients. TM reduced ambulatory visits and planned
      hospital admissions, an important result that plausibly reflects the fact that
      clinicians can strictly monitor their patients' health status without face-to
      face contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Enhancement of HRQoL should represent the most
      critical goal of DM healthcare delivery. Effects of TM on HRQoL of diabetic
      patients should be studied further.

PMID- 27379996
TI  - Interleukin-35 (IL-35) inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of
      fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from mice with collagen-induced arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disorder of the joints that affects
      0.5-1 % of adults. Excessive growth of the fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS)
      promotes hyperplasia of synovial tissues and causes its invasion into the bone
      and cartilage, which eventually causes deformity and dysfunction of affected
      joints. Interleukin 35 (IL-35) was shown to suppress the inflammatory responses
      to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) via upregulation of T regulatory cells and
      suppression of T helper type 17 cells in a mouse model. To study the effects of
      IL-35 on the proliferation and apoptosis frequency of cultured FLS isolated from
      mice with CIA as well as to examine the effects of IL-35 on CIA in vivo. Thirty
      DBA/1 J mice, which are used as an animal model for RA, were divided randomly
      (ten mice per group) to a CIA group (collagen treatment), a CIA + IL-35 group
      (collagen and IL-35 treatments), and a control group (no treatment). Starting on
      the 24th day after collagen administration, IL-35 was injected intraperitoneally
      into mice of the CIA + IL-35 group once per day for 10 days. An arthritis index
      was calculated, and pathological analysis of synovial tissue was performed. FLS
      isolated from CIA mice were treated with various concentrations of IL-35 (12.5
      100 ng/ml). The MTT assay was used to examine FLS proliferation, and apoptosis
      frequency of FLS was detected by flow cytometry. On day 24, the CIA mice began to
      exhibit arthritis symptoms, and the symptoms rapidly progressed with time.
      Treatment with IL-35 significantly alleviated arthritis symptoms and reduced the
      synovial tissue inflammation. In addition, IL-35 treatment inhibited
      proliferation and promoted apoptosis in cultured FLS from CIA mice in a dose
      dependent manner. IL-35 could ameliorate the symptoms of arthritis in the CIA
      mouse model in vivo and inhibited FLS proliferation while promoting FLS apoptosis
      in vitro, thereby exhibited the potential in inhibiting the progression of RA. 

PMID- 27379997
TI  - Women's Reproductive History Before the Diagnosis of Incident Endometriosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is a gynecologic disease reported to be associated with
      infertility and, possibly, adverse pregnancy outcomes. While considerable
      research focuses on pregnancy outcomes following diagnosis and/or treatment, few
      data actually describe women's reproductive history before diagnosis for a more
      complete understanding of endometriosis and reproduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The study sample comprised 473 women (aged 18-44 years) undergoing laparoscopies
      or laparotomies, irrespective of surgical indication at 14 clinical sites, during
      the period 2007-2009. Upon enrollment and before surgery, women were queried
      about pregnancy intentions and the time required to become pregnant for planned
      pregnancies. Endometriosis was defined as surgically visualized disease. Using
      discrete time survival analysis, we estimated fecundability odds ratios (FORs)
      and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess time to pregnancy (TTP) after
      adjusting for potential confounders (age, body composition, cigarette smoking,
      site). Generalized estimating equations accounted for multiple pregnancy attempts
      per woman. FORs <1.0 denote a longer TTP or diminished fecundity. RESULTS:
      Approximately 66% and 69% of women with and without endometriosis, respectively,
      reported having a planned pregnancy before surgery, respectively. After
      adjustment, an endometriosis diagnosis was associated with ~29% reduction in
      fecundity or a longer TTP across all pregnancy-trying attempts (adjusted FOR =
      0.71; 95% CI 0.46-1.10). While FORs were consistently <1.0, irrespective of
      endometriosis staging, CIs included 1. CONCLUSIONS: Women with endometriosis had
      a longer TTP than unaffected women, irrespective of disease severity, although
      the findings did not achieve significance. Prior reproductive history may be
      informative for predicting fecundity and pregnancy outcomes following
      diagnosis/treatment.

PMID- 27379998
TI  - Corona sign: manifestation of peripheral corneal epithelial edema as a possible
      marker of the progression of corneal endothelial dysfunction.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe a characteristic form of the corona sign and its clinical
      relevance to the degree of corneal endothelial decompensation and investigate the
      underlying mechanism using a rabbit model. METHODS: These observational cases
      include 31 patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) and 15 patients
      undergoing Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) with
      special attention to the circumferentially developed corneal epithelial edema. We
      also conducted a laboratory observation of horizontal water flow in the rabbit
      cornea. RESULTS: We consistently observed the corona sign at the superior
      periphery during the initial stage of corneal endothelial decompensation after
      PKP. With progressive corneal endothelial cellular loss, the epithelial edema
      gradually expanded circumferentially in the periphery. The endothelial cellular
      density associated with the corona sign significantly (P < 0.01) decreased
      compared with that without the sign. The endothelial cellular density decreased
      significantly (P < 0.05) in cases with a circumferential corona sign compared
      with a superior corona sign. After DSAEK, however, the corneal epithelial edema
      subsided from the center but persisted peripherally as a corona sign in all
      cases. By 3 months postoperatively, the epithelial edema was confined to the
      superior periphery along with uneventful corneal endothelial healing. Rabbit
      experiments showed that total corneal endothelial decompensation decreased the
      horizontal intracorneal water migration (Inoue-Ohashi phenomenon) in the corneal
      periphery and induced peripheral corneal edema. CONCLUSIONS: The slit-lamp
      microscopic findings of the corona-like epithelial edema in the peripheral cornea
      are associated with the stage of corneal endothelial function. To support this,
      the developmental mechanism of the corona sign was demonstrated experimentally.

PMID- 27380000
TI  - Implementation of the National Acupuncture Detoxification Association Protocol in
      a Community Mental Health Setting.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients' satisfaction with
      National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) acupuncture services in
      two community mental health settings. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, mixed-methods
      study. Participants who had participated in acupuncture services were given a
      survey that contained both quantitative and qualitative items. SETTINGS:
      Participants were recruited from two community mental health centers in the New
      England area. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty patients enrolled in community mental health
      centers. They were eligible to participate in the study if they had attended at
      least one acupuncture session. Twenty-five percent of the sample comprised
      monolingual Spanish-speakers. INTERVENTIONS: Participants had received at least
      one session of auricular acupuncture according to the NADA protocol. OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Participants completed a satisfaction survey that contained 10 items in
      English or Spanish. RESULTS: On a 5-point Likert scale, participants reported
      that they found acupuncture beneficial (mean, 4.35; standard deviation, 0.78).
      Data from the qualitative items were analyzed and revealed two prominent themes:
      (1) relaxation and (2) improved focus and concentration. Eight percent of the
      sample reported no benefit of acupuncture during the session. CONCLUSION:
      Overall, the patients reported high satisfaction with the acupuncture services
      received, as well as a variety of benefits (relaxation, improved focus and
      concentration, improvement in psychiatric symptoms or substance use craving, and
      somatic benefits).

PMID- 27379999
TI  - The role of Prdx6 in the protection of cells of the crystalline lens from
      oxidative stress induced by UV exposure.
AB  - PURPOSE: The immediate aim of this study was to investigate alterations in
      peroxiredoxin (Prdx) 6 at posttranslational levels, and the levels of protein
      oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lens
      epithelial cells (LECs) after exposure to severe oxidative stress, such as
      ultraviolet-B (UV-B). Our ultimate aim was to provide new information on
      antioxidant defenses in the lens and their regulation, thereby broadening
      existing knowledge of the role of Prdx6 in lens physiology and pathophysiology.
      METHODS: The expression of the hyperoxidized form of Prdx6 and oxidation of
      protein were analyzed by western blotting and the OxyBlot assay in human LECs
      (hLECs). ROS levels were quantified using DCFH-DA dye, and cell viability was
      quantified by the MTS and TUNEL assays. To evaluate the protective effect of
      Prdx6, we cultured lenses with or without the TAT transduction domain (TAT-HA
      Prdx6) and observed (and photographed) the cultures at specified time-points
      after the exposure to UV-B for the development of opacity. RESULTS: Prdx6 in
      hLECs was hyperoxidized after exposure to high amounts of UV-B. UV-B treatment of
      hLECs increased the levels of cell death, protein oxidation, and ROS. hLECs
      exposed to UV-B showed higher levels of ROS, which could be reduced by the
      application of extrinsic TAT-HA-Prdx6, attenuating UV-B-induced lens opacity and
      apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION: Excessive oxidative stress induces the
      hyperoxidation of Prdx6 and may reduce the ability of Prdx6 to protect LECs
      against ROS or stresses. Because extrinsic Prdx6 could attenuate UV-B-induced
      abuse, this molecule may have a potential in preventing cataractogenesis.

PMID- 27380001
TI  - Adaptive fractionated stereotactic Gamma Knife radiotherapy of meningioma using
      integrated stereotactic cone-beam-CT and adaptive re-planning (a-gkFSRT).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Gamma Knife Icon (Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) allows frameless
      stereotactic treatment using a combination of cone beam computer tomography
      (CBCT), a thermoplastic mask system, and an infrared-based high-definition motion
      management (HDMM) camera system for patient tracking during treatment. We report
      on the first patient with meningioma at the left petrous bone treated with
      adaptive fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (a-gkFSRT). METHODS: The first
      patient treated with Gamma Knife Icon at our institute received MR imaging for
      preplanning before treatment. For each treatment fraction, a daily CBCT was
      performed to verify the actual scull/tumor position. The system automatically
      adapted the planned shot positions to the daily position and recalculated the
      dose distribution (online adaptive planning). During treatment, the HDMM system
      recorded the intrafractional patient motion. Furthermore, the required times were
      recorded to define a clinical treatment slot. RESULTS: Total treatment time was
      around 20 min. Patient positioning needed 0.8 min, CBCT positioning plus
      acquisition 1.65 min, CT data processing and adaptive planning 2.66 min, and
      treatment 15.6 min. The differences for the five daily CBCTs compared to the
      reference are for rotation: -0.59 +/- 0.49 degrees /0.18 +/- 0.20 degrees /0.05
      +/- 0.36 degrees  and for translation: 0.94 +/- 0.52 mm/-0.08 +/- 0.08 mm/-1.13
      +/- 0.89 mm. Over all fractions, an intrafractional movement of 0.13 +/- 0.04 mm
      was observed. CONCLUSION: The Gamma Knife Icon allows combining the accuracy of
      the stereotactic Gamma Knife system with the flexibility of fractionated
      treatment with the mask system and CBCT. Furthermore, the Icon system introduces
      a new online patient tracking system to the clinical routine. The interfractional
      accuracy of patient positioning was controlled with a thermoplastic mask and
      CBCT.

PMID- 27380002
TI  - Incidence, risk factors, and the impact of allograft pyelonephritis on renal
      allograft function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of allograft pyelonephritis (AGPN) on renal allograft
      function is controversial. In this study, we evaluated the incidence, risk
      factors, and the impact of AGPN on renal allograft function. METHODS:
      Retrospective cohort study in adult renal allograft recipients with 1-year follow
      up after transplantation (Tx). Renal allograft function was evaluated by
      estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (by Modification of Diet in Renal
      Disease formula) and 24-h urine protein excretion. RESULTS: A total of 431 renal
      allograft recipients were analyzed; 57 (13.2%) developed AGPN within 1 year after
      Tx. Median time between Tx and AGPN was 50 days. Risk factors for AGPN were the
      presence of a urological catheter (odds ratio [OR] = 18.93, 95% confidence
      interval [CI] = 8.00-44.81, P < 0.001) and preceding asymptomatic bacteriuria
      (ASB) (OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.20-3.90, P = 0.009). In 72.7%, the causative
      microorganism of ASB was identical to that of the succeeding AGPN episode.
      Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that experiencing AGPN did not
      decrease the eGFR (P = 0.61) nor did increased proteinuria (P = 0.29) 1 year
      after Tx. For the eGFR, an interaction was found between AGPN/bacteriuria (BU)
      and acute rejection (AR): the group experiencing BU preceding AR had
      significantly (P < 0.001) lower eGFR compared with the group that experienced
      only AR (21 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs. 48 mL/min/1.73 m2 ), as a result of increased
      prevalence of combined rejections within the BU group. CONCLUSION: Indwelling
      urological catheters and preceding ASB are associated with developing AGPN. An
      incident of AGPN itself does not impair renal allograft function 1 year after Tx.
      However, a relevant interaction occurs between BU and AR, in which the sequence
      of occurrence of these 2 events synergistically impairs the eGFR.

PMID- 27380004
TI  - Use of Language Sample Analysis by School-Based SLPs: Results of a Nationwide
      Survey.
AB  - PURPOSE: This article examines use of language sample analysis (LSA) by school
      based speech-language pathologists (SLPs), including characteristics of language
      samples, methods of transcription and analysis, barriers to LSA use, and factors
      affecting LSA use, such as American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
      certification, number of years' experience, and caseload characteristics. METHOD:
      School-based SLPs responded to an invitation to complete an electronic survey
      related to LSA. RESULTS: One third of respondents indicated they did not use LSA
      during the 2012-2013 school year. SLPs who served middle and high school students
      were less likely to use LSA. Most respondents reported using conversation to
      analyze fewer than 10 samples and transcribing in real time. Additional analyses
      revealed that SLPs who had 3 or fewer years of experience and who analyzed fewer
      than 20 language samples per year were statistically less likely to report using
      real-time transcription. The most frequently cited barrier to using LSA was "LSA
      is too time-consuming." CONCLUSION: Many school-based SLPs do not routinely use
      LSA. Further, many did not report engaging in evidence-based practices, such as
      recording samples, using established protocols, or using tasks designed to elicit
      complex syntax. These results indicate a continued need for professional
      development regarding evidenced-based practices relative to LSA use.

PMID- 27380005
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380003
TI  - The combination of trastuzumab and pertuzumab administered at approved doses may
      delay development of trastuzumab resistance by additively enhancing antibody
      dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
AB  - Although the recently concluded CLEOPATRA trial showed clinical benefits of
      combining trastuzumab and pertuzumab for treating HER2-positive metastatic breast
      cancer, trastuzumab monotherapy is still the mainstay in adjuvant settings. Since
      trastuzumab resistance occurs in over half of these cancers, we examined the
      mechanisms by which treatment of intrinsically trastuzumab-resistant and 
      sensitive tumors can benefit from the combination of these antibodies. F(ab')2 of
      both trastuzumab and pertuzumab were generated and validated in order to
      separately analyze antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)-based and
      direct biological effects of the antibodies. Compared to monotherapy, combination
      of the two antibodies at clinically permitted doses enhanced the recruitment of
      natural killer cells responsible for ADCC, and significantly delayed the
      outgrowth of xenografts from intrinsically trastuzumab-resistant JIMT-1 cells.
      Antibody dose-response curves of in vitro ADCC showed that antibody-mediated
      killing can be saturated, and the two antibodies exert an additive effect at sub
      saturation doses. Thus, the additive effect in vivo indicates that therapeutic
      tissue levels likely do not saturate ADCC. Additionally, isobole studies with the
      in vitro trastuzumab-sensitive BT-474 cells showed that the direct biological
      effect of combined treatment is additive, and surpasses the maximum effect of
      either monotherapy. Our results suggest the combined therapy is expected to give
      results that are superior to monotherapy, whatever the type of HER2-positive
      tumor may be. The combination of both antibodies at maximum clinically approved
      doses should thus be administered to patients to recruit maximum ADCC and cause
      maximum direct biological growth inhibition.

PMID- 27380006
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380007
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380008
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380009
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380010
TI  - Effects of inaccurate small field dose measurements on calculated treatment
      doses.
AB  - Given the difficulty and potential time- or financial-costs associated with
      accurate small field dosimetry, this study aimed to establish the clinical
      necessity of obtaining accurate small field output factor measurements and to
      evaluate the effects on planned doses that could arise if accurate measurements
      are not used in treatment planning dose calculations. Isocentre doses, in
      heterogeneous patient anatomy, were calculated and compared for 571 beams from 48
      clinical radiotherapy treatments, using a clinical radiotherapy treatment
      planning system, with reference to two different sets of beam configuration data.
      One set of beam configuration data included field output factors (total scatter
      factors) from precisely positioned and response-corrected diode measurements and
      the other included field output factors measured using a conventional technique
      that would have been better suited to larger field measurements. Differences
      between the field output factor measurements made with the two different
      techniques equated to 14.2 % for the 6 [Formula: see text] 6 mm[Formula: see
      text] field, 1.8 % for the 12 [Formula: see text] 12 mm[Formula: see text] field,
      and less than 0.5 % for the larger fields. This led to isocentre dose differences
      of up to 3.3 % in routine clinical fields smaller than 9 mm across and and up to
      11 % in convoluted fields smaller than 15 mm across. If field widths smaller than
      15 mm are used clinically, then accurate measurement (or-remeasurement) of small
      field output factors in the treatment planning system's beam data is required in
      order to achieve dose calculation accuracy within 3 %. If such measurements are
      not completed, then errors in excess of 10 % may occur if very small, narrow,
      concave or convoluted treatment fields are used. 

PMID- 27380011
TI  - The rested relationship: Sleep benefits marital evaluations.
AB  - Remaining satisfied with a relationship often requires thinking in ways that use
      self-regulatory resources-satisfied couples discount undesirable experiences when
      forming global evaluations of the relationship. Nevertheless, recent work
      indicates that the self-regulatory resources required to engage in these
      processes are limited. Although consuming new energy may be one way to replenish
      these limited resources, sleep is another. The current study used a daily diary
      study of 68 newlywed couples to examine the implications of sleep for daily
      marital evaluations. Every day for up to 7 days, both members of the couples
      reported their evaluations of their interpersonal specific experiences, global
      relationship satisfaction, and amount of sleep. Multilevel analysis revealed that
      spouses were more satisfied on days after which they had slept for a longer
      period of time. Furthermore, sleep also buffered husbands', but not wives',
      marital satisfaction against the implications of negative specific evaluations
      husbands were better able to remain more globally satisfied despite negative
      evaluations of specific aspects of the relationship on days following more sleep.
      These findings suggest that sleep may offer self-regulatory benefits and should
      thus be incorporated into existing interpersonal models that highlight the
      importance of self-regulation. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27380012
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380014
TI  - A protocol to determine dermal absorption of xenobiotica through human skin in
      vitro.
AB  - Determination of the absorption through the skin is of utmost importance for
      predictions of benefits and of risks of dermal exposure to xenobiotica. In order
      to allow for flexibility, the OECD guideline for the determination of skin
      absorption for different purposes and use conditions (OECD guideline 428 combined
      with the Technical Guidance Document 28) is inexplicit; hence, different
      experimental procedures are used which may lead to limited comparability of study
      results. The here described protocol provides explicit guidance, whereas it does
      not invalidate other procedures within the frame of the OECD guideline since
      uncritical versus critical steps are differentiated. Optimizations are presented
      which finally led to a precisely defined protocol allowing for enhanced
      comparability of future study results. Some salient properties of this protocol
      are the storage of the prepared diffusion cell overnight refrigerated in the
      presence of a protease inhibitor cocktail and include investigation of the
      integrity of the skin sample as well as the removal of the upper stratum corneum
      by tape strips under standardized conditions.

PMID- 27380013
TI  - Development of synaptic connectivity in the retinal direction selective circuit.
AB  - Direction selectivity is a classic neuronal computation that has been described
      in many different sensory systems. The circuit basis of this computation is
      perhaps best understood in the retina, where direction selectivity is the result
      of asymmetric connectivity patterns between excitatory and inhibitory circuit
      components. Retinal direction selective circuits emerge before eye-opening,
      though components of the circuit undergo refinement after vision begins. These
      features make the direction selective circuit a rich model in which to
      investigate neuronal circuit assembly. In this Opinion, we highlight recent
      experiments investigating the contribution of various molecular cues, as well as
      neuronal activity, to the development of the retinal direction selective circuit.

PMID- 27380015
TI  - Correction: Safety and Efficacy of Methotrexate in Psoriasis: A Meta-Analysis of
      Published Trials.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153740.].

PMID- 27380016
TI  - Synthesis and characterization of Mn intercalated Mg-Al hydrotalcite.
AB  - Mn intercalated hydrotalcite was prepared using a reconstruction method. And Mn
      intercalation was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and thermal analyses. The different
      valences of Mn were present as determined by XPS. Calcination slightly promoted
      the isomorphic replacement of Mn(2+) and Mn(3+) for Mg(2+) and Al(3+), especially
      the replacement of Mn(2+) for Mg(2+) and Al(3+), and to some extent, reduced Mn
      intercalation. Ultrasonic treatment significantly increased Mn intercalation in
      permanganate form (Mn(7+)), and promoted the replacement of Mn(2+) for Mg(2+) and
      Al(3+). XRF analysis showed that ultrasonic treatment decreased the unbalanced
      layer charge of Mn intercalated hydrotalcite, while prolonged calcination
      increased it. These results may provide guidance on the preparation and
      application of Mn intercalated hydrotalcite. Extended calcination time and
      ultrasonic vibration increased the interlayer spacing of hydrotalcite, as a
      result of reduction in layer charge. As the layer charge was not completely
      balanced after Mn intercalation, a certain amount of CO3(2-) was re-adsorbed into
      the interlayer space. Mn-hydrotalcites with different layer charges, different
      contents of Mn with varying valences are expected to have different performances
      in the process of adsorption, degradation, and catalysis. 

PMID- 27380019
TI  - Seronegative Myasthenia Gravis-A Vanishing Disorder?

PMID- 27380020
TI  - Exhaled breath condensate for lung cancer protein analysis: a review of methods
      and biomarkers.
AB  - Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and is
      considered one of the most aggressive human cancers, with a 5 year overall
      survival of 10-15%. Early diagnosis of lung cancer is ideal; however, it is still
      uncertain as to what technique will prove successful in the systematic screening
      of high-risk populations, with the strongest evidence currently supporting low
      dose computed tomography (LDCT). Analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has
      recently been proposed as an alternative low risk and non-invasive screening
      method to investigate early-stage neoplastic processes in the airways. However,
      there still remains a relative paucity of lung cancer research involving EBC,
      particularly in the measurement of lung proteins that are centrally linked to
      pathogenesis. Considering the ease and safety associated with EBC collection, and
      advances in the area of mass spectrometry based profiling, this technology has
      potential for use in screening for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. This
      review will examine proteomics as a method of detecting markers of neoplasia in
      patient EBC with a particular emphasis on LC, as well as discussing
      methodological challenges involving in proteomic analysis of EBC specimens.

PMID- 27380018
TI  - Identification and expression profiling of DNA methyltransferases during
      development and stress conditions in Solanaceae.
AB  - DNA methyltransferase (DMTase) enzymes contribute to plant development and stress
      responses by de novo establishment and subsequent maintenance of DNA methylation
      during replication. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this activity
      remains obscure, especially in crop species. Using DMTase homolog complement in
      six Solanaceae species, we demonstrated here that their number remained conserved
      in Solanum lineage, whereas it was expanded in both pepper and Nicotiana
      benthamiana. Non-synonymous vs synonymous (Ka/Ks) substitution ratio revealed
      that most of the Solanaceous DMTase homologs undergo purifying selection. The
      genomic sequences of tomato DMT homologs in its wild relative, Solanum pennellii,
      remained highly conserved in their exons and methyltransferase domains. Structure
      analysis further revealed highly similar folding of DMTase homologs and
      conservation in the residues participating in protein-protein interaction in
      Solanum lineage, whereas a considerable diversification was observed of pepper
      homologs. Transcript profiling of DMTases highlighted both similar and distinct
      expression patterns of tomato homologs in other species during fruit development
      and stress responses. Overall, our analysis provides a strong basis for in-depth
      exploration of both conserved as well as distinct functions of tomato DMTase
      homologs in other economically important Solanaceae species. 

PMID- 27380022
TI  - Low acid hydrothermal fractionation of Giant Miscanthus for production of xylose
      rich hydrolysate and furfural.
AB  - Low acid hydrothermal (LAH) fractionation was developed for the effective
      recovery of hemicellulosic sugar (mainly xylose) from Miscanthus sacchariflorus
      Goedae-Uksae 1 (M. GU-1). The xylose yield was maximized at 74.75% when the M. GU
      1 was fractionated at 180 degrees C and 0.3wt.% of sulfuric acid for 10min. At
      this condition, the hemicellulose (mainly xylan) degradation was 86.41%. The
      difference between xylan degradation and xylose recovery yield, i.e., xylan loss,
      was 11.66%, as indicated by the formation of decomposed products. The furfural,
      the value added biochemical product, was also obtained by 0.42g/L at this
      condition, which was 53.82% of furfural production yield based on the xylan loss.
      After then, the furfural production continued to increase to a maximum
      concentration of 1.87g/L, at which point the xylan loss corresponded to 25.87%. 

PMID- 27380023
TI  - Decomposition Dynamics and Changes in Chemical Composition of Wheat Straw Residue
      under Anaerobic and Aerobic Conditions.
AB  - Soil aeration is a crucial factor that regulates crop residue decomposition, and
      the chemical composition of decomposing crop residues may change the forms and
      availability of soil nutrients, such as N and P. However, to date, differences in
      the chemical composition of crop straw residues after incorporation into soil and
      during its decomposition under anaerobic vs. aerobic conditions have not been
      well documented. The objective of the present study was to assess changes in the
      C-containing functional groups of wheat straw residue during its decomposition in
      anaerobic and aerobic environments. A 12-month incubation experiment was carried
      out to investigate the temporal variations of mass, carbon, and nitrogen loss, as
      well as changes in the chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) straw
      residues under anaerobic and aerobic conditions by measuring C-containing
      functional groups using solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
      spectroscopy. The residual mass, carbon content, and nitrogen content of the
      straw residue sharply declined during the initial 3 months, and then slowly
      decreased during the last incubation period from 3 to 12 months. The
      decomposition rate constant (k) for mass loss under aerobic conditions (0.022 d
      1) was higher than that under anaerobic conditions (0.014 d-1). The residual mass
      percentage of cellulose and hemicellulose in the wheat straw gradually declined,
      whereas that of lignin gradually increased during the entire 12-month incubation
      period. The NMR spectra of C-containing functional groups in the decomposing
      straw under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were similar at the beginning
      of the incubation as well as at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months. The main
      alterations in C-containing functional groups during the decomposition of wheat
      straw were a decrease in the relative abundances of O-alkyl C and an increase in
      the relative abundances of alkyl C, aromatic C and COO/N-C = O functional groups.
      The NMR signals of alkyl C and aromatic C in decomposing wheat straw residues
      under anaerobic condition were higher than those under aerobic conditions. The
      higher mass percentages of lignin and the higher signals of aromatic C and alkyl
      C functional groups in decomposing wheat residues under anaerobic conditions than
      under aerobic conditions were due to the slower decomposition rates of aryl C and
      alkyl C in wheat straw residues under anaerobic conditions. 

PMID- 27380021
TI  - Sexual Preferences in Nutrient Utilization Regulate Oxygen Consumption and
      Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Schistosoma mansoni: Potential Implications
      for Parasite Redox Biology.
AB  - Schistosoma mansoni, one of the causative agents of human schistosomiasis, has a
      unique antioxidant network that is key to parasite survival and a valuable
      chemotherapeutic target. The ability to detoxify and tolerate reactive oxygen
      species increases along S. mansoni development in the vertebrate host, suggesting
      that adult parasites are more exposed to redox challenges than young stages.
      Indeed, adult parasites are exposed to multiple redox insults generated from
      blood digestion, activated immune cells, and, potentially, from their own
      parasitic aerobic metabolism. However, it remains unknown how reactive oxygen
      species are produced by S. mansoni metabolism, as well as their biological
      effects on adult worms. Here, we assessed the contribution of nutrients and
      parasite gender to oxygen utilization pathways, and reactive oxygen species
      generation in whole unpaired adult S. mansoni worms. We also determined the
      susceptibilities of both parasite sexes to a pro-oxidant challenge. We observed
      that glutamine and serum importantly contribute to both respiratory and non
      respiratory oxygen utilization in adult worms, but with different proportions
      among parasite sexes. Analyses of oxygen utilization pathways revealed that
      respiratory rates were high in male worms, which contrast with high non
      respiratory rates in females, regardless nutritional sources. Interestingly,
      mitochondrial complex I-III activity was higher than complex IV specifically in
      females. We also observed sexual preferences in substrate utilization to sustain
      hydrogen peroxide production towards glucose in females, and glutamine in male
      worms. Despite strikingly high oxidant levels and hydrogen peroxide production
      rates, female worms were more resistant to a pro-oxidant challenge than male
      parasites. The data presented here indicate that sexual preferences in nutrient
      metabolism in adult S. mansoni worms regulate oxygen utilization and reactive
      oxygen species production, which may differently contribute to redox biology
      among parasite sexes. 

PMID- 27380025
TI  - Computational growth model of breast microcalcification clusters in simulated
      mammographic environments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: When screening for breast cancer, the radiological interpretation of
      mammograms is a difficult task, particularly when classifying precancerous growth
      such as microcalcifications (MCs). Biophysical modeling of benign vs. malignant
      growth of MCs in simulated mammographic backgrounds may improve characterization
      of these structures METHODS: A mathematical model based on crystal growth rules
      for calcium oxide (benign) and hydroxyapatite (malignant) was used in conjunction
      with simulated mammographic backgrounds, which were generated by fractional
      Brownian motion of varying roughness and quantified by the Hurst exponent to
      mimic tissue of varying density. Simulated MC clusters were compared by fractal
      dimension, average circularity of individual MCs, average number of MCs per
      cluster, and average cluster area. RESULTS: Benign and malignant clusters were
      distinguishable by average circularity, average number of MCs per cluster, and
      average cluster area with p<0.01 across all Hurst exponent values considered.
      Clusters were distinguishable by fractal dimension with p<0.05 in low Hurst
      exponent environments. As the Hurst exponent increased (tissue density increased)
      benign and malignant MCs became indistinguishable by fractal dimension.
      CONCLUSIONS: The fractal dimension of MCs changes with breast tissue density,
      which suggests tissue environment plays a role in regulating MC growth. Benign
      and malignant MCs are distinguishable in all types of tissue by shape, size, and
      area, which is consistent with findings in the literature. These results may help
      to better understand the effects of the tissue environment on tumor progression,
      and improve classification of MCs in mammograms via computer-aided diagnosis.

PMID- 27380024
TI  - Specific MAPK-Associated MicroRNAs in Serum Differentiate Pancreatic Cancer from
      Autoimmune Pancreatitis.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is difficult to distinguish from
      autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) because of their clinical and radiological
      similarities, and therefore simple and minimally invasive surrogate markers for
      differential diagnosis would be useful. In our previous studies, we identified
      four microRNAs (miRNAs)-miR-7, miR-34a, miR-181d, and miR-193b -as MAPK
      associated microRNAs whose expression was altered significantly with upregulation
      of the MAPK signaling pathway. Recently it has been reported that these miRNAs
      could be used as biomarkers in serum samples for accurate diagnosis of pancreatic
      lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether these MAPK
      associated miRNAs in serum could be used as biomarkers for differentiating PDAC
      from AIP. We enrolled 69 patients with PDAC, 26 with intraductal papillary
      mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and 15 with AIP. The expression of MAPK-associated
      miRNAs in serum was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The 2-DeltaCT method
      was used to quantify the expression of miRNAs, and the data were normalized using
      spiked-in synthetic cel-miR-39. Patients with PDAC or IPMN showed significantly
      higher amounts of serum MAPK-associated miRNAs than those with AIP (p<0.009 for
      miR-7, p<0.002 for miR-34a, p<0.001 for miR-181d, p<0.002 for miR-193b). ROC
      curve analysis demonstrated that these miRNAs had an area under the ROC curve
      (AUC) of 0.723-0.882 for differentiation between PDAC or IPMN from AIP.
      Furthermore, serum miR-181d was significantly associated with the presence of
      metastasis in patients with PDA (p = 0.014). Serum MAPK-associated miRNAs could
      be novel noninvasive biomarkers for differentiation between PDAC or IPMN and AIP.

PMID- 27380027
TI  - Sensitization to Inhalant Allergens in Schoolchildren with Special Reference to
      Passive Smoking.

PMID- 27380026
TI  - MU Opioid Receptor Expression after Morphine Administration Is Regulated by miR
      212/132 Cluster.
AB  - Since their discovery, miRNAs have emerged as a promising therapeutical approach
      in the treatment of several diseases, as demonstrated by miR-212 and its relation
      to addiction. Here we prove that the miR-212/132 cluster can be regulated by
      morphine, through the activation of mu opioid receptor (Oprm1). The molecular
      pathways triggered after morphine administration also induce changes in the
      levels of expression of oprm1. In addition, miR-212/132 cluster is actively
      repressing the expression of mu opioid receptor by targeting a sequence in the 3'
      UTR of its mRNA. These findings suggest that this cluster is closely related to
      opioid signaling, and function as a post-transcriptional regulator, modulating
      morphine response in a dose dependent manner. The regulation of miR-212/132
      cluster expression is mediated by MAP kinase pathway, CaMKII-CaMKIV and PKA,
      through the phosphorylation of CREB. Moreover, the regulation of both oprm1 and
      of the cluster promoter is mediated by MeCP2, acting as a transcriptional
      repressor on methylated DNA after prolonged morphine administration. This
      mechanism explains the molecular signaling triggered by morphine as well as the
      regulation of the expression of the mu opioid receptor mediated by morphine and
      the implication of miR-212/132 in these processes. 

PMID- 27380028
TI  - Dual Combined Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for
      the Diagnosis of Lyssavirus Infection.
AB  - The definitive diagnosis of lyssavirus infection (including rabies) in animals
      and humans is based on laboratory confirmation. The reference techniques for post
      mortem rabies diagnosis are still based on direct immunofluorescence and virus
      isolation, but molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
      based methods, are increasingly being used and now constitute the principal tools
      for diagnosing rabies in humans and for epidemiological analyses. However, it
      remains a key challenge to obtain relevant specificity and sensitivity with these
      techniques while ensuring that the genetic diversity of lyssaviruses does not
      compromise detection. We developed a dual combined real-time reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction (combo RT-qPCR) method for pan-lyssavirus
      detection. This method is based on two complementary technologies: a probe-based
      (TaqMan) RT-qPCR for detecting the RABV species (pan-RABV RT-qPCR) and a second
      reaction using an intercalating dye (SYBR Green) to detect other lyssavirus
      species (pan-lyssa RT-qPCR). The performance parameters of this combined assay
      were evaluated with a large panel of primary animal samples covering almost all
      the genetic variability encountered at the viral species level, and they extended
      to almost all lyssavirus species characterized to date. This method was also
      evaluated for the diagnosis of human rabies on 211 biological samples (positive n
      = 76 and negative n = 135) including saliva, skin and brain biopsies. It detected
      all 41 human cases of rabies tested and confirmed the sensitivity and the
      interest of skin biopsy (91.5%) and saliva (54%) samples for intra-vitam
      diagnosis of human rabies. Finally, this method was successfully implemented in
      two rabies reference laboratories in enzootic countries (Cambodia and Morocco).
      This combined RT-qPCR method constitutes a relevant, useful, validated tool for
      the diagnosis of rabies in both humans and animals, and represents a promising
      tool for lyssavirus surveillance.

PMID- 27380029
TI  - Allele-Specific Transcriptome and Methylome Analysis Reveals Stable Inheritance
      and Cis-Regulation of DNA Methylation in Nasonia.
AB  - Gene expression divergence between closely related species could be attributed to
      both cis- and trans- DNA sequence changes during evolution, but it is unclear how
      the evolutionary dynamics of epigenetic marks are regulated. In eutherian
      mammals, biparental DNA methylation marks are erased and reset during
      gametogenesis, resulting in paternal or maternal imprints, which lead to genomic
      imprinting. Whether DNA methylation reprogramming exists in insects is not known.
      Wasps of the genus Nasonia are non-social parasitoids that are emerging as a
      model for studies of epigenetic processes in insects. In this study, we
      quantified allele-specific expression and methylation genome-wide in Nasonia
      vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. No parent-of
      origin effect in allelic expression was found for >8,000 covered genes,
      suggesting a lack of genomic imprinting in adult Nasonia. As we expected, both
      significant cis- and trans- effects are responsible for the expression divergence
      between N. vitripennis and N. giraulti. Surprisingly, all 178 differentially
      methylated genes are also differentially methylated between the two alleles in F1
      hybrid offspring, recapitulating the parental methylation status with nearly 100%
      fidelity, indicating the presence of strong cis-elements driving the target of
      gene body methylation. In addition, we discovered that total and allele-specific
      expression are positively correlated with allele-specific methylation in a subset
      of the differentially methylated genes. The 100% cis-regulation in F1 hybrids
      suggests the methylation machinery is conserved and DNA methylation is targeted
      by cis features in Nasonia. The lack of genomic imprinting and parent-of-origin
      differentially methylated regions in Nasonia, together with the stable
      inheritance of methylation status between generations, suggests either a cis
      regulatory motif for methylation at the DNA level or highly stable inheritance of
      an epigenetic signal in Nasonia.

PMID- 27380030
TI  - The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 4-km time trial performance in trained
      cyclists.
AB  - Taurine (TAU) has been shown to improve exercise time to exhaustion and 3-km
      running performance; however, no studies have considered the effect of acute TAU
      ingestion on short duration cycling time trial (TT) performance. The aim of this
      study was to determine the effects of a single oral acute dose of 1000 mg of TAU
      on a laboratory simulated 4-km cycling TT. Eleven trained male cyclists performed
      three, 4-km TTs. The first of the trials was a familiarisation, followed by two
      subsequent trials which were performed two hours after the consumption of either
      1000 mg of TAU or placebo (P), using a double-blind randomised crossover design.
      Capillary blood samples were obtained prior to the start and immediately after
      each TT for the measurement of lactate, pH and HCO3-. There was no effect of TAU
      (p = 0.731, d = 0.151) on performance (390 +/- 27 and 388 +/- 21 s for TAU and P,
      respectively), nor were there any condition main effects for VO2, lactate, pH, or
      HCO3- (p > 0.05) despite post TT changes in lactate (7.3 +/- 2.5 mmol l-1, p <
      0.001, d = 2.86, 7.6 +/- 2.0 mmol l-1 p < 0.001, d = 3.75); pH (-0.255 +/- 0.1, p
      < 0.001, d = 2.62, -0.258 +/- 0.09, p < 0.001, d = 2.87); HCO3- (-13.58 +/- 2.7
      mmol l-1, p < 0.001, d = 5.04 vs. -13.36 +/- 2.3, p < 0.001, d = 5.72 for TAU and
      P, respectively). The findings of this study suggest that a pre-exercise dose of
      1000 mg TAU offers no performance advantage during 4-km TT nor does it alter the
      blood buffering responses in trained cyclists.

PMID- 27380031
TI  - Strategies towards in vivo imaging of active transglutaminase type 2 using
      positron emission tomography.
AB  - Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of
      several diseases, such as celiac disease, cancer, and fibrotic and
      neurodegenerative diseases. In parallel with becoming an attractive target for
      therapy, interest in the development of compounds for in vivo imaging of TG2 is
      rising. Such imaging biomarkers might assist in clarifying the role of TG2 in
      pathology and in monitoring TG2 inhibition in vivo and thus assist in drug
      development. In this review, the latest results together with various strategies
      in TG2 PET tracer development are discussed, including radiolabelling of
      irreversible and reversible active-site inhibitors, as well as allosteric
      inhibitors, acyl-donor and acyl-acceptor substrates, and anti-TG2 monoclonal
      antibodies.

PMID- 27380032
TI  - Antioxidant Behavior of Olive Phenolics in Oil-in-Water Emulsions.
AB  - The effect of the surrounding molecular environment (beta-lactoglobulin as an
      emulsion stabilizer and maltodextrin as a viscosity modifier) on the antioxidant
      activity of three olive oil phenolic compounds (PCs) in olive oil-in-water
      emulsions was investigated. Oxidation potential, phenolic partitioning, and
      radical quenching capacity were assessed in solution and in emulsion for
      oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol; the influence of beta-lactoglobulin and
      maltodextrin concentration was also evaluated. Finally, the observed properties
      were related to the oxidative stability of the emulsions containing the PCs to
      explain their behavior. The order hydroxytyrosol > oleuropein > tyrosol was
      observed among the antioxidants for both oxidation potential and radical
      quenching activity. Radical quenching capacity in emulsion and anodic potential
      were complementary indices of antioxidant effectiveness. As the intrinsic
      susceptibility of an antioxidant to oxidation expressed by its anodic potential
      decreased, the environmental conditions (molecular interactions and changes in
      continuous phase viscosity) played a major role in the antioxidant effectiveness
      in preventing hydroperoxide decomposition. 

PMID- 27380033
TI  - Simple obstructive sleep apnea patients without hypertension or diabetes
      accelerate kidney dysfunction: a population follow-up cohort study from Taiwan.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in patients on hemodialysis,
      but its correlation with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not clear. We aimed to
      clarify the relationship between OSA without hypertension or diabetes and
      incidence of CKD in Taiwan. METHODS: This population-based cohort study consisted
      of patients with newly diagnosed OSA between 2000 and 2009. The comparison cohort
      was matched for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. All subjects
      previously diagnosed with acute or chronic kidney disease were excluded. The
      primary end point was newly diagnosed CKD. RESULTS: We identified 6866 subjects
      with OSA during the 10-year study period. The median duration until development
      of CKD in the OSA cohort was 3.2 years, 2.5 months earlier than that in the non
      OSA cohort. After exclusion of hypertension and diabetes, 4319 OSA patients was
      identified and the hazard ratio (HR) of CKD with OSA was 1.37 (95 % confidence
      interval [CI], 1.05-1.77; p = 0.019). In the subgroup analysis, an increased
      incidence of CKD in OSA was observed in women (HR, 1.41; 95 % CI, 1.12-1.78; p =
      0.0036). CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal population-based cohort study provides
      evidence that patients with OSA even without diabetes or hypertension are at
      higher risk of developing CKD over the next 3 years and nearly 2.5 months earlier
      than the non-OSA cohort, particularly women.

PMID- 27380034
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea treated with custom-made bibloc and monobloc oral
      appliances: a retrospective comparative study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this hypothesis-generating retrospective study
      was to compare the effect of monobloc and bibloc (NarvalTM) appliances on the
      apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the total cost of treatment during the first year
      of treatment. METHODS: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) subjects treated with a
      monobloc or bibloc during two different time periods were identified from medical
      records and data were extracted. Subjects treated with either of the appliances
      passed the same primary examination, follow-up visits, and follow-up polygraphic
      examination. A 1-year clinical follow-up was made on the bibloc group. RESULTS:
      The study analysis included 110 monobloc- and 55 bibloc-treated subjects with
      baseline mean AHI of 23 and 22, respectively. AHI responders (AHI < 10 and/or a
      >=50 % reduction of baseline AHI) were seen at follow-up in 61 % of the monobloc
      group and 56 % of the bibloc group. The improvement of the AHI value was similar
      in the two groups, with mean declines of 12.7 and 13.8, respectively. The ODI
      (oxygen desaturation index), lowest SpO2, longest apnea, and the mean Epworth
      sleepiness scale (ESS) score were significantly reduced by 3.1 (monobloc) and 2.2
      (bibloc), i.e., at the same level for both groups. The total direct cost of
      treatment for a 1-year treatment was 17 % higher for the bibloc-treated subjects
      than for the monobloc-treated subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that
      the monobloc and bibloc appliances are equally effective but the cost of
      treatment over 1 year was higher with the bibloc. However, prospective randomized
      controlled trials are needed to adequately test the assumption that the two
      treatment modalities are equally effective.

PMID- 27380035
TI  - Developing Bisexual Attract-and-Kill for Polyphagous Insects: Ecological
      Rationale versus Pragmatics.
AB  - We discuss the principles of bisexual attract-and-kill, in which females as well
      as males are targeted with an attractant, such as a blend of plant volatiles,
      combined with a toxicant. While the advantages of this strategy have been
      apparent for over a century, there are few products available to farmers for
      inclusion in integrated pest management schemes. We describe the development,
      registration, and commercialization of one such product, Magnet((r)), which was
      targeted against Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera in Australian cotton. We
      advocate an empirical rather than theoretical approach to selecting and blending
      plant volatiles for such products, and emphasise the importance of field studies
      on ecologically realistic scales of time and space. The properties required of
      insecticide partners also are discussed. We describe the studies that were
      necessary to provide data for registration of the Magnet((r)) product. These
      included evidence of efficacy, including local and area-wide impacts on the
      target pest, non-target impacts, and safety for consumers and applicators. In the
      decade required for commercial development, the target market for Magnet((r)) has
      been greatly reduced by the widespread adoption of transgenic insect-resistant
      cotton in Australia. We discuss potential applications in resistance management
      for transgenic cotton, and for other pests in cotton and other crops. 

PMID- 27380037
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380036
TI  - Insect Adhesion Secretions: Similarities and Dissimilarities in Hydrocarbon
      Profiles of Tarsi and Corresponding Tibiae.
AB  - Spatially controlled in vivo sampling by contact solid phase microextraction with
      a non-coated silica fiber combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC
      MS) was utilized for hydrocarbon profiling in tarsal adhesion secretions of four
      insect species (Nicrophorus vespilloides, Nicrophorus nepalensis, Sagra femorata,
      and Gromphadorhina portentosa) by using distinct adhesion systems, viz. hairy or
      smooth tarsi. For comparison, corresponding samples from tibiae, representing the
      general cuticular hydrocarbon profile, were analyzed to enable the statistical
      inference of active molecular adhesion principles in tarsal secretions possibly
      contributed by specific hydrocarbons. n-Alkanes, monomethyl and dimethyl alkanes,
      alkenes, alkadienes, and one aldehyde were detected. Multivariate statistical
      analysis (principal component and orthogonal partial least square discriminant
      analyses) gave insights into distinctive molecular features among the various
      insect species and between tarsus and tibia samples. In general, corresponding
      hydrocarbon profiles in tarsus and tibia samples largely resembled each other,
      both qualitatively and in relative abundances as well. However, several specific
      hydrocarbons showed significantly different relative abundances between
      corresponding tarsus and tibia samples, thus indicating that such differences of
      specific hydrocarbons in the complex mixtures might constitute a delicate
      mechanism for fine-tuning the reversible attachment performances in tarsal
      adhesive fluids that are composed of substances originating from the same pool as
      cuticular hydrocarbons. Caused by melting point depression, the multicomponent
      tarsal adhesion secretion, made up of straight chain alkanes, methyl alkanes, and
      alkenes will have a semi-solid, grease-like consistency, which might provide the
      basis for a good reversible attachment performance.

PMID- 27380038
TI  - 5-LOX Inhibitor Zileuton Reduces Inflammatory Reaction and Ischemic Brain Damage
      Through the Activation of PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.
AB  - Previous studies from our laboratories showed that an anti-inflammatory drug, 5
      lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton, attenuates ischemic brain damage via inhibiting
      inflammatory reaction. However, it was elusive whether zileuton attenuates
      inflammatory reaction and ischemic brain damage through the modulation of
      PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In the present study, we, for the first time,
      investigated whether PI3K/Akt pathway was involved in zileuton's anti
      inflammatory and neuroprotective properties against brain damage following
      experimental ischemic stroke. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent middle
      cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), then received treatment with zileuton or
      vehicle after the onset of ischemia. LY294002 was injected
      intracerebroventricularly to inhibit the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
      selectively. Neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, morphological
      characteristic and cerebral water content were assessed 24 h after cerebral
      ischemia. The enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured 24 h after
      cerebral ischemia. Expression of p-Akt, t-Akt and COX-2 in ischemic brain were
      determined by western blot. NF-kappaB p65 immuno-positive cells in ischemic brain
      were detected 24 h after cerebral ischemia. The content of TNF-alpha in blood was
      examined by ELISA. 5-LOX inhibitor zileuton significantly reduces neurological
      deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, cerebral water content, ischemic
      neuronal injury and the enzymatic activity of MPO, all of which were abolished by
      LY294002 administration. Zileuton significantly up-regulates the expression of p
      Akt, which was inhibited by LY294002 administration. Zileuton significantly down
      regulates the over-expression of NF-kappaB p65 and COX-2, and attenuates the
      release of TNF-alpha, all of which were disminished by LY294002 administration.
      These results suggest that zileuton attenuates ischemic brain damage by
      inhibiting inflammatory reaction through the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling
      pathway.

PMID- 27380039
TI  - Use of 3D pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling to characterize sex and age
      differences in cerebral blood flow.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study is to use 3D pseudo-continuous
      arterial spin labeling (pCASL) to measure changes in normal cerebral blood flow
      (CBF) values with sex and age. METHODS: Eighty subjects underwent magnetic
      resonance imaging study on a 3.0-T scanner. 3D pCASL was used to measure CBF.
      Estradiol and testosterone levels were also assessed. Based on sex and age, the
      subjects were divided into four groups for statistical analysis. RESULTS: CBF was
      higher in young premenopausal women than in young men (P < 0.01), while there was
      no difference in CBF between older postmenopausal women and older men. CBF was
      also significantly decreased in older postmenopausal women compared with young
      women (P < 0.01), whereas no such age-related effect was present in men.
      CONCLUSION: These observations indicate that sex and age differences are
      important considerations when studying nervous system diseases and that the age
      range and female-to-male ratio should be considered in the selection of subjects
      for brain studies in order to eliminate bias. Further, the normal CBF values
      assessed by pCASL provide a basis for further clinical use of pCASL.

PMID- 27380040
TI  - Comparison of automated brain volumetry methods with stereology in children aged
      2 to 3 years.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The accurate and precise measurement of brain volumes in young
      children is important for early identification of children with reduced brain
      volumes and an increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairment. Brain volumes
      can be measured from cerebral MRI (cMRI), but most neuroimaging tools used for
      cerebral segmentation and volumetry were developed for use in adults and have not
      been validated in infants or young children. Here, we investigate the feasibility
      and accuracy of three automated software methods (i.e., SPM, FSL, and FreeSurfer)
      for brain volumetry in young children and compare the measures with corresponding
      volumes obtained using the Cavalieri method of modern design stereology. METHODS:
      Cerebral MRI data were collected from 21 children with a complex congenital heart
      disease (CHD) before Fontan procedure, at a median age of 27 months (range 20.9
      42.4 months). Data were segmented with SPM, FSL, and FreeSurfer, and total
      intracranial volume (ICV) and total brain volume (TBV) were compared with
      corresponding measures obtained using the Cavalieri method. RESULTS: Agreement
      between the estimated brain volumes (ICV and TBV) relative to the gold standard
      stereological volumes was strongest for FreeSurfer (p < 0.001) and moderate for
      SPM segment (ICV p = 0.05; TBV p = 0.006). No significant association was evident
      between ICV and TBV obtained using SPM NewSegment and FSL FAST and the
      corresponding stereological volumes. CONCLUSIONS: FreeSurfer provides an accurate
      method for measuring brain volumes in young children, even in the presence of
      structural brain abnormalities.

PMID- 27380041
TI  - Software output from semi-automated planimetry can underestimate intracerebral
      haemorrhage and peri-haematomal oedema volumes by up to 41.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Haematoma and oedema size determines outcome after intracerebral
      haemorrhage (ICH), with each added 10 % volume increasing mortality by 5 %. We
      assessed the reliability of semi-automated computed tomography planimetry using
      Analyze and Osirix softwares. METHODS: We randomly selected 100 scans from 1329
      ICH patients from two centres. We used Hounsfield Unit thresholds of 5-33 for
      oedema and 44-100 for ICH. Three raters segmented all scans using both softwares
      and 20 scans repeated for intra-rater reliability and segmentation timing.
      Volumes reported by Analyze and Osirix were compared to volume estimates
      calculated using the best practice method, taking effective individual slice
      thickness, i.e. voxel depth, into account. RESULTS: There was excellent overall
      inter-rater, intra-rater and inter-software reliability, all intraclass
      correlation coefficients >0.918. Analyze and Osirix produced similar haematoma
      (mean difference: Analyze - Osirix = 1.5 +/- 5.2 mL, 6 %, p <= 0.001) and oedema
      volumes (-0.6 +/- 12.6 mL, -3 %, p = 0.377). Compared to a best practice approach
      to volume calculation, the automated haematoma volume output was 2.6 mL (-11 %)
      too small with Analyze and 4.0 mL (-18 %) too small with Osirix, whilst the
      oedema volumes were 2.5 mL (-12 %) and 5.5 mL (-25 %) too small, correspondingly.
      In scans with variable slice thickness, the volume underestimations were larger, 
      29%/-36 % for ICH and -29 %/-41 % for oedema. Mean segmentation times were 6:53
      +/- 4:02 min with Analyze and 9:06 +/- 5:24 min with Osirix (p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the method used to determine voxel depth
      can influence the final volume output markedly. Results of clinical and
      collaborative studies need to be considered in the context of these
      methodological differences.

PMID- 27380042
TI  - Impact of patient age on the iodine/FDG "flip-flop" phenomenon in lung metastasis
      from thyroid cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Radioiodine therapy is an effective treatment for lung metastasis
      from thyroid cancer. However, cases of lung metastasis without iodine uptake are
      often encountered. In such cases, FDG accumulation in lung lesions is often
      observed. There is a reverse relationship between iodine and FDG accumulation in
      thyroid cancer lesions, the so-called "flip-flop" phenomenon. The aim of this
      study was to assess the relationship between patient age and the occurrence of
      the flip-flop phenomenon. METHODS: Eighty-six patients who underwent radioiodine
      therapy for lung metastasis were studied retrospectively (age 17-73 years; median
      60 years; males:females 22:64). We compared the clinical data and imaging
      findings (size and FDG uptake of lung nodules) between patients with (n = 44) and
      without (n = 42) iodine uptake in lung metastasis. RESULTS: Significantly more
      young patients showed iodine accumulation in lung metastasis than old patients (p
      = 0.0025). Lung metastases with larger size or greater FDG uptake showed no
      iodine uptake more frequently with significant difference (p = 0.015 and <0.001,
      respectively). Among patients with FDG uptake in the lung metastasis, 57.1 % of
      young patients (<60 years) and 24.3 % of the old patients (>=60 years) showed
      iodine uptake (p = 0.0029). CONCLUSIONS: Higher patient age and lung nodules with
      large size or FDG accumulation are negative factors for iodine accumulation in
      lung metastases from thyroid cancer. In addition, our results show that young
      patients have a greater likelihood of iodine uptake even when FDG accumulates in
      lung metastasis, in contrast to old patients.

PMID- 27380043
TI  - Tetramethylpyrazine Protects Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation-Induced Brain
      Microvascular Endothelial Cells Injury via Rho/Rho-kinase Signaling Pathway.
AB  - Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP, also known as Ligustrazine), which is isolated from
      Chinese Herb Medicine Ligustium wollichii Franchat (Chuan Xiong), has been widely
      used in China for the treatment of ischemic stroke by Chinese herbalists. Brain
      microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) are the integral parts of the blood-brain
      barrier (BBB), protecting BMECs against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) which is
      important for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Here, we investigated the
      protective mechanisms of TMP, focusing on OGD-injured BMECs and the Rho/Rho
      kinase (Rho-associated kinases, ROCK) signaling pathway. The model of OGD-injured
      BMECs was established in this study. BMECs were identified by von Willebrand
      factor III staining and exposed to fasudil, or TMP at different concentrations
      (14.3, 28.6, 57.3 uM) for 2 h before 24 h of OGD injury. The effect of each
      treatment was examined by cell viability assays, measurement of intracellular
      reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transendothelial electric resistance and
      western blot analysis (caspase-3, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), RhoA,
      Rac1). Our results show that TMP significantly attenuated apoptosis and the
      permeability of BMECs induced by OGD. In addition, TMP could notably down
      regulate the characteristic proteins in Rho/ROCK signaling pathway such as RhoA
      and Rac1, which triggered abnormal changes of eNOS and ROS, respectively.
      Altogether, our results show that TMP has a strong protective effect against OGD
      induced BMECs injury and suggest that the mechanism might be related to the
      inhibition of the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway.

PMID- 27380045
TI  - Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring: utility and anesthetic implications.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) has been
      rapidly adopted as a standard monitoring technique for a growing number of
      surgical procedures. This article offers a basic review of IONM and discusses
      some of its latest applications and anesthetic techniques that optimize
      monitoring conditions. RECENT FINDINGS: IONM has been demonstrated to alert the
      surgical team to potential injury and can also be used to detect impending
      positioning injuries. Upper extremity somatosensory evoked potential monitoring
      is particularly helpful in preventing ulnar neuropathy that is more common in
      patients who are positioned prone and with severe arm abduction. Somatosensory
      evoked potential monitoring has a high specificity for vascular compromise and
      neurologic ischemia that may occur during neurovascular procedures.
      Electroencephalography is also helpful in alerting the surgical and anesthesia
      teams to an impending ischemic event. Although a total intravenous anesthesia
      technique offers better monitoring conditions, propofol may prolong emergence.
      SUMMARY: IONM is commonly used in a growing number and variety of surgical
      procedures, and has been shown to improve outcomes. IONM poses challenges for the
      anesthesiologist, but tailoring the anesthetic to be compatible with the
      monitoring techniques in use can help to prevent surgical complications.

PMID- 27380046
TI  - What is the OPTiMal Way to Manage In-Transit Disease?

PMID- 27380044
TI  - Involvement of Spinal PKMzeta Expression and Phosphorylation in Remifentanil
      Induced Long-Term Hyperalgesia in Rats.
AB  - Up-regulation of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs)
      expression and trafficking is the key mechanism for remifentanil-induced
      hyperalgesia (RIH), nevertheless, the signaling pathway and pivotal proteins
      involved in RIH remain equivocal. PKMzeta, an isoform of protein kinase C (PKC),
      maintains pain memory storage in neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain, which
      plays a parallel role regulated by NMDARs in long-term memory trace. In the
      present study, Zeta Inhibitory Peptide (ZIP), a PKMzeta inhibitor, and a
      selective GluN2B antagonist Ro-256981 are injected intrathecally before
      remifentanil infusion (1 MUg kg-1 min-1 for 1 h, iv) in order to detect whether
      GluN2B contributes to RIH through affecting synthesis and activity of PKMzeta in
      spinal dorsal horn. Nociceptive tests are measured by Paw withdrawal mechanical
      threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWL). The L4-L6 segments of
      dorsal horn taken from rats with RIH are for determining expression of PKMzeta
      and pPKMzeta by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Our data suggest that
      remifentanil infusion causes an increase of PKMzeta in expression and
      phosphorylation in rats with nociceptive sensitization, beginning at 2 h, peaked
      at 2 days, and returned to basal level at 7 days. ZIP (10 ng) could block
      behavioral sensitization induced by remifentanil. Ro25-6981 dosage-dependently
      attenuated mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and reversed expression of PKMzeta
      and pPKMzeta, indicating that GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor facilitates
      development of RIH through mediating expression and activity of spinal PKMzeta in
      rats. Although detailed mechanisms require further comprehensive study, the
      preventive role of Ro25-6981 and ZIP provide novel options for the effective
      precaution of RIH in clinics.

PMID- 27380047
TI  - Predictors of Treatment Decisions in Multidisciplinary Oncology Meetings: A
      Quantitative Observational Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In many healthcare systems, treatment recommendations for cancer
      patients are formulated by multidisciplinary tumor boards (MTBs). Evidence
      suggests that interdisciplinary contributions to case reviews in the meetings are
      unequal and information-sharing suboptimal, with biomedical information
      dominating over information on patient comorbidities and psychosocial factors.
      This study aimed to evaluate how different elements of the decision process
      affect the teams' ability to reach a decision on first case review. METHODS: This
      was an observational quantitative assessment of 1045 case reviews from 2010 to
      2014 in cancer MTBs using a validated tool, the Metric for the Observation of
      Decision-making. This tool allows evaluation of the quality of information
      presentation (case history, radiological, pathological, and psychosocial
      information, comorbidities, and patient views), and contribution to discussion by
      individual core specialties (surgeons, oncologists, radiologists, pathologists,
      and specialist cancer nurses). The teams' ability to reach a decision was a
      dichotomous outcome variable (yes/no). RESULTS: Using multiple logistic
      regression analysis, the significant positive predictors of the teams' ability to
      reach a decision were patient psychosocial information (odds ratio [OR] 1.35) and
      the inputs of surgeons (OR 1.62), radiologists (OR 1.48), pathologists (OR 1.23),
      and oncologists (OR 1.13). The significant negative predictors were patient
      comorbidity information (OR 0.83) and nursing inputs (OR 0.87). CONCLUSIONS:
      Multidisciplinary inputs into case reviews and patient psychosocial information
      stimulate decision making, thereby reinforcing the role of MTBs in cancer care in
      processing such information. Information on patients' comorbidities, as well as
      nursing inputs, make decision making harder, possibly indicating that a case is
      complex and requires more detailed review. Research should further define case
      complexity and determine ways to better integrate patient psychosocial
      information into decision making.

PMID- 27380048
TI  - [Intern(euron)al affairs : The role of specific neocortical interneuron classes
      in the interaction between acetylcholine and GABAergic anesthetics].
AB  - Acetylcholine is a neuromodulator which is released throughout the central
      nervous system and plays an essential role in consciousness and cognitive
      processes including attention and learning. Due to its 'activating' effect on the
      neuronal and behavioral level its interaction with anesthetics has long been of
      interest to anesthesiologists. It is widely held that a reduction of the release
      of acetylcholine by general anesthetics constitutes part of the anesthetic
      effect. This notion is backed by numerous human and animal studies, but is also
      in seeming contradiction to findings that acetylcholine activates specific
      classes of inhibitory neurons: if acetylcholine excites elements within the
      neuronal network responsible for the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter
      gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), its withdrawal should diminish, not enhance, the
      effect of anesthetics.Focusing on cortical circuits, we present an overview of
      recent advances in cellular neurophysiology, particularly the interactions
      between inhibitory neuron classes, which provide insights on the interaction
      between acetylcholine and GABA. 

PMID- 27380049
TI  - Randomized crossover study assessing oropharyngeal leak pressure and fiber optic
      positioning : Laryngeal Mask Airway SupremeTM versus Laryngeal Tube LTS IITM size
      2 in non-paralyzed anesthetized children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As there are currently no data available comparing the practicability
      of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) SupremeTM size 2 versus the laryngeal tube LTS
      IITM size 2 in children, this trial was conducted to quantify the differences
      between these two airway devices concerning leak pressure and fiber optic
      controlled positioning in non-paralyzed, anesthetized pediatric patients.
      METHODS: A total of 56 children aged 1-6 years and weighing between 11 and 23 kg
      were enrolled in the study. Anesthesia was intravenously induced according to
      local standards using fentanyl and propofol. After induction of anesthesia both
      airway devices were inserted consecutively in accordance with the randomization
      protocol. RESULTS: The mean oropharyngeal leak pressure was significantly higher
      for the LTS IITM (33+/-8 cmH2O) than for the LMA SupremeTM (21+/-7 cmH2O, p <
      0.0001). Fiber optic position monitoring was better when the LMA SupremeTM was
      used (p  < 0.001). The first attempt success rates for insertion (55Supreme LMA
      vs. 43LTSII, p < 0.001), the insertion time (25 s Supreme LMA vs. 34 s LTSII, p <
      0.04) and the frequency of bloodstaining (0Supreme LMA vs 4LTSII, p < 0.04) for
      the initially used device were better for the LMA SupremeTM than the laryngeal
      tube LTS IITM. CONCLUSION: We conclude that oropharyngeal leak pressure, fiber
      optic position, first attempt insertion success rate and bloodstaining differed
      between the LMA SupremeTM and the LTS IITM in children.

PMID- 27380050
TI  - [Performance development of a university operating room after implementation of a
      central operating room management].
AB  - The difficult financial situation in German hospitals requires measures for
      improvement in process quality. Associated increases in revenues in the high
      income field "operating room (OR) area" are increasingly the responsibility of OR
      management but it has not been shown that the introduction of an efficiency
      oriented management leads to an increase in process quality and revenues in the
      operating theatre. Therefore the performance in the operating theatre of the
      University Medical Center Gottingen was analyzed for working days in the core
      operating time from 7.45 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. from 2009 to 2014. The achievement of
      process target times for the morning surgery start time and the turnover times of
      anesthesia and OR-nurses were calculated as indicators of process quality. The
      number of operations and cumulative incision-suture time were also analyzed as
      aggregated performance indicators. In order to assess the development of revenues
      in the operating theatre, the revenues from diagnosis-related groups (DRG) in all
      inpatient and occupational accident cases, adjusted for the regional basic case
      value from 2009, were calculated for each year. The development of revenues was
      also analyzed after deduction of revenues resulting from altered economic case
      weighting. It could be shown that the achievement of process target values for
      the morning surgery start time could be improved by 40 %, the turnover times for
      anesthesia reduced by 50 % and for the OR-nurses by 36 %. Together with the
      introduction of central planning for reallocation, an increase in operation
      numbers of 21 % and cumulative incision-suture times of 12% could be realized.
      Due to these additional operations the DRG revenues in 2014 could be increased to
      132 % compared to 2009 or 127 % if the revenues caused by economic case weighting
      were excluded. The personnel complement in anesthesia (-1.7 %) and OR-nurses
      (+2.6 %) as well as anesthetists (+6.7 %) increased less compared to the revenues
      or were slightly reduced. This improvement in process quality and cumulative
      incision-suture times as well as the increase in revenues, reflect the positive
      impact of an efficiency-oriented central OR management. The OR management
      releases due to measures of process optimization the necessary personnel and time
      resources and therefore achieves the basic prerequisites for increased revenues
      of surgical disciplines. The method presented can be used by other hospitals as a
      guideline to analyze performance development. 

PMID- 27380053
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380051
TI  - [Perioperative coagulation management during ascending aorta replacement on
      apixaban].
AB  - The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) present a valid therapeutic alternative to
      vitamin K antagonists in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation, for the
      prevention of venous thromboembolism, and for the treatment and prevention of the
      recurrence of pulmonary embolisms and deep vein thrombosis. Despite Idarucizumab
      as an antagonist of Dabigatran there are no other specific antidotes available
      yet. Therefore, perioperative coagulation management by DOACs is challenging in
      patients undergoing emergency surgical procedures with a high risk of bleeding
      complications. This case study describes the perioperative procedure during
      ascending aorta replacement after aortic dissection with apixaban administration.

PMID- 27380052
TI  - Synthesis, characterization, and biological studies of diosgenyl analogs.
AB  - A series of diosgenyl analogs were prepared from diosgenin to evaluate their
      anticancer activity and antithrombotic property. Analog 4, which had a spiroketal
      structure with a 6-aminohexanoic acid residue, exhibited the highest potency
      against all five tumor cell lines. It significantly blocked tumor growth, induced
      cell apoptosis and autophagy, and regulated cellular calcium concentration,
      mitochondrial membrane potential, adenosine triphosphate, and cell cycle. In
      addition, fluorescence-tagged compounds indicated that the analogs could rapidly
      accumulate in the cytoplasm, but no specific localization in the nucleus of
      cancer cells was observed. Furthermore, preliminary structure-activity
      relationship studies demonstrated that spiroketal analogs exhibit better
      antithrombotic activity than furostanic analogs, which exhibit the opposite
      effect by promoting thrombosis. Our study indicates that compound 4 may be a
      promising anticancer drug candidate for cancer patients with thromboembolism.

PMID- 27380055
TI  - Glycemic control, compliance, and satisfaction for diabetic gravidas in centering
      group care.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine if diabetic gravidas enrolled in Centering(r) group care
      have improved glycemic control compared to those attending standard prenatal
      care. To compare compliance and patient satisfaction between the groups.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of diabetics
      enrolled in centering group care from October 2013 to December 2015. Glycemic
      control, compliance and patient satisfaction (five-point Likert scale) were
      evaluated. Student's t-test, Chi-Square and mixed effects model were used to
      compare outcomes. RESULTS: We compared 20 patients in centering to 28 standard
      prenatal care controls. Mean fasting blood sugar was lower with centering group
      care (91.0 versus 105.5 mg/dL, p =0.017). There was no difference in change in
      fasting blood sugar over time between the two groups (p = 0.458). The percentage
      of time patients brought their blood glucose logs did not differ between the
      centering group and standard prenatal care (70.7 versus 73.9%, p = 0.973). Women
      in centering group care had better patient satisfaction scores for "ability to be
      seen by a physician" (5 versus 4, p = 0.041) and "time in waiting room" (5 versus
      4, p =0.001). CONCLUSION: Fasting blood sugar was lower for patients in centering
      group care. Change in blood sugar over time did not differ between groups.
      Diabetic gravidas enrolled in centering group care report improved patient
      satisfaction.

PMID- 27380056
TI  - Role of long non-coding RNA in tumor drug resistance.
AB  - Chemotherapy has been extensively used in tumor treatment, including either
      systemic or local treatment. Miserably, in many kinds of cancers, chemotherapy is
      gradually insensitive. The mechanisms of tumor drug resistance have been widely
      explored, yet have not been fully characterized. With several studies in the
      development of drug resistance, recent works have highlighted the involvement of
      non-coding RNAs in tumor development. A growing number of long non-coding RNAs
      (lncRNAs) have been identified as transcripts of larger than 200 nucleotides in
      length, which have low coding potential, but potentially coding small peptides
      with 50-70 amino acids. Despite so often being branded as transcriptional noise,
      it is becoming increasingly clear that a large number of lncRNAs are crucial
      molecular regulators of the processes of tumor involving the initiation and
      progression of human tumor. More recently, accumulating evidence is revealing an
      important role of lncRNA in tumor drug resistance and lncRNA expression profiling
      can be correlated with the evolution of tumor drug resistance. The long non
      coding-RNA-mediated form of drug resistance brings yet another mechanism of drug
      resistance. So, exploiting the newly emerging knowledge of lncRNAs for the
      development of new therapeutic applications to overcome human tumor drug
      resistance will be significant.

PMID- 27380058
TI  - Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Systematic Review
      of the Literature.
AB  - Introduction Pediatric necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare but severe, life
      threatening infection. Early diagnosis is crucial to reduce morbidity and
      mortality, but initial symptoms are nonspecific. Little sound data exists on
      factors aiding clinicians to recognize NF in children. With a systematic
      literature review, we aimed to better characterize pediatric NF. We focused on
      triggers, symptoms, and laboratory and microbiological findings and differences
      between pediatric adult patients. Materials and Methods A literature research was
      conducted according to the guidance of the "Preferred Reporting Items for
      Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses." Articles published between January 2010
      and October 2015 were included. Data extraction was performed as an iterative
      process. Results A total of 32 articles describing 53 pediatric patients with NF
      were included in the analysis. Overall mortality was 15.4%. Frequency peaks were
      found for neonates and children aged between 1 and 2 years. These two age groups
      were predominantly affected on the torso. Another frequency peak was found in
      patients aged around 10 years of age. These patients were predominantly affected
      on the extremities and face. In general, early symptoms were found to be fever,
      erythema, localized selling, and tenderness or pain. "Pain out of proportion" was
      not mentioned as a typical symptom. Fever and leukocytosis were more common in
      teenage patients. Monomicrobial necrotizing (type 2) fasciitis was much more
      common than polymicrobial (type 1) fasciitis. Next to Streptococci and
      Staphylococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was often isolated. Early aggressive
      surgical treatment was the treatment of choice. Conclusions Pediatric NF has
      distinguishing features that differ from adult NF. Knowledge of these details
      should increase early diagnosis and improve treatment.

PMID- 27380057
TI  - GPC-HCC model: a combination of glybican-3 with other routine parameters improves
      the diagnostic efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Conflicting results for circulating glypican-3 (GPC3) were reported in
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis. We aimed to improve the diagnostic
      power of GPC3 by developing a GPC-HCC model for diagnosing HCC. GPC3 was tested
      for HCC (138), liver cirrhosis (56), and fibrosis (62) patients by ELISA. Data
      from patient groups were retrospectively analyzed. A novel score, GPC-HCC, based
      on combination of GPC3 and routine laboratory tests, was developed for HCC
      diagnosis. The GPC-HCC model values produced a significant 1.7-fold increase in
      liver cirrhosis and 3.2-fold increase in HCC, in comparison with liver fibrosis.
      In contrast to GPC3 and alpha fetoprotein (AFP), the GPC-HCC model showed high
      HCC diagnostic power with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.939, sensitivity 93 %,
      specificity 93 %, positive predictive value 89 %, negative predictive value 95 %,
      and efficiency 93 %. GPC-HCC AUC in HCC with single tumor, absent vascular
      invasion, and tumor size <=3 cm were 0.93, 0.92, and 0.92, respectively, compared
      with 0.63, 0.63, and 0.64, respectively, for GPC3 and 0.69, 0.70, 0.55,
      respectively, for AFP. In conclusion, owing to these promising findings, the
      combination of GPC3 with other laboratory simple routine tests (GPC-HCC model)
      could improve the diagnostic power of GPC3 in HCC screening and follow up of
      cirrhotic patients.

PMID- 27380059
TI  - Nutritional and Environmental Effects on Ammonia Emissions from Dairy Cattle
      Housing: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Nitrogen excreted in dairy manure can be potentially transformed and emitted as
      NH, which can create livestock and human respiratory problems and be an indirect
      source of NO. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate environmental
      factors influencing NH emissions from dairy housing; and (ii) identify key
      explanatory variables in the NH emissions prediction from dairy housing using a
      meta-analytical approach. Data from 25 studies were used for the preliminary
      analysis, and data from 10 studies reporting 87 treatment means were used for the
      meta-analysis. Season and flooring type significantly affected NH emissions. For
      nutritional effect analysis, the between-study variability (heterogeneity) of
      mean NH emission was estimated using random-effect models and had a significant
      effect ( < 0.01). Therefore, random-effect models were extended to mixed-effect
      models to explain heterogeneity regarding the available dietary and animal
      variables. The final mixed-effect model included milk yield, dietary crude
      protein, and dry matter intake separately, explaining 45.5% of NH emissions
      heterogeneity. A unit increase in milk yield (kg d) resulted in a 4.9 g cow d
      reduction in NH emissions, and a unit increase in dietary crude protein content
      (%) and dry matter intake (kg d) resulted in 10.2 and 16.3 g cow d increases in
      NH emissions, respectively, in the scope of this study. These results can be
      further used to help identify mitigation strategies to reduce NH emissions from
      dairy housing by developing predictive models that could determine variables with
      strong association with NH emissions. 

PMID- 27380060
TI  - Lower Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Anhydrous Ammonia Application Prior to Soil
      Freezing in Late Fall Than Spring Pre-Plant Application.
AB  - Fall application of anhydrous ammonia in Manitoba is common but its impact on
      nitrous oxide (NO) emissions is not well known. A 2-yr study compared application
      before freeze-up in late fall to spring pre-plant application of anhydrous
      ammonia on nitrous oxide (NO) emissions from a clay soil in the Red River Valley,
      Manitoba. Spring wheat ( L.) and corn ( L.) were grown on two 4-ha fields in 2011
      and 2012, respectively. Field-scale flux of NO was measured using a flux-gradient
      micrometeorological approach. Late fall treatment did not induce NO emissions
      soon after application or in winter likely because soil was frozen. Application
      time did alter the temporal pattern of emissions with late fall and spring pre
      plant applications significantly increasing median daily NO flux at spring thaw
      and early crop growing season, respectively. The majority of emissions occurred
      in early growing season resulting in cumulative emissions for the crop year being
      numerically 33% less for late fall than spring pre-plant application. Poor yield
      in the first year with late fall treatment occurred because of weed and volunteer
      growth with delayed planting. Results show late fall application of anhydrous
      ammonia before freeze-up increased NO emissions at thaw and decreased emissions
      for the early growing season compared to spring pre-plant application. However,
      improved nitrogen availability of late fall application to crops the following
      year is required when planting is delayed because of excessive moisture in
      spring. 

PMID- 27380061
TI  - Microbial Community and Chemical Characteristics of Swine Manure during
      Maturation.
AB  - Swine diet formulations have the potential to lower animal emissions, including
      odor and ammonia (NH). The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of
      manure storage duration on manure chemical and microbial properties in swine
      feeding trials. Three groups of 12 pigs were fed a standard corn-soybean meal
      diet over a 13-wk period. Urine and feces were collected at each feeding and
      transferred to 12 manure storage tanks. Manure chemical characteristics and
      headspace gas concentrations were monitored for NH, hydrogen sulfide (HS),
      volatile fatty acids, phenols, and indoles. Microbial analysis of the stored
      manure included plate counts, community structure (denaturing gradient gel
      electrophoresis), and metabolic function (Biolog). All odorants in manure and
      headspace gas concentrations were significantly ( < 0.01) correlated for length
      of storage using quadratic equations, peaking after Week 5 for all headspace
      gases and most manure chemical characteristics. Microbial community structure and
      metabolic utilization patterns showed continued change throughout the 13-wk
      trial. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis species diversity patterns
      declined significantly ( < 0.01) with time as substrate utilization declined for
      sugars and certain amino acids, but functionality increased in the utilization of
      short chain fatty acids as levels of these compounds increased in manure. Studies
      to assess the effect of swine diet formulations on manure emissions for odor need
      to be conducted for a minimum of 5 wk. Efforts to determine the impact of diets
      on greenhouse gas emissions will require longer periods of study (>13 wk). 

PMID- 27380062
TI  - Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Septic Systems in New York State.
AB  - Onsite septic systems use microbial processes to eliminate organic wastes and
      nutrients such as nitrogen; these processes can contribute to air pollution
      through the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Current USEPA estimates for
      septic system GHG emissions are based on one study conducted in north-central
      California and are limited to methane; therefore, the contribution of these
      systems to the overall GHG emission budget is unclear. This study quantified and
      compared septic system GHG emissions from the soil over leach fields and the roof
      vent, which are the most likely locations for gas emissions during normal septic
      system operation. At each of eight septic systems, we measured fluxes of CH, CO,
      and NO using a static chamber method. The roof vent released the majority of
      septic system gas emissions. In addition, the leach field was a significant
      source of NO fluxes. Comparisons between leach field and vent emissions suggest
      that biological processes in the leach field soil may influence the type and
      quantity of gas released. Overall, our results suggest that (i) revisions are
      needed in USEPA guidance (e.g., septic systems are not currently listed as a
      source of NO emissions) and (ii) similar studies representing a wider range of
      climatic and geographic settings are needed. The total vent, sand filter, and
      leach field GHG emissions were 0.17, 0.045, and 0.050 t CO-equivalents capita yr,
      respectively. In total, this represents about 1.5% of the annual carbon footprint
      of an individual living in the United States. 

PMID- 27380063
TI  - Distillers By-Product Cattle Diets Enhance Reduced Sulfur Gas Fluxes from Feedlot
      Soils and Manures.
AB  - Total reduced sulfur (TRS) emissions from animal feeding operations are a concern
      with increased feeding of high-sulfur distillers by-products. Three feeding
      trials were conducted to evaluate feeding wet distillers grain plus solubles
      (WDGS) on TRS fluxes. Fresh manure was collected three times during Feeding Trial
      1 from cattle fed 0, 20, 40, and 60% WDGS. Fluxes of TRS from 40 and 60% WDGS
      manures were 3- to 13-fold greater than the 0 and 20% WDGS manures during the
      first two periods. In the final period, TRS flux from 60% WDGS was 5- to 22-fold
      greater than other WDGS manures. During Feeding Trial 2, 0 and 40% WDGS diets on
      four dates were compared in feedlot-scale pens. On two dates, fluxes from mixed
      manure and soil near the feed bunk were 3.5-fold greater from 40% WDGS pens.
      After removing animals, soil TRS flux decreased 82% over 19 d but remained 50%
      greater in 40% WDGS pens, principally from the wetter pen edges (1.9-fold greater
      than the drier central mound). During two cycles of cattle production in Feeding
      Trial 3, TRS soil fluxes were 0.3- to 4-fold greater over six dates for pens
      feeding WDGS compared with dry-rolled corn diet and principally from wetter pen
      edges. Soil TRS flux correlated with %WDGS, total N, total P, manure pack
      temperature, and surface temperature. Consistent results among these three trials
      indicate that TRS fluxes increase by two- to fivefold when cattle were fed
      greater levels of WDGS, but specific manure management practices may help control
      TRS fluxes. 

PMID- 27380064
TI  - Nitrous Oxide Fluxes, Soil Oxygen, and Denitrification Potential of Urine- and
      Non-Urine-Treated Soil under Different Irrigation Frequencies.
AB  - Despite increased use of irrigation to improve forage quality and quantity for
      grazing cattle ( Linnaeus), there is a lack of data that assess how irrigation
      practices influence nitrous oxide (NO) emissions from urine-affected soils.
      Irrigation effects on soil oxygen (O) availability, a primary controller of NO
      fluxes, is poorly understood. It was hypothesized that increased irrigation
      frequency would result in lower NO emissions by increasing soil moisture and
      decreasing soil O concentrations. This would favor more NO reduction to
      dinitrogen (N). We examined effects of high (3-d) versus low (6-d) irrigation
      frequency with and without bovine urine addition to pasture. Nitrous oxide fluxes
      were measured daily for 35 d. Soil O, temperature, and water content were
      continuously measured at multiple depths. Inorganic nitrogen, organic carbon, and
      soil pH were measured at 6-d intervals. Measurements of denitrification enzyme
      activity with and without acetylene inhibition were used to infer the NO/(NO + N)
      ratio. The NO/(NO + N) ratio was lower under high- compared with low-frequency
      irrigation, suggesting greater potential for NO reduction to N with more frequent
      irrigation. Although NO fluxes were increased by urine addition, they were not
      affected by irrigation frequency. Soil O decreased temporarily after urine
      deposition, but O dynamics did not explain NO dynamics. Relative soil gas
      diffusivity (/) was a better predictor of NO fluxes than O concentration. On a
      free-draining soil, increasing irrigation frequency while providing the same
      total water volume did not enhance NO emissions under ruminant urine patches in a
      grazed pasture. 

PMID- 27380065
TI  - Ammonia Emission from a Beef Cattle Feedlot and Its Local Dry Deposition and Re
      Emission.
AB  - Ammonia (NH) volatized from livestock manure is affiliated with ecosystem and
      human health concerns and decreased fertilizer value of manure and can also be an
      indirect source of greenhouse gas. Beef cattle feedlots, where thousands of
      cattle are grouped together to enable greater control of feed management and
      production, are hot spots in the agricultural landscape for NH emissions.
      Quantifying the feedlot NH emissions is a difficult task, partly due to the
      reactive nature of NH within and surrounding the feedlot. Our study used a
      dispersion model coupled to field measurements to derive NH emissions from a
      feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada. The average feedlot NH emission was 50 MUg m
      s (85 g animal d), which coincides with a low dietary crude protein content. At a
      location 165 m east of the feedlot, a flux gradient (FG) technique measured an
      average NH deposition of 12.0 MUg m s (west wind) and 5.3 MUg m s (east wind).
      Ammonia FG emission averaged 1 MUg m s with east winds, whereas no NH emission
      was found for west wind. Using soil-captured NH, there was a decrease in
      deposition with distance from the feedlot (50% over 200 m). Collectively, the
      results of this study provide insight into the dynamics of NH in the agricultural
      landscape and illustrate the need for NH mitigation to improve the environmental
      and economic sustainability of cattle feedlots. 

PMID- 27380066
TI  - Evaluation of Intensive "4R" Strategies for Decreasing Nitrous Oxide Emissions
      and Nitrogen Surplus in Rainfed Corn.
AB  - The "4R" approach of using the right rate, right source, right timing, and right
      placement is an accepted framework for increasing crop N use efficiency. However,
      modifying only one 4R component does not consistently reduce nitrous oxide (NO)
      emissions. Our objective was to determine if N fertilizer applied in three split
      applications (Sp), by itself or combined with changes in N source and rate, could
      improve N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N surplus (NS) and decrease NO emissions.
      Over two corn ( L.) growing seasons in Minnesota, NO emissions ranged from 0.6 to
      0.9 kg N ha. None of the treatment combinations affected grain yield. Compared
      with urea applied in a single application at the recommended N rate, Sp by itself
      did not improve NRE or NS and did not decrease NO. Combining Sp with urease and
      nitrification inhibitors and/or a 15% reduction in N rate increased NRE from 57
      to >73% and decreased NS by >20 kg N ha. The only treatment that decreased NO (by
      20-53%) was Sp combined with inhibitors and reduced N rate. Emissions of NO were
      more strongly correlated with NS calculated from grain N uptake ( = 0.61)
      compared with whole-plant N uptake ( = 0.39), possibly because most N losses
      occurred before grain filling. Optimizing both application timing and N source
      can allow for a moderate reduction in N rate that does not affect grain yield but
      decreases NO. Grain-based NS may be a more useful indicator of NO emissions than
      whole-plant-based NS. 

PMID- 27380067
TI  - Standard Extraction Methods May Underestimate Nitrate Stocks Captured by Field
      Aged Biochar.
AB  - Biochar (BC) has been shown to increase the potential for N retention in
      agricultural soils. However, the form of N retained and its strength of retention
      are poorly understood. Here, we examined if the N retained could be readily
      extractable by standard methods and if the amount of N retained varied with BC
      field ageing. We investigated soil and field-aged BC (BC) particles of a field
      experiment (sandy soil amended with BC at 0, 15, and 30 t ha) under two watering
      regimes (irrigated and rain-fed). Throughout the study, greater nitrate than
      ammonium retention was observed with BC addition in topsoil (0-15 cm). Subsoil
      (15-30 cm) nitrate concentrations were reduced in BC treatments, indicating
      reduced nitrate leaching (standard 2 mol L KCl method). The mineral-N release of
      picked BC particles was examined with different methods: standard 2 mol L KCl
      extraction; repeated (10*) extraction in 2 mol L KCl at 22 +/- 2 degrees C and 80
      degrees C (M); electro-ultrafiltration (M); repeated water + KCl long-term
      shaking (M); and M plus one repeated shaking at 80 degrees C (M). Nitrate amounts
      captured by BC particles were several-fold greater than those in the BC-amended
      soil. Compared with M, standard 2 mol L KCl or electro-ultrafiltration
      extractions retrieved only 13 and 30% of the total extractable nitrates,
      respectively. Our results suggest that "nitrate capture" by BC may reduce nitrate
      leaching in the field and that the inefficiency of standard extraction methods
      deserves closer research attention to decipher mechanisms for reactive N
      management. 

PMID- 27380068
TI  - QMRAcatch: Human-Associated Fecal Pollution and Infection Risk Modeling for a
      River/Floodplain Environment.
AB  - Protection of drinking water resources requires addressing all relevant fecal
      pollution sources in the considered catchment. A freely available simulation
      tool, QMRAcatch, was recently developed to simulate concentrations of fecal
      indicators, a genetic microbial source tracking (MST) marker, and intestinal
      pathogens in water resources and to conduct a quantitative microbial risk
      assessment (QMRA). At the same time, QMRAcatch was successfully applied to a
      region of the Danube River in Austria, focusing on municipal wastewater
      emissions. Herein, we describe extension of its application to a Danube River
      floodplain, keeping the focus on fecal sources of human origin. QMRAcatch was
      calibrated to match measured human-associated MST marker concentrations for a dry
      year and a wet year. Appropriate performance characteristics of the human
      associated MST assay were proven by simulating correct and false-positive marker
      concentrations, as determined in human and animal feces. With the calibrated
      tool, simulated and measured enterovirus concentrations in the rivers were
      compared. Finally, the calibrated tool allowed demonstrating that 4.5 log
      enterovirus and 6.6 log norovirus reductions must be achieved to convert current
      surface water to safe drinking water that complies with a health-based target of
      10 infections person yr. Simulations of the low- and high-pollution scenarios
      showed that the required viral reductions ranged from 0 to 8 log. This study has
      implications for water managers with interests in assessing robust catchment
      protection measures and water treatment criteria by considering the fate of fecal
      pollution from its sources to the point of abstraction. 

PMID- 27380069
TI  - Improved Simulation of Edaphic and Manure Phosphorus Loss in SWAT.
AB  - Watershed models such as the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the
      Agricultural Policy Environmental EXtender (APEX) are widely used to assess the
      fate and transport of agricultural nutrient management practices on soluble and
      particulate phosphorus (P) loss in runoff. Soil P-cycling routines used in
      SWAT2012 revision 586, however, do not simulate the short-term effects of
      applying a concentrated source of soluble P, such as manure, to the soil surface
      where it is most vulnerable to runoff. We added a new set of soil P routines to
      SWAT2012 revision 586 to simulate surface-applied manure at field and
      subwatershed scales within Mahantango Creek watershed in south-central
      Pennsylvania. We corroborated the new P routines and standard P routines in two
      versions of SWAT (conventional SWAT, and a topographically driven variation
      called TopoSWAT) for a total of four modeling "treatments". All modeling
      treatments included 5 yr of measured data under field-specific, historical
      management information. Short-term "wash off" processes resulting from
      precipitation immediately following surface application of manures were captured
      with the new P routine whereas the standard routines resulted in losses
      regardless of manure application. The new routines improved sensitivity to key
      factors in nutrient management (i.e., timing, rate, method, and form of P
      application). Only the new P routines indicated decreases in soluble P losses for
      dairy manure applications at 1, 5, and 10 d before a storm event. The new P
      routines also resulted in more variable P losses when applying manure versus
      commercial fertilizer and represented increases in total P losses, as compared
      with standard P routines, with rate increases in dairy manure application (56,000
      to 84,000 L ha). The new P routines exhibited greater than 50% variation among
      proportions of organic, particulate, and soluble P corresponding to spreading
      method. In contrast, proportions of P forms under the standard P routines varied
      less than 20%. Results suggest similar revisions to other agroecosystem watershed
      models would be appropriate. 

PMID- 27380070
TI  - Validation of Sensor-Directed Spatial Simulated Annealing Soil Sampling Strategy.
AB  - Soil spatial variability has a profound influence on most agronomic and
      environmental processes at field and landscape scales, including site-specific
      management, vadose zone hydrology and transport, and soil quality. Mobile sensors
      are a practical means of mapping spatial variability because their measurements
      serve as a proxy for many soil properties, provided a sensor-soil calibration is
      conducted. A viable means of calibrating sensor measurements over soil properties
      is through linear regression modeling of sensor and target property data. In the
      present study, two sensor-directed, model-based, sampling scheme delineation
      methods were compared to validate recent applications of soil apparent electrical
      conductivity (EC)-directed spatial simulated annealing against the more
      established EC-directed response surface sampling design (RSSD) approach. A 6.8
      ha study area near San Jacinto, CA, was surveyed for EC, and 30 soil sampling
      locations per sampling strategy were selected. Spatial simulated annealing and
      RSSD were compared for sensor calibration to a target soil property (i.e.,
      salinity) and for evenness of spatial coverage of the study area, which is
      beneficial for mapping nontarget soil properties (i.e., those not correlated with
      EC). The results indicate that the linear modeling EC-salinity calibrations
      obtained from the two sampling schemes provided salinity maps characterized by
      similar errors. The maps of nontarget soil properties show similar errors across
      sampling strategies. The Spatial Simulated Annealing methodology is, therefore,
      validated, and its use in agronomic and environmental soil science applications
      is justified. 

PMID- 27380071
TI  - Eco-Efficiency Model for Evaluating Feedlot Rations in the Great Plains, United
      States.
AB  - Environmental impacts attributable to beef feedlot production provide an
      opportunity for economically linked efficiency optimization. Eco-efficiency
      models are used to optimize production and processes by connecting and
      quantifying environmental and economic impacts. An adaptable, objective eco
      efficiency model was developed to assess the impacts of dietary rations on beef
      feedlot environmental and fiscal cost. The hybridized model used California Net
      Energy System modeling, life cycle assessment, principal component analyses
      (PCA), and economic analyses. The model approach was based on 38 potential
      feedlot rations and four transportation scenarios for the US Great Plains for
      each ration to determine the appropriate weight of each impact. All 152 scenarios
      were then assessed through a nested PCA to determine the relative contributing
      weight of each impact and environmental category to the overall system. The PCA
      output was evaluated using an eco-efficiency model. Results suggest that water,
      ecosystem, and human health emissions were the primary impact category drivers
      for feedlot eco-efficiency scoring. Enteric CH emissions were the greatest
      individual contributor to environmental performance (5.7% of the overall
      assessment), whereas terrestrial ecotoxicity had the lowest overall contribution
      (0.2% of the overall assessment). A well-balanced ration with mid-range dietary
      and processing energy requirements yielded the most eco- and environmentally
      efficient system. Using these results, it is possible to design a beef feed
      ration that is more economical and environmentally friendly. This methodology can
      be used to evaluate eco-efficiency and to reduce researcher bias of other complex
      systems. 

PMID- 27380072
TI  - Effects of Riparian Buffer Vegetation and Width: A 12-Year Longitudinal Study.
AB  - Agricultural contributions of nitrogen are a serious concern for many water
      resources and have spurred the implementation of riparian buffer zones to reduce
      groundwater nitrate (NO). The optimum design for buffers is subject to debate,
      and there are few long-term studies. The objective of this project was to
      determine the effectiveness over time (12 yr) of buffer types (trees,
      switchgrass, fescue, native, and a control) and buffer widths (8 and 15 m) by
      measuring groundwater NO-N and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) trends. At the
      intermediate groundwater depth (1.5-2.1 m), NO-N reduction effectiveness was 2.5
      times greater (46 vs. 16%) for the wider buffer, and, regardless of width, buffer
      effectiveness increased 0.62% yr. Buffer vegetative type was never statistically
      significant. In the deep-groundwater depth (2.1-3.5 m), there was no change in NO
      N removal over time, although the statistical interaction of width and vegetative
      type indicated a wide range of removal rates (19-82%). The DOC concentrations
      were analyzed at the field/buffer and buffer/stream sampling locations. Depending
      on location position and groundwater sampling depth, DOC concentrations ranged
      from 1.6 to 2.8 mg L at Year 0 and increased at a rate of 0.13 to 0.18 mg L yr
      but always remained low (<=5.0 mg L). Greater DOC concentrations in the
      intermediate-depth groundwater did not increase NO-N removal; redox measurements
      indicated intermittent reduced soil conditions may have been limiting. This study
      suggests that riparian buffer width, not vegetation, is more important for NO-N
      removal in the middle coastal plain of North Carolina for a newly established
      buffer. 

PMID- 27380073
TI  - Trace Elements in Dominant Species of the Fenghe River, China: Their Relations to
      Environmental Factors.
AB  - The distribution of trace elements (TEs) in water, sediment, riparian soil and
      dominant plants was investigated in the Fenghe River, Northwestern China. The
      Fenghe River ecosystem was polluted with Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb. There was a high
      pollution risk in the midstream and downstream regions and the risk level for Cd
      was much higher than that of the other elements. The average values of
      bioconcentration coefficient for Cd and Zn were 2.21 and 1.75, respectively,
      indicating a large accumulation of Cd and Zn in the studied species. With broad
      ecological amplitudes, L. Levl. et Vant. Trin., and L. had the greatest TE
      concentrations in aboveground and belowground biomass of the studied species and
      were potential biomonitors or phytoremediators for the study area. Multivariate
      techniques including cluster analysis, correlation analysis, principal component
      analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis were used to analyze the
      relations between TE concentrations in plants and various environmental factors.
      The soil element concentration is the main factor determining the accumulation of
      TEs in plants. The co-release behavior of common pollutants and TEs drove the
      accumulation of Hg, Cd, and As in the studied plants. Significant enrichment of
      some elements in the Fenghe River has led to a decline in the biodiversity of
      plants. 

PMID- 27380074
TI  - Chromium Release from a COPR-Contaminated Soil at Varying Water Content and Redox
      Conditions.
AB  - Many soils in the region of Kanpur, North India, are heavily affected by the
      leather industry and its upstream supplier sector, as indicated by elevated
      chromium (Cr) contents. Under reducing conditions-for instance, at water
      saturation after monsoon rain or flood irrigation-the dynamic and species
      distribution of Cr may be affected due to changes in redox potential (E). In this
      study, the influence of E on the speciation and release of Cr from a contaminated
      agricultural soil was investigated. A soil sample that was affected by
      hyperalkaline leachate from chromite ore processing residue, was taken and packed
      in soil columns, and subjected to a saturation-drainage-saturation cycle. After
      initial water saturation, the E dropped slowly to minimum values of around -100
      mV (calculated to pH 7), while E was controlled by CrO/CrO(s), or CrO/(Fe,Cr)OOH
      redox couples. Soil drainage resulted in a quick return to oxidizing conditions;
      i.e., E > 300 mV. The Cr species distribution and release showed a clear trend
      with E. At the beginning of the experiment, under oxidizing and weakly reducing
      conditions (E range from >100 to 300 mV), Cr(VI) was released in particular.
      However, under moderately reducing conditions (E range from 100 to -100 mV), Cr
      was gradually immobilized and irreversible sequestered via reductive
      precipitation. The results presented in this study provide an improved
      understanding of the mobility of Cr(VI) in contaminated soils at varying water
      contents, which is essential for the evaluation of environmental risks in this
      region. 

PMID- 27380075
TI  - Illinois River Nitrate-Nitrogen Concentrations and Loads: Long-term Variation and
      Association with Watershed Nitrogen Inputs.
AB  - The Illinois River is a major contributor of nitrate-N to the Mississippi River
      and the Gulf of Mexico, where nitrate is a leading cause of summertime benthic
      hypoxia. Corn-soybean production on tile-drained land is a leading source of
      nitrate-N in this river system, in addition to municipal wastewater discharge. We
      calculated annual nitrate-N loads in the Illinois River at Valley City from 1976
      to 2014 by linear interpolation. Although there was not a significant trend in
      annual loads during the entire study period, there was a significant downward
      trend in flow-weighted nitrate-N concentration after 1990 despite high
      concentrations in 2013 after the 2012 drought. Multivariate regression analysis
      revealed a statistically significant association between annual flow-weighted
      nitrate-N concentration and cumulative residual agricultural N inputs to the
      watershed during a 6-yr window. This suggests that declines in flow-weighted
      nitrate-N concentration may reflect increasing N use efficiency in agriculture
      and a depletion of legacy N stored in the watershed. The watershed appears to
      have transitioned from a state of stationarity in nitrate concentration to
      nonstationarity. The average annual nitrate-N load at Valley City from 2010 to
      2014 was 10% less than the 1980-1996 average load, indicating recent progress
      toward Illinois' nutrient loss reduction milestone of 15% reduction by 2025 and
      ultimate target of 45% reduction. 

PMID- 27380076
TI  - Using the Provenance of Sediment and Bioavailable Phosphorus to Help Mitigate
      Water Quality Impact in an Agricultural Catchment.
AB  - The quality and health of surface waters can be impaired by sediment and sediment
      bound phosphorus (P). The Waituna Lagoon catchment in southern New Zealand has
      undergone agricultural intensification that has been linked to increases in
      sediment and sediment-bound bioavailable P (BAP) in the lagoon. Time-integrated
      samplers trapped suspended sediment from the water column, and their geochemical
      signature was compared with likely sources (stream banks, stream beds, topsoil,
      and subsoil) in each of the lagoon's contributing streams and rivers. The
      proportion of BAP, but not necessarily total P, within trapped sediment was much
      greater in samples from the Moffat and Carran Creeks than from the Waituna Creek,
      probably due to the erosion of organic-rich soils that had little capacity to
      retain P compared with the more mineral soils of the Waituna Creek. Annually,
      most BAP and sediment came from bank erosion, and strategies such as fencing out
      stock should focus on minimizing this throughout the catchment. However, when
      considering losses in space and time relative to the impact on the Waituna
      Lagoon, strategies the Waituna Creek catchment should also minimize contributions
      from topsoil in winter-spring, whereas in the Carran and Moffat Creek catchments
      strategies need to decrease P inputs (e.g., effluent) to Organic soils likely to
      lose much BAP in summer-autumn when the impact on the Lagoon is quickest. This
      study highlighted the need to identify sources and timings of BAP and sediment
      loss before recommending mitigation practices, which without this information may
      be slow or not succeed. 

PMID- 27380077
TI  - Hydro-Climatological Influences on Long-Term Dissolved Organic Carbon in a
      Mountain Stream of the Southeastern United States.
AB  - In the past decade, significant increases in surface water dissolved organic
      carbon (DOC) have been reported for large aquatic ecosystems of the Northern
      Hemisphere and have been attributed variously to global warming, altered
      hydrologic conditions, and atmospheric deposition, among other factors. We
      analyzed a 25-yr DOC record (1988-2012) available for a forested headwater stream
      in the United States and documented two distinct regimes of stream DOC trends.
      From 1988 to 2001, annual mean volume-weighted DOC concentration (DOC, mg L) and
      annual DOC flux (kg ha yr) declined by 34 and 56%, respectively. During 1997 to
      2012, the decline in DOC and DOC flux increased by 141 and 165%, respectively.
      Declining DOC from 1988 to 2001 corresponded to a decline in growing season
      runoff, which has the potential to influence mobilization of DOC from uplands to
      streams. Increasing DOC from 1997 to 2012 corresponded to increased precipitation
      early in the growing season and to an increase in the number and intensity of
      short-duration fall storms capable of mobilizing long-accrued DOC from forest
      litter and soils. In contrast, total annual runoff declined throughout the
      period. Rising air temperature, atmospheric acid deposition, and nitrogen
      depositions did not offer any plausible explanation for the observed
      bidirectional annual trends of stream DOC. Our study highlights the critical role
      of long-term datasets and analyses for understanding the impacts of climate
      change on carbon and water cycles and associated functions of aquatic and
      terrestrial ecosystems. 

PMID- 27380078
TI  - Quantifying Sediment Provenance Using Multiple Composite Fingerprints in a Small
      Watershed in Oklahoma.
AB  - Quantitative information on sediment provenance is needed for improved
      calibration and validation of process-based soil erosion models. However,
      sediment source data are often limited due to difficulties in directly measuring
      source contributions at a watershed scale. Our objectives in this study were to
      estimate sediment source contributions in a 15-km watershed using analytical
      solutions to a three end-member mixing model using multiple composite
      fingerprints and to compare the results with those estimated with a single
      radionuclide, Cs. Surface soil samples were collected from 23 croplands, 19
      rangelands, and 26 gully banks in the watershed, and 31 geochemical elements were
      analyzed for each sample. The elements served as tracers and were screened using
      statistical tests and range checks. The mean concentrations of all the
      nonconflict tracer pairs were used in the mixing model to calculate source
      contributions for the three sources. Results showed that although source
      contributions were strongly influenced by topography and land use, gully or
      subsoil erosion was found to be the main source of fine sediment in most
      subwatersheds. This study demonstrates that estimated source contributions may
      vary substantially among different composite fingerprints and that the use of
      multiple composite fingerprints greatly improves accuracy while reducing
      uncertainty. The source contributions estimated using multiple composite
      fingerprints agreed well with those estimated with Cs, with a correlation
      coefficient of 0.69 for gully contributions. This good agreement increases our
      confidence in using the multiple composite fingerprint method to identify
      sediment provenance in relatively small watersheds. 

PMID- 27380079
TI  - Hydrologic Impacts of Municipal Wastewater Irrigation to a Temperate Forest
      Watershed.
AB  - Land application of municipal wastewater to managed forests is an important
      treatment and water reuse technology used globally, but the hydrological
      processes of these systems are not well characterized for temperate areas with
      annual rainfall of 1200 mm or greater. This study evaluated the impact of
      municipal wastewater irrigation to the local water balance at a 3000-ha land
      application facility where secondary-treated wastewater is land applied to a
      mixed hardwood-pine forest over 900 ha. Stable isotopes of hydrogen (H) and
      oxygen (O), chloride concentrations, and specific conductance were used in
      combination with hydrometric measurements to estimate the wastewater composition
      in groundwater, surface water, and at the watershed outlet during dry and wet
      seasonal periods and during one large rainfall event. Wastewater and water bodies
      receiving irrigation were found to have significantly higher deltaH, deltaO,
      specific conductance, and chloride concentrations. Using these tracers, a two
      component, three-end member geochemical mixing model estimated mean wastewater
      compositions in the surficial aquifer receiving irrigation from 47 to 73%.
      Surface water onsite was found to reflect the high wastewater composition in
      groundwater. Land-applied wastewater contributed an estimated 24% of total
      streamflow, with the highest wastewater compositions in surface water observed
      during major storm events and at low-flow conditions. Groundwater and surface
      water within the watershed were found to have proportionally higher wastewater
      compositions than expected based on the proportion of irrigation to rainfall
      received by these areas. 

PMID- 27380080
TI  - Riverine Response of Sulfate to Declining Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition in
      Agricultural Watersheds.
AB  - Sulfur received extensive study as an input to terrestrial ecosystems from acidic
      deposition during the 1980s. With declining S deposition inputs across the
      eastern United States, there have been many studies evaluating ecosystem
      response, with the exception of agricultural watersheds. We used long-term (22
      and 18 yr) sulfate concentration data from two rivers and recent (6 yr) data from
      a third river to better understand cycling and transport of S in agricultural,
      tile-drained watersheds. Sulfate concentrations and yields steadily declined in
      the Embarras (from ~10 to 6 mg S L) and Kaskaskia rivers (from 7 to 3.5 mg S L)
      during the sampling period, with an overall -23.1 and -12.8 kg S ha yr balance
      for the two watersheds. There was evidence of deep groundwater inputs of sulfate
      in the Salt Fork watershed, with a much smaller input to the Embarras and none to
      the Kaskaskia. Tiles in the watersheds had low sulfate concentrations (<10 mg S
      L), similar to the Kaskaskia River, unless the field had received some form of S
      fertilizer. A multiple regression model of runoff (cm) and S deposition explained
      much of the variation in Embarras River sulfate ( = 0.86 and 0.80 for
      concentrations and yields; = 46). Although atmospheric deposition was much less
      than outputs (grain harvest + stream export of sulfate), riverine transport of
      sulfate reflected the decline in inputs. Watershed S balances suggest a small
      annual depletion of soil organic S pools, and S fertilization will likely be
      needed at some future date to maintain crop yields. 

PMID- 27380081
TI  - Effect of Harsh or Mild Extraction of Soil on Pesticide Leaching to Groundwater.
AB  - Assessment of leaching to groundwater is an important aspect of pesticide risk
      assessment. The first leaching tier usually consists of simulations with leaching
      scenarios based on pesticide-soil properties derived from laboratory studies.
      Because the extractability of pesticide residues in such studies decreases with
      time, the harshness of the extraction method influences these pesticide-soil
      properties. This study investigates the effect of using a mild or harsh
      extraction method on simulated leaching to groundwater with consideration of
      substances with a range of half-lives and organic matter sorption coefficient
      values for selected leaching scenarios. The model for linking the concentrations
      of the mild and the harsh systems was based on laboratory studies with two
      pesticides and a Dutch sandy soil and was tested against Canadian field studies
      with atrazine (6-chloro-2-ethyl-4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine). The
      degradation rate and the aged-sorption parameters of each "mild" soil-substance
      system were derived from a hypothetical laboratory incubation study using
      prescribed parameter values for the corresponding "harsh" soil-substance system.
      Simulations were performed for three European leaching scenarios (United Kingdom,
      France, Portugal). For the best-guess parameter set, the leaching concentrations
      of the harsh system were approximately equal to those of the mild system at
      leaching concentrations greater than 1 MUg L and were at most approximately a
      factor of two higher than those of the mild systems at mild leaching
      concentrations between 0.01 and 0.1 MUg L. However, an extreme parameter set led
      to harsh leaching concentrations that were at most approximately 10 times higher
      than the mild leaching concentrations at levels between 0.01 and 0.1 MUg L. 

PMID- 27380082
TI  - Assessing the Success of Regional Measures for Lowering Agricultural Nutrient
      Pollution in Headwater Streams.
AB  - Lowland waters in Northern Ireland experience elevated agricultural phosphorus
      (P) inputs, and in response a variety of control measures targeting farm nutrient
      management have been implemented. Their efficacy in lowering nitrogen (N) and P
      exports and improving water quality is examined in 40 headwater streams from 1990
      to 2009, and to 2014 for 24 of these. Over this period manure production in the
      study catchments declined by 7%, but regional chemical fertilizer inputs declined
      by 37% for N and 79% for P, and the regional nutrient surplus was lowered by 18%
      for N and 49% for P. Diminished pollution by organic wastes meant that 85% of
      streams exhibited chemistry suitable for salmonids in 2009 compared to 40% in
      1990. Flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMCs) of nutrients declined between
      1990 and 2009, and their correlations with catchment stocking rates became
      stronger over time. For catchments with manure inputs <16.6 kg P ha, total P and
      nitrate FWMCs declined from 123 +/- 19 MUg P L and 1.92 +/- 0.5 mg N L in 1990 at
      rates of 2.2 +/- 0.5 and 30 +/- 10 MUg L yr, respectively. For catchments with
      higher manure inputs the respective rates of decline were greater at 5.8 +/- 1.0
      MUg P L yr and 160 +/- 20 MUg N L yr from 1990 concentrations of 270 +/- 25 MUg P
      L and 5.99 +/- 0.4 mg N L. Although now lower, P concentrations in the more
      highly stocked catchments still exceed regional nutrient standards so that the
      identification of further factors impinging on nutrient losses is critical if
      such standards are to be achieved. 

PMID- 27380083
TI  - Assessing the Influence of Calcium Fluoride on Pyrite Electrochemical Dissolution
      and Mine Drainage pH.
AB  - We investigated the influence of dissolved calcium fluoride, CaF(aq), on the
      electrochemical dissolution of pyrite and the corresponding environmental effects
      on acid mine drainage (AMD). The experimental results showed that CaF(aq)
      promotes pyrite electrochemical dissolution. When the CaF(aq) concentration
      increased from 0 to 10 mg L up to saturation, the promoting efficiency was 15.80
      and 57.25%, respectively. The reason for this phenomenon is that F and Fe form
      FeF, and at a higher scan potential, F and Fe form the ion complex FeF. The
      mechanisms include: (i) the decreasing charge transfer resistance at the double
      layer due to the iron fluorine complex formation; and (ii) the decreasing
      passivation resistance at the cover layer due to the strong penetration of F ions
      through it into the double layer. Although the hydrolysis reaction of F in
      solution could increase the pH value of mine drainage, the AMD was significantly
      aggravated because CaF(aq) promoted the pyrite electrochemical dissolution. 

PMID- 27380084
TI  - Total Phosphorus Concentration Trends in 40 Iowa Rivers, 1999 to 2013.
AB  - Excessive phosphorus (P) in rivers is prompting states to develop strategies to
      reduce P concentrations and export. The goal of this study was to assess the
      current condition by analyzing trends in total P (TP) concentrations at 40 river
      monitoring sites in Iowa for the period 1998 to 2013. We used monthly river
      monitoring data collected by the State of Iowa at ambient sites located beyond
      the influence of point sources or cities. Study objectives were to assess the
      presence of any linear trends in the TP concentration data using a time-series
      method that accounted for temporal correlation in the data and discharge and to
      combine the trend information from individual sites into an assessment of the
      statewide rate of change in river TP concentrations. Results indicated that
      annual TP concentrations were significantly decreasing at 12 sites ( < 0.05),
      with concentrations ranging from 7.5% (Maple River) to 2.6% (Boyer River) and
      averaging 4.1% for the 12 sites. No statistically significant change was measured
      at 28 sites ( > 0.05), although all but four of these sites had decreasing
      concentrations. As a population of sampled rivers across Iowa, TP concentrations
      were declining at an annual rate of approximately 2.6%. The decreasing trends are
      consistent with reported reductions in sediment concentrations measured in the
      Raccoon River and with decreasing trends detected in other midwestern rivers. We
      attribute the decreasing TP trends primarily to improvements in conservation and
      land management. Although reducing nonpoint source TP concentrations in Iowa
      rivers will be a tremendous challenge for the agricultural community, progress is
      being made toward meeting this goal with existing programs. 

PMID- 27380085
TI  - Aeration-Induced Changes in Temperature and Nitrogen Dynamics in a Dimictic Lake.
AB  - Low levels of oxygen (O) in the hypolimnion layer of lakes are harmful to benthic
      animals and fish; they may also adversely affect nutrient cycles. Artificial
      aeration is often used in lake management to counteract these problems, but the
      effects of aeration on nitrogen (N) cycling are not known. We studied the effects
      of hypolimnetic aeration on N dynamics and temperature in a eutrophic lake by
      comparing continuous and pulsed aeration with a nonaerated station. Aeration
      decreased the accumulation of NH-N deep in the lake (20-33 m) by supplying O for
      nitrification, which in turn provided substrate for denitrification and promoted
      N removal. Aeration also increased the temperature in the hypolimnion.
      Denitrification rate was highest in the nonaerated deep areas (average, 7.62 mg N
      m d) due to very high rates during spring turnover of the water column,
      demonstrating that natural turnover provides O for nitrification. During
      stratification, denitrification was highest at the continuously aerated station
      (4.06 mg N m d) and lowest at the nonaerated station (3.02 mg N m d). At the
      periodically aerated station, aeration pauses did not restrict the increase in
      temperature but resulted in accumulation of NH-N and decreased the contribution
      of denitrification as a nitrate reduction process. Our findings demonstrate that
      hypolimnetic aeration can substantially affect N cycling in lakes and that the
      effect depends on the aeration strategy. Because N is one of the main nutrients
      controlling eutrophication, the effects of aeration methods on N removal should
      be considered as part of strategies to manage water quality in lakes. 

PMID- 27380087
TI  - Phosphorus Release to Floodwater from Calcareous Surface Soils and Their
      Corresponding Subsurface Soils under Anaerobic Conditions.
AB  - Enhanced phosphorus (P) release from soils to overlying water under flooded,
      anaerobic conditions has been well documented for noncalcareous and surface
      soils, but little information is available for calcareous and subsurface soils.
      We compared the magnitude of P released from 12 calcareous surface soils and
      corresponding subsurface soils to overlying water under flooded, anaerobic
      conditions and examined the reasons for the differences. Surface (0-15 cm) and
      subsurface (15-30 cm) soils were packed into vessels and flooded for 8 wk. Soil
      redox potential and concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and
      total dissolved Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in floodwater and pore water were measured
      weekly. Soil test P was significantly smaller in subsurface soils than in
      corresponding surface soils; thus, the P release to floodwater from subsurface
      soils was significantly less than from corresponding surface soils. Under
      anaerobic conditions, floodwater DRP concentration significantly increased in
      >80% of calcareous surface soils and in about 40% of subsurface soils. The
      increase in floodwater DRP concentration was 2- to 17-fold in surface soils but
      only 4- to 7-fold in subsurface soils. With time of flooding, molar ratios of
      Ca/P and Mg/P in floodwater increased, whereas Fe/P and Mn/P decreased,
      suggesting that resorption and/or reprecipitation of P took place involving Fe
      and Mn. Results indicate that P release to floodwater under anaerobic conditions
      was enhanced in most calcareous soils. Surface and subsurface calcareous soils in
      general behaved similarly in releasing P under flooded, anaerobic conditions,
      with concentrations released mainly governed by initial soil P concentrations. 

PMID- 27380086
TI  - Surface Runoff of Pesticides from a Clay Loam Field in Sweden.
AB  - Pesticides stored at or close to the soil surface after field application can be
      mobilized and transported off the field when surface runoff occurs. The objective
      of our study was to quantify the potential pesticide losses in surface runoff
      from a conventionally managed agricultural field in a Swedish climate. This was
      achieved by measuring surface runoff volumes and concentrations in runoff of six
      spring-applied pesticides and autumn-applied glyphosate and its metabolite
      aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Measurements were performed for 3 yr both
      during the growing seasons and during intervening winter snowmelt periods on a
      clay loam field close to Uppsala. During growing seasons, surface runoff was
      generated on only five occasions during one 25-d period in 2012 when the
      infiltration capacity of the soil may have been reduced by structural degradation
      due to large cumulative rainfall amounts after harrowing. Concentrations in
      surface runoff exceeded Swedish water quality standards in all samples during
      this growing season for diflufenican and pirimicarb. Surface runoff was generated
      during three snowmelt periods during the winter of 2012-2013. All of the applied
      pesticides were found in snowmelt samples despite incorporation of residues by
      autumn plowing, degradation, and leaching into the soil profile during the period
      between spraying and sampling. Concentrations of glyphosate ranged from 0.12 to
      7.4 MUg L, and concentrations of AMPA ranged from 0 to 2.7 MUg L. Our results
      indicate that temporal changes in hydraulic properties during the growing season
      and when the soil freezes during winter affect pesticide losses through surface
      runoff. 

PMID- 27380088
TI  - Phosphorus Leaching in Soils Amended with Animal Manures Generated from Modified
      Diets.
AB  - New dietary modifications for dairy (reducing P content in feed) and poultry
      (addition of feed additives such as phytase) aim to reduce P excretion in
      manures. Our objective was to investigate if dietary changes were effective at
      reducing P leaching loss on land application of manures. We used 54 undisturbed
      lysimeters (30 cm diameter, 50 cm deep) collected from three typical mid-Atlantic
      soils. Lysimeters received 85 kg total P ha from fertilizer (superphosphate),
      dairy manures generated from low- or high-P diets, or broiler litters generated
      from normal diet or reduced P- and phytase-amended diets. Lysimeters were
      irrigated with 50 mm of water each week for 9 wk. The major forms of P in the
      leachate were dissolved (dissolved unreactive > dissolved reactive P [DRP])
      rather than particulate (total particulate P). The higher P solubility (100%) in
      superphosphate resulted in greater leaching of DRP, whereas the lower P
      solubility (<30%) in dairy manures or broiler litters resulted in lower DRP
      leaching from soils. Preferential flow in two soils caused greater DRP leaching;
      this effect was more pronounced in the superphosphate-amended than in the
      manure/litter-amended lysimeters. The dairy and poultry dietary modification was
      effective at reducing the amount of P in manures and litters. However, the
      application of treatments at similar P rate (85 kg ha) resulted in the addition
      of a higher amount of manure (54-66%) in lysimeters that received low-P dairy
      manure-amended and phytase-amended broiler litter, which then controlled P
      leaching from soils. 

PMID- 27380089
TI  - Mass Balance of Water and Nitrogen in the Mounded Drainfield of a Drip-Dispersal
      Septic System.
AB  - Quantitative assessment of nitrogen (N) loading from septic systems is needed to
      protect groundwater contamination. We determined the mass balance of water and N
      in the mounded drainfield of a drip-dispersal septic system. Three lysimeters
      (152.4 cm long, 91.4 cm wide, 91.4 cm high, with 1:1 side slope) were constructed
      using pressure-treated wood to mimic mounded drainfields. Of total water inputs,
      septic tank effluent (STE) added 57% water and natural rainfall added 43% water
      from January 2013 to January 2014. Outputs included leached water (46%) from the
      lysimeters over 67 sampling events ( = 15 daily and = 52 weekly flow-weighted),
      potential evapotranspiration (28%), and water stored in the drainfields (26%).
      Over 13 mo, each drainfield received 227 g of total N (STE, 99%; rainfall, 1%),
      of which 33% leached, 23% accumulated in the drainfield, and 6% was taken up by
      grass, with the remainder (38%) estimated to be gaseous N loss. Using these data,
      the leaching of water from 2.5 million drip-dispersal drainfields in the state of
      Florida was estimated to be 2.29 * 10 L yr, which would transport 2.4 * 10 kg of
      total N yr from the drainfields to shallow groundwater. Further reduction of N
      below drainfields in the soil profile could be expected before STE reaches
      groundwater. Our results provide quantitative information on the water and N
      loading and can be used to optimize drainfield conditions to attenuate N and
      protect groundwater quality. 

PMID- 27380090
TI  - Path Analyses of Grain P, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Ni in a Biosolids-Amended Dryland Wheat
      Agroecosystem.
AB  - Land application of biosolids is an effective means of recycling plant nutrients
      and is the primary method of biosolids reuse endorsed by the USEPA. One issue
      concerning biosolids application is the extent of the contribution of biosolids
      borne plant nutrients to the overall crop concentration and uptake or removal of
      these nutrients. We studied the effects of biosolids application on wheat ( L.)
      grain P, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Ni concentrations and uptake (removal) at two dryland
      agroecosystem sites from 1993 to 2014. We hypothesized that biosolids would have
      the greatest impact on wheat grain and uptake compared with ammonium bicarbonate
      diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)-extractable nutrient levels, soil
      pH, or soil organic C concentrations. We used path analyses in combination with
      multiple linear regression to differentiate the direct, indirect, and total
      effects of cumulative biosolids applications, soil AB-DTPA, soil pH, and organic
      C. Biosolids rates, applied biennially from 1993 to 2014 at the beginning of a
      wheat-fallow rotation, were 0, 2.24, 4.48, 6.72, 8.96, and 11.2 Mg ha. None of
      the parameters had significant direct, indirect, or total effects on grain
      concentrations. Biosolids applications had the greatest positive direct impact
      compared with AB-DTPA levels, soil pH, or soil organic C on P, Zn, Fe, and Ni
      uptake (removal), whereas AB-DTPA had the greatest positive direct impact on Cu
      uptake. Soil AB-DTPA, pH, and organic C directly affected some grain
      concentrations and cumulative uptake, but no consistent trends were noted. This
      pathway approach allowed differentiation between causation and simple correlation
      for the effects of cumulative biosolids applications on wheat P, Zn, Cu, Fe, and
      Ni cumulative uptake but did not provide these same results for grain
      concentrations. 

PMID- 27380091
TI  - Solubilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Single and Binary Mixed
      Rhamnolipid-Sophorolipid Biosurfactants.
AB  - Biosurfactants are promising additives for surfactant enhanced remediation (SER)
      technologies due to their low toxicity and high biodegradability. To develop
      green and efficient additives for SER, the aqueous solubility enhancements of
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) by
      rhamnolipid (RL) and sophorolipid (SL) biosurfactants were investigated in single
      and binary mixed systems. The solubilization capacities were quantified in terms
      of the solubility enhancement factor, molar solubilization ratio (MSR), and
      micelle-water partition coefficient (). Rughbin's model was applied to evaluate
      the interaction parameters (beta) in the mixed RL-SL micelles. The solubility of
      the PAHs increased linearly with the glycolipid concentration above the critical
      micelle concentration (CMC) in both single and mixed systems. Binary RL-SL
      mixtures exhibited greater solubilization than individual glycolipids. At a SL
      molar fraction of 0.7 to 0.8, the solubilization capacity was the greatest, and
      the MSR and reached their maximum values, and beta values became positive. These
      results suggest that the two biosurfactants act synergistically to increase the
      solubility of the PAHs. The solubilization capacity of the RL-SL mixtures
      increased with increasing temperature and decreased with increasing salinity. The
      aqueous solubility of phenanthrene reached a maximum value at pH of 5.5.
      Moreover, the mixed RL-SL systems exhibited a strong ability to solubilize PAHs,
      even in the presence of heavy metal ions. These mixed biosurfactant systems have
      the potential to improve the performance of SER technologies using biosurfactants
      to solubilize hydrophobic organic contaminants by decreasing the applied
      biosurfactant concentration, which reduces the costs of remediation. 

PMID- 27380092
TI  - Reducing Phosphorus Runoff and Leaching from Poultry Litter with Alum: Twenty
      Year Small Plot and Paired-Watershed Studies.
AB  - Treating poultry litter with alum has been shown to lower ammonia (NH) emissions
      and phosphorus (P) runoff losses. Two long-term studies were conducted to assess
      the effects of alum-treated poultry litter on P availability, leaching, and
      runoff under pasture conditions. From 1995 to 2015, litter was applied annually
      in a paired watershed study comparing alum-treated and untreated litter and in a
      small plot study comparing 13 treatments (an unfertilized control, four rates of
      alum-treated litter, four rates of untreated litter, and four rates of NHNO). In
      the paired watershed study, total P loads in runoff were 231% higher from pasture
      receiving untreated litter (1.96 kg P ha) than from that receiving alum-treated
      litter (0.85 kg P ha). In both studies, alum-treated litter resulted in
      significantly higher Mehlich III P (M3-P) and lower water-extractable P at the
      soil surface, reflecting greater retention of applied P and lesser availability
      of that P to runoff or leaching. In soils fertilized with alum-treated litter, M3
      P was much higher when analyzed by inductively coupled argon plasma emission
      spectrometry than by colorimetry, possibly due to the formation of aluminum
      phytate. Indeed, alum-treated poultry litter leached less P over the 20-yr study:
      M3-P at 10 to 50 cm was 266% greater in plots fertilized with untreated litter
      (331 kg M3-P ha) than with alum-treated litter (124 kg M3-P ha). This research
      provides compelling evidence that treating poultry litter with alum provides
      short-term and long-term benefits to P conservation and water quality. 

PMID- 27380093
TI  - Development of a New Manure Amendment for Reducing Ammonia Volatilization and
      Phosphorus Runoff from Poultry Litter.
AB  - Treating poultry litter with alum is a best management practice that reduces
      phosphorus (P) runoff and ammonia (NH) emissions. However, alum prices have
      increased substantially during the past decade. The goal of this research was to
      develop inexpensive manure amendments that are as effective as alum in reducing
      NH volatilization and P runoff. Sixteen amendments were developed using mixtures
      of alum mud, bauxite ore, sulfuric acid, liquid alum, and water. Alum mud is the
      residual left over from alum manufacture when produced by reacting bauxite with
      sulfuric acid. A laboratory NH volatilization study was conducted using 11
      treatments: untreated poultry litter, poultry litter treated with liquid or dry
      alum, or eight new mixtures. All of the litter amendments tested resulted in
      significantly lower NH volatilization than untreated litter. Dry and liquid alum
      reduced NH losses by 86 and 75%, respectively. The eight new litter amendments
      reduced NH losses from 62 to 73% compared with untreated litter, which was not
      significantly different from liquid alum; the three most effective mixtures were
      not significantly different from dry alum. Water-extractable P (WEP) was
      significantly reduced by all of the amendments, three of which resulted in
      significantly lower WEP than dry alum. The most promising new amendments were
      mixtures of alum mud, bauxite, and sulfuric acid. The potential impact of these
      amendments could be enormous because they could be produced for less than half
      the price of alum while being as effective in reducing NH emissions and P runoff.

PMID- 27380094
TI  - Implications of Using Thermal Desorption to Remediate Contaminated Agricultural
      Soil: Physical Characteristics and Hydraulic Processes.
AB  - Given the recent increase in crude oil production in regions with predominantly
      agricultural economies, the determination of methods that remediate oil
      contamination and allow for the land to return to crop production is increasingly
      relevant. Ex situ thermal desorption (TD) is a technique used to remediate crude
      oil pollution that allows for reuse of treated soil, but the properties of that
      treated soil are unknown. The objectives of this research were to characterize TD
      treated soil and to describe implications in using TD to remediate agricultural
      soil. Native, noncontaminated topsoil and subsoil adjacent to an active
      remediation site were separately subjected to TD treatment at 350 degrees C. Soil
      physical characteristics and hydraulic processes associated with agricultural
      productivity were assessed in the TD-treated samples and compared with untreated
      samples. Soil organic carbon decreased more than 25% in both the TD-treated
      topsoil and the subsoil, and total aggregation decreased by 20% in the topsoil
      but was unaffected in the subsoil. The alteration in these physical
      characteristics explains a 400% increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity in
      treated samples as well as a decrease in water retention at both field capacity
      and permanent wilting point. The changes in soil properties identified in this
      study suggest that TD-treated soils may still be suitable for sustaining
      vegetation, although likely at a slightly diminished capacity when directly
      compared with untreated soils. 

PMID- 27380095
TI  - Influence of Organic Amendment and Compaction on Nutrient Dynamics in a Saturated
      Saline-Sodic Soil from the Riparian Zone.
AB  - Cattle grazing in wet riparian pastures may influence nutrient dynamics due to
      nutrient deposition in feces and urine, soil compaction, and vegetation loss. We
      conducted a lab incubation study with a saline-sodic riparian soil to study
      nutrient (N, P, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) dynamics in soil pore water using Plant
      Root Simulator (PRS) probes and release of nutrients into the overlying ponded
      water during flooding. The treatment factors were organic amendment (manure,
      roots, and unamended control), compaction (compacted, uncompacted), and burial
      time (3, 7, and 14 d). Amendment treatment had the greatest impact on nutrient
      dynamics, followed by burial time, whereas compaction had little impact. The
      findings generally supported our hypothesis that organic amendments should first
      increase nitrate loss, then increase Mn mobility, then Fe mobility and associated
      release of P, and finally increase sulfate loss. Declines in nitrate due to
      amendment addition were small because nitrate was at low levels in all treatments
      due to high denitrification potential instead of being released to soil pore
      water or overlying water. Addition of organic amendment strongly increased Mn and
      Fe concentrations in overlying water and of adsorbed Fe on PRS probes but only
      increased Mn on PRS probes on Day 3 due to subsequent displacement from ion
      exchange membranes. Transport of P to overlying water was increased by organic
      amendment addition but less so for manure than roots despite higher P on PRS
      probes. The findings showed that saline-sodic soils in riparian zones are
      generally a nutrient source for P and are a nutrient sink for N as measured using
      PRS probes after 3 to 7 d of flooding. 

PMID- 27380096
TI  - Use of Dehydrated Agar to Estimate Microbial Water Quality for Horticulture
      Irrigation.
AB  - Petrifilms are dehydrated agar culture plates that have been used to quantify
      colony forming units (CFU) mL of either aerobic bacteria (Petrifilm-AC) or fungus
      (Petrifilm-YM), depending on substrate composition. Microbes in irrigation
      systems can indicate biofilm risk and potential clogging of irrigation emitters.
      The research objective was to compare counts on Petrifilms versus traditional,
      hydrated-agar plates using samples collected from recirculated irrigation waters
      and cultures of isolated known species. The estimated count (in CFU mL) from a
      recirculated irrigation sample after 7 d of incubation on Petrifilm-YM was only
      5.5% of the count quantified using sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) with
      chloramphenicol after 14 d. In a separate experiment with a known species,
      Petrifilm-YM did not successfully culture zoospores of . Isolates of viable
      zoospores were cultured successfully on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), with
      comparable counts with a vegetable juice medium supplemented with the antibiotics
      pimaricin, ampicillin, rifamycin, pentochloronitrobenzene and hymexazol (PARP-H).
      The quantification of pv. Begoniaceae on Petrifilm-AC was not significantly
      different ( < 0.05) than on PDA, but was lower than on Reasoner and Goldrich agar
      (R2A) or with a hemocytometer. The current formulation of Petrifilm-YM is
      unlikely to be a useful monitoring method for plant pathogens in irrigation water
      because of the inability to successfully culture oomycetes. However, Petrifilm-AC
      was an effective method to quantify bacteria and can provide an easy-to-use on
      farm tool to monitor biofilm risk and microbial density. 

PMID- 27380097
TI  - Predicting Phosphorus Release from Anaerobic, Alkaline, Flooded Soils.
AB  - Anaerobic conditions induced by prolonged flooding often lead to an enhanced
      release of phosphorus (P) to floodwater; however, this effect is not consistent
      across soils. This study aimed to develop an index to predict P release potential
      from alkaline soils under simulated flooded conditions. Twelve unamended or
      manure-amended surface soils from Manitoba were analyzed for basic soil
      properties, Olsen P (Ols-P), Mehlich-3 extractable total P (M3P), Mehlich-3
      extractable molybdate-reactive P (M3P), water extractable P (WEP), soil P
      fractions, single-point P sorption capacity (P), and Mehlich-3 extractable Ca
      (M3Ca), and Mg (M3Mg). Degree of P saturation (DPS) was calculated using Ols-P,
      M3P or M3P as the intensity factor, and an estimated adsorption maximum based on
      either P or M3Ca + M3Mg as the capacity factor. To develop the model, we used the
      previously reported floodwater dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentration changes
      during 8 wk of flooding for the same unamended and manured soils. Relative
      changes in floodwater DRP concentration (DRP), calculated as the ratio of maximum
      to initial DRP concentration, ranged from 2 to 15 across ten of the soils, but
      were <=1.5 in the two soils with the greatest clay content. Partial least squares
      analysis indicated that DPS3 calculated using M3P as the intensity factor and (2
      * P) + M3P as the capacity factor with clay percentage can effectively predict
      DRP ( = 0.74). Results suggest that P release from a soil to floodwater may be
      predicted using simple and easily measurable soil properties measured before
      flooding, but validation with more soils is needed. 

PMID- 27380098
TI  - Effect of a Biological Additive on Nitrogen Losses from Pig Slurry during
      Storage.
AB  - Additives applied to animal manure slurries can affect the chemical composition
      and the biological processes of slurries during storage, with possible
      improvement of their management and reduction of environmental problems. Some new
      formulations are marketed claiming a nitrogen (N) removal effect due to
      denitrification, with the consequence of a reduced N content in the manure after
      storage. This study evaluated the effects of one of these commercial additives
      (BACTYcomplex) on slurry characteristics and N losses at a commercial piggery.
      The additive was applied to four different sectors of the piggery, each with an
      independent under-floor slurry pit; four other sectors served as controls without
      treatment. Pits were emptied every 4 wk, and the manure was analyzed for total
      and ammonia-N and total and volatile solids. Slurry samples from the last month
      of the on-farm assessment were removed and stored thermostatically in vessels
      external to the piggery. A subsample of slurry that was treated with the additive
      at the piggery was treated with an additional dose of additive at the beginning
      of long-term storage. The additive did not change the composition of the slurry
      during in-house storage (4 wk duration). During the 155 d of external
      thermostatic storage, the total solids content of treated slurry was reduced by
      18% compared with control slurry, but the N content and composition of treated
      slurry was unaffected. The additive had a positive effect in accelerating the
      stabilization of the slurry but did not modify N losses. 

PMID- 27380099
TI  - Manure Injection Affects the Fate of Pirlimycin in Surface Runoff and Soil.

PMID- 27380100
TI  - Determining Strength: A Case for Multiple Methods of Measurement.
AB  - Muscle strength is often measured through the performance of a one-repetition
      maximum (1RM). However, we that feel a true measurement of 'strength' remains
      elusive. For example, low-load alternatives to traditional resistance training
      result in muscle hypertrophic changes similar to those resulting from traditional
      high-load resistance training, with less robust changes observed with maximal
      strength measured by the 1RM. However, when strength is measured using a test to
      which both groups are 'naive', differences in strength become less apparent. We
      suggest that the 1RM is a specific skill, which will improve most when training
      incorporates its practice or when a lift is completed at a near-maximal load.
      Thus, if we only recognize increases in the 1RM as indicative of strength, we
      will overlook many effective and diverse alternatives to traditional high-load
      resistance training. We wish to suggest that multiple measurements of strength
      assessment be utilized in order to capture a more complete picture of the
      adaptation to resistance training.

PMID- 27380102
TI  - Decreasing Falls With Injury Rates: Development of a Support Staff Falls Advocate
      Program.
AB  - Falls with injury are a persistent patient safety challenge in the acute care
      setting. This article describes the creation and implementation of a Certified
      Falls Prevention Advocate (CFPA) program on a medical-surgical unit. The program
      created standardization of nursing support staff involvement in falls prevention
      and engaged them as members of the interdisciplinary team. The CFPA program was
      an important element in the unit's improvement in falls with injury rates. The
      mean falls with injury rate decreased from 1.115 to 0.178 per 1000 patient-days
      over a 1-year period.

PMID- 27380101
TI  - Physiological and Biomechanical Responses to Running on Lower Body Positive
      Pressure Treadmills in Healthy Populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lower body positive pressure treadmills (LBPPTs) aim to reduce
      musculoskeletal loading during running. As LBPPTs have become more commercially
      available, they have become integrated into athletic performance and clinical
      rehabilitation settings. Consequentially, published research examining the
      biomechanical and physiological responses to unweighted running has increased.
      OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize the literature
      in an attempt to provide researchers and clinicians with a comprehensive review
      of physiologic and biomechanical responses to LBPPT running. METHODS: Through a
      generic search of PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus using a comprehensive
      list of search terms related to LBPPT, unweighting, and body weight support
      during running, we identified all peer-reviewed publications that included LBPPT
      running. Two reviewers independently evaluated the quality of studies using a
      modified Downs and Black checklist for non-randomized studies. RESULTS: A total
      of 15 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Peak and active
      vertical ground-reaction forces were consistently reduced with unweighting, but
      regional loading within the foot was also altered towards a forefoot strike.
      LBPPTs also provide some horizontal assistance. Neuromuscular activation is
      generally reduced with LBPPTs, but the stabilizer muscle groups may respond
      differently than the propulsive muscle groups. Submaximal heart rate and volume
      oxygen consumption are reduced with unweighting, but physiologic response remains
      generally unchanged at maximal intensities. CONCLUSIONS: The current literature
      suggests that LBPPTs are effective in allowing individuals to achieve a given
      metabolic stimulus with reduced musculoskeletal loading. However, LBPPTs not only
      reduce impact but also change neuromuscular activation and biomechanics in a
      complex manner. Thus, clinicians must account for the specific biomechanical and
      physiological alterations induced by LBPPTs when designing training programs and
      rehabilitation protocols.

PMID- 27380103
TI  - Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin worsens ischemia/reperfusion damage of
      kidney cells by autophagy.
AB  - This study aimed to explore the influence of neutrophil gelatinase-associated
      lipocalin on autophagy and its role in ischemia/reperfusion injury in human
      kidney-2 (HK-2) cells during acute kidney injury (AKI). HK-2 cells were given
      hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment for different times to simulate
      ischemia/reperfusion injury. Autophagy was evaluated by western blot and
      immunofluorescence of GFP-LC3. Cell viability was tested to reflect the degree of
      cell damage. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA was used to inhibit autophagy and
      determine the role of autophagy in ischemia/reperfusion injury. HK-2 cells were
      hypoxia for 1 h, followed by reoxygenation treatment for 24 h. These cells were
      then exposed to human recombinant protein neutrophil gelatinase-associated
      lipocalin (NGAL) (50, 100, 200, 400, or 1000 ng/mL) with or without 3-MA. Our
      results showed that autophagy was induced by hypoxia treatment and was further
      enhanced by reoxygenation after hypoxia treatment. Cell viability was decreased
      with the inhibition of autophagy in the process. Autophagic flux was further
      induced with NGAL (>200 ng/mL), while cell viability declined in this condition.
      Cell viability was recovered when autophagy was inhibited. These results indicate
      that autophagy plays, in part, a protective role in renal ischemia/reperfusion
      injury. Furthermore, the data suggest that NGAL strengthens the level of
      autophagy in this process. Overall, a large quantity of NGAL produced by renal
      proximal tubular epithelial cells may induce excessive autophagy and increase
      renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in acute kidney injury. 

PMID- 27380104
TI  - Analgesic Effects of Ultrasound-Guided Serratus-Intercostal Plane Block and
      Ultrasound-Guided Intermediate Cervical Plexus Block After Single-Incision
      Transaxillary Robotic Thyroidectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Single-incision transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy
      (START) requires substantial tissue disruption, which produces moderate-to-severe
      pain in the axilla and neck areas during the early postoperative period. This
      study aimed to investigate the analgesic effects of ultrasound-guided serratus
      intercostal plane blocks and intermediate cervical plexus blocks (CPBs) on the
      early postoperative pain after START. METHODS: We randomized 22 patients to
      undergo either ultrasound-guided serratus-intercostal plane and intermediate CPBs
      (the block group, n = 11) or to not undergo any block (the control group, n =
      11). We compared postoperative axillary pain, postoperative neck pain, and
      analgesic use between the groups during the first 24 hours. The rescue analgesics
      were intravenous fentanyl (0.5 MUg/kg) in the postanesthesia care unit, and
      intravenous ketorolac tromethamine (30 mg) in the general ward. RESULTS: The
      block group showed consistently lower pain scores than the control group in the
      axillary area in the first 24 hours and in the neck area only in the first 3
      hours after surgery. The numbers (proportions) of patients who required
      analgesics were 11 (100%) in the control group and 6 (54.5%) in the block group
      during the first 24 hours (P = 0.035). No adverse effect was observed related to
      the peripheral nerve blocks. CONCLUSIONS: After START, a serratus-intercostal
      plane block performed at the level of the third rib was an effective analgesic
      technique for axillary pain; however, the clinical effectiveness of intermediate
      CPB for neck pain may be limited.

PMID- 27380105
TI  - A Comparison of Combined Suprascapular and Axillary Nerve Blocks to Interscalene
      Nerve Block for Analgesia in Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery: An Equivalence Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to compare the
      analgesic efficacy of combined suprascapular and axillary nerve block (SSAX) with
      interscalene block (ISB) after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Our hypothesis was
      that ultrasound-guided SSAX would provide postoperative analgesia equivalent to
      ISB. METHODS: Sixty adult patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery
      received either SSAX or ISB prior to general anesthesia, in a randomized fashion.
      Pain scores, satisfaction, and adverse effects were recorded in the recovery
      room, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days after surgery. RESULTS: Combined
      suprascapular and axillary nerve block provided nonequivalent analgesia when
      compared with ISB at different time points postoperatively, except on
      postoperative day 7. Interscalene block had better mean static pain score in the
      recovery room (ISB 1.80 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-2.50] vs SSAX 5.45
      [95% CI, 4.40-6.49; P < 0.001]). At 24 hours, SSAX had better mean static pain
      score (ISB 6.35 [95% CI, 5.16-7.54] vs SSAX 3.92 [95% CI, 2.52-5.31]; P = 0.01)
      with similar satisfaction between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combined suprascapular
      and axillary nerve block provides nonequivalent analgesia compared with ISB after
      arthroscopic shoulder surgery. While SSAX provides better quality pain relief at
      rest and fewer adverse effects at 24 hours, ISB provides better analgesia in the
      immediate postoperative period. For arthroscopic shoulder surgery, SSAX can be a
      clinically acceptable analgesic option with different analgesic profile compared
      with ISB.

PMID- 27380106
TI  - The Impact of Neuraxial Versus General Anesthesia on the Incidence of
      Postoperative Surgical Site Infections Following Knee or Hip Arthroplasty: A Meta
      Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies have yielded conflicting results on the association
      between anesthesia technique and incidence of postoperative surgical site
      infections (SSIs) after knee arthroplasty (KA) and hip arthroplasty (HA). Our
      group conducted a meta-analysis of all available studies to clarify this
      potential association. METHODS: Our group searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google
      Scholar for all relevant studies (1990-2015) reporting on the association between
      anesthetic technique and SSI after KA or HA. Meta-analysis was performed to
      estimate both the pooled unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR (aOR) using a
      random-effects model. Subgroup analyses and metaregression were conducted to
      explore potential sources of heterogeneity and bias. RESULTS: Of the initial 435
      records, 13 studies (n = 362,029) met the inclusion criteria. The use of
      neuraxial anesthesia was associated with a significant reduction in incidence of
      postoperative SSI as compared with general anesthesia for all arthroplasties
      based on unadjusted (OR, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-0.86; P <
      0.001) and adjusted (aOR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.76-0.92; P < 0.001) data. Subgroup
      analyses showed similar reductions in incidence of postoperative SSI for KA (OR =
      0.75; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84; P < 0.001; aOR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79-0.92; P < 0.001) and
      HA (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.95; P = 0.02; aOR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71-1.00; P =
      0.057). CONCLUSIONS: Synthesis of the existing evidence supports the overall
      beneficial effects of neuraxial anesthesia in decreasing the development of SSI
      after joint arthroplasty (KA and HA). Given the limitations associated with
      interpretation of data from large observational trials, further investigation
      using prospective randomized trial design is warranted in this promising area.

PMID- 27380107
TI  - Combined Spinal Epidural Technique for Labor Analgesia Does Not Delay Recognition
      of Epidural Catheter Failures: A Single-center Retrospective Cohort Survival
      Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether recognition of epidural catheter failures is
      delayed with combined spinal epidural technique (CSE) compared to traditional
      epidural technique (EPID) when used for labor analgesia. The authors hypothesized
      that recognition of failed catheters is not delayed by CSE. METHODS: Anesthetic,
      obstetric, and quality assurance records from 2,395 labor neuraxial procedures
      (1,440 CSE and 955 EPID) performed at Forsyth Medical Center (Winston-Salem,
      North Carolina) between June 30 and December 31, 2012, were retrospectively
      analyzed. The primary outcome was catheter survival (failure-free) time during
      labor analgesia. A proportional hazards model with the counting method was used
      to assess relationships between the techniques and survival (failure-free) time
      of catheters, while controlling for subjects' body mass index and providers'
      level of training in the final best-fit multivariable regression model. RESULTS:
      Cumulative incidence of epidural catheter failures was 6.6% for CSE and 11.6% for
      EPID (P = 0.001). In the multivariable regression model, catheters placed with
      CSE versus epidural were less likely to fail (hazard ratio, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.43 to
      0.79; P = 0.0002) for labor analgesia. Among the catheters that failed, there was
      no overall difference in failure time course between the techniques (hazard
      ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.54; P = 0.26) even though more failed catheters
      with CSE (48.4%) than with EPID (30.6%) were recognized within the first 30 min
      of placement (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, CSE has a significantly
      lower risk of overall epidural catheter failures than EPID and does not delay
      recognition of epidural catheter failures. Choice of CSE versus EPID should be
      based on overall risk of failure, efficacy, and side effects.

PMID- 27380108
TI  - Screening for streptomycin resistance conferring mutations in Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis isolates from Iran.
AB  - Point mutations in the rpsL and rrs genes can lead to development of streptomycin
      (STR) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aims of this study were to
      determine the frequency of mutations in STR resistant M. tuberculosis isolates in
      Iran and to analyze the possible relationship between bacterial genotype and STR
      resistance. Twenty-three M. tuberculosis samples comprising 9 multidrug-resistant
      (MDR) and 14 non-MDR isolates, recovered from TB patients in four regions: Tehran
      (n = 14), Isfahan (n = 2), Zahedan (n = 2), and Khorasan (n = 5), were analysed.
      Mutational profiling was performed by sequencing of the rrs and rpsL genes and
      spoligotyping method was used for genotyping. Nineteen isolates were resistant to
      STR, among them 7 exhibited mutations in the rpsL gene and 7 had mutations in the
      rrs gene. The remaining 5 STR resistant as well as all susceptible isolates
      lacked any mutation in both genes. Beijing genotype was associated with both MDR
      and STR resistance in which all mutations occurred at codon 43 of the rpsL gene.
      There was an association between mutations in the rpsL and rrs genes and STR
      resistance. We also found a correlation between Beijing genotype and STR
      resistance.

PMID- 27380109
TI  - Influence of elective and emergency cesarean delivery on mother emotions and
      bonding.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have indicated that mode of delivery could have a
      negative effect on bonding. AIMS: To assess feelings towards newborn infants in
      mothers who delivered by cesarean delivery, elective (ElCD) or emergency (EmCD).
      STUDY DESIGN: This observational prospective study took place at the Division of
      Perinatal Medicine, Policlinico Abano Terme, Abano Terme, Italy, from September
      2014 to April 2015. SUBJECTS: The sample included 573 puerperae divided into
      three groups: women undergone ElCD (n=73; 12.73%), women undergone EmCD (n=81;
      14.13%) and women who underwent vaginal delivery (VD) (n=419; 73.12%). OUTCOME
      MEASURES: The instrument used was the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS;
      Taylor et al., 2005), a self-report test to measure mother's feelings towards her
      baby. High scores indicate worse mother-to-infant bonding and a score>=2,
      established as cut-off, indicates an altered bonding. RESULTS: The mean MIBS
      global score was 0.50+/-1.05 in the VD mothers, 0.67 (+/-1.14) for ElCD mothers
      and 0.92 (+/-1.05) for EmCD mothers, resulting significantly higher in EmCD
      mothers (p<0.001). The percentage of altered bonding (Score>=2) in the three
      groups was of 11.21% (n=47) in VD, 17.80% (n=13) in ElCD and 23.45% (n=19) in
      EmCD, significantly higher in EmCD women (p<0.006). In addition, EmCD mothers
      scored significantly higher Joyful (0.074+/-0.26 vs 0.185+/-0.39; p<0.005) and
      Disappointed (0.063+/-0.25 vs 0.123+/-0.36; p<0.008) subscales. CONCLUSIONS: It
      was found that EmCD negatively affects mother bonding and opening emotions, and
      originates in mother feelings like sadness and disappointment for the unplanned
      delivery evolution.

PMID- 27380110
TI  - Emerging biomarkers in systemic sclerosis.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The severity of each organ involvement, natural course, and
      response to therapies are extremely heterogeneous among patients with systemic
      sclerosis (SSc). The discovery and validation of biomarkers can help identify
      disease risk, improve early diagnosis and prognosis, better design clinical
      trials and assess response to treatment, and further elucidate the underlying
      pathogenic mechanisms of this disease. The goal of this review is to summarize
      recent advances into the field of SSc biomarker development. RECENT FINDINGS: The
      use of both traditional and next-generation techniques, including large-scale
      transcriptomic, epigenomic, and proteomic technologies, has yielded a slew of new
      candidate biomarkers that correlate with different SSc clinical phenotypes.
      Recent evidence indicates that skin gene expression-based pharmacodynamic
      biomarkers have the potential to be employed as surrogate measures of clinical
      endpoints (i.e. modified Rodnan skin thickness score) providing objective
      assessment of response in clinical trials. SUMMARY: Several promising biomarkers
      addressing key unmet needs related to the evaluation and management of SSc
      patients have been recently proposed. Nevertheless, these biomarkers still
      require rigorous validation in prospective studies and have yet to make their way
      into clinical practice and therapeutic development. Robust biomarkers, ideally
      mechanistic ones, are needed to enable precision medicine in SSc.

PMID- 27380111
TI  - Comment on Ersan et al.'s "Evaluation of Macular Ganglion Cell-inner Plexiform
      Layer and Choroid in Psoriasis Patients Using Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral
      Domain Optical Coherence Tomography".

PMID- 27380112
TI  - Presence of histological regression as a prognostic factor in cutaneous melanoma
      patients.
AB  - Regression is caused by a host immunological response primarily characterized by
      lymphocytic infiltration directed against melanoma cells. The prognostic
      significance of regression remains controversial in cutaneous melanoma patients.
      The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the
      histological regression status in patients with cutaneous melanoma. A total of
      664 patients with a pathologically confirmed cutaneous melanoma were enrolled
      into this study and were investigated retrospectively. The median age of the
      patients was 51 years, ranging in age from 16 to 104 years. The majority of them
      had lesions without regression (n=495; 74.5%) and others had lesions with
      regression (n=169; 25.5%). Melanoma patients with regression were more frequently
      males (60.1 vs 51.7%; P=0.038) and had axial localized lesions (67.5 vs 53.7%;
      P=0.002), superficial spreading histologic subtype (73.2 vs 49.1%; P=0.000), thin
      Breslow depth (<2 mm) (44.6 vs 33.5%; P=0.01), and the presence of tumor
      infiltrating lymphocytes (74.4 vs 60.0%; P=0.001) than those without regression.
      However, regression was not significantly associated with age, Clark level,
      mitotic rate, ulceration, vertical growth phase, neurotropism, lymphovascular
      invasion, nor association with a pre-existing melanocytic nevus. Similarly, no
      significant correlations were found between regression and lymph node
      involvement, recurrence, nor metastasis of disease. Patients with, nodular
      pathology, advanced Clark invasion level (IV-V), thick Breslow depth (>=2 mm),
      high mitotic rate (>3/mm), ulceration, vertical growth phase, neurotropism,
      lymphovascular invasion, lymph node involvement, metastasis, and recurrence of
      disease, and male patients had poor prognostic variables for both relapse-free
      survival and overall survival. However, the presence of regression was not
      associated with relapse-free survival (P=0.093) nor overall survival (P=0.113)
      similar to other factors such as age, tumor localization, tumor-infiltrating
      lymphocytes, and association with a pre-existing melanocytic nevus. Similar
      insignificant P values were also observed in multivariate analyses (P=0.115 and
      0.816, respectively). In conclusion, the presence of histological regression
      plays no prognostic role in nodal involvement nor survival in patients with
      cutaneous melanoma.

PMID- 27380113
TI  - Fatty acid profiles of monofloral clover beebread and pollen and proteomics of
      red clover (Trifolium pratense) pollen.
AB  - Fatty acids were identified in monofloral beebread (BB) and bee pollen (BP) loads
      collected from Trifolium pratense L. A gas chromatography method was used to
      identify and quantify fatty acids: Thirty-five fatty acids were identified in BB
      and 42 in BP. A high amount of the healthy n-3 fatty acids was found. The ratio
      of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 to n-6 reached a value of 8.42 and 3.35 in the
      latter products. The proteomic analysis also was performed on the manually
      collected T. pratense pollen, and the most abundant protein groups were subjected
      to mass spectrometry analysis. Proteins identified in T. pratense pollen are
      involved in the main cellular functions (cell membrane formation, organelles
      traffic, and mainly metabolic processes). Because of the composition of fatty
      acids in BB and BP and a variety of proteins present in pollen, these products
      are considered to be favorable for human nutrition and health.

PMID- 27380114
TI  - Effect of ultrasound and heat on percutaneous absorption of l-ascorbic acid:
      human in vitro studies on Franz cell and Petri dish systems.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous absorption of l-ascorbic acid (LAA) is limited due to its
      high hydrophilicity and low stability. Here, we investigated the effect of post
      dosing sonophoresis (329 kHz, 20 mW cm-2 ) and heat (36 degrees C) on transdermal
      delivery of LAA. METHODS: Ultrasound/heat, heat and control treatments were
      applied on skin surface for 2 and 5 min after topical application of C14-labelled
      LAA aqueous solution. After 15 min post-exposure, radioactivity was measured in
      tape-striped stratum corneum (TS-SC), epidermis, dermis and receptor fluid. As
      Franz diffusion cell model may have different acoustic response than in vivo
      human tissues, a novel Petri dish model was developed and compared with Franz
      cell model on the effects of ultrasound/heat treatment on the skin permeability.
      RESULTS: Five-min ultrasound/heat treatment significantly accelerated skin
      absorption/penetration of LAA; 2-min treatment showed no enhancement effect on
      Franz diffusion cell model at the end of experiment. The use of Petri dish model
      significantly increased LAA concentrations in epidermis after 5 min of
      ultrasound/heat treatment, compared to the results of Franz cell model.
      CONCLUSION: Combination of ultrasound (329 kHz, 20 mW cm-2 ) and heat (36 degrees
      C) significantly enhanced LAA transdermal penetration, when the time of treatment
      was sufficient (5 min). As Petri dish model was designed to simulate acoustic
      respond of dense human tissue to ultrasound, the difference between Franz cell
      and Petri dish models suggests that the enhancement effect of ultrasound/heat on
      skin penetration in vivo may be greater than that determined on in vitro Franz
      cell model.

PMID- 27380115
TI  - Stress-Strain Relationships in Hydroxyl Substituted Polyethylene.
AB  - Stress-strain relationships in semicrystalline hydroxylated polyethylene are
      studied using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Chain sizes ranging from
      50 to 2000 carbons are gradually cooled from melt in order to obtain
      semicrystalline samples for pure, 4%, and 8% hydroxylated chains. Local
      orientational order of the polymer backbone and hydrogen bonding behavior is
      studied. The effects of -OH substitution and chain length on stress-strain
      relationships are examined at 300 K. The number of hydrogen bonds is found to be
      independent of the chain length. Stress-strain relationships are generally
      unaffected by 4% hydroxyl substitution in long chain polyethylene. The presence
      of 8% -OH tends to increase the elastic limit of the material. A method for
      comparing semicrystalline samples of substituted and unsubstituted polymeric
      chains is presented by eliminating differences in alignment, distribution, and
      extent of crystallization.

PMID- 27380116
TI  - The Use of Dermal Regeneration Template (Matriderm(r) 1 mm) for Reconstruction of
      a Large Full-Thickness Scalp and Calvaria Exposure.

PMID- 27380117
TI  - Clinical and Histopathological Features of Post Burn Pruritus.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and histopathological
      characteristics of patients with post burn pruritus. The authors took skin
      samples from 62 burn patients with or without pruritus. The measured skin
      condition includes thickness and paresthesia. Various clinical features were
      rated on patient assessment scale (PSAS) and observer scar assessment scale. The
      samples were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, Masson's trichrome, Verhoeff's
      elastic, and toluidine blue stain. The stained samples were analyzed in terms of
      epidermal thickness, mononuclear cell infiltration, collagen bundles, elastic
      fibers, and mast cell distribution. A total of 62 patients were divided into
      group A (43 patients with pruritus) and group B (19 patients without). The mean
      (+/-SD) intensity of itch in group A patients was 4.58 (+/-3.24). Group A
      patients had thickened epidermises and higher scores on the PSAS and observer
      scar assessment scale, especially on the PSAS score. Sensations, including
      stinging and electric shock sensations, were more frequent in group A than in
      group B. Histological analysis revealed that group A patients had thinner
      collagen bundles and more increased mast cell counts, while others did not.
      Patients suffering from post burn pruritus had distinctive clinical and
      histopathological features, such as prominent mast cell deposition and thin
      collagen bundles, compared with group B patients. These results may help better
      understand post burn pruritus.

PMID- 27380118
TI  - An Examination of a Yoga Intervention With Pediatric Burn Survivors.
AB  - Burn injuries have a major influence on the survivors' physical and psychological
      functioning. In pediatric burns, the consequences persist long after the injury.
      The objective of this study is to evaluate an existing yoga kids program to gain
      better understanding of the physical and psychosocial effects of a yoga practice
      among children with burn injuries. Thirty campers participated in a series of
      four (1 hour) yoga sessions during the summer of 2014. Nationally trained
      Instructors had taught children's yoga in the Southwestern United States for at
      least 10 years. A Yoga Evaluation Questionnaire, designed for children, was used
      to evaluate perceptions of somatic and cognitive anxiety before and after each
      Yoga session. Camper's age ranged from 6 to 12 years old with burn severities
      ranging from 5 to 75%. A dependent samples t-test was used to test for
      differences between composite pre- and postintervention scores for both somatic
      and cognitive anxiety. Significant effects emerged for somatic anxiety t(29) = 
      4.24, P < .001, d = 0.77, and cognitive anxiety t(29) = -4.188, P < .001, d =
      0.76. For both cognitive and somatic anxiety, the postintervention composite mean
      scores were significantly higher, indicating a decrease in somatic and cognitive
      anxiety. This study suggests that participation in a Yoga program may lower
      perceptions of cognitive and somatic anxiety in pediatric burn survivors.
      Further, Yoga is one technique that may compliment the short- and long-term
      treatment of burn injuries.

PMID- 27380119
TI  - Impact of Early Inpatient Rehabilitation on Adult Burn Survivors' Functional
      Outcomes and Resource Utilization.
AB  - On July 2012, a rehabilitation hospital merged with a trauma center where the
      regional burn center is located. That rehabilitation center provides the only
      burn rehabilitation program in our region. The objective of this study was to
      determine if earlier initiation of inpatient rehabilitation after merger had an
      effect on burn survivors' functional outcomes and resource utilization. A
      retrospective review of electronic data of burn survivors' functional outcomes
      (functional independence measure [FIM] ratings on admission, at discharge, and
      percent change), and resource utilization (waiting time for rehab, burn center
      length of stay [LOS], rehab LOS, physiotherapy and occupational therapy
      rehabilitation workload [RehabWorkload], and discharge destination) was
      undertaken. Adult burn survivors who required inpatient rehabilitation and were
      transferred from the burn center to the inpatient rehabilitation service before
      the merger (July 2010-June 2012) were compared with those transferred after the
      merger (July 2012-June 2014). One hundred thirty-eight burn survivors were
      transferred from the burn center to the inpatient rehabilitation service during
      the study period. Sixty (43.5%) were transferred before and 78 (56.5%) were
      transferred after the merger. There were 97 (70.3%) men and 41 (29.7%) women with
      a mean age of 47.9 +/- 17.9 years. TBSA burn was 24.2 +/- 16.9%, and full
      thickness burn was 13.1 +/- 16.4%. The etiology of these burns were flame
      (72.5%), scald (19.6%), electrical (5.1%), chemical (2.2%), and contact (0.7%).
      Patients in both groups had similar age, inhalation injury, TBSA, full thickness
      burn, FIM ratings, RehabWorkload, and burn etiology. Patients transferred before
      the merger had significantly more chemical burns (5% vs 0%, P = .046), and more
      work-related burns (26.7% vs 7.7%, P = .004). Patients transferred after the
      merger had significantly shorter burn center LOS (28.5 +/- 20.9 days vs 38.8 +/-
      34.2 days, P = .043), and shorter waiting time for rehab (0.7 +/- 1.1 days vs 1.5
      +/- 2.3 days, P = .010) than patients transferred before the merger. Early
      initiation of inpatient rehabilitation, after the burn center and the inpatient
      rehabilitation service were located in the same hospital, improved burn
      survivors' resource utilization.

PMID- 27380120
TI  - Marjolin's Ulcer in Chronic Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Rare Complication of an
      Often Neglected Disease.
AB  - Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, debilitating disease with definitive
      treatment consisting of wide surgical excision of all affected tissue. Originally
      described in burns, Marjolin's ulcer (MU) has been described in a variety of
      wound types, including hidradenitis. HS patients often have long delays to
      diagnosis and management of their chronic wounds, leading to increased risk of
      MU. A retrospective review of our burn database was performed from 2008 to 2014.
      Seventy-two consecutive patients taken to the operating room for HS were
      retrospectively evaluated for demographic data, number of excisions, total area
      of excised skin, need for skin grafting, pathology results, and outcome. Fifty
      eight percent of patients were male. Mean age was 36.88 +/- 13.52 years. Mean
      size of excision was 743.71 +/- 774.75 cm. Total number of operative procedures
      was 187, averaging 2.612 per patient, with 52% of patients undergoing skin
      grafting. Two patients had confirmed pathology of squamous cell carcinoma. Both
      were women with perineal HS and had metastatic disease on further workup. Both
      patients underwent chemotherapy and radiation with progression of their disease.
      The incidence of MU of 2.78% in this study is similar to the 2% incidence
      described historically in the burn population. All practitioners who treat HS
      patients should be aware of the devastating complication of MU arising in the
      chronic wound bed. We recommend that all excised tissue be sent to pathology for
      evaluation, and to consider early wide local excision of any chronically inflamed
      tissues to alleviate the risk of MU for this patient population.

PMID- 27380121
TI  - Measuring the Social Impact of Burns on Survivors.
AB  - Many burn survivors experience social challenges throughout their recovery.
      Measuring the social impact of a burn injury is important to identify
      opportunities for interventions. The aim of this study is to develop a pool of
      items addressing the social impact of burn injuries in adults to create a self
      reported computerized adaptive test based on item response theory. The authors
      conducted a comprehensive literature review to identify preexisting items in
      other self-reported measures and used data from focus groups to create new items.
      The authors classified items using a guiding conceptual framework on social
      participation. The authors conducted cognitive interviews with burn survivors to
      assess clarity and interpretation of each item. The authors evaluated an initial
      pool of 276 items with burn survivors and reduced this to 192 items after
      cognitive evaluation by experts and burn survivors. The items represent seven
      domains from the guiding conceptual model: work, recreation and leisure, relating
      to strangers, romantic, sexual, family, and informal relationships. Additional
      item content that crossed domains included using self-comfort and others' comfort
      with clothing, telling one's story, and sense of purpose. This study was designed
      to develop a large item pool based on a strong conceptual framework using
      grounded theory analysis with focus groups of burn survivors and their
      caregivers. The 192 items represent 7 domains and reflect the unique experience
      of burn survivors within these important areas of social participation. This work
      will lead to developing the Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation profile, a self
      reported outcome measure.

PMID- 27380122
TI  - Adult Contractures in Burn Injury: A Burn Model System National Database Study.
AB  - As the overall survival rate for burn injury has improved, increased emphasis is
      placed on postburn morbidity and the optimization of functional and cosmetic
      outcomes. One major cause of morbidity and functional deficits is that of joint
      contractures. The true incidence of postburn contractures and their associated
      risk factors remains unknown. This study examines the incidence and severity of
      contractures in a large, multicenter, burn population. The associated risk
      factors for the development of contractures are determined. Data from the
      National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research Burn Model System
      database, for adult burn survivors from 1994 to 2003, were analyzed. Demographic
      and medical data were collected on each subject. The primary outcome measures
      included the presence of contractures, number of contractures per patient, and
      severity of contractures at each of nine locations (shoulder, elbow, hip, knee,
      ankle, wrist, neck, lumbar spine, and thoracic spine) at time of hospital
      discharge. Regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of the
      presence, severity, and numbers of contractures, with P < .05 used for
      statistical significance. Of the 1865 study patients, 620 (33%) developed at
      least 1 contracture at hospital discharge. Among those with at least one
      contracture, the mean is three (3.38) contractures per person. The shoulder was
      the most frequently contracted joint (23.0%), followed by the elbow (19.9%),
      wrist (17.3%), ankle (13.6%), and knee (13.4%). Most contractures were mild
      (47.2%) or moderate (32.9%) in severity. Statistically significant predictors of
      contracture development were male sex, black race, Hispanic ethnicity, medical
      problems, neuropathy, TBSA grafted, and TBSA burned. Predictors of the severity
      of contracture included male sex, black race, medical problems, neuropathy, TBSA
      grafted, and TBSA burned. Predictors of the number of contractures included male
      sex, medical problems, flash burn, neuropathy, TBSA burned, and TBSA grafted.
      Similar to a previous single-center study on postburn contractures, approximately
      one third of the patients with an eligible burn injury requiring autografting
      developed a contracture at hospital discharge. It is likely that these
      contractures develop despite early therapeutic interventions such as positioning
      and splinting; therefore, the challenge to the burn community remains, to
      identify new and better prevention strategies.

PMID- 27380123
TI  - Does Overestimation of Burn Size in Children Requiring Fluid Resuscitation Cause
      Any Harm?
AB  - Overestimation of burn size especially in children is common. It is unclear if
      this may cause harm. This study was designed to assess the accuracy of burn size
      estimation by referring non-burn clinicians and investigate whether inaccurate
      estimates caused any harm. Three and a half years retrospective review of
      pediatric resuscitation burns (ie, >=10% TBSA) referred to a tertiary burns
      center from other hospitals was performed. This included basic demographics, data
      from referring emergency departments (initial TBSA estimations and fluid volumes
      prescribed), and data on arrival to the burn center (actual burn TBSA sustained,
      fluid volumes given prior to arrival, and actual fluid volumes required).
      Clinical parameters at 8 and 24 hr after injury were also examined. Forty-six
      patients were identified. Mean age was 3.9 years and weight 18 kg. Mean time to
      arrival from initial burn injury to our tertiary center was 5 hr. Thirty-two
      children (70%) had their burns overestimated, seven (15%) underestimated, and
      another seven (15%) were correctly estimated. After accurate calculations of the
      burn size and the required resuscitation fluids on arrival to the burns center,
      only five children of the entire cohort of 46 patients (11%) had received more
      fluids than required. These five children were in the overestimated burn size
      group. Only three children received the appropriate amount of fluid prior to
      arrival to the burns center. There were no mortalities or significant clinical
      adverse events in any of the children. Overestimation led to overprescription of
      fluid volumes, but this did not translate into over-resuscitation, and in most
      cases was in fact associated with inadequate fluid administration. Although 70%
      of the children in our cohort had the burn size overestimated, only 11% had
      actually received more fluids than required before arrival. None of these
      children went on to have any significant complications as a result of
      overestimation. Training and education is essential for clinicians in emergency
      departments. However, estimation of size in pediatric burns, in particular
      scalds, is challenging and the importance of early transfer to a specialist
      service cannot be overemphasized.

PMID- 27380124
TI  - Treatment of Children With Scalds by Xenografts: Report From a Swedish Burn
      Centre.
AB  - Scalds are the most common type of burn in children, and one way to treat them is
      with xenografts with no topical antimicrobials in line with the recommendations
      of a recent review. However, this treatment has not been examined in detail. Our
      aim was to describe the treatment of such children when biological dressings
      (xenografts) were used without local antimicrobials. We reviewed the medical
      records of all children admitted to a Swedish National Burn Centre during the
      period 2010-2012 with scalds who were treated with xenografts. Percentage TBSA
      injured, age, length of hospital stay, number of operations, antibiotics given,
      duration of antibiotic treatment, and pain score during the first 3 days,
      application of xenografts, and clinical notes of wound infection were recorded.
      We studied 67 children, (43 of whom were boys), with a median (interquartile
      range [IQR]) age of 1 (1-2) year and median (IQR) TBSA% 6.2 (4-11). Twenty
      children (30%) required operation. Twelve (18%) developed a wound infection, 29
      (43%) had other infections, and 26 (39%) were free from infection. The median
      (IQR) duration of systemic antibiotics was 10 (6-13) days. On the day that the
      xenografts were applied 10 of the children had a Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and
      Consolability (FLACC) score between 3 and 7, and during the following 2 days,
      only four children scored in this range. The remaining 57 children had scores < 3
      on the day that xenografts were applied and on the following 2 days. Median (IQR)
      length of stay/TBSA% was 0.7 (0.4-1.0). Treatment with xenografts was associated
      with median length of stay/TBSA% <1 and low pain scores. Despite a high rate of
      prescription of systemic antibiotics, most were for reasons other than wound
      infection.

PMID- 27380125
TI  - Incidence and Clinical Outcome of Hypophosphatemia in Pediatric Burn Patients.
AB  - The objective of this study is to investigate the factors associated with serum
      phosphate concentrations in severely burned children and whether hypophosphatemia
      is associated with outcome. Seventy-eight children with a total body surface area
      of 24% (6.0-68.5) were retrospectively analyzed for serum phosphate
      concentrations during the first 10 days of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU).
      The method of generalized estimating equations was used to evaluate the effect of
      the exposure variables for serum phosphate concentrations during the study
      period. Outcome variables were the probability of ICU discharge at 30 days and
      time on mechanical ventilation. Potential explanatory variables for clinical
      outcome were hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate <3.8 mg/dL for children <2 years
      and <3.5 mg/dL for older children), age, sex, percent total body surface area
      burn, inhalation injury, and severe sepsis and/or septic shock. Competing-risk
      analysis was applied to calculate the probability of ICU discharge at 30 days,
      and death was assumed as the competing event. The rate of hypophosphatemia was
      79.5%. Serum phosphate concentrations were associated with C-reactive protein
      (coefficient: -0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.96 to -0.30; P = .001).
      Hypophosphatemia was independently associated with a 68% decrease in the
      probability of ICU discharge at 30 days (subhazard ratio: -0.32; 95% CI: 0.20,
      0.53; P = .001) and an increase of 2.9 days in mechanical ventilation
      (coefficient: 2.91; 95% CI: 1.16, 4.66; P = .001). Serum phosphate concentrations
      in pediatric burn patients are associated with the magnitude of inflammatory
      response. Hypophosphatemia is associated with decreased probability of ICU
      discharge and increased time on mechanical ventilation.

PMID- 27380126
TI  - Silver Nanoparticles Entering Soils via the Wastewater-Sludge-Soil Pathway Pose
      Low Risk to Plants but Elevated Cl Concentrations Increase Ag Bioavailability.
AB  - The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) results in their movement
      into wastewater treatment facilities and subsequently to agricultural soils via
      application of contaminated sludge. On-route, the chemical properties of Ag may
      change, and further alterations are possible upon entry to soil. In the present
      study, we examined the long-term stability and (bio)availability of Ag along the
      "wastewater-sludge-soil" pathway. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy
      (XAS) revealed that ca. 99% of Ag added to the sludge reactors as either Ag-NPs
      or AgNO3 was retained in sludge, with >=79% of this being transformed to Ag2S,
      with the majority (>=87%) remaining in this form even after introduction to soils
      at various pH values and Cl concentrations for up to 400 days. Diffusive
      gradients in thin films (DGT), chemical extraction, and plant uptake experiments
      indicated that the potential (bio)availability of Ag in soil was low but
      increased markedly in soils with elevated Cl, likely due to the formation of
      soluble AgClx complexes in the soil solution. Although high Cl concentrations
      increased the bioavailability of Ag markedly, plant growth was not reduced in any
      treatment. Our results indicate that Ag-NPs entering soils through the wastewater
      sludge-soil pathway pose low risk to plants due to their conversion to Ag2S in
      the wastewater treatment process, although bioavailability may increase in saline
      soils or when irrigated with high-Cl water.

PMID- 27380127
TI  - Skin-transmitted pathogens and the heebie jeebies: evidence for a subclass of
      disgust stimuli that evoke a qualitatively unique emotional response.
AB  - Skin-transmitted pathogens have threatened humans since ancient times. We
      investigated whether skin-transmitted pathogens were a subclass of disgust
      stimuli that evoked an emotional response that was related to, but distinct from,
      disgust and fear. We labelled this response "the heebie jeebies". In Study 1,
      coding of 76 participants' experiences of disgust, fear, and the heebie jeebies
      showed that the heebie jeebies was elicited by unique stimuli which produced skin
      crawling sensations and an urge to protect the skin. In Experiment 2,350
      participants' responses to skin-transmitted pathogen, fear-inducing, and disgust
      inducing vignettes showed that the vignettes elicited sensations and urges which
      loaded onto heebie jeebies, fear, and disgust factors, respectively. Experiment 3
      largely replicated findings from Experiment 2 using video stimuli (178
      participants). Results are consistent with the notion that skin-transmitted
      pathogens are a subclass of disgust stimuli which motivate behaviours that are
      functionally consistent with disgust yet qualitatively distinct.

PMID- 27380128
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380129
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380131
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380130
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380132
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380133
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380134
TI  - Sporadic colorectal cancer: microbial contributors to disease prevention,
      development and therapy.
AB  - The gut microbiota has been hailed as an accessory organ, with functions critical
      to the host including dietary metabolic activities and assistance in the
      development of a proper functioning immune system. However, an aberrant
      microbiota (dysbiosis) may influence disease processes such as colorectal cancer.
      In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the
      contributions of the microbiota to prevention, initiation/progression, and
      treatment of colorectal cancer, with a major focus on biofilms and the
      antimicrobial and antitumoural immune response. 

PMID- 27380135
TI  - Repression of the autophagic response sensitises lung cancer cells to radiation
      and chemotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The cellular autophagic response to radiation is complex. Various
      cells and tissues respond differentially to radiation, depending on both the dose
      of exposure and the time post irradiation. In the current study, we determined
      the autophagosomal and lysosomal response to radiation in lung cancer cell lines
      by evaluating the expression of the associated proteins, as well as the effect of
      relevant gene silencing in radio and chemosensitisation. Furthermore, tumour
      sensitisation was evaluated in in vivo autophagic gene silencing model after
      irradiation. METHODS: A549 and H1299 cell lines were utilised as in vitro cancer
      models. Both cell lines were transfected with various small-interfering RNAs,
      silencing auto-lysosomal genes, and irradiated with 4 Gy. Cell growth response
      was evaluated with AlamarBlue assay. Western blot and confocal microscopy were
      utilised for the characterisation of the auto-lysosomal flux. Also, the H1299
      cell line was stable transfected with small-hairpin RNA of the MAP1LC3A gene, and
      the tumour radiosensitisation in Athymic Nude-Foxn1(nu) was evaluated. RESULTS:
      Following exposure to 4 Gy of radiation, A549 cells exhibited a significant
      induction of the autophagic flux, which was not supported by transcriptional
      activation of auto-lysosomal genes (LC3A, LC3B, p62, TFEB and LAMP2a), resulting
      in aggresome accumulation. Recovery of transcriptional activity and autophagy
      efficacy occurred 7 days post irradiation. Alternatively, H1299 cells, a
      relatively radio-resistant cell line, sharply responded with an early (at 2 days)
      transcriptional activation of auto-lysosomal genes that sustained an effective
      autophagosomal flux, resulting in adequate aggresome clearance. Subsequently, we
      tested the silencing of four genes (LC3A, LC3B, TFEB and LAMP2a), confirming a
      significant radiosensitisation and chemosensitisation to various chemotherapeutic
      agents, including cisplatin and taxanes. In mouse xenografts, exposure to
      radiation significantly reduced tumour growth (P<0.001), which was exacerbated
      among shLC3A-H1299 transfected tumours. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of lung cancer
      cells to survive after irradiation at 4 Gy depends on their ability to sustain a
      functional autophagic flux. Abrogation of such ability results in increased
      radiosensitivity and susceptibility to various chemotherapy agents. Selective
      inhibitors of cancer cell autophagic function may prove important for the
      eradication of lung cancer.

PMID- 27380136
TI  - Definitive chemoradiation alters the immunologic landscape and immune checkpoints
      in head and neck cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preclinical and clinical studies suggest potential synergy between
      high dose per fraction focal radiation and immunotherapy. However, conventionally
      fractionated radiation regimens in combination with concurrent chemotherapy are
      more commonly administered to patients as definitive treatment and may have both
      immune-stimulating and -suppressive effects. METHODS: We prospectively collected
      longitudinal samples from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients
      receiving definitive radiation therapy. We quantified changes in populations of
      circulating immune cells and chemokines CXCL9, 10, and 16. Analyses of humoral
      and cellular immune responses were conducted in select patients via proteomic
      analysis and T-cell receptor sequencing. RESULTS: Treatment not only increased
      circulating CD-8+ T-effector cells, but also myeloid-derived suppressor cells,
      regulatory T cells, and checkpoint receptor-expressing T cells, particularly PD
      1+ T cells. Significant decreases in CXCL10 and increases in CXLC16 were noted.
      Treatment also increased the percentage of unique and dominant TCR clones, and
      increased humoral responses as measured by proteomic array. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      results suggest that fractionated chemoradiation leads to quantifiable effects in
      circulating immune mediators, including a balance of stimulatory and suppressive
      mechanisms. These results suggest future combinations with immune checkpoint
      blockade.

PMID- 27380138
TI  - Chromosomal evolutionary dynamics of four multigene families in Coreidae and
      Pentatomidae (Heteroptera) true bugs.
AB  - Previous chromosome mapping of multigene families in Pentatomomorpha
      (Heteroptera) insects, which was restricted to the major rDNA, revealed
      remarkable conservation of number of clusters and chromosomal positions. Aiming
      to understand the chromosomal organization and evolutionary patterns of multigene
      families in karyotypes of Heteroptera, we performed a chromosomal mapping using
      four distinct multigene families in representatives of Coreidae (ten species) and
      Pentatomidae (five species). A single pair of the major rDNA cluster (18S rDNA
      probe) and a single pair of the minor rDNA cluster (5S rDNA probe), both
      terminally located were primarily observed, being, in most species, located in
      distinct chromosomes. However, some alternative patterns were also observed. In
      species in which the U2 snDNA and H4 gene clusters were mapped, they were mainly
      located in one autosomal pair each, wherein the H4 gene cluster was located in
      different positions. Our data suggest that the karyotype diversity reported in
      Coreidae is not reflected in the distribution diversity of multigene families.
      This contrasts with the data for Pentatomidae, with a conserved gross karyotype
      but a discrete diversity in the location of the clusters of multigene families,
      indicating genome dynamics for these markers. The findings are discussed to shed
      light on the possible causes for the conservation or variation observed and to
      assist in understanding the chromosomal evolutionary trends in the group. 

PMID- 27380137
TI  - Assembly and Immunological Processing of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Composed of
      Antigens and Adjuvants.
AB  - While biomaterials provide a platform to control the delivery of vaccines, the
      recently discovered intrinsic inflammatory characteristics of many polymeric
      carriers can also complicate rational design because the carrier itself can alter
      the response to other vaccine components. To address this challenge, we recently
      developed immune-polyelectrolyte multilayer (iPEMs) capsules electrostatically
      assembled entirely from peptide antigen and molecular adjuvants. Here, we use
      iPEMs built from SIINFEKL model antigen and polyIC, a stimulatory toll-like
      receptor agonist, to investigate the impact of pH on iPEM assembly, the
      processing and interactions of each iPEM component with primary immune cells, and
      the role of these interactions during antigen-specific T cell responses in
      coculture and mice. We discovered that iPEM assembly is pH dependent with respect
      to both the antigen and adjuvant component. Controlling the pH also allows tuning
      of the relative loading of SIINFEKL and polyIC in iPEM capsules. During in vitro
      studies with primary dendritic cells (DCs), iPEM capsules ensure that greater
      than 95% of cells containing at least one signal (i.e., antigen, adjuvant) also
      contained the other signal. This codelivery leads to DC maturation and SIINFEKL
      presentation via the MHC-I antigen presentation pathway, resulting in antigen
      specific T cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. In mice,
      iPEM capsules potently expand antigen-specific T cells compared with equivalent
      admixed formulations. Of note, these enhancements become more pronounced with
      successive booster injections, suggesting that iPEMs functionally improve memory
      recall response. Together our results reveal some of the features that can be
      tuned to modulate the properties of iPEM capsules, and how these modular vaccine
      structures can be used to enhance interactions with immune cells in vitro and in
      mice. 

PMID- 27380140
TI  - Role of Sirtuins in Maintenance of Genomic Stability: Relevance to Cancer and
      Healthy Aging.
AB  - Genomic instability and epigenetic alterations are distinct hallmarks shared by
      cancer and aging. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are class III histone deacetylases that
      regulate gene expression in response to cellular metabolic status. SIRTs can
      modulate chromatin function through direct deacetylation of histones and by
      promoting altered methylation of histones and DNA, leading to repression of
      transcription. They can also interact and deacetylate a broad range of
      transcription factors and coregulators, thereby regulating target gene expression
      both positively and negatively. SIRT inhibition may be beneficial in decreasing
      the risk of some cancers, while SIRT activation can exert positive antiaging
      effects and help prevent age-related disease and cancers. Thus, SIRT modulation
      may positively affect the treatment of cancer and age-related disorders. In this
      study, we review emerging data on the effects of SIRTs as important regulators of
      genomic stability and explain the biological roles of SIRTs in cancer and aging.

PMID- 27380139
TI  - Quantitative trait loci identification and meta-analysis for rice panicle-related
      traits.
AB  - Rice yield is a complex trait controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In
      the past three decades, thousands of QTLs for rice yield traits have been
      detected, but only a very small percentage has been cloned to date, as
      identifying the QTL genes requires a substantial investment of time and money.
      Meta-analysis provides a simple, reliable, and economical method for integrating
      information from multiple QTL studies across various environmental and genetic
      backgrounds, detecting consistent QTLs powerfully and estimating their genetic
      positions precisely. In this study, we aimed to locate consistent QTL regions
      associated with rice panicle traits by applying a genome-wide QTL meta-analysis
      approach. We first conducted a QTL analysis of 5 rice panicle traits using 172
      plants in 2011 and 138 plants in 2012 from an F2 population derived from a cross
      between Nipponbare and H71D rice cultivators. A total of 54 QTLs were detected,
      and these were combined with 1085 QTLs collected from 82 previous studies to
      perform a meta-analysis using BioMercator v4.2. The integration of 82 maps
      resulted in a consensus map with 6970 markers and a total map length of 1823.1
      centimorgan (cM), on which 837 QTLs were projected. These QTLs were then
      integrated into 87 meta-quantitative trait loci (MQTLs) by meta-analysis, and the
      95 % confidence intervals (CI) of them were smaller than the mean value of the
      original QTLs. Also, 30 MQTLs covered 47 of the 54 QTLs detected from the cross
      between Nipponbare and H71D in this study. Among them, the two major and stable
      QTLs, spp10.1 and sd10.1, were found to be included in MQTL10.4. The three other
      major QTLs, pl3.1, sb2.1, and sb10.1, were included in MQTL3.3, MQTL2.2, and
      MQTL10.3, respectively. A total of 21 of the 87 MQTLs' phenotypic variation were
      >20 %. In total, 24 candidate genes were found in 15 MQTLs that spanned physical
      intervals <0.2 Mb, including genes that have been cloned previously, e.g., EP3,
      LP, MIP1, HTD1, DSH1, and OsPNH1. However, it would be beneficial to identify a
      greater number of candidate genes from these MQTLs. Mining new genes that
      modulate yield and its related traits would assist researchers to better
      understand the relevant molecular mechanisms. The MQTLs found in this study that
      have small physical and genetic intervals are useful not only for marker-assisted
      selection and pyramiding, but they also provide important information of rice
      yield and related gene mining for future research. 

PMID- 27380141
TI  - In vivo kinematic study of the tarsal joints complex based on fluoroscopic 3D-2D
      registration technique.
AB  - The tarsal bones articulate with each other and demonstrate complicated kinematic
      characteristics. The in vivo motions of these tarsal joints during normal gait
      are still unclear. Seven healthy subjects were recruited and fourteen feet in
      total were tested in the current study. Three dimensional models of the tarsal
      bones were first created using CT scanning. Corresponding local 3D coordinate
      systems of each tarsal bone was subsequently established for 6DOF motion
      decompositions. The fluoroscopy system captured the lateral fluoroscopic images
      of the targeted tarsal region whilst the subject was walking. Seven key pose
      images during the stance phase were selected and 3D to 2D bone model
      registrations were performed on each image to determine joint positions. The 6DOF
      motions of each tarsal joint during gait were then obtained by connecting these
      positions together. The TNJ (talo-navicular joint) exhibited the largest ROMs
      (range of motion) on all rotational directions with 7.39+/-2.75 degrees of
      dorsi/plantarflexion, 21.12+/-4.68 degrees of inversion/eversion, and 16.11+/
      4.44 degrees of internal/external rotation. From heel strike to midstance, the
      TNJ, STJ (subtalar joint), and CCJ (calcaneao-cuboid joint) were associated with
      5.97 degrees , 5.04 degrees , and 3.93 degrees of dorsiflexion; 15.46 degrees ,
      8.21 degrees , and 5.82 degrees of eversion; and 9.75 degrees , 7.6 degrees , and
      4.99 degrees of external rotation, respectively. Likewise, from midstance to heel
      off, the TNJ, STJ, and CCJ were associated with 6.39, 6.19 degrees , and 4.47
      degrees of plantarflexion; 18.57 degrees , 11.86 degrees , and 6.32 degrees of
      inversion and 13.95 degrees , 9.66 degrees , and 7.58 degrees of internal
      rotation, respectively. In conclusion, among the tarsal joints, the TNJ exhibited
      the greatest rotational mobility. Synchronous and homodromous rotational motions
      were detected for TNJ, STJ, and CCJ during the stance phase.

PMID- 27380143
TI  - Transformation Optics: A Time- and Frequency-Domain Analysis of Electron-Energy
      Loss Spectroscopy.
AB  - Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and cathodoluminescence (CL) play a
      pivotal role in many of the cutting edge experiments in plasmonics. EELS and CL
      experiments are usually supported by numerical simulations, which-though accurate
      may not provide as much physical insight as analytical calculations do. Fully
      analytical solutions to EELS and CL systems in plasmonics are rare and difficult
      to obtain. This paper aims to narrow this gap by introducing a new method based
      on transformation optics that allows to calculate the quasistatic frequency- and
      time-domain response of plasmonic particles under electron beam excitation. We
      study a nonconcentric annulus (and ellipse in the Supporting Information ) as an
      example.

PMID- 27380142
TI  - Caldoramide, a Modified Pentapeptide from the Marine Cyanobacterium Caldora
      penicillata.
AB  - The isolation, structure determination, and biological activities of a new linear
      pentapeptide, caldoramide (5), from the marine cyanobacterium Caldora penicillata
      from Florida are described. Caldoramide (5) has structural similarities to
      belamide A (4), dolastatin 10 (1), and dolastatin 15 (2). We profiled caldoramide
      against parental HCT116 colorectal cancer cells and isogenic cells lacking
      oncogenic KRAS or hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and 2alpha (HIF
      2alpha). Caldoramide (5) showed differential cytotoxicity for cells containing
      both oncogenic KRAS and HIF over the corresponding knockout cells. LCMS
      dereplication indicated the presence of caldoramide (5) in a subset of C.
      penicillata samples.

PMID- 27380144
TI  - Cationic DOPC-Detergent Conjugates for Safe and Efficient in Vitro and in Vivo
      Nucleic Acid Delivery.
AB  - The ability of a nonviral nucleic acid carrier to deliver its cargo to cells with
      low associated toxicity is a critical issue for clinical applications of gene
      therapy. We describe biodegradable cationic DOPC-C12 E4 conjugates in which
      transfection efficiency is based on a Trojan horse strategy. In situ production
      of the detergent compound C12 E4 through conjugate hydrolysis within the acidic
      endosome compartment was expected to promote endosome membrane destabilization
      and subsequent release of the lipoplexes into cytosol. The transfection
      efficiency of the conjugates has been assessed in vitro, and associated
      cytotoxicity was determined. Cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of
      the lipoplexes have been investigated. The results show that direct conjugation
      of DOPC with C12 E4 produces a versatile carrier that can deliver both DNA and
      siRNA to cells in vitro with high efficiency and low cytotoxicity. SAR studies
      suggest that this compound might represent a reasonable compromise between the
      membrane activity of the released detergent and susceptibility of the conjugate
      to degradation enzymes in vitro. Although biodegradability of the conjugates had
      low impact on carrier efficiency in vitro, it proved critical in vivo.
      Significant improvement of transgene expression was obtained in the mouse lung
      tuning biodegradability of the carrier. Importantly, this also allowed reduction
      of the inflammatory response that invariably characterizes cationic-lipid
      mediated gene transfer in animals.

PMID- 27380145
TI  - Ultra-Stretchable and Force-Sensitive Hydrogels Reinforced with Chitosan
      Microspheres Embedded in Polymer Networks.
AB  - An ultra-stretchable and force-sensitive hydrogel with surface self-wrinkling
      microstructure is demonstrated by in situ synthesizing polyacrylamide (PAAm) and
      polyaniline (PANI) in closely packed swollen chitosan microspheres, exhibiting
      ultra-stretchability (>600%), high sensitivity (0.35 kPa-1 ) for subtle pressures
      (<1 kPa), and can detect force in a broad range (102 Pa-101 MPa) with excellent
      electrical stability and rapid response speed, potentially finding applications
      for E-skin.

PMID- 27380146
TI  - Strategies for Success-What Does It Really Take?

PMID- 27380147
TI  - Retraction of: A Novel Approach to Telemedicine Video Control Technology, by
      Dinevski D. and Pacnik G. Telemed J E Health. 2009;15(9):859-866. DOI:
      10.1089/tmj.2009.0025.

PMID- 27380148
TI  - Hyperthermia-driven aberrations of secreted microRNAs in breast cancer in vitro.
AB  - PURPOSE: Expression profile alterations of nine breast cancer (BC)-associated
      secreted microRNAs (miRs) were determined under microenvironmental alterations
      occurring in tumour progression, metastasis or specific oncological treatment
      modalities. Thereto, the potential influence of the exogenic stimuli hypoxia,
      acidosis and hyperthermia was investigated in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four
      established BC cell lines were applied as in vitro BC model systems. Quantitative
      analyses of secreted microRNA specimens were performed by RNA isolation from cell
      culture supernatant and subsequent real-time PCR in cells under physiological
      versus hypoxic, acidic or hyperthermia conditions. RESULTS: The in vitro
      application of exogenic stimuli hypoxia, extracellular acidosis and hyperthermia
      caused heterogeneous expression alterations for the investigated secreted miRNA
      phenotypes. The majority of relevant exogenic stimuli-dependent microRNA
      expression alterations were restricted to single events displaying distinct cell
      type and stimulus dependent correlations only. Most remarkably, hyperthermia
      triggered a uniform significant down-regulatory effect on the expression levels
      of the three secreted microRNAs miR-10b, miR-15b and miR-139, respectively. The
      marked decrease in miR-10b and miR-15b levels was detectable in all four, while
      miR-139 was found significantly reduced in three out of four BC cell lines.
      CONCLUSION: Hyperthermia-dependent down-regulatory influence on three distinct BC
      related microRNAs in vitro generates translational aspects for clinical BC
      treatment, since the identified microRNAs miR-10b, miR-15b and miR-139 are known
      to have oncogenic as well as tumour suppressor functions in BC. However, an
      evaluation regarding the potential impact of microRNA-related hyperthermia
      dependent alterations for innovative BC treatment approaches demands further
      analysis including in vivo data.

PMID- 27380149
TI  - Culturally competent evidence-based behavioral health services for the
      transgender community: Progress and challenges.
AB  - The presence of individuals who identify as transgender has emerged into public
      awareness in the United States in recent years. Celebrities who publicly
      transition have expanded the national conversation about gender variation beyond
      gender and women's studies classrooms and certain specialty health and mental
      health services. This increased public visibility has been accompanied by
      increased visibility in the mental health literature, including the publishing of
      competencies or guidelines for working with clients who identify as transgender
      by various professional organizations. However, rapid societal changes and
      increased understanding of the experience of being transgender in our society
      means literature can rapidly become dated. This commentary identifies key points
      that will move forward professional competency, both of the field and of
      individual practitioners, in the provision of psychological services. Topics
      discussed include (1) how mental health has contributed to trans stigma, (2) why
      more than good intentions are needed, (3) a research agenda for the development
      of high-quality evidence-based behavioral health care for the trans community,
      and (4) clinician recommendations. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27380150
TI  - Psychosocial, HIV, and health care management issues impacting transgender
      individuals.
AB  - This article reviews the varied process of transitioning and the psychosocial and
      quality-of-life benefits and outcomes of gender-affirmation therapeutic
      interventions, examines the barriers that transgender (TG) persons face in
      accessing health care, and describes the authors' experiences in improving access
      to medical services by launching a TG health care clinic and a service provider
      collaborative. It concludes with a summary of the burgeoning prevalence of HIV
      among TG people and the associated psychosocial effects. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 27380151
TI  - The power of 41%: A glimpse into the life of a statistic.
AB  - "Forty-one percent?" the man said with anguish on his face as he addressed the
      author, clutching my handout. "We're talking about my granddaughter here." He was
      referring to the finding from the National Transgender Discrimination Survey
      (NTDS) that 41% of 6,450 respondents said they had attempted suicide at some
      point in their lives. The author had passed out the executive summary of the
      survey's findings during a panel discussion at a family conference to illustrate
      the critical importance of acceptance of transgender people. During the question
      and answer period, this gentleman rose to talk about his beloved 8-year-old
      granddaughter who was in the process of transitioning socially from male to
      female in her elementary school. The statistics that the author was citing were
      not just numbers to him; and he wanted strategies-effective ones-to keep his
      granddaughter alive and thriving. The author has observed that the statistic
      about suicide attempts has, in essence, developed a life of its own. It has had
      several key audiences-academics and researchers, public policymakers, and members
      of the community, particularly transgender people and our families. This article
      explores some of the key takeaways from the survey and the ways in which the 41%
      statistic has affected conversations about the injustices transgender people face
      and the importance of family and societal acceptance. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27380152
TI  - Transgender health and well-being: Gains and opportunities in policy and law.
AB  - This article discusses gains and opportunities in policy and law in the United
      States related to transgender health and well-being. Topics include (1) how the
      bathroom myth has been used every time a trans nondiscrimination bill is
      considered, (2) transgender nondiscrimination laws and policies, (3) the
      expansion of gender discrimination, (4) strategies for promoting mental health
      and well-being among trans people, (5) policy developments supporting the mental
      health and well-being of trans people, and (6) opportunities for action.
      (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27380153
TI  - Family first: Community-based supports for refugees.
AB  - This article presents a community-based approach that targets family
      interventions and services through a preventive, family systems ecological
      framework. A public health approach is used to emphasize the need for a tiered
      model of family support that builds on the strengths of refugee families while
      recognizing their specific needs and challenges. The rationale for a family
      systems ecological perspective is presented to highlight the critical features of
      effective family support programs for refugee families, followed by a discussion
      regarding the transitions and adaptation faced by refugee families when entering
      the United States. Finally, a public-health problem solving model is employed to
      promote a comprehensive vision for how more effective support can be developed to
      best serve the mental health needs of refugee families. An integrated case
      example highlighting the Somali Parent Program, a family-focused intervention, is
      also provided. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27380154
TI  - Outcomes of Basic Versus Advanced Life Support for Out-of-Hospital Medical
      Emergencies.

PMID- 27380155
TI  - Outcomes of Basic Versus Advanced Life Support for Out-of-Hospital Medical
      Emergencies.

PMID- 27380156
TI  - Outcomes of Basic Versus Advanced Life Support for Out-of-Hospital Medical
      Emergencies.

PMID- 27380157
TI  - Is Prehospital Advanced Life Support Harmful?

PMID- 27380158
TI  - Why Physicians Hate "Patient Satisfaction": The Real Reasons.

PMID- 27380159
TI  - Accuracy of Peripheral Thermometers for Estimating Temperature.

PMID- 27380160
TI  - Accuracy of Peripheral Thermometers for Estimating Temperature.

PMID- 27380161
TI  - Content, Consistency, and Quality of Black Box Warnings.

PMID- 27380162
TI  - Web Exclusives. Annals Graphic Medicine - The Price of Progress.

PMID- 27380163
TI  - In-depth structural characterization of Kadcyla(r) (ado-trastuzumab emtansine)
      and its biosimilar candidate.
AB  - ASBTRACT The biopharmaceutical industry has become increasingly focused on
      developing biosimilars as less expensive therapeutic products. As a consequence,
      the regulatory approval of 2 antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), Kadcyla(r) and
      Adcetris(r) has led to the development of biosimilar versions by companies
      located worldwide. Because of the increased complexity of ADC samples that
      results from the heterogeneity of conjugation, it is imperative that close
      attention be paid to the critical quality attributes (CQAs) that stem from the
      conjugation process during ADC biosimilar development process. A combination of
      physicochemical, immunological, and biological methods are warranted in order to
      demonstrate the identity, purity, concentration, and activity (potency or
      strength) of ADC samples. As described here, we performed extensive
      characterization of a lysine conjugated ADC, ado-trastuzumab emtansine, and
      compared its CQAs between the reference product (Kadcyla(r)) and a candidate
      biosimilar. Primary amino acid sequences, drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs),
      conjugation sites and site occupancy data were acquired and compared by LC/MS
      methods. Furthermore, thermal stability, free drug content, and impurities were
      analyzed to further determine the comparability of the 2 ADCs. Finally,
      biological activities were compared between Kadcyla(r) and biosimilar ADCs using
      a cytotoxic activity assay and a HER2 binding assay. The in-depth
      characterization helps to establish product CQAs, and is vital for ADC
      biosimilars development to ensure their comparability with the reference product,
      as well as product safety.

PMID- 27380164
TI  - Expression, purification, crystallization, and diffraction analysis of a
      selenomethionyl lipase Lip8 from Yarrowia lipolytica.
AB  - Yarrowia lipolytica is a nonconventional model micro-organism with multiple
      biotechnological applications. It is also considered to be an excellent producer
      for lipase. Genome survey shows that Y. lipolytica possesses various paralogs of
      genes coding for extracellular, cell-bound, and intracellular lipolytic enzymes.
      However, little structural information on these isoenzymes is available. With the
      aim to facilitate crystal structure solution of Lip8, one of the most valuable
      lipases from Y. lipolytica, a less conventional protein expression technique
      selenomethionyl protein expression was used to produce recombinant
      selenomethionine (SeMet)-Lip8 in Escherichia coli. Finally, three Met residues of
      Lip8 were all substituted with SeMet. A total of 72 mg of SeMet-Lip8 was obtained
      from a liter of the SeMet medium. Using sodium acetate as a precipitant and
      ammonium sulfate as an additive, crystals of the SeMet-Lip8 with 1.9 A were
      successfully cultured through hanging-drop vapor diffusion method. The estimated
      crystal dimensions were 0.11 * 0.11 * 0.14 mm2. The crystal belonged to the space
      group I4 with unit cell parameters a = b = 128.87 A, c = 171.77 A, alpha = beta =
      gamma = 90 degrees . It is the second member of lipase crystal family from Y.
      lipolytica. This work will provide a platform for further studying lipases from a
      structural insight.

PMID- 27380165
TI  - Correction: A Quasi-Steady Lifting Line Theory for Insect-Like Hovering Flight.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134972.].

PMID- 27380166
TI  - Erratum to: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1*6 and *28 polymorphisms as indicators
      of initial dose level of irinotecan to reduce risk of neutropenia in patients
      receiving FOLFIRI for colorectal cancer.

PMID- 27380167
TI  - Analysis of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in patients to
      differentiate between malignant transformation of endometrioma and endometrioma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Of those patients who undergo open surgery for a suspicion of malignant
      transformation of endometrioma (MTOE) due to solid nodule enhancement identified
      by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), some benign endometrioma
      cases are included. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the
      value and diagnostic accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography
      (PET/CT) using 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) to differentiate between MTOE
      and endometrioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 1599
      consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for the diagnosis of
      endometrioma preoperatively and 31 patients who underwent open surgery for a
      suspicion of MTOE preoperatively from January 2003 to December 2011. We analyzed
      the age, serum CA125 levels, and MRI findings of the patients and calculated the
      optimal cut-off value for PET/CT using receiver operating characteristic curve
      analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1,599 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for a
      suspicion of endometrioma preoperatively, malignancy was identified in one (0.062
      %) patient. Of the 31 patients who underwent open surgery for a suspicion of MTOE
      preoperatively, 11 were diagnosed with endometrioma (false positive group) and 20
      with MTOE stage I (positive group). Age, tumor size, presence of shading on MRI
      and maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) on PET/CT were significantly
      different between the two groups. A SUVmax cut-off >4.0 is capable of excluding
      endometrioma cases, with 75 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity (area under the
      curve 90 %). CONCLUSION: PET/CT is a good diagnostic tool for MTOE using the
      optimal SUVmax cut-off of 4.0 (75 % sensitivity and 100 % specificity).

PMID- 27380168
TI  - Intrathoracic extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: assessment of the benefit
      of thoracic and brain radiotherapy using the SEER database.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ESCLC) includes metastatic
      disease and locally advanced disease confined to the thorax that cannot be
      encompassed in a typical radiation portal. We assessed and then compared the
      benefits of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) and/or brain radiotherapy (BRT) on
      overall survival (OS) between the intrathoracic (T-ESCLC) and metastatic (M
      ESCLC) groups using the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database.
      METHODS: TRT and BRT data were available for 10150 patients treated from 1988
      1997. The T-ESCLC group included 1774 patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used
      to estimate OS and the proportional hazards model was used to estimate OS hazard
      ratios for prognostic factors including age, gender, race, tumor size, T/N stage,
      TRT, and BRT. RESULTS: The 2-year OS for T-ESCLC was 7.8 % compared to 3 % in the
      M-ESCLC group (p < 0.001). In the T-ESCLC group, TRT and BRT were delivered to
      750 and 102 patients, respectively. The 2-year OS was 13 % in the TRT group
      compared to 4.1 % in the no-TRT group (p <= 0.001) and 22.5 % in the BRT group
      compared to 7 % in the no-BRT group (p < 0.001). In the M-ESCLC group, TRT and
      BRT were delivered to 3093 and 1887 patients, respectively. The 2-year OS was 4.4
      % in the TRT group compared to 2.8 % in the no-TRT group (p < 0.001) and 4.3 % in
      the BRT compared to 2.6 % in the no-BRT group (p < 0.001). Age, gender, TRT and
      BRT were significant OS prognostic factors in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      suggests that T-ESCLC is a disease entity distinct from M-ESCLC. Prospective
      studies to determine whether TRT should be recommended for the thoracic-only
      subgroup are warranted.

PMID- 27380169
TI  - Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin followed by radical
      hysterectomy for stage IB2, IIA2, and IIB patients with non-squamous cell
      carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We conducted a phase II study to evaluate the efficacy of neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin followed by radical hysterectomy for
      patients with non-squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS: Sixty
      one patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage
      IB2, IIA2, or IIB non-squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were
      enrolled. The patients were administered docetaxel at a dose of 60 mg/m2,
      followed by carboplatin at a dose based on an area under the curve of 6. The
      treatments were repeated every 21 days for one to three cycles. Fifty-two
      patients were eligible to evaluate the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
      followed by radical hysterectomy. Adverse events were evaluated in 59 patients.
      RESULTS: The response rate was 69 % (95 % CI, 57-82 %), with 5 patients achieving
      complete response, 31 partial response, 15 stable disease, and 1 progressive
      disease. Median follow-up duration was 1913 days with a range of 145-2632 days.
      Of 52 patients, 50 underwent radical hysterectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
      The 2-year overall survival rate was 81.8 % for stage IB2, 85.7 % for stage IIA2,
      and 92.6 % for stage IIB. The most frequent grade 3 and 4 hematological toxicity
      was neutropenia, with 43 patients experiencing grade 4 and 11 with grade 3. The
      nonhematological toxicities were mainly grade 1 or 2 in severity. CONCLUSION:
      Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin followed by radical
      hysterectomy may be a useful strategy for patients with non-squamous cell
      carcinoma of uterine cervix.

PMID- 27380170
TI  - Clinical features and treatment strategy for HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer.
AB  - Among head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), the incidence of
      oropharyngeal SCC (OPSCC) is increasing in contrast to carcinoma with origin in
      other subsites. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is now recognized as a significant
      risk factor of the carcinogenesis of OPSCC. The HPV-related OPSCC patients tend
      to be relatively young, less exposed to tobacco and alcohol, and have a
      relatively high socioeconomic status and education level, which is distinct from
      HPV-unrelated classical OPSCC. The neck metastases tend to be aggressive and
      cystic. The better response to treatment resulting in improved prognosis of HPV
      related OPSCC led to reconsidering the clinical staging and treatment approaches.
      Clinical trials of treatment deintensification to reduce the acute and late
      toxicity without compromising efficacy have been conducted. This review of HPV
      related OPSCC focuses on current and generally accepted facts regarding the
      biology, epidemiology, and therapeutic strategy of this new disease entity.

PMID- 27380171
TI  - Conformational Stability of the NH2-Terminal Propeptide of the Precursor of
      Pulmonary Surfactant Protein SP-B.
AB  - Assembly of pulmonary surfactant lipid-protein complexes depends on
      conformational changes coupled with proteolytic maturation of proSP-B, the
      precursor of pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B), along the surfactant
      biogenesis pathway in pneumocytes. Conformational destabilization of the N
      terminal propeptide of proSP-B (SP-BN) triggers exposure of the mature SP-B
      domain for insertion into surfactant lipids. We have studied the conformational
      stability during GdmCl- or urea-promoted unfolding of SP-BN with trp fluorescence
      and circular dichroism spectroscopies. Binding of the intermediate states to bis
      ANS suggests their molten globule-like character. DeltaG0H2O was ~ 12.7 kJ.mol-1
      either with urea or GdmCl. None of the thermal transitions of SP-BN detected by
      CD correspond to protein unfolding. Differential scanning calorimetry of SP-BN
      evidenced two endothermic peaks involved in oligomer dissociation as confirmed
      with 2 M urea. Ionic strength was relevant since at 150 mM NaCl, the process
      originating the endotherm at the highest temperature was irreversible (Tm2 =
      108.5 degrees C) with an activation energy of 703.8 kJ.mol-1. At 500 mM NaCl the
      process became reversible (Tm2 = 114.4 degrees C) and data were fitted to the Non
      two States model with two subpeaks. No free thiols in the propeptide could be
      titrated by DTNB with or without 5.7 M GdmCl, indicating disulfide bonds
      establishment. 

PMID- 27380172
TI  - Methamphetamine Consumption Inhibits Pair Bonding and Hypothalamic Oxytocin in
      Prairie Voles.
AB  - Methamphetamine (MA) abuse has been linked to violence, risk-taking behaviors,
      decreased sexual inhibition, and criminal activity. It is important to understand
      mechanisms underlying these drug effects for prevention and treatment of MA
      associated social problems. Previous studies have demonstrated that experimenter
      administered amphetamine inhibits pair bonding and increases aggression in
      monogamous prairie voles. It is not currently known whether similar effects on
      social behaviors would be obtained under conditions during which the drug is
      voluntarily (actively) administered. The current study investigated whether MA
      drinking affects pair bonding and what neurocircuits are engaged. In Experiment
      1, we exposed male and female voles to 4 days each of 20 and 40 mg/L MA under a
      continuous 2-bottle choice (2BC) procedure. Animals were housed either singly or
      in mesh-divided cages with a social partner. Voles consumed MA in a drinking
      solution, but MA drinking was not affected by either sex or housing condition. In
      Experiment 2, we investigated whether MA drinking disrupts social bonding by
      measuring aggression and partner preference formation following three consecutive
      days of 18-hour/day access to 100 mg/L MA in a 2BC procedure. Although aggression
      toward a novel opposite-sex animal was not affected by MA exposure, partner
      preference was inhibited in MA drinking animals. Experiment 3 examined whether
      alterations in hypothalamic neuropeptides provide a potential explanation for the
      inhibition of partner preference observed in Experiment 2. MA drinking led to
      significant decreases in oxytocin, but not vasopressin, in the paraventricular
      nucleus of the hypothalamus. These experiments are the first investigation into
      how voluntary pre-exposure to MA affects the development of social attachment in
      a socially monogamous species and identify potential neural circuits involved in
      these effects. 

PMID- 27380173
TI  - Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 T869C Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with
      Acquired Sick Sinus Syndrome via Linking a Higher Serum Protein Level.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Familial sick sinus syndrome is associated with gene mutations and
      dysfunction of ion channels. In contrast, degenerative fibrosis of the sinus node
      tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acquired sick sinus
      syndrome. There is a close relationship between transforming growth factor-beta1
      mediated cardiac fibrosis and acquired arrhythmia. It is of interest to examine
      whether transforming growth factor-beta1 is involved in the pathogenesis of
      acquired sick sinus syndrome. METHODS: Overall, 110 patients with acquired SSS
      and 137 age/gender-matched controls were screened for transforming growth factor
      beta1 and cardiac sodium channel gene polymorphisms using gene sequencing or
      restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay was used to determine the serum level of transforming growth factor-beta1.
      RESULTS: Two transforming growth factor-beta1 gene polymorphisms (C-509T and
      T+869C) and one cardiac sodium channel gene polymorphism (H588R) have been
      identified. The C-dominant CC/CT genotype frequency of T869C was significantly
      higher in acquired sick sinus syndrome patients than in controls (OR 2.09, 95% CI
      1.16-3.75, P = 0.01). Consistently, the level of serum transforming growth factor
      beta1 was also significantly greater in acquired sick sinus syndrome group than
      in controls (5.3+/-3.4 ng/ml vs. 3.7+/-2.4 ng/ml, P = 0.01). In addition, the
      CC/CT genotypes showed a higher transforming growth factor-beta1 serum level than
      the TT genotype (4.25 +/- 2.50 ng/ml vs. 2.71+/- 1.76 ng/ml, P = 0.028) in
      controls. CONCLUSION: Transforming growth factor-beta1 T869C polymorphism,
      correlated with high serum transforming growth factor-beta1 levels, is associated
      with susceptibility to acquired sick sinus syndrome.

PMID- 27380175
TI  - Association of Thrombocytopenia and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients on
      Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Both acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring dialysis and
      thrombocytopenia are very common and have been independently associated with
      mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients. Thrombocytopenia is an
      independent risk factor for AKI and also a marker of disease severity. There is a
      paucity of literature on the prevalence, incidence, and outcome of
      thrombocytopenia in patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy
      (CRRT). We aimed at identifying the impact of thrombocytopenia on patients in the
      intensive care unit (ICU) with AKI requiring CRRT. METHODS: We retrospectively
      studied consecutive adult patients admitted to the ICU from December 9, 2006
      through December 31, 2009, with follow-up for 12 months who received CRRT.
      Thrombocytopenia was defined as platelet counts of <150,000/ul and severe
      thrombocytopenia as platelet counts of <50,000/ul. Outcomes were mortality and
      length of stay, both in ICU and hospital. Descriptive summary and multivariable
      regression model were used for data analyses. RESULTS: Out of the 541 patients
      studied, thrombocytopenia was observed in 350 (65%) prior to the initiation of
      CRRT, and 107 (20%) developed it after CRRT was started. The average age of
      patients was 61 +/- 15; 328 (61%) were men. Sepsis was present in more than half
      of the patients requiring CRRT. We found a graded increase (p = 0.01) in ICU
      mortality with worsening platelet counts; 33, 40, and 51% of patients died in ICU
      with platelet counts >=150,000/MUl, 50,000-149,000/MUl, and <=50,000/ul,
      respectively. Thrombocytopenia prior to the initiation of CRRT and severe
      thrombocytopenia prior to and following the initiation of CRRT were associated
      with increased ICU mortality (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Thrombocytopenia is very
      common in ICU patients who are on CRRT, and both thrombocytopenia prior to the
      start of CRRT and severe thrombocytopenia developing after the initiation of CRRT
      significantly impact patient survival. Future large-scale prospective studies
      will help to explore the role of platelet in prognostication of outcome among
      CRRT patients.

PMID- 27380174
TI  - Adaptive Epigenetic Differentiation between Upland and Lowland Rice Ecotypes
      Revealed by Methylation-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism.
AB  - The stress-induced epimutations could be inherited over generations and play
      important roles in plant adaption to stressful environments. Upland rice has been
      domesticated in water-limited environments for thousands of years and accumulated
      drought-induced epimutations of DNA methylation, making it epigenetically
      differentiated from lowland rice. To study the epigenetic differentiation between
      upland and lowland rice ecotypes on their drought-resistances, the epigenetic
      variation was investigated in 180 rice landraces under both normal and osmotic
      conditions via methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique.
      Great alterations (52.9~54.3% of total individual-locus combinations) of DNA
      methylation are recorded when rice encountering the osmotic stress. Although the
      general level of epigenetic differentiation was very low, considerable level of
      PhiST (0.134~0.187) was detected on the highly divergent epiloci (HDE). The HDE
      detected in normal condition tended to stay at low levels in upland rice,
      particularly the ones de-methylated in responses to osmotic stress. Three out of
      four selected HDE genes differentially expressed between upland and lowland rice
      under normal or stressed conditions. Moreover, once a gene at HDE was up-/down
      regulated in responses to the osmotic stress, its expression under the normal
      condition was higher/lower in upland rice. This result suggested expressions of
      genes at the HDE in upland rice might be more adaptive to the osmotic stress. The
      epigenetic divergence and its influence on the gene expression should contribute
      to the higher drought-resistance in upland rice as it is domesticated in the
      water-limited environment. 

PMID- 27380176
TI  - An Optimal Bahadur-Efficient Method in Detection of Sparse Signals with
      Applications to Pathway Analysis in Sequencing Association Studies.
AB  - Next-generation sequencing data pose a severe curse of dimensionality,
      complicating traditional "single marker-single trait" analysis. We propose a two
      stage combined p-value method for pathway analysis. The first stage is at the
      gene level, where we integrate effects within a gene using the Sequence Kernel
      Association Test (SKAT). The second stage is at the pathway level, where we
      perform a correlated Lancaster procedure to detect joint effects from multiple
      genes within a pathway. We show that the Lancaster procedure is optimal in
      Bahadur efficiency among all combined p-value methods. The Bahadur
      efficiency,[Formula: see text], compares sample sizes among different statistical
      tests when signals become sparse in sequencing data, i.e. epsilon ->0. The
      optimal Bahadur efficiency ensures that the Lancaster procedure asymptotically
      requires a minimal sample size to detect sparse signals ([Formula: see text]).
      The Lancaster procedure can also be applied to meta-analysis. Extensive empirical
      assessments of exome sequencing data show that the proposed method outperforms
      Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). We applied the competitive Lancaster
      procedure to meta-analysis data generated by the Global Lipids Genetics
      Consortium to identify pathways significantly associated with high-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and
      total cholesterol. 

PMID- 27380177
TI  - The Coda of the Transient Response in a Sensitive Cochlea: A Computational
      Modeling Study.
AB  - In a sensitive cochlea, the basilar membrane response to transient excitation of
      any kind-normal acoustic or artificial intracochlear excitation-consists of not
      only a primary impulse but also a coda of delayed secondary responses with
      varying amplitudes but similar spectral content around the characteristic
      frequency of the measurement location. The coda, sometimes referred to as echoes
      or ringing, has been described as a form of local, short term memory which may
      influence the ability of the auditory system to detect gaps in an acoustic
      stimulus such as speech. Depending on the individual cochlea, the temporal gap
      between the primary impulse and the following coda ranges from once to thrice the
      group delay of the primary impulse (the group delay of the primary impulse is on
      the order of a few hundred microseconds). The coda is physiologically vulnerable,
      disappearing when the cochlea is compromised even slightly. The multicomponent
      sensitive response is not yet completely understood. We use a physiologically
      based, mathematical model to investigate (i) the generation of the primary
      impulse response and the dependence of the group delay on the various stimulation
      methods, (ii) the effect of spatial perturbations in the properties of
      mechanically sensitive ion channels on the generation and separation of delayed
      secondary responses. The model suggests that the presence of the secondary
      responses depends on the wavenumber content of a perturbation and the activity
      level of the cochlea. In addition, the model shows that the varying temporal gaps
      between adjacent coda seen in experiments depend on the individual profiles of
      perturbations. Implications for non-invasive cochlear diagnosis are also
      discussed.

PMID- 27380178
TI  - Reexamining the Efficacy and Value of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for
      Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease.
AB  - Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) continues to be performed frequently for
      patients with stable ischemic heart disease, despite uncertain efficacy.
      Individual randomized trial data and meta-analyses have not demonstrated that PCI
      in addition to optimal medical therapy reduces the incidence of death or
      myocardial infarction in patients with stable disease. The Clinical Outcomes
      Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) Trial did
      not show benefit for cardiovascular outcomes or mortality but did find a modest
      improvement in quality of life that did not persist at 3 years. Long-term follow
      up from COURAGE (up to 15 years) found no differences in mortality, consistent
      with other published literature. How PCI could reduce long-term mortality or
      prevent myocardial infarction is not clear because sites of future plaque rupture
      leading to myocardial infarction are unpredictable and PCI can only treat
      localized anatomic segments of obstructive atherosclerosis. In addition, PCI is
      expensive, and the value to society of PCI for stable disease has not been
      demonstrated. The ISCHEMIA trial will assess the role of PCI for stable ischemic
      heart disease using newer technology and in patients with greater ischemic burden
      than in COURAGE. After nearly a decade, the COURAGE trial and other studies have
      given us pause to critically reexamine the role of PCI for patients with stable
      ischemic heart disease. Until further research can show that PCI can reduce
      cardiovascular events in these patients, a first-line strategy of optimal medical
      therapy is known to be safe, effective, and noninferior to PCI, and our practice
      should more closely follow this strategy.

PMID- 27380179
TI  - Perspectives on Safety and Efficacy-The BOLD Phase 2 Extension Study of Siponimod
      in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis.

PMID- 27380181
TI  - Expectant management versus multifetal pregnancy reduction in higher order
      multiple pregnancies containing a monochorionic pair and a review of the
      literature.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the perinatal outcome in multifetal pregnancies containing a
      monochorionic twin pair, managed either expectantly or by fetal reduction (MFPR).
      METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 47
      triplet and 10 quadruplet pregnancies recruited between 10 and 14 weeks. Main
      outcome measures were miscarriage <24 weeks, preterm birth, fetal growth
      restriction, birth weight and survival rates. RESULTS: For triplets the
      miscarriage rates <24 weeks were 6.3 % after reduction and 20.0 % for expectant
      management and MFPR, respectively. While we recorded no case of severe preterm
      delivery <30 weeks in the reduction group, it was 25 % in those with expectant
      management. Mean gestational age and birth weight were significantly higher after
      fetal reduction than for the conservative approach (37.7 +/- 1.6 weeks vs. 30.9
      +/- 3.2 weeks, p < 0.01 and 2676 +/- 705 g vs. 1429 +/- 542 g, p < 0.01).
      Expectantly managed triplets were complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome
      in 18.8 % and intrauterine fetal death in 8.3 %. Survival rates were 85.4 % for
      those managed expectantly and 80.0 % after fetal reduction. Mean gestational age
      of ongoing quadruplets was 26.9 +/- 2.0 weeks vs. 34.5 +/- 4.3 weeks for those
      with reduction of the monochorionic pair (p < 0.05). Survival rates were 100 % in
      the reduction group and 58.3 % in the expectant management group (p < 0.05).
      There was an inverse correlation between the final number of fetuses and the
      birth weight. CONCLUSION: Fetal reduction in triplets and quadruplets including a
      monochorionic pair is associated with decreased early prematurity. While in
      quadruplets the overall survival is higher after reduction, there was no
      difference for dichorionic triplets with reduction or conservative management.
      Complications owing to monochorionicity are frequently observed.

PMID- 27380180
TI  - X-ray absorption spectroscopic characterization of the diferric-peroxo
      intermediate of human deoxyhypusine hydroxylase in the presence of its substrate
      eIF5a.
AB  - Human deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (hDOHH) is an enzyme that is involved in the
      critical post-translational modification of the eukaryotic translation initiation
      factor 5A (eIF5A). Following the conversion of a lysine residue on eIF5A to
      deoxyhypusine (Dhp) by deoxyhypusine synthase, hDOHH hydroxylates Dhp to yield
      the unusual amino acid residue hypusine (Hpu), a modification that is essential
      for eIF5A to promote peptide synthesis at the ribosome, among other functions.
      Purification of hDOHH overexpressed in E. coli affords enzyme that is blue in
      color, a feature that has been associated with the presence of a peroxo-bridged
      diiron(III) active site. To gain further insight into the nature of the diiron
      site and how it may change as hDOHH goes through the catalytic cycle, we have
      conducted X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of hDOHH on five samples that
      represent different species along its reaction pathway. Structural analysis of
      each species has been carried out, starting with the reduced diferrous state,
      proceeding through its O2 adduct, and ending with a diferric decay product. Our
      results show that the Fe?Fe distances found for the five samples fall within a
      narrow range of 3.4-3.5 A, suggesting that hDOHH has a fairly constrained active
      site. This pattern differs significantly from what has been associated with
      canonical dioxygen activating nonheme diiron enzymes, such as soluble methane
      monooxygenase and Class 1A ribonucleotide reductases, for which the Fe?Fe
      distance can change by as much as 1 A during the redox cycle. These results
      suggest that the O2 activation mechanism for hDOHH deviates somewhat from that
      associated with the canonical nonheme diiron enzymes, opening the door to new
      mechanistic possibilities for this intriguing family of enzymes.

PMID- 27380182
TI  - Susceptibility to ambient particulate matter on emergency care utilization for
      ischemic heart disease in Seoul, Korea.
AB  - Many epidemiological studies have reported associations between ambient
      particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects
      associated with PM that promote cardiovascular events among susceptible
      populations who may respond differently than the general population to the same
      ambient air pollutants remain unclear. We conducted a time-series study with
      generalized additive models to assess the association between ambient PM10 and
      emergency department (ED) visits for ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Seoul,
      Republic of Korea from 2005 to 2009. The ED data and previous medical records
      within the 5 years of each IHD event to examine the effect of PM10 in a
      susceptible population were obtained from Health Insurance Review and Assessment
      Service. Overall, the adjusted relative risks (RRs) of ED visits for IHD were not
      statistically significant for PM10, but significant positive RRs were found for
      groups with hypertension (1.018; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.002-1.035) and
      those who are >=80 years of age (1.019; 1.002-1.037) for same-day exposure and
      with diabetes (1.019; 1.002-1.037) for single-lag models. Subgroup analyses
      revealed gender differences in ED visits for IHD in hypertensive patients and
      those who are >=80 years of age; positive correlations were found only in males
      with the lag models. Our study suggests that ambient PM10 is significantly
      associated with ED visits for IHD, especially in males with hypertension,
      diabetes mellitus, or who are aged >=80 years. Identification of populations
      susceptible to air pollution is of paramount importance to establishing
      recommendations or guidelines for high-risk individuals. 

PMID- 27380183
TI  - Reviewing the anaerobic digestion and co-digestion process of food waste from the
      perspectives on biogas production performance and environmental impacts.
AB  - In this paper, factors that affect biogas production in the anaerobic digestion
      (AD) and anaerobic co-digestion (coAD) processes of food waste are reviewed with
      the aim to improve biogas production performance. These factors include the
      composition of substrates in food waste coAD as well as pre-treatment methods and
      anaerobic reactor system designs in both food waste AD and coAD. Due to the
      characteristics of the substrates used, the biogas production performance varies
      as different effects are exhibited on nutrient balance, inhibitory substance
      dilution, and trace metal element supplement. Various types of pre-treatment
      methods such as mechanical, chemical, thermal, and biological methods are
      discussed to improve the rate-limiting hydrolytic step in the digestion
      processes. The operation parameters of a reactor system are also reviewed with
      consideration of the characteristics of the substrates. Since the environmental
      awareness and concerns for waste management systems have been increasing, this
      paper also addresses possible environmental impacts of AD and coAD in food waste
      treatment and recommends feasible methods to reduce the impacts. In addition,
      uncertainties in the life cycle assessment (LCA) studies are also discussed.

PMID- 27380184
TI  - Phosphorus characteristics, distribution, and relationship with environmental
      factors in surface sediments of river systems in Eastern China.
AB  - Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for aquatic organisms. However, too much
      P discharged into limnetic ecosystems can induce eutrophication. The
      concentration of P in freshwater ecosystems has escalated in Eastern China due to
      overuse of fertilizer and excess emission of sewage, which is the result of the
      development of industry and agriculture in this area. However, little is known
      about the P characteristics and its environmental factors in river systems. Here,
      we present the results of P characterization and its relationships with
      environmental factors in Eastern China by applying SMT and (31)P-NMR methods. The
      results showed that the concentrations of P in surface sediments varied with the
      river system, and more than 50 % of the samples had P concentrations exceeding
      500 mg kg(-1). HCl-Pi was the dominant Pi in surface sediments, with the highest
      percentage (96.5 %) in the Yellow River System. Mono-P was the dominant Po in
      river sediments, followed by DNA-P. The PCA approach indicated that NaOH-Pi and
      ortho-P clustered in one group, with a second group including mono-P, diesters-P,
      and HCl-Pi. Phon-P and pyro-P belonged to different groups. On a regional scale,
      NaOH-Pi and Po showed a negative relationship with pH in sediments. Continuous
      eutrophication was induced by the presence of dams, and oxygen-consuming
      pollutants, such as NH3-N and CODcr, even when external P input was cut in
      heavily polluted rivers. The research revealed the characteristics of P in
      different river systems and proposed a conceptual model of P biogeochemical
      cycles in heavily polluted rivers. Results from this study may provide insight
      into P characteristics in Eastern China and would set a scientific basis for
      effective P management in developing countries. 

PMID- 27380185
TI  - Correlation of transverse relaxation time with structure of biological tissue.
AB  - Transverse spin-spin relaxation of liquids entrapped in nanocavities with
      different orientational order is theoretically investigated. Based on the
      bivariate normal distribution of nanocavities directions, we have calculated the
      anisotropy of the transverse relaxation time for biological systems, such as
      collagenous tissues, articular cartilage, and tendon. In the framework of the
      considered model, the dipole-dipole interaction is determined by a single
      coupling constant. The calculation results for the transverse relaxation time
      explain the angular dependence observed in MRI experiments with biological
      objects. The good agreement with the experimental data is obtained by adjustment
      of only one parameter which characterizes the disorder in fiber orientations. The
      relaxation time is correlated with the degree of ordering in biological tissues.
      Thus, microstructure of the tissues can be revealed from the measurement of
      relaxation time anisotropy. The clinical significance of the correlation,
      especially in the detection of damage must be evaluated in a large prospective
      clinical trials.

PMID- 27380186
TI  - Two SNAP-25 genetic variants in the binding site of multiple microRNAs and
      susceptibility of ADHD: A meta-analysis.
AB  - The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess the associations between two most
      widely investigated polymorphisms (rs3746544 and rs1051312) in the 3'UTR of the
      SNAP-25 gene and susceptibility of ADHD. Two investigators selected related
      studies and assessed methodological quality independently. Six studies were
      included in this meta-analysis for a total of 715 cases and 655 controls. There
      is no apparent association between rs3746544 polymorphisms and risk of ADHD.
      However, subgroup analysis based on ethnicity demonstrated a strong association
      between rs3746544 polymorphism and ADHD in the subset of Asian participants, but
      not among Caucasians. Compared to the T allele, the allele G was associated with
      a significantly decreased risk of developing ADHD in the Asian population (odds
      ratio (OR) = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.52-0.95, p = 0.02). The
      association between the TT genotype and ADHD risk was also significantly
      increased as compared to G/T (OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.00-2.44, p = 0.05) and the
      dominant genetic model (GG + GT vs. TT: OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.07-2.13, p = 0.02).
      For the rs1051312 SNP, being homozygous for the minor allele (C/C) was associated
      with a 3.66 higher odds of ADHD as compared to cases homozygous for the major
      allele (T/T) (95% CI = 1.64-8.13, p = 0.001), and 3.57 higher odds as compared to
      heterozygous (C/T) carriers (95% CI = 2.01-12.90, p < 0.001). Our results suggest
      that the polymorphisms rs3746544 and rs1051312 may increase the odds of
      developing ADHD. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.

PMID- 27380187
TI  - Distributed Cognition and Distributed Morality: Agency, Artifacts and Systems.
AB  - There are various philosophical approaches and theories describing the intimate
      relation people have to artifacts. In this paper, I explore the relation between
      two such theories, namely distributed cognition and distributed morality theory.
      I point out a number of similarities and differences in these views regarding the
      ontological status they attribute to artifacts and the larger systems they are
      part of. Having evaluated and compared these views, I continue by focussing on
      the way cognitive artifacts are used in moral practice. I specifically
      conceptualise how such artifacts (a) scaffold and extend moral reasoning and
      decision-making processes, (b) have a certain moral status which is contingent on
      their cognitive status, and (c) whether responsibility can be attributed to
      distributed systems. This paper is primarily written for those interested in the
      intersection of cognitive and moral theory as it relates to artifacts, but also
      for those independently interested in philosophical debates in extended and
      distributed cognition and ethics of (cognitive) technology.

PMID- 27380188
TI  - Comparative Study of Poly (epsilon-Caprolactone) and Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic
      Acid) -Based Nanofiber Scaffolds for pH-Sensing.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aims to develop biodegradable and biocompatible polymer-based
      nanofibers that continuously monitor pH within microenvironments of cultured
      cells in real-time. In the future, these fibers will provide a scaffold for
      tissue growth while simultaneously monitoring the extracellular environment.
      METHODS: Sensors to monitor pH were created by directly electrospinning the
      sensor components within a polymeric matrix. Specifically, the entire fiber
      structure is composed of the optical equivalent of an electrode, a pH-sensitive
      fluorophore, an ionic additive, a plasticizer, and a polymer to impart mechanical
      stability. The resulting poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(lactic-co
      glycolic acid) (PLGA) based sensors were characterized by morphology, dynamic
      range, reversibility and stability. Since PCL-based nanofibers delivered the most
      desirable analytical response, this matrix was used for cellular studies.
      RESULTS: Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds (NFSs) were created directly out of
      optode material. The resulting NFS sensors respond to pH changes with a dynamic
      range centered at 7.8 +/- 0.1 and 9.6 +/- 0.2, for PCL and PLGA respectively.
      NFSs exhibited multiple cycles of reversibility with a lifetime of at least 15
      days with preservation of response characteristics. By comparing the two NFSs, we
      found PCL-NFSs are more suitable for pH sensing due to their dynamic range and
      superior reversibility. CONCLUSION: The proposed sensing platform successfully
      exhibits a response to pH and compatibility with cultured cells. NSFs will be a
      useful tool for creating 3D cellular scaffolds that can monitor the cellular
      environment with applications in fields such as drug discovery and tissue
      engineering.

PMID- 27380189
TI  - Quantifying Nanoparticle Internalization Using a High Throughput Internalization
      Assay.
AB  - PURPOSE: The internalization of nanoparticles into cells is critical for
      effective nanoparticle mediated drug delivery. To investigate the kinetics and
      mechanism of internalization of nanoparticles into cells we have developed a DNA
      molecular sensor, termed the Specific Hybridization Internalization Probe - SHIP.
      METHODS: Self-assembling polymeric 'pHlexi' nanoparticles were functionalized
      with a Fluorescent Internalization Probe (FIP) and the interactions with two
      different cell lines (3T3 and CEM cells) were studied. The kinetics of
      internalization were quantified and chemical inhibitors that inhibited energy
      dependent endocytosis (sodium azide), dynamin dependent endocytosis (Dyngo-4a)
      and macropinocytosis (5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA)) were used to
      study the mechanism of internalization. RESULTS: Nanoparticle internalization
      kinetics were significantly faster in 3T3 cells than CEM cells. We have shown
      that ~90% of the nanoparticles associated with 3T3 cells were internalized,
      compared to only 20% of the nanoparticles associated with CEM cells. Nanoparticle
      uptake was via a dynamin-dependent pathway, and the nanoparticles were trafficked
      to lysosomal compartments once internalized. CONCLUSION: SHIP is able to
      distinguish between nanoparticles that are associated on the outer cell membrane
      from nanoparticles that are internalized. This study demonstrates the assay can
      be used to probe the kinetics of nanoparticle internalization and the mechanisms
      by which the nanoparticles are taken up by cells. This information is fundamental
      for engineering more effective nanoparticle delivery systems. The SHIP assay is a
      simple and a high-throughput technique that could have wide application in
      therapeutic delivery research.

PMID- 27380190
TI  - Population Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Morphine, Gabapentin and their
      Combination in the Rat.
AB  - PURPOSE: The combination of morphine and gabapentin seems promising for the
      treatment of postoperative and neuropathic pain. Despite the well characterised
      pharmacodynamic interaction, little is known about possible pharmacokinetic
      interactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether co-administration of
      the two drugs leads to modifications of their pharmacokinetic profiles. METHODS:
      The pharmacokinetics of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and gabapentin were
      characterised in rats following subcutaneous injections of morphine, gabapentin
      or their combination. Non-linear mixed effects modelling was applied to describe
      the pharmacokinetics of the compounds and possible interactions. RESULTS: The
      plasma-concentration-time profiles of morphine and gabapentin were best described
      using a three- and a one-compartment disposition model respectively. Dose
      dependencies were found for morphine absorption rate and gabapentin
      bioavailability. Enterohepatic circulation of morphine-3-glucuronide was modelled
      using an oscillatory model. The combination did not lead to pharmacokinetic
      interactions for morphine or gabapentin but resulted in an estimated ~33%
      diminished morphine-3-glucuronide formation. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of a lack
      of pharmacokinetic interaction strengthens the notion that the combination of the
      two drugs leads to better efficacy in pain treatment due to interaction at the
      pharmacodynamic level. The interaction found between gabapentin and morphine-3
      glucuronide, the latter being inactive, might not have any clinical relevance.

PMID- 27380192
TI  - Microstructure of Tablet-Pharmaceutical Significance, Assessment, and
      Engineering.
AB  - PURPOSE: To summarize the microstructure - property relationship of
      pharmaceutical tablets and approaches to improve tablet properties through tablet
      microstructure engineering. METHOD: The main topics reviewed here include: 1)
      influence of material properties and manufacturing process parameters on the
      evolution of tablet microstructure; 2) impact of tablet structure on tablet
      properties; 3) assessment of tablet microstructure; 4) development and
      engineering of tablet microstructure. RESULTS: Microstructure plays a decisive
      role on important pharmaceutical properties of a tablet, such as disintegration,
      drug release, and mechanical strength. Useful information on mechanical
      properties of a powder can be obtained from analyzing tablet porosity-pressure
      data. When helium pycnometry fails to accurately measure true density of a water
      containing powder, non-linear regression of tablet density-pressure data is a
      useful alternative method. A component that is more uniformly distributed in a
      tablet generally exerts more influence on the overall tablet properties.
      CONCLUSION: During formulation development, it is highly recommended to examine
      the relationship between any property of interest and tablet porosity when
      possible. Tablet microstructure can be engineered by judicious selection of
      formulation composition, including the use of the optimum solid form of the drug
      and appropriate type and amount of excipients, and controlling manufacturing
      process.

PMID- 27380193
TI  - Diagnostic problems in acquired bone marrow failure syndromes.

PMID- 27380191
TI  - Is There an Optimal Formulation and Delivery Strategy for Subunit Vaccines?
AB  - Modern vaccine design has moved away from attenuated or inactivated whole
      pathogen vaccines to more pure and defined subunit vaccines. However subunit
      antigens have poor bioavailability and stability and lack immunogenicity. To
      overcome these issues subunit vaccines have to be administered in a suitable
      delivery system in combination with immune stimulants. Many different delivery
      systems have been developed and investigated each having different modes of
      action, for example increasing delivery and/or sustaining delivery of antigen to
      immune cells. In addition a number of different routes of immunization are
      possible and these can play a crucial role in determining the fate of an immune
      response. In this review the different strategies for the delivery of
      prophylactic and therapeutic subunit vaccines along with the impact of these on
      the immune responses generated are discussed.

PMID- 27380194
TI  - Iron-induced epigenetic abnormalities of mouse bone marrow through aberrant
      activation of aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase.
AB  - Iron overload remains a concern in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. Iron
      chelation therapy (ICT) thus plays an integral role in the management of these
      patients. Moreover, ICT has been shown to prolong leukemia-free survival in MDS
      patients; however, the mechanisms responsible for this effect are unclear. Iron
      is a key molecule for regulating cytosolic aconitase 1 (ACO1). Additionally, the
      mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), the enzyme downstream of ACO1 in the
      TCA cycle, is associated with epigenetic abnormalities secondary to 2
      hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) and DNA methylation. However, epigenetic abnormalities
      observed in many MDS patients occur without IDH mutation. We hypothesized that
      iron itself activates the ACO1-IDH pathway, which may increase 2-HG and DNA
      methylation, and eventually contribute to leukemogenesis without IDH mutation.
      Using whole RNA sequencing of bone marrow cells in iron-overloaded mice, we
      observed that the enzymes, phosphoglucomutase 1, glycogen debranching enzyme, and
      isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (Idh1), which are involved in glycogen and glucose
      metabolism, were increased. Digital PCR further showed that Idh1 and Aco1,
      enzymes involved in the TCA cycle, were also elevated. Additionally, enzymatic
      activities of TCA cycle and methylated DNA were increased. Iron chelation
      reversed these phenomena. In conclusion, iron activation of glucose metabolism
      causes an increase of 2-HG and DNA methylation. 

PMID- 27380196
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380195
TI  - Software-based PET-MR image coregistration: combined PET-MRI for the rest of us!
AB  - BACKGROUND: With the introduction of hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic
      resonance imaging (PET/MRI), a new imaging option to acquire multimodality images
      with complementary anatomical and functional information has become available.
      Compared with hybrid PET/computed tomography (CT), hybrid PET/MRI is capable of
      providing superior anatomical detail while removing the radiation exposure
      associated with CT. The early adoption of hybrid PET/MRI, however, has been
      limited. OBJECTIVE: To provide a viable alternative to the hybrid PET/MRI
      hardware by validating a software-based solution for PET-MR image coregistration.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A fully automated, graphics processing unit-accelerated 3
      D deformable image registration technique was used to align PET (acquired as
      PET/CT) and MR image pairs of 17 patients (age range: 10 months-21 years, mean:
      10 years) who underwent PET/CT and body MRI (chest, abdomen or pelvis), which
      were performed within a 28-day (mean: 10.5 days) interval. MRI data for most of
      these cases included single-station post-contrast axial T1-weighted images.
      Following registration, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) values
      observed in coregistered PET (cPET) and the original PET were compared for 82
      volumes of interest. In addition, we calculated the target registration error as
      a measure of the quality of image coregistration, and evaluated the algorithm's
      performance in the context of interexpert variability. RESULTS: The
      coregistration execution time averaged 97+/-45 s. The overall relative SUVmax
      difference was 7% between cPET-MRI and PET/CT. The average target registration
      error was 10.7+/-6.6 mm, which compared favorably with the typical voxel size
      (diagonal distance) of 8.0 mm (typical resolution: 0.66 mm * 0.66 mm * 8 mm) for
      MRI and 6.1 mm (typical resolution: 3.65 mm * 3.65 mm * 3.27 mm) for PET. The
      variability in landmark identification did not show statistically significant
      differences between the algorithm and a typical expert. CONCLUSION: We have
      presented a software-based solution that achieves the many benefits of hybrid
      PET/MRI scanners without actually needing one. The method proved to be accurate
      and potentially clinically useful.

PMID- 27380197
TI  - Investigation of K X-ray intensity ratios of some 4d transition metals depending
      on the temperature.
AB  - In this paper, we have studied the intensity ratios Kbeta/Kalpha depending on the
      temperature for transition elements Mo, Nb, Zr and Y by 59.5keV gamma-rays from a
      100 mCi (241)Am radioisotope point source. The Kalpha and Kbeta emission spectra
      of Mo, Nb, Zr and Y were measured by using a Si (Li) solid-state detector at
      temperature between 40 and 400 degrees C. sigmaKalpha and sigmaKbeta production
      cross-sections, Kbeta/Kalpha intensity ratios, asymmetry factor, energy shifts
      and full width half maximum (FWHM) values of the elements have been calculated.
      Temperature-dependent changes of the parameters are tabulated and given in the
      graphical forms. Based on the results obtained, Kbeta/Kalpha X-ray intensity
      ratios of the elements are dependent on the temperature. It is shown that
      sigmaKbeta fluorescence cross sections of Mo, Nb and Zr have more increase rate
      than sigmaKalpha fluorescence cross sections with increasing temperature. For Y,
      sigmaKalpha and sigmaKbeta production cross-sections firstly decrease, then
      increase. In general, Kbeta/Kalpha X-ray intensity ratios tend to increase with
      increasing temperature. Some significant shifts are observed in Kalpha and Kbeta
      emission spectra of Mo and Y. These results may contribute to the XRF studies of
      transition metals. 

PMID- 27380198
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380199
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380201
TI  - Local Protein Structure Refinement via Molecular Dynamics Simulations with
      locPREFMD.
AB  - A method for the local refinement of protein structures that targets improvements
      in local stereochemistry while preserving the overall fold is presented. The
      method uses force field-based minimization and sampling via molecular dynamics
      simulations with a modified force field to bring bonds, angles, and torsion
      angles into an acceptable range for high-resolution protein structures. The
      method is implemented in the locPREFMD web server and was tested on computational
      models submitted to CASP11. Using MolProbity scores as the main assessment
      criterion, the locPREFMD method significantly improves the stereochemical quality
      of given input models close to the quality expected for experimental structures
      while maintaining the Calpha coordinates of the initial model.

PMID- 27380200
TI  - A Novel Technique of Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles from
      Broth Constituent and In-vivo Bioimaging of C. elegans.
AB  - Here we have demonstrated a novel single step technique of synthesis of highly
      fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) from broth constituent and in vivo
      bioimaging of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) with the synthesized CNPs has
      been presented. The synthesized CNPs has been characterized by the UV-visible (UV
      Vis) absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman
      studies. The sp (2) cluster size of the synthesized samples has been determined
      from the measured Raman spectra by fitting it with the theoretical skew
      Lorentzian (Breit-Wigner- Fano (BWF)) line shape. The synthesised materials are
      showing excitation wavelength dependent tunable photoluminescence (PL) emission
      characteristics with a high quantum yield (QY) of 3 % at a very low concentration
      of CNPs. A remarkable increase in the intensity of PL emission from 16 % to 39 %
      in C. elegans has also been observed when the feeding concentration of CNPs to C.
      elegans is increased from 0.025 % to 0.1 % (w/v). The non-toxicity and water
      solubility of the synthesized material makes it ideal candidate for bioimaging. 

PMID- 27380202
TI  - Effects of thigh holster use on kinematics and kinetics of active duty police
      officers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Body armour, duty belts and belt mounted holsters are standard
      equipment used by the Swedish police and have been shown to affect performance of
      police specific tasks, to decrease mobility and to potentially influence back
      pain. This study aimed to investigate the effects on gait kinematics and kinetics
      associated with use of an alternate load carriage system incorporating a thigh
      holster. METHODS: Kinematic, kinetic and temporospatial data were collected using
      three dimensional gait analysis. Walking tests were conducted with nineteen
      active duty police officers under three different load carriage conditions: a)
      body armour and duty belt, b) load bearing vest, body armour and thigh holster
      and c) no equipment (control). FINDINGS: No significant differences between
      testing conditions were found for temporospatial parameters. Range of trunk
      rotation was reduced for both load carriage conditions compared to the control
      condition (p<0.017). Range of hip rotation was more similar to the control
      condition when wearing thigh holster rather than the belt mounted hip holster
      (p<0.017). Moments and powers for both left and right ankles were significantly
      greater for both of the load carriage conditions compared to the control
      condition (p<0.017). INTERPRETATION: This study confirms that occupational loads
      carried by police have a significant effect on gait kinematics and kinetics.
      Although small differences were observed between the two load carriage conditions
      investigated in this study, results do not overwhelmingly support selection of
      one design over the other.

PMID- 27380203
TI  - Searching for strategies to reduce the mechanical demands of the sit-to-stand
      task with a muscle-actuated optimal control model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The sit-to-stand task, which involves rising unassisted from sitting
      on a chair to standing, is important in daily life. Many people with muscle
      weakness, reduced range of motion or loading-related pain in a particular joint
      have difficulty performing the task. How should a person suffering from such
      impairment best perform the sit-to-stand task and, in the case of pain in a
      particular joint, with reduced loading of that joint? METHODS: We developed a
      musculoskeletal model with reference parameter values based on properties of
      healthy strong subjects. The model's muscle stimulation-time input was optimized
      using direct collocation to find strategies that yielded successful sit-to-stand
      task performance with minimum 'control effort' for the reference set and modified
      sets of parameter values, and with constraints on tibiofemoral compression force.
      FINDINGS: The sit-to-stand task could be performed successfully and realistically
      by the reference model, by a model with isometric knee extensor forces reduced to
      40% of reference, by a model with isometric forces of all muscles reduced to 45%
      of reference, and by the reference model with the tibiofemoral compression force
      constrained during optimization to 65% of the peak value in the reference
      condition. INTERPRETATION: The strategies found by the model in conditions other
      than reference could be interpreted well on the basis of cost function and task
      biomechanics. The question remains whether it is feasible to teach patients with
      musculoskeletal impairments or joint pain to perform the sit-to-stand task
      according to strategies that are optimal according to the simulation model.

PMID- 27380204
TI  - Complexity, fractal dynamics and determinism in treadmill ambulation:
      Implications for clinical biomechanists.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reduced inter-stride complexity during ambulation may represent a
      pathologic state. Evidence is emerging that treadmill training for rehabilitative
      purposes may constrain the locomotor system and alter gait dynamics in a way that
      mimics pathological states. The purpose of this study was to examine the
      dynamical system components of gait complexity, fractal dynamics and determinism
      during treadmill ambulation. METHODS: Twenty healthy participants aged 23.8 (1.2)
      years walked at preferred walking speeds for 6min on a motorized treadmill and
      overground while wearing APDM 6 Opal inertial monitors. Stride times, stride
      lengths and peak sagittal plane trunk velocities were measured. Mean values and
      estimates of complexity, fractal dynamics and determinism were calculated for
      each parameter. Data were compared between overground and treadmill walking
      conditions. FINDINGS: Mean values for each gait parameter were statistically
      equivalent between overground and treadmill ambulation (P>0.05). Through
      nonlinear analyses, however, we found that complexity in stride time signals
      (P<0.001), and long-range correlations in stride time and stride length signals
      (P=0.005 and P=0.024, respectively), were reduced on the treadmill.
      INTERPRETATION: Treadmill ambulation induces more predictable inter-stride time
      dynamics and constrains fluctuations in stride times and stride lengths, which
      may alter feedback from destabilizing perturbations normally experienced by the
      locomotor control system during overground ambulation. Treadmill ambulation,
      therefore, may provide less opportunity for experiencing the adaptability
      necessary to successfully ambulate overground. Investigators and clinicians
      should be aware that treadmill ambulation will alter dynamic gait
      characteristics.

PMID- 27380205
TI  - Antimalarial and cytotoxic quassinoids from the roots of Brucea javanica.
AB  - Two new quassinoids, brujavanol A (1) and brujavanol B (2), along with five known
      quassinoids (3-7), were isolated from the roots of Brucea javanica. Their
      structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The antimalarial and
      cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were also assessed. Compounds 1
      and 2 exhibited significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human oral cavity
      cancer (KB) cells with IC50 values of 1.30 and 2.36 MUg/ml, respectively, whereas
      compound 3 showed excellent antiplasmodial activity against the Plasmodium
      falciparum strains, K1 (IC50 = 0.58 MUg/ml).

PMID- 27380206
TI  - Validating Evidence and Using Standard Outcomes for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
      Tests and Treatments.
AB  - Unproven diagnostic tests and treatments for recurrent pregnancy loss patients
      can no longer be justified. The use of accepted study guidelines for conducting
      randomized trials, observational studies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses,
      diagnostic tests, animal research, and the development of standardized consensus
      derived outcomes would greatly improve the quality of recurrent pregnancy loss
      studies and their reporting. 

PMID- 27380207
TI  - Immunologic Abnormalities, Treatments, and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: What Is Real
      and What Is Not?
AB  - Recurrent pregnancy loss, depending on the definition, affects 1% to 3% of women
      aiming to have a child. Little is known about the direct causes of recurrent
      pregnancy loss, and the condition is considered to have a multifactorial and
      complex pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the evaluation and
      the management of the condition with specific emphasis on immunologic biomarkers
      identified as risk factors as well as current immunologic treatment options. The
      review also highlights and discusses areas in need of further research. 

PMID- 27380208
TI  - Early, rapidly progressive enteral nutrition promotes growth of very low birth
      weight (VLBW) infants.
AB  - AIM: This study describes the effects of a quality improvement program to promote
      improved postnatal nutrition on the growth of very low birth weight (VLBW)
      infants. METHODS: Daily data regarding nutrition and growth were collected from
      the medical record of VLBW infants born during 1995-2010. The infants were
      grouped by year of birth in order to compare infants from before, during and
      after the policy change. Evaluation of growth included age in days at a return to
      birth weight and the proportion of infants with weight below the 10th percentile
      at discharge. RESULTS: The caloric and protein intake improved significantly. The
      age at a return to birth weight fell (p < 0.01) from 14.6 +/- 5 d to 11 +/- 8 d
      after the change. The proportion of infants with a discharge weight below the
      10th percentile for corrected age fell (p < 0.01) from 72.1% to 42.1%. Data on
      enteral feeding showed that increased rate of enteral feeds (EF) was associated
      with better growth (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Increasing awareness led to increase
      in caloric and protein intake in VLBW infants. Aggressive EF was associated with
      more rapid weight gain. However, the provision of protein and calories during the
      first 2 weeks of life still falls short of the latest European Society of
      Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommendations.

PMID- 27380209
TI  - Ligation-free technique for dorsal vascular complex control during laparoscopic
      radical prostatectomy: a single-center experience from China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To illustrate a ligation-free technique and compare perioperative and
      postoperative outcomes of this technique versus the standard suture method.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of 233 consecutive
      patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent ligation-free technique (n
      = 180, Group 1) or standard ligation (n = 53, Group 2) at an academic institution
      from February 2010 to January 2014. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Operative time was
      significantly shorter in Group 1 than in Group 2 (148.47 vs. 164.25 min, p =
      0.000). No difference in EBL was noted between the groups (191.11 vs. 185.06 mL,
      p = 0.055). Postoperative continence rates at 3, 6, and 12 months in Groups 1 and
      2 were 40.0 versus 24.5, 54.4 versus 37.7, and 73.9 versus 71.7 %, respectively.
      These differences were statistically significant. No patient in either group had
      a positive apical surgical margin. During follow-up, tumor recurrence or
      metastasis was not observed in any patient. Limitations of the study include this
      retrospective study of a single-center experience and lack of potency appraisal.
      CONCLUSIONS: This present ligation-free technique showed a statistically
      significant shorter interval to recovery of continence and higher continence
      rates in short-term postoperative results by contrast to conventional suture
      ligation, but no significant difference was revealed in long-term urinary
      control. We offer this technique and the correlative data to provide more
      information for deeply understanding the precise construction of the dorsal
      vascular complex and the mechanism of urinary control.

PMID- 27380210
TI  - Analysis of the Association of Clubhouse Membership with Overall Costs of Care
      for Mental Health Treatment.
AB  - We examined whether frequency of attendance at the B'More Clubhouse was
      associated with lower mental health care costs in the Medicaid database, and
      whether members in the B'More Clubhouse (n = 30) would have lower mental health
      care costs compared with a set of matched controls from the same claims database
      (n = 150). Participants who attended the Clubhouse 3 days or more per week had
      mean 1-year mental health care costs of US $5697, compared to $14,765 for those
      who attended less often. B'More Clubhouse members had significantly lower annual
      total mental health care costs than the matched comparison group ($10,391 vs.
      $15,511; p < 0.0001). Membership in the B'More Clubhouse is associated with a
      substantial beneficial influence on health care costs.

PMID- 27380211
TI  - Robot-assisted gastrectomy for cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic gastrectomy for cancer is commonly considered a
      challenging procedure. The technical drawbacks of laparoscopy have been addressed
      by robotic technology, which can facilitate demanding reconstructions and fine
      dissection. These features confer potential advantages in the execution of
      lymphadenectomy. OBJECTIVES: Here, we illustrate our technique of robotic
      gastrectomy and discuss advantages and drawbacks by reviewing the current
      literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe our technique for robot-assisted
      distal and total gastrectomy for cancer and assess the current literature dealing
      with short-term outcomes, immediate oncologic measures, and long-term oncologic
      outcomes of robot-assisted gastrectomy, in comparison with conventional
      laparoscopic and open surgery. RESULTS: The robotic procedure seems to be as safe
      and effective as conventional gastrectomy for gastric cancer, with a longer
      operative time and decreased blood loss in comparison with laparoscopic
      gastrectomy. CONCLUSION: The technical advantages offered by robotics could help
      to standardize minimally invasive D2 lymphadenectomy and enable surgeons to
      perform this procedure routinely. Despite the scarcity of long-term data on
      survival, immediate oncological measures (lymph node yield and margin status) are
      encouraging. Further studies investigating the long-term oncological outcomes are
      required.

PMID- 27380213
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380214
TI  - Does Nocturnal Hypotension Play a Causal Role in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic
      Optic Neuropathy?

PMID- 27380215
TI  - JAMA Internal Medicine-The Year in Review, 2015.

PMID- 27380212
TI  - Celecoxib and octreotide synergistically ameliorate portal hypertension via
      inhibition of angiogenesis in cirrhotic rats.
AB  - Abnormal angiogenesis is critical for portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Except
      for etiological treatment, no efficient medication or regime has been explored to
      treat the early stage of cirrhosis when angiogenesis is initiated or
      overwhelming. In this study, we explored an anti-angiogenesis effort through non
      cytotoxic drugs octreotide and celecoxib to treat early stage of cirrhotic portal
      hypertension in an animal model. Peritoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA) was
      employed to induce liver cirrhosis in rats. A combination treatment of celecoxib
      and octreotide was found to relieve liver fibrosis, portal venous pressure, micro
      hepatic arterioportal fistulas, intrahepatic and splanchnic angiogenesis.
      Celecoxib and octreotide exerted their anti-angiogenesis effect via an axis of
      cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2/EP-2/somatostatin receptor-2, which
      consequently down-regulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated
      kinase (p-ERK)-hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha)-vascular endothelial
      growth factor (VEGF) integrated signaling pathways. In conclusions, combination
      of celecoxib and octreotide synergistically ameliorated liver fibrosis and portal
      hypertension of the cirrhotic rats induced by TAA via the inhibition of
      intrahepatic and extrahepatic angiogenesis. The potential mechanisms behind the
      regimen may due to the inactivation of p-ERK-HIF-1alpha-VEGF signaling pathway.

PMID- 27380216
TI  - An overview of wetlands of Saudi Arabia: Values, threats, and perspectives.
AB  - The wetlands of Saudi Arabia are located in a water-stressed region that is
      highly vulnerable to climate and other global changes. Sebkhas, mudflats,
      mangroves, and wadis are the dominant wetlands in the arid regions of North
      Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. These unique wetlands are recognized as a
      sanctuary for biodiversity and for their economic services generated from mineral
      extraction, agriculture, and grazing. Despite their ecological values and
      societal services, the long-term permanence of Saudi Arabia's wetlands faces
      strong challenges resulting from human activities associated with sustained
      population growth, habitat degradation, and coastal development. This paper
      consolidates a literature review of Saudi Arabia's wetlands from local to global
      importance, highlights their biodiversity, and identifies threats and evolution
      of these vulnerable ecosystems in the arid Arabian Peninsula by focusing on the
      status of key freshwater taxa (Odonata, freshwater fishes, amphibians, and
      waterbirds) and documenting changes affecting important wetlands.

PMID- 27380217
TI  - Molecular dynamics-based identification of novel natural mortalin-p53 abrogators
      as anticancer agents.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide that
      requires attention in terms of extensive study and research. Eradication of
      mortalin-p53 interaction that leads to the inhibition of transcriptional
      activation or blocking of p53 from functioning as a suppressor and induction of
      nuclear translocation of p53 can prove to be one of the useful approaches for
      cancer management. RESULTS: In this study, we used structure-based approach to
      target the p53-binding domain of mortalin in order to prevent mortalin-p53
      complex formation. We screened compounds from ZINC database against the modeled
      mortalin protein using Glide virtual screening. The top two compounds, DTOM (ZINC
      28639308) and TTOM (ZINC 38143676) with Glide score of -12.27 and -12.16,
      respectively, were identified with the potential to abrogate mortalin-p53
      interaction. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were used to analyze the
      dynamic stability of the ligand-bound complex and it was observed that residues
      Tyr196, Asn198, Val264 and Thr267 were involved in intermolecular interactions in
      both the simulated ligand-bound complexes, and thus, these residues may have a
      paramount role in stabilizing the binding of the ligands with the protein.
      CONCLUSION: These detailed insights can further facilitate the development of
      potent inhibitors against mortalin-p53 complex.

PMID- 27380218
TI  - Cetuximab as treatment for head and neck cancer patients with a previous liver
      transplant: report of two cases.
AB  - Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor
      useful in the treatment of patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
      combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Its pharmacokinetics are not
      influenced by hepatic status and there are no specific warnings concerning its
      indication in patients with impaired hepatic function. Patients with a previous
      liver transplant are at risk for hepatic toxicity and use immunosupressants to
      avoid rejection that can interact with other drugs. We present two cases of
      patients with a previous liver transplant in which cetuximab was administered to
      treat head and neck cancer.

PMID- 27380219
TI  - Prevention and management of osteonecrosis of the jaw secondary to bone-targeted
      therapy in patients with kidney cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this revision is prevention and management of
      osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) secondary to bone-targeted therapy in patients
      with kidney cancer. RECENT FINDINGS: Patients with kidney cancer treated with
      zoledronate suffered from ONJ earlier compared with patients with breast cancer
      or multiple myeloma; among men, ONJ occurred at 24 months of zoledronic acid
      treatment in more than 80% of the patients and much earlier, in respect to
      patients with prostate cancer or multiple myeloma. Protective factors against an
      ONJ can be sequential prescription of different bisphosphonates and female sex.
      Less data are available on ONJ secondary to denosumab administration in patients
      with kidney cancer. SUMMARY: Bone metastases, developing in about 30% of the
      patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, are typically osteolytic on
      imaging and cause significant morbidity and poor quality of life. Incidence of
      skeletal-related events has been reported to reach 3.38 per year in such
      patients. To decrease the incidence of ONJ, a maxillofacial examination must be
      performed in all patients before treatment with bisphosphonates, in particular in
      patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib alone or in
      association with zoledronate. The management of ONJ consider a conservative
      approach.

PMID- 27380220
TI  - A systematic literature review on the ethics of palliative sedation: an update
      (2016).
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Palliative sedation has been the subject of intensive debate
      since its first appearance in 1990. In a 2010 review of palliative sedation, the
      following areas were identified as lacking in consensus: inconsistent
      terminology, its use in nonphysical suffering, the ongoing experience of
      distress, and concern that the practice of palliative sedation may hasten death.
      This review looks at the literature over the past 6 years and provides an update
      on these outstanding concerns. RECENT FINDINGS: Good clinical guidelines and
      policies are still required to address issues of emotional distress and waylay
      concerns that palliative sedation hastens death. SUMMARY: The empirical evidence
      suggests some movement toward consensus on the practice of palliative sedation.
      However, a continued need exists for evidence-informed practice guidelines,
      education, and research to support the ethical practice of palliative sedation at
      the end of life. Until that time, clinicians are advised to adopt a framework or
      guideline that has been expert driven to ensure consistent and ethical use of
      palliative sedation at the end of life.

PMID- 27380221
TI  - Service delivery of complex interventions for refractory breathlessness.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review considers the evidence for different service models
      existing for helping people manage the chronic, irreversible breathlessness that
      accompanies advanced disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Many of the service models that
      are delivering care have not yet published their results in the scientific
      literature because these ideas, and the methods to evaluate them, are relatively
      new. There are three randomized controlled trials published which demonstrate the
      effectiveness of this approach and one which suggests that more episodes of some
      intervention components are not necessarily better. SUMMARY: Breathlessness
      severity gives a better guide to a patient's prognosis than physiological
      measures in many diseases and the general population. Randomized controlled trial
      evidence confirms that a complex intervention for breathlessness can improve
      quality of life, reduce symptom impact, and support carers. Some preliminary data
      suggest prognosis improvement in some people. Integrated care is needed for both
      rapidly progressive disease, where death is inevitable, and chronic illness, when
      health improvement is possible.

PMID- 27380222
TI  - Physiological and functional failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
      congestive heart failure and cancer: a debilitating intersection of sarcopenia,
      cachexia and breathlessness.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Loss of skeletal muscle mass and cachexia are important
      manifestations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and have been associated
      with breathlessness, functional limitation and poor prognosis. A number of other
      life-limiting illnesses, including cancer and chronic heart failure as well as
      acute conditions seen in ICU such as sepsis, are characteristically associated
      with cachexia and sarcopenia. These conditions may have respiratory muscle
      atrophy of sufficient magnitude to contribute to the development of
      breathlessness and associated functional limitation. The purpose of this review
      is to summarize findings related to a direct role for severe respiratory muscle
      wasting in the etiology of breathlessness in advanced, life limiting illness.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Localized wasting of respiratory muscles appears to be part of
      systemic wasting of skeletal muscles, driven by deconditioning, nutritional
      insufficiencies and inflammation, and because of disease-specific factors (tumor
      factors and exacerbations), anabolic insufficiency, autonomic dysfunction, drugs
      (such as corticosteroids and chemotherapy agents), mechanical ventilation and
      comorbidities. Marked morphological and biochemical abnormalities have been noted
      in diaphragm muscle biopsies. SUMMARY: Older patients with multiple comorbidities
      associated with muscle loss and cachexia are likely to be at elevated risk of
      respiratory muscle atrophy and functional loss, because of the presence of
      multiple, interacting etiologic factors.

PMID- 27380223
TI  - INCIDENCE OF ACUTE EXUDATIVE MACULOPATHY AFTER REDUCED-FLUENCE PHOTODYNAMIC
      THERAPY.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and features of acute exudative maculopathy
      (AEM) after half-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT) and/or very minimal fluence
      PDT. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of all patients treated over a 7-year
      period. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients (58 eyes, 140 treatments) were treated
      with half-fluence PDT and/or very minimal fluence PDT. Patients were diagnosed
      with either central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) or neovascular age-related
      macular degeneration (nAMD). Two patients (1 CSCR and 1 nAMD) returned to the
      clinic with acute vision loss after treatment and were identified as having
      developed AEM. In the CSCR case, resolution occurred after intravitreal
      bevacizumab treatment. The nAMD case resolved with topical difluprednate
      treatment. We were unable to identify any risk factors for the development of
      AEM. CONCLUSION: AEM seems to be a rare (incidence 1.4% per treatment) and
      unpredictable reaction related to the proinflammatory effects of half-fluence PDT
      and very minimal fluence PDT. Because of the inherent limitations of this study,
      the true incidence of AEM after reduced-fluence PDT may be higher.

PMID- 27380224
TI  - Cloning of scFv from hybridomas using a rational strategy: Application as a
      receptor to sensitive detection microcystin-LR in water.
AB  - Single chain variable fragment (scFv), containing of heavy and light chains (VH
      and VL) joined by a short peptide linker, has been used widely for
      immunodetection. Nevertheless, cloning functional variable genes is still a
      bottle neck for the scFv generation technology. Here, a rational strategy for
      cloning and selecting variable region genes from an anti-microcystin-LR hybridoma
      was devised, then the functional VH and VL genes were recloned and assembled to
      scFv using splicing overlap extension PCR. The resulting scFv gene was
      recombinantly expressed as a soluble scFv-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein
      (scFv-AP) by vector PLIP6/GN. Then an indirect competitive chemiluminescent
      enzyme immunoassay (ic-CLEIA) for detection of microcystin-LR was developed. The
      half-maximum inhibition concentrations (IC50) and limits of detection (LODs,
      IC15) were 0.81 +/- 0.04 MUgL(-1) and 0.13 +/- 0.03 MUgL(-1), respectively. With
      the mean coefficient of variation lowing 8%, the mean recovery in intra-assay and
      inter-assay were 100.06% and 96.46%, The proposed strategy should be useful for
      generation scFv in a rapid and simple way. 

PMID- 27380225
TI  - Dermal exposure to tannery effluent causes neurobehavioral changes in C57Bl/6J
      and Swiss mice.
AB  - Tannery effluents constitute highly polluting residues, which can cause negative
      impacts to people's health and the environment. However, studies that have
      investigated the effects of the exposure to these xenobiotics on the central
      nervous system of mammal experimental models are rare, the few that have been
      published focusing on the exposure via oral intake (ingestion of water containing
      tannery effluent concentrations). In this sense, and with the objective of
      expanding the knowledge beyond the neurotoxic effects observed when water
      contaminated by these xenobiotics is ingested, the neurobehavioral effects of
      dermal exposure of male C57Bl/6J and Swiss mice were analyzed. The animals were
      exposed to raw (wet blue-type) tannery effluent for two hours during five days,
      totalizing 15 days of exposure. Afterwards, the animals underwent the elevated
      plus-maze (predictive of anxiety) and the object recognition tests
      (identification of memory deficit). Our data show that the dermal exposure to the
      tannery effluent caused an anxiogenic behavior in these animals, when compared
      those that did not have direct contact with these xenobiotics. It was also
      observed that the animals exposed to the tannery effluent obtained lower novel
      object recognition indices, thus evidencing memory deficit and indicating a
      possible influence of the tannery effluent constituents in animal cognition. The
      present study attests the hypothesis that dermal exposure to tannery effluents
      containing neurotoxic substances causes behavioral disorders in C57Bl/6J and
      Swiss mice. 

PMID- 27380226
TI  - Comparison of in vitro hormone activities of novel flame retardants TBB, TBPH and
      their metabolites TBBA and TBMEPH using reporter gene assays.
AB  - The anti-androgenic and anti-thyroid hormonal activities of the two novel
      brominated flame retardants, TBB and TBPH and of their metabolites TBBA and
      TBMEPH have been compared using the luciferase reporter gene assays. Only the
      parent compounds TBB and TBPH exhibited anti-glucocorticoid activity with IC50
      values of 1.9 MUM and 0.3 MUM. Furthermore, mode of action for these two
      compounds is by direct competing to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with IC50
      values of 0.03 MUM and 0.002 MUM. All four tested compounds possess anti
      androgenic and anti-thyroid hormonal activities, without agonist activities on
      the respective receptors. Anti-androgenic activities with IC50 values of 43.5
      MUM, 0.1 MUM, 47.5 MUM and 1.3 MUM were found for TBB, TBPH, TBBA and TBMEPH. The
      anti-thyroid hormonal IC50 values of 37.5 MUM, 0.1 MUM, 22.8 MUM and 32.3 MUM for
      TBB, TBPH, TBBA and TBMEPH, together with the above quoted results, indicate that
      metabolism can modify anti-androgenic, anti-glucocorticoid and anti-thyroid
      hormonal effects of these novel brominated flame retardants. Furthermore, the
      parent flame retardants are shown to be able to disrupt the function of the GR as
      antagonists by direct competition to the receptor. 

PMID- 27380227
TI  - Self-Healing Elastin-Bioglass Hydrogels.
AB  - Tailorable hydrogels that are mechanically robust, injectable, and self-healable,
      are useful for many biomedical applications including tissue repair and drug
      delivery. Here we use biological and chemical engineering approaches to develop a
      novel in situ forming organic/inorganic composite hydrogel with dynamic aldimine
      cross-links using elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) and bioglass (BG). The
      resulting ELP/BG biocomposites exhibit tunable gelling behavior and mechanical
      characteristics in a composition and concentration dependent manner. We also
      demonstrate self-healing in the ELP/BG hydrogels by successfully reattaching
      severed pieces as well as through rheology. In addition, we show the strength of
      genetic engineering to easily customize ELP by fusing cell-stimulating "RGD"
      peptide motifs. We showed that the resulting composite materials are
      cytocompatible as they support the cellular growth and attachment. Our robust in
      situ forming ELP/BG composite hydrogels will be useful as injectable scaffolds
      for delivering cell and drug molecules to promote soft tissue regeneration in the
      future.

PMID- 27380228
TI  - Effects of Reactive Oxygen and Temperature on the Formation of a Purple Pigment,
      Hordeumin, from Barley Bran-Fermented Broth.
AB  - A purple pigment called hordeumin, a type of anthocyanin-tannin pigment, is
      produced from barley barn-fermented broth. Hordeumin is a precipitate formed by
      storing fermented filtrate containing hordeumin precursors in an oxidative
      environment. Hordeumin formation was inhibited by addition of radical scavengers
      or antioxidants to the barley bran-fermented filtrate. The addition of iron ion
      accelerated hordeumin formation, and the addition of DETAPAC, an iron ion
      chelating reagent, influenced the color tone of hordeumin. These findings suggest
      that hordeumin formation may be an oxygen-mediated reaction, involving reactive
      oxygen species. Furthermore, hordeumin formation was accelerated by increasing
      the hordeumin formation temperature (from 5 to 60 degrees C). The color quality
      of the hordeumin that was produced at high temperature was almost the same as
      that hordeumin produced at 5 degrees C. 

PMID- 27380229
TI  - One Step Synthesis of Inverted Aspartame Type Sweetener, Ac-Phe-Lys, Using
      Chemically Modified Chymotrypsin.
AB  - To search for techniques of simplified peptide synthesis, benzyloxycarbonyl
      chymotrypsin was prepared by a water-soluble acylating reagent and used to make
      Ac-Phe-Lys, an artificial peptide sweetener, which was selected as a target
      compound. As a result of using chemically modified chymotrypsin, Lys can be
      coupled directly with Ac-Phe and Ac-Phe-Lys made virtually in one step. Moreover,
      the total yield from preparation and purification steps for Ac-Phe-Lys was 13%.
      The value corresponds to that of the chemical synthesis method. On the contrary,
      enzymatic synthesis using native chymotrypsin cannot reach the level of the new
      method. It is expected that the method is more effective for simplified peptide
      synthesis as compared with other methods, especially on a large scale. 

PMID- 27380230
TI  - Chemical Structure and Molecular Weights of alpha-(1->3)-D-Glucan from Lentinus
      edodes.
AB  - alpha-Glucan (L-FV-II) and beta-glucan (L-FV-I) were isolated from fruiting
      bodies of Lentinus edodes by extraction with 5% NaOH/0.05% NaBH4, then
      precipitation with 1 M acetic acid. The analysis results of Smith degradation,
      high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), infrared spectra (IR), (13)C NMR
      spectra, and optical rotation indicated that L-FV-II is alpha-(1->3)-D-glucan
      with slight (1->6) branch linkages, and L-FV-I is beta-(1->3)-D-glucan containing
      10% protein, and with branches. The weight-average molecular weight, Mw, number
      average molecular weight, Mn, radii of gyration, <s(2)>(1/2), and second virial
      coefficients, A2, of L-FV-II in aqueous 0.5 M urea/0.5 M NaOH (obtained from
      diluting its solution in 1.0 M urea/1.0 M NaOH) and 0.25 M LiCl in
      dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO/0.25 M LiCl) were measured by light scattering, membrane
      osmometry, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The values of Mw and Mn for L
      FV-II in 0.5 M urea/0.5 M NaOH are 24.1*10(4) and 10.9*10(4), respectively,
      similar to those in DMSO/0.25 M LiCl. It was proved that strong intermolecular
      hydrogen bonds exist in L-FV-II, resulting in its water-insolubility, but there
      are not any aggregates or multiple-helix structure for L-FV-II in DMSO/0.25 M
      LiCl. The chain of alpha-(1->3)-D-glucan is more extended in DMSO/0.25 M LiCl
      than that in the aqueous solution. 

PMID- 27380231
TI  - Enatiomeric Separation of Branched Fatty Acids after Conversion with trans-2-(2,3
      Anthracenedicarboximido)cyclohexanol, a Highly Sensitive Chiral Fluorescent
      Conversion Reagent.
AB  - (1R,2R)-2-(2,3-Anthracenedicarboximido)cyclohexanol was synthesized as a highly
      sensitive chiral fluorescent conversion reagent. The diastereomeric derivatives
      of chiral branched fatty acids that had methyl ethyl chirality from the 2 to 12
      position were separated into 2 peaks by reversed-phase HPLC and detected at the
      10(-15) mole level by fluorometry. 

PMID- 27380232
TI  - Purification and Characterization of Isoamyl Alcohol Oxidase ("Mureka"-Forming
      Enzyme).
AB  - Isoamyl alcohol oxidase (IAAOD) was purified to apparent homogeneity on SDS-PAGE
      from ultrafiltration (UF) concentrated sake. IAAOD was a glycoprotein, a
      monomeric protein with an apparent molecular mass of 73 and 87 kDa, by SDS-PAGE
      and gel filtration on HPLC, respectively. IAAOD showed high substrate specificity
      toward C5 branched-chain alkyl alcohol (isoamyl alcohol), and no activity toward
      shorter (C1-C4) or longer (C7-C10) alkyl alcohols tested. IAAOD was stable
      between pH 3.0-6.0 at 25 degrees C. The optimum pH was 4.5 at 35 degrees C. Heavy
      metal ions, p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), hydrazine, and hydroxylamine strongly
      inhibited the enzyme activity, and an anti-oxidant like L-ascorbate did also.
      Isovaleraldehyde was produced markedly in pasteurized sake by adding purified
      IAAOD, therefore, we concluded that it was the enzyme that causes formation of
      mureka, an off-flavor of sake, the main component of which is isovaleraldehyde. 

PMID- 27380234
TI  - Synthesis of the Methyl Ester of Tritium-labeled AK-toxin I, a Host-specific
      Toxin Produced by Alternaria alternata Japanese Pear Pathotype.
AB  - AK-toxin I, a host-specific toxin to Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina), was
      synthesized as its methyl ester from three precursor fragments: conjugated diene
      carboxylic acid, chiral epoxyalcohol and beta-methylphenylalanine. The
      epoxyalcohol fragment was derived from D-fructose, in which effective
      homologation of the hemiacetal carbon to alkyne by using dimethyl 1-diazo-2
      oxopropylphosphonate was the key reaction. The diene-carboxylic acid fragment was
      prepared by repeated Wittig reactions, and was combined with the epoxyalcohol
      fragment by the Stille reaction. Esterification of the combined product with the
      stereochemically-pure beta-methylphenylalanine fragment afforded the target
      compound. This method was used to prepare the methyl ester of tritium-labeled AK
      toxin I with a specific radioactivity of 213 GBq/mmol. 

PMID- 27380233
TI  - Erimopyrone, a Lignan Derivative from the Liverwort Moerckia erimona.
AB  - The new lignan derivative, erimopyrone, was isolated from the liverwort, Moerckia
      erimona. Its structure was established as [1R, 2S]-1(6-carboxy-2-oxo-2H-4
      pyranyl)- 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid by
      spectroscopic methods. 

PMID- 27380235
TI  - Production of (S,S)-Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic Acid from Ethylenediamine and
      Fumaric Acid by Bacteria.
AB  - We tried to produce (S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid [(S,S)-EDDS] with
      the aid of microorganisms that can degrade the compound. A reaction mixture
      consisting of ethylenediamine and fumaric acid was incubated with the bacteria
      isolated from soil and sludge, and we found that several kinds of bacteria such
      as Sphingomonas, Brevundimonas, Pseudomonas, and Acidovorax produced (S,S)-EDDS.
      The optimum pH and the temperature for the production was pH 7.5 and 35 degrees C
      for Acidovorax sp. TNT149 and the bacterial cells produced 90 mmoles of (S,S)
      EDDS from 200 mmoles of ethylenediamine and 350 mmoles of fumaric acid under
      these reaction condition. 

PMID- 27380236
TI  - Glutamate Overproduction in Corynebacterium glutamicum Triggered by a Decrease in
      the Level of a Complex Comprising DtsR and a Biotin-containing Subunit.
AB  - Glutamate overproduction in Corynebacterium glutamicum is induced by Tween 40,
      biotin-limitation, or sublethal amounts of penicillin. Disruption of the dtsR
      gene, which encodes a putative component of a biotin-containing enzyme complex
      involved in fatty acid synthesis, causes constitutive overproduction of
      glutamate. We report here that overexpression of dtsR inhibits the induction of
      glutamate overproduction. In contrast, the level of DtsR in the wild type strain
      was found to decrease in the presence of Tween 40 or limited amounts of biotin.
      Tween 40, biotin-limitation, or dtsR disruption also reduced the activity of 2
      oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (ODHC), which is involved in the synthesis of
      succinate from 2-oxoglutarate. These results indicate that decrease in the level
      of DtsR or a complex containing DtsR triggers the increased synthesis of
      glutamate from 2-oxoglutarate by lowering the ODHC activity. 

PMID- 27380237
TI  - Novel Synthesis of (-)-Bestatin from L-Aspartic Acid.
AB  - Oxazoline-4-acetate derivative 3 that could be readily obtained from L-aspartic
      acid was subjected to highly stereoselective hydroxylation, and subsequent
      Mitsunobu inversion of the hydroxyl group led to (2S,3R)-3-amino-3-benzyl-2
      hydroxybutanoic acid derivative 8 in a good yield. Coupling of 8 with L-leucine
      benzyl ester and subsequent cleavage of the protective groups provided (-)
      bestatin 1 in a high yield. 

PMID- 27380238
TI  - Positional Isomers of Monohydroperoxides Produced by Peroxidation of
      Phosphatidylcholine Containing an Arachidonoyl Moiety in a Liposomal Suspension.
AB  - Monohydroperoxides derived from the peroxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl
      phosphatidylcholine (PC-AA) in a liposomal suspension had a characteristic
      isomeric composition. Of the two possible isomers derived from a pentadienyl
      radical intermediate, the isomer with a hydroperoxy group on the carboxyl
      terminal side was at a substantially lower level than the other. 

PMID- 27380239
TI  - Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing in the Liver and Small Intestine of Rats Fed on
      Beet Fiber, Soy Protein, and Fish Oil.
AB  - Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing was investigated in the liver and small intestine
      of rats fed on beet fiber, soy protein, or fish oil as plasma cholesterol
      reducing agents. The diets had no influence on the editing in both the liver and
      intestine, despite their cholesterol-lowering action. The results suggest that
      apo B mRNA editing is not involved in the cholesterol-lowering effect of these
      diets. 

PMID- 27380240
TI  - Momilactones A and B in Rice Straw Harvested at Different Growth Stages.
AB  - Momilactones A and B in rice straw harvested at different growth stages were
      quantified by HPLC-MS-MS. They increased to their maximal levels at the heading
      stage and then gradually decreased. In addition, these phytotoxins were found to
      be relatively easily extracted with water. 

PMID- 27380241
TI  - Genetic alterations of delta-catenin/NPRAP/Neurojungin (CTNND2): functional
      implications in complex human diseases.
AB  - Some genes involved in complex human diseases are particularly vulnerable to
      genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphism, copy number
      variations, and mutations. For example, Ras mutations account for over 30 % of
      all human cancers. Additionally, there are some genes that can display different
      variations with functional impact in different diseases that are unrelated. One
      such gene stands out: delta-catenin/NPRAP/Neurojungin with gene designation as
      CTNND2 on chromosome 5p15.2. Recent advances in genome wide association as well
      as molecular biology approaches have uncovered striking involvement of delta
      catenin gene variations linked to complex human disorders. These disorders
      include cancer, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism, Cri-du-chat syndrome,
      myopia, cortical cataract-linked Alzheimer's disease, and infectious diseases.
      This list has rapidly grown longer in recent years, underscoring the pivotal
      roles of delta-catenin in critical human diseases. delta-Catenin is an adhesive
      junction-associated protein in the delta subfamily of the beta-catenin
      superfamily. delta-Catenin functions in Wnt signaling to regulate gene expression
      and modulate Rho GTPases of the Ras superfamily in cytoskeletal reorganization.
      delta-Catenin likely lies where Wnt signaling meets Rho GTPases and is a unique
      and vulnerable common target for mutagenesis in different human diseases.

PMID- 27380244
TI  - ARPP-19 promotes proliferation and metastasis of human glioma.
AB  - Glioma is the most common and aggressive type of human primary brain tumor with a
      poor outcome. The molecular mechanisms underlying glioma development and
      progression are still poorly understood. Recent studies have reported a novel
      role of ARPP-19 in the regulation of cell mitosis and cancer progression.
      However, no study has been carried out to determine the role of ARPP-19 in human
      glioma cells and assess the expression and clinical significance of ARPP-19 in
      human glioma. In this study, we systematically examined the role of ARPP-19 in
      glioma A172 cells and examined the expression of ARPP-19 and CD147 in 81 cases of
      human glioma tissue specimens and correlated them to clinicopathological
      parameters and patient survival. We found that ARPP-19 promoted both
      proliferation and metastasis of human glioma cells and the expression of ARPP-19
      and CD147 in high-grade glioma was significantly higher than that in the low
      grade glioma. Patients whose tumors were positive for expression of ARPP-19 or
      CD147 showed lower relapse-free survival and overall survival than patients whose
      tumors were negative for ARPP-19 or CD147, respectively. Pearson correlation
      analysis indicated that there was a statistically significant correlation between
      ARPP-19 and CD147. Expressions of ARPP-19 and CD147 may serve as biomarkers for
      high-grade glioma and poor patient survival.

PMID- 27380243
TI  - The C677T variant in MTHFR modulates associations between blood-based and
      cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
AB  - The C677T functional variant in the methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)
      gene results in reduced enzymatic activity and elevated blood levels of
      homocysteine. Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) are negatively correlated
      with cerebral amyloid burden, but plasma homocysteine concentrations are
      associated with increased amyloid-beta (Abeta) deposition in the brain. Here, we
      sought to determine whether associations between low plasma ApoE levels and
      elevated in-vivo amyloid burden were modulated by carrying the C677T variant. We
      tested this hypothesis in a large sample of elderly participants from the
      Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. We used general linear models to
      examine associations between plasma homocysteine concentrations, circulating ApoE
      levels, cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of Abeta, and their modulation by
      MTHFR and ApoE genotype. Age, sex, and dementia status were included as
      covariates in all analyses. Higher circulating levels of ApoE predicted increased
      cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of Abeta, indicating lower in-vivo burden, in
      C-allele carriers, but not in homozygotes at the C677T variant, who showed
      significant elevations in plasma homocysteine levels. This modulation by the
      MTHFR genotype did not remain significant after controlling for ApoE genotype. In
      T-homozygotes who do not carry the ApoE-epsilon4 allele, the relationship between
      low plasma ApoE levels and an increased risk of dementia is likely obscured by
      the presence of elevated plasma homocysteine. This report suggests the value of
      genotyping patients at the C677T functional variant when using plasma ApoE levels
      as a preclinical biomarker for Alzheimer's disease.

PMID- 27380242
TI  - Genetic variants in microRNA and microRNA biogenesis pathway genes and breast
      cancer risk among women of African ancestry.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNA) regulate breast biology by binding to specific RNA sequences,
      leading to RNA degradation and inhibition of translation of their target genes.
      While germline genetic variations may disrupt some of these interactions between
      miRNAs and their targets, studies assessing the relationship between genetic
      variations in the miRNA network and breast cancer risk are still limited,
      particularly among women of African ancestry. We systematically put together a
      list of 822 and 10,468 genetic variants among primary miRNA sequences and 38
      genes in the miRNA biogenesis pathway, respectively; and examined their
      association with breast cancer risk in the ROOT consortium which includes women
      of African ancestry. Findings were replicated in an independent consortium.
      Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence
      intervals (CI). For overall breast cancer risk, three single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA biogenesis genes DROSHA rs78393591 (OR = 0.69, 95 %
      CI: 0.55-0.88, P = 0.003), ESR1 rs523736 (OR = 0.88, 95 % CI: 0.82-0.95, P = 3.99
      * 10(-4)), and ZCCHC11 rs114101502 (OR = 1.33, 95 % CI: 1.11-1.59, P = 0.002),
      and one SNP in primary miRNA sequence (rs116159732 in miR-6826, OR = 0.74, 95 %
      CI: 0.63-0.89, P = 0.001) were found to have significant associations in both
      discovery and validation phases. In a subgroup analysis, two SNPs were associated
      with risk of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, and three SNPs were
      associated with risk of ER-positive breast cancer. Several variants in miRNA and
      miRNA biogenesis pathway genes were associated with breast cancer risk. Risk
      associations varied by ER status, suggesting potential new mechanisms in
      etiology.

PMID- 27380246
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380245
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380247
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380248
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380249
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380250
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380252
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380251
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380253
TI  - Efficacy of Methylprednisolone Pulse Followed by Oral Prednisone in Birdshot
      Chorioretinopathy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of initial methylprednisolone pulse then oral
      prednisone in the treatment of birdshot chorioretinopathy (BSCR). METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed medical records of 21 BSCR patients, treated with
      initial methylprednisolone, prednisone, or immunosuppressive therapy. Main
      outcome measures were changes in visual acuity, intraocular inflammation,
      concomitant immunosuppressive drug or intravitreal steroid, and adverse events.
      RESULTS: In total, 14 patients were initially treated with methylprednisolone;
      four patients with prednisone; and three with immunosuppressive drug. Intraocular
      inflammation was controlled in 10 of 14 patients (71%) at 1 year, with a mean
      dose of 6.2 mg/day prednisone. Patients treated initially by methylprednisolone
      had improved visual acuity at 1 year, but it was not significantly different from
      patients treated initially by prednisone. CONCLUSIONS: Corticosteroid therapy,
      including initial methylprednisolone pulse then prednisone, was effective in
      stabilizing vision and decreasing inflammation in most patients with BSCR.

PMID- 27380254
TI  - Identification of Effects of Regulatory Actions on Air Quality in Goods Movement
      Corridors in California.
AB  - Few studies have assessed the impact of regulatory actions on air quality
      improvement through a comprehensive monitoring effort. In this study, we designed
      saturation sampling of nitrogen oxides (NOX) for the counties of Los Angeles and
      Alameda (San Francisco Bay) before (2003-2007) and after (2008-2013)
      implementation of goods movement actions in California. We further separated the
      research regions into three location categories, including goods movement
      corridors (GMCs), nongoods movement corridors (NGMCs), and control areas (CTRLs).
      Linear mixed models were developed to identify whether reductions in NOX were
      greater in GMCs than in other areas, after controlling for potential confounding,
      including weather conditions (e.g., wind speed and temperature) and season of
      sampling. We also considered factors that might confound the relationship,
      including traffic and cargo volumes that may have changed due to economic
      downturn impacts. Compared to the pre-policy period, we found reductions of
      average pollutant concentrations for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and NOX in GMCs of
      6.4 and 21.7 ppb. The reductions were smaller in NGMCs (5.9 and 16.3 ppb,
      respectively) and in CTRLs (4.6 and 12.1 ppb, respectively). After controlling
      for potential confounding from weather conditions, season of sampling, and the
      economic downturn in 2008, the linear mixed models demonstrated that reductions
      in NO2 and NOX were significantly greater in GMCs compared to reductions observed
      in CTRLs; there were no statistically significant differences between NGMCs and
      CTRLs. These results indicate that policies regulating goods movement are
      achieving the desired outcome of improving air quality for the state,
      particularly in goods movement corridors where most disadvantaged communities
      live.

PMID- 27380255
TI  - Correction: The Risk of Peripheral Arterial Disease after Parathyroidectomy in
      Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156863.].

PMID- 27380256
TI  - The use of a negative pressure wound management system in perineal wound closure
      after extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) for low rectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Perineal wound healing is a significant challenge after extralevator
      abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) due to a high rate of wound breakdown. Negative
      pressure therapy has proven benefits in open wounds, and recently a negative
      pressure system has been developed for use on closed wounds at high risk of
      breakdown, such as apronectomy and hysterectomy. The aim of the present study was
      to determine whether negative pressure therapy applied to closed perineal wounds
      after ELAPE improved wound healing and compare outcomes to the published
      literature and outcomes from a historical cohort of patients who had undergone
      'standard' abdominoperineal resection (APR) and primary closure of the perineal
      wounds. METHODS: Prospective data on consecutive patients having ELAPE in the
      period from November 2012 to April 2015 were collected. The pelvic floor defect
      was reconstructed with biologic mesh. The adipose tissue layer was closed with
      vicryl sutures, a suction drain was left in the deep layer, the subcuticular
      layer and skin were closed, and the negative pressure system was applied. Any
      wound breakdown within the first 30 days postoperatively was recorded. RESULTS:
      Of the 32 consecutive ELAPE patients whose perineal wounds were closed within 30
      days with the use of the negative pressure system, there was 1 patient with major
      perineal wound breakdown and 2 patients with a 1 cm superficial wound defect,
      which needed no further treatment. In the remaining 29 (90 %) patients, the
      perineal wounds healed fully without complications. Twenty-five patients
      underwent standard APR in 2010-2011 with primary closure of their perineal
      wounds. Ten out of 25(40 %) of patients who had undergone standard APR and
      primary closure of perineal wounds had major wound complications (p = 0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that after ELAPE the application of a negative
      pressure system to the perineal wound closed with biologic mesh may reduce
      perineal wound complications and may reduce the need for major perineal
      reconstruction.

PMID- 27380257
TI  - Results of long-term retrograde rectal cleansing in patients with constipation or
      fecal incontinence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine the success rate,
      quality of life and predictive factors of success associated with long-term
      rectal cleansing (RC) for defecatory disorders. METHODS: All patients who started
      RC between January 2010 and August 2014 in our referral hospital were sent
      questionnaires concerning actual RC, Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), Fecal
      Incontinence Quality of Life (FI-QoL) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). In
      addition, they were contacted in May and December 2015 for further follow-up
      information. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were offered RC, and 60 patients (45
      women, 15 men) started RC. Thirty-three (55 %) patients stopped RC after a median
      time of 6 months. Twenty-seven (45 %) continued for a median time of 12 months.
      Forty-three (72 %) patients responded to the questionnaires. SF-36 showed that
      patients still using RC had more energy and were less fatigued than patients who
      discontinued therapy. No significant difference was found between patients who
      stopped and continued RC concerning age, gender, defecation disturbance,
      underlying disorders, anorectal function, colon-transit time, FI-QoL or BDI
      score. Twenty-three patients (38 %) were still performing RC after 21 months, 22
      patients (37 %) after 28 months and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS:
      RC is a moderately effective long-term alternative in patients who do not respond
      to medical therapy and biofeedback exercises. There is a high dropout rate in the
      first months, but a moderate rate of continuation in the period hereafter. No
      predictive factors for continuation were found in medical history or function
      tests. Those who continued RC performed better on the SF-36 subscale
      energy/fatigue.

PMID- 27380258
TI  - From TATA to NOTES, how taTME fits into the evolutionary surgical tree.

PMID- 27380259
TI  - Stent Retrievers for Treating Anterior Circulation Acute Ischemic Stroke.

PMID- 27380260
TI  - Promoter Screening from Bacillus subtilis in Various Conditions Hunting for
      Synthetic Biology and Industrial Applications.
AB  - The use of Bacillus subtilis in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering is
      highly desirable to take advantage of the unique metabolic pathways present in
      this organism. To do this, an evaluation of B. subtilis' intrinsic biological
      parts is required to determine the best strategies to accurately regulate
      metabolic circuits and expression of target proteins. The strengths of promoter
      candidates were evaluated by measuring relative fluorescence units of a green
      fluorescent protein reporter, integrated into B. subtilis' chromosome. A total of
      84 predicted promoter sequences located upstream of different classes of proteins
      including heat shock proteins, cell-envelope proteins, and proteins resistant
      against toxic metals (based on similarity) and other kinds of genes were tested.
      The expression levels measured ranged from 0.0023 to 4.53-fold of the activity of
      the well-characterized strong promoter P43. No significant shifts were observed
      when strains, carrying different promoter candidates, were cultured at high
      temperature or in media with ethanol, but some strains showed increased activity
      when cultured under high osmotic pressure. Randomly selected promoter candidates
      were tested and found to activate transcription of thermostable beta
      galactosidase (bgaB) at a similar level, implying the ability of these sequences
      to function as promoter elements in multiple genetic contexts. In addition,
      selected promoters elevated the final production of both cytoplasmic bgaB and
      secreted protein alpha-amylase to about fourfold and twofold, respectively. The
      generated data allows a deeper understanding of B. subtilis' metabolism and will
      facilitate future work to develop this organism for synthetic biology. 

PMID- 27380263
TI  - Structural Analysis of Human Argonaute-2 Bound to a Modified siRNA Guide.
AB  - Incorporation of chemical modifications into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
      increases their metabolic stability and improves their tissue distribution.
      However, how these modifications impact interactions with Argonaute-2 (Ago2), the
      molecular target of siRNAs, is not known. Herein we present the crystal structure
      of human Ago2 bound to a metabolically stable siRNA containing extensive backbone
      modifications. Comparison to the structure of an equivalent unmodified-siRNA
      complex indicates that the structure of Ago2 is relatively unaffected by chemical
      modifications in the bound siRNA. In contrast, the modified siRNA appears to be
      much more plastic and shifts, relative to the unmodified siRNA, to optimize
      contacts with Ago2. Structure-activity analysis reveals that even major
      conformational perturbations in the 3' half of the siRNA seed region have a
      relatively modest effect on knockdown potency. These findings provide an
      explanation for a variety of modification patterns tolerated in siRNAs and a
      structural basis for advancing therapeutic siRNA design.

PMID- 27380264
TI  - Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury Requiring Renal Replacement
      Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), requiring dialysis, is on the
      rise globally and is associated with high mortality and morbidity. AIM: This
      study is aimed at examining the incidence of AKI requiring renal replacement
      therapy (RRT) in the Tayside region of Scotland and the impact of RRT for AKI on
      morbidity, mortality and length of hospital stay. METHODS: One hundred seventy
      eight patients (>18 years of age) who received acute RRT between January 1, 2012
      and December 31, 2012 were retrospectively selected for inclusion in the
      longitudinal cohort study. Incidence rate was calculated. Length of hospital
      stay, likely cause of AKI, renal recovery and mortality data were collected for a
      follow-up period of 1 year or until death. Chi-square test was used to compare
      the morbidity and mortality data between subgroups. RRT-free survival and time
      until-event (death or RRT) analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier plots. Cox
      regression was used to examine the relationship between age, sex, diabetes and
      chronic kidney disease (CKD) on survival. RESULTS: Incidence of AKI requiring RRT
      was 430 per million population per year. Median length of hospital stay was 21
      days. In-patient mortality was 36%, mortality at 90 days was 44% and at 1 year
      54%. Median time from start of RRT until death or chronic RRT was 90 days (95% CI
      14-166). One-year cumulative RRT-free survival was 26% in the ward, 36% in high
      dependency units and 48% in intensive care unit subgroups. Diabetes, gender and
      CKD at baseline did not affect RRT-free survival in the cohort being studied. A
      quarter of the cohort regained full renal function and 15% of survivors were on a
      chronic dialysis programme at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: This study gives a
      comprehensive summary of renal outcomes and mortality after a single episode of
      AKI requiring RRT. The findings of the study confirm that dialysis-dependent AKI
      is associated with increased length of hospital stay, high mortality and loss of
      renal function long term, emphasizing the importance of recognition,
      classification and prevention of AKI.

PMID- 27380261
TI  - Unique Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects Induced by Repeated Adolescent
      Consumption of Caffeine-Mixed Alcohol in C57BL/6 Mice.
AB  - The number of highly caffeinated products has increased dramatically in the past
      few years. Among these products, highly caffeinated energy drinks are the most
      heavily advertised and purchased, which has resulted in increased incidences of
      co-consumption of energy drinks with alcohol. Despite the growing number of
      adolescents and young adults reporting caffeine-mixed alcohol use, knowledge of
      the potential consequences associated with co-consumption has been limited to
      survey-based results and in-laboratory human behavioral testing. Here, we
      investigate the effect of repeated adolescent (post-natal days P35-61) exposure
      to caffeine-mixed alcohol in C57BL/6 mice on common drug-related behaviors such
      as locomotor sensitivity, drug reward and cross-sensitivity, and natural reward.
      To determine changes in neurological activity resulting from adolescent exposure,
      we monitored changes in expression of the transcription factor DeltaFosB in the
      dopaminergic reward pathway as a sign of long-term increases in neuronal
      activity. Repeated adolescent exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol exposure induced
      significant locomotor sensitization, desensitized cocaine conditioned place
      preference, decreased cocaine locomotor cross-sensitivity, and increased natural
      reward consumption. We also observed increased accumulation of DeltaFosB in the
      nucleus accumbens following repeated adolescent caffeine-mixed alcohol exposure
      compared to alcohol or caffeine alone. Using our exposure model, we found that
      repeated exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol during adolescence causes unique
      behavioral and neurochemical effects not observed in mice exposed to caffeine or
      alcohol alone. Based on similar findings for different substances of abuse, it is
      possible that repeated exposure to caffeine-mixed alcohol during adolescence
      could potentially alter or escalate future substance abuse as means to compensate
      for these behavioral and neurochemical alterations. 

PMID- 27380262
TI  - Selective Pro-Apoptotic Activity of Novel 3,3'-(Aryl/Alkyl-Methylene)Bis(2
      Hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-Dione) Derivatives on Human Cancer Cells via the Induction
      Reactive Oxygen Species.
AB  - Selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells barring the normal cells is
      considered as an effective strategy to combat cancer. In the present study, a
      series of twenty-two (22) synthetic 3,3'-(aryl/alkyl-methylene)bis(2
      hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione) bis-lawsone derivatives were assayed for their pro
      apoptotic activity in six different cell lines (five cancerous and one normal)
      using MTT assay. Out of these 22 test compounds, 1j was found to be the most
      effective in inducing apoptosis in human glioma cells (CCF-4) among the different
      cell lines used in the study. The activity of this compound, 1j, was then
      compared to a popular anticancer drug, cisplatin, having limited usage because of
      its nephrotoxic nature. In this study, 1j derivative showed much less toxicity to
      the normal kidney cells compared to cisplatin, thus indicating the superiority of
      1j as a possible anticancer agent. This compound was observed to induce apoptosis
      in the glioma cells by inducing the caspase dependent apoptotic pathways via ROS
      and downregulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Estimation of different oxidative
      stress markers also confirms the induction of oxidative stress in 1j exposed
      cancer cells. The toxicity of 1j compound toward cancer cells was confirmed
      further by different flow cytometrical analyses to estimate the mitochondrial
      membrane potential and cell cycle. The sensitivity of malignant cells to
      apoptosis, provoked by this synthetic derivative in vitro, deserves further
      studies in suitable in vivo models. These studies not only identified a novel
      anticancer drug candidate but also help to understand the metabolism of ROS and
      its application in cancer treatment. 

PMID- 27380266
TI  - Parental practices of Italian mothers and fathers during early infancy: The role
      of knowledge about parenting and child development.
AB  - Our contribution aims to verify whether parental knowledge about child
      development and parenting constitutes a protective factor in the application of
      dysfunctional educational practices. Numerous studies have found that parental
      knowledge has a great influence on parenting, however it remains unclear whether
      both are casually linked in a direct and linear way. Data currently available on
      parental knowledge almost exclusively refers to mothers and subjects at risk.
      Furthermore, there are almost no studies which take into consideration subjects
      who are Italian citizens. In contrast our work takes into consideration a
      normative sample of 157 Italian couples who are the parents of children aged
      between 16 and 36 months and who completed the Knowledge of Infant Development
      Inventory (KIDI; MacPhee, 1981) and the Parenting Scale (Arnold, O'Leary, Wolff,
      & Acker, 1993). The results highlight differences between mothers and fathers,
      both in terms of knowledge levels (higher for mothers) and educational practices
      (maternal practices are more frequently dysfunctional); knowledge influences
      educational practices above all in the case of fathers, although said effect is
      slight, which supports the idea that interaction between knowledge and parental
      practices is not linear but rather mediated by other factors.

PMID- 27380265
TI  - Selection on Network Dynamics Drives Differential Rates of Protein Domain
      Evolution.
AB  - The long-held principle that functionally important proteins evolve slowly has
      recently been challenged by studies in mice and yeast showing that the severity
      of a protein knockout only weakly predicts that protein's rate of evolution.
      However, the relevance of these studies to evolutionary changes within proteins
      is unknown, because amino acid substitutions, unlike knockouts, often only
      slightly perturb protein activity. To quantify the phenotypic effect of small
      biochemical perturbations, we developed an approach to use computational systems
      biology models to measure the influence of individual reaction rate constants on
      network dynamics. We show that this dynamical influence is predictive of protein
      domain evolutionary rate within networks in vertebrates and yeast, even after
      controlling for expression level and breadth, network topology, and knockout
      effect. Thus, our results not only demonstrate the importance of protein domain
      function in determining evolutionary rate, but also the power of systems biology
      modeling to uncover unanticipated evolutionary forces.

PMID- 27380267
TI  - Clostridial Binary Toxins: Basic Understandings that Include Cell Surface Binding
      and an Internal "Coup de Grace".
AB  - Clostridium species can make a remarkable number of different protein toxins,
      causing many diverse diseases in humans and animals. The binary toxins of
      Clostridium botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringens, and C. spiroforme are one
      group of enteric-acting toxins that attack the actin cytoskeleton of various cell
      types. These enterotoxins consist of A (enzymatic) and B (cell binding/membrane
      translocation) components that assemble on the targeted cell surface or in
      solution, forming a multimeric complex. Once translocated into the cytosol via
      endosomal trafficking and acidification, the A component dismantles the
      filamentous actin-based cytoskeleton via mono-ADP-ribosylation of globular actin.
      Knowledge of cell surface receptors and how these usurped, host-derived molecules
      facilitate intoxication can lead to novel ways of defending against these
      clostridial binary toxins. A molecular-based understanding of the various steps
      involved in toxin internalization can also unveil therapeutic intervention points
      that stop the intoxication process. Furthermore, using these bacterial proteins
      as medicinal shuttle systems into cells provides intriguing possibilities in the
      future. The pertinent past and state-of-the-art present, regarding clostridial
      binary toxins, will be evident in this chapter.

PMID- 27380268
TI  - Receptors and Binding Structures for Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B.
AB  - Two characteristics of toxins A and B from C. difficile (TcdA, TcdB) are
      important for the understanding of the pathogenic effect of these homologous
      toxins. First, these toxins are huge single-chain but multidomain proteins that
      display their action intracellularly within the cytosol of host cells. And
      second, albeit various cell types highly differ in their sensitivity toward these
      toxins, no toxin-resistant cell type has been described yet. Investigation of
      receptor-mediated uptake of these toxins is very ambitious. It demands
      discrimination between cell surface binding, interaction with more than one
      functional receptor responsible for uptake as well as other functional receptors
      that recognize bacterial pathogens and are not necessarily related with
      endocytosis. The current understanding of a complex uptake process is that TcdB
      interacts with at least two facultative receptors that mediate entry into host
      cells by redundant endocytotic pathways. Although both homologous toxins do
      obviously not share the same receptors, this principle of redundant binding
      domains found for TcdB does also account for TcdA.

PMID- 27380269
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus-Associated Musculoskeletal Infections.
AB  - Musculoskeletal infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are among the most
      difficult-to-treat infections. S. aureus osteomyelitis is associated with a
      tremendous disease burden through potential for long-term relapses and functional
      deficits. Although considerable advances have been achieved in diagnosis and
      treatment of osteomyelitis, the management remains challenging and impact on
      quality of life is still enormous. S. aureus acute arthritis is relatively seldom
      in general population, but the incidence is considerably higher in patients with
      predisposing conditions, particularly those with rheumatoid arthritis. Rapidly
      destructive course with high mortality and disability rates makes urgent
      diagnosis and treatment of acute arthritis essential. S. aureus pyomyositis is a
      common disease in tropical countries, but it is very seldom in temperate regions.
      Nevertheless, the cases have been increasingly reported also in non-tropical
      countries, and the physicians should be able to timely recognize this uncommon
      condition and initiate appropriate treatment. The optimal management of S. aureus
      associated musculoskeletal infections requires a strong interdisciplinary
      collaboration between all involved specialists.

PMID- 27380270
TI  - Self-directed simulation-based training of emergency cricothyroidotomy: a route
      to lifesaving skills.
AB  - The emergency cricothyroidotomy (EC) is a critical procedure. The high cost of
      failures increases the demand for evidence-based training methods. The aim of
      this study was to present and evaluate self-directed video-guided simulation
      training. Novice doctors were given an individual 1-h simulation training
      session. One month later, an EC on a cadaver was performed. All EC's were video
      recorded. An assessment tool was used to rate performance. Performance was
      compared with a pass/fail level for the EC. We found a high reliability, based on
      Pearson's r (0.88), and a significant progression of skill during training (p <
      0.001). Eleven out of 14 succeeded in creating an airway on the cadaver in 64 s
      (median, range 39-86 s), but only four achieved a passing score. Our 1-h training
      protocol successfully raised the competence level of novice doctors; however, the
      training did not ensure that all participants attained proficiency.

PMID- 27380271
TI  - Intraperitoneal mesenchymal stem cell administration ameliorates allergic
      rhinitis in the murine model.
AB  - Previous studies showed that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)
      could ameliorate a variety of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases due to
      their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we developed
      a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic inflammation in the upper
      airways and evaluated the effects of the intraperitoneal administration of BMSCs
      on allergic inflammation. Twenty-five BALB/c mice were divided into five groups;
      group I (control group), group II (sensitized and challenged with OVA and treated
      with saline-placebo group), group III (sensitized and challenged with OVA and
      treated with 1 * 106 BMSCs), group IV (sensitized and challenged with OVA and
      treated with 2 * 106 BMSCs), and group V (sensitized and challenged with
      phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and treated with 1 * 106 BMSCs).
      Histopathological features (number of goblet cells, eosinophils and mast cells,
      basement membrane, epithelium thickness, and subepithelial smooth muscle
      thickness) of the upper and lower airways and BMSCs migration to nasal and lung
      tissue were evaluated using light and confocal microscopes. Levels of cytokines
      in the nasal lavage fluid and lung tissue supernatants were measured using enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Confocal microscopic analysis showed that
      there was no significant amount of BMSCs in the nasal and lung tissues of group
      V. However, significant amount of BMSCs were observed in group III and IV. In OVA
      induced AR groups (group II, III, and IV), histopathological findings of chronic
      asthma, such as elevated subepithelial smooth muscle thickness, epithelium
      thickness, and number of goblet and mast cells, were determined. Furthermore, the
      number of nasal goblet and eosinophil cells, histopathological findings of
      chronic asthma, and IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and NO levels was significantly lower in
      both BMSCs-treated groups compared to the placebo group. Our findings indicated
      that histopathological findings of chronic asthma were also observed in mice upon
      AR induction. BMSCs migrated to the nasal and lung tissues following
      intraperitoneal delivery and ameliorated to the airway remodeling and airway
      inflammation both in the upper and lower airways via the inhibition of T helper
      (Th) 2 immune response in the murine model of AR.

PMID- 27380272
TI  - Jugulotympanic paragangliomas in southern Finland: a 40-year experience suggests
      individualized surgical management.
AB  - Treatment of jugulotympanic paragangliomas (JTPGLs) remains challenging with no
      clear guidelines for management or follow-up. The aim of this retrospective case
      note study was to assess long-term results of operatively and conservatively
      managed JTPGLs between years 1974-2013. A total of 36 patients with JTPGLs were
      identified. Clinical characteristics and management outcomes of patients were
      reviewed. Data were extracted on demographics, symptoms, timing of diagnosis,
      tumor location and size, embolization, and management, including pre- and post
      operative imaging, analysis of operative techniques, and follow-up. Pulsatile
      tinnitus and hearing loss were the most common presenting symptoms. Thirty-four
      (94 %) patients were treated with primary surgical therapy and two (6 %) with
      radiotherapy. The surgical approaches included endaural approach for Fisch Class
      A tumors and a variety of approaches for Fisch Class B-D tumors with an
      increasing predilection for function-preserving surgery. Eight (24 %) patients
      received subtotal resection. Five (15 %) patients had a local recurrence within
      10 years after primary surgery. Two (6 %) patients suffered a permanent cranial
      nerve (CN) deficit after primary surgery. We advocate radical surgery when tumor
      resection is possible without compromising CNs. Function-preserving surgery with
      at least a 10-year follow-up for Fisch Class B-D tumors should be considered if
      CNs are in danger.

PMID- 27380273
TI  - Noncovalent Pi-Pi Stacking at the Carbon-Electrolyte Interface: Controlling the
      Voltage Window of Electrochemical Supercapacitors.
AB  - A key parameter in the operation of an electrochemical double-layer capacitor is
      the voltage window, which dictates the device energy density and power density.
      Here we demonstrate experimental evidence that pi-pi stacking at a carbon-ionic
      liquid interface can modify the operation voltage of a supercapacitor device by
      up to 30%, and this can be recovered by steric hindrance at the electrode
      electrolyte interface introduced by poly(ethylene oxide) polymer electrolyte
      additives. This observation is supported by Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical
      impedance spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry that each
      independently elucidates the signature of pi-pi stacking between imidazole groups
      in the ionic liquid and the carbon surface and the role this plays to lower the
      energy barrier for charge transfer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. This
      effect is further observed universally across two separate ionic liquid
      electrolyte systems and is validated by control experiments showing an invariant
      electrochemical window in the absence of a carbon-ionic liquid electrode
      electrolyte interface. As interfacial or noncovalent interactions are usually
      neglected in the mechanistic picture of double-layer capacitors, this work
      highlights the importance of understanding chemical properties at supercapacitor
      interfaces to engineer voltage and energy capability. 

PMID- 27380274
TI  - Contextual modulation of hippocampal activity during picture naming.
AB  - Picture naming is a standard task used to probe language processes in healthy and
      impaired speakers. It recruits a broad neural network of language related areas,
      among which the hippocampus is rarely included. However, the hippocampus could
      play a role during picture naming, subtending, for example, implicit learning of
      the links between pictured objects and their names. To test this hypothesis, we
      recorded hippocampal activity during plain picture naming, without memorization
      requirement; we further assessed whether this activity was modulated by
      contextual factors such as repetition priming and semantic interference. Local
      field potentials recorded from intracerebral electrodes implanted in the healthy
      hippocampi of epileptic patients revealed a specific and reliable pattern of
      activity, markedly modulated by repetition priming and semantic context. These
      results indicate that the hippocampus is recruited during picture naming,
      presumably in relation to implicit learning, with contextual factors promoting
      differential hippocampal processes, possibly subtended by different sub
      circuitries.

PMID- 27380275
TI  - The C-Terminal Fragment of Agrin (CAF), a Novel Marker of Renal Function, Is
      Filtered by the Kidney and Reabsorbed by the Proximal Tubule.
AB  - Agrin, a multidomain proteoglycan and neurotrypsin, a neuronal serine protease,
      are important for forming (neuromuscular) synapses. Proteolytical activity of
      neurotrypsin produces a C-terminal fragment of agrin, termed CAF, of
      approximately 22 kDA molecular size which also circulates in blood. The presence
      of CAF in urine suggests either glomerular filtration or secretion into urine.
      Blood levels of CAF have been identified as a potential novel marker of kidney
      function. Here we describe that several nephron segments in the mouse kidney
      express agrin and neutrotrypsin in addition to the localization of both protein
      in the glomerulum. Agrin mRNA and protein was detected in almost all nephron
      segments and mRNA abundance was highest in the inner medullary collecting duct.
      Neurotrypsin mRNA was mostly detected in the thick ascending limb of the loop of
      Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and the inner medullary collecting duct.
      Moreover, we show that the proximal tubule absorbs injected recombinant CAF by a
      process shared with receptor-mediated and fluid phase endocytosis. Co-injection
      of CAF with recombinant human transferrin, a substrate of the receptor-mediated
      endocytic pathway as well as with FITC-labelled dextran (10 kDa), a marker of
      fluid phase endocytosis, showed partial colocalization of CAF with both markers.
      Further colocalization of CAF with the lysosomal marker cathepsin B suggested
      degradation of CAF by the lysosome in the proximal tubule. Thus, the murine
      kidney expresses agrin and neurotrypsin in nephron segments beyond the
      glomerulum. CAF is filtered by the glomerulum and is reabsorbed by endocytosis by
      the proximal tubule. Thus, impaired kidney function could impair glomerular
      clearance of CAF and thereby increase circulating CAF levels. 

PMID- 27380277
TI  - Clinical Faceoff: Distal Biceps Rupture: Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment.

PMID- 27380276
TI  - Simultaneous Determination of Multiple microRNA Levels Utilizing Biotinylated
      Dideoxynucleotides and Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene translation and have been
      suggested as potent biomarkers in various disease states. In this study, we
      established an efficient method for simultaneous determination of multiple miRNA
      levels, employing the previously developed SPC-SBE (solid phase capture-single
      base extension) approach and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). In this approach,
      we first perform reverse transcription of miRNAs extracted using stem-loop
      primers. Then the cDNA is co-amplified with competitors, synthetic
      oligonucleotides whose sequences precisely match cDNA except for one base, and
      the amplicons serve as templates for a multiplexed SBE reaction. Extension
      products are isolated using SPC and quantitatively analyzed with MALDI-TOF MS to
      determine multiple miRNA levels. Here we demonstrated concurrent analysis of four
      miRNA levels utilizing the approach. Furthermore, we showed the presented method
      significantly facilitated MS analysis of peak area ratio owing to SPC. The SPC
      process allowed effective removal of irrelevant reaction components prior to MS
      and promoted MS sample purification. Data obtained in this study was verified
      with RT-qPCR and agreement was shown on one order of magnitude scale, suggesting
      the SPC-SBE and MS approach has strong potential as a viable tool for high
      throughput miRNA analysis. 

PMID- 27380278
TI  - CORR Insights((r)): Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Hip Arthroplasty: Is There
      an Association Between Infection and Bearing Surface Type?

PMID- 27380280
TI  - Editorial Comment: Advances in PEEK Technology.

PMID- 27380279
TI  - Hindfoot Arthrodesis with the Blade Plate: Increased Risk of Complications and
      Nonunion in a Complex Patient Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous hindfoot surgeries present a unique challenge to hindfoot
      arthrodesis, as the patients may have multiple incisions around the hindfoot. In
      high-risk patients with compromised soft tissues, a posterior approach can
      provide an alternative for a fresh soft tissue plane for the surgery. The use of
      a blade plate construct is widely accepted; however, there are limited data
      supporting the use of a posterior approach. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We asked (1) what
      proportion of patients treated with this technique achieved osseous union; (2)
      what complications were observed; (3) were any patient-demographic or health
      related factors associated with the likelihood that a patient would have a
      complication develop? METHODS: Between December 2001 and July 2014, 42 patients
      received a posterior blade plate. During the period in question, indications for
      hindfoot arthrodesis using posterior blade fixation were subtalar osteoarthritis
      below an ankle fusion, malunion or nonunion, failed tibiotalocalcaneal
      arthrodesis attributable to nonunion of the tibiotalar and/or subtalar joint; or
      tibiotalar and subtalar osteoarthritis in patients with impaired bone or soft
      tissue quality (particularly if the soft tissue problem was anterior). During
      that period, all patients who met those indications were treated with a posterior
      blade plate. Forty (95%) were included in this study, and two were lost to
      followup before the 1-year minimum required by the study. Demographics (age,
      gender, BMI, smoking status, and comorbidities) and surgical data (indication,
      previous treatment, and additional procedures) were analyzed. Of the 40 patients
      included, 27 (68%) were male and 13 (33%) were female, with a median of two
      previous hindfoot or ankle surgeries (range, 0-9 surgeries). The mean age of the
      patients was 56 +/- 13 years. Followup averaged 47 +/- 28 months (range, 14-137
      months). Twenty-eight of 40 (70%) patients had a tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis
      as a primary (n = 6), primary staged (n = 10), revision (n = 9), or revision
      staged (n = 3) procedure. Eleven of 40 patients (28%) underwent ankle arthrodesis
      (primary n = 7, revision n = 4). One of the 40 patients (3%) underwent
      tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis for a failed total ankle arthroplasty.
      Weightbearing radiographs were used to assess fusion. Osseous fusion was defined
      as visible trabecular bridging on the lateral and AP ankle views within 6
      postoperative months. Delayed union was defined as osseous fusion occurring
      between 6 and 12 months. Nonunion was defined as no visible trabecular bridging
      at the latest followup (longer than 12 months). Clinic and surgery notes were
      reviewed for complications. Univariate analysis was performed to compare patient
      groups: patients with solid union versus nonunion, and patients with versus
      without complications. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of 40 (73%) patients had osseous
      fusion within 6 postoperative months. Four of 40 (10%) patients had a delayed
      union between 6 and 12 months, and seven of the 40 (18%) patients had nonunions,
      which occurred in the ankle (n = 3), subtalar (n = 3), or both (n = 1) joints.
      There were 26 complications observed: 18 (69%) were considered major and eight
      (31%) were minor. With the numbers available, we did not identify any demographic
      or surgical factors associated with complications, delayed union, or nonunion.
      CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of patients treated with a posterior blade plate
      hindfoot fusion who had delayed union or nonunion is greater than that reported
      for patients in other series who underwent primary hindfoot arthrodesis with
      other approaches, and the proportion of patients who had complications develop is
      high. Further studies are needed to address alternative approaches to achieve
      hindfoot fusion in patients with complex hindfoot problems. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Level IV, therapeutic study.

PMID- 27380281
TI  - CORR Insights((r)): Reliability and Validity of a Japanese-language and
      Culturally Adapted Version of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Scoring System
      for the Lower Extremity.

PMID- 27380282
TI  - The preservation of memory.

PMID- 27380284
TI  - Quantitative measurement and real-time tracking of high intensity focused
      ultrasound using phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography: Feasibility study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PhS-OCT) is proposed, as a
      new high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) imaging guidance to detect and track
      HIFU focus inside 1% agar samples in this work. The experiments studied the
      effect of varying HIFU power on the induction of shear wave, which can be
      implemented as a new technique to monitor focused ultrasound surgery (FUS).
      METHOD: A miniature HIFU transducer (1.02 MHz, 20 mm aperture diameter, 15 mm
      radius of curvature) was produced in-house, pressure-field mapped, and
      calibrated. The transducer was then embedded inside a 1% agar phantom, which was
      placed under PhS-OCT for observation, under various HIFU power settings (acoustic
      power, and number of cycles per pulse). Shear wave was induced on the sample
      surface by HIFU and was captured in full under PhS-OCT. The lowest HIFU acoustic
      power output for the detection of shear wave was found to be 0.36 W (1.02 MHz,
      100 cycles/pulse), or with the number of cycles/pulse as low as 20 (1.02 MHz,
      0.98 W acoustic power output). RESULTS: A linear relationship between acoustic
      power output and the maximum shear wave displacement was found in the first
      study. The second study explores a non-linear correlation between the (HIFU)
      numbers of cycles per pulse, and the maximum shear wave displacement. CONCLUSION:
      PhS-OCT demonstrates excellent tracking and detection of HIFU-induced shear wave.
      The results could benefit other imaging techniques in tracking and guiding HIFU
      focus. Further studies will explore the relationship between the physical
      transducer characteristics and the HIFU-induced shear wave.

PMID- 27380283
TI  - New biofunctional effects of the flower buds of Camellia sinensis and its
      bioactive acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides.
AB  - We review the biofunctional effects of the flower buds of Camellia sinensis and
      C. sinensis var. assamica, such as antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic,
      antiobesity, and gastroprotective effects in vivo, and antiallergic, pancreatic
      lipase inhibitory, and amyloid beta (Abeta) aggregation inhibitory activities in
      vitro. Although the biofunctional effects of tea leaves have been extensively
      studied, less attention has been given to those of the flowers and seeds of the
      tea plant. Our studies focused on the saponin constituents of the extracts of the
      flower buds of C. sinensis cultivated in Japan and China, and C. sinensis var.
      assamica cultivated in India, and we review their beneficial biofunctions for
      health promotion. 

PMID- 27380285
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380286
TI  - A Windbreaker's Warmth.

PMID- 27380287
TI  - Brain Anatomy: Thoughts From the Inside.

PMID- 27380288
TI  - Moderate Alcohol Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 27380289
TI  - Moderate Alcohol Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 27380290
TI  - Moderate Alcohol Intake and Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes.

PMID- 27380291
TI  - Is Prehospital Advanced Life Support Harmful?

PMID- 27380292
TI  - Why Physicians Hate "Patient Satisfaction": The Real Reasons.

PMID- 27380294
TI  - Gout.
AB  - This issue provides a clinical overview of gout, focusing on prevention and
      screening, diagnosis, and treatment. The content of In the Clinic is drawn from
      the clinical information and education resources of the American College of
      Physicians (ACP), including MKSAP (Medical Knowledge and Self-Assessment
      Program). Annals of Internal Medicine editors develop In the Clinic in
      collaboration with the ACP's Medical Education and Publishing divisions and with
      the assistance of additional science writers and physician writers. 

PMID- 27380295
TI  - Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Jacaranda mimosifolia flowers extract:
      Synergistic antibacterial activity and molecular simulated facet specific
      adsorption studies.
AB  - The naturally occurring biomolecules present in the plant extracts have been
      identified to play an active role in the single step formation of nanoparticles
      with varied morphologies and sizes which is greener and environmentally benign.
      In the present work, spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) of 2-4nm size
      were synthesized using aqueous extract of fallen Jacaranda mimosifolia flowers
      (JMFs), treated as waste. The microwave assisted synthesis was completed
      successfully within 5min. Thereafter, phase identification, morphology and
      optical band gap of the synthesized ZnO NPs were done using X-ray diffraction
      (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and UV-Visible
      spectroscopy techniques. The composition of JMFs extract was analyzed by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the ZnO NPs confirmation was further
      explored with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The GC-MS results
      confirmed the presence of oleic acid which has high propensity of acting as a
      reducing and capping agent. The UV-Visible data suggested an optical band gap of
      4.03eV for ZnO NPs indicating their small size due to quantum confinement.
      Further, facet specific adsorption of oleic acid on the surface of ZnO NPs was
      studied computationally to find out the impact of biomolecules in defining the
      shape and size of NPs. The viability of gram negative Escherichia coli and gram
      positive Enterococcus faecium bacteria was found to be 48% and 43%, respectively
      at high concentration of NPs. 

PMID- 27380296
TI  - Enhanced photocurrent generation in bacteriorhodopsin based bio-sensitized solar
      cells using gel electrolyte.
AB  - High purity light sensitive photoactive protein Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) was
      isolated successfully via a simple two phase extraction technique (ATPS) as an
      alternate method for the tedious sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation procedure
      (SGU). Bio sensitized solar cells (BSSCs) were fabricated by the integration of
      BR into TiO2 (photo anode) with acetamide based gel electrolytes and platinum
      (photo cathode) as a counter electrode. The structural and photoelectrical
      behaviours of BR and BSSCs were analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy, Raman
      spectroscopy, photocurrent and photovoltage (IV) measurement and electrochemical
      impedance spectroscopy. The short circuit photocurrent (Jsc) and photoelectric
      conversion efficiency (eta) of acetamide based gel electrolyte (AG) (1.08mAcm(
      2), 0.49%) are twice higher than that of traditional triiodide based liquid
      electrolyte (LE) (0.62mAcm(-2), 0.19%). Also, quasi-Fermi level and lifetime of
      photogenerated electrons in acetamide based gel electrolyte is about four times
      higher than that observed in traditional triiodide redox electrolyte. A
      comparison of the observed results with similar BSSCs made of other natural
      photoactive protein systems shows that BR as sensitizer has better photovoltaic
      performance. The enhanced photocurrent generation of the BSSC constructed in our
      study could be due to the interaction of BR with acetamide based modified
      poly(ethylene)oxide (PEO) gel electrolyte. 

PMID- 27380297
TI  - Solvation of the Ca2UO2(CO3)3 Complex in Seawater from Classical Molecular
      Dynamics.
AB  - Uranium from the sea provides a long-time supply guarantee of nuclear fuels for
      centuries to come, and the neutral Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex has been shown to be the
      dominant species of uranium in seawater. However, the solvation and structure of
      the Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex in seawater have been unclear. Herein we simulate the
      Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex in a model seawater solution via classical molecular
      dynamics. We find that Na(+) and Cl(-) ions interact very differently with the
      neutral Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex in seawater. Especially, one Na(+) ion is closely
      associated with the Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex, thereby effectively making the complex
      have a +1 charge, while Cl(-) ions are much farther away. Hence, this work
      reveals the important role of Na(+) ions in affecting the solvation of the
      Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex in seawater, which has implications in designing ligands to
      attract the Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex to the sorbent.

PMID- 27380299
TI  - Join WGO for the Next International Congress in the UAE! Gastro 2016: EGHS-WGO
      International Congress.

PMID- 27380300
TI  - Electrochemically Formed Ultrafine Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts for High-Performance
      Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.
AB  - Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have an extremely high theoretical specific
      energy density when compared with conventional energy-storage systems. However,
      practical application of the Li-O2 battery system still faces significant
      challenges. In this work, we report a new approach for synthesis of ultrafine
      metal oxide nanocatalysts through an electrochemical prelithiation process. This
      process reduces the size of NiCo2O4 (NCO) particles from 20-30 nm to a uniformly
      distributed domain of ~2 nm and significantly improves their catalytic activity.
      Structurally, the prelithiated NCO nanowires feature ultrafine NiO/CoO
      nanoparticles that are highly stable during prolonged cycles in terms of
      morphology and particle size, thus maintaining an excellent catalytic effect to
      oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. A Li-O2 battery using this catalyst
      demonstrated an initial capacity of 29 280 mAh g(-1) and retained a capacity of
      >1000 mAh g(-1) after 100 cycles based on the weight of the NCO active material.
      Direct in situ transmission electron microscopy observations conclusively
      revealed the lithiation/delithiation process of as-prepared NCO nanowires and
      provided in-depth understanding for both catalyst and battery chemistries of
      transition-metal oxides. This unique electrochemical approach could also be used
      to form ultrafine nanoparticles of a broad range of materials for catalyst and
      other applications.

PMID- 27380298
TI  - Design, synthesis and characterization of linear unnatural amino acids for skin
      moisturization.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to design, synthesize and characterize replacement
      natural moisturizing factor (NMF) composed of modified hygroscopic linear amino
      acids to pre-empt or repair skin barrier dysfunction. METHODS: Following
      synthesis and characterization, thermo-gravimetric analysis and quantum mechanics
      molecular modelling quantified and depicted water binding to the new compounds.
      Deliquescence relative humidity demonstrated the water-scavenging ability of the
      compounds, whereas snake skin moisturizing studies showed they increased water
      uptake into snake skin. RESULTS: From thermal analysis, N-hydroxyglycine showed
      greatest water-holding capacity followed by N-hydroxyserine, l-homoserine and
      alpha-hydroxyglycine; coupled with quantum mechanics molecular modelling, between
      8 and 12 molecules of water could associate with each molecule of either N
      hydroxyglycine, N-hydroxyserine or l-homoserine. All of our modified amino acids
      were efficacious and induced similar or greater water uptake compared with the
      established moisturizing compounds hyaluronic acid, glycerine and urea in snake
      skin. Incorporated at 10% in Oilatum, N-hydroxyserine induced >200% greater
      moisture uptake into dry snake skin compared to treatment with water alone, with
      efficacy related to the molecule structure and ability to bind to 12 water
      molecules. Oilatum cream spiked with all our unnatural amino acid hydrotropes
      increased water uptake into snake skin compared with Oilatum alone. The compound
      series was designed to elucidate some structure - efficacy relationships. Amino
      acid chirality did not affect the water-holding capacity but did affect uptake
      into skin. Compounds with high melting points and bond energies tended to
      decrease water-holding capacity. With isosteric replacement, the more
      electronegative atoms gave greater water-holding capacities. CONCLUSIONS: This
      work demonstrates the potential of unnatural amino acid hydrotropes as skin
      moisturizers and has developed some predictive 'rules' for further design and
      refinement of chemical structures.

PMID- 27380301
TI  - Synthesis, energy transfer and tunable emission properties of SrSb2O6:Eu(3+),
      Bi(3+) phosphor.
AB  - Host SrSb2O6, SrSb2O6:Bi(3+), SrSb2O6:Eu(3+), and SrSb2O6:Eu(3+), Bi(3+)
      phosphors are synthesized by solid state reaction method in air. Host SrSb2O6
      with excitation 254nm shows weak green-yellow emission in the range of 320-780nm
      due to Sb(5+)->O(2-) transition. SrSb2O6:Bi(3+) phosphor with excitation 365nm
      emits green light within the range 400-650nm owing to the (3)P1->(1)S0 transition
      of Bi(3+) ion. SrSb2O6:Eu(3+) phosphor with excitation 254nm exhibits a
      systematically varied hue from green to orange-red light by increasing Eu(3+)
      concentration from 0 to 7mol%, and that with excitation 394nm only shows orange
      red light. The optimal Eu(3+) concentration is ~4mol% in SrSb2O6:Eu(3+) phosphor.
      SrSb2O6:Eu(3+), Bi(3+) phosphor with excitation 254 and 394nm emits orange-red
      light. Emission intensity of SrSb2O6:Eu(3+) phosphor may be enhanced >2 times by
      co-doping Bi(3+) ion because of the fluxing agent and energy transfer roles of
      Bi(3+) ion in SrSb2O6:Eu(3+), Bi(3+) phosphor. The luminous mechanism of
      SrSb2O6:Eu(3+), Bi(3+) phosphor is analyzed and explained by the simplified
      energy level diagrams of Sb2O6(2-) group, Bi(3+) and Eu(3+) ions, and energy
      transfer processes between them. 

PMID- 27380302
TI  - Linear model correction: A method for transferring a near-infrared multivariate
      calibration model without standard samples.
AB  - Calibration transfer is essential for practical applications of near infrared
      (NIR) spectroscopy because the measurements of the spectra may be performed on
      different instruments and the difference between the instruments must be
      corrected. For most of calibration transfer methods, standard samples are
      necessary to construct the transfer model using the spectra of the samples
      measured on two instruments, named as master and slave instrument, respectively.
      In this work, a method named as linear model correction (LMC) is proposed for
      calibration transfer without standard samples. The method is based on the fact
      that, for the samples with similar physical and chemical properties, the spectra
      measured on different instruments are linearly correlated. The fact makes the
      coefficients of the linear models constructed by the spectra measured on
      different instruments are similar in profile. Therefore, by using the constrained
      optimization method, the coefficients of the master model can be transferred into
      that of the slave model with a few spectra measured on slave instrument. Two NIR
      datasets of corn and plant leaf samples measured with different instruments are
      used to test the performance of the method. The results show that, for both the
      datasets, the spectra can be correctly predicted using the transferred partial
      least squares (PLS) models. Because standard samples are not necessary in the
      method, it may be more useful in practical uses. 

PMID- 27380303
TI  - Spectroscopic evidence on improvement in complex formation of O2N2 aza-crown
      macrocyclic ligands with Cu(II) acetate upon incorporation with [60]Fullerene.
AB  - The present paper reports the spectroscopic investigations on the complexation of
      Cu(II) with two macrocyclic ligands bonded to [60]Fullerene (L1 and L2) measured
      in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent. On the basis of UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy
      applying Jobs method of continuous variation, typical 1:1 stoichiometries were
      established for the complexes of Cu(II) with L1, and L2. DFT calculations
      suggested that superior HOMO distributions spread over the nitrogen-donor (as
      well as somehow oxygen- donor in L2) groups of L1 and L2 macrocycles were the key
      factor for the observed Kb value enhancement. Thermodynamic stabilities for these
      complexes have also been determined employing Benesi-Hildebrand equation and the
      results were compared in terms of their calculated binding constants (Kb). These
      measurements showed that L1 and L2 bound to these cations stronger than their
      parent free macrocyclic ligands 1 and 2, respectively. Furthermore, Kb values
      found for L2 complexes revealed that it could coordinate Cu(II) cation better
      than L1. Thermodynamic parameters (DeltaG, ?H, and -DeltaS) derived from Van't
      Hoff equation showed that L1 and L2 coordination of Cu(II) cation were occurred
      due to both enthalpic and entropic factors while the coordination of Cu(II) with
      their parent macrocyclic ligands 1 and 2 only enjoyed from only enthalpic
      advantages. 

PMID- 27380304
TI  - Determination of trace uranium by resonance fluorescence method coupled with
      photo-catalytic technology and dual cloud point extraction.
AB  - In this paper, two kinds of salophens (Sal) with different solubilities, Sal1 and
      Sal2, have been respectively synthesized, and they all can combine with uranyl to
      form stable complexes: [UO2(2+)-Sal1] and [UO2(2+)-Sal2]. Among them, [UO2(2+)
      Sal1] was used as ligand to extract uranium in complex samples by dual cloud
      point extraction (dCPE), and [UO2(2+)-Sal2] was used as catalyst for the
      determination of uranium by photocatalytic resonance fluorescence (RF) method.
      The photocatalytic characteristic of [UO2(2+)-Sal2] on the oxidized pyronine Y
      (PRY) by potassium bromate which leads to the decrease of RF intensity of PRY
      were studied. The reduced value of RF intensity of reaction system (DeltaF) is in
      proportional to the concentration of uranium (c), and a novel photo-catalytic RF
      method was developed for the determination of trace uranium (VI) after dCPE. The
      combination of photo-catalytic RF techniques and dCPE procedure endows the
      presented methods with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Under optimal
      conditions, the linear calibration curves range for 0.067 to 6.57ngmL(-1), the
      linear regression equation was DeltaF=438.0 c (ngmL(-1))+175.6 with the
      correlation coefficient r=0.9981. The limit of detection was 0.066ngmL(-1). The
      proposed method was successfully applied for the separation and determination of
      uranium in real samples with the recoveries of 95.0-103.5%. The mechanisms of the
      indicator reaction and dCPE are discussed. 

PMID- 27380305
TI  - Detection of Citrus tristeza virus by using fluorescence resonance energy
      transfer-based biosensor.
AB  - Due to the low titer or uneven distribution of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in
      field samples, detection of CTV by using conventional detection techniques may be
      difficult. Therefore, in the present work, the cadmium-telluride quantum dots
      (QDs) was conjugated with a specific antibody against coat protein (CP) of CTV,
      and the CP were immobilized on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to
      develop a specific and sensitive fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)
      based nanobiosensor for detecting CTV. The maximum FRET efficiency for the
      developed nano-biosensor was observed at 60% in AuNPs-CP/QDs-Ab ratio of 1:8.5.
      The designed system showed higher sensitivity and specificity over enzyme linked
      immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a limit of detection of 0.13MUgmL(-1) and 93%
      and 94% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. As designed sensor is rapid,
      sensitive, specific and efficient in detecting CTV, this could be envisioned for
      diagnostic applications, surveillance and plant certification program. 

PMID- 27380306
TI  - Development of a reliable analytical method for the precise extractive
      spectrophotometric determination of osmium(VIII) with 2
      nitrobenzaldehydethiocarbohydrazone: Analysis of alloys and real sample.
AB  - The proposed method demonstrates that the osmium(VIII) forms complex with 2
      NBATCH from 0.8molL(-1) HCl at room temperature. The complex formed was extracted
      in 10mL of chloroform with a 5min equilibration time. The absorbance of the red
      colored complex was measured at 440nm against the reagent blank. The Beer's law
      was obeyed in the range of 5-25MUgmL(-1), the optimum concentration range was 10
      20MUgmL(-1) of osmium(VIII) as evaluated by Ringbom's plot. Molar absorptivity
      and Sandell's sensitivity of osmium(VIII)-2NBATCH complex in chloroform is
      8.94*10(3)Lmol(-1)cm(-1) and 0.021MUgcm(-2), respectively. The composition of
      osmium(VIII)-2NBATCH complex was 1:2 investigated from Job's method of continuous
      variation, Mole ratio method and slope ratio method. The interference of diverse
      ions was studied and masking agents were used wherever necessary. The present
      method was successfully applied for determination of osmium(VIII) from binary,
      ternary and synthetic mixtures corresponding to alloys and real samples. The
      validity of the method was confirmed by finding the relative standard deviation
      for five determinations which was 0.29%. 

PMID- 27380307
TI  - Fully parametric imaging with reversible tracer 18F-FLT within a reasonable time.
AB  - PET enables quantitative imaging of the rate constants K 1, k 2, k 3, and k 4,
      with a reversible two tissue compartment model (2TCM). A new method is proposed
      for computing all of these rates within a reasonable time, less than 1 min. A set
      of differential equations for the reversible 2TCM was converted into a single
      formula consisting of differential and convolution terms. The validity was tested
      on clinical data with 18F-FLT PET for patients with glioma (n = 39). Parametric
      images were generated with the formula that was developed. Parametric values were
      extracted from regions of interest (ROIs) for glioma from the images generated,
      and they were compared with those obtained with the non-linear fitting method. We
      performed simulation studies for testing accuracy by generating simulated images,
      assuming clinically expected ranges of the parametric values. The computation
      time was about 20 s, and the quality of the images generated was acceptable. The
      values obtained for K 1 for grade IV tumor were 0.24 +/- 0.23 and 0.26 +/- 0.25
      ml-1 min-1 g-1 for the image-based and ROI-based methods, respectively. The
      values were 0.21 +/- 0.12 and 0.21 +/- 0.12 min-1 for k 2, 0.13 +/- 0.07 and 0.13
      +/- 0.07 min-1 for k 3, and 0.052 +/- 0.020 and 0.054 +/- 0.021 min-1 for k 4.
      The differences between the methods were not significant. Regression analysis
      showed correlations of r = 0.94, 0.86, 0.71, and 0.52 for these parameters.
      Simulation demonstrated that the accuracy was within acceptable ranges, namely,
      the correlations were r = 0.99, r = 0.97, r = 0.99, and r = 0.91 for K 1, k 2, k
      3, and k 4, respectively, between estimated and assumed values. This results
      suggest that parametric images can be obtained fully within reasonable time,
      accuracy, and quality.

PMID- 27380308
TI  - Specific Detection of Dog Podoplanin Expressed in Renal Glomerulus by a Novel
      Monoclonal Antibody PMab-38 in Immunohistochemistry.
AB  - Podoplanin (PDPN) is expressed in several normal tissues including podocytes of
      renal glomerulus, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), and type I alveolar cells
      of lung. PDPN activates platelet aggregation by binding to C-type lectin-like
      receptor-2 (CLEC-2) on platelets. Many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human
      PDPN, mouse PDPN, rat PDPN, rabbit PDPN, and bovine PDPN have been established;
      antidog PDPN (dPDPN) mAbs have not been developed. Herein, we immunized mice with
      the recombinant proteins of dPDPN and developed anti-dPDPN mAbs. One of the
      clones, PMab-38, is useful for detecting podocytes in immunohistochemical
      analysis; in contrast, it did not react with LECs or type I alveolar cells. PMab
      38 also detected dPDPN specifically in flow cytometry and Western blot analysis.
      PMab-38 is expected to be useful for investigating the function of dPDPN, which
      is expressed in podocytes. 

PMID- 27380310
TI  - The role of amino acid profiles in diabetes risk assessment.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The concentrations of plasma-free amino acids, such as
      branched-chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids, are associated with visceral
      obesity, insulin resistance, and the future development of diabetes and
      cardiovascular diseases. This review discusses recent progress in the early
      assessment of the risk of developing diabetes and the reversal of altered plasma
      free amino acids through interventions. Additionally, recent developments that
      have increased the utility of amino acid profiling technology are also described.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Plasma-free amino acid alterations in the early stage of
      lifestyle-related diseases are because of obesity and insulin resistance-related
      inflammation, and these alterations are reversed by appropriate (nutritional,
      drug, or surgical) interventions that improve insulin sensitivity. For clinical
      applications, procedures for measuring amino acids are being standardized and
      automated. SUMMARY: Plasma-free amino acid profiles have potential as biomarkers
      for both assessing diabetes risk and monitoring the effects of strategies
      designed to lower that risk. In addition, the methodology for measuring amino
      acids has been refined, with the goal of routine clinical application.

PMID- 27380309
TI  - Differential selection of sodium and potassium ions by TsHKT1;2.
AB  - Among abiotic stresses, soil salinity is a major threat to agriculture. To
      address and control the effects of high salinity on plants, it is important to
      understand their responses to salt stress that disturbs the homeostatic
      equilibrium at cellular and molecular levels. To deal and control effects of high
      salinity on plants, it is important to understand their responses to salt stress
      that disturbs the homeostatic equilibrium at cellular and molecular levels. In
      this regard, halophytes (salt tolerant plants) can provide superior models for
      the study of salt stress defense parameters compared to glycophytes (salt
      sensitive species). TsHKT1;2 one of the 3 copies of HKT1 in the Arabidopsis
      relative halophyte, Thellungiella salsuginea acts as a potassium transporter,
      even under salt stress. TsHKT1;2 includes a conserved Asp (D) residue in the
      2(nd) pore-loop domain. Most other HKT1 sequences, including AtHKT1, contain Asn
      (N) in this position. We found that athkt1-1 plants complemented by TsHKT1;2
      under native AtHKT1 promoter were more tolerant to salt stress, while
      substitution of Asp (D207) by Asn (N) significantly reduced resistance to
      salinity. We suggest that the presence of Asn or Asp is the essential feature
      that defines and establishes cation selectivity in dicot HKT1-type transporters.

PMID- 27380311
TI  - Hepatic steatosis: a role for citrulline.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The high worldwide prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver
      disease (NAFLD) makes it a major public health issue. Amino acids offer a
      promising approach for its prevention, and several experimental studies highlight
      the nutritional importance of citrulline in this setting. The purpose of this
      review is to discuss the potential interest of citrulline in the prevention and
      treatment of NAFLD. RECENT FINDINGS: Current findings shed light on the role of
      the gut-liver, adipose tissue-liver, and muscle-liver axes in NAFLD progression.
      Recent experimental studies have produced evidence for a role of citrulline in
      controlling the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NAFLD through its
      action on these three axes. Data are needed to distinguish between direct and
      indirect effects of citrulline on the liver and between a specific effect and a
      nitrogen supply-related effect. SUMMARY: Good level of experimental evidence
      suggests that citrulline supply may be associated with an attenuation of NAFLD
      development, but further human studies are now needed to support these findings.
      This review may help define novel strategies to control fatty liver diseases.

PMID- 27380312
TI  - Quality of meal and appetite sensation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The scope of this review is to summarize recent studies
      assessing the role of meal composition on appetite sensation. RECENT FINDINGS:
      Currently, data confirm a positive effect on appetite sensations following
      protein-rich meals, suggesting that at least 25-30-g protein/meal provide
      potential improvements on appetite, but further long-term studies are required to
      confirm the results. A greater interest has been showed in the interaction
      between short-chain fatty acids produced by gut microbiota, following dietary
      fiber consumption, and appetite sensation, but research is ongoing. Finally, as
      reflected in the recent literature, new systematic reviews should be carried out
      to assess the effect of dietary fibers on appetite sensation. SUMMARY: Meal
      composition, in terms of nutrients, widely differs in the ability to affect
      appetite sensation. This mostly depends on the content of protein and dietary
      fibers in a meal. The effect of higher protein intake on appetite sensation has
      been well documented with positive results, whereas dietary fibers, although the
      majority of evidence suggests positive results, still show inconsistent data
      because of various methodological approaches. Generally, more research both in
      the short and long term is required to investigate the underlying mechanism
      associated with appetite sensation.

PMID- 27380313
TI  - Combined Photoredox and Lewis Acid Catalyzed alpha-Hydroxyalkylation of Cyclic
      Ethers with Aromatic Ketones.
AB  - The photochemically induced coupling of aromatic ketones with cyclic ethers such
      as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and 1,4-dioxane was studied. Direct
      photolysis of the substrates with UV-A light centered at 350 nm does not lead to
      photoinduced hydrogen transfer whereas the addition of a mixture of the Lewis
      acid catalysts Ti(O(i)Pr)4 and BF3 enables the formation of the hydroxyalkylation
      products.

PMID- 27380314
TI  - Paraoxonase-2 and paraoxonase-3: comparison of mRNA expressions in the placentae
      of unexplained intrauterine growth restricted and noncomplicated pregnancies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the
      pathophysiology of many human diseases. It has been demonstrated that oxidative
      stress is associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and the
      depletion of placental antioxidant systems has been suggested as a key factor in
      this disease. Our aims were to explore the possible role of antioxidant
      paraoxonase-2 (PON2) and paraoxonase-3 (PON3) in the pathophysiology of
      unexplained IUGR. METHODS: We have studied the expression of mRNA for PON2, PON3
      in placental tissues by using RT-qPCR. Two groups, consisting of normal (n = 18)
      and unexplained IUGR pregnancies (n = 20) were compared. RESULTS: Our results
      demonstrated that there were no significant differences in the mRNA expressions
      of PON2, PON3 between the two groups (p = 0.28, p = 0.90, respectively). PON2 and
      PON3 were down-regulated in IUGR. Antenatal steroid therapy had no effect on the
      expression mRNA in placentae of unexplained IUGR pregnancies compared to non
      treated group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that PON2, PON3 mRNA levels
      were not changed significantly in placentae of IUGR when compared to normal
      pregnant women.

PMID- 27380315
TI  - Mutation of Rice Early Flowering3.1 (OsELF3.1) delays leaf senescence in rice.
AB  - In Arabidopsis, EARLY FLOWERING3 (ELF3) has pivotal roles in controlling
      circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. In addition, ELF3 negatively
      regulates leaf senescence by repressing the transcription of PHYTOCHROME
      INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4) and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR5 (PIF5); elf3
      mutants senesce earlier and ELF3-overexpressing (ELF3-OX) plants senesce later
      than wild type (WT). Here, we show that in contrast to Arabidopsis ELF3, which
      represses senescence, the rice homolog OsELF3.1 promotes leaf senescence;
      oself3.1 mutants showed delayed senescence and OsELF3.1-OX plants senesced
      earlier under both dark-induced and natural senescence conditions. Microarray
      analysis revealed that in the senescing leaves, a number of senescence-associated
      genes, phytohormone-related genes, and NAC and WRKY family genes (OsNAP, ONAC106,
      and OsWRKY42) were differentially expressed in oself3.1 mutants compared with WT.
      Interestingly, we found that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing OsELF3.1 show
      delayed leaf senescence, produce short petioles, and flower late in long days,
      just like Arabidopsis ELF3-OX plants. This demonstrates that the regulatory
      functions of ELF3 and OsELF3.1 are conserved between Arabidopsis and rice, but
      the downstream regulatory cascades have opposite effects. 

PMID- 27380316
TI  - Using Surface Scans for the Evaluation of Halogen Bonds toward the Side Chains of
      Aspartate, Asparagine, Glutamate, and Glutamine.
AB  - Using halogen-specific Connolly type molecular surfaces, we herein invented a new
      type of surface-based interaction analysis employed for the study of halogen
      bonding toward model systems of biologically relevant carboxylates (ASP/GLU) and
      carboxamides (ASN/GLN). Database mining and statistical assessment of the PDB
      revealed that such interactions are widely underrepresented at the moment. We
      observed important distance-dependent adaptions of the binding modes of
      halobenzenes from a preferential oxygen-directed to a bifurcated interaction
      geometry of the carboxylate. In addition, halogen...pi contacts perpendicular to
      the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide become increasingly important for the
      lighter halogens. Our analysis on a MP2/TZVPP level of theory is backed by
      CCSD(T)/CBS reference calculations. To put the vast interaction energies into
      perspective, we also performed COSMO-RS calculations of the solvation free
      energy. Facilitating the visualization of our results mapped onto any binding
      site of choice, we aim to inspire more design studies showcasing these
      underrepresented interactions.

PMID- 27380317
TI  - Efficacy of a specific polyclonal equine F(ab')2 against avian influenza (H5N1)
      in ferrets: synergy with oseltamivir.
AB  - AIM: Current therapies against avian influenza (H5N1) provide limited clinical
      benefit. FBF-001 is a highly purified equine polyclonal immunoglobulin fragment
      against H5N1. METHODS: Using a ferret model of severe acute H5N1 infection, we
      assessed FBF-001 when administered on the same day or 1 day after viral
      challenge, in comparison with oseltamivir therapy. RESULTS: Untreated animals
      died 2-3 days after challenge. FBF-001 prevented most severe illness and reduced
      nasal viral load, with best efficacy when administered on the day of viral
      challenge. Oseltamivir and FBF-001 had synergistic impact on survival.
      CONCLUSION: FBF-001 prevented severe consequences of lethal H5N1 challenge in
      ferrets by controlling viral replication, an effect synergistic to oseltamivir.
      FBF-001 has recently been granted EMA orphan drug status.

PMID- 27380318
TI  - Focal Adhesion Kinase Directly Interacts with TSC2 Through Its FAT Domain and
      Regulates Cell Proliferation in Cashmere Goat Fetal Fibroblasts.
AB  - Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that
      senses a variety of extracellular signals, such as growth factors and integrins,
      to control the process of cell proliferation and metabolism. We cloned three goat
      FAK transcript variants (KM655805, KM658268, and KM658269) that encode 1052,
      1006, and 962 amino-acid residue proteins. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that
      the putative FAK protein contains an FERM domain, a PTK domain, two Proline-rich
      regions, and a focal adhesion-targeting (FAT) domain. All the three transcript
      variants of FAK were detected in seven different goat tissues, and variant 1 had
      the most accumulation whereas variant 2 and variant 3 had lower accumulation.
      Treatment of goat fetal fibroblasts (GFbs) with a specific FAK inhibitor, TAE226,
      inhibited cell proliferation (p < 0.05) and induced damage to the cell morphology
      in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further research demonstrated that FAK
      directly interacted with TSC2 (Tuberous sclerosis 2) tuberin domain through its C
      terminus, which contains the complete FAT domain. In conclusion, our results
      indicated that FAK may be widely expressed in Cashmere goat tissues and its
      products participate in the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and
      cell proliferation through a direct interaction with TSC2 in GFBs. 

PMID- 27380319
TI  - Imaging characteristics of cervical spine extra-arachnoid fluid collections
      managed conservatively.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Determine the MRI characteristics of large post-traumatic cervical
      spine extra-arachnoid collections managed conservatively in clinically stable
      patients and whether evidence of clinical or imaging deterioration materialized.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following IRB approval, we conducted a retrospective
      search for all patients (>16 years old) over a 17-months period who had an extra
      arachnoid fluid collection reported on a post-traumatic cervical spine MRI.
      Patients were excluded if they had surgery for an unstable fracture (n = 21),
      emergent decompression (n = 1) or lacked a follow-up MRI within 15 days (n = 1).
      Two MSK radiologists recorded the size, morphology and MRI signal characteristics
      of the collections. RESULTS: Eight patients (5 male, 3 female) met the inclusion
      criteria (mean age 40 years; range 19-78 years). Seven of the eight patients had
      fluid collections that demonstrated thin, tapered margins, extended >7 vertebral
      bodies and involved >180 degrees of the spinal canal. The signal characteristics
      of these collections varied: hyper-T1/iso-T2 (n = 1), iso-T1/T2 (n = 3), hyper
      T1/hypo-T2 (n = 3) and mixed-T1/T2 (n = 1). Six of seven collections were
      ventral. Follow-up MRI demonstrated resolution/significant decrease in size (n =
      4 between 1 and 12 days) or no change/slight decrease in size (n = 3; between 2
      and 11 days). None of the seven fluid collections enlarged, no patient had
      abnormal cord signal, and no patient's neurologic symptoms worsened. One of eight
      patients had a dorsal "mass-like" collection that was slightly smaller 9 days
      later. CONCLUSION: In stable patients with large, tapered post-traumatic cervical
      spine extra-arachnoid collections managed non-surgically, none developed (1)
      clinical worsening, (2) abnormal cord signal or (3) collection enlargement,
      regardless of the collection's signal characteristics.

PMID- 27380320
TI  - Core-Shell Particles for Simultaneous 3D Imaging and Optical Tweezing in Dense
      Colloidal Materials.
AB  - A new colloidal system that consists of core-shell "probe" particles embedded in
      an optically transparent "host" particle suspension is developed. This system
      enables simultaneous fast confocal imaging and optical tweezing in dense 3D
      colloidal materials.

PMID- 27380322
TI  - CFD transient simulation of the cough clearance process using an Eulerian wall
      film model.
AB  - In this study, a cough cycle is reproduced using a computational methodology. The
      Eulerian wall film approach is proposed to simulate airway mucus flow during a
      cough. The reproduced airway domain is based on realistic geometry from the
      literature and captures the deformation of flexible tissue. To quantify the
      overall performance of this complex phenomenon, cough efficiency (CE) was
      calculated, which provided an easily reproducible measurement parameter for the
      cough clearance process. Moreover, the effect of mucus layer thickness was
      examined. The relationship between the CE and the mucus viscosity was quantified
      using reductions from 20 to 80%. Finally, predictions of CE values based on
      healthy person inputs were compared with values obtained from patients with
      different respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD) and respiratory muscle weakness (RMW). It was observed that CE was reduced
      by 50% in patients with COPD compared with that of a healthy person. On average,
      CE was reduced in patients with RMW to 10% of the average value of a healthy
      person.

PMID- 27380321
TI  - ZDHHC7-mediated S-palmitoylation of Scribble regulates cell polarity.
AB  - Scribble (SCRIB) is a tumor-suppressor protein, playing critical roles in
      establishing and maintaining epithelial cell polarity. SCRIB is frequently
      amplified in human cancers but does not localize properly to cell-cell junctions,
      suggesting that mislocalization of SCRIB disrupts its tumor-suppressive
      activities. Using chemical reporters, here we showed that SCRIB localization was
      regulated by S-palmitoylation at conserved cysteine residues. Palmitoylation
      deficient mutants of SCRIB were mislocalized, leading to disruption of cell
      polarity and loss of their tumor-suppressive activities to oncogenic YAP, MAPK
      and PI3K/AKT pathways. We further found that ZDHHC7 was the major palmitoyl
      acyltransferase regulating SCRIB. Knockout of ZDHHC7 led to SCRIB mislocalization
      and YAP activation, and disruption of SCRIB's suppressive activities in HRas(V12)
      induced cell invasion. In summary, we demonstrated that ZDHHC7-mediated SCRIB
      palmitoylation is critical for SCRIB membrane targeting, cell polarity and tumor
      suppression, providing new mechanistic insights of how dynamic protein
      palmitoylation regulates cell polarity and tumorigenesis.

PMID- 27380324
TI  - [Intraoperative OCT technology : Nice pictures or more?].

PMID- 27380323
TI  - Infant Protection Against Influenza Through Maternal Immunization: A Call for
      More Immunogenic Vaccines.

PMID- 27380325
TI  - [Revision procedures after canaloplasty].
AB  - Canaloplasty is a recently introduced non-penetrating surgical technique for
      glaucoma, which seeks to improve the natural outflow of aqueous humor through
      Schlemm's canal and the collector channels. Just as in all forms of glaucoma
      surgery there are a certain number of failures of the procedure and further
      surgery is often needed to reduce the intraocular pressure in these cases. This
      article describes some of the revision procedures after canaloplasty.

PMID- 27380326
TI  - [Mastered with statistics: perfect eye drops and ideal screening test :
      Possibilities and limits of statistical methods for glaucoma].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The use and the understanding of statistics are very important for
      biomedical research and for the clinical practice. This is particularly true for
      estimation of the possibilities for different diagnostic and therapy options in
      the field of glaucoma. The apparent complexity and contraintuitiveness of
      statistics along with a cautious acceptance by many physicians, might be the
      cause of conscious and unconscious manipulation with data representation and
      interpretation. OBJECTIVES: Comprehendable clarification of some typical errors
      in the handling of medical statistical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using two
      hypothetical examples from glaucoma diagnostics the presentation of the effect of
      a hypotensive drug and interpretation of the results of a diagnostic test and
      typical statistical applications and sources of error are analyzed in detail and
      discussed. RESULTS: Mechanisms of data manipulation and incorrect data
      interpretation are elucidated. Typical sources of error in the statistical
      analysis and data presentation are explained. CONCLUSION: The practical examples
      analyzed demonstrate the need to understand the basics of statistics and to be
      able to apply them correctly. The lack of basic knowledge or half-knowledge in
      medical statistics can lead to misunderstandings, confusion and wrong decisions
      in medical research and also in clinical practice.

PMID- 27380338
TI  - A PIECE OF MY MIND. "Vote for Me".

PMID- 27380341
TI  - Lynch Syndrome Testing: A Missed Opportunity in the Era of Precision Medicine.

PMID- 27380329
TI  - Frog Pond: Larry Bell.

PMID- 27380330
TI  - Changing Physician Behavior Is Harder Than We Thought.

PMID- 27380337
TI  - Health Insurance Stores and Health Hubs: Innovations That Get Close to the
      Customer.

PMID- 27380339
TI  - Deutetrabenazine for Treatment of Chorea in Huntington Disease.

PMID- 27380340
TI  - Strategies to Support Surrogate Decision Makers of Patients With Chronic Critical
      Illness: The Search Continues.

PMID- 27380344
TI  - Association of a Genetic Risk Score With Body Mass Index Across Different Birth
      Cohorts.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Many genetic variants are associated with body mass index (BMI).
      Associations may have changed with the 20th century obesity epidemic and may
      differ for black vs white individuals. OBJECTIVE: Using birth cohort as an
      indicator for exposure to obesogenic environment, to evaluate whether genetic
      predisposition to higher BMI has a larger magnitude of association among adults
      from more recent birth cohorts, who were exposed to the obesity epidemic at
      younger ages. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Observational study of 8788
      adults in the US national Health and Retirement Study who were aged 50 years and
      older, born between 1900 and 1958, with as many as 12 BMI assessments from 1992
      to 2014. EXPOSURES: A multilocus genetic risk score for BMI (GRS-BMI), calculated
      as the weighted sum of alleles of 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated
      with BMI, with weights equal to the published per-allele effects. The GRS-BMI
      represents how much each person's BMI is expected to differ, based on genetic
      background (with respect to these 29 loci), from the BMI of a sample member with
      median genetic risk. The median-centered GRS-BMI ranged from -1.68 to 2.01. MAIN
      OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: BMI based on self-reported height and weight. RESULTS: GRS
      BMI was significantly associated with BMI among white participants (n = 7482;
      mean age at first assessment, 59 years; 3373 [45%] were men; P <.001) and among
      black participants (n = 1306; mean age at first assessment, 57 years; 505 [39%]
      were men; P <.001) but accounted for 0.99% of variation in BMI among white
      participants and 1.37% among black participants. In multilevel models accounting
      for age, the magnitude of associations of GRS-BMI with BMI were larger for more
      recent birth cohorts. For example, among white participants, each unit higher GRS
      BMI was associated with a difference in BMI of 1.37 (95% CI, 0.93 to 1.80) if
      born after 1943, and 0.17 (95% CI, -0.55 to 0.89) if born before 1924 (P = .006).
      For black participants, each unit higher GRS-BMI was associated with a difference
      in BMI of 3.70 (95% CI, 2.42 to 4.97) if born after 1943, and 1.44 (95% CI, -1.40
      to 4.29) if born before 1924. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: For participants born
      between 1900 and 1958, the magnitude of association between BMI and a genetic
      risk score for BMI was larger among persons born in later cohorts. This suggests
      that associations of known genetic variants with BMI may be modified by
      obesogenic environments.

PMID- 27380345
TI  - Attitudes and Practices of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide in the
      United States, Canada, and Europe.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: The increasing legalization of euthanasia and physician-assisted
      suicide worldwide makes it important to understand related attitudes and
      practices. OBJECTIVE: To review the legal status of euthanasia and physician
      assisted suicide and the available data on attitudes and practices. EVIDENCE
      REVIEW: Polling data and published surveys of the public and physicians, official
      state and country databases, interview studies with physicians, and death
      certificate studies (the Netherlands and Belgium) were reviewed for the period
      1947 to 2016. FINDINGS: Currently, euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide can
      be legally practiced in the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia, and
      Canada (Quebec since 2014, nationally as of June 2016). Physician-assisted
      suicide, excluding euthanasia, is legal in 5 US states (Oregon, Washington,
      Montana, Vermont, and California) and Switzerland. Public support for euthanasia
      and physician-assisted suicide in the United States has plateaued since the 1990s
      (range, 47%-69%). In Western Europe, an increasing and strong public support for
      euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide has been reported; in Central and
      Eastern Europe, support is decreasing. In the United States, less than 20% of
      physicians report having received requests for euthanasia or physician-assisted
      suicide, and 5% or less have complied. In Oregon and Washington state, less than
      1% of licensed physicians write prescriptions for physician-assisted suicide per
      year. In the Netherlands and Belgium, about half or more of physicians reported
      ever having received a request; 60% of Dutch physicians have ever granted such
      requests. Between 0.3% to 4.6% of all deaths are reported as euthanasia or
      physician-assisted suicide in jurisdictions where they are legal. The frequency
      of these deaths increased after legalization. More than 70% of cases involved
      patients with cancer. Typical patients are older, white, and well-educated. Pain
      is mostly not reported as the primary motivation. A large portion of patients
      receiving physician-assisted suicide in Oregon and Washington reported being
      enrolled in hospice or palliative care, as did patients in Belgium. In no
      jurisdiction was there evidence that vulnerable patients have been receiving
      euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide at rates higher than those in the
      general population. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Euthanasia and physician-assisted
      suicide are increasingly being legalized, remain relatively rare, and primarily
      involve patients with cancer. Existing data do not indicate widespread abuse of
      these practices.

PMID- 27380343
TI  - Effect of Palliative Care-Led Meetings for Families of Patients With Chronic
      Critical Illness: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Family caregivers of patients with chronic critical illness
      experience significant psychological distress. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether
      family informational and emotional support meetings led by palliative care
      clinicians improve family anxiety and depression. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: A multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted from October 2010
      through November 2014 in 4 medical intensive care units (ICUs). Adult patients
      (aged >=21 years) requiring 7 days of mechanical ventilation were randomized and
      their family surrogate decision makers were enrolled in the study. Observers were
      blinded to group allocation for the measurement of the primary outcomes.
      INTERVENTIONS: At least 2 structured family meetings led by palliative care
      specialists and provision of an informational brochure (intervention) compared
      with provision of an informational brochure and routine family meetings conducted
      by ICU teams (control). There were 130 patients with 184 family surrogate
      decision makers in the intervention group and 126 patients with 181 family
      surrogate decision makers in the control group. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The
      primary outcome was Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale symptom score (HADS;
      score range, 0 [best] to 42 [worst]; minimal clinically important difference,
      1.5) obtained during 3-month follow-up interviews with the surrogate decision
      makers. Secondary outcomes included posttraumatic stress disorder experienced by
      the family and measured by the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R; total score
      range, 0 [best] to 88 [worst]), discussion of patient preferences, hospital
      length of stay, and 90-day survival. RESULTS: Among 365 family surrogate decision
      makers (mean age, 51 years; 71% female), 312 completed the study. At 3 months,
      there was no significant difference in anxiety and depression symptoms between
      surrogate decision makers in the intervention group and the control group
      (adjusted mean HADS score, 12.2 vs 11.4, respectively; between-group difference,
      0.8 [95% CI, -0.9 to 2.6]; P = .34). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were
      higher in the intervention group (adjusted mean IES-R score, 25.9) compared with
      the control group (adjusted mean IES-R score, 21.3) (between-group difference,
      4.60 [95% CI, 0.01 to 9.10]; P = .0495). There was no difference between groups
      regarding the discussion of patient preferences (intervention, 75%; control, 83%;
      odds ratio, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.34 to 1.16; P = .14]). The median number of hospital
      days for patients in the intervention vs the control group (19 days vs 23 days,
      respectively; between-group difference, -4 days [95% CI, -6 to 3 days]; P = .51)
      and 90-day survival (hazard ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.65 to 1.38], P = .96) were not
      significantly different. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among families of patients
      with chronic critical illness, the use of palliative care-led informational and
      emotional support meetings compared with usual care did not reduce anxiety or
      depression symptoms and may have increased posttraumatic stress disorder
      symptoms. These findings do not support routine or mandatory palliative care-led
      discussion of goals of care for all families of patients with chronic critical
      illness. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01230099.

PMID- 27380342
TI  - Effect of Deutetrabenazine on Chorea Among Patients With Huntington Disease: A
      Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Deutetrabenazine is a novel molecule containing deuterium, which
      attenuates CYP2D6 metabolism and increases active metabolite half-lives and may
      therefore lead to stable systemic exposure while preserving key pharmacological
      activity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate efficacy and safety of deutetrabenazine
      treatment to control chorea associated with Huntington disease. DESIGN, SETTING,
      AND PARTICIPANTS: Ninety ambulatory adults diagnosed with manifest Huntington
      disease and a baseline total maximal chorea score of 8 or higher (range, 0-28;
      lower score indicates less chorea) were enrolled from August 2013 to August 2014
      and randomized to receive deutetrabenazine (n = 45) or placebo (n = 45) in a
      double-blind fashion at 34 Huntington Study Group sites. INTERVENTIONS:
      Deutetrabenazine or placebo was titrated to optimal dose level over 8 weeks and
      maintained for 4 weeks, followed by a 1-week washout. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
      Primary end point was the total maximal chorea score change from baseline (the
      average of values from the screening and day-0 visits) to maintenance therapy
      (the average of values from the week 9 and 12 visits) obtained by in-person
      visits. This study was designed to detect a 2.7-unit treatment difference in
      scores. The secondary end points, assessed hierarchically, were the proportion of
      patients who achieved treatment success on the Patient Global Impression of
      Change (PGIC) and on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), the change
      in 36-Item Short Form- physical functioning subscale score (SF-36), and the
      change in the Berg Balance Test. RESULTS: Ninety patients with Huntington disease
      (mean age, 53.7 years; 40 women [44.4%]) were enrolled. In the deutetrabenazine
      group, the mean total maximal chorea scores improved from 12.1 (95% CI, 11.2
      12.9) to 7.7 (95% CI, 6.5-8.9), whereas in the placebo group, scores improved
      from 13.2 (95% CI, 12.2-14.3) to 11.3 (95% CI, 10.0-12.5); the mean between-group
      difference was -2.5 units (95% CI, -3.7 to -1.3) (P < .001). Treatment success,
      as measured by the PGIC, occurred in 23 patients (51%) in the deutetrabenazine
      group vs 9 (20%) in the placebo group (P = .002). As measured by the CGIC,
      treatment success occurred in 19 patients (42%) in the deutetrabenazine group vs
      6 (13%) in the placebo group (P = .002). In the deutetrabenazine group, the mean
      SF-36 physical functioning subscale scores decreased from 47.5 (95% CI, 44.3
      50.8) to 47.4 (44.3-50.5), whereas in the placebo group, scores decreased from
      43.2 (95% CI, 40.2-46.3) to 39.9 (95% CI, 36.2-43.6), for a treatment benefit of
      4.3 (95% CI, 0.4 to 8.3) (P = .03). There was no difference between groups (mean
      difference of 1.0 unit; 95% CI, -0.3 to 2.3; P = .14), for improvement in the
      Berg Balance Test, which improved by 2.2 units (95% CI, 1.3-3.1) in the
      deutetrabenazine group and by 1.3 units (95% CI, 0.4-2.2) in the placebo group.
      Adverse event rates were similar for deutetrabenazine and placebo, including
      depression, anxiety, and akathisia. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients
      with chorea associated with Huntington disease, the use of deutetrabenazine
      compared with placebo resulted in improved motor signs at 12 weeks. Further
      research is needed to assess the clinical importance of the effect size and to
      determine longer-term efficacy and safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov
      Identifier: NCT01795859.

PMID- 27380347
TI  - Tumor Screening and DNA Testing in the Diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome.

PMID- 27380346
TI  - Arthralgia and Fevers in a Patient With Autoimmune Hepatitis.

PMID- 27380349
TI  - Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis and Lyme Disease.

PMID- 27380348
TI  - Association Between Gadolinium Contrast Exposure and the Risk of Parkinsonism.

PMID- 27380350
TI  - Acetazolamide and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation for Patients With COPD.

PMID- 27380351
TI  - Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis and Lyme Disease--Reply.

PMID- 27380352
TI  - Acetazolamide and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation for Patients With COPD.

PMID- 27380353
TI  - Acetazolamide and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation for Patients With COPD--Reply.

PMID- 27380354
TI  - Task-Oriented Rehabilitation Program for Stroke.

PMID- 27380355
TI  - Cadaver Exome Sequencing for Teaching First-Year Medical Students.

PMID- 27380356
TI  - Task-Oriented Rehabilitation Program for Stroke--Reply.

PMID- 27380357
TI  - Public Health and Human Rights.

PMID- 27380358
TI  - Cadaver Exome Sequencing for Teaching First-Year Medical Students--Reply.

PMID- 27380360
TI  - Misspelled Author Name.

PMID- 27380359
TI  - Public Health and Human Rights--Reply.

PMID- 27380361
TI  - Additional Author Affiliation.

PMID- 27380363
TI  - The Epidemic of Infantile Paralysis.

PMID- 27380364
TI  - JAMA PATIENT PAGE. End-of-Life Care.

PMID- 27380365
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27380366
TI  - Developmental changes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism affect tea quality in
      different leaf position.
AB  - Leaf position represents a specific developmental stage that influences both
      photosynthesis and respiration. However, the precise relationships between
      photosynthesis and respiration in different leaf position that affect tea quality
      are largely unknown. Here, we show that the effective quantum yield of
      photosystem II [PhiPSII] as well as total chlorophyll concentration (TChl) of tea
      leaves increased gradually with leaf maturity. Moreover, respiration rate (RR)
      together with total nitrogen concentration (TN) decreased persistently, but total
      carbon remained unchanged during leaf maturation. Analyses of major N-based
      organic compounds revealed that decrease in TN was attributed to a significant
      decrease in the concentration of caffeine and amino acids (AA) in mature leaves.
      Furthermore, soluble sugar (SS) decreased, but starch concentration increased
      with leaf maturity, indicating that source-sink relationship was altered during
      tea leaf development. Detailed correlation analysis showed that PhiPSII was
      negatively correlated with RR, SS, starch, tea polyphenol (TP), total catechins
      and TN, but positively correlated with TChl; while RR was positively correlated
      with TN, SS, TP and caffeine, but negatively correlated with TChl and starch
      concentrations. Our results suggest that biosynthesis of chlorophyll, catechins
      and polyphenols is closely associated with photosynthesis and respiration in
      different leaf position that greatly influences the relationship between primary
      and secondary metabolism in tea plants. 

PMID- 27380367
TI  - Structural insights into the catalytic reaction trigger and inhibition of D-3
      hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.
AB  - D-3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible conversion of
      acetoacetate and D-3-hydroxybutyrate. These ketone bodies are both energy-storage
      forms of acetyl-CoA. In order to clarify the structural mechanisms of the
      catalytic reaction with the cognate substrate D-3-hydroxybutyrate and of the
      inhibition of the reaction by inhibitors, the enzyme from Alcaligenes faecalis
      has been analyzed by X-ray crystallography in liganded states with the substrate
      and with two types of inhibitor: malonate and methylmalonate. In each subunit of
      the tetrameric enzyme, the substrate is trapped on the nicotinamide plane of the
      bound NAD(+). An OMIT map definitively shows that the bound ligand is D-3
      hydroxybutyrate and not acetoacetate. The two carboxylate O atoms form four
      hydrogen bonds to four conserved amino-acid residues. The methyl group is
      accommodated in the nearby hydrophobic pocket so that the formation of a hydrogen
      bond from the OH group of the substrate to the hydroxy group of Tyr155 at the
      active centre is facilitated. In this geometry, the H atom attached to the C(3)
      atom of the substrate in the sp(3) configuration is positioned at a distance of
      3.1 A from the nicotinamide C(4) atom in the direction normal to the plane. In
      addition, the donor-acceptor relationship of the hydrogen bonds suggests that the
      Tyr155 OH group is allowed to ionize by the two donations from the Ser142 OH
      group and the ribose OH group. A comparison of the protein structures with and
      without ligands indicates that the Gln196 residue of the small movable domain
      participates in the formation of additional hydrogen bonds. It is likely that
      this situation can facilitate H-atom movements as the trigger of the catalytic
      reaction. In the complexes with inhibitors, however, their principal carboxylate
      groups interact with the enzyme in a similar way, while the interactions of other
      groups are changed. The crucial determinant for inhibition is that the inhibitors
      have no active H atom at C(3). A second determinant is the Tyr155 OH group, which
      is perturbed by the inhibitors to donate its H atom for hydrogen-bond formation,
      losing its nucleophilicity.

PMID- 27380368
TI  - Crystal structure of the cyan fluorescent protein Cerulean-S175G.
AB  - Enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) was derived from Aequorea victoria green
      fluorescent protein (avGFP), notably with S65T/Y66W mutations. Its chromophore
      consists of a tripeptide comprised of Thr65, Trp66 and Gly67 (TWG) residues,
      while that of avGFP consists of a Ser65, Tyr66 and Gly67 (SYG) tripeptide.
      Cerulean and SCFP3A were derived from ECFP-S72A/H148D (a double mutation) with
      additional Y145A and S175G mutations, respectively, while Cerulean-S175G has both
      mutations (Y145A and S175G). The crystal structures of these ECFP variants at
      neutral pH were reported to adopt two distinct major conformations called ECFP
      and Cerulean. In this study, Cerulean-S175G was revealed to adopt only the
      Cerulean conformation, while Cerulean has been reported to adopt both the ECFP
      and the Cerulean conformations in its crystal structures. Sharing the same S175G
      mutation with SCFP3A, Cerulean-S175G showed a slightly increased quantum yield,
      like SCFP3A, but did not adopt the ECFP conformation adopted by SCFP3A. Detailed
      comparison of Cerulean-S175G and other ECFP variants revealed that the notable
      conformational changes in ECFP variants can be understood mainly in terms of the
      interaction between the Trp66 residue of the chromophore and residues 145-148 of
      beta-strand 7.

PMID- 27380369
TI  - Crystal structure of truncated aspartate transcarbamoylase from Plasmodium
      falciparum.
AB  - The de novo pyrimidine-biosynthesis pathway of Plasmodium falciparum is a
      promising target for antimalarial drug discovery. The parasite requires a supply
      of purines and pyrimidines for growth and proliferation and is unable to take up
      pyrimidines from the host. Direct (or indirect) inhibition of de novo pyrimidine
      biosynthesis via dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (PfDHODH), the fourth enzyme of the
      pathway, has already been shown to be lethal to the parasite. In the second step
      of the plasmodial pyrimidine-synthesis pathway, aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate
      are condensed to N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate and inorganic phosphate by aspartate
      transcarbamoylase (PfATC). In this paper, the 2.5 A resolution crystal structure
      of PfATC is reported. The space group of the PfATC crystals was determined to be
      monoclinic P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 87.0, b = 103.8, c = 87.1 A, alpha
      = 90.0, beta = 117.7, gamma = 90.0 degrees . The presented PfATC model shares a
      high degree of homology with the catalytic domain of Escherichia coli ATC. There
      is as yet no evidence of the existence of a regulatory domain in PfATC. Similarly
      to E. coli ATC, PfATC was modelled as a homotrimer in which each of the three
      active sites is formed at the oligomeric interface. Each active site comprises
      residues from two adjacent subunits in the trimer with a high degree of
      evolutional conservation. Here, the activity loss owing to mutagenesis of the key
      active-site residues is also described.

PMID- 27380370
TI  - Crystal structure of a thiolase from Escherichia coli at 1.8 A resolution.
AB  - Thiolases catalyze the Claisen condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules to give
      acetoacetyl-CoA, as well as the reverse degradative reaction. Four genes coding
      for thiolases or thiolase-like proteins are found in the Escherichia coli genome.
      In this communication, the successful cloning, purification, crystallization and
      structure determination at 1.8 A resolution of a homotetrameric E. coli thiolase
      are reported. The structure of E. coli thiolase co-crystallized with acetyl-CoA
      at 1.9 A resolution is also reported. As observed in other tetrameric thiolases,
      the present E. coli thiolase is a dimer of two tight dimers and probably
      functions as a biodegradative enzyme. Comparison of the structure and biochemical
      properties of the E. coli enzyme with those of other well studied thiolases
      reveals certain novel features of this enzyme, such as the modification of a
      lysine in the dimeric interface, the possible oxidation of the catalytic Cys88 in
      the structure of the enzyme obtained in the presence of CoA and active-site
      hydration. The tetrameric enzyme also displays an interesting departure from
      exact 222 symmetry, which is probably related to the deformation of the
      tetramerization domain that stabilizes the oligomeric structure of the protein.
      The current study allows the identification of substrate-binding amino-acid
      residues and water networks at the active site and provides the structural
      framework required for understanding the biochemical properties as well as the
      physiological function of this E. coli thiolase.

PMID- 27380371
TI  - Structure of a double hexamer of the Pyrococcus furiosus minichromosome
      maintenance protein N-terminal domain.
AB  - The crystal structure of the N-terminal domain of the Pyrococcus furiosus
      minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein as a double hexamer is described. The
      MCM complex is a ring-shaped helicase that unwinds DNA at the replication fork of
      eukaryotes and archaea. Prior to replication initiation, the MCM complex
      assembles as an inactive double hexamer at specific sites of DNA. The presented
      structure is highly consistent with previous MCM double-hexamer structures and
      shows two MCM hexamers with a head-to-head interaction mediated by the N-terminal
      domain. Minor differences include a diminished head-to-head interaction and a
      slightly reduced inter-hexamer rotation.

PMID- 27380372
TI  - LCP crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of VcmN, a MATE transporter
      from Vibrio cholerae.
AB  - Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters, one of the multidrug
      exporter families, efflux xenobiotics towards the extracellular side of the
      membrane. Since MATE transporters expressed in bacterial pathogens contribute to
      multidrug resistance, they are important therapeutic targets. Here, a MATE
      transporter homologue from Vibrio cholerae, VcmN, was overexpressed in
      Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in lipidic cubic phase (LCP). X-ray
      diffraction data were collected to 2.5 A resolution from a single crystal
      obtained in a sandwich plate. The crystal belonged to space group P212121, with
      unit-cell parameters a = 52.3, b = 93.7, c = 100.2 A. As a result of further LCP
      crystallization trials, crystals of larger size were obtained using sitting-drop
      plates. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 2.2 A resolution from a single
      crystal obtained in a sitting-drop plate. The crystal belonged to space group
      P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 61.9, b = 91.8, c = 100.9 A. The present
      work provides valuable insights into the atomic resolution structure
      determination of membrane transporters.

PMID- 27380373
TI  - Exogenous acetate ion reaches the type II copper centre in CueO through the water
      excretion channel and potentially affects the enzymatic activity.
AB  - The acetate-bound form of the type II copper was found in the X-ray structure of
      the multicopper oxidase CueO crystallized in acetate buffer in addition to the
      conventional OH(-)-bound form as the major resting form. The acetate ion was
      retained bound to the type II copper even after prolonged exposure of a CueO
      crystal to X-ray radiation, which led to the stepwise reduction of the Cu
      centres. However, in this study, when CueO was crystallized in citrate buffer the
      OH(-)-bound form was present exclusively. This fact shows that an exogenous
      acetate ion reaches the type II Cu centre through the water channel constructed
      between domains 1 and 3 in the CueO molecule. It was also found that the
      enzymatic activity of CueO is enhanced in the presence of acetate ions in the
      solvent water.

PMID- 27380374
TI  - The galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase FUT1 from Arabidopsis thaliana:
      crystallization and experimental MAD phasing.
AB  - The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides made up of cellulose,
      hemicelluloses and pectins. Xyloglucan (XyG), which is the main hemicellulosic
      component of dicotyledonous plants, has attracted much attention for its role in
      plant development and for its many industrial applications. The XyG-specific
      fucosyltransferase (FUT1) adds a fucose residue from GDP-fucose to the 2-O
      position of the terminal galactosyl residues on XyG side chains. Recombinant FUT1
      from Arabidopsis thaliana was crystallized in two different crystal forms, with
      the best diffracting crystals (up to 1.95 A resolution) belonging to the
      monoclinic space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 87.6, b = 84.5, c =
      150.3 A, beta = 96.3 degrees . Ab initio phases were determined using a two
      wavelength anomalous dispersion experiment on a tantalum bromide-derivatized
      crystal with data collected at the rising and descending inflection points of the
      Ta white line. An interpretable electron-density map was obtained after elaborate
      density modification. Model completion and structural analysis are currently
      under way.

PMID- 27380375
TI  - Crystallographic analysis of a subcomplex of the transsulfursome with tRNA for
      Cys-tRNA(Cys) synthesis.
AB  - In most organisms, Cys-tRNA(Cys) is directly synthesized by cysteinyl-tRNA
      synthetase (CysRS). Many methanogenic archaea, however, use a two-step, indirect
      pathway to synthesize Cys-tRNA(Cys) owing to a lack of CysRS and cysteine
      biosynthesis systems. This reaction is catalyzed by O-phosphoseryl-tRNA
      synthetase (SepRS), Sep-tRNA:Cys-tRNA synthase (SepCysS) and SepRS/SepCysS
      pathway enhancer (SepCysE) as the transsulfursome, in which SepCysE connects both
      SepRS and SepCysS. On the transsulfursome, SepRS first ligates an O-phosphoserine
      to tRNA(Cys), and the mischarged intermediate Sep-tRNA(Cys) is then transferred
      to SepCysS, where it is further modified to Cys-tRNA(Cys). In this study, a
      subcomplex of the transsulfursome with tRNA(Cys) (SepCysS-SepCysE-tRNA(Cys)),
      which is involved in the second reaction step of the indirect pathway, was
      constructed and then crystallized. The crystals diffracted X-rays to a resolution
      of 2.6 A and belonged to space group P6522, with unit-cell parameters a = b =
      107.2, c = 551.1 A. The structure determined by molecular replacement showed that
      the complex consists of a SepCysS dimer, a SepCysE dimer and one tRNA(Cys) in the
      asymmetric unit.

PMID- 27380376
TI  - Cryoannealing-induced space-group transition of crystals of the carbonic
      anhydrase psCA3.
AB  - Cryoannealing has been demonstrated to improve the diffraction quality and
      resolution of crystals of the beta-carbonic anhydrase psCA3 concomitant with a
      change in space group. After initial flash-cooling in a liquid-nitrogen
      cryostream an X-ray diffraction data set from a psCA3 crystal was indexed in
      space group P21212 and was scaled to 2.6 A resolution, but subsequent
      cryoannealing studies revealed induced protein rearrangements in the crystal
      contacts, which transformed the space group to I222, with a corresponding
      improvement of 0.7 A in resolution. Although the change in diffraction resolution
      was significant, only minor changes in the psCA3 structure, which retained its
      catalytic 'open' conformation, were observed. These findings demonstrate that
      cryoannealing can be successfully utilized to induce higher diffraction-quality
      crystals while maintaining enzymatically relevant conformations and may be useful
      as an experimental tool for structural studies of other enzymes where the initial
      diffraction quality is poor.

PMID- 27380377
TI  - Over Ten Years of Experience with a Modified Right Atrial Anastomosis in
      Orthotopic Heart Transplantation: Follow-up and Comparison with the Biatrial and
      Bicaval Technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 1997, a modified right atrial anastomosis (cavoatrial technique)
      for orthotopic heart transplantation (oHTx) was first developed in our
      institution. The purpose of this study is to report our long-term experience with
      this technique compared with biatrial and bicaval technique. METHODS:
      Retrospectively, 202 consecutive oHTx between 1997 and 2013 were analyzed. The
      applied transplantation techniques were biatrial (n = 108), bicaval (n = 22), and
      cavoatrial (n = 72). RESULTS: Demographic data were similar in all groups. The
      cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamp time were significantly shorter in the
      biatrial group. Follow-up echocardiographic examination showed excellent results
      in all groups with no relevant differences. After 1 year, occurrence of severe
      tricuspid regurgitation (biatrial 1.9% vs bicaval 0.0% vs cavoatrial 1.4%) was
      low in all groups. Rate of permanent pacemaker implantations was also low (12.0%
      vs 5.0% vs 11.1%). There were no significant differences in survival between the
      groups. CONCLUSION: The cavoatrial technique can be a safe and simple alternative
      for heart transplantation. Easy handling and similar reduced postoperative
      complications encourage the use of this technique.

PMID- 27380378
TI  - Quality of Life and Anxiety in Younger Patients after Biological versus
      Mechanical Aortic Valve Replacement.
AB  - Background Since biological valve recipients are likely to need a redo procedure
      in the future for valve deterioration, we hypothesized patients might be more
      fearful about the progression of their disease than patients after aortic valve
      replacement (AVR) with a mechanical valve. The aim of this study is to compare
      the quality of life (QOL) and anxiety in patients who have undergone biological
      versus mechanical AVR. Method A total of 56 patients after mechanical AVR (mean
      age: 64.4 +/- 8.17 years) and 66 patients after biological AVR (mean age: 64.8 +/
      11.05 years) received three questionnaires 5.66 (+/- 2.68) years after surgery,
      including: The short form-36 (SF-36) to assess QOL, the fear of progression
      questionnaire (FOP), and the cardiac anxiety questionnaire (CAQ) to assess
      general anxiety, anxiety related to cardiac symptoms, and anxiety about
      progression of heart disease and valve and anticoagulation-specific questions.
      Results No significant differences were found for all categories of the SF-36.
      The FOP showed significantly favorable values for the biological AVR group. The
      CAQ showed a tendency in the subscale "avoidance" (i.e., avoidance of pulse
      increase) and "attention" towards more favorable values for the biological AVR
      group. Conclusions In contrast to our hypothesis, patients after mechanical AVR
      show significantly higher anxiety values for the FOP, and a tendency toward
      higher values for "avoidance" (i.e., avoidance of pulse increase). Partnership
      concerns, especially in terms of sexuality can be explained by factors that are
      recognizable for the partner, such as valve sound. These data provide evidence
      that factors that are continuously present after mechanical AVR, such as valve
      sound or anticoagulation might affect wellbeing stronger than the certainty of
      reoperation in the future after biological AVR. We conclude that implantation of
      a biological prosthesis can be justified in younger patients with regards to QOL.

PMID- 27380380
TI  - Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection and Prognosis after Surgery of Lung Cancer:
      A Retrospective Study.
AB  - To investigate the association between pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria
      infection (PNTMI) and prognosis after pulmonary resection for non small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC), we retrospectively analyzed 391 consecutive patients with NSCLC
      who underwent surgery. Subjects were grouped based on with/without PNTMI defined
      by two criteria (12 and 23 PNTMI subjects). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no
      significant difference between the two groups regarding overall survival (p =
      0.800 and p = 0.912 by two criteria). PNTMI was not identified as a significant
      factor associated with prognosis by either univariate or multivariate analysis
      (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.950 and HR = 0.948, respectively).

PMID- 27380379
TI  - Suture or Stapling Are Superior in Comparison to Bipolar Sealing for Closing the
      Bronchi.
AB  - Background Every anatomical lung resection requires the airtight closure of at
      least one bronchus. In current clinical practice, these bronchi are sealed with
      sutures or staplers. This study investigated in an ex vivo pig model whether a
      new bipolar sealing device MARSEAL (KLS Martin, Tuttlingen, Germany) could be an
      alternative for this purpose. Methods Complete bronchial trees were prepared free
      from pig heart-lung blocks that were removed at a slaughterhouse. These
      preparations were taken to the laboratory, and main, lobar, and segmental bronchi
      were closed using sutures, staples, or bipolar sealing. Each trachea was then
      intubated and connected to a ventilating device. The initial airtight closure of
      the bronchus was first tested with lung-protective ventilation. After 15 minutes
      of ventilation, the inspiratory ventilation pressure was slowly increased and the
      burst pressure (in mbar) was recorded. Each group included 12 bronchus closures.
      Group mean burst pressures were compared using a nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney
      U test). The significance level was p < 0.05. Results The main bronchi closed
      both stapler magazines or sutures were all initially airtight during ventilation.
      The mean burst pressure was 60 +/- 0 mbar for staplers and 57.92 +/- 5.8 mbar for
      sutures. In contrast, 50% of main bronchi sealed with MARSEAL devices (5 or 10
      mm) leaked air from the beginning. This was also noted in all lobar bronchi
      sealed with the MARSEAL 5-mm device and 80% of those sealed with the MARSEAL 10
      mm device. The mean burst pressure of initially airtight lobar bronchi was 12.7
      +/- 7.25 mbar. In contrast, all segmental bronchi (mean width: 1.6 cm) were
      airtight when ventilated. Mean burst pressure was 14.64 +/- 9.1 mbar with the
      MARSEAL 5-mm device and 29.64 +/- 21.3 mbar with the MARSEAL 10-mm device.
      Histological investigation of the preparations (with hematoxylin and eosin
      staining) showed intact cartilaginous structures that were largely unaffected by
      bipolar coagulation. The airtight sealing of the segmental bronchi resulted from
      fusion of the peribronchial tissue and not the cartilage. Conclusion Bipolar
      sealing is an inappropriate tool for the closure of the bronchi in comparison to
      suture or stapling.

PMID- 27380381
TI  - Molecular characterization and expression analysis of AMPK alpha subunit isoform
      genes from Scophthalmus maximus responding to salinity stress.
AB  - AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved and multi-functional
      protein kinase that plays important roles in both intracellular energy balance
      and cellular stress response. In the present study, molecular characterization,
      tissue distribution and gene expression levels of the AMPK alpha1 and alpha2
      genes from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) under salinity stress are described. The
      complete coding regions of the AMPK alpha1 and alpha2 genes were isolated from
      turbot through degenerate primers in combination with RACE using muscle cDNA. The
      complete coding regions of AMPK alpha1 (1722 bp) and alpha2 (1674 bp) encoded 573
      and 557 amino acids peptides, respectively. Multiple alignments, structural
      analysis and phylogenetic tree construction indicated that S. maximus AMPK alpha1
      and alpha2 shared a high amino acid identity with other species, especially fish.
      AMPK alpha1 and alpha2 genes could be detected in all tested tissues, indicating
      that they are constitutively expressed. Salinity challenges significantly altered
      the gene expression levels of AMPK alpha1 and alpha2 mRNA in a salinity- and time
      dependent manners in S. maximus gill tissues, suggesting that AMPK alpha1 and
      alpha2 played important roles in mediating the salinity stress in S. maximus. The
      expression levels of AMPK alpha1 and alpha2 mRNA were a positive correlation with
      gill Na+, K+-ATPase activities. These findings will aid our understanding of the
      molecular mechanism of juvenile turbot in response to environmental salinity
      changes.

PMID- 27380382
TI  - Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol Using Silver Nanoparticles with Adjustable
      Activity.
AB  - We report on the development of ultrasmall core-shell silver nanoparticles
      synthesized by an upscaled modification of the polyol process. It is foreseen to
      use these thoroughly characterized particles as reference material to compare the
      catalytic and biological properties of functionalized silver nanoparticles. Small
      angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis reveals a narrow size distribution of the
      silver cores with a mean radius of Rc = 3.0 nm and a distribution width of 0.6
      nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) provides a hydrodynamic radius of RH = 10.0 nm
      and a PDI of 0.09. The particles' surface is covered with poly(acrylic acid)
      (PAA) forming a shell with a thickness of 7.0 nm, which provides colloidal
      stability lasting for more than 6 months at ambient conditions. The PAA can be
      easily exchanged by biomolecules to modify the surface functionality.
      Replacements of PAA with glutathione (GSH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) have
      been performed as examples. We demonstrate that the silver particles effectively
      catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol with sodium borohydride.
      With PAA as stabilizer, the catalytic activity of 436 +/- 24 L g(-1) s(-1) is the
      highest reported in the literature for silver nanoparticles. GSH and BSA
      passivate the surface substantially, resulting in a catalytic activity of 77.6 +/
      0.9 and 3.47 +/- 0.50 L g(-1) s(-1), respectively.

PMID- 27380383
TI  - [Disseminated necrobiotic xanthogranuloma].
AB  - Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma is a rare non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. A 62
      year-old woman presented with yellowish erythematous plaques, nodules, and
      papules in the periorbital region and the extremities. She had a nodular tumor
      grown on the left upper lid that clinically resembled a keratoacanthoma.
      Histologically it was a xanthogranulomatous lesion. She suffered from monoclonal
      gammopathy of unknown significance of kappa-type. Treatment was realized with a
      combination of systemic dapsone/prednisolone and topical corticosteroids.

PMID- 27380384
TI  - [Trichophyton species of Arthroderma benhamiae : Clinical therapeutic aspects of
      a new pathogen in dermatology].
AB  - Cutaneous infections with Trichophyton species of Arthroderma (A.) benhamiae are
      increasingly being detected in Germany. This dermatophyte typically causes tinea
      corporis, tinea faciei or tinea capitis with in part heavy clinical manifestation
      like kerion celsi. In special cases diagnosis and therapy can be difficult. In
      this article, four clinical cases are presented, whereby attention is given to
      special clinical situations and therapeutic aspects with regard to Trichophyton
      species of A. benhamiae: Case 1: Kerion celsi by in a 6-year-old boy; Case 2:
      Deep trichophytia at the mons pubis in a 32-year-old man working in a pet shop
      and his 27-year-old female partner; Case 3: Tinea manuum in a 7-year-old girl;
      Case 4: Tinea corporis in an 8-year-old girl. 

PMID- 27380385
TI  - Mediterranean spotted fever-like illness in Sardinia, Italy: a clinical and
      microbiological study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Rickettsioses represent a group of emerging infectious diseases in
      Europe. Climate changes and the anthropization of rural environment have favored
      vectors' biological cycle and geographic spread. In Sardinia, Mediterranean
      spotted fever (MSF) is endemic and represents an important public health problem.
      PURPOSE: We investigated the etiology and the clinical presentation of MSF-like
      illness in northern Sardinia by enrolling patients admitted to the Infectious
      Disease Unit of the University of Sassari. RESULTS: Diagnostic tests included
      ELISA, Indirect immunofluorescence (IFI), DNA isolation from blood and from
      eschar samples with real-time PCR and genotyping. Eighty-seven patients with a
      mean age of 53 +/- 14 years, of whom 65 (75 %) males, were included in the study.
      The most common diagnosis was MSF (79 %), followed by Q fever (8 %), and
      anaplasmosis (2 %). A tache noire was found in 58 % of rickettioses and 28 % of
      Coxiella burnetii infections. MSF was confirmed in 47 % of the cases by IFI and
      43 % by ELISA antibody tests. The isolation of rickettsial DNA from the eschar
      was positive in 10/13 (77 %) of the cases due to Rickettsia conorii. Using this
      method, we identified the first case of R. monacensis infection in Italy.
      CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, antibody-based tests confirmed the diagnosis in less
      than 50 % of the cases, whereas DNA isolation confirmed the diagnosis in 77 % of
      tested cases and allowed the identification of a new pathogenic species in Italy.
      Therefore, DNA isolation should be implemented to better identify the etiology of
      MSF-like illnesses and help the clinician in the management of patients.

PMID- 27380386
TI  - Characteristics and management of patients with influenza in a German hospital
      during the 2014/2015 influenza season.
AB  - The objective of this study was to review the management of patients with
      influenza during the influenza season 2014/2015 (n = 197). Our study revealed a
      high rate of healthcare-associated influenza infection (35.5 %) and a correlation
      between the total number of patients with HA influenza and the number of nurses
      on sick leave. The results of the study underline the importance of strict
      hygiene management. Furthermore, widespread influenza vaccination for both high
      risk patients and health care workers is recommended. 

PMID- 27380387
TI  - Anticoagulation in the Very Old.

PMID- 27380388
TI  - A Radical-Mediated Pathway for the Formation of [M + H](+) in Dielectric Barrier
      Discharge Ionization.
AB  - Active capillary plasma ionization is a highly efficient ambient ionization
      method. Its general principle of ion formation is closely related to atmospheric
      pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The method is based on dielectric barrier
      discharge ionization (DBDI), and can be constructed in the form of a direct flow
      through interface to a mass spectrometer. Protonated species ([M + H](+)) are
      predominantly formed, although in some cases radical cations are also observed.
      We investigated the underlying ionization mechanisms and reaction pathways for
      the formation of protonated analyte ([M + H](+)). We found that ionization occurs
      in the presence and in the absence of water vapor. Therefore, the mechanism
      cannot exclusively rely on hydronium clusters, as generally accepted for APCI.
      Based on isotope labeling experiments, protons were shown to originate from
      various solvents (other than water) and, to a minor extent, from gaseous
      impurities and/or self-protonation. By using CO2 instead of air or N2 as plasma
      gas, additional species like [M + OH](+) and [M - H](+) were observed. These gas
      phase reaction products of CO2 with the analyte (tertiary amines) indicate the
      presence of a radical-mediated ionization pathway, which proceeds by direct
      reaction of the ionized plasma gas with the analyte. The proposed reaction
      pathway is supported with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These
      findings add a new ionization pathway leading to the protonated species to those
      currently known for APCI. Graphical Abstract ?.

PMID- 27380389
TI  - The Effects of Added Hydrogen on Noble Gas Discharges Used as Ambient
      Desorption/Ionization Sources for Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - We demonstrate the effectiveness of using hydrogen-doped argon as the support gas
      for the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ambient desorption/ionization (ADI)
      source in mass spectrometry. Also, we explore the chemistry responsible for the
      signal enhancement observed when using both hydrogen-doped argon and hydrogen
      doped helium. The hydrogen-doped argon was tested for five analytes representing
      different classes of molecules. Addition of hydrogen to the argon plasma gas
      enhanced signals for gas-phase analytes and for analytes coated onto glass slides
      in positive and negative ion mode. The enhancements ranged from factors of 4 to 5
      for gas-phase analytes and factors of 2 to 40 for coated slides. There was no
      significant increase in the background. The limit of detection for caffeine was
      lowered by a factor of 79 using H2/Ar and 2 using H2/He. Results are shown that
      help explain the fundamental differences between the pure-gas discharges and
      those that are hydrogen-doped for both argon and helium. Experiments with
      different discharge geometries and grounding schemes indicate that observed
      signal enhancements are strongly dependent on discharge configuration. Graphical
      Abstract ?.

PMID- 27380390
TI  - Suicidal Ideation is Associated with Limited Engagement in HIV Care.
AB  - PHQ-9 data from persons living with HIV (PLWH, n = 4099) being screened for
      depression in three clinics in the southeastern USA were used to determine the
      prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI). SI was reported by 352 (8.6 %); associated
      with <3 years since HIV diagnosis (1.69; 95 %CI 1.35, 2.13), and HIV RNA >50
      copies/ml (1.70, 95 %CI 1.35, 2.14). Data from PLWH enrolled in a depression
      treatment study were used to determine the association between moderate-to-high
      risk SI (severity) and SI frequency reported on PHQ-9 screening. Over forty
      percent of persons reporting that SI occurred on "more than half the days" (by
      the PHQ-9) were assessed as having a moderate-to-high risk for suicide completion
      during the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. SI, including moderate
      to-high risk SI, remains a significant comorbid problem for PLWH who are not
      fully stabilized in care (as indicated by detectable HIV RNA or HIV diagnosis for
      less than 3 years).

PMID- 27380391
TI  - Closing the Gap? The HIV Continuum in Care for African-American Men Who Have Sex
      with Men, San Francisco, 2004-2014.
AB  - We examined trends in the HIV continuum in care in the National HIV Behavioral
      Surveillance surveys for MSM in San Francisco from 2004 to 2014. In 2004, HIV
      positive African-American MSM were less likely to be diagnosed (42.9 vs. 87.5 %,
      p = 0.003), linked to care (42.9 vs. 85.7 %, p = 0.007), or to have ever used
      antiretroviral treatment (ART) (28.6 vs. 69.6 %, p = 0.032) compared to white
      MSM. By 2014, these gaps had narrowed but not closed, including diagnosis (85.7
      vs. 100 %, Fisher's exact p = 0.106), linkage to care (85.7 vs. 96.8 %, Fisher's
      exact p = 0.290), and ART use (85.7 vs. 94.9 %, Fisher's exact p = 0.369).

PMID- 27380392
TI  - Comparative assessment of phthalate removal and risk in biological wastewater
      treatment systems of developing countries and small communities.
AB  - Phthalates are widely used in plastic and personnel care products. Being non
      steroid endocrine disrupting compounds, their exposure have toxic effects on
      aquatic life and human health. The aim of this study was a comparative assessment
      of their fate and risk in full scale wastewater treatment along with influence of
      seasonal variations. Four priority phthalates, Diethylphthalate (DEP),
      Dibutylphthalate (DBP), Benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and Diethylhexyl phthalate
      (DEHP) were chosen for this study and wastewater treatment plants investigated
      were designed as nutrient removal based sequencing batch reactor (SBR),
      conventional activated sludge process (ASP) and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket
      (UASB) with polishing pond. Results showed that the main removal mechanism of
      phthalates was biotransformation with removal contribution of 74% in SBR, 65% in
      conventional ASP and 37% in UASB. Overall removal of phthalates was maximum in
      the treatment combination of UASB and pond (83%) followed by SBR (80%) and
      conventional ASP (74%). Seasonal influences on occurrence, removal and risk of
      these phthalates were also studied. The concentration of DEP, DBP and DEHP in
      untreated wastewater increased by 2, 7 and 2MUg/L, respectively in summer.
      However in sludge, only large molecular weight phthalates BBP and DEHP increased
      in winter by 3mg/kg and 12mg/kg, respectively. Seasonal variations in removal of
      phthalates were discrepant in each process with better removal during summer.
      Risk assessment of phthalates to aquatic life showed that there is no potential
      risk of DEP, DBP and BBP from effluents of treatment plants however risk quotient
      of DEHP was in the range of 27-73 in both seasons which indicate probable risk to
      aquatic organisms. Phthalate risk to human beings estimated by daily intake of
      phthalates was in the range of 0.3+/-0.1 to 20+/-0.7ng/kg/d and far below their
      respective reference dosages, demonstrating the potential of these treatment
      plants to reduce the risk of phthalates. 

PMID- 27380393
TI  - Development of a multimedia model (POPsLTEA) to assess the influence of climate
      change on the fate and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in East
      Asia.
AB  - A dynamic multimedia model (POPsLTEA) for an East Asia region was developed and
      evaluated to quantitatively assess how climate change (CC) alters the
      environmental fate and transport dynamics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
      (PAHs) in air, water, soil, and sediment. To cover the entire model domain (25
      degrees N-50 degrees N and 98 degrees E-148 degrees E) where China, Japan, and
      South and North Koreas are of primary concern, a total of 5000 main cells of
      50km*50km size were used while 1008 cells of a finer spatial resolution
      (12.5km*12.5km) was nested for South Korea (33 degrees N-38 degrees N and 126
      degrees E-132 degrees E). Most of the predicted concentrations agreed with the
      observed values within one order of magnitude with a tendency of overestimation
      for air and sediment. Prediction of the atmospheric concentration was
      statistically significant in both coincidence and association, suggesting the
      model's potential to successfully predict the fate and transport of the PAHs as
      influenced by CC. An example study of benzo(a)pyrene demonstrates that direction
      and strength of the CC influence on the pollution levels vary with the location
      and environmental media. As compared to the five year period of 2011 to 2015, the
      changes across the model domain in the annual geometric mean concentration over
      the years of 2021 through 2100 were predicted to range from 88% to 304%, from 84%
      to 109%, from 32% to 362%, and from 49% to 303%, in air, soil, surface water, and
      sea water, respectively, under the scenario of RCP8.5. 

PMID- 27380394
TI  - Influence of regional hydrogeological systems at a local scale: Analyzing the
      coupled effects of hydrochemistry and biological activity in a Fe and CO2 rich
      spring.

PMID- 27380395
TI  - The impact of a high magnitude flood on metal pollution in a shallow subtropical
      estuarine embayment.
AB  - Drought-breaking floods pose a risk to coastal water quality as sediments,
      nutrients, and pollutants stored within catchments during periods of low flow are
      mobilized and delivered to coastal waters within a short period of time. Here we
      use subtidal surface sediment surveys and sediment cores to explore the effects
      of the 2011 Brisbane River flood on trace metals zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper
      (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and phosphorus (P) deposition
      in Moreton Bay, a shallow subtropical bay in eastern Australia. Concentrations of
      Zn, Cu, and Pb in sediments in central Moreton Bay derived from the 2011 flood
      were the highest yet observed in the Bay. We suggest flushing of metal rich
      sediments which had accumulated on the Brisbane River floodplain and in its
      estuary during the preceding 10 to 40years of low flows to be the primary source
      of this increase. This highlights the importance of intermittent high magnitude
      floods in tidally influenced rivers in controlling metal transport to coastal
      waters in subtropical regions. 

PMID- 27380396
TI  - Analysis, occurrence, fate and risks of proton pump inhibitors, their metabolites
      and transformation products in aquatic environment: A review.
AB  - Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) which include omeprazole, esomeprazole,
      lansoprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole, are extensively used for the relief
      of gastro-intestinal disorders. Despite their high worldwide consumption, PPIs
      are extensively metabolized in human bodies and therefore are not regularly
      detected in monitoring studies. Very recently, however, it has been shown that
      some omeprazole metabolites may enter and are likely to persist in aquatic
      environment. Hence, to fully assess the environmental exposures and risks
      associated with PPIs, it is important to better understand and evaluate the fate
      and behavior not only of the parent compound but also of their metabolites and
      their transformation products arising from biotic and abiotic processes
      (hydrolysis, photodegradation, biodegradation etc.) in the environment. In this
      light, the purpose of this review is to summarize the present state of knowledge
      on the introduction and behavior of these chemicals in natural and engineering
      systems and highlight research needs and gaps. It draws attention to their
      transformation, the increase contamination by their metabolites/TPs in different
      environmental matrices and their potential adverse effects in the environment.
      Furthermore, existing research on analytical developments with respect to sample
      treatment, separation and detection of PPIs and their metabolites/TPs is
      provided. 

PMID- 27380397
TI  - PROMIS Computer Adaptive Tests Compared With Time to Brake in Patients With
      Complex Lower Extremity Trauma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the PROMIS Physical Function and Pain Interference
      Computer Adaptive Tests (PROMIS PF CAT and PROMIS PI CAT) with time to brake
      (TTB) in patients with complex lower extremity traumas for evaluating whether
      patients can safely return to driving. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Level-1
      trauma center. PATIENTS: Sixty-three patients with lower extremity injuries to
      the pelvis, acetabulum, hip, femur, knee, tibia/fibula, ankle, and foot within 15
      weeks of treatment. INTERVENTION: The TTB of patients with complex lower
      extremity trauma were tested at various time points postoperatively on a
      computerized driving simulator. Patients concurrently completed PROMIS PF CAT and
      PROMIS PI CAT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Correlations between TTB, PROMIS PF CAT, and
      PROMIS PI CAT. RESULTS: The mean TTB for the healthy control group was 0.61
      seconds. There was a statistically significant correlation between time since
      treatment and TTB (B = -0.008 s/d; P = 0.041) for right-sided lower extremity
      injuries below the knee (tibia/fibula, ankle, foot). TTB for right-sided injuries
      below the knee also significantly correlated with PROMIS PI CAT (B = 0.022; P =
      0.029). The PROMIS PI CAT value was 43 when the healthy control group TTB was
      equal to 0.61 seconds. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the PROMIS PI CAT
      can be used as an adjunct to the TTB in assessing whether a patient can safely
      return to driving.

PMID- 27380398
TI  - Predictors of Nonunion and Infectious Complications in Patients With
      Posttraumatic Subtalar Arthrodesis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was (1) to identify predictors of
      both nonunion and postoperative wound infections (POWI) and (2) to assess the
      union and complication rate following posttraumatic subtalar arthrodesis (STA).
      DESIGN: Retrospective comparative cohort study. SETTING: Level 1 trauma center.
      PATIENTS: All consecutive adult patients with STA following traumatic injuries
      between 2000 and May 2015. INTERVENTION: STA for posttraumatic deformities. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Union (described as a combination of radiographic signs of
      osseous bridging and a clinically fused joint) and POWI as classified by the
      Centers for Disease and Control. RESULTS: A total number of 93 (96 feet) patients
      met the inclusion criteria. Union was achieved in 89% of patients. For primary,
      secondary in situ, and secondary correction arthrodesis, these percentages were
      94%, 84,% and 90%, respectively (NS). The union rate significantly increased over
      time (P = 0.02). In 17 patients (18%), a POWI occurred, of which 2 were
      classified as superficial and 15 as deep POWIs. The POWI rate did not differ
      between the groups. Alcohol, nicotine, and drug abuse were not significantly
      associated with the occurrence of POWIs. Patients with an open fracture or an
      infection following open reduction internal fixation had a greater risk of a POWI
      following STA (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We could not
      identify predictors for nonunion. In 18% of the patients, an infectious
      complication following surgery occurred. Patients with an open fracture or an
      infection after primary surgical treatment (ie, open reduction internal fixation)
      have a higher chance of POWIs following STA. The union rate following
      posttraumatic STA is 89%. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See
      Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 27380399
TI  - Does fibrin sealant applied to the kidney wound of a young rat affect the
      development of this organ? A comparative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the results of the application of
      fibrin sealant and absorbable interrupted sutures and to evaluate the impact of
      the kidney wound closure method on the further development of the organ in young
      rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 140 rats, a longitudinal bipolar incision of the
      renal parenchyma was made. In the study group the wound was closed using a fibrin
      sealant, whereas in the control group single absorbable sutures were applied to
      the renal parenchyma. Intravenous pyelography, postmortem and histopathological
      examinations were carried out 4 weeks and 6 months after the surgery. RESULTS:
      The blood loss was smaller and the time of procedure shorter in the study group
      than in controls, and the differences were statistically significant. Both 4
      weeks and 6 months after the surgery, the differences in the kidney dimensions
      and kidney weight between the two groups were statistically significant. The
      differences increased after a longer period of time following the surgery. The
      histopathological examination revealed that in the case of animals with surgical
      sutures applied to the wound, the rate of resorptive granulomas and abscess
      formation was higher, whereas kidneys with fibrin sealant applied to the wound
      featured a high number of lymphocytic infiltrations of minor severity.
      CONCLUSIONS: The application of the fibrin sealant simplified the surgical
      procedure, shortened its duration, and provided hemostasis and permanent closure
      of the wound. The fibrin sealant facilitates the process of wound healing. The
      application of a fibrin sealant, compared to surgical sutures, improved the
      growth of rat kidneys without impairing their functions.

PMID- 27380401
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380402
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380403
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380400
TI  - Role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the progression of renal
      disease.
AB  - The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has many well-documented
      pathophysiologic functions in both blood pressure regulation and renal disease
      development. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the major bioactive product of the RAS.
      It induces inflammation, renal cell growth, mitogenesis, apoptosis, migration,
      and differentiation. In addition, Ang II regulates the gene expression of
      bioactive substances and activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways that
      are involved in renal damage. Activation of the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor
      pathway results in the production of proinflammatory mediators, intracellular
      formation of reactive oxygen species, cell proliferation, and extracellular
      matrix synthesis, which in turn facilities renal injury. Involvement of
      angiotensinogen (AGT) in intrarenal RAS activation and development of renal
      disease has previously been reported. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that
      the urinary excretion rates of AGT provide a specific index of the intrarenal RAS
      status. Enhanced intrarenal AGT levels have been observed in experimental models
      of renal disease, supporting the concept that AGT plays an important role in the
      development and progression of renal disease. In this review, we focus on the
      role of intrarenal RAS activation in the pathophysiology of renal disease.
      Additionally, we explored the potential of urinary AGT as a novel biomarker of
      intrarenal RAS status in renal disease.

PMID- 27380404
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380405
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380406
TI  - Ingenane Diterpenoids.
AB  - Despite a more recent isolation and chemical characterization when compared to
      phorbol, along with its chemical instability, limited distribution in Nature, and
      scarce availability, ingenol is the only Euphorbia diterpenoid that has undergone
      successful pharmaceutical development, with ingenol 3-angelate (ingenol mebutate,
      Picato((r))) entering the pharmaceutical market in 2012 for the treatment of
      actinic keratosis. The phytochemical, chemical, and biological literature on
      members of the ingenane class of diterpenoids is reviewed from their first
      isolation in 1968 through 2015, highlighting unresolved issues both common to
      phorboids (biogenesis, relationship between molecular targets, and in vivo
      activity) and specific to ingenol derivatives (two-dimensional representation, in
      out stereoisomerism, versatility of binding mode to PKC, and inconsistencies in
      the structural elucidation of some classes of derivatives). The biogenesis of
      ingenol is discussed in the light of the Jakupovic proposal of a dissection
      between the formation of the macrocyclic Euphorbia diterpenoids and the
      phorboids, and the clinical development of ingenol mebutate is chronicled in the
      light of its "reverse-pharmacology" focus. 

PMID- 27380408
TI  - Correction: Correction: The Spread of Dengue in an Endemic Urban Milieu-The Case
      of Delhi, India.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152847.].

PMID- 27380407
TI  - The Laurencia Paradox: An Endless Source of Chemodiversity.
AB  - Nature, the most prolific source of biological and chemical diversity, has
      provided mankind with treatments for health problems since ancient times and
      continues to be the most promising reservoir of bioactive chemicals for the
      development of modern drugs. In addition to the terrestrial organisms that still
      remain a promising source of new bioactive metabolites, the marine environment,
      covering approximately 70% of the Earth's surface and containing a largely
      unexplored biodiversity, offers an enormous resource for the discovery of novel
      compounds. According to the MarinLit database, more than 27,000 metabolites from
      marine macro- and microorganisms have been isolated to date providing material
      and key structures for the development of new products in the pharmaceutical,
      food, cosmeceutical, chemical, and agrochemical sectors. Algae, which thrive in
      the euphotic zone, were among the first marine organisms that were investigated
      as sources of food, nutritional supplements, soil fertilizers, and bioactive
      metabolites.Red algae of the genus Laurencia are accepted unanimously as one of
      the richest sources of new secondary metabolites. Their cosmopolitan
      distribution, along with the chemical variation influenced to a significant
      degree by environmental and genetic factors, have resulted in an endless parade
      of metabolites, often featuring multiple halogenation sites.The present
      contribution, covering the literature until August 2015, offers a comprehensive
      view of the chemical wealth and the taxonomic problems currently impeding
      chemical and biological investigations of the genus Laurencia. Since mollusks
      feeding on Laurencia are, in many cases, bioaccumulating, and utilize algal
      metabolites as chemical weaponry against natural enemies, metabolites of
      postulated dietary origin of sea hares that feed on Laurencia species are also
      included in the present review. Altogether, 1047 secondary metabolites, often
      featuring new carbocyclic skeletons, have been included.The chapter addresses:
      (1) the "Laurencia complex", the botanical description and the growth and
      population dynamics of the genus, as well as its chemical diversity and
      ecological relations; (2) the secondary metabolites, which are organized
      according to their chemical structures and are classified into sesquiterpenes,
      diterpenes, triterpenes, acetogenins, indoles, aromatic compounds, steroids, and
      miscellaneous compounds, as well as their sources of isolation which are depicted
      in tabulated form, and (3) the biological activity organized according to the
      biological target and the ecological functions of Laurencia metabolites. 

PMID- 27380409
TI  - Emotion and Implicit Timing.
AB  - This study examined the effects of emotion on implicit timing. In the implicit
      timing task used, the participants did not receive any temporal instructions.
      Instead they were simply asked and trained to press a key as quickly as possible
      after a stimulus (response stimulus) that was separated from a preceding stimulus
      by a given temporal interval (reference interval duration). However, in the
      testing phase, the interval duration was the reference interval duration or a
      shorter or longer interval duration. In addition, the participants attended two
      sessions: a first baseline session in which no stimulus was presented during the
      inter-stimulus intervals, and a second emotional session in which emotional
      facial expressions (angry, neutral and sad facial expressions) were presented
      during these intervals. Results showed faster RTs for interval durations close to
      the reference duration in both the baseline and the emotional conditions and
      yielded a U-shaped curve. This suggests that implicit processing of time persists
      in emotional contexts. In addition, the RT was faster for the facial expressions
      of anger than for those of neutrality and sadness. However, the U-shaped RT curve
      did not peak clearly at a shorter interval duration for the angry than for the
      other facial expressions. This lack of time distortion in an implicit timing task
      in response to arousing emotional stimuli questions the idea of an automatic
      speeding-up of the interval clock system involved in the representation of time. 

PMID- 27380410
TI  - Cell Size Critically Determines Initial Retention of Bone Marrow Mononuclear
      Cells in the Heart after Intracoronary Injection: Evidence from a Rat Model.
AB  - Intracoronary injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) is an emerging
      treatment for heart failure. Initial donor cell retention in the heart is the key
      to the success of this approach, but this process remains insufficiently
      characterized. Although it is assumed that cell size of injected cells may
      influence their initial retention, no scientific evidence has been reported. We
      developed a unique model utilizing an ex-vivo rat heart perfusion system,
      enabling quantitative assessment of retention of donor cells after intracoronary
      injection. The initial (5 minutes after intracoronary injection) retention rate
      of BMMNC was as low as approximately 20% irrespective of donor cell doses
      injected (1*106, 8*106, 4*107). Quantitative cell-size assessment revealed a
      positive relationship between the size of BMMNC and retention ratio; larger
      subpopulations of BMMNC were more preferentially retained compared to smaller
      ones. Furthermore, a larger cell type-bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal
      cells (median size = 11.5MUm versus 7.0MUm for BMMNC)-had a markedly increased
      retention rate (77.5+/-1.8%). A positive relationship between the cell size and
      retention ratio was also seen in mesenchymal stromal cells. Flow-cytometric
      studies showed expression of cell-surface proteins, including integrins and
      selectin-ligands, was unchanged between pre-injection BMMNC and those exited from
      the heart, suggesting that biochemical interaction between donor cells and host
      coronary endothelium is not critical for BMMNC retention. Histological analyses
      showed that retained BMMNC and mesenchymal stromal cells were entrapped in the
      coronary vasculature and did not extravasate by 60 minutes after transplantation.
      Whilst BMMNC did not change coronary flow after intracoronary injection,
      mesenchymal stromal cells reduced it, suggesting coronary embolism, which was
      supported by the histological finding of intravascular cell-clump formation.
      These data indicate that cell-size dependent, passive (mechanical), intravascular
      entrapment is responsible for the initial donor cell retention after
      intracoronary injection of BMMNC in the heart having normal vasculatures (at
      least). 

PMID- 27380412
TI  - Reply to the Letter by Uzun and Pehlivan Entitled 'Characteristics of
      Hyperautofluorescent Choroidal Vessels within the Macular Atrophic Area Using
      Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography'.

PMID- 27380411
TI  - Cdo Regulates Surface Expression of Kir2.1 K+ Channel in Myoblast
      Differentiation.
AB  - A potassium channel Kir2.1-associated membrane hyperpolarization is required for
      myogenic differentiation. However the molecular regulatory mechanisms modulating
      Kir2.1 channel activities in early stage of myogenesis are largely unknown. A
      cell surface protein, Cdo functions as a component of multiprotein cell surface
      complexes to promote myogenesis. In this study, we report that Cdo forms a
      complex with Kir2.1 during myogenic differentiation, and is required for the
      channel activity by enhancing the surface expression of Kir2.1 in the early stage
      of differentiation. The expression of a constitutively active form of the
      upstream kinase for p38MAPK, MKK6(EE) can restore Kir2.1 activities in Cdo
      depleted C2C12 cells, while the treatment with a p38MAPK inhibitor, SB203580
      exhibits a similar effect of Cdo depletion on Kir2.1 surface expression.
      Furthermore, Cdo-/- primary myoblasts, which display a defective differentiation
      program, exhibit a defective Kir2.1 activity. Taken together, our results suggest
      that a promyogenic Cdo signaling is critical for Kir2.1 activities in the
      induction of myogenic differentiation. 

PMID- 27380413
TI  - Next-Generation "-omics" Approaches Reveal a Massive Alteration of Host RNA
      Metabolism during Bacteriophage Infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - As interest in the therapeutic and biotechnological potentials of bacteriophages
      has grown, so has value in understanding their basic biology. However, detailed
      knowledge of infection cycles has been limited to a small number of model
      bacteriophages, mostly infecting Escherichia coli. We present here the first
      analysis coupling data obtained from global next-generation approaches, RNA
      Sequencing and metabolomics, to characterize interactions between the virulent
      bacteriophage PAK_P3 and its host Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We detected a dramatic
      global depletion of bacterial transcripts coupled with their replacement by viral
      RNAs over the course of infection, eventually leading to drastic changes in
      pyrimidine metabolism. This process relies on host machinery hijacking as
      suggested by the strong up-regulation of one bacterial operon involved in RNA
      processing. Moreover, we found that RNA-based regulation plays a central role in
      PAK_P3 lifecycle as antisense transcripts are produced mainly during the early
      stage of infection and viral small non coding RNAs are massively expressed at the
      end of infection. This work highlights the prominent role of RNA metabolism in
      the infection strategy of a bacteriophage belonging to a new characterized sub
      family of viruses with promising therapeutic potential.

PMID- 27380414
TI  - Photodegradation of Polyfluorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins in Organic Solvents:
      Experimental and Theoretical Studies.
AB  - Eighteen polyfluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PFDDs) were synthesized by pyrolysis
      of fluorophenols. Using a 500 W Xe lamp as the light source, the PFDDs
      photodegradation kinetics in n-hexane were investigated. The photolysis reactions
      obeyed the pseudo-first-order rate equation, and higher fluorinated PFDDs tended
      to photolyze more slowly. Theoretically calculated parameters reflecting the
      molecular structural properties were used to develop a new model of PFDDs
      photolysis rates. The results indicated that the substitution pattern for
      fluorine atoms and the C-O bond length were major factors in the photolysis of
      PFDDs. We selected octafluorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OFDD) as a representative
      PFDDs to explore the influence of solvent on the photolysis rate of PFDDs, and
      the results indicated that neither the polarity nor donor hydrogen of organic
      solvents are independent influencing factors. Mechanistic pathways for the
      photolysis of OFDD in n-hexane were first studied. The results indicated that
      photodegradation of OFDD produces octafluorinated dihydroxybiphenyls,
      octafluorinated phenoxyphenols, and fluorinated phenols. The major pathway for
      photodegradation of OFDD was C-O bond cleavage. Defluorination reactions did not
      occur during the photolysis process.

PMID- 27380415
TI  - Comparing airway topical anaesthesia techniques for awake fibreoptic intubation.

PMID- 27380416
TI  - Erratum to: Microsolvation and hydration enthalpies of CaC2O4(H2O) n (n = 0-16)
      and C2O42-(H2O) n (n = 0-14): an ab initio study.

PMID- 27380417
TI  - Assessing the Effects of the New Cooperative Medical Scheme on Alleviating the
      Health Payment-Induced Poverty in Shaanxi Province, China.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disease has become one of the key causes of falling into poverty in
      rural China. The poor households are even more likely to suffer. The New
      Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) has been implemented to provide rural residents
      financial protection against health risks. This study aims to assess the effect
      of the NCMS on alleviating health payment-induced poverty in the Shaanxi Province
      of China. METHODS: The data was drawn from the 5th National Health Service Survey
      of Shaanxi Province, conducted in 2013. In total, 41,037 individuals covered by
      NCMS were selected. Poverty headcount ratio (HCR), poverty gap and mean positive
      poverty gap were used for measuring the incidence, depth and intensity of
      poverty, respectively. The differences on poverty measures pre- and post-
      insurance reimbursement indicate the effectiveness of alleviating health payment
      induced poverty under NCMS. RESULTS: For the general insured, 5.81% of households
      fell below the national poverty line owing to the health payment; this HCR
      dropped to 4.84% after insurance reimbursement. The poverty HCRs for the insured
      that had hospitalization in the past year dropped from 7.50% to 2.09% after
      reimbursement. With the NCMS compensation, the poverty gap declined from 42.90
      Yuan to 34.49 Yuan (19.60% decreased) for the general insured and from 57.48 Yuan
      to 10.01 Yuan (82.59% decreased) for the hospital admission insured. The mean
      positive poverty gap declined 3.56% and 37.40% for two samples, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: The NCMS could alleviate the health payment-induced poverty. The
      effectiveness of alleviating health payment-induced poverty is greater for
      hospital admission insured than for general insured, mainly because NCMS
      compensates for serious diseases. Our study suggests that a more comprehensive
      insurance benefit package design could further improve the effectiveness of
      poverty alleviation.

PMID- 27380418
TI  - Correction: Effects of Pyrolysis Temperature on Product Yields and Energy
      Recovery from Co-Feeding of Cotton Gin Trash, Cow Manure, and Microalgae: A
      Simulation Study.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152230.].

PMID- 27380419
TI  - A Calcium-Ion-Stabilized Lipase from Pseudomonas stutzeri ZS04 and its
      Application in Resolution of Chiral Aryl Alcohols.
AB  - An extracellular organic solvent-tolerant lipase-producing bacterium was isolated
      from oil-contaminated soil samples and was identified taxonomically as
      Pseudomonas stutzeri, from which the lipase was purified and exhibited maximal
      activity at temperature of 50  degrees C and pH of 9.0. Meanwhile, the lipase was
      stable below or at 30  degrees C and over an alkaline pH range (7.5-11.0). Ca2+
      could significantly improve the lipase thermal stability which prompts a
      promising application in biocatalysis through convenient medium engineering. The
      lipase demonstrated striking features such as distinct stability to the most
      tested hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents (25 %, v/v), and DMSO could activate
      the lipase dramatically. In the enzyme-catalyzed resolution, lipase ZS04
      manifested excellent enantioselective esterification toward the (R)-1-(4
      methoxyphenyl)-ethanol (MOPE), a crucial chiral intermediate in pharmaceuticals
      as well as in other analogs with strict substrate specificity and theoretical
      highest conversion yield. This strong advantage over other related schemes made
      lipase ZS04 a promising biocatalyst in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical
      applications.

PMID- 27380420
TI  - Enzymatic Production of Glutathione by Bifunctional gamma-Glutamylcysteine
      Synthetase/Glutathione Synthetase Coupled with In Vitro Acetate Kinase-Based ATP
      Generation.
AB  - Glutathione (gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, GSH) is a pharmaceutical compound
      often used in food additives and the cosmetics industry. GSH can be produced
      biologically from L-glutamic acid, L-cysteine, and glycine through an enzymatic
      process traditionally involving two sequential adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      dependent reactions catalyzed by gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS or
      GSHI, EC 6.3.2.2) and GSH synthetase (GS or GSHII, EC 6.3.2.3). Here, we report
      the enzymatic production of GSH by recombinant cell-free bifunctional gamma
      glutamylcysteine synthetase/glutathione synthetase (gamma-GCS-GS or GshF) coupled
      with in vitro acetate kinase-based ATP generation. GSH production by an acetate
      kinase-integrated Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) mutant expressing Streptococcus
      thermophilus GshF reached 18.3 +/- 0.1 g l-1 (59.5 +/- 0.3 mM) within 3 h, with a
      molar yield of 0.75 +/- 0.00 mol mol-1 added cysteine and a productivity of 6.1
      +/- 0.0 g l-1 h-1. This is the highest GSH titer reported to date. This newly
      developed biocatalytic process offers a promising approach for meeting the
      industrial requirements for GSH production.

PMID- 27380421
TI  - Understanding the Nonproductive Enzyme Adsorption and Physicochemical Properties
      of Residual Lignins in Moso Bamboo Pretreated with Sulfuric Acid and Kraft
      Pulping.
AB  - In this work, to elucidate why the acid-pretreated bamboo shows disappointingly
      low enzymatic digestibility comparing to the alkali-pretreated bamboo, residual
      lignins in acid-pretreated and kraft pulped bamboo were isolated and analyzed by
      adsorption isotherm to evaluate their extents of nonproductive enzyme adsorption.
      Meanwhile, physicochemical properties of the isolated lignins were analyzed and a
      relationship was established with non-productive adsorption. Results showed that
      the adsorption affinity and binding strength of cellulase on acid-pretreated
      bamboo lignin (MWLa) was significantly higher than that on residual lignin in
      pulped bamboo (MWLp). The maximum adsorption capacity of cellulase on MWLp was
      129.49 mg/g lignin, which was lower than that on MWLa (160.25 mg/g lignin). When
      isolated lignins were added into the Avicel hydrolysis solution, the inhibitory
      effect on enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of MWLa was found to be considerably
      stronger than that with MWLp. The cellulase adsorption on isolated lignins was
      correlated positively with hydrophobicity, phenolic hydroxyl group, and degree of
      condensation but negatively with surface charges and aliphatic hydroxyl group.
      These results suggest that the higher nonproductive cellulase adsorption and
      physicochemical properties of residual lignin in acid-pretreated bamboo may be
      responsible for its disappointingly low enzymatic digestibility.

PMID- 27380423
TI  - Zika virus: Facing a new threat.

PMID- 27380422
TI  - Molecular Signals Involved in Human B Cell Migration into the Retina: In Vitro
      Investigation of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CXCL13.
AB  - PURPOSE: B cells participate in diverse retinal immunopathologies. Endothelial
      adhesion molecules and chemokines direct leukocyte trafficking. We examined the
      involvement of three molecular signals in retinal transendothelial migration of
      human B cells: ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CXCL13. METHODS: Peripheral blood B cells were
      isolated by negative selection. Migration was studied in transwells populated
      with human retinal endothelial monolayers, using antibody to block ICAM-1 or VCAM
      1. Retinal expression of CXCL13 was investigated. RESULTS: B cells crossed
      retinal endothelium. ICAM-1 blockade significantly reduced migration when results
      for all subjects were combined, and for a majority when results were analyzed by
      individual. This effect was irrespective of the presence or absence of CXCL13,
      although CXCL13 increased migration. CXCL13 was detected in neural retina and
      retinal pigment epithelium. Endothelial cells of some retinal vessels presented
      CXCL13 protein. CONCLUSION: ICAM-1 blockade may be an effective treatment in some
      patients with retinal diseases that involve B cells.

PMID- 27380424
TI  - Inconsistency and social decision making in patients with Borderline Personality
      Disorder.
AB  - Inconsistent social behavior is a core psychopathological feature of borderline
      personality disorder. The goal of the present study was to examine inconsistency
      in social decision-making using simple economic social experiments. We
      investigated the decisions of 17 female patients with BPD, 24 patients with major
      depressive disorder (MDD), and 36 healthy controls in three single shot economic
      experiments measuring trust, cooperation, and punishment. BPD severity was
      assessed using the Zanarini Rating Scale for BPD. Investments across identical
      one-shot trust and punishment games were significantly more inconsistent in BPD
      patients than in controls. Such inconsistencies were only found in the social
      risk conditions of the trust and punishment conditions but not in the non-social
      control conditions. MDD patients did not show such inconsistencies. Furthermore,
      social support was negatively correlated with inconsistent decision-making in the
      trust and punishment game, which underscores the clinical relevance of this
      finding.

PMID- 27380426
TI  - The Surface Science of Catalysis and More, Using Ultrathin Oxide Films as
      Templates: A Perspective.
AB  - Surface science has had a major influence on the understanding of processes at
      surfaces relevant to catalysis. Real catalysts are complex materials, and in
      order to approach an understanding at the atomic level, it is necessary in a
      first step to drastically reduce complexity and then systematically increase it
      again in order to capture the various structural and electronic factors important
      for the function of the real catalytic material. The use of thin oxide films as
      templates to mimic three-dimensional supports as such or for metal particles as
      well as to model charge barriers turns out to be appropriate to approach an
      understanding of metal-support interactions. Thin oxide films also exhibit
      properties in their own right that turn out to be relevant in catalysis. Thin
      oxide film formation may also be used to create unique two-dimensional materials.
      The present perspective introduces the subject using case studies and indicates
      possible routes to further apply this approach successfully.

PMID- 27380425
TI  - Protein Sialylation Regulates a Gene Expression Signature that Promotes Breast
      Cancer Cell Pathogenicity.
AB  - Many mechanisms have been proposed for how heightened aerobic glycolytic
      metabolism fuels cancer pathogenicity, but there are still many unexplored
      pathways. Here, we have performed metabolomic profiling to map glucose
      incorporation into metabolic pathways upon transformation of mammary epithelial
      cells by 11 commonly mutated human oncogenes. We show that transformation of
      mammary epithelial cells by oncogenic stimuli commonly shunts glucose-derived
      carbons into synthesis of sialic acid, a hexosamine pathway metabolite that is
      converted to CMP-sialic acid by cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid
      synthase (CMAS) as a precursor to glycoprotein and glycolipid sialylation. We
      show that CMAS knockdown leads to elevations in intracellular sialic acid levels,
      a depletion of cellular sialylation, and alterations in the expression of many
      cancer-relevant genes to impair breast cancer pathogenicity. Our study reveals
      the heretofore unrecognized role of sialic acid metabolism and protein
      sialylation in regulating the expression of genes that maintain breast cancer
      pathogenicity.

PMID- 27380427
TI  - LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA TYPE 12 CAUSED BY CRB1
      MUTATIONS: A Severe Phenotype With Considerable Interindividual Variability.
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine the long-term clinical course and variability in a large
      pedigree segregating CRB1 type autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS:
      An observational case study of 30 patients with CRB1 type autosomal recessive
      retinitis pigmentosa, homozygous for the CRB1 c.3122T > C; p.(Met1041Thr)
      mutation from a Dutch genetically isolated population in which the CRB1 gene was
      originally identified. The authors evaluated medical records, analyzed a
      questionnaire, and performed a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including
      optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 19 years (range 0-45
      years, SD 15 years). With aging, patients showed progressive visual decline,
      deterioration of visual fields, increasing narrowing of the anterior chamber,
      increased prevalence of cataract, and an increase in the amount of intraretinal
      pigmentations. Fifty percent of patients had a visual acuity of <=0.3 at Age 18
      and of <=0.1 at Age 35. Electroretinogram responses were severely reduced or
      absent already at a young age and optical coherence tomography showed increased
      retinal thickness with often cystoid maculopathy at young age, and thinning of
      the retina and disorientation of the photoreceptor layer in the late stages. The
      clinical course showed considerable interindividual variability, but
      intraindividual similarity between both eyes was the rule. CONCLUSION: The wide
      and variable clinical spectrum in patients with the same CRB1 mutation supports
      the hypothesis that the CRB1 type autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa
      phenotype is modulated by other factors. The clinical variability will make it
      harder to evaluate the effect of (upcoming) therapies for retinitis pigmentosa,
      although because of the intraindividual similarity between both eyes, the
      contralateral eye can be used as an excellent internal control.

PMID- 27380428
TI  - POSTERIOR EYE SEGMENT COMPLICATIONS RELATED TO ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL
      TRANSPLANTATION.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify complications in the posterior eye segment in patients who
      have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
      METHODS: This retrospective cohort study enrolled 747 patients with hematologic
      disease who had undergone allogeneic HSCT at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital from
      January 2009 to December 2012. The posterior eye segment complications were
      evaluated by reviewing information in medical records at the Department of
      Hematology and Ophthalmology, including the types, onset times, locations, and
      resolution times of the complications according to the treatment periods for
      HSCT; in addition, a subgroup analysis was performed. RESULTS: Among the 635
      included patients, 48 (7.6%) experienced complications related to HSCT in the
      posterior eye segment. Twenty patients were diagnosed with retinal hemorrhage, 16
      with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, and 5 with uveitis. Six patients (37.5%)
      with retinal hemorrhage had a lesion in Zone 1 and took more time to recover from
      this complication. Retinal tear (1/16, 6.3%) and rhegmatogenous retinal
      detachment (2/16, 12.5%) were observed in the patients with CMV retinitis. Among
      the 20 patients with retinal hemorrhage, 18 (90.0%) had thrombocytopenia, 14
      (70.0%) had pancytopenia, and 7 (35.0%) had profound cytopenia. Cytomegalovirus
      viremia was detected in 16 (72.7%) of the 22 patients with inflammation
      associated complications. CONCLUSION: Understanding of each patient's general
      condition, which is affected by the specific procedures used for HSCT, is
      important for the diagnosis and management of transplantation-related
      complications in the posterior eye segment.

PMID- 27380429
TI  - TOWARDS A TREATMENT FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: Intravitreal Toxicity and
      Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to determine the maximum tolerated dose
      of a single intravitreal injection of aminoguanidine and 1400W, 2 inhibitors of
      inducible nitric oxide synthase, in rabbit eyes. Inhibition of inducible nitric
      oxide synthase has already been shown to be beneficial in various animal models
      of diabetic eye disease. METHODS: Groups of 4 New Zealand white rabbits were
      injected with balanced salt solution in the right eye and a single dose of either
      aminoguanidine (5, 1, 0.25 mg) or 1400W (2 mg and 0.4 mg) in the left eye.
      Toxicity was assessed by slit-lamp and fundus examination, intraocular pressure
      and pachymetric measurements, and electrophysiologic and histologic analysis.
      RESULTS: Eyes injected with high doses of aminoguanidine (5 mg) or 1400W (2 mg)
      demonstrated severe retinal vascular attenuation and infarction. Lower doses of
      intravitreal aminoguanidine (1 mg) and 1400W (0.4 mg) caused no significant toxic
      ocular effects in rabbit eyes. CONCLUSION: If the difference in vitreal volume
      between rabbit eyes and human eyes is taken into account, aminoguanidine (2.7 mg)
      and 1400W (1 mg) would be reasonable intravitreal doses to test for safety and
      efficacy in early clinical trials.

PMID- 27380430
TI  - RETICULAR PSEUDODRUSEN ARE NOT A PREDICTIVE FACTOR FOR THE 1-YEAR RESPONSE TO
      INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) as a potential baseline
      factor predictive of a poor 1-year response to intravitreal ranibizumab in eyes
      with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Retrospective,
      monocentric case series including 98 consecutive naive neovascular age-related
      macular degeneration patients. Presence of RPD was assessed by two graders based
      on color, blue-light, fundus autofluorescence pictures, and spectral-domain
      optical coherence tomography. A correlation between the presence of RPD and the
      visual change was investigated. Other baseline characteristics studied in a
      monovariate and multivariate analysis were the following: age, gender, affected
      side, loading dose, type of neovascularization, presence of retinal pigment
      epithelial detachment >250 MUm, subretinal or intraretinal fluid, blood over >50%
      of the lesion, and subfoveal choroidal thickness. RESULTS: The presence of RPD
      was not associated with a visual change (P = 0.96), but with a thin subfoveal
      choroidal thickness at baseline (P < 0.0001). The monovariate analysis showed
      that the presence of blood at baseline was associated with visual gain (P =
      0.007). CONCLUSION: The presence of RPD at baseline was not identified as a
      factor associated with a poor 1-year response to ranibizumab in eyes with
      neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Studies with a longer follow-up may
      be needed to assess the impact of RPD on the visual prognosis of eyes with
      neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

PMID- 27380431
TI  - CHORIORETINAL WHITE DOT LESIONS IN EYES WITH MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS AND TILTED
      DISK SYNDROME WITH INFERIOR STAPHYLOMA.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the influence of tilted disk syndrome (TDS) and inferior
      staphyloma on the macular clinical expression of MFC. METHODS: Medical charts of
      patients with MFC examined since 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. All patients
      underwent standard examination and multimodal imaging including fundus color
      photography, fundus autofluorescence, and spectral domain optical coherence
      tomography. Two groups of patients were compared : Group 1 with TDS and inferior
      staphyloma and Group 2 without. The number of MFC spots were counted and
      normalized to the surface area in a circle centered about the fovea. In Group 1,
      the number of lesions inside the staphyloma was compared with that outside the
      staphyloma. RESULTS: At baseline, 8 eyes in Group 1 had a mean (+/-SD) higher
      number of chorioretinal lesions outside the staphyloma (14.5 [+/-7.2]) than
      within the staphyloma (5 [+/-5.5]) (P = 0.017). All 11 eyes in Group 2 had
      chorioretinal lesions homogeneously distributed in the posterior pole. Eyes with
      TDS and inferior staphyloma developed choroidal neovascularization more
      frequently (6/8 eyes) than eyes without TDS (5/11 eyes) (P = 0.026). CONCLUSION:
      Inferior staphyloma associated with TDS could modulate the clinical expression of
      the inflammatory and neovascular process in eyes with MFC.

PMID- 27380432
TI  - Psychopathy and low communion: An overlooked and underappreciated core feature.
AB  - Psychopathy is a personality disorder that is robustly linked to interpersonal
      difficulties, delinquency, aggression, and general antisocial conduct. Previous
      research has explored a number of potential deficits underlying these behaviors
      including reduced fear, impaired emotional responding, and poor response
      modulation. Drawing from extant personality work that has demonstrated the
      importance of interpersonal antagonism as a core feature of psychopathy, the
      present project examines low communion as a potential core feature of the
      disorder in a novel manner-using a social discounting lab task. This possibility
      was examined in 195 undergraduate students (49% male) via a multimethod approach.
      In addition to a measure of psychopathy, participants completed a novel social
      discounting laboratory task designed to measure communion. Participants also
      completed self-report measures of communion and related constructs including the
      NEO Personality Inventory-Revised, Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire,
      and Interpersonal Adjective Scales. Results indicate that psychopathic
      individuals are lower in their level of communion and value social relationships
      less. Dysfunctions in communion should be studied more specifically in
      psychopathy as it may be a core feature of the disorder. (PsycINFO Database
      Record

PMID- 27380433
TI  - Role of neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody on chronic
      ozone-induced airway inflammation in mice.
AB  - Exposure to ozone has led to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness,
      which potential mechanisms relate to ozone-induced oxidative stress. IL-17 is a
      growing target for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The aim of the study was
      to examine the inhibitory effects of anti-murine interleukin-17A monoclonal
      antibody (IL-17mAb) on adverse effects of ozone which are noted above. After
      C57/BL6 mice were exposed to ozone (2.5ppm; 3h) for 12 times over 6 weeks, IL
      17mAb, PBS was intraperitoneally injected into mice 1h after ozone or air
      exposure for 6 weeks and mice were studied 24h after final exposure, monitoring
      bronchial responsiveness, airway inflammatory cells, lung histology, levels of
      neutrophil-related chemokine and proinflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar
      lavage (BAL) fluid and serum, the expression of IL-17A mRNA and protein,
      glucocorticoid receptors (GR), and the phosphorylation of p38MAPK in lung
      tissues. The administration of IL-17mAb reduced the ozone-induced increases in
      total cells, especially neutrophils; decreased levels of cytokines, including IL
      8 in BAL fluid, IL-8 and IL-17A in serum; mitigated the severity of airway
      hyperresponsiveness; attenuated lung inflammation scores and histologic analysis
      confirmed the suppression of lung inflammation, compared with the administration
      of a control PBS. Exposure to ozone results in increases in IL-17A production
      rate, mRNA and protein levels of IL-17A and the protein level of GR. These
      effects were halted and reversed by IL-17mAb treatment. Furthermore, IL-17mAb
      also reduced the phosphorylation of p38MAPK. Therefore, we conclude that IL-17mAb
      may be a useful therapy in ozone-related diseases, including COPD.

PMID- 27380434
TI  - Stent Retrievers for Treating Anterior Circulation Acute Ischemic Stroke-Reply.

PMID- 27380435
TI  - Effects of Vehicles and Enhancers on the Skin Permeation of Phytoestrogenic
      Diarylheptanoids from Curcuma comosa.
AB  - Curcuma comosa (C. comosa) is widely used in traditional medicine as a dietary
      supplement for health promotion in postmenopausal women in Thailand. It contains
      several diarylheptanoids, which are considered to be a novel class of
      phytoestrogens. However, the diarylheptanoids isolated from the plant rhizome are
      shown to have low oral bioavailability and faster elimination characteristics.
      The aim of this study was to investigate the permeation behavior of the active
      compounds of diarylheptanoids. The effects of binary vehicle systems and
      permeation enhancers on diarylheptanoids permeation and accumulation within the
      skin were studied using side-by-side diffusion cells through the porcine ear
      skin. Among the tested binary vehicle systems, the ethanol/water vehicle appeared
      to be the most effective system for diarylheptanoids permeation with the highest
      flux and shortest lag time. The presence of transcutol in the vehicle system
      significantly increased diarylheptanoid's permeation and accumulation within the
      skin in a concentration-dependent manner. Although the presence of terpenes in
      formulation decreased the flux of diarylheptanoids, it raised the amount of
      diarylheptanoids retained within the skin substantially. Based on the feasibility
      of diarylheptanoid permeation, C. comosa extract should be further developed into
      an effective transdermal product for health benefits and hormone replacement
      therapy.

PMID- 27380436
TI  - Improved Flux of Levodopa via Direct Deposition of Solid Microparticles on Nasal
      Tissue.
AB  - Epithelial flux and permeability across bovine olfactory tissue were compared
      when levodopa (L-DOPA) was loaded in different physical states. Aqueous solution
      of L-DOPA was prepared in Krebs-Ringer buffer (KRB), at a concentration (0.75
      mg/mL) verified to be less than the saturation solubility at both 25 and 37
      degrees C. Sodium metabisulfite was added to solution to minimize L-DOPA
      oxidation; chemical stability of aqueous L-DOPA was evaluated using HPLC-UV.
      Solid-state characterization of unprocessed, dry, crystalline L-DOPA powder was
      performed using TGA, DSC, PXRD, and optical microscopy to ensure that preparation
      of L-DOPA microparticles used for diffusion experiments did not elicit a phase
      change. Measurements of in vitro flux were made for all preparations, using
      freshly excised bovine olfactory mucosal membrane. Samples obtained from
      transport studies were analyzed by HPLC-UV. Tissue viability was measured before
      and after experiments using transdermal epithelial electrical resistance (TEER).
      The average steady-state flux (J ss ) of L-DOPA from solid microparticles
      directly deposited on nasal epithelial tissue was 6.08 +/- 0.69 MUg/cm2/min,
      approximately three times greater than the J ss measured for L-DOPA from solution
      (2.13 +/- 0.97 MUg/cm2/min). The average apparent permeability coefficient (P app
      ) of L-DOPA was calculated to be 4.73 * 10-5 cm/s. These findings suggest that
      nasal delivery of L-DOPA by administration of solid microparticles not only
      benefits from improved chemical and microbiological stability by avoiding the use
      of aqueous formulation vehicle but also does not compromise cumulative mass
      transport across the olfactory membrane.

PMID- 27380437
TI  - Effects of Protein Conformation, Apparent Solubility, and Protein-Protein
      Interactions on the Rates and Mechanisms of Aggregation for an IgG1Monoclonal
      Antibody.
AB  - Non-native protein aggregation is a key degradation pathway of immunoglobulins.
      In this work, the aggregation kinetics of an immunoglobulin gamma-1 monoclonal
      antibody (IgG1 mAb) in different solution environments was monitored over a range
      of incubation temperatures for up to seven months using size exclusion
      chromatography. Histidine and citrate buffers with/without sodium chloride were
      employed to modulate the mAb's conformational stability, solubility (in the
      presence of polyethylene glycol, PEG), and protein-protein interactions as
      measured by differential scanning calorimetry, PEG precipitation, and static
      light scattering, respectively. The effect of these parameters on the
      mechanism(s) of mAb aggregation during storage at different temperatures was
      determined using kinetic models, which were used to fit aggregation data to
      determine rate constants for aggregate nucleation and growth processes. This
      approach was used to investigate the effects of colloidal protein-protein
      interactions and solubility values (in PEG solutions) on the mechanisms and rates
      of IgG1 mAb aggregation as a function of temperature-induced structural
      perturbations. Aggregate nucleation and growth pathways for this IgG1 mAb were
      sensitive to temperature and overall conformational stability. Aggregate growth,
      on the other hand, was also sensitive to conditions affecting the solubility of
      the mAb, particularly at elevated temperatures.

PMID- 27380439
TI  - Analysis of minimally invasive directional antennas for microwave tissue
      ablation.
AB  - PURPOSE: Microwave ablation (MWA) applicators capable of creating directional
      heating patterns offer the potential of simplifying treatment of targets in
      proximity to critical structures and avoiding the need for piercing the tumour
      volume. This work reports on improved directional MWA antennas with the
      objectives of minimising device diameter for percutaneous use (<= ~13 gauge) and
      yielding larger ablation zones. METHODS: Two directional MWA antenna designs,
      with a modified monopole radiating element and spherical and parabolic reflectors
      are proposed. A 3D-coupled electromagnetic heat transfer with temperature
      dependent material properties was implemented to characterise MWA at 40 and 77 W,
      for 5 and 10 min. Simulations were also used to assess antenna impedance matching
      within liver, kidney, lung, bone and brain tissue. The two antenna designs were
      fabricated and experimentally evaluated with ablations in ex vivo tissue at the
      two power levels and treatment durations (n = 5 repetitions for each group).
      RESULTS: The computed specific absorption rate (SAR) patterns for both antennas
      were similar, although simulations indicated slightly greater forward penetration
      for the parabolic antenna. Based on simulations for antennas inserted within
      different tissues, the proposed antenna design appears to offer good impedance
      matching for a variety of tissue types. Experiments in ex vivo tissue showed
      radial ablation depths of 19 +/- 0.9 mm in the forward direction for the
      applicator with spherical reflector and 18.7 +/- 0.7 mm for the applicator with
      parabolic reflector. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the applicator may be
      suitable for creating localised directional ablation zones for treating small and
      medium-sized targets with a percutaneous approach.

PMID- 27380440
TI  - Planimetry of the porta hepatis in biliary atresia.
AB  - AIMS: Orientation and digital analysis of the biliary remnants in the resected
      porta hepatis in infants with biliary atresia. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples were
      orientated intra-operatively then stained with haematoxylin and eosin and
      immunostained for cytokeratin 7 (CK7). Sections were then digitized and analysed.
      Most proximal transected surface area was defined as the porta hepatis area (PHA)
      and the biliary epithelial area was defined as 'BEA'. Data are quoted as median
      (range). Non-parametric statistical comparisons were made as appropriate. P <
      0.05 was regarded as significant. Thirty-eight infants underwent surgery [median
      age 53 (16-120) days]. Eight specimens were excluded from the study due to
      technical reasons, leaving 30 specimens as the study cohort. Median PHA was 70
      (30-133) mm2 , median BEA 0.57 (0.07-5.5) mm2 (r = 0.51; P < 0.002). The median
      BEA/PHA ratio was 9.6 * 10-3 (1.9-104 * 10-3 ). There was a marked correlation of
      PHA with plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (r = -0.51; P = 0.001). Both total
      BEA and the BEA/PHA ratio correlated with alkaline phosphatase (r = -0.35; P =
      0.03 and r = -0.47; P = 0.005, respectively). Age at surgery correlated inversely
      with BEA (r = -0.44; P = 0.01) but not PHA (P = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Precise
      quantification of biliary remnants is possible and correlates with biochemical
      variables. Values for BEA were associated with and declined demonstrably with
      increasing age at surgery.

PMID- 27380441
TI  - HB-EGF embedded in PGA/PLLA scaffolds via subcritical CO2 augments the production
      of tissue engineered intestine.
AB  - The ability to deliver sustained-release, biologically active growth factors
      through custom designed tissue engineering scaffolds at sites of tissue
      regeneration offers great therapeutic opportunity. Due to the short in vivo half
      lives of most growth factors, it is challenging to deliver these proteins to
      sites of interest where they may be used before being degraded. The application
      of subcritical CO2 uses gas-phase CO2 at subcritical pressures ranging from 41 to
      62 bar (595-913 PSI) which avoids foaming by reducing the amount of CO2 dissolved
      in the polymer and maintains completely reversible plasticization. In the current
      study, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) was embedded into
      polyglycolic acid (PGA)/Poly-l-latic acid (PLLA) scaffolds via subcritical CO2
      exposure for the production of tissue engineered intestine (TEI). PGA fiber
      morphology after subcritical CO2 exposure was examined by scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) and the distribution of HB-EGF embedded in the scaffold fibers
      was detected by HB-EGF immunofluorescent staining. In vivo implantation of HB-EGF
      embedded scaffolds confirmed significantly improved TEI structure as a result of
      local delivery of the trophic growth factor. These findings may be critical for
      the production of TEI in the treatment of patients with short bowel syndrome in
      the future.

PMID- 27380438
TI  - Water: A Tale of Two Liquids.
AB  - Water is the most abundant liquid on earth and also the substance with the
      largest number of anomalies in its properties. It is a prerequisite for life and
      as such a most important subject of current research in chemical physics and
      physical chemistry. In spite of its simplicity as a liquid, it has an enormously
      rich phase diagram where different types of ices, amorphous phases, and anomalies
      disclose a path that points to unique thermodynamics of its supercooled liquid
      state that still hides many unraveled secrets. In this review we describe the
      behavior of water in the regime from ambient conditions to the deeply supercooled
      region. The review describes simulations and experiments on this anomalous
      liquid. Several scenarios have been proposed to explain the anomalous properties
      that become strongly enhanced in the supercooled region. Among those, the second
      critical-point scenario has been investigated extensively, and at present most
      experimental evidence point to this scenario. Starting from very low
      temperatures, a coexistence line between a high-density amorphous phase and a low
      density amorphous phase would continue in a coexistence line between a high
      density and a low-density liquid phase terminating in a liquid-liquid critical
      point, LLCP. On approaching this LLCP from the one-phase region, a crossover in
      thermodynamics and dynamics can be found. This is discussed based on a picture of
      a temperature-dependent balance between a high-density liquid and a low-density
      liquid favored by, respectively, entropy and enthalpy, leading to a consistent
      picture of the thermodynamics of bulk water. Ice nucleation is also discussed,
      since this is what severely impedes experimental investigation of the vicinity of
      the proposed LLCP. Experimental investigation of stretched water, i.e., water at
      negative pressure, gives access to a different regime of the complex water
      diagram. Different ways to inhibit crystallization through confinement and
      aqueous solutions are discussed through results from experiments and simulations
      using the most sophisticated and advanced techniques. These findings represent
      tiles of a global picture that still needs to be completed. Some of the possible
      experimental lines of research that are essential to complete this picture are
      explored.

PMID- 27380442
TI  - ZOT-derived peptide and chitosan functionalized nanocarrier for oral delivery of
      protein drug.
AB  - In this study, we developed a dual ligand functionalized pluronic-based
      nanocarrier (NC) for oral delivery of insulin. Chitosan and zonula occludins
      toxin (ZOT)-derived, tight junction opening peptide were conjugated to NC to
      increase the permeability of loaded insulin across the small intestine through
      the paracellular pathway. Surface functionalized NC, either by chitosan or
      peptide, could modulate the tight junction (TJ) integrity in contrast to no
      effect of unmodified NC, as evidenced by the change in transepithelial electrical
      resistance (TEER) and immunostaining of Claudin-4, a tight junction marker, in
      Caco-2 cell monolayer. On the other hand, dual ligand (chitosan and peptide)
      functionalized NC significantly further increased the permeation of insulin
      across Caco-2 cell monolayer. More importantly, insulin loaded, dual ligand
      functionalized NC could increase the plasma insulin level and efficiently
      regulate the glycemic response for a prolonged period of time (~1 day) upon oral
      administration to diabetic rats, whereas delivery of insulin by single ligand
      functionalized NCs, either by chitosan or peptide, as well as by unmodified NC
      and free insulin, could not induce the effective regulation of the blood glucose
      level. The use of fluorescence dye labeled insulin (FITC-insulin) and Cy5.5
      labeled NC revealed that both insulin and dual ligand functionalized NC were
      adequately penetrated across the whole intestine villi in contrast to limited
      adsorption of insulin and NC mainly onto the epithelial surface of the intestine
      for single ligand functionalized NCs. These results suggest that dual conjugation
      of ZOT-derived peptide and chitosan is a promising approach to functionalize the
      surface of nanocarrier for oral delivery of protein drugs.

PMID- 27380444
TI  - Hand preference is selectively related to common and internal carotid arterial
      asymmetry.
AB  - This study documents relationships between handedness and carotid arterial
      asymmetries. The article is divided into two sections, considering first
      geometric (n = 195) and then haemodynamic (n = 228) asymmetries. In the geometric
      study, diameters, lengths, and angles of the common carotid arteries in left and
      right-handed participants were measured using computed tomography angiography
      scans. Resistance to blood flow was calculated according to Poiseuille's formula.
      In the haemodynamic study, peak systolic and end-diastolic velocity, vessel
      diameter, and volume flow rate of the common, internal, and external carotid
      arteries were measured in left and right-handed participants, using Doppler
      ultrasonography. The findings reveal for the first time that the extracranial
      arteries supplying the cerebral hemispheres are asymmetrical in a direction that
      increases blood flow to the hemisphere dominant for handedness. Significant
      handedness interactions were identified in arterial length, diameter, resistance
      to blood flow, velocity and flow volume rate (p < .001). Arterial resistance and
      volume flow rates significantly predicted hand preference and proficiency. Our
      findings reveal a vascular correlate of handedness, but causality cannot be
      determined from this study alone. These asymmetries appear to be independent of
      aortic arch anomalies, suggesting a top-down, possibly demand-driven, pattern of
      development.

PMID- 27380443
TI  - Biomimetic cardiovascular stents for in vivo re-endothelialization.
AB  - The use of cardiovascular stents for rapid in vivo re-endothelialization is a
      promising strategy for reducing cardiovascular implantation or preventing local
      thrombus formation and restenosis. Surface-patterned intravascular endoprosthetic
      stents have been developed to prevent life-threatening complications. In this
      study, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-biomimetic surface patterns were
      fabricated on 316L cardiovascular stents using a femtosecond laser and then
      implanted into the iliac artery of rabbit. The in vitro data revealed that the
      bionic surface patterns matched the morphology of the VSMCs well, which promotes
      the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial
      cells. In addition, the patterned surfaces can significantly enhance re
      endothelialization. Consequently, the surface biomimetic stent with the VSMC
      surface pattern is likely an effective approach to ensure rapid re
      endothelialization and possibly reduce the incidence of in-stent restenosis.

PMID- 27380445
TI  - Iodine(III)-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions Enabling a Direct Access to beta-Lactams
      and alpha-Hydroxy-beta-amino Acids.
AB  - In the presented method, a one-pot metal-free access to beta-lactams is provided.
      The developed strategy employs a hypervalent iodine(III)-triggered
      bromination/rearrangement/cyclization cascade reaction that allows the
      straightforward synthesis of a broad range of structurally different lactams from
      cheap and easily available imides. This triple cascade reaction is furthermore
      extendable by an in situ ring-opening reaction, giving direct access to isoserine
      derivatives from simple imines in a four-step, one-pot reaction.

PMID- 27380446
TI  - A Wearable Electrochemical Platform for Noninvasive Simultaneous Monitoring of
      Ca(2+) and pH.
AB  - Homeostasis of ionized calcium in biofluids is critical for human biological
      functions and organ systems. Measurement of ionized calcium for clinical
      applications is not easily accessible due to its strict procedures and dependence
      on pH. pH balance in body fluids greatly affects metabolic reactions and
      biological transport systems. Here, we demonstrate a wearable electrochemical
      device for continuous monitoring of ionized calcium and pH of body fluids using a
      disposable and flexible array of Ca(2+) and pH sensors that interfaces with a
      flexible printed circuit board. This platform enables real-time quantitative
      analysis of these sensing elements in body fluids such as sweat, urine, and
      tears. Accuracy of Ca(2+) concentration and pH measured by the wearable sensors
      is validated through inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry technique and a
      commercial pH meter, respectively. Our results show that the wearable sensors
      have high repeatability and selectivity to the target ions. Real-time on-body
      assessment of sweat is also performed, and our results indicate that calcium
      concentration increases with decreasing pH. This platform can be used in
      noninvasive continuous analysis of ionized calcium and pH in body fluids for
      disease diagnosis such as primary hyperparathyroidism and kidney stones.

PMID- 27380447
TI  - Three-dimensional printed miniaturized spectral system for collagen fluorescence
      lifetime measurements.
AB  - Various types of collagens, e.g., type I and III, represent the main load-bearing
      components in biological tissues. Their composition changes during processes such
      as wound healing and fibrosis. When excited by ultraviolet light, collagens
      exhibit autofluorescence distinguishable by their unique fluorescent lifetimes
      across a range of emission wavelengths. Here, we designed a miniaturized spectral
      lifetime detection system as a noninvasive probe for monitoring tissue collagen
      compositions. A sine-modulated LED illumination was applied to enable frequency
      domain fluorescence lifetime measurements under three wavelength bands, separated
      via a series of longpass dichroics at 387, 409, and 435 nm. We employed a
      lithography-based three-dimensional (3-D) printer with <50  MUm resolution to
      create a custom designed optomechanics in a handheld form factor. We examined the
      characteristics of the optomechanics with finite element modeling to simulate the
      effect of thermal (from LED) and mechanical (from handling) strain on the optical
      system. The geometry was further optimized with ray tracing to form the final 3-D
      printed structure. Using this device, the phase shift and demodulation of
      collagen types were measured, where the separate spectral bands enhanced the
      differentiation of their lifetimes. This system represents a low cost, handheld
      probe for clinical tissue monitoring applications.

PMID- 27380448
TI  - Combined effects of scattering and absorption on laser speckle contrast imaging.
AB  - Several variables may affect the local contrast values in laser speckle contrast
      imaging (LSCI), irrespective of relative motion. It has been suggested that the
      optical properties of the moving fluid and surrounding tissues can affect LSCI
      values. However, a detailed study of this has yet to be presented. In this work,
      we examined the combined effects of the reduced scattering and absorption
      coefficients on LSCI. This study employs fluid phantoms with different optical
      properties that were developed to mimic whole blood with varying hematocrit
      levels. These flow phantoms were imaged with an LSCI system developed for this
      study. The only variable parameter was the optical properties of the flowing
      fluid. A negative linear relationship was seen between the changes in contrast
      and changes in reduced scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, and total
      attenuation coefficient. The change in contrast observed due to an increase in
      the scattering coefficient was greater than what was observed with an increase in
      the absorption coefficient. The results indicate that optical properties affect
      contrast values and that they should be considered in the interpretation of LSCI
      data.

PMID- 27380449
TI  - Shack-Hartmann-based objective straylight assessment of the human eye in an
      increased scattering angle range.
AB  - Objective measurement of straylight in the human eye with a Shack-Hartmann (SH)
      wavefront aberrometer is limited in imaging angle. We propose a measurement
      principle and a point spread function (PSF) reconstruction algorithm to overcome
      this limitation. In our optical setup, a variable stop replaces the stop
      conventionally used to suppress reflections and scatter in SH aberrometers. We
      record images with 21 diameters of the stop. From each SH image, the average
      intensity of the pupil is computed and normalized. The intensities represent
      integral values of the PSF. We reconstruct the PSF, which is the derivative of
      the intensities with respect to the visual angle. A modified Stiles Holladay
      approximation is fitted to the reconstructed PSF, resulting in a straylight
      parameter. A proof-of-principle study was carried out on eight healthy young
      volunteers. Scatter filters were positioned in front of the volunteers' eyes to
      simulate straylight. The straylight parameter was compared to the C-Quant
      measurements and the filter values. The PSF parameter shows strong correlation
      with the density of the filters and a linear relation to the C-Quant straylight
      parameter. Our measurement and reconstruction techniques allow for objective
      straylight analysis of visual angles up to 4 deg.

PMID- 27380450
TI  - Impacts of Hypervirulence Determinants on Clinical Features and Outcomes of
      Bacteremia Caused by Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella
      pneumoniae.
AB  - We investigated the implications of hypervirulence determinants on clinical
      features of 48 adult patients with bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum beta
      lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Isolates in the hypervirulence group
      included any of the following virulence determinants: K1/K2 capsule serotypes,
      hypermucoviscosity phenotype, rmpA gene, or rmpA2 gene. Nonhypervirulence group
      isolates were negative for all of the above virulence factors. In this study, all
      isolates used were non-K1/K2 strains. Statistically significant differences were
      observed in clinical features of patients between the two groups. The
      hypervirulent isolates (n = 19), including 11 isolates with the
      hypermucoviscosity phenotype, 15 with the rmpA gene, and 16 with the rmpA2 gene,
      were more commonly recovered from diabetic patients and mainly manifested as
      secondary bacteremia (such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or other
      localized infections). The nonhypervirulent isolates (n = 29) were more commonly
      recovered from patients after prolonged hospital stays (>30 days) and mostly
      manifested as primary bacteremia. The overall in-hospital mortality was 56.3%.
      Hazard ratio (HR) analysis revealed the following positive predictors for
      mortality: nosocomial infection, stay in an intensive care unit, no removal of
      the central venous catheter, Charlson comorbidity score, and APACHE II score
      (?15). The negative predictors were initial appropriate antibiotic therapy (HR
      0.42) and urinary tract infection (HR 0.19). Charlson score was an independent
      confounder based on multivariate analysis (HR 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.04
      1.99). In conclusion, hypervirulence determinants played a role in causing
      secondary infections in diabetic patients; however, the presence of morbidity
      cofactors could themselves influence mortality, despite the absence of
      hypervirulence determinants.

PMID- 27380451
TI  - Effects of metformin treatment on blood leptin and ghrelin levels in patients
      with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to conduct a meta-analysis of
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of metformin on
      blood leptin and ghrelin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
      METHODS: Literature searches were performed using MEDLINE, Cochrane Controlled
      Trials Registry, and ClinicalTrials.gov, and RCTs that investigated the effects
      of metformin on blood leptin and ghrelin levels in patients with T2DM were
      selected. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95 % confidence intervals
      (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Twelve RCTs met the eligibility criteria and were
      included in the meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in blood
      leptin between the metformin and control groups (SMD 0.03; 95 % CI -0.35 %, 0.42
      %; P = 0.86), although there was a significant difference in blood leptin levels
      between the metformin group and the group on oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) other
      than metformin (SMD -0.39; 95 % CI -0.76 %, -0.01 %; P = 0.04). There were no
      significant differences in blood ghrelin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin treatment
      was not associated with a decrease in blood leptin levels in patients with T2DM
      compared with levels in patients in the control group. Moreover, metformin
      treatment was not associated with increases in blood ghrelin levels compared with
      the control and other OADs groups. However, blood leptin levels were
      significantly lower in the metformin compared with the other OADs group.

PMID- 27380452
TI  - Site-Selective Chemoenzymatic Glycosylation of an HIV-1 Polypeptide Antigen with
      Two Distinct N-Glycans via an Orthogonal Protecting Group Strategy.
AB  - A convergent chemoenzymatic approach for sequential installation of different N
      glycans in a polypeptide is described. The method includes introduction of
      distinguishably protected GlcNAc-Asn building blocks during automated solid phase
      peptide synthesis (SPPS), followed by orthogonal deprotection of the GlcNAc
      primers and site-selective sequential extension of the sugar chains through
      glycosynthase-catalyzed transglycosylation reactions. It was observed that the
      protecting groups on one neighboring GlcNAc moiety have an impact on the
      substrate activity of another GlcNAc acceptor toward some endoglycosynthases in
      transglycosylation. The usefulness of this synthetic strategy was exemplified by
      an efficient synthesis of the glycopeptide neutralizing epitope of broadly HIV
      neutralizing antibody PG9. The method should be generally applicable for the
      synthesis of complex glycopeptides carrying multiple different N-glycans.

PMID- 27380453
TI  - Baby born too soon: an overview and the impact beyond the infection.
AB  - Spontaneous preterm delivery, prematurity, and low birth weight due to
      prematurity account for a great part of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
      Inflammation may cause preterm labor, with the involvement of different mediators
      that produce diverse aspects of the inflammatory response. Although bacteria are
      considered to be the main trigger for intrauterine infection/inflammation,
      immunological factors also appear to be involved. Recently, molecular genetic
      studies have helped us better understand the underlying pathophysiologic
      processes. During mammalian pregnancy, maternal-fetal tolerance involves a number
      of immunosuppressive factors produced by placenta. Recently, placenta-derived
      exosomes have emerged as new immune regulators in the maternal immune tolerance.
      This review focuses on the specific immune parameters that become altered during
      human pregnancy, the identity and function of some immune modulators that have
      been best characterized to date, as well as a comprehensive evaluation of the
      pregnancy-associated mechanisms that downregulate proinflammatory immunity to a
      level sufficient to prevent the triggering of premature common pathway of labor
      and damage to developing organs.

PMID- 27380454
TI  - Skin permeation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A solvent-based in vitro
      approach to assess dermal exposures against benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzopyrenes.
AB  - Consumer products with high contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
      were repeatedly identified by market surveillance authorities. Since several of
      the individual compounds have been identified as genotoxic carcinogens, there
      might be health risks associated with the usage of these items. It therefore
      becomes reasonable to argue to reduce PAH contents in consumer products to a
      level as low as possible. This study presents data on the migration of PAHs from
      consumer products into aqueous sweat simulant or aqueous ethanol and on its
      combined migration and penetration into human skin. Product specimens were either
      submerged in simulant, or placed directly on test skins in Franz cell chambers to
      simulate dermal contacts. Migration of hexacyclic dibenzopyrenes became
      detectable by using ethanolic simulant, but not in aqueous sweat simulant.
      Similarly, migration of the pentacyclic model carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)
      into aqueous sweat simulant was significantly lower when compared with human skin
      or skin models. The results point to a gross underestimation (about two orders of
      magnitude) when using aqueous sweat simulant instead of human skin for assessing
      PAH migration. On the other side, the usage of 20% ethanol as simulant revealed
      good agreement to the actual exposure of human skin against B[a]P migrating out
      of contaminated products. Our results underline that aqueous sweat simulant is
      not suitable to study dermal migration of highly lipophilic compounds.

PMID- 27380455
TI  - Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Orthogonalization-Corrected Methods: Benchmarks of
      Electronically Excited States.
AB  - The semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected OMx methods have recently been
      shown to perform well in extensive ground-state benchmarks. They can also be
      applied to the computation of electronically excited states when combined with a
      suitable multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) treatment. We report on
      a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the OMx/MRCI methods for
      electronically excited states. The present benchmarks cover vertical excitation
      energies, excited-state equilibrium geometries (including an analysis of
      significant changes between ground- and excited-state geometries), minimum-energy
      conical intersections, ground- and excited-state zero-point vibrational energies,
      and 0-0 transition energies for a total of 520 molecular structures and 412
      excited states. For comparison, we evaluate the TDDFT/B3LYP method for all
      benchmark sets, and the CC2, MRCISD, and CASPT2 methods for some of them. We find
      that the current OMx/MRCI methods perform reasonably well for many of the excited
      state properties. However, in comparison to the first-principles methods, there
      are also a number of shortcomings that should be addressed in future
      developments. 

PMID- 27380457
TI  - Diagnostic Dilemma of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy in the Setting of Decompensated
      Cirrhosis.

PMID- 27380456
TI  - Cytotoxic and Nitric Oxide Inhibition Activities of Propolis Extract along with
      Microencapsulation by Complex Coacervation.
AB  - In this study, cytotoxicity of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) originating from
      Sivas, Turkey was screened against several cancer cell lines, namely PC-3, U87MG,
      A-549, mPANC96, CaCo-2, MCF-7, HeLa, MDA-MB-231 and a non-tumor cell line HEK293
      by MTT assay. The inhibition levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
      were also determined by using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells following
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. EEP exhibited significant cytotoxic nitric
      oxide inhibition activities with an IC50 value of 0.1 +/- 0.1 MUg/ml indicating a
      high potential as an anti-inflammatory agent. In spite of these promising results
      and the fact that propolis is a highly nutritive substance, its low solubility
      and bitter taste limit the applications as a natural supplement. Encapsulation
      might serve as a good strategy in order to overcome these problems. Complex
      coacervation was applied where the main focus was on surfactant type, polymer
      ratio (alginate:gelatin), stirring rate and concentration of core material. The
      mean particle size of unloaded microparticles were 22.62 MUm obtained with
      gelatin:alginate ratio of 1:1 at a stirring rate of 1400 rpm with 2 ml of 1 %
      (w/v) sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC), whereas addition of EEP at a
      concentration of 100 mg/ml increased the mean particle size to 36.44 MUm and
      yielded an encapsulation efficiency of 98.77 %. The cytotoxicities of EEP loaded
      microparticles were also assessed both on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 where similar
      results were achieved as free EEP which can enhance the possible use of propolis
      extract in the industry as a natural supplement. 

PMID- 27380458
TI  - Severe Elevation of Liver Enzymes Does Not Necessarily Require Treatment
      Interruption in Patients Treated With a Combination of
      Paritaprevir/Ritonavir/Ombitasvir Plus Dasabuvir for HCV Infection.

PMID- 27380459
TI  - Risk Factors for False Fecal Immunochemical Test Results in Colorectal Cancer
      Screening.
AB  - GOALS: We investigated the factors associated with false fecal immunochemical
      test (FIT) results for advanced colorectal neoplasm (ACRN). BACKGROUND: Data on
      whether certain subgroups of patients have an increased risk of inaccurate FIT
      results are extremely limited. STUDY: This was a retrospective study conducted in
      a university hospital in Korea from June 2013 to May 2015. Out of 34,547
      participants who had an FIT completed, we analyzed a total of 3990 subjects aged
      50 years and above who underwent colonoscopy. RESULTS: The rates of false
      negative and false-positive results were 58.0% and 15.7%, respectively. Elevated
      fasting blood glucose [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 0.59; 95% confidence interval
      (CI), 0.36-0.97], the presence of high-grade dysplasia (AOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25
      0.95), 3 or more adenomas (AOR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.89), cancer (AOR, 0.20; 95%
      CI, 0.11-0.38), and distal ACRN (AOR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.39-0.96) were associated
      with a lower risk of false-negative FIT results. The presence of proximal ACRN
      (AOR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.01-2.51) and adenoma >=10 mm (AOR, 4.38; 95% CI, 2.17-8.87)
      were associated with a higher risk of false-negative results. Older age (70 y and
      above; AOR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.29-2.17), diverticulum (AOR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.45
      2.58), and hemorrhoid (AOR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.32-2.01) were associated with false
      positive results. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with a higher risk of false-negative
      results should be prioritized for earlier colonoscopy and subjects with
      inaccurate results should be more cautiously considered for screening by using
      modalities other than FIT. Our findings will contribute to individualization of
      screening programs.

PMID- 27380460
TI  - Older Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Have More Advanced Disease, Lower
      Rates of Treatment, and Lower Survival.
AB  - GOALS: To evaluate age-specific disparities in cancer stage at diagnosis, receipt
      of treatment, and survival among adults with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
      BACKGROUND: HCC has become the fastest rising cause of cancer-related deaths in
      the United States. The aging population coupled with the rising incidence of HCC
      will result in an emerging cohort of older patients with HCC placing significant
      burden health care systems. STUDY: Using 2003 to 2011 Surveillance, Epidemiology,
      and End Results data, a US population-based cancer registry, we retrospectively
      evaluated age-specific disparities in cancer stage at diagnosis, receipt of
      treatment, and survival among adults with HCC. Multivariate logistic regression
      models evaluated HCC stage at diagnosis and HCC treatment received. Multivariate
      Cox proportional hazard models evaluated long-term survival. RESULTS: Compared
      with HCC patients below 50 years old, patients aged 70 years or older were less
      likely to have HCC within Milan criteria [odds ratio, 0.58; confidence interval
      (CI), 0.54-0.63; P<0.001]. Older age was also associated with significantly lower
      rates of receiving HCC treatment. Even after adjusting for stage of disease,
      patients aged 70 years or older had the lowest odds of receiving any HCC
      treatment compared with patients below 50 years old (odds ratio, 0.52; CI, 0.46
      0.60; P<0.001). On multivariate Cox regression, HCC patients aged 70 years or
      older had significantly lower survival compared with patients below 50 years old
      (hazards ratio, 1.22; CI, 1.15-1.30; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among US adults with
      HCC, patients aged 70 years or older were less likely to have HCC within Milan
      criteria at diagnosis, less likely to receive any HCC treatment, and had
      significantly lower long-term survival.

PMID- 27380461
TI  - Biomarkers of Hepatic Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C: A Comparison of 10
      Biomarkers Using 2 Different Assays for Hyaluronic Acid.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Advancing fibrosis is regarded as the most important factor when
      stratifying patients with chronic hepatitis C for retreatment. GOALS: (1) To
      compare the performance of 10 biomarkers of fibrosis, including patented tests,
      among patients with chronic hepatitis C and treatment failure; and (2) to assess
      the impact on biomarker performance of using 2 different assays of hyaluronic
      acid (HA). STUDY: For 80 patients, liver histology (Metavir) was compared with
      biomarker scores using sera obtained within 6 months of liver biopsy (indirect
      biomarkers: AST:ALT ratio, APRI, Forns index, FIB-4, Fibrometer V3G; direct
      biomarkers: ELF, Fibrospect II, Hyaluronic acid-HA, Fibrometer V2G, Hepascore).
      Direct biomarker scores were calculated using 2 validated assays for HA (ELISA
      and radiometric). RESULTS: Using the ELISA assay for HA to calculate the direct
      panels, all 10 of the biomarkers exhibited comparable overall discriminatory
      performance (unweighted Obuchowski measure, ordROC 0.92-0.94, P-value>0.05)
      except AST:ALT ratio and APRI (ordROC 0.86-0.88, P-value<0.05). For the detection
      of moderate (F2-4) and advanced (F3-4) fibrosis, the AUROC of Fibrometer 2G were
      significantly higher than AST:ALT ratio and APRI but none of the other
      biomarkers. Good correlation was observed between the 2 HA assays (intraclass
      correlation coefficient=0.873) with the ELISA assay exhibiting superior
      diagnostic performance (ordROC 0.92 vs. 0.88, P-value=0.003). Importantly, the
      performance of many of the direct biomarkers at their diagnostic thresholds was
      heavily influenced by the choice of HA assay. CONCLUSIONS: Although many
      biomarkers exhibited good diagnostic performance for the detection of advancing
      fibrosis, our results indicate that diagnostic performance may be significantly
      affected by the selection of individual component assays.

PMID- 27380462
TI  - Cyanoacrylate glue for gastrointestinal bleeding.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cyanoacrylate (CYA) therapy has become an important component
      of the therapeutic toolbox of the interventional endoscopists with direct
      endoscopic injection accepted as first-line therapy of gastric varices. However,
      its generalized use has been cautioned by its serious adverse event profile.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Endoscopic ultrasound guided therapy has several conceptual
      advantages over free-hand injection, particularly as it ensures intravascular
      delivery of therapy. This has allowed innovation with the use of vascular coils
      with or without CYA therapy, and very encouraging long-term results are now
      published showing reduced serious adverse events and low rebleeding rates.
      SUMMARY: Direct endoscopic ultrasound guided intravascular injection of CYA is
      gaining widespread acceptance and offers reduced complication rates and
      significantly lower rebleeding rates. Data are supportive of CYA use both for
      primary and secondary prophylaxis of gastric varices.

PMID- 27380463
TI  - Genotype-Phenotype Association Study Reveals CFI-Rs13104777 to be a Protective
      Genetic Marker Against Acute Anterior Uveitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the roles of CFI, genotype-phenotype associations were
      identified in AAU. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted in a total of 575
      subjects consisting of 279 AAU patients and 296 healthy controls. Genotypic
      analyses were performed using Sequenom MassARRAY technology. Analyses were
      stratified to a series of clinical ophthalmic confounding factors. RESULTS: A
      lower frequency of the CFI-rs13104777 C allele was found in the AAU cohort
      compared with the controls, and, thus, was significantly associated with AAU
      pathogenesis (p = 0.041, OR = 0.712, 95% CI: 0.513-0.987). Stratified analysis
      also demonstrated the associations may differ depending on the HLA-B27 status and
      laterality status. CONCLUSIONS: This study has revealed a significant genetic
      role for CFI-rs13104777 in AAU. This influence may be dependent on human
      leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 and disease laterality. Overall, the results provide
      evidence for a pathogenic role for CFI in AAU and expand our knowledge on the
      genetic basis of AAU.

PMID- 27380464
TI  - Duration of Infant Protection Against Influenza Illness Conferred by Maternal
      Immunization: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Influenza immunization of women during pregnancy protects the young
      infants against influenza illness. The duration of this protection remains
      unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the duration of infant protection conferred by
      maternal immunization and its association with transplacental antibody transfer.
      DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Infants born to women who participated in a
      randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 2011 and 2012 on
      the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of trivalent inactivated influenza
      vaccine (IIV3) during pregnancy were followed up during the first 6 months of
      life for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed influenza illness. In a
      secondary analysis of a subset of infants, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI)
      antibodies were measured. The study was performed at a single center in South
      Africa. The secondary analysis was performed in October 2014. EXPOSURE: Maternal
      immunization for influenza. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The vaccine's efficacy
      against PCR-confirmed influenza illness and the percentage of infants with HAI
      titers of 1:40 or more by age group. RESULTS: There were 1026 infants (47.2%
      female) born to IIV3 recipients and 1023 infants (47.3% female) born to placebo
      recipients who were included in the analysis of the vaccine's efficacy. The
      vaccine's efficacy against PCR-confirmed influenza illness was highest among
      infants 8 weeks of age or younger at 85.6% (95% CI, 38.3%-98.4%) and decreased
      with increasing age to 25.5% (95% CI, -67.9% to 67.8%) among infants 8 to 16
      weeks of age and to 30.3% (95% CI, -154.9% to 82.6%) among infants 16 to 24 weeks
      of age. Similarly, in the IIV3 group, the percentage of infants with HAI titers
      of 1:40 or more to the influenza vaccine strains decreased from more than 56% in
      the first week of life to less than 40% at 16 weeks of age and less than 10.0% at
      24 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Maternal immunization conferred
      protection against infection in the infants for a limited period during early
      life. The lack of protection beyond 8 weeks of age correlated with a decrease in
      maternally derived antibodies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:
      NCT01306669.

PMID- 27380465
TI  - Chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Ononis
      reclinata L. (Fabaceae) grown wild in Sicily.
AB  - In the present study, the chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial
      parts of Ononis reclinata L., a species not previously investigated, collected in
      Sicily was evaluated by GC and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. The main
      components of O. reclinata were menthone (43.6%), isopimpinellin (38.4%) and
      pulegone (11.2%). The comparison with other studied oils of genus Ononis showed a
      peculiar and characteristic profile.

PMID- 27380466
TI  - A Non-bipartite Propensity Score Analysis of the Effects of Teacher-Student
      Relationships on Adolescent Problem and Prosocial Behavior.
AB  - Previous research suggests a link between the quality of teacher-student
      relationships and the students' behavioral outcomes; however, the observational
      nature of past studies makes it difficult to attribute a causal role to the
      quality of these relationships. In the current study, therefore, we used a
      propensity score analysis approach to evaluate whether students who were matched
      on their propensity to experience a given level of relationship quality but
      differed on their actual relationship quality diverged on their concurrent and
      subsequent problem and prosocial behavior. Student/self, teacher, and parent-
      (only waves 1-3) reported data from 8 waves of the Zurich Project on the Social
      Development of Children and Youths (z-proso), a longitudinal study of Swiss youth
      among a culturally diverse sample of 7- to 15-year-olds were utilized. The
      initial sample included 1483 (49.4 % female) students for whom information
      relevant for this study was available. The sample represented families from
      around 80 different countries, from across all the continents; with approximately
      42 % of the female primary caregivers having been born in Switzerland. Following
      successful matching, we found that students who reported better relationships
      with their teachers and whose teachers reported better relationships with them
      evidenced fewer problem behaviors concurrently and up to 4 years later. There was
      also evidence for an analogous effect in predicting prosocial behavior. The
      implications of these findings are discussed in relation to prevention and
      intervention practices.

PMID- 27380467
TI  - Congruence of Parents' and Children's Perceptions of Parenting: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - Parents and children often report different perspectives about parents'
      behaviors. Such lack of congruence is important because it may reflect problems
      in their relationship and may be associated with children's maladjustment. We
      conducted a systematic, quantitative review of parent-child agreement and
      discrepancy about parenting behaviors, and potential moderators (e.g., children's
      age, race, clinical status, family intactness) of the extent of mother-child and
      father-child congruence. The meta-analyses included 85 studies with 476 effect
      sizes of the degree of agreement and discrepancy in parent-child reports of three
      parenting behaviors: Acceptance, Psychological Control, and Behavioral Control
      assessed with one of the most widely-used measures of parenting-the Children's
      Report of Parental Behavior Inventory. Mother-child and father-child dyads
      exhibited significant but modest levels of agreement (r) across parenting
      constructs. The amount and direction of discrepancy (Hedges' g) varied by the
      parenting construct and parents' sex. Overall, parents' reports were more
      favorable than their children's report about the parents' behaviors. Significant
      associations were found between the magnitude of agreement/discrepancy and
      children's age, race, clinical status, and family intactness. Moderators differed
      by parenting construct, parents' sex, and type of effect size. Implications of
      these findings for researchers and clinicians are discussed and highlight the
      need for further research about the meaning of parent-child incongruence, its
      relation to children's psychopathology, and interventions for reducing it.

PMID- 27380468
TI  - Design and Synthesis of a Low Bandgap Small Molecule Acceptor for Efficient
      Polymer Solar Cells.
AB  - A novel non-fullerene acceptor, possessing a very low bandgap of 1.34 eV and a
      high-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of -3.95 eV, is designed and
      synthesized by introducing electron-donating alkoxy groups to the backbone of a
      conjugated small molecule. Impressive power conversion efficiencies of 8.4% and
      10.7% are obtained for fabricated single and tandem polymer solar cells.

PMID- 27380469
TI  - Reining in the supersized Phase I cancer trial.

PMID- 27380470
TI  - Comparing models of contrast gain using psychophysical experiments.
AB  - In a wide variety of neural systems, neurons tuned to a primary dimension of
      interest often have responses that are modulated in a multiplicative manner by
      other features such as stimulus intensity or contrast. In this methodological
      study, we present a demonstration that it is possible to use psychophysical
      experiments to compare competing hypotheses of multiplicative gain modulation in
      a neural population, using the specific example of contrast gain modulation in
      orientation-tuned visual neurons. We demonstrate that fitting biologically
      interpretable models to psychophysical data yields physiologically accurate
      estimates of contrast tuning parameters and allows us to compare competing
      hypotheses of contrast tuning. We demonstrate a powerful methodology for
      comparing competing neural models using adaptively generated psychophysical
      stimuli and demonstrate that such stimuli can be highly effective for
      distinguishing qualitatively similar hypotheses. We relate our work to the
      growing body of literature that uses fits of neural models to behavioral data to
      gain insight into neural coding and suggest directions for future research.

PMID- 27380471
TI  - Difference magnitude is not measured by discrimination steps for order of point
      patterns.
AB  - We have shown in previous work that the perception of order in point patterns is
      consistent with an interval scale structure (Protonotarios, Baum, Johnston,
      Hunter, & Griffin, 2014). The psychophysical scaling method used relies on the
      confusion between stimuli with similar levels of order, and the resulting
      discrimination scale is expressed in just-noticeable differences (jnds). As with
      other perceptual dimensions, an interesting question is whether suprathreshold
      (perceptual) differences are consistent with distances between stimuli on the
      discrimination scale. To test that, we collected discrimination data, and data
      based on comparison of perceptual differences. The stimuli were jittered square
      lattices of dots, covering the range from total disorder (Poisson) to perfect
      order (square lattice), roughly equally spaced on the discrimination scale.
      Observers picked the most ordered pattern from a pair, and the pair of patterns
      with the greatest difference in order from two pairs. Although the judgments of
      perceptual difference were found to be consistent with an interval scale, like
      the discrimination judgments, no common interval scale that could predict both
      sets of data was possible. In particular, the midpattern of the perceptual scale
      is 11 jnds away from the ordered end, and 5 jnds from the disordered end of the
      discrimination scale.

PMID- 27380472
TI  - The Effect of Synovectomy in Total Knee Arthroplasty for Primary Osteoarthritis:
      A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - The objective of this study is to assess pain, function, and morbidity in
      patients undergoing synovectomy during primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for
      osteoarthritis (OA). A meta-analysis, which included randomized controlled trials
      comparing TKA with and without synovectomy for OA, was completed. The primary
      outcome was postoperative knee pain. Secondary outcomes included performance,
      perioperative complications, validated functional scores, operation length, and
      hospitalization length. A literature search produced 487 unique references, of
      which 3 randomized controlled trials were selected for inclusion. A total of 304
      patients (354 knees) were included, with an average age of 67 years. Follow-up
      intervals between studies ranged from 26 weeks to 12 months. Included studies
      were of moderate- to high-quality evidence with low risk of bias. There was no
      significant difference between the two groups in regard to postoperative pain,
      Knee Society Score, or postoperative range of motion. Postoperative blood loss
      was significantly lower in synovium-retaining TKA group (MD = 99.41 mL; 95%
      confidence interval, 45.08-153.75). Based on these results, there is currently no
      evidence to support the use of synovectomy in TKA for primary OA, as it provides
      no clinical benefit and increases postoperative blood loss.

PMID- 27380474
TI  - Male meliponine bees (Scaptotrigona aff. depilis) produce alarm pheromones to
      which workers respond with fight and males with flight.
AB  - In highly social hymenopteran societies, males mainly serve reproductive
      purposes. Semiochemicals enable the different hymenopteran sexes and castes to
      communicate with each other and to coordinate important functions within
      colonies. I hereby show that sexual dimorphism in meliponine bees incorporates
      the alarm and defence communication system. I chemically analysed the mandibular
      glands of Scaptotrigona aff. depilis using GCMS methods and conducted behavioural
      experiments in both males and female workers using cephalic and mandibular gland
      extracts. In addition, behaviour studies with male cephalic extracts were also
      conducted in Scaptotrigona bipunctata and Partamona cupira. Males and female
      worker bees showed differences in the content of the mandibular glands, which are
      responsible for alarm communication in meliponines. Males never attacked but
      usually fled when confronted with the mandibular gland extract content of other
      conspecific males or females. Interestingly, however, meliponine males were still
      able to raise alarm and to induce substantial amounts of aggression at nest
      entrances, which is different from the much better known and studied honey bees.
      Potential reasons are briefly discussed. 

PMID- 27380473
TI  - A new device for monitoring individual activity rhythms of honey bees reveals
      critical effects of the social environment on behavior.
AB  - Chronobiological studies of individual activity rhythms in social insects can be
      constrained by the artificial isolation of individuals from their social context.
      We present a new experimental set-up that simultaneously measures the temperature
      rhythm in a queen-less but brood raising mini colony and the walking activity
      rhythms of singly kept honey bees that have indirect social contact with it. Our
      approach enables monitoring of individual bees in the social context of a mini
      colony under controlled laboratory conditions. In a pilot experiment, we show
      that social contact with the mini colony improves the survival of monitored young
      individuals and affects locomotor activity patterns of young and old bees. When
      exposed to conflicting Zeitgebers consisting of a light-dark (LD) cycle that is
      phase-delayed with respect to the mini colony rhythm, rhythms of young and old
      bees are socially synchronized with the mini colony rhythm, whereas isolated bees
      synchronize to the LD cycle. We conclude that the social environment is a
      stronger Zeitgeber than the LD cycle and that our new experimental set-up is well
      suited for studying the mechanisms of social entrainment in honey bees.

PMID- 27380475
TI  - Antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of dilute Russell's viper venom time titer.
AB  - To evaluate the characteristic features of the dilute Russell's viper venom time
      (DRVVT) titer in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The medical record of 3660
      consecutive patients with DRVVT orders between 2006 and 2015 were examined for
      criteria satisfying the diagnosis of APS. DRVVT titer was studied as a function
      of titer distribution, titer stability, and clinicopathologic features. Twenty
      six patients were diagnosed with APS based on a persistently positive DRVVT and a
      history of arterial or venous thrombosis. DRVVT titer was mostly of low magnitude
      (65-77% of patients), was of similar value between initial and repeat testing
      (mean DRVVT titer 1.40 vs. 1.38; P = 0.858; mean time interval 216 days), and was
      positively associated with anticardiolipin antibodies (IgG and IgM) and antibeta
      2-glycoprotein I antibodies (IgG and IgM) (P < 0.020). Low titer and
      moderate/high titer DRVVT were associated with a triple positive antiphospholipid
      antibody profile in 0 and 62% of patients, respectively (P < 0.020). DRVVT titer
      in APS was predominantly low in magnitude, stable over time, and associated with
      specific antiphospholipid antibody profiles. 

PMID- 27380477
TI  - The impact of disseminated intravascular coagulation on the outcome of cancer
      patients with venous thromboembolism: Erratum.

PMID- 27380478
TI  - Clinical efficiency in orthognathic surgical treatment.

PMID- 27380479
TI  - Methodological quality and outcome of systematic reviews reporting on orthopaedic
      treatment for Class III malocclusion: Overview of systematic reviews.

PMID- 27380476
TI  - Lupus anticoagulant-hypoprothrombinemia syndrome and catastrophic
      antiphospholipid syndrome in a patient with antidomain I antibodies.
AB  - Lupus anticoagulant-hypoprothrombinemia syndrome is a rare condition
      characterized by the association of acquired factor II deficiency and lupus
      anticoagulant. Contrary to classical antiphospholipid syndrome, it may cause
      severe life-threatening bleeding (89% of published cases). We report a patient,
      positive for antidomain I antibodies, with initially primary lupus anticoagulant
      hypoprothrombinemia syndrome without previous clinical manifestation or
      underlying systemic disease. Five years later, he experienced the first systemic
      lupus erythematous flare. Within a few days, catastrophic antiphospholipid
      syndrome was diagnosed with heart, liver and kidney involvement. The patient
      recovered under pulse steroids, intravenous heparin and intravenous
      immunoglobulins. 

PMID- 27380480
TI  - Torque resistance of different stainless steel wires commonly used for fixed
      retainers in orthodontics.

PMID- 27380481
TI  - Orthodontic treatment need of 9-, 12-, and 15-year-old children according to the
      index of orthodontic treatment need and dental aesthetic index.

PMID- 27380482
TI  - Space closing versus space opening for bilateral missing upper laterals -
      Aesthetic judgements of laypeople: A web-based survey.

PMID- 27380483
TI  - Outcome of combined orthodontic-surgical treatment in a United Kingdom university
      dental institute.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This retrospective observational cohort study evaluated
      effectiveness of combined orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in a UK
      University Dental Institute. METHODS: Patients were identified from a database
      maintained prospectively throughout a 5-year period of observation. Demographic
      and clinical data included age, malocclusion, Index of Treatment Need, Index of
      Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need, orthodontist, surgeon, surgical procedure
      and treatment-time. Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) scores were generated from pre-
      and post-treatment dental study casts by a single calibrated examiner. RESULTS:
      One hundred and sixty two subjects began treatment during the period of
      observation, 92 completed, 14 elected to discontinue before surgery and 56
      remained in treatment. Outcome data were available for 73, 16 males and 57
      females (mean age 23.28 [SD, 7.92] years). Within this sample, 33 (45.2%)
      presented with class II division 1, 6 (8.2%) with class II division 2 and 34
      (46.6%) with class III malocclusion. Isolated maxillary and mandibular surgery
      was carried out in 3 (4.1%) and 24 cases (32.8%), respectively; bimaxillary
      surgery was performed in 46 (63.1%). Mean total treatment time in fixed
      appliances was 920.28 days (30.7 months). Mean pre-treatment PAR score was 39.09
      [SD, 9.42] and post-treatment 5.86 [SD, 4.25] with a mean 83.7% PAR score
      reduction, representing a greatly improved occlusal result. Kruskal-Wallis
      testing found no evidence of any relationship between independent variables and
      percentage PAR reduction; however, surgeon identity did significantly influence
      treatment length (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: This investigation demonstrates that
      in terms of static occlusion combined orthodontic-orthognathic surgery is
      effective in correcting severe malocclusion.

PMID- 27380488
TI  - Handbook of Orthodontics 2nd Edition.

PMID- 27380484
TI  - Space closing versus space opening for bilateral missing upper laterals -
      aesthetic judgments of laypeople: a web-based survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the opinions of laypeople regarding the aesthetic
      outcome of treating patients with developmental absence of both maxillary lateral
      incisors using either orthodontic space closure (OSC) or space opening and
      prosthetic replacement (PR). DESIGN: Cross sectional, web-based survey. METHODS:
      A panel of five orthodontists and five restorative dentists examined post
      treatment intra-oral images of 21 patients with developmental absence of both
      upper lateral incisors. A consensus view was obtained about the 10 most
      attractive images (5 OSC; 5 PR). The 10 selected images were used in a web-based
      survey involving staff and students at the University of Sheffield. In the first
      section, the participants were asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the 10
      randomly arranged single images using a 5-point Likert scale. In the second
      section, an image of OSC was paired with an image of PR according to their
      attractiveness ranking by the clinician panel, and the participants were asked to
      indicate which of the two images they preferred. RESULTS: The survey received 959
      completed responses with 9590 judgements. The images of OSC were perceived to be
      more attractive (mean rating 3.34 out of 5; SD 0.56) compared with the images of
      PR (mean rating 3.14 out of 5; SD 0.58) (mean diff 0.21; P < 0.001). Female and
      staff judges tended to give higher attractiveness ratings. Both females and males
      preferred the OSC images closing in 3 out of 4 paired images. CONCLUSION: Space
      closing was perceived to be more attractive than space opening by lay people. The
      findings have implications for advising patients about the best aesthetic outcome
      when both maxillary lateral incisors are missing.

PMID- 27380489
TI  - Turning Ineffective Transplatin into a Highly Potent Anticancer Drug via a
      Prodrug Strategy for Drug Delivery and Inhibiting Cisplatin Drug Resistance.
AB  - Clinically ineffective transplatin is highly potent against cancer cells when
      transformed into a transplatin(IV) prodrug nanoparticle. Herein, a hydrophobic
      transplatin(IV) was synthesized by H2O2-oxidization of transplatin and attachment
      of two hydrophobic aliphatic chains. Transplatin(IV) was subsequently
      encapsulated by a biodegradable amphiphilic copolymer, MPEG-PLA, forming a well
      defined spherical micelles (M(TransPt)). Transplatin(IV) was protected
      efficiently and could be released under a simulated cancerous intracellular
      condition. Compared to the cisplatin and transplatin, M(TransPt) showed the
      highest Pt uptake and a clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway. Most importantly,
      M(TransPt) displayed a nanomolar IC50 on A2780 cells and a great potency on
      cisplatin resistant A2780DDP cell line. Overall, this nanoplatform for delivering
      trans-geometry platinum(IV) drug exhibits excellent characteristics for enhancing
      efficacy and overcoming cisplatin drug resistance, and holds a strong promise for
      clinical use in the near future.

PMID- 27380490
TI  - How Society Subsidizes Big Food and Poor Health.

PMID- 27380491
TI  - Novel phenanthridine (PHE-4i) derivative inhibits carrageenan-induced rat hind
      paw oedema through suppression of hydrogen sulfide.
AB  - This study was conducted to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of a novel
      synthesized phenanthridine alkaloid (PHE-4i) and to examine the possible
      involvement of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in anti-inflammatory mechanism. The
      synthesized phenanthridine derivative PHE-4i (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg) was
      administered intraperitoneally to rats. One hour following treatment,
      inflammation was induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan (1 %), in the
      hind paw. Paw volume as the index of inflammation was measured before and after
      carrageenan injection. Neutrophil sequestration into the hind paw was quantified
      by measuring tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and was compared for the
      inhibition of H2S production. Pretreatment with PHE-4i significantly reduced
      carrageenan-induced hind paw weight, MPO activity, leukocyte infiltration, and
      H2S production in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). These results indicate
      that the anti-inflammatory effect of PHE-4i on carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema
      could be via the inhibition of the gaseous mediator H2S. 

PMID- 27380492
TI  - Neurokinin-1 receptor inhibition reverses ischaemic brain injury and dementia in
      bilateral common carotid artery occluded rats: possible mechanisms.
AB  - BACKGROUNDS: Increase in SP release as a function of hypoxia of the rat carotid
      body is a tissue response to ischemia that leads to neurogenic inflammation and
      cognitive deficits. Substance P-mediated inflammation is reported to attenuate
      the neuroprotective PPAR-gamma. This study was undertaken to investigate the
      effect of aprepitant, a substance P-NK1 receptor antagonist in bilateral carotid
      artery occlusion (BCCAO)-induced ischaemic brain injury and vascular dementia.
      METHODS: Bilateral carotid artery occlusion was performed in Wistar rats to
      produce hypoperfusion and ischaemic injury. Dementia was noted by an increase in
      brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and attenuation of learning ability
      (escape latency time) and memory retention (time spent in target quadrant) using
      Morris water maze. Oxidative stress was estimated by an increase in
      thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level and a decrease in reduced
      glutathione level. Vascular dysfunction was measured by attenuation of
      acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation (isolated carotid ring
      preparation), and increased in carotid artery TBARS level. Neurodegeneration was
      assessed in the hippocampus by H&E staining. Aprepitant and donepezil (positive
      control) were administered to rats from day 28 to day 42 after BCCAO. RESULTS:
      Aprepitant (20 and 40 mg/kg) and donepezil (2 mg/kg) significantly improved
      vascular function, learning and memory ability, and decreases the neuronal cell
      death, oxidative stress, and ache in BCCAO rats. Donepezil effect was more
      significant than the low dose of aprepitant on disease markers. However, BADGE
      (30 mg/kg a, PPAR-gamma antagonist) prevented the ameliorative effect of
      aprepitant. CONCLUSION: Thus, it may be concluded that aprepitant attenuates
      vascular dysfunction and dementia in BCCAO rats by activating downstream PPAR
      gamma.

PMID- 27380493
TI  - Fibrosis and coronary perfusion - a cardiovascular disease risk in an African
      male cohort: The SABPA study.
AB  - Low-grade inflammation has been correlated with risk factors of cardiovascular
      diseases (CVD). Whether the pro-inflammatory and thrombotic ratio (fibrosis) may
      contribute to CVD is not known. We therefore aimed to assess whether Cornell
      Product left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with fibrosis and
      coronary perfusion (silent ischemia) in a bi-ethnic male cohort from South
      Africa. A cross sectional study was conducted including 165 African and Caucasian
      men between the ages of 20-65. Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure
      fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF-alpha). Ambulatory blood pressure, ECG and 12 lead ECG measures were
      obtained to determine silent ischemic events (ST events) and LVH, respectively.
      Africans revealed more silent ischemia, higher 24 h blood pressure, inflammatory,
      coagulation as well as fibrosis levels than Caucasians. In a low-grade
      inflammatory state (CRP > 3 mg/l), Africans revealed higher fibrosis (p <= 0.01)
      values, but lower IL-6 and TNF-alpha values than Caucasians. Linear regression
      analyses in several models demonstrated positive associations between silent
      ischemia and fibrosis [Adj. R(2) 0.23; beta 0.35 (95% CI 0.13, 0.58), p <= 0.01].
      In a low-grade inflammatory state (CRP>3mg/l), fibrinogen predicted AV-block in
      African men [OR 3.38 (95% CI 2.24, 4.53); p = 0.04]. Low-grade inflammation may
      induce AV-block through mechanisms involving fibrosis and ischemia to increase
      the burden on the heart in African men. 

PMID- 27380495
TI  - Patiromer: A Review in Hyperkalaemia.
AB  - Patiromer (Veltassa(TM)) for oral suspension is a sodium-free potassium binder
      that is approved in the USA for the treatment of hyperkalaemia. In clinical
      trials, patiromer significantly reduced serum potassium levels from baseline to
      week 4 in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mild to severe
      hyperkalaemia (OPAL-HK), or CKD, mild to moderate hyperkalaemia and type 2
      diabetes mellitus (AMETHYST-DN), who were receiving renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
      system inhibitors (RAASis; drugs that inhibit the renal excretion of potassium).
      Among patients in OPAL-HK who had moderate to severe hyperkalaemia at baseline
      and normokalaemia on patiromer and RAASis at week 4, continuing patiromer for a
      further 8 weeks maintained reductions in potassium levels more effectively than
      switching to placebo (i.e. withdrawing patiromer); consequently, fewer patiromer
      than placebo recipients experienced recurrent hyperkalaemia during this period.
      Furthermore, almost all patiromer (vs. less than half of placebo) recipients were
      still receiving RAASi therapy at the end of this trial. In AMETHYST-DN, the
      significant reduction from baseline in serum potassium levels seen at week 4 was
      sustained for up to 52 weeks. Patiromer was generally well tolerated in these
      trials, with no treatment-related serious adverse events or deaths. Commonly
      occurring treatment-related adverse events include mild to moderate constipation
      and hypomagnesaemia, and there is a low risk of hypokalaemia. In conclusion, oral
      patiromer is a useful new option for patients with hyperkalaemia. 

PMID- 27380494
TI  - Long noncoding RNA GIHCG promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through
      epigenetically regulating miR-200b/a/429.
AB  - Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play pivotal roles in a
      variety of cancers. However, lncRNAs involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
      initiation and progression remain largely unclear. In this study, we identified
      an lncRNA gradually increased during hepatocarcinogenesis (lncRNA-GIHCG) using
      publicly available microarray data. Our results further revealed that GIHCG is
      upregulated in HCC tissues in comparison with adjacent non-tumor tissues. High
      GIHCG expression is correlated with large tumor size, microvascular invasion,
      advanced BCLC stage, and poor survival of HCC patients. Functional experiments
      showed that GIHCG promotes HCC cells proliferation, migration, and invasion in
      vitro, and promotes xenografts growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, we
      demonstrated that GIHCG physically associates with EZH2 and the promoter of miR
      200b/a/429, recruits EZH2 and DNMT1 to the miR-200b/a/429 promoter regions,
      upregulates histone H3K27 trimethylation and DNA methylation levels on the miR
      200b/a/429 promoter, and dramatically silences miR-200b/a/429 expression.
      Furthermore, the biological functions of GIHCG on HCC are dependent on the
      silencing of miR-200b/a/429. Collectively, our results demonstrated the roles and
      functional mechanisms of GIHCG in HCC, and indicated GIHCG may act as a
      prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HCC. KEY MESSAGE:
      lncRNA-GIHCG is upregulated in HCC and associated with poor survival of patients.
      GIHCG significantly promotes tumor growth and metastasis of HCC. GIHCG physically
      associates with EZH2. GIHCG upregulates H3K27me3 and DNA methylation levels on
      the miR-200b/a/429 promoter. GIHCG epigenetically silences miR-200b/a/429
      expression.

PMID- 27380496
TI  - Immature platelet fraction predicts coagulopathy-related platelet consumption and
      mortality in patients with sepsis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The diagnostic and prognostic value of immature platelet fraction
      (IPF) in sepsis has not been determined. This study aimed to assess whether IPF
      is an early predictor of platelet decline due to coagulopathy and is associated
      with mortality in patients with sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 149
      patients with a platelet count of >=80*10(3)/MUL on intensive care unit admission
      (101 with sepsis, 48 controls without sepsis) were prospectively evaluated. We
      measured IPF on admission and observed for development of subsequent platelet
      count decline (defined as a >30% decrease or <80*10(3)/MUL) in 5days, and
      mortality at 28days. The absolute immature platelet count (AIPC) was calculated
      to evaluate thrombopoiesis. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients with sepsis
      subsequently developed a decrease in platelet count. The IPF was highest in
      patients whose platelet count decreased, followed by patients without a decrease
      in platelet count and controls (median, 4.3% [3.1%-8.1%] vs. 3.7% [2.6%-4.6%] vs.
      2.1% [1.6%-3.5%], respectively; P<0.0001). The AIPC was similar in patients with
      and without a decrease in platelet count (7.6 [4.2-10.0] vs. 5.9 [4.2
      8.7]*10(3)/MUL, respectively; P=0.32). Coagulation derangement was more severe in
      patients who did than did not subsequently develop a decreased platelet count.
      Cox regression and receiver operator characteristic curve analysis revealed that
      IPF was a strong independent predictor of mortality, with accuracy similar to a
      standard prognostic scoring system. CONCLUSIONS: The admission IPF in septic
      patients predicts a subsequent decrease in platelet count, indicating platelet
      consumption with ongoing coagulopathy and risk of poor prognosis.

PMID- 27380497
TI  - Through the eyes to memory: Fixation durations as an early indirect index of
      concealed knowledge.
AB  - In three experiments, we investigated an early memory effect in eye fixations,
      namely increased durations of the second fixations to known relative to
      unfamiliar stimuli. This effect occurs even if knowledge of the stimulus is
      deliberately concealed. In Experiment 1, we found the early memory effect using
      object materials and a gaze-contingent stimulus presentation that controlled for
      parafoveal stimulus processing. In Experiment 2a, we looked for the effect under
      conditions commonly used in the concealed information test (CIT). To this end,
      participants encoded the "to-be-concealed" knowledge incidentally while doing a
      mock crime task, which was followed by a CIT. Beyond the control of parafoveal
      stimulus processing in Experiment 1, this procedure allowed minimization of
      influences of carry-over processes associated with the preceding stimulus.
      Experiment 2b replicated Experiment 2a but applied a 1-week retention interval
      between the encoding of the to-be-concealed knowledge and the CIT. We observed an
      early memory effect in all experiments, suggesting that the effect is robust,
      irrespective of the paradigm, stimulus materials, and retention interval used.

PMID- 27380498
TI  - Practice makes imperfect: Working memory training can harm recognition memory
      performance.
AB  - There is a great deal of debate concerning the benefits of working memory (WM)
      training and whether that training can transfer to other tasks. Although a
      consistent finding is that WM training programs elicit a short-term near-transfer
      effect (i.e., improvement in WM skills), results are inconsistent when
      considering persistence of such improvement and far transfer effects. In this
      study, we compared three groups of participants: a group that received WM
      training, a group that received training on how to use a mental imagery memory
      strategy, and a control group that received no training. Although the WM training
      group improved on the trained task, their posttraining performance on nontrained
      WM tasks did not differ from that of the other two groups. In addition, although
      the imagery training group's performance on a recognition memory task increased
      after training, the WM training group's performance on the task decreased after
      training. Participants' descriptions of the strategies they used to remember the
      studied items indicated that WM training may lead people to adopt memory
      strategies that are less effective for other types of memory tasks. These results
      indicate that WM training may have unintended consequences for other types of
      memory performance.

PMID- 27380499
TI  - Do learners predict a shift from recency to primacy with delay?
AB  - The shift from recency to primacy with delay reflects a fundamental observation
      in the study of memory. As time passes, the accessibility of earlier-learned
      representations tends to increase relative to the accessibility of later-learned
      representations. In three experiments involving participants' memory for text
      materials, we examined whether participants understood that there might be such a
      shift with retention interval. In marked contrast to their actual performance,
      participants predicted recency effects at both shorter and longer retention
      intervals. Our findings add to the evidence that the storage and retrieval
      dynamics of the human memory system, though adaptive overall from a statistics-of
      use standpoint, are both complex and poorly understood by users of the system.

PMID- 27380500
TI  - Influence of mowing on dynamics of native phytoseiid mites and Tetranychus
      urticae in apple orchards in northern Japan.
AB  - To support practical integrated pest management in commercial apple orchards, I
      investigated the influence of mowing on the occurrence of Tetranychus urticae and
      native phytoseiid mites in apple orchards sprayed with selective insecticides in
      Akita Prefecture, northern Japan, from 2013 to 2015. The orchards were not mown
      in 2013, and unmown and mown plots were compared in 2014 and 2015. There were
      significantly fewer Typhlodromus vulgaris on apple leaves and Amblyseius tsugawai
      in the undergrowth in mown plots than in unmown plots in both years. Conversely,
      there were significantly more T. urticae on leaves and undergrowth in mown plots
      than in unmown plots. The reason for the decreased populations of these
      phytoseiid mites may be a lack of food (pollen) needed for reproduction on apple
      trees and in the undergrowth due to mowing. These results indicate that mowing
      strongly influences generalist phytoseiid mites in apple orchards. Moreover,
      mowing might increase the density of T. urticae in apple trees because increased
      nitrogen in the leaves increases fecundity; in addition, drought might promote
      the increase of mite numbers. Thus, retention of undergrowth suppresses T.
      urticae in apple orchards. 

PMID- 27380501
TI  - Development of microsatellite markers for six Tetranychus species by transfer
      from Tetranychus urticae genome.
AB  - Microsatellite markers are frequently used to explore the population genetic
      structure of organisms. Spider mites (genus Tetranychus) are important
      agricultural pests. Several markers have been developed for T. urticae, but for
      other spider mites, few such markers are available, hampering studies of their
      population genetics. In this study, we developed and characterized microsatellite
      markers for six non-model spider mite species (T. truncatus, T. kanzawai, T.
      ludeni, T. piercei, T. phaselus and T. pueraricola) by cross-species
      amplification of markers in the T. urticae genome, in order to better understand
      the population structure of Tetranychus species. Among 228 screened loci, many
      were polymorphic, including 13 loci in T. urticae, 11 loci in T. truncatus, 15
      loci in T. pueraricola, 23 loci in T. kanzawai, 19 loci in T. piercei, 11 loci in
      T. phaselus and 9 loci in T. ludeni. Sequence analysis determined that the
      fragment length variations of the transferred microsatellites were mainly due to
      the variations of the numbers of repeats. These new microsatellite markers should
      be useful for studying the population genetics of the seven Tetranychus species. 

PMID- 27380503
TI  - Taking adolescent prescription opioid use in context: risk stratification in
      early mid-life based on medical and nonmedical use.

PMID- 27380505
TI  - Effects of load mass carried in a backpack upon respiratory muscle fatigue.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether loads carried in a
      backpack, with a load mass ranging from 0 to 20 kg, causes respiratory muscle
      fatigue. METHODS: Eight males performed four randomised load carriage (LC) trials
      comprising 60 min walking at 6.5 km h(-1) wearing a backpack of either 0 (LC0),
      10 (LC10), 15 (LC15) or 20 kg (LC20). Inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory (PEmax)
      mouth pressures were assessed prior to and immediately following each trial.
      Pulmonary gas exchange, heart rate (HR), blood lactate and glucose concentration
      and perceptual responses were recorded during the first and final 60 s of each
      trial. RESULTS: Group mean PImax and PEmax were unchanged following 60-min load
      carriage in all conditions (p > .05). There was an increase over time in
      pulmonary gas exchange, HR and perceptions of effort relative to baseline
      measures during each trial (p < .05) with changes not different between trials (p
      > .05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that sub-maximal walking with no
      load or carrying 10, 15 or 20 kg in a backpack for up to 60 min does not cause
      respiratory muscle fatigue despite causing an increase in physiological,
      metabolic and perceptual parameters.

PMID- 27380504
TI  - Comparison of the efficiency of combined extracorporeal shock-wave therapy and
      triple therapy versus triple therapy itself in Category III B chronic pelvic pain
      syndrome (CPPS).
AB  - The aim of this study is to determine the effect of combining extracorporeal
      shock-wave therapy (ESWT) and triple therapy versus triple therapy alone, when
      treating Category III B chronic prostatitis (CPPS). Study included 60 patients,
      classified as having CPPS, divided into two groups: the first group numbered 30
      patients, who were treated with a combination of an alpha-blocker, an anti
      inflammatory agent and a muscle relaxant; the second group consisted of 30
      patients who received a combination of ESWT and the fore-mentioned triple
      therapy. Patients were treated for 12 weeks. The primary criterion of a response
      to therapy was scoring 2 or less on the NIH-CPSI quality of life item, while the
      secondary criterion of a response to therapy was a greater than a 50% reduction
      in NIH-CPSI pain score. Patients who received triple therapy did not show a
      significant change neither in post void residual urine (PVR) nor in maximum flow
      rate (QMAX), while the second group of patients exhibited significant improvement
      in both PVR and QMAX values. Both groups of patients showed statistically
      significant improvement in all items of the NIH-CPSI score after the treatment,
      with significantly better results in the second group.

PMID- 27380502
TI  - Transmission of risk from parents with chronic pain to offspring: an integrative
      conceptual model.
AB  - Offspring of parents with chronic pain are at increased risk for pain and adverse
      mental and physical health outcomes (Higgins et al, 2015). Although the
      association between chronic pain in parents and offspring has been established,
      few studies have addressed why or how this relation occurs. Identifying
      mechanisms for the transmission of risk that leads to the development of chronic
      pain in offspring is important for developing preventive interventions targeted
      to decrease risk for chronic pain and related outcomes (eg, disability and
      internalizing symptoms). This review presents a conceptual model for the
      intergenerational transmission of chronic pain from parents to offspring with the
      goal of setting an agenda for future research and the development of preventive
      interventions. Our proposed model highlights 5 potential mechanisms for the
      relation between parental chronic pain and pediatric chronic pain and related
      adverse outcomes: (1) genetics, (2) alterations in early neurobiological
      development, (3) pain-specific social learning, (4), general parenting and family
      health, and (5) exposure to stressful environment. In addition, the model
      presents 3 potential moderators for the relation between parent and child chronic
      pain: (1) the presence of chronic pain in a second parent, (2) timing, course,
      and location of parental chronic pain, and (3) offspring's characteristics (ie,
      sex, developmental stage, race or ethnicity, and temperament). Such a framework
      highlights chronic pain as inherently familial and intergenerational, opening up
      avenues for new models of intervention and prevention that can be family centered
      and include at-risk children.

PMID- 27380507
TI  - Suggestions on sarcopenia-related trials.

PMID- 27380506
TI  - Combining balneotherapy and health promotion to promote active and healthy
      ageing: the Balaruc-MACVIA-LR(r) approach.
AB  - Scaling up and replication of successful innovative integrated care models for
      chronic diseases is one of the targets of the European Innovation Partnership on
      Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA). MACVIA-LR(r) (MAladies Chroniques pour un
      VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon) is a Reference Site of the EIP on
      AHA. The main objective of MACVIA-LR(r) is to develop innovative solutions in
      order to (1) improve the care of patients affected by chronic diseases, (2)
      reduce avoidable hospitalization and (3) scale up the innovation to regions of
      Europe. The MACVIA-LR(r) project also aims to assess all possible aspects of
      medicine-including non-pharmacologic approaches-in order to maintain health and
      prevent chronic diseases. These approaches include hydrotherapy and balneotherapy
      which can be of great importance if health promotion strategies are considered.
      Balneotherapy at Balaruc-les-Bains focusses on musculoskeletal diseases and
      chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Each year, over 46,000 people
      attend an 18-day course related to a new falls prevention initiative combining
      balneotherapy and education. On arrival, each person receives a flyer providing
      information on the risk of fall and, depending on this risk, a course is proposed
      combining education and physical activity. A pilot study assesses the impact of
      the course 6 and 12 months later. This health promotion strategy for active and
      healthy ageing follows the FEMTEC (World Federation of Hydrotherapy and
      Climatotherapy) concept.

PMID- 27380508
TI  - Changes in triglyceride, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C levels in patients with acute
      coronary syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and
      triglyceride (TG) levels have been linked to residual cardiovascular risk,
      whereas non-HDL-C levels have been shown to be more predictive of cardiovascular
      risk than are low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. We aimed to
      investigate the impact of HDL-C, TG, and non-HDL-C levels on acute coronary
      syndrome (ACS) risk with on-target LDL-C levels. METHODS: In all, 424 Caucasian
      patients aged over 50 years who had LDL-C levels below 3.4 mmol/l with a first or
      subsequent ACS event were enrolled in a multicenter, retrospective study. Lipid
      samples were collected within 4 days after the cardiovascular event. The subjects
      of the age-matched, gender-balanced control group (n = 443) had LDL-C levels
      below 3.4 mmol/l and were free of cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS: Patients with
      ACS had significantly higher TG and lower HDL-C levels compared with the control
      patients; however, we did not find any significant difference regarding non-HDL-C
      levels between the two groups. In regression analysis, the risk of coronary heart
      disease increased significantly with 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in TG and
      1 SD decrease in HDL-C levels. CONCLUSION: High TG and low HDL-C levels may
      contribute to residual cardiovascular risk in patients with well-controlled LDL-C
      levels; however, non-HDL-C levels at admission did not seem to be predictive for
      patients with ACS. Detection and treatment of secondary lipid targets such as
      high TG and low HDL-C levels may be important for the prevention of
      cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 27380509
TI  - The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as an inflammatory marker in acute exacerbation
      of COPD.

PMID- 27380511
TI  - Veranstaltungen.

PMID- 27380510
TI  - Orosomucoid is an independent predictor of prognosis in chronic heart failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heart failure is associated with low-grade inflammation. In the
      present study we sought to assess the prognostic impact of orosomucoid, a marker
      of inflammation, in outpatients with heart failure. METHODS: In outpatients with
      chronic heart failure (no change in clinical status and/or therapy >3 months
      prior to inclusion), baseline levels of orosomucoid were determined. Clinical
      follow-up was obtained and the rate of heart failure-related deaths and
      hospitalisations recorded. RESULTS: A total of 134 patients (median age 71, 33.3
      % female, mean left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 36 %) were included.
      During a median follow-up of 695 (456-811) days, 54 patients (40.1 %) experienced
      an event. On Cox multivariate analysis, orosomucoid levels above the median (>497
      mg/l) emerged as an independent predictor of prognosis (hazard ratio = 2.86, 95 %
      confidence interval 1.48-5.52 after adjusting for age, gender, ischaemic vs. non
      ischaemic aetiology, LVEF, NT-proBNP and NYHA class). CONCLUSION: Orosomucoid
      levels are an independent predictor of heart failure-related mortality and
      hospitalisations in patients with chronic heart failure.

PMID- 27380512
TI  - Cost analysis of whole genome sequencing in German clinical practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is an emerging tool in clinical
      diagnostics. However, little has been said about its procedure costs, owing to a
      dearth of related cost studies. This study helps fill this research gap by
      analyzing the execution costs of WGS within the setting of German clinical
      practice. METHODOLOGY: First, to estimate costs, a sequencing process related to
      clinical practice was undertaken. Once relevant resources were identified, a
      quantification and monetary evaluation was conducted using data and information
      from expert interviews with clinical geneticists, and personnel at private
      enterprises and hospitals. This study focuses on identifying the costs associated
      with the standard sequencing process, and the procedure costs for a single WGS
      were analyzed on the basis of two sequencing platforms-namely, HiSeq 2500 and
      HiSeq Xten, both by Illumina, Inc. In addition, sensitivity analyses were
      performed to assess the influence of various uses of sequencing platforms and
      various coverage values on a fixed-cost degression. RESULTS: In the base case
      scenario-which features 80 % utilization and 30-times coverage-the cost of a
      single WGS analysis with the HiSeq 2500 was estimated at ?3858.06. The cost of
      sequencing materials was estimated at ?2848.08; related personnel costs of
      ?396.94 and acquisition/maintenance costs (?607.39) were also found. In
      comparison, the cost of sequencing that uses the latest technology (i.e., HiSeq
      Xten) was approximately 63 % cheaper, at ?1411.20. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated
      costs of WGS currently exceed the prediction of a 'US$1000 per genome', by more
      than a factor of 3.8. In particular, the material costs in themselves exceed this
      predicted cost.

PMID- 27380513
TI  - Childhood leukaemia near nuclear sites in Belgium, 2002-2008.
AB  - This paper describes an ecological study investigating whether there is an excess
      incidence of acute leukaemia among children aged 0-14 years living in the
      vicinity of the nuclear sites in Belgium. Poisson regression modelling was
      carried out for proximity areas of varying sizes. In addition, the hypothesis of
      a gradient in leukaemia incidence with increasing levels of surrogate exposures
      was explored by means of focused hypothesis tests and generalized additive
      models. For the surrogate exposures, three proxies were used, that is,
      residential proximity to the nuclear site, prevailing winds and simulated
      radioactive discharges, on the basis of mathematical dispersion modelling. No
      excess incidence of acute leukaemia was observed around the nuclear power plants
      of Doel or Tihange nor around the nuclear site of Fleurus, which is a major
      manufacturer of radioactive isotopes in Europe. Around the site of Mol-Dessel,
      however, two- to three-fold increased leukaemia incidence rates were found in
      children aged 0-14 years living in the 0-5, 0-10 and the 0-15 km proximity areas.
      For this site, there was evidence for a gradient in leukaemia incidence with
      increased proximity, prevailing winds and simulated radioactive discharges,
      suggesting a potential link with the site that needs further investigation. An
      increased incidence of acute leukaemia in children aged 0-14 years was observed
      around one nuclear site that hosted reprocessing activities in the past and where
      nuclear research activities and radioactive waste treatment are ongoing.

PMID- 27380514
TI  - Correction: A Computerized Test of Design Fluency.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153952.].

PMID- 27380515
TI  - Detecting Causality by Combined Use of Multiple Methods: Climate and Brain
      Examples.
AB  - Identifying causal relations from time series is the first step to understanding
      the behavior of complex systems. Although many methods have been proposed, few
      papers have applied multiple methods together to detect causal relations based on
      time series generated from coupled nonlinear systems with some unobserved parts.
      Here we propose the combined use of three methods and a majority vote to infer
      causality under such circumstances. Two of these methods are proposed here for
      the first time, and all of the three methods can be applied even if the
      underlying dynamics is nonlinear and there are hidden common causes. We test our
      methods with coupled logistic maps, coupled Rossler models, and coupled Lorenz
      models. In addition, we show from ice core data how the causal relations among
      the temperature, the CH4 level, and the CO2 level in the atmosphere changed in
      the last 800,000 years, a conclusion also supported by irregularly sampled data
      analysis. Moreover, these methods show how three regions of the brain interact
      with each other during the visually cued, two-choice arm reaching task.
      Especially, we demonstrate that this is due to bottom up influences at the
      beginning of the task, while there exist mutual influences between the posterior
      medial prefrontal cortex and the presupplementary motor area. Based on our
      results, we conclude that identifying causality with an appropriate ensemble of
      multiple methods ensures the validity of the obtained results more firmly. 

PMID- 27380517
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380518
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380519
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380516
TI  - Nonlinear Network Reconstruction from Gene Expression Data Using Marginal
      Dependencies Measured by DCOL.
AB  - Reconstruction of networks from high-throughput expression data is an important
      tool to identify new regulatory relations. Given that nonlinear and complex
      relations exist between biological units, methods that can utilize nonlinear
      dependencies may yield insights that are not provided by methods using linear
      associations alone. We have previously developed a distance to measure predictive
      nonlinear relations, the Distance based on Conditional Ordered List (DCOL), which
      is sensitive and computationally efficient on large matrices. In this study, we
      explore the utility of DCOL in the reconstruction of networks, by combining it
      with local false discovery rate (lfdr)-based inference. We demonstrate in
      simulations that the new method named nlnet is effective in recovering hidden
      nonlinear modules. We also demonstrate its utility using a single cell RNA seq
      dataset. The method is available as an R package at https://cran.r
      project.org/web/packages/nlnet. 

PMID- 27380520
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27380521
TI  - Homologs of the LapD-LapG c-di-GMP Effector System Control Biofilm Formation by
      Bordetella bronchiseptica.
AB  - Biofilm formation is important for infection by many pathogens. Bordetella
      bronchiseptica causes respiratory tract infections in mammals and forms biofilm
      structures in nasal epithelium of infected mice. We previously demonstrated that
      cyclic di-GMP is involved in biofilm formation in B. bronchiseptica. In the
      present work, based on their previously reported function in Pseudomonas
      fluorescens, we identified three genes in the B. bronchiseptica genome likely
      involved in c-di-GMP-dependent biofilm formation: brtA, lapD and lapG. Genetic
      analysis confirmed a role for BrtA, LapD and LapG in biofilm formation using
      microtiter plate assays, as well as scanning electron and fluorescent microscopy
      to analyze the phenotypes of mutants lacking these proteins. In vitro and in vivo
      studies showed that the protease LapG of B. bronchiseptica cleaves the N-terminal
      domain of BrtA, as well as the LapA protein of P. fluorescens, indicating
      functional conservation between these species. Furthermore, while BrtA and LapG
      appear to have little or no impact on colonization in a mouse model of infection,
      a B. bronchiseptica strain lacking the LapG protease has a significantly higher
      rate of inducing a severe disease outcome compared to the wild type. These
      findings support a role for c-di-GMP acting through BrtA/LapD/LapG to modulate
      biofilm formation, as well as impact pathogenesis, by B. bronchiseptica. 

PMID- 27380522
TI  - Morus alba L. Stem Extract Attenuates Pain and Articular Cartilage Damage in the
      Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection-Induced Rat Model of Osteoarthritis.
AB  - AIM: This study was designed to investigate the anti-nociceptive effect of Morus
      alba stem extract as well as its cartilage protective effect in the anterior
      cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced rat model of osteoarthritis (OA).
      METHODS: The anti-nociceptive effect of this plant extract was determined by
      measuring hind limb weight bearing, while the severity of cartilage damage to the
      knee joints was evaluated using the modified Mankin grading system. RESULTS: Oral
      administration of M. alba stem extract (56 and 560 mg/kg) significantly
      attenuated joint pain as indicated by a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the
      values of percent weight borne on the operated hind limb for the OA-induced
      groups that received M. alba stem extract at 56 and 560 mg/kg when compared to
      those of the vehicle-treated OA-induced group. In addition, a significant
      improvement in the Mankin score was also observed in rats treated with 560 mg/kg
      M. alba stem extract, which was in agreement with its pain-relieving effect.
      CONCLUSION: The results showed that M. alba stem extract exhibited an anti
      nociceptive effect as well as cartilage protection in the ACLT-induced rat model
      of OA, supporting its potential use as a therapeutic treatment for OA.

PMID- 27380523
TI  - Hydrogen Bonding to Hexafluoroisopropanol Controls the Oxidative Strength of
      Hypervalent Iodine Reagents.
AB  - Hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol (HFIP) has been found to be an unusually beneficial
      solvent for undertaking hypervalent iodine-initiated [2+2] cycloaddition of
      styrenes. For the initiator phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA), voltammetric data
      demonstrate that the enhanced reactivity in HFIP is due to its greater oxidizing
      abilities in this fluorinated solvent such that in HFIP the reactivity of PIDA is
      comparable if not superior to its fluorinated analog phenyliodine(III)
      bis(trifluoroacetate). These results contrast with the often reported view that
      the role of the fluoroalcohol is to stabilize a radical cation formed by single
      electron transfer. Moreover, combined NMR and HRMS results reveal the formation
      of a strong H-bonded adduct between the solvent and oxidizing reagent which is
      the physical origin of the observed altered synthetic reactivity.

PMID- 27380524
TI  - In situ Immobilization of Copper Nanoparticles on Polydopamine Coated Graphene
      Oxide for H2O2 Determination.
AB  - Nanostructured electrochemical sensors often suffer from irreversible aggregation
      and poor adhesion to the supporting materials, resulting in reduced sensitivity
      and selectivity over time. We describe a versatile method for fabrication of a
      H2O2 sensor by immobilizing copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs; 20 nm) on graphene
      oxide (GO) sheets via in-situ reduction of copper(II) on a polydopamine (PDA)
      coating on a glassy carbon electrode. The PDA film with its amino groups and
      catechol groups acts as both a reductant and an adhesive that warrants tight
      bonding between the Cu NPs and the support. The modified electrode, best operated
      at a working voltage of -0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), has a linear response to H2O2 in
      the 5 MUM to 12 mM concentration range, a sensitivity of 141.54 MUA?mM?1?cm?2, a
      response time of 4 s, and a 1.4 MUM detection limit (at an S/N ratio of 3). The
      sensor is highly reproducible and selective (with minimal interference to
      ascorbic acid and uric acid). The method was applied to the determination of H2O2
      in sterilant by the standard addition method and gave recoveries between 97% and
      99%. 

PMID- 27380526
TI  - Fingerprints of Calcium-Binding Protein Conformational Dynamics Monitored by
      Surface Plasmon Resonance.
AB  - Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy is widely used to probe interactions
      involving biological macromolecules by detecting changes in the refractive index
      in a metal/dielectric interface following the dynamic formation of a molecular
      complex. In past years, SPR-based experimental approaches were developed to
      monitor conformational changes induced by the binding of small analytes to
      proteins coupled to the surface of commercially available sensor chips. A
      significant contribution to our understanding of the phenomenon came from the
      study of several Ca(2+)-sensor proteins operating in diverse cellular scenarios,
      in which the conformational switch is triggered by specific Ca(2+) signals.
      Structural and physicochemical analyses demonstrated that the SPR signal not only
      depends on the change in protein size upon Ca(2+)-binding but likely originates
      from variations in the hydration shell structure. The resulting changes in the
      dielectric properties of water or of the protein-water interface eventually
      reflect different crowding conditions on the SPR sensor chip, which mimic the
      cellular environment. SPR could hence be used to monitor conformational
      transitions in proteins, especially when a significant variation in the
      hydrophobicity of the solvent-exposed protein surface occurs, thus leading to
      changes in the dielectric milieu of the whole sensor chip surface. We review
      recent work in which SPR has been successfully employed to provide a fingerprint
      of the conformational change dynamics in proteins under native and altered
      conditions, which include post-translational modifications, copresence of
      competing analytes, and point mutations of single amino acids associated with
      genetic diseases.

PMID- 27380525
TI  - HRP2 and pLDH-Based Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Expert Microscopy, and PCR for
      Detection of Malaria Infection during Pregnancy and at Delivery in Areas of
      Varied Transmission: A Prospective Cohort Study in Burkina Faso and Uganda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intermittent screening and treatment (IST) of malaria during
      pregnancy has been proposed as an alternative to intermittent preventive
      treatment in pregnancy (IPTp), where IPTp is failing due to drug resistance.
      However, the antenatal parasitaemias are frequently very low, and the most
      appropriate screening test for IST has not been defined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
      FINDINGS: We conducted a multi-center prospective study of 990 HIV-uninfected
      women attending ANC in two different malaria transmission settings at Tororo
      District Hospital, eastern Uganda and Colsama Health Center in western Burkina
      Faso. Women were enrolled in the study in the second or third trimester of
      pregnancy and followed to delivery, generating 2,597 blood samples for analysis.
      Screening tests included rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) targeting histidine-rich
      protein 2 (HRP2) and parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) and microscopy,
      compared to nPCR as a reference standard. At enrolment, the proportion of
      pregnant women who were positive for P. falciparum by HRP2/pan pLDH RDT, Pf
      pLDH/pan pLDH RDT, microscopy and PCR was 38%, 29%, 36% and 44% in Uganda and
      21%, 16%, 15% and 35% in Burkina Faso, respectively. All test positivity rates
      declined during follow-up. In comparison to PCR, the sensitivity of the HRP2/pan
      pLDH RDT, Pf pLDH/pan pLDH RDT and microscopy was 75.7%, 60.1% and 69.7% in
      Uganda, 55.8%, 42.6% and 55.8% in Burkina Faso respectively for all antenatal
      visits. Specificity was greater than 96% for all three tests. Comparison of
      accuracy using generalized estimating equation revealed that the HRP2- detecting
      RDT was the most accurate test in both settings. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The
      study suggests that HRP2-based RDTs are the most appropriate point-of-care test
      currently available for use during pregnancy especially for symptomatic women,
      but will still miss some PCR-positive women. The clinical significance of these
      very low density infections needs to be better defined.

PMID- 27380527
TI  - Inhibition by Tranilast of the Synergistic Induction of Degranulation and IL-13
      Expression by IL-33 and FcERI Cross-linking in Mast Cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the effects of tranilast on degranulation and IL-13 production
      in mast cells activated by IL-33 and cross-linking of FcERI. METHODS: Bone marrow
      derived mast cells (BMMCs) were sensitized with anti-DNP IgE. Sensitized cells
      were pretreated with tranilast and further stimulated with DNP-BSA, IL-33, or a
      combination of DNP-BSA and IL-33. Degranulation and the level of IL-13 release
      and mRNA expression in BMMCs were measured. RESULTS: Simultaneous stimulation
      with DNP-BSA and IL-33 resulted in marked increase in beta-hexosaminidase
      release. Tranilast significantly inhibited degranulation of BMMCs in the
      condition of combined treatment of DNP-BSA and IL-33. Combination of DNP-BSA and
      IL-33 induced a pronounced increase in the IL-13 release and mRNA expression.
      Tranilast significantly inhibited IL-13 release and mRNA expression in BMMCs
      stimulated by DNP-BSA and IL-33. CONCLUSIONS: Tranilast has efficacy on the
      inhibition of degranulation and IL-13 production in BMMCs induced by the
      combination of DNP-BSA and IL-33.

PMID- 27380528
TI  - Association of Heart Rate with N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in
      Septic Patients: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Excessive sympathetic stress has multiple adverse effects during
      critical illness including sepsis. Recent studies showed that heart rate control
      had a significant effect on reducing mortality in septic shock patients.
      Furthermore, elevated N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
      levels in septic patients were reportedly associated with adverse outcome.
      However, no study has evaluated the relationship between hemodynamic profiles of
      septic patients and the circulating cardiac biomarker. Our objective was to
      determine whether hemodynamic profiles, specifically tachycardia and new-onset
      atrial fibrillation (AF), were associated with NT-proBNP elevation in septic
      patients. METHODS: We consecutively enrolled patients admitted to our intensive
      care unit (ICU). NT-proBNP levels, heart rate, and rhythm at ICU admission were
      measured, and all clinical and laboratory data were prospectively collected.
      Tachycardia was defined as a heart rate of above 100 bpm. RESULTS: Ninety-five
      patients out of 267 patients (35.6%) were diagnosed as sepsis. Of these septic
      patients, 47 presented with tachycardia and 6 developed new-onset AF.
      Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that tachycardia was an independent
      predictor of 28-day overall survival in septic patients (hazard ratio, 4.22; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.10-27.72; P < 0.05), but not in nonseptic patients.
      Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of
      tachycardia was an independent determinant of NT-proBNP elevation (P < 0.05) in
      septic patients, but not in nonseptic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Tachycardia was
      significantly and independently associated with NT-proBNP elevation and lower
      survival rate in septic patients, although no association was observed in
      nonseptic patients. Increased NT-proBNP in sepsis with tachycardia might predict
      poor outcomes in ICU.

PMID- 27380529
TI  - What If I Don't Have Blood? Hextend is Superior to 3% Saline in an Experimental
      Model of Far Forward Resuscitation After Hemorrhage.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hypertonic crystalloid solutions, colloids, and fresh whole blood
      (FWB) have all been proposed for prehospital resuscitation after hemorrhage.
      However, there are no direct comparisons of the efficacy of these different
      fluids. We compared Hextend, 3% hypertonic saline (HS), and FWB in a porcine
      model of hemorrhagic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Female swine (n = 5/group)
      underwent splenectomy and pressure-controlled hemorrhage followed by
      resuscitation with Hextend, 3% HS, or FWB. They were maintained at a target mean
      arterial pressure (MAP) for 4 h, holding or infusing fluid as necessary. Sham
      animals for comparison underwent splenectomy alone. RESULTS: The mean volume
      required to maintain target MAP was significantly higher for 3% HS (1,016 +/- 386
      mL) than for Hextend (346 +/- 299 mL, P < 0.05). After 4 h of resuscitation, the
      MAP in the 3% HS group (44 +/- 3 mmHg) was significantly lower than shams (56 +/-
      7 mmHg, P < 0.05). Three percent HS recipients had a significantly worse
      metabolic acidosis and anemia than shams or FWB recipients, as well as
      significant increases in serum sodium and chloride. Serum interleukin-6 was
      significantly elevated in 3% HS and FWB recipients relative to Hextend recipients
      (105.3 +/- 58.6 and 97.2 +/- 21 vs. 38.6 +/- 27.1 pcg/mL, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      HS performed inferiorly to Hextend as a volume expanding resuscitative fluid
      after hemorrhage. On the basis of our data, we would recommend the use of Hextend
      over 3% saline in far forward resuscitation after hemorrhage.

PMID- 27380530
TI  - Propranolol Reduces Cardiac Index But does not Adversely Affect Peripheral
      Perfusion in Severely Burned Children.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of propranolol on
      hemodynamic parameters assessed using the PiCCO system in burned children.
      METHODS: We analyzed hemodynamic data from patients who were randomized to
      receive either propranolol (4 mg/kg/day) or placebo (control), which was
      initiated as a prospective randomized controlled trial. Endpoints were cardiac
      index (CI), percent predicted heart rate (%HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP),
      percent predicted stroke volume (%SV), rate pressure product (RPP), cardiac work
      (CW), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), extravascular lung water index
      (EVLWI), arterial blood gases, events of lactic acidosis, and mortality. Mixed
      multiple linear regressions were applied, and a 95% level of confidence was
      assumed. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-one burned children (control: n = 62,
      propranolol: n = 59) were analyzed. Groups were comparable in demographics,
      EVLWI, SVRI, %SV, arterial blood gases, Denver 2 postinjury organ failure score,
      incidence of lactic acidosis, or mortality. Percent predicted HR, MAP, CI, CW,
      and RPP were significantly reduced in the propranolol-treated group (P <0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Propranolol significantly reduces cardiogenic stress by reducing CI
      and MAP in children with severe burn injury. However, peripheral oxygen delivery
      was not reduced and events of lactic acidosis as well as organ dysfunction was
      not higher in propranolol treated patients.

PMID- 27380531
TI  - Impact of Isolated Burns on Major Organs: A Large Animal Model Characterized.
AB  - Severe burn results in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and
      multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). Currently, large-animal models of burn-induced
      SIRS/MOD mostly use secondary insults resulting in a paucity of knowledge on the
      effect of burn alone on different organ systems. The objective of the current
      study was to develop and characterize a large animal model of burn-induced SIRS
      over the course of 2 weeks. Yorkshire swine (n = 16) were randomized to sham
      controls (n = 4) or 40% total body surface area contact burns (n = 6 at 2 and 14
      days post-burn). Blood chemistry and complete blood count analyses were performed
      at baseline and post-burn days 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, and 14. Upon euthanasia, tissue
      samples were taken for histopathology. Burns were found to be full thickness and
      did not re-epithelialize. SIRS was evidenced by increased body temperature,
      respiration rate, pulse, and white blood cell count for the duration of the
      experiment. Both acute liver injury and acute kidney injury were induced as
      determined biochemically and histologically. Histology also revealed atelectasis
      of the lungs which was associated with increased myeloperoxidase activity.
      Intestinal structure as well as enterocyte homeostasis was also disrupted. All of
      these organ abnormalities recovered to varying degrees by 14 days post-burn. We
      report a unique reproducible large animal model of burn-induced SIRS that can be
      tailored to specific organ systems for investigation into potential
      immunomodulatory interventions that prevent organ failure or promote organ
      recovery after burn injury.

PMID- 27380532
TI  - Previous Cryopreservation Alters the Natural History of the Red Blood Cell
      Storage Lesion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During storage, packed red blood cells (pRBCs) undergo a number of
      biochemical, metabolic, and morphologic changes, collectively known as the
      "storage lesion." We aimed to determine the effect of cryopreservation on the red
      blood cell storage lesion compared with traditional 4 degrees C storage. METHODS:
      Previously cryopreserved human pRBCs were compared with age-matched never-frozen
      pRBCs obtained from the local blood bank. The development of the red cell storage
      lesion was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days of storage at 4 degrees C
      in AS-3 storage medium. We measured physiological parameters including cell
      counts, lactic acid, and potassium concentrations as well as signs of eryptosis
      including loss of phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry, microparticle production,
      and osmotic fragility in hypotonic saline. RESULTS: Compared with controls,
      previously cryopreserved pRBC at 7 days of storage in AS-3 showed lower red cell
      counts (3.7 vs. 5.3 * 10 cells/MUL, P < 0.01), hemoglobin (Hgb) (12.0 vs. 16.5
      g/dL, P < 0.01), hematocrit (33.0% vs. 46.5%, P < 0.01), and pH (6.27 vs. 6.72, P
      < 0.01). Over 28 days of storage, storage cryopreserved pRBC developed increased
      cell-free Hgb (0.7 vs. 0.3 g/dL, P < 0.01), greater PS exposure (10.1% vs. 3.3%,
      P < 0.01), and microparticle production (30,836 vs. 1,802 MP/MUL, P < 0.01).
      Previously cryopreserved cells were also less resistant to osmotic stress.
      CONCLUSION: The red blood cell storage lesion is accelerated in previously
      cryopreserved pRBC after thawing. Biochemical deterioration of thawed and
      deglycerolized red cells suggests that storage time before transfusion should be
      limited to achieve similar risk profiles as never-frozen standard liquid storage
      pRBC units.

PMID- 27380534
TI  - The Role and Use of Estrogens Following Trauma.
AB  - Several lines of evidence indicate that female sex is a protective factor in
      trauma and hemorrhage. In both clinical and experimental studies, proestrus
      females have been shown to have better chances of survival and reduced rates of
      posttraumatic sepsis. Estrogen receptors are expressed in a variety of tissues
      and exert genomic, as well as nongenomic effects. By improving cardiac,
      pulmonary, hepatic, and immune function, estrogens have been shown to prolong
      survival in animal models of hemorrhagic shock. Despite encouraging results from
      experimental studies, retrospective clinical studies have not clearly pointed to
      advantages of estrogens following trauma-hemorrhage, which may be due to
      insufficient study design. Therefore, this review aims to give an overview on the
      current evidence and emphasizes on the importance of further clinical
      investigation on estrogens following trauma.

PMID- 27380533
TI  - Zymosan-Induced Peritonitis: Effects on Cardiac Function, Temperature Regulation,
      Translocation of Bacteria, and Role of Dectin-1.
AB  - Zymosan-induced peritonitis is a model commonly used to study systemic
      inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. However,
      effects of zymosan on cardiac function have not been reported. We evaluated
      cardiac responses to zymosan in mice and the role of beta-glucan and dectin-1 in
      mediating these responses. Temperature and cardiac function were evaluated before
      and after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of zymosan (100 or 500 mg/kg) or
      saline. Chronotropic and dromotropic functions were measured using
      electrocardiograms (ECGs) collected from conscious mice. Cardiac inotropic
      function was determined by echocardiography. High-dose zymosan caused a rapid and
      maintained hypothermia along with visual signs of illness. Baseline heart rate
      (HR) was unaffected but HR variability (HRV) increased, and there was a modest
      slowing of ventricular conduction. High-dose zymosan also caused prominent
      decreases in cardiac contractility at 4 and 24 h. Because zymosan is known to
      cause gastrointestinal tract pathology, peritoneal wash and blood samples were
      evaluated for bacteria at 24 h after zymosan or saline injection. Translocation
      of bacterial occurred in all zymosan-treated mice (n = 3), and two had
      bacteremia. Purified beta-glucan (50 and 125 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on
      temperature or ECG parameters. However, deletion of dectin-1 modified the ECG
      responses to high-dose zymosan; slowing of ventricular conduction and the
      increase in HRV were eliminated but a marked bradycardia appeared at 24 h after
      zymosan treatment. Zymosan-treated dectin-1 knockout mice also showed hypothermia
      and visual signs of illness. Fecal samples from dectin-1 knockout mice contained
      more bacteria than wild types, but zymosan caused less translocation of bacteria.
      Collectively, these findings demonstrate that zymosan-induced systemic
      inflammation causes cardiac dysfunction in mice. The data suggest that dectin-1
      dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved. Although zymosan treatment
      causes translocation of bacteria, this effect does not have a major role in the
      overall systemic response to zymosan.

PMID- 27380535
TI  - Blood Lactate Levels Cutoff and Mortality Prediction in Sepsis-Time for a
      Reappraisal? a Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - The objective of this study was to identify the initial value of blood lactate
      that best correlates with 28-day mortality in resuscitated septic shock patients.
      This was a retrospective cohort study including 443 patients admitted to an
      intensive care unit (ICU) with severe sepsis or septic shock from the emergency
      department. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to obtain
      the best cutoff value for initial blood lactate associated with 28-day mortality.
      Patients were then dichotomized according to the chosen lactate cutoff, and
      sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were
      calculated. Baseline blood lactate level more than 2.5 mmol/L showed the largest
      area under the ROC curve to predict 28-day mortality (ROC area, 0.70; 95%
      confidence interval [CI], 0.62-0.79), with sensitivity, specificity, and negative
      predictive value of 67.4%, 61.7%, and 94.2%, respectively. Mortality at 28 days
      was 16.9% (31/183) in patients with initial lactate more than 2.5 mmol/L and 5.8%
      (15/260) in patients with initial lactate at most 2.5 mmol/L (relative risk,
      2.93; 95% CI, 1.63-5.28; P < 0.001). Initial blood lactate levels more than 2.5
      mmol/L (hazard ratio [HR], 2.86; 95% CI, 1.53-5.33; P = 0.001) and Sepsis-related
      Organ Failure Assessment score at ICU admission (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.27; P <
      0.001) were associated with increased 28-day mortality in the adjusted Cox
      regression. In this retrospective cohort study, a lactate level more than 2.5
      mmol/L was the best threshold to predict 28-day mortality among severe sepsis and
      septic shock patients. Further prospective studies should address the impact on
      morbidity and mortality of this threshold as a trigger to resuscitation in this
      population of critically ill patients.

PMID- 27380536
TI  - Plasma Transfusion: History, Current Realities, and Novel Improvements.
AB  - Traumatic hemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death after trauma.
      Early transfusion of plasma and balanced transfusion have been shown to optimize
      survival, mitigate the acute coagulopathy of trauma, and restore the endothelial
      glycocalyx. There are a myriad of plasma formulations available worldwide,
      including fresh frozen plasma, thawed plasma, liquid plasma, plasma frozen within
      24 h, and lyophilized plasma (LP). Significant equipoise exists in the literature
      regarding the optimal plasma formulation. LP is a freeze-dried formulation that
      was originally developed in the 1930s and used by the American and British
      military in World War II. It was subsequently discontinued due to risk of disease
      transmission from pooled donors. Recently, there has been a significant amount of
      research focusing on optimizing reconstitution of LP. Findings show that sterile
      water buffered with ascorbic acid results in decreased blood loss with
      suppression of systemic inflammation. We are now beginning to realize the
      creation of a plasma-derived formulation that rapidly produces the associated
      benefits without logistical or safety constraints. This review will highlight the
      history of plasma, detail the various types of plasma formulations currently
      available, their pathophysiological effects, impacts of storage on coagulation
      factors in vitro and in vivo, novel concepts, and future directions.

PMID- 27380537
TI  - How Often Does Stapedectomy for Otosclerosis Result in Endolymphatic Hydrops?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: 1) To evaluate the long-term (>=10 year) clinical incidence of
      endolymphatic hydrops (EH) after stapedectomy for otosclerosis, using low
      frequency sensorineural hearing loss (LFSNHL) as a marker for EH. 2) To determine
      the histologic incidence of EH in human temporal bone specimens (TBS) with a
      history of stapedectomy for otosclerosis. 3) To determine the histologic
      incidence of EH in a control group of human TBS. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective
      review and temporal bone study. SETTING: Tertiary medical center and temporal
      bone pathology laboratory. PATIENTS: Patients with otosclerosis, human TBS with
      otosclerosis, and human TBS with presbycusis as the control group. INTERVENTION:
      Pure-tone audiometry, temporal bone pathology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: 1) LFSNHL,
      defined as >10 decibel elevation of bone conduction thresholds at 250 and 500 Hz,
      after correcting for age-related hearing loss (per ISO 7029). 2) Histologic
      assessment of EH. RESULTS: In patients with otosclerosis, 8 of 110 (7.3%)
      operated patients versus 3 of 123 (2.4%) nonoperated patients developed LFSNHL (p
      = 0.08). No patients with LFSNHL had other symptoms of EH. In TBS with
      otosclerosis, 11 of 93 (11.8%) operated TBS versus 3 of 156 (1.9%) nonoperated
      TBS had evidence of EH (p <0.001). In the control group of TBS with presbycusis,
      9 of 253 (3.5%) had EH. CONCLUSION: The long-term incidence of LFSNHL, a marker
      for EH, in patients with otosclerosis was not significantly higher in those who
      underwent stapedectomy. The histologic incidence of EH, however, was
      significantly higher in TBS that had undergone stapedectomy compared with
      nonoperated TBS or a control group of TBS.

PMID- 27380538
TI  - Modification of Osseointegrated Device Parameters to Improve Speech in Noise and
      Localization Ability: Clinical Recommendations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine how best to modify osseointegrated (OI) devices or
      environmental settings to maximize hearing performance. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective
      cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Fourteen adults with
      single-sided deafness (SSD) with a minimum of 6 months OI usage and nine
      bilaterally normal hearing controls INTERVENTIONS: : Speech in noise (SIN) and
      localization ability were assessed in a multi-speaker array (R-Space) with
      patients repeating sentences embedded in competing noise and verbally indicating
      the source speaker, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: SIN and localization
      were assessed with multiple OI microphone settings-fixed-directional,
      omnidirectional, and adaptive-as well as an unaided (OI off) condition.
      Participants completed the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit
      questionnaire. RESULTS: Localization performance remains compromised for OI users
      with a high number of front-back confusions, but rapid learning using the fixed
      directional microphone setting improved localization of sounds on the device side
      despite poorer localization of sounds on the normal-hearing side. SIN performance
      is greatly enhanced with speech presented to the contra hearing ear rather than
      the OI device side. Subjective report of hearing ability is highly predictive of
      objective SIN measures. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should consider implementing a
      fixed-directional microphone setting for improved localization for sounds behind
      the OI device, but inform patients of the trade-off in performance on the normal
      hearing side. For better hearing in noise, clinicians should counsel OI
      recipients to orient the speech signal to their normal hearing ear rather than
      their OI device. The background noise subscale of the abbreviated profile of
      hearing aid benefit (APHAB) provides a meaningful metric by which to assess SIN
      performance of OI device users.

PMID- 27380539
TI  - Promoting Active Species Generation by Plasmon-Induced Hot-Electron Excitation
      for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution.
AB  - Water splitting represents a promising technology for renewable energy conversion
      and storage, but it is greatly hindered by the kinetically sluggish oxygen
      evolution reaction (OER). Here, using Au-nanoparticle-decorated Ni(OH)2
      nanosheets [Ni(OH)2-Au] as catalysts, we demonstrate that the photon-induced
      surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excitation on Au nanoparticles could
      significantly activate the OER catalysis, specifically achieving a more than 4
      fold enhanced activity and meanwhile affording a markedly decreased overpotential
      of 270 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm(-2) and a small Tafel slope of 35 mV
      dec(-1) (no iR-correction), which is much better than those of the benchmark IrO2
      and RuO2, as well as most Ni-based OER catalysts reported to date. The synergy of
      the enhanced generation of Ni(III/IV) active species and the improved charge
      transfer, both induced by hot-electron excitation on Au nanoparticles, is
      proposed to account for such a markedly increased activity. The SPR-enhanced OER
      catalysis could also be observed over cobalt oxide (CoO)-Au and iron oxy
      hydroxide (FeOOH)-Au catalysts, suggesting the generality of this strategy. These
      findings highlight the possibility of activating OER catalysis by plasmonic
      excitation and could open new avenues toward the design of more-energy-efficient
      catalytic water oxidation systems with the assistance of light energy.

PMID- 27380540
TI  - Safety and Efficacy of Siponimod (BAF312) in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting
      Multiple Sclerosis: Dose-Blinded, Randomized Extension of the Phase 2 BOLD Study.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: This dose-blinded extension of the phase 2 BOLD (BAF312 on MRI Lesion
      Given Once Daily) Study in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis provides
      evidence on disease activity and safety of a range of siponimod doses for up to
      24 months. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of siponimod for up to 24
      months during the dose-blinded extension of the BOLD Study. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: At extension baseline in a randomized clinical trial, patients
      taking siponimod continued at the originally assigned dose and patients taking
      placebo were rerandomized to the 5 siponimod doses. Initial treatment was
      titrated over 10 days. A total of 252 eligible patients were treated at
      specialized multiple sclerosis centers for this study conducted from August 30,
      2010, through June 3, 2013. INTERVENTIONS: Siponimod at 10-mg, 2-mg, 1.25-mg, 0.5
      mg, and 0.25-mg doses. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Safety assessment included
      blood tests, documentation of adverse events at regular scheduled visits and
      Holter monitoring; key efficacy measures were annualized relapse rate and
      magnetic resonance imaging lesion activity. RESULTS: Among the 252 eligible
      patients, the mean (SD) ages were 37.2 (8.4) years, 35.2 (9.1) years, 34.0 (7.6)
      years, 35.1 (9.2) years, and 36.8 (9.1) years in the 0.25-mg, 0.5-mg, 1.25-mg, 2
      mg, and 10-mg groups. Of the 252 patients, 184 (73%) entered the extension and
      received siponimod (10 mg: n = 33; 2 mg: n = 29; 1.25 mg: n = 43; 0.5 mg: n = 29;
      and 0.25 mg: n = 50); 159 (86.4%) completed the dose-blinded extension. The
      incidence of adverse events was similar across treatment groups (10 mg: 87.9%; 2
      mg: 89.7%; 1.25 mg: 88.4%; 0.5 mg: 96.6%; and 0.25 mg: 84.0%). Nine patients
      reported serious adverse events (2 mg: 3/29 [10.3%], 1.25 mg: 1/43 [2.3%], 0.5
      mg: 4/29 [13.8%], and 0.25 mg: 1/50 [2.0%]; no serious adverse event was reported
      for more than 1 patient and no new safety signals occurred compared with the BOLD
      Study. Dose titration mitigated symptomatic bradycardic events. Reductions in
      mean (95% CI) gadolinium-enhancing T1 lesion counts from the last BOLD assessment
      were sustained in the 10-mg, 2-mg, 1.25-mg, and 0.5-mg dose groups (0 [0-0], 0.1
      [0-1.9], 0.1 [0-2.6], and 0.1 [0-2.8] at month 24, respectively). At the 3
      highest vs 2 lowest doses, the estimated new/newly enlarging T2 lesion counts
      (95% CIs) were lower during months 6 to 12 (0.5 [0.2-1.3], 0.4 [0.2-1.1], and 0.2
      [0.1-0.6] vs 1.3 [0.6-2.8] and 1.4 [0.7-2.7]), months 12 to 18 (0.4 [0.1-1.1],
      0.4 [0.1-1.3], and 0.4 [0.2-1.0] vs 1.0 [0.4-2.6] and 3.6 [1.7-7.6]), and months
      18 to 24 (0 [0-not estimable], 0.9 [0.1-7.6], and 0.1 [0-1.7] vs 1.6 [0.3-7.7]
      and 2.0 [0.4-9.5]). Annualized relapse rates (95% CIs) up to month 24 were
      similarly lower for the 3 highest doses: 0.22 (0.12-0.40) for 10 mg, 0.20 (0.10
      0.38) for 2 mg, and 0.14 (0.08-0.26) for 1.25 mg vs 0.33 (0.19-0.56) for 0.5 mg
      and 0.33 (0.21-0.50) for 0.25 mg. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: For up to 24 months
      of siponimod treatment, multiple sclerosis disease activity was low and there
      were no new safety signals; investigation in phase 3 trials is encouraged. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01185821.

PMID- 27380541
TI  - Viewing the Valence Electronic Structure of Ferric and Ferrous Hexacyanide in
      Solution from the Fe and Cyanide Perspectives.
AB  - The valence-excited states of ferric and ferrous hexacyanide ions in aqueous
      solution were mapped by resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Fe L2,3
      and N K edges. Probing of both the central Fe and the ligand N atoms enabled
      identification of the metal- and ligand-centered excited states, as well as
      ligand-to-metal and metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited states. Ab initio
      calculations utilizing the RASPT2 method were used to simulate the Fe L2,3-edge
      RIXS spectra and enabled quantification of the covalencies of both occupied and
      empty orbitals of pi and sigma symmetry. We found that pi back-donation in the
      ferric complex is smaller than that in the ferrous complex. This is evidenced by
      the relative amounts of Fe 3d character in the nominally 2pi CN(-) molecular
      orbital of 7% and 9% in ferric and ferrous hexacyanide, respectively. Utilizing
      the direct sensitivity of Fe L3-edge RIXS to the Fe 3d character in the occupied
      molecular orbitals, we also found that the donation interactions are dominated by
      sigma bonding. The latter was found to be stronger in the ferric complex, with an
      Fe 3d contribution to the nominally 5sigma CN(-) molecular orbitals of 29%
      compared to 20% in the ferrous complex. These results are consistent with the
      notion that a higher charge at the central metal atom increases donation and
      decreases back-donation.

PMID- 27380542
TI  - Hyperthermia of magnetic nanoparticles allows passage of sodium fluorescein and
      Evans blue dye across the blood-retinal barrier.
AB  - PURPOSE: The blood-retina barrier (BRB) is a biological barrier consisting of
      tightly interconnected endothelial cells inside the retinal vascular network that
      protects the neural tissue from harmful pathogens and neurotoxic molecules
      circulating in the bloodstream. Unfortunately, with regard to retinoblastoma,
      this barrier also prevents systemically administered therapeutics reaching the
      retinal tissue. In this study we introduce a novel technique to locally and
      transiently increase BRB permeability for drug delivery using hyperthermia of
      magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An alternating current (AC)
      magnetic field was used to induce hyperthermia of locally injected MNPs in the
      left ophthalmic artery of a rat model. To improve adherence on the surface of the
      endothelium, commercially available MNPs coated with human transferrin
      glycoproteins were used. After hyperthermia we assessed the extravasation of
      systemically injected sodium fluorescein (NaF) as well as Evans blue dye (EBD)
      into the retinal tissue. RESULTS: Spectrofluorometry and fluorescent microscopy
      image analysis show a significant increase of dye penetration in the retina where
      hyperthermia of MNPs was applied. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed new technique can
      allow both small and large dye molecules to cross the BRB. While the results are
      preliminary and thorough evaluation of the retinal tissue following hyperthermia
      is necessary, this technique has the potential to be an effective mean for the
      treatment of various diseases such as retinoblastoma.

PMID- 27380543
TI  - Steatotic hepatocellular carcinoma: a variant associated with metabolic factors
      and late tumour relapse.
AB  - AIMS: Steatosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been recognized for decades
      and found most commonly in small, well-differentiated HCC. However, the
      clinicopathological features and pathogenesis of HCC with steatosis is not well
      characterized. There are few data concerning whether HCC with steatosis should be
      regarded a distinct histological variant, steatotic HCC. METHODS AND RESULTS: A
      retrospective cohort of 516 patients undergoing curative surgery for primary HCC
      was recruited. The median follow-up was 45.5 (range: 0.2-166.0) months. Steatotic
      HCC was defined as HCC with significant steatosis (>=5% of tumour cells).
      Associations with immunohistochemical expression of fatty acid binding protein-1
      (FABP1), sonic hedgehog (SHH) and gene polymorphism of patatin-like phospholipase
      3 (PNPLA3) were analysed. Steatotic HCC was found in 21.1% of patients and was
      associated with higher metabolic risks [diabetes mellitus (36.7% versus 18.2%)
      and hypertension (44.0% versus 28.7%)], underlying fatty liver (60.6% versus
      37.8%), steatohepatitis (30.3% versus 13.0%), smaller tumour size, lower
      frequency of major vessel (1.8% versus 11.3%) and microvascular invasion (20.2%
      versus 32.4%), earlier tumour stages and lower serum alpha-fetoprotein. It was
      associated with developing late tumour relapse (hazard ratio 2.15, P = 0.002)
      independently of underlying cirrhosis and non-anatomical excision. Steatotic HCC
      did not differ from HCC without significant steatosis in immunohistochemical
      expression of FABP1 and SHH and PNPLA3 gene polymorphism. CONCLUSION: Steatotic
      HCC is a common histological variant of HCC with distinct association with
      underlying fatty liver, steatohepatitis and metabolic risks. Despite more
      favourable baseline tumour features, it was associated with late tumour relapse.

PMID- 27380545
TI  - tDCS combined with optokinetic drift reduces egocentric neglect in severely
      impaired post-acute patients.
AB  - Visuospatial neglect is a disabling syndrome resulting in impaired activities of
      daily living and in longer durations of inpatient rehabilitation. Effective
      interventions to remediate neglect are still needed. The combination of tDCS and
      an optokinetic task might qualify as a treatment method. A total of 32 post-acute
      patients with left (n = 20) or right-sided neglect were allotted to an
      intervention or a control group (both groups n = 16). The intervention group
      received eight sessions of 1.5-2.0 mA parietal transcranial direct current
      stimulation (tDCS) during the performance of an optokinetic task distributed over
      two weeks. Additionally they received standard therapy for five hours per day.
      The control group received only the standard therapy. Patients were examined
      twice before (with 3-4 days between examinations) and twice after treatment (5-6
      days between examinations). Compared to the control group and controlling for
      spontaneous remission, the intervention group improved on spontaneous body
      orientation and the Clock Drawing Test. Intragroup comparisons showed broad
      improvements on egocentric but not on allocentric symptoms only for the
      intervention group. A short additional application of tDCS during an optokinetic
      task led to improvements of severe neglect compared to a standard neurological
      early rehabilitation treatment. Improvements seem to concern primarily egocentric
      rather than allocentric neglect.

PMID- 27380546
TI  - Improvements in the Crestal Osteotome Approach Have Decreased the Need for the
      Lateral Window Approach to Augment the Maxilla.
AB  - The use of the crestal approach to augment vertical height of the posterior
      maxilla for dental implant placement is reviewed in this article. The review of
      the literature documents the success of using a procedure that has minimal
      complications associated with it when performed correctly. An algorithmic
      approach is presented to guide surgeons on using the crestal osteotome approach
      for posterior maxillary augmentation.

PMID- 27380547
TI  - Bifunctional Organo/Metal Cooperatively Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation of para
      Quinone Methides with Vinylcyclopropanes: Approach to Spiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-8
      ones.
AB  - A novel [3 + 2] annulation between para-quinone methides and vinylcyclopropanes
      for the synthesis of spiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-8-ones has been described. The
      palladium and phosphine-thiourea cooperative catalysis system played an important
      role in high yields and diastereoselectivities. The reaction exhibited good
      functional group tolerance and scalability.

PMID- 27380548
TI  - All Subdomains of the Talin Rod Are Mechanically Vulnerable and May Contribute To
      Cellular Mechanosensing.
AB  - Although the relevance of mechanotransduction in cell signaling is currently
      appreciated, the mechanisms that drive this process remain largely unknown.
      Mechanical unfolding of proteins may trigger distinct downstream signals in
      cells, providing a mechanism for cellular mechanotransduction. Force-induced
      unfolding of talin, a prominent focal adhesion protein, has been demonstrated
      previously for a small portion of its rod domain. Here, using single-molecule
      atomic force microscopy (smAFM), we show that the entire talin rod can be
      unfolded by mechanical extension, over a physiological range of forces between 10
      and 40 pN. We also demonstrate, through a combination of smAFM and steered
      molecular dynamics, that the different bundles within the talin rod exhibit a
      distinct hierarchy of mechanical stability. These results provide a mechanism by
      which different force conditions within the cell control a graduated unfolding of
      the talin rod. Mechanical unfolding of the rod subdomains, and the subsequent
      effect on talin's binding interactions, would allow for a finely tuned cellular
      response to internally or externally applied forces.

PMID- 27380549
TI  - Providencia stuartii Isolates from Greece: Co-Carriage of Cephalosporin (blaSHV
      5, blaVEB-1), Carbapenem (blaVIM-1), and Aminoglycoside (rmtB) Resistance
      Determinants by a Multidrug-Resistant Outbreak Clone.
AB  - Providencia stuartii has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen. We describe
      an outbreak due to a multidrug-resistant strain over a 4-month period in a
      critical care unit in Athens. Molecular typing revealed each of the isolates to
      be clonally related with coresistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems,
      aminoglycosides, and quinolones. Each isolate contained a 220-kb multi-replicon
      (IncA/C and IncR) conjugative plasmid encoding TEM-1, SHV-5, VEB-1, and VIM-1
      beta-lactamases and the 16S rDNA methylase RmtB. Antimicrobial therapy was
      unsuccessful in 3 of 6 cases, and resistance was readily transmissible to
      susceptible strains of Escherichia coli by transformation and conjugation. This
      highlights the clinical importance of P. stuartii and its ability to disseminate
      critical resistance determinants to other bacterial pathogens. 

PMID- 27380551
TI  - Asymmetric Synthesis of Fused Polycyclic Indazoles through Aminocatalyzed Aza
      Michael Addition/Intramolecular Cyclization.
AB  - The first example of an asymmetric aminocatalyzed aza-Michael addition of 1H
      indazole derivatives to alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes is described. The
      iminium/enamine cascade process lies at the heart of our strategy, leading to
      enantioenriched fused polycyclic indazole architectures. Variations on both the
      alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and the indazole-7-carbaldehyde heterocycles
      were studied in order to broaden the scope of the transformation in synthetically
      interesting directions. The fused polycyclic indazoles exhibit fluorescence
      properties and can undergo synthetic transformations.

PMID- 27380550
TI  - Assessment of flukicide efficacy against Fasciola hepatica in sheep in Sweden in
      the absence of a standardised test.
AB  - Anthelmintic resistance (AR) to Fasciola hepatica is emerging worldwide.
      Recently, AR to the adulticide compound albendazole (ABZ) was shown in Argentina
      and Spain. In Sweden, ABZ treatment failure against F. hepatica was first
      reported in sheep in 2012. The present study tested the efficacy of ABZ and
      triclabendazole (TCBZ) in sheep naturally infected with F. hepatica using a
      combination of three different diagnostic methods: faecal egg counts (FEC),
      coproantigen ELISA (cELISA) and Fasciola egg hatch test (FEHT). Two deworming
      trials, in November 2014 and January 2015, were performed on two sheep farms
      (farms A and B) in south-western Sweden. Except ABZ in November, treatment with
      ABZ or TCBZ achieved sufficient efficacy (97-100%) against adult F. hepatica on
      farm A. In contrast, ABZ treatment failed in the sheep flock on farm B, despite
      low initial faecal egg output. On farm B, ABZ efficacy based on FEC was 67% (95%
      CI: 35-84) and four of eight ewes tested were coproantigen-positive 21 days post
      treatment. Ovicidal activity of ABZ against Fasciola eggs in isolates from both
      farms and one additional bovine isolate were tested by FEHT to exclude the
      presence of juvenile flukes and other factors such as dosing failure and poor
      quality of drug product. Irrespective of drug trial, data from FEHT showed
      significantly lower ovicidal activity of ABZ for the ovine farm B isolate than
      for the isolate from farm A. This confirms that the low efficacy of ABZ in sheep
      flock B was associated with ABZ resistance. Overall, the usefulness of three
      complementary methods for detection of ABZ resistance in the field was
      demonstrated.

PMID- 27380552
TI  - Multiplex Detection of IgG and IgM to Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleoprotein,
      Nonstructural Proteins, and Glycoprotein in Ovine and Bovine.
AB  - A multiplex fluorescence microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) was used to detect bovine
      and ovine IgM and IgG antibodies to several Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)
      proteins, including the major surface glycoprotein, Gn; the nonstructural
      proteins, NSs and NSm; and the nucleoprotein, N. Target antigens were assembled
      into a multiplex and tested in serum samples from infected wild-type RVFV or
      MP12, a modified live virus vaccine. As expected, the N protein was
      immunodominant and the best target for early detection of infection. Antibody
      activity against the other targets was also detected. The experimental results
      demonstrate the capabilities of FMIA for the detection of antibodies to RVFV
      structural and nonstructural proteins, which can be applied to future development
      and validation of diagnostic tests that can be used to differentiate vaccinated
      from infected animals.

PMID- 27380553
TI  - Chiral Sensing of Various Amino Acids Using Induced Circularly Polarized
      Luminescence from Europium(III) Complexes of Phenanthroline Dicarboxylic Acid
      Derivatives.
AB  - Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) was observed from [Eu(dppda)2 ](-)
      (dppda=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid) and [Eu(pzpda)2 ](
      ) (pzpda=pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline-7,10-dicarboxylic acid) in aqueous
      solutions containing various amino acids. The selectivity of these complexes
      towards amino acids enabled them to be used as chiral sensors and their behavior
      was compared with that of [Eu(pda)2 ](-) (pda=1,10-phenanthroline-2,9
      dicarboxylic acid). As these Eu(III) complexes have achiral D2d structures under
      ordinary conditions, there were no CPL signals in the emission assigned to f-f
      transitions. However, when the solutions contained particular amino acids they
      exhibited detectable CPL signals with glum values of about 0.1 (glum =CPL/2 TL;
      TL=total luminescence). On examining 13 amino acids with these three Eu(III)
      complexes, it was found that whether an amino acid induced a detectable CPL
      depended on the Eu(III) complex ligands. For example, when ornithine was used as
      a chiral agent, only [Eu(dppda)2 ](-) exhibited intense CPL in aqueous solutions
      of 10(-2)  mol dm(-3) . Steep amino acid concentration dependence suggested that
      CPL in [Eu(dppda)2 ](-) and [Eu(pzpda)2 ](-) was induced by the association of
      four or more amino acid molecules, whereas CPL in [Eu(pda)2 ](-) was induced by
      association of two arginine molecules. 

PMID- 27380555
TI  - Angelman Syndrome in the Portrait of a Child With a Drawing by Giovanni F.
      Caroto.

PMID- 27380556
TI  - Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on
      heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), a prothrombotic disorder caused by
      platelet-activating IgG targeting platelet factor 4 (PF4)/polyanion complexes.
      RECENT FINDINGS: HIT can explain unusual clinical events, including adrenal
      hemorrhages, arterial/intracardiac thrombosis, skin necrosis, anaphylactoid
      reactions, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Sometimes, HIT
      begins/worsens after stopping heparin ('delayed-onset' HIT). Various HIT
      mimicking disorders are recognized (e.g., acute disseminated intravascular
      coagulation/'shock liver' with limb ischemia). HIT has features of both B-cell
      and T-cell immune responses; uptake of PF4/heparin complexes into macrophages
      ('macropinocytosis') facilitates the anti-PF4/heparin immune response. Antibody
      induced activation of monocytes and platelets via their FcgammaIIA receptors
      triggers an intense procoagulant response. Sometimes, HIT antibodies recognize
      PF4 bound to (platelet-associated) chondroitin sulfate, explaining how HIT might
      occur without concurrent or recent heparin (delayed-onset HIT, 'spontaneous HIT
      syndrome'). The molecular structure of HIT antigen(s) has been characterized,
      providing a rationale for future drug design to avoid HIT and improve its
      treatment. The poor correlation between partial thromboplastin time and plasma
      argatroban levels (risking subtherapeutic anticoagulation) and need for
      intravenous administration of argatroban have led to increasing 'off-label'
      treatment with fondaparinux or one of the direct oral anticoagulants. SUMMARY:
      Understanding the molecular mechanisms and unusual clinical features of HIT will
      improve its management.

PMID- 27380558
TI  - Controversies in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We address three current controversies in management of immune
      thrombocytopenia (ITP): Should asymptomatic children with newly diagnosed ITP and
      severe thrombocytopenia be treated? Does intensification of up-front therapy in
      adults with newly diagnosed ITP impact long-term outcomes? Is splenectomy still
      the second-line treatment of choice in adults with chronic ITP? RECENT FINDINGS:
      Severe bleeding is rare in children with ITP. There is little evidence that the
      platelet count predicts or that treatment prevents severe bleeding in this
      population. Intensified treatment with high-dose dexamethasone and rituximab in
      adults with newly diagnosed ITP is associated with improved platelet responses at
      6 and 12 months but greater toxicity compared with standard therapy. Rituximab
      and thrombopoietin receptor agonists have emerged as suitable alternatives to
      splenectomy for second-line management of adults with chronic ITP. SUMMARY: We
      generally observe children with newly diagnosed ITP and mild or no bleeding
      symptoms, irrespective of platelet count. We do not routinely use intensified up
      front therapy in adults with newly diagnosed ITP. We discuss the advantages and
      disadvantages of splenectomy, rituximab, and thrombopoietin receptor agonists
      with our patients and make a joint decision that takes into consideration age,
      comorbidities, lifestyle, values, preferences, and financial considerations.

PMID- 27380557
TI  - Antithrombotic potential of the contact activation pathway.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This report examines the mechanism(s) by which each protein of
      the contact activation system - factor XII (FXII), high-molecular-weight
      kininogen, and prekallikrein - influences thrombosis risk. RECENT FINDINGS: FXII
      generates thrombin through contact activation via interaction with artificial
      surfaces as on medical instruments such as indwelling catheters, mechanical
      valves, stents, and ventricular assist devices. Inhibition of FXIIa-mediated
      contact activation prevents thrombosis under contact activation circumstances
      without affecting hemostasis. Current studies suggest that high-molecular-weight
      kininogen deficiency parallels that of FXII and inhibits contact activation.
      Prekallikrein inhibition contributes to thrombosis prevention by contact
      activation inhibition in the nylon monofilament model of transient middle
      cerebral artery occlusion. However, in arterial thrombosis models where reactive
      oxygen species are generated, prekallikrein deficiency results in downregulation
      of vessel wall tissue factor generation with reduced thrombin generation.
      Exploiting this latter prekallikrein pathway for thrombosis risk reduction
      provides a general, overall reduced tissue factor, antithrombotic pathway without
      risk for bleeding. SUMMARY: These investigations indicate that the proteins of
      the contact activation and kallikrein/kinin systems influence thrombosis risk by
      several mechanisms and understanding of these pathway provides insight into
      several novel targets to prevent thrombosis without increase in bleeding risk.

PMID- 27380559
TI  - The role of the tissue factor pathway in haemostasis and beyond.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The role of tissue factor (TF) in the initiation of the blood
      coagulation network leading to generation of a fibrin clot has been well defined
      over the past 50 years. Although much is known about this sequence of events and
      its regulation, many important questions remain unresolved. More recently, a
      complex role for TF in cellular processes independent of fibrin generation has
      emerged. This review summarizes some of the advances in this field. RECENT
      FINDINGS: TF is the cellular receptor and cofactor for factor VII/VIIa; however,
      controversy still surrounds expression of TF within the vasculature, the role of
      circulating microvesicle pools of TF and mechanisms of 'encryption' of TF
      activity. However, there have been significant advances in the role of TF
      initiated cell signalling. Lastly, an alternatively spliced TF transcript has
      been identified and some insights into its role in cancer cell
      metastasis/proliferation have been elucidated. SUMMARY: Understanding of TF
      structure function has increased substantially; however, multiple controversies
      still surround some aspects of its regulation. TF has emerged as a pivotal player
      in orchestrating not only fibrin generation but wound repair. Derangement of
      these repair processes contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of a
      number of disease processes.

PMID- 27380560
TI  - White Matter Changes and Cognitive Decline in a Ten-Year Follow-Up Period: A
      Pilot Study on a Single-Center Cohort from the Leukoaraiosis and Disability
      Study.
AB  - AIMS: To describe the contribution of white matter lesions to the long-term
      neuropsychological profiles of different groups of clinical diagnoses, and to
      identify neuropsychological predictors of cognitive impairment in a 10-year
      follow-up. METHODS: The Lisbon subcohort of the Leukoaraiosis and Disability
      (LADIS) study was re-evaluated performing a clinical, functional and cognitive
      evaluation [including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease
      Assessment Scale - Cognition (ADAS-Cog) and ADAS-Cog with the extension for
      vascular impairment (VADAS-Cog), the 9-word version of the California Verbal
      Learning Test (CVLT-9), the Trail-Making test and the Stroop test] as well as an
      MRI scan. Using clinical diagnostic criteria, participants were identified as
      having no cognitive impairment (NI), cognitive impairment but no dementia (CIND)
      or dementia (DEM), and the effect of time on clinical diagnosis and
      neuropsychological profiles was analyzed. RESULTS: From the initial group of 66
      participants, 37 out of 41 survivors (90%) were re-evaluated (mean age 81.40
      years, 57% women). Fifteen patients (41%) had DEM, 12 (32%) CIND and 10 (27%) NI.
      Over time, the three groups presented distinct profiles in the MMSE [F2, 62 =
      15.85, p = 0.000], ADAS [F2, 62 = 15.85, p = 0.000] and VADAS [F2, 48 = 5.87, p =
      0.008]. Logistic regression analysis identified higher scores on MMSE (beta =
      1.14, p = 0.03, OR = 3.13, 95% CI 1.09-8.97) as predictors of NI after 10 years
      of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Higher scores on baseline MMSE were the only
      neuropsychological predictors of NI after 10 years.

PMID- 27380561
TI  - Clinical, Histological, and Histomorphometric Evaluation of Demineralized Freeze
      Dried Cortical Block Allografts for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation.
AB  - Autogenous bone-block grafts are the "gold standard" for block bone grafting, but
      have several disadvantages. Allografts have the potential to overcome these
      disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and
      histomorphometric features of demineralized freeze-dried cortical block
      allografts (DCBA) used for ridge augmentation. Eleven patients who showed bone
      deficiencies of <5 mm in the horizontal plane were included in this study. The
      recipient sites were reconstructed with DCBA. The primary outcomes of interest
      were bone-width measurements, postoperative clinical evaluations, and
      histomorphometric analysis of the biopsy samples collected during the implant
      surgery. Clinical analysis showed that the mean gain in horizontal bone was 1.65
      +/- 0.14 mm, and that the mean percentage of graft resorption was 5.39 +/- 2.18%.
      On postoperative day 7, edema, pain, and bruising were observed in 18.2%, 0%, and
      9.1% of the patients, respectively. In the biopsy samples, the mean percentages
      of newly formed bone, residual block allograft, and marrow and connective tissue
      were 40.30 +/- 24.59%, 40.39 +/- 21.36%, and 19.30 +/- 15.07%, respectively. All
      of the block grafts were successfully integrated into the recipient sites. DCBA
      may be a viable alternative for treating both deficient maxillary and mandibular
      alveolar ridges. 

PMID- 27380562
TI  - Congenital Midline Sinus of the Upper Lip.
AB  - An extremely rare patient of congenital midline sinus of the upper lip in a 2
      year-old boy is presented. The sinus was located on the midline of the philtrum
      just below the base of the columella. Surgical removal of the sinus was performed
      via an extra- and inraoral approach. Histopathological examination of the
      resected sinus revealed it to be lined by keratinized stratified squamous
      epithelium with sebaceous glands and hair follicles. Three postulates can account
      for the formation of the congenital midline sinus of the upper lip: the fusion
      theory, the merging theory, and the invagination theory. However, the etiology of
      this rare abnormality remains obscure. 

PMID- 27380563
TI  - Frontalis Sling Surgery With IBCN-Ritleng Probe: A New Technique With a 20-Gauge
      Catheter.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Frontalis sling surgery is the reference procedure for severe
      ptosis due to poor Levator function. Autologous or synthetic materials are used
      for lifting the upper eyelid. OBJECTIVE: To describe a new technique of passage
      of a silicon wire through a 20-gauge intravenous catheter and to explore
      literature. METHODS: A 83-year-old male patient with simple, severe ptosis with
      previous levator resection surgery (7 month before) had frontalis sling with a
      silicone IBCN wire placed under local anesthesia with a closed technique. It
      consisted in realization of 3 punctiform incisions upper the eyebrow, through
      which a 20G intravenous catheter was inserted and droven to the free border of
      the upper eyelid. The polypropylene part of the IBCN probe silicone tube, IBCN
      set, was interlocked into the needle tip, enabling to drag the wire through its
      tunnel without eyelid dissection. The body of the IBCN probe was consequently
      placed on the free edge of the eyelid, whereas its 2 ends were tied under the
      middle upper eyebrow incision, enabling to adjust tension of the probe according
      to the severity of ptosis. The node was kept subcutaneously, allowing correction
      "on demand" of wire tension in the future by the surgeon. RESULTS: No infections,
      exposures, or granuloma formations were seen in our patient at 2 months, whereas
      visual field was improved and the patient fully satisfied. DISCUSSION: Small
      punctiform incisions and limited skin dissection offer a significant advantage,
      as well as the materials that are easy to access and cheap, in the frontalis
      sling surgery. CONCLUSION: The authors added to frontalis sling surgery a simple
      and cost-effective alternative technique of passage of a subcutaneous probe, with
      an IBCN wire whose dimensions fit perfectly a 20-gauge intravenous catheter and
      allowing later correction "on demand" of the ptosis.

PMID- 27380564
TI  - Secondary Cleft Nasal Deformity Correction Using Bioabsorbable Mesh.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Septorhinoplasty in cleft patients is relatively difficult to
      perform and the outcomes are often unsatisfactory owing to weakness of the
      cartilage. Therefore, providing support to the cartilage is necessary. The
      authors used bioabsorbable mesh as a spreader or batten graft to support the
      septum in cleft patients those with weak cartilages. The purpose of this study
      was to evaluate the efficacy of bioabsorbable mesh when performing
      septorhinoplasty in cleft patients. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2013, 34 patients
      with cleft lip and nose underwent open septorhinoplasty by using bioabsorbable
      mesh at the Konkuk University Medical Center. The authors determined the
      nasolabial angle, Goode ratio, alar base-nasal tip-columellar base angle, and
      columellar axis angle and performed a panel evaluation. RESULTS: In all, 29 of
      the 34 patients were included; 5 patients were excluded as lost to follow-up. The
      nasolabial angle increased from 85.69 degrees  to 91.62 degrees  (P = 0.0032),
      and the mean Goode ratio increased from 0.51 to 0.55, which was approximately the
      ideal value (P = 0.0017). The alar base-nasal tip-columellar base angle decreased
      from 36.28 to 31.74 (P < 0.0001). The columellar axis angle increased from 82.36
      to 86.90 (P < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: As bioabsorbable mesh can provide strong
      support, results in good esthetic outcomes, and causes minimal complications, it
      can be used in septorhinoplasty for cleft patients.

PMID- 27380565
TI  - A Cephalometric Analysis on Magnitudes and Shape of Sella Turcica.
AB  - Familiarity with the shape and dimensions of sella turcica is important to
      recognize and manage pathological conditions of pituitary gland as well as for
      orthodontic treatment planning. The present study aims to describe the morphology
      and dimensions of sella turcica from Indian population, using lateral
      cephalograms to set a reference data for comparison among different races. The
      study used 36 lateral skull radiographs of both sexes between age group of 13 to
      18 years. Shape of sella turcica was noted by visual inspection. Length, height
      anterior, height median, height posterior, distance between frontonasal suture
      and mental spine to midpoint of posterior clinoid process, and tuberculum sella
      were measured using digital vernier caliper with reference to Frankfort line. The
      results of the study revealed that mean length, height anterior, height median,
      height posterior were larger in females than in males. The morphological types
      identified include pointed posterior clinoid process with rounded hypophyseal
      fossa, hooked posterior clinoid process with rounded hypophyseal fossa, hooked
      posterior clinoid process with flask-shaped hypophyseal fossa. These observations
      would be beneficial for the clinicians and orthodontists to design treatment
      planning in pathology of pituitary gland and in correcting dentofacial anomalies.

PMID- 27380566
TI  - Ocular Motility After Repair of Combined Medial and Inferior Orbital Wall
      Fractures With Extended Conjunctival Incision With Inferior Oblique Reattachment.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe ocular motility and effectiveness of an extended
      conjunctival incision with reattachment of the inferior oblique muscle to repair
      combined orbital medial and inferior wall fractures. METHODS: The authors
      retrospectively studied 20 eyes from 20 patients who underwent combined orbital
      medial and inferior wall fractures surgery with reattachment of the inferior
      oblique muscle from January 2007 to December 2011. Single large L-shaped implant
      was inserted into the fracture site. All patients were evaluated preoperatively
      and postoperatively at 1, 3, and 6 months, by computed tomography, Hertel
      exophthalmometry, the Hess test of ocular motility, and the Goldmann diplopia
      test. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (80%) had no significant enophthalmos or diplopia
      after surgery. Inferior oblique motility was not changed in 12 patients (60%)
      after reattachment of the inferior oblique muscle. After 1 month, inferior
      oblique underaction was presented in 8 patients (40%) and in 4 patients (20%)
      after 6 months. Finally, only 2 patients (10%) had the inferior oblique
      underaction remained, it was not improved. CONCLUSIONS: The extended conjunctival
      incision with reattachment of the inferior oblique muscle for combined orbital
      wall fracture repair offers a wide surgical field and space for a single large
      implant insertion and corrects the enopthalmos. The reattachment of the inferior
      oblique muscle does not contribute to the development of inferior oblique
      underactions or diplopia that was resolved spontaneously within 6 months after
      surgery.

PMID- 27380567
TI  - Bleeding Rate After Tooth Extraction in Patients Under Oral Anticoagulant
      Therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this single-cohort prospective study was to evaluate the
      risk of adverse outcomes after tooth extraction in patients suffering from
      cardiovascular disorders and under oral anticoagulant therapy with an
      international normalized ratio within the value of 3.0. METHODS: Two hundred
      ninety-three patients (mean age of 58.7 years) were enrolled and 560 tooth
      extractions were performed. Fresh extraction sockets were treated with collagen
      tablets and sutures. The risk of increased bleeding rate was evaluated for type
      of drug therapy (acenocoumarol or warfarin), type of cardiovascular diseases, and
      number of tooth extractions. Level of significance was set at 0.05. RESULTS: The
      overall bleeding event rate was 6.8%. Among patients who had bleeding events, 4
      suffered from valvular disorders, whereas 11 suffered from arrhythmias (8) or
      cardiomyopathies (3). The remaining 5 patients had a history of cardiomyopathy
      and arrhythmia.The bleeding events in patients who had more than 2 tooth
      extractions were significantly higher than those observed in patients who had
      only 1 tooth extraction (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients who received more than 2
      tooth extractions, who were under treatment with acenocoumarol, and who suffered
      from multiple cardiovascular diseases were at high risk for bleeding events.

PMID- 27380568
TI  - Apert Syndrome: Outcomes From the Australian Craniofacial Unit's Birth to
      Maturity Management Protocol.
AB  - The complex, progressive, multisystem nature of Apert syndrome presents many
      challenges to managing surgeons. Based on the pioneering work of Paul Tessier,
      the senior author developed a multidisciplinary birth to maturity management
      protocol for Apert syndrome. Between 1975 and 2014 the Australian Craniofacial
      Unit has treated 174 Apert syndrome patients and 28 have completed full protocol
      management. This paper reviews the scientific contribution made to the management
      of Apert syndrome by the Australian Craniofacial Unit, the development and
      evolution of the protocol and presents comprehensive data on the surgical and
      nonsurgical craniofacial interventions, and outcomes for the 28 patients who have
      completed the programme; 26 had normal visual acuity, 22 had normal hearing, 20
      achieved normal or nearly normal speech, 24 a functional class I occlusion, 18
      completed mainstream schooling of whom at least 8 went on to tertiary education,
      at least 13 gained employment and 15 developed good social groups. These outcomes
      equal or exceed those presented by other authors and provide compelling evidence
      of the value of protocol management in clinical outcomes, in addition to their
      value in international collaboration, and scientific development of future
      therapeutic strategies for the management of Apert syndrome. 

PMID- 27380569
TI  - Management of Craniosynostosis at an Advanced Age: Controversies, Clinical
      Findings, and Surgical Treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The natural history of unrepaired craniosynostosis is not well
      defined. Delayed surgical intervention carries greater risk of postoperative
      complications and its functional benefits for older patients are poorly
      characterized. The authors reviewed patients in whom children presented beyond 1
      year of age to better understand the natural history of craniosynostosis, and the
      risk-benefit relationship for delayed reconstruction. METHODS: After
      institutional IRB approval the authors conducted a retrospective review of
      patients who presented after 1 year of age with craniosynostosis. Type of
      craniosynostosis, age at evaluation, medical history, surgical findings,
      developmental abnormalities, ophthalmologic findings, and clinical course were
      reviewed. RESULTS: Ten patients with delayed presentation for craniosynostosis
      were identified. The mean age at presentation was 6.8 years +/- 4.2 years (range,
      3-17 years). Seven of 10 patients presented with developmental delay. Five
      patients presented with debilitating headaches. Five patients presented with
      comorbid Chiari malformations, 3 of whom required surgical decompression. Two
      patients had papilledema. Four patients underwent intracranial pressure
      monitoring, with elevated pressures found in 3 patients. Six patients underwent
      delayed cranial vault remodeling. There were no peri- or postoperative
      complications, including infection or residual bony defects, in those undergoing
      delayed operation. CONCLUSIONS: Children who present in a delayed fashion with
      unrepaired craniosynostosis have high rates of debilitating headaches,
      developmental delays, head shape anomalies, and Chiari malformation. Five
      patients reporting preoperative headaches noted subjective improvements in
      headaches following delayed operation. Cranial reconstruction can be safely
      performed at an older age and is appropriate to consider in carefully selected
      patients for aesthetic and/or functional concerns.

PMID- 27380570
TI  - Inferior Alveolar Nerve Mobilization Using Ultrasonic Surgery With Crestal
      Approach Technique, Followed by Immediate Implant Insertion: Evaluation of
      Neurosensory Disturbance.
AB  - Many techniques are described for atrophied mandibles rehabilitation. This
      article reports on 12 clinical patients of severely atrophied posterior
      mandibles. In all the patients, a cone beam is performed before the crestal
      surgical approach to inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) mobilization. For the
      realization of this technique the piezosurgery device was used to minimize IAN
      injuries. With the help of this device the selective cutting of the bone has been
      possible until IAN exposure, in the implant placement site. At the same time, the
      authors performed the implant osteotomy and implant placement. After 4 months of
      healing, all implants were osseointegrated and the implant-supported bridges were
      done.Evaluation by means of neurosurgery function test over a 36-months period
      found that all patients had a return to normal sensation, after a brief period of
      neurosensory disturbance. 

PMID- 27380571
TI  - Endoscope-Assisted Transoral Fixation of Mandibular Condyle Fractures:
      Submandibular Versus Transoral Endoscopic Approach.
AB  - In recent years, endoscope-assisted transoral approach for condylar fracture
      treatment has attracted much attention. However, the surgical approach is
      technically challenging: the procedure requires specialized instruments and the
      surgeons experience a steep learning curve. During the transoral endoscopic (TE)
      approach several instruments are positioned through a narrow oral incision making
      endoscope maneuvering very difficult. For this reason, the authors changed the
      entry port of the endoscope from transoral to submandibular area through a small
      stab incision. The aim of this study is to assess the advantage of using the
      submandibular endoscopic intraoral approach (SEI).The SEI approach requires
      intraoral incision for fracture reduction and fixation, and 4 mm size
      submandibular stab incision for endoscope and traction wires. Fifteen patients
      with condyle neck and subcondyle fractures were operated under the submandibular
      approach and 15 patients with the same diagnosis were operated under the standard
      TE approach.The SEI approach allowed clear visualization of the posterior margin
      of the ramus and condyle, and the visual axis was parallel to the condyle ramus
      unit. The TE approach clearly shows the anterior margin of the condyle and the
      sigmoid notch. The surgical time of the SEI group was 128 minutes and the TE
      group was 120 minutes (P >0.05). All patients in the TE endoscope group were
      fixated with the trocar system, but only 2 lower neck fracture patients in the
      SEI group required a trocar. The other 13 subcondyle fractures were fixated with
      an angulated screw driver (P <0.05). There were no differences in complication
      and surgical outcomes.The submandibular endoscopic approach has an advantage of
      having more space with good visualization, and facilitated the use of an
      angulated screw driver. 

PMID- 27380572
TI  - Microvascular Decompression for Idiopathic Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia in
      Patients Over 75 Years of Age.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In the present study, the authors appraised the results of
      microvascular decompression in patients over 75 years of age. METHODS: From June
      2009 to June 2013, a number of 108 aged patients with primary trigeminal
      neuralgia experienced microvascular decompression. The authors present a
      retrospective review of medical records and compared the results with those of a
      control group of 302 younger patients. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 3
      years. No statistically marked differences were observed between the 2 groups in
      terms of rate of pain control, recurrences, complications. The duration of
      operation in the elderly group was markedly shorter than that in the younger
      group. CONCLUSION: Microvascular decompression is a liable and safe surgical
      method for aged patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia. Unless the aged
      patients cannot bear general anesthesia, they should have the chance to select
      microvascular decompression.

PMID- 27380573
TI  - Tomographic Evaluation of Accessory Canals Penetrating at the Inner Side of the
      Anterior Region of Mandibles.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The anterior region of the mandible is generally considered to be a
      safe region to invasive procedures; however, on its internal face, uncountable
      penetrating canals may be encountered. OBJECTIVE: To perform morphometrical and
      topographical analysis of endosseous canals located at the inner side of the
      mandibular anterior region, using cone-beam computed tomography. METHODS: Forty
      six examinations were digitally analyzed. Localization of canals in relation to
      the midline, trajectories, communications between other anatomic structures and
      relation with teeth were evaluated. Longitudinal and transversal diameters of the
      canals and distances to the lower edge and symphysis of the mandible were also
      measured. RESULTS: All individuals had at least 1 canal, with a mean of 2.3 and
      higher prevalence in the midline region. The adjacent teeth to the canals were
      usually the incisors but the authors could not determine the connected anatomical
      structure in most patients. Both the mean diameters were quite similar, about 1
      mm; however, the trajectories and distances to the lower edge and symphysis of
      mandible showed a remarkable heterogeneity among the individuals. CONCLUSIONS:
      These endosseous canals are consistent and clinically relevant findings and
      should never be underestimated by professionals.

PMID- 27380574
TI  - The Mini-Zygoma Reduction Surgery: A Simple and Reliable Approach for Mid-Face
      Narrowing.
AB  - Reduction of mid-face width is a major concern in Asian facial contouring
      surgery, and some patients want their mild or borderline problems to be improved
      in a minimally invasive manner. The authors' mini-zygoma reduction surgery
      technique is indicated for patients who seek both minimal invasiveness and
      reliability. Patients presenting with a wide mid-face and isolated zygomatic arch
      protrusion without severe zygomatic body prominence were included into the study.
      All surgeries are performed under local anesthesia and on an outpatient basis.
      Through temporal and sideburn incisions, complete osteotomy was performed on the
      temporal process of the zygomatic body and just in front of the anterior tubercle
      of the zygomatic arch. After transposition to a proper inward position, the
      osteotomized segment was rigidly fixed on the zygomatic arch with metal fixtures.
      All surgeries were successfully performed without excessive blood loss or any
      unpredicted events. Over the 6 to 18-month follow-up period, most patients were
      satisfied with the aesthetic results of the surgery, the rapid recovery, and the
      minimal postoperative swelling. Even with a 1-point fixation, the segment
      remained stable and did not show displacement of the bony segment. In patients
      showing a minimal zygomatic arch prominence and seeking minimally invasive
      surgery, the proposed technique can be a proper surgical option with reliable and
      predictable results. The surgery can be performed without general anesthesia and
      on an outpatient basis, thereby resulting in prompt postoperative recovery.
      Predictability and reliability is assured with rigid fixation with a metal
      fixture on the zygomatic arch. 

PMID- 27380575
TI  - An Innovative Decompression Device to Treat Odontogenic Cysts.
AB  - The author presents an innovative device to decompress odontogenic cystic lesions
      of the jawbones. Its use and characteristics are described. 

PMID- 27380576
TI  - Single-Stage Surgical Reconstruction of Posttraumatic Compound Complex Fronto
      Basal Cranial Vault Fracture in a Resource-Limited Practice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The extant literature on the surgical treatment of posttraumatic
      compound, complex frontal basal calvarial skull fracture suggests that this be a
      staged procedure. There are many socioeconomic constraints in low-resource
      regions of the world to the feasibility of this standard practice. METHODS: A
      single-stage operative procedure for the surgical treatment of these fractures in
      a neurosurgery practice in Nigeria is here annotated. In addition, an
      observational outcome analysis of this surgical technique in a prospective
      consecutive cohort of patients over a 6-year period is presented. RESULTS:
      Fourteen patients, all males, mean age 33.9 years (SD, 6.6) underwent this
      surgical procedure. Majority were late neurosurgical referrals, hence median time
      to surgery was 96 hours (range, 48-2160). Twelve patients (85.7%) had history of
      loss of consciousness, median duration of 34 hours; 7 (50%) had associated brain
      contusions; 6 (43%) significant pneumocephalus; and acute extradural and subdural
      haematoma in 4 and 2 patients respectively. The surgery was successful in all; 13
      (93%) had normal outcome on the Glasgow outcome scale at hospital discharge; 12
      have been followed up for 1 to 72 months, median 33. Seven of these were for 30
      months or more. There was no patient of surgical site infection in the
      perioperative or the follow-up period to date. The aesthetic outcome was also
      acceptable. CONCLUSION: The pragmatic surgical technique herein annotated appears
      clinically and aesthetically effectual in the operative treatment of compound,
      complex frontal basal cranial vault fracture.

PMID- 27380577
TI  - A Perioperative Risk Comparison of Posterior Vault Distraction Osteogenesis in an
      Older Pediatric Population.
AB  - There is a growing literature on the advantages of posterior cranial vault
      distraction osteogenesis (PVDO) in infants, particularly those with syndromic and
      multisuture craniosynostosis. This study aims to compare perioperative outcomes
      of PVDO in older patients to those of infants. A prospective craniofacial
      database was queried for patients aged 5 and older undergoing PVDO; controls were
      diagnosis-matched infants. Demographic, perioperative, and distraction data was
      compared using a 2-sample t test and Fisher exact test.Twenty patients met
      inclusion criteria, and all had syndromic craniosynostosis. Mean age was 9.2
      years for the older group, and 0.7 years for the younger. Older children had less
      weight-based blood loss (mean 58.6 +/- 38.8 versus 14.6 +/- 7.0 cc/kg, control
      versus older, P = 0.0092) and weight-based transfusion (mean 70.1 +/- 37.2 versus
      21.2 +/- 9.9 cc/kg, control versus older, P = 0.0023); other perioperative
      variables were similar including duration of surgery, length of stay, distance
      distracted, time in consolidation, and length of follow-up. All patients in both
      groups successfully completed PVDO, and all older patients had resolution of
      papilledema and/or headaches. One from each group developed a wound infection
      that was treated with oral antibiotics.Posterior cranial vault distraction
      osteogenesis is a safe and efficacious for cranial vault expansion in syndromic
      craniosynostosis, with similar perioperative outcomes in older children as
      compared to infants. Posterior cranial vault distraction osteogenesis may be a
      reasonable alternative in older syndromic patients with acceptable frontal
      morphology and concerns for increased intracranial pressure. 

PMID- 27380578
TI  - Alloderm Covering Over Titanium Cranioplasty May Minimize Contour Deformities in
      the Frontal Bone Position.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Titanium cranioplasty is commonly used for surgical closure of skull
      defects post craniectomy. Superficial implantation of the mesh can result in
      discomfort, palpability, and in extreme patients, exposure of the mesh. Exposed
      titanium mesh can be complicated by infections and often requires implant
      revision or removal. Generally, the contour of the titanium mesh is camouflaged
      in the hairline of the patient and any aesthetic complication can remain
      inconspicuous. However, in the frontal bone position the thin hairless forehead
      skin often may not easily hide the contour of the underlying titanium mesh.
      OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to demonstrate the usage of an alloderm
      covering over the titanium cranioplasty to possibly minimize the contour
      irregularities of titanium. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Our index patient, a 22-year-old
      woman, was operated for left frontal craniectomy for frontal bone tumor extending
      to brain parenchyma. This resulted in a surgical defect that was repaired with
      titanium mesh cranioplasty and dural patch. It was felt that the patient would
      potentially feel and see the titanium mesh cranioplasty under the thin frontalis
      muscle. Therefore, over top of the titanium mesh a remnant piece of AlloDerm
      unused after the dural patch was placed to buffer the potential contour
      deformity. Postoperatively, the contour appears natural and the patient does not
      report any complaints of discomfort or mesh palpability. CONCLUSION: In a thin
      skinned patient undergoing titanium mesh cranioplasty, the risk of mesh
      palpability or exposure can be significant, especially in areas of non-hair
      bearing scalp and the protruding areas of the skull. Alloderm covering over the
      titanium mesh can provide improved aesthetic outcomes by minimizing contour
      deformity and may serve as an additional buffer in thin scalp.

PMID- 27380579
TI  - The Effect of Septoplasty on Voice Performance in Patients With Severe and Mild
      Nasal Septal Deviation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The authors aimed to analyze the effect of septoplasty, performed in 2
      groups with different grades of nasal septal deviation (NSD), on voice
      performance. METHODS: A total of 43 patients who had septoplasty due to NSD and
      were included in the study. The study groups were divided into 2 groups as groups
      A and B. The patients in group A had severe NSD, and 1 of the nasal cavity was
      obstructed totally or near totally. In group B, the NSD narrowed the nasal
      passage, and the deviation was not severe. The voice performance was analyzed
      preoperatively, and 1 month after surgery with both objective and subjective
      methods. Objective analysis included acoustic voice analysis, and measurement of
      F0, jitter %, shimmer %. Preoperative and postoperative F0, jitter %, shimmer %,
      and Voice Handicap Index-30 (VHI-30) were compared in groups A and B. RESULTS: F0
      showed a statistically significant improvement after surgery in group A (P
      <0.001). Jitter %, shimmer %, and VHI-30 scores also improved after surgery,
      without any statistical significance. In group B, preoperative and postoperative
      F0, jitter %, and shimmer % were similar. However, VHI-30 scores showed a
      significant improvement postoperatively (P = 0.005). Comparison of groups A and B
      for improvements of the voice parameters revealed that group A showed
      improvements in all voice parameters, and the improvements of F0 and shimmer %
      were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Septoplasty performed for severe NSD
      obstructing nasal lumen totally or near totally results in significant
      improvements in the voice performance.

PMID- 27380580
TI  - Emergency Management of High-Energy Shell Fragment Midface Complex Injuries.
AB  - Distinctive mechanisms of heavy artillery and improvised explosive device
      detonation result in a blast and "spray" of high-energy fragments of diverse
      shapes, sizes, and characteristics. Associated midface complex injuries differ in
      both severity and complexity of the anatomical structures involved. Management
      challenges begin with lifesaving, which is complicated by airway compromise,
      severe hemorrhage, and unique injuries of the maxillae, nose, and naso
      orbitoethmoid.The patients presented fragment impact on the face lateral side
      directed to other side leads to tissues blown away at the point of high-energy
      exits, while no survival seen of enface shrapnel hit directed antroposterior
      toward "cervical spine, intracranial, internal and external carotid arteries and
      internal jugular vein."Twenty-two patients were selected from unquantified
      patients who had sustained massive midface shell fragment injuries. To preserve
      midface architecture, healing, and function, iodoform paste on ribbon gauze packs
      were utilized successfully. An iodoform paste on ribbon gauze pack serves the
      dual purpose of preserving the shape and scaffolding of the crushed maxillary
      sinus wall and buttresses fragments in position for healing. It also acts as a
      wet pack dressing for denuded bone fragments, stopping bleeding and having
      antimicrobial properties for severely lacerated wounds. For total or partial
      nasal tissue loss, a successful procedure consists of definitive early
      scaffolding stabilization using an intranasal, modified portex tracheostomy tube
      stent to preserve the internal shape of the nasal pyramid. 

PMID- 27380581
TI  - Surgical Treatment of Complex Orbital Fracture.

PMID- 27380582
TI  - The Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Curcumin in Middle Ear
      Infection.
AB  - AIM: To investigate and analyze the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of
      curcumin in experimentally induced middle ear infection. METHOD: Twenty-four
      Wistar albino rats with otomicroscopic examination findings within normal limits
      were included in the study. Study groups were established after Streptococcus
      pneumoniae was inoculated into the middle ear cavity of all rats. No medication
      was administered to Group 1, the control group. Group 2 was administered 50
      mg/kg/day amoxicillin intraperitoneally. Group 3 was administered 50 mg/kg/day
      amoxicillin together with 30 mg/kg/day curcumin intraperitoneally. Blood
      specimens and temporal bones were collected on the 10th day of medication from
      the 22 rats in which acute otitis media developed. Serum glutathione peroxidase
      and superoxide dismutase activities and malondialdehyde levels were measured.
      Inflammatory cell infiltration, vascular proliferation, and epithelial
      proliferation were assessed histopathologically in middle ear mucosa specimens,
      and the results were compared among the groups. RESULTS: Malondialdehyde levels
      in the group given curcumin were significantly lower than those of the control
      group, while serum glutathione peroxidase activity was also lower compared to
      that of the control group. No significant difference was observed among the
      groups in terms of superoxide dismutase activity. Although there were no
      significant findings in terms of histopathological data, epithelial proliferation
      in the groups receiving antibiotherapy was suppressed compared to the control
      group. Similarly, curcumin was observed to have a positive effect on inflammatory
      cell infiltration. No significant changes were observed in terms of vascular
      proliferation. CONCLUSION: With its wide and safe dose range, curcumin represents
      grounds for optimism in terms of anti-inflammatory treatment in acute otitis
      media.

PMID- 27380583
TI  - Reconstruction of Eyelids and Related Structures.
AB  - Eyelids and related structures such as ligamentous and lacrimal system make the
      reconstruction of the periorbital area a challenge. The authors present 5
      patients with periorbital reconstruction after tumor excision or trauma with
      special considerations. A detailed analysis of the problem and reconstruction of
      all of the injured systems or structures are mandatory to achieve a satisfactory
      result on the periorbital area. 

PMID- 27380584
TI  - Surgical Approach, Findings, and Eight-Year Follow-Up in a Twenty-Nine Year Old
      Female With Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome Presenting With Blepharophimosis Causing
      Near-Complete Visual Obstruction.
AB  - The authors describe the surgical approach, findings, and 8-year follow-up in a
      29-year-old woman, with severe Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, presenting with
      congenital blepharophimosis of both upper eyelids resulting in near-complete
      functional visual obstruction. To avoid possible Freeman-Sheldon syndrome
      associated complications of malignant hyperthermia, difficult vascular access,
      and challenging endotracheal intubation, the surgery was completed under local
      anesthesia without sedation, and anatomical and functional correction was
      immediate and remained stable at 8-year follow-up. Unlike many congenital
      craniofacial syndromes, which frequently involve life-long impairments, important
      implications exist for plastic surgeons to facilitate opportunities for patients
      to overcome functional limitations. 

PMID- 27380585
TI  - Mesiotemporal Disconnection and Hypoactivity in Kluver-Bucy Syndrome: Case Series
      and Literature Review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Kluver-Bucy syndrome (KBS) is often perceived as rare and limited to
      cases with bilateral amygdala destruction. In fact, various alternate mechanisms
      may be involved, warranting exploration of the syndrome's presentation,
      pathophysiology, prognosis, and management. DATA SOURCES: Clinical management and
      the electronic medical records were examined for 2 patients diagnosed with
      partial KBS (ICD-10 F07.0) after experiencing >= 3 of the following: placidity,
      indiscriminate dietary behavior, hyperorality, hypersexuality, visual agnosia,
      and hypermetamorphosis. A literature search was performed in April 2015 by using
      the keyword Kluver-Bucy in PubMed and Ovid databases for English language
      publications since inception. Additionally, the authors reviewed the reference
      list of these publications in order to identify additional reports. STUDY
      SELECTION: Studies were included if they had information about presentation,
      pathophysiology, syndrome treatment or management, and course of KBS. DATA
      EXTRACTION: Information about our KBS cases was obtained by reviewing electronic
      medical records and by direct observation of the patients. A total of 186
      (PubMed) and 137 (Ovid) publications were identified in each database. We
      ultimately reviewed 109 articles containing information about KBS, finding 51
      publications addressing relevant aspects of this syndrome. RESULTS: The first
      case demonstrates KBS secondary to mesiotemporal structural atrophy, and the
      second illustrates transient KBS due to functional, postictal, hypoactivity
      within such structures. Literature review and discussion regarding both prognosis
      and treatment of KBS follows. CONCLUSIONS: Kluver-Bucy syndrome may be
      underreported due to a limited understanding of the syndrome as one necessitating
      bilateral amygdaloid destruction. The syndrome can be seen with
      damage/hypofunction of the hippocampal-amygdaloid complex and its projections.
      The prognosis of KBS is variable, and its treatment is based on a combination of
      environmental and pharmacologic measures.

PMID- 27380586
TI  - Understanding Interactions between Cellular Matrices and Metal Complexes: Methods
      To Improve Silver Nanodot-Specific Staining.
AB  - Metal complexes are frequently used for biological applications due to their
      special photophysical and chemical characteristics. Due to strong interactions
      between metals and biomacromolecules, a random staining of cytoplasm or
      nucleoplasm by the complexes results in a low signal-to-background ratio. In this
      study, we used luminescent silver nanodots as a model to investigate the major
      driving force for non-specific staining in cellular matrices. Even though some
      silver nanodot emitters exhibited excellent specific staining of nucleoli,
      labeling with nanodots was problematic owing to severe non-specific staining.
      Binding between silver and sulfhydryl group of proteins appeared to be the major
      factor that enforced the silver staining. The oxidation of thiol groups in cells
      with hexacyanoferrate(III) dramatically weakened the silver-cell interaction and
      consequently significantly improved the efficiency of targeted staining. 

PMID- 27380587
TI  - Moderate Exercise for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

PMID- 27380589
TI  - Haemostatic patterns and bleeding scores of a genetically characterised Italian
      family with combined haemophilia A and type 1 von Willebrand disease.
AB  - : We report on the coinheritance of mild haemophilia A and type 1 von Willebrand
      disease (VWD) in a genetically characterized Italian family. The proband is a 56
      year-old man carrying both the c.2167G>A mutation in the factor VIII (FVIII) gene
      (responsible for p.A723T substitution) and the c.4751A>G mutation (p.Y1584C) in
      the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene. His FVIII and VWF levels were 9.8 and 43.2
      IU/dl, respectively. His bleeding symptoms included mucocutaneous bleeding,
      haemarthrosis, and muscle haematomas. Using the bleeding assessment tool, a
      questionnaire currently employed in diagnosing VWD, the patient had a bleeding
      score of 27 as compared with the 10.2 +/- 3.4 found in patients with mild-to
      moderate haemophilia A, and 0-3 in normal men. One of the proband's two daughters
      (both obligate carriers of haemophilia A) also harboured the VWF p.Y1584C
      mutation. Her FVIII and VWF levels were 45.9 and 54 IU/dl, respectively, and her
      bleeding score was slightly higher than normal for women (6 vs. 0-5). The other
      daughter had a normal bleeding score, and so did the proband's father (with type
      1 VWD) and mother (haemophilia A carrier). Discrepancies between haemostatic
      patterns and bleeding symptoms in cases of haemophilia A, as seen in our patient,
      suggest the need to search for other coagulation defects, especially involving
      VWF, which is the carrier of FVIII. Although the presence of a VWF mutation
      significantly exacerbates the haemorrhagic complications in patients with mild
      haemophilia A, it has only mild effects on haemophilia A carriers.

PMID- 27380588
TI  - CYP2C19 but not CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, ABCB1, PON1 or P2Y12 genetic polymorphism
      impacts antiplatelet response after clopidogrel in Koreans.
AB  - Clopidogrel response variability (CRV) is well documented, and may affect
      clinical outcomes. Impact of genetic polymorphisms is important for assessing and
      predicting CRV. The extensive evidence indicates the importance of CYP2C19
      variants in reducing efficacy of clopidogrel. This study defined the impact of
      numerous genetic polymorphisms on CRV before and after percutaneous coronary
      interventions (PCI) exclusively in a Korean cohort assuming less genetic
      variability noise. One hundred and thirty-six patients of Korean origin
      undergoing PCI were included. Platelet reactivity was measured by VerifyNow assay
      before and after PCI. Genetic polymorphism of seven single nucleotides of CYP2B6,
      CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, ABCB1, PON1, and P2Y12 were evaluated and matched with
      platelet reactivity. Carriers of at least one CYP2C19*2 or *3 allele uniformly
      exhibited higher platelet reactivity compared to 0-carrier pre-PCI (odds ratio
      3.1, 95% confidence interval 1.4-6.9, P < 0.01) and post-PCI (odds ratio 3.4, 95%
      confidence interval 1.7-6.8, P < 0.001). The carriers of other gene allele
      variants lack uniformed impact on CRV. The Korean carriers of CYP2C19*2 or *3
      allele are linked to CRV, whereas CYP2B6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, ABCB1, PON1, and P2Y12
      failed to predict CRV. The exact clinical utility of these findings is uncertain,
      and requires a large randomized national trial for proof of concept.

PMID- 27380590
TI  - Probiotics in Childhood Diseases: From Basic Science to Guidelines in 20 Years of
      Research and Development.

PMID- 27380591
TI  - Gut Microbiota as a Target for Food Allergy.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to present an overview on the
      potential role of gut microbiota as target of intervention against food allergy.
      RECENT FINDINGS: Many studies suggest a key pathogenetic role for gut microbiota
      modifications (dysbiosis) in food allergy development. Several factors
      responsible for dysbiosis have been associated with the occurrence of food
      allergy, such as caesarean delivery, lack of breast milk, drugs use (mainly
      antibiotics and gastric acidity inhibitors), antiseptic agents use, and low
      fibers/hight fat diet. No specific bacterial taxa have been consistently
      associated with food allergy, but evidence suggests that gut dysbiosis occurs
      even before food allergy signs and symptoms presentation. Data from animal and
      human studies highlight the ability of particular bacterial taxa to ferment
      dietary fibers for the production of short chain fatty acids that affect host
      immunity and help to explain their health-promoting role. SUMMARY: Modulation of
      gut microbiota composition and/or function represents a promising strategy for
      treatment and prevention of food allergy in childhood.

PMID- 27380592
TI  - Probiotics, Prebiotics & Food allergy Prevention: Clinical Data in Children.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: there are accruing evidences on the role of the intestinal
      microbiota in the development of allergic diseases among infants. Elaborating on
      this theoretical basis, studies did assess the possibilities to prevent allergic
      diseases in infancy through manipulation of the intestinal microbiota. We review
      here such studies. RECENT FINDINGS: interventional studies led to conflicting
      conclusions on the possible role of probiotics and prebiotics in allergy
      prevention. Two metanalyses published in 2015 did reconcile all data. Guidelines
      have been predicated on such studies using the GRADE methodology. SUMMARY: the
      guidelines for allergy prevention suggest for the first time the use of
      probiotics and prebiotics. The existing evidences stand for a use of such
      supplementation in particular for the prevention of eczema. As there is no
      evidence so far of superiority of one probiotic strand over the others, they
      should be considered as class and not as individual products.

PMID- 27380593
TI  - Childhood Obesity: Current Situation and Future Opportunities.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The early origins of overweight and obesity and the
      opportunities for early prevention are explored. RECENT FINDINGS: Overweight and
      obesity prevalence globally has increased at an alarming rate. No single
      intervention can halt the rise of the obesity epidemic. Particular attention is
      given to exploring causative factors and preventive measures in early life, when
      biological determinants of risk trajectories, feeding behaviour and dietary
      preferences are shaped. Some lifestyle and nutrition modifications in pregnancy
      and infancy can reduce subsequent obesity risk. Also postnatal infant gut
      colonisation may modify later obesity risk, but currently available evidence does
      not allow firm conclusions. Surprisingly, about 3.2 times more systematic reviews
      (SR) than randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were published on "probiotics" and
      health, and even 7.9 times more SR than RCTs on "probiotics" and obesity, which
      is not helpful. SUMMARY: Multiple research opportunities exist for exploring the
      early origins of obesity to contribute towards halting the rise in obesity
      prevalence. Exploring the early development of the microbiome in its complexity,
      its dependence on dietary and other exogenous factors, and its metabolic and
      regulatory functions is promising. Meaningful progress for obesity prevention can
      most likely be achieved by combining several strategies.

PMID- 27380594
TI  - Probiotics for the Management of Infantile Colic.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota in subjects with
      infantile colic differs from the gut microbiota in an unaffected population. In
      colicky infants, dysbiosis may affect gut motor function and gas production
      resulting in abdominal pain/colic. If so, it is logical to assume that
      manipulation of the gut microbiota may play a therapeutic role and also could be
      a preventive measure in the evolution of these disorders. We aimed to evaluate
      evidence on the effectiveness of probiotics for treating and preventing infantile
      colic. RECENT FINDINGS: The administration of Lactobacillusreuteri DSM 17938 is
      likely to reduce crying time in breastfed infants with infantile colic, but its
      role in formula-fed infants is less clear. Data summarized in the current review
      suggest that L reuteri DSM 17938 may be effective in the reduction of
      crying/colic both in breastfed and formula-fed infants. Other probiotics (single
      or in combinations) were studied in single trials only. SUMMARY: Given the lack
      of effective therapy for infantile colic and the good safety profile of L reuteri
      DSM 17938, this therapeutic option could be discussed with caregivers. Data on
      other probiotics, either positive or negative, are too limited to allow one to
      draw reliable conclusions.

PMID- 27380595
TI  - Probiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Clinical Data in Children.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence
      regarding probiotics treatment for pediatric IBS. RECENT FINDINGS: The overall
      management of children with IBS should be tailored to the patient's specific
      symptoms and identifiable triggers. The four major therapeutic approaches
      include: pharmacologic, dietary, psychosocial, and complementary/alternative
      medicine interventions.Although there is limited evidence for efficacy of
      pharmacological therapies such as antispasmodics and anti-diarrheals, these may
      have a role in severe cases. A Cochrane review concluded that only weak evidence
      exists regarding beneficial effects of pharmacological agents in providing relief
      from symptoms in functional abdominal pain (AP) in children. Role of antibiotics
      in treatment of children with IBS remains controversial. Various non
      pharmacologic treatments are available for pediatric IBS. In a recent systematic
      review including 24 studies some evidence was found indicating beneficial effects
      of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), cognitive behavioral therapy,
      hypnotherapy, and probiotics (LGG and VSL#3).Few randomized clinical trials
      (RCTs) are available in children. A meta-analysis including 9 trials which tested
      different probiotics as a treatment for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
      (FGIDs) in children and adolescents concluded that Lactobacillus GG,
      Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and VSL#3 significantly increased treatment
      success. We recently showed that, in children with IBS, a mixture of
      Bifidobacterium infantis M-63(r), breve M-16V(r) and longum BB536(r) is safe and
      is associated with better AP control and improved quality of life when compared
      to placebo. SUMMARY: Probiotics are emerging as new therapeutic tools in FGIDs,
      due to the recognition of the importance of gut microbiota in influencing brain
      gut interactions, and of the role played by intestinal infections in the genesis
      of AP-FGIDs. Preclinical data suggest that changes in the gut microbiota can
      affect brain signaling systems related to pain and associated emotional behavior.
      Therefore, probiotics could play a relevant role in the management of FGIDs, by
      affecting the gut microbiota or by altering brain function and pain perception
      centrally.

PMID- 27380596
TI  - Is There A Role for Pre-, Pro- and Synbiotics in the Treatment of Functional
      Constipation in Children? A Systematic Review.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To investigate the efficacy and safety of pre-, pro- and
      synbiotics in the treatment of pediatric functional constipation (FC). RECENT
      FINDINGS: A recent study reported that the gut microbiota in obese children with
      FC differs from that of obese children without FC. The gut microbiota may be
      involved in the pathophysiology of FC. Pre- and probiotics have been suggested as
      potential treatment modalities for FC in children. SUMMARY: PubMed and Cochrane
      databases were searched from inception to February 2016. We found 6 RCTs on
      prebiotics, 6 RCTs on probiotics and 1 RCT concerning synbiotics. Overall, most
      studies were at high risk of bias. The majority of studies were unable to
      demonstrate a significant effect of pre-, pro- or synbiotics on predefined
      outcome measures such as defecation frequency, fecal incontinence and painful or
      difficult defecation. Pre-, pro- and synbiotics were not associated with
      significant adverse effects. In conclusion, there is insufficient evidence to
      recommend pre-, pro- or synbiotics in the treatment of children with functional
      constipation. High-quality randomized controlled trials are warranted to further
      explore these treatment modalities.

PMID- 27380597
TI  - Early Microbe Contact and Obesity Risk: Evidence Of Causality?
AB  - The industrialized societies worldwide are in the middle of epidemics of diet
      related chronic diseases, obesity being the common denominator. Lately, these
      conditions have been linked with a distinct microbiota composition in affected
      individuals different from that of healthy individuals. In particular, dysbiosis
      during critical stages of development induces lasting alterations in the immune
      and metabolic phenotype. The compositional development of the gut microbiota,
      again, is highly sensitive to environmental influences such as maternal health
      and nutrition, the mode of delivery, early feeding and antibiotic use. Shifts in
      the microbiota by high-energy diet increase energy extraction and storage,
      provoke a low-grade inflammatory response and impair gut barrier function, and,
      consequently, result in obesity and metabolic disease. A lower abundance of
      butyrate-producing bacteria and lower overall richness of bacteria has been
      associated with increased metabolic disease risk in humans. Recent reports
      suggest that Akkermansia type bacteria or butyrate producing microbes may have
      anti-inflammatory potential and enhance intestinal barrier function, which may
      both alleviate obesity and related metabolic complications. Thus we are not
      directly what we eat or our mother eats, but what our microbiota eat and how the
      collective composition of the microbiome is modified by the diet. On this basis,
      altering the intestinal microecosystem may be taken as a key target to attain
      prophylactic or therapeutic effects in metabolic and inflammatory conditions.
      Tools for such modulation include specific probiotic bacteria and potentially
      also non-digestible carbohydrate components able to modify microbiota composition
      and activity.

PMID- 27380598
TI  - Indications and Recommendations by Societies and Institutions for the Use of
      Probiotics and Prebiotics in Paediatric Functional Intestinal Disorders.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To report the indications and/or recommendations by Societies
      and Institutions for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in functional
      intestinal disorders in childhood. RECENT FINDINGS: A position by Societies and
      Institutions is available only for infant colic, irritable bowel syndrome and
      constipation. Supplementation with the probiotic L reuteri DSM 17938 in breastfed
      term infants with colic appears to be effective in reducing crying, while still
      debated is its role in the prevention of colic. Irritable bowel syndrome is a
      common disorder in children and at present no specific treatments are available;
      existing data show that although high-quality studies are still needed, some
      evidence support the efficacy of LGG and VSL#3 in paediatric IBS. At present
      there is no evidence for the use of pre- or probiotics in childhood constipation.
      SUMMARY: Probiotics in a near future may have a definite role is some FGIDs of
      infants and children. The main limitations for the recommendation by Societies
      and Institutions are the methodological issues that limit the quality of the
      evidence and the heterogeneity of treatments (probiotic strain and dose, mode,
      dose and duration of supplementation, primary outcomes, etc). Some specific
      strains are promising for infant colic (L. reuteri DSM 17938) and irritable bowel
      syndrome (LGG) while at present there is no indication for their use in the
      treatment of childhood constipation.

PMID- 27380599
TI  - Algorithms for Common Gastrointestinal Disorders.
AB  - Regurgitation, infantile colic and, or, constipationare frequent during the first
      12 months of life, and although they aremost of the time functional disorders,
      these conditions can also be related to cow's milk. Practical algorithms for
      their management are presented. Management consists of exclusion of warning signs
      for organic disease, parental reassurance and nutritional strategies. The
      proposed algorithms will assist healthcare providers to manage frequent
      gastrointestinal and cows' milkrelated symptoms in infants.

PMID- 27380600
TI  - Pediatric NAFLD: the Future role of Patient-Tailored Probiotics Therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Clinical evidence of the use of probiotics in pediatric NAFLD,
      framed within gut microbiota response, is herein discussed. RECENT FINDINGS: The
      assistance of a new microbiological approach in probiotics' design is playing a
      central role in NAFLD clinical management. Experimental studies demonstrated the
      effect of gut microbiota manipulation in NAFLD and recent clinical evidence
      reported their beneficial effect in pediatric patients. SUMMARY: Epidemiology
      suggests that NAFLD is the most frequent pediatric chronic liver disease evolving
      from simple steatosis to a more severe form that may progress toward fibrosis.
      The goal of pharmacological treatment of NAFLD-related fibrosis is to stop and
      eventually to reverse liver damage, but no drug tested so far seem to be able to
      reach this endpoint. A few encouraging clinical studies demonstrated an
      improvement of hepato-metabolic milieu under probiotic treatment suggesting that
      they could exert an anti-fibrotic activity.Currently, new insights onto
      probiotics can be deduced by ad hoc generated NAFLD gut microbiota profiles.
      These functional maps may unveil gut ecosystem dynamics under probiotics'
      treatment, selecting the most appropriate for NAFLD gut microbiota amelioration.

PMID- 27380601
TI  - Probiotics and Prebiotics for Prevention of Food Allergy: Indications and
      Recommendations by Societies and Institutions.
AB  - Probiotics are defined as "live microorganisms that, when administered in
      adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host". Unfortunately, misuse of
      the term probiotic is very common. According to the regulation of the European
      food safety authority (EFSA) health claims on pre- and probiotics are not judged
      as favorable. Scientific societies should give guidance to the consumers and
      health care professionals on the use of probiotics and prebiotics for prevention
      and disease management. There is currently no positive recommendation from
      international scientific medical societies to use prebiotics or probiotics for
      treatment of food allergy or other allergic manifestations and for prevention of
      food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Discrepant recommendations exist for
      probiotics for prevention of eczema in high risk infants.

PMID- 27380603
TI  - A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Nonpharmacological Pain Management
      During Intravenous Cannulation in a Pediatric Emergency Department.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Intravenous (IV) cannulation is commonly performed in pediatric
      emergency departments (EDs). The busy ED environment is often not conducive to
      conventional nonpharmacological pain management. This study assessed the use of
      Ditto (Diversionary Therapy Technologies, Brisbane, Australia), a handheld
      electronic device which provides procedural preparation and distraction, as a
      means of managing pain and distress during IV cannulation performed in the
      pediatric ED. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial with 98 participants, aged 3
      to 12 years, was conducted in a pediatric ED. Participants were recruited and
      randomized into 5 intervention groups as follows: (1) Standard Distraction, (2)
      PlayStation Portable Distraction, (3) Ditto Distraction, (4) Ditto Procedural
      Preparation, and (5) Ditto Preparation and Distraction. Children's pain and
      distress levels were assessed via self-reports and observational reports by
      caregivers and nursing staff across the following 3 time points: (1) before, (2)
      during, and (3) after IV cannulation. RESULTS: Caregivers and nursing staff
      reported significantly reduced pain and distress levels in children accessing the
      combined preparation and distraction Ditto protocol, as compared to standard
      distraction (P <= 0.01). This intervention also saw the greatest reduction in
      pain and distress as reported by the child. CONCLUSIONS: Caregiver reports
      indicate that using the combined Ditto protocol was most effective in reducing
      children's pain experiences while undergoing IV cannulation in the ED. The use of
      Ditto offers a promising opportunity to negotiate barriers to the provision of
      nonpharmacological approaches encountered in the busy ED environment, and provide
      nonpharmacological pain-management interventions in pediatric EDs.

PMID- 27380602
TI  - Clinical characteristics and outcome of cirrhotic patients with high protein
      concentrations in ascites: a prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The protein concentration in ascites is usually low in cirrhosis
      because capillarization and defenestration of the sinusoids limit diffusion of
      large proteins from plasma to the space of Disse. However, some cirrhotic
      patients have high-protein ascites (HPA). AIM: The aim of this study was to
      describe and compare the characteristics and prognosis between cirrhotic patients
      with HPA (>20 g/l) and patients with low-protein ascites (LPA). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: In this longitudinal observational prospective cohort study, all
      consecutive cirrhotic patients with ascites hospitalized in our tertiary liver
      center were included and followed for up to 2 years, provided that they had no
      other cause of HPA. HPA was defined as protein concentrations of more than 20
      g/l. RESULTS: Among 107 patients included, 19 (17.8%) had HPA. HPA patients had
      more refractory ascites (63 vs. 34%), better liver functions, and a higher 1-year
      transplant-free survival rate compared with LPA patients (P<0.05). Portal
      hypertension parameters were not different. During follow-up, 47% of HPA patients
      were treated by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts versus 18% of LPA
      patients, whereas 15 LPA patients required liver transplantation for end-stage
      liver disease versus only one HPA patient. We observed higher protein filtration
      and less pericellular, centrilobular, and sinusoidal fibrosis in cirrhotic HPA
      livers compared with LPA livers. CONCLUSION: Almost 20% of cirrhotic patients
      with ascites have HPA (>20 g/l). These patients have better liver functions and a
      higher 1-year survival than those with LPA, even though ascites are more often
      refractory.

PMID- 27380604
TI  - Traumatic Pulmonary Herniation at the Diaphragmatic Junction in a Pediatric
      Patient: A Rare Complication of Blunt Chest Trauma.
AB  - We present a case of traumatic intercostal pulmonary herniation in an 11-year-old
      boy after blunt trauma to the chest, without associated chest wall disruption or
      pneumothorax. This condition is especially uncommon in children, with only 5
      previously reported cases and most occurring after penetrating chest trauma. To
      date, there are no reports in literature describing traumatic intercostal lung
      herniation at the diaphragmatic junction with a closed chest cavity in a child.
      The number of traumatic lung herniation diagnoses may be expanded by a more
      liberal use of computed tomography when serious injury is suspected. Computed
      tomography and advanced imaging should be considered in pediatric trauma patients
      presenting with concern for intrathoracic injury that may not be seen on plain
      film. Traumatic blunt intrathoracic and intra-abdominal injuries in the pediatric
      population that are within proximity of diaphragmatic insertion should be
      thoroughly evaluated to rule out diaphragmatic injury. As in our case, invasive
      surgical intervention such as thoracoscopy may be necessary. 

PMID- 27380606
TI  - Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in the Pediatric
      Population: A Review.

PMID- 27380605
TI  - Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis in the Pediatric
      Population: A Review.
AB  - Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe
      dermatologic reactions with mucocutaneous involvement that carry elevated
      mortality rates. They differ along a spectrum of severity based upon body surface
      area affected. These conditions, usually caused by a drug or infection, are
      believed to result from cell-mediated and often drug-specific cytotoxic reactions
      against keratinocytes, leading to widespread dermal-epidermal detachment. Studies
      attempting to identify potential curative therapies such as intravenous immune
      globulin (IVIG) and corticosteroids remain inconclusive. However, improved
      outcomes have been demonstrated by early withdrawal of offending medications,
      early transfer to an intensive care unit or burn unit, and aggressive supportive
      care. Due to the rare incidence of SJS and TEN, its recurrence among survivors
      hints at future vulnerability for these patients, and notorious offending
      medications should thus be avoided. This clinical review will highlight the
      diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by SJS and TEN, while emphasizing the
      need to maintain them high on the emergency medicine physician's differential.
      The review will also detail the supportive measures to take for preventing the
      rapid progression of mucocutaneous complications and subsequent sepsis-related
      mortality. 

PMID- 27380607
TI  - Essentials of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowship: Part 3: Clinical Education
      and Experience.
AB  - This article is the third in a 7-part series that aims to comprehensively
      describe the current state and future directions of pediatric emergency medicine
      fellowship training from the essential requirements to considerations for
      successfully administering and managing a program to the careers that may be
      anticipated upon program completion. This article focuses on the clinical aspects
      of fellowship training including the impact of the clinical environment,
      modalities for teaching and evaluation, and threats and opportunities in clinical
      education. 

PMID- 27380608
TI  - Point-Of-Care Ultrasound Findings Associated With Foreign Body Aspiration in the
      Pediatric Emergency Department.
AB  - Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) continues to generate new and interesting
      clinical findings as its use expands in the pediatric emergency department. This
      case report describes the novel findings identified during a POCUS focused lung
      examination of a pediatric patient with suspected foreign body aspiration. 

PMID- 27380609
TI  - Diagnosis of a Peritonsillar Abscess by Transcutaneous Point-of-Care Ultrasound
      in the Pediatric Emergency Department.
AB  - We report a case of a pediatric patient with an initial diagnosis of
      peritonsillar cellulitis made by otolaryngology. The findings from a subsequent
      transcutaneous point-of-care ultrasound by a pediatric emergency physician
      directly affected the decision to perform needle aspiration. Sonographic
      characteristics of a peritonsillar abscess may be helpful in the prompt diagnosis
      of peritonsillar abscess. 

PMID- 27380610
TI  - Torsed Meckel Diverticulum Mimicking a Cystic Teratoma.

PMID- 27380611
TI  - ECGs in the ED.

PMID- 27380612
TI  - Intravascular (blood vessel) histiocytosis with haemophagocytosis.
AB  - AIMS: Many types of intravascular lymphohistiocytic proliferation have been
      described recently; this was previously an unnoticed or misinterpreted
      phenomenon. Intralymphatic lymphohistiocytic aggregates are relatively common,
      and include benign, malignant and indeterminate conditions. In contrast, all non
      endothelial proliferations in the lumina of blood vessels have been interpreted
      so far as malignant. Herein, we present three cases of histiocytic proliferations
      in the lumen of blood vessels associated with intracytoplasmic granulocyte debris
      (haemophagocytosis), a previously undescribed entity. METHODS AND RESULTS: We
      identified three patients from two institutions with similar cutaneous lesions,
      both clinically and microscopically. Information regarding clinical history,
      histological features and immunoprofiles were obtained. The three cases presented
      intravascular histiocytosis with haemophagocytosis involving blood vessels of the
      dermis, a process that may be representative of a new entity. The patients were
      two women and one man who presented a symmetrical reticulated erythema with a
      tendency to involve the skin of the breasts. The lesions were indolent, did not
      ulcerate and followed a benign course. CONCLUSION: This seemingly novel condition
      is characterized by the presence of histiocytic cells inside blood vessels, where
      they have not been described previously as an entity. The most reasonable
      explanation for this process is an origin from the non-classical subset of
      monocytes that 'patrol' the inner face of blood vessels acting as macrophages.
      The existence of this entity should be kept in mind to avoid overdiagnosis of
      malignancy.

PMID- 27380613
TI  - Environmentally-Safe Conditions for a Palladium-Catalyzed Direct C3-Arylation
      with High Turn Over Frequency of Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines Using Aryl Bromides
      and Chlorides.
AB  - Pd(OAc)2 was found to catalyze very efficiently the direct arylation of
      imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine at C3-position under a very low catalyst loading and
      phosphine-free conditions. The reaction can be performed in very high TOFs and
      TONs employing as little as 0.1-0.05 mol % catalyst using a wide range of aryl
      bromides. In addition, some electron-deficient aryl chlorides were also found to
      be suitable substrates. Moreover, 31 examples of the cross couplings were
      reported using green, safe, and renewable solvents, such as pentan-1-ol,
      diethylcarbonate or cyclopentyl methyl ether, without loss of efficiency. 

PMID- 27380614
TI  - The Effects of Preoperative Endoscopic Tattooing on Distal Surgical Margin and
      Ileostomy Rates in Laparoscopic Rectal Cancer Surgery: A Prospective Randomized
      Study.
AB  - AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of endoscopic marking on the distal
      surgical margin and ileostomy rates in laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients, who underwent surgery between September
      2012 and December 2013 for rectal cancer limited to or with invasion of the upper
      rectum, were included in the study. The distal tumor margin was marked with
      purified carbon particles by colonoscopy before surgery in one group (n=20); no
      marking was performed in the second group (n=20). Patients were assigned randomly
      to each group. Laparoscopic anterior or low-anterior resection was performed in
      all patients. Demographic and operative data, pathology results, morbidity, and
      ileostomy rates were measured. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant
      difference in the demographic data, the tumor size, the amount of bleeding, the
      specimen length, the harvested lymph node number, postoperative complications,
      the length of hospital stay, rehospitalization, and the operation duration
      between groups 1 and 2, respectively. The distal surgical margin was
      significantly shorter in the marked group. The protective ileostomy rates were
      also lower in the marked group; however, the difference did not reach statistical
      significance. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative endoscopic tattooing decreases distal
      resection margins and may reduce protective ileostomy rates in laparoscopic
      rectal surgery.

PMID- 27380615
TI  - Efficacy of Repeated Intraperitoneal Administration of Levobupivacaine in Pain
      and Opioid Consumption After Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective
      Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.
AB  - PURPOSE: To estimate the effect of intraperitoneal levobupivacaine on
      postoperative pain and analgesic requirements, during the first 24 hours after
      elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 73 consecutive patients
      scheduled for LC were randomized into 2 groups. In the local anesthetic group 36
      patients received 10 mL of 0.5% levobupivacaine intraperitoneally at the end of
      the LC and at 4 hours postoperatively, whereas in the placebo group 37 patients
      received 10 mL of 0.9% normal saline. Visual analog scale pain scores, analgesic
      consumption, side-effects, and vital signs were recorded for 24 hours
      postoperatively. RESULTS: In the local anesthetic group lower visual analog scale
      pain scores were observed postoperatively, both at rest and at movement (P-values
      compared with placebo, 0.012 and <0.001, respectively). Fentanyl consumption was
      greater in the placebo group (P-value <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Intraperitoneal
      administration of 10 mL 0.5% levobupivacaine after LC is effective in reducing
      postoperative pain and decreasing opioid consumption.

PMID- 27380616
TI  - Comparison of the Effect of Instrument Type on Transanal Endoscopic Surgery
      Learning Curves.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transanal endoscopic surgery (TES) can be technically difficult due
      to the constraints of operating through a narrow proctoscope channel. In this
      study, we compared the performance of surgical novices using instruments with and
      without articulating shafts to perform a simulated TES task. METHODS: Medical
      students each performed 10 repetitions of the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic
      Surgery circle-cut task. Participants were randomized into 3 groups: 2 performed
      the task through a TES proctoscope using scissors with either a rigid (TES-R) or
      articulating (TES-A) shaft. The third group performed the task laparoscopically
      (LAP). RESULTS: A total of 31 medical students participated. The LAP group had a
      faster mean task time than both the TES-R and TES-A groups (LAP 201+/-120 s vs.
      TES-R 362+/-212 s and TES-A 405+/-212 s, both P <0.001). The TES-R group made
      more errors (ie, deviation from a perfect circle) than both the other groups. The
      TES-R group adjusted the proctoscope position during more repetitions than the
      TES-A group. CONCLUSIONS: Students had faster task times when operating
      laparoscopically than through a TES protoscope. Task times were similar between
      the TES groups using scissors with articulating and rigid shafts; however, use of
      the articulating instruments resulted in fewer errors and less need to adjust
      proctoscope position.

PMID- 27380617
TI  - Noble-Metal-Free Photocatalytic H2 Generation: Active and Inactive 'Black' TiO2
      Nanotubes and Synergistic Effects.
AB  - Over the past five years a number of different synthesis approaches has been
      reported to obtain so-called 'black' titania. One of the outstanding features of
      the material is that certain synthesis processes lead to the formation of an
      intrinsic co-catalytic center and thus enable noble-metal free photocatalytic H2 
      generation. In the present work, using TiO2 nanotube layers, we compare three
      common 'blackening' approaches, namely i) the original high-pressure
      hydrogenation (HPT-H2 ), ii) a classic high temperature reduction in Ar, and iii)
      an electrochemical (cathodic) reduction. We demonstrate that except for high
      pressure hydrogenation also cathodic reduction leads to an activation of TiO2 -
      that is, it exhibits noble-metal-free photocatalytic H2 generation. Moreover, we
      show that a combination of cathodic reduction/high pressure hydrogenation leads
      to a synergistic effect, that is, a significant enhancement of the combined co
      catalytic activity.

PMID- 27380618
TI  - A Survey of Hospitals That Participated in a Statewide Collaborative to Implement
      and Sustain Rapid Response Teams.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of sustainability of rapid response teams
      (RRTs) among a group of hospitals that participated in a statewide collaborative
      to implement and sustain RRTs. SETTING AND SAMPLE: Fifty-six hospitals located in
      a southeastern state in the United States participated in a statewide 9-month
      collaborative that provided organization leaders with resources to implement and
      sustain RRTs. Thirty-three of these hospitals completed the electronic survey.
      Two hospitals were excluded because of missing data. MEASUREMENT: The RRT
      Institutionalization Scale (RRT-IS), adapted from the Level of
      Institutionalization Scale, measured the degree of institutionalization (i.e.,
      passages, routines, and niche saturation) across four subsystems: production,
      maintenance, supportive, and managerial. RESULTS: Thirty-one hospitals
      participated (response rate 55%). Rapid response team sustainability levels
      ranged from 1.0 to 5.98 (mean = 3.78, 95% CI = 3.40-4.17). The highest
      sustainability score was reported in the managerial subsystem (median = 5.3, IQR
      = 4.5-7.33), and the lowest score was reported in the supportive subsystem
      (median = 1.0, IQR = 1.0-2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid response team sustainability
      levels varied across hospitals in the collaborative. Different levels of
      sustainability were also observed across organizational subsystems. The lack of
      resources, staff, and dedicated funds hampered organizations' sustainability
      efforts.

PMID- 27380619
TI  - Anti-ulcerogenic effect of cavidine against ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer
      in mice and possible underlying mechanism.
AB  - Cavidine, a major alkaloid compound isolated from Corydalis impatiens, has
      various pharmacological effects but its effect on gastric ulcer has not been
      previously explored. The current study aimed to investigate the possible anti
      ulcerogenic potential of cavidine in the model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer.
      Mice received cavidine (1, 5 or 10mg/kg, ig), cimetidine (CMD, 100mg/kg, ig) or
      vehicle at 12h and 1h before absolute ethanol administration (0.5mL/100g), and
      animals were euthanized 3h after ethanol ingestion. Gross and histological
      gastric lesions, biochemical, immunological and Western blot parameters were
      taken into consideration. The results showed that ethanol administration produced
      apparent mucosal injuries with morphological and histological damage, whereas
      cavidine pre-treatment reduced the gastric injuries. Cavidine pre-treatment also
      ameliorated the contents of malonaldehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO)
      activity, and increased the mucosa levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide
      dismutase (SOD) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), relative to the model group. Also
      cavidine was able to decrease the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), inhibit the up-regulation of cyclo-oxygenase-2
      (COX-2) expression and activation of Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway.
      Taken together, these results indicated that cavidine exerts a gastroprotective
      effect against gastric ulceration, and the underlying mechanism might be
      associated with the stimulation of PGE2, reduction of oxidative stress,
      suppression of NF-kappaB expression and subsequent reduced COX-2 and pro
      inflammatory cytokines. 

PMID- 27380620
TI  - Immunotherapeutic effects of cytokine-induced killer cells combined with
      CCL21/IL15 armed oncolytic adenovirus in TERT-positive tumor cells.
AB  - The effective antitumor immune responses are dependent on coordinate interaction
      of various effector cells. Thus, the combination of adoptive immunotherapy and
      target gene therapy is capable of efficiently generating a productive antitumor
      immune response. We investigated whether combination of cytokine-induced killer
      (CIK) cells adoptive immunotherapy and CCL21/IL15 armed oncolytic adenovirus
      could induce the enhanced antitumor activity. The CCL21/IL15 co-expression
      oncolytic adenoviruses were constructed by using the AdEasy system, which uses
      homologous recombination with shuttle plasmids and full length Ad backbones. This
      conditionally replicating adenoviruses CRAd-CCL21-IL15 could induce apoptosis in
      TERTp-positive tumor cells for viral propagation, but do not replicate
      efficiently in normal cells, because the E1A promoter was replaced by telomerase
      reverse transcriptase promoter (TERTp). Our results showed that the combination
      of CIK cells and CRAd-CCL21-IL15 could induce higher antitumor activity than
      either CIK cells or CRAd-CCL21-IL15 alone. This combined treatment could induce
      the tumor specific cytotoxicity of CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes) in vitro.
      Moreover, the treatment of established tumors with the combined therapy of CIK
      cells and CRAd-CCL21-IL15 resulted in tumor regression. This study suggests that
      the combined treatment by adoptive immunotherapy and gene therapy is a promising
      strategy for the therapy of tumor. 

PMID- 27380621
TI  - The effects of payoff manipulations on temporal bisection performance.
AB  - There is growing evidence that alterations in reward rates modify timing behavior
      demonstrating the role of motivational factors in interval timing behavior. This
      study aimed to investigate the effects of manipulations of rewards and penalties
      on temporal bisection performance in humans. Participants were trained to
      classify experienced time intervals as short or long based on the reference
      durations. Two groups of participants were tested under three different bias
      conditions in which either the relative reward magnitude or penalty associated
      with correct or incorrect categorizations of short and long reference durations
      was manipulated. Participants adapted their choice behavior (i.e., psychometric
      functions shifted) based on these payoff manipulations in directions predicted by
      reward maximization. The signal detection theory-based analysis of the data
      revealed that payoff contingencies affected the response bias parameter (B")
      without altering participants' sensitivity (A') to temporal distances. Finally,
      the response time (RT) analysis showed that short categorization RTs increased,
      whereas long categorization RTs decreased as a function of stimulus durations.
      However, overall RTs did not exhibit any modulation in response to payoff
      manipulations. Taken together, this study provides additional support for the
      effects of motivational variables on temporal decision-making. 

PMID- 27380622
TI  - Finding the positive in all of the negative: Facilitation for color-related
      emotion words in a negative priming paradigm.
AB  - A study conducted by Sutton and Altarriba (2008) suggested that color-related
      emotion words (e.g., sad, envy) produce standard Stroop interference effects.
      Associations between emotion words and colors are culture specific, and may be
      the result of common phrases in a language (e.g., "feeling blue" in English), or
      a result of the manner in which color is used to signify information or meaning
      in a language (e.g., red often represents threat). In the present paper, the same
      stimuli were investigated in a negative priming paradigm in which participants
      were asked to name the ink color of a presented word. In this task, response
      times are typically slower in ignored repetition trials (i.e., the probe target
      is related to the prime distractor) than control trials. The results of
      Experiment 1 indicated that color words and color-related neutral words yielded
      negative priming; however, color-related emotion words yielded significant
      facilitation. In Experiment 2, the three word types were intermixed within the
      same block and the same results were obtained. The current study provides
      converging evidence that salient distractors cannot be ignored. 

PMID- 27380623
TI  - Spectroscopic study of 3-Hydroxyflavone - protein interaction in lipidic bi
      layers immobilized on silver nanoparticles.
AB  - The interaction of 3-Hydroxyflavone with serum proteins (BSA and HSA) in lecithin
      lipidic bi-layers (PC) immobilized on silver nanoparticles (SNPs), was studied by
      fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy. BSA secondary structure was quantified with
      a deconvolution algorithm, showing a decrease in alpha-helix structure when
      lipids were added to the solution. The effect of temperature on the rate of the
      excited-state intra-molecular proton transfer and on the dual fluorescence
      emission of 3-HF in the HSA/PC/SNPs systems was discussed. Evaluation of the
      antioxidant activity of 3-HF in HSA/PC/SNPs systems was also studied. The
      antioxidant activity of 3-HF decreased in the presence of SNPs. The results are
      discussed with relevance to the secondary structure of proteins and of the 3-HF
      based nano-systems to a topical formulation useful in the oxidative stress
      process. 

PMID- 27380624
TI  - Impact of a Delayed Laparoscopic Appendectomy on the Risk of Complications in
      Acute Appendicitis: A Retrospective Study of 4,065 Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Urgent surgery performed for appendicitis is hypothesized to avoid
      complications such as perforation or abscess. This study aimed to evaluate the
      effect of the timing of surgery on the complications of laparoscopic
      appendectomy. METHODS: A retrospective review of 4,065 patients who underwent a
      laparoscopic appendectomy was conducted. The demographic data, time of
      presentation, physical findings, diagnostic data and complications were recorded.
      The patients were divided into 4 groups (Group A, 0-6 h; Group B, 6-12 h; Group
      C, 12-18 h; Group D, over 18 h) based on the time elapsed from the evaluation at
      the emergency room to the appendectomy. RESULTS: Group A consisted of 2,084
      (51.3%) patients, Group B consisted of 1,553 (38.2%) patients, Group C consisted
      of 388 (9.5%) patients and Group D consisted of 40 (1.8%) patients. A perforated
      appendicitis was observed in 560 (13.8%) patients. Postoperative complications
      developed in 293 (7.2%) patients. No significant differences in perforation and
      postoperative complications were observed between the 4 groups. CONCLUSION: The
      timing of surgery did not affect the incidence of complications or perforated
      appendicitis.

PMID- 27380625
TI  - Delay in disclosure of non-parental child sexual abuse in the context of
      emotional and physical maltreatment: A pilot study.
AB  - The present pilot study sought to identify predictors of delays in child sexual
      abuse (CSA) disclosure, specifically whether emotional and physical abuse by a
      parental figure contributes to predicting delays over and above other important
      victim factors. Alleged CSA victims (N=79), whose parental figures were not the
      purported sexual abuse perpetrators, were interviewed and their case files
      reviewed, across two waves of a longitudinal study. Regression analyses indicated
      that experiencing both emotional and physical abuse by a parental figure was
      uniquely predictive of longer delays in disclosure of CSA perpetrated by someone
      other than a parental figure. Victim-CSA perpetrator relationship type and sexual
      abuse duration also significantly predicted CSA disclosure delay, whereas victim
      age at the time of the police report, victim gender, and victims' feelings of
      complicity were not significant unique predictors. Child abuse victims'
      expectations of lack of parental support may underlie these findings. Parent
      child relationships are likely crucial to timely disclosure of CSA, even when a
      parent is not the CSA perpetrator.

PMID- 27380626
TI  - Identifying Specific Clinical Symptoms of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal
      Dementia Versus Differential Psychiatric Disorders in Patients Presenting With a
      Late-Onset Frontal Lobe Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Early differentiation between psychiatric disorders and behavioral
      variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is of paramount importance in patients
      with the late-onset frontal lobe syndrome. As bvFTD in patients will deteriorate,
      psychiatric disorders are treatable. To date, misdiagnosis often occurs due to an
      overlap of symptoms and lack of specific biomarkers. The aim of our study was to
      investigate whether specific symptoms could separate bvFTD from psychiatric
      disorders. METHODS: In a naturalistic, prospective, multicenter study, 137
      patients (aged 45-75 years, 72% male) with a late-onset frontal lobe syndrome
      were included based on their scores on the Frontal Behavioral Inventory (FBI) and
      the Stereotypy Rating Inventory (SRI) from April 2011 to June 2013. In a
      multidisciplinary consensus meeting, diagnoses were established based on
      elaborate neuropsychological testing, magnetic resonance imaging, fludeoxyglucose
      F 18 positron emission tomography, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and clinical
      examination by a neurologist and a psychiatrist based on the International bvFTD
      Criteria Consortium for bvFTD and DSM-IV-TR criteria for psychiatric disorders.
      RESULTS: Forty-four subjects (32.8%) were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder,
      10 (7.3%) with possible bvFTD, and 45 (32.8%) with probable bvFTD. A logistic
      regression analysis was performed with "psychiatry or bvFTD" as dependent
      variable and clinical variables (Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
      [MADRS], SRI, FBI) and demographics as independent variables. A positive history
      of psychiatric illness, male gender, lower SRI scores and higher MADRS scores
      were predictive of psychiatric disorders, explaining 65.2% of the variance in
      diagnosis of psychiatry versus bvFTD (chi25 = 60.04, P < .001). On the FBI,
      symptom level verbal apraxia/aphasia and impulsivity were predictive of bvFTD,
      whereas irritability was predictive of psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS: In
      daily clinical practice, specific subtyping of clinical symptoms in patients with
      late-onset frontal lobe syndrome may aid in differentiating bvFTD patients from
      psychiatric patients and may provide guidance in patient management.

PMID- 27380627
TI  - TLR2 and TLR4 co-activation utilizes distinct signaling pathways for the
      production of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in neonatal immune cells.
AB  - Co-activation of TLR2 and TLR4 by gram negative and gram positive bacterial
      ligands induces a robust pro-inflammatory response in inflammatory cells. In
      order to understand the signaling mechanism, we aimed to delineate the signaling
      molecules involved in TLR2 and TLR4 co-activation in neonatal immune cells for
      the production of Th1/Th2/Th17 inflammatory cytokines. For this, we pretreated
      cord blood and peripheral blood mononuclear and human mast cells with specific
      signaling molecule inhibitors such as BAY117082, PD98059 and LY294002 and then
      stimulated with LPS and PGN and assayed for cytokines IL-6, IL-12/IL-23p40 (Th1),
      IL-13 (Th2), IL-23 (Th17) and RANTES secretion. We found that upon co-stimulation
      the phosphorylation of NFkappaBp65, ERK1/2 and Akt was found to be higher than
      when stimulated with individual ligands in CBMCs. Also, when compared to adult
      cells, neonatal cells were more potent in the activation of ERK and Akt through
      TLR2 and TLR4 co-activation. In addition, neonatal cells possess similar capacity
      to activate NFkappaB as that of adult cells for IL-6 secretion. Furthermore, all
      three signaling molecules were found to be involved in the production of Th17
      cytokines which is detrimental during inflammation induced by infection in
      neonates whereas NFkappaB is mainly involved in the induction of pro-inflammatory
      response and Th2 cytokines production. In conclusion, different signaling
      molecules were utilized for the production of different cytokines in immune
      cells.

PMID- 27380629
TI  - Amycolatopsis albispora sp. nov., isolated from deep-sea sediment.
AB  - A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile actinobacterium, designated
      strain WP1T, was isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample collected from the
      Indian Ocean, and examined in a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach.
      Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain WP1T
      formed a distinct phyletic lineage in the genus Amycolatopsis and was closely
      related to A. magusensis KT2025T (97.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), A.
      palatopharyngis 1BDZT (97.3 %) and A. marinaMs392AT (97.2 %). The isolate grew at
      4-45  degrees C, pH 5-11 and in the presence of 0-8 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell wall
      of the novel strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinose and
      galactose as the diagnostic sugars. Major fatty acids identified were iso-C16 :
      0, C17 : 1omega8c and C17 : 1omega6c. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4)
      and MK-7. The polar lipids detected were phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, four
      unknown phospholipids and one unknown glycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was
      72.2 mol%. Strain WP1T displayed low DNA-DNA reassociation with A. magusensis DSM
      45510T (mean value 36.2 %), A. palatopharyngis JCM 12460T (31.5 %) and A. marina
      JCM 16121T (29.7 %). Based on the data reported here, strain WP1T represents a
      novel species within the genus Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis
      albisporasp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WP1T (=KCTC 39642T=MCCC
      1A10745T).

PMID- 27380628
TI  - Regulation of distinct branches of the non-canonical Wnt-signaling network in
      Xenopus dorsal marginal zone explants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A tight regulation of the Wnt-signaling network, activated by 19 Wnt
      molecules and numerous receptors and co-receptors, is required for the
      establishment of a complex organism. Different branches of this Wnt-signaling
      network, including the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin and the non-canonical Wnt/PCP,
      Wnt/Ror2 and Wnt/Ca(2+) pathways, are assigned to distinct developmental
      processes and are triggered by certain ligand/receptor complexes. The Wnt
      signaling molecules are closely related and it is still on debate whether the
      information for activating a specific branch is encoded by specific sequence
      motifs within a particular Wnt protein. The model organism Xenopus offers tools
      to distinguish between Wnt-signaling molecules activating distinct branches of
      the network. RESULTS: We created chimeric Wnt8a/Wnt11 molecules and could
      demonstrate that the C-terminal part (containing the BS2) of Wnt8a is responsible
      for secondary axis formation. Chimeric Wnt11/Wnt5a molecules revealed that the N
      terminus with the elements PS3-1 and PS3-2 defines Wnt11 specificity, while
      elements PS3-1, PS3-2 and PS3-3 are required for Wnt5a specificity. Furthermore,
      we used Xenopus dorsal marginal zone explants to identify non-canonical Wnt
      target genes regulated by the Wnt5a branch and the Wnt11 branch. We found that
      pbk was specifically regulated by Wnt5a and rab11fip5 by Wnt11. Overexpression of
      these target genes phenocopied the overexpression of their regulators, confirming
      the distinct roles of Wnt11 and Wnt5a triggered signaling pathways. Furthermore,
      knock-down of pbk was able to restore convergent extension movements in Wnt5a
      morphants. CONCLUSIONS: The N-terminal part of non-canonical Wnt proteins decides
      whether the Wnt5a or the Wnt11 branch of the Wnt-signaling network gets
      activated. The different non-canonical Wnt branches not only regulate cellular
      behavior, but, surprisingly, also regulate the expression of different target
      genes. One of these target genes, pbk, seems to be the relevant target gene
      executing Wnt5a-mediated regulation of convergent extension movements.

PMID- 27380630
TI  - Contribution of Sudanese medical diaspora to the healthcare delivery system in
      Sudan: exploring options and barriers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medical diaspora options, including the engagement of expatriate
      physicians in development efforts within their home country, are being called for
      to reverse the effects of brain drain from developing countries. This paper
      presents the results of a study exploring the potential contributions for the
      Sudanese Medial Diaspora Options to the healthcare delivery system (HCDS) in
      Sudan, focusing on the options of temporal and permanent returns and the likely
      obstacles faced in their implementation. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional
      study using a mixed methods design including quantitative and qualitative
      approaches. For the quantitative approach, the study, which focused on the
      possible contribution of the diaspora to healthcare delivery in Sudan, was based
      on an online survey using random purposive and snowballing sampling techniques
      involving 153 Sudanese physicians working in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States,
      the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and the United States of America.
      The qualitative approach involved in-depth interviews with returnee physicians
      and key informants in Sudan, focusing on the return experiences, the barriers for
      return, and the options to improve future contributions. RESULTS: Despite
      contributions of the Sudanese medical diaspora being of a small scale considering
      the size of the phenomenon, as well as infrequent and not appropriately
      organized, their inputs to academia and the links built with overseas
      institutions and specialist clinical services were nevertheless remarkable. The
      main barrier to temporal return was inappropriate organization by the local
      counterparts, while those for permanent return of physicians were poor work
      environment, insufficient financial payment, unsecured accommodation, and
      offspring education. The study identified short-term return as a feasible option
      considering the country's current conditions. Proper coordination mechanisms for
      short-term returns and facilitation of permanent return through stakeholders'
      collaboration were proposed to improve diaspora contributions. CONCLUSIONS: The
      potentials of Sudanese medial diaspora contributions to the HCDS in Sudan are
      promising. Short-term contributions were observed as the best option for the
      current country situation. Creation of a coordinating body from within the
      healthcare sector in Sudan to effectively coordinate diaspora contributions is
      recommended.

PMID- 27380631
TI  - Medicinal plants sold at traditional markets in southern Ecuador.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The traditional markets in southern Ecuador and within the Andean
      region are especially important for plant resource trading among local people,
      even since before Spanish colonization; therefore, ethnobotanical studies are
      currently necessary and important. These strategic spaces persist for the
      traditional medicine cultural value reflected in the higher consumption of
      medicinal plants, which span all socioeconomic levels of rural and urban people.
      The purpose of this study includes the following: 1) to create a novel list of
      medicinal plants sold at 33 traditional markets; 2) to establish medicinal plant
      use agreement amongst vendors with the Factor of Informant Consensus (FIC); and
      3) to determine the most sold medicinal plant species using the Fidelity Level
      (FL). METHODS: This study focus on traditional markets ethnobotany utilizes the
      largest sample of medicinal plants market vendors up to date in Ecuador,
      interviewing them at 33 traditional markets, located within the Loja province. In
      order to determine the most sold medicinal plants and their ethnobotanical
      information, structured questionnaires and personal conversations were conducted
      with 196 medicinal plant vendors, and voucher specimens were created. Agreement
      among vendors about the therapeutic use of medicinal plants was measured using
      the FIC, and the most sold medicinal plant species were assessed with the FL.
      RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This research registered 160 medicinal plant species,
      grouped in 126 genera and 57 families that were sold in 33 traditional markets.
      The uses of medicinal plants in southern Ecuador are related to a long history of
      traditional medicine health practices that has persisted until today as well as
      high plant diversity. The 53 therapeutic uses recorded were grouped into 12
      medical categories that were adapted from the World Health Organization. Three
      medical categories shared the highest value for FIC = 0.92, which showed a high
      level of agreement of market vendors for 57 medicinal plant species sold to treat
      ailments related with digestive, dermatological, and sensorial systems. The FL
      index determined 11 culturally important medicinal plant species based on the
      reported uses by 40 or more market vendors. Two medicinal plant species had an FL
      = 100 %, Matricaria recutita and Gaiadendrum punctatum, used to treat digestive
      and respiratory systems ailments. CONCLUSIONS: In the Loja province, people
      continue to consume medicinal plant species sold at local markets to treat
      somatic and/or psychosomatic health ailments because sociocultural customs are
      strongly expressed in ancestral practices of wellbeing. When the largest values
      of FL (60.5 %-100 %) and FIC (0.81-0.92) indexes are combined, they demonstrated
      agreement among 196 market vendors in the use of seven medicinal plant species
      that were most sold for the 12 medical categories. This study stresses how
      important public policies are for the trade and quality of medicinal plant
      resources, particularly for local people practicing auto-medication. Reasons for
      the maintenance of traditional markets in southern Ecuador include lower cost of
      medicinal plants, confidence in traditional medicine, and/or sociocultural
      environment. In Ecuador, the sustainable management of wild medicinal plants
      diversity, particularly the most sold, is crucial for its conservation in nature.

PMID- 27380632
TI  - Development of a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the rapid diagnosis
      of Orf virus infections.
AB  - A rapid and simple lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) was developed
      for the specific detection of Orf virus (ORFV) using two distinct monoclonal
      antibodies (MAbs: 5A5 and 6F2) against the ORFV ORF011 protein. The MAb 5A5 was
      conjugated with colloidal gold, and the MAb 6F2 and goat anti-mouse IgG were
      sprayed onto a nitrocellulose membrane in strips at positions designated test (T)
      and control (C), respectively. The results showed that samples of ORFV complexed
      with colloidal gold-conjugated MAb 5A5, were captured by MAb 6F2 at the T line
      resulting in the appearance of a purple band. When samples did not contain ORFV
      or when they contained a quantity of ORFV below the detection limit of the test,
      only the C line was visible. The analysis of sensitivity of the test demonstrated
      that the lowest detected quantity of ORFV was 2.03*10(3.0) TCID50/ml. Storage at
      room temperature for 6 months did not result in the loss of performance of the
      LFIA test. Using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) as a reference
      test, the relative specificity and sensitivity of the LFIA test were determined
      to be 100% and 92.1%, respectively. Based on these results, the LFIA test
      developed may be a suitable tool for rapid on-site testing for ORFV infection.

PMID- 27380633
TI  - Sulfur dioxide: a physiologic endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
AB  - The gasotransmitter nitric oxide was classified as the first endothelium-derived
      relaxant factor, and opened a new era in cardiovascular research. Another small
      gas, sulfur dioxide (SO2), can also be generated endogenously in mammals. Recent
      studies have shown that SO2 may play important roles in the cardiovascular
      system. At low concentrations, the vasodilatory effect of SO2 is endothelium
      dependent. The vasodilation induced by an endothelium-derived relaxant factor is
      achieved by the opening of potassium channels, and hyperpolarization of the
      membranes of vascular smooth muscle cells. This feature is in accordance with
      that of SO2. The vasodilatory effect of SO2 is related to the opening of
      adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and high-conductance calcium
      activated potassium channels. The 3'-5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway
      and activation of nitric oxide synthase are also involved in the endothelium
      derived relaxant factor effect of SO2. The vasodilatory effect of gaseous SO2 is
      much stronger than that of its derivatives (bisulfite and sulfite). It is
      suggested that SO2 may be a candidate endothelium-derived relaxant factor, which
      could lead to a new era of research into cardiovascular disease in mammals.

PMID- 27380634
TI  - Hierarchical bioceramic scaffolds with 3D-plotted macropores and mussel-inspired
      surface nanolayers for stimulating osteogenesis.
AB  - The hierarchical structure of biomaterials plays an important role in the process
      of tissue reconstruction and regeneration. 3D-plotted scaffolds have been widely
      used for bone tissue engineering due to their controlled macropore structure and
      mechanical properties. However, the lack of micro- or nano-structures on the
      strut surface of 3D-plotted scaffolds, especially for bioceramic scaffolds,
      limits their biological activity. Inspired by the adhesive versatility of mussels
      and the active ion-chelating capacity of polydopamine, we set out to prepare a
      hierarchical bioceramic scaffold with controlled macropores and mussel-inspired
      surface nanolayers by combining the 3D-plotting technique with the
      polydopamine/apatite hybrid strategy in order to synergistically accelerate the
      osteogenesis and angiogenesis. beta-Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds were
      firstly 3D-plotted and then treated in dopamine-Tris/HCl and dopamine-SBF
      solutions to obtain TCP-DOPA-Tris and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds, respectively. It
      was found that polydopamine/apatite hybrid nanolayers were formed on the surface
      of both TCP-DOPA-Tris and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds
      induced apatite mineralization for the second time during the cell culture. As
      compared to TCP scaffolds, both TCP-DOPA-Tris and TCP-DOPA-SBF scaffolds
      significantly promoted the osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) as
      well as the angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and
      the TCP-DOPA-SBF group presented the highest in vitro osteogenic/angiogenic
      activity among the three groups. Furthermore, both TCP-DOPA-Tris and TCP-DOPA-SBF
      scaffolds significantly improved the formation of new bone in vivo as compared to
      TCP scaffolds without a nanostructured surface. Our results suggest that the
      utilization of a mussel-inspired Ca, P-chelated polydopamine nanolayer on 3D
      plotted bioceramic scaffolds is a viable and effective strategy to construct a
      hierarchical structure for synergistically accelerating osteogenesis. 

PMID- 27380636
TI  - Impact of Radical Hysterectomy on Survival in Patients with Stage 2 Type1
      Endometrial Carcinoma: A Matched Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In cases of stage 2 endometrial cancers (ECs), a radical hysterectomy
      is recommended; however, its benefits are poorly documented. OBJECTIVE: The aim
      of this study was to determine whether a primary radical hysterectomy improves
      specific and overall survival compared with a simple hysterectomy in stage 2 EC.
      METHODS: Data from all women with type 1 EC and International Federation of
      Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 stage 2 who underwent surgical treatment
      between January 1998 and December 2012 were extracted from the Surveillance,
      Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Women treated with radical
      hysterectomy were matched with women treated with simple hysterectomy according
      to demographic and tumoral criteria. The primary endpoint was cancer-related
      survival. RESULTS: One-to-two matching enabled a comparison of 273 patients who
      underwent a radical hysterectomy for stage 2 EC (case group) with 546 patients
      who received a simple hysterectomy (control group). The probability of cancer
      related survival was not significantly different in the case group compared with
      the control group (p = 0.08), and the 3-year cancer-related survivals in the
      radical and simple hysterectomy groups were 88.7 and 94.1 %, respectively.
      Following adjustment for radiation, survival analysis indicated there was no
      survival difference between the two groups with regard to cancer-related survival
      or overall survival. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that for patients
      with stromal cervical invasion and type 1 EC, the type of hysterectomy does not
      impact cancer-related or overall survival, even after adjustment for adjuvant
      radiation. This finding suggests that additional, randomized clinical studies are
      required.

PMID- 27380637
TI  - Standardizing of Pathology in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.
AB  - The use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy for the treatment of breast cancer
      patients is increasing. Pathologic response in the form of pathologic complete
      response (pCR) and grading systems of partial response, such as the residual
      cancer burden (RCB) system, gives valuable prognostic information for patients
      and is used as a primary endpoint in clinical trials. The breast cancer and
      pathology communities are responding with efforts to standardize pathology in
      patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In this review, we summarize the
      challenges that postneoadjuvant systemic therapy surgical specimens pose and how
      pathologists and the multidisciplinary team can work together to optimize
      handling of these specimens. Multidisciplinary communication is essential. A
      single, standardized approach to macroscopic and microscopic pathologic
      examination makes it possible to provide reliable response information. This
      approach employs a map of tissue sections to correlate clinical, gross,
      microscopic, and imaging findings in order to report the presence of pCR (ypT0
      ypN0 and ypT0/is ypN0) versus residual disease, the ypT and ypN stage using the
      current AJCC/UICC staging system, and the RCB.

PMID- 27380635
TI  - The relationship between lower limb proprioceptive sense and locomotor skill
      acquisition.
AB  - Sensorimotor integration is essential for controlling movement and acquiring new
      motor tasks in humans. The aim of this project was to understand how lower limb
      proprioceptive sense contributes to the acquisition of a skilled walking task. We
      assessed lower limb joint position and movement detection sense in healthy human
      subjects using the Lokomat robotic exoskeleton. Subjects walked on a treadmill to
      practice a skilled motor task (200 trials) requiring them to match their foot
      height during the swing phase to the height of a virtual obstacle displayed on a
      monitor in front of them. Subjects were given visual feedback on their error
      relative to the obstacle height after it was crossed. Lower limb joint position
      sense was related to the final performance error, but not the learning rate of
      the skilled walking task. The findings from this study support the role of lower
      limb proprioceptive sense on locomotor skill performance in healthy adult
      subjects.

PMID- 27380638
TI  - Expression of PD-L1 and HLA Class I in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma:
      Prognostic Factors for Patient Outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and human leukocyte antigen
      (HLA) class I molecules on malignant cell surfaces are pivotal for tumor
      immunity. The clinical significance of their expression in patients with
      esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains to be determined. METHODS: PD
      L1 and HLA class I protein expression was investigated by immunohistochemical
      staining of resected specimens from 90 ESCC patients who underwent radical
      surgery without preoperative therapy. The relationships between the expression of
      PD-L1 and HLA class I and clinicopathologic factors and patient prognosis were
      assessed. RESULTS: High expression of PD-L1 and HLA class I were observed in 17
      (18.9 %) and 35 (38.9 %) of 90 cases, respectively. High PD-L1 expression was
      correlated with the depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.0379), lymph node metastasis
      (P = 0.0031), recurrence (P = 0.0085), and poor overall survival (OS) (5-year
      survival rate; low/high: 60.9/28.4 %, P = 0.0110). Among those patients with high
      expression of HLA class I, high PD-L1 expression was correlated with
      significantly poorer recurrence-free survival (median survival time, low/high:
      102.5/3.1 months, P = 0.0016) and poorer OS (median survival time, low/high:
      102.5/13.1 months, P = 0.0027). Multivariate analysis showed that combined high
      PD-L1/high HLA class I expression was an independent prognostic factor for
      recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio 2.88, 95 % confidence interval 1.02-7.04,
      P = 0.0455) and OS (hazard ratio 2.95, 95 % confidence interval 1.03-7.50, P =
      0.0447). CONCLUSIONS: High PD-L1 expression was a significant independent
      prognostic factor in ESCC patients with high HLA class I expression.

PMID- 27380639
TI  - Effect of Neoadjuvant Radiation Dose and Schedule on Nodal Count and Its
      Prognostic Impact in Stage II-III Rectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is unknown how neoadjuvant treatment schedule affects lymph node
      count (LNC) and lymph node ratio (LNR) and how these correlate with overall
      survival (OS) in rectal cancer (RC). METHODS: Data were used from the Belgian
      PROCARE rectal cancer registry on RC patients treated with surgery alone, short
      term radiotherapy with immediate surgery (SRT), or chemoradiation with deferred
      surgery (CRT). The effect of neoadjuvant therapy on LNC was examined using
      Poisson log-linear analysis. The association of LNC and LNR with overall survival
      (OS) was studied using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Data from 4037
      patients were available. Compared with surgery alone, LNC was reduced by 12.3 %
      after SRT and by 31.3 % after CRT (p < 0.001). In patients with surgery alone,
      the probability of finding node-positive disease increased with LNC, while after
      SRT and CRT no increase was noted for more than 12 and 18 examined nodes,
      respectively. Per node examined, we found a decrease in hazard of death of 2.7 %
      after surgery alone and 1.5 % after SRT, but no effect after CRT. In stage III
      patients, the LNR but not (y)pN stage was significantly correlated with OS
      regardless of neoadjuvant therapy. Specifically, a LNR > 0.4 was associated with
      a significantly worse outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Nodal counts are reduced in a
      schedule-dependent manner by neoadjuvant treatment in RC. After chemoradiation,
      the LNC does not confer any prognostic information. A LNR of >0.4 is associated
      with a significantly worse outcome in stage III disease, regardless of
      neoadjuvant therapy type.

PMID- 27380640
TI  - Risk Stratification in Patients with Stage II Colon Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The decision to receive adjuvant chemotherapy is far from evident and
      remains controversial in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage
      II colon cancer. This study analyzes several pathological characteristics in
      order to assess their (combined) predictive value for outcomes in stage II colon
      cancer. METHODS: All stage II patients treated surgically for colon cancer at our
      tertiary care center (2004-2011) were extracted from a prospectively maintained,
      Institutional Review Board-approved data repository (n = 313). Mortality and
      metastasis were compared, including multivariable Cox regression adjusted for
      stage subdivisions (IIA/IIB/IIC) and potential confounders. RESULTS: Colon cancer
      specific mortality was substage independently increased in patients with baseline
      carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) >5 ng/L [hazard ratio (HR) 2.88; p = 0.022], large
      vessel invasion (LVI; HR 4.59; p < 0.001), perineural invasion (HR 3.08; p =
      0.006), and extramural vascular invasion (EMVI; HR 4.96; p < 0.001). Overall
      mortality adjusted for substage, age, and comorbidity was also significantly
      higher in patients with high-grade disease (HR 2.54; p < 0.001), LVI (HR 1.74; p
      = 0.015), perineural (HR 2.42; p < 0.001), and EMVI (HR 2.79; p < 0.001).
      Metastatic recurrence adjusted for adjuvant chemotherapy status had substage
      independent associations with baseline CEA >5 ng/L (HR 2.37; p = 0.046), LVI (HR
      3.07; p = 0.001), perineural invasion (HR 2.57; p = 0.010), and EMVI (HR 2.83; p
      = 0.002). The number of high-risk features (0, 1, 2-3, 4+) was associated with a
      clear incremental increase in overall and disease-specific mortality and
      recurrence (p <= 0.001). The major inflection point is at two high-risk
      characteristics or more, whereas 5-year survival is almost halved from 77.4 % to
      31.7 % (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The risk score introduced provides a prognostic
      tool based on readily available data extracted from baseline pathology and
      preoperative CEA, which provides an easy method to stratify risks of mortality
      and recurrence and may therefore help in treatment decisions after surgery in
      stage II patients.

PMID- 27380641
TI  - Significant Role of Palliative Gastrectomy in Selective Gastric Cancer Patients
      with Peritoneal Dissemination: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore whether palliative gastrectomy is
      suitable for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis, and for patients
      in whom the type of peritoneal metastasis should be selected to receive
      palliative gastrectomy. METHODS: A total of 747 patients diagnosed with gastric
      adenocarcinoma with peritoneal metastasis at our centers between January 2000 and
      April 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. After propensity score matching, the
      clinicopathologic characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with
      peritoneal dissemination were analyzed. RESULTS: After propensity score matching,
      the median overall survival (OS) of patients in the gastrectomy group was longer
      than that for patients in the non-gastrectomy group (11.87 vs. 9.27 months; p =
      0.020). Patients who received first-line chemotherapy had a significantly longer
      median OS than those who did not (11.97 vs. 7.03 months; p < 0.001); among these
      patients, those undergoing more than eight periods of first-line chemotherapy
      benefited the most (p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed that patients
      classified as P1 who were undergoing chemotherapy benefited from gastrectomy (p =
      0.024), and patients without multisite metastasis also benefited from gastrectomy
      with regard to OS (p = 0.007). In the multivariate survival analysis, multisite
      distant metastasis was the independent poor prognostic factor (p < 0.001), while
      palliative gastrectomy (p = 0.006) and a period of first-line chemotherapy (p <
      0.001) were good prognostic factors. Morbidity rates in the gastrectomy and non
      gastrectomy groups were 10.4 and 1.0 %, respectively (p = 0.003); however, no
      difference in mortality was noted between the two groups (p = 0.590).
      CONCLUSIONS: Palliative gastrectomy can prolong the survival of P1 patients
      without multisite distant metastasis when combined with more than five periods,
      and particularly more than eight periods, of first-line chemotherapy.

PMID- 27380642
TI  - Clinical Prognostic Markers in Stage IIIB Melanoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Locoregional treatment is often insufficient to guarantee long-term
      disease-free survival (DFS) in American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IIIB
      melanoma, and, in order to improve survival, effective neoadjuvant and adjuvant
      strategies are needed . Selecting patients for these strategies requires risk
      stratification, for which clinical and molecular biomarkers can be used. We aimed
      to detect clinical biomarkers to identify high-risk stage IIIB melanoma patients.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed retrospective analysis of stage IIIB melanoma
      patients who underwent lymph node dissection (LND) in our institution between
      2000 and 2015. Sentinel node-positive patients with ulcerated primary tumors, as
      well as patients with clinically detectable nodal metastasis with non-ulcerated
      tumors, were included. Baseline characteristics, melanoma-specific survival
      (MSS), and DFS were assessed, and prognostic factors for recurrence and survival
      were analyzed, using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 250
      patients were included. Median follow-up was 52 months (interquartile range 29
      108 months), median MSS was 141 months, and median DFS was 36 months. Five- and
      10-year MSS was 59 and 52 %, respectively, and 5- and 10-year DFS was 47 and 41
      %, respectively. Age >50 years, Breslow thickness >2 versus <=2 mm, and N2 versus
      N1 disease all carried an increased risk of death by melanoma. Age >50 years and
      extracapsular extension carried an increased risk of disease recurrence after
      LND. CONCLUSIONS: Age >50 years, Breslow thickness >2 mm and N2 versus N1 disease
      are prognostic factors for poor survival in stage IIIB melanoma. These
      characteristics can be used to further stratify risk of death by melanoma in this
      already high-risk patient population and to help select the appropriate
      population for adjuvant therapy (trials).

PMID- 27380643
TI  - Oncologic Outcomes After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is increasingly used as an
      alternative to traditional mastectomy because it provides improved aesthetic
      results. The data on its oncologic safety are limited. The authors' institution
      has performed NSM during the past 10 years for both oncologic and prophylactic
      indications. This study aimed to examine oncologic outcomes after NSM for breast
      cancer. METHODS: The study retrospectively examined all NSM cases managed between
      July 2007 and July 2013. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the
      study cohort. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate recurrence
      free survival, specifically the 36-month recurrence-free survival proportion.
      RESULTS: A total of 721 nipple-sparing mastectomies were performed for 413
      patients: 45 (10.9 %) to reduce risk and 368 (89.1 %) for breast cancer. In the
      breast cancer group, 29.8 % of the patients had ductal carcinoma in situ, and
      70.2 % had invasive cancer. The mean follow-up time was 32 months (range 0.01
      90.2 months). In the breast cancer group, the Kaplan-Meier 3-year recurrence-free
      survival rate was 93.6 % (95 % confidence interval, 89.9-96.0 %). Eight patients
      (2.2 %) had locoregional recurrences, including one in the nipple. Nine patients
      (2.4 %) had distant recurrence, and six patients (1.6 %) had a diagnosis of both
      local and distant recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed a locoregional
      recurrence rate of 2.2 %, with an overall recurrence rate of 6.3 % for patients
      undergoing NSM for the treatment of breast cancer. The majority of these
      recurrences were distant, with one recurrence at the nipple. These results are
      promising, but a longer follow-up evaluation of this cohort is necessary.

PMID- 27380644
TI  - PSF1 (Partner of SLD Five 1) is a Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Non-small
      Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Surgery Following Preoperative Chemotherapy or
      Chemoradiotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: PSF1 (Partner of SLD Five 1) is an evolutionarily conserved DNA
      replication factor that is part of the GINS (Go, Ichi, Nii, and San) complex .
      The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between PSF1
      expression and prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
      treated with surgery following preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.
      METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with NSCLC treated with surgery following
      preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy who did not achieve pathologic
      complete response were enrolled. The status of PSF1 expression was evaluated by
      immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between expression of PSF1 and Ki-67
      was determined, as well as correlations between PSF1 expression and prognosis.
      RESULTS: We found that 27 of 69 patients' tumors (39 %) were positive for PSF1
      expression. The Ki-67 index was significantly higher in the PSF1-positive versus
      the PSF1-negative group (p = 0.0026). Five-year, disease-free survival of the
      PSF1-positive group was significantly worse (17.7 vs. 44.3 %, p = 0.0088), and
      the 5-year overall survival also was worse (16.6 vs. 47.2 %, p = 0.0059).
      Moreover, PSF1 expression was found to be a significant independent prognostic
      factor for shorter survival by Cox multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 2.43, 95 %
      confidence interval 1.27-4.60, p = 0.0076). CONCLUSIONS: PSF1 is a useful
      prognostic biomarker to stratify NSCLC patients treated with surgery following
      preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.

PMID- 27380645
TI  - Advanced Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Requiring Gastrectomy to Achieve Complete
      Cytoreduction Results in Good Long-Term Oncologic Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Optimal outcomes in pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) require complete
      macroscopic tumor removal by cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with
      hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Partial or complete
      gastrectomy may be required with ongoing debate as to the risks and benefits of
      gastrectomy in what is often a low-grade malignancy. METHODS: Retrospective
      single-center analysis of 1014 patients undergoing CRS and HIPEC for PMP of
      appendiceal origin. Complications and survival were compared in patients who had
      gastrectomy versus the nongastrectomy cohort. RESULTS: Of 1014 patients, 747 (74
      %) had CRS and HIPEC with complete cytoreduction. Overall, 86 (12 %) of 747 had
      partial (n = 80) or total (n = 6) gastrectomy. Median age was 55 years for
      gastrectomy patients and 56 for nongastrectomy patients (p = 0.591). Preoperative
      tumor markers [carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen (CA) 125 and CA19
      9] were elevated more frequently in the gastrectomy group compared to the
      nongastrectomy group [81, 61 and 81 % compared to 41 % (p = 0.001), 20 % (p =
      0.001) and 39 % (p = 0.001), respectively]. The proportion of high-grade
      histology was similar in the two groups (gastrectomy 19 % vs. nongastrectomy 18
      %, p = 0.882). Postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo III-IV) were 31 % for
      the gastrectomy group and 13 % for the nongastrectomy group (p = 0.001). The 30
      day postoperative mortality was 3 (0.5 %) of 661 for the nongastrectomy group and
      1 (1.2 %) of 86 for the gastrectomy group (p = 0.387). Three- and 5-year overall
      survival were 96 and 88 % in the nongastrectomy group and 87 and 77 % in the
      gastrectomy group (p = 0.018). Three- and 5-year disease-free survival were 89
      and 77 % in the nongastrectomy group versus 66 and 48 % in the gastrectomy group
      (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gastrectomy is an essential component of complete
      cytoreduction in advanced PMP and was required in 12 % of patients with good long
      term survival.

PMID- 27380646
TI  - Impact of Sarcopenic Obesity on Surgical Site Infection after Laparoscopic Total
      Gastrectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The critical risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) after
      laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) remain unclear. We analyzed the association
      between body composition and SSI after LTG. METHODS: We performed a retrospective
      study of patients with gastric cancer who underwent LTG between March 2006 and
      October 2014 at Kyoto University Hospital, Japan. Visceral fat area and skeletal
      muscle mass were assessed from preoperative computed tomography scans to define
      sarcopenia and obesity. Patients were classified into one of four body
      composition categories according to the presence or absence of sarcopenia or
      obesity. The incidence of SSI was compared between the four body composition
      categories. RESULTS: Of the 157 eligible patients, 45 (24 %) fulfilled the
      criteria for sarcopenic obesity, 28 (18 %) for nonsarcopenic obesity, 52 (33 %)
      for sarcopenic nonobesity, and 32 (20 %) for nonsarcopenic nonobesity. Thirty-two
      patients developed SSI (overall incidence rate, 20 %). The incidence of SSI in
      each body composition category was 33, 25, 13, and 9 %, respectively (P = 0.03).
      Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that only sarcopenic obesity was
      associated with an increased incidence of SSI (odds ratio 4.59, 95 % confidence
      interval 1.18-17.78, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Sarcopenic obesity is an
      independent risk factor for the development of SSI after LTG.

PMID- 27380647
TI  - Evaluating the effectiveness of a patient storytelling DVD intervention to
      encourage physician-patient communication about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
      drug (NSAID) use.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a culturally-sensitive, patient
      storytelling intervention to enhance physician-patient communication about NSAID
      risk. METHODS: A group randomized trial of 40 medical practices in Alabama was
      conducted. Patients within intervention practices received a 13-minute DVD that
      included patient stories related to their experiences with NSAIDs, adverse
      effects, and importance of communication with their physicians. The proportion of
      patients who: (1) spoke with their physician about NSAID risk; and (2) used both
      prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) NSAIDS were primary outcomes. Generalized
      estimating equations for panel data were used for analysis. RESULTS: Intention-to
      treat analyses revealed no significant differences between intervention (n=102)
      and control (n=106) groups for patients speaking with their physician about NSAID
      risk or concomitant use of prescription/OTC NSAIDs (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.11,
      p=0.670; OR=0.87, p=0.632, respectively). For 54% of patients who watched the
      DVD, per-protocol (PP) analyses trended toward increased odds of patients
      speaking with their physician about prescription NSAID risk compared to the
      control group [OR=1.37, p=0.354] and lower odds of concomitant prescription/OTC
      NSAIDs use [OR=0.79, p=0.486]. CONCLUSIONS: A patient storytelling intervention
      in DVD format alone may not increase patient-physician interaction. PRACTICE
      IMPLICATIONS: Strategies that facilitate use of patient educational materials
      delivered by DVD are needed.

PMID- 27380649
TI  - Implementing a Hospitalist Program in a Critical Access Hospital.
AB  - PURPOSE: The hospitalist model of inpatient care has rapidly expanded, but little
      is known about hospitalist care in critical access hospitals (CAHs). We aimed to
      determine the impact of a hospitalist model of care on staff satisfaction,
      patient volumes, patient satisfaction, length of stay, and care quality in a CAH.
      METHODS: We initiated a hybrid rotating hospitalist program in September 2008 at
      Winneshiek Medical Center (Decorah, Iowa), a 25-bed rural CAH. We reviewed
      patient volumes, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services core quality
      measures, acute length of stay, and staff satisfaction for primary care
      hospitalist physicians and inpatient and clinic nurses. Patient volume and length
      of stay were compared with CAH data reported by the Iowa Hospital Association.
      FINDINGS: Patient volumes (acute, skilled, and observation) increased by 15%
      compared with a 17% decrease for statewide CAHs. Length of stay decreased from
      2.88 to 2.75 days and remained lower than the average stay for Iowa CAHs (3.05
      days). In the year after implementation, we observed no deterioration in core
      quality measures (range, 93%-100%) or patient satisfaction (86th percentile).
      Inpatient nurse satisfaction and primary care-hospitalist satisfaction improved.
      Early clinic nurse skepticism showed improved satisfaction at the 5-year review.
      CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalist care contributed to ongoing delivery of high-quality
      care and satisfactory patient experiences while supporting the mission of a CAH
      in rural Iowa. Implementation required careful consideration of its effects on
      the outpatient practice. Broader implementation of this model in CAHs may be
      warranted.

PMID- 27380648
TI  - Patterns of theta oscillation reflect the neural basis of individual differences
      in epistemic motivation.
AB  - Theta oscillations in the EEG have been shown to reflect ongoing cognitive
      processes related to mental effort. Here, we show that the pattern of theta
      oscillation in response to varying cognitive demands reflects stable individual
      differences in the personality trait epistemic motivation: Individuals with high
      levels of epistemic motivation recruit relatively more cognitive resources in
      response to situations possessing high, compared to low, cognitive demand;
      individuals with low levels do not show such a specific response. Our results
      provide direct evidence for the theory of the construct need for cognition and
      add to our understanding of the neural processes underlying theta oscillations.
      More generally, we provide an explanation how individual differences in
      personality traits might be represented on a neural level.

PMID- 27380650
TI  - Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution and the risk of lung
      cancer among participants of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study.
AB  - Recently, air pollution has been classified as a carcinogen largely on the
      evidence of epidemiological studies of lung cancer. However, there have been few
      prospective studies that have evaluated associations between fine particulate
      matter (PM2.5 ) and cancer at lower concentrations. We conducted a prospective
      analysis of 89,234 women enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study
      between 1980 and 1985, and for whom residential measures of PM2.5 could be
      assigned. The cohort was linked to the Canadian Cancer Registry to identify
      incident lung cancers through 2004. Surface PM2.5 concentrations were estimated
      using satellite data. Cox proportional hazards models were used to characterize
      associations between PM2.5 and lung cancer. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs) computed from these models were adjusted for several
      individual-level characteristics, including smoking. The cohort was composed
      predominantly of Canadian-born (82%), married (80%) women with a median PM2.5
      exposure of 9.1 ug/m(3) . In total, 932 participants developed lung cancer. In
      fully adjusted models, a 10 ug/m(3) increase in PM2.5 was associated with an
      elevated risk of lung cancer (HR: 1.34; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.65). The strongest
      associations were observed with small cell carcinoma (HR: 1.53; 95% CI = 0.93,
      2.53) and adenocarcinoma (HR: 1.44; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.97). Stratified analyses
      suggested increased PM2.5 risks were limited to those who smoked cigarettes. Our
      findings are consistent with previous epidemiological investigations of long-term
      exposure to PM2.5 and lung cancer. Importantly, they suggest associations persist
      at lower concentrations such as those currently found in Canadian cities.

PMID- 27380651
TI  - Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
AB  - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to a group of inherited genetic
      disorders involving deficiencies in enzymes that convert cholesterol to cortisol
      within the adrenal cortex. There are five key enzymes involved in the production
      of cortisol. Of these key enzymes, deficiency of 21-hydroxylase is the most
      commonly defective enzyme leading to CAH representing more than 90% of cases. The
      low adrenal cortisol levels associated with CAH affects the hypothalamic
      pituitary-adrenal negative feedback system leading to increased pituitary
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, which overstimulates the adrenal
      cortex in an attempt to increase cortisol production resulting in a hyperplastic
      adrenal cortex. The deficiency of enzyme 21-hydroxylase results from mutations or
      deletions in the CYP21A2 gene found on chromosome 6p. The disorder is transmitted
      as an autosomal recessive pattern and specific mutations may be correlated to
      enzymatic compromise of varying degrees, leading to the clinical manifestation of
      21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) CAH.

PMID- 27380652
TI  - Feline panleukopaenia virus in captive non-domestic felids in South Africa.
AB  - An outbreak of feline panleukopaenia virus (FPLV) infection was diagnosed by
      pathology, electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in vaccinated
      captive-bred subadult cheetahs in South Africa. Subsequent to this disease
      outbreak, 12 cases of FPLV diagnosed on histology were confirmed by PCR in
      captive African black-footed cat, caracal, cheetah, lion, ocelot and serval.
      Phylogenetic analyses of the viral capsid protein gene on PCR-positive samples,
      vaccine and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) reference
      strains identified a previously unknown strain of FPLV, present since at least
      2006, that differs from both the inactivated and the modified live vaccine
      strains. A previously described South African strain from domestic cats and
      cheetahs was identified in a serval. Surveys of FPLV strains in South African
      felids are needed to determine the geographical and host species distribution of
      this virus. Since non-domestic species may be reservoirs of parvoviruses, and
      since these viruses readily change host specificity, the risks of FPLV
      transmission between captive-bred and free-ranging carnivores and domestic cats
      and dogs warrant further research. 

PMID- 27380654
TI  - Comparative performance of traps in catching tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)
      in Tanzania.
AB  - This study was conducted to determine the efficiency of different tsetse traps in
      28 sites across Tanzania. The traps used were biconical, H, NGU, NZI, pyramidal,
      S3, mobile, and sticky panels. Stationary traps were deployed at a distance of
      200 m apart and examined 72 h after deployment. The results showed that 117
      (52.2%) out of the 224 traps deployed captured at least one Glossina species. A
      total of five Glossina species were captured, namely Glossina brevipalpis,
      Glossina pallidipes, Glossina swynnertoni, Glossina morsitans, and Glossina
      fuscipes martinii. Biconical traps caught tsetse flies in 27 sites, pyramidal in
      26, sticky panel in 20, mobile in 19, S3 in 15, NGU in 7, H in 2 and NZI in 1. A
      total of 21 107 tsetse flies were trapped, with the most abundant species being
      G. swynnertoni (55.9%), followed by G. pallidipes (31.1%), G. fuscipes martinii
      (6.9%) and G. morsitans (6.0%). The least caught was G. brevipalpis (0.2%). The
      highest number of flies were caught by NGU traps (32.5%), followed by sticky
      panel (16%), mobile (15.4%), pyramidal (13.0%), biconical (11.3%) and S3 (10.2%).
      NZI traps managed to catch 0.9% of the total flies and H traps 0.7%. From this
      study, it can be concluded that the most efficient trap was NGU, followed by
      sticky panel and mobile, in that order. Therefore, for tsetse fly control
      programmes, NGU traps could be the better choice. Conversely, of the stationary
      traps, pyramidal and biconical traps captured tsetse flies in the majority of
      sites, covering all three ecosystems better than any other traps; therefore, they
      would be suitable for scouting for tsetse infestation in any given area, thus
      sparing the costs of making traps for each specific Glossina species.

PMID- 27380653
TI  - An update of the tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) distribution and African
      animal trypanosomosis prevalence in north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
AB  - An unpredicted outbreak of African animal trypanosomosis or nagana in 1990 in
      north-eastern KwaZulu-Natal necessitated an emergency control programme,
      utilising the extensive cattledipping system in the area, as well as a
      reassessment of the tsetse and trypanosomosis problem in the province. Since
      1990, sporadic blood sampling of cattle at the dip tanks in the naganainfested
      areas were undertaken to identify trypanosome species involved and to determine
      the infection prevalence in cattle. The distribution and species composition of
      the tsetse populations in the area were also investigated. From November 2005 to
      November 2007 selected dip tanks were surveyed for trypanosome infection
      prevalence. During April 2005 to August 2009 the distribution and abundance of
      tsetse populations were assessed with odour-baited H traps. The tsetse and
      trypanosome distribution maps were updated and potential correlations between
      tsetse apparent densities (ADs) and the prevalence of trypanosomosis were
      assessed. Glossina brevipalpis Newstead and Glossina austeni Newstead were
      recorded in locations where they have not previously been collected. No
      significant correlation between tsetse relative abundance and nagana prevalence
      was found, which indicated complex interactions between tsetse fly presence and
      disease prevalence. This was epitomised by data that indicated that despite large
      differences in the ADs of G. austeni and G. brevipalpis, trypanosome infection
      prevalence was similar in all three districts in the area. This study clearly
      indicated that both tsetse species play significant roles in trypanosome
      transmission and that it will be essential that any control strategy, which aims
      at sustainable management of the disease, should target both species.

PMID- 27380655
TI  - A retrospective study of the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis at major abattoirs
      in Botswana.
AB  - A retrospective study covering a period of ten years (2001-2010) was conducted
      using postmortem meat inspection records of the Department of Veterinary Services
      in Gaborone to determine the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in Botswana. Meat
      inspection records of monthly and annual returns from the two main export
      abattoirs in the country were examined, as well as the data collected on the
      total number of cattle slaughtered and the number of livers condemned due to
      Fasciola gigantica infection. Only 1250 of the approximately 1.4 million cattle
      slaughtered were infected with F. gigantica (0.09%, 95% confidence intervals [CI]
      0.0% - 0.3%). No distinct seasonal pattern was observed in condemnation rates of
      livers. However, the pattern of distribution of fasciolosis was higher (but not
      significant) in cattle that originated from areas with high rainfall and more
      permanent water bodies than those from relatively low rainfall areas with a
      transitory water system. It is recommended that a longitudinal survey should be
      carried out at the abattoirs and farms to determine the prevalence of the disease
      in cattle of different ages, sex and breed as well as the place of origin in the
      country. The present study indicated that the prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle
      is low and the disease is therefore of less significance in Botswana than other
      African countries for which information is available. 

PMID- 27380657
TI  - Seacole statue is a triumph for hope over hate.
AB  - During the RCN congress debate on whether the UK should leave the European Union,
      prominent college activist Jason Warriner said that nurses would play a vital
      role in 'healing the nation' after the vote, whatever the outcome. Unfortunately
      his prophecy has proved to be correct, with the UK being divided in way that few
      of us have experienced before. 

PMID- 27380658
TI  - Memorial to Mary Seacole unveiled.
AB  - A bronze statue honouring Crimean War hero and nurse Mary Seacole was unveiled in
      London last week following a 13-year campaign and L500,000 fundraising appeal. 

PMID- 27380656
TI  - Enhanced expression of recombinant beta toxin of Clostridium perfringens type B
      using a commercially available Escherichia coli strain.
AB  - Clostridium perfringens beta toxin is only produced by types B and C and plays an
      important role in many human and animal diseases, causing fatal conditions that
      originate in the intestines. We compared the expression of C. perfringens type B
      vaccine strain recombinant beta toxin gene in the Escherichia coli strains
      Rosetta(DE3) and BL21(DE3). The beta toxin gene was extracted from pJETbeta and
      ligated with pET22b(+). pET22beta was transformed into E. coli strains BL21(DE3)
      and Rosetta(DE3). Recombinant protein was expressed as a soluble protein after
      isopropyl beta-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction in strain Rosetta(DE3)
      but not in BL21(DE3). Expression was optimised by growing recombinant cells at 37
      degrees C and at an induction of 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 1.5 mM IPTG. Expression was
      evaluated using sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS
      PAGE). The recombinant protein was purified via Ni-NTA and was analysed using
      western blot. We concluded that E. coli strain RosettaTM(DE3) can enhance the
      expression of C. perfringens recombinant beta toxin.

PMID- 27380660
TI  - NMC hearing finds nurses who falsified records did so under orders from bosses.
AB  - Two senior nurses who falsified emergency department waiting time figures amid a
      'climate of intimidation and bullying' have been told by the Nursing and
      Midwifery Council that they face no further action against them. 

PMID- 27380659
TI  - Brexit vote prompts warning over bursary.
AB  - Unions have put pressure on the government to suspend proposals to scrap the
      nursing student bursary in the wake of the Brexit vote. 

PMID- 27380661
TI  - Brexit may not affect recruitment from EU.
AB  - The Brexit vote is 'unlikely' to have an immediate effect on NHS recruitment of
      European Union nurses, according to a leading academic. 

PMID- 27380662
TI  - Stepping Hill killer appeals sentence.
AB  - Nurse Victorino Chua's legal appeal against his conviction for poisoning and
      murdering hospital patients will take place later this month. 

PMID- 27380663
TI  - College demands better children's cardiac care.
AB  - The RCN has called for health services across the UK to 'learn the vital lessons'
      from an independent review of cardiac services at Bristol Royal Hospital for
      Children. 

PMID- 27380666
TI  - Palliative care still viewed as 'giving up on a patient'.
AB  - Nurses could play a pivotal role in reducing 'invasive and potentially harmful'
      treatments experienced by older people during their last weeks of life, a leading
      cancer nurse has said. 

PMID- 27380667
TI  - NHS 'must ensure' nurses are competent in basic English.
AB  - Concerns about basic English skills have been raised after the Nursing and
      Midwifery Council (NMC) made changes to its language tests for overseas nurses. 

PMID- 27380669
TI  - Magic the Labrador trained to sniff out low blood sugar levels.
AB  - Type 1 diabetes patient Claire Pesterfield's pet Labrador, Magic, really is one
      of her best friends. 

PMID- 27380670
TI  - Call for unity on safe staffing.
AB  - Last month, Scotland's first minister Nicola Sturgeon declared Scotland would
      enshrine safe nurse staffing levels in law. 

PMID- 27380673
TI  - Delayed discharge.
AB  - Essential facts Delays in discharging older peo ple from hospital cost the NHS
      L820 million a year, according to a report from the National Audit Office (NAO).
      Last year in acute hospitals, 1.15 million bed days were lost to delayed
      transfers of care, an increase of 31% since 2013. The NAO says rising demand for
      NHS services is compounded by reduced local authority spending on adult social
      care - down by 10% since 2009-10. 

PMID- 27380674
TI  - ADHD drug use levels off after 18-year boom.
AB  - Using drugs to treat children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
      (ADHD) may have reached a plateau, after a steep rise in prescriptions over the
      past 18 years. 

PMID- 27380675
TI  - Eating wholegrain foods may reduce the risk of cancer.
AB  - A higher intake of wholegrain foods may lower the risk of developing
      cardiovascular disease and cancer, a new study suggests. A growing body of
      evidence has emerged on the health benefits of wholegrain foods over the past 10
      to 15 years, but recommendations on the daily amount and types have often been
      unclear or inconsistent. 

PMID- 27380676
TI  - Study sheds light on cancer diagnoses.
AB  - Younger patients are more likely to be diagnosed with late stage lung cancer than
      older ones, a new study suggests. 

PMID- 27380677
TI  - Patient information could be misleading.
AB  - Researchers in Germany have called for more careful reporting of side effects in
      clinical trials after a study revealed no clear links between medicines that are
      labelled as sleep disturbing and problems sleeping. 

PMID- 27380679
TI  - 'You're looking well!'.
AB  - Visiting her mother in hospital some years ago, Jill Fraser noticed something
      different - she'd had her hair done for the first time since experiencing a major
      brain haemorrhage. It made all the difference in the world. 

PMID- 27380680
TI  - On the road to positivity.
AB  - Building an environment where nurses and midwives feel empowered and valued is
      key to the strategy of many nursing directors, but this can sometimes be a
      challenge. Signing up to a recognised and evidenced programme can help
      organisations achieve the progress they are looking for, and is a way of
      recognising what they have achieved. 

PMID- 27380681
TI  - The vital work of RCN reps.
AB  - For Gordon Lees, a sense of fairness was at the heart of his decision to become
      an RCN steward more than 40 years ago. 

PMID- 27380682
TI  - Top tips for reflection.
AB  - I made a commitment, months ago, to go through revalidation ahead of schedule. It
      seemed a good idea when sitting by the fire, catching up with emails and Twitter
      on a dark winter's evening. 

PMID- 27380683
TI  - How to deal with bullying in the workplace.
AB  - Before you arrange to meet the nurse, ask her to write down precisely what has
      been happening in as much detail as possible, including the dates, times and
      locations, as well as the names and job titles of everyone who may have witnessed
      the bullying. This will help you to determine the seriousness of the incidents. 

PMID- 27380684
TI  - Losing nurse advisers is the final nail in the coffin.
AB  - Bit by bit, government meddling with the health service is diminishing the
      nurse's role. 

PMID- 27380685
TI  - Go to the top for rapid action.
AB  - I started writing to trust chief executives after trying to raise concerns about
      patient safety with a matron... and getting nowhere. 

PMID- 27380686
TI  - We need abuse training for all.
AB  - I support mandatory domestic abuse training for all healthcare workers (news,
      June 22). I attended an emergency department aft er my ex-partner had att acked
      me. No one asked if I was okay - it was more a case of clean me up, check for
      injuries and send me on my way. Clearly, the 6Cs were not implemented during my
      visit. 

PMID- 27380687
TI  - RCN must flex its union muscles.
AB  - The government wants to condemn nurses to an annual 1% 'pay rise' for the next
      four years. With inflation this amounts to a 20% pay cut between 2010 and 2020. 

PMID- 27380689
TI  - Don't exclude students.
AB  - I have just started applying for my first job. I use the website NHS Jobs, but
      students are oft en excluded by the 'pre-application questions'. These ask if I
      am registered with the Nursing and Midwifery Council, which I'm not yet. 

PMID- 27380691
TI  - Making time for people at the end.
AB  - I remember when a patient was admitted to our ward, near the point of death, and
      there was no one with her - not a soul to see her on her way. 

PMID- 27380692
TI  - Readers' panel - Does the NHS provide a positive working environment?
AB  - Our experts consider a hot topic of the day. 

PMID- 27380694
TI  - Adult Drug Calculations UK.
AB  - Developed by Health Education England Thames Valley and Wessex, this app helps
      users learn how to calculate correct dosages and administer drugs for adults. 

PMID- 27380696
TI  - The first port of call.
AB  - Nursing students are part of university life, but what they witness during their
      course can set them apart from their peers. 

PMID- 27380697
TI  - Daunting placement challenged me to change my perspective.
AB  - With a background in youth work and helping homeless young people, 'nurse' was
      never a job title in my career plan. But the life choices I had made seemed to
      lead me to apply to study for a degree in nursing. 

PMID- 27380698
TI  - Vacancy boom encourages nurses back onto the wards.
AB  - Figures from the Office for National Statistics show a 50% increase in nursing
      vacancies between 2013 and 2015, so if you're a nurse thinking of going back to
      practice, now is the time to do it. 

PMID- 27380699
TI  - Feel-good posts outside the NHS offer job satisfaction.
AB  - Ellen Watters worked as a staff nurse in the NHS before becoming an information
      specialist nurse for cancer charity Myeloma UK, a post she has held for more than
      13 years. 

PMID- 27380700
TI  - 'I enable students in difficulty'.
AB  - Andrew Pace is a specialist mentor at Diverse Learners ( www.diverse
      learners.co.uk ), a consultancy providing disability support and training for the
      healthcare sector. He works with a team of health and social care practitioners
      and disability specialists. 

PMID- 27380701
TI  - How to record and evidence practice-related feedback for revalidation.
AB  - Rationale and key points This is the fourth in a series of eight articles
      providing information about the Nursing and Midwifery Council revalidation
      process. This article focuses on recording 5 examples of practice-related
      feedback for revalidation. " Feedback encourages individuals to assess and
      improve their practice. " Feedback aids communication and interpersonal skills.
      Reflective activity 'How to' revalidate articles can help to update your practice
      and provide information about the revalidation process, including how you can
      record and evidence practice-related feedback for revalidation. Reflect on and
      write a short account of: 1. How your practice will change as a result of
      obtaining feedback from patients and colleagues. 2. How you could use this
      article to educate your colleagues. Subscribers can upload their reflective
      accounts at: rcni.com/portfolio . 

PMID- 27380702
TI  - Practical guidance on undertaking a service evaluation.
AB  - This article describes the basic principles of evaluation, focusing on the
      evaluation of healthcare services. It emphasises the importance of evaluation in
      the current healthcare environment and the requirement for nurses to understand
      the essential principles of evaluation. Evaluation is defined in contrast to
      audit and research, and the main theoretical approaches to evaluation are
      outlined, providing insights into the different types of evaluation that may be
      undertaken. The essential features of preparing for an evaluation are considered,
      and guidance provided on working ethically in the NHS. It is important to involve
      patients and the public in evaluation activity, offering essential guidance and
      principles of best practice. The authors discuss the main challenges of
      undertaking evaluations and offer recommendations to address these, drawing on
      their experience as evaluators. 

PMID- 27380703
TI  - Gastrointestinal care for older people.
AB  - This article discusses gastrointestinal (GI) healthcare in older people. It
      outlines the physiological changes that occur in the GI tract as a result of
      ageing, and discusses common GI disorders in older people. These GI disorders
      include dysphagia, gastrointestinal reflux disease, colorectal cancer,
      diverticular disease, constipation and anaemia. Healthcare professionals should
      be aware of the factors that may influence gastrointestinal health in older
      people, including nutrition, hydration and alcohol use, which are important
      considerations when delivering person-centred care. 

PMID- 27380704
TI  - Developing nursing care plans.
AB  - What was the nature of the CPD activity and/or practice-related feedback and/or
      event or experience in your practice? The CPD article discussed the theories
      involved in developing nursing care plans. Care planning is a fundamental part of
      nursing, and aims to facilitate standardised, evidence-based and holistic care. 

PMID- 27380705
TI  - Delivering a message of hope.
AB  - Shelley Perry is a dedicated and passionate mental health practitioner who
      specialises in supporting people with eating disorders across Lancashire. She is
      also a social entrepreneur. 

PMID- 27380706
TI  - Hand washing.
AB  - A surgery matron has writt en a hand hygiene promotional video rap to encourage
      staff, patients and visitors to wash their hands. Vicky Cartwright from
      University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust rewrote the lyrics to 1990s hit rap,
      Ice Ice Baby. 

PMID- 27380707
TI  - We must be open and honest.
AB  - 'We have to put honesty ahead of our fear, because that is the only way to put
      patients first. Are you ready for this kind of honesty?' 

PMID- 27380708
TI  - Changing approach to psychological trauma.
AB  - As the Battle of the Somme's anniversary looms and post-traumatic stress disorder
      continues to be an enduring issue for the armed forces, what lessons in treating
      mental illness can we learn from the first world war? Claire Chatterton, writing
      in Mental Health Practice, examines the changes to treating psychological trauma
      during the Somme by health professionals who had rarely worked with people
      experiencing mental health problems. 

PMID- 27380709
TI  - New leadership model for learning disability nursing.
AB  - Could learning disability nurses hold the key to a new direction of care and
      leadership? Jim Blair, writing in Learning Disability Practice, says there must
      be a response to the inquiry into premature deaths of people with learning
      disabilities. One way for a new form of leadership could be band 8 nurses
      practising at consultant level. With their experiences of caring for people with
      learning disabilities, nurse consultants can shape service delivery and pathways
      to enhance quality of care, reduce poor practices and avoidable deaths. 

PMID- 27380710
TI  - Storyboarding used as an aid to explore grief.
AB  - Yvonne Dexter, writing in Nursing Children and Young People, discusses the use of
      storyboarding and its use as a reflective practice aid. As children's nurses are
      among the child health professionals most directly affected by childhood death,
      storyboarding can provide nursing students with a safe environment to reflect on
      their feelings about the death of a child. Ms Dexter considers the potential for
      its use in practice, for example in clinical supervision and classroom settings,
      to manage grief. 

PMID- 27380711
TI  - Elevated monocyte phosphorylated p38 in nearby employees after a chemical
      explosion.
AB  - Personalised health surveillance is infrequent or absent in occupational and
      environmental medicine. The shortage of functional tests in relevant cells and
      tissues greatly limits our understanding of environmental exposures and
      associated disease risk. We evaluated single cell signalling in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells from 301 individuals in a cross sectional health survey 18
      months after a chemical explosion of sulphorous coker gasoline. The accident
      created a malodourous environment leading to long-term health complaints.
      Multiple regression analysis revealed T-cell specific elevated phosphorylation of
      the stress kinase p-p38 (T180/Y182) among tobacco smokers and monocyte-specific
      elevated phosphorylation in employees at the explosion site. Other studies of the
      accident reported reduced tear film stability, and more airway obstruction and
      subjective health complaints among the employees at the accident site. Elevated
      monocyte p-p38 in the employee group was independent of such health effects, and
      could therefore be dependent on the sulphuric malodorous environment. The present
      study proposes signalling status in leukocytes as a scalable biomarker providing
      information about environmental exposures.

PMID- 27380712
TI  - C21 steroidal glycosides from the roots of Cynanchum paniculatum.
AB  - As a part of our continuing research for bioactive constituents from Cynanchum
      plants, four new C21 steroidal glycosides, cynapanoside D-G (1-4), together with
      six known compounds (5-10) were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum paniculatum
      (Bge.) Kitag. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR
      spectroscopic data as well as HR-ESI-MS analysis. Compound 8 exhibited potent
      inhibitory activities against HL-60, HT-29, PC-3 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50
      values of 8.3, 7.5, 34.3 and 19.4MUM, respectively and compounds 1-4 and 9
      displayed moderate cytotoxicity against the four cell lines. The in vitro
      antioxidant activities of compounds 1-4, 8 and 9 were assayed by DPPH radical
      scavenging activity. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of compounds 1-4, 8
      and 9 were also tested. 

PMID- 27380713
TI  - An Integrative Analysis of the Effect of Lifestyle and Pharmacological
      Interventions on Glucose Metabolism in the Prevention and Treatment of Youth
      Onset Type 2 Diabetes.
AB  - Preventing and managing youth-onset type 2 diabetes are a major challenge. This
      paper reviews the evidence of lifestyle and drug therapies in improving glucose,
      insulin, and insulin sensitivity. Forty-four interventions were analyzed, of
      which 11 were drug (mainly metformin) interventions combined with lifestyle while
      the remainder used lifestyle strategies only. Fewer than a dozen out of 44
      interventions reported significant improvements in glucose-related outcomes.
      Metformin in addition to lifestyle therapy did not necessarily enhance
      intervention effects. The overall lack of findings can be partially attributed to
      the heterogeneity of study populations, the lack of intervention intensity, under
      powered study design, and the challenging lives of at-risk populations. New
      treatment options in both drugs and lifestyle strategies are direly needed.

PMID- 27380714
TI  - Annotation of Different Dehydrocatechin Oligomers by MS/MS and Their Occurrence
      in Black Tea.
AB  - Dehydrocatechins (DhC's), oligomeric oxidation products of (epi)catechins, were
      formed in model incubations of epicatechin with mushroom tyrosinase. DhC
      oligomers up to tetramers were detected by reversed-phase ultrahigh-performance
      liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-UHPLC-MS) analysis. Measurements with
      matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
      (MALDI-TOF-MS) showed formation of oligomers up to at least 15 catechin subunits.
      Isomeric DhC's were obtained, and a method based on MS(2) fragment ratios was set
      up to distinguish between the different interflavanic configurations of the
      isomers. In the model incubation, 8 dehydrodicatechins (DhC2's) and 22
      dehydrotricatechins (DhC3's) were tentatively annotated by their MS(2) signature
      fragments. Three different interflavanic configuration types were determined for
      the DhC2's. DhC2's and DhC3's were shown to occur in a black tea extract for the
      first time. For the DhC2's, at least two isomeric types, i.e., DhC beta and DhC
      epsilon, could be annotated in black tea. 

PMID- 27380715
TI  - Embodying Transition in Later Life: "Having a Fall" as an Uncertain Status
      Passage for Elderly Women in Southeast London.
AB  - In their (2014 report, the charity AgeUK states that one-third of older people
      (over 3 million) fall each year. This article takes a focused look at falling by
      describing four women's accounts of "having a fall" in Walworth, southeast
      London, which sheds light on the experience of personal and corporeal change in
      later life. While some experiential studies of falling have made reference to a
      loss of embodied control and changes in identity, these aspects have not been
      explored in sufficient depth. Attending closely to the embodied experience of
      falling for older women in the context of everyday activity reveals the
      uncertainty surrounding what it actually signifies and the powerful effect this
      uncertainty has on their everyday lives and sense of self. This in-depth
      phenomenological account speaks to important gaps in the literature on falls,
      given the current research emphasis on the management of falls risk.

PMID- 27380716
TI  - RNAi-combined nano-chemotherapeutics to tackle resistant tumors.
AB  - The merger of nanotechnology and combination chemotherapy has shown notable
      promise in the therapy of resistant tumors. The latest scientific attention
      encompasses the engagement of anticancer drugs in combination with small
      interfering (si)RNAs, such as VEGF, XLAP, PGP, MRP-1, BCL-2 and cMyc, to name but
      a few. siRNAs have shown immense promise to knockout drug resistance genes as
      well as to recover the sensitivity of resistant tumors to anticancer therapy. The
      nanotechnology approach could also protect siRNA against RNAse degradation as
      well as prevent off-target effects. In this article, we discuss the approaches
      that have been used to deliver of siRNA in combination with chemotherapeutic
      drugs to treat resistant tumors. We also discuss the stipulations that must be
      considered in formulating a nanotechnology-assisted siRNA-drug cancer therapy.

PMID- 27380717
TI  - Social support, coping strategies and their correlations with older adults'
      relocation adjustments after natural disaster.
AB  - AIM: The present study examines the associations among social support, coping
      strategies and relocation adjustment outcomes, including community cohesion,
      residential satisfaction and depressive symptoms, for older persons in Taiwan
      displaced by Typhoon Morakot. METHODS: This study enrolled 372 adults aged 60
      years or older who were relocated to permanent houses after Typhoon Morakot
      destroyed their homes on 8 August 2009. A path analysis simultaneously examined
      the hypothesized links among social support, coping strategies and relocation
      adjustment outcomes. RESULTS: The relationships between coping strategies and
      relocation outcomes varied. Problem-focused and support-seeking coping were
      positively related to perceived community cohesion, whereas emotion-focused
      coping was associated with a high number of depressive symptoms. Social support
      was positively related to residential satisfaction. Additionally, social support
      was also indirectly related to increased community cohesion and residential
      satisfaction through its positive relationship with support-seeking and problem
      focused coping. CONCLUSIONS: More interventions should be implemented to enhance
      support within informal networks and a sense of belonging to the new resident
      community, thereby promoting more active coping strategies, enhancing the
      effectiveness of coping efforts and maximizing positive adjustment outcomes.
      Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1006-1014.

PMID- 27380719
TI  - Noble metal-free bifunctional oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction acidic media
      electro-catalysts.
AB  - Identification of low cost, highly active, durable completely noble metal-free
      electro-catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane
      (PEM) fuel cells, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in PEM based water electrolysis
      and metal air batteries remains one of the major unfulfilled scientific and
      technological challenges of PEM based acid mediated electro-catalysts. In
      contrast, several non-noble metals based electro-catalysts have been identified
      for alkaline and neutral medium water electrolysis and fuel cells. Herein we
      report for the very first time, F doped Cu1.5Mn1.5O4, identified by exploiting
      theoretical first principles calculations for ORR and OER in PEM based systems.
      The identified novel noble metal-free electro-catalyst showed similar onset
      potential (1.43 V for OER and 1 V for ORR vs RHE) to that of IrO2 and Pt/C,
      respectively. The system also displayed excellent electrochemical activity
      comparable to IrO2 for OER and Pt/C for ORR, respectively, along with remarkable
      long term stability for 6000 cycles in acidic media validating theory, while also
      displaying superior methanol tolerance and yielding recommended power densities
      in full cell configurations.

PMID- 27380720
TI  - Solubility and solvation of monosaccharides in ionic liquids.
AB  - Herein, solubility experimental data for six monosaccharides, viz.d-(+)-glucose,
      d-(+)-mannose, d-(-)-fructose, d-(+)-galactose, d-(+)-xylose and l-(+)-arabinose,
      in four ionic liquids (ILs), at temperatures ranging from 288.2 to 348.2 K, were
      obtained aimed at gathering a better understanding of their solvation ability and
      molecular-level mechanisms which rule the dissolution process. To ascertain the
      chemical features that enhance the solubility of monosaccharides, ILs composed of
      dialkylimidazolium or tetraalkylphosphonium cations combined with the
      dicyanamide, dimethylphosphate or chloride anions were investigated. It was found
      that the ranking of the solubility of monosaccharides depends on the IL; yet, d
      (+)-xylose is always the most soluble while d-(-)-fructose is the least soluble
      monosaccharide. The results obtained show that both the IL cation and the anion
      play a major role in the solubility of monosaccharides. Finally, from the
      determination of the respective thermodynamic properties of solution, it was
      found that enthalpic contributions are dominant in the solubilization process.
      However, the observed differences in the solubilities of monosaccharides in 1
      butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide are ruled by a change in the entropy of
      solution. 

PMID- 27380721
TI  - Genomic analysis of the evolutionary lineage of Norovirus GII.4 from archival
      specimens during 1975-1987 in Tokyo.
AB  - This study aimed to analyze NoV GII.4 sequences from archival specimens obtained
      during 1975-1987 by comparing them with reference sequences. The first NoV
      GII.P4_GII.4 sequence was identified in 1980. NoV GII.4 collected in 1970 had a
      GII.P1_GII.4 sequence. These results indicate that the GII.P4_GII.4 sequence may
      be the result of a recombination that might have occurred around 1980. Amino acid
      substitutions based on this replacement were mainly accumulated in the NTPase,
      p22, and RdRp regions. The emergence of GII.P4_GII.4 sequence is considered to
      have ended the major prevalence of NoV GII.4. J. Med. Virol. 89:363-367, 2017.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27380722
TI  - The unique peptidome: Taxon-specific tryptic peptides as biomarkers for targeted
      metaproteomics.
AB  - The Unique Peptide Finder (http://unipept.ugent.be/peptidefinder) is an
      interactive web application to quickly hunt for tryptic peptides that are unique
      to a particular species, genus, or any other taxon. Biodiversity within the
      target taxon is represented by a set of proteomes selected from a monthly updated
      list of complete and nonredundant UniProt proteomes, supplemented with
      proprietary proteomes loaded into persistent local browser storage. The software
      computes and visualizes pan and core peptidomes as unions and intersections of
      tryptic peptides occurring in the selected proteomes. In addition, it also
      computes and displays unique peptidomes as the set of all tryptic peptides that
      occur in all selected proteomes but not in any UniProt record not assigned to the
      target taxon. As a result, the unique peptides can serve as robust biomarkers for
      the target taxon, for example, in targeted metaproteomics studies. Computations
      are extremely fast since they are underpinned by the Unipept database, the lowest
      common ancestor algorithm implemented in Unipept and modern web technologies that
      facilitate in-browser data storage and parallel processing.

PMID- 27380723
TI  - Cribriform neuroepithelial tumor: molecular characterization of a SMARCB1
      deficient non-rhabdoid tumor with favorable long-term outcome.
AB  - Rhabdoid phenotype and loss of SMARCB1 expression in a brain tumor are
      characteristic features of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRT). Rare non
      rhabdoid brain tumors showing cribriform growth pattern and SMARCB1 loss have
      been designated cribriform neuroepithelial tumor (CRINET). Small case series
      suggest that CRINETs may have a relatively favorable prognosis. However, the long
      term outcome is unclear and it remains uncertain whether CRINET represents a
      distinct entity or a variant of ATRT. Therefore, 10 CRINETs were clinically and
      molecularly characterized and compared with 10 ATRTs of each of three recently
      described molecular subgroups (i.e. ATRT-TYR, ATRT-SHH and ATRT-MYC) using
      Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 arrays, FISH, MLPA, and sequencing.
      Furthermore, outcome was compared to a larger cohort of 27 children with ATRT
      TYR. Median age of the 6 boys and 4 girls harboring a CRINET was 20 months. On
      histopathological examination, all CRINETs demonstrated a cribriform growth
      pattern and distinct tyrosinase staining. On unsupervised cluster analysis of
      methylation data, all CRINETs examined exclusively clustered within the ATRT-TYR
      molecular subgroup. As ATRT-TYR, CRINETs mainly showed large heterozygous 22q
      deletions (9/10) and SMARCB1 mutations of the other allele. In two patients,
      SMARCB1 mutations were also present in the germline. Estimated mean overall
      survival in patients with CRINETs was 125 months (95% confidence interval 100-151
      months) as compared to only 53 (33-74) months in patients with ATRTs of the ATRT
      TYR subgroup (Log-Rank P < 0.05). In conclusion, CRINET represents a SMARCB1
      deficient non-rhabdoid tumor, which shares molecular similarities with the ATRT
      TYR subgroup but has distinct histopathological features and favorable long-term
      outcome.

PMID- 27380724
TI  - Destabilizing an interacting motif strengthens the association of a designed
      ankyrin repeat protein with tubulin.
AB  - Affinity maturation by random mutagenesis and selection is an established
      technique to make binding molecules more suitable for applications in biomedical
      research, diagnostics and therapy. Here we identified an unexpected novel
      mechanism of affinity increase upon in vitro evolution of a tubulin-specific
      designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin). Structural analysis indicated that in
      the progenitor DARPin the C-terminal capping repeat (C-cap) undergoes a 25
      degrees  rotation to avoid a clash with tubulin upon binding. Additionally, the C
      cap appears to be involved in electrostatic repulsion with tubulin. Biochemical
      and structural characterizations demonstrated that the evolved mutants achieved a
      gain in affinity through destabilization of the C-cap, which relieves the need of
      a DARPin conformational change upon tubulin binding and removes unfavorable
      interactions in the complex. Therefore, this specific case of an order-to
      disorder transition led to a 100-fold tighter complex with a subnanomolar
      equilibrium dissociation constant, remarkably associated with a 30% decrease of
      the binding surface.

PMID- 27380725
TI  - Altered expression of long non-coding RNA and mRNA in mouse cortex after
      traumatic brain injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to detect the altered lncRNA
      expression in the mouse cortex after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We also
      simultaneously detected the altered mRNA profile to further analyze the possible
      function of lncRNA. METHOD: C57BL/6 mice (n=18) were used to construct a
      controlled cortical impact model. At 24h post-TBI, the cortex around injury site
      was collected and the total RNA was extracted to construct the cDNA library. RNA
      sequencing (RNA-seq) was carried out followed by RT-PCR for confirmation.
      Bioinformatic analysis (including GO analysis, KEGG pathway and co-expression
      analysis) also were performed. RESULTS: A total of 64,530 transcripts were
      detected in the current sequencing study, in which 27,457 transcripts were
      identified as mRNA and 37,073 transcripts as lncRNA. A total of 1580 mRNAs (1430
      up-regulated and 150 down-regulated) and 823 lncRNAs (667 up-regulated and 156
      down-regulated) were significantly changed according to the criteria (
      (|)log2((fold change))|>1 and P<0.05). These altered mRNAs were mainly related to
      inflammatory and immunological activity, metabolism, neuronal and vascular
      network. The expression of single lncRNA may be related with several mRNAs, and
      so was the mRNA. Also, a total of 360 new mRNAs and 8041 new lncRNAs were
      identified. The good reproducibility and reliability of RNA-seq were confirmed by
      RT-PCR. CONCLUSION: Numerous lncRNAs and mRNAs were significantly altered in
      mouse cortex around the injury site 24h after TBI. Our present data may provide a
      promising approach for further study about TBI.

PMID- 27380726
TI  - Lack of association between genotype score and sprint/power performance in the
      Japanese population.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the association between a total genotype
      score (TGS) based on previously published genetic polymorphism candidates and
      differences in sprint/power performance. DESIGN: Case-control association study.
      METHODS: We analysed 21 polymorphisms, which have previously been associated with
      sprint/power performance and related phenotypes, in 211 Japanese sprint/power
      track and field athletes (77 regional, 72 national, and 62 international
      athletes) and 649 Japanese controls using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. We
      calculated the TGS (maximum value of 100 for the theoretically optimal polygenic
      score) for the 21 polymorphisms. RESULTS: All groups exhibited similar TGSs
      (control: 55.9+/-7.2, regional: 55.1+/-7.1, national: 56.1+/-7.4, and
      international: 56.0+/-7.8, p=0.827 by one-way analysis of variance). Nine of the
      21 polymorphisms had the same direction of effect (odds ratio >1.0) as in
      previous studies, while 12 had the opposite direction of effect (odds ratio
      <1.0). Three polymorphisms (rs699 in AGT, rs41274853 in CNTFR, and rs7832552 in
      TRHR), which had the same direction of effect as in previous studies, were
      associated with international sprint/power athlete status (p<0.05). However,
      after multiple testing corrections, the statistical significance of these
      polymorphisms was not retained. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that TGSs
      based on the 21 previously published sprint/power performance-associated
      polymorphisms did not influence the sprint/power athlete status of Japanese track
      and field athletes. However, our results maintain the possibility that three of
      these polymorphisms might be associated with sprint/power performance.

PMID- 27380728
TI  - Tracing the sources and spatial distribution of organic carbon in subsoils using
      a multi-biomarker approach.
AB  - Soil organic carbon (SOC) from aboveground and belowground sources has rarely
      been differentiated although it may drive SOC turnover and stabilization due to a
      presumed differing source dependent degradability. It is thus crucial to better
      identify the location of SOC from different sources for the parameterization of
      SOC models, especially in the less investigated subsoils. The aim of this study
      was to spatially assess contributions of organic carbon from aboveground and
      belowground parts of beech trees to subsoil organic carbon in a Dystric Cambisol.
      Different sources of SOC were distinguished by solvent-extractable and
      hydrolysable lipid biomarkers aided by (14)C analyses of soil compartments <63
      MUm. We found no effect of the distance to the trees on the investigated
      parameters. Instead, a vertical zonation of the subsoil was detected. A high
      contribution of fresh leaf- and root-derived organic carbon to the upper subsoil
      (leaf- and root-affected zone) indicate that supposedly fast-cycling, leaf
      derived SOC may still be of considerable importance below the A-horizon. In the
      deeper subsoil (root-affected zone), roots were an important source of fresh SOC.
      Simultaneously, strongly increasing apparent (14)C ages (3860 yrs BP) indicate
      considerable contribution of SOC that may be inherited from the Pleistocene
      parent material.

PMID- 27380727
TI  - Cationic lipid-nanoceria hybrids, a novel nonviral vector-mediated gene delivery
      into mammalian cells: investigation of the cellular uptake mechanism.
AB  - Gene therapy is a promising technique for the treatment of various diseases. The
      development of minimally toxic and highly efficient non-viral gene delivery
      vectors is the most challenging undertaking in the field of gene therapy. Here,
      we developed dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DODAB)-nanoceria (CeO2) hybrids
      as a new class of non-viral gene delivery vectors. These DODAB-modified CeO2
      nanoparticles (CeO2/DODAB) could effectively compact the pDNA, allowing for
      highly efficient gene transfection into the selected cell lines. The CeO2/DODAB
      nanovectors were also found to be non-toxic and did not induce ROS formation as
      well as any stress responsive and pro-survival signaling pathways. The overall
      vector performance of CeO2/DODAB nanohybrids was comparable with lipofectamine
      and DOTAP, and higher than calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran for transfecting
      small plasmids. The increased cellular uptake of the nanovector/DNA complexes
      through clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis and subsequent release from
      the endosomes further support the increased gene transfection efficiency of the
      CeO2/DODAB vectors. Besides, CeO2/DODAB nanovectors could transfect genes in vivo
      without any sign of toxicity. Taken together, this new nano-vector has the
      potential to be used for gene delivery in biomedical applications.

PMID- 27380730
TI  - Nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in the amygdala influences visceral sensitivity via
      glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in male maternal separation rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nesfatin-1, a recently identified satiety molecule derived from
      nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2), is associated with visceral hypersensitivity in rats and
      is expressed in the amygdala. We tested the hypothesis that nesfatin-1 expression
      in the amygdala is involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
      visceral hypersensitivity. METHODS: An animal model of IBS-like visceral
      hypersensitivity was established using maternal separation (MS) during postnatal
      days 2-16. The role of nesfatin-1 in the amygdala on visceral sensitivity was
      evaluated. KEY RESULTS: Rats subjected to MS showed a significantly increased
      mean abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score and electromyographic (EMG) activity
      at 40, 60, and 80 mmHg colorectal distension. Plasma concentrations of nesfatin-1
      and corticosterone were significantly higher than in non-handled (NH) rats. mRNA
      and protein expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in the amygdala were increased in MS
      rats, but not in NH rats. In MS rats, AWR scores and EMG activity were
      significantly decreased after anti-nesfatin-1/NUCB2 injection. In normal rats,
      mean AWR score, EMG activity, and corticosterone expression were significantly
      increased after nesfatin-1 injection into the amygdala. Nesfatin-1-induced
      visceral hypersensitivity was abolished following application of glucocorticoid
      receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists. CONCLUSIONS &
      INFERENCES: Elevated expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in the amygdala in MS rats
      suggests a potential role in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity, which
      could potentially take place via activation of GR and MR signaling pathways.

PMID- 27380729
TI  - Comparison of intraoperative anthropometric measurements of the proximal tibia
      and tibial component in total knee arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Precise matching of the tibial component and resected bony surfaces
      and proper rotational implanting of the tibial component are crucial for
      successful total knee arthroplasty. We aimed to analyze the exact anthropometric
      proximal tibial data of Japanese patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty and
      correlate the measurements with the dimensions of current total knee arthroplasty
      systems. METHODS: A total of 703 knees in 566 Japanese patients who underwent
      total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis were included. The bone resection in
      the proximal tibia was performed perpendicular to the tibial axis in the frontal
      plane. Measurements of the proximal tibia were intraoperatively obtained after
      proximal tibial preparation. RESULTS: There were significant positive
      correlations between the lateral anteroposterior and medial anteroposterior and
      mediolateral dimensions. A progressive decrease in the mediolateral/lateral
      anteroposterior ratio with an increasing lateral anteroposterior dimension or the
      mediolateral/anteroposterior ratio with an increasing anteroposterior dimension
      was observed. The lateral anteroposterior dimension was smaller than the medial
      anteroposterior dimension by a mean of 4.8 +/- 2.0 mm. The proximal tibia
      exhibited asymmetry between the lateral and medial plateaus. A comparison of the
      morphological data and dimensions of the implants, one of which was a symmetric
      tibial component (NexGen) and the others were asymmetric (Genesis II and
      Persona), indicated that an asymmetric tibial component could be beneficial to
      maximize tibial plateau coverage. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided important
      reference data for designing a proper tibial component for Japanese people. The
      proximal tibial cut surface was asymmetric. There was wide dispersion in the
      lateral anteroposterior, medial anteroposterior, and mediolateral dimensions
      depending on the patient. Our data showed that the tibial components of the
      Genesis II and Persona rather than that of the NexGen may be preferable for
      Japanese people because of their asymmetric design.

PMID- 27380731
TI  - Intestinal methane production is associated with decreased weight loss following
      bariatric surgery.
AB  - To determine whether methane and hydrogen on breath test affects weight loss
      after bariatric surgery, 156 subjects (pre-surgery BMI >=33) were recruited >=4
      months after surgery. Pre- and post-surgery weights and BMIs were recorded. Post
      surgery methane and hydrogen levels were determined. % total weight loss and %
      change in BMI were prorated to six months after surgery. M+/H+ subjects (N=13)
      exhibited lower prorated % change in BMI vs. all other subjects (N=144) (p=0.13),
      and significantly lower prorated % total weight loss (p=0.036). These findings
      may suggest that subjects with positive breath methane and hydrogen lose less
      weight following bariatric surgery.

PMID- 27380732
TI  - Student perspectives on using egocentric video recorded by smart glasses to
      assess communicative and clinical skills with standardised patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This exploratory study evaluated student perceptions of their
      ability to self- and peer assess (i) interpersonal communication skills and (ii)
      clinical procedures (a head and neck examination) during standardised patient
      (SP) interactions recorded by Google Glass compared to a static camera. METHODS:
      Students compared the Google Glass and static camera recordings using an
      instrument consisting of 20 Likert-type items and four open- and closed-text
      items. The Likert-type items asked students to rate how effectively they could
      assess specific aspects of interpersonal communication and a head and neck
      examination in these two different types of recordings. The interpersonal
      communication items included verbal, paraverbal and non-verbal subscales. The
      open- and closed-text items asked students to report on more globally the
      differences between the two types of recordings. Descriptive and inferential
      statistical analyses were conducted for all survey items. An inductive thematic
      analysis was conducted to determine qualitative emergent themes from the open
      text questions. RESULTS: Students found the Glass videos more effective for
      assessing verbal (t22 = 2.091, P = 0.048) and paraverbal communication skills
      (t22 = 3.304, P = 0.003), whilst they reported that the static camera video was
      more effective for assessing non-verbal communication skills (t22 = -2.132, P =
      0.044). Four principle themes emerged from the students' open-text responses
      comparing Glass to static camera recordings for self- and peer assessment: (1)
      first-person perspective, (2) assessment of non-verbal communication, (3)
      audiovisual experience and (4) student operation of Glass. DISCUSSION AND
      CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that students perceive that Google Glass is a
      valuable tool for facilitating self- and peer assessment of SP examinations
      because of students' perceived ability to emphasise and illustrate communicative
      and clinical activities from a first-person perspective.

PMID- 27380734
TI  - Further evidence of POP1 mutations as the cause of anauxetic dysplasia.
AB  - Anauxetic dysplasia (AAD, OMIM 607095) is a rare skeletal dysplasia inherited as
      an autosomal recessive trait, which is caused by mutations in RMRP and allelic to
      a more common disorder, cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH). CHH is a multi-system
      disorder with a variety of extraskeletal changes. Whereas AAD is a bone
      restricted disorder with a more severe skeletal phenotype: affected individuals
      are extremely short and complicated by orthopedic morbidity, and the radiological
      changes include modification of the vertebral bodies and epiphyseal dysplasia of
      the hip, as well as generalized metaphyseal dysplasia and severe brachydactyly.
      Recently, genetic heterogeneity for AAD was proposed, because a familial case
      (two affected sibs) with an AAD-identical phenotype had compound heterozygous
      mutations in POP1, encoding a molecule functionally related to the gene product
      of RMRP. We report here a 5-year-old boy with the same phenotype born to a
      consanguineous couple. We identified a novel homozygous POP1 mutation (c.1744C>T,
      p.P582S) in the boy and the heterozygosity in the parents. It may be rational to
      coin the POP1-associated skeletal phenotype AAD type 2. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27380735
TI  - Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in ischemic heart disease.
AB  - Although, treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD) has improved considerably
      within the last decades, it is still the main cause of death worldwide. Despite
      maximum treatment, many IHD patients suffer from refractory angina and heart
      failure, which severely limits their daily lives. Moreover, IHD is very costly
      for the health care system. Therefore, new treatment options and strategies are
      being researched intensely. Stem cell therapy to improve myocardial perfusion and
      stimulate growth of new cardiomyocytes could be a new way to go. Nevertheless,
      the results from clinical studies have varied considerably, probably due to the
      use of many different cell lines obtained from different tissues and the
      different patient populations. The present review will focus on treatment with
      the mesenchymal stromal cell from bone marrow and adipose tissue in animal and
      patients with acute and chronic IHD (CIHD).

PMID- 27380736
TI  - Cluster-like molybdenum phosphide anchored on reduced graphene oxide for
      efficient hydrogen evolution over a broad pH range.
AB  - Cluster-like molybdenum phosphide particles were anchored on reduced graphene
      oxide (MoP/rGO) with high uniformity by using phosphomolybdic acid as a
      molybdenum precursor based on a robust assembly-immobilization method. Benefiting
      from the small size, and even distribution of the MoP particles, the MoP/rGO
      hybrid exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity towards the hydrogen evolution
      reaction both in acidic and alkaline media. 

PMID- 27380733
TI  - Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Reproducibility of
      Histogram Analysis on Pharmacokinetic Parameters.
AB  - Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic
      resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) have been increasingly used to evaluate the
      permeability of tumor vessel. Histogram metrics are a recognized promising method
      of quantitative MR imaging that has been recently introduced in analysis of DCE
      MRI pharmacokinetic parameters in oncology due to tumor heterogeneity. In this
      study, 21 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) underwent paired DCE-MRI
      studies on a 3.0 T MR system. Extended Tofts model and population-based arterial
      input function were used to calculate kinetic parameters of RCC tumors. Mean
      value and histogram metrics (Mode, Skewness and Kurtosis) of each pharmacokinetic
      parameter were generated automatically using ImageJ software. Intra- and inter
      observer reproducibility and scan-rescan reproducibility were evaluated using
      intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and coefficient of variation (CoV).
      Our results demonstrated that the histogram method (Mode, Skewness and Kurtosis)
      was not superior to the conventional Mean value method in reproducibility
      evaluation on DCE-MRI pharmacokinetic parameters (K( trans) &Ve) in renal cell
      carcinoma, especially for Skewness and Kurtosis which showed lower intra-, inter
      observer and scan-rescan reproducibility than Mean value. Our findings suggest
      that additional studies are necessary before wide incorporation of histogram
      metrics in quantitative analysis of DCE-MRI pharmacokinetic parameters.

PMID- 27380737
TI  - Unprecedented Abundance of Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation Modulates Shigella
      flexneri Virulence.
AB  - Evidence is accumulating that protein tyrosine phosphorylation plays a crucial
      role in the ability of important human bacterial pathogens to cause disease.
      While most works have concentrated on its role in the regulation of a major
      bacterial virulence factor, the polysaccharide capsule, recent studies have
      suggested a much broader role for this post-translational modification. This
      prompted us to investigate protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the human pathogen
      Shigella flexneri. We first completed a tyrosine phosphoproteome, identifying 905
      unique tyrosine phosphorylation sites on at least 573 proteins (approximately 15%
      of all proteins). This is the most tyrosine-phosphorylated sites and proteins in
      a single bacterium identified to date, substantially more than the level seen in
      eukaryotic cells. Most had not previously been identified and included proteins
      encoded by the virulence plasmid, which is essential for S. flexneri to invade
      cells and cause disease. In order to investigate the function of these
      phosphorylation sites in important virulence factors, phosphomimetic and ablative
      mutations were constructed in the type 3 secretion system ATPase Spa47 and the
      master virulence regulator VirB. This revealed that tyrosine residues
      phosphorylated in our study are critical for Spa47 and VirB activity, and
      tyrosine phosphorylation likely regulates their functional activity and
      subsequently the virulence of this major human pathogen. This study suggests that
      tyrosine phosphorylation plays a critical role in regulating a wide variety of
      virulence factors in the human pathogen S. flexneri and serves as a base for
      future studies defining its complete role.

PMID- 27380738
TI  - Progesterone Receptor Signaling Mechanisms.
AB  - Progesterone receptor (PR) is a master regulator in female reproductive tissues
      that controls developmental processes and proliferation and differentiation
      during the reproductive cycle and pregnancy. PR also plays a role in progression
      of endocrine-dependent breast cancer. As a member of the nuclear receptor family
      of ligand-dependent transcription factors, the main action of PR is to regulate
      networks of target gene expression in response to binding its cognate steroid
      hormone, progesterone. This paper summarizes recent advances in understanding the
      structure-function properties of the receptor protein and the tissue/cell-type
      specific PR signaling pathways that contribute to the biological actions of
      progesterone in the normal breast and in breast cancer.

PMID- 27380740
TI  - Thermodynamically Favorable Synthesis of 2-Oxazolidinones through Silver
      Catalyzed Reaction of Propargylic Alcohols, CO2, and 2-Aminoethanols.
AB  - Development of catalytic routes to incorporate CO2 into carbonyl compounds at
      mild conditions remains attractive and challenging. Herein, a one-pot three
      component cascade reaction of terminal propargylic alcohols, CO2 , and 2
      aminoethanols through Ag(I) -based catalysis is reported for the synthesis of
      carbonyl compounds through C-O/C-N bond formation. This thermodynamically
      favorable route can be ingeniously regulated to afford a wide range of 2
      oxazolidinones along with concurrent production of alpha-hydroxyl ketone
      derivatives in excellent yields and selectivity. Preliminary mechanistic studies
      indicate that such a process proceeds through successive formation of alpha
      alkylidene cyclic carbonate, beta-oxopropylcarbamate, and 2-oxazolidinones.

PMID- 27380739
TI  - Nurses' experiences with errors in nursing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health care organizations seek to maximize the reporting of medical
      errors to improve patient safety. PURPOSE: This study explored licensed nurses'
      decision-making with regard to reporting medical errors. METHODS: Grounded theory
      methods guided the study. Thirty nurses from adult intensive care units were
      interviewed, and qualitative analysis was used to develop a theoretical framework
      based on their narratives. DISCUSSION: The theoretical model was titled "Learning
      Lessons from the Error." The concept of learning lessons was central to the
      theoretical model. The model included five stages: Being Off-Kilter, Living the
      Error, Reporting or Telling About the Error, Living the Aftermath, and Lurking in
      Your Mind. CONCLUSION: This study illuminates the unique experiences of licensed
      nurses who have made medical errors. The findings can inform initiatives to
      improve error reporting and to support nurses who have made errors.

PMID- 27380741
TI  - Innovation off the beaten path.

PMID- 27380742
TI  - What is Nano?

PMID- 27380743
TI  - Environment matters for all.

PMID- 27380745
TI  - The nanotechnology of life-inspired systems.
AB  - For some decades now, nanotechnology has been touted as the 'next big thing' with
      potential impact comparable to the steam, electricity or Internet revolutions -
      but has it lived up to these expectations? While advances in top-down
      nanolithography, now reaching 10-nm resolution, have resulted in devices that are
      rapidly approaching mass production, attempts to produce nanoscale devices using
      bottom-up approaches have met with only limited success. We have been inundated
      with nanoparticles of almost any shape, material and composition, but their
      societal impact has been far from revolutionary, with growing concerns over their
      toxicity. Despite nebulous hopes that making hierarchical nanomaterials will lead
      to new, emergent properties, no breakthrough applications seem imminent. In this
      Perspective, we argue that the time is ripe to look beyond individual nano
      objects and their static assemblies, and instead focus on systems comprising
      different types of 'nanoparts' interacting and/or communicating with one another
      to perform desired functions. Such systems are interesting for a variety of
      reasons: they can act autonomously without external electrical or optical
      connections, can be dynamic and reconfigurable, and can act as 'nanomachines' by
      directing the flow of mass, energy or information . In thinking how this systems
      nanoscience approach could be implemented to design useful - as opposed to toy
      model - nanosystems, our choice of applications and our nanoengineering should be
      inspired by living matter.

PMID- 27380746
TI  - Don't hesitate, innovate.

PMID- 27380747
TI  - Spotlights on our sister journals: Chem. Eur. J. 29/2016.

PMID- 27380748
TI  - Fast and Efficient Oxidative Cycloreversion Reaction of a pi-Extended
      Photochromic Terarylene.
AB  - We report herein a dramatic improvement in the kinetics and efficiency of an
      oxidative cycloreversion reaction of photochromic dithiazolylthiazoles. The
      cycloreversion reaction of a colored isomer of dithiazolylthiazole proceeds not
      only by photo-irradiation, but also through chemical oxidation with a net
      efficiency far exceeding 100 % owing to a chain reaction mechanism. By
      introducing aromatic groups on the reactive carbon atoms at the ends of a
      photoreactive 6pi system in a dithiazolylthiazole, the net bleaching reaction
      rates were increased by up to 1300-fold, and turnover rates increased by two
      orders of magnitude. Based on a combination of classical kinetic analyses and DFT
      calculations, we attribute this improvement to acceleration of the rate
      determining step to produce the active species in the chain-reaction oxidative
      cycloreversion. 

PMID- 27380749
TI  - Deriving Requirements for Pervasive Well-Being Technology From Work Stress and
      Intervention Theory: Framework and Case Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stress in office environments is a big concern, often leading to burn
      out. New technologies are emerging, such as easily available sensors, contextual
      reasoning, and electronic coaching (e-coaching) apps. In the Smart Reasoning for
      Well-being at Home and at Work (SWELL) project, we explore the potential of using
      such new pervasive technologies to provide support for the self-management of
      well-being, with a focus on individuals' stress-coping. Ideally, these new
      pervasive systems should be grounded in existing work stress and intervention
      theory. However, there is a large diversity of theories and they hardly provide
      explicit directions for technology design. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to
      present a comprehensive and concise framework that can be used to design
      pervasive technologies that support knowledge workers to decrease stress.
      METHODS: Based on a literature study we identify concepts relevant to well-being
      at work and select different work stress models to find causes of work stress
      that can be addressed. From a technical perspective, we then describe how sensors
      can be used to infer stress and the context in which it appears, and use
      intervention theory to further specify interventions that can be provided by
      means of pervasive technology. RESULTS: The resulting general framework relates
      several relevant theories: we relate "engagement and burn-out" to "stress", and
      describe how relevant aspects can be quantified by means of sensors. We also
      outline underlying causes of work stress and how these can be addressed with
      interventions, in particular utilizing new technologies integrating behavioral
      change theory. Based upon this framework we were able to derive requirements for
      our case study, the pervasive SWELL system, and we implemented two prototypes.
      Small-scale user studies proved the value of the derived technology-supported
      interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The presented framework can be used to systematically
      develop theory-based technology-supported interventions to address work stress.
      In the area of pervasive systems for well-being, we identified the following six
      key research challenges and opportunities: (1) performing multi-disciplinary
      research, (2) interpreting personal sensor data, (3) relating measurable aspects
      to burn-out, (4) combining strengths of human and technology, (5) privacy, and
      (6) ethics.

PMID- 27380750
TI  - Acute anxiety and social inference: An experimental manipulation with 7.5% carbon
      dioxide inhalation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Positive self-bias is thought to be protective for mental health. We
      previously found that the degree of positive bias when learning self-referential
      social evaluation decreases with increasing social anxiety. It is unclear whether
      this reduction is driven by differences in state or trait anxiety, as both are
      elevated in social anxiety; therefore, we examined the effects on the state of
      anxiety induced by the 7.5% carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation model of generalised
      anxiety disorder (GAD) on social evaluation learning. METHODS: For our study, 48
      (24 of female gender) healthy volunteers took two inhalations (medical air and
      7.5% CO2, counterbalanced) whilst learning social rules (self-like, self-dislike,
      other-like and other-dislike) in an instrumental social evaluation learning task.
      We analysed the outcomes (number of positive responses and errors to criterion)
      using the random effects Poisson regression. RESULTS: Participants made fewer and
      more positive responses when breathing 7.5% CO2 in the other-like and other
      dislike rules, respectively (gas * condition * rule interaction p = 0.03).
      Individuals made fewer errors learning self-like than self-dislike, and this
      positive self-bias was unaffected by CO2. Breathing 7.5% CO2 increased errors,
      but only in the other-referential rules (gas * condition * rule interaction p =
      0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Positive self-bias (i.e. fewer errors learning self-like
      than self-dislike) seemed robust to changes in state anxiety. In contrast,
      learning other-referential evaluation was impaired as state anxiety increased.
      This suggested that the previously observed variations in self-bias arise due to
      trait, rather than state, characteristics.

PMID- 27380751
TI  - Benzofulvenes in Trienamine Catalysis: Stereoselective Spiroindene Synthesis.
AB  - The asymmetric formation of spiroindenes containing up to four contiguous
      stereocenters from the reaction of benzofulvenes with 2,4-dienals through
      trienamine catalysis is described. The benzofulvene core was found to be an
      excellent starting point for the synthesis of interesting spiroindenes through a
      formal cycloaddition pathway. The reaction was mediated by a diphenylprolinol
      silyl ether catalyst, and a diverse array of spiroindenes were obtained in high
      yields with excellent stereoselectivity. An attractive feature of the developed
      system is the possibility to diversify the product scaffold significantly by
      further manipulation of the chiral spiroindenes. Thus, three intramolecular ring
      closing reactions following the organocatalytic step resulted in highly complex
      polycyclic systems.

PMID- 27380752
TI  - Prevalence of infections among residents of Residential Care Homes for the
      Elderly in Hong Kong.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A point prevalence study was conducted to study the epidemiology of
      common infections among residents in Residential Care Homes for the Elderly in
      Hong Kong and their associated factors. METHODS: Residential Care Homes for the
      Elderly in Hong Kong were selected by stratified single-stage cluster random
      sampling. All residents aged 65 years or above from the recruited homes were
      surveyed. Infections were identified using standardised definitions. Demographic
      and health information-including medical history, immunisation record, antibiotic
      use, and activities of daily living (as measured by Barthel Index)-was collected
      by a survey team to determine any associated factors. RESULTS: Data were
      collected from 3857 residents in 46 Residential Care Homes for the Elderly from
      February to May 2014. A total of 105 residents had at least one type of infection
      based on the survey definition. The overall prevalence of all infections was 2.7%
      (95% confidence interval, 2.2%-3.4%). The three most common infections were of
      the respiratory tract (1.3%; 95% confidence interval, 0.9%-1.9%), skin and soft
      tissue (0.7%; 95% confidence interval, 0.5%-1.0%), and urinary tract (0.5%; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.3%-0.9%). Total dependence in activities of daily living,
      as indicated by low Barthel Index score of 0 to 20 (odds ratio=3.0; 95%
      confidence interval, 1.4-6.2), and presence of a wound or stoma (odds ratio=2.7;
      95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.9) were significantly associated with presence of
      infection. CONCLUSIONS: This survey provides information about infections among
      residents in Residential Care Homes for the Elderly in the territory. Local data
      enable us to understand the burden of infections and formulate targeted measures
      for prevention.

PMID- 27380753
TI  - Clinical applications of high-intensity focused ultrasound.
AB  - Ultrasound has been developed for therapeutic use in addition to its diagnostic
      ability. The use of focused ultrasound energy can offer a non-invasive method for
      tissue ablation, and can therefore be used to treat various solid tumours. High
      intensity focused ultrasound is being increasingly used in the treatment of both
      primary and metastatic tumours as these can be precisely located for ablation. It
      has been shown to be particularly useful in the treatment of uterine fibroids,
      and various solid tumours including those of the pancreas and liver. High
      intensity focused ultrasound is a valid treatment option for liver tumours in
      patients with significant medical co-morbidity who are at high risk for surgery
      or who have relatively poor liver function that may preclude hepatectomy. It has
      also been used as a form of bridging therapy while patients awaiting cadaveric
      donor liver transplantation. In this article, we outline the principles of high
      intensity focused ultrasound and its clinical applications, including the
      management protocol development in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in
      Hong Kong by performing a search on MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, and PubMed. The
      search of these databases ranged from the date of their establishment until
      December 2015. The search terms used were: high-intensity focused ultrasound,
      ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, liver tumour, hepatocellular carcinoma,
      pancreas, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, fibroids, bone
      tumour, atrial fibrillation, glaucoma, Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and
      neuropathic pain. 

PMID- 27380754
TI  - Much Ado About Noise.

PMID- 27380756
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27380755
TI  - Myocardial Infarction Risk Due to Aircraft, Road, and Rail Traffic Noise.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Traffic noise can induce stress reactions that have effects on the
      cardiovascular system. The exposure-risk relationship between aircraft, road, and
      rail traffic noise and myocardial infarction is currently unknown. METHODS: 19
      632 patients from the Rhine-Main region of Germany who were diagnosed with
      myocardial infarction in the years 2006-2010 were compared with 834 734 control
      subjects. The assignment of persons to groups was performed on the basis of
      billing and prescription data from three statutory health insurance carriers. The
      exposure of all insurees to aircraft, road, and rail traffic noise in 2005 was
      determined from their residence addresses. As estimators of risk, odds ratios
      (OR) were calculated by logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for age,
      sex, regional social status variables, and individual social status (if
      available). The evaluation was performed on the basis of the continuous 24-hour
      noise level and the categorized noise level (in 5 decibel classes). RESULTS: The
      linear model revealed a statistically significant risk increase due to road noise
      (2.8% per 10 dB rise, 95% confidence interval [1.2; 4.5]) and railroad noise
      (2.3% per 10 dB rise [0.5; 4.2]), but not airplane noise. Airplane noise levels
      of 60 dB and above were associated with a higher risk of myocardial infarction
      (OR 1.42 [0.62; 3.25]). This higher risk is statistically significant if the
      analysis is restricted to patients who had died of myocardial infarction by
      2014/2015 (OR 2.70 [1.08; 6.74]. In this subgroup, the risk estimators for all
      three types of traffic noise were of comparable magnitude (3.2% to 3.9% per 10 dB
      rise in noise level). CONCLUSION: In this study, a substantial proportion of the
      population was exposed to traffic noise levels that were associated with an
      albeit small increase in the risk of myocardial infarction. These findings
      underscore the importance of effective traffic noise prevention.

PMID- 27380758
TI  - Embolic Risk Is Time-dependent.

PMID- 27380757
TI  - The Interdisciplinary Management of Brain Metastases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: 20-40% of patients with malignant tumors have one or more brain
      metastases in the course of their illness. Brain metastases are the first
      manifestation of cancer in 5-10%. Manifestations such as intracranial
      hypertension or focal neurologic deficits are seen in over 80% of patients with
      brain metastases. Uncertainty surrounds the treatment of patients with
      intracranial metastases, as the existing data are derived from trials with low
      levels of evidence. METHODS: This article is based on a selective literature
      review and on the authors' own experience of 100 consecutive patients who
      underwent surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery at Ruhr University Bochum
      (RUB), Germany. RESULTS: Multimodal treatment enables successful surgery for an
      increasing number of patients with brain metastases. The modalities and goals of
      treatment are established for each patient individually by an interdisciplinary
      tumor board. Drug therapy is usually indicated. Surgical resection followed by
      stereotactic radiotherapy prolongs mean survival by 3-6 months and lowers the
      risk of recurrence from 40% to 12.5%. In the authors' own experience, even
      seriously ill patients can benefit from the resection of brain metastases. The 30
      day morbidity was 29%, accounted for mainly by medical complications such as
      pulmonary embolism, renal failure, and sepsis. CONCLUSION: Through the close
      interdisciplinary collaboration of neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, and
      medical oncologists, the symptomatic state and the prognosis of patients with
      brain metastases can be improved. Longer overall survival implies that further
      studies will have to pay special attention to the toxicity of treatment.

PMID- 27380759
TI  - In Reply.

PMID- 27380760
TI  - Socioeconomic Disparities and Mortality After a Diagnosis of Dementia: Results
      From a Nationwide Registry Linkage Study.
AB  - Low socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to a higher incidence of dementia.
      Less is known about the association between SES and mortality in persons with
      dementia. We studied this association in a prospective cohort of 15,558 patients
      in the Netherlands between 2000 and 2010. SES was measured using disposable
      household income and divided in tertiles. Overall, there was a negative
      relationship between SES and mortality in both sexes and both settings of care.
      For men who visited a day clinic, the 5-year mortality rate was 74% among those
      in the lowest tertile of SES and 57% among those in the highest; for women, the
      rates were 60% and 50%, respectively. The differences in median survival times
      between persons in the lower and upper tertiles of SES were 260 days for men and
      300 days for women. For men who were admitted to the hospital, the 5-year
      mortality rate was 89% among those in the lowest tertile of SES and 86% among
      those in the highest; for women, the rates were 83% and 77%, respectively. The
      differences in median survival times between persons in the lower and upper
      tertiles of SES were 80 days for men and 130 days for women. Among patients who
      visited a day clinic, for patients in the lowest tertile of SES versus those in
      the highest, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.41 (95% confidence interval: 1.26,
      1.57); for those admitted to the hospital, it was 1.14 (95% confidence interval:
      1.07, 1.20). In summary, lower SES was associated with a higher mortality risk in
      both men and women with dementia. The results of the present study should raise
      awareness in clinicians and caregivers about the unfavorable prognosis in the
      most deprived patients.

PMID- 27380761
TI  - Fermented goat milk improves antioxidant status and protects from oxidative
      damage to biomolecules during anemia recovery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the most common nutritional
      problems in the world, and it is accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      production is altered during IDA. The aim of this study was to assess the
      influence of fermented goat and cow milks on enzymatic antioxidant activities and
      gene expression, and their role in protecting from oxidative damage during anemia
      recovery. RESULTS: After feeding the fermented milks-based diets (cow or goat), a
      significant elevation of some antioxidant endogenous enzymes was found, together
      with an increase in total antioxidant status (TAS), and a decrease in 8-hydroxy
      2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was recorded in animals consuming fermented goat milk
      based diet. In contrast, DNA strand breaks, hydroperoxides, 15-F2t-isoprostanes
      and protein carbonyl groups were lower in some tissues in animals fed fermented
      goat milk-based diet, revealing an improvement in both systemic and cellular
      antioxidant activity of plasma and tissues due to fermented goat milk
      consumption. CONCLUSION: Fermented goat milk consumption induces a protective
      increase in TAS together with lower oxidative damage biomarkers, revealing that
      the milk protects main cell bioconstituents (lipids, protein, DNA,
      prostaglandins) from evoked oxidative damage during anemia recovery. (c) 2016
      Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27380763
TI  - Lost in translation: evidence to improve outcomes of very preterm infants.

PMID- 27380762
TI  - Reduction of Minimal Residual Disease in Pediatric B-lineage Acute Lymphoblastic
      Leukemia by an Fc-optimized CD19 Antibody.
AB  - Prognosis of primary refractory and relapsed pediatric B-lineage acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is very poor. Relapse rates significantly correlate
      with persistent minimal residual disease (MRD). In MRD, favorable effector-target
      ratios prevail and thus this situation might be optimally suited for
      immunotherapy with antibodies recruiting immunological effector cells. We here
      report on the generation, preclinical characterization and first clinical
      application in B-lineage ALL of an Fc-optimized CD19 antibody. This third
      generation antibody (4G7SDIE) mediated enhanced antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity (ADCC) against leukemic blasts with effector cells from healthy
      volunteers and B-lineage ALL patients. The antibody was produced in a university
      owned production unit and was applied on a compassionate use basis to 14
      pediatric patients with refractory and relapsed B-lineage ALL at the stage of
      MRD. In 10/14 patients, MRD was reduced by >= 1 log or below the patient
      individual detection limit, and 5/14 patients have achieved ongoing complete
      molecular remission with a median leukemia-free survival of 428 days. Two
      additional patients died in complete molecular remission due to complications not
      related to antibody therapy. Besides profound in vivo B-cell depletion, side
      effects were negligible. A clinical phase 1/2 study to further assess the
      therapeutic activity of 4G7SDIE is in preparation.

PMID- 27380765
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27380764
TI  - The accuracy and acceptability of performing capillary blood glucose measurements
      at the earlobe.
AB  - AIMS: To examine the accuracy and acceptability of capillary blood glucose
      monitoring using the earlobe. BACKGROUND: In current practice, blood samples for
      capillary blood glucose monitoring are obtained from the fingertip. Because
      obtaining blood samples from the fingertip is sometimes contraindicated, it is
      necessary to identify an alternative site for the procedure. DESIGN: A single
      patient design with repeated measurements. METHODS: Patients from an outpatient
      clinic and four medical wards were recruited to the study, in 2014, if they met
      one of the following criteria: (i) were in a relatively stable glycaemic state;
      (ii) were currently receiving intravenous infusion; (iii) had been diagnosed with
      chronic renal impairment or (iv) were aged 65 years or above and bedbound. Blood
      samples were obtained from the fingertip and the earlobe consecutively for blood
      glucose monitoring. Participants were asked to rate the respective pain level
      caused by the procedures. Intra-class correlation coefficient was calculated to
      demonstrate the level of absolute agreement between the two blood glucose
      readings. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the pain levels.
      RESULTS: A total of 120 patients participated in the study between February -
      December 2014. The intra-class correlation coefficient between the readings at
      the two sampling sites was significantly high, except in a hypoglycaemic state.
      Participants generally reported a significantly lower level of pain when the
      earlobe rather than fingertip was pricked. CONCLUSION: The earlobe is to be
      recommended as a safe alternative site for capillary blood glucose monitoring
      unless the patient is in a suspected hypoglycaemic state.

PMID- 27380767
TI  - Morphology of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in odontocetes.
AB  - This study describes the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in odontocetes
      from the Brazilian coast and freshwater systems. Seven species were evaluated and
      tissue samples were analyzed by light, scanning and transmission electron
      microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Laryngeal tonsil was a palpable oval mass
      located in the larynx, composed of a lymphoepithelial complex. Dense collections
      of lymphocytes were found in the skin of male fetus and calf. Clusters of
      lymphoid tissue were found in the uterine cervix of a reproductively active
      juvenile female and along the pulmonary artery of an adult female. Lymphoid
      tissues associated with the gastrointestinal tract were characterized by
      diffusely arranged or organized lymphocytes. The anal tonsil was composed of an
      aggregate of lymphoid tissue occurring exclusively in the anal canal, being
      composed of squamous epithelium branches. MALT was present in different tissues
      and organic systems of cetaceans, providing constant protection against mucosal
      pathogens present in their environment. 

PMID- 27380768
TI  - An investigation of the questions posted on medical consultation websites.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Online medical consultation has recently become a more and more
      popular alternative venue for healthcare. It allows patients and caregivers to
      discuss their health problems and symptoms with qualified medical health
      professionals via the Internet. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the questions
      posted on an asynchronous online medical consultation website, Taiwan eDoctor.
      Five research themes are explored: (1) length of questions, (2) moment of seeking
      consultation, (3) strategies of communicating chief complaints, (4) purpose of
      seeking consultation and (5) identity disclosure. METHODS: Data collection was
      conducted by randomly selecting 50 resolved consultation Q&As for each of 24
      medical specialties, resulting in a total of 1200 entries in the primary data
      set. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. RESULTS:
      Average length of questions was 161.21 words. Online medical consultation was
      sought when healthy, healthy but not robust, when suspicious of illness, when
      diagnosed as ill and during treatment/recovery. In communicating chief
      complaints, consultation seekers were engaged in contextual, focal or emotional
      communication styles. Nine distinct purposes to seek online consultation were
      identified and can be broadly interpreted as intellectual, social and emotional.
      The finding also suggests that more than two-third of questions were asked for by
      the patients themselves. CONCLUSION: Through content analysis of questions posted
      on an online medical consultation website, this study characterises communication
      patterns during the health information seeking process. These findings can help
      guide the design of more effective patient-centred online medical consultation
      services.

PMID- 27380769
TI  - Factors impacting on menstrual hygiene and their implications for health
      promotion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the lives of women, puberty is marked by the onset of menarche.
      From this stage onwards until menopause, reproductive health and menstrual
      hygiene are important aspects of women's lives. In Zambia's Western Province, the
      natural process of menstruation is a taboo and dealt with secretly. Information
      and knowledge about menstruation and menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls is
      inadequate. This paper explores the factors influencing the understanding,
      experiences and practices of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls in Mongu
      District, Western Province of Zambia. METHODS: An explorative study design was
      used by means of six focus group discussions conducted with 51 respondents, aged
      13-20 years, from three secondary schools. Their age at menarche was 11-15. For
      data analysis thematic content analysis was used. RESULTS: The paper shows that
      the girls suffer from poor menstrual hygiene, originating from lack of knowledge,
      culture and tradition, and socio-economic and environmental constraints, leading
      to inconveniences, humiliation and stress. This leads to reduced school
      attendance and poor academic performance, or even drop outs, and ultimately
      infringes upon the girls' human rights. CONCLUSION: To address these
      shortcomings, a 'super setting approach' is recommended, in which a Health
      Promoting School could improve the girls' individual and group needs, and a
      community setting which would address the broader socio-economic, cultural and
      environmental conditions. This would enable creating a supportive environment for
      the girls to manage their periods. To successfully utilize the approach, all
      stakeholders (parents, teachers, children, governments and communities) should
      cooperate to generate context-specific solutions for creating safe menstrual
      care, and better and dignified conditions for adolescent girls. Therefore, this
      calls for comprehensive, strident advocacy for policy changes at national level,
      and mediation and involvement at community level.

PMID- 27380770
TI  - NHS funding at serious risk from Brexit, think tank warns.

PMID- 27380771
TI  - Rescue of endemic states in interconnected networks with adaptive coupling.
AB  - We study the Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible model of epidemic spreading on two
      layers of networks interconnected by adaptive links, which are rewired at random
      to avoid contacts between infected and susceptible nodes at the interlayer. We
      find that the rewiring reduces the effective connectivity for the transmission of
      the disease between layers, and may even totally decouple the networks. Weak
      endemic states, in which the epidemics spreads when the two layers are
      interconnected but not in each layer separately, show a transition from the
      endemic to the healthy phase when the rewiring overcomes a threshold value that
      depends on the infection rate, the strength of the coupling and the mean
      connectivity of the networks. In the strong endemic scenario, in which the
      epidemics is able to spread on each separate network -and therefore on the
      interconnected system- the prevalence in each layer decreases when increasing the
      rewiring, arriving to single network values only in the limit of infinitely fast
      rewiring. We also find that rewiring amplifies finite-size effects, preventing
      the disease transmission between finite networks, as there is a non zero
      probability that the epidemics stays confined in only one network during its
      lifetime.

PMID- 27380772
TI  - Wellens syndrome, a predictor of critical left anterior descending artery
      stenosis.

PMID- 27380773
TI  - Atypical clinical presentation of primary and secondary cutaneous follicle center
      lymphoma (FCL) on the head characterized by macular lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (pcFCL) usually presents
      with reddish nodules, plaques, and tumors on the head and neck or the back.
      OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe a peculiar clinical presentation of pcFCL and
      secondary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (FCL). METHODS: We report a series
      of 13 patients (7 male and 6 female; median age 58 years, mean age 58.2 years,
      age range 26-83 years) with either pcFCL (11 patients) or secondary cutaneous FCL
      (2 patients) presenting with lesions on the head deviating from the classic
      clinical manifestations characterized by plaques and tumors. RESULTS: All
      patients presented clinically with diffuse, ill-defined, partly hypochromic,
      partly erythematous macules or with inconspicuous lesions located predominantly
      on the scalp and forehead. Dimension ranged between 4 to 5 cm2 and greater than
      30 cm2. The initial diagnosis was never cutaneous lymphoma, and all patients
      received various diagnoses including rosacea, alopecia, erysipelas, discoid lupus
      erythematosus, angiosarcoma, Borrelia infection, or sarcoidosis. Histologic
      examination confirmed the diagnosis of FCL in all patients. LIMITATIONS: Small
      number of cases and retrospective study design are limitations. CONCLUSIONS: This
      clinical presentation of both pcFCL and secondary cutaneous FCL is unusual and
      represents a pitfall in the clinical diagnosis. Dermatologists should be aware of
      this clinical variant of FCL to establish a timely diagnosis and treat patients
      properly.

PMID- 27380774
TI  - Intergenerational policy and workforce participation in Australia: using health
      as a metric.
AB  - Like many nations, population ageing is challenging Australia's economic future;
      increasing the workforce participation of mothers and mature-aged adults are two
      policy strategies to address it. Drawing on a Health in All Policies (HiAPs)
      framework, our study aims to supply longitudinal evidence on connections between
      this policy strategy and health. Considering physical inactivity, poor mental
      health, overweight and obesity we estimate associations with the level of
      participation (not employed compared with part- or full-time employed). Using
      eight waves of data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia
      survey, a series of random intercept logistic models estimate the odds for
      mothers (n = 2105) and Australians aged 55-64 years (n = 3201) on each health
      outcome. We find that there are health benefits as well as risks linked to level
      of participation. Mothers who worked >20 h/wk had higher odds of physical
      inactivity, as did mature-aged Australians working either part - or full-time.
      Working part- or full-time was unrelated to overweight or obesity over the span
      of our study. Level of participation was unrelated to mental health among mature
      age Australians, although part-time (but not full-time) work benefited mothers'.
      In terms of health, working more may offer mixed blessings to these two target
      populations; part-time work appears to be optimal. By using health as a metric,
      our study adds to the case for a HiAPs approach.

PMID- 27380776
TI  - Labour migration of Polish nurses: a questionnaire survey conducted with the
      Computer Assisted Web Interview technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: According to data from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
      Development, Poland has one of the lowest numbers of nurses (5.2) per 1000
      inhabitants among 28 EU countries. The migration of nurses from Poland has
      particular importance in the context of scarce human resources in this
      professional group, especially given the increasingly ageing population in
      European societies, which will entail an increased demand for nursing and care
      services. The aim of the study was to obtain information on the intentions of
      Polish nurses to migrate for work to other countries in the European region.
      METHODS: The study included 581 nurses, professionally active in Poland over the
      duration of the study. The Computer Assisted Web Interview technique was used to
      collect data. Nurses filled in a web-based questionnaire that was available from
      December 5, 2011, to March 5, 2012. The choice of respondents for the sample was
      based on the availability of data. An invitation to participate in the study
      could be viewed on selected websites from the Portal of Nurses and Midwives, the
      Supreme Chamber of Nurses and Midwives, and the Polish Nursing Society. The
      survey questionnaire was designed by the authors, which served as the primary
      research tool. RESULTS: Nearly one in three respondents intended to leave Poland
      for professional reasons. Overall, 12.4 % of respondents had already worked as a
      nurse abroad. The main destinations for migration included Germany, followed by
      England and Norway. The intended length of stay abroad ranged from 2-5 years.
      CONCLUSIONS: In the studied group of Polish nurses, there was great interest in
      seeking employment abroad. Nurses tend to go abroad mostly for long-term,
      repeated periods to the wealthiest countries nearest to Poland. In view of the
      low level of human resources in the Polish nursing sector, the migration of
      Polish nurses will probably have crucial implications for the quality of
      healthcare services in Poland in the coming years. Given the methodology applied,
      study findings refer solely to the study group.

PMID- 27380775
TI  - Global identification of hnRNP A1 binding sites for SSO-based splicing
      modulation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many pathogenic genetic variants have been shown to disrupt mRNA
      splicing. Besides splice mutations in the well-conserved splice sites, mutations
      in splicing regulatory elements (SREs) may deregulate splicing and cause disease.
      A promising therapeutic approach is to compensate for this deregulation by
      blocking other SREs with splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs). However, the
      location and sequence of most SREs are not well known. RESULTS: Here, we used
      individual-nucleotide resolution crosslinking immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) to
      establish an in vivo binding map for the key splicing regulatory factor hnRNP A1
      and to generate an hnRNP A1 consensus binding motif. We find that hnRNP A1
      binding in proximal introns may be important for repressing exons. We show that
      inclusion of the alternative cassette exon 3 in SKA2 can be significantly
      increased by SSO-based treatment which blocks an iCLIP-identified hnRNP A1
      binding site immediately downstream of the 5' splice site. Because pseudoexons
      are well suited as models for constitutive exons which have been inactivated by
      pathogenic mutations in SREs, we used a pseudoexon in MTRR as a model and showed
      that an iCLIP-identified hnRNP A1 binding site downstream of the 5' splice site
      can be blocked by SSOs to activate the exon. CONCLUSIONS: The hnRNP A1 binding
      map can be used to identify potential targets for SSO-based therapy. Moreover,
      together with the hnRNP A1 consensus binding motif, the binding map may be used
      to predict whether disease-associated mutations and SNPs affect hnRNP A1 binding
      and eventually mRNA splicing.

PMID- 27380777
TI  - Primary stability of a shoulderless Zweymuller hip stem: a comparative in vitro
      micromotion study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Zweymuller stem design has proven long-term stability with a 20
      year survival rate of over 90 %. Primary stability necessitates implant-bone
      micromotions below 150 MUm, otherwise bony ingrowth is negatively influenced.
      METHODS: Using fresh paired human femurs, we investigated a modification of the
      Zweymuller-type stem design with reduced proximal lateral shoulder in reference
      to primary stability. Relative motion between the implant and the cortical bone
      as well as the irreversible implant migration was investigated under dynamic
      loading (100-1600 N) over 100,000 cycles using miniature displacement
      transducers. RESULTS: Micromotions were below the critical threshold for both
      implants at all measurement points. Axial reversible and irreversible
      micromotions were not influenced by reducing the shoulder of the prosthesis.
      Resistance against rotational moments was less pronounced after reduction of the
      shoulder without statistical significant results. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing the
      proximal shoulder of the Zweymuller-type stem design does not negatively
      influence axial stability but might negatively influence rotational stability.
      Even though, comparable results still suggest a reasonable resistance against
      rotational forces.

PMID- 27380778
TI  - Perceptions of Successful Ageing Among Iranian Elders: Insights From a
      Qualitative Study.
AB  - The aim of this article is to explore the perceptions of successful ageing among
      Iranian elderly. The data were collected in Tehran city on 60 older adults using
      a semistructured interview. The collected data were analyzed using directed
      content analysis. The findings revealed various dimensions of successful ageing
      among Iranian older adults. Social well-being is the most prevalent dimension of
      successful ageing, followed by psychological well-being, physical health,
      spirituality and transcendence, financial security, and an elder-friendly
      environmental and social context. Also, the findings from this study provide a
      new understanding of successful ageing in the context of Iran and contribute
      additional elements. This qualitative study highlights the importance of
      multidimensional and contextual viewpoints to successful ageing. In conclusion,
      to achieve multidimensional successful ageing, the interaction between all levels
      of successful ageing such as individual, family, and environment must be
      considered.

PMID- 27380779
TI  - Self-Reported Ageism Across the Lifespan: Role of Aging Knowledge.
AB  - The authors examined the prevalence of self-reported ageist behaviors in a
      lifespan sample ranging in age from 13 to 91 years. Participants completed the
      Relating to Older People Evaluation (Cherry & Palmore). Results indicated that
      adolescents and young adults reported fewer ageist behaviors overall than did
      middle-aged and older adults. Positive ageist behaviors were more frequent than
      negative ageist behaviors for people of all ages. Women endorsed positive ageism
      items more often than men, although men and women did not differ in frequency of
      negative ageist behaviors. Follow-up analyses on participants' responses to two
      knowledge of aging measures, the Facts on Aging Quiz and the Knowledge of Memory
      Aging Questionnaire, showed that knowledge of aging was significantly correlated
      with negative ageist behaviors, after controlling for age and gender.
      Implications of these findings for current views of ageism (positive and
      negative) are discussed.

PMID- 27380780
TI  - Understanding Adult Age Differences in the Frequency of Problems With Friends.
AB  - We investigated characteristics of younger and older adults' friendships. Younger
      (N = 39) and older (N = 39) adults completed measures pertaining to a specific
      friend they had (i.e., contact frequency, positive friendship quality, and
      negative friendship quality) and their frequency of problems with friends in
      general. Older adults reported fewer problems with friends in general, and fewer
      negative friendship qualities, less frequent contact, and more positive
      friendship qualities with a specific friend than younger adults. Contact
      frequency, positive friendship quality, and negative friendship quality with a
      specific friend were related to frequency of problems with friends in general,
      but only contact frequency was a significant mediator of the relation between age
      and frequency of problems with friends in general. Results show that
      characteristics of a specific friendship relate to problems with friends in
      general, and that contact frequency with a specific friend mediates the relation
      between age and problems with friends in general. Implications are discussed.

PMID- 27380781
TI  - Postgraduate training for family medicine in a rural district hospital in South
      Africa: Appropriateness and sufficiency of theatre procedures as a sentinel
      indicator.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since 2007, the postgraduate training of family physicians for South
      African district hospitals has been formalised. This training differs from
      European and North American programmes as up to 30% of the skills needed rely on
      district hospital surgical, obstetrics and anaesthetics procedures, particularly
      in rural areas, as outlined in the national unit standards. The aim of this study
      was to evaluate the appropriateness and sufficiency of learning opportunities for
      these skills in a rural district hospital. METHODS: A descriptive, cross
      sectional study was undertaken of the number and type of procedures performed in
      theatre for a 1-year period and compared with the required procedural skills
      stipulated in the national unit standards. Descriptive statistical analyses were
      used to analyse categorical data. RESULTS: Three thousand seven hundred and forty
      one procedures were performed during the study period. Anaesthesia was the most
      common procedure, followed by Caesarean section. There were adequate
      opportunities for teaching most core skills. CONCLUSIONS: Sufficient and
      appropriate learning opportunities exist for postgraduate family medicine
      training in all the core skills performed in a theatre according to the national
      unit standards.

PMID- 27380782
TI  - Chest pain prevalence, causes, and disposition in the emergency department of a
      regional hospital in Pretoria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chest pain is a common clinical syndrome. However, there is a paucity
      of African studies describing the causes, prevalence, aetiology, and disposition
      of patients with chest pain presenting in the emergency department (ED). AIM: The
      aim of this retrospective descriptive study was to determine the prevalence,
      causes, demographics, and disposition of all adult patients with the main
      complaint of chest pain presenting at the ED of a regional hospital in South
      Africa. METHODS: Records of all patients 18 years and older presenting with the
      complaint of chest pain from 1 December 2011 through 10 April 2012 were assessed.
      A data collection sheet capturing patient demographics and disposition from the
      ED was used. The diagnosis was subdivided into groups: cardiovascular,
      respiratory, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, psychiatric/psychogenic, other,
      and unknown. RESULTS: Of the 312 patients presenting with chest pain, 210 patient
      files were retrieved. The prevalence of non-traumatic chest pain was 1.66%.
      Respiratory disease was the most common cause (36.19%), with pneumonia the most
      common diagnosis (24.40%). Logistic regression showed diagnoses of acute
      cardiovascular disease or respiratory disease, older age, and transport by
      ambulance as being associated with admission. CONCLUSION: The main cause of acute
      chest pain was found to be respiratory disease, followed by musculoskeletal
      disorders. In the African context, the aetiology of acute chest pain differs from
      that in first world countries. Health workers should therefore pay special
      attention to respiratory conditions during diagnosis and management in African
      patients with acute chest pain.

PMID- 27380783
TI  - Rural exposure during medical education and student preference for future
      practice location - a case of Botswana.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Botswana's medical school graduated its first class in 2014. Given
      the importance of attracting doctors to rural areas the school incorporated rural
      exposure throughout its curriculum. AIM: This study explored the impact of rural
      training on students' attitudes towards rural practice. SETTING: The University
      of Botswana family medicine rural training sites, Maun and Mahalapye. METHODS:
      The study used a mixed-methods design. After rural family medicine rotations,
      third- and fifth-year students were invited to complete a questionnaire and semi
      structured interview. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and
      thematic analysis. RESULTS: The thirty-six participants' age averaged 23 years
      and 48.6% were male. Thirtythree desired urban practice in a public institution
      or university. Rural training did not influence preferred future practice
      location. Most desired specialty training outside Botswana but planned to
      practice in Botswana. Professional stagnation, isolation, poorly functioning
      health facilities, dysfunctional referral systems, and perceived lack of learning
      opportunities were barriers to rural practice. Lack of recreation and poor
      infrastructure were personal barriers. Many appreciated the diversity of practice
      and supportive staff seen in rural practice. Several considered monetary
      compensation as an enticement for rural practice. Only those with a rural
      background perceived proximity to family as an incentive to rural practice.
      CONCLUSION: The majority of those interviewed plan to practice in urban Botswana,
      however, they did identify factors that, if addressed, may increase rural
      practice in the future. Establishing systems to facilitate professional
      development, strengthening specialists support, and deploying doctors near their
      home towns are strategies that may improve retention of doctors in rural
      areas.Keyords: rural health, student perceptions.

PMID- 27380785
TI  - Insights of private general practitioners in group practice on the introduction
      of National Health Insurance in South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The South African government intends to contract with 'accredited
      provider groups' for capitated primary care under National Health Insurance
      (NHI). South African solo general practitioners (GPs) are unhappy with group
      practice. There is no clarity on the views of GPs in group practice on
      contracting to the NHI. OBJECTIVES: To describe the demographic and practice
      profile of GPs in group practice in South Africa, and evaluate their views on
      NHI, compared to solo GPs. METHODS: This was a descriptive survey. The population
      of 8721 private GPs in South Africa with emails available were emailed an online
      questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analyses and thematic content analysis
      were conducted. RESULTS: In all, 819 GPs responded (568 solo GPs and 251 GPs in
      groups). The results are focused on group GPs. GPs in groups have a different
      demographic practice profile compared to solo GPs. GPs in groups expected R4.86
      million ($0.41 million) for a hypothetical NHI proposal of comprehensive primary
      healthcare (excluding medicines and investigations) to a practice population of
      10 000 people. GPs planned a clinical team of 8 to 12 (including nurses) and 4 to
      6 administrative staff. GPs in group practices saw three major risks: patient,
      organisational and government, with three related risk management strategies.
      CONCLUSIONS: GPs can competitively contract with NHI, although there are
      concerns. NHI contracting should not be limited to groups. All GPs embraced
      strong teamwork, including using nurses more effectively. This aligns well with
      the emergence of family medicine in Africa.

PMID- 27380786
TI  - Knowledge of symptoms and self-management of hypoglycaemia amongst patients
      attending a diabetic clinic at a regional hospital in KwaZulu-Natal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients on insulin and sulphonylureas are at risk of
      developing hypoglycaemia. Many patients do not respond appropriately because of
      poor knowledge and understanding of the symptoms of hypoglycaemia, which if not
      promptly treated can lead to permanent neurological and renal damage.
      Hypoglycaemic complications can be avoided if patients have a good knowledge of
      the early symptoms of hypoglycaemia and know how to respond appropriately. AIM:
      The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of adult diabetic patients
      attending a diabetic clinic about symptoms of hypoglycaemia and how they
      responded to these symptoms. SETTING: A hospital-based diabetic clinic in
      northern KwaZulu-Natal. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study
      involving 200 diabetic patients. Demographic data and details of current
      medication, knowledge of hypoglycaemia and how patients responded to the symptoms
      were collected using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of the
      patients had fair to good knowledge of hypoglycaemia; however, less than 25% knew
      what action to take when they experienced symptoms suggestive of hypoglycaemia.
      CONCLUSION: There is a need to improve the education given to diabetic patients
      on stepwise measures to take to avoid life-threatening complications associated
      with hypoglycaemia.

PMID- 27380784
TI  - Non-communicable disease risk factors and treatment preference of obese patients
      in Cape Town.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Insights into the characteristics of treatment seekers for lifestyle
      changes and treatment preferences are necessary for intervention planning. AIM:
      To compile a profile of treatment-seeking obese patients with non-communicable
      diseases (NCDs) or NCD risk factors and to compare patients who choose group
      based (facility-based therapeutic group [FBTG]) versus usual care (individual
      consultations) treatment. SETTING: A primary healthcare facility in Cape Town,
      South Africa. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-three patients were recruited in
      this cross-sectional study. Ninety six chose FBTG while 97 chose usual care. A
      questionnaire, the hospital database and patients' folders were used to collect
      data. Weight, height and waist circumference were measured. STATA 11.0 was used
      for descriptive statistics and to compare the two groups. RESULTS: The subjects'
      mean age was 50.4 years, 78% were women and of low education levels and income,
      and 41.5% had type 2 diabetes, 83.4% hypertension and 69.5% high cholesterol.
      Mean (s.d.) HbA1c was 9.1 (2.0)%, systolic BP 145.6 (21.0) mmHg, diastolic BP
      84.5 (12.0) mmHg, cholesterol 5.4 (1.2) mmol/L), body mass indicator (BMI) 39.3
      (7.3) kg/m2 and waist circumference 117 (12.6) cm). These figures were
      undesirable although pharmacological treatment for diabetes and hypertension was
      in place. Only 14% were physically active, while TV viewing was > 2h/day. Mean
      daily intake of fruit and vegetables (2.2 portions/day) was low while added sugar
      (5 teaspoons) and sugar-sweetened beverages (1.3 glasses) were high. Usual care
      patients had a higher smoking prevalence, HbA1c, number of NCD risk factors and
      refined carbohydrate intake, and a lower fruit and vegetable intake. CONCLUSION:
      Treatment seekers were typically middle-aged, low income women with various
      modifiable and intermediate risk factors for NCDs. Patients choosing usual care
      could have more NCD risks.

PMID- 27380787
TI  - Doctors' views of disulfiram and their response to relapse in alcohol-dependent
      patients, Free State, 2009.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Disulfiram is the oldest and best known drug to prevent relapse after
      detoxification from alcohol. Effective use of the drug is dependent on stringent
      monitoring and high levels of external motivation. Doctors' perceptions about the
      drug have not been investigated extensively. AIM: We investigated the perceptions
      and practices of doctors involved in relapse prevention in alcoholics with regard
      to disulfiram and their response to relapse. SETTING: The study population
      consisted of 60 doctors from the Free State Province, involved in the follow-up
      of alcoholics across various work settings. METHODS: A cross-sectional
      descriptive study design was used, and data collection involved the use of a
      questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative results are presented
      in figures and percentages to provide a background for the qualitative findings
      that are clustered in themes. RESULTS: A quarter of participants did not
      prescribe disulfiram, another quarter prescribed disulfiram routinely after
      detoxification, and half of them prescribed it for selected cases only. Subject
      to affordability, selection of disulfiram was mainly determined by the perceived
      level of the patient's motivation. External motivation sometimes took the form of
      threats of bodily harm or death caused by drinking. Some participants regarded
      relapse as confirmation of poor motivation and even a valid reason for
      terminating the doctor-patient relationship. CONCLUSION: Doctors perceive
      disulfiram as a psychological tool to induce motivation through creating fear of
      drinking. Failure and success are perceived as related to the level of
      motivation. These perceptions could be unfair as biological factors in inter
      patient variability in response are ignored.

PMID- 27380788
TI  - Patients' perceptions of the triage system in a primary healthcare facility, Cape
      Town, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In public healthcare facilities, where the patient numbers and the
      available resources are often disproportionate, triage is used to prioritise when
      patients are seen. Patients may not understand the triage process and have strong
      views on how to improve their experience. AIM: This study explored the views of
      patients who had undergone triage in the emergency centre of a primary care
      facility. SETTING: Gugulethu Community Health Centre, Cape Town. METHODS: A
      purposive sample consisted of five women (one coded green, three orange, one
      yellow) and four men (one coded green and three yellow). A semi-structured
      qualitative interview was conducted in either Xhosa or English and the
      transcripts analysed using the framework method. RESULTS: All of the respondents
      complained of a lack of information and poor understanding of the triage process.
      Those coded green experienced the process as biased and unfair and reported that
      the triage nurse was rude and unprofessional. By contrast, those coded yellow or
      orange found the triage nurse to be helpful and professional. Most patients
      turned to support staff (e.g. security staff or cleaners) for assistance in
      dealing with the triage system. Most patients waited longer than the guidelines
      recommend and the green-coded patients complained about this issue. CONCLUSION:
      Patients did not have a good experience of the triage system. Managers of the
      triage system need to design better strategies to improve patient acceptance and
      share information. The important role of support staff needs to be recognised and
      strengthened.

PMID- 27380789
TI  - Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An overview of
      patients' reported knowledge and attitudes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence and prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR
      TB) in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, are amongst the highest in
      the world. Previously, interventions have been largely biomedical based; however,
      there is growing opinion that interventions must include social aspects such as
      patient education and attitudes. METHODS: This observational study assessed the
      knowledge and attitudes of 380 patients diagnosed with MDR TB at a centralised
      MDR TB unit in Durban. Data were collected using a questionnaire that was
      distributed to every third patient attending the outpatient MDR TB clinic. Data
      were collected over an 8-week period and analysed descriptively. RESULTS: Just
      under half of the respondents had primary MDR TB. Most respondents were young,
      female unemployed and did not receive a social grant. Knowledge around diagnosis
      of MDR TB was generally adequate. There were important misconceptions about
      spread of the disease and duration of treatment. Most respondents received
      knowledge of MDR TB from healthcare workers. Some respondents received knowledge
      from friends, family and Sangomas and believed that the disease was caused by
      bewitchment or as a form of punishment. DISCUSSION: The need for strengthening
      the role of primary care physicians in promoting education and providing support
      is highlighted. Further study is needed to investigate the high rate of primary
      MDR TB and to identify the unique challenges faced by women who have MDR TB.
      Future research could include the possibility of involving traditional healers in
      a contextually sensitive MDR TB education, training and support programme.

PMID- 27380790
TI  - A review of hypoglycaemia in a South African family practice setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence and incidence of diabetes in South Africa are high and
      are expected to increase. Mortality and morbidity may be related to
      hypoglycaemia, and there is limited information on hypoglycaemia from private
      practice sites. The aim of this study was to assess patients' education about,
      knowledge of and response to hypoglycaemia. METHODS: The study site was a general
      practice, and participants were all patients with diabetes who presented to the
      practice over a 1-month period. Data were collected using a closedended
      questionnaire and analysed descriptively. FINDINGS: Most respondents were South
      Africans of Indian origin and were diagnosed with diabetes at a relatively young
      age. Despite attending a private practice, most had low incomes and low schooling
      levels. Just under half reported having experienced hypoglycaemia, and there was
      a strong association between hypoglycaemia and insulin use. Many reported never
      having received any education around hypoglycaemia. DISCUSSION: The study
      highlights the need for early screening for diabetes in this vulnerable
      population. Hypoglycaemic education should consider low schooling levels even in
      a private general practice, and further study is required on the quality and
      frequency of education provided in general practice.

PMID- 27380791
TI  - Cytomegalovirus-Associated Menetrier Disease in Childhood.

PMID- 27380792
TI  - Family fIRST, an Interactive Risk Screening Tool for Families in a School-Based
      Pediatric Clinic.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to create a tablet-based, social history screening
      tool called Family fIRST and evaluate its feasibility and usability in a school
      based medical clinic. A mixed methods study design was used to examine
      quantitative and qualitative outcomes of a survey and semi-structured interview
      completed by families and physicians. The majority (87%) found the survey easy to
      understand. Themes for improvement included more free-form space and increased
      sensitivity around question wording. Clinic physicians felt Family fIRST
      increased discussion around social history and suggested the tool should help
      link to suggested resources. Demographic results showed that 12 of 29 (43%)
      parents had income less than $15 000 and 19 of 29 (65%) were unemployed. Family
      fIRST was a well-received and feasible tool to implement at the school-based
      medical clinic. Preliminary results show that families attending the clinic have
      increased prevalence of negative determinants of health; social history should
      therefore represent a key area of focus at the medical visit in order to optimize
      clinic support of families.

PMID- 27380793
TI  - Population-Based Study of Incidence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of
      Extraintestinal Escherichia coli Infections in Children in Olmsted County,
      Minnesota, 2012.

PMID- 27380794
TI  - Cohort Profile: The Australian Gulf War Veterans' Health Study cohort.

PMID- 27380795
TI  - Cohort Profile: The European Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood
      (ELSPAC) in the Czech Republic.

PMID- 27380796
TI  - Data Resource Profile: The Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS).

PMID- 27380797
TI  - Vaccinations against smallpox and tuberculosis are associated with better long
      term survival: a Danish case-cohort study 1971-2010.
AB  - Background: When vaccinations with vaccinia against smallpox and Bacillus
      Calmette-Guerin (BCG) against tuberculosis were phased out in some high-income
      countries around 1980, the impact on overall mortality was not examined. Recent
      studies from low-income countries have suggested that these vaccines are
      associated with mortality reductions, not explained by specific disease
      protection. We examined whether vaccinia and BCG administered in childhood were
      associated with long-term mortality reductions in a high-income population.
      Methods: In this case-cohort study, we followed 47 622 schoolchildren from
      Copenhagen, Denmark, born 1965 to 1976, from their first health examination to
      2010. This cohort experienced the phase-out of vaccinia and BCG vaccination
      programmes. Results: A sub-cohort of 5 316 individuals (699 excluded) was
      followed for 164 450 person-years (0.2% were lost to follow-up), and 401 deaths
      due to natural causes (841 deaths in total) occurred in the full cohort. Compared
      with individuals who had not received vaccinia or BCG, those who had received
      both vaccinia and BCG had an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.54 [95% confidence
      interval (CI): 0.36-0.81] for mortality due to natural causes of death; those who
      only received BCG had an aHR of 0.58 (95% CI: 0.39-0.85). Vaccinia and BCG were
      not associated with any protection against deaths by accidents, suicide or
      murder, the combined aHR being 0.94 (95% CI: 0.62-1.42). Conclusions: Vaccinia
      and BCG vaccinations were associated with better long-term survival, which was
      not explained by specific protection. Vaccines with beneficial non-specific
      effects may reduce overall mortality even after the target diseases are
      eradicated.

PMID- 27380798
TI  - Reciprocal Reinforcement Between Wearable Activity Trackers and Social Network
      Services in Influencing Physical Activity Behaviors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wearable activity trackers (WATs) are emerging consumer electronic
      devices designed to support physical activities (PAs), which are based on
      successful behavior change techniques focusing on goal-setting and frequent
      behavioral feedbacks. Despite their utility, data from both recent academic and
      market research have indicated high attrition rates of WAT users. Concurrently,
      evidence shows that social support (SS), delivered/obtained via social network
      services or sites (SNS), could increase adherence and engagement of PA
      intervention programs. To date, relatively few studies have looked at how WATs
      and SS may interact and affect PAs. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to
      explore how these two Internet and mobile technologies, WATs and SNS, could work
      together to foster sustainable PA behavior changes and habits among middle-aged
      adults (40-60 years old) in Taiwan. METHODS: We used purposive sampling of
      Executive MBA Students from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
      to participate in our qualitative research. In-depth interviews and focus groups
      were conducted with a total of 15 participants, including 9 WAT users and 6
      nonusers. Analysis of the collected materials was done inductively using the
      thematic approach with no preset categories. Two authors from different
      professional backgrounds independently annotated and coded the transcripts, and
      then discussed and debated until consensus was reached on the final themes.
      RESULTS: The thematic analysis revealed six themes: (1) WATs provided more
      awareness than motivation in PA with goal-setting and progress monitoring, (2)
      SS, delivered/obtained via SNS, increased users' adherence and engagement with
      WATs and vice versa, (3) a broad spectrum of configurations would be needed to
      deliver WATs with appropriately integrated SS functions, (4) WAT design, style,
      and appearance mattered even more than those of smartphones, as they are body
      worn devices, (5) the user interfaces of WATs left a great deal to be desired,
      and (6) privacy concerns must be addressed before more mainstream consumers would
      consider adopting WATs. CONCLUSIONS: Participants perceived WATs as an awareness
      tool to understand one's PA level. It is evident from our study that SS, derived
      from SNS and other pertinent vehicles such as the LINE social messaging
      application (similar to WhatsApp and WeChat), will increase the engagement and
      adherence of WAT usage. Combining WATs and SNS enables cost-effective, scalable
      PA intervention programs with end-to-end services and data analytics
      capabilities, to elevate WATs from one-size-fits-all consumer electronics to
      personalized PA assistants.

PMID- 27380799
TI  - Carbon-ion pencil beam scanning for thoracic treatment - initiation report and
      dose metrics evaluation.
AB  - Carbon-ion beam scanning has not previously been used for moving tumor
      treatments. We have commenced respiratory-gated carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) in
      the thoracic and abdominal regions under free-breathing conditions as a clinical
      trial. This study aimed to investigate this treatment in the lungs in comparison
      with passive scattering CIRT. Five patients had thoracic tumors treated with
      carbon-ion scanned beams using respiratory gating. We analyzed the actual
      treatments and calculated passive scattering treatment plans based on the same
      planning CT. We evaluated tumor size until 3 months post treatment and each
      treatment plan regarding dose delivered to 95% of the clinical target volume (CTV
      D95), mean lung dose, percentage of lung receiving at least 5 Gy (RBE) (Lung-V5),
      Lung-V10, Lung-V20, heart maximum dose (Dmax), esophagus Dmax, cord Dmax and skin
      Dmax. Obvious tumor deterioration was not observed up to 3 months post treatment.
      The dose evaluation metrics were similar item by item between respiratory-gated
      scanned CIRT and passive scattering CIRT. In conclusion, scanned beam CIRT
      provided treatments equivalent to passive scattering CIRT for thoracic tumors.
      Increased sample numbers and longer-term observation are needed.

PMID- 27380800
TI  - Whole-pelvic radiotherapy with spot-scanning proton beams for uterine cervical
      cancer: a planning study.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the dosimetric parameters of whole-pelvic
      radiotherapy (WPRT) for cervical cancer among plans involving 3D conformal
      radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), or spot-scanning
      proton therapy (SSPT). The dose distributions of 3D-CRT-, IMRT-, and SSPT-based
      WPRT plans were compared in 10 patients with cervical cancer. All of the patients
      were treated with a prescribed dose of 50.4 Gy in 1.8-Gy daily fractions, and all
      of the plans involved the same planning target volume (PTV) constrictions. A 3D
      CRT plan involving a four-field box, an IMRT plan involving seven coplanar
      fields, and an SSPT plan involving four fields were created. The median PTV D95%
      did not differ between the 3D-CRT, IMRT and SSPT plans. The median conformity
      index 95% and homogeneity index of the IMRT and SSPT were better than those of
      the 3D-CRT. The homogeneity index of the SSPT was better than that of the IMRT.
      SSPT resulted in lower median V20 values for the bladder wall, small intestine,
      colon, bilateral femoral heads, skin, and pelvic bone than IMRT. Comparing the
      Dmean values, SSPT spared the small intestine, colon, bilateral femoral heads,
      skin and pelvic bone to a greater extent than the other modalities. SSPT can
      reduce the irradiated volume of the organs at risk compared with 3D-CRT and IMRT,
      while maintaining excellent PTV coverage. Further investigations of SSPT are
      warranted to assess its role in the treatment of cervical cancer.

PMID- 27380801
TI  - A calibration method for realistic neutron dosimetry in radiobiological
      experiments assisted by MCNP simulation.
AB  - Many studies on biological effects of neutrons involve dose responses of
      neutrons, which rely on accurately determined absorbed doses in the irradiated
      cells or living organisms. Absorbed doses are difficult to measure, and are
      commonly surrogated with doses measured using separate detectors. The present
      work describes the determination of doses absorbed in the cell layer underneath a
      medium column (DA) and the doses absorbed in an ionization chamber (DE) from
      neutrons through computer simulations using the MCNP-5 code, and the subsequent
      determination of the conversion coefficients R (= DA/DE). It was found that R in
      general decreased with increase in the medium thickness, which was due to elastic
      and inelastic scattering. For 2-MeV neutrons, conspicuous bulges in R values were
      observed at medium thicknesses of about 500, 1500, 2500 and 4000 MUm, and these
      were attributed to carbon, oxygen and nitrogen nuclei, and were reflections of
      spikes in neutron interaction cross sections with these nuclei. For 0.1-MeV
      neutrons, no conspicuous bulges in R were observed (except one at ~2000 MUm that
      was due to photon interactions), which was explained by the absence of prominent
      spikes in the interaction cross-sections with these nuclei for neutron energies
      <0.1 MeV. The ratio R could be increased by ~50% for small medium thickness if
      the incident neutron energy was reduced from 2 MeV to 0.1 MeV. As such, the
      absorbed doses in cells (DA) would vary with the incident neutron energies, even
      when the absorbed doses shown on the detector were the same.

PMID- 27380802
TI  - The impact of emphysema on dosimetric parameters for stereotactic body
      radiotherapy of the lung.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of emphysematous changes in
      lung on dosimetric parameters in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for
      lung tumor. A total of 72 treatment plans were reviewed, and dosimetric factors
      [including homogeneity index (HI) and conformity index (CI)] were evaluated.
      Emphysematous changes in lung were observed in 43 patients (60%). Patients were
      divided into three groups according to the severity of emphysema: no emphysema (n
      = 29), mild emphysema (n = 22) and moderate to severe emphysema groups (n = 21).
      The HI (P < 0.001) and the CI (P = 0.029) were significantly different in
      accordance with the severity of emphysema in one-way analysis of variance
      (ANOVA). The HI value was significantly higher in the moderate to severe
      emphysema group compared with in the no emphysema (Tukey, P < 0.001) and mild
      emphysema groups (P = 0.002). The CI value was significantly higher in the
      moderate to severe emphysema group compared with in the no emphysema group (P =
      0.044). In multiple linear regression analysis, the severity of emphysema (P <
      0.001) and the mean material density of the lung within the PTV (P < 0.001) were
      significant factors for HI, and the mean density of the lung within the PTV (P =
      0.005) was the only significant factor for CI. The mean density of the lung
      within the PTV was significantly different in accordance with the severity of
      emphysema (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.008) and the severity of emphysema (P < 0.001)
      was one of the significant factors for the density of the lung within the PTV in
      multiple linear regression analysis. Our results suggest that emphysematous
      changes in the lung significantly impact on several dosimetric parameters in
      SBRT, and they should be carefully evaluated before treatment planning.

PMID- 27380803
TI  - Dependence and independence of survival parameters on linear energy transfer in
      cells and tissues.
AB  - Carbon-ion radiotherapy has been used to treat more than 9000 cancer patients in
      the world since 1994. Spreading of the Bragg peak is necessary for carbon-ion
      radiotherapy, and is designed based on the linear-quadratic model that is
      commonly used for photon therapy. Our recent analysis using in vitro cell kills
      and in vivo mouse tissue reaction indicates that radiation quality affects mainly
      the alpha terms, but much less the beta terms, which raises the question of
      whether this is true in other biological systems. Survival parameters alpha and
      beta for 45 in vitro mammalian cell lines were obtained by colony formation after
      irradiation with carbon ions, fast neutrons and X-rays. Relationships between
      survival parameters and linear energy transfer (LET) below 100 keV/MUm were
      obtained for 4 mammalian cell lines. Mouse skin reaction and tumor growth delay
      were measured after fractionated irradiation. The Fe-plot provided survival
      parameters of the tissue reactions. A clear separation between X-rays and high
      LET radiation was observed for alpha values, but not for beta values. Alpha
      values/terms increased with increasing LET in any cells and tissues studied,
      while beta did not show a systematic change. We have found a puzzle or
      contradiction in common interpretations of the linear-quadratic model that causes
      us to question whether the model is appropriate for interpreting biological
      effectiveness of high-LET radiation up to 500 keV/MUm, probably because of
      inconsistency in the concept of damage interaction. A repair saturation model
      proposed here was good enough to fit cell kill efficiency by radiation of wide
      ranged LET. A model incorporating damage complexity and repair saturation would
      be suitable for heavy-ion radiotherapy.

PMID- 27380804
TI  - Changes in the distribution and function of leukocytes after whole-body iron ion
      irradiation.
AB  - High-energy particle radiation could have a considerable impact on health during
      space missions. This study evaluated C57BL/6 mice on Day 40 after total-body
      56Fe26+ irradiation at 0, 1, 2 and 3 gray (Gy). Radiation consistently increased
      thymus mass (one-way ANOVA: P < 0.005); spleen, liver and lung masses were
      similar among all groups. In the blood, there was no radiation effect on the
      white blood cell (WBC) count or major leukocyte types. However, the red blood
      cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and the CD8+ T cytotoxic (Tc) cell count and
      percentage all decreased, while both the CD4:CD8 (Th:Tc) cell ratio and
      spontaneous blastogenesis increased, in one or more irradiated groups compared
      with unirradiated controls (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). In contrast, splenic WBC,
      lymphocyte, B cell and T helper (Th) counts, %B cells and the CD4:CD8 ratio were
      all significantly elevated, while Tc percentages decreased, in one or more of the
      irradiated groups compared with controls (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). Although there were
      trends for minor, radiation-induced increases in %CD11b+ granulocytes in the
      spleen, cells double-labeled with adhesion markers (CD11b+CD54+, CD11b+CD62E+)
      were normal. Splenocyte spontaneous blastogenesis and that induced by mitogens
      (PHA, ConA, LPS) was equivalent to normal. In bone marrow, the percentage of
      cells expressing stem cell markers, Sca-1 and CD34/Sca-1, were low in one or more
      of the irradiated groups (P < 0.05 vs 0 Gy). Collectively, the data indicate that
      significant immunological abnormalities still exist more than a month after 56Fe
      irradiation and that there are differences dependent upon body compartment.

PMID- 27380805
TI  - A stochastic multicellular model identifies biological watermarks from disorders
      in self-organized patterns of phyllotaxis.
AB  - Exploration of developmental mechanisms classically relies on analysis of pattern
      regularities. Whether disorders induced by biological noise may carry information
      on building principles of developmental systems is an important debated question.
      Here, we addressed theoretically this question using phyllotaxis, the geometric
      arrangement of plant aerial organs, as a model system. Phyllotaxis arises from
      reiterative organogenesis driven by lateral inhibitions at the shoot apex.
      Motivated by recurrent observations of disorders in phyllotaxis patterns, we
      revisited in depth the classical deterministic view of phyllotaxis. We developed
      a stochastic model of primordia initiation at the shoot apex, integrating
      locality and stochasticity in the patterning system. This stochastic model
      recapitulates phyllotactic patterns, both regular and irregular, and makes
      quantitative predictions on the nature of disorders arising from noise. We
      further show that disorders in phyllotaxis instruct us on the parameters
      governing phyllotaxis dynamics, thus that disorders can reveal biological
      watermarks of developmental systems.

PMID- 27380807
TI  - Incidence rates for lung and bronchus cancer of Japanese in Japan and in the
      United States from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents.

PMID- 27380806
TI  - A retrospective study of treatment and prophylaxis of ifosfamide-induced
      hemorrhagic cystitis in pediatric and adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients
      with solid tumors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ifosfamide (IFO) is considered an essential drug for the treatment of
      pediatric, adolescent and young adult patients with solid tumors. Hemorrhagic
      cystitis (HC) is one of the dose-limiting toxicity of IFO. However, there are
      insufficient evidence for risk factor and supportive care of IFO-induced HC.
      METHODS: In this retrospective study, patients (<30-year-old) with malignant
      solid tumors who had been treated with IFO-based chemotherapy, were categorized
      according to the presence or absence of HC, and were analyzed possible risk
      factors for IFO-induced HC. In our institution, continuous hydration to increase
      urine output and intravenous 2-mercaptethane sulfonate (mesna) are used for
      prophylaxis of IFO-induced HC. Increased hydration and dosage of mesna are
      administered to patients who develop IFO-induced HC; they also receive 24-h
      continuous infusion of mesna in subsequent treatment cycles. RESULTS: Nine
      treatment regimens were used in the 70 study patients. The range of daily IFO
      dosage was 1.2-3.0 g/m(2). HC occurred in 14/425 IFO-based chemotherapy cycles
      (3.3%). The daily IFO dosages (mean +/- SD) in patients with or without HC were
      2.23 +/- 0.58 g/m(2) and 1.85 +/- 0.50 g/m(2), respectively (P = 0.006). Only one
      of the nine patients who developed IFO-induced HC had experienced this
      complication in a subsequent cycle of treatment. CONCLUSION: The incidence of IFO
      induced HC may be associated with the dosage of IFO. When administering IFO
      higher than 2.0 g/m(2)/day, the volume of hydration, dosage of mesna and duration
      of mesna infusion should be increased to prevent HC.

PMID- 27380808
TI  - Nivolumab-induced chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
      mimicking rapid-onset Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case report.
AB  - Nivolumab, an anti-programmed death-1-specific monoclonal antibody, has
      demonstrated a durable response and effect on overall survival and has become one
      of the standard treatments for patients with advanced melanoma. Reported herein
      is a case of nivolumab-induced chronic inflammatory demyelinating
      polyradiculoneuropathy, in which an 85-year-old woman with stage IV melanoma
      developed grade 1 paresthesia 2 weeks after the initial dose of nivolumab was
      administered. With continued treatment, the neurological deficiency deteriorated
      rapidly, mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome, causing such a dramatic decrease in
      her activities of daily living that she could no longer function in daily life.
      Thus, nivolumab treatment was discontinued. A course of intravenous
      immunoglobulin infusion yielded a dramatic clinical improvement; in particular,
      improved motor control was observed within a few days. Her initial presentation
      was suggestive of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, a
      subtype of Guillain-Barre syndrome; however, the good response to steroids and
      exacerbation 8 weeks after the onset were suggestive of chronic inflammatory
      demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy induced by nivolumab. This is the first case
      of Guillain-Barre syndrome-like autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy induced by
      programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors. Although neurological
      adverse events related to nivolumab are rare, they can become severe, requiring
      early diagnosis and intervention. Intravenous immunoglobulin may be considered as
      an effective initial treatment for patients who develop acute autoimmune nervous
      system disorders due to nivolumab. 

PMID- 27380809
TI  - Safety and discomfort during bronchoscopy performed under sedation with fentanyl
      and midazolam: a prospective study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although sedation with fentanyl and midazolam during bronchoscopic
      examination is widely accepted in the USA and Europe, it is not routine practice
      in Japan. The objective of the present study was to evaluate sedation with
      fentanyl and midazolam during bronchoscopy. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients were
      enrolled prospectively between November 2014 and July 2015 at Okayama University
      Hospital. Fentanyl (20 MUg) was administered to the patients just before the
      examination, and fentanyl (10 MUg) and midazolam (1 mg) were added as needed
      during the procedure. A questionnaire was administered 2 hours after the
      examination. In the questionnaire, patient satisfaction was scored using a visual
      analog scale as follows: great (1 point), good (2 points), normal (3 points),
      uncomfortable (4 points) and very uncomfortable (5 points). An additional
      question ('Do you remember the bronchoscopic examination?') was also used.
      Predefined matters for investigation (e.g. blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen
      saturation and complications) were recorded. RESULTS: The enrolled patients
      included 13 males and 24 females; the median age was 67 (range: 31-87) years. The
      patients received a median dose of fentanyl of 45.4 MUg (range: 30-100 MUg) and
      midazolam of 2.56 mg (range: 1-10 mg). Twenty-six patients (70.2%) agreed to
      undergo a second bronchoscopic examination, and the average levels of discomfort
      and re-examination were 2.02 points for each. Only 37.8% of the patients
      remembered the bronchoscopic examination. No severe complications were reported.
      CONCLUSIONS: Sedation with fentanyl and midazolam during bronchoscopic
      examination should be recommended for use in Japan.

PMID- 27380810
TI  - Chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell cancer.
AB  - Chemoradiotherapy has been clinically indicated for patients with resectable
      esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who refuse surgical resection and in locally
      advanced unresectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients. Concurrent
      chemoradiotherapy prolongs survival than radiation therapy alone when given as
      definitive treatment. Therefore, chemoradiotherapy is recognized as the standard
      non-invasive treatment for patients with localized esophageal cancer who opt for
      non-surgical treatment. JCOG9906 showed promising outcomes for stage II/III ESCC
      patients. But there are some problems about chemoradiotherapy for esophageal
      squamous cell carcinoma. Late toxicities are sometimes lethal for patients who
      achieved complete response even after years. Salvage treatment for residual or
      recurrent disease is unestablished. Modified Radiation Therapy Oncology Group
      regimen at the dose of 50.4 Gy reduced late toxicities without reducing efficacy.
      Optimal timings and procedure of salvage surgery and endoscopic therapy is
      evaluated in JCOG0909. Strategy including salvage therapy after chemoradiotherapy
      should be considered at the time of starting the treatment. Targeted therapy has
      not shown adding effect for chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma yet. New agents, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, are expected to
      show synergistic effect with chemoradiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma. Further investigation is needed. 

PMID- 27380811
TI  - Serum microRNA expression profile as a diagnostic panel for gastric cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Previously, we identified six miRNAs that are differentially expressed
      in colorectal cancer compared with healthy controls. Here, we tested them in
      gastric cancer GC. METHODS: We performed quantitative RT-PCR on serum samples
      from 92 patients with gastric cancer and 89 controls for the six miRNAs, and
      analyzed their risk scores to evaluate the diagnostic value of the serum miRNA
      profiling system. RESULTS: After a two-phase selection and validation process,
      five miRNAs were found to significantly differ in expression between gastric
      cancer samples and control samples, including miR-21, miR-31, miR-92a, miR-181b,
      and miR-203. Risk score analysis showed that this miRNA panel could distinguish
      gastric cancer cases from controls with high sensitivity and specificity. Under
      receiver operating characteristic curves, areas under the curve for tumor
      identification were 0.933 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-1.007) for the
      training set and 0.919 (95% CI: 0.863-0.975) for the validation set-markedly
      higher than those of carcinoembryonic antigen (0.624) and carbohydrate antigen 19
      9 (0.603). CONCLUSIONS: The signature of these five miRNAs is a novel and
      noninvasive biomarker for gastric cancer, and could facilitate and simplify its
      diagnosis.

PMID- 27380812
TI  - Developmental dynamics of occipital and cervical somites.
AB  - Development of somites leading to somite compartments, sclerotome, dermomyotome
      and myotome, has been intensely investigated. Most knowledge on somite
      development, including the commonly used somite maturation stages, is based on
      data from somites at thoracic and lumbar levels. Potential regional differences
      in somite maturation dynamics have been indicated by a number of studies, but
      have not yet been comprehensively examined. Here, we present an overview on the
      developmental dynamics of somites at occipital and cervical levels in the chicken
      embryo. We show that in these regions, the onset of sclerotomal and myotomal
      compartment formation is later than at thoracolumbar levels, and is initiated
      simultaneously in multiple somites, which is in contrast to the serial cranial-
      to- caudal progression of somite maturation in the trunk. Our data suggest a
      variant spatiotemporal regulation of somite development in occipitocervical
      somites.

PMID- 27380813
TI  - From Reproductive Rights to Responsibilization: Fashioning Liberal Subjects in
      Mexico City's New Public Sector Abortion Program.
AB  - Building on medical anthropology literature that analyzes doctor-patient
      interactions as a charged site for the production of political subjectivities, I
      demonstrate how a central feature of Mexico City's new public sector abortion
      program involves "responsibilization." In accordance with entrenched Ministry of
      Health objectives, providers transmit a suite of values about personal
      responsibility and self-regulation through the use of birth control, hinging
      abortion rights to responsible reproductive subjectivity. Based on 18 months of
      ethnographic research across program clinics, including 75 interviews with
      patients and providers, I show how interrupcion legal del embarazo protocols
      fashion "responsibilized" liberal subjects. I argue that the recent granting of
      abortion rights in Mexico City-ostensibly a new moment for the construction of
      women's citizenship-instead reflects and extends long-standing state agendas of
      "reproductive governance." My analysis of reproductive rights as the newest
      framing of ongoing population policies in Mexico adds to a critical anthropology
      of human rights and of liberal projects of governance.

PMID- 27380814
TI  - Regioselective Synthesis of C-3-Functionalized Quinolines via Hetero-Diels-Alder
      Cycloaddition of Azadienes with Terminal Alkynes.
AB  - A highly efficient metal and protection-free approach for the regioselective
      synthesis of C-3-functionalized quinolines from azadienes (in situ generated from
      2-aminobenzyl alcohol) and terminal alkynes through [4 + 2] cycloaddition has
      been developed. An unprecedented reaction of 2-aminobenzyl alcohol with 1,3- and
      1,4-diethynylbenzene provided the C-3 tolylquinolines via [4 + 2] HDA and
      oxidative decarboxylation. The -NH2 group directed mechanistic approach was well
      supported by the control experiments and deuterium-labeling studies and by
      isolating the azadiene intermediate. The reactivity and selectivity of
      unprotected azadiene in metal-free base-assisted hetero-Diels-Alder reaction is
      exploited to quickly assemble an important class of C-3-functionalized
      quinolines, which are difficult to access.

PMID- 27380815
TI  - Designing a multicolor long range nanoscopic ruler for the imaging of
      heterogeneous tumor cells.
AB  - Tumor heterogeneity is one of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment and
      diagnosis. A multicolor optical ruler is essential to address the heterogeneous
      tumor cell complexity. Driven by this need, the current article reports the
      design of a multicolor long range nanoscopic ruler for screening tumor
      heterogeneity by accurately identifying epithelial cells and cancer stem cells
      (CSCs) simultaneously. A nanoscopic surface energy transfer (NSET) ruler has been
      developed using blue fluorescence polymer dots (PDs) and red fluorescence gold
      cluster dots (GCDs) as multicolor fluorescence donor and plasmonic gold
      nanoparticle (GNP) acts as an excellent acceptor. Reported experimental results
      demonstrated that the multicolor nanoscopic ruler's working window is above 35 nm
      distances, which is more than three times farther than that of Forster resonance
      energy transfer (FRET) distance limit. Theoretical modeling using Forster dipole
      dipole coupling and dipole to nanoparticle surface energy transfer have been used
      to discuss the possible mechanism for multicolor nanoscopic ruler's long-range
      capability. Using RNA aptamers that are specific for the target cancer cells,
      experimental data demonstrate that the nanoscopic ruler can be used for screening
      epithelial and CSCs simultaneously from a whole blood sample with a detection
      capability of 10 cells per mL. Experimental data show that the nanoscopic ruler
      can distinguish targeted cells from non-targeted cells. 

PMID- 27380817
TI  - Programmable Bio-nanochip Platform: A Point-of-Care Biosensor System with the
      Capacity To Learn.
AB  - The combination of point-of-care (POC) medical microdevices and machine learning
      has the potential transform the practice of medicine. In this area, scalable lab
      on-a-chip (LOC) devices have many advantages over standard laboratory methods,
      including faster analysis, reduced cost, lower power consumption, and higher
      levels of integration and automation. Despite significant advances in LOC
      technologies over the years, several remaining obstacles are preventing clinical
      implementation and market penetration of these novel medical microdevices.
      Similarly, while machine learning has seen explosive growth in recent years and
      promises to shift the practice of medicine toward data-intensive and evidence
      based decision making, its uptake has been hindered due to the lack of
      integration between clinical measurements and disease determinations. In this
      Account, we describe recent developments in the programmable bio-nanochip (p-BNC)
      system, a biosensor platform with the capacity for learning. The p-BNC is a
      "platform to digitize biology" in which small quantities of patient sample
      generate immunofluorescent signal on agarose bead sensors that is optically
      extracted and converted to antigen concentrations. The platform comprises
      disposable microfluidic cartridges, a portable analyzer, automated data analysis
      software, and intuitive mobile health interfaces. The single-use cartridges are
      fully integrated, self-contained microfluidic devices containing aqueous buffers
      conveniently embedded for POC use. A novel fluid delivery method was developed to
      provide accurate and repeatable flow rates via actuation of the cartridge's
      blister packs. A portable analyzer instrument was designed to integrate fluid
      delivery, optical detection, image analysis, and user interface, representing a
      universal system for acquiring, processing, and managing clinical data while
      overcoming many of the challenges facing the widespread clinical adoption of LOC
      technologies. We demonstrate the p-BNC's flexibility through the completion of
      multiplex assays within the single-use disposable cartridges for three clinical
      applications: prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and acute myocardial infarction.
      Toward the goal of creating "sensors that learn", we have developed and describe
      here the Cardiac ScoreCard, a clinical decision support system for a spectrum of
      cardiovascular disease. The Cardiac ScoreCard approach comprises a comprehensive
      biomarker panel and risk factor information in a predictive model capable of
      assessing early risk and late-stage disease progression for heart attack and
      heart failure patients. These marker-driven tests have the potential to radically
      reduce costs, decrease wait times, and introduce new options for patients needing
      regular health monitoring. Further, these efforts demonstrate the clinical
      utility of fusing data from information-rich biomarkers and the Internet of
      Things (IoT) using predictive analytics to generate single-index assessments for
      wellness/illness status. By promoting disease prevention and personalized
      wellness management, tools of this nature have the potential to improve health
      care exponentially.

PMID- 27380819
TI  - Preprocedural but not periprocedural high-sensitive Troponin T levels predict
      outcome in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
AB  - AIM: Risk assessment of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve
      implantation (TAVI) remains difficult. Biomarkers have been shown to provide
      potential prognostic information. Here, we aimed to analyze whether the biomarker
      high-sensitivity Troponin T (hsTNT) could be used to improve risk stratification.
      METHOD: We prospectively enrolled 267 patients undergoing TAVI. Biomarkers (hsTNT
      and NTproBNP) were measured 1 day before, and 3 and 7 days postprocedure. All
      possible prognostic factors upon survival time were analyzed by Cox regression
      analysis. RESULTS: A total of 259 patients (mean age 82+/-6.1 years) were
      available for complete follow-up. The median Logistic EuroSCORE (Log ES) and Log
      ES II were 21.16% (Q1=13.92; Q3=34.27) and 6.42% (Q1=3.89; Q3=11.07),
      respectively. Median follow-up was 290 (Q1=88; Q3=529) days. A total of 71 deaths
      occurred during follow-up, and the 30-day mortality was 5.8%. Median baseline
      hsTNT was 27.4 pg/mL (Q1=16.2; Q3=46 pg/mL). From all potential mortality
      associated factors, only preprocedural hsTNT level (P=.001), elevated Log ES
      (P=.03) as well as acute kidney injury (P<.001) and chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (COPD) (P=.039) emerged as independent prognostic parameters for adverse
      outcome. We also tested whether the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC
      II) cutoff for myocardial damage (hsTNT peak value exceeding 15* the upper
      reference limit + at least 50% increase) was of prognostic relevance. At 72-hours
      post-TAVI, 36.2% of the patients matched these VARC-II criteria of myocardial
      damage. However, these patients did not display a difference in survival compared
      to patients without significant myocardial injury. CONCLUSION: Elevated
      preprocedural hsTNT represents an independent risk predictor of all-cause death
      while periprocedural hsTNT elevation failed to show prognostic relevance.

PMID- 27380820
TI  - MOF catalysis of Fe(II)-to-Fe(III) reaction for an ultrafast and one-step
      generation of the Fe2O3@MOF composite and uranium(vi) reduction by iron(ii) under
      ambient conditions.
AB  - Herein, we demonstrate that Zn-MOF-74 enables the ultrafast and one-step
      generation of the Fe2O3@MOF composite once Zn-MOF-74 contacts with FeSO4
      solution. This unique reaction can be further applied in catalysis of U(vi)
      reduction by Fe(ii) under ambient conditions. The results provide a highly
      renovated strategy for U(vi) reduction by Fe(ii) just under ambient conditions,
      which completely subvert all established methods about U(vi) reduction by Fe(ii)
      in which O2- and CO2-free conditions are absolutely required. 

PMID- 27380821
TI  - Genetic analysis of neuraminidase gene of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus
      circulating in Southwest India from 2009 to 2012.
AB  - Genetic analysis of neuraminidase gene sequences in 23 archived isolates of
      influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, isolated during the 2009-2012 influenza seasons,
      was carried out to determine the genetic variability. Amino acid substitutions
      were observed at the rates of 0.3-0.7% per year. The catalytic site consisting of
      8 functional and 11 framework residues were found conserved in 20 isolates and
      mutated in three (E228G, E278G, and N295T) isolates. To the best of our knowledge
      the three catalytic site mutants observed in our study have not been reported
      elsewhere to date. Similarly, mutations in the antigenic sites (K217E, K254E,
      V267A, and D451E except I263V) are discussed for the first time through this
      article. The effect of these mutations on drug and antibody binding were analyzed
      using biochemical and structural studies. Detailed studies on the neuraminidase
      gene are sparse and our study may serve as an appropriate platform to gain
      insights about the evolution of influenza virus, thereby facilitating
      drugs/vaccines design and development. J. Med. Virol. 89:202-212, 2017. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27380822
TI  - Dynamics of ultrathin V-oxide layers on Rh(111) in catalytic oxidation of ammonia
      and CO.
AB  - Catalytic oxidation of ammonia and CO has been studied in the 10(-4) mbar range
      using a catalyst prepared by depositing ultra-thin vanadium oxide layers on
      Rh(111) (thetaV ~ 0.2 MLE). Using photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) as a
      spatially resolving method, we observe that upon heating in an atmosphere of NH3
      and O2 the spatial homogeneity of the VOx layer is removed at 800 K and a pattern
      consisting of macroscopic stripes develops; at elevated temperatures this pattern
      transforms into a pattern of circular VOx islands. Under reaction conditions the
      neighboring VOx islands become attracted by each other and coalesce. Similar
      processes of pattern formation and island coalescence are observed in catalytic
      CO oxidation. Reoxidation of the reduced VOx catalyst proceeds via surface
      diffusion of oxygen adsorbed onto Rh(111). A pattern consisting of macroscopic
      circular VOx islands can also be obtained by heating a Rh(111)/VOx catalyst in
      pure O2. 

PMID- 27380824
TI  - Preferred practice location at medical school commencement strongly determines
      graduates' rural preferences and work locations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify factors influencing whether Australian medical graduates
      prefer to, or actually, work rurally. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of longitudinal
      data from Medical Schools Outcomes Database (MSOD) using univariate and
      multivariate logistic regression. SETTING: Twenty Australian medical schools.
      PARTICIPANTS: Australian or New Zealand citizens and Australian permanent
      residents who completed MSOD questionnaires between 2006 and 2013. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Preferred and actual work locations 1 (PGY1) and 3 (PGY3) years
      postgraduation. RESULTS: Of 20 784 participants, 4028 completed a PGY1 or PGY3
      questionnaire. Self-reported preference for rural practice location at medical
      school commencement was the most consistent independent predictor of whether a
      graduate would have a rural location preference at PGY1 (odds ratio (OR) 6.07,
      95% confidence interval (CI) 4.91-7.51) and PGY3 (OR 7.95, 95% CI 4.93-12.84),
      and work rurally during PGY1 (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-1.88) and PGY3 (OR 1.86, 95%
      CI 1.30-2.64). The effect of preferred practice location at medical school
      commencement is independent of, and enhances the effect of, rural background.
      Graduates of graduate-entry programs or with dependent children were less likely
      to have worked rurally during PGY1 and PGY3 respectively. CONCLUSION: The most
      consistent factor associated with rural preferences and work location was
      students' preferred location of practice at medical school commencement; this
      association is independent of, and enhances the effect of, rural background.
      Better understanding of what determines rural preference at medical school
      commencement and its influence on rural workplace outcomes beyond PGY3 is
      required to inform Australian medical school selection policies and rural health
      curricula.

PMID- 27380825
TI  - Efficient Secretion of the beta-Galactosidase Bgal1-3 via both Tat-Dependent and
      Tat-Independent Pathways in Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - In this study, the twin-arginine (Tat) signal peptide PhoD was used to direct the
      secretion of the beta-galactosidase Bgal1-3 into the growth medium of an
      engineered strain of Bacillus subtilis 168. After 24 h of cultivation, the
      extracellular activity reached 1.15 U/mL, representing 78% of the total activity.
      Bgal1-3 was exported via both Tat-dependent and Tat-independent pathways. To
      improve the secretion amounts, two more copies of the target gene were inserted
      into the designated loci on the chromosome, further improving the extracellular
      enzymatic activity to 2.15 U/mL. The engineered strain with three copies of bgal1
      3 was genetically stable after 150 generations. To the best of our knowledge,
      this is the first report on the functional secretion of a heterologous protein
      via both Tat-dependent and Tat-independent pathways mediated by a Tat signal
      peptide in B. subtilis. Furthermore, this study provides us with a markerless
      engineered strain for the production of beta-galactosidase. 

PMID- 27380826
TI  - Less thrombolysis in posterior circulation infarction-a necessary evil?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Patients with posterior circulation infarction (PCI) have more subtle
      symptoms than anterior circulation infarction (ACI) and could come too late for
      acute intervention. This study aimed to describe the clinical presentation,
      management, and outcome of PCI in the NORSTROKE registry. METHODS: All patients
      with PCI admitted to the Department of Neurology at Haukeland University Hospital
      and registered in the NORSTROKE database 2006-2013 were included (n=686).
      Patients with ACI (n=1758) were used for comparison. RESULTS: Patients with PCI
      were younger (68.2 vs 71.8, P<.001), had longer median time from symptom onset to
      admission (3.8 hours vs 2.2 hours, P<.001), and were less likely to arrive at
      hospital within 4.5 hours from symptom onset (56.2% vs 72.5%, P<.001, ictus
      known). Patients with PCI scored lower on baseline National Institute of Health
      Stroke Scale (NIHSS) total score (3.2 vs 6.3, P<.001), and lower or equally on
      all items of NIHSS, except for ataxia in two limbs. Patients with PCI were less
      likely to receive i.v. thrombolytic treatment (9.9% vs 21.5%, OR 0.66, CI 0.47
      0.94). On day 7, patients with PCI scored lower on NIHSS (2.8 vs 4.9, P<.001),
      modified Rankin Scale (2.0 vs 2.3, P<.001), and higher on Barthel Index (84.5 vs
      76.0, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study is, to our knowledge, the largest series
      reporting comprehensively on PCI verified by diffusion-weighted imaging. PCI
      patients are younger than ACI and have better outcome. PCI and ACI are equally
      investigated in the acute setting, but thrombolysis rates remain 50% lower in
      PCI.

PMID- 27380827
TI  - Visualizing Dealumination of a Single Zeolite Domain in a Real-Life Catalytic
      Cracking Particle.
AB  - Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts play a central role in the chemical
      conversion of crude oil fractions. Using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy
      (STXM) we investigate the chemistry of one fresh and two industrially deactivated
      (ECAT) FCC catalysts at the single zeolite domain level. Spectro-microscopic data
      at the Fe L3 , La M5 , and Al K X-ray absorption edges reveal differing levels of
      deposited Fe on the ECAT catalysts corresponding with an overall loss in
      tetrahedral Al within the zeolite domains. Using La as a localization marker, we
      have developed a novel methodology to map the changing Al distribution of single
      zeolite domains within real-life FCC catalysts. It was found that significant
      changes in the zeolite domain size distributions as well as the loss of Al from
      the zeolite framework occur. Furthermore, inter- and intraparticle
      heterogeneities in the dealumination process were observed, revealing the complex
      interplay between metal-mediated pore accessibility loss and zeolite
      dealumination.

PMID- 27380828
TI  - Influence of olive ripening degree and crusher typology on chemical and sensory
      characteristics of Correggiolo virgin olive oil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this study, two types of crusher, hammer and blade, were used to
      produce olive oils from cv. Correggiolo olives at four stages of ripeness, to
      analyse the effect of these two factors on oil quality indices (free acidity,
      peroxide value, UV absorption), on phenolic compounds content and sensory
      profiles. Differences in chemical and sensory data were analysed by two-way
      ANOVA. RESULTS: Ripeness exerted a stronger influence than the crushing equipment
      on quality indices, phenolic content and sensory evaluation; moreover the
      statistical significance of interaction between the factors considered suggests
      that they are intertwined. Differences in the texture of olive pastes obtained by
      squashing and crushing were clearly evident at the first stage of ripeness via
      observation with a scanning electron microscope. The stronger mechanical action
      of the hammer crusher also produced smaller pit fragments compared to the blade
      crusher, as shown by particle size analysis of the kernels fragments. CONCLUSION:
      Knowledge about the interaction between ripening and crushing will allow olive
      oil producers to pursue a product of the quality most suitable for a particular
      type of consumer. For example, bitterness and pungency, characters recently
      connected with health effects because sensory markers of extra virgin olive oil
      (EVOO) polyphenols, do not have a great sensory appeal for most consumers;
      however, there is a niche of gourmet estimators interested in these peculiar
      flavours and ready to pay a premium price for them. The producer will be able to
      customise the EVOO by modulating its chemical and sensory characteristics,
      especially the phenolic fraction, thus addressing the needs of consumers with
      different tastes. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27380829
TI  - Photochemistry of Transition Metal Hydrides.
AB  - Photochemical reactivity associated with metal-hydrogen bonds is widespread among
      metal hydride complexes and has played a critical part in opening up C-H bond
      activation. It has been exploited to design different types of photocatalytic
      reactions and to obtain NMR spectra of dilute solutions with a single pulse of an
      NMR spectrometer. Because photolysis can be performed on fast time scales and at
      low temperature, metal-hydride photochemistry has enabled determination of the
      molecular structure and rates of reaction of highly reactive intermediates. We
      identify five characteristic photoprocesses of metal monohydride complexes
      associated with the M-H bond, of which the most widespread are M-H homolysis and
      R-H reductive elimination. For metal dihydride complexes, the dominant
      photoprocess is reductive elimination of H2. Dihydrogen complexes typically lose
      H2 photochemically. The majority of photochemical reactions are likely to be
      dissociative, but hydride complexes may be designed with equilibrated excited
      states that undergo different photochemical reactions, including proton transfer
      or hydride transfer. The photochemical mechanisms of a few reactions have been
      analyzed by computational methods, including quantum dynamics. A section on
      specialist methods (time-resolved spectroscopy, matrix isolation, NMR, and
      computational methods) and a survey of transition metal hydride photochemistry
      organized by transition metal group complete the Review. 

PMID- 27380830
TI  - A mixed-methods study of health worker migration from Jamaica.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study sought to better understand the drivers of migration, its
      consequences, and the various strategies countries have employed to mitigate its
      negative impacts. The study was conducted in four countries-Jamaica, India, the
      Philippines, and South Africa-that have historically been 'sources' of health
      workers migrating to other countries. The aim of this paper is to present the
      findings from the Jamaica portion of the study. METHODS: Data were collected
      using surveys of Jamaica's generalist and specialist physicians, nurses,
      midwives, and dental auxiliaries, as well as structured interviews with key
      informants representing government ministries, professional associations,
      regional health authorities, healthcare facilities, and educational institutions.
      Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression
      models. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Multiple stakeholder
      engagement workshops were held across Jamaica to share and validate the study
      findings and discuss implications for the country. RESULTS: Migration of health
      workers from Jamaica continues to be prevalent. Its causes are numerous, long
      standing, and systemic, and are largely based around differences in living and
      working conditions between Jamaica and 'destination' countries. There is minimal
      formal tracking of health worker migration from Jamaica, making scientific
      analysis of its consequences difficult. Although there is evidence of numerous
      national and international efforts to manage and mitigate the negative impacts of
      migration, there is little evidence of the implementation or effectiveness of
      such efforts. Potential additional strategies for better managing the migration
      of Jamaica's health workers include the use of information systems to formally
      monitor migration, updating the national cadre system for employment of health
      personnel, ensuring existing personnel management policies, such as bonding, are
      both clearly understood and equitably enforced, and providing greater formal and
      informal recognition of health personnel. CONCLUSION: Although historically
      common, migration of Jamaica's health workers is poorly monitored and understood.
      Improved management of the migration of Jamaica's health workers requires
      collaboration from stakeholders across multiple sectors. Indeed, participating
      stakeholders identified a wide range of potential strategies to better manage
      migration of Jamaica's health workers, the implementation and testing of which
      will have potential benefits to Jamaica as well as other 'source' countries.

PMID- 27380831
TI  - Whole genome sequencing of a dizygotic twin suggests a role for the serotonin
      receptor HTR7 in autism spectrum disorder.
AB  - Whole genome sequencing of a severely affected dizygotic twin with an autism
      spectrum disorder and intellectual disability revealed a compound heterozygous
      mutation in the HTR7 gene as the only variation not detected in control
      databases. Each parent carries one allele of the mutation, which is not present
      in an unaffected stepsister. The HTR7 gene encodes the 5-HT7 serotonin receptor
      that is involved in brain development, synaptic transmission, and plasticity. The
      paternally inherited p.W60C variant is situated at an evolutionary conserved
      nucleotide and predicted damaging by Polyphen2. A mutation akin to the maternally
      inherited pV286I mutation has been reported to significantly affect the binding
      characteristics of the receptor. Therefore, the observed sequence alterations
      provide a first suggestive link between a genetic abnormality in the HTR7 gene
      and a neurodevelopmental disorder. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27380832
TI  - Aerosol-Assisted Synthesis of Porous TiNx Oy @C Nanocomposites.
AB  - Porous TiNx Oy -based particles were synthesized by an aerosol spray process. At
      first, the starting sol solution containing the metal precursor and the nitrogen
      source is sprayed to form an aerosol that is subsequently pyrolysed at different
      temperatures. The obtained dried particles are an amorphous coordination
      "polymer" rich in carbon and nitrogen. These "glassy" particles are finally
      thermally treated at 800  degrees C, promoting the crystallization of the
      particles and the release of a major part of the carbon. As the particles keep
      their original shape, carbon loss and density increase during the crystallization
      step and lead to the development of an accessible pore structure. The process was
      analyzed and extended to the synthesis of other metal nitrides, such as VN and W2
      N, thereby showing its general validity for the production of functional
      nanocrystalline nitride ceramics with high porosity still occupying a relatively
      small volume, and otherwise not easily accessible. 

PMID- 27380833
TI  - Hepatitis E Virus: A Cross-Sectional Serological and Virological Study in Pigs
      and Humans at Zoonotic Risk within a High-Density Pig Farming Area.
AB  - An increase in autochthonous hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections has been recorded
      in Italy suspected to be zoonotically transmitted from pigs; this study was
      carried out to determinate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with
      hepatitis HEV exposition, both in swine and humans working in pig farms, located
      within a high-density pig farming area in Piedmont region, north-western Italy.
      The presence of viral RNA in human and swine samples was also evaluated, and
      phylogenetic analysis was performed on HEV-positive samples. Forty-two swine
      farms were sampled; 142 workers were enrolled in the study and classified into
      two groups: (i) 69 workers with occupational contact with swine (including
      veterinarians and farmers) recruited in the 42 sampled farms; (ii) 73 without
      occupational contact with swine. Forty-one of 42 (97%) swine farms resulted
      positive to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for HEV antibodies (Abs).
      Overall seroprevalence in swine was 50% (441/879), with seropositivity rate
      higher in sows (333/469, 71%). HEV RNA in stool samples was detected in animals
      from 13 of 42 tested farms (31%), and a higher positivity resulted in weaners
      (40/246, 16.3%). Phylogenetic analysis classified all HEV isolates within
      genotype 3 (subtypes 3f, 3e, 3c). All humans were negative for HEV viral genome
      in blood. Five of 142 sera were positive for IgG anti-HEV with an overall
      prevalence of 3.52% with no statistically significant differences in prevalence
      rates between workers at zoonotic risk and the control group (5.7% versus 1.3%).
      In contrast, a significant difference (OR 10.1) was observed within the subgroup
      including subjects exposed for short periods (veterinarians) compared with those
      who worked for long periods (farmers) suggesting a correlation between the time
      of exposure and the likelihood of HEV infection. Reporting HEV infection is not
      mandatory in Italy, but a constant epidemiological surveillance should be ensured
      to clarify the epidemiology of this disease.

PMID- 27380834
TI  - Development and validation of the brief esophageal dysphagia questionnaire.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Esophageal dysphagia is common in gastroenterology practice and has
      multiple etiologies. A complication for some patients with dysphagia is food
      impaction. A valid and reliable questionnaire to rapidly evaluate esophageal
      dysphagia and impaction symptoms can aid the gastroenterologist in gathering
      information to inform treatment approach and further evaluation, including
      endoscopy. METHODS: 1638 patients participated over two study phases. 744
      participants completed the Brief Esophageal Dysphagia Questionnaire (BEDQ) for
      phase 1; 869 completed the BEDQ, Visceral Sensitivity Index, Gastroesophageal
      Reflux Disease Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for phase
      2. Demographic and clinical data were obtained via the electronic medical record.
      The BEDQ was evaluated for internal consistency, split-half reliability, ceiling
      and floor effects, and construct validity. KEY RESULTS: The BEDQ demonstrated
      excellent internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity. The symptom
      frequency and severity scales scored above the standard acceptable cutoffs for
      reliability while the impaction subscale yielded poor internal consistency and
      split-half reliability; thus the impaction items were deemed qualifiers only and
      removed from the total score. No significant ceiling or floor effects were found
      with the exception of 1 item, and inter-item correlations fell within accepted
      ranges. Construct validity was supported by moderate yet significant correlations
      with other measures. The predictive ability of the BEDQ was small but
      significant. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: The BEDQ represents a rapid, reliable, and
      valid assessment tool for esophageal dysphagia with food impaction for clinical
      practice that differentiates between patients with major motor dysfunction and
      mechanical obstruction.

PMID- 27380835
TI  - An improved model for provision of rural community-based health rehabilitation
      services in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province of South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 1991, Riakona Community Rehabilitation Programme initiated
      community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province.
      Subsequently, the South African government adopted the programme. AIM: The aim of
      the study was to suggest an improvement in the model of providing CBR services.
      SETTING: The study was conducted in six rehabilitation centres located in
      hospitals in the Vhembe District in Limpopo Province of South Africa. METHOD: A
      mixed-mode research design with qualitative and quantitative elements was used to
      conduct the study. Content analysis, the chi-square test for Goodness of Fit and
      the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney non-parametric tests were conducted. RESULTS:
      The key determinants of client satisfaction with the services that the community
      rehabilitation workers rendered included provision of assistive devices and the
      adoption of a holistic approach to their work. Overall, satisfaction per domain
      for each one of the five domains of satisfaction scored less than 90%. More than
      80% of clients were satisfied with empathy (83%) and assurance (80%) domains.
      Tangibles, reliability and responsiveness domains had scores of 78%, 72% and 67%,
      respectively. These results, together with the reasoning map of conceptual
      framework description, were used as the building blocks of the CBR model.
      CONCLUSION: The improved CBR model is useful for putting the programme into
      practice. This is particularly so for the CBR managers in the districts of the
      Limpopo Province.

PMID- 27380836
TI  - Awareness of prevention of teenage pregnancy amongst secondary school learners in
      Makhado municipality.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sexuality plays a very significant role in the lives of both boys and
      girls. It is, therefore, considered important for schools to recognise and accept
      sexuality as part of the development process of the child. Professor Kader Asmal
      (previous South African Minister of Education) suggested that the earlier the
      school begins to teach learners about sexuality, the better because they can be
      easily misled by their peers if proper guidance regarding their sexuality is not
      given. AIM: The current study was conducted to assess the awareness of teenagers
      on the prevention of teenage pregnancy (TP) in six secondary school learners
      situated in the Soutpansberg-West circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo
      province. SETTING: The study was conducted at six secondary schools situated in
      the Soutpansberg-West circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo province in 2014.
      METHODOLOGY: A quantitative descriptive survey study was conducted where data
      were collected, using self-administered questionnaires, from 381 systematically
      sampled participants from six secondary schools situated in the Soutpansberg-West
      circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo province. Data were analysed
      descriptively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)
      software, version 22.0. Necessary approval procedures and ethical clearance were
      obtained prior to data collection. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent of participants
      agreed that TP can be prevented through abstaining from sex, whilst 65% of
      participants agreed that TP could be prevented by using contraceptives such as
      pills and injections. Eighty-three percent of participants agreed that T Pcould
      be prevented through the use of condoms. Seventy-four percent participants
      disagreed that bathing after sex prevents teenage pregnancies. Furthermore, 28%
      participants agreed that TP can be prevented by oral sex. CONCLUSION: The
      conclusion drawn was that learners are aware of the measures for preventing TP.

PMID- 27380837
TI  - Substance use amongst secondary school students in a rural setting in South
      Africa: Prevalence and possible contributing factors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study determined the prevalence of substance abuse amongst
      rural secondary school learners in a selected province of South Africa.
      METHODOLOGY: The study adopted a quantitative approach using a descriptive survey
      design. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from a total
      of 338 randomly selected learners, age 14 to 18 years, from 10 secondary schools
      that make up a rural Vhembedzi circuit in the Limpopo Province. Permission to
      enter the circuit and the schools was obtained from the circuit manager and
      parents' or learners' informed consent was obtained prior to data collection.
      RESULTS: The majority of the participants (94% male, 98% female) had never used
      substances. Most of the learners started using substances between the ages 15 to
      20 years. The majority of learners who were using substances were male. Of the
      respondents, all the female (100%) students reported to have stopped substance
      abuse. The majority (63% male, 50% female) of the learners tried to stop
      substance abuse but failed. Most of the learners (72% male, 71% female) did not
      have family members who were substance users. The majority of the students
      attested that substances can be easily obtained in their communities or villages.
      The majority (68%) of the leaners knew that substance abuse is dangerous to
      health. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Rural secondary school learners in South
      Africa have a low prevalence rate of substance abuse. Hence, there is a need for
      a counselling program in each school to provide support and refer such learners
      to an appropriate institution for rehabilitation.

PMID- 27380838
TI  - Emergency nurses' ways of coping influence their ability to empower women to move
      beyond the oppression of intimate partner violence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Millennium Developmental Goal 3 (MDG 3) aims at enhancing gender
      equity and empowerment of women. Emergency nurses who often encounter women
      injured by their intimate partners are at risk of developing vicarious
      traumatisation, which may influence their ability to empower women to move beyond
      the oppression of intimate partner violence. AIM: This article aims to, (1)
      describe emergency nurses' ways of coping with the exposure to survivors of
      intimate partner violence, and (2) recommend a way towards effective coping that
      will enhance emergency nurses' abilities to empower women to move beyond the
      oppression of intimate partner violence to contribute to the achievement of MDG
      3. SETTING: The study was conducted in emergency units of two public hospitals in
      an urban setting in South Africa. METHOD: A qualitative design and descriptive
      phenomenological method was used. Emergency nurses working in the setting were
      purposively sampled and interviewed. The data were analysed by searching for the
      essence and meaning attached to the exposure of emergency nurses to survivors of
      intimate partner violence. RESULTS: Emergency nurses' coping responses were
      either aimed at avoiding or dealing with their exposure to survivors of intimate
      partner violence. Coping aimed at dealing with the exposure included seeking
      support, emotion regulation and accommodative coping. CONCLUSION: Emergency
      nurses employ either effective or ineffective ways of coping. Less effective ways
      of coping may increase their risk of vicarious and secondary traumatisation,
      which in turn may influence their ability to empower women to move beyond the
      oppression of intimate partner violence.

PMID- 27380839
TI  - Formulating a return-to-work decision for employees with major depressive
      disorders: occupational therapists' experiences.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is worldwide one of the most
      concerning health problems as it is associated with reduced work productivity and
      permanent disability. Occupational therapists are often called upon to make a
      return-to-work decision on employees with MDD in order to facilitate continued
      employment. Sustaining employment is in alignment with achieving the Millennium
      Development Goal 1: Eradicating extreme poverty, as it is known that people
      suffering from mental health disorders are frequently denied employment
      opportunities leading to reduced financial resources and therefore possible
      poverty. AIM: This study described occupational therapists' experiences of
      formulating a return-to workdecision on employees with MDD. It formed part of a
      larger study. SETTING: Occupational therapists working in vocational
      rehabilitation or mental health in South Africa with a postgraduate qualification
      in vocational rehabilitation or mental health participated in the study. METHOD:
      A qualitative research design was used. Two separate focus groups explored 11
      occupational therapists' experiences of formulating a return-to-work decision on
      employees with MDD. Ethics clearance number: S34/2007. RESULTS: Seven themes
      emerged, which were, (1) the biographical profile of the employee, (2) point of
      view of employer, (3) point of view of employee, (4) point of view of
      occupational therapist, (5) declaring the employee as temporary incapacitated,
      (6) declaring the employee as permanently incapacitated and (7) employee's level
      of motivation. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists ought to have sound knowledge,
      skill, experience and the ability to collaborate with employees and employers in
      formulating a return-to-work decision.

PMID- 27380840
TI  - Strategies to sustain a quality improvement initiative in neonatal resuscitation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many neonatal deaths can be prevented globally through effective
      resuscitation. South Africa (SA) committed towards attaining the Millennium
      Development Goal 4 (MDG4) set by the World Health Organization (WHO). However,
      SA's district hospitals have the highest early neonatal mortality rates.
      Modifiable and avoidable causes associated with patient-related, administrative
      and health care provider factors contribute to neonatal mortality. A quality
      improvement initiative in neonatal resuscitation could contribute towards
      decreasing neonatal mortality, thereby contributing towards the attainment of the
      MDG4. AIM: The aim of this study was, (1) to explore and describe the existing
      situation regarding neonatal resuscitation in a district hospital, (2) to develop
      strategies to sustain a neonatal resuscitation quality improvement initiative and
      (3) to decrease neonatal mortality. Changes that occurred and the sustainability
      of strategies were evaluated. SETTING: A maternity section of a district hospital
      in South Africa. METHODS: The National Health Service (NHS) Sustainability Model
      formed the theoretical framework for the study. The Problem Resolving Action
      Research model was applied and the study was conducted in three cycles. Purposive
      sampling was used for the quantitative and qualitative aspects of data
      collection. Data was analysed accordingly. RESULTS: The findings indicated that
      the strategies formulated and implemented to address factors related to neonatal
      resuscitation (training, equipment and stock, staff shortages, staff attitude,
      neonatal transport and protocols) had probable sustainability and contributed
      towards a reduction in neonatal mortality in the setting. CONCLUSION: These
      strategies had the probability of sustainability and could potentially improve
      neonatal outcomes and reduce neonatal mortality to contribute toward South
      Africa's drive to attain the MDG4.

PMID- 27380841
TI  - HIV-positive patients' perceptions of care received at a selected antiretroviral
      therapy clinic in Vhembe district, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients' experiences are a reflection of what has happened during
      the care process and, therefore, provide information about the performance of
      health care professional workers. They refer to the process of care provision at
      the antiretroviral therapy (ART) sites. AIM AND SETTING: This article explored
      the perceptions of HIV-positive patients of care received at the Gateway Clinic
      of the regional hospital that provides antiretroviral treatment in the Vhembe
      district. METHODS: A qualitative, explorative and descriptive design was used. A
      non-probability, convenient sampling method was used to select 20 HIV-positive
      patients who were above 18 years of age. In-depth individual interviews were used
      to collect data. Data were analysed through Tech's open coding method. RESULTS:
      One theme and two sub-themes emerged, namely positive experiences related to the
      environment and attitudes of health professionals, and negative experiences
      concerning the practices by health care providers. CONCLUSION: Patients'
      perceptions of quality of, and satisfaction with, health care may affect health
      outcomes. Recommendations are made to consider, practice and strengthen the
      protocols, the standard operating procedures and the principles of infection
      control in the health facilities.

PMID- 27380842
TI  - Challenges experienced by South Africa in attaining Millennium Development Goals
      4, 5 and 6.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite progress made by other countries worldwide in achieving
      Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4, 5 and 6, South Africa is experiencing a
      challenge in attaining positive outcomes for these goals. OBJECTIVE AND SETTING:
      To describe the challenges experienced by South Africa regarding the successful
      implementation of MDGs 4, 5 and 6. METHODS: An integrative literature review was
      used to identify and synthesise various streams of literature on the challenges
      experienced by South Africa in attaining MDGs 4, 5 and 6. RESULTS: The
      integrative review revealed the following themes: (1) interventions related to
      child mortality reduction, (2) implementation of maternal mortality reduction
      strategies, and (3) identified barriers to zero HIV and TB infections and
      management. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that poverty relief mechanisms be
      intensified to improve the socio-economic status of women. There is a need for
      sectoral planning towards maternal health, and training of healthcare workers
      should emphasise the reduction of maternal deaths. Programmes addressing the
      reduction of maternal and child mortality rates, HIV, STIs and TB need to be put
      in place.

PMID- 27380843
TI  - Male partners' views of involvement in maternal healthcare services at Makhado
      Municipality clinics, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Male partners have a strong influence on pregnant partners' health
      and their access to care. Their involvement is critical in the delivery and
      uptake of maternal healthcare services and improving maternal and child health
      outcomes. AIM: The study sought to determine male partners' views on their
      involvement in maternal healthcare services. SETTING: The Makhado Municipality's
      Kutama, Madombidzha and Vleifontein clinics. METHODS: A qualitative study design,
      which is exploratory, descriptive and contextual in nature, was used. The
      population comprised 15 men whose partners had been pregnant within the last 2
      years. A non-probability, purposive sampling procedure was used. Data were
      collected via in-depth individual interviews using a voice recorder and an
      interview schedule guide. Tesch's open coding method was used to analyse data.
      RESULTS: The findings revealed one major theme, namely that maternal health
      issues are viewed as a woman'sdomain; and three sub-themes: culture and
      participation in childbirth, male partners' employment status, and male partners'
      unwillingness to participate in maternal health issues. CONCLUSIONS: The
      involvement of male partners in maternal healthcare services, and further
      research in promoting this activity, should be proposed to policymakers.

PMID- 27380844
TI  - Challenges faced by professional nurses when implementing the Expanded Programme
      on Immunisation at rural clinics in Capricorn District, Limpopo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immunisation is the cornerstone of primary healthcare. Apart from the
      provision of safe water, immunisation remains the most cost-effective public
      health intervention currently available. Immunisation prevents infectious
      conditions that are debilitating, fatal and have the potential to cause huge
      public health burdens, both financially and socially, in South Africa. AIM: To
      determine the challenges faced by professional nurses when implementing the
      Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) at rural clinics in Capricorn District,
      Limpopo Province, South Africa. SETTING: The study was conducted in selected
      primary healthcare clinics of Capricorn District, Limpopo Province. METHODS: A
      qualitative explorative descriptive contextual research design was used to gather
      data related to the challenges faced by professional nurses when implementing EPI
      at rural clinics in Capricorn District. RESULTS: The findings revealed that
      professional nurses had knowledge of the programme, but that they experienced
      several challenges during implementation of EPI that included staff shortages and
      problems related to maintenance of the vaccines' potency. CONCLUSIONS: The
      Department of Health as well as the nursing administration should monitor
      policies and guidelines, and especially maintenance of a cold chain for vaccines,
      to ensure that they are practised throughout Limpopo Province. The problem of
      staff shortages also needs to be addressed so that the EPI can achieve its
      targeted objectives.

PMID- 27380845
TI  - An exploratory study of the need for curriculum review of Master of Public Health
      Degree at a Rural-based University in South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Master of Public Health (MPH) training programmes were developed
      worldwide in response to the crisis in human resources for health. AIM: To
      determine whether the MPH programme at the selected rural-based university in
      South Africa enabled students to achieve the MPH core competencies relevant for
      Lower Middle Income Countries. SETTING: The study was carried out at a rural
      based University in South Africa. The target population was the 2011 first-year
      cohort of MPH students who by the beginning of 2014 had just completed their
      coursework. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive research
      design was adapted. Eighty-five students were randomly selected to participate in
      the study. A structured questionnaire comprising seven competency clusters was
      developed. The selected students completed a self-administered questionnaire.
      Only those students who signed consent forms participated in this study. The
      questionnaire was tested for construct validity and reliability using 10 students
      with similar characteristics to those sampled for the study. Microsoft Excel
      software was used to analyse the data descriptively in terms of frequency and
      percentages. RESULTS: The students were confident of their competencies regarding
      public health science skills. Amongst these were analytical assessment,
      communication, community and intersectorial competencies as well as ethics.
      However, the students lacked confidence in contextsensitive issues, planning and
      management, research and development, and leadership competencies. Yet the latter
      is the backbone of public health practice. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: There
      is a need for revamping public health curricula. In this respect, a follow-up
      study that builds a deeper understanding of the subject is needed.

PMID- 27380846
TI  - Beliefs and practices of diabetic patients in Vhembe district of Limpopo
      Province.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition affecting over 18
      million people worldwide. It can lead to debilitating complications and premature
      death if not effectively controlled. South Africa, like any sub-Saharan countries
      and the world at large, is no exception. The prevalence of diabetes among South
      African adults has increased by 50% from 2009 to date, and an increase of some 11
      million new diabetes diagnoses is expected by the year 2020. PURPOSE: The purpose
      of this study was to describe the beliefs and management practices of patients
      with DM in Vhembe district, Limpopo province. SETTING: The study was conducted at
      Vhembe district clinics. METHODS: A probability, purposive sampling was used to
      sample 100 diabetic patients. Data were collected using a pre-tested
      questionnaire. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social
      Sciences version 19.0. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, and percentages were
      used to summarise the data from the study. RESULTS: The majority of the
      respondents had poor management practice of feet care and annual eye
      examinations. Twenty four (24.0%) of the respondents believed that DM can be
      cured and 22 (22.0%) did not believe that diet helps in the management of DM.
      CONCLUSION: The belief that DM is curable can have a negative effect as patients
      can quit taking treatment once the disease is under control. This happens
      irrespective of the national guidelines for the management of DM. Therefore, some
      strategies should be sought that could enhance the implementation of the
      guidelines in order to combat the disease.

PMID- 27380847
TI  - Factors affecting integration of midwifery nursing science theory with clinical
      practice in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province as perceived by professional
      midwives.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Professional midwives have an important role to play in midwifery
      training to produce a competent midwife. According to the social learning theory,
      professional midwives act as role models for students. When allocated for
      clinical learning experiences in the training hospitals, students will have the
      opportunity to observe the well-trained, skilled, and experienced professional
      midwives. The whole process will enable students to integrate theory with
      practice and they will become competent. AIM: The aim of this study was to
      determine the factors affecting integration of midwifery nursing science theory
      with clinical practice as perceived by midwives. SETTING: The study was conducted
      at the training hospitals in Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province, South
      Africa. These hospitals were: Donald Fraser, Siloam, and Tshidzini. METHODS: A
      qualitative explorative, descriptive and contextual design was used. A
      Nonprobability, convenient sampling method was used to select 11 midwives from
      the following hospitals: Donald Fraser, Siloam, and Tshidzini, in Vhembe
      district. In-depth individual interviews were conducted. Data were analysed
      through open coding method. RESULT: One theme and five sub-themes emerged from
      the analysed data, namely: shortage of midwives, attitudes towards student
      midwives, reluctance to perform teaching functions, language barriers, and
      declining midwifery practice standards. CONCLUSION: Shortage of midwives in the
      clinical areas led to fewer numbers of mentors whom the students could observe
      and imitate to acquire clinical skills. Some of the midwives were reluctant to
      teach students. Recommendations were made for both training institutions and
      hospitals to employ preceptors for students in the clinical practical.

PMID- 27380848
TI  - Zero new HIV infections: Mission impossible with current perceptions of young
      adults in Vhembe District regarding condom use.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Millennium Development Goal (MDG) number 6, target 6A focuses on
      halting and reversing the spread of HIV by 2015. South Africa is amongst the 189
      countries that are involved in trying to meet the MDGs. In order to try and
      achieve this goal, South Africa, through its HIV and AIDS, STI and TB strategic
      plans has adopted the United Nations vision of 'Zeros', which include zero new
      HIV infections by the year 2015. One of the key interventions for achieving this
      is improvement in access to condoms. AIM: This article reports on perceptions of
      Vhembe District young adults regarding condom use. SETTING: This study was
      conducted in one of the rural clinics in Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province:
      South Africa. METHODS: A quantitative, cross-sectional design approach was
      followed. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to 372
      young adults who came for healthcare services at one of the clinics in Vhembe
      District. RESULTS: The findings indicated that there is a relationship between
      positive perceptions toward condom use and actual condom use. People who have
      positive attitudes toward condoms are also more likely to use them. In contrast,
      people with a negative attitude towards condoms are less likely to use them
      during sexual intercourse. Negative attitudes of health care providers were found
      to be a barrier that prevents sexually active individuals to access condoms in
      primary health care facilities. CONCLUSION: With current peceptions towards
      condom use, Zero new HIV infection will never be achieved. The researcher
      recommends development of strategies for promoting access and correct use of
      condoms.

PMID- 27380849
TI  - Views of teenagers on termination of pregnancy at Muyexe high school in Mopani
      District, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Teenage pregnancy is a global social health concern especially
      because of the HIV and AIDS pandemic, sexually transmitted infections, high rate
      of termination of pregnancy (TOP), adolescents' parenthood and decreased level of
      contraceptives. AIM: To explore the views of teenagers on the TOP at Muyexe high
      school in a rural village of Mopani District, Limpopo Province. SETTING: Muyexe
      high school in a rural village of Mopani District, Limpopo Province, in South
      Africa. METHODOLOGY: A qualitative method using explorative and descriptive
      designs was used to find in-depth description and understanding of teenagers'
      views on TOP. The target population was girls aged 15-19 years at Muyexe high
      school in Mopani District. Non-probability, convenient sampling was used to
      select high school teenage girls who had undergone TOP for the study. Data were
      collected using individual self-report technique (interview). Tesch's eight steps
      of qualitative data analysis were used. Measures to ensure trustworthiness and
      ethical considerations were observed. RESULTS: Two major themes were revealed:
      (1) Views of teenagers regarding TOP (poverty, relationship problems and single
      parenthood, negative impact on the teen's life while attending school) and (2)
      teenager's fears regarding pregnancy (stigma, fear of parents and friends, rape
      and incest and fear of giving birth). CONCLUSION: Majority of participants had
      knowledge about TOP; some had experiences about TOP while others held inadequate
      knowledge. Recommendations were based on the findings by teaching dangers of TOP
      and various contraceptive methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies and TOP.

PMID- 27380850
TI  - Factors contributing to the low uptake of medical male circumcision in Mutare
      Rural District, Zimbabwe.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medical male circumcision (MMC) has become a significant dimension of
      HIV prevention interventions, after the results of three randomised controlled
      trials in Uganda, South Africa and Kenya demonstrated that circumcision has a
      protective effect against contracting HIV of up to 60%. Following recommendations
      by the World Health Organization, Zimbabwe in 2009 adopted voluntary MMC as an
      additional HIV prevention strategy to the existing ABC behaviour change model.
      PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is thus to investigate the factors
      contributing to the low uptake of MMC. METHODS: The study was a quantitative
      cross-sectional survey conducted in Mutare rural district, Zimbabwe.
      Questionnaires with open- and closed-ended questions were administered to the
      eligible respondents. The target population were male participants aged 15-29 who
      met the inclusion criteria. The households were systematically selected with a
      sample size of 234. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to
      analyse the data. RESULTS: Socioculturally, circumcised men are viewed as
      worthless (37%), shameful (30%) and are tainted as promiscuous (20%),
      psychological factors reported were infection and delayed healing (39%), being
      ashamed and dehumanised (58%), stigmatised and discriminated (40.2%) and fear of
      having an erection during treatment period (89.7%) whilst socio-economic factors
      were not having time, as it will take their time from work (58%) and
      complications may arise leading to spending money on treatment (84%). CONCLUSION:
      Knowledge deficits regarding male medical circumcision lead to low uptake,
      education on male medical circumcision and its benefits. Comprehensive sexual
      health education should target men and dispel negative attitudes related to the
      use of health services.

PMID- 27380851
TI  - Factors contributing to men's reluctance to seek HIV counselling and testing at
      Primary Health Care facilities in Vhembe District of South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Voluntary HIV antibody Counselling and Testing (HCT) is a cornerstone
      of HIV prevention in South Africa because it has the potential to prevent HIV
      transmission. The government of South Africa has for a long time been investing
      heavily in fighting the spread of HIV and/or AIDS. However, men rarely utilise
      this service. AIM: The aim of this study was to explore the factors contributing
      to the reluctance of men to seek HCT in the primary health facilities in Vhembe
      District. SETTING: The study was conducted at Vhembe District health offices in
      Limpopo, South Africa. METHODS: A qualitative research design, anchored on semi
      structured interviews as a method of data collection, was used. Fifteen men
      working at Vhembe health offices were purposively sampled. Data were analysed
      using the TECHS's 8 steps method. The approval from Polokwane Provincial offices
      was guaranteed with participants being protected and respected throughout the
      study. RESULTS: The response rate per question was 100% with all 15 participants
      willing to answer all the raised questions though with different views and
      opinions. The majority of the interviewees indicated that they were aware of HCT
      services. Stigma as a societal reaction to disease, governmental policies, and
      attitudinal factors made men refrain from seeking counselling and testing from
      public health facilities. CONCLUSION: There was a high level of HCT awareness
      among men in Vhembe District. However, attitudinal and political barriers,
      stigma, and cultural practices such as circumcision were cited as the reasons for
      the low level utilisation of HCT services.

PMID- 27380852
TI  - Evidence of application of the Basic Antenatal Care principles of good care and
      guidelines in pregnant women's antenatal care records.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Basic Antenatal Care (BANC) is an approach that is used in the public
      health institutions of South Africa to provide health care services to pregnant
      women. The approach was introduced as a quality improvement strategy based on the
      belief that good quality Antenatal Care (ANC) could reduce maternal and perinatal
      mortalities and improve maternal health. AIM: The aim of this study was to
      analyse pregnant women's ANC records for evidence suggesting that the BANC
      principles of good care and guidelines were being applied. SETTING: The study was
      conducted in the 12 primary health care clinics that were providing ANC services
      using the BANC approach in eThekwini district, KwaZulu-Natal. METHODS: A cross
      sectional quantitative design was used to conduct the study. Data were collected
      through retrospective record review of 1200 maternity case records of the
      pregnant women who had attended for ANC services three or more times and was
      analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0.
      RESULTS: The majority of the processes detailed in the guidelines and principles
      of good care were evident in the records. However, several were missing or
      recorded in few reviews. These included the ANC plan, delivery plan, midwives'
      counter signatures on the cards, assessment for foetal congenital abnormalities,
      and consent for HIV testing. CONCLUSION: The study identified evidence of
      incomplete application of the BANC principles of good care and guidelines in
      pregnant women's antenatal care records which indicated that the BANC approach
      was not being successfully implemented. Recommendations were made with regards to
      policy development, institutional management and practise, nursing education, and
      further research to assist in successful implementation of the BANC approach in
      line with the guidelines and principles of good care.

PMID- 27380854
TI  - Self-reported impact of caregiving on voluntary home-based caregivers in Mutale
      Municipality, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The establishment of home-based care (HBC) programmes in developing
      countries has resulted in a shift of burden from hospitals to communities where
      palliative care is provided by voluntary home-based caregivers. AIM: The study
      investigated the impact of caregiving on voluntary home-based caregivers.
      SETTING: The study was conducted at HBC organisations located in Mutale
      Municipality of Limpopo Province, South Africa. METHODS: A quantitative cross
      sectional descriptive survey design was applied to investigate the impact of
      caregiving on voluntary home-based caregivers. The sample was comprised of (N =
      190) home-based caregivers. Home-based caregivers provide care to people in need
      of care in their homes, such as orphans, the elderly and those suffering from
      chronic illnesses such as tuberculosis, HIV and/or AIDS, cancer and stroke. Self
      administered questionnaires were used to collect data which were analysed
      descriptively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software,
      Version 20. RESULTS: The results showed that 101 (53.2%) participants were
      worried about their financial security because they were not registered as
      workers, whilst 74 (39.0%) participants were always worried about getting
      infection from their clients because they often do not have protective equipment.
      CONCLUSION: Voluntary home-based caregivers have an important role in the
      provision of palliative care to people in their own homes, and therefore, the
      negative caregiving impact on the lives of caregivers may compromise the
      provision of quality palliative care.

PMID- 27380853
TI  - The constraints and concerns regarding the size and/or shape of the second
      generation female condom: The narratives from the healthcare providers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the redesigning of the Reality condom (FC) to a new version
      of the second generation female condom commonly known as (FC2), the users are
      persistently constrained and concerned about the size and shape of this new
      version. Condom use is aligned to the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 3, 5 and
      6, which address gender equality, improving maternal health and preventing HIV
      and AIDS. AIM: To explore and describe the constraints and concerns regarding the
      size and/or shape of the FC2. SETTING: The study was conducted at Tshwane health
      district in Gauteng province. METHODS: A qualitative exploratory descriptive
      design was used. Individual in-depth interviews that yielded narratives in a
      designated health district in South Africa were conducted. RESULTS: From the
      analysis of narratives three specific themes emerged. Firstly, the specific theme
      was that the size and shape of FC2 is undesirable for the health care providers,
      which may lead women to contract HIV and AIDS. The second theme was that the size
      and shape of FC2 and female genitals makes insertion complicated and predisposes
      women to be vulnerable in sexual relationships. The third was that the size and
      shape of FC2 results in pain and discomfort during coitus, exposing women to
      unwanted pregnancies and HIV and AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated the
      need for an evocative collaborative, interdisciplinary 'walk the talk' sexual
      health and AIDS education training programme for health care providers in primary
      health care facilities. Such programmes, if maintained, may assist health care
      providers to achieve the MDG 3, 5 and 6.

PMID- 27380855
TI  - Factors influencing weight control practices amongst the adolescent girls in
      Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of overweight is increasing amongst adolescents in many
      countries around the world. Healthy and unhealthy weight control practices are
      common amongst overweight and non-overweight adolescents. AIM: The aim of this
      study was to explore factors influencing weight control practices amongst
      adolescent girls. SETTING: The study was conducted at selected secondary schools
      of Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. METHODS: A qualitative,
      exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was used. Nonprobability,
      purposive sampling was used to select adolescents who are practicing weight
      control. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 participants. Data were
      analysed according to Tesch's open-coding method. RESULTS: This study revealed
      that adolescent girls are influenced by a variety of factors to control their
      weights. These included individual factors, such as body image dissatisfaction;
      family factors, caused by parental criticism about adolescent weight; and
      environmental factors, which contain peer group endorsement of dieting.
      CONCLUSION: Adolescents are exposed to many unhealthy weight control practices,
      as a way of controlling excess weight. So it is of importance for healthcare
      providers to make them aware of healthy practices.

PMID- 27380856
TI  - Perceptions and experiences of allopathic health practitioners on collaboration
      with traditional health practitioners in post-apartheid South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The indigenous health system was perceived to be a threat to the
      allopathic health system. It was associated with 'witchcraft', and actively
      discouraged, and repressed through prohibition laws. The introduction of the
      Traditional Health Practitioners Act No 22 of 2007 brought hope that those
      centuries of disrespect for traditional health systems would change. The study
      examined the perceptions and experiences of allopathic health practitioners on
      collaboration with traditional health practitioners in post-apartheid South
      Africa. METHODS: Qualitative descriptive research methodology was used to collect
      data from allopathic health practitioners employed by Limpopo's Department of
      Health. In-depth focus group discussions and meetings were conducted between
      January and August 2014. Perceptions and experiences of working with traditional
      health practitioners were explored. Ethical clearance was obtained from the
      University of Pretoria and approval from the Department's Research Committee.
      RESULTS: Dominant views were that the two health systems were not compatible with
      respect to the science involved and the source of knowledge. Overall, quality of
      health care will be compromised if traditional health practitioners are allowed
      to work in public health facilities. CONCLUSION: Allopathic health practitioners
      do not appear ready to work with traditional health practitioners, citing
      challenges of quality of health care, differences regarding concept of sciences
      and source of knowledge; and lack of policy on collaboration. Lack of exposure to
      traditional medicine seems to impede opportunities to accept and work with
      traditional healers. Exposure and training at undergraduate level regarding the
      traditional health system is recommended. Policy guidelines on collaborations are
      urgently required.

PMID- 27380857
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding cervical cancer prevention at
      Thulamela Municipality of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a widespread and often fatal disease that affected
      1 million women globally in 2005. Not only is it the second most common cancer in
      women but it was also the second leading cause of cancer deaths, accounting for
      over 250 000 in 2006. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to assess the
      knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding cervical cancer prevention among
      rural women in Vhembe District in Limpopo Province. METHODOLOGY: A quantitative
      descriptive approach was adopted. The quantitative design enabled the discovery
      of more information by means of direct questioning of a sample of women aged 30
      years and older. A convenience sampling was used to select the respondents. Data
      were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Measures to
      ensure ethical issues were adhered to. RESULTS: The findings revealed that women
      lacked knowledge about cervical cancer and preventive methods, and displayed
      positive attitudes to the use of services if made available as health workers did
      not adequately inform them about the availability of the services. CONCLUSION:
      The awareness of cervical cancer among women in Vhembe District is limited. There
      is a need to educate and promote awareness of cervical cancer among women to
      reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality.

PMID- 27380858
TI  - Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV and AIDS patients at the Kwa-Thema
      clinic in Gauteng Province, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has shown reduction in
      HIV-related mortality and morbidity in people living with HIV and AIDS. Since
      high levels of adherence of more than 95.0% is required to achieve effective
      suppression of viral load, researchers found it important to establish whether
      people are pursuing what is expected of them. AIM AND SETTING: The study was
      aimed at determining adherence to ART among HIV and AIDS patients at the Kwa
      Thema clinic in Gauteng Province. METHODS: Quantitative cross-sectional
      descriptive design was used. Ethical clearance was sort from MEDUNSA Research
      Ethics Committee. Validity and reliability were maintained throughout the study.
      A non-probability systematic sampling was used. Data were collected using
      administered structured questionnaire, and a total of 290 respondents were
      involved. Data were analysed using SPSS software version 22. RESULTS: The
      findings indicated that the adherence to ART was 77.0%. Factors that were
      significantly associated with adherence were gender ( chi2 = 3.78, df = 1, p <
      0.05), level of education ( chi2 = 3.52, df = 3, p = 0.032), co-treatment of HIV
      and other infections ( chi2 = 5.46, df = 4, p = 0.019), ability to follow ART (
      chi2 = 12.82, df = 1, p = 0.000 < 0.05), and types of antiretroviral drugs.
      RECOMMENDATION: The study recommends intensification of health education campaign
      against stigma and gender discrimination. Providing feedback to patients
      regarding benefits of ART is important. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that
      adherence to ART at the Kwa-Thema clinic was suboptimal (less than 95%) at 77%,
      but comparable with the adherence levels in other developing countries.

PMID- 27380859
TI  - Survey of bar-lounges and restaurants regarding compliance with the current smoke
      free regulation in Thulamela Municipality, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Tobacco Products Control Act, No. 83 of 1993 was introduced in
      South Africa in 1993. Due to the shortfalls of the 1993 Act, the Tobacco Products
      Control Amendment Act, No. 12 of 1999 was passed in 1999. The regulation relating
      to smoking of tobacco products in public places was gazetted in 2000 and
      implemented in 2001. SETTING: The setting for the study was all selected
      registered licensed bar-lounges including restaurants within the municipality.
      PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To examine compliance levels with the current smoke-free
      regulation at bar-lounges and restaurants in Thulamela Municipality. OBJECTIVES
      OF THE STUDY: To observe whether structural alterations had been effected to
      accommodate smoking patrons. To observe whether tobacco-related litter was
      present in nonsmoking areas and in the outdoor areas within 5 meters of windows
      and entry ways. To observe whether individuals or groups engaged in smoking in
      non-smoking areas. METHODS: An observational survey was conducted to measure the
      level of compliance by lounges and restaurants in Thulamela Municipality. A
      convenience sampling method was used to sample 56 bar-lounges, including
      restaurants. Data were collected using an observation log. Collected data were
      analysed using SPSS 20.0. RESULTS: The study findings noted low compliance with
      the legislation with only one establishment (1.8%) complying with the
      requirements of the legislation. CONCLUSION: The level of compliance with the
      legislation is in a very low state in Thulamela Municipality. Further research is
      needed to explore factors influencing non-compliance with the regulation.

PMID- 27380860
TI  - Assessment of learners' exposure to health education and promotion at school in
      the Limpopo Province of South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: School participation and educational attainment among adolescents
      have been rising rapidly in the developing world. Thus, to attain Millennium
      Development Goal 6 (Combat HIV and/or AIDs, malaria and other diseases), it is
      crucial to seize the opportunity to educate and encourage teenagers about healthy
      choices and proper social behaviours that will continue into adulthood. AIM: This
      study aimed to assess the exposure of rural secondary school learners to health
      education and promotion at schools in the Limpopo Province of South Africa.
      SETTING: This study was carried out at 10 secondary schools in Vhumbedzi
      educational circuit. METHODOLOGY: The study adopted a cross-sectional
      quantitative approach. Data were collected from 338 randomly selected learners
      from 10 secondary schools that make up a rural Vhumbedzi circuit in the Limpopo
      province. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. RESULTS:
      The findings showed that, 102 (66.07%) male and 121 (67.60%) female learners
      reported that they were taught about physical changes that occur during
      adolescence. In the same vein, most of the participants (n = 128, 84.39%) and (n
      = 152, 85.39%) males and females respectively claimed to have been taught about
      sexually transmitted diseases. CONCLUSION: In this study the secondary schools in
      the Limpopo Province of South Africa are making efforts to uphold and expose
      their learners to health education and promotion at school.Keyword: Health
      education and promotion, adolescents, school, learners.

PMID- 27380861
TI  - Development and validation of multivariable predictive model for thromboembolic
      events in lymphoma patients.
AB  - Lymphoma patients are at increased risk of thromboembolic events but
      thromboprophylaxis in these patients is largely underused. We sought to develop
      and validate a simple model, based on individual clinical and laboratory patient
      characteristics that would designate lymphoma patients at risk for thromboembolic
      event. The study population included 1,820 lymphoma patients who were treated in
      the Lymphoma Departments at the Clinics of Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia
      and Clinical Center Kragujevac. The model was developed using data from a
      derivation cohort (n = 1,236), and further assessed in the validation cohort (n =
      584). Sixty-five patients (5.3%) in the derivation cohort and 34 (5.8%) patients
      in the validation cohort developed thromboembolic events. The variables
      independently associated with risk for thromboembolism were: previous venous
      and/or arterial events, mediastinal involvement, BMI>30 kg/m(2) , reduced
      mobility, extranodal localization, development of neutropenia and hemoglobin
      level < 100g/L. Based on the risk model score, the population was divided into
      the following risk categories: low (score 0-1), intermediate (score 2-3), and
      high (score >3). For patients classified at risk (intermediate and high-risk
      scores), the model produced negative predictive value of 98.5%, positive
      predictive value of 25.1%, sensitivity of 75.4%, and specificity of 87.5%. A high
      risk score had positive predictive value of 65.2%. The diagnostic performance
      measures retained similar values in the validation cohort. Developed prognostic
      Thrombosis Lymphoma - ThroLy score is more specific for lymphoma patients than
      any other available score targeting thrombosis in cancer patients. Am. J.
      Hematol. 91:1014-1019, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 27380862
TI  - Clinical efficacy and safety of 20% glycolic peel, 15% lactic peel, and topical
      20% vitamin C in constitutional type of periorbital melanosis: a comparative
      study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Periorbital Melanosis (POM) is a very common esthetic condition,
      yet there is no definite treatment modality. Topical therapy is the mainstay of
      treatment which includes chemical peels, vitamin C, and other depigmenting
      agents. OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 20%
      glycolic acid peels, 15% lactic acid peels, and topical 20% vitamin C in
      treatment of constitutional type of POM in Indian patients. METHOD: Ninety
      patients of constitutional POM were enrolled for 12 weeks. The patients were
      distributed into three groups. One-third of patients underwent 3-weekly GA peel,
      another one-third underwent 3-weekly lactic peel, and rest applied vitamin C
      daily. Clinical improvement was assessed objectively using POM grading. Patient's
      and physicians global assessment along with patient's global tolerance was also
      evaluated. RESULTS: More than 50% improvement in POM was observed in 73.34% of
      patients on GA peel, 56.67% on lactic peel, and 26.67% on vitamin C. On comparing
      improvement with respect to duration of therapy, GA peel was significantly more
      effective than lactic peel from 12 weeks onward, while it was more effective than
      vitamin C from 6 weeks onward. Lactic peel was more effective than vitamin C from
      6 weeks onward. Physician and patient global assessment was excellent with
      glycolic peel followed by lactic peel and vitamin C. The incidence of adverse
      effect was maximum with GA peel followed by lactic peel and vitamin C.
      CONCLUSION: Glycolic peel was best among the three modalities, although it was
      associated with increased rate of side effects.

PMID- 27380863
TI  - A call for research in early intervention and biological changes during the
      course of affective disorders: a comment on the review by Robert M. Post.

PMID- 27380864
TI  - Protocol for Autologous Fat Grafting for Immediate Reconstruction of Lumpectomy
      Defects Following Surgery for Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For women undergoing breast conservative surgery or lumpectomy for
      early stage breast carcinoma, there are limited options for reconstruction.
      Options include the use of flap surgery and/or implants, and have a significant
      associated morbidity and cost. Autologous fat grafting is a new alternative that
      can achieve a good cosmetic result, while reducing patient morbidity and cost by
      avoiding more extensive surgery. OBJECTIVE: The primary objectives are to assess
      patient satisfaction using the Breast-Q questionnaire and to evaluate fat graft
      volume. The secondary objectives are fat survival and assessment for complication
      (eg, fat necrosis, cysts), local recurrence, and the number of sessions needed
      for a satisfactory outcome. METHODS: This study is a case series of 100 patients,
      at a single-center institute spanning one year. The inclusion criteria include:
      female sex, age 18 to 75, early state breast cancer (confirmed on ultrasound/
      positron emission tomography-computed tomography and cytology), amenable to
      breast conservative surgery, and at least 6 months post-completion of
      radiotherapy/ hormone/chemotherapy. Exclusion criteria include patients with more
      advanced stages of breast cancer necessitating total mastectomy, those unsuitable
      for surgical excision, and those in whom lumpectomy is not feasible. The patients
      will have follow-up data collected at 6 months, 12 months and 5 years post
      operatively. RESULTS: This study will begin enrolment in January 2017. We
      anticipate that there will be good patient satisfaction with fat grafting. The
      risk for long-term breast cancer recurrence hasn't been evaluated extensively in
      literature, however some clinical studies have shown no increased risk of breast
      cancer in appropriately selected patients at one year. Although some patients may
      develop complications from fat grafting (eg, necrosis/cysts) this should not
      confuse the radiological detection of breast cancer recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Fat
      grafting is proving to be a viable option for reconstruction of lumpectomy
      defects with good patient satisfaction. The heterogeneous methods of reporting
      the harvesting of fat in literature may account for the variable outcomes
      described, and makes it difficult to compare results with similar studies. The
      long-term risk of breast cancer recurrence with fat grafting for lumpectomy
      defects is unknown.

PMID- 27380865
TI  - Self-Sufficient Formaldehyde-to-Methanol Conversion by Organometallic
      Formaldehyde Dismutase Mimic.
AB  - The catalytic networks of methylotrophic organisms, featuring redox enzymes for
      the activation of one-carbon moieties, can serve as great inspiration in the
      development of novel homogeneously catalyzed pathways for the interconversion of
      C1 molecules at ambient conditions. An imidazolium-tagged arene-ruthenium complex
      was identified as an effective functional mimic of the bacterial formaldehyde
      dismutase, which provides a new and highly selective route for the conversion of
      formaldehyde to methanol in absence of any external reducing agents. Moreover,
      secondary amines are reductively methylated by the organometallic dismutase mimic
      in a redox self-sufficient manner with formaldehyde acting both as carbon source
      and reducing agent. 

PMID- 27380866
TI  - Synthesis and immunological evaluation of MUC1 glycopeptide conjugates bearing N
      acetyl modified STn derivatives as anticancer vaccines.
AB  - Glycoprotein MUC1 is an attractive target for anti-tumor vaccine development.
      However, the weak immunogenicity of MUC1 remains a significant problem. To solve
      this problem, several STn derivatives with N-acetyl modifications were
      synthesized and incorporated into a 20-amino acid MUC1 tandem repeat sequence.
      The modified STn-MUC1 glycopeptides were further connected to a carrier protein
      keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The immunological effects of these synthetic
      vaccine conjugates were evaluated using the BALB/c mouse model. The results
      showed that vaccine V2 elicited higher titers of antibodies which cross-reacted
      with the native STn-MUC1 antigen. Moreover, the elicited antisera reacted with
      the STn-MUC1 antigen-positive tumor cells, indicating that the carbohydrate
      antigen modification strategy may hold potential to overcome the weak
      immunogenicity of natural MUC1 glycopeptides. 

PMID- 27380867
TI  - Gated-sted microscopy with subnanosecond pulsed fiber laser for reducing
      photobleaching.
AB  - The spatial resolution of a stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscope is
      theoretically unlimited and practically determined by the signal-to-noise ratio.
      Typically, an increase of the STED beam's power leads to an improvement of the
      effective resolution. However, this improvement may vanish because an increased
      STED beam's power is often accompanied by an increased photobleaching, which
      worsen the effective resolution by reducing the signal strength. A way to lower
      the photobleaching in pulsed STED (P-STED) implementations is to reduce the peak
      intensity lengthening the pulses duration (for a given average STED beam's
      power). This also leads to a reduction of the fluorophores quenching, thus a
      reduction of the effective resolution, but the time-gated detection was proved to
      be successful in recovering these reductions. Here we demonstrated that a
      subnanosecond fiber laser beam (pulse width ~600 ps) reduces the photobleaching
      with respect to a traditional stretched hundreds picosecond (~200 ps) beam
      provided by a Ti:Sapphire laser, without any effective spatial resolution lost. 

PMID- 27380868
TI  - Persistence of aroma volatiles in the oral and nasal cavities: real-time
      monitoring of decay rate in air exhaled through the nose and mouth.
AB  - The persistence of aroma compounds in breath after swallowing is an important
      attribute of the overall aroma experience during eating and drinking. It is
      mainly related to the coating of the oral tract with food residues and the
      interaction between volatile compounds and airway mucosa. We have studied the
      persistence of eight compounds (2,5-dimethylpyrazine, guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol,
      phenylethylalcohol, ethylbutanoate, ethyloctanoate, isoamylacetate and 2
      heptanone) both in-nose and in-mouth after administration of volatiles in gas
      phase (vapor) to five different panelists. By using volatiles in the gas phase,
      only the interaction with the mucosa is highlighted and the formation of a liquid
      coating in the oral and tracheal airway is avoided. The physicochemical
      properties of the compounds, mainly polarity and vapor pressure, determine the
      interactions of the volatiles with the airway mucosa. The use of different
      breathing protocols allowed the study of the differences between nasal and oral
      mucosa in volatile retention, with higher persistence of volatiles obtained in
      mouth. Initial concentration also affected persistence, but only for compounds
      with high volatility and at low concentration.

PMID- 27380869
TI  - Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Axillary Brachial Plexus Block for Analgesia During
      Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Dialysis Access.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound (US)-guided axillary
      brachial plexus block (ABPB) for analgesia during percutaneous transluminal
      angioplasty (PTA) for dialysis access. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients
      who underwent PTA for stenotic dialysis access shunts and who had previous
      experience of PTA without sedation, analgesia, and anesthesia were included. The
      access type in all patients was native arteriovenous fistulae in the forearm. Two
      radiologists performed US-guided ABPB for the radial and musculocutaneous nerves
      before PTA. The patients' pain scores were evaluated using a visual analog scale
      (VAS) after PTA, and these were compared with previous sessions without US-guided
      ABPB. The patient's motor/sensory paralysis after PTA was also examined. RESULTS:
      The mean time required to achieve US-guided ABPB was 8 min. The success rate of
      this procedure was 100 %, and there were no significant complications. All 21
      patients reported lower VAS with US-guided ABPB as compared to without the block
      (p < 0.01). All patients expressed the desire for an ABPB for future PTA
      sessions, if required. Transient motor paralysis occurred in 8 patients, but
      resolved in all after 60 min. CONCLUSION: US-guided ABPB is feasible and
      effective for analgesia in patients undergoing PTA for stenotic dialysis access
      sites. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 4 (case series).

PMID- 27380870
TI  - Early Enlargement of Aneurysmal Sac and Separation of EndoBags of Nellix
      Endovascular Aneurysm Sealing System as Signs of Increased Risk of Later Aneurysm
      Rupture.
AB  - Nellix Endovascular Aneurysm Sealing (EVAS) system is a new concept and
      technology of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Elective EVAS using Nellix
      device was performed for a 83-year-old man with AAA. 2-month post-EVAS CTA
      surveillance demonstrated mild enlargement of aneurysmal sac and separation of
      the EndoBags, but without detectable endoleak. The patient developed sudden AAA
      rupture with retroperitoneal hematoma at about 4 months after EVAS. We postulated
      that early enlargement of aneurysmal sac and separation of EndoBags of Nellix
      devices after EVAS, even without detectable endoleak, might indicate significant
      aneurysmal wall weakening with increased risk of later AAA rupture. To the best
      of the authors' knowledge, this was the first reported case of aortic rupture
      after EVAS without detectable endoleak during and after the procedure.

PMID- 27380871
TI  - Transcatheter Arterial Embolization with a Mixture of Absolute Ethanol and
      Iodized Oil for Poorly Visualized Endophytic Renal Masses Prior to CT-Guided
      Percutaneous Cryoablation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate the feasibility of transcatheter arterial
      embolization (TAE) using a mixture of absolute ethanol and iodized oil to improve
      localization of endophytic renal masses on unenhanced computed tomography (CT)
      prior to CT-guided percutaneous cryoablation (PCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our
      institutional review board approved this retrospective study. From September 2011
      to June 2015, 17 patients (mean age, 66.8 years) with stage T1a endophytic renal
      masses (mean diameter, 26.5 mm) underwent TAE using a mixture of absolute ethanol
      and iodized oil to improve visualization of small and endophytic renal masses on
      unenhanced CT prior to CT-guided PCA. TAE was considered successful that
      accumulated iodized oil depicted whole of the tumor edge on CT. PCA was
      considered successful when the iceball covered the entire tumor with over a 5 mm
      margin. Oncological and renal functional outcomes and complications were also
      evaluated. RESULTS: TAE was successfully performed in 16 of 17 endophytic tumors.
      The 16 tumors were performed under CT-guided PCA with their distinct
      visualization of localization and safe ablated margin. During the mean follow-up
      period of 15.4 +/- 5.1 months, one patient developed local recurrence. Estimated
      glomerular filtration rate declined by 8 % with statistical significance (P =
      0.01). There was no procedure-related significant complication. CONCLUSION: TAE
      using a mixture of absolute ethanol and iodized oil to improve visualization of
      endophytic renal masses facilitated tumor localization on unenhanced CT,
      permitting depiction of the tumor edge as well as a safe margin for ablation
      during CT-guided PCA, with an acceptable decline in renal function.

PMID- 27380873
TI  - Endovascular Repair of a Large Common Femoral Artery Pseudoaneurysm via a
      Retrograde Deep Femoral Arterial Access.

PMID- 27380872
TI  - Improved Visibility of Metastatic Disease in the Liver During Intra-Arterial
      Therapy Using Delayed Arterial Phase Cone-Beam CT.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the visibility of liver metastases on dual-phase cone-beam CT
      (DP-CBCT) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA), with reference to
      preinterventional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) of the
      liver. METHODS: This IRB-approved, retrospective study included 28 patients with
      neuroendocrine (NELM), colorectal (CRCLM), or sarcoma (SLM) liver metastases who
      underwent DP-CBCT during intra-arterial therapy (IAT) between 01/2010 and
      10/2014. DP-CBCT was acquired after a single contrast agent injection in the
      tumor-feeding arteries at early and delayed arterial phases (EAP and DAP). The
      visibility of each lesion was graded by two radiologists in consensus on a three
      rank scale (complete, partial, none) on DP-CBCT and DSA images using CE-MRI as
      reference. RESULTS: 47 NELM, 43 CRCLM, and 16 SLM were included. On DSA 85.1,
      44.1, and 37.5 % of NELM, CRCLM, and SLM, were at least partially depicted,
      respectively. EAP-CBCT yielded significantly higher sensitivities of 88.3 and
      87.5 % for CRCLM and SLM, respectively (p < 0.01), but not for NELM (89.4 %; p =
      1.0). On DAP-CBCT all NELM, CRCLM, and SLM were visible (p < 0.001). Complete
      depiction was achieved on DSA for 59.6, 16.3, and 18.8 % of NELM, CRCLM, and SLM,
      respectively. The complete depiction rate on EAP-CBCT was significantly higher
      for CRCLM (46.5 %; p < 0.001), lower for NELM (40.4 %; p = 0.592), and similar
      for SLM (25 %, p = 0.399). On DAP-CBCT however, the highest rates of complete
      depiction were found-NELM (97.8 %; p = 0.008), CRCLM (95.3 %; p = 0.008), and SLM
      (100 %; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: DAP-CBCT substantially improved the visibility of
      liver metastases during IAT. Future studies need to evaluate the clinical impact.

PMID- 27380874
TI  - Impact of intratumoural heterogeneity on the assessment of Ki67 expression in
      breast cancer.
AB  - In breast cancer (BC), the prognostic value of Ki67 expression is well
      documented. Intratumoural heterogeneity (ITH) of Ki67 expression is amongst the
      several technical issues behind the lag of its inclusion into BC prognostic work
      up. The immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of anti-Ki67 antibody (MIB1 clone)
      was assessed in four full-face (FF) sections from different primary tumour blocks
      and their matched axillary nodal (LN) metastases in a series of 55 BC. Assessment
      was made using the highest expression hot spots (HS), lowest expression (LS), and
      overall/average expression scores (AS) in each section. Heterogeneity score
      (Hes), co-efficient of variation, and correlation co-efficient were used to
      assess the levels of Ki67 ITH. Ki67 HS, LS, and AS scores were highly variable
      within the same section and between different sections of the primary tumour,
      with maximal variation observed in the LS (P < 0.001). The least variability
      between the different slides was observed with HS scoring. Although the
      associations between Ki67 and clinicopathological and molecular variables were
      similar when using HS or AS, the best correlation between AS and HS was observed
      in tumours with high Ki67 expression only. Ki67 expression in LN deposits was
      less heterogeneous than in the primary tumours and was perfectly correlated with
      the HS Ki67 expression in the primary tumour sections (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). In
      conclusion, assessment of Ki67 expression using HS scoring method on a full-face
      BC tissue section can represent the primary tumour growth fraction that is likely
      to metastasise. The association between Ki67 expression pattern in the LN
      metastasis and the HS in the primary tumour may reflect the temporal
      heterogeneity through clonal expansion.

PMID- 27380875
TI  - Ligation-free ribosome profiling of cell type-specific translation in the brain.
AB  - Ribosome profiling has emerged as a powerful tool for genome-wide measurements of
      translation, but library construction requires multiple ligation steps and
      remains cumbersome relative to more conventional deep-sequencing experiments. We
      report a new, ligation-free approach to ribosome profiling that does not require
      ligation. Library construction for ligation-free ribosome profiling can be
      completed in one day with as little as 1 ng of purified RNA footprints. We apply
      ligation-free ribosome profiling to mouse brain tissue to identify new patterns
      of cell type-specific translation and test its ability to identify translational
      targets of mTOR signaling in the brain.

PMID- 27380876
TI  - Multihost Bartonella parasites display covert host specificity even when
      transmitted by generalist vectors.
AB  - Many parasites infect multiple sympatric host species, and there is a general
      assumption that parasite transmission between co-occurring host species is
      commonplace. Such between-species transmission could be key to parasite
      persistence within a disease reservoir and is consequently an emerging focus for
      disease control. However, while a growing body of theory indicates the potential
      importance of between-species transmission for parasite persistence, conclusive
      empirical evidence from natural communities is lacking, and the assumption that
      between-species transmission is inevitable may therefore be wrong. We
      investigated the occurrence of between-species transmission in a well-studied
      multihost parasite system. We identified the flea-borne Bartonella parasites
      infecting sympatric populations of Apodemus sylvaticus (wood mice) and Myodes
      glareolus (bank voles) in the UK and confirmed that several Bartonella species
      infect both rodent species. However, counter to previous knowledge, genetic
      characterization of these parasites revealed covert host specificity, where each
      host species is associated with a distinct assemblage of genetic variants,
      indicating that between-species transmission is rare. Limited between-species
      transmission could result from rare encounters between one host species and the
      parasites infecting another and/or host-parasite incompatibility. We investigated
      the occurrence of such encounter and compatibility barriers by identifying the
      flea species associated with each rodent host, and the Bartonella variants
      carried by individual fleas. We found that the majority of fleas were host
      generalists but the assemblage of Bartonella variants in fleas tended to reflect
      the assemblage of Bartonella variants in the host species they were collected
      from, thus providing evidence of encounter barriers mediated by limited between
      species flea transfer. However, we also found several fleas that were carrying
      variants never found in the host species from which they were collected,
      indicating some degree of host-pathogen incompatibility when barriers to
      encounter are overcome. Overall, these findings challenge our default perceptions
      of multihost parasite persistence, as they show that despite considerable
      overlaps in host species ecology, separate populations of the same parasite
      species may circulate and persist independently in different sympatric host
      species. This questions our fundamental understanding of endemic transmission
      dynamics and the control of infection within natural reservoir communities.

PMID- 27380878
TI  - Improved Shock Tube Measurement of the CH4 + Ar = CH3 + H + Ar Rate Constant
      using UV Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy of CH3.
AB  - We report an improved measurement for the rate constant of methane dissociation
      in argon (CH4 + Ar = CH3 + H + Ar) behind reflected shock waves. The experiment
      was conducted using a sub-parts per million sensitivity CH3 diagnostic recently
      developed in our laboratory based on ultraviolet cavity-enhanced absorption
      spectroscopy. The high sensitivity of this diagnostic allowed for measurements of
      quantitatively resolved CH3 time histories during the initial stage of CH4
      pyrolysis, where the reaction system is clean and free from influences of
      secondary reactions and temperature change. This high sensitivity also allowed
      extension of our measurement range to much lower temperatures (<1500 K). The
      current-reflected shock measurements were performed at temperatures between 1487
      and 1866 K and pressures near 1.7 atm, resulting in the following Arrhenius rate
      constant expression for the title reaction: k(1.7 atm) = 3.7 * 10(16) exp(-42 200
      K/T) cm(3)/mol.s, with a 2sigma uncertainty factor of 1.25. The current data are
      in good consensus with various theoretical and review studies, but at the low
      temperature end they suggest a slightly higher (up to 35%) rate constant compared
      to these previous results. A re-evaluation of previous and current experimental
      data in the falloff region was also performed, yielding updated expressions for
      both the low-pressure limit and the high-pressure limit rate constants and
      improved agreement with all existing data. 

PMID- 27380877
TI  - Cancer stem cell mediated acquired chemoresistance in head and neck cancer can be
      abrogated by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 A1 inhibition.
AB  - Chemoresistance leading to disease relapse is one of the major challenges to
      improve outcome in head and neck cancers. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are
      increasingly being implicated in chemotherapy resistance, this study investigates
      the correlation between CSC behavior and acquired drug resistance in in vitro
      cell line models. Cell lines resistant to Cisplatin (Cal-27 CisR, Hep-2 CisR) and
      5FU (Cal-27 5FUR) with high Resistance Indices (RI) were generated (RI >= 3) by
      short-term treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines
      with chemotherapeutic drugs (Cisplatin, Docetaxel, 5FU), using a dose-incremental
      strategy. The cell lines (Cal-27 DoxR, Hep-2 DoxR, Hep-2 5FUR) that showed low
      RI, nevertheless had a high cross resistance to Cisplatin/5FU (P < 0.05). Cal-27
      CisR and DoxR showed 12-14% enrichment of CD44+ cells, while CisR/5FUR showed 4
      6% increase in ALDH1A1+ cells as compared to parental cells (P < 0.05). Increased
      expression of stem cell markers (CD44, CD133, NOTCH1, ALDH1A1, OCT4, SOX2) in
      these cell lines, correlated with enhanced spheroid/colony formation, migratory
      potential, and increased in vivo tumor burden (P < 0.05). Inhibition of ALDH1A1
      in Cal-27 CisR led to down regulation of the CSC markers, reduction in migratory,
      self-renewal and tumorigenic potential (P < 0.05) accompanied by an induction of
      sensitivity to Cisplatin (P < 0.05). Further, ex vivo treatment of explants (n =
      4) from HNSCC patients with the inhibitor (NCT-501) in combination with Cisplatin
      showed a significant decrease in proliferating cells as compared to individual
      treatment (P = 0.001). This study hence suggests an ALDH1A1-driven, CSC-mediated
      mechanism in acquired drug resistance of HNSCC, which may have therapeutic
      implications. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27380879
TI  - Photoresponse of atomically thin MoS2 layers and their planar heterojunctions.
AB  - MoS2 monolayers exhibit excellent light absorption and large thermoelectric
      power, which are, however, accompanied by a very strong exciton binding energy -
      resulting in complex photoresponse characteristics. We study the electrical
      response to scanning photo-excitation on MoS2 monolayer (1L) and bilayer (2L)
      devices, and also on monolayer/bilayer (1L/2L) planar heterojunction and
      monolayer/few-layer/multi-layer (1L/FL/ML) planar double heterojunction devices
      to unveil the intrinsic mechanisms responsible for photocurrent generation in
      these materials and junctions. A strong photoresponse modulation is obtained by
      scanning the position of the laser spot, as a consequence of controlling the
      relative dominance of a number of layer dependent properties, including (i) the
      photoelectric effect (PE), (ii) the photothermoelectric effect (PTE), (iii) the
      excitonic effect, (iv) hot photo-electron injection from metal, and (v) carrier
      recombination. The monolayer and bilayer devices show a peak photoresponse when
      the laser is focused at the source junction, while the peak position shifts to
      the monolayer/few-layer junction in the heterostructure devices. The
      photoresponse is found to be dependent on the incoming light polarization when
      the source junction is illuminated, although the polarization sensitivity
      drastically reduces at the monolayer/few-layer heterojunction. Finally, we
      investigate the laser position dependent transient response of the photocurrent
      to reveal that trapping of carriers in SiO2 at the source junction is a critical
      factor to determine the transient response in 2D photodetectors, and also show
      that, by a systematic device design, such trapping can be avoided in the
      heterojunction devices, resulting in a fast transient response. The insights
      obtained will play an important role in designing a fast 2D TMD based
      photodetector and related optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices. 

PMID- 27380881
TI  - Suppressing disease spreading by using information diffusion on multiplex
      networks.
AB  - Although there is always an interplay between the dynamics of information
      diffusion and disease spreading, the empirical research on the systemic
      coevolution mechanisms connecting these two spreading dynamics is still lacking.
      Here we investigate the coevolution mechanisms and dynamics between information
      and disease spreading by utilizing real data and a proposed spreading model on
      multiplex network. Our empirical analysis finds asymmetrical interactions between
      the information and disease spreading dynamics. Our results obtained from both
      the theoretical framework and extensive stochastic numerical simulations suggest
      that an information outbreak can be triggered in a communication network by its
      own spreading dynamics or by a disease outbreak on a contact network, but that
      the disease threshold is not affected by information spreading. Our key finding
      is that there is an optimal information transmission rate that markedly
      suppresses the disease spreading. We find that the time evolution of the dynamics
      in the proposed model qualitatively agrees with the real-world spreading
      processes at the optimal information transmission rate.

PMID- 27380882
TI  - Comparison of resting and total energy expenditure in peritoneal dialysis
      patients and body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
AB  - Under basal resting conditions muscle metabolism is reduced, whereas metabolism
      increases with physical activity. We wished to determine whether there was an
      association between resting energy expenditure (REE) and total energy expenditure
      (TEE) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and lean body mass (LBM). We
      determined REE and TEE by recently validated equations, using doubly labelled
      isotopic water, and LBM by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. We
      studied 87 patients, 50 male (57.4%), 25 diabetic (28.7%), mean age 60.3+/-17.6
      years, with a median PD treatment of 11.4 (4.7-29.5) months. The mean weight was
      70.1+/-17.7 kg with a REE of 1509+/-245 kcal/day and TEE 1947+/-378 kcal/day. REE
      was associated with body size (weight r=0.78 and body mass index (BMI) r=0.72)
      and body composition (LBM r=0.77, lean body mass index (LBMI) r=0.76, r=0.62),
      all P<0.001). For TEE, there was an association with weight r=0.58, BMI r=0.49
      and body composition (LBM r=0.64, LBMI (r=0.54), all P<0.001). We compared LBMI
      measured by DXA and that estimated by the Boer equation using anthropomorphic
      measurements, which overestimated and underestimated LBM for smaller patients and
      heavier patients, respectively. Muscle metabolism is reduced at rest and
      increases with physical activity. Whereas previous reports based on REE did not
      show any association with LBM, we found an association between both REE and TEE,
      using a recently validated equation derived from dialysis patients, and LBM
      measured by DXA scanning. Estimation of muscle mass from anthropomorphic
      measurements systematically overestimated LBM for small patients and conversely
      underestimated for heavier patients.

PMID- 27380883
TI  - Longitudinal changes in the dietary inflammatory index: an assessment of the
      inflammatory potential of diet over time in postmenopausal women.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) measured at one time
      point is associated with risk of several chronic diseases, but disease risk may
      change with longitudinal changes in DII scores. Data are lacking regarding
      changes in DII scores over time; therefore, we assessed changes in the DII in the
      Women's Health Initiative (WHI). SUBJECTS/METHODS: DII scores were calculated
      using data from repeated food frequency questionnaires in the WHI Observational
      Study (OS; n=76 671) at baseline and year 3, and the WHI Dietary Modification
      trial (DM; n=48482) at three time points. Lower DII scores represent more anti
      inflammatory diets. We used generalized estimating equations to compare mean
      changes in DII over time, adjusting for multiple comparisons, and multivariable
      adjusted linear regression analyses to determine predictors of DII change.
      RESULTS: In the OS, mean DII decreased modestly from -1.14 at baseline to -1.50
      at year 3. In the DM, DII was -1.32 in year 1, -1.60 in year 3 and -1.48 in year
      6 in the intervention arm and was -0.65 in year 1, -0.94 in year 3 and -0.96 in
      year 6 in the control arm. These changes were modified by body mass index,
      education and race/ethnicity. A prediction model explained 22% of the variance in
      the change in DII scores in the OS. CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective
      investigation of postmenopausal women, reported dietary inflammatory potential
      decreased modestly over time. Largest reductions were observed in normal-weight,
      highly educated women. Future research is warranted to examine whether reductions
      in DII are associated with decreased chronic disease risk.

PMID- 27380884
TI  - The prebiotic concept and human health: a changing landscape with riboflavin as a
      novel prebiotic candidate?
AB  - Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota has a critical role in both
      the maintenance of human health and the pathogenesis of many diseases. Modifying
      the colonic microbiota using functional foods has attracted significant research
      effort and product development. The pioneering concept of prebiotics, as
      introduced by Gibson and Roberfroid in the 1990s, emphasized the importance of
      diet in the modulation of the gut microbiota and its relationships to human
      health. Increasing knowledge of the intestinal microbiota now suggests a more
      comprehensive definition. This paper briefly reviews the basics of the prebiotic
      concept with a discussion of recent attempts to refine the concept to open the
      door for novel prebiotic food ingredients, such as polyphenols, minerals and
      vitamins.

PMID- 27380885
TI  - Different displacement of bioimpedance vector due to Ag/AgCl electrode effect.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) is
      increasingly used in clinical research to assess soft tissue hydration. It is
      known that physical characteristics of electrodes, such as low intrinsic
      impedance, low electrode/skin contact impedance and type of gel, affect the
      reliability of noninvasive bioimpedance assessments. The aim of this study was to
      determine the effect of intrinsic impedance of electrode on the bioimpedance
      vector displacement in RXc graph. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The intrinsic impedance is
      measured in nine pregelled disposable Ag/AgCl electrodes usually used for
      bioimpedance measures. The BIVA method is performed on 35 healthy volunteers
      using a 50 kHz phase-sensitive bioimpedance analyzer (BIA 101 Anniversary) with
      the lowest intrinsic impedance electrode and highest. The individual bioimpedance
      vector is plotted on the bivariate normal interval of reference population. The
      differences in the mean bioimpedance vectors obtained with each electrode are
      plotted, with their 95% confidence ellipses, on the dRXc graph. The paired one
      sample Hotelling's T2-test is used to compare the differences of the mean
      bioimpedance vectors. RESULTS: We found large variability in intrinsic resistance
      (11-665 Omega) and reactance (0.25-2.5 Omega) values of the electrodes analyzed
      and significant displacement (P<0.05) of bioimpedance vector positions in healthy
      adults according to the paired one-sample Hotelling's T2-test. CONCLUSIONS: A
      robust study of all physical characteristics of commercial Ag/AgCl electrodes is
      necessary to reach consensus on pregelled Ag/AgCl electrodes valid for
      bioimpedance measurement. This information will enable BIVA users to avoid
      systemic errors when performing BIVA assessments, specifically when these
      measurements are used for clinical interpretations.

PMID- 27380886
TI  - Consumption of soy foods and isoflavones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a pooled
      analysis of three US cohorts.
AB  - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Evidence regarding the consumption of soy foods and
      isoflavones in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is scarce. Our study was
      to evaluate the association between soy food and isoflavone consumption and risk
      of T2D in US men and women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We followed 63 115 women in the
      Nurses' Health Study (1998-2012), 79 061 women in the Nurses' Health Study II
      (1999-2013) and 21 281 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (2002
      2010). Diet was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire and was
      updated every 4 years. Self-reports of incident T2D were confirmed by a validated
      supplementary questionnaire. RESULTS: During 1 966 321 person-years of follow-up,
      9185 incident T2D cases were documented. After multivariate adjustment for
      covariates, consumption of soy foods (tofu and soy milk) was not associated with
      a lower T2D risk. Compared with non-consumers of soy foods, the hazard ratio (HR)
      was 1.00 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93, 1.07) for <1 serving/week and 0.93
      (95% CI: 0.83, 1.03) for ?1 serving/week of soy foods (P for trend=0.14). In
      contrast, intake of total isoflavones was inversely associated with T2D risk.
      Comparing extreme quintiles of isoflavones, the HR was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.96;
      P for trend=0.009). Inverse associations were also found for consumption of major
      individual isoflavones, including daidzein and genistein, with risk of T2D.
      CONCLUSIONS: Intake of isoflavones was associated with a modestly lower T2D risk
      in US men and women who typically consumed low-to-moderate amounts of soy foods.
      These findings warrant replications in other populations with similar soy intake
      levels.

PMID- 27380888
TI  - Dietary diversity decreases the risk of cognitive decline among Japanese older
      adults.
AB  - AIM: To clarify the effectiveness of dietary diversity, calculated by dietary
      records, on cognitive decline. METHODS: Data were derived from the National
      Institute for Longevity Sciences - Longitudinal Study of Aging. Participants
      comprised 298 men and 272 women aged 60-81 years at baseline (second wave) who
      participated in the follow-up study (third to seventh wave) at least once.
      Cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination in all
      study waves. Dietary diversity was determined using the Quantitative Index for
      Dietary Diversity based on a 3-day dietary record in the second wave. Cumulative
      data among participants with a Mini-Mental State Examination score >27 in the
      second wave were analyzed using a generalized estimating equation. Multivariate
      adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for Mini-Mental State
      Examination scores <=27 in each study wave according to a 1 standard deviation
      (increase), or quartiles of the Quantitative Index for Dietary Diversity at
      baseline, were adjusted for sex, age, follow-up time, baseline Mini-Mental State
      Examination score, education, body mass index, annual household income, current
      smoking status, energy intake and disease history. RESULTS: Multivariate adjusted
      odds ratio for a decline in Mini-Mental State Examination score was 0.79 (95% CI
      0.70-0.89; P < 0.001) with a 1 SD increase in dietary diversity score, or 1.00
      (reference), 0.99 (95% CI 0.70-1.43), 0.68 (95% CI 0.46-0.99) and 0.56 (95% CI
      0.38-0.83) according to the lowest through highest quartiles of dietary diversity
      score, respectively (trend P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Daily intake of various kinds
      of food might be a protective factor against cognitive decline in community
      dwelling Japanese older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 937-944.

PMID- 27380889
TI  - Integrated hollow microneedle-optofluidic biosensor for therapeutic drug
      monitoring in sub-nanoliter volumes.
AB  - Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) typically requires painful blood drawn from
      patients. We propose a painless and minimally-invasive alternative for TDM using
      hollow microneedles suitable to extract extremely small volumes (<1 nL) of
      interstitial fluid to measure drug concentrations. The inner lumen of a
      microneedle is functionalized to be used as a micro-reactor during sample
      collection to trap and bind target drug candidates during extraction, without
      requirements of sample transfer. An optofluidic device is integrated with this
      microneedle to rapidly quantify drug analytes with high sensitivity using a
      straightforward absorbance scheme. Vancomycin is currently detected by using
      volumes ranging between 50-100 MUL with a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.35 MUM.
      The proposed microneedle-optofluidic biosensor can detect vancomycin with a
      sample volume of 0.6 nL and a LoD of <100 nM, validating this painless point of
      care system with significant potential to reduce healthcare costs and patients
      suffering.

PMID- 27380887
TI  - Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation during antagonism of DMOG to MnCl2
      induced cytotoxicity in the mouse substantia nigra.
AB  - Exposure to excessive manganese (Mn) causes manganism, a progressive
      neurodegenerative disorder similar to idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). The
      detailed mechanisms of Mn neurotoxicity in nerve cells, especially in
      dopaminergic neurons are not yet fully understood. Meanwhile, it is unknown
      whether there exists a potential antagonist or effective drug for treating neuron
      damage in manganism. In the present study, we report the discovery of an HIF
      prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, DMOG [N-(2-Methoxy-2-oxoacetyl) glycine methyl
      ester], that can partially inhibit manganese toxicity not only in the
      neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y in vitro but also in a mouse model in vivo. A
      genome-wide methylation DNA analysis was performed using microarray
      hybridization. Intriguingly, DNA methylation in the promoter region of 226 genes
      was found to be regulated by MnCl2, while the methylation effects of MnCl2 could
      be restored with combinatorial DMOG treatment. Furthermore, we found that genes
      with converted promoter methylation during DMOG antagonism were associated across
      several categories of molecular function, including mitochondria integrity
      maintain, cell cycle and DNA damage response, and ion transportation.
      Collectively, our results serve as the basis of a mechanism analysis of neuron
      damage in manganism and may supply possible gene targets for clinical therapy.

PMID- 27380890
TI  - Preserved antiviral adaptive immunity following polyclonal antibody immunotherapy
      for severe murine influenza infection.
AB  - Passive immunotherapy may have particular benefits for the treatment of severe
      influenza infection in at-risk populations, however little is known of the impact
      of passive immunotherapy on the formation of memory responses to the virus.
      Ideally, passive immunotherapy should attenuate the severity of infection while
      still allowing the formation of adaptive responses to confer protection from
      future exposure. In this study, we sought to determine if administration of
      influenza-specific ovine polyclonal antibodies could inhibit adaptive immune
      responses in a murine model of lethal influenza infection. Ovine polyclonal
      antibodies generated against recombinant PR8 (H1N1) hemagglutinin exhibited
      potent prophylactic capacity and reduced lethality in an established influenza
      infection, particularly when administered intranasally. Surviving mice were also
      protected against reinfection and generated normal antibody and cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte responses to the virus. The longevity of ovine polyclonal antibodies
      was explored with a half-life of over two weeks following a single antibody
      administration. These findings support the development of an ovine passive
      polyclonal antibody therapy for treatment of severe influenza infection which
      does not affect the formation of subsequent acquired immunity to the virus.

PMID- 27380891
TI  - The Effect of Crystal Face of Fe2O3 on the Electrochemical Performance for
      Lithium-ion Batteries.
AB  - Fe2O3 nanorods exposing (001) and (010) plane as well as Fe2O3 nanosheets
      exposing (001) plane have been successfully synthesized. Fe2O3 nanosheets exhibit
      better cycle performance and rate capabilities than that of Fe2O3 nanorods. The
      discharge capacity of Fe2O3 nanosheets can stabilize at 865 mAh/g at the rate of
      0.2 C (1C = 1000 mA/g) and 570 mAh/g at the rate of 1.2 C after 80 cycles, which
      increased by 90% and 79% compared with 456 mAh/g and 318 mAh/g of Fe2O3 nanorods.
      In comparison with (010) plane, the (001) plane of hematite possesses larger
      packing density of Fe(3+) and O(2-), which is responsible for the superior
      electrochemical performances of Fe2O3 nanosheets than that of Fe2O3 nanorods. In
      addition, potentiostatic intermittent titration (PITT) results show the diffusion
      coefficients of Li(+) (DLi) of Fe2O3 nanosheets is higher than that of Fe2O3
      nanorods. The higher diffusion coefficients of Li(+) is favorable for the
      excellent lithium-storage capabilities and rate capability of Fe2O3 nanosheets.
      Inspired by our results, we can design and synthesize Fe2O3 or other electrodes
      with high performances according to their structure features in future.

PMID- 27380893
TI  - Hydrogen Sulfide Promotes Surface Insertion of Hippocampal AMPA Receptor GluR1
      Subunit via Phosphorylating at Serine-831/Serine-845 Sites Through a
      Sulfhydration-Dependent Mechanism.
AB  - AIMS: Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has been widely accepted as a gas neuromodulator to
      regulate synaptic function. Herein, we set out to determine the effect of H2 S on
      alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and its
      mechanism. METHODS: BS(3) protein cross-linking, Western blot, patch clamp, and
      biotin-switch assay. RESULTS: Bath application of H2 S donor NaHS (50 and 100
      MUM) rapidly promoted surface insertion of hippocampal AMPAR GluR1 subunit. This
      effect can be abolished by dithiothreitol (DTT) and mimicked by Na2 S4 ,
      indicating that a sulfhydration-dependent mechanism may be involved. NaHS
      increased APMAR-mediated EPSC and led to an elevation of GluR2-lacking AMPAR
      content. Notably, NaHS did not increase the sulfhydration of AMPAR subunits, but
      it significantly increased the phosphorylation of GluR1 at serine-831 and serine
      845 sites. Postsynaptic signal pathways that control GluR1 phosphorylation, such
      as protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinases II (CaMKII), were sulfhydrated, activated by NaHS, and these
      effects can be occluded by DTT. H2 S increased S-sulfhydration of protein
      phosphatase type 2A (PP2A), which may be partially involved in the activation of
      signal pathways. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that H2 S promotes surface
      insertion of AMPARs via phosphorylation of GluR1, which depends on a
      sulfhydration-mediated mechanism.

PMID- 27380892
TI  - Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection in Primary Human
      Macrophages; Balancing Higher Fusion against Antiviral Responses.
AB  - The dogma is that the human immune system protects us against pathogens. Yet,
      several viruses, like dengue virus, antagonize the hosts' antibodies to enhance
      their viral load and disease severity; a phenomenon called antibody-dependent
      enhancement of infection. This study offers novel insights in the molecular
      mechanism of antibody-mediated enhancement (ADE) of dengue virus infection in
      primary human macrophages. No differences were observed in the number of bound
      and internalized DENV particles following infection in the absence and presence
      of enhancing concentrations of antibodies. Yet, we did find an increase in
      membrane fusion activity during ADE of DENV infection. The higher fusion activity
      is coupled to a low antiviral response early in infection and subsequently a
      higher infection efficiency. Apparently, subtle enhancements early in the viral
      life cycle cascades into strong effects on infection, virus production and immune
      response. Importantly, and in contrast to other studies, the antibody-opsonized
      virus particles do not trigger immune suppression and remain sensitive to
      interferon. Additionally, this study gives insight in how human macrophages
      interact and respond to viral infections and the tight regulation thereof under
      various conditions of infection.

PMID- 27380895
TI  - Pronounced genetic differentiation and recent secondary contact in the mangrove
      tree Lumnitzera racemosa revealed by population genomic analyses.
AB  - Systematically investigating the impacts of Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations on
      mangrove plants may provide a better understanding of their demographic history
      and useful information for their conservation. Therefore, we conducted population
      genomic analyses of 88 nuclear genes to explore the population dynamics of a
      mangrove tree Lumnitzera racemosa across the Indo-West Pacific region. Our
      results revealed pronounced genetic differentiation in this species between the
      populations from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, which may be
      attributable to the long-term isolation between the western and eastern coasts of
      the Malay Peninsula during sea-level drops in the Pleistocene glacial periods.
      The mixing of haplotypes from the two highly divergent groups was identified in a
      Cambodian population at almost all 88 nuclear genes, suggesting genetic admixture
      of the two lineages at the boundary region. Similar genetic admixture was also
      found in other populations from Southeast Asia based on the Bayesian clustering
      analysis of six nuclear genes, which suggests extensive and recent secondary
      contact of the two divergent lineages in Southeast Asia. Computer simulations
      indicated substantial migration from the Indian Ocean towards the South China
      Sea, which likely results in the genetic admixture in Southeast Asia.

PMID- 27380894
TI  - MBTPS2 mutations cause defective regulated intramembrane proteolysis in X-linked
      osteogenesis imperfecta.
AB  - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a collagen-related bone dysplasia. We identified
      an X-linked recessive form of OI caused by defects in MBTPS2, which encodes site
      2 metalloprotease (S2P). MBTPS2 missense mutations in two independent kindreds
      with moderate/severe OI cause substitutions at highly conserved S2P residues.
      Mutant S2P has normal stability, but impaired functioning in regulated
      intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) of OASIS, ATF6 and SREBP transcription factors,
      consistent with decreased proband secretion of type I collagen. Further,
      hydroxylation of the collagen lysine residue (K87) critical for crosslinking is
      reduced in proband bone tissue, consistent with decreased lysyl hydroxylase 1 in
      proband osteoblasts. Reduced collagen crosslinks presumptively undermine bone
      strength. Also, proband osteoblasts have broadly defective differentiation. These
      mutations provide evidence that RIP plays a fundamental role in normal bone
      development.

PMID- 27380896
TI  - Definition of a Skp2-c-Myc Pathway to Expand Human Beta-cells.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by insulin resistance and reduced
      functional beta-cell mass. Developmental differences, failure of adaptive
      expansion and loss of beta-cells via beta-cell death or de-differentiation have
      emerged as the possible causes of this reduced beta-cell mass. We hypothesized
      that the proliferative response to mitogens of human beta-cells from T2D donors
      is reduced, and that this might contribute to the development and progression of
      T2D. Here, we demonstrate that the proliferative response of human beta-cells
      from T2D donors in response to cdk6 and cyclin D3 is indeed dramatically
      impaired. We show that this is accompanied by increased nuclear abundance of the
      cell cycle inhibitor, p27(kip1). Increasing nuclear abundance of p27(kip1) by
      adenoviral delivery decreases the proliferative response of beta-cells from non
      diabetic donors, mimicking T2D beta-cells. However, while both p27(kip1) gene
      silencing and downregulation by Skp2 overexpression increased similarly the
      proliferative response of human beta-cells, only Skp2 was capable of inducing a
      significant human beta-cell expansion. Skp2 was also able to double the
      proliferative response of T2D beta-cells. These studies define c-Myc as a central
      Skp2 target for the induction of cell cycle entry, expansion and regeneration of
      human T2D beta-cells.

PMID- 27380897
TI  - Radical Chemistry and Cytotoxicity of Bioreductive 3-Substituted Quinoxaline Di-N
      Oxides.
AB  - The radical chemistry and cytotoxicity of a series of quinoxaline di-N-oxide
      (QDO) compounds has been investigated to explore the mechanism of action of this
      class of bioreductive drugs. A series of water-soluble 3-trifluoromethyl (4-10),
      3-phenyl (11-19), and 3-methyl (20-21) substituted QDO compounds were designed to
      span a range of electron affinities consistent with bioreduction. The
      stoichiometry of loss of QDOs by steady-state radiolysis of anaerobic aqueous
      formate buffer indicated that one-electron reduction of QDOs generates radicals
      able to initiate chain reactions by oxidation of formate. The 3-trifluoromethyl
      analogues exhibited long chain reactions consistent with the release of the
      HO(*), as identified in EPR spin trapping experiments. Several carbon-centered
      radical intermediates, produced by anaerobic incubation of the QDO compounds with
      N-terminal truncated cytochrome P450 reductase (POR), were characterized using N
      tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) and 5-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1
      pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO) spin traps and were observed by EPR. Experimental data
      were well simulated for the production of strongly oxidizing radicals, capable of
      H atom abstraction from methyl groups. The kinetics of formation and decay of the
      radicals produced following one-electron reduction of the parent compounds, both
      in oxic and anoxic solutions, were determined using pulse radiolysis. Back
      oxidation of the initially formed radical anions by molecular oxygen did not
      compete effectively with the breakdown of the radical anions to form oxidizing
      radicals. The QDO compounds displayed low hypoxic selectivity when tested against
      oxic and hypoxic cancer cell lines in vitro. The results from this study form a
      kinetic description and explanation of the low hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of
      QDOs against cancer cells compared to the related benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (BTO)
      class of compounds.

PMID- 27380898
TI  - The Effects of Shock from Defibrillation Threshold Testing on Cardiac Systolic
      and Diastolic Function.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shocks are
      associated with increased overall mortality. However, it remains unclear whether
      shocks from defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing directly impair cardiac
      function. METHODS: DFT testing was performed in 34 patients who underwent
      ICD/cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator implantation/generator
      exchange. Heart rate and cardiac function, including left ventricular (LV)
      systolic pressure, LV end-diastolic pressure, peak positive and negative dp/dt (
      + dp/dt and -dp/dt, respectively) of LV pressure, and the tau index, were
      assessed with a Mikro-CathTM diagnostic pressure catheter (CD Leycom, Zoetermeer,
      the Netherlands). These parameters were measured before and 1 minute, 3 minutes,
      5 minutes, 10 minutes, and 15 minutes after DFT testing. RESULTS: Peak positive
      dp/dt increased over baseline at each interval (976 +/- 229 mm Hg/s vs 1,039 +/-
      258, 1,049 +/- 245, 1,042 +/- 247, 1,037 +/- 259, and 1,034 +/- 254 mm Hg/s,
      respectively; P < 0.01). Furthermore, peak negative dp/dt (-1,140 +/- 397 mm Hg/s
      vs -1,185 +/- 447, 1,193 +/- 435, -1,195 +/- 434, -1,189 +/- 449, and -1,186 +/-
      459 mm Hg/s, respectively; P < 0.01) and the tau index (65.1 +/- 18.5 vs 62.5 +/-
      16.8*, 62.4 +/- 15.9(**) , 63.0 +/- 16.8*, and 62.8 +/- 18.7*, respectively; *P <
      0.05, (**) P < 0.01) decreased compared to those at baseline at each interval.
      CONCLUSION: Shock after DFT testing improved LV systolic and diastolic function
      immediately, especially in patients with preserved LV ejection fraction.

PMID- 27380899
TI  - The surgical workforce shortage and successes in retaining surgical trainees in
      Ethiopia: a professional survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medical workforce shortages represent a major challenge in low- and
      middle-income countries, including those in Africa. Despite this, there is a
      dearth of information regarding the location and practice of African surgeons
      following completion of their training. In response to the call by the WHO Global
      Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel for a sound
      evidence base regarding patterns of practice and migration of the health
      workforce, this study describes the current place of residence, practice and
      setting of Ethiopian surgical residency graduates since commencement of their
      surgical training in Ethiopia or in Cuba. METHODS: This study presents data from
      a survey of all Ethiopian surgical residency training graduates since the
      programme's inception in 1985. RESULTS: A total of 348 Ethiopians had undergone
      surgical training in Ethiopia or Cuba since 1985; data for 327 (94.0 %) of these
      surgeons were collected and included in the study. The findings indicated that
      75.8 % of graduates continued to practice in Ethiopia, with 80.9 % of these
      practicing in the public sector. Additionally, recent graduates were more likely
      to remain in Ethiopia and work within the public sector. The average total number
      of surgeons per million inhabitants in Ethiopia was approximately three and 48.0
      % of Ethiopian surgeons practiced in Addis Ababa. CONCLUSIONS: Ethiopian surgeons
      are increasingly likely to remain in Ethiopia and to practice in the public
      sector. Nevertheless, Ethiopia continues to suffer from a drastic surgical
      workforce shortage that must be addressed through increased training capacity and
      strategies to combat emigration and attrition.

PMID- 27380900
TI  - Immobilization of an artificial imine reductase within silica nanoparticles
      improves its performance.
AB  - Silica nanoparticles equipped with an artificial imine reductase display
      remarkable activity towards cyclic imine- and NAD(+) reduction. The method, based
      on immobilization and protection of streptavidin on silica nanoparticles, shields
      the biotinylated metal cofactor against deactivation yielding over 46 000
      turnovers in pure samples and 4000 turnovers in crude cellular extracts. 

PMID- 27380901
TI  - Reducing avoidable admissions in rural community palliative care: a pilot study
      of care coordination by General Practice registrars.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of using a General Practice registrar
      (GPR) to coordinate rural palliative care services. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental
      design was used. Intervention group participants received the GPR service, which
      involved liaison among the patient, family, General Practitioner, specialist
      palliative care team and community nurses. Specified risk assessment, care
      planning and continuity of care were provided. Patients in the comparison group
      received the standard service. SETTING: Rural community palliative care.
      PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and ninety-one rural community palliative care patients
      (99 intervention and 92 control patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hospital
      admissions per 100 patient-days, bed-days per 100 patient-days and proportion of
      deaths at home. RESULTS: Patients receiving standard care were twice as likely to
      spend >=8 bed-days in hospital (OR 2.09 (95%CI 1.10-3.97); P = 0.02) and were
      more likely to have >= 2 admissions to hospital (OR 3.37 (95%CI 1.83-6.21); P <
      0.001), per 100 patient-days than the intervention group after adjusting for
      diagnosis group (cancer or not) and residence in residential aged care. Controls
      were significantly less likely to die at home than the intervention group (OR
      0.41 (95%CI 0.20-0.86); P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: This is a small proof of concept
      pilot study limited by lack of randomisation. The results demonstrate the
      feasibility of using a GPR to manage continuity of care for rural community
      palliative care patients. Given the potential confounding factors, further
      investigation via a larger randomised trial is required.

PMID- 27380902
TI  - CT-based texture analysis potentially provides prognostic information
      complementary to interim fdg-pet for patients with hodgkin's and aggressive non
      hodgkin's lymphomas.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of computed
      tomography texture analysis (CTTA) to provide additional prognostic information
      in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
      (NHL). METHODS: This retrospective, pilot-study approved by the IRB comprised 45
      lymphoma patients undergoing routine 18F-FDG-PET-CT. Progression-free survival
      (PFS) was determined from clinical follow-up (mean-duration: 40 months; range: 10
      62 months). Non-contrast-enhanced low-dose CT images were submitted to CTTA
      comprising image filtration to highlight features of different sizes followed by
      histogram-analysis using kurtosis. Prognostic value of CTTA was compared to PET
      FDG-uptake value, tumour-stage, tumour-bulk, lymphoma-type, treatment-regime, and
      interim FDG-PET (iPET) status using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox regression
      analysis determined the independence of significantly prognostic imaging and
      clinical features. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients had aggressive NHL and 18 had
      HL. Mean PFS was 48.5 months. There was no significant difference in pre
      treatment CTTA between the lymphoma sub-types. Kaplan-Meier analysis found pre
      treatment CTTA (medium feature scale, p=0.010) and iPET status (p<0.001) to be
      significant predictors of PFS. Cox analysis revealed that an interaction between
      pre-treatment CTTA and iPET status was the only independent predictor of PFS (HR:
      25.5, 95% CI: 5.4-120, p<0.001). Specifically, pre-treatment CTTA risk stratified
      patients with negative iPET. CONCLUSION: CTTA can potentially provide prognostic
      information complementary to iPET for patients with HL and aggressive NHL. KEY
      POINTS: * CT texture-analysis (CTTA) provides prognostic information
      complementary to interim FDG-PET in Lymphoma. * Pre-treatment CTTA and interim
      PET status were significant predictors of progression-free survival. * Patients
      with negative interim PET could be further stratified by pre-treatment CTTA. *
      Provide precision surveillance where additional imaging reserved for patients at
      greatest recurrence-risk. * Assists in risk-adapted treatment strategy based on
      interim PET and CTTA.

PMID- 27380903
TI  - Reliability of MRI assessment of acute musculotendinous groin injuries in
      athletes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe a multi-dimensional MRI assessment approach with a focus
      on acute musculotendinous groin lesions, and to evaluate scoring reproducibility.
      METHODS: Male athletes who participated in competitive sports and presented
      within 7 days of an acute onset of sports-related groin pain were included. All
      athletes underwent MRI (1.5 T) according to a standardized groin-centred
      protocol. From several calibration sessions, a system was developed assessing
      grade, location and extent of muscle strains, peri-lesional haematoma, as well as
      other non-acute findings commonly associated with long-standing groin pain. Kappa
      (K) statistics and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to
      describe intra- and inter-rater reproducibility. RESULTS: Seventy-five athletes
      (mean age 26.6 +/- 4.4 years) were included in the analyses, and 85 different
      acute lesions were observed. Adductor longus lesions were most common (42.7 %)
      followed by rectus femoris lesions (16.3 %). Kappa values ranged between 0.70 and
      1.00 for almost all categorical features for acute lesions, with almost perfect
      intra- and inter-rater agreement (K = 0.89-1.00) for presence, number, location
      and grading of lesions. ICCs ranged between 0.77 and 1.00 for continuous measures
      of acute lesion extent. CONCLUSIONS: A standardized MRI assessment approach of
      acute groin injuries was described and showed good intra- and inter-rater
      reproducibility. KEY POINTS: * A multidimensional MRI assessment approach for
      acute groin injuries was described. * Standardized MRI assessment of acute
      musculotendinous groin injuries has high reproducibility. * Injury location and
      injury extent can be scored reliably using 1.5 T MRI.

PMID- 27380904
TI  - Noninvasive detection of coronary vasospastic angina using a double-acquisition
      coronary CT angiography protocol in the presence and absence of an intravenous
      nitrate: a pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of a double-acquisition coronary CT
      angiography (CCTA) protocol in the presence and absence of an intravenous (IV)
      vasodilator infusion for detecting vasospastic angina. METHODS: Twenty patients
      with a high clinical probability of vasospastic angina were enrolled. All
      subjects underwent baseline CCTA without a vasodilator in the early morning
      followed by a catheterized coronary angiography with ergonovine provocation test.
      Within 3 days, all subjects underwent repeat CCTA during a continuous IV infusion
      of nitrate. Vasospastic angina as detected by CCTA was defined as significant
      stenosis (>=50 %) with negative remodelling without definite plaques or diffuse
      small diameter (<2 mm) of a major coronary artery with a beaded appearance on
      baseline CT that completely dilated on IV nitrate CT. The CCTA results were
      compared to the catheterized ergonovine provocation test as the reference
      standard. RESULTS: Among 20 patients, the catheterized ergonovine provocation
      test detected vasospasm in 15 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive
      predictive value and negative predictive value of CCTA in a per-patient-based
      analysis were 73, 100, 100 and 56 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Double
      acquisition CCTA in the presence and absence of IV infusion of nitrate allows
      noninvasive detection of vasospastic angina with moderate sensitivity and high
      specificity. KEY POINTS: * Limited data exist regarding the efficacy of CCTA in
      detecting vasospastic angina. * We propose a double-acquisition CCTA protocol
      with and without IV nitrate injections. * This protocol provides 100% specificity
      and moderate sensitivity (73%) in spasm detection.

PMID- 27380906
TI  - Double benefit of long-acting somatostatin analogs in a patient with coexistence
      of acromegaly and ulcerative colitis.
AB  - WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Somatostatin analogs control GH/IGF-1 excess in
      acromegaly. Somatostatin receptors also mediate the complex effects of
      somatostatin on the gastrointestinal tract and may be defensive in inflammatory
      bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis. We present a patient who showed good
      response to long-acting octreotide (OCT-LAR) treatment in terms of both
      acromegaly and ulcerative colitis (UC). CASE SUMMARY: A 58-year-old female
      patient with diagnosis of acromegaly and ulcerative colitis was started on long
      acting somatostatin treatment as a first-line treatment for acromegaly as she
      refused to undergo transsphenoidal surgery. During the follow-up period, a
      significant amelioration was also observed in the course of ulcerative colitis,
      and clinical remission of both diseases was achieved uneventfully. WHAT IS NEW
      AND CONCLUSION: Somatostatin appears to be a promising candidate in the treatment
      of inflammatory bowel diseases.

PMID- 27380905
TI  - Characterizing amide proton transfer imaging in haemorrhage brain lesions using
      3T MRI.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize amide proton transfer (APT)
      weighted signals in acute and subacute haemorrhage brain lesions of various
      underlying aetiologies. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with symptomatic
      haemorrhage brain lesions including tumorous (n = 16) and non-tumorous lesions (n
      = 7) were evaluated. APT imaging was performed and analyzed with magnetization
      transfer ratio asymmetry (MTR asym ). Regions of interest were defined as the
      enhancing portion (when present), acute or subacute haemorrhage, and normal
      appearing white matter based on anatomical MRI. MTR asym values were compared
      among groups and components using a linear mixed model. RESULTS: MTR asym values
      were 3.68 % in acute haemorrhage, 1.6 % in subacute haemorrhage, 2.65 % in the
      enhancing portion, and 0.38 % in normal white matter. According to the linear
      mixed model, the distribution of MTR asym values among components was not
      significantly different between tumour and non-tumour groups. MTR asym in acute
      haemorrhage was significantly higher than those in the other regions regardless
      of underlying pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Acute haemorrhages showed high MTR asym
      regardless of the underlying pathology, whereas subacute haemorrhages showed
      lower MTR asym than acute haemorrhages. These results can aid in the
      interpretation of APT imaging in haemorrhage brain lesions. KEY POINTS: * Acute
      haemorrhages show significantly higher MTR asym values than subacute
      haemorrhages. * MTR asym is higher in acute haemorrhage than in enhancing tumour
      tissue. * MTR asym in haemorrhage does not differ between tumorous and non
      tumorous lesions.

PMID- 27380907
TI  - Reclassification of Alteromonas fuliginea (Romanenko et al. 1995) as
      Pseudoalteromonas fuliginea comb. nov. and an emended description.
AB  - A new aerobic marine bacterium, strain S3431, was isolated from swab samples of
      an unidentified polychaete near Canal Concepcion, Chile. This strain was thought
      to represent a new taxon within the genus Pseudoalteromonas. Although DNA-DNA
      reassociation values showed less than 70 % genomic DNA relatedness to established
      Pseudoalteromonas type strains, it shared 78 % DNA-DNA relatedness with
      Alteromonas fuliginea DSM 15748 (=KMM 216) (Romanenko et al., 1994). A. fuliginea
      has later been considered a heterotypic synonym of Pseudoalteromonas
      citrea(Ivanova et al., 1998). Relatedness between strains S3431, A. fuliginea DSM
      15748 and the type strain P. citrea LMG 12323T was therefore studied.
      Physiological traits and genomic information were shared at a high level by
      strains S3431 and DSM 15748, but not between these and P. citrea LMG 12323T.
      There was only approximately 20 % DNA-DNA relatedness between P. citrea LMG
      12323T and strains S3431 and DSM 15748. Based on the available phylogenetic and
      phenotypic data, the reclassification of A. fuliginea DSM 15748 (Romanenko et
      al., 1995) -> Pseudoalteromonas citrea(Ivanova et al., 1998) as Pseudoalteromonas
      fuligineacomb. nov. is proposed, and strain S3431 should be assigned to this new
      species. The name Pseudoalteromonas fuliginea is proposed with KMM 216T (=DSM
      15748T=CIP 105339T) as the type strain.

PMID- 27380908
TI  - Single-cell genome-wide bisulfite sequencing uncovers extensive heterogeneity in
      the mouse liver methylome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transmission fidelity of CpG DNA methylation patterns is not
      foolproof, with error rates from less than 1 to well over 10 % per CpG site,
      dependent on preservation of the methylated or unmethylated state and the type of
      sequence. This suggests a fairly high chance of errors. However, the consequences
      of such errors in terms of cell-to-cell variation have never been demonstrated by
      experimentally measuring intra-tissue heterogeneity in an adult organism.
      RESULTS: We employ single-cell DNA methylomics to analyze heterogeneity of genome
      wide 5-methylcytosine (5mC) patterns within mouse liver. Our results indicate a
      surprisingly high level of heterogeneity, corresponding to an average
      epivariation frequency of approximately 3.3 %, with regions containing H3K4me1
      being the most variable and promoters and CpG islands the most stable. Our data
      also indicate that the level of 5mC heterogeneity is dependent on genomic
      features. We find that non-functional sites such as repeat elements and introns
      are mostly unstable and potentially functional sites such as gene promoters are
      mostly stable. CONCLUSIONS: By employing a protocol for whole-genome bisulfite
      sequencing of single cells, we show that the liver epigenome is highly unstable
      with an epivariation frequency in DNA methylation patterns of at least two orders
      of magnitude higher than somatic mutation frequencies.

PMID- 27380909
TI  - Early childhood obesity: Association with healthcare expenditure in Australia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether overweight or obesity among children (aged 2 to
      <=5 years) is associated with direct healthcare costs, after adjusting for child,
      household, and socioeconomic characteristics. METHODS: A longitudinal cohort
      analysis was performed in 350 children aged 2 years assessed over 3 years of
      follow-up. Child weight status was determined from mean BMI z-scores at 2, 3.5,
      and 5 years, and healthcare utilization including medicines, nonhospital,
      hospital, and emergency care was determined by data linkage. Using adjusted
      multivariable regression analyses, the relationship between total 3-year
      healthcare costs and weight status was examined. Observations took place in
      Sydney, Australia, between 2011 and 2014. RESULTS: After adjustment for
      significant maternal and sociodemographic characteristics, healthcare costs of
      children with obesity (BMI z-score >2SD) were 1.62 (95% CI 1.12-2.34, P = 0.01)
      times those of children with healthy weight. However, costs of overweight
      children were similar to those of healthy weight (P = 0.96). The additional 3
      year costs of healthcare for a child with obesity compared with healthy weight
      were $AUD 825 (95% CI $135-$2,117) for general patients and $AUD 1332 (95% CI
      $174-$4,280) for concession card holders. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of obesity in
      early childhood may have concurrent benefits in reducing healthcare expenditure.

PMID- 27380910
TI  - Can vitamin D supplementation reduce prostate cancer disparities?

PMID- 27380911
TI  - New Studies on Knockout Mouse for the SLC20A2 Gene Show Much More Than Brain
      Calcifications.

PMID- 27380913
TI  - The practices, challenges and recommendations of South African audiologists
      regarding managing children with auditory processing disorders.
AB  - Audiologists managing children with auditory processing disorders (APD) encounter
      challenges that include conflicting definitions, several classification profiles,
      problems with differential diagnosis and a lack of standardised guidelines. The
      heterogeneity of the disorder and its concomitant childhood disorders makes
      diagnosis difficult. Linguistic and cultural issues are additional challenges
      faced by South African audiologists. The study aimed to describe the practices,
      challenges and recommendations of South African audiologists managing children
      with APD. A quantitative, non-experimental descriptive survey was used to obtain
      data from 156 audiologists registered with the Health Professions of South
      Africa. Findings revealed that 67% screened for APD, 42% assessed while 43%
      provided intervention. A variety of screening and assessment procedures were
      being administered, with no standard test battery identified. A range of
      intervention strategies being used are discussed. When the relationship between
      the number of years of experience and the audiologists' level of preparedness to
      practice in the field of APD was compared, a statistically significant difference
      (p = 0.049) was seen in that participants with more than 10 years of experience
      were more prepared to practice in this area. Those participants having qualified
      as speech-language therapists and audiologists were significantly more prepared
      (p = 0.03) to practice than the audiologists who comprised the sample. Challenges
      experienced by the participants included the lack of linguistically and
      culturally appropriate screening and assessment tools and limited normative data.
      Recommendations included reviewing the undergraduate audiology training
      programmes, reinstituting the South African APD Taskforce, developing
      linguistically and culturally appropriate normative data, creating awareness
      among educators and involving them in the multidisciplinary team. 

PMID- 27380912
TI  - Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Redox-Active Esters with Boronic Acids.
AB  - A transformation analogous in simplicity and functional group tolerance to the
      venerable Suzuki cross-coupling between alkyl-carboxylic acids and boronic acids
      is described. This Ni-catalyzed reaction relies upon the activation of alkyl
      carboxylic acids as their redox-active ester derivatives, specifically N-hydroxy
      tetrachlorophthalimide (TCNHPI), and proceeds in a practical and scalable
      fashion. The inexpensive nature of the reaction components (NiCl2 ?6 H2 O-$9.5
      mol(-1) , Et3 N) coupled to the virtually unlimited commercial catalog of
      available starting materials bodes well for its rapid adoption.

PMID- 27380914
TI  - The effect of age of cochlear implantation on vocal characteristics in children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early cochlear implantation aids auditory feedback and supports
      better communication and self-monitoring of the voice. The objective of this
      study was to determine whether the age of cochlear implantation has an impact on
      vocal development in children implanted before age 4. METHOD AND PROCEDURES: The
      study consisted of 19 participants in total. All implant recipients (experimental
      group) were 3-5 years post-implantation, including four prelingual (0-2 years)
      and five perilingual (2-4 years) implant recipients. The control group consisted
      of 10 children whose hearing was within normal limits between the ages 3-6 years
      and 10 months, which was compared to the experimental group. Established
      paediatric norms were used for additional comparison. A questionnaire was used to
      gather information from each of the participant's caregivers to determine whether
      other personal and contextual factors had an impact on voice production. An
      acoustic analysis was conducted for each participant using the Multi-Dimensional
      Voice Program of the Computerized Speech Lab. RESULTS: When the experimental
      group and the control group were compared, similar results were yielded for
      fundamental frequency and short-term perturbation (jitter and shimmer). More
      variability was noted in long-term frequency and amplitude measures, with
      significantly higher differences, and therefore further outside the norms, in the
      prelingual group when compared to the perilingual and control groups. CONCLUSION:
      In this study, age of implantation did not impact vocal characteristics. Further
      research should include larger sample sizes, with participants that are age and
      gender matched.

PMID- 27380915
TI  - Halomonas sediminicola sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from
      a solar saltern sediment.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain CPS11T,
      was isolated from the sediment of a solar pond located in Shinan, Korea. Strain
      CPS11T was a strictly aerobic, motile, straight rod-shaped bacterium that grew at
      pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0), at 10-37  degrees C (optimum, 28  degrees C)
      and at salinities of 1-20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 10 % NaCl). Phylogenetic
      analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CPS11T belonged
      to the genus Halomonas, with sequence similarity of 98.5-94.3 % to existing type
      strains, showing highest sequence similarity to Halomonasfontilapidosi 5CRT (98.5
      %), Halomonasventosae Al12T (98.5 %), Halomonascampaniensis 5AGT (98.2 %),
      Halomonas huangheensis BJGMM-B45T (98.0 %), Halomonas alimentaria YKJ-16T (98.0
      %), Halomonas mongoliensis Z-7009T (97.8 %), Halomonas shengliensis SL014B-85T
      (97.5 %) and Halomonas cupida DSM 4740T (97.5 %). The predominant ubiquinone was
      Q-9. The major fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo omega8c, C16 : 1omega7c and/or iso
      C15 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, C12 : 0 3-OH and C18 : 1omega7c. The polar
      lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, an
      unknown phospholipid and unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content of this novel
      isolate was 64.3 mol%. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CPS11T and
      the type strains of ten other species of the genus ranged from 50 to 21 %. On the
      basis of the polyphasic analysis conducted in this study, strain CPS11T
      represents a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas
      sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CPS11T(=KACC 18262T=NBRC
      110636T).

PMID- 27380917
TI  - An orthotopic mouse model of small cell lung cancer reflects the clinical course
      in patients.
AB  - Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive subtype of lung cancer with
      very poor prognosis due to early metastatic spread and development of
      chemoresistance. In the last 30 years the study of SCLC has been constrained by a
      lack of primary human tumor specimen thus highlighting the need of a suitable
      mouse model. In this article we present the establishment of an orthotopic
      xenograft mouse model which accurately reproduced the clinical course of SCLC.
      Orthotopic implantation enabled engraftment of primary lung tumors in all
      injected mice. Furthermore, immunodeficiency of mice allowed formation of
      spontaneous metastases in characteristic organs. Bioluminescence Imaging,
      Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron emission tomography were applied to
      monitor engraftment, metabolism and the exact growth of tumors over time. In
      order to mimic the extensive disease stage, mice were injected with aggressive
      human chemoresistant cells leading to development of chemoresistant tumors and
      early metastatic spread. As a proof of concept treatment of tumor-bearing mice
      with conventional chemotherapeutics reduced tumor volumes, but a complete
      regression of tumors was not achieved. By mimicking the extensive disease stage
      our mouse model can facilitate the study of mechanisms contributing to
      chemoresistance and metastasis formation, as well as drug screening and
      evaluation of new treatment strategies for SCLC patients.

PMID- 27380918
TI  - Systematic reviews of hand hygiene in patient care post 2010.

PMID- 27380919
TI  - Non-slip socks: a potential reservoir for transmitting multidrug-resistant
      organisms in hospitals?
AB  - Non-slip socks are increasingly used to prevent falls in hospitals. Patients use
      them to walk to various parts of the hospital and also wear them in bed. Fifty
      four pairs of socks and 35 environmental floor samples were obtained from seven
      wards in a tertiary referral hospital. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
      were detected from 46 (85%) socks and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      (MRSA) from five (9%). Environmental sampling cultured VRE from 24 (69%) floor
      samples and MRSA from six (17%) floor samples. Clostridium difficile was not
      detected from any sample. Non-slip socks may become contaminated with multidrug
      resistant pathogens and may form a potential route for cross-transmission.

PMID- 27380916
TI  - The current status of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic bladder cancer.
AB  - For many decades, no significant improvements could be achieved to prolong the
      survival in metastatic bladder cancer. Recently, systemic immunotherapy with
      checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-L1/anti-CTLA-4) has been introduced as a novel
      treatment modality for patients with metastatic bladder cancer. We conducted a
      systematic review according to the PRISMA statement for data published on the
      clinical efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic bladder cancer. Clinical
      efficacy of anti PD-L1 therapy was investigated in prospective trials in a total
      of 155 patients. Patients with positive expression for PD-L1 tended towards
      better overall response rates (ORR) compared to those with negative expression
      (34/76 vs 10/73, 45 vs 14 %; p = 0.21). Among patients with PD-L1 positive
      tumors, those with non-visceral metastases exhibited significantly higher ORR
      compared to those with visceral metastases (82 vs 28 %; p = 0.001). For anti
      CTLA4 therapy, there were no data retrievable on clinical efficacy. Although data
      on clinical efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic bladder cancer are
      currently limited, the efficacy of these drugs might depend mainly on the
      metastatic volume and immune system integrity. Patients with PD-L1 positive
      tumors and non-visceral metastases seem to derive the highest benefit from
      therapy.

PMID- 27380920
TI  - The effects of cation-anion clustering on defect migration in MgAl2O4.
AB  - Magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4), like many other ceramic materials, offers a
      range of technological applications, from nuclear reactor materials to military
      body armor. For many of these applications, it is critical to understand both the
      formation and evolution of lattice defects throughout the lifetime of the
      material. We use the Speculatively Parallel Temperature Accelerated Dynamics
      (SpecTAD) method to investigate the effects of di-vacancy and di-interstitial
      formation on the mobility of the component defects. From long-time trajectories
      of the state-to-state dynamics, we characterize the migration pathways of defect
      clusters, and calculate their self-diffusion constants across a range of
      temperatures. We find that the clustering of Al and O vacancies drastically
      reduces the mobility of both defects, while the clustering of Mg and O vacancies
      completely immobilizes them. For interstitials, we find that the clustering of Mg
      and O defects greatly reduces O interstitial mobility, but has only a weak effect
      on Mg. These findings illuminate important new details regarding defect kinetics
      relevant to the application of MgAl2O4 in extreme environments. 

PMID- 27380921
TI  - Potential steps in the evolution of a fused trimeric all-beta dUTPase involve a
      catalytically competent fused dimeric intermediate.
AB  - Deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) is essential for
      genome integrity. Interestingly, this enzyme from Drosophila virilis has an
      unusual form, as three monomer repeats are merged with short linker sequences,
      yielding a fused trimer-like dUTPase fold. Unlike homotrimeric dUTPases that are
      encoded by a single repeat dut gene copy, the three repeats of the D. virilis dut
      gene are not identical due to several point mutations. We investigated the
      potential evolutionary pathway that led to the emergence of this extant fused
      trimeric dUTPase in D. virilis. The herein proposed scenario involves two
      sequential gene duplications followed by sequence divergence amongst the dut
      repeats. This pathway thus requires the existence of a transient two-repeat
      containing fused dimeric dUTPase intermediate. We identified the corresponding
      ancestral dUTPase single repeat enzyme together with its tandem repeat
      evolutionary intermediate and characterized their enzymatic function and
      structural stability. We additionally engineered and characterized artificial
      single or tandem repeat constructs from the extant enzyme form to investigate the
      influence of the emergent residue alterations on the formation of a functional
      assembly. The observed severely impaired stability and catalytic activity of
      these latter constructs provide a plausible explanation for evolutionary
      persistence of the extant fused trimeric D. virilis dUTPase form. For the
      ancestral homotrimeric and the fused dimeric intermediate forms, we observed
      strong catalytic and structural competence, verifying viability of the proposed
      evolutionary pathway. We conclude that the progression along the herein described
      evolutionary trajectory is determined by the retained potential of the enzyme for
      its conserved three-fold structural symmetry.

PMID- 27380923
TI  - Overcoming Barriers to Integrating Behavioral Health and Primary Care Services.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Despite barriers, organizations with varying characteristics have
      achieved full integration of primary care services with providers and services
      that identify, treat, and manage those with mental health and substance use
      disorders. What are the key factors and common themes in stories of this success?
      METHODS: A systematic literature review and snowball sampling technique was used
      to identify organizations. Site visits and key informant interviews were
      conducted with 6 organizations that had over time integrated behavioral health
      and primary care services. Case studies of each organization were independently
      coded to identify traits common to multiple organizations. RESULTS: Common
      characteristics include prioritized vulnerable populations, extensive community
      collaboration, team approaches that included the patient and family, diversified
      funding streams, and data-driven approaches and practices. CONCLUSIONS: While
      significant barriers to integrating behavioral health and primary care services
      exist, case studies of organizations that have successfully overcome these
      barriers share certain common factors.

PMID- 27380924
TI  - Embracing the ethically complicated patient.

PMID- 27380922
TI  - Code for ethical international recruitment practices: the CGFNS alliance case
      study.
AB  - Projections indicate a global workforce shortage of approximately 4.3 million
      across the health professions. The need to ensure an adequate supply of health
      workers worldwide has created a context for the increased global migration of
      these professionals. The global trend in the migration of health professionals
      has given rise to the international recruitment industry to facilitate the
      passage of health workers from source to destination countries. This is
      particularly the case in the United States, where the majority of immigrant
      health professionals have come by way of the recruiting industry. This industry
      is largely unregulated in the United States as well as in many other countries,
      for which voluntary codes have been used as a means to increase transparency of
      the recruitment process, shape professional conduct, and mitigate harm to foreign
      educated health workers. The CGFNS Alliance case study presented herein describes
      a multi-stakeholder effort in the United States to promote ethical recruitment
      practices. Such codes not only complement the WHO Global Code of Practice but are
      necessary to maximize the impact of these global standards on local settings.
      This case study offers both a historical perspective and a conceptual framework
      for examining the multiplicity of factors affecting the migration of human
      resources for health. The lessons learned provide critical insights into the
      factors pertaining to the relevancy and effectiveness of the WHO Code from the
      perspectives of both source and destination countries. This study provides a
      conceptual model for examining the usefulness of the WHO Code as well as how best
      to ensure its viability, sustainability, relevancy, and effectiveness in the
      global environment. This case study concludes with recommendations for evolving
      business models that need to be in place to strengthen the effectiveness of the
      WHO Code in the marketplace and to ensure its impact on the international
      recruitment industry in advancing ethical practices. These recommendations
      include using effective screening mechanisms to determine health professionals'
      readiness for migration as well as implementing certification processes to raise
      the practice standards for those directly involved in recruiting skilled workers
      and managing the migration flow.

PMID- 27380925
TI  - Impact of continuity of care on preventable hospitalization and evaluating
      patient safety indicators between Italy and the USA.

PMID- 27380926
TI  - Co-expression networks revealed potential core lncRNAs in the triple-negative
      breast cancer.
AB  - Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer with
      unfavorable outcome. It is urgent to explore novel biomarkers and potential
      therapeutic targets in this malignancy. Increasing knowledge of long noncoding
      RNAs (lncRNAs) significantly deepens our understanding of cancer biology. Here,
      we sequenced eight paired TNBC tumor tissues and non-cancerous tissues, and
      validated significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs. Gene ontology (GO) and
      pathway analysis were used to investigate the function of differentially
      expressed mRNAs. Further, potential core lncRNAs in TNBC were identified by co
      expression networks. Kaplan-Meier analysis also indicated that breast cancer
      patients with lower expression level of rhabdomyosarcoma 2 associated transcript
      (RMST), one of the potential core lncRNAs, had worse overall survival. To the
      best of our knowledge, it was the first report that RMST was involved in breast
      cancer. Our research provided a rich resource to the research community for
      further investigating lncRNAs functions and identifying lncRNAs with diagnostic
      and therapeutic potentials in TNBC. 

PMID- 27380927
TI  - NHS leaders condemn racist abuse of staff.

PMID- 27380928
TI  - Analysis of Triplet Exciton Loss Pathways in PTB7:PC71BM Bulk Heterojunction
      Solar Cells.
AB  - A strategy for increasing the conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaics has
      been to increase the VOC by tuning the energy levels of donor and acceptor
      components. However, this opens up a new loss pathway from an interfacial charge
      transfer state to a triplet exciton (TE) state called electron back transfer
      (EBT), which is detrimental to device performance. To test this hypothesis, we
      study triplet formation in the high performing PTB7:PC71BM blend system and
      determine the impact of the morphology-optimizing additive 1,8-diiodoctane (DIO).
      Using photoluminescence and spin-sensitive optically detected magnetic resonance
      (ODMR) measurements at low temperature, we find that TEs form on PC71BM via
      intersystem crossing from singlet excitons and on PTB7 via EBT mechanism. For DIO
      blends with smaller fullerene domains, an increased density of PTB7 TEs is
      observed. The EBT process is found to be significant only at very low
      temperature. At 300 K, no triplets are detected via ODMR, and electrically
      detected magnetic resonance on optimized solar cells indicates that TEs are only
      present on the fullerenes. We conclude that in PTB7:PC71BM devices, TE formation
      via EBT is impacted by fullerene domain size at low temperature, but at room
      temperature, EBT does not represent a dominant loss pathway.

PMID- 27380929
TI  - Development of a Spanish-Language Hospice Video.
AB  - The nation faces a persistent issue of delayed access to hospice care. Even
      though hospice enrollment is considered to be one of the most difficult medical
      decisions, physician clinics and hospitals lack tools for helping
      patients/families faced with making decisions about enrollment. Health-care
      literature lacks discussion of development of decision-making aids in the context
      of hospice decisions for minority ethnic groups, even though those groups have
      decisional needs that may differ from those of non-Hispanic whites. To fill the
      gap, we developed a video of a Latino hospice patient with footages showing how
      the patient was being taken care of by her family with support from a hospice
      disciplinary team. A primary objective of this article is to describe how focus
      groups, existing decision aids, and individual interviews were used to develop
      and improve a Spanish-language hospice educational video targeting Latino
      subgroups with linguistic, cultural, and educational barriers. These steps may
      provide guidelines for developing and revising health-related videos targeting
      other minority ethnic groups.

PMID- 27380930
TI  - Dense red blood cell and oxygen desaturation in sickle-cell disease.
AB  - Production of abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) in sickle-cell disease (SCD) results in
      its polymerization in deoxygenated conditions and in sickled-RBC formation. Dense
      RBCs (DRBCs), defined as density >1.11 and characterized by increased rigidity
      are absent in normal AA subjects, but present at percentages that vary of a
      patient to another remaining stable throughout adulthood for each patient.
      Polymerized HbS has reduced affinity for oxygen, demonstrated by the rightward
      shift of the oxygen-dissociation curve, leading to disturbances in oxygen
      transport. Ninety-two SCD patients' total RBCs were separated into LightDRBC
      (LRBC) (d < 1.11 g/mL) and DRBC fractions. Venous blood partial oxygen pressure
      and RBC-fraction-deoxygenation and -reoxygenation Hb-oxygen-equilibrium curves
      were determined. All patients took a 6-minute walking test (6MWT); 10 had results
      before and after >6 months on hydroxyurea. 6MWT time with SpO2  < 88% (TSpO2  <
      88) assessed the physiological impact of exertion. Elevated mean corpuscular
      hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, decreased %HbF, and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerates in
      DRBCs modulated Hb-oxygen affinity. Deoxygenation and reoxygenation Hb-oxygen
      equilibrium curves differed between normal Hb AA and SS RBCs and between LRBCs
      and DRBCs, with rightward shifts confirming HbS-polymerization's role in affinity
      loss. In bivariate analyses, 50% Hb saturation correlated positively with %DRBCs
      (P < 0.0001, r(2)  = 0.34) and negatively with %HbF (P < 0.0001, r(2)  = 0.25).
      The higher the %DRBCs, the longer the TSpO2 88 (P = 0.04). Hydroxyurea was
      associated with significantly shorter TSpO2  < 88 (P = 0.01). We report that the
      %DRBCs directly affects SCD patients' SpO2 during exertion; hydroxyurea improves
      oxygen affinity and lowers the %DRBCs. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1008-1013, 2016. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27380931
TI  - Psychosocial interventions for people with dementia: An overview and commentary
      on recent developments.
AB  - An influential review in 2010 concluded that non-pharmacological multi-component
      interventions have positive effects on cognitive functioning, activities of daily
      living, behaviour and mood of people with dementia. Our aim here is to provide an
      up-to-date overview of research into psychosocial interventions and their impact
      on psychosocial outcomes. We focused on randomised controlled trials, controlled
      studies and reviews published between October 2008 and August 2015, since the
      earlier review. The search of PsychInfo, Medline and the Cochrane database of
      systematic reviews yielded 61 relevant articles, organised into four themes
      echoing key phases of the care pathway: Living at home with dementia (five
      reviews, eight studies), carer interventions (three reviews, four studies),
      interventions in residential care (16 reviews, 12 studies) and end-of-life care
      (three reviews, two studies), along with an additional group spanning community
      and institutional settings (six reviews, two studies). Community findings
      suggested that appointment of dementia specialists and attention to case
      management can produce positive outcomes; physical therapies, cognitive training
      and modified cognitive behaviour therapy also had a range of benefits. There was
      more limited evidence of positive benefits for people with dementia through
      interventions with family carers. Thirty-two articles focused on the management
      of 'behavioural symptoms' through a range of interventions all of which had some
      evidence of benefit. Also a range of multi-component and specific interventions
      had benefits for cognitive, emotional and behavioural well-being of people with
      dementia in residential settings, as well as for quality of life. Overall,
      interventions tended to be short term with impact only measured in the short
      term. We recommend further research on interventions to promote living well in
      the community post-diagnosis and to address end-of-life care. Development of
      psychosocial interventions would benefit from moving beyond the focus on control
      of behaviours to focus on wider aspects of life for people with dementia.

PMID- 27380932
TI  - In vivo transplantation of fetal human gut-derived enteric neural crest cells.
AB  - The prospect of using neural cell replacement for the treatment of severe enteric
      neuropathies has seen significant progress in the last decade. The ability to
      harvest and transplant enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) that functionally
      integrate within recipient intestine has recently been confirmed by in vivo
      murine studies. Although similar cells can be harvested from human fetal and
      postnatal gut, no studies have as yet verified their functional viability upon in
      vivo transplantation. We sought to determine whether ENCCs harvested from human
      fetal bowel are capable of engraftment and functional integration within
      recipient intestine following in vivo transplantation into postnatal murine
      colon. Enteric neural crest cells selected and harvested from fetal human gut
      using the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR were lentivirally labeled with either GFP
      or calcium-sensitive GCaMP and transplanted into the hindgut of Rag2- /gammac-
      /C5- -immunodeficient mice at postnatal day 21. Transplanted intestines were
      assessed immunohistochemically for engraftment and differentiation of donor
      cells. Functional viability and integration with host neuromusculature was
      assessed using calcium imaging. Transplanted human fetal gut-derived ENCC showed
      engraftment within the recipient postnatal colon in 8/15 mice (53.3%). At 4 weeks
      posttransplantation, donor cells had spread from the site of transplantation and
      extended projections over distances of 1.2 +/- 0.6 mm (n = 5), and differentiated
      into enteric nervous system (ENS) appropriate neurons and glia. These cells
      formed branching networks located with the myenteric plexus. Calcium transients
      (change in intensity F/F0 = 1.25 +/- 0.03; 15 cells) were recorded in
      transplanted cells upon stimulation of the recipient endogenous ENS demonstrating
      their viability and establishment of functional connections.

PMID- 27380933
TI  - Flower detection and acuity of the Australian native stingless bee Tetragonula
      carbonaria Sm.
AB  - We tested the endemic Australian Tetragonula carbonaria bee as a model of how
      colour vision may allow these small bees to find flowers. In a Y-Maze apparatus,
      we presented stimuli that contained both chromatic- and green-receptor contrasts,
      or only had chromatic contrast to free flying bees. Stimuli were detected at
      visual angles of 9.5 degrees  and 9.3 degrees , respectively. We next made
      morphological measurements of the compound eye under high magnification using a
      digital microscope, and despite a relatively small eye size with a surface area
      of 0.64 +/- 0.02 mm(2), the compound eye contained 3010 +/- 10 ommatidia.
      Measurements of diverging rays of light using antidromic illumination revealed a
      mean interommatidial angle in the frontal visual field measures 1.56 degrees  +/-
      0.10 degrees . Finally, we calculate that the minimum number of ommatidia that
      need to be excited for object detection is 33, which is much higher than for
      object detection in bumblebees and for the detection of objects providing both
      colour and green contrasts by honeybees, but lower for the detection of an object
      lacking green contrast in honeybees. We discuss reasons that may explain
      potential tradeoff for foraging bees. 

PMID- 27380935
TI  - Active fluidization in dense glassy systems.
AB  - Dense soft glasses show strong collective caging behavior at sufficiently low
      temperatures. Using molecular dynamics simulations of a model glass former, we
      show that the incorporation of activity or self-propulsion, f0, can induce cage
      breaking and fluidization, resulting in the disappearance of the glassy phase
      beyond a critical f0. The diffusion coefficient crosses over from being strongly
      to weakly temperature dependent as f0 is increased. In addition, we demonstrate
      that activity induces a crossover from a fragile to a strong glass and a tendency
      of active particles to cluster. Our results are of direct relevance to the
      collective dynamics of dense active colloidal glasses and to recent experiments
      on tagged particle diffusion in living cells. 

PMID- 27380934
TI  - Do youth with type 1 diabetes exercise safely? A focus on patient practices and
      glycemic outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Insulin adjustments have been shown to reduce glycemic excursions
      during and after exercise, but little is known about their use in youth with type
      1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to assess practices in youth with T1D around exercise,
      assess factors that influence practices, and examine associations between key
      behaviors and glycemic outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We developed the
      'Type 1 Diabetes Report of Exercise Practices Survey (T1D-REPS)' and piloted this
      tool in 100 youth with T1D on an insulin pump. Participants completed a 3-day
      physical activity recall and 30 days of pump/glucose data were collected. Chart
      review was conducted for key clinical measures. RESULTS: Eighty-four percent of
      participants modified their insulin regimen around exercise; only 40% reported
      adjusting prandial insulin immediately before exercise while 68% reported some
      modification (suspension or decrease) of basal insulin during exercise. Following
      exercise, only 10% reported reducing overnight basal insulin. Those who performed
      >= 5 glucose checks/day adjusted basal insulin during exercise more frequently
      than those with fewer daily glucose checks (33% vs. 13%, p = 0.05, chi-squared =
      3.7), and were more likely to report decreasing insulin dose for the bedtime
      snack following exercise (50% vs. 17%, p = 0.004, chi-squared = 8.2).
      CONCLUSIONS: Despite several studies showing the frequency of hypoglycemia during
      and after exercise, many youth are not adjusting insulin for exercise. A tool
      designed to capture patient practices and provide clinicians with a framework for
      patient education may lead to improved safety around exercise in youth with T1D.

PMID- 27380936
TI  - Telomere Visualization in Tissue Sections using Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide
      Probes.
AB  - Pyrrole-Imidazole (PI) polyamides bind to specific DNA sequences in the minor
      groove with high affinity. Specific DNA labeling by PI polyamides does not
      require DNA denaturation with harsh treatments of heat and formamide and has the
      advantages of rapid and less disruptive processing. Previously, we developed
      tandem hairpin PI polyamide probes (TH59 series), which label telomeres in
      cultured cell lines more efficiently than conventional methods, such as
      fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Here, we demonstrate that a TH59
      derivative, HPTH59-b, along with immunostaining for specifying cell types in the
      tissues, visualizes telomeres in mouse and human tissue sections. Quantitative
      measurements of telomere length with single-cell resolution suggested shorter
      telomeres in the proliferating cell fractions of tumor than in non-tumor tissues.
      Thus, PI polyamides are a promising alternative for telomere labeling in clinical
      research, as well as in cell biology.

PMID- 27380938
TI  - Enzymatic extraction and characterisation of a thermostable collagen from swim
      bladder of rohu (Labeo rohita).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The fish swim bladder is considered as a potential source of
      realistic collagen. Currently, processing of the Indian major carp rohu (Labeo
      rohita) generates an enormous quantity of non-edible by-products, including swim
      bladders, which are discarded as waste with no commercial value. In the present
      study, collagen was prepared from rohu swim bladder and its physicochemical and
      fibril-forming capacities were assessed. RESULTS: The collagen isolated from rohu
      swim bladder was characterised as type I, containing alpha1 and alpha2 chains
      with triple helical structure by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
      electrophoresis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and amino acid analysis.
      The extracted collagen denaturation temperature was found to be 42.16  degrees C
      by differential scanning calorimetry analysis and also exhibited a high
      solubility in the presence of low NaCl concentrations (0-0.6 mol L-1 ). The
      extracted collagen exhibited a high fibril-formation capacity at a NaCl
      concentration of 1.5 mol L-1 . Examination of the microstructure of collagen by
      scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a porous, sheet-like film and a
      multilayered structure. The fibril formation capacity of collagen was also
      confirmed using SEM analysis. CONCLUSION: The rohu swim bladder type I collagen
      was successfully extracted using an enzymatic method with a yield of 465.2 g kg-1
      (dry weight basis) and was characterised as a well maintained triple helical
      structure. The extracted collagen exhibited a high fibril-forming ability. The
      results of the present study confirm that utilisation of rohu swim bladder will
      open up a new avenue for the better disposal of by-products and also help to
      minimise environmental pollution issues. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27380937
TI  - The Naturally Occurring Compound Garcinia Indica Selectively Impairs the
      Reconsolidation of a Cocaine-Associated Memory.
AB  - Sustained abstinence from cocaine use is frequently compromised by exposure to
      environmental stimuli that have previously been strongly associated with drug
      taking. Such cues trigger memories of the effects of the drug, leading to craving
      and potential relapse. Our work has demonstrated that manipulating cocaine-cue
      memories by destabilizing them through interfering with the reconsolidation
      process is one potential therapeutic tool by which to prolong abstinence. Here,
      we examine the use of the naturally occurring amnestic agent garcinol to
      manipulate an established cocaine-cue memory. Rats underwent 12 days of cocaine
      self-administration training during which time active lever presses resulted in
      an i.v. infusion of cocaine that was paired with a light/tone cue. Next rats
      underwent lever extinction for 8 days followed by light/tone reactivation and a
      test of cue-induced cocaine-seeking behavior. Systemic injection of garcinol 30
      min after reactivation significantly impaired the reconsolidation of the cocaine
      associated cue memory. Further testing revealed that garcinol had no effect on
      drug-induced cocaine-seeking, but was capable of blocking the initial conditioned
      reinforcing properties of the cue and prevents the acquisition of a new response.
      Additional experiments showed that the effects of garcinol are specific to
      reactivated memories only, temporally constrained, cue-specific, long-lasting,
      and persist following extended cocaine access. These data provide strong evidence
      that the naturally occurring compound, garcinol, may be a potentially useful tool
      to sustain abstinence from drug abuse.

PMID- 27380940
TI  - Saturnispora bothae sp. nov., isolated from rotting wood.
AB  - Two strains representing a novel species of the genus Saturnispora were isolated
      from rotting wood samples collected in an Atlantic Rainforest site in Brazil.
      Analyses of the sequences of the D1/D2 domains of the rRNA gene showed that this
      novel species belongs to a subclade in the Saturnispora clade formed by
      Saturnispora sanitii, Saturnispora sekii, Saturnispora silvae and
      Saturnisporasuwanaritii. The novel species differed in D1/D2 sequences by 60 or
      more nucleotide substitutions from these species. The strains produced asci with
      one to four hemispherical ascospores. A novel species named Saturnispora bothae
      sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these isolates. The type strain is UFMG-CM
      Y292T (=CBS 13484T). The MycoBank number is MB 817127.

PMID- 27380941
TI  - Depression in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review and Recommendation for Psychiatric
      Management.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular
      complication of diabetes and one of the main causes of irreversible vision
      impairment in the working-age population. Multiple studies have demonstrated the
      significantly high prevalence of depression in patients with DR in recent years.
      The progression of DR could lead to depression, whereas depressive symptoms often
      worsen the condition of DR. Therefore, DR is one of the causes of psychosomatic
      diseases, the treatment for which should combine traditional DR therapy with
      depression interventions. METHODS: We reviewed existing articles that
      investigated the association between DR and depression in the context of
      prevalence, risk factors, biological mechanisms, and treatment indications.
      RESULTS: The literature review in this article includes a brief introduction to
      current studies of depression and DR, followed by a focus on the epidemiology of
      depression in DR that help doctors better identify potential or existing
      depression patients upon first diagnosis. The underlying biologic mechanisms
      between the 2 diseases are briefly reviewed, and potential treatments are
      addressed. CONCLUSIONS: Depression in patients with DR is not uncommon and has a
      negative effect on the condition of DR. To achieve optimal prognosis in patients
      with DR and depression, more attention to combined psychiatric therapies for
      depression is recommended.

PMID- 27380942
TI  - Unusually Facile Thermal Homodienyl-[1,5]-Hydrogen Shift Reactions in
      Photochemically Generated Vinyl Aziridines.
AB  - A range of photochemically generated tri- and tetracyclic vinyl aziridines have
      been found to undergo a general and surprisingly low temperature ring opening
      through a [1,5]-hydrogen shift reaction. The rate of the process was found to be
      highly dependent on the structure and substitution around the azirdine ring and
      the alkene terminus, with some substrates being observed to undergo ring opening
      at temperatures as low as 25  degrees C. The rigid nature of these polycyclic
      systems precludes a conformational explanation of these rate differences, and an
      Eyring study confirmed a negligible entropic barrier to the reaction. However,
      the Eyring plots for two different aziridines systems showed a significant
      difference in their enthalpies of activation. It is therefore believed that the
      levels of aziridine ring strain, as well as electronic effects, are the dominant
      factors in this sequence. 

PMID- 27380939
TI  - Evaluation of off-target and on-target scoring algorithms and integration into
      the guide RNA selection tool CRISPOR.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The success of the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique depends on
      the choice of the guide RNA sequence, which is facilitated by various websites.
      Despite the importance and popularity of these algorithms, it is unclear to which
      extent their predictions are in agreement with actual measurements. RESULTS: We
      conduct the first independent evaluation of CRISPR/Cas9 predictions. To this end,
      we collect data from eight SpCas9 off-target studies and compare them with the
      sites predicted by popular algorithms. We identify problems in one implementation
      but found that sequence-based off-target predictions are very reliable,
      identifying most off-targets with mutation rates superior to 0.1 %, while the
      number of false positives can be largely reduced with a cutoff on the off-target
      score. We also evaluate on-target efficiency prediction algorithms against
      available datasets. The correlation between the predictions and the guide
      activity varied considerably, especially for zebrafish. Together with novel data
      from our labs, we find that the optimal on-target efficiency prediction model
      strongly depends on whether the guide RNA is expressed from a U6 promoter or
      transcribed in vitro. We further demonstrate that the best predictions can
      significantly reduce the time spent on guide screening. CONCLUSIONS: To make
      these guidelines easily accessible to anyone planning a CRISPR genome editing
      experiment, we built a new website ( http://crispor.org ) that predicts off
      targets and helps select and clone efficient guide sequences for more than 120
      genomes using different Cas9 proteins and the eight efficiency scoring systems
      evaluated here.

PMID- 27380943
TI  - A model for gossip-mediated evolution of altruism with various types of false
      information by speakers and assessment by listeners.
AB  - Indirect reciprocity is considered to be important for explaining altruism among
      humans. The evolution of altruism has been modeled using several types of
      reputational scores, most of which were assumed to be updated immediately after
      each game session. In this study, we introduce gossip sessions held between game
      sessions to capture the spread of reputation and examine the effects of false
      information intentionally introduced by some players. Analytical and individual
      based simulation results indicated that the frequent exchange of gossip favored
      the evolution of altruism when no players started false information. In contrast,
      intermediate repetitions of gossip sessions were favored when the population
      included liars or biased gossipers. In addition, we found that a gossip
      listener's strategy of incorporating any gossip regardless of speakers usually
      worked better than an alternative strategy of not believing gossip from
      untrustworthy players.

PMID- 27380944
TI  - Stochastic modelling suggests that an elevated superoxide anion - hydrogen
      peroxide ratio can drive extravascular phagocyte transmigration by lamellipodium
      formation.
AB  - Chemotaxis, integrates diverse intra- and inter-cellular molecular processes into
      a purposeful patho-physiological response; the operatic rules of which, remain
      speculative. Here, I surmise, that superoxide anion induced directional motility,
      in a responding cell, results from a quasi pathway between the stimulus,
      surrounding interstitium, and its biochemical repertoire. The epochal event in
      the mounting of an inflammatory response, is the extravascular transmigration of
      a phagocyte competent cell towards the site of injury, secondary to the
      development of a lamellipodium. This stochastic-to-markovian process conversion,
      is initiated by the cytosolic-ROS of the damaged cell, but is maintained by the
      inverse association of a de novo generated pool of self-sustaining superoxide
      anions and sub-critical hydrogen peroxide levels. Whilst, the exponential rise of
      O2(.-) is secondary to the focal accumulation of higher order lipid raft-Rac1/2
      actin oligomers; O2(.-) mediated inactivation and redistribution of ECSOD,
      accounts for the minimal concentration of H2O2 that the phagocyte experiences.
      The net result of this reciprocal association between ROS/ RNS members, is the
      prolonged perturbation and remodeling of the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, a
      prelude to chemotactic migration. The manuscript also describes the significance
      of stochastic modeling, in the testing of plausible molecular hypotheses of
      observable phenomena in complex biological systems.

PMID- 27380945
TI  - High adult mortality in disease-challenged frog populations increases
      vulnerability to drought.
AB  - Pathogen emergence can drive major changes in host population demography, with
      implications for population dynamics and sensitivity to environmental
      fluctuations. The amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, caused by infection with
      the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is implicated in the
      severe decline of over 200 amphibian species. In species that have declined but
      not become extinct, Bd persists and can cause substantial ongoing mortality. High
      rates of mortality associated with Bd may drive major changes in host demography,
      but this process is poorly understood. Here, we compared population age structure
      of Bd-infected populations, Bd-free populations and museum specimens collected
      prior to Bd emergence for the endangered Australian frog, Litoria verreauxii
      alpina (alpine tree frog). We then used population simulations to investigate how
      pathogen-associated demographic shifts affect the ability of populations to
      persist in stochastic environments. We found that Bd-infected populations have a
      severely truncated age structure associated with very high rates of annual adult
      mortality. Near-complete annual adult turnover in Bd-infected populations means
      that individuals breed once, compared with Bd-free populations where adults may
      breed across multiple years. Our simulations showed that truncated age structure
      erodes the capacity of populations to withstand periodic recruitment failure; a
      common challenge for species reproducing in uncertain environments. We document
      previously undescribed demographic shifts associated with a globally emerging
      pathogen and demonstrate how these shifts alter host ecology. Truncation of age
      structure associated with Bd effectively reduces host niche width and can help
      explain the contraction of L. v. alpina to perennial waterbodies where the risk
      of drought-induced recruitment failure is low. Reduced capacity to tolerate other
      sources of mortality may explain variation in decline severity among other
      chytridiomycosis-challenged species and highlights the potential to mitigate
      disease impacts through minimizing other sources of mortality.

PMID- 27380946
TI  - Upregulation of Antioxidant Enzymes by ASS234, a Multitarget Directed
      Propargylamine for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy.

PMID- 27380947
TI  - Response to letter regarding Embolization is not essential in the treatment of
      leg varices due to pelvic venous insufficiency.

PMID- 27380948
TI  - Influx transporter variants as predictors of cancer chemotherapy-induced
      toxicity: systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - AIM: Chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to increase lung patient survival,
      however their use may be limited by their serious adverse effects. We aimed to
      assess int impact of pharmacogenetic variation of influx transporters on inter
      individual patient variation in adverse drug reactions. PATIENTS & METHODS: We
      conducted a meta-analysis and systemic review and identified 16 publications,
      totaling 1510 patients, to be eligible for review. RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed
      east-Asian patients expressing SLCO1B1 521T>C or 1118G>A to have a two- to
      fourfold increased risk of irinotecan-induced neutropenia but not diarrhea.
      American patients, expressing SLC19A1 IVS2(4935) G>A, were further associated
      with pemetrexed/gemcitabine-induced grade 3+ leukopenia. CONCLUSION: Future
      studies should look to robust validation of SLCO1B1 and SLC19A1 as prognostic
      markers in the management of lung cancer patients.

PMID- 27380949
TI  - Underuse of beta-blockers in heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although beta-blockers are an established therapy in heart failure
      (HF) guidelines, including for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease (COPD), there remain concerns regarding bronchoconstriction even with
      cardioselective beta-blockers. We wished to assess the real-life use of beta
      blockers for patients with HF and comorbid COPD. METHODS: We evaluated data from
      the Optimum Patient Care Research Database over a period of 1 year for co
      prescribing of beta-blockers with either an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin-2
      receptor blocker (ARB) in patients with HF alone versus HF+COPD. Association with
      inhaler therapy was also evaluated. RESULTS: We identified 89 861 patients with
      COPD, 24 237 with HF and 10 853 with both conditions. In patients with HF+COPD,
      the mean age was 79 years; 60% were male, and 27% had prior myocardial
      infarction. Of patients with HF+COPD, 22% were taking a beta-blocker in
      conjunction with either ACEI/ARB (n=2416) compared with 41% of patients with HF
      only (n=10 002) (adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.58, p<0.001). Among HF+COPD
      patients taking inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with long-acting beta-agonist (LABA)
      and long-acting muscarinic antagonist, 27% of patients were taking an ACEI/ARB
      with beta-blockers (n=778) versus 46% taking an ACEI/ARB without beta-blockers
      (n=1316). Corresponding figures for those patients taking ICS/LABA were 20%
      (n=583) versus 48% (n=1367), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate a
      substantial unmet need for patients with COPD who should be prescribed beta
      blockers more often for concomitant HF.

PMID- 27380950
TI  - A combined cryo-EM and molecular dynamics approach reveals the mechanism of ErmBL
      mediated translation arrest.
AB  - Nascent polypeptides can induce ribosome stalling, regulating downstream genes.
      Stalling of ErmBL peptide translation in the presence of the macrolide antibiotic
      erythromycin leads to resistance in Streptococcus sanguis. To reveal this
      stalling mechanism we obtained 3.6-A-resolution cryo-EM structures of ErmBL
      stalled ribosomes with erythromycin. The nascent peptide adopts an unusual
      conformation with the C-terminal Asp10 side chain in a previously unseen rotated
      position. Together with molecular dynamics simulations, the structures indicate
      that peptide-bond formation is inhibited by displacement of the peptidyl-tRNA A76
      ribose from its canonical position, and by non-productive interactions of the A
      tRNA Lys11 side chain with the A-site crevice. These two effects combine to
      perturb peptide-bond formation by increasing the distance between the attacking
      Lys11 amine and the Asp10 carbonyl carbon. The interplay between drug, peptide
      and ribosome uncovered here also provides insight into the fundamental mechanism
      of peptide-bond formation.

PMID- 27380951
TI  - Engineered beta-Lactoglobulin Produced in E. coli: Purification, Biophysical and
      Structural Characterisation.
AB  - Functional recombinant bovine beta-lactoglobulin has been produced by expression
      in E. coli using an engineered protein gene and purified to homogeneity by
      applying a new protocol. Mutations L1A/I2S introduced into the protein sequence
      greatly facilitate in vivo cleavage of the N-terminal methionine, allowing
      correctly folded and soluble protein suitable for biochemical, biophysical and
      structural studies to be obtained. The use of gel filtration on Sephadex G75 at
      the last purification step enables protein without endogenous ligand to be
      obtained. The physicochemical properties of recombinant beta-lactoglobulin such
      as CD spectra, ligand binding (n, K a, DeltaH, TDeltaS, DeltaG), chemical and
      thermal stability (DeltaG D, C mid) and crystal structure confirmed that the
      protein obtained is almost identical to the natural one. The substitutions of N
      terminal residues did not influence the binding properties of the recombinant
      protein so that the lactoglobulin produced and purified according to our protocol
      is a good candidate for further engineering and potential use in pharmacology and
      medicine. 

PMID- 27380952
TI  - Increased calf and plantar muscle fibrotic contents in obese subjects may cause
      ankle instability.
AB  - Obesity is strongly associated with musculoskeletal disorders of the lower limb,
      including ankle instability and resulting gait problems. In the present study, we
      aimed to examine, using paired comparisons of subjects, whether moderate duration
      of obesity in patients with mild to moderate elevations of body mass index (BMI),
      changes the fibrous contents of muscles that support the ankle mortices, namely
      calf and plantar muscles. We attempted to examine these parameters because this
      shall provide direct evidence of whether obesity directly impacts myoarchitecture
      and support of the adjoining joints. MRI image segmentation and pixel
      correlations by grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and entropy were used to
      analyse the changes. The differences in the means between groups (both GLCM and
      entropy) were significant from control lean populations (P<0.0001, ANOVA) for the
      parameters examined for both the calf and the plantar muscles. Reduction in
      weight should thus be a first-line approach in preventing these changes that may
      significantly affect quality of life due to gait disturbances.

PMID- 27380953
TI  - Inflammation in low back pain may be detected from the peripheral blood:
      suggestions for biomarker.
AB  - Biomarker for prediction of development of low back pain, and disease progression
      in chronic conditions are virtually non-existent. In the present study, we
      examined evidence of inflammation in the peripheral blood and demonstrated
      significant changes in neuroinflammation markers in subjects with chronic low
      back pain in comparison with control subjects. The present study was performed
      using peripheral blood from subjects with chronic low back pain and age-matched
      control subjects. Western blotting, real-time RT-PCR, cell culture and in vitro
      assays were incorporated to perform the current study. We obtained evidence that
      the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is
      misaligned, with decrease in interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression and increase in
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated increase in CD16
      monocyte expression. Cells were cultured under differential conditions to
      generate M1/M2 macrophages. In the macrophages, opioid secretory capacity was
      shown to be diminished. Finally, Dragon (repulsive guidance molecule b, RGMb)
      expression was shown diminished in M1 macrophages, which serves as a key
      transcriptional inhibitor of IL-6 expression. These biochemical and cellular
      alterations in chronic low back pain can serve as potential biomarkers for
      assessing disease initiation, intensity and progression.

PMID- 27380954
TI  - Rev-erbalpha in the brain is essential for circadian food entrainment.
AB  - Foraging is costly in terms of time and energy. An endogenous food-entrainable
      system allows anticipation of predictable changes of food resources in nature.
      Yet the molecular mechanism that controls food anticipation in mammals remains
      elusive. Here we report that deletion of the clock component Rev-erbalpha impairs
      food entrainment in mice. Rev-erbalpha global knockout (GKO) mice subjected to
      restricted feeding showed reduced elevations of locomotor activity and body
      temperature prior to mealtime, regardless of the lighting conditions. The failure
      to properly anticipate food arrival was accompanied by a lack of phase-adjustment
      to mealtime of the clock protein PERIOD2 in the cerebellum, and by diminished
      expression of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 (p-ERK) during mealtime in the mediobasal
      hypothalamus and cerebellum. Furthermore, brain-specific knockout (BKO) mice for
      Rev-erbalpha display a defective suprachiasmatic clock, as evidenced by blunted
      daily activity under a light-dark cycle, altered free-running rhythm in constant
      darkness and impaired clock gene expression. Notably, brain deletion of Rev
      erbalpha totally prevented food-anticipatory behaviour and thermogenesis. In
      response to restricted feeding, brain deletion of Rev-erbalpha impaired changes
      in clock gene expression in the hippocampus and cerebellum, but not in the liver.
      Our findings indicate that Rev-erbalpha is required for neural network-based
      prediction of food availability.

PMID- 27380956
TI  - Laparoscopic Cholecystoduodenostomy in Dogs: Canine Cadaver Feasibility Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopic cholecystoduodenostomy in
      canine cadavers using barbed self-locking sutures. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo
      experimental study. ANIMALS: Fresh male Beagle cadavers (n=5). METHODS: Surgery
      was performed by a single veterinary surgeon. Dogs were placed in dorsal
      recumbency and 15 degrees  reverse Trendelenburg position. The surgical procedure
      was performed with four 5 mm entry ports and a 5 mm 30 degrees  telescope. The
      cholecystoduodenostomy technique included dissection, incision of the
      gallbladder, and lavage, followed by gallbladder transposition over the duodenum,
      incision of the duodenum, and anastomosis. The latter was performed with a 4-0
      barbed self-locking suture (V-Loc(r) 180). Subsequently, a leak test was
      performed by submerging the anastomosis in saline and insufflating air into the
      duodenum through a catheter. Total operative time and completion times for each
      procedural step were recorded. RESULTS: The median total operative time was 151
      minutes (range, 129-159). One conversion to open surgery occurred because of
      vascular hemorrhage. The 3 longest intraoperative steps were posterior wall
      anastomosis, gallbladder dissection, and anterior wall anastomosis.
      Intraoperative anastomotic leakage sites were identified in 3 of 5 dogs. Leaks
      were managed by placement of a single reinforcing conventional intracorporeal
      suture, which was adequate to obtain a watertight anastomosis. CONCLUSION: This
      technique cannot be recommended in clinical practice until further studies are
      performed and the technique is further refined.

PMID- 27380955
TI  - Multifaceted anti-amyloidogenic and pro-amyloidogenic effects of C-reactive
      protein and serum amyloid P component in vitro.
AB  - C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP), two major classical
      pentraxins in humans, are soluble pattern recognition molecules that regulate the
      innate immune system, but their chaperone activities remain poorly understood.
      Here, we examined their effects on the amyloid fibril formation from Alzheimer's
      amyloid beta (Abeta) (1-40) and on that from D76N beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m)
      which is related to hereditary systemic amyloidosis. CRP and SAP dose-dependently
      and substoichiometrically inhibited both Abeta(1-40) and D76N beta2-m fibril
      formation in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. CRP and SAP interacted with fresh and
      aggregated Abeta(1-40) and D76N beta2-m on the fibril-forming pathway.
      Interestingly, in the presence of Ca(2+), SAP first inhibited, then significantly
      accelerated D76N beta2-m fibril formation. Electron microscopically, the surface
      of the D76N beta2-m fibril was coated with pentameric SAP. These data suggest
      that SAP first exhibits anti-amyloidogenic activity possibly via A face, followed
      by pro-amyloidogenic activity via B face, proposing a model that the pro- and
      anti-amyloidogenic activities of SAP are not mutually exclusive, but reflect two
      sides of the same coin, i.e., the B and A faces, respectively. Finally, SAP
      inhibits the heat-induced amorphous aggregation of human glutathione S
      transferase. A possible role of pentraxins to maintain extracellular proteostasis
      is discussed.

PMID- 27380957
TI  - Penternary chalcogenides nanocrystals as catalytic materials for efficient
      counter electrodes in dye-synthesized solar cells.
AB  - The penternary chalcogenides Cu2CoSn(SeS)4 and Cu2ZnSn(SeS)4 were successfully
      synthesized by hot-injection method, and employed as a catalytic materials for
      efficient counter electrodes in dye-synthesized solar cells (DSSCs). The
      structural, compositional, morphological and optical properties of these
      pentenary semiconductors were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman
      spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive
      spectrometer (EDS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The
      Cu2CoSn(SeS)4 and Cu2ZnSn(SeS)4 nanocrystals had a single crystalline, kesterite
      phase, adequate stoichiometric ratio, 18-25 nm particle sizes which are forming
      nanospheres, and band gap energy of 1.18 and 1.45 eV, respectively. Furthermore,
      the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammograms indicated
      that Cu2CoSn(SeS)4 nanocrystals as counter electrodes exhibited better
      electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of iodine/iodide electrolyte than
      that of Cu2ZnSn(SeS)4 nanocrystals and conventional platinum (Pt). The
      photovoltaic results demonstrated that DSSC with a Cu2CoSn(SeS)4 nanocrystals
      based counter electrode achieved the best efficiency of 6.47%, which is higher
      than the same photoanode employing a Cu2ZnSn(SeS)4 nanocrystals (3.18%) and Pt
      (5.41%) counter electrodes. These promising results highlight the potential
      application of penternary chalcogen Cu2CoSn(SeS)4 nanocrystals in low-cost, high
      efficiency, Pt-free DSSCs.

PMID- 27380958
TI  - The promise of immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Squamous cell cancers of the head and neck (HNSCC) comprise a diverse group of
      malignancies that includes tobacco-related tumors in addition to an increasing
      number of human papillomavirus-associated cancers. Independently of cause, there
      is a growing body of evidence supporting that the immune system plays a pivotal
      role in HNSCC development, as tumor cells evade immunosurveillance by exploiting
      inhibitory checkpoint pathways that suppress anti-tumor T-cell responses. HNSCC
      cells have the ability to manipulate the immune system through a variety of
      different mechanisms, forcing it to promote tumor growth and spread. Over the
      last decade, discoveries in immunologic research resulted in increased
      understanding of complex interactions between HNSCC and the host immune system as
      well as T-cell regulatory mechanisms, promoting the development of a variety of
      novel immunotherapies. Following the availability of novel immunotherapeutic
      strategies, the challenge for clinicians is to understand how and in which
      clinical setting to use these agents in order to provide greater clinical benefit
      for patients. Combination of immunotherapies with standard treatment approaches
      also represents an evolving field of research. Herein, we provide a comprehensive
      review of immune escape mechanisms in HNSCC, as well as current immunotherapy
      approaches under investigation.

PMID- 27380960
TI  - Safety and efficacy of autologous serum eye drop for treatment of dry eyes in
      graft-versus-host disease.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the treatment of autologous serum eye drops (ASED) on dry
      eyes in patients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). METHODS: A retrospective
      chart review of 35 patients with a history of ocular GVHD following hematopoietic
      stem cell transplantation that used ASED to alleviate dry eye symptoms was
      performed. Patients were categorized into three different groups. If patients had
      available ophthalmic data before and after starting treatment was group 1 (n =
      14), had available ophthalmic data after starting treatment in group 2 (n = 10)
      and had available ophthalmic data before treatment or did not have any data after
      starting treatment in group 3 (n = 11). Data were collected on patient's age,
      gender, primary diagnosis, visual acuity and fluorescein corneal staining were
      collected on individual eyes in order to evaluate the efficacy of the ASED on
      alleviating dry eye-related signs and symptoms. RESULTS: No adverse ocular effect
      from the ASED was found in our series (except one fungal keratitis). All patients
      reported either improvement (55%) or stability (45%) in their ocular symptoms
      upon the use of ASED. In patients with available data before and after starting
      treatment, the corneal staining score improved by a median of 1 (p = 0.003) and
      the LogMAR visual acuity had a non-significant improvement. CONCLUSION: In our
      study, ASED used by patients with ocular GVHD were both safe and effective. ASED
      should be considered in patients with GVHD who suffer from dry eyes.

PMID- 27380959
TI  - ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic
      colorectal cancer.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in Western
      countries. Over the last 20 years, and the last decade in particular, the
      clinical outcome for patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC) has improved greatly due
      not only to an increase in the number of patients being referred for and
      undergoing surgical resection of their localised metastatic disease but also to a
      more strategic approach to the delivery of systemic therapy and an expansion in
      the use of ablative techniques. This reflects the increase in the number of
      patients that are being managed within a multidisciplinary team environment and
      specialist cancer centres, and the emergence over the same time period not only
      of improved imaging techniques but also prognostic and predictive molecular
      markers. Treatment decisions for patients with mCRC must be evidence-based. Thus,
      these ESMO consensus guidelines have been developed based on the current
      available evidence to provide a series of evidence-based recommendations to
      assist in the treatment and management of patients with mCRC in this rapidly
      evolving treatment setting.

PMID- 27380961
TI  - Dynamics of the heart rate variability and oxygen saturation response to acute
      normobaric hypoxia within the first 10 min of exposure.
AB  - Although the heart rate variability (HRV) response to hypoxia has been studied,
      little is known about the dynamics of HRV after hypoxia exposure. The purpose of
      this study was to assess the HRV and oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) responses to
      normobaric hypoxia (FiO2  = 9.6%) comparing 1 min segments to baseline
      (normoxia). Electrocardiogram and SpO2 were recorded during a 10-min hypoxia
      exposure in 29 healthy male subjects aged 26.0 +/- 4.9 years. Baseline HRV values
      were obtained from a 5-min recording period prior to hypoxia. The hypoxia period
      was split into 10 non-overlapping 1-min segments and time domain HRV indexes
      (RMSSD and SDNN) were calculated for each segment. Differences (Delta) from
      baseline values were calculated and transformed using natural logarithm (Ln).
      This study revealed that the decrease in DeltaSpO2 became significant (P<0.001)
      in the first minute of hypoxia, the decrease in DeltaLn RMSSD became significant
      (P = 0.002) in the second minute, and the decrease in DeltaLn SDNN became
      significant (P = 0.001) in the third minute. Between the second and fifth minute
      of hypoxia, DeltaSpO2 correlated with DeltaLn RMSSD (r = 0.57, P<0.001) and
      DeltaLn SDNN (r = 0.44, P<0.001). Five min after the onset of hypoxia, DeltaSpO2
      was significantly (P = 0.002) decreased but changes in DeltaLn RMSSD (P = 0.344)
      and DeltaLn SDNN (P = 0.558) were not significant. In conclusion, the decrease in
      HRV was proportional to desaturation but only during the first 5 min of hypoxia.

PMID- 27380962
TI  - Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid virulence factor profiling of
      extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from cattle.
AB  - Virulence factor (VF) profiling is important for the control of extraintestinal
      pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) infection because VF prevalence is highly
      variable. We analyzed the VF profile of ExPEC isolated from cattle in Yamagata
      prefecture, Japan, 2000-2015 and developed a rapid VF profiling method using a
      multiplex PCR assay.

PMID- 27380963
TI  - Different binarization processes validated against manual counts of fluorescent
      bacterial cells.
AB  - State of the art software methods (such as fixed value approaches or statistical
      approaches) to create a binary image of fluorescent bacterial cells are not as
      accurate and precise as they should be for counting bacteria and measuring their
      area. To overcome these bottlenecks, we introduce biological significance to
      obtain a binary image from a greyscale microscopic image. Using our biological
      significance approach we are able to automatically count about the same number of
      cells as an individual researcher would do by manual/visual counting. Using the
      fixed value or statistical approach to obtain a binary image leads to about 20%
      less cells in automatic counting. In our procedure we included the area
      measurements of the bacterial cells to determine the right parameters for
      background subtraction and threshold values. In an iterative process the
      threshold and background subtraction values were incremented until the number of
      particles smaller than a typical bacterial cell is less than the number of
      bacterial cells with a certain area. This research also shows that every image
      has a specific threshold with respect to the optical system, magnification and
      staining procedure as well as the exposure time. The biological significance
      approach shows that automatic counting can be performed with the same accuracy,
      precision and reproducibility as manual counting. The same approach can be used
      to count bacterial cells using different optical systems (Leica, Olympus and
      Navitar), magnification factors (200* and 400*), staining procedures (DNA
      (Propidium Iodide) and RNA (FISH)) and substrates (polycarbonate filter or
      glass).

PMID- 27380964
TI  - Paenibacillus silagei sp. nov. isolated from corn silage.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, endospore-forming bacterium, strain LOOC204T,
      was isolated from corn silage that had been prepared and stored in Hokkaido,
      Japan. The isolate grew well at 4-37  degrees C and at pH 6.0-8.5. The major
      cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0.
      The major menaquinone was MK-7. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified
      phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified lipids were
      detected as the cellular polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of LOOC204T
      was 52.2+/-0.7 mol%. A comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that
      LOOC204T represented a member of the genus Paenibacillus, and high levels of
      sequence similarity of LOOC204T with Paenibacillus borealis KK19T (97.5 %) and
      Paenibacillusjilunlii Be17T (97.4 %) were found. Based on sequence analysis of
      the RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) gene, LOOC204T was clearly separated from
      its phylogenetic neighbors in the genus Paenibacillus. DNA-DNA hybridisation
      experiments showed that LOOC204T displayed less than 40 % reassociation values
      toward its nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the genus Paenibacillus, indicating
      the unique taxonomic status of LOOC204T. Based on these data, we conclude that
      strain LOOC204T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, named
      Paenibacillus silageisp. nov. The type strain is LOOC204T (=JCM 30974T=DSM
      101953T).

PMID- 27380965
TI  - Examining impacts of ceranib-2 on the proliferation, morphology and
      ultrastructure of human breast cancer cells.
AB  - Acid ceramidases are enzymes with a vital role in metabolizing ceramide to
      sphingosine-1-phosphate that is an antiproliferative metabolite in the ceramide
      pathway. Inhibition of exogenous ceramides with ceramidase inhibitors lead to
      augmented ceramide levels in cells and in turn lead to cell cycle arrest and
      apoptosis. Our study aimed at targeting ceramide metabolic pathway to induce
      apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line (MCF7) and we examined the
      antiproliferative and apoptotic activities of ceranib-2, an inhibitor of human
      ceramidase, on this cell line as well ultrastructural and mophological changes.
      Methods used for our examinations in this study were the colorimetric MTT assay,
      Annexin V/Propidium iodide and JC-1 staining, transmission electron microscopy
      and confocal microscopy. Ceranib-2 effectively inhibited the viability of MCF7
      cells in 24 h in a dose dependent manner leading to apoptosis via the
      mitochondrial pathway by reducing the potential of mitochondrial membrane.
      Additionally, significant changes on cell morphology and ultrastructure were
      observed on MCF7 cells exposed to ceranib-2 indicating apoptotic cell death.
      Collectively, our data demonstrate that ceranib-2 exerts a great potential to be
      an antineoplastic compound and that the mechanism of its action rely on its
      apoptosis inducing ability.

PMID- 27380966
TI  - Real-time monitoring of hypertrophy in HL-1 cardiomyocytes by impedance
      measurements reveals different modes of growth.
AB  - Hypertrophic growth is a response of the heart to increased mechanical load or
      physiological stress. Thereby, cardiomyocytes grow in length and/or width to
      maintain cardiac pump function. Major signaling pathways involved in
      cardiomyocyte growth and remodeling have been identified during recent years
      including calcineurin-NFAT and PI3K-Akt signaling. Modulation of these pathways
      is of certain interest for therapeutic treatment of cardiac hypertrophy. However,
      quantification and characterization of hypertrophy in response to different
      stimuli or modulators is difficult. This study aims to test different read-out
      systems for detection and quantification of differences in hypertrophic growth in
      response to prohypertrophic stimuli. Real-time impedance measurements allowed the
      detection of distinct differences in hypertrophic growth in response to
      endothelin, norepinephrine, phenylephrine or BIO, which were not observable by
      other methods such as flow cytometry. Endothelin treatment induced a rapid and
      strong peak in the impedance signal concomitant with a massive reorientation of
      the actin cytoskeleton. Changes in expression of hypertrophy-associated genes
      were detected and stabilization of beta-catenin was identified as a common
      response to all hypertrophic stimuli used in this study. Hypertrophic growth was
      blocked by the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PI-103. 

PMID- 27380968
TI  - A hemocyte-expressed fibrinogen-related protein gene (LvFrep) from the shrimp
      Litopenaeus vannamei: Expression analysis after microbial infection and during
      larval development.
AB  - Fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) comprise a large family of microbial
      recognition proteins involved in many biological functions in both vertebrate and
      invertebrate animals. By taking advantage of publicly accessible databases, we
      have identified a FREP-like homolog in the most cultivated penaeid shrimp,
      Litopenaeus vannamei (LvFrep). The obtained sequence showed a conserved
      fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and displayed significant similarities to FREP
      like proteins from other invertebrates and to ficolins from crustaceans. The
      expression of LvFrep appeared to be limited to circulating hemocytes.
      Interestingly, LvFrep gene expression was induced in shrimp hemocytes only in
      response to a Vibrio infection but not to the White spot syndrome virus (WSSV).
      Moreover, LvFrep transcript levels were detected early in fertilized eggs,
      suggesting the participation of this immune-related gene in the antimicrobial
      defenses during shrimp development. 

PMID- 27380967
TI  - Aging, Clonality, and Rejuvenation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells.
AB  - Aging is associated with reduced organ function and increased disease incidence.
      Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) aging driven by both cell intrinsic and extrinsic
      factors is linked to impaired HSC self-renewal and regeneration, aging-associated
      immune remodeling, and increased leukemia incidence. Compromised DNA damage
      responses and the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been
      previously causatively attributed to HSC aging. However, recent paradigm-shifting
      concepts, such as global epigenetic and cytoskeletal polarity shifts, cellular
      senescence, as well as the clonal selection of HSCs upon aging, provide new
      insights into HSC aging mechanisms. Rejuvenating agents that can reprogram the
      epigenetic status of aged HSCs or senolytic drugs that selectively deplete
      senescent cells provide promising translational avenues for attenuating
      hematopoietic aging and, potentially, alleviating aging-associated immune
      remodeling and myeloid malignancies.

PMID- 27380970
TI  - The relevance of indexed journals.

PMID- 27380969
TI  - Learning-based subject-specific estimation of dynamic maps of cortical morphology
      at missing time points in longitudinal infant studies.
AB  - Longitudinal neuroimaging analysis of the dynamic brain development in infants
      has received increasing attention recently. Many studies expect a complete
      longitudinal dataset in order to accurately chart the brain developmental
      trajectories. However, in practice, a large portion of subjects in longitudinal
      studies often have missing data at certain time points, due to various reasons
      such as the absence of scan or poor image quality. To make better use of these
      incomplete longitudinal data, in this paper, we propose a novel machine learning
      based method to estimate the subject-specific, vertex-wise cortical morphological
      attributes at the missing time points in longitudinal infant studies.
      Specifically, we develop a customized regression forest, named dynamically
      assembled regression forest (DARF), as the core regression tool. DARF ensures the
      spatial smoothness of the estimated maps for vertex-wise cortical morphological
      attributes and also greatly reduces the computational cost. By employing a
      pairwise estimation followed by a joint refinement, our method is able to fully
      exploit the available information from both subjects with complete scans and
      subjects with missing scans for estimation of the missing cortical attribute
      maps. The proposed method has been applied to estimating the dynamic cortical
      thickness maps at missing time points in an incomplete longitudinal infant
      dataset, which includes 31 healthy infant subjects, each having up to five time
      points in the first postnatal year. The experimental results indicate that our
      proposed framework can accurately estimate the subject-specific vertex-wise
      cortical thickness maps at missing time points, with the average error less than
      0.23 mm. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4129-4147, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27380971
TI  - Genetic perspective of retinoblastoma: From present to future.
AB  - Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common malignant intraocular tumor in children.
      In the last decade, basic research has led to a better understanding of events
      after two hits in RB susceptibility gene (RB1), molecular mechanism of tumor
      growth, the cell of origin of RB, etc. This would pave way to identify biomarkers
      and molecular targeted therapy for better treatment option in the future.
      Furthermore, improvement in molecular techniques has led to enhanced diagnostic
      methods for early diagnosis, genetic counseling, and prevention of the disease.
      This review will help to understand the essence of basic research work conducted
      in recent times and its implication in the management of RB in the future. 

PMID- 27380972
TI  - Fungal infections of the orbit.
AB  - Fungal infections of the orbit can lead to grave complications. Although the
      primary site of inoculation of the infective organism is frequently the sinuses,
      the patients can initially present to the ophthalmologist with ocular signs and
      symptoms. Due to its varied and nonspecific clinical features, especially in the
      early stages, patients are frequently misdiagnosed and even treated with steroids
      which worsen the situation leading to dire consequences. Ophthalmologists should
      be familiar with the clinical spectrum of disease and the variable presentation
      of this infection, as early diagnosis and rapid institution of appropriate
      therapy are crucial elements in the management of this invasive sino-orbital
      infection. In this review, relevant clinical, microbiological, and imaging
      findings are discussed along with the current consensus on local and systemic
      management. We review the recent literature and provide a comprehensive analysis.
      In the immunocompromised, as well as in healthy patients, a high index of
      suspicion must be maintained as delay in diagnosis of fungal pathology may lead
      to disfiguring morbidity or even mortality. Obtaining adequate diagnostic
      material for pathological and microbiological examination is critical. Newer
      methods of therapy, particularly oral voriconazole and topical amphotericin B,
      may be beneficial in selected patients. 

PMID- 27380974
TI  - Lamina depth and thickness correlate with glaucoma severity.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between lamina cribrosa (LC) morphology and
      glaucoma severity in patients with primary forms of open-angle glaucoma (OAG)
      using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD
      OCT) and Humphrey visual field test (HVF). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with
      OAG (n = 166), divided into normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and high-tension
      glaucoma (HTG) groups (n = 66 and n = 100), were imaged using SD-OCT to obtain
      horizontal B-scan images of the optic nerve head (ONH). Laminar depth (LD) and
      laminar thickness (LT) were measured at the center of ONH. RESULTS: The mean (+/
      standard deviation) values of LD, LT, and visual field mean deviation (MD) were
      555.4 +/- 142.3 MUm, 179.9 +/- 49.7 MUm, and - 5.7 +/- 6.4 dB, respectively. In
      the multivariate linear regression analysis, LD, LT, and intraocular pressure
      (IOP) were significantly correlated with MD (P = 0.007, P = 0.037, and P = 0.004,
      respectively). In the subgroup analyses, only LD was associated with MD in the
      NTG group (n = 66), whereas LT and IOP were correlated with MD in the HTG group
      (n = 100). Neither axial length nor central corneal thickness was associated with
      LD or LT. CONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma severity, as measured by HVF MD, shows
      significant correlations with LD and LT, with greater severity associated with
      increasing LD and decreasing LT. Normal- and high-tension OAG patients have
      different associations with LD and LT, which implies that the pathogenesis of
      these two entities might be different.

PMID- 27380973
TI  - Recent advances in diagnosis and management of Mycotic Keratitis.
AB  - Mycotic keratitis is a major cause of corneal blindness, especially in tropical
      and subtropical countries. The prognosis is markedly worse compared to bacterial
      keratitis. Delayed diagnosis and scarcity of effective antifungal agents are the
      major factors for poor outcome. Over the last decade, considerable progress has
      been made to rapidly diagnose cases with mycotic keratitis and increase the
      efficacy of treatment. This review article discusses the recent advances in
      diagnosis and management of mycotic keratitis with a brief discussion on rare and
      emerging organisms. A MEDLINE search was carried out for articles in English
      language, with the keywords, mycotic keratitis, fungal keratitis, emerging or
      atypical fungal pathogens in mycotic keratitis, investigations in mycotic
      keratitis, polymerase chain reaction in mycotic keratitis, confocal microscopy,
      treatment of mycotic keratitis, newer therapy for mycotic keratitis. All relevant
      articles were included in this review. Considering the limited studies available
      on newer diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in mycotic keratitis, case series
      as well as case reports were also included if felt important. 

PMID- 27380975
TI  - A novel splice donor site mutation in EPHA2 caused congenital cataract in a
      Chinese family.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital cataract is a rare disorder characterized by crystallin
      denaturation, which becomes a major cause of childhood blindness. Although more
      than fifty pathogenic genes for congenital cataract have been reported, the
      genetic causes of many cataract patients remain unknown. In this study, the aim
      is to identify the genetic cause of a five-generation Chinese autosomal dominant
      congenital cataract family. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed
      on three affected and one unaffected member of the family, known causative genes
      were scanned first. Sanger sequencing was used to validate co-segregation of the
      candidate variant in the family. The impact on the transcript and amino acid
      sequences of the variant was further analyzed. RESULTS: We identified a novel
      splice donor site mutation c. 2825+1G >A in EPHA2 that was absent in public and
      in-house databases and showed co-segregation in the family. This variant resulted
      in an altered splice that led to protein truncation. CONCLUSIONS: The mutation we
      identified was responsible for congenital cataract in our studied family. Our
      findings broaden the spectrum of causative mutations in EPHA2 gene for congenital
      cataract and suggest that WES is an efficient strategy to scan variants in known
      causative genes for genetically heterogeneous diseases.

PMID- 27380976
TI  - Vitreoretinal lymphomas misdiagnosed as uveitis: Lessons learned from a case
      series.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present challenging cases of vitreoretinal lymphoma (VRL) that was
      misdiagnosed as uveitis because of the apparent intraocular inflammation. At the
      light of the new classification of intraocular lymphomas, we detail the
      characteristics that masqueraded the tumors and the clinical aspects that guided
      us to the correct diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed
      the patients referred to our uveitis service between January 2006 and December
      2014. RESULTS: Seven patients referred with a presumptive diagnosis of idiopathic
      uveitis received a final diagnosis of VRL. The median time between the onset of
      symptoms and definitive diagnosis was 25 months for these complex cases. The
      median time from presentation at our clinic to final diagnosis was 1 month. The
      described clinical features including dense vitreous cells and subretinal
      infiltrates were characteristic and tend to be present in all these chronically
      ill patients. Vitreous samples were collected, and all demonstrated the
      pathognomonic tumor cells, the specific immunoglobulin heavy chain gene
      rearrangements, and an interleukin (IL)-10 to IL-6 ratio >1. CONCLUSION: VRLs are
      severe diseases with a poor prognosis that may be misdiagnosed as idiopathic
      inflammatory conditions of the eye. Treatment with steroids may occult the tumors
      and delay the correct diagnosis. Appropriate evaluation may prompt to a timely
      vitreous sampling and therefore to a faster diagnosis in these peculiar cases
      where the correct diagnosis was delayed by several months.

PMID- 27380977
TI  - The efficacy of intravitreal interferon alpha-2b for the treatment of
      experimental endotoxin-induced uveitis.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study the efficacy of intravitreal interferon alpha-2b for endotoxin
      induced uveitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 rabbits were randomly
      allocated to one of the three groups: (1) received interferon plus balanced-salt
      solution; (2) received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon; and (3) received
      LPS plus balanced-salt solution. Intraocular inflammation was evaluated by slit
      lamp biomicroscopy (standardization of uveitis nomenclature grading), binocular
      indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) score, and histopathology. RESULTS: Group 2 showed
      significantly lower mean (+/-standard deviation) anterior chamber reaction than
      Group 3 (3.1 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.4) on day 1 postinjection, lower vitreous
      cells on days 1 through 7 (day 1: 3.1 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.4; day 3: 2.1 +/- 1.6
      vs. 3.8 +/- 0.4; day 7: 1.9 +/- 1.3 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.7), and lower BIO score on days
      1-7 (day 1: 3.3 +/- 1.2 vs. 4.4 +/- 0.7; day 3: 3.0 +/- 1.4 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.9; day
      7: 2.4 +/- 1.4 vs. 3.7 +/- 1.2). The protein content of anterior and vitreous
      aspirates was lower in Group 2 than 3 (1618.5 +/- 411.4 vs. 2567.3 +/- 330.8 and
      2157.0 +/- 283.3 vs. 3204.6 +/- 259.5, respectively). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal
      interferon alpha-2b was effective in controlling endotoxin-induced uveitis.

PMID- 27380978
TI  - Wavefront aberration and contrast sensitivity after implantation of foldable and
      rigid iris claw phakic intraocular lenses: Artiflex versus artisan.
AB  - AIM OF STUDY: The aim of this study is to assess wavefront aberration and
      contrast sensitivity (CS) after implantation of foldable iris claw - artiflex-
      and rigid iris claw - artisan- phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs). MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A nonrandomized prospective comparative case study was performed on 57
      eyes; of which, 54 were myopia and 3 were hyperopia. Twenty-four patients had
      artisan pIOL implantation and 33 had artiflex pIOL implantation. Higher-order
      aberration (HOA) and CS were obtained 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: Total HOA in
      artisan group was greater than artiflex group (P = 0.044) with a mean HOA of 0.44
      +/- 0.15 root mean square (RMS) for artisan and 0.35 +/- 0.15 RMS for artiflex.
      Although, there were no significant differences in the vertical trefoil, vertical
      coma, horizontal trefoil, horizontal coma, secondary astigmatism, quatrefoil, and
      fourth order spherical aberration in two groups. CS in mesopic conditions was
      better in artiflex-treated eyes at three spatial frequencies of 6, 12, and 18
      cycles per degree (cpd) (P = 0.003, P = 0.007, and P = 0.00, respectively), and
      no significant difference was seen between two lenses at 3 cpd. CONCLUSION:
      Although the components of HOA were not significantly different between two
      groups, total HOA was higher in artisan group, which may be due to the slight
      differences in each component, increasing the HOA as a total. CS was
      significantly better in artiflex group.

PMID- 27380979
TI  - Prevalence of visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive error: Results from
      Delhi-Rapid Assessment of Visual Impairment Study.
AB  - AIM: To estimate the prevalence of visual impairment (VI) due to uncorrected
      refractive error (URE) and to assess the barriers to utilization of services in
      the adult urban population of Delhi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A population-based
      rapid assessment of VI was conducted among people aged 40 years and above in 24
      randomly selected clusters of East Delhi district. Presenting visual acuity (PVA)
      was assessed in each eye using Snellen's "E" chart. Pinhole examination was done
      if PVA was <20/60 in either eye and ocular examination to ascertain the cause of
      VI. Barriers to utilization of services for refractive error were recorded with
      questionnaires. RESULTS: Of 2421 individuals enumerated, 2331 (96%) individuals
      were examined. Females were 50.7% among them. The mean age of all examined
      subjects was 51.32 +/- 10.5 years (standard deviation). VI in either eye due to
      URE was present in 275 individuals (11.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.5
      13.1). URE was identified as the most common cause (53.4%) of VI. The overall
      prevalence of VI due to URE in the study population was 6.1% (95% CI: 5.1-7.0).
      The elder population as well as females were more likely to have VI due to URE
      (odds ratio [OR] = 12.3; P < 0.001 and OR = 1.5; P < 0.02). Lack of felt need was
      the most common reported barrier (31.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of VI due
      to URE among the urban adult population of Delhi is still high despite the
      availability of abundant eye care facilities. The majority of reported barriers
      are related to human behavior and attitude toward the refractive error.
      Understanding these aspects will help in planning appropriate strategies to
      eliminate VI due to URE.

PMID- 27380980
TI  - Imaging for branching vascular network in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

PMID- 27380981
TI  - Interferon alpha-2b in giant ocular surface squamous neoplasia.

PMID- 27380982
TI  - Multimodal imaging in multifocal pattern dystrophy simulating fundus
      flavimaculatus.

PMID- 27380983
TI  - Congenital third nerve palsy with synergistic depression on attempted adduction
      and trigemino-oculomotor synkinesis: Underpinnings of a spectral dysinnervation
      disorder.
AB  - The authors describe a case of congenital partial pupil-sparing third cranial
      nerve palsy with absent adduction, synergistic depression of globe and widening
      of palpebral fissure on attempted adduction and synergistic elevation and
      adduction on mouth opening and sideways thrusting of jaw. The case illustrates
      trigemino-oculomotor synkinesis associated with congenital third nerve palsy. The
      possible mechanism of miswiring involving the medial longitudinal fasciculus and
      trigeminal nuclei is discussed. At least some cases of congenital third cranial
      nerve palsy may fall in the realm of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders
      (CCDDs) sharing a much wider spectrum of presentation. 

PMID- 27380985
TI  - Spindle cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva: A rare entity.
AB  - An 85-year-old male presented with painless bulging lesion over the cornea.
      Clinical history, diagnostic imaging studies, and histopathologic sections were
      evaluated. The patient clinically displayed an vascularized conjunctival lesion
      located at the superior bulbar conjunctiva with extension onto cornea covering
      2/3 of his pupillary aperture superiorly. His visual acuity was counting fingers
      at 4 m. The patient underwent a total excision of the lesion including
      conjunctival and corneal parts. Histopathologic evaluation revealed spindle cell
      carcinoma which involves the whole conjunctival squamous epithelium with
      significant polarity loss, nuclear enlargement with hyperchromasia and
      pleomorphism, and mitotic activity. Diagnosis of spindle cell carcinoma is
      challenging because of overlapping histopathological features with other spindle
      cell tumors. The detailed pathologic examination is very important for the
      decision of proper treatment. 

PMID- 27380984
TI  - How genetics works? An illustrative case report.
AB  - In this communication, we report the case of a four year old boy who presented
      with reduced vision in the right eye. He had visual acuity of light perception
      right eye and 6/12 in the left eye and anterior segment examination was normal.
      Fundus examination of the right eye showed a falciform retinal fold extending
      from the optic nerve temporally involving the entire retina with exudates within
      the falciform fold and dense pigmentation peripherally. The left eye showed mild
      macular temporal dragging of the vessels and 360 degrees  of peripheral laser
      scars. In addition he also had some characteristic systemic features such as
      developmental delay, obesity, dysmorphic facies and tapered fingers. Using this
      case as an example, we present a systematic, logical approach to a patient with a
      possible genetic disorder. The growing field of ocular genetics now allows for
      improved diagnosis using step-wise cost efficient testing as demonstrated herein.

PMID- 27380986
TI  - Comment on: Learning curves for strabismus surgery in two ophthalmologists.

PMID- 27380987
TI  - Comment on: Impact of vitreoretinal surgery experience on strabismus surgery
      performance.

PMID- 27380988
TI  - Comment on: Bilateral lateral rectus myotoxicity after retrobulbar anesthesia.

PMID- 27380989
TI  - Comment on: Choroidal thickness changes after dynamic exercise as measured by
      spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

PMID- 27380990
TI  - Comment on: The effect of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique muscle
      on eyelid configuration and function.

PMID- 27380991
TI  - Erratum: A case of perforating injury of eyeball and traumatic cataract caused by
      acupuncture.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.182952].

PMID- 27380992
TI  - Comparison of large networks with sub-sampling strategies.
AB  - Networks are routinely used to represent large data sets, making the comparison
      of networks a tantalizing research question in many areas. Techniques for such
      analysis vary from simply comparing network summary statistics to sophisticated
      but computationally expensive alignment-based approaches. Most existing methods
      either do not generalize well to different types of networks or do not provide a
      quantitative similarity score between networks. In contrast, alignment-free
      topology based network similarity scores empower us to analyse large sets of
      networks containing different types and sizes of data. Netdis is such a score
      that defines network similarity through the counts of small sub-graphs in the
      local neighbourhood of all nodes. Here, we introduce a sub-sampling procedure
      based on neighbourhoods which links naturally with the framework of network
      comparisons through local neighbourhood comparisons. Our theoretical arguments
      justify basing the Netdis statistic on a sample of similar-sized neighbourhoods.
      Our tests on empirical and synthetic datasets indicate that often only 10% of the
      neighbourhoods of a network suffice for optimal performance, leading to a drastic
      reduction in computational requirements. The sampling procedure is applicable
      even when only a small sample of the network is known, and thus provides a novel
      tool for network comparison of very large and potentially incomplete datasets.

PMID- 27380994
TI  - In vitro inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii by the anti-malarial candidate, 6
      (1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol.
AB  - An anti-malarial candidate, 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadec-4-yl)hexan-1-ol
      (N-251), was studied to characterize its potential as a novel anti-Toxoplasma
      gondii drug. In the present study, IC50 and LC50 of N-251 on host cells and T.
      gondii were compared to those of artemisinin and sulfadiazine. The IC50 on Huh-7
      cells was 10.19MUg/ml, 67.69MUg/ml and 310.17MUg/ml for N-251, artemisinin, and
      sulfadiazine, respectively. The LC50 for anti-T. gondii effect was shown to be
      1.11MUg/ml, 5.79MUg/ml, and 5.45MUg/ml for N-251, artemisinin and sulfadiazine,
      respectively. N-251 concentration causing complete parasiticidal effect with
      minimal cytotoxicity on host cells was determined to be 5MUg/ml. Additionally,
      the anti-T. gondii effect of N-251 was confirmed by ultrastructural changes, loss
      of organelles, degenerated morphology and the increase of amylopectin as detected
      by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Accordingly, the present study
      suggests that the anti-malarial synthetic endoperoxide, N-251, is an emerging
      drug candidate more effective than artemisinin and sulfadiazine. 

PMID- 27380993
TI  - Predictive ability of the Society for Vascular Surgery Wound, Ischemia, and foot
      Infection (WIfI) classification system following infrapopliteal endovascular
      interventions for critical limb ischemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) Lower Extremity Guidelines
      Committee has composed a new threatened lower extremity classification system
      that reflects the three major factors that impact amputation risk and clinical
      management: Wound, Ischemia, and foot Infection (WIfI). Our goal was to evaluate
      the predictive ability of this scale following any infrapopliteal endovascular
      intervention for critical limb ischemia (CLI). METHODS: From 2004 to 2014, a
      single institution, retrospective chart review was performed at the Beth Israel
      Deaconess Medical Center for all patients undergoing an infrapopliteal
      angioplasty for CLI. Throughout these years, 673 limbs underwent an
      infrapopliteal endovascular intervention for tissue loss (77%), rest pain (13%),
      stenosis of a previously treated vessel (5%), acute limb ischemia (3%), or
      claudication (2%). Limbs missing a grade in any WIfI component were excluded.
      Limbs were stratified into clinical stages 1 to 4 based on the SVS WIfI
      classification for 1-year amputation risk, as well as a novel WIfI composite
      score from 0 to 9. Outcomes included patient functional capacity, living status,
      wound healing, major amputation, major adverse limb events, reintervention, major
      amputation, or stenosis (RAS) events (> *3.5 step-up by duplex), amputation-free
      survival, and mortality. Predictors were identified using Kaplan-Meier survival
      estimates and Cox regression models. RESULTS: Of the 596 limbs with CLI, 551 were
      classified in all three WIfI domains on a scale of 0 (least severe) to 3 (most
      severe). Of these 551, 84% were treated for tissue loss and 16% for rest pain. A
      Cox regression model illustrated that an increase in clinical stage increases the
      rate of major amputation (hazard ratio [HR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI],
      1.1-2.3). Separate regression models showed that a one-unit increase in the WIfI
      composite score is associated with a decrease in wound healing (HR, 1.2; 95% CI,
      1.1-1.4) and an increase in the rate of RAS events (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4) and
      major amputations (HR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports
      the ability of the SVS WIfI classification system to predict 1-year amputation,
      RAS events, and wound healing in patients with CLI undergoing endovascular
      infrapopliteal revascularization procedures.

PMID- 27380995
TI  - Long-term endurance and safety of elosulfase alfa enzyme replacement therapy in
      patients with Morquio A syndrome.
AB  - Long-term efficacy and safety of elosulfase alfa enzyme replacement therapy were
      evaluated in Morquio A patients over 96weeks (reaching 120weeks in total from pre
      treatment baseline) in an open-label, multi-center, phase III extension study.
      During this extension of a 24-week placebo-controlled phase III study, all
      patients initially received 2.0mg/kg elosulfase alfa either weekly or every other
      week, prior to establishment of 2.0mg/kg/week as the recommended dose, at which
      point all patients received weekly treatment. Efficacy measures were compared to
      baseline of the initial 24-week study, enabling analyses of changes over
      120weeks. In addition to performing analyses for the entire intent-to-treat (ITT)
      population (N=173), analyses were also performed for a modified per-protocol
      (MPP) population (N=124), which excluded patients who had orthopedic surgery
      during the extension study or were non-compliant with the study protocol (as
      determined by >=20% missed infusions). Six-minute walk test (6MWT) was the
      primary efficacy measure; three-minute stair climb test (3MSCT) and normalized
      urine keratan sulfate (uKS) were secondary efficacy measures. Mean (SE) change
      from baseline to Week 120 in 6MWT distance was 32.0 (11.3)m and 39.9 (10.1)m for
      patients receiving elosulfase alfa at 2.0mg/kg/week throughout the study (N=56)
      and 15.1 (7.1)m and 31.7 (6.8)m in all patients combined, regardless of dosing
      regimen, for the ITT and MPP populations, respectively. Further analyses revealed
      that durability of 6MWT improvements was not impacted by baseline 6MWT distance,
      use of a walking aid, or age. Mean (SE) change at Week 120 in the 3MSCT was 5.5
      (1.9) and 6.7 (2.0)stairs/min for patients receiving elosulfase alfa at
      2.0mg/kg/week throughout the study and 4.3 (1.2) and 6.8 (1.3)stairs/min in all
      patients combined, regardless of dosing regimen, for the ITT and MPP populations,
      respectively Across all patients, mean (SE) change at Week 120 in normalized uKS
      was -59.4 (1.8)% and -62.3 (1.8)% in the ITT and MPP populations, respectively.
      In the absence of a placebo group, significance of the sustained improvements
      could not be evaluated directly. However, to provide context for interpretation
      of results, comparisons were performed with untreated patients from a Morquio A
      natural history study. In contrast to the results of the extension study, the
      untreated patients experienced constant uKS levels and a gradual decline in
      endurance test results over a similar period of time. Differences from the
      untreated natural history study patients were significant for 6MWT, 3MSCT, and
      uKS outcomes for the cohort of patients receiving optimal dosing throughout the
      study and for all cohorts pooled together, for both ITT and MPP populations
      (P<0.05). Safety findings were consistent with those of the initial 24-week
      study, with no new safety signals identified.

PMID- 27380996
TI  - CBP/p300 acetyltransferase activity in hematologic malignancies.
AB  - CREB binding protein (CBP) and p300 are critical regulators of hematopoiesis
      through both their transcriptional coactivator and acetyltransferase activities.
      Loss or mutation of CBP/p300 results in hematologic deficiencies in proliferation
      and differentiation as well as disruption of hematopoietic stem cell renewal and
      the microenvironment. Aberrant lysine acetylation mediated by CBP/p300 has
      recently been implicated in the genesis of multiple hematologic cancers.
      Understanding the effects of disrupting the acetyltransferase activity of
      CBP/p300 could pave the way for new therapeutic approaches to treat patients with
      these diseases.

PMID- 27380997
TI  - The impact of protein extraction protocols on the performance of currently
      available MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for identification of mycobacterial
      clinical isolates cultured in liquid media.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Protein extraction step is particularly important for identification
      of mycobacterial isolates by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) because of its
      thick and solid cell wall. This study compared the performance of MALDI-TOF MS
      for identification of mycobacterial clinical isolates cultured in liquid media
      between heating-based protocol and non-heating protocol. METHODS: Clinical
      mycobacterial isolates cultured in liquid media were prospectively analyzed.
      Reference identification was real-time PCR and restriction fragment length
      polymorphism. The specimens prepared by heating protocol and non-heating protocol
      were tested using MALDI Biotyper (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) and Vitek MS
      (bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), respectively. RESULTS: Among the 206
      clinical specimens prepared by heating method, identification rates were 90.3%
      and 60.7% in MALDI Biotyper and Vitek MS, respectively. Identification accuracy
      of MALDI Biotyper and Vitek MS was 100% for the isolates of Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis complex (MTBC), Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare,
      Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium fortuitum. Among the 121 clinical
      specimens prepared by non-heating method, identification rate for MALDI Biotyper
      and Vitek MS were 61.2% and 69.4%, respectively. Identification accuracy of MALDI
      Biotyper/Vitek MS were 92.9%/94.1% for MTBC, 92.9%/100% for M. avium, 90%/100%
      for M. intracellulare, 100%/100% for M. abscessus and 100%/100% for M. fortuitum.
      CONCLUSIONS: The performance of MALDI-TOF MS for identification of mycobacterial
      clinical isolates is affected by protein extraction protocol. For best
      performance, protein extraction protocol should be chosen considering the MALDI
      TOF MS system. In the present study, heating protocol with MALDI Biotyper system
      showed reliable identification results for mycobacterial clinical isolates.

PMID- 27380998
TI  - Biomarkers of cardiovascular stress in obstructive sleep apnea.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-related breathing disorder
      associated with "cardiovascular stress", i.e. cardiovascular risk factors,
      cardiovascular diseases, and an increased risk of heart failure, stroke, and
      death. Experimental and clinical studies have characterized potential underlying
      mechanisms including biventricular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and arrhythmia.
      Assessment of these cardiovascular features of OSA requires a spectrum of
      clinical tools including ECG, echocardiography, exercise testing, and
      angiography. In contrast to many cardiovascular diseases, the role of blood
      biomarkers to characterize cardiovascular function and cardiovascular risk in OSA
      is poorly defined. In the present review we summarize the available data on
      biomarkers potentially providing information on cardiovascular features in OSA
      patients without overt cardiovascular disease. The vast majority of studies on
      biomarkers of cardiovascular stress in OSA evaluated B-type natriuretic peptide
      (BNP)/N-terminal-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and cardiac troponins
      (cTn). Although some studies found significant associations between these cardiac
      biomarkers and the presence and severity of OSA, data remain conflicting. Also,
      the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the link between OSA and
      hemodynamic cardiac stress (BNP/NT-proBNP) and cardiomyocyte damage (cTn) are
      poorly understood. Major research efforts are required to establish the clinical
      role of cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with OSA. 

PMID- 27380999
TI  - Caspase-3 in serum predicts outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Caspase-3 represents a promising marker of apoptosis. This study was
      designed to investigate the serial change of serum caspase-3 activities and
      analyze the relationships between caspase-3 activities and the severity and
      prognosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). METHODS: We determined
      serum caspase-3 activities of 118 controls at study entry and 118 patients at
      admission and at days 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 after aSAH. Activities were compared with
      regard to (i) time interval between onset of symptoms and blood sampling, (ii)
      stroke severity quantified by World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS)
      scores and modified Fisher scores and (iii) 6-month outcome. RESULTS: Serum
      caspase-3 activities were increased after aSAH, peaked at day 3, gradually
      decreased afterwards, and substantially were higher in patients than in controls.
      Caspase-3 activities were higher in patients suffering from death or an
      unfavorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1-3), had close relation to
      WFNS scores and modified Fisher scores, and possessed high areas under receiver
      operating characteristic curve. Moreover, caspase-3 activities at admission and
      at day 3 predicted poor outcome independently of age, WFNS scores and modified
      Fisher scores. CONCLUSION: Increased serum caspase-3 activities are highly
      associated with the severity and prognosis after aSAH.

PMID- 27381000
TI  - Multifunctional gold nanocomposites designed for targeted CT/MR/optical trimodal
      imaging of human non-small cell lung cancer cells.
AB  - Multifunctional gold nanocomposites, which were designed as dendrimer-entrapped
      gold nanoparticles functionalized with gadolinium, cyanine dye (Cy5.5), and folic
      acid, were synthesized to be used as the first dendrimer-based clinical
      nanoprobes for targeted X-ray computed tomography/magnetic resonance/optical
      trimodal imaging in vitro and in vivo of human non-small cell cancer cells. 

PMID- 27381001
TI  - Improving low-temperature performance of surface flow constructed wetlands using
      Potamogeton crispus L. plant.
AB  - In this study, enhanced organics and nitrogen removal efficiency in SFCWs by
      different submerged plants for polluted river water treatment under cold
      temperature was evaluated. High average removal efficiencies of COD (92.45%),
      NH4(+)-N (93.70%) and TN (55.62%) were achieved in experimental SFCWs with
      Potamogeton crispus compared with SFCWs with other plants. SFCWs with underground
      Phragmites australis root also presented better performance than the unplanted
      systems, indicating its positive role of contamination removal in winter. The
      results of this study indicated SFCWs with hardy submerged plant P. crispus could
      be a more effective and sustainable strategy for removing organics and nitrogen
      in shallow nutrient enriched river water ecosystems under cold climate. 

PMID- 27381002
TI  - "What is the work of Recovery Oriented Practice? A systematic literature review".
AB  - Concepts of personal and social recovery in mental illness are constantly
      evolving because the journey is fluid and subject to change over time. Dynamic
      interactions between the complexities of human nature and mental illness create
      ever-altering landscapes of perplexity. The acknowledged ebb and flow of recovery
      in the presence of chronic and serious mental illness requires health
      professionals to provide a flexible suite of care, delivered through skills and
      methods that are responsive and meaningful to the recipient. We conducted a
      systematic search for qualitative literature that articulated the work of
      personally-supportive recovery-oriented practice (ROP) to determine the specific
      components of recovery-supportive work. Twenty-one articles were identified as
      meeting the inclusion criteria and were synthesized using a coding framework
      derived from Normalization Process Theory. We identified three kinds of recovery
      supportive work required from health professionals: alleviating stigma,
      delivering effective recovery-supportive responses in the presence of complex
      health and social situations and managing challenges associated with the work of
      ROP. We discuss the resources needed for ROP and the barriers that inhibit health
      professionals' engagement in this work. By elucidating the work of ROP, we
      highlighted a disparity between health professionals' aspirations and
      achievements. These revelations could inform service delivery in order to better
      support consumer recovery in serious mental illness. 

PMID- 27381004
TI  - Knowledge and potential impact of the WHO Global code of practice on the
      international recruitment of health personnel: Does it matter for source and
      destination country stakeholders?
AB  - The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health
      Personnel was implemented in May 2010. The present commentary offers some
      insights into what is known about the Code five years on, as well as its
      potential impact, drawing from interviews with health care and policy
      stakeholders from a number of 'source' and 'destination' countries.

PMID- 27381005
TI  - 4-aminopyridine reverses ataxia and cerebellar firing deficiency in a mouse model
      of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6.
AB  - Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a devastating midlife-onset autosomal
      dominant motor control disease with no known treatment. Using a hyper-expanded
      polyglutamine (84Q) knock-in mouse, we found that cerebellar Purkinje cell firing
      precision was degraded in heterozygous (SCA6(84Q/+)) mice at 19 months when motor
      deficits are observed. Similar alterations in firing precision and motor control
      were observed at disease onset at 7 months in homozygous (SCA6(84Q/84Q)) mice, as
      well as a reduction in firing rate. We further found that chronic administration
      of the FDA-approved drug 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), which targets potassium
      channels, alleviated motor coordination deficits and restored cerebellar Purkinje
      cell firing precision to wildtype (WT) levels in SCA6(84Q/84Q) mice both in acute
      slices and in vivo. These results provide a novel therapeutic approach for
      treating ataxic symptoms associated with SCA6.

PMID- 27381006
TI  - VIP impairs acquisition of the macrophage proinflammatory polarization profile.
AB  - This study tested the hypothesis that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is able
      to modify the macrophage inflammatory profile, thus supporting its therapeutic
      role in autoimmune diseases. Macrophages are innate immune cells that display a
      variety of functions and inflammatory profiles in response to the environment
      that critically controls their polarization. Deregulation between the pro- and
      anti-inflammatory phenotypes has been involved in different pathologies.
      Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, in which macrophages are
      considered central effectors of synovial inflammation, displaying a
      proinflammatory profile. VIP is a pleiotropic neuropeptide with proven anti
      inflammatory actions. As modulation of the macrophage phenotype has been
      implicated in the resolution of inflammatory diseases, we evaluated whether VIP
      is able to modulate human macrophage polarization. In vitro-polarized macrophages
      by GM-CSF (GM-MO), with a proinflammatory profile, expressed higher levels of VIP
      receptors, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors 1 and 2 (VPAC1 and VPAC2,
      respectively), than macrophages polarized by M-CSF (M-MO) with anti-inflammatory
      activities. RA synovial macrophages, according to their GM-CSF-like polarization
      state, expressed both VPAC1 and VPAC2. In vitro-generated GM-MO exposed to VIP
      exhibited an up-regulation of M-MO gene marker expression, whereas their
      proinflammatory cytokine profile was reduced in favor of an anti-inflammatory
      function. Likewise, in GM-MO, generated in the presence of VIP, VIP somehow
      changes the macrophages physiology profile to a less-damaging phenotype.
      Therefore, these results add new value to VIP as an immunomodulatory agent on
      inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 27381007
TI  - PI3K p85 beta regulatory subunit deficiency does not affect NK cell
      differentiation and increases NKG2D-mediated activation.
AB  - Activation of NK cells depends on a balance between activating and inhibitory
      signals. Class Ia PI3K are heterodimeric proteins with a catalytic and a
      regulatory subunit and have a central role in cell signaling by associating with
      tyrosine kinase receptors to trigger signaling cascades. The regulatory p85
      subunit participates in signaling through NKG2D, one of the main activating
      receptors on NK cells, via its interaction with the adaptor protein DAP10.
      Although the effects of inhibiting catalytic subunits or deleting the regulatory
      p85alpha subunit have been studied, little attention has focused on the role of
      the p85beta subunit in NK cells. Using p85beta knockout mice, we found that
      p85beta deficiency does not alter NK cell differentiation and maturation in
      spleen or bone marrow. NK cells from p85beta-/- mice nonetheless produced more
      IFN-gamma and degranulated more effectively when stimulated with anti-NKG2D
      antibody. These cells also degranulated and killed NKG2D ligand-expressing target
      cells more efficiently. We show that p85beta deficiency impaired NKG2D
      internalization, which could contribute to the activated phenotype. Decreasing
      p85beta subunit protein levels might thus constitute a therapeutic target to
      promote NK cell activity toward NKG2D ligand-expressing cells.

PMID- 27381009
TI  - Reactive oxygen species accelerate degradation of anion exchange membranes based
      on polyphenylene oxide in alkaline environments.
AB  - Anion exchange membranes (AEM) based on polyphenylene oxide (PPO) suffered
      quaternary-ammonium-cation-site degradation in alkaline environments.
      Surprisingly, the degradation rate was considerably faster in the presence of
      molecular oxygen. We postulated that the AEM cation-site catalyzes the reduction
      of dioxygen by hydroxide ions to yield the superoxide anion radical and the
      highly reactive hydroxyl free radical. We substantiated our hypothesis by using a
      phosphorous-containing spin trap (5-diisopropoxy-phosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline
      N-oxide) to detect the adducts for both free radicals in situ using (31)P-NMR
      spectroscopy. 

PMID- 27381008
TI  - Self-assembly of c-myc DNA promoted by a single enantiomer ruthenium complex as a
      potential nuclear targeting gene carrier.
AB  - Gene therapy has long been limited in the clinic, due in part to the lack of
      safety and efficacy of the gene carrier. Herein, a single enantiomer
      ruthenium(II) complex, Lambda-[Ru(bpy)2(p-BEPIP)](ClO4)2 (Lambda-RM0627, bpy =
      4,4'-bipyridine, p-BEPIP = 2-(4-phenylacetylenephenyl)imidazole [4,5f][1, 10]
      phenanthroline), has been synthesized and investigated as a potential gene
      carrier that targets the nucleus. In this report, it is shown that Lambda-RM0627
      promotes self-assembly of c-myc DNA to form a nanowire structure. Further studies
      showed that the nano-assembly of c-myc DNA that induced Lambda-RM0627 could be
      efficiently taken up and enriched in the nuclei of HepG2 cells. After treatment
      of the nano-assembly of c-myc DNA with Lambda-RM0627, over-expression of c-myc in
      HepG2 cells was observed. In summary, Lambda-RM0627 played a key role in the
      transfer and release of c-myc into cells, which strongly indicates Lambda-RM0627
      as a potent carrier of c-myc DNA that targets the nucleus of tumor cells.

PMID- 27381010
TI  - Participants' Accounts on Their Decision to Join a Cohort Study With an Attached
      Biobank: A Qualitative Content Analysis Study Within Two German Studies.
AB  - Reliable participation and sustained retention rates are crucial in longitudinal
      studies involving human subjects and biomaterials. Understanding the decision to
      enroll is an essential step to develop adequate strategies promoting long-term
      participation. Semi-structured interviews were implemented with newly recruited
      and long-term participants randomly drawn from two ongoing longitudinal studies
      with a biobank component in Germany. Iterative qualitative content analysis was
      applied to the transcribed interviews. Participants (n = 31) expressed their
      decision to enroll or remain in the study as the result of the complex interplay
      of individual factors, institutional cues, study-related features, and societal
      dynamics. Different forms of trust were identified as central within the elements
      used to explain participation and could be compared to Dibben, Morris, and Lean's
      dynamic model of interpersonal trust. Given these high levels of trust, an
      investigation of the morality of the trustful relationship at stake between
      participants and research(ers) is warranted.

PMID- 27381011
TI  - Large-Scale Synthesis of a Uniform Film of Bilayer MoS2 on Graphene for 2D
      Heterostructure Phototransistors.
AB  - The large-scale synthesis of atomically thin, layered MoS2/graphene
      heterostructures is of great interest in optoelectronic devices because of their
      unique properties. Herein, we present a scalable synthesis method to prepare
      centimeter-scale, continuous, and uniform films of bilayer MoS2 using low
      pressure chemical vapor deposition. This growth process was utilized to assemble
      a heterostructure by growing large-scale uniform films of bilayer MoS2 on
      graphene (G-MoS2/graphene). Atomic force microscopy, Raman spectra, and
      transmission electron microscopy characterization demonstrated that the large
      scale bilayer MoS2 film on graphene exhibited good thickness uniformity and a
      polycrystalline nature. A centimeter-scale phototransistor prepared using the G
      MoS2/graphene heterostructure exhibited a high responsivity of 32 mA/W with good
      cycling stability; this value is 1 order of magnitude higher than that of
      transferred MoS2 on graphene (2.5 mA/W). This feature results from efficient
      charge transfer at the interface enabled by intimate contact between the grown
      bilayer MoS2 (G-MoS2) and graphene. The ability to integrate multilayer materials
      into atomically thin heterostructures paves the way for fabricating
      multifunctional devices by controlling their layer structure. 

PMID- 27381012
TI  - Bioimpedance spectroscopy in the infant: effect of milk intake and extracellular
      fluid reservoirs on resistance measurements in term breastfed infants.

PMID- 27381013
TI  - The prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum
      vitamin B12: a review of literature.

PMID- 27381014
TI  - Junior doctors reject proposed new contract.

PMID- 27381015
TI  - Solving local structure around dopants in metal nanoparticles with ab initio
      modeling of X-ray absorption near edge structure.
AB  - We adopted ab initio X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) modeling for
      structural refinement of local environments around metal impurities in a large
      variety of materials. Our method enables both direct modeling, where the
      candidate structures are known, and the inverse modeling, where the unknown
      structural motifs are deciphered from the experimental spectra. We present also
      estimates of systematic errors, and their influence on the stability and accuracy
      of the obtained results. We illustrate our approach by revealing the evolution of
      local environment of palladium atoms in palladium-doped gold thiolate clusters
      upon chemical and thermal treatments. 

PMID- 27381017
TI  - Intestinal malrotation complicated by an occlusive syndrome involving internal
      hernia in a pregnant woman.
AB  - We present the case of a 33-year-old female who presented intestinal obstruction
      at the 7th month of pregnancy. She was complaining of abdominal pain with
      paroxysms, nausea and vomiting. When the symptoms worsened, we performed a CT
      scan, which revealed suspected intestinal obstruction in a context of intestinal
      malrotation (IM). Conservative therapy failed and she required emergency
      laparotomy beginning with a caesarean section. The surgery revealed a peritoneal
      defect due to the IM through which the jejunum and ileum were incarcerated and
      strangulated. The incarcerated bowel was reduced and intestinal colour quickly
      returned to normal. Primary closure of the peritoneal defect was thus performed
      and the post-operative course was uneventful for the mother and the baby, who was
      admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. 

PMID- 27381018
TI  - First case report of chylous ascites after robot-assisted donor nephrectomy.
AB  - We present the first case report of chylous ascites following total robot
      assisted donor nephrectomy. A 39-year-old female underwent a transperitoneal left
      sided total robot-assisted donor nephrectomy. The procedure was uneventful and
      the patient was discharged without any symptoms. At postoperative Day 29, the
      patient presented with abdominal pain, nausea and a distended, painful abdomen
      with shifting dullness. She was diagnosed with chylous ascites by ultrasonography
      and puncture analysis, and treated with therapeutic drainage and dietary
      restriction. After 4 weeks, she was free of symptoms. The occurrence of this
      complication is rare after donor nephrectomy. Fortunately, the complication can
      be successfully treated within a few weeks with minimal discomfort for the
      patient as demonstrated in this case. It is of utmost importance to minimize the
      risks and limit discomfort for live kidney donors who willingly undergo major
      surgery to improve the well-being of another individual. 

PMID- 27381019
TI  - De Garengeot's hernia in an 82-year-old man: a case report and clinical
      significance.
AB  - The presence of the appendix within a femoral hernia (FH) sac is known as
      Garengeot's hernia (GH). We report on current study a rare case of an elderly man
      with a combined inguinal and Garengeot's hernia and discuss the clinical aspects.
      An 82-year-old man clinically stable, presented history of pain at the right
      inguinal region for over a week, without vomit, nausea, fever or any alteration
      of intestinal or urinary eliminations. Clinical examination revealed a FH and the
      ultrasonography confirmed the hernia sac. During the surgery, the appendix was
      recognized within the sac, and then, the patient underwent appendectomy and
      hernia repair. In conclusion, the presence of the vermiform appendix in a FH sac
      is rare, thus, requiring knowledge of the surgeon regarding this clinical entity.
      Prompt diagnosis and appropriate surgical treatment is the key to avoid
      complications. 

PMID- 27381020
TI  - Local birthing services for rural women: Adaptation of a rural New South Wales
      maternity service.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcomes of a public hospital maternity unit in rural
      New South Wales (NSW) following the adaptation of the service from an
      obstetrician and general practitioner-obstetrician (GPO)-led birthing service to
      a low-risk midwifery group practice (MGP) model of care with a planned caesarean
      section service (PCS). DESIGN: A retrospective descriptive study using
      quantitative methodology. SETTING: Maternity unit in a small public hospital in
      rural New South Wales, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Data were extracted from the ward
      based birth register for 1172 births at the service between July 2007 and June
      2012. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Birth numbers, maternal characteristics, labour,
      birthing and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: There were 750 births over 29 months in
      GPO and 277 and 145 births over 31 months in MGP and PCS, respectively, totalling
      422 births following the change in model of care. The GPO had 553 (73.7%) vaginal
      births and 197 (26.3%) caesarean section (CS) births (139 planned and 58
      unplanned). There were almost universal normal vaginal births in MGP (>99% or
      276). For normal vaginal births, more women in MGP had no analgesia (45.3% versus
      25.1%) or non-invasive analgesia (47.9% versus 38.6%) and episiotomy was less
      common in MGP than GPO (1.9% versus 3.4%). Neonatal outcomes were similar for
      both groups with no difference between Apgar scores at 5 min, neonatal
      resuscitations or transfer to high-level special care nurseries. CONCLUSION: This
      study demonstrates how a rural maternity service maintained quality care outcomes
      for low-risk women following the adaptation from a GPO to an MGP service.

PMID- 27381016
TI  - The relationships of personal resources with symptom severity and psychosocial
      functioning in persons with schizophrenia: results from the Italian Network for
      Research on Psychoses study.
AB  - The relationships of personal resources with symptom severity and psychosocial
      functioning have never been tested systematically in a large sample of people
      with schizophrenia. We applied structural equation models to a sample of 921
      patients with schizophrenia collected in a nationwide Italian study, with the aim
      to identify, among a large set of personal resources, those that may have an
      association with symptom severity or psychosocial functioning. Several relevant
      demographic and clinical variables were considered concurrently. Poor service
      engagement and poor recovery style, as well as older age and younger age at
      onset, were related to greater symptom severity and poorer social functioning.
      Higher resilience and higher education were related to better social functioning
      only. Poor problem-focused coping and internalized stigma, as well as male gender
      and depression, were related to symptom severity only. The explored variables
      showed distinctive and partially independent associations with symptom severity
      and psychosocial functioning. A deeper understanding of these relationships may
      inform treatment decisions.

PMID- 27381021
TI  - Salinicoccus amylolyticus sp. nov., isolated from a saltern.
AB  - A Gram-stain-positive coccus, strain JC304T, was isolated from a saltern of Nari
      along the Bhavnagar Coast, Gujarat, India. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis
      and sequence comparison data indicated that JC304T represented a member of the
      genus Salinicoccus and was most closely related to Salinicoccus roseus 9T (99.6
      %), Salinicoccus luteus YIM 70202T (97.0 %), Salinicoccus hispanicus J-82T (97.0
      %) and the remaining species of the genus Salinicoccus (<97 %). Genome
      relatedness based on DNA-DNA hybridization of JC304T with the type strains of the
      most closely related species was less than 46 % and the DeltaTmwas >5  degrees C
      indicating that the strain represents a novel species of the genus Salinicoccus.
      Independent and concatenated phylogenetic analysis of recA/fusA gene translated
      product showed a clear distinction of JC304T from its phylogenetic neighbors.
      Diphosphotidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid and
      three unidentified lipids (L1, L2 and L3) were the polar lipids of JC304T. Iso
      C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 were the major (>10 %) fatty acids in strain JC304T.
      The cell-wall amino acids were l-lysine and d-glycine. Hopanoids were not
      detected. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone (MK-6). The DNA G+C
      content of JC304T was 48 mol%. On the basis of physiological, genotypic,
      phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain JC304T is considered to
      represent a novel species of the genus Salinicoccus, for which the name
      Salinicoccusamylolyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC304T (=KCTC
      33661T=LMG 28757T).

PMID- 27381022
TI  - Challenges to implementation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on International
      Recruitment of Health Personnel: the case of Sudan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of
      Health Personnel (hereafter the WHO Code) was adopted by the World Health
      Assembly in 2010 as a voluntary instrument to address challenges of health worker
      migration worldwide. To ascertain its relevance and effectiveness, the
      implementation of the WHO Code needs to be assessed based on country experience;
      hence, this case study on Sudan. METHODS: This qualitative study depended mainly
      on documentary sources in addition to key informant interviews. Experiences of
      the authors has informed the analysis. RESULTS: Migration of Sudanese health
      workers represents a major health system challenge. Over half of Sudanese
      physicians practice abroad and new trends are showing involvement of other
      professions and increased feminization. Traditional destinations include Gulf
      States, especially Saudi Arabia and Libya, as well as the United Kingdom and the
      Republic of Ireland. Low salaries, poor work environment, and a lack of adequate
      professional development are the leading push factors. Massive emigration of
      skilled health workers has jeopardized coverage and quality of healthcare and
      health professional education. Poor evidence, lack of a national policy, and
      active recruitment in addition to labour market problems were barriers for
      effective migration management in Sudan. Response of destination countries in
      relation to cooperative arrangements with Sudan as a source country has always
      been suboptimal, demonstrating less attention to solidarity and ethical
      dimensions. The WHO Code boosted Sudan's efforts to address health worker
      migration and health workforce development in general. Improving migration
      evidence, fostering a national dialogue, and promoting bilateral agreements in
      addition to catalysing health worker retention strategies are some of the
      benefits accrued. There are, however, limitations in publicity of the WHO Code
      and its incorporation into national laws and regulatory frameworks for ethical
      recruitment. The outlook is bleak for Sudan unless the country designs and
      implements a robust national policy for migration management and unless prospects
      for source-destination country collaboration improve within a more sound version
      of the WHO Code. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO Code catalysed some vital steps in managing
      migration and strengthening the national health workforce in Sudan. Nevertheless,
      the country has not utilized the full potential of this instrument. Revisions of
      the WHO Code would benefit much from lessons of its application in the context of
      developing countries such as Sudan.

PMID- 27381024
TI  - Strain mapping and correlative microscopy of the alveolar bone in a bone
      periodontal ligament-tooth fibrous joint.
AB  - This study details a method to calculate strains within interradicular alveolar
      bone using digital volume correlation on X-ray tomograms of intact bone
      periodontal ligament-tooth fibrous joints. The effects of loading schemes
      (concentric and eccentric) and optical magnification on the resulting strain in
      alveolar bone will be investigated with an intent to correlate deformation
      gradients with data sets from other complementary techniques. Strain maps will be
      correlated with structural and site-specific mechanical properties obtained on
      the same specimen using atomic force microscopy and atomic force microscopy-based
      nanoindentation technique. Specimens include polydimethylsiloxane as a standard
      material and intact hemi-mandibles harvested from rats. X-ray tomograms were
      taken at no-load and loaded conditions using an in situ load cell coupled to a
      micro X-ray computed tomography unit. Digital volume correlation was used to
      calculate deformations within alveolar bone. Comparison of strain maps was made
      as a result of different loading schemes (concentric vs eccentric) and at
      different magnifications (4* vs 10*). Virtual sections and strain maps from
      digital volume correlation solutions were aligned with structure and reduced
      elastic modulus to correlate datasets of the same region within a specimen.
      Strain distribution between concentrically and eccentrically loaded complexes was
      different but illustrated a similar range. Strain maps of homogeneous materials
      (polydimethylsiloxane) resulting from digital volume correlation at different
      magnifications were similar. However, strain maps of heterogeneous materials at
      lower and higher magnification differed. The digital volume correlation technique
      illustrated a dependence on optical magnification specifically for heterogeneous
      materials such as bone. The results at a higher optical magnification highlight
      the potential for extracting deformation at higher resolutions. Correlation of
      data spaces from different complementary techniques is plausible and could
      provide insights into biological and physicochemical processes that lead to
      functional adaptation of tissues and joints.

PMID- 27381023
TI  - Enhancers reside in a unique epigenetic environment during early zebrafish
      development.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enhancers, not promoters, are the most dynamic in their DNA
      methylation status throughout development and differentiation. Generally
      speaking, enhancers that are primed to or actually drive gene expression are
      characterized by relatively low levels of DNA methylation (hypo-methylation),
      while inactive enhancers display hyper-methylation of the underlying DNA. The
      direct functional significance of the DNA methylation state of enhancers is,
      however, unclear for most loci. RESULTS: In contrast to conventional epigenetic
      interactions at enhancers, we find that DNA methylation status and enhancer
      activity during early zebrafish development display very unusual correlation
      characteristics: hypo-methylation is a unique feature of primed enhancers whereas
      active enhancers are generally hyper-methylated. The hypo-methylated enhancers
      that we identify (hypo-enhancers) are enriched close to important transcription
      factors that act later in development. Interestingly, hypo-enhancers are de
      methylated shortly before the midblastula transition and reside in a unique
      epigenetic environment. Finally, we demonstrate that hypo-enhancers do become
      active at later developmental stages and that they are physically associated with
      the transcriptional start site of target genes, irrespective of target gene
      activity. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that early development in zebrafish
      embodies a time window characterized by non-canonical DNA methylation-enhancer
      relationships, including global DNA hypo-methylation of inactive enhancers and
      DNA hyper-methylation of active enhancers.

PMID- 27381025
TI  - Antifactor Xa levels vs. activated partial thromboplastin time for monitoring
      unfractionated heparin. A pilot study.
AB  - WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVES: The two most common methods for monitoring
      unfractionated heparin (UFH) infusion are the activated partial thromboplastin
      time (aPTT) and the antifactor Xa heparin assay (anti-Xa). The purpose of this
      study is to compare the performance of an aPTT protocol vs. an anti-Xa protocol
      in adult patients as defined by the time to reach therapeutic range, the
      percentage of time the values were within the goal range and the number of times
      laboratory monitoring was conducted. We then analysed the discordance between
      paired values of anti-Xa and aPTT. METHODS: This was a single-centre prospective
      cohort pilot study conducted from 1 September 2013 to 31 May 2014. RESULTS:
      Eighty-five patients were treated with UFH infusion, aPTT monitoring (n = 48),
      anti-Xa monitoring (n = 37). The number of times aPTT and anti-Xa values were
      ordered was (median, IQR) 14 (2-34) vs 7 (2-76); P = 0.23. The time to reach
      therapeutic range in hours was (mean, SD) 22 (20) aPTT vs 15 (13) anti-Xa; P =
      0.08. Therapeutic range (>50-100% of the time) was achieved in only 5 (10%)
      patients in the aPTT group vs. 21 (57%) in the anti-Xa group; P < 0.01.
      Supratherapeutic values (>50-100%) were observed in 38 (78%) patients in the aPTT
      group vs. 14 (38%) in the anti-Xa group; P < 0.01. The discordance between aPTT
      and anti-Xa was evaluated using 234 paired values from 37 patients. There was
      discordance between anti-Xa and aPTT values 57% of the time. Two patients had
      bleeding complications requiring blood transfusion or discontinuation of post
      pilot protocol. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Utilizing an anti-Xa protocol to
      monitor heparin infusion showed favourable results compared with utilizing an
      aPTT protocol by maintaining values within the therapeutic goal range. The most
      common discordant pattern in our study was a disproportionate prolongation of
      aPTT to anti-Xa values. Patients with discordant values presenting with high aPTT
      to normal anti-Xa values may have an increased risk of bleeding complications.

PMID- 27381027
TI  - Erratum to: Understanding the role of contrasting urban contexts in healthy
      aging: an international cohort study using wearable sensor devices (the CURHA
      study protocol).

PMID- 27381026
TI  - Electrostatic effects on the folding stability of FKBP12.
AB  - The roles of electrostatic interactions in protein folding stability have been a
      matter of debate, largely due to the complexity in the theoretical treatment of
      these interactions. We have developed computational methods for calculating
      electrostatic effects on protein folding stability. To rigorously test and
      further refine these methods, here we carried out experimental studies into
      electrostatic effects on the folding stability of the human 12-kD FK506 binding
      protein (FKBP12). This protein has a close homologue, FKBP12.6, with amino acid
      substitutions in only 18 of their 107 residues. Of the 18 substitutions, 8
      involve charged residues. Upon mutating FKBP12 residues at these 8 positions
      individually into the counterparts in FKBP12.6, the unfolding free energy
      (DeltaGu) of FKBP12 changed by -0.3 to 0.7 kcal/mol. Accumulating stabilizing
      substitutions resulted in a mutant with a 0.9 kcal/mol increase in stability.
      Additional charge mutations were grafted from a thermophilic homologue, MtFKBP17,
      which aligns to FKBP12 with 31% sequence identity over 89 positions. Eleven such
      charge mutations were studied, with DeltaDeltaGu varying from -2.9 to 0.1
      kcal/mol. The predicted electrostatic effects by our computational methods with
      refinements herein had a root-mean-square deviation of 0.9 kcal/mol from the
      experimental DeltaDeltaGu values on 16 single mutations of FKBP12. The difference
      in DeltaDeltaGu between mutations grafted from FKBP12.6 and those from MtFKBP17
      suggests that more distant homologues are less able to provide guidance for
      enhancing folding stability.

PMID- 27381028
TI  - Standardized Documentation in Pediatric Diabetology: Experience From Austria and
      Germany.
AB  - This article gives a short summary of standardized documentation for pediatric
      diabetology from a European perspective. The approach chosen by the
      Austrian/German DPV (Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation) group is detailed.
      The electronic health record used is briefly described, as are external
      benchmarking reports and national and international comparisons. Similar
      initiatives like the Hvidore study group, the SWEET initiative (Pediatric
      Diabetes: Working to Create Centers of Reference in Europe), and the T1DExchange
      (Type 1 Diabetes Exchange Registry) are compared to the DPV effort.

PMID- 27381029
TI  - If PBMs Guard Access to Drugs, Then Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodies? (Who Will
      Guard the Guardians?).
AB  - Insulin prices in the United States have risen dramatically in recent years, yet
      pharmacies cannot provide a stable price for a given insulin due to factors that
      are not widely understood. This commentary discusses the complex and obscure
      factors that drive today's insulin prices with a discussion of the other players,
      besides the insulin manufacturer, who benefit from higher prices. An open
      discussion is critical regarding this drug and others that are essential to the
      lives of millions of people with diabetes. We'll also explore whether the market
      introduction of biosimilar insulin will impact insulin prices.

PMID- 27381031
TI  - Endocan to Predict Cardiovascular Events: A Promising Biomarker or a Coincidental
      Finding?

PMID- 27381030
TI  - How Much Is Short-Term Glucose Prediction in Type 1 Diabetes Improved by Adding
      Insulin Delivery and Meal Content Information to CGM Data? A Proof-of-Concept
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In type 1 diabetes (T1D) management, short-term glucose prediction
      can allow to anticipate therapeutic decisions when hypo/hyperglycemia is
      imminent. Literature prediction methods mainly use past continuous glucose
      monitoring (CGM) readings. Sophisticated algorithms can use information on
      insulin delivered and meal carbohydrate (CHO) content. The quantification of how
      much insulin and CHO information improves glucose prediction is missing in the
      literature and is investigated, in an open-loop setting, in this proof-of-concept
      study. METHODS: We adopted a versatile literature prediction methodology able to
      utilize a variety of inputs. We compared predictors that use (1) CGM; (2) CGM and
      insulin; (3) CGM and CHO; and (4) CGM, insulin, and CHO. Data of 15 T1D subjects
      in open-loop setup were used. Prediction was evaluated via absolute error and
      temporal gain focusing on meal/night periods. The relative importance of each
      individual input of the predictor was evaluated with a sensitivity analysis.
      RESULTS: For a prediction horizon (PH) >= 30 minutes, insulin and CHO information
      improves prediction accuracy of 10% and double the temporal gain during the 2
      hours following the meal. During the night the 4 methods did not give
      statistically different results. When PH >= 45 minutes, the influence of CHO
      information on prediction is 5-fold that of insulin. CONCLUSIONS: In an open-loop
      setting, with PH >= 30 minutes, information on CHO and insulin improves short
      term glucose prediction in the 2-hour time window following a meal, but not
      during the night. CHO information improves prediction significantly more than
      insulin.

PMID- 27381032
TI  - Impact of Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With ST
      Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - We investigated the association between platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and
      clinical outcomes (including all-cause mortality, recurrent myocardial
      infarction, heart failure, serious cardiac arrhythmias and ischemic stroke) in
      patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Based on PLR
      quartiles, 5886 patients with STEMI were categorized into 4 groups: <98.8 (n =
      1470), 98.8 to 125.9 (n = 1474), 126.0 to 163.3 (n = 1478), >163.3 (n = 1464),
      respectively. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the relation
      between PLR and clinical outcomes. Mean duration of follow-up was 81.6 months,
      and 948 patients (16.1%) died during follow-up. The lowest mortality occurred in
      the lowest PLR quartile group ( P = 0.006), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.18
      (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.55), 1.31 (95% CI, 1.18-1.64), and 1.59
      (95% CI, 1.33-1.94) in patients with PLR of 98.8 to 125.9, 126.0 to 163.3,
      >163.3, respectively. Higher levels of PLR were also associated with recurrent
      myocardial infarction ( Ptrend = .023), heart failure ( Ptrend = .018), and
      ischemic stroke ( Ptrend = .043). In conclusion, a higher PLR was associated with
      recurrent myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, and all-cause
      mortality in patients with STEMI.

PMID- 27381033
TI  - Procalcitonin as a New Indicator of Inflammation.

PMID- 27381034
TI  - Nerve growth factor inhibition with tanezumab influences weight-bearing and
      subsequent cartilage damage in the rat medial meniscal tear model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the effects of nerve growth factor (NGF)
      inhibition with tanezumab on rats with medial meniscal tear (MMT) effectively
      model rapidly progressive osteoarthritis (RPOA) observed in clinical trials.
      METHODS: Male Lewis rats underwent MMT surgery and were treated weekly with
      tanezumab (0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg), isotype control or vehicle for 7, 14 or 28 days.
      Gait deficiency was measured to assess weight-bearing on the operated limb. Joint
      damage was assessed via histopathology. A second arm, delayed onset of treatment
      (starting 3-8 weeks after MMT surgery) was used to control for analgesia early in
      the disease process. A third arm, mid-tibial amputation, evaluated the dependency
      of the model on weight-bearing. RESULTS: Gait deficiency in untreated rats was
      present 3-7 days after MMT surgery, with a return to normal weight-bearing by
      days 14-28. Prophylactic treatment with tanezumab prevented gait deficiency and
      resulted in more severe cartilage damage. When onset of treatment with tanezumab
      was delayed to 3-8 weeks after MMT surgery, there was no increase in cartilage
      damage. Mid-tibial amputation completely prevented cartilage damage in untreated
      MMT rats. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that analgesia due to NGF inhibition
      during the acute injury phase is responsible for increased voluntary weight
      bearing and subsequent cartilage damage in the rat MMT model. This model failed
      to replicate the hypotrophic bone response observed in tanezumab-treated patients
      with RPOA.

PMID- 27381035
TI  - Streptococcusdentiloxodontae sp. nov., isolated from the oral cavity of
      elephants.
AB  - A Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative, coccus-shaped organism was isolated
      from oral cavity samples collected from healthy elephants. The isolated strain,
      NUM 2404T, was tentatively identified as a streptococcal species based on the
      results of biochemical tests. Although a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence
      analysis suggested the classification of this organism into the genus
      Streptococcus, it did not correspond to any recognized species of the genus.
      Strain NUM 2404T was related most closely to Streptococcus saliviloxodontae NUM
      6306T with 95.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, but the phylogenetic tree
      reconstructed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that NUM 2404T clustered
      with Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449T and Streptococcus troglodytae TKU 31T.
      Comparative sequence analysis based on two housekeeping genes, groEL, which
      encodes the 60 kDa heat-shock protein, and rpoB, encoding the beta subunit of RNA
      polymerase, of NUM 2404T indicated that it was most closely related to those of
      Streptococcus orisratti A63T and Streptococcus sobrinus ATCC 33478T with 82.7 and
      85.1 % sequence similarities, respectively. On the basis of genotypic and
      phenotypic differences, it is proposed that the novel isolate be classified in
      the genus Streptococcus as representative of a novel species, Streptococcus
      dentiloxodontae sp. nov. The type strain is NUM 2404T (=JCM 19284T=DSM 27381T).

PMID- 27381036
TI  - Toxicity of two fungicides in Daphnia: is it always temperature-dependent?
AB  - The joint effect of increasing temperature and pollution on aquatic organisms is
      important to understand and predict, as a combination of stressors might be more
      noxious when compared to their individual effects. Our goal was to determine the
      sensitivity of a model organism (Daphnia spp.) to contaminants at increasing
      temperatures, allowing prior acclimation of the organisms to the different
      temperatures. Prior to exposure, two Daphnia genotypes (Daphnia longispina
      species complex) were acclimated to three temperatures (17, 20, and 23  degrees
      C). Afterwards, a crossed design was established using different exposure
      temperatures and a range of concentrations of two common fungicides (tebuconazole
      and copper). Daphnia life history parameters were analysed in each temperature *
      toxicant combination for 21 days. Temperature was the most influencing factor:
      Daphnia reproduced later and had lower fecundity at 17  degrees C than at 20 and
      23  degrees C. Both copper and tebuconazole also significantly reduced the
      fecundity and survival of Daphnia at environmentally-relevant concentrations.
      Temperature-dependence was found for both toxicants, but the response pattern was
      endpoint- and genotype-specific. The combination of contaminant and high
      temperature often had severe effects on survival. However, unlike some literature
      on the subject, our results do not support the theory that increasing
      temperatures consistently foment increasing reproductive toxicity. The absence of
      a clear temperature-dependent toxicity pattern may result from the previous
      acclimation to the temperature regime. However, a proper framework is lacking to
      compare such studies and to avoid misleading conclusions for climate change
      scenarios. 

PMID- 27381037
TI  - Conservation, Innovation, and Bias: Embryonic Segment Boundaries Position
      Posterior, but Not Anterior, Head Horns in Adult Beetles.
AB  - The integration of form and function of novel traits is a fundamental process
      during the developmental evolution of complex organisms, yet how novel traits and
      trait functions integrate into preexisting contexts remains poorly understood.
      Here, we explore the mechanisms by which the adult insect head has been able to
      integrate novel traits and features during its ontogeny, focusing on the cephalic
      horns of Onthophagus beetles. Specifically, using a microablation approach we
      investigate how different regions of the dorsal head of adult horned beetles
      relate to their larval and embryonic counterparts and test whether deeply
      conserved regional boundaries that establish the embryonic head might also
      facilitate or bias the positioning of cephalic horns along the dorsal adult head.
      We find that paired posterior horns-the most widespread horn type within the
      genus-are positioned along a border homologous to the embryonic clypeolabral (CL)
      ocular boundary, and that this placement constitutes the ancestral form of horn
      positioning. In contrast, we observed that the phylogenetically much rarer
      anterior horns are positioned by larval head regions contained firmly within the
      CL segment and away from any major preexisting larval head landmarks or
      boundaries. Lastly, we describe the unexpected finding that ablations at medial
      head regions can result in ectopic outgrowths bearing terminal structures
      resembling the more anterior clypeal ridge. We discuss our results in the light
      of the developmental genetic mechanisms of head formation in holometabolous
      insects and the role of co-option in innovation and bias in developmental
      evolution.

PMID- 27381038
TI  - The views of migrant health workers living in Austria and Belgium on return
      migration to sub-Saharan Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The negative consequences of the brain drain of sub-Saharan African
      health workers for source countries are well documented and include understaffed
      facilities, decreased standards of care and higher workloads. However, studies
      suggest that, if migrated health workers eventually return to their home
      countries, this may lead to beneficial effects following the transfer of their
      acquired skills and knowledge (brain gain). The present study aims to explore the
      factors influencing the intentions for return migration of sub-Saharan African
      health workers who emigrated to Austria and Belgium, and gain further insight
      into the potential of circular migration. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews
      with 27 sub-Saharan African health workers in Belgium and Austria were conducted.
      RESULTS: As mentioned by the respondents, the main barriers for returning were
      family, structural crises in the source country, and insecurity. These barriers
      overrule the perceived drivers, which were nearly all pull factors and emotion
      driven. Despite the fact that only a minority plans to return permanently, many
      wish to return regularly to work in the healthcare sector or to contribute to the
      development of their source country. CONCLUSION: As long as safety and structural
      stability cannot be guaranteed in source countries, the number of return migrants
      is likely to remain low. National governments and regional organizations could
      play a role in facilitating the engagement of migrant health workers in the
      development of the healthcare system in source countries.

PMID- 27381039
TI  - MSC from fetal and adult lungs possess lung-specific properties compared to bone
      marrow-derived MSC.
AB  - Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are multipotent cells with regenerative and
      immune-modulatory properties. Therefore, MSC have been proposed as a potential
      cell-therapy for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). On the other hand,
      there are publications demonstrating that MSC might be involved in the
      development of BOS. Despite limited knowledge regarding the functional role of
      tissue-resident lung-MSC, several clinical trials have been performed using MSC,
      particularly bone marrow (BM)-derived MSC, for various lung diseases. We aimed to
      compare lung-MSC with the well-characterized BM-MSC. Furthermore, MSC isolated
      from lung-transplanted patients with BOS were compared to patients without BOS.
      Our study show that lung-MSCs are smaller, possess a higher colony-forming
      capacity and have a different cytokine profile compared to BM-MSC. Utilizing gene
      expression profiling, 89 genes including lung-specific FOXF1 and HOXB5 were found
      to be significantly different between BM-MSC and lung-MSC. No significant
      differences in cytokine secretion or gene expression were found between MSC
      isolated from BOS patients compared recipients without BOS. These data
      demonstrate that lung-resident MSC possess lung-specific properties. Furthermore,
      these results show that MSC isolated from lung-transplanted patients with BOS do
      not have an altered phenotype compared to MSC isolated from good outcome
      recipients.

PMID- 27381040
TI  - An Internet-based health gateway device for interactive communication and
      automatic data uploading: Clinical efficacy for type 2 diabetes in a multi-centre
      trial.
AB  - Introduction The aim of this study was to improve the quality of diabetes control
      and evaluate the efficacy of an Internet-based integrated healthcare system for
      diabetes management and safety. Methods We conducted a large-scale, multi-centre,
      randomized clinical trial involving 484 patients. Patients in the intervention
      group ( n = 244) were treated with the Internet-based system for six months,
      while the control group ( n = 240) received the usual outpatient management over
      the same period. HbA1c, blood chemistries, anthropometric parameters, and adverse
      events were assessed at the beginning of the study, after three months, and the
      end of the study. Results There were no initial significant differences between
      the groups with respect to demographics and clinical parameters. Upon six-month
      follow-up, HbA1c levels were significantly decreased from 7.86 +/- 0.69% to 7.55
      +/- 0.86% within the intervention group ( p < 0.001) compared to 7.81 +/- 0.66%
      to 7.70 +/- 0.88% within the control group. Postprandial glucose reduction was
      predominant. A subgroup with baseline HbA1c higher than 8% and good compliance
      achieved a reduction of HbA1c by 0.8 +/- 1.05%. Glucose control and waist
      circumference reduction were more effective in females and subjects older than 40
      years of age. There were no adverse events associated with the intervention.
      Discussion This e-healthcare system was effective for glucose control and body
      composition improvement without associated adverse events in a multi-centre
      trial. This system may be effective in improving diabetes control in the general
      population.

PMID- 27381041
TI  - Anxiolytic-like effects and toxicological studies of Brickellia cavanillesii
      (Cass.) A. Gray in experimental mice models.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Brickellia cavanillesii (Asteraceae) (Cass.) A.
      Gray is one of the popular plants consumed in Central America and Mexico for the
      treatment of several diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and anxiety, among
      others. AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the anxiolytic-like effect of B.
      Cavanillesii and the safety of its use through toxicological studies. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Anxiolytic-like effects of soluble-methanol extract of B.
      cavanillesii (MEBc) were evaluated in ambulatory activity (open-field test), hole
      board test, cylinder of exploration, the elevated plus-maze and the potentiation
      of the sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis mice models. On the other hand, in
      vivo toxicological studies were conducted on acute and sub-acute mice models
      recommended by OECD. Active MEBc was subjected to phytochemical studies through
      conventional chromatographic techniques to isolate bioactive compounds. RESULTS:
      MEBc (100mg/Kg) showed significant anxiolytic-like effect on animal model used
      (p<0.05). The phytochemical analysis of MEBc allowed the isolation of two major
      compounds nicotiflorin and acacetin, among others. Both compounds were found to
      be partially responsible for the anxiolytic-like effects. Moreover, a median
      lethal dose (LD50) higher than 2000mg/Kg was determined in mice and sub-acute
      oral administration of MEBc (100mg/Kg) did not alter body weight, clinical
      chemistry parameters (ALT and AST) and it did not induce any toxic nor alteration
      in the liver, kidney and heart functions. CONCLUSIONS: In current investigation,
      we have shown that MEBc has a wide range of pharmacology-toxicology patterns. The
      results support further investigation of MEBc as a potential anxiolytic
      phytomedicinal agent.

PMID- 27381043
TI  - Medical register could include voluntary conflicts of interest information.

PMID- 27381042
TI  - Phytochemical and biological studies on Alnus glutinosa subsp. glutinosa, A.
      orientalis var. orientalis and A. orientalis var. pubescens leaves.
AB  - ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Alnus species have been used for the treatment of
      rheumatism, hemorrhoids and for wound healing in folk medicine. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Aqueous and methanol extracts of A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertner subsp.
      glutinosa, A. orientalis Decne. var. orientalis and A. orientalis var. pubescens
      Dippel leaves were evaluated for their wound healing, anti-inflammatory and
      antioxidant activities. In vivo wound models of linear incision and circular
      excision were performed. "Inhibition of acetic acid-induced capillary
      permeability", "carrageenan-induced hind paw edema" and T"PA-induced ear edema"
      assays were applied to determine the anti-inflammatory effects. For the
      antioxidant activity assessment, DPPH and ABTS radicals scavenging effect,
      reducing power and denaturation of nonspecific hydroxyl radical-targeted 2
      deoxyribose were used. In vitro inhibitory effects on enzymes hyaluronidase,
      collagenase and elastase were evaluated. The methanol extract of the leaves of A.
      glutinosa subsp. glutinosa (MB), the most potent extract, was fractionated by
      bioassay-guided fractionation technique. The structure of the isolated compound
      was determined as shikimic acid by using NMR and IR analyses. RESULTS: MB
      increased the wound tension by 42.79% value and provided a contraction by 51.58%.
      Wound tension, contraction capacity and tissue hydroxyproline levels were
      increased with the application of the fraction EtOAc: MeOH (Fr. D), subfraction
      D27-38 and shikimic acid. In the "inhibition of acetic acid-induced capillary
      permeability" assay, MB, Fr. D, subfraction D27-38 and shikimic acid inhibited
      the permeability with significant inhibition values of 30.22%, 32.46%, 38.24% and
      27.19%, respectively. In carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model, MB displayed
      29.1% inhibition. Likewise, Fr. D, subfraction D27-38, and shikimic acid were
      found to exhibit remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Shikimic
      acid exhibited significant inhibitory effect (38.24%) on the hyaluronidase
      enzyme. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first and unique study that investigates wound
      healing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of some Alnus taxons growing
      in Turkey. According to the results, shikimic acid was found to be the major
      compound responsible from the activity.

PMID- 27381044
TI  - Use of the oral sugar test in ponies when performed with or without prior
      fasting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is recommended that the oral sugar test (OST) for insulin
      dysregulation (ID) be performed after an overnight fast, but fasting is
      impractical in ponies kept solely at pasture. There are few data on OST
      repeatability and reliability in ponies. OBJECTIVES: To report 1) whether OST
      results obtained in the morning after an overnight fast or without fasting in the
      afternoon (FASTING/FED) can be used interchangeably, 2) time of highest insulin
      concentration Tmax [insulin], repeatability and reliability of insulin response
      to the OST when FASTING or FED and 3) dichotomous agreement (ID/normal) within a
      small sample when FASTING or FED. STUDY DESIGN: Method comparison study. METHODS:
      Oral sugar tests were performed on four occasions in 10 adult native British
      ponies, twice FASTING and twice FED. Insulin concentrations were measured by
      radioimmunoassay at 0-120 min (T0,30,60,75,90,120 ). Differences between FASTING
      and FED results were assessed using mixed effects models. Indices of
      repeatability and reliability were calculated; dichotomous agreement was reported
      using kappa statistics. RESULTS: Serum [insulin] was significantly (P<=0.05)
      higher at T60 -T90 with prior fasting (estimated differences [95% confidence
      intervals]): T60 : 23.5 MUiu/ml (8.7-38.4 MUiu/ml), T75 : 27.1 MUiu/ml (12.3-41.8
      MUiu/ml), T90 : 15.1 (0.36-29.9 MUiu/ml). Most frequently, Tmax [ins] occurred at
      T30 . At any single time point, within-subject coefficients of variation were:
      FASTING: 40% and FED: 31%. The 95% limits for repeatability were FASTING: 29
      340%, FED: 41-240%. Test reliabilities were FASTING: 0.70 and FED: 0.67. For
      dichotomous interpretation similar results (kappa = 0.7) were obtained using cut
      offs of [Insulin] >60 MUiu/ml at T60 or T90 for FASTING and [Insulin] >51 MUiu/ml
      at T30 or T60 for FED samples. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Oral sugar tests were performed
      on a small number of animals on one pasture during one season (spring).
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should beware of interpreting changes in absolute OST
      results owing to poor repeatability. When stabling is unavailable, OSTs of ponies
      at pasture may yield similar dichotomous results without prior fasting.

PMID- 27381045
TI  - Whole-cell detection of live lactobacillus acidophilus on aptamer-decorated
      porous silicon biosensors.
AB  - This work describes the design of optical aptamer-based porous silicon (PSi)
      biosensors for the direct capture of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Aptamers are
      oligonucleotides (single-stranded DNA or RNA) that can bind their targets with
      high affinity and specificity, making them excellent recognition elements for
      biosensing applications. Herein, aptamer Hemag1P, which specifically targets the
      important probiotic L. acidophilus, was utilized for direct bacteria capture onto
      oxidized PSi Fabry-Perot thin films. Monitoring changes in the reflectivity
      spectrum (using reflective interferometric Fourier transform spectroscopy) allows
      for bacteria detection in a label-free, simple and rapid manner. The performance
      of the biosensor was optimized by tuning the PSi nanostructure, its optical
      properties, as well as the immobilization density of the aptamer. We demonstrate
      the high selectivity and specificity of this simple "direct-capture" biosensing
      scheme and show its ability to distinguish between live and dead bacteria. The
      resulting biosensor presents a robust and rapid method for the specific detection
      of live L. acidophilus at concentrations relevant for probiotic products and as
      low as 10(6) cells per mL. Rapid monitoring of probiotic bacteria is crucial for
      quality, purity and safety control as the use of probiotics in functional foods
      and pharmaceuticals is becoming increasingly popular. 

PMID- 27381046
TI  - Roseomonas rubra sp. nov., isolated from lagoon sediments.
AB  - A novel Gram-stain-negative, coccus to oval-shaped, non-motile bacterium,
      designated strain S5T, was isolated from lagoon sediments collected from North
      Carolina, USA. Strain S5T was able to grow at 12-45  degrees C (optima, 30-37 
      degrees C) and at pH 6.3-9.0 (optima, 6.5-7.5). No added NaCl was required for
      growth of strain S5T. Strain S5T was positive for catalase and oxidase activity.
      C18 : 1omega6c/C18 : 1omega7c, C16 : 1omega6c/C16 : 1omega7c and C16 : 0 were
      predominant fatty acids with minor amounts of C8 : 0 3-OH, C14 : 0, C16 : 0 3-OH,
      C18 : 1 2-OH, C14 : 1omega5c, C16 : 1omega5c and C19 : 0 cyclo omega8c.
      Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
      phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified glycolipid were major polar lipids. Minor
      amounts of an unidentified amino lipid and three unidentified lipids were also
      detected. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 73.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene
      sequence comparisons indicated that strain S5T represents a member of the genus
      Roseomonas within the family Acetobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria.
      Strain S5T had a sequence similarity of 97.80 % with Roseomonas rhizosphaerae
      YW11T, 97.69 % with Roseomonas aestuarii JC17T and <97 % with other members of
      the genus Roseomonas. However, strain S5T showed only 45.2+/-2 and 17+/-2 %
      relatedness (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with R. rhizosphaerae KACC 17225T
      (=YW11T) and R. aestuarii KCTC 22692T (=JC17T), respectively. Distinct
      morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from previously described
      taxa support the classification of strain S5T as a representative of a novel
      species in the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas rubra sp. nov. is
      proposed. The type strain is S5T (=KEMB 563-468T=JCM 31177T).

PMID- 27381047
TI  - Exploring longitudinal shifts in international nurse migration to the United
      States between 2003 and 2013 through a random effects panel data analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: No study has examined the longitudinal trends in National Council
      Licensure Exam for Registered Nurse (NCLEX-RN) applicants and pass rates among
      internationally-educated nurses (IENs) seeking to work in the United States, nor
      has any analysis explored the impact of specific events on these trends,
      including changes to the NCLEX-RN exam, the role of the economic crisis, or the
      passing of the WHO Code on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel.
      This study seeks to understand the impact of the three aforementioned factors
      that may be influencing current and future IEN recruitment patterns in the United
      States. METHODS: In this random effects panel data analysis, we analyzed 11 years
      (2003-2013) of annual IEN applicant numbers and pass rates for registered nurse
      credentialing. Data were obtained from publicly available reports on exam pass
      rates. With the global economic crisis and NCLEX-RN changes in 2008 coupled with
      the WHO Code passage in 2010, we sought to compare if (1) the number of
      applicants changed significantly after those 2 years and (2) if pass rates
      changed following exam modifications implemented in 2008 and 2011. RESULTS: A
      total of 177 countries were eligible for inclusion in this analysis, representing
      findings from 200,453 IEN applicants to the United States between 2003 and 2013.
      The majority of applicants were from the Philippines (58 %) and India (11 %),
      with these two countries combined representing 69 % of the total. Candidates from
      Sub-Saharan African countries totalled 7133 (3 % of all applications) over the
      study period, with half of these coming from Nigeria alone. No significant
      changes were found in the number of candidates following the 2008 economic crisis
      or the 2010 WHO Code, although pass rates decreased significantly following the
      2008 exam modifications and the WHO Code implementation. CONCLUSION: This study
      suggests that, while the WHO Code has had an influence on overall IEN migration
      dynamics to the United States by decreasing candidate numbers, in most cases, the
      WHO Code was not the single cause of these fluctuations. Indeed, the impact of
      the NCLEX-RN exam changes appears to exert a larger influence.

PMID- 27381049
TI  - Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of a Porous g-C3 N4 /Graphene Composite as
      a Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
AB  - A porous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 )/graphene composite was prepared by a
      simple hydrothermal method and explored as the counter electrode of dye
      sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The obtained g-C3 N4 /graphene composite was
      characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy. The results show that incorporating graphene nanosheets into g-C3
      N4 forms a three-dimensional architecture with a high surface area, porous
      structure, efficient electron-transport network, and fast charge-transfer
      kinetics at the g-C3 N4 /graphene interfaces. These properties result in more
      electrocatalytic active sites and facilitate electrolyte diffusion and electron
      transport in the porous framework. As a result, the as-prepared porous g-C3 N4
      /graphene composite exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic activity. In I(-) /I3
      (-) redox electrolyte, the charge-transfer resistance of the porous g-C3 N4
      /graphene composite electrode is 1.8 Omega cm(2) , which is much lower than those
      of individual g-C3 N4 (70.1 Omega cm(2) ) and graphene (32.4 Omega cm(2) )
      electrodes. This enhanced electrocatalytic performance is beneficial for
      improving the photovoltaic performance of DSCs. By employing the porous g-C3 N4
      /graphene composite as the counter electrode, the DSC achieves a conversion
      efficiency of 7.13 %. This efficiency is comparable to 7.37 % for a cell with a
      platinum counter electrode. 

PMID- 27381048
TI  - Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins enhance hydrolysis of HDL-CEs and
      facilitate elimination of cholesterol into bile.
AB  - While HDL-associated unesterified or free cholesterol (FC) is thought to be
      rapidly secreted into the bile, the fate of HDL-associated cholesteryl esters
      (HDL-CEs) that represent >80% of HDL-cholesterol, is only beginning to be
      understood. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that intracellular
      cholesterol transport proteins [sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and fatty acid
      binding protein-1 (FABP1)] not only facilitate CE hydrolase-mediated hydrolysis
      of HDL-CEs, but also enhance elimination of cholesterol into bile. Adenovirus
      mediated overexpression of FABP1 or SCP2 in primary hepatocytes significantly
      increased hydrolysis of HDL-[(3)H]CE, reduced resecretion of HDL-CE-derived FC as
      nascent HDL, and increased its secretion as bile acids. Consistently, the flux of
      [(3)H]cholesterol from HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary bile acids was increased by
      overexpression of SCP2 or FABP1 in vivo and reduced in SCP2(-/-) mice. Increased
      flux of HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary FC was noted with FABP1 overexpression and in
      SCP2(-/-) mice that have increased FABP1 expression. Lack of a significant
      decrease in the flux of HDL-[(3)H]CE to biliary FC or bile acids in FABP1(-/-)
      mice indicates the likely compensation of its function by an as yet unidentified
      mechanism. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that FABP1 and SCP2
      facilitate the preferential movement of HDL-CEs to bile for final elimination.

PMID- 27381050
TI  - Pharmacogenomics and the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
AB  - Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous
      malignancy that is primarily treated with combinations of cytarabine and
      anthracyclines. Although this scheme remains effective in most of the patients,
      variability of outcomes in patients has been partly related with their genetic
      variability. Several pharmacogenetic studies have analyzed the impact of
      polymorphisms in genes encoding transporters, metabolizers or molecular targets
      of chemotherapy agents. A systematic review on all eligible studies was carried
      out in order to estimate the effect of polymorphisms of anthracyclines and
      cytarabine pathways on efficacy and toxicity of AML treatment. Other emerging
      genes recently studied in AML, such as DNA repair genes, genes potentially
      related to chemotherapy response or AML prognosis, have also been included.

PMID- 27381051
TI  - Pancreatic polypeptide stimulates mouse gastric motor activity through peripheral
      neural mechanisms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is supposed to be one of the major
      endogenous agonists of the neuropeptide Y4 receptor. Pancreatic polypeptide can
      influence gastrointestinal motility, acting mainly through vagal mechanisms, but
      whether PP acts directly on the stomach has not been explored yet. The aims of
      this study were to investigate the effects of PP on mouse gastric emptying, on
      spontaneous tone of whole stomach in vitro and to examine the mechanism of
      action. METHODS: Gastric emptying was measured by red phenol method after i.p. PP
      administration (1-3 nmol per mouse). Responses induced by PP (1-300 mmol L-1 ) on
      gastric endoluminal pressure were analyzed in vitro in the presence of different
      drugs. Gastric genic expression of Y4 receptor was verified by RT-PCR. KEY
      RESULTS: Pancreatic polypeptide dose-dependently increased non-nutrient liquid
      gastric emptying rate. In vitro, PP produced a concentration-dependent
      contraction that was abolished by tetrodotoxin, a neural blocker of Na+ voltage
      dependent channels. The contractile response was significantly reduced by
      atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, and by SR48968, an NK2 receptor
      antagonist, while it was potentiated by neostigmine, an inhibitor of
      acetylcholinesterase. The joint application of atropine and SR48968 fully
      abolished PP contractile effect. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
      analysis revealed the presence of Y4 receptor mRNA in mouse stomach with a
      greater expression in antrum than in fundus. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: The
      present findings demonstrate that exogenous PP stimulates mouse gastric motor
      activity, by acting directly on the stomach. This effect appears due to the
      activation of enteric excitatory neurons releasing acetylcholine and tachykinins.

PMID- 27381052
TI  - Tetrahydropyrrolization of Resveratrol and Other Stilbenes Improves Inhibitory
      Effects on DNA Oxidation.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of resveratrol on DNA oxidation caused by 2,2'-azobis(2
      amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH) was found to be enhanced if the C=C bond in
      resveratrol was converted into tetrahydropyrrole by reaction with azomethine
      ylide (CH2 =N(+) (CH3 )CH2 (-) ). This encouraged us to explore whether the
      inhibitory activities of other stilbenes could also be increased by the same
      method. We found that the inhibitory effects of the tetrahydropyrrole derivatives
      on AAPH-induced oxidation of DNA were higher than those of the corresponding
      stilbenes, because the tetrahydropyrrole motif can provide hydrogen atoms to be
      abstracted by radicals. Therefore, the tetrahydropyrrolization offered an
      advantage for enhancing the antioxidant effects of stilbenes. Notably, (CH3 )3
      SiCH2 N(CH3 )CH2 OCH3 (in the presence of CF3 COOH) and (CH3 )3 NO (in the
      presence of LiN(iPr)2 ) can be used to generate azomethine ylide for the
      tetrahydropyrrolization of stilbenes containing electron-withdrawing and 
      donating groups, respectively.

PMID- 27381053
TI  - Surgical management of a complete section of the oesophagus during total
      thyroidectomy.

PMID- 27381054
TI  - Convergence in relationships between leaf traits, spectra and age across diverse
      canopy environments and two contrasting tropical forests.
AB  - Leaf age structures the phenology and development of plants, as well as the
      evolution of leaf traits over life histories. However, a general method for
      efficiently estimating leaf age across forests and canopy environments is
      lacking. Here, we explored the potential for a statistical model, previously
      developed for Peruvian sunlit leaves, to consistently predict leaf ages from leaf
      reflectance spectra across two contrasting forests in Peru and Brazil and across
      diverse canopy environments. The model performed well for independent Brazilian
      sunlit and shade canopy leaves (R2  = 0.75-0.78), suggesting that canopy leaves
      (and their associated spectra) follow constrained developmental trajectories even
      in contrasting forests. The model did not perform as well for mid-canopy and
      understory leaves (R2  = 0.27-0.29), because leaves in different environments
      have distinct traits and trait developmental trajectories. When we accounted for
      distinct environment-trait linkages - either by explicitly including traits and
      environments in the model, or, even better, by re-parameterizing the spectra-only
      model to implicitly capture distinct trait-trajectories in different environments
      - we achieved a more general model that well-predicted leaf age across forests
      and environments (R2  = 0.79). Fundamental rules, linked to leaf environments,
      constrain the development of leaf traits and allow for general prediction of leaf
      age from spectra across species, sites and canopy environments.

PMID- 27381055
TI  - "Calibration-on-the-spot": How to calibrate an EMCCD camera from its images.
AB  - In order to count photons with a camera, the camera must be calibrated. Photon
      counting is necessary, e.g., to determine the precision of localization-based
      super-resolution microscopy. Here we present a protocol that calibrates an EMCCD
      camera from information contained in isolated, diffraction-limited spots in any
      image taken by the camera, thus making dedicated calibration procedures redundant
      by enabling calibration post festum, from images filed without calibration
      information.

PMID- 27381057
TI  - Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Different Rotator Cuff Lesions Using Shoulder
      Musculoskeletal Ultrasound.
AB  - The lifetime prevalence of shoulder pain approaches 70%, which is mostly
      attributable to rotator cuff lesions such as inflammation, calcific tendinitis
      and tears. On clinical examination, shoulder ultrasound is recommended for the
      detection of lesions. However, there exists inter-operator variability in
      diagnostic accuracy because of differences in the experience and expertise of
      operators. In this study, a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system was developed
      to assist ultrasound operators in diagnosing rotator cuff lesions and to improve
      the practicality of ultrasound examination. The collected cases included 43 cases
      of inflammation, 30 cases of calcific tendinitis and 26 tears. For each case, the
      lesion area and texture features were extracted from the entire lesions and
      combined in a multinomial logistic regression classifier for lesion
      classification. The proposed CAD achieved an accuracy of 87.9%. The individual
      accuracy of this CAD system was 88.4% for inflammation, 83.3% for calcific
      tendinitis and 92.3% for tears. Cohen's k was 0.798. On the basis of its
      diagnostic performance, clinical use of this CAD technique has promise.

PMID- 27381056
TI  - Curcumin ameliorates neuropathic pain by down-regulating spinal IL-1beta via
      suppressing astroglial NALP1 inflammasome and JAK2-STAT3 signalling.
AB  - Curcumin has been shown to possess strong anti-inflammatory activity in many
      diseases. It has been demonstrated that the janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal
      transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cascade and the NAcht leucine
      rich-repeat protein 1 (NALP1) inflammasome are important for the synthesis of Pro
      Interleukin (IL)-1beta and the processing of the inactive protein to its mature
      form, which plays an active role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. The
      present study showed that repeated intraperitoneal injection of curcumin
      ameliorated SNI-induced mechanical and cold allodynia in a dose-dependent manner
      and inhibited the elevation of spinal mature IL-1beta protein levels.
      Additionally, repeated curcumin treatment significantly inhibited the aggregation
      of the NALP1 inflammasome and the activation of the JAK2-STAT3 cascade in spinal
      astrocytes. Furthermore, the genetic down-regulation of NALP1 inflammasome
      activation by NALP1 siRNA and the pharmacological inhibition of the JAK2-STAT3
      cascade by AG490 markedly inhibited IL-1beta maturation and Pro-IL-1beta
      synthesis, respectively, and reduced SNI-induced pain hypersensitivity. Our
      results suggest that curcumin attenuated neuropathic pain and down-regulated the
      production of spinal mature IL-1beta by inhibiting the aggregation of NALP1
      inflammasome and the activation of the JAK2-STAT3 cascade in astrocytes.

PMID- 27381058
TI  - Drug use and its associated factors among money boys in Hunan Province, China.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe drug use, types of drugs and related factors among money
      boys in Hunan Province, China. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was
      conducted between July 2012 and January 2013. METHODS: Based on respondent-driven
      sampling, researchers located seven 'seeds' via a gay-dating website:
      http://www.ixxqy.org. After three waves of recruitment, 234 money boys were
      enrolled. They were asked to complete a 23-item questionnaire regarding
      demographic characteristics, drug use, a history of human immunodeficiency virus
      infection and family environment. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression
      analysis were conducted using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version
      20.0. RESULTS: In total, 205 valid questionnaires were collected. Based on the
      data collected, 80 (39.0%) money boys had used drugs within the last 3 months.
      Rush popper (36.6%) and methamphetamine (12.7%) were used most commonly, and
      other drugs used were ecstasy (7.8%), ketamine (5.9%), marijuana (2.4%), morphine
      (1.5%), heroin (1.0%) and cocaine (0.5%). Factors included in the logistic
      regression were length of service (odds ratio [OR] 0.395, 95% confidence interval
      [CI] 0.175-0.896), being an only child (OR 2.272, 95% CI 1.108-4.659),
      relationship between parents (OR 0.428, 95% CI 0.213-0.858) and social network
      (OR 2.387, 95% CI 1.144-4.970). A shorter length of service and a good
      relationship between parents were protective factors against drug use, while
      being an only child and having a wide social network were risk factors.
      CONCLUSION: Drug use is common among money boys. This study found that length of
      service, being an only child, relationship between parents and social network are
      associated with drug use.

PMID- 27381059
TI  - Consequences of simulated car driving at constant high speed on the sensorimotor
      control of leg muscles and the braking response.
AB  - Due to the increase in time spent seated in cars, there is a risk of fatigue of
      the leg muscles which adjust the force exerted on the accelerator pedal. Any
      change in their sensorimotor control could lengthen the response to emergency
      braking. Fourteen healthy male subjects (mean age: 42 +/- 4 years) were explored.
      Before and after a 1-h driving trial at 120 km h-1 , we measured the braking
      response, the maximal leg extension and foot inversion forces, the tonic
      vibratory response (TVR) in gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterior
      (TA) muscles to explore the myotatic reflex, and the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex).
      During driving, surface electromyograms (EMGs) of GM and TA were recorded and the
      ratio between high (H) and low (L) EMG energies allowed to evaluate the
      recruitment of high- and low-frequency motor unit discharges. During driving, the
      H/L ratio decreased in TA, whereas modest and often no significant H/L changes
      occurred in GM muscle. After driving, the maximal foot inversion force decreased
      (-19%), while the leg extension force did not vary. Reduced TVR amplitude (-29%)
      was measured in TA, but no H-reflex changes were noted. The braking reaction time
      was not modified after the driving trial. Driving at constant elevated speed
      reduced the myotatic reflex and the recruitment of motor units in TA muscle. The
      corresponding changes were rarely present in the GM muscle that plays a key role
      in the braking response, and this could explain the absence of a reduced braking
      reaction time.

PMID- 27381060
TI  - Dialysis buffer with different ionic strength affects the antigenicity of
      cultured nervous necrosis virus (NNV) suspensions.
AB  - Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) belongs to the genus Betanodavirus (Nodaviridae). It
      is highly pathogenic to various marine fishes. Here, we investigated the
      antigenicity changes of cultured NNV suspensions during 14days of dialyses using
      a dialysis tube at 1.4*10(4) molecular weight cut off (MWCO) in three different
      buffers (Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (D-PBS), 15mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0),
      and deionized water (DIW)). Total NNV antigen titers of cultured NNV suspension
      varied depending on different dialysis buffers. For example, total NNV antigen
      titer during D-PBS dialysis was increased once but then decreased. During Tris
      HCl dialysis, it was relatively stable. During dialysis in DIW, total NNV antigen
      titer was increased gradually. These antigenicity changes in NNV suspension might
      be due to changes in the aggregation state of NNV particles and/or coat proteins
      (CPs). ELISA values of NNV suspension changed due to changing aggregates state of
      NNV antigens. NNV particles in suspension were aggregated at a certain level.
      These aggregates were progressive after D-PBS dialysis, but regressive after Tris
      HCl dialysis. The purified NNV particles self-aggregated after dialysis in D-PBS
      or in Tris-HCl containing 600mM NaCl, but not after dialysis in Tris-HCl or DIW.
      Quantitative analysis is merited to determine NNV antigens in the highly purified
      NNV particles suspended in buffer at low salt condition.

PMID- 27381061
TI  - Early dengue virus interactions: the role of dendritic cells during infection.
AB  - Dengue is an acute infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) that affects
      approximately 400 million people annually, being the most prevalent human
      arthropod-borne disease. DENV infection causes a wide variety of clinical
      manifestations that range from asymptomatic to dengue fever, and in some cases
      may evolve to the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome.
      The exact reasons why some patients do not have symptoms while others develop the
      severe forms of disease are still elusive, but gathered evidence showed
      correlation between a secondary infection with a heterologous DENV serotype and
      the occurrence of severe symptoms. Despite several advances, the mechanisms of
      DENV infection are still not completely elucidated, and efforts have been made to
      understand the development of immunity and/or pathology to DENV. When a mosquito
      transmits DENV, the virus is initially deposited in the skin, where mononuclear
      phagocytic cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), become infected. DCs play a
      critical role in the induction of immune responses, as they are able to rapidly
      detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns, endocytose and process antigens,
      and efficiently activate naive-T and B cells. Recent findings have shown that DCs
      serve as DENV targets, but they are also important mediators of immunity against
      the virus. In this review, we will briefly discuss DENV infection pathogenesis,
      and introduce DCs as central players in the induction of anti-DENV immune
      responses. Then, we will review in more detail how DENV interacts with and is
      sensed by DCs, with particular emphasis in two classes of receptors implicated in
      viral entry.

PMID- 27381062
TI  - Copper oxide nanoparticles in an epoxy network: microstructure, chain confinement
      and mechanical behaviour.
AB  - Copper oxide nanoparticles (nCOPs) having octahedral morphology, synthesized
      through hydrazine reduction reaction were employed to formulate an epoxy based
      novel nanocomposite. The synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles was carried out
      in polyethylene glycol medium to enhance their interfacial adhesion with the
      epoxy matrix. The extent of conservation of the crystalline nature and octahedral
      morphology of the nCOP in its epoxy nanocomposites was confirmed by X-ray
      diffraction and electron microscopy analysis. The mechanical properties including
      tensile, impact, fracture toughness and surface hardness of epoxy-nCOP
      nanocomposites were evaluated as a function of nCOP content. The maximum
      enhancement in strength, modulus, impact strength, fracture toughness and surface
      hardness of epoxy-nCOP nanocomposites was observed for 5 phr nCOP content. This
      may be due to the strong interaction between the nCOP and epoxy chains at this
      composition arising from its fairly uniform dispersion. A quantitative
      measurement of constrained epoxy chains immobilized by the nCOP octahedra was
      carried out using dynamic mechanical analysis. The enhancement in the storage
      modulus is related to the amount of the added nCOP as well as the volume of the
      constrained epoxy chains in the proximity of nCOP. The behaviour of epoxy-nCOP
      nanocomposites in this study has been explained by proposing a mechanism based on
      the distribution of nCOP domains in the epoxy matrix and the existing volume of
      constrained epoxy chains. 

PMID- 27381063
TI  -   In Focus in HCB.

PMID- 27381064
TI  - Serological detection of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' in citrus, and
      identification by GeLC-MS/MS of a chaperone protein responding to cellular
      pathogens.
AB  - We describe experiments with antibodies against 'Candidatus Liberibacter
      asiaticus used to detect the pathogen in infected plants. We used scFv selected
      to bind epitopes exposed on the surface of the bacterium in tissue prints, with
      secondary monoclonal antibodies directed at a FLAG epitope included at the
      carboxyl end of the scFv. Unexpectedly, the anti-FLAG secondary antibody produced
      positive results with CaLas diseased samples when the primary scFv were not used.
      The anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody (Mab) also identified plants infected with
      other vascular pathogens. We then identified a paralogous group of secreted
      chaperone proteins in the HSP-90 family that contained the amino acid sequence
      DDDDK identical to the carboxy-terminal sequence of the FLAG epitope. A rabbit
      polyclonal antibody against one of the same epitopes combined with a goat anti
      rabbit secondary antibody produced very strong purple color in individual phloem
      cells, as expected for this pathogen. These results were entirely specific for
      CaLas-infected citrus. The simplicity, cost and ability to scale the tissue print
      assay makes this an attractive assay to complement PCR-based assays currently in
      use. The partial FLAG epitope may itself be useful as a molecular marker for the
      rapid screening of citrus plants for the presence of vascular pathogens.

PMID- 27381065
TI  - Carcinoma of Gall bladder with distant metastasis to breast parenchyma. Report of
      a case and review of literature.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gall bladder carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in India.
      Gall bladder cancer with metastasis to the breast is very rare. Herein we intend
      to report a case of carcinoma gall bladder with breast metastasis and a short
      review of the literature. METHODS: This report describes an interesting and
      unusual case of gall bladder carcinoma presenting with breast metastasis. CASE
      REPORT: A 38-year lady presented with complaints of right abdominal pain.
      Bilateral breast examination showed 2*2cm palpable lump in the upper outer
      quadrant of the left breast. Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis
      showed circumferential thickening of gall bladder with the loss of fat plane with
      the adjacent liver parenchyma. Biopsy from the breast lump was reported as
      metastatic adenocarcinoma compatible with primary in the gall bladder. Whole body
      PET-CT showed gall bladder mass with abdominal and pelvic nodes with metastasis
      to liver, left breast, C7 vertebral body and left supra-clavicular node. She was
      diagnosed to have disseminated carcinoma gall bladder with liver, breast and
      supraclavicular nodal metastasis. She received palliative chemotherapy with
      gemcitabine and carboplatin and radiotherapy to C7 vertebra. After receiving 3
      cycles of chemotherapy, chemotherapy was changed to the second line with single
      agent capecitabine. In spite of two lines of chemotherapy, she succumbed to
      disease progression and expired. CONCLUSION: There are limited examples of gall
      bladder adenocarcinoma with simultaneous metastasis to breast in the English
      literature. Our case showed an unusual dissemination of gall bladder cancer.

PMID- 27381066
TI  - Span poly-L-arginine nanoparticles are efficient non-viral vectors for PRPF31
      gene delivery: An approach of gene therapy to treat retinitis pigmentosa.
AB  - Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common cause of inherited blindness in
      adults. Mutations in the PRPF31 gene produce autosomal dominant RP (adRP). To
      date there are no effective treatments for this disease. The purpose of this
      study was to design an efficient non-viral vector for human PRPF31 gene delivery
      as an approach to treat this form of adRP. Span based nanoparticles were
      developed to mediate gene transfer in the subretinal space of a mouse model of
      adRP carrying a point mutation (A216P) in the Prpf31 gene. Funduscopic
      examination, electroretinogram, optomotor test and optical coherence tomography
      were conducted to further in vivo evaluate the safety and efficacy of the
      nanosystems developed. Span-polyarginine (SP-PA) nanoparticles were able to
      efficiently transfect the GFP and PRPF31 plasmid in mice retinas. Statistically
      significant improvement in visual acuity and retinal thickness were found in
      Prpf31A216P/+ mice treated with the SP-PA-PRPF31 nanomedicine.

PMID- 27381067
TI  - Neutrophil targeted nano-drug delivery system for chronic obstructive lung
      diseases.
AB  - The success of drug delivery to target airway cell(s) remains a significant
      challenge due to the limited ability of nanoparticle (NP) systems to circumvent
      protective airway-defense mechanisms. The size, density, surface and physical
      chemical properties of nanoparticles are the key features that determine their
      ability to navigate across the airway-barrier. We evaluated here the efficacy of
      a PEGylated immuno-conjugated PLGA-nanoparticle (PINP) to overcome this challenge
      and selectively deliver drug to specific inflammatory cells (neutrophils). We
      first characterized the size, shape, surface-properties and neutrophil targeting
      using dynamic laser scattering, transmission electron microscopy and flow
      cytometry. Next, we assessed the efficacy of neutrophil-targeted PINPs in
      transporting through the airway followed by specific binding and release of drug
      to neutrophils. Finally, our results demonstrate the efficacy of PINP mediated
      non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-(ibuprofen) delivery to neutrophils in
      murine models of obstructive lung diseases, based on its ability to control
      neutrophilic-inflammation and resulting lung disease.

PMID- 27381070
TI  - Sulfur-Doped Fe/N/C Nanosheets as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen
      Reduction Reaction.
AB  - The high-temperature pyrolyzed Fe/N/C is one of the tremendous potential
      nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Metal
      free carbon materials doped with heteroatoms have also demonstrated prominent
      electrocatalytic performance for ORR. The previous work of S-doping Fe/N/C was
      produced by pyrolyzing melamine and iron thiocyanate, in which S was from iron
      thiocyanate. Here, for the first time, we realized an in situ S-doping in Fe/N/C
      (denoted as S-Fe/N/C) electrocatalyst with S doping reaching 4.76 at % by
      pyrolyzing thiourea as the S source and iron acetate showing high-performance ORR
      activity in both alkaline and acid solution. The catalyst pyrolyzed at 700 
      degrees C and the mass ratio 1:0.2 shows the best activity for ORR. The optimal
      catalyst displays much greater durability and higher tolerance to methanol than
      Pt/C (20 wt %). Results of electrochemical measurements show that the S-Fe/N/C
      follows 4e pathway in alkaline and acid conditions. 

PMID- 27381068
TI  - Gold nanorods inhibit respiratory syncytial virus by stimulating the innate
      immune response.
AB  - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pneumonia and bronchiolitis in
      infants, children and older adults. The use of metallic nanoparticles as
      potential therapeutics is being explored against respiratory viruses like
      Influenza, Parainfluenza and Adenovirus. In this study, we showed that gold
      nanorods (GNRs) inhibit RSV in HEp-2 cells and BALB/c mice by 82% and 56%,
      respectively. The RSV inhibition correlated with marked upregulated antiviral
      genes due to GNR mediated TLR, NOD-like receptor and RIG-I-like receptor
      signaling pathways. Transmission electron microscopy of lungs showed GNRs in the
      endocytotic vesicles and histological analyses indicated infiltration by
      neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes correlating with clearance of RSV. In
      addition, production of cytokines and chemokines in the lungs indicates
      recruitment of immune cells to counter RSV replication. To our knowledge, this is
      the first in vitro and in vivo report that provides possible antiviral mechanisms
      of GNRs against RSV.

PMID- 27381069
TI  - Enrichment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a contaminated soil after
      rehabilitation.
AB  - Spore counts, species composition and richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,
      and soil glomalin contents were evaluated in a soil contaminated with Zn, Cu, Cd
      and Pb after rehabilitation by partial replacement of the contaminated soil with
      non-contaminated soil, and by Eucalyptus camaldulensis planting with and without
      Brachiaria decumbens sowing. These rehabilitation procedures were compared with
      soils from contaminated non-rehabilitated area and non-contaminated adjacent
      soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities attributes were assessed by
      direct field sampling, trap culture technique, and by glomalin contents estimate.
      Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was markedly favored by rehabilitation, and a total
      of 15 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi morphotypes were detected in the studied area.
      Species from the Glomus and Acaulospora genera were the most common mycorrhizal
      fungi. Number of spores was increased by as much as 300-fold, and species
      richness almost doubled in areas rehabilitated by planting Eucalyptus in rows and
      sowing B. decumbens in inter-rows. Contents of heavy metals in the soil were
      negatively correlated with both species richness and glomalin contents.
      Introduction of B. decumbens together with Eucalyptus causes enrichment of
      arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species and a more balanced community of arbuscular
      mycorrhizal fungi spores in contaminated soil.

PMID- 27381071
TI  - Canada: Focus on a country's health system with provincial diversity.

PMID- 27381072
TI  - Viral hepatitis: A lack of hepatocyte STING favours HBV infection.

PMID- 27381073
TI  - Gut microbiota: First steps in the infant gut microbiota.

PMID- 27381074
TI  - Respiratory disease and the oesophagus: reflux, reflexes and microaspiration.
AB  - Gastro-oesophageal reflux is associated with a wide range of respiratory
      disorders, including asthma, isolated chronic cough, idiopathic pulmonary
      fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. Reflux can
      be substantial and reach the proximal margins of the oesophagus in some
      individuals with specific pulmonary diseases, suggesting that this association is
      more than a coincidence. Proximal oesophageal reflux in particular has led to
      concern that microaspiration might have an important, possibly even causal, role
      in respiratory disease. Interestingly, reflux is not always accompanied by
      typical reflux symptoms, such as heartburn and/or regurgitation, leading many
      clinicians to empirically treat for possible gastro-oesophageal reflux. Indeed,
      costs associated with use of acid suppressants in pulmonary disease far outweigh
      those in typical GERD, despite little evidence of therapeutic benefit in clinical
      trials. This Review comprehensively examines the possible mechanisms that might
      link pulmonary disease and oesophageal reflux, highlighting the gaps in current
      knowledge and limitations of previous research, and helping to shed light on the
      frequent failure of antireflux treatments in pulmonary disease.

PMID- 27381075
TI  - Current management of the gastrointestinal complications of systemic sclerosis.
AB  - Systemic sclerosis is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that involves the
      gastrointestinal tract in more than 90% of patients. This involvement can extend
      from the mouth to the anus, with the oesophagus and anorectum most frequently
      affected. Gut complications result in a plethora of presentations that impair
      oral intake and faecal continence and, consequently, have an adverse effect on
      patient quality of life, resulting in referral to gastroenterologists. The
      cornerstones of gastrointestinal symptom management are to optimize symptom
      relief and monitor for complications, in particular anaemia and malabsorption.
      Early intervention in patients who develop these complications is critical to
      minimize disease progression and improve prognosis. In the future, enhanced
      therapeutic strategies should be developed, based on an ever-improving
      understanding of the intestinal pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis. This
      Review describes the most commonly occurring clinical scenarios of
      gastrointestinal involvement in patients with systemic sclerosis as they present
      to the gastroenterologist, with recommendations for the suggested assessment
      protocol and therapy in each situation.

PMID- 27381076
TI  - Brain stimulation during an afternoon nap boosts slow oscillatory activity and
      memory consolidation in older adults.
AB  - Sleep-related consolidation of declarative memories, as well as associated
      neurophysiological events such as slow oscillatory and spindle activity,
      deteriorate in the course of aging. This process is accelerated in
      neurodegenerative disease. Transcranial slow oscillatory stimulation (so-tDCS)
      during sleep has been shown to enhance slow oscillatory brain activity and
      thereby improve memory consolidation in young subjects. Here, we investigated
      whether so-tDCS applied to older adults during an afternoon nap exerts similar
      effects. Eighteen older human subjects were assessed using visuo-spatial (picture
      memory, primary, and location memory) and verbal memory tasks before and after a
      90-min nap either comprising weak so-tDCS at 0.75Hz over fronto-central location
      or sham (no) stimulation in a within-subject design. Electroencephalographic
      activity was recorded throughout the naps and immediate effects of stimulation on
      brain activity were evaluated. Here, spectral power within three frequency bands
      of interest were computed, i.e., slow oscillatory activity, slow spindle and fast
      spindle activity; in 1-min stimulation-free intervals following 5 stimulation
      blocks. So-tDCS significantly increased frontal slow oscillatory activity as well
      as fast spindle activity, and significantly improved picture memory retention
      after sleep. Retention in the location memory subtask and in the verbal memory
      task was not affected. These findings may indicate a novel strategy to counteract
      cognitive decline in aging in a convenient manner during brief daytime naps.

PMID- 27381077
TI  - Instantiated mixed effects modeling of Alzheimer's disease markers.
AB  - The assessment and prediction of a subject's current and future risk of
      developing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease are of great
      interest in both the design of clinical trials as well as in clinical decision
      making. Exploring the longitudinal trajectory of markers related to
      neurodegeneration is an important task when selecting subjects for treatment in
      trials and the clinic, in the evaluation of early disease indicators and the
      monitoring of disease progression. Given that there is substantial intersubject
      variability, models that attempt to describe marker trajectories for a whole
      population will likely lack specificity for the representation of individual
      patients. Therefore, we argue here that individualized models provide a more
      accurate alternative that can be used for tasks such as population stratification
      and a subject-specific prognosis. In the work presented here, mixed effects
      modeling is used to derive global and individual marker trajectories for a
      training population. Test subject (new patient) specific models are then
      instantiated using a stratified "marker signature" that defines a subpopulation
      of similar cases within the training database. From this subpopulation,
      personalized models of the expected trajectory of several markers are
      subsequently estimated for unseen patients. These patient specific models of
      markers are shown to provide better predictions of time-to-conversion to
      Alzheimer's disease than population based models.

PMID- 27381078
TI  - Understanding the biology of the Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast; an excellent
      target for antimalarial drug development.
AB  - Malaria is a life-threatening tropical disease, caused by the intracellular
      parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The World Health Organization counts malaria as
      one of the top ten causes of worldwide death. The unavailability of a successful
      malaria vaccine and the ever-increasing instances of drug resistance in the
      malaria parasite demand the discovery of new targets within P. falciparum for the
      development of next generation antimalarials. Fortunately, all apicomplexan
      parasites, including P. falciparum harbor a relict, non-photosynthetic plastid
      known as the apicoplast. The apicoplast is a semi-autonomous organelle within P.
      falciparum containing a 35kb circular genome. Despite a genome of its own,
      majority of the apicoplast proteins are encoded by the parasite nucleus and
      imported into the apicoplast. The organelle has been shown to be essential to P.
      falciparum survival and the loss the apicoplast manifests as a 'delayed death'
      response in the parasite. The apicoplast has evolved out of cyanobacteria in a
      complex, two step endosymbiotic event. As a result the architecture and the gene
      expression machinery of the apicoplast is quite bacteria-like and is susceptible
      to a wide range of antibiotics such as fosmidomycin, tetracycline, azithromycin,
      clindamycin and triclosan. The biosynthetic pathways for isoprenoids, fatty acids
      and heme operate within the malaria apicoplast, making the organelle an excellent
      target for drug development. The review focuses on the evolution, biology and the
      essentiality of the apicoplast within the malaria parasite and discusses some of
      the recent achievements towards the design and discovery of apicoplast targeted
      antimalarial compounds. 

PMID- 27381079
TI  - Plant chimeras: The good, the bad, and the 'Bizzaria'.
AB  - Chimeras - organisms that are composed of cells of more than one genotype -
      captured the human imagination long before they were formally described and used
      in the laboratory. These organisms owe their namesake to a fire-breathing monster
      from Greek mythology that has the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the
      tail of a serpent. The first description of a non-fictional chimera dates back to
      the middle of the seventeenth century when the Florentine gardener Pietro Nati
      discovered an adventitious shoot growing from the graft junction between sour
      orange (Citrus aurantium) and citron (Citrus medica). This perplexing chimera
      that grows with sectors phenotypically resembling each of the citrus progenitors
      inspired discussion and wonder from the scientific community and was fittingly
      named the 'Bizzaria'. Initially, the 'Bizzaria' was believed to be an asexual
      hybrid that formed from a cellular fusion between the grafted parents; however,
      in-depth cellular analyses carried out centuries later demonstrated that the
      'Bizzaria', along with other chimeras, owe their unique sectored appearance to a
      conglomeration of cells from the two donors. Since this pivotal discovery at the
      turn of the twentieth century, chimeras have served both as tools and as unique
      biological phenomena that have contributed to our understanding of plant
      development at the cellular, tissue, and organismal level. Rapid advancements in
      genome sequencing technologies have enabled the establishment of new model
      species with novel morphological and developmental features that enable the
      generation of chimeric organisms. In this review, we show that genetic mosaic and
      chimera studies provide a technologically simple way to delve into the
      organismal, genetic, and genomic inner workings underlying the development of
      diverse model organisms. Moreover, we discuss the unique opportunity that
      chimeras present to explore universal principles governing intercellular
      communication and the coordination of organismal biology in a heterogenomic
      landscape.

PMID- 27381081
TI  - Spatial non-uniformity in exfoliated WS2 single layers.
AB  - Monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are atomically thin two
      dimensional crystals with attractive optoelectronic properties, which are
      promising for emerging applications in nanophotonics. Here, we report on the
      extraordinary spatial non-uniformity of the photoluminescence (PL) and strain
      properties of exfoliated WS2 monolayers. Specifically, it is shown that the edges
      of such monolayers exhibit remarkably enhanced PL intensity compared to their
      respective central area. A comprehensive analysis of the recombination channels
      involved in the PL process demonstrates a spatial non-uniformity across the
      monolayer's surface and reflects on the non-uniformity of the intrinsic electron
      density across the monolayer. Auger electron imaging and spectroscopy studies
      complemented with PL measurements in different environments indicate that oxygen
      chemisorption and physisorption are the two fundamental mechanisms responsible
      for the observed non-uniformity. At the same time Raman spectroscopy analysis
      shows remarkable strain variations among the different locations of an individual
      monolayer, however such variations cannot be strictly correlated with the non
      uniform PL emission. Our results shed light on the role of the chemical bonding
      in the competition between exciton complexes in monolayer WS2, providing a method
      of engineering new nanophotonic functions using WS2 monolayers. It is therefore
      envisaged that our findings could find diverse applications towards the
      development of TMD-based optoelectronic devices. 

PMID- 27381080
TI  - Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Increases Vascular Leakage in Retina through VE
      cadherin Phosphorylation.
AB  - The inhibitors of CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4; DPP4) have been widely prescribed
      to control glucose level in diabetic patients. DPP4-inhibitors, however,
      accumulate stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha), a well-known inducer
      of vascular leakage and angiogenesis both of which are fundamental
      pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate
      the effects of DPP4-inhibitors on vascular permeability and diabetic retinopathy.
      DPP4-inhibitor (diprotin A or sitagliptin) increased the phosphorylation of Src
      and vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) in human endothelial cells and
      disrupted endothelial cell-to-cell junctions, which were attenuated by CXCR4
      (receptor of SDF-1alpha)-blocker or Src-inhibitor. Disruption of endothelial cell
      to-cell junctions in the immuno-fluorescence images correlated with the actual
      leakage of the endothelial monolayer in the transwell endothelial permeability
      assay. In the Miles assay, vascular leakage was observed in the ears into which
      SDF-1alpha was injected, and this effect was aggravated by DPP4-inhibitor. In the
      model of retinopathy of prematurity, DPP4-inhibitor increased not only retinal
      vascularity but also leakage. Additionally, in the murine diabetic retinopathy
      model, DPP4-inhibitor increased the phosphorylation of Src and VE-cadherin and
      aggravated vascular leakage in the retinas. Collectively, DPP4-inhibitor induced
      vascular leakage by augmenting the SDF-1alpha/CXCR4/Src/VE-cadherin signaling
      pathway. These data highlight safety issues associated with the use of DPP4
      inhibitors.

PMID- 27381082
TI  - Polyphenolic compounds with anti-tumour potential from Corchorus olitorius (L.)
      Tiliaceae, a Nigerian leaf vegetable.
AB  - Chromatographic fractionation of the methanolic extract of Corchorus olitorius
      (L.) (Tiliaceae), on silica gel yielded two polyphenolic compounds. The
      structures of the compounds were elucidated as Methyl-1,4,5-tri-O-caffeoyl
      quinate and trans-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic anhydride, based on
      extensive use of spectroscopic techniques such as (1)H and (13)C NMR, DEPT and 2D
      NMR experiments (COSY, HSQC, HMBC), IR and MS. To establish an initial proof-of
      concept for the biological relevance of these compounds, their cytotoxicity
      against the cancer cell lines HeLa, HL460 and PC3, which might indicate their
      anti-tumour potential, was assessed. The compounds when tested at a range of
      concentrations up to 1.6mM were found to possess mild cytotoxic activity which
      was significant against HeLa cells at ?800MUM. The trans-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyl
      phenyl)acrylic anhydride was found to be related to curcumin, a compound known to
      have anti-cancer activity. Docking of each of the two compounds and also of
      curcumin into some molecular targets implicated in tumourigenesis revealed that
      the three compounds had binding affinities that were superior to those obtained
      for the co-crystallized inhibitors of metalloproteinase-9, fibroblast growth
      factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The plant
      Corchorus olitorius therefore represents a potential source of natural 'lead'
      compounds with anti-tumour potential.

PMID- 27381084
TI  - Synthesis of MR-49, a deiodinated analog of tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac),
      as a novel pro-angiogenesis modulator.
AB  - The tyrosine-based hormones 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (l-T3) and l-thyroxine (l
      T4) that are produced by the thyroid gland control metabolic functions.
      Iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes convert l-T4 to l-T3, the form of thyroid
      hormone critical to genomic actions within cells and regulation of metabolism,
      and to reverse-l-T3, a hormone isoform that is largely inactive. We used tertiary
      amines in a study of deiodination based on derivatives of tetraiodothyroacetic
      acid (tetrac)-a naturally occurring derivative of l-T4-to mimic the action of the
      iodothyronine deiodinases and deiodination of the outer ring iodines. Deiodinated
      tetrac, MR-49, was found to be pro-angiogenic, with this activity exceeding that
      of l-T3 and l-T4 in a hemoglobin Matrigel(r) plug assay of angiogenesis. Tetrac
      is anti-angiogenic via several nongenomic pathways, and the present studies of MR
      49 reveal the critical contribution of outer ring iodines to the angiogenic
      properties of thyroid hormone analogues, which may have utility as pro-angiogenic
      pharmaceuticals.

PMID- 27381085
TI  - Corrigendum to "Assessing the oral bioavailability of difluorosialic acid
      prodrugs, potent viral neuraminidase inhibitors, using a snapshot PK screening
      assay" [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 25 (2015) 2505-2509].

PMID- 27381083
TI  - Optimization of pyrazole-containing 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]thiadiazines, a new
      class of STAT3 pathway inhibitors.
AB  - Structure-activity relationship studies of a 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]thiadiazine
      scaffold, identified in an HTS campaign for selective STAT3 pathway inhibitors,
      determined that a pyrazole group and specific aryl substitution on the
      thiadiazine were necessary for activity. Improvements in potency and metabolic
      stability were accomplished by the introduction of an alpha-methyl group on the
      thiadiazine. Optimized compounds exhibited anti-proliferative activity, reduction
      of phosphorylated STAT3 levels and effects on STAT3 target genes. These compounds
      represent a starting point for further drug discovery efforts targeting the STAT3
      pathway.

PMID- 27381086
TI  - Selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists: Design and synthesis of pyridazine-fused
      azepines.
AB  - Heterocycle-fused azepines are discussed as potent 5-HT2C receptor agonists with
      excellent selectivity over 5-HT2B agonism. Synthesis and structure activity
      relationships are outlined for a series of bicyclic pyridazino[3,4-d]azepines. By
      comparison with earlier published work, in vitro assays predict a high
      probability for achieving CNS penetration for a potent and selective compound
      15a, a pre-requisite to achieve in vivo efficacy.

PMID- 27381087
TI  - Changes in the plasma proteome at asymptomatic and symptomatic stages of
      autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - The autosomal dominant form of Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) is far less prevalent
      than late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), but enables well-informed prospective
      studies, since symptom onset is near certain and age of onset is predictable. Our
      aim was to discover plasma proteins associated with early AD pathology by
      investigating plasma protein changes at the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages
      of ADAD. Eighty-one proteins were compared across asymptomatic mutation carriers
      (aMC, n = 15), symptomatic mutation carriers (sMC, n = 8) and related noncarriers
      (NC, n = 12). Proteins were also tested for associations with cognitive measures,
      brain amyloid deposition and glucose metabolism. Fewer changes were observed at
      the asymptomatic than symptomatic stage with seven and 16 proteins altered
      significantly in aMC and sMC, respectively. This included complement components
      C3, C5, C6, apolipoproteins A-I, A-IV, C-I and M, histidine-rich glycoprotein,
      heparin cofactor II and attractin, which are involved in inflammation, lipid
      metabolism and vascular health. Proteins involved in lipid metabolism differed
      only at the symptomatic stage, whereas changes in inflammation and vascular
      health were evident at asymptomatic and symptomatic stages. Due to increasing
      evidence supporting the usefulness of ADAD as a model for LOAD, these proteins
      warrant further investigation into their potential association with early stages
      of LOAD.

PMID- 27381088
TI  - Effect of nicotine on cariogenic virulence of Streptococcus mutans.
AB  - Nicotine has well-documented effects on the growth and colonization of
      Streptococcus mutans. This study attempts to investigate the effects of nicotine
      on pathogenic factors of S. mutans, such as the effect on biofilm formation and
      viability, expression of pathogenic genes, and metabolites of S. mutans. The
      results demonstrated that addition of nicotine did not significantly influence
      the viability of S. mutans cells. The biofilms became increasingly compact as the
      concentrations of nicotine increased. The expression of virulence genes, such as
      ldh and phosphotransferase system (PTS)-associated genes, was upregulated, and
      nlmC was upregulated significantly, while ftf was downregulated. The lactate
      concentration of S. mutans grown in 1 mg/mL of nicotine was increased up to
      twofold over either biofilm or planktonic cells grown without nicotine. Changes
      in the metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism from sucrose indicated
      that most selected metabolites were detectable and influenced by increased
      concentrations of nicotine. This study demonstrated that nicotine can influence
      the pathogenicity of S. mutans and may lead to increased dental caries through
      the production of more lactate and the upregulation of virulence genes.

PMID- 27381089
TI  - Abnormal functional connectivity and cortical integrity influence dominant hand
      motor disability in multiple sclerosis: a multimodal analysis.
AB  - Functional reorganization and structural damage occur in the brains of people
      with multiple sclerosis (MS) throughout the disease course. However, the
      relationship between resting-state functional connectivity (FC) reorganization in
      the sensorimotor network and motor disability in MS is not well understood. This
      study used resting-state fMRI, T1-weighted and T2-weighted, and magnetization
      transfer (MT) imaging to investigate the relationship between abnormal FC in the
      sensorimotor network and upper limb motor disability in people with MS, as well
      as the impact of disease-related structural abnormalities within this network.
      Specifically, the differences in FC of the left hemisphere hand motor region
      between MS participants with preserved (n = 17) and impaired (n = 26) right hand
      function, compared with healthy controls (n = 20) was investigated. Differences
      in brain atrophy and MT ratio measured at the global and regional levels were
      also investigated between the three groups. Motor preserved MS participants had
      stronger FC in structurally intact visual information processing regions relative
      to motor impaired MS participants. Motor impaired MS participants showed weaker
      FC in the sensorimotor and somatosensory association cortices and more severe
      structural damage throughout the brain compared with the other groups. Logistic
      regression analysis showed that regional MTR predicted motor disability beyond
      the impact of global atrophy whereas regional grey matter volume did not. More
      importantly, as the first multimodal analysis combining resting-state fMRI, T1
      weighted, T2-weighted and MTR images in MS, we demonstrate how a combination of
      structural and functional changes may contribute to motor impairment or
      preservation in MS. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4262-4275, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27381091
TI  - Challenges raised by cross-border testing of rare diseases in the European union.
AB  - As the availability of genetic tests has grown rapidly during the last decade
      along with the increasing knowledge of the genetic background of rare inherited
      diseases, sending DNA samples to another country for analysis has become more of
      a routine than an exception in clinical diagnostics. Nonetheless, few studies of
      cross-border genetic testing of rare diseases in the European Union (EU) have
      been carried out, and data about the challenges and problems related to cross
      border testing are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the
      experiences of the molecular genetic laboratories and the clinical genetics units
      concerning the cross-border genetic testing of rare diseases in the Member States
      of the EU. Data were collected using web-based questionnaires and phone
      interviews targeted at laboratories and clinical units registered with the
      Orphanet database. The specific aims were to clarify the volume, quality and
      challenges of cross-border genetic testing. The results revealed, for example,
      that the variability of the required documentation creates confusion and,
      unexpectedly, sample dispatch was considered a major problem in cross-border
      testing. In addition, the differences between countries regarding the
      reimbursement and authorization policies of cross-border testing were
      significant, thus confirming the pre-existing assumption about unequal access to
      genetic testing in the different Member States. To facilitate and organize cross
      border testing, common practices need to be created at the level of the EU, and
      follow-up studies are needed to monitor their effects.

PMID- 27381090
TI  - MSX1 mutations and associated disease phenotypes: genotype-phenotype relations.
AB  - The Msx1 transcription factor is involved in multiple epithelial-mesenchymal
      interactions during vertebrate embryogenesis. It has pleiotropic effects in
      several tissues. In humans, MSX1 variants have been related to tooth agenesis,
      orofacial clefting, and nail dysplasia. We correlate all MSX1 disease causing
      variants to phenotypic features to shed light on this hitherto unclear
      association. MSX1 truncations cause more severe phenotypes than in-frame
      variants. Mutations in the homeodomain always cause tooth agenesis with or
      without other phenotypes while mutations outside the homeodomain are mostly
      associated with non-syndromic orofacial clefts. Downstream effects can be further
      explored by the edgetic perturbation model. This information provides new
      insights for genetic diagnosis and for further functional analysis of MSX1
      variants.

PMID- 27381092
TI  - Estrogen-related receptor gamma implicated in a phenotype including hearing loss
      and mild developmental delay.
AB  - Analysis of chromosomal rearrangements has been highly successful in identifying
      genes involved in many congenital abnormalities including hearing loss. Herein,
      we report a subject, designated DGAP242, with congenital hearing loss (HL) and a
      de novo balanced translocation 46,XX,t(1;5)(q32;q15)dn. Using multiple next
      generation sequencing techniques, we obtained high resolution of the breakpoints.
      This revealed disruption of the orphan receptor ESRRG on chromosome 1, which is
      differentially expressed in inner ear hair cells and has previously been
      implicated in HL, and disruption of KIAA0825 on chromosome 5. Given the
      translocation breakpoints and supporting literature, disruption of ESRRG is the
      most likely cause for DGAP242's phenotype and implicates ESRRG in a monogenic
      form of congenital HL, although a putative contributory role for KIAA0825 in the
      subject's disorder cannot be excluded.

PMID- 27381093
TI  - Protein-altering MYH3 variants are associated with a spectrum of phenotypes
      extending to spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome.
AB  - Spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome (SCT) is a rare Mendelian disorder (OMIM
      #272460) characterized by prenatal vertebral fusion, scoliosis, short stature and
      carpal and tarsal synostosis. SCT is typically known as an autosomal recessive
      disease caused by variants in the FLNB gene. The genetic basis of the rarer cases
      of vertical transmissions remains unknown. In two independent families with
      symptoms related to autosomal dominant SCT, we identified - by exome sequencing -
      two protein-altering variants in the embryonic myosin heavy chain 3 (MYH3) gene.
      As MYH3 variants are also associated with distal arthrogryposis (DA1, DA2A, DA2B)
      and autosomal dominant multiple pterygium syndromes (MPS), the present study
      expands the phenotypic spectrum of MYH3 variants to autosomal dominant SCT.
      Vertebral, carpal and tarsal fusions observed in both families further confirm
      that MYH3 plays a key role in skeletal development.

PMID- 27381094
TI  - Clinical utility gene card for: Aniridia.

PMID- 27381096
TI  - Different hollow and spherical TiO2 morphologies have distinct activities for the
      photocatalytic inactivation of chemical and biological agents.
AB  - The inactivation of Escherichia coli and Qbeta phage was examined following their
      photocatalytic treatment with TiO2 hollows and spheres that had been prepared by
      electrospray, hydrothermal treatment, and calcination. The crystal structures of
      the hollows and spheres were assigned to TiO2 anatase, and the surface areas of
      the hollows and spheres were determined to be 91 and 79 m(2) g(-1), respectively.
      Interestingly, TiO2 spheres exhibited higher anti-pathogen performance than TiO2
      hollows, a difference we ascribe to the prevention of light multi-scattering by
      microorganisms covering the surfaces of the TiO2 particles. The photocatalytic
      decomposition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the presence of TiO2 hollows and
      spheres was examined in order to study the dependence of photocatalytic activity
      on TiO2 morphology for the size scale of the reactants. TiO2 hollows provided
      greater photocatalytic decomposition of DMSO than did TiO2 spheres, in contrast
      to the pattern seen for pathogen inactivation. Fabrication of photocatalysts will
      need to vary depending on what substance (e.g., organic compound or biological
      agent) is being targeted for environmental remediation.

PMID- 27381098
TI  - Training neurologists in India: Past, present and future.

PMID- 27381095
TI  - The mRNA-bound proteome of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gene expression is controlled at multiple levels, including
      transcription, stability, translation, and degradation. Over the years, it has
      become apparent that Plasmodium falciparum exerts limited transcriptional control
      of gene expression, while at least part of Plasmodium's genome is controlled by
      post-transcriptional mechanisms. To generate insights into the mechanisms that
      regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, we undertook
      complementary computational, comparative genomics, and experimental approaches to
      identify and characterize mRNA-binding proteins (mRBPs) in P. falciparum.
      RESULTS: Close to 1000 RNA-binding proteins are identified by hidden Markov model
      searches, of which mRBPs encompass a relatively large proportion of the parasite
      proteome as compared to other eukaryotes. Several abundant mRNA-binding domains
      are enriched in apicomplexan parasites, while strong depletion of mRNA-binding
      domains involved in RNA degradation is observed. Next, we experimentally capture
      199 proteins that interact with mRNA during the blood stages, 64 of which with
      high confidence. These captured mRBPs show a significant overlap with the in
      silico identified candidate RBPs (p < 0.0001). Among the experimentally validated
      mRBPs are many known translational regulators active in other stages of the
      parasite's life cycle, such as DOZI, CITH, PfCELF2, Musashi, and PfAlba1-4.
      Finally, we also detect several proteins with an RNA-binding domain abundant in
      Apicomplexans (RAP domain) that is almost exclusively found in apicomplexan
      parasites. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our results provide the most complete
      comparative genomics and experimental analysis of mRBPs in P. falciparum. A
      better understanding of these regulatory proteins will not only give insight into
      the intricate parasite life cycle but may also provide targets for novel
      therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 27381099
TI  - Stuck to the ventilator: The neuromyopathy of critical illness.

PMID- 27381100
TI  - Weakness in the critically ill: Can we predict and prevent?

PMID- 27381101
TI  - The war against shunt infections - fighting with our backs to the wall!

PMID- 27381102
TI  - The guilty microbes in shunt infection: Is there an emerging trend?

PMID- 27381103
TI  - Cell therapy for neurological disorders: The elusive goal.
AB  - The positive outcomes of the transplantation of fetal neural tissue in adult rat
      models of a variety of neurological disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease,
      in the 1970s, and its translation to humans in the 1980s, raised great hopes for
      patients suffering from these incurable disorders. This resulted in a frantic
      research globally to find more suitable, reliable, and ethically acceptable
      alternatives. The discovery of adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and more
      recently, the induced pluripotent cells further raised our expectations. The
      useful functional recovery in animal models using these cell transplantation
      techniques coupled with the desperate needs of such patients prompted many
      surgeons to "jump from the rat-to-man" without scientifically establishing a
      proof of their utility. Each new development claimed to overcome the limitations,
      shortcomings, safety, and other technical problems associated with the earlier
      technique, yet newer difficulties prevented evidence-based acceptance of their
      clinical use. However, thousands of patients across the globe have received these
      therapies without a scientifically acceptable proof of their reliability. The
      present review is an attempt to summarize the current status of cell therapy for
      neurological disorders. 

PMID- 27381104
TI  - Radiosurgery for the management of refractory trigeminal neuralgia.
AB  - Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a minimally invasive surgical
      approach for managing medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The goal of
      trigeminal neuralgia SRS is to eliminate or reduce the facial pain in order to
      improve the quality of life. Over the past 28 years, 1250 patients have undergone
      gamma knife SRS for TN at our institution. In our retrospective review of 503
      patients who underwent SRS for management of refractory TN, 449 patients (89%)
      experienced initial pain relief at a median latency of 1 month. At the one year
      mark, 73% patients were pain free (with or without medications) and 80% had pain
      control. Repeat radiosurgery was performed for 193 patients (43%). At the one
      year mark, 26% of these patients were completely pain free and 78% were pain free
      with or without medications. The role of gamma Knife SRS in the management of
      medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia has evolved over the past two decades.
      SRS is a minimally invasive procedure and is associated with 60-90% rate of pain
      relief in patents with medical refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Early
      intervention with SRS as the initial surgical procedure for management of
      refractory trigeminal neuralgia is associated with faster, better, and longer
      pain relief. As SRS is the least invasive procedure for TN, it is a good
      treatment option for patients with other high-risk medical conditions. SRS is an
      attractive alternative especially to those who do not want to accept the greater
      risk associated with other surgical procedures. 

PMID- 27381105
TI  - NFU1 gene mutation and mitochondrial disorders.
AB  - Mitochondrial respiratory chains consist of approximately 100 structural
      proteins. Thirteen of these structural proteins are encoded by mitochondrial DNA
      (mtDNA), and the others by nuclear DNA (nDNA). Mutation in any of the
      mitochondrial structural-protein related genes, regardless of whether they are in
      the nDNA or mtDNA, might cause mitochondrial disorders. In the recent past, new
      nuclear genes required for assembly, maintenance, and translation of respiratory
      chain proteins have been found. Mutation in these genes might also cause
      mitochondrial disorders (MD). NFU1 gene is one of such genes and has a role in
      the assembly of iron-sulfur cluster (ISC). ISCs are included in a variety of
      metalloproteins, such as the ferredoxins, as well as in enzymatic reactions and
      have been first identified in the oxidation-reduction reactions of mitochondrial
      electron transport. It is important to be aware of NFU1 gene mutations that may
      cause severe mitochondrial respiratory chain defects, mitochondrial
      encephalomyopathies and death, early in life. 

PMID- 27381106
TI  - Correlation between qualitative balance indices, dynamic posturography and
      structural brain imaging in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and its
      subtypes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical, balance, and radiological profile of
      progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) of Richardson type (PSP-R) and Parkinsonian
      type (PSP-P). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with PSP (PSP-R: 17,
      PSP-P: 12) satisfying the probable/possible National Institute of Neurological
      Disorders and Stroke-PSP criteria were recruited and assessed with Unified
      Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III, PSP rating scale (PSPRS), Berg balance
      scale (BBS), Tinetti performance-oriented mobility assessment gait and total (TPG
      and TPT) score, dynamic posturography (DP), and magnetic resonance imaging. Data
      were compared with 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: The mean
      ages of PSP-R, PSP-P, and controls were comparable (62.5 +/- 6.6, 59 +/- 8.9, and
      59.8 +/- 7.6 years). The PSP group had significantly poor DP scores and more
      radiological abnormalities than controls. The PSPRS, TPG, and TPT scores were
      significantly more impaired in PSP-R compared to PSP-P (P = 0.045, P = 0.031, and
      P = 0.037, respectively). In DP, the limits of overall stability were most
      significant (P < 0.001) and PSP-R had lower scores. PSP-R compared to PSP-P had
      more often "Humming Bird" sign (P < 0.001), "Morning Glory" sign (P < 0.008), and
      generalized cortical atrophy (P < 0.001). The area of midbrain (P < 0.002) and
      midbrain/pons ratio (P < 0.013) was significantly lower in PSP-R. In PSP-P, the
      overall balance index significantly correlated with BBS, TPG, and TPT (r = -0.79,
      P = 0.002; r = -0.772, P = 0.003; and r = -0.688, P = 0.013) and the midbrain
      axial anterior-posterior diameter significantly correlated with the TPG and TPT
      (r = 0.74, P = 0.01; r = 0.66, P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: While balance and
      radiological abnormalities were more severe in PSP-R, the qualitative and
      quantitative measurements of severity of balance in PSP-P rather than PSP-R was a
      better reflection of the pathology of the midbrain.

PMID- 27381107
TI  - Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score of >=15: A risk factor
      for sepsis-induced critical illness polyneuropathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) is a common complication of
      severe sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The risk
      factors for sepsis-induced CIP have not been well established. AIM: The aim of
      this study was to find out the risk factors of sepsis-induced CIP, especially its
      relationship with the severity of illness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 100
      patients with sepsis defined as SIRS of proven or presumed microbial etiology
      were followed up with nerve conduction studies (NCS) performed within the first
      14 days of admission. If the assessment was normal then the study was repeated
      between day 21 and 28. The two groups (with and without neuropathy) were
      compared. The following risk factors were evaluated for the development of sepsis
      related CIP: Duration of symptoms, stay in Intensive Care Unit, and mechanical
      ventilation; use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), steroids, insulin
      infusion, and inotropes. The following laboratory parameters recorded in the
      first 24 h of admission were included: Hemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte count,
      serum urea, creatinine, aminotransaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and
      alanine aminotransferase), total protein, albumin, potassium, creatinine kinase,
      plasma glucose, HbA1C, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II
      (APACHE II) score at admission or within 24 h. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients had
      features of neuropathy. Among these 37 patients, 30 patients (81%) developed it
      in the first 14 days. Multivariate analysis using linear regression showed the
      APACHE II score and use of NMBAs to be significant factors in its development. An
      APACHE II score of >=15 was associated with a significant risk of developing CIP
      (relative risk: 11.6, 95% confidence interval: 4.9-27.2, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION:
      Critically ill patients with sepsis and APACHE II score at admission or within 24
      h of >=15 are at risk for the development of CIP.

PMID- 27381108
TI  - Early neurological and cognitive impairments in subclinical cerebrovascular
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The subclinical cerebrovascular disease (SCVD) is an important public
      health problem with demonstrated prognostic significance for stroke, future
      cognitive decline, and progression to dementia. The earliest possible detection
      of the silent presence of SCVD in adults at age at risk with normal functioning
      is very important for both clinical doctors and scientists. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Seventy-seven adult volunteers, recruited during the years 2005-2007,
      with mean age 58.7 (standard deviation 5.9) years, were assessed by four subtests
      from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB)-Eclipse
      cognitive assessment system. We used a questionnaire survey for the presence of
      cerebrovascular risk factors (CVRFs) such as arterial hypertension, smoking and
      dyslipidemia, among others, as well as instrumental (Doppler examination) and
      neurological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures. Descriptive statistics,
      comparison (t-test, Chi-square) and univariate methods were used as followed by
      multifactor logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics analyses.
      RESULTS: The risk factor questionnaire revealed nonspecific symptoms in 44
      (67.7%) of the subjects. In 42 (64.6%) of all 65 subjects, we found at least one
      of the conventional CVRFs. Abnormal findings from the extra- and trans-cranial
      Doppler examination were established in 38 (58.5%) of all studied volunteers.
      Thirty-four subjects had brain MRI (52.3%), and abnormal findings were found in
      12 (35.3%) of them. Two of the four subtests of CANTAB tool appeared to be
      potentially promising predictors of the outcome, as found at the univariate
      analysis (spatial working memory 1 [SWM1] total errors; intra-extra dimensional
      set 1 [IED1] total errors [adjusted]; IED2 total trials [adjusted]). We
      established that the best accuracy of 82.5% was achieved by a multifactor
      interaction logistic regression model, with the role CVRF and combined CANTAB
      predictor "IED total ratio (errors/trials) * SWM1 total errors" (P = 0.006).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results have contributed to the hypothesis that it is possible
      to identify, by noninvasive methods, subjects at age at risk who have mild degree
      of cognitive impairment and to establish the significant relationship of this
      impairment with existing CVRFs, nonspecific symptoms and subclinical abnormal
      brain Doppler/MRI findings. We created a combined neuropsychological predictor
      that was able to clearly distinguish between the presence and absence of abnormal
      Doppler/MRI findings. This pilot prognostic model showed a relatively high
      accuracy of >80%; therefore, the predictors may serve as biomarkers for SCVD in
      subjects at age at risk (51-65 years).

PMID- 27381109
TI  - Cognitive function and activities of daily living in people affected by leprosy:
      A cross-sectional, population-based, case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There has been controversy regarding whether or not people affected
      by leprosy have more cognitive dysfunction than healthy individuals. The purpose
      of this study was to assess cognitive functions and activities of daily living
      (ADL) in people affected by leprosy relative to a control population living in
      rural areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We assessed cognitive functions and ADL using
      the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), Korean Dementia Screening
      Questionnaire (KDSQ), and Seoul-Instrumental ADL (S-IADL). Higher scores of K
      MMSE and lower scores of both KDSQ and S-IADL are indicative of better
      functioning. We assessed 224 persons living in Sorokdo who were affected by
      leprosy and 448 age- and gender-matched control subjects living in Namwon of the
      Chonbuk province. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, gender, and educational
      status, the K-MMSE score was found to be significantly higher in people affected
      by leprosy than in control subjects (23.14 +/- 4.89 vs. 22.25 +/- 4.62,
      respectively, P = 0.022). Items related to memory in the KDSQ showed no
      differences between the groups, but people affected by leprosy had a better score
      in division for other cognitive functions than controls. On items related to ADL
      in the KDSQ and S-IADL, people affected by leprosy performed significantly worse
      compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that although people
      affected by leprosy have a lower capacity of ADL, they may have better cognitive
      functions than normal controls.

PMID- 27381110
TI  - Leprosy and cognition.

PMID- 27381111
TI  - Differential expression levels of collagen 1A2, tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteinase 4, and cathepsin B in intracranial aneurysms.
AB  - AIMS: Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) express a variety of differentially expressed
      genes when compared to the normal artery. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      the expression level of a few genes in the aneurysm wall and to correlate them
      with various clinicoradiological factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mRNA level
      of collagen 1A2 (COL1A2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4 (TIMP4), and
      cathepsin B (CTSB) genes were studied in 23 aneurysmal walls and 19 superficial
      temporal arteries harvested from 23 patients undergoing clipping of IAs, by real
      time polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: The mean fold change of COL1A2
      gene between the aneurysm sample and the superficial temporal artery (STA) sample
      was 2.46 +/- 0.12, that of TIMP4 gene was 0.31 +/- 0, and that of CTSB gene was
      31.47 +/- 39.01. There was a positive correlation of TIMP4 expression level with
      maximum diameter of aneurysm (P = 0.008) and fundus of aneurysm (P = 0.012). The
      mean fold change of CTSB of patients who had preoperative hydrocephalus in the
      computed tomogram (CT) scan of the head at admission was 56.16 and that of the
      patients who did not have hydrocephalus was 13.51 (P = 0.008). The mean fold
      change of CTSB of patients who developed fresh postoperative deficits or
      worsening of the preexisting deficits was 23.64 and that of the patients who did
      not develop was 42.22 (P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: COL1A2 gene and CTSB genes were
      overexpressed, and TIMP4 gene was underexpressed in the aneurysmal sac compared
      to STA and their expression levels were associated with a few clinicoradiological
      factors.

PMID- 27381112
TI  - Ventriculoperitoneal shunt tube infection and changing pattern of antibiotic
      sensitivity in neurosurgery practice: Alarming trends.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Infection associated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt is a severe
      complication with a high morbidity and substantial mortality. There are no
      guidelines to choose antibiotics in case of shunt infection. Most surgeons use
      antibiotics of their choice whereas limited centres follow their own antibiotic
      policy. An alarming increase in antibiotic resistance has led to rising morbidity
      and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of
      patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery between January 2010
      and December 2015 at our institution. Shunt tubes and cerebrospinal fluid were
      sent for culture and sensitivity in patients who were suspected clinically of
      having shunt tube infections. The processing of the samples was done by standard
      techniques, and the identification of the organism along with its sensitivity
      pattern was performed using Vitek 2 system. RESULTS: A total of 1186
      ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgeries were performed during this period at our
      institute in patients of all age groups. There were 757 (63.8%) male and 429
      (36.2%) female patients. A total of 156 samples of patients were sent for culture
      and sensitivity during this period, out of which 79 (50.6%) samples had growth of
      an organism either in the cerebrospinal fluid [36 (23.1%)], shunt tubing [16
      (10.2%)], or in both [27 (17.3%)]. The most common organisms grown in the
      cultures were Staphylococcus aureus [65 (82.3%)] or coagulase-negative
      Staphylococcus [22 (25.3%)] in the Gram-positive group and Escherichia coli [17
      (21.5%)] in the Gram-negative group. Over the last 6 years, the sensitivity
      pattern of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria has shown alarming
      decreasing sensitivity for various commonly used antibiotics. CONCLUSION:
      Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection has become an important concern in cases of
      hydrocephalus. Due to the development of a high proportion of antibiotic
      resistance, we recommend an empirical therapy of antibiotic therapy for
      prophylaxis and suspected infection in ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery.

PMID- 27381114
TI  - Lumbar canal stenosis: Clinical, radiological and functional outcome.

PMID- 27381113
TI  - Clinical, radiological, and functional evaluation of surgical treatment in
      degenerative lumbar canal stenosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lumbar spinal stenosis is a frequent indication for spinal surgery.
      The clinical symptoms may not be accurately reflected on radiological studies.
      Treatment is aimed at not only obtaining immediate pain relief but also in
      preventing its long-term disabling sequelae. The walking ability needs to be
      correlated with functional outcome measures in assessing patients with
      symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis (LCS). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study and
      evaluate the outcome of surgery for degenerative LCS on a clinical, radiological,
      and functional basis, and to establish an association between various factors
      that may be influencing the development of LCS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      prospective study of 48 patients was carried out at the Department of
      Neurosurgery, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupathi, in whom
      the LCS was confirmed and measured on magnetic resonance imaging images by thecal
      sac cross-sectional area (CSA). Their functional assessment was done by motorized
      treadmill test for assessment of the time of appearance of first symptom and the
      maximum walking distance. The visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry disability
      index (ODI), Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, and Short Form-36 (SF
      36) score were also evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The post-operative VAS, ODI, JOA, SF
      36 scores showed a significant improvement from the preoperative ones.
      Postoperative thecal sac measurements showed a significant neural decompression
      substantiating the results of improvement in the functional assessment scores
      after surgery. The treadmill test is a quantifiable means of dynamic function. It
      may be considered as a useful tool for the assessment of functional impairment
      and for the correlation of thecal sac CSA with lumbar canal stenosis. A
      combination of functional scores, treadmill test, and thecal sac CSA may be
      included in the preoperative assessment of outcome in patients with LCS.

PMID- 27381115
TI  - Risk factors responsible for the volume of hemorrhage in aneurysmal subarachnoid
      hemorrhage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a medical emergency with
      a high mortality and morbidity. There is a marked association of the ensuing
      neurological functional deficits following aSAH with the volume of hemorrhage.
      The volume of intracranial hemorrhage in aSAH is usually quantified by the
      revised Fisher grades. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 155 patients who
      suffered from aSAH were evaluated for risk factors that led to an increased
      volume of intracranial hemorrhage. These included various demographic factors,
      the medical history, the preadmission blood pressure, and the aneurysm
      characteristics. RESULTS: The number of aneurysms was significantly related to
      poor revised Fisher grades (grade 3 or 4; P = 0.016). Thus, the presence of
      multiple aneurysms (2-4) was a significant risk factor responsible for a poor
      modified Fisher grade (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, P = 0.004). Significantly higher
      risk of intracranial hemorrhage was also observed for aneurysms located on the
      the internal carotid artery (ICA), anterior communicating artery (ACOA), or
      middle cerebral artery (MCA) when compared with other sites (P < 0.001). Bleeding
      in ACOA was significantly associated with a poor Fisher's grade (OR = 4.3, P =
      0.025). Additionally, the preadmission diastolic blood pressure (DBP) alone was
      significantly associated with a poor Fisher grade (P = 0.024). CONCLUSION:
      Preadmission DBP, multiple aneurysms, and aneurysms of the ACOA are associated
      with markedly increased volume of hemorrhage as evaluated by the revised Fisher
      grades. Thus, patients harboring an intracranial aneurysm having the above
      mentioned features should seek an early intervention in order to prevent the
      occurrence of aSAH.

PMID- 27381116
TI  - "Vices of my blood" - Risk factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

PMID- 27381117
TI  - Endovascular treatment of A1 aneurysms of the anterior cerebral artery.
AB  - AIM: The aim of this study was to present the clinical and angiographic outcomes
      of A1 aneurysms treated by coil embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      retrospectively evaluated 38 consecutive patients with A1 aneurysm (20 ruptured
      and 18 unruptured; mean age, 53.8 +/- 11.9 years) from 2011 to 2014 treated by an
      endovascular approach in our hospital. Follow-up angiography was obtained in 30
      patients. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) over
      telephone. RESULTS: Among the 38 patients, 24 were treated with single-catheter
      technique, 8 with stent-assisted coiling (Enterprise 3; Solitaire 5), 5 with
      parent vessel obliteration, and 1 with balloon-assisted coiling. Initial
      angiographic results revealed that complete occlusion was achieved in 21
      aneurysms (55.3%), near-complete occlusion in 16 (42.1%), and partial occlusion
      with contrast agent filling the aneurysm sac in 1 (2.6%). Procedure-related
      complications were observed in 6 patients (15.8%). Follow-up angiographic imaging
      evaluation after coil embolization was performed in 32 aneurysms (mean interval,
      22.6 +/- 6.7 months), which showed that 31 (96.9%) aneurysms remained stable or
      improved without regrowth, while minor recanalization was found in 1 aneurysm
      (3.1%), which was treated by parent vessel occlusion. Clinical follow-up
      evaluation was excellent in 37 of the 38 patients (mRS score 0 in 34, and mRS
      score 1 in 3) at a mean duration of 26.6 +/- 7.7 months. CONCLUSIONS:
      Endovascular treatment is feasible and effective for A1 segment aneurysms. The
      current treatment selections, including single-catheter embolization, balloon
      assisted coiling, stent-assisted coiling, and parent vessel occlusion, should be
      performed according to the characteristics and morphology of A1 aneurysms.

PMID- 27381118
TI  - Endovascular treatment of A1 segment aneurysms.

PMID- 27381119
TI  - Highest cited papers published in Neurology India: An analysis for the years 1993
      2014.
AB  - CONTEXT: The highest cited papers published in a journal provide a snapshot of
      the clinical practice and research in that specialty and/or region. AIMS: The aim
      of this study was to determine the highest cited papers published in Neurology
      India and analyze their attributes. SETTING AND DESIGN: This study was a citation
      analysis of all papers published in Neurology India since online archiving
      commenced in 1993. METHODS: All papers published in Neurology India between the
      years 1993-2014 were listed. The number of times each paper had been cited up
      till the time of performing this study was determined by performing a Google
      Scholar search. Published papers were then ranked on the basis of total times
      cited since publication and the annual citation rate. Statistical Techniques:
      Simple counts and percentages were used to report most results. The mean
      citations received by papers in various categories were compared using the
      Student's t-test or a one-way analysis of variance, as appropriate. All analyses
      were carried out on SAS University Edition (SAS/STAT(r), SAS Institute Inc, NC,
      USA) and graphs were generated on MS Excel 2016. RESULTS: The top papers on the
      total citations and annual citation rate rank lists pertained to basic
      neuroscience research. The highest cited paper overall had received 139
      citations. About a quarter of the papers published had never been cited at all.
      The major themes represented were vascular diseases and infections. CONCLUSIONS:
      The highest cited papers reflect the diseases that are of major concern in India.
      Certain domains such as trauma, allied neurosciences, and basic neuroscience
      research were underrepresented.

PMID- 27381120
TI  - Scientific publications and emerging Indian neuroscientists.

PMID- 27381121
TI  - Endoscopic pituitary surgery: Techniques, tips and tricks, nuances, and
      complication avoidance.
AB  - Endoscopic pituitary surgery is useful in all micro- and macro-pituitary adenomas
      including those with suprasellar and cavernous sinus extension. The endoscope
      provides a panoramic close-up, a multi-angled view with excellent illumination
      and magnification, permitting complete excision of the tumor with preservation of
      normal pituitary. However, surgeons need to learn altogether different skills
      unique to endoscopy and the learning curve is steep. The learning curve can be
      shortened by proper selection of cases, gradual transition from the microscopic
      to the endoscopic approach, adequate sphenoethmoidal recess widening,
      identification of important landmarks during each stage of surgery, and use of
      neuronavigation. Results and long term outcomes can be improved with bimanual
      dynamic dissection and sequential tumor excision, preservation of normal
      pituitary, avoidance of arachnoidal tear and use of extended approach for tumors
      with large suprasellar extension. The gradual transition from microscopic to
      endoscopic approach, adherence to step by step technique and learning 'tips and
      tricks' of the endoscopic pituitary surgery reduce complications. 

PMID- 27381122
TI  - Glioblastoma multiforme masquerading as a tumefactive demyelinating lesion:
      Lessons learned at autopsy.
AB  - Tumefactive demyelinating (TD) lesions are extremely challenging lesions to
      diagnose during their histopathological examination and are often misdiagnosed as
      tumors. On the contrary, a glioblastoma multiforme is rarely misdiagnosed as a TD
      unless the two coexist. We present a case of a 60-year old man who was diagnosed
      as having tumefactive demyelination on a stereotactic biopsy. At autopsy,
      however, the lesion revealed a grade IV glioblastoma. The myelin loss along the
      periphery of the lesion was erroneously interpreted as TD during the
      histopathological examination. We have described the imaging, the biopsy, and the
      autopsy findings of this instructive case. It is pertinent to recognize its
      histology to prevent a misdiagnosis. 

PMID- 27381123
TI  - Consent taking in neurosurgery: Education and tips for safe practice.
AB  - Neurosurgery is the most difficult branch of surgery and interventions may
      occasionally lead to a poor prognosis. Most of the times, one would assume that
      the likely outcome of a surgery is going to be good; however, not so uncommonly,
      the results may be devastating. Poor outcomes are further compounded by
      litigations, which are rising. The safety for neurosurgeon is the consent signed
      by the patient that ensures some defense. There are no guidelines given by the
      society and the controlling authorities on what constitutes a real consent. Some
      judgments by Supreme Court have given us some lead; however, a large part of the
      complexities involved in the consent process remain unresolved. We, therefore,
      have to frame our own guidelines and standards that shall be uniformly adapted by
      all of us. We can even set a precedent for other disciplines of surgery to follow
      regarding consent-taking for neurosurgery. This shall also serve as a foundation
      for the wider benefit and safety of surgeons from other disciplines. This paper
      is an attempt to simplify the complexities of the consent taking process and aims
      to provide adequate education and information about the nuances of informed
      consent. 

PMID- 27381124
TI  - History and evolution of neurosurgery in Assam.
AB  - Assam is a land of rich traditions and culture and advanced medical facilities
      that are comparable with facilities throughout the world. In this article, the
      history of development of Neurosciences in Assam is traced. 

PMID- 27381126
TI  - "Pink pinna sign": A harbinger of lamotrigene-induced serious drug rash.

PMID- 27381127
TI  - Myasthenia gravis accompanied by Graves' disease, thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic
      paralysis and thymic hyperplasia.

PMID- 27381128
TI  - Statin-associated ocular myopathy mimicking ocular myasthenia: Rare occurrence.

PMID- 27381129
TI  - A case of subcortical heterotopia presenting with focal motor seizures and
      sensory loss.

PMID- 27381130
TI  - Brain MRI findings in a patient with scrub typhus infection.

PMID- 27381131
TI  - Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: A frequently misdiagnosed movement disorder.

PMID- 27381133
TI  - Fresh frozen plasma for plasma exchange - How safe is it?

PMID- 27381132
TI  - Phenytoin-induced rhabdomyolysis: Timely recognition for safely remission.

PMID- 27381134
TI  - ADAPT for emergent stroke treatment: Newer technique, Indian experience.

PMID- 27381135
TI  - Recurrent myelopathy and optic neuritis associated with systemic lupus
      erythematosus.

PMID- 27381136
TI  - A forgotten cause of bilateral wrist drop.

PMID- 27381137
TI  - Clear cell sarcoma of the paraspinal ligament - A rare tumor at an unusual
      location: A review.

PMID- 27381138
TI  - Pathologically proven peripheral neurolymphomatosis.

PMID- 27381139
TI  - Permanent spinal cord injury during lumbar spinal anesthesia: A report of two
      cases.

PMID- 27381140
TI  - Traumatic bilateral atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation with hangman fracture in an
      adult.

PMID- 27381141
TI  - Wooden spinal model for teaching and training.

PMID- 27381142
TI  - Spontaneous non-thrombotic regression of vein of Galen malformation in a child
      following shunt surgery.

PMID- 27381143
TI  - Migration of a lateral ventricular choroid plexus papilloma: An uncommon
      occurrence.

PMID- 27381144
TI  - Turban-like transcalvarial destructive mass in a young child, with extensive
      extracranial and intracerebral involvement: A cytological diagnosis and review.

PMID- 27381145
TI  - Cavernous malformation in the conus medullaris: A rare report.

PMID- 27381147
TI  - Integrated PET/MRI imaging of semantic dementia.

PMID- 27381146
TI  - Giant arteriovenous malformation in the conus medullaris mimicking a tumor.

PMID- 27381148
TI  - Churg-Strauss syndrome in a pediatric patient presenting with recurrent
      hemorrhagic stroke and mitral regurgitation due to a prolapsed mitral valve.

PMID- 27381149
TI  - Prenatal Blake pouch cyst with hydrocephalus.

PMID- 27381150
TI  - Idiopathic ventral herniation of the spinal cord.

PMID- 27381151
TI  - Postmyelitis pygalgia.

PMID- 27381152
TI  - Third ventricular craniopharyngioma.

PMID- 27381153
TI  - Bilateral cranio-orbital neurofibromas in a 16-year-old child with
      neurofibromatosis 1.

PMID- 27381155
TI  - Author's reply.

PMID- 27381154
TI  - Is instability the nodal point of pathogenesis for both cervical spondylotic
      myelopathy and ossified posterior longitudinal ligament?

PMID- 27381156
TI  - Interpreting forest plots and funnel plots in meta-analysis.

PMID- 27381157
TI  - Achalasia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as part of Allgrove syndrome.

PMID- 27381158
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27381159
TI  - Calcified worm in the brain.

PMID- 27381160
TI  - Authors' reply.

PMID- 27381165
TI  - Can hydroxyurea serve as a free radical scavenger and reduce iron overload in
      beta-thalassemia patients?
AB  - In this study, we hypothesize that hydroxyurea could provide an additional
      benefit as a free radical scavenger and/or iron chelator in beta-thalassemia
      patients with iron overload. Twenty-one beta-thalassemia intermedia patients who
      presented between 3 and 17 years but later required regular blood transfusions
      were enrolled for hydroxyurea therapy for a year. Fourteen patients responded to
      the therapy with hemoglobin levels maintained above 7.5 g/dl without
      transfusions. Hydroxyurea was discontinued after 6 months in seven patients who
      did not respond to the therapy and had to be continued on regular blood
      transfusions. We observed a statistically significant decrease in serum ferritin
      levels from 4194 +/- 4850 ng/ml to 2129 +/- 2380 ng/ml among the responders and
      from 2955 +/- 2909 ng/ml to 2040 +/- 2432 ng/ml among the non-responders and
      statistically significant decrease in labile iron pool from 18678.7 +/- 10067.4
      mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) to 14888.5 +/- 5284.0 MFI among responders and
      from 17986.3 +/- 9079.8 MFI to 15634.8 +/- 8976.9 MFI among the non-responders
      after therapy. Phosphatidylserine externalization also showed a statistically
      significant decrease from 44.2 +/- 22.2 MFI to 16.6 +/- 6.7 MFI among the
      responders and from 46.9 +/- 33.1 MFI to 39.8 +/- 7.4 MFI among the non
      responders along with a statistically significant decrease in the levels of
      reactive oxygen species from 72.8 +/- 35.5 MFI to 29.0 +/- 8.3 MFI among the
      responders and from 80.9 +/- 41.4 MFI to 40.5 +/- 15.8 MFI among the non
      responders after therapy. A statistically significant increase in reduced
      glutathione levels was also observed from 430.8 +/- 201.1 MFI to 715.5 +/- 292.4
      MFI among the responders and from 359.6 +/- 165.6 MFI to 450.3 +/- 279.5 MFI
      among the non-responders after therapy. This suggests the possible additional
      role of hydroxyurea as a free radical scavenger and/or iron chelator but requires
      a larger study for substantiation. 

PMID- 27381163
TI  - Signal transduction controls heterogeneous NF-kappaB dynamics and target gene
      expression through cytokine-specific refractory states.
AB  - Cells respond dynamically to pulsatile cytokine stimulation. Here we report that
      single, or well-spaced pulses of TNFalpha (>100 min apart) give a high
      probability of NF-kappaB activation. However, fewer cells respond to shorter
      pulse intervals (<100 min) suggesting a heterogeneous refractory state. This
      refractory state is established in the signal transduction network downstream of
      TNFR and upstream of IKK, and depends on the level of the NF-kappaB system
      negative feedback protein A20. If a second pulse within the refractory phase is
      IL-1beta instead of TNFalpha, all of the cells respond. This suggests a mechanism
      by which two cytokines can synergistically activate an inflammatory response.
      Gene expression analyses show strong correlation between the cellular dynamic
      response and NF-kappaB-dependent target gene activation. These data suggest that
      refractory states in the NF-kappaB system constitute an inherent design motif of
      the inflammatory response and we suggest that this may avoid harmful homogenous
      cellular activation.

PMID- 27381164
TI  - Role of astrocyte-synapse interactions in CNS disorders.
AB  - Astrocytes comprise half of the cells in the brain. Although astrocytes have
      traditionally been described as playing a supportive role for neurons, they have
      recently been recognized as active participants in the development and plasticity
      of dendritic spines and synapses. Astrocytes can eliminate dendritic spines,
      induce synapse formation, and regulate neurotransmission and plasticity.
      Dendritic spine and synapse impairments are features of many neurological
      disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's
      disease. In this review we will present evidence from multiple neurological
      disorders demonstrating that changes in astrocyte-synapse interaction contribute
      to the pathologies. Genomic analysis has connected altered astrocytic gene
      expression with synaptic deficits in a number of neurological disorders.
      Alterations in astrocyte-secreted factors have been implicated in the neuronal
      morphology and synaptic changes seen in neurodevelopmental disorders, while
      alteration in astrocytic glutamate uptake is a core feature of multiple
      neurodegenerative disorders. This evidence clearly demonstrates that maintaining
      astrocyte-synapse interaction is crucial for normal central nervous system
      functioning. Obtaining a better understanding of the role of astrocytes at
      synapses in health and disease will provide a new avenue for future therapeutic
      targeting.

PMID- 27381166
TI  - Effect of hepatitis B virus infection on sperm quality and oxidative stress state
      of the semen of infertile males.
AB  - PROBLEM: The effects of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on sperm quality and
      oxidative stress state of the semen of infertile males remain undetermined.
      METHOD OF STUDY: Normal males and 60 semen samples from infertile males (with or
      without HBV infection) were subjected to semen analysis. RESULTS: Semen volume,
      semen pH, sperm density, percentage of forward, movement of sperm, sperm
      activation rate, sperm survival rate, rate of normal sperm morphology of
      infertile males with HBV infection were significantly lower than those of
      infertile males without genital infection and of normal males (P<.05), while
      interleukin (IL)-17, IL-18, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in subjects with HBV
      infection were significantly higher than those of infertile males without genital
      infection and of normal males (P<.05). In patients with HBV infection, MDA level
      was found to be negatively correlated with semen quality, but positively
      correlated with semen IL-17 and IL-18 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: HBV infection
      increased MDA level, induced abnormal expression of IL-17 and IL-18, and
      negatively affected male reproductive capacity, resulting in male infertility.

PMID- 27381167
TI  - Radiographic, Surgeon and Owner Assessment of the BioMedtrix TATE((r)) Elbow
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report the long-term radiographic and clinical outcome of the
      BioMedtrix TATE elbow arthroplasty system in dogs. Assessment was via
      radiographs, a surgeon-based questionnaire, and owner assessment of outcome using
      the Liverpool osteoarthritis in dogs (LOAD) and canine brief pain inventory
      (CBPI) questionnaires. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multicenter, case series.
      ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs undergoing TATE elbow arthroplasty. METHODS:
      Questionnaires were distributed to surgeons in the United Kingdom performing TATE
      elbow arthroplasty and to the owners of the dogs operated on. Owners completed
      the LOAD and CBPI questionnaires. All completed questionnaires from surgeons and
      owners, and radiographs of the dogs were collated and analyzed. RESULTS: Surgeon
      questionnaires and radiographs were obtained for 33 elbows from 32 dogs, with
      owner questionnaires obtained for 19 dogs. Perioperative, short-term, and mid
      term complication rates were 60%, 15%, and 15%, respectively. Radiographic
      assessment of component alignment showed 62% of cartridges were valgus or varus
      malaligned and 56% of cartridges were either translated medially or laterally
      relative to the long axis of the ulnar. There was no significant association
      between component alignment and final clinical outcome. Surgeon assessment
      reported 24% of dogs to have full, 52% acceptable, and 24% unacceptable outcome.
      Owner assessment showed significant decreases in pain severity and pain
      interference from preoperative to final status but no change in mobility scores.
      CONCLUSIONS: A high complication rate and variability in component placement was
      recorded with TATE athroplasty. However, component malalignment did not
      negatively impact clinical outcome. Final clinical outcome was favorable for most
      cases with significant reductions in pain severity and interference scores
      despite no changes in mobility scores.

PMID- 27381168
TI  - Effect of maternal supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy and lactation
      on allergy development in childhood.

PMID- 27381170
TI  - Dressing up posture: The interactive effects of posture and clothing on
      competency judgements.
AB  - Individuals often receive judgements from others based on their clothing and
      their posture. While both of these factors have been found to influence
      judgements of competency independently, their relative importance in impression
      formation is yet to be investigated. We address this by examining interactive
      effects of posture and clothing on four competency measures: confidence,
      professionalism, approachability, and likeliness of a high salary. Participants
      rated photographs of both male and female models pictured in different postures
      (strong, neutral, weak) in smart clothing (a suit for males; both a trouser suit
      and skirt suit for females) and casual clothing. We confirm that posture
      manipulations affected judgements of individuals differently according to the
      clothing they were pictured in. The nature of these interactions varied by gender
      and, for women, competency judgements differed according to attire type (trouser
      or skirt suit). The implications of these findings in relation to impression
      formation are discussed.

PMID- 27381169
TI  - Why Do Lithium-Oxygen Batteries Fail: Parasitic Chemical Reactions and Their
      Synergistic Effect.
AB  - As an electrochemical energy-storage technology with the highest theoretical
      capacity, lithium-oxygen batteries face critical challenges in terms of poor
      stabilities and low charge/discharge round-trip efficiencies. It is generally
      recognized that these issues are connected to the parasitic chemical reactions at
      the anode, electrolyte, and cathode. While the detailed mechanisms of these
      reactions have been studied separately, the possible synergistic effects between
      these reactions remain poorly understood. To fill in the knowledge gap, this
      Minireview examines literature reports on the parasitic chemical reactions and
      finds the reactive oxygen species a key chemical mediator that participates in or
      facilitates nearly all parasitic chemical reactions. Given the ubiquitous
      presence of oxygen in all test cells, this finding is important. It offers new
      insights into how to stabilize various components of lithium-oxygen batteries for
      high-performance operations and how to eventually materialize the full potentials
      of this promising technology.

PMID- 27381171
TI  - Epidural analgesia combined with a comprehensive physiotherapy program after
      Cytoreductive Surgery and HIPEC is associated with enhanced post-operative
      recovery and reduces intensive care unit stay: A retrospective study of 124
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal
      Chemotherapy (HIPEC) confers health benefits in peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC)
      treatment, it is associated with significant postoperative morbidity and
      mortality rate with increased length of hospital stay. The goal of this study is
      to determine whether a new comprehensive physiotherapy program including epidural
      loco-regional analgesia can improve the quality of care and patients recovery.
      METHODS: Between 2009 and 2013, 124 patients with PC were operated for CRS and
      HIPEC procedures. These patients were analyzed and divided in 2 groups by means
      of time. No Physio group included patients operated from 2009 to 2011 (n = 57)
      having a thoracic patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) but no
      preoperative physiotherapy program. The Physio group included patients operated
      from 2012 to 2013 (n = 67) having both a PCEA with a preoperative physiotherapy
      program. RESULTS: The mortality rate was 1.6% (n = 2). The median length of stay
      in the intensive care unit (ICU) was lower in the Physio group, 2 days vs. 0 for
      No Physio group (p < 0.0001). The first time of mobilization after surgery was
      shorter in the Physio group (day 3 vs. 2, p = 0.0043). The overall satisfaction
      in the Physio group was achieved in 93% of patients, helping in decreasing fear
      of surgery and mobilization in 70% and 84% of cases respectively. CONCLUSION: Our
      study demonstrates that a clear pre-operative information and education by a
      physiotherapist, associated with a PCEA-pain management significantly benefits
      the patient's post-operative recovery and reduces the length of stay in the ICU.

PMID- 27381172
TI  - Computational Prediction of Electron Ionization Mass Spectra to Assist in GC/MS
      Compound Identification.
AB  - We describe a tool, competitive fragmentation modeling for electron ionization
      (CFM-EI) that, given a chemical structure (e.g., in SMILES or InChI format),
      computationally predicts an electron ionization mass spectrum (EI-MS) (i.e., the
      type of mass spectrum commonly generated by gas chromatography mass
      spectrometry). The predicted spectra produced by this tool can be used for
      putative compound identification, complementing measured spectra in reference
      databases by expanding the range of compounds able to be considered when
      availability of measured spectra is limited. The tool extends CFM-ESI, a recently
      developed method for computational prediction of electrospray tandem mass spectra
      (ESI-MS/MS), but unlike CFM-ESI, CFM-EI can handle odd-electron ions and isotopes
      and incorporates an artificial neural network. Tests on EI-MS data from the NIST
      database demonstrate that CFM-EI is able to model fragmentation likelihoods in
      low-resolution EI-MS data, producing predicted spectra whose dot product scores
      are significantly better than full enumeration "bar-code" spectra. CFM-EI also
      outperformed previously reported results for MetFrag, MOLGEN-MS, and Mass
      Frontier on one compound identification task. It also outperformed MetFrag in a
      range of other compound identification tasks involving a much larger data set,
      containing both derivatized and nonderivatized compounds. While replicate EI-MS
      measurements of chemical standards are still a more accurate point of comparison,
      CFM-EI's predictions provide a much-needed alternative when no reference standard
      is available for measurement. CFM-EI is available at
      https://sourceforge.net/projects/cfm-id/ for download and
      http://cfmid.wishartlab.com as a web service.

PMID- 27381173
TI  - SLC6A4 promoter region methylation and socio-emotional stress response in very
      preterm and full-term infants.
AB  - AIM: The present study is part of a prospective micro-longitudinal research
      project and reports on the association between SLC6A4 methylation and socio
      emotional stress response in very preterm (VPT) and full-term (FT) infants.
      MATERIALS & METHODS: SLC6A4 methylation was assessed at birth and discharge in 32
      VPT infants, and at birth in 27 FT infants. Socio-emotional stress response
      (i.e., negative emotionality) was assessed at 3 months (corrected age). RESULTS:
      Negative emotionality was higher in VPTs compared with FT counterpart. In VPT
      infants only, stress response was associated with SLC6A4 methylation status at
      discharge, which was predictive of greater negative emotionality. CONCLUSION: The
      present study extends previous reports, suggesting that altered SLC6A4
      methylation associates with greater socio-emotional stress sensitivity in 3-month
      old VPT infants.

PMID- 27381175
TI  - New insight into the dynamical system of alphaB-crystallin oligomers.
AB  - alpha-Crystallin possesses a dynamic quaternary structure mediated by its subunit
      dynamics. Elucidation of a mechanism of subunit dynamics in homo-oligomers of
      alphaB-crystallin was tackled through deuteration-assisted small-angle neutron
      scattering (DA-SANS) and electrospray ionization (ESI) native mass spectrometry
      (nMS). The existence of subunit exchange was confirmed with DA-SANS, and monomers
      liberated from the oligomers were observed with nMS. With increasing temperature,
      an increase in both the exchange rate and monomer population was observed despite
      the absence of oligomer collapse. It is proposed that transiently liberated
      subunits, namely, "traveling subunits," play a role in subunit exchange.
      Moreover, we propose that protein function is regulated by these traveling
      subunits.

PMID- 27381174
TI  - GerM is required to assemble the basal platform of the SpoIIIA-SpoIIQ
      transenvelope complex during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - Sporulating Bacillus subtilis cells assemble a multimeric membrane complex
      connecting the mother cell and developing spore that is required to maintain
      forespore differentiation. An early step in the assembly of this transenvelope
      complex (called the A-Q complex) is an interaction between the extracellular
      domains of the forespore membrane protein SpoIIQ and the mother cell membrane
      protein SpoIIIAH. This interaction provides a platform onto which the remaining
      components of the complex assemble and also functions as an anchor for cell-cell
      signalling and morphogenetic proteins involved in spore development. SpoIIQ is
      required to recruit SpoIIIAH to the sporulation septum on the mother cell side;
      however, the mechanism by which SpoIIQ specifically localizes to the septal
      membranes on the forespore side has remained enigmatic. Here, we identify GerM, a
      lipoprotein previously implicated in spore germination, as the missing factor
      required for SpoIIQ localization. Our data indicate that GerM and SpoIIIAH,
      derived from the mother cell, and SpoIIQ, from the forespore, have reciprocal
      localization dependencies suggesting they constitute a tripartite platform for
      the assembly of the A-Q complex and a hub for the localization of mother cell and
      forespore proteins.

PMID- 27381176
TI  - Further evidence that a variant of the gene NUDT15 may be an important predictor
      of azathioprine-induced toxicity in Chinese subjects: a case report.
AB  - WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) enzyme is an
      important component in the metabolism of azathioprine (AZA). Its mutation may
      lead to AZA-induced toxicity. The dysfunctional genetic variant TPMT *3C is of
      low frequency among Asians. Moreover, AZA-induced toxicity still occurs in some
      patients with normal TPMT activity. This suggests that additional factors,
      including other genetic variants, may contribute to such toxicity. Recent studies
      described a strong association between a variant of the NUDT15, a gene that
      mediates the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives, and
      thiopurine-related myelosuppression in Asians. We report the first case of a
      Chinese patient with AZA-induced severe toxicity with no clinically significant
      TPMT variant but with the NUDT15 c.415C>T allele. CASE SUMMARY: A 40-year-old
      Chinese patient with PBC-AIH overlap syndrome had been receiving for one month,
      azathioprine (50 mg/day) and methylprednisolone (24 mg/day) based on his TPMT*3C
      wild-type genotype. The patient developed serious myelosuppression and hair loss.
      AZA was stopped, and the patient was given liver-protective drugs and supportive
      treatment. TPMT and NUDT15 gene sequencing suggests that NUDT15 c.415C>T mutation
      was the likely cause of the adverse reaction. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: NUDT15
      c.415C>T may be another predictor of AZA-induced leukocytopenia. If further well
      controlled studies validate this association with sufficient predictive power,
      NUDT15 and TPMT genotyping before starting AZA treatment may become appropriate.

PMID- 27381178
TI  - Pontibacillus salipaludis sp. nov., a slightly halophilic bacterium isolated from
      a salt pan.
AB  - Two novel Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anerobic, rod-shaped, motile,
      endospore-forming bacterial strains, 9DMT and 6DM, were isolated from Tuticorn,
      India. The high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) and DNA-DNA
      relatedness (88+/-2 %) indicated that strains 9DMT and 6DM were members of a
      single species. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis these strains were
      identified as belonging to the genus Pontibacillus and were related most closely
      to the type strains of Pontibacillus chungwhensis (99.7 % sequence similarity)
      and Pontibacillus marinus (97.9 %). The DNA G+C content of strains 9DMT and 6DM
      was 41.6 and 41.4 mol%, respectively. However, the level of DNA-DNA relatedness
      of these strains with P. chungwhensis KCTC 3890T and P. marinus KCTC 3917T was
      only 40.9 + 0.8 and 39.8 + 0.9 %, respectively. Strains 9DMT and 6DM were
      facultative anaerobes with optimal growth at 37  degrees C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and
      with 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain 9DMT contained meso
      diaminopimelic acid. Polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, a phospholipid and three unknown
      lipids. The isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. Major fatty acids of strain 9DMT were
      anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The results of
      phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical tests allowed the clear
      differentiation of strains 9DMT and 6DM, which are considered to represent a
      novel member of the genus Pontibacillus, for which the name Pontibacillus
      salipaludis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 9DMT (= KCTC 33742T=LMG
      29102T= CGMCC 1.15353T).

PMID- 27381177
TI  - Dirty and 40 days in the wilderness: Eliciting childbirth and postnatal cultural
      practices and beliefs in Nepal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pregnancy and childbirth are socio-cultural events that carry varying
      meanings across different societies and cultures. These are often translated into
      social expectations of what a particular society expects women to do (or not to
      do) during pregnancy, birth and/or the postnatal period. This paper reports a
      study exploring beliefs around childbirth in Nepal, a low-income country with a
      largely Hindu population. The paper then sets these findings in the context of
      the wider global literature around issues such as periods where women are viewed
      as polluted (or dirty even) after childbirth. METHODS: A qualitative study
      comprising five in-depth face-to-face interviews and 14 focus group discussions
      with mainly women, but also men and health service providers. The qualitative
      findings in Nepal were compared and contrasted with the literature on practices
      and cultural beliefs related to the pregnancy and childbirth period across the
      globe and at different times in history. RESULTS: The themes that emerged from
      the analysis included: (a) cord cutting & placenta rituals; (b) rest & seclusion;
      (c) purification, naming & weaning ceremonies and (d) nutrition and
      breastfeeding. Physiological changes in mother and baby may underpin the various
      beliefs, ritual and practices in the postnatal period. These practices often mean
      women do not access postnatal health services. CONCLUSIONS: The cultural
      practices, taboos and beliefs during pregnancy and around childbirth found in
      Nepal largely resonate with those reported across the globe. This paper stresses
      that local people's beliefs and practices offer both opportunities and barriers
      to health service providers. Maternity care providers need to be aware of local
      values, beliefs and traditions to anticipate and meet the needs of women, gain
      their trust and work with them.

PMID- 27381179
TI  - Minimally Invasive and Open Distal Chevron Osteotomy for Mild to Moderate Hallux
      Valgus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques are increasingly being
      used in foot and ankle surgery but it is important that they are adopted only
      once they have been shown to be equivalent or superior to open techniques. We
      believe that the main advantages of MIS are found in the early postoperative
      period, but in order to adopt it as a technique longer-term studies are required.
      The aim of this study was to compare the 2-year outcomes of a third-generation
      MIS distal chevron osteotomy with a comparable traditional open distal chevron
      osteotomy for mild-moderate hallux valgus. Our null hypothesis was that the 2
      techniques would yield equivalent clinical and radiographic results at 2 years.
      METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. Eighty-one consecutive feet (49
      MIS and 32 open distal chevron osteotomies) were followed up for a minimum 24
      months (range 24-58). All patients were clinically assessed using the Manchester
      Oxford Foot Questionnaire. Radiographic measures included hallux valgus angle,
      the intermetatarsal angle, hallux interphalangeal angle, metatarsal phalangeal
      joint angle, distal metatarsal articular angle, tibial sesamoid position, shape
      of the first metatarsal head, and plantar offset. Statistical analysis was done
      using Student t test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous data and Pearson
      chi-square test for categorical data. RESULTS: Clinical and radiologic
      postoperative scores in all domains were substantially improved in both groups (P
      < .001), but there was no statistically significant difference in improvement of
      any domain between open and MIS groups (P > .05). There were no significant
      differences in complications between the 2 groups ( > .5). CONCLUSION: The
      midterm results of this third-generation technique show that it was a safe
      procedure with good clinical outcomes and comparable to traditional open
      techniques for symptomatic mild-moderate hallux valgus. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level
      III, retrospective comparative study.

PMID- 27381180
TI  - Husband/Partner Intoxication and Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the
      Philippines.
AB  - This study examined husband/partner intoxication and experience with physical,
      sexual, and emotional intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) using data
      derived from a nationally representative survey conducted in the Philippines in
      2013. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the
      association between intoxication and 3 different types of intimate partner
      violence against women. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine
      intoxication and severity of violence. In this sample, 28.8% of women reported
      experiencing any form of intimate partner violence and 92.9% of women reported
      their partner being intoxicated at least sometimes. Intoxication was
      significantly associated with all 3 types of intimate partner violence, while the
      odds of experiencing one form of IPVAW versus no form of IPVAW and 2 forms of
      IPVAW versus 1 form of IPVAW was greater among women reporting frequency of
      husband/partner intoxication as often.

PMID- 27381181
TI  - Evidence for the Role of BAG3 in Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiomyocytes.
AB  - Mitochondrial abnormalities impact the development of myofibrillar myopathies.
      Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the removal of dysfunctional
      mitochondria from cells is of great importance toward understanding the molecular
      events involved in the genesis of cardiomyopathy. Earlier studies have ascribed a
      role for BAG3 in the development of cardiomyopathy in experimental animals
      leading to the identification of BAG3 mutations in patients with heart failure
      which may play a part in the onset of disease development and progression. BAG3
      is co-chaperone of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which has been shown to
      modulate apoptosis and autophagy, in several cell models. In this study, we
      explore the potential role of BAG3 in mitochondrial quality control. We
      demonstrate that siRNA mediated suppression of BAG3 production in neonatal rat
      ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVCs) significantly elevates the level of Parkin, a
      key component of mitophagy. We found that both BAG3 and Parkin are recruited to
      depolarized mitochondria and promote mitophagy. Suppression of BAG3 in NRVCs
      significantly reduces autophagy flux and eliminates clearance of Tom20, an
      essential import receptor for mitochondria proteins, after induction of
      mitophagy. These observations suggest that BAG3 is critical for the maintenance
      of mitochondrial homeostasis under stress conditions, and disruptions in BAG3
      expression impact cardiomyocyte function. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 797-805, 2017.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27381182
TI  - A crystal-clear zebrafish for in vivo imaging.
AB  - The larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an excellent vertebrate model for in vivo
      imaging of biological phenomena at subcellular, cellular and systems levels.
      However, the optical accessibility of highly pigmented tissues, like the eyes, is
      limited even in this animal model. Typical strategies to improve the transparency
      of zebrafish larvae require the use of either highly toxic chemical compounds
      (e.g. 1-phenyl-2-thiourea, PTU) or pigmentation mutant strains (e.g. casper
      mutant). To date none of these strategies produce normally behaving larvae that
      are transparent in both the body and the eyes. Here we present crystal, an
      optically clear zebrafish mutant obtained by combining different viable mutations
      affecting skin pigmentation. Compared to the previously described combinatorial
      mutant casper, the crystal mutant lacks pigmentation also in the retinal pigment
      epithelium, therefore enabling optical access to the eyes. Unlike PTU-treated
      animals, crystal larvae are able to perform visually guided behaviours, such as
      the optomotor response, as efficiently as wild type larvae. To validate the in
      vivo application of crystal larvae, we performed whole-brain light-sheet imaging
      and two-photon calcium imaging of neural activity in the retina. In conclusion,
      this novel combinatorial pigmentation mutant represents an ideal vertebrate tool
      for completely unobstructed structural and functional in vivo investigations of
      biological processes, particularly when imaging tissues inside or between the
      eyes.

PMID- 27381183
TI  - How vision and self-motion combine or compete during path reproduction changes
      with age.
AB  - Human adults can optimally integrate visual and non-visual self-motion cues when
      navigating, while children up to 8 years old cannot. Whether older children can
      is unknown, limiting our understanding of how our internal multisensory
      representation of space develops. Eighteen adults and fifteen 10- to 11-year-old
      children were guided along a two-legged path in darkness (self-motion only), in a
      virtual room (visual + self-motion), or were shown a pre-recorded walk in the
      virtual room while standing still (visual only). Participants then reproduced the
      path in darkness. We obtained a measure of the dispersion of the end-points
      (variable error) and of their distances from the correct end point (constant
      error). Only children reduced their variable error when recalling the path in the
      visual + self-motion condition, indicating combination of these cues. Adults
      showed a constant error for the combined condition intermediate to those for
      single cues, indicative of cue competition, which may explain the lack of near
      optimal integration in this group. This suggests that later in childhood humans
      can gain from optimally integrating spatial cues even when in the same situation
      these are kept separate in adulthood.

PMID- 27381186
TI  - Correction: Number density distribution of solvent molecules on a substrate: a
      transform theory for atomic force microscopy.
AB  - Correction for 'Number density distribution of solvent molecules on a substrate:
      a transform theory for atomic force microscopy' by Ken-ichi Amano et al., Phys.
      Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 15534-15544.

PMID- 27381184
TI  - A porcine model of relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction: study on self
      repairing capability over multiple time points.
AB  - It is still controversial whether renal tubular interstitial fibrosis (TIF) is a
      reversible process. Although previous studies examining TIF have been carried out
      in rodents, their kidney size and physiological character differ with humans, and
      the difference among diverse individuals before and after damage was obvious.
      Thus an experimental animal model to simulate human kidney disease was urged to
      be established. In order to clarify whether TIF is reversible, and the exact time
      points that the kidney has the capacity to be repaired, a porcine relief of
      unilateral ureteral obstruction (R-UUO) model was developed. Kidney damage and
      reparation were observed dynamically in vivo over various time points. Pigs were
      randomized divided into three groups (n = 6): UUO 5 days group, UUO 7 days, and
      UUO 10 days group. Each porcine in that groups underwent UUO and subsequent R-UUO
      for three time points. Renal function, histological structure, and protein
      expressions of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), vimentin and E-cadherin
      were evaluated at different time points. Following R-UUO after 5 and 7 days of
      UUO, compared to UUO, serum creatinine levels were significantly decreased. Renal
      pathological tissue damage was repaired. The expressions of alpha-SMA and
      vimentin were decreased and E-cadherin expression was increased (P < 0.05).
      However, during R-UUO 14, 28, and 56 days after 10 days of UUO, serum creatinine
      was not decreased significantly. The expressions of alpha-SMA and vimentin
      consistently remained at high levels. Renal damage was unable to be restored and
      resulted in chronic lesions. Kidney damage induced by UUO can be reversed in
      early stages. However, longer time of UUO with significant levels of TIF showed
      limited reversibility. The porcine R-UUO model provides an ideal animal model for
      the investigation of kidney injury and repair as well as for the evaluation of
      the effect of drug treatment. 

PMID- 27381185
TI  - Assessment and treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents.
AB  - Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) are serious mental health disorders that
      cause impairments in physical health, development, cognition and psychosocial
      function and can go undetected for months or years. They are characterised by
      disturbed eating behaviour associated with concerns about weight and shape or by
      disinterest in food, phobic avoidance or avoidance due to sensory aspects of
      food. Restrictive forms of FEDs lead to significant weight loss requiring
      intervention. Without specific knowledge of these conditions, they can evade
      detection, delaying time to diagnosis and treatment and potentially influencing
      outcome. This review article focuses on the key factors involved in the
      psychiatric assessment and treatment of four feeding or eating disorders (EDs):
      anorexia nervosa, avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder, bulimia nervosa and
      binge eating disorder. They have been chosen for discussion as they are most
      likely to be encountered in both a psychiatric and paediatric setting. It
      emphasises the importance of a family-focused, developmentally appropriate and
      multidisciplinary approach to care. It does not address aspects of medical
      assessment and treatment. Other feeding or EDs not included in this article are
      pica, rumination disorder, other specified feeding and eating disorder and
      unspecified feeding and eating disorder.

PMID- 27381187
TI  - Developing Street-Level PM2.5 and PM10 Land Use Regression Models in High-Density
      Hong Kong with Urban Morphological Factors.
AB  - Monitoring street-level particulates is essential to air quality management but
      challenging in high-density Hong Kong due to limitations in local monitoring
      network and the complexities of street environment. By employing vehicle-based
      mobile measurements, land use regression (LUR) models were developed to estimate
      the spatial variation of PM2.5 and PM10 in the downtown area of Hong Kong.
      Sampling runs were conducted along routes measuring a total of 30 km during a
      selected measurement period of total 14 days. In total, 321 independent variables
      were examined to develop LUR models by using stepwise regression with PM2.5 and
      PM10 as dependent variables. Approximately, 10% increases in the model adjusted
      R(2) were achieved by integrating urban/building morphology as independent
      variables into the LUR models. Resultant LUR models show that the most decisive
      factors on street-level air quality in Hong Kong are frontal area index, an
      urban/building morphological parameter, and road network line density and traffic
      volume, two parameters of road traffic. The adjusted R(2) of the final LUR models
      of PM2.5 and PM10 are 0.633 and 0.707, respectively. These results indicate that
      urban morphology is more decisive to the street-level air quality in high-density
      cities than other cities. Air pollution hotspots were also identified based on
      the LUR mapping.

PMID- 27381188
TI  - Peptides from sesame cake extend healthspan of Caenorhabditis elegans via
      upregulation of skn-1 and inhibition of intracellular ROS levels.
AB  - The peptides from sesame cake (PSC) which are the main by-product of agricultural
      processing of sesame were prepared. To evaluate benefits of PSC for health and
      longevity, antioxidant activity and anti-aging effects were studied in vitro and
      in a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model system. PSC exhibited antioxidant
      activity in vitro, and induced beneficial effects on lifespan and several health
      parameters of C.elegans, including pharyngeal pumping rate, locomotion and
      lipofuscin accumulation. In a mev-1 mutant, PSC increased lifespan, and it
      enhanced oxidative stress tolerance in wild-type nematodes. After treatment with
      PSC, SOD activity, GSH content, and GSH/GSSG ratio were increased, leading to low
      intracellular ROS levels in C. elegans. PSC up-regulated skn-1 mRNA, and its
      target gene gcs-1, and abolished the extension of lifespan in skn-1 mutant,
      indicating that PSC-mediated longevity is dependent on activation of the skn
      1/Nrf-2 transcription factor. Current results warrant research into the use of
      PSC as nutraceuticals for overall health improvement.

PMID- 27381190
TI  - Antimicrobial stewardship programs in the critical care setting.

PMID- 27381189
TI  - Gone for good? An online survey of emigrant health professionals using Facebook
      as a recruitment tool.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health professionals, particularly doctors, nurses and midwives, are
      in high demand worldwide. Therefore, it is important to assess the future plans
      and likelihood of return of emigrating health professionals. Nevertheless, health
      professionals are, by definition, a difficult population to track/survey. This
      exploratory study reports on the migration intentions of a sample of doctors,
      nurses and midwives who had emigrated from Ireland, a high-income country which
      has experienced particularly high outward and inward migration of health
      professionals since the year 2000. METHODS: Health professionals who had
      emigrated from Ireland were identified via snowball sampling through Facebook and
      invited to complete a short online survey composed of closed and open response
      questions. RESULTS: A total of 388 health professionals (307 doctors, 73 nurses
      and 8 midwives) who had previously worked in Ireland completed the survey. While
      over half had originally intended to spend less than 5 years in their destination
      country at the time of emigration, these intentions changed over time, with the
      desire to remain abroad on a permanent basis increasing from 10 to 34 % of doctor
      respondents. Only a quarter of doctors and a half of nurses and midwives intended
      to return to practice in Ireland in the future. CONCLUSIONS: The longer health
      professionals remain abroad, the less likely they are to return to their home
      countries. Countries should focus on the implementation of retention strategies
      if the 'carousel' of brain drain is to be interrupted. This would allow source
      countries to benefit from their investments in training health professionals,
      rather than relying on international recruitment to meet health system staffing
      needs. Improved data collection systems are also needed to track the migratory
      patterns and changing intentions of health professionals. Meanwhile, social
      networking platforms offer alternative methods of filling this information gap.

PMID- 27381191
TI  - A Single Chance to Contact Multiple Targets: Distinct Osteocyte Morphotypes Shed
      Light on the Cellular Mechanism Ensuring the Robust Formation of Osteocytic
      Networks.
AB  - The formation of the complex osteocytic network relies on the emission of long
      cellular processes involved in communication, mechanical strain sensing, and bone
      turnover control. Newly deposited osteocytic processes rapidly become trapped
      within the calcifying matrix, and, therefore, they must adopt their definitive
      conformation and contact their targets in a single morphogenetic event. However,
      the cellular mechanisms ensuring the robustness of this unique mode of
      morphogenesis remain unknown. To address this issue, we examined the developing
      calvaria of the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis by confocal, two-photon, and super
      resolution imaging, and described flattened osteocytes lying within a woven bone
      structured in lamellae of randomly oriented collagen fibers. While most cells
      emit peripheral and perpendicular processes, we report two osteocytes
      morphotypes, located at different depth within the bone matrix and exhibiting
      distinct number and orientation of perpendicular cell processes. We show that
      this pattern is conserved with the chick Gallus gallus and suggest that the
      cellular microenvironment, and more particularly cell-cell contact, plays a
      fundamental role in the induction and stabilization of osteocytic processes. We
      propose that this intrinsic property might have been evolutionarily selected for
      its ability to robustly generate self-organizing osteocytic networks harbored by
      the wide variety of bone shapes and architectures found in extant and extinct
      vertebrates.

PMID- 27381192
TI  - Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering of hemoproteins and those in
      complicated biological systems.
AB  - In this review article, we discuss surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering
      (SERRS) studies of hemeproteins such as myoglobin, hemoglobin, and cytochrome on
      various metal substrates; for example, colloidal silver nanoparticles coated with
      and without self-assembled monolayers (SAM), a roughened silver electrode
      protected with and without SAM, a sharp silver tip, and colloidal gold
      nanoparticles coated with and without SAM. Moreover, we classify the studies in
      terms of an excitation wavelength; namely, excitation at the B- (Soret) band, Q-
      (alpha and beta) band, and in the near infrared (NIR) range. In the SERRS studies
      with B band excitation, it has been shown that the hemeprotein on a silver
      surface takes a non-native form through detachment from the heme pocket in the
      protein. With Q band excitation, on the other hand, the change in SERRS has been
      explained by the orientation of the hemeprotein on the surface. Even by
      excitation in the NIR range, the peak positions are consistent with the
      assignment of the major vibrational modes of heme despite there being no
      resonance Raman effect. Thus, the SERRS of hemeproteins is influenced by a
      resonance Raman effect, LSPR, and interactions with the metal surface such as
      structural changes, orientation, and selective adsorption. Moreover, we discuss
      how SERRS has been applied to complicated biological systems such as living cells
      containing hemeprotein. For mitochondria, a change of the oxidation-state was
      observed by the electron transport chain in the cell and at different positions.
      As an example of a biomedical application of SERRS, the sensitive detection of
      malaria is presented. 

PMID- 27381193
TI  - Authorship-who goes first?

PMID- 27381194
TI  - In Memoriam: John M. King (1927-2016).

PMID- 27381195
TI  - Caecum location in laboratory rats and mice: an anatomical and radiological
      study.
AB  - Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection is the most frequently used method for
      implementing parenteral therapies in rats and mice. Whether the caecum is located
      in the right caudal quadrant or left caudal quadrant in the abdominal cavity is
      not clear. For that reason, we have developed a method for identifying the
      location of the caecum in rats and mice and thus revealed the most reliable
      location for i.p. injection in these animals. Two hundred Wistar albino rats and
      100 BALB/c mice were used. The location of the caecum was determined by revealing
      the intra-abdominal organs immediately following euthanasia, photographing the
      organs, and archiving the images. Both digital photographic images and computed
      tomographic (CT) sections were analysed in terms of caecum morphology and
      location. In both rats and mice, the caecum was most commonly located on the
      animal's left side. It was less frequently located on the right side or in the
      centre. The caecum was typically comma-shaped, but it was round or S-shaped in
      some animals. The direction of rotation of the caecum from the basis to the apex
      was mostly counterclockwise. Additionally, the apex showed a tendency to be
      evenly centred. This study demonstrated that the caecum was mostly located on the
      animal's left side; and for that reason, the most suitable location for i.p.
      injection in these animals was understood to be the right caudal quadrant.
      Furthermore, when we compared the CT images and autopsy findings, the caecum did
      not change location in the abdominal cavity postmortem.

PMID- 27381196
TI  - Health groups demand closure of Europe's coal fired power stations.

PMID- 27381197
TI  - Geodermatophilus pulveris sp. nov., a gamma-radiation-resistant actinobacterium
      isolated from the Sahara desert.
AB  - A black-pigmented, aerobic actinobacterium, tolerant to ionizing radiation,
      designated BMG 825T, was isolated from desert limestone dust in Tunisia. The
      strain grew within the temperature range 10-40  degrees C, at pH 5.5-11.0 and in
      the presence of 2 % NaCl. The DNA G+C content was 75.7 mol%, and its cell-wall
      peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. Sugars of whole-cell
      hydrolysates were galactose, glucose, and trace amounts of ribose and mannose.
      The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4), and the major fatty acids were iso-C16
      : 0 and C16 : 1omega7c. The polar lipid profile comprised phosphatidylcholine,
      phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine,
      hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine and an unspecified glycolipid. 16S rRNA gene
      sequence analysis revealed that the strain fell into the genus Geodermatophilus,
      showing the highest similarity with Geodermatophilus poikilotrophus DSM 44209T
      (99.1 %). DNA-DNA hybridization results, phylogenetic distinctiveness and
      phenotypic properties supported the classification of this strain as a
      representative of a novel species of the genus Geodermatophilus, for which the
      name Geodermatophilus pulveris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BMG 825T
      (=CECT 9003T=DSM 46839?T).

PMID- 27381198
TI  - Implementing the Code of Practice on International Recruitment in Romania -
      exploring the current state of implementation and what Romania is doing to retain
      its domestic health workforce.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Romanian health system is struggling to retain its health
      workers, who are currently facing strong incentives for migration to Western
      European health systems. Retention issues, coupled with high levels of migration,
      complicate Romania's efforts in providing basic health services for rural,
      underserved, and marginalized populations, as well as in achieving equitable
      health access for all. The WHO Global Code of Practice on International
      Recruitment of Health Personnel (the Code) aims to promote ethical international
      recruitment and health systems strengthening. We explore Romania's implementation
      of the Code's principles and recommendations. METHODS: We analysed peer-reviewed
      and grey literature, in English and Romanian, and sought secondary data from the
      websites of Romania's largest medical universities. The analysis was guided by
      the following themes and recommendations in the Code: health personnel
      development and health systems sustainability, international cooperation, data
      gathering, information exchange, and implementation and monitoring of the Code.
      RESULTS: Romania's implementation of the Code was observed to be limited. Gaps
      were identified with regards to several aspects of the Romanian health system,
      including the lack of support to health personnel training, recruitment, and
      retention in order to increase the appeal for health providers to practice in
      Romania and in underserved areas. In terms of international cooperation, the Code
      recommends various policy instruments to guide recruitment, including bilateral
      agreements. However, we could not determine which of these instruments were used
      as a result of the Code and whether or not they were effective. We identified
      little evidence of initiatives for health workers' professional and personal
      support. Insufficient data and few information exchange platforms exist on health
      workforce issues, hindering active sharing of data on migration with European
      Union and WHO audiences. We could not identify any evidence of monitoring of the
      Code's implementation to date. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of major system
      reforms, health workers will continue to migrate to urban areas and abroad.
      Romanian policymakers should address more of the Code's recommendations by
      developing a national policy for human resources for health, a central database
      to aid health workforce planning and management, stronger platforms for
      information exchange and civil society engagement, and updated and transparent
      bilateral agreements.

PMID- 27381199
TI  - Interleukin-13 Inhibits Expression of cyp27b1 in Peripheral CD14+ Cells That Is
      Correlated With Vertebral Bone Mineral Density of Patients With Ulcerative
      Colitis.
AB  - Osteoporosis is a common problem in aged people and those with related diseases,
      such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Deregulation of vitamin D metabolism plays a
      role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Micro RNA (miR) can regulate cytokine
      expression in cells. This study test a hypothesis that inflammatory cytokine
      interleukin (IL)-13 increases miR-19a to compromise cyp27b1 (a vitamin D
      hydroxylase) in peripheral CD14+ cells. Bone mineral density of L2-L4 was
      measured in 20 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 20 healthy subjects.
      Peripheral CD14+ cells were isolated from healthy people and patients with UC.
      Expression of cyp27b1 by CD14+ cells was analyzed in the presence or absence of
      IL-13 in the culture. We observed that bone mineral density (BMD) in UC patients
      was significantly lower than healthy subjects. The BMD is negatively correlated
      with miR-19a in peripheral CD14+ cells. MiR-19a in peripheral CD14+ cell was
      correlated with serum IL-13 in UC patients. Expression of cyp27b1 in peripheral
      CD14+ cells was correlated with miR-19a and serum IL-13 in UC patients. IL-13
      suppressed cyp27b1 expression in CD14+ cells. IL-13 increased expression of miR
      19a in CD14+ cells. IL-13 suppresses cyp27b1 expression in peripheral CD14+ cells
      via up regulating miR-19a expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 376-381, 2017. (c)
      2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27381200
TI  - Comparison of Hydrogen and Gold Bonding in [XHX](-) , [XAuX](-) , and
      Isoelectronic [NgHNg](+) , [NgAuNg](+) (X=Halogen, Ng=Noble Gas).
AB  - Quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ and CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ
      levels have been carried out for the title compounds. The electronic structures
      were analyzed with a variety of charge and energy partitioning methods. All
      molecules possess linear equilibrium structures with Dinfinityh symmetry. The
      total bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of the strongly bonded halogen anions
      [XHX](-) and [XAuX](-) decrease from [FHF](-) to [IHI](-) and from [FAuF](-) to
      [IAuI](-) . The BDEs of the noble gas compounds [NgHNg](+) and [NgAuNg](+) become
      larger for the heavier atoms. The central hydrogen and gold atoms carry partial
      positive charges in the cations and even in the anions, except for [IAuI](-) , in
      which case the gold atom has a small negative charge of -0.03 e. The molecular
      electrostatic potentials reveal that the regions of the most positive or negative
      charges may not agree with the partial charges of the atoms, because the spatial
      distribution of the electronic charge needs to be considered. The bonding
      analysis with the QTAIM method suggests a significant covalent character for the
      hydrogen bonds to the noble gas atoms in [NgHNg](+) and to the halogen atoms in
      [XHX](-) . The covalent character of the bonding in the gold systems [NgAuNg](+)
      and [XAuX](-) is smaller than in the hydrogen compound. The energy decomposition
      analysis suggests that the lighter hydrogen systems possess dative bonds X(-) 
      >H(+) <-X(-) or Ng->H(+) <-Ng while the heavier homologues exhibit electron
      sharing through two-electron, three-center bonds. Dative bonds X(-) ->Au(+) <-X(
      ) and Ng->Au(+) <-Ng are also diagnosed for the lighter gold systems, but the
      heavier compounds possess electron-shared bonds. 

PMID- 27381201
TI  - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for ARDS: National Trends in the United
      States 2008-2012.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Recent advances in technology and protocols have made the use of
      extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) a viable rescue therapy for patients
      with ARDS who present with refractory hypoxemia. Despite the lack of strong
      evidence supporting the use of ECMO in ARDS, its use seems to be increasing. We
      sought to determine recent trends in the use of ECMO for ARDS. We also assessed
      trends in mortality among patients with ARDS in whom ECMO was used. METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective analysis using the largest all-payer in-patient
      healthcare database in the United States, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization
      project, the National In-patient Sample database from 2008 to 2012. Subjects with
      ARDS were identified using carefully chosen International Classification of
      Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. RESULTS: We found that in 2008, about 1 in 1,000
      subjects with ARDS underwent ECMO. Over the subsequent 4-y time period, there was
      a 0.19% absolute increase and 70% relative increase in the use of ECMO for ARDS.
      The mortality rate among subjects with ARDS in whom ECMO was used declined from
      78% in 2008 to 64% in 2012. We also found a trend toward a reduction in hospital
      stay among survivors. CONCLUSION: In the United States, between 2008 and 2012,
      there was an increasing trend toward the use of ECMO in patients with ARDS that
      coincided with a slight increase in survival among these patients.

PMID- 27381202
TI  - Exploring the Benefits to Caregivers of a Family-Oriented Pulmonary
      Rehabilitation Program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: COPD is a highly incapacitating disease, particularly among older
      people, implying significant burden for family caregivers. Involving caregivers
      in comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation programs might benefit their functional
      coping to care demands; however, there is no objective evidence to sustain such
      assumption. This study is a secondary analysis aiming to analyze the effects of a
      family-based pulmonary rehabilitation program on close family caregivers of older
      subjects with COPD. METHODS: This is a mixed-method study. Family caregivers were
      randomly assigned to family-based (experimental) or conventional (control)
      pulmonary rehabilitation. Caregivers from the family-based pulmonary
      rehabilitation (n = 20; 80.0% female; age 63.1 +/- 9.5 y) attended the
      psychoeducational component together with their relatives. In the conventional
      pulmonary rehabilitation, caregivers did not participate (n = 19; 68.4% female;
      age 53.6 +/- 11.3 y). Self-rated instruments (Family Crisis Oriented Personal
      Scales, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, and Carers' Assessment of
      Difficulties Index) and focus group interviews were used to assess the
      intervention. RESULTS: Caregivers from the family-based pulmonary rehabilitation
      had significantly greater improvements in overall family coping (P = .01),
      reframing (P = .01), seeking spiritual support (P = .01), and mobilizing to
      acquire help (P = .02). No significant differences were found for emotional
      state. Significant improvements in overall burden (P = .01), reactions to
      caregiving (P = .01), physical demands of caring (P = .044), and poor family
      support (P = .038) were observed, although there were no significant between
      group differences. Qualitative data sustained the benefits of involving family
      caregivers in pulmonary rehabilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide
      valuable evidence to recommend the inclusion of COPD family caregivers in
      comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation. Family-oriented pulmonary rehabilitation
      maximizes caregivers' adaptive coping and potentially prevents negative
      psychological outcomes; however, further research is needed.

PMID- 27381203
TI  - Impact of an Electronic Medical Record Screening Tool and Therapist-Driven
      Protocol on Length of Stay and Hospital Readmission for COPD.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In the United States, care for COPD patients is frequently delivered
      by respiratory therapists (RTs). After implementing a therapist-driven protocol
      for COPD treatment, we sought to improve identification of COPD patients. We
      hypothesized that using an electronic medical record screening tool to identify
      subjects with COPD combined with a therapist-driven protocol would positively
      impact length of stay (LOS) and readmission rates. METHODS: Utilizing the
      electronic medical record to search the provider's admission notes for the terms
      COPD/Asthma, a report was generated. Subjects already receiving RT services were
      removed. An RT evaluated identified subjects using a therapist-driven protocol
      combining clinical assessment and FEV1 to calculate an air-flow obstruction
      score. Scores >=7 received 24 h of bronchodilator therapy by RTs. Scores <7
      received assessment by RTs but bronchodilator therapy administered by nursing
      staff. An RT performed medication reconciliation and education for both groups.
      ICD-9 discharge codes identified primary and secondary diagnoses of COPD. LOS and
      30-d readmission rates were measured for a 14-month period. Respiratory-triggered
      rapid response data were also collected. RESULTS: The pre-intervention period was
      from December 2013 to June 2014, and the post-intervention period was from July
      2014 to January 2015. There were 142 subjects in total, 68 pre-intervention and
      74 post-intervention. For primary COPD, mean LOS decreased from 4.37 to 2.96 d (P
      = .10), and 30-d readmission rates decreased from 13.6 to 6.1%. Respiratory
      triggered rapid response data were as follows: The pre-intervention span was from
      January 2014 to June 2014, and post-intervention was from July 2014 to December
      2015. For primary COPD, there were 61 pre-intervention subjects and 63 post
      intervention with a decrease in respiratory-triggered rapid responses from 21 pre
      intervention (34.4%) to 8 post-intervention (12.7%) (P = .004). For secondary
      COPD (1,168 pre-intervention, 1,267 post-intervention), there was a change from
      318 (27.2%) pre-intervention to 296 (23.4%) post-intervention (P = .03).
      CONCLUSION: Utilization of the electronic medical record to identify subjects
      with likely COPD combined with a therapist-driven protocol directed by RT
      assessment was associated with a trend toward decreased LOS and reduction in
      readmission rates. There was a significant reduction of respiratory-triggered
      rapid responses in subjects with a primary diagnosis of COPD.

PMID- 27381204
TI  - Chronic postsurgical pain and persistent opioid use following surgery: the need
      for a transitional pain service.
AB  - AIM: To identify the 3-month incidence of chronic postsurgical pain and long-term
      opioid use in patients at the Toronto General Hospital. METHODS: 200 consecutive
      patients presenting for elective major surgery completed standardized
      questionnaires by telephone at 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: 51 patients
      reported a preoperative chronic pain condition, with 12 taking opioids
      preoperatively. 3 months after surgery 35% of patients reported having surgical
      site pain and 13.5% continued to use opioids for postsurgical pain relief.
      Postoperative opioid use was associated with interference with walking and work,
      and lower mood. CONCLUSION: Chronic postsurgical pain and ongoing opioid use are
      concerns that warrant the implementation of a Transitional Pain Service to modify
      the pain trajectories and enable effective opioid weaning following major
      surgery.

PMID- 27381205
TI  - HIV-1 infection and pregnancy in young women in Brazil: socioeconomic and drug
      resistance profiles in a cross-sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe socioeconomic and antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance
      profiles among young pregnant women infected with HIV-1. SETTING: A public health
      antenatal programme responsible for screening ~90 000 pregnant women per year for
      nine different infectious diseases in Central Western Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 96
      young pregnant women (15-24 years) infected with HIV-1. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
      OUTCOME MEASURES: Standard interviews and blood samples were taken at the time of
      recruitment, at the first medical appointment after confirmation of diagnosis of
      HIV-1 infection, and before ARV prophylaxis initiation. Clinical and laboratory
      data were retrieved from medical files. HIV-1 pol gene sequences (entire
      protease/PR, partial reverse transcriptase/RT) were obtained from plasma RNA. ARV
      resistance mutations (CPR/Stanford HIV-1; International AIDS Society-USA
      databases) were identified. RESULTS: The median age was 21 years; most reported
      <8 years education; 73% were recently diagnosed. Approximately 20% (19/96)
      presented late for antenatal care (after 26 gestational weeks), while 49%
      reported >=2 previous pregnancies. Possible heterosexual transmission by an HIV-1
      infected partner (17%) and commercial sex work (2%) were reported. The median of
      CD4 cell count was 526 cells/mm(3); the median viral load was: 10 056 copies/mL
      in ARV-naive (48/96) patients and 5881 copies/mL in ARV-exposed (48/96) patients.
      Two probable seroconversion cases during pregnancy were identified in
      adolescents. One mother-to-child transmission case (1.0%) was observed.
      Transmitted drug resistance among ARV-naive patients was 9.3% (CI 95% 3.3% to
      19.6%); secondary drug resistance among ARV-exposed patients was 12.5% (CI 95%
      4.7% to 25.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite high access to antenatal care, the low
      socioeconomic-educational profiles seen in these young HIV-1-infected women
      highlight the necessity of improved public health educational and preventive
      strategies regarding HIV infection and early unplanned pregnancy.

PMID- 27381206
TI  - Catastrophic health expenditure: a comparative analysis of empty-nest and non
      empty-nest households with seniors in Shandong, China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the catastrophic health
      expenditure (CHE) prevalence and its determinants between empty-nest and non
      empty-nest elderly households. SETTING: Shandong province of China. PARTICIPANTS:
      A total of 2761 elderly households are included in the analysis. RESULTS: CHE
      incidence among elderly households was 44.9%. The CHE incidence of empty-nest
      singles (59.3%, p=0.000, OR=3.19) and empty-nest couples (52.9%, p=0.000,
      OR=2.45) are both statistically higher than that of non-empty-nest elderly
      households (31.4%). An inverse association was observed between CHE incidence and
      income level in all elderly household types. Factors including 1 or more
      household elderly members with non-communicable chronic diseases in the past 6
      months, 1 or more elderly household members being hospitalised in the past year
      and lower household income, are significant risk factors for CHE in all 3
      household types (p<0.05). Health insurance status was found to be a significant
      determinant of CHE among empty-nest singles and non-empty-nest households
      (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CHE incidence among elderly households is high in China.
      Empty-nest households are at higher risk for CHE than non-empty-nest households.
      Based on these findings, we suggest that special insurance be developed to
      broaden the coverage of health services and heighten the reimbursement rate for
      empty-nest elderly in the existing health insurance schemes. Financial and social
      protection interventions are also essential for identified at-risk subgroups
      among different types of elderly households.

PMID- 27381207
TI  - What are the factors associated with good mental health among Aboriginal children
      in urban New South Wales, Australia? Phase I findings from the Study of
      Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health (SEARCH).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with 'good' mental health among
      Aboriginal children living in urban communities in New South Wales, Australia.
      DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey (phase I of a longitudinal study). SETTING: 4
      Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services that deliver primary care. All
      services were located in urban communities in New South Wales, Australia.
      PARTICIPANTS: 1005 Aboriginal children aged 4-17 years who participated in phase
      I of the Study of Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health (SEARCH).
      PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE: Carer report version of the Strengths and Difficulties
      Questionnaire. Scores <17 were considered to indicate 'good' mental health for
      the purposes of this article. RESULTS: The majority (72%) of SEARCH participants
      were not at high risk for emotional or behavioural problems. After adjusting for
      the relative contributions of significant demographic, child and carer health
      factors, the factors associated with good mental health among SEARCH children
      were having a carer who was not highly psychologically distressed (OR=2.8, 95% CI
      1.6 to 5.1); not suffering from frequent chest, gastrointestinal or skin
      infections (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.8 to 4.3); and eating two or more servings of
      vegetables per day (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.8). Being raised by a foster carer
      (OR=0.2, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.71) and having lived in 4 or more homes since birth
      (OR=0.62, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.0) were associated with significantly lower odds of
      good mental health. Slightly different patterns of results were noted for
      adolescents than younger children. CONCLUSIONS: Most children who participated in
      SEARCH were not at high risk for emotional or behavioural problems. Promising
      targets for efforts to promote mental health among urban Aboriginal children may
      include the timely provision of medical care for children and provision of
      additional support for parents and carers experiencing mental or physical health
      problems, for adolescent boys and for young people in the foster care system.

PMID- 27381208
TI  - Incidence and outcomes of emergency self-harm among adolescents: a descriptive
      epidemiological study in Osaka City, Japan.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence and outcomes of self-harm from ambulance
      records. DESIGN: A retrospective, observational study. SETTING: Osaka City,
      Japan. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 365 adolescents aged 10-19 years with emergency
      self-harm such as poisoning by drugs or gas, cutting skin, jumping from heights,
      hanging and drowning and treated by emergency medical service personnel from
      January 2010 through December 2012. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Incidence per
      100 000 persons and outcome at the scene or hospital arrival by age and gender.
      Poisson regression models for incidence evaluation were used; reporting relative
      risks (RRs) and their 95% CIs. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 425
      self-harm events were documented in 365 adolescents. The incidence of self-harm
      increased significantly between the ages of 11 and 19 years, from 6.3 to 81.0
      among boys and the ages of 12 and 19 years from 6.3 to 228.3 among girls,
      respectively (both p<0.001). Although there was no incidence difference between
      girls and boys in the group aged 11-14 years (RR 1.20; 95% CI 0.59 to 2.47), the
      incidence was significantly higher among girls than boys in the group aged 15-19
      years (RR 4.18; 95% CI 3.20 to 5.45). The overall proportion of death by self
      harm was 4.9%. The proportion of hospital admission and death by self-harm was
      higher among boys than among girls (38.6% vs 25.2%, p=0.016 and 14.8% vs 2.4%,
      p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of emergency treatment for self-harm by
      adolescents increased with age and our findings also demonstrated the gender
      paradox. It would be necessary to establish active, gender-specific and
      comprehensive prevention strategies for adolescent self-harm, based on our
      findings showing the age and gender differences of self-harm among adolescents.

PMID- 27381209
TI  - Protocol of the Australasian Malignant Pleural Effusion-2 (AMPLE-2) trial: a
      multicentre randomised study of aggressive versus symptom-guided drainage via
      indwelling pleural catheters.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) can complicate most cancers,
      causing dyspnoea and impairing quality of life (QoL). Indwelling pleural
      catheters (IPCs) are a novel management approach allowing ambulatory fluid
      drainage and are increasingly used as an alternative to pleurodesis. IPC drainage
      approaches vary greatly between centres. Some advocate aggressive (usually daily)
      removal of fluid to provide best symptom control and chance of spontaneous
      pleurodesis. Daily drainages however demand considerably more resources and may
      increase risks of complications. Others believe that MPE care is palliative and
      drainage should be performed only when patients become symptomatic (often weekly
      to monthly). Identifying the best drainage approach will optimise patient care
      and healthcare resource utilisation. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A multicentre, open
      label randomised trial. Patients with MPE will be randomised 1:1 to daily or
      symptom-guided drainage regimes after IPC insertion. Patient allocation to groups
      will be stratified for the cancer type (mesothelioma vs others), performance
      status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status 0-1 vs >=2), presence of
      trapped lung (vs not) and prior pleurodesis (vs not). The primary outcome is the
      mean daily dyspnoea score, measured by a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) over
      the first 60 days. Secondary outcomes include benefits on physical activity
      levels, rate of spontaneous pleurodesis, complications, hospital admission days,
      healthcare costs and QoL measures. Enrolment of 86 participants will detect a
      mean difference of VAS score of 14 mm between the treatment arms (5%
      significance, 90% power) assuming a common between-group SD of 18.9 mm and a 10%
      lost to follow-up rate. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Sir Charles Gairdner Group
      Human Research Ethics Committee has approved the study (number 2015-043). Results
      will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific meetings.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12615000963527; Pre-results.

PMID- 27381210
TI  - Association between psychological distress and dietary intake among evacuees
      after the Great East Japan Earthquake in a cross-sectional study: the Fukushima
      Health Management Survey.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Psychological distress is generally associated with poor dietary
      intake, but this has never been investigated among residents after a major
      disaster. We attempted to reveal the associations between dietary intake and non
      specific mental health distress as well as traumatic symptoms among evacuees
      after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011. METHODS: In this cross-sectional
      analysis of 63 047 evacuees (27 901 men, 35 146 women) who responded to The
      Fukushima Health Management Survey in 2012, non-specific mental health distress
      was assessed using the Kessler-6 (K6) scale, while traumatic symptoms were
      evaluated using the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-Stressor
      Specific Version (PCL-S). The outcome was 'low frequency'-meaning a daily
      consumption in the 25th centile or less according to the food frequency
      questionnaire (FFQ)-of 19 targeted food items. Logistic regression analysis was
      used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs adjusted for demographic, lifestyle-related and
      disaster-related factors. RESULTS: Of the participants, 14.7% suffered non
      specific mental health distress, and 21.2% exhibited traumatic symptoms.
      Multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that the former were
      likely to have a low intake frequency of certain foods, such as rice and bread,
      fish, meat, vegetables or fruit (non-juice), soya bean products, milk, and yogurt
      or lactobacillus drinks; the latter were also likely to have a low intake
      frequency of certain foods, including rice and bread, fish, meat, vegetables (non
      juice), milk and yogurt or lactobacillus drinks, but conversely consumed
      vegetable and fruit juices more often. These associations between dietary intake
      and non-specific mental health distress, as well as traumatic symptoms, were
      predominantly observed in women. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological distress after the
      Great East Japan Earthquake among evacuees was associated with a low intake
      frequency of certain foods, and the association was predominantly observed in
      women.

PMID- 27381211
TI  - Evaluation of the use of oseltamivir prophylaxis in the control of influenza
      outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Alberta, Canada: a retrospective
      provincial database analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of oseltamivir prophylaxis in the management
      and control of influenza outbreaks in long-term care facilities in Alberta,
      Canada. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Long-term care facilities where 127 influenza
      outbreaks were reported to public health authorities in Alberta, Canada, during
      two influenza seasons from 2013 to 2015. DESIGN AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Using
      routinely collected surveillance and administrative data, we examined the
      association between decision-making time for oseltamivir recommendation as
      prophylaxis strategy for influenza outbreaks in long-term care facilities
      (explanatory variable) and the duration of an influenza outbreak, the
      postprophylaxis risk of influenza-like illness and hospitalisation among
      residents of long-term care facilities in Alberta (outcome variables) using
      multivariable linear and Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Oseltamivir
      prophylaxis decision-making time was positively associated with the
      postintervention duration of an outbreak, with a 1-day delay in making decision
      on oseltamivir prophylaxis associated with 2.22 (95% CI 1.37 to 3.06) more days
      of the duration of an outbreak after controlling for potential confounding effect
      of the number of residents at risk at intervention, outbreak progression time,
      prevalence of influenza-like illness during outbreak progression, facility
      location, presence of mixed strain and based on optimal timing of oseltamivir
      prophylaxis. Although not statistically significant, a 1-day delay in making
      decision on oseltamivir prophylaxis was associated with a 5% (95% CI -1% to 11%)
      increase in the postintervention risk of influenza-like illness, and a 6% (95% CI
      -8% to 22%) increase in the postintervention risk of hospitalisation after
      controlling for the same potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      demonstrated benefits of using oseltamivir prophylaxis to shorten the duration of
      influenza outbreaks; however, there were no significant differences in the
      influenza-like illness and hospitalisation risk occurring after the intervention.
      Surveillance data may offer means of rapid evaluation of oseltamivir prophylaxis
      in long-term care facilities as a public health measure.

PMID- 27381212
TI  - Interventions addressing risk factors of ischaemic heart disease in sub-Saharan
      Africa: a systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is currently ranked eighth among the
      leading causes of deaths in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). Yet, effective population
      wide preventive measures targeting risks in the region are still largely
      unavailable. We aimed to review population-wide and individual-level
      interventions addressing risk factors of IHD among adults in sSA. METHODS: A
      systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health and AJOL was conducted to
      identify studies focusing on population-wide and individual-level interventions
      targeting risks of IHD among adults in sSA. We conducted a detailed synthesis of
      basic findings of selected studies. RESULTS: A total of 2311 studies were
      identified, with only 9 studies meeting our selection criteria. 3 broad
      interventions were identified: dietary modifications, physical activity and
      community-based health promotion measures on tobacco and alcohol cessation. 3
      studies reported significant reduction in blood pressure (BP), and another study
      reported statistically significant reduction in mean total cholesterol. Other
      outcome measures observed ranged from mild to no reduction in BP, blood glucose,
      body mass index and total cholesterol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We cannot
      specify with all certainty contextually feasible interventions that can be
      effective in modifying IHD risk factors in population groups across sSA. We
      recommend more research on IHD, particularly on the understanding of the burden,
      geared towards developing and/or strengthening preventive and treatment
      interventions for the disease in sSA.

PMID- 27381213
TI  - Identifying process and outcome indicators of successful transitions from child
      to adult mental health services: protocol for a scoping review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A significant proportion of youth need to transition from child and
      adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult mental health services (AMHS);
      however, the transition process is not well understood and often experienced
      poorly by youth. In the effort to design and evaluate standards of practice for
      transitions, there is a need to identify key elements of a successful transition.
      The objectives of this scoping review are to: (1) identify definitions of
      successful transitions from CAMHS to AMHS; and (2) identify indicators that have
      been used to measure CAMHS-AMHS transition care processes and quality, and
      outcomes. METHODS: We will search 8 electronic bibliographic databases from 1980
      to 2016 (eg, Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO), professional associations, policy
      documents, and other grey literature to identify relevant material. We will
      include experimental, quasi-experimental, observational studies, and non-research
      studies (guidelines, narrative reviews, policy documents) examining the
      transition from CAMHS to AMHS. 2 raters will independently screen each retrieved
      title and abstract for eligibility using the study inclusion criteria (level 1),
      and then will independently assess full-text articles to determine if these meet
      the inclusion criteria (level 2). Data extraction will be completed and results
      will be synthesised both quantitatively and qualitatively. ETHICS AND
      DISSEMINATION: The results of the scoping review will be used to develop a set of
      indicators that will be prioritised and evaluated in a Delphi consensus study.
      This will serve as a foundation for the development of the first instrument to
      assess the quality and success of CAMHS-AMHS transitions. Ethics approval is not
      required for this scoping study.

PMID- 27381216
TI  - Erratum to: Serological makers of rubella infection in Africa in the pre
      vaccination era: a systematic review.

PMID- 27381214
TI  - PLAG1 expression is maintained in recurrent pleomorphic adenoma.
AB  - The proto-oncogene (pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1)) is immunohistochemically
      overexpressed in pleomorphic adenoma (PA). Its expression in recurrent
      pleomorphic adenoma (RPA), however, has not been investigated. Since complex
      mechanisms are involved in tumor recurrence, the aim of this study was to
      investigate whether PLAG1 overexpression occurs in RPA. We studied PLAG1 protein
      expression in 40 PAs and 36 RPAs by immunohistochemistry. Cases with
      immunopositive cells were classified into two categories, between 10 and 50 % and
      >50 %. In both groups, PLAG1 expression was observed in both epithelial and
      myoepithelial cells. Of PAs, 37 cases (93 %) were positive, while this was the
      case in 34 RPA cases (94 %). Our findings suggest that in addition to
      morphological similarity, PA and RPA express PLAG1, which might play a role in
      tumor recurrence. Furthermore, as for PA, expression of PLAG1 can be considered a
      valuable diagnostic marker for RPA. 

PMID- 27381215
TI  - Efficient nucleic acid delivery to murine regulatory T cells by gold nanoparticle
      conjugates.
AB  - Immune responses have to be tightly controlled to guarantee maintenance of
      immunological tolerance and efficient clearance of pathogens and tumorigenic
      cells without induction of unspecific side effects. CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T
      cells (Tregs) play an important role in these processes due to their
      immunosuppressive function. Genetic modification of Tregs would be helpful to
      understand which molecules and pathways are involved in their function, but
      currently available methods are limited by time, costs or efficacy. Here, we made
      use of biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles as non-viral carriers to transport
      genetic information into murine Tregs. Confocal microscopy and transmission
      electron microscopy revealed an efficient uptake of the bioconjugates by Tregs.
      Most importantly, coupling eGFP-siRNA to those particles resulted in a dose and
      time dependent reduction of up to 50% of eGFP expression in Tregs isolated from
      Foxp3eGFP reporter mice. Thus, gold particles represent a suitable carrier for
      efficient import of nucleic acids into murine CD4(+) CD25(+) Tregs, superior to
      electroporation.

PMID- 27381217
TI  - The S128N mutation combined with an additional potential N-linked glycosylation
      site at residue 133 in hemagglutinin affects the antigenicity of the human H7N9
      virus.

PMID- 27381219
TI  - Increasing genetic diversity of Zika virus in the Latin American outbreak.

PMID- 27381218
TI  - Astrovirus VA1 identified by next-generation sequencing in a nasopharyngeal
      specimen of a febrile Tanzanian child with acute respiratory disease of unknown
      etiology.

PMID- 27381220
TI  - Effects of protein transduction domain (PTD) selection and position for improved
      intracellular delivery of PTD-Hsp27 fusion protein formulations.
AB  - Protein drugs have attracted considerable attention as therapeutic agents due to
      their diversity and biocompatibility. However, hydrophilic proteins possess
      difficulty in penetrating lipophilic cell membrane. Although protein transduction
      domains (PTDs) have shown effectiveness in protein delivery, the importance of
      selection and position of PTDs in recombinant protein vector constructs has not
      been investigated. This study intends to investigate the significance of PTD
      selection and position for therapeutic protein delivery. Heat shock protein 27
      (Hsp27) would be a therapeutic protein for the treatment of ischemic heart
      diseases, but itself is insufficient to prevent systemic degradation and
      overcoming biochemical barriers during cellular transport. Among all PTD-Hsp27
      fusion proteins we cloned, Tat-Hsp27 fusion protein showed the highest efficacy.
      Nona-arginine (9R) conjugation to the N-terminal of Hsp27 (Hsp27-T) showed higher
      efficacy than C-terminal. To test the synergistic effect of two PTDs, Tat was
      inserted to the N-terminal of Hsp27-9R. Tat-Hsp27-9R exhibited enhanced
      transduction efficiency and significant improvement against oxidative stress and
      apoptosis. PTD-Hsp27 fusion proteins have strong potential to be developed as
      therapeutic proteins for the treatment of ischemic heart diseases and selection
      and position of PTDs for improved efficacy of PTD-fusion proteins need to be
      optimized considering protein's nature, transduction efficiency and stability. 

PMID- 27381221
TI  - Interobserver agreement of radiologists assessing the response of rectal cancers
      to preoperative chemoradiation using the MRI tumour regression grading (mrTRG).
AB  - AIM: To investigate whether the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tumour
      regression grading (mrTRG) scale can be taught effectively resulting in a
      clinically reasonable interobserver agreement (>0.4; moderate to near perfect
      agreement). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study examines the interobserver
      agreement of mrTRG, between 35 radiologists and a central reviewer. Two workshops
      were organised for radiologists to assess regression of rectal cancers on MRI
      staging scans. A range of mrTRGs on 12 patient scans were used for assessment.
      RESULTS: Kappa agreement ranged from 0.14-0.82 with a median value of 0.57 (95%
      CI: 0.37-0.77) indicating good overall agreement. Eight (26%) radiologists had
      very good/near perfect agreement (kappa>0.8). Six (19%) radiologists had good
      agreement (0.8>=kappa>0.6) and a further 12 (39%) had moderate agreement
      (0.6>=kappa>0.4). Five (16%) radiologists had a fair agreement (0.4>=kappa>0.2)
      and two had poor agreement (0.2>kappa). There was a tendency towards good
      agreement (skewness: 0.92). In 65.9% and 90% of cases the radiologists were able
      to correctly highlight good and poor responders, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The
      assessment of the response of rectal cancers to chemoradiation therapy may be
      performed effectively using mrTRG. Radiologists can be taught the mrTRG scale.
      Even with minimal training, good agreement with the central reviewer along with
      effective differentiation between good and intermediate/poor responders can be
      achieved. Focus should be on facilitating the identification of good responders.
      It is predicted that with more intensive interactive case-based learning a
      kappa>0.8 is likely to be achieved. Testing and retesting is recommended.

PMID- 27381222
TI  - Protein Kinase G facilitates EGFR-mediated cell death in MDA-MB-468 cells.
AB  - The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine
      kinase with critical implications in cell proliferation, migration, wound healing
      and the regulation of apoptosis. However, the EGFR has been shown to be hyper
      expressed in a number of human malignancies. The MDA-MB-468 metastatic breast
      cell line is one example of this. This particular cell line hyper-expresses the
      EGFR and undergoes EGFR-mediated apoptosis in response to EGF ligand. The goal of
      this study was to identify the kinases that could be potential intermediates for
      the EGFR-mediated induction of apoptosis intracellularly. After identifying
      Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase G (PKG) as a plausible intermediate, we
      wanted to determine the temporal relationship of these two proteins in the
      induction of apoptosis. We observed a dose-dependent decrease in MDA-MB-468 cell
      viability, which was co-incident with increased PKG activity as measured by
      VASPSer239 phosphorylation. In addition, we observed a dose dependent decrease in
      cell viability, as well as an increase in apoptosis, in response to two different
      PKG agonists, 8-Bromo-cGMP and 8-pCPT-cGMP. MDA-MB-468 cells with reduced PKG
      activity had attenuated EGFR-mediated apoptosis. These findings indicate that PKG
      does not induce cell death via transphosphorylation of the EGFR. Instead, PKG
      activity occurs following EGFR activation. Together, these data indicate PKG as
      an intermediary in EGFR-mediated cell death, likely via apoptotic pathway.

PMID- 27381223
TI  - Cell behaviors and dynamics during angiogenesis.
AB  - Vascular networks are formed and maintained through a multitude of angiogenic
      processes, such as sprouting, anastomosis and pruning. Only recently has it
      become possible to study the behavior of the endothelial cells that contribute to
      these networks at a single-cell level in vivo This Review summarizes what is
      known about endothelial cell behavior during developmental angiogenesis, focusing
      on the morphogenetic changes that these cells undergo.

PMID- 27381225
TI  - Dental mesenchymal stem cells.
AB  - Mammalian teeth harbour mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which contribute to tooth
      growth and repair. These dental MSCs possess many in vitro features of bone
      marrow-derived MSCs, including clonogenicity, expression of certain markers, and
      following stimulation, differentiation into cells that have the characteristics
      of osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Teeth and their support tissues
      provide not only an easily accessible source of MSCs but also a tractable model
      system to study their function and properties in vivo In addition, the
      accessibility of teeth together with their clinical relevance provides a valuable
      opportunity to test stem cell-based treatments for dental disorders. This Review
      outlines some recent discoveries in dental MSC function and behaviour and
      discusses how these and other advances are paving the way for the development of
      new biologically based dental therapies.

PMID- 27381224
TI  - Generation of intestinal surface: an absorbing tale.
AB  - The vertebrate small intestine requires an enormous surface area to effectively
      absorb nutrients from food. Morphological adaptations required to establish this
      extensive surface include generation of an extremely long tube and convolution of
      the absorptive surface of the tube into villi and microvilli. In this Review, we
      discuss recent findings regarding the morphogenetic and molecular processes
      required for intestinal tube elongation and surface convolution, examine shared
      and unique aspects of these processes in different species, relate these
      processes to known human maladies that compromise absorptive function and
      highlight important questions for future research.

PMID- 27381226
TI  - Fat4-Dchs1 signalling controls cell proliferation in developing vertebrae.
AB  - The protocadherins Fat4 and Dchs1 act as a receptor-ligand pair to regulate many
      developmental processes in mice and humans, including development of the
      vertebrae. Based on conservation of function between Drosophila and mammals, Fat4
      Dchs1 signalling has been proposed to regulate planar cell polarity (PCP) and
      activity of the Hippo effectors Yap and Taz, which regulate cell proliferation,
      survival and differentiation. There is strong evidence for Fat regulation of PCP
      in mammals but the link with the Hippo pathway is unclear. In Fat4(-/-) and
      Dchs1(-/-) mice, many vertebrae are split along the midline and fused across the
      anterior-posterior axis, suggesting that these defects might arise due to altered
      cell polarity and/or changes in cell proliferation/differentiation. We show that
      the somite and sclerotome are specified appropriately, the transcriptional
      network that drives early chondrogenesis is intact, and that cell polarity within
      the sclerotome is unperturbed. We find that the key defect in Fat4 and Dchs1
      mutant mice is decreased proliferation in the early sclerotome. This results in
      fewer chondrogenic cells within the developing vertebral body, which fail to
      condense appropriately along the midline. Analysis of Fat4;Yap and Fat4;Taz
      double mutants, and expression of their transcriptional target Ctgf, indicates
      that Fat4-Dchs1 regulates vertebral development independently of Yap and Taz.
      Thus, we have identified a new pathway crucial for the development of the
      vertebrae and our data indicate that novel mechanisms of Fat4-Dchs1 signalling
      have evolved to control cell proliferation within the developing vertebrae.

PMID- 27381227
TI  - YAP stabilizes SMAD1 and promotes BMP2-induced neocortical astrocytic
      differentiation.
AB  - ?YAP (yes-associated protein), a key transcriptional co-factor that is negatively
      regulated by the Hippo pathway, is crucial for the development and size control
      of multiple organs, including the liver. However, its role in the brain remains
      unclear. Here, we provide evidence for YAP regulation of mouse neocortical
      astrocytic differentiation and proliferation. YAP was undetectable in neurons,
      but selectively expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs) and astrocytes. YAP in NSCs
      was required for neocortical astrocytic differentiation, with no apparent role in
      self-renewal or neural differentiation. However, YAP in astrocytes was necessary
      for astrocytic proliferation. Yap (Yap1) knockout, Yap(nestin) conditional
      knockout and Yap(GFAP) conditional knockout mice displayed fewer neocortical
      astrocytes and impaired astrocytic proliferation and, consequently, death of
      neocortical neurons. Mechanistically, YAP was activated by BMP2, and the
      active/nuclear YAP was crucial for BMP2 induction and stabilization of SMAD1 and
      astrocytic differentiation. Expression of SMAD1 in YAP-deficient NSCs partially
      rescued the astrocytic differentiation deficit in response to BMP2. Taken
      together, these results identify a novel function of YAP in neocortical
      astrocytic differentiation and proliferation, and reveal a BMP2-YAP-SMAD1 pathway
      underlying astrocytic differentiation in the developing mouse neocortex.

PMID- 27381231
TI  - Statistical detection of nanoparticles in cells by darkfield microscopy.
AB  - In the fields of nanomedicine, biophotonics and radiation therapy, nanoparticle
      (NP) detection in cell models often represents a fundamental step for many in
      vivo studies. One common question is whether NPs have or have not interacted with
      cells. In this context, we propose an imaging based technique to detect the
      presence of NPs in eukaryotic cells. Darkfield images of cell cultures at low
      magnification (10*) are acquired in different spectral ranges and recombined so
      as to enhance the contrast due to the presence of NPs. Image analysis is applied
      to extract cell-based parameters (i.e. mean intensity), which are further
      analyzed by statistical tests (Student's t-test, permutation test) in order to
      obtain a robust detection method. By means of a statistical sample size analysis,
      the sensitivity of the whole methodology is quantified in terms of the minimum
      cell number that is needed to identify the presence of NPs. The method is
      presented in the case of HeLa cells incubated with gold nanorods labeled with
      anti-CA125 antibodies, which exploits the overexpression of CA125 in ovarian
      cancers. Control cases are considered as well, including PEG-coated NPs and HeLa
      cells without NPs. 

PMID- 27381228
TI  - Retinal determination genes coordinate neuroepithelial specification and
      neurogenesis modes in the Drosophila optic lobe.
AB  - Differences in neuroepithelial patterning and neurogenesis modes contribute to
      area-specific diversifications of neural circuits. In the Drosophila visual
      system, two neuroepithelia, the outer (OPC) and inner (IPC) proliferation
      centers, generate neuron subtypes for four ganglia in several ways. Whereas
      neuroepithelial cells in the medial OPC directly convert into neuroblasts, in an
      IPC subdomain they generate migratory progenitors by epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition that mature into neuroblasts in a second proliferative zone. The
      molecular mechanisms that regulate the identity of these neuroepithelia,
      including their neurogenesis modes, remain poorly understood. Analysis of
      Polycomblike revealed that loss of Polycomb group-mediated repression of the Hox
      gene Abdominal-B (Abd-B) caused the transformation of OPC to IPC neuroepithelial
      identity. This suggests that the neuroepithelial default state is IPC-like,
      whereas OPC identity is derived. Ectopic Abd-B blocks expression of the highly
      conserved retinal determination gene network members Eyes absent (Eya), Sine
      oculis (So) and Homothorax (Hth). These factors are essential for OPC
      specification and neurogenesis control. Finally, eya and so are also sufficient
      to confer OPC-like identity, and, in parallel with hth, the OPC-specific
      neurogenesis mode on the IPC.

PMID- 27381232
TI  - Development and evaluation of an enhanced diabetes prevention program with
      psychosocial support for urban American Indians and Alaska natives: A randomized
      controlled trial.
AB  - Diabetes is highly prevalent, affecting over 25 million adults in the US, yet it
      can be effectively prevented through lifestyle interventions, including the well
      tested Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN)
      adults, the majority of whom live in urban settings, are more than twice as
      likely to develop diabetes as non-Hispanic whites. Additionally, prevalent mental
      health issues and psychosocial stressors may facilitate progression to diabetes
      and hinder successful implementation of lifestyle interventions for AIAN adults.
      This 2-phased study first engaged community stakeholders to develop culturally
      tailored strategies to address mental health concerns and psychosocial stressors.
      Pilot testing (completed) refined those strategies that increase engagement in an
      enhanced DPP for urban AIAN adults. Second, the enhanced DPP will be compared to
      a standard DPP in a randomized controlled trial (ongoing) with a primary outcome
      of body mass index (BMI) and a secondary outcome of quality of life (QoL) over
      12months. Obese self-identified AIAN adults residing in an urban setting with one
      or more components of the metabolic syndrome (excluding waist circumference) will
      be randomized to the enhanced or standard DPP (n=204). We hypothesize that
      addressing psychosocial barriers within a culturally-tailored DPP will result in
      clinical (BMI) and superior patient-centered (QoL) outcomes as compared to a
      standard DPP. Exploratory outcomes will include cardiometabolic risk factors
      (e.g., waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose) and health behaviors
      (e.g., diet, physical activity). Results of this trial may be applicable to other
      urban AIAN or minority communities or even diabetes prevention in general.

PMID- 27381233
TI  - Identification and characterization of photodegradation products of metoprolol in
      the presence of natural fulvic acid by HPLC-UV-MSn.
AB  - Metoprolol is a beta-blocker highly prescribed for the treatment of heart
      diseases. It is not efficiently removed in wastewater treatment plants and it has
      been detected not only in the treated effluents, but also in natural waters.
      Thus, the knowledge of its fate in the environment is an important issue, and
      photodegradation is an important degradation pathway. While direct
      photodegradation of metoprolol by solar light is not relevant, there is evidence
      in the literature that it suffers indirect photodegradation and a few studies
      have been published showing the important role of dissolved humic matter as photo
      sensitizer. However, the identification of the photoproducts formed in the
      presence of humic matter is very poor, since only 2 photoproducts had been
      identified. This study investigated the degradation of metoprolol under simulated
      solar radiation and in the presence of fulvic acids (FA) extracted from a river.
      During the photodegradation experiments we observed the formation of new
      compounds which were separated and tentatively identified by HPLC-UV-ESI-MSn. At
      least 16 compounds were tentatively identified, including the 2 compounds
      previously identified in the literature and 4 new compounds which had not been
      detected by other authors as degradation products of metoprolol, even when
      submitted to artificial degradation processes.

PMID- 27381234
TI  - Transformation of ranitidine during water chlorination and ozonation: Moiety
      specific reaction kinetics and elimination efficiency of NDMA formation
      potential.
AB  - Ranitidine can produce high yields of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) upon
      chloramination and its presence in water resources is a concern for water
      utilities using chloramine disinfection. This study assessed the efficiency of
      water chlorination and ozonation in transforming ranitidine and eliminating its
      NDMA formation potential (NDMA-FP) by determining moiety-specific reaction
      kinetics, stoichiometric factors, and elimination levels in real water matrices.
      Despite the fact that chlorine reacts rapidly with the acetamidine and thioether
      moieties of ranitidine (k>10(8)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7), the NDMA-FP decreases
      significantly only when chlorine reacts with the less reactive tertiary amine
      (k=3*10(3)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7) or furan moiety (k=81M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7). Ozone
      reacts rapidly with all four moieties of ranitidine (k=1.5*10(5)-1.6*10(6)M(-1)s(
      1) at pH 7) and its reaction with the tertiary amine or furan moiety leads to
      complete elimination of the NDMA-FP. Treatments of ranitidine-spiked real water
      samples have shown that ozonation can efficiently deactivate ranitidine in water
      and wastewater treatment, while chlorination can be efficient for water
      containing low concentration of ammonia. This result can be applied to the other
      structurally similar, potent NDMA precursors. 

PMID- 27381235
TI  - Evolution in the Management of Pediatric and Adolescent Ovarian Torsion as a
      Result of Quality Improvement Measures.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to document the change in ovarian
      conservation rate after ovarian torsion as a result of continuous quality
      improvement (CQI) measures, and to determine factors that contribute to this
      outcome. DESIGN: A retrospective, uncontrolled before-and-after study. SETTING:
      An academic children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Female adolescents younger than 18
      years with surgically confirmed ovarian torsion from April 1, 1988 to October 15,
      2013; excluding cases from 2003 (intervention period). INTERVENTIONS:
      Implementation of CQI measures including educational programs, collaborative care
      pathways, and quality review with the goal of improving ovarian conservation.
      MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic characteristics, details on presentation,
      investigations, consultation, surgical intervention, surgical findings,
      pathology, postoperative course, and follow-up imaging. RESULTS: One hundred
      thirty-nine patients met inclusion criteria (42 pre-CQI cohort and 97 post-CQI
      cohort). Mean ages were 9.96 and 10.33 years, respectively. Ovarian conservation
      rates were 47.6% compared with 85.6%, respectively (P < .001). The following
      factors differed between cohorts: fever (P = .003), ultrasound completed (P =
      .001), time from first health care provider visit to imaging (P = .025), time
      from specialist consultation to surgery (P = .002), surgical start time within 1
      hour of booking (P < .001), and gynecologist present in operating room (P <
      .001). A log-binomial regression model showed that gynecology presence in the
      operating room (relative risk [RR], 2.043) was associated with untwisting.
      Increasing time from specialist consultation to surgery (RR, 0.986 per hour) was
      inversely associated with untwisting. Fever at presentation was also inversely
      associated with untwisting (RR, 0.666). CONCLUSION: The implementation of CQI
      measures was associated with a significant increase in ovarian conservation rate.

PMID- 27381236
TI  - Adolescent and Parent Willingness to Participate in Microbicide Safety Studies.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To understand adolescents' and parents' willingness to
      participate (WTP) in a hypothetical phase I prevention study of sexually
      transmitted infections, discordance within adolescent-parent dyads, and
      expectations of each other during decision-making. DESIGN AND SETTING: Adolescent
      parent dyads were recruited to participate in a longitudinal study about research
      participation attitudes. PARTICIPANTS: Adolescents (14-17 years old) and their
      parents (n = 301 dyads) participated. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Individual interviews at baseline assessed WTP on a 6-level Likert scale. WTP was
      dichotomized (willing/unwilling) to assess discordance. RESULTS: WTP was reported
      by 60% (182 of 301) of adolescents and 52% (156 of 300) of parents. In bivariate
      analyses, older adolescent age, sexual experience, and less involvement of
      parents in research processes were associated with higher level of WTP for
      adolescents; only sexual experience remained in the multivariable analysis. For
      parents, older adolescent age, perceived adolescent sexual experience, and
      conversations about sexual health were significant; only conversations remained.
      Dyadic discordance (44%, 132 of 300) was more likely in dyads in which the parent
      reported previous research experience, and less likely when parents reported
      higher family expressiveness. Adolescents (83%, 248 of 299) and parents (88%, 263
      of 300) thought that the other would have similar views, influence their decision
      (adolescents 66%, 199 of 300; parents 75%, 224 of 300), and listen (adolescents
      90%, 270 of 300; parents 96%, 287 of 300). There were no relationships between
      these perceptions and discordance. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of adolescents in phase
      I clinical trials is necessary to ensure that new methods are safe, effective,
      and acceptable for them. Because these trials currently require parental consent,
      strategies that manage adolescent-parent discordance and support adolescent
      independence and parental guidance are critically needed.

PMID- 27381237
TI  - Does the Oral Contraceptive Pill Increase Plasma Intercellular Adhesion Molecule
      1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Levels in
      Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Pilot Study.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrinopathy
      of women, is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and is closely linked to
      type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Oral contraceptive pills
      (OCPs), is the usual first choice of treatment in women with PCOS. Because OCP
      use has been linked to the risk of venous thrombosis and there are limited data
      on the effect of OCP use on the inflammatory state of women with PCOS, our
      objective was to compare the levels of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1,
      tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1
      between drug-naive and OCP-treated women with PCOS. DESIGN, SETTING,
      PARTICIPANTS, INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Consequent to women
      diagnosed with PCOS on the basis of Rotterdam 2003 criteria, either treated with
      OCPs (ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg, levonogestrel-0.15 mg) for a period of 6 months
      (n = 50) or drug-naive (n = 51) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study.
      RESULTS: The mean ages of patients and control participants were comparable
      (21.99 +/- 4.78 vs 21.92 +/- 5.83 years; P = .947) as was body mass index (24.47
      +/- 3.92 vs 23.66 +/- 3.43; P = .271). Clinical and androgen excess symptoms were
      significantly better in the OCP group compared with the drug-naive group (P =
      .01, P = .04). Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels
      were significantly higher in the OCP group (P = .01). Plasma ICAM-1 levels, TNF
      alpha levels, and MCP-1 levels showed a higher trend in patients but reached
      statistical significance only in cases of ICAM-1 and TNF-alpha (P = .01).
      CONCLUSION: OCP treatment of 6 months increases plasma ICAM-1, MCP-1, and TNF
      alpha levels among women with PCOS, although OCPs significantly help in
      ameliorating features of hyperandrogenism and regularizing menstrual cycles.
      These cytokines correlate positively with many metabolic parameters including
      plasma glucose, lipids, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance.
      Further investigation with well designed, randomized, longitudinal studies might
      help to ascertain the effect of OCPs on proinflammatory profiles among women with
      PCOS.

PMID- 27381238
TI  - Iridium(iii)-catalyzed regioselective direct arylation of sp(2) C-H bonds with
      diaryliodonium salts.
AB  - A regioselective direct arylation of arenes and olefins at the ortho position is
      reported. The key to the high selectivity is the appropriate choice of
      diaryliodonium salts as the arylating reagent in the presence of a cationic
      iridium(iii) catalyst. The coordination of the metal with an oxygen atom or a
      nitrogen atom and subsequent C-H activation allows for direct arylation with
      coupling partners. This reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions and with
      a high tolerance of various functional groups including many halide functional
      groups. 

PMID- 27381239
TI  - Erratum to: Complementary school garden, nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene
      interventions to improve children's nutrition and health status in Burkina Faso
      and Nepal: a study protocol.

PMID- 27381240
TI  - Spotlights on our sister journals: Chem. Asian J. 13/2016.

PMID- 27381242
TI  - Cancer biology: The dark side of p21.

PMID- 27381241
TI  - Widespread detection of highly pathogenic H5 influenza viruses in wild birds from
      the Pacific Flyway of the United States.
AB  - A novel highly pathogenic avian influenza virus belonging to the H5 clade 2.3.4.4
      variant viruses was detected in North America in late 2014. Motivated by the
      identification of these viruses in domestic poultry in Canada, an intensive study
      was initiated to conduct highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance in wild
      birds in the Pacific Flyway of the United States. A total of 4,729 hunter
      harvested wild birds were sampled and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was
      detected in 1.3% (n = 63). Three H5 clade 2.3.4.4 subtypes were isolated from
      wild birds, H5N2, H5N8, and H5N1, representing the wholly Eurasian lineage H5N8
      and two novel reassortant viruses. Testing of 150 additional wild birds during
      avian morbidity and mortality investigations in Washington yielded 10 (6.7%)
      additional highly pathogenic avian influenza isolates (H5N8 = 3 and H5N2 = 7).
      The geographically widespread detection of these viruses in apparently healthy
      wild waterfowl suggest that the H5 clade 2.3.4.4 variant viruses may behave
      similarly in this taxonomic group whereby many waterfowl species are susceptible
      to infection but do not demonstrate obvious clinical disease. Despite these
      findings in wild waterfowl, mortality has been documented for some wild bird
      species and losses in US domestic poultry during the first half of 2015 were
      unprecedented.

PMID- 27381243
TI  - Applying CRISPR-Cas9 tools to identify and characterize transcriptional
      enhancers.
AB  - The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system triggered a revolution in the field of
      genome engineering. Initially, the use of this system was focused on the study of
      protein-coding genes but, recently, a number of CRISPR-Cas9-based tools have been
      developed to study non-coding transcriptional regulatory elements. These
      technological advances offer unprecedented opportunities for elucidating the
      functions of enhancers in their endogenous context. Here, we discuss the
      application, current limitations and future development of CRISPR-Cas9 systems to
      identify and characterize enhancer elements in a high-throughput manner.

PMID- 27381244
TI  - Protein translocation: Channelling the route for ER misfolded proteins.

PMID- 27381246
TI  - Health Policy Repertoires and Toolboxes.

PMID- 27381247
TI  - Influenza nucleoprotein DNA vaccination by a skin targeted, dry coated, densely
      packed microprojection array (Nanopatch) induces potent antibody and CD8(+) T
      cell responses.
AB  - DNA vaccines have many advantages such as thermostability and the ease and
      rapidity of manufacture; for example, in an influenza pandemic situation where
      rapid production of vaccine is essential. However, immunogenicity of DNA vaccines
      was shown to be poor in humans unless large doses of DNA are used. If a highly
      efficacious DNA vaccine delivery system could be identified, then DNA vaccines
      have the potential to displace protein vaccines. In this study, we show in a
      C57BL/6 mouse model, that the Nanopatch, a microprojection array of high density
      (>21,000 projections/cm(2)), could be used to deliver influenza nucleoprotein DNA
      vaccine to skin, to generate enhanced antigen specific antibody and CD8(+) T cell
      responses compared to the conventional intramuscular (IM) delivery by the needle
      and syringe. Antigen specific antibody was measured using ELISA assays of mice
      vaccinated with a DNA plasmid containing the nucleoprotein gene of influenza type
      A/WSN/33 (H1N1). Antigen specific CD8(+) T cell responses were measured ex-vivo
      in splenocytes of mice using IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. These results and our
      previous antibody and CD4(+) T cell results using the Nanopatch delivered HSV DNA
      vaccine indicate that the Nanopatch is an effective delivery system of general
      utility that could potentially be used in humans to increase the potency of the
      DNA vaccines.

PMID- 27381248
TI  - Advances in psoriasis physiopathology and treatments: Up to date of mechanistic
      insights and perspectives of novel therapies based on innovative skin drug
      delivery systems (ISDDS).
AB  - Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting mainly the skin but which
      can be complicated by psoriatic arthritis (PsA).This autoimmune skin disorder
      concerns 2-5% of the world population. To date, the physiopathology of psoriasis
      is not still completely elucidated but many researches are ongoing which have led
      for example to the discovery of the Th17/Th22 pathway. The conventional
      therapeutic approaches (local or systemic route) appeal to various classes of
      drugs with complex mechanisms of action and non-negligible side effects. Although
      there is no therapy capable to cure psoriasis, the current goal is to relieve
      symptoms as longer as possible with a good benefit/risk ratio. That is one of the
      principal limits of conventional antipsoriatic drugs. New formulations based on
      nanoencapsulation are a promising opportunity to answer to this limit by offering
      an optimization of the conventional antipsoriatic drug use (higher activity,
      lower side effects and frequency of application, etc.). Herein, we tried to put
      in perspective the mechanistic insights (histological and immunological views)
      proposed into scientific literature these last years in order to have a better
      comprehension of psoriasis physiopathology resulting in skin lesions and PsA. The
      therapeutic armamentarium and the different strategies in the management of
      psoriasis are discussed in greater details. To finish, the field of encapsulation
      in nanoparticles is broached in order to put forward recent advances in
      innovative skin drug delivery systems (ISDDSs) of antipsoriatic active agents for
      a better efficacy, safety and compliance.

PMID- 27381245
TI  - Mechanistic insights into selective autophagy pathways: lessons from yeast.
AB  - Autophagy has burgeoned rapidly as a field of study because of its evolutionary
      conservation, the diversity of intracellular cargoes degraded and recycled by
      this machinery, the mechanisms involved, as well as its physiological relevance
      to human health and disease. This self-eating process was initially viewed as a
      non-selective mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to degrade and recycle
      macromolecules in response to stress; we now know that various cellular
      constituents, as well as pathogens, can also undergo selective autophagy. In
      contrast to non-selective autophagy, selective autophagy pathways rely on a
      plethora of selective autophagy receptors (SARs) that recognize and direct
      intracellular protein aggregates, organelles and pathogens for specific
      degradation. Although SARs themselves are not highly conserved, their modes of
      action and the signalling cascades that activate and regulate them are. Recent
      yeast studies have provided novel mechanistic insights into selective autophagy
      pathways, revealing principles of how various cargoes can be marked and targeted
      for selective degradation.

PMID- 27381250
TI  - High-resolution community profiling of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
AB  - Community analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) using ribosomal small
      subunit (SSU) or internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequences often suffer
      from low resolution or coverage. We developed a novel sequencing based approach
      for a highly resolving and specific profiling of AMF communities. We took
      advantage of previously established AMF-specific PCR primers that amplify a c.
      1.5-kb long fragment covering parts of SSU, ITS and parts of the large ribosomal
      subunit (LSU), and we sequenced the resulting amplicons with single molecule real
      time (SMRT) sequencing. The method was applicable to soil and root samples,
      detected all major AMF families and successfully discriminated closely related
      AMF species, which would not be discernible using SSU sequences. In inoculation
      tests we could trace the introduced AMF inoculum at the molecular level. One of
      the introduced strains almost replaced the local strain(s), revealing that AMF
      inoculation can have a profound impact on the native community. The methodology
      presented offers researchers a powerful new tool for AMF community analysis
      because it unifies improved specificity and enhanced resolution, whereas the
      drawback of medium sequencing throughput appears of lesser importance for low
      diversity groups such as AMF.

PMID- 27381249
TI  - The allergic march comprises the coexistence of related patterns of allergic
      disease not just the progressive development of one disease.
AB  - AIM: This study explored the development and comorbidity of allergic diseases by
      analysing the relationship between allergic manifestations in infancy and at the
      age of 8. METHODS: We included 5654 children born in Sweden in 2003 in a
      longitudinal study. Parents answered postal questionnaires when the children were
      six months and one, four-and-a-half and eight years of age. RESULTS: The response
      rate at eight years was 4051 (71.6%), and we analysed 3382 children with complete
      data. The number of manifestations in infancy increased the risk of allergic
      disease at eight years of age: 72% of children with one early manifestation were
      symptom free at 8, compared to 45% with two or more manifestations. Similar
      manifestations occurred in infancy and at the age of 8, for example recurrent
      wheeze increased the risk of doctor-diagnosed asthma by an adjusted odds ratio of
      6.5. Eczema and food allergy independently increased the risk of all four
      allergic manifestations at eight years. CONCLUSION: Allergic disease at the age
      of 8 was related to the number of allergic manifestations in infancy.
      Manifestations were similar at both ages, suggesting an allergic march with the
      coexistence of disease patterns rather than the progressive development of one
      disease.

PMID- 27381251
TI  - Effectiveness of basic fibroblast growth factor for pediatric hand burns.
AB  - AIM OF THE STUDY: Pediatric hand deep dermal and deep burns may lead to serious
      hand deformity with functional impairment and result in an esthetically
      unfavorable outcome. Since there is no guideline regarding the use of growth
      factors for pediatric hand burns, we sought to investigate the effectiveness of
      an angiogenic and regenerative growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor
      (bFGF). METHODS: Consecutive series of second degree or third degree palmer burns
      at less than 3 years of age seen from January 2010 to June 2014 were included for
      evaluation at 6 months post-wound healing. The bFGF treatment started from just
      after injury and continued up to 21 days. Each patient had their scars scored
      using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) at 6 months after wound healing. RESULTS:
      There were 34 children with 49 acute palmar burns. The mean healing period was
      13.5 +/- 4.3 days (7-44 days) and 43 wounds healed within 21 days. There was no
      need of additional surgery in the 43 wounds, healed within 21 days. In comparison
      to the wounds for which healing took more than 21 days, the wounds that healed
      within 21 days demonstrated significantly better pigmentation, pliability, and
      height according to the VSS (p < 0.05), as well as no scar contracture or
      hypertrophic scars. CONCLUSION: bFGF treatment was effective in cases that healed
      within 21 days, avoiding scar contractures and hypertrophic scars. Our methods
      using bFGF to complete wound healing are less invasive and produce better results
      in pediatric palmer burns.

PMID- 27381252
TI  - Large-area single-crystal graphene grown on a recrystallized Cu(111) surface by
      using a hole-pocket method.
AB  - We describe an efficient chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for synthesizing
      graphene with a single crystal orientation on the whole surface of a copper (Cu)
      foil. We specifically synthesized graphene on the inner surface of a folded Cu
      foil, on which small holes were made for regulating the permeation and adsorption
      of the gases used for the synthesis. We compared the results of this method,
      which we call a "hole-pocket" method, with previously developed methods involving
      traditional synthesis on an open Cu foil and a Cu "pita-pocket". From these
      comparisons, we found the orientation of recrystallized Cu to depend on the shape
      of the Cu foil. Our hole-pocket method did not require treatment of the Cu
      surface with a complicated process to reduce the density of nucleation seeds in
      order to synthesize large hexagonal graphene grains, nor did it require the use
      of a single-crystalline substrate because methane passing through holes on the
      upper side of the hole-pocket slowly decomposed into carbon atoms and the control
      of the evaporation of Cu inside the foil pocket helped induce a transformation of
      the Cu domains to Cu(111). The current hole-pocket method resulted in domains
      that were both large, ranging from 2-5 mm in size, and oriented in the same
      manner. By extending the synthesis time, we were able to obtain continuous large
      area films of single-crystalline orientation on the whole surface with dimensions
      of several centimeters. 

PMID- 27381253
TI  - Oxytocin enhances cognitive control of food craving in women.
AB  - In developed countries, obesity has become an epidemic resulting in enormous
      health care costs for society and serious medical complications for individuals.
      The homeostatic regulation of food intake is critically dependent on top-down
      control of reward-driven food craving. There is accumulating evidence from animal
      studies that the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) is involved in regulating hunger
      states and eating behavior, but whether OXT also contributes to cognitive control
      of food craving in humans is still unclear. We conducted a counter-balanced,
      double-blind, within-subject, pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging
      experiment involving 31 healthy women who received 24 IU of intranasal OXT or
      placebo and were scanned twice while they were exposed to pictures of palatable
      food. The participants were instructed either to imagine the immediate
      consumption or to cognitively control the urge to eat the food. Our results show
      a trend that OXT specifically reduced food craving in the cognitive control
      condition. On the neural level, these findings were paralleled by an increase of
      activity in the middle and superior frontal gyrus, precuneus, and cingulate
      cortex under OXT. Interestingly, the behavioral OXT effect correlated with the
      OXT-induced changes in the prefrontal cortex and precuneus. Collectively, the
      present study provides first evidence that OXT plays a key role in the cognitive
      regulation of food craving in women by strengthening activity in a broad
      neurocircuitry implicated in top-down control and self-referential processing.
      Hum Brain Mapp 37:4276-4285, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27381254
TI  - Evaluation and reporting of quality of life outcomes in phase III chemotherapy
      trials for poor prognosis malignancies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QoL) should be included in trials where treatment is
      expected to have a limited impact on long-term survival. We set out to determine
      whether phase III chemotherapy trials addressing solid malignancies with a poor
      prognosis include QoL as a study objective and to assess the extent to which
      these data have been published. METHODS: We performed a search of the National
      Institutes of Health clinical trial registry website to identify phase III
      chemotherapy trials for poor prognosis solid malignancies. The retrieved
      protocols were subsequently reviewed, to assess whether QoL was included as an
      outcome measure. Subsequently, a Medline, Embase and world-wide-web search was
      performed to identify any full text publication or conference abstract regarding
      the outcome of trials including QoL, which were then reviewed to determine
      whether and to what extend quality of life results were included. RESULTS: For
      the 201 included studies, we found that 57 % of trials did not include QoL as a
      study objective. Of the remaining trials, 50 % have not reported the QoL results
      in a full text publication, or presented these only as a single sentence
      statement. CONCLUSION: Evaluation and publication of QoL results of phase III
      chemotherapy trials for poor prognosis solid malignancies remains limited. This
      must be improved in order to provide patients suffering from these malignancies
      with adequate information regarding the benefits and risks of the treatment in
      terms of both prolongation and quality of life.

PMID- 27381256
TI  - Clinical experience with desflurane for paediatric anaesthesia outside the
      operating room.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Desflurane has been used in paediatric patients for several surgical
      indications. This article analyses the efficacy and safety of desflurane for
      diagnostic-therapeutic procedures in remote areas far from operating room in a
      group of selected patients with no known associated respiratory disease. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 2,072 general anaesthesia
      procedures stored in a computer database, in which desflurane was used in a
      Paediatric Pain Unit during the years 2013 and 2014. An analysis was also
      performed using the patient demographics, type of procedure, anaesthetic
      technique, type of airway management, patient cooperation, and incidence of
      anaesthetic complications. RESULTS: The study included 876 patients, with a mean
      age of 8.8 years. The main procedures were bone marrow aspirates (23%), lumbar
      punctures (20%), panendoscopies (15%), and colonoscopies (5%). Induction was
      intravenous with propofol (26%) or inhalation with sevoflurane in the remaining
      74%. Maintenance consisted of remifentanil and desflurane at mean end tidal
      concentrations of 6.2+/-2.1%. The airway was managed through a nasal cannula or
      face mask in spontaneous ventilation. The effectiveness was 98%, and the
      incidence of side effects was 15%, which included agitation (6%), headache (4%),
      nausea-vomiting (3%), and laryngospasm (2%). CONCLUSION: The maintenance with
      desflurane (at concentrations close to the hypnotic-MAC in spontaneous
      ventilation) was effective, with a rapid recovery, and with a low incidence of
      adverse effects.

PMID- 27381255
TI  - Mutations in the G-domain of Ski7 cause specific dysfunction in non-stop decay.
AB  - Ski7 functions as a cofactor in both normal mRNA turnover and non-stop mRNA decay
      (NSD) mRNA surveillance in budding yeast. The N-terminal region of Ski7 (Ski7N)
      interacts with the ski-complex and the exosome. The C-terminal region of Ski7
      (Ski7C) binds guanine nucleotides and shares overall sequence and structural
      homology with the proteins of the translational GTPase superfamily, especially
      the tRNA/tRNA-mimic carrier protein subfamilies such as EF1alpha, eRF3, and Hbs1.
      Previous reports showed that Ski7N polypeptide functions adequately in vivo,
      while Ski7C, if any, only slightly. Furthermore, Ski7C does not exhibit GTP
      hydrolysing activities under normal conditions. Therefore, the physiological and
      functional significance of the conserved Ski7C is unclear. Here, we report strong
      genetic evidence suggesting differential roles for Ski7N and Ski7C in normal and
      specific mRNA turnover pathways by creating/isolating mutations in both Ski7N and
      Ski7C conserved motifs using indicator yeast strains. We concluded that Ski7C
      participates in mRNA surveillance as a regulatory module competitively with the
      Hbs1/Dom34 complex. Our results provide insights into the molecular regulatory
      mechanisms underlying mRNA surveillance.

PMID- 27381257
TI  - Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain JB-1 reverses restraint stress-induced gut
      dysmotility.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Environmental stress affects the gut with dysmotility being a common
      consequence. Although a variety of microbes or molecules may prevent the
      dysmotility, none reverse the dysmotility. METHODS: We have used a 1 hour
      restraint stress mouse model to test for treatment effects of the neuroactive
      microbe, L. rhamnosus JB-1TM . Motility of fluid-filled ex vivo gut segments in a
      perfusion organ bath was recorded by video and migrating motor complexes measured
      using spatiotemporal maps of diameter changes. KEY RESULTS: Stress reduced
      jejunal and increased colonic propagating contractile cluster velocities and
      frequencies, while increasing contraction amplitudes for both. Luminal
      application of 10E8 cfu/mL JB-1 restored motor complex variables to unstressed
      levels within minutes of application. L. salivarius or Na.acetate had no
      treatment effects, while Na.butyrate partially reversed stress effects on colonic
      frequency and amplitude. Na.propionate reversed the stress effects for jejunum
      and colon except on jejunal amplitude. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: Our findings
      demonstrate, for the first time, a potential for certain beneficial microbes as
      treatment of stress-induced intestinal dysmotility and that the mechanism for
      restoration of function occurs within the intestine via a rapid drug-like action
      on the enteric nervous system.

PMID- 27381258
TI  - The use of multiple pseudo-physiological solutions to simulate the degradation
      behavior of pure iron as a metallic resorbable implant: a surface
      characterization study.
AB  - Understanding the interactions of a pure iron surface with biological elements,
      such as ions and proteins in an aqueous medium, is essential for an accurate in
      vitro assessment of corrosion patterns. In fact, the synergy of chlorides,
      carbonates, phosphates and complex organic molecules present in the body
      environment is a key factor affecting both in vivo and in vitro degradation of
      materials, especially iron and its alloys. The aim of this work was the
      assessment of degradation patterns of pure iron in 5 commercial pseudo
      physiological solutions by a thorough study of degraded surface chemistry and
      morphology. It also provides a methodological basis to understand the short-term
      degradation mechanism of degradable iron depending on the surrounding
      physiological media. The standard static immersion corrosion test was modified to
      adapt the procedure to pseudo-physiological solutions. After a 14-day static
      immersion test, the surfaces of samples were investigated by scanning electron
      microscopy, stylus profilometry and atomic force microscopy techniques. The
      chemistry and phase composition of the degraded layers were evaluated,
      respectively, by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry. The
      morphology and composition of the degradation layers were found to be different
      for the test-solutions: for phosphate-rich solutions, the formation of an
      adherent passive layer was found; degradation mechanisms related to general
      corrosion were predominant for all the other solutions. In conclusion, the
      chemical composition of the used medium plays a fundamental role in the
      degradation pattern of pure iron, so that direct comparisons of solutions with
      different ion concentrations, as reported in the literature, need to be carefully
      assessed. 

PMID- 27381260
TI  - Neurohumoral-renal interactions in blood pressure control.

PMID- 27381261
TI  - International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the
      taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae and subcommittee on the taxonomy of Halomonadaceae.
      Minutes of the joint open meeting, 23 May 2016, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

PMID- 27381259
TI  - Impaired neurodevelopment by the low complexity domain of CPEB4 reveals a
      convergent pathway with neurodegeneration.
AB  - CPEB4 is an RNA binding protein expressed in neuronal tissues including brain and
      spinal cord. CPEB4 has two domains: one that is structured for RNA binding and
      one that is unstructured and low complexity that has no known function.
      Unstructured low complexity domains (LCDs) in proteins are often found in RNA
      binding proteins and have been implicated in motor neuron degenerative diseases
      such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, indicating that these regions mediate
      normal RNA processing as well as pathological events. While CPEB4 null knockout
      mice are normal, animals expressing only the CPEB4 LCD are neonatal lethal with
      impaired mobility that display defects in neuronal development such as reduced
      motor axon branching and abnormal neuromuscular junction formation. Although full
      length CPEB4 is nearly exclusively cytoplasmic, the CPEB4 LCD forms nucleolar
      aggregates and CPEB4 LCD-expressing animals have altered ribosomal RNA
      biogenesis, ribosomal protein gene expression, and elevated levels of stress
      response genes such as the actin-bundling protein DRR1, which impedes neurite
      outgrowth. Some of these features share similarities with other LCD-related
      neurodegenerative disease. Most strikingly, DRR1 appears to be a common focus of
      several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Our study reveals a
      possible molecular convergence between a neurodevelopmental defect and
      neurodegeneration mediated by LCDs.

PMID- 27381262
TI  - Defined enzyme cocktail from the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain C1A
      effectively releases sugars from pretreated corn stover and switchgrass.
AB  - The anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces strain C1A is capable of growth on various types
      of lignocellulosic substrates, and harbors an impressive reservoir of
      carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes). Using a minimum enzyme cocktail strategy,
      we constituted a four-component lignocellulolytic cocktail derived from highly
      transcribed C1A, and evaluated its efficacy against pretreated corn stover and
      switchgrass. Hydrolysis yields ranged between 65-77.4%, depending on the
      lignocellulosic substrate and pretreatment applied. Addition of a highly
      expressed anaerobic fungal swollenin improved hydrolysis yields by up to 7%.
      Compared to the commercial cocktail CTec2, these anaerobic fungal cocktails
      provided comparable or slightly lower hydrolysis yields. Further, the differences
      in efficacy between commercial and anaerobic cocktails were often only realized
      after extended (168 hr) incubations. Under certain conditions, the hydrolysis
      yields of the anaerobic fungal cocktail was slightly superior to that realized by
      CTec2. We attribute the observed high hydrolysis yields to the high specific
      activity and affinity of the individual enzymes of the cocktail, as well as the
      high level of synergy and multi-functionality observed in multiple components.
      Collectively, this effort provides a novel platform for constructing highly
      effective enzymes for biofuel production and represents the first
      lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktail created from anaerobic fungal enzymes.

PMID- 27381263
TI  - A Randomized Study of SheathLess vs Standard Guiding Catheters for Transradial
      Percutaneous Coronary Interventions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The small diameter of radial arteries remains a major limitation of
      the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Sheathless
      guiding catheters (GCs) might offer an advantage over standard GCs. METHODS:
      Between 2011 and 2013, we randomized 233 transradial PCIs performed in men with
      ostial or bifurcation lesions and in all women between standard GC (Medtronic
      Launcher; Minneapolis, MN) and the SheathLess Eaucath GC (Asahi Intecc, Aichi,
      Japan). RESULTS: Successful PCI using the transradial approach was not different
      between the groups (P = 0.74), however the rate of successful transradial PCI
      with the designated GC (ie, without crossover to the opposing GC) was superior in
      the SheathLess group compared with the standard GC group (96.5% vs 89.9%; P =
      0.047). Safety end point (ie, absence of PCI complication, radial artery
      occlusion, perforation, pseudoaneurysm, and Early Discharge after Transradial
      Stenting of Coronary Arteries [EASY] hematoma grade >= 2) did not differ between
      the groups (60.5% in both groups). Mean PCI duration (45.1 minutes vs 45.9
      minutes), fluoroscopy (20.1 minutes and 19.9 minutes), and cannulation times (3.6
      minutes vs 3.7 minutes), contrast media volume (196 mL vs 187 mL) and conversion
      to transfemoral approach (1.8% vs 0.8%) were not different between the groups.
      Patients' subjective assessment revealed less arm pain during navigation of the
      SheathLess GC (1.9 +/- 1.9 vs 4.8 +/- 3.6; P < 0.001). Operators graded arm
      crossability as easier with the SheathLess GC (8.7 +/- 1.5 vs 5.1 +/- 3.5; P <
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In selected coronary lesions requiring large-bore catheters
      in men and in all lesions in women, the SheathLess GC was superior to the
      standard GC for successful transradial PCI with the designated GC. The SheathLess
      GC was also associated with easier arm navigation and less patient discomfort.

PMID- 27381264
TI  - Valproic acid exposure decreases Cbp/p300 protein expression and histone
      acetyltransferase activity in P19 cells.
AB  - The teratogenicity of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) is well
      established and its inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC) is proposed as an
      initiating factor. Recently, VPA-mediated HDAC inhibition was demonstrated to
      involve transcriptional downregulation of histone acetyltransferases (HATs),
      which was proposed to compensate for the increased acetylation resulting from
      HDAC inhibition. Cbp and p300 are HATs required for embryonic development and
      deficiencies in either are associated with congenital malformations and
      embryolethality. The objective of the present study was to characterize Cbp/p300
      following VPA exposure in P19 cells. Consistent with previous studies, exposure
      to 5mM VPA over 24h induced a moderate decrease in Cbp/p300 mRNA, which preceded
      a strong decrease in total cellular protein mediated by ubiquitin-proteasome
      degradation. Nuclear Cbp/p300 protein was also decreased following VPA exposure,
      although to a lesser extent. Total cellular and nuclear p300 HAT activity was
      reduced proportionately to p300 protein levels, however while total cellular HAT
      activity also decreased, nuclear HAT activity was unaffected. Using the Cbp/p300
      HAT inhibitor C646, we demonstrated that HAT inhibition similarly affected many
      of the same endpoints as VPA, including increased reactive oxygen species and
      caspase-3 cleavage, the latter of which could be attenuated by pre-treatment with
      the antioxidant catalase. C646 exposure also decreased NF-kappaB/p65 protein,
      which was not due to reduced mRNA and was not attenuated with catalase pre
      treatment. This study provides support for an adaptive HAT response following VPA
      exposure and suggests that reduced Cbp/p300 HAT activity could contribute to VPA
      mediated alterations.

PMID- 27381265
TI  - The 2015 Malcolm Ferguson-Smith Young Investigator Award.

PMID- 27381266
TI  - Risk factors for erosive and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease and
      Barrett's esophagus in Nothern Sardinia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma
      have been increasing. We studied the relationship of conventional risk factors
      and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with erosive and non-erosive GERD
      and Barrett's esophagus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study of
      dyspeptic patients undergoing upper endoscopy between 2002 and 2013. Following
      endoscopy, those with previously undiagnosed GERD were sub-grouped into non
      erosive GERD (NERD), erosive GERD (eGERD), or Barrett's esophagus. H. pylori
      status was confirmed by 2 positive tests. RESULTS: About 5156 patients were
      included, GERD was present in 65.6% including 1992 with NERD and 1392 with eGERD.
      About 1772 dyspeptic patients without symptoms of reflux and/or esophagitis
      served as controls. A hiatal hernia increased the risk of both eGERD and NERD.
      eGERD was more prevalent among the obese (OR =1.72, p < 0.001), men (OR =1.38, p
      < 0.001) and current smokers. Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly
      more common among those with NERD (OR =1.17 versus 1.01, p = 0.046). Logistic
      regression analysis for eGERD and NERD using age, gender, body mass index, H.
      pylori infection, hiatal hernia, and smoking showed that overweight and hiatal
      hernia were significant risk factors for eGERD, and female gender for NERD. Male
      gender, eGERD and age >50 years were the major risk factors for Barrett's
      esophagus. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiology of eGERD and NERD suggests differences
      in pathogenesis, and prevention and treatment strategies should be separately
      examined in men and women.

PMID- 27381267
TI  - Botulinum neurotoxin treatment in children with cerebral palsy: validation of a
      needle placement protocol using passive muscle stretching and relaxing.
AB  - AIM: To validate a detailed intramuscular needle placement protocol using passive
      muscle stretching and relaxing for botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) treatment
      in the lower extremity of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP), with
      verification by electrical stimulation. METHOD: A prospective observational study
      was performed in 75 children with spastic CP who received regular BoNT-A
      treatment under general anaesthesia (52 males, 23 females; mean age 8y 9mo, SD 3y
      7mo, range 4-18y; mean body mass index 16.2, SD 3.7, range 7.7-26.7). A total of
      1084 intramuscular needle placements using passive muscle stretching and relaxing
      were verified by electrical stimulation. Primary outcome was the positive
      predictive value. RESULTS: Intramuscular needle placement in the muscles adductor
      brevis, adductor longus, gracilis, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps
      femoris, rectus femoris, and lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius and
      soleus had a positive predictive value ranging from 85.7% to 100% (95% confidence
      interval ranging from 71.5-89.9% to 91.4-100%). INTERPRETATION: This validated
      detailed protocol for intramuscular needle placement using passive muscle
      stretching and relaxing for BoNT-A treatment in the lower extremity of children
      with spastic CP is reliable and has a high positive predictive value.

PMID- 27381268
TI  - Zirconia (ZrO2) Embedded in Carbon Nanowires via Electrospinning for Efficient
      Arsenic Removal from Water Combined with DFT Studies.
AB  - To use zirconia (ZrO2) as an efficient environmental adsorbent, it can be
      impregnated on a support to improve its physical properties and lower the overall
      cost. In this study, ZrO2 embedded in carbon nanowires (ZCNs) is fabricated via
      an electrospinning method to remove arsenic (As) from water. The maximum
      adsorption capacity values of As(III) and As(V) on the ZCNs are 28.61 and 106.57
      mg/g, respectively, at 40  degrees C. These capacities are considerably higher
      than those of pure ZrO2 (2.56 and 3.65 mg/g for As(III) and As(V), respectively)
      created using the same procedure as for the ZCNs. Meanwhile, the adsorption
      behaviors of As(III) and As(V) on the ZCNs are endothermic and pH dependent and
      follow the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Both
      As(III) and As(V) are chemisorbed onto the ZCNs, which is confirmed by a partial
      density of state (PDOS) analysis and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) model
      calculations. Furthermore, the ZCNs also possess the capability to enhance or
      catalyze the oxidation process of As(III) to As(V) using dissolved oxygen. This
      result is confirmed by a batch experiment, XPS analysis and Mulliken net charge
      analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate the different
      configurations of As(III) and As(V) complexes on the tetragonal ZrO2 (t
      ZrO2)(111) and monoclinic ZrO2 (m-ZrO2)(111) planes, respectively. The adsorption
      energy (Ead) of As(V) is higher than that of As(III) on both the t-ZrO2(111) and
      m-ZrO2 (111) planes (3.38 and 1.90 eV, respectively, for As(V) and 0.37 and 0.12
      eV, respectively, for As(III)). 

PMID- 27381269
TI  - Incorporation of Antiangiogenic Therapy Into the Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
      Paradigm.
AB  - Although molecular targeted agents have improved the treatment of lung cancer,
      their use has largely been restricted to limited subsets of the overall
      population that carry specific mutations. Angiogenesis, the formation of new
      blood vessels from existing networks, is an attractive, more general process for
      the development of targeted anticancer therapies, because it is critical for the
      growth of solid tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer. Growing tissues
      require a vascular supply within a few millimeters. Therefore, solid tumors
      create a proangiogenic microenvironment to facilitate the development of new
      tumor-associated blood vessels, thus providing an adequate vascular supply for
      continued tumor growth. Antiangiogenic agents can specifically target the
      vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways, broadly inhibit
      multiple tyrosine kinases, or interfere with other angiogenic processes, such as
      disruption of existing tumor vasculature. The present report provides an overview
      of antiangiogenic therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer, including both
      currently approved antiangiogenic therapies (bevacizumab [anti-VEGF] and
      ramucirumab [anti-VEGF receptor 2] monoclonal antibodies), and a variety of
      promising novel agents in development. Although recent data have demonstrated
      promising efficacy for some novel agents, the overall development of
      antiangiogenic therapy has been hampered by redundancy in signaling pathways and
      the highly heterogeneous nature of tumors. An improved understanding of the
      molecular basis of angiogenesis will guide the development of new antiangiogenic
      therapies and the identification of biomarkers to predict which patients with
      lung cancer are most likely to benefit from antiangiogenic therapy.

PMID- 27381271
TI  - Atom and Bond Fukui Functions and Matrices: A Hirshfeld-I Atoms-in-Molecule
      Approach.
AB  - The Fukui function is often used in its atom-condensed form by isolating it from
      the molecular Fukui function using a chosen weight function for the atom in the
      molecule. Recently, Fukui functions and matrices for both atoms and bonds
      separately were introduced for semiempirical and ab initio levels of theory using
      Huckel and Mulliken atoms-in-molecule models. In this work, a double partitioning
      method of the Fukui matrix is proposed within the Hirshfeld-I atoms-in-molecule
      framework. Diagonalizing the resulting atomic and bond matrices gives eigenvalues
      and eigenvectors (Fukui orbitals) describing the reactivity of atoms and bonds.
      The Fukui function is the diagonal element of the Fukui matrix and may be
      resolved in atom and bond contributions. The extra information contained in the
      atom and bond resolution of the Fukui matrices and functions is highlighted. The
      effect of the choice of weight function arising from the Hirshfeld-I approach to
      obtain atom- and bond-condensed Fukui functions is studied. A comparison of the
      results with those generated by using the Mulliken atoms-in-molecule approach
      shows low correlation between the two partitioning schemes. 

PMID- 27381270
TI  - EGFR Testing in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer, A Mini-Review.
AB  - Expert consensus guidelines have defined minimum requirements for routine testing
      and identification of classical epidermal growth factor (EGFR) mutations (ie,
      exon 19 deletions and exon 21 L858R substitution) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase
      (ALK) rearrangements in advanced non-small-cell lung cancers of adenocarcinoma
      histology, with the intent of permitting use of these predictive biomarkers to
      select patients who will derive maximal benefit from approved oral tyrosine
      kinase inhibitors (TKIs) directed against EGFR and ALK, respectively. However,
      the practice of precision medicine is incumbent upon optimal tumor sampling,
      accurate tumor testing, and informed application of results to patient care. We
      report on a brief review of EGFR testing methodologies (Sanger sequencing, allele
      specific polymerase chain reaction, and targeted next-generation sequencing) to
      identify classical and other (ie, exon 18 G719X, exon 19 insertions, exon 20
      insertions, exon 21 L861Q) EGFR mutations; practical considerations (type of
      tissue/biopsies with different success rates of DNA isolation, and timeliness of
      result-reporting to facilitate therapeutic decision-making); role of rebiopsy (to
      identify mechanisms of acquired resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR
      TKIs, most importantly EGFR-T790M); and clinical vignettes highlighting the
      nuances of testing in day-to-day practice.

PMID- 27381272
TI  - RpoS-dependent sRNA RgsA regulates Fis and AcpP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AB  - RgsA is a phylogenetically conserved small regulatory RNA (sRNA) in Pseudomonas
      species. This sRNA has been shown to be directly controlled by the major
      stationary phase and stress sigma factor sigmaS (RpoS), and also indirectly
      regulated by the GacS/GacA two-component system. However, the role and the
      regulatory targets of this sRNA remain unclear. Here, two direct regulatory
      targets of RgsA, the mRNAs coding for the global transcriptional regulator Fis
      and the acyl carrier protein AcpP, were identified in P. aeruginosa. RgsA
      downregulates the synthesis of Fis and AcpP by base-pairing, and this regulation
      requires the RNA chaperone protein Hfq. Alignment of RgsA homologs in Pseudomonas
      revealed a conserved core region, which is strictly required for RgsA target
      recognition. Specifically, RgsA inhibits fis expression via an 11 + 11 bp RNA
      duplex, whereas this interaction region is not sufficient for repression and the
      35 nt downstream region is also required. Interestingly, two functional start
      codons initiate fis mRNA translation and both are repressed by RgsA. Furthermore,
      deletion of rgsA significantly increased swarming motility in P. aeruginosa.
      Together, this study suggests a novel regulatory role of sRNA in which the
      versatile transcriptional regulator Fis and the stress regulator RpoS are
      connected by RgsA.

PMID- 27381273
TI  - Studies in organic and physical photochemistry - an interdisciplinary approach.
AB  - Traditionally, organic photochemistry when applied to synthesis strongly
      interacts with physical chemistry. The aim of this review is to illustrate this
      very fruitful interdisciplinary approach and cooperation. A profound
      understanding of the photochemical reactivity and reaction mechanisms is
      particularly helpful for optimization and application of these reactions. Some
      typical reactions and particular aspects are reported such as the Norrish-Type II
      reaction and the Yang cyclization and related transformations, the [2 + 2]
      photocycloadditions, particularly the Paterno-Buchi reaction, photochemical
      electron transfer induced transformations, different kinds of catalytic reactions
      such as photoredox catalysis for organic synthesis and photooxygenation are
      discussed. Particular aspects such as the structure and reactivity of aryl
      cations, photochemical reactions in the crystalline state, chiral memory,
      different mechanisms of hydrogen transfer in photochemical reactions or
      fundamental aspects of stereoselectivity are discussed. Photochemical reactions
      are also investigated in the context of chemical engineering. Particularly,
      continuous flow reactors are of interest. Novel reactor systems are developed and
      modeling of photochemical transformations and different reactors play a key role
      in such studies. This research domain builds a bridge between fundamental studies
      of organic photochemical reactions and their industrial application. 

PMID- 27381274
TI  - Action potential broadening in a presynaptic channelopathy.
AB  - Brain development and interictal function are unaffected in many paroxysmal
      neurological channelopathies, possibly explained by homoeostatic plasticity of
      synaptic transmission. Episodic ataxia type 1 is caused by missense mutations of
      the potassium channel Kv1.1, which is abundantly expressed in the terminals of
      cerebellar basket cells. Presynaptic action potentials of small inhibitory
      terminals have not been characterized, and it is not known whether developmental
      plasticity compensates for the effects of Kv1.1 dysfunction. Here we use visually
      targeted patch-clamp recordings from basket cell terminals of mice harbouring an
      ataxia-associated mutation and their wild-type littermates. Presynaptic spikes
      are followed by a pronounced afterdepolarization, and are broadened by
      pharmacological blockade of Kv1.1 or by a dominant ataxia-associated mutation.
      Somatic recordings fail to detect such changes. Spike broadening leads to
      increased Ca(2+) influx and GABA release, and decreased spontaneous Purkinje cell
      firing. We find no evidence for developmental compensation for inherited Kv1.1
      dysfunction.

PMID- 27381275
TI  - Efficacy and safety of switching from sitagliptin to liraglutide in subjects with
      type 2 diabetes (LIRA-SWITCH): a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active
      controlled 26-week trial.
AB  - AIMS: To confirm superiority on glycaemic control by switching from sitagliptin
      to liraglutide 1.8 mg/d versus continued sitagliptin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      randomized, multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled trial
      across 86 office- or hospital-based sites in North America, Europe and Asia.
      Subjects with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycaemic control (glycated
      haemoglobin [HbA1c] 7.5-9.5% on sitagliptin (100 mg/d) and metformin (>=1500 mg
      daily) for >=90 days were randomized to either switch to liraglutide (n = 203) or
      continue sitagliptin (n = 204), both with metformin. The primary endpoint was
      change in HbA1c from baseline to week 26. Change in body weight was a
      confirmatory secondary endpoint. RESULTS: Greater reduction in mean HbA1c was
      achieved with liraglutide than with continued sitagliptin [-1.14% vs. -0.54%;
      estimated mean treatment difference (ETD): -0.61% (95% CI -0.82 to -0.40; p <
      0.0001)], confirming superiority of switching to liraglutide. Body weight was
      reduced more with liraglutide [-3.31 kg vs. -1.64 kg; ETD: -1.67 kg (95% CI -2.34
      to -0.99; p < 0.0001)]. Nausea was more common with liraglutide [44 subjects
      (21.8%)] than with continued sitagliptin [16 (7.8%)]. Three subjects (1.5%)
      taking sitagliptin reported a confirmed hypoglycaemic episode. CONCLUSIONS:
      Subjects insufficiently controlled with sitagliptin who switch to liraglutide can
      obtain clinically relevant reductions in glycaemia and body weight, without
      compromising safety. A switch from sitagliptin to liraglutide provides an option
      for improved management of type 2 diabetes while still allowing patients to
      remain on dual therapy.

PMID- 27381276
TI  - Multicomponent Combinatorial Polymerization via the Biginelli Reaction.
AB  - A multicomponent combinatorial polymerization method has been exploited as a new
      intersection between combinatorial chemistry, polymer chemistry, and organic
      chemistry. The tricomponent Biginelli reaction has been employed as a model
      multicomponent reaction (MCR) to efficiently prepare a library of polycondensates
      with continuously changed chain structure but different physical properties. The
      naturally increased reaction modules (monomers) directly doubled the number of
      polymers in the library, effectively improving the efficiency of polymer
      preparation. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of those homologous polymers
      have been mapped for the first time to predict the Tg values of absent polymer
      homologues with good to excellent accuracy. Meanwhile, the Tg maps have also been
      used to reveal the regular change in Tg according to the polymer structure
      (linking group, monomer chain length, etc.), initially suggesting the academic
      significance of the multicomponent combinatorial polymerization system. We
      believe that the current research paves a straightforward way to synthesize new
      libraries of polymers via MCRs and might prompt the broader study of MCRs in
      interdisciplinary fields.

PMID- 27381277
TI  - Epigenetic determinants of cardiovascular gene expression: vascular endothelium.
AB  - The modern landscape of gene regulation involves interacting factors that
      ultimately lead to gene activation or repression. Epigenetic mechanisms provide a
      perspective of cellular phenotype as dynamically regulated and responsive to
      input. This perspective is supported by the generation of induced pluripotent
      stem cells from fully differentiated cell types. In vascular endothelial cells,
      evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms play a major role in the expression
      of endothelial cell-specific genes such as the endothelial nitric oxide synthase
      (NOS3/eNOS). These mechanisms are also important for eNOS expression in response
      to environmental stimuli such as hypoxia and shear stress. A newer paradigm in
      epigenetics, long noncoding RNAs offer a link between genetic variation,
      epigenetic regulation and disease. While the understanding of epigenetic
      mechanisms is early in its course, it is becoming clear that approaches to
      understanding the interaction of these factors and their inputs will be necessary
      to improve outcomes in cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 27381278
TI  - Analysis of Cell Size in the Gastrula of Ten Frog Species Reveals a Correlation
      of Egg with Cell Sizes, and a Conserved Pattern of Small Cells in the Marginal
      Zone.
AB  - We investigated the relationship between egg and cell sizes in the early gastrula
      of ten species of frogs with eggs of 1,100-3,500 MUm diameters. We asked whether
      differences in cell size of the vegetal region, blastocoel roof, and marginal
      zone of the early gastrula were associated with egg size. Alternatively, we
      proposed that cell size differences may associate with gastrulation
      characteristics. The analyzed species were as follows: Xenopus laevis,
      Engystomops randi, Engystomops coloradorum, Espadarana callistomma, Epipedobates
      machalilla, Epipedobates anthonyi, Epipedobates tricolor, Dendrobates auratus,
      Gastrotheca riobambae, and Eleutherodactylus coqui. A positive correlation
      between egg and cell size was detected in the three regions of the gastrula. The
      correlation was strong in the vegetal region and blastocoel roof, and weak in the
      marginal zone. Large eggs allowed the evolution of frog terrestrial reproductive
      modes by storing nourishment for the developing embryos. Large cells, laden with
      yolk, occur in the vegetal region. However, small cell size characterized the
      marginal zone and blastocoel roof. We proposed that small cells of the marginal
      zone are required for involution and blastopore formation. The evolution pressure
      toward small cells in the marginal zone contributed to maintain the blastopore as
      a universal feature of frog gastrulation in eggs of different sizes and
      gastrulation modes. Our comparative analysis revealed two fundamental and
      conserved properties of the frog early gastrula, the correlation of egg with cell
      sizes, and the general small size of cells in the marginal zone.

PMID- 27381279
TI  - The WHO Global Code: increasing relevance and effectiveness.

PMID- 27381280
TI  - Bioactive and biocompatible copper containing glass-ceramics with remarkable
      antibacterial properties and high cell viability designed for future in vivo
      trials.
AB  - In the present study our interest is focused on finding the efficiency of
      60SiO2.(32 - x)CaO.8P2O5.xCuO (mol%) glass-ceramics, with 0 <= x <= 4 mol%, in
      terms of bioactivity, biocompatibility, antibacterial properties and cell
      viability in order to determine the most appropriate composition for their
      further use in in vivo trials. The sol-gel synthesized samples show a
      preponderantly amorphous structure with a few crystallization centers associated
      with the formation of an apatite and calcium carbonate crystalline phases. The
      Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra revealed slightly modified absorption
      bands due to the addition of copper oxide, while the information derived from the
      measurements performed by transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis and electron
      paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed the presence of ions and metallic
      copper species. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis indicated the presence
      of copper metallic species, in a reduced amount, only on the sample surface with
      the highest Cu content. Regarding in vitro assessment of bioactivity, the results
      obtained by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron
      microscopy, demonstrated the formation of a calcium phosphate layer on all
      investigated sample surfaces. The inhibitory effect of the investigated samples
      was more significant on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa than the Staphylococcus aureus
      strain, the sample with the lowest concentration of copper oxide (0.5 mol%) being
      also the most efficient in both bacterial cultures. This sample also exhibits a
      very good bactericidal activity, for the other samples it was necessary to use a
      higher quantity to inhibit and kill the bacterial species. The secondary
      structure of adsorbed albumin presents few minor changes, indicating the
      biocompatibility of the glass-ceramics. The cell viability assay shows a good
      proliferation rate on samples with 0.5 and 1.5 mol% CuO, although all glass
      ceramic samples exhibited a good in vivo tolerance. 

PMID- 27381281
TI  - Fully integrated multi-optoelectronic synthesizer for THz pumping source in
      wireless communications with rich backup redundancy and wide tuning range.
AB  - We report a monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC) for THz communication
      applications. The PIC generates up to 4 optical frequency lines which can be
      mixed in a separate device to generate THz radiation, and each of the optical
      lines can be modulated individually to encode data. Physically, the PIC comprises
      an array of wavelength tunable distributed feedback lasers each with its own
      electro-absorption modulator. The lasers are designed with a long cavity to
      operate with a narrow linewidth, typically <4 MHz. The light from the lasers is
      coupled via an multimode interference (MMI) coupler into a semiconductor optical
      amplifier (SOA). By appropriate selection and biasing of pairs of lasers, the
      optical beat signal can be tuned continuously over the range from 0.254 THz to
      2.723 THz. The EAM of each channel enables signal leveling balanced between the
      lasers and realizing data encoding, currently at data rates up to 6.5 Gb/s. The
      PIC is fabricated using regrowth-free techniques, making it economic for volume
      applications, such for use in data centers. The PIC also has a degree of
      redundancy, making it suitable for applications, such as inter-satellite
      communications, where high reliability is mandatory.

PMID- 27381282
TI  - Enhancement of the coercivity in Co-Ni layered double hydroxides by increasing
      basal spacing.
AB  - The magnetic properties of layered double hydroxides (LDH) containing transition
      metal ions can still develop, compared with layered metal hydroxide salts which
      exhibit structure-dependent magnetism. In this article, we report the preparation
      of a hybrid magnet composed of Co-Ni LDH and n-alkylsulfonate anions (Co-Ni-CnSO3
      LDH). As Co-Ni LDH is anion-exchangeable, we can systematically control the
      interlayer spacing by intercalating n-alkylsulfonates with different carbon
      numbers. The magnetic properties were examined with temperature- and field
      dependent magnetization measurements. As a result, we have revealed that the
      coercive field depends on the basal spacing. It is suggested that increasing the
      basal spacing varies the competition between the in-plane superexchange
      interactions and long-range out-of-plane dipolar interactions. Moreover, a jump
      in the coercive field at around 20 A of the basal spacing is assumed to be the
      modification of the magnetic ordering in Co-Ni-CnSO3 LDH. 

PMID- 27381283
TI  - A behavioural approach in the development of work-related interventions for
      cancer survivors: an exploratory review.
AB  - The application of behavioural change models and theories has not been studied,
      and behavioural determinants have not been considered, in the context of cancer
      and work. The aim of this study is to assess the relevance of a behavioural
      approach in the development of work-related interventions for cancer survivors.
      Two search strategies were conducted to identify studies on (1) lifestyle
      interventions (exercise, smoking, alcohol intake and diet), based on behavioural
      models and theories, in cancer survivors; (2) behavioural determinants regarding
      work. Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL and the Cochrane Controlled Trial
      Register were searched (2000-2015). Studies were assessed on their eligibility,
      and findings were listed and categorised. Thirty-four studies exploring lifestyle
      interventions in cancer survivors were retrieved. The behavioural change models
      and theories most regularly used were the Transtheoretical Model and Social
      Cognitive Theory. Furthermore, 26 studies on the role of behavioural determinants
      regarding work were found. The most frequently considered determinants were self
      efficacy, social norms, workers' expectations towards work or recovery, attitude,
      motivation and meaning of work. The results indicate the significance of
      behavioural change models and theories and of behavioural determinants in related
      research areas, which encourages a behavioural approach in the development of
      work-related interventions for cancer survivors.

PMID- 27381284
TI  - Phase diagram of quantum critical system via local convertibility of ground
      state.
AB  - We investigate the relationship between two kinds of ground-state local
      convertibility and quantum phase transitions in XY model. The local operations
      and classical communications (LOCC) convertibility is examined by the
      majorization relations and the entanglement-assisted local operations and
      classical communications (ELOCC) via Renyi entropy interception. In the phase
      diagram of XY model, LOCC convertibility and ELOCC convertibility of ground
      states are presented and compared. It is shown that different phases in the phase
      diagram of XY model can have different LOCC or ELOCC convertibility, which can be
      used to detect the quantum phase transition. This study will enlighten extensive
      studies of quantum phase transitions from the perspective of local
      convertibility, e.g., finite-temperature phase transitions and other quantum many
      body models.

PMID- 27381285
TI  - Successful obstetric and hematologic outcome of aplastic anemia in a pregnant
      Jehovah's Witness.

PMID- 27381286
TI  - Dose reduction of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (etanercept)
      can be effective in ankylosing spondylitis patients with synovitis of the hip in
      a Chinese population.
AB  - Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis and
      enthesitis involving the spine and peripheral joints. In recent years, specific
      antagonist of tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNFalpha, etanercept) 50 mg weekly
      therapy has rapidly gained popularity for the treatment of AS. However, the dose
      of etanercept has not been determined in Asian, particularly Chinese populations.
      The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dose
      reduction of etanercept (50 mg/week in 4 weeks followed by 25 mg/week in 8 weeks)
      in the treatment of AS with synovitis of the hip, as against the conventional
      dose (50 mg/week in 12 weeks) in a Chinese population. Forty-three Chinese AS
      patients with synovitis of the hip were involved in this study. Seventeen of them
      were randomized to receive conventional dose of etanercept treatment and 26 were
      given a dose reduction regimen for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was
      disease activity of response for AS at week 12, including Bath AS Disease
      Activity Index (BASDAI), the serum erythrocyte sediment rate (ESR), C-reactive
      protein (CRP), and assessment of synovitis of the hip by ultrasonography. At 12
      weeks, all of the patients had responses to some extent and the efficacy
      variables improved significantly over time, but not between treatment groups.
      Nine patients experienced at least one adverse event (generally, infections and
      injection site reactions), most of them mild or moderate. In sum, the dose
      reduction of etanercept regimen in the 12-week AS treatment was confirmed as a
      safe and effective therapy as the conventional dose was given. 

PMID- 27381287
TI  - Conformational Heterogeneity of Bax Helix 9 Dimer for Apoptotic Pore Formation.
AB  - Helix alpha9 of Bax protein can dimerize in the mitochondrial outer membrane
      (MOM) and lead to apoptotic pores. However, it remains unclear how different
      conformations of the dimer contribute to the pore formation on the molecular
      level. Thus we have investigated various conformational states of the alpha9
      dimer in a MOM model - using computer simulations supplemented with site-specific
      mutagenesis and crosslinking of the alpha9 helices. Our data not only confirmed
      the critical membrane environment for the alpha9 stability and dimerization, but
      also revealed the distinct lipid-binding preference of the dimer in different
      conformational states. In our proposed pathway, a crucial iso-parallel dimer that
      mediates the conformational transition was discovered computationally and
      validated experimentally. The corroborating evidence from simulations and
      experiments suggests that, helix alpha9 assists Bax activation via the dimer
      heterogeneity and interactions with specific MOM lipids, which eventually
      facilitate proteolipidic pore formation in apoptosis regulation.

PMID- 27381288
TI  - Shutdown of HIV-1 Transcription in T Cells by Nullbasic, a Mutant Tat Protein.
AB  - Nullbasic is a derivative of the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat)
      protein that strongly inhibits HIV-1 replication in lymphocytes. Here we show
      that lentiviral vectors that constitutively express a Nullbasic-ZsGreen1 (NB
      ZSG1) fusion protein by the eEF1alpha promoter led to robust long-term inhibition
      of HIV-1 replication in Jurkat cells. Although Jurkat-NB-ZSG1 cells were infected
      by HIV-1, no virus production could be detected and addition of phorbol ester 12
      myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and JQ1 had no effect, while suberanilohydroxamic acid
      (SAHA) modestly stimulated virus production but at levels 300-fold lower than
      those seen in HIV-1-infected Jurkat-ZSG1 cells. Virus replication was not
      recovered by coculture of HIV-1-infected Jurkat-NB-ZSG1 cells with uninfected
      Jurkat cells. Latently infected Jurkat latent 6.3 and ACH2 cells treated with
      latency-reversing agents produced measurable viral capsid (CA), but little or
      none was made when they expressed NB-ZSG1. When Jurkat cells chronically infected
      with HIV-1 were transduced with lentiviral virus-like particles conveying NB
      ZSG1, a >3-log reduction in CA production was observed. Addition of PMA increased
      virus CA production but at levels 500-fold lower than those seen in nontransduced
      Jurkat cells. Transcriptome sequencing analysis confirmed that HIV-1 mRNA was
      strongly inhibited by NB-ZSG1 but indicated that full-length viral mRNA was made.
      Analysis of HIV-1-infected Jurkat cells expressing NB-ZSG1 by chromatin
      immunoprecipitation assays indicated that recruitment of RNA polymerase II
      (RNAPII) and histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation were inhibited. The reduction of HIV
      1 promoter-associated RNAPII and epigenetic changes in viral nucleosomes indicate
      that Nullbasic can inhibit HIV-1 replication by enforcing viral silencing in
      cells. IMPORTANCE: HIV-1 infection is effectively controlled by antiviral therapy
      that inhibits virus replication and reduces measurable viral loads in patients
      below detectable levels. However, therapy interruption leads to viral rebound due
      to latently infected cells that serve as a source of continued viral infection.
      Interest in strategies leading to a functional cure of HIV infection by permanent
      viral suppression, which may be achievable, is growing. Here we show that a
      mutant form of the HIV-1 Tat protein, referred to as Nullbasic, can inhibit HIV-1
      transcription in infected Jurkat T cell to undetectable levels. Analysis shows
      that Nullbasic alters the epigenetic state of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat
      promoter, inhibiting its association with RNA polymerase II. This study indicates
      that key cellular proteins and pathways targeted here can silence HIV-1
      transcription. Further elucidation could lead to functional-cure strategies by
      suppression of HIV transcription, which may be achievable by a pharmacological
      method.

PMID- 27381289
TI  - Ehrlichia chaffeensis TRP120 Activates Canonical Notch Signaling To Downregulate
      TLR2/4 Expression and Promote Intracellular Survival.
AB  - Ehrlichia chaffeensis preferentially targets mononuclear phagocytes and survives
      through a strategy of subverting innate immune defenses, but the mechanisms are
      unknown. We have shown E. chaffeensis type 1 secreted tandem repeat protein (TRP)
      effectors are involved in diverse molecular pathogen-host interactions, such as
      the TRP120 interaction with the Notch receptor-cleaving metalloprotease ADAM17.
      In the present study, we demonstrate E. chaffeensis, via the TRP120 effector,
      activates the canonical Notch signaling pathway to promote intracellular
      survival. We found that nuclear translocation of the transcriptionally active
      Notch intracellular domain (NICD) occurs in response to E. chaffeensis or
      recombinant TRP120, resulting in upregulation of Notch signaling pathway
      components and target genes notch1, adam17, hes, and hey Significant differences
      in canonical Notch signaling gene expression levels (>40%) were observed during
      early and late stages of infection, indicating activation of the Notch pathway.
      We linked Notch pathway activation specifically to the TRP120 effector, which
      directly interacts with the Notch metalloprotease ADAM17. Using pharmacological
      inhibitors and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against gamma-secretase enzyme,
      Notch transcription factor complex, Notch1, and ADAM17, we demonstrated that
      Notch signaling is required for ehrlichial survival. We studied the downstream
      effects and found that E. chaffeensis TRP120-mediated activation of the Notch
      pathway causes inhibition of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
      (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways required for
      PU.1 and subsequent Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4) expression. This
      investigation reveals a novel mechanism whereby E. chaffeensis exploits the Notch
      pathway to evade the host innate immune response for intracellular survival.
      IMPORTANCE: E. chaffeensis is an obligately intracellular bacterium and the
      etiologic agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), an emerging life
      threatening tick-borne zoonosis. Mechanisms by which E. chaffeensis establishes
      intracellular infection and avoids innate host defenses are not understood, but
      functionally relevant host-pathogen interactions with type 1 secreted TRP
      effectors are essential for the ehrlichial cellular reprogramming strategy. This
      study provides further insight into the molecular strategies used by obligately
      intracellular pathogens such as E. chaffeensis, which have small genomes and a
      limited number of effector proteins and exploit evolutionarily conserved host
      cell programs such as Notch signaling to promote infection and intracellular
      survival.

PMID- 27381290
TI  - Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic Amine Resistance Locus (PfCARL)
      Confer Multidrug Resistance.
AB  - Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum cyclic amine resistance locus (PfCARL) are
      associated with parasite resistance to the imidazolopiperazines, a potent class
      of novel antimalarial compounds that display both prophylactic and transmission
      blocking activity, in addition to activity against blood-stage parasites. Here,
      we show that pfcarl encodes a protein, with a predicted molecular weight of 153
      kDa, that localizes to the cis-Golgi apparatus of the parasite in both asexual
      and sexual blood stages. Utilizing clustered regularly interspaced short
      palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-mediated gene introduction of 5 variants (L830V,
      S1076N/I, V1103L, and I1139K), we demonstrate that mutations in pfcarl are
      sufficient to generate resistance against the imidazolopiperazines in both
      asexual and sexual blood-stage parasites. We further determined that the mutant
      PfCARL protein confers resistance to several structurally unrelated compounds.
      These data suggest that PfCARL modulates the levels of small-molecule inhibitors
      that affect Golgi-related processes, such as protein sorting or membrane
      trafficking, and is therefore an important mechanism of resistance in malaria
      parasites. IMPORTANCE: Several previous in vitro evolution studies have
      implicated the Plasmodium falciparum cyclic amine resistance locus (PfCARL) as a
      potential target of imidazolopiperazines, potent antimalarial compounds with
      broad activity against different parasite life cycle stages. Given that the
      imidazolopiperazines are currently being tested in clinical trials, understanding
      their mechanism of resistance and the cellular processes involved will allow more
      effective clinical usage.

PMID- 27381291
TI  - How to Measure Export via Bacterial Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps.
AB  - Bacterial multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps are an important mechanism of
      antibiotic resistance and are required for many pathogens to cause infection.
      They are also being harnessed to improve microbial biotechnological processes,
      including biofuel production. Therefore, scientists of many specialties must be
      able to accurately measure efflux activity. However, myriad methodologies have
      been described and the most appropriate method is not always clear. Within the
      scientific literature, many methods are misused or data arising are
      misinterpreted. The methods for measuring efflux activity can be split into two
      groups, (i) those that directly measure efflux and (ii) those that measure the
      intracellular accumulation of a substrate, which is then used to infer efflux
      activity. Here, we review the methods for measuring efflux and explore the most
      recent advances in this field, including single-cell or cell-free technologies
      and mass spectrometry, that are being used to provide more detailed information
      about efflux pump activity.

PMID- 27381295
TI  - Experimental and theoretical investigations of non-Newtonian electro-osmotic
      driven flow in rectangular microchannels.
AB  - With the development of microfluidics, electro-osmotic (EO) driven flow has
      gained intense research interest as a result of its unique flow profile and the
      corresponding benefits in its application in the transportation of sensitive
      samples. Sensitive samples, such as DNA, are incapable of enduring strong flow
      shear induced by conventional hydrodynamic driven methods. EO driven flow is thus
      a niche area. However, even though there are a few research studies focusing on
      bio-fluidic samples related to EO driven flow, the majority of them are merely
      theoretical modeling without solid evidence from experiments due to the inherent
      complex rheological behavior of the bio-fluids. Challenges occur when the EO
      driven mechanism meets with complex rheology; vital questions such as can the
      zeta potential still be assumed to be constant when dealing with fluids with
      complex rheology? and "Does the shear thinning effect enhance electro-osmotic
      driven flow?" need to be answered. We conducted experiments using current
      monitoring and microscopy fluorescence methods, and developed a theoretical model
      by coupling a generalized Smoluchowski approach with the power-law constitutive
      model. We calculated the zeta potential and compared the experimental results
      with modeling to answer the questions. The results show a reduction of zeta
      potential in the presence of PEO aqueous solutions. A constant zeta potential is
      also indicated by varying the PEO concentration and the electric field
      strength.The shear thinning effect is also addressed via experimental data and
      theoretical calculations. The results show a promising enhancement of the EO
      driven velocity due to the shear thinning effect. 

PMID- 27381294
TI  - After All, Only Millions?
AB  - An update on the census of species of Archaea and Bacteria published recently in
      mBio (P. D. Schloss, R. A. Girard, T. Martin, J. Edwards, and J. C. Thrash, mBio
      7:e00201-16, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00201-16) showed again that,
      despite ever-increasing sequencing efforts, the PCR-based retrieval of 16S rRNA
      genes is approaching saturation. On average, 95% of the genes analyzed today are
      identical to those present in public databases, with rarefaction analysis
      indicating that about one-third of the bacterial and archaeal diversity has
      already been covered. Therefore, despite estimates of up to 10(12) microbial
      species, the option should be considered that the census of Archaea and Bacteria
      on planet Earth might yield only millions of species after all.

PMID- 27381292
TI  - JC Polyomavirus Infection of Primary Human Renal Epithelial Cells Is Controlled
      by a Type I IFN-Induced Response.
AB  - The JC and BK human polyomaviruses (JCPyV and BKPyV, respectively) establish
      lifelong persistent infections in the kidney. In immunosuppressed individuals,
      JCPyV causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal
      neurodegenerative disease, and BKPyV causes polyomavirus-associated nephropathy
      (PVN). In this study, we compared JCPyV and BKPyV infections in primary human
      renal proximal tubule epithelial (HRPTE) cells. JCPyV established a persistent
      infection, but BKPyV killed the cells in 15 days. To identify the cellular
      factors responsible for controlling JCPyV infection and promoting viral
      persistence, we profiled the transcriptomes of JCPyV- and BKPyV-infected cells at
      several time points postinfection. We found that infection with both viruses
      induced interferon production but that interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were
      only activated in the JCPyV-infected cells. Phosphorylated STAT1 and IRF9, which
      are responsible for inducing ISGs, translocated to the nucleus of JCPyV-infected
      cells but did not in BKPyV-infected cells. In BKPyV-infected cells, two critical
      suppressors of cytokine signaling, SOCS3 and SOCS1, were induced. Infection with
      BKPyV but not JCPyV caused reorganization of PML bodies that are associated with
      inactivating antiviral responses. Blockade of the interferon receptor and
      neutralization of soluble interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-beta partially
      alleviated the block to JCPyV infection, leading to enhanced infectivity. Our
      results show that a type I IFN response contributes to the establishment of
      persistent infection by JCPyV in HRPTE cells. IMPORTANCE: The human
      polyomaviruses JCPyV and BKPyV both establish lifelong persistent infection in
      the kidneys. In immunosuppressed patients, BKPyV causes significant pathology in
      the kidney, but JCPyV is only rarely associated with disease in this organ. The
      reasons behind this striking difference in kidney pathology are unknown. In this
      study, we show that infection of primary human renal tubule epithelial cells with
      JCPyV and BKPyV results in divergent innate immune responses that control JCPyV
      but fail to control BKPyV. This is the first study that directly compares JCPyV
      and BKPyV infection in vitro in the same cell type they naturally infect, and the
      significant differences that have been uncovered could in part explain the
      distinct disease outcomes.

PMID- 27381293
TI  - Identification and Characterization of a Candidate Wolbachia pipientis Type IV
      Effector That Interacts with the Actin Cytoskeleton.
AB  - Many bacteria live as intracellular symbionts, causing persistent infections
      within insects. One extraordinarily common infection is that of Wolbachia
      pipientis, which infects 40% of insect species and induces reproductive effects.
      The bacteria are passed from generation to generation both vertically (through
      the oocyte) and horizontally (by environmental transmission). Maintenance of the
      infection within Drosophila melanogaster is sensitive to the regulation of actin,
      as Wolbachia inefficiently colonizes strains hemizygous for the profilin or
      villin genes. Therefore, we hypothesized that Wolbachia must depend on the host
      actin cytoskeleton. In this study, we identify and characterize a Wolbachia
      protein (WD0830) that is predicted to be secreted by the bacterial parasite.
      Expression of WD0830 in a model eukaryote (the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
      induces a growth defect associated with the appearance of aberrant, filamentous
      structures which colocalize with rhodamine-phalloidin-stained actin. Purified
      WD0830 bundles actin in vitro and cosediments with actin filaments, suggesting a
      direct interaction of the two proteins. We characterized the expression of WD0830
      throughout Drosophila development and found it to be upregulated in third-instar
      larvae, peaking in early pupation, during the critical formation of adult
      tissues, including the reproductive system. In transgenic flies, heterologously
      expressed WD0830 localizes to the developing oocyte. Additionally, overexpression
      of WD0830 results in increased Wolbachia titers in whole flies, in stage 9 and 10
      oocytes, and in embryos, compared to controls, suggesting that the protein may
      facilitate Wolbachia's replication or transmission. Therefore, this candidate
      secreted effector may play a role in Wolbachia's infection of and persistence
      within host niches. IMPORTANCE: The obligate intracellular Wolbachia pipientis is
      a ubiquitous alphaproteobacterial symbiont of arthropods and nematodes and is
      related to the rickettsial pathogens Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Studies of
      Wolbachia cell biology suggest that this bacterium relies on host actin for
      efficient proliferation and transmission between generations. Here, we identified
      and characterized a Wolbachia protein that localizes to and manipulates the
      eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton, is expressed by Wolbachia during host development,
      and alters Wolbachia titers and localization in transgenic fruit flies. We
      hypothesize that WD0830 may be utilized by the bacterium to facilitate
      replication in or invasion of different niches during host development.

PMID- 27381297
TI  - Light-Driven Transport of a Liquid Marble with and against Surface Flows.
AB  - Liquid marbles, that is, liquid drops coated by a hydrophobic powder, do not wet
      any solid or liquid substrate, making their transport and manipulation both
      highly desirable and challenging. Herein, we describe the light-driven transport
      of floating liquid marbles and emphasize a surprising motion behavior. Liquid
      marbles are deposited on a water solution containing photosensitive surfactants.
      Irradiation of the solution generates photoreversible Marangoni flows that
      transport the liquid marbles toward UV light and away from blue light when the
      thickness of the liquid substrate is large enough (Marangoni regime). Below a
      critical thickness, the liquid marbles move in the opposite direction to that of
      the surface flow at a speed increasing with decreasing liquid thickness (anti
      Marangoni). We demonstrate that the anti-Marangoni motion is driven by the free
      surface deformation, which propels the non-wetting marble against the surface
      flow. We call this behavior "slide effect".

PMID- 27381296
TI  - [Recurrent endocarditis due to Brevibacterium casei: case presentation and a
      review of the literature].

PMID- 27381298
TI  - The Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Proteome.
AB  - Skeletal muscle plasticity and its adaptation to exercise is a topic that is
      widely discussed and investigated due to its primary role in the field of
      exercise performance and health promotion. Repetitive muscle contraction through
      exercise stimuli leads to improved cardiovascular output and the regulation of
      endothelial dysfunction and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and
      obesity. Considerable improvements in proteomic tools and data analysis have
      broth some new perspectives in the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying
      skeletal muscle adaptation in response to physical activity. In this sense, this
      review updates the main relevant studies concerning muscle proteome adaptation to
      acute and chronic exercise, from aerobic to resistance training, as well as the
      proteomic profile of natural inbred high running capacity animal models. Also,
      some promising prospects in the muscle secretome field are presented, in order to
      better understand the role of physical activity in the release of extracellular
      microvesicles and myokines activity. Thus, the present review aims to update the
      fast-growing exercise-proteomic scenario, leading to some new perspectives about
      the molecular events under skeletal muscle plasticity in response to physical
      activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 257-269, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27381300
TI  - Intersex and liver alterations induced by long-term sublethal exposure to 17alpha
      ethinylestradiol in adult male Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces: Poeciliidae).
AB  - The aim of the present study was to assess the responses of the gonopodium
      morphology and the gonadal and liver histology of adult male Cnesterodon
      decemmaculatus to sublethal long-term exposure concentrations of 17alpha
      ethinylestradiol (EE2). Two experiments were conducted exposing the fish to
      waterborne concentrations of EE2 ranging from 20 ng/L to 200 ng/L for 8 wk, 12
      wk, and 16 wk. Intersex gonads were observed after 8 wk and 16 wk in fish exposed
      to 200 ng EE2/L and 100 ng EE2/L, respectively. Oocytes' development from testis
      germ cells and replacement of the efferent duct periodic acid-Schiff-positive
      secretion surrounding spermatozeugmata by parenchymal tissue and duct structure
      alterations were the major observed changes in the gonads. In contrast, no
      response was observed in the gonopodium morphology. Liver histology was also
      altered, showing increasing steatosis, single-cell necrosis to generalized
      necrosis, and disruption of acinar organization from 100 ng EE2/L to 200 ng
      EE2/L. In summary, the present results showed that although EE2 was not able to
      alter the morphology of a developed gonopodium, it was capable of inducing
      development of testicular oocytes in adult male C. decemmaculatus at
      environmentally relevant concentrations. Thus, externally normal but intersex C.
      decemmaculatus males would be expected in the wastewater-receiving streams that
      the species inhabits. According to the literature, the present study would be the
      first indicating estrogen-induced intersex in adult male poeciliid. Environ
      Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1738-1745. (c) 2016 SETAC.

PMID- 27381299
TI  - Histamine regulation of microglia: Gene-environment interaction in the regulation
      of central nervous system inflammation.
AB  - Microglia mediate neuroinflammation and regulate brain development and
      homeostasis. Microglial abnormalities are implicated in a range of
      neuropsychiatric pathology, including Tourette syndrome (TS) and autism.
      Histamine (HA) is both a neurotransmitter and an immune modulator. HA deficiency
      has been implicated as a rare cause of TS and may contribute to other
      neuropsychiatric conditions. In vitro studies suggest that HA can regulate
      microglia, but this has never been explored in vivo. We used immunohistochemistry
      to examine the effects of HA deficiency in histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) knockout
      mice and of HA receptor stimulation in wild-type animals. We find HA to regulate
      microglia in vivo, via the H4 receptor. Chronic HA deficiency in Hdc knockout
      mice reduces ramifications of microglia in the striatum and (at trend level) in
      the hypothalamus, but not elsewhere in the brain. Depletion of histaminergic
      neurons in the hypothalamus has a similar effect. Microglia expressing IGF-1 are
      particularly reduced, However, the microglial response to challenge with
      lipopolysacchariade (LPS) is potentiated in Hdc knockout mice. Genetic
      abnormalities in histaminergic signaling may produce a vulnerability to
      inflammatory challenge, setting the state for pathogenically dysregulated
      neuroimmune responses. 

PMID- 27381301
TI  - Ultrafast Preparation of Monodisperse Fe3 O4 Nanoparticles by Microwave-Assisted
      Thermal Decomposition.
AB  - Thermal decomposition, as the main synthetic procedure for the synthesis of
      magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), is facing several problems, such as high reaction
      temperatures and time consumption. An improved a microwave-assisted thermal
      decomposition procedure has been developed by which monodisperse Fe3 O4 NPs could
      be rapidly produced at a low aging temperature with high yield (90.1 %). The as
      synthesized NPs show excellent inductive heating and MRI properties in vitro. In
      contrast, Fe3 O4 NPs synthesized by classical thermal decomposition were obtained
      in very low yield (20.3 %) with an overall poor quality. It was found for the
      first time that, besides precursors and solvents, magnetic NPs themselves could
      be heated by microwave irradiation during the synthetic process. These findings
      were demonstrated by a series of microwave-heating experiments, Raman
      spectroscopy and vector-network analysis, indicating that the initially formed
      magnetic Fe3 O4 particles were able to transform microwave energy into heat
      directly and, thus, contribute to the nanoparticle growth. 

PMID- 27381302
TI  - [New therapies for varicose veins].

PMID- 27381303
TI  - [Adult Celiac Disease].
AB  - Celiac disease is an immune-mediated enteropathy in genetically predisposed
      individuals, triggered by gluten ingestion. Clinical manifestations include
      intestinal and extraintestinal symptoms. Affected individuals may also be
      completely asymptomatic. Nevertheless, an early diagnosis is essential in order
      to prevent long-term complications. Diagnostic approach involves serologic
      testing for tissue transglutaminase antibodies followed by duodenal biopsy in
      case of seropositivity. Until now, the only available treatment consists of a
      strict glute-free diet. Newer therapeutic strategies are currently being
      evaluated in clinical trials.

PMID- 27381306
TI  - [Medical Problems in Air Travel from a General Practitioner's Perspective].
AB  - As travel by air increases, so does the number of passengers with chronic or
      acute medical issues. To evaluate fitness for air travel, it is necessary to
      consider the impact of the altered atmospheric surroundings in an airplane on the
      current illness to avoid a worsening of health conditions or even an emergency.
      As first medical contact person, the general practitioner will define supportive
      measures together with the patient and discuss these with the Medical Service of
      the airline for implementation. After a thorough evaluation, most patients will
      be classified fit to fly. Furthermore, a pre-travel consultation should address
      necessary vaccinations and information on infectious diseases.

PMID- 27381305
TI  - [Well-Tried and New Ones - Update Varicose Vein Treatment 2016].
AB  - Venous leg symptoms are frequent, but their relevance is frequently
      underestimated. With the introduction of effective, minimal-invasive endovenous
      treatment modalities the treatment of varicose veins has recently made major
      advances. The basis of every treatment decision is a competent anamnesis,
      clinical investigation and duplex scan. Outpatient varicose vein treatment using
      endovenous methods has been proofed to be at least as effective as traditional
      varicose vein surgery but is associated with fewer adverse events. Accordingly,
      the endovenous methods are exspected to replace surgery as goldstandard treatment
      and endovenous thermal vein ablation (Laser/Radiofrequency) is accepted by the
      Swiss Federal Office of Public Health for general reimbursment since 1st january
      2016. All currently available methods have their advantages and limitations, the
      individual selection based on the present symptoms, anatomic findings and
      patients' preferences is fundamental for an optimal treatment result and
      maximized patient satisfaction.

PMID- 27381307
TI  - [70 plus: a Challenge for the Family Doctor and the Gastroenterologist].
AB  - In elderly patients, dysphagia, fecal incontinence, gastrointestinal malignant
      diseases and bleeding as well as ischemia of the small and large bowel are
      increased compared to younger patients. These diseases often significantly
      decrease the quality of life and survival, however, they can often be treated
      quite successfully if the diagnosis is made early enough. History and clinical
      presentation in the elderly are often unspecific, thus further investigations -
      especially in the emergency situation - such as laboratory examinations,
      abdominal ultrasound, computer tomography and endoscopy are often necessary. In
      elderly patients, drug therapy, endoscopic and surgical procedures must be
      adjusted to the biological age, the current drug therapy and the wishes of the
      patient and his relatives. An optimal care for elderly gastrointestinal patients
      is challenging for the family doctor and the gastroenterologist.

PMID- 27381308
TI  - [Obesity Paradox and Stroke].
AB  - The obesity paradox suggests that overweight and obese patients of older age may
      have higher survival rates after stroke as compared to normalweight patients.
      However, the results need a cautious interpretation due to selection bias,
      treatment bias and different patients' characteristics. Moreover, randomized
      studies that prove a benefit of weight reduction are still lacking. As obesity is
      an independet risk factor for stroke, weight reduction should still be
      recommended in overweight patients. Randomized-controlled studies are needed to
      prove the effect of weight reduction on morbidity and mortality after stroke.

PMID- 27381309
TI  - [Cough has Many Faces].
AB  - We report about a 35 year old previously apparently healthy male patient with
      terminal chronic renal failure due to IgA nephropathy. The initial symptoms were
      similar to those of a banal viral respiratory infection. Massive hypertension,
      orthopnea, edema and blurred vision finally led to the diagnosis of an end stage
      renal disease. In the renal biopsy the final stage of IgA nephropathy was
      detected with mostly deserted glomeruli. Hemodialysis was necessary. Among it the
      patient is well according to the circumstances. He is waiting for a renal
      transplant.

PMID- 27381311
TI  - [Is type 2 diabetes irreversible or can it be cured?].

PMID- 27381312
TI  - Intra-articular hyaluronic injection in knee osteoarthritis only effective thanks
      to the placebo effect].

PMID- 27381313
TI  - [CME dermatology 10: Painful inflammations in the genital area. Tinea genitalis].

PMID- 27381317
TI  - A case of "atypical homicidal" cut-throat injury.
AB  - Cut-throats can be of homicidal, suicidal or accidental origin. In cases of death
      from a cut-throat, distinguishing the cause is one of the important functions in
      crime investigation. The features that differentiate suicidal and homicidal cut
      throat injuries are the presence of hesitation cuts, depth of wound, signs of
      struggle, edges of the wound, etc. In the case of a suicidal cut-throat, it is
      not uncommon to find hesitation cuts but in a homicidal cut-throat, it is
      uncommon. We present a case of a homicidal cut-throat injury but with hesitation
      cuts and tailing over the neck, unlike the classical description of homicidal cut
      throat injury. This resulted from a curved, sharp and moderately heavy weapon. 

PMID- 27381316
TI  - Thoracic Aortic Graft Infections Secondary to Propionibacterium Species: Two
      Cases and Review of the Literature.
AB  - Aortic graft infections are a rare occurrence, most commonly secondary to gram
      positive organisms (Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species). We present 2 cases
      of thoracic aortic graft infections secondary to anaerobic bacteria,
      Propionibacterium species. The first case, a 40-year-old male, was found to have
      an anastomotic aneurysm at the distal anastomosis of a previous thoracoabdominal
      aneurysm repair. During the open repair of his anastomotic aneurysm, the original
      graft was not incorporated and cultures later speciated Propionibacterium acnes
      The second case is a 44-year-old male with a history of abdominal aortic
      coarctation that was repaired with a thoracic aorta to aortic bifurcation graft
      as a child who presented with flank pain and was found on imaging to have fluid
      around his bypass graft. His operating room (OR) cultures also grew out
      Propionibacterium species. Both patients were treated with graft excision,
      revascularization, and long-term antibiotics. Anaerobic bacteria are a rare cause
      of aortic graft infections. Upon review of the literature, these are the first 2
      cases of thoracic aortic graft infections secondary to Propionibacterium species.
      The cultures for both patients took almost a week to speciate, highlighting the
      importance of following cultures long term. Anaerobic bacteria should be
      recognized as a cause of latent graft infections. 

PMID- 27381318
TI  - Dual-channel microcantilever heaters for volatile organic compound detection and
      mixture analysis.
AB  - We report on novel microcantilever heater sensors with separate AlGaN/GaN
      heterostructure based heater and sensor channels to perform advanced volatile
      organic compound (VOC) detection and mixture analysis. Operating without any
      surface functionalization or treatment, these microcantilevers utilize the strong
      surface polarization of AlGaN, as well as the unique heater and sensor channel
      geometries, to perform selective detection of analytes based on their latent heat
      of evaporation and molecular dipole moment over a wide concentration range with
      sub-ppm detection limit. The dual-channel microcantilevers have demonstrated much
      superior sensing behavior compared to the single-channel ones, with the
      capability to not only identify individual VOCs with much higher specificity, but
      also uniquely detect them in a generic multi-component mixture of VOCs. In
      addition, utilizing two different dual channel configurations and sensing
      modalities, we have been able to quantitatively determine individual analyte
      concentration in a VOC mixture. An algorithm for complete mixture analysis, with
      unique identification of components and accurate determination of their
      concentration, has been presented based on simultaneous operation of an array of
      these microcantilever heaters in multiple sensing modalities.

PMID- 27381319
TI  - Nocardiopsissediminis sp. nov., isolated from mangrove sediment.
AB  - A filamentous actinomycete, designated strain 1SS5-02T, was isolated from
      mangrove sediment collected from Ranong province, Thailand. The strain formed
      aerial and substrate mycelia composed of long, branched hyphae. Aerial mycelia
      differentiated into non-motile, rod-shaped spores. The organism contained meso
      diaminopimelic acid and no diagnostic sugars in whole-cell hydrolysates. The
      predominant menaquinones were MK-11(H4), MK-11(H6) and MK-11(H8). Polar lipids
      comprised phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and four unidentified
      lipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C18 : 1omega9c, 10-methyl C18 : 0
      and anteiso-C17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 73.5 mol%.
      Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 1SS5
      02T belonged to the genus Nocardiopsis. The strain showed the highest degree of
      16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with 'Nocardiopsis mangrovei' HA11166 (97.9 %)
      and Nocardiopsis trehalosi VKM Ac-942T (97.8 %). However, strain 1SS5-02T could
      be distinguished from its nearest phylogenetic relatives in the genus
      Nocardiopsis on the basis of DNA-DNA relatedness values and the combination of
      phenotypic properties. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomy, strain 1SS5-02T is
      considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nocardiopsis, for which the
      name Nocardiopsis sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1SS5-02T
      (=BCC 75410T=NBRC 110934T).

PMID- 27381320
TI  - Patient care will worsen, warn NHS finance chiefs.

PMID- 27381321
TI  - Predictors of career progression and obstacles and opportunities for non-EU
      hospital doctors to undertake postgraduate training in Ireland.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization's Global Code on the International
      Recruitment of Health Personnel urges Member States to observe fair recruitment
      practices and ensure equality of treatment of migrant and domestically-trained
      health personnel. However, international medical graduates (IMGs) have
      experienced difficulties in accessing postgraduate training and in progressing
      their careers in several destination countries. Ireland is highly dependent on
      IMGs, but also employs non-European Union (EU) doctors who qualified as doctors
      in Ireland. However, little is known regarding the career progression of these
      doctors. In this context, the present study assesses the determinants of career
      progression of non-EU doctors with particular focus on whether barriers to
      progression exist for those graduating outside Ireland compared to those who have
      graduated within. METHODS: The study utilises quantitative data from an online
      survey of non-EU doctors registered with the Medical Council of Ireland
      undertaken as part of the Doctor Migration Project (2011-2013). Non-EU doctors
      registered with the Medical Council of Ireland were asked to complete an online
      survey about their recruitment, training and career experiences in Ireland.
      Analysis was conducted on the responses of 231 non-EU hospital doctors whose
      first post in Ireland was not permanent. Career progression was analysed by means
      of binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: While some of the IMGs had
      succeeded in accessing specialist training, many experienced slow or stagnant
      career progression when compared with Irish-trained non-EU doctors. Key
      predictors of career progression for non-EU doctors working in Ireland showed
      that doctors who qualified outside of Ireland were less likely than Irish-trained
      non-EU doctors to experience career progression. Length of stay as a qualified
      doctor in Ireland was strongly associated with career progression. Those working
      in anaesthesia were significantly more likely to experience career progression
      than those in other specialities. CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlights
      differences in terms of achieving career progression and training for Irish
      trained non-EU doctors, compared to those trained elsewhere. However, the
      findings herein warrant further attention from a workforce planning and policy
      development perspective regarding Ireland's obligations under the Global Code of
      hiring, promoting and remunerating migrant health personnel on the basis of
      equality of treatment with the domestically-trained health workforce.

PMID- 27381322
TI  - Reduced fine-scale spatial genetic structure in grazed populations of Dianthus
      carthusianorum.
AB  - Strong spatial genetic structure in plant populations can increase homozygosity,
      reducing genetic diversity and adaptive potential. The strength of spatial
      genetic structure largely depends on rates of seed dispersal and pollen flow.
      Seeds without dispersal adaptations are likely to be dispersed over short
      distances within the vicinity of the mother plant, resulting in spatial
      clustering of related genotypes (fine-scale spatial genetic structure, hereafter
      spatial genetic structure (SGS)). However, primary seed dispersal by zoochory can
      promote effective dispersal, increasing the mixing of seeds and influencing SGS
      within plant populations. In this study, we investigated the effects of seed
      dispersal by rotational sheep grazing on the strength of SGS and genetic
      diversity using 11 nuclear microsatellites for 49 populations of the calcareous
      grassland forb Dianthus carthusianorum. Populations connected by rotational sheep
      grazing showed significantly weaker SGS and higher genetic diversity than
      populations in ungrazed grasslands. Independent of grazing treatment, small
      populations showed significantly stronger SGS and lower genetic diversity than
      larger populations, likely due to genetic drift. A lack of significant
      differences in the strength of SGS and genetic diversity between populations that
      were recently colonized and pre-existing populations suggested that populations
      colonized after the reintroduction of rotational sheep grazing were likely
      founded by colonists from diverse source populations. We conclude that dispersal
      by rotational sheep grazing has the potential to considerably reduce SGS within
      D. carthusianorum populations. Our study highlights the effectiveness of
      landscape management by rotational sheep grazing to importantly reduce genetic
      structure at local scales within restored plant populations.

PMID- 27381324
TI  - Commercial chicken breeds exhibit highly divergent patterns of linkage
      disequilibrium.
AB  - The analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) underpins the development of
      effective genotyping technologies, trait mapping and understanding of biological
      mechanisms such as those driving recombination and the impact of selection. We
      apply the Malecot-Morton model of LD to create additive LD maps that describe the
      high-resolution LD landscape of commercial chickens. We investigated LD in
      chickens (Gallus gallus) at the highest resolution to date for broiler, white egg
      and brown egg layer commercial lines. There is minimal concordance between breeds
      of fine-scale LD patterns (correlation coefficient <0.21), and even between
      discrete broiler lines. Regions of LD breakdown, which may align with
      recombination hot spots, are enriched near CpG islands and transcription start
      sites (P<2.2 * 10-16), consistent with recent evidence described in finches, but
      concordance in hot spot locations between commercial breeds is only marginally
      greater than random. As in other birds, functional elements in the chicken genome
      are associated with recombination but, unlike evidence from other bird species,
      the LD landscape is not stable in the populations studied. The development of
      optimal genotyping panels for genome-led selection programmes will depend on
      careful analysis of the LD structure of each line of interest. Further study is
      required to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying highly divergent LD
      patterns found in commercial chickens.

PMID- 27381323
TI  - Heritable variation in maternally derived yolk androgens, thyroid hormones and
      immune factors.
AB  - Maternal reproductive investment can critically influence offspring phenotype,
      and thus these maternal effects are expected to be under strong natural
      selection. Knowledge on the extent of heritable variation in the physiological
      mechanisms underlying maternal effects is however limited. In birds, resource
      allocation to eggs is a key mechanism for mothers to affect their offspring and
      different components of the egg may or may not be independently adjusted. We
      studied the heritability of egg components and their genetic and phenotypic
      covariation in great tits (Parus major), using captive-bred full siblings of wild
      origin. Egg mass, testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A4) hormone
      concentrations showed moderate heritability, in agreement with earlier findings.
      Interestingly, yolk triiodothyronine hormone (T3), but not its precursor,
      thyroxine hormone (T4), concentration was heritable. An immune factor, albumen
      lysozyme, showed moderate heritability, but yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) did not.
      The genetic correlation estimates were moderate but statistically nonsignificant;
      a trend for a positive genetic correlation was found between A4 and egg mass, T
      and lysozyme and IgY and lysozyme, respectively. Interestingly, phenotypic
      correlations were found only between A4 and T, and T4 and T3, respectively. Given
      that these egg components are associated with fitness-related traits in the
      offspring (and mother), and that we show that some components are heritable, it
      opens the possibility that natural selection may shape the rate and direction of
      phenotypic change via egg composition.

PMID- 27381325
TI  - Complementary sex determination, inbreeding depression and inbreeding avoidance
      in a gregarious sawfly.
AB  - Although most Hymenoptera reproduce via arrhenotokous haplodiploidy, the
      underlying genetic mechanisms vary. Of these, the most widespread mechanism
      appears to be single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD), in which
      individuals that are diploid and heterozygous at a sex-determining locus are
      female, and individuals that are homozygous or hemizygous are male. Because
      inbreeding increases the probability of producing diploid males, which are often
      sterile or inviable, sl-CSD can generate substantial inbreeding depression. To
      counteract this, Hymenoptera with traits that promote inbreeding, such as
      gregariousness, may evolve one or more of the following: inbreeding avoidance,
      functional diploid males or alternative sex determination mechanisms. Here, we
      investigate sex determination, inbreeding depression and inbreeding avoidance in
      Neodiprion lecontei, a gregarious, pine-feeding sawfly in the family Diprionidae.
      First, via inbreeding experiments and flow cytometry, we demonstrate that this
      species has CSD. By modeling expected sex ratios under different conditions, we
      also show that our data are consistent with sl-CSD. Second, via tracking survival
      in inbred and outbred families, we demonstrate that inbred families have reduced
      larval survival and that this mortality is partly attributable to the death of
      diploid males. Third, using a no-choice mating assay, we demonstrate that females
      are less willing to mate with siblings than nonsiblings. Together, these results
      suggest that inbreeding depression stemming from CSD has shaped mating behavior
      in N. lecontei. These results also set the stage for future comparative work that
      will investigate the interplay between sex determination, ecology and behavior in
      additional diprionid species that vary in larval gregariousness.

PMID- 27381326
TI  - Mid to distal third tibial shaft fractures caused by gunshots: Characterization
      and incidence of distal intra-articular extension.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Spiral tibial shaft fractures are known to have a high rate of
      distal intra-articular extension; however, the risk of joint involvement caused
      by gunshots has not been thoroughly evaluated. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the incidence of intra- articular involvement in tibial shaft fractures
      caused by gunshots. The secondary purpose of this study was to assess the
      usefulness of ankle radiographs versus computed tomography (CT) scans in
      identifying these fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety consecutive patients
      were identified as having a tibia fracture caused by gunshot at a Level-1 trauma
      center. Forty-four of these patients were fractures of the mid to distal third
      shaft. Twenty-eight patients had ankle CT scans available for review, and 24
      patients had dedicated ankle films. Three orthopaedic surgeons and a radiologist
      read the radiographs and CT scans. Sensitivity and specificity analysis was
      performed for the ankle radiographs using ankle CT scans as the gold standard.
      RESULTS: Seven of the twenty-eight fractures evaluated with a CT scan proved to
      have intra-articular involvement (Prevalence: 25%, 95% CI: 11.4%-45.2%). One of
      the seven intra-articular fractures was not seen on dedicated ankle radiographs
      (14.3%). The sensitivity of diagnosing an intra-articular extension on ankle
      radiographs was 0.85, 95%CI: 0.42-0.99. The specificity of diagnosing an intra
      articular extension on ankle radiographs was 1.00, 95%CI: 0.81-1.00. Of the seven
      intra-articular fractures, three required additional treatment to address the
      intra-articular extension. CONCLUSION: The incidence of intra-articular
      involvement for tibial shaft fractures secondary to gunshot is less than that
      reported for spiral type fractures (11-45% vs. 25-58%). Although radiographs have
      a high specificity, the sensitivity is lower than expected, with worse outcomes
      if a fracture is missed. We recommend that a CT scan should be utilized to
      determine intra-articular extension in the setting of tibial shaft fractures
      caused by gunshots.

PMID- 27381327
TI  - Holistic ultrasound in trauma: An update.
AB  - Holistic ultrasound is a total body examination using an ultrasound device aiming
      to achieve immediate patient care and decision making. In the setting of trauma,
      it is one of the most fundamental components of care of the injured patients.
      Ground-breaking imaging software allows physicians to examine various organs
      thoroughly, recognize imaging signs early, and potentially foresee the onset or
      the possible outcome of certain types of injuries. Holistic ultrasound can be
      performed on a routine basis at the bedside of the patients, at admission and
      during the perioperative period. Trauma care physicians should be aware of the
      diagnostic and guidance benefits of ultrasound and should receive appropriate
      training for the optimal management of their patients. In this paper, the
      findings of holistic ultrasound in trauma patients are presented, with emphasis
      on the lungs, heart, cerebral circulation, abdomen, and airway. Additionally, the
      benefits of ultrasound imaging in interventional anaesthesia techniques such as
      ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks and central vein catheterization are
      described.

PMID- 27381328
TI  - Clinical implications of impingement of the anterior femoral cortex after
      cephalomedullary nailing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cortical impingement is a common complication after cephalomedullary
      nailing, but the evidence about its consequences is very limited. The aim of this
      study was to assess the clinical implications of cortical impingement on patients
      treated with cephalomedullary nails. METHODS: A cohort study was carried out at a
      Level I academic Institution with consecutive patients treated with
      cephalomedullary nails during 2010 and 2013. Demographic and nail variables were
      recorded as well as cortical impingement was determined on the radiographs.
      Clinical outcomes such as pain, femoral fractures, and delayed or nonunion of the
      fracture were detected during the follow-up. The follow-up was divided into short
      (6-12 months), medium- (12.1-36 months), and long-term follow-up (>=36.1months).
      Descriptive statistics were used, and Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests measured
      the association between categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney U test was
      performed to evaluate differences between cortical impingement in terms of pain,
      and pain and the follow-up categories. RESULTS: A total of 119 patients were
      analyzed with a mean age of 74.8 years+/-17.1, and a mean follow-up of 23.5
      months+/-12.1. Overall the pain was present in 61 (51.2%) cases, and it was
      observed in 28/59 (47.4%) and 33/60 (55%) of the patients with presence or
      absence of cortical impingement respectively. There was not a statistically
      significant association between cortical impingement and pain (p=0.20), neither
      differences were detected between pain and the follow-up groups (p=0.48). Out of
      59 cases with cortical impingement, femoral fractures were observed in two
      patients (3.3%), and delayed union of the fractures was seen in two patients who
      did not present impingement. Since patients with delayed union received treatment
      as soon as it was diagnosed, no cases of nonunion of fractures were identified.
      CONCLUSIONS: Cortical impingement of the anterior cortex of the femur was not
      associated with the presence of pain, so that other causes should be assessed to
      explain the pain after 6 months of being treated with a cephalomedullary nail.
      Femoral fractures, and delayed union or nonunion of the fracture may occur
      theoretically in patients with cortical impingement.

PMID- 27381329
TI  - Anti-inflammatory effect of conditioned medium from human uterine cervical stem
      cells in uveitis.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of conditioned medium
      from human uterine cervical stem cells (CM-hUCESCs) in uveitis. To do that,
      uveitis was induced in rats after footpad injection of Escherichia coli
      lipopolysaccaride (LPS). Human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells after
      LPS challenge were used to test anti-inflammatory effect of CM-hUCESCs 'in
      vitro'. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate mRNA expression levels of the pro
      inflammatory cytokines interkeukin-6, interkeukin-8, macrophage inflammatory
      protein-1 alpha, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and the anti-inflammatory
      interkeukin-10. Leucocytes from aqueous humor (AqH) were quantified in a Neubauer
      chamber, and eye histopathological analysis was done with hematoxylin-eosin
      staining. Additionally, using a human cytokine antibody array we evaluated CM
      hUCESCs to determine mediating proteins. Results showed that administration of CM
      hUCESCs significantly reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines both 'in
      vitro' and 'in vivo', and decreased leucocytes in AqH and ocular tissues. High
      levels of cytokines with anti-inflammatory effects were found in CM-hUCESCs,
      suggesting a possible role of these factors in reducing intraocular inflammation.
      In summary, treatment with CM-hUCESCs significantly reduces inflammation in
      uveitis. Our data indicate that CM-hUCESCs could be regarded as a potential
      therapeutic agent for patients suffering from ocular inflammation.

PMID- 27381331
TI  - [Proposals for the study of the second victim phenomenon in Spanish Primary Care
      Centres and Hospitals].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the Spanish studies conducted since 2014 on second
      victims. Its main objective was to identify a global response to the second
      victim problem, assessing the impact of adverse events (AE) on caregivers and
      developing of a set of tools to reduce their impact. METHOD: Descriptive studies
      in which a sample of managers and safety coordinators from Hospitals and Primary
      Care were surveyed to determine the activities being carried out as regards
      second victims, as well as a sample of health professionals to describe their
      experience as a second victims. Qualitative studies are included to design a
      guide of recommended actions following an AE, an online awareness program on this
      phenomenon, an application (app) with activities on safety that are the
      responsibility of the managers, and a web tool for the analysis of AEs. RESULTS:
      A total of 1,493 professionals (managers, safety coordinators and caregivers)
      from eight Spanish regions participated. The guide of recommendations, the online
      program, and the developed applications are accessible on the website:
      www.segundasvictimas.es, which has received more than 2,500 visits in one year.
      DISCUSSION: Study results represent a starting point in the study of the second
      victim phenomenon in Spain. The tools developed raise the awareness of the
      medical healthcare community about this problem, and provide professionals with
      basic skills to manage the impact of AEs.

PMID- 27381330
TI  - Vermamoeba vermiformis-Aspergillus fumigatus relationships and comparison with
      other phagocytic cells.
AB  - Free living amoebae (FLA) are protists ubiquitously present in the environment.
      Aspergillus fumigatus is a mould responsible for severe deep-seated infections,
      and that can be recovered in the same habitats as the FLA. By conducting
      coculture experiments and fungal incubation with amoebal supernatants, we report
      herein that Vermamoeba vermiformis, a FLA present in hospital water systems,
      promotes filamentation and growth of A. fumigatus. This finding is of particular
      importance to institutions whose water systems might harbor FLA and could
      potentially be used by immunocompromised patients. Also, the relationships
      between V. vermiformis and A. fumigatus were compared to those between this
      fungus and two other phagocytic cells: Acanthamoeba castellanii, another FLA, and
      macrophage-like THP-1 cells. After 4 h of coincubation, the percentages of the
      three phagocytic cell types with adhered conidia were similar, even though the
      types of receptors between FLA and macrophagic cell seemed different. However,
      the percentage of THP-1 with internalized conidia was considerably lower (40 %)
      in comparison with the two other cell types (100 %). Thus, this study revealed
      that interactions between A. fumigatus and these three phagocytic cell types show
      similarities, even though it is premature to extrapolate these results to
      interpret relationships between A. fumigatus and macrophages.

PMID- 27381333
TI  - Catalase in Leishmaniinae: With me or against me?
AB  - The catalase gene is a virtually ubiquitous component of the eukaryotic genomes.
      It is also present in the monoxenous (i.e. parasitizing solely insects)
      trypanosomatids of the subfamily Leishmaniinae, which have acquired the enzyme by
      horizontal gene transfer from a bacterium. However, as shown here, the catalase
      gene was secondarily lost from the genomes of all Leishmania sequenced so far.
      Due to the potentially key regulatory role of hydrogen peroxide in the inter
      stagial transformation of Leishmania spp., this loss seems to be a necessary
      prerequisite for the emergence of a complex life cycle of these important human
      pathogens. Hence, in this group of protists, the advantages of keeping catalase
      were uniquely outweighed by its disadvantages.

PMID- 27381334
TI  - Kraft Lignin Biodegradation by Dysgonomonas sp. WJDL-Y1, a New Anaerobic
      Bacterial Strain Isolated from Sludge of a Pulp and Paper Mill.
AB  - Wastewater containing kraft lignin (KL) discharged from pulp and paper industries
      could cause serious environmental contamination. Appropriate effluent treatment
      is required to reduce the pollution. Investigations on anaerobic bacteria capable
      of degrading KL are beneficial to both lignin removal and biofuel regeneration
      from the effluent. In this paper, an anaerobic strain capable of degrading KL was
      isolated from the sludge of a pulp and paper mill and identified as Dysgonomonas
      sp. WJDL-Y1 by 16S rRNA analysis. Optimum conditions for KL degradation by strain
      WJDL-Y1 were obtained at initial pH of 6.8, C:N ratio of 6 and temperature of 33
      degrees C, based on statistical analyses by response surface methodology. For a
      1.2 g/l KL solution, a COD removal rate of 20.7% concomitant with biomass
      increase of 17.6% was achieved after 4 days of incubation under the optimum
      conditions. After the treatment by strain WJDL-Y1, KL was modified and degraded.

PMID- 27381335
TI  - Biological Potential of Bioorganic Fertilizer Fortified with Bacterial Antagonist
      for the Control of Tomato Bacterial Wilt and the Promotion of Crop Yields.
AB  - The application of Bacillus sp. in the biological control of plant soilborne
      diseases has been shown to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the use
      of chemical fungicides. In this study, the effects of bioorganic fertilizer (BOF)
      fortified with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQY 162 on the suppression of tomato
      bacterial wilt were investigated in pot experiments. The disease incidence of
      tomato wilt after the application of BOF was 65.18% and 41.62% lower at 10 and 20
      days after transplantation, respectively, than in the control condition. BOF also
      promoted the plant growth. The SQY 162 populations efficiently colonized the
      tomato rhizosphere, which directly suppressed the number of Ralstonia
      solanacearum in the tomato rhizosphere soil. In the presence of BOF, the
      activities of defense-related enzymes in tomato were lower than in the presence
      of the control treatment, but the expression levels of the defense-related genes
      of the plants in the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways were enhanced. It
      was also found that strain SQY 162 could secrete antibiotic surfactin, but not
      volatile organic compounds, to suppress Ralstonia. The strain could also produce
      plant growth promotion compounds such as siderophores and indole-3-acetic acid.
      Thus, owing to its innate multiple-functional traits and its broad biocontrol
      activities, we found that this antagonistic strain isolated from the tobacco
      rhizosphere could establish itself successfully in the tomato rhizosphere to
      control soilborne diseases.

PMID- 27381332
TI  - Study protocol for a systematic review of evidence for lifestyle interventions
      targeting smoking, sleep, alcohol/other drug use, physical activity, and healthy
      diet in people with bipolar disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: People with bipolar disorder (BD) have a mortality gap of up to 20
      years compared to the general population. Physical conditions, such as
      cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, cause the majority of excess deaths in
      psychiatric populations and are the leading causes of mortality in people with
      BD. However, comparatively little attention has been paid to reducing the risk of
      physical conditions in psychiatric populations. Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are
      among the potentially modifiable risk factors for a range of commonly comorbid
      chronic medical conditions, including CVD, diabetes, and obesity. This systematic
      review will identify and evaluate the available evidence for effective
      interventions to reduce risk and promote healthy lifestyle behaviors in BD.
      METHODS/DESIGN: We will search MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, Cochrane Database of
      Systematic Reviews, and CINAHL for published research studies (with at least an
      abstract published in English) that evaluate behavioral or psychosocial
      interventions to address the following lifestyle factors in people with BD:
      tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, overweight or obesity, sleep
      wake disturbance, and alcohol/other drug use. Primary outcomes for the review
      will be changes in tobacco use, level of physical activity, diet quality, sleep
      quality, alcohol use, and illicit drug use. Data on each primary outcome will be
      synthesized across available studies in that lifestyle area (e.g., tobacco
      abstinence, cigarettes smoked per day), and panel of research and clinical
      experts in each of the target lifestyle behaviors and those experienced with
      clinical and research with individuals with BD will determine how best to
      represent data related to that primary outcome. Seven members of the systematic
      review team will extract data, synthesize the evidence, and rate it for quality.
      Evidence will be synthesized via a narrative description of the behavioral
      interventions and their effectiveness in improving the healthy lifestyle
      behaviors in people with BD. DISCUSSION: The planned review will synthesize and
      evaluate the available evidence regarding the behavioral or psychosocial
      treatment of lifestyle-related behaviors in people with BD. From this review, we
      will identify gaps in our existing knowledge and research evidence about the
      management of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in people with BD. We will also
      identify potential opportunities to address lifestyle behaviors in BD, with a
      view to reducing the burden of physical ill-health in this population. SYSTEMATIC
      REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42015019993.

PMID- 27381336
TI  - Effect of the Shape and Size of Quorum-Quenching Media on Biofouling Control in
      Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment.
AB  - Recently, spherical beads entrapping quorum quenching (QQ) bacteria have been
      reported as effective moving QQ-media for biofouling control in MBRs for
      wastewater treatment owing to their combined effects of biological (i.e., quorum
      quenching) and physical washing. Taking into account both the mass transfer of
      signal molecules through the QQ-medium and collision efficiencies of the QQ
      medium against the filtration membranes in a bioreactor, a cylindrical medium (QQ
      cylinder) was developed as a new shape of moving QQ-medium. The QQ-cylinders were
      compared with previous QQ-beads in terms of the QQ activity and the physical
      washing effect under identical loading volumes of each medium in batch tests. It
      was found that the QQ activity of a QQ-medium was highly dependent on its
      specific surface area, regardless of the shape of the medium. In contrast, the
      physical washing effect of a QQ-medium was greatly affected by its geometric
      structure. The enhanced anti-biofouling property of the QQ-cylinders relative to
      QQ-beads was confirmed in a continuous laboratory-scale MBR with a flat-sheet
      membrane module.

PMID- 27381337
TI  - Effects of Quorum Quenching on the Microbial Community of Biofilm in an
      Anoxic/Oxic MBR for Wastewater Treatment.
AB  - Recently, bacterial quorum quenching (QQ) has been proven to have potential as an
      innovative approach for biofouling control in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for
      advanced wastewater treatment. Although information regarding the microbial
      community is crucial for the development of QQ strategies, little information
      exists on the microbial ecology in QQ-MBRs. In this study, the microbial
      communities of biofilm were investigated in relation to the effect of QQ on
      anoxic/oxic MBRs. Two laboratory-scale MBRs were operated with and without QQ
      beads (QQ-bacteria entrapped in beads). The transmembrane pressure increase in
      the QQ-MBRs was delayed by approximately 100-110% compared with conventional- and
      vacant-MBRs (beads without QQ-bacteria) at 45 kPa. In terms of the microbial
      community, QQ gradually favored the development of a diverse and even community.
      QQ had an effect on both the bacterial composition and change rate of the
      bacterial composition. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most dominant
      phyla in the biofilm, and the average relative composition of Proteobacteria was
      low in the QQ-MBR. Thiothrix sp. was the dominant bacterium in the biofilm. The
      relative composition of Thiothrix sp. was low in the QQ-MBR. These findings
      provide useful information that can inform the development of a new QQ strategy. 

PMID- 27381338
TI  - Bacterial Population in Intestines of Litopenaeus vannamei Fed Different
      Probiotics or Probiotic Supernatant.
AB  - The interactions of microbiota in the gut play an important role in promoting or
      maintaining the health of hosts. In this study, in order to investigate and
      compare the effects of dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus pentosus HC-2
      (HC-2), Enterococcus faecium NRW-2, or the bacteria-free supernatant of a HC-2
      culture on the bacterial composition of Litopenaeus vannamei, Illumina sequencing
      of the V1-V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used. The results showed that unique
      species exclusively existed in specific dietary groups, and the abundance of
      Actinobacteria was significantly increased in the intestinal bacterial community
      of shrimp fed with the bacteria-free supernatant of an HC-2 culture compared with
      the control. In addition, the histology of intestines of the shrimp from the four
      dietary groups was also described, but no obvious improvements in the intestinal
      histology were observed. The findings in this work will help to promote the
      understanding of the roles of intestinal bacteria in shrimps when fed with
      probiotics or probiotic supernatant.

PMID- 27381339
TI  - Microbial Community of Healthy Thai Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians, Their Core
      Gut Microbiota, and Pathogen Risk.
AB  - Pyrosequencing analysis of intestinal microflora from healthy Thai vegetarians
      and non-vegetarians exhibited 893 OTUs covering 189 species. The strong species
      indicators of vegetarians and non-vegetarians were Prevotella copri and
      Bacteroides vulgatus as well as bacteria close to Escherichia hermanii with %
      relative abundance of 16.9 and 4.5-4.7, respectively. Core gut microbiota of the
      vegetarian and non-vegetarian groups consisted of 11 and 20 different bacterial
      species, respectively, belonging to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and
      Proteobacteria commonly found in both groups. Two species, Faecalibacterium
      prausnitzii and Gemmiger formicilis, had a prevalence of 100% in both groups.
      Three species, Clostridium nexile, Eubacterium eligens, and P. copri, showed up
      in most vegetarians, whereas more diversity of Collinsella aerofaciens,
      Ruminococcus torques, various species of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides,
      Escherichia, and different species of Clostridium and Eubacterium were found in
      most non-vegetarians. Considering the correlation of personal characters,
      consumption behavior, and microbial groups, the age of non-vegetarians showed a
      strong positive correlation coefficient of 0.54 (p = 0.001) to Bacteroides
      uniformis but exhibited a moderate one to Alistipes finegoldii and B. vulgatus.
      Only a positive moderate correlation of body mass index and Parabacteroides
      distasonis appeared. Based on the significant abundance of potential pathogens,
      the microbiota of the non-vegetarian group showed an abundance of potential
      pathogen varieties of Bilophila wadsworthia, Escherichia coli, and E. hermannii,
      whereas that of the vegetarian group served for only Klebsiella pneumoniae. These
      results implied that the microbiota of vegetarians with high abundance of P.
      copri and low potential pathogen variety would be a way to maintain good health
      in Thais.

PMID- 27381340
TI  - The severity of ventricular arrhythmia correlates with the extent of myocardial
      sympathetic denervation, but not with myocardial fibrosis extent in chronic
      Chagas cardiomyopathy : Chagas disease, denervation and arrhythmia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate the correlation between the extent of myocardial
      sympathetic denervation and fibrosis and the presence of degrees of severity of
      ventricular arrhythmias in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). METHODS: Forty
      three CCC patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >= 35% were
      divided into three groups: SVT group-presenting Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia
      (SVT) (n = 15), NSVT group-exhibiting episodes of non-SVT (NSVT) on 24-h Holter
      monitoring (n = 11), and Control group-exhibiting neither SVT nor episodes of
      NSVT (n = 17). The patients underwent SPECT imaging for myocardial sympathetic
      innervation with 123Iodine-MIBG (MIBG) and myocardial perfusion with 99mTc
      Sestamibi (MIBI) for the evaluation of regional myocardial fibrosis. RESULTS: The
      summed rest perfusion scores were similar in the three groups. The summed
      difference score between MIBG and MPI images, which evaluated the extent of
      denervated but viable myocardium, was significantly higher in SVT group (20.0 +/-
      8.0) as compared with the control group (2.0 +/- 5.0, P < .0001) and with the
      NSVT group (11.0 +/- 8.0, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of ventricular
      arrhythmias of different degrees of severity correlates quantitatively with the
      extent of cardiac sympathetic denervation, but not with the extent of fibrosis,
      suggesting that myocardial sympathetic denervation plays a major role in
      triggering ventricular arrhythmia in CCC.

PMID- 27381341
TI  - Prediction of 14-year cardiovascular outcomes by dobutamine stress 99mTc
      tetrofosmin myocardial perfusion SPECT in elderly patients unable to perform
      exercise testing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dobutamine stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a useful
      alternative for the evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) in elderly
      patients who are unable to perform an exercise stress test. However, data on the
      long-term prognostic value of stress MPI in elderly patients are lacking.
      Therefore, this study evaluated the long-term prognostic value of dobutamine
      stress MPI in elderly patients unable to perform an exercise test. METHODS: The
      study population consisted of 247 elderly patients (mean age 71 +/- 5 years) who
      underwent dobutamine stress single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
      MPI. An abnormal SPECT study was defined as the presence of fixed and/or
      reversible perfusion defects. A summed stress score (SSS) was obtained to
      estimate the extent and severity of perfusion defects. End points during follow
      up were all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and nonfatal myocardial
      infarction (MI). RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 14 years (range 12-16),
      168 (68%) patients died (all-cause mortality), of which 56 (23%) were due to
      cardiac causes. Nonfatal MI occurred in 19 (8%) patients. Kaplan-Meier survival
      curves showed that MPI provided optimal risk stratification in patients with
      normal and abnormal MPI. Multivariable analysis identified an abnormal MPI as a
      strong significant predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiac events. A
      multivariable analysis also revealed that a reversible defect and SSS were strong
      long-term predictors of cardiac mortality and hard cardiac events. CONCLUSION:
      Dobutamine stress 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT provides incremental prognostic
      information for the prediction of long-term cardiovascular outcomes in elderly
      patients, unable to perform exercise testing. Dobutamine stress MPI is useful in
      risk classifying elderly patients.

PMID- 27381342
TI  - SIFORM: shared informative factor models for integration of multi-platform
      bioinformatic data.
AB  - MOTIVATION: High-dimensional omic data derived from different technological
      platforms have been extensively used to facilitate comprehensive understanding of
      disease mechanisms and to determine personalized health treatments. Numerous
      studies have integrated multi-platform omic data; however, few have efficiently
      and simultaneously addressed the problems that arise from high dimensionality and
      complex correlations. RESULTS: We propose a statistical framework of shared
      informative factor models that can jointly analyze multi-platform omic data and
      explore their associations with a disease phenotype. The common disease
      associated sample characteristics across different data types can be captured
      through the shared structure space, while the corresponding weights of genetic
      variables directly index the strengths of their association with the phenotype.
      Extensive simulation studies demonstrate the performance of the proposed method
      in terms of biomarker detection accuracy via comparisons with three popular
      regularized regression methods. We also apply the proposed method to The Cancer
      Genome Atlas lung adenocarcinoma dataset to jointly explore associations of mRNA
      expression and protein expression with smoking status. Many of the identified
      biomarkers belong to key pathways for lung tumorigenesis, some of which are known
      to show differential expression across smoking levels. We discover potential
      biomarkers that reveal different mechanisms of lung tumorigenesis between light
      smokers and heavy smokers. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: R code to implement
      the new method can be downloaded from http://odin.mdacc.tmc.edu/jhhu/ CONTACT:
      jhu@mdanderson.org.

PMID- 27381343
TI  - Peromyscus as a model system for understanding the regulation of maternal
      behavior.
AB  - The genus Peromyscus has been used as a model system for understanding maternal
      behavior because of the diversity of reproductive strategies within this genus.
      This review will describe the ecological factors that determine litter size and
      litter quality in polygynous species such as Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus
      maniculatus. We will also outline the physiological and social factors regulating
      maternal care in Peromyscus californicus, a monogamous and biparental species.
      Because biparental care is relatively rare in mammals, most research in P.
      californicus has focused on understanding the biology of paternal care while less
      research has focused on understanding maternal care. As a result, the social,
      sensory, and hormonal cues used to coordinate parental care between male and
      female P. californicus have been relatively well-studied. However, less is known
      about the physiology of maternal care in P. californicus and in other Peromyscus
      species. The diversity of the genus Peromyscus provides the potential for future
      research to continue to examine how variation in social systems has shaped the
      mechanisms that underlie maternal care.

PMID- 27381344
TI  - Mammalian microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in the host-bacterial pathogen
      crosstalk.
AB  - Gene expression regulation is a critical question in host-pathogen interactions,
      and RNAs act as key players in this process. In this review, we focus on the
      mammalian RNA response to bacterial infection, with a special interest on
      microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. We discuss the role of cellular miRNAs in
      immunity, the implication of circulating miRNAs as well as the influence of the
      microbiome on the miRNA response. We also review how pathogens counteract the
      host miRNA expression. Interestingly, bacterial non-coding RNAs regulate host
      gene expression and conversely eukaryotic miRNAs may regulate bacterial gene
      expression. Overall, the characterization of RNA regulatory networks represents
      an emerging theme in the field of host pathogen interactions.

PMID- 27381346
TI  - Brain tumour presenting with burns: Case report and discussion.
AB  - Descriptions of burns as the presenting features of underlying neurological
      pathology are very rare, with only two previously published case reports
      available. Both of these reports featured meningioma as the pre-existing
      pathology and both described burn excision and wound healing, prior to surgical
      tumour ablation. The authors describe the case of a 35-year-old female, who
      presented with 25% total body surface area burns and recent global neurological
      deterioration. MRI imaging revealed a large intracranial tumour.
      Multidisciplinary management included rigorous non-surgical burn wound care and
      early craniotomy and tumour excision. This proceeded without complication. Burn
      excision and skin grafting was carried out successfully, two weeks later. This
      case differs from the previous two reported cases, which both described burn
      excision, as a pre-requisite to neurosurgery. This case establishes that the
      presence of a burn wound is not a total contra-indication to intracranial
      surgery.

PMID- 27381345
TI  - Infection resistance and tolerance in Peromyscus spp., natural reservoirs of
      microbes that are virulent for humans.
AB  - The widely-distributed North American species Peromyscus leucopus and P.
      maniculatus of cricetine rodents are, between them, important natural reservoirs
      for several zoonotic diseases of humans: Lyme disease, human granulocytic
      anaplasmosis, babesiosis, erhlichiosis, hard tickborne relapsing fever, Powassan
      virus encephalitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and plague. While these
      infections are frequently disabling and sometimes fatal for humans, the
      peromyscines display little pathology and apparently suffer few consequences,
      even when prevalence of persistent infection in a population is high. While these
      Peromyscus spp. are unable to clear some of the infections, they appear to have
      partial resistance, which limits the burden of the pathogen. In addition, they
      display traits of infection tolerance, which reduces the damage of the infection.
      Research on these complementary resistance and tolerance phenomena in Peromyscus
      has relevance both for disease control measures targeting natural reservoirs and
      for understanding the mechanisms of the comparatively greater sickness of many
      humans with these and other infections.

PMID- 27381347
TI  - Methotrexate induced pneumatosis intestinalis under hemodialysis patient.
AB  - Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is a rare disorder characterized by the gas within
      the intestinal mucosa. This is the first report methotrexate (MTX) induced PI
      under hemodialysis (HD) patient. A 46-year-old man suffered rheumatoid arthritis
      and underwent HD at local HD center. After the initial induction of MTX, the
      patient showed epigastralgia and diarrhea. He was referred to our hospital and
      abdominal computed tomography showed significant large intestinal edema and free
      intraperitoneal air consistent with PI. Physicians should aware that MTX is
      contraindication drug for chronic kidney disease and high-flux HD may decrease
      MTX toxicity and oxidative stress, improving PI.

PMID- 27381350
TI  - Interaction of TGA@CdTe Quantum Dots with an Extracellular Matrix of
      Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Detected Using Surface-Enhanced Raman
      Spectroscopy (SERS).
AB  - The present study reports the localization and interaction of thioglycolic acid
      (TGA) capped CdTe quantum dots (TGA@CdTe QDs) within the extracellular matrix
      (ECM) of Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae) microalgae (HPM) after an
      incubation period of 5 min. Changes in the Raman spectrum of HPM induced by the
      adsorption of the TGA@CdTe QDs are successfully found by using naked gold
      anisotropic structures as nano-sensors for surface-enhanced Raman scattering
      (SERS effect). Raman spectroscopy results show that TGA@CdTe QDs interact with
      the biomolecules present in the ECM. Sample preparation and characterization by
      complementary techniques such as confocal and electron microscopy are also used
      to confirm the presence and localization of the nanoparticles in the algae. This
      research shows new evidence on early accumulation of QDs in plant cells and would
      further improve our understanding about their environmental impact. 

PMID- 27381349
TI  - Diabetes related knowledge, self-care behaviours and adherence to medications
      among diabetic patients in Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The provision of health education involving self-care and good
      adherence to medications has been acknowledged to be a cost effective strategy
      for improving quality of life of diabetes patients. We assessed levels of
      knowledge about type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), self-care behaviours and
      adherence to medication among DM patients. METHODS: A facility based cross
      sectional survey of 325 adults with T2DM patients attending Jimma University
      Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia was conducted. We used diabetes Knowledge
      Test, Expanded Version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities and
      Morisky 8-Item medication adherence as tools to measure diabetic knowledge, self
      care behaviours and adherence to medications respectively. Multinomial logistic
      regression analyses were used to assess the independent predictors of diabetes
      knowledge and adherence to medications. The binary logistic regression was
      applied for self-care behaviours. RESULTS: 309 respondents were included in the
      survey. Of all the respondents, 44.9 %, 20.1 % and 34.9 % had low, medium and
      high level diabetic knowledge respectively. High level of diabetic knowledge was
      the reference group. Being illiterate (AOR = 3.1, 95%CI: 1.03-9.3), having BMI
      <18 kg/m(2) (AOR = 6.4, 95%CI: 1.2-34.9) and duration of DM < 5 years (AOR = 4.2,
      95%CI: 1.9-9.5) were significantly associated with low level of diabetic
      knowledge. T2DM patients who practiced good self-care (AOR = 0.5, 95%CI: 0.3-0.9)
      were less likely to have low knowledge. Duration of DM < 5 years (AOR = 9.8,
      95%CI: 3.2-30.2) was significantly associated with medium level of diabetic
      knowledge. 157(50.8 %) patients had poor self-care behaviour and this was
      associated with level of education and adherence to medication. The proportions
      of patients with low, medium and high adherence to medication were 24.9 %, 37.9 %
      and 37.2 % respectively. Being a merchant, having medium level of diabetic
      knowledge and having good glycemic control level were associated with low
      adherence to medications. CONCLUSIONS: Significant number of DM patients had low
      level of knowledge, poor self-care behaviours and low level of adherence to
      medications. These findings call for the need of integrated interventional
      management on diabetic knowledge, self-care behaviours and adherence to
      medications. To ensure effective T2DM management, a strategic approach that
      improves health literacy could be a cross cutting intervention.

PMID- 27381348
TI  - An emerging zoonotic clone in the Netherlands provides clues to virulence and
      zoonotic potential of Streptococcus suis.
AB  - Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic swine pathogen and a major public health concern
      in Asia, where it emerged as an important cause of bacterial meningitis in
      adults. While associated with food-borne transmission in Asia, zoonotic S. suis
      infections are mainly occupational hazards elsewhere. To identify genomic
      differences that can explain zoonotic potential, we compared whole genomes of 98
      S. suis isolates from human patients and pigs with invasive disease in the
      Netherlands, and validated our observations with 18 complete and publicly
      available sequences. Zoonotic isolates have smaller genomes than non-zoonotic
      isolates, but contain more virulence factors. We identified a zoonotic S. suis
      clone that diverged from a non-zoonotic clone by means of gene loss, a capsule
      switch, and acquisition of a two-component signalling system in the late 19th
      century, when foreign pig breeds were introduced. Our results indicate that
      zoonotic potential of S. suis results from gene loss, recombination and
      horizontal gene transfer events.

PMID- 27381351
TI  - Optical Characterization of Parathyroid Tissues.
AB  - The parathyroid glands are small and often similar to lymph nodes, fat, and
      thyroid tissue. These glands are difficult to identify during surgery and a
      biopsy of the parathyroid for identification can lead to damage of the gland. The
      use of static and time-resolved fluorescence techniques to detect biochemical
      composition and tissue structure alterations could help to develop a portable,
      minimally invasive, and nondestructive method to assist medical evaluation of
      parathyroid tissues. In this study, we investigated 10 human parathyroid samples
      by absorbance, fluorescence, excitation, and time-resolved fluorescence
      measurements. Moreover, we compared the results of time-resolved fluorescence
      measurements with 59 samples of thyroid tissues. The fluorescence lifetimes with
      emission at 340 nm were 1.09 +/- 0.10 and 4.46 +/- 0.06 ns for healthy tissue,
      1.01 +/- 0.25 and 4.39 +/- 0.36 ns for benign lesions, and 0.67 +/- 0.36 and 3.92
      +/- 0.72 ns for malignant lesions. The lifetimes for benign and malignant lesions
      were significantly different, as attested by the analysis of variance with
      confidence levels higher than 87%. For each class of samples (healthy, benign,
      and malignant) we perceived statistical differences between the thyroid and
      parathyroid tissue, independently. After further investigations, fluorescence
      methods could become a tool to identify normal and pathological parathyroid
      tissues and distinguish thyroid from parathyroid tissues.

PMID- 27381352
TI  - Influence of Sampling Component on Determination of Soluble Solids Content of
      Fuji Apple Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.
AB  - Fuji apples from two production areas were separated into six batches by
      different experimenters. After applying light (500-1010 nm) on the surface of
      intact ones for their visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectra, destructive
      samples of three apple components were taken to determine the soluble solids
      content (SSC). Correlation and regression coefficients between the second
      Savitzky-Golay derivative of the spectra and SSC were analyzed to reveal that SSC
      values derived from the different apple components showed significantly different
      responses in the visible region. However, similar responses, particularly in the
      NIR section (730-932 nm), remained, including two sugar bands at 890 and 906 nm.
      On the basis of applying above characteristic bands to remove the interference
      signals, partial least square (PLS) and multiple linear regression (MLR) showed
      similar effective performances. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA)
      method, sampling methods had significant effect on quantitative accuracy, and the
      model, using SSC values detected from the outer flesh cuboid (2.5 * 2.5 * 1.5
      cm3), provided the best performance with lower root mean square error of
      prediction and higher correlation coefficient.

PMID- 27381353
TI  - Evaluation of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Tissue Morphology of In Vivo Rat Brain
      Using Spectral Diffuse Reflectance Imaging.
AB  - We investigated a quantitative imaging of reduced scattering coefficients MUs'(
      lambda) and the absorption coefficients MUa( lambda) of in vivo cortical tissues
      in the range from visible to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths based on diffuse
      reflectance spectral imaging technique. In this method, diffuse reflectance
      images of in vivo cortical tissue are acquired at nine wavelengths (500, 520,
      540, 560, 570, 580, 600, 730, and 760 nm). A multiple regression analysis aided
      by the Monte Carlo simulation for the absorbance spectra is then utilized to
      estimate the optical coefficients of cortical tissue. This analysis calculates
      the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin and that of deoxygenated hemoglobin,
      the scattering amplitude a and the scattering power b. The spectrum of absorption
      coefficient is deduced from the estimated concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin
      and deoxygenated hemoglobin. The spectrum of reduced scattering coefficient is
      determined by the estimated scattering amplitude and scattering power. The
      particle size distribution of microstructure is calculated from the estimated
      scattering power b for evaluating the morphological change in brain tissue
      quantitatively. Animal experiments with in vivo exposed brain of rats
      demonstrated that the responses of the absorption properties to hyperoxic and
      anoxic conditions are in agreement with the expected well-known cortical
      hemodynamics. The average particle size was significantly reduced immediately
      after the onset of anoxia and then it was changed into an increase, which implied
      the swelling and shrinkage of the cellular and subcellular structures induced by
      loss of tissue viability in brain tissue.

PMID- 27381354
TI  - Associations of self-reported height loss and kyphosis with vertebral fractures
      in Japanese women 60 years and older: a cross-sectional survey.
AB  - Some vertebral fractures come to clinical attention but most do not. This cross
      sectional survey aimed to clarify the associations of self-reported height loss
      and kyphosis with vertebral fractures. We enrolled 407 women aged 60-92 years who
      visited our orthopaedic clinic between June and August 2014 in our study.
      Inclusion criteria were lateral radiography followed by completion of a
      structured questionnaire in this study. The primary outcome was vertebral
      fracture diagnosed on lateral radiography and graded using a semiquantitative
      grading method, from SQ0 (normal) to SQ3 (severe). Self-reported kyphosis was
      defined as none, mild to moderate, severe. Self-reported height loss was defined
      as <4 cm or >=4 cm. Number of SQ1 fracture was associated only with kyphosis.
      Self-reported severe kyphosis was significantly associated with increased numbers
      of >=SQ2 vertebral fractures (p = 0.007). Height loss >=4 cm was significantly
      associated with increased >=SQ2 grade fractures (p < 0.001). Odds ratios (ORs)
      for fractures associated with mild-to-moderate and severe kyphosis were 2.1 [95%
      confidence interval 1.4 to 3.3) and 4.2 (1.8 to 9.5), respectively. OR for
      fractures associated with height loss >=4 cm was 2.3 (1.4 to 3.7). Self-reported
      kyphosis may be useful for identifying Japanese women aged >=60 years who have
      undetected vertebral fractures.

PMID- 27381355
TI  - Nutrient removal by Chlorella vulgaris F1068 under cetyltrimethyl ammonium
      bromide induced hormesis.
AB  - Toxicants are generally harmful to biotechnology in wastewater treatment.
      However, trace toxicant can induce microbial hormesis, but to date, it is still
      unknown how this phenomenon affects nutrient removal during municipal wastewater
      treatment process. Therefore, this study focused on the effects of hormesis
      induced by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), a representative quaternary
      ammonium cationic surfactant, on nutrient removal by Chlorella vulgaris F1068.
      Results showed that when the concentration of CTAB was less than 10 ng/L, the
      cellular components chlorophyll a, proteins, polysaccharides, and total lipids
      increased by 10.11, 58.17, 38.78, and 11.87 %, respectively, and some enzymes in
      nutrient metabolism of algal cells, such as glutamine synthetase (GS), acid
      phosphatase (ACP), H(+)-ATPase, and esterase, were also enhanced. As a result,
      the removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen (NH4 (+)) and total phosphorus (TP)
      increased by 14.66 and 8.51 %, respectively, compared to the control during a 7
      day test period. The underlying mechanism was mainly due to an enhanced
      photosynthetic activity of C. vulgaris F1068 indicated by the increase in
      chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (the value of Fv/Fm, PhiII, Fv/Fo, and rETR
      increased by 12.99, 7.56, 25.59, and 8.11 %, respectively) and adenylate energy
      charge (AEC) (from 0.68 to 0.72). These results suggest that hormesis induced by
      trace toxicants could enhance the nutrient removal, which would be further
      considered in the design of municipal wastewater treatment processes. Graphical
      abstract The schematic mechanism of C. vulgaris F1068 under CTAB induced
      hormesis. Green arrows ( ) represent the increase and the red arrow ( )
      represents the decrease. 

PMID- 27381356
TI  - Comparison of PAHs uptake by selected Monocotyledones and Dicotyledones from
      municipal and industrial sewage sludge.
AB  - The study was focused on two goals: (i) the confirmation of the existence of a
      general relation between the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
      in sewage sludge and in plants growing in it, regardless of the type and content
      of sewage sludge, and (ii) if so, the answer to the question whether the uptake
      of PAHs by plants depends on their type. To realize the set aims, the contents of
      PAHs in four differentiated plant species were measured, two belonging to the
      Monocotyledones and two belonging to Dicotyledones group, growing in municipal
      and industrial sewage sludge in two locations. All the investigations were
      carried out during the period of 3 years. The results clearly demonstrated that
      the uptake of PAHs by a plant depended on polyaromatic hydrocarbon concentration
      in the sewage sludge. The relation between accumulation coefficient of PAHs in
      plant material vs. the content of PAH in sewage sludge was of exponential
      character. The results indicate that in case of four- and five-ring PAHs, the
      root uptake mechanism from soil solution occurs, regardless of the type and
      origin of sewage sludge and the type of plant. For three-ring PAHs, we can assume
      for Monocotyledones that the root uptake mechanism occurs because we observe a
      significant correlation between the content of fluorene, phenanthrene, and
      anthracene in plant material and in the sewage sludge. For Dicotyledones, the
      correlation is insignificant, and in this case probably two mechanisms occur-the
      uptake by roots and by leaves. 

PMID- 27381357
TI  - Effect of petroleum hydrocarbons in copper phytoremediation by a salt marsh plant
      (Juncus maritimus) and the role of autochthonous bioaugmentation.
AB  - This work aimed to investigate, under controlled but environmental relevant
      conditions, the effects of the presence of both inorganic and organic
      contaminants (copper and petroleum hydrocarbons) on phytoremediation potential of
      the salt marsh plant Juncus maritimus. Moreover, bioaugmentation, with an
      autochthonous microbial consortium (AMC) resistant to Cu, was tested, aiming an
      increase in the remediation potential of this plant in the presence of a co
      contamination. Salt marsh plants with sediment attached to their roots were
      collected, placed in vessels, and kept in greenhouses, under tidal simulation.
      Sediments were contaminated with Cu and petroleum, and the AMC was added to half
      of the vessels. After 5 months, plants accumulated significant amounts of Cu but
      only in belowground structures. The amount of Cu was even higher in the presence
      of petroleum. AMC addition increased Cu accumulation in belowground tissues,
      despite decreasing Cu bioavailability, promoting J. maritimus phytostabilization
      potential. Therefore, J. maritimus has potential to phytoremediate co
      contaminated sediments, and autochthonous bioaugmentation can be a valuable
      strategy for the recovery and management of moderately impacted estuaries. This
      approach can contribute for a sustainable use of the environmental resources.
      Graphical abstract ?. 

PMID- 27381358
TI  - Microparticles: A new insight into lung primary graft dysfunction?
AB  - Lung transplantation is the only life-saving treatment for end stage respiratory
      disease. The immediate outcome is still hampered by primary graft dysfunction.
      The latter is a form of acute lung injury occurring within the 30min following
      the unclamping of the pulmonary artery that prompts ischemia reperfusion injury.
      Severe forms may need prolonged mechanical ventilation and extra-corporeal
      membrane oxygenation. Overall, primary graft dysfunction accounts for at least
      one third of the deaths during the first post-operative month. Despite increasing
      experience and knowledge on the underlying cellular events, there is still a lack
      of an early marker of ischemia reperfusion graft injuries. Microparticles are
      plasma membrane vesicles that are released from damaged or stressed cells in
      biological fluids and remodeling tissues, among which the lung parenchyma during
      acute or chronic injury. We recently evidenced alveolar microparticles as
      surrogate markers of strong ischemia injury in ex-vivo reperfusion experimental
      models. We propose herein new insights on how microparticles may be helpful to
      evaluate the extent of lung ischemia reperfusion injuries and predict the
      occurrence of primary graft dysfunction.

PMID- 27381359
TI  - Genetic profile of PTEN gene in Indian oral squamous cell carcinoma primary
      tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is the tumor suppressor gene
      located on chromosome10q23.3. Genetic variations in the PTEN gene have been found
      in various sporadic tumors. However, petite is known about the genetic profile of
      the PTEN gene in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is the eighth most
      common neoplasm worldwide and leading cancer in India. The purpose of the present
      study was to determine the frequency of genetic variations in the tyrosine
      phosphatase domain of the PTEN gene in an Indian OSCC subset. METHODS: We
      analyzed tyrosine phosphatase domain encoded by exon 5 of the PTEN gene in 59
      OSCC primary tumors using PCR - direct genomic sequencing. RESULT: We observed
      one somatic deletion mutation, IVS4-30delT in three OSCC patients; two of them
      were at an advanced stage of carcinoma. Moreover, we identified one SNP rs
      35560700(C>T), in five OSCC patients with the late stage of oral carcinoma.
      CONCLUSION: We identified 5% somatic mutational frequency in the intronic region
      of the tyrosine phosphatase domain of the PTEN gene; however, mutations were
      found absent in the coding region. Therefore, PTEN gene mutation is not a
      frequent event in the pathogenesis of OSCC in the targeted Indian cohort.

PMID- 27381360
TI  - Retrospective analysis of tigecycline shows that it may be an option for children
      with severe infections.
AB  - AIM: This study assessed the efficacy and safety of tigecycline in children with
      life-threatening infections. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical
      records of patients treated with tigecycline from June 2012 to May 2014 in a
      Chinese tertiary centre. RESULTS: The study comprised 24 patients (14 male) with
      a median age of four years (range, 50 days-12 years). The most frequently
      isolated microorganism, most common isolation site and type of infection were
      Acinetobacter baumannii, tracheal aspirate fluid and ventilator-associated
      pneumonia, respectively. Tigecycline was administered at a loading dose of 1.5 or
      2.0 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg every 12 hours after that. The average duration of
      treatment was 11.6 +/- 5.8 days. The clinical response and microbiological
      eradication rate were 37.5% and 29.2%, respectively. Six of the patients we
      studied (25.0%) died, and three of these deaths were considered to be infection
      related. Adverse drug reactions were identified in four patients (16.7%) during
      the treatment, including abnormal liver function, prolonged prothrombin time and
      diarrhoea. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that tigecycline may be an option for
      children with severe infections. However, more prospective, controlled trials are
      required to objectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigecycline in
      children.

PMID- 27381361
TI  - The first catalytic asymmetric cycloadditions of imines with an enolisable
      anhydride.
AB  - The first catalytic, asymmetric reactions of imines with homophthalic anhydride
      to form disubstituted 3,4-dihydroisoquinolones are reported. The use of N-mesyl
      aldimines is key, as more basic imines undergo rapid uncatalysed reactions, while
      imines possessing larger N-sulphonyl substituents form lactams with lower ee. 

PMID- 27381362
TI  - Quantitative Study of Elasticity of Rabbit VX2 Liver Tumor with Alternated
      Cooling and Heating Treatment based on ARFI Ultrasound Imaging Technique.
AB  - Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) ultrasound imaging technique is used to
      quantitatively evaluate the elasticity of rabbit VX2 liver tumor with alternated
      cooling and heating treatment (ACHT). ACHT was performed on fifteen VX2 liver
      tumor models established in fifteen male New Zealand white rabbits with open
      tumor plant. ARFI was performed on day 0, 1, 7 and 14 after ACHT and shear wave
      velocity (SWV) in ARFI was recorded to evaluate the elasticity of the treated
      area. The SWV value of the lesion on day 0, 1, 7 and 14 was 2.33 +/- 0.19 m/s,
      3.09 +/- 0.40 m/s, 2.64 +/- 0.37 m/s and 2.26 +/- 0.24 m/s, respectively,
      indicating the treated areas get stiffer on day 1 and then get softer gradually
      by day. All the difference between adjacent time points was statistically
      significant. The SWV value of different parts on day 7 approved that the hardness
      of the treated area is heterogenous: the treated area in the center >the
      peripheral strip-shaped area >normal liver tissues, consistent with pathological
      changes. Meanwhile, ARFI combined with conventional US imaging can qualitatively
      and quantitatively exam the healing process of rabbit VX2 liver tumor after ACHT,
      and corresponds well to the pathological results.

PMID- 27381363
TI  - Testing gold nanostructures fabricated by hole-mask colloidal lithography as
      potential substrates for SERS sensors: sensitivity, signal variability, and the
      aspect of adsorbate deposition.
AB  - Gold nanoplasmonic substrates with high sensitivity and spectral reproducibility
      are key components of molecular sensors based on surface-enhanced Raman
      scattering (SERS). In this work, we used a confocal Raman microscope and several
      types of gold nanostructures (arrays of nanodiscs, nanocones and nanodisc dimers)
      prepared by hole-mask colloidal lithography (HCL) to determine the sources of
      variability in SERS measurements. We demonstrate that significant variations in
      the SERS signal can originate from the method of deposition of analyte molecules
      onto a SERS substrate. While the method based on incubation of SERS substrates in
      a solution containing the analyte yields a SERS signal with low variability, the
      droplet deposition method produces a SERS signal with rather high variability.
      Variability of the SERS signal of a single nanoparticle was determined from the
      statistical analysis of the SERS signal in short-range Raman maps recorded using
      different sized laser spots produced by means of different objectives. We show
      that the number of nanoparticles located within the laser spot can be a source of
      substantial SERS signal variability, especially for high-magnification
      objectives. We demonstrate that SERS substrates prepared by HCL exhibit high SERS
      enhancement and excellent homogeneity (about 20% relative standard deviation from
      short-range maps). The nanocone arrays are shown to provide the highest SERS
      enhancement, the lowest relative level of fluorescence background, and also
      slightly better homogeneity when compared with arrays of nanodisc dimers or
      single nanodiscs. 

PMID- 27381364
TI  - Allometric equations for integrating remote sensing imagery into forest
      monitoring programmes.
AB  - Remote sensing is revolutionizing the way we study forests, and recent
      technological advances mean we are now able - for the first time - to identify
      and measure the crown dimensions of individual trees from airborne imagery. Yet
      to make full use of these data for quantifying forest carbon stocks and dynamics,
      a new generation of allometric tools which have tree height and crown size at
      their centre are needed. Here, we compile a global database of 108753 trees for
      which stem diameter, height and crown diameter have all been measured, including
      2395 trees harvested to measure aboveground biomass. Using this database, we
      develop general allometric models for estimating both the diameter and
      aboveground biomass of trees from attributes which can be remotely sensed -
      specifically height and crown diameter. We show that tree height and crown
      diameter jointly quantify the aboveground biomass of individual trees and find
      that a single equation predicts stem diameter from these two variables across the
      world's forests. These new allometric models provide an intuitive way of
      integrating remote sensing imagery into large-scale forest monitoring programmes
      and will be of key importance for parameterizing the next generation of dynamic
      vegetation models.

PMID- 27381365
TI  - A Gestalt approach to Gram-negative entry.
AB  - A major obstacle confronting the discovery and development of new antibacterial
      agents to combat resistant Gram-negative (GN) organisms is the lack of a rational
      process for endowing compounds with properties that allow (or promote) entry into
      the bacterial cytoplasm. The major permeability difference between GN and Gram
      positive (GP) bacteria is the GN outer membrane (OM) which is a permeability
      barrier itself and potentiates efflux pumps that expel compounds. Based on the
      fact that OM-permeable and efflux-deleted GNs are sensitive to many anti-GP
      drugs, recent efforts to approach the GN entry problem have focused on ways of
      avoiding efflux and transiting or compromising the OM, with the tacit assumption
      that this could allow entry of compounds into the GN cytoplasm. But bypassing the
      OM and efflux obstacles does not take into account the additional requirement of
      penetrating the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) whose sieving properties appear to be
      orthogonal to that of the OM. That is, tailoring compounds to transit the OM may
      well compromise their ability to enter the cytoplasm. Thus, a Gestalt approach to
      understanding the chemical requirements for GN entry seems a useful adjunct. This
      might consist of characterizing compounds which reach the cytoplasm, grouping (or
      binning) by routes of entry and formulating chemical 'rules' for those bins. This
      will require acquisition of data on large numbers of compounds, using non
      activity-dependent methods of measuring accumulation in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 27381367
TI  - The principal pathways involved in the in vivo modulation of hypoxic pulmonary
      vasoconstriction, pulmonary arterial remodelling and pulmonary hypertension.
AB  - Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) serves to optimize ventilation-perfusion
      matching in focal hypoxia and thereby enhances pulmonary gas exchange. During
      global hypoxia, however, HPV induces general pulmonary vasoconstriction, which
      may lead to pulmonary hypertension (PH), impaired exercise capacity, right-heart
      failure and pulmonary oedema at high altitude. In chronic hypoxia, generalized
      HPV together with hypoxic pulmonary arterial remodelling, contribute to the
      development of PH. The present article reviews the principal pathways in the in
      vivo modulation of HPV, hypoxic pulmonary arterial remodelling and PH with
      primary focus on the endothelin-1, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase and adenine
      nucleotide pathways. In summary, endothelin-1 and thromboxane A2 may enhance,
      whereas nitric oxide and prostacyclin may moderate, HPV as well as hypoxic
      pulmonary arterial remodelling and PH. The production of prostacyclin seems to be
      coupled primarily to cyclooxygenase-1 in acute hypoxia, but to cyclooxygenase-2
      in chronic hypoxia. The potential role of adenine nucleotides in modulating HPV
      is unclear, but warrants further study. Additional modulators of the pulmonary
      vascular responses to hypoxia may include angiotensin II, histamine, serotonin/5
      hydroxytryptamine, leukotrienes and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. Drugs targeting
      these pathways may reduce acute and/or chronic hypoxic PH. Endothelin receptor
      antagonists and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors may additionally improve exercise
      capacity in hypoxia. Importantly, the modulation of the pulmonary vascular
      responses to hypoxia varies between species and individuals, with hypoxic
      duration and age. The review also define how drugs targeting the endothelin-1,
      nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase and adenine nucleotide pathways may improve
      pulmonary haemodynamics, but also impair pulmonary gas exchange by interference
      with HPV in chronic lung diseases.

PMID- 27381366
TI  - A novel strain of Bacteroides fragilis enhances phagocytosis and polarises M1
      macrophages.
AB  - Commensal Bacteroides fragilis possesses immune-regulatory characteristics.
      Consequently, it has been proposed as a potential novel probiotic because of its
      therapeutic effects on immune imbalance, mental disorders and inflammatory
      diseases. Macrophages play a central role in the immune response, developing
      either a classical-M1 or an alternative-M2 phenotype after stimulation with
      various signals. The interactions between macrophages and B. fragilis, however,
      remain to be defined. Here, a new isolate of B. fragilis, ZY-312, was shown to
      possess admirable properties, including tolerance to simulated gastric fluid,
      intestinal fluid and ox bile, and good safety (MOI = 100, 200) and adherent
      ability (MOI = 100) to LoVo cells. Isolate ZY-312 cell lysate promoted
      phagocytosis of fluorescent microspheres and pathogenic bacteria in bone marrow
      derived macrophage (BMDM) cells. Gene expression of IL-12, iNOS and IL-1beta in
      BMDM cells was increased after treatment with ZY-312, indicating the induction of
      M1 macrophages, consistent with enhanced secretion of NO. Cell surface expression
      of CD80 and CD86 was also increased. This study is the first to demonstrate that
      B. fragilis enhances the phagocytic functions of macrophages, polarising them to
      an M1 phenotype. Our findings provide insight into the close relationship between
      B. fragilis and the innate immune system.

PMID- 27381368
TI  - Comparative analyses across cattle genders and breeds reveal the pitfalls caused
      by false positive and lineage-differential copy number variations.
AB  - We compared CNV region (CNVR) results derived from 1,682 Nellore cattle with
      equivalent results derived from our previous analysis of Bovine HapMap samples.
      By comparing CNV segment frequencies between different genders and groups, we
      identified 9 frequent, false positive CNVRs with a total length of 0.8 Mbp that
      were likely caused by assembly errors. Although there was a paucity of lineage
      specific events, we did find one 54 kb deletion on chr5 significantly enriched in
      Nellore cattle. A few highly frequent CNVRs present in both datasets were
      detected within genomic regions containing olfactory receptor, ATP-binding
      cassette, and major histocompatibility complex genes. We further evaluated their
      impacts on downstream bioinformatics and CNV association analyses. Our results
      revealed pitfalls caused by false positive and lineage-differential copy number
      variations and will increase the accuracy of future CNV studies in both taurine
      and indicine cattle.

PMID- 27381369
TI  - The Na+/Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitor Canagliflozin Activates AMPK by
      Inhibiting Mitochondrial Function and Increasing Cellular AMP Levels.
AB  - Canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin, all recently approved for
      treatment of type 2 diabetes, were derived from the natural product phlorizin.
      They reduce hyperglycemia by inhibiting glucose reuptake by sodium/glucose
      cotransporter (SGLT) 2 in the kidney, without affecting intestinal glucose uptake
      by SGLT1. We now report that canagliflozin also activates AMPK, an effect also
      seen with phloretin (the aglycone breakdown product of phlorizin), but not to any
      significant extent with dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, or phlorizin. AMPK
      activation occurred at canagliflozin concentrations measured in human plasma in
      clinical trials and was caused by inhibition of Complex I of the respiratory
      chain, leading to increases in cellular AMP or ADP. Although canagliflozin also
      inhibited cellular glucose uptake independently of SGLT2, this did not account
      for AMPK activation. Canagliflozin also inhibited lipid synthesis, an effect that
      was absent in AMPK knockout cells and that required phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA
      carboxylase (ACC) 1 and/or ACC2 at the AMPK sites. Oral administration of
      canagliflozin activated AMPK in mouse liver, although not in muscle, adipose
      tissue, or spleen. Because phosphorylation of ACC by AMPK is known to lower liver
      lipid content, these data suggest a potential additional benefit of canagliflozin
      therapy compared with other SGLT2 inhibitors.

PMID- 27381370
TI  - Fat Mass Reduction With Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Insulin Resistance in
      Heterozygous PPARgamma Mutant Rats.
AB  - Agonist-induced activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma
      (PPARgamma) stimulates adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity.
      Patients with heterozygous PPARgamma dominant-negative mutation develop partial
      lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Inconsistent with this evidence in humans,
      it was reported that heterozygous PPARgamma knockout mice have increased insulin
      sensitivity and that mice with heterozygous PPARgamma dominant-negative mutation
      have normal insulin sensitivity and improved glucose tolerance. In the context of
      the interspecies intranslatability of PPARgamma-related findings, we generated a
      PPARgamma mutant rat with a loss-of-function mutation (Pparg(mkyo)) without
      dominant-negative activity by using the ENU (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea) mutagenesis
      method. Heterozygous Pparg(mkyo/+) rats showed reduced fat mass with adipocyte
      hypertrophy and insulin resistance, which were highly predictable from known
      actions of PPARgamma agonists and phenotypes of patients with the PPARgamma
      mutation. This report is the first in our knowledge to clearly demonstrate that
      both alleles of PPARgamma are required for normal adipocyte development and
      insulin sensitivity in vivo. Furthermore, the study indicates that PPARgamma
      regulates mainly adipocyte number rather than adipocyte size in vivo. The choice
      of appropriate species as experimental models is critical, especially for the
      study of PPARgamma.

PMID- 27381371
TI  - Divergent functional profiles of acidic and basic phospholipases A2 in the venom
      of the snake Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii.
AB  - The Lansberg's hognose pitviper, Porthidium lansbergii lansbergii, inhabits
      northern Colombia. A recent proteomic characterization of its venom (J.
      Proteomics [2015] 114, 287-299) revealed the presence of phospholipases A2 (PLA2)
      accounting for 16.2% of its proteins. The two most abundant PLA2s were
      biochemically and functionally characterized. Pllans-I is a basic, dimeric enzyme
      with a monomer mass of 14,136 Da, while Pllans-II is an acidic, monomeric enzyme
      of 13,901 Da. Both have Asp49 in their partial amino acid sequences and,
      accordingly, are catalytically active upon natural or synthetic substrates.
      Nevertheless, these two enzymes differ markedly in their bioactivities. Pllans-I
      induces myonecrosis, edema, and is lethal by intracerebro-ventricular injection
      in mice, as well as cytolytic and anticoagulant in vitro. In contrast, Pllans-II
      is devoid of these effects, except for the induction of a moderate edema. In
      spite of lacking myotoxicity, Pllans-II enhances the muscle damaging action of
      Pllans-I in vivo. Altogether, results further illustrate the divergent functional
      profiles of basic and acidic PLA2s in viperid venoms, and suggest that Pllans-I
      plays a myotoxic role in envenomings by P. l. lansbergii, whereas Pllans-II,
      apparently devoid of toxicity, enhances muscle damage caused by Pllans-I. 

PMID- 27381372
TI  - Plate Positioning in Periprosthetic or Interprosthetic Femur Fractures With
      Stable Implants-A Biomechanical Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Angular stable plate fixation is a widely accepted treatment option
      for interprosthetic or periprosthetic femoral fractures with stable implants.
      This biomechanical study tries to establish a safe distance of the plate from the
      tip of a femoral prosthesis. METHODS: A total of 38 composite femurs were reamed
      to an inner diameter of 23 mm to create an osteoporotic bone model. A Weber hip
      stem was cemented into each and a distal femoral NCB plate applied with the
      distance to the stem varying from 8 cm apart to 6 cm overlap in 2-cm steps. Each
      specimen was tested in cyclic axial loading (400 N-1500 N) and then cyclic
      torsion (0.6 Nm-50 Nm). Peak strain on the femur around the tip of the plate was
      measured with a 3D image correlation system and averaged over 26 cycles
      (excluding the first 3 and the last cycles). Finally, each femur was axially
      loaded to failure. RESULTS: Strain increased with decreasing overlap or gap.
      Seven specimens failed early between 2-cm overlap and 2-cm gap. Results were
      divided into a far group with a distance of >4 cm and a close group of <4 cm.
      Strain was significantly higher in the close group for axial (P < .001) and
      torsional (P < .001) loading. Failure load was significantly lower in the close
      group (P = .002). CONCLUSION: A minimal gap and/or overlap of at least 6 cm is
      recommended in osteoporotic bone to avoid stress risers.

PMID- 27381373
TI  - Incidence of and Preoperative Risk Factors for Surgical Delay in Primary Total
      Hip Arthroplasty: Analysis From the American College of Surgeons National
      Surgical Quality Improvement Program.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Total joint arthroplasty is a proven treatment for osteoarthritis of
      the knee and hip that has failed conservative treatment. While most of total
      joint arthroplasty is considered elective with surgery on the day of admission, a
      small subset of patients may require delay in surgery past the day of admission.
      Recently, surgical delay for primary total knee arthroplasty has been identified.
      However, the incidence, outcomes, and risk factors for delay in surgery before
      total hip arthroplasty (THA) have not been previously defined. QUESTIONS/PURPOSE:
      In patients undergoing THA, we sought to define (1) the incidence of and risk
      factors for delay in surgery, (2) the postoperative complications between
      surgical delay and no surgical delay cohorts, and (3) association of the Charlson
      comorbidity index (CCI) in patients with delay of surgery. METHODS: We
      retrospectively queried the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
      database using Current Procedural Terminology billing codes and identified 7890
      THAs performed between 2006 and 2010. Univariate and subsequent multivariate
      logistic regression analysis were then used to identify risk factors for surgical
      delay. Correlation between CCI and surgical delay in THA was evaluated. RESULTS:
      One-hundred seventy-nine patients (2.31%) were identified as experiencing a
      surgical delay before THA. Multivariate analysis identified congestive heart
      failure (CHF) (P = .0038), bleeding disorder (P < .0001), sepsis (P < .0001),
      prior operation in past 30 days (P = .0001), dependent functional status (P <
      .0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists class 3 (P = .0001), American
      Society of Anesthesiologists class 4 (P = .0023), significant weight loss (P =
      .0109), and hematocrit <38% (P < .0001) as independent risk factors for delay in
      surgery. Compared with the nondelay cohort, those experiencing surgical delay
      before THA had higher rates of postoperative surgical (8.9% vs 3.1%, P < .0001)
      and medical complications (23.5% vs 10.1%, P < .0001). Mean CCI was higher in the
      THA surgical delay cohort (3.16 vs 2.24, P < .0001) compared with the nondelay
      group. CONCLUSION: Surgical delay in patients undergoing THA may cause undue
      disruption in surgeon and hospital resource utilization. In an era of quality
      assessment and cost consciousness, it is important to understand that the short
      term outcomes of elective, same day THA differ dramatically from those
      hospitalized for medical necessity before surgery. Surgeons should consider
      thorough medical evaluation in those with CHF, bleeding disorders, sepsis,
      significant weight loss, and hematocrit <38% before hospital admission.

PMID- 27381374
TI  - Canonical Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway Is Dysregulated in Patients With
      Primary and Secondary Myelofibrosis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: beta-Catenin is a central effector molecule of the canonical
      wingless-related integration site (Wnt) signaling pathway. It is important for
      maintenance of stem cell homeostasis and its aberrant activation has been
      implicated in a wide array of malignant hematological disorders. There are few
      reports suggesting its dysregulation in Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-)
      myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed beta
      catenin mRNA expression in bone marrow (BM) aspirates of 29 patients with primary
      (PMF) and 4 patients with secondary, post Ph- MPN, myelofibrosis (SMF) using
      quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT PCR). The control group
      consisted of 16 BM aspirates from patients with limited-stage aggressive non
      Hodgkin lymphoma without BM involvement. We compared relative gene expression
      with clinical and hematological parameters. RESULTS: Relative expression of beta
      catenin differed significantly among groups (P = .0002), it was significantly
      higher in patients with PMF and SMF than in the control group, but did not differ
      between patients with PMF and SMF. A negative correlation was found regarding
      hemoglobin level in PMF (P = .017). No association according to Janus kinase 2
      (JAK2) V617F mutational status or JAK2 V617F allele burden was detected.
      CONCLUSION: Our results show for the first time that beta-catenin mRNA expression
      is increased in patients with PMF and SMF and its upregulation might potentiate
      anemia. A number of inflammatory cytokines associated with PMF are capable of
      mediating their effects through increased beta-catenin expression. Accordingly,
      beta-catenin can induce expression of a number of genes implicated in processes
      of cell cycle control, fibrosis, and angiogenesis, which are central to the PMF
      pathogenesis. Therefore, beta-catenin might represent an interesting new
      therapeutic target in these diseases.

PMID- 27381375
TI  - International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes Subcommittee on the
      taxonomy of Halobacteriaceae. Minutes of the closed meeting, 23 May 2016, San
      Juan, Puerto Rico.

PMID- 27381376
TI  - Presence of alcoholic steatohepatitis, but no selective histological feature,
      indicates an increased risk of cirrhosis and premature death.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The prognostic impact of early stages of histologically confirmed
      alcoholic liver disease is uncertain. Our aim was to determine the risk of
      cirrhosis and premature death, and identify prognostic markers, in patients with
      biopsy-proven alcoholic steatohepatitis - and to compare prognosis in patients
      with alcoholic pure fatty liver and the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic fatty liver disease diagnosed during 1976
      1987 were identified. Data were collected from medical records, the Danish
      National Patient Registry and the Registry of Causes of Death. All biopsies were
      re-examined and morphological findings assessed. A reference cohort matched for
      age and gender was created. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age and
      gender were used to analyse differences in mortality and cirrhosis development,
      as well as the prognostic impact of histological and biochemical parameters.
      RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-five patients with fatty liver and 111 with
      steatohepatitis were followed for median 13 and 9.7 years, respectively. There
      was a significantly higher risk of developing cirrhosis amongst patients with
      steatohepatitis compared to both patients with fatty liver (p < 0.001) and the
      reference cohort (p < 0.001). Mortality was significantly higher in patients with
      steatohepatitis compared to patients with fatty liver (p = 0.046) and the general
      population (p < 0.001). No histological or biochemical parameters with prognostic
      significance for mortality were identified. CONCLUSION: Presence of
      steatohepatitis indicates an increased risk of cirrhosis and premature death.
      However, none of the histological parameters defining steatohepatitis can
      independently identify patients at risk for premature death.

PMID- 27381377
TI  - Comment on the recent ILAE special report on the definition and classification of
      status epilepticus.

PMID- 27381378
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27381379
TI  - Post-acute Care Trajectories in the First Year Following Hospital Discharge After
      Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with advanced heart failure who undergo left ventricular
      assist device (LVAD) implantation are heavy users of post-acute care services. We
      sought to better describe the post-acute trajectories and burden of care
      transitions for this patient population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a
      retrospective cohort study of 227 patients who were discharged after index
      hospitalization for LVAD implantation. Of these, 162 (71%) were discharged home,
      and 65 (29%) were discharged to a facility, including long-term acute care
      hospitals (n = 50), inpatient rehabilitation facilities (n = 11), and skilled
      nursing facilities (n = 4). Follow-up extended to 1 year, with censoring at date
      of heart transplantation, LVAD removal, death, or loss of follow- up. In the
      first year post-discharge, those patients initially discharged home spent a mean
      265 days at home, 0.5 days in a facility, and 13 days in the hospital as result
      of readmission. Those initially discharged to a facility spent a mean 241 days at
      home, 37 days in a facility, and 19 days in the hospital as result of
      readmission. Patients initially discharged home experienced fewer care
      transitions, 4.2 vs 5.2 transitions per patient, compared with those initially
      discharged to a facility. CONCLUSIONS: In the first year following index
      hospitalization for LVAD implantation, patients initially discharged to a
      facility have an increased burden of care transitions, as well as time spent in
      the hospital and in a facility, compared with patients initially discharged home.
      Specialized models of care are needed in facilities caring for patients with
      LVADs.

PMID- 27381380
TI  - Evaluation of dental therapists undertaking dental examinations in a school
      setting in Scotland.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To measure agreement between dental therapists and the Scottish gold
      standard dentist undertaking National Dental Inspection Programme (NDIP)
      examinations. METHODS: A study of interexaminer agreement between 19 dental
      therapists and the national gold-standard dentist was carried out. Pre
      calibration training used the caries diagnostic criteria and examination
      techniques agreed by the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry
      (BASCD). Twenty-three 5-year-old children (Primary 1) and 17 11-year-old children
      (Primary 7) children were examined. Agreement was assessed using kappa statistics
      on d3 mft and D3 MFT for P1 and P7 children, sensitivity and specificity values,
      and kappa statistics on d3 t/D3 T and ft/FT. Calibration data on P1 and P7
      children from 2009-2012 involving dentists as examiners were used for comparison.
      Economic evaluation was undertaken using a cost minimization analysis approach.
      RESULTS: The mean kappa score was 0.84 (SD 0.07) ranging from 0.69 to 0.94. All
      dental therapists scored good or very good agreement with the gold-standard
      dentist. This compares with historic NDIP calibration data with dentists, against
      the same gold-standard dentist, where the mean kappa value was 0.68 (SD 0.22)
      with a range of 0.35-1.00. The mean sensitivity score was 0.98 (SD 0.04) (range
      0.88-1.0) and mean specificity score was 0.90 (SD 0.06) (range 0.78-0.96). Health
      economic analysis estimated that salary costs would be 33.6% lower if dental
      therapists were substituted for dentists in the year 2013, with an estimated
      saving of approximately L103 646 per annum on the national budget. CONCLUSION: We
      conclude that dental therapists show a high level of interexaminer agreement, and
      with the appropriate annual training and calibration, they could undertake dental
      examinations as part of the NDIP programme.

PMID- 27381381
TI  - Hierarchical Nanocomposite of Hollow N-Doped Carbon Spheres Decorated with
      Ultrathin WS2 Nanosheets for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anode.
AB  - Hierarchical nanocomposite of ultrathin WS2 nanosheets uniformly attached on the
      surface of hollow nitrogen-doped carbon spheres (WS2@HNCSs) were successfully
      fabricated via a facile synthesis strategy. When evaluated as an anode material
      for LIBs, the hierarchical WS2@HNCSs exhibit a high specific capacity of 801.4 mA
      h g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1), excellent rate capability (545.6 mA h g(-1) at a high
      current density of 2 A g(-1)), and great cycling stability with a capacity
      retention of 95.8% after 150 cycles at 0.5 A g(-1). The Li-ion storage properties
      of our WS2@HNCSs nanocomposite are much better than those of the previously most
      reported WS2-based anode materials. The impressive electrochemical performance is
      attributed to the robust nanostructure and the favorable synergistic effect
      between the ultrathin (3-5 layers) WS2 nanosheets and the highly conductive
      hollow N-doped carbon spheres. The hierarchical hybrid can simultaneously
      facilitate fast electron/ion transfer, effectively accommodate mechanical stress
      from cycling, restrain agglomeration, and enable full utilization of the active
      materials. These characteristics make WS2@HNCSs a promising anode material for
      high-performance LIBs. 

PMID- 27381382
TI  - Unstable tandem gene amplification generates heteroresistance (variation in
      resistance within a population) to colistin in Salmonella enterica.
AB  - Heteroresistance, a phenomenon where subpopulations of a bacterial isolate
      exhibit different susceptibilities to an antibiotic, is a growing clinical
      problem where the underlying genetic mechanisms in most cases remain unknown. We
      isolated colistin resistant mutants in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica
      serovar Typhimurium at different concentrations of colistin. Genetic analysis
      showed that genetically stable pmrAB point mutations were responsible for
      colistin resistance during selection at high drug concentrations for both species
      and at low concentrations for E. coli. In contrast, for S. Typhimurium mutants
      selected at low colistin concentrations, amplification of different large
      chromosomal regions conferred a heteroresistant phenotype. All amplifications
      included the pmrD gene, which encodes a positive regulator that up-regulates
      proteins that modify lipid A, and as a result increase colistin resistance.
      Inactivation and over-expression of the pmrD gene prevented and conferred
      resistance, respectively, demonstrating that the PmrD protein is required and
      sufficient to confer resistance. The heteroresistance phenotype is explained by
      the variable gene dosage of pmrD in a population, where sub-populations with
      different copy number of the pmrD gene show different levels of colistin
      resistance. We propose that variability in gene copy number of resistance genes
      can explain the heteroresistance observed in clinically isolated pathogenic
      bacteria.

PMID- 27381383
TI  - Fast measurement of the quadriceps femoris muscle transverse relaxation time at
      high magnetic field using segmented echo-planar imaging.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess and validate a technique for transverse relaxation time (T2 )
      measurements of resting and recovering skeletal muscle following exercise with a
      high temporal resolution and large volume coverage using segmented spin-echo echo
      planar imaging (sSE-EPI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were performed on a
      3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner using a multislice sSE-EPI technique
      applied at different echo times (TEs). T2 measurements were first validated in
      vitro in calibrated T2 phantoms (range: 25-152 ms) by comparing sSE-EPI, standard
      spin-echo (SE), and multislice multiecho (MSME) techniques (using a fitting
      procedure or a 2-TEs calculation). In vivo measurements of resting T2 quadriceps
      femoris (QF) muscle were performed with both sSE-EPI and MSME sequences. Finally,
      sSE-EPI was used to quantify T2 changes in recovering muscle after an exercise.
      RESULTS: T2 values measured in vitro with sSE-EPI were similar to those assessed
      with SE (P > 0.05). In vitro and in vivo T2 measurements obtained with sSE-EPI
      were independent of the T2 determination procedure (P > 0.05). In contrast, both
      in vitro and in vivo T2 values derived from MSME were significantly different
      when using 2-TEs calculation as compared to the fitting procedure (P < 0.05). sSE
      EPI allowed the detection of increased T2 values in the QF muscle immediately
      after exercise (+14 +/- 9%), while lower T2 values were recorded less than 2 min
      afterwards (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: sSE-EPI sequence is a relevant method to
      monitor exercise-induced T2 changes of skeletal muscles over large volume
      coverage and to detect abnormal patterns of muscle activation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:356-368.

PMID- 27381384
TI  - Current Topics in Postnatal Behavioral Testing.
AB  - The study of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) continues to be an important
      component of safety evaluation of candidate therapeutic agents and of industrial
      and environmental chemicals. Developmental neurotoxicity is considered to be an
      adverse change in the central and/or peripheral nervous system during development
      of an organism and has been primarily evaluated by studying functional outcomes,
      such as changes in behavior, neuropathology, neurochemistry, and/or
      neurophysiology. Neurobehavioral evaluations are a component of a wide range of
      toxicology studies in laboratory animal models, whereas neurochemistry and
      neurophysiology are less commonly employed. Although the primary focus of this
      article is on neurobehavioral evaluation in pre- and postnatal development and
      juvenile toxicology studies used in pharmaceutical development, concepts may also
      apply to adult nonclinical safety studies and Environmental Protection
      Agency/chemical assessments. This article summarizes the proceedings of a
      symposium held during the 2015 American College of Toxicology annual meeting and
      includes a discussion of the current status of DNT testing as well as potential
      issues and recommendations. Topics include the regulatory context for DNT
      testing; study design and interpretation; behavioral test selection, including a
      comparison of core learning and memory systems; age of testing; repeated testing
      of the same animals; use of alternative animal models; impact of findings; and
      extrapolation of animal results to humans. Integration of the regulatory
      experience and scientific concepts presented during this symposium, as well as
      from subsequent discussion and input, provides a synopsis of the current state of
      DNT testing in safety assessment, as well as a potential roadmap for future
      advancement.

PMID- 27381385
TI  - Safe and Sensitive Antiviral Screening Platform Based on Recombinant Human
      Coronavirus OC43 Expressing the Luciferase Reporter Gene.
AB  - Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause 15 to 30% of mild upper respiratory tract
      infections. However, no specific antiviral drugs are available to prevent or
      treat HCoV infections to date. Here, we developed four infectious recombinant
      HCoVs-OC43 (rHCoVs-OC43) which express the Renilla luciferase (Rluc) reporter
      gene. Among these four rHCoVs-OC43, rOC43-ns2DelRluc (generated by replacing ns2
      with the Rluc gene) showed robust luciferase activity with only a slight impact
      on its growth characteristics. Additionally, this recombinant virus remained
      stable for at least 10 passages in BHK-21 cells. rOC43-ns2DelRluc was comparable
      to its parental wild-type virus (HCoV-OC43-WT) with respect to the quantity of
      the antiviral activity of chloroquine and ribavirin. We showed that chloroquine
      strongly inhibited HCoV-OC43 replication in vitro, with a 50% inhibitory
      concentration (IC50) of 0.33 MUM. However, ribavirin showed inhibition of HCoV
      OC43 replication only at high concentrations which may not be applicable to
      humans in clinical treatment, with an IC50 of 10 MUM. Furthermore, using a
      luciferase-based small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening assay, we identified
      double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) and DEAD box RNA helicases
      (DDX3X) that exhibited antiviral activities, which were further verified by the
      use of HCoV-OC43-WT. Therefore, rOC43-ns2DelRluc represents a promising safe and
      sensitive platform for high-throughput antiviral screening and quantitative
      analysis of viral replication.

PMID- 27381386
TI  - Effect of the beta-Lactamase Inhibitor Vaborbactam Combined with Meropenem
      against Serine Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing isolates have become
      increasingly prevalent worldwide, and these organisms are often multidrug
      resistant, limiting the therapeutic options available for treating infections. We
      evaluated the activity of meropenem combined with the serine beta-lactamase
      inhibitor vaborbactam (formerly RPX7009) against 315 serine carbapenemase
      producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolates by use of checkerboard-designed
      panels to assess the optimal inhibitor concentration (range tested, 0.5 to 32
      MUg/ml). Overall, meropenem alone (MIC50 and MIC90, 16 and >64 MUg/ml,
      respectively) inhibited only 2.2% of the isolates at <=1 MUg/ml (the CLSI
      susceptibility breakpoint) and 7.3% of the isolates at <=2 MUg/ml (the EUCAST
      breakpoint). Vaborbactam restored meropenem activity for 72.7 to 98.1% of CPE
      isolates at <=2 MUg/ml, and maximum potentiation was achieved with fixed
      concentrations of >=8 MUg/ml of the inhibitor (>=96.5% of isolates were inhibited
      at <=2 MUg/ml of meropenem-vaborbactam). Meropenem-vaborbactam with a fixed
      concentration of 8 MUg/ml of the inhibitor (MIC50, <=0.06 MUg/ml for all
      organisms) inhibited 93.7% of the CPE isolates displaying elevated meropenem MICs
      at <=1 MUg/ml. Meropenem-vaborbactam MICs were elevated for isolates producing
      metallo-beta-lactamases (MIC, 16 to >64 MUg/ml) or displaying decreased
      expression of OmpK37 and/or elevated expression of the AcrAB-TolC efflux system
      (MIC, 16 MUg/ml). Vaborbactam showed no antibacterial activity alone (all MICs,
      >64 MUg/ml). Meropenem-vaborbactam appears to be a good candidate for further
      development and it could increase the options for treatment of serious infections
      caused by carbapenemase-producing pathogens.

PMID- 27381387
TI  - The Heterodimeric ABC Transporter EfrCD Mediates Multidrug Efflux in Enterococcus
      faecalis.
AB  - Nosocomial infections with Enterococcus faecalis are an emerging health problem.
      However, drug efflux pumps contributing to intrinsic drug resistance are poorly
      studied in this Gram-positive pathogen. In this study, we functionally
      investigated seven heterodimeric ABC transporters of E. faecalis that are
      annotated as drug efflux pumps. Deletion of ef0789-ef0790 on the chromosome of E.
      faecalis resulted in increased susceptibility to daunorubicin, doxorubicin,
      ethidium, and Hoechst 33342, and the corresponding transporter was named EfrCD.
      Unexpectedly, the previously described heterodimeric multidrug ABC transporter
      EfrAB contributes marginally to drug efflux in the endogenous context of E.
      faecalis In contrast, heterologous expression in Lactococcus lactis revealed that
      EfrAB, EfrCD, and the product of ef2226-ef2227 (EfrEF) mediate the efflux of
      fluorescent substrates and confer resistance to multiple dyes and drugs,
      including fluoroquinolones. Four of seven transporters failed to exhibit drug
      efflux activity for the set of drugs and dyes tested, even upon overexpression in
      L. lactis Since all seven transporters were purified as heterodimers after
      overexpression in L. lactis, a lack of drug efflux activity is not attributed to
      poor expression or protein aggregation. Reconstitution of the purified multidrug
      transporters EfrAB, EfrCD, and EfrEF in proteoliposomes revealed functional
      coupling between ATP hydrolysis and drug binding. Our analysis creates an
      experimental basis for the accurate prediction of drug efflux transporters and
      indicates that many annotated multidrug efflux pumps might be incapable of drug
      transport and thus might fulfill other physiological functions in the cell.

PMID- 27381388
TI  - VIM-2-Producing Pseudomonas spp. in Uruguay: Sequence Types, Pulsotypes, and
      Class 1 Integrons Including New Variable Regions Featuring blaVIM-2 and blaGES-7.

PMID- 27381389
TI  - Rifamycin Resistance in Clostridium difficile Is Generally Associated with a Low
      Fitness Burden.
AB  - We characterized clinically occurring and novel mutations in the beta subunit of
      RNA polymerase in Clostridium difficile (CdRpoB), conferring rifamycin (including
      rifaximin) resistance. The Arg505Lys substitution did not impose an in vitro
      fitness cost, which may be one reason for its dominance among rifamycin-resistant
      clinical isolates. These observations were supported through the structural
      modeling of CdRpoB. In general, most mutations lacked in vitro fitness costs,
      suggesting that rifamycin resistance may in some cases persist in the clinic.

PMID- 27381390
TI  - Whole-Genome Sequencing for Detecting Antimicrobial Resistance in Nontyphoidal
      Salmonella.
AB  - Laboratory-based in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing is the foundation
      for guiding anti-infective therapy and monitoring antimicrobial resistance
      trends. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology to identify known
      antimicrobial resistance determinants among strains of nontyphoidal Salmonella
      and correlated these with susceptibility phenotypes to evaluate the utility of
      WGS for antimicrobial resistance surveillance. Six hundred forty Salmonella of 43
      different serotypes were selected from among retail meat and human clinical
      isolates that were tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using broth
      microdilution. The MIC for each drug was used to categorize isolates as
      susceptible or resistant based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
      clinical breakpoints or National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System
      (NARMS) consensus interpretive criteria. Each isolate was subjected to whole
      genome shotgun sequencing, and resistance genes were identified from assembled
      sequences. A total of 65 unique resistance genes, plus mutations in two
      structural resistance loci, were identified. There were more unique resistance
      genes (n = 59) in the 104 human isolates than in the 536 retail meat isolates (n
      = 36). Overall, resistance genotypes and phenotypes correlated in 99.0% of cases.
      Correlations approached 100% for most classes of antibiotics but were lower for
      aminoglycosides and beta-lactams. We report the first finding of extended
      spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) (blaCTX-M1 and blaSHV2a) in retail meat isolates
      of Salmonella in the United States. Whole-genome sequencing is an effective tool
      for predicting antibiotic resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella, although the use
      of more appropriate surveillance breakpoints and increased knowledge of new
      resistance alleles will further improve correlations.

PMID- 27381391
TI  - The Role of Signaling via Aqueous Pore Formation in Resistance Responses to
      Amphotericin B.
AB  - Drug resistance studies have played an important role in the validation of
      antibiotic targets. In the case of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB),
      such studies have demonstrated the essential role that depletion of ergosterol
      plays in the development of AmB-resistant (AmB-R) organisms. However, AmB-R
      strains also occur in fungi and parasitic protozoa that maintain a normal level
      of ergosterol at the plasma membrane. Here, I review evidence that shows not only
      that there is increased protection against the deleterious consequences of AmB
      induced ion leakage across the membrane in these resistant pathogens but also
      that a set of events are activated that block the cell signaling responses that
      trigger the oxidative damage produced by the antibiotic. Such signaling events
      appear to be the consequence of a membrane-thinning effect that is exerted upon
      lipid-anchored Ras proteins by the aqueous pores formed by AmB. A similar
      membrane disturbance effect may also explain the activity of AmB on mammalian
      cells containing Toll-like receptors. These resistance mechanisms expand our
      current understanding of the role that the formation of AmB aqueous pores plays
      in triggering signal transduction responses in both pathogens and host immune
      cells.

PMID- 27381392
TI  - Two Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Ascending-Dose
      Studies To Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of an Anti
      Influenza A Virus Monoclonal Antibody, MHAA4549A, in Healthy Volunteers.
AB  - Hospitalized patients with severe influenza are at significant risk for morbidity
      and mortality. MHAA4549A is a human monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 antibody
      that binds to a highly conserved stalk region of the influenza A virus
      hemagglutinin protein and neutralizes all tested seasonal human influenza A virus
      strains. Two phase 1 trials examined the safety, tolerability, and
      pharmacokinetics of MHAA4549A in healthy volunteers. Both single ascending-dose
      trials were randomized, double blinded, and placebo controlled. Trial 1
      randomized 21 healthy adults into four cohorts receiving a single intravenous
      dose of 1.5, 5, 15, or 45 mg/kg MHAA4549A or placebo. Trial 2 randomized 14
      healthy adults into two cohorts receiving a single intravenous fixed dose of
      8,400 mg or 10,800 mg of MHAA4549A or placebo. Subjects were followed for 120
      days after dosing. No subject was discontinued in either trial, and no serious
      adverse events were reported. The most common adverse event in both studies was
      mild headache (trial 1, 4/16 subjects receiving MHAA4549A and 1/5 receiving
      placebo; trial 2, 4/8 subjects receiving MHAA4549A and 2/6 receiving placebo).
      MHAA4549A produced no relevant time- or dose-related changes in laboratory values
      or vital signs compared to those with placebo. No subjects developed an
      antitherapeutic antibody response following MHAA4549A administration. MHAA4549A
      showed linear serum pharmacokinetics, with a mean half-life of 22.5 to 23.7 days.
      MHAA4549A is safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers up to a single
      intravenous dose of 10,800 mg and demonstrates linear serum pharmacokinetics
      consistent with those of a human IgG1 antibody lacking known endogenous targets
      in humans. (These trials have been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under
      registration no. NCT01877785 and NCT02284607).

PMID- 27381393
TI  - In Vitro Exposure to PC-1005 and Cervicovaginal Lavage Fluid from Women Vaginally
      Administered PC-1005 Inhibits HIV-1 and HSV-2 Infection in Human Cervical Mucosa.
AB  - Our recent phase 1 trial demonstrated that PC-1005 gel containing 50 MUM MIV-150,
      14 mM zinc acetate dihydrate, and carrageenan (CG) applied daily vaginally for 14
      days is safe and well tolerated. Importantly, cervicovaginal lavage fluid samples
      (CVLs) collected 4 or 24 h after the last gel application inhibited HIV-1 and
      human papillomavirus (HPV) in cell-based assays in a dose-dependent manner (MIV
      150 for HIV-1 and CG for HPV). Herein we aimed to determine the anti-HIV and anti
      herpes simplex virus 2 (anti-HSV-2) activity of PC-1005 in human cervical
      explants after in vitro exposure to the gel and to CVLs from participants in the
      phase 1 trial. Single HIV-1BaL infection and HIV-1BaL-HSV-2 coinfection explant
      models were utilized. Coinfection with HSV-2 enhanced tissue HIV-1BaL infection.
      In vitro exposure to PC-1005 protected cervical mucosa against HIV-1BaL (up to a
      1:300 dilution) in single-challenge and cochallenge models. CG gel (PC-525)
      provided some barrier effect against HIV-1BaL at the 1:100 dilution in a single
      challenge model but not in the cochallenge model. Both PC-1005 and PC-525 at the
      1:100 dilution inhibited HSV-2 infection, pointing to a CG-mediated protection.
      MIV-150 and CG in CVLs inhibited HIV (single-challenge or cochallenge models) and
      HSV-2 infections in explants in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Stronger
      inhibition of HIV-1 infection by CVLs collected 4 h after the last gel
      administration was observed compared to infection detected in the presence of
      baseline CVLs. The anti-HIV and anti-HSV-2 activity of PC-1005 gel in vitro and
      CVLs in human ectocervical explants supports the further development of PC-1005
      gel as a broad-spectrum on-demand microbicide.

PMID- 27381394
TI  - The Lantibiotic NAI-107 Efficiently Rescues Drosophila melanogaster from
      Infection with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300.
AB  - We used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a cost-effective in vivo model
      to evaluate the efficacy of novel antibacterial peptides and peptoids for
      treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. A
      panel of peptides with known antibacterial activity in vitro and/or in vivo was
      tested in Drosophila Although most peptides and peptoids that were effective in
      vitro failed to rescue lethal effects of S. aureus infections in vivo, we found
      that two lantibiotics, nisin and NAI-107, rescued adult flies from fatal
      infections. Furthermore, NAI-107 rescued mortality of infection with the MRSA
      strain USA300 with an efficacy equivalent to that of vancomycin, a widely applied
      antibiotic for the treatment of serious MRSA infections. These results establish
      Drosophila as a useful model for in vivo drug evaluation of antibacterial
      peptides.

PMID- 27381395
TI  - Aspergillus fumigatus Intrinsic Fluconazole Resistance Is Due to the Naturally
      Occurring T301I Substitution in Cyp51Ap.
AB  - Aspergillus fumigatus intrinsic fluconazole resistance has been demonstrated to
      be linked to the CYP51A gene, although the precise molecular mechanism has not
      been elucidated yet. Comparisons between A. fumigatus Cyp51Ap and Candida
      albicans Erg11p sequences showed differences in amino acid residues already
      associated with fluconazole resistance in C. albicans The aim of this study was
      to analyze the role of the natural polymorphism I301 in Aspergillus fumigatus
      Cyp51Ap in the intrinsic fluconazole resistance phenotype of this pathogen. The
      I301 residue in A. fumigatus Cyp51Ap was replaced with a threonine (analogue to
      T315 at Candida albicans fluconazole-susceptible Erg11p) by changing one single
      nucleotide in the CYP51A gene. Also, a CYP51A knockout strain was obtained using
      the same parental strain. Both mutants' antifungal susceptibilities were tested.
      The I301T mutant exhibited a lower level of resistance to fluconazole (MIC, 20
      MUg/ml) than the parental strain (MIC, 640 MUg/ml), while no changes in MIC were
      observed for other azole- and non-azole-based drugs. These data strongly
      implicate the A. fumigatus Cyp51Ap I301 residue in the intrinsic resistance to
      fluconazole.

PMID- 27381396
TI  - Population Pharmacokinetics of Isavuconazole from Phase 1 and Phase 3 (SECURE)
      Trials in Adults and Target Attainment in Patients with Invasive Infections Due
      to Aspergillus and Other Filamentous Fungi.
AB  - Isavuconazole, the active moiety of the water-soluble prodrug isavuconazonium
      sulfate, is a triazole antifungal agent used for the treatment of invasive fungal
      infections. The objective of this analysis was to develop a population
      pharmacokinetic (PPK) model to identify covariates that affect isavuconazole
      pharmacokinetics and to determine the probability of target attainment (PTA) for
      invasive aspergillosis patients. Data from nine phase 1 studies and one phase 3
      clinical trial (SECURE) were pooled to develop the PPK model (NONMEM, version
      7.2). Stepwise covariate modeling was performed in Perl-speaks-NONMEM, version
      3.7.6. The area under the curve (AUC) at steady state was calculated for 5,000
      patients by using Monte Carlo simulations. The PTA using the estimated
      pharmacodynamic (PD) target value (total AUC/MIC ratio) estimated from in vivo PD
      studies of invasive aspergillosis over a range of MIC values was calculated using
      simulated patient AUC values. A two-compartment model with a Weibull absorption
      function and a first-order elimination process adequately described plasma
      isavuconazole concentrations. The mean estimate for isavuconazole clearance was
      2.360 liters/h (percent coefficient of variation [%CV], 34%), and the mean AUC
      from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) was ~100 mg.h/liter. Clearance was approximately 36%
      lower in Asians than in Caucasians. The PTA calculated over a range of MIC values
      by use of the nonneutropenic murine efficacy index corresponding to 90% survival
      indicated that adequate isavuconazole exposures were achieved in >90% of
      simulated patients to treat infections with MICs up to and including 1 mg/liter
      according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
      methodology and in >90% of simulated patients for infections with MICs up to and
      including 0.5 mg/liter according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
      methodology. The highest MIC result for PTA was the same for Caucasian and Asian
      patients.

PMID- 27381398
TI  - Structural and Mutagenic Analysis of Metallo-beta-Lactamase IMP-18.
AB  - IMP-type metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are exogenous zinc metalloenzymes that
      hydrolyze a broad range of beta-lactams, including carbapenems. Here we report
      the crystal structure of IMP-18, an MBL cloned from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, at
      2.0-A resolution. The overall structure of IMP-18 resembles that of IMP-1, with
      an alphabeta/betaalpha "folded sandwich" configuration, but the loop that covers
      the active site has a distinct conformation. The relationship between IMP-18's
      loop conformation and its kinetic properties was investigated by replacing the
      amino acid residues that can affect the loop conformation (Lys44, Thr50, and
      Ile69) in IMP-18 with those occupying the corresponding positions in the well
      described enzyme IMP-1. The replacement of Thr50 with Pro considerably modified
      IMP-18's kinetic properties, specifically those pertaining to meropenem, with the
      kcat/Km value increased by an order of magnitude. The results indicate that this
      is a key residue that defines the kinetic properties of IMP-type beta-lactamases.

PMID- 27381397
TI  - Interspecies Dissemination of a Mobilizable Plasmid Harboring blaIMP-19 and the
      Possibility of Horizontal Gene Transfer in a Single Patient.
AB  - Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli have been a global concern over the
      past 2 decades because these organisms can cause severe infections with high
      mortality rates. Carbapenemase genes are often carried by mobile genetic
      elements, and resistance plasmids can be transferred through conjugation. We
      conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to demonstrate that the same plasmid
      harboring a metallo-beta-lactamase gene was detected in two different species
      isolated from a single patient. Metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Achromobacter
      xylosoxidans (KUN4507), non-metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella
      pneumoniae (KUN4843), and metallo-beta-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae
      (KUN5033) were sequentially isolated from a single patient and then analyzed in
      this study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular typing (pulsed-field
      gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing), and conjugation analyses
      were performed by conventional methods. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analysis
      of K. pneumoniae isolates were performed with WGS, and the nucleotide sequences
      of plasmids detected from these isolates were determined using WGS. Conventional
      molecular typing revealed that KUN4843 and KUN5033 were identical, whereas the
      phylogenetic tree analysis revealed a slight difference. These two isolates were
      separated from the most recent common ancestor 0.74 years before they were
      isolated. The same resistance plasmid harboring blaIMP-19 was detected in metallo
      beta-lactamase-producing A. xylosoxidans and K. pneumoniae Although this plasmid
      was not self-transferable, the conjugation of this plasmid from A. xylosoxidans
      to non-metallo-beta-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae was successfully performed.
      The susceptibility patterns for metallo-beta-lactamase-producing K. pneumoniae
      and the transconjugant were similar. These findings supported the possibility of
      the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne blaIMP-19 from A. xylosoxidans to K.
      pneumoniae in a single patient.

PMID- 27381400
TI  - The DNA Polymerase Gamma R953C Mutant Is Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy
      Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity.
AB  - We found a heterozygous C2857T mutation (R953C) in polymerase gamma (Pol-gamma)
      in an HIV-infected patient with mitochondrial toxicity. The R953C Pol-gamma
      mutant binding affinity for dCTP is 8-fold less than that of the wild type. The
      R953C mutant shows a 4-fold decrease in discrimination of analog nucleotides
      relative to the wild type. R953 is located on the "O-helix" that forms the
      substrate deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) binding site; the interactions of
      R953 with E1056 and Y986 may stabilize the O-helix and affect polymerase
      activity.

PMID- 27381399
TI  - Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Effects of Photocatalysis Using Titanium Dioxide
      Nanoparticles Are Strongly Potentiated by Addition of Potassium Iodide.
AB  - Photocatalysis describes the excitation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (a wide
      band gap semiconductor) by UVA light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      that can destroy many organic molecules. This photocatalysis process is used for
      environmental remediation, while antimicrobial photocatalysis can kill many
      classes of microorganisms and can be used to sterilize water and surfaces and
      possibly to treat infections. Here we show that addition of the nontoxic
      inorganic salt potassium iodide to TiO2 (P25) excited by UVA potentiated the
      killing of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi by up to 6
      logs. The microbial killing depended on the concentration of TiO2, the fluence of
      UVA light, and the concentration of KI (the best effect was at 100 mM). There was
      formation of long-lived antimicrobial species (probably hypoiodite and iodine) in
      the reaction mixture (detected by adding bacteria after light), but short-lived
      antibacterial reactive species (bacteria present during light) produced more
      killing. Fluorescent probes for ROS (hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen) were
      quenched by iodide. Tri-iodide (which has a peak at 350 nm and a blue product
      with starch) was produced by TiO2-UVA-KI but was much reduced when methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cells were also present. The model
      tyrosine substrate N-acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester was iodinated in a light dose
      dependent manner. We conclude that UVA-excited TiO2 in the presence of iodide
      produces reactive iodine intermediates during illumination that kill microbial
      cells and long-lived oxidized iodine products that kill after light has ended.

PMID- 27381403
TI  - Blunt Force Trauma in Veterinary Forensic Pathology.
AB  - Veterinary pathologists commonly encounter lesions of blunt trauma. The
      development of lesions is affected by the object's mass, velocity, size, shape,
      and angle of impact and by the plasticity and mobility of the impacted organ.
      Scrape, impact, and pattern abrasions cause localized epidermal loss and
      sometimes broken hairs and implanted foreign material. Contusions are best
      identified after reflecting the skin, and must be differentiated from
      coagulopathies and livor mortis. Lacerations-traumatic tissue tears-may have
      irregular margins, bridging by more resilient tissue, deviation of the wound
      tail, crushed hairs, and unilateral abrasion. Hanging or choking can cause
      circumferential cervical abrasions, contusions and rupture of hairs, hyoid bone
      fractures, and congestion of the head. Other special forms of blunt trauma
      include fractured nails, pressure sores, and dog bites. Ocular blunt trauma
      causes extraocular and intraocular hemorrhages, proptosis, or retinal detachment.
      The thoracic viscera are relatively protected from blunt trauma but may develop
      hemorrhages in intercostal muscles, rib fractures, pulmonary or cardiac
      contusions or lacerations with subsequent hemothorax, pneumothorax, or cardiac
      arrhythmia. The abdominal wall is resilient and moveable, yet the liver and
      spleen are susceptible to traumatic laceration or rupture. Whereas extravasation
      of blood can occur after death, evidence of vital injury includes leukocyte
      infiltration, erythrophagocytosis, hemosiderin, reparative lesions of fibroblast
      proliferation, myocyte regeneration in muscle, and callus formation in bone.
      Understanding these processes aids in the diagnosis of blunt force trauma
      including estimation of the age of resulting injuries.

PMID- 27381401
TI  - Antiprion Activity of DB772 and Related Monothiophene- and Furan-Based Analogs in
      a Persistently Infected Ovine Microglia Culture System.
AB  - The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative
      disorders characterized by the misfolding of the native cellular prion protein
      (PrP(C)) into the accumulating, disease-associated isoform (PrP(Sc)). Despite
      extensive research into the inhibition of prion accumulation, no effective
      treatment exists. Previously, we demonstrated the inhibitory activity of DB772, a
      monocationic phenyl-furan-benzimidazole, against PrP(Sc) accumulation in sheep
      microglial cells. In an effort to determine the effect of structural
      substitutions on the antiprion activity of DB772, we employed an in vitro
      strategy to survey a library of structurally related, monothiophene- and furan
      based compounds for improved inhibitory activity. Eighty-nine compounds were
      screened at 1 MUM for effects on cell viability and prion accumulation in a
      persistently infected ovine microglia culture system. Eleven compounds with
      activity equivalent to or higher than that of DB772 were identified as
      preliminary hit compounds. For the preliminary hits, cytotoxicities and antiprion
      activities were compared to calculate the tissue culture selectivity index. A
      structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis was performed to determine
      molecular components contributing to antiprion activity. To investigate potential
      mechanisms of inhibition, effects on PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) were examined. While
      inhibition of total PrP(C) was not observed, the results suggest that a potential
      target for inhibition at biologically relevant concentrations is through PrP(C)
      misfolding to PrP(Sc) Further, SAR analysis suggests that two structural elements
      were associated with micromolar antiprion activity. Taken together, the described
      data provide a foundation for deeper investigation into untested DB compounds and
      in the design of effective therapeutics.

PMID- 27381404
TI  - Ethico-legal issues related to ovarian tissue transplantation.
AB  - Ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) is a promising experimental method which may
      soon become well-established. In cases of minor oncology, where patients'
      fertility is seriously threatened by treatment, it may be applied as a unique
      fertility preservation option. OTT has a dual nature ('organ' and 'gamete'). Many
      stakeholders are involved, including donor, recipient, child, health-care
      providers and society at large. There is considerable uncertainty about the long
      term consequences of the application of OTT and OT cryopreservation (OTC). Thus,
      application of OTT gives rise to a number of very different ethico-legal issues
      and dilemmas which are hard to solve coherently through a principlism-based
      bioethical approach. This study focuses on such dilemmas and attempts to review
      them. The role of virtue ethics, which may be combined with principlism, is
      essential to solve such dilemmas coherently and reasonably. Dealing with
      conflicts of ethical principles equivalent between them, or moral dilemmas
      without available answers and mind-sharing in a difficult interpersonal process
      of decision making, requires a virtue-based ethical approach. Besides, ethico
      legal issues related to OTC/OTT are complex issues requiring a multidisciplinary
      approach (ethical considerations, medical, psychological and social evaluations
      etc.). We stress the crucial role of multidisciplinary Ethics Committee which is
      considered indispensable for each reproductive health-care unit practicing
      OTC/OTT.

PMID- 27381402
TI  - A Novel Endonuclease Inhibitor Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Anti-Influenza Virus
      Activity In Vitro.
AB  - Antiviral drugs are important in preventing and controlling influenza,
      particularly when vaccines are ineffective or unavailable. A single class of
      antiviral drugs, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), is recommended for treating
      influenza. The limited therapeutic options and the potential risk of antiviral
      resistance are driving the search for additional small-molecule inhibitors that
      act on influenza virus proteins. The acid polymerase (PA) of influenza viruses is
      a promising target for new antivirals because of its essential role in initiating
      virus transcription. Here, we characterized a novel compound, RO-7, identified as
      a putative PA endonuclease inhibitor. RO-7 was effective when added before the
      cessation of genome replication, reduced polymerase activity in cell-free
      systems, and decreased relative amounts of viral mRNA and genomic RNA during
      influenza virus infection. RO-7 specifically inhibited the ability of the PA
      endonuclease domain to cleave a nucleic acid substrate. RO-7 also inhibited
      influenza A viruses (seasonal and 2009 pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2) and B
      viruses (Yamagata and Victoria lineages), zoonotic viruses (H5N1, H7N9, and
      H9N2), and NAI-resistant variants in plaque reduction, yield reduction, and cell
      viability assays in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with nanomolar to
      submicromolar 50% effective concentrations (EC50s), low toxicity, and favorable
      selective indices. RO-7 also inhibited influenza virus replication in primary
      normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Overall, RO-7 exhibits broad-spectrum
      activity against influenza A and B viruses in multiple in vitro assays,
      supporting its further characterization and development as a potential antiviral
      agent for treating influenza.

PMID- 27381405
TI  - Nocardioides intraradicalis sp. nov., isolated from the roots of Psammosilene
      tunicoides W. C. Wu et C. Y. Wu.
AB  - A Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile strain, designated YIM
      DR1091T, was isolated from the roots of Psammosilene tunicoides W. C. Wu et C. Y.
      Wu collected from Gejiu, Yunnan, China. The taxonomic position of strain YIM
      DR1091T was investigated by a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on
      16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain YIM DR1091T is a member of the
      genus Nocardioides. Strain YIM DR1091T was closely related to Nocardioides
      pyridinolyticus OS4T, Nocardioides caricicola YC6903T, Nocardioides hankookensis
      DS-30T and Nocardioides aquiterrae GW-9T, with which it shared pairwise 16S rRNA
      gene sequence similarities of 97.6, 97.5, 97.2 and 97.2 %, respectively. Mean DNA
      DNA relatedness values between strain YIM DR1091T and related type strains N.
      pyridinolyticus JCM 10369T, N. caricicola JCM 17686T, N. hankookensis JCM 15302T
      and N. aquiterrae JCM 11813T were 44.9+/-1.7, 50.2+/-1.3, 46.8+/-0.9 and 43.0+/
      0.2 %, respectively. The respiratory menaquinone for strain YIM DR1091T was MK
      8(H4) while the major fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C16 : 0, C17 : 1omega8c, C17 :
      0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C14 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified phospholipids. Whole-cell
      hydrolysates contained mannose, ribose, glucose and galactose, along with ll
      diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the peptidoglycan. The DNA
      G+C content was 74.6 mol%. Phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic data
      indicated that strain YIM DR1091T represents a novel species of the genus
      Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides intraradicalis sp. nov. is
      proposed. The type strain is YIM DR1091T (=JCM 30632T=CGMCC4.7251T).

PMID- 27381406
TI  - The preservative effect of Thai propolis extract on the viability of human
      periodontal ligament cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Tooth avulsion causes an injury to the periodontal ligament
      (PDL). The success of tooth replantation depends on the quantity and quality of
      PDL cells. The aim of this study was to examine the preservative and
      proliferative effects of Thai propolis extract, previously shown to exert anti
      inflammatory and antioxidant activities, on human PDL cells. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Ninety-six premolars were left to air dry for 30 min and stored in
      Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), milk, or various concentrations of propolis
      extract from 0.25 to 10 mg ml-1 for 3 h. PDL cells were isolated by collagenase
      and trypsin digestion, and their viability was determined by a trypan blue dye
      exclusion assay. PDL tissues were also scraped off the root surface and cultured
      to determine cell growth and morphology. The alamarBlue(r) and BrdU assays were
      performed to determine the cytotoxic and proliferative effects of the extract on
      cultured PDL cells, respectively. RESULTS: A non-toxic dose of 2.5 mg ml-1 of
      propolis extract yielded the greatest percentage of cell viability (78.84 +/-
      3.34%), which was significantly higher than those of the other concentrations (P
      < 0.001). Nevertheless, this percentage was not significantly different from that
      of HBSS (80.14 +/- 2.44%; P = 1.00), but was significantly higher than that of
      milk (71.27 +/- 2.79%; P < 0.001). The cells grown from PDL explants looked like
      fibroblasts. However, 2.5 mg ml-1 of the extract did not induce PDL cell
      proliferation. CONCLUSION: Thai propolis extract at 2.5 mg ml-1 appears to be the
      most effective dose for preserving the viability of PDL cells, and this was
      comparable to HBSS.

PMID- 27381407
TI  - Globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation for the treatment of status
      dystonicus in tardive dystonia.

PMID- 27381408
TI  - Metal-Free [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Ynamides and Nitriles: Mild and
      Regioselective Synthesis of Fully Substituted Pyridines.
AB  - A metal-free trimolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of internal ynamides and nitriles
      for de novo synthesis of fully substituted pyridines is disclosed. With the
      versatile Bronsted acid catalyst HNTf2 , the mild intermolecular
      cyclotrimerization process proceeds with complementary chemoselectivity and
      excellent regioselectivity.

PMID- 27381409
TI  - Passing through - reasons why migrant doctors in Ireland plan to stay, return
      home or migrate onwards to new destination countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: International recruitment is a common strategy used by high-income
      countries to meet their medical workforce needs. Ireland, despite training
      sufficient doctors to meet its internal demand, continues to be heavily dependent
      on foreign-trained doctors, many of whom may migrate onwards to new destination
      countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted to measure and analyse the
      factors associated with the migratory intentions of foreign doctors in Ireland.
      METHODS: A total of 366 non-European nationals registered as medical doctors in
      Ireland completed an online survey assessing their reasons for migrating to
      Ireland, their experiences whilst working and living in Ireland, and their future
      plans. Factors associated with future plans - whether to remain in Ireland,
      return home or migrate to a new destination country - were tested by bivariate
      and multivariate analyses, including discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Of the 345
      foreign doctors who responded to the question regarding their future plans, 16 %
      of whom were Irish-trained, 30 % planned to remain in Ireland, 23 % planned to
      return home and 47 % to migrate onwards. Country of origin, personal and
      professional reasons for migrating, experiences of training and supervision,
      opportunities for career progression, type of employment contract, citizenship
      status, and satisfaction with life in Ireland were all factors statistically
      significantly associated with the three migratory outcomes. CONCLUSION: Reported
      plans may not result in enacted emigration. However, the findings support a
      growing body of evidence highlighting dissatisfaction with current career
      opportunities, contributing to the emigration of Irish doctors and onward
      migration of foreign doctors. Implementation of the WHO Global Code, which
      requires member states to train and retain their own health workforce, could also
      help reduce onward migration of foreign doctors to new destination countries.
      Ireland has initiated the provision of tailored postgraduate training to doctors
      from Pakistan, enabling these doctors to return home with improved skills of
      benefit to the source country.

PMID- 27381410
TI  - Personality Characteristics, Job Stressors, and Job Satisfaction: Main and
      Interaction Effects on Psychological and Physical Health Conditions of Italian
      Schoolteachers.
AB  - The study proposed an application of the transactional model of stress in
      teaching elaborated by Travers and Cooper in 1996, and aimed to investigate the
      influence of personality characteristics (coping strategies, type A behaviors),
      situational characteristics (sources of pressure), and perceived job satisfaction
      in the prediction of teachers' psychophysical health conditions. The Italian
      version of the Teacher Stress Questionnaire was administered to 621 teachers.
      Logistic regression was used to evaluate significant main and interaction effects
      of personality characteristics, situational characteristics, and perceived job
      satisfaction on teachers' self-reported psychophysical health conditions. The
      findings highlighted specific coping strategies (focused on the problem, on
      innovation, and on hobbies and pastimes) and dimensions of job satisfaction
      (related to intrinsic aspects of job and to employee relations) buffering the
      negative effects of several job stressors. Type A behaviors and coping strategies
      focused on mobilized social support, suppression of stress, and not confronting
      the situation had main and interactions with negative effects on psychophysical
      health. Findings confirmed the necessity to run multi-factor research to analyze
      the different combinations of individual and situational variables implicated in
      negative health outcomes and to highlight the most significant buffering or
      increasing associations. 

PMID- 27381411
TI  - Examining Competing Models of Transformational Leadership, Leadership Trust,
      Change Commitment, and Job Satisfaction.
AB  - This study discusses the influence of transformational leadership on job
      satisfaction through assessing six alternative models related to the mediators of
      leadership trust and change commitment utilizing a data sample (N = 341; M age =
      32.5 year, SD = 5.2) for service promotion personnel in Taiwan. The bootstrap
      sampling technique was used to select the better fitting model. The tool of
      hierarchical nested model analysis was applied, along with the approaches of
      bootstrapping mediation, PRODCLIN2, and structural equation modeling comparison.
      The results overall demonstrate that leadership is important and that leadership
      role identification (trust) and workgroup cohesiveness (commitment) form an
      ordered serial relationship. 

PMID- 27381412
TI  - Role of Student Well-Being: A Study Using Structural Equation Modeling.
AB  - The present study explored the effects of academic and social self-efficacy
      beliefs on students' well-being at school, academic engagement, and achievement
      outcome. Well-being at school is conceptualized as a central mediator of
      students' engagement and learning in achievement contexts. It was hypothesized
      that well-being at school would mediate the effects of social and academic self
      efficacy beliefs on engagement and achievement outcome. This research focus has
      credence and may provide grounding for educational-social interventions. A cohort
      of 284 (122 girls, 162 boys) Year 11 secondary school students participated in
      this correlational study. A theoretical-conceptual model was explored and tested
      using structural equation modeling. Subsequent structural equation modeling
      analyses provided moderate support for the hypothesized model. The results showed
      that both academic and social self-efficacy depended on each other in their
      effect on well-being at school. Both academic engagement and well-being at school
      served as partial mediators of the effects of academic and social self-efficacy
      on academic engagement. 

PMID- 27381413
TI  - Door-in-the-Face and But-You-Are-Free: Testing the Effect of Combining Two No
      Pressure Compliance Paradigms.
AB  - According to Howard's proposal of chaining compliance techniques and based on the
      proximity of interpretation of their effects, this study aimed to test a
      combination of two paradigms: a door-in-the-face request that makes a high-cost
      request before the target request and the but-you-are-free request that adds an
      evocation of freedom to the request. Two experiments were conducted (N = 120 and
      1,292) to promote donations to non-profit organizations. There were four
      conditions. Participants were approached according to the door-in-the-face
      procedure, to the but-you-are-free procedure, to a combination of both of them,
      or directly in a control condition. There was an increase of compliance rates in
      experimental conditions compared to the control condition and an increase in the
      average amount donated in the combination condition compared to the control
      condition in the second study. Results are discussed in terms of responsibility
      and guilt mechanisms, and future developments are proposed. 

PMID- 27381414
TI  - Investigation of the Structural Relationships Between Social Support, Self
      Compassion, and Subjective Well-Being in Korean Elite Student Athletes.
AB  - The study examined whether self-compassion mediates the relationship between
      social support and subjective well-being, as perceived by athletes. It also
      investigated the structural relationships between these variables. Participants
      were 333 athletes attending high school or university. Structural equation
      analysis showed that self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between
      social support and subjective well-being. To test the stability of the model, a
      multiple group analysis was performed according to sex of participant and school
      level, and this demonstrated that the model had similar fit to the data
      regardless of group. The confirmation that self-compassion plays an intermediary
      role in the relationship between social support and subjective well-being
      demonstrates that self-compassionate attitudes can be fostered by social support,
      and that, in turn, has a positive effect on an individual's subjective well
      being. 

PMID- 27381415
TI  - Antibiotics for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care.

PMID- 27381416
TI  - Screening and identification of a specific peptide for targeting hypoxic hepatoma
      cells.
AB  - The biological behaviors of residual hepatoma cells after transarterial
      embolization therapy, which exist in a hypoxic or even anaerobic tumor
      microenvironment, differ from the tumor cells under normoxic conditions. This
      study aimed to use a phage display peptide library for in vivo and in vitro
      screening to obtain a peptide which could specifically bind to hypoxic hepatoma
      cells, allowing further targeted diagnosis and treatment for liver cancer. In
      this study, hypoxic hepatoma cells HepG2 (targeted cells), and normal liver cells
      HL-7702 (control cells), were utilized to perform three rounds of in vitro
      screening using a phage-displayed 7-mer peptide library. In addition, hypoxic
      HepG2 were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to establish a hepatocarcinoma
      model, followed by performing three rounds of in vivo screening on the phages
      identified from the in vitro screening. The products from the screening were
      further identified using ELISA and immunofluorescence staining on cells and
      tissues. The results indicated that the P11 positive clone had the highest
      binding effect with hypoxic hepatoma cells. The sequence of the exogenous insert
      fragment of P11 positive clone was obtained by sequencing: GSTSFSK. The binding
      assay indicated that GSTSFSK could specifically bind to hypoxic hepatoma cells
      and hepatocarcinoma tissues. This 7-mer peptide has the potential to be developed
      as an useful molecular to the targeting diagnosis and treatment of residual
      hepatoma cells after transarterial chemoembolization.

PMID- 27381417
TI  - Adverse maternal exposures, methylation of glucocorticoid-related genes and
      perinatal outcomes: a systematic review.
AB  - AIM: Maternal environmental exposures affect perinatal outcomes through
      epigenetic placental changes. We examine the literature addressing associations
      between adverse maternal exposures, perinatal outcomes and methylation of key
      genes regulating placental cortisol metabolism. METHODS: We searched three
      databases for studies that examined NR3C1 and HSD11beta1/HSD11 beta 2 methylation
      with maternal exposures or perinatal outcomes. Nineteen studies remained after
      screening. We followed Cochrane's PRISMA reporting guidelines (2009). RESULTS:
      NR3C1 and HSD11 beta methylation were associated with adverse infant
      neurobehavior, stress response, blood pressure and physical development. In utero
      exposure to maternal stress, nutrition, preeclampsia, smoking and diabetes were
      associated with altered NR3C1 and HSD11 beta methylation. CONCLUSION: NR3C1 and
      HSD11 beta methylation are useful biomarkers of specific environmental stressors
      associated with important perinatal outcomes that determine pediatric and adult
      disease risk.

PMID- 27381419
TI  - The clinical utilization of radiation therapy in Korea between 2009 and 2013.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the clinical utilization of
      radiation therapy (RT) in Korea between 2009 and 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      analyzed open claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment
      Service. The subjects were patients who had diagnostic codes C00-C97 or D00-D48
      according to the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases,
      with procedure codes indicating RT treatment. RESULTS: The total number of
      patients who received RT in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were 45,571, 49,593,
      54,671, 59,172, and 61,485, respectively. Among them, the total numbers of male
      and female patients were 20,780/24,791 in 2009, 22,711/26,882 in 2010,
      24,872/29,799 in 2011, 27,101/32,071 in 2012, and 27,941/33,544 in 2013. The five
      cancers that were most frequently treated with RT between 2009 and 2012 were
      breast, lung, colorectal, liver, and uterine cervical cancers. However, the fifth
      most common cancer treated with RT that replaced uterine cervical cancer in 2013
      was prostate cancer. The three leading types of cancer among the male patients
      were lung, colorectal, and liver cancers, whereas in female patients, they were
      breast, uterine cervical, and lung cancers. The type of cancer most commonly
      treated by RT was cancer of the central nervous system in patients aged 20 years
      or less, breast cancer in patients aged 30-50 years, and lung cancer in patients
      aged 60 years or more. CONCLUSION: Data from this study provided the clinical
      utilization of RT in Korea between 2009 and 2013.

PMID- 27381420
TI  - Surface-functionalized hydrophilic monolayer of titanate and its application for
      dopamine detection.
AB  - A surface-functionalized hydrophilic charge-neutral monolayer of titanate was
      exfoliated from the precursor layered composite in aqueous media without addition
      of a delamination agent. The hydrophilic monolayer was applied for the detection
      of dopamine based on visible-light absorption originating from charge-transfer
      excitation from adsorbed dopamine to titanate. 

PMID- 27381418
TI  - The Arabidopsis Golgi-localized GDP-L-fucose transporter is required for plant
      development.
AB  - Nucleotide sugar transport across Golgi membranes is essential for the luminal
      biosynthesis of glycan structures. Here we identify GDP-fucose transporter 1
      (GFT1), an Arabidopsis nucleotide sugar transporter that translocates GDP-L
      fucose into the Golgi lumen. Using proteo-liposome-based transport assays, we
      show that GFT preferentially transports GDP-L-fucose over other nucleotide sugars
      in vitro, while GFT1-silenced plants are almost devoid of L-fucose in cell wall
      derived xyloglucan and rhamnogalacturonan II. Furthermore, these lines display
      reduced L-fucose content in N-glycan structures accompanied by severe
      developmental growth defects. We conclude that GFT1 is the major nucleotide sugar
      transporter for import of GDP-L-fucose into the Golgi and is required for proper
      plant growth and development.

PMID- 27381422
TI  - Protective effects of cilostazol against hemorrhagic stroke: Current and future
      perspectives.
AB  - Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor and is known to have pleiotropic
      effects including antiplatelet and vasodilatation effects and protective effects
      on endothelial cells. Cilostazol also reportedly reduced stroke recurrence,
      poststroke intracranial hemorrhage, and extracranial bleeding in a meta-analysis.
      Although it is known that cilostazol has the potential to suppress hemorrhagic
      stroke, the precise mechanisms remained unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the
      protective effects and mechanisms of cilostazol against hemorrhagic stroke. We
      found that cilostazol prevented the hemorrhagic transformation induced by focal
      cerebral ischemia in mice treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator
      or warfarin via protecting endothelial cells and tight junction proteins. We also
      demonstrated that cilostazol attenuated collagenase-induced intracranial
      hemorrhage in mice. In vitro studies showed that endothelial cells, pericytes,
      tight junction proteins, adherence junction proteins, and the basement membrane,
      which are all components of the blood-brain barrier, were protected by the
      administration of cilostazol following collagenase injury. These results
      suggested that cilostazol reduces hemorrhagic stroke by protecting the entire
      blood-brain barrier. Here, we review the protective effects of cilostazol on the
      blood-brain barrier that result in the prevention of hemorrhagic stroke, discuss
      the results we obtained using multiple hemorrhagic stroke models, and introduce
      potential future applications of cilostazol. 

PMID- 27381421
TI  - High Level of Anaphylatoxin C5a Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in Patients with
      Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Anaphylatoxin C5a, a potent pro-inflammatory peptide produced in the process of
      complement activation, was proved to have a vital role in tumor initiation and
      progession by previous investigations. However whether it could act as a
      prognostic marker remains unknown. Here we retrospectively enrolled 272 ccRCC
      patients undergoing nephrectomy in Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai between 2005 and
      2007. C5a level was assessed by immunohistochemistry and its association with
      clinicopathologic features and prognosis were evaluated. Our results indicated
      that high tumoral C5a level was associated with poor overall survival (OS)
      (hazard ratio = 1.753, 95% CI 1.068-2.878, P = 0.026). In addition, tumoral C5a
      could significantly stratify patients' prognosis both in advanced stage (TNM III
      + IV) and intermediate/high risk group (SSIGN score >=4) (P < 0.001 and = 0.008,
      respectively). Furthermore, incorporating tumoral C5a with other parameters could
      improve the predicting accuracy, compared with TNM and SSIGN system (c-index =
      0.789, 0.713 and 0.727, respectively). In conclusion, tumoral C5a is an
      independent adverse prognostic biomarker for clinical outcome of ccRCC patients
      after nephectomy.

PMID- 27381423
TI  - An interactive ICT platform for early assessment and management of patient
      reported concerns among older adults living in ordinary housing - development and
      feasibility.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To develop and test feasibility and acceptability of an
      interactive ICT platform integrated in a tablet for collecting and managing
      patient-reported concerns of older adults in home care. BACKGROUND: Using
      different ICT applications, for example interactive tablets for self-assessment
      of health and health issues based on health monitoring as well as other somatic
      and psychiatric monitoring systems may improve quality of life, staff and patient
      communication and feelings of being reassured. The European Commission
      hypothesises that introduction of ICT applications to the older population will
      enable improved health. However, evidence-based and user-based applications are
      scarce. DESIGN: The design is underpinned by the Medical Research Council's
      complex intervention evaluation framework. A mixed-method approach was used
      combining interviews with older adults and healthcare professionals, and logged
      quantitative data. METHODS: In cooperation with a health management company, a
      platform operated by an interactive application for reporting and managing health
      related problems in real time was developed. Eight older adults receiving home
      care were recruited to test feasibility. They were equipped with the application
      and reported three times weekly over four weeks, and afterwards interviewed about
      their experiences. Three nurses caring for them were interviewed. The logged data
      were extracted as a coded file. RESULTS: The older adults reported as instructed,
      in total 107 reports (Mean 13). The most frequent concerns were pain, fatigue and
      dizziness. The older adults experienced the application as meaningful with
      overall positive effects as well as potential benefits for the nurses involved.
      CONCLUSIONS: The overall findings in this study indicated high feasibility among
      older adults using the ICT platform. The study's results support further
      development of the platform, as well as tests in full-scale studies and in other
      populations. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: An ICT platform increased the older
      adults' perception of involvement and facilitated communication between the
      patient and nurses.

PMID- 27381424
TI  - Corticosterone dysregulation exacerbates disease progression in the R6/2
      transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease.
AB  - Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurological disorder that causes severe
      and progressive motor, cognitive, psychiatric, and metabolic symptoms. There is a
      robust, significant elevation in circulating levels of the stress hormone,
      cortisol, in HD patients; however, the causes and consequences of this elevation
      are largely uncharacterized. Here, we evaluated whether elevated levels of
      corticosterone, the rodent homolog of cortisol, contributed to the development of
      symptomology in transgenic HD mice. Wild-type (WT) and transgenic R6/2 mice were
      given either 1) adrenalectomy with WT-level corticosterone replacement (10ng/ml),
      2) adrenalectomy with high HD-level corticosterone replacement (60ng/ml), or 3)
      sham surgery without replacement. R6/2 mice on HD-level replacement showed severe
      and rapid weight loss (p<0.05) and a shorter latency to death (p<0.01) relative
      to the HD mice on WT-level replacement. We further evaluated basal and stress
      induced levels of circulating corticosterone in R6/2 mice throughout the course
      of their life. We found that R6/2 transgenic HD mice display a spontaneous
      elevation in circulating corticosterone levels that became significant at 10weeks
      of age. Furthermore, we identified significant dysregulation of circadian
      rhythmicity of corticosterone release measured over a 24h period compared to wild
      type controls. Unexpectedly, we found that R6/2 transgenic mice show a blunted
      corticosterone response to restraint stress, compared to wild-type mice.
      Together, these data provide further evidence that HPA-axis activity is abnormal
      in R6/2 mice, and highlight the important role that cortisol plays in HD symptom
      development. Our findings suggest that cortisol-reducing therapeutics may be of
      value in improving HD patient quality of life.

PMID- 27381425
TI  - Neuromodulation of the neural circuits controlling the lower urinary tract.
AB  - The inability to control timely bladder emptying is one of the most serious
      challenges among the many functional deficits that occur after a spinal cord
      injury. We previously demonstrated that electrodes placed epidurally on the
      dorsum of the spinal cord can be used in animals and humans to recover postural
      and locomotor function after complete paralysis and can be used to enable voiding
      in spinal rats. In the present study, we examined the neuromodulation of lower
      urinary tract function associated with acute epidural spinal cord stimulation,
      locomotion, and peripheral nerve stimulation in adult rats. Herein we demonstrate
      that electrically evoked potentials in the hindlimb muscles and external urethral
      sphincter are modulated uniquely when the rat is stepping bipedally and not
      voiding, immediately pre-voiding, or when voiding. We also show that spinal cord
      stimulation can effectively neuromodulate the lower urinary tract via frequency
      dependent stimulation patterns and that neural peripheral nerve stimulation can
      activate the external urethral sphincter both directly and via relays in the
      spinal cord. The data demonstrate that the sensorimotor networks controlling
      bladder and locomotion are highly integrated neurophysiologically and
      behaviorally and demonstrate how these two functions are modulated by sensory
      input from the tibial and pudental nerves. A more detailed understanding of the
      high level of interaction between these networks could lead to the integration of
      multiple neurophysiological strategies to improve bladder function. These data
      suggest that the development of strategies to improve bladder function should
      simultaneously engage these highly integrated networks in an activity-dependent
      manner.

PMID- 27381426
TI  - Immigration, tourism and the heart: a descriptive analysis of cardiovascular
      diseases in different populations.

PMID- 27381428
TI  - Five different types of eta(8)-cyclooctatetraenyl-lanthanide half-sandwich
      complexes from one ligand set, including a "giant neodymium wheel".
AB  - The lithium-cyclopropylethynylamidinates Li[c-C3H5-C[triple bond, length as m
      dash]C-C(NR)2] (1a: R = (i)Pr, 1b: R = cyclohexyl (Cy)) have been used as
      precursors for the preparation of five new series of half-sandwich complexes.
      These complexes contain the large flat cyclooctatetraenyl ligand (C8H8(2-),
      commonly abbreviated as COT), and were isolated as solvated, unsolvated and
      inverse sandwich complexes. Treatment of the halide precursors [(COT)Pr(MU
      Cl)(THF)2]2 with 1b and [(COT)Nd(MU-Cl)(THF)2]2 with 1a and 1b in THF in a 1 : 2
      molar ratio, respectively, afforded (COT)Ln[MU-c-C3H5-C[triple bond, length as m
      dash]C-C(NR)2]2Li(L) (2: Ln = Pr, R = Cy, L = Et2O; 3: Ln = Nd, R = (i)Pr, L =
      THF; 4: Ln = Nd, R = Cy, L = THF). Treatment of the dimeric cerium(iii)
      bis(cyclopropylethynylamidinate) complexes [{c-C3H5-C[triple bond, length as m
      dash]C-C(NR)2}2Ce(MU-Cl)(THF)]2 (5: R = (i)Pr; 6: R = Cy) in situ with K2C8H8 in
      a 1 : 1 molar ratio in THF at room temperature afforded the inverse-sandwich
      complexes (MU-eta(8):eta(8)-COT)[Ce{c-C3H5-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C
      C(NR)2}2]2 (7: R = (i)Pr; 8: R = Cy). This reaction represents a new method for
      encapsulation of a planar (C8H8)(2-) ring in lanthanide complexes containing
      amidinate ligands in the outer decks. Novel unsolvated dinuclear lanthanide half
      sandwich complexes were prepared by using the precursors 1a, 1b and COT(2-).
      Unlike the complexes 2-4, the reaction of [(COT)Pr(MU-Cl)(THF)2]2 with 1a
      afforded the unsolvated centrosymmetric complex [(COT)Pr(MU-c-C3H5-C[triple bond,
      length as m-dash]C-C(N(i)Pr)2)]2 (9). These dimeric structures could be also
      accessed by reaction of LnCl3 (Ln = Ce or Nd) with 1a or 1b and K2COT in a 1 : 1
      : 1 molar ratio as a one-pot reaction to give novel [(COT)Ln(MU-c-C3H5-C[triple
      bond, length as m-dash]C-C(NR)2)]2 complexes (10: Ln = Ce, R = (i)Pr; 11: Ln =
      Ce, R = Cy; 12: Ln = Nd, R = (i)Pr). Similar treatment of HoCl3 with 1a or 1b and
      K2COT as three-component reactions in a 1 : 1 : 1 molar ratio afforded the
      solvated half-sandwich complexes (COT)Ho(c-C3H5-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C
      C(NR)2)(THF) (13: R = (i)Pr; 14: R = Cy). A unique multidecker sandwich complex
      [(MU-eta(8):eta(8)-COT){Nd(c-C3H5-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-C(NCy)2)(MU
      Cl)}2]4 (15) was prepared by reaction of anhydrous NdCl3 with K2COT and 1b in a
      one-pot reaction. The solid state structure of 15 revealed the presence of an
      unprecedented macrocyclic sandwich compound ("giant neodymium wheel") consisting
      of four COT rings sandwiched between eight Nd(3+) ions, and each Nd(3+) ion is
      bonded to one amidinate ligand and bridged by two chlorine atoms with the
      neighbouring Nd(3+) ion. 

PMID- 27381427
TI  - [Perceived barriers to active commuting to school: reliability and validity of a
      scale].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability and validity of a scale to measure
      perceived barriers to active commuting to school among Spanish young people.
      METHOD: The validity of the scale was assessed in a sample of 465 adolescents (14
      18 years) using a confirmatory factor analysis and studying its association with
      self-reported active commuting to school. The reliability of the instrument was
      evaluated in a sub-sample that completed the scale twice separated by a one-week
      interval. RESULTS: The results showed that the barriers scale had satisfactory
      fit indices, and two factors were determined. The first included environment- and
      safety-related items (alpha=0.72), while the other concerned planning and
      psychosocial items (alpha=0.64). Active commuting to school showed significant
      correlations with the total score of the barriers scale (rho=-0.27; p <0.001),
      with the environmental/safety barriers (rho=-0.22; p <0.001), as well as with the
      planning/psychosocial barriers (rho=-0.29; p <0.001). Test-retest ICCs for the
      barriers ranged from 0.68 to 0.77. CONCLUSION: The developed scale has acceptable
      validity and good reliability to assess barriers to active commuting to school
      among Spanish young people.

PMID- 27381429
TI  - Teletoxicology: Patient Assessment Using Wearable Audiovisual Streaming
      Technology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Audiovisual streaming technologies allow detailed remote patient
      assessment and have been suggested to change management and enhance triage. The
      advent of wearable, head-mounted devices (HMDs) permits advanced teletoxicology
      at a relatively low cost. A previously published pilot study supports the
      feasibility of using the HMD Google Glass(r) (Google Inc.; Mountain View, CA) for
      teletoxicology consultation. This study examines the reliability, accuracy, and
      precision of the poisoned patient assessment when performed remotely via Google
      Glass(r). METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study was performed on 50
      patients admitted to a tertiary care center inpatient toxicology service.
      Toxicology fellows wore Google Glass(r) and transmitted secure, real-time video
      and audio of the initial physical examination to a remote investigator not
      involved in the subject's care. High-resolution still photos of
      electrocardiograms (ECGs) were transmitted to the remote investigator. On-site
      and remote investigators recorded physical examination findings and ECG
      interpretation. Both investigators completed a brief survey about the
      acceptability and reliability of the streaming technology for each encounter.
      Kappa scores and simple agreement were calculated for each examination finding
      and electrocardiogram parameter. Reliability scores and reliability difference
      were calculated and compared for each encounter. RESULTS: Data were available for
      analysis of 17 categories of examination and ECG findings. Simple agreement
      between on-site and remote investigators ranged from 68 to 100 % (median = 94 %,
      IQR = 10.5). Kappa scores could be calculated for 11/17 parameters and
      demonstrated slight to fair agreement for two parameters and moderate to almost
      perfect agreement for nine parameters (median = 0.653; substantial agreement).
      The lowest Kappa scores were for pupil size and response to light. On a 100-mm
      visual analog scale (VAS), mean comfort level was 93 and mean reliability rating
      was 89 for on-site investigators. For remote users, the mean comfort and
      reliability ratings were 99 and 86, respectively. The average difference in
      reliability scores between on-site and remote investigators was 2.6, with the
      difference increasing as reliability scores decreased. CONCLUSION: Remote
      evaluation of poisoned patients via Google Glass(r) is possible with a high
      degree of agreement on examination findings and ECG interpretation. Evaluation of
      pupil size and response to light is limited, likely by the quality of streaming
      video. Users of Google Glass(r) for teletoxicology reported high levels of
      comfort with the technology and found it reliable, though as reported reliability
      decreased, remote users were most affected. Further study should compare patient
      centered outcomes when using HMDs for consultation to those resulting from
      telephone consultation.

PMID- 27381430
TI  - Numerical indices based on circulating tumor DNA for the evaluation of
      therapeutic response and disease progression in lung cancer patients.
AB  - Monitoring of disease/therapeutic conditions is an important application of
      circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). We devised numerical indices, based on ctDNA
      dynamics, for therapeutic response and disease progression. 52 lung cancer
      patients subjected to the EGFR-TKI treatment were prospectively collected, and
      ctDNA levels represented by the activating and T790M mutations were measured
      using deep sequencing. Typically, ctDNA levels decreased sharply upon initiation
      of EGFR-TKI, however this did not occur in progressive disease (PD) cases. All 3
      PD cases at initiation of EGFR-TKI were separated from other 27 cases in a two
      dimensional space generated by the ratio of the ctDNA levels before and after
      therapy initiation (mutation allele ratio in therapy, MART) and the average ctDNA
      level. For responses to various agents after disease progression, PD/stable
      disease cases were separated from partial response cases using MART (accuracy,
      94.7%; 95% CI, 73.5-100). For disease progression, the initiation of ctDNA
      elevation (initial positive point) was compared with the onset of objective
      disease progression. In 11 out of 28 eligible patients, both occurred within +/
      100 day range, suggesting a detection of the same change in disease condition.
      Our numerical indices have potential applicability in clinical practice, pending
      confirmation with designed prospective studies.

PMID- 27381431
TI  - Evolutionary pressures on microbial metabolic strategies in the chemostat.
AB  - Protein expression is shaped by evolutionary processes that tune microbial
      fitness. The limited biosynthetic capacity of a cell constrains protein
      expression and forces the cell to carefully manage its protein economy. In a
      chemostat, the physiology of the cell feeds back on the growth conditions,
      hindering intuitive understanding of how changes in protein concentration affect
      fitness. Here, we aim to provide a theoretical framework that addresses the
      selective pressures and optimal evolutionary-strategies in the chemostat. We show
      that the optimal enzyme levels are the result of a trade-off between the cost of
      their production and the benefit of their catalytic function. We also show that
      deviations from optimal enzyme levels are directly related to selection
      coefficients. The maximal fitness strategy for an organism in the chemostat is to
      express a well-defined metabolic subsystem known as an elementary flux mode.
      Using a coarse-grained, kinetic model of Saccharomyces cerevisiae's metabolism
      and growth, we illustrate that the dynamics and outcome of evolution in a
      chemostat can be very counter-intuitive: Strictly-respiring and strictly
      fermenting strains can evolve from a common ancestor. This work provides a
      theoretical framework that relates a kinetic, mechanistic view on metabolism with
      cellular physiology and evolutionary dynamics in the chemostat.

PMID- 27381432
TI  - Toxicokinetics and time-variable toxicity of cadmium in Oppia nitens Koch (Acari:
      Oribatida).
AB  - The soil-living mite Oppia nitens Koch has recently been proposed as a promising
      test species for the ecotoxicological risk assessment of contaminated boreal
      soils. Adding oribatid mites to the assemblage of test species for soil is highly
      desirable given the enormous diversity and ecological significance of these
      microarthropods. The authors aimed at revealing how toxicity, lethal body
      concentration, and bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) changed over a period of 7 wk
      when mites were exposed to Cd-spiked natural soils. The estimated median lethal
      concentration (LC50) values showed a gradual decrease with time, but a steady
      state was not reached within 7 wk. Estimates for lethal body concentration varied
      from 44 MUg Cd/g to 91 MUg Cd/g dry body weight, with a tendency to increase with
      time. The estimated 50% effective concentration (EC50) for effects on
      reproduction after 7-wk exposure was 345 MUg Cd/g dry soil. Accumulation of Cd in
      mites was extremely variable but overall showed a nonsaturating increase. A
      simple 1-compartment toxicokinetic model did not describe the data well. The
      analysis suggests that O. nitens has a storage-detoxification strategy that is
      not at equilibrium under chronic exposure. Considering the tiny body size of the
      animal, it is remarkable that long exposure times are necessary to reveal chronic
      toxicity. The use of oribatids provides a clear added value to soil risk
      assessment but trades off with exposure length. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:408
      413. (c) 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

PMID- 27381434
TI  - [20th Meeting of the Editors Group of the Journals of the Cono Sur Paediatric
      Societies].

PMID- 27381433
TI  - [Vitamin D deficiency in children admitted to the paediatric intensive care
      unit].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D is essential for bone health, as well as for
      cardiovascular and immune function. In critically ill adults vitamin D deficiency
      (VDD) is common, and is associated with sepsis and higher critical illness
      severity. OBJECTIVES: To establish the prevalence of VDD and its association with
      clinically relevant outcomes in children admitted to a Paediatric Intensive Care
      Unit (PICU) in Concepcion, Chile. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective observational
      cohort study in 90 consecutive children admitted to the PICU in a university
      general hospital. Blood was collected on admission to PICU and analysed for 25-OH
      D levels. Severity of illness and vasopressor use were assessed using PRISM,
      PELOD, and vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) score. VDD was defined as a serum 25
      OH-D level<20ng/ml. Relative risks (RR) were calculated to determine the
      association between VDD and relevant clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Mean (SD) serum
      vitamin D (25-OH-D) level in the cohort was 22.8 (1.0)ng/ml. The prevalence of
      VDD was 43.3%. VDD was associated with vasopressors use (RR1.6; 95%CI: 1.2-2.3;
      P<.01), mechanical ventilation (RR2.2; 95%CI: 1.2-3.9, P<.01), septic shock
      (RR1.9; 95%CI: 1.3-2.9, P<.001), and fluid bolus>40ml/kg in the first 24h of
      admission (RR 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1-2.1, P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, VDD at
      PICU admission was prevalent in critically ill children and was associated with
      adverse clinical outcomes. Further studies are needed to assess the potential
      benefit of optimizing vitamin D status in the PICU.

PMID- 27381436
TI  - Photoreactions with a Twist: Atropisomerism-Driven Divergent Reactivity of Enones
      with UV and Visible Light.
AB  - Light-induced transformation of atropisomeric and achiral enones displays
      divergent reactivity. Photocyclization leading to 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2-one was
      observed with achiral enone carboxamide, whereas the atropisomeric enone
      carboxamides underwent hydrogen abstraction leading to spiro-beta-lactams.
      Detailed photochemical, photophysical, and theoretical investigations have
      provided insight into this divergent reactivity and selectivity. 

PMID- 27381435
TI  - [Internal consistency and criterion validity and reliability of the Mexican
      Version of the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 (CBCL/1.5-5)].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the validity and internal consistency of the Mexican
      version of the CBCL/1.5 -5 that assesses the most common psychopathology in pre
      school children in clinical and epidemiological settings. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A
      total of 438 parents from two groups, clinical-psychiatric (N= 62) and community
      (N= 376) completed the CBCL/1.5-5/Mexican version. RESULTS: The internal
      consistency was high for total problems alpha=0.95, and internalized alpha=0.89
      and externalized alpha=0.91 subscales. The test re-test (one week) using the
      intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was >= 0.95 for the internalized,
      externalized, and total problems subscales. The ROC curve for the criterion
      status of clinically-referred vs. non-referred using the total problems scale >=
      24 resulted in an AUC (area under curve) of 0.77, a specificity 0.73, and a
      sensitivity of 0.70. CONCLUSIONS: The CBCL/1.5 -5/Mexican version is a reliable
      and valid tool.

PMID- 27381438
TI  - Biochemical and Pathophysiological Premises to Positron Emission Tomography With
      Choline Radiotracers.
AB  - Choline is a quaternary ammonium base that represents an essential component of
      phospholipids and cell membranes. Malignant transformation is associated with an
      abnormal choline metabolism at a higher levels with respect to those exclusively
      due to cell multiplication. The use of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed
      Tomography (PET/CT) with radiocholine (RCH), labeled with 11 C or 18 F, is widely
      diffuse in oncology, with main reference to restaging of patients with prostate
      cancer. The enhanced concentration in neoplasm is based not only on the
      increasing growing rate, but also on more specific issues, such as the augmented
      uptake in malignant cells due to the up-regulation of choline kinase. Furthermore
      the role of hypoxia in decreasing choline's uptake determine an in vivo
      concentration only in well oxygenated tumors, with a lower uptake when malignancy
      increases, that is, in tumors positive at 18 F-Fluoro-deoxyglucose. In this paper
      we have analyzed the most important issues related to the possible utilization of
      RCH in diagnostic imaging of human cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 270-275, 2017.
      (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27381437
TI  - Cyclic di-GMP contributes to adaption and virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis
      through a riboswitch-regulated collagen adhesion protein.
AB  - Cyclic di-GMP is a ubiquitous second messenger that regulates diverse cellular
      processes in bacteria by binding to various protein or riboswitch effectors. In
      Bacillus thuringiensis BMB171, a c-di-GMP riboswitch termed Bc2 RNA resides in
      the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of an mRNA that encodes a collagen adhesion
      protein (Cap). The expression of cap was strongly repressed in parent strain
      BMB171 because of the presence of Bc2 RNA but was significantly promoted in the
      Bc2 RNA markerless deletion mutant. Bc2 RNA acts as a genetic "on" switch, which
      forms an anti-terminator structure to promote cap read-through transcription upon
      c-di-GMP binding. As a result, cap transcription was de-repressed under high c-di
      GMP levels. Therefore, Bc2 RNA regulates cap expression using a repression/de
      repression model. Bc2 RNA-regulated Cap was also found to be tightly associated
      with motility, aggregation, exopolysaccharide secretion, biofilm formation, and
      virulence of B. thuringiensis BMB171 against its host insect Helicoverpa
      armigera.

PMID- 27381439
TI  - Retraction: Impact of high-fat feeding on basic helix-loop-helix transcription
      factors controlling enteroendocrine cell differentiation.

PMID- 27381440
TI  - Suppression of Jasmonic Acid-Mediated Defense by Viral-Inducible MicroRNA319
      Facilitates Virus Infection in Rice.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal modulators of plant development and host-virus
      interactions. However, the roles and action modes of specific miRNAs involved in
      viral infection and host susceptibility remain largely unclear. In this study, we
      show that Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV) infection caused increased accumulation
      of miR319 but decreased expression of miR319-regulated TCP (TEOSINTE
      BRANCHED/CYCLOIDEA/PCF) genes, especially TCP21, in rice plants. Transgenic rice
      plants overexpressing miR319 or downregulating TCP21 exhibited disease-like
      phenotypes and showed significantly higher susceptibility to RRSV in comparison
      with the wild-type plants. In contrast, only mild disease symptoms were observed
      in RRSV-infected lines overexpressing TCP21 and especially in the transgenic
      plants overexpressing miR319-resistant TCP21. Both RRSV infection and
      overexpression of miR319 caused the decreased endogenous jasmonic acid (JA)
      levels along with downregulated expression of JA biosynthesis and signaling
      related genes in rice. However, treatment of rice plants with methyl jasmonate
      alleviated disease symptoms caused by RRSV and reduced virus accumulation. Taken
      together, our results suggest that the induction of miR319 by RRSV infection in
      rice suppresses JA-mediated defense to facilitate virus infection and symptom
      development.

PMID- 27381441
TI  - A Layered Defense Strategy Mediated by Rice E3 Ubiquitin Ligases against Diverse
      Pathogens.

PMID- 27381442
TI  - Quantification of Membrane Protein Dynamics and Interactions in Plant Cells by
      Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy.
AB  - Deciphering the dynamics of protein and lipid molecules on appropriate spatial
      and temporal scales may shed light on protein function and membrane organization.
      However, traditional bulk approaches cannot unambiguously quantify the extremely
      diverse mobility and interactions of proteins in living cells. Fluorescence
      correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is a powerful technique to describe events that
      occur at the single-molecule level and on the nanosecond to second timescales;
      therefore, FCS can provide data on the heterogeneous organization of membrane
      systems. FCS can also be combined with other microscopy techniques, such as super
      resolution techniques. More importantly, FCS is minimally invasive, which makes
      it an ideal approach to detect the heterogeneous distribution and dynamics of key
      proteins during development. In this review, we give a brief introduction about
      the development of FCS and summarize the significant contributions of FCS in
      understanding the organization of plant cell membranes and the dynamics and
      interactions of membrane proteins. We also discuss the potential applications of
      this technique in plant biology.

PMID- 27381443
TI  - Distant eQTLs and Non-coding Sequences Play Critical Roles in Regulating Gene
      Expression and Quantitative Trait Variation in Maize.
AB  - A detailed understanding of genetic architecture of mRNA expression by millions
      of genetic variants is important for studying quantitative trait variation. In
      this study, we identified 1.25M SNPs with a minor allele frequency greater than
      0.05 by combining reduced genome sequencing (GBS), high-density array
      technologies (600K), and previous deep RNA-sequencing data from 368 diverse
      inbred lines of maize. The balanced allelic frequencies and distributions in a
      relatively large and diverse natural panel helped to identify expression
      quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) associated with more than 18 000 genes (63.4% of
      tested genes). We found that distant eQTLs were more frequent (~75% of all eQTLs)
      across the whole genome. Thirteen novel associated loci affecting maize kernel
      oil concentration were identified using the new dataset, among which one
      intergenic locus affected the kernel oil variation by controlling expression of
      three other known oil-related genes. Altogether, this study provides resources
      for expanding our understanding of cellular regulatory mechanisms of
      transcriptome variation and the landscape of functional variants within the maize
      genome, thereby enhancing the understanding of quantitative variations.

PMID- 27381444
TI  - A proteomic and genetic analysis of the Neurospora crassa conidia cell wall
      proteins identifies two glycosyl hydrolases involved in cell wall remodeling.
AB  - A proteomic analysis of the conidial cell wall identified 35 cell wall proteins.
      A comparison with the proteome of the vegetative hyphae showed that 16 cell wall
      proteins were shared, and that these shared cell wall proteins were cell wall
      biosynthetic proteins or cell wall structural proteins. Deletion mutants for 34
      of the genes were analyzed for phenotypes indicative of conidial cell wall
      defects. Mutants for two cell wall glycosyl hydrolases, the CGL-1 beta-1,3
      glucanase (NCU07523) and the NAG-1 exochitinase (NCU10852), were found to have a
      conidial separation phenotype. These two enzymes function in remodeling the cell
      wall between adjacent conidia to facilitate conidia formation and dissemination.
      Using promoter::RFP and promoter::GFP constructs, we demonstrated that the
      promoters for 15 of the conidia-specific cell wall genes, including cgl-1 and nag
      1, provided for conidia-specific gene expression or for a significant increase in
      their expression during conidiation.

PMID- 27381445
TI  - A novel nanostructured supramolecular hydrogel self-assembled from
      tetraphenylethylene-capped dipeptides.
AB  - Herein, we report a tetraphenylethylene-diglycine (TPE-GG) hydrogelator from a
      systematic study of TPE-capped dipeptides with various amphiphilic properties.
      From a chemical design, we found that the hydrogelation of TPE-GG molecules can
      be utilized to generate supramolecular nanostructures with a large TPE-based
      nanobelt width (~300 nm) and lateral dimension ratio (>30 fold). In addition, TPE
      GG has the lowest molecular weight and minimum number of atoms compared to any
      TPE-capped peptide hydrogelator reported to date. This minimal self-assembled
      hydrogelator can fundamentally achieve the gel features compared with other TPE
      capped peptides. A combined experimental and computational study indicates the pi
      pi interactions, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen-bonding interactions are
      the major driving forces behind the formation of self-assembled nanobelts. This
      study demonstrates the importance of structure-property relationships and
      provides new insights into the design of supramolecular nanomaterials. 

PMID- 27381446
TI  - The value of ultrasonographic tubo-ovarian abscess morphology in predicting
      whether patients will require surgical treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine if the ultrasonographic morphology of a tubo-ovarian
      abscess (TOA) could be used to predict if a patient will require surgical
      treatment. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study reviewed medical records from
      patients diagnosed with TOA via ultrasonography between January 2009 and January
      2014 at a tertiary referral center in Turkey. Patients with pelvic inflammatory
      disease and an inflammatory adnexal mass, identified during sonographic
      examination, were included in the study. Ultrasonographic morphology, demographic
      characteristics, and clinical and laboratory findings were compared between
      patients who required surgical treatment and those who did not. RESULTS: Records
      were included from 164 patients; medical therapy was successful in 121 (73.8%)
      patients and 43 (26.2%) required surgical treatment. TOA morphology was
      identified, using ultrasonography, as unilocular cystic, complex multicystic
      mass, or pyosalpinx in 56 (34.1%), 73 (44.5%), and 35 (21.3%) patients,
      respectively. No correlation was present between ultrasonographic TOA morphology
      and patients requiring surgical treatment (all P>0.05). Multivariate analyses
      demonstrated that an abscess larger than 6.5 cm in size (P=0.027), fever at
      admission (P<0.001), and parity greater than two (P=0.026) were independent
      predictors of patients requiring surgical treatment for TOA. CONCLUSION: Although
      increased TOA size, fever at admission, and parity were associated with increased
      odds of patients with TOA requiring surgical treatment, ultrasonographic TOA
      morphology was not.

PMID- 27381447
TI  - Upregulation of MicroRNA-214 Contributes to the Development of Vascular
      Remodeling in Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Hypertension Via Targeting CCNL2.
AB  - Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH), which is characterized by vascular
      remodeling of blood vessels, is a significant complication of chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we screened 13 candidate miRNAs in
      pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) harvested from COPD patients with
      PH (n = 18) and normal controls (n = 15) and found that the expression of miR-214
      was differentially expressed between these two groups. Additionally, cyclin L2
      (CCNL2) was validated as a target of miR-214 in PASMCs using a luciferase assay.
      Based on real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot, the expression of
      CCNL2 was substantially downregulated in PASMCs from COPD patients with PH
      compared with those from normal controls. Moreover, the relationship between
      miRNA and mRNA expression was confirmed using real-time PCR and western blot in
      PASMCs transfected with miR-214 mimics. Furthermore, the introduction of miR-214
      significantly promoted the proliferation of PASMCs by suppressing cell apoptosis,
      and this effect was mediated by the downregulation of CCNL2. Exposure of PASMCs
      to hypoxia significantly increased the expression of miR-214, decreased the
      expression of CCNL2, and promoted cell proliferation. However, these effects were
      significantly attenuated by the introduction of miR-214 inhibitors, which
      significantly downregulated miR-214 expression and upregulated CCNL2 expression.

PMID- 27381448
TI  - Systematic review of the health and societal effects of medication organisation
      devices.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Suboptimal medication adherence is a significant threat to public
      health and resources. Devices that organise weekly doses by time and day are
      commonly used to reduce unintentional non-adherence. However, there is limited
      evidence to support their use. This systematic review was conducted to evaluate
      current evidence for their efficacy, safety and costs. METHODS: A pre-defined
      search of electronic databases from inception to January 2013 augmented with hand
      searching was conducted. No limits were placed on publication date. Studies that
      compared organisation devices used by patients administering their own medication
      with standard medication packaging regardless of study design were eligible for
      inclusion. Studies that solely explored dispensing aspects of organisation
      devices were included whether or not they compared this to standard care.
      Screening of articles for inclusion and data extraction were completed
      independently by two reviewers with disagreements resolved by discussion.
      Outcomes were categorised into impact on health, medication adherence, healthcare
      utilisation, dispensing errors, supply procedures and costs. Risk of bias was
      also assessed. RESULTS: Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Health
      outcomes were investigated in seven studies of which three reported a positive
      effect associated with organisation devices. Medication adherence was reported in
      eight studies of which three reported a positive effect. Three studies reported
      health care utilisation data but overall results are inconclusive. No optimal
      dispensing or supply procedures were identified. Economic assessment of the
      impact of organisation devices is lacking. All studies were subject to a high
      risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence regarding the effects of medication
      organisation devices was limited, and the available evidence was susceptible to a
      high risk of bias. Organisation devices may help unintentional medication non
      adherence and could improve health outcomes. There is a strong need for more
      studies that explore the impact of such devices on patients, and an equally
      pressing need for studies that explore the impacts on healthcare services. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (Registration
      number CRD42011001718 ).

PMID- 27381449
TI  - Generation and characterization of tamoxifen-inducible Pax9-CreER knock-in mice
      using CrispR/Cas9.
AB  - Pax9 encodes a paired-box homeodomain (Pax) transcription factor and is critical
      for the development of multiple organs. Using CrispR/Cas9-mediated homologous
      directed repair (HDR), we generated a new Pax9-CreER knock-in mouse line in which
      the CreER(T2) fusion protein is produced after synthesis of endogenous Pax9
      protein. We found that tdTomato reporter expression in Pax9-CreER;tdTomato
      reporter mice is detectable in a similar pattern to the endogenous Pax9
      expression, faithfully recapitulating the Pax9 expression domains throughout the
      embryo and in the adult mouse. At early embryonic stages, the tdTomato reporter
      is expressed first in the pharyngeal pouch region and later in the craniofacial
      mesenchyme, somites, limbs, and lingual papillae in the adult tongue. These
      results demonstrate that this new Pax9-CreER knock-in mouse line can be used for
      lineage tracing and genetic targeting of Pax9-expressing cells and their progeny
      in a temporally and spatially controlled manner during development and
      organogenesis.

PMID- 27381450
TI  - Neandertal cannibalism and Neandertal bones used as tools in Northern Europe.
AB  - Almost 150 years after the first identification of Neandertal skeletal material,
      the cognitive and symbolic abilities of these populations remain a subject of
      intense debate. We present 99 new Neandertal remains from the Troisieme caverne
      of Goyet (Belgium) dated to 40,500-45,500 calBP. The remains were identified
      through a multidisciplinary study that combines morphometrics, taphonomy, stable
      isotopes, radiocarbon dating and genetic analyses. The Goyet Neandertal bones
      show distinctive anthropogenic modifications, which provides clear evidence for
      butchery activities as well as four bones having been used for retouching stone
      tools. In addition to being the first site to have yielded multiple Neandertal
      bones used as retouchers, Goyet not only provides the first unambiguous evidence
      of Neandertal cannibalism in Northern Europe, but also highlights considerable
      diversity in mortuary behaviour among the region's late Neandertal population in
      the period immediately preceding their disappearance.

PMID- 27381451
TI  - Expression of astrocyte elevated gene-1 protein in ameloblastomas, keratocystic
      odontogenic tumors, and dentigerous cysts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Benign epithelial odontogenic tumors such as ameloblastoma and
      keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) may exhibit an aggressive clinical course
      reminiscent of malignancies. Recent studies have indicated that astrocyte
      elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is highly expressed in a variety of malignant neoplasms
      and its overexpression is associated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and poor
      survival. However, the role of AEG-1 in odontogenic tumors and cysts is still
      undiscovered. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of AEG-1 was performed in 42
      cases of ameloblastoma, 29 cases of KCOT, and 19 cases of dentigerous cyst.
      Correlations between AEG-1 expression and clinical parameters of ameloblastomas
      or KCOTs were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: AEG-1-positive staining was found
      in 37 (88%) of 42 ameloblastomas and in 24 (83%) of 29 KCOTs. None of 19
      dentigerous cysts were positive for AEG-1 protein. For ameloblastomas, AEG-1
      protein expression was significantly higher in ameloblast-like cells than in
      stellate reticulum-like cells (P = 0.003). For KCOTs, AEG-1 protein was diffusely
      expressed in all lining epithelial cells except the superficial parakeratinized
      cells. Moreover, the frequency of cortical plate perforation was significantly
      higher in ameloblastomas with high AEG-1 expression than in ameloblastomas with
      low or negative AEG-1 expression (P = 0.043). CONCLUSION: Significantly higher
      expression of AEG-1 protein in ameloblastomas and KCOTs than in dentigerous cysts
      and significantly greater frequency of cortical plate perforation in high AEG-1
      expressed ameloblastomas than in low or negative AEG-1-expressed ameloblastomas
      may imply the high potential of AEG-1 to serve as a locally invasive biomarker
      and a target for novel therapy.

PMID- 27381452
TI  - Protective effect of two essential oils isolated from Rosa damascena Mill. and
      Lavandula angustifolia Mill, and two classic antioxidants against L-dopa
      oxidative toxicity induced in healthy mice.
AB  - Levodopa (L-dopa) is a "gold standard" and most effective symptomatic agent in
      the Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment. The several treatments have been
      developed in an attempt to improve PD treatment, but most patients were still
      levodopa dependent. The issue of toxicity was raised in vitro studies, and
      suggests that L-dopa can be toxic to dopaminergic neurons, but it is not yet
      entirely proven. L-dopa prolonged treatment is associated with motor
      complications and some limitations. Combining the L-dopa therapy with
      antioxidants can reduce related sideeffects and provide symptomatic relief. The
      natural antioxidants can be isolated from any plant parts such as seeds, leaves,
      roots, bark, etc., and their extracts riched in phenols can retard the oxidative
      degradation of the lipids, proteins and DNA. Thus, study suggests that
      combination of essential oils (Rose oil and Lavender oil), Vitamin C and Trolox
      with Ldopa can reduce oxidative toxicity, and may play a key role in ROS/RNS
      disarm.

PMID- 27381453
TI  - Anti-inflammatory and protective effects of saffron extract in
      ischaemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury.
AB  - AIM: Inflammation is one of the major challenges in the management of
      ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced acute kidney injury. Our aim was to assess
      the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of saffron extract against I/R
      induced renal disturbances. METHODS: A total of 35 male Wistar rats were randomly
      divided into five groups (n = 7) as sham, I/R and three groups of I/R that were
      pretreated with different doses of saffron extract (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 20
      mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The I/R-induced renal inflammation was assessed by
      measuring leukocyte infiltration and mRNA expression levels of intercellular
      adhesion molecule-1 and tumour necrotic factor-alpha. For the assessment of
      oxidative stress, thiobarbituric acid reactive species and antioxidant capacity
      of kidneys were measured in the right kidneys. In addition, plasma creatinine and
      urea-nitrogen concentrations were determined for renal functional disturbances.
      Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance using the
      Duncan post hoc test. RESULTS: The I/R increased all of the measured parameters,
      except for the tissue level of ferric reducing/antioxidant power, which
      decreased. Pretreatment with saffron extract in all doses significantly reduced
      the severity of these disturbances in such a way that there were no significant
      differences between the FRAP level and urea-nitrogen concentrations between the
      sham and all three saffron extract-treated groups. However, the saffron extract
      could decrease the plasma creatinine concentration, malondialdehyde level, tumour
      necrotic factor-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and
      leukocyte infiltration in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The present study
      showed anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and protective effects for the hydro
      ethanolic extract of saffron in I/R-induced acute kidney injury.

PMID- 27381454
TI  - Erratum to: Urban Health Research in Africa: Themes and Priority Research
      Questions.

PMID- 27381455
TI  - Statins and Reduced Risk of Liver Cancer: Evidence for Confounding.
AB  - A negative association of statin use with liver cancer risk has been reported
      frequently. We added laboratory measurements, to our knowledge not included in
      previous investigations, to a case-control analysis of 2877 case patients and 142
      850 matched control subjects enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Northern California.
      Addressing confounding by indication by restricting subjects to those with
      elevated cholesterol greatly attenuated the negative association; eg, the
      multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) rose from 0.41 (95% confidence interval
      [CI] = 0.35 to 0.49) to 0.87 (95% CI = 0.55 to 1.39) for receipt of 18 or more
      prescriptions. Confounding by contraindication was addressed by controlling for
      degree of abnormality of liver function tests, alanine or aspartate transaminase,
      measured within one year of the elevated cholesterol and strongly related to
      risk. The negative association of statins disappeared for all numbers of
      prescriptions received, with an odds ratio of 1.21 (95% CI = 0.53 to 2.75) for 18
      or more prescriptions. Findings cast doubt on the causality of the frequently
      observed preventive association.

PMID- 27381456
TI  - Recipe for High Moment Materials with Rare-earth and 3d Transition Metal
      Composites.
AB  - Materials with high volume magnetization are perpetually needed for the
      generation of sufficiently large magnetic fields by writer pole of magnetic hard
      disks, especially for achieving increased areal density in storage media. In
      search of suitable materials combinations for this purpose, we have employed
      density functional theory to predict the magnetic coupling between iron and
      gadolinium layers separated by one to several monolayers of 3d transition metals
      (Sc-Zn). We demonstrate that it is possible to find ferromagnetic coupling for
      many of them and in particular for the early transition metals giving rise to
      high moment. Cr and Mn are the only elements able to produce a significant
      ferromagnetic coupling for thicker spacer layers. We also present experimental
      results on two trilayer systems Fe/Sc/Gd and Fe/Mn/Gd. From the experiments, we
      confirm a ferromagnetic coupling between Fe and Gd across a 3 monolayers Sc
      spacer or a Mn spacer thicker than 1 monolayer. In addition, we observe a
      peculiar dependence of Fe/Gd magnetic coupling on the Mn spacer thickness.

PMID- 27381457
TI  - Role of Exchange Protein Directly Activated by Cyclic AMP Isoform 1 in Energy
      Homeostasis: Regulation of Leptin Expression and Secretion in White Adipose
      Tissue.
AB  - Epacs (exchange proteins directly activated by cyclic AMP [cAMP]) act as
      downstream effectors of cAMP and play important roles in energy balance and
      glucose homeostasis. While global deletion of Epac1 in mice leads to heightened
      leptin sensitivity in the hypothalamus and partial protection against high-fat
      diet (HFD)-induced obesity, the physiological functions of Epac1 in white adipose
      tissue (WAT) has not been explored. Here, we report that adipose tissue-specific
      Epac1 knockout (AEKO) mice are more prone to HFD-induced obesity, with increased
      food intake, reduced energy expenditure, and impaired glucose tolerance. Despite
      the fact that AEKO mice on HFD display increased body weight, these mice have
      decreased circulating leptin levels compared to their wild-type littermates. In
      vivo and in vitro analyses further reveal that suppression of Epac1 in WAT
      decreases leptin mRNA expression and secretion by inhibiting cAMP response
      element binding (CREB) protein and AKT phosphorylation, respectively. Taken
      together, our results demonstrate that Epac1 plays an important role in
      regulating energy balance and glucose homeostasis by promoting leptin expression
      and secretion in WAT.

PMID- 27381458
TI  - Transcriptional Modulator Ifrd1 Regulates Osteoclast Differentiation through
      Enhancing the NF-kappaB/NFATc1 Pathway.
AB  - Bone homeostasis is maintained by the synergistic actions of bone-resorbing
      osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Here, we show that the transcriptional
      coactivator/repressor interferon-related developmental regulator 1 (Ifrd1) is
      expressed in osteoclast lineages and represents a component of the machinery that
      regulates bone homeostasis. Ifrd1 expression was transcriptionally regulated in
      preosteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand
      (RANKL) through activator protein 1. Global deletion of murine Ifrd1 increased
      bone formation and decreased bone resorption, leading to a higher bone mass.
      Deletion of Ifrd1 in osteoclast precursors prevented RANKL-induced bone loss,
      although no bone loss was observed under normal physiological conditions. RANKL
      dependent osteoclastogenesis was impaired in vitro in Ifrd1-deleted bone marrow
      macrophages (BMMs). Ifrd1 deficiency increased the acetylation of p65 at residues
      K122 and K123 via the inhibition of histone deacetylase-dependent deacetylation
      in BMMs. This repressed the NF-kappaB-dependent transcription of nuclear factor
      of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), an essential regulator of
      osteoclastogenesis. These findings suggest that an Ifrd1/NF-kappaB/NFATc1 axis
      plays a pivotal role in bone remodeling in vivo and represents a therapeutic
      target for bone diseases.

PMID- 27381459
TI  - Function of Conserved Topological Regions within the Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      Basal Transcription Factor TFIIH.
AB  - TFIIH is a 10-subunit RNA polymerase II basal transcription factor with a dual
      role in DNA repair. TFIIH contains three enzymatic functions and over 30
      conserved subdomains and topological regions. We systematically tested the
      function of these regions in three TFIIH core module subunits, i.e., Ssl1, Tfb4,
      and Tfb2, in the DNA translocase subunit Ssl2, and in the kinase module subunit
      Tfb3. Our results are consistent with previously predicted roles for the Tfb2
      Hub, Ssl2 Lock, and Tfb3 Latch regions, with mutations in these elements
      typically having severe defects in TFIIH subunit association. We also found
      unexpected roles for other domains whose function had not previously been
      defined. First, the Ssl1-Tfb4 Ring domains are important for TFIIH assembly.
      Second, the Tfb2 Hub and HEAT domains have an unexpected role in association with
      Tfb3. Third, the Tfb3 Ring domain is important for association with many other
      TFIIH subunits. Fourth, a partial deletion of the Ssl1 N-terminal extension (NTE)
      domain inhibits TFIIH function without affecting subunit association. Finally, we
      used site-specific cross-linking to localize the Tfb3-binding surface on the Rad3
      Arch domain. Our cross-linking results suggest that Tfb3 and Rad3 have an unusual
      interface, with Tfb3 binding on two opposite faces of the Arch.

PMID- 27381460
TI  - The park-view effect: Residential development is higher at the boundaries of
      protected areas.
AB  - Land-use changes in the surrounding of protected areas might compromise their
      conservation efficacy, and thus the potential attractive effect that protected
      areas may exert on urban development is particularly concerning. We investigated
      whether the proximity to protected areas in a region (Lombardy, Italy) with a
      high density of urban areas and parks may increase the likelihood of residential
      development. The main change around protected areas was the loss of open areas
      (mostly due to development processes at the expense of arable land), which was
      higher in proximity of parks. Changes in residential discontinuous development
      were significantly and negatively related to proximity to parks, whereas changes
      in productive developments were unrelated to park proximity. The higher
      likelihood of residential development in proximity to parks is likely due to the
      attraction exerted by parks. The severe loss of open areas and increase of
      residential development around parks heavily impacted on habitat availability for
      a declining bird species (Alauda arvensis). Conservation policies considering
      also what happens around protected areas are urgently needed. 

PMID- 27381461
TI  - Reaction cross sections and thermal rate constant for Cl(-) + CH3Br -> ClCH3 +
      Br(-) from J-dependent quantum scattering calculations.
AB  - Employing dimensionality-reduced time-independent quantum scattering theory and
      summation over all possible total angular momentum states, initial-state selected
      reaction cross sections for the exothermic gas-phase bimolecular nucleophilic
      substitution (SN2) reaction Cl(-) + CH3Br -> ClCH3 + Br(-) have been calculated.
      The carbon-halogen bonds and the rotation of the methyl halides are taken into
      account. In agreement with previous calculations for J = 0, initial rotational
      motion of CH3Br decreases the reaction probability and consequently the cross
      sections. The experimentally obtained thermal rate constant for 300 K is
      reproduced within the experimental error. For lower temperatures, it is
      calculated to be below the experimental values but shows the same strong increase
      for T -> 0. 

PMID- 27381462
TI  - Inflammatory Bowel Disease Drugs: A Focus on Autophagy.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is characterized by chronic inflammation of the
      gastrointestinal tract. Medications such as corticosteroids, thiopurines,
      immunomodulators and biologic agents are used to induce and maintain remission;
      however, response to these drugs is variable and can diminish over time.
      Defective autophagy has been strongly linked to IBD pathogenesis, with evidence
      showing that enhancing autophagy may be therapeutically beneficial by regulating
      inflammation and clearing intestinal pathogens. It is plausible that the
      therapeutic effects of some IBD drugs are mediated in part through modulation of
      the autophagy pathway, with studies investigating a wide range of diseases and
      cell types demonstrating autophagy pathway regulation by these agents. This
      review will highlight the current evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, for the
      modulation of autophagy by drugs routinely used in IBD. A clearer understanding
      of their mechanisms of action will be invaluable to utilize these drugs in a more
      targeted and personalized manner in this diverse and often complex group of
      patients.

PMID- 27381464
TI  - Naegleria fowleri after 50 years: is it a neglected pathogen?
AB  - It has been 50 years since the first case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
      (PAM), an acute and rapidly fatal disease of the central nervous system (CNS),
      was reported in Australia. It is now known that the aetiological agent of PAM is
      Naegleria fowleri, an amoeba that is commonly known as 'the brain-eating amoeba'.
      N. fowleri infects humans of different ages who are in contact with water
      contaminated with this micro-organism. N. fowleri is distributed worldwide and is
      found growing in bodies of freshwater in tropical and subtropical environments.
      The number of PAM cases has recently increased, and the rate of recovery from PAM
      has been estimated at only 5 %. Amphotericin B has been used to treat patients
      with PAM. However, it is important to note that there is no specific treatment
      for PAM. Moreover, this amoeba is considered a neglected micro-organism.
      Researchers have exerted great effort to design effective drugs to treat PAM and
      to understand the pathogenesis of PAM over the past 50 years, such as its
      pathology, molecular and cellular biology, diagnosis and prevention, and its
      biological implications, including its pathogenic genotypes, its distribution and
      its ecology. Given the rapid progression of PAM and its high mortality rate, it
      is important that investigations continue and that researchers collaborate to
      gain better understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease and, consequently,
      to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this devastating infection of the CNS.

PMID- 27381463
TI  - Use of Designer G Protein-Coupled Receptors to Dissect Metabolic Pathways.
AB  - G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate virtually all metabolic processes,
      including glucose and energy homeostasis. Recently, the use of designer GPCRs
      referred to as designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drug
      (DREADDs) has made it possible to dissect metabolically relevant GPCR signaling
      pathways in a temporally and spatially controlled fashion in vivo.

PMID- 27381466
TI  - That's not how the learning works - the paradox of Reverse Innovation: a
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are significant differences in the meaning and use of the term
      'Reverse Innovation' between industry circles, where the term originated, and
      health policy circles where the term has gained traction. It is often conflated
      with other popularized terms such as Frugal Innovation, Co-development and
      Trickle-up Innovation. Compared to its use in the industrial sector, this
      conceptualization of Reverse Innovation describes a more complex, fragmented
      process, and one with no particular institution in charge. It follows that the
      way in which the term 'Reverse Innovation', specifically, is understood and used
      in the healthcare space is worthy of examination. METHODS: Between September and
      December 2014, we conducted eleven in-depth face-to-face or telephone interviews
      with key informants from innovation, health and social policy circles, experts in
      international comparative policy research and leaders in the Reverse Innovation
      space in the United States. Interviews were open-ended with guiding probes into
      the barriers and enablers to Reverse Innovation in the US context, specifically
      also informants' experience and understanding of the term Reverse Innovation.
      Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed thematically using the process
      of constant comparison. RESULTS: We describe three main themes derived from the
      interviews. First, 'Reverse Innovation,' the term, has marketing currency to
      convince policy-makers that may be wary of learning from or adopting innovations
      from unexpected sources, in this case Low-Income Countries. Second, the term can
      have the opposite effect - by connoting frugality, or innovation arising from
      necessity as opposed to good leadership, the proposed innovation may be
      associated with poor quality, undermining potential translation into other
      contexts. Finally, the term 'Reverse Innovation' is a paradox - it breaks down
      preconceptions of the directionality of knowledge and learning, whilst
      simultaneously reinforcing it. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that this term means
      different things to different people and should be used strategically, and with
      some caution, depending on the audience.

PMID- 27381467
TI  - Prenatal presentation of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia - a report of two
      sibs.

PMID- 27381465
TI  - The genome and transcriptome of Trichormus sp. NMC-1: insights into adaptation to
      extreme environments on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
AB  - The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has the highest biodiversity for an extreme
      environment worldwide, and provides an ideal natural laboratory to study adaptive
      evolution. In this study, we generated a draft genome sequence of cyanobacteria
      Trichormus sp. NMC-1 in the QTP and performed whole transcriptome sequencing
      under low temperature to investigate the genetic mechanism by which T. sp. NMC-1
      adapted to the specific environment. Its genome sequence was 5.9 Mb with a G+C
      content of 39.2% and encompassed a total of 5362 CDS. A phylogenomic tree
      indicated that this strain belongs to the Trichormus and Anabaena cluster. Genome
      comparison between T. sp. NMC-1 and six relatives showed that functionally
      unknown genes occupied a much higher proportion (28.12%) of the T. sp. NMC-1
      genome. In addition, functions of specific, significant positively selected,
      expanded orthogroups, and differentially expressed genes involved in signal
      transduction, cell wall/membrane biogenesis, secondary metabolite biosynthesis,
      and energy production and conversion were analyzed to elucidate specific
      adaptation traits. Further analyses showed that the CheY-like genes,
      extracellular polysaccharide and mycosporine-like amino acids might play major
      roles in adaptation to harsh environments. Our findings indicate that
      sophisticated genetic mechanisms are involved in cyanobacterial adaptation to the
      extreme environment of the QTP.

PMID- 27381468
TI  - Anaerosporomusa subterranea gen. nov., sp. nov., a spore-forming anaerobe
      belonging to the class Negativicutes isolated from saprolite.
AB  - A Gram-stain-negative, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium designated strain RU4T
      was isolated from a saprolite core collected from Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
      Cells were slightly curved rods and exhibited an outer membrane exterior to a
      thin cell wall. Strain RU4T formed heat-resistant endospores in late-log phase
      and stationary phase cultures. Under anaerobic conditions, strain RU4T grew by
      fermenting fumarate and maleate, but did not grow on glucose, glycerol, pyruvate,
      lactate, succinate, citrate, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate or valerate.
      Strain RU4T did not reduce sulfate or ferric iron. The main cellular fatty acids
      were C17 : 0 cyclo, C16 : 0 and C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 52 mol%.
      Analysis of the 16S rRNA, rpoB, recA, infB, gyrB and atpD gene sequences
      indicated that the isolate is related to members of the family Sporomusaceae.
      Based on 92 % sequence similarity of the 16S rRNA gene to its closest relatives
      in the family Sporomusaceae and divergent physiological traits, the newly
      cultivated isolate was assigned to a novel species of a new genus,
      Anaerosporomusa subterranea gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of
      Anaerosporomusa subterranea is RU4T (=DSM 29728T=ATCC BAA-2723T).

PMID- 27381469
TI  - Lemierre's syndrome presenting as acute thyroid goiter.

PMID- 27381470
TI  - Nutrition Risk Screening in Patients Admitted to an Adult Emergency Department of
      a Brazilian University Hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of malnutrition in emergency units is high, and data
      on the nutrition risk of patients admitted in these units are scarce. The aims of
      this study are to determine the nutrition risk profile of individuals admitted in
      an emergency unit and to identify clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory
      attributes according to nutrition risk classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      total of 234 individuals in an emergency unit from 1 university hospital in
      Brazil were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The nutrition risk profile
      was determined using the Nutrition Risk Screening 2002. Sociodemographic,
      clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data were collected. Comparisons between
      individuals "at risk" and "not at risk" and logistic regression analyzes were
      performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of nutrition risk at admission was 48.7%.
      Patients at risk were older ( P = .031), were less educated ( P = .022), had a
      lower body mass index ( P < .001), had higher concentrations of C-reactive
      protein (CRP; P = .007), had a higher CRP/serum albumin ratio ( P = .004), had
      lower concentrations of serum albumin ( P = .002), and had severe weight loss ( P
      < .001). Altogether, this profile resulted in a longer hospital stay ( P = .004),
      more complications ( P = .005), and greater use of antibiotics ( P = .024). In
      regression analyses, low serum albumin (odds ratio [OR], 2.75; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 1.23-6.13) and, higher serum CRP (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00-3.72),
      use of antibiotics (OR, 13.3; 95% CI, 1.59-111.16) were predictors of long
      hospital stay. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of nutrition risk in emergency patients
      was high and its profile associated with worse clinical, laboratory, and
      anthropometric outcomes. The use of other laboratory and clinical variables may
      also be a good strategy for predicting adverse outcomes in emergency units.

PMID- 27381471
TI  - Sodium-ion electrolytes based on ionic liquids: a role of cation-anion hydrogen
      bonding.
AB  - Recent success of the sodium-ion batteries fosters an academic interest for their
      investigation. Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) constitute universal
      solvents providing non-volatility and non-flammability to electrolytes. In the
      present work, we consider four families of RTILs as prospective solvents for
      NaBF4 and NaNO3 with an inorganic salt concentration of 25 and 50 mol%. We
      propose a methodology to rate RTILs according to their solvation capability using
      parameters of the computed radial distribution functions. Hydrogen bonds between
      the cations and the anions of RTILs were found to indirectly favor sodium
      solvation, irrespective of the particular RTIL and its concentration. The best
      performance was recorded in the case of cholinium nitrate. The reported
      observations and correlations of ionic structures and properties offer important
      assistance to an emerging field of sodium-ion batteries. Graphical Abstract
      Sodium-ion electrolytes. 

PMID- 27381472
TI  - The Code of Practice and its enduring relevance in Europe and Eastern and
      Southern Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The relevance and effectiveness of the WHO Global Code of Practice on
      the International Recruitment of Personnel will be reviewed by the World Health
      Assembly in 2015. The origins of the Code of Practice and the global health
      diplomacy process before and after its adoption are analyzed herein. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: Case studies from the European and eastern and southern African regions
      describe in detail successes and failures of the policy implementation of the
      Code. In Europe, the Code is effective and even more relevant than before, but
      might require some tweaking. In Eastern and Southern Africa, the code is relevant
      but far from efficient in mitigating the negative effects of health workforce
      migration. CONCLUSIONS: Solutions to strengthen the Code include clarification of
      some of its definitions and articles, inclusion of a governance structure and
      asustainable and binding financing system to reimburse countries for health
      workforce losses due to migration, and featuring of health worker migration on
      global policy agendas across a range of institutional policy domains.

PMID- 27381473
TI  - Vitis vinifera L. cv Pinot noir pomace and lees as potential sources of bioactive
      compounds.
AB  - Food and agricultural industries generate substantial quantities of phenolic-rich
      by-products that could be valuable natural sources of antioxidants. The aim of
      this study was to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds and radical
      scavenging activities of two by-products (pomace and lees) from Vitis vinifera L.
      cv Pinot noir. We found a different distribution of phenolic classes (flavanols,
      flavonols, phenolic acids and stilbenes) and singular scavenging activity against
      free radicals (hydroxyl, superoxide and peroxyl radicals). The major class of
      phenolics in pomace was flavanols and in lees was flavonols, with catechin (117.9
      +/- 2.5 MUg g(-1)) and quercetin (42.4 +/- 1.2 MUg g(-1)) being the most abundant
      individual compounds. We also found high potential on scavenging activity against
      superoxide radicals in pomace (80% of scavenging activity) and radical peroxyl
      (67% scavenging activity). These results show the possibility of using Pinot noir
      by-products as promising additives or as a source for the development of new
      products in different segments of the food and cosmetic industries. 

PMID- 27381474
TI  - Retrospective review of factors associated with severe hospitalised community
      acquired influenza in a tertiary paediatric hospital in South Australia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Influenza infection can result in severe disease with debilitating
      complications. Young children have the highest rate of influenza hospitalisations
      with various factors influencing influenza susceptibility and severity.
      OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the disease burden and assess risk
      factors for severe hospitalised influenza in South Australian children under 5
      years of age. METHODS: Influenza admissions to the tertiary paediatric hospital
      in South Australia from 2008 to 2012 were identified. Data from laboratory
      confirmed influenza cases were collected, including infecting influenza strain,
      co-infections, prematurity, pre-existing medical comorbidities and other
      potential risk factors. Predictors of high-level care were assessed using
      logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 267 children with laboratory-confirmed
      influenza were hospitalised. Of these, 147 admissions (53%) occurred in children
      without underlying medical risk factors. Eighteen children (7%) required high
      level care, of which 11 (61%) had no underlying medical risk factors. No deaths
      were reported. The majority of children were unimmunised against influenza. Co
      infections were identified in 40% of children (n = 107). Influenza B was
      associated with a requirement for higher care (OR 3.7, CI 1.3-10.9, P = .02) as
      was a history of food allergies (OR 9.7, CI 1.5-61.4, P = .02) and iron
      deficiency anaemia (OR 4.8, CI 1.4-16.1, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza can be
      a severe illness, even in children without underlying medical conditions. The
      identification of Influenza B strain, history of food allergies and iron
      deficiency anaemia as predictors of severity in hospitalised cases warrants
      further investigation and may have important implications for preventative
      strategies to reduce the burden of childhood influenza.

PMID- 27381475
TI  - Can Antibodies Protect Us Against Cardiovascular Disease?

PMID- 27381476
TI  - A Minimally-invasive Blood-derived Biomarker of Oligodendrocyte Cell-loss in
      Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous
      system (CNS). Minimally invasive biomarkers of MS are required for disease
      diagnosis and treatment. Differentially methylated circulating-free DNA (cfDNA)
      is a useful biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis, and may offer to be a
      viable approach for understanding MS. Here, methylation-specific primers and
      quantitative real-time PCR were used to study methylation patterns of the myelin
      oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) gene, which is expressed primarily in myelin
      producing oligodendrocytes (ODCs). MOG-DNA was demethylated in O4(+) ODCs in mice
      and in DNA from human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) when compared with
      other cell types. In the cuprizone-fed mouse model of demyelination, ODC derived
      demethylated MOG cfDNA was increased in serum and was associated with tissue-wide
      demyelination, demonstrating the utility of demethylated MOG cfDNA as a biomarker
      of ODC death. Collected sera from patients with active (symptomatic) relapsing
      remitting MS (RRMS) demonstrated a higher signature of demethylated MOG cfDNA
      when compared with patients with inactive disease and healthy controls. Taken
      together, these results offer a minimally invasive approach to measuring ODC
      death in the blood of MS patients that may be used to monitor disease
      progression. 

PMID- 27381477
TI  - Targeting the Ca(2+) Sensor STIM1 by Exosomal Transfer of Ebv-miR-BART13-3p is
      Associated with Sjogren's Syndrome.
AB  - Primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that is
      associated with inflammation and dysfunction of salivary and lacrimal glands. The
      molecular mechanism(s) underlying this exocrinopathy is not known, although the
      syndrome has been associated with viruses, such as the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV).
      We report herein that an EBV-specific microRNA (ebv-miR-BART13-3p) is
      significantly elevated in salivary glands (SGs) of pSS patients and we show that
      it targets stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1), a primary regulator of the
      store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) pathway that is essential for SG function,
      leading to loss of SOCE and Ca(2+)-dependent activation of NFAT. Although EBV
      typically infects B cells and not salivary epithelial cells, ebv-miR-BART13-3p is
      present in both cell types in pSS SGs. Importantly, we further demonstrate that
      ebv-miR-BART13-3p can be transferred from B cells to salivary epithelial cells
      through exosomes and it recapitulates its functional effects on calcium signaling
      in a model system. 

PMID- 27381478
TI  - Health-related quality of life in children with myelomeningocele: a systematic
      review of the literature.
AB  - Myelomeningocele (MMC) is the most complex congenital birth defect compatible
      with life. To provide the best health care for children with MMC, clinicians and
      researchers have to understand health and functional status of their patients as
      well as factors influencing their quality of life (QOL). The objective is to
      review studies that assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and
      determinants of HRQOL in children with MMC. The data sources include MEDLINE,
      along with reference lists of relevant reviews and included articles. Study
      eligibility criteria are quantitative studies that assess HRQOL using validated
      HRQOL instrument. Participants include children aged 0-18 years with diagnosis of
      MMC or spina bifida. Risk of bias was assessed using the Hayden system for non
      randomized studies. Narrative synthesis and tables of results of HRQOL studies
      were conducted. Children with MMC have decreased HRQOL compared with normative
      population. Physical HRQOL is the most exposed aspect of QOL, while discrepancies
      in psychosocial domains vary by study. Many determinants of QOL have been found,
      and it is still not clear which determinant can be described as the strongest
      predictor. Psychosocial factors are the most consistent determinants of
      HRQOL.Heterogeneous study sample size, study designs, determinant and outcomes
      measures limited synthesis of findings. The HRQOL in children with MMC is complex
      and mediated by a number of associated medical problems, together with a variety
      of psychosocial and environmental factors. Future research is needed (a) on the
      relation between complex medical problems, functional independence, parent's and
      clinician's expectation and HRQOL in children and (b) to assess the differences
      in HRQOL by social environment and healthcare system.

PMID- 27381479
TI  - Limbic areas are functionally decoupled and visual cortex takes a more central
      role during fear conditioning in humans.
AB  - Going beyond the focus on isolated brain regions (e.g. amygdala), recent
      neuroimaging studies on fear conditioning point to the relevance of a network of
      mutually interacting brain regions. In the present MEG study we used Graph Theory
      to uncover changes in the architecture of the brain functional network shaped by
      fear conditioning. Firstly, induced power analysis revealed differences in local
      cortical excitability (lower alpha and beta power) between CS+ and CS- localized
      to somatosensory cortex and insula. What is more striking however is that the
      graph theoretical measures unveiled a re-organization of brain functional
      connections, not evident using conventional power analysis. Subcortical fear
      related structures exhibited reduced connectivity with temporal and frontal areas
      rendering the overall brain functional network more sparse during fear
      conditioning. At the same time, the calcarine took on a more central role in the
      network. Interestingly, the more the connectivity of limbic areas is reduced, the
      more central the role of the occipital cortex becomes. We speculated that both,
      the reduced coupling in some regions and the emerging centrality of others,
      contribute to the efficient processing of fear-relevant information during fear
      learning.

PMID- 27381480
TI  - The biological default state of cell proliferation with variation and motility, a
      fundamental principle for a theory of organisms.
AB  - The principle of inertia is central to the modern scientific revolution. By
      postulating this principle Galileo at once identified a pertinent physical
      observable (momentum) and a conservation law (momentum conservation). He then
      could scientifically analyze what modifies inertial movement: gravitation and
      friction. Inertia, the default state in mechanics, represented a major
      theoretical commitment: there is no need to explain uniform rectilinear motion,
      rather, there is a need to explain departures from it. By analogy, we propose a
      biological default state of proliferation with variation and motility. From this
      theoretical commitment, what requires explanation is proliferative quiescence,
      lack of variation, lack of movement. That proliferation is the default state is
      axiomatic for biologists studying unicellular organisms. Moreover, it is implied
      in Darwin's "descent with modification". Although a "default state" is a
      theoretical construct and a limit case that does not need to be instantiated,
      conditions that closely resemble unrestrained cell proliferation are readily
      obtained experimentally. We will illustrate theoretical and experimental
      consequences of applying and of ignoring this principle.

PMID- 27381482
TI  - Regioselective addition of Grignard reagents to tosylazafulleroid and
      derivatization to 1,2-disubstituted [60]fullerene.
AB  - Grignard reagents (RMgBr: R = Et, p-tolyl) selectively attacked the beta-position
      of the bridgehead double bond of tosylazafulleroid through interaction of Mg with
      the S[double bond, length as m-dash]O group. The following [5,6] ring closure and
      C-N bond scission led to aryl/alkyl aminylfullerenes with 1,2-configuration.
      Tolyl-substituted aminylfullerene was further converted into 1,4-di(p
      tolyl)fullerene on treatment in acidic toluene. 

PMID- 27381481
TI  - Epilepsy in cerebrovascular diseases: Review of experimental and clinical data
      with meta-analysis of risk factors.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Seizures may occur in close temporal association with a stroke or
      after a variable interval. Moreover, epilepsy is often encountered in patients
      with leukoaraiosis. Although early post-stroke seizures have been studied
      extensively, less attention has been paid to post-stroke epilepsy (PSE) and to
      epilepsy associated with leukoaraiosis (EAL). The aim of this paper is to review
      data concerning pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of PSE and EAL.
      METHODS: We performed an extensive literature search to identify experimental and
      clinical articles on PSE and EAL. We also conducted a systematic review of risk
      factors for PSE and EAL among eligible studies. RESULTS: PSE is caused by
      enhanced neuronal excitability within and near the scar. The role played by white
      matter changes in EAL remains to be elucidated. Meta-analysis showed that
      cortical involvement (odds ratio [OR] 3.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.34
      5.90, p < 0.001), cerebral hemorrhage (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.57-3.70, p < 0.001), and
      early seizures (OR 4.43, 95% CI 2.36-8.32, p < 0.001) are associated with an
      increased risk of PSE. As regards EAL, no prospective, population-based studies
      evaluated the role of different variables on seizure risk. Studies about the
      management of PSE are limited. PSE is generally well controlled by drugs. Data
      about risk factors, prognosis, and treatment of EAL are lacking. SIGNIFICANCE:
      Pathophysiology and risk factors are well defined for PSE but need to be
      elucidated for EAL. Management of PSE and EAL relies on the clinician's judgment
      and should be tailored on an individual basis.

PMID- 27381483
TI  - Providing end-of-life care in general practice: findings of a national GP
      questionnaire survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: With increasing numbers of people living with complex life-limiting
      multimorbidity in the community, consideration must be given to improving the
      organisation and delivery of high-quality palliative and end-of-life care (EOLC).
      AIM: To provide insight into the experience of GPs providing EOLC in the
      community, particularly the facilitators and barriers to good-quality care.
      DESIGN AND SETTING: A web-based national UK questionnaire survey circulated via
      the Royal College of General Practitioners, NHS, Marie Curie, and Macmillan
      networks to GPs. METHOD: Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and
      an inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Responses were received from 516 GPs,
      who were widely distributed in terms of practice location. Of these, 97% felt
      that general practice plays a key role in the delivery of care to people
      approaching the end of life and their families. Four interdependent themes
      emerged from the data: continuity of care - which can be difficult to achieve
      because of resource concerns including time, staff numbers, increasing primary
      care workload, and lack of funding; patient and family factors - with challenges
      including early identification of palliative care needs and recognition of the
      end of life, opportunity for care planning discussions, and provision of support
      for families; medical management - including effective symptom-control and access
      to specialist palliative care services; and expertise and training - the need for
      training and professional development was recognised to enhance knowledge,
      skills, and attitudes towards EOLC. CONCLUSION: The findings reveal enduring
      priorities for policy, commissioning, practice development, and research in
      future primary palliative care.

PMID- 27381484
TI  - Patients' and clinicians' views on the optimum schedules for self-monitoring of
      blood pressure: a qualitative focus group and interview study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Self-monitoring of blood pressure is common but guidance on how it
      should be carried out varies and it is currently unclear how such guidance is
      viewed. AIM: To explore patients' and healthcare professionals' (HCPs) views and
      experiences of the use of different self-monitoring regimens to determine what is
      acceptable and feasible, and to inform future recommendations. DESIGN AND
      SETTING: Thirteen focus groups and four HCP interviews were held, with a total of
      66 participants (41 patients and 25 HCPs) from primary and secondary care with
      and without experience of self-monitoring. METHOD: Standard and shortened self
      monitoring protocols were both considered. Focus groups and interviews were
      recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using the constant comparative
      method. RESULTS: Patients generally supported structured schedules but with
      sufficient flexibility to allow adaptation to individual routine. They preferred
      a shorter (3-day) schedule to longer (7-day) regimens. Although HCPs could
      describe benefits for patients of using a schedule, they were reluctant to
      recommend a specific schedule. Concerns surrounded the use of different schedules
      for diagnosis and subsequent monitoring. Appropriate education was seen as vital
      by all participants to enable a self-monitoring schedule to be followed at home.
      CONCLUSION: There is not a 'one size fits all approach' to developing the optimum
      protocol from the perspective of users and those implementing it. An approach
      whereby patients are asked to complete the minimum number of readings required
      for accurate blood pressure estimation in a flexible manner seems most likely to
      succeed. Informative advice and guidance should incorporate such flexibility for
      patients and professionals alike.

PMID- 27381485
TI  - Nursery sickness policies and their influence on prescribing for conjunctivitis:
      audit and questionnaire survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute infective conjunctivitis is common among preschool children.
      Public Health England (PHE) recommends that children with conjunctivitis do not
      need to be excluded from child care, but childcare providers are required to
      determine their own sickness policies and prior research suggests that children
      are often excluded until they are treated or have recovered. How the content of
      these policies impacts on prescribing decisions has not been quantified. AIM: To
      assess the content of childcare providers' sickness policies and determine the
      impact they have on clinicians' prescribing. DESIGN AND SETTING: An audit of
      childcare providers' sickness policies and a questionnaire among primary care
      clinicians. METHOD: Sickness policies from childcare providers across the UK were
      compared with PHE guidance. Clinicians completed a questionnaire on the impact
      that childcare provider policies have on their decision to prescribe antibiotics
      to preschool children with conjunctivitis. RESULTS: Of 164 policies examined,
      86.7% excluded children with conjunctivitis and 49.4% of policies specified a
      requirement for antibiotics. Two-hundred clinicians completed questionnaires and
      42.6% replied that they had been influenced by childcare policies when deciding
      whether to prescribe antibiotics in this scenario. Furthermore, 15.4% admitted
      that childcare policies had been the only reason they prescribed antibiotics.
      CONCLUSION: Most of the childcare providers' sickness policies contain
      requirements that are inconsistent with PHE guidance. The requirements of
      childcare sickness policies are likely to be resulting in unnecessary primary
      care consultations and thousands of prescriptions for antibiotics with little
      demonstrable clinical or public health benefit.

PMID- 27381486
TI  - Accounting for multimorbidity in pay for performance: a modelling study using UK
      Quality and Outcomes Framework data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The UK Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) offers financial
      incentives to deliver high-quality care for individual diseases, but the single
      disease focus takes no account of multimorbidity. AIM: To examine variation in
      QOF payments for two indicators incentivised in >=1 disease domain. DESIGN AND
      SETTING: Modelling study using cross-sectional data from 314 general practices in
      Scotland. METHOD: Maximum payments that practices could receive under existing
      financial incentives were calculated for blood pressure (BP) control and
      influenza immunisation according to the number of coexisting clinical conditions.
      Payments were recalculated assuming a single new indicator. RESULTS: Payment
      varied by condition (L4.71-L11.08 for one BP control and L2.09-L5.78 for one
      influenza immunisation). Practices earned more for delivering the same action in
      patients with multimorbidity: in patients with 2, 3, and >=4 conditions mean
      payments were L13.95, L21.92, and L29.72 for BP control, and L7.48, L11.21, and
      L15.14 for influenza immunisation, respectively. Practices in deprived areas had
      more multiple incentivised patients. When recalculated so that each incentivised
      action was only paid for once, all practices received less for BP control:
      affluent practices received more and deprived practices received less for
      influenza immunisation. CONCLUSION: For patients with single conditions, existing
      QOF payment methods have more than twofold variation in payment for delivering
      the same process. Multiple payments were common in patients with multimorbidity.
      A payment method is required that ensures fairness of rewards while maintaining
      adequate funding for practices based on actual workload.

PMID- 27381487
TI  - Out-of-hours primary care use at the end of life: a descriptive study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Out-of-hours (OOH) primary care services are integral to the care of
      patients at end of life. Little is known about the OOH service usage of patients
      with palliative care needs. AIM: To describe patterns of usage of patients
      presenting to an OOH service and coded as 'palliative'. DESIGN AND SETTING: A
      descriptive study of data from the Oxfordshire OOH service. METHOD: A database of
      all patient contacts with the Oxfordshire OOH service from a 4-year period (June
      2010-August 2014) was used to extract demographic and service usage data for all
      contacts to which clinicians had applied a 'palliative' code. Observed
      differences in demographic features between palliative and non-palliative
      contacts were tested using logistic regression. RESULTS: Out of a total of 496
      931 contacts, there were 6045 contacts coded palliative; those 'palliative'
      contacts provided care to 3760 patients. Patients contacting the OOH service with
      palliative care needs did so predominantly during weekend daytime periods, and
      over a third had more than one contact. Patients were predictably older than the
      average population, but contacts coded as 'palliative' were relatively less
      deprived than contacts to the OOH service for all causes, even after adjusting
      for age and sex. CONCLUSION: The current 'one-size-fits-most' model of OOH
      primary care may not allow for the specific needs of patients at the end of life.
      Wider analysis of palliative patient flow through urgent care services is needed
      to identify whether healthcare access at the end of life is inequitable, as well
      as the capacity requirements of a community-based service that can provide high
      quality end-of-life care.

PMID- 27381488
TI  - Smartphone App as an aid in the emergency management of avulsed teeth.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The initial response by bystanders to an avulsed tooth is a
      significant factor that can affect its survival and long-term outcome. This study
      was to assess the knowledge of emergency management of tooth avulsion in a group
      of schoolteachers and to compare the effects of three different educational
      interventions. METHODS: Baseline knowledge was assessed using a questionnaire
      developed for this study. The same questionnaire was used to test changes in the
      knowledge level following each educational intervention. A convenience sample of
      elementary and intermediate school teachers (n = 87) participated in this study.
      Teachers were divided into three groups: Group 1 (Lecture only) was given a 30
      min lecture on the emergency management of tooth avulsion. Their knowledge was
      assessed immediately after the lecture. Group 2 (Lecture and App), the same
      lecture was given, but participants also had access to a smartphone App, Dental
      Trauma App (Dental Trauma AB, Linkoping, Sweden), when assessed on their
      knowledge after the lecture. Group 3 (App), this group was only given the
      smartphone App to explore and had access to that when being assessed. RESULTS:
      All three interventions increased the knowledge of tooth avulsion management. A
      marked increase in the knowledge, regardless of the type of intervention, was
      observed in the following areas: handling the tooth on the ground (16-96.8%);
      holding the tooth while being cleansed (19.1-62.5%); and on the best storage
      medium (10.1-59.3%). Participants using the App only had a significantly higher
      mean score than participants receiving the lecture only (group 3; P = 0.019) and
      participants subjected to both Lecture and App (group 1; P = 0.000). CONCLUSION:
      The Dental Trauma App alone is an effective means of providing accessible
      knowledge to guide laypeople in managing tooth avulsion, and it can be superior
      to a lecture-based delivery of information.

PMID- 27381489
TI  - Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and T2 mapping at 3T MRI
      of the wrist: Feasibility and clinical application.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and T2 mapping for biochemical
      imaging of the wrist at 3T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients with wrist
      pain (mean age, 41.4 +/- 13.1 years) including a subgroup with chondromalacia (n
      = 11) and 15 healthy volunteers (26.0 +/- 2.2 years) underwent dGEMRIC and T2
      mapping at 3T. For dGEMRIC, the optimum time window after contrast-injection
      (gadopentetate dimeglumine) was defined as the plateau of the T1 curve of
      repeated measurements 15-90 minutes postinjection and assessed in all volunteers.
      Reference values of healthy-appearing cartilage from all individuals and values
      in areas of chondromalacia were assessed using region-of-interest analyses.
      Receiver-operating-characteristic analyses were applied to assess discriminatory
      ability between damaged and normal cartilage. RESULTS: The optimum time window
      was 45-90 minutes, and the 60-minute timepoint was subsequently used. In
      chondromalacia, dGEMRIC values were lower (551 +/- 84 msec, P < 0.001), and T2
      values higher (63.9 +/- 17.7, P = 0.001) compared to healthy-appearing cartilage
      of the same patient. Areas under the curve did not significantly differ between
      dGEMRIC (0.91) and T2 mapping (0.99; P = 0.17). In healthy-appearing cartilage of
      volunteers and patients, mean dGEMRIC values were 731.3 +/- 47.1 msec and 674.6
      +/- 72.1 msec (P = 0.01), and mean T2 values were 36.5 +/- 5 msec and 41.1 +/-
      3.2 msec (P = 0.009), respectively. CONCLUSION: At 3T, dGEMRIC and T2 mapping are
      feasible for biochemical cartilage imaging of the wrist. Both techniques allow
      separation and biochemical assessment of thin opposing cartilage surfaces and can
      distinguish between healthy and damaged cartilage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 J. Magn.
      Reson. Imaging 2017;45:381-389.

PMID- 27381490
TI  - A Mitochondria-Targeted Photosensitizer Showing Improved Photodynamic Therapy
      Effects Under Hypoxia.
AB  - Organelle-targeted photosensitizers have been reported to be effective
      photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents. In this work, we designed and synthesized two
      iridium(III) complexes that specifically stain the mitochondria and lysosomes of
      living cells, respectively. Both complexes exhibited long-lived phosphorescence,
      which is sensitive to oxygen quenching. The photocytotoxicity of the complexes
      was evaluated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. The results showed that HeLa
      cells treated with the mitochondria-targeted complex maintained a slower
      respiration rate, leading to a higher intracellular oxygen level under hypoxia.
      As a result, this complex exhibited an improved PDT effect compared to the
      lysosome-targeted complex, especially under hypoxia conditions, suggestive of a
      higher practicable potential of mitochondria-targeted PDT agents in cancer
      therapy.

PMID- 27381491
TI  - Pelvic recurrence of an ovarian seromucinous borderline tumor detected by vaginal
      cytology: A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Seromucinous borderline tumors are typically confined to the ovaries and rarely
      relapse after surgery. We report the case of a woman with a seromucinous
      borderline tumor with peritoneal implant at the Douglas pouch, who was affected
      by a recurrent tumor at the vaginal stump 2 years and 6 months after the primary
      surgery. The recurrent lesion was detected by vaginal cytology. Histology of the
      recurrent lesion showed perineural infiltration, and progression to low-grade
      adenocarcinoma was suggested. After the second surgery, vaginal cytology showed
      that the tumor cells remained positive. At postoperative follow-ups of ovarian
      borderline tumors, an examination of the specific region where recurrence is
      likely to occur can contribute to the early detection of tumor relapse. Diagn.
      Cytopathol. 2016;44:912-916. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27381492
TI  - Is it time to rethink the rule of total mesorectal excision? A prospective
      radiological and pathological study in 49 consecutive patients with mid-rectal
      cancer.
AB  - AIM: Total mesorectal excision (TME) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is the
      standard treatment for T3-T4 and/or N+ mid-rectal tumours, regardless of the
      exact tumour level. This leads to optimal oncological results but possible
      impaired functional results. Reducing rectal excision could reduce the functional
      drawbacks. This study prospectively assessed the risk of N+ or other mesorectal
      tumour deposit (OTD) below the tumour level by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      performed after chemoradiotherapy and pathological examination of the TME
      specimen. METHOD: Consecutive patients with mid-rectal cancer who underwent TME
      after chemoradiotherapy were included. A prospective evaluation by
      postchemoradiotherapy MRI and pathological examination was performed to assess
      the location of N+ nodes and/or OTDs. RESULTS: Of 49 consecutive patients, 27
      (55%) presented with nodes on postchemoradiotherapy MRI. However, only 12 nodes
      (size 2-4 mm) in 9 patients (18%) were under the tumour level. On pathological
      examination, 717 total lymph nodes were found, with 37 N+ and 22 OTD. According
      to the tumour level: (i) above tumour level, 21/453 nodes were N+ and 6 OTD; (ii)
      at tumour level, 16/166 nodes were N+ and 15 OTD; (iii) below tumour level, 0/98
      nodes (0%) was N+ and only 1 OTD (2%) was noted at 2 cm below tumour level.
      CONCLUSION: After chemoradiotherapy, N+ and/or OTD located under the level of the
      rectal cancer seems to be a very rare event. A postchemoradiotherapy MRI could
      help detect such patients. For others patients, conservation of the lower rectum
      with only a subtotal mesorectal excision could possibly improve function.

PMID- 27381493
TI  - iRGD-Decorated Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Efficient Delivery of Vandetanib
      to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Preparation and in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation.
AB  - Molecularly targeted agents that are designed to target specific lesions have
      been proven effective as clinical cancer therapies; however, most currently
      available therapeutic agents are poorly water-soluble and require oral
      administration, thereby resulting in low bioavailability and a high risk of side
      effects due to dose intensification. The rational engineering of systemically
      injectable medicines that encapsulate such therapeutic payloads may revolutionize
      anticancer therapies and remains an under-explored area of drug development.
      Here, the injectable delivery of a nanomedicine complexed with an oral
      multitargeted kinase inhibitor, vandetanib (vanib), was explored using polymeric
      nanoparticles (NPs) to achieve the selective accumulation of drug payloads within
      tumor lesions. To demonstrate this concept, we used biodegradable amphiphilic
      block copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D, L-lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) to
      nanoprecipitate this potent agent to form water-soluble NPs that are suitable for
      intravenous administration. NP-vanib induced cytotoxic activity by inhibiting the
      angiogenetic events mediated by VEGFR and EGFR kinases in tested cancer cells and
      inhibited the growth, tube formation and metastasis of HUVECs. The intravenously
      injection of NP-vanib into mice bearing HCC BEL-7402 xenografts more effectively
      inhibited the tumor than the oral administration of vanib. In addition, due to
      the modular design of these NPs, the drug-loaded particles can easily be
      decorated with iRGD, a tumor-homing and -penetrating peptide motif, which further
      improved the in vivo performance of these vanib-loaded NPs. Our results
      demonstrate that reformulating targeted therapeutic agents in NPs permits their
      systemic administration and thus significantly improves the potency of currently
      available, orally delivered agents. 

PMID- 27381495
TI  - Editorial: Is technology responsible for nurses losing touch?

PMID- 27381496
TI  - Enhanced base excision repair capacity in carotid atherosclerosis may protect
      nuclear DNA but not mitochondrial DNA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lesional and systemic oxidative stress has been implicated in the
      pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, potentially leading to accumulation of DNA base
      lesions within atherosclerotic plaques. Although base excision repair (BER) is a
      major pathway counteracting oxidative DNA damage, our knowledge on BER and
      accumulation of DNA base lesions in clinical atherosclerosis is scarce. Here, we
      evaluated the transcriptional profile of a wide spectrum of BER components as
      well as DNA damage accumulation in atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic
      arteries. METHODS: BER gene expression levels were analyzed in 162 carotid
      plaques, 8 disease-free carotid specimens from patients with carotid plaques and
      10 non-atherosclerotic control arteries. Genomic integrity, mitochondrial (mt)
      DNA copy number, oxidative DNA damage and BER proteins were evaluated in a
      subgroup of plaques and controls. RESULTS: Our major findings were: (i) The BER
      pathway showed a global increased transcriptional response in plaques as compared
      to control arteries, accompanied by increased expression of several BER proteins.
      (ii) Whereas nuclear DNA stability was maintained within carotid plaques, mtDNA
      integrity and copy number were decreased. (iii) Within carotid plaques, mRNA
      levels of several BER genes correlated with macrophage markers. (iv) In vitro,
      some of the BER genes were highly expressed in the anti-inflammatory and pro
      resolving M2 macrophages, showing increased expression upon exposure to modified
      lipids. CONCLUSIONS: The increased transcriptional response of BER genes in
      atherosclerosis may contribute to lesional nuclear DNA stability but appears
      insufficient to maintain mtDNA integrity, potentially influencing mitochondrial
      function in cells within the atherosclerotic lesion.

PMID- 27381494
TI  - A place for precision medicine in bladder cancer: targeting the FGFRs.
AB  - Bladder tumors show diverse molecular features and clinical outcome. Muscle
      invasive bladder cancer has poor prognosis and novel approaches to systemic
      therapy are urgently required. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer has good
      prognosis, but high recurrence rate and the requirement for life-long disease
      monitoring places a major burden on patients and healthcare providers. Studies of
      tumor tissues from both disease groups have identified frequent alterations of
      FGFRs, including mutations of FGFR3 and dysregulated expression of FGFR1 and
      FGFR3 that suggest that these may be valid therapeutic targets. We summarize
      current understanding of the molecular alterations affecting these receptors in
      bladder tumors, preclinical studies validating them as therapeutic targets,
      available FGFR-targeted agents and results from early clinical trials in bladder
      cancer patients. 

PMID- 27381498
TI  - Level of HE4 is Correlated with Diagnosis of Struma Ovarii: A Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND Struma ovarii is a rare ovarian teratoma with non-specific clinical
      presentation that can mimic malignancy, especially when combined with the
      presence of ascites. Since the surgical procedures performed for benign and
      malignant tumors are quite different, pre-operative differential diagnosis is
      key. In this case report we compare the levels of biomarkers CA 125 and HE4 in
      the differential diagnosis of a suspicious ovarian tumor. CASE REPORT A 75-year
      old woman with a palpable mass at the left adnexa, ascites, and high levels of CA
      125, underwent a subtotal abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo
      oophorectomy. Histology reported benign struma ovarii. CONCLUSIONS Even though
      transvaginal ultrasound and CA 125 levels suggested malignancy, HE4 measurements
      correctly diagnosed benignity. 

PMID- 27381497
TI  - NEDDylation promotes stress granule assembly.
AB  - Stress granules (SGs) harbour translationally stalled messenger
      ribonucleoproteins and play important roles in regulating gene expression and
      cell fate. Here we show that neddylation promotes SG assembly in response to
      arsenite-induced oxidative stress. Inhibition or depletion of key components of
      the neddylation machinery concomitantly inhibits stress-induced polysome
      disassembly and SG assembly. Affinity purification and subsequent mass
      spectrometric analysis of Nedd8-conjugated proteins from translationally stalled
      ribosomal fractions identified ribosomal proteins, translation factors and RNA
      binding proteins (RBPs), including SRSF3, a previously known SG regulator. We
      show that SRSF3 is selectively neddylated at Lys85 in response to arsenite. A non
      neddylatable SRSF3 (K85R) mutant do not prevent arsenite-induced polysome
      disassembly, but fails to support the SG assembly, suggesting that the
      neddylation pathway plays an important role in SG assembly.

PMID- 27381499
TI  - A new shoulder model with a biologically inspired glenohumeral joint.
AB  - Kinematically unconstrained biomechanical models of the glenohumeral (GH) joint
      are needed to study the GH joint function, especially the mechanisms of joint
      stability. The purpose of this study is to develop a large-scale multibody model
      of the upper limb that simulates the 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) of the GH joint
      and to propose a novel inverse dynamics procedure that allows the evaluation of
      not only the muscle and joint reaction forces of the upper limb but also the GH
      joint translations. The biomechanical model developed is composed of 7 rigid
      bodies, constrained by 6 anatomical joints, and acted upon by 21 muscles. The GH
      joint is described as a spherical joint with clearance. Assuming that the GH
      joint translates according to the muscle load distribution, the redundant muscle
      load sharing problem is formulated considering as design variables the 3
      translational coordinates associated with the GH joint translations, the joint
      reaction forces associated with the remaining kinematic constraints, and the
      muscle activations. For the abduction motion in the frontal plane analysed, the
      muscle and joint reaction forces estimated by the new biomechanical model
      proposed are similar to those estimated by a model in which the GH joint is
      modeled as an ideal spherical joint. Even though this result supports the
      assumption of an ideal GH joint to study the muscle load sharing problem, only a
      6 DOF model of the GH joint, as the one proposed here, provides information
      regarding the joint translations. In this study, the biomechanical model
      developed predicts an initial upward and posterior migration of the humeral head,
      followed by an inferior and anterior movement, which is in good agreement with
      the literature.

PMID- 27381501
TI  - Fabrication and multifunctional properties of ultrasmall water-soluble tungsten
      oxide quantum dots.
AB  - A facile and green method has been demonstrated to synthesize ultrasmall tungsten
      oxide quantum dots (WOx QDs). The water-soluble WOx QDs present high luminescence
      stability, strong peroxidase-like activity, and excellent
      electrochemiluminescence properties. This work provides an eco-friendly strategy
      to prepare multifunctional WOx QDs, and opens the door for bioapplications of the
      WOx QDs. 

PMID- 27381500
TI  - Modelling survival: exposure pattern, species sensitivity and uncertainty.
AB  - The General Unified Threshold model for Survival (GUTS) integrates previously
      published toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models and estimates survival with
      explicitly defined assumptions. Importantly, GUTS accounts for time-variable
      exposure to the stressor. We performed three studies to test the ability of GUTS
      to predict survival of aquatic organisms across different pesticide exposure
      patterns, time scales and species. Firstly, using synthetic data, we identified
      experimental data requirements which allow for the estimation of all parameters
      of the GUTS proper model. Secondly, we assessed how well GUTS, calibrated with
      short-term survival data of Gammarus pulex exposed to four pesticides, can
      forecast effects of longer-term pulsed exposures. Thirdly, we tested the ability
      of GUTS to estimate 14-day median effect concentrations of malathion for a range
      of species and use these estimates to build species sensitivity distributions for
      different exposure patterns. We find that GUTS adequately predicts survival
      across exposure patterns that vary over time. When toxicity is assessed for time
      variable concentrations species may differ in their responses depending on the
      exposure profile. This can result in different species sensitivity rankings and
      safe levels. The interplay of exposure pattern and species sensitivity deserves
      systematic investigation in order to better understand how organisms respond to
      stress, including humans.

PMID- 27381503
TI  - Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on biological properties of
      Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype.
AB  - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac, targeting COX have shown
      promise in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis, but the underlying mechanisms
      remain unknown. Using various NSAIDs, Diclofenac sodium, Indomethacin, and
      Acetaminophen, here we determined the effects of NSAIDs on the biological
      properties of Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype. Using
      amoebicidal assays, the results revealed that Diclofenac sodium, and Indomethacin
      affected growth of A. castellanii. In contrast, none of the compounds tested had
      any effect on the viability of A. castellanii. Importantly, all NSAIDs tested
      abolished A. castellanii encystation. This is a significant finding as the
      ability of amoebae to transform into the dormant cyst form presents a significant
      challenge in the successful treatment of infection. The NSAIDs inhibit production
      of cyclo-oxegenase, which regulates the synthesis of prostaglandins suggesting
      that cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and prostaglandins play significant
      role(s) in Acanthamoeba biology. As NSAIDs are routinely used in the clinical
      practice, these findings may help design improved preventative strategies and/or
      of therapeutic value to improve prognosis, when used in combination with other
      anti-amoebic drugs. 

PMID- 27381504
TI  - Effects of electroacupuncture in a mouse model of fibromyalgia: role of N-methyl
      D-aspartate receptors and related mechanisms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation and downstream
      transduction pathways are crucial for pain signalling. Fibromyalgia (FM) is a
      common pain syndrome of unclear aetiology that is often drug-refractory but may
      benefit from treatment with electroacupuncture (EA). We examined the
      contributions of NMDAR signalling to FM pain and EA responses in a mouse model.
      METHODS: A model of FM was established by acid saline injection in 32 mice and
      subgroups (n=8 each) were treated with EA (2 Hz, 15 min daily for 4 days) or
      minimal acupuncture (MA). Expression of NMDAR subunits, calmodulin-dependent
      protein kinase II (CaMKII), cyclic AMP response element binding protein (pCREB)
      and their corresponding phospho-activated forms were measured by Western blotting
      and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Acid saline injection induced significant
      mechanical hyperalgesia (paw withdrawal threshold 2.18+/-0.27 g, p<0.05 vs
      controls), which was reversed by EA (4.23+/-0.33 g, p<0.05 vs FM group) but not
      by MA (2.37+/-0.14 g, p<0.05 vs EA group). Expression levels of phosphorylated N
      methyl-D-aspartate receptor (pNR)1 and pNR2B were significantly increased in the
      dorsal root ganglion of FM model mice (132.21+/-14.4% and 116.69+/-3.22% of
      control values), whereas NR1 and NR2B levels were unchanged (97.31+/-3.79% and
      97.07%+/-2.27%, respectively). Expression levels of pCaMKIIalpha and pCREB were
      also higher in the FM group, and these changes were reversed by EA but not by MA.
      Similar changes in expression were observed in spinal cord neurons. CONCLUSIONS:
      Reduced NMDAR-CaMKIIalpha-pCREB signalling is implicated in the positive effects
      of EA in FM. NMDAR signalling components may represent promising therapeutic
      targets for FM treatment.

PMID- 27381505
TI  - Interaction of resistance training, electroacupuncture and Huang Qi
      supplementation on skeletal muscle function and GLUT4 protein concentration in
      rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects and potential synergy of resistance training
      (RT), Huang Qi (HQ) herbal supplementation, and electroacupuncture (EA) on
      skeletal muscle mass, contractile properties, and components of the insulin
      signalling pathway in healthy Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS: Female Sprague Dawley
      rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups (n=8 each): control (CON), RT
      only, RT with EA (RT-EA), RT with HQ (RT-HQ), and RT combined with both EA and HQ
      (RT-EA-HQ). RT was performed using ladder climbing every other day for 8 weeks.
      Sparse-wave EA was applied for 15 min/day, 3 times/week for 8 weeks. HQ
      supplementation was provided via oral gavage daily for 8 weeks. RESULTS: RT
      significantly increased the muscle mass of the flexor hallucis longus (FHL)
      compared to CON. The isometric twitch and tetanic tension of the FHL in the RT
      EA, RT-HQ, and RT-EA-HQ groups were significantly higher compared to CON and RT
      groups. RT-EA treatment (with or without HQ) significantly increased GLUT4
      protein concentration but had no impact on Akt-2. CONCLUSIONS: EA appears to be
      an effective treatment modality for increasing muscle mass and function when
      combined with RT. RT-EA may also be an effective method for improving glucose
      tolerance as a result of increases in GLUT4 protein concentration.

PMID- 27381506
TI  - Microblogging as an extension of science reporting.
AB  - Mass media have long provided general publics with science news. New media such
      as Twitter have entered this system and provide an additional platform for the
      dissemination of science information. Based on automated collection and analysis
      of >900 news articles and 70,000 tweets, this study explores the online
      communication of current science news. Topic modeling (latent Dirichlet
      allocation) was used to extract five broad themes of science reporting: space
      missions, the US government shutdown, cancer research, Nobel Prizes, and climate
      change. Using content and network analysis, Twitter was found to extend public
      science communication by providing additional voices and contextualizations of
      science issues. It serves a recommender role by linking to web resources,
      connecting users, and directing users' attention. This article suggests that
      microblogging adds a new and relevant layer to the public communication of
      science.

PMID- 27381508
TI  - Is transthyretin a good marker of nutritional status?
AB  - The assay of plasma transthyretin (TTR), also known as prealbumin, is a key step
      in the assessment of nutritional status. However, it remains unclear whether it
      really is a useful nutrition marker, and when and how to use it and interpret TTR
      levels and variations. Risk of malnutrition, malnutrition severity, prognosis
      associated with malnutrition and effectiveness of refeeding are four parameters
      in nutritional assessment, and need clear separation to understand the associated
      utility of TTR. TTR does not have the same impact and potential on each of these
      parameters: it can be helpful but not essential for evaluating the risk of
      malnutrition, and it can diagnose malnutrition and its severity in patients with
      no inflammation syndrome. TTR is a good marker for prognosis associated with
      malnutrition, and is even better for monitoring refeeding efficacy despite
      inflammation. Thresholds depend on the purpose for which it is used. We propose a
      simple algorithm to guide the interpretation of TTR levels as a helpful tool for
      day-to-day practice.

PMID- 27381507
TI  - Evaluation of a high nutritional quality snack based on oat flakes and inulin:
      effects on postprandial glucose, insulin and ghrelin responses of healthy
      subjects.
AB  - The consumption of high nutritional value snacks may favorably affect the diet
      quality. Biscuits manufactured with oat flakes and maltitol were assessed for
      glycemic, insulinemic and ghrelin responses. Enrichment with inulin, a
      fructooligosachararide (FOS) which acts as soluble fiber, was performed in an
      attempt to further increase the dietary fiber content and examine potential
      additional postprandial benefits. Eleven healthy subjects participated in the
      study and consumed either 80 g oat biscuits (OB) or 81 g oat biscuits with 4%
      inulin (OBIN) or a solution containing 50 g of glucose (reference food), each
      yielding 50 g of available carbohydrates. Venous blood samples were collected
      before consumption and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min postprandially. The
      developed products were also evaluated for physicochemical properties, including
      porosity, density, texture, color, sensory attributes and microstructure (by
      scanning electron microscopy). Both biscuits demonstrated a low glycemic index
      (GI), which was found to be 32.82 +/- 8.07 for OB and 45.68 +/- 9.64 for OBIN.
      Compared to OB, OBIN demonstrated higher insulin response at 45 and 60 min and
      higher ghrelin suppression at 60 and 120 min postprandially (P < 0.05).
      Furthermore, OBIN demonstrated increased hardness and color values, lower
      porosity, and higher rate of starch granule gelatinization, without significantly
      altering the sensory attributes. Biscuits formulated with oat flakes and maltitol
      with or without 4% inulin can be classified as low GI foods. Inulin addition
      significantly lowered the ghrelin response to OBIN, suggesting an advantage of
      OBIN in the modulation of satiety; however, no further benefits regarding glucose
      and insulin responses were observed. 

PMID- 27381509
TI  - R521C and R521H mutations in FUS result in weak binding with Karyopherinbeta2
      leading to Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a molecular docking and dynamics study.
AB  - Fused in sarcoma (FUS) gene encodes the RNA binding protein FUS. This gene is
      mapped to chromosome 16p11.2. The FUS protein binds with karyopherinebeta2
      (Kapbeta2) through its proline/tyrosine nuclear localization signal (PY-NLS) that
      helps in the localization of FUS protein within the nucleus. Arginine residue in
      521 position (R521) of PY-NLS plays a vital role in the binding of FUS protein
      with Kapbeta2. Mutations in this position (R521C and R521H) are the most
      predominant mutations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
      However, the mechanism by which these mutations lead to ALS is poorly understood.
      We examined the binding behaviour of the mutants FUS (R521C) and FUS (R521H) with
      Kapbeta2 through protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulation. The
      binding patterns of mutants were compared with the binding behaviour of wild FUS
      Kapbeta2. Our results suggest that these mutants have relatively weak binding
      affinity with Kapbeta2 when compared with wild FUS-Kapbeta2 as indicated by the
      lesser number of interactions found between the mutant FUS and Kapbeta2. Hence,
      these mutations weakens the binding and this results in the cytoplasmic
      mislocalization of mutant FUS; and thereby it increases the severity of ALS.

PMID- 27381510
TI  - Microbial biotransformation of DON: molecular basis for reduced toxicity.
AB  - Bacteria are able to de-epoxidize or epimerize deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin,
      to deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (deepoxy-DON or DOM-1) or 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi
      DON), respectively. Using different approaches, the intestinal toxicity of 3
      molecules was compared and the molecular basis for the reduced toxicity
      investigated. In human intestinal epithelial cells, deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON
      were not cytotoxic, did not change the oxygen consumption or impair the barrier
      function. In intestinal explants, exposure for 4 hours to 10 MUM DON induced
      intestinal lesions not seen in explants treated with deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON. A
      pan-genomic transcriptomic analysis was performed on intestinal explants. 747
      probes, representing 323 genes, were differentially expressed, between DON
      treated and control explants. By contrast, no differentially expressed genes were
      observed between control, deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON treated explants. Both DON
      and its biotransformation products were able to fit into the pockets of the A
      site of the ribosome peptidyl transferase center. DON forms three hydrogen bonds
      with the A site and activates MAPKinases (mitogen-activated protein kinases). By
      contrast deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON only form two hydrogen bonds and do not
      activate MAPKinases. Our data demonstrate that bacterial de-epoxidation or
      epimerization of DON altered their interaction with the ribosome, leading to an
      absence of MAPKinase activation and a reduced toxicity.

PMID- 27381511
TI  - Quantum memristors.
AB  - Technology based on memristors, resistors with memory whose resistance depends on
      the history of the crossing charges, has lately enhanced the classical paradigm
      of computation with neuromorphic architectures. However, in contrast to the known
      quantized models of passive circuit elements, such as inductors, capacitors or
      resistors, the design and realization of a quantum memristor is still missing.
      Here, we introduce the concept of a quantum memristor as a quantum dissipative
      device, whose decoherence mechanism is controlled by a continuous-measurement
      feedback scheme, which accounts for the memory. Indeed, we provide numerical
      simulations showing that memory effects actually persist in the quantum regime.
      Our quantization method, specifically designed for superconducting circuits, may
      be extended to other quantum platforms, allowing for memristor-type constructions
      in different quantum technologies. The proposed quantum memristor is then a
      building block for neuromorphic quantum computation and quantum simulations of
      non-Markovian systems.

PMID- 27381513
TI  - Deliberate Design of TiO2 Nanostructures towards Superior Photovoltaic Cells.
AB  - TiO2 nanostructures are being sought after as flexibly utilizable building blocks
      for the fabrication of the mesoporous thin-film photoelectrodes that are the
      heart of the third-generation photovoltaic devices, such as dye-sensitized solar
      cells (DSSCs), quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs), and the recently
      promoted perovskite-type solar cells. Here, we report deliberate tailoring of
      TiO2 nanostructures for superior photovoltaic cells. Morphology engineering of
      TiO2 nanostructures is realized by designing synthetic protocols in which the
      precursor hydrolysis, crystal growth, and oligomer self-organization are
      precisely controlled. TiO2 nanostructures in forms varying from isolated
      nanocubes, nanorods, and cross-linked nanorods to complex hierarchical structures
      and shape-defined mesoporous micro-/nanostructures were successfully synthesized.
      The photoanodes made from the shape-defined mesoporous TiO2 microspheres and
      nanospindles presented superior performances, owing to the well-defined overall
      shapes and the inner ordered nanochannels, which allow not only a high amount of
      dye uptake, but also improved visible-light absorption. This study provides a new
      way to seek an optimal synthetic protocol to meet the required functionality of
      the nanomaterials. 

PMID- 27381512
TI  - Early articular cartilage MRI T2 changes after anterior cruciate ligament
      reconstruction correlate with later changes in T2 and cartilage thickness.
AB  - : Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a known risk factor for future
      development of osteoarthritis (OA). This human clinical study seeks to determine
      if early changes to cartilage MRI T2 maps between baseline and 6 months following
      ACL reconstruction (ACLR) are associated with changes to cartilage T2 and
      cartilage thickness between baseline and 2 years after ACLR. Changes to T2
      texture metrics and T2 mean values in medial knee cartilage of 17 human subjects
      6 months after ACLR were compared to 2-year changes in T2 and in cartilage
      thickness of the same areas. T2 texture and mean assessments were also compared
      to that of 11 uninjured controls. In ACLR subjects, six-month changes in mean T2
      correlated to 2-year changes in mean T2 (R = 0.80, p = 0.0001), and 6-month
      changes to T2 texture metrics, but not T2 mean, correlated with 2-year changes in
      medial femoral cartilage thickness in 9 of the 20 texture features assessed (R =
      0.48-0.72, p <= 0.05). Both mean T2 and texture differed (p < 0.05) between ALCR
      subjects and uninjured controls. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These results show that
      short-term longitudinal evaluation of T2 map and textural changes may provide
      early warning of cartilage at risk for progressive degeneration after ACL injury
      and reconstruction. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:699-706, 2017.

PMID- 27381514
TI  - Locomotor preferences in terrestrial vertebrates: An online crowdsourcing
      approach to data collection.
AB  - Understanding how animals move within their environment is a burgeoning field of
      research. Despite this, relatively basic data, such as the locomotor speeds that
      animals choose to walk at in the wild, are sparse. If animals choose to walk with
      dynamic similarity, they will move at equal dimensionless speeds, represented by
      Froude number (Fr). Fr may be interpreted from simple limb kinematics obtained
      from video data. Here, using Internet videos, limb kinematics were measured in
      112 bird and mammal species weighing between 0.61 and 5400 kg. This novel method
      of data collection enabled the determination of kinematics for animals walking at
      their self-selected speeds without the need for exhaustive fieldwork. At larger
      sizes, both birds and mammals prefer to walk at slower relative speeds and
      relative stride frequencies, as preferred Fr decreased in larger species,
      indicating that Fr may not be a good predictor of preferred locomotor speeds.
      This may result from the observation that the minimum cost of transport is
      approached at lower Fr in larger species. Birds walk with higher duty factors,
      lower stride frequencies and longer stance times compared to mammals at self
      selected speeds. The trend towards lower preferred Fr is also apparent in extinct
      vertebrate species.

PMID- 27381515
TI  - Noninvasive detection of gastric cancer.
AB  - Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third common cause of
      cancer death worldwide. Endoscopy is the most effective method for GC screening,
      but its application is limited by the invasion. Therefore, continuous efforts
      have been made to develop noninvasive methods for GC detection and promising
      results have been reported. Here, we review the advances in GC detection by
      protein and nucleic acid tumor markers, circulating tumor cells, and tumor
      associated autoantibodies in peripheral blood. Some potential new noninvasive
      methods for GC detection are also reviewed, including exhaled breath analysis,
      blood spectroscopy analysis and molecular imaging.

PMID- 27381520
TI  - Identification and biological activity of ogipeptins, novel LPS inhibitors
      produced by marine bacterium.
AB  - A library of secondary metabolites from microorganisms was screened to identify
      novel inhibitors against lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a strong stimulant of innate
      immunity. Novel cyclic peptides, ogipeptin A, B, C and D, were identified in the
      culture broth of the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. SANK 71903. These
      compounds blocked LPS binding to the cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) in
      vitro with IC50 values of 4.8, 6.0, 4.1 and 5.6 nm, respectively, and attenuated
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion from LPS-stimulated macrophage-like cells.
      These compounds also displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli
      with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.25 MUg ml-1 to 1 MUg ml-1.
      Thus, novel antibiotics that inhibited LPS-induced innate immune reactions were
      identified in this study.

PMID- 27381521
TI  - Antibiotic combinations for controlling colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae.
AB  - Enterobacter cloacae is a Gram-negative bacterium associated with high morbidity
      and mortality in intensive care patients due to its resistance to multiple
      antibiotics. Currently, therapy against multi-resistant bacteria consists of
      using colistin, in spite of its toxic effects at higher concentrations. In this
      context, colistin-resistant E. cloacae strains were challenged with lower levels
      of colistin combined with other antibiotics to reduce colistin-associated side
      effects. Colistin-resistant E. cloacae (ATCC 49141) strains were generated by
      serial propagation in subinhibitory colistin concentrations. After this, three
      colistin-resistant and three nonresistant replicates were isolated. The identity
      of all the strains was confirmed by MALDI-TOF MS, VITEK 2 and MicroScan analysis.
      Furthermore, cross-resistance to other antibiotics was checked by disk diffusion
      and automated systems. The synergistic effects of the combined use of colistin
      and chloramphenicol were observed via the broth microdilution checkerboard
      method. First, data here reported showed that all strains presented intrinsic
      resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin (except fourth generation), monobactam,
      and some associations of penicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitors. Moreover, a
      chloramphenicol and colistin combination was capable of inhibiting the induced
      colistin-resistant strains as well as two colistin-resistant clinical strains.
      Furthermore, no cytotoxic effect was observed by using such concentrations. In
      summary, the data reported here showed for the first time the possible
      therapeutic use of colistin-chloramphenicol for infections caused by colistin
      resistant E. cloacae.

PMID- 27381523
TI  - Flagellin based biomimetic coatings: From cell-repellent surfaces to highly
      adhesive coatings.
AB  - Biomimetic coatings with cell-adhesion-regulating functionalities are intensively
      researched today. For example, cell-based biosensing for drug development,
      biomedical implants, and tissue engineering require that the surface adhesion of
      living cells is well controlled. Recently, we have shown that the bacterial
      flagellar protein, flagellin, adsorbs through its terminal segments to
      hydrophobic surfaces, forming an oriented monolayer and exposing its variable D3
      domain to the solution. Here, we hypothesized that this nanostructured layer is
      highly cell-repellent since it mimics the surface of the flagellar filaments.
      Moreover, we proposed flagellin as a carrier molecule to display the cell
      adhesive RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptide sequence and induce cell adhesion on the
      coated surface. The D3 domain of flagellin was replaced with one or more RGD
      motifs linked by various oligopeptides modulating flexibility and accessibility
      of the inserted segment. The obtained flagellin variants were applied to create
      surface coatings inducing cell adhesion and spreading to different levels, while
      wild-type flagellin was shown to form a surface layer with strong anti-adhesive
      properties. As reference surfaces synthetic polymers were applied which have anti
      adhesive (PLL-g-PEG poly(l-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol)) or adhesion
      inducing properties (RGD-functionalized PLL-g-PEG). Quantitative adhesion data
      was obtained by employing optical biochips and microscopy. Cell-adhesion
      regulating coatings can be simply formed on hydrophobic surfaces by using the
      developed flagellin-based constructs. The developed novel RGD-displaying
      flagellin variants can be easily obtained by bacterial production and can serve
      as alternatives to create cell-adhesion-regulating biomimetic coatings. STATEMENT
      OF SIGNIFICANCE: In the present work, we show for the first time that.

PMID- 27381524
TI  - Diversification and enrichment of clinical biomaterials inspired by Darwinian
      evolution.
AB  - Regenerative medicine and biomaterials design are driven by biomimicry. There is
      the essential requirement to emulate human cell, tissue, organ and physiological
      complexity to ensure long-lasting clinical success. Biomimicry projects for
      biomaterials innovation can be re-invigorated with evolutionary insights and
      perspectives, since Darwinian evolution is the original dynamic process for
      biological organisation and complexity. Many existing human inspired regenerative
      biomaterials (defined as a nature generated, nature derived and nature mimicking
      structure, produced within a biological system, which can deputise for, or
      replace human tissues for which it closely matches) are without important
      elements of biological complexity such as, hierarchy and autonomous actions. It
      is possible to engineer these essential elements into clinical biomaterials via
      bioinspired implementation of concepts, processes and mechanisms played out
      during Darwinian evolution; mechanisms such as, directed, computational,
      accelerated evolutions and artificial selection contrived in the laboratory.
      These dynamos for innovation can be used during biomaterials fabrication, but
      also to choose optimal designs in the regeneration process. Further evolutionary
      information can help at the design stage; gleaned from the historical evolution
      of material adaptations compared across phylogenies to changes in their
      environment and habitats. Taken together, harnessing evolutionary mechanisms and
      evolutionary pathways, leading to ideal adaptations, will eventually provide a
      new class of Darwinian and evolutionary biomaterials. This will provide
      bioengineers with a more diversified and more efficient innovation tool for
      biomaterial design, synthesis and function than currently achieved with synthetic
      materials chemistry programmes and rational based materials design approach,
      which require reasoned logic. It will also inject further creativity, diversity
      and richness into the biomedical technologies that we make. All of which are
      based on biological principles. Such evolution-inspired biomaterials have the
      potential to generate innovative solutions, which match with existing
      bioengineering problems, in vital areas of clinical materials translation that
      include tissue engineering, gene delivery, drug delivery, immunity modulation,
      and scar-less wound healing. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Evolution by natural
      selection is a powerful generator of innovations in molecular, materials and
      structures. Man has influenced evolution for thousands of years, to create new
      breeds of farm animals and crop plants, but now molecular and materials can be
      molded in the same way. Biological molecules and simple structures can be
      evolved, literally in the laboratory. Furthermore, they are re-designed via
      lessons learnt from evolutionary history. Through a 3-step process to (1) create
      variants in material building blocks, (2) screen the variants with beneficial
      traits/properties and (3) select and support their self-assembly into usable
      materials, improvements in design and performance can emerge. By introducing
      biological molecules and small organisms into this process, it is possible to
      make increasingly diversified, sophisticated and clinically relevant materials
      for multiple roles in biomedicine.

PMID- 27381522
TI  - Insights into microbial cryptic gene activation and strain improvement:
      principle, application and technical aspects.
AB  - As bacteria and fungi have been found to contain genes encoding enzymes that
      synthesize a plethora of potential secondary metabolites, interest has grown in
      the activation of these cryptic pathways. Homologous and heterologous expression
      of these cryptic secondary metabolite-biosynthetic genes, often silent under
      ordinary laboratory fermentation conditions, may lead to the discovery of novel
      secondary metabolites. This review addresses current progress in the activation
      of these pathways, describing methods for activating silent genes. It especially
      focuses on genetic manipulation of transcription and translation (ribosome
      engineering), the utilization of elicitors, metabolism remodeling and co
      cultivation. In particular, the principles and technical points of ribosome
      engineering and the significance of S-adenosylmethionine in bacterial physiology,
      especially secondary metabolism, are described in detail.

PMID- 27381525
TI  - Syndecan-4 enhances PDGF-BB activity in diabetic wound healing.
AB  - Non-healing ulcers are a common consequence of long-term diabetes and severe
      peripheral vascular disease. These non-healing wounds are a major source of
      morbidity in patients with diabetes and place a heavy financial burden on the
      healthcare system. Growth factor therapies are an attractive strategy for
      enhancing wound closure in non-healing wounds but have only achieved mixed
      results in clinical trials. Platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is the
      only currently approved growth factor therapy for non-healing wounds. However,
      PDGF-BB therapy is not effective in many patients and requires high doses that
      increase the potential for side effects. In this work, we demonstrate that
      syndecan-4 delivered in a proteoliposomal formulation enhances PDGF-BB activity
      in diabetic wound healing. In particular, syndecan-4 proteoliposomes enhance the
      migration of keratinocytes derived from patients with diabetes. In addition,
      syndecan-4 proteoliposomes sensitize keratinocytes to PDGF-BB stimulation,
      enhancing the intracellular signaling response to PDGF-BB. We further
      demonstrated that co-therapy with syndecan-4 proteoliposomes enhanced wound
      closure in diabetic, hyperlipidemic ob/ob mice. Wounds treated with both syndecan
      4 proteoliposomes and PDGF-BB had increased re-epithelization and angiogenesis in
      comparison to wounds treated with PDGF-BB alone. Moreover, the wounds treated
      with syndecan-4 proteoliposomes and PDGF-BB also had increased M2 macrophages and
      reduced M1 macrophages, suggesting syndecan-4 delivery induces immunomodulation
      within the healing wounds. Together our findings support that syndecan-4
      proteoliposomes markedly improve PDGF-BB efficacy for wound healing and may be
      useful in enhancing treatments for non-healing wounds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE:
      Non-healing wounds are major healthcare issue for patients with diabetes and
      peripheral vascular disease. Growth factor therapies have potential for healing
      chronic wounds but have not been effective for many patients. PDGF-BB is
      currently the only approved growth factor for enhancing wound healing. However,
      it has not seen widespread adoption due to limited efficacy and high cost. In
      this work, we have developed an enhancing agent that improves the activity of
      PDGF-BB in promoting wound healing in animals with diabetes. This co-therapy may
      be useful in improving the efficacy of PDGFBB and enhance its safety through
      lowering the dose of growth factor needed to improve wound healing.

PMID- 27381526
TI  - The macula in pediatric glaucoma: quantifying the inner and outer layers via
      optical coherence tomography automatic segmentation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent Spectralis (Heidelberg, Germany) spectral domain optical
      coherence tomography (SD-OCT) research software can automatically quantify the
      thickness of each individual retinal layer. The macular ganglion cell layer (GCL)
      and ganglion cell complex may be more sensitive for detecting glaucoma than the
      peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL). The aim of this study was to
      characterize and compare the volume of each macular layer in the eyes of children
      with glaucoma versus those of normal controls. METHODS: The medical records of
      children with primary glaucoma and physiologic cupping who had undergone
      Spectralis SD-OCT imaging of the macula and pRNFL were reviewed retrospectively.
      Controls were recruited from a separate prospective study. Children with
      refractive error of <+/-5 or retinal or neurologic abnormalities were excluded.
      The average volume of each of the 8 retinal layers in the macula (central 6 mm)
      and pRNFL were compared among diagnostic groups. RESULTS: A total of 80 eyes of
      80 children were included: 37 glaucoma eyes (25 with primary congenital and 12
      with juvenile open-angle glaucoma) and 43 nonglaucoma eyes (28 with physiologic
      cupping). Eyes with glaucoma had significantly thinner mean macular nerve fiber
      layers, ganglion cell layers, inner plexiform layers, and pRNFLs than
      nonglaucomatous eyes: 0.82 +/- 0.24 MUm versus 1.00 +/- 0.12 MUm; 0.93 +/- 0.22
      MUm versus 1.13 +/- 0.10 MUm; 0.80 +/- 0.14 MUm versus 0.91 +/- 0.07 MUm; 81.6 +/
      26.5 MUm versus 102.7 +/- 10.0 MUm, respectively (P < 0.00556 for all). Eyes
      without cupping and those with physiologic cupping were equivalent for all
      variables tested. CONCLUSIONS: Children with glaucoma have thinning of the three
      innermost retinal macular layers.

PMID- 27381527
TI  - Type 4 Duane syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify cases of synergistic divergence whose characteristics
      suggest that this entity is a form of Duane syndrome. METHODS: The records of all
      patients with a Duane syndrome diagnosis, including standardized eye position
      photographs, from the E-Consultation program of Cybersight, Orbis International
      were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 350 Duane syndrome cases were identified. Of
      these, 19 (5%) had features consistent with synergistic divergence, or type 4
      Duane syndrome. Of the 19, 16 (84%) were male, 15 (79%) had palpebral fissure
      narrowing, all had anomalous head posture, and 18 (95%) were exotropic. Only 9
      (47%) patients were reported to have undergone surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Synergistic
      divergence is a rare entity with features similar to those of Duane syndrome. We
      suggest that this entity be classified as type 4 Duane syndrome, because it has
      unique findings and an innervation pattern that differs from the other 3
      recognized types.

PMID- 27381528
TI  - Childhood esotropia: child and parent concerns.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) concerns
      affecting children with esotropia as expressed by children or one of their
      parents (proxy) and concerns affecting the parents themselves. METHODS: Sixty
      children with esotropia (0-17 years of age) and 1 parent for each child were
      prospectively enrolled. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with
      children aged 5-17 years (n = 40) and 1 parent each for child ages 0-17 years.
      Transcripts of recorded interviews were evaluated using NVivo software. Specific
      concerns were identified from both child and parent interviews and coded. From
      these specific codes, broad themes were identified. Frequency of each theme was
      calculated, along with the frequency of specific codes within each theme.
      RESULTS: Regarding the child's experience 6 broad themes were identified: visual
      function (mentioned by 32 of 40 children (80%) and by 50 of 60 parents (proxy
      assessment of child, 83%), treatment (78% and 85%), emotions (65% and 67%),
      social (58% and 68%), physical (58% and 32%), and worry (45% and 7%). Regarding
      the parents' own experience, 5 broad themes were identified: treatment (59 of 60
      parents, 98%), worry (97%), emotions (82%), compensation for condition (80%), and
      affects family (23%). CONCLUSIONS: A wide range of concerns were identified from
      interviews of children with esotropia and their parents. Concerns reflect the
      impact of esotropia in physical, emotional, and social domains, and specific
      concerns will be used for the development of questionnaires to quantify the
      effects of esotropia on children's and parents' quality of life.

PMID- 27381530
TI  - Mass gatherings and mass gatherings health.
AB  - [No Abstract Available]. 

PMID- 27381529
TI  - Results of a primary care-based quality improvement project to optimize chart
      based vision screening for preschool age children.
AB  - PURPOSE: To design chart-based vision screening for preschool-aged children.
      METHODS: Our program consisted of educational sessions for providers as well as
      hands-on training for practice staff. We evaluated the intervention through pre-
      and post-intervention review of medical records. RESULTS: Completion of full
      vision screening (distance visual acuity in each eye plus stereovision beginning
      at 3 years of age, as recommended at the time of the project) at well-child
      visits improved for 5-year-olds (45.0% to 58.2%; risk difference +13.2% [95% CI,
      1.7-24.7]) and 4-year-olds (39.3% to 51.4%; risk difference +12.0% [95% CI, 0.7
      23.4]) but declined somewhat among 3-year-olds (23.1% to 14.3%; risk difference, 
      8.8% [95% CI, -17.7 to 0.0]). Risk factors for not being fully screened included
      being 3 years old (risk ratio of 4.1 compared to 5-year-olds) and being a patient
      of a small practice (risk ratio of 1.9 compared to large practices). CONCLUSIONS:
      This quality improvement project showed that screening for visual acuity and
      stereovision among preschool-aged children using chart-based techniques is
      difficult to accomplish and unlikely to be consistently successful, especially
      among 3-year-olds.

PMID- 27381531
TI  - Optimum level of inferior mesenteric artery ligation for the left-sided
      colorectal cancer. Systematic review for high and low ligation continuum.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compares the effectiveness and impact of high inferior mesenteric
      artery (IMA) versus low IMA ligation on 5-year survival, lymph node yield rates,
      and peri-operative morbidity and mortality.  METHODS: The databases of
      Educational Resources Information Centre (ERIC), the Web of Science, EBSCO and
      MEDLINE were searched using MeSH terms 'colorectal cancer', 'inferior mesenteric
      artery', 'high ligation', 'low ligation', 'mesenteric lymph nodes', 'prognosis',
      and 'survival'. Only clinical studies were selected and review articles and meta
      analysis were excluded. In cases of duplicate cohorts, only the latest article
      was included. Irrelevant articles and the articles on both right and left sided
      CRC were excluded. The finally selected studies were analysed for the defined end
      point outcomes.  RESULTS: The published data has shown that high IMA ligation
      improves the yield of harvested lymph node that allows accurate tumor staging and
      a more reliable estimation of prognosis. High ligation was not found to be
      positively correlated with increased anastomotic leakage or impaired genito
      urinary function. However, high ligation demands advanced surgical expertise and
      longer operating time. There was no significant difference in 5-year survival
      rates for both techniques. Some studies have reported fatal complications of high
      ligation such as proximal bowel necrosis.   CONCLUSION: Although there is no
      consensus, this research signals the routine use of high ligation for left-sided
      CRC. However, the published fatal complications following high ligation and no
      significant difference in 5-year survival rates demand more studies to
      establishing a unified protocol.

PMID- 27381532
TI  - Sonic hedgehog, TBX18, and TSHZ3 proteins involved in pyeloureteral motility
      development are overexpressed in ureteropelvic junction obstruction. An
      immunohistochemical, histopathological, and clinical comparative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare pathological samples obtained from cases that underwent
      surgery for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction with samples obtained during
      autopsies of subjects.  METHODS: Retrospectively, 42 patients who had undergone
      surgery due to UPJ obstruction (group 1) were included in the study.
      Histopathological and immunohistochemical features for sonic hedgehog (SHH),
      TBX18, and TSHZ3 of UPJ were evaluated and findings were compared with 20 autopsy
      cases (group 2).  RESULTS: In group 1, the scores were statistically
      significantly higher in terms of cytoplasmic SHH, nuclear TBX18, cytoplasmic and
      nuclear TSHZ3 staining. Statistically, no correlation was found between age and
      the staining scores belonging to these 3 antibodies in group 1 and group 2.
      Intense inflammation was found to be related with nuclear staining for TBX18. 
      CONCLUSION: Gene product expressions of SHH, TBX18 and TSHZ3 are statistically
      higher in patients with UPJ obstruction, when compared with control group. The
      explanation may be the reactivation of the processes, which had shown their
      effects in the embryological period, due to the chronic inflammation and long
      term micro-trauma created by the disease.

PMID- 27381533
TI  - Differential diagnosis between pancreatic neuroendocrine and solid
      pseudopapillary neoplasms on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.
      An immunohistochemical study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the role of applying a limited panel of
      immunohistochemical stains on the cellblock preparation from samples obtained by
      endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in the aim of
      differentiating solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) from neuroendocrine tumors
      (NETs).  METHODS: We retrospectively retrieved all the EUS-FNAs of the pancreas
      that have a diagnosis of NET or SPN that were performed at 2 tertiary care
      hospitals in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from May 2004 to December 2014. Diff
      Quik, Papanicolaou, and Immunohistochemistry stains on cellblock preparations
      were performed.   RESULTS: Twenty cases were available (16 pancreatic
      neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) and 4 SPNs). The pNETs were immunoreactive for
      synaptophysin, chromogranin A and CD56 while E-cadherin was diffusely to focally
      cytoplasmic positive. beta-catenin was negative or showed focal cytoplasmic
      immunoreactivity. In comparison, SPNs were positive for vimentin, CD10, CD-56,
      focally positive for progesterone receptors and synaptophysin, and revealed
      nuclear immunostaining for beta-catenin. They were negative for chromogranin A
      and E-cadherin.  CONCLUSION: Based on EUS-FNA samples, nuclear immunoreactivity
      for beta-catenin with loss of membranous immunostaining for E-Cadherin can
      potentially facilitate differentiating SPNs from pNETs.

PMID- 27381534
TI  - Identification of Candida species and susceptibility testing with Sensititre
      YeastOne microdilution panel to 9 antifungal agents.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the species incidence and susceptibility pattern to 9
      antifungal agents of yeasts isolated from various clinical specimens of colonized
      or infected patients treated in the coronary and surgical intensive care units
      (ICU).  METHODS: A total of 421 ICU patients were treated at the Cardiology
      Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey between June 2013 and May 2014,
      and 44 Candida species were isolated from blood, urine, endotracheal aspiration
      fluid, sputum, and wounds of 16 ICU patients. Identification of Candida was
      performed using CHROMagar. Antifungal susceptibility was determined by a
      Sensititre YeastOne colorimetric microdilution panel.  RESULTS: Candida albicans
      (C. albicans) was the most commonly observed microorganism 23 (54%); the other
      microorganisms isolated were Candida tropicalis 12 (27%), Candida glabrata 5
      (11%), Candida parapsilosis 1 (2%), Candida lusitaniae 1 (2%), Candida sake 1
      (2%), and Geotrichum capitatum 1 (2%). All isolates were susceptible to
      amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine. Geotrichum capitatum excepted, the other
      isolates were also susceptible to anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin.
      Candida parapsilosis was found to be susceptible to all the studied antifungals.
      High MIC rates for azole group of antifungal drugs were found for C. albicans, C.
      tropicalis, and C. glabrata. The rate of colonisation was 3.8% (16/421). Only
      0.7% (3/421) patients out of a total of 421 developed candidemia.  CONCLUSION: We
      found that the yeast colonization and infection rates of patients in our ICUs are
      very low. Candida albicans is still the most common species. We detected a
      decreasing susceptibility to azole compounds.

PMID- 27381535
TI  - Analysis of airway resistance and hypoxemia in overlap syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To characterize overlap syndrome, investigate its impact on airflow
      limitation and blood oxygen condition, and detect the risk factors that affect
      its airway resistance.  METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively the clinical data of
      158 patients with overlap syndrome (OS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
      (COPD), and obstructive sleep  apnea (OSA), treated in the Critical Care Medicine
      Department of the People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China from May 2014
      to March 2015. The lowest and average oxyhemoglobin saturation were measured
      using polysomnography. The pulmonary functions were tested using the
      cardiopulmonary measuring instruments, and the viscous resistance at oscillation
      frequencies of 5, 10, 15, 20 Hz was measured using the impulse oscillation system
      for all the patients.  RESULTS: The values of forced expiratory volume
      (FEV)1/FVC, FEV1% predicted, and the lowest SaO2 in the OS group were
      significantly lower than those in the OSA (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.01,
      p=0.01), or the COPD group (p=0.03, p=0.02, p=0.03, but the value of viscous
      resistance at 5 Hz was significantly higher than that in the 2 groups (p less
      than 0.01). Old age, body mass index, and smoking history were significantly
      correlated with the viscous resistance in OS patients, at an oscillation
      frequency of 5Hz (p=0.03, p=0.04).  CONCLUSION: The OS patients present with
      higher viscous resistance and more severe oxygen deficit, when compared with OSA
      and COPD patients, and weight decrease and smoking cessation are necessary for
      these patients.

PMID- 27381536
TI  - Placenta previa. A 13 years experience at a tertiary care center in Western Saudi
      Arabia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To review cases of placenta previa in the last 13 years in a tertiary
      teaching hospital to identify risk factors for maternal morbidity.  METHODS: A
      retrospective analysis of all cases of placenta previa managed at King Abdulaziz
      University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from January 2001 to
      December 2013.    RESULTS: The total number of deliveries was 55,862 deliveries,
      and 11,412 (20.3%) delivered by cesarean section (C/S). The charts of 230 cases
      diagnosed with placenta previa was reviewed, and different variables were
      collected and analyzed. Diagnoses were achieved in 94% of them using ultrasound.
      The prevalence rate of placenta previa was 4.1 per 1000 births. Cesarean section
      was carried out as an emergency procedure in 130 (56.5%) women and as elective in
      100 (43.5%) women. Of them, 26 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit
      (ICU) (11.3%), all of which received blood transfusion >6 units and 22 patients
      had a hysterectomy for uncontrollable bleeding.   CONCLUSION: Placenta previa is
      one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Every hospital
      must have a protocol, or algorithm for the management of placenta previa. Risk
      factors for maternal morbidity included complete previa, history of previous C/S,
      emergency C/S at a gestational age of less than 36 weeks, and estimated blood
      loss more than 2000 ml.

PMID- 27381537
TI  - The spectrum of congenital heart diseases in down syndrome. A retrospective study
      from Northwest Saudi Arabia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To to define the frequency and patterns of congenital heart disease
      (CHD) among children with Down syndrome (DS) in Northwest Saudi Arabia.  METHODS:
      We included children with confirmed DS referred to the regional pediatric
      cardiology unit in Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital between January 2008
      and December 2013. Children were identified from the unit's data-base and the
      charts were reviewed retrospectively. We excluded term and preterm children with
      patent ducts arteriosus (PDA) and persistent foramen oval spontaneously resolved
      during the first 4 weeks of life.  RESULTS: A total of 302 children with DS were
      identified (50.3% male). Of these, 177 (58.6%) had CHD. Atrioventricular septal
      defect (AVSD) was the most frequent lesion identified in 72/177 (40.7%) followed
      by mixed left to right shunt defects (14.7%) and secundum atrial septal defect
      (ASD) (11.8%). Ventricular septal defect was detected in 10.7% and 8.5% had PDA
      beyond the neonatal period. There was no gender difference in the frequency of
      CHD (p=0.9) and the presence of CHD was not related to the genetic cause of DS
      (p=0.9).  CONCLUSION: The frequency of CHD in our DS cohort is comparable with
      Europe, Asia ,and other KSA regions. However its pattern appears to be different
      from some areas in KSA.

PMID- 27381538
TI  - Illicit substance use among persons admitted to probation polyclinic of a
      regional mental hospital in the Eastern Anatolia, Turkey.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the illicit substance use trends by gender and year in
      Eastern Turkey, Elazig.   METHODS: This is a retrospective study designed to
      assess the drug use prevalence in persons who admitted to the Probation
      Policlinic of Elazig Mental Health Hospital between January 2011 and December
      2014 in Eastern Turkey, Elazig. Laboratory screening tests for drugs were studied
      using the cloned enzyme donor immunoassay technique in urine.   RESULTS: The
      study consisted of 10267 males (95.3%)  and 510 females (4.7%), with a mean age
      of 30.42+/-10.83 years. Overall prevalence was 32.1% for cannabis, 3.8% for
      opiate, 0.35% for cocaine and 1.2% for polydrug usage. The prevalence of cannabis
      was significantly higher in males (32.7%, p=0.000). The prevalence of cannabis
      use was the lowest in the age group of 50-59 while it was significantly higher in
      the age groups of 20-29 and 30-39 (p=0.000). The prevalence of opiate use showed
      a significant difference among the years (p=0.000).There was a significant
      difference in the prevalence of cocaine use among the years (p=0.02). The
      prevalence of polysubstance use showed a significant difference among years
      (p=0.000).  CONCLUSION: Cannabis was the most common illicit drug in the east of
      the Turkey. Further studies are required for comparing the results of various
      regions of the country and developing early interventions and treatment
      facilities.

PMID- 27381539
TI  - Relationship between psychological distress and resilience in rescue workers.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between psychological distress and
      resilience in rescue workers. Following hypothesis was formulated; there would be
      negative correlation between psychological distress and resilience in rescue
      workers.  METHOD: A correlational study was conducted from June-August 2015 in
      Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. The sample of the present study consisted of
      100 rescue workers. The age of the participants ranged from 23 to 40 year old
      with the mean age of 27.4+/-3.9 years. Demographic information form, Kessler
      psychological distress scale and adult resilience measure were administered on
      the participants to assess the level of psychological distress and resilience.  
      RESULTS: Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation was applied to analyze
      the relationship of psychological distress and resilience. Analysis of the result
      indicated that there is negative relationship between psychological distress and
      resilience (r= -0.203, p less than 0.01) in rescue workers. Further, contextual
      factors (r= -0.292, p less than 0.05) and its subcomponents including spiritual
      beliefs (r= -0.239, p less than 0.05) and cultural resources (r= -0.287, p less
      than 0.01) were also found to be inversely correlated with psychological
      distress.  CONCLUSION: The research evidenced that rescue workers were
      experiencing psychological distress Resilience factors should be considered while
      designing trainings to preserve mental health and to enhance the psychological
      well-being of rescue workers.

PMID- 27381540
TI  - Epidemiology and clinical consequences of occupational exposure to blood and
      other body fluids in a university hospital in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological characteristics, clinical impact, and
      adequacy of post-exposure management of occupational exposure to blood and body
      fluids (BBFs).  METHODS: Retrospective chart review of individuals reporting
      exposure to BBFs from 2007 to 2013 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah,
      Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  RESULTS: The total number of exposures reported was 326
      exposures, of which 302 (92.6%) exposures were percutaneous, 21 (6.5%),
      mucocutaneous, and 3 (0.9%), bites. Nursing staff/students had the highest rate
      of exposure (149, or 45.6%), followed by physicians (57, or 17.5%). Surgeons were
      found to have a significantly higher risk for sharp injuries compared with other
      physicians (26.3%, or 15 exposures, p less than 0.005). Most (216, or 72.5%)
      percutaneous injuries were caused by hollow-bore needles. Majority of exposures
      (124, or 42.6%) occurred after using the needle/sharp item and before disposal.
      Two-thirds (219, or 67%) of exposed individuals were immune to hepatitis B at the
      time of exposure. With appropriate post-exposure management, none of exposed
      individuals seroconverted to HIV, hepatitis B or C virus infections.  CONCLUSION:
      Occupational exposure to BBFs remains a concern among healthcare workers.
      Educational programs targeting high-risk groups entailing reinforcement of
      prevention and adherence to post-exposure management guidelines are needed.

PMID- 27381541
TI  - Attitudes of medical students toward communication skills learning in Western
      Saudi Arabia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore medical students' attitudes towards communication skills
      learning in Western Saudi Arabia and to examine impact of socio-demographic
      variables on the attitudes towards learning these skills.   METHODS: In this
      cross-sectional study, sample of medical students were recruited from Taif
      University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during the second semester (January-May
      2014). Participants were all year 2 (197 students) and year 5 (151 students). The
      study utilize the Communication Skills Attitude Scale (CSAS) to measure students'
      attitudes toward communication skills learning. The response rate was 93.9%. 
      RESULTS: The study showed that Taif medical students hold highly positive
      attitudes towards learning communication skills. Positive attitude score (PAS)
      was significantly higher in level 5 students, older age group.   CONCLUSION:
      Significant positive attitude toward learning communication skills clearly
      observed in target group. Students with more positive attitudes towards
      communication skills learning tended to be higher level and older age.

PMID- 27381542
TI  - Congenital lobar emphysema. A rare cause of hypertension.
AB  - Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare disease, which is characterized by pulmoner
      hyperinflation. Depending on the degree of bronchial obstruction, the clinical
      presentation may be variable. We report a rare case with congenital lobar
      emphysema in a 38-days-old male infant who presented with severe respiratory
      distress and hypertension. Air trapping in the left upper lung and significant
      mediastinal shift to the right were observed on the chest x-ray. Emphysematous
      changes were detected on the thorax computed tomography and considered as
      congenital lobar emphysema. The upper left lobectomy was successfully performed
      by pediatric surgeons. On postoperative follow up, no sign of respiratory
      distress occured and the patient was normotensive. In this report, a case with
      congenital lobar emphysema, which is a rare cause of respiratory distress and
      hypertension is discussed. 

PMID- 27381543
TI  - Pediatric aneurysmal bone cyst in the ischial region.
AB  - Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is an expanding osteolytic lesion. ABC represents 1%
      of all primary benign bone tumors, whereby 4-12% occur in the pelvis. The
      etiology of this disease remains vague. Aneurysmal bone cyst can exist either as
      primary bone lesion (70%) or as secondary lesion arising from another bone
      disorder (30%). Moreover, pelvic ABCs are characterized by their large size and
      high vascularity. We present a rare pediatric case with ABC involving the ischial
      region. A 5-year-old girl presented with left pelvic pain and limping for the
      past 6 months. Initial imaging showed an expansile lesion in the left ischium,
      and computed tomography guided biopsy showed giant cells in histopathology study
      with no evidence of metastasis. The patient underwent intraoperative frozen
      section followed by extensive intra-lesional bone excision. Bone curettage was
      pursued along with bone grafting. The case was successfully managed without
      postoperative complications after the 6-month follow-up period. 

PMID- 27381544
TI  - Appraisal of the communication skills of residents in the Family Medicine Program
      in Central Saudi Arabia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess patients' perceptions of the communication skills of family
      medicine residents.   METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Data were
      collected from patients, seeing 23 residents from 4 family medicine residency
      programs in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia namely, King Khalid University
      Hospital, Riyadh Military Hospital, Security Forces Hospital, and King Abdul-Aziz
      Medical City. The translated version of the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT)
      was used. Data were collected during January and February 2013.  RESULTS: A total
      of 350 patients completed the CAT, with an 87.5% response rate. Patients rated
      each resident differently, but the mean percentage of items, which residents
      rated as excellent was 71%. In general, male residents were rated higher 72.8 +/-
      27.2 than female residents 67.8 +/- 32.2 with a significant difference; (p less
      than .005). Also, significant differences were found based on the gender of the
      residents, when each item of the CAT was compared. Comparing training centers,
      there were no significant differences found in the overall percentage of items
      rated as excellent or among items of the CAT.   CONCLUSION: The study identified
      areas of strength and weaknesses that need to be addressed to improve
      communication skills of physicians.

PMID- 27381545
TI  - Outpatient admissions and hospital costs of Syrian refugees in a Turkish
      university hospital.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To examine the most frequent admitted polyclinics, diagnoses, and the
      costs of Syrian refugee patient in a Turkish university hospital in the
      metropolitan city of Istanbul, Western part of Turkey.  METHODS: Research
      methodology consist of analyzing outpatient admissions to the Hospital
      Polyclinics of Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa, Istanbul,
      Turkey from January-June 2014. We carried out diagnosis groups as classified in
      the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health
      Problems, Tenth Revision, Australian Modification, and analyzed the hospital cost
      of first admission through records based in the hospital information system. 
      RESULTS: Median age of 251 Syrian refugee patients is 19 years, inter quartile
      rate 7-34 years. Patients aged 65 and older compared with those until 18 years
      and 19 to 64 years aged groups have made statistically significant (p less than
      0.001) less hospital admissions. The Most frequented clinic was the emergency
      clinic. On June there have been significantly (p less than 0.001) more admissions
      compared with other months. The most common diagnoses were diseases of the
      respiratory system. The costs of per admission was estimated nearly 48 US
      Dollar/per patient and the total amount of hospital admissions was 12,031.93 US
      Dollar.  CONCLUSION: On the specified dates, the clinics were mostly frequented
      from Syrian refugees until 18 years group. The most common presenting symptoms
      are respiratory diseases and most frequented clinic is emergency.

PMID- 27381546
TI  - Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement in healthy Saudi term newborns.
AB  - [No Abstract Available]. 

PMID- 27381547
TI  - The effect of different types of abdominal binders on intra-abdominal pressure.
AB  - [No Abstract Available]. 

PMID- 27381548
TI  - Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome among Qassim school teachers, and its
      impact on their performance and life duties.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among
      school teachers in Qassim region,  Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and it's impact
      on their performance -as teachers- and on life duties.   METHODS: A cross
      sectional study was held in Qassim region, KSA between 2012 and 2013. The study
      was conducted among 300 school teachers selected by multistage stratified random
      sample method in 2013. The sample size was calculated according to the formula: n
      = (Z2 * (p) * (q))/c2. A confidential, anonymous, and a self-administered
      questionnaire was used to collect personal and sociodemographic data, teacher 
      performance  oriented  questions were included. Rome III Criteria were used.
      Teachers with red flag symptoms were excluded.  RESULTS: The prevalence of IBS
      symptoms among teachers in Qassim region of KSA is 40.7% with no significant
      gender predilection. The IBS symptoms significantly affect the work performance
      of the teachers (61.6%) with high absenteeism rate (46.6%), especially among 51
      60 years and 21-30 years, age groups (p less than 0.05 in chi-square test).
      Significant proportion (45.3%) of IBS criteria +ve teachers find IBS symptoms to
      be hindrance in their life duties.  CONCLUSION: Prevalence of IBS in Qassim
      school teachers is becoming an important issue with 40.7% of teachers reporting
      symptoms suggestive of IBS in a random sample. Majority of teachers are having
      frequent performance  problems - as teachers - and in usual life duties
      associated with their IBS Symptoms. Significantly, IBS criteria +ve teachers are
      more likely to have discipline problems compared with healthy teachers. We
      recommend a health care program to tackle the problem among the teachers, to
      improve their performance and reduce working hours loss. Also, follow up studies
      need to be conducted to assess the health care of IBS patients in local public
      health care centers.

PMID- 27381550
TI  - Long-standing Scaly Erythematous Tumor on the Lower Leg.

PMID- 27381549
TI  - Prognostic Impact of the Signet Ring Cell Type in Node-Negative Gastric Cancer.
AB  - Little is known regarding the prognostic impact of the signet ring cell (SRC)
      histotype on negative lymph nodes (LNs) in gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we
      aimed to investigate the differences between SRC and non-SRC GC patients without
      LN metastasis. The medical records of patients with GC who underwent gastrectomy
      at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre from 1996 to 2012 were reviewed to
      analyse the clinicopathologic characteristics associated with survival. A total
      of 480 cases of GC patients without LN metastasis were identified, which included
      90 SRC GC patients and 390 non-SRC GC patients. Between the two groups, there
      were a host of significant differences in the American Joint Committee on Cancer,
      7th edition (AJCC) stage. We found that SRC histology was correlated with a poor
      prognosis in terms of recurrence in node-negative GC patients and that SRC
      histologic analysis combined with AJCC staging maybe an effectual method for
      prediction of the recurrence rate. Additionally, we found that SRC GC presents a
      more dismal overall prognosis in patients with perineural or vascular invasion.

PMID- 27381551
TI  - Lithium Halomethylcarbenoids: Preparation and Use in the Homologation of Carbon
      Electrophiles.
AB  - alpha-Halomethyllithium carbenoids are useful homologating reagents which -
      reacting under proper reaction conditions as carbanions - enable the installation
      via nucleophilic addition of a reactive halomethyl fragment onto a preformed
      carbon-heteroatom bond. The pronounced thermolability represented - since seminal
      studies by Kobrich - the Achilles' heel of these reagents: the use of Barbier
      type methodologies (i.e., the electrophile should be present in the reaction
      mixture prior to the formation of the carbenoid) was pivotal in order to suppress
      decomposition through alpha-elimination processes. Nowadays, the use of low
      temperatures (-78  degrees C) guarantees reliable procedures and, significantly,
      the employment of microreactor technologies allows external trapping to be
      performed even at higher temperatures as reported by Luisi. We will discuss the
      alpha-halomethyllithium-mediated homologations of a series of carbon
      electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds, imines, esters, Weinreb amides, and
      isocyanates.

PMID- 27381552
TI  - Nonlinear wave interactions between short pulses of different spatio-temporal
      extents.
AB  - We study the nonlinear wave interactions between short pulses of different spatio
      temporal extents. Unlike the well-understood mixing of quasi-monochromatic waves,
      this configuration is highly non-intuitive due to the complex coupling between
      the spatial and temporal degrees of freedom of the interacting pulses. We
      illustrate the process intuitively with transitions between different branches of
      the dispersion curves and interpret it in terms of spectral exchange between the
      interacting pulses. We verify our interpretation with an example whereby a
      spectrally-narrow pulse "inherits" the wide spectrum of a pump pulse centered at
      a different wavelength, using exact numerical simulations, as well as a
      simplified coupled mode analysis and an asymptotic analytical solution. The
      latter also provides a simple and intuitive quantitative interpretation. The
      complex wave mixing process studied here may enable flexible spatio-temporal
      shaping of short pulses and is the starting point of the study of more
      complicated systems.

PMID- 27381553
TI  - Effects on the osseointegration of titanium implants incorporating calcium
      magnesium: a resonance frequency and histomorphometric analysis in rabbit tibia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the bone formation around titanium surface
      incorporating the calcium-magnesium (CaMg) deposited by blasted in rabbit tibia
      bone to determine whether this surface would further enhance bone healing
      compared with commercially available implant surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      deposition of CaMg on the titanium SLA surface were obtained by blasting formed
      the experimental group (EX group), while implants with traditional SLA surface
      were used as control group (CO group), in this study. Fifty cylindrical threaded
      implants with a length of 8 mm were used (P = 25 per group). Five implants of
      each group were used to surface characterization by scanning electron microscopy,
      energy dispersive spectrometry, and optical profilometry. Ten New Zealand white
      rabbits received 40 implants (n = 20 per group). Resonance frequency analysis was
      performed three times (0, 4, and 6 weeks). Histomorphometric analysis was
      performed 4 and 6 weeks after implantation. Statistical significance was set at P
      < 0.05. RESULTS: Blasted CaMg deposition on SLA implant surface displayed almost
      identical surface morphologies and R(a) values at the micron scale. In comparing
      the implant stability quotient at the three time points, highly significant
      statistic differences were found (P < 0.001). Histomorphological analysis showed
      higher degrees of bone organization in the samples of test implant surfaces at
      both implantation times. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the
      results indicate that the deposition of CaMg on the SLA titanium surface may be
      effective in enhancing the osseointegration of moderately rough grit-blasted
      implants by increasing the degree of bone-implant contact.

PMID- 27381554
TI  - The alpha2C-adrenoceptor antagonist, ORM-10921, has antipsychotic-like effects in
      social isolation reared rats and bolsters the response to haloperidol.
AB  - Early studies suggest that selective alpha2C-adrenoceptor (AR)-antagonism has
      anti-psychotic-like and pro-cognitive properties. However, this has not been
      demonstrated in an animal model of schizophrenia with a neurodevelopmental
      construct. The beneficial effects of clozapine in refractory schizophrenia and
      associated cognitive deficits have, among others, been associated with its
      alpha2C-AR modulating activity. Altered brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
      has been linked to schizophrenia and cognitive deficits. We investigated whether
      the alpha2C-AR antagonist, ORM-10921, could modulate sensorimotor gating and
      cognitive deficits, as well as alter striatal BDNF levels in the social isolation
      reared (SIR) model of schizophrenia, comparing its effects to clozapine and the
      typical antipsychotic, haloperidol, the latter being devoid of alpha2C-AR
      activity. Moreover, the ability of ORM-10921 to augment the effects of
      haloperidol on the above parameters was also investigated. Animals received
      subcutaneous injection of either ORM-10921 (0.01mg/kg), clozapine (5mg/kg),
      haloperidol (0.2mg/kg), haloperidol (0.2mg/kg)+ORM-10921 (0.01mg/kg) or vehicle
      once daily for 14days, followed by assessment of novel object recognition (NOR),
      prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle response and striatal BDNF levels. SIR
      significantly attenuated NOR memory as well as PPI, and reduced striatal BDNF
      levels vs. social controls. Clozapine, ORM-10921 and haloperidol+ORM-10921, but
      not haloperidol alone, significantly improved SIR-associated deficits in PPI and
      NOR, with ORM-10921 also significantly improving PPI deficits vs. haloperidol
      treated SIR animals. Haloperidol+ORM-10921 significantly reversed reduced
      striatal BDNF levels in SIR rats. alpha2C-AR-antagonism improves deficits in
      cognition and sensorimotor gating in a neurodevelopmental animal model of
      schizophrenia and bolsters the effects of a typical antipsychotic, supporting a
      therapeutic role for alpha2C-AR-antagonism in schizophrenia.

PMID- 27381555
TI  - Genetic variants of MAOB affect serotonin level and specific behavioral
      attributes to increase autism spectrum disorder (ASD) susceptibility in males.
AB  - Serotonergic system participates in various developmental processes and
      modulation of behaviour. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by a
      range of behavioral symptoms scaling from mild to severe. Abnormal 5-HT synthesis
      and signalling, platelet hyperserotonemia and amelioration of repetitive
      behaviours by SSRI are some of the key findings, which reinforced the hypothesis
      that serotonergic genes might act as ASD susceptible genes. Therefore, genes
      encoding monoamine oxidases A/B (MAOA/MAOB) received special attention as these
      genes are located on the X-chromosome and the gene products are responsible for 5
      HT degradation. In the present study, we conducted population-based association
      analysis of eight markers of MAOB with ASD in a study cohort of 203 cases and 236
      controls form India and examined its effect on platelet 5-HT content and
      behaviour. Gender-specific changes were observed for the contrasting LD between
      pair of markers among cases and controls. Case-control analysis demonstrated over
      distribution of major C allele of rs2283728 and rs2283727 in male and female ASD
      cases respectively. Haplotypic distribution and interaction among markers showed
      more robust effect in male cases. Interestingly, male ASD cases displayed higher
      platelet 5-HT content in comparison to the respective controls. Quantitative
      trait analysis revealed significant correlation of genetic variants and
      haplotypes of MAOB markers, rs1799836 and rs6324 with increased platelet 5-HT
      level and CARS scores for specific behavioral symptoms respectively in males.
      This study suggests that MAOB increases ASD risk in males, possibly through its
      sex-specific regulatory effect on 5-HT metabolism and behavior.

PMID- 27381556
TI  - Clinical Relevance of Vertebral Fractures in Men.

PMID- 27381557
TI  - Proteome-wide analysis of lysine acetylation in the plant pathogen Botrytis
      cinerea.
AB  - Lysine acetylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification
      that plays an important role in diverse cellular processes. Botrytis cinerea is
      the most thoroughly studied necrotrophic species due to its broad host range and
      huge economic impact. However, to date, little is known about the functions of
      lysine acetylation in this plant pathogen. In this study, we determined the
      lysine acetylome of B. cinerea through the combination of affinity enrichment and
      high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis. Overall, 1582 lysine acetylation sites in 954
      proteins were identified. Bioinformatics analysis shows that the acetylated
      proteins are involved in diverse biological functions and show multiple cellular
      localizations. Several particular amino acids preferred near acetylation sites,
      including K(ac)Y, K(ac)H, K(ac)***R, K(ac)F, FK(ac) and K(ac)***K, were
      identified in this organism. Protein interaction network analysis demonstrates
      that a variety of interactions are modulated by protein acetylation.
      Interestingly, 6 proteins involved in virulence of B. cinerea, including 3 key
      components of the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, were found to be acetylated,
      suggesting that lysine acetylation plays regulatory roles in pathogenesis. These
      data provides the first comprehensive view of the acetylome of B. cinerea and
      serves as a rich resource for functional analysis of lysine acetylation in this
      plant pathogen.

PMID- 27381559
TI  - Design and synthesis of ternary Co3O4/carbon coated TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites
      for asymmetric supercapacitors.
AB  - Recently, attention has been focused on the synthesis and application of
      nanocomposites for supercapacitors, which can have superior electrochemical
      performance than single structured materials. Here, we report a carbon-coated
      TiO2/Co3O4 ternary hybrid nanocomposite (TiO2@C/Co) electrode for
      supercapacitors. A carbon layer was directly introduced onto the TiO2 surface via
      thermal vapor deposition. The carbon layer provides anchoring sites for the
      deposition of Co3O4, which was introduced onto the carbon-coated TiO2 surface by
      hydrazine and the thermal oxidation method. The TiO2@C/Co electrode exhibits much
      higher charge storage capacity relative to pristine TiO2, carbon-coated TiO2, and
      pristine Co3O4, showing a specific capacitance of 392.4 F g(-1) at a scan rate of
      5 mV s(-1) with 76.2% rate performance from 5 to 500 mV s(-1) in 1 M KOH aqueous
      solution electrolyte. This outstanding electrochemical performance can be
      attributed to the high conductivity and high pseudo-capacitive contributions of
      the nanoscale particles. To evaluate the capacitive performance of a
      supercapacitor device employing the TiO2@C/Co electrode, we have successfully
      assembled TiO2@C/Co//activated carbon (AC) asymmetric supercapacitors. The
      optimized TiO2@C/Co//AC supercapacitor could be cycled reversibly in the voltage
      range from 0 to 1.5 V, and it exhibits a specific capacitance of 59.35 F g(-1) at
      a scan rate of 5 mV s(-1) with a specific capacitance loss of 15.4% after 5000
      charge-discharge cycles. These encouraging results show great potential in terms
      of developing high-capacitive energy storage devices for practical applications. 

PMID- 27381558
TI  - Modulatory role of leptin on ovarian functions in water buffalo (Bubalus
      bubalis).
AB  - The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the modulatory role of leptin on
      bubaline granulosa cells (GCs) and luteal cells (LCs) functions using an in vitro
      cell culture system and to establish a cross talk between leptin and insulin-like
      growth factor-1 (IGF-1). GCs were collected from group IV follicles (>13 mm size)
      and LCs from mid-luteal phase corpus luteum and were grown in serum-containing
      media supplemented with leptin at three different dose rates (0.1, 1, and 10
      ng/mL) and time durations (24, 48, and 72 hours). We evaluated the production and
      secretion of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) using RIA and the mRNA
      expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STARD1), cytochrome P450
      cholesterol side-chain cleavage (CYP11A1), 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      (3beta-HSD), cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1), sterol regulatory element
      binding protein 1 (SREBP1), steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1), anti-apoptotic gene
      PCNA, pro-apoptotic gene caspase 3 and endothelial cell marker, Von Willebrand
      factor (vWF), using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results
      depicted a direct inhibitory action of leptin on GCs steroidogenesis in a time
      dependent manner (P < 0.05), whereas in the presence of IGF-1 the inhibitory
      effect was reverted. Furthermore, leptin augmented both cellular proliferation
      (PCNA) and apoptosis (caspase 3). On the other hand, in LCs, leptin alone showed
      an apparent stimulatory effect on steroidogenesis (P < 0.05); however, in the
      presence of IGF-1, an antagonistic effect was witnessed. Moreover, leptin had an
      inhibitory effect on apoptosis while promoted cellular proliferation and
      angiogenesis. These findings were further strengthened by immunocytochemistry. To
      conclude, these observations for the first time reported that in buffaloes leptin
      has a direct dose-, time-, and tissue-dependent effect on ovarian
      steroidogenesis, angiogenesis, and cytoprotection, and furthermore, it can
      regulate the effect of systemic factors like IGF-1. Hence, this in vitro study
      provides an insight into the putative roles of leptin alone and its interactions
      in vivo. 

PMID- 27381560
TI  - Monitoring of Liver Function Tests after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: An Examination
      of Evidence Base.
AB  - There is no consensus on the monitoring of liver function tests after Roux-en-Y
      gastric bypass (RYGB). Since the main objective of such monitoring would be to
      diagnose early those who will eventually develop liver failure after RYGB, we
      performed a systematic review on this topic. An extensive search of literature
      revealed only 10 such cases in 6 published articles. It would hence appear that
      liver failure is a rare problem after RYGB. Routine lifelong monitoring of liver
      function tests is therefore unnecessary for otherwise asymptomatic individuals.
      Such monitoring should hence be reserved for high-risk groups, such as patients
      with liver cirrhosis, those undergoing extended limb/distal RYGB, patients with
      new illnesses, those abusing alcohol, those on hepatotoxic drugs and those
      presenting with a surgical complication.

PMID- 27381561
TI  - Emerging concepts for patients with treatment-resistant hypertension.
AB  - Treatment-resistant hypertension (TRH) is defined as elevated blood pressure
      despite treatment with three properly dosed antihypertensive drugs, and is
      associated with adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes and increased
      mortality. Treatment of patients with TRH focuses on maximizing the doses of
      antihypertensive drugs and adding drugs with complementary mechanisms of action,
      including a combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or
      angiotensin-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and thiazide-like
      diuretics. Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of the
      mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone as a fourth-line therapy for
      patients with TRH. Other pharmacologic considerations include adding alpha
      blockers, combined alpha-beta-blockers, centrally acting alpha-agonists, or
      direct vasodilators. However, a small, but important subset of patients remain
      hypertensive despite combination regimens with multiple antihypertensive drugs,
      underscoring the need for novel blood pressure-lowering therapies. Over recent
      years, alternative approaches for treating TRH have emerged, including agonists
      of natriuretic peptides, endothelin-receptor antagonists, and additional
      vasoactive drugs. Lastly, device-based interventions, such as renal denervation
      or carotid baroreflex activation, may supplement drug therapy for these patients.
      This review summarizes current knowledge on the management of TRH, with focus on
      novel therapeutic strategies designed to achieve optimal blood pressure control.

PMID- 27381562
TI  - 3D patterned stem cell differentiation using thermo-responsive methylcellulose
      hydrogel molds.
AB  - Tissue-specific patterned stem cell differentiation serves as the basis for the
      development, remodeling, and regeneration of the multicellular structure of the
      native tissues. We herein proposed a cytocompatible 3D casting process to
      recapitulate this patterned stem cell differentiation for reconstructing
      multicellular tissues in vitro. We first reconstituted the 2D culture conditions
      for stem cell fate control within 3D hydrogel by incorporating the sets of the
      diffusible signal molecules delivered through drug-releasing microparticles.
      Then, utilizing thermo-responsivity of methylcellulose (MC), we developed a
      cytocompatible casting process to mold these hydrogels into specific 3D
      configurations, generating the targeted spatial gradients of diffusible signal
      molecules. The liquid phase of the MC solution was viscous enough to adopt the
      shapes of 3D impression patterns, while the gelated MC served as a reliable mold
      for patterning the hydrogel prepolymers. When these patterned hydrogels were
      integrated together, the stem cells in each hydrogel distinctly differentiated
      toward individually defined fates, resulting in the formation of the
      multicellular tissue structure bearing the very structural integrity and
      characteristics as seen in vascularized bones and osteochondral tissues.

PMID- 27381563
TI  - Kidney anomalies diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound screening and associated non
      urinary malformations: a nationwide prevalence study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of kidney anomalies at second trimester
      ultrasound screening, and furthermore, to investigate pregnancy outcomes and the
      pattern of additional malformations. METHODS: We previously identified all women
      attending second-trimester ultrasound scans in Denmark between 1 January 2007 and
      31 December 2012. Using the Astraia databases and the Danish National Patient
      Registry, we identified all fetuses with kidney anomalies diagnosed prenatally in
      these women. In addition to the prevalence of fetuses with kidney anomalies, we
      estimated the live birth prevalence ratio of non-urinary malformations, comparing
      the prevalences in infants with and without prenatally diagnosed kidney
      anomalies. RESULTS: The prevalence of fetuses with kidney anomalies at second
      trimester scans was 11.4 per 10 000 fetuses. Among the 412 fetuses identified,
      127 pregnancies were terminated. For live born children the prevalence of
      additional non-urinary malformations was four times higher (95% CI: 3-5) compared
      with the prevalence among children without prenatal kidney anomalies. Digestive
      system anomalies were particularly prevalent. CONCLUSION: These population-based
      data provide additional insight into the course of pregnancy and birth outcomes
      following prenatal diagnoses of kidney anomalies. (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 27381564
TI  - Variability of Pasteurella multocida isolated from Icelandic sheep and detection
      of the toxA gene.
AB  - Pasteurella multocida can be part of the upper respiratory flora of animals, but
      under conditions of stress or immunocompromisation, the bacteria can cause severe
      respiratory symptoms. In this study, we compared 10 P. multocida isolates from
      Icelandic sheep with respiratory symptoms and 19 isolates from apparently healthy
      abattoir sheep. We examined capsule type, genetic variability and the presence of
      the toxA gene in the two groups. Surprisingly, we found that all ovine P.
      multocida isolates examined in this study carried the toxA gene, which markedly
      differs from what has been published from other studies. Interestingly, all
      isolates from abattoir animals were capsule type D, whilst bacteria isolated from
      animals with clinical respiratory symptoms had capsule type A, D or F.
      Examination of seven housekeeping genes indicated that the clinical respiratory
      isolates were significantly more heterogeneous than the abattoir isolates
      (P<0.05, two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test). The results suggest that there may be
      at least two groups of P. multocida in sheep - a genetically homogeneous group
      that resides in the respiratory tract and a genetically heterogeneous group that
      is the predominant cause of disease. 

PMID- 27381565
TI  - How and Where Older Persons Live.

PMID- 27381566
TI  - Streptomyces camponoticapitis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from the head of
      an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr).
AB  - A novel single-spore-producing actinomycete, designated strain 2H-TWYE14T, was
      isolated from the head of an ant (Camponotus japonicus Mayr) and characterized
      using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain
      2H-TWYE14T belongs to the genus Streptomyces, with highest sequence similarity to
      Streptomyces niveus NRRL 2466T (98.84 %). Analysis based on the gyrB gene also
      indicated that strain 2H-TWYE14T should be assigned to the genus Streptomyces.
      The chemotaxonomic properties of strain 2H-TWYE14T were consistent with those of
      members of the genus Streptomyces. The cell wall contained ll-diaminopimelic
      acid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6), MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H4). The
      phospholipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol,
      phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol
      mannoside. The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. DNA-DNA
      hybridization experiments and phenotypic tests were carried out between strain 2H
      TWYE14T and its phylogenetically closely related strain S. niveus JCM 4251T,
      which further clarified their relatedness and demonstrated that 2H-TWYE14T could
      be distinguished from S. niveus. Therefore, it is concluded that strain 2H
      TWYE14T can be classified as representing a novel species of the genus
      Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces camponoticapitis sp. nov. is
      proposed. The type strain is 2H-TWYE14T (=DSM 100523T=CGMCC 4.7275T).

PMID- 27381567
TI  - Youth mental ill health and secondary school completion in Australia: time to
      act.
AB  - AIM: This paper reviews the evidence of youth mental ill health and its impact on
      secondary school educational attainment. METHODS: This narrative review presents
      the current research related to the mental ill health of young people in urban
      and rural Australia, their educational attainment and the effectiveness of mental
      health strategies implemented in secondary schools. RESULTS: The prevalence of
      mental ill health is high for Australian young people and the onset of
      depression, anxiety, substance-use disorders and first episode psychosis (FEP)
      commonly occurs when the individual is at school. The prevalence is reported to
      be higher for rural young people and barriers to treatment exist. Current
      evidence suggests that 40% of young people experiencing depression or anxiety
      disorders are not completing secondary school. Further evidence shows that over
      50% of individuals who experience FEP do not finish secondary school. Current
      mental health promotion strategies employed in secondary schools have not been
      shown to reduce rates of depression or anxiety in adolescence nor identify
      prodromal or acute FEP. These strategies have not led to interventions that
      assist young people with mental ill health to finish school. CONCLUSIONS: Not
      completing secondary school can limit employment options, lead to severe levels
      of disadvantage and increased burden on welfare and healthcare systems. All young
      people, including those in rural areas, have the right to education and should
      not be disadvantaged in their educational aspirations because they have an
      emerging or current mental illness.

PMID- 27381568
TI  - Lynxacarus radovskyi mites in feral cats: a study of diagnostic methods,
      preferential body locations, co-infestations and prevalence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lynxacarus radovskyi (fur mites) are ectoparasites found on the hair
      shafts of cats living in tropical environments. Diagnosis is via microscopic
      examination of hairs. Various anatomical areas have been reported to harbour
      these mites. OBJECTIVES: To assess adhesive tape impressions and trichograms for
      detecting L. radovskyi and co-infestations; to determine host body predilection
      sites and affected gender; to determine prevalence of L. radovskyi in a feral cat
      population. ANIMALS: 121 feral cats in a trap, neuter and release programme.
      METHODS: After cats were premedicated for surgical sterilization, hairs from
      seven to nine body sites were removed from each cat using adhesive tape
      impression and trichogram techniques. Samples were examined at 10-100*
      magnification using compound or stereo microscopes. RESULTS: The prevalence of L.
      radovskyi was 71% (86 of 121) within the feral cat population. Tape impressions
      identified 75 cats; trichograms identified 56 cats. There were fewer false
      negative results with tape impressions. Caudal body sites were more likely to be
      positive, with the perianal area being the most commonly affected. Males and
      females were infested equally. Tape impressions identified more Cheyletiella
      blakei infestations and both methods identified some Felicola felis infestations.
      CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Tape impressions were easier to perform and
      identified more L. radovskyi positive cats and more co-infestations. Hairs from
      the perianal area and other caudal body sites are most likely to harbour L.
      radovskyi. Within this feral cat population, L. radovskyi was a common
      infestation.

PMID- 27381570
TI  - LC-HR-MS/MS standard urine screening approach: Pros and cons of automated on-line
      extraction by turbulent flow chromatography versus dilute-and-shoot and
      comparison with established urine precipitation.
AB  - Comprehensive urine screening for drugs and metabolites by LC-HR-MS/MS using
      Orbitrap technology has been described with precipitation as simple workup. In
      order to fasten, automate, and/or simplify the workup, on-line extraction by
      turbulent flow chromatography and a dilute-and-shoot approach were developed and
      compared. After chromatographic separation within 10min, the Q-Exactive mass
      spectrometer was run in full scan mode with positive/negative switching and
      subsequent data dependent acquisition mode. The workup approaches were validated
      concerning selectivity, recovery, matrix effects, process efficiency, and limits
      of identification and detection for typical drug representatives and metabolites.
      The total workup time for on-line extraction was 6min, for the dilution approach
      3min. For comparison, the established urine precipitation and evaporation lasted
      10min. The validation results were acceptable. The limits for on-line extraction
      were comparable with those described for precipitation, but lower than for
      dilution. Thanks to the high sensitivity of the LC-HR-MS/MS system, all three
      workup approaches were sufficient for comprehensive urine screening and allowed
      fast, reliable, and reproducible detection of cardiovascular drugs, drugs of
      abuse, and other CNS acting drugs after common doses.

PMID- 27381569
TI  - Biodegradation of the Pyrethroid Pesticide Esfenvalerate by Marine-Derived Fungi.
AB  - Esfenvalerate biodegradation by marine-derived fungi is reported here.
      Esfenvalerate (S,S-fenvalerate) and its main metabolites [3-phenoxybenzaldehyde
      (PBAld), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBAc), 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (PBAlc), and 2-(4
      chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid (CLAc)] were quantitatively analyzed by a
      validated method in triplicate experiments. All the strains (Penicillium
      raistrickii CBMAI 931, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI
      1237, Microsphaeropsis sp. CBMAI 1675, Acremonium sp. CBMAI 1676, Westerdykella
      sp. CBMAI 1679, and Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1678) were able to degrade
      esfenvalerate, however, with different efficiencies. Initially, 100 mg L(-1)
      esfenvalerate (Sumidan 150SC) was added to each culture in 3 % malt liquid
      medium. Residual esfenvalerate (64.8-95.2 mg L(-1)) and the concentrations of
      PBAc (0.5-7.4 mg L(-1)), ClAc (0.1-7.5 mg L(-1)), and PBAlc (0.2 mg L(-1)) were
      determined after 14 days. In experiments after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of
      biodegradation with the three most efficient strains, increasing concentrations
      of the toxic compounds PBAc (2.7-16.6 mg L(-1), after 28 days) and CLAc (6.6-13.4
      mg L(-1), after 28 days) were observed. A biodegradation pathway was proposed,
      based on HPLC-ToF results. The biodegradation pathway includes PBAld, PBAc,
      PBAlc, ClAc, 2-hydroxy-2-(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile, 3-(hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic
      acid, and methyl 3-phenoxy benzoate. Marine-derived fungi were able to biodegrade
      esfenvalerate in a commercial formulation and showed their potential for future
      bioremediation studies in contaminated soils and water bodies. 

PMID- 27381571
TI  - PCI-GC-MS-MS approach for identification of non-amino organic acid and amino acid
      profiles.
AB  - Alkyl chloroformate have been wildly used for the fast derivatization of
      metabolites with amino and/or carboxyl groups, coupling of powerful separation
      and detection systems, such as GC-MS, which allows the comprehensive analysis of
      non-amino organic acids and amino acids. The reagents involving n-alkyl
      chloroformate and n-alcohol are generally employed for providing symmetric
      labeling terminal alkyl chain with the same length. Here, we developed an
      asymmetric labeling strategy and positive chemical ionization gas chromatography
      tandem mass spectrometry (PCI-GC-MS-MS) approach for determination of non-amino
      organic acids and amino acids, as well as the short chain fatty acids. Carboxylic
      and amino groups could be selectively labelled by propyl and ethyl groups,
      respectively. The specific neutral loss of C3H8O (60Da), C3H5O2 (74Da) and C4H8O2
      (88Da) were useful in the selective identification for qualitative analysis of
      organic acids and amino acid derivatives. PCI-GC-MS-MS using multiple reaction
      monitoring (MRM) was applied for semi-quantification of typical non-amino organic
      acids and amino acids. This method exhibited a wide range of linear range, good
      regression coefficient (R2) and repeatability. The relative standard deviation
      (RSD) of targeted metabolites showed excellent intra- and inter-day precision
      (<5%). Our method provided a qualitative and semi-quantitative PCI-GC-MS-MS,
      coupled with alkyl chloroformate derivatization.

PMID- 27381572
TI  - Additive effect of age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma on quality of
      life.

PMID- 27381573
TI  - Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography.

PMID- 27381575
TI  - Continuing Professional Development.

PMID- 27381574
TI  - Assessment of corneal curvature using verion optical imaging system: a
      comparative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Keratometry is a critical determinant of the postoperative refractive
      outcome. This study evaluates the comparability of keratometry measurements
      obtained using the Verion Optical Imaging System with devices used in current
      clinical practice. Further, it determines the interobserver reliability of the
      Verion Optical Imaging System. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patient data
      PARTICIPANTS: Keratometric data was obtained from 100 patients presenting for pre
      operative evaluation. Furthermore, repeatability and reproducibility were
      assessed using 15 healthy volunteers. METHODS: Corneal curvature values acquired
      by the Verion Optical Imaging System were compared with existing keratometry
      devices including autokeratometry, partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster)
      and Scheimpflug corneal topography (Pentacam). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Direct
      comparison of corneal power, cylinder, axis of astigmatism and vector analysis
      were performed using correlation and Bland-Altman analyses. Reproducibility and
      reliability of the device were assessed using within-subject standard deviation
      and intraclass correlation coefficients for experienced and inexperienced
      technicians. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between
      Verion values and those obtained by other methods in relation to mean
      keratometry, corneal astigmatism, steep meridian and vector analyses (P > 0.05).
      Bland-Altman plots showed narrow limits of agreement for keratometry and
      astigmatism and wider agreement for steep meridian. Intraoperator reliability for
      both experienced and inexperienced operators and interoperator reproducibility
      showed no statistically significant differences between values. CONCLUSION:
      Measurements show no significant difference from those obtained by the other
      devices. This suggests the Verion system is en par with instruments used in
      current clinical practice. The Verion Optical Imaging System produces repeatable
      data with no difference related to operator experience.

PMID- 27381576
TI  - Opinions of paediatricians who teach neonatal resuscitation about resuscitation
      practices on extremely preterm infants in the delivery room.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the opinions of paediatricians who teach resuscitation in
      Brazil regarding resuscitation practices in the delivery room (DR) of preterm
      infants with gestational ages of 23-26 weeks. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with
      an internationally validated electronic questionnaire (December 2011-September
      2013) sent to the instructors of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program of the
      Brazilian Society of Paediatrics on parental counselling practices, medical
      limits for resuscitation of extremely preterm infants and medical considerations
      for decision-making in this group of infants. The analysis was descriptive.
      RESULTS: Among 685 instructors, 560 (82%) agreed to participate. Only 5%-13%
      reported having opportunity for antenatal counselling parents: if called, 22%
      reported discussing with the family about the possibility not to resuscitate in
      the DR; 63% about the possibility of death in the DR and 89% about the
      possibility of death in the neonatal unit. If the parents did not agree with the
      advice of the paediatrician, 30%-50% of the respondents would follow the
      procedures they advised regardless of the opinion of the parents. The higher the
      gestational age, the lower is the percentage of paediatricians who believed that
      parents should participate in decision-making. Only 9% participants reported the
      existence of written guidelines at their hospital on initiation of resuscitation
      in the DR at limits of viability, but 80% paediatricians reported using some
      criteria for limiting resuscitation in the DR. CONCLUSION: The picture obtained
      in this study of Brazilian paediatricians indicates that resuscitation of
      extremely preterm infants is permeated by ambivalence and contradictions.

PMID- 27381577
TI  - Garasic review, Guantanamo and other cases of enforced medical treatment.

PMID- 27381578
TI  - Morbidity of mansoni schistosomiasis in Pernambuco-Brazil: Analysis on the
      temporal evolution of deaths, hospital admissions and severe clinical forms (1999
      2014).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current scientific information reported that due to successive
      treatments of schistosomiasis cases in endemic areas of Brazil in the last 30
      years, there has been a decrease in severe clinical form (hepatosplenic) and
      mortality from upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to this disease. Against this
      information, literature data show that the state of Pernambuco presents
      significant percentage of deaths and hospitalizations due to schistosomiasis, and
      occurrence of severe clinical forms as schistosomiasis myeloradiculopathy and
      persistence of localities with high parasite loads. This scenario justified this
      research which seeking to update the morbidity and mortality of schistosomiasis
      in Pernambuco. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a temporal analysis on the evolution of
      deaths, hospital admissions and severe forms of Manson's schistosomiasis over the
      last 16 years in Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: It was performed a gathering
      secondary data on schistosomiasis, from healthcare information systems and from
      the records of Hospital das Clinicas, Federal University of Pernambuco (HC-UFPE),
      covering the period from 1999 to 2014. RESULTS: From 1999 to 2013 were registred
      2578 deaths due to schistosomiasis and between 2008 and 2014 were recorded 473
      hospitalizations for this disease. Among 1999-2014 were identified 1943 cases of
      schistosomiasis treated at the Hospital das Clinicas of Pernambuco. Among these
      cases, 72.6% (n. 1411) of the individuals presented the hepatosplenic clinical
      form (HE), 60.8% (n. 858) were at the age group 30-59 years (adults) and 58% were
      female. Among the HE cases, 4.6% (n. 58) had ascites, 43.2% (n. 556) had upper
      gastrointestinal bleeding and 39.1% (n. 489) had collateral circulation. The
      pattern of fibrosis in the liver E/EC (advanced fibrosis) and F/FC (very advanced
      fibrosis) occurred in 65.5% (n. 793) of cases. Between 1999-2014 the evolution
      curve of severe clinical forms of schistosomiasis remained stable, showing a
      tendency to decline from 2012. CONCLUSION: When compared to other states of
      Brazil, Pernambuco shows high numbers of deaths and hospital admissions due to
      schistosomiasis. The actions of the Schistosomiasis Control Program (PCE) have
      been developed in a disintegrated, disjointed and discontinuous way, which may
      explain the magnitude of deaths, hospitalizations and severe forms of the disease
      in Pernambuco, showing a lack of control and the maintenance of severe frame
      morbidity of schistosomiasis in this state.

PMID- 27381579
TI  - Adapting the Bayley Scales of infant and toddler development in Ethiopia:
      evaluation of reliability and validity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is a need for valid and reliable observational measures of
      early child development in low-income and middle-income country settings.
      METHODS: The aims of the study were to adapt the Bayley Scales of Infant
      Development (Bayley III) for a rural Ethiopian setting and evaluate reliability
      and validity. The study was carried out between January 2008 and January 2009 in
      the Butajira demographic surveillance site, south central Ethiopia. The Bayley
      III was adapted to be socioculturally appropriate for a rural Ethiopian context.
      Nurses and high school graduates were trained in administration of the measure
      for 10 days. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated (n = 60). Content, construct
      and convergent validity was then examined on a population-based cohort of
      children at the ages of 30 (n = 440) and 42 months (n = 456). Mokken scale
      analysis was used to determine the scalability of items in unidimensional,
      hierarchical sub-scales. The mean score was compared by age of child and by
      stunting status (less than -2 z scores below the standard height-for-age).
      RESULTS: The intra-class correlations between raters were above 0.90 for all sub
      scales of the child development measure. Some scale items were not contextually
      relevant and showed poor scalability. However, the majority of items scaled onto
      the existing sub-scales of the international measure to form adequate-to-strong
      hierarchical scales with good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha above 0.70
      except for gross motor and expressive language sub-scales). Item-scale
      coefficients were good. The mean score of all sub-scales was significantly higher
      in the older group of children (33.02 higher total score; P < 0.001) and in the
      children who were stunted (total Bayley score 2.58 (95% confidence interval 0.07
      to 5.10) points lower at 30 months and 3.87 (1.94 to 5.81) points lower at 42
      months. CONCLUSIONS: An adapted version of an international, observational
      measure of child development was found to be reliable, valid and feasible in a
      rural Ethiopian setting.

PMID- 27381582
TI  - Antidiabetic potential of bioactive molecules coated chitosan nanoparticles in
      experimental rats.
AB  - The present study was carried out to examine the antidiabetic effects of chitosan
      nanoparticles (CNPs) loaded with (Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract-SRLE) bioactive
      molecules in a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus.
      Successful crosslinking of the bioactive molecules to the chitosan nanoparticles
      was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The colloidal
      characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles were revealed by X-ray
      Diffraction (XRD) analysis. Morphological analysis by Transmission Electron
      Microscopy (TEM) revealed that thebioactive molecule-loaded CNPs were well
      dispersed and spherical or polygonal in shape with an average size of<73.27nm
      than the z-average value (327nm) as measured by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
      SRLE CNP-treated diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in their mean
      fasting blood glucose level compared with the diabetic control group. The serum
      levels of various enzymes viz., serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT),
      serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatases (ALP), lipid
      peroxidation, and antioxidant such as catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH),
      and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the SRLE CNP-treated group were closer to
      normal levels than those in the diabetic control group.

PMID- 27381580
TI  - The stability of aluminium oxide monolayer and its interface with two-dimensional
      materials.
AB  - The miniaturization of future electronic devices requires the knowledge of
      interfacial properties between two-dimensional channel materials and high-kappa
      dielectrics in the limit of one atomic layer thickness. In this report, by
      combining particle-swarm optimization method with first-principles calculations,
      we present a detailed study of structural, electronic, mechanical, and dielectric
      properties of Al2O3 monolayer. We predict that planar Al2O3 monolayer is globally
      stable with a direct band gap of 5.99 eV and thermal stability up to 1100 K. The
      stability of this high-kappa oxide monolayer can be enhanced by substrates such
      as graphene, for which the interfacial interaction is found to be weak. The band
      offsets between the Al2O3 monolayer and graphene are large enough for electronic
      applications. Our results not only predict a stable high-kappa oxide monolayer,
      but also improve the understanding of interfacial properties between a high-kappa
      dielectric monolayer and two-dimensional material.

PMID- 27381583
TI  - Timesaving microwave assisted synthesis of insulin amyloid fibrils with enhanced
      nanofiber aspect ratio.
AB  - Insulin amyloid fibrils with enhanced aspect ratio, were prepared using a
      timesaving microwave assisted (MW) methodology, reducing the incubation time from
      13 to 2h. The fibrillation process was followed indirectly by Thioflavin T
      Fluorescence and UV-vis analysis, by measuring the amount of beta-sheets formed
      and the insulin present in solution, respectively. TEM and AFM analysis revealed
      that the insulin fibrils obtained through the MW method, have very similar
      lengths but are much thinner than the ones obtained using the conventional method
      (CM). Additionally, it was verified that the nature of the peptides present in
      the final insulin fibrils was not affected by microwave irradiation. These
      morphological differences might reflect on noticeably enhanced mechanical and
      optical properties that can exploited on the development of advanced
      bionanomaterials.

PMID- 27381584
TI  - Physicochemical investigations of biogenic chitosan-silver nanocomposite as
      antimicrobial and anticancer agent.
AB  - Chitosan (CS), a seaweed polysaccharide is a natural macromolecule which is
      widely being used in medical applications because of its distinctive
      antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Silver, a noble metal, is also receiving
      wide attention for its potential usage in antimicrobial and anticancer
      therapeutics. In this study, an effective way of reduction of silver using
      chitosan at varying reaction temperatures and an optimised concentration of
      silver were performed. The optical, structural, spectral, morphological and
      elemental studies of the biosynthesized chitosan-silver (CS-Ag) nanocomposites
      were characterized by several techniques. The synthesized CS-Ag nanocomposites
      exhibit particle size around 20nm and were further exploited for potent
      biological applications in nanomedicine due to their nanometric sizes and
      biocompatibility of chitosan. The antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized CS
      Ag nanocomposites exhibits zone of inhibition ranged between 09.666+/-0.577 and
      19.000+/-1.000 (mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum
      bactericidal concentration (MBC) were from 8 to 128MUgmL-1 and 16 to 256MUgmL-1
      respectively, with the highest antimicrobial activity shown against Gram-negative
      Salmonella sp. The synergistic effect of chitosan and silver as a composite in
      nanometric size revealed significant IC50 value of 29.35MUgmL-1 and a maximum of
      95.56% inhibition at 100MUgmL-1 against A549 lung cancer cell line, resulting in
      potent anticancer effect.

PMID- 27381585
TI  - Development and evaluation of PLGA polymer based nanoparticles of quercetin.
AB  - Quercetin is the most abundant antioxidant found in the human diet. Low aqueous
      solubility of quercetin limits its bioavailability and hence therapeutic effects.
      Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a poly lactide-co-glycolic
      acid (PLGA) polymer based nanoparticles of quercetin with a view to improve its
      aqueous solubility and examine the effect on its antioxidant and diuretic
      properties. Nanoparticles of quercetin were developed by single emulsion-solvent
      evaporation technique and evaluated in vitro for differential scanning
      calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transforms infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, particle
      size, polydispersity index and drug entrapment efficiency. Among the five
      different formulations (F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5), F2 and F3 were optimized with an
      average particle size of 189nm and 186nm and high entrapment values of 86.48%,
      83.71%, respectively. SEM images of confirmed that prepared nanoparticles were
      spherical in shape with a smooth surface. In vitro release and anti-oxidant
      activity confirmed significant results. Furthermore, its in vivo diuretic
      activity was much better as compared to pure quercetin. The overall results
      suggest that PLGA polymer based nanoparticle could be a potential option for
      quercetin delivery.

PMID- 27381586
TI  - Surfactant and metal ion effects on the mechanical properties of alginate
      hydrogels.
AB  - This paper addresses the controlled variation of the mechanical properties of
      alginate gel beads by changing the alginate concentration or by adding different
      surfactants or cross-linking cations. Alginate beads containing nonionic Brij 35
      or anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants were prepared with two
      different types of cations (Ca2+, Ba2+) as crosslinkers. Compression measurements
      were performed to investigate the effect of the surfactant and cation types and
      their concentrations on the Young's modulus of alginate beads. The Young's
      modulus was determined by using Hertz theory. For all types of alginate gel beads
      the Young's modulus showed an increasing value for increasing alginate contents.
      Addition of the anionic surfactant SDS increases the Young's modulus of the
      alginate beads while the addition of non-ionic surfactant Brij 35 leads to a
      decrease in Young's modulus. This opposite behavior is related to the contrary
      effect of both surfactants on the charge of the alginate beads. When Ba2+ ions
      were used as crosslinker cation, the Young's modulus of the beads with the
      surfactant SDS was found to be approximately two times higher than the modulus of
      beads with the surfactant Brij 35. An ion specific effect was found for the
      crosslinking ability of divalent cations.

PMID- 27381587
TI  - Protective roles of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum on bleomycin-induced
      pulmonary fibrosis in rats.
AB  - The purpose of this paper was to investigate the protective effects of
      polysaccharides from (PGL) Ganoderma lucidum on bleomycin-induced pulmonary
      fibrosis in rats. Our study demonstrated that treatment with PGL of 100-300mg/kg
      for 28 days led to significant reduction in the pulmonary index, inflammatory
      cell infiltration and collagen deposition in rats with bleomycin-induced
      pulmonary fibrosis, which was associated with increased levels of glutathione,
      glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase and decreased contents
      of malondialdehyde and hydroxyproline in the lung. These results indicated that
      PGL played a positive protective role in the pulmonary fibrosis and its possible
      mechanism was to improve lung antioxidant ability.

PMID- 27381588
TI  - Remote monitoring and heart failure: monitoring parameters, technology, and
      workflow.

PMID- 27381589
TI  - Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for symptomatic paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation: reintervention, rehospitalization, and quality-of-life outcomes in
      the FIRE AND ICE trial.
AB  - AIMS: The primary safety and efficacy endpoints of the randomized FIRE AND ICE
      trial have recently demonstrated non-inferiority of cryoballoon vs.
      radiofrequency current (RFC) catheter ablation in patients with drug-refractory
      symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the current study was
      to assess outcome parameters that are important for the daily clinical management
      of patients using key secondary analyses. Specifically, reinterventions,
      rehospitalizations, and quality-of-life were examined in this randomized trial of
      cryoballoon vs. RFC catheter ablation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients (374
      subjects in the cryoballoon group and 376 subjects in the RFC group) were
      evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat cohort. After the index ablation,
      log-rank testing over 1000 days of follow-up demonstrated that there were
      statistically significant differences in favour of cryoballoon ablation with
      respect to repeat ablations (11.8% cryoballoon vs. 17.6% RFC; P = 0.03), direct
      current cardioversions (3.2% cryoballoon vs. 6.4% RFC; P = 0.04), all-cause
      rehospitalizations (32.6% cryoballoon vs. 41.5% RFC; P = 0.01), and
      cardiovascular rehospitalizations (23.8% cryoballoon vs. 35.9% RFC; P < 0.01).
      There were no statistical differences between groups in the quality-of-life
      surveys (both mental and physical) as measured by the Short Form-12 health survey
      and the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire. There was an improvement in both
      mental and physical quality-of-life in all patients that began at 6 months after
      the index ablation and was maintained throughout the 30 months of follow-up.
      CONCLUSION: Patients treated with cryoballoon as opposed to RFC ablation had
      significantly fewer repeat ablations, direct-current cardioversions, all-cause
      rehospitalizations, and cardiovascular rehospitalizations during follow-up. Both
      patient groups improved in quality-of-life scores after AF ablation. CLINICAL
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01490814.

PMID- 27381591
TI  - The Influence of School Nutrition Programs on the Weight of Low-Income Children:
      A Treatment Effect Analysis.
AB  - Recent policy attempts to set high nutrition standards for the School Breakfast
      Program (SBP) and National School Lunch Program (NSLP) aim to improve children's
      health outcomes. A timely and policy-relevant task evaluates to what extent
      school meal programs contribute to child body mass index (BMI) outcomes to assess
      those school meal policies' potential impacts. This study examines children's
      weight progress from 1st through 8th grade, while recognizing the potential
      effects on those children participating in both programs compared with those
      children participating in only one program. We used difference-in-differences
      (DID) and average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) methodologies and focused
      on free- and reduced-price meal-eligible children to filter out income effects.
      The DID results show that short-term participation in only NSLP increases the
      probability that children will be overweight, and these results are more
      prominent in the South, Northeast, and rural areas. ATT results show that
      participation in both programs from 1st through 8th grade increases the
      probability that these students will be overweight. With the Community
      Eligibility Provision having taken effect across the nation in the 2014-2015
      school year, the need to continue examining the impacts of these programs on
      child BMI is even greater. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27381590
TI  - Transient and chronic seizure-induced inflammation in human focal epilepsy.
AB  - In animal models, inflammation is both a cause and consequence of seizures. Less
      is known about the role of inflammation in human epilepsy. We performed positron
      emission tomography (PET) using a radiotracer sensitive to brain inflammation in
      a patient with frontal epilepsy ~36 h after a seizure as well as during a seizure
      free period. When statistically compared to a group of 12 matched controls, both
      of the patient's scans identified a frontal (supplementary motor area) region of
      increased inflammation corresponding to his clinically defined seizure focus, but
      the postseizure scan showed significantly greater inflammation intensity and
      spatial extent. These results provide new information about transient and chronic
      neuroinflammation in human epilepsy and may be relevant to understanding the
      process of epileptogenesis and guiding therapy.

PMID- 27381592
TI  - De Novo Synthesis of Furanose Sugars: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Apiose
      and Apiose-Containing Oligosaccharides.
AB  - A de novo synthetic method towards apiose, a structurally unusual furanose, is
      reported. The key feature is sequential metal catalysis consisting of the
      palladium-catalyzed asymmetric intermolecular hydroalkoxylation of an
      alkoxyallene and subsequent ring-closing metathesis (RCM). This strategy enabled
      the efficient synthesis of various apiose-containing disaccharides and a unique
      convergent synthesis of trisaccharides.

PMID- 27381593
TI  - Boston keratoprosthesis type I in the elderly.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: To determine the outcomes of Boston type I keratoprosthesis
      implanted in elderly patients. METHODS: A retrospective case series was performed
      on patients at least 75 years old who received the Boston type I keratoprosthesis
      between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2012. Preoperative diagnosis, interval
      visual acuity, keratoprosthesis retention and postoperative complications were
      recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Forty-four Boston type I keratoprostheses
      were implanted in 44 eyes of 43 patients. The most common indication for surgery
      was corneal graft failure (n=23; 52.3%) followed by corneal scar (n=8; 18.2%) and
      limbal stem cell dysfunction (n=8; 18.2%). All patients had preoperative visual
      acuity of <=20/200. Thirty-six of 44 (82%) patients achieved visual acuity of
      20/200 or better postoperatively, and 20 of those (55.6%) maintained 20/200 or
      better for 1 year after surgery. The median length of follow-up was 825 days
      (range: 27-2193 days), and at the last follow-up visit, 20 of 44 (45.5%) had
      20/200 or better vision. The median best-corrected visual acuity (logMAR)
      improved from 2.6 preoperatively to 1.0 at 1 year postoperative (p<0.00001).
      Device retention at 1 year postoperative was 88.9%. The most common postoperative
      complications were retroprosthetic membrane formation in 20 patients (45.5%) and
      cystoid macular oedema in six patients (13.6%). One patient developed keratitis
      and consecutive endophthalmitis 2 months after surgery and required enucleation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Boston type I keratoprosthesis is an effective modality in corneal
      blindness in elderly patients. Failure to restore or maintain ambulatory vision
      was typically due to non-corneal comorbidities, often unrelated to the
      keratoprosthesis.

PMID- 27381594
TI  - Prominent Anti-UV Activity and Possible Cosmetic Potential of Lignin-carbohydrate
      Complex.
AB  - This review article summarizes the recent progress of ultraviolet rays (UV)
      protective substances, including our original reports. We have established a
      simple assay method for the determination of anti-UV activity that can be
      applicable to any kind of adherent cells. This method provides information of
      both anti-UV activity and cytotoxicity of any kind of samples even though those
      samples contain unknown amounts of test compounds. We found that lignin
      carbohydrate complex (LCC) showed one- or two-order higher anti-UV activity
      compared to well-known lower molecular weight polyphenols and hot-water extracts
      of Kampo medicines and tea leaves. Among synthetic compounds, water-soluble
      azulenes showed the highest anti-UV activity. LCC showed additive or synergistic
      anti-UV activity with vitamin C. Alkaline extract of Sasa senanensis Rehder
      leaves (SE), an LCC-rich over-the-counter (OTC) drug, also showed potent
      antiviral and vitamin C-synergized radical scavenging activity. SE has been
      utilized to manufacture tooth paste, soap and gel cosmetic to increase the level
      of quality of life (QOL). 

PMID- 27381595
TI  - A Three-phase Approach for the Early Identification of Acute Lung Injury Induced
      by Severe Sepsis.
AB  - A number of studies have reported that acute lung injury (ALI) and acute
      respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are independent risk factors for organ
      dysfunction and mortality in patients with sepsis. Although ALI/ARDS might be an
      essential therapeutic target during the management of sepsis, severe sepsis
      should be treated effectively and as soon as identified. We have classified three
      phases, ranging from sepsis to organ dysfunction, characterizing the interaction
      between neutrophils and platelets. The first phase is neutrophil extracellular
      trap (NET) formation and intravasated platelet aggregation. The next phase is
      extravasated platelet aggregation (EPA), promoted by NET-facilitated detachment
      of endothelial cells. The final phase is organ dysfunction, caused by pulmonary
      veno-occlusive disease (VOD), fibrosis, and immunoparalysis induced by EPA.
      Severe sepsis is characterized by a continuum of coagulopathy, with coagulation
      abnormalities often developing before the onset of clinical symptoms. The initial
      medical treatment for ALI/ARDS is inhibition of NET formation and intravasated
      platelet aggregation to prevent endothelial cell damage (Phase 1). Beraprost and
      silvestat, phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitors, are often administered in
      clinical practice. To determine hypercoagulopathy, plasma levels of thrombin
      antithrombin complex and plasmin-plasmin inhibitor complex are continuously
      monitored in patients with suspected sepsis. Furthermore, the implementation of
      quality indicators for the early management of severe sepsis and septic shock is
      strongly associated with a reduced mortality. We conclude that pathophysiology of
      organ dysfunction from severe sepsis is caused by pulmonary VOD, fibrosis, and
      EPA-facilitated immunoparalysis. In order to prevent ALI/ARDS in patients with
      sepsis, countermeasures for NET and platelet aggregation should be pre-emptively
      employed and confirmed by several trials. 

PMID- 27381596
TI  - Propeller Flaps: A Literature Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Since their introduction in 1991, propeller flaps are
      increasingly used as a surgical approach to loss of substance. The aim of this
      study was to evaluate the indications and to verify the outcomes and the
      complication rates using this reconstructing technique through a literature
      review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search on PubMed was performed using "propeller
      flap", "fasciocutaneous flap", "local flap" or "pedicled flap" as key words. We
      selected clinical studies using propeller flaps as a reconstructing technique.
      RESULTS: We found 119 studies from 1991 to 2015. Overall, 1,315 propeller flaps
      were reported in 1,242 patients. Most frequent indications included loss of
      substance following tumor excision, repair of trauma-induced injuries, burn scar
      contractures, pressure sores and chronic infections. Complications were observed
      in 281/1242 patients (22.6%) occurring more frequently in the lower limbs
      (31.8%). Partial flap necrosis and venous congestion were the most frequent
      complications. The complications' rate was significantly higher in infants (<10
      years old) and in the older population (>70 years old) but there was not a
      significant difference between the sexes. Trend of complication rate has not
      improved during the last years. CONCLUSION: Propeller flaps showed a great
      success rate with low morbidity, quick recovery, good aesthetic outcomes and
      reduced cost. The quality and volume of the transferred soft tissue, the scar
      orientation and the possibility of direct donor site closure should be considered
      in order to avoid complications. Indications for propeller flaps are small- or
      medium-sized defects located in a well-vascularized area with healthy surrounding
      tissues.

PMID- 27381597
TI  - Clinical and Molecular Features of Laron Syndrome, A Genetic Disorder Protecting
      from Cancer.
AB  - Laron syndrome (LS) is a rare, genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal
      recessive manner. The disease is caused by mutations of the growth hormone (GH)
      gene, leading to GH/insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF1) signalling pathway
      defect. Patients with LS have characteristic biochemical features, such as a high
      serum level of GH and low IGF1 concentration. Laron syndrome was first described
      by the Israeli physician Zvi Laron in 1966. Globally, around 350 people are
      affected by this syndrome and there are two large groups living in separate
      geographic regions: Israel (69 individuals) and Ecuador (90 individuals). They
      are all characterized by typical appearance such as dwarfism, facial phenotype,
      obesity and hypogenitalism. Additionally, they suffer from hypoglycemia,
      hypercholesterolemia and sleep disorders, but surprisingly have a very low cancer
      risk. Therefore, studies on LS offer a unique opportunity to better understand
      carcinogenesis and develop new strategies of cancer treatment. 

PMID- 27381598
TI  - Renal Subcapsular Space of Balb/c Nude Mice as a Route for Evaluating
      Subpopulations of Human Bladder Carcinoma Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Subpopulations of bladder cancer (BC) cells have been found in
      tumors, with different abilities for malignancy and chemotherapy resistance. The
      BC cell line T24 has frequently been used to evaluate this phenomenon. Since
      technical limits exist in orthotopic procedures, we evaluated the renal
      subcapsular space as an alternative route for analyzing subpopulations of T24 BC
      cells in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Balb/c nude mice underwent renal
      subcapsular inoculation with T24 cells, suspended in two different volumes of
      PBS. Four weeks post-inoculation, histology and immunohistochemistry were carried
      out. RESULTS: In all the animals inoculated with a 10 MUl volume of suspended
      cells, a pseudo-bladder structure in the renal subcapsular space was observed,
      with differential expression of mesenchymal and epithelial markers. T24 cells
      infiltrating the renal parenchyma towards the medulla and vessels were also
      observed. The volume used for inoculation was an important factor for the success
      of this technique. CONCLUSION: Renal subcapsular inoculation is an effective
      route for analyzing subpopulations and differentiation of T24 cells.

PMID- 27381599
TI  - Making ICSI Safer and More Effective: A Review of the Human Oocyte and ICSI
      Practice.
AB  - Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has become an indispensable procedure of
      every assisted reproduction unit. This has created as much controversy as it has
      awe. As this is a multistep invasive technique, every part of the procedure has
      become subject to investigation. We contribute this review aspiring to offer the
      embryologist insight into all available approaches of securing an effective ICSI
      practice. Herein we present all the different approaches with respect to handling
      of the human oocyte, taking into consideration the important steps of the
      technique such as the oocyte positioning, timing of performing ICSI, the option
      of viewing the meiotic spindle and further individual action such as artificial
      oocyte activation, rescue ICSI and in vitro maturation. We enrich this by
      including our view based on our collective experience and current practice.
      Published studies have led to various options for performing ICSI, resulting in
      in vitro fertilization units around the world adopting different approaches. The
      steps that ICSI technique entails discussed from the oocyte perspective are still
      a long way from being organized into one secure and optimal protocol. Our
      stressing of the need to secure an efficient ICSI protocol could be the trigger
      for further well-designed larger scale studies with all the latest technological
      advantages. We aim to approach this subject in categories and assess them
      separately. However, ICSI is a multifaceted procedure involving several
      consecutive steps and when evaluating one we cannot exclude the end effect of the
      previous, or the overall effect of the different practitioners involved form
      beginning to end. 

PMID- 27381600
TI  - Development of Critical-size Abdominal Defects in a Rabbit Model to Mimic Mature
      Ventral Hernias.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Mesh hernioplasty is one of the most frequently performed
      procedures in the United States. Abdominal rigidity and chronic inflammation,
      among other factors, contribute to long-term complications including chronic
      pain, abdominal wall stiffness and fibrosis. Acute models do not replicate the
      chronic environment associated with most hernias, limiting the ability to improve
      products. The present study details development of a critical-size defect in
      rabbit abdominal wall for maturation into a chronic hernia to enable analysis of
      hernia repair devices in a realistic environment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: New
      Zealand White Rabbits were used to assess defect creation and mature hernia
      development through a period of 21-35 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Through this
      study, a critical-size defect was developed based on 3-cm full-thickness incision
      through musculature and peritoneum followed by simple skin closure and wound
      maturation, which was identified as a reliable procedure for creating defects
      presenting typical aspects of mature hernias including hernia ring and adhesions.

PMID- 27381601
TI  - Simvastatin Inhibits Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Through Induction of HO
      1 in Cultured Renal Proximal Tubule Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Studies have shown that simvastatin (SIM) inhibits epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key step in fibrosis, and activates the anti
      fibrotic heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene in renal proximal tubule cells independent
      of its lipid-lowering. We tested the hypothesis that SIM inhibits EMT via HO-1
      dependent suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) release. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Renal proximal tubule cells were treated with either 10 MUM SIM or 10
      ng/ml transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) or with their combination and
      promoter activity of the alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) gene, stress fiber
      formation (markers of EMT), as well as ROS production were determined. HO-1 was
      manipulated via genetic and pharmacologic means. RESULTS: SIM prevented TGFbeta1
      dependent EMT and ROS production. Inhibition/knockdown of HO-1 reversed, while
      induction/overexpression of HO-1 emulated beneficial effects of SIM. CONCLUSION:
      SIM, via HO-1, suppresses TGFbeta1-dependent ROS production and, hence, EMT.
      Further evaluation of the anti-fibrotic nature of SIM in the kidney would be
      useful in the treatment of chronic kidney disease.

PMID- 27381602
TI  - In Vitro Study of a Liposomal Curcumin Formulation (LipocurcTM): Toxicity and
      Biological Activity in Synovial Fibroblasts and Macrophages.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The polyphenol curcumin is produced in the rhizome of Curcuma
      longa and exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemopreventive
      activities. Due to the fact that curcumin is poorly soluble in water, many
      delivery systems have been developed to improve its solubility and
      bioavailability achieving optimum therapeutic application. In this study, we
      evaluated the biological effects of a liposomal curcumin formulation (LipocurcTM)
      on human synovial fibroblasts (SW982) and mouse macrophages (RAW264). MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Cellular uptake of liposomes was studied using calcein-loaded
      liposomes. Effects of LipocurcTM on cell viability and proliferation were
      determined with Celltox green cytotoxicity assay and 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5
      sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay, respectively. To induce
      cytokine/chemokine expression, the cells were stimulated with interleukin
      (IL)1beta or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The release of IL6, IL8, and tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Data showed that the liposomal curcumin formulation
      LipocurcTM was significantly less toxic to synovial fibroblasts and macrophages
      compared to non-encapsulated, free curcumin. Furthermore, LipocurcTM effectively
      reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression in synovial fibroblasts as
      well as in macrophages without affecting cell viability, suggesting that this
      curcumin nanoformulation might be a promising tool for the treatment of
      inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 27381603
TI  - Synergism of Alkaline Extract of the Leaves of Sasa senanensis Rehder and
      Antiviral Agents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown a much greater antiviral activity of
      alkaline extract of the leaves of Sasa senanensis Rehder (SE) against human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV), compared to lignin precursors, tannins and
      flavonoids, suggesting its possible application to oral diseases. Systematic
      comparative study with herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been limited compared to
      that with HIV. In the present study, we investigated whether combination of SE
      with other popular antiviral agents further enhances their individual activity.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell viability of mock-infected, HIV-infected and HSV
      infected cells was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5
      diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The antiviral activity was evaluated by
      the selectivity index, defined as the ratio of 50% cytotoxic concentration to 50%
      effective concentration. Synergy between SE and antiviral agents was evaluated by
      MacSynerg and CompuSyn software. RESULTS: SE showed potent anti-HIV activity,
      although its activity was two-orders lower than that of azidothymidine, 2',3'
      dideoxycytidine dextran sulfate and curdlan sulfate. Combination of SE with these
      antiviral agents produced synergistic effects. Using a newly established MTT
      assay system for anti-HSV activity, SE and acyclovir were found to have
      synergistic anti-HSV activity. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests the
      possible efficacy of the clinical application of SE combined with antiviral
      agents.

PMID- 27381604
TI  - Graft-versus-Host Disease in a Dog After Reduced-intensity Hematopoietic Stem
      Cell Transplantation from a DLA-identical Littermate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is an adverse effect following
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in humans. Dogs represent a key
      model organism for the development of treatment protocols for HSCT. However,
      detailed descriptions of canine GvHD and its treatment are rare. Herein we
      describe the development of canine GvHD and therapeutic intervention. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A female Beagle received an allogeneic HSCT from a dog leukocyte
      antigen-identical littermate (conditioning with 4.5 Gy total body irradiation;
      immunosuppression with cyclosporine A). RESULTS: GvHD developed at day +52 and
      was treated with methylprednisolone, cyclosporine A, antibiotics, antiviral
      medication and analgesics. The dog initially responded to the treatment but GvHD
      relapsed twice. Within one week after discontinuation of glucocorticoid, GvHD
      recurred resulting in inevitable euthanasia of the animal. CONCLUSION: GvHD
      represents a life-threatening disease after HSCT in canines. Immediate
      therapeutic treatment is indicated and even a successful initial treatment
      response does not necessarily prevent GvHD recurrence.

PMID- 27381605
TI  - Inhibitory Effects of Medium Molecular Weight Heparinyl Amino Acid Derivatives on
      Ischemic Paw Edema in Mice.
AB  - We investigated the radical-scavenging effects of heparin (HE), medium molecular
      weight heparinyl phenylalanine (MHF), and medium molecular weight heparinyl
      leucine (MHL) using ischemic paw edema in mice. We also examined the activated
      partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of mice that were administered these compounds
      as an index of their side-effects. HE had a preventative effect and significant
      reduced ischemic paw edema. However, its effect was not dose-dependent and the
      dose-response curve was bell-shaped. The effective dose of HE also exhibited a
      prolonged APTT. Pretreatment using MHF and MHL were effective against ischemic
      paw edema without a prolonged APTT. Remarkably, the action of MHF was not only
      preventively, but also therapeutically active. These results suggest that MHF and
      MHL are superior to HE as safe radical scavengers in vivo. 

PMID- 27381606
TI  - The Contribution of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Genotype to Oral Cancer
      Susceptibility in Taiwan.
AB  - AIM: Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of multifunctional proteins which
      have been shown to be up-regulated in various types of cancer. However, the
      contribution of MMP1 genotype to oral cancer has not been elucidated. This study
      aimed to evaluate the contribution of MMP1 promoter 1607 genotype to the risk of
      oral cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this case-control study, MMP1 genotype and
      its interaction with consumption of areca, cigarettes, and alcohol in determining
      oral cancer risk were investigated in 788 patients with oral cancer and 956
      gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: The distribution of 2G/2G, 1G/2G and
      1G/1G for MMP1 promoter 1607 genotype was 36.8%, 40.2% and 23.0% in the oral
      cancer group and 34.3%, 44.9% and 20.8% in the non-cancer control group,
      respectively (p for trend=0.1454). We also analyzed the allelic frequency
      distributions and found that the variant 1G allele of MMP1 promoter 1607
      conferred similar oral cancer susceptibility as the wild-type 2G allele (odds
      ratio=0.99, 95% confidence interval=0.87-1.14, p=0.9199). As for the gene
      lifestyle interaction, there was an obvious protective effect of MMP1 promoter
      1607 1G/2G genotype on the risk of oral cancer among smokers (odds ratio=0.71,
      95% confidence interval=0.55-0.91, p=0.0076), but not non-smokers. There was no
      interaction between MMP1 promoter 1607 genotype and areca chewing or alcohol
      drinking habits. CONCLUSION: The 1G/2G genotype of MMP1 promoter 1607 may have a
      protective effect on oral cancer risk for smokers. The detailed mechanisms
      involved in this require further investigation.

PMID- 27381607
TI  - Dietary Protective Effects Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Mdr2-/
      Knockout Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The Mdr2(-/-) mouse develops early chronic cholestatic hepatitis
      and hepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC) when adult. We tested the effects of a
      restricted-calorie diet on HCC development in Mdr2(-/-) mice. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Mdr2(-/-) mice (n=40, divided into two groups of 20 mice each) were
      randomized to receive ad libitum diet or restricted-calorie diet. Two mice from
      each group were sacrificed at 3 and 6 months, and liver tissue samples were
      removed for analysis. The remaining mice were fed their respective diets until
      the age of 30 months, at which time they were euthanized and livers were
      collected for analysis. RESULTS: The restricted-calorie diet had partial
      chemopreventive effect on the development of HCC in Mdr2(-/-) mice. Moreover,
      mice with ad libitum diet had a median survival of 361 days, while the restricted
      calorie group had a median survival of 500 days (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: A
      restricted diet might reduce the chance of developing HCC in patients at risk and
      could increase the protective action of anti-inflammatory agents.

PMID- 27381608
TI  - Impact of Superoxide Dismutase-Gliadin on Radiation-induced Fibrosis: An
      Experimental Study.
AB  - AIM: Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) has since long been considered as
      irreversible. Further understanding of its mechanisms has led to trials
      investigating RIF treatment and prevention. The effect of superoxide dismutase
      (SOD)-gliadin, an oral form of SOD that resists gastrointestinal inactivation, on
      RIF treatment was evaluated in this experimental study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      total of 36 Wistar albino mice were randomly distributed into four groups.
      According to group, 25 Gy radiation or sham-radiation were performed on day 0.
      Acute and late reactions were recorded. After 6 months, mice were treated with
      SOD-gliadin, 10,000 units per kg per day, or placebo. SOD-gliadin and placebo
      treatments were administered daily for 8 days by oral gavage. Later the mice were
      sacrificed, dissected and histopathologically analyzed. Accumulated hyaline and
      collagen at the dermis is an indicator of fibrosis. Therefore measurements of the
      dermal thickness were used to quantify the degree of RIF. Additionally, the
      morphological changes were analyzed, and the differences reported. RESULTS: The
      mean and standard deviation for dermal thickness were 0.45+/-0.09 mm in the sham
      irradiated placebo-treated group, 0.51 mm+/-0.16 mm in the sham-irradiated SOD
      gliadin-treated group, 0.92 mm+/-0.23 mm in the irradiated placebo-treated group
      and 0.71 mm+/-0.17 mm in the irradiated SOD-gliadin-treated group. The difference
      in mean dermal thickness between irradiated placebo-treated and irradiated SOD
      gliadin-treated mice was statistically significant (p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Quality
      of life while prolonging survival has an increasing importance in patients with
      cancer. RIF can be a crucial problem after all radiotherapy modalities. SOD
      gliadin has advantageous effects on conditions that call for an increased
      expression of antioxidant enzymes. The results of our study suggest that oral SOD
      gliadin may prevent or ameliorate RIF and patients can benefit from the positive
      effects of SOD.

PMID- 27381609
TI  - Apoptosis-inducing Effect of a Palladium(II) Complex-[PdCl(terpy)](sac).2H2O] on
      Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) in Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: New compounds for cancer treatment are needed due to persistenly
      unsatisfactory management of cancer. [PdCl(terpy)](sac).2H2O] (sac=saccharinate,
      and terpy=2,2':6',2"-terpyridine) is a compound synthesized for this purpose. We
      investigated its anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on Ehrlich Ascites
      Carcinoma (EAC) in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 42 Balb-c female mice were
      subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with EAC cells (1st day) and then randomly divided
      into 5 groups: control (0.9% NaCl), complex (2 mg/kg), complex (3 mg/kg)
      cisplatin (4 mg/kg) and paclitaxel (12.5 mg/kg). On the 5th and 12th day animals
      were drug administrated. At 14th day, animals were sacrificed. Expression of cell
      death and/or cell cycle-related markers (Bcl-2, Bax, active caspase-3, p53, PCNA)
      and apoptosis were investigated immunohisto-chemically. Survival-related markers
      (Akt, GSK-3beta, IGF-1R, IR, IRS-1, p70S6K, PRAS40) were evaluated by luminex
      analysis. RESULTS: Expression of p53, PCNA, Bcl-2 was found decreased (p<0.001)
      and that of active caspase-3, Bax, and apoptotic cells was found increased
      (p<0.001) in all groups. The survival-related markers did not show any
      statistical difference in complex groups. CONCLUSION: The Pd(II)-complex seems to
      have a strong anticancer activity on EAC by inducing apoptosis via both
      suppression of proliferation and activation of apoptosis in vivo, similar to the
      effects of cisplatin and paclitaxel.

PMID- 27381610
TI  - Ultrasonography as the Gold Standard for In Vivo Volumetric Determination of
      Chemically-induced Mammary Tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: In this study, we evaluated the dimensions and volume of rat
      mammary tumors and the association of these variables with tumor invasiveness.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumors were measured by caliper and ultrasonography.
      Volume was determined by water displacement and by application of four formulas
      using tumor length (L), width (W) and depth (D) or tumor weight. RESULTS: Results
      confirmed the data obtained in our previous work, where we verified that mammary
      tumors grow as oblate spheroids. CONCLUSION: The determination of mammary tumor
      volume by applying the formula V=(4/3)*pi*(L/2)*(L/2)*(D/2) is the best way to
      evaluate tumor volume in vivo. Beyond volume evaluation by water displacement,
      the determination on the basis of tumor weight is the most accurate way to
      evaluate tumor volume after animal sacrifice or tumor excision. According to our
      results, it is not possible to predict if a tumor is invasive or non-invasive by
      its dimensions, volume or weight. Future work in chemically-induced mammary
      cancer should use ultrasonography and water displacement or tumor weight to
      determine tumor volume in vivo and after animal sacrifice or tumor excision,
      respectively.

PMID- 27381611
TI  - Polymorphism Analysis of GSTM1 and OPA1 Genes in Greek Patients with Primary Open
      angle Glaucoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a heterogenous group of optic neuropathies leading to
      progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and vision loss. Over the past
      decades, disease-causing genes have been identified and multigenic inheritance
      theory has-beens investigated for many cases of glaucoma. The purpose of this
      study was to investigate the distribution of mutations in glutathione S
      transferase M1 (GSTM1) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) genes in a series of patients
      of Greek origin. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a case-control study of 106
      patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 120 healthy controls of
      Greek origin, surveyed for polymorphisms with potential correlation to POAG. A
      DNA sample from each individual was genotyped for GSTM1 and OPA1 (rs166850,
      rs10451941) polymorphisms. RESULTS: GSTM1 null genotype carriers seem to have an
      increased risk of developing POAG (odds ratio=1.86, 95% confidence interval=1.07
      3.21; p=0.03). The results indicate that the OPA1 genotype (rs166850 and
      rs10451941 polymorphisms) is not significantly associated with POAG. CONCLUSION:
      The GSTM1 null genotype might be associated with increased risk of development of
      POAG in the Greek population. No significant correlation was found between OPA1
      polymorphisms and POAG.

PMID- 27381613
TI  - Association of CTLA4 and CD28 Gene Variants and Circulating Levels of Their
      Proteins in Patients with Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Breast cancer is one of the most common and lethal types of
      cancer among women. We focused on the importance of the immune system in the
      etiology of breast cancer by investigating critical polymorphisms of cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) and cluster of differentiation 28 (CD28)
      gene, and circulating levels of these proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of
      79 patients with breast cancer and 76 healthy controls were enrolled. Molecular
      assessment of CTLA4 (rs231775&rs5742909) and CD28 (rs3116496) variants were
      determined with polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length
      polymorphism techniques. Circulating levels of soluble forms of CTLA4 and CD28
      were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS: Although no significant association was found
      between study groups, CTLA4 +49AA genotypic frequency, and sCTLA4 and sCD28
      levels were higher in patients. Some clinicopathological features were also
      related with CTLA4 and CD28 variants and blood levels. CONCLUSION: While CTLA4
      +49AA genotype is increased in patients with breast cancer, the CTLA4 -318T
      allele may have a prognostic value. In addition, sCTLA4 and sCD28 can be used for
      diagnostic purposes in patients with breast cancer.

PMID- 27381612
TI  - Evaluation of a Non-aqueous Ibuprofen-Phospholipid Complex Formulation in Rats.
AB  - AIM: In the present study, a non-aqueous ibuprofen-phospholipid complex was
      developed to reduce the gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity of ibuprofen. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: A non-aqueous ibuprofen-phospholipid complex (IBU-PC) was prepared
      by mixing phosal-35SB and ibuprofen. In vitro release behavior was studied using
      a dissolution apparatus. Irritation to gastrointestinal (GI) tract and
      pharmacokinetics of IBU-PC were studied in rats. RESULTS: Rapid release of drug
      occurred with approximately 85% of ibuprofen released from the composition within
      the first 30 min. The GI injury in IBU-PC-treated rats was minimal compared to
      those of Advil Liqui-gels-treated group. There was no significant difference
      between IBU-PC and Motrin-treated groups. The area under the concentration-time
      curve (AUC0~24) of IBU-PC and Motrin were 366+/-115 and 391+/-105 MUg/h/ml,
      respectively. The relative bioavailability of IBU-PC was 94.2%. CONCLUSION: IBU
      PC can decrease GI adverse reaction induced by ibuprofen.

PMID- 27381614
TI  - Short MRI Protocol for Excluding Traumatic Lesions of the Scaphoid Bone in
      Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: Management of scaphoid trauma includes imaging with repeated X
      rays whose interpretation is difficult and often ambivalent. The aim of the study
      was to propose a fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol permitting
      exclusion of traumatic lesions of the scaphoid bone in children, which would
      avoid unnecessary immobilization and irradiation in negative cases. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Two pediatric radiologists retrospectively reviewed the X-rays and MRIs
      of 45 children with clinical suspicion of scaphoid trauma. X-Rays and MRI
      sequences [short tau inversion recovery (STIR), T1] were scored as: 0 (negative)
      or 1 (equivocal or positive). X-ray results were compared to those of MRI and
      interobserver reliability was measured for both methods. RESULTS: MRI was shown
      to be more reliable than X-ray in excluding pediatric traumatic scaphoid lesions.
      X-Ray results differed significantly between the two readers (p=0.0001), and the
      interobserver reliability was low (kappa=0.529). For MRI interpretation, there
      was no significant difference between the two readers' assessments. The
      interobserver reliability was high (kappa=0.9544) and only in one case was there
      discordance. Absence of scaphoid trauma was confirmed on MRI in 18 out of 45
      patients. For these patients, immobilization was reconsidered and no follow-up X
      ray was performed. CONCLUSION: Early MRI is useful in the management of pediatric
      scaphoid trauma. A short MRI protocol consisting of a STIR and a T1 sequence is
      sufficient for differentiating positive from negative cases and gives a good
      negative predictive value for exclusion of a traumatic scaphoid lesion.

PMID- 27381615
TI  - Cooling Composite Graft for Distal Finger Amputation: A Reliable Alternative to
      Microsurgery Implantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Finger amputations are the most common injuries to the upper limb.
      There are many options in the management of fingertip or finger amputations. We
      report our experience using cooling composite graft (Hirase technique) for distal
      finger amputation, as alternative to microsurgery implantation. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: We collected a case series of eight patients and report on the clinical
      outcomes after a 10-month follow-up period. RESULTS: The amputated part survived
      almost completely in six patients; in these cases, the fingertip amputations were
      classified, according to the Allen classification, as level I in two cases, level
      II in three cases and level III in one case. CONCLUSION: Re-implantation of an
      amputated finger with the Hirase technique is possible and can provide good
      distal soft-tissue coverage and recovery of sensory and motor functions. We
      believe that re-attachment of the amputated portion as a composite graft
      represents an important alternative to microsurgery.

PMID- 27381616
TI  - Predicting IVF Outcome: A Proposed Web-based System Using Artificial
      Intelligence.
AB  - AIM: To propose a functional in vitro fertilization (IVF) prediction model to
      assist clinicians in tailoring personalized treatment of subfertile couples and
      improve assisted reproduction outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Construction and
      evaluation of an enhanced web-based system with a novel Artificial Neural Network
      (ANN) architecture and conformed input and output parameters according to the
      clinical and bibliographical standards, driven by a complete data set and
      "trained" by a network expert in an IVF setting. RESULTS: The system is capable
      to act as a routine information technology platform for the IVF unit and is
      capable of recalling and evaluating a vast amount of information in a rapid and
      automated manner to provide an objective indication on the outcome of an
      artificial reproductive cycle. CONCLUSION: ANNs are an exceptional candidate in
      providing the fertility specialist with numerical estimates to promote
      personalization of healthcare and adaptation of the course of treatment according
      to the indications.

PMID- 27381617
TI  - Although Non-diagnostic Between Necrosis and Recurrence, FDG PET/CT Assists
      Management of Brain Tumours After Radiosurgery.
AB  - AIM: To re-evaluate the role of (18)F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron
      emission tomography/ computer assisted tomography (PET/CT) co-registered with
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differentiating adverse radiation effect
      (ARE) from tumour recurrence after Gamma Knife radiosurgery of brain tumours.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven PET/CT studies co-registered with MRI were
      performed on 16 patients after radiosurgery, with 12/16 patients having multiple
      radiosurgery treatments. Long term follow-up was used for evaluation, with 3/16
      patients being histopathologically confirmed. RESULTS: PET/CT was positive in all
      studies in 6/16 patients, negative in all studies in 6/16 and changed from
      negative to positive in one. In 2/16 patients, PET/CT was both positive and
      negative in separate tumour foci. In 9/16 cases with a positive PET/CT, tumour
      was confirmed. In 6/16 patients with a negative PET/CT, 3/6 had recurrence and
      3/6 ARE. In 1/16, equivocal results became negative after retreatment. PET/CT/MRI
      identified tumour within ARE. Sensitivity of PET/CT/MRI proved to be 64.7%, and
      specificity 100%. CONCLUSION: PET/CT/MRI assists management, by revealing
      metabolism rather than histology.

PMID- 27381618
TI  - Physical Training, Hemodynamic Parameters and Arterial Stiffness: Friends or Foes
      of the Hypertensive Patient?
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the impact of physical training on central hemodynamic
      parameters and elasticity of large arteries in hypertensive patients. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: A total of 129 hypertensive patients were divided into two groups:
      group A followed lifestyle changes and physical training; and group B acted as a
      control group; seven parameters were recorded: Pulse wave velocity (PWVao),
      systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure
      (PP), central aortic systolic blood pressure (SBPao), aortic diastolic blood
      pressure (DBPao), and central aortic pulse pressure (PPao). RESULTS: The
      difference between values at 4 months and baseline (Delta) were as follows:
      DeltaPWVao was -1.02 m/s (p<0.001) versus 0.17 m/s (p=0.035), DeltaSBPao was -9.6
      mmHg (p=0.009) versus 1.6 mmHg (p=0.064), and DeltaPPao was -6.8 mmHg (p<0.001)
      versus 3.2 mmHg, (p=0.029) in group A versus B, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Exercise training improves SBP, PP, SBPao, PPao and may delay arterial ageing.

PMID- 27381619
TI  - Palliative Radiation Therapy for Spinal Cord Compression from Metastatic Soft
      Tissue Sarcoma.
AB  - AIM: Spinal cord compression (SCC) from metastatic soft tissue sarcoma is a rare
      condition. Little is known regarding its optimal treatment. It is not clear
      whether these patients should receive radiation therapy alone or neurosurgery
      plus radiation therapy. This study focused on outcomes of patients with SCC from
      soft tissue sarcoma after radiation therapy alone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The
      effect of radiotherapy on pain relief and motor function and overall survival
      were evaluated in four patients. RESULTS: Complete pain relief was achieved in
      two (50%) and overall pain relief in three patients (75%). Motor function
      remained unchanged in all patients. Overall survival rates at three and six
      months following irradiation were 25% and 25%, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Radiotherapy alone resulted in high rates of pain relief in patients with SCC
      from metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. The effect on motor function was less
      favorable. Upfront neurosurgery is required for improvement of motor deficits.

PMID- 27381620
TI  - Errata.

PMID- 27381621
TI  - Role of Simulation in Perioperative Echocardiography Training.
AB  - Echocardiography plays a major role in the diagnosis and management of
      hemodynamic compromise during the perioperative period. Both transthoracic and
      transesophageal echocardiography have been shown to improve outcomes after
      cardiac and noncardiac surgery. Teaching basic echocardiographic skills to
      perioperative physicians remains a challenging task. Thus far, simulation-based
      medical education has been proven useful in teaching specific procedural skills
      and management of infrequent catastrophic events. Simulation-based
      echocardiography education has the potential to facilitate clinical training in
      echocardiography. Several small studies have shown the benefits of
      echocardiographic simulation on developing psychomotor and cognitive
      echocardiography skills. Future research should focus on the impact of simulation
      on actual clinical echocardiographic performance in the operating room and
      ultimately, patient outcomes.

PMID- 27381623
TI  - Longitudinal Body Composition Changes in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Survivors:
      A Retrospective Cohort Study of United States Veterans.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Body composition parameters are associated with long-term health
      outcomes. We assessed longitudinal body composition changes in diffuse large B
      cell lymphoma (DLBCL) survivors and identified clinical variables associated with
      the long-term development of sarcopenia and visceral obesity. METHODS: A
      retrospective cohort of United States veterans with DLBCL treated with
      cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, with or without
      rituximab, was assembled. Muscle, subcutaneous fat, and visceral fat areas were
      measured with computed tomography analysis. Data were analyzed with repeated
      measures analysis of variance and logistic regression. All statistical tests were
      two-sided. RESULTS: Three hundred forty-two patients were included. Muscle area
      initially decreased during treatment, then returned to baseline by 24 months
      after treatment. Subcutaneous fat area increased from baseline by 6.5% (95%
      confidence interval [CI] = 2.6% to 10.5%) during treatment and by 21.4% (95% CI =
      15.7% to 27.2%) by 24 months after treatment. Visceral fat area increased from
      baseline by 4.5% (95% CI = -0.9% to 9.9%) during treatment and by 21.6% (95% CI =
      14.8% to 28.4%) by 24 months after treatment. Variables associated with long-term
      development of sarcopenia included: baseline sarcopenia (adjusted odds ratio
      [aOR] = 17.21, 95% CI = 8.48 to 34.94), older than age 60 years (aOR = 2.93, 95%
      CI = 1.46 to 5.88), and weight loss greater than 5% during treatment (aOR = 2.40,
      95% CI = 1.12 to 5.14). Variables associated with long-term visceral fat gain
      included: weight gain greater than 5% during treatment (aOR = 4.60, 95% CI = 2.42
      to 8.74). CONCLUSIONS: DLBCL survivors undergo unfavorable long-term body
      composition changes. Patients at risk for the long-term development of sarcopenia
      or visceral obesity can be identified based on clinical risk factors and targeted
      for lifestyle interventions.

PMID- 27381622
TI  - Role of Myeloma-Derived MIF in Myeloma Cell Adhesion to Bone Marrow and
      Chemotherapy Response.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable cancer characterized by
      accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). The mechanism
      underlying MM homing to BM is poorly elucidated. METHODS: The clinical
      significance of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression was examined by
      analyzing six independent gene expression profile databases of primary MM cells
      using the Student's t test and Kaplan-Meier test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay was used to examine MIF expression. In vivo bioluminescent imaging was used
      to determine MM cell localization and treatment efficacy in human MM xenograft
      mouse models, with three to four mice per group. MM cell attachment to BM stromal
      cells (BMSCs) was monitored by cell adhesion assay. MIF regulation of the
      expression of adhesion molecules was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation
      (ChIP) assay. Statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: High levels of MIF were
      detected in MM BM (MIF level in BM plasma: healthy = 10.72 +/- 5.788 ng/mL, n =
      5; MM = 1811 +/- 248.7 ng/mL, n = 10; P < .001) and associated with poor survival
      of patients (Kaplan-Meier test for MM OS: 87 MIF(high) patients, 86 MIF(low)
      patients, P = .02). Knocking down MIF impaired MM cell adhesion to BMSCs in vitro
      and led to formation of extramedullary tumors in SCID mice. MIF acted through
      surface receptor CXCR4 and adaptor COPS5 to regulate the expression of adhesion
      molecules ALCAM, ITGAV, and ITGB5 on MM cells. More importantly, MIF-deficient MM
      cells were sensitive to chemotherapy in vitro when cocultured with BMSCs and in
      vivo. MIF inhibitor 4-IPP sensitized MM cells to chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: MIF
      is an important player and a novel therapeutic target in MM. Inhibiting MIF
      activity will sensitize MM cells to chemotherapy.

PMID- 27381625
TI  - Ethnic Variations in Estrogen and Its Metabolites: Sufficient to Explain
      Differences in Breast Cancer Incidence Rates?

PMID- 27381624
TI  - The Doppelganger Effect: Hidden Duplicates in Databases of Transcriptome
      Profiles.
AB  - Whole-genome analysis of cancer specimens is commonplace, and investigators
      frequently share or re-use specimens in later studies. Duplicate expression
      profiles in public databases will impact re-analysis if left undetected, a so
      called "doppelganger" effect. We propose a method that should be routine practice
      to accurately match duplicate cancer transcriptomes when nucleotide-level
      sequence data are unavailable, even for samples profiled by different microarray
      technologies or by both microarray and RNA sequencing. We demonstrate the
      effectiveness of the method in databases containing dozens of datasets and
      thousands of ovarian, breast, bladder, and colorectal cancer microarray profiles
      and of matching microarray and RNA sequencing expression profiles from The Cancer
      Genome Atlas (TCGA). We identified probable duplicates among more than 50% of
      studies, originating in different continents, using different technologies,
      published years apart, and even within the TCGA itself. Finally, we provide the
      doppelgangR Bioconductor package for screening transcriptome databases for
      duplicates. Given the potential for unrecognized duplication to falsely inflate
      prediction accuracy and confidence in differential expression, doppelganger
      checking should be a part of standard procedure for combining multiple genomic
      datasets.

PMID- 27381627
TI  - David Oliver: Celebrating the expert generalist.

PMID- 27381626
TI  - Mechanisms of Therapy Resistance in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of BRCA1
      Deficient Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although BRCA1-deficient tumors are extremely sensitive to DNA
      damaging drugs and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, recurrences do
      occur and, consequently, resistance to therapy remains a serious clinical
      problem. To study the underlying mechanisms, we induced therapy resistance in
      patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of BRCA1-mutated and BRCA1-methylated
      triple-negative breast cancer. METHODS: A cohort of 75 mice carrying BRCA1
      deficient breast PDX tumors was treated with cisplatin, melphalan, nimustine, or
      olaparib, and treatment sensitivity was determined. In tumors that acquired
      therapy resistance, BRCA1 expression was investigated using quantitative real
      time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Next-generation sequencing,
      methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and
      Target Locus Amplification (TLA)-based sequencing were used to determine
      mechanisms of BRCA1 re-expression in therapy-resistant tumors. RESULTS: BRCA1
      protein was not detected in therapy-sensitive tumors but was found in 31 out of
      42 resistant cases. Apart from previously described mechanisms involving BRCA1
      intragenic deletions and loss of BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation, a novel
      resistance mechanism was identified in four out of seven BRCA1-methylated PDX
      tumors that re-expressed BRCA1 but retained BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation. In
      these tumors, we found de novo gene fusions that placed BRCA1 under the
      transcriptional control of a heterologous promoter, resulting in re-expression of
      BRCA1 and acquisition of therapy resistance. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to
      previously described clinically relevant resistance mechanisms in BRCA1-deficient
      tumors, we describe a novel resistance mechanism in BRCA1-methylated PDX tumors
      involving de novo rearrangements at the BRCA1 locus, demonstrating that BRCA1
      methylated breast cancers may acquire therapy resistance via both epigenetic and
      genetic mechanisms.

PMID- 27381628
TI  - Identifying Communication-Impaired Pediatric Patients Using Detailed Hospital
      Administrative Data.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pediatric inpatients with communication impairment may
      experience inadequate pain and symptom management. Research regarding potential
      variation in care among patients with and without communication impairment is
      hampered because existing pediatric databases do not include information about
      patient communication ability per se, even though these data sets do contain
      information about diagnoses and medical interventions that are probably
      correlated with the probability of communication impairment. Our objective was to
      develop and evaluate a classification model to identify patients in a large
      administrative database likely to be communication impaired. METHODS: Our sample
      included 236 hospitalized patients aged >=12 months whose ability to communicate
      about pain had been assessed. We randomly split this sample into development (n =
      118) and validation (n = 118) sets. A priori, we developed a set of specific
      diagnoses, technology dependencies, procedures, and medications recorded in the
      Pediatric Health Information System likely to be strongly associated with
      communication impairment. We used logistic regression modeling to calculate the
      probability of communication impairment for each patient in the development set,
      assessed the model performance, and evaluated the performance of the 11-variable
      model in the validation set. RESULTS: In the validation sample, the
      classification model showed excellent classification accuracy (area under the
      receiver operating characteristic curve 0.92; sensitivity 82.6%; 95% confidence
      interval, 74%-100%; specificity 86.3%; 95% confidence interval, 80%-97%). For the
      complete sample, the predicted probability of communication impairment
      demonstrated excellent calibration with the observed communication impairment
      status. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized pediatric patients with communication
      impairment can be accurately identified in a large hospital administrative
      database.

PMID- 27381629
TI  - Erratum to: Genome-wide Identification and analysis of the stress-resistance
      function of the TPS (Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase) gene family in cotton.

PMID- 27381630
TI  - Intrusive effects of semantic information on visual selective attention.
AB  - Every object is represented by semantic information in extension to its low-level
      properties. It is well documented that such information biases attention when it
      is necessary for an ongoing task. However, whether semantic relationships
      influence attentional selection when they are irrelevant to the ongoing task
      remains an open question. The ubiquitous nature of semantic information suggests
      that it could bias attention even when these properties are irrelevant. In the
      present study, three objects appeared on screen, two of which were semantically
      related. After a varying time interval, a target or distractor appeared on top of
      each object. The objects' semantic relationships never predicted the target
      location. Despite this, a semantic bias on attentional allocation was observed,
      with an initial, transient bias to semantically related objects. Further
      experiments demonstrated that this effect was contingent on the objects being
      attended: if an object never contained the target, it no longer exerted a
      semantic influence. In a final set of experiments, we demonstrated that the
      semantic bias is robust and appears even in the presence of more predictive cues
      (spatial probability). These results suggest that as long as an object is
      attended, its semantic properties bias attention, even if it is irrelevant to an
      ongoing task and if more predictive factors are available.

PMID- 27381631
TI  - On the relationship between response selection and response inhibition: An
      individual differences approach.
AB  - The abilities to select appropriate responses and suppress unwanted actions are
      key executive functions that enable flexible and goal-directed behavior. However,
      to date it has been unclear whether these two cognitive operations tap a common
      action control resource or reflect two distinct processes. In the present study,
      we used an individual differences approach to examine the underlying
      relationships across seven paradigms that varied in their response selection and
      response inhibition requirements: stop-signal, go-no-go, Stroop, flanker, single
      response selection, psychological refractory period, and attentional blink tasks.
      A confirmatory factor analysis suggested that response inhibition and response
      selection are separable, with stop-signal and go-no-go task performance being
      related to response inhibition, and performance in the psychological refractory
      period, Stroop, single-response selection, and attentional blink tasks being
      related to response selection. These findings provide evidence in support of the
      hypothesis that response selection and response inhibition reflect two distinct
      cognitive operations.

PMID- 27381632
TI  - Perceived empty duration between sounds of different lengths: Possible relation
      with repetition and rhythmic grouping.
AB  - We investigated how perceived duration of empty time intervals would be modulated
      by the length of sounds marking those intervals. Three sounds were successively
      presented in Experiment 1. Each sound was short (S) or long (L), and the temporal
      position of the middle sound's onset was varied. The lengthening of each sound
      resulted in delayed perception of the onset; thus, the middle sound's onset had
      to be presented earlier in the SLS than in the LSL sequence so that participants
      perceived the three sounds as presented at equal interonset intervals. In
      Experiment 2, a short sound and a long sound were alternated repeatedly, and the
      relative duration of the SL interval to the LS interval was varied. This repeated
      sequence was perceived as consisting of equal interonset intervals when the
      onsets of all sounds were aligned at physically equal intervals. If the same
      onset delay as in the preceding experiment had occurred, participants should have
      perceived equality between the interonset intervals in the repeated sequence when
      the SL interval was physically shortened relative to the LS interval. The effects
      of sound length seemed to be canceled out when the presentation of intervals was
      repeated. Finally, the perceived duration of the interonset intervals in the
      repeated sequence was not influenced by whether the participant's native language
      was French or Japanese, or by how the repeated sequence was perceptually
      segmented into rhythmic groups.

PMID- 27381633
TI  - Metastatic insular thyroid carcinoma masquerades as neuroendocrine tumor in lung
      on CT-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy.

PMID- 27381634
TI  - Envelope-specific B-cell populations in African green monkeys chronically
      infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.
AB  - African green monkeys (AGMs) are natural primate hosts of simian immunodeficiency
      virus (SIV). Interestingly, features of the envelope-specific antibody responses
      in SIV-infected AGMs are distinct from that of HIV-infected humans and SIV
      infected rhesus monkeys, including gp120-focused responses and rapid development
      of autologous neutralization. Yet, the lack of genetic tools to evaluate B-cell
      lineages hinders potential use of this unique non-human primate model for HIV
      vaccine development. Here we define features of the AGM Ig loci and compare the
      proportion of Env-specific memory B-cell populations to that of HIV-infected
      humans and SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. AGMs appear to have a higher proportion
      of Env-specific memory B cells that are mainly gp120 directed. Furthermore, AGM
      gp120-specific monoclonal antibodies display robust antibody-dependent cellular
      cytotoxicity and CD4-dependent virion capture activity. Our results support the
      use of AGMs to model induction of functional gp120-specific antibodies by HIV
      vaccine strategies.

PMID- 27381636
TI  - Hepatitis C Virus Increases Free Fatty Acids Absorption and Promotes its
      Replication Via Down-Regulating GADD45alpha Expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, as a major cause of chronic hepatic
      diseases, is always accompanied with an abnormality of lipid metabolism. The aim
      of this study was to investigate the pathogenic role of free fatty acids (FFA) in
      human HCV infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS Peripheral blood lipid indexes among
      HCV patients with different viral loads (199 samples) and healthy donors (80
      samples) were detected by clinical biochemistry tests. HCV replication and the
      expression of growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible gene 45-alpha (GADD45alpha)
      in Huh7 cells and clinical samples were quantified by quantitative real-time
      polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Lipid accumulation in
      Huh7 cells was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS In this study, we found
      that FFA showed a significant positive correlation with viral load in peripheral
      blood of HCV patients, but not total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
      (LDL-C). GADD45alpha expression in HCV patients dramatically decreased with the
      increase of viral load. In Huh7 cells, FFA treatment significantly enhanced HCV
      replication. HCV infection inhibited GADD45alpha expression, and this effect was
      further enhanced with the presence of FFA treatment. Ectopic expression of
      GADD45alpha in HCV-infected Huh7 cells markedly inhibited the absorption of FFA
      and HCV replication. However, FFA significantly elevated GADD45alpha expression
      without HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that HCV down
      regulates GADD45alpha expression to enhance FFA absorption and thus facilitate
      its replication. GADD45alpha is an essential mediator for the pathogenesis of HCV
      infection. Thus, our study provides potential clues in the search for novel
      therapeutics and fatty lipid control options for HCV patients. 

PMID- 27381638
TI  - NiCoMnO4: A Bifunctional Affinity Probe for His-Tagged Protein Purification and
      Phosphorylation Sites Recognition.
AB  - A bifunctional affinity probe NiCoMnO4 was designed and prepared with
      controllable morphology and size using facile methods. It was observed that the
      probe could be applied in His-tagged proteins purification and phosphopeptides
      enrichment simply through the buffer modulation. NiCoMnO4 particles showed
      satisfactory cycling performance for His-tagged proteins purification and broad
      pH-tolerance of loading buffer for phosphopeptides affinity. Therefore, a high
      throughput, cost-effective, and efficient protein/peptide purification method was
      developed within 10 min based on the novel bifunctional affinity probe. 

PMID- 27381635
TI  - Maternal prenatal fish consumption and cognition in mid childhood: Mercury, fatty
      acids, and selenium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies of maternal prenatal fish intake have included biomarkers
      of exposure to mercury, long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and selenium, which are
      hypothesized to mediate associations with child neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVES:
      Examine associations of maternal prenatal fish intake with child neurodevelopment
      accounting for biomarkers. METHODS: In 1999-2002 we enrolled pregnant women into
      the Project Viva cohort. At median 27.9weeks gestation, we estimated maternal
      fish intake using food frequency questionnaires, and collected blood. We assayed
      erythrocytes for total mercury and selenium, and plasma for fatty acids including
      n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). In mid-childhood
      (median 7.7years), we administered cognitive tests including the Kauffman Brief
      Intelligence Test (KBIT). We performed multivariable linear regression analyses
      adjusting for maternal and child characteristics including home environment and
      maternal intelligence. RESULTS: Among 1068 pairs (872 with blood), mean (SD)
      exposures were: maternal fish intake 1.7 (1.5)servings/week, mercury 4.0
      (3.6)ng/g, DHA+EPA 98.4 (41.8)mcg/ml, selenium 205.6 (34.6)ng/ml. Child KBIT
      verbal scores (mean 112.2, SD 15.0) were not related to any exposures: maternal
      fish intake (0.15; 95% CI: -0.50, 0.79), mercury (0.08; -0.18, 0.35), DHA+EPA
      (0.01; -0.22, 0.24), and selenium (0.20; -0.09, 0.50). Associations with KBIT
      nonverbal scores and tests of memory and visual motor abilities were similarly
      null. Mutual adjustment for each of the exposure measures did not substantially
      change estimates. CONCLUSIONS: In this population with an average fish
      consumption of about 1 1/2 weekly servings, we did not see any evidence for an
      association of maternal prenatal fish intake, or of mercury, DHA+EPA, or selenium
      status, with verbal or non-verbal intelligence, visual motor function, or visual
      memory at median 7.7years of age.

PMID- 27381640
TI  - Bringing critical realism to nursing practice: Roy Bhaskar's contribution.
AB  - In the context of modern nursing practice that is embedded within complex social
      situations, critical discussions about the contribution of major philosophers are
      relevant and important. Whilst nurse theorists have advanced and shaped nursing
      as a discipline, other major philosophers can offer much to advance nursing
      enquiry. In this paper, we focus on philosopher Roy Bhaskar who, amongst others,
      developed critical realism, a philosophy for social science which connects with
      how many of us think about the world. Bhaskar's work focuses our attention on the
      interplay between structure and agency and on the search for the causative or
      generative mechanisms that explain the social world. Bhaskar was interested in
      human emancipation, and we suggest his work is of great importance to advance
      understanding of complex social situations. Critical realism has already been
      endorsed by a range of disciplines, especially in research which focuses on real
      problems and acknowledges the complexities of the social world. In recent
      evidence from healthcare literature, there has been a surge in research using
      realist methodology (realist evaluation and realist synthesis), which is
      underpinned by the philosophy of critical realism and which offers a different
      perspective to understanding nursing and healthcare problems through the realist
      lens. However, we suggest that sufficient attention is not always paid to the
      philosophical roots of this methodology. In this paper, we provide insight into
      Bhaskar's work and demonstrate how research positioned within critical realism
      and realist methodology can advance nursing and healthcare-related knowledge.
      Through shining a light on Bhaskar, we illustrate how critical realism philosophy
      is a natural fit with human and health science enquiry, including nursing.

PMID- 27381639
TI  - Elevated Preoperative Serum Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase Predicts Poor Prognosis
      for Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Transplantation.
AB  - Gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GGT) is a membrane-bound enzyme that is involved
      in biotransformation, nucleic acid metabolism, and tumourigenesis. Elevated serum
      gamma-GGT levels are related to an increased cancer risk and worse prognosis in
      many cancers. In the present study, we evaluated the prognostic value of
      preoperative serum gamma-GGT in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who
      underwent liver transplantation (LT). A total of 130 HCC patients after LT were
      included in the study. The optimal cut-off value of gamma-GGT was 128U/L by
      receiver operating characteristic analysis, with a sensitivity and specificity of
      60.0% and 72.9%, respectively. Elevated preoperative serum gamma-GGT was
      significantly associated with high alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), large tumor size, and
      macro- and micro-vascular invasion. The 1-, 3-, 5-year disease-free survival
      (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates of HCC patients in the gamma-GGT > 128U/L
      group were poorer than those in the gamma-GGT <= 128U/L group. Stratification
      analysis revealed that gamma-GGT exhibited a greater predictive value for DFS and
      OS in HCC patients beyond the Milan criteria and no macro-vascular invasion. In
      conclusion, elevated preoperative serum gamma-GGT was significantly associated
      with advanced tumor stage and aggressive tumor behaviors, and serum gamma-GGT can
      be considered as a prognostic factor for HCC patients after LT, especially for
      patients beyond the Milan criteria or without macro-vascular invasion.

PMID- 27381641
TI  - Investigation of Localized States in GaAsSb Epilayers Grown by Molecular Beam
      Epitaxy.
AB  - We report the carrier dynamics in GaAsSb ternary alloy grown by molecular beam
      epitaxy through comprehensive spectroscopic characterization over a wide
      temperature range. A detailed analysis of the experimental data reveals a complex
      carrier relaxation process involving both localized and delocalized states. At
      low temperature, the localized degree shows linear relationship with the increase
      of Sb component. The existence of localized states is also confirmed by the
      temperature dependence of peak position and band width of the emission. At
      temperature higher than 60 K, emissions related to localized states are quenched
      while the band to band transition dominates the whole spectrum. This study
      indicates that the localized states are related to the Sb component in the GaAsSb
      alloy, while it leads to the poor crystal quality of the material, and the
      application of GaAsSb alloy would be limited by this deterioration.

PMID- 27381642
TI  - Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine in
      adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) includes two A strains
      (A/H1N1, A/H3N2) and two B lineages (B/Victoria, B/Yamagata). The presence of
      both B lineages eliminate potential B lineage mismatch of trivalent influenza
      vaccine (TIV) with the circulating strain. METHODS: Electronic database searches
      of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCRCT),
      Scopus and Web of Science were conducted for articles published until June 30,
      2015 inclusive. Articles were limited to randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in
      adults using inactivated intramuscular vaccine and published in English language
      only. Summary estimates of immunogenicity (by seroprotection and seroconversion
      rates) and adverse events outcomes were compared between QIV and TIV, using a
      risk ratio (RR). Studies were pooled using inverse variance weights with a random
      effect model and the I(2) statistic was used to estimate heterogeneity. RESULTS:
      A total of five RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. For immunogenicity
      outcomes, QIV had similar efficacy for the three common strains; A/H1N1, A/H3N2
      and the B lineage included in the TIV. QIV also showed superior efficacy for the
      B lineage not included in the TIV; pooled seroprotection RR of 1.14 (95%CI: 1.03
      1.25, p=0.008) and seroconversion RR of 1.78 (95%CI: 1.24-2.55, p=0.002) for
      B/Victoria, and pooled seroprotection RR of 1.12 (95%CI: 1.02-1.22, p=0.01) and
      seroconversion RR of 2.11 (95%CI: 1.51-2.95, p<0.001) for B/Yamagata,
      respectively. No significant differences were found between QIV and TIV for
      aggregated local and systemic adverse events within 7days post-vaccination. There
      were no vaccine-related serious adverse events reported for either QIV or TIV.
      Compared to TIV, injection-site pain was more common for QIV, with a pooled RR of
      1.18 (95%CI: 1.03-1.35, p=0.02). CONCLUSION: In adults, inactivated QIV was as
      immunogenic as seasonal TIV, with equivalent efficacy against the shared three
      strains included in TIV, and a superior immunogenicity against the non-TIV B
      lineage.

PMID- 27381644
TI  - Catalytic enantioselective OFF <-> ON activation processes initiated by hydrogen
      transfer: concepts and challenges.
AB  - Hydrogen transfer initiated processes are eco-compatible transformations allowing
      the reversible OFF <-> ON activation of otherwise unreactive substrates. The
      minimization of stoichiometric waste as well as the unique activation modes
      provided by these transformations make them key players for a greener future for
      organic synthesis. Long limited to catalytic reactions that form racemic
      products, considerable progress on the development of strategies for controlling
      diastereo- and enantioselectivity has been made in the last decade. The aim of
      this review is to present the different strategies that enable enantioselective
      transformations of this type and to highlight how they can be used to construct
      key synthetic building blocks in fewer operations with less waste generation. 

PMID- 27381643
TI  - Coordination as a best practice from the polio eradication initiative:
      Experiences from five member states in the African region of the World Health
      Organization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As part of the efforts to eradicate polioviruses in the African
      Region, structures were put in place to ensure coordinated mobilization and
      deployment of resources within the framework of the global polio eradication
      initiative (PEI). The successes of these structures made them not only attractive
      to other public health interventions, but also caused them to be deployed to the
      response efforts of other diseases interventions, without any systematic
      documentation. This article documents the contributions of PEI coordination units
      to other public health interventions in the African Region of World Health
      Organization METHODS: We reviewed the contributions of PEI coordination units to
      other public health interventions in five countries in the African Region.
      RESULTS: The analysis identified significant involvement of PEI coordination
      structures in the implementation of routine immunization programs in all the
      countries analyzed. Similarly, maternal and child health programs were planned,
      implemented, monitored and evaluation the Inter-Agency Coordination Committees of
      the PEI programs in the different countries. The hubs system used in PEI in Chad
      facilitated the efficient coordination of resources for immunization and other
      public health interventions in Chad. Similarly, in the Democratic Republic of
      Congo PEI led coordination activities benefited other public health programs like
      disease control and the national nutrition program, the national malaria control
      program, and the tuberculosis control program. In Nigeria, the polio Expert
      Review Committee effectively deployed the Emergency Operation Center for the
      implementation of prioritized strategies and activities of the National Polio
      Eradication Emergency Plan, and it was utilized in the response to Ebola Virus
      Disease outbreak in the country. CONCLUSIONS: The PEI-led coordination systems
      are thus recognized as having made significant contribution to the coordination
      and delivery of other public health interventions in the African Region.

PMID- 27381645
TI  - Total Body Mass Estimation from Anthropometric Measurements in Modern Young Adult
      U.S. Populations with Healthy Body Fat Percentages (NHANES III).
AB  - This study presents a method by which to estimate total body mass in modern young
      adult U.S. populations who self-identified as non-Hispanic U.S. White, non
      Hispanic U.S. Black, and Mexican American with anthropometric measurements from
      the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994
      dataset (N = 2532). Correlations of stature and bi-iliac breadth with total body
      mass were stronger among males (r = 0.717-0.774) than among females (r = 0.549
      0.661), yet these results were more accurate assessments of total body mass than
      existing techniques. This study also examined additional anthropometric
      measurements to estimate total body mass using an information-theoretic approach
      demonstrating that some error in the stature-bi-iliac breadth method is
      attributed to a nonsupported model with multimodel inference. The limitations of
      the current total body mass technique are discussed as well as the need for
      future studies to validate the method.

PMID- 27381647
TI  - A Systematic Study of Structure and E-H Bond Activation Chemistry by Sterically
      Encumbered Germylene Complexes.
AB  - A series of new germylene compounds has been synthesized offering systematic
      variation in the sigma- and pi-capabilities of the alpha-substituent and
      differing levels of reactivity towards E-H bond activation (E=H, B, C, N, Si,
      Ge). Chloride metathesis utilizing [(terphenyl)GeCl] proves to be an effective
      synthetic route to complexes of the type [(terphenyl)Ge(ERn )] (1-6: ERn =NHDipp,
      CH(SiMe3 )2 , P(SiMe3 )2 , Si(SiMe3 )3 or B(NDippCH)2 ; terphenyl=C6 H3 Mes2 
      2,6=Ar(Mes) or C6 H3 Dipp2 -2,6=Ar(Dipp) ; Dipp=C6 H3 iPr2 -2,6, Mes=C6 H2 Me3 
      2,4,6), while the related complex [{(Me3 Si)2 N}Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }] (8) can be
      accessed by an amide/boryl exchange route. Metrical parameters have been probed
      by X-ray crystallography, and are consistent with widening angles at the metal
      centre as more bulky and/or more electropositive substituents are employed. Thus,
      the widest germylene units (theta>110 degrees ) are found to be associated with
      strongly sigma-donating boryl or silyl ancillary donors. HOMO-LUMO gaps for the
      new germylene complexes have been appraised by DFT calculations. The aryl(boryl)
      germylene system [Ar(Mes) Ge{B(NDippCH)2 }] (6-Mes), which features a wide C-Ge-B
      angle (110.4(1) degrees ) and (albeit relatively weak) ancillary pi-acceptor
      capabilities, has the smallest HOMO-LUMO gap (119 kJ mol(-1) ). These features
      result in 6-Mes being remarkably reactive, undergoing facile intramolecular C-H
      activation involving one of the mesityl ortho-methyl groups. The related
      aryl(silyl)-germylene system, [Ar(Mes) Ge{Si(SiMe3 )3 }] (5-Mes) has a marginally
      wider HOMO-LUMO gap (134 kJ mol(-1) ), rendering it less labile towards
      decomposition, yet reactive enough to oxidatively cleave H2 and NH3 to give the
      corresponding dihydride and (amido)hydride. Mixed aryl/alkyl, aryl/amido and
      aryl/phosphido complexes are unreactive, but amido/boryl complex 8 is competent
      for the activation of E-H bonds (E=H, B, Si) to give hydrido, boryl and silyl
      products. The results of these reactivity studies imply that the use of the very
      strongly sigma-donating boryl or silyl substituents is an effective strategy for
      rendering metallylene complexes competent for E-H bond activation. 

PMID- 27381646
TI  - Inhibitory effect of 2-methyl-naphtho[1,2,3-de]quinolin-8-one on melanosome
      transport and skin pigmentation.
AB  - Melanosomes are lysosome-related organelles with specialized capabilities of
      melanin synthesis and movement mediated by the Rab27a-Melanophilin-MyosinVa
      protein complex. In this study, we found that 2-methyl-naphtho[1,2,3-de]quinolin
      8-one (MNQO) induced melanosome aggregation around the nucleus in melan-a
      melanocytes and in melan-a melanocytes/SP-1 keratinocyte co-cultures without
      inducing toxicity or changing the melanin content. Western blot and real-time PCR
      analyses showed that MNQO decreased expression of the Rab27a, Melanophilin and
      MyosinVa proteins and mRNAs, respectively, in melan-a melanocytes. In a
      reconstituted human epidermis model, treatment with 0.001% MNQO reduced skin
      pigmentation. Also, MNQO reduced skin pigmentation in brown guinea pigs induced
      by UVB irradiation. These results indicated that regulation of melanosome
      transport may serve as a good target for new skin depigmenting agents and MNQO
      itself could be a candidate.

PMID- 27381648
TI  - Effects of systematic nursing instruction on a low-phosphorus diet, serum
      phosphorus level and pruritus of patients on haemodialysis.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effectiveness of systematic nursing
      instruction on a low-phosphorus diet, serum phosphorus level and pruritus of
      haemodialysis patients. BACKGROUND: A high number of end-stage renal disease
      patients on haemodialysis are bothered by pruritus. Hyperphosphataemia was
      reported to be related to pruritus. DESIGN: An experimental design was applied.
      METHODS: Ninety-four patients who received haemodialysis between September 2013
      and December 2013 at a medical centre in Taipei, Taiwan, were recruited. An
      experimental group received individual systematic nursing instruction by the
      investigator through a nursing instruction pamphlet and reminder card for taking
      medication. A control group received traditional nursing instruction. The
      pruritus, blood phosphorus level and five-day diet records were evaluated before
      and after intervention. RESULTS: The experimental group had a low-phosphorus diet
      intake compared with the control group (p < 0.001). A significant difference in
      serum phosphorus level was observed between the experimental and control groups
      (p = 0.002). Incidence of pruritus was lower in the experimental group than in
      the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A systematic nursing instruction
      included using a pamphlet, pictures and reminder cards, the patients' blood
      phosphorus levels decreased, the patients consumed more low-phosphorus food, and
      pruritus decreased. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study recommends that
      clinical nursing staff include systematic nursing instruction as a routine
      practice for dialysis patients.

PMID- 27381649
TI  - Selective MS screening reveals a sex pheromone in Caenorhabditis briggsae and
      species-specificity in indole ascaroside signalling.
AB  - The indole ascarosides (icas) represent a highly potent class of nematode-derived
      modular signalling components that integrate structural inputs from amino acid,
      carbohydrate, and fatty acid metabolism. Comparative analysis of the crude exo
      metabolome of hermaphroditic Caenorhabditis briggsae using a highly sensitive
      mass spectrometric screen reveals an indole ascaroside blend dominated by two new
      components. The structures of isolated icas#2 and icas#6.2 were determined by NMR
      spectroscopy and confirmed by total synthesis and chemical correlation. Low atto-
      to femtomolar amounts of icas#2 and icas#6.2 act in synergism to attract males
      indicating a function as sex pheromone. Comparative analysis of 14 Caenorhabditis
      species further demonstrates that species-specific indole ascaroside biosynthesis
      is highly conserved in the Elegans group. Functional characterization of the
      dominating indole ascarosides icas#2, icas#3, and icas#9 reveals a high degree of
      species-specificity and considerable variability with respect to gender
      specificity, thus, confirming that indole ascarosides modulate different
      biological functions within the Elegans group. Although the nematode response was
      usually most pronounced towards conspecific signals, Caenorhabditis brenneri, the
      only species of the Elegans group that does not produce any indole ascarosides,
      exhibits a robust response to icas#2 suggesting the potential for interspecies
      interactions. 

PMID- 27381651
TI  - High-Quality Crystal Growth and Characteristics of AlGaN-Based Solar-Blind
      Distributed Bragg Reflectors with a Tri-layer Period Structure.
AB  - To realize AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet distributed Bragg reflectors
      (DBRs), a novel tri-layer AlGaN/AlInN/AlInGaN periodical structure that differs
      from the traditional periodically alternating layers of high- and low-refractive
      index materials was proposed and grown on an Al0.5Ga0.5N template via metal
      organic chemical vapour deposition. Because of the intentional design of the
      AlInGaN strain transition layer, a state-of-the-art DBR structure with atomic
      level-flatness interfaces was achieved using an AlGaN template. The fabricated
      DBR exhibits a peak reflectivity of 86% at the centre wavelength of 274 nm and a
      stopband with a full-width at half-maximum of 16 nm.

PMID- 27381650
TI  - The BB2 receptor antagonist BW2258U89 attenuates the feeding responses evoked by
      exogenous gastrin releasing peptide-29.
AB  - This confirmatory work is aimed to test that the hypothesis that the gastrin
      releasing peptide (GRP) receptor - the BB2 receptor - is necessary for reduction
      of meal size (MS) and prolongation of the intermeal interval (IMI) by the small
      and the large forms of GRP in the rat, GRP-10 and GRP-29, and to confirm the
      sites of action regulating such responses - the vascular bed of the celiac artery
      (CA, supplying stomach and upper duodenum). To pursue these aims we measured
      first MS and IMI length in response to GRP-10 and GRP-29 (0, 0.5nmol/kg) infused
      in the CA (n=8 rats) and the cranial mesenteric artery (CMA, supplying the small
      and part of the large intestine, n=8 rats) in near spontaneously free feeding
      rats pretreated with the BB2 receptor antagonist BW2258U89 (0.1mg/kg) in the same
      arteries prior to the onset of the dark cycle. We found that GRP-29, but not GRP
      10, infused by the CA reduced MS and prolonged the IMI by decreasing meal latency
      and meal duration and the BB2 receptor antagonist BW2258U89 infused in the same
      artery attenuated these responses. These results suggest that the BB2 receptor is
      necessary for reduction of MS and prolongation of the IMI by exogenous GRP-29,
      and the vascular bed of the CA, stomach and upper duodenum, contains sites of
      action regulating these feeding responses.

PMID- 27381652
TI  - Reduced-intensity or myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
      for mantle cell lymphoma: a systematic review.
AB  - Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is the only known
      treatment that can offer a cure in mantle cell lymphoma, but it is unclear if
      regimen dose-intensity offers any advantage. We performed a systematic
      review/meta-analysis to assess efficacy of allo-HCT using myeloablative or
      reduced-intensity conditioning. We report results according to the Preferred
      Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. On the basis
      of a relatively lower nonrelapse mortality and a slightly better progression-free
      survival/event-free survival and overall survival rates, reduced-intensity allo
      HCT regimens appear to be the preferred choice when an allo-HCT is being
      considered for mantle cell lymphoma. The higher rate of relapse when offering
      reduced-intensity regimens cannot be ignored but certainly highlights
      opportunities to incorporate post-transplant strategies to mitigate this risk. A
      prospective comparative study is ultimately needed to generate more conclusive
      evidence.

PMID- 27381653
TI  - Fractures of the tibial plateau involve similar energies as the tibial pilon but
      greater articular surface involvement.
AB  - Patients with tibial pilon fractures have a higher incidence of post-traumatic
      osteoarthritis than those with fractures of the tibial plateau. This may indicate
      that pilon fractures present a greater mechanical insult to the joint than do
      plateau fractures. We tested the hypothesis that fracture energy and articular
      fracture edge length, two independent indicators of severity, are higher in pilon
      than plateau fractures. We also evaluated whether clinical fracture
      classification systems accurately reflect severity. Seventy-five tibial plateau
      fractures and 52 tibial pilon fractures from a multi-institutional study were
      selected to span the spectrum of severity. Fracture severity measures were
      calculated using objective CT-based image analysis methods. The ranges of
      fracture energies measured for tibial plateau and pilon fractures were 3.2-33.2
      Joules (J) and 3.6-32.2 J, respectively, and articular fracture edge lengths were
      68.0-493.0 mm and 56.1-288.6 mm, respectively. There were no differences in the
      fracture energies between the two fracture types, but plateau fractures had
      greater articular fracture edge lengths (p < 0.001). The clinical fracture
      classifications generally reflected severity, but there was substantial overlap
      of fracture severity measures between different classes. Similar fracture
      energies with different degrees of articular surface involvement suggest a
      possible explanation for dissimilar rates of post-traumatic osteoarthritis for
      fractures of the tibial plateau compared to the tibial pilon. The substantial
      overlap of severity measures between different fracture classes may well have
      confounded prior clinical studies relying on fracture classification as a
      surrogate for severity. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:618-624, 2017.

PMID- 27381654
TI  - Proteomics reveals reduced expression of transketolase in pyrimidine 5'
      nucleotidase deficient patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To date, it remains a challenge to correctly and timely diagnose red
      blood cell (RBC) enzymopathies that result in hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic
      anemia (HNSHA), the third most common of which is pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase
      (P5N) deficiency with just over 100 cases recognized and confirmed worldwide.
      EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We have investigated the RBC proteome of a patient with P5N
      deficiency due to a homozygous frameshift mutation in the NT5C3A gene. Protein
      expression levels were analyzed against healthy controls and against patients
      with hemolytic anemia of different origin, to account for the patient's elevated
      reticulocyte versus RBC ratio. RESULTS: Stringent relative quantification of the
      patient's protein levels revealed reduced levels of P5N, and unexpectedly, also
      decreased levels of transketolase, an enzyme involved in the nonoxidative phase
      of the pentose phosphate pathway, one of the few key pathways active in RBCs.
      Immunoblotting of whole blood samples from this and other P5N-deficient patients
      with dissimilar mutations indicated that P5N deficiency was correlated with
      reduced transketolase levels. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Consequently,
      insight into patient RBC proteomes illustrates potential benefit of coupling
      quantitative proteomics strategies with routine HNSHA diagnostic procedures.
      Proteomics facilitates finding novel biomarkers for HNSHA patients, for example,
      suffering from P5N deficiency, providing new prospects for future diagnosis and
      therapy.

PMID- 27381655
TI  - Megalencephaly, polymicrogyria and ribbon-like band heterotopia: A new cortical
      malformation.
AB  - Megalencephalic polymicrogyria syndromes include megalencephaly-capillary
      malformation and megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus. Recent
      genetic studies have identified that genes in the PI3K-AKT pathway are involved
      in the pathogenesis of these disorders. Herein, we report a patient who presented
      with developmental delay, epilepsy and peculiar neuroimaging findings of
      megalencephaly, polymicrogyria, and symmetrical band heterotopia in the
      periventricular region. The heterotopias exhibited inhomogeneous signals with
      undulatory mixtures of gray and white matter, resembling ribbon-like heterotopia,
      with a predominance in the temporal to occipital regions. These neuroradiological
      findings were not consistent with those in known megalencephalic polymicrogyria
      syndromes. No genetic abnormality was identified through whole-exome sequencing.
      The neuroimaging findings of this patient may represent a novel cortical
      malformation involving megalencephaly with polymicrogyria and ribbon-like band
      heterotopia.

PMID- 27381656
TI  - Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of
      budesonide in asthma.
AB  - Inhaled glucocorticoids are the mainstay of asthma treatment. Indeed, such
      therapeutic agents effectively interfere with many pathogenic circuits
      underpinning asthma. Among these drugs, during the last decades budesonide has
      been probably the most used molecule in both experimental studies and clinical
      practice. Therefore, a large body of evidence clearly shows that budesonide,
      either alone or in combination with long-acting bronchodilators, provides a
      successful control of asthma in many patients ranging throughout the overall
      spectrum of disease severity. These excellent therapeutic properties of
      budesonide basically depend on its molecular mechanisms of action, capable of
      inhibiting within the airways the activity of multiple immune-inflammatory and
      structural cells involved in asthma pathobiology.

PMID- 27381657
TI  - Gender-related impact on outcomes of high density lipoprotein in acute ST
      elevation myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is rising evidence that cardioprotective functions of
      high-density lipoprotein (HDL) have significant impact on clinical outcomes. ST
      elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) represents a high-risk vascular
      condition. Whether higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations in women correspond to
      protective anti-oxidant properties in the setting of STEMI is unknown. METHODS:
      We prospectively assessed gender related differences in the anti-oxidant function
      of HDL, and the impact of HDL properties on mortality in 242 women and men with
      STEMI. Blood samples to determine HDL function and sex hormone levels were
      collected during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. RESULTS: Patients
      were stratified according to preserved anti-oxidant HDL function (HDL oxidant
      index (HOI) < 1) and pro-oxidant HDL (HOI>=1). Despite higher serum levels of HDL
      cholesterol in postmenopausal women (48 mg/dl, IQR 42-54, versus 39 mg/dl, IQR33
      47, p < 0.001 in men), the proportion of patients with pro-oxidant HDL was not
      different between women (35%) and men (46%, p = 0.132). Kaplan-Meier analysis
      revealed higher cardiovascular mortality in both women (p = 0.021) and men (p =
      0.045) with pro-oxidant HDL. We identified pro-oxidant HDL as strong and
      independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality with an adjusted HR of 8.33
      (95% CI, 1.55-44.63; p = 0.013) in women and with an adjusted HR of 5.14 (95% CI,
      1.61-16.42; p = 0.006) in men. Higher levels of free sex hormones (estradiol and
      testosterone) were associated with pro-oxidant HDL. HDL-cholesterol levels showed
      no association with mortality (HR in women 1.03, 95% CI 0.96-1.11, p = 0.45 and
      HR in men 0.99, 95% CI 0.94-1.05, p = 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: Total HDL-cholesterol
      serum levels were not associated with mortality in STEMI patients. Pro-oxidant
      HDL was a strong and independent predictor of mortality in women and men with
      STEMI. The present study provides a link between sex hormones, HDL function and
      clinical events in STEMI patients. In clinical practice and future clinical
      trials, anti-oxidant properties of HDL rather than total HDL serum levels should
      be used for risk stratification.

PMID- 27381659
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27381658
TI  - Single cell dual adherent-suspension co-culture micro-environment for studying
      tumor-stromal interactions with functionally selected cancer stem-like cells.
AB  - Considerable evidence suggests that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are critical in
      tumor pathogenesis, but their rarity and transience has led to much controversy
      about their exact nature. Although CSCs can be functionally identified using dish
      based tumorsphere assays, it is difficult to handle and monitor single cells in
      dish-based approaches; single cell-based microfluidic approaches offer better
      control and reliable single cell derived sphere formation. However, like normal
      stem cells, CSCs are heavily regulated by their microenvironment, requiring tumor
      stromal interactions for tumorigenic and proliferative behaviors. To enable
      single cell derived tumorsphere formation within a stromal microenvironment, we
      present a dual adherent/suspension co-culture device, which combines a suspension
      environment for single-cell tumorsphere assays and an adherent environment for co
      culturing stromal cells in close proximity by selectively patterning polyHEMA in
      indented microwells. By minimizing dead volume and improving cell capture
      efficiency, the presented platform allows for the use of small numbers of cells
      (<100 cells). As a proof of concept, we co-cultured single T47D (breast cancer)
      cells and primary cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) on-chip for 14 days to
      monitor sphere formation and growth. Compared to mono-culture, co-cultured T47D
      have higher tumorigenic potential (sphere formation rate) and proliferation rates
      (larger sphere size). Furthermore, 96-multiplexed single-cell transcriptome
      analyses were performed to compare the gene expression of co-cultured and mono
      cultured T47D cells. Phenotypic changes observed in co-culture correlated with
      expression changes in genes associated with proliferation, apoptotic suppression,
      tumorigenicity and even epithelial-to-mesechymal transition. Combining the
      presented platform with single cell transcriptome analysis, we successfully
      identified functional CSCs and investigated the phenotypic and transcriptome
      effects induced by tumor-stromal interactions.

PMID- 27381660
TI  - Different reactivity of primary fibroblasts and endothelial cells towards
      crystalline silica: A surface radical matter.
AB  - Quartz is a well-known occupational fibrogenic agent able to cause fibrosis and
      other severe pulmonary diseases such as silicosis and lung cancer. The silicotic
      pathology owes its severity to the structural and chemo-physical properties of
      the particles such as shape, size and abundance of surface radicals. In earlier
      studies, we reported that significant amounts of surface radicals can be
      generated on crystalline silica by chemical aggression with ascorbic acid (AA), a
      vitamin naturally abundant in the lung surfactant, and this reaction led to
      enhanced cytotoxicity and production of inflammatory mediators in a macrophage
      cell line. However in the lung, other cells acting in the development of
      silicosis, like fibroblasts and endothelial cells, can come to direct contact
      with inhaled quartz. We investigated the cytotoxic/pro-inflammatory effects of AA
      treated quartz microcrystals (QA) in human primary fibroblasts and endothelial
      cells as compared to unmodified microcrystals (Q). Our results show that, in
      fibroblasts, the abundance of surface radicals on quartz microcrystals (Q vs QA)
      significantly enhanced cell proliferation (with or without co-culture with
      macrophages), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, NF-kappaB nuclear
      translocation, smooth muscle actin, fibronectin, Bcl-2 and tissue inhibitor of
      metalloproteinase-1 expression and collagen production. Contrariwise, endothelial
      cells reacted to the presence of quartz microcrystals independently from the
      abundance of surface radicals showing similar levels of cytotoxicity, ROS
      production, cell migration, MCP-1, ICAM-I and fibronectin gene expression when
      challenged with Q or QA. In conclusion, our in vitro experimental model
      demonstrates an important and quite unexplored direct contribute of silica
      surface radicals to fibroblast proliferation and fibrogenic responses.

PMID- 27381662
TI  - Coordination-Cluster-Based Molecular Magnetic Refrigerants.
AB  - Coordination polymers serving as molecular magnetic refrigerants have been
      attracting great interest. In particular, coordination cluster compounds that
      demonstrate their apparent advantages on cryogenic magnetic refrigerants have
      attracted more attention in the last five years. Herein, we mainly focus on
      depicting aspects of syntheses, structures, and magnetothermal properties of
      coordination clusters that serve as magnetic refrigerants on account of the
      magnetocaloric effect. The documented molecular magnetic refrigerants are
      classified into two primary categories according to the types of metal centers,
      namely, homo- and heterometallic clusters. Every section is further divided into
      several subgroups based on the metal nuclearity and their dimensionalities,
      including discrete molecular clusters and those with extended structures
      constructed from molecular clusters. The objective is to present a rough overview
      of recent progress in coordination-cluster-based molecular magnetic refrigerants
      and provide a tutorial for researchers who are interested in the field.

PMID- 27381661
TI  - Enhancement of Low-field Magnetoresistance in Self-Assembled Epitaxial
      La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:NiO and La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:Co3O4 Composite Films via Polymer
      Assisted Deposition.
AB  - Polymer-assisted deposition method has been used to fabricate self-assembled
      epitaxial La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:NiO and La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:Co3O4 films on LaAlO3
      substrates. Compared to pulsed-laser deposition method, polymer-assisted
      deposition provides a simpler and lower-cost approach to self-assembled composite
      films with enhanced low-field magnetoresistance effect. After the addition of NiO
      or Co3O4, triangular NiO and tetrahedral Co3O4 nanoparticles remain on the
      surface of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films. This results in a dramatic increase in
      resistivity of the films from 0.0061 Omega*cm to 0.59 Omega*cm and 1.07 Omega*cm,
      and a decrease in metal-insulator transition temperature from 270 K to 180 K and
      172 K by the addition of 10%-NiO and 10%-Co3O4, respectively. Accordingly, the
      maximum absolute magnetoresistance value is improved from -44.6% to -59.1% and 
      52.7% by the addition of 10%-NiO and 10%-Co3O4, respectively. The enhanced low
      field magnetoresistance property is ascribed to the introduced insulating phase
      at the grain boundaries. The magnetism is found to be more suppressed for the
      La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:Co3O4 composite films than the La0.67Ca0.33MnO3:NiO films, which
      can be attributed to the antiferromagnetic properties of the Co3O4 phase. The
      solution-processed composite films show enhanced low-field magnetoresistance
      effect which are crucial in practical applications. We expect our polymer
      assisted deposited films paving the pathway in the field of hole-doped
      perovskites with their intrinsic colossal magnetoresistance.

PMID- 27381663
TI  - Airway remodelling in COPD: It's not asthma!
AB  - COPD is defined as airflow limitation that is not reversed by treatment. In
      asthma, airflow limitation is not only reversible, but also inducible. This is
      called 'airway hyperresponsiveness' (AHR) and is associated with thickening of
      the airway wall, predominantly the layer of airway smooth muscle, due to more
      cells, bigger cells and more extracellular matrix (ECM) in proportion to the
      increase in smooth muscle. AHR is also observed in COPD if the changes in airflow
      are expressed as a percent of the baseline lung function. However, the absolute
      change in baseline lung function that can be induced in COPD is actually less
      than that seen in normal subjects, suggesting that the airways in COPD are
      resistant not only to opening, but also to closing. This observation agrees with
      physiological measures showing increased airway wall stiffness in COPD. Like
      asthma, airway wall thickness is increased in COPD, including the layer of smooth
      muscle. Unlike asthma, however, fixed airflow obstruction appears to be
      characterized by a disproportionate increase in the ECM within the smooth muscle
      layer. In this review, we summarize the studies of airway matrix deposition in
      COPD and put forward the proposal that the airway remodelling in COPD is
      different from that in asthma and call for a systematic analysis of airway matrix
      deposition in COPD.

PMID- 27381664
TI  - Relation of Obesity to Survival After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that obesity is paradoxically associated with
      improved outcomes in many cardiovascular (CV) disease states; however, whether
      obesity affects survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) has not been
      well examined. We queried the 2003 to 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases
      to identify all patients aged >=18 years who underwent cardiopulmonary
      resuscitation for IHCA. Obese patients were identified using the co-morbidity
      variable for obesity, as defined in Nationwide Inpatient Sample databases.
      Survival to hospital discharge was compared between obese and nonobese patients
      using multivariate regression models. Of 836,289 patients with IHCA, 67,216
      (8.0%) were obese. Obese patients were younger and more likely to be women
      compared with nonobese patients. Despite being younger, obese patients had
      significantly higher prevalence of most CV co-morbidities such as dyslipidemia,
      coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, heart failure, diabetes
      mellitus, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, and chronic renal failure (p
      <0.001 for all). Obese patients were more likely to have ventricular tachycardia
      or ventricular fibrillation as the initial cardiac arrest rhythm (22.3% vs 20.9%;
      p <0.001). After multivariate risk adjustment, obese patients had improved
      survival to hospital discharge compared with nonobese patients (31.4% vs 24.1%;
      unadjusted odds ratio 1.44, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.47, p <0.001; adjusted odds ratio
      1.15, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p <0.001). Similar results were seen in patients with
      CV or non-CV conditions as the primary diagnosis and in those with ventricular
      tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation or pulseless electrical activity/asystole as
      the cardiac arrest rhythm. In conclusion, this large retrospective analysis of a
      nationwide cohort of patients with IHCA demonstrated higher risk-adjusted odds of
      survival in obese patients, consistent with an "obesity paradox."

PMID- 27381666
TI  - Dizziness Playing the Saxophone Secondary to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - A decrease in left ventricular volume increases the severity of left ventricular
      outflow tract obstruction in patients with obstructive hypertrophic
      cardiomyopathy, formerly called idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
      Because of this, a musician with the condition develops dizziness playing his
      saxophone which requires repeated and prolonged Valsalva maneuvers.

PMID- 27381665
TI  - Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Versus Surgery in Women at High Risk for
      Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (from the CoreValve US High Risk Pivotal
      Trial).
AB  - The objective of this study was to compare outcomes in women after surgical
      aortic valve replacement (SAVR) versus transcatheter aortic valve replacement
      (TAVR) using a self-expanding prosthesis in patients with severe aortic stenosis
      who were at high risk for SAVR. Although registries and meta-analyses have
      suggested that TAVR is of considerable benefit in women, perhaps even more so
      than in men, a rigorous evaluation of TAVR with a self-expanding valve versus
      SAVR in women from a randomized trial has not been performed. Patients with
      severe aortic stenosis were randomized 1:1 to either TAVR or SAVR. Outcomes at 1
      year are reported. Treatment was attempted in a total of 353 women (183 TAVR and
      170 SAVR). Baseline characteristics and predicted risk of the 2 groups were
      comparable, although the frequency of diabetes mellitus was lower in patients
      undergoing TAVR (33.3% vs 45.3%; p = 0.02). TAVR-treated patients experienced a
      statistically significant 1-year survival advantage compared with SAVR patients
      (12.7% vs 21.8%; p = 0.03). The composite all-cause mortality or major stroke
      rate also favored TAVR (14.9% vs 24.2%; p = 0.04). Quality of life, as measured
      by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire summary score, for both the TAVR
      and SAVR groups increased significantly from baseline to 1 year. In conclusion,
      female TAVR patients had lower 1-year mortality and lower 1-year all-cause
      mortality or major stroke compared with women undergoing SAVR, with both cohorts
      experiencing improved quality of life. Further studies specifically in women are
      warranted to validate these findings. 

PMID- 27381667
TI  - Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Disease-Free Black South Africans and
      Correlations With Echocardiographic Indexes and Early Repolarization.
AB  - Electrocardiographic abnormalities, and specifically early repolarization (ER)
      patterns, are increasingly found to be common variants in healthy populations
      free of heart disease or risk factors. Data are sparse in subjects of African
      descent, for which no increase in adverse cardiovascular outcomes have been
      demonstrated. A database of healthy disease-free adult volunteers of sub-Saharan
      African descent had 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) and transthoracic
      echocardiograms performed. Statistical tests were then performed on the data to
      elicit associations; 396 volunteers (63.1% women) with a mean age of 37.4 years
      met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. An abnormal ECG was identified in 50.5%
      of volunteers, largely because of underlying ST elevation at the J point (ER),
      left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by voltage criteria, and T-wave inversion. Men
      were more likely to have abnormal ECGs (odds ratio [OR] 1.75; p <0.001), axes (OR
      2.05; p = 0.023), display LVH by Sokolow-Lyon voltage criteria (OR 5.45; p
      <0.001), and have ER patterns (OR 11.61; p <0.001). Additionally, younger adults
      were also more likely to display LVH by voltage criteria and ER patterns.
      Volunteers with LVH by ECG had 5.7% higher LV mass indexes (p = 0.047). An
      abnormal ECG was not associated with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
      or diastolic dysfunction. ECG abnormalities, especially ER patterns, in black
      adults of Sub-Saharan descent are common, occurring in half of the normal adults.

PMID- 27381668
TI  - Comparison of Inhospital Mortality and Frequency of Coronary Angiography on
      Weekend Versus Weekday Admissions in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute
      Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - Patients with myocardial infarction admitted on weekends have been reported to
      less frequently undergo invasive angiography and experience poorer outcomes. We
      used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2003 to 2011) to compare
      differences in all-cause inhospital mortality between patients admitted on a
      weekend versus weekday for an acute non-ST-segment elevation myocardial
      infarction (NSTEMI) and to determine if rates and timing of coronary
      revascularization contributed to this difference. A total of 3,625,271 NSTEMI
      admissions were identified, of which 909,103 (25.1%) were weekend and 2,716,168
      (74.9%) were weekday admissions. Admission on a weekend versus weekday was
      independently associated with lower rates of coronary angiography (odds ratio
      [OR] 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89 to 0.90; p <0.001) or utilization of
      an early invasive strategy (EIS) (OR 0.480; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.48; p <0.001).
      Unadjusted inhospital mortality was significantly higher for the cohort of
      patients admitted on weekends (adjusted OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.04; p <0.001).
      However, this disparity was no longer significant after adjustment for
      differences in rates of utilization of EIS (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.03; p =
      0.11). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that among patients admitted with a
      diagnosis of an acute NSTEMI, admission on a weekend was associated with higher
      inhospital mortality compared with admission on a weekday and that lower rates of
      utilization of EIS contributed significantly to this disparity.

PMID- 27381669
TI  - Reliability of the Size Evaluation Method for Meningiomas: Maximum Diameter,
      ABC/2 Formula, and Planimetry Method.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the accuracy of tumor size by maximum diameter, ABC/2
      formula, and planimetry method using thick-slice and thin-slice magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Maximum diameter and tumor volume calculated
      using ABC/2 formula (V1) and planimetry method with thick-slice MRI (V2) and thin
      slice MRI (V3) were examined in 83 meningiomas. Form factor (FF) analysis was
      performed to assess irregularity of the tumor. V3 values were considered as real
      tumor volumes. The accuracy of V1 and V2 was evaluated using ratio and difference
      from V3. Meningiomas were categorized by tumor locations: skull base (anterior,
      middle, and posterior) and non-skull base (calvaria and other sites). RESULTS:
      Correlation between maximum diameter and V3 was statistically significant (r =
      0.91), but the error was significant in tumors with longer maximum diameters.
      Correlation between V1 and V3 was significant (r = 0.97). However, V1 tended to
      be larger in middle skull base meningiomas or in tumors with low FF values (R2 =
      0.21). V2 represented relatively accurate volumes in both groups except in the
      case of small meningiomas. When tumors were demonstrated within 3 fractions on
      thick-slice MRI, the ratio of V2 to V3 showed significant variability.
      CONCLUSIONS: Using the ABC/2 formula, the volume of meningiomas in the middle
      skull base or meningiomas with low FF value might be calculated larger than the
      real tumor volume. The planimetry method with thick-slice MRI demonstrated
      relatively accurate volumes if the tumor was fractionated in >4 slices.

PMID- 27381670
TI  - Role of agonistic autoantibodies against type-1 angiotensin II receptor in the
      pathogenesis of retinopathy in preeclampsia.
AB  - To investigate the mechanism underlying AT1-AA-induced retinopathy in severe
      preeclampsia by measuring the positive rate and titer of AT1-AA in plasma from
      women with severe preeclampsia and normal pregnant women to see whether AT1-AA
      titer was correlated with the grade of retinopathy. A preeclampsia rat model was
      also established by intravenous injection of AT1-AA extracted from the plasma of
      patient suffering from severe preeclampsia. The results showed that the plasma
      titer and positive rate of AT1-AA were significantly higher in women with severe
      preeclampsia than normal pregnant women. The antibody titer in cases of severe
      preeclampsia was associated with the grade of retinopathy, and positively
      correlated with the level of TNF-alpha and VEGF. The animal experiment results
      showed that the modeled rats presented symptoms very similar to symptoms of human
      preeclampsia, including retinopathy. Ocular fundus examination showed retinal
      microvascular abnormalities, hemorrhaging and leakage in the severe preeclampsia.
      Morphological changes included edema, thickening of the INL and ONL, and pigment
      atrophy. TNF-alpha and VEGF levels were increased in the vitreous humor and
      retina of the model rats. Our studies results suggest that abnormal expression of
      AT1-AA could induce damage to retinal capillary endothelial cells and increase
      vascular permeability, resulting in retinopathy.

PMID- 27381671
TI  - Potent in vitro antiproliferative properties for a triplatinum cluster toward
      triple negative breast cancer cells.
AB  - The trinuclear platinum cluster [Pt3(MU-PBut2)3(CO)3]CF3SO3 (I) was designed
      featuring the presence of a nearly equilateral platinum triangle bridged by three
      di-tert-butylphosphide ligands; in addition, each platinum center bears a
      terminal carbonyl ligand. This triplatinum cluster was initially developed in
      view of applications in the field of cluster-containing innovative materials.
      Yet, due to the large success of platinum complexes in cancer treatment, we also
      decided to explore its cytotoxic and anticancer properties. Accordingly, the
      solubility profile of this compound in several solvents was preliminarily
      investigated, revealing a conspicuous solubility in DMSO and DMSO/buffer
      mixtures; this makes the biological testing of I amenable. UV-Vis measurements
      showed that the triplatinum cluster is stable for several hours under a variety
      of conditions, within aqueous environments. No measurable reactivity was observed
      for I toward two typical model proteins, i.e. lysozyme and cytochrome c. On the
      contrary, a significant reactivity was evidenced when reacting I with small
      sulfur-containing ligands. In particular, a pronounced reactivity with reduced
      glutathione and cysteine emerged from ESI-MS experiments, proving complete
      formation of I-GSH and I-Cys derivatives, with the loss of a single carbonyl
      ligand. Starting from these encouraging results, the cytotoxic potential of I was
      assayed in vitro against a panel of representative cancer cell lines, and potent
      cytotoxic properties were disclosed. Of particular interest is the finding that
      the triplatinum species manifests potent antiproliferative properties toward
      Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells, often refractory to most anticancer drugs.
      Owing to the reported encouraging results, a more extensive biological and
      pharmacological evaluation of this Pt cluster is now warranted to better
      elucidate its mode of action.

PMID- 27381672
TI  - Left main coronary artery occlusion in an asymptomatic patient: late complication
      after arterial switch operation.
AB  - Long-term complications of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the
      great arteries include coronary artery stenosis and occlusion. We present a
      patient with high-grade left main coronary artery stenosis 18 years following the
      arterial switch procedure who was successfully treated with a left internal
      mammary artery to left anterior descending artery bypass. 

PMID- 27381674
TI  - Transplantation after ex vivo lung perfusion: A midterm follow-up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large proportion of donor lungs are discarded due to known or
      presumed organ dysfunction. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has proven its value as
      a tool for discrimination between reversible and irreversible donor lung
      pathology. However, the long-term outcome after transplantation of lungs after
      EVLP is essentially unknown. We report short-term and midterm outcomes of
      recipients who received transplants of EVLP-evaluated lungs. METHODS: Single
      center results of recipients of lungs with prior EVLP were compared with
      consecutive recipients of non-EVLP lungs (controls) during the same period. Short
      term follow-up included time to extubation, time in the intensive care unit, and
      the presence of primary graft dysfunction at 72 hours postoperatively. Mortality
      and incidence of chronic lung allograft dysfunction were monitored for up to 4
      years after discharge. RESULTS: During a 4-year period, 32 pairs of initially
      rejected donor lungs underwent EVLP. After EVLP, 22 double lungs and 5 single
      lungs were subsequently transplanted. During this period, 145 patients received
      transplants of conventional donor lungs that did not have EVLP and constituted
      the control group. Median time to extubation was 7 hours in the EVLP group and 6
      hours in the non-EVLP control group (p = 0.45). Median intensive care unit stay
      was 4 days vs. 3 days, respectively (p = 0.15). Primary graft dysfunction grade >
      1 was present in 14% in the EVLP group and in 12% in the non-EVLP group at 72
      hours after transplant. Survival at 1 year was 92% in the EVLP group and 79% in
      the non-EVLP group. Cumulative survival and freedom from retransplantation or
      chronic rejection were also comparable between the 2 groups (p = 0.43) when
      monitored up to 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: Selected donor lungs rejected for
      transplantation can be used after EVLP. This technique is effective for selection
      of transplantable donor lungs. Patients who received lungs evaluated under EVLP
      have short-term and midterm outcomes comparable to recipients of non-EVLP donor
      lungs.

PMID- 27381675
TI  - Lung transplantation following coronary artery bypass surgery-improved outcomes
      following single-lung transplant.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been a
      contraindication to lung transplantation (LTx) because of disease severity and
      technical considerations. Although patients increasingly are being referred for
      and receiving LTx, whether it should remain a contraindication is unknown. We
      sought to define the prevalence of LTx after CABG and determine the effect on
      outcomes. METHODS: The United Network for Organ Sharing Standard Transplant
      Analysis and Research data set was queried during the period 2004-2013 for adult
      LTx patients, as prior CABG became a mandatory reporting field in 2004. The
      primary end-points were 30-day and 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals. RESULTS: The
      study cohort included 14,791 patients, of whom 292 patients had previously
      undergone CABG (single left, n = 68; single right, n = 181; bilateral, n = 43),
      representing 2% of all transplants. For the entire cohort, 30-day survival was
      97%, and survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 88%, 79%, and 74%. CABG was a
      predictor of mortality at all time points, with hazard ratios ranging from 1.97
      (confidence interval, 1.23-3.16; p < 0.01) at 30 days to 1.38 (confidence
      interval, 1.12-1.69; p < 0.01) at 5 years. When stratified by type of transplant,
      CABG strongly predicted mortality at all time points for patients receiving
      bilateral, but not single, transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Although LTx after CABG is
      uncommon, it is increasingly performed in the current era. Single right LTx is
      the most common procedure performed in patients with prior CABG. CABG before LTx
      is an independent predictor of mortality at all time points and is driven by
      increased mortality in patients receiving bilateral LTx.

PMID- 27381673
TI  - Rapid and label-free microfluidic neutrophil purification and phenotyping in
      diabetes mellitus.
AB  - Advanced management of dysmetabolic syndromes such as diabetes will benefit from
      a timely mechanistic insight enabling personalized medicine approaches. Herein,
      we present a rapid microfluidic neutrophil sorting and functional phenotyping
      strategy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using small blood volumes
      (fingerprick ~100 MUL). The developed inertial microfluidics technology enables
      single-step neutrophil isolation (>90% purity) without immuno-labeling and sorted
      neutrophils are used to characterize their rolling behavior on E-selectin, a
      critical step in leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. The integrated
      microfluidics testing methodology facilitates high throughput single-cell
      quantification of neutrophil rolling to detect subtle differences in speed
      distribution. Higher rolling speed was observed in T2DM patients (P < 0.01) which
      strongly correlated with neutrophil activation, rolling ligand P-selectin
      glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) expression, as well as established cardiovascular
      risk factors (cholesterol, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) and HbA1c).
      Rolling phenotype can be modulated by common disease risk modifiers (metformin
      and pravastatin). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and principal
      component analysis (PCA) revealed neutrophil rolling as an important functional
      phenotype in T2DM diagnostics. These results suggest a new point-of-care testing
      methodology, and neutrophil rolling speed as a functional biomarker for rapid
      profiling of dysmetabolic subjects in clinical and patient-oriented settings.

PMID- 27381676
TI  - Polarization-driven catalysis via ferroelectric oxide surfaces.
AB  - The surface chemistry and physics of oxide ferroelectric surfaces with a fixed
      polarization state have been studied experimentally for some time. Here, we
      discuss the possibility of using these materials in a different mode, namely
      under cyclically changing polarization conditions achievable via periodic
      perturbations by external fields (e.g., temperature, strain or electric field).
      We use Density Functional Theory (DFT) and electronic structure analysis to
      understand the polarization-dependent surface physics and chemistry of
      ferroelectric oxide PbTiO3 as an example of this class of materials. This
      knowledge is then applied to design catalytic cycles for industrially important
      reactions including NOx direct decomposition and SO2 oxidation into SO3. The
      possibility of catalyzing direct partial oxidation of methane to methanol is also
      investigated. More generally, we discuss how using ferroelectrics under
      cyclically changing polarization conditions can help overcome some of the
      fundamental challenges facing the catalysis community such as the limitations
      imposed by the Sabatier principle and scaling relations. 

PMID- 27381678
TI  - Hepatitis C virus core protein increases Snail expression and induces epithelial
      mesenchymal transition through the signal transducer and activator of
      transcription 3 pathway in hepatoma cells.
AB  - AIM: Aberrant expression of Snail, a mediator of epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT), is crucial for cancer invasiveness and metastasis. Although
      hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein has been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis,
      the relationship between HCV core and Snail expression has not been clarified.
      METHODS: HepG2 and Huh7 stable cell lines were established by transfection with
      pcDNA-HCVc. HepG2-HCVc and Huh7-HCVc cells were co-administered with AG490. Cell
      migration and invasiveness were tested. STAT3 and Snail expression was analyzed
      by Real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: We found that HCV core is capable of
      increasing Snail expression and inducing EMT in hepatoma cells. HCV core-induced
      Snail expression was accompanied by activation of signal transducer and activator
      of transcription 3 (STAT3), inhibition of STAT3 abrogated HCV core-induced Snail
      expression and EMT. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that
      phosphorylated STAT3 directly binds to the Snail promoter. CONCLUSION:
      Collectively, these results suggest that HCV core would play a role in
      hepatocellular carcinoma invasiveness and metastasis by activating the STAT3
      pathway, increasing Snail expression and subsequently triggering EMT. These
      findings would advance the understanding of HCV-mediated invasiveness and
      metastasis, and might provide a new potential therapeutic target for HCV-related
      hepatocellular carcinoma.

PMID- 27381677
TI  - Navigation in bile acid chemical space: discovery of novel FXR and GPBAR1
      ligands.
AB  - Bile acids are signaling molecules interacting with nuclear receptors and
      membrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Among these receptors, the farnesoid X
      receptor (FXR) and the membrane G-coupled receptor (GPBAR1) have gained
      increasing consideration as druggable receptors and their exogenous dual
      regulation represents an attractive strategy in the treatment of enterohepatic
      and metabolic disorders. However, the therapeutic use of dual modulators could be
      associated to severe side effects and therefore the discovery of selective GPBAR1
      and FXR agonists is an essential step in the medicinal chemistry optimization of
      bile acid scaffold. In this study, a new series of 6-ethylcholane derivatives
      modified on the tetracyclic core and on the side chain has been designed and
      synthesized and their in vitro activities on FXR and GPBAR1 were assayed. This
      speculation resulted in the identification of compound 7 as a potent and
      selective GPBAR1 agonist and of several derivatives showing potent dual agonistic
      activity.

PMID- 27381679
TI  - The influence of different shavers on the skin quantified by non-invasive
      reflectance confocal microscopy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of personal care devices on skin is mainly assessed using
      subjective tools. However, new objective, accurate non-invasive in vivo imaging
      techniques have been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability
      of reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) in quantifying morphological impact of
      shavers on skin. Furthermore, tape stripping (TS) as method to study
      morphological impact of shavers was evaluated. METHODS: In 12 healthy male
      subjects, for two consecutive days, a split-face test was performed in the neck;
      on one side a shaver was applied, while the other side was exposed to TS. The
      stratum corneum (SC) thickness was quantified using RCM and sensory observations
      were evaluated using questionnaires. RESULTS: Shavers with a different impact on
      skin, can be discriminated by RCM; shaver B removed more SC after application
      than the skin friendlier shaver A. Furthermore, the changes in SC thickness
      induced by TS corresponded well to that of the shavers. CONCLUSION: RCM is able
      to quantify the impact of different shavers on skin. Besides, TS appeared to be a
      suitable model mimicking the mechanical impact of shavers on skin. RCM in
      combination with the TS model appeared to be a suitable minimally invasive model
      to obtain morphological and cell biological data on skin-material interactions
      caused by different personal care devices.

PMID- 27381681
TI  - The potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in immunotherapy.

PMID- 27381682
TI  - Efficacy of immunotherapy for metastatic mucosal melanoma.

PMID- 27381683
TI  - Blinatumomab-induced donor T-cell activation for post-stem cell transplant
      relapsed acute CD19-positive biphenotypic leukemia.
AB  - Post-stem cell transplantation (SCT) relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
      has extremely poor prognosis with median survival of less than 1 year. Donor
      lymphocyte infusion, second transplantation, chemotherapy or cytokine treatment
      have been tried as a salvage regimen without significant clinical benefit.
      Recently, blinatumomab, a bispecific monoclonal antibody targeting CD3-expressing
      T cells and CD19-expressing B-cell lineage malignant cells demonstrated promising
      outcomes in relapsed/refractory ALL patients. Literature on blinatumomab use in
      biphenotypic ALL along with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph(+)) ALL is
      limited. We report a case of post-SCT relapsed CD19 expressing biphenotypic
      lymphoblastic leukemia patient who achieved complete remission after blinatumomab
      treatment and has lasting remission for 1 year.

PMID- 27381680
TI  - Efficacy and Mechanisms of Aerobic Exercise on Cancer Initiation, Progression,
      and Metastasis: A Critical Systematic Review of In Vivo Preclinical Data.
AB  - A major objective of the emerging field of exercise-oncology research is to
      determine the efficacy of, and biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise
      affects cancer incidence, progression, and/or metastasis. There is a strong
      inverse association between self-reported exercise and the primary incidence of
      several forms of cancer; similarly, emerging data suggest that exercise exposure
      after a cancer diagnosis may improve outcomes for early-stage breast, colorectal,
      or prostate cancer. Arguably, critical next steps in the development of exercise
      as a candidate treatment in cancer control require preclinical studies to
      validate the biological efficacy of exercise, identify the optimal "dose", and
      pinpoint mechanisms of action. To evaluate the current evidence base, we
      conducted a critical systematic review of in vivo studies investigating the
      effects of exercise in cancer prevention and progression. Studies were evaluated
      on the basis of tumor outcomes (e.g., incidence, growth, latency, metastasis),
      dose-response, and mechanisms of action, when available. A total of 53 studies
      were identified and evaluated on tumor incidence (n = 24), tumor growth (n = 33),
      or metastasis (n = 10). We report that the current evidence base is plagued by
      considerable methodologic heterogeneity in all aspects of study design,
      endpoints, and efficacy. Such heterogeneity precludes meaningful comparisons and
      conclusions at present. To this end, we provide a framework of methodologic and
      data reporting standards to strengthen the field to guide the conduct of high
      quality studies required to inform translational, mechanism-driven clinical
      trials. Cancer Res; 76(14); 4032-50. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27381686
TI  - Antibody-targeted nanoparticles for cancer treatment.
AB  - Nanoparticles (NPs) are diverse and versatile with physical properties that can
      be employed for use in cancer medicine. Targeting NPs using antibodies and
      antibody fragments could overcome some of the limitations seen with current
      targeted therapies. This review will discuss the role of antibody-targeted NPs in
      the treatment of cancer: as delivery vehicles, targeted theranostic agents and in
      the evolving field of cancer hyperthermia.

PMID- 27381687
TI  - Immunotherapeutic implications of IL-6 blockade for cytokine storm.
AB  - IL-6 contributes to host defense against infections and tissue injuries. However,
      exaggerated, excessive synthesis of IL-6 while fighting environmental stress
      leads to an acute severe systemic inflammatory response known as 'cytokine
      storm', since high levels of IL-6 can activate the coagulation pathway and
      vascular endothelial cells but inhibit myocardial function. Remarkable beneficial
      effects of IL-6 blockade therapy using a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody,
      tocilizumab were recently observed in patients with cytokine release syndrome
      complicated by T-cell engaged therapy. In this review we propose the possibility
      that IL-6 blockade may constitute a novel therapeutic strategy for other types of
      cytokine storm, such as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome including
      sepsis, macrophage activation syndrome and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

PMID- 27381685
TI  - Rationale for immune-based therapies in Merkel polyomavirus-positive and 
      negative Merkel cell carcinomas.
AB  - Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but often deadly skin cancer that is
      typically caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Polyomavirus T-antigen
      oncoproteins are persistently expressed in virus-positive MCCs (~80% of cases),
      while remarkably high numbers of tumor-associated neoantigens are detected in
      virus-negative MCCs, suggesting that both MCC subsets may be immunogenic. Here we
      review mechanisms by which these immunogenic tumors evade multiple levels of host
      immunity. Additionally, we summarize the exciting potential of diverse immune
      based approaches to treat MCC. In particular, agents blocking the PD-1 axis have
      yielded strikingly high response rates in MCC as compared with other solid
      tumors, highlighting the potential for immune-mediated treatment of this disease.

PMID- 27381688
TI  - Efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy in patients with gastric cancer: a meta
      analysis.
AB  - AIM: To systemically evaluate the efficacy and safety of adoptive cellular
      therapy for the treatment of gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS & METHODS: We
      performed a systemic review and meta-analysis of nine eligible trials with GC and
      evaluated the effect of adoptive cellular therapy on the overall survival (OS)
      rate, T-cell subsets and adverse events. RESULTS: Overall, 829 patients were
      involved in the analysis. Adoptive cellular therapy significantly improved the OS
      rate compared with the control group. Meanwhile, we observed greatly increased
      percentages of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD4(+)/CD8(+) in cellular therapy groups.
      CONCLUSION: Adoptive cellular therapy combined with adjuvant therapy resulted in
      significantly better OS rates, progression-free survival and T-lymphocyte
      responses in patients with GC.

PMID- 27381684
TI  - IFN-lambda cancer immunotherapy: new kid on the block.
AB  - Interferon-lambda (IFN-lambda) is a new IFN type, related to IFN-alpha, that is
      commonly used in the clinic. However, significant side effects accompanying IFN
      alpha treatment limit enthusiasm for IFN-alpha. In this review, we discuss the
      current landscape of IFN-alpha use in oncology and describe the biologic
      characteristics of IFN-lambda. IFN-lambda offers unique advantages, including a
      more tumor cell selective targeting, lower off-target binding and an ability to
      generate both innate and adaptive immune responses. IFN-lambda has also
      demonstrated therapeutic benefit in murine cancer models. IFN-lambda may be used
      in clinic as a single agent or in combination with other immunotherapy agents,
      such as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Further clinical trials will be needed to
      fully elucidate the potential of this novel agent in oncology.

PMID- 27381689
TI  - Urology pertinent neuroendocrine tumors: focusing on renal pelvis, bladder,
      prostate located sympathetic functional paragangliomas.
AB  - Urology pertinent neuroendocrine neoplasias are more and more driving to research
      attractive contributions mainly as regards the urinary tract paragangliomas,
      besides the prostate cancer neuroendocrine differentiation. About such visceral
      sympathetic paragangliomas, a considerable attention is aroused by those
      concerning the renal pelvis, urinary bladder and, particularly, the prostate
      gland. Essential catecholamine/adrenergic signal-mediated pathophysiological
      implications and outlined diagnostic approaches are here taken into
      consideration. Particularly, to reach an accurate functional diagnostic
      assessment, both plasma and urine catecholamine level tests are required together
      with 123I or 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scan while 131I-, instead of
      123I-, labeled MIBG, proving to be also useful to targeted radionuclide therapy
      of sympathetic paragangliomas. Nevertheless, a thorough diagnostic confirmation
      should be obtained by a proper histologic/ immunohistochemical study, so that it
      respectively highlighting the typical "zellballen" cell setting and
      neuroendocrine tumor cell specific biomarkers such as chromogranin-A,
      synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase. Open/laparoscopic/robot-assisted surgical
      procedures are performed under alpha1 (doxazosin, prazosin) - and
      beta(propranolol)-adrenergic blockade to avoid the risk of an intraoperative
      adrenergic signal-triggered hypertensive crisis, what moreover may occur also
      during cystoscopy and biopsy in case of bladder or prostate paraganglioma. Given
      a conceivable likeness, about some adrenergic-mediated pathophysiological
      implications, between prostate paraganglioma and prostate cancer neuroendocrine
      transdifferentiation - although as regards two obviously different diseases - a
      reliable pathogenetic matter concerning prostate paraganglioma is requiring novel
      research approaches. 

PMID- 27381690
TI  - Comparison of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy under local anaesthesia and
      minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy for primary
      hyperparathyroidism: a cost analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) origins from a solitary adenoma in
      70- 95% of cases. Moreover, the advances in methods for localizing an abnormal
      parathyroid gland made minimally invasive techniques more prominent. This study
      presents a micro-cost analysis of two parathyroidectomy techniques. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: 72 consecutive patients who underwent minimally invasive
      parathyroidectomy, video-assisted (MIVAP, group A, 52 patients) or "open" under
      local anaesthesia (OMIP, group B, 20 patients) for PHPT were reviewed. Operating
      room, consumable, anaesthesia, maintenance costs, equipment depreciation and
      surgeons/anaesthesiologists fees were evaluated. The patient's satisfaction and
      the rate of conversion to conventional parathyroidectomy were investigated. T
      Student's, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and Odds Ratio were used for statistical
      analysis. RESULTS: 1 patient of the group A and 2 of the group B were excluded
      from the cost analysis because of the conversion to the conventional technique.
      Concerning the remnant patients, the overall average costs were: for Operative
      Room, 1186,69 ? for the MIVAP group (51 patients) and 836,11 ? for the OMIP group
      (p<0,001); for the Team, 122,93 ? (group A) and 90,02 ? (group B) (p<0,001); the
      other operative costs were 1388,32 ? (group A) and 928,23 ? (group B) (p<0,001).
      The patient's satisfaction was very strongly in favour of the group B (Odds Ratio
      20,5 with a 95% confidence interval). CONCLUSIONS: MIVAP is more expensive
      compared to the "open" parathyroidectomy under local anaesthesia due to the costs
      of general anaesthesia and the longer operative time. Moreover, the patients
      generally prefer the local anaesthesia. Nevertheless, the rate of conversion to
      the conventional parathyroidectomy was relevant in the group of the local
      anaesthesia compared to the MIVAP, since the latter allows a four-gland
      exploration.

PMID- 27381691
TI  - Predictive factors of difficult procedure in octogenarians undergoing elective
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a single center experience.
AB  - AIM: To assess the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in
      very elderly patients with particular attention to the predicitive factors of
      difficulty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients aged >= 80 undergoing elective LC
      for lithiasis at our institution since 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015
      were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were: a) acute cholecystitis; b)
      biliary pancreatitis; c) biliary tract neoplasms; d) urgent procedure. Pre-,
      intra- and postoperative data were recorded. RESULTS: During the study period, we
      performed 72 LC and we enrolled 17 patients aged >= 80 with a M:F = 5:12. Of
      these, 10 patients had a "difficult" cholecystectomy. In seven cases an
      intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) was performed. Postoperative course was
      regular but in two patients we had an Oddian spasm in 1st postoperative day.
      Female sex (p=0.03) and preoperative high level of serum amylase (p= 0.02) were
      significantly associated to difficult cholecystectomy in elderly patients.
      CONCLUSION: LC in octogenarians is feasible and safe. However, sex and serum
      amylase can help the surgeon to predict a more difficult procedure in elective
      LC. In this group of patients an approach based on the individual risk is
      desirable and the patient could be referred to a multidisciplinary approach.

PMID- 27381692
TI  - A rare variant of knee dislocation.
AB  - Knee dislocation is a rare injury. It represents less than 0.2% of orthopaedic
      injuries. This case reports a rare form of knee dislocation caused by the impact
      of a high-energy trauma. In these cases the appropriate assessment and management
      is needed to ensure that patient receives the proper treatment. 

PMID- 27381693
TI  - Complication of endoscopic tattooing: a case report of covered perforation.
AB  - AIM: Laparoscopy is considered a good approach in treatment of colorectal
      neoplastic diseases; the endoscopic tattooing is then recommended (Evidence Level
      III and grade of recommendation A) to mark a lesion or a polypectomy site for
      intraoperative identification. We describe the case of perforation after tattoing
      treated conservatively. CASE REPORT: 63 years old woman, underwent colonoscopy
      for lipoma tattooing with India ink SPOT(r) solution kit and saline test.
      Immediately after the procedure the patient has been referred the appearance of
      colic epi-mesogastric pain and fever; Computed Tomography (CT) without MDC
      identified an irregular thickening of transverse colon with some microbubbles
      compatible with focal peritonitis. Initial paralytic ileus was present too. The
      blood count and metabolic panel examinations reveal a neutrophil leucocytosis
      (WBC: 11.000/mmc, 80% neutrophils). RESULTS: On the base of WSES sepsis severity
      score and recent literature patient was treated conservatively with total
      parenteral nutrition, and intravenous antibiotic therapy. After the resolution of
      fever and reactivation of peristalsis. The discharge occurred after six days with
      no early complications. CONCLUSION: India ink tattooing with SPOT(r) solution kit
      and saline test represent the first choice. It is a feasible technique although
      perforation is a possible complication. It may need an immediately surgical
      operation but in most cases a conservative management is a good and safe tool
      even if surgery may be attempted too.

PMID- 27381694
TI  - Giant endometrial cyst of the liver: a case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Endometriosis is a benign condition described as the presence of endometrial-
      like tissue found outside the uterine cavity. Hepatic endometriosis is one of the
      rarest localization of extrapelvic endometriosis, only 22 cases have been
      reported in the literature. The preoperative diagnosis of hepatic endometriosis
      is rather difficult because in about the half of the patient affected they had no
      history of endometriosis. Moreover radiological images reveal no characteristic
      findings for hepatic endometriosis. It is often described as cystic mass with or
      without solid component, difficult to distinguish from hepatic abscess, hematoma,
      cystoadenoma or malignant neoplasia. We report a case of a 27-year-old female
      with a large cystic mass involving the left lobe of the liver. The patient
      underwent laparoscopic exploration and converted to laparotomy for resection of
      giant hepatic endometriosis. 

PMID- 27381695
TI  - Unusual repair in a rare case of hepatothorax due to right-sided diaphragmatic
      rupture: case report.
AB  - Intra-thoracic herniation of abdominal organs following diaphragmatic rupture
      represents an unusual clinical occurrence with great diagnostic difficulty. The
      authors present a case of right diaphragmatic rupture related to peritonitis due
      to perforated duodenal ulcer in previous (1 year before) thoraco-abdominal trauma
      with complete intra-thoracic herniation of the liver, gallbladder, ascending and
      transverse colon and lung collapse. The preoperative diagnosis has been based on
      clinical, chest X-ray, and ultrasound examination. The patient, because of very
      serious respiratory and hemodynamic distress, immediately underwent surgery
      (thoraco-laparotomic approach) with reduction of the liver, gallbladder,
      ascending and transverse colon in the abdominal cavity, perforated duodenal ulcer
      suture and repair of diaphragmatic tear using an unusual repair mode: suture of
      autologous fascia lata graft to the diaphragm. Postoperative chest radiography
      showed the normal location of right diaphragmatic border. 

PMID- 27381696
TI  - Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms: an uncertain nosological entity. Report of a
      case.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Appendiceal mucocele is a relatively rare condition characterized
      by progressive dilation of the appendix caused by intraluminal accumulation of
      mucoid substance. Its incidence is 0.07 - 0,63% of all appendectomies performed.
      CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 70-year-old man who came to our observation
      with gravative pain in right lower abdominal region. A computed tomography
      abdominal scan revealed a cystic/tubular structure like an appendicular mass with
      wall enhancement but without calcifications suggestive of a mucocele. Into
      peritoneal cavity we found profuse mucinous material with a 1,5 cm size parietal
      nodule. We also identified a free perforation of the cecum with consensual
      spillage of gelatinous material mimicking a pseudomyxoma peritonei. We decided to
      perform a right hemicolectomy with excision of peritoneal lesion. DISCUSSION: The
      controversy in the pathologic terminology can give rise to a clinical dilemma in
      terms of the management and follow-up plans. For mucosal hyperplasia and
      cystadenoma simple appendectomy is curative. Only in case of large base of
      implantation it may be necessary the resection of the ileum and caecum or right
      hemicolectomy. In case of mucinous cystoadenocarcinoma authors perform a right
      hemicolectomy. CONCLUSION: Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms are different
      pathological entities. The correct surgical management depends on size and
      location of lesion. A preoperative diagnosis is obviously needed in order to
      perform the correct treatment. CT abdominal scan is the better diagnostic tool,
      but different authors show their inability to reach a preoperative diagnosis in
      the larger majority of cases.

PMID- 27381697
TI  - The Rapunzel syndrome. Report of a case.
AB  - Trichobezoar is a rare pathology in which swallowed hairs accumulate in the
      stomach. An unusual form of bezoar extending from the stomach to the small
      intestine or beyond has been described as Rapunzel syndrome. Trichobezoars
      typically cause abdominal pain and nausea, but can also present as an
      asymptomatic abdominal mass, progressing to abdominal obstruction and
      perforation. Trichobezoar with Rapunzel syndrome is an uncommon diagnosis. It is
      predominantly found in emotionally disturbed or mentally retarded young people.
      The diagnosis may be suspected in young females with abdominal pain, epigastric
      mass and malnutrition, who have a history of trichophagia. The Authors present a
      case of successful laparotomy removal of a giant gastro-duodenal trichobezoar in
      a 9-year-old girl with a history of trichotillophagia. Physical examination
      revealed diffuse abdominal pain and an epigastric mass. Psychodynamic aspects,
      clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapautic strategies are discussed. 

PMID- 27381698
TI  - DIGESTIVE SURGERY Training management and innovative technology in surgery.

PMID- 27381699
TI  - TRAINING COURSE - MICROSURGERY IN THYROID SURGERY.

PMID- 27381701
TI  - Year in Review 2015: Pediatric ARDS.
AB  - Led by the work of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference, much was
      published on the topic of pediatric ARDS in 2015. Although the availability of
      definitive data to the pediatric practitioner for the management of infants and
      children with pediatric ARDS continues to lag behind that for the adult
      clinician, 2015 augmented the available medical literature with more information
      than had been seen for years. This article will review key pediatric ARDS
      publications with a focus on the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference
      consensus definition, sedation management, use of high-frequency oscillatory
      ventilation, diagnosis of delirium, noninvasive respiratory support, lung
      protective ventilation, and adjunct management therapies. Despite the recent
      progress, additional investigation in each of these areas is essential to the
      continued advancement of our knowledge and, more importantly, improvements in the
      outcome for pediatric patients with ARDS. 

PMID- 27381702
TI  - Year in Review 2015: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.
AB  - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a modified form of cardiopulmonary
      bypass. Although early trials were plagued by severe bleeding and high rates of
      death, subsequent experience with neonates found good survival, and ECMO became
      an important tool in the care of critically ill infants with respiratory failure.
      Since the 1980s, expansion to other groups (children, patients with cardiac
      disease, etc) followed as experience was obtained. Today, there is a rapid growth
      of ECMO, especially in the adult population. To date, >73,000 patients receiving
      ECMO have been reported to the international Extracorporeal Life Support
      Organization registry. This rapid growth in the usage of ECMO has made it
      possible for it to be included in the management algorithm of certain disease
      processes, such as ARDS, cardiopulmonary arrest, and septic shock. Significant
      advances in technology have made it possible to support patients on ECMO for
      weeks or months with success. Reduction in sedative use and experience with
      "awake" patients has led to ambulatory and mobile ECMO. Changes in ventilator
      support while on ECMO, even to the point of extubation, are also occurring. This
      article will review briefly some of the literature related to criteria for
      severity of illness before ECMO and related to ECMO care and practice. Issues
      relating to the use of ECMO as a resuscitative tool in cardiac arrest as well as
      the controversial topic of volume and outcome will also be presented. 

PMID- 27381700
TI  - Combined therapy with metformin and insulin attenuates systemic and hepatic
      alterations in a model of high-fat diet-/streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
AB  - In this study we have explored the pathogenesis of the hepatic alterations which
      occur in diabetes and the modulation of these complications by the combination of
      metformin adjunct treatment and insulin monotherapy. For this purpose, diabetic
      rats were treated with insulin (DM + Ins) or metformin plus insulin (DM + Met +
      Ins). Biochemical and cardiometabolic parameters were analysed by
      spectrophotometry. Intravital microscopy was used to study the hepatic
      microcirculation. In the liver tissue, real-time PCR was used to analyse
      oxidative stress enzymes, inflammatory markers and receptors for advanced
      glycation end products (AGE) (RAGE) gene expression. Lipid peroxidation was
      assessed by thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARs) analyses. AGE deposition
      and RAGE protein expression were studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and
      Western blot respectively. Body weight, %HbA1c , urea, total proteins and
      oxidative stress parameters were found to be similarly improved by insulin or Met
      + Ins treatments. On the other hand, Met + Ins treatment showed a more pronounced
      effect on fasting blood glucose level than insulin monotherapy. Fructosamine,
      uric acid, creatinine, albumin and amylase levels and daily insulin dose
      requirements were found to be only improved by the combined Met + Ins treatment.
      Liver, renal and pancreatic dysfunction markers were found to be more positively
      affected by metformin adjunct therapy when compared to insulin treatment. Liver
      microcirculation damage was found to be completely protected by Met + Ins
      treatment, while insulin monotherapy showed no effect. Our results suggest that
      oxidative stress, microcirculatory damage and glycated proteins could be involved
      in the aetiology of liver disease due to diabetes. Additionally, metformin
      adjunct treatment improved systemic and liver injury in induced diabetes and
      showed a more pronounced effect than insulin monotherapy.

PMID- 27381703
TI  - Respiratory Therapists' Involvement in End-of-Life Discussions: Stepping Up to
      the Plate.

PMID- 27381704
TI  - Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in College Athletes: Are We Doing Enough?

PMID- 27381705
TI  - When Things Don't Go as Planned: The Inherent Difficulties and Potential Insights
      During Quality Improvement.

PMID- 27381706
TI  - Comparison of Approaches to Spontaneous Breathing Trial for Extubation: Is PAV+
      Better Than Other Methods?

PMID- 27381707
TI  - Comparison of Proportional Assist Ventilation plus, T-Tube Ventilation, and
      Pressure Support Ventilation as Spontaneous Breathing Trials for Extubation: A
      Randomized Study-Reply.

PMID- 27381708
TI  - FEV1/FEV6 May Misdiagnose Patients With COPD.

PMID- 27381710
TI  - Editor's Commentary.

PMID- 27381709
TI  - FEV1/FEV6 May Misdiagnose Patients With COPD-Reply.

PMID- 27381711
TI  - Impact of dementia on behavioral independence and disturbance.
AB  - AIM: Decreasing behavioral independence levels and increasing frequencies of
      behavioral disturbances are the most problematic aspects for people with
      dementia. However, the relative effects of dementia on these factors are unknown.
      We investigated variability in behavioral independence and disturbance profiles
      of patients with dementia. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional correlation study
      in which 70 inpatients with dementia from convalescent wards in a hospital were
      enrolled. We assessed cognitive impairments with the Mini-Mental State
      Examination, evaluated behavioral independence levels with the Functional
      Independence Measure and assessed frequency of behavioral disturbances with the
      Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale. RESULTS: Coefficient determination was 0.395
      (P < 0.0001) between the Mini-Mental State Examination and Functional
      Independence Measure scores, 0.261 (P < 0.0001) between the Mini-Mental State
      Examination and Dementia Behavior Disturbance Scale scores, and 0.355 (P <
      0.0001) between the Functional Independence Measure and Dementia Behavior
      Disturbance Scale scores. The most easily accomplished behavioral independence
      was eating, and the hardest was transfer to tub/shower. The behavioral
      disturbance with the highest frequency was urinary incontinence, and the lowest
      was emptying drawers or closets. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate correlations were found
      between severity of dementia and behavioral independence levels and frequencies
      of behavioral disturbances. There were both easier and harder to accomplish
      behaviors, and both higher and lower frequencies of behavioral disturbances.
      Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 605-613.

PMID- 27381712
TI  - Retinal Neurodegeneration Associated With Peripheral Nerve Conduction and
      Autonomic Nerve Function in Diabetic Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the correlation of retinal thickness with
      peripheral nerve conduction and autonomic nerve function in diabetic patients.
      DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Medical records of 160 patients (mean
      age, 63.61 +/- 12.52 years) with diabetes without diabetic retinopathy or mild
      nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) were reviewed. The mean retinal
      thickness of the parafoveal area and ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL)
      thickness in 6 macular regions were measured using optical coherence tomography.
      Peripheral nerve conduction studies were conducted on peroneal and posterior
      tibial motor nerves and the sural sensory nerve. Five cardiovascular autonomic
      function tests were performed. We classified patients into groups by severity of
      peripheral neuropathy and autonomic dysfunction and analyzed the correlations
      with mean retinal thickness. RESULTS: The mean retinal thickness of the parafovea
      was 315.05 +/- 12.70 MUm and mean macular GC-IPL thickness was 79.89 +/- 4.70
      MUm. Macular GC-IPL thickness showed significant correlation with peripheral
      nerve conduction (no peripheral neuropathy vs definite peripheral neuropathy:
      82.0 +/- 4.8 MUm vs 75.2 +/- 3.8 MUm, P < .001). GC-IPL thickness decreased with
      severity of autonomic nerve dysfunction (no/mild dysfunction vs severe
      dysfunction: 81.2 +/- 6.6 MUm vs 77.6 +/- 5.9 MUm, P = .005). There was no
      significant correlation between the retinal thickness of the parafovea and
      electrodiagnostic tests. CONCLUSION: The decrease of GC-IPL thickness was
      positively correlated with both peripheral nerve conduction and autonomic nerve
      function in diabetic patients who presented with no diabetic retinopathy or mild
      NPDR.

PMID- 27381713
TI  - Fundus Photography as a Screening Method for Diabetic Retinopathy in Children
      With Type 1 Diabetes: Outcome of the Initial Photography.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the success rate of the initial fundus photography session
      in producing gradable images for screening diabetic retinopathy in children <18
      years of age with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and to analyze outcome-associated
      factors. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study. METHODS: Mydriatic red
      free monochromatic 60-degree digital fundus images centered on the macula and
      optic disc of 213 patients were graded. Photography success was classified as
      "complete" if both images of both eyes were gradable, "partial" if both images of
      1 eye were gradable, "macula-centered image(s) only" if only the macula-centered
      image of one or both eyes was gradable, and "unsuccessful" if neither macula
      centered image was gradable. RESULTS: Complete success was reached in 97 (46%;
      95% confidence interval [CI], 39-52) patients, at least partial success in 153
      (72%; 95% CI, 65-78) patients, success of macula-centered image(s) only in 47
      (22%; 95% CI, 17-28) patients, and in 13 (6%; 95%CI, 3-10) patients fundus
      photography was unsuccessful. Macula-centered images were more often gradable in
      both eyes than optic disc-centered images (P < .001). Success of photography did
      not differ between right and left eye. Sex, age at diagnosis of T1D, and the
      duration of diabetes, age, and glycemic control at the time of initial
      photography were unassociated with complete success. Partial success tended to
      decrease with increasing age category (P = .093), and the frequency of gradable
      macula-centered image(s) only increased with increasing age (P = .043).
      CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of the children achieved complete success, but in
      only 6% initial fundus photography was unsuccessful, indicating its value in
      assessing retinopathy in the pediatric setting.

PMID- 27381714
TI  - Harlequin ichthyosis: a novel compound mutation of ABCA12 with prenatal
      diagnosis.
AB  - Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is the most severe form of recessive congenital
      ichthyosis, and is frequently lethal. We describe a family with prenatal
      diagnosis of HI in two siblings. We applied genomic capture and massively
      parallel sequencing to detect all mutations in 20 genes, including ABCA12, with
      inherited mutations that predispose to congenital ichthyosis. Sequence analysis
      of the ABCA12 gene identified two mutations, c.5232 G>A (p.Trp1744*) in exon 34
      and c.6443 C>A (p.Pro2148Gln) in exon 44, each in a heterozygous state. Sanger
      sequencing confirmed that each parent was a heterozygous carrier for one of the
      variants. The spectrum of mutations identified in this study and previous studies
      reveals a novel compound mutation of ABCA12. 

PMID- 27381715
TI  - Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane-based seed-layer for improved chemical vapour
      deposition of ultrathin hafnium dioxide films on graphene.
AB  - We investigate the use of perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane-based self-assembled
      monolayer as seeding layer for chemical vapour deposition of HfO2 on large area
      CVD graphene. The deposition and evolution of the FDTS-based seed layer is
      investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy,
      and transmission electron microscopy. Crystalline quality of graphene transferred
      from Cu is monitored during formation of the seed layer as well as the HfO2
      growth using Raman spectroscopy. We demonstrate that FDTS-based seed layer
      significantly improves nucleation of HfO2 layers so that graphene can be coated
      in a conformal way with HfO2 layers as thin as 10 nm. Proof-of-concept
      experiments on 200 mm wafers presented here validate applicability of the
      proposed approach to wafer scale graphene device fabrication.

PMID- 27381716
TI  - Rapid biodegradation of aflatoxin B1 by metabolites of Fusarium sp. WCQ3361 with
      broad working temperature range and excellent thermostability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Contamination of food and feed by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) poses serious
      economic and health problems worldwide, so the development of biological methods
      for effective AFB1 degradation is strongly required. RESULTS: Among three AFB1
      degrading microorganisms isolated from moldy peanut, Fusarium sp. WCQ3361 could
      remove AFB1 extremely effectively, with a degradation ratio of 70.20% after 1 min
      and 95.38% after 24 h. Its degradation ratio was not much affected by temperature
      change (0-90  degrees C) and it also displayed excellent thermostability,
      maintaining 99.40% residual activity after boiling for 10 min. Since protease K
      could reduce the AFB1 degradation ratio by 55.15%, it is proposed that the
      effective component for AFB1 degradation is a protein. The AFB1 degradation
      ability of Fusarium sp. WCQ3361 was further verified by feed stock detoxification
      and the MTT test with HepG2 cells. In addition, no degradation products were
      detected by preliminary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, suggesting that
      AFB1 might be metabolized to products with different chemical characteristics
      from AFB1. CONCLUSION: Fusarium sp. WCQ3361 is the first reported AFB1
      degradation fungus belonging to the genus Fusarium with broad working temperature
      range, excellent thermostability and high activity, which provides a potential
      highly useful solution for dealing with AFB1 contamination in the human diet and
      animal feed. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27381717
TI  - Neuro-immune lessons from an annelid: The medicinal leech.
AB  - An important question that remains unanswered is how the vertebrate neuroimmune
      system can be both friend and foe to the damaged nervous tissue. Some of the
      difficulty in obtaining responses in mammals probably lies in the conflation in
      the central nervous system (CNS), of the innate and adaptive immune responses,
      which makes the vertebrate neuroimmune response quite complex and difficult to
      dissect. An alternative strategy for understanding the relation between neural
      immunity and neural repair is to study an animal devoid of adaptive immunity and
      whose CNS is well described and regeneration competent. The medicinal leech
      offers such opportunity. If the nerve cord of this annelid is crushed or
      partially cut, axons grow across the lesion and conduction of signals through the
      damaged region is restored within a few days, even when the nerve cord is removed
      from the animal and maintained in culture. When the mammalian spinal cord is
      injured, regeneration of normal connections is more or less successful and
      implies multiple events that still remain difficult to resolve. Interestingly,
      the regenerative process of the leech lesioned nerve cord is even more successful
      under septic than under sterile conditions suggesting that a controlled
      initiation of an infectious response may be a critical event for the regeneration
      of normal CNS functions in the leech. Here are reviewed and discussed data
      explaining how the leech nerve cord sensu stricto (i.e. excluding microglia and
      infiltrated blood cells) recognizes and responds to microbes and mechanical
      damages.

PMID- 27381718
TI  - Behavioral fever in ectothermic vertebrates.
AB  - Fever is an evolutionary conserved defense mechanism which is present in both
      endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates. Ectotherms in response to infection can
      increase their body temperature by moving to warmer places. This process is known
      as behavioral fever. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the
      mechanisms of induction of fever in mammals. We further discuss the evolutionary
      conserved mechanisms existing between fever of mammals and behavioral fever of
      ectothermic vertebrates. Finally, the experimental evidences supporting an
      adaptive value of behavioral fever expressed by ectothermic vertebrates are
      summarized.

PMID- 27381719
TI  - Effective educator-student relationships in nursing education to strengthen
      nursing students' resilience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little research has been conducted in private nursing schools with
      regard to the educator-student relationship to strengthen the resilience of
      nursing students and to improve the educator-student relationship. An effective
      educator-student relationship is a key factor to ensure a positive learning
      climate where learning can take place and resilience can be strengthened.
      PURPOSE: The purpose was to explore and describe nursing students' view on the
      basic elements required for an effective educator-student relationship to
      strengthen their resilience and the educator-student relationship. METHOD: This
      study followed an explorative, descriptive and contextual qualitative design in a
      private nursing education institution in the North West Province. Purposive
      sampling was used. The sample consisted of 40 enrolled nursing auxiliary
      students. The World Cafe Method was used to collect data, which were analysed by
      means of content analysis. RESULTS: The following five main themes were
      identified and included: (1) teaching-learning environment, (2) educator-student
      interaction, (3) educator qualities, (4) staying resilient and (5) strategies to
      strengthen resilience. CONCLUSION: Students need a caring and supportive
      environment; interaction that is constructive, acknowledges human rights and
      makes use of appropriate non-verbal communication. The educator must display
      qualities such as love and care, respect, responsibility, morality, patience,
      being open to new ideas, motivation, willingness to 'go the extra mile' and
      punctuality. Students reported on various ways how they manage to stay resilient.
      It thus seems that basic elements required in an effective educator-student
      relationship to strengthen the resilience of students include the environment,
      interaction, educator and student's qualities and resilience.

PMID- 27381720
TI  - Social factors determining maternal and neonatal mortality in South Africa: A
      qualitative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: South Africa's maternal mortality ratio has increased from 150/100
      000 in 1990 to 269/100 000 live births in 2015 against the Millennium Development
      Goals 5 (MDG5) target of 38/100 000, indicating slow progress in improving
      maternal health. The neonatal mortality rate was 14/1000 live births against the
      MDG4 target of 7/1000. The purpose of the article was to outline the socio
      economic factors that determine maternal and neonatal mortality in South African
      communities. OBJECTIVES: To identify and describe the social determinants of
      maternal and neonatal mortality in South Africa. METHOD: A qualitative study
      using audio-taped individual interviews was conducted. The interviews included 10
      pregnant women who were purposefully recruited from the antenatal clinic
      attendees in a public hospital. The interviews were conducted in isiZulu and
      later translated into English by the researcher who is fluent in both. Data were
      analysed using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Commission on Social
      Determinants of Health framework. RESULTS: Findings revealed that poverty was an
      underlying factor to the vulnerability to illness and death of the mothers and
      their neonates. Other determinants were found to be the nutritional inadequacies,
      neglect and abuse by male partners, HIV or AIDS, inattention to reproductive
      health and violation of reproductive rights, and powerlessness of women and
      health system issues such as poor quality and incompetent health care.
      CONCLUSION: It is apparent that poverty plays a major role in determining the
      health of mothers and neonates. This requires more coordinated multi-sectorial
      interventions to address both the social determinants and direct causes of
      maternal and neonatal deaths.

PMID- 27381721
TI  - The needs of families accompanying injured patients into the emergency department
      in a tertiary hospital in Gauteng.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Families are not prepared for traumatic injuries of loved ones.
      Emergency nurses have the important role of caring for patients and families in
      this time of crisis. Family needs in the critical care setting have been explored
      using the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI), however little is known
      about family needs in the emergency department. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to
      determine the needs of family members accompanying injured patients into the
      emergency department, and if these needs were met. METHODS: A quantitative,
      descriptive, study was conducted in a level 1 trauma facility in Johannesburg,
      South Africa. The population included families of patients admitted to the
      emergency department, sampling 100 participants. The instrument, based on the
      CCFNI, was validated in a pilot study in Melbourne, Australia and re-evaluated
      using the Cronbach Alpha validity test to ensure internal consistency.Five themes
      were explored: 'meaning', 'proximity', 'communication', 'comfort' and 'support'
      and data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Responses to open-ended
      questions were analysed using content analysis. Permission from the Human
      Research Ethics Committee was granted and participants were ensured
      confidentiality and the option for counselling if required. RESULTS: Themes
      ranked highly important were 'meaning' and 'communication'. Satisfaction was
      highest for 'meaning'. Low satisfaction levels for 'communication' were found.
      Issues regarding prolonged time spent in the emergency department and
      discrimination were raised. CONCLUSION: These findings have a negative impact on
      the family's satisfaction with care and it is recommended that the nurse's role
      in family care be further explored and emphasised.

PMID- 27381722
TI  - Palliative care needs in Malawi: Care received by people living with HIV.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has changed from an
      acute to a chronic illness in the past decade, because of highly active
      antiretroviral therapy (ART). Malawi's response to the HIV challenge included
      provision of ART for people living with HIV or AIDS (PLWHA), which significantly
      reduced HIV- and AIDS-related mortality. In addition, palliative care for PLWHA
      was introduced as a strategy that improves the success of ART. OBJECTIVE: The
      purpose of the study was to explore the needs of PLWHA concerning care received
      from primary caregivers and palliative care nurses in Malawi. METHODS: A
      qualitative, explorative design was used and 18 participants were selected
      purposefully and interviewed individually using a semi-structured interview
      guide. Data were analysed using NVivo software package version 10. RESULTS:
      Results revealed that PLWHA needed physical care from the primary caregivers due
      to severity of illness, integration of healthcare services, and continuity of
      care and proper care from nurses. They also needed knowledge from nurses in
      several areas which affected decision-making and needed financial and nutritional
      support. CONCLUSION: More could be done in meeting needs of PLWHA to improve
      their health and survival and assist them to achieve a better quality of life.

PMID- 27381723
TI  - Lived experiences of student nurses caring for intellectually disabled people in
      a public psychiatric institution.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Caring for intellectually disabled people can be demanding for
      student nurses who are novices in the nursing profession. To ensure that quality
      nursing care is provided, student nurses should have an understanding of and a
      positive attitude towards intellectually disabled people. Nursing intellectually
      disabled people can be a challenge for the student nurses. Therefore, student
      nurses need to be able to deal with challenges of caring for intellectually
      disabled people. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to explore and describe experiences
      of student nurses caring for intellectually disabled people in a public
      psychiatric institution. DESIGN AND METHOD: A qualitative, exploratory,
      descriptive and contextual research design was used. Data were collected through
      individual in-depth phenomenological interviews, naive sketches and field notes.
      Thematic analysis was utilised to analyse the collected data. Results were
      contextualised within the literature and measures to ensure trustworthiness were
      adhered to. Ethical principals were also applied throughout the research process.
      RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the data. Student nurses experienced a
      profoundly unsettling impact on their whole being when caring for intellectually
      disabled people; they developed a sense of compassion and a new way of looking at
      life, and experienced a need for certain physical, mental and spiritual needs to
      be met. CONCLUSION: From the results, it is evident that student nurses were
      challenged in caring for intellectually disabled people. However, they developed
      a sense of awareness that intellectually disabled people have a need to be cared
      for like any other person.

PMID- 27381724
TI  - Learning to Trust Flu Shots: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from the 2009 Swine Flu
      Pandemic.
AB  - This paper studies consumer learning in influenza vaccination decisions. We
      examine consumer learning in influenza vaccine demand within a reduced form
      instrumental variable framework that exploits differences in risk characteristics
      of different influenza viruses as a natural experiment to distinguish the effects
      of learning based on previous influenza vaccination experiences from unobserved
      heterogeneity. The emergence of a new virus strain (influenza A H1N1/09) during
      the 2009 'Swine flu' pandemic resulted in two different vaccines being
      recommended for distinct population subgroups with some people, who were not
      usually targeted by seasonal vaccination programs, being specifically recommended
      for the new Swine flu vaccine. We use these differences in vaccination targeting
      to construct instrumental variables for estimating the effect of past influenza
      vaccination experiences on the demand for pandemic vaccine. We find large causal
      effects of previous seasonal vaccination on pandemic vaccination. Causal effects
      of past influenza vaccination experiences on perceived vaccination safety are
      likely to be an important pathway linking past vaccination experiences with
      future vaccine uptake. Our results suggest a significant role of learning in
      vaccination decisions. Current efforts to expand seasonal vaccination may thus
      have potentially important long-term effects on future influenza vaccination
      levels and pandemic preparedness. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27381725
TI  - Nickel-Catalyzed Methylation of Aryl Halides with Deuterated Methyl Iodide.
AB  - A nickel-catalyzed methylation of aryl halides with cheap and readily available
      CH3 I or CD3 I is described. The reaction is applicable to a wide range of
      substrates and allows installation of a CD3 group under mild reaction conditions
      without deuterium scrambling to other carbon atoms. Initial mechanistic studies
      on the stoichiometric and catalytic reactions of the isolated [(dppp)Ni(C6 H4 -4
      CO2 Et)Br] [dppp=1,3-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)propane] suggest that a Ni(0) /Ni(II)
      catalytic cycle is favored.

PMID- 27381726
TI  - STAT3 signal that mediates the neural plasticity is involved in willed-movement
      training in focal ischemic rats.
AB  - Willed-movement training has been demonstrated to be a promising approach to
      increase motor performance and neural plasticity in ischemic rats. However,
      little is known regarding the molecular signals that are involved in neural
      plasticity following willed-movement training. To investigate the potential
      signals related to neural plasticity following willed-movement training,
      littermate rats were randomly assigned into three groups: middle cerebral artery
      occlusion, environmental modification, and willed-movement training. The infarct
      volume was measured 18 d after occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery.
      Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunofluorescence
      staining were used to detect the changes in the signal transducer and activator
      of transcription 3 (STAT3) mRNA and protein, respectively. A chromatin
      immunoprecipitation was used to investigate whether STAT3 bound to plasticity
      related genes, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin,
      and protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1). In this study, we demonstrated
      that STAT3 mRNA and protein were markedly increased following 15-d willed
      movement training in the ischemic hemispheres of the treated rats. STAT3 bound to
      BDNF, PICK1, and synaptophysin promoters in the neocortical cells of rats. These
      data suggest that the increased STAT3 levels after willed-movement training might
      play critical roles in the neural plasticity by directly regulating plasticity
      related genes. 

PMID- 27381728
TI  - Thyroid dysfunction, either hyper or hypothyroidism, promotes gallstone formation
      by different mechanisms.
AB  - We have investigated comprehensively the effects of thyroid function on gallstone
      formation in a mouse model. Gonadectomized gallstone-susceptible male C57BL/6
      mice were randomly distributed into three groups each of which received an
      intervention to induce hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or euthyroidism. After 5
      weeks of feeding a lithogenic diet of 15% (w/w) butter fat, 1% (w/w) cholesterol,
      and 0.5% (w/w) cholic acid, mice were killed for further experiments. The
      incidence of cholesterol monohydrate crystal formation was 100% in mice with
      hyperthyroidism, 83% in hypothyroidism, and 33% in euthyroidism, the differences
      being statistically significant. Among the hepatic lithogenic genes, Trbeta was
      found to be up-regulated and Rxr down-regulated in the mice with hypothyroidism.
      In contrast, Lxralpha, Rxr, and Cyp7alpha1 were up-regulated and Fxr down
      regulated in the mice with hyperthyroidism. In conclusion, thyroid dysfunction,
      either hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, promotes the formation of cholesterol
      gallstones in C57BL/6 mice. Gene expression differences suggest that thyroid
      hormone disturbance leads to gallstone formation in different ways.
      Hyperthyroidism induces cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating expression
      of the hepatic nuclear receptor genes such as Lxralpha and Rxr, which are
      significant in cholesterol metabolism pathways. However, hypothyroidism induces
      cholesterol gallstone formation by promoting cholesterol biosynthesis. 

PMID- 27381727
TI  - Cognitive-enhancing effects of hydrolysate of polygalasaponin in SAMP8 mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study is to evaluate the cognitive-enhancing effects
      of hydrolysate of polygalasaponin (HPS) on senescence accelerate mouse P8 (SAMP8)
      mice, an effective Alzheimer's disease (AD) model, and to research the relevant
      mechanisms. METHODS: The cognitive-enhancing effects of HPS on SAMP8 mice were
      assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and step-through passive avoidance tests.
      Then N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression for both the cortex
      and hippocampus of mice was observed using Western blotting. RESULTS: HPS (25 and
      50 mg/kg) improved the escape rate and decreased the escape latency and time
      spent in the target quadrant for the SAMP8 mice in the MWM after oral
      administration of HPS for 10 d. Moreover, it decreased error times in the passive
      avoidance tests. Western blotting showed that HPS was able to reverse the levels
      of NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B expression in the cortex or hippocampus of model mice.
      CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggested that HPS can improve cognitive deficits
      in SAMP8 mice, and this mechanism might be associated with NMDA receptor (NMDAR)
      related pathways.

PMID- 27381729
TI  - A pilot study on using chlorine dioxide gas for disinfection of gastrointestinal
      endoscopes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This pilot study of employing chlorine dioxide (CD) gas to disinfect
      gastrointestinal endoscopes was conducted to meet the expectations of many
      endoscopy units in China for a high-efficiency and low-cost disinfectant.
      METHODS: An experimental prototype with an active circulation mode was designed
      to use CD gas to disinfect gastrointestinal endoscopes. One type of testing
      device composed of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubes (2 m long, inner diameter
      1 mm) and bacterial carrier containers was used to simulate the channel of the
      endoscope. PTFE bacterial carriers inoculated with Bacillus atrophaeus with or
      without organic burden were used to evaluate the sporicidal activity of CD gas.
      Factors including exposure dosage, relative humidity (RH), and flow rate (FR)
      influencing the disinfection effect of CD gas were investigated. Moreover, an
      autoptic disinfecting test on eight real gastrointestinal endoscopes after
      clinical use was performed using the experimental prototype. RESULTS: RH,
      exposure dosage, organic burden, and the FR through the channel significantly
      (P<0.05) affected the disinfection efficacy of CD gas for a long and narrow
      lumen. The log reduction increased as FR decreased. Treatment with 4 mg/L CD gas
      for 30 min at 0.8 L/min FR and 75% RH, resulted in complete inactivation of
      spores. Furthermore, all eight endoscopes with a maximum colony-forming unit of
      915 were completely disinfected. The cost was only 3 CNY (0.46 USD) for each
      endoscope. CONCLUSIONS: The methods and results reported in this study could
      provide a basis for further studies on using CD gas for the disinfection of
      endoscopes.

PMID- 27381730
TI  - Cholangiocarcinoma-derived exosomes inhibit the antitumor activity of cytokine
      induced killer cells by down-regulating the secretion of tumor necrosis factor
      alpha and perforin.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to observe the impact of cholangiocarcinoma
      derived exosomes on the antitumor activities of cytokine-induced killer (CIK)
      cells and then demonstrate the appropriate mechanism. METHODS: Tumor-derived
      exosomes (TEXs), which are derived from RBE cells (human cholangiocarcinoma
      line), were collected by ultracentrifugation. CIK cells induced from peripheral
      blood were stimulated by TEXs. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was
      performed to determine the phenotypes of TEX-CIK and N-CIK (normal CIK) cells.
      The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and perforin in the
      culture medium supernatant were examined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay (ELISA) kit. A CCK-8 kit was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the
      CIK cells to the RBE cell line. RESULTS: The concentrations of TNF-alpha and
      perforin of the group TEX-CIK were 138.61 pg/ml and 2.41 ng/ml, respectively,
      lower than those of the group N-CIK 194.08 pg/ml (P<0.01) and 3.39 ng/ml
      (P<0.05). The killing rate of the group TEX-CIK was 33.35%, lower than that of
      the group N-CIK (47.35% (P<0.01)). The population of CD3(+), CD8(+), NK
      (CD56(+)), and CD3(+)CD56(+) cells decreased in the TEX-CIK group ((63.2+/-6.8)%,
      (2.5+/-1.0)%, (0.53+/-0.49)%, (0.45+/-0.42)%) compared with the N-CIK group
      ((90.3+/-7.3)%, (65.7+/-3.3)%, (4.2+/-1.2)%, (15.2+/-2.7)%), P<0.01. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our results suggest that RBE cells-derived exosomes inhibit the antitumor
      activity of CIK cells by down-regulating the population of CD3(+), CD8(+), NK
      (CD56(+)), and CD3(+)CD56(+) cells and the secretion of TNF-alpha and perforin.
      TEX may play an important role in cholangiocarcinoma immune escape.

PMID- 27381731
TI  - Vitamin D status among infants, children, and adolescents in southeastern China.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are global public health
      problems, which must first be identified before they can be appropriately
      addressed, and yet information is strikingly lacking in most parts of the Asia
      and Pacific region. The study aimed to document and account for the actual
      situation in Wenzhou on the southeastern coast of China. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels among a total of 5845 infants, preschool
      children, school children, and adolescents aged 1-18 years were examined between
      March 2014 and February 2015. RESULTS: Their mean levels were (110.2+/-26.8),
      (77.5+/-25.7), (55.6+/-15.4), and (47.2+/-13.9) nmol/L, respectively. Older age
      groups were involved in increasing risk of vitamin D deficiency and
      insufficiency. There were significant seasonal differences in its median level
      and prevalence of deficiency and insufficiency among school children and
      adolescents, but there was no significant sex difference in mean level and
      prevalence in any age group. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency
      were prevalent among infants, preschool children, school children, and
      adolescents in Wenzhou. A vitamin D-rich diet and outdoor activities for 1-2 h
      per day under the natural conditions favorable to its endogeous synthesis do not
      suffice. The vitamin D status in Wenzhounese infants excelling over that in the
      US was the result of its supplementation thanks to the Chinese Medical
      Association recommendations, which should be consequently extended to more age
      groups. Life style shaped by socio-economic environments affects vitamin D
      status. Knowledge on the importance of vitamin D for healthy growth should be
      popularized.

PMID- 27381732
TI  - Learning curves of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy in transforaminal
      approach at the L4/5 and L5/S1 levels: a comparative study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the learning curves of percutaneous
      endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) in a transforaminal approach at the L4/5 and
      L5/S1 levels. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the first 60 cases at the L4/5
      level (Group I) and the first 60 cases at the L5/S1 level (Group II) of PELD
      performed by one spine surgeon. The patients were divided into subgroups A, B,
      and C (Group I: A cases 1-20, B cases 21-40, C cases 41-60; Group II: A cases 1
      20, B cases 21-40, C cases 41-60). Operation time was thoroughly analyzed.
      RESULTS: Compared with the L4/5 level, the learning curve of transforaminal PELD
      at the L5/S1 level was flatter. The mean operation times of Groups IA, IB, and IC
      were (88.75+/-17.02), (67.75+/-6.16), and (64.85+/-7.82) min, respectively. There
      was a significant difference between Groups A and B (P<0.05), but no significant
      difference between Groups B and C (P=0.20). The mean operation times of Groups
      IIA, IIB, and IIC were (117.25+/-13.62), (109.50+/-11.20), and (92.15+/-11.94)
      min, respectively. There was no significant difference between Groups A and B
      (P=0.06), but there was a significant difference between Groups B and C (P<0.05).
      There were 6 cases of postoperative dysesthesia (POD) in Group I and 2 cases in
      Group IIA (P=0.27). There were 2 cases of residual disc in Group I, and 4 cases
      in Group II (P=0.67). There were 3 cases of recurrence in Group I, and 2 cases in
      Group II (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the L5/S1 level, the learning curve
      of PELD in a transforaminal approach at the L4/5 level was steeper, suggesting
      that the L4/5 level might be easier to master after short-term professional
      training.

PMID- 27381733
TI  - Femoral indicator injection for transpulmonary thermodilution using the
      EV1000/VolumeView((r)): do the same criteria apply as for the PiCCO((r))?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Comparison of global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVI) obtained by
      femoral and jugular transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) indicator injections
      using the EV1000/VolumnView((r)) device (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, USA).
      METHODS: In an 87-year-old woman with hypovolemic shock and equipped with both
      jugular and femoral vein access and monitored with the EV1000/VolumeView((r))
      device, we recorded 10 datasets, each comprising duplicate TPTD via femoral
      access and duplicate TPTD (20 ml cold saline) via jugular access. RESULTS: Mean
      femoral GEDVI ((674.6+/-52.3) ml/m(2)) was significantly higher than jugular
      GEDVI ((552.3+/-69.7) ml/m(2)), with P=0.003. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated
      a bias of (+122+/-61) ml/m(2), limits of agreement of -16 and +260 ml/m(2), and a
      percentage error of 22%. Use of the correction-formula recently suggested for the
      PiCCO((r)) device significantly reduced bias and percentage error. Similarly,
      mean values of parameters derived from GEDVI such as pulmonary vascular
      permeability index (PVPI; 1.244+/-0.101 vs. 1.522+/-0.139; P<0.001) and global
      ejection fraction (GEF; (24.7+/-1.6)% vs. (28.1+/-1.8)%; P<0.001) were
      significantly different in the case of femoral compared to jugular indicator
      injection. Furthermore, the mean cardiac index derived from femoral indicator
      injection ((4.50+/-0.36) L/(min.m2)) was significantly higher (P=0.02) than that
      derived from jugular indicator injection ((4.12+/-0.44) L/(min.m2)), resulting in
      a bias of (+0.38+/-0.37) L/(min.m2) and a percentage error of 19.4%. CONCLUSIONS:
      Femoral access for indicator injection results in markedly altered values
      provided by the EV1000/VolumeView((r)), particularly for GEDVI, PVPI, and GEF.

PMID- 27381734
TI  - Erratum to: Investigation of one-lung ventilation postoperative cognitive
      dysfunction and regional cerebral oxygen saturation relations.
AB  - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. In
      "Abstract" and the 1st para-graph of Section 2.1, the full name of the
      abbreviation "ASA" was incorrect in "American Standards Association (ASA)". The
      correct version should be "American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)". 

PMID- 27381736
TI  - Response to 'Screening for risk factors: if you liked it then you should have put
      a number on it'.

PMID- 27381737
TI  - Limited responsiveness related to the minimal important difference of patient
      reported outcomes in rare diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore the responsiveness of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in
      interventional studies involving patients with rare lysosomal storage diseases
      (LSDs). STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We searched eight databases for experimental
      and nonexperimental studies. Pairs of trained reviewers independently screened
      articles and subsequently extracted data from the eligible studies. Among studies
      with 10 or more patients using a valid PRO, we assessed the responsiveness of
      PROs based on a reanalysis of the data using minimal important difference
      estimates. Our analyses focused on statistically significant within-group
      differences in PROs for observational studies or the statistically significant
      between-group differences in PRO scores for controlled studies. RESULTS: Of 2,679
      unique records, 62 interventional studies addressing patients with Fabry (55%),
      Gaucher (19%), Pompe (16%), and mucopolysaccharidoses (11%) proved eligible. The
      most frequently used PROs were the Short-Form-36 (25 studies), Brief Pain
      Inventory (20 studies), EuroQoL-5D (9 studies), and the Fatigue Severity Scale (6
      studies). Observational studies suggest that PROs sometimes detect significant
      within-group changes when present. Randomized trials raise questions regarding
      the responsiveness of PROs to small differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Most
      studies have relied on generic PROs to evaluate quality of life and symptoms in
      patients with rare LSDs. PROs appear more responsive in observational studies
      than randomized trials.

PMID- 27381735
TI  - Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and
      characterization standards.
AB  - Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as major regulators of
      immune responses in cancer and other pathological conditions. In recent years,
      ample evidence supports key contributions of MDSC to tumour progression through
      both immune-mediated mechanisms and those not directly associated with immune
      suppression. MDSC are the subject of intensive research with >500 papers
      published in 2015 alone. However, the phenotypic, morphological and functional
      heterogeneity of these cells generates confusion in investigation and analysis of
      their roles in inflammatory responses. The purpose of this communication is to
      suggest characterization standards in the burgeoning field of MDSC research.

PMID- 27381738
TI  - Management of Pituitary Disease.

PMID- 27381739
TI  - Students to Surgeons: Increasing Matriculation in Surgical Specialties.
AB  - Introduction Our nation suffers from a shortage in surgeons. This deficiency must
      be addressed at the medical student level. Increasing faculty and resident
      interaction with junior students augments surgical interest. Our surgical
      interest group has recently redefined its role to address these concerns. Methods
      A multifocal approach has been implemented to increase interest in the surgical
      specialties. Each academic year, senior students recruit first and second year
      students to our group to establish early exposure. Members receive didactic
      presentations from surgical faculty, addressing various topics, on a biweekly
      basis. In addition, scrubbing, knot-tying, and suturing workshops address
      technical skills throughout the semester. Membership and match data were collated
      and analyzed. Results Over the past 5 years, the enrollment in the student
      interest group increased significantly from 112 to 150. Accordingly, we have
      observed a parallel increase in the number of students who have successfully
      matched into surgical residencies. A record number of students (37) from the
      class of 2013 matched into surgical specialties, representing an 85% increase
      over the last decade. After creating bylaws and electing societal officers, the
      group has been recognized by the school's Student Council and given financial
      support. At present, the group is fiscally solvent with support from the
      institution, surgery department, and faculty. Conclusion As the demand for
      surgeons increases so too does the need to increase student interest in surgery.
      Our school has been successful because of our surgical interest group, and we
      encourage other schools to adopt a similar approach.

PMID- 27381740
TI  - Screening for health literacy is not the answer.

PMID- 27381742
TI  - Simple and Versatile Strategy to Prevent Surface Wrinkling by Visible Light
      Irradiation.
AB  - A stiff film bonded to a compliant substrate is susceptible to surface wrinkling
      when it is subjected to in-plane compression. Prevention of surface wrinkling is
      essential in many cases to maintain the integrity and functionality of this kind
      of system. Here we report a simple versatile technique to restrain surface
      wrinkling of an amorphous poly(p-aminoazobenzene) (PAAB) film by visible light
      irradiation. The key idea is to use the combined effects of photosoftening of the
      PAAB film and the stress release induced by the reversible photoisomerization.
      The main finding given by experiments and dimensional analysis is that the
      elastic modulus Ef of the film is well modulated by the ratio of light intensity
      and the release rate, i.e., I/V. Furthermore, the explicit solution describing
      the correlation of I/V with Ef is derived for the first time. The difference
      between the calculated critical wrinkling strain epsilonc,t based on Ef and the
      experimentally measured value epsilonc enables us to quantitatively evaluate the
      release amount of the compressive stress in the film. These key solutions provide
      a simple strategy to prevent the undesired surface wrinkling. Additionally, they
      allow us to propose a wrinkling-based technique to investigate photoinduced
      changes in the mechanical properties of azo-containing materials. 

PMID- 27381741
TI  - Beyond Composite Endpoints Analysis: Semicompeting Risks as an Underutilized
      Framework for Cancer Research.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Composite endpoints (CEP), such as progression-free survival, are
      commonly used in cancer research. Notwithstanding their popularity, however, CEP
      analyses suffer from a number of drawbacks, especially when death is combined
      with a nonterminal event (ie, progression or recurrence), exemplifying the
      semicompeting risks setting. We investigated the semicompeting risks framework as
      a complementary analysis strategy that avoids certain drawbacks of CEPs. METHODS:
      The illness-death model under the semicompeting risks framework was compared with
      standard analysis approaches: CEP analyses and (separate) univariate analyses for
      each component endpoint. Data from a previously published phase III randomized
      clinical trial in metastatic colon cancer including 1419 participants in the
      N9741 trial (conducted between 1997 and 2003) were used to determine the impact
      of the loss of information associated with combining multiple endpoints, as well
      as of ignoring the potentially informative role of death. A simulation study was
      conducted to further explore these issues. RESULTS: Failure to account for
      critical features of semicompeting risks data can lead to potentially severely
      misleading conclusions. Advantages of semicompeting risks analyses include a
      clear delineation of treatment effects on both events, the ability to draw
      conclusions about a patient's joint risk of the two events, and an assessment of
      the dependence between the two event types. CONCLUSIONS: Embedding and analyzing
      component outcomes in the semicompeting risks framework, either as a supplement
      or alternative to CEP analyses, represents an important, underutilized, and
      feasible opportunity for cancer research.

PMID- 27381744
TI  - A Place for Zero in the Brain.
AB  - It has long been thought that the primary cognitive and neural systems
      responsible for processing numerosities are not predisposed to encode empty sets
      (i.e., numerosity zero). A new study challenges this view by demonstrating that
      zero is translated into an abstract quantity along the numerical continuum by the
      primate parietofrontal magnitude system.

PMID- 27381743
TI  - Quantum-enhanced multiparameter estimation in multiarm interferometers.
AB  - Quantum metrology is the state-of-the-art measurement technology. It uses quantum
      resources to enhance the sensitivity of phase estimation over that achievable by
      classical physics. While single parameter estimation theory has been widely
      investigated, much less is known about the simultaneous estimation of multiple
      phases, which finds key applications in imaging and sensing. In this manuscript
      we provide conditions of useful particle (qudit) entanglement for multiphase
      estimation and adapt them to multiarm Mach-Zehnder interferometry. We
      theoretically discuss benchmark multimode Fock states containing useful qudit
      entanglement and overcoming the sensitivity of separable qudit states in three
      and four arm Mach-Zehnder-like interferometers - currently within the reach of
      integrated photonics technology.

PMID- 27381746
TI  - Is the angulation of mandibular third molars associated with the thickness of
      lingual bone?
AB  - To find out whether the angulation of mandibular third molars is associated with
      the thickness of the bone at the site of impaction, and if so, which particular
      angulation affects the protective mechanism of the nerve, we retrospectively
      studied the thickness of lingual bone at the sites of impaction of 200 mandibular
      third molars in 149 patients using coronal, sagittal, and axial slices of cone
      beam computed tomograms (CT). We measured the bone at the cementoenamel junction
      of the mandibular second molar, at the mid-root of the third molar, and at the
      apex of the root. Bone less than 1mm thick was defined as "thinning". We
      correlated these measurements with the angulation of the tooth based on the
      position of the second molar and the occlusal plane in 3 dimensions: vertical,
      mesiobuccal, and buccolingual. The primary outcome was the thickness of the bone
      around the third molar. A total of 102 teeth were on the left (51%), and 125 were
      angulated with an occlusal plane of <85 degrees  (63%). The mean (SD) thickness
      of bone at the cementoenamel junction of the second molar was 1.40 (0.87) mm, at
      mid-root 1.07 (1.03) mm, and at the apex 1.07 (1.30) mm. When the horizontal and
      mesioangular angulations of teeth were <85 degrees , the thickness of bone at the
      mid-root differed significantly from that when the vertical and distoangular
      angulations were 85 degrees  or more (p<0.001). Correlations between the
      thickness of the bone and the buccolingual angulations were significantly
      associated with perforation of the bone at mid-root and apex (p<0.003). The bone
      around horizontal and mesioangular impactions was 3.6 times more likely to be
      "thin" than that at mid-root of vertical and distoangular third molars. A
      buccolingual angulation was also associated with perforation of the lingual
      cortex (p<0.003). As the bone was thinner at the mid-root of horizontally and
      mesioangularly impacted teeth, it seemed to compromise the integrity of the
      lingual plate, which is the natural protective barrier of the lingual nerve.
      These findings could be of prognostic value.

PMID- 27381745
TI  - Genetic enhancement of palmitic acid accumulation in cotton seed oil through RNAi
      down-regulation of ghKAS2 encoding beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII).
AB  - Palmitic acid (C16:0) already makes up approximately 25% of the total fatty acids
      in the conventional cotton seed oil. However, further enhancements in palmitic
      acid content at the expense of the predominant unsaturated fatty acids would
      provide increased oxidative stability of cotton seed oil and also impart the high
      melting point required for making margarine, shortening and confectionary
      products free of trans fatty acids. Seed-specific RNAi-mediated down-regulation
      of beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) catalysing the elongation of palmitoyl
      ACP to stearoyl-ACP has succeeded in dramatically increasing the C16 fatty acid
      content of cotton seed oil to well beyond its natural limits, reaching up to 65%
      of total fatty acids. The elevated C16 levels were comprised of predominantly
      palmitic acid (C16:0, 51%) and to a lesser extent palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 11%)
      and hexadecadienoic acid (C16:2, 3%), and were stably inherited. Despite of the
      dramatic alteration of fatty acid composition and a slight yet significant
      reduction in oil content in these high-palmitic (HP) lines, seed germination
      remained unaffected. Regiochemical analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) showed that
      the increased levels of palmitic acid mainly occurred at the outer positions,
      while C16:1 and C16:2 were predominantly found in the sn-2 position in both TAG
      and phosphatidylcholine. Crossing the HP line with previously created high-oleic
      (HO) and high-stearic (HS) genotypes demonstrated that HP and HO traits could be
      achieved simultaneously; however, elevation of stearic acid was hindered in the
      presence of high level of palmitic acid.

PMID- 27381747
TI  - New incision to harvest mandibular symphysis bone.

PMID- 27381748
TI  - Molecular recognition and activation by polyaza macrocyclic compounds based on
      host-guest interactions.
AB  - The design and syntheses of supramolecular hosts for the recognition and
      activation of molecules and anions are one of the most active research fields in
      supramolecular chemistry, in which polyaza macrocyclic ligands and their
      complexes have drawn particular attention due to their strong host-guest
      interactions. This review mainly focuses on the recent progress in the
      recognition of molecules and anions by polyaza macrocyclic compounds including
      polyaza macrocycles, polyaza macrobicycles and polyaza macrotricycles, as well as
      the activation of molecules by polyaza macrocyclic ligands and their metal
      complexes. 

PMID- 27381749
TI  - Molecular changes in the postmortem parkinsonian brain.
AB  - Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after
      Alzheimer disease. Although PD has a relatively narrow clinical phenotype, it has
      become clear that its etiological basis is broad. Post-mortem brain analysis,
      despite its limitations, has provided invaluable insights into relevant
      pathogenic pathways including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and
      protein homeostasis dysregulation. Identification of the genetic causes of PD
      followed the discovery of these abnormalities, and reinforced the importance of
      the biochemical defects identified post-mortem. Recent genetic studies have
      highlighted the mitochondrial and lysosomal areas of cell function as
      particularly significant in mediating the neurodegeneration of PD. Thus the
      careful analysis of post-mortem PD brain biochemistry remains a crucial component
      of research, and one that offers considerable opportunity to pursue etiological
      factors either by 'reverse biochemistry' i.e. from defective pathway to mutant
      gene, or by the complex interplay between pathways e.g. mitochondrial turnover by
      lysosomes. In this review we have documented the spectrum of biochemical defects
      identified in PD post-mortem brain and explored their relevance to metabolic
      pathways involved in neurodegeneration. We have highlighted the complex
      interactions between these pathways and the gene mutations causing or increasing
      risk for PD. These pathways are becoming a focus for the development of disease
      modifying therapies for PD. Parkinson's is accompanied by multiple changes in the
      brain that are responsible for the progression of the disease. We describe here
      the molecular alterations occurring in postmortem brains and classify them as:
      Neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors; Lewy bodies and Parkinson's-linked
      genes; Transition metals, calcium and calcium-binding proteins; Inflammation;
      Mitochondrial abnormalities and oxidative stress; Abnormal protein removal and
      degradation; Apoptosis and transduction pathways. This article is part of a
      special issue on Parkinson disease.

PMID- 27381750
TI  - Multicenter study on caries risk assessment in adults using survival
      Classification and Regression Trees.
AB  - Dental caries is an important public health problem worldwide. This study aims to
      prove how preventive therapies reduce the onset of caries in adult patients, and
      to identify patients with high or low risk of caries by using Classification and
      Regression Trees based survival analysis (survival CART). A clinical data set of
      732 patients aged 20 to 64 years in nine Japanese general practices was analyzed
      with the following parameters: age, DMFT, number of mutans streptococci (SM) and
      Lactobacilli (LB), secretion rate and buffer capacity of saliva, and compliance
      with a preventive program. Results showed the incidence of primary carious lesion
      was affected by SM, LB and compliance with a preventive program; secondary
      carious lesion was affected by DMFT, SM and LB. Survival CART identified high
      risk patients for primary carious lesion according to their poor compliance with
      a preventive program and SM (>=10(6) CFU/ml) with a hazard ratio of 3.66 (p =
      0.0002). In the case of secondary caries, patients with LB (>=10(5) CFU/ml) and
      DMFT (>15) were identified as high risk with a hazard ratio of 3.50 (p < 0.0001).
      We conclude that preventive programs can be effective in limiting the incidence
      of primary carious lesion.

PMID- 27381751
TI  - Re-irradiation of the chest wall for local breast cancer recurrence : Results of
      salvage brachytherapy with hyperthermia.
AB  - AIM: Following mastectomy and adjuvant external beam radiation therapy in
      patients with breast cancer, the incidence of local or locoregional recurrence is
      approximately 9 % (2-20 %). Alongside the often limited possibilities of surgical
      treatment, radiation therapy combined with superficial hyperthermia is the most
      effective local therapy. In the present work, a retrospective analysis of salvage
      brachytherapy combined with superficial hyperthermia for chest wall recurrences
      is presented. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2004 and 2011, 18 patients with a
      total of 23 target volumes resulting from chest wall recurrences after previously
      mastectomy and external beam radiation therapy (median 56 Gy, range 50-68 Gy)
      were treated with superficial brachytherapy as salvage treatment: 8 patients (44
      %) had macroscopic tumor, 3 (17 %) had microscopic tumor (R1), and 7 (39 %) had
      undergone R0 resection and were treated due to risk factors. A dose of 50 Gy was
      given (high-dose rate [HDR] and pulsed-dose rate [PDR] procedures). In all, 5 of
      23 patients (22 %) received additional concurrent chemotherapy, and in 20 of 23
      (87 %) target volumes additional superficial hyperthermia was carried out twice
      weekly. RESULTS: The 5-year local recurrence-free survival was 56 %, the disease
      free survival was 28 %, and a 5-year overall survival was 22 %. Late side effects
      Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) grade 3 were reported in 17 % of the patients: 2
      of 18 (11 %) had CTC grade 3 fibrosis, and 1 of 18 (6 %) had a chronic wound
      healing disorder. CONCLUSION: Re-irradiation as salvage brachytherapy with
      superficial hyperthermia for chest wall recurrences is a feasible and safe
      treatment with good local control results and acceptable late side effects.

PMID- 27381752
TI  - Towards a General Understanding of Carbonyl-Stabilised Ammonium Ylide-Mediated
      Epoxidation Reactions.
AB  - The key factors for carbonyl-stabilised ammonium ylide-mediated epoxidation
      reactions were systematically investigated by experimental and computational
      means and the hereby obtained energy profiles provide explanations for the
      observed experimental results. In addition, we were able to identify the first
      tertiary amine-based chiral auxiliary that allows for high enantioselectivities
      and high yields for such epoxidation reactions. 

PMID- 27381753
TI  - Factors Explaining Variation in Alcohol Use Disorder Prevalence Across Border and
      Nonborder Communities in Texas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: U.S. border populations have been found to be at high risk for
      alcohol problems. However, results from the U.S.-Mexico Study on Alcohol and
      Related Conditions (UMSARC) revealed surprisingly large variation in alcohol
      outcomes even among Texas border sites, with alcohol use disorder (AUD)
      prevalence ~1.5 to 1.6 times greater in the border city of Laredo compared to
      both San Antonio and the border site of McAllen/Brownsville. Because a better
      understanding of this variation is important to identifying environmental
      influences on AUD, we developed and tested a conceptual model addressing
      variation in AUD prevalence across Texas UMSARC sites. METHODS: Surveys involved
      in-person, household interviews with Mexican-origin residents of the Texas border
      cities Laredo (n = 751) and McAllen/Brownsville (n = 814), with San Antonio as an
      off-border comparison (n = 771). Interviews assessed past-year DSM-5 AUD; past
      year heavy drinking; coping and enhancement motives; and 7 indicators of
      substance use climate and stress exposure hypothesized to mediate site effects.
      Analyses, conducted separately by gender, included regressions and structural
      equation modeling with Mplus. RESULTS: Preliminary analyses revealed that site
      effects on AUD prevalence were, unexpectedly, exclusive to men, and that Laredan
      men were similar to McAllen/Brownsville men on demographics, acculturation, and
      cross-border mobility. However, sites differed dramatically on most of the
      hypothesized risk factors. Structural equation models confirmed that site effects
      on AUD were partially mediated via effects of site on indicators of a permissive
      climate (i.e., permissive drinking norms, high drug availability) and stress
      exposures (i.e., high exposure to violence/crime, low family support), and via
      downstream effects on drinking motives and heavy drinking. CONCLUSIONS: Findings
      of very high rates of past-12-month AUD among Laredan men (35%) suggest the
      possibility of significant heterogeneity even within demographically similar
      border areas and underline the need for additional study of the border region.
      Findings regarding our conceptual model suggest that this model may constitute a
      useful initial framework for future research on alcohol problems at the border.
      However, additional research using representative samples is needed to confirm
      and expand this model to comprehensively address relevant individual and
      community factors.

PMID- 27381754
TI  - Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Hypertension in Hemophilia: Cross
      Sectional Analysis of a National Discharge Register.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Improved life expectancy of persons with hemophilia (PWHs) has led
      to a greater interest in the role of age-related chronic diseases, such as
      hypertension, in this cohort. Several observational studies have reported an
      increased prevalence of hypertension in PWHs; however, this has not been assessed
      using a large, national database in the United States. AIMS: We hypothesized the
      prevalence of hypertension is increased in PWHs and compared the prevalence of
      hypertension and associated risk factors among patients with and without
      hemophilia. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using discharge
      data among adult males from the National Inpatient Sample over the 3-year period,
      2009 to 2011. Hypertension was compared across groups using Rao-Scott chi2 test.
      Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of hypertension
      in patients with hemophilia after adjustment for hypertension-associated risk
      factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension in patients with hemophilia was
      less than the prevalence of hypertension in patients without hemophilia (39.5% vs
      56.3%, P < .001). Hemophilia was associated with a decreased odds of hypertension
      after adjusting for associated risk factors (odds ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence
      interval: 0.81-0.94). CONCLUSION: In contrast to the findings of several other
      recent studies, we report a decreased prevalence of hypertension in PWHs. The
      discrepancy among the reported prevalence of hypertension in our study and
      several others highlights the potential biases inherent to retrospective and
      cross-sectional studies and underscores the need for well-designed prospective
      studies to determine the true incidence of hypertension in PWHs, which may lie
      somewhere in between our findings and the findings of others.

PMID- 27381755
TI  - Comorbidities Must Be Considered in Mean Platelet Volume Measurement in Patients
      With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

PMID- 27381756
TI  - Further Insights in the Most Common SCN5A Mutation Causing Overlapping Phenotype
      of Long QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome, and Conduction Defect.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Phenotypic overlap of type 3 long QT syndrome (LQT3), Brugada
      syndrome (BrS), cardiac conduction disease (CCD), and sinus node dysfunction
      (SND) is observed with SCN5A mutations. SCN5A-E1784K is the most common mutation
      associated with BrS and LQTS3. The present study examines the genotype-phenotype
      relationship in a large family carrying SCN5A-E1784K and SCN5A-H558R
      polymorphism. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinical work-up, follow-up, and genetic
      analysis were performed in 35 family members. Seventeen were SCN5A-E1784K
      positive. They also displayed QTc prolongation, and either BrS, CCD, or both. One
      carrier exhibited SND. The presence of SCN5A-H558R did not significantly alter
      the phenotype of SCN5A-E1784K carriers. Fourteen SCN5A-E1784K patients underwent
      implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation; 4 developed VF and
      received appropriate ICD shocks after 8+/-3 months of follow-up. One patient
      without ICD also developed VF after 6.7 years. These 5 cases carried both SCN5A
      E1784K and SCN5A-H558R. Functional characterization was achieved by expressing
      SCN5A variants in TSA201 cells. Peak (INa,P) or late (INa,L) sodium currents were
      recorded using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Co-expression of SCN5A-E1784K
      and SCN5A-WT reduced INa,P to 70.03% of WT, shifted steady-state inactivation by 
      11.03 mV, and increased INa,L from 0.14% to 1.86% of INa,P. Similar changes were
      observed when SCN5A-E1784K was co-expressed with SCN5A-H558R. CONCLUSIONS: We
      demonstrate a strong genotype-phenotype correlation with complete penetrance for
      BrS, LQTS, or CCD in the largest family harboring SCN5A-E1784K mutation described
      so far. Phenotype of LQTS is present during all decades of life, whereas CCD
      develops with increasing age. Phenotypic overlap may explain the high event rate
      in carriers.

PMID- 27381757
TI  - Twenty-Five Year Secular Trends in Lipids and Modifiable Risk Factors in a
      Population-Based Biracial Cohort: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young
      Adults (CARDIA) Study, 1985-2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional analyses suggest that total and low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) trends that had been declining are now reversing.
      We examined longitudinal data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young
      Adults (CARDIA) study to examine secular trends in total cholesterol, LDL-c, high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and triglycerides over 25 years. We also
      assessed whether modifiable lifestyle factors (body mass index, physical
      activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and lipid-lowering medications) are
      associated with these trends. METHODS AND RESULTS: CARDIA recruited 5115 black
      and white men and women ages 18 to 30 years from 4 US communities in 1985-1986,
      and re-examined them 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years later. Secular trends, modeled
      as age-matched time trends, were estimated using repeated-measures regression
      stratified on race and sex. Total cholesterol and LDL-c initially decreased ~5 to
      8 mg/dL between visits before plateauing and moving toward adverse trends in all
      groups, except black women, by year 25. HDL-c showed an upward secular trend of 1
      to 3 mg/dL between visits starting at year 15 in all groups; triglyceride trends
      were largely flat. Obesity and use of lipid-lowering medications, which both
      increased over follow-up, had strong independent, but opposite, associations with
      lipid trends over time. In aggregate, associations of modifiable lifestyle
      factors counterbalanced one another, minimally influencing secular trends.
      CONCLUSIONS: Over 25 years, initially favorable trends in total cholesterol and
      LDL-c have leveled off and may be reversing, persisting after control for
      modifiable risk factors. Factors such as dietary changes over 25 years and poor
      adherence to medications are candidates for additional investigation.

PMID- 27381759
TI  - Temporary Suppression of Cardiac Ganglionated Plexi Leads to Long-Term
      Suppression of Atrial Fibrillation: Evidence of Early Autonomic Intervention to
      Break the Vicious Cycle of "AF Begets AF".
AB  - BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin (BTX), temporarily suppressing cholinergic
      transmission (<3 weeks), has been reported to suppress atrial fibrillation (AF)
      for >=1 year. We aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying long-term
      suppression of AF caused by injecting BTX into major atrial ganglionated plexi
      (GPs). METHODS AND RESULTS: Bilateral thoracotomies in anesthetized dogs allowed
      programmed stimulation at 4 pulmonary veins, biatrial appendages, and the
      superior vena cava to determine the effective refractory period (ERP) in the
      first operation. Group 1 (n=10) received BTX injection into all GPs; group 2
      (n=7) received no injection. Groups 1 and 2 received rapid atrial pacing (800
      bpm) 6 days a week. Group 3 (n=7) did not undergo thoracotomy or rapid atrial
      pacing to serve as controls for histological studies. A second operation and the
      same measurements were made 3 months later. During the first operation in group
      1, ERPs of 4 pulmonary veins, but not biatrial appendages or superior vena cava,
      increased immediately after BTX injection. AF burdens increased significantly
      from the fifth week after the first operation in group 2 but not in group 1. In
      the second operation, ERPs remained unchanged compared with ERPs before BTX
      injection in group 1, whereas ERPs shortened significantly at all sites except
      the superior vena cava in group 2. There was no difference of autonomic nerve
      density between group 1 and group 3. The GP choline acetyltransferase (+) and
      atrial tyrosine hydroxylase (+) nerve densities were higher in group 2 than in
      group 1 and group 3. CONCLUSIONS: Temporary suppression of major atrial GPs by
      BTX prevents autonomic remodeling and provides long-term suppression of AF,
      indicating the critical role of GPs in AF progression.

PMID- 27381758
TI  - Zofenopril Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Increasing
      Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Bioavailability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Zofenopril, a sulfhydrylated angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
      (ACEI), reduces mortality and morbidity in infarcted patients to a greater extent
      than do other ACEIs. Zofenopril is a unique ACEI that has been shown to increase
      hydrogen sulfide (H2S) bioavailability and nitric oxide (NO) levels via
      bradykinin-dependent signaling. Both H2S and NO exert cytoprotective and
      antioxidant effects. We examined zofenopril effects on H2S and NO bioavailability
      and cardiac damage in murine and swine models of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
      (I/R) injury. METHODS AND RESULTS: Zofenopril (10 mg/kg PO) was administered for
      1, 8, and 24 hours to establish optimal dosing in mice. Myocardial and plasma H2S
      and NO levels were measured along with the levels of H2S and NO enzymes
      (cystathionine beta-synthase, cystathionine gamma-lyase, 3-mercaptopyruvate
      sulfur transferase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase). Mice received 8 hours
      of zofenopril or vehicle pretreatment followed by 45 minutes of ischemia and 24
      hours of reperfusion. Pigs received placebo or zofenopril (30 mg/daily orally) 7
      days before 75 minutes of ischemia and 48 hours of reperfusion. Zofenopril
      significantly augmented both plasma and myocardial H2S and NO levels in mice and
      plasma H2S (sulfane sulfur) in pigs. Cystathionine beta-synthase, cystathionine
      gamma-lyase, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase, and total endothelial nitric
      oxide synthase levels were unaltered, while phospho-endothelial nitric oxide
      synthase(1177) was significantly increased in mice. Pretreatment with zofenopril
      significantly reduced myocardial infarct size and cardiac troponin I levels after
      I/R injury in both mice and swine. Zofenopril also significantly preserved
      ischemic zone endocardial blood flow at reperfusion in pigs after I/R.
      CONCLUSIONS: Zofenopril-mediated cardioprotection during I/R is associated with
      an increase in H2S and NO signaling.

PMID- 27381761
TI  - Patterns of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression in Kawasaki Patients: A
      Crystal Ball for Long-Term Vascular Health?

PMID- 27381760
TI  - Extracardial Vasculopathy After Kawasaki Disease: A Long-Term Follow-up Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a pediatric vasculitis with coronary artery
      aneurysm (CAA) as a major complication. Controversy exists about cardiovascular
      risk later in life. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether KD patients are
      at increased risk, as assessed by carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). METHODS
      AND RESULTS: We measured cIMT over 15 years by B-mode ultrasonography in KD
      patients during follow-up and in unaffected controls (mostly siblings). A
      multilevel, repeated-measures, linear mixed-effects model was used to evaluate
      the association between KD and cIMT. A total of 319 patients with 528
      measurements were compared with 150 controls. In KD patients, the mean cIMT was
      increased compared with controls (0.375 mm [95% CI 0.372-0.378 mm] versus 0.363
      mm [95% CI 0.358-0.368 mm]; P<0.001). Furthermore, mean cIMT of CAA-negative
      patients was 0.373 mm (P<0.01 compared with controls), of patients with small
      medium CAA was 0.374 mm (P<0.05 compared with controls), and of patients with
      giant CAA was 0.381 mm (P<0.01 compared with controls). Compared with controls,
      CAA-negative participants started with an increased cIMT (+0.0193+/-0.0053 mm,
      P<0.001) but showed slower progression (-0.0014+/-0.0006 mm/year, P=0.012).
      Patients with giant CAA showed a trend toward increased cIMT progression
      (0.0013+/-0.0007 mm/year, P=0.058). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a positive
      correlation between cIMT and KD severity of coronary arteritis at the acute
      stage. Although initially increased, the cIMT in CAA-negative patients normalized
      at a later age. In contrast, patients with a history of KD complicated by giant
      CAA showed a trend toward persistently increased cIMT. These patients may need
      cardiovascular counseling and follow-up beyond the heart.

PMID- 27381762
TI  - Patterns of 'at-home' alcohol-related injury presentations to emergency
      departments.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish the scale of alcohol-related
      injuries originating in the home. BACKGROUND: Despite recent media and public
      attention on alcohol-related injuries occurring at licensed venues, many occur in
      other locations including the home. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study.
      METHODS: Emergency department surveillance data sourced from the Queensland
      Injury Surveillance Unit were interrogated for alcohol-related emergency
      department presentations from 2003-2012 (n = 12,296). Descriptive analysis was
      undertaken to assess alcohol involvement in injury, and analysis of variance was
      used to determine the differences among group means and their associated
      presentations. The relationship between demographic variables and injury location
      was assessed using p value of <0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: Of all
      injuries that were positively identified as being alcohol related, 41.07%
      occurred at the 'other' location, 36.14% 'at home', 13.00% on the street and
      9.78% at licensed premises. Of these, males (n = 2635; 59%) represented a higher
      proportion than females (n = 1807; 41%). Of injuries identified as domestic
      violence by spouse or partner (n = 510), 59.5% occurred 'at home'. CONCLUSIONS:
      This is the first study to investigate alcohol-related injuries occurring at
      home. The home accounts for a greater proportion of injuries than the frequently
      assessed licensed premises location. Further research is required to validate
      these findings in a wider setting. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: A public
      health campaign is required to minimise harm associated with alcohol-related
      injuries in the home, and nurses are positioned to inform health policy makers
      around this issue. Furthermore, emergency department nurses are in a unique
      position to provide brief interventions around safe alcohol consumption and
      injury prevention.

PMID- 27381763
TI  - Taste-Active Maillard Reaction Products in Roasted Garlic (Allium sativum).
AB  - In order to gain first insight into candidate Maillard reaction products formed
      upon thermal processing of garlic, mixtures of glucose and S-allyl-l-cysteine,
      the major sulfur-containing amino acid in garlic, were low-moisture heated, and
      nine major reaction products were isolated. LC-TOF-MS, 1D/2D NMR, and CD
      spectroscopy led to their identification as acortatarin A (1), pollenopyrroside A
      (2), epi-acortatarin A (3), xylapyrroside A (4), 5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(5
      hydroxymethyl-2-furanyl)methyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carbalde-hyde (5), 3-(allylthio)-2
      (2-formyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)propanoic acid (6), (4S)-4
      (allylthiomethyl)-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-6-carbaldehyde
      (7), (2R)-3-(allylthio)-2-[(4R)-4-(allylthiomethyl)-6-formyl-3-oxo-3,4
      dihydropyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrazin-2(1H)-yl]propanoic acid (8), and (2R)-3-(allylthio)
      2-((4S)-4-(allylthiomethyl)-6-formyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrrolo-[1,2-a]pyrazin
      2(1H)-yl)propanoic acid (9). Among the Maillard reaction products identified,
      compounds 5-9 have not previously been published. The thermal generation of the
      literature known spiroalkaloids 1-4 is reported for the first time. Sensory
      analysis revealed a bitter taste with thresholds between 0.5 and 785 MUmol/kg for
      1-5 and 7-9. Compound 6 did not show any intrinsic taste (water) but exhibited a
      strong mouthfullness (kokumi) enhancing activity above 186 MUmol/kg. LC-MS/MS
      analysis showed 1-9 to be generated upon pan-frying of garlic with the highest
      concentration of 793.7 MUmol/kg found for 6, thus exceeding its kokumi threshold
      by a factor of 4 and giving evidence for its potential taste modulation activity
      in processed garlic preparations. 

PMID- 27381765
TI  - No change in live birthweight of IVF singleton deliveries over an 18-year period
      despite significant clinical and laboratory changes.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Has live birthweight changed over 18 years of autologous fresh
      and frozen IVF? SUMMARY ANSWER: Regardless of changes in clinical care and
      laboratory practice over 18 years, birthweight has remained stable. WHAT IS KNOWN
      ALREADY: Birthweight has historically been used as a marker of neonatal health.
      Frozen embryo transfers lead to heavier live birthweights compared with fresh
      embryo transfers. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This retrospective cohort study
      included 7295 singletons from autologous fresh (n = 6265) and frozen (n = 1030)
      IVF cycles from 1996 to 2013. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: All
      patients undergoing autologous IVF cycles between 1996 and 2013 resulting in a
      singleton live born with a birthweight recorded were included. One-way ANOVA and
      t-tests compared mean live birthweight in fresh and frozen cycles in 6-month
      increments over 18 years. Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate
      predictors of birthweight. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Mean birthweight
      after fresh (3283 +/- 601 g) and frozen (3462 +/- 621 g) cycles were
      significantly different (P < 0.001). ANOVA demonstrated no significant difference
      in mean weight from fresh or frozen cycles over 6-month intervals. No difference
      in weight was noted between Days 3 and 5 transfers or between ICSI and standard
      IVF. No difference was found across known changes when comparing media,
      laboratory location, cryopreservation method or gonadotrophins. LIMITATIONS,
      REASONS FOR CAUTION: Limitations include the small number of frozen low
      birthweight neonates. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our study suggests that
      changes in IVF practice, with the exception of fresh or frozen embryo transfer,
      have little impact on mean live birthweight. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS:
      No funding was received for this study. The authors have no conflicting
      interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Not applicable.

PMID- 27381764
TI  - Out of Africa: origins and evolution of the human malaria parasites Plasmodium
      falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax account for more than 95% of all human
      malaria infections, and thus pose a serious public health challenge. To control
      and potentially eliminate these pathogens, it is important to understand their
      origins and evolutionary history. Until recently, it was widely believed that P.
      falciparum had co-evolved with humans (and our ancestors) over millions of years,
      whilst P. vivax was assumed to have emerged in southeastern Asia following the
      cross-species transmission of a parasite from a macaque. However, the discovery
      of a multitude of Plasmodium spp. in chimpanzees and gorillas has refuted these
      theories and instead revealed that both P. falciparum and P. vivax evolved from
      parasites infecting wild-living African apes. It is now clear that P. falciparum
      resulted from a recent cross-species transmission of a parasite from a gorilla,
      whilst P. vivax emerged from an ancestral stock of parasites that infected
      chimpanzees, gorillas and humans in Africa, until the spread of the protective
      Duffy-negative mutation eliminated P. vivax from human populations there.
      Although many questions remain concerning the biology and zoonotic potential of
      the P. falciparum- and P. vivax-like parasites infecting apes, comparative
      genomics, coupled with functional parasite and vector studies, are likely to
      yield new insights into ape Plasmodium transmission and pathogenesis that are
      relevant to the treatment and prevention of human malaria.

PMID- 27381767
TI  - Talk about sex.

PMID- 27381766
TI  - A nested case-control study of prenatal vanadium exposure and low birthweight.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Is prenatal vanadium exposure associated with adverse birth
      outcomes? SUMMARY ANSWER: The odds of low birthweight (LBW) are increased 2.23
      fold in mothers with a urinary vanadium of >=2.91 MUg/g creatinine compared with
      that in mothers with a urinary vanadium of <=1.42 MUg/g creatinine. WHAT IS KNOWN
      ALREADY: Human exposure to vanadium occurs through intake of food, water and
      polluted air. Vanadium has been suggested to have fetotoxicity and developmental
      toxicity in animal studies, and epidemiological studies have reported an
      association between a decrease in birthweight and vanadium exposure estimated
      from particulate matter. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A nested case-control
      study involving 816 study participants (204 LBW cases and 612 matched controls)
      was conducted with data from the prospective Healthy Baby Cohort between 2012 and
      2014 in the province of Hubei, China. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS:
      Vanadium concentrations in 816 maternal urine samples collected before delivery
      [the median gestational age was 39 weeks (range 27-42 weeks)] were measured by
      inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Information on the infants' birth
      outcomes was obtained from medical records. Conditional logistic regression was
      used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN
      RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The median urinary vanadium concentration of the
      cases was much higher than that of the controls (3.04 MUg/g creatinine versus
      1.93 MUg/g creatinine). The results revealed a significant positive trend between
      the odds of LBW and level of maternal urinary vanadium [relative to the lowest
      tertile; adjusted OR = 1.69 (95% CI: 0.92, 3.10) for the medium tertile; adjusted
      OR = 2.23 (95% CI: 1.23, 4.05) for the highest tertile; P-trend = 0.02].
      Additionally, the association was not modified by maternal age (P for
      heterogeneity = 0.70) or infant gender (P for heterogeneity = 0.21). LIMITATIONS,
      REASONS FOR CAUTION: The maternal urine sample was collected before labor, and
      the maternal urinary vanadium levels measured at one point in time may not
      accurately reflect the vanadium burden during the entire pregnancy. WIDER
      IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The results of this study can enrich the biological
      monitoring data on urinary vanadium in pregnant women; and may be evidence that
      vanadium may affect fetal development. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This
      work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21437002,
      81372959 and 81402649), the R&D Special Fund for Public Welfare Industry
      (Environment) (201309048) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
      Universities, HUST (2016YXZD043). The authors have no conflicts of interest to
      declare.

PMID- 27381769
TI  - Is community spirit a thing of the past?

PMID- 27381768
TI  - [Over 80 years and myocardial infarction].

PMID- 27381770
TI  - The introduction of psychiatry in Norwegian medicine.

PMID- 27381772
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381771
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381774
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381773
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381775
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381777
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381776
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381778
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381779
TI  - [Cesarean section in trisomy 13 and 18 - a value-based assessment].

PMID- 27381780
TI  - [Help the farmers in the fight against MRSA].

PMID- 27381781
TI  - [Why does the use of coercion vary, and what can we do about it?].

PMID- 27381782
TI  - [Time to introduce specialist examinations].

PMID- 27381783
TI  - [Radiographers describing radiology images is not the solution].

PMID- 27381784
TI  - [Treatment of air embolisms].

PMID- 27381785
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381786
TI  - Incentives and participation in a medical survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND Questionnaire surveys are important for surveying the health and
      disease behaviour of the population, but recent years have seen a fall in
      participation. Our study tested whether incentives can increase participation in
      these surveys.MATERIAL AND METHOD We sent a questionnaire on risk factors for
      colorectal cancer (height, weight, smoking, self-reported diagnoses, family
      medical history) to non-screened participants in a randomised colonoscopy
      screening study for colorectal cancer: participants who were invited but did not
      attend for colonoscopy examination (screening-invited) and persons who were not
      offered colonoscopy (control group). The persons were randomised to three groups:
      no financial incentive, lottery scratch cards included with the form, or a prize
      draw for a tablet computer when they responded to the form. We followed up all
      the incentive groups with telephone reminder calls, and before the prize draw for
      the tablet computer.RESULTS Altogether 3 705 of 6 795 persons (54.5  %) responded
      to the questionnaire; 43.5  % of those invited for screening and 65.6  % of the
      control group (p < 0.001). The proportion that answered was not influenced by
      incentives, either among those invited for screening (42.4  % in the non-prize
      group, 45.5  % in the lottery scratch card group and 42.6  % in the prize draw
      group; p = 0.24), or in the control group (65.6  % in the non-prize group, 66.4 
      % in the lottery scratch card group and 64.7  % in the prize draw group; p =
      0.69). Prior to reminder calls, 39.2  % responded. A further 15.3  % responded
      following telephone reminder calls (14.1  % of the screening-invited and 16.5  %
      of the control group; p < 0.001).INTERPRETATION Incentives did not increase
      participation in this medical questionnaire survey. Use of telephone reminder
      calls and telephone interviews increased participation, but whether this is more
      effective than other methods requires further study. 

PMID- 27381787
TI  - [Myasthenia gravis - optimal treatment and accurate diagnosis].
AB  - Around 700 people in Norway have myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease that
      affects neuromuscular transmission and results in fluctuating weakness in some
      muscles as its sole symptom. The diagnosis is based on typical symptoms and
      findings, detection of antibodies and neurophysiological examination. Symptomatic
      treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is generally effective, but most
      patients also require immunosuppressive drug treatment. Antigen-specific therapy
      is being tested in experimental disease models. 

PMID- 27381788
TI  - Intracranial artery dissection.

PMID- 27381789
TI  - [A woman in her seventies with rapid deterioration of cognitive impairment].
AB  - We present a female patient with an unusual cause of cognitive impairment that
      proved to be reversible. Her case study illustrates why acute deterioration of
      cognitive impairment requires a thorough clinical approach. 

PMID- 27381790
TI  - [Legal protection for the mentally ill].

PMID- 27381791
TI  - [Olaf Bulls poem Metope - read as therapeutic conversation].

PMID- 27381792
TI  - [Herman Wedel Major - the person, the doctor and the reformer].

PMID- 27381793
TI  - [The control commission in the mental health services - Herman Wedel Majors
      innovation].

PMID- 27381794
TI  - [Major's and Schirmer's Gaustad].
AB  - The psychiatrist Herman Wedel Major planned Gaustad asylum in collaboration with
      his brother-in-law, the architect Heinrich Ernst Schirmer. The planning of
      Gaustad took place in parallel with the preparation of the first Norwegian Mental
      Health Act, adopted by the Storting on 30 July 1848, and Gaustad's architecture
      provides a good illustration of the ideals behind the mental health reform of the
      19th century. In particular, Major's and Schirmer's Gaustad represents a break
      with Frederik Holst's ideal of the panoptic institution. Whereas Holst and his
      architect Christian Heinrich Grosch promoted a radial plan institution based on
      the type used for penitentiaries, Schirmer and Major designed a modern, pavilion
      style hospital with wards placed independently in the landscape. 

PMID- 27381795
TI  - "Mentalen" - from mental hospital to madhouse in Bergen.

PMID- 27381796
TI  - [Many names for disease].

PMID- 27381797
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381798
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381799
TI  - [Google doctors].

PMID- 27381800
TI  - [Student substitute in general practice - which rules apply?].

PMID- 27381801
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381802
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381803
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381804
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381805
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27381806
TI  - Comparative proteomics of umbilical vein blood plasma from normal and gestational
      diabetes mellitus patients reveals differentially expressed proteins associated
      with childhood obesity.
AB  - PURPOSE: Offspring obesity is one of long-term complications of gestational
      diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this study is to identify proteins
      differentially expressed in the umbilical vein blood plasma, which could become
      markers for early diagnosis of childhood obesity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Umbilical
      vein plasma samples were collected from 30 control and 30 GDM patients in 2007
      2008 whose offspring were suffering from obesity at 6-7 years old. Multiplexed
      isobaric tandem mass tag labeling combined with LC-MS/MS was used to identify
      differentially expressed proteins. Ingenuity pathway analysis was performed to
      identify canonical pathways, biological functions, and networks of interacting
      proteins. Western blotting was used to verify the expression of three selected
      proteins. RESULTS: A total of 318 proteins were identified, of which 12 proteins
      were upregulated in GDM group while 24 downregulated. Lipid metabolism was the
      top category identified by ingenuity pathway analysis. Three randomly chosen
      proteins were validated by Western blotting, which were consistent with LC-MS.
      CONCLUSION: There are significant differences of protein profile in the umbilical
      vein blood plasma between normal and GDM patients with obese offspring. The
      results indicate that a variety of proteins and biological mechanisms may
      contribute to childhood obesity.

PMID- 27381808
TI  - Extended foot-ankle musculoskeletal models for application in movement analysis.
AB  - Multibody simulations of human motion require representative models of the
      anatomical structures. A model that captures the complexity of the foot is still
      lacking. In the present work, two detailed 3D multibody foot-ankle models
      generated based on CT scans using a semi-automatic tool are described. The
      proposed models consists of five rigid segments (talus, calcaneus, midfoot,
      forefoot and toes), connected by five joints (ankle, subtalar, midtarsal,
      tarsometatarsal and metatarsophalangeal), one with 15DOF and the other with 8DOF.
      The calculated kinematics of both models were evaluated using gait trials and
      compared against literature, both presenting realistic results. An inverse
      dynamic analysis was performed for the 8DOF model, again presenting feasible
      dynamic results.

PMID- 27381807
TI  - Time course of peri-implant bone regeneration around loaded and unloaded implants
      in a rat model.
AB  - The time-course of cancellous bone regeneration surrounding mechanically loaded
      implants affects implant fixation, and is relevant to determining optimal
      rehabilitation protocols following orthopaedic surgeries. We investigated the
      influence of controlled mechanical loading of titanium-coated polyether-ether
      ketone (PEEK) implants on osseointegration using time-lapsed, non-invasive, in
      vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. Implants were inserted into
      proximal tibial metaphyses of both limbs of eight female Sprague-Dawley rats.
      External cyclic loading (60 or 100 MUm displacement, 1 Hz, 60 s) was applied
      every other day for 14 days to one implant in each rat, while implants in
      contralateral limbs served as the unloaded controls. Hind limbs were imaged with
      high-resolution micro-CT (12.5 MUm voxel size) at 2, 5, 9, and 12 days post
      surgery. Trabecular changes over time were detected by 3D image registration
      allowing for measurements of bone-formation rate (BFR) and bone-resorption rate
      (BRR). At day 9, mean %BV/TV for loaded and unloaded limbs were 35.5 +/- 10.0%
      and 37.2 +/- 10.0%, respectively, and demonstrated significant increases in bone
      volume compared to day 2. BRR increased significantly after day 9. No significant
      differences between bone volumes, BFR, and BRR were detected due to implant
      loading. Although not reaching significance (p = 0.16), an average 119% increase
      in pull-out strength was measured in the loaded implants. (c) 2016 Orthopaedic
      Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:997-1006,
      2017.

PMID- 27381810
TI  - Controlled moderate hypovolaemia in healthy volunteers is not associated with the
      development of oxidative stress assessed by plasma F2-isoprostanes and isofurans.
AB  - Hypovolaemia can be associated with substantial morbidity, particularly when it
      occurs in the setting of trauma and in patients with comorbid diseases.
      Hypovolaemia and inflammation such as occur in the setting of trauma and surgery,
      are associated with systemic oxidative stress and free-radical injury. Free
      radical injury that results from hypovolaemia-induced organ reperfusion may
      further augment inflammatory processes. It is unknown exactly what proportion of
      free-radical injury is associated with isolated hypovolaemia as opposed to the
      contribution from inflammation from surgery or trauma. In the first human study
      of its kind, we exposed 8 adult male volunteers to venesection-induced
      hypovolaemia in progressive aliquots of 5% of total blood volume until 20% had
      been removed. This blood was subsequently reinfused. Plasma F2-isoprostanes and
      isofurans, markers of in vivo lipid oxidation, were measured by gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry at each 5% aliquot venesected and at each 5%
      reinfused. Between baseline and maximal blood loss there was a minor fall in
      haemoglobin concentration from 143.9g/l to 138.8g/l (p=0.004, 95% CI 2.2,
      8.0g/L). No significant change from baseline occurred in the concentrations of
      either plasma F2-isoprostanes or isofurans during venesection (p=0.116 and
      p=0.152, respectively) or blood reinfusion (p=0.553 and p=0.736, respectively).
      We can conclude that in healthy adult volunteers, isolated hypovolaemia to 20%
      total blood volume loss is not associated with detectable systemic oxidative
      stress. The free-radical injury identified in surgical and trauma patients may
      represent the effects of tissue damage and inflammation, with an uncertain
      contribution from tissue ischemia as may occur with hypovolaemia.

PMID- 27381809
TI  - Proposal of Helicobacter canicola sp. nov., previously identified as Helicobacter
      cinaedi, isolated from canines.
AB  - During the course of our taxonomic investigation of Helicobacter cinaedi, it was
      realized that the strains isolated from dogs, which have been identified as H.
      cinaedi, showed different biochemical traits than did the isolates obtained from
      humans. None of the three dog isolates could reduce nitrate to nitrite, whereas
      all of the human H. cinaedi isolates could do so. The dog isolates showed a
      strong positive alkaline phosphatase reaction and could grow at 42 degrees C,
      however the human isolates showed negative to very weak responses to those tests.
      The GyrA protein based phylogenetic analysis showed that the three isolates from
      dogs formed a slightly distinct cluster from the human isolate cluster.
      Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, gyrB, and hsp60 gene sequences
      further confirmed that the dog isolates differed from the human H. cinaedi
      isolate cluster. The whole-genome in silico DNA similarities of each isolate
      based on their full genome sequences revealed that the isolates from dogs shared
      more than 94.9% ANIb (average nucleotide identity based on BLAST), while 94.0%
      ANIb were found between the isolates from dogs and the humans, including the H.
      cinaedi type strain ATCC BAA-847(T) (=CCUG 18818(T)). From these data, we propose
      a new species, 'H. canicola' sp. nov., for the isolates from dogs. The type
      strain is PAGU 1410(T) (CCUG 33887(T)=LMG 29580(T)). 

PMID- 27381811
TI  - Ionic liquid coated copper wires and tubes for fiber-in-tube solid-phase
      microextraction.
AB  - A fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME) device was developed by
      filling eleven copper wires into a copper tube, and all of those were
      functionalized with ionic liquids. Its morphology and surface properties were
      characterized by scanning electron microscopy. It was connected into high
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipment by replacing the sample loop
      of six-port injection valve, building the online SPME-HPLC system. In the
      optimization of extraction conditions, sampling rate, sample volume, pH of sample
      and desorption time were investigated with five estrogens as model analytes.
      Under the optimum conditions, an online SPME-HPLC analysis method was achieved,
      showing enrichment efficiency from 611 to 1661 and a good linearity of 0.06
      60MUgL(-1) with low detection limits of 0.02-0.05MUgL(-1). It was applied to
      detect estrogens analytes in two water samples, with recoveries in the range of
      85-114%. Relative standard deviation (n=3) of extraction repeatability is in the
      range of 1.9-3.0%. Relative standard deviation of extraction tubes (n=3) is in
      the range of 12-19%. The extraction mechanism is probably related to hydrophobic,
      pi-pi and dipole-dipole interactions between ionic liquids coating and estrogens
      analytes. 

PMID- 27381812
TI  - Regulation of Schwann cell proliferation and migration by miR-1 targeting brain
      derived neurotrophic factor after peripheral nerve injury.
AB  - Peripheral nerve injury is a global problem that causes disability and severe
      socioeconomic burden. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) benefits
      peripheral nerve regeneration and becomes a promising therapeutic molecule. In
      the current study, we found that microRNA-1 (miR-1) directly targeted BDNF by
      binding to its 3'-UTR and caused both mRNA degradation and translation
      suppression of BDNF. Moreover, miR-1 induced BDNF mRNA degradation primarily
      through binding to target site 3 rather than target site 1 or 2 of BDNF 3'-UTR.
      Following rat sciatic nerve injury, a rough inverse correlation was observed
      between temporal expression profiles of miR-1 and BDNF in the injured nerve. The
      overexpression or silencing of miR-1 in cultured Schwann cells (SCs) inhibited or
      enhanced BDNF secretion from the cells, respectively, and also suppressed or
      promoted SC proliferation and migration, respectively. Interestingly, BDNF
      knockdown could attenuate the enhancing effect of miR-1 inhibitor on SC
      proliferation and migration. These findings will contribute to the development of
      a novel therapeutic strategy for peripheral nerve injury, which overcomes the
      limitations of direct administration of exogenous BDNF by using miR-1 to regulate
      endogenous BDNF expression.

PMID- 27381813
TI  - Microfluidics in the selection of affinity reagents for the detection of cancer:
      paving a way towards future diagnostics.
AB  - Microfluidic technologies have miniaturized a variety of biomedical applications,
      and these chip-based systems have several significant advantages over their large
      scale counterparts. Recently, this technology has been used for automating labor
      intensive and time-consuming screening processes, whereby affinity reagents,
      including aptamers, peptides, antibodies, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and a
      variety of small molecules, are used to probe for molecular biomarkers. When
      compared to conventional methods, the microfluidic approaches are faster, more
      compact, require considerably smaller quantities of samples and reagents, and can
      be automated. Furthermore, they allow for more precise control of reaction
      conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and shearing forces) such that more efficient
      screening can be performed. A variety of affinity reagents for targeting cancer
      cells or cancer biomarkers are now available and will likely replace conventional
      antibodies. In this review article, the selection of affinity reagents for cancer
      cells or cancer biomarkers on microfluidic platforms is reviewed with the aim of
      highlighting the utility of such approaches in cancer diagnostics.

PMID- 27381814
TI  - Selective enamel etching in cervical lesions for self-etch adhesives: A
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify if selective etching of enamel (SEE) margins improves the
      retention rates and marginal discoloration of cervical composite restorations in
      non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) of adult patients. SOURCE: MEDLINE, Scopus,
      Web of Science, LILACS, BBO Library, Cochrane Library and SIGLE were searched
      without restrictions, as well as IADR abstracts and gray literature via trial
      registries. Dissertations and theses were searched using the ProQuest
      Dissertations and Periodicos Capes Theses databases. STUDY SELECTION: We included
      randomized clinical trials that compared the clinical effectiveness of SEE using
      the self-etch adhesive for direct composite resin restorations in NCCLs in the
      permanent dentition. DATA: After removal of duplicates, 2689 articles were
      identified. Following screening of abstracts, 10 studies remained in the
      qualitative synthesis. Seven were considered to be at "low" risk of bias. The
      report of the studies varied from 1 to 5 years. Except for one-year follow-up,
      there was a significantly lower marginal discoloration and marginal adaptation
      during all follow-up periods. Significantly less loss of retention of
      restorations at the 3-year follow-up was observed with the selective enamel
      etching technique. CONCLUSIONS: Selective enamel prior to application of self
      etch adhesive systems in NCCLs might improve clinical performance of resin
      composite cervical restorations, although further long-term research is required
      to confirm this. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Selective enamel etching prior to
      application of self-etch adhesive systems in NCCLs can produce composite
      restorations with higher longevity.

PMID- 27381815
TI  - Site-selective incorporation and ligation of protein aldehydes.
AB  - The incorporation of aldehyde handles into proteins, and subsequent chemical
      reactions thereof, is rapidly proving to be an effective way of generating
      homogeneous, covalently linked protein constructs that can display a vast array
      of functionality. In this review, we discuss methods for introducing aldehydes
      into target proteins, and summarise the ligation strategies for site-selective
      modification of proteins containing this class of functional handles. 

PMID- 27381816
TI  - Bicarbonate and mannitol treatment for traumatic rhabdomyolysis revisited.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A rhabdomyolysis protocol (RP) with mannitol and bicarbonate to
      prevent acute renal dysfunction (ARD, creatinine >2.0 mg/dL) remains
      controversial. METHODS: Patients with creatine kinase (CK) greater than 2,000 U/L
      over a 10-year period were identified. Shock, Injury Severity Score, massive
      transfusion, intravenous contrast exposure, and RP use were evaluated. RP was
      initiated for a CK greater than 10,000 U/L (first half of the study) or greater
      than 20,000 U/L (second half). Multivariable analyses were used to identify
      predictors of ARD and the independent effect of the RP. RESULTS: Seventy-seven
      patients were identified, 24 (31%) developed ARD, and 4 (5%) required
      hemodialysis. After controlling for other risk factors, peak CK greater than
      10,000 U/L (odds ratio 8.6, P = .016) and failure to implement RP (odds ratio
      5.7, P = .030) were independent predictors of ARD. Among patients with CK greater
      than 10,000, ARD developed in 26% of patients with the RP versus 70% without it
      (P = .008). CONCLUSION: Reduced ARD was noted with RP. A prospective controlled
      study is still warranted.

PMID- 27381818
TI  - Let us discuss how cascading can help implement the circular economy and the bio
      economy strategies.

PMID- 27381817
TI  - Interhospital transfer for acute surgical care: does delay matter?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delays to definitive care are associated with poor outcomes after
      trauma and medical emergencies. It is unknown whether inter-hospital transfer
      delays affect outcomes for nontraumatic acute surgical conditions. METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective cohort study of patient transfers for acute surgical
      conditions within a regional transfer network from 2009 to 2013. Delay was
      defined as more than 24 hours from presentation to transfer request and
      categorized as 1 or 2+ days. The primary outcome was post-transfer death or
      hospice. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were performed. RESULTS:
      The cohort included 2,091 patient transfers. Delays of 2 or more days were
      associated with death or hospice in unadjusted analyses, but there was no
      difference after adjustment. Predictors of post-transfer death or hospice
      included older age, higher comorbidity scores, and greater severity of illness.
      CONCLUSIONS: Delays in transfer request were not associated with post-transfer
      mortality or discharge to hospice, suggesting effective triage of nontraumatic
      acute surgical patients.

PMID- 27381819
TI  - Copper-Catalyzed Transformations Using Cu-H, Cu-B, and Cu-Si as Active Catalyst
      Species.
AB  - This review summarizes transformations using copper hydride (Cu-H), boryl copper
      (Cu-B) or silyl copper (Cu-Si) as active catalyst species. Semihydrogenation,
      hydroboration, and hydrocarboxylation have been developed using Cu-H as active
      catalyst species. Preferential reduction of sterically hindered ketones is
      accompanied by Cu-H species bearing a bowl-shaped phosphine as a crucial ligand.
      Employing Cu-B species, hydroboration of alkynes and allenes, synthesis of 2
      boryl-1,3-butadiene, and borylative allyl-allyl coupling are established.
      Silacarboxylation of alkynes, regiodivergent silacarboxylation of allenes, and
      silylative allylation of ketones involve Cu-Si species. The key to these
      selective transformations is regioselective addition of Cu-H, Cu-B, or Cu-Si
      species to carbon-carbon multiple bonds of alkynes and allenes to afford the
      corresponding alkenylcopper or allylcopper intermediates.

PMID- 27381820
TI  - Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells immunomodulation: Role of hepatocyte
      growth factor.
AB  - AIM: Human biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (hBTSC) are multipotent epithelial
      stem cells with the potential for allogenic transplant in liver, biliary tree,
      and pancreatic diseases. Human mesenchymal stem cells, but also epithelial stem
      cells, are able to modulate immune responses with different types of secretion
      molecules. METHODS: The initial aim of the present study was to develop for the
      first time a culture protocol in order to expand hBTSC in vitro through passages,
      allowing to maintain a similar stem cell and secretome profile. Furthermore, we
      investigated the secretome profile of the hBTSC to assess the production of
      molecules capable of affecting immune feedback. RESULTS: We found that hepatocyte
      growth factor produced by hBTSC exerts its cytoprotective role inducing apoptosis
      in human immune cells, such as lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The present study,
      therefore, supports the hypothesis that hBTSC can be useful for the purpose of
      regenerative medicine, as they can be banked and expanded, and they can secrete
      immunoregulatory factors.

PMID- 27381821
TI  - Sedation and anaesthesia for non-obstetric surgery.

PMID- 27381822
TI  - Altered resting-state neural activity and changes following a craving behavioral
      intervention for Internet gaming disorder.
AB  - Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become a serious mental health issue
      worldwide. Evaluating the benefits of interventions for IGD is of great
      significance. Thirty-six young adults with IGD and 19 healthy comparison (HC)
      subjects were recruited and underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. Twenty IGD
      subjects participated in a group craving behavioral intervention (CBI) and were
      scanned before and after the intervention. The remaining 16 IGD subjects did not
      receive an intervention. The results showed that IGD subjects showed decreased
      amplitude of low fluctuation in the orbital frontal cortex and posterior
      cingulate cortex, and exhibited increased resting-state functional connectivity
      between the posterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
      compared with HC subjects. Compared with IGD subjects who did not receive the
      intervention, those receiving CBI demonstrated significantly reduced resting
      state functional connectivity between the: (1) orbital frontal cortex with
      hippocampus/parahippocampal gyrus; and, (2) posterior cingulate cortex with
      supplementary motor area, precentral gyrus, and postcentral gyrus. These findings
      suggest that IGD is associated with abnormal resting-state neural activity in
      reward-related, default mode and executive control networks. Thus, the CBI may
      exert effects by reducing interactions between regions within a reward-related
      network, and across the default mode and executive control networks.

PMID- 27381823
TI  - Embryonic lethal abnormal vision proteins and adenine and uridine-rich element
      mRNAs after global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in the rat.
AB  - Prolonged translation arrest correlates with delayed neuronal death of
      hippocampal CA1 neurons following global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Many
      previous studies investigated ribosome molecular biology, but mRNA regulatory
      mechanisms after brain ischemia have been less studied. Here we investigated the
      embryonic lethal abnormal vision/Hu isoforms HuR, HuB, HuC, and HuD, as well as
      expression of mRNAs containing adenine and rich uridine elements following global
      ischemia in rat brain. Proteomics of embryonic lethal abnormal vision
      immunoprecipitations or polysomes isolated from rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 from
      controls or following 10 min ischemia plus 8 h of reperfusion showed distinct
      sets of mRNA-binding proteins, suggesting differential mRNA regulation in each
      condition. Notably, HuB, HuC, and HuD were undetectable in NIC CA1. At 8 h
      reperfusion, polysome-associated mRNAs contained 46.1% of ischemia-upregulated
      mRNAs containing adenine and rich uridine elements in CA3, but only 18.7% in CA1.
      Since mRNAs containing adenine and rich uridine elements regulation are important
      to several cellular stress responses, our results suggest CA1 is disadvantaged
      compared to CA3 in coping with ischemic stress, and this is expected to be an
      important contributing factor to CA1 selective vulnerability. (Data are available
      via ProteomeXchange identifier PXD004078 and GEO Series accession number
      GSE82146).

PMID- 27381824
TI  - Quantitative longitudinal imaging of activated microglia as a marker of
      inflammation in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy using [11C]-( R)-PK11195
      PET and MRI.
AB  - Inflammation may play a role in the development of epilepsy after brain insults.
      [11C]-( R)-PK11195 binds to TSPO, expressed by activated microglia. We quantified
      [11C]-( R)-PK11195 binding during epileptogenesis after pilocarpine-induced
      status epilepticus (SE), a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Nine male rats were
      studied thrice (D0-1, D0 + 6, D0 + 35, D0 = SE induction). In the same session,
      7T T2-weighted images and DTI for mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy
      (FA) maps were acquired, followed by dynamic PET/CT. On D0 + 35, femoral arterial
      blood was sampled for rat-specific metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input
      functions (AIFs). In multiple MR-derived ROIs, we assessed four kinetic models
      (two with AIFs; two using a reference region), standard uptake values (SUVs), and
      a model with a mean AIF. All models showed large (up to two-fold) and significant
      TSPO binding increases in regions expected to be affected, and comparatively
      little change in the brainstem, at D0 + 6. Some individuals showed increases at
      D0 + 35. AIF models yielded more consistent increases at D0 + 6. FA values were
      decreased at D0 + 6 and had recovered by D0 + 35. MD was increased at D0 + 6 and
      more so at D0 + 35. [11C]-( R)-PK11195 PET binding and MR biomarker changes could
      be detected with only nine rats, highlighting the potential of longitudinal
      imaging studies.

PMID- 27381825
TI  - Sestrin2, as a negative feedback regulator of mTOR, provides neuroprotection by
      activation AMPK phosphorylation in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in
      rat pups.
AB  - Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a condition caused by reduced oxygen and
      cerebral blood flow to the brain resulting in neurological impairments. Effective
      therapeutic treatments to ameliorate these disabilities are still lacking. We
      sought to investigate the role of sestrin2, a highly conserved stress-inducible
      protein, in a neonatal rat hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model. Ten-day-old rat
      pups underwent right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h hypoxia. At
      1 h post hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, rats were intranasally administered
      with recombinant human sestrin2 and sacrificed for brain infarct area
      measurement, Fluoro-Jade C, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and
      neurological function testing. rh-sestrin2 reduced brain infarct area, brain
      atrophy, apoptosis, ventricular area enlargement, and improved neurological
      function. Western blot showed that sestrin2 expression levels were increased
      after treatment with rh-sestrin2, and sestrin2 exerts neuroprotective effects via
      activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway which
      in turn inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin signaling resulting in the
      attenuation of apoptosis. In conclusions: Sestrin2 plays an important
      neuroprotective role after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy via adenosine
      monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and serves as a negative
      feedback regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin. Administration of rh
      sestrin2 not only reduced infarct area and brain atrophy, but also significantly
      improved neurological function.

PMID- 27381826
TI  - Augmentation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent neuronal cell death by
      acidosis.
AB  - Tissue acidosis is a key component of cerebral ischemic injury, but its influence
      on cell death signaling pathways is not well defined. One such pathway is
      parthanatos, in which oxidative damage to DNA results in activation of poly(ADP
      ribose) polymerase and generation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymers that trigger
      release of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. In primary neuronal cultures,
      we first investigated whether acidosis per se is capable of augmenting
      parthanatos signaling initiated pharmacologically with the DNA alkylating agent,
      N-methyl- N'-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine. Exposure of neurons to medium at pH 6.2
      for 4 h after N-methyl- N'-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine washout increased
      intracellular calcium and augmented the N-methyl- N'-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine
      evoked increase in poly(ADP-ribose) polymers, nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor ,
      and cell death. The augmented nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor and cell death
      were blocked by the acid-sensitive ion channel-1a inhibitor, psalmotoxin. In
      vivo, acute hyperglycemia during transient focal cerebral ischemia augmented
      tissue acidosis, poly(ADP-ribose) polymers formation, and nuclear apoptosis
      inducing factor , which was attenuated by a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
      inhibitor. Infarct volume from hyperglycemic ischemia was decreased in poly(ADP
      ribose) polymerase 1-null mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that
      acidosis can directly amplify neuronal parthanatos in the absence of ischemia
      through acid-sensitive ion channel-1a . The results further support parthanatos
      as one of the mechanisms by which ischemia-associated tissue acidosis augments
      cell death.

PMID- 27381827
TI  - Autocrine release of angiopoietin-2 mediates cerebrovascular disintegration in
      Moyamoya disease.
AB  - Moyamoya disease is a rare steno-occlusive cerebrovascular disorder often
      resulting in hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. Although sharing the same ischemic
      stimulus with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, Moyamoya disease is
      characterized by a highly instable cerebrovascular system which is prone to
      rupture due to pathological neovascularization. To understand the molecular
      mechanisms underlying this instability, angiopoietin-2 gene expression was
      analyzed in middle cerebral artery lesions obtained from Moyamoya disease and
      atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease patients. Angiopoietin-2 was
      significantly up-regulated in Moyamoya vessels, while serum concentrations of
      soluble angiopoietins were not changed. For further evaluations, cerebral
      endothelial cells incubated with serum from these patients in vitro were applied.
      In contrast to atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease serum, Moyamoya disease
      serum induced an angiopoietin-2 overexpression and secretion, accompanied by loss
      of endothelial integrity. These effects were absent or inverse in endothelial
      cells of non-brain origin suggesting brain endothelium specificity. The
      destabilizing effects on brain endothelial cells to Moyamoya disease serum were
      partially suppressed by the inhibition of angiopoietin-2. Our findings define
      brain endothelial cells as the potential source of vessel-destabilizing factors
      inducing the high plasticity state and disintegration in Moyamoya disease in an
      autocrine manner. We also provide new insights into Moyamoya disease
      pathophysiology that may be helpful for preventive treatment strategies in
      future.

PMID- 27381828
TI  - Spreading depolarization triggered by elevated potassium is weak or absent in the
      rodent lower brain.
AB  - We examined in live coronal slices from rat and mouse which brain regions
      generate potassium-triggered spreading depolarization (SDKt). This technique
      simulates cortical spreading depression, which underlies migraine aura in the
      intact brain. An SDKt episode was evoked by increasing bath [K+]o and recorded as
      a propagating front of elevated light transmittance representing transient
      neuronal swelling in gray matter of neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, and
      thalamus. In contrast, SDKt was not imaged in hypothalamic nuclei or brainstem
      with exception of those nuclei near the dorsal brainstem surface. In rat slices,
      single neurons were whole-cell current clamped during SDKt. "Higher" neurons
      depolarized to near zero millivolts indicating SDKt generation. In contrast,
      seven types of neurons in hypothalamus and brainstem only slowly depolarized
      without generating SDKt, supporting our imaging findings. Therefore, SDKt is not
      a default of CNS neurons but rather displays a region-specific susceptibility,
      similar to anoxic depolarization, which we have proposed is correlated with a
      region's vulnerability to traumatic brain injury. In the higher brain, SDKt may
      be a vestigial spreading depolarization that originally evolved to shut down and
      vasoconstrict gray matter regions more exposed to impact and contusion.

PMID- 27381830
TI  - Pre-diagnostic leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number and skin cancer risk.
AB  - No previous study has examined the association between mitochondrial DNA copy
      number (mtCN) and skin cancer risk prospectively. We examined the associations
      between peripheral blood leukocytes mtCN level and the risks of skin cancers in a
      case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study of non-Hispanic White
      women, including 272 melanoma cases and 293 controls, 508 squamous cell carcinoma
      (SCC) cases and 550 controls, and 515 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases and 536
      controls. Relative mtCN in peripheral blood leukocytes was measured by
      quantitative PCR-based assay. Unconditional logistic regression models were used
      to examine the associations between mtCN and skin cancer risks. Compared with
      those with high mtCN, the risk for melanoma was 1.06 [95% confidence interval
      (CI) = 0.70-1.62] in the median group and 1.19 (95% CI = 0.78-1.81) for the low
      group. There was suggestive evidence that increased risk for melanoma was
      apparent among low constitutional susceptibility group [odds ratio (OR)low versus
      high = 1.80, 95% CI = 0.95-3.39, P for trend = 0.07, P for interaction = 0.06].
      The increased risk of melanoma was also apparent among high cumulative UV
      exposure group (ORlow versus high = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.46-7.92, P for trend =
      0.004, P for interaction = 0.01). For non-melanoma skin cancers, compared with
      high-mtCN group, low-mtCN group had an increased risk for SCC (OR = 1.26, 95% CI
      = 0.93-1.71) and BCC (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.00-1.82). Because some of the
      associations were marginally significant, the results only provided suggestive
      evidence. Further studies are warranted to replicate these findings and better
      understand the underlying mechanisms.

PMID- 27381829
TI  - K-Ras and cyclooxygenase-2 coactivation augments intraductal papillary mucinous
      neoplasm and Notch1 mimicking human pancreas lesions.
AB  - Mutational activation of K-Ras is an initiating event of pancreatic ductal
      adenocarcinomas (PDAC) that may develop either from pancreatic intraepithelial
      neoplasia (PanIN) or intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN).
      Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is causally related to
      pancreatic carcinogenesis. Here, we deciphered the impact of COX-2, a key
      modulator of inflammation, in concert with active mutant K-Ras(G12D) on tumor
      burden and gene expression signature using compound mutant mouse lines.
      Concomitant activation of COX-2 and K-Ras(G12D) accelerated the progression of
      pancreatic intraepithelial lesions predominantly with a cystic papillary
      phenotype resembling human IPMN. Transcriptomes derived from laser capture
      microdissected preneoplastic lesions of single and compound mutants revealed a
      signature that was significantly enriched in Notch1 signaling components. In
      vitro, Notch1 signaling was COX-2-dependent. In line with these findings, human
      IPMN stratified into intestinal, gastric and pancreatobillary types displayed
      Notch1 immunosignals with high prevalence, especially in the gastric lesions. In
      conclusion, a yet unknown link between activated Ras, protumorigenic COX-2 and
      Notch1 in IPMN onset was unraveled.

PMID- 27381831
TI  - Sequence variation in mature microRNA-608 and benefit from neo-adjuvant treatment
      in locally advanced rectal cancer patients.
AB  - Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA genes have been associated
      with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, survival and response to treatment.
      Conflicting results are available on the association between rs4919510, a SNP in
      mature miR-608 and clinical outcome in CRC. Here, we analyzed the association
      between rs4919510 and benefit from perioperative treatment in a randomised phase
      II trial of neoadjuvant Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin (CAPOX) followed by chemo
      radiotherapy, surgery and adjuvant CAPOX +/- Cetuximab in high-risk locally
      advanced rectal cancer (LARC). A total of 155/164 (94.5%) patients were
      assessable. 95 (61.3%) were homozygous for CC, 55 (35.5%) heterozygous (CG) and 5
      (3.2%) homozygous for GG. Median follow-up was 64.9 months. In the CAPOX arm the
      5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 54.6%
      and 60.7% for CC and 82.0% and 82.1% for CG/GG, respectively (HR PFS 0.13, 95%
      CI: 0.12-0.83, P = 0.02; HR OS 0.38, 95% CI: 0.14-1.01, P = 0.05). In the CAPOX-C
      arm PFS and OS were 73.2 and 82.2%, respectively for CC carriers and 64.6 and
      73.1% for CG/GG carriers (HR PFS 1.38, 95% CI: 0.61-3.13, P = 0.44; HR OS 1.34,
      95% CI: 0.52-3.48, P = 0.55). An interaction was found between study treatment
      and rs4919510 genotype for both PFS (P = 0.02) and OS (P = 0.07). This is the
      first study investigating rs4919510 in LARC. The CC genotype appeared to be
      associated with worse prognosis compared to the CG/GG genotype in patients
      treated with chemotherapy and chemo-radiotherapy alone. Addition of Cetuximab to
      chemotherapy and chemo-radiotherapy in CC carriers appeared to improve clinical
      outcome.

PMID- 27381833
TI  - Spatial and temporal investigation of the microbiome of the Caribbean octocoral
      Erythropodium caribaeorum.
AB  - The octocoral Erythropodium caribaeorum is an important species in the Caribbean
      coral reef community and a source of the cytotoxic natural product
      desmethyleleutherobin. We utilized 16S small subunit rRNA gene amplicon
      pyrosequencing to characterize the microbiome of E. caribaeorum collected from
      Florida, USA and San Salvador, The Bahamas at multiple time points. This coral
      was found to have a very high microbial richness with an average Chao1 estimated
      richness of 1464 +/- 707 operational taxonomic units and average Shannon
      diversity index of 4.26 +/- 1.65. The taxonomic class Gammaproteobacteria was a
      dominant member in all samples and the genus Endozoicomonas accounted for an
      average of 37.7% +/- 30.0% of the total sequence reads. One Endozoicomonas sp.
      was found to be a stable member of all E. caribaeorum sequence libraries
      regardless of location or time of collection and accounted for 30.1% of all
      sequence reads. This is the first report characterizing the microbiome associated
      with the encrusting octocoral E. caribaeorum.

PMID- 27381832
TI  - 3D map of the human corneal endothelial cell.
AB  - Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) are terminally differentiated cells, specialized
      in regulating corneal hydration and transparency. They are highly polarized flat
      cells that separate the cornea from the aqueous humor. Their apical surface, in
      contact with aqueous humor is hexagonal, whereas their basal surface is
      irregular. We characterized the structure of human CECs in 3D using confocal
      microscopy of immunostained whole corneas in which cells and their
      interrelationships remain intact. Hexagonality of the apical surface was
      maintained by the interaction between tight junctions and a submembraneous
      network of actomyosin, braced like a drum. Lateral membranes, which support
      enzymatic pumps, presented complex expansions resembling interdigitated foot
      processes at the basal surface. Using computer-aided design and drafting
      software, we obtained a first simplified 3D model of CECs. By comparing their
      expression with those in epithelial, stromal and trabecular corneal cells, we
      selected 9 structural or functional proteins for which 3D patterns were specific
      to CECs. This first 3D map aids our understanding of the morphologic and
      functional specificity of CECs and could be used as a reference for
      characterizing future cell therapy products destined to treat endothelial
      dysfunctions.

PMID- 27381835
TI  - Effects of defaunation and dietary coconut oil distillate on fermentation,
      digesta kinetics and methane production of Brahman heifers.
AB  - A 2 * 2 factorial experiment was conducted to assess the effects of presence or
      absence of rumen protozoa and of dietary coconut oil distillate (COD)
      supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics, digesta kinetics and
      methane production in Brahman heifers. Twelve Brahman heifers were selected to
      defaunate, with 6 being subsequently refaunated. After defaunation and
      refaunation, heifers were randomly allocated to COD supplement or no supplement
      treatments while fed an oaten chaff-based diet. Methane production (MP; 94.17 v
      104.72 g CH4 /d) and methane yield [MY; 19.45 v 21.64 g CH4 /kg dry matter intake
      (DMI)] were reduced in defaunated heifers compared with refaunated heifers when
      measured at 5 weeks after refaunation treatment (p < 0.01). Supplement of COD
      similarly reduced MP and MY (89.36 v 109.53 g/d and 18.46 v 22.63 g/kg DMI,
      respectively; p < 0.01), and there were no significant interactions of
      defaunation and COD effects on rumen fermentation or methane emissions.
      Concentration of total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and molar proportions of
      acetate, propionate and butyrate was not affected by defaunation or by COD.
      Microbial crude protein (MCP; g/d) outflow was increased by defaunation (p <
      0.01) in the absence of COD but was unaffected by defaunation in COD-supplemented
      heifers. There was a tendency towards a greater average daily gain (ADG) in
      defaunated heifers (p = 0.09), but COD did not increase ADG (p > 0.05). The
      results confirmed that defaunation and COD independently reduced enteric MP even
      though the reduced emissions were achieved without altering rumen fermentation
      VFA levels or gut digesta kinetics.

PMID- 27381834
TI  - Improved antifouling properties and selective biofunctionalization of stainless
      steel by employing heterobifunctional silane-polyethylene glycol overlayers and
      avidin-biotin technology.
AB  - A straightforward solution-based method to modify the biofunctionality of
      stainless steel (SS) using heterobifunctional silane-polyethylene glycol (silane
      PEG) overlayers is reported. Reduced nonspecific biofouling of both proteins and
      bacteria onto SS and further selective biofunctionalization of the modified
      surface were achieved. According to photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, the
      silane-PEGs formed less than 10 A thick overlayers with close to 90% surface
      coverage and reproducible chemical compositions. Consequently, the surfaces also
      became more hydrophilic, and the observed non-specific biofouling of proteins was
      reduced by approximately 70%. In addition, the attachment of E. coli was reduced
      by more than 65%. Moreover, the potential of the overlayer to be further modified
      was demonstrated by successfully coupling biotinylated alkaline phosphatase (bAP)
      to a silane-PEG-biotin overlayer via avidin-biotin bridges. The activity of the
      immobilized enzyme was shown to be well preserved without compromising the
      achieved antifouling properties. Overall, the simple solution-based approach
      enables the tailoring of SS to enhance its activity for biomedical and
      biotechnological applications.

PMID- 27381837
TI  - Arterial stiffness in obstructive sleep apnoea: Is there a difference between
      daytime and night-time?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a common
      chronic systemic disease in the general population, with known associated
      cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to investigate arterial stiffness in OSAS
      patients and compare daytime and night-time values with control subjects.
      METHODS: A total of 104 patients undergoing investigation for OSAS with
      polysomnography also underwent pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index
      (AIx) measurements with Mobil-O-Graph for 24 h. Eighty-two patients were found to
      have OSAS and 22 did not have OSAS and acted as controls. RESULTS: PWV values of
      the 82 OSAS patients during the 24-h period, both daytime and night-time, were
      significantly higher than that of the control subjects. Moreover, night-time
      levels of AIx were significantly higher in OSAS patients than control subjects (P
      = 0.025). PWV during night-time was higher than daytime measurements in OSAS
      patients (P = 0.012). Apnoea hypopnoea index (AHI) was significantly correlated
      with PWV and AIx over 24 h (P = 0.0001, r = 0.412; P = 0.002, r = 0.333,
      respectively). Positive correlations were also found between oxygen desaturation
      index (ODI) with PWV and AIx during the night (P = 0.0001, r = 0.480; P = 0.002,
      r = 0.325, respectively). However, daytime AIx was not significantly correlated
      with ODI (P = 0.052, r = 0.205). CONCLUSION: OSAS patients, without known
      cardiovascular disease, have increased PWV, indicating an increased arterial
      stiffness, compared with control subjects and correlations between AHI and
      arterial stiffness indices suggest increased arterial stiffness with increased
      disease severity. Therefore, arterial stiffness should be considered as a
      possible cause for cardiovascular complications in OSAS patients.

PMID- 27381838
TI  - Faces in Context: Does Face Perception Depend on the Orientation of the Visual
      Scene?
AB  - The mechanisms held responsible for familiar face recognition are thought to be
      orientation dependent; inverted faces are more difficult to recognize than their
      upright counterparts. Although this effect of inversion has been investigated
      extensively, researchers have typically sliced faces from photographs and
      presented them in isolation. As such, it is not known whether the perceived
      orientation of a face is inherited from the visual scene in which it appears.
      Here, we address this question by measuring performance in a simultaneous same
      different task while manipulating both the orientation of the faces and the
      scene. We found that the face inversion effect survived scene inversion.
      Nonetheless, an improvement in performance when the scene was upside down
      suggests that sensitivity to identity increased when the faces were more easily
      segmented from the scene. Thus, while these data identify congruency with the
      visual environment as a contributing factor in recognition performance, they
      imply different mechanisms operate on upright and inverted faces. 

PMID- 27381836
TI  - Roles of Supplementary Motor Areas in Auditory Processing and Auditory Imagery.
AB  - Although the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas have been intensely
      investigated in relation to their motor functions, they are also consistently
      reported in studies of auditory processing and auditory imagery. This involvement
      is commonly overlooked, in contrast to lateral premotor and inferior prefrontal
      areas. We argue here for the engagement of supplementary motor areas across a
      variety of sound categories, including speech, vocalizations, and music, and we
      discuss how our understanding of auditory processes in these regions relate to
      findings and hypotheses from the motor literature. We suggest that supplementary
      and pre-supplementary motor areas play a role in facilitating spontaneous motor
      responses to sound, and in supporting a flexible engagement of sensorimotor
      processes to enable imagery and to guide auditory perception.

PMID- 27381839
TI  - Relapse of pemphigus vulgaris after topical application of ingenol mebutate.
AB  - Ingenol mebutate is a recently approved topical agent for the treatment of
      actinic keratosis. Its most common adverse effects are transient local skin
      reactions. We report a 63-year-old white man who presented with a red-brownish
      crusted plaque involving the dorsum of his nose and an eroded area on his lower
      lip, which appeared soon after topical application of ingenol mebutate gel.
      Clinical, histological and immunopathological features were consistent with a
      diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris (PV). To our knowledge, this is the first report
      of relapse of PV after topical application of ingenol mebutate gel. The temporal
      relationship between the application of the drug and the outbreak of PV supports
      the involvement of this agent in triggering the disease. It is plausible that
      ingenol mebutate may have induced the disease by its action on the production of
      proinflammatory cytokines. 

PMID- 27381840
TI  - Distribution and self-assisted diffusion of Be and Mg impurities in ZnO.
AB  - The band gap width of the Be-doped ZnO correlates strongly with the distribution
      of the dopants. By performing first-principles calculations, it is found that an
      interstitial Be (Bei) atom preferably migrates in a basal plane. During the
      migration, such a Bei atom favorably bonds to a substituted Be (BeZn) atom,
      forming a new defect complex (2Be)Zn, showing a trend of aggregation of Be atoms
      in ZnO. Furthermore, the stability of the defect complex (2Be)Zn can be weakened
      by a substituted Mg (MgZn). So, the Mg impurities in Be-doped ZnO might suppress
      the aggregation of Be, so as to significantly improve the effect of the doped Be
      on modulating the band gap of ZnO. 

PMID- 27381841
TI  - Surgical repair of multiple congenital left ventricular aneurysms with rupture
      into left atrium.
AB  - Congenital left ventricular aneurysm (CLVA) associated with multiple aneurysms
      with rupture into the left atrium (LA) is rare. We report a 17-year-old male with
      two CLVAs, one of which ruptured into the LA, and discuss the surgical management
      and review the literature of this rare disease. 

PMID- 27381842
TI  - Knockdown of gene expression by antisense morpholino oligos in preimplantation
      mouse embryos cultured in vitro.
AB  - Knockdown of gene expression by antisense morpholino oligos (MOs) is a simple and
      effective method for analyzing the roles of genes in mammalian cells. Here, we
      demonstrate the efficient delivery of MOs by Endo-Porter (EP), a special
      transfection reagent for MOs, into preimplantation mouse embryos cultured in
      vitro. A fluorescein-labeled control MO was applied for monitoring the
      incorporation of MOs into developing 2-cell embryos in the presence of varying
      amounts of EP and bovine serum albumin. In optimized conditions, fluorescence was
      detected in 2-cell embryos within a 3-h incubation period. In order to analyze
      the validity of the optimized conditions, an antisense Oct4 MO was applied for
      knockdown of the synthesis of OCT4 protein in developing embryos from the 2-cell
      stage. In blastocysts, the antisense Oct4 MO induced a decrease in the amount in
      OCT4 protein to less than half. An almost complete absence of OCT4-positive cells
      and nearly complete disappearance of the inner cell mass in the outgrowths of
      blastocysts were also noted. These phenotypes corresponded with those of Oct4
      deficient mouse embryos. Overall, we suggest that the delivery of MOs using EP is
      useful for the knockdown of gene expression in preimplantation mouse embryos
      cultured in vitro.

PMID- 27381843
TI  - Robert Califf: controversial new head of the FDA.

PMID- 27381844
TI  - In Primary Aldosteronism, Mineralocorticoids Influence Exosomal Sodium-Chloride
      Cotransporter Abundance.
AB  - Distal tubular sodium retention is a potent driver of hypertension, and the
      thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) has a key role in this
      process. In humans, factors regulating NCC are unclear, but in animal models,
      aldosterone is a potent regulator, possibly via effects on plasma potassium. We
      studied the effects of the mineralocorticoid fludrocortisone on the abundance of
      NCC and its phosphorylated form (pNCC) as well as WNK lysine deficient protein
      kinase 4 (WNK4) and STE20/SPS1-related, proline alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) in
      human urinary exosomes. We isolated exosomes from daily urine samples in 25
      patients undergoing fludrocortisone suppression testing (100 MUg every 6 hours
      for 4 days) to diagnose or exclude primary aldosteronism. Over the course of the
      test, NCC levels increased 3.68-fold (P<0.01) and pNCC levels increased 2.73-fold
      (P<0.01) relative to baseline. The ratio of pNCC/NCC dropped by 48% (P<0.01). The
      abundance of WNK4 increased 3.23-fold (P<0.01), but SPAK abundance did not change
      significantly (P=0.14). Plasma potassium concentration strongly and negatively
      correlated with pNCC, NCC, and WNK4 abundance (P<0.001 for all). This study shows
      that, in humans, mineralocorticoid administration is associated with a rapid
      increase in abundance of NCC and pNCC, possibly via the WNK pathway. These
      effects may be driven by changes in plasma potassium.

PMID- 27381845
TI  - Response by Dr. Lapaj to comment on Lapaj et al.: Retrieval analysis of titanium
      nitride (TiN) coated prosthetic femoral heads articulating with polyethylene.

PMID- 27381846
TI  - Overexpression of Inhibitor of Growth 4 Enhances Radiosensitivity in Non-Small
      Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line SPC-A1.
AB  - Inhibitor of growth 4 is a member of the inhibitor of growth family proteins,
      which is involved in cell apoptosis, migration, invasion, and cell cycle
      progress. In this study, we investigated the inhibitor of growth 4 level in non
      small cell lung cancer tissues and explored the antitumor activity of inhibitor
      of growth 4 in vitro and in vivo using non-small cell lung cancer cell line SPC
      A1 and its underlying molecular mechanisms. We also explored its role on the
      radiosensitivity in SPC-A1 cells. The level of inhibitor of growth 4 protein was
      significantly decreased in 28 cases of non-small cell lung cancer tissues in
      comparison with corresponding noncancerous lung epithelial tissues. Upregulation
      of inhibitor of growth 4 by plasmid pcDNA3.1-ING4 delivery could suppress
      proliferation and increase apoptosis of SPC-A1 cells both in vitro and in vivo.
      Additionally, we found that overexpression of inhibitor of growth 4 in SPC-A1
      cell line could lead to a higher Bcl-2/Bax ratio, which might be an important
      factor in the apoptosis regulation. Furthermore, overexpression of inhibitor of
      growth 4 enhanced the radiosensitivity of SPC-A1 cells to irradiation. Inhibitor
      of growth 4 upregulation plus radiotherapy induced synergistic tumor suppression
      in SPC-A1 xenografts implanted in athymic nude mice. Thus, the restoration of
      inhibitor of growth 4 function might provide a potential strategy for non-small
      cell lung cancer radiosensitization.

PMID- 27381848
TI  - When is a GP home-visit program financially viable?
AB  - Despite a decline in GP home visits in Australia, these services remain an
      important aspect of healthcare access and delivery for the aged population. Home
      visits can both provide better care and decrease use of ambulance and emergency
      department (ED) services. The net costs of providing GP visits are complex,
      depending on the relative costs of home visits and ED attendances, the number of
      ED attendances saved by GP visits, and the number of services provided per day by
      a visiting GP. The Australian Capital Territory government created the General
      Practice Aged Day Service (GPADS) program in March 2011. Using data and
      information from this program as a basis, we examine the financial aspects of a
      daytime home-visit program in the Australian context. Whether or not a program is
      financially viable depends on a range of parameters; if all factors are aligned a
      program can generate net savings. While there is no information available on the
      net health benefits of home visits relative to ED attendance, these differences
      need not be large for the program to be cost-effective.

PMID- 27381847
TI  - Label-Free Raman Imaging to Monitor Breast Tumor Signatures.
AB  - Although not yet ready for clinical application, methods based on Raman
      spectroscopy have shown significant potential in identifying, characterizing, and
      discriminating between noncancerous and cancerous specimens. Real-time and
      accurate medical diagnosis achievable through this vibrational optical method
      largely benefits from improvements in current technological and software
      capabilities. Not only is the acquisition of spectral information now possible in
      milliseconds and analysis of hundreds of thousands of data points achieved in
      minutes, but Raman spectroscopy also allows simultaneous detection and monitoring
      of several biological components. Besides demonstrating a significant Raman
      signature distinction between nontumorigenic (MCF-10A) and tumorigenic (MCF-7)
      breast epithelial cells, our study demonstrates that Raman can be used as a label
      free method to evaluate epidermal growth factor activity in tumor cells.
      Comparative Raman profiles and images of specimens in the presence or absence of
      epidermal growth factor show important differences in regions attributed to
      lipid, protein, and nucleic acid vibrations. The occurrence, which is dependent
      on the presence of epidermal growth factor, of new Raman features associated with
      the appearance of phosphothreonine and phosphoserine residues reflects a signal
      transduction from the membrane to the nucleus, with concomitant modification of
      DNA/RNA structural characteristics. Parallel Western blotting analysis reveals an
      epidermal growth factor induction of phosphorylated Akt protein, corroborating
      the Raman results. The analysis presented in this work is an important step
      toward Raman-based evaluation of biological activity of epidermal growth factor
      receptors on the surfaces of breast cancer cells. With the ultimate future goal
      of clinically implementing Raman-guided techniques for the diagnosis of breast
      tumors (e.g., with regard to specific receptor activity), the current results
      just lay the foundation for further label-free optical tools to diagnose the
      disease.

PMID- 27381850
TI  - An overview of circulating cell-free microRNAs as putative biomarkers in
      Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases.
AB  - Circulating cell-free microRNAs (miRNAs) are stable in many biological fluids and
      their expression profiles can suffer changes under different physiological and
      pathological conditions. In the last few years, miRNAs have been proposed as
      putative noninvasive biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment
      for several diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's
      disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Cognitive and/or motor impairments are
      usually considered for establishing clinical diagnosis, and at this stage, the
      majority of the neurons may already be lost making difficult attempts of novel
      therapies. In this review, we intend to survey the circulating cell-free miRNAs
      found as dysregulated in cerebrospinal fluid, serum and plasma samples in AD and
      PD patients, and show how those miRNAs can be useful for early and differential
      diagnosis. Beyond that, we highlighted the miRNAs that are possibly related to
      common molecular mechanisms in the neurodegeneration process, as well those
      miRNAs related to specific disease pathways.

PMID- 27381851
TI  - Effect of water presence on choline chloride-2urea ionic liquid and coating
      platings from the hydrated ionic liquid.
AB  - In the present study, hygroscopicity of the choline chloride-urea (ChCl-2Urea)
      ionic liquid (IL) was confirmed through Karl-Fisher titration examination,
      indicating that the water content in the hydrated ChCl-2Urea IL was exposure-time
      dependent and could be tailored by simple heating treatment. The impact of the
      absorbed water on the properties of ChCl-2Urea IL, including viscosity,
      electrical conductivity, electrochemical window and chemical structure was
      investigated. The results show that water was able to dramatically reduce the
      viscosity and improve the conductivity, however, a broad electrochemical window
      could be persisted when the water content was below ~6 wt.%. These
      characteristics were beneficial for producing dense and compact coatings. Nickel
      (Ni) coatings plating from hydrated ChCl-2Urea IL, which was selected as an
      example to show the effect of water on the electroplating, displayed that a
      compact and corrosion-resistant Ni coating was plated from ChCl-2Urea IL
      containing 6 wt.% water doped with 400 mg/L NA at a moderate temperature. As
      verified by FTIR analysis, the intrinsic reason could be ascribed that water was
      likely linked with urea through strong hydrogen bond so that the water
      decomposition was suppressed during plating. Present study may provide a
      reference to prepare some similar water-stable ILs for plating.

PMID- 27381849
TI  - Genetically modified (GM) crops: milestones and new advances in crop improvement.
AB  - KEY MESSAGE: New advances in crop genetic engineering can significantly pace up
      the development of genetically improved varieties with enhanced yield, nutrition
      and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genetically modified (GM) crops can
      act as powerful complement to the crops produced by laborious and time consuming
      conventional breeding methods to meet the worldwide demand for quality foods. GM
      crops can help fight malnutrition due to enhanced yield, nutritional quality and
      increased resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, several
      biosafety issues and public concerns are associated with cultivation of GM crops
      developed by transgenesis, i.e., introduction of genes from distantly related
      organism. To meet these concerns, researchers have developed alternative concepts
      of cisgenesis and intragenesis which involve transformation of plants with
      genetic material derived from the species itself or from closely related species
      capable of sexual hybridization, respectively. Recombinase technology aimed at
      site-specific integration of transgene can help to overcome limitations of
      traditional genetic engineering methods based on random integration of multiple
      copy of transgene into plant genome leading to gene silencing and unpredictable
      expression pattern. Besides, recently developed technology of genome editing
      using engineered nucleases, permit the modification or mutation of genes of
      interest without involving foreign DNA, and as a result, plants developed with
      this technology might be considered as non-transgenic genetically altered plants.
      This would open the doors for the development and commercialization of transgenic
      plants with superior phenotypes even in countries where GM crops are poorly
      accepted. This review is an attempt to summarize various past achievements of GM
      technology in crop improvement, recent progress and new advances in the field to
      develop improved varieties aimed for better consumer acceptance.

PMID- 27381852
TI  - Biology of ICEBs1, an integrative and conjugative element in Bacillus subtilis.
AB  - Horizontal gene transfer plays a profound role in bacterial evolution by
      propelling the rapid transfer of genes and gene cassettes. Integrative and
      conjugative elements (ICEs) are one important mechanism driving horizontal gene
      transfer. ICEs, also known as conjugative transposons, reside on the host
      chromosome but can excise to form a conjugative DNA circle that is capable of
      transfer to other cells. Analysis of the large number of completed bacterial
      genome sequences has revealed many previously unrecognized ICEs, including
      ICEBs1, found in the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The
      discovery of ICEBs1 in an organism with such an impressive array of molecular
      tools for genetics and molecular biology was fortuitous. Significant insights
      into ICE biology have resulted since its discovery <15years ago. In this review,
      we describe aspects of ICEBs1 biology, such as excision, conjugative transfer,
      and reintegration, likely to be conserved across many ICEs. We will also
      highlight some of the more unexpected aspects of ICEBs1 biology, such as its
      ability to undergo plasmid-like replication after excision and its ability to
      mobilize plasmids lacking dedicated mobilization functions. A molecular
      understanding of ICEBs1 has led to additional insights into signals and
      mechanisms that promote horizontal gene transfer and shape bacterial evolution.

PMID- 27381853
TI  - Smell of migraine: Osmophobia as a clinical diagnostic marker?

PMID- 27381854
TI  - Longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow velocities in different clinical
      courses of migraine.
AB  - Objective To assess longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow velocities
      (DeltaCBFVs) according to the clinical course of migraine. Methods We
      retrospectively included migraine patients with two or more attacks per month at
      baseline who were followed up within 2 years with transcranial Doppler in a
      tertiary headache clinic. DeltaCBFVs were analyzed in relation to clinical
      courses, defined as remission (0-1 headache days/month), persistence (2
      14/month), or progression (>=15/month) in episodic migraine (EM), and conversion
      to EM (<15/month) and persistence (>=15/month) in chronic migraine (CM). Results
      A total of 166 patients (90 EM and 76 CM) were included. In EM, the remission
      group ( n = 30) showed a decrease in CBFV in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and
      the basilar artery (BA). The progression group ( n = 10) showed increasing CBFVs
      in the bilateral MCAs. Patients with the persistence course ( n = 50) showed
      generally unchanged CBFVs. In CM, DeltaCBFVs decreased in the BA and increased in
      the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) after conversion to EM ( n = 61), whereas
      they remained unchanged in the persistence group ( n = 15). In all patients, %
      change in headache days was positively correlated with the %DeltaCBFVs of the
      bilateral MCAs and the BA. Conclusions CBFV changes are associated with the
      different clinical courses of migraine. The association is more prominent in EM
      than CM.

PMID- 27381855
TI  - Benefit of low-dose tamoxifen in a large observational cohort of high risk ER
      positive breast DCIS.
AB  - Low-dose tamoxifen has comparable antiproliferative effect to the standard dose
      of 20 mg/day in biomarker trials, but its clinical efficacy remains unclear. We
      assessed the effect of low-dose tamoxifen on ipsilateral recurrence in ductal
      carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients treated in a referral Institution between 1996
      and 2008. Following conserving surgery, women received radiotherapy and/or low
      dose tamoxifen upon clinical judgment and patient preferences. Cox regression
      analyses were used with and without confounding factors. Among 1,091 women with
      DCIS and median age 53 years (IQR: 46-62), 544 (49.9%) received radiotherapy. Of
      the 833 women with oestrogen receptor (ER) positive DCIS, 467 (56.1%) received
      low-dose tamoxifen. After a median of 7.7 years, 235 ipsilateral recurrences and
      62 contralateral breast tumors were observed. Low-dose tamoxifen significantly
      decreased any breast event (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.54-0.91) and ipsilateral DCIS
      recurrence (HR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.49-0.88), but not ipsilateral invasive
      recurrence or contralateral tumors. Radiotherapy showed a large significant
      reduction for any breast event (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.42-0.72). Tamoxifen was more
      effective on all breast events in women aged >50 years than in women aged <=50
      (HR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.33-0.77 versus HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.60-1.18, p-interaction
      = 0.03). Age <=50 years, positive margins, high Ki67, high grade and low BMI were
      independent predictors of ipsilateral recurrence. No increase of endometrial
      cancers and fewer deaths (p = 0.015) were observed on tamoxifen. Low-dose
      tamoxifen seems to be safe and effective in reducing ipsilateral recurrence in ER
      positive DCIS in women aged >50 years. A randomized trial is underway to confirm
      these findings. 

PMID- 27381856
TI  - Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) regulates tubular autophagy and mitophagy
      in diabetic nephropathy through the mTOR signaling pathway.
AB  - Hyperglycemia upregulates thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) expression,
      which in turn induces ROS production, inflammatory and fibrotic responses in the
      diabetic kidney. Dysregulation of autophagy contributes to the development of
      diabetic nephropathy. However, the interaction of TXNIP with autophagy/mitophagy
      in diabetic nephropathy is unknown. In this study, streptozotocin-induced
      diabetic rats were given TXNIP DNAzyme or scrambled DNAzyme for 12 weeks
      respectively. Fibrotic markers, mitochondrial function and mitochondrial reactive
      oxygen species (mtROS) were assessed in kidneys. Tubular autophagy and mitophagy
      were determined in kidneys from both human and rats with diabetic nephropathy.
      TXNIP and autophagic signaling molecules were examined. TXNIP DNAzyme
      dramatically attenuated extracellular matrix deposition in the diabetic kidneys
      compared to the control DNAzyme. Accumulation of autophagosomes and reduced
      autophagic clearance were shown in tubular cells of human diabetic compared to
      non-diabetic kidneys, which was reversed by TXNIP DNAzyme. High glucose induced
      mitochondrial dysfunction and mtROS production, and inhibited mitophagy in
      proximal tubular cells, which was reversed by TXNIP siRNA. TXNIP inhibition
      suppressed diabetes-induced BNIP3 expression and activation of the mTOR signaling
      pathway. Collectively, hyperglycemia-induced TXNIP contributes to the
      dysregulation of tubular autophagy and mitophagy in diabetic nephropathy through
      activation of the mTOR signaling pathway.

PMID- 27381857
TI  - Sleep deprivation increases formation of false memory.
AB  - Retrieving false information can have serious consequences. Sleep is important
      for memory, but voluntary sleep curtailment is becoming more rampant. Here, the
      misinformation paradigm was used to investigate false memory formation after 1
      night of total sleep deprivation in healthy young adults (N = 58, mean age +/- SD
      = 22.10 +/- 1.60 years; 29 males), and 7 nights of partial sleep deprivation (5 h
      sleep opportunity) in these young adults and healthy adolescents (N = 54, mean
      age +/- SD = 16.67 +/- 1.03 years; 25 males). In both age groups, sleep-deprived
      individuals were more likely than well-rested persons to incorporate misleading
      post-event information into their responses during memory retrieval (P < 0.050).
      These findings reiterate the importance of adequate sleep in optimal cognitive
      functioning, reveal the vulnerability of adolescents' memory during sleep
      curtailment, and suggest the need to assess eyewitnesses' sleep history after
      encountering misleading information.

PMID- 27381858
TI  - Association between comorbidities and absence of chest pain in acute coronary
      syndrome with in-hospital outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the impact of comorbidities on the management and
      outcomes of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients without chest pain/discomfort
      (i.e. ACS without typical presentation). METHODS: Of the 11,458 ACS patients,
      enrolled by the International Survey of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Transitional
      Countries (ISACS-TC; ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01218776), 8.7% did not have typical
      presentation at the initial evaluation, and 40.2% had comorbidities. The odds of
      atypical presentation increased proportionally with the number of comorbidities
      (odds ratio [OR]: 1, no-comorbid; OR: 1.64, 1 comorbidity; OR: 2.52, 2
      comorbidities; OR: 4.57, >=3 comorbidities). RESULTS: Stratifying the study
      population by the presence/absence of comorbidities and typical presentation, we
      found a decreasing trend for use of medications and percutaneous intervention
      (OR: 1, typical presentation and no-comorbidities; OR: 0.70, typical presentation
      and comorbidities; OR: 0.23, atypical presentation and no-comorbidities; OR:
      0.18, atypical presentation and comorbidities). On the opposite, compared with
      patients with typical presentation and no-comorbidities (OR: 1, referent), there
      was an increasing trend (p<0.001) in the risk of death (OR: 2.00, OR: 2.52 and
      OR: 4.83) in the above subgroups. However, after adjusting for comorbidities,
      medications and invasive procedures, atypical presentation was not a predictor of
      in-hospital death. Independent predictors of poor outcome were history of stroke
      (OR: 2.04), chronic kidney disease (OR: 1.57), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.49) and
      underuse of invasive procedures. CONCLUSIONS: In the ISACS-TC, atypical ACS
      presentation was often associated with comorbidities. Atypical presentation and
      comorbidities influenced underuse of in-hospital treatments. The latter and
      comorbidities are related with poor in-hospital outcome, but not atypical
      presentation, per se.

PMID- 27381859
TI  - Factors associated with use of percutaneous coronary intervention among elderly
      patients presenting with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction
      (STEMI): Results from the ISACS-TC registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A substantial proportion of elderly with ST segment elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI) do not undergo percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PCI). We sought to investigate factors associated with the decision not to
      perform coronary angiography at admission in these patients. METHODS: We
      evaluated 1315 STEMI patients aged >=75years old enrolled in the International
      Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Transitional Countries (ISACS TC) registry
      between October 2010 and February 2015. They were compared with 6667 patients
      aged <75years old enrolled in the registry in the same time frame. RESULTS:
      Elderly patients were less likely to undertake invasive coronary evaluation
      compared with younger patients (62.1% vs. 78.9; p<0.001%). In the older group
      there were a lower proportion of patients presenting <12h after symptom onset
      (66.5% vs.76.9%, p<0.001), and a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Few elderly
      were treated with current recommended evidence based treatments (aspirin,
      clopidogrel, heparins, beta-blocker, statins, and ACE-inhibitors). Logistic
      analysis adjusted for age and sex showed that older age was associated with
      underuse of coronary angiography (OR 0.46, 95% CI: 0.41-0.53, p<0.001). Clinical
      factors that were associated with underuse of angiography in patients over 75
      were: female sex (OR: 0.77), presence of comorbidities (OR: 0.91), anemia (OR:
      0.44) and late hospital admission (OR: 0.89). CONCLUSIONS: In the ISACS-TC, more
      than one third of the elderly with STEMI did not undergo coronary angiography at
      admission. Sex, comorbidities, and late hospital admission were independent
      factors associated with the underuse of PCI in these patients.

PMID- 27381860
TI  - Acute coronary syndromes in low- and middle-income countries: Moving forward.
AB  - Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, particularly
      in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with substantial mortality from
      acute coronary syndromes. These deaths, when compared against high-income
      countries, occur at younger ages, and, beyond the lives lost, often result in
      economic privation for families deprived of a breadwinner and indebted by the
      oftentimes catastrophic cost of inpatient medical care. This burden will likely
      grow in scale in the years ahead as more countries pass through the epidemiologic
      transition. Billions around the world are beginning to experience the comforts
      that even modestly increased incomes can provide, including diets high in fats
      and sugars, more sedentary lifestyles, and tobacco and alcohol use and abuse.
      Health care systems in many of these countries are ill-equipped to prevent the
      harms caused by these lifestyles, as well as treat the acute coronary syndromes
      that result from them-including insufficient access to appropriate facilities and
      medications, difficulties with transport, and low awareness of the symptoms and
      need for emergent evaluation. 

PMID- 27381861
TI  - Optimizing prevention and guideline-concordant care in Montenegro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Guidelines recommend use of evidence-based medications in patients
      discharged after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Yet the current rates of
      adherence in many eastern European countries are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine
      whether 6month outpatient follow-up after ACS is associated with recommended
      rates of medication adherence in Montenegro. METHODS: A prospective analysis was
      conducted in 585 ACS patients confirmed to be alive after ACS at 6month follow
      up. The study was undertaken between 2012 and 2015, from 9 International Survey
      of Acute Coronary Syndrome in Transitional Countries (ISACS-TC) hospitals in the
      Montenegro. The primary outcome was guideline-concordant care, defined as 100%
      compliance with 5 medications: aspirin, clopidogrel, beta-blockers, and statins
      in ACS patients, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin
      receptor blockers [ACEI/ARB] for the subset of patients with left ventricular
      systolic dysfunction, as assessed by an ejection fraction less than 40% at
      discharge. In addition to the composite end point, the achievement of each single
      treatment measure was analyzed. Multivariate predictors of long-term medication
      adherence were also identified. RESULTS: Guideline-concordant care (GCC) at
      discharge increased from 2012 to 2015 (adjusted OR for increase 1.51; CI 0.88
      2.52). GCC over 6months was adhered in 73% of patients. In patients who did not
      achieve GCC, adherence was persistently high with 92.3% for aspirin, 91.3% for
      statins and 72% for ACE-inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs).
      Adherence was lower for clopidogrel (57.7%) and beta-blockers (64.4%). After
      adjusting for demographic and clinical differences, in-hospital referral to PCI
      and ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were associated with
      greater medication adherence at 6month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In Montenegro,
      long-term adherence to evidence-based medication after ACS is high. Adherence to
      guideline-recommended therapies increased over time with participation to the
      ISACS-TC. The lower achievement of GCC in patients treated medically and in those
      with non-ST-segment elevation ACS needs particular attention.

PMID- 27381862
TI  - Primary percutaneous coronary intervention network in Bosnia and Herzegovina:
      Where are we now and how to improve PCI network.
AB  - Reperfusion is the most effective therapy for patients with ST segment elevation
      myocardial infarction (STEMI). Time from symptom onset to reperfusion is the most
      important factor influencing short and long-term mortality. There are several
      modes of reperfusion therapy. Fibrinolysis (either in pre-hospital or in-hospital
      setting), and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) or a combination
      of both are the most relevant treatment options. Primary p-PCI is the preferred
      option in centers with experienced teams and a high volume of reperfusion
      procedures. Cardiovascular mortality rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is
      among the highest in Europe, 545/100,000, and the rate of acute myocardial
      infarction is approximately 7000 per year. Despite recent improvement in
      reperfusion therapy in the last 5years, mortality of STEMI still patients remains
      high. The goal of this perspective article is to describe the current situation
      of p-PCI network in B&H. Establishing networks of reperfusion at regional and
      national level, implies a broad spectrum and close collaboration between all the
      actors involved in reperfusion therapy, namely hospitals, cardiology units
      emergency medical services, and primary care physicians. 

PMID- 27381864
TI  - LncRNA FER1L4 suppresses cancer cell proliferation and cycle by regulating PTEN
      expression in endometrial carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) might exert key roles in
      pathways associated with endometrial carcinoma (EC) development. This study aims
      to investigate the new role of lncRNA FER1L4 in EC pathogenesis due to its
      correlation with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), one important indicator
      of EC progression. METHODS: Real time PCR was performed to detect the expression
      of FER1L4 in thirty paired EC samples and two EC cell lines. Plasmid containing
      FER1L4 was transfected into HEC-50 cells with a relative lower level of FER1L4
      expression, followed which PTEN expression and Akt phosphorylation were measured
      by western blotting. Cell proliferation was analyzed through MTT and colony
      formation assays, while cell cycle and apoptosis were determined by flow
      cytometry. RESULTS: FER1L4 showed significantly downregulation in EC tissues
      compared to control, which was positively correlated with decreased PTEN
      expression. Moreover, FER1L4 could promote PTEN expression and inhibit Akt
      phosphorylation. Additionally, a significant decrease of cell proliferation was
      observed in FER1L4 overexpressing cells, along with cell cycle arrest at G0/G1
      phase and increased proportion of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION: FER1L4 not only
      showed downregulation in EC tissues and cells, but also regulated PTEN expression
      and Akt signaling, which might contribute to its inhibition on cell
      proliferation. This study might provide a new potential therapeutic target for EC
      treatment.

PMID- 27381865
TI  - Crystal structure of Cry6Aa: A novel nematicidal ClyA-type alpha-pore-forming
      toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis.
AB  - Crystal (Cry) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are globally used in
      agriculture as proteinaceous insecticides. Numerous crystal structures have been
      determined, and most exhibit conserved three-dimensional architectures. Recently,
      we have identified a novel nematicidal mechanism by which Cry6Aa triggers cell
      death through a necrosis-signaling pathway via an interaction with the host
      protease ASP-1. However, we found little sequence conservation of Cry6Aa in our
      functional study. Here, we report the 1.90 angstrom (A) resolution structure of
      the proteolytic form of Cry6Aa (1-396), determined by X-ray crystallography. The
      structure of Cry6Aa is highly similar to those of the pathogenic toxin family of
      ClyA-type alpha-pore-forming toxins (alpha-PFTs), which are characterized by a
      bipartite structure comprising a head domain and a tail domain, thus suggesting
      that Cry6Aa exhibits a previously undescribed nematicidal mode of action. This
      structure also provides a framework for the functional study of other nematicidal
      toxins.

PMID- 27381866
TI  - All-trans retinoic acid ameliorates glycemic control in diabetic mice via
      modulating pancreatic islet production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A.
AB  - Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus are associated with impairment in vitamin
      A metabolism. This study evaluated whether treatment with retinoic acid, the
      biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, can ameliorate diabetes. All-trans
      retinoic acid (atRA) was used to treat streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice
      which revealed atRA administration ameliorated blood glucose levels of diabetic
      mice. This hyperglycemic amelioration was accompanied by an increase in the
      amount of beta cells co-expressed Pdx1 and insulin and by restoration of the
      vascular laminin expression. The atRA-induced production of vascular endothelial
      growth factor-A from the pancreatic islets was possibly the key factor that
      mediated the restoration of islet vascularity and recovery of beta-cell mass.
      Furthermore, the combination of islet transplantation and atRA administration
      significantly rescued hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. These findings suggest that
      vitamin A derivatives can potentially be used as a supplementary treatment to
      improve diabetes management and glycemic control.

PMID- 27381867
TI  - Dimethoxycurcumin, a metabolically stable analogue of curcumin enhances the
      radiosensitivity of cancer cells: Possible involvement of ROS and thioredoxin
      reductase.
AB  - Dimethoxycurcumin (DIMC), a structural analogue of curcumin, has been shown to
      have more stability, bioavailability, and effectiveness than its parent molecule
      curcumin. In this paper the radiosensitizing effect of DIMC has been investigated
      in A549 lung cancer cells. As compared to its parent molecule curcumin, DIMC
      showed a very potent radiosensitizing effect as seen by clonogenic survival
      assay. DIMC in combination with radiation significantly increased the apoptosis
      and mitotic death in A549 cells. This combinatorial treatment also lead to
      effective elimination of cancer stem cells. Further, there was a significant
      increase in cellular ROS, decrease in GSH to GSSG ratio and also significant
      slowdown in DNA repair when DIMC was combined with radiation. In silico docking
      studies and in vitro studies showed inhibition of thioredoxin reductase enzyme by
      DIMC. Overexpression of thioredoxin lead to the abrogation of radiosensitizing
      effect of DIMC underscoring the role of thioredoxin reductase in
      radiosensitization. Our results clearly demonstrate that DIMC can synergistically
      enhance the cancer cell killing when combined with radiation by targeting
      thioredoxin system.

PMID- 27381868
TI  - Association between comprehensive health literacy and frailty level in community
      dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study in Japan.
AB  - AIM: The present study explored the association between comprehensive health
      literacy and frailty level in community-dwelling older adults in Japan. METHODS:
      This was a cross-sectional study. We enrolled 517 community-dwelling older adults
      (mean age 73.2 +/- 6.3 years; 410 women). We divided the cohort into two groups,
      non-frail and any-frail, based on Fried Frailty Index scores. We assessed
      comprehensive health literacy using a 14-item health literacy scale, and
      classified the participants as having high or low health literacy. We carried out
      multivariate logistic regression analysis in which the dependent variable was the
      presence of non-frailty and the independent variable was the presence of high
      health literacy. The analysis was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index,
      educational history and cognitive function. RESULTS: There were 132 (25.5%) and
      385 (74.5%) participants in the non-frail and any-frail groups, respectively. The
      analysis showed that high health literacy was independently associated with the
      non-frail group (odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.03-2.61).
      CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that high health literacy was associated with non
      frailty. This result implies that comprehensive health literacy might play a
      salient role in maintaining good health status in community-dwelling older adults
      in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 804-809.

PMID- 27381870
TI  - Determination of biogenic amines in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) by ion-pair
      extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ion-pair extraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry method has been proposed for the determination of biogenic amines in
      licorice samples. RESULTS: Limit of detection and limit of quantitation for the
      biogenic amines were 1.4-2.7 and 4.7-9.1 ng mL-1 , respectively. Relative
      standard deviations based on five replicate extraction of 100 ng mL-1 of each
      biogenic amine were <4.7% for intra-day and 7.4% for inter-day precision. The
      method described in this study has been shown to be in accordance with
      satisfactory accuracy and good reproducibility for the quantitative determination
      of biogenic amines in licorice samples. Nine biogenic amines (putrescine,
      cadaverine, histamine, spermine, spermidine, tyramine, tryptamine, agmatine and
      phenylethylamine) were detected in licorice samples and total biogenic amine
      concentrations were determined at 369 ng mL-1 in fresh and 3532 ng mL-1 in non
      fresh licorice samples. Putrescine was found at the highest concentrations to be
      up to 704 ng mL-1 in all the analyzed samples, followed by tyramine (675 ng mL-1
      ) and tryptamine (282 ng mL-1 ). Putrescine, tyramine and spermine concentrations
      were dramatically increased, whereas agmatine concentration was significantly
      decreased, in non-fresh licorice samples compared to fresh ones. CONCLUSION: The
      consumption of freshly prepared licorice is recommended because of the relatively
      low concentration of total biogenic amines. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical
      Industry.

PMID- 27381869
TI  - Neural activity in the medial parietal area V6A while grasping with or without
      visual feedback.
AB  - Recent works have reported that grasping movements are controlled not only by the
      dorsolateral visual stream, as generally thought, but also by the dorsomedial
      visual stream, and in particular by the medial posterior parietal area V6A. To
      date, the grasping activity of V6A neurons has been studied only in darkness.
      Here we studied the effect of visual feedback on grasp-related discharges of V6A
      neurons while the monkey was preparing and executing the grasping of a handle. We
      found that V6A grasping activity could be excited or inhibited by visual
      information. The neural population was divided into Visual, Motor, and Visuomotor
      cells. The majority of Visual and Visuomotor neurons did not respond to passive
      observation of the handle, suggesting that vision of action, rather than object
      vision, is the most effective factor. The present findings highlight the role of
      the dorsomedial visual stream in integrating visual and motor signals to monitor
      and correct grasping.

PMID- 27381871
TI  - In vitro enantioselective human liver microsomal metabolism and prediction of in
      vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of tetrabenazine by DLLME-CE.
AB  - A new capillary electrophoresis method for the enantioselective analysis of cis-
      and trans- dihydrotetrabenazine (diHTBZ) after in vitro metabolism by human liver
      microsomes (HLMs) was developed. The chiral electrophoretic separations were
      performed by using tris-phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 1% (w/v)
      carboxymethyl-beta-CD as background electrolyte with an applied voltage of +15kV
      and capillary temperature kept at 15 degrees C. Dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction was employed to extract the analytes from HLMs. Dichloromethane
      was used as extraction solvent (75MUL) and acetone as disperser solvent (150MUL).
      The method was validated according to official guidelines and showed to be linear
      over the concentration range of 0.29-19.57MUmolL(-1) (r=0.9955) for each
      metabolite enantiomer. Within- and between-day precision and accuracy evaluated
      by relative standard deviation and relative error were lower than 15% for all
      enantiomers. The stability assay showed that the analytes kept stable under
      handling, storage and in metabolism conditions. After method validation, an
      enantioselective in vitro metabolism and in vivo pharmacokinetic prediction was
      carried out. This study showed a stereoselective metabolism and the observed
      kinetic profile indicated a substrate inhibition behavior. DiHTBZ enantiomers
      were catalyzed mainly by CYP2C19 and the predicted clearance suggests that liver
      metabolism is the main route for TBZ elimination which supports the literature
      data. 

PMID- 27381872
TI  - Association of maternal serum cadmium level during pregnancy with risk of preterm
      birth in a Chinese population.
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) was a developmental toxicant that induces fetal malformation and
      growth restriction in mice. However, epidemiological studies about the
      association of maternal serum Cd level with risk of preterm birth were limited.
      This study was to investigate whether maternal serum Cd level during pregnancy is
      associated with risk of preterm birth in a Chinese population. Total 3254
      eligible mother-and-singleton-offspring pairs were recruited. Maternal serum Cd
      level was measured by GFAAS. Based on tertiles, maternal serum Cd concentration
      was classified as low (LCd, <0.65 MUg/L), medium (MCd, 0.65-0.94 MUg/L) and high
      (HCd, >=0.95 MUg/L). Odds ratio (OR) for preterm birth was estimated using
      multiple logistic regression models. Results showed the rate of preterm birth
      among LCd, M-Cd and HCd was 3.5%, 3.8%, and 9.4%, respectively. Subjects with HCd
      had a significantly higher risk for preterm birth (OR: 2.86; 95%CI: 1.95, 4.19; P
      < 0.001) than did those with LCd. Adjusted OR for preterm birth was 3.02 (95%CI:
      2.02, 4.50; P < 0.001) among subjects with HCd compared to subjects with LCd.
      Taken together, the above results suggest that maternal serum Cd level during
      pregnancy is positively associated with risk of preterm birth. 

PMID- 27381873
TI  - Regional differences in plant levels and investigations on the phytotoxicity of
      lithium.
AB  - The growing use of lithium (Li) in industrial and energetic applications and the
      inability to completely recycle the alkali metal will most likely increase
      anthropogenic emissions and environmental concentrations in the future. Although
      non-essential to plants, Li(+) is an important ultra-trace element in the animal
      and human diet and is also used in the treatment of e.g. mental disorders. Most
      of the lithium is consumed with the drinking water and vegetables, but
      concentrations in foodstuffs vary with the geochemistry of the element. In order
      to identify potential risks and to avoid an overmedication due to consumption of
      Li rich or Li contaminated foods it is advisable to identify background levels
      and to derive recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) for the element. Although
      Germany does not possess large amounts of primary or secondary resources of
      lithium, geochemical investigations (mineral and ground waters and soils) in this
      country confirm a wide variation of environmental concentrations with generally
      higher levels in the southwest. Despite the large number of soil and water data,
      only very few data exist on lithium concentrations in plants and its
      phytotoxicity. Within the scope of present study common grassland plant species
      were sampled in regions of SW-Germany with reportedly high geogenic levels of Li.
      The data are discussed with regard to literature surveys and existing reference
      values. Since lithium has phytotoxic effects a greenhouse experiment was
      performed with different Li salts (LiCl and Li2CO3) and plant species (maize,
      bean and buckwheat) to derive dose-response relationships for the endpoint shoot
      growth. While corn growth was not reduced significantly by soil concentrations of
      118 ppm, EC50 values in buckwheat were 47 and 16 ppm for lithium derived from
      LiCl and Li2CO3, respectively. 

PMID- 27381874
TI  - The roles of protein and lipid in the accumulation and distribution of
      perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in plants grown in
      biosolids-amended soils.
AB  - The roles of protein and lipid in the accumulation and distribution of
      perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in seven species
      of plants from biosolids-amended soils were investigated. The PFOS and PFOA root
      concentration factors (Croot/Csoil) ranged from 1.37 to 4.68 and 1.69 to 10.3
      (ng/groot)/(ng/gsoil), respectively, while the translocation factors
      (Cshoot/Croot) ranged from 0.055 to 0.16 and 0.093 to 1.8 (ng/gshoot)/(ng/groot),
      respectively. The PFOS and PFOA accumulations in roots correlated positively with
      root protein contents (P < 0.05), while negatively with root lipid contents (P <
      0.05). These suggested the promotion effects of protein and inhibition effects of
      lipid on root uptake. The translocation factors correlated positively with the
      ratios between protein contents in shoots to those in roots (P < 0.05), showing
      the importance of protein on PFOS and PFOA translocation. This study is the first
      to reveal the different roles of protein and lipid in the accumulation and
      distribution of PFOS and PFOA in plants. 

PMID- 27381875
TI  - Microplastics in Taihu Lake, China.
AB  - In comparison with marine environments, the occurrence of microplastics in
      freshwater environments is less understood. In the present study, we investigated
      microplastic pollution levels during 2015 in Taihu Lake, the third largest
      Chinese lake located in one of the most developed areas of China. The abundance
      of microplastics reached 0.01 * 10(6)-6.8 * 10(6) items/km(2) in plankton net
      samples, 3.4-25.8 items/L in surface water, 11.0-234.6 items/kg dw in sediments
      and 0.2-12.5 items/g ww in Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea). The average
      abundance of microplastics was the highest in plankton net samples from the
      southeast area of the lake and in the sediments from the northwest area of the
      lake. The northwest area of the lake was the most heavily contaminated area of
      the lake, as indicated by chlorophyll-alpha and total phosphorus. The
      microplastics were dominated by fiber, 100-1000 MUm in size and cellophane in
      composition. To our best knowledge, the microplastic levels measured in plankton
      net samples collected from Taihu Lake were the highest found in freshwater lakes
      worldwide. The ratio of the microplastics in clams to each sediment sample ranged
      from 38 to 3810 and was negatively correlated to the microplastic level in
      sediments. In brief, our results strongly suggest that high levels of
      microplastics occurred not only in water but also in organisms in Taihu Lake. 

PMID- 27381876
TI  - The Effect of a Freely Available Flipped Classroom Course on Health Care Worker
      Patient Safety Culture: A Prospective Controlled Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patient safety culture is an integral aspect of good standard of
      care. A good patient safety culture is believed to be a prerequisite for safe
      medical care. However, there is little evidence on whether general education can
      enhance patient safety culture. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess the impact of a
      standardized patient safety course on health care worker patient safety culture.
      METHODS: Health care workers from Intensive Care Units (ICU) at two hospitals (A
      and B) in Hong Kong were recruited to compare the changes in safety culture
      before and after a patient safety course. The BASIC Patient Safety course was
      administered only to staff from Hospital A ICU. Safety culture was assessed in
      both units at two time points, one before and one after the course, by using the
      Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture questionnaire. Responses were coded
      according to the Survey User's Guide, and positive response percentages for each
      patient safety domain were compared to the 2012 Agency for Healthcare Research
      and Quality ICU sample of 36,120 respondents. RESULTS: We distributed 127
      questionnaires across the two hospitals with an overall response rate of 74.8%
      (95 respondents). After the safety course, ICU A significantly improved on
      teamwork within hospital units (P=.008) and hospital management support for
      patient safety (P<.001), but decreased in the frequency of reporting mistakes
      compared to the initial survey (P=.006). Overall, ICU A staff showed
      significantly greater enhancement in positive responses in five domains than
      staff from ICU B. Pooled data indicated that patient safety culture was poorer in
      the two ICUs than the average ICU in the Agency for Healthcare Research and
      Quality database, both overall and in every individual domain except hospital
      management support for patient safety and hospital handoffs and transitions.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that a structured, reproducible short course
      on patient safety may be associated with an enhancement in several domains in ICU
      patient safety culture.

PMID- 27381878
TI  - Migration of a foreign object to the parapharyngeal space: an unusual factitious
      disorder.

PMID- 27381877
TI  - Can we use the questionnaire SNOT-22 as a predictor for the indication of
      surgical treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Chronic rhinosinusitis is a prevalent disease that has a negative
      impact on the lives of sufferers. SNOT-22 is considered the most appropriate
      questionnaire for assessing the quality of life of these patients and a very
      effective method of evaluating therapeutic interventions; however it is not used
      as a tool for decision-making. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the SNOT-22
      score can predict the outcome of surgical treatment. METHODS: A retrospective,
      longitudinal and analytical study. We evaluated the medical records of patients
      with chronic rhinosinusitis that completed the SNOT-22 at the time of diagnosis.
      All the patients were consecutively receiving care at an otolaryngology service
      in Salvador, Bahia from August 2011 to June 2012. The outcomes of the surgical
      treatment of these patients were obtained from their medical records. The initial
      score was compared to a group of patients who were not referred for surgery. All
      the patients completed and signed a consent form. RESULTS: Of the 88 patients
      with chronic rhinosinusitis, 26 had evolved to surgery over the last 3 years. The
      groups were homogeneous regarding gender and respiratory and medication
      allergies. The patients of the surgical group were 44.8+13.8 years old and the
      patients of the clinical group were 38.2+12.5 years old (p=0.517). The average
      SNOT-22 score of the case group was 49+19 and the average score of the control
      group was 49+27 (p=0.927). CONCLUSION: The SNOT-22 was unable to predict the
      outcome of surgical patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

PMID- 27381879
TI  - Prostatic carcinoma metastatic to frontal and cavernous sinuses: a case report.

PMID- 27381880
TI  - Development of particulate drug formulation against C. parvum: Formulation,
      characterization and in vivo efficacy.
AB  - This research aims towards developing an alternative therapy against
      Cryptosporidium parvum using bioadhesive paromomycin and diloxanide furoate
      loaded microspheres. Microspheres were prepared using chitosan and poly(vinyl
      alcohol) and two types of cyclodextrins (beta-CD and DM-beta-CD) for the
      potential use of treating cryptosporidiosis. This pathogen is associated with
      gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. Microparticle formulations were
      characterized in terms of size, surface charge, drug release and morphology. In
      vivo bioadhesion properties of CHI/PVA microspheres were also evaluated in mice.
      Finally, the in vivo efficacy of CHI/PVA microspheres against C. parvum was
      tested in neonatal mouse model. In this work, microspheres prepared by spray
      drying showed spherical shape, diameters between 6.67+/-0.11 and 18.78+/-0.07MUm
      and positively surface charged. The bioadhesion studies demonstrated that MS
      remained attached at +16h (post-infection) to the intestinal cells as detected by
      fluorescence. This finding was crucial taking use of the fact that the parasite
      multiplication occurs between 16 and 20h post-infection. The efficacy of
      treatment was determined by calculating the number of oocysts recovered from the
      intestinal tract of mice after 7days of post-infection. Mice receiving orally
      administered microspheres with and without drug exhibited significantly lower
      parasite loads compared with the control mice. Ultrastructural observations by
      TEM bring to light the uptake of smallest particles by enterocytes associated
      with conspicuous changes in enterocytic cells. Completely recovery of cell
      morphology was detected after 24h of first inoculation with MS. CHI/PVA
      microspheres appear to be a safe and simple system to be used in an
      anticryptosporidial treatment. The distinctive features of neonatal mice requires
      further work to determine the suppressive effect of this particulate delivery
      system on C. parvum attachment in other animal models. 

PMID- 27381881
TI  - The effect of multivitamin-multimineral supplementation on the health status of
      inbred Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rat strains.
AB  - The nutraceutical industry has proliferated in recent years, with the most
      popular form of supplementation being the multivitamin-multimineral (MVMM)
      supplement. In the animal health sector, supplement use has also expanded. The
      objective of this study was to determine the effects of MVMM supplementation,
      beneficial or otherwise, on the general health status of the spontaneously
      hypertensive rat (SHR) strain, an animal model used in hypertension research. A
      commercially prepared MVMM supplement was given tri-weekly via oral dosing for 8
      weeks to two groups of seven adult female SHR and Wistar rats. Their
      corresponding control groups were dosed with deionised water only. Systolic and
      diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, growth rate and food and water
      intake were measured weekly. At the end of 8 weeks, the animals were euthanased
      and a full blood profile, urine sodium to potassium ratio, blood urea nitrogen
      levels and total plasma cholesterol was measured for all groups. The results
      indicated that growth rate was higher for the SHR supplemented group.
      Supplementation also decreased diastolic blood pressure in both Wistar and SHR
      groups and increased red blood cell count and decreased total cholesterol in the
      SHR group. No adverse effects on the general health status of the animals were
      observed. MVMM supplementation may therefore be useful in aiding growth and
      delaying the onset of hypertension and its effects. It may also assist in the
      longevity of the breeding stock of SHR rats. 

PMID- 27381882
TI  - Multiple morphological clocks and total-evidence tip-dating in mammals.
AB  - Morphological integration predicts that correlated characters will coevolve;
      thus, each distinct suite of correlated characters might be expected to evolve
      according to a separate clock or 'pacemaker'. Characters in a large morphological
      dataset for mammals were found to be evolving according to seven separate clocks,
      each distinct from the molecular clock. Total-evidence tip-dating using these
      multiple clocks inflated divergence time estimates, but potentially improved
      topological inference. In particular, single-clock analyses placed several
      meridiungulates and condylarths in a heterodox position as stem placentals, but
      multi-clock analyses retrieved a more plausible and orthodox position within
      crown placentals. Several shortcomings (including uneven character sampling)
      currently impact upon the accuracy of total-evidence dating, but this study
      suggests that when sufficiently large and appropriately constructed phenotypic
      datasets become more commonplace, multi-clock approaches are feasible and can
      affect both divergence dates and phylogenetic relationships.

PMID- 27381883
TI  - The rise of ocean giants: maximum body size in Cenozoic marine mammals as an
      indicator for productivity in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
AB  - Large consumers have ecological influence disproportionate to their abundance,
      although this influence in food webs depends directly on productivity.
      Evolutionary patterns at geologic timescales inform expectations about the
      relationship between consumers and productivity, but it is very difficult to
      track productivity through time with direct, quantitative measures. Based on
      previous work that used the maximum body size of Cenozoic marine invertebrate
      assemblages as a proxy for benthic productivity, we investigated how the maximum
      body size of Cenozoic marine mammals, in two feeding guilds, evolved over
      comparable temporal and geographical scales. First, maximal size in marine
      herbivores remains mostly stable and occupied by two different groups
      (desmostylians and sirenians) over separate timeframes in the North Pacific
      Ocean, while sirenians exclusively dominated this ecological mode in the North
      Atlantic. Second, mysticete whales, which are the largest Cenozoic consumers in
      the filter-feeding guild, remained in the same size range until a Mio-Pliocene
      onset of cetacean gigantism. Both vertebrate guilds achieved very large size only
      recently, suggesting that different trophic mechanisms promoting gigantism in the
      oceans have operated in the Cenozoic than in previous eras.

PMID- 27381884
TI  - Goats display audience-dependent human-directed gazing behaviour in a problem
      solving task.
AB  - Domestication is an important factor driving changes in animal cognition and
      behaviour. In particular, the capacity of dogs to communicate in a referential
      and intentional way with humans is considered a key outcome of how domestication
      as a companion animal shaped the canid brain. However, the lack of comparison
      with other domestic animals makes general conclusions about how domestication has
      affected these important cognitive features difficult. We investigated human
      directed behaviour in an 'unsolvable problem' task in a domestic, but non
      companion species: goats. During the test, goats experienced a forward-facing or
      an away-facing person. They gazed towards the forward-facing person earlier and
      for longer and showed more gaze alternations and a lower latency until the first
      gaze alternation when the person was forward-facing. Our results provide strong
      evidence for audience-dependent human-directed visual orienting behaviour in a
      species that was domesticated primarily for production, and show similarities
      with the referential and intentional communicative behaviour exhibited by
      domestic companion animals such as dogs and horses. This indicates that
      domestication has a much broader impact on heterospecific communication than
      previously believed.

PMID- 27381885
TI  - Personality composition alters the transmission of cuticular bacteria in social
      groups.
AB  - The initial stages of a disease outbreak can determine the magnitude of the
      ensuing epidemic. Though rarely tested in unison, two factors with important
      consequences for the transmission dynamics of infectious agents are the
      collective traits of the susceptible population and the individual traits of the
      index case (i.e. 'patient zero'). Here, we test whether the personality
      composition of a social group can explain horizontal transmission dynamics of
      cuticular bacteria using the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola We exposed focal
      spiders of known behavioural phenotypes with a GFP-transformed cuticular
      bacterium (Pantoea sp.) and placed them in groups of 10 susceptible individuals
      (i.e. those with no experience with this bacterium). We measured bacterial
      transmission to groups composed of either all shy spiders, 10% bold spiders or
      40% bold spiders. We found that colonies with 40% bold spiders experienced over
      twice the incidence of transmission compared to colonies with just 10% bold
      individuals after only 24 h of interaction. Colonies of all shy spiders
      experienced an intermediate degree of transmission. Interestingly, we did not
      detect an effect of the traits of the index case on transmission. These data
      suggest that the phenotypic composition of the susceptible population can have a
      greater influence on the degree of early transmission events than the traits of
      the index case.

PMID- 27381886
TI  - Indirect reciprocity can overcome free-rider problems on costly moral assessment.
AB  - Indirect reciprocity is one of the major mechanisms of the evolution of
      cooperation. Because constant monitoring and accurate evaluation in moral
      assessments tend to be costly, indirect reciprocity can be exploited by cost
      evaders. A recent study crucially showed that a cooperative state achieved by
      indirect reciprocators is easily destabilized by cost evaders in the case with no
      supportive mechanism. Here, we present a simple and widely applicable solution
      that considers pre-assessment of cost evaders. In the pre-assessment, those who
      fail to pay for costly assessment systems are assigned a nasty image that leads
      to them being rejected by discriminators. We demonstrate that considering the pre
      assessment can crucially stabilize reciprocal cooperation for a broad range of
      indirect reciprocity models. In particular for the most leading social norms, we
      analyse the conditions under which a prosocial state becomes locally stable.

PMID- 27381888
TI  - Tribute to Michael Dunn for his dedication and contribution to proteomics and
      stem cell focus.

PMID- 27381887
TI  - Staphylococcus aureus Exploits Epidermal Barrier Defects in Atopic Dermatitis to
      Trigger Cytokine Expression.
AB  - Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an abnormal skin barrier and are
      frequently colonized by S. aureus. In this study we investigated if S. aureus
      penetrates the epidermal barrier of subjects with AD and sought to understand the
      mechanism and functional significance of this entry. S. aureus was observed to be
      more abundant in the dermis of lesional skin from AD patients. Bacterial entry
      past the epidermis was observed in cultured human skin equivalents and in mice
      but was found to be increased in the skin of cathelicidin knockout and ovalbumin
      sensitized filaggrin mutant mice. S. aureus penetration through the epidermis was
      dependent on bacterial viability and protease activity, because killed bacteria
      and a protease-null mutant strain of S. aureus were unable to penetrate. Entry of
      S. aureus directly correlated with increased expression of IL-4, IL-13, IL-22,
      thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and other cytokines associated with AD and with
      decreased expression of cathelicidin. These data illustrate how abnormalities of
      the epidermal barrier in AD can alter the balance of S. aureus entry into the
      dermis and provide an explanation for how such dermal dysbiosis results in
      increased inflammatory cytokines and exacerbation of disease.

PMID- 27381889
TI  - Impact of Repeated Tail Clip and Saphenous Vein Phlebotomy on Rats Used in
      Toxicology Studies.
AB  - Sampling blood for toxicokinetic (TK) evaluation in rodents is typically
      performed using a satellite group of animals to avoid depleting the blood volume
      and inducing an additional stressor in the main study animals. This practice does
      not allow for direct comparison of individual animal toxicity to exposure. These
      studies evaluated serial collection of twelve, 40-ul blood samples from each rat
      from either a tail clip or a saphenous vein bleed and its impact on toxicologic
      parameters over 4- and 14-day periods. The results show the feasibility of
      successfully collecting TK samples from main study animals, using either of the
      two techniques. Both procedures were amenable to execution by a single technician
      using dried blood spot sampling. Any changes observed in the primary markers of
      erythroid mass between the nonbled control rats and repeat sampled rats were
      minimal and the range of values often overlapped. This technique would improve
      the quality of data generated from toxicology studies by allowing a direct
      comparison of systemic exposure to toxicity while at the same time reducing the
      number of rats by obviating the need for satellite groups.

PMID- 27381890
TI  - Monosubstituted Benzene Derivatives from Fruits of Ficus hirta and Their
      Antifungal Activity against Phytopathogen Penicillium italicum.
AB  - Ficus hirta, a widely consumed food by Hakka people, has been reported to show
      potent antifungal activity against phytopathogen Penicillium italicum. However,
      there is no report of chemical constituents responsible for the antifungal
      activity. In the current study, nine monosubstituted benzene derivatives,
      including three new derivatives (1-3), were isolated from the fruits of F. hirta.
      The structures of these isolates were elucidated on the basis of the analysis of
      spectroscopic data (mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance). All of the
      isolates were evaluated for antifungal activities against P. italicum. At an
      equivalent concentration, compound 1 exhibited stronger antifungal activity than
      that of the ethanol extract of F. hirta fruits. 

PMID- 27381891
TI  - In Situ Single-Nanoparticle Spectroscopy Study of Bimetallic Nanostructure
      Formation.
AB  - Bimetallic nanostructures (NSs), with utility in catalysis, are typically
      prepared using galvanic exchange (GE), but the final catalyst morphology is
      dictated by the dynamics of the process. In situ single nanoparticle (NP) optical
      scattering spectroscopy, coupled with ex situ electron microscopy, is used to
      capture the dynamic structural evolution of a bimetallic NS formed in a GE
      reaction between Ag and [PtCl6 ](2-) . We identify an early stage involving
      anisotropic oxidation of Ag to AgCl concomitant with reductive deposition of
      small Pt clusters on the NS surface. At later stages of GE, unreacted Ag
      inclusions phase segregate from the overcoated AgCl as a result of lattice strain
      between Ag and AgCl. The nature of the structural evolution elucidates why multi
      domain Ag/AgCl/Pt NSs result from the GE process. The complex structural
      dynamics, determined from single-NP trajectories, would be masked in ensemble
      studies due to heterogeneity in the response of different NPs.

PMID- 27381892
TI  - Comparison of capacitive and radio frequency resonator sensors for monitoring
      parallelized droplet microfluidic production.
AB  - Scaled-up production of microfluidic droplets, through the parallelization of
      hundreds of droplet generators, has received a lot of attention to bring novel
      multiphase microfluidics research to industrial applications. However, apart from
      droplet generation, other significant challenges relevant to this goal have never
      been discussed. Examples include monitoring systems, high-throughput processing
      of droplets and quality control procedures among others. In this paper, we
      present and compare capacitive and radio frequency (RF) resonator sensors as two
      candidates that can measure the dielectric properties of emulsions in
      microfluidic channels. By placing several of these sensors in a parallelization
      device, the stability of the droplet generation at different locations can be
      compared, and potential malfunctions can be detected. This strategy enables for
      the first time the monitoring of scaled-up microfluidic droplet production. Both
      sensors were prototyped and characterized using emulsions with droplets of 100
      150 MUm in diameter, which were generated in parallelization devices at water-in
      oil volume fractions (phi) between 11.1% and 33.3%.Using these sensors, we were
      able to measure accurately increments as small as 2.4% in the water volume
      fraction of the emulsions. Although both methods rely on the dielectric
      properties of the emulsions, the main advantage of the RF resonator sensors is
      the fact that they can be designed to resonate at multiple frequencies of the
      broadband transmission line. Consequently with careful design, two or more
      sensors can be parallelized and read out by a single signal. Finally, a
      comparison between these sensors based on their sensitivity, readout cost and
      simplicity, and design flexibility is also discussed.

PMID- 27381893
TI  - Replacing cystoscopy by urine markers in the follow-up of patients with low-risk
      non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer?-An International Bladder Cancer Network
      project.
AB  - RATIONALE: Numerous molecular urine markers for the diagnosis of bladder cancer
      have been developed and evaluated mostly in case-control settings through the
      past decades. However, despite all efforts none of them has been included into
      clinical decision-making and guideline recommendations until today. The aim of
      this retrospective longitudinal analysis was to investigate if a molecular marker
      might be able to replace cystoscopy as a primary examination in diagnosis and
      follow-up of patients with pTa grade 1-2 bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Totally 36 patients (32 men) with pTa grade 1-2 bladder cancer underwent 232
      follow-up examinations including urine analysis, cytology, immunocytology
      (uCyt+), and urethrocystoscopy (UC). Mean age at study entry was 63 years.
      Patients were observed through a median follow-up interval of 3.8 years. RESULTS:
      In summary, 47 Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors (TURB) procedures were
      indicated based upon a positive UC (44) or as re-TURB (3) and 33 tumors (plus 1
      case of pTa G0) were histopathologically confirmed. Although uCyt+was positive in
      12/13 primary tumors (92.3%), sensitivity dropped to 13/20 (65%) in tumor
      recurrence presumably because of their smaller size. Urine cytology had a
      sensitivity and a specificity of 30.3% and 94.9%, respectively, but did not
      improve the sensitivity of uCyt+alone. If UC was based upon a positive uCyt+test,
      8/33 tumors (24.2%) would have been overlooked or diagnosed late. In contrast,
      173 UCs (74%) would have been saved and 5 presumably unnecessary TURB procedures
      would not have been indicated. CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal study suggests a
      potential of molecular urine tests in replacing cystoscopy in the follow-up of
      patients with pTa G1-2 bladder cancer. The use of additional markers might
      further improve sensitivity of urine testing. A prospective randomized study has
      been initiated to prospectively investigate the performance of a marker panel
      against UC.

PMID- 27381894
TI  - Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype at invasion front of squamous
      cell carcinoma of the penis influences oncological outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Our aims were to evaluate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as a
      useful prognostic marker in penile carcinoma (PC), and establish an objective
      criterion to define EMT in PC specimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 149
      consecutive cases surgically treated for PC were retrospectively selected. E
      cadherin (E-CAD) and vimentin immunohistochemical expressions were evaluated. A
      combined analysis was performed using both markers to determine EMT status. To
      establish a normal control to E-CAD expression, we included 14 cases from
      circumcisions from patients without any neoplastic disease and 77 cases of tumor
      free margins. The analyses of tumor samples were evaluated in 2 different areas
      of the tumor. The first one was in the tumor core. The second analyses were
      performed on the deepest infiltrative edge of the tumor, nominated invasion
      front. Cases were classified into EMT absent group, partial EMT group and
      complete EMT group. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were
      analyzed. Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used. Cox proportional
      hazards model was used to determine which variables influenced survival. RESULTS:
      Tumor specimens presented a significant loss of expression of E-CAD when compared
      with normal epithelium. Vimentin expression in more than 10% of tumor cells was
      observed in 50 cases. EMT status was associated with histologic grade, pattern of
      invasion, lymph node metastasis, and perineural and vascular invasion. Further,
      10-year OS and CSS rates in patients with presence and absence of complete EMT
      status were 38.0% and 55.6%; and 48.0% and 91.9%, respectively. EMT status
      significantly affected CSS and OS rates even after patients were grouped based on
      lymph node involvement status. The presence of complete EMT status was associated
      with both CSS and OS rates. Patients in the complete EMT group had a higher risk
      of death from cancer (hazard ratio = 7.6, P<0.001) and overall death (hazard
      ratio = 3.0, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study represents an evidence of the
      prognostic effect of EMT in PC. We encourage the study of EMT markers in other
      centers to validate our findings and confirm its importance in such tumors.

PMID- 27381895
TI  - Acute and late urinary toxicity following radiation in men with an intact
      prostate gland or after a radical prostatectomy: A secondary analysis of RTOG 94
      08 and 96-01.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To estimate the contribution of the prostate gland and prostatic
      urethral inflammation to urinary symptoms after radiation therapy for prostate
      cancer, we performed a secondary analysis of urinary toxicity after primary
      radiation to an intact prostate vs. postprostatectomy radiation to the prostatic
      fossa in protocols RTOG 94-08 and 96-01, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Patients randomized to the radiation-alone arms (without hormone therapy) of the
      2 trials were evaluated, including 104 men receiving primary prostate radiation
      to 68.4Gy on RTOG 94-08 and 371 men receiving 64.8Gy to the prostatic fossa on
      RTOG 96-01. Acute and late urinary toxicity were scored prospectively by RTOG
      scales. Chi-square test/logistic regression and cumulative incidence
      approach/Fine-Gray regression model were used for analyses of acute and late
      toxicity, respectively. RESULTS: Grade>=2 acute urinary toxicity was
      significantly higher after primary prostatic radiation compared with
      postprostatectomy radiation (30.8% vs. 14.0%; P<0.001), but acute grade>=3
      toxicity did not differ (3.8% vs. 2.7%; P = 0.54). After adjusting for age,
      primary radiation resulted in significantly higher grade>=2 acute urinary
      toxicity (odds ratio = 3.72; 95% CI: 1.65-8.37; P = 0.02). With median follow-up
      of 7.1 years, late urinary toxicity was not significantly different with primary
      vs. postprostatectomy radiation (5-year grade>=2: 16.7% vs. 18.3%; P = 0.65;
      grade>=3: 6.0% vs. 3.3%; P = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS: Primary radiation to an intact
      prostate resulted in higher grade>=2 acute urinary toxicity than radiation to the
      prostatic fossa, with no difference in late urinary toxicity. Thus, a proportion
      of acute urinary toxicity in men with an intact prostate may be attributable to
      inflammation of the prostatic gland or urethra.

PMID- 27381896
TI  - Limited improvement of incorporating primary circulating prostate cells with the
      CAPRA score to predict biochemical failure-free outcome of radical prostatectomy
      for prostate cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To establish a prediction model for early biochemical failure based on
      the Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA) score, the presence or absence
      of primary circulating prostate cells (CPC) and the number of primary CPC
      (nCPC)/8ml blood sample is detected before surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A
      prospective single-center study of men who underwent radical prostatectomy as
      monotherapy for prostate cancer. Clinical-pathological findings were used to
      calculate the CAPRA score. Before surgery blood was taken for CPC detection,
      mononuclear cells were obtained using differential gel centrifugation, and CPCs
      identified using immunocytochemistry. A CPC was defined as a cell expressing
      prostate-specific antigen and P504S, and the presence or absence of CPCs and the
      number of cells detected/8ml blood sample was registered. Patients were followed
      up for up to 5 years; biochemical failure was defined as a prostate-specific
      antigen>0.2ng/ml. The validity of the CAPRA score was calibrated using partial
      validation, and the fractional polynomial Cox proportional hazard regression was
      used to build 3 models, which underwent a decision analysis curve to determine
      the predictive value of the 3 models with respect to biochemical failure.
      RESULTS: A total of 267 men participated, mean age 65.80 years, and after 5 years
      of follow-up the biochemical-free survival was 67.42%. The model using CAPRA
      score showed a hazards ratio (HR) of 5.76 between low and high-risk groups, that
      of CPC with a HR of 26.84 between positive and negative groups, and the combined
      model showed a HR of 4.16 for CAPRA score and 19.93 for CPC. Using the continuous
      variable nCPC, there was no improvement in the predictive value of the model
      compared with the model using a positive-negative result of CPC detection. The
      combined CAPRA-nCPC model showed an improvement of the predictive performance for
      biochemical failure using the Harrell's C concordance test and a net benefit on
      DCA in comparison with either model used separately. The use of primary CPC as a
      predictive factor based on their presence or absence did not predict aggressive
      disease or biochemical failure. CONCLUSION: Although the use of a combined CAPRA
      nCPC model improves the prediction of biochemical failure in patients undergoing
      radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, this is minimal. The use of the
      presence or absence of primary CPCs alone did not predict aggressive disease or
      biochemical failure.

PMID- 27381897
TI  - Assessment of Layer Thickness and Interface Quality in CoP Electrodeposited
      Multilayers.
AB  - The magnetic properties of CoP electrodeposited alloys can be easily controlled
      by layering the alloys and modulating the P content of the different layers by
      using pulse plating in the electrodeposition process. However, because of its
      amorphous nature, the study of the interface quality, which is a limitation for
      the optimization of the soft magnetic properties of these alloys, becomes a
      complex task. In this work, we use Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS)
      to determine that electrodeposited Co0.74P0.26/Co0.83P0.17 amorphous multilayers
      with layers down to 20 nm-thick are composed by well-defined layers with
      interfacial roughness below 3 nm. We have also determined, using magnetostriction
      measurements, that 4 nm is the lower limitation for the layer thickness. Below
      this thickness, the layers are mixed and the magnetic behavior of the
      multilayered films is similar to that shown by single layers, thus going from in
      plane to out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy. Therefore, these results establish the
      range in which the magnetic properties of these alloys can be controlled by
      layering. 

PMID- 27381898
TI  - Phenylbutyrate exerts adverse effects on liver regeneration and amino acid
      concentrations in partially hepatectomized rats.
AB  - Phenylbutyrate is recommended in urea cycle disorders and liver injury to enhance
      nitrogen disposal by the urine. However, hypothetically there may be adverse
      responses to the use of phenylbutyrate in the treatment of liver disease because
      of its role as a histone deacetylase inhibitor and its stimulatory effect on
      branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the
      catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; valine, leucine and isoleucine).
      We report the effects of phenylbutyrate on liver regeneration and amino acid
      levels in plasma of partially hepatectomized (PH) rats. Phenylbutyrate or saline
      was administered at 12-h intervals to PH or laparotomized rats. Phenylbutyrate
      delayed the onset of liver regeneration compared to the saline-treated controls,
      as indicated by lower hepatic DNA specific activities 18 and 24( ) h post-PH,
      decreased hepatic fractional protein synthesis rates 24 h post-PH and lowered the
      increases in liver weights and hepatic protein and DNA contents 48 h after PH.
      Hepatic DNA fragmentation (a hallmark of apoptosis) was higher in the
      phenylbutyrate-treated animals than in controls. Phenylbutyrate decreased the
      glutamine and BCAA concentrations and the ratio of the BCAA to aromatic amino
      acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine) in the blood plasma in both hepatectomized and
      laparotomized animals. In conclusion, the delayed onset of liver regeneration and
      the decrease in BCAA/AAA ratio in blood suggest that phenylbutyrate
      administration may be disastrous in subjects with acute hepatic injury and BCAA
      supplementation is needed when phenylbutyrate is used therapeutically.

PMID- 27381899
TI  - Development, Validation, and Verification of a Self-Assessment Tool to Estimate
      Agnibala (Digestive Strength).
AB  - According to Ayurveda, the traditional system of healthcare of Indian origin,
      Agni is the factor responsible for digestion and metabolism. Four functional
      states (Agnibala) of Agni have been recognized: regular, irregular, intense, and
      weak. The objective of the present study was to develop and validate a self
      assessment tool to estimate Agnibala The developed tool was evaluated for its
      reliability and validity by administering it to 300 healthy volunteers of either
      gender belonging to 18 to 40-year age group. Besides confirming the statistical
      validity and reliability, the practical utility of the newly developed tool was
      also evaluated by recording serum lipid parameters of all the volunteers. The
      results show that the lipid parameters vary significantly according to the status
      of Agni The tool, therefore, may be used to screen normal population to look for
      possible susceptibility to certain health conditions.

PMID- 27381901
TI  - Appeasing the Carotid Body After Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia.

PMID- 27381900
TI  - A Genetic Response Score for Hydrochlorothiazide Use: Insights From Genomics and
      Metabolomics Integration.
AB  - Hydrochlorothiazide is among the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives; yet,
      <50% of hydrochlorothiazide-treated patients achieve blood pressure (BP) control.
      Herein, we integrated metabolomic and genomic profiles of hydrochlorothiazide
      treated patients to identify novel genetic markers associated with
      hydrochlorothiazide BP response. The primary analysis included 228 white
      hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide from the Pharmacogenomic
      Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study. Genome-wide analysis was
      conducted using Illumina Omni 1 mol/L-Quad Chip, and untargeted metabolomics was
      performed on baseline fasting plasma samples using a gas chromatography-time-of
      flight mass spectrometry platform. We found 13 metabolites significantly
      associated with hydrochlorothiazide systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP)
      responses (false discovery rate, <0.05). In addition, integrating genomic and
      metabolomic data revealed 3 polymorphisms (rs2727563 PRKAG2, rs12604940 DCC, and
      rs13262930 EPHX2) along with arachidonic acid, converging in the netrin signaling
      pathway (P=1*10(-5)), as potential markers, significantly influencing
      hydrochlorothiazide BP response. We successfully replicated the 3 genetic signals
      in 212 white hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide and created a
      response score by summing their BP-lowering alleles. We found patients carrying 1
      response allele had a significantly lower response than carriers of 6 alleles
      (?SBP/?DBP: -1.5/1.2 versus -16.3/-10.4 mm Hg, respectively, SBP score, P=1*10(
      8) and DBP score, P=3*10(-9)). This score explained 11.3% and 11.9% of the
      variability in hydrochlorothiazide SBP and DBP responses, respectively, and was
      further validated in another independent study of 196 whites treated with
      hydrochlorothiazide (DBP score, P=0.03; SBP score, P=0.07). This study suggests
      that PRKAG2, DCC, and EPHX2 might be important determinants of
      hydrochlorothiazide BP response.

PMID- 27381902
TI  - Carotid Body Ablation Abrogates Hypertension and Autonomic Alterations Induced by
      Intermittent Hypoxia in Rats.
AB  - Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), the main feature of obstructive sleep apnea,
      enhances carotid body (CB) chemosensory responses to hypoxia and produces
      autonomic dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypertension. We tested whether
      autonomic alterations, arrhythmogenesis, and the progression of hypertension
      induced by CIH depend on the enhanced CB chemosensory drive, by ablation of the
      CB chemoreceptors. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to control (Sham)
      conditions for 7 days and then to CIH (5% O2, 12/h 8 h/d) for a total of 28 days.
      At 21 days of CIH exposure, rats underwent bilateral CB ablation and then exposed
      to CIH for 7 additional days. Arterial blood pressure and ventilatory chemoreflex
      response to hypoxia were measured in conscious rats. In addition, cardiac
      autonomic imbalance, cardiac baroreflex gain, and arrhythmia score were assessed
      during the length of the experiments. In separate experimental series, we
      measured extracellular matrix remodeling content in cardiac atrial tissue and
      systemic oxidative stress. CIH induced hypertension, enhanced ventilatory
      response to hypoxia, induced autonomic imbalance toward sympathetic
      preponderance, reduced baroreflex gain, and increased arrhythmias and atrial
      fibrosis. CB ablation normalized blood pressure, reduced ventilatory response to
      hypoxia, and restored cardiac autonomic and baroreflex function. In addition, CB
      ablation reduced the number of arrhythmias, but not extracellular matrix
      remodeling or systemic oxidative stress, suggesting that reductions in arrhythmia
      incidence during CIH were related to normalization of cardiac autonomic balance.
      Present results show that autonomic alterations induced by CIH are critically
      dependent on the CB and support a main role for the CB in the CIH-induced
      hypertension.

PMID- 27381904
TI  - Pomalidomide and dexamethasone in the treatment of AL amyloidosis: results of a
      phase 1 and 2 trial.
AB  - The objectives of a phase 1/2 trial of pomalidomide with dexamethasone for the
      treatment of light chain (AL) amyloidosis were to determine the safety,
      tolerability, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), recommended phase 2 dose, and
      hematologic and clinical response. A 3+3 dose-escalation phase (15 patients) was
      followed by an expansion cohort (12 patients) enrolled at the MTD. Pomalidomide
      was administered at 2 and 3 mg on days 1 to 28 (cohorts 1 and 2) and 4 mg on days
      1 to 21 (cohort 3) every 28 days, with weekly dexamethasone at a dose of 20 mg.
      Twenty-seven patients with previously treated AL were enrolled, 15 during dose
      escalation (6 at 2 mg, 3 at 3 mg, and 6 at 4 mg) and 12 during dose expansion
      (all at 4 mg). One patient experienced dose-limiting toxicity at 4 mg; the MTD
      was determined as 4 mg. The most common grade >=3 drug-related adverse events
      included myelosuppression and fatigue. Overall, hematologic response (HR) was 50%
      in 24 evaluable patients. The median time to best HR was 3 cycles, and median
      duration of HR was 15 months. Median overall survival has not yet been reached,
      with a median follow-up of 17.1 months and median event-free survival of 17.8
      months. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01570387.

PMID- 27381903
TI  - Advances in the understanding of trauma-induced coagulopathy.
AB  - Ten percent of deaths worldwide are due to trauma, and it is the third most
      common cause of death in the United States. Despite a profound upregulation in
      procoagulant mechanisms, one-quarter of trauma patients present with laboratory
      based evidence of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC), which is associated with
      poorer outcomes including increased mortality. The most common causes of death
      after trauma are hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The management of
      TIC has significant implications in both because many hemorrhagic deaths could be
      preventable, and TIC is associated with progression of intracranial injury after
      TBI. This review covers the most recent evidence and advances in our
      understanding of TIC, including the role of platelet dysfunction, endothelial
      activation, and fibrinolysis. Trauma induces a plethora of biochemical and
      physiologic changes, and despite numerous studies reporting differences in
      coagulation parameters between trauma patients and uninjured controls, it is
      unclear whether some of these differences may be "normal" after trauma.
      Comparisons between trauma patients with differing outcomes and use of animal
      studies have shed some light on this issue, but much of the data continue to be
      correlative with causative links lacking. In particular, there are little data
      linking the laboratory-based abnormalities with true clinically evident
      coagulopathic bleeding. For these reasons, TIC continues to be a significant
      diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

PMID- 27381905
TI  - High-affinity, noninhibitory pathogenic C1 domain antibodies are present in
      patients with hemophilia A and inhibitors.
AB  - Inhibitor formation in hemophilia A is the most feared treatment-related
      complication of factor VIII (fVIII) therapy. Most inhibitor patients with
      hemophilia A develop antibodies against the fVIII A2 and C2 domains. Recent
      evidence demonstrates that the C1 domain contributes to the inhibitor response.
      Inhibitory anti-C1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been identified that bind to
      putative phospholipid and von Willebrand factor (VWF) binding epitopes and block
      endocytosis of fVIII by antigen presenting cells. We now demonstrate by
      competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hydrogen-deuterium exchange
      mass spectrometry that 7 of 9 anti-human C1 mAbs tested recognize an epitope
      distinct from the C1 phospholipid binding site. These mAbs, designated group A,
      display high binding affinities for fVIII, weakly inhibit fVIII procoagulant
      activity, poorly inhibit fVIII binding to phospholipid, and exhibit heterogeneity
      with respect to blocking fVIII binding to VWF. Another mAb, designated group B,
      inhibits fVIII procoagulant activity, fVIII binding to VWF and phospholipid,
      fVIIIa incorporation into the intrinsic Xase complex, thrombin generation in
      plasma, and fVIII uptake by dendritic cells. Group A and B epitopes are distinct
      from the epitope recognized by the canonical, human-derived inhibitory anti-C1
      mAb, KM33, whose epitope overlaps both groups A and B. Antibodies recognizing
      group A and B epitopes are present in inhibitor plasmas from patients with
      hemophilia A. Additionally, group A and B mAbs increase fVIII clearance and are
      pathogenic in a hemophilia A mouse tail snip bleeding model. Group A anti-C1 mAbs
      represent the first identification of pathogenic, weakly inhibitory antibodies
      that increase fVIII clearance.

PMID- 27381906
TI  - Long noncoding RNAs in B-cell development and activation.
AB  - Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are potentially important regulators of cell
      differentiation and development, but little is known about their roles in B
      lymphocytes. Using RNA-seq and de novo transcript assembly, we identified 4516
      lncRNAs expressed in 11 stages of B-cell development and activation. Most of
      these lncRNAs have not been previously detected, even in the closely related T
      cell lineage. Comparison with lncRNAs previously described in human B cells
      identified 185 mouse lncRNAs that have human orthologs. Using chromatin
      immunoprecipitation-seq, we classified 20% of the lncRNAs as either enhancer
      associated (eRNA) or promoter-associated RNAs. We identified 126 eRNAs whose
      expression closely correlated with the nearest coding gene, thereby indicating
      the likely location of numerous enhancers active in the B-cell lineage.
      Furthermore, using this catalog of newly discovered lncRNAs, we show that PAX5, a
      transcription factor required to specify the B-cell lineage, bound to and
      regulated the expression of 109 lncRNAs in pro-B and mature B cells and 184
      lncRNAs in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID- 27381908
TI  - Continuing Medical Education activity in Echocardiography July 2016.

PMID- 27381909
TI  - Assessment of Myocardial Function in Children before and after Autologous
      Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: The Effect of Autologous Peripheral
      Blood Stem Cell Transplantation on Biventricular Systolic Function.

PMID- 27381910
TI  - A Simplified Model of Moisture Transport in Hydrophilic Porous Media With
      Applications to Pharmaceutical Tablets.
AB  - This work establishes a predictive model that explicitly recognizes
      microstructural parameters in the description of the overall mass uptake and
      local gradients of moisture into tablets. Model equations were formulated based
      on local tablet geometry to describe the transient uptake of moisture. An
      analytical solution to a simplified set of model equations was solved to predict
      the overall mass uptake and moisture gradients with the tablets. The analytical
      solution takes into account individual diffusion mechanisms in different scales
      of porosity and diffusion into the solid phase. The time constant of mass uptake
      was found to be a function of several key material properties, such as tablet
      relative density, pore tortuosity, and equilibrium moisture content of the
      material. The predictions of the model are in excellent agreement with
      experimental results for microcrystalline cellulose tablets without the need for
      parameter fitting. The model presented provides a new method to analyze the
      transient uptake of moisture into hydrophilic materials with the knowledge of
      only a few fundamental material and microstructural parameters. In addition, the
      model allows for quick and insightful predictions of moisture diffusion for a
      variety of practical applications including pharmaceutical tablets, porous
      polymer systems, or cementitious materials.

PMID- 27381911
TI  - Reconstitution and Minimization of a Micrococcin Biosynthetic Pathway in Bacillus
      subtilis.
AB  - Thiopeptides represent one of several families of highly modified peptide
      antibiotics that hold great promise for natural product engineering. These
      macrocyclic peptides are produced by a combination of ribosomal synthesis and
      extensive posttranslational modification by dedicated processing enzymes. We
      previously identified a compact, plasmid-borne gene cluster for the biosynthesis
      of micrococcin P1 (MP1), an archetypal thiopeptide antibiotic. In an effort to
      genetically dissect this pathway, we have reconstituted it in Bacillus subtilis
      Successful MP1 production required promoter engineering and the reassembly of
      essential biosynthetic genes in a modular plasmid. The resulting system allows
      for rapid pathway manipulation, including protein tagging and gene deletion. We
      find that 8 processing proteins are sufficient for the production of MP1 and that
      the tailoring enzyme TclS catalyzes a C-terminal reduction step that
      distinguishes MP1 from its sister compound micrococcin P2. IMPORTANCE: The
      emergence of antibiotic resistance is one of the most urgent human health
      concerns of our day. A crucial component in an integrated strategy for countering
      antibiotic resistance is the ability to engineer pathways for the biosynthesis of
      natural and derivatized antimicrobial compounds. In this study, the model
      organism B. subtilis was employed to reconstitute and genetically modularize a 9
      gene system for the biosynthesis of micrococcin, the founding member of a growing
      family of thiopeptide antibiotics.

PMID- 27381912
TI  - Analyzing Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pilin Antigenic Variation Using 454 Sequencing
      Technology.
AB  - Many pathogens use homologous recombination to vary surface antigens in order to
      avoid immune surveillance. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the bacterium responsible for
      the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, achieves this in part by changing
      the sequence of the major subunit of the type IV pilus in a process termed pilin
      antigenic variation (Av). The N. gonorrhoeae chromosome contains one expression
      locus (pilE) and many promoterless, partial-coding silent copies (pilS) that act
      as reservoirs for variant pilin information. Pilin Av occurs by high-frequency
      gene conversion reactions, which transfer pilS sequences into the pilE locus. We
      have developed a 454 sequencing-based assay to analyze the frequency and
      characteristics of pilin Av that allows a more robust analysis of pilin Av than
      previous assays. We used this assay to analyze mutations and conditions
      previously shown to affect pilin Av, confirming many but not all of the
      previously reported phenotypes. We show that mutations or conditions that cause
      growth defects can result in Av phenotypes when analyzed by phase variation-based
      assays. Adapting the 454 sequencing to analyze pilin Av demonstrates the utility
      of this technology to analyze any diversity generation system that uses
      recombination to develop biological diversity. IMPORTANCE: Measuring and
      analyzing complex recombination-based systems constitute a major barrier to
      understanding the mechanisms used to generate diversity. We have analyzed the
      contributions of many gonococcal mutations or conditions to the process of pilin
      antigenic variation.

PMID- 27381913
TI  - Primary and Secondary Sequence Structure Requirements for Recognition and
      Discrimination of Target RNAs by Pseudomonas aeruginosa RsmA and RsmF.
AB  - CsrA family RNA-binding proteins are widely distributed in bacteria and regulate
      gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a
      canonical member of the CsrA family (RsmA) and a novel, structurally distinct
      variant (RsmF). To better understand RsmF binding properties, we performed
      parallel systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)
      experiments for RsmA and RsmF. The initial target library consisted of 62
      nucleotide (nt) RNA transcripts with central cores randomized at 15 sequential
      positions. Most targets selected by RsmA and RsmF were the expected size and
      shared a common consensus sequence (CANGGAYG) that was positioned in a hexaloop
      region of the stem-loop structure. RsmA and RsmF also selected for longer targets
      (>=96 nt) that were likely generated by rare PCR errors. Most of the long targets
      contained two consensus-binding sites. Representative short (single consensus
      site) and long (two consensus sites) targets were tested for RsmA and RsmF
      binding. Whereas RsmA bound the short targets with high affinity, RsmF was unable
      to bind the same targets. RsmA and RsmF both bound the long targets. Mutation of
      either consensus GGA site in the long targets reduced or eliminated RsmF binding,
      suggesting a requirement for two tandem binding sites. Conversely, RsmA bound
      long targets containing only a single GGA site with unaltered affinity. The RsmF
      requirement for two binding sites was confirmed with tssA1, an in vivo regulatory
      target of RsmA and RsmF. Our findings suggest that RsmF binding requires two GGA
      containing sites, while RsmA binding requirements are less stringent. IMPORTANCE:
      The CsrA family of RNA-binding proteins is widely conserved in bacteria and plays
      important roles in the posttranscriptional regulation of protein synthesis. P.
      aeruginosa has two CsrA proteins, RsmA and RsmF. Although RsmA and RsmF share a
      few RNA targets, RsmF is unable to bind to other targets recognized by RsmA. The
      goal of the present study was to better understand the basis for differential
      binding by RsmF. Our data indicate that RsmF binding requires target RNAs with
      two consensus-binding sites, while RsmA recognizes targets with just a single
      binding site. This information should prove useful to future efforts to define
      the RsmF regulon and its contribution to P. aeruginosa physiology and virulence.

PMID- 27381914
TI  - A Combined Computational and Genetic Approach Uncovers Network Interactions of
      the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock.
AB  - Two-component systems (TCS) that employ histidine kinases (HK) and response
      regulators (RR) are critical mediators of cellular signaling in bacteria. In the
      model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, TCSs control global
      rhythms of transcription that reflect an integration of time information from the
      circadian clock with a variety of cellular and environmental inputs. The HK CikA
      and the SasA/RpaA TCS transduce time information from the circadian oscillator to
      modulate downstream cellular processes. Despite immense progress in understanding
      of the circadian clock itself, many of the connections between the clock and
      other cellular signaling systems have remained enigmatic. To narrow the search
      for additional TCS components that connect to the clock, we utilized direct
      coupling analysis (DCA), a statistical analysis of covariant residues among
      related amino acid sequences, to infer coevolution of new and known clock TCS
      components. DCA revealed a high degree of interaction specificity between SasA
      and CikA with RpaA, as expected, but also with the phosphate-responsive response
      regulator SphR. Coevolutionary analysis also predicted strong specificity between
      RpaA and a previously undescribed kinase, HK0480 (herein CikB). A knockout of the
      gene for CikB (cikB) in a sasA cikA null background eliminated the RpaA
      phosphorylation and RpaA-controlled transcription that is otherwise present in
      that background and suppressed cell elongation, supporting the notion that CikB
      is an interactor with RpaA and the clock network. This study demonstrates the
      power of DCA to identify subnetworks and key interactions in signaling pathways
      and of combinatorial mutagenesis to explore the phenotypic consequences. Such a
      combined strategy is broadly applicable to other prokaryotic systems. IMPORTANCE:
      Signaling networks are complex and extensive, comprising multiple integrated
      pathways that respond to cellular and environmental cues. A TCS interaction
      model, based on DCA, independently confirmed known interactions and revealed a
      core set of subnetworks within the larger HK-RR set. We validated high-scoring
      candidate proteins via combinatorial genetics, demonstrating that DCA can be
      utilized to reduce the search space of complex protein networks and to infer
      undiscovered specific interactions for signaling proteins in vivo Significantly,
      new interactions that link circadian response to cell division and fitness in a
      light/dark cycle were uncovered. The combined analysis also uncovered a more
      basic core clock, illustrating the synergy and applicability of a combined
      computational and genetic approach for investigating prokaryotic signaling
      networks.

PMID- 27381915
TI  - Experimental Analysis of Functional Variation within Protein Families: Receiver
      Domain Autodephosphorylation Kinetics.
AB  - Plants and microorganisms use two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) to
      mediate responses to environmental stimuli. TCSs mediate responses through
      phosphotransfer from a conserved histidine on a sensor kinase to a conserved
      aspartate on the receiver domain of a response regulator. Typically, signal
      termination occurs through dephosphorylation of the receiver domain, which can
      catalyze its own dephosphorylation. Despite strong structural conservation
      between receiver domains, reported autodephosphorylation rate constants (kdephos)
      span a millionfold range. Variable receiver domain active-site residues D + 2 and
      T + 2 (two amino acids C terminal to conserved phosphorylation site and Thr/Ser,
      respectively) influence kdephos values, but the extent and mechanism of influence
      are unclear. We used sequence analysis of a large database of naturally occurring
      receiver domains to design mutant receiver domains for experimental analysis of
      autodephosphorylation kinetics. When combined with previous analyses, kdephos
      values were obtained for CheY variants that contained D + 2/T + 2 pairs found in
      54% of receiver domain sequences. Tested pairs of amino acids at D + 2/T + 2
      generally had similar effects on kdephos in CheY, PhoBN, or Spo0F. Acid or amide
      residues at D + 2/T + 2 enhanced kdephos CheY variants altered at D + 2/T + 2
      exhibited rate constants for autophosphorylation with phosphoramidates and
      autodephosphorylation that were inversely correlated, suggesting that D + 2/T + 2
      residues interact with aspects of the ground or transition states that differ
      between the two reactions. kdephos of CheY variants altered at D + 2/T + 2
      correlated significantly with kdephos of wild-type receiver domains containing
      the same D + 2/T + 2 pair. Additionally, particular D + 2/T + 2 pairs were
      enriched in different response regulator subfamilies, suggesting functional
      significance. IMPORTANCE: One protein family, defined by a conserved domain, can
      include hundreds of thousands of known members. Characterizing conserved residues
      within a conserved domain can identify functions shared by all family members.
      However, a general strategy to assess features that differ between members of a
      family is lacking. Fully exploring the impact of just two variable positions
      within a conserved domain could require assessment of 400 (i.e., 20 * 20)
      variants. Instead, we created and analyzed a nonredundant database of receiver
      domain sequences. Five percent of D + 2/T + 2 pairs were sufficient to represent
      50% of receiver domain sequences. Using protein sequence analysis to prioritize
      mutant choice made it experimentally feasible to extensively probe the influence
      of positions D + 2 and T + 2 on receiver domain autodephosphorylation kinetics.

PMID- 27381916
TI  - Choline Catabolism in Burkholderia thailandensis Is Regulated by Multiple
      Glutamine Amidotransferase 1-Containing AraC Family Transcriptional Regulators.
AB  - Burkholderia thailandensis is a soil-dwelling bacterium that shares many
      metabolic pathways with the ecologically similar, but evolutionarily distant,
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa Among the diverse nutrients it can utilize is choline,
      metabolizable to the osmoprotectant glycine betaine and subsequently catabolized
      as a source of carbon and nitrogen, similar to P. aeruginosa Orthologs of genes
      in the choline catabolic pathway in these two bacteria showed distinct
      differences in gene arrangement as well as an additional orthologous
      transcriptional regulator in B. thailandensis In this study, we showed that
      multiple glutamine amidotransferase 1 (GATase 1)-containing AraC family
      transcription regulators (GATRs) are involved in regulation of the B.
      thailandensis choline catabolic pathway (gbdR1, gbdR2, and souR). Using genetic
      analyses and sequencing the transcriptome in the presence and absence of choline,
      we identified the likely regulons of gbdR1 (BTH_II1869) and gbdR2 (BTH_II0968).
      We also identified a functional ortholog for P. aeruginosa souR, a GATR that
      regulates the metabolism of sarcosine to glycine. GbdR1 is absolutely required
      for expression of the choline catabolic locus, similar to P. aeruginosa GbdR,
      while GbdR2 is important to increase expression of the catabolic locus.
      Additionally, the B. thailandensis SouR ortholog (BTH_II0994) is required for
      catabolism of choline and its metabolites as carbon sources, whereas in P.
      aeruginosa, SouR function can by bypassed by GbdR. The strategy employed by B.
      thailandensis represents a distinct regulatory solution to control choline
      catabolism and thus provides both an evolutionary counterpoint and an
      experimental system to analyze the acquisition and regulation of this pathway
      during environmental growth and infection. IMPORTANCE: Many proteobacteria that
      occupy similar environmental niches have horizontally acquired orthologous genes
      for metabolism of compounds useful in their shared environment. The arrangement
      and differential regulation of these components can help us understand both the
      evolution of these systems and the potential roles these pathways have in the
      biology of each bacterium. Here, we describe the transcriptome response of
      Burkholderia thailandensis to the eukaryote-enriched molecule choline, identify
      the regulatory pathway governing choline catabolism, and compare the pathway to
      that previously described for Pseudomonas aeruginosa These data support a
      multitiered regulatory network in B. thailandensis, with conserved orthologs in
      the select agents Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, as well as
      the opportunistic lung pathogens in the Burkholderia cepacia clade.

PMID- 27381917
TI  - Regulation of Ribosomal Protein Operons rplM-rpsI, rpmB-rpmG, and rplU-rpmA at
      the Transcriptional and Translational Levels.
AB  - It is widely assumed that in the best-characterized model bacterium Escherichia
      coli, transcription units encoding ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) and regulation
      of their expression have been already well defined. However, transcription start
      sites for several E. coli r-protein operons have been established only very
      recently, so that information concerning the regulation of these operons at the
      transcriptional or posttranscriptional level is still missing. This paper
      describes for the first time the in vivo regulation of three r-protein operons,
      rplM-rpsI, rpmB-rpmG, and rplU-rpmA The results demonstrate that transcription of
      all three operons is subject to ppGpp/DksA-dependent negative stringent control
      under amino acid starvation, in parallel with the rRNA operons. By using single
      copy translational fusions with the chromosomal lacZ gene, we show here that at
      the translation level only one of these operons, rplM-rpsI, is regulated by the
      mechanism of autogenous repression involving the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of
      the operon mRNA, while rpmB-rpmG and rplU-rpmA are not subject to this type of
      regulation. This may imply that translational feedback control is not a general
      rule for modulating the expression of E. coli r-protein operons. Finally, we
      report that L13, a primary protein in 50S ribosomal subunit assembly, serves as a
      repressor of rplM-rpsI expression in vivo, acting at a target within the rplM
      translation initiation region. Thus, L13 represents a novel example of regulatory
      r-proteins in bacteria. IMPORTANCE: It is important to obtain a deeper
      understanding of the regulatory mechanisms responsible for coordinated and
      balanced synthesis of ribosomal components. In this paper, we highlight the major
      role of a stringent response in regulating transcription of three previously
      unexplored r-protein operons, and we show that only one of them is subject to
      feedback regulation at the translational level. Improved knowledge of the
      regulatory pathways controlling ribosome biogenesis may promote the development
      of novel antibacterial agents.

PMID- 27381918
TI  - The ChrSA and HrrSA Two-Component Systems Are Required for Transcriptional
      Regulation of the hemA Promoter in Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
AB  - Corynebacterium diphtheriae utilizes heme and hemoglobin (Hb) as iron sources for
      growth in low-iron environments. In C. diphtheriae, the two-component signal
      transduction systems (TCSs) ChrSA and HrrSA are responsive to Hb levels and
      regulate the transcription of promoters for hmuO, hrtAB, and hemA ChrSA and HrrSA
      activate transcription at the hmuO promoter and repress transcription at hemA in
      an Hb-dependent manner. In this study, we show that HrrSA is the predominant
      repressor at hemA and that its activity results in transcriptional repression in
      the presence and absence of Hb, whereas repression of hemA by ChrSA is primarily
      responsive to Hb. DNA binding studies showed that both ChrA and HrrA bind to the
      hemA promoter region at virtually identical sequences. ChrA binding was enhanced
      by phosphorylation, while binding to DNA by HrrA was independent of its
      phosphorylation state. ChrA and HrrA are phosphorylated in vitro by the sensor
      kinase ChrS, whereas no kinase activity was observed with HrrS in vitro
      Phosphorylated ChrA was not observed in vivo, even in the presence of Hb, which
      is likely due to the instability of the phosphate moiety on ChrA. However,
      phosphorylation of HrrA was observed in vivo regardless of the presence of the Hb
      inducer, and genetic analysis indicates that ChrS is responsible for most of the
      phosphorylation of HrrA in vivo Phosphorylation studies strongly suggest that
      HrrS functions primarily as a phosphatase and has only minimal kinase activity.
      These findings collectively show a complex mechanism of regulation at the hemA
      promoter, where both two-component systems act in concert to optimize expression
      of heme biosynthetic enzymes. IMPORTANCE: Understanding the mechanism by which
      two-component signal transduction systems function to respond to environmental
      stimuli is critical to the study of bacterial pathogenesis. The current study
      expands on the previous analyses of the ChrSA and HrrSA TCSs in the human
      pathogen C. diphtheriae The findings here underscore the complex interactions
      between the ChrSA and HrrSA systems in the regulation of the hemA promoter and
      demonstrate how the two systems complement one another to refine and control
      transcription in the presence and absence of Hb.

PMID- 27381919
TI  - Single-Stranded DNA Uptake during Gonococcal Transformation.
AB  - Neisseria gonorrhoeae is naturally competent for transformation. The first step
      of the transformation process is the uptake of DNA from the environment into the
      cell. This transport step is driven by a powerful molecular machine. Here, we
      addressed the question whether this machine imports single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)
      and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) at similar rates. The fluorescence signal
      associated with the uptake of short DNA fragments labeled with a single
      fluorescent marker molecule was quantified. We found that ssDNA with a double
      stranded DNA uptake sequence (DUS) was taken up with a similar efficiency as
      dsDNA. Imported ssDNA was degraded rapidly, and the thermonuclease Nuc was
      required for degradation. In a nuc deletion background, dsDNA and ssDNA with a
      double-stranded DUS were imported and used as the substrates for transformation,
      whereas the import and transformation efficiencies of ssDNA with single-stranded
      DUS were below the detection limits. We conclude that the DNA uptake machine
      requires a double-stranded DUS for efficient DNA recognition and transports ssDNA
      and dsDNA with comparable efficiencies. IMPORTANCE: Bacterial transformation
      enables bacteria to exchange genetic information. It can speed up adaptive
      evolution and enhances the potential of DNA repair. The transport of DNA through
      the outer membrane is the first step of transformation in Gram-negative species.
      It is driven by a powerful molecular machine whose mechanism remains elusive.
      Here, we show for Neisseria gonorrhoeae that the machine transports single- and
      double-stranded DNA at comparable rates, provided that the species-specific DNA
      uptake sequence is double stranded. Moreover, we found that single-stranded DNA
      taken up into the periplasm is rapidly degraded by the thermonuclease Nuc. We
      conclude that the secondary structure of transforming DNA is important for the
      recognition of self DNA but not for the process of transport through the outer
      membrane.

PMID- 27381921
TI  - How Mohs Surgery Transformed Into a First-Line Treatment of Skin Cancer.
AB  - Mohs surgery is considered ideal treatment for many types of skin cancers.
      Developed by Dr Frederic Edward Mohs (1910-2002), Mohs surgery allows all
      surgical margins to be viewed microscopically, ensuring no cancer cells go
      unremoved, yet it failed to achieve immediate acceptance when first introduced in
      the 1940s. A catalyst to the widespread acceptance of Mohs surgery occurred with
      the work of dermatologic colleagues who reported excellent results without using
      the paste. It suggested the real innovation of Mohs surgery lay in its
      microscopic control and not the paste, the discontinuation of which removed all
      the problems associated with its use.

PMID- 27381920
TI  - The Last r Locus Unveiled: T4 RIII Is a Cytoplasmic Antiholin.
AB  - The latent period of phage T4, normally ~25 min, can be extended indefinitely if
      the infected cell is superinfected after 5 min. This phenomenon, designated lysis
      inhibition (LIN), was first described in the 1940s and is genetically defined by
      mutations in diverse T4 r genes. RI, the main effector of LIN, has been shown to
      be secreted to the periplasm, where, upon activation by superinfection with a T
      even virion, it binds to the C-terminal periplasmic domain of the T4 holin T and
      blocks its lethal permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane. Another r locus,
      rIII, has been the subject of conflicting reports. In this study, we show that
      RIII, an 82-amino-acid protein, is also required for LIN in both Escherichia coli
      B strains and E. coli K-12 strains. In T4DeltarIII infections, LIN was briefly
      established but was unstable. The overexpression of a cloned rIII gene alone
      impeded T-mediated lysis temporarily. However, coexpression of rIII and rI
      resulted in a stable LIN state. Bacterial two-hybrid assays and pulldown assays
      showed that RIII interacts with the cytoplasmic N terminus of T, which is a
      critical domain for holin function. We conclude that RIII is a T4 antiholin that
      blocks membrane hole formation by interacting directly with the holin.
      Accordingly, we propose an augmented model for T4 LIN that involves the
      stabilization of a complex of three proteins in two compartments of the cell: RI
      interacting with the C terminus of T in the periplasm and RIII interacting with
      the N terminus of T in the cytoplasm. IMPORTANCE: Lysis inhibition is a unique
      feature of phage T4 in response to environmental conditions, effected by the
      antiholin RI, which binds to the periplasmic domain of the T holin and blocks its
      hole-forming function. Here we report that the T4 gene rIII encodes a cytoplasmic
      antiholin that, together with the main antiholin, RI, inhibits holin T by forming
      a complex of three proteins spanning two cell compartments.

PMID- 27381923
TI  - Preparation of 3-azoindoles and 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-imines as well as their
      applications as NNO pincer ligands for boron.
AB  - Potassium carbonate-promoted coupling reactions between 3-diazoindolin-2-imines
      and nucleophiles were tested. By respectively applying 2-naphthalenols and 2
      arylacetates as nucleophiles, 3-azoindoles and 3-hydrazonoindolin-2-imines were
      obtained in excellent yields. Moreover, 3-azoindol-2-amines could be used as NNO
      pincer ligands for boron and resulted in the formation of hexacycleborofluorides
      with their absorption around 580 nm in dichloromethane. 

PMID- 27381922
TI  - HBsAg mutations related to occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-positive
      patients result in a reduced secretion and conformational changes of HBsAg.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is a frequent finding in human
      immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. While several related mutations
      in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome have been reported, their distinct impact
      on HBsAg synthesis is largely obscure. METHODS: Thirty-one (18%) out of 172 HIV
      infected patients, who were selected from HBsAg-negative patients, were positive
      for HBV-DNA assigned as being OBI-positive. We generated a series of expression
      constructs of variant HBsAg with "a" determinant amino acid substitutions
      including P127L, P127T, S136Y, and P127T + S136Y using site-directed mutagenesis.
      The expression of variant HBsAg was examined by transient transfection in
      hepatoma cells, followed by HBsAg immunoassay and immunofluorescence stained with
      specific anti-HBs antibodies. The potential impact of amino acid substitutions at
      different positions for conformational changes in the HBsAg was investigated
      using bioinformatics. RESULTS: All variants comprising either single or combined
      mutations resulted in significantly reduced HBsAg detection in supernatants and
      in cell lysates of hepatoma cells transfected with the constructs. Moreover,
      intracellular immunofluorescence staining of cytoblocks showed perinuclear and
      cytoplasmic fluorescence of HBsAg constructs with significantly diminished
      fluorescent intensity in comparison to the wild type. Altered protein
      conformations by predictive models, indicating an impaired detection by the
      host's immune response as well as by commercial antibody-based test assays.
      CONCLUSION: Mutations in the "a" determinant region of HBV as often found in OBI
      remarkably impair the detection of HBsAg from serum and infected cells,
      emphasizing the relevance of alternative methods such as HBV-DNA quantification
      for high-risk groups like HIV-infected individuals. J. Med. Virol. 89:246-256,
      2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27381924
TI  - Mucosal mast cells are indispensable for the timely termination of Strongyloides
      ratti infection.
AB  - Mast cells and basophils are innate immune cells with overlapping functions that
      contribute to anti-helminth immunity. Mast cell function during helminth
      infection was previously studied using mast cell-deficient Kit-mutant mice that
      display additional mast cell-unrelated immune deficiencies. Here, we use mice
      that lack basophils or mucosal and connective tissue mast cells in a Kit
      independent manner to re-evaluate the impact of each cell type during helminth
      infection. Neither mast cells nor basophils participated in the immune response
      to tissue-migrating Strongyloides ratti third-stage larvae, but both cell types
      contributed to the early expulsion of parasitic adults from the intestine. The
      termination of S. ratti infection required the presence of mucosal mast cells:
      Cpa3Cre mice, which lack mucosal and connective tissue mast cells, remained
      infected for more than 150 days. Mcpt5Cre R-DTA mice, which lack connective
      tissue mast cells only, and basophil-deficient Mcpt8Cre mice terminated the
      infection after 1 month with wild-type kinetics despite their initial increase in
      intestinal parasite burden. Because Cpa3Cre mice showed intact Th2 polarization
      and efficiently developed protective immunity after vaccination, we hypothesize
      that mucosal mast cells are non-redundant terminal effector cells in the
      intestinal epithelium that execute anti-helminth immunity but do not orchestrate
      it.

PMID- 27381925
TI  - Regulation of intestinal homeostasis by the ulcerative colitis-associated gene
      RNF186.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies and subsequent deep sequencing analysis have
      identified susceptible loci for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) including
      ulcerative colitis (UC). A gene encoding RING finger protein 186 (RNF186) is
      located within UC-susceptible loci. However, it is unclear whether RNF186 is
      involved in IBD pathogenesis. Here, we show that RNF186 controls protein
      homeostasis in colonic epithelia and regulates intestinal inflammation. RNF186,
      which was highly expressed in colonic epithelia, acted as an E3 ligase mediating
      polyubiquitination of its substrates. Permeability of small organic molecules was
      augmented in the intestine of Rnf186-/- mice. Increased expression of several
      RNF186 substrates, such as occludin, was found in Rnf186-/- colonic epithelia.
      The disturbed protein homeostasis in Rnf186-/- mice correlated with enhanced
      endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in colonic epithelia and increased sensitivity
      to intestinal inflammation after dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment.
      Introduction of an UC-associated Rnf186 mutation led to impaired E3 ligase
      activity and increased sensitivity to DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in
      mice. Thus, RNF186 maintains gut homeostasis by controlling ER stress in colonic
      epithelia.

PMID- 27381927
TI  - Funding PrEP for HIV prevention.

PMID- 27381926
TI  - Treatment outcomes and lessons learned from 5134 cases of outpatient office-based
      endovascular procedures in a vascular surgical practice.
AB  - Introduction The office-based endovascular facility has increased in number
      recently due in part to expedient patient experience. This study analyzed
      treatment outcomes of procedures performed in our office-based endovascular
      suite. Methods Treatment outcomes of 5134 consecutive procedures performed in our
      office-based endovascular suites from 2006 to 2013 were analyzed. Five sequential
      groups (group I-V) of 1000 consecutive interventions were compared with regard to
      technical success and treatment outcomes. Results Our patients included 2856
      (56%) females and 2267 (44%) males. Procedures performed included diagnostic
      arteriogram, arterial interventions, venous interventions, dialysis access
      interventions, and venous catheter management, which were 1024 (19.9%), 1568
      (30.6%), and 3073 (60.0%), 621(12.1%), and 354 (6.9%), respectively. The
      complication rates for group I, II, III, IV, and V were 3%, 1.5%, 1%, 1.1%, and
      0.7%, respectively. The complication rate was higher in group I when compared to
      each of the remaining four groups ( p < 0.05). Nine patients (0.18%) died within
      the 30-day period following their procedures, and none were procedure related.
      Conclusions Endovascular procedure can be performed safely in an office-based
      facility with excellent outcomes. Lessons learned in establishing office-based
      endovascular suites with efforts to reduce procedural complications and optimize
      quality patient care are discussed.

PMID- 27381929
TI  - Neural response to modulating the probability that actions of self or other
      result in auditory tones: A parametric fMRI study into causal ambiguity.
AB  - In normal circumstances we can easily distinguish between changes to the external
      world brought about by our own actions from those with external causes. However,
      in certain contexts our sense of ownership and agency over acts is not so clear.
      Neuroimaging studies have implicated a number of regions in the sense of agency,
      some of which have been shown to vary continuously with action-outcome
      discordance. However, little is known about dynamic, ambiguous contexts
      characterised by a lack of information for self-other differentiation, yet such
      ambiguous states are important in relation to symptoms and levels of
      consciousness that characterise certain mental health conditions. With a block
      design fMRI paradigm, we investigated neural responses to changes in the
      probability that a participant's irregular finger taps over 12s would result in
      auditory tones as opposed to tones generated by 'another's finger taps'. The main
      findings were that misattribution increased in ambiguous conditions where the
      probability of a tone belonging to self and other was equal. Task-sensitive brain
      regions, previously identified in self-agency, motor cognition, and ambiguity
      processing, showed a quadratic response to our self-to-other manipulation, with
      particular sensitivity to self-control. Task performance (low error and bias) was
      related to attenuated response in ambiguous conditions while increased response
      in regions associated with the default mode network was associated with greater
      overall error and bias towards other. These findings suggest that causal
      ambiguity as it occurs over time is a prominent feature in sense of agency, one
      that may eventually contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of positive
      symptoms of psychosis.

PMID- 27381928
TI  - Effects of two dominance manipulations on the stress response: Cognitive and
      embodied influences.
AB  - In response to stress, physiological and mental resources are allocated towards
      those systems that are needed for rapid responding in terms of fight or flight.
      On the other hand, long term regenerative processes such as growth, digestion and
      reproduction are attenuated. Levels of the sex steroid testosterone are reduced
      in participants that suffer from chronic stress. However, beyond its role for
      reproductive functions, testosterone plays an important role in the regulation of
      social status and dominance, testosterone levels increase during competition or
      when the social status is challenged. The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a
      laboratory stressor with a substantial social-evaluative component, can provoke
      an increase in salivary testosterone levels. Still, so far the reported findings
      regarding acute stress effects on testosterone are equivocal, possibly due to
      moderating effects. In this study we experimentally manipulated social dominance
      in 56 healthy participants (28m) by two independent manipulations (body posture
      and cognitive role taking) and subjected them to the TSST. We analyzed salivary
      testosterone and cortisol levels as dependent measures for the endocrine stress
      response. The role taking manipulation interacted with the testosterone response:
      we found the strongest increase when participants had to put themselves in a
      dominant (vs. submissive) role. Our results suggest that transient changes in
      testosterone levels during stress reflect a response to status threat that is
      affected by social dominance.

PMID- 27381930
TI  - Helping from the heart: Voluntary upregulation of heart rate variability predicts
      altruistic behavior.
AB  - Our various daily activities continually require regulation of our internal
      state. These regulatory processes covary with changes in High Frequency Heart
      Rate Variability (HF-HRV), a marker of parasympathetic activity. Specifically,
      incidental increases in HF-HRV accompany positive social engagement behavior and
      prosocial action. Little is known about deliberate regulation of HF-HRV and the
      role of voluntary parasympathetic regulation in prosocial behavior. Here, we
      present a novel biofeedback task that measures the ability to deliberately
      increase HF-HRV. In two large samples, we find that a) participants are able to
      voluntarily upregulate HF-HRV, and b) variation in this ability predicts
      individual differences in altruistic prosocial behavior, but not non-altruistic
      forms of prosociality, assessed through 14 different measures. Our findings
      suggest that self-induction of parasympathetic states is involved in altruistic
      action. The biofeedback task may provide a measure of deliberate parasympathetic
      regulation, with implications for the study of attention, emotion, and social
      behavior.

PMID- 27381931
TI  - Early averted gaze processing in the right Fusiform Gyrus: An EEG source imaging
      study.
AB  - Humans are able to categorize face properties with impressively short latencies.
      Nevertheless, the latency at which gaze recognition occurs is still a matter of
      debate. Through spatio-temporal analysis of high-density event-related potentials
      (ERP), we investigated the brain activity underlying the ability to spontaneously
      and quickly process gaze. We presented neutral faces with direct and averted gaze
      in a matching picture paradigm, where subjects had to detect repetition of
      identical faces and gaze was implicitly manipulated. The results indicate that
      faces with averted gaze were better discriminated than faces with direct gaze,
      and evoked stronger P100 amplitudes localized to the right fusiform gyrus. In
      contrast, direct gaze induced stronger activation in the orbital frontal gyrus at
      this latency. Later in time, at the beginning of the N170 component, direct gaze
      induced changes in scalp topography with a stronger activation in the right
      medial temporal gyrus. The location of these differential activations of direct
      vs. averted gaze further support the view that faces with averted gaze are
      perceived as less rewarding than faces with direct gaze. We additionally found
      differential ERP responses between repeated and novel faces as early as 50ms,
      thereby replicating earlier studies of very fast detection of mnestic aspects of
      stimuli. Together, these results suggest an early dissociation between implicit
      gaze detection and explicit identity processing.

PMID- 27381932
TI  - Thinking Out of the Box to Increase Technical Success in Fenestrated and Branched
      Endovascular Aneurysm Repair.

PMID- 27381933
TI  - Complete Ipsilateral Femoral Approach Using an Iliac Branch Device to Preserve a
      Sole Internal Iliac Artery After Aortic Stent-Graft Placement.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report implantation of an iliac branch device (IBD) for preserving
      antegrade blood flow to a sole internal iliac artery (IIA) via an ipsilateral
      approach during endovascular repair to reline an aortobi-iliac allograft.
      TECHNIQUE: The technique is described in a 55-year-old man with an enteric
      fistula involving an aortobi-iliac Y-prosthesis. After complete excision, the
      prosthesis was replaced by an allograft. Due to rebleeding and resuturing of the
      graft, total stent-graft relining of the allograft was planned with preservation
      of the sole left IIA using an iliac side branch (ZBIS). During introduction of a
      12-F sheath over the allograft's neobifurcation to establish a femorofemoral
      through-and-through approach, the allograft ruptured. A compliant balloon was
      inflated to control the hemorrhage. The IBD was first fully deployed, followed by
      stent-graft relining. Consequently, stent-graft implantation in the left IIA
      using a crossover maneuver was no longer feasible, so a 0.035-inch super stiff
      wire was introduced through the IBD's 20-F sheath. A 12-mm semi-compliant balloon
      was inflated in the common iliac artery above the iliac branch to act as an
      abutment for a 7-F sheath to run over the stiff wire into the IIA for
      delivery/deployment of a stent-graft. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to use a
      complete ipsilateral femoral approach for IBD implantation after aortic stent
      graft placement.

PMID- 27381934
TI  - Multilayer Flow Modulator Treatment of Abdominal and Thoracoabdominal Aortic
      Aneurysms With Side Branch Coverage: Outcomes From a Prospective Single-Center
      Moroccan Registry.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms
      (TAAA) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) using the Multilayer Flow Modulator
      (MFM) in high-surgical-risk patients with at least one covered branch vessel.
      METHODS: In this prospective single-center nonrandomized trial, 18 patients (mean
      age 61.1 years; 16 men) with TAAA (n=10, mean diameter 74.4 mm) and AAA (n=8,
      mean diameter 67.8 mm) were treated with the MFM between June 2009 and September
      2012. The primary safety endpoints were all-cause mortality at 30 days and 12
      months and neurological complications. The primary efficacy endpoint was overall
      procedure success, defined as patency of covered branch vessels, reductions in
      aneurysm diameter, and sac thrombus formation. RESULTS: The technical success
      rate was 100% (53 study devices implanted, mean stented length 273 mm). Through
      mean follow-up of 13.4 months, all 61 covered branch vessels remained patent;
      there were no neurologic complications, ruptures, or instances of device
      migration, kinking, or fracture. Three patients died, 2 of unrelated causes and
      one of an undetermined cause. Only one reintervention with an additional MFM
      implanted at 5 years was required for a type I endoleak in a young patient with
      natural growth. Carefully planned and executed diameter and volume measurements
      demonstrated aneurysm shrinkage and progressive sac thrombus formation for both
      patient groups. CONCLUSION: Through midterm follow-up, treatment of high-surgical
      risk TAAA and AAA patients with the MFM appears to be safe and effective,
      maintaining branch vessel patency and reducing rupture risk through reduction of
      aneurysm diameter and modulation of flow dynamics. Longer term follow-up is
      needed.

PMID- 27381935
TI  - Can Parenting Intervention Prevent Cascading Effects From Placement Instability
      to Insecure Attachment to Externalizing Problems in Maltreated Toddlers?
AB  - Multiple placement changes disrupt continuity in caregiving and undermine well
      being in children in child welfare. This study conducted secondary data analysis
      of a randomized controlled trial to examine whether a relationship-based
      intervention, Promoting First Relationships((c)) (PFR), reduced risk for a
      maladaptive cascade from placement instability to less secure attachment to
      elevated externalizing problems. Participants included caregivers (birth or
      foster/kin) of toddlers (10-24 months) recently transitioned to their care
      because of child welfare placement decisions. Although main effects of PFR on
      security and externalizing problems were not previously observed, this study's
      results revealed that PFR attenuated the association between multiple placement
      changes (baseline) and less security (postintervention) and that the indirect
      effect of placement instability on greater externalizing problems (6-month follow
      up) via less security was evident only in toddlers in the comparison condition.
      These findings shed light on how a history of multiple caregiver changes may
      influence toddlers' risk for poor adjustment in subsequent placements, and the
      promise of supporting caregivers through a parenting intervention to prevent such
      risk.

PMID- 27381937
TI  - The role of the neutrophil Fcgamma receptor I (CD64) index in diagnosing
      spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of the neutrophil Fcgamma receptor I (CD64)
      index in the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic
      patients. METHODS: A total of 123 cirrhotic patients with ascites who fulfilled
      the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. Ascites and blood samples
      were collected; the polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) count, bacterial culture,
      and related laboratory tests were performed. The CD64 index was determined for
      each sample using flow cytometry. RESULTS: The neutrophil CD64 index results were
      significantly higher in cirrhotic patients with SBP than in those without SBP
      (p<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the neutrophil CD64 index and
      the PMN count in ascites. In the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)
      analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.894 (95% confidence interval 0.823
      0.964, p<0.001). The optimal cut-off value for the neutrophil CD64 index was
      2.02. The sensitivity and specificity of the neutrophil CD64 index for cirrhotic
      patients with SBP were 80.49% and 93.90%, respectively. The elevated neutrophil
      CD64 index was down-regulated by antibiotic therapy (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The
      neutrophil CD64 index could be used as a sensitive and specific indicator for the
      diagnosis of SBP in cirrhotic patients with ascites and is also modulated by
      antibiotic therapy.

PMID- 27381936
TI  - Use of evidence based practices to improve survival without severe morbidity for
      very preterm infants: results from the EPICE population based cohort.
AB  - OBJECTIVES:  To evaluate the implementation of four high evidence practices for
      the care of very preterm infants to assess their use and impact in routine
      clinical practice and whether they constitute a driver for reducing mortality and
      neonatal morbidity. DESIGN:  Prospective multinational population based
      observational study. SETTING:  19 regions from 11 European countries covering 850
      000 annual births participating in the EPICE (Effective Perinatal Intensive Care
      in Europe for very preterm births) project. PARTICIPANTS:  7336 infants born
      between 24+0 and 31+6 weeks' gestation in 2011/12 without serious congenital
      anomalies and surviving to neonatal admission. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:  Combined
      use of four evidence based practices for infants born before 28 weeks' gestation
      using an "all or none" approach: delivery in a maternity unit with appropriate
      level of neonatal care; administration of antenatal corticosteroids; prevention
      of hypothermia (temperature on admission to neonatal unit >=36 degrees C);
      surfactant used within two hours of birth or early nasal continuous positive
      airway pressure. Infant outcomes were in-hospital mortality, severe neonatal
      morbidity at discharge, and a composite measure of death or severe morbidity, or
      both. We modelled associations using risk ratios, with propensity score weighting
      to account for potential confounding bias. Analyses were adjusted for clustering
      within delivery hospital. RESULTS:  Only 58.3% (n=4275) of infants received all
      evidence based practices for which they were eligible. Infants with low
      gestational age, growth restriction, low Apgar scores, and who were born on the
      day of maternal admission to hospital were less likely to receive evidence based
      care. After adjustment, evidence based care was associated with lower in-hospital
      mortality (risk ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.87) and in-hospital
      mortality or severe morbidity, or both (0.82, 0.73 to 0.92), corresponding to an
      estimated 18% decrease in all deaths without an increase in severe morbidity if
      these interventions had been provided to all infants. CONCLUSIONS:  More
      comprehensive use of evidence based practices in perinatal medicine could result
      in considerable gains for very preterm infants, in terms of increased survival
      without severe morbidity.

PMID- 27381938
TI  - Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by magnetic resonance elastography in
      patients with congenital heart disease undergoing the Fontan procedure and
      intracardiac repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of late liver complications such as fibrosis or
      cirrhosis has increased among patients who have undergone the Fontan procedure.
      Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) recently emerged as a technique to
      clinically evaluate liver fibrosis. However, few reports have described its use
      in evaluating liver fibrosis in children with congenital heart disease (CHD).
      METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-seven children were examined and divided into four
      groups: 27 with CHD who underwent intracardiac repair (ICR); 16 with CHD who
      underwent the Fontan procedure (Fontan); 14 in a control group (control); and two
      with cirrhosis (cirrhosis). Liver stiffness (LS) was measured using MRE. Other
      assessments included central venous pressure (CVP) as determined by cardiac
      catheterization. Circulating biomarker levels were also determined. There were no
      significant differences in biomarker levels among the groups. However, the LS
      degree was significantly higher in the Fontan group than in the control group. On
      stepwise multivariate analysis, only the CVP level was a statistically
      significant independent predictor of LS. There was also a strong correlation
      between LS and CVP and between LS and time interval since Fontan surgery.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly demonstrated that LS was significantly increased
      after the Fontan procedure and that CVP was a predictor of LS. MRE is a highly
      sensitive tool that can evaluate liver fibrosis in children who undergo the
      Fontan procedure and enable earlier detection of LS than biomarkers.

PMID- 27381939
TI  - Indications and outcomes of excimer laser coronary atherectomy: Efficacy and
      safety for thrombotic lesions-The ULTRAMAN registry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Excimer laser coronary atherectomy (ELCA) recently became available
      in Japan, but ELCA's effectiveness and safety are not clear. METHODS AND RESULTS:
      We enrolled consecutive patients who underwent ELCA and were registered in the
      Utility of Laser for Transcatheter Atherectomy-Multicenter Analysis around Naniwa
      (ULTRAMAN) registry comprising six Japanese medical centers around Naniwa in
      Japan with patients registered from April 2006 to June 2015. We evaluated the
      catheter sizes used and compared the success rate, thrombolysis in myocardial
      infarction (TIMI) flow, blush score, and complications between the rich-thrombus
      (RT) group [acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and saphenous vein graft (SVG)] and the
      poor-thrombus (PT) group [in-stent restenosis (ISR), chronic total occlusion
      (CTO), calcification, and long or bifurcation (L&B) lesions]. Of the 328
      patients, 6 (1.8%) were treated for an SVG, 175 (53.4%) were treated for ACS, 18
      (5.5%) for CTO, 106 (32.4%) for ISR, 8 (2.4%) for calcification, and 15 for L&B
      lesions (4.6%). A 1.7-mm (concentric)-diameter ELCA catheter was used most
      frequently (59.4%). High success rates were achieved in both the RT and PT
      groups, but the TIMI flow grade and blush score were significantly lower and the
      complications rate was significantly higher in the RT group (n=181). CONCLUSIONS:
      In Japan, the major indications for ELCA have been ACS and ISR. ELCA can provide
      a safe and effective treatment even for RT lesions.

PMID- 27381940
TI  - Relative roles of land- and ocean-atmosphere interactions in Asian-Pacific
      thermal contrast variability at the precessional band.
AB  - In a 250-kyr transient simulation of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), we
      identified a precessional forced seesaw of the summer middle-upper tropospheric
      eddy temperature between Asia and the North Pacific as the paleo-APO (Asian
      Pacific oscillation). The paleo-APO variability is out of phase with the
      precession parameter. Corresponding to a positive paleo-APO phase, both the
      subtropical anticyclonic circulation over the North Pacific and the East Asian
      summer monsoon (EASM) strengthen. Summer anomalous sea surface temperature shows
      a western cold-eastern warm pattern over the extratropical North Pacific and a
      zonal positive-negative-positive pattern over the tropical Pacific. The
      variations in the simulated paleo-APO and East Asian southerly wind at the
      precessional band agree well with the geological proxies at the Dongge, Sanbao,
      Linzhu, and Hulu caves in China, which also implies that these proxies may well
      reflect the variability in the southerly wind over East Asia. Sensitivity
      experiments further reveal that the reduced precession parameter may enhance the
      positive paleo-APO phase and the associated EASM because of the response of the
      land-atmosphere interactions to the precessional insolation changes. The effect
      of the ocean-atmosphere interactions on the paleo-APO is secondary.

PMID- 27381941
TI  - Spherulization as a process for the exudation of chemical cues by the encrusting
      sponge C. crambe.
AB  - Ecological interactions in the marine environment are now recognized to be partly
      held by chemical cues produced by marine organisms. In particular, sponges are
      sessile animals thought to rely on the bioactive substances they synthesize to
      ensure their development and defense. However, the mechanisms leading the sponges
      to use their specialized metabolites as chemical cues remain unknown. Here we
      report the constant release of bioactive polycyclic guanidinic alkaloids by the
      Mediterranean sponge Crambe crambe into the dissolved and the particulate phases
      using a targeted metabolomics study. These compounds were proven to be stored
      into already described specialized (spherulous) sponge cells and dispersed into
      the water column after release through the sponge exhaling channels (oscula),
      leading to a chemical shield surrounding the sponge. Low concentrations of these
      compounds were demonstrated to have teratogenic effects on embryos of a common
      sea squirt (ascidian). This mechanism of action called spherulization may
      therefore contribute to the ecological success of encrusting sponges that need to
      extend their substrate cover to expand.

PMID- 27381942
TI  - Polarization domain wall pulses in a microfiber-based topological insulator fiber
      laser.
AB  - Topological insulators (TIs), are novel two-dimension materials, which can act as
      effective saturable absorbers (SAs) in a fiber laser. Moreover, based on the
      evanescent wave interaction, deposition of the TI on microfiber would create an
      effective SA, which has combined advantages from the strong nonlinear optical
      response in TI material together with the sufficiently-long-range interaction
      length in fiber taper. By using this type of TI SA, various scalar solitons have
      been obtained in fiber lasers. However, a single mode fiber always exhibits
      birefringence, and hence can support two orthogonal degenerate modes. Here we
      investigate experimentally the vector characters of a TI SA fiber laser. Using
      the saturated absorption and the high nonlinearity of the TI SA, a rich variety
      of dynamic states, including polarization-locked dark pulses and their harmonic
      mode locked counterparts, polarization-locked noise-like pulses and their
      harmonic mode locked counterparts, incoherently coupled polarization domain wall
      pulses, including bright square pulses, bright-dark pulse pairs, dark pulses and
      bright square pulse-dark pulse pairs are all observed with different pump powers
      and polarization states.

PMID- 27381944
TI  - Effect of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis on renal filtration and secretion of
      adefovir.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adefovir, an acyclic nucleotide reverse transcriptase
      inhibitor used to treat hepatitis B viral infection, is primarily eliminated
      renally through cooperation of glomerular filtration with active tubular
      transport. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a variable in drug disposition, yet
      the impact on renal transport processes has yet to be fully understood. The goal
      of this study was to determine the effect of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis on the
      pharmacokinetics of adefovir in rats given a control or methionine and choline
      deficient diet to induce nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. METHODS: Animals received
      a bolus dose of 7mg/kg (35MUCi/kg) [(3)H] adefovir with consequent measurement of
      plasma and urine concentrations. Inulin clearance was used to determine
      glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS: Methionine and choline deficient diet
      induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis prolonged the elimination half-life of
      adefovir. This observation occurred in conjunction with reduced distribution
      volume and hepatic levels of adefovir. Notably, despite these changes, renal
      clearance and overall clearance were not changed, despite markedly reduced
      glomerular filtration rate in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Alteration of
      glomerular filtration rate was fully compensated for by a significant increase in
      tubular secretion of adefovir. Analysis of renal transporters confirmed
      transcriptional up-regulation of Mrp4, the major transporter for adefovir tubular
      secretion. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates changes to glomerular filtration
      and tubular secretion that alter pharmacokinetics of adefovir in nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-induced changes in renal drug
      elimination processes could have major implications in variable drug response and
      the potential for toxicity.

PMID- 27381943
TI  - Platinum-containing compound platinum pyrithione is stronger and safer than
      cisplatin in cancer therapy.
AB  - DNA is the well-known molecular target of current platinum-based anticancer
      drugs; consequently, their clinical use is severely restricted by their systemic
      toxicities and drug resistance originating from non-selective DNA damage. Various
      strategies have been developed to circumvent the shortcomings of platinum-based
      chemotherapy but the inherent problem remains unsolved. Here we report that
      platinum pyrithione (PtPT), a chemically well-characterized synthetic complex of
      platinum, inhibits proteasome function and thereby exhibits greater and more
      selective cytotoxicity to multiple cancer cells than cisplatin, without showing
      discernible DNA damage both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, unlike the classical
      proteasome inhibitor bortezomib/Velcade which inhibits the proteasome via
      blocking the peptidase activity of 20S proteasomes, PtPT primarily deactivates
      26S proteasome-associated deubiquitinases USP14 and UCHL5. Furthermore, PtPT can
      selectively induce cytotoxicity and proteasome inhibition in cancer cells from
      leukemia patients but not peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy humans.
      In nude mice, PtPT also remarkably inhibited tumor xenograft growth, without
      showing the adverse effects that were induced by cisplatin. Hence, we have
      discovered a new platinum-based anti-tumor agent PtPT which targets 26S
      proteasome-associated deubiquitinases rather than DNA in the cell and thereby
      exerts safer and more potent anti-tumor effects, identifying a highly
      translatable new platinum-based anti-cancer strategy. 

PMID- 27381945
TI  - HIV information needs of parents of young men who have sex with men.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) have unique health concerns,
      including high rates of HIV infection. To prevent HIV, YMSM need credible
      information from trusted sources, specifically parents. Little is known about
      what health information resources parents of YMSM need to communicate with their
      child about HIV prevention. The primary objective of this study was to examine
      the proxy health information seeking behaviours of parents of YMSM and to
      identify information resources that parents need to communicate with their YMSM
      identified child about HIV prevention. METHODS: Qualitative findings were grouped
      into four categories: parents' current health information sources; barriers to
      seeking health information; parents' health information needs; and
      recommendations for delivery of health information for parents. Ten in-depth
      interviews were conducted with parents of YMSM. RESULTS: Parents reported
      consulting physicians and the Internet for HIV/AIDS information. They reported
      finding limited information targeted towards parents of YMSM and provided
      suggestions for improving the delivery of health information including training,
      websites and the local news. CONCLUSIONS: Delivery of tailored HIV prevention
      information to parents may be effective in helping combat HIV among YMSM. Given
      that YMSM bear the greatest burden for HIV, this study highlights the need to
      include parents of YMSM in future interventions aimed at reducing YMSM's risk of
      HIV/AIDS.

PMID- 27381946
TI  - High Thermal Gradient in Thermo-electrochemical Cells by Insertion of a
      Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Membrane.
AB  - Thermo-Electrochemical cells (Thermocells/TECs) transform thermal energy into
      electricity by means of electrochemical potential disequilibrium between
      electrodes induced by a temperature gradient (DeltaT). Heat conduction across the
      terminals of the cell is one of the primary reasons for device inefficiency.
      Herein, we embed Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) membrane in thermocells to
      mitigate the heat transfer effects - we refer to these membrane-thermocells as
      MTECs. At a DeltaT of 12 K, an improvement in the open circuit voltage (Voc) of
      the TEC from 1.3 mV to 2.8 mV is obtained by employment of the membrane. The PVDF
      membrane is employed at three different locations between the electrodes i.e. x =
      2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm where 'x' defines the distance between the cathode and PVDF
      membrane. We found that the membrane position at x = 5 mm achieves the closest
      internal ?T (i.e. 8.8 K) to the externally applied DeltaT of 10 K and
      corresponding power density is 254 nWcm(-2); 78% higher than the conventional
      TEC. Finally, a thermal resistivity model based on infrared thermography explains
      mass and heat transfer within the thermocells.

PMID- 27381947
TI  - Redefining the "carrier" state for foot-and-mouth disease from the dynamics of
      virus persistence in endemically affected cattle populations.
AB  - The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) "carrier" state was defined by van Bekkum
      in 1959. It was based on the recovery of infectious virus 28 days or more post
      infection and has been a useful construct for experimental studies. Using
      historic data from 1,107 cattle, collected as part of a population based study of
      endemic FMD in 2000, we developed a mixed effects logistic regression model to
      predict the probability of recovering viable FMDV by probang and culture,
      conditional on the animal's age and time since last reported outbreak. We
      constructed a second set of models to predict the probability of an animal being
      probang positive given its antibody response in three common non-structural
      protein (NSP) ELISAs and its age. We argue that, in natural ecological settings,
      the current definition of a "carrier" fails to capture the dynamics of either
      persistence of the virus (as measured by recovery using probangs) or the
      uncertainty in transmission from such animals that the term implies. In these
      respects it is not particularly useful. We therefore propose the first predictive
      statistical models for identifying persistently infected cattle in an endemic
      setting that captures some of the dynamics of the probability of persistence.
      Furthermore, we provide a set of predictive tools to use alongside NSP ELISAs to
      help target persistently infected cattle.

PMID- 27381948
TI  - Development of depression and deterioration in quality of life in German dental
      medical students in preclinical semesters.
AB  - PURPOSE: Early intervention to counter mental disorders during the course of
      studies in dentistry is indicated in view of the pronounced prevalence of burnout
      in this student collective. To assess the proportion of students in whom these
      risk states can be quantified in measurable parameters for concrete mental
      disorders, we conducted surveys among students of dental medicine during the
      first 2.5 years of their studies. METHODS: We surveyed a total of 163 students of
      dental medicine in their first 5 semesters of study. Standardized, validated
      psychological questionnaires on depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory;
      BDI-II) and mental and physical quality of life (Short Form Survey; SF-12) were
      used in the survey, with per-semester participant quotas of around 90%. RESULTS:
      Regarding depression, the students were within the range of the normal populace
      at the beginning of the 1st semester. Symptoms of depression then became more
      pronounced with every succeeding semester. In the fifth semester, the average
      levels determined were equivalent to a depression with a clinical treatment
      indication. Hardly any change was registered for physical wellbeing in the
      quality of life questionnaire. The mental sum scores, however, reflected dramatic
      downturns in quality of life. Highly significant correlations between the
      parameters described here - depressivity and mental quality of life - were
      observed in all semesters. CONCLUSION: The participating students begin their
      course of studies at the level of the average populace for the symptoms surveyed,
      then develop, on average, a clinically manifest depression after 2.5 years. The
      personal experience of a deterioration of mental quality of life appears to be
      crucial in the phenomena observed.

PMID- 27381949
TI  - Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation in Warm Climates: Caution is Required.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Out-of-hospital endotracheal intubation is a frequent procedure for
      trauma care. Nevertheless, in warm climates, sunlight and heat can interfere with
      the flow of the usual procedure. They can affect the equipment and hinder the
      operator. There are few data on this issue. The presentation of this case
      highlights three common complications that may occur when intubating under a hot
      and bright sun. CASE REPORT: A 23-year-old man had a car accident in Djibouti, at
      11:00 a.m., in broad sunlight. The heat was scorching. Due to a severe head
      trauma, with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8, it was decided to perform an
      endotracheal intubation. The operator faced three problems: the difficulty of
      seeing inside the mouth in the bright sunlight, the softening of the tube under
      the influence of the heat, and the inefficiency of colorimetric CO2 detectors in
      the warm atmosphere in confirming the proper endotracheal tube placement. WHY
      SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Solutions are simple, but must
      be known and planned ahead, prior to beginning the procedure: Putting a jacket
      over his head while doing the laryngoscopy would solve the problem of dazzle;
      adjuncts like a stylet or gum elastic bougie have to be used at the outset to fix
      the softening problem; alternative methods to exhaled CO2 detection, such as the
      syringe aspiration technique, to confirm the proper tube placement, should be
      available.

PMID- 27381950
TI  - A Case of Recalcitrant Urinary Tract Infection.

PMID- 27381951
TI  - Regarding Spontaneous Subdural Hematoma in a Middle-Aged Adult.

PMID- 27381952
TI  - Thinking and Training Together for Pediatric Emergency Care.

PMID- 27381953
TI  - Epidural Steroid Injection Complicated by Intrathecal Entry, Pneumocephalus, and
      Chemical Meningitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidural steroid injections are frequently used to treat back and
      extremity pain. The procedure is generally safe, with a low rate of adverse
      events, including intrathecal entry, pneumocephalus, and chemical meningitis.
      CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 45-year-old woman who presented to the
      emergency department (ED) with headache, nausea, vomiting, and photophobia after
      a lumbar epidural steroid injection. She was afebrile and had an elevated white
      blood cell count. A non-contrast computed tomography scan of the head revealed
      pneumocephalus within the subarachnoid space and lateral ventricles. The patient
      was admitted to the ED observation unit for pain control and subsequently
      developed a marked leukocytosis and worsening meningismus. A lumbar puncture was
      performed yielding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) consistent with meningitis (1,000
      total nucleated cells, 89% neutrophils, 85 mg/dL total protein, and no red blood
      cells). Gram stain revealed no bacteria. The patient was admitted on empiric
      vancomycin and ceftriaxone. Antibiotics were discontinued at 48 h when CSF
      cultures remained negative and the patient was clinically asymptomatic. WHY
      SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Emergency physicians should
      consider intrathecal entry and pneumocephalus in patients who present with a
      headache after an epidural intervention. The management of pneumocephalus
      includes supportive therapies, appropriate positioning, and supplemental oxygen.
      These symptoms can be accompanied by fever, leukocytosis, and markedly
      inflammatory CSF findings consistent with bacterial or chemical meningitis.
      Empiric treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics should be initiated until CSF
      culture results are available.

PMID- 27381954
TI  - The Flipped Classroom in Emergency Medicine Using Online Videos with Interpolated
      Questions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Utilizing the flipped classroom is an opportunity for a more engaged
      classroom session. This educational approach is theorized to improve learner
      engagement and retention and allows for more complex learning during class. No
      studies to date have been conducted in the postgraduate medical education setting
      investigating the effects of interactive, interpolated questions in preclassroom
      online video material. OBJECTIVES: We created a flipped classroom for core
      pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) topics using recorded online video lectures
      for preclassroom material and interactive simulations for the in-classroom
      session. METHODS: Lectures were filmed and edited to include integrated questions
      on an online platform called Zaption. One-half of the residents viewed the
      lectures uninterrupted (Group A) and the remainder (Group B) viewed with
      integrated questions (2-6 per 5-15-min segment). Residents were expected to view
      the lectures prior to in-class time (total viewing time of approximately 21/2 h).
      The 21/2-h in-class session included four simulation and three procedure
      stations, with six PEM faculty available for higher-level management discussion
      throughout the stations. Total educational time of home preparation and in-class
      time was approximately 5 h. RESULTS: Residents performed better on the posttest
      as compared to the pretest, and their satisfaction was high with this educational
      innovation. In 2014, performance on the posttest between the two groups was
      similar. However, in 2015, the group with integrated questions performed better
      on the posttest. CONCLUSION: An online format combined with face-to-face
      interaction is an effective educational model for teaching core PEM topics.

PMID- 27381955
TI  - Reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase 1 and mitochondria mediate
      angiotensin II-induced smooth muscle cell senescence.
AB  - Cellular senescence has emerged as an important player in both physiology and
      pathology. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is known to mediate cellular
      senescence. NADPH oxidases are major sources for ROS production in the vascular
      wall; the roles of different NADPH oxidase isoforms in cellular senescence remain
      unclear, however. We investigated the roles of two NADPH oxidase isoforms in
      mitochondrial dysfunction during angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cellular
      senescence of human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Ang II (10(-7)M)
      stimulated ROS generation, exhibiting early increases between 30 and 60min and
      sustained increases between 24h and 72h, and induced VSMCs senescence after 48h
      or 72h treatment as assessed with senescence-associated beta-galactosidase
      activity and the expression of two cell cycle inhibitors, p21 and p16. ROS
      scavengers and membrane-permeable catalase (catalase-PEG) reduced Ang II
      stimulated cellular senescence. Furthermore, small interfering RNA (siRNA) of
      NADPH oxidase catalytic subunit Nox1, but not that of another isoform Nox4,
      inhibited Ang II-induced cellular senescence. Nox1 siRNA inhibited both early and
      sustained ROS increases induced by Ang II. In addition, a mitochondrial-specific
      antioxidant, mitoQ10, effectively inhibited Ang II-induced ROS increases and
      cellular senescence. Ang II decreased ATP synthesis and induced mitochondrial
      membrane depolarization, which were attenuated by pre-treating cells with Nox1
      siRNA, mitoQ10 or catalase-PEG. The effect of Ang II on the mitochondrial
      regulator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha
      (PGC-1alpha) and its downstream genes was examined. Ang II stimulated S570
      phosphorylation of PGC-1alpha with concomitant decreases in catalase and
      uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) levels between 12h and 72h, which were inhibited by
      Nox1 siRNA. Knockdown of both catalase and UCP-2 mimicked Ang II-induced VSMC
      senescence. These results suggested that Ang II-stimulated Nox1 activation
      mediates mitochondrial dysfunction, probably by decreasing PGC-1alpha activity
      and increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress, and leads to cellular senescence
      of VSMCs.

PMID- 27381957
TI  - A Reappraisal of Prediabetes.

PMID- 27381956
TI  - Inhibitory control in obesity and binge eating disorder: A systematic review and
      meta-analysis of neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies.
AB  - The ability to exercise appropriate inhibitory control is critical in the
      regulation of body weight, but the exact mechanisms are not known. In this
      systematic review, we identified 37 studies that used specific neuropsychological
      tasks relevant to inhibitory control performance in obese participants with and
      without binge eating disorder (BED). We performed a meta-analysis of the studies
      that used the stop signal task (N=8). We further examined studies on the delay
      discounting task, the go/no-go task and the Stroop task in a narrative review. We
      found that inhibitory control is significantly impaired in obese adults and
      children compared to individuals with body weight within a healthy range
      (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD): 0.30; CI=0.00, 0.59, p=0.007). The presence
      of BED in obese individuals did not impact on task performance (SMD: 0.05; CI: 
      0.22, 0.32, p=0.419). Neuroimaging studies in obesity suggest that lower
      prefrontal cortex activity affects inhibitory control and BMI. In summary,
      impairment in inhibitory control is a critical feature associated with obesity
      and a potential target for clinical interventions.

PMID- 27381958
TI  - Resistance to Thyroid Hormone alpha-Emerging Definition of a Disorder of Thyroid
      Hormone Action.

PMID- 27381959
TI  - The Model T.

PMID- 27381960
TI  - Disorders of Puberty: Take a Good History!

PMID- 27381963
TI  - Eyewitness recall and suggestibility in individuals with Down syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many criminal justice professionals perceive the eyewitness skills of
      individuals with intellectual disabilities to be weaker than those of typically
      developing (TD) individuals. Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic
      causes of intellectual disabilities, yet there is no research addressing
      eyewitness skills in this population. This study examined the eyewitness recall
      and suggestibility of young people with DS. METHOD: Young people with DS and
      mental age-matched TD children viewed a video of a non-violent petty crime and
      were subsequently asked to freely recall the event before being asked general and
      specific questions incorporating both misleading and non-leading prompts.
      RESULTS: Compared with mental age-matched TD individuals, young people with DS
      produced as much information, were just as accurate and were no more suggestible.
      CONCLUSIONS: The eyewitness memory skills of young people with DS are comparable
      to those of mental age-matched TD children. The implications of these findings
      for the forensic context and eyewitness memory are discussed.

PMID- 27381964
TI  - The role of vitamin D, obesity and physical exercise in regulation of glycemia in
      Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients.
AB  - AIM: The aims of this study were to determine the role of vitamin D, obesity and
      physical exercise in the regulation of glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      patients in a highly consanguineous population. DESIGN: Case and control study.
      SETTING: The survey was carried out at the Hamad General Hospital and Primary
      Health Care (PHC) centers in the State of Qatar. SUBJECTS: The study was
      conducted from November 2012 to June 2014 among subjects above 30 years of age.
      Of the 2224 registered with diagnosed diabetes and free diseases attending Hamad
      General Hospital and PHC centers agreed and gave their consent to study. METHODS:
      Questionnaire included socio-demographic variables, body mass index (BMI),
      consanguinity, lifestyle habits, family history of diabetes, blood pressure and
      development of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and
      neuropathy were collected at regular intervals throughout the follow-up.
      Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed. RESULTS: There
      were statistically significant difference between patients with diabetic and
      control in terms of ethnicity (p=0.012), level of education (p=0.002), occupation
      (p<0.001), monthly income (p<0.001), BMI(p=0.024), sport activity (p=0.018),
      cigarette smoking (p<0.001), consanguinity (p=0.029) and family history of
      Diabetes Mellitus (p<0.001) and co-morbidity hypertension (p=0.041). Further, the
      biochemistry values in the studied subjects with T2DM compared to healthy
      controls and the study revealed that serum Vitamin D, BMI, fasting glucose level,
      calcium, HbA1c, total cholesterol HDL, LDL, bilirubin, triglycerides, uric acid
      and blood pressure systolic and diastolic were higher in T2DM compared to their
      counterparts. Multivariate logistic regression showed that vitamin D deficiency
      ng/mL, Family History of T2DM, BMI (kg/m2) hypertension, consanguinity, income,
      mother occupation, ethnicity, educational level and Lack of physical exercise
      variables were significant predictors of diabetes. In the group of Diabetes
      Mellitus Type 2 patients, 39.3% as opposed to 51.2% in the control group had
      vitamin D deficiency, 25(OH) D3 levels<=10ng/ml (p<0.001). In the group of
      Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients, 34.6% as opposed to 37.9% in the control group
      had vitamin D insufficiency, 25(OH)D3 levels <20ng/ml (p < 0.001). In the group
      of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients, 22.8% as opposed to 14.2% in the control
      group had vitamin D sufficiency, 25(OH)D3 levels >30 10ng/ml (p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSION: Vitamin D, family history of diabetes, consanguinity marriages' and
      hereditary gene-environment interactions and physical exercise may also
      contribute to the current diabetes epidemic in Qatari's Arab populations.

PMID- 27381966
TI  - Vascular phenotype of obese adolescents with prediabetes and/or Type 2 diabetes
      (T2DM): Review of the current literature.

PMID- 27381965
TI  - Serum uric acid level as a determinant of the metabolic syndrome: A case control
      study.
AB  - AIMS: To determine whether elevations of uric acid levels are associated with the
      cluster of disorders described in metabolic syndrome and to evaluate whether
      hyperuricemia may be considered a component of this syndrome. METHODS: One year
      case-control study was conducted in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India from January to
      December 2013. The study population consisted of 200 subjects, 100 with metabolic
      syndrome (case) and 100 without metabolic syndrome (control) aged between 18 and
      80 years, attending OPD at PBM Hospital were studied. Controls were age and sex
      matched to the cases. Blood tests and all physical variables were examined using
      standard methods. Subjects were divided into 6 groups according to their
      possession of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 components of the metabolic syndrome.
      Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA, linear regression analysis and
      multivariate linear regression model. RESULTS: Mean serum UA level was
      significantly associated with all components of metabolic syndrome (p<0.001) and
      had strong positive correlation (r=+0.66 to +0.77, p<0.0001) with all of them
      except serum HDL with which it showed strong negative correlation(r=-0.71,
      p<0.0001). It increased as the number of metabolic factors increased showing a
      highly significant trend (p<0.0001). On multivariate regression analysis UA
      contributed to 66.84% variance of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: The current
      multivariate regression analysis clearly infers that uric acid can be considered
      as a marker and potential modifier of metabolic syndrome.

PMID- 27381967
TI  - Study of association between beverage consumption pattern and lipid profile in
      shift workers.
AB  - AIMS: The circadian system influences on health and metabolic function that can
      cause raising some risk factor of metabolic syndrome. Few studies have examined
      data that incorporate the full complexity of daily beverage intake pattern on
      lipid profiles. The purpose of this study was to investigate relation between
      daily water and beverage intake of adults working in day or shift work and lipid
      profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total beverages intake was estimated in shift and
      administrative staff of Ahvaz International Airport, Iran. Forty five male, aged
      25-55 years, attending this institute were invited to participate in this study.
      They completed a three-day food records and all participants were measured plasma
      lipid profiles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Forty one of participants completed all
      aspects of the study. Two clusters were emerged, labeled descriptively as
      Conventional including "high Sugar-sweetened drinkers" and "low sugar drinkers".
      The highest intake of water was in cluster 1 (1170.9ml/day) even this amount is
      much less than the daily recommended amounts. There were significant differences
      in triglyceride levels among day and night shift workers. According to the
      results, there is inadequacy of water and high sugar beverage intake among the
      shift workers which it is a potential risk of some related chronic diseases such
      as metabolic syndrome with high triglyceride level in the future.

PMID- 27381968
TI  - Effect of weight loss on renal function in overweight and obese patients with
      heart failure.
AB  - AIMS: The effect of intentional weight loss on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
      in overweight and obese patients with heart failure (HF), diabetes mellitus (DM)
      and/or metabolic syndrome (MS) has not been studied. The purpose of the present
      study is to assess the short term effects of intentional weight loss on renal
      function in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty nine patients were
      recruited to participate in a 3-month intensive behavioral weight management
      intervention and received one of two standard structured energy-restricted meal
      plans (1200 or 1500kcal/day) based on their computed calorie deficit. Weight and
      renal function (serum creatinine, BUN and estimated glomerular filtration rate
      based on two formulas - Modification in Renal Disease Study (MDRD), and modified
      version of Cockcroft-Gault formula reported by Salazar Corcoran for obese
      patients (absolute and relative formulas) - were evaluated at baseline and at 3
      months. RESULTS: Participants had eGFR in the normal range at baseline and lost
      an average of 7.56+/-14.9 pounds (p<0.0001) over 3 months; however, there was no
      significant reduction in serum creatinine, BUN or eGFR. CONCLUSION: This study
      provides evidence that intentional weight loss in overweight and obese patients
      with HF along with DM, and/or MS and normal baseline renal function does not
      adversely affect renal function overtime.

PMID- 27381969
TI  - Metabolic syndrome and new onset diabetes after kidney transplantation.
AB  - AIMS: The metabolic syndrome developed after kidney transplantation is the result
      of several factors which are identical with the risk factors in normal
      population, however, also some factors typical for the transplanted patients
      especially the effects of immunosuppressive therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the
      groupof 268 patients after kidney transplantation, which had no type 1 or type 2
      diabetes mellitus before transplantation, we identified patients with metabolic
      syndrome(based on IDF criteria), 12 months from the kidney transplantation. In
      all patients, we recorded the following parameters: age at the time of
      transplantation, type of immunosuppression, waist measure, the value of
      triacylglycerols, the value of HDL cholesterol, presence of arterial
      hypertension, andthe value of glycaemia in fasting state (or presence of diabetes
      mellitus). The groupof patients was divided into the control group and the group
      of patients with metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: The average age of patients was
      46.1+/-11.6years. The control group included 149 patients (55.6%),and we
      identified the metabolicsyndromein 119patients (44.4%). The patients with
      metabolicsyndrome were significantly older (P<0.0001), had significantly larger
      waist (both the entiregroup and the males andfemales) P<0.0001.The femaleswith
      metabolic syndrome had significantly lower value of HDL-cholesterol (P=0.0013),
      and significantly higher number of patients with metabolic syndrome had
      hyperglycaemia in fasting state or diabetes mellitus (P=0.0006). CONCLUSION: By
      controlling the weight and waist, we may identify the risk patients for
      development of metabolic syndrome after kidney transplantation.

PMID- 27381970
TI  - Red Cell Distribution Width in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Red cell distribution width (RDW) describes heterogeneity in the
      size of red blood cells. An increase in RDW has been associated with excess
      mortality in heart failure and other chronic diseases. Since there is an
      increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in obstructive sleep
      apnea (OSA), it is possible that these patients have a high RDW. METHOD: We
      recruited subjects aged 18 to 60 years referred to the sleep-disordered breathing
      unit for suspected OSA. Subjects with any comorbidity were excluded. Apnea
      hypopnea index (AHI) was calculated from the respiratory polygraphy. The RDW was
      obtained from the complete blood count. Changes in RDW after one year of
      treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were determined.
      RESULTS: We included 34 healthy subjects and 138 with OSA, aged 40.5+/-9.8 and
      45.6+/-9.2 (P=.004) years, respectively. The RDW was higher in subjects with OSA
      compared to healthy subjects: 13.40 (12.40 to 14.40) vs. 13.15 (12.07 to 14.23)
      (P=.036). AHI showed a positive independent relationship with RDW in both the
      whole population (r=0.223; P=.002) and the OSA group (r=0.231; P=.005). No
      significant changes were found in RDW after one year of CPAP therapy.
      CONCLUSIONS: RDW increase in patients with OSA is directly associated with
      severity, although levels are not modified by the effective treatment of OSA with
      CPAP.

PMID- 27381971
TI  - What has Changed in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Recent Years?

PMID- 27381972
TI  - Cardiac Metastases from A Lung Tumor.

PMID- 27381973
TI  - Sarcoid-Like Reaction with Mediastinal and Pulmonary Involvement in a Patient
      with Testicular Cancer.

PMID- 27381974
TI  - Ocular Hypertension Requiring Suspension of Inhaled Corticosteroids.

PMID- 27381975
TI  - Unusual Tracheobronchial Foreign Body.

PMID- 27381976
TI  - Hydroacenes Made Easy by Gold(I) Catalysis.
AB  - A novel strategy for the synthesis of partially saturated acene derivatives has
      been developed based on a Au(I) -catalyzed cyclization of 1,7-enynes. This method
      provides straightforward access to stable polycyclic products featuring the
      backbone of the acene series, up to nonacene.

PMID- 27381977
TI  - Online Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment: Preliminary Results of the "OCD?
      Not Me!" Self-Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for
      Young People.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The development and evaluation of Internet-delivered cognitive
      behavioral therapy (iCBT) interventions provides a potential solution for current
      limitations in the acceptability, availability, and accessibility of mental
      health care for young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
      Preliminary results support the effectiveness of therapist-assisted iCBT for
      young people with OCD; however, no previous studies have examined the
      effectiveness of completely self-guided iCBT for OCD in young people. OBJECTIVE:
      We aimed to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the OCD? Not
      Me! program for reducing OCD-related psychopathology in young people (12-18
      years). This program is an eight-stage, completely self-guided iCBT treatment for
      OCD, which is based on exposure and response prevention. METHODS: These data were
      early and preliminary results of a longer study in which an open trial design is
      being used to evaluate the effectiveness of the OCD? Not Me! PROGRAM:
      Participants were required to have at least subclinical levels of OCD to be
      offered the online program. Participants with moderate-high suicide/self-harm
      risk or symptoms of eating disorder or psychosis were not offered the program.
      OCD symptoms and severity were measured at pre- and posttest, and at the
      beginning of each stage of the program. Data was analyzed using generalized
      linear mixed models. RESULTS: A total of 334 people were screened for inclusion
      in the study, with 132 participants aged 12 to 18 years providing data for the
      final analysis. Participants showed significant reductions in OCD symptoms
      (P<.001) and severity (P<.001) between pre- and posttest. CONCLUSIONS: These
      preliminary results suggest that fully automated iCBT holds promise as a way of
      increasing access to treatment for young people with OCD; however, further
      research needs to be conducted to replicate the results and to determine the
      feasibility of the program. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical
      Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12613000152729;
      https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=363654 (Archived
      by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/ 6iD7EDFqH).

PMID- 27381978
TI  - Bilirubin is an Endogenous Antioxidant in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells.
AB  - Bilirubin is a standard serum biomarker of liver function. Inexplicably, it is
      inversely correlated with cardiovascular disease risk. Given the role of
      endothelial dysfunction in originating cardiovascular diseases, direct analysis
      of bilirubin in the vascular endothelium would shed light on these relationships.
      Hence, we used high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with thermal lens
      spectrometric detection and diode array detection for the determination of
      endogenous cellular IXalpha-bilirubin. To confirm the isomer IXalpha-bilirubin,
      we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution
      mass spectrometer using an electrospray ionization source, as well as tandem mass
      spectrometric detection. We measured bilirubin in both arterial and venous rat
      endothelium (0.9-1.5 pmol mg(-1) protein). In the human endothelial Ea.hy926 cell
      line, we demonstrated that intracellular bilirubin (3-5 pmol mg(-1) protein)
      could be modulated by either extracellular bilirubin uptake, or by up-regulation
      of heme oxygenase-1, a cellular enzyme related to endogenous bilirubin synthesis.
      Moreover, we determined intracellular antioxidant activity by bilirubin, with
      EC50 = 11.4 +/- 0.2 nM, in the range of reported values of free serum bilirubin
      (8.5-13.1 nM). Biliverdin showed similar antioxidant properties as bilirubin. We
      infer from these observations that intra-endothelial bilirubin oscillates, and
      may thus be a dynamic factor of the endothelial function.

PMID- 27381979
TI  - Ketogenic diet prevents neuronal firing increase within the substantia nigra
      during pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in rats.
AB  - The mechanism responsible for the anti-seizure effect of ketogenic diets is
      poorly understood. Because the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a "gate"
      center for seizures, the aim of the present experiment was to evaluate if a
      ketogenic diet modifies the neuronal response of this nucleus when a seizure
      inducing drug is administered in rats. Two groups of rats were given a standard
      diet (group 1) or a ketogenic diet (group 2) for four weeks, then the threshold
      for seizure induction and the firing rate of putative GABAergic neurons within
      the SNr were evaluated with progressive infusion of pentylenetetrazole under
      general anesthesia. The results demonstrated that the ketogenic diet abolished
      the correlation between the firing rate response of SNr-neurons and the seizure
      threshold. This result suggests that the anti-seizure effect of ketogenic diets
      can be due to a decrease in reactivity of GABAergic SNr-neurons.

PMID- 27381980
TI  - Atorvastatin attenuates the antinociceptive tolerance of morphine via nitric
      oxide dependent pathway in male mice.
AB  - The development of morphine-induced antinociceptive tolerance limits its
      therapeutic efficacy in pain management. Atorvastatin, or competitive inhibitor
      of 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, is mainstay agent in
      hypercholesterolemia treatment. Beyond the cholesterol-lowering activity,
      exploration of neuroprotective properties of this statin indicates its potential
      benefit in central nervous disorders. The aim of the present study was to assess
      the effects of atorvastatin in development and expression of morphine-induced
      analgesic tolerance in male mice and probable involvement of nitric oxide.
      Chronic and acute treatment with atorvastatin 10 and 20mg/kg, respectively, could
      alleviate morphine tolerance in development and expression phases. Chronic co
      administration of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors including L-NAME (non
      selective NOS inhibitor; 2mg/kg), aminoguanidine (selective inducible NOS
      inhibitor; 50mg/kg) and 7-NI (selective neuronal NOS inhibitor; 15mg/kg) with
      atorvastatin blocked the protective effect of atorvastatin in tolerance reversal.
      Moreover, reversing the atorvastatin effect was also observed in acute
      simultaneous treatment of L-NAME (5mg/kg) and aminoguanidine (100mg/kg) with
      atorvastatin. Co-treatment of guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ (chronic dose:
      10mg/kg and acute dose: 20mg/kg) was associated with prevention of atorvastatin
      anti-tolerance properties. Our results revealed that the atorvastatin modulating
      role in morphine antinociceptive tolerance is mediated at least in part via
      nitric oxide in animal pain models of hot plate and tail flick.

PMID- 27381981
TI  - Boozy Nights and Violent Fights: Perceptions of Environmental Cues to Violence
      and Crime in Licensed Venues.
AB  - This article examines perceptions of environmental cues to crime, violence, and
      injuries in barroom settings, and how they differ between bar fight participants
      and non-participants. Bouncer friendliness, patron sex composition, and room
      temperature were chosen as experimental variables based on three criteria: (a)
      emerged as a theme in bar user focus groups, (b) unclear effects in the
      literature, and (c) policy relevant and easy to modify. These experimental
      variables were manipulated in written vignettes set in a bar. A three-part online
      questionnaire recorded 681 male university students' responses to questions on
      demographics, the experiment, drinking and clubbing habits, and the Snell
      Masculinity Scale. A 2 * 2 * 2 randomized independent groups factorial design
      with covariates was embedded in the questionnaire, measuring the effects of the
      experimental variables on bar users' perceived fear of victimization, likelihood
      and frequency of crime, venue preference, and perceived severity of injuries
      after accounting for prior bar fight participation and masculinity. Participants
      generally rated perceived fear of victimization, likelihood and frequency of
      crime, and severity of injuries to be highest when the bouncer was unfriendly,
      the temperature was hot, and patrons were majority male. Only main effects were
      significant ( p < .01). Masculinity scale responses were not related to
      participant perceptions. While fight participants (9.8% of the sample) and non
      participants had similar perceptions of the risk associated with certain
      environmental cues, fight participants were significantly (a) less fearful of
      victimization in settings they perceived as dangerous and (b) more willing to
      drink in any hypothetical venue.

PMID- 27381982
TI  - Protein kinase B (AKT) regulates SYK activity and shuttling through 14-3-3 and
      importin 7.
AB  - The Protein kinase B (AKT) regulates a plethora of intracellular signaling
      proteins to fine-tune signaling of multiple pathways. Here, we found that
      following B-cell receptor (BCR)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the
      cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase SYK and the adaptor BLNK, the AKT/PKB enzyme strongly
      induced BLNK (>100-fold) and SYK (>100-fold) serine/threonine phosphorylation
      (pS/pT). Increased phosphorylation promoted 14-3-3 binding to BLNK (37-fold) and
      SYK (2.5-fold) in a pS/pT-concentration dependent manner. We also demonstrated
      that the AKT inhibitor MK2206 reduced pS/pT of both BLNK (3-fold) and SYK (2.5
      fold). Notably, the AKT phosphatase, PHLPP2 maintained the activating
      phosphorylation of BLNK at Y84 and increased protein stability (8.5-fold). In
      addition, 14-3-3 was required for the regulation SYK's interaction with BLNK and
      attenuated SYK binding to Importin 7 (5-fold), thereby perturbing shuttling to
      the nucleus. Moreover, 14-3-3 proteins also sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of
      SYK and BLNK. Furthermore, substitution of S295 or S297 for alanine abrogated
      SYK's binding to Importin 7. SYK with S295A or S297A replacements showed intense
      pY525/526 phosphorylation, and BLNK pY84 phosphorylation correlated with the SYK
      pY525/526 phosphorylation level. Conversely, the corresponding mutations to
      aspartic acid in SYK reduced pY525/526 phosphorylation. Collectively, these and
      previous results suggest that AKT and 14-3-3 proteins down-regulate the activity
      of several BCR-associated components, including BTK, BLNK and SYK and also
      inhibit SYK's interaction with Importin 7.

PMID- 27381984
TI  - Comment on "A comprehensive guide of remediation technologies for oil
      contaminated soil - Present works and future directions".

PMID- 27381983
TI  - Assessing physio-macromolecular effects of lactic acid on Zygosaccharomyces
      bailii cells during microaerobic fermentation.
AB  - The ability of Zygosaccharomyces bailii to grow at low pH and in the presence of
      considerable amounts of weak organic acids, at lethal condition for Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae, increased the interest in the biotechnological potential of the
      yeast. To understand the mechanism of tolerance and growth effect of weak acids
      on Z. bailii, we evaluated the physiological and macromolecular changes of the
      yeast exposed to sub lethal concentrations of lactic acid. Lactic acid represents
      one of the important commodity chemical which can be produced by microbial
      fermentation. We assessed physiological effect of lactic acid by bioreactor
      fermentation using synthetic media at low pH in the presence of lactic acid.
      Samples collected from bioreactors were stained with propidium iodide (PI) which
      revealed that, despite lactic acid negatively influence the growth rate, the
      number of PI positive cells is similar to that of the control. Moreover, we have
      performed Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) microspectroscopy analysis on intact
      cells of the same samples. This technique has been never applied before to study
      Z. bailii under this condition. The analyses revealed lactic acid induced
      macromolecular changes in the overall cellular protein secondary structures, and
      alterations of cell wall and membrane physico-chemical properties.

PMID- 27381985
TI  - Chemical and biological assessment of sediments and water of Khalid Khor,
      Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
AB  - Water and sediments were collected on March 2013 and April 2014 from Khalid Khor
      creek area in United Arab Emirates to assess their quality parameters. The pH and
      alkalinity of the water samples were measured and their values were similar to
      those of shallow saltwater ecosystems. In addition, elemental analyses and
      organic compounds were done using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission
      Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS),
      respectively. The concentration of heavy and trace metals in the water samples
      were within the acceptable limits except for lead which showed high values, while
      the concentrations of metals in the sediment samples were relatively high and
      ranged from 6517 to 13,768mg/kg. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of
      polyaromatic heterocyclic (PAHs) compounds in sediments near the shipping area
      and in amounts classified as highly carcinogenic; however, no polychlorinated
      biphenyls (PCB) were identified. Moreover, fecal bacterial contamination in water
      was detected in concentrations that range between 300 and 10,140 organisms/100mL.

PMID- 27381986
TI  - Restoration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons after
      the Wu Yi San oil spill, Korea.
AB  - On January 31, 2014, an oil spill accident occurred in Yeosu, South Korea. A
      total 800-899kl of oil from the pipeline was spilled into the sea. After the oil
      spill, the KIOST (Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology) researched PAHs
      (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in various media, but sedimentary PAHs were
      not analyzed despite their longer persistency than in other media. Therefore,
      this study examined PAH levels in intertidal sediments around Gwangyang Bay and
      identified PAH sources using oil fingerprinting. PAH residual levels showed a
      dramatic decrease during the four months after the accident and then remained at
      a relatively constant level. Analysis through regression equations indicate that
      this study area is likely to be restored to the PAH levels prior to the accident.
      Furthermore, the source analysis and oil fingerprinting analysis showed that PAH
      contamination in this study was unlikely to have originated from the spilled oil.

PMID- 27381987
TI  - Controlling populations of invasive pygmy mussel (Xenostrobus securis) through
      citizen science and environmental DNA.
AB  - Early detection of dangerous exotic species is crucial for stopping marine
      invasions. The New Zealand pygmy mussel Xenostrobus securis is a problematic
      species in coasts of temperate regions in the northern hemisphere. In this study
      we have controlled a population of this invader that recently expanded in a north
      Iberian estuary with both a participatory approach involving researchers and
      citizens, and employing a sensitive eDNA-based tool to monitor the population
      expansion in the estuary. Results demonstrate successful eradication of pygmy
      mussels in the outer part of the estuary with citizen science and the practical
      utility of eDNA for controlling biological invasions. 

PMID- 27381988
TI  - Blood selenium concentrations in female Pacific black brant molting in Arctic
      Alaska: Relationships with age and habitat salinity.
AB  - Blood samples collected from 81 female Pacific black brant (Branta bernicla
      nigricans) molting near Teshekpuk Lake, Alaska, were analyzed for selenium
      concentration. The concentration of selenium in blood of after second year
      (hatched two or more years ago) females (0.84MUg/g wet weight) was significantly
      greater than the concentration in second year (hatched the previous year) females
      (0.61MUg/g wet weight). The concentrations of selenium we found in blood of black
      brant were 1.5 to 2 times greater than baseline values typical of freshwater
      birds, but considerably lower than reported in other marine waterfowl sampled in
      Alaska. This finding may be attributable in part to the nearly exclusive
      herbivorous diet of black brant. No relationship was noted between blood selenium
      concentration and molting habitat salinity. We are unaware of any previous
      reports of blood selenium concentrations in black brant. 

PMID- 27381989
TI  - The beta-cell burden index of food: A proposal.
AB  - The quantity and quality of dietary fat and/or carbohydrate may alter one or more
      of the basic components of the insulin-glucose system, which in turn affect the
      pathways leading to alterations in glucose homeostasis and, possibly, to
      cardiovascular disease. This viewpoint article, reviewing some of the currently
      available tools aiming at quantifying the impact of dietary carbohydrates on the
      glucose-insulin homeostatic loop, highlights the unmet need of a more thorough
      assessment of the complex interaction between dietary factors and the glucose
      insulin system. A novel index, the "beta-cell burden index", may turn out to be a
      valuable tool to quantify the role played by the diet in shaping the risk of type
      2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other metabolic and degenerative
      disorders, ideally orienting their prevention with strategies based on dietary
      modifications.

PMID- 27381990
TI  - Disorders of glucose metabolism in Prader-Willi syndrome: Results of a
      multicenter Italian cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by a high
      incidence of altered glucose metabolism (AGM). However, epidemiological data on
      impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2
      diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are still discordant. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed
      a multicenter study based on 274 PWS patients [144 females, aged 20.3 +/- 10.4
      yrs (range: 8.1-50.1 years)] evaluating the prevalence for AGM in the entire
      group, and according to age (children <10 yrs; adolescents 10-18 yrs, and adults
      >18 yrs), Body Mass Index (BMI = kg/m(2)), gender, genotypes (deletion or
      uniparental disomy for chromosome 15), and GH therapy (GHT) (untreated,
      previously or currently treated). Altogether, AGM was detected in 67 (24.4%) of
      patients (0.7% IFG, 10.2% IGT, 13.5% T2DM). The prevalence of AGM was correlated
      to age (p = 0.001), BMI (p = 0.001) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.001). However, gender,
      genotype, and GHT did not influence AGM development in univariate analysis. These
      data were confirmed as positive predictors when inserted in a multivariate
      analysis model. CONCLUSION: This study is the first report on the prevalence of
      AGM in a large population of PWS. Overall, PWS subjects show a high prevalence of
      AGM that appears more common in obese and adult subjects. Our data confirm the
      main role of obesity on the individual metabolic risk clustering in PWS, and thus
      reinforce the concept that improvement in weight control remains the most
      important goal of any PWS treatment program.

PMID- 27381991
TI  - Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Lipid Metabolic Disturbance in
      Mice.
AB  - : Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) have been shown to ameliorate
      hyperglycemia in diabetic animals and individuals. However, little is known about
      whether AD-MSCs affect lipid metabolism. Here we have demonstrated for the first
      time that AD-MSC infusion can significantly suppress the increase in body weight
      and remarkably improve dyslipidemia in db/db obese mice and diet-induced obesity
      mice. Induction of white fat tissue "browning" and activation of adenosine
      monophosphate-activated protein kinase and its downstream hormone-sensitive
      lipase in adipose tissue contribute to the antiobesity and lipid-lowering
      effects. Thus, AD-MSC infusion holds great therapeutic potential for dyslipidemia
      and associated cardiovascular diseases. SIGNIFICANCE: Mesenchymal stem cells
      (MSCs) are considered one of the most promising types of stem cells for
      translational application because of their rich tissue sources, multilineage
      differentiation capacity, and easy amplification in vitro and unique
      immunobiological properties. This study demonstrated that adipose-derived MSCs
      (AD-MSCs) infusion can significantly suppress the increase in body weight and
      remarkably improve dyslipidemia in obese mice. Induction of white fat tissue
      "browning" and activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and
      its downstream hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue were demonstrated to
      contribute to the antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects. Thus, AD-MSC infusion
      holds great therapeutic potential for dyslipidemia.

PMID- 27381992
TI  - Concise Review: Functional Definition of Endothelial Progenitor Cells: A
      Molecular Perspective.
AB  - : : Since the discovery of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) almost 2 decades
      ago, there has been great hope in their use in treating chronic ischemic disease.
      Unfortunately, to date, many of the clinical trials using EPCs have been hampered
      by the lack of clear definition of this cell population. Attributes of a
      progenitor population are self-renewal and multipotentiality. Major progress has
      been achieved moving from a definition of EPCs based on a candidate cell surface
      molecule to a functional definition based essentially on self-renewal hierarchy
      of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). More recent work has seized on this
      functional characterization to associate gene expression signatures with the self
      renewal capacity of ECFCs. In particular, Notch signaling driving the quiescence
      of progenitors has been shown to be central to progenitor self-renewal. This new
      molecular definition has tremendous translational consequences, because
      progenitors have been shown to display greater vasculogenic potential. Also, this
      molecular definition of EPC self-renewal allows assessment of the quality of
      presumed EPC preparations. This promises to be the initial stage in progressing
      EPCs further into mainstream clinical use. SIGNIFICANCE: The development of a
      therapy using endothelial progenitor cells provides great hope for patients in
      treating cardiovascular diseases going forward. For continual development of this
      therapy toward the clinical, further understanding of the fundamental biology of
      these cells is required. This will enable a greater understanding of their
      stemness capacity and provide insight into their ability to differentiate and
      drive tissue regeneration when injected into a host.

PMID- 27381993
TI  - Concise Review: Markers for Assessing Human Stem Cell-Derived Implants as beta
      Cell Replacement in Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - : : A depleted beta-cell mass causes diabetes complications that cannot be
      avoided by insulin administration. beta-Cell replacement can stop their
      development when restoring insulin's homeostatic role. This requires a sufficient
      number and an adequate functional state of the beta cells, together defined as
      "functional beta-cell mass." Intraportal implants of human pancreatic islet cells
      correct hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes, but this effect is
      transient and often incomplete. Studies to improve outcome are hindered by
      shortage in donor pancreases. Human pluripotent stem cells are a candidate source
      for mass production of grafts for beta-cell replacement. Their in vitro
      differentiation to pancreatic endoderm (stage 4) and to beta-cell-containing
      preparations (stage 7) provides grafts that generate beta-cell implants in mice.
      In vivo markers indicated a better outcome of device-encapsulated stage 4 cells
      and microencapsulated stage 7 cells as compared with nonencapsulated grafts.
      Encapsulation also offers the advantage of representative implant retrieval for
      direct analysis by ex vivo markers. Combination of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo
      markers allows comparison of different stem cell-derived grafts and implants,
      with each other and with clinical islet cell preparations that serve as
      reference. Data in mice provide insights into the biology of stem cell-generated
      beta-cell implants, in particular their capacity to establish and sustain a
      functional beta-cell mass. They can thus be indicative for translation of a graft
      to similar studies in patients, where metabolic benefit will be an additional
      marker of primordial importance. SIGNIFICANCE: Human stem cell-derived
      preparations can generate insulin-producing implants in immune-incompetent mice.
      Steps are undertaken for translation to patients with type 1 diabetes. Their
      therapeutic significance will depend on their capacity to establish a functional
      beta-cell mass that provides metabolic benefit. This study proposes the combined
      use of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo markers to assess this potential in
      preclinical models and in clinical studies.

PMID- 27381995
TI  - Airway compromising an airway.

PMID- 27381994
TI  - Neural substrates predicting short-term improvement of tinnitus loudness and
      distress after modified tinnitus retraining therapy.
AB  - Although tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) is efficacious in most patients, the
      exact mechanism is unclear and no predictor of improvement is available. We
      correlated the extent of improvement with pre-TRT quantitative
      electroencephalography (qEEG) findings to identify neural predictors of
      improvement after TRT. Thirty-two patients with debilitating tinnitus were
      prospectively enrolled, and qEEG data were recorded before their initial TRT
      sessions. Three months later, these qEEG findings were correlated with the
      percentage improvements in the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) scores, and
      numeric rating scale (NRS) scores of tinnitus loudness and tinnitus perception.
      The THI score improvement was positively correlated with the pre-treatment
      activities of the left insula and the left rostral and pregenual anterior
      cingulate cortices (rACC/pgACC), which control parasympathetic activity.
      Additionally, the activities of the right auditory cortices and the
      parahippocampus, areas that generate tinnitus, negatively correlated with
      improvements in loudness. Improvements in the NRS scores of tinnitus perception
      correlated positively with the pre-TRT activities of the bilateral rACC/pgACC,
      areas suggested to form the core of the noise-canceling system. The current study
      supports both the classical neurophysiological and integrative models of
      tinnitus; our results serve as a milestone in the development of precision
      medicine in the context of TRT.

PMID- 27381996
TI  - Salmonella spondylodiscitis of the thoracic vertebrae mimicking spine
      tuberculosis.
AB  - Extraintestinal Salmonella infection involving the thoracic spine is very rare.
      It commonly presents with non-specific chronic back pain and can occur with no
      gastrointestinal manifestation. Blood test results and imaging findings are often
      indistinguishable from more common chronic spine infections such as spine
      tuberculosis. Culture studies remain the key to establishing a definitive
      diagnosis and subsequently successful treatment. We report a case in which a
      patient presented with symptoms and signs suggestive of spine tuberculosis, yet
      the culture examination revealed otherwise. 

PMID- 27381997
TI  - Hypopyon uveitis following panretinal photocoagulation.
AB  - We report the case of a 58-year-old man with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
      in both eyes, and a history of recurrent anterior uveitis in the right eye, who
      underwent panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) for the retinopathy in both
      eyes, following which he developed hypopyon uveitis in the right eye. The
      condition was managed with topical steroids and cycloplegics, to which he readily
      responded. The case highlights that there is a breakdown of the blood aqueous
      barrier consequent to PRP. Patients with a history of uveitis are predisposed to
      develop recurrent uveitis after the said procedure and should be closely watched
      for such complications. 

PMID- 27381998
TI  - Post binder radiography in pelvic trauma.

PMID- 27382000
TI  - Management of Depression in Patients With Cancer: A Clinical Practice Guideline.
AB  - PURPOSE: This report updates the Cancer Care Ontario Program in Evidence-Based
      Care guideline for the management of depression in adult patients with cancer.
      This guideline covers pharmacologic, psychological, and collaborative care
      interventions, with a focus on integrating practical management tools to assist
      clinicians in delivering appropriate treatments for depression in patients with
      cancer. METHODS: Recommendations were developed by synthesizing information from
      extant guidelines and reviews and searching for randomized controlled trials from
      the date of database inception (1964 for MEDLINE and 1974 for EMBASE) to January
      2015. Quality assessment of guidelines and systematic reviews were conducted by
      using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II),
      Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR), and Cochrane Risk of Bias
      tools. Final recommendations were developed through a standardized Program in
      Evidence-Based Care multidisciplinary expert and knowledge user review process.
      RESULTS: Two high-quality relevant clinical practice guidelines, eight
      pharmacologic trials, nine psychological trials, and eight collaborative care
      intervention trials composed the evidence base upon which the recommendations
      were developed. Eight specific recommendations were made to establish a standard
      of care for the management of depression in patients with cancer. The
      recommendations and practical management tools were reviewed as being well
      organized and helpful, although systemic barriers to implementation were
      identified. CONCLUSION: This updated guideline supports the previous general
      recommendation that patients with cancer who have depression may benefit from
      psychological and/or pharmacologic interventions, without evidence for the
      superiority of any specific treatment over another. New recommendations for a
      collaborative care model that incorporates a stepped care approach suggest that
      multidisciplinary mental health care restructuring may be required for optimal
      management of depression.

PMID- 27381999
TI  - Malagasy Genetic Ancestry Comes from an Historical Malay Trading Post in
      Southeast Borneo.
AB  - Malagasy genetic diversity results from an exceptional protoglobalization process
      that took place over a thousand years ago across the Indian Ocean. Previous
      efforts to locate the Asian origin of Malagasy highlighted Borneo broadly as a
      potential source, but so far no firm source populations were identified. Here, we
      have generated genome-wide data from two Southeast Borneo populations, the Banjar
      and the Ngaju, together with published data from populations across the Indian
      Ocean region. We find strong support for an origin of the Asian ancestry of
      Malagasy among the Banjar. This group emerged from the long-standing presence of
      a Malay Empire trading post in Southeast Borneo, which favored admixture between
      the Malay and an autochthonous Borneo group, the Ma'anyan. Reconciling genetic,
      historical, and linguistic data, we show that the Banjar, in Malay-led voyages,
      were the most probable Asian source among the analyzed groups in the founding of
      the Malagasy gene pool.

PMID- 27382001
TI  - Electronic Release of Pathology and Radiology Results to Patients: Opinions and
      Experiences of Oncologists.
AB  - PURPOSE: There is an emerging standard to provide patients rapid electronic
      access to elements of their medical records. Although surveys of patients
      generally support it, this practice is controversial among oncologists, because
      few empiric data are available for scenarios of potentially life-threatening
      conditions like cancer. We report the views of oncologists about patient
      electronic access to radiology and pathology results that could potentially
      indicate disease progression. METHODS: Four months before oncologists were
      surveyed, final results of radiology/pathology reports were routinely made
      available to patients online through a secure portal after a 7-day, hold to
      provide clinicians time to review and communicate results with the patients.
      Mixed methods were used to assess physician attitudes and experiences toward this
      change. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-nine oncologists were surveyed, and 82 (64%)
      responded. A small majority (54%) responded that the release of reports was
      somewhat or very beneficial for patients who received normal radiology/pathology
      results before discussion with a physician, but 87% said it was somewhat or very
      harmful for patients to receive abnormal results before discussion. Forty-nine
      percent reported that release of reports had a somewhat or very negative impact
      on communication with their patients. CONCLUSION: Almost half of oncologists
      reported that sharing digital radiology and pathology records had a negative
      impact on their communication with patients. Patient surveys in similar cancer
      populations would complement the physician perspective. Efforts are needed to
      improve consensus among oncologists and patients on how to best communicate such
      results in a timely fashion.

PMID- 27382002
TI  - Better Screening Using Big Data.

PMID- 27382004
TI  - World Health Organization.

PMID- 27382003
TI  - Neuroinflammation in animal models of traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity
      worldwide. Neuroinflammation is prominent in the short and long-term consequences
      of neuronal injuries that occur after TBI. Neuroinflammation involves the
      activation of glia, including microglia and astrocytes, to release inflammatory
      mediators within the brain, and the subsequent recruitment of peripheral immune
      cells. Various animal models of TBI have been developed that have proved valuable
      to elucidate the pathophysiology of the disorder and to assess the safety and
      efficacy of novel therapies prior to clinical trials. These models provide an
      excellent platform to delineate key injury mechanisms that associate with types
      of injury (concussion, contusion, and penetration injuries) that occur clinically
      for the investigation of mild, moderate, and severe forms of TBI. Additionally,
      TBI modeling in genetically engineered mice, in particular, has aided the
      identification of key molecules and pathways for putative injury mechanisms, as
      targets for development of novel therapies for human TBI. This Review details the
      evidence showing that neuroinflammation, characterized by the activation of
      microglia and astrocytes and elevated production of inflammatory mediators, is a
      critical process occurring in various TBI animal models, provides a broad
      overview of commonly used animal models of TBI, and overviews representative
      techniques to quantify markers of the brain inflammatory process. A better
      understanding of neuroinflammation could open therapeutic avenues for abrogation
      of secondary cell death and behavioral symptoms that may mediate the progression
      of TBI.

PMID- 27382005
TI  - Pathogenesis and Risk Factors for Cerebral Infarct After Surgical Aortic Valve
      Replacement.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Stroke is a potentially devastating complication of
      cardiac surgery. Identifying predictors of radiographic infarct may lead to
      improved stroke prevention for surgical patients. METHODS: We reviewed 129
      postoperative brain magnetic resonance imagings from a prospective study of
      patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement. Acute infarcts were
      classified as watershed or embolic using prespecified criteria. RESULTS: Acute
      infarct on magnetic resonance imaging was seen in 79 of 129 patients (61%), and
      interrater reliability for stroke pathogenesis was high (kappa=0.93). Embolic
      infarcts only were identified in 60 patients (46%), watershed only in 2 (2%), and
      both in 17 (13%). In multivariable logistic regression, embolic infarct was
      associated with aortic arch atheroma (odds ratio [OR], 3.4; 95% confidence
      interval [CI], 1.0-12.0; P=0.055), old subcortical infarcts (OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.1
      26.6; P=0.04), no history of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or
      coronary artery bypass graft (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.2-13.7; P=0.03), and higher
      aortic valve gradient (OR, 1.3 per 5 mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.09-1.6; P=0.004). Watershed
      infarct was associated with internal carotid artery stenosis >=70% (OR, 11.7; 95%
      CI, 1.8-76.8; P=0.01) and increased left ventricular ejection fraction (OR, 1.6
      per 5% increase; 95% CI, 1.08-2.4; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The principal mechanism
      of acute cerebral infarction after aortic valve replacement is embolism. There
      are distinct factors associated with watershed and embolic infarct, some of which
      may be modifiable.

PMID- 27382006
TI  - Hemoglobin Concentration and Risk of Incident Stroke in Community-Living Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In previous observational studies, hemoglobin
      concentrations have been associated with an increased risk of stroke. However,
      these studies were limited by a relatively low number of stroke events, making it
      difficult to determine whether the association of hemoglobin and stroke differed
      by demographic or clinical factors. METHODS: Using Cox proportional hazards
      analysis and Kaplan-Meier plots, we examined the association of baseline
      hemoglobin concentrations with incident stroke in the Reasons for Geographic and
      Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a cohort of black and white adults
      aged >=45 years. RESULTS: A total of 518 participants developed stroke over a
      mean 7+/-2 years of follow-up. There was a statistically significant interaction
      between hemoglobin and sex (P=0.05) on the risk of incident stroke. In Cox
      regression models adjusted for demographic and clinical variables, there was no
      association of baseline hemoglobin concentration with incident stroke in men,
      whereas in women, the lowest (<12.4 g/dL) and highest (>14.0 g/dL) quartiles of
      hemoglobin were associated with higher risk of stroke when compared with the
      second quartile (12.4-13.2 g/dL; quartile 1: hazard ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence
      interval, 1.09-2.31; quartile 2: referent; quartile 3: hazard ratio, 0.91; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.59-1.38; quartile 4: hazard ratio, 1.59; 95% confidence
      interval, 1.08-2.35). Similar results were observed in models stratified by
      hemoglobin and sex and when hemoglobin was modeled as a continuous variable using
      restricted quadratic spline regression. CONCLUSIONS: Lower and higher hemoglobin
      concentrations were associated with a higher risk of incident stroke in women. No
      such associations were found in men.

PMID- 27382007
TI  - Response by Orito and Morioka to Letter Regarding Article, "Leakage Sign for
      Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Novel Predictor of Hematoma Growth".

PMID- 27382008
TI  - Letter by Murai Regarding Article, "Leakage Sign for Primary Intracerebral
      Hemorrhage: A Novel Predictor of Hematoma Growth".

PMID- 27382009
TI  - Prognosis of Ischemic Stroke With Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus According to
      Hemoglobin A1c Criteria in Chinese Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was recommended to diagnose
      diabetes mellitus, but whether newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDDM) according
      to the new criteria was associated with stroke prognosis was unclear. We aimed to
      investigate the prognosis of ischemic stroke with NDDM according to the new
      criteria. METHODS: Ischemic stroke without a diabetes mellitus history in the
      survey on Abnormal Glucose Regulation in Patients With Acute Stroke Across China
      were included in the analysis. NDDM was defined as fasting plasma glucose >=7.0
      mmol/L, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test >=11.1 mmol/L, or HbA1c >=6.5%, and
      NDDM was divided into group 1, diagnosed by glucose criteria (fasting plasma
      glucose >=7.0 mmol/L or 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test >=11.1 mmol/L
      with/without HbA1c >=6.5%), or group 2, diagnosed by single high HbA1c (fasting
      plasma glucose <7.0 mmol/L, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test <11.1 mmol/L, and
      HbA1c >=6.5%). The association between NDDM and 1-year prognosis (mortality,
      stroke recurrence, and poor functional outcome [modified Rankin scale score 3-6])
      was estimated. RESULTS: Among 1251 ischemic stroke patients, 539 were NDDM and
      141 of NDDM with single high HbA1c. NDDM was an independent risk factor for 1
      year mortality (hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.001-1.26), stroke
      recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.28), and poor
      functional outcome (odds ratio, 2.58; 95% confidence interval, 1.95-3.43)
      compared with non-diabetes mellitus. Nevertheless, NDDM with single high HbA1c
      was not significantly associated with 1-year prognosis for all end points (P>0.05
      for all). CONCLUSIONS: NDDM by new criteria was associated with poor prognosis at
      1 year after ischemic stroke; however, NDDM with single high HbA1c did not
      predict a poor prognosis.

PMID- 27382010
TI  - Drifting towards ceftriaxone treatment failure in gonorrhoea: risk factor
      analysis of data from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance
      Programme in England and Wales.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is threatened by the emergence of
      antimicrobial resistance. We analysed data from the Gonococcal Resistance to
      Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in England and Wales to identify
      groups most at risk of reduced susceptibility to the currently recommended first
      line therapy, ceftriaxone. METHODS: Data from GRASP between 2007 and 2013 on
      ceftriaxone susceptibility and strain types were analysed. Risk factors
      associated with isolates exhibiting a ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory
      concentration (MIC) of >=0.015 mg/L (CTR >=0.015 mg/L) were identified using
      logistic regression. RESULTS: One third of isolates from men who have sex with
      men (MSM) (1279/4203) and 9.9% from heterosexuals (458/4626) exhibited CTR
      >=0.015 mg/L. Between 2007 and 2013, the modal MIC for isolates remained at 0.004
      mg/L for MSM but increased from 0.002 to 0.004 mg/L for heterosexuals. Among MSM,
      CTR >=0.015 mg/L was associated with Asian ethnicity (crude OR: 1.42; 95% CI 1.07
      to 1.88) and previous gonorrhoea (1.34; 1.16 to 1.54). Among heterosexuals, CTR
      >=0.015 mg/L was associated with older age (35+ years: 4.31; 3.34 to 5.55), >=6
      sexual partners (1.58; 1.01 to 2.44) and sex abroad (2.23; 1.71 to 2.91). CTR
      >=0.015 mg/L was less likely in isolates from heterosexuals of black Caribbean or
      African ethnicity (0.29; 0.20 to 0.41, 0.66; 0.43 to 0.99), with a concurrent
      chlamydial infection (0.25; 0.19 to 0.34) or women (0.57; 0.46 to 0.71). Over 600
      isolates (CTR >=0.015 mg/L) were typed; the majority were in Genogroup 1407,
      containing sequence type 1407. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence and spread of
      gonorrhoea with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone seems a realistic prospect,
      most likely in those involved in 'rapid-transmission' or bridging sexual
      networks.

PMID- 27382013
TI  - Characterization of a Novel M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Positive
      Allosteric Modulator Radioligand, [3H]PT-1284.
AB  - Selective activation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) via a
      positive allosteric modulator (PAM) is a new approach for the treatment of the
      cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
      Herein, we describe the characterization of an M1 PAM radioligand, 8-((1S,2S)-2
      hydroxycyclohexyl)-5-((6-(methyl-t3)pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-8,9-dihydro-7H
      pyrrolo[3,4-hour]quinolin-7-one ([(3)H]PT-1284), as a tool for characterizing the
      M1 allosteric binding site, as well as profiling novel M1 PAMs. 8-((1S,2S)-2
      Hydroxycyclohexyl)-5-((6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methyl)-8,9-dihydro-7H-pyrrolo[3,4
      hour]quinolin-7-one (PT-1284 ( 1: )) was shown to potentiate acetylcholine (ACh)
      in an M1 fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) functional assay (EC50, 36 nM)
      and carbachol in a hippocampal slice electrophysiology assay (EC50, 165 nM). PT
      1284 ( 1: ) also reduced the concentration of ACh required to inhibit [(3)H]N
      methylscopolamine ([(3)H]NMS) binding to M1, left-shifting the ACh Ki
      approximately 19-fold at 10 MUM. Saturation analysis of a human M1 mAChR stable
      cell line showed that [(3)H]PT-1284 bound to M1 mAChR in the presence of 1 mM ACh
      with Kd, 4.23 nM, and saturable binding capacity (Bmax), 6.38 pmol/mg protein. M1
      selective PAMs were shown to inhibit [(3)H]PT-1284 binding in a concentration
      responsive manner, whereas M1 allosteric and orthosteric agonists showed weak
      affinity (>30 MUM). A strong positive correlation (R(2) = 0.86) was found to
      exist between affinity values generated for nineteen M1 PAMs in the [(3)H]PT-1284
      binding assay and the EC50 values of these ligands in a FLIPR functional
      potentiation assay. These data indicate that there is a strong positive
      correlation between M1 PAM binding affinity and functional activity, and that
      [(3)H]PT-1284 can serve as a tool for pharmacological investigation of M1 mAChR
      PAMs.

PMID- 27382014
TI  - The Follitropin Receptor: Matching Structure and Function.
AB  - Follitropin, or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor (FSHR), is a G
      protein-coupled receptor belonging to the glycoprotein hormone receptor family
      that plays an essential role in reproduction. Although its primary location is
      the gonad, the FSHR has also been reported in extragonadal tissues including
      bone, placenta, endometrium, liver, and blood vessels from a number of malignant
      tumors. The recently resolved crystal structure of FSH bound to the entire FSHR
      ectodomain has been instrumental in more clearly defining the role of this domain
      in ligand binding and receptor activation. Biochemical, biophysical, and
      structural data also indicate that the FSHR exists as a higher order structure
      and that it may heterodimerize with its closely related receptor, the luteinizing
      hormone receptor; this association may have physiologic implications during
      ovarian follicle maturation given that both receptors may simultaneously coexist
      in the same cell. FSHR heterodimerization is unique to the ovary because in the
      testes, gonadotropin receptors are expressed in separate compartments. FSHR self
      association appears to be required for receptor coupling to multiple effectors
      and adaptors, for the activation of multiple signaling pathways and the
      transduction of asymmetric signaling, and for negative and positive receptor
      cooperativity. It also provides a mechanism through which the glycosylation
      variants of FSH may exert distinct and differential effects at the target cell
      level. Given its importance in regulating activation of distinct signaling
      pathways, functional selectivity at the FSHR is briefly discussed, as well as the
      potential implications of this particular functional feature on the design of new
      pharmacological therapies in reproduction.

PMID- 27382012
TI  - Hybrid Enzalutamide Derivatives with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Activity
      Decrease Heat Shock Protein 90 and Androgen Receptor Levels and Inhibit Viability
      in Enzalutamide-Resistant C4-2 Prostate Cancer Cells.
AB  - Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) can disrupt the viability of prostate
      cancer (PCa) cells through modulation of the cytosolic androgen receptor (AR)
      chaperone protein heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). However, toxicities associated
      with their pleiotropic effects could contribute to the ineffectiveness of HDACIs
      in PCa treatment. We designed hybrid molecules containing partial chemical
      scaffolds of enzalutamide and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), with
      weakened intrinsic pan-HDACI activities, to target HSP90 and AR in enzalutamide
      resistant PCa cells. The potency of the new molecules, compounds 2-75 [4-(3-(4
      cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2
      fluoro-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide] and 1005 [(E)-3-(4-(3-(4-cyano
      3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2
      fluorophenyl)-N-hydroxyacrylamide], as inhibitors of nuclear and cytosolic
      histone deacetylases was substantially lower than that of SAHA in cell-free and
      in situ assays. Compounds 2-75 and 1005 antagonized gene activation by androgen
      without inducing chromatin association of AR. Enzalutamide had no effect on the
      levels of AR or HSP90, whereas the hybrid compounds induced degradation of both
      AR and HSP90, similar to (compound 1005) or more potently than (compound 2-75)
      SAHA. Similar to SAHA, compounds 2-75 and 1005 decreased the level of HSP90 and
      induced acetylation in a predicted approximately 55 kDa HSP90 fragment. Compared
      with SAHA, compound 2-75 induced greater hyperacetylation of the HDAC6 substrate
      alpha-tubulin. In contrast with SAHA, neither hybrid molecule caused substantial
      hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4. Compounds 2-75 and 1005 induced p21 and
      caused loss of viability in the enzalutamide-resistant C4-2 cells, with
      efficacies that were comparable to or better than SAHA. The results suggest the
      potential of the new compounds as prototype antitumor drugs that would
      downregulate HSP90 and AR in enzalutamide-resistant PCa cells with weakened
      effects on nuclear HDACI targets.

PMID- 27382015
TI  - Trigeminocardiac reflex caused by selective angiography of the middle meningeal
      artery.
AB  - We describe an interesting case of trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) caused by
      selective angiography of the middle meningeal artery (MMA). A 28-year-old woman
      presented with a symptomatic meningioma. Preoperative tumour embolisation was
      performed. In the procedure, when selective MMA angiography was done with
      Omnipaque 300 mg I/mL for 3 mL by manual injection, the patient complained of
      flashing lights in her eye followed by vomiting and bradycardia down to 40 bpm
      without increased intracranial pressure signs. On selective MMA angiography, the
      choroidal crescent and arteries of the periorbital region were opacified by
      anastomosis from the MMA via the meningo-ophthalmic artery. We diagnosed that her
      symptoms were caused by selective MMA angiography leading to high pressure
      stimulation towards the ophthalmic nerve innervation around the orbit as a TCR.
      We suggest that the operator should be prepared to manage TCR during treatment
      with expected selective MMA angiography, and gentle low pressure contrast
      injection should be attempted. 

PMID- 27382016
TI  - Burning mouth syndrome associated with varicella zoster virus.
AB  - We present two cases of burning mouth syndrome (BMS)-of 8-month duration in a 61
      year-old woman and of 2-year duration in a 63-year-old woman-both associated with
      increased levels of antivaricella zoster virus (VZV) IgM antibodies in serum and
      with pain that improved with antiviral treatment. Combined with our previous
      finding of BMS due to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, we recommend
      evaluation of patients with BMS not only for VZV or HSV-1 DNA in the saliva, but
      also for serum anti-VZV and anti-HSV-1 IgM antibodies. Both infections are
      treatable with oral antiviral agents. 

PMID- 27382017
TI  - Unusual foreign body in primary tooth.

PMID- 27382018
TI  - The Chlamydia-Secreted Protease CPAF Promotes Chlamydial Survival in the Mouse
      Lower Genital Tract.
AB  - Despite the extensive in vitro characterization of CPAF (chlamydial
      protease/proteasome-like activity factor), its role in chlamydial infection and
      pathogenesis remains unclear. We now report that a Chlamydia trachomatis strain
      deficient in expression of CPAF (L2-17) is no longer able to establish a
      successful infection in the mouse lower genital tract following an intravaginal
      inoculation. The L2-17 organisms were cleared from the mouse lower genital tract
      within a few days, while a CPAF-sufficient C. trachomatis strain (L2-5) survived
      in the lower genital tract for more than 3 weeks. However, both the L2-17 and L2
      5 organisms maintained robust infection courses that lasted up to 4 weeks when
      they were directly delivered into the mouse upper genital tract. The CPAF
      dependent chlamydial survival in the lower genital tract was confirmed in
      multiple strains of mice. Thus, we have demonstrated a critical role of CPAF in
      promoting C. trachomatis survival in the mouse lower genital tracts. It will be
      interesting to further investigate the mechanisms of the CPAF-dependent
      chlamydial pathogenicity.

PMID- 27382019
TI  - Infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum in Malaria-Naive Individuals Is Related to
      Knob Expression and Cytoadherence of the Parasite.
AB  - Plasmodium falciparum is the most virulent human malaria parasite because of its
      ability to cytoadhere in the microvasculature. Nonhuman primate studies
      demonstrated relationships among knob expression, cytoadherence, and infectivity.
      This has not been examined in humans. Cultured clinical-grade P. falciparum
      parasites (NF54, 7G8, and 3D7B) and ex vivo-derived cell banks were
      characterized. Knob and knob-associated histidine-rich protein expression, CD36
      adhesion, and antibody recognition of parasitized erythrocytes (PEs) were
      evaluated. Parasites from the cell banks were administered to malaria-naive human
      volunteers to explore infectivity. For the NF54 and 3D7B cell banks, blood was
      collected from the study participants for in vitro characterization. All
      parasites were infective in vivo However, infectivity of NF54 was dramatically
      reduced. In vitro characterization revealed that unlike other cell bank
      parasites, NF54 PEs lacked knobs and did not cytoadhere. Recognition of NF54 PEs
      by immune sera was observed, suggesting P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane
      protein 1 expression. Subsequent recovery of knob expression and CD36-mediated
      adhesion were observed in PEs derived from participants infected with NF54.
      Knobless cell bank parasites have a dramatic reduction in infectivity and the
      ability to adhere to CD36. Subsequent infection of malaria-naive volunteers
      restored knob expression and CD36-mediated cytoadherence, thereby showing that
      the human environment can modulate virulence.

PMID- 27382020
TI  - A Nonoligomerizing Mutant Form of Helicobacter pylori VacA Allows Structural
      Analysis of the p33 Domain.
AB  - Helicobacter pylori secretes a pore-forming VacA toxin that has structural
      features and activities substantially different from those of other known
      bacterial toxins. VacA can assemble into multiple types of water-soluble flower
      shaped oligomeric structures, and most VacA activities are dependent on its
      capacity to oligomerize. The 88-kDa secreted VacA protein can undergo limited
      proteolysis to yield two domains, designated p33 and p55. The p33 domain is
      required for membrane channel formation and intracellular toxic activities, and
      the p55 domain has an important role in mediating VacA binding to cells. Previous
      studies showed that the p55 domain has a predominantly beta-helical structure,
      but no structural data are available for the p33 domain. We report here the
      purification and analysis of a nonoligomerizing mutant form of VacA secreted by
      H. pylori The nonoligomerizing 88-kDa mutant protein retains the capacity to
      enter host cells but lacks detectable toxic activity. Analysis of crystals formed
      by the monomeric protein reveals that the beta-helical structure of the p55
      domain extends into the C-terminal portion of p33. Fitting the p88 structural
      model into an electron microscopy map of hexamers formed by wild-type VacA
      (predicted to be structurally similar to VacA membrane channels) reveals that p55
      and the beta-helical segment of p33 localize to peripheral arms but do not occupy
      the central region of the hexamers. We propose that the amino-terminal portion of
      p33 is unstructured when VacA is in a monomeric form and that it undergoes a
      conformational change during oligomer assembly.

PMID- 27382021
TI  - Affinity-Based Screening of Tetravalent Peptides Identifies Subtype-Selective
      Neutralizers of Shiga Toxin 2d, a Highly Virulent Subtype, by Targeting a Unique
      Amino Acid Involved in Its Receptor Recognition.
AB  - Shiga toxin (Stx), a major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
      (EHEC), can be classified into two subgroups, Stx1 and Stx2, each consisting of
      various closely related subtypes. Stx2 subtypes Stx2a and Stx2d are highly
      virulent and linked with serious human disorders, such as acute encephalopathy
      and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Through affinity-based screening of a tetravalent
      peptide library, we previously developed peptide neutralizers of Stx2a in which
      the structure was optimized to bind to the B-subunit pentamer. In this study, we
      identified Stx2d-selective neutralizers by targeting Asn16 of the B subunit, an
      amino acid unique to Stx2d that plays an essential role in receptor binding. We
      synthesized a series of tetravalent peptides on a cellulose membrane in which the
      core structure was exactly the same as that of peptides in the tetravalent
      library. A total of nine candidate motifs were selected to synthesize tetravalent
      forms of the peptides by screening two series of the tetravalent peptides. Five
      of the tetravalent peptides effectively inhibited the cytotoxicity of Stx2a and
      Stx2d, and notably, two of the peptides selectively inhibited Stx2d. These two
      tetravalent peptides bound to the Stx2d B subunit with high affinity dependent on
      Asn16. The mechanism of binding to the Stx2d B subunit differed from that of
      binding to Stx2a in that the peptides covered a relatively wide region of the
      receptor-binding surface. Thus, this highly optimized screening technique enables
      the development of subtype-selective neutralizers, which may lead to more
      sophisticated treatments of infections by Stx-producing EHEC.

PMID- 27382022
TI  - Beneficial Effects of Sodium Phenylbutyrate Administration during Infection with
      Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium.
AB  - Sodium phenylbutyrate (PBA) is a derivative of the short-chain fatty acid
      butyrate and is approved for treatment of urea cycle disorders and progressive
      familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2. Previously known functions include
      histone deacetylase inhibitor, endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor, ammonia
      sink, and chemical chaperone. Here, we show that PBA has a previously
      undiscovered protective role in host mucosal defense during infection.
      Administration of PBA to Taconic mice resulted in the increase of intestinal
      Lactobacillales and segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), as well as an increase
      of interleukin 17 (IL-17) production by intestinal cells. This effect was not
      observed in Jackson Laboratory mice, which are not colonized with SFB. Because
      previous studies showed that IL-17 plays a protective role during infection with
      mucosal pathogens, we hypothesized that Taconic mice treated with PBA would be
      more resistant to infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S
      Typhimurium). By using the streptomycin-treated mouse model, we found that
      Taconic mice treated with PBA exhibited significantly lower S Typhimurium
      intestinal colonization and dissemination to the reticuloendothelial system, as
      well as lower levels of inflammation. The lower levels of S Typhimurium gut
      colonization and intestinal inflammation were not observed in Jackson Laboratory
      mice. Although PBA had no direct effect on bacterial replication, its
      administration reduced S Typhimurium epithelial cell invasion and lowered the
      induction of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-23 in macrophage-like cells. These
      effects likely contributed to the better outcome of infection in PBA-treated
      mice. Overall, our results suggest that PBA induces changes in the microbiota and
      in the mucosal immune response that can be beneficial to the host during
      infection with S Typhimurium and possibly other enteric pathogens.

PMID- 27382023
TI  - Burkholderia pseudomallei Rapidly Infects the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord via the
      Trigeminal Nerve after Intranasal Inoculation.
AB  - Infection with Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a disease with a
      high mortality rate (20% in Australia and 40% in Southeast Asia). Neurological
      melioidosis is particularly prevalent in northern Australian patients and
      involves brain stem infection, which can progress to the spinal cord; however,
      the route by which the bacteria invade the central nervous system (CNS) is
      unknown. We have previously demonstrated that B. pseudomallei can infect the
      olfactory and trigeminal nerves within the nasal cavity following intranasal
      inoculation. As the trigeminal nerve projects into the brain stem, we
      investigated whether the bacteria could continue along this nerve to penetrate
      the CNS. After intranasal inoculation of mice, B. pseudomallei caused low-level
      localized infection within the nasal cavity epithelium, prior to invasion of the
      trigeminal nerve in small numbers. B. pseudomallei rapidly invaded the trigeminal
      nerve and crossed the astrocytic barrier to enter the brain stem within 24 h and
      then rapidly progressed over 2,000 MUm into the spinal cord. To rule out that the
      bacteria used a hematogenous route, we used a capsule-deficient mutant of B.
      pseudomallei that does not survive in the blood and found that it also entered
      the CNS via the trigeminal nerve. This suggests that the primary route of entry
      is via the nerves that innervate the nasal cavity. We found that actin-mediated
      motility could facilitate initial infection of the olfactory epithelium. Thus, we
      have demonstrated that B. pseudomallei can rapidly infect the brain and spinal
      cord via the trigeminal nerve branches that innervate the nasal cavity.

PMID- 27382024
TI  - CagA Phosphorylation in Helicobacter pylori-Infected B Cells Is Mediated by the
      Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinases of the Src and Abl Families.
AB  - CagA is one of the most important virulence factors of the human pathogen
      Helicobacter pylori CagA expression can be associated with the induction of
      severe gastric disorders such as gastritis, ulceration, gastric cancer, or mucosa
      associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. After translocation through a type IV
      secretion system into epithelial cells, CagA is tyrosine phosphorylated by
      kinases of the Src and Abl families, leading to drastic cell elongation and
      motility. While the functional role of CagA in epithelial cells is well
      investigated, knowledge about CagA phosphorylation and its associated signal
      transduction pathways in B cells is only marginal. Here, we established the B
      cell line MEC1 derived from a B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) patient
      as a new infection model to study the signal transduction in B cells controlled
      by H. pylori We observed that CagA was rapidly injected, strongly tyrosine
      phosphorylated, and cleaved into a 100-kDa N-terminal and a 40-kDa C-terminal
      fragment. To identify upstream signal transduction pathways of CagA
      phosphorylation in MEC1 cells, pharmacological inhibitors were employed to
      specifically target Src and Abl kinases. We observed that CagA phosphorylation
      was strongly inhibited upon treatment with an Src inhibitor and slightly
      diminished when the Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) was applied.
      The addition of dasatinib to block c-Abl and Src kinases led to a complete loss
      of CagA phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate an important
      role for Src and Abl tyrosine kinases in CagA phosphorylation in B cells, which
      represent druggable targets in H. pylori-mediated gastric MALT lymphoma.

PMID- 27382026
TI  - Ca2+ controls gating of voltage-gated calcium channels by releasing the beta2e
      subunit from the plasma membrane.
AB  - Voltage-gated calcium (Cav) channels, which are regulated by membrane potential,
      cytosolic Ca(2+), phosphorylation, and membrane phospholipids, govern Ca(2+)
      entry into excitable cells. Cav channels contain a pore-forming alpha1 subunit,
      an auxiliary alpha2delta subunit, and a regulatory beta subunit, each encoded by
      several genes in mammals. In addition to a domain that interacts with the alpha1
      subunit, beta2e and beta2a also interact with the cytoplasmic face of the plasma
      membrane through an electrostatic interaction for beta2e and posttranslational
      acylation for beta2a. We found that an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) promoted the
      release of beta2e from the membrane without requiring substantial depletion of
      the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) from the
      plasma membrane. Experiments with liposomes indicated that Ca(2+) disrupted the
      interaction of the beta2e amino-terminal peptide with membranes containing PIP2
      Ca(2+) binding to calmodulin (CaM) leads to CaM-mediated inactivation of Cav
      currents. Although Cav2.2 coexpressed with beta2a required Ca(2+)-dependent
      activation of CaM for Ca(2+)-mediated reduction in channel activity, Cav2.2
      coexpressed with beta2e exhibited Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of the channel
      even in the presence of Ca(2+)-insensitive CaM. Inducible depletion of PIP2
      reduced Cav2.2 currents, and in cells coexpressing beta2e, but not a form that
      lacks the polybasic region, increased intracellular Ca(2+) further reduced Cav2.2
      currents. Many hormone- or neurotransmitter-activated receptors stimulate PIP2
      hydrolysis and increase cytosolic Ca(2+); thus, our findings suggest that beta2e
      may integrate such receptor-mediated signals to limit Cav activity.

PMID- 27382025
TI  - A comprehensive analysis of 3' end sequencing data sets reveals novel
      polyadenylation signals and the repressive role of heterogeneous
      ribonucleoprotein C on cleavage and polyadenylation.
AB  - Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a general mechanism of transcript
      diversification in mammals, which has been recently linked to proliferative
      states and cancer. Different 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) isoforms interact
      with different RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), which modify the stability,
      translation, and subcellular localization of the corresponding transcripts.
      Although the heterogeneity of pre-mRNA 3' end processing has been established
      with high-throughput approaches, the mechanisms that underlie systematic changes
      in 3' UTR lengths remain to be characterized. Through a uniform analysis of a
      large number of 3' end sequencing data sets, we have uncovered 18 signals, six of
      which are novel, whose positioning with respect to pre-mRNA cleavage sites
      indicates a role in pre-mRNA 3' end processing in both mouse and human. With 3'
      end sequencing we have demonstrated that the heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein C
      (HNRNPC), which binds the poly(U) motif whose frequency also peaks in the
      vicinity of polyadenylation (poly(A)) sites, has a genome-wide effect on poly(A)
      site usage. HNRNPC-regulated 3' UTRs are enriched in ELAV-like RBP 1 (ELAVL1)
      binding sites and include those of the CD47 gene, which participate in the
      recently discovered mechanism of 3' UTR-dependent protein localization (UDPL).
      Our study thus establishes an up-to-date, high-confidence catalog of 3' end
      processing sites and poly(A) signals, and it uncovers an important role of HNRNPC
      in regulating 3' end processing. It further suggests that U-rich elements mediate
      interactions with multiple RBPs that regulate different stages in a transcript's
      life cycle.

PMID- 27382027
TI  - An RYR1 mutation associated with malignant hyperthermia is also associated with
      bleeding abnormalities.
AB  - Malignant hyperthermia is a potentially fatal hypermetabolic disorder triggered
      by halogenated anesthetics and the myorelaxant succinylcholine in genetically
      predisposed individuals. About 50% of susceptible individuals carry dominant,
      gain-of-function mutations in RYR1 [which encodes ryanodine receptor type 1
      (RyR1)], though they have normal muscle function and no overt clinical symptoms.
      RyR1 is predominantly found in skeletal muscle but also at lower amounts in
      immune and smooth muscle cells, suggesting that RYR1 mutations may have a wider
      range of effects than previously suspected. Mild bleeding abnormalities have been
      described in patients with malignant hyperthermia carrying gain-of-function RYR1
      mutations. We sought to determine the frequency and molecular basis for this
      symptom. We found that some patients with specific RYR1 mutations had abnormally
      high bleeding scores, whereas their healthy relatives did not. Knock-in mice with
      the malignant hyperthermia susceptibility RYR1 mutation Y522S (MHS RYR1Y522S) had
      longer bleeding times than their wild-type littermates. Primary vascular smooth
      muscle cells from RYR1Y522S knock-in mice exhibited a higher frequency of
      subplasmalemmal Ca(2+) sparks, leading to a more negative resting membrane
      potential. The bleeding defect of RYR1Y522S mice and of one patient was reversed
      by treatment with the RYR1 antagonist dantrolene, and Ca(2+) sparks in primary
      vascular smooth muscle cells from the MHS RYR1Y522S mice were blocked by
      ryanodine or dantrolene. Thus, RYR1 mutations may lead to prolonged bleeding by
      altering vascular smooth muscle cell function. The reversibility of the bleeding
      phenotype emphasizes the potential therapeutic value of dantrolene in the
      treatment of such bleeding disorders.

PMID- 27382028
TI  - Mapping the subcellular mechanical properties of live cells in tissues with
      fluorescence emission-Brillouin imaging.
AB  - Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are central to the advent of multicellular life,
      and their mechanical properties are modulated by and impinge on intracellular
      signaling pathways that regulate vital cellular functions. High spatial
      resolution mapping of mechanical properties in live cells is, however, extremely
      challenging. Thus, our understanding of how signaling pathways process
      physiological signals to generate appropriate mechanical responses is limited. We
      introduce fluorescence emission-Brillouin scattering imaging (FBi), a method for
      the parallel and all-optical measurements of mechanical properties and
      fluorescence at the submicrometer scale in living organisms. Using FBi, we showed
      that changes in cellular hydrostatic pressure and cytoplasm viscoelasticity
      modulate the mechanical signatures of plant ECMs. We further established that the
      measured "stiffness" of plant ECMs is symmetrically patterned in hypocotyl cells
      undergoing directional growth. Finally, application of this method to Arabidopsis
      thaliana with photoreceptor mutants revealed that red and far-red light signals
      are essential modulators of ECM viscoelasticity. By mapping the viscoelastic
      signatures of a complex ECM, we provide proof of principle for the organism-wide
      applicability of FBi for measuring the mechanical outputs of intracellular
      signaling pathways. As such, our work has implications for investigations of
      mechanosignaling pathways and developmental biology.

PMID- 27382029
TI  - Lenalidomide in Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Is It a
      Valid Treatment Option?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the advent of new treatment strategies, many patients with
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) relapse or die of the disease. Prospective
      clinical trials have demonstrated that lenalidomide is an effective and safe
      treatment option, especially for non-germinal center B-cell (non-GCB) DLBCL.
      However, routine clinical data are lacking, which is why we provide the results
      of the so-far largest relapsed/refractory (R/R) DLBCL real-life analysis.
      METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 123 R/R DLBCL patients who received either
      15 or 25 mg/day of lenalidomide from January 2006 to January 2015. RESULTS:
      During a median follow-up period of 4.5 years, complete remission was achieved in
      32% and a partial remission in 33% non-GCB patients compared with 0% and 3% in
      the GCB group (p < .001 and .001, respectively), with median response durations
      of 15 and 5 months, respectively (p < .001). Lenalidomide at 25 mg was superior
      to 15 mg in terms of response (complete remission 21% and partial remission 23%
      vs. 0% and 8%; p = .007 and .05) and median response duration (10 vs. 4 months; p
      = .03). Toxicity was limited and reversible. Median progression-free survival
      differed between non-GCB and GCB patients (37 vs. 30 months; p < .001) and
      between the two dosages (24 vs. 34 months; p = .002). However, overall survival
      was similar between the subgroups (38-42 months). CONCLUSION: We provide evidence
      that lenalidomide is a valid treatment option for R/R DLBCL, with limited and
      reversible toxicity, and is more efficient in non-GCB DLBCL and at higher doses.
      IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Despite the advent of new treatment strategies, many
      patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) relapse or die of the
      disease; hence, novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. This study
      confirms that lenalidomide is a valid and well-tolerated treatment option for
      relapsed/refractory (R/R) DLBCL. Superior outcomes were observed in non-germinal
      center B-cell (GCB) DLBCL, probably because of inhibition of the nuclear factor
      kappaB pathway. Similarly, high drug doses resulted in greater clinical benefits.
      Overall, lenalidomide is a suitable therapeutic option for R/R DLBCL, especially
      in non-GCB DLBCL, and 25 mg/day dosing should be preferred.

PMID- 27382030
TI  - Outcome of Patients With Metastatic Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With
      Sunitinib.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sunitinib is a standard treatment for metastatic clear cell renal
      cell carcinoma (mccRCC). Data on its activity in the rare variant of metastatic
      chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (mchRCC), are limited. We aimed to analyze the
      activity of sunitinib in a relatively large and homogenous international cohort
      of mchRCC patients in terms of outcome and comparison with mccRCC. METHODS:
      Records from mchRCC patients treated with first-line sunitinib in 10 centers
      across 4 countries were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate
      analyses of association between clinicopathologic factors and outcome were
      performed. Subsequently, mchRCC patients were individually matched to mccRCC
      patients. We compared the clinical benefit rate, progression-free survival (PFS),
      and overall survival (OS) between the groups. RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2014, 36
      patients (median age, 64 years; 47% male) with mchRCC were treated with first
      line sunitinib. Seventy-eight percent achieved a clinical benefit (partial
      response + stable disease). Median PFS and OS were 10 and 26 months,
      respectively. Factors associated with PFS were the Heng risk (hazard ratio [HR],
      3.3; p = .03) and pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) >3 (HR, 0.63;
      p = .02). Factors associated with OS were the Heng risk (HR, 4.1; p = .04), liver
      metastases (HR, 3.8; p = .03), and pretreatment NLR <3 (HR, 0.55; p = .03).
      Treatment outcome was not significantly different between mchRCC patients and
      individually matched mccRCC patients. In mccRCC patients (p value versus mchRCC),
      72% achieved a clinical benefit (p = .4) and median PFS and OS were 9 (p = .6)
      and 25 (p = .7) months, respectively. CONCLUSION: In metastatic chromophobe renal
      cell carcinoma, sunitinib therapy may be associated with similar outcome and
      toxicities as in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The Heng risk and
      pretreatment NLR may be associated with PFS and OS. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:
      Data on the activity of sunitinib in metastatic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma
      (mchRCC) are limited. This study analyzed the activity of sunitinib in a cohort
      of mchRCC patients. Of 36 patients with mchRCC who were treated with first-line
      sunitinib, 78% achieved a clinical benefit. Median PFS and OS were 10 and 26
      months, respectively. Treatment outcome was not significantly different between
      mchRCC patients and individually matched metastatic clear cell RCC patients.

PMID- 27382032
TI  - Excision of recurrent bilateral elastofibroma dorsi: A rare image.

PMID- 27382031
TI  - Location of Primary Tumor and Benefit From Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
      Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients With RAS and BRAF Wild-Type Metastatic
      Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Right- and left-sided colorectal cancers (CRCs) differ in clinical
      and molecular characteristics. Some retrospective analyses suggested that
      patients with right-sided tumors derive less benefit from anti-epidermal growth
      factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies; however, molecular selection in those studies
      was not extensive. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with RAS and BRAF wild-type
      metastatic CRC (mCRC) who were treated with single-agent anti-EGFRs or with
      cetuximab-irinotecan (if refractory to previous irinotecan) were included in the
      study. Differences in outcome between patients with right- and left-sided tumors
      were investigated. RESULTS: Of 75 patients, 14 and 61 had right- and left-sided
      tumors, respectively. None of the right-sided tumors responded according to
      RECIST, compared with 24 left-sided tumors (overall response rate: 0% vs. 41%; p
      = .0032), and only 2 patients with right-sided tumors (15%) versus 47 patients
      with left-sided tumors (80%) achieved disease control (p < .0001). The median
      duration of progression-free survival was 2.3 and 6.6 months in patients with
      right-sided and left-sided tumors, respectively (hazard ratio: 3.97; 95%
      confidence interval: 2.09-7.53; p < .0001). CONCLUSION: Patients with right-sided
      RAS and BRAF wild-type mCRC seemed to derive no benefit from single-agent anti
      EGFRs. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Right- and left-sided colorectal tumors have
      peculiar epidemiological and clinicopathological characteristics, distinct gene
      expression profiles and genetic alterations, and different prognoses. This study
      assessed the potential predictive impact of primary tumor site with regard to
      anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody treatment in
      patients with RAS and BRAF wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer. The results
      demonstrated the lack of activity of anti-EGFRs in RAS and BRAF wild-type, right
      sided tumors, thus suggesting a potential role for primary tumor location in
      driving treatment choices.

PMID- 27382033
TI  - Low resting metabolic rate in exercise-associated amenorrhea is not due to a
      reduced proportion of highly active metabolic tissue compartments.
AB  - Exercising women with menstrual disturbances frequently display a low resting
      metabolic rate (RMR) when RMR is expressed relative to body size or lean mass.
      However, normalizing RMR for body size or lean mass does not account for
      potential differences in the size of tissue compartments with varying metabolic
      activities. To explore whether the apparent RMR suppression in women with
      exercise-associated amenorrhea is a consequence of a lower proportion of highly
      active metabolic tissue compartments or the result of metabolic adaptations
      related to energy conservation at the tissue level, RMR and metabolic tissue
      compartments were compared among exercising women with amenorrhea (AMEN; n = 42)
      and exercising women with eumenorrheic, ovulatory menstrual cycles (OV; n = 37).
      RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry and predicted from the size of
      metabolic tissue compartments as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
      (DEXA). Measured RMR was lower than DEXA-predicted RMR in AMEN (1,215 +/- 31 vs.
      1,327 +/- 18 kcal/day, P < 0.001) but not in OV (1,284 +/- 24 vs. 1,252 +/- 17, P
      = 0.16), resulting in a lower ratio of measured to DEXA-predicted RMR in AMEN (91
      +/- 2%) vs. OV (103 +/- 2%, P < 0.001). AMEN displayed proportionally more
      residual mass (P < 0.001) and less adipose tissue (P = 0.003) compared with OV. A
      lower ratio of measured to DXA-predicted RMR was associated with lower serum
      total triiodothyronine (rho = 0.38, P < 0.001) and leptin (rho = 0.32, P =
      0.004). Our findings suggest that RMR suppression in this population is not the
      result of a reduced size of highly active metabolic tissue compartments but is
      due to metabolic and endocrine adaptations at the tissue level that are
      indicative of energy conservation.

PMID- 27382034
TI  - Short-term and long-term effects of submaximal maternal exercise on offspring
      glucose homeostasis and pancreatic function.
AB  - Only a few studies have explored the effects of maternal exercise during
      gestation on adult offspring metabolism. We set out to test whether maternal
      controlled submaximal exercise maintained troughout all gestational periods
      induces persistant metabolic changes in the offspring. We used a model of 15-wk
      old nulliparous female Wistar rats that exercised (trained group) before and
      during gestation at a submaximal intensity or remained sedentary (control group).
      At weaning, male offspring from trained dams showed reduced basal glycemia (119.7
      +/- 2.4 vs. 130.5 +/- 4.1 mg/dl, P < 0.05), pancreas relative weight (3.96 +/-
      0.18 vs. 4.54 +/- 0.14 g/kg body wt, P < 0.05), and islet mean area (22,822 +/-
      4,036 vs. 44,669 +/- 6,761 MUm(2), P < 0.05) compared with pups from control
      dams. Additionally, they had better insulin secretory capacity when stimulated by
      2.8 mM glucose + 20 mM arginine compared with offspring from control dams (+96%,
      P < 0.05). At 7 mo of age, offspring from trained mothers displayed altered
      glucose tolerance (AUC = 15,285 +/- 527 vs. 11,898 +/- 988 mg.dl(-1).120 min, P <
      0.05) and decreased muscle insulin sensitivity estimated by the phosphorylated
      PKB/total PKB ratio (-32%, P < 0.05) and tended to have a reduced islet insulin
      secretory capacity compared with rats from control dams. These results suggest
      that submaximal maternal exercise modifies short-term male offspring pancreatic
      function and appears to have rather negative long-term consequences on sedentary
      adult offspring glucose handling.

PMID- 27382035
TI  - Targeting ceramide metabolism in obesity.
AB  - Obesity is a major health concern that increases the risk for insulin resistance,
      type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease. Thus, an enormous research
      effort has been invested into understanding how obesity-associated dyslipidemia
      and obesity-induced alterations in lipid metabolism increase the risk for these
      diseases. Accordingly, it has been proposed that the accumulation of lipid
      metabolites in organs such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and heart is critical
      to these obesity-induced pathologies. Ceramide is one such lipid metabolite that
      accumulates in tissues in response to obesity, and both pharmacological and
      genetic strategies that reduce tissue ceramide levels yield salutary actions on
      overall metabolic health. We will review herein why ceramide accumulates in
      tissues during obesity and how an increase in intracellular ceramide impacts
      cellular signaling and function as well as potential mechanisms by which reducing
      intracellular ceramide levels improves insulin resistance, T2D, atherosclerosis,
      and heart failure. Because a reduction in skeletal muscle ceramide levels is
      frequently associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity in humans, the
      beneficial findings reported for reducing ceramides in preclinical studies may
      have clinical application in humans. Therefore, modulating ceramide metabolism
      may be a novel, exciting target for preventing and/or treating obesity-related
      diseases.

PMID- 27382036
TI  - Control of skeletal muscle atrophy in response to disuse: clinical/preclinical
      contentions and fallacies of evidence.
AB  - Muscle wasting resulting wholly or in part from disuse represents a serious
      medical complication that, when prolonged, can increase morbidity and mortality.
      Although much knowledge has been gained over the past half century, the
      underlying etiology by which disuse alters muscle proteostasis remains enigmatic.
      Multidisciplinary and novel methodologies are needed to fill gaps and overcome
      barriers to improved patient care. The present review highlights seminal concepts
      from a symposium at Experimental Biology 2016. These proceedings focus on 1) the
      role of insulin resistance in mediating disuse-induced changes in muscle protein
      synthesis (MPS) and breakdown (MPB), as well as cross-talk between carbohydrate
      and protein metabolism; 2) the relative importance of MPS/MPB in mediating
      involuntary muscle loss in humans and animals; 3) interpretative limitations
      associated with MPS/MPB "markers," e.g., MuRF1/MAFbx mRNA; and finally, 4) how
      OMIC technologies can be leveraged to identify molecular pathways (e.g., ATF4,
      p53, p21) mediating disuse atrophy. This perspective deals primarily with "simple
      atrophy" due to unloading. Nonetheless, it is likely that disuse is a pervasive
      contributor to muscle wasting associated with catabolic disease-related atrophy
      (i.e., due to associated sedentary behaviour of disease burden). Key knowledge
      gaps and challenges are identified to stimulate discussion and identify
      opportunities for translational research. Data from animal and human studies
      highlight both similarities and differences. Integrated preclinical and clinical
      research is encouraged to better understand the metabolic and molecular
      underpinnings and translational relevance,for disuse atrophy. These approaches
      are crucial to clinically prevent or reverse muscle atrophy, thereby
      reestablishing homeostasis and recovery.

PMID- 27382037
TI  - Hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism of skeletal muscle accompany mitochondrial
      stress following severe burn trauma.
AB  - Burn trauma results in prolonged hypermetabolism and skeletal muscle wasting. How
      hypermetabolism contributes to muscle wasting in burn patients remains unknown.
      We hypothesized that oxidative stress, cytosolic protein degradation, and
      mitochondrial stress as a result of hypermetabolism contribute to muscle cachexia
      postburn. Patients (n = 14) with burns covering >30% of their total body surface
      area were studied. Controls (n = 13) were young healthy adults. We found that
      burn patients were profoundly hypermetabolic at both the skeletal muscle and
      systemic levels, indicating increased oxygen consumption by mitochondria. In
      skeletal muscle of burn patients, concurrent activation of mTORC1 signaling and
      elevation in the fractional synthetic rate paralleled increased levels of
      proteasomes and elevated fractional breakdown rate. Burn patients had greater
      levels of oxidative stress markers as well as higher expression of mtUPR-related
      genes and proteins, suggesting that burns increased mitochondrial stress and
      protein damage. Indeed, upregulation of cytoprotective genes suggests
      hypermetabolism-induced oxidative stress postburn. In parallel to mtUPR
      activation postburn, mitochondrial-specific proteases (LONP1 and CLPP) and
      mitochondrial translocases (TIM23, TIM17B, and TOM40) were upregulated,
      suggesting increased mitochondrial protein degradation and transport of
      preprotein, respectively. Our data demonstrate that proteolysis occurs in both
      the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of skeletal muscle in severely
      burned patients. Increased mitochondrial protein turnover may be associated with
      increased protein damage due to hypermetabolism-induced oxidative stress and
      activation of mtUPR. Our results suggest a novel role for the mitochondria in
      burn-induced cachexia.

PMID- 27382038
TI  - Age-related Differences in Dystrophin: Impact on Force Transfer Proteins,
      Membrane Integrity, and Neuromuscular Junction Stability.
AB  - The loss of muscle strength with age has been studied from the perspective of a
      decline in muscle mass and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability. A third
      potential factor is force transmission. The purpose of this study was to
      determine the changes in the force transfer apparatus within aging muscle and the
      impact on membrane integrity and NMJ stability. We measured an age-related loss
      of dystrophin protein that was greatest in the flexor muscles. The loss of
      dystrophin protein occurred despite a twofold increase in dystrophin mRNA.
      Importantly, this disparity could be explained by the four- to fivefold
      upregulation of the dystromir miR-31. To compensate for the loss of dystrophin
      protein, aged muscle contained increased alpha-sarcoglycan, syntrophin,
      sarcospan, laminin, beta1-integrin, desmuslin, and the Z-line proteins alpha
      actinin and desmin. In spite of the adaptive increase in other force transfer
      proteins, over the 48 hours following lengthening contractions, the old muscles
      showed more signs of impaired membrane integrity (fourfold increase in
      immunoglobulin G-positive fibers and 70% greater dysferlin mRNA) and NMJ
      instability (14- to 96-fold increases in Runx1, AchRdelta, and myogenin mRNA).
      Overall, these data suggest that age-dependent alterations in dystrophin leave
      the muscle membrane and NMJ more susceptible to contraction-induced damage even
      before changes in muscle mass are obvious.

PMID- 27382039
TI  - Relationship of Objectively-Measured Habitual Physical Activity to Chronic
      Inflammation and Fatigue in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Habitual (non-exercise) physical activity (PA) declines with age, and
      aging-related increases in inflammation and fatigue may be important contributors
      to variability in PA. METHODS: This study examined the association of objectively
      measured PA (accelerometry over 7 days) with inflammation (plasma interleukin-6
      and C-reactive protein) and with self-reported fatigue (SF-36 Vitality) at
      baseline and 18 months after a diet-induced weight loss, exercise, or diet
      induced weight loss plus exercise intervention in 167 overweight/obese, middle
      aged, and older adults. RESULTS: At baseline, individuals with higher plasma
      interleukin-6, as well as those who reported feeling less energetic (more
      fatigued), took less steps per day and had lower PA energy expenditure and
      minutes of light and moderate-vigorous PA (p < .05 for all). At the 18-month
      follow-up, inflammation was lower in both weight loss groups, fatigue was reduced
      in all three groups with larger decreases in the combined group, and mean levels
      of habitual PA were not changed in any group. In longitudinal analyses with all
      groups combined, we found that participants reporting larger increases in
      vitality (eg, declines in fatigue) had greater increases in PA (p < .05 for all).
      Also, changes in steps/d and physical activity energy expenditure were indirectly
      associated with changes in interleukin-6 (beta [SEM] for steps/d = -565 [253];
      beta [SEM] for physical activity energy expenditure = -22.4 [10.17]; p < .05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Levels of habitual PA are lower in middle-aged and older adults with
      higher levels of chronic inflammation and greater self-reported fatigue. In
      addition, participants who experienced greater declines in inflammation during
      the interventions had greater declines in fatigue and larger increases in PA.

PMID- 27382040
TI  - Genotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles assessed by mini-gel comet assay and
      micronucleus scoring with flow cytometry.
AB  - The widespread production and use of nanoparticles calls for faster and more
      reliable methods to assess their safety. The main aim of this study was to
      investigate the genotoxicity of three reference TiO2 nanomaterials (NM) within
      the frame of the FP7-NANoREG project, with a particular focus on testing the
      applicability of mini-gel comet assay and micronucleus (MN) scoring by flow
      cytometry. BEAS-2B cells cultured under serum-free conditions were exposed to
      NM100 (anatase, 50-150nm), NM101 (anatase, 5-8nm) and NM103 (rutile, 20-28nm) for
      3, 24 or 48h mainly at concentrations 1-30 MUg/ml. In the mini-gel comet assay
      (eight gels per slide), we included analysis of (i) DNA strand breaks, (ii)
      oxidised bases (Fpg-sensitive sites) and (iii) light-induced DNA damage due to
      photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, MN assays were used and we compared the
      results of more high-throughput MN scoring with flow cytometry to that of
      cytokinesis-block MN cytome assay scored manually using a microscope. Various
      methods were used to assess cytotoxic effects and the results showed in general
      no or low effects at the doses tested. A weak genotoxic effect of the tested TiO2
      materials was observed with an induction of oxidised bases for all three
      materials of which NM100 was the most potent. When the comet slides were briefly
      exposed to lab light, a clear induction of DNA strand breaks was observed for the
      anatase materials, but not for the rutile. This highlights the risk of false
      positives when testing photocatalytically active materials if light is not
      properly avoided. A slight increase in MN formation for NM103 was observed in the
      different MN assays at the lower doses tested (1 and 5 MUg/ml). We conclude that
      mini-gel comet assay and MN scoring using flow cytometry successfully can be used
      to efficiently study cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of nanoparticles.

PMID- 27382041
TI  - Clinical characteristics, functional respiratory decline and follow-up in adult
      patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetic disease characterised
      by abnormalities in ciliary function, responsible for chronic pulmonary and
      sinonasal diseases. Adult clinical features and outcome are poorly described.
      OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical characteristics and disease progression in
      adults with PCD. METHODS: Bicentric retrospective study, focusing on adults (>=18
      years) with an asserted diagnosis of PCD based on the presence of bronchiectasis
      with typical ultrastructural defect of cilia and/or situs inversus (SI). Clinical
      symptoms, respiratory function, extent of bronchiectasis, microbiology and
      molecular analysis were assessed. Results are expressed as median (25th; 75th
      centile). RESULTS: 78 patients were included with a median follow-up of 8.1
      years. 91% of patients had respiratory symptoms and 95% had chronic
      rhinosinusitis. Half of ultrastructural defects concerned dynein arms.
      Respiratory function was significantly lower in women (FEV1=60% predicted (50;
      76), vs 77% (62; 95), p=0.009) and in patients with chronic airway Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa (PA, n=21) infection (FEV1=60% (48; 71) vs 75% (55; 89), p=0.04). FEV1
      was associated with gender (regression coefficient for men =13.8, p=0.009), chest
      CT score (r=-0.42, p<0.001) but not with age at diagnosis, SI or body mass index.
      FEV1 decline was -13.4 mL/year (-42.8; +11.9) and was greater in women (-29.3
      mL/year, (-59.7; -11.9), vs -2.0 mL/year (-26.9; +25.4), p=0.002). Three patients
      had severe respiratory failure. CONCLUSIONS: Alteration of respiratory function
      in adults with PCD is heterogeneous and usually moderate but appears more severe
      in women and in patients with chronic PA infection. Only 4% of patients develop
      chronic respiratory failure.

PMID- 27382042
TI  - Evaluation of a corrected implementation of a method of simulating pulmonary
      nodules in chest tomosynthesis.
AB  - Background A method of simulating pulmonary nodules in tomosynthesis images has
      previously been developed and evaluated. An unknown feature of a rounding
      function included in the computer code was later found to introduce an artifact,
      affecting simulated nodules in low-signal regions of the images. The computer
      code has now been corrected. Purpose To perform a thorough evaluation of the
      corrected nodule-simulation method, comparing the detection rate and visual
      appearance of artificial nodules with those of real nodules in an observer
      performance experiment. Material and Methods A cohort of 64 patients with a total
      of 129 pulmonary nodules was used in the study. Artificial nodules, each matching
      a corresponding real nodule by size, attenuation, and anatomical location, were
      generated and simulated into the tomosynthesis images of the different patients.
      The detection rate and visual appearance of artificial nodules generated using
      both the corrected and uncorrected computer code were compared to those of real
      nodules. The results were evaluated using modified receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) analyses. Results The difference in detection rate between
      artificial and real nodules slightly increased using the corrected computer code
      (uncorrected code: area under the curve [AUC], 0.47; 95% CI, 0.43-0.51; corrected
      code: AUC, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.38-0.46). The visual appearance was however
      substantially improved using the corrected computer code (uncorrected code: AUC,
      0.70; 95% CI, 0.63-0.76; corrected code: AUC, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.29-0.65).
      Conclusion The computer code including a correct rounding function generates
      simulated nodules that are more visually realistic than simulated nodules
      generated using the uncorrected computer code, but have a slightly different
      detection rate compared to real nodules.

PMID- 27382044
TI  - The role of posterior aortopexy in the treatment of left mainstem bronchus
      compression.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We reviewed the role of posterior aortopexy for left mainstem
      bronchus compression in infants and children. METHODS: Eighteen children with
      respiratory symptoms were enrolled between 2005 and 2015 for surgical
      decompression of the left mainstem bronchus. The children were managed from
      diagnosis to follow-up by a dedicated tracheal team. Primary outcomes were the
      complete relief of symptoms or improvement with respect to preoperative clinical
      status. RESULTS: The median age was 4 years (0.3-15.4) and the median weight was
      13.2 kg (3, 1-40). Symptoms or indications for bronchoscopy included difficult
      weaning from mechanical ventilation (n = 3, 17%), difficult weaning from
      tracheotomy (n = 4, 22%), recurrent pneumonia (n = 4, 22%), wheezing (n = 3,
      17%), atelectasis (n = 1, 5.5%), bitonal cough (n = 1, 5.5%) and stridor (n = 2,
      11%). Associated malformations were present in 88.7%. The diagnosis was made by
      bronchoscopy and computed tomography. Indication for surgery was the presence of
      pulsations and reduction in the diameter of the left mainstem bronchus
      compression of more than 70%. Surgery was performed by left posterolateral
      thoracotomy. Aortopexy was done under bronchoscopic control. No early or late
      deaths were observed, nor were reoperations necessary. Residual malacia was
      observed in 8 children (44%). Median follow-up was 4.1 years (0.1-7.1). At last
      follow-up, 17/18 (94.4%) children showed adequate airway patency. CONCLUSIONS:
      The intrathoracic location of the left mainstem bronchus predisposes it to
      compression. Vascular anomalies represent the most frequent causes. Aortopexy has
      been advocated as a safe and useful method to relieve the compression, and our
      results confirmed these findings. Management of these patients is challenging and
      requires a multidisciplinary team.

PMID- 27382043
TI  - Marital Dissolutions and the Health of Older Individuals in a Rural African
      Context.
AB  - Objectives : Research from high-income countries has often found a negative
      relationship between marital dissolutions and health. This paper assesses that
      relationship among older sub-Saharan Africans, on a now-aging continent. Such
      individuals are likely to be at risk of a dissolution, or have already
      experienced one, due to high rates of marriage. Methods : Data from over 1,200
      rural Malawians, age 45+, are employed from the 2008 and 2010 waves of the Malawi
      Longitudinal Study of Families and Health. Cross-sectional and lagged dependent
      variable regressions examine the relationship between marital dissolutions and 4
      measures of self-reported health: retrospective health, relative health (compared
      with others in one's village), and age-standardized SF-12 mental and physical
      health scales. Results : Worse relative, mental, and physical health are
      associated with being currently divorced/widowed compared with being married.
      However, worse retrospective health is linked to becoming divorced/widowed
      between 2008 and 2010. Those divorced/widowed prior to 2008, and who remained so
      through 2010, are in worse relative and physical health. Discussion : The
      findings question the relative hardship of marital dissolutions for those who
      have managed to survive into old age, and call for the collection of more
      detailed longitudinal data on older Africans on this topic.

PMID- 27382045
TI  - Protection of pulmonary graft from thrombosis in donation after cardiac death:
      effect of warm ischaemia versus cold ischaemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The use of donation after cardiac death (DCD) to overcome organ
      shortage is slowly moving into the clinic. In this study, we compare the
      protective effect of warm ischaemia versus cold ischaemia on thrombotic formation
      in non-heparinized pulmonary grafts. METHODS: Twelve Landrace pigs were
      randomized into two groups: warm ischaemia and cold ischaemia. Ventricular
      fibrillation without the administration of heparin was induced to mimick an
      uncontrolled DCD situation. The animals were then exposed to either 1 h of cold
      ischaemia (insertion of drain and installation of cold fluid in the pleuras) or
      warm ischaemia (body temperature). After 1 h, the pulmonary artery was opened and
      the pulmonary arterial branches were then macroscopically studied for thrombotic
      material. RESULTS: After 60 min, the temperature was 36.6 +/- 0.0 degrees C in
      the warm ischaemic group and 14.6 +/- 0.1 degrees C in the cold ischaemic group
      (P < 0.001). In the warm ischaemic group, no thrombotic material could be found
      in the pulmonary artery in the animals examined and in the cold ischaemic group
      6.8 +/- 0.2 ml thrombotic material was found in the pulmonary artery (P < 0.001).
      In the warm ischaemic group, no thrombotic material could be found in the
      arterial branches of the pulmonary artery and in the cold ischaemic group 2.3 +/-
      0.1 ml thrombotic material was found in the arterial branches of the pulmonary
      artery (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Warm ischaemia rather than cold ischaemia seems
      to protect the pulmonary graft from thrombosis in uncontrolled non-heparinized
      DCD pigs.

PMID- 27382046
TI  - Visualization of bronchial circulation at bronchial anastomotic site using
      bronchial fluorescein angiography technique.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Successful bronchial healing after a bronchoplastic procedure mainly
      depends on bronchial circulation at the anastomostic site. We developed a
      bronchial fluorescein angiography (B-FAG) technique for visualizing circulation
      on the bronchial surface. The technique was evaluated in animals. METHODS:
      Fluorescein was used as a contrast agent and an autofluorescence imaging (AFI)
      bronchoscope as a detector. The left main pulmonary artery (PA) and main bronchus
      of 10 pigs were isolated. After transection of the left main bronchus and
      bronchial arteries and re-anastomosis of the bronchus, the pigs were randomly
      divided into two groups: the PA- group (n = 5), in which the pulmonary artery was
      transected; and the PA+ group (n = 5), in which the pulmonary artery was
      preserved. Following intravenous injection of fluorescein, the distal anastomotic
      site was observed for 30 min with autofluorescence imaging bronchoscopy.
      Bronchial specimens sampled 2 days after the surgical intervention were
      histologically evaluated. RESULTS: In the PA- group, there was no fluorescein
      enhancement in the distal bronchus throughout the observation time. However,
      enhancement, which turned the bronchial surface from magenta to bright green, was
      clearly observed in less than 207 +/- 102.5 s in the PA+ group. The enhancement
      status detected by bronchial fluorescein angiography was related to the extent of
      tissue damage, as was proven histologically in the acute healing stage.
      CONCLUSIONS: Bronchial fluorescein angiography clearly visualized the circulatory
      status promptly after the anastomosis procedure at the central bronchus. This
      technique is a potentially practical approach to predict ischaemic airway
      complications following bronchial anastomosis.

PMID- 27382047
TI  - Achieving the tobacco endgame: evidence on the hardening hypothesis from repeated
      cross-sectional studies in New Zealand 2008-2014.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The hardening hypothesis proposes that as smoking prevalence
      declines the proportion of 'hardcore' or 'hardened' smokers will increase. The
      possible constructs of hardening include reduced motivation to quit, increased
      levels of addiction, increased levels of disadvantage and reduced quit rates
      among continuing smokers. Most previous studies have investigated only a single
      facet of the hypothesis. We used data from a national population monitor to test
      the hypothesis using measures across all four hardening constructs. METHODS: We
      analysed data from a biennial population-based survey of New Zealand adults (aged
      15 years+) from 2008 to 2014. Data were collected through face-to-face computer
      assisted personal interviews. RESULTS: During a period of reducing smoking
      prevalence, there were no statistically significant changes in indicators of
      hardening including the proportion of smokers who were unmotivated to quit,
      unable to quit despite repeated attempts or receiving state benefits or on a low
      income. Quit rates did not change significantly over the study period. For 2014
      versus 2008, the OR for recent (within last 1-12 months) quitting was 1.14 (95%
      CI 0.53 to 2.46) and for sustained (within previous 13-24 months) quitting was
      1.88 (95% CI 0.78 to 4.54). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that robust
      tobacco control strategies that result in substantial declines in smoking
      prevalence are not accompanied by the hypothesised increase in 'hardcore' or
      'hardened' smokers who are more addicted and less motivated and able to quit. The
      findings suggest that there is no need for substantial change in approach to
      achieve New Zealand's Smokefree 2025 goal on the grounds that the smoker
      population is becoming increasingly hardened.

PMID- 27382048
TI  - Down-Regulation of Hippocampal Genes Regulating Dopaminergic, GABAergic, and
      Glutamatergic Function Following Combined Neonatal Phencyclidine and Post-Weaning
      Social Isolation of Rats as a Neurodevelopmental Model for Schizophrenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic function
      underlies many core symptoms of schizophrenia. Combined neonatal injection of the
      N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), and post
      weaning social isolation of rats produces a behavioral syndrome with
      translational relevance to several core symptoms of schizophrenia. This study
      uses DNA microarray to characterize alterations in hippocampal neurotransmitter
      related gene expression and examines the ability of the sodium channel blocker,
      lamotrigine, to reverse behavioral changes in this model. METHODS: Fifty-four
      male Lister-hooded rat pups either received phencyclidine (PCP, 10mg/kg, s.c.) on
      post-natal days (PND) 7, 9, and 11 before being weaned on PND 23 into separate
      cages (isolation; PCP-SI; n = 31) or received vehicle injection and group-housing
      (2-4 per cage; V-GH; n = 23) from weaning. The effect of lamotrigine on locomotor
      activity, novel object recognition, and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle
      was examined (PND 60-75) and drug-free hippocampal gene expression on PND 70.
      RESULTS: Acute lamotrigine (10-15mg/kg i.p.) reversed the hyperactivity and novel
      object recognition impairment induced by PCP-SI but had no effect on the prepulse
      inhibition deficit. Microarray revealed small but significant down-regulation of
      hippocampal genes involved in glutamate metabolism, dopamine neurotransmission,
      and GABA receptor signaling and in specific schizophrenia-linked genes, including
      parvalbumin (PVALB) and GAD67, in PCP-SI rats, which resemble changes reported in
      schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that alterations in dopamine
      neurotransmission, glutamate metabolism, and GABA signaling may contribute to
      some of the behavioral deficits observed following PCP-SI, and that lamotrigine
      may have some utility as an adjunctive therapy to improve certain cognitive
      deficits symptoms in schizophrenia.

PMID- 27382049
TI  - AcsF Catalyzes the ATP-dependent Insertion of Nickel into the Ni,Ni-[4Fe4S]
      Cluster of Acetyl-CoA Synthase.
AB  - Acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) catalyzes the reversible condensation of CO, CoA, and a
      methyl-cation to form acetyl-CoA at a unique Ni,Ni-[4Fe4S] cluster (the A
      cluster). However, it was unknown which proteins support the assembly of the A
      cluster. We analyzed the product of a gene from the cluster containing the ACS
      gene, cooC2 from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, named AcsFCh, and showed that
      it acts as a maturation factor of ACS. AcsFCh and inactive ACS form a stable 2:1
      complex that binds two nickel ions with higher affinity than the individual
      components. The nickel-bound ACS-AcsFCh complex remains inactive until MgATP is
      added, thereby converting inactive to active ACS. AcsFCh is a MinD-type ATPase
      and belongs to the CooC protein family, which can be divided into homologous
      subgroups. We propose that proteins of one subgroup are responsible for
      assembling the Ni,Ni-[4Fe4S] cluster of ACS, whereas proteins of a second
      subgroup mature the [Ni4Fe4S] cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenases.

PMID- 27382050
TI  - Structure and Function of the PriC DNA Replication Restart Protein.
AB  - Collisions between DNA replication complexes (replisomes) and barriers such as
      damaged DNA or tightly bound protein complexes can dissociate replisomes from
      chromosomes prematurely. Replisomes must be reloaded under these circumstances to
      avoid incomplete replication and cell death. Bacteria have evolved multiple
      pathways that initiate DNA replication restart by recognizing and remodeling
      abandoned replication forks and reloading the replicative helicase. In vitro, the
      simplest of these pathways is mediated by the single-domain PriC protein, which,
      along with the DnaC helicase loader, can load the DnaB replicative helicase onto
      DNA bound by the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein (SSB). Previous
      biochemical studies have identified PriC residues that mediate interactions with
      ssDNA and SSB. However, the mechanisms by which PriC drives DNA replication
      restart have remained poorly defined due to the limited structural information
      available for PriC. Here, we report the NMR structure of full-length PriC from
      Cronobacter sakazakii PriC forms a compact bundle of alpha-helices that brings
      together residues involved in ssDNA and SSB binding at adjacent sites on the
      protein surface. Disruption of these interaction sites and of other conserved
      residues leads to decreased DnaB helicase loading onto SSB-bound DNA. We also
      demonstrate that PriC can directly interact with DnaB and the DnaB.DnaC complex.
      These data lead to a model in which PriC acts as a scaffold for recruiting
      DnaB.DnaC to SSB/ssDNA sites present at stalled replication forks.

PMID- 27382051
TI  - Twin Attributes of Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase of Leishmania donovani: A HOUSEKEEPING
      PROTEIN TRANSLATION ENZYME AND A MIMIC OF HOST CHEMOKINE.
AB  - Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are housekeeping enzymes essential for protein
      synthesis. Apart from their parent aminoacylation activity, several aaRSs perform
      non-canonical functions in diverse biological processes. The present study
      explores the twin attributes of Leishmania tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (LdTyrRS)
      namely, aminoacylation, and as a mimic of host CXC chemokine. Leishmania donovani
      is a protozoan parasite. Its genome encodes a single copy of tyrosyl-tRNA
      synthetase. We first tested the canonical aminoacylation role of LdTyrRS. The
      recombinant protein was expressed, and its kinetic parameters were determined by
      aminoacylation assay. To study the physiological role of LdTyrRS in Leishmania,
      gene deletion mutations were attempted via targeted gene replacement. The
      heterozygous mutants showed slower growth kinetics and exhibited attenuated
      virulence. LdTyrRS appears to be an essential gene as the chromosomal null
      mutants did not survive. Our data also highlights the non-canonical function of
      L. donovani tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. We show that LdTyrRS protein is present in
      the cytoplasm and exits from the parasite cytoplasm into the extracellular
      medium. The released LdTyrRS functions as a neutrophil chemoattractant. We
      further show that LdTyrRS specifically binds to host macrophages with its ELR
      (Glu-Leu-Arg) peptide motif. The ELR-CXCR2 receptor interaction mediates this
      binding. This interaction triggers enhanced secretion of the proinflammatory
      cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 by host macrophages. Our data indicates a possible
      immunomodulating role of LdTyrRS in Leishmania infection. This study provides a
      platform to explore LdTyrRS as a potential target for drug development.

PMID- 27382052
TI  - Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Tec Kinase Block Unconventional Secretion of
      Fibroblast Growth Factor 2.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a potent mitogen promoting both tumor cell
      survival and tumor-induced angiogenesis. It is secreted by an unconventional
      secretory mechanism that is based upon direct translocation across the plasma
      membrane. Key steps of this process are (i) phosphoinositide-dependent membrane
      recruitment, (ii) FGF2 oligomerization and membrane pore formation, and (iii)
      extracellular trapping mediated by membrane-proximal heparan sulfate
      proteoglycans. Efficient secretion of FGF2 is supported by Tec kinase that
      stimulates membrane pore formation based upon tyrosine phosphorylation of FGF2.
      Here, we report the biochemical characterization of the direct interaction
      between FGF2 and Tec kinase as well as the identification of small molecules that
      inhibit (i) the interaction of FGF2 with Tec, (ii) tyrosine phosphorylation of
      FGF2 mediated by Tec in vitro and in a cellular context, and (iii) unconventional
      secretion of FGF2 from cells. We further demonstrate the specificity of these
      inhibitors for FGF2 because tyrosine phosphorylation of a different substrate of
      Tec is unaffected in their presence. Building on previous evidence using RNA
      interference, the identified compounds corroborate the role of Tec kinase in
      unconventional secretion of FGF2. In addition, they are valuable lead compounds
      with great potential for drug development aiming at the inhibition of FGF2
      dependent tumor growth and metastasis.

PMID- 27382053
TI  - Thromboxane A2 Activates YAP/TAZ Protein to Induce Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell
      Proliferation and Migration.
AB  - The thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) has been implicated in restenosis after vascular
      injury, which induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and
      proliferation. However, the mechanism for this process is largely unknown. In
      this study, we report that TP signaling induces VSMC migration and proliferation
      through activating YAP/TAZ, two major downstream effectors of the Hippo signaling
      pathway. The TP-specific agonists [1S-[1alpha,2alpha(Z),3beta(1E,3S*),4 alpha]]-7
      [3-[3-hydroxy-4-(4-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5
      heptenoic acid (I-BOP) and 9,11-dideoxy-9alpha,11alpha-methanoepoxy-prosta-5Z,13E
      dien-1-oic acid (U-46619) induce YAP/TAZ activation in multiple cell lines,
      including VSMCs. YAP/TAZ activation induced by I-BOP is blocked by knockout of
      the receptor TP or knockdown of the downstream G proteins Galpha12/13 Moreover,
      Rho inhibition or actin cytoskeleton disruption prevents I-BOP-induced YAP/TAZ
      activation. Importantly, TP activation promotes DNA synthesis and cell migration
      in VSMCs in a manner dependent on YAP/TAZ. Taken together, thromboxane A2
      signaling activates YAP/TAZ to promote VSMC migration and proliferation,
      indicating YAP/TAZ as potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 27382054
TI  - Endogenous N-terminal Domain Cleavage Modulates alpha1D-Adrenergic Receptor
      Pharmacodynamics.
AB  - The alpha1D-adrenergic receptor (ADRA1D) is a key regulator of cardiovascular,
      prostate, and central nervous system functions. This clinically relevant G
      protein-coupled receptor has proven difficult to study, as it must form an
      obligate modular homodimer containing the PDZ proteins scribble and syntrophin or
      become retained in the endoplasmic reticulum as non-functional protein. We
      previously determined that targeted removal of the N-terminal (NT) 79 amino acids
      facilitates ADRA1D plasma membrane expression and agonist-stimulated functional
      responses. However, whether such an event occurs in physiological contexts was
      unknown. Herein, we report the ADRA1D is subjected to innate NT processing in
      cultured human cells. SNAP near-infrared imaging and tandem-affinity purification
      revealed the ADRA1D is expressed as both full-length and NT truncated forms in
      multiple human cell lines. Serial truncation mapping identified the cleavage site
      as Leu(90)/Val(91) in the 95-amino acid ADRA1D NT domain, suggesting human cells
      express a Delta1-91 ADRA1D species. Tandem-affinity purification MS/MS and co
      immunoprecipitation analysis indicate NT processing of ADRA1D is not required to
      form scribble-syntrophin macromolecular complexes. Yet, label-free dynamic mass
      redistribution signaling assays demonstrate that Delta1-91 ADRA1D agonist
      responses were greater than WT ADRA1D. Mutagenesis of the cleavage site nullified
      the processing event, resulting in ADRA1D agonist responses less than the WT
      receptor. Thus, we propose that processing of the ADRA1D NT domain is a
      physiological mechanism employed by cells to generate a functional ADRA1D isoform
      with optimal pharmacodynamic properties.

PMID- 27382055
TI  - A Novel Redoxin in the Thylakoid Membrane Regulates the Titer of Photosystem I.
AB  - In photosynthetic organisms like cyanobacteria and plants, the main engines of
      oxygenic photosynthesis are the pigment-protein complexes photosystem I (PSI) and
      photosystem II (PSII) located in the thylakoid membrane. In the cyanobacterium
      Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the slr1796 gene encodes a single cysteine
      thioredoxin-like protein, orthologs of which are found in multiple cyanobacterial
      strains as well as chloroplasts of higher plants. Targeted inactivation of
      slr1796 in Synechocystis 6803 resulted in compromised photoautotrophic growth.
      The mutant displayed decreased chlorophyll a content. These changes correlated
      with a decrease in the PSI titer of the mutant cells, whereas the PSII content
      was unaffected. In the mutant, the transcript levels of genes for PSI structural
      and accessory proteins remained unaffected, whereas the levels of PSI structural
      proteins were severely diminished, indicating that Slr1796 acts at a
      posttranscriptional level. Biochemical analysis indicated that Slr1796 is an
      integral thylakoid membrane protein. We conclude that Slr1796 is a novel
      regulatory factor that modulates PSI titer.

PMID- 27382056
TI  - A Mouse Model for Dietary Xenosialitis: ANTIBODIES TO XENOGLYCAN CAN REDUCE
      FERTILITY.
AB  - Humans can incorporate the xenoglycan N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) from the
      diet into reproductive tissues and secretions. Most humans also have circulating
      antibodies specific for this dietary xenoglycan. The potential for inflammation
      induced by incorporated Neu5Gc and circulating anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, termed
      xenosialitis, has been discussed as a factor influencing several human diseases.
      Potential effects of xenosialitis on human fertility remain unknown. Here, we
      investigate possible adverse effects of the presence of Neu5Gc on sperm or
      endometrium combined with anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in semen or uterine secretions
      in a mouse model. We use Cmah(-/-) mice, humanized for Neu5Gc deficiency. We find
      that the viability, migration, and capacitation of sperm with incorporated Neu5Gc
      are negatively affected when these are exposed to anti-Neu5Gc antibodies. In
      addition, we find that after copulation, activated uterine neutrophils and
      macrophages show increased phagocytosis of sperm in the presence of anti-Neu5Gc
      antibodies via the complement receptor 3 (C3R) and Fcgamma I/II/III (Fc
      receptor). Furthermore, Neu5Gc in endometrial cells combined with the presence of
      anti-Neu5Gc antibodies alters the receptivity and decidualization of endometrial
      explants. These studies provide mechanistic insights on how Neu5Gc on sperm
      and/or endometrium combined with anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in semen and uterine
      fluid might contribute to unexplained human infertility.

PMID- 27382057
TI  - Chromatin Remodeler Recruitment during Macrophage Differentiation Facilitates
      Transcription Factor Binding to Enhancers in Mature Cells.
AB  - We show how enhancers of macrophage-specific genes are rendered accessible in
      differentiating macrophages to allow their induction in mature cells in response
      to an appropriate stimulus. Using a lentiviral knockdown approach in primary
      differentiating macrophages from mouse bone marrow, we demonstrate that enhancers
      of Il12b and Il1a are kept relatively lowly occupied by nucleosomes and
      accessible through recruitment of the nucleosome remodeler BAF/PBAF. Our results
      using an inducible cell line that expresses an estrogen receptor fusion of the
      macrophage-specific transcription factor PU.1 (PUER) show that BAF/PBAF
      recruitment to these enhancers is a consequence of translocation of PUER to the
      nucleus in the presence of tamoxifen, and we speculate that remodeler recruitment
      may be directly mediated by PU.1. In the absence of BAF/PBAF recruitment,
      nucleosome occupancy at the enhancer of Il12b (and to a lesser extent at Il1a)
      reaches high levels in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and the enhancers
      are not fully cleared of nucleosomes upon LPS induction, resulting in impaired
      gene expression. Analysis of Il12b expression in single cells suggests that
      recruitment of the remodeler is necessary for high levels of transcription from
      the same promoter, and we propose that remodelers function by increasing
      nucleosome turnover to facilitate transcription factor over nucleosome binding in
      a process we have termed "remodeler-assisted competition."

PMID- 27382058
TI  - Preferential Protection of Genetic Fidelity within Open Chromatin by the Mismatch
      Repair Machinery.
AB  - Epigenetic systems are well known for the roles they play in regulating the
      differential expression of the same genome in different cell types. However,
      epigenetic systems can also directly impact genomic integrity by protecting
      genetic sequences. Using an experimental evolutionary approach, we studied rates
      of mutation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains that lacked
      genes encoding several epigenetic regulators or mismatch repair components. We
      report that loss of a functional mismatch repair pathway in S. pombe resulted in
      the preferential enrichment of mutations in euchromatin, indicating that the
      mismatch repair machinery preferentially protected genetic fidelity in
      euchromatin. This preference is probably determined by differences in the
      accessibility of chromatin at distinct chromatin regions, which is supported by
      our observations that chromatin accessibility positively correlated with mutation
      rates in S. pombe or human cancer samples with deficiencies in mismatch repair.
      Importantly, such positive correlation was not observed in S. pombe strains or
      human cancer samples with functional mismatch repair machinery.

PMID- 27382059
TI  - Identification of Components of the SUMOylation Machinery in Candida glabrata:
      ROLE OF THE DESUMOYLATION PEPTIDASE CgUlp2 IN VIRULENCE.
AB  - Regulation of protein function by reversible post-translational modification,
      SUMOylation, is widely conserved in the eukaryotic kingdom. SUMOylation is
      essential for cell growth, division, and adaptation to stress in most organisms,
      including fungi. As these are key factors in determination of fungal virulence,
      in this study, we have investigated the importance of SUMOylation in the human
      pathogen, Candida glabrata We identified the enzymes involved in small ubiquitin
      like modifier conjugation and show that there is strong conservation between
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. glabrata We demonstrate that SUMOylation is an
      essential process and that adaptation to stress involves changes in global
      SUMOylation in C. glabrata Importantly, loss of the deSUMOylating enzyme CgUlp2
      leads to highly reduced small ubiquitin-like modifier protein levels, and
      impaired growth, sensitivity to multiple stress conditions, reduced adherence to
      epithelial cells, and poor colonization of specific tissues in mice. Our study
      thus demonstrates a key role for protein SUMOylation in the life cycle and
      pathobiology of C. glabrata.

PMID- 27382060
TI  - Electrophysiological Signature of Homomeric and Heteromeric Glycine Receptor
      Channels.
AB  - Glycine receptors are chloride-permeable, ligand-gated ion channels and
      contribute to the inhibition of neuronal firing in the central nervous system or
      to facilitation of neurotransmitter release if expressed at presynaptic sites.
      Recent structure-function studies have provided detailed insights into the
      mechanisms of channel gating, desensitization, and ion permeation. However, most
      of the work has focused only on comparing a few isoforms, and among studies,
      different cellular expression systems were used. Here, we performed a series of
      experiments using recombinantly expressed homomeric and heteromeric glycine
      receptor channels, including their splice variants, in the same cellular
      expression system to investigate and compare their electrophysiological
      properties. Our data show that the current-voltage relationships of homomeric
      channels formed by the alpha2 or alpha3 subunits change upon receptor
      desensitization from a linear to an inwardly rectifying shape, in contrast to
      their heteromeric counterparts. The results demonstrate that inward rectification
      depends on a single amino acid (Ala(254)) at the inner pore mouth of the channels
      and is closely linked to chloride permeation. We also show that the current
      voltage relationships of glycine-evoked currents in primary hippocampal neurons
      are inwardly rectifying upon desensitization. Thus, the alanine residue Ala(254)
      determines voltage-dependent rectification upon receptor desensitization and
      reveals a physio-molecular signature of homomeric glycine receptor channels,
      which provides unprecedented opportunities for the identification of these
      channels at the single cell level.

PMID- 27382061
TI  - An Expanded CAG Repeat in Huntingtin Causes +1 Frameshifting.
AB  - Maintenance of triplet decoding is crucial for the expression of functional
      protein because deviations either into the -1 or +1 reading frames are often non
      functional. We report here that expression of huntingtin (Htt) exon 1 with
      expanded CAG repeats, implicated in Huntington pathology, undergoes a sporadic +1
      frameshift to generate from the CAG repeat a trans-frame AGC repeat-encoded
      product. This +1 recoding is exclusively detected in pathological Htt variants,
      i.e. those with expanded repeats with more than 35 consecutive CAG codons. An
      atypical +1 shift site, UUC C at the 5' end of CAG repeats, which has some
      resemblance to the influenza A virus shift site, triggers the +1 frameshifting
      and is enhanced by the increased propensity of the expanded CAG repeats to form a
      stem-loop structure. The +1 trans-frame-encoded product can directly influence
      the aggregation of the parental Htt exon 1.

PMID- 27382062
TI  - The Effect of Fragmented Pathogenic alpha-Synuclein Seeds on Prion-like
      Propagation.
AB  - Aggregates of abnormal proteins are widely observed in neuronal and glial cells
      of patients with various neurodegenerative diseases, and it has been proposed
      that prion-like behavior of these proteins can account for not only the onset but
      also the progression of these diseases. However, it is not yet clear which
      abnormal protein structures function most efficiently as seeds for prion-like
      propagation. In this study, we aimed to identify the most pathogenic species of
      alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn), the main component of the Lewy bodies and Lewy
      neurites that are observed in alpha-synucleinopathies. We prepared various forms
      of alpha-syn protein and examined their seeding properties in vitro in cells and
      in mouse experimental models. We also characterized these alpha-syn species by
      means of electron microscopy and thioflavin fluorescence assays and found that
      fragmented beta sheet-rich fibrous structures of alpha-syn with a length of 50 nm
      or less are the most efficient promoters of accumulation of phosphorylated alpha
      syn, which is the hallmark of alpha-synucleinopathies. These results indicate
      that fragmented amyloid-like aggregates of short alpha-syn fibrils are the key
      pathogenic seeds that trigger prion-like conversion.

PMID- 27382063
TI  - Structural and Functional Role of Acetyltransferase hMOF K274 Autoacetylation.
AB  - Many histone acetyltransferases undergo autoacetylation, either through chemical
      or enzymatic means, to potentiate enzymatic cognate substrate lysine acetylation,
      although the mode and molecular role of such autoacetylation is poorly
      understood. The MYST family of histone acetyltransferases is autoacetylated at an
      active site lysine residue to facilitate cognate substrate lysine binding and
      acetylation. Here, we report on a detailed molecular investigation of Lys-274
      autoacetylation of the human MYST protein Males Absent on the First (hMOF). A
      mutational scan of hMOF Lys-274 reveals that all amino acid substitutions of this
      residue are able to bind cofactor but are significantly destabilized, both in
      vitro and in cells, and are catalytically inactive for cognate histone H4 peptide
      lysine acetylation. The x-ray crystal structure of a hMOF K274P mutant suggests
      that the reduced stability and catalytic activity stems from a disordering of the
      residue 274-harboring a alpha2-beta7 loop. We also provide structural evidence
      that a C316S/E350Q mutant, which is defective for cognate substrate lysine
      acetylation; and biochemical evidence that a K268M mutant, which is defective for
      Lys-274 chemical acetylation in the context of a K274-peptide, can still undergo
      quantitative K274 autoacetylation. Together, these studies point to the critical
      and specific role of hMOF Lys-274 autoacetylation in hMOF stability and cognate
      substrate acetylation and argues that binding of Ac-CoA to hMOF likely drives Lys
      274 autoacetylation for subsequent cognate substrate acetylation.

PMID- 27382064
TI  - Toward Understanding Functional Properties and Subunit Arrangement of
      alpha4beta2delta gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Type A (GABAA) Receptors.
AB  - GABAA receptors are pentameric ligand-gated channels mediating inhibitory
      neurotransmission in the CNS. alpha4betaxdelta GABAA receptors are extrasynaptic
      receptors important for tonic inhibition. The functional properties and subunit
      arrangement of these receptors are controversial. We predefined subunit
      arrangement by using subunit concatenation. alpha4, beta2, and delta subunits
      were concatenated to dimeric, trimeric, and, in some cases, pentameric subunits.
      We constructed in total nine different receptor pentamers in at least two
      different ways and expressed them in Xenopus oocytes. The delta subunit was
      substituted in any of the five positions in the alpha1beta2 receptor. In
      addition, we investigated all receptors with the 2:2:1 subunit stoichiometry for
      alpha4, beta2, and delta. Several functional receptors were obtained.
      Interestingly, all of these receptors had very similar EC50 values for GABA in
      the presence of the neurosteroid 3alpha, 21-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one
      (THDOC). All functional receptors containing delta subunits were sensitive to 4
      chloro-N-[2-(2-thienyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]benzamide (DS2). Moreover, none
      of the receptors was affected by ethanol up to 30 mm These properties
      recapitulate those of non-concatenated receptors expressed from a cRNA ratio of
      1:1:5 coding for alpha4, beta2, and delta subunits. We conclude that the subunit
      arrangement of alpha4beta2delta GABAA receptors is not strongly predefined but is
      mostly satisfying the 2:2:1 subunit stoichiometry for alpha4, beta2, and delta
      subunits and that several subunit arrangements result in receptors with similar
      functional properties tuned to physiological conditions.

PMID- 27382065
TI  - High-temperature single-molecule kinetic analysis of thermophilic archaeal MCM
      helicases.
AB  - The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex is the replicative helicase
      responsible for unwinding DNA during archaeal and eukaryal genome replication. To
      mimic long helicase events in the cell, a high-temperature single-molecule assay
      was designed to quantitatively measure long-range DNA unwinding of individual DNA
      helicases from the archaeons Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus (Mth) and
      Thermococcus sp. 9 degrees N (9 degrees N). Mth encodes a single MCM homolog
      while 9 degrees N encodes three helicases. 9 degrees N MCM3, the proposed
      replicative helicase, unwinds DNA at a faster rate compared to 9 degrees N MCM2
      and to Mth MCM. However, all three MCM proteins have similar processivities. The
      implications of these observations for DNA replication in archaea and the
      differences and similarities among helicases from different microorganisms are
      discussed. Development of the high-temperature single-molecule assay establishes
      a system to comprehensively study thermophilic replisomes and evolutionary links
      between archaeal, eukaryal, and bacterial replication systems.

PMID- 27382066
TI  - Human CDK18 promotes replication stress signaling and genome stability.
AB  - Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) coordinate cell cycle checkpoints with DNA repair
      mechanisms that together maintain genome stability. However, the myriad
      mechanisms that can give rise to genome instability are still to be fully
      elucidated. Here, we identify CDK18 (PCTAIRE 3) as a novel regulator of genome
      stability, and show that depletion of CDK18 causes an increase in endogenous DNA
      damage and chromosomal abnormalities. CDK18-depleted cells accumulate in early S
      phase, exhibiting retarded replication fork kinetics and reduced ATR kinase
      signaling in response to replication stress. Mechanistically, CDK18 interacts
      with RAD9, RAD17 and TOPBP1, and CDK18-deficiency results in a decrease in both
      RAD17 and RAD9 chromatin retention in response to replication stress.
      Importantly, we demonstrate that these phenotypes are rescued by exogenous CDK18
      in a kinase-dependent manner. Collectively, these data reveal a rate-limiting
      role for CDK18 in replication stress signalling and establish it as a novel
      regulator of genome integrity.

PMID- 27382067
TI  - Binding properties of YjeQ (RsgA), RbfA, RimM and Era to assembly intermediates
      of the 30S subunit.
AB  - Our understanding regarding the function of YjeQ (also called RsgA), RbfA, RimM
      and Era in ribosome biogenesis has been derived in part from the study of
      immature 30S particles that accumulate in null strains lacking one of these
      factors. However, their mechanistic details are still unknown. Here, we
      demonstrate that these immature particles are not dead-end products of assembly,
      but progress into mature 30S subunits. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that
      in vivo the occupancy level of these factors in these immature 30S particles is
      below 10% and that the concentration of factors does not increase when immature
      particles accumulate in cells. We measured by microscale thermophoresis that YjeQ
      and Era binds to the mature 30S subunit with high affinity. However, the binding
      affinity of these factors to the immature particles and of RimM and RbfA to
      mature or immature particles was weak, suggesting that binding is not occurring
      at physiological concentrations. These results suggest that in the absence of
      these factors, the immature particles evolve into a thermodynamically stable
      intermediate that exhibits low affinity for the assembly factors. These results
      imply that the true substrates of YjeQ, RbfA, RimM and Era are immature particles
      that precede the ribosomal particles accumulating in the knockouts strains.

PMID- 27382068
TI  - Editorial: CRISPR in Nucleic Acids Research.

PMID- 27382070
TI  - Next-generation RNA-based fluorescent biosensors enable anaerobic detection of
      cyclic di-GMP.
AB  - Bacteria occupy a diverse set of environmental niches with differing oxygen
      availability. Anaerobic environments such as mammalian digestive tracts and
      industrial reactors harbor an abundance of both obligate and facultative
      anaerobes, many of which play significant roles in human health and
      biomanufacturing. Studying bacterial function under partial or fully anaerobic
      conditions, however, is challenging given the paucity of suitable live-cell
      imaging tools. Here, we introduce a series of RNA-based fluorescent biosensors
      that respond selectively to cyclic di-GMP, an intracellular bacterial second
      messenger that controls cellular motility and biofilm formation. We demonstrate
      the utility of these biosensors in vivo under both aerobic and anaerobic
      conditions, and we show that biosensor expression does not interfere with the
      native motility phenotype. Together, our results attest to the effectiveness and
      versatility of RNA-based fluorescent biosensors, priming further development and
      application of these and other analogous sensors to study host-microbial and
      microbial-microbial interactions through small molecule signals.

PMID- 27382073
TI  - D2 Region of the 28S RNA Gene: A Too-Conserved Fragment for Inferences on
      Phylogeny of South American Triatomines.
AB  - The brasiliensis complex is composed of five triatomine species, and different
      approaches suggest that Triatoma lenti and Triatoma petrochiae may be the new
      members. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the phylogenetic relationships
      within this complex by means of the D2 region of the 28S RNA gene, and to analyze
      the degree of polymorphism and phylogenetic significance of this gene for South
      American triatomines. Phylogenetic analysis by using sequence fragments of the D2
      domain did not allow to perform phylogenetic inferences on species within the
      brasiliensis complex, because the gene alignment composed of a matrix with 37
      specimens exhibited only two variable sites along the 567 base pairs used.
      Furthermore, if all South American species are included, only four variable sites
      were detected, reflecting the high degree of gene conservation. Therefore, we do
      not recommend the use of this gene for phylogenetic reconstruction for this group
      of Chagas disease vectors.

PMID- 27382069
TI  - HOXA1 binds RBCK1/HOIL-1 and TRAF2 and modulates the TNF/NF-kappaB pathway in a
      transcription-independent manner.
AB  - HOX proteins define a family of key transcription factors regulating animal
      embryogenesis. HOX genes have also been linked to oncogenesis and HOXA1 has been
      described to be active in several cancers, including breast cancer. Through a
      proteome-wide interaction screening, we previously identified the TNFR-associated
      proteins RBCK1/HOIL-1 and TRAF2 as HOXA1 interactors suggesting that HOXA1 is
      functionally linked to the TNF/NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Here, we reveal a
      strong positive correlation between expression of HOXA1 and of members of the
      TNF/NF-kappaB pathway in breast tumor datasets. Functionally, we demonstrate that
      HOXA1 can activate NF-kappaB and operates upstream of the NF-kappaB inhibitor
      IkappaB. Consistently, we next demonstrate that the HOXA1-mediated activation of
      NF-kappaB is non-transcriptional and that RBCK1 and TRAF2 influences on NF-kappaB
      are epistatic to HOXA1. We also identify an 11 Histidine repeat and the
      homeodomain of HOXA1 to be required both for RBCK1 and TRAF2 interaction and NF
      kappaB stimulation. Finally, we highlight that activation of NF-kappaB is crucial
      for HOXA1 oncogenic activity.

PMID- 27382074
TI  - The National Institutes of Health Fogarty International Center Global Health
      Scholars and Fellows Program: Collaborating Across Five Consortia to Strengthen
      Research Training.
AB  - As demand for global health research training continues to grow, many
      universities are striving to meet the needs of trainees in a manner complementary
      to research priorities of the institutions hosting trainees, while also
      increasing capacity for conducting research. We provide an overview of the first
      4 years of the Global Health Program for Fellows and Scholars, a collaboration of
      20 U.S. universities and institutions spread across 36 low- and middle-income
      countries funded through the National Institutes of Health Fogarty International
      Center. We highlight many aspects of our program development that may be of
      interest to other multinational consortia developing global health research
      training programs.

PMID- 27382075
TI  - AutoSyP: A Low-Cost, Low-Power Syringe Pump for Use in Low-Resource Settings.
AB  - This article describes the design and evaluation of AutoSyP, a low-cost, low
      power syringe pump intended to deliver intravenous (IV) infusions in low-resource
      hospitals. A constant-force spring within the device provides mechanical energy
      to depress the syringe plunger. As a result, the device can run on rechargeable
      battery power for 66 hours, a critical feature for low-resource settings where
      the power grid may be unreliable. The device is designed to be used with 5- to 60
      mL syringes and can deliver fluids at flow rates ranging from 3 to 60 mL/hour.
      The cost of goods to build one AutoSyP device is approximately $500. AutoSyP was
      tested in a laboratory setting and in a pilot clinical study. Laboratory accuracy
      was within 4% of the programmed flow rate. The device was used to deliver fluid
      to 10 healthy adult volunteers and 30 infants requiring IV fluid therapy at Queen
      Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. The device delivered fluid with
      an average mean flow rate error of -2.3% +/- 1.9% for flow rates ranging from 3
      to 60 mL/hour. AutoSyP has the potential to improve the accuracy and safety of IV
      fluid delivery in low-resource settings.

PMID- 27382076
TI  - Reannotation of Yersinia pestis Strain 91001 Based on Omics Data.
AB  - Yersinia pestis is among the most dangerous human pathogens, and systematic
      research of this pathogen is important in bacterial pathogenomics research. To
      fully interpret the biological functions, physiological characteristics, and
      pathogenesis of Y. pestis, a comprehensive annotation of its entire genome is
      necessary. The emergence of omics-based research has brought new opportunities to
      better annotate the genome of this pathogen. Here, the complete genome of Y.
      pestis strain 91001 was reannotated using genomics and proteogenomics data. One
      hundred and thirty-seven unreliable coding sequences were removed, and 41
      homologous genes were relocated with their translational initiation sites, while
      the functions of seven pseudogenes and 392 hypothetical genes were revised.
      Moreover, annotations of noncoding RNAs, repeat sequences, and transposable
      elements have also been incorporated. The reannotated results are freely
      available at http://tody.bmi.ac.cn.

PMID- 27382077
TI  - Health-Care Workers' Perspectives on Ebola Virus Vaccine: A Focus Group and In
      Depth Interview Interventional Study.
AB  - Health-care workers (HCWs) will require Ebola virus vaccine (EVV) when it is
      introduced because of the high risk of exposure to the disease. Evaluations of
      factors that facilitate or limit vaccine uptake are critical for a successful
      vaccine program. Nigerian HCWs were interviewed to evaluate their knowledge,
      levels of acceptance, determinants of acceptance, and willingness to pay for EVV.
      The significance level was set at P <= 0.05. None of the 193 participating HCWs
      had correct knowledge of EVV; 34.7% (67/193) of workers thought that EVV was an
      extract of the serum of Ebola virus patients. About 77.3% (51/66) of workers in a
      region that reported Ebola cases (Lagos) were willing to be vaccinated, compared
      with 4.7% (3/61) in Enugu and 13.6% (9/66) in Abia (P = 0.0001). After health
      education, the proportion of HCWs willing to receive EVV increased (P = 0.006)
      except for doctors (P < 0.1). The percentage of HCWs willing to pay for EVV was
      86.4%, 72.1%, and 59% in Lagos, Enugu, and Abia, respectively. The workers had
      fears about EVV based on nonfactual assumptions. Therefore, the EVV introduction
      strategy should include a strong awareness campaign with adequate explanation
      about the content of EVV.

PMID- 27382078
TI  - Human Pulmonary Infection by the Zoonotic Metastrongylus salmi Nematode. The
      First Reported Case in the Americas.
AB  - Pulmonary metastrongylosis, a zoonotic disease found primarily in pigs, is caused
      by eight different species of the cosmopolitan nematode Metastrongylus genus. To
      date, only four human cases have been reported, all from Europe. Herein, a severe
      case of pulmonary infection caused by Metastrongylus salmi in an Ecuadorian man,
      with successful treatment with ivermectin, is described.

PMID- 27382079
TI  - Clinical Features and Transmission Pattern of Hepatitis A: An Experience from a
      Hepatitis A Outbreak Caused by Two Cocirculating Genotypes in Sri Lanka.
AB  - Sri Lanka is one of the intermediate-endemic areas for hepatitis A virus (HAV),
      and concerns exist about the increasing HAV-susceptible population. In fact, Sri
      Lanka recorded a large hepatitis outbreak, possibly hepatitis A, around the end
      of the Sri Lankan war. It included more than 14,000 patients consisting of local
      residents, internally displaced personnel, and military personnel in the main
      combat zone. The outbreak had slowed down by October 2009; however, acute viral
      hepatitis continued to occur sequentially among military personnel. We obtained
      clinical information and serum samples from 222 patients with acute hepatitis who
      visited the Military Hospital Anuradhapura between January and September 2010.
      Samples were subjected to laboratory testing including HAV-immunoglobulin M and
      genotyping. Most patients (98.2%) were confirmed as having hepatitis A belonging
      to two subgenotypes: IA and IIIA. We did not observe any differences in clinical
      or biochemical features among patients with subgenotypes IA and IIIA except for
      pale stools and upper abdominal discomfort. During the investigation period, we
      observed a serial outbreak caused by identical HAV strains with an interval in
      line with that of typical HAV incubation periods. Most patients in the first
      outbreak were found in the training center, and patients in the second outbreak
      were found in multiple places where soldiers were assigned after the training
      center. These findings indicate that a strain of HAV diffused from one place to
      another along with movement of infected persons among the HAV-susceptible
      population. HAV vaccination for high-risk groups, such as young soldiers, is
      necessary.

PMID- 27382080
TI  - Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: Prevalence and Pathotype Distribution in Children
      from Peruvian Rural Communities.
AB  - Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are common pathogens of childhood
      gastrointestinal infections worldwide. To date, research tracking DEC has mainly
      been completed in urban areas. This study aims to determine the prevalence and
      pathotype distribution of DEC strains in children from rural Peruvian communities
      and to establish their association with malnutrition. In this prospective cohort,
      93 children aged 6-13 months from rural communities of Urubamba (Andes) and
      Moyobamba (jungle) were followed for 6 months. Diarrheal and control stool
      samples were analyzed using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction to
      identify the presence of virulence genes of DEC strains. The overall isolation
      rate of DEC was 43.0% (352/820). Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC, 20.4%),
      enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 14.2%), and diffusely aggregative E. coli (DAEC,
      11.0%) were the most prevalent pathotypes. EAEC was more frequently found in
      Moyobamba samples (P < 0.01). EPEC was the only strain significantly more
      frequent in diarrheal than asymptomatic control samples (P < 0.01). DEC strains
      were more prevalent among younger children (aged 6-12 months, P < 0.05). A
      decline in height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) was observed in 75.7% of children
      overall. EAEC was more frequently isolated among children who had a greater HAZ
      decline (P < 0.05). In conclusion, DEC strains were frequently found in stool
      samples from children in rural communities of the highlands and jungle of Peru.
      In addition, children with a greater decline in their growth rate had higher EAEC
      isolation rates, highlighting the importance of this pathogen in child
      malnutrition.

PMID- 27382081
TI  - Spatiotemporal Analysis of Malaria in Urban Ahmedabad (Gujarat), India:
      Identification of Hot Spots and Risk Factors for Targeted Intervention.
AB  - The world population, especially in developing countries, has experienced a rapid
      progression of urbanization over the last half century. Urbanization has been
      accompanied by a rise in cases of urban infectious diseases, such as malaria. The
      complexity and heterogeneity of the urban environment has made study of specific
      urban centers vital for urban malaria control programs, whereas more
      generalizable risk factor identification also remains essential. Ahmedabad city,
      India, is a large urban center located in the state of Gujarat, which has
      experienced a significant Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum disease
      burden. Therefore, a targeted analysis of malaria in Ahmedabad city was
      undertaken to identify spatiotemporal patterns of malaria, risk factors, and
      methods of predicting future malaria cases. Malaria incidence in Ahmedabad city
      was found to be spatially heterogeneous, but temporally stable, with high spatial
      correlation between species. Because of this stability, a prediction method
      utilizing historic cases from prior years and seasons was used successfully to
      predict which areas of Ahmedabad city would experience the highest malaria burden
      and could be used to prospectively target interventions. Finally, spatial
      analysis showed that normalized difference vegetation index, proximity to water
      sources, and location within Ahmedabad city relative to the dense urban core were
      the best predictors of malaria incidence. Because of the heterogeneity of urban
      environments and urban malaria itself, the study of specific large urban centers
      is vital to assist in allocating resources and informing future urban planning.

PMID- 27382082
TI  - Five-Year Eradication of Hepatitis B Infection After an Outreach Immunization
      Program in the Waorani Population in the Ecuadorian Amazon.
AB  - In Waorani communities of the Amazon basin of Ecuador, hepatitis B (HB) surface
      antigen was found in 14% of asymptomatic persons. The aim of this study was to
      identify the Waorani population in Ecuador and obtain an epidemiologically
      adequate coverage of vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) among them.
      Between February and September 2010, three vaccination campaigns were completed
      as part of a collaborative activity between the Ecuadorian Ministry of Public
      Health and the community leaders in the intervention areas. In addition, in 10 of
      the 22 Waorani communities, during first contact, a questionnaire about risk
      factors for HBV infection was administered. A total of 16 Waorani communities
      were registered before the beginning of this intervention, but during the actual
      process, six additional communities were identified. In total, 1,251 community
      members were registered, 92.7% of which received all three doses of the vaccine.
      Among them, 83% of survey respondents reported having been vaccinated, but only
      22% were able to show proof. Only 1% of respondents were intravenous drug users,
      whereas 22% had at least one tattoo. All self-identified as heterosexual, but
      only 32% reported using condoms during sexual intercourse. By March 2015, no new
      cases of HB were been reported in any of the Waorani communities. Herein, we
      report the importance of intersectoral collaboration to strengthen health
      interventions in an isolated population like the Waorani area.

PMID- 27382084
TI  - Overrepresentation of Diabetes in Soft Tissue Nontuberculous Mycobacterial
      Infections.
AB  - Diabetes predisposes patients to bacterial infections. Although diabetes confers
      susceptibility to tuberculosis, the association between nontuberculous
      mycobacterial (NTM) infections and diabetes remains unknown. A retrospective
      chart analysis of patients in northern Australia during a 20-year period with
      soft tissue NTM infections revealed that patients with diabetes were three times
      overrepresented in comparison to the general population (odds ratio = 3.13).
      There was a statistically significant association between NTM infections and
      diabetes in this patient cohort (P = 0.0082).

PMID- 27382083
TI  - Molecular and Serological Evidence of Leishmania Infection in Stray Dogs from
      Visceral Leishmaniasis-Endemic Areas of Bangladesh.
AB  - Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is mainly caused by two closely
      related Leishmania species, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani
      Leishmania infantum is responsible for zoonotic VL, with dogs as the main
      reservoir host in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. In
      the Indian subcontinent, VL is caused by L. donovani and is considered
      anthroponotic, although the only known vector, the sand fly, is zoophilic in
      nature. The role of domestic and stray dogs in VL transmission is still unclear
      in this area. We screened 50 stray dogs from VL-endemic areas of Bangladesh for
      serological and molecular evidence of Leishmania infection. We detected anti
      Leishmania antibodies in six (12%) dog serum samples using rK39
      immunochromatographic tests. We observed Leishmania kinetoplast DNA in 10 (20%)
      buffy coat DNA samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), five of
      which were positive based on internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR. A sequencing
      analysis of the amplified products confirmed that the parasitic DNA was derived
      from L. donovani Our findings support the hypothesis that stray dogs are an
      animal reservoir for L. donovani in this endemic region. Further studies are
      required to determine the precise role of dogs in the epidemiology of VL in
      Bangladesh.

PMID- 27382086
TI  - Development and Validation of Quality Indicators on Continuing Care for Patients
      With AUD: A Delphi Study.
AB  - AIMS: To develop indicators to assess quality of continuing care for persons with
      alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS: A guideline-based RAND-modified Delphi
      method was used to develop and validate indicators regarding the process and
      outcome of continuing care. We systematically searched for evidence-based
      guidelines and existing quality indicators. A multidisciplinary expert panel
      prioritized recommendations using a written questionnaire followed by a group
      discussion. Important recommendations were then translated to quality indicators.
      The panel subsequently selected indicators that were measurable and applicable in
      Belgium. In a final round the indicators face-validity was assessed. RESULTS: We
      extracted 69 recommendations from 06 guidelines and 17 relevant quality
      indicators. Of all, 13 indicators remained after 03 written rounds and 02 group
      discussions. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes a systematic approach to develop
      and validate quality indicators for continuing care for AUD. The final set of
      selected indicators consisted of 10 process and 03 outcome indicators. As the
      level of evidence of effective continuing care components is very low further
      development of the indicators is recommended. SHORT SUMMARY: This study describes
      a systematic approach to develop and validate quality indicators for continuing
      care for AUD. The proposed set of indicators consisted of 10 process and 03
      outcome indicators. As the level of evidence of effective continuing care
      components is very low further development of the indicators is recommended.

PMID- 27382085
TI  - NADPH Oxidase Plays a Role on Ethanol-Induced Hypertension and Reactive Oxygen
      Species Generation in the Vasculature.
AB  - AIMS: Investigate the role of NADPH oxidase on ethanol-induced hypertension and
      vascular oxidative stress. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were treated with ethanol
      (20% v/v). RESULTS: Apocynin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) prevented ethanol-induced
      hypertension. The increased contractility of endothelium-intact and endothelium
      denuded aortic rings from ethanol-treated rats to phenylephrine was prevented by
      apocynin. Ethanol consumption increased superoxide anion (O2 (-)) generation and
      lipid peroxidation and apocynin prevented these responses. The decrease on plasma
      and vascular nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels induced by ethanol was not prevented by
      apocynin. Treatment with ethanol did not affect aortic levels of hydrogen
      peroxide (H2O2) or reduced glutathione (GSH). Ethanol did not alter the
      activities of xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)
      and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Ethanol increased the expression of Nox1,
      PKCdelta, nNOS, SAPK/JNK and SOD2 in the rat aorta and apocynin prevented these
      responses. No difference on aortic expression of Nox2, Nox4, p47phox, Nox
      organizer 1 (Noxo1), eNOS and iNOS was detected after treatment with ethanol.
      Ethanol treatment did not alter the phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK, p38MAPK, c-Src,
      Rac1 or PKCdelta. CONCLUSIONS: The major new finding of our study is that the
      increased vascular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by ethanol
      is related to increased vascular Nox1/NADPH oxidase expression. This mechanism is
      involved in vascular dysfunction and hypertension induced by ethanol.
      Additionally, we conclude that ethanol consumption induces the expression of
      different proteins that regulate vascular contraction and growth and that NADPH
      oxidase-derived ROS play a role in such response. SHORT SUMMARY: The key findings
      of our study are that ethanol-induced hypertension is mediated by NADPH oxidase.
      Moreover, increased vascular Nox1 expression is related to the generation of
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) by ethanol. Finally, ROS induced by ethanol
      increase the expression of the regulatory vascular proteins.

PMID- 27382088
TI  - Preventative Measures.

PMID- 27382087
TI  - Long-Term Persistence of Newly Initiated Warfarin Therapy in Chinese Patients
      With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite its therapeutic efficacy, warfarin is extremely underused in
      Chinese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Whether the
      nonpersistence of warfarin treatment contributes to its underuse is not known.
      The aims of this study were to determine nonpersistence rates of newly started
      warfarin treatment in Chinese patients with nonvalvular AF and to identify the
      factors associated with discontinuation of the treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS: We
      identified 1461 patients with nonvalvular AF enrolled in the Chinese Atrial
      Fibrillation Registry (CAFR) who newly started on warfarin therapy in the period
      between August 1, 2011, and June 30, 2014. During a follow-up of 426+/-232 days,
      22.1% of patients discontinued warfarin within 3 months, 44.4% within 1 year, and
      57.6% within 2 years of initiation of therapy. Patients with no or partial
      insurance coverage had a higher likelihood to discontinue warfarin than those
      with full insurance coverage (adjusted hazard ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval
      [1.03-2.64]; P=0.038 and 1.66 [1.13-2.42]; P=0.009, respectively). Paroxysmal AF
      (1.56 [1.28-1.92]; P<0.0001), no prior stroke/transient ischemic
      attack/thromboembolism (1.60 [1.24-2.05]; P=0.0003), and no dyslipidemia (1.34
      [1.06-1.70]; P=0.016) were also found to be independent predictors for
      nonpersistence of warfarin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Nonpersistence of warfarin
      treatment becomes a serious problem for stroke prevention in Chinese patients
      with nonvalvular AF. Our findings can be used to identify patients who require
      closer attention or to develop better management strategy for oral
      anticoagulation therapy.

PMID- 27382089
TI  - Optimal Levels of All Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Younger Age and
      Functional Disability in Older Age: The Chicago Heart Association Detection
      Project in Industry 32-Year Follow-Up Health Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The associations of optimal levels of all major cardiovascular
      disease risk factors, that is, low risk, in younger age with subsequent
      cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality have been well documented.
      However, little is known about associations of low-risk profiles in younger age
      with functional disability in older age. METHODS AND RESULTS: The sample included
      6014 participants from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in
      Industry Study. Low-risk status, defined as untreated systolic/diastolic blood
      pressure <=120/<=80 mm Hg, untreated serum total cholesterol <5.18 mmol/l, not
      smoking, body mass index < 25 kg/m(2), and no diabetes mellitus, was assessed at
      baseline (1967 to 1973). Functional disability, categorized as (1) any disability
      in activities of daily living (ADLs), (2) any disability in instrumental ADLs but
      not in ADL, or (3) no disability, was assessed from the 2003 health survey. There
      were 39% women, 4% Black, with a mean age of 43 years and 6% low-risk status at
      baseline. After 32 years, 7% reported having limitations in performing any ADL
      and 11% in any instrumental ADL only. The prevalence of any ADL limitation was
      lowest in low-risk people and increased in a graded fashion with less-favorable
      risk factor groups (P trend <0.001). Compared with those with 2+ high-risk
      factors, the multivariable-adjusted odds of having any disability in ADLs versus
      no disability in people with low risk, any moderate risk, and 1 high-risk factor
      at baseline were lower by 58%, 48%, and 37%, respectively. Results were similar
      for instrumental ADLs, in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Having an optimal
      cardiovascular disease risk factor profile at younger age is associated with the
      lowest rate of functional disability in older age.

PMID- 27382090
TI  - Baseline Hemodynamics and Response to Contrast Media During Diagnostic Cardiac
      Catheterization Predict Adverse Events in Heart Failure Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Contrast media administered during cardiac catheterization can affect
      hemodynamic variables. However, little is documented about the effects of
      contrast on hemodynamics in heart failure patients or the prognostic value of
      baseline and changes in hemodynamics for predicting subsequent adverse events.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: In this prospective study of 150 heart failure patients, we
      measured hemodynamics at baseline and after administration of iodixanol or
      iopamidol contrast. One-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of adverse event-free
      survival (death, heart failure hospitalization, and rehospitalization) were
      generated, grouping patients by baseline measures of pulmonary capillary wedge
      pressure (PCWP) and cardiac index (CI), and by changes in those measures after
      contrast administration. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to assess
      sequentially adding baseline PCWP and change in CI to 5 validated risk models
      (Seattle Heart Failure Score, ESCAPE [Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart
      Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness], CHARM [Candesartan
      in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity], CORONA
      [Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure], and MAGGIC [Meta
      Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure]). Median contrast volume was 109
      mL. Both contrast media caused similarly small but statistically significant
      changes in most hemodynamic variables. There were 39 adverse events (26.0%).
      Adverse event rates increased using the composite metric of baseline PCWP and
      change in CI (P<0.01); elevated baseline PCWP and decreased CI after contrast
      correlated with the poorest prognosis. Adding both baseline PCWP and change in CI
      to the 5 risk models universally improved their predictive value (P<=0.02).
      CONCLUSIONS: In heart failure patients, the administration of contrast causes
      small but significant changes in hemodynamics. Calculating baseline PCWP with
      change in CI after contrast predicts adverse events and increases the predictive
      value of existing models. Patients with elevated baseline PCWP and decreased CI
      after contrast merit greatest concern.

PMID- 27382091
TI  - Endocrine Abnormalities in Aging Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the
      Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The development of endocrinopathies in survivors of childhood cancer as
      they age remains understudied. We characterized endocrine outcomes in aging
      survivors from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study on the basis of therapeutic
      exposures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed self-reported conditions in 14,290 5
      year survivors from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, with a median age 6
      years (range, < 1 to 20 years) at diagnosis and 32 years (range, 5 to 58 years)
      at last follow-up. Identification of high-risk therapeutic exposures was adopted
      from the Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines. Cumulative
      incidence curves and prevalence estimates quantified and regression models
      compared risks of primary hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroid neoplasms,
      hypopituitarism, obesity, diabetes mellitus, or gonadal dysfunction between
      survivors and siblings. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence and prevalence of
      endocrine abnormalities increased across the lifespan of survivors (P < .01 for
      all). Risk was significantly higher in survivors exposed to high-risk therapies
      compared with survivors not so exposed for primary hypothyroidism (hazard ratio
      [HR], 6.6; 95% CI, 5.6 to 7.8), hyperthyroidism (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.8),
      thyroid nodules (HR, 6.3; 95% CI, 5.2 to 7.5), thyroid cancer (HR, 9.2; 95% CI,
      6.2 to 13.7), growth hormone deficiency (HR, 5.3; 95% CI, 4.3 to 6.4), obesity
      (relative risk, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.7 to 2.0), and diabetes mellitus (relative risk,
      1.9; 95% CI, 1.6 to 2.4). Women exposed to high-risk therapies had six-fold
      increased risk for premature ovarian insufficiency (P < .001), and men
      demonstrated higher prevalence of testosterone replacement (P < .001) after
      cyclophosphamide equivalent dose of 20 g/m(2) or greater or testicular
      irradiation with 20 Gy or greater. Survivors demonstrated an increased risk for
      all thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus regardless of treatment exposures
      compared with siblings (P < .001 for all). CONCLUSION: Endocrinopathies in
      survivors increased substantially over time, underscoring the need for lifelong
      subspecialty follow-up of those at risk.

PMID- 27382092
TI  - Choice of Surgical Procedure for Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer <= 1 cm
      or > 1 to 2 cm Among Lobectomy, Segmentectomy, and Wedge Resection: A Population
      Based Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: According to the lung cancer staging project, T1a (<= 2 cm) non-small
      cell lung cancer (NSCLC) should be additionally classified into <= 1 cm and > 1
      to 2 cm groups. This study aimed to investigate the surgical procedure for NSCLC
      <= 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm. METHODS: We identified 15,760 patients with T1aN0M0
      NSCLC after surgery from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results
      database. Overall survival (OS) and lung cancer-specific survival (LCSS) were
      compared among patients after lobectomy, segmentectomy, or wedge resection. The
      proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate multiple prognostic factors.
      RESULTS: OS and LCSS favored lobectomy compared with segmentectomy or wedge
      resection in patients with NSCLC <= 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm. Multivariable analysis
      showed that segmentectomy and wedge resection were independently associated with
      poorer OS and LCSS than lobectomy for NSCLC <= 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm. With
      sublobar resection, lower OS and LCSS emerged for NSCLC > 1 to 2 cm after wedge
      resection, whereas similar survivals were observed for NSCLC <= 1 cm.
      Multivariable analyses showed that wedge resection is an independent risk factor
      of survival for NSCLC > 1 to 2 cm but not for NSCLC <= 1 cm. CONCLUSION:
      Lobectomy showed better survival than sublobar resection for patients with NSCLC
      <= 1 cm and > 1 to 2 cm. For patients in whom lobectomy is unsuitable,
      segmentectomy should be recommended for NSCLC > 1 to 2 cm, whereas surgeons could
      rely on surgical skills and the patient profile to decide between segmentectomy
      and wedge resection for NSCLC <= 1 cm.

PMID- 27382094
TI  - Moving Programmed Death-1 Inhibitors to the Front Lines in Non-Small-Cell Lung
      Cancer.

PMID- 27382095
TI  - Evolving Role of the Estrogen Receptor as a Predictive Biomarker: ESR1 Mutational
      Status and Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer.

PMID- 27382093
TI  - BRAF Mutation Correlates With High-Risk Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and
      Increased Resistance to First-Line Therapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia
      with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and outcomes in children. The
      somatic BRAF(V600E) mutation occurs frequently, but clinical significance remains
      to be determined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: BRAF(V600E) mutation was investigated in
      a French LCH cohort. We analyzed associations between mutation status and
      clinical presentation, extent of disease, reactivation rate, response to therapy,
      and long-term permanent sequelae. RESULTS: Among 315 patients with successfully
      determined BRAF status, 173 (54.6%) carried a BRAF(V600E) mutation. Patients with
      BRAF(V600E) manifested more severe disease than did those with wild-type BRAF.
      Patients with BRAF(V600E) comprised 87.8% of patients (43 of 49) with multisystem
      LCH with risk organ involvement (liver, spleen, hematology), 68.6% of patients
      (35 of 51) with multisystem LCH without risk organ involvement, 43.9% of patients
      (86 of 196) with single-system LCH, and 42.1% of patients (8 of 19) with lung
      involved LCH (P < .001). BRAF(V600E) mutation was also associated with organ
      involvement that could lead to permanent, irreversible damage, such as neurologic
      (75%) and pituitary (72.9%) injuries. Compared with patients with wild-type BRAF,
      patients with BRAF(V600E) more commonly displayed resistance to combined
      vinblastine and corticosteroid therapy (21.9% v 3.3%; P = .001), showed a higher
      reactivation rate (5-year reactivation rate, 42.8% v 28.1%; P = .006), and had
      more permanent, long-term consequences from disease or treatment (27.9% v 12.6%;
      P = .001). CONCLUSION: In children with LCH, BRAF(V600E) mutation was associated
      with high-risk features, permanent injury, and poor short-term response to
      chemotherapy. Further population-based studies should be undertaken to confirm
      our observations and to assess the impact of BRAF inhibitors for this subgroup of
      patients who may benefit from targeted therapy.

PMID- 27382096
TI  - Bendamustine in Combination With Gemcitabine and Vinorelbine Is an Effective
      Regimen As Induction Chemotherapy Before Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for
      Relapsed or Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: Final Results of a Multicenter Phase II
      Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: This multicenter, open-label, phase II study evaluated the combination
      of bendamustine, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine (BeGEV) as induction therapy before
      autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with relapsed or
      refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with HL who were
      refractory to or had relapsed after one previous chemotherapy line were eligible.
      The primary end point was complete response (CR) rate after four cycles of
      therapy. Secondary end points were: overall response rate, stem-cell mobilization
      activity, and toxicity. Progression-free and overall survival were also
      evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 59 patients were enrolled. After four cycles of
      therapy, 43 patients (73%) achieved CR, and six (10%) achieved partial response,
      for an overall response rate of 83%. The most common grade 3 to 4 nonhematologic
      toxicities included febrile neutropenia (n = 7) and infection (n = 4). Regarding
      hematologic toxicities, grade 3 to 4 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia were each
      experienced by eight patients (13.5%). CD34+ cells were successfully harvested in
      55 of 57 evaluable patients, and 43 of 49 responding patients underwent ASCT.
      With a median follow-up of 29 months, the 2-year progression-free and overall
      survival rates for the total population were 62.2% and 77.6%, respectively. The
      same figures for patients undergoing autograft were 80.8% and 89.3%,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: This phase II study demonstrates that BeGEV is an
      effective salvage regimen able to induce CR in a high proportion of patients with
      relapsed or refractory HL before ASCT. These data provide a strong rationale for
      further development of the BeGEV regimen.

PMID- 27382097
TI  - Innovations in American Society of Clinical Oncology Practice Guideline
      Development.
AB  - Since the beginning of its guidelines program in 1993, ASCO has continually
      sought ways to produce a greater number of guidelines while maintaining its
      commitment to using the rigorous development methods that minimize the biases
      that threaten the validity of practice recommendations. ASCO is implementing a
      range of guideline development and implementation innovations. In this article,
      we describe innovations that are designed to (1) integrate consideration of
      multiple chronic conditions into practice guidelines; (2) keep more of its
      guidelines current by applying evolving signals or (more) rapid, for-cause
      updating approaches; (3) increase the number of high-quality guidelines available
      to its membership through endorsement and adaptation of other groups' products;
      (4) improve coverage of its members' guideline needs through a new topic
      nomination process; and (5) enhance dissemination and promote implementation of
      ASCO guidelines in the oncology practice community through a network of volunteer
      ambassadors. We close with a summary of ASCO's plans to facilitate the
      integration of data from its rapid learning system, CancerLinQ, into ASCO
      guidelines and to develop tactics through which guideline recommendations can be
      embedded in clinicians' workflow in digital form. We highlight the challenges
      inherent in reconciling the need to provide clinicians with more interactive,
      point-of-care guidance with ASCO's abiding commitment to methodologic rigor in
      guideline development.

PMID- 27382098
TI  - CALGB 80403 (Alliance)/E1206: A Randomized Phase II Study of Three Chemotherapy
      Regimens Plus Cetuximab in Metastatic Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction
      Cancers.
AB  - PURPOSE: To determine the optimal chemotherapy backbone for testing in future US
      cooperative group studies for metastatic esophageal and gastroesophageal junction
      cancers. Cetuximab was added to each treatment arm based on promising preclinical
      data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with previously untreated metastatic
      esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer were randomly assigned at a one-to
      one-to-one ratio to epirubicin, cisplatin, and continuous-infusion fluorouracil
      (ECF), irinotecan plus cisplatin (IC), or FOLFOX (oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and
      bolus and infusional fluorouracil). All treatment programs included cetuximab
      once per week. The primary end point was response rate. Secondary outcomes
      included overall survival, progression-free survival, time to treatment failure,
      and safety. As prespecified, primary and secondary analyses were conducted only
      among patients with adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: This study randomly assigned 245
      patients, including 222 with adenocarcinoma. Among patients with adenocarcinoma,
      response rate was 60.9% (95% CI, 47.9 to 72.8) for ECF plus cetuximab, 45.0% (95%
      CI, 33.0 to 57.0) for IC plus cetuximab, and 54.3% (95% CI, 42.0 to 66.2) for
      FOLFOX plus cetuximab. Median overall survival was 11.6, 8.6, and 11.8 months;
      median progression-free survival was 7.1, 4.9, and 6.8 months; and median time to
      treatment failure was 5.6, 4.3, and 6.7 months for each of these arms,
      respectively. FOLFOX plus cetuximab required fewer treatment modifications
      compared with ECF plus cetuximab and IC plus cetuximab (P = .013), and fewer
      patients were removed from treatment because of an adverse event or experienced
      treatment-related death. CONCLUSION: In combination with cetuximab, ECF and
      FOLFOX had similar efficacy, but FOLFOX was better tolerated. Although
      differences were nonsignificant, IC plus cetuximab seemed to be the least
      effective and most toxic of the three regimens tested.

PMID- 27382099
TI  - Considering Bone Marrow Blasts From Nonerythroid Cellularity Improves the
      Prognostic Evaluation of Myelodysplastic Syndromes.
AB  - PURPOSE: WHO classification of myeloid malignancies is based mainly on the
      percentage of bone marrow (BM) blasts. This is considered from total nucleated
      cells (TNCs), unless there is erythroid-hyperplasia (erythroblasts >= 50%),
      calculated from nonerythroid cells (NECs). In these instances, when BM blasts are
      >= 20%, the disorder is classified as erythroleukemia, and when BM blasts are <
      20%, as myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In the latter, the percentage of blasts
      is considered from TNCs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We assessed the percentage of BM
      blasts from TNCs and NECs in 3,692 patients with MDS from the Grupo Espanol de
      Sindromes Mielodisplasicos, 465 patients with erythroid hyperplasia (MDS-E) and
      3,227 patients without erythroid hyperplasia. We evaluated the relevance of both
      quantifications on classification and prognostication. RESULTS: By enumerating
      blasts systematically from NECs, 22% of patients with MDS-E and 12% with MDS from
      the whole series diagnosed within WHO categories with < 5% BM blasts, were
      reclassified into higher-risk categories and showed a poorer overall survival
      than did those who remained in initial categories (P = .006 and P = .001,
      respectively). Following WHO recommendations, refractory anemia with excess
      blasts (RAEB)-2 diagnosis is not possible in MDS-E, as patients with 10% to < 20%
      BM blasts from TNCs fulfill erythroleukemia criteria; however, by considering
      blasts from NECs, 72 patients were recoded as RAEB-2 and showed an inferior
      overall survival than did patients with RAEB-1 without erythroid hyperplasia.
      Recalculating the International Prognostic Scoring System by enumerating blasts
      from NECs in MDS-E and in the overall MDS population reclassified approximately
      9% of lower-risk patients into higher-risk categories, which indicated the
      survival expected for higher-risk patients. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the
      presence of erythroid hyperplasia, calculating the percentage of BM blasts from
      NECs improves prognostic assessment of MDS. This fact should be considered in
      future WHO classification reviews.

PMID- 27382100
TI  - CNS International Prognostic Index: A Risk Model for CNS Relapse in Patients With
      Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated With R-CHOP.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop and validate a risk score for relapse in the CNS in patients
      with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of
      2,164 patients (18 to 80 years old) with aggressive B-cell lymphomas (80% DLBCL)
      treated with rituximab and CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine,
      prednisone)-like chemotherapy, who were enrolled in studies from the German High
      Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group and the MabThera International Trial, were
      analyzed for occurrence of relapse/progression in the CNS. The resulting risk
      model was validated in an independent data set of 1,597 patients with DLBCL
      identified in the British Columbia Cancer Agency Lymphoid Cancer database.
      RESULTS: The risk model consists of the International Prognostic Index (IPI)
      factors in addition to involvement of kidneys and/or adrenal glands (CNS-IPI). In
      a three-risk group model, the low-risk group (46% of all patients analyzed), the
      intermediate-risk group (41%), and the high-risk group (12%) showed 2-year rates
      of CNS disease of 0.6% (CI, 0% to 1.2%), 3.4% (CI, 2.2% to 4.4%), and 10.2% (CI,
      6.3% to 14.1%), respectively. Patients from the validation British Columbia
      Cancer Agency data set showed similar rates of CNS disease for low-risk (0.8%;
      CI, 0.0% to 1.6%), intermediate-risk (3.9%; CI, 2.3% to 5.5%), and high-risk
      (12.0%; CI, 7.9% to 16.1%) groups. CONCLUSION: The CNS-IPI is a robust, highly
      reproducible tool that can be used to estimate the risk of CNS
      relapse/progression in patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP (rituximab plus
      cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy. Close
      to 90% of patients with DLBCL belong to the low- and intermediate-risk groups and
      have a CNS relapse risk < 5%; they may be spared any diagnostic and therapeutic
      intervention. In contrast, those in the high-risk group have a > 10% risk of CNS
      relapse and should be considered for CNS-directed investigations and prophylactic
      interventions.

PMID- 27382101
TI  - Management and Care of Women With Invasive Cervical Cancer: ASCO Resource
      Stratified Clinical Practice Guideline.

PMID- 27382102
TI  - How Eye-Preserving Therapy Affects Long-Term Overall Survival in Heritable
      Retinoblastoma Survivors.
AB  - PURPOSE: Intraocular retinoblastoma is curable, but survivors with a heritable
      predisposition are at high risk for second malignancies. Because second
      malignancies are associated with high mortality, prognostic factors for second
      malignancy influence long-term overall survival. This study investigates the
      impact of all types of eye-preserving therapies on long-term survival in the
      complete German cohort of patients with heritable retinoblastoma. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: Overall survival, disease staging using international scales, time
      period of diagnosis, and treatment type were analyzed in the 633 German children
      treated at the national reference center for heritable retinoblastoma. RESULTS:
      The 5-year overall survival of children diagnosed in Germany with heritable
      retinoblastoma between 1940 and 2008 was 93.2% (95% CI, 91.2% to 95.1%), but long
      term mortality was increased compared with patients with nonheritable disease.
      Overall survival correlated with tumor staging, and 92% of patients were
      diagnosed with a favorable tumor stage (International Retinoblastoma Staging
      System stage 0 or I). Despite a 5-year overall survival of 97.4% (95% CI, 96.0%
      to 98.8%) in patients with stage 0 or I, only 79.5% (95% CI, 74.2% to 84.8%) of
      these patients survived 40 years after diagnosis. Long-term overall survival was
      reduced in children treated with eye-preserving radiotherapy compared with
      enucleation alone, and adding chemotherapy aggravated this effect. CONCLUSION:
      The benefits of preserving vision must be balanced with the impact of eye
      preserving treatments on long-term survival in heritable retinoblastoma, and the
      genetic background of the patient influences choice of eye-preserving treatment.
      Germline RB1 genetic analysis is important to identify heritable retinoblastoma
      among unilateral retinoblastoma cases. Eye-preserving radiotherapy should be
      carefully considered in patients with germline RB1 mutations. Life-long oncologic
      follow-up is crucial for all retinoblastoma survivors, and less detrimental eye
      preserving therapies must be developed.

PMID- 27382103
TI  - The Sound of Silence: A Proxy for Platinum Toxicity.

PMID- 27382104
TI  - Continued Risk of Relapse Independent of Treatment Modality in Limited-Stage
      Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Final and Long-Term Analysis of Southwest Oncology
      Group Study S8736.
AB  - PURPOSE: Utility of combined-modality therapy for patients with limited-stage
      diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was shown in the Southwest Oncology Group
      (SWOG) S8736 study, where three cycles of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
      vincristine, and prednisone) plus radiotherapy (CHOP3RT) improved 5-year
      progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with eight cycles of
      CHOP (CHOP8). Subsequent analysis showed an unexpected overlap of the PFS curves.
      We aimed to confirm and investigate this observation by performing long-term
      analysis of SWOG S8736 and evaluating these data alongside data from similar
      patients receiving rituximab and CHOP3RT (SWOG S0014 study). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A subset of patients with limited-stage DLBCL randomly assigned to CHOP8
      (n = 150) or CHOP3RT (n = 158) in S8736 was analyzed along with a 56-patient
      subset treated in S0014 for long-term PFS and OS. RESULTS: Median follow-up in
      S8736 was 17.7 years. In patients receiving CHOP8 and CHOP3RT, median PFS was
      12.0 (95% CI, 8.8 to 14.3) and 11.1 years (95% CI, 8.9 to 14.4), respectively.
      There were no statistically significant differences in PFS between the groups (P
      = .73). Median OS was 13.0 (95% CI, 10.4 to 15.2) and 13.7 years (95% CI, 11.1 to
      19.4) for patients treated with CHOP8 and CHOP3RT, respectively. Similarly, there
      were no statistically significant differences in OS between the groups (P = .38).
      With a median follow-up time 12 years in S0014, 5- and 10-year OS were 82% and
      67%, respectively, with a persistent pattern of relapse despite the addition of
      rituximab. CONCLUSION: Although 5-year PFS and OS were improved after early
      analysis in patients with limited-stage DLBCL receiving CHOP3RT versus CHOP8,
      extended survival data showed similar PFS and OS, with continuous treatment
      failure. The addition of rituximab (S0014) to combined-modality therapy did not
      mitigate the continued relapse risk, underscoring the value of prolonged clinical
      trial patient observation and possible unique biology of limited-stage DLBCL.

PMID- 27382106
TI  - Congenital Heart Disease Epidemiology in the United States: Blindly Feeling for
      the Charging Elephant.

PMID- 27382105
TI  - Congenital Heart Defects in the United States: Estimating the Magnitude of the
      Affected Population in 2010.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because of advancements in care, there has been a decline in
      mortality from congenital heart defects (CHDs) over the past several decades.
      However, there are no current empirical data documenting the number of people
      living with CHDs in the United States. Our aim was to estimate the CHD prevalence
      across all age groups in the United States in the year 2010. METHODS: The age-,
      sex-, and severity-specific observed prevalence of CHDs in Quebec, Canada, in the
      year 2010 was assumed to equal the CHD prevalence in the non-Hispanic white
      population in the United States in 2010. A race-ethnicity adjustment factor,
      reflecting differential survival between racial-ethnic groups through 5 years of
      age for individuals with a CHD and that in the general US population, was applied
      to the estimated non-Hispanic white rates to derive CHD prevalence estimates
      among US non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics. Confidence intervals for the
      estimated CHD prevalence rates and case counts were derived from a combination of
      Taylor series approximations and Monte Carlo simulation. RESULTS: We estimated
      that ~2.4 million people (1.4 million adults, 1 million children) were living
      with CHDs in the United States in 2010. Nearly 300 000 of these individuals had
      severe CHDs. CONCLUSIONS: Our estimates highlight the need for 2 important
      efforts: planning for health services delivery to meet the needs of the growing
      population of adults with CHD and the development of surveillance data across the
      life span to provide empirical estimates of the prevalence of CHD across all age
      groups in the United States.

PMID- 27382110
TI  - Editorial: Nucleic Acids Research annual Web Server Issue in 2016.

PMID- 27382111
TI  - Urine peptidome analysis predicts risk of end-stage renal disease and reveals
      proteolytic pathways involved in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
      progression.
AB  - Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized
      by slowly progressive bilateral renal cyst growth ultimately resulting in loss of
      kidney function and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Disease progression rate and
      age at ESRD are highly variable. Therapeutic interventions therefore require
      early risk stratification of patients and monitoring of disease progression in
      response to treatment. Methods: We used a urine peptidomic approach based on
      capillary electrophoresis-mass-spectrometry (CE-MS) to identify potential
      biomarkers reflecting the risk for early progression to ESRD in the Consortium of
      Radiologic Imaging in Polycystic Kidney Disease (CRISP) cohort. Results: A
      biomarker-based classifier consisting of 20 urinary peptides allowed the
      prediction of ESRD within 10-13 years of follow-up in patients 24-46 years of age
      at baseline. The performance of the biomarker score approached that of height
      adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) and the combination of the biomarker panel
      with htTKV improved prediction over either one alone. In young patients (<24
      years at baseline), the same biomarker model predicted a 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2
      glomerular filtration rate decline over 8 years. Sequence analysis of the altered
      urinary peptides and the prediction of the involved proteases by in silico
      analysis revealed alterations in distinct proteolytic pathways, in particular
      matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins. Conclusion: We developed a urinary test
      that accurately predicts relevant clinical outcomes in ADPKD patients and
      suggests altered proteolytic pathways involved in disease progression.

PMID- 27382112
TI  - Why cellular communication during plant reproduction is particularly mediated by
      CRP signalling.
AB  - Secreted cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) represent one of the main classes of
      signalling peptides in plants. Whereas post-translationally modified small non
      CRP peptides (psNCRPs) are mostly involved in signalling events during vegetative
      development and interactions with the environment, CRPs are overrepresented in
      reproductive processes including pollen germination and growth, self
      incompatibility, gamete activation and fusion as well as seed development. In
      this opinion paper we compare the involvement of both types of peptides in
      vegetative and reproductive phases of the plant lifecycle. Besides their
      conserved cysteine pattern defining structural features, CRPs exhibit
      hypervariable primary sequences and a rapid evolution rate. As a result, CRPs
      represent a pool of highly polymorphic signalling peptides involved in species
      specific functions during reproduction and thus likely represent key players to
      trigger speciation in plants by supporting reproductive isolation. In contrast,
      precursers of psNCRPs are proteolytically processed into small functional domains
      with high sequence conservation and act in more general processes. We discuss
      parallels in downstream processes of CRP signalling in both reproduction and
      defence against pathogenic fungi and alien pollen tubes, with special emphasis on
      the role of ROS and ion channels. In conclusion we suggest that CRP signalling
      during reproduction in plants has evolved from ancient defence mechanisms.

PMID- 27382113
TI  - Stress-induced flowering: the third category of flowering response.
AB  - The switch from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, i.e. flowering, is the
      critical event in a plant's life. Flowering is regulated either autonomously or
      by environmental factors; photoperiodic flowering, which is regulated by the
      duration of the day and night periods, and vernalization, which is regulated by
      low temperature, have been well studied. Additionally, it has become clear that
      stress also regulates flowering. Diverse stress factors can induce or accelerate
      flowering, or inhibit or delay it, in a wide range of plant species. This article
      focuses on the positive regulation of flowering via stress, i.e. the induction or
      acceleration of flowering in response to stress that is known as stress-induced
      flowering - a new category of flowering response. This review aims to clarify the
      concept of stress-induced flowering and to summarize the full range of
      characteristics of stress-induced flowering from a predominately physiological
      perspective.

PMID- 27382114
TI  - Two tomato GDP-D-mannose epimerase isoforms involved in ascorbate biosynthesis
      play specific roles in cell wall biosynthesis and development.
AB  - GDP-D-mannose epimerase (GME, EC 5.1.3.18) converts GDP-D-mannose to GDP-L
      galactose, and is considered to be a central enzyme connecting the major
      ascorbate biosynthesis pathway to primary cell wall metabolism in higher plants.
      Our previous work demonstrated that GME is crucial for both ascorbate and cell
      wall biosynthesis in tomato. The aim of the present study was to investigate the
      respective role in ascorbate and cell wall biosynthesis of the two SlGME genes
      present in tomato by targeting each of them through an RNAi-silencing approach.
      Taken individually SlGME1 and SlGME2 allowed normal ascorbate accumulation in the
      leaf and fruits, thus suggesting the same function regarding ascorbate. However,
      SlGME1 and SlGME2 were shown to play distinct roles in cell wall biosynthesis,
      depending on the tissue considered. The RNAi-SlGME1 plants harbored small and
      poorly seeded fruits resulting from alterations of pollen development and of
      pollination process. In contrast, the RNAi-SlGME2 plants exhibited vegetative
      growth delay while fruits remained unaffected. Analysis of SlGME1- and SlGME2
      silenced seeds and seedlings further showed that the dimerization state of pectin
      rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) was altered only in the RNAi-SlGME2 lines. Taken
      together with the preferential expression of each SlGME gene in different tomato
      tissues, these results suggest sub-functionalization of SlGME1 and SlGME2 and
      their specialization for cell wall biosynthesis in specific tomato tissues.

PMID- 27382116
TI  - Role of hepatic macrophages in alcoholic liver disease.
AB  - Alcohol consumption can lead to the increase in gut permeability and cause the
      translocation of bacteria-derived lipopolysaccharides from the gut to the liver,
      which subsequently activates immune responses. In this process, macrophages play
      a critical role and involve in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD).
      To define the mechanism underpinning the function of macrophages, it is important
      to conduct extensive studies to further explicate the phenotypic diversity of
      macrophages in the context of ALD. In this review, the role of hepatic
      macrophages in the pathogenesis of ALD is discussed.

PMID- 27382115
TI  - Volumetric relationship between 2-hydroxyglutarate and FLAIR hyperintensity has
      potential implications for radiotherapy planning of mutant IDH glioma patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gliomas with mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) produce high
      levels of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) that can be quantitatively measured by 3D
      magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Current glioma MRI primarily
      relies upon fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensity for
      treatment planning, although this lacks specificity for tumor cells. Here, we
      investigated the relationship between 2HG and FLAIR in mutant IDH glioma patients
      to determine whether 2HG mapping is valuable for radiotherapy planning. METHODS:
      Seventeen patients with mutant IDH1 gliomas were imaged by 3 T MRI. A 3D MRSI
      sequence was employed to specifically image 2HG. FLAIR imaging was performed
      using standard clinical protocol. Regions of interest (ROIs) were determined for
      FLAIR and optimally thresholded 2HG hyperintensities. The overlap, displacement,
      and volumes of 2HG and FLAIR ROIs were calculated. RESULTS: In 8 of 17 (47%)
      patients, the 2HG volume was larger than FLAIR volume. Across the entire cohort,
      the mean volume of 2HG was 35.3 cc (range, 5.3-92.7 cc), while the mean volume of
      FLAIR was 35.8 cc (range, 6.3-140.8 cc). FLAIR and 2HG ROIs had mean overlap of
      0.28 (Dice coefficients range, 0.03-0.57) and mean displacement of 12.2 mm
      (range, 3.2-23.5 mm) between their centers of mass. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      indicate that for a substantial number of patients, the 2HG volumetric assessment
      of tumor burden is more extensive than FLAIR volume. In addition, there is only
      partial overlap and asymmetric displacement between the centers of FLAIR and 2HG
      ROIs. These results may have important implications for radiotherapy planning of
      IDH mutant glioma.

PMID- 27382117
TI  - Living in a material world: tumor-treating fields at the top of the charts.

PMID- 27382118
TI  - To diet or not to diet - that is still the question.

PMID- 27382122
TI  - Is intensive care monitoring necessary after coil embolization of unruptured
      intracranial aneurysms?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Patients with an unruptured intracranial aneurysm treated with coil
      embolization are routinely admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after the
      procedure; however, this practice is questionable. The purpose of this study was
      to determine if routine admission to the ICU is necessary for patients undergoing
      coil embolization of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. METHODS: We conducted a
      retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing elective endovascular
      treatment of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm between 2005 and 2012 at our
      institution. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify
      predictors of outcome. Cost savings analysis compared ICU admission to step-down
      or telemetry unit admission. RESULTS: 311 unruptured intracranial aneurysms were
      treated by coil embolization (190), balloon remodeling (13), or stent-assisted
      coiling (108). Eleven (3.5%) neurologic complications were noted; 5 (1.6%) of
      these were permanent. Multivariate regression analysis identified female sex
      (p=0.028), hypercoagulability (p=0.021), aneurysm size >2 cm (p=0.003), and
      intraoperative rupture (p<0.001) as predictors of a post-procedural neurologic
      complication. Cost savings were 57% for admission to a step-down unit and 32% for
      admission to a telemetry unit compared with ICU admission. CONCLUSIONS:
      Neurologic complications are rare in the treatment of unruptured intracranial
      aneurysms, suggesting that routine ICU admission after treatment may not be
      necessary. Female sex, history of hypercoagulability, aneurysm size >2 cm, and an
      intraprocedural rupture were predictive of a postoperative complication. ICU
      monitoring in these subgroups may therefore be warranted.

PMID- 27382123
TI  - Concomitant aneurysm detection in an intracranial dolichoectasia mouse model
      using a MicroFil polymer perfusion technique.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility of using MicroFil polymer perfusion to
      detect concomitant saccular aneurysms in an intracranial arterial dolichoectasia
      (IADE) model in mice, and to report detailed histomorphometric features of these
      aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IADE models were created in C57/BL6 mice via
      microsurgical injection of 25 mU elastase into the cisterna magna. The cerebral
      vasculature was perfused with MicroFil polymer and harvested at 1, 3, and 7 days,
      and 2 and 4 weeks (n=8 for each group). IADE was defined by a tortuosity index
      >10 combined with a 25% increase in diameter of the A1 segment of the anterior
      cerebral artery (ACA), internal carotid artery (ICA), or basilar artery compared
      with the baseline of controls, which received heat-inactivated elastase. Saccular
      aneurysm occurrence rate, location, and morphological parameters were
      investigated using macroscopic and microscopic analysis. RESULTS: IADE was
      present in 95% (36/38) of the subjects, with a mortality rate of 5% (2/40).
      Fifteen concomitant saccular aneurysms were detected in 8 (21%) of the 38
      surviving mice, including 6 at the posterior communicating artery, 1 along the
      ACA, 2 along the anterior communicating artery complex, 3 along the ICA, and 3
      along the middle cerebral artery. Rupture was confirmed in two aneurysms.
      Histological examination indicated that the aneurysms develop via arterial-wall
      remodelling, which is characterized by internal elastic lamina disruptions and
      muscular layer discontinuity in the media. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of
      subjects developing saccular aneurysms in addition to IADE in our mouse model is
      similar to the 15% of patients with IADE who have concomitant saccular aneurysms.

PMID- 27382120
TI  - Updates in the management of brain metastases.
AB  - The clinical management/understanding of brain metastases (BM) has changed
      substantially in the last 5 years, with key advances and clinical trials
      highlighted in this review. Several of these changes stem from improvements in
      systemic therapy, which have led to better systemic control and longer overall
      patient survival, associated with increased time at risk for developing BM.
      Development of systemic therapies capable of preventing BM and controlling both
      intracranial and extracranial disease once BM are diagnosed is paramount. The
      increase in use of stereotactic radiosurgery alone for many patients with
      multiple BM is an outgrowth of the desire to employ treatments focused on local
      control while minimizing cognitive effects associated with whole brain
      radiotherapy. Complications from BM and their treatment must be considered in
      comprehensive patient management, especially with greater awareness that the
      majority of patients do not die from their BM. Being aware of significant
      heterogeneity in prognosis and therapeutic options for patients with BM is
      crucial for appropriate management, with greater attention to developing
      individual patient treatment plans based on predicted outcomes; in this context,
      recent prognostic models of survival have been extensively revised to incorporate
      molecular markers unique to different primary cancers.

PMID- 27382124
TI  - Endovascular thrombectomy for M2 occlusions: comparison between forced arterial
      suction thrombectomy and stent retriever thrombectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date there has been no direct comparison of two frequently used
      endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) methods (forced arterial suction thrombectomy
      (FAST) and stent retriever thrombectomy) in M2 occlusions. We review our
      experiences with EVT performed using FAST and stent retriever thrombectomy in
      such cases. METHODS: The subjects comprised 41 patients with an M2 occlusion who
      underwent EVT (25 with FAST, 16 with stent retriever thrombectomy). The patients'
      data were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the technical characteristics and
      angiographic outcome of the two EVT techniques. RESULTS: Thrombolysis In Cerebral
      Infarction (TICI) grades 2b-3 using the first chosen technique did not differ
      significantly between the two techniques (FAST 64.0% vs stent retriever
      thrombectomy 81.2%, p=0.305). Time from groin puncture to reperfusion was
      significantly shorter for stent retriever thrombectomy (53.0 vs 38.5 min;
      p=0.045). Distal embolization occurred in three cases (12.0%) in the FAST group
      and in four (26.7%) in the stent retriever group (p=0.362). However, the two
      techniques did not differ significantly in the final TICI 2b-3 rate (72.0% vs
      87.5%; p=0.441). A frequent angiographic finding regarding the failure of FAST
      was that the M2 occlusion was located immediately after severe acute angulation
      between M1 and M2. CONCLUSIONS: Stent retriever thrombectomy may provide faster
      reperfusion than FAST, while the FAST technique might be associated with lower
      distal embolization and a higher reperfusion rate for the first thrombectomy
      attempt, but without any significant difference in clinical outcome. When
      choosing the EVT method for M2 occlusions, consideration of the location of the
      occlusion and tortuosity between M1 and M2 might be helpful to achieve a better
      angiographic outcome.

PMID- 27382125
TI  - Treatment of complex anterior cerebral artery aneurysms with Pipeline flow
      diversion: mid-term results.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The off-label use of flow diverters in the treatment of distal
      aneurysms continues to be debated. OBJECTIVE: To report our multicenter
      experience in the treatment of complex anterior cerebral artery aneurysms with
      the Pipeline embolization device (PED). METHODS: The neurointerventional
      databases of the four participating institutions were retrospectively reviewed
      for aneurysms treated with PED between October 2011 and January of 2016. All
      patients treated for anterior cerebral artery aneurysms were included in the
      analysis. Clinical presentation, location, type, vessel size, procedural
      complications, clinical and imaging follow-up were included in the analysis.
      RESULTS: Twenty patients (13 female) with 20 aneurysms met the inclusion criteria
      in our study. Fifteen aneurysms were classified as saccular and five as fusiform
      (mean size 7.3 mm). Thirteen aneurysms were located in the anterior communicating
      region (ACOM or A1/2 junction), six were A2-pericallosal, and one was located in
      the A1 segment. Six patients had presented previously with subarachnoid
      hemorrhage and had their aneurysms initially clipped or coiled. There was one
      minor event (a small caudate infarct) and one major event (intraparenchymal
      hemorrhage). Sixteen of the 20 patients had angiographic follow-up (mean 10
      months). Eleven aneurysms were completely occluded, one had residual neck, and
      four had residual aneurysm filling. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of complex
      anterior cerebral artery aneurysms with the PED as an alternative for patients
      who are not good candidates for conventional methods is technically feasible and
      safe. Mid-term results are promising but larger series with long-term follow-up
      are required to assess its effectiveness.

PMID- 27382127
TI  - Expression of cadR Enhances its Specific Activity for Cd Detoxification and
      Accumulation in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Cadmium (Cd) is a transition metal that is highly toxic in biological systems.
      Anthropogenic emissions of Cd have increased biogeochemical cycling and the
      amount of Cd in the biosphere. Here we studied the utility of a bacterial Cd
      binding protein, CadR, for the remediation of Cd contamination. CadR was
      successfully targeted to chloroplasts using a constitutive Cauliflower mosaic
      virus (CaMV) 35S promoter or a shoot-specific Chl a/b-binding protein 2 gene
      (CAB2) promoter and an RbcS (small subunit of the Rubisco complex) transit
      peptide. Under short-term (2 d) exposure to Cd, the cadR transgenic plants showed
      up to a 2.9-fold Cd accumulation in roots compared with untransformed plants.
      Under medium term (7 d) exposure to Cd, the concentrations of Cd in leaves began
      to increase but there were no differences between the wild type and the cadR
      transgenic plants. Under long-term (16 d) exposure to Cd, the cadR transgenic
      plants accumulated greater amounts of Cd in leaves than the untransformed plants.
      Total Cd accumulation (ug per plant) in shoots and roots of the plants expressing
      cadR were significantly higher (up to 3.5-fold in shoots and 5.2-fold in roots)
      than those of the untransformed plants. We also found that targeting CadR to
      chloroplasts facilitated chloroplastic metal homeostasis and Chl b accumulation.
      Our results demonstrate that manipulating chelating capacity in chloroplasts or
      in the cytoplasm may be effective in modifying both the accumulation of and
      resistance to Cd. 

PMID- 27382126
TI  - Organisational characteristics associated with shift work practices and potential
      opportunities for intervention: findings from a Canadian study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Shift work is a common working arrangement with wide-ranging
      implications for worker health. Organisational determinants of shift work
      practices are not well characterised; such information could be used to guide
      evidence-based research and best practices to mitigate shift work's negative
      effects. This exploratory study aimed to describe and assess organisational-level
      determinants of shift work practices thought to affect health, across a range of
      industry sectors. METHODS: Data on organisational characteristics, shift work
      scheduling, provision of shift work education materials/training to employees and
      night-time lighting policies in the workplace were collected during phone
      interviews with organisations across the Canadian province of British Columbia.
      Relationships between organisational characteristics and shift work practices
      were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: The study
      sample included 88 participating organisations, representing 30 700 shift
      workers. Long-duration shifts, provision of shift work education
      materials/training to employees and night-time lighting policies were reported by
      approximately one-third of participating organisations. Odds of long-duration
      shifts increased in larger workplaces and by industry. Odds of providing shift
      work education materials/training increased in larger workplaces, in
      organisations reporting concern for shift worker health and in organisations
      without seasonal changes in shift work. Odds of night-time lighting policies in
      the workplace increased in organisations reporting previous workplace accidents
      or incidents that occurred during non-daytime hours, site maintenance needs and
      client service or care needs. CONCLUSIONS: This study points to organisational
      determinants of shift work practices that could be useful for targeting research
      and workplace interventions. Results should be interpreted as preliminary in an
      emerging body of literature on shift work and health.

PMID- 27382128
TI  - Characterization of the AtSPX3 Promoter Elucidates its Complex Regulation in
      Response to Phosphorus Deficiency.
AB  - AtSPX3, responding to phosphate (Pi) deficiency by its expression, is an
      important gene involved in Pi homeostasis in Arabidopsis. To understand its
      transcriptional regulation, we characterized the AtSPX3 promoter by distal
      truncation, internal deletion and mutation of the predicted cis-elements, and
      identified multiple cis-elements responsive to Pi status. The P1BS (AtPHR-binding
      site) and AtMyb4 (putative MYB4-binding site) elements were two main cis-elements
      in the AtSPX3 promoter. P1BS is essential and has a dosage effect for activating
      expression of the gene under Pi deficiency, while the element AtMyb4 possesses a
      dual function: one is to enhance AtSPX3 expression in roots under Pi deficiency,
      and the other one is to repress AtSPX3 expression in shoots under both Pi
      deficiency and sufficiency. Moreover, we confirmed that AtPHR1, a key
      transcription factor in Pi homeostasis of plants, was required for the negative
      regulation function of the AtMyb4 element in shoots. Additionally, we also found
      that the AtSPX3 promoter had a length limitation for activating gene expression.
      Generally, our findings in this work are useful for understanding the molecular
      regulation mechanism of genes involved in Pi uptake and homeostasis. 

PMID- 27382130
TI  - Correction: Differential T Cell Cytokine Receptivity and Not Signal Quality
      Distinguishes IL-6 and IL-10 Signaling during Th17 Differentiation.

PMID- 27382131
TI  - Correction: Response to Comment on "Deficient NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasome
      Function in Autoimmune NZB Mice".

PMID- 27382129
TI  - The Latent Reservoir for HIV-1: How Immunologic Memory and Clonal Expansion
      Contribute to HIV-1 Persistence.
AB  - Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 infection reduces plasma virus
      levels to below the limit of detection of clinical assays. However, even with
      prolonged suppression of viral replication with ART, viremia rebounds rapidly
      after treatment interruption. Thus, ART is not curative. The principal barrier to
      cure is a remarkably stable reservoir of latent HIV-1 in resting memory CD4(+) T
      cells. In this review, we consider explanations for the remarkable stability of
      the latent reservoir. Stability does not appear to reflect replenishment from new
      infection events but rather normal physiologic processes that provide for
      immunologic memory. Of particular importance are proliferative processes that
      drive clonal expansion of infected cells. Recent evidence suggests that in some
      infected cells, proliferation is a consequence of proviral integration into host
      genes associated with cell growth. Efforts to cure HIV-1 infection by targeting
      the latent reservoir may need to consider the potential of latently infected
      cells to proliferate.

PMID- 27382132
TI  - Genome-Wide Analysis of Host Responses to Four Different Types of Microorganisms
      in Bombyx Mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae).
AB  - Several pathogenic microorganisms have been used to investigate the genome-wide
      transcriptional responses of Bombyx mori to infection. However, studies have so
      far each focused on one microorganism, and systematic genome-wide comparison of
      transcriptional responses to different pathogenic microorganisms has not been
      undertaken. Here, we surveyed transcriptional responses of B. mori to its natural
      bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens, Bacillus bombyseptieus, B. mori
      nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), and Beauveria bassiana, respectively, and to
      nonpathogenic Escherichia coli, by microarray analysis. In total, the expression
      of 2,436, 1,804, 1,743, and 912 B. mori genes was modulated by infection with B.
      bombyseptieus, BmNPV, B. bassiana, and E. coli, respectively. Notably, the
      expression of 620, 400, 177, or 165 of these genes was only modulated by
      infection with B. bombyseptieus, BmNPV, B. bassiana, or E. coli, respectively. In
      contrast to the expression of genes related to juvenile hormone synthesis and
      metabolism, that of genes encoding juvenile hormone binding proteins was
      microorganism-specific. Three basal metabolic pathways were modulated by
      infection with any of the four microorganisms, and 3, 14, 5, and 2 metabolic
      pathways were specifically modulated by infection with B. bombyseptieus, BmNPV,
      B. bassiana, and E. coli, respectively. Interestingly, BmNPV infection modulated
      the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, whereas both the Imd and Toll signaling pathways
      were modulated by infection with B. bombyseptieus, B. bassiana, or E. coli These
      results elucidate potential molecular mechanisms of the host response to
      different microorganisms, and provide a foundation for further work on host
      pathogen interaction. 

PMID- 27382133
TI  - Eavesdropping to Find Mates: The Function of Male Hearing for a Cicada-Hunting
      Parasitoid Fly, Emblemasoma erro (Diptera: Sarcophagidae).
AB  - Females of several species of dipteran parasitoids use long-range hearing to
      locate hosts for their offspring by eavesdropping on the acoustic mating calls of
      other insects. Males of these acoustic eavesdropping parasitoids also have
      physiologically functional ears, but so far, no adaptive function for male
      hearing has been discovered. I investigated the function of male hearing for the
      sarcophagid fly Emblemasoma erro Aldrich, an acoustic parasitoid of cicadas, by
      testing the hypothesis that both male and female E. erro use hearing to locate
      potential mates. I found that both male and nongravid female E. erro perform
      phonotaxis to the sounds of calling cicadas, that male flies engage in short
      range, mate-finding behavior once they arrive at a sound source, and that
      encounters between females and males at a sound source can lead to copulation.
      Thus, cicada calling songs appear to serve as a mate-finding cue for both sexes
      of E. erro Emblemasoma erro's mate-finding behavior is compared to that of other
      sarcophagid flies, other acoustic parasitoids, and nonacoustic eavesdropping
      parasitoids. 

PMID- 27382134
TI  - Validation of the "Step-by-Step" Approach in the Management of Young Febrile
      Infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A sequential approach to young febrile infants on the basis of
      clinical and laboratory parameters, including procalcitonin, was recently
      described as an accurate tool in identifying patients at risk for invasive
      bacterial infection (IBI). Our aim was to prospectively validate the Step-by-Step
      approach and compare it with the Rochester criteria and the Lab-score. METHODS:
      Prospective study including infants <=90 days with fever without source
      presenting in 11 European pediatric emergency departments between September 2012
      and August 2014. The accuracy of the Step-by-Step approach, the Rochester
      criteria, and the Lab-score in identifying patients at low risk of IBI (isolation
      of a bacterial pathogen in a blood or cerebrospinal fluid culture) was compared.
      RESULTS: Eighty-seven of 2185 infants (4.0%) were diagnosed with an IBI. The
      prevalence of IBI was significantly higher in infants classified as high risk or
      intermediate risk according to the Step by Step than in low risk patients.
      Sensitivity and negative predictive value for ruling out an IBI were 92.0% and
      99.3% for the Step by Step, 81.6% and 98.3% for the Rochester criteria, and 59.8%
      and 98.1% for the Lab-score. Seven infants with an IBI were misclassified by the
      Step by Step, 16 by Rochester criteria, and 35 by the Lab-score. CONCLUSIONS: We
      validated the Step by Step as a valuable tool for the management of infants with
      fever without source in the emergency department and confirmed its superior
      accuracy in identifying patients at low risk of IBI, compared with the Rochester
      criteria and the Lab-score.

PMID- 27382135
TI  - Should We Evaluate Febrile Young Infants Step-by-Step in the Emergency
      Department?

PMID- 27382136
TI  - Marketing Vegetables in Elementary School Cafeterias to Increase Uptake.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Children do not eat enough servings of vegetables, underscoring the
      need for effective interventions encouraging this behavior. The purpose of this
      research was to measure the impact that daily exposure to branded vegetable
      characters has on vegetable selection among boys and girls in elementary schools.
      METHODS: In a large urban school district, 10 elementary schools agreed to
      participate in the study. They were randomly assigned to a control condition or 1
      of 3 treatment conditions: (1) a vinyl banner displaying vegetable characters
      that was fastened around the base of the salad bar; (2) short television segments
      with health education delivered by vegetable characters; or (3) a combination of
      the vinyl banner and television segments. We collected 22 206 student-day
      observations over a 6-week period by tallying the number of boys and girls taking
      vegetables from the school's salad bar. RESULTS: Results show that 90.5% (from
      12.6% to 24.0%; P = .04) more students took vegetables from the salad bar when
      exposed to the vinyl banner only, and 239.2% (from 10.2% to 34.6%; P < .001) more
      students visited the salad bar when exposed to both the television segments and
      vinyl banners. Both boys and girls responded positively to the vinyl banners (P <
      .05 in both cases). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this study highlights the positive
      impact of branded media on children's vegetable selection in the school
      cafeteria. Results from this study suggest potential opportunities for using
      branded media to encourage healthier choices for children.

PMID- 27382137
TI  - Overexpression of the OsERF71 Transcription Factor Alters Rice Root Structure and
      Drought Resistance.
AB  - Plant responses to drought stress require the regulation of transcriptional
      networks via drought-responsive transcription factors, which mediate a range of
      morphological and physiological changes. AP2/ERF transcription factors are known
      to act as key regulators of drought resistance transcriptional networks; however,
      little is known about the associated molecular mechanisms that give rise to
      specific morphological and physiological adaptations. In this study, we
      functionally characterized the rice (Oryza sativa) drought-responsive AP2/ERF
      transcription factor OsERF71, which is expressed predominantly in the root
      meristem, pericycle, and endodermis. Overexpression of OsERF71, either throughout
      the entire plant or specifically in roots, resulted in a drought resistance
      phenotype at the vegetative growth stage, indicating that overexpression in roots
      was sufficient to confer drought resistance. The root-specific overexpression was
      more effective in conferring drought resistance at the reproductive stage, such
      that grain yield was increased by 23% to 42% over wild-type plants or whole-body
      overexpressing transgenic lines under drought conditions. OsERF71 overexpression
      in roots elevated the expression levels of genes related to cell wall loosening
      and lignin biosynthetic genes, which correlated with changes in root structure,
      the formation of enlarged aerenchyma, and high lignification levels. Furthermore,
      OsERF71 was found to directly bind to the promoter of OsCINNAMOYL-COENZYME A
      REDUCTASE1, a key gene in lignin biosynthesis. These results indicate that the
      OsERF71-mediated drought resistance pathway recruits factors involved in cell
      wall modification to enable root morphological adaptations, thereby providing a
      mechanism for enhancing drought resistance.

PMID- 27382141
TI  - Opinion: In the wake of Paris Agreement, scientists must embrace new directions
      for climate change research.

PMID- 27382139
TI  - Evolutionary Co-Option of Floral Meristem Identity Genes for Patterning of the
      Flower-Like Asteraceae Inflorescence.
AB  - The evolutionary success of Asteraceae, the largest family of flowering plants,
      has been attributed to the unique inflorescence architecture of the family, which
      superficially resembles an individual flower. Here, we show that Asteraceae
      inflorescences (flower heads, or capitula) resemble solitary flowers not only
      morphologically but also at the molecular level. By conducting functional
      analyses for orthologs of the flower meristem identity genes LEAFY (LFY) and
      UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) in Gerbera hybrida, we show that GhUFO is the master
      regulator of flower meristem identity, while GhLFY has evolved a novel, homeotic
      function during the evolution of head-like inflorescences. Resembling LFY
      expression in a single flower meristem, uniform expression of GhLFY in the
      inflorescence meristem defines the capitulum as a determinate structure that can
      assume floral fate upon ectopic GhUFO expression. We also show that GhLFY
      uniquely regulates the ontogeny of outer, expanded ray flowers but not inner,
      compact disc flowers, indicating that the distinction of different flower types
      in Asteraceae is connected with their independent evolutionary origins from
      separate branching systems.

PMID- 27382143
TI  - Drawing causal inference from Big Data.

PMID- 27382138
TI  - Suppressing Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Alters Chloroplast Development and
      Triggers Sterol-Dependent Induction of Jasmonate- and Fe-Related Responses.
AB  - Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl
      diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate.
      Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains two genes (FPS1 and FPS2) encoding
      FPS. Single fps1 and fps2 knockout mutants are phenotypically indistinguishable
      from wild-type plants, while fps1/fps2 double mutants are embryo lethal. To
      assess the effect of FPS down-regulation at postembryonic developmental stages,
      we generated Arabidopsis conditional knockdown mutants expressing artificial
      microRNAs devised to simultaneously silence both FPS genes. Induction of
      silencing from germination rapidly caused chlorosis and a strong developmental
      phenotype that led to seedling lethality. However, silencing of FPS after seed
      germination resulted in a slight developmental delay only, although leaves and
      cotyledons continued to show chlorosis and altered chloroplasts. Metabolomic
      analyses also revealed drastic changes in the profile of sterols, ubiquinones,
      and plastidial isoprenoids. RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction transcriptomic analysis showed that a reduction in FPS
      activity levels triggers the misregulation of genes involved in biotic and
      abiotic stress responses, the most prominent one being the rapid induction of a
      set of genes related to the jasmonic acid pathway. Down-regulation of FPS also
      triggered an iron-deficiency transcriptional response that is consistent with the
      iron-deficient phenotype observed in FPS-silenced plants. The specific inhibition
      of the sterol biosynthesis pathway by chemical and genetic blockage mimicked
      these transcriptional responses, indicating that sterol depletion is the primary
      cause of the observed alterations. Our results highlight the importance of sterol
      homeostasis for normal chloroplast development and function and reveal important
      clues about how isoprenoid and sterol metabolism is integrated within plant
      physiology and development.

PMID- 27382144
TI  - Causal inference in economics and marketing.
AB  - This is an elementary introduction to causal inference in economics written for
      readers familiar with machine learning methods. The critical step in any causal
      analysis is estimating the counterfactual-a prediction of what would have
      happened in the absence of the treatment. The powerful techniques used in machine
      learning may be useful for developing better estimates of the counterfactual,
      potentially improving causal inference.

PMID- 27382145
TI  - Estimating peer effects in networks with peer encouragement designs.
AB  - Peer effects, in which the behavior of an individual is affected by the behavior
      of their peers, are central to social science. Because peer effects are often
      confounded with homophily and common external causes, recent work has used
      randomized experiments to estimate effects of specific peer behaviors. These
      experiments have often relied on the experimenter being able to randomly modulate
      mechanisms by which peer behavior is transmitted to a focal individual. We
      describe experimental designs that instead randomly assign individuals' peers to
      encouragements to behaviors that directly affect those individuals. We illustrate
      this method with a large peer encouragement design on Facebook for estimating the
      effects of receiving feedback from peers on posts shared by focal individuals. We
      find evidence for substantial effects of receiving marginal feedback on multiple
      behaviors, including giving feedback to others and continued posting. These
      findings provide experimental evidence for the role of behaviors directed at
      specific individuals in the adoption and continued use of communication
      technologies. In comparison, observational estimates differ substantially, both
      underestimating and overestimating effects, suggesting that researchers and
      policy makers should be cautious in relying on them.

PMID- 27382146
TI  - Quantity discounts on a virtual good: The results of a massive pricing experiment
      at King Digital Entertainment.
AB  - We report on a natural field experiment on quantity discounts involving more than
      14 million consumers. Implementing price reductions ranging from 9-70% for large
      purchases, we found remarkably little impact on revenue, either positively or
      negatively. There was virtually no increase in the quantity of customers making a
      purchase; all the observed changes occurred for customers who already were
      buyers. We found evidence that infrequent purchasers are more responsive to
      discounts than frequent purchasers. There was some evidence of habit formation
      when prices returned to pre-experiment levels. There also was some evidence that
      consumers contemplating small purchases are discouraged by the presence of
      extreme quantity discounts for large purchases.

PMID- 27382148
TI  - Causal inference and the data-fusion problem.
AB  - We review concepts, principles, and tools that unify current approaches to causal
      analysis and attend to new challenges presented by big data. In particular, we
      address the problem of data fusion-piecing together multiple datasets collected
      under heterogeneous conditions (i.e., different populations, regimes, and
      sampling methods) to obtain valid answers to queries of interest. The
      availability of multiple heterogeneous datasets presents new opportunities to big
      data analysts, because the knowledge that can be acquired from combined data
      would not be possible from any individual source alone. However, the biases that
      emerge in heterogeneous environments require new analytical tools. Some of these
      biases, including confounding, sampling selection, and cross-population biases,
      have been addressed in isolation, largely in restricted parametric models. We
      here present a general, nonparametric framework for handling these biases and,
      ultimately, a theoretical solution to the problem of data fusion in causal
      inference tasks.

PMID- 27382149
TI  - Recursive partitioning for heterogeneous causal effects.
AB  - In this paper we propose methods for estimating heterogeneity in causal effects
      in experimental and observational studies and for conducting hypothesis tests
      about the magnitude of differences in treatment effects across subsets of the
      population. We provide a data-driven approach to partition the data into
      subpopulations that differ in the magnitude of their treatment effects. The
      approach enables the construction of valid confidence intervals for treatment
      effects, even with many covariates relative to the sample size, and without
      "sparsity" assumptions. We propose an "honest" approach to estimation, whereby
      one sample is used to construct the partition and another to estimate treatment
      effects for each subpopulation. Our approach builds on regression tree methods,
      modified to optimize for goodness of fit in treatment effects and to account for
      honest estimation. Our model selection criterion anticipates that bias will be
      eliminated by honest estimation and also accounts for the effect of making
      additional splits on the variance of treatment effect estimates within each
      subpopulation. We address the challenge that the "ground truth" for a causal
      effect is not observed for any individual unit, so that standard approaches to
      cross-validation must be modified. Through a simulation study, we show that for
      our preferred method honest estimation results in nominal coverage for 90%
      confidence intervals, whereas coverage ranges between 74% and 84% for nonhonest
      approaches. Honest estimation requires estimating the model with a smaller sample
      size; the cost in terms of mean squared error of treatment effects for our
      preferred method ranges between 7-22%.

PMID- 27382150
TI  - Methods for causal inference from gene perturbation experiments and validation.
AB  - Inferring causal effects from observational and interventional data is a highly
      desirable but ambitious goal. Many of the computational and statistical methods
      are plagued by fundamental identifiability issues, instability, and unreliable
      performance, especially for large-scale systems with many measured variables. We
      present software and provide some validation of a recently developed methodology
      based on an invariance principle, called invariant causal prediction (ICP). The
      ICP method quantifies confidence probabilities for inferring causal structures
      and thus leads to more reliable and confirmatory statements for causal relations
      and predictions of external intervention effects. We validate the ICP method and
      some other procedures using large-scale genome-wide gene perturbation experiments
      in Saccharomyces cerevisiae The results suggest that prediction and
      prioritization of future experimental interventions, such as gene deletions, can
      be improved by using our statistical inference techniques.

PMID- 27382147
TI  - Inferring cortical function in the mouse visual system through large-scale
      systems neuroscience.
AB  - The scientific mission of the Project MindScope is to understand neocortex, the
      part of the mammalian brain that gives rise to perception, memory, intelligence,
      and consciousness. We seek to quantitatively evaluate the hypothesis that
      neocortex is a relatively homogeneous tissue, with smaller functional modules
      that perform a common computational function replicated across regions. We here
      focus on the mouse as a mammalian model organism with genetics, physiology, and
      behavior that can be readily studied and manipulated in the laboratory. We seek
      to describe the operation of cortical circuitry at the computational level by
      comprehensively cataloging and characterizing its cellular building blocks along
      with their dynamics and their cell type-specific connectivities. The project is
      also building large-scale experimental platforms (i.e., brain observatories) to
      record the activity of large populations of cortical neurons in behaving mice
      subject to visual stimuli. A primary goal is to understand the series of
      operations from visual input in the retina to behavior by observing and modeling
      the physical transformations of signals in the corticothalamic system. We here
      focus on the contribution that computer modeling and theory make to this long
      term effort.

PMID- 27382151
TI  - Improving massive experiments with threshold blocking.
AB  - Inferences from randomized experiments can be improved by blocking: assigning
      treatment in fixed proportions within groups of similar units. However, the use
      of the method is limited by the difficulty in deriving these groups. Current
      blocking methods are restricted to special cases or run in exponential time; are
      not sensitive to clustering of data points; and are often heuristic, providing an
      unsatisfactory solution in many common instances. We present an algorithm that
      implements a widely applicable class of blocking-threshold blocking-that solves
      these problems. Given a minimum required group size and a distance metric, we
      study the blocking problem of minimizing the maximum distance between any two
      units within the same group. We prove this is a nondeterministic polynomial-time
      hard problem and derive an approximation algorithm that yields a blocking where
      the maximum distance is guaranteed to be, at most, four times the optimal value.
      This algorithm runs in O(n log n) time with O(n) space complexity. This makes it,
      to our knowledge, the first blocking method with an ensured level of performance
      that works in massive experiments. Whereas many commonly used algorithms form
      pairs of units, our algorithm constructs the groups flexibly for any chosen
      minimum size. This facilitates complex experiments with several treatment arms
      and clustered data. A simulation study demonstrates the efficiency and efficacy
      of the algorithm; tens of millions of units can be blocked using a desktop
      computer in a few minutes.

PMID- 27382152
TI  - Linear mixed model for heritability estimation that explicitly addresses
      environmental variation.
AB  - The linear mixed model (LMM) is now routinely used to estimate heritability.
      Unfortunately, as we demonstrate, LMM estimates of heritability can be inflated
      when using a standard model. To help reduce this inflation, we used a more
      general LMM with two random effects-one based on genomic variants and one based
      on easily measured spatial location as a proxy for environmental effects. We
      investigated this approach with simulated data and with data from a Uganda cohort
      of 4,778 individuals for 34 phenotypes including anthropometric indices, blood
      factors, glycemic control, blood pressure, lipid tests, and liver function tests.
      For the genomic random effect, we used identity-by-descent estimates from
      accurately phased genome-wide data. For the environmental random effect, we
      constructed a covariance matrix based on a Gaussian radial basis function. Across
      the simulated and Ugandan data, narrow-sense heritability estimates were lower
      using the more general model. Thus, our approach addresses, in part, the issue of
      "missing heritability" in the sense that much of the heritability previously
      thought to be missing was fictional. Software is available at
      https://github.com/MicrosoftGenomics/FaST-LMM.

PMID- 27382153
TI  - Lasso adjustments of treatment effect estimates in randomized experiments.
AB  - We provide a principled way for investigators to analyze randomized experiments
      when the number of covariates is large. Investigators often use linear
      multivariate regression to analyze randomized experiments instead of simply
      reporting the difference of means between treatment and control groups. Their aim
      is to reduce the variance of the estimated treatment effect by adjusting for
      covariates. If there are a large number of covariates relative to the number of
      observations, regression may perform poorly because of overfitting. In such
      cases, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) may be
      helpful. We study the resulting Lasso-based treatment effect estimator under the
      Neyman-Rubin model of randomized experiments. We present theoretical conditions
      that guarantee that the estimator is more efficient than the simple difference-of
      means estimator, and we provide a conservative estimator of the asymptotic
      variance, which can yield tighter confidence intervals than the difference-of
      means estimator. Simulation and data examples show that Lasso-based adjustment
      can be advantageous even when the number of covariates is less than the number of
      observations. Specifically, a variant using Lasso for selection and ordinary
      least squares (OLS) for estimation performs particularly well, and it chooses a
      smoothing parameter based on combined performance of Lasso and OLS.

PMID- 27382154
TI  - Modeling confounding by half-sibling regression.
AB  - We describe a method for removing the effect of confounders to reconstruct a
      latent quantity of interest. The method, referred to as "half-sibling
      regression," is inspired by recent work in causal inference using additive noise
      models. We provide a theoretical justification, discussing both independent and
      identically distributed as well as time series data, respectively, and illustrate
      the potential of the method in a challenging astronomy application.

PMID- 27382156
TI  - Quantifying the origins of life on a planetary scale.
AB  - A simple, heuristic formula with parallels to the Drake Equation is introduced to
      help focus discussion on open questions for the origins of life in a planetary
      context. This approach indicates a number of areas where quantitative progress
      can be made on parameter estimation for determining origins of life
      probabilities, based on constraints from Bayesian approaches. We discuss a
      variety of "microscale" factors and their role in determining "macroscale"
      abiogenesis probabilities on suitable planets. We also propose that impact ejecta
      exchange between planets with parallel chemistries and chemical evolution could
      in principle amplify the development of molecular complexity and abiogenesis
      probabilities. This amplification could be very significant, and both bias our
      conclusions about abiogenesis probabilities based on the Earth and provide a
      major source of variance in the probability of life arising in planetary systems.
      We use our heuristic formula to suggest a number of observational routes for
      improving constraints on origins of life probabilities.

PMID- 27382155
TI  - Dendrimer-RNA nanoparticles generate protective immunity against lethal Ebola,
      H1N1 influenza, and Toxoplasma gondii challenges with a single dose.
AB  - Vaccines have had broad medical impact, but existing vaccine technologies and
      production methods are limited in their ability to respond rapidly to evolving
      and emerging pathogens, or sudden outbreaks. Here, we develop a rapid-response,
      fully synthetic, single-dose, adjuvant-free dendrimer nanoparticle vaccine
      platform wherein antigens are encoded by encapsulated mRNA replicons. To our
      knowledge, this system is the first capable of generating protective immunity
      against a broad spectrum of lethal pathogen challenges, including H1N1 influenza,
      Toxoplasma gondii, and Ebola virus. The vaccine can be formed with multiple
      antigen-expressing replicons, and is capable of eliciting both CD8(+) T-cell and
      antibody responses. The ability to generate viable, contaminant-free vaccines
      within days, to single or multiple antigens, may have broad utility for a range
      of diseases.

PMID- 27382157
TI  - Nematic quantum critical point without magnetism in FeSe1-xSx superconductors.
AB  - In most unconventional superconductors, the importance of antiferromagnetic
      fluctuations is widely acknowledged. In addition, cuprate and iron-pnictide high
      temperature superconductors often exhibit unidirectional (nematic) electronic
      correlations, including stripe and orbital orders, whose fluctuations may also
      play a key role for electron pairing. In these materials, however, such nematic
      correlations are intertwined with antiferromagnetic or charge orders, preventing
      the identification of the essential role of nematic fluctuations. This calls for
      new materials having only nematicity without competing or coexisting orders. Here
      we report systematic elastoresistance measurements in FeSe1-xSx superconductors,
      which, unlike other iron-based families, exhibit an electronic nematic order
      without accompanying antiferromagnetic order. We find that the nematic transition
      temperature decreases with sulfur content x; whereas, the nematic fluctuations
      are strongly enhanced. Near [Formula: see text], the nematic susceptibility
      diverges toward absolute zero, revealing a nematic quantum critical point. The
      obtained phase diagram for the nematic and superconducting states highlights
      FeSe1-xSx as a unique nonmagnetic system suitable for studying the impact of
      nematicity on superconductivity.

PMID- 27382158
TI  - Cardiolipin binds selectively but transiently to conserved lysine residues in the
      rotor of metazoan ATP synthases.
AB  - The anionic lipid cardiolipin is an essential component of active ATP synthases.
      In metazoans, their rotors contain a ring of eight c-subunits consisting of inner
      and outer circles of N- and C-terminal alpha-helices, respectively. The beginning
      of the C-terminal alpha-helix contains a strictly conserved and fully
      trimethylated lysine residue in the lipid head-group region of the membrane.
      Larger rings of known structure, from c9-c15 in eubacteria and chloroplasts,
      conserve either a lysine or an arginine residue in the equivalent position. In
      computer simulations of hydrated membranes containing trimethylated or
      unmethylated bovine c8-rings and bacterial c10- or c11-rings, the head-groups of
      cardiolipin molecules became associated selectively with these modified and
      unmodified lysine residues and with adjacent polar amino acids and with a second
      conserved lysine on the opposite side of the membrane, whereas phosphatidyl
      lipids were attracted little to these sites. However, the residence times of
      cardiolipin molecules with the ring were brief and sufficient for the rotor to
      turn only a fraction of a degree in the active enzyme. With the demethylated c8
      ring and with c10- and c11-rings, the density of bound cardiolipin molecules at
      this site increased, but residence times were not changed greatly. These highly
      specific but brief interactions with the rotating c-ring are consistent with
      functional roles for cardiolipin in stabilizing and lubricating the rotor, and,
      by interacting with the enzyme at the inlet and exit of the transmembrane proton
      channel, in participation in proton translocation through the membrane domain of
      the enzyme.

PMID- 27382159
TI  - Cook Island artifact geochemistry demonstrates spatial and temporal extent of pre
      European interarchipelago voyaging in East Polynesia.
AB  - The Cook Islands are considered the "gateway" for human colonization of East
      Polynesia, the final chapter of Oceanic settlement and the last major region
      occupied on Earth. Indeed, East Polynesia witnessed the culmination of the
      greatest maritime migration in human history. Perennial debates have critiqued
      whether Oceanic settlement was purposeful or accidental, the timing and pathways
      of colonization, and the nature and extent of postcolonization voyaging-essential
      for small founding groups securing a lifeline between parent and daughter
      communities. Centering on the well-dated Tangatatau rockshelter, Mangaia,
      Southern Cook Islands, we charted the temporal duration and geographic spread of
      exotic stone adze materials-essential woodworking tools found throughout
      Polynesia- imported for more than 300 y beginning in the early AD 1300s. Using a
      technique requiring only 200 mg of sample for the geochemical analysis of trace
      elements and isotopes of fine-grained basalt adzes, we assigned all artifacts to
      an island or archipelago of origin. Adze material was identified from the chiefly
      complex on the Austral Islands, from the major adze quarry complex on Tutuila
      (Samoa), and from the Marquesas Islands more than 2,400 km distant. This
      interaction is the only dated example of down-the-line exchange in central East
      Polynesia where intermediate groups transferred commodities attesting to the
      interconnectedness and complexity of social relations fostered during
      postsettlement voyaging. For the Cook Islands, this exchange may have lasted into
      the 1600s, at least a century later than other East Polynesian archipelagos,
      suggesting that interarchipelago interaction contributed to the later development
      of social hierarchies.

PMID- 27382161
TI  - Blood sugar level follows perceived time rather than actual time in people with
      type 2 diabetes.
AB  - The current study investigates whether perceived time has an effect on blood
      glucose level in people with type 2 diabetes. The hypothesis is that perceived
      time will have a greater influence over blood glucose level than actual time.
      Changes in blood glucose levels were measured in 46 participants with diabetes
      while they completed simple tasks during a 90-min period. Participants'
      perception of time was manipulated by having them refer to clocks that were
      either accurate or altered to run fast or slow. Blood glucose levels changed in
      accordance with how much time they believed had passed instead of how much time
      had actually passed. These results are an example of the influence psychological
      processes can directly exert on the body.

PMID- 27382160
TI  - Ascorbate attenuates pulmonary emphysema by inhibiting tobacco smoke and Rtp801
      triggered lung protein modification and proteolysis.
AB  - Cigarette smoking causes emphysema, a fatal disease involving extensive
      structural and functional damage of the lung. Using a guinea pig model and human
      lung cells, we show that oxidant(s) present in tobacco smoke not only cause
      direct oxidative damage of lung proteins, contributing to the major share of lung
      injury, but also activate Rtp801, a key proinflammatory cellular factor involved
      in tobacco smoke-induced lung damage. Rtp801 triggers nuclear factor kappaB and
      consequent inducible NOS (iNOS)-mediated overproduction of NO, which in
      combination with excess superoxide produced during Rtp801 activation, contribute
      to increased oxido-nitrosative stress and lung protein nitration. However, lung
      specific inhibition of iNOS with a iNOS-specific inhibitor, N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L
      lysine, dihydrochloride (L-NIL) solely restricts lung protein nitration but fails
      to prevent or reverse the major tobacco smoke-induced oxidative lung injury. In
      comparison, the dietary antioxidant, ascorbate or vitamin C, can substantially
      prevent such damage by inhibiting both tobacco smoke-induced lung protein
      oxidation as well as activation of pulmonary Rtp801 and consequent iNOS/NO
      induced nitration of lung proteins, that otherwise lead to increased proteolysis
      of such oxidized or nitrated proteins by endogenous lung proteases, resulting in
      emphysematous lung damage. Vitamin C also restricts the up-regulation of matrix
      metalloproteinase-9, the major lung protease involved in the proteolysis of such
      modified lung proteins during tobacco smoke-induced emphysema. Overall, our
      findings implicate tobacco-smoke oxidant(s) as the primary etiopathogenic factor
      behind both the noncellular and cellular damage mechanisms governing
      emphysematous lung injury and demonstrate the potential of vitamin C to
      accomplish holistic prevention of such damage.

PMID- 27382162
TI  - Cytosine deamination and the precipitous decline of spontaneous mutation during
      Earth's history.
AB  - The hydrolytic deamination of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine residues in DNA
      appears to contribute significantly to the appearance of spontaneous mutations in
      microorganisms and in human disease. In the present work, we examined the
      mechanism of cytosine deamination and the response of the uncatalyzed reaction to
      changing temperature. The positively charged 1,3-dimethylcytosinium ion was
      hydrolyzed at a rate similar to the rate of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 1
      methylcytosine, for which it furnishes a satisfactory kinetic model and a
      probable mechanism. In agreement with earlier reports, uncatalyzed deamination
      was found to proceed at very similar rates for cytosine, 1-methylcytosine,
      cytidine, and cytidine 5'-phosphate, and also for cytosine residues in single
      stranded DNA generated from a phagemid, in which we sequenced an insert
      representing the gene of the HIV-1 protease. Arrhenius plots for the uncatalyzed
      deamination of cytosine were linear over the temperature range from 90  degrees C
      to 200  degrees C and indicated a heat of activation (DeltaH(?)) of 23.4 +/- 0.5
      kcal/mol at pH 7. Recent evidence indicates that the surface of the earth has
      been cool enough to support life for more than 4 billion years and that life has
      been present for almost as long. If the temperature at Earth's surface is assumed
      to have followed Newton's law of cooling, declining exponentially from 100 
      degrees C to 25  degrees C during that period, then half of the cytosine
      deaminating events per unit biomass would have taken place during the first 0.2
      billion years, and <99.4% would have occurred during the first 2 billion years.

PMID- 27382163
TI  - Large scale, synchronous variability of marine fish populations driven by
      commercial exploitation.
AB  - Synchronous variations in the abundance of geographically distinct marine fish
      populations are known to occur across spatial scales on the order of 1,000 km and
      greater. The prevailing assumption is that this large-scale coherent variability
      is a response to coupled atmosphere-ocean dynamics, commonly represented by
      climate indexes, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and North Atlantic
      Oscillation. On the other hand, it has been suggested that exploitation might
      contribute to this coherent variability. This possibility has been generally
      ignored or dismissed on the grounds that exploitation is unlikely to operate
      synchronously at such large spatial scales. Our analysis of adult fishing
      mortality and spawning stock biomass of 22 North Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
      stocks revealed that both the temporal and spatial scales in fishing mortality
      and spawning stock biomass were equivalent to those of the climate drivers. From
      these results, we conclude that greater consideration must be given to the
      potential of exploitation as a driving force behind broad, coherent variability
      of heavily exploited fish species.

PMID- 27382165
TI  - Correction for Chappell and Rausher, Evolution of host range in Coleosporium
      ipomoeae, a plant pathogen with multiple hosts.

PMID- 27382164
TI  - Learning rational temporal eye movement strategies.
AB  - During active behavior humans redirect their gaze several times every second
      within the visual environment. Where we look within static images is highly
      efficient, as quantified by computational models of human gaze shifts in visual
      search and face recognition tasks. However, when we shift gaze is mostly unknown
      despite its fundamental importance for survival in a dynamic world. It has been
      suggested that during naturalistic visuomotor behavior gaze deployment is
      coordinated with task-relevant events, often predictive of future events, and
      studies in sportsmen suggest that timing of eye movements is learned. Here we
      establish that humans efficiently learn to adjust the timing of eye movements in
      response to environmental regularities when monitoring locations in the visual
      scene to detect probabilistically occurring events. To detect the events humans
      adopt strategies that can be understood through a computational model that
      includes perceptual and acting uncertainties, a minimal processing time, and,
      crucially, the intrinsic costs of gaze behavior. Thus, subjects traded off event
      detection rate with behavioral costs of carrying out eye movements. Remarkably,
      based on this rational bounded actor model the time course of learning the gaze
      strategies is fully explained by an optimal Bayesian learner with humans'
      characteristic uncertainty in time estimation, the well-known scalar law of
      biological timing. Taken together, these findings establish that the human visual
      system is highly efficient in learning temporal regularities in the environment
      and that it can use these regularities to control the timing of eye movements to
      detect behaviorally relevant events.

PMID- 27382166
TI  - Profile of Martin Matzuk.

PMID- 27382167
TI  - Polymorphism and electronic structure of polyimine and its potential significance
      for prebiotic chemistry on Titan.
AB  - The chemistry of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is believed to be central to the origin
      of life question. Contradictions between Cassini-Huygens mission measurements of
      the atmosphere and the surface of Saturn's moon Titan suggest that HCN-based
      polymers may have formed on the surface from products of atmospheric chemistry.
      This makes Titan a valuable "natural laboratory" for exploring potential
      nonterrestrial forms of prebiotic chemistry. We have used theoretical
      calculations to investigate the chain conformations of polyimine (pI), a polymer
      identified as one major component of polymerized HCN in laboratory experiments.
      Thanks to its flexible backbone, the polymer can exist in several different
      polymorphs, which are relatively close in energy. The electronic and structural
      variability among them is extraordinary. The band gap changes over a 3-eV range
      when moving from a planar sheet-like structure to increasingly coiled
      conformations. The primary photon absorption is predicted to occur in a window of
      relative transparency in Titan's atmosphere, indicating that pI could be
      photochemically active and drive chemistry on the surface. The thermodynamics for
      adding and removing HCN from pI under Titan conditions suggests that such
      dynamics is plausible, provided that catalysis or photochemistry is available to
      sufficiently lower reaction barriers. We speculate that the directionality of
      pI's intermolecular and intramolecular =N-H(...)N hydrogen bonds may drive the
      formation of partially ordered structures, some of which may synergize with
      photon absorption and act catalytically. Future detailed studies on proposed
      mechanisms and the solubility and density of the polymers will aid in the design
      of future missions to Titan.

PMID- 27382169
TI  - Measurements of extinct fission products in nuclear bomb debris: Determination of
      the yield of the Trinity nuclear test 70 y later.
AB  - This paper describes an approach to measuring extinct fission products that would
      allow for the characterization of a nuclear test at any time. The isotopic
      composition of molybdenum in five samples of glassy debris from the 1945 Trinity
      nuclear test has been measured. Nonnatural molybdenum isotopic compositions were
      observed, reflecting an input from the decay of the short-lived fission products
      (95)Zr and (97)Zr. By measuring both the perturbation of the (95)Mo/(96)Mo and
      (97)Mo/(96)Mo isotopic ratios and the total amount of molybdenum in the Trinity
      nuclear debris samples, it is possible to calculate the original concentrations
      of the (95)Zr and (97)Zr isotopes formed in the nuclear detonation. Together with
      a determination of the amount of plutonium in the debris, these measurements of
      extinct fission products allow for new estimates of the efficiency and yield of
      the historic Trinity test.

PMID- 27382168
TI  - pH-degradable imidazoquinoline-ligated nanogels for lymph node-focused immune
      activation.
AB  - Agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are potent activators of the innate immune
      system and hold promise as vaccine adjuvant and for anticancer immunotherapy.
      Unfortunately, in soluble form they readily enter systemic circulation and cause
      systemic inflammatory toxicity. Here we demonstrate that by covalent ligation of
      a small-molecule imidazoquinoline-based TLR7/8 agonist to 50-nm-sized degradable
      polymeric nanogels the potency of the agonist to activate TLR7/8 in in vitro
      cultured dendritic cells is largely retained. Importantly, imidazoquinoline
      ligated nanogels focused the in vivo immune activation on the draining lymph
      nodes while dramatically reducing systemic inflammation. Mechanistic studies
      revealed a prevalent passive diffusion of the nanogels to the draining lymph
      node. Moreover, immunization studies in mice have shown that relative to soluble
      TLR7/8 agonist, imidazoquinoline-ligated nanogels induce superior antibody and T
      cell responses against a tuberculosis antigen. This approach opens possibilities
      to enhance the therapeutic benefit of small-molecule TLR agonist for a variety of
      applications.

PMID- 27382170
TI  - Spontaneous wettability patterning via creasing instability.
AB  - Surfaces with patterned wettability contrast are important in industrial
      applications such as heat transfer, water collection, and particle separation.
      Traditional methods of fabricating such surfaces rely on microfabrication
      technologies, which are only applicable to certain substrates and are difficult
      to scale up and implement on curved surfaces. By taking advantage of a mechanical
      instability on a polyurethane elastomer film, we show that wettability patterns
      on both flat and curved surfaces can be generated spontaneously via a simple dip
      coating process. Variations in dipping time, sample prestress, and chemical
      treatment enable independent control of domain size (from about 100 to 500 MUm),
      morphology, and wettability contrast, respectively. We characterize the
      wettability contrast using local surface energy measurements via the sessile
      droplet technique and tensiometry.

PMID- 27382171
TI  - Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits cytokine production and attenuates disease
      severity in rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous, prevalent, chronic autoimmune
      disease characterized by painful swollen joints and significant disabilities.
      Symptomatic relief can be achieved in up to 50% of patients using biological
      agents that inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or other mechanisms of action,
      but there are no universally effective therapies. Recent advances in basic and
      preclinical science reveal that reflex neural circuits inhibit the production of
      cytokines and inflammation in animal models. One well-characterized cytokine
      inhibiting mechanism, termed the "inflammatory reflex," is dependent upon vagus
      nerve signals that inhibit cytokine production and attenuate experimental
      arthritis severity in mice and rats. It previously was unknown whether directly
      stimulating the inflammatory reflex in humans inhibits TNF production. Here we
      show that an implantable vagus nerve-stimulating device in epilepsy patients
      inhibits peripheral blood production of TNF, IL-1beta, and IL-6. Vagus nerve
      stimulation (up to four times daily) in RA patients significantly inhibited TNF
      production for up to 84 d. Moreover, RA disease severity, as measured by
      standardized clinical composite scores, improved significantly. Together, these
      results establish that vagus nerve stimulation targeting the inflammatory reflex
      modulates TNF production and reduces inflammation in humans. These findings
      suggest that it is possible to use mechanism-based neuromodulating devices in the
      experimental therapy of RA and possibly other autoimmune and autoinflammatory
      diseases.

PMID- 27382172
TI  - A study of interstellar aldehydes and enols as tracers of a cosmic ray-driven
      nonequilibrium synthesis of complex organic molecules.
AB  - Complex organic molecules such as sugars and amides are ubiquitous in star- and
      planet-forming regions, but their formation mechanisms have remained largely
      elusive until now. Here we show in a combined experimental, computational, and
      astrochemical modeling study that interstellar aldehydes and enols like
      acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and vinyl alcohol (C2H3OH) act as key tracers of a cosmic
      ray-driven nonequilibrium chemistry leading to complex organics even deep within
      low-temperature interstellar ices at 10 K. Our findings challenge conventional
      wisdom and define a hitherto poorly characterized reaction class forming complex
      organic molecules inside interstellar ices before their sublimation in star
      forming regions such as SgrB2(N). These processes are of vital importance in
      initiating a chain of chemical reactions leading eventually to the molecular
      precursors of biorelevant molecules as planets form in their interstellar
      nurseries.

PMID- 27382174
TI  - Profile of Martin Pollak.

PMID- 27382173
TI  - Generalized nucleation and looping model for epigenetic memory of histone
      modifications.
AB  - Histone modifications can redistribute along the genome in a sequence-independent
      manner, giving rise to chromatin position effects and epigenetic memory. The
      underlying mechanisms shape the endogenous chromatin landscape and determine its
      response to ectopically targeted histone modifiers. Here, we simulate linear and
      looping-driven spreading of histone modifications and compare both models to
      recent experiments on histone methylation in fission yeast. We find that a
      generalized nucleation-and-looping mechanism describes key observations on
      engineered and endogenous methylation domains including intrinsic spatial
      confinement, independent regulation of domain size and memory, variegation in the
      absence of antagonists, and coexistence of short- and long-term memory at loci
      with weak and strong constitutive nucleation. These findings support a
      straightforward relationship between the biochemical properties of chromatin
      modifiers and the spatiotemporal modification pattern. The proposed mechanism
      gives rise to a phase diagram for cellular memory that may be generally
      applicable to explain epigenetic phenomena across different species.

PMID- 27382175
TI  - Insulin induction of SREBP-1c in rodent liver requires LXRalpha-C/EBPbeta
      complex.
AB  - Insulin increases lipid synthesis in liver by activating transcription of the
      gene encoding sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c). SREBP-1c
      activates the transcription of all genes necessary for fatty acid synthesis.
      Insulin induction of SREBP-1c requires LXRalpha, a nuclear receptor.
      Transcription of SREBP-1c also requires transcription factor C/EBPbeta, but a
      connection between LXRalpha and C/EBPbeta has not been made. Here we show that
      LXRalpha and C/EBPbeta form a complex that can be immunoprecipitated from rat
      liver nuclei. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the LXRalpha
      C/EBPbeta complex binds to the SREBP-1c promoter in a region that contains two
      binding sites for LXRalpha and is known to be required for insulin induction.
      Knockdown of C/EBPbeta in fresh rat hepatocytes or mouse livers in vivo reduces
      the ability of insulin to increase SREBP-1c mRNA. The LXRalpha-C/EBPbeta complex
      is bound to the SREBP-1c promoter in the absence or presence of insulin,
      indicating that insulin acts not by increasing the formation of this complex, but
      rather by activating it.

PMID- 27382176
TI  - Profile of Joachim Messing.

PMID- 27382177
TI  - Grasses use an alternatively wired bHLH transcription factor network to establish
      stomatal identity.
AB  - Stomata, epidermal valves facilitating plant-atmosphere gas exchange, represent a
      powerful model for understanding cell fate and pattern in plants. Core basic
      helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors regulating stomatal development
      were identified in Arabidopsis, but this dicot's developmental pattern and
      stomatal morphology represent only one of many possibilities in nature. Here,
      using unbiased forward genetic screens, followed by analysis of reporters and
      engineered mutants, we show that stomatal initiation in the grass Brachypodium
      distachyon uses orthologs of stomatal regulators known from Arabidopsis but that
      the function and behavior of individual genes, the relationships among genes, and
      the regulation of their protein products have diverged. Our results highlight
      ways in which a kernel of conserved genes may be alternatively wired to produce
      diversity in patterning and morphology and suggest that the stomatal
      transcription factor module is a prime target for breeding or genome modification
      to improve plant productivity.

PMID- 27382178
TI  - DNA binding triggers tetramerization of the glucocorticoid receptor in live
      cells.
AB  - Transcription factors dynamically bind to chromatin and are essential for the
      regulation of genes. Although a large percentage of these proteins appear to self
      associate to form dimers or higher order oligomers, the stoichiometry of DNA
      bound transcription factors has been poorly characterized in vivo. The
      glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor widely
      believed to act as a dimer or a monomer. Using a unique set of imaging techniques
      coupled with a cell line containing an array of DNA binding elements, we show
      that GR is predominantly a tetramer when bound to its target DNA. We find that
      DNA binding triggers an interdomain allosteric regulation within the GR, leading
      to tetramerization. We therefore propose that dynamic changes in GR stoichiometry
      represent a previously unidentified level of regulation in steroid receptor
      activation. Quaternary structure analysis of other members of the steroid
      receptor family (estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors) reveals
      variation in oligomerization states among this family of transcription factors.
      Because GR's oligomerization state has been implicated in therapy outcome, our
      findings open new doors to the rational design of novel GR ligands and redefine
      the quaternary structure of steroid receptors.

PMID- 27382179
TI  - Resistance mutations generate divergent antibiotic susceptibility profiles
      against translation inhibitors.
AB  - Mutations conferring resistance to translation inhibitors often alter the
      structure of rRNA. Reduced susceptibility to distinct structural antibiotic
      classes may, therefore, emerge when a common ribosomal binding site is perturbed,
      which significantly reduces the clinical utility of these agents. The translation
      inhibitors negamycin and tetracycline interfere with tRNA binding to the
      aminoacyl-tRNA site on the small 30S ribosomal subunit. However, two negamycin
      resistance mutations display unexpected differential antibiotic susceptibility
      profiles. Mutant U1060A in 16S Escherichia coli rRNA is resistant to both
      antibiotics, whereas mutant U1052G is simultaneously resistant to negamycin and
      hypersusceptible to tetracycline. Using a combination of microbiological,
      biochemical, single-molecule fluorescence transfer experiments, and X-ray
      crystallography, we define the specific structural defects in the U1052G mutant
      70S E. coli ribosome that explain its divergent negamycin and tetracycline
      susceptibility profiles. Unexpectedly, the U1052G mutant ribosome possesses a
      second tetracycline binding site that correlates with its hypersusceptibility.
      The creation of a previously unidentified antibiotic binding site raises the
      prospect of identifying similar phenomena in antibiotic-resistant pathogens in
      the future.

PMID- 27382180
TI  - Spectral discrimination in color blind animals via chromatic aberration and pupil
      shape.
AB  - We present a mechanism by which organisms with only a single photoreceptor, which
      have a monochromatic view of the world, can achieve color discrimination. An off
      axis pupil and the principle of chromatic aberration (where different wavelengths
      come to focus at different distances behind a lens) can combine to provide "color
      blind" animals with a way to distinguish colors. As a specific example, we
      constructed a computer model of the visual system of cephalopods (octopus, squid,
      and cuttlefish) that have a single unfiltered photoreceptor type. We compute a
      quantitative image quality budget for this visual system and show how chromatic
      blurring dominates the visual acuity in these animals in shallow water. We
      quantitatively show, through numerical simulations, how chromatic aberration can
      be exploited to obtain spectral information, especially through nonaxial pupils
      that are characteristic of coleoid cephalopods. We have also assessed the
      inherent ambiguity between range and color that is a consequence of the chromatic
      variation of best focus with wavelength. This proposed mechanism is consistent
      with the extensive suite of visual/behavioral and physiological data that has
      been obtained from cephalopod studies and offers a possible solution to the
      apparent paradox of vivid chromatic behaviors in color blind animals. Moreover,
      this proposed mechanism has potential applicability in organisms with limited
      photoreceptor complements, such as spiders and dolphins.

PMID- 27382181
TI  - Probe for the measurement of cell surface pH in vivo and ex vivo.
AB  - We have developed a way to measure cell surface pH by positioning a pH-sensitive
      fluorescent dye, seminaphtharhodafluor (SNARF), conjugated to the pH low
      insertion peptide (pHLIP). It has been observed that many diseased tissues are
      acidic and that tumors are especially so. A combination of effects acidifies
      tumor cell interiors, and cells pump out lactic acid and protons to maintain
      intracellular pH, acidifying the extracellular space. Overexpression of carbonic
      anhydrases on cell surfaces further contributes to acidification. Thus, the pH
      near tumor cell surfaces is expected to be low and to increase with distance from
      the membrane, so bulk pH measurements will not report surface acidity. Our new
      surface pH-measurement tool was validated in cancer cells grown in spheroids, in
      mouse tumor models in vivo, and in excised tumors. We found that the surface pH
      is sensitive to cell glycolytic activity: the pH decreases in high glucose and
      increases if glucose is replaced with nonmetabolized deoxyglucose. For highly
      metastatic cancer cells, the pH measured at the surface was 6.7-6.8, when the
      surrounding external pH was 7.4. The approach is sensitive enough to detect 0.2
      0.3 pH unit changes in vivo in tumors induced by i.p. injection of glucose. The
      pH at the surfaces of highly metastatic cells within tumors was found to be about
      6.1-6.4, whereas in nonmetastatic tumors, it was 6.7-6.9, possibly creating a way
      to distinguish more aggressive from less aggressive tumors. Other biological
      roles of surface acidity may be found, now that targeted measurements are
      possible.

PMID- 27382182
TI  - In situ characterization of the mTORC1 during adipogenesis of human adult stem
      cells on chip.
AB  - Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central kinase integrating nutrient,
      energy, and metabolite signals. The kinase forms two distinct complexes: mTORC1
      and mTORC2. mTORC1 plays an essential but undefined regulatory function for
      regeneration of adipose tissue. Analysis of mTOR in general is hampered by the
      complexity of regulatory mechanisms, including protein interactions and/or
      phosphorylation, in an ever-changing cellular microenvironment. Here, we
      developed a microfluidic large-scale integration chip platform for culturing and
      differentiating human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) in 128 separated
      microchambers under standardized nutrient conditions over 3 wk. The progression
      of the stem cell differentiation was measured by determining the lipid
      accumulation rates in hASC cultures. For in situ protein analytics, we developed
      a multiplex in situ proximity ligation assay (mPLA) that can detect mTOR in its
      two complexes selectively in single cells and implemented it on the same chip.
      With this combined technology, it was possible to reveal that the mTORC1 is
      regulated in its abundance, phosphorylation state, and localization in
      coordination with lysosomes during adipogenesis. High-content image analysis and
      parameterization of the in situ PLA signals in over 1 million cells cultured on
      four individual chips showed that mTORC1 and lysosomes are temporally and
      spatially coordinated but not in its composition during adipogenesis.

PMID- 27382183
TI  - Methylation interactions in Arabidopsis hybrids require RNA-directed DNA
      methylation and are influenced by genetic variation.
AB  - DNA methylation is a conserved epigenetic mark in plants and many animals. How
      parental alleles interact in progeny to influence the epigenome is poorly
      understood. We analyzed the DNA methylomes of Arabidopsis Col and C24 ecotypes,
      and their hybrid progeny. Hybrids displayed nonadditive DNA methylation levels,
      termed methylation interactions, throughout the genome. Approximately 2,500
      methylation interactions occurred at regions where parental DNA methylation
      levels are similar, whereas almost 1,000 were at differentially methylated
      regions in parents. Methylation interactions were characterized by an abundance
      of 24-nt small interfering RNAs. Furthermore, dysfunction of the RNA-directed DNA
      methylation pathway abolished methylation interactions but did not affect the
      increased biomass observed in hybrid progeny. Methylation interactions correlated
      with altered genetic variation within the genome, suggesting that they may play a
      role in genome evolution.

PMID- 27382185
TI  - Dexter energy transfer pathways.
AB  - Energy transfer with an associated spin change of the donor and acceptor, Dexter
      energy transfer, is critically important in solar energy harvesting assemblies,
      damage protection schemes of photobiology, and organometallic opto-electronic
      materials. Dexter transfer between chemically linked donors and acceptors is
      bridge mediated, presenting an enticing analogy with bridge-mediated electron and
      hole transfer. However, Dexter coupling pathways must convey both an electron and
      a hole from donor to acceptor, and this adds considerable richness to the
      mediation process. We dissect the bridge-mediated Dexter coupling mechanisms and
      formulate a theory for triplet energy transfer coupling pathways. Virtual donor
      acceptor charge-transfer exciton intermediates dominate at shorter distances or
      higher tunneling energy gaps, whereas virtual intermediates with an electron and
      a hole both on the bridge (virtual bridge excitons) dominate for longer distances
      or lower energy gaps. The effects of virtual bridge excitons were neglected in
      earlier treatments. The two-particle pathway framework developed here shows how
      Dexter energy-transfer rates depend on donor, bridge, and acceptor energetics, as
      well as on orbital symmetry and quantum interference among pathways.

PMID- 27382184
TI  - Temperate phages both mediate and drive adaptive evolution in pathogen biofilms.
AB  - Temperate phages drive genomic diversification in bacterial pathogens. Phage
      derived sequences are more common in pathogenic than nonpathogenic taxa and are
      associated with changes in pathogen virulence. High abundance and mobilization of
      temperate phages within hosts suggests that temperate phages could promote within
      host evolution of bacterial pathogens. However, their role in pathogen evolution
      has not been experimentally tested. We experimentally evolved replicate
      populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with or without a community of three
      temperate phages active in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections, including the
      transposable phage, phi4, which is closely related to phage D3112. Populations
      grew as free-floating biofilms in artificial sputum medium, mimicking sputum of
      CF lungs where P. aeruginosa is an important pathogen and undergoes evolutionary
      adaptation and diversification during chronic infection. Although bacterial
      populations adapted to the biofilm environment in both treatments, population
      genomic analysis revealed that phages altered both the trajectory and mode of
      evolution. Populations evolving with phages exhibited a greater degree of
      parallel evolution and faster selective sweeps than populations without phages.
      Phage phi4 integrated randomly into the bacterial chromosome, but integrations
      into motility-associated genes and regulators of quorum sensing systems essential
      for virulence were selected in parallel, strongly suggesting that these
      insertional inactivation mutations were adaptive. Temperate phages, and in
      particular transposable phages, are therefore likely to facilitate adaptive
      evolution of bacterial pathogens within hosts.

PMID- 27382186
TI  - Stochastic cycle selection in active flow networks.
AB  - Active biological flow networks pervade nature and span a wide range of scales,
      from arterial blood vessels and bronchial mucus transport in humans to bacterial
      flow through porous media or plasmodial shuttle streaming in slime molds. Despite
      their ubiquity, little is known about the self-organization principles that
      govern flow statistics in such nonequilibrium networks. Here we connect concepts
      from lattice field theory, graph theory, and transition rate theory to understand
      how topology controls dynamics in a generic model for actively driven flow on a
      network. Our combined theoretical and numerical analysis identifies symmetry
      based rules that make it possible to classify and predict the selection
      statistics of complex flow cycles from the network topology. The conceptual
      framework developed here is applicable to a broad class of biological and
      nonbiological far-from-equilibrium networks, including actively controlled
      information flows, and establishes a correspondence between active flow networks
      and generalized ice-type models.

PMID- 27382187
TI  - Bidirectional Crosstalk between C5a Receptors and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in
      Macrophages and Monocytes.
AB  - C5a is an inflammatory mediator generated by complement activation that
      positively regulates various arms of immune defense, including Toll-like receptor
      4 (TLR4) signaling. The NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3
      (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated by pathogen products and cellular/tissue damage
      products and is a major contributor of IL-1beta. In this study, we investigate
      whether C5a modulates lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced NLRP3 inflammasome
      activation in myeloid cells. Appearance of plasma IL-1beta during endotoxemia was
      reduced in C5aR1(-/-) mice when compared to wild-type mice. In vitro, C5a
      significantly enhanced LPS-induced production of IL-1beta in bone marrow Ly6C
      high inflammatory monocytes, accompanied by augmented intracellular pro-IL-1beta
      expression. This effect was abolished during p38 blockade by SB 203580 and in the
      absence of C5aR1. Conversely, C5a suppressed LPS-induced macrophage production of
      IL-1beta, which was accompanied by attenuated levels of pro-IL-1beta, NLRP3, and
      caspase-1 expression. C5a's suppressive effects were negated during
      phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition by wortmannin but were largely
      preserved in the absence of C5aR1. Thus, C5a bidirectionally amplifies TLR4
      mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in monocytes while suppressing this
      pathway in macrophages. However, as C5aR1 deficiency attenuates the IL-1beta
      response to LPS challenge in vivo, our results suggest overall that C5a augments
      physiologic inflammasome responses. 

PMID- 27382188
TI  - MicroRNA-Regulated Proinflammatory Cytokines in Sarcopenia.
AB  - Sarcopenia has been defined as the aging-related disease with the declined mass,
      strength, and function of skeletal muscle, which is the major cause of frailty
      and falls in elders. The activation of inflammatory signal pathways due to
      diseases and aging is suggested to reveal the critical impact on sarcopenia.
      Several proinflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), play crucial roles in modulation of
      inflammatory signaling pathway during the aging-related loss of skeletal muscle.
      MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as the important regulators for the mass and
      functional maintenance of skeletal muscle through regulating gene expression of
      proinflammatory cytokines. In this paper, we have systematically discussed
      regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs for the expression and secretion of inflammatory
      cytokines during sarcopenia, which will provide some novel targets and
      therapeutic strategies for controlling aging-related atrophy of skeletal muscle
      and corresponding chronic inflammatory diseases. 

PMID- 27382189
TI  - C-Terminal Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Peptide: A New Sepsis Biomarker with
      Immunomodulatory Function.
AB  - Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a life threatening condition
      and the leading cause of death in intensive care units. Although single aspects
      of pathophysiology have been described in detail, numerous unknown mediators
      contribute to the progression of this complex disease. The aim of this study was
      to elucidate the pathophysiological role of CAAP48, a C-terminal alpha-1
      antitrypsin fragment, that we found to be elevated in septic patients and to
      apply this peptide as diagnostic marker for infectious and noninfectious
      etiologies of SIRS. Incubation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils with
      synthetic CAAP48, the SNP-variant CAAP47, and several control peptides revealed
      intense neutrophil activation, induction of neutrophil chemotaxis, reduction of
      neutrophil viability, and release of cytokines. We determined the abundance of
      CAAP48 in patients with severe sepsis, severe SIRS of noninfectious origin, and
      viral infection. CAAP48 levels were 3-4-fold higher in patients with sepsis
      compared to SIRS of noninfectious origin and allowed discrimination of those
      patients with high sensitivity and specificity. Our results suggest that CAAP48
      is a promising discriminatory sepsis biomarker with immunomodulatory functions,
      particularly on human neutrophils, supporting its important role in the host
      response and pathophysiology of sepsis. 

PMID- 27382191
TI  - Semisynthesis of Derivatives of Oleanolic Acid from Syzygium aromaticum and Their
      Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.
AB  - Oleanolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound widely found in plants and
      well known for its medicinal properties. Oleanolic acid (OA) was isolated from
      the ethyl acetate extract of Syzygium aromaticum flower buds. Semisynthesis
      afforded both acetate and ester derivatives. The derived compounds were monitored
      with thin layer chromatography and confirmed with nuclear magnetic resonance
      (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), Fourier infrared (FT-IR)
      spectroscopy, and melting point (Mp). All these compounds were evaluated for
      their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties at a dose of 40 mg/kg.
      Significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were noted for all OA-derived
      compounds. In the formalin-induced pain test, the derivatives showed better
      analgesic effects compared to their precursor, whereas, in the tale flick test,
      oleanolic acid proved to be superior in analgesic effects compared to all its
      derivatives with the exception of the acetyl derivative. Acute inflammatory tests
      showed that acetyl derivatives possessed better anti-inflammatory activity
      compared to the other compounds. In conclusion, semisynthesis of oleanolic acid
      yielded several derivatives with improved solubility and enhanced analgesic and
      anti-inflammatory properties. 

PMID- 27382193
TI  - Vitamin D: The Need of the Hour.

PMID- 27382192
TI  - Pretransplant Immune- and Apoptosis-Related Gene Expression Is Associated with
      Kidney Allograft Function.
AB  - Renal transplant candidates present immune dysregulation, caused by chronic
      uremia. The aim of the study was to investigate whether pretransplant peripheral
      blood gene expression of immune factors affects clinical outcome of renal
      allograft recipients. Methods. In a prospective study, we analyzed pretransplant
      peripheral blood gene expression in87 renal transplant candidates with real-time
      PCR on custom-designed low density arrays (TaqMan). Results. Immediate
      posttransplant graft function (14-day GFR) was influenced negatively by TGFB1 (P
      = 0.039) and positively by IL-2 gene expression (P = 0.040). Pretransplant blood
      mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes (CASP3, FAS, and IL-18) and Th1
      derived cytokine gene IFNG correlated positively with short- (6-month GFR CASP3:
      P = 0.027, FAS: P = 0.021, and IFNG: P = 0.029) and long-term graft function (24
      month GFR CASP3: P = 0.003, FAS: P = 0.033, IL-18: P = 0.044, and IFNG: P =
      0.04). Conclusion. Lowered pretransplant Th1-derived cytokine and apoptosis
      related gene expressions were a hallmark of subsequent worse kidney function but
      not of acute rejection rate. The pretransplant IFNG and CASP3 and FAS and IL-18
      genes' expression in the recipients' peripheral blood is the possible candidate
      for novel biomarker of short- and long-term allograft function. 

PMID- 27382194
TI  - Folate Pathway Gene Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism and
      Alzheimer Disease Risk in Asian Population.
AB  - The association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T
      polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimers disease (AD) was controversial in
      previous studies. The present meta-analysis was designed to investigate the
      association of MTHFR C677T polymorphism with AD. Nine studies were identified by
      search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Springer Link databases, up to
      January 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI)
      were calculated using fixed effects model or random effects model. All
      statistical analysis was done by Mix version 1.7. MTHFR C677T polymorphism had a
      significant association with susceptibility to AD in all genetic models (for T vs
      C: OR 1.29, 95 % CI 1.15-1.44, p < 0.0001; for TT + CT vs CC: OR 1.38, 95 % CI
      1.16-1.364, p = 0.0002; for TT vs CC: OR 1.60, 95 % CI 1.25-2.04, p = 0.0001; for
      CT vs CC: OR 1.28, 95 % CI 1.1-1.53, p < 0.008; for TT vs CT + CC: OR 1.37, 95 %
      CI 1.12-1.67, p = 0.002). Results from present meta-analysis supported that the
      MTHFR C677T polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of AD in Asian
      population. 

PMID- 27382195
TI  - Apolipoprotein A-I: A Molecule of Diverse Function.
AB  - Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) an indispensable component and a major structural
      protein of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), plays a vital role in reverse
      cholesterol transport and cellular cholesterol homeostasis since its
      identification. Its multifunctional role in immunity, inflammation, apoptosis,
      viral, bacterial infection etc. has crossed its boundary of its potential of
      protecting cardiovascular system and lowering cardiovascular disease risk,
      attributing HDL to be known as a protective fat removal particle. Its structural
      homology with prostacyclin stabilization factor has contributed to its anti
      clotting and anti-aggregatory effect on platelet which has potentiated its cardio
      protective role as well as its therapeutic efficacy against Alzheimer's disease.
      The binding affinity and neutralising action against endotoxin
      lipopolysaccharide, reduces the toxic manifestations of septic shock. As a
      negative acute phase protein, it blocks T-cell signalling of macrophages. However
      the recently identified anti-tumor activity of apo A-I has been highlighted in
      various models of melanoma, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphoblastic leukaemia,
      gastric as well as pancreatic cancers. These cancer fighting effects are directed
      towards regression of tumor size and distant metastasis by its immuno modulatory
      activity as well as its clearing effect on serum lysophospholipids. This lowering
      effect on lysophospholipid concentration is utilized by apo A-I mimetic peptides
      to be used in retarding tumor cell proliferation and as a potential cancer
      therapeutic agent. Not only that, it inhibits the tumor associated neo
      angiogenesis as well as brings down the matrix degrading enzymes associated with
      tumor metastasis. However this efficient therapeutic potential of apo A-I as an
      anti tumor agent awaits further future experimental studies in humans. 

PMID- 27382196
TI  - Prophylactic Effects of Garlic Oil and Onion Oil Fractions as Compared to Vitamin
      E on Rats Orally Fed with Lead Acetate Solution.
AB  - Heavy metal pollution is a global public health challenge due to its stable and
      persistent environmental contamination. Of these lead is considered to be one of
      the most common ubiquitous and industrial pollutants and at low concentration it
      exerts extensive damages to the tissues. Daily feeding of lead acetate solution
      (Dose: 10 mg/kg/day) to normal rats for a month adversely altered the parameters
      of blood, serum and tissues, viz; RBC, WBC, Hb, d- ALAD (Delta amino levulinic
      acid dehydratase), Pb content, lipids, oxidized lipids (TBARS), vitamins C and E
      and GSH levels and activities of AST, ALT and antioxidant enzymes viz; catalase,
      GR, Gpx and SOD. In order to study whether antioxidants have any effect to
      counteract the toxicity of lead we have selected comparatively better active
      allium fractions for the study viz: polar fraction of garlic (PFG) and polar
      fraction of onion (PFO). On feeding of these active fractions of garlic and onion
      oils i.e. their polar fractions and vitamin E (Dose 100 mg/kg/day) separately for
      a month along with or without lead acetate to rats each nutraceutical and vitamin
      E counteracted the adverse effects of Pb significantly (p <= 0.05). Their effects
      are in the order of PFG > PFO > Vitamin E. All these results point out that
      garlic and onion oils contain natural disulfoxide compounds which act as
      antioxidant and anti toxic to lead compounds. Their comparative differences in
      action may be due to the presence and position of double bonds and disulfide
      oxide bonds in their molecules. i.e., in PFG the allyl disulfide oxide group is
      present and in PFO saturated methyl and propyl groups and unsaturated propenyl
      group are present in place of allyl groups. The former group confers a better
      antioxidant activity on PFG, while the latter groups confer a lesser activity on
      PFO. 

PMID- 27382190
TI  - Epithelial Anion Transport as Modulator of Chemokine Signaling.
AB  - The pivotal role of epithelial cells is to secrete and absorb ions and water in
      order to allow the formation of a luminal fluid compartment that is fundamental
      for the epithelial function as a barrier against environmental factors.
      Importantly, epithelial cells also take part in the innate immune system. As a
      first line of defense they detect pathogens and react by secreting and responding
      to chemokines and cytokines, thus aggravating immune responses or resolving
      inflammatory states. Loss of epithelial anion transport is well documented in a
      variety of diseases including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease, asthma, pancreatitis, and cholestatic liver disease. Here we review the
      effect of aberrant anion secretion with focus on the release of inflammatory
      mediators by epithelial cells and discuss putative mechanisms linking these
      transport defects to the augmented epithelial release of chemokines and
      cytokines. These mechanisms may contribute to the excessive and persistent
      inflammation in many respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. 

PMID- 27382197
TI  - Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Effect of Curcumin Against Copper Toxicity
      in Rats.
AB  - Curcumin is a natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant with several potential
      health benefits. Although it has been examined in several metals toxicity
      studies, but its role in the protection against copper toxicity has not been
      investigated. In this study; the detoxification and antioxidant effect of
      curcumin were examined to determine its prophylactic/therapeutic role
      experimentally in rats. Forty albino rats were divided into five groups; control,
      CuSO4 (4 mg/kg body weight), curcumin (80 mg/kg body weight), curcumin post
      treatment (CuSO4 for 15 days followed by curcumin for the next 15 days) and
      curcumin co-treatment (CuSO4 plus curcumin for 30 days). All rats were treated
      orally by stomach tube for 30 days/once a day. Changes were observed in hepatic
      marker enzymes such as: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase
      (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), besides
      the serum total protein, urea and creatinine. Concentration of liver and kidney
      antioxidants such as: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced
      glutathione-(GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. An increased in the
      activities of liver marker enzymes, urea, creatinine and the MDA contents were
      detected after exposure to CuSO4. Meanwhile, the activities of serum total
      protein, hepatic and renal antioxidants were decreased. Changes in all
      biochemical parameters were alleviated by the post-treatment and co-treatment of
      curcumin. Our finding suggests that the curcumin showed protective effects on
      CuSO4-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. 

PMID- 27382199
TI  - Study of Common Genetic Variant S447X in Lipoprotein Lipase and Its Association
      with Lipids and Lipoproteins in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
AB  - Elevated plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations may
      cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
      is a rate-determining enzyme in lipid metabolism. A variant in the LPL gene has
      been identified which alters the penultimate amino acid Serine at 447 to a stop
      codon (S447X), and results in a truncated LPL molecule lacking the C-terminal
      dipeptide Ser-Gly. The present study was designed to evaluate the frequency of
      S447X variant in the LPL gene and its effect on the lipid and lipoprotein levels
      in type 2 diabetic subjects. The genotype frequency distributions of type 2
      diabetes patients and controls were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Comparison of
      the genotype and allelic frequencies of S447X in subjects with type 2 diabetics
      compared to controls demonstrated no significant difference. In subjects with
      type 2 diabetics having hypertriglyceridemia (TG >= 150 mg/dl) compared to
      diabetics with TG level <150 mg/dl, significant difference in genotype frequency
      was found among these groups, while allelic frequency of X was significantly
      differed. Logistic regression analysis showed the negative association of LPL
      S447X variant with TG and VLDL cholesterol, while no association with total
      cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was found. The lipid levels
      except for HDL cholesterol were found to be significantly lower in carriers for
      S447X than wild type in diabetes group. The decreased level of TG and TG rich
      lipoprotein in subjects with SNP S447X in LPL, predicts anti-atherogenic activity
      of carriers for S447X variant in general population as well as type 2 diabetic
      patients. 

PMID- 27382198
TI  - Assessment of Oxidative Stress Markers and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness
      in Elderly Patients Without and with Coronary Artery Disease.
AB  - We aimed to assess whether measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and
      oxidative stress markers such as protein carbonyls, malondialdehyde, nitrate and
      glutathione in plasma of elderly patients without and with coronary artery
      disease (CAD) identifies early risk for CAD. A total of 50 cases with
      cardiovascular risk factors over the age of 60 years without CAD, and 50 patients
      with angiographically documented CAD over the age of 60 years were included in
      the study. Control group consists of 200 healthy individuals without the risk
      factors. Demographic details were obtained from all the subjects and CIMT
      measured by high frequency ultrasound and oxidative stress markers such protein
      carbonyls, malondialdehyde and total glutathione were determined in plasma by
      spectrophotometric methods. The distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in
      without CAD and CAD cases were smokers (16 vs 56 %), hypertension (26 vs 64 %),
      diabetes (16 vs 56 %) and dyslipidemia (18 vs 58 %) and positive family history
      (4 vs 38 %). None of the control group had any cardiovascular risk factors. Among
      the CAD cases, 16 % had single vessel disease, 44 % had double vessel disease and
      40 % had triple vessel disease. The CIMT was significantly increased in CAD cases
      as compared to cases without CAD and healthy controls. On the other hand, CIMT
      was significantly increased in cases without CAD as compared to healthy controls.
      CIMT also increased with the duration of diabetes in patients without CAD and
      severity of disease in CAD cases. The levels of oxidants like plasma
      malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls, were significantly elevated and antioxidant
      glutathione levels and nitrate levels were significantly reduced in cases with
      and without CAD as compared to healthy controls. Oxidative stress markers and
      CIMT was found to be significantly increased in patients with cardiovascular risk
      factors like diabetes, family history of CAD, dyslipidemia, hypertension and
      smoking when compared to patients without risk factors. In patients with
      diabetes, CIMT increased as duration of disease increases and also in poorly
      controlled diabetes. In CAD group, when number of vessel involvement (severity of
      coronary disease) increases, the CIMT also increases confirming that CIMT is a
      quantifiable risk factor for CAD. 

PMID- 27382200
TI  - Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on the Blood Serum Enzymes and DNA Damage in
      Lymphocytes Among Users.
AB  - The continuous use of synthetic hormones as contraceptive pill or hormonal
      replacement therapy among women is increasing day by day. The widespread use of
      different formulations as oral contraceptives by women throughout their
      reproductive cycle has given rise to a serious concern for studying the effects
      of oral contraceptives on enzymatic profile and DNA damage in peripheral blood
      lymphocytes among users. The present study was carried out on women taking oral
      contraceptives. The study was based on the questionnaire having the information
      of reproductive history, fasting, age, health, nature of menstrual cycle,
      bleeding and other disease. The profile of the blood serum enzymes i.e. alkaline
      phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),
      aminotransferases (SGOT and SGPT), serum proteins (albumin and globulin) and DNA
      damage in lymphocytes was studied among users and non-users. The results of the
      present study suggest that OCs not only effects enzymatic activity but also
      results in DNA damage that may vary with the duration of using oral
      contraceptives. A significant increase in LDH, GGT, SGPT, SGOT, globulin and
      decrease in ALP as well as albumin was found among users as compared to non
      users. The observed DNA damage was more in users as compared to non-users.
      Hormonal contraceptives seem to exert DNA damage and also have significant
      effects on blood serum enzymes. 

PMID- 27382201
TI  - Circulating Thrombotic Risk Factors in Young Patients with Coronary Artery
      Disease Who Are on Statins and Anti-platelet Drugs.
AB  - Thrombotic risk factors may contribute to premature coronary artery disease
      (CAD), in addition to the conventional risk factors. There is paucity of data on
      studies evaluating the role of thrombotic factors in premature CAD in Indian
      patients. Thus a case-control study was performed to evaluate the role of
      thrombotic and atherogenic factors in young patients with angiographically proven
      CAD who are on treatment with statins and anti-platelet drugs. 152 patients (<=55
      years) with angiographically proven CAD and 102 asymptomatic controls were
      recruited. Clinical and biochemical data were obtained in both groups. Blood
      levels of thrombotic factors-fibrinogen, antithrombin-III, tissue-plasminogen
      activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), von-Willebrand
      factor (v-WF), lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and homocysteine were analyzed. Patients
      had high levels of conventional CAD risk factors (diabetes mellitus, smoking,
      hypertension, dyslipidemia and positive family history) compared to controls.
      Logistic regression analysis revealed that low antithrombin-III (odds ratio/OR
      11.2; 95 % confidence interval/CI 2.29-54.01), high fibrinogen (OR 6.04; 95 % CI
      1.09-33.21) and high Lp(a) (OR 4.54; 95 % CI 0.92-22.56), as important,
      independent risk factors in patients. PAI-1(OR 0.15; 95 % CI 0.03-0.69) levels
      were significantly lower in patients. But other thrombotic risk factors studied
      (t-PA, v-WF and homocysteine) were comparable among patients and controls. The
      treatment using statins and anti-platelet drugs might be contributing to the
      control of some of the thrombotic risk factors. The strategies aiming at lowering
      the levels of thrombotic risk factors along with conventional risk factors may be
      useful in primary and secondary prevention of CAD. 

PMID- 27382202
TI  - Multiple Biomarkers to Assess the Pathophysiological State in Critically Ill
      Patients with Sepsis.
AB  - Sepsis is associated with various metabolic derangements as a consequence of
      inflammatory response, ischemia and oxidative stress. Four parameters of
      relevance are procalcitonin (PCT), ischemia modified albumin (IMA) pH and
      lactate. The study was carried out to highlight the concomitant occurrence of
      sepsis, ischemia and lactic acidosis, all of which could have deleterious effects
      on organ function. 26 critically ill patients with a provisional diagnosis of
      sepsis were the test subjects. The control group had 25 apparently healthy
      volunteers. PCT, lactate and IMA were assayed. PCT was estimated on an automated
      analyser using electro-chemiluminescence. Lactate and pH were estimated on a
      blood gas analyzer. Serum IMA was estimated spectrophotometrically by Albumin
      Cobalt Binding Test. Statistical tools like students 't' test and Venn diagram
      were employed to depict the outcome of the study. All critically ill patients had
      significantly higher IMA levels (0.96746 +/- 0.73407) as compared to the control
      group (0.00728 +/- 0.00895) with a p value of <0.0001. The Venn diagram was used
      to depict the finding that all 26 test subjects had elevated levels of IMA, of
      which PCT was elevated in 22 and lactate in 20. Both PCT and lactate were
      abnormal in 17 patients. The most significant observation was that all critically
      ill patients, irrespective of the presence of sepsis or lactic acidosis had
      elevated levels of IMA which is clearly indicative of the ubiquitous presence of
      oxidative stress. The Venn diagram is an elegant representation of the concurrent
      multiple pathophysiological processes which occur in critically ill patients. 

PMID- 27382203
TI  - Association of the 12669G>A Apolipoprotein B Gene Polymorphism with Apo-B Serum
      Level and Lipid Profile in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Comparing with
      Individuals Without Coronary Artery Disease in Zanjan Population of Iran.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is a pathologic disorder which has an important role in the
      occurrence of coronary heart disease. It is determined as a focal, inflammatory
      proliferative response to several types of endothelial damage. Apolipoprotein B
      which is a requirement in the sustenance of cholesterol homeostasis, and is the
      major protein component of low density lipoprotein, characterized by multitude
      polymorphic sites, one of which (12669G>A) is related to the levels of serum
      lipid profiles, coronary artery disease and/or myocardial infarction. One Common
      polymorphism which is more important in this process is 12669G>A that is
      appraised in this research. We recruited 80 patients from the Mousavi hospital,
      Zanjan, Iran, diagnosed with coronary artery disease by the clinician on the
      basis of clinical symptoms, echocardiogram result, and angiography. Seventy-seven
      healthy individuals without any evident symptoms of Coronary stenosis and any
      past history of the disease were taken as controls from the general population.
      We carried out PCR using specific primers. Then, we digested PCR product by RFLP.
      Lipid parameters by biochemical methods and Apolipoprotein B serum level by
      immunoturbidometry method were done. Genotype frequencies for 12669G>A
      polymorphism were determined: 55 % R+R+, 45 % R+R- in case group, and 55.8 R+R+,
      44.2 % R+R- in controls. The R-R- genotype was not seen. There was no significant
      relationship between this polymorphism and the risk of Coronary stenosis (P =
      0.6). In the present study, higher plasma levels of cholesterol and low density
      lipoproteins in the subjects with R+R- genotype were found while there was no
      association between this polymorphism and coronary stenosis with >=50 % in the
      Zanjan population. 

PMID- 27382204
TI  - Altered Erythrocyte Glycolytic Enzyme Activities in Type-II Diabetes.
AB  - The activity of enzymes of glycolysis has been studied in erythrocytes from type
      II diabetic patients in comparison with control. RBC lysate was the source of
      enzymes. In the diabetics the hexokinase (HK) activity increased 50 % while
      activities of phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and aldolase
      (ALD) decreased by 37, 75 and 64 % respectively but were still several folds
      higher than that of HK. Hence, it is possible that in the diabetic erythrocytes
      the process of glycolysis could proceed in an unimpaired or in fact may be
      augmented due to increased levels of G6P. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
      activity was comparatively high in both the groups; the diabetic group showed 85
      % increase. In control group the HK, PFK and ALD activities showed strong
      positive correlation with blood sugar level while PGI activity did not show any
      correlation. In the diabetic group only PFK activity showed positive correlation.
      The LDH activity only in the control group showed positive correlation with
      marginal increase with increasing concentrations of glucose. 

PMID- 27382205
TI  - Effect of Oestrogen on Altering the Serum and Urinary Levels of Calcium,
      Phosphate and Magnesium in Hysterectomised Women Compared to Natural Menopausal
      South Indian Women: A Case Control Study.
AB  - Given the paucity of studies conducted to know the effect of suddenness and
      earlier onset of endocrinological changes associated with hysterectomy, on the
      serum and urinary levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphate the present study
      was conducted to compare the levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in serum
      and urine of hysterectomised and natural menopausal south Indian women. This is a
      cross-sectional observational study. The study included three groups of 30
      healthy premenopausal, 30 early surgical menopausal and 30 natural post
      menopausal women. Women suffering from any endocrine disease were excluded.
      Analysis was performed in serum and urine sample. The levels of calcium,
      magnesium and phosphate in serum and calcium/creatinine, magnesium/creatinine and
      phosphate/creatinine ratio were estimated in urine by spectrophotometric method.
      Hysterectomised women (serum calcium: 8.7 +/- 0.09 mg/dl; urine
      calcium/creatinine: 0.16 +/- 0.02) have significantly low serum calcium (p <
      0.001) and high urinary calcium/creatinine (p = 0.002) ratio and post menopausal
      women (serum magnesium: 2.1 +/- 0.03; serum phosphate: 4.4 +/- 0.16; urinary
      calcium/creatinine: 0.17 +/- 0.02; urinary magnesium/creatinine: 0.09 +/- 0.01)
      have significantly high serum magnesium (p = 0.016), serum phosphate (p = 0.043)
      and high urinary calcium/creatinine (p = 0.002), magnesium/creatinine ratio (p =
      0.025) compared to healthy pre menopausal women. Post menopausal women (serum
      calcium: 9.1 +/- 0.08) have significantly high serum calcium and phosphate
      compared to hysterectomised women (serum phosphate: 3.93 +/- 0.11).
      Hysterectomised women have significantly low serum calcium, oestrogen and high
      urinary calcium/creatinine ratio compared to healthy premenopausal women and low
      serum calcium and low serum phosphate compared to natural postmenopausal women.
      Natural postmenopausal women had low serum oestrogen and high serum magnesium,
      serum phosphate, urinary calcium creatinine ratio and urinary magnesium
      creatinine ratio compared to healthy premenopausal women. 

PMID- 27382206
TI  - Assessment of Hematological Parameters in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients.
AB  - The aim of the study was the assessment of hematological parameters in pulmonary
      tuberculosis patients. Forty patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were recruited
      from the Institute of Thoracic Medicine on the basis of history, clinical
      examination, chest radiography, sputum examination and related laboratory
      parameters and were compared with age and sex matched healthy volunteers (n =
      40). Hematological parameters and CRP in tuberculosis patients were determined.
      The mean values for serum hemoglobin level, RBC count and platelet count in PTB
      was found to be less (p < 0.001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma C
      reactive protein, WBC count in PTB subjects was increased (p < 0.001 for ESR &
      CRP, p < 0.05 for WBCs) and all were statistically significant. This study
      demonstrated that serum hemoglobin level, RBC count and platelet count was
      decreased in tuberculosis patients whereas ESR, CRP and WBC count was increased
      when compared with healthy controls. 

PMID- 27382207
TI  - Differential Expressions of p53, p53R2, hRRM2 and PBR in Chronic Lymphocytic
      Leukemia: A Correlation with Intracellular Cholesterol.
AB  - Regulation of intracellular cholesterol homeostasis exists under balance between
      intracellular biosynthesis and uptake from extracellular origin by cell surface
      transport proteins. Expected role of cholesterol on either tumor suppressor gene
      and/or DNA synthesis has been aimed in the present study to explore intracellular
      cholesterol homeostasis in CLL subjects. Higher expressions of p53R2 (p53
      dependent subunit of ribonucleotide reductase) and p53 were found in lymphocytes
      of chronic human lymphocytic leukemia as comparison to their normal counterparts.
      Inverse relation was found with p53 independent R2 subunit (in human hRRM2) of
      ribonucleotide reductase, which was found to be decreased from its control group.
      More expression of peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor, a cholesterol
      transporter, was noticed in isolated nuclear fraction with simultaneous increase
      of cholesterol concentration in cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments. A parallel
      increase of cholesterol in cell nucleus with increased p53R2 expression shows
      priority of the involvement of cholesterol in the process of cell replication. 

PMID- 27382208
TI  - Effect of Ubiquinol on Serum Reproductive Hormones of Amenorrhic Patients.
AB  - In neuroendocrine system the increase in oxidative status is produced by a
      glucocorticoid-dependent and transcriptional increase in pro-oxidative drive,
      with concurrent inhibition of the antioxidant defense system, ultimately leading
      to increased neuronal cell death. Functional hypothalamic disturbances and
      neuroendocirne aberrations have both short and long term consequences for
      reproductive health. Understandably, an impaired or diminished hypothalamic
      pituitary-ovarian axis leads to anovulation and hypoestrogenism. Anovulation is
      directly linked to the neurohormonal and hormonal background of Functional
      Hypothalamic Amenorrhea. Impairment of pulsatile Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
      secretion causes the impairment of pulsatile Lutenizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle
      Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secretion. The importance of oxidative stress in
      various pituitary disorders suggesting a possible clinical usefulness of
      antioxidant molecules like the lipophilic antioxidant Ubiquinol. Coenzyme Q10 or
      Ubiquinol is an essential part of the cell energy-producing system of
      mitochondria. However, it is also a powerful lipophilic antioxidant, protecting
      lipoproteins and cell membranes from autooxidation. Due to these unique actions
      Ubiquinol is used in clinical practice as an antioxidants for neurodegenerative
      diseases. So to identify the role of Ubiquinol on reproductive hormones FSH and
      LH, we have included 50 infertile patients of age group of 20-40, which are
      mostly amenorrhic. Out of 50 only 30 patients were in continuous follow up after
      supplementing them with 150 mg of Ubiquinol every day for 4 months. The hormonal
      levels were estimated by Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay technique at
      follicular phase. The result suggests that FSH concentration is increased up to
      three times (from 3.10 +/- 2.70 to 10.09 +/- 6.93) but remains within the normal
      limit (P < 0.05). LH values were found doubled (P < 0.05) than its normal range
      (from 14.83 +/- 10.48 to 27.85 +/- 22.30). The Prolactin values were decreased
      while Progesterone values were high but not in the significant range (P > 0.05).
      The supplementation of 150 mg of Ubiquinol may reduce the oxidative stress in
      neuroendocrine system which further improves the function of diminished HPA axis.
      Hence increased level of FSH and LH may be due to reduced oxidative stress by
      Ubiquinol. 

PMID- 27382209
TI  - Microalbuminuria in Obese Young and Middle Aged Population: A Potential Marker of
      Cardiovascular Risk.
AB  - Microalbuminuria is an established cardiovascular risk indicator in diabetes,
      hypertension and the general population. There is lack of information on MAU in
      healthy obese Indian adults and an ongoing debate whether obese adults deserve
      targeted identification and clinical intervention for MAU and prediabetes. We
      aimed to screen the healthy obese, young (group I) and middle aged (group II)
      adults for prevalence of MAU and prediabetes and study its association with
      Framingham risk score. The study included 50 healthy obese young (20-30 years)
      and middle aged adults (31-50 years), attending the outpatient clinic of Dept. of
      Medicine for a duration of 2 months (July-August). The patients were screened for
      fasting blood sugar, lipid profile and MAU. Of the total patients 28 % had MAU,
      32.14 % of which had prediabetes and 33.33 % had diabetes whereas 10 % were
      normoglycemic. The group I patients had 50 % cases of MAU and group II had 25 %
      patients with MAU. Group II 63.63 % pre-diabetics. The values of MAU obtained
      were correlated with age, gender, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood
      pressure, FBS, waist to hip ratio using Pearson's Coefficient (p < 0.05). The 10
      year CVD risk calculated using FRS in subjects with MAU was higher as compared to
      those without MAU. Thus we conclude that Indian, young and middle aged obese
      adults to be at a risk of prediabetes, MAU and CV risk warranting their routine
      screening for better clinical outcomes. 

PMID- 27382210
TI  - Alkaptonuria: A Case of Familial Inheritance from Hangarki Village in Dharwad
      District of Karnataka.
AB  - Alkaptonuria is a genetic disorder, unknown to the general public and ignored by
      general physicians due to lack of awareness of its high prevalence. Increasing
      incidences of familial inheritance are recorded. A 41 years 8 months male with
      the swollen knee, chronic mechanical pain, restricted limping walk and tingling
      sensation in the limb. Also, has a complaint of the stiffness of back in the
      morning, which gets relieved by movement. Mild hyper pigmentation of pinna and
      sclera of eye. X-ray report reveals osteoarthritis of the knee and thoracic
      kyphosis. After considering clinical finding, report of radiological
      investigation and Biochemical test results, patient was diagnosed as a case of
      Alkaptonuria. Screening of entire family revealed a typical case of familial
      inheritance. Hidden familial inheritance can be disclosed by mass screening of
      families and medical awareness. 

PMID- 27382211
TI  - Infantile Tremor Syndrome Persistence in Era of Development: An Old Story.
AB  - Infantile tremor syndrome is seen worldwide more commonly in the developing
      countries. Although various protein energy malnutrition awareness programme being
      run in many of these countries including India yet there is persistence of this
      disease. Here we present a case of 13 month old female child who visited RAPCC
      paediatrics OPD of Govt. Wenlock Hospital Mangaluru with history of respiratory
      distress, fever, tremor in limbs and loss of milestones. On examination she had
      pallor, hyper pigmentation in axilla and toes. Investigatory findings showed
      megaloblastic erythroid hyperplasia, hemoglobin- 1.6 g % and CT scan of brain
      showed central atrophic changes. 

PMID- 27382212
TI  - Social Egg Freezing: Developing Countries Are Not Exempt.
AB  - Non-medical egg freezing has only been available for about the last 5 years, as
      new vitrification techniques have made the success rates for actual conception
      more reliable than the earlier method of slow freezing. The improved outcomes of
      new technologies of vitrification and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
      have led to the marketing of egg freezing for non-medical reasons, whereby women
      are offered the possibility of preserving their eggs until such time as they wish
      to have a child. For many women today, it is not cancer but the simple passage of
      time that robs them of their chance of motherhood. Social, educational, emotional
      and financial pressures often lead them to delay trying to start a family until
      their late thirties, by which time the chance of success is very low. Women at
      age 40 face a 40 % chance of miscarriage if they can get pregnant at all, and by
      the age of 45, the risk of miscarriage is 75 %. Donor eggs are not an option for
      many because of supply constraints and ethical and cultural concerns. Freezing a
      woman's eggs at age 30 literally "freezes in time" her fertility potential and
      gives her the chance of a healthy pregnancy at a time of her choosing. Despite
      the initial reactions of disapproval, more and more fertility clinics are now
      offering oocyte cryopreservation to healthy women in order to extend their
      reproductive options. This procedure is now becoming popular even in developing
      economies, and egg freezing in major Indian Metros is now routine. 

PMID- 27382213
TI  - A Cross-Sectional Study of Postpartum Changes in Bone Status in Indian Mothers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone turnover is high during lactation. However, studies on bone
      status of Indian urban mothers are scarce. Hence, the objective was to conduct a
      cross-sectional study on the lactation-related changes in bone health status of
      Indian mothers postpartum using Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at 3 time points:
      within a week of delivery, at 1- and 3-years postpartum. We also explored the
      association of dietary calcium intake, physical activity, serum vitamin D status,
      and dietary traditional food supplements (Dietary Food supplements) with bone
      health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted; 300 full-term, healthy
      primiparous women (28.6 +/- 3.4 year) were randomly selected and categorized into
      3 groups: 128 mothers within 7 days of delivery (Group A), 88 with 1-year-old
      children (B), and 84 with 3-year-old children (C). Anthropometry, lactation
      history, physical activity, diet, biochemical tests (vitamin D, parathyroid
      hormone), body composition, areal bone mineral density (a-BMD) at total body
      (TB), AP spine (APS), and dual neck femur (DF) were assessed by DXA (GE-Lunar
      DPX). RESULTS: Significantly higher APS-BMD (mean +/- SD) was observed in Group C
      (1.107 +/- 0.098 g/cm(2)) than that in A (1.045 +/- 0.131 g/cm(2)) (p < 0.05).
      When adjusted for breastfeeding practices, mean (+/-standard error) APS-BMD was
      lowest in women in Group A (1.024 +/- 0.013 g/cm(2)), but was higher at 1-year
      (1.079 +/- 0.02 g/cm(2)) and at 3-years postpartum (1.111 +/- 0.019 g/cm(2)),
      though differences were significant only between groups A and C (p < 0.05). Most
      mothers from all 3 groups consumed inadequate amount of nutrients except dietary
      fat and showed low physical activity. Multiple regression analysis indicated that
      dietary calcium, moderate physical activity, serum vitamin D, and consumption of
      dietary food supplements were not significant predictors of APS-BMD (p > 0.1).
      CONCLUSION: Prevalence of nutrient and vitamin D deficiencies, low physical
      activity, and poor sunlight exposure were major concerns in Indian lactating
      mothers; improvement in bone mass at APS was observed at 3-years which was most
      likely due to physiologic changes.

PMID- 27382214
TI  - Outcome of Diabetic Pregnancies in a Tertiary Referral Centre, Varanasi.
AB  - AIM: The study was done to determine the maternal and fetal outcome of
      pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes either Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
      (GDM) or preexisting (type 1 or type 2) diabetes over a period from March 2011 to
      Feb 2013 in a tertiary care hospital, Varanasi. METHODS: This is a retrospective
      audit of the maternal and fetal outcome of women who presented to the Sir Sundar
      Lal Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Medical
      Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India from March 2011 to Feb 2013,
      with GDM or pre-existing type 1 or type 2 Diabetes with pregnancy. The audit
      group comprised 65 pregnancies (67 babies), of whom 27 had preexisting diabetes
      and 38 cases developed gestational diabetes. Pregnant women who were found to be
      diabetic preconceptionally or in the first trimester were classified as 'pre
      existing diabetes'. RESULTS: There were total of 65 diabetic women in this
      retrospective study, 39 women were GDM (60 %) while 26 women (40 %) were having
      pre-existing diabetes (24 type 1 diabetes and 2 women were in type 2 diabetes
      group). There were 35 multigravid women (53.85 %) and 30 primigravid women (46.15
      %). There were 39 (60 %) women on Insulin. There were 42 Lower Segment Caesarean
      Section (64.62 %) and 23 Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery (35.38 %). In fetal and
      neonatal complications, there were three still births, one case of intrapartum
      death, and one case of shoulder dystocia. Fetal anomalies were less frequent, one
      case of Gastroschisis with Hydrocephalus associated with Menigomyelocoele, there
      was one case of isolated Hydrocephalus, and there was also one case of Truncus
      arteriosus. CONCLUSIONS: The study analyses maternal and fetal complication in
      the GDM group and also preexisting diabetes group. In our centre, the 60 % women
      were GDM while 40 % were having pre-existing diabetes. Total rate of
      fetal/neonatal complication rate was 7.69 % and of congenital anomaly rate it was
      9.23 %. Proportion of still birth, Intrauterine death, and congenital
      malformations was higher in the pre-existing diabetes group although the data are
      not large enough to draw a statistically significant conclusion. LSCS rate was
      little higher in the GDM group (69.23 %) in comparison to the preexisting
      diabetes group where it was 57.69 %. SVD (Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery) rate was
      30.77 % in GDM and 42.31 % in the pre-existing diabetes group. HbA1c was within
      normal range 84.62 % of GDM group while in 15.38 % it was raised >6 %. In the pre
      existing diabetes group, only 19.23 % of women had HbA1c within acceptable range
      and 80.77 % had it >6. The aim of St Vincent Declaration is to 'achieve pregnancy
      outcome in the diabetic woman that is similar to that of the non-diabetic woman.'
      But, so far we have not been able to achieve this. Our HbA1c level is remarkably
      high in the pre-existing diabetes group. Only 3 out of 65 patients' women took
      Folic Acid periconceptionally. We need to work to achieve it our best. It is well
      known that insulin treatment during pregnancy results in reduction in the rate of
      macrosomia, fetal/neonatal, and maternal complications. Therefore, we need to use
      insulin judiciously and advocate its usage in the situations where it is needed.

PMID- 27382215
TI  - Predictors of Success of a Single-Dose Methotrexate in the Treatment of Ectopic
      Pregnancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is the commonest cause of maternal mortality
      related death in the first trimester. Methotrexate (MTX) remains the first-line
      treatment in optimally selected patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the success rate
      and predictors of success of a single-dose MTX treatment in EP. SUBJECTS AND
      METHOD: We studied retrospectively 109 patients with unruptured EP who were
      treated with Intramuscular MTX administered in a dose of 50 mg/m(2) on days 0 and
      in additional doses on day 7 if beta-hCG levels did not decrease by 15 % during
      the follow-up period. The study was conducted at the Maternity and Children
      Hospital Buraidah, Saudi Arabia from June 2013 to December 2013. Pretreatment
      beta-beta-hCG, EP mass diameter, peritoneal fluid, and fetal cardiac activity
      were evaluated. The main outcome measures were success rate, the predictors of
      success without surgical treatment. RESULT: Under this regime, the overall
      success rate was 60.6 % of patients. Of the failure group, only 4.7 % of patients
      experienced rupture of EP. No side effects were reported. The main predictors of
      failure were initial beta-hCG value >= 3.500 mIU/mL OR 4.11 (1.646-12.248, 0.043)
      and EP diameter 3.73 (1.646-12.10, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The success rate of
      MTX in this study was 60.6 %, and the initial beta-hCG concentration and EP
      diameter were the best predictors of successful treatment with MTX. Furthermore,
      MTX should be offered only to those patients with beta-hCG <2,000 mIU/mL and EP
      mass size <3.5 cm.

PMID- 27382216
TI  - A Study of Incomplete Abortion Following Medical Method of Abortion (MMA).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medical method of abortion (MMA) is a safe, efficient, and affordable
      method of abortion. However, incomplete abortion is a known side effect.
      OBJECTIVE: To study incomplete abortion due to medication abortion and compare to
      spontaneous incomplete abortion and to study referral practices and prescriptions
      in cases of incomplete abortion following MMA. METHOD: Prospective observational
      study of 100 women with first trimester incomplete abortion, divided into two
      groups (spontaneous or following MMA), was administered a questionnaire which
      included information regarding onset of bleeding, treatment received, use of
      medications for abortion, its prescription, and administration. Comparison of two
      groups was done using Fisher exact test (SPSS 21.0 software). RESULTS: Thirty
      percent of incomplete abortions were seen following MMA; possible reasons being
      self-administration or prescription by unregistered practitioners, lack of
      examination, incorrect dosage and drugs, and lack of follow-up. Complications
      such as collapse, blood requirement, and fever were significantly higher in these
      patients compared to spontaneous abortion group. CONCLUSION: The side effects of
      incomplete abortions following MMA can be avoided by the following standard
      guidelines. Self medication, over- the-counter use, and prescription by
      unregistered doctors should be discouraged and reported, and need of follow-up
      should be emphasized.

PMID- 27382217
TI  - Predictive Value of Cerebroplacental Ratio in Detection of Perinatal Outcome in
      High-Risk Pregnancies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive value of cerebroplacental ratio (i.e., S/D
      ratio of middle cerebral artery to S/D ratio of Umbilical artery) in detection of
      perinatal outcome in high-risk pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This
      retrospective study was conducted on 150 patients between 28 and 40 weeks of
      gestation (25 low risk and 125 high risk) who attended OPD and indoor wards of
      Teerthanker Mahaveer medical college and research center, Moradabad. All patients
      had serial color Doppler ultrasounds done after taking informed consent which was
      repeated at 2 weeks interval, and data were collected with regard to perinatal
      outcome. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Cerebroplacental ratio is having higher
      sensitivity and negative predictive value in detection of IUGR, Meconium
      aspiration syndrome, operative interference for fetal distress, and NICU
      admissions in comparison to its components. So, better prediction of neonatal
      outcome can be done by C/U ratio.

PMID- 27382218
TI  - Morbidities in Neonates Delivered Electively at Early Term.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of elective cesarean deliveries at term and to
      correlate their neonatal outcomes at different gestational ages (37(0/7)
      40(6/7)). METHODS: Outcomes including the rate of NICU admissions, usage of
      ventilator/CPAP, and other morbidities were analysed and compared with the
      gestational age during the study period from January 2012 to April 2013. RESULTS:
      The incidences of elective deliveries at 37, 38, 39, and 40 weeks of gestation
      were 10.6, 29.7, 28, and 31.5 %, respectively. NICU admissions-RR 3.94 (95 % CI
      1.92-8.09), respiratory distress-RR 5.255 (95 % CI 1.9-14.4), ventilatory usage,
      and hospitalization stay (P value < 0.05) were higher in neonates born at 37(0/7
      6/7) versus 39(0/7-6/7) weeks (least morbidity group). CONCLUSION: Despite
      recommendations, more than one-third of term babies are delivered electively at
      <39 weeks. The fivefold augmented respiratory morbidity and fourfold increased
      NICU admissions in early term neonates, and the least morbidity in neonates
      delivered at 39 weeks emphasize the importance of restricting the non
      emergent/elective deliveries to 39 weeks of gestation.

PMID- 27382219
TI  - Preoperative Use of 10-mg Metoclopramide and 50-mg Dimenhydrinate in the
      Prophylaxis of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Elective Caesarean Births: A
      Prospective Randomized Clinical Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and outcomes of
      preoperative prophylactic metoclopramide and dimenhydrinate use in elective
      cesarean births. METHODS: Participants (n = 84) scheduled for elective cesarean
      births were randomized equally into placebo (10 cc 0.9 % NaCl), 10-mg
      metoclopramide or 50-mg dimenhydrinate groups. Oral alimentation was prohibited 8
      h before the surgery; however, patients continued drinking water until 4 h before
      surgery. Placebo and antiemetics were administered 1 h before the anticipated
      procedure in a 5-ml syringe. In metoclopramide and dimenhydrinate group, an
      ampoule of the agents was completed to 5 ml by adding 0.9 % NaCl. In the control
      group 5 ml of 0.9 % NaCl was used. All prophylactic agents were administered
      intramuscularly. All patients received a general anesthesia. The placebo group
      (control group) was compared with the metoclopramide and dimenhydrinate groups.
      RESULTS: Demographic data including maternal age, height, weight, body mass
      index, gravidity, parity, miscarriage, induced abortion, the number of offspring,
      and the medical history did not show significant differences among the three
      groups. Postoperative nausea, vomiting, and the use of rescue medication ratios
      were significantly lower in metoclopramide and dimenhydrinate groups compared
      with the placebo group (p < 0.05); however, the difference between the
      metoclopramide and dimenhydrinate groups was not significant (p > 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Dimenhydrinate and metoclopramide significantly decrease
      postoperative nausea, vomiting, and the need for rescue antiemetic medication.
      Both agents have similar efficacy and may be used as an alternative to each
      other.

PMID- 27382220
TI  - Implementation of WHO Near-Miss Approach for Maternal Health at a Tertiary Care
      Hospital: An Audit.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate severe maternal outcomes
      (including maternal deaths and maternal near-miss cases). MATERIALS & METHODS: A
      prospective study of severe maternal outcomes (including maternal deaths and
      maternal near-miss cases) from May 2012 to April 2013 was performed. For each
      woman, data were collected on the occurrence of selected severe pregnancy-related
      complications, the use of critical interventions, and admissions to intensive
      care unit. RESULTS: The total number of deliveries were 2340. The number of
      maternal deaths was three. The natures of the near-miss cases during the study
      period were recorded. Prevalence of SAMM (severe acute maternal morbidity) was
      2.025 %. CONCLUSION: In areas where the maternal mortality is low, there is a
      need to shift focus to maternal near-miss cases or SAMM, which is a useful
      adjunct to maternal death enquiries.

PMID- 27382221
TI  - Comparison Between Concurrent EBRT and ICA with Conventional EBRT Followed by ICA
      in Cervical Cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In carcinoma of cervix, if overall treatment time (OTT) is
      prolonged beyond 6 weeks, then the total dose required to achieve a given
      probability of tumor control is to be increased by 0.6 Gy for each day of
      prolongation, to control the accelerative repopulation of the cells, i.e., 1 %
      loss of tumor control, and to avoid increased treatment delays and drop outs due
      to the prolonged gap between EBRT and intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT).
      OBJECTIVES: To evaluate local disease control and early complications of
      concomitant HDR-ICBT with EBRT and thereby decrease the OTT in I B-III B stage
      carcinoma cervix. METHODS: Fifty patients of carcinoma cervix (FIGO-I B/III B)
      were randomly divided into two groups: the study group treated with concomitant
      EBRT and HDR-ICBT (EBRT = 50-50.4 Gy/25-28 Fr, HDR 7 Gy in 3 Fr during the 3rd,
      4th, and 5th weeks), EBRT and weekly cisplatin were not given on the day of HDR
      ICBT; and the control group treated with EBRT followed by HDR-ICBT and weekly
      cisplatin. Acute reactions and local disease response were compared after
      treatment and at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Medians of OTTs were 42 and 63 days
      in the study and the control groups, respectively. Dysuria and diarrhoea
      incidences were more in the study but manageable. At the completion of the
      treatment, there were 92 and 80 % complete responses; 4 and 4 % partial
      responses; and 4 and 16 % stable diseases in the study group and the control
      group, respectively. DFSs (disease free survivals) at 6-month follow-up were,
      respectively, 96 and 84 %, and most of the stable diseases were observed in stage
      III B. CONCLUSIONS: Response was better in the study group but statistically
      insignificant, acute reactions were manageable, and there was decrease in drop
      outs due to completion of treatment at a stretch, but larger number of patients
      and longer follow-up are required to arrive at concrete conclusions.

PMID- 27382223
TI  - Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation: Case Series and Literature Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Uterine AV malformation is a rare cause of torrential post-abortal
      hemorrhage, which can present with varying grades of severity. Diagnosis requires
      a high degree of suspicion and is done with ultrasound and Doppler. CASE SERIES:
      In our institution, during the period 2008-2013, five cases of symptomatic
      uterine AVMs have been reported. All of them were in the reproductive age group
      (22-36 years), presenting with a history of miscarriage or termination of
      pregnancy for which curettage was done. The presentation was with recurrent bouts
      of torrential bleeding, some triggered by second curettage, and not controllable
      with regular measures. Diagnosis was by ultrasound-gray scale, color Doppler, and
      spectral Doppler. The time interval between the onset of symptoms and the primary
      curettage was 8-89 days; four patients underwent selective arterial embolization,
      and one patient opted for hysterectomy. On follow-up, all the four patients are
      presently free of symptoms; two of them conceived within 2 years of the procedure
      and carried the pregnancy to term-one resulting in a live-birth and the other
      intrauterine death. CONCLUSION: Uterine AV malformation should be thought of as a
      differential diagnosis in all cases presenting with bleeding after miscarriage or
      curettage, since diagnosis is simple and treatment by selective arterial
      embolization saves morbidity of surgery and anesthesia, and more importantly
      reduces hospital stay and the absence from work.

PMID- 27382222
TI  - Laparoscopic Hysterectomies: Our 10 Years Experience in a Single Laparoscopic
      Center.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between outcomes of laparoscopic
      hysterectomy with respect to clinical factors, intraoperative variants, and post
      operative complications. DESIGN: The study conducted was retrospective (Canadian
      Task Force Classification II-1). SETTING: The set used in this study was a
      gynecological laparoscopic centre. PATIENTS: The present study included 858 women
      who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomies with or without bilateral/unilateral
      salpingo-oophorectomy, from December 2004 to May 2014. INTERVENTIONS: Eight
      hundred and sixteen patients underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy, 14
      patients underwent subtotal laparoscopic hysterectomy, 20 patients underwent
      laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, and 8 patients underwent laparoscopic
      radical hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. MEASUREMENTS
      AND MAIN RESULTS: All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon, using the
      same surgical technique. The medical records were reviewed, and data were
      collected with respect to age, indications, type of surgery performed,
      intraoperative variants, and post-operative complications. Patient average age
      was 44.9 +/- 6.2 years. Most common indication for benign TLH was leiomyoma of
      54.4 %. Indications for laparoscopic radical hysterectomy were early stage
      endometrial cancer (n = 5) and early stage cervical cancer (n = 3). The maximum
      uterine size operated on was from 20-26 weeks, 4.9 % (n = 42). 9.7 % had previous
      abdominopelvic surgery. Fifty three % underwent unilateral/bilateral salpingo
      oophorectomy. Conversion rate was 0.93 % (n = 8). The minimum and maximum
      operating time during the total study period was 20 min-2 h. The major
      complication rates were 0.9 % (n = 8). The hospital stay was not more than 2
      days. CONCLUSION: In our experience of 858 laparoscopic hysterectomies, 850 were
      done for benign indications, and 8 done for malignancies. TLH can be performed
      more safely and under vision, with less blood loss, early post-operative
      recovery, less post-operative infection, and less complication rate.

PMID- 27382224
TI  - Comparative Study of Cesarean Myomectomy with Abdominal Myomectomy in Terms of
      Blood Loss in Single Fibroid.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluate the safety and feasibility of cesarean
      myomectomy and compare this procedure with abdominal myomectomy in single
      fibroid, in terms of blood loss and postoperative complications. METHODS: Thirty
      three patients who underwent cesarean myomectomy from June 2006 to 2012 in Amrita
      Institute of Medical Sciences, were included in the study. Almost an equal number
      of patients who underwent abdominal myomectomy (32) in the same period were
      included. Women are divided into two groups: group 1-cesarean myomectomy, group 2
      abdominal myomectomy. RESULTS: Mean age of the women was comparable; mean
      gestational age in group 1 was 37.97 +/- 1.57 weeks; and 60 % were primiparous.
      Hemoglobin (Hb) drop postoperatively was compared between the groups, and there
      was no significant difference. Though there was statistically significant
      difference among the groups regarding the size of fibroids, the main outcome
      measure of the study, the Hb drop was comparable between group 1 and 2. There is
      statistically significant difference in the Hb difference with increasing mean
      diameter of the fibroids. As the size increases, Hb drop also increases
      indicating the increasing blood loss. The measures used to reduce blood loss such
      as vasopressin instillation and stepwise devascularization influence the blood
      loss, and P value shows borderline significance. There was no difference in Hb
      drop among the groups according to the type of fibroids. But more subserous
      fibroids were removed in group 1, whereas more intramural fibroids were removed
      in group 2. CONCLUSION: Cesarean myomectomy can be safely done in single fibroids
      and is comparable to abdominal myomectomy in terms of blood loss.

PMID- 27382225
TI  - A Rare Case of Perforation Following PPIUCD Insertion.

PMID- 27382226
TI  - Precycle Estradiol in Synchronization and Scheduling of Antagonist Cycles.
AB  - Antagonist cycles have an inherent issue of lack of flexibility. As a result
      where batching of cycles is desired, it is not the preferred protocol in ART
      cycles. There is also the limitation of ovarian response in antagonist cycle due
      to the size heterogenesities of antral follicles at the start of stimulation.
      Among the different options available, use of estrogen in the luteal phase of the
      preceding cycle has definitely shown benefits with regard to better control of
      cycle as well as synchronization of follicles available for stimulation. The
      article gives a detailed analysis of the different options available for timing
      the egg collection in antagonist cycles, the advantages and drawbacks, and the
      method of use of estrogen. Whereas in the majority of the trials where estrogen
      pretreatment was used, the goal of scheduling of egg collection was definitely
      achieved, increased duration and dose of gonadotropin stimulation were required.
      There was definite advantage of higher oocyte yield in these cycles. The
      possibility of premature LH rise later during stimulation and subsequent poor
      implantation in these cycles has to be further evaluated. Nevertheless, batching
      of patient friendly antagonist cycles can be effectively possible by use of
      precycle estrogen treatment. 

PMID- 27382227
TI  - ThermiVa: The Revolutionary Technology for Vulvovaginal Rejuvenation and
      Noninvasive Management of Female SUI.
AB  - Addressing vaginal laxity, atrophic vaginitis, stress urinary incontinence (SUI),
      and different manifestations of sexual dysfunction has always been problematic
      due to women's traditional difficulty discussing these issues with doctors as
      well as the societal attitude of resignation toward these conditions. The recent
      rise of non-invasive feminine rejuvenation using energy-based modalities to
      vaginal tissue has its origins in aesthetic medicine. Transcutaneous temperature
      controlled radiofrequency therapy at the vulvovaginal region has shown promising
      results in giving a more youthful appearing vulva, restoration of vaginal
      elasticity and 'tightness', considerable improvement in SUI, reduction in
      overactive bladder symptoms, and reduction in sexual dysfunction. It is also
      emerging as the non-invasive treatment modality for mild to moderate SUI. It
      seems that the time has come, when women shall ever be grateful to their
      gynecologist for management of SUI with ThermiVa without an incision. 

PMID- 27382228
TI  - From the Editor's desk.

PMID- 27382229
TI  - Poor ovarian reserve.
AB  - Poor ovarian reserve (POR) is an important limiting factor for the success of any
      treatment modality for infertility. It indicates a reduction in quantity and
      quality of oocytes in women of reproductive age group. It may be age related as
      seen in advanced years of reproductive life or may occur in young women due to
      diverse etiological factors. Evaluating ovarian reserve and individualizing the
      therapeutic strategies are very important for optimizing the success rate.
      Majority or women with POR need to undergo in vitro fertilization to achieve
      pregnancy. However, pregnancy rate remains low despite a plethora of
      interventions and is associated with high pregnancy loss. Early detection and
      active management are essential to minimize the need for egg donation in these
      women. 

PMID- 27382230
TI  - Effective treatment protocol for poor ovarian response: A systematic review and
      meta-analysis.
AB  - Poor ovarian response represents an increasingly common problem. This systematic
      review was aimed to identify the most effective treatment protocol for poor
      response. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library from 1980 to
      October 2015. Study quality assessment and meta-analyses were performed according
      to the Cochrane recommendations. We found 61 trials including 4997 cycles
      employing 10 management strategies. Most common strategy was the use of
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRHant), and was compared with GnRH
      agonist protocol (17 trials; n = 1696) for pituitary down-regulation which showed
      no significant difference in the outcome. Luteinizing hormone supplementation
      (eight trials, n = 847) showed no difference in the outcome. Growth hormone
      supplementation (seven trials; n = 251) showed significant improvement in
      clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and live birth rate (LBR) with an odds ratio (OR)
      of 2.13 (95% CI 1.06-4.28) and 2.96 (95% CI 1.17-7.52). Testosterone
      supplementation (three trials; n = 225) significantly improved CPR (OR 2.4; 95%
      CI 1.16-5.04) and LBR (OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.01-4.68). Aromatase inhibitors (four
      trials; n = 223) and dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation (two trials; n = 57)
      had no effect on outcome. 

PMID- 27382231
TI  - Postmortem sperm retrieval in context of developing countries of Indian
      subcontinent.
AB  - There was a request for postmortem sperm retrieval (PMSR) from the wife of a
      deceased, but we had to decline. We have no guideline in place for the procedure
      in such cases. When we explored the international scenario on the issue of PMSR,
      we found that most of the developed countries have their guidelines about it,
      whether to allow or not to. There is not guideline available in developing
      countries, as such, for the procedure and various medical, legal, and social
      issues related thereto. In this article, we have explored the status of
      postmortem retrieval and feasibility of the procedure in developing countries of
      Indian subcontinent. 

PMID- 27382232
TI  - Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha 308G/A polymorphism with recurrent
      miscarriages in women.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is the most common pregnancy loss in the
      first trimester affecting approximately 0.5-2% of women. It is a heterogeneous
      condition and remains an enigma as the underlying cause is still difficult to
      track down. AIM: This study was aimed to investigate the distribution of tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) 308G/A polymorphism and its association with RM
      in females. The comparative picture was also demonstrated by comparing genotyping
      results with healthy control women having no history of miscarriage. METHODS:
      This clinical study was conducted among 115 women aged 21-44 years with history
      of recurrence of miscarriage. The samples were collected from women attending the
      outpatient departments of various hospitals, nursing homes, and infertility
      clinics of this region. In the present study, 111 fertile healthy women aged 24
      46 years with at least one live birth and no history of miscarriage were also
      included. RESULTS: Mean age of women with RM was found to be 28 +/- 5.6 years by
      recall method, whereas it was found to be 30 +/- 7.4 in context to healthy women
      with no history of pregnancy loss. In the present study, 66% of women with RM had
      homozygous wild type genotype (GG) while 30% and 4% of women had heterozygous
      (GA) and homozygous mutant genotype (AA), respectively. Among control group, 79%,
      16%, and 5% of women showed GG, GA, and AA genotype, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      The current study supports the concept of TNF-alpha 308G/A variant in particular
      with reproductive failure, GG and GA alleles showing 1-fold risk association with
      RM (odds ratio: 1.86 and 1.43, respectively).

PMID- 27382233
TI  - Pilot initiative in India to explore the gonadal function and fertility outcomes
      of a cohort of childhood cancer survivors.
AB  - CONTEXT: Steady improvement in childhood cancer outcomes has led to a growing
      number of survivors, many of who develop long-term sequelae. There is limited
      data about these sequelae (including those related to fertility) on childhood
      cancer survivors from India. AIMS: We undertook a prospective pilot study on
      childhood cancer survivors from India to assess their gonadal function and
      fertility. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A pediatric oncologist and a reproductive
      medicine specialist assessed 21 childhood cancer survivors. The risk of
      infertility was established using disease and treatment variables. Current status
      of puberty, sexuality, and fertility were assessed using clinical and biochemical
      parameters. Outcomes were correlated with risk group of infertility. Information
      was also ascertained on counseling with regards to risk of infertility. RESULTS:
      The cohort included 21 survivors (71% males) with a median age of 18 years who
      were off treatment for a median age of 7 years. Ten (48%) survivors were at low
      risk for infertility, 9 (43%) at medium risk and 2 (9%) at high risk. Gonadal
      dysfunction was seen in 3 (14%) survivors: 0/10 (0%) low risk, 1/9 (11%) medium
      risk, and 2/2 (100%) high risk. None of the survivors, who are at high risk or
      medium risk of infertility, received any counseling before treatment.
      CONCLUSIONS: This prospective pilot study of a cohort of childhood cancer
      survivors from India demonstrates a deficiency in the information provided and
      counseling of patients/families at the time of diagnosis with regards to the risk
      of infertility. Fertility outcomes of childhood cancer survivors were congruent
      with recognized risk groups for infertility. Future action points have been
      identified.

PMID- 27382234
TI  - Preimplantation genetic screening for all 24 chromosomes by microarray
      comparative genomic hybridization significantly increases implantation rates and
      clinical pregnancy rates in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with poor
      prognosis.
AB  - CONTEXT: A majority of human embryos produced in vitro are aneuploid, especially
      in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) with poor prognosis.
      Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) for all 24 chromosomes has the potential
      to select the most euploid embryos for transfer in such cases. AIM: To study the
      efficacy of PGS for all 24 chromosomes by microarray comparative genomic
      hybridization (array CGH) in Indian couples undergoing IVF cycles with poor
      prognosis. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A retrospective, case-control study was
      undertaken in an institution-based tertiary care IVF center to compare the
      clinical outcomes of twenty patients, who underwent 21 PGS cycles with poor
      prognosis, with 128 non-PGS patients in the control group, with the same
      inclusion criterion as for the PGS group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Single cells
      were obtained by laser-assisted embryo biopsy from day 3 embryos and subsequently
      analyzed by array CGH for all 24 chromosomes. Once the array CGH results were
      available on the morning of day 5, only chromosomally normal embryos that had
      progressed to blastocyst stage were transferred. RESULTS: The implantation rate
      and clinical pregnancy rate (PR) per transfer were found to be significantly
      higher in the PGS group than in the control group (63.2% vs. 26.2%, P = 0.001 and
      73.3% vs. 36.7%, P = 0.006, respectively), while the multiple PRs sharply
      declined from 31.9% to 9.1% in the PGS group. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study,
      we have shown that PGS by array CGH can improve the clinical outcome in patients
      undergoing IVF with poor prognosis.

PMID- 27382235
TI  - Evaluation of dual trigger with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and human
      chorionic gonadotropin in improving oocyte maturity rates: A prospective
      randomized study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mature oocytes are prerequisite for achieving the process of in vitro
      fertilization. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the standard trigger used
      for stimulating ovulation but is associated with ovarian hyperstimulation
      syndrome (OHSS). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger achieves oocyte
      maturation and lowers the incidence of OHSS, but it has limitations of higher
      pregnancy loss rate and miscarriage rates. Coadministration of both hormones is
      found to improve the pregnancy rates and the number of mature oocytes retrieved.
      We aimed to assess if the dual trigger is better than the conventional hCG in
      triggering oocyte maturation. METHODOLOGY: The study included 76 female patients
      aged 24-43 years who were randomly divided into two groups with 38 patients in
      each arm. The study included patients with antimullerian hormone (AMH) <4 ng/ml,
      antral follicle counts (AFCs)/ovary <12. The study excluded high responders-AMH
      >4 ng/ml and AFC/ovary >12 to avoid OHSS risk with hCG trigger. RESULTS: The
      study showed statistically insignificant differences between dual group versus
      hCG group in terms of the number of oocytes retrieved (10.0 +/- 5.6 vs. 8.7 +/-
      5.0; P = 0.2816), the number of mature oocytes recovered (8.4 +/- 5.0 vs. 7.2 +/-
      4.0; P = 0.2588), fertilization rate (5.9 +/- 4.2 vs. 5.6 +/- 3.3; P = 0.7390),
      and the number of usable embryos on day 3 (4.0 +/- 3.0 vs. 4.0 +/- 2.4; P =
      0.8991). CONCLUSION: The dual trigger is equivalent to hCG in triggering oocyte
      maturation.

PMID- 27382236
TI  - Effect of myomectomy on endometrial cavity: A prospective study of 51 cases.
AB  - CONTEXT: Fibroids are the most common tumors of the uterine cavity. Most of them
      are diagnosed during the reproductive age when the fertility is an important
      concern for the female. However, complications can occur after removal of fibroid
      (myomectomy) too for future pregnancy. Though myomectomy has been sighted as a
      cause of intrauterine adhesions data regarding the effect of myomectomy on
      endometrial cavity is lacking. AIMS: Evaluate the incidence of intrauterine
      adhesion formation after myomectomy and to identify the associated factors.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective observational study, hysteroscopy was
      done in 51 infertile patients who had undergone myomectomy 3 months before in a
      tertiary care center from 2012 to 2015. The presence of intrauterine adhesions
      noted on hysteroscopy was investigated on the basis of size, number, location and
      type of fibroid removed, along with intraoperative breach of the uterine cavity.
      STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Chi-square test was used for the calculating significant
      difference in frequency of discrete variables in two groups. P < 0.05 was
      considered significant. RESULTS: Intrauterine adhesions were seen in 11 out of 51
      (21.57%) cases. No significant relationship between intrauterine adhesions and
      type, size or number of fibroid was observed. No statistical difference in the
      rate of adhesion formation was seen irrespective of breach of the uterine cavity
      during myomectomy. CONCLUSION: Intrauterine adhesion formation after myomectomy
      is not related to the type of surgery or the nature of fibroid. However, in all
      cases desiring fertility postoperative hysteroscopy is highly recommended to
      diagnose and treat these adhesions early.

PMID- 27382238
TI  - Pregnancy at 65, risks and complications.
AB  - A 65-year-old postmenopausal pregnant woman was referred with antepartum
      hemorrhage at 29 weeks of gestation. Postadmission diagnosed with chronic
      hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, valvular heart disease, and placenta
      previa. Her pregnancy was terminated by cesarean delivery at 32 weeks as she had
      a bout of bleeding per vaginum. Most of the placenta was adherent with no plane
      of cleavage; therefore, cesarean hysterectomy was performed. Baby birth weight
      was 1650 g and was shifted to nursery for observation and mother needed Intensive
      Care Unit care postcesarean. On the 15(th) day, both healthy mother and baby were
      discharged. Although pregnancy is possible in postmenopausal women with hormone
      support but the incidence of complications remain very high. It raises a need for
      developing well-laid guidelines for performing in vitro fertilization in older
      age group women. 

PMID- 27382237
TI  - Morphokinetic behavior of euploid and aneuploid embryos analyzed by time-lapse in
      embryoscope.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Embryonic aneuploidy may result in miscarriage, implantation failure,
      or birth defects. Thus, it is clinically necessary to avoid the selection of
      aneuploid embryos during in vitro fertilization treatment. AIM: The aim of this
      study was to identify the morphokinetic differences by analyzing the development
      of euploid and aneuploid embryos using a time-lapse technology. We also checked
      the accuracy of a previously described model for selection of euploid embryos
      based on morphokinetics in our study population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a
      retrospective study of 29 cycles undergoing preimplantation genetic screening
      from October 2013 to April 2015 at our center. Of 253 embryos, 167 suitable for
      biopsy embryos were analyzed for their chromosomal status using array-comparative
      genome hybridization (CGH). The morphokinetic behavior of these embryos was
      further analyzed in embryoscope using time-lapse technology. RESULTS: Among the
      analyzed embryos, 41 had normal and 126 had abnormal chromosome content. No
      significant difference in morphokinetics was found between euploid and aneuploid
      embryos. The percentage of embryos with blastulation was similar in the euploid
      (65.85%, 27/41) and aneuploid (60.31%, 76/126) embryos (P = 0.76). Although hard
      to define, majority of the chromosomal defects might be due to meiotic errors. On
      applying embryo selection model from Basile et al., embryos falling within
      optimal ranges for time to division to 5 cells (t5), time period of the third
      cell cycle (CC3), and time from 2 cell division to 5 cell division (t5-t2)
      exhibited greater proportion of normal embryos than those falling outside the
      optimal ranges (28.6%, 25.9%, and 26.7% vs. 17.5%, 20.8%, and 14.3%). CONCLUSION:
      Keeping a track of time interval between two stages can help us recognize
      aneuploid embryos at an earlier stage and prevent their selection of transfer.
      However, it cannot be used as a substitute for array CGH to select euploid
      embryos for transfer.

PMID- 27382239
TI  - Successful birth of South India's first twins after preimplantation genetic
      screening of embryos.
AB  - We report the first documented successful birth of twins following
      preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) of cleavage stage embryos by array
      comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) technology, in South India. The case was
      a 28-year-old woman with the previous history of preclinical pregnancy and a
      miscarriage in two attempted in vitro fertilization cycles. Day 3 cleavage stage
      embryos were generated by conventional long protocol with the use of a
      gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and a combination of recombinant
      folliculotropins and human menopausal gonadotropins. Intracytoplasmic sperm
      injection of oocytes thus obtained was performed, and 10 selected embryos
      underwent PGS using the array CGH technique. Two normal blastocysts were
      transferred to the patient, and she conceived twins. She delivered at 35 weeks of
      gestation by elective cesarean on November 19, 2014. She delivered a healthy male
      and female baby weighing 2.19 kg and 2.26 kg, respectively. Postnatal evaluation
      of babies was also normal, and the hospital course was uneventful. PGS has a
      definitive indication in assisted reproductive technology programs and can be
      utilized to improve pregnancy rates significantly. 

PMID- 27382240
TI  - An eventful journey from menarche to successful motherhood.
AB  - Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome is an uncommon variant of mullerian duct
      anomaly and the approach to its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and
      vigilant work up. Presented here is a case of a 26-year-old woman who had the
      aforementioned anomaly and was pursued for nearly 10 years to provide her with a
      fruitful obstetric outcome after having undergone Strassman's metroplasty at a
      young age of 15 years. 

PMID- 27382241
TI  - A rare balanced nonrobertsonian translocation involving acrocentric chromosomes:
      Chromosome abnormality of t(13;15)(p11.2;q22.1).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Balanced non-robertsonian translocation (RT), involving acrocentric
      chromosomes, is a rare event and only a few cases are reported. Most of the RTs
      are balanced involving acrocentric chromosomes with the breakpoints (q10;q10).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chromosome analysis was performed as per standard
      procedure - Giemsa-trypsin banding with 500 band resolution was analyzed for
      chromosome identification. RESULTS: In the present study, we report a rare
      balanced non-RTs involving chromosomes 13 and 15 with cytogenetic finding of 46,
      XX, t(13;15) (p11.2;q22.1). CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the
      first such report of an unusual non-RT of t(13:15) with (p11.2;q22.1) break
      points.

PMID- 27382242
TI  - Erratum: Microdeletion of Y chromosome as a cause of recurrent pregnancy loss.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 159 in vol. 8, PMID: 26538859.]. 

PMID- 27382243
TI  - Joint Patch and Multi-label Learning for Facial Action Unit Detection.
AB  - The face is one of the most powerful channel of nonverbal communication. The most
      commonly used taxonomy to describe facial behaviour is the Facial Action Coding
      System (FACS). FACS segments the visible effects of facial muscle activation into
      30+ action units (AUs). AUs, which may occur alone and in thousands of
      combinations, can describe nearly all-possible facial expressions. Most existing
      methods for automatic AU detection treat the problem using one-vs-all classifiers
      and fail to exploit dependencies among AU and facial features. We introduce joint
      patch and multi-label learning (JPML) to address these issues. JPML leverages
      group sparsity by selecting a sparse subset of facial patches while learning a
      multi-label classifier. In four of five comparisons on three diverse datasets,
      CK+, GFT, and BP4D, JPML produced the highest average F1 scores in comparison
      with state-of-the art.

PMID- 27382244
TI  - The Effect of Mechanical Vibration Stimulation of Perception Subthreshold on the
      Muscle Force and Muscle Reaction Time of Lower Leg.
AB  - The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of mechanical vibration
      stimulation on the muscle force and muscle reaction time of lower leg according
      to perception threshold and vibration frequency. A vibration stimulation with
      perception threshold intensity was applied on the Achilles tendon and tibialis
      anterior tendon. EMG measurement and analysis system were used to analyze the
      change of muscle force and muscle reaction time according to perception threshold
      and vibration frequency. A root-mean-square (RMS) value was extracted using
      analysis software and Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) and Premotor Time (PMT)
      were analyzed. The measurement results showed that perception threshold was
      different from application sites of vibration frequency. Also, the muscle force
      and muscle reaction time showed difference according to the presence of
      vibration, frequency, and intensity. This result means that the vibration
      stimulation causes the change on the muscle force and muscle reaction time and
      affects the muscles of lower leg by the characteristics of vibration stimulation.

PMID- 27382245
TI  - The impact of a preloaded intraocular lens delivery system on operating room
      efficiency in routine cataract surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the operational impact of using
      preloaded intraocular lens (IOL) delivery systems compared with manually loaded
      IOL delivery processes during routine cataract surgeries. METHODS: Time and
      motion data, staff and surgery schedules, and cost accounting reports were
      collected across three sites located in the US, France, and Canada. Time and
      motion data were collected for manually loaded IOL processes and preloaded IOL
      delivery systems over four surgery days. Staff and surgery schedules and cost
      accounting reports were collected during the 2 months prior and after
      introduction of the preloaded IOL delivery system. RESULTS: The study included a
      total of 154 routine cataract surgeries across all three sites. Of these, 77
      surgeries were performed using a preloaded IOL delivery system, and the remaining
      77 surgeries were performed using a manual IOL delivery process. Across all three
      sites, use of the preloaded IOL delivery system significantly decreased mean
      total case time by 6.2%-12.0% (P<0.001 for data from Canada and the US and P<0.05
      for data from France). Use of the preloaded delivery system also decreased
      surgeon lens time, surgeon delays, and eliminated lens touches during IOL
      preparation. CONCLUSION: Compared to a manual IOL delivery process, use of a
      preloaded IOL delivery system for cataract surgery reduced total case time, total
      surgeon lens time, surgeon delays, and eliminated IOL touches. The time savings
      provided by the preloaded IOL delivery system provide an opportunity for sites to
      improve routine cataract surgery throughput without impacting surgeon or staff
      capacity.

PMID- 27382246
TI  - Effect of prophylactic timolol 0.1% gel on intraocular pressure after an
      intravitreal injection of ranibizumab: a randomized study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to make a prospective evaluation of the
      effect of timolol 0.1% eye gel on short-term intraocular pressure (IOP) after an
      intravitreal injection (IVI) of ranibizumab. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: One
      hundred and fifty eyes of 150 IVI-naive patients with macular edema caused by
      various pathological conditions (age-related macular degeneration, central or
      branch retinal vein occlusion, and diabetic retinopathy) were scheduled to
      undergo an IVI of ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 cc). The patients were randomly
      divided into three groups: 50 were not treated with timolol before the IVI (group
      1); 50 received an instillation of timolol 0.1% eye gel the evening before the
      IVI (group 2); and 50 received an instillation of timolol 0.1% eye gel 2 hours
      before the IVI (group 3). The incidence of clinically significant intraocular
      hypertensive spikes (>25 mmHg and >40 mmHg) was then assessed. RESULTS: Our
      findings showed that mean IOP at baseline was significantly higher than at both 5
      and 60 minutes after IVI (P<0.01). Spikes of >25 mmHg were recorded at either
      time in 27 patients (54%) in group 1, 23 patients (44%) in group 2, and 24
      patients (48%) in group 3. None of the between-group differences were
      significant. Spikes of >40 mmHg (which were only detected 5 minutes after IVI)
      were recorded in nine (18%), eight (16%), and one patient (2%) in groups 1, 2,
      and 3, respectively. The only significant difference was between the control and
      group 3 (P=0.012). CONCLUSION: An increase in IOP after antivascular endothelial
      growth factor IVI is a frequent complication. The prophylactic use of timolol
      0.1% gel effectively reduced the mean IOP when administered 2 hours before IVI
      and was also effective in preventing dangerous IOP spikes of >40 mmHg. It is
      therefore recommended before IVIs as a means of preventing emergency procedures
      and preserving the health of the optic nerve.

PMID- 27382247
TI  - A comparison of patient pain and visual outcome using topical anesthesia versus
      regional anesthesia during cataract surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the level of patient pain
      during the phacoemulsification and implantation of foldable intraocular lenses
      while under topical, intracameral, or sub-Tenon lidocaine. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      This was a retrospective study. Three hundred and one eyes subjected to cataract
      surgery were included in this study. All eyes underwent phacoemulsification
      surgery and intraocular lens implantation using topical, sub-Tenon, or
      intracameral anesthesia. The topical group received 4% lidocaine drops, and the
      intracameral group received a 0.1-0.2 cc infusion of 1% preservative-free
      lidocaine into the anterior chamber through the side port combined with topical
      drops of lidocaine. The sub-Tenon group received 2% lidocaine. Best-corrected
      visual acuity, corneal endothelial cell loss, and intraoperative pain level were
      evaluated. Pain level was assessed on a visual analog scale (range 0-2). RESULTS:
      There were no significant differences in visual outcome and corneal endothelial
      cell loss between the three groups. The mean pain score in the sub-Tenon group
      was significantly lower than that in the topical and intracameral groups
      (P=0.0009 and P=0.0055, respectively). In 250 eyes without high myopia (< -6D),
      there were no significant differences in mean pain score between the sub-Tenon
      and intracameral groups (P=0.1417). No additional anesthesia was required in all
      groups. CONCLUSION: Intracameral lidocaine provides sufficient pain suppressive
      effects in eyes without high myopia, while sub-Tenon anesthesia is better for
      cataract surgery in eyes with high myopia.

PMID- 27382248
TI  - Long-term follow-up of vitrectomy, with or without 360 degrees  encircling
      buckle, for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment due to inferior retinal breaks.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report and compare the anatomic and
      functional results of primary vitrectomy with and without 360 degrees  encircling
      scleral buckle (SB) for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD)
      due to inferior retinal break(s). BACKGROUND: A variety of options, including SB,
      pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with or without SB, and pneumatic retinopexy have
      been described as methods to repair RRDs. The use of additional SB with
      vitrectomy for RRD associated with inferior breaks has been a recent controversy
      after the introduction of transconjunctival cannula systems. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A retrospective, interventional, comparative case study was performed.
      In this study, we reviewed 105 consecutive patients who underwent vitrectomy for
      primary RRD with inferior retinal break(s) at the vitreoretinal center, performed
      by a single surgeon. Ninety four patients (94 eyes) were followed up for at least
      4 months after silicon oil removal (SOR), and were analyzed. They were divided
      into two groups: group I included 50 patients who underwent PPV alone + silicon
      oil (SO); and group II included 44 patients who underwent PPV with 360 degrees 
      SB + SO. The essential parameters were single-operation success rate (SOSR)
      before SOR, incidence of retinal redetachment after SOR, and final visual acuity.
      RESULTS: SOSR was obtained in 89 eyes (47 [94%] in group I and 42 [95.5%] in
      group II). From overall 59 phakic retinal detachments (RDs), SOSR was obtained in
      56 eyes (30 in group I [93.8%] and 26 in group II [96.3%]) while from overall 35
      aphakic or pseudophakic RDs, SOSR was obtained in 33 eyes (17 in group I [94.4%]
      and 16 in group II [94.1%]). Retinal redetachments after SOR occurred in three
      patients in group I and two patients in group II. Visual acuity improvement was
      greater in group I than in group II before SOR. CONCLUSION: Both surgical
      procedures had similar reattachment rates. The addition of 360 degrees  SB to PPV
      + SO might not have additional benefits in patients with RD due to inferior
      retinal break.

PMID- 27382249
TI  - Toric intraocular lenses for correction of astigmatism in keratoconus and after
      corneal surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: To describe the results of cataract extraction with toric intraocular
      lens (IOL) implantation in patients with preexisting astigmatism from three
      corneal conditions (keratoconus, postkeratoplasty, and postpterygium surgery).
      METHODS: Cataract patients with topographically stable, fairly regular (although
      sometimes very high) corneal astigmatism underwent phacoemulsification with
      implantation of a toric IOL (Zeiss AT TORBI 709, Alcon Acrysof IQ toric SN6AT,
      AMO Tecnis ZCT). Postoperative astigmatism and refractive outcomes, as well as
      visual acuities, vector reduction, and complications were recorded for all eyes.
      RESULTS: This study evaluated 17 eyes of 16 patients with a mean age of 60 years
      at the time of surgery. Mean follow-up in this study was 12 months. The corrected
      distance Snellen visual acuity (with spectacles or contact lenses) 12 months
      postoperatively was 20/32 or better in 82% of eyes. The mean corneal astigmatism
      was 6.7 diopters (D) preoperatively, and 1.5 D of refractive cylinder at 1-year
      follow-up. No vision-compromising intra- or postoperative complications occurred
      and decentration or off-axis alignment of toric IOLs were not observed.
      CONCLUSION: Phacoemulsification with toric IOL implantation was a safe and
      effective procedure in the three mentioned corneal conditions. Patient selection,
      counseling, and IOL placement with optimal astigmatism correction are crucial.

PMID- 27382250
TI  - Twelve-month outcomes in patients with retinal vein occlusion treated with low
      frequency intravitreal ranibizumab.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of low
      frequency intravitreal ranibizumab to treat macular edema due to retinal vein
      occlusion (RVO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective examination of
      cases that received intravitreal ranibizumab for untreated RVO over a period of
      12 months. Instead of the conventional three monthly injections, injections were
      given once during the introductory period. If the recurrence of macular edema was
      diagnosed during the monthly visit, additional injections were given as needed.
      There were 21 eyes of 21 patients with branch RVO (BRVO) and ten eyes of ten
      patients with central RVO (CRVO). The parameters examined included the number of
      injections over the 12-month period, improvements in best-corrected visual acuity
      (BCVA), and the central macular thickness (CMT). For BRVO, preinjection
      parameters that had an effect on the prognosis of BCVA after the 12-month period
      were also examined. RESULTS: The total mean number of injections over the 12
      month period was 3.4 for CRVO and 2.1 for BRVO. For CRVO, the BCVA in log minimum
      angular resolution changed from a preinjection value of 0.80 to 0.55 at 12
      months. For BRVO, the change was from 0.51 to 0.30. For all diseases, BCVA
      improved after 12 months compared with the preinjection values (P<0.05). There
      was improvement in the CMT, and the CRVO changed from 765.0 MUm at preinjection
      to 253.5 MUm 12 months later. BRVO changed from 524.1 to 250.1 MUm, and pre
      injection BCVA was associated with a prognosis of visual acuity after 12 months
      of the initial injection (P=0.0485). CONCLUSION: Even with a low number of
      injections during the introductory period, there were still improvements in both
      visual acuity and CMT in RVO patients after 12 months, indicating that it was an
      effective treatment.

PMID- 27382251
TI  - Double-blind, randomized, double-dummy clinical trial comparing the efficacy of
      ketorolac trometamol and naproxen for acute low back pain.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common
      type of medication used in the treatment of acute pain. Ketorolac trometamol (KT)
      is a nonnarcotic, peripherally acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with
      analgesic effects comparable to certain opioids. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study
      was to compare the efficacy of KT and naproxen (NA) in the treatment of acute low
      back pain (LBP) of moderate-to-severe intensity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this 10
      day, Phase III, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, noninferiority trial,
      participants with acute LBP of moderate-to-severe intensity as determined through
      a visual analog scale (VAS) were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive
      sublingual KT 10 mg three times daily or oral NA 250 mg three times daily. From
      the second to the fifth day of treatment, if patient had VAS >40 mm, increased
      dosage to four times per day was allowed. The primary end point was the reduction
      in LBP as measured by VAS. We also performed a post hoc superiority analysis.
      RESULTS: KT was not inferior to NA for the reduction in LBP over 5 days of use as
      measured by VAS scores (P=0.608 for equality of variance; P=0.321 for equality of
      means) and by the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (P=0.180 for equality of
      variance test; P=0.446 for equality of means) using 95% confidence intervals. The
      percentage of participants with improved pain relief 60 minutes after receiving
      the first dose was higher in the KT group (24.2%) than in the NA group (6.5%;
      P=0.049). The most common adverse effects were heartburn, nausea, and vomiting.
      CONCLUSION: KT is not inferior in efficacy and delivers faster pain relief than
      NA.

PMID- 27382252
TI  - MART-10, a newly synthesized vitamin D analog, represses metastatic potential of
      head and neck squamous carcinoma cells.
AB  - Even with multidisciplinary treatment, the prognosis and quality of life of
      patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are still
      not satisfactory. Previously, 19-Nor-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1alpha,25(OH)2D3
      (MART-10), the new brand 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 analog, has been demonstrated to be an
      effective drug to inhibit HNSCC growth in vitro. Since most cancer patients die
      of metastasis, in this study, the antimetastatic effect of MART-10 on HNSCC was
      investigated. Our results reveal that both 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10
      effectively repressed the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells, with MART-10
      being much more potent than 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. The antimetastatic effect of
      1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10 was mediated by attenuation of epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT), which was supported by the finding that the
      expression of EMT-inducing transcriptional factors, Sail and Twist, was inhibited
      by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10. The upregulation of E-cadherin and
      downregulation of N-cadherin in FaDu cells induced by both drugs further
      confirmed the repression of EMT. In addition, 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and MART-10
      treatment inhibited intracellular MMP-9 expression and extracellular MMP activity
      in FaDu cells. Collectively, our results suggest that the less-calcemia
      1alpha,25(OH)2D3 analog, MART-10, is a promising drug for HNSCC treatment.
      Further clinical studies are warranted. 

PMID- 27382253
TI  - The aqueous extract of Chinese medicinal herb Brucea javanica suppresses the
      growth of human liver cancer and the derived stem-like cells by apoptosis.
AB  - Being effective and relatively safe, the traditional Chinese medicinal herb
      Brucea javanica (BJ) has been valuable in curing patients in East Asia and its
      nearby regions for years. Recent reports suggested that the medicinal herb
      possesses broad antitumor activity against various cancer cells. This study
      evaluated whether low concentrations of BJ aqueous extract inhibited the growth
      of liver cancer cells. Experiments including flow cytometry and Western blot
      analysis established the development of apoptotic cell death after treatment.
      Further experiments evaluated the growth of the enriched spheroids. BJ not only
      reduced the expression of stem cell markers but also eliminated tumor spheroids
      by apoptotic death. The findings suggest BJ is a promising supplement to the
      current therapy regimen and highlight the opportunity of BJ as a practical avenue
      to suppress the growth of the stem cells in liver cancer. 

PMID- 27382254
TI  - Position and enforcement practice of the People's Republic of China's
      pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection.
AB  - The concept of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection comes from the West.
      The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
      establishes the basic rules for pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection.
      People's Republic of China's domestic law is consistent with the TRIPS agreement.
      In the drug registration approval process of the People's Republic of China's
      Drug Supervision Department, pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection has
      encountered some problems, including data authentication, exclusive rights to
      data, number of drugs requiring data to be submitted, and drug costs. In view of
      the long-term interests of the People's Republic of China's pharmaceutical
      industry and intellectual property protection trends, there are a lot of
      difficulties in the enforcement of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection law
      that need to be overcome. Some measures can be taken, such as establishing a
      shorter data exclusivity protection period, only protecting the data submitted
      and relied on in the People's Republic of China, only protecting the drugs that
      use new chemical components, allowing application and necessary research before
      the expiry of pharmaceutical data exclusivity protection period of generic drugs.

PMID- 27382255
TI  - A novel pH-enzyme-dependent mesalamine colon-specific delivery system.
AB  - The aim of the present study was to design a new pH-enzyme double-dependent
      mesalamine colon-specific delivery system. The drug release behaviors in vitro
      and pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in vivo were further evaluated. The mean
      particle diameters of mesalamine-coated microparticles were 312.2 um. In vitro, a
      small amount of mesalamine was released in HCl at a pH of 1.2 and PBS medium at a
      pH of 7.4 for 5 hours, and 71% of the entrapped mesalamine was further released
      during the subsequent 20 hours of incubation. A greater area under the plasma
      concentration-time curve (AUC)0-t was obtained for the coated microparticles (1.9
      fold) compared to the suspensions group, which indicated that the encapsulated
      mesalamine had mostly been absorbed in rats over the period of 12 hours. The AUC0
      t of the coated microparticles in colon was 2.63-fold higher compared to the
      suspensions (P<0.05). Hence, mesalamine-coated microparticles are considered to
      maintain the drug concentration within target ranges for a long period of time. 

PMID- 27382256
TI  - Enhanced oral bioavailability of acetylpuerarin by poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
      nanoparticles optimized using uniform design combined with response surface
      methodology.
AB  - Acetylpuerarin (AP), an acetylated derivative of puerarin, shows brain-protective
      effects in animals. However, AP has low oral bioavailability because of its poor
      water solubility. The objective of this study was to design and develop
      poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance the oral
      bioavailability of AP. The NPs were prepared using a solvent diffusion method
      optimized via uniform design (UD) combined with response surface methodology
      (RSM) and characterized by their morphology, particle size, zeta (zeta)
      potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), and in vitro drug
      release. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted in Wistar rats administered a
      single oral dose of 30 mg/kg AP. The optimized NPs were spherical and uniform in
      shape, with an average particle size of 145.0 nm, a polydispersity index (PI) of
      0.153, and a zeta-potential of -14.81 mV. The release of AP from the PLGA NPs
      showed an initial burst release followed by a sustained release, following
      Higuchi's model. The EE and DL determined in the experiments were 90.51% and
      17.07%, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0
      infinity) of AP-PLGA-NPs was 6,175.66+/-350.31 h ng/mL, which was 2.75 times
      greater than that obtained from an AP suspension. This study showed that PLGA NPs
      can significantly enhance the oral bioavailability of AP. 

PMID- 27382257
TI  - Fondaparinux vs warfarin for the treatment of unsuspected pulmonary embolism in
      cancer patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In cancer patients, the chest computer tomography (CT) can be used
      to identify asymptomatic pulmonary embolism (APE). In most cases, these patients
      are treated with anticoagulant drugs for at least 3 months. The American College
      of Physicians recommend treatment of these patients as patients with symptomatic
      pulmonary embolism. In this study, we evaluated and compared the efficacy and
      safety of fondaparinux vs warfarin in the prevention of unsuspected pulmonary
      embolism in patients with active cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective and
      parallel group study was performed on 64 cancer patients (29 males and 35
      females) with APE. A multidetector CT angiography with high spatial and temporal
      resolution and quality of arterial opacification was used to make the diagnosis.
      Lung scintigraphy was reserved to selected patients only. Patients were
      randomized to either the warfarin (Group A) or the fondaparinux (Group B) for 90
      days. The first end point of efficacy was the persistence, reduction, or
      disappearance of thrombosis after 90 days. The second end point was the
      reappearance of thrombosis after 1 year. The first end point of safety was the
      development of major bleeding. RESULTS: We enrolled 32 patients into each
      treatment group. We reached the first end point of efficacy and safety in Group B
      which showed that fondaparinux was able to induce the disappearance of thrombotic
      pulmonary with a lower incidence of major bleeding events compared with warfarin.
      No difference in the secondary end point was recorded. CONCLUSION: We suggest
      that the treatment of cancer patients with APE can be oriented with the
      administration of a standard dose of fondaparinux until the next CT lung control
      (3 months). However, the lack of a randomized clinical trial, including a larger
      patient cohort, does not allow formulation of final recommendations in these
      patients. A broader study would be desirable, involving a larger number of
      patients and a longer follow-up period.

PMID- 27382258
TI  - Patients' and rheumatologists' preferences for the attributes of biological
      agents used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases in Spain.
AB  - PURPOSE: To define importance values assigned to attributes of biological agents
      (BAs) by Spanish patients with rheumatic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis,
      ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis) and rheumatologists. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional design based upon a rank
      based full-profile conjoint analysis. A literature review and four focus groups
      were undertaken to identify attributes and levels. An orthogonal matrix,
      combining the selected levels of attributes, was used to define scenarios.
      Participants ranked eight scenarios from 1 (most preferred) to 8 (least
      preferred). The relative importance (RI) of attributes was calculated.
      Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the characteristics
      that influenced the values of RI. A total of 488 patients (male 50.9%, mean age
      50.6 [standard deviation {SD} 12.06] years, rheumatoid arthritis 33.8%,
      ankylosing spondylitis 32.4%, psoriatic arthritis 33.8%; mean time since
      diagnosis 12.6 [SD 8.2] years) and 136 rheumatologists (male 50.4%, mean age 46.4
      [SD 9.1] years, mean time of practice 16.7 [SD 8.8] years) participated. RESULTS:
      The ideal BAs for patients and physicians, respectively, should allow pain relief
      and improvement of functional capacity (RI 39% and 44.7%), with low risk of
      adverse events (RI 24.9% and 30.5%), a long time prior to perceiving the need for
      a new dose (RI 16.4% and 12.4%), and self-administration at home (RI 19.7% and
      12.5%), as identified through their preferences. CONCLUSION: Although efficacy
      and safety are paramount for patients and rheumatologists to make a choice
      regarding BAs, the need for a low frequency of administration and the
      administration method also play a role as preference attributes for BAs.

PMID- 27382259
TI  - Drugs under preclinical and clinical study for treatment of acute and chronic
      lymphoblastic leukemia.
AB  - Targeted therapy has modernized the treatment of both chronic and acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia. The introduction of monoclonal antibodies and
      combinational drugs has increased the survival rate of patients. Preclinical
      studies with various agents have resulted in positive outputs with Phase III
      trial drugs and monoclonal antibodies entering clinical trials. Most of the
      monoclonal antibodies target the CD20 and CD22 receptors. This has led to the
      approval of a few of these drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration. This
      review focuses on the drugs under preclinical and clinical study in the ongoing
      efforts for treatment of acute and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia. 

PMID- 27382260
TI  - Persistence and compliance with newly initiated antihypertensive drug treatment
      in patients with chronic kidney disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic kidney disease initiating an antihypertensive
      drug (AH) treatment must persist and comply with it to slow disease progression
      and benefit from the reduction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
      OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the persistence and compliance with AH treatment
      and identifies the associated factors among chronic kidney disease patients who
      initiated AH treatment. METHODS: A population-based cohort study using Quebec
      administrative data was conducted. Patients who still take any AH 1 year after
      initiation were considered persistent. Of these patients, those who had >=80% of
      days covered with an AH in the year after initiation were considered compliant.
      Factors associated with persistence and compliance were identified using a
      modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Of the 7,119 eligible patients, 78.8% were
      persistent, 87.7% of whom were compliant with their AH treatment. Compared with
      patients on diuretic monotherapy, those who initially used angiotensin-converting
      enzyme inhibitor monotherapy, angiotensin II receptor blocker monotherapy,
      calcium channel blocker monotherapy, beta-blocker monotherapy, or multidrug
      therapy were more likely to be persistent. In contrast, individuals who visited
      their physicians >=17 times were less likely to be persistent than those who
      visited between 0 and 8 times. The patients who were more likely to be compliant
      had initially used an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, beta-blocker,
      calcium channel blocker, or multitherapy as opposed to a diuretic. CONCLUSION: A
      year after initiating AH treatment, nearly a third of chronic kidney disease
      patients were either not taking an AH or had not been compliant. Factors
      associated with persistence and compliance could help identify patients who need
      help in managing their AH treatment.

PMID- 27382261
TI  - Prevalence and severity of pain in adult end-stage renal disease patients on
      chronic intermittent hemodialysis: a systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Understanding the epidemiology of pain in patients on hemodialysis
      (HD) is crucial for further improvement in managing pain. The aim of this study
      was to systematically review available evidence on the prevalence and severity of
      pain in adult end-stage renal disease patients on chronic intermittent HD.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a systematic review of the literature and
      developed a comprehensive search strategy based on search terms on pain and HD.
      We searched the databases MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, and CINAHL from the earliest
      date of each database to July 24, 2014. Manuscripts in all languages were taken
      into consideration. Two authors performed each step independently, and all
      disagreements were resolved after discussion with the third author. The quality
      of studies was estimated using the STROBE checklist and Cochrane risk-of-bias
      tool. RESULTS: We included 52 studies with 6,917 participants. The prevalence of
      acute and chronic pain in HD patients was up to 82% and 92%, respectively. A
      considerable number of patients suffered from severe pain. Various locations and
      causes of pain were described, with most of the studies reporting pain in
      general, pain related to arteriovenous access, headache, and musculoskeletal
      pain. CONCLUSION: The findings of this systematic review indicate high prevalence
      of pain in HD patients and considerable gaps and limitations in the available
      evidence. Pain in this population should be recognized as a considerable health
      concern, and the nephrology community should promote pain management in HD
      patients as a clinical and research priority to improve patients' quality of life
      and pain-related disability.

PMID- 27382262
TI  - Efficacies of globus pallidus stimulation and subthalamic nucleus stimulation for
      advanced Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the surgical procedure for patients
      with advanced Parkinson's disease. Globus pallidus internus (GPi) and subthalamic
      nucleus (STN) are the most targeted locations for the procedure. To investigate
      the variable efficiencies for the two different locations, we conducted a meta
      analysis to compare both stimulation sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic
      search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases.
      Randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacies of GPi and STN DBS were
      included. Clinical outcomes of motor function, nonmotor function, and quality of
      life (QOL) were collected for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Ten eligible trials
      with 1,034 patients were included in the analysis. Unified Parkinson's disease
      rating scale III (UPDRS-III) scores were collected at 6, 12, and 24 months
      postsurgery separately to assess the motor function of the patients. A
      statistically significant effect in favor of the GPi DBS was obtained in the off
      medication/on-stimulation phase of UPDRS-III at 12 months (mean difference [MD]
      =6.87, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 3.00-10.74, P=0.57, I (2)=0%). However,
      GPi DBS showed an opposite result at 24 months (MD =-2.46, 95% CI: -4.91 to 
      0.02, P=0.05, I (2)=0%). In the on-medication/on-stimulation phase, GPi DBS
      obtained a worse outcome compared with STN DBS (MD =-2.90, 95% CI: -5.71 to 
      0.09, P=0.05, I (2)=0%). Compared with STN DBS, increased dosage of levodopa
      equivalent doses was needed in GPi DBS (standardized MD =0.60, 95% CI: 0.46-0.74,
      P<0.00001, I (2)=24%). Meanwhile, Beck Depression Inventory II scores
      demonstrated that STN has a better performance (standardized MD =-0.31, 95% CI: 
      0.51 to -0.12, P=0.002, I (2)=0%). As for neurocognitive phase postsurgery, GPi
      DBS showed better performance in three of the nine tests, especially in verbal
      fluency. Use of GPi DBS was associated with a greater effect in eight of the nine
      subscales of QOL. CONCLUSION: GPi and STN DBS significantly improve advanced
      Parkinson's patients' symptoms, functionality, and QOL. Variable therapeutic
      efficiencies were observed in both procedures, GPi and STN DBS. GPi DBS allowed
      greater recovery of verbal fluency and provided greater relief of depression
      symptoms. Better QOL was also obtained using GPi DBS. Meanwhile, GPi DBS was also
      associated with increased dosage of levodopa equivalent doses. The question
      regarding which target is superior remained open for discussion. An understanding
      of the target selection still depends on individual symptoms, neurocognitive/mood
      status, therapeutic goals of DBS (eg, levodopa reduction), and surgical
      expertise.

PMID- 27382263
TI  - Lifestyle and lifestyle-related comorbidities independently associated with
      colorectal adenoma recurrence in elderly Chinese people.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the lifestyle and lifestyle
      related comorbidities independently associated with colorectal adenoma (CRA)
      recurrence in elderly Chinese people. METHODS: During the 5-year follow-up after
      the initial colonoscopy, participants aged >60 years with the diagnosis and
      removal of CRA underwent a complete surveillance colonoscopy, and 152
      participants with CRA recurrence plus 152 participants free of recurrence were
      included in this analysis. RESULTS: Participants with CRA recurrence were more
      likely to consume less vegetables and fruits, and more red meats compared with
      the control group (P<0.05 for all). Lifestyle-related comorbidities, including
      hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), were more common in
      participants with CRA recurrence than in the control group (P<0.05 for all). In
      the multivariate analysis, pack-years of smoking were independently associated
      with an increased CRA recurrence (odds ratio [OR]: 1.03; P<0.05). Eating less
      vegetables (OR: 099; P<0.05) and fruits (OR: 0.98; P<0.05) was identified as a
      statistically independent factor influencing CRA recurrence, as was eating more
      red meats (OR: 1.01; P<0.05). Hypertension was also found to be a factor
      independently associated with an increased CRA recurrence (OR: 2.44; P<0.05).
      NAFLD had an independent association, with an increased CRA recurrence (OR: 3.43;
      P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Smoking cigarettes, high consumption of red meats, low
      intake of fruits and vegetables, and the presence of hypertension and NAFLD were
      independently associated with an increased CRA recurrence in elderly Chinese
      people. This conclusion helps elderly Chinese people to make effective behavioral
      changes, such as smoking cessation, substitution of fruits and vegetables for red
      meats, and timely treatment of hypertension and NAFLD, to reduce CRA recurrence
      and colorectal cancer risk.

PMID- 27382264
TI  - The Home Independence Program with non-health professionals as care managers: an
      evaluation.
AB  - The Home Independence Program (HIP), an Australian restorative home
      care/reablement service for older adults, has been shown to be effective in
      reducing functional dependency and increasing functional mobility, confidence in
      everyday activities, and quality of life. These gains were found to translate
      into a reduced need for ongoing care services and reduced health and aged care
      costs over time. Despite these positive outcomes, few Australian home care
      agencies have adopted the service model - a key reason being that few Australian
      providers employ health professionals, who act as care managers under the HIP
      service model. A call for proposals from Health Workforce Australia for projects
      to expand the scope of practice of health/aged care staff then provided the
      opportunity to develop, implement, and evaluate a service delivery model, in
      which nonprofessionals replaced the health professionals as Care Managers in the
      HIP service. Seventy older people who received the HIP Coordinator (HIPC) service
      participated in the outcomes evaluation. On a range of personal outcome measures,
      the group showed statistically significant improvement at 3 and 12 months
      compared to baseline. On each outcome, the improvement observed was larger than
      that observed in a previous trial in which the service was delivered by health
      professionals. However, differences in the timing of data collection between the
      two studies mean that a direct comparison cannot be made. Clients in both studies
      showed a similarly reduced need for ongoing home care services at both follow-up
      points. The outcomes achieved by HIPC, with non-health professionals as Care
      Managers, were positive and can be considered to compare favorably with the
      outcomes achieved in HIP when health professionals take the Care Manager role.
      These findings will be of interest to managers of home care services and to
      policy makers interested in reducing the long-term care needs of older community
      dwelling individuals. 

PMID- 27382265
TI  - Inappropriate prescribing of antithrombotic therapy in Ethiopian elderly
      population using updated 2015 STOPP/START criteria: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inappropriate use of antiplatelets and anticoagulants among elderly
      patients increases the risk of adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to
      assess the prevalence of inappropriate prescribing of antithrombotic therapy in
      hospitalized elderly patients. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional, single
      center study was conducted at the Gondar University Hospital. A total of 156
      hospitalized elderly patients fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria were
      included in the study. The Screening Tool for Older Person's
      Prescription/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment criteria version
      2 were applied to patients' data to identify the total number of inappropriate
      prescribing (IPs) including potentially inappropriate medications and potential
      prescribing omissions. RESULTS: A total of 70 IPs were identified in 156 patients
      who met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 36 (51.4%) were identified as
      potentially inappropriate medications by the Screening Tool for Older Person's
      Prescription criteria. The prevalence of IP per patient indicated that 58 of the
      156 (37.2%) patients were exposed to at least one IP. Of these, 32 (55.2%) had at
      least one potentially inappropriate medication and 33 (56.9%) had at least one
      potential prescribing omission. Patients hospitalized due to venous
      thromboembolism (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =29.87, 95% confidence interval [CI],
      1.26-708.6), stroke (AOR =7.74, 95% CI, 1.27-47.29), or acute coronary syndrome
      (AOR =13.48, 95% CI, 1.4-129.1) were less likely to be exposed to an IP. An
      increase in Charlson comorbidity index score was associated with increased IP
      exposure (AOR =0.60, 95% CI, 0.39-0.945). IPs were about six times more likely to
      absent in patients prescribed with antiplatelet only therapy (AOR =6.23, 95% CI,
      1.90-20.37) than those receiving any other groups of antithrombotics. CONCLUSION:
      IPs are less common in elderly patients primarily admitted due to venous
      thromboembolism, stroke, and acute coronary syndrome, and those elderly patients
      prescribed with only antiplatelet. Patients with higher Charlson comorbidity
      index were, however, associated with increased IPs exposure. Our study may guide
      further research to reduce high-risk prescription of antithrombotics in the
      elderly.

PMID- 27382266
TI  - Prediction of critical illness in elderly outpatients using elder risk
      assessment: a population-based study.
AB  - RATIONALE: Identifying patients at high risk of critical illness is necessary for
      the development and testing of strategies to prevent critical illness. The aim of
      this study was to determine the relationship between high elder risk assessment
      (ERA) score and critical illness requiring intensive care and to see if the ERA
      can be used as a prediction tool to identify elderly patients at the primary care
      visit who are at high risk of critical illness. METHODS: A population-based
      historical cohort study was conducted in elderly patients (age >65 years)
      identified at the time of primary care visit in Rochester, MN, USA. Predictors
      including age, previous hospital days, and comorbid health conditions were
      identified from routine administrative data available in the electronic medical
      record. The main outcome was critical illness, defined as sepsis, need for
      mechanical ventilation, or death within 2 years of initial visit. Patients with
      an ERA score of 16 were considered to be at high risk. The discrimination of the
      ERA score was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic
      curve. RESULTS: Of the 13,457 eligible patients, 9,872 gave consent for medical
      record review and had full information on intensive care unit utilization. The
      mean age was 75.8 years (standard deviation +/-7.6 years), and 58% were female,
      94% were Caucasian, 62% were married, and 13% were living in nursing homes. In
      the overall group, 417 patients (4.2%) suffered from critical illness. In the
      1,134 patients with ERA >16, 154 (14%) suffered from critical illness. An ERA
      score >=16 predicted critical illness (odds ratio 6.35; 95% confidence interval
      3.51-11.48). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.75,
      which indicated good discrimination. CONCLUSION: A simple model based on easily
      obtainable administrative data predicted critical illness in the next 2 years in
      elderly outpatients with up to 14% of the highest risk population suffering from
      critical illness. This model can facilitate efficient enrollment of patients into
      clinical programs such as care transition programs and studies aimed at the
      prevention of critical illness. It also can serve as a reminder to initiate
      advance care planning for high-risk elderly patients. External validation of this
      tool in different populations may enhance its generalizability.

PMID- 27382267
TI  - Glucosamine-containing supplement improves locomotor functions in subjects with
      knee pain - a pilot study of gait analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Previously, we demonstrated that glucosamine-containing
      supplementation was effective for improving locomotor functions, especially
      walking speed. However, the biomechanical mechanism of efficacy has not been
      elucidated. This study aimed to address this challenge in subjects with knee
      pain, using a motion capture system. METHODS: An open label study was conducted
      in 30 Japanese subjects with knee pain. The subjects were administered a daily
      supplement containing 1,200 mg of glucosamine hydrochloride, 60 mg of chondroitin
      sulfate, 45 mg of type II collagen peptides, 90 mg of quercetin glycosides, 10 mg
      of imidazole peptides, 1 mg of proteoglycan, and 5 MUg of vitamin D (GCQID). The
      intervention continued for 16 weeks. Efficacy for locomotor functions involving
      the knee joint was evaluated mainly using the Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis
      Measure (JKOM) and the 5-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-5).
      To examine the biomechanical mechanism of efficacy for locomotor functions,
      motions of subjects in a normal walking state were captured. Gait analysis was
      conducted and efficacy for gait parameters such as normal walking speed, stride
      length, cadence, and angle of soles was evaluated. RESULTS: GCQID significantly
      improved total scores on the JKOM and GLFS-5. In gait analysis, normal walking
      speed, stride length, and angle of soles at the end of the stance phase were all
      significantly increased, but cadence did not change significantly during the
      intervention period. There were significant intercorrelations of changes in
      normal walking speed, stride length, and angle of soles at the end of the stance
      phase, and between changes in stride length and total JKOM score. CONCLUSION: A
      GCQID supplement may increase walking speed through increased stride length and
      angle of kicking from the ground during steps, which might be mainly associated
      with alleviated knee pain.

PMID- 27382268
TI  - Methods to reduce prescribing errors in elderly patients with multimorbidity.
AB  - The global population of multimorbid older people is growing steadily.
      Multimorbidity is the principal cause of complex polypharmacy, which in turn is
      the prime risk factor for inappropriate prescribing and adverse drug reactions
      and events. Those who prescribe for older frailer multimorbid people are
      particularly prone to committing prescribing errors of various kinds. The causes
      of prescribing errors in this patient population are multifaceted and complex,
      including prescribers' lack of knowledge of aging physiology, geriatric medicine,
      and geriatric pharmacotherapy, overprescribing that frequently leads to major
      polypharmacy, inappropriate prescribing, and inappropriate drug omission. This
      review examines the various ways of minimizing prescribing errors in multimorbid
      older people. The role of education in physician prescribers and clinical
      pharmacists, the use of implicit and explicit prescribing criteria designed to
      improve medication appropriateness in older people, and the application of
      information and communication-technology systems to minimize errors are discussed
      in detail. Although evidence to support any single intervention to prevent
      prescribing errors in multimorbid elderly people is inconclusive or lacking,
      published data support focused prescriber education in geriatric pharmacotherapy,
      routine application of STOPP/START (screening tool of older people's
      prescriptions/screening tool to alert to right treatment) criteria for
      potentially inappropriate prescribing, electronic prescribing, and close liaison
      between clinical pharmacists and physicians in relation to structured medication
      review and reconciliation. Carrying out a structured medication review aimed at
      optimizing pharmacotherapy in this vulnerable patient population presents a major
      challenge. Another challenge is to design, build, validate, and test by clinical
      trials suitably versatile and efficient software engines that can reliably and
      swiftly perform complex medication reviews in older multimorbid people. The
      European Union-funded SENATOR and OPERAM clinical trials commencing in 2016 will
      examine the impact of customized software engines in reducing medication-related
      morbidity, avoidable excess cost, and rehospitalization in older multimorbid
      people. 

PMID- 27382269
TI  - Chronic bronchitis is an independently associated factor for more symptom and
      high-risk groups.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The chronic bronchitis (CB) phenotype has been associated with poor
      quality of life and an increased risk of disease in patients with COPD. However,
      little information exists regarding the relationship between the CB phenotype and
      the COPD assessment test (CAT) score. The goal of this study was to reveal the
      different pattern of CAT scores between CB and non-CB patients. Moreover, we
      aimed to investigate whether the CB phenotype is an independently associated
      factor for more symptom and high-risk groups. METHODS: Data were obtained from
      the Korea COPD Subgroup Study cohort recruited from 46 centers in South Korea
      since April 2012. CB patients were defined as having a chronic cough and sputum
      for 3 months per year, for a period of 2 consecutive years. We investigated the
      pattern of CAT and subquestionnaire scores between CB and non-CB patients. We
      also analyzed the proportion of CB phenotypes in each Global initiative for
      chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage. Finally, we performed a logistic
      regression analysis to identify whether the CB phenotype was an independently
      associated factor for more symptom and high-risk groups. RESULTS: Of the 1,106
      study patients, 11.5% of patients were found to have a CB phenotype. CB
      phenotypes were most common in GOLD III (GOLD 2006) and GOLD D (GOLD 2015)
      stages. CAT scores were significantly higher in CB patients not only in terms of
      the total score but also for each subquestionnaire. Logistic regression revealed
      that the CB phenotype is an independently associated factor for more symptom and
      high-risk groups. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that CB patients have
      higher CAT scores and subquestionnaire results compared to non-CB patients.
      Additionally, we demonstrated that the CB phenotype is an independently
      associated factor for both more symptom and high-risk groups.

PMID- 27382270
TI  - The impact of coping on the somatic and mental status of patients with COPD: a
      cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of
      the most debilitating somatic diseases, having anxiety and depression frequently
      as comorbidities. The coping style, the way in which the subject manages to
      control the difficult and stressful situations of life, can influence its
      evolution and also the existence of the comorbidities. In this study, coping
      styles in a group of subjects with COPD and their association with the intensity
      of depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as medical determinants were
      identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 28 male
      patients with COPD risk class D were enrolled. The patients performed spirometry
      tests, Borg scale, 6-minute walking test, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,
      and COPE Inventory were recorded. RESULTS: According to their higher coping
      subscale score, the depression score was the highest in patients with avoidance
      type coping and the lowest in patients with problem-focused coping (11.0 vs 5.6;
      P=0.042), respectively, patients with social support-focused coping having the
      highest anxiety score in contrast to patients with emotion-focused coping, which
      had the lowest anxiety score (11.6 vs 5.0; P=0.006). Regarding respiratory
      parameters, significant differences were present for the variation of the medians
      between the four groups only for forced vital capacity (FVC%) (the lowest FVC%
      was in patients with predominant social support-focused coping and the highest in
      patients with problem-focused coping) and 6-minute walking test (%) (the lowest
      score for patients with social support-focused coping and the highest value in
      patients with avoidance-type coping). Problem-coping score was significantly and
      positively associated with FVC% (Spearman's r=0.400; P=0.035), emotion-focused
      coping score was significantly and positively associated with FVC% (Spearman's
      r=0.395; P=0.038), and social support-focused coping score was negatively and
      significantly correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second/FVC% ratio
      (Spearman's r=0.389; P=0.041). A significant, negative correlation was found only
      between depression score and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (Spearman's r=
      0.435; P=0.026) with respect to psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSION: Coping styles
      in patients with COPD affect the intensity of associated depressive and anxiety
      symptoms as well as medical determinants, thus the coping style should be
      considered an important part in the multidisciplinary approach of these patients.

PMID- 27382271
TI  - Immediate effect of manual therapy on respiratory functions and inspiratory
      muscle strength in patients with COPD.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the immediate effect of
      manual therapy (MT) on respiratory functions and inspiratory muscle strength in
      patients with COPD. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Thirty patients with severe COPD
      (eight females and 22 males; mean age 62.4+/-6.8 years) referred to pulmonary
      physiotherapy were included in this study. The patients participated in a single
      session of MT to measure the short-term effects. The lung function was measured
      using a portable spirometer. An electronic pressure transducer was used to
      measure respiratory muscle strength. Heart rate, breathing frequency, and oxygen
      saturation were measured with a pulse oximeter. For fatigue and dyspnea
      perception, the modified Borg rating of perceived exertion scale was used. All
      measurements were taken before and immediately after the first MT session. The
      ease-of-breathing visual analog scale was used for rating patients' symptoms
      subjectively during the MT session. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement
      in the forced expiratory volume in the first second, forced vital capacity, and
      vital capacity values (P<0.05). The maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal
      expiratory pressure values increased significantly after MT, compared to the pre
      MT session (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in heart rate, respiratory
      rate (P<0.05), and dyspnea and fatigue perception (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: A single
      MT session immediately improved pulmonary function, inspiratory muscle strength,
      and oxygen saturation and reduced dyspnea, fatigue, and heart and respiratory
      rates in patients with severe COPD. MT should be added to pulmonary
      rehabilitation treatment as a new alternative that is fast acting and motivating
      in patients with COPD.

PMID- 27382272
TI  - Vitamin D should be supplemented more actively in elderly patients with coronary
      heart disease combined with COPD.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It is not clear whether vitamin D should be actively supplemented in
      elderly patients suffering from an acute attack of COPD (AECOPD) and coronary
      heart disease (CHD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The patients were divided into three
      groups according to specific criteria: patients with AECOPD (group A), patients
      with COPD combined with CHD (group B), and patients with CHD (group C). We
      measured the levels of vitamin D and analyzed the correlation between vitamin D
      and important electrolytes, including prealbumin, creatinine, hemoglobin,
      cystatin C, blood fat, blood calcium, and blood magnesium, and the nutrition
      state of the whole body. The serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) was measured
      using an ELISA kit. RESULTS: The vitamin D level in group B was the lowest,
      followed by group A. When compared with group C, they all had statistical
      significance (P<0.05), but there was no statistical difference between groups A
      and B. There was no difference among the three groups when prealbumin,
      creatinine, hemoglobin, cystatin C, blood fat, blood calcium, and blood magnesium
      were compared. The level of BNP in the three groups increased, but it had no
      obvious correlation with the level of vitamin D (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: When
      elderly patients have coronary artery disease with AECOPD, vitamin D levels were
      obviously lower and were negatively correlated with the BNP. Low vitamin D
      levels, as well as poor nutrition, affect cardiopulmonary function and quality of
      living of elderly patients, especially female patients. Therefore, vitamin D
      should be supplemented more actively in the female patients suffering from AECOPD
      and CHD.

PMID- 27382273
TI  - Association between TNF-alpha -308 G/A polymorphism and COPD susceptibility: a
      meta-analysis update.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The association between TNF-alpha -308 G/A polymorphism
      and COPD remains controversial due to insufficiently strict study designs and
      small group sizes among different studies. In the present study, a meta-analysis
      update which followed a stricter procedure was performed to obtain a clearer
      understanding of this association. METHODS: A comprehensive database search was
      conducted to identify the case-control studies published up to July 2015 which
      reported an association between the TNF-alpha -308 G/A polymorphism and COPD
      risk. Data were extracted to calculate pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence
      intervals under the most appropriate genetic and allelic models. Sensitivity was
      analyzed, and heterogeneity as well as publication bias was assessed. RESULTS:
      Thirty-eight eligible studies, comprising 3,951 COPD cases and 5,110 controls,
      were included in this study, among which 22 studies comprising 2,067 COPD cases
      and 2,167 controls were performed in Asians, and 16 studies comprising 1,884 COPD
      cases and 2,943 controls were in non-Asians. The overall result showed that TNF
      alpha -308 G/A polymorphisms were significantly associated with increased COPD
      risk in both the codominant genetic and allelic models. Individuals with the GA
      or AA genotype were more susceptible to COPD development than those with the GG
      genotype. In addition, individuals with the AA genotype were more susceptible to
      developing COPD than those with the GA genotype. The subgroup analysis stratified
      by ethnicity supported the results in Asians but not in non-Asians. However, no
      association was found between TNF-alpha -308 G/A polymorphisms and COPD
      susceptibility either in Asians or in non-Asians in the meta-analysis conducted
      with restriction to former/current smokers. CONCLUSION: The present meta-analysis
      suggested that the TNF-alpha -308 G/A polymorphism was associated with an
      increased risk of COPD among Asians but not in non-Asians. Furthermore,
      individuals with the AA genotype of TNF-alpha -308 were more susceptible to
      developing COPD.

PMID- 27382274
TI  - Point-of-care procalcitonin test to reduce antibiotic exposure in patients
      hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate whether point-of-care (POC)
      procalcitonin (PCT) measurement can reduce redundant antibiotic treatment in
      patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). METHODS: One
      hundred and twenty adult patients admitted with AECOPD were enrolled in this open
      label randomized trial. Patients were allocated to either the POC PCT-guided
      intervention arm (n=62) or the control arm, in which antibiotic therapy followed
      local guidelines (n=58). RESULTS: The median duration of antibiotic exposure was
      3.5 (interquartile range [IQR] 0-10) days in the PCT-arm vs 8.5 (IQR 1-11) days
      in the control arm (P=0.0169, Wilcoxon) for the intention-to-treat population.
      The proportion of patients using antibiotics for >=5 days within the 28-day
      follow-up was 41.9% (PCT-arm) vs 67.2% (P=0.006, Fisher's exact) in the intention
      to-treat population. For the per-protocol population, the proportions were 21.1%
      (PCT-arm) vs 73.9% (P<0.00001, Fisher's exact). Within 28-day follow-up, one
      patient died in the PCT-arm and two died in the control arm. A composite harm end
      point consisting of death, rehospitalization, or intensive care unit admission,
      all within 28 days, showed no apparent difference. CONCLUSION: Our study shows
      that the implementation of a POC PCT-guided algorithm can be used to
      substantially reduce antibiotic exposure in patients hospitalized with AECOPD,
      with no apparent harm.

PMID- 27382276
TI  - Effect of outpatient therapy with inhaled corticosteroids on decreasing in
      hospital mortality from pneumonia in patients with COPD.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting inhaled
      bronchodilators (IBD) are beneficial for the management of COPD. Although ICS has
      been reported to increase the risk of pneumonia in patients with COPD, it remains
      controversial whether it influences mortality. Using a Japanese national
      database, we examined the association between preadmission ICS therapy and in
      hospital mortality from pneumonia in patients with COPD. METHODS: We
      retrospectively collected data from 1,165 hospitals in Japan on patients with
      COPD who received outpatient inhalation therapy and were admitted with pneumonia.
      Patients were categorized into those who received ICS with IBD and those who
      received IBD alone. We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to
      examine the association between outpatient ICS therapy and in-hospital mortality,
      adjusting for the patients' backgrounds. RESULTS: Of the 7,033 eligible patients,
      the IBD alone group (n=3,331) was more likely to be older, have lower body mass
      index, poorer general conditions, and more severe pneumonia than the ICS with IBD
      group (n=3,702). In-hospital mortality was 13.2% and 8.1% in the IBD alone and
      the ICS with IBD groups, respectively. After adjustment for patients'
      backgrounds, the ICS with IBD group had significantly lower mortality than the
      IBD alone group (adjusted odds ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.68-0.94).
      Higher mortality was associated with older age, being male, lower body mass
      index, poorer general status, and more severe pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Outpatient
      inhaled ICS and IBD therapy was significantly associated with lower mortality
      from pneumonia in patients with COPD than treatment with IBD alone.

PMID- 27382275
TI  - Lung inflammation caused by inhaled toxicants: a review.
AB  - Exposure of the lungs to airborne toxicants from different sources in the
      environment may lead to acute and chronic pulmonary or even systemic
      inflammation. Cigarette smoke is the leading cause of chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease, although wood smoke in urban areas of underdeveloped countries
      is now recognized as a leading cause of respiratory disease. Mycotoxins from
      fungal spores pose an occupational risk for respiratory illness and also present
      a health hazard to those living in damp buildings. Microscopic airborne
      particulates of asbestos and silica (from building materials) and those of heavy
      metals (from paint) are additional sources of indoor air pollution that
      contributes to respiratory illness and is known to cause respiratory illness in
      experimental animals. Ricin in aerosolized form is a potential bioweapon that is
      extremely toxic yet relatively easy to produce. Although the aforementioned
      agents belong to different classes of toxic chemicals, their pathogenicity is
      similar. They induce the recruitment and activation of macrophages, activation of
      mitogen-activated protein kinases, inhibition of protein synthesis, and
      production of interleukin-1 beta. Targeting either macrophages (using
      nanoparticles) or the production of interleukin-1 beta (using inhibitors against
      protein kinases, NOD-like receptor protein-3, or P2X7) may potentially be
      employed to treat these types of lung inflammation without affecting the natural
      immune response to bacterial infections. 

PMID- 27382277
TI  - Reinjury risk of nano-calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium oxalate dihydrate
      crystals on injured renal epithelial cells: aggravation of crystal adhesion and
      aggregation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Renal epithelial cell injury facilitates crystal adhesion to cell
      surface and serves as a key step in renal stone formation. However, the effects
      of cell injury on the adhesion of nano-calcium oxalate crystals and the nano
      crystal-induced reinjury risk of injured cells remain unclear. METHODS: African
      green monkey renal epithelial (Vero) cells were injured with H2O2 to establish a
      cell injury model. Cell viability, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,
      malonaldehyde (MDA) content, propidium iodide staining, hematoxylin-eosin
      staining, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial membrane
      potential (Deltapsim) were determined to examine cell injury during adhesion.
      Changes in the surface structure of H2O2-injured cells were assessed through
      atomic force microscopy. The altered expression of hyaluronan during adhesion was
      examined through laser scanning confocal microscopy. The adhesion of nano-calcium
      oxalate monohydrate (COM) and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystals to Vero
      cells was observed through scanning electron microscopy. Nano-COM and COD binding
      was quantitatively determined through inductively coupled plasma emission
      spectrometry. RESULTS: The expression of hyaluronan on the cell surface was
      increased during wound healing because of Vero cell injury. The structure and
      function of the cell membrane were also altered by cell injury; thus, nano
      crystal adhesion occurred. The ability of nano-COM to adhere to the injured Vero
      cells was higher than that of nano-COD crystals. The cell viability, SOD
      activity, and Deltapsim decreased when nano-crystals attached to the cell
      surface. By contrast, the MDA content, reactive oxygen species production, and
      cell death rate increased. CONCLUSION: Cell injury contributes to crystal
      adhesion to Vero cell surface. The attached nano-COM and COD crystals can
      aggravate Vero cell injury. As a consequence, crystal adhesion and aggregation
      are enhanced. These findings provide further insights into kidney stone
      formation.

PMID- 27382278
TI  - Controlled release of curcumin from curcumin-loaded nanomicelles to prevent
      peritendinous adhesion during Achilles tendon healing in rats.
AB  - We introduced curcumin-loaded nanomicelles into a tendon-healing model to
      evaluate their effects on tendon healing and adhesion. Three groups consisting of
      36 rats underwent rupture and repair of the Achilles tendon. The treatment group
      received an injection of curcumin-loaded nanomicelles (gold nanorods [GNRs]
      1/curcumin in polymeric nanomicelles [curc@PMs] at a dosage of 0.44 mg
      curcumin/kg in 0.1 mL saline) into the surgical site and exposed to laser
      postoperatively at weeks 1, 2, and 3, for three times 10 seconds each, on the
      surgical site in the rats that underwent tendon rupture and repair, while the
      other two groups received 0.44 mg curcumin/kg in 0.1 mL saline and 0.1 mL of
      saline, respectively. The specimens were harvested at 4 weeks and subjected to
      biomechanical and histological evaluation. The scoring results of tendon adhesion
      indicated that GNRs-1/curc@PMs group was in the lowest grade of peritendinous
      adhesions compared to the other groups. Histological assessment further confirmed
      the preventive effect of GNRs-1/curc@PMs on tendon adhesion. These findings
      indicated greater tendon strength with less adhesion in the group treated with
      GNRs-1/curc@PMs combined with laser exposure, and that nanoparticle-based therapy
      may be applied to prevent adhesion in clinical patients. 

PMID- 27382279
TI  - Development of transmucosal patch loaded with anesthetic and analgesic for dental
      procedures and in vivo evaluation.
AB  - Most of the dental surgeries require preoperative anesthetic and postoperative
      analgesic for painless procedures. A multidrug transmucosal drug delivery system
      loaded with lignocaine (Lig) base for immediate release and solid lipid
      nanoparticles (SLNs) of diclofenac (Dic) diethylamine for prolonged release was
      developed. SLNs were prepared by solvent emulsion-evaporation method with
      Precirol ATO 5 and Geleol as lipids and Pluronic F 68 as surfactant and optimized
      with Box-Behnken design for particle size and entrapment efficiency. SLNs were
      incorporated into the transmucosal patch (TP) prepared with hydroxypropyl
      cellulose-LF (HPC-LF) and with a backing layer of ethyl cellulose. Optimized SLNs
      and TP were characterized for Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry,
      differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray
      diffraction, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation through porcine buccal mucosa,
      Caco-2 permeability, and residual solvent analysis by gas chromatography. The TP
      was also evaluated for swelling index, in vitro residence time, tensile strength,
      and mucoadhesive strength. Preclinical pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and
      histopathological studies by application of TP on the gingiva of New Zealand
      rabbits were carried out. Particle size and entrapment efficiency of the
      optimized SLN "S8" were determined as 98.23 nm and 84.36%, respectively. The
      gingival crevicular fluid and tissue concentrations were greater than plasma
      concentrations with increase in C max and area under the curve (AUC) of Lig and
      Dic when compared to the control group. Pain perception by needle prick showed
      prolonged combined anesthetic and analgesic effect. The developed TP loaded with
      Lig base and Dic diethylamine-SLNs exhibited immediate and complete permeation
      with tissue accumulation of Lig followed by controlled prolonged release and
      tissue accumulation of Dic at the site of application. Thus, it could be
      anticipated from the in vivo studies that the developed TP provides immediate
      initial anesthetic effect, and the analgesic effect would be prolonged for 24
      hours, since optimal gingival crevicular fluid and tissue levels of analgesic
      would be achieved, while the tissue remains anesthetized. 

PMID- 27382280
TI  - Cyclosporine Amicellar delivery system for dry eyes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to develop stable cyclosporine A
      (CsA) ophthalmic micelle solutions for dry-eye syndrome and evaluate their
      physicochemical properties and therapeutic efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CsA
      micelle solutions (MS-CsA) were created by a simple method with Cremophor EL,
      ethanol, and phosphate buffer. We investigated the particle size, pH, and
      osmolarity. In addition, long-term physical and chemical stability for MS-CsA was
      observed. To confirm the therapeutic efficacy, tear production in dry eye-induced
      rabbits was evaluated using the Schirmer tear test (STT). When compared to a
      commercial product, Restasis, MS-CsA demonstrated improvement in goblet-cell
      density and conjunctival epithelial morphology, as demonstrated in histological
      hematoxylin and eosin staining. RESULTS: MS-CsA had a smaller particle size
      (average diameter 14-18 nm) and a narrow size distribution. Physicochemical
      parameters, such as particle size, pH, osmolarity, and remaining CsA
      concentration were all within the expected range of 60 days. STT scores
      significantly improved in MS-CsA treated groups (P<0.05) in comparison to those
      of the Restasis-treated group. The number of goblet cells for rabbit conjunctivas
      after the administration of MS-CsA was 94.83+/-8.38, a significantly higher
      result than the 65.17+/-11.51 seen with Restasis. The conjunctival epithelial
      morphology of dry eye-induced rabbits thinned with loss of goblet cells. However,
      after 5 days of treatment with drug formulations, rabbit conjunctivas recovered
      epithelia and showed a relative increase in the number of goblet cells.
      CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate the potential use of a novel MS
      for the ophthalmic delivery of CsA in treating dry eyes.

PMID- 27382283
TI  - Chemically cross-linked silk fibroin hydrogel with enhanced elastic properties,
      biodegradability, and biocompatibility.
AB  - In this study, the synthesis of silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel via chemical cross
      linking reactions of SF due to gamma-ray (gamma-ray) irradiation was
      investigated, as were the resultant hydrogel's properties. Two different
      hydrogels were investigated: physically cross-linked SF hydrogel and chemically
      cross-linked SF hydrogel irradiated at different doses of gamma-rays. The effects
      of the irradiation dose and SF concentration on the hydrogelation of SF were
      examined. The chemically cross-linked SF hydrogel was compared with the
      physically cross-linked one with regard to secondary structure and gel strength.
      Furthermore, the swelling behavior, crystallinity, and biodegradation of the SF
      hydrogels were characterized. To assay cell proliferation, the cell viability of
      human mesenchymal stem cells on the lyophilized SF hydrogel scaffolds was
      evaluated, and no significant cytotoxicity against human mesenchymal stem cells
      was observed. 

PMID- 27382282
TI  - Robust aptamer-polydopamine-functionalized M-PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles for targeted
      delivery of docetaxel and enhanced cervical cancer therapy.
AB  - One limitation of current biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) is the
      contradiction between functional modification and maintaining formerly excellent
      bioproperties with simple procedures. Here, we reported a robust aptamer
      polydopamine-functionalized mannitol-functionalized poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (M
      PLGA)-D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)
      nanoformulation (Apt-pD-NPs) for the delivery of docetaxel (DTX) with enhanced
      cervical cancer therapy effects. The novel DTX-loaded Apt-pD-NPs possess
      satisfactory advantages: 1) increased drug loading content and encapsulation
      efficiency induced by star-shaped copolymer M-PLGA-TPGS; 2) significant active
      targeting effect caused by conjugated AS1411 aptamers; and 3) excellent long-term
      compatibility by incorporation of TPGS. Therefore, with simple preparation
      procedures and excellent bioproperties, the new functionalized Apt-pD-NPs could
      maximally increase the local effective drug concentration on tumor sites,
      achieving enhanced treatment effectiveness and minimizing side effects. In a
      word, the robust DTX-loaded Apt-pD-NPs could be used as potential
      nanotherapeutics for cervical cancer treatment, and the aptamer-polydopamine
      modification strategy could be a promising method for active targeting of cancer
      therapy with simple procedures. 

PMID- 27382281
TI  - A comparison of immunotoxic effects of nanomedicinal products with regulatory
      immunotoxicity testing requirements.
AB  - Nanomaterials (NMs) are attractive for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications
      because of their unique physicochemical and biological properties. A major
      application area of NMs is drug delivery. Many nanomedicinal products (NMPs)
      currently on the market or in clinical trials are most often based on liposomal
      products or polymer conjugates. NMPs can be designed to target specific tissues,
      eg, tumors. In virtually all cases, NMPs will eventually reach the immune system.
      It has been shown that most NMs end up in organs of the mononuclear phagocytic
      system, notably liver and spleen. Adverse immune effects, including allergy,
      hypersensitivity, and immunosuppression, have been reported after NMP
      administration. Interactions of NMPs with the immune system may therefore
      constitute important side effects. Currently, no regulatory documents are
      specifically dedicated to evaluate the immunotoxicity of NMs or NMPs. Their
      immunotoxicity assessment is performed based on existing guidelines for
      conventional substances or medicinal products. Due to the unique properties of
      NMPs when compared with conventional medicinal products, it is uncertain whether
      the currently prescribed set of tests provides sufficient information for an
      adequate evaluation of potential immunotoxicity of NMPs. The aim of this study
      was therefore, to compare the current regulatory immunotoxicity testing
      requirements with the accumulating knowledge on immunotoxic effects of NMPs in
      order to identify potential gaps in the safety assessment. This comparison showed
      that immunotoxic effects, such as complement activation-related pseudoallergy,
      myelosuppression, inflammasome activation, and hypersensitivity, are not readily
      detected by using current testing guidelines. Immunotoxicity of NMPs would be
      more accurately evaluated by an expanded testing strategy that is equipped to
      stratify applicable testing for the various types of NMPs. 

PMID- 27382284
TI  - A stabilizer-free and organic solvent-free method to prepare 10
      hydroxycamptothecin nanocrystals: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
AB  - 10-Hydroxycamptothecin (10-HCPT) is a promising anticancer drug with a wide
      spectrum of antitumor activities. Due to its poor solubility, the carboxylate
      form that shows high water solubility but minimal anticancer activity and
      pharmacokinetic defects is used in the marketed 10-HCPT injections, resulting in
      its limited clinical application. To develop a simple, safe, and highly effective
      drug delivery system, a modified acid-base microprecipitation combined with a
      high-pressure homogenization technique was adopted to prepare 10-HCPT
      nanocrystals. Neither organic solvents nor stabilizers were employed throughout
      the preparation process. The in vitro and in vivo performances of the resulting10
      HCPT nanocrystals were investigated systematically. The nanocrystals were
      spherical with a small size of ~130 nm, and the actual drug-loading content was
      as high as 75%. The nanocrystals displayed a sustained release pattern and were
      proven to have a higher cell uptake and antiproliferative activity than the 10
      HCPT injections. The 10-HCPT nanocrystals also showed enhanced drug accumulation
      in tumors and better anticancer efficacy in 4T1-bearing mice. In summary, the 10
      HCPT nanocrystals prepared in this study seem to be a promising delivery system
      for a new form of 10-HCPT dosages. 

PMID- 27382286
TI  - Deep brain stimulation of pallidal versus subthalamic for patients with
      Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that
      affects many people every year. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective
      nonpharmacological method to treat PD motor symptoms. This meta-analysis was
      conducted to evaluate the efficacy of subthalamic nucleus (STN)-DBS versus globus
      pallidus internus (GPi)-DBS in treating advanced PD. METHODS: Controlled clinical
      trials that compared STN-DBS to GPi-DBS for short-term treatment of PD in adults
      were researched up to November 2015. The primary outcomes were the Unified
      Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Section (UPDRS) III score and the levodopa
      equivalent dosage (LED) after DBS. The secondary outcomes were the UPDRS II score
      and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score. RESULTS: Totally, 13 studies
      containing 1,148 PD patients were included in this meta-analysis to compare STN
      DBS versus GPi-DBS. During the off-medication state, the pooled weighted mean
      difference (WMD) of UPDRS III and II scores were -2.18 (95% CI =-5.11 to 0.74)
      and -1.96 (95% CI =-3.84 to -0.08), respectively. During the on-medication state,
      the pooled WMD of UPDRS III and II scores were 0.15 (95% CI =-1.14 to 1.44) and
      1.01 (95% CI =0.12 to 1.89), respectively. After DBS, the pooled WMD of LED and
      BDI were -254.48 (95% CI =-341.66) and 2.29 (95% CI =0.83 to 3.75), respectively.
      CONCLUSION: These results indicate that during the off-medication state, the STN
      DBS might be superior to GPi-DBS in improving the motor function and activities
      of daily living for PD patients; but during the on-medication state, the opposite
      result is observed. Meanwhile, the STN-DBS is superior at reducing the LED,
      whereas the GPi-DBS shows a significantly greater reduction in BDI score after
      DBS.

PMID- 27382285
TI  - The causes of new-onset epilepsy and seizures in the elderly.
AB  - With increasing age, the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy and seizures
      increases correspondingly. New-onset epilepsy in elderly people often has
      underlying etiology, including cerebrovascular diseases, primary neuron
      degenerative disorders, intracerebral tumors, and traumatic head injury. In
      addition, an acute symptomatic seizure cannot be called epilepsy, which manifests
      usually as a common symptom secondary to metabolic or toxicity factors in older
      people. In this review, we have mainly focused on the causes of new-onset
      epilepsy and seizures in elderly people. This knowledge will certainly help us to
      understand the reasons for high incidences of epilepsy and seizures in elderly
      people. We look forward to controlling epileptic seizures via the treatment of
      primary diseases in the future. 

PMID- 27382287
TI  - Altered lower leg muscle activation patterns in patients with cerebral palsy
      during cycling on an ergometer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Cycling on a recumbent ergometer constitutes one of the most popular
      rehabilitation exercises in cerebral palsy (CP). However, no control is performed
      on how muscles are being used during training. Given that patients with CP
      present altered muscular activity patterns during cycling or walking, it is
      possible that an incorrect pattern of muscle activation is being promoted during
      rehabilitation cycling. This study investigated patterns of muscular activation
      during cycling on a recumbent ergometer in patients with CP and whether those
      patterns are determined by the degree of spasticity and of mobility. METHODS:
      Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of lower leg muscle activation during cycling
      on a recumbent ergometer were performed in 14 adult patients diagnosed with CP
      and five adult healthy participants. EMG recordings were done with an eight
      channel EMG system built in the laboratory. The activity of the following muscles
      was recorded: Musculus rectus femoris, Musculus biceps femoris, Musculus tibialis
      anterior, and Musculus gastrocnemius. The degree of muscle spasticity and
      mobility was assessed using the Modified Ashworth Scale and the Gross Motor
      Function Classification System, respectively. Muscle activation patterns were
      described in terms of onset and duration of activation as well as duration of
      cocontractions. RESULTS: Muscle activation in CP was characterized by earlier
      onsets, longer periods of activation, a higher occurrence of agonist-antagonist
      cocontractions, and a more variable cycling tempo in comparison to healthy
      participants. The degree of altered muscle activation pattern correlated
      significantly with the degree of spasticity. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the
      occurrence of altered lower leg muscle activation patterns in patients with CP
      during cycling on a recumbent ergometer. There is a need to develop feedback
      systems that can inform patients and therapists of an incorrect muscle activation
      during cycling and support the training of a more physiological activation
      pattern.

PMID- 27382289
TI  - Characterizing sexual function in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a
      pooled analysis of three vilazodone studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vilazodone has been shown to reduce core symptoms of generalized
      anxiety disorder (GAD) in three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
      trials. Since sexual dysfunction (SD) is not well characterized in GAD, a post
      hoc analysis of these trials was conducted to evaluate the effects of vilazodone
      on sexual functioning in GAD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were pooled
      from one fixed-dose trial of vilazodone 20 and 40 mg/day (NCT01629966) and two
      flexible-dose studies of vilazodone 20-40 mg/day (NCT01766401, NCT01844115) in
      adults with GAD. Sexual functioning was assessed using the Changes in Sexual
      Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ). Outcomes included mean change from baseline to
      end of treatment (EOT) in CSFQ total score and percentage of patients shifting
      from SD at baseline (CSFQ total score <=47 for males, <=41 for females) to normal
      functioning at EOT. Treatment-emergent adverse events related to sexual
      functioning were also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1,373 patients were included
      in the analyses. SD at baseline was more common in females (placebo, 46.4%;
      vilazodone, 49%) than in males (placebo, 35.1%; vilazodone, 40.9%). CSFQ total
      score improvement was found in both females (placebo, +1.2; vilazodone, +1.6) and
      males (placebo, +2.1; vilazodone, +1.0), with no statistically significant
      differences between treatment groups. The percentage of patients who shifted from
      SD at baseline to normal sexual functioning at EOT was higher in males (placebo,
      40.6%; vilazodone, 35.7%) than in females (placebo, 24.9%; vilazodone, 34.9%); no
      statistical testing was performed. Except for erectile dysfunction and delayed
      ejaculation in vilazodone-treated males (2.4% and 2.1%, respectively), no
      treatment-emergent adverse events related to sexual functioning occurred in >=2%
      of patients in either treatment group. CONCLUSION: Approximately 35%-50% of
      patients in the vilazodone GAD studies had SD at baseline. Vilazodone and placebo
      had similar effects on CSFQ outcomes in both females and males, indicating a
      limited adverse impact on sexual functioning with vilazodone.

PMID- 27382288
TI  - Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Clinical Outcomes in
      Routine Evaluation - Outcome Measure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to assess the reliability and validity
      of the Spanish translation of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation -
      Outcome Measure, a 34-item self-report questionnaire that measures the client's
      status in the domains of Subjective well-being, Problems/Symptoms, Life
      functioning, and Risk. METHOD: Six hundred and forty-four adult participants were
      included in two samples: the clinical sample (n=192) from different mental health
      and primary care centers; and the nonclinical sample (n=452), which included a
      student and a community sample. RESULTS: The questionnaire showed good
      acceptability and internal consistency, appropriate test-retest reliability, and
      acceptable convergent validity. Strong differentiation between clinical and
      nonclinical samples was found. As expected, the Risk domain had different
      characteristics than other domains, but all findings were comparable with the UK
      referential data. Cutoff scores were calculated for clinical significant change
      assessment. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the Clinical Outcomes in Routine
      Evaluation - Outcome Measure showed acceptable psychometric properties, providing
      support for using the questionnaire for monitoring the progress of Spanish
      speaking psychotherapy clients.

PMID- 27382290
TI  - Comparison of treatment outcomes in severe personality disorder patients with or
      without substance use disorders: a 36-month prospective pragmatic follow-up
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Concurrent personality disorder (PD) and substance use disorder (SUD)
      are common in clinical practice. However, SUD is the main criterion for study
      exclusion in most psychotherapeutic studies of PD. As a result, data on treatment
      outcomes in patients with concurrent PD/SUD are scarce. METHODS: The study sample
      consisted of 51 patients diagnosed with severe PD and admitted for
      psychotherapeutic treatment as a part of routine mental health care. All patients
      were diagnosed with PD according to the Structured Clinical Interview for PD.
      Patients were further assessed (DSM-IV diagnostic criteria) to check for the
      presence of concurrent SUD, with 28 patients diagnosed with both disorders (PD
      SUD). These 28 cases were then compared to the 23 patients without SUD (PD-nSUD)
      in terms of psychiatric hospitalizations and psychiatric emergency room (ER)
      visits before and during the 6-month therapeutic intervention and every 6 months
      thereafter for a total of 36 months. RESULTS: The baseline clinical
      characteristics correspond to a sample of PD patients (78% met DSM-IV criteria
      for borderline PD) with poor general functioning and a high prevalence of suicide
      attempts and self-harm behaviors. Altogether, the five outcome variables - the
      proportion and the number of psychiatric inpatient admissions, the number of days
      hospitalized, and the proportion and the number of psychiatric ER visits -
      improved significantly during the treatment period, and this improvement was
      maintained throughout the follow-up period. Although PD-SUD patients had more
      psychiatric hospitalizations and ER visits than PD-nSUD patients during follow
      up, the differences between these two groups remained stable over the study
      period indicating that the treatment was equally effective in both groups.
      CONCLUSION: Specialized psychotherapy for severe PD can be effectively applied in
      patients with concurrent PD-SUD under usual practice conditions. These findings
      suggest that exclusion of patients with dual disorders from specialized
      treatments is unjustified.

PMID- 27382291
TI  - Effects of perpetrator identity on suicidality and nonsuicidal self-injury in
      sexually victimized female adolescents.
AB  - PURPOSE: Child sexual abuse and sexual dating violence victimization are common
      problems that are known to have long-term negative consequences. This study aimed
      to compare the sociodemographic, abuse-related, and clinical features of female
      adolescents who were sexually abused by different perpetrators, and identify the
      factors associated with suicidality and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in these
      cases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data of 254 sexually abused female adolescents
      between the ages of 12-18 years were evaluated. The cases were classified into
      three groups, namely "sexual dating violence", "incest", and "other child sexual
      abuse", according to the identity of the perpetrator. The three groups were
      compared in terms of sociodemographic, abuse-related, and clinical features.
      RESULTS: Major depressive disorder was the most common psychiatric diagnosis,
      which was present in 44.9% of the cases. Among all victims, 25.6% had attempted
      suicide, 52.0% had suicidal ideation, and 23.6% had NSSI during the postabuse
      period. A logistic regression analysis revealed that attempted suicide was
      predicted by dating violence victimization (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =3.053; 95%
      confidence interval [CI] =1.473, 6.330) and depression (AOR =2.238; 95% CI
      =1.226, 4.086). Dating violence victimization was also the strongest predictor of
      subsequent suicidal ideation (AOR =3.500; 95% CI =1.817, 6.741). In addition,
      revictimization was determined to be an important risk factor for both suicidal
      ideation (AOR =2.897; 95% CI =1.276, 6.574) and NSSI (AOR =3.847; 95% CI =1.899,
      7.794). CONCLUSION: Perpetrator identity and revictimization are associated with
      negative mental health outcomes in sexually victimized female adolescents.
      Increased risk of suicidality and NSSI should be borne in mind while assessing
      cases with dating violence and revictimization histories, in particular.

PMID- 27382292
TI  - A door-to-door survey to estimate the prevalence of Parkinsonism in Pakistan.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Parkinson's disease (PD) occurs in all races and cultures, and
      population-related differences in frequency may provide etiological clues. The
      present study was designed to explore the prevalence of PD and Parkinsonism in
      Pakistan, the world's sixth most populous country, for which no published
      prevalence data are available. METHODS: We conducted a three-phase door-to-door
      survey in two districts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, to assess
      the prevalence of PD and Parkinsonism in a sample of 4,000 individuals aged 50
      years and above. RESULTS: We identified 14 cases of Parkinsonism, eleven with a
      diagnosis of idiopathic PD. The overall prevalence estimates were 1.7/100 (95%
      confidence interval [CI]: 0.9-2.46) for Parkinsonism and 1.28/100 (95% CI: 0.6
      1.94) for PD in persons aged 65 years and above. The age-standardized prevalence
      of PD (aged 65 years and above), normalized to the USA population in 2000, was
      1.33/100, which is similar to that observed in other human populations. Of the
      total 14 cases, five were newly diagnosed and four had a family history of PD.
      CONCLUSION: The estimated prevalence rates in Pakistan are similar to those
      observed in other human populations. The frequency of familial Parkinsonism is
      also equivalent to previous estimates.

PMID- 27382293
TI  - Effect of adjuvant sleep hygiene psychoeducation and lorazepam on depression and
      sleep quality in patients with major depressive disorders: results from a
      randomized three-arm intervention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are a common co-occurring disturbance in patients
      with major depressive disorders (MDDs) and accordingly deserve particular
      attention. Using a randomized design, we investigated the effects of three
      different adjuvant interventions on sleep and depression among patients with MDD:
      a sleep hygiene program (SHP), lorazepam (LOR), and their combination (SHP-LOR).
      METHODS: A total of 120 outpatients with diagnosed MDD (mean age: 48.25 years;
      56.7% females) and treated with a standard SSRI (citalopram at 20-40 mg at
      therapeutic level) were randomly assigned to one of the following three
      conditions: SHP (n=40), LOR (1 mg/d; n=40), SHP-LOR (1 mg/d; n=40). At the
      beginning and at the end of the study 8 weeks later, patients completed two
      questionnaires, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess sleep and the Beck
      Depression Inventory to assess symptoms of depression. RESULTS: Sleep
      disturbances decreased over time and in all groups. No group differences or
      interactions were observed. Symptoms of depression decreased over time and in all
      three groups. Reduction in symptoms of depression was greatest in the SHP-LOR
      group and lowest in the LOR group. CONCLUSION: The pattern of results suggests
      that all three adjuvant treatments improved symptoms of sleep disturbances and
      depression, with greater benefits for the SHP-LOR for symptoms of depression, but
      not for sleep. Nevertheless, risks and benefits of benzodiazepine prescriptions
      should be taken into account.

PMID- 27382294
TI  - Monitoring intracranial pressure utilizing a novel pattern of brain
      multiparameters in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury.
AB  - The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical value of multiple brain
      parameters on monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) procedures in the therapy of
      severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) utilizing mild hypothermia treatment (MHT)
      alone or a combination strategy with other therapeutic techniques. A total of 62
      patients with sTBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score <8) were treated using mild
      hypothermia alone or mild hypothermia combined with conventional ICP procedures
      such as dehydration using mannitol, hyperventilation, and decompressive
      craniectomy. The multiple brain parameters, which included ICP, cerebral
      perfusion pressure, transcranial Doppler, brain tissue partial pressure of
      oxygen, and jugular venous oxygen saturation, were detected and analyzed. All of
      these measures can control the ICP of sTBI patients to a certain extent, but
      multiparameters associated with brain environment and functions have to be
      critically monitored simultaneously because some procedures of reducing ICP can
      cause side effects for long-term recovery in sTBI patients. The result suggested
      that multimodality monitoring must be performed during the process of mild
      hypothermia combined with conventional ICP procedures in order to safely target
      different clinical methods to specific patients who may benefit from an
      individual therapy. 

PMID- 27382295
TI  - Aggression in autism spectrum disorder: presentation and treatment options.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by
      persistent difficulties in social communication and social interaction, coupled
      with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior or interest. Research indicates
      that aggression rates may be higher in individuals with ASD compared to those
      with other developmental disabilities. Aggression is associated with negative
      outcomes for children with ASD and their caregivers, including decreased quality
      of life, increased stress levels, and reduced availability of educational and
      social support. Therapeutic strategies including functional behavioral
      assessment, reinforcement strategies, and functional communication training may
      have a significant impact in reducing the frequency and intensity of aggressive
      behavior in individuals with ASD. Pharmacologic treatments, particularly the use
      of second-generation antipsychotics, may also be of some benefit in reducing
      aggression in individuals with ASD. With the ever-increasing rate of ASD
      diagnosis, development of effective therapeutic and pharmacologic methods for
      preventing and treating aggression are essential to improving outcomes in this
      disorder. 

PMID- 27382296
TI  - Noninvasive FFR derived from coronary CT angiography in the management of
      coronary artery disease: technology and clinical update.
AB  - After a decade of clinical use of coronary computed tomographic angiography
      (CCTA) to evaluate the anatomic severity of coronary artery disease, new methods
      of deriving functional information from CCTA have been developed. These methods
      utilize the anatomic information provided by CCTA in conjunction with
      computational fluid dynamics to calculate fractional flow reserve (FFR) values
      from CCTA image data sets. Computed tomography-derived FFR (CT-FFR) enables the
      identification of lesion-specific drop noninvasively. A three-dimensional CT-FFR
      modeling technique, which provides FFR values throughout the coronary tree
      (HeartFlow FFRCT analysis), has been validated against measured FFR and is now
      approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. This technique
      requires off-site supercomputer analysis. More recently, a one-dimensional
      computational analysis technique (Siemens cFFR), which can be performed on on
      site workstations, has been developed and is currently under investigation. This
      article reviews CT-FFR technology and clinical evidence for its use in stable
      patients with suspected coronary artery disease. 

PMID- 27382297
TI  - Association between perceived lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and
      calculated risk in a male population in Brazil.
AB  - AIM: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality across
      the world. Despite health campaigns to improve awareness of cardiovascular risk
      factors, there has been little improvement in cardiovascular mortality. In this
      study, we sought to examine the association between cardiovascular risk factors
      and people's perception on cardiovascular risk. METHODS: This was an
      epidemiological, cross-sectional, descriptive, prospective study of Masonic men
      aged >40 years in Boa Vista, Brazil. Participants completed a health survey,
      which included three questions about perception of their stress level, overall
      health status, and risk of a heart attack. In addition, demographic and
      biological data were collected. RESULTS: A total of 101 Masonic men took part in
      the study; their mean age (+/- standard deviation) was 55.35+/-9.17 years and
      mean body mass index was 28.77+/-4.51 kg/m(2). Answers to the lifestyle
      questionnaire suggested an overall healthy lifestyle, including good diet and
      moderate exercise, although despite this ~80% were classified as overweight or
      obese. The majority of participants felt that they had a low stress level
      (66.3%), good overall general health (63.4%), and were at low risk of having a
      heart attack (71.3%). Masons who were overweight were significantly more likely
      to perceive themselves to be at risk of a heart attack (P=0.025). CONCLUSION:
      Despite over half of participants having a moderate to high risk of
      cardiovascular disease according to traditional risk factors, less than a third
      perceived themselves to be at high risk. Public health campaigns need to better
      communicate the significance of traditional cardiovascular risk in order to
      improve awareness of risk among the general population.

PMID- 27382298
TI  - XuefuZhuyu Tang exerts antitumor effects by inhibiting glioma cell metastasis and
      invasion via regulating tumor microenvironment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: XuefuZhuyu Tang (XZT) is a traditional Chinese herb used for
      destagnation and is currently being used for oncotherapy. This study was intended
      to assess the effects of XZT on glioma along with its anticancer mechanism.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: U251 cells were divided into five groups: CNC (cells were
      cultured with normal saline), TSC (cells were treated with TaohongSiwu Tang
      [TST]), XSC (cells were treated with XZT), THC (cells were treated with
      homogenate of TST), and XHC (cells were treated with homogenate of XZT). The mRNA
      and protein expression of VEGF/VEGFR, CXCR4/CXCL12, and TIMP1/MMP9/MMP2 were
      measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western
      blotting, respectively. Moreover, MTT assay, transwell assay, wound-healing
      assay, and flow cytometry were conducted to assess the cell viability, cell
      migration and invasion, cell motility, and cell apoptosis of U251 cells,
      respectively. In vivo, three mice models (group CNM, gavaging saline; group TSM,
      gavaging TST; group XZM, gavaging XZT) were constructed after establishing
      xenograft mice models. Then, models were examined using hematoxylin and eosin
      staining, RT-PCR, and Western blotting. RESULTS: In vitro, XZT significantly
      upregulated TIMP1 expression and downregulated the expression of VEGF, VEGFR,
      CXCR4, CXCL12, MMP9, and MMP2 in U251 cells (all P<0.05). In addition, XZT
      inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and induced cell apoptosis.
      In vivo, the average expression level of VEGF, CXCL12, MMP9, and MMP2 was
      downregulated in the XZM group compared with the control and TSM groups (all
      P<0.05). Tumor volumes in the XZM group were significantly lower than those in
      the CNM and TSM groups (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: XZT may suppress glioma growth
      and decrease expression levels of VEGF, CXCL12, MMP9, and MMP2. We speculate that
      XZT may be a potential therapeutic herb for curing glioma.

PMID- 27382299
TI  - Roles of microRNA-99 family in human glioma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Deregulation of microRNA (miR)-99 family members (miR-99a, miR-99b,
      and miR-100) has been reported to play a crucial role in many cancer types.
      However, their roles in human gliomas have not been fully elucidated. This study
      aimed to investigate the expression patterns of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 in
      glioma tissues and to evaluate their expression profiles with respect to tumor
      progression. METHODS: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was
      performed to detect the expression levels of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 in
      glioma and matched non-neoplastic brain tissues. Then, the associations of their
      expression with various clinicopathological features of glioma patients were
      statistically analyzed. Moreover, the roles of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 in
      regulating glioma cell migration and invasion were determined via transwell assay
      in vitro. RESULTS: Compared with non-neoplastic brain tissues, miR-99a, miR-99b,
      and miR-100 expression levels were all significantly decreased in glioma tissues
      (all P<0.001). miR-99a-low, miR-99b-low, and miR-100-low expression more
      frequently occurred in glioma patients with low Karnofsky performance score (<90)
      and high World Health Organization grade (III-IV). Further functional experiments
      revealed that the enforced expression of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 resulted
      in the inhibition of cellular migration and invasion in glioma cells. CONCLUSION:
      Our results strongly suggest that the aberrant expression of miR-99a, miR-99b,
      and miR-100 may be a common feature in human gliomas with aggressive
      clinicopathological features and may participate in malignant phenotypes of the
      tumors. These findings highlight the potential of the three miR-99 family members
      as novel therapeutic targets for human gliomas.

PMID- 27382300
TI  - A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of diarrhea associated with
      vandetanib treatment in carcinoma patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Vandetanib is a promising anticancer targeted agent for
      treating advanced carcinomas, such as non-small-cell lung cancer, small-cell lung
      cancer, breast cancer, malignant glioma, hepatocellular cancer, and unresectable,
      locally advanced, or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer. However, diarrhea is a
      frequently reported adverse event. The incidence of vandetanib-associated
      diarrhea varies extensively in different study populations and has not been
      carefully estimated. This systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
      aims to figure out the overall risks of all-grade and high-grade diarrhea during
      vandetanib treatment and get a better understanding of its prediction and
      management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed in
      EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library for clinical trials studying vandetanib and
      diarrhea prior to April 2015. Eligible articles were selected according to the
      inclusion criteria. Data were extracted to calculate the summary incidence of all
      grade and high-grade diarrhea caused by vandetanib treatment. RESULTS: Thirteen
      clinical trials that involved 3,264 patients were included in this meta-analysis.
      The overall incidences of all-grade and high-grade diarrhea caused by vandetanib
      treatment were 52.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 48.3%-55.8%) and 5.6% (95%
      CI, 4.4%-76.7%), respectively. The risk ratios of the all-grade and high-grade
      diarrhea for vandetanib arm versus control arm were 1.932 (95% CI, 1.746-2.138;
      P<0.001) and 3.190 (95% CI, 2.061-4.938; P<0.001), respectively. Studies with
      small-cell lung cancer demonstrated the highest incidence of all-grade diarrhea
      (78.85%) and high-grade diarrhea (17.31%), whereas the lowest incidences of all
      grade (42.11%) and high-grade (2.67%) diarrhea are seen in patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that the administration of vandetanib leads
      to a significantly increased risk of diarrhea, which varies in different
      carcinoma patients. Early recognition and timely management may be key factors to
      avoid dose reduction, drug interruption, and drug discontinuation, which is
      significant to maximize the treatment benefits.

PMID- 27382301
TI  - The effects of miR-1207-5p expression in peripheral blood on cisplatin-based
      chemosensitivity of primary gallbladder carcinoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between miR
      1207-5p expression in peripheral blood and the chemosensitivity of primary
      gallbladder carcinoma (PGBC). METHODS: A total of 85 patients with PGBC
      undergoing preoperative chemotherapy were divided into effective (n=18) and
      ineffective (n=67) groups. Another 70 healthy individuals were selected as the
      control group. An miR-1207-5p mimic (mimic group), an inhibitor (inhibitor
      group), and a negative control (NC group) sequence were transfected into human
      gallbladder carcinoma GBC-SD cells. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain
      reaction was used to determine miR-1207-5p expression. After 48 hours of
      cisplatin treatment, CCK-8 method was used to detect cell proliferation and flow
      cytometry were performed to examine cell apoptosis. RESULTS: miR-1207-5p
      expression in peripheral blood was significantly associated with tumor node
      metastasis staging of PGBC (P<0.05). Before chemotherapy, miR-1207-5p expression
      in patients was higher than in healthy individuals (P<0.05). After chemotherapy,
      the effective group had lower miR-1207-5p expression than the ineffective group
      (P<0.05). The rates of positive expression of Ki67 protein in the effective group
      were significantly lower than those in the ineffective group (P<0.05). Receiver
      operating characteristic curves showed that the area under curve, sensitivity,
      and specificity of miR-1207-5p used to diagnose PGBC were 0.898, 77.6%, and 97.1%
      at a cutoff of 1.470, respectively. After 48 hours of cisplatin treatment,
      compared with the NC group and nontransfected (non-T) group, the mimic group had
      decreased rates of cell inhibition and apoptosis, but the inhibitor group had
      increased rates (all P<0.05). The expression levels of caspase3 protein were
      increased in the mimic group and decreased in the inhibitor group. Cell survival
      rates in the mimic group at different time points after cisplatin treatment were
      significantly higher than the corresponding rates in the NC and non-T groups,
      whereas the cell survival rates in the inhibitor group were significantly lower
      than the rates in the NC and non-T groups (all P<0.05). The concentration and
      action time of cisplatin were negatively associated with the cell survival rate
      in each group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Cisplatin-based chemosensitivity of PGBC
      increased as expression of miR-1207-5p in peripheral blood declined. Thus, miR
      1207-5p appears to be a promising and novel chemosensitizer for the treatment of
      PGBC.

PMID- 27382302
TI  - MicroRNA-190 regulates FOXP2 genes in human gastric cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate how microRNA-190 (miR-190) regulates FOXP2 genes in
      gastric cancer (GC) cell line SGC7901. METHODS: We identified that miR-190 could
      target FOXP2 genes by using dual luciferase enzyme assay. Precursor fragment
      transfection of miR-190 was performed with GC cell line SGC7901 and human gastric
      mucosal cell line GES-1. miR-190 expression was detected by reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and FOXP2 protein expression was measured by
      Western blotting. RESULTS: FOXP2-3'-untranslated region (UTR) in miR-190
      transfection group was significantly decreased as compared with other groups.
      There were no significant differences in fluorescence signals of FOXP2mut-3'-UTR
      in each group. Therefore, it was assumed that miR-190 can target FOXP2 genes.
      Through RT-PCR verification, it was observed that the expression level of miR-190
      was significantly higher in GC cell line SGC7901 than in human gastric mucosa
      cell line GES-1 after transfection with miR-190 mimics. The expression level of
      miR-190 was significantly higher in GES-1 cells than in SGC7901 cells after
      transfection with miR-190 inhibitors. Western blotting results showed the
      expression level of FOXP2 was significantly lower in GC cell line SGC7901 than in
      GES-1 cells. Compared with blank, mimics control, and inhibitors control groups,
      the miR-190 mimics group showed significantly enhanced proliferation, migration,
      and invasion abilities, while miR-190 inhibitors group showed decreased abilities
      toward proliferation, migration, and invasion (P<0.05). The transcription level
      of miR-190 and the expression level of FOXP2 in tumor tissues and adjacent normal
      tissues in GC patients were verified to be consistent with those of cell line
      experiments. CONCLUSION: Upregulation of miR-190 can lead to downregulation of
      FOXP2 protein expression. miR-190 may serve as a potential target for GC
      diagnosis.

PMID- 27382303
TI  - Potential role of S-adenosylmethionine in osteosarcoma development.
AB  - The metastatic form of osteosarcoma is a life threatening one since it
      metastasizes to the lungs. The major cause of metastatic osteosarcoma is
      hypomethylation of numerous genes that undergo overexpression to enable the
      progression of the disease. In the present study, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a
      predominant methyl donor, was administered to find out its effects on
      osteosarcoma progression. As evidence of tumor suppression, the SAM-treated mouse
      tissue was analyzed histologically, which exemplifies the control that SAM has
      over abnormal cell proliferation, especially on primary osteosarcoma, but it
      lacks positive effects on metastatic osteosarcoma. At the molecular level, the
      successful inhibition of primary osteosarcoma was found to be associated with a
      lower expression of Sox2, a protein highly expressed in osteosarcoma stem cells,
      along with an upregulated expression of TCTP. The data suggest that the
      administration of SAM has a positive role in treating primary osteosarcoma, but
      it has no role in suppressing metastatic osteosarcoma. The decreased expression
      of Sox2 together with upregulation of TCTP following SAM administration indicates
      that SAM has a control over primary osteosarcoma. 

PMID- 27382304
TI  - Dose-enhanced combined priming regimens for refractory acute myeloid leukemia and
      middle-and-high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a single-center, retrospective
      cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess chemotherapeutic regimens for refractory acute myeloid
      leukemia (AML) and middle-and-high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). METHODS:
      Between 2004 and 2014, 44 patients with refractory AML and 36 patients with MDS
      were treated with new priming regimens (CHAG, CHTG, CHMG, or CTMG), and 77
      patients with refractory AML and 52 patients with MDS were treated with
      conventional priming regimens (CHG or CAG). This was a single-center
      retrospective analysis of remission, adverse event, mortality, and survival. The
      capacity of clinical features (including the expression of co-stimulatory
      molecule B7.1 on tumor cells) to influence survival was assessed by multivariate
      Cox regression. RESULTS: Complete and partial remission rates (RRs) were
      significantly higher in AML patients treated with new regimens compared to
      conventional ones (68.2% vs 13.6%, P<0.05). Complete and partial remission were
      also significantly higher in patients with MDS treated with new regimens (55.6%
      vs 19.4%, P<0.05). However, although survival advantages were observed in the
      first year, the new regimens did not significantly improve 3-year overall
      survival (P>0.05). Patients administered the new regimens experienced more severe
      and sustained myelosuppression (P<0.05), but no severe adverse events or
      treatment-related deaths were observed. The rate of non-hematological side
      effects did not differ significantly between treatment regimens (P>0.05). Both RR
      and B7.1 expression were significantly higher in patients with AML-M2 and M5
      (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The new priming regimens improved the RR, lowered the
      recurrence rate, and improved survival in AML and middle-and-high-risk MDS,
      without significantly increasing adverse events.

PMID- 27382305
TI  - Radiological response and survival in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
      patients treated with three-drug induction chemotherapy followed by radical local
      treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: If concurrent chemoradiotherapy cannot be performed, induction
      chemotherapy followed by radical-intent surgical treatment is an acceptable
      option for non primarily resectable non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). No
      markers are available to predict which patients may benefit from local treatment
      after induction. This exploratory study aims to assess the feasibility and the
      activity of multimodality treatment, including triple-agent chemotherapy followed
      by radical surgery and/or radiotherapy in locally advanced NSCLCs. METHODS: We
      retrospectively collected data from locally advanced NSCLCs treated with
      induction chemotherapy with carboplatin (area under the curve 6, d [day]1),
      paclitaxel (200 mg/m(2), d1), and gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m(2) d1, 8) for three to
      four courses, followed by radical surgery and/or radiotherapy. We analyzed
      radiological response and toxicity. Estimated progression-free survival (PFS) and
      overall survival (OS) were correlated to response, surgery, and clinical
      features. RESULTS: In all, 58 NSCLCs were included in the study: 40 staged as
      IIIA, 18 as IIIB (according to TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors-7th edition
      staging system). A total of 36 (62%) patients achieved partial response (PR), and
      six (10%) progressions were recorded. Grade 3-4 hematological toxicity was
      observed in 36 (62%) cases. After chemotherapy, 37 (64%) patients underwent
      surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy, and two patients received radical
      intent radiotherapy. The median PFS and OS were 11 months and 23 months,
      respectively. Both PFS and OS were significantly correlated to objective response
      (P<0.0001) and surgery (P<0.0001 and P=0.002). Patients obtaining PR and
      receiving local treatment achieved a median PFS and OS of 35 and 48 months,
      respectively. Median PFS and OS of patients not achieving PR or not receiving
      local treatment were 5-7 and 11-15 months, respectively. The extension of surgery
      did not affect the outcome. CONCLUSION: The multimodality treatment was feasible,
      and triple-agent induction was associated with a considerable rate of PR.
      Patients achieving PR and receiving radical surgery or radiotherapy (53%)
      achieved a median OS of 4 years.

PMID- 27382306
TI  - Can GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms predict clinical outcomes of chemotherapy in
      gastric and colorectal cancers? A result based on the previous reports.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastric and colorectal cancers remain the major causes of cancer
      related death. Although chemotherapy improves the prognosis of the patients with
      gastrointestinal cancers, some patients do not benefit from therapy and are
      exposed to the adverse effects. The polymorphisms in genes including GSTM1 and
      GSTT1 have been explored to predict therapeutic efficacy; however, the results
      were inconsistent and inconclusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review
      and meta-analysis was performed by searching relevant studies about the
      association between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and chemotherapy efficacy
      in gastrointestinal cancers in databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science,
      Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database up to January 10,
      2016. Subgroup analyses were also performed according to ethnicity, cancer type,
      evaluation criteria, study type, chemotherapy type, and age. RESULTS: A total of
      19 articles containing 3,217 cases were finally included. Overall analysis
      suggested that no significance was found between overall toxicity, neurotoxicity,
      neutropenia, gastrointestinal toxicity, tumor response, and progression-free
      survival, and the polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1, while GSTM1 polymorphism
      associated with overall survival (OS; hazard ratio =1.213, 95% confidence
      interval =1.060-1.388, P=0.005). Subgroup analyses suggested that neurotoxicity
      was associated with GSTM1 polymorphism in the Asian population, neutropenia was
      associated with GSTM1 polymorphism in palliative chemotherapy and older patients
      (mean age >60 years), and tumor response was associated with GSTT1 polymorphism
      in gastric cancer and responders defined by complete and partial responses.
      Meanwhile, GSTM1 was associated with OS in Caucasians, Asians, those with
      colorectal cancer, and patients with mean age <60 years. GSTT1 polymorphism was
      also associated with OS in Caucasians and patients with mean age >60 years.
      CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 did not associate with the
      chemotherapy-related toxicity in gastrointestinal cancers, while GSTT1
      polymorphism associated with OS, and further well-designed, larger-scale
      epidemiological studies are needed to validate our results.

PMID- 27382308
TI  - Correlation of primary middle and distal esophageal cancers motion with
      surrounding tissues using four-dimensional computed tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation of gross tumor volume (GTV) motion with
      the structure of interest (SOI) motion and volume variation for middle and distal
      esophageal cancers using four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT). PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with middle or distal esophageal carcinoma
      underwent 4DCT simulation scan during free breathing. All image sets were
      registered with 0% phase, and the GTV, apex of diaphragm, lung, and heart were
      delineated on each phase of the 4DCT data. The position of GTV and SOI was
      identified in all 4DCT phases, and the volume of lung and heart was also
      achieved. The phase relationship between the GTV and SOI was estimated through
      Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: The mean peak-to-peak displacement of all
      primary tumors in the lateral (LR), anteroposterior (AP), and superoinferior (SI)
      directions was 0.13 cm, 0.20 cm, and 0.30 cm, respectively. The SI peak-to-peak
      motion of the GTV was defined as the greatest magnitude of motion. The
      displacement of GTV correlated well with heart in three dimensions and
      significantly associated with bilateral lung in LR and SI directions. A
      significant correlation was found between the GTV and apex of the diaphragm in SI
      direction (r left=0.918 and r right=0.928). A significant inverse correlation was
      found between GTV motion and varying lung volume, but the correlation was not
      significant with heart (r LR=-0.530, r AP=-0.531, and r SI=-0.588) during
      respiratory cycle. CONCLUSION: For middle and distal esophageal cancers, GTV
      should expand asymmetric internal margins. The primary tumor motion has quite
      good correlation with diaphragm, heart, and lung.

PMID- 27382307
TI  - Risk of venous and arterial thromboembolic events associated with anti-VEGF
      agents in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic
      review.
AB  - AIMS: To assess the incidence and risk of arterial and venous thromboembolic
      events (ATEs and VTEs) associated with antivascular endothelial growth factor
      (VEGF) agents, including VEGF receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors and VEGF
      monoclonal antibodies, in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.
      METHODS: We performed a broad search of PubMed for relevant trials. Prospective
      randomized trials evaluating therapy with or without anti-VEGF agents in patients
      with advanced NSCLC were included for analysis. Data on VTEs and ATEs were
      extracted. The overall incidence, Peto odds ratio (Peto OR), and 95% confidence
      intervals (CIs) were pooled according to the heterogeneity of included trials.
      RESULTS: A total of 13,436 patients from 23 trials were included for analysis.
      Our results showed that anti-VEGF agents significantly increased the risk of
      developing high-grade ATEs (Peto OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.00-2.07, P=0.048), but not
      for all-grade ATEs (Peto OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.56-1.59, P=0.82) compared with
      controls. Additionally, no increased risk of all-grade and high-grade VTEs (Peto
      OR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.67-1.31, P=0.71 and Peto OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.73-1.22, P=0.67,
      respectively) was observed in advanced NSCLC patients receiving anti-VEGF agents.
      CONCLUSION: The use of anti-VEGF agents in advanced NSCLC patients significantly
      increased the risk of high-grade ATEs, but not for VTEs. Clinicians should be
      aware of the risk of severe ATEs with administration of these drugs in advanced
      NSCLC patients.

PMID- 27382309
TI  - Intrinsic resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced non-small
      cell lung cancer with activating EGFR mutations.
AB  - Identifying activating EGFR mutations is a useful predictive strategy that helps
      select a population of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients for
      treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Patients with sensitizing
      EGFR mutations (predominantly an in-frame deletion in exon 19 and an L858R
      substitution) are highly responsive to first-generation EGFR TKIs, such as
      gefitinib and erlotinib, and show improved progression-free survival without
      serious side effects. However, all patients with activating EGFR mutations who
      are initially responsive to EGFR TKIs eventually develop acquired resistance
      after a median progression-free survival of 10-16 months, followed by disease
      progression. Moreover, ~20%-30% of NSCLC patients have no objective tumor
      regression on initial EGFR TKI treatment, although they harbor an activating EGFR
      mutation. These patients represent an NSCLC subgroup that is defined as having
      intrinsic or primary resistance to EGFR TKIs. Different mechanisms of acquired
      EGFR TKI resistance have been identified, and several novel compounds have been
      developed to reverse acquired resistance, but little is known about EGFR TKI
      intrinsic resistance. In this review, we summarize the latest findings involving
      mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to EGFR TKIs in advanced NSCLC with activating
      EGFR mutations and present possible therapeutic strategies to overcome this
      resistance. 

PMID- 27382310
TI  - Association of polymorphisms in interleukin-8 gene with cancer risk: a meta
      analysis of 22 case-control studies.
AB  - Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a kind of chemokine that plays an important role in the
      development and progression of many human malignancies. Previous studies have
      uncovered that polymorphisms in IL-8 is associated with the risk of many cancer
      types, but the results were inconsistent and inconclusive. In the present study,
      we aimed to explore the roles of IL-8 polymorphisms (rs2227307, rs2227306,
      +678T/C, rs1126647, and +1633C/T) and cancer risk through a systematic review and
      meta-analysis. Potential source of heterogeneity was sought out through
      sensitivity analysis. Desirable data were extracted and registered into
      databases. Finally, a total of ten publications comprising of 22 case-control
      studies, including 4,259 cases and 7,006 controls were ultimately eligible for
      the meta-analysis. No significant association was uncovered for all the five
      polymorphisms and the overall cancer risk. However, in the stratification
      analysis by cancer type, a significantly decreased risk of hepatocellular
      carcinoma was identified for rs2227306 polymorphism (T vs C: odds ratio [OR]
      =0.721, 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.567-0.916, Pz =0.007; TT vs CC: OR
      =0.447, 95% CI =0.274-0.728, Pz =0.001; TT vs TC + CC: OR =0.480, 95% CI =0.304
      0.760, Pz =0.002). In conclusion, our data shows that rs2227306 polymorphism
      plays a protective role in hepatocellular carcinoma risk. Future well-designed
      studies with a larger sample size are warranted to verify our findings. 

PMID- 27382311
TI  - The evolution of combined molecular targeted therapies to advance the therapeutic
      efficacy in melanoma: a highlight of vemurafenib and cobimetinib.
AB  - Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive, rapidly progressive disease which
      historically had very few effective treatment options. However, since 2011, the
      therapeutic landscape of melanoma has undergone a dramatic transformation with
      two distinct approaches and has catalyzed the successful advancement in the
      clinical field of immuno-oncology. In addition, the recognition of a key
      oncogenic driver mutation in melanoma, BRAF, stimulated the development of
      multiple potent kinase inhibitors which has also influenced the expansion and use
      of targeted agents in the practice of oncology. Vemurafenib, the initial BRAF
      inhibitor approved for the treatment of melanoma, was the first agent to
      demonstrate rapid clinical responses and significantly improved survival which
      was a clinical breakthrough in the treatment of melanoma. Although exciting and
      practice changing, the unparalleled responses with vemurafenib are usually not
      sustained. Further investigations delineated several mechanisms of acquired
      resistance which are most often mediated by the upregulation of the MAPK pathway.
      MEK inhibitors, another class of small-molecule inhibitors, were developed as an
      alternative agent to suppress the MAPK pathway downstream, independent from BRAF
      activation. Multiple studies have demonstrated the improvement in antitumor
      activity when MEK inhibitors are used in combination with BRAF inhibitors in the
      treatment of metastatic melanoma. This is a review of the investigations that led
      to the US Food and Drug Administration approval in 2015 of the combination of
      vemurafenib and cobimetinib, adding to the quickly growing armament for the
      treatment of advanced or metastatic melanoma with a BRAF V600 mutation. 

PMID- 27382312
TI  - Small interfering RNA targeting S100A4 sensitizes non-small-cell lung cancer
      cells (A549) to radiation treatment.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of S100A4-small interfering
      RNA (S100A4-siRNA) on apoptosis and enhanced radiosensitivity in non-small-cell
      lung cancer (A549) cells. We also explored the mechanisms of radiosensitization
      and identified a new target to enhance radiosensitivity and gene therapy for non
      small-cell lung cancer. METHODS: RNA interference is a powerful tool for gene
      silencing. In this study, we constructed an effective siRNA to knock down S100A4.
      A549 cells were randomly divided into three groups: blank, negative control, and
      S100A4-siRNA. To investigate the effect of S100A4-siRNA, the expression of
      S100A4, E-cadherin, and p53 proteins and their messenger RNA (mRNA) was detected
      by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Transwell
      chambers were used to assess cell invasion. Cell cycle and apoptosis were
      analyzed by flow cytometry. Radiosensitivity was determined by colony formation
      ability. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that S100A4-siRNA effectively silenced
      the S100A4 gene. When siRNA against S100A4 was used, S100A4 protein expression
      was downregulated, whereas the expressions of E-cadherin and p53 were
      upregulated. In addition, a clear reduction in S100A4 mRNA levels was noted
      compared with the blank and negative control groups, whereas E-cadherin and p53
      mRNA levels increased. Transfection with S100A4-siRNA significantly reduced the
      invasiveness of A549 cells. S100A4 silencing induced immediate G2/M arrest in
      cell cycle studies and increased apoptosis rates in A549 cells. In clonogenic
      assays, we used a multitarget, single-hit model to detect radiosensitivity after
      S100A4 knockdown. All parameters (D0, Dq, alpha, beta) indicated that the
      downregulation of S100A4 enhanced radiosensitivity in A549 cells. Furthermore,
      S100A4-siRNA upregulated p53 expression, suggesting that S100A4 may promote A549
      cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by regulating the expression of
      other proteins. Therefore, siRNA-directed S100A4 knockdown may represent a viable
      clinical therapy for lung cancer. CONCLUSION: S100A4 downregulation potentially
      enhances the sensitivity of human A549 cells to radiotherapy.

PMID- 27382313
TI  - In vitro-activated tumor-specific T lymphocytes prolong the survival of patients
      with advanced gastric cancer: a retrospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Conventional tumor managements have limited survival benefits and
      cause severely impaired immune function in patients with advanced gastric cancer
      (GC) whereas immunotherapies could restore antitumor immunity. This prospective
      cohort study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of in vitro-activated tumor
      specific T lymphocytes combined with chemotherapy on the survival of patients
      with advanced GC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-four
      postoperative patients were enrolled in this study to receive either activated T
      lymphocytes immunotherapy combining chemotherapy (71 patients) or only receive
      postoperative chemotherapy (203 patients). Overall survival was analyzed by the
      Kaplan-Meier with log-rank test and Cox's regression methods. RESULTS: The
      immunotherapy prolonged 9.8-month median survival for advanced gastric cancer
      (29.70 vs 19.70 months, P=0.036). Furthermore, immunotherapy significantly
      benefited the survival of patients who underwent radical, palliative resection,
      and stage III malignancy. No serious adverse effect was observed in the
      immunotherapy group. CONCLUSION: In vitro-activated tumor-specific T lymphocytes
      prolonged survival in patients with advanced GC.

PMID- 27382314
TI  - Percutaneous microwave ablation combined with synchronous transcatheter arterial
      chemoembolization for the treatment of colorectal liver metastases: results from
      a follow-up cohort.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the
      therapeutic efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave
      ablation (MWA) combined with synchronous transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
      (TACE) in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      A retrospective analysis was performed in 30 patients who were treated with
      ultrasound-guided percutaneous MWA combined with synchronous TACE for colorectal
      cancer liver metastases from November 2011 to December 2014 in Zhongshan
      Hospital, Fudan University. The response of the tumor to treatment was evaluated
      by follow-up computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Local tumor
      control, procedure-related complications, and long-term survival data were
      analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients with 43 tumors ranging in size from 1.4
      cm to 10.0 cm were analyzed. The patients' mean age was 61.6+/-10.3 years (range,
      44.0-78.0 years). The median follow-up time was 26.5+/-10.4 months (range, 13.3
      50.6 months). The complete ablation rate was 81.4% (35/43 lesions) for CRLM.
      Complete response was achieved in eight cases (26.7%), and partial response was
      achieved in 17 cases (56.7%) 1 month after the procedure. The objective response
      rate (complete response + partial response) was 83.4%. Progression-free survival
      and overall survival were 5.0 months and 11.0 months, respectively. The 12-month
      and 24-month survival rates were 46.7% and 25.4%, respectively. A total of 22
      patients succumbed during follow-up due to tumor progression. No major
      complications or perioperative mortalities were recorded. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound
      guided percutaneous MWA combined with synchronous TACE therapy is a safe and
      effective modality for patients with CRLM.

PMID- 27382315
TI  - Prognostic significance of metastatic lymph node ratio in squamous cell carcinoma
      of the cervix.
AB  - PURPOSE: Metastatic lymph node ratio (MLNR) was reported to be an important
      prognostic factor in several tumors. However, depth of primary tumor invasion is
      also important in cervical cancer prognostic analysis. In this study, the
      objective was to determine if MLNR can be used to define a high-risk category of
      patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (SCC). And we combined MLNR
      and depth of invasion to investigate whether prognosis of SCC can be predicted
      better. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients
      with SCC who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy at QiLu
      Hospital of Shandong University from January 2007 to December 2009. Prognostic
      factors for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were identified
      by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-eight
      patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. By cut
      point survival analysis, MLNR cutoff was designed as 0.2. On multivariate
      analysis, an MLNR >0.2 was associated with a worse OS (hazard ratio [HR] =2.560,
      95% CI 1.275-5.143, P=0.008) and DFS (HR =2.404, 95% CI 1.202-4.809, P=0.013).
      Depth of invasion cutoff was designed as invasion >1/2 cervix wall and was
      associated with a worse OS (HR =1.806, 95% CI 1.063-3.070, P=0.029) and DFS (HR
      =1.900, 95% CI 1.101-3.279, P=0.021). In addition, subgroup analysis revealed
      significant difference in OS and DFS rates between different MLNR categories
      within the same depth of invasion category (P<0.05), however, not between
      different depth of invasion categories within the same MLNR category (P>0.05).
      CONCLUSION: MLNR may be used as the independent prognostic parameter in patients
      with SCC. Combined MLNR and depth of invasion can predict both OS and DFS better
      in SCC than one factor. Besides, MLNR appears to be a better prognostic value
      than depth of invasion for SCC.

PMID- 27382316
TI  - Expression of CD40 is a positive prognostic factor of diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma treated with R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
      vincristine, and prednisone).
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the expression level
      of CD40 and its role in the prognosis of patients with diffuse large B-cell
      lymphoma (DLBCL) who were treated with rituximab-CHOP (rituximab,
      cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone). DESIGN AND METHODS:
      The immunohistochemical expressions of CD40 in 186 well-characterized DLBCL
      patients were evaluated by tissue microarrays, thereby revealing the relationship
      of the molecule CD40 with known tumor, patient-related variables, and survival
      rates. RESULTS: The results showed that CD40 expressions were not statistically
      different between the germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) type and the non-GCB
      type. We also analyzed the relationships of CD40 expression with overall survival
      (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in DLBCL patients who were uniformly
      treated with R-CHOP. A low expression of CD40 compared to high expression is
      related to poor OS and PFS. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the CD40 level
      at onset acts as an independent prognostic predictor of DLBCL patients treated
      with R-CHOP.

PMID- 27382317
TI  - Training and administration of epinephrine auto-injectors for anaphylaxis
      treatment in US schools: results from the EpiPen4Schools((r)) pilot survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition.
      Adequate preparation for anaphylaxis management is imperative for school
      personnel. This descriptive pilot study assessed preparedness of US schools to
      manage anaphylactic reactions. METHODS: An exploratory, cross-sectional, web
      based, pilot survey assessed the occurrence and characteristics of anaphylactic
      events, as well as training provided to school personnel for the recognition and
      treatment of anaphylaxis. Eligible US schools were participants in the
      EpiPen4Schools((r)) program during the 2013-2014 school year. EpiPen4Schools
      provides EpiPen((r)) (epinephrine injection) Auto-Injectors and training
      materials to qualifying US schools. Survey data were parsed by US Census Bureau
      region and state and were evaluated using descriptive statistics. RESULTS:
      Schools from all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in the
      survey (N=6,019). Among schools that provided information on anaphylactic events,
      11% (607/5,683) reported the occurrence of one or more events, with significant
      variability in incidence across census regions and among states. A total of 5,613
      schools provided information regarding which staff members were trained to
      recognize the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. Thirty-six percent of schools
      (2,022/5,613) indicated that only the school nurse and select staff were trained
      in anaphylaxis recognition. The proportion of schools in which most or all school
      staff received such training differed by region/state (range, 13%-100%). A total
      of 5,578 schools provided information on which staff were permitted to administer
      epinephrine. The majority of schools (54%; 3,024/5,578) permitted only the school
      nurse and select staff to administer epinephrine, although percentages varied by
      region/state (range, 4%-100%). CONCLUSION: Schools differed substantially in
      their preparedness to manage anaphylaxis, with significant disparities in staff
      training and permission to treat. Given the ramifications of delayed treatment,
      removing barriers to the recognition and treatment of anaphylactic events in
      schools is an important public health goal.

PMID- 27382318
TI  - Is the routine use of bevacizumab in the treatment of women with advanced or
      recurrent cancer of the cervix sustainable?
AB  - BACKGROUND: New chemotherapy combinations are being tested for the treatment of
      women with advanced, persistent or recurrent cervical cancer. We sought to
      evaluate the cost effectiveness of some newer combination therapies in cervical
      cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cost effectiveness decision model was used to
      analyze Gynecologic Oncology Group 240. All regimens were modeled for seven
      cycles. The regimens studied are as follows: regimen 1, cisplatin/paclitaxel
      (CP); regimen 2, CP with bevacizumab (CP+B); regimen 3, paclitaxel/topotecan
      (PT); and regimen 4, PT with bevacizumab (PT+B). Overall survival, cost, and
      complications were studied. Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Mean
      chemotherapy costs over mean total costs for seven cycles of each follows: CP
      $571/$32,966; CP+B $61,671/$96,842; PT $9,211/$71,620; and PT+B $70,312/$109,211.
      Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for CP+B was $133,559/quality
      adjusted life year (QALY). ICER for PT+B was $124,576/QALY. To achieve an
      incremental ICER for CP+B:CP of <$50,000/QALY gained, the mean overall survival
      has to increase from 1.1 years with CP to 3.5 years with CP+B. An ICER
      <$50,000/QALY for the other regimens would take a survival of >10 years for PT
      and 4.1 years for PT+B. Treating 1,000 women with cervical cancer with CP+B would
      cost almost double the cost of treating >18,000 women with ovarian cancer
      annually (carboplatin/paclitaxel). CONCLUSION: CP is the most cost effective
      regimen. A 12-month increase in overall survival will not even make the newer
      combinations cost effective. Currently, the use of bevacizumab is not sustainable
      at today's costs.

PMID- 27382319
TI  - A structured review of health utility measures and elicitation in
      advanced/metastatic breast cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health utilities are increasingly incorporated in health economic
      evaluations. Different elicitation methods, direct and indirect, have been
      established in the past. This study examined the evidence on health utility
      elicitation previously reported in advanced/metastatic breast cancer and aimed to
      link these results to requirements of reimbursement bodies. METHODS: Searches
      were conducted using a detailed search strategy across several electronic
      databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and EconLit databases), online
      sources (Cost-effectiveness Analysis Registry and the Health Economics Research
      Center), and web sites of health technology assessment (HTA) bodies. Publications
      were selected based on the search strategy and the overall study objectives.
      RESULTS: A total of 768 publications were identified in the searches, and 26
      publications, comprising 18 journal articles and eight submissions to HTA bodies,
      were included in the evidence review. Most journal articles derived utilities
      from the European Quality of Life Five-Dimensions questionnaire (EQ-5D). Other
      utility measures, such as the direct methods standard gamble (SG), time trade-off
      (TTO), and visual analog scale (VAS), were less frequently used. Several studies
      described mapping algorithms to generate utilities from disease-specific health
      related quality of life (HRQOL) instruments such as European Organization for
      Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire - Core 30 (EORTC
      QLQ-C30), European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of
      Life Questionnaire - Breast Cancer 23 (EORTC QLQ-BR23), Functional Assessment of
      Cancer Therapy - General questionnaire (FACT-G), and Utility-Based Questionnaire
      Cancer (UBQ-C); most used EQ-5D as the reference. Sociodemographic factors that
      affect health utilities, such as age, sex, income, and education, as well as
      disease progression, choice of utility elicitation method, and country settings,
      were identified within the journal articles. Most submissions to HTA bodies
      obtained utility values from the literature rather than exploring the HRQOL data
      obtained during clinical development. This was critiqued by the National
      Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Furthermore, the impact of
      age on utilities was highlighted by NICE and it was suggested that an age match
      of the study population should be attempted. CONCLUSION: Health utilities are
      recorded across the globe to varying extents and using differing elicitation
      methods. Manufacturers seeking reimbursement need to be aware of the country
      specific requirements for elicitation of health utilities.

PMID- 27382321
TI  - Biosimilars: potential implications for clinicians.
AB  - With the expiration of patent protection for several biologics looming, the
      production of highly similar therapeutic agents has begun to emerge on the
      pharmaceutical market. These alternative drugs are referred to as biosimilars.
      Many anticipate that the introduction of these agents will result in a reduction
      in health care costs, which may create a more affordable biopharmaceutical market
      and also improve patient access. In contrast to generics, which are exact copies
      of their original products, biosimilars are not identical to their reference
      products. Due to concern about the safety and efficacy of biosimilars, separate
      regulatory approval pathways have been developed and implemented by several
      countries, including the US and Europe. Europe has led the way in acceptance of
      biosimilars into mainstream clinical practice. Biosimilars are not generic
      products and require extensive clinical and nonclinical bioequivalence studies
      before receiving marketing approval. Not only is there a lengthy developmental
      process, but also they will likely be required to have postmarketing surveillance
      and ongoing safety monitoring to keep track of issues that may arise, such as
      immunogenicity. Although US Food and Drug Administration approved the first
      biosimilar product in March 2015, physicians remain unfamiliar about their
      indications. 

PMID- 27382320
TI  - Fatty acid desaturase 1 knockout mice are lean with improved glycemic control and
      decreased development of atheromatous plaque.
AB  - Delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), encoded by fatty acid
      desaturase 1 (FADS1) and FADS2 genes, respectively, are enzymes in the synthetic
      pathways for omega3, omega6, and omega9 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
      Although PUFAs appear to be involved in mammalian metabolic pathways, the
      physiologic effect of isolated D5D deficiency on these pathways is unclear. After
      generating >4,650 knockouts (KOs) of independent mouse genes and analyzing them
      in our high-throughput phenotypic screen, we found that Fads1 KO mice were among
      the leanest of 3,651 chow-fed KO lines analyzed for body composition and were
      among the most glucose tolerant of 2,489 high-fat-diet-fed KO lines analyzed by
      oral glucose tolerance test. In confirmatory studies, chow- or high-fat-diet-fed
      Fads1 KO mice were leaner than wild-type (WT) littermates; when data from
      multiple cohorts of adult mice were combined, body fat was 38% and 31% lower in
      Fads1 male and female KO mice, respectively. Fads1 KO mice also had lower glucose
      and insulin excursions during oral glucose tolerance tests along with lower
      fasting glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. In
      additional studies using a vascular injury model, Fads1 KO mice had significantly
      decreased femoral artery intima/media ratios consistent with a decreased
      inflammatory response in their arterial wall. Based on this result, we bred Fads1
      KO and WT mice onto an ApoE KO background and fed them a Western diet for 14
      weeks; in this atherogenic environment, aortic trees of Fads1 KO mice had 40%
      less atheromatous plaque compared to WT littermates. Importantly, PUFA levels
      measured in brain and liver phospholipid fractions of Fads1 KO mice were
      consistent with decreased D5D activity and normal D6D activity. The beneficial
      metabolic phenotype demonstrated in Fads1 KO mice suggests that selective D5D
      inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of human obesity, diabetes, and
      atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 

PMID- 27382322
TI  - Results from in vitro and ex vivo skin aging models assessing the antiglycation
      and anti-elastase MMP-12 potential of glycylglycine oleamide.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glycation is an aging reaction of naturally occurring sugars with
      dermal proteins. Type I collagen and elastin are most affected by glycation
      during intrinsic chronological aging. AIM: To study the in vitro and ex vivo
      assays in human skin cells and explants and the antiaging effects of
      glycylglycine oleamide (GGO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antiglycation effect of
      GGO was assessed in a noncellular in vitro study on collagen and, ex vivo, by
      immunohistochemical staining on human skin explants (elastin network glycation).
      The ability of GGO to contract fibroblasts was assessed in a functional assay,
      and its anti-elastase (MMP-12) activity was compared to that of oleic acid alone,
      glycylglycine (GG) alone, and oleic acid associated with GG. RESULTS: In vitro,
      GGO reduced the glycation of type I collagen. Ex vivo, GGO restored the
      expression of fibrillin-1 inhibited by glycation. Furthermore, GGO induced a
      tissue retraction of almost 30%. Moreover, the MMP-12 activity was inhibited by
      up to 60%. CONCLUSION: Under the present in vitro and ex vivo conditions, GGO
      prevents glycation of the major structural proteins of the dermis, helping to
      reduce the risk of rigidification. By maintaining the elastic function of the
      skin, GGO may be a promising sparring partner for other topical antiaging agents.

PMID- 27382323
TI  - Efficacy of the low FODMAP diet for treating irritable bowel syndrome: the
      evidence to date.
AB  - This review summarizes the published clinical studies concerning the management
      of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) using restriction of Fermentable
      Oligosaccharide, Disaccharide, Monosaccharide, and Polyols in the diet (low
      FODMAP diet). In recent years, the data supporting low FODMAP diet for the
      management of IBS symptoms have emerged, including several randomized controlled
      trials, case-control studies, and other observational studies. Unlike most
      dietary manipulations tried in the past to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms of
      IBS, all studies on low FODMAP diet have consistently shown symptomatic benefits
      in the majority of patients with IBS. However, dietary adherence by the patients
      and clear dietary intervention led by specialized dietitians appear to be vital
      for the success of the diet. Up to 86% of patients with IBS find improvement in
      overall gastrointestinal symptoms as well as individual symptoms such as
      abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal distention, and
      flatulence following the diet. FODMAP restriction reduces the osmotic load and
      gas production in the distal small bowel and the proximal colon, providing
      symptomatic relief in patients with IBS. Long-term health effects of a low FODMAP
      diet are not known; however, stringent FODMAP restriction is not recommended
      owing to risks of inadequate nutrient intake and potential adverse effects from
      altered gut microbiota. In conclusion, the evidence to date strongly supports the
      efficacy of a low FODMAP diet in the treatment of IBS. Further studies are
      required to understand any potential adverse effects of long-term restriction of
      FODMAPs. 

PMID- 27382324
TI  - Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms in the Greek general population:
      prevalence and risk factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Population-based data regarding the prevalence of
      gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in Greece are very poor. This study
      estimated the prevalence of GERD symptoms and their risk factors in the Greek
      adult population. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was answered by a
      randomly selected population of 340 subjects. The question regarding "heartburn,
      chest pain, indigestion, or stomach acid coming up" as included in the Reflux
      Symptom Index was used for prevalence assessment. RESULTS: The monthly prevalence
      of GERD symptoms was found to be 52.0% in the Greek general population, with no
      statistically significant difference between the two sexes (P>0.05). The age
      group of 65-79 years showed a higher prevalence rate of GERD. Symptom severity
      was found to be mild (59.3%) or moderate (27.1%). The number of cigarettes smoked
      daily (but not smoking duration) as well as the number of alcoholic drinks
      consumed daily (but not the duration of alcohol drinking) were found to be
      related to GERD symptoms. No reported concomitant disease or medication was found
      to be related with GERD symptoms. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of GERD symptoms in
      the Greek general population was found to be 52.0%. Tobacco smoking and alcohol
      drinking but not concomitant disease or medications were found to be related with
      GERD symptoms.

PMID- 27382325
TI  - Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta gene polymorphisms in
      inflammatory bowel disease.
AB  - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex, multifactorial, chronic
      inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract in which immune dysregulation
      caused by genetic and/or environmental factors plays an important role. The aim
      of this case-control study was to evaluate the association of tumor necrosis
      factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (308) and -beta (+252) polymorphisms with susceptibility
      of IBD. A total of 379 Saudi subjects including 179 IBD patients (ulcerative
      colitis (UC) =84 and Crohn's disease (CD) =95) and 200 age- and sex-matched
      healthy controls were recruited. TNF-alpha and TNF-beta genes were amplified
      using an amplification refractory mutation systems polymerase chain reaction
      methodology to detect TNF-alpha (-308) and -beta (+252) polymorphisms. The
      frequency of the GA genotype of TNF-alpha (-308G/A) was higher, and the
      frequencies of the GG and AA genotypes were significantly lower in IBD patients
      compared with those in controls, indicating that genotype GA-positive individuals
      are susceptible to IBD and that the GG and AA genotypes exert a protective
      effect. The frequency of allele A of TNF-alpha (-308G/A) was significantly higher
      and that of allele G was lower in IBD patients compared with those in controls,
      indicating an association of allele A with IBD risk in Saudi patients. On
      stratification of IBD patients into UC and CD, an almost similar pattern was
      noticed in both the groups. The results of TNF-beta (+252A/G) polymorphisms
      showed a significant increase in the frequency of the GG genotype in IBD
      patients, suggesting a positive association of GG genotype with IBD risk. On
      stratification of IBD patients into UC and CD, the genotype GG of TNF-beta was
      associated with susceptibility risk to UC but not CD. The frequencies of alleles
      and genotypes of both TNF-alpha and-beta polymorphisms are not affected by sex or
      type of IBD (familial or sporadic). TNF-alpha (-308G/A) and TNF-beta (+252A/G)
      polymorphisms are associated with risk of developing IBD in Saudi population. 

PMID- 27382326
TI  - The clinicopathological features of sinonasal angiomatous polyps.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sinonasal angiomatous polyp (SAP) is a rare subtype of sinonasal
      polyp that might be misdiagnosed as a malignant lesion due to its clinical
      symptoms. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled the patients who were diagnosed
      with SAP in our hospital during 2008-2015. We analyzed the clinical symptoms,
      radiological findings, and pathological features of all patients diagnosed with
      SAP. RESULTS: Unilateral nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, and epistaxis were the
      common symptoms. SAPs all originated from maxillary sinus and extended to nasal
      cavity with or without involving the nasopharynx. Expansile mass with surrounding
      bony destruction is typical on computed tomography imaging but specific for SAPs.
      The magnetic resonance revealed high signal intensity on T1-weighted images and
      hypointense rim on T2-weighted images. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography and
      magnetic resonance together might give rise to more accurate diagnosis of SAP.
      Incisional biopsy does help if the clinician suspects a malignant lesion. To
      treat SAP, complete removal is the optimal choice.

PMID- 27382327
TI  - Ketofol for monitored anesthesia care in shoulder arthroscopy and labral repair:
      a case report.
AB  - A 21-year-old male (body mass index: 28.3) with a history of asthma and reactive
      airway disease since childhood underwent left shoulder arthroscopy and labral
      repair surgery under monitored anesthesia care. Because the procedure was
      performed in the beach chair position, access to the patient's airway was limited
      throughout. To avoid general anesthesia and to limit potential complications
      associated with monitored anesthesia care, a ketofol admixture was used. This
      case demonstrates that, in conjunction with regional anesthesia, ketofol may be
      an acceptable alternative to propofol for maintenance in outpatient orthopedic
      procedures. 

PMID- 27382328
TI  - Unraveling the confusion behind hyaluronic acid efficacy in the treatment of
      symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.
AB  - Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a commonly prescribed treatment for knee pain resulting
      from osteoarthritis (OA). Although numerous HA products have been approved for
      use by the US Food and Drug Administration, the efficacy of HA injections for
      knee OA remains disputed with meta-analyses and societal clinical guidelines
      drawing disparate conclusions. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
      (AAOS) recently published a best-evidence systematic review and concluded that
      available data did not support the routine use of HA for knee OA. The purpose of
      the current article is to highlight issues that confound interpretation of meta
      analyses on HA for knee OA, to provide realistic estimates of the true efficacy
      of HA injections in knee OA, and to provide commentary on the methods and
      conclusions from the AAOS systematic review. In general, the clinical benefit of
      HA is underestimated using conventional meta-analytic techniques. When accounting
      for differential control group effects in HA studies, it can be reasonably
      concluded that HA injections may be beneficial to an appreciable number of
      patients with knee OA. In addition, the systematic review methodology used by
      AAOS was questionable due to exclusion of numerous relevant studies and inclusion
      of studies that used HAs not approved for use in the US, both of which
      underestimated the true efficacy of HA injections. Overall, the efficacy of HA
      injections for knee OA is likely better than previously reported. Future clinical
      trials and meta-analyses should account for differential control group effects in
      order to avoid the continued confusion surrounding HA injection efficacy. 

PMID- 27382329
TI  - Challenges of pain control and the role of the ambulatory pain specialist in the
      outpatient surgery setting.
AB  - Ambulatory surgery is on the rise, with an unmet need for optimum pain control in
      ambulatory surgery centers worldwide. It is important that there is a
      proportionate increase in the availability of acute pain-management services to
      match the rapid rise of clinical patient load with pain issues in the ambulatory
      surgery setting. Focus on ambulatory pain control with its special challenges is
      vital to achieve optimum pain control and prevent morbidity and mortality.
      Management of perioperative pain in the ambulatory surgery setting is becoming
      increasingly complex, and requires the employment of a multimodal approach and
      interventions facilitated by ambulatory surgery pain specialists, which is a new
      concept. A focused ambulatory pain specialist on site at each ambulatory surgery
      center, in addition to providing safe anesthesia, could intervene early once
      problematic pain issues are recognized, thus preventing emergency room visits, as
      well as readmissions for uncontrolled pain. This paper reviews methods of acute
      pain management in the ambulatory setting with risk stratification, the
      utilization of multimodal interventions, including pharmacological and
      nonpharmacological options, opioids, nonopioids, and various routes with the goal
      of preventing delayed discharge and unexpected hospital admissions after
      ambulatory surgery. Continued research and investigation in the area of pain
      management with outcome studies in acute surgically inflicted pain in patients
      with underlying chronic pain treated with opioids and the pattern and predictive
      factors for pain in the ambulatory surgical setting is needed. 

PMID- 27382330
TI  - Neuromuscular blockade in the elderly patient.
AB  - Neuromuscular blockade is a desirable or even essential component of general
      anesthesia for major surgical operations. As the population continues to age, and
      more operations are conducted in the elderly, due consideration must be given to
      neuromuscular blockade in these patients to avoid possible complications. This
      review considers the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of neuromuscular
      blockade that may be altered in the elderly. Compartment distribution,
      metabolism, and excretion of drugs may vary due to age-related changes in
      physiology, altering the duration of action with a need for reduced dosage (eg,
      aminosteroids). Other drugs (atracurium, cisatracurium) have more reliable
      duration of action and should perhaps be considered for use in the elderly. The
      range of interpatient variability that neuromuscular blocking drugs may exhibit
      is then considered and drugs with a narrower range, such as cisatracurium, may
      produce more predictable, and inherently safer, outcomes. Ultimately, appropriate
      neuromuscular monitoring should be used to guide the administration of muscle
      relaxants so that the risk of residual neuromuscular blockade postoperatively can
      be minimized. The reliability of various monitoring is considered. This paper
      concludes with a review of the various reversal agents, namely,
      anticholinesterase drugs and sugammadex, and the alterations in dosing of these
      that should be considered for the elderly patient. 

PMID- 27382331
TI  - Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia for Heart Turkish Version Study: cross-cultural
      adaptation, exploratory factor analysis, and reliability.
AB  - PURPOSE: Individuals with cardiac problems avoid physical activity and exercise
      because they expect to feel shortness of breath, dizziness, or chest pain.
      Assessing kinesiophobia related to heart problems is important in terms of
      cardiac rehabilitation. The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia Swedish Version for the
      Heart (TSK-SV Heart) is reliable and has been validated for cardiac diseases in
      the Swedish population. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability,
      parallel-form validity, and exploratory factor analysis of the TSK for the Heart
      Turkish Version (TSK Heart Turkish Version) for evaluating kinesiophobia in
      patients with heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. METHODS: This
      cross-sectional study involved translation, back translation, and cross-cultural
      adaptation (localization). Forty-three pulmonary arterial hypertension and 32
      heart failure patients were evaluated using the TSK Heart Turkish Version. The 17
      item scale, originally composed for the Swedish population, has four factors:
      perceived danger for heart problem, avoidance of exercise, fear of injury, and
      dysfunctional self. Cronbach's alpha (internal consistency) and exploratory
      factor analysis were used to assess the questionnaire's reliability. Results of
      the patients in the 6-minute walk test, International Physical Activity
      Questionnaire, and Nottingham Health Profile were analyzed by Pearson's
      correlation analysis with the TSK Heart Turkish Version to indicate the
      convergent validity. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha for the TSK Heart Turkish Version
      was 0.75, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Although exploratory factor
      analysis showed a different subgroup distribution than the original
      questionnaire, the model was acceptable for the four-factor model hypothesis.
      Therefore, the questionnaire was rated as reliable. CONCLUSION: These results
      supported the reliability of the TSK Heart Turkish Version. Since the acceptable
      four-factor model fits the subgroups and measures of reliability are sufficiently
      high, the questionnaire seems reliable for pulmonary arterial hypertension and
      heart failure patients.

PMID- 27382332
TI  - Fosaprepitant dimeglumine for the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and
      vomiting: patient selection and perspectives.
AB  - Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a debilitating side effect of
      antineoplastic agents. Several treatment regimens are used to address this
      problem. Fosaprepitant is a neurokinin-1 receptor blocker used in the prevention
      and treatment of CINV, especially for moderately and severely emetogenic
      chemotherapy. It is highly effective in the treatment of delayed CINV. Data from
      previous studies show that fosaprepitant is noninferior to aprepitant in the
      management of CINV. Fosaprepitant is given as a single-dose intravenous infusion,
      thus offering better patient compliance. The dose-limiting side effect of
      fosaprepitant is an infusion-related reaction, ranging from pain at the infusion
      site to thrombophlebitis. This side effect has been reported with
      coadministration of anthracycline agents. 

PMID- 27382333
TI  - Rate of bleeding-related episodes in adult patients with primary immune
      thrombocytopenia: a retrospective cohort study using a large administrative
      medical claims database in the US.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare disorder characterized by low
      platelet counts and an increased tendency to bleed. The goal of ITP therapy is to
      treat or prevent bleeding. Actual rates of bleeding are unknown. Clinical trial
      data may not reflect real-world bleeding rates because of the inclusion of highly
      refractory patients and more frequent use of rescue therapy. METHODS: We used
      administrative medical claims data in the US to examine the occurrence of
      bleeding-related episodes (BREs) - a composite end point including bleeding
      and/or rescue therapy use - in adults diagnosed with primary ITP (2008-2012). BRE
      rates were calculated overall and by ITP phase and splenectomy status. Patients
      were followed from ITP diagnosis until death, disenrollment from the health plan,
      or June 30, 2013, whichever came first. RESULTS: We identified 6,651 adults
      diagnosed with primary ITP over the study period (median age: 53 years; 59%
      female). During 13,064 patient-years of follow-up, 3,768 patients (57%)
      experienced >=1 BRE (1.08 BREs per patient-year; 95% confidence interval: 1.06
      1.10). The majority (58%) of BREs consisted of rescue therapy use only. Common
      bleeding types were gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hematuria, ecchymosis, and
      epistaxis. Intracranial hemorrhage was reported in 74 patients (1%). Just over 7%
      of patients underwent splenectomy. Newly diagnosed and splenectomized patients
      had elevated BRE rates. CONCLUSION: We provide current real-world estimates of
      BRE rates in adults with primary ITP. The majority of ITP patients experienced
      >=1 BRE, and over half were defined by rescue therapy use alone. This
      demonstrates the importance of examining both bleeding and rescue therapy use to
      fully assess disease burden.

PMID- 27382335
TI  - Retropupillary iris-claw intraocular lens in ectopia lentis in Marfan syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To report visual outcomes, complication rate, and safety of
      retropupillary iris-claw intraocular lens (ICIOL) in ectopia lentis in Marfan
      syndrome (MFS). DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Six eyes of three MFS
      patients with ectopia lentis underwent surgery for subluxation lens and
      retropupillary ICIOL implantation from October 2014 to October 2015 at the
      Department of Ophthalmology, Santa Maria Hospital in Lisbon, Portugal.
      Demographics, preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA),
      and intraocular pressure were evaluated. Endothelium cell count was assessed
      using specular microscopy; anterior chamber depth was measured using Pentacam
      postoperatively; and intraocular lens position was viewed by ultrasound
      biomicroscopy. All patients were female; mean age was 20+/-14.264 years (range: 7
      38 years). RESULTS: The average follow-up period was 6.66 months (range: 4-16
      months). Preoperative BCVA was 0.568+/-0.149 logMAR units, and postoperative BCVA
      was 0.066+/-0.121 logMAR units. The mean BCVA gain was -0.502+/-0.221 on the
      logMAR scale. Postoperative average astigmatism and intraocular pressure were
      1.292+/-0.697 mmHg (range: 0.5-2.25 mmHg) and 16 mmHg (range: 12-18 mmHg),
      respectively. The average endothelial cell density decreased from 3,121+/-178
      cells/mm(2) before surgery to 2,835+/-533 cells/mm(2) after surgery (measured at
      last follow-up visit) and in the last follow-up, representing an average
      endothelial cell loss of 9.16%. Mean anterior chamber depth was 4.01 mm (+/-0.77
      mm), as measured by Pentacam. No complications were found intra- or
      postoperatively in any of the six studied eyes. CONCLUSION: Retropupillary ICIOL
      implantation is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of aphakia in MFS
      eyes, without capsular support after surgery for ectopia lens. The six eyes that
      underwent lensectomy and retropupillary ICIOL implantation have had excellent
      visual outcomes with no complications so far.

PMID- 27382336
TI  - Upper eyelid granuloma: a rare delayed-onset complication secondary to cosmetic
      filler injection on forehead.
AB  - A 72-year-old Taiwanese woman had the history of cosmetic cryopreserved
      autologous fat injection on her forehead ~21 years ago and was referred to our
      oculoplastic clinic and presented with multiple painless mass, which she had for
      4 years, on both upper eyelids. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of foreign
      body granuloma on both upper eyelids. Clinicians should be aware of the potential
      complication of granuloma reaction and migration even many years after the
      injection. We advise that autologous fat injection should be performed solely by
      trained physicians and it should be made known that there is a possible
      occurrence of migration. 

PMID- 27382334
TI  - Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy: current perspectives.
AB  - There has been an increasing trend in the use of contralateral prophylactic
      mastectomy (CPM) in the United States among women diagnosed with unilateral
      breast cancer, particularly young women. Approximately one-third of women <40
      years old are undergoing CPM in the US. Most studies have shown that the CPM
      trend is mainly patient-driven, which reflects a changing environment for newly
      diagnosed breast cancer patients. The most common reason that women choose CPM is
      based on misperceptions about CPM's effect on survival and overestimation of
      their contralateral breast cancer (CBC) risk. No prospective studies have shown
      survival benefit to CPM, and the CBC rate for most women is low at 10 years. Fear
      of recurrence is also a big driver of CPM decisions. Nonetheless, studies have
      shown that women are mostly satisfied with undergoing CPM, but complications and
      subsequent surgeries with reconstruction have been associated with
      dissatisfaction with CPM. Studies on surgeon's perspectives on CPM are sparse but
      show that the most common reasons surgeons discuss CPM with patients is because
      of a suspicious family history or for a patient who is a confirmed BRCA mutation
      carrier. Studies on the cost-effectiveness of CPM have been conflicting and are
      highly dependent on patient's quality of life after CPM. Most recent guidelines
      for CPM are contradictory. Future areas of research include the development of
      interventions to better inform patients about CPM, modification of the guidelines
      to form a more consistent statement, longer term studies on CBC risk and CPM's
      effect on survival, and prospective studies that track the psychosocial effects
      of CPM on body image and sexuality. 

PMID- 27382337
TI  - A randomized, double-blind, placebo-, and positive-controlled clinical pilot
      study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of standardized aqueous extracts
      of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellerica in subjects with hyperuricemia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of standardized aqueous
      extracts of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellerica versus febuxostat and
      placebo on reduction in serum uric acid levels in subjects with hyperuricemia.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 110 eligible subjects with hyperuricemia were
      enrolled and randomized to either of the five treatment groups - T. chebula 500
      mg twice a day (BID), T. bellerica 250 mg BID, T. bellerica 500 mg BID, placebo
      BID, and febuxostat 40 mg once daily plus an identical placebo - for a duration
      of 24 weeks. Serum uric acid levels were measured at baseline and at the end of
      4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad
      Prism Software 4. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: All active treatment groups showed
      a reduction in serum uric acid levels compared to baseline and placebo.
      Significant reduction in mean serum uric acid levels started as early as 4 weeks
      following treatment, compared to baseline, with T. bellerica (500 and 250 mg),
      febuxostat (P<0.001), and T. chebula 500 mg (P<0.01); an increase in serum uric
      acid levels was seen with placebo (P<0.05). The serum uric acid levels became
      steady after 16 weeks of treatment and remained the same until the end of 24
      weeks. The reduction of serum uric acid levels in the T. bellerica 500 mg group
      was nearly twice that of the T. chebula 500 mg group as well as T. bellerica 250
      mg group at all time points. T. bellerica 500 mg reduced serum uric acid levels
      from 8.07+/-0.87 to 5.78+/-0.25 compared to febuxostat, which reduced serum uric
      acid levels from 8.53+/-0.97 to 4.28+/-0.67 (P<0.001) at the end of 24 weeks. The
      efficacy of T. bellerica appeared to be dose dependent. All the formulations were
      well tolerated. CONCLUSION: T. bellerica has the potential for treating
      hyperuricemia as it was devoid of any serious adverse effects in the present
      study. Further studies are needed to confirm this potential.

PMID- 27382339
TI  - Three-dimensional needle-tip localization by electric field potential and camera
      hybridization for needle electromyography exam robotic simulator.
AB  - As one of neurological tests, needle electromygraphy exam (NEE) plays an
      important role to evaluate the conditions of nerves and muscles. Neurology
      interns and novice medical staff need repetitive training to improve their skills
      in performing the exam. However, no training systems are able to reproduce
      multiple pathological conditions to simulate real needle electromyogram exam. For
      the development of a robotic simulator, three components need to be realized:
      physical modeling of upper limb morphological features, position-dependent
      electromyogram generation, and needle localization; the latter is the focus of
      this study. Our idea is to couple two types of sensing mechanism in order to
      acquire the needle-tip position with high accuracy. One is to segment the needle
      from camera images and calculate its insertion point on the skin surface by a top
      hat transform algorithm. The other is voltage-based depth measurement, in which a
      conductive tissue-like phantom was used to realize both needle-tip localization
      and physical sense of needle insertion. For that, a pair of electrodes was
      designed to generate a near-linear voltage distribution along the depth direction
      of the tissue-like phantom. The accuracy of the needle-tip position was
      investigated by the electric field potential and camera hybridization. The
      results showed that the needle tip could be detected with an accuracy of 1.05+/
      0.57 mm. 

PMID- 27382338
TI  - The treatment of type 2 diabetes in the presence of renal impairment: what we
      should know about newer therapies.
AB  - Worldwide, an estimated 200 million people have chronic kidney disease (CKD), the
      most common causes of which include hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and diabetes.
      Importantly, ~40% of patients with diabetes develop CKD, yet evidence from major
      multicenter randomized controlled trials shows that intensive blood glucose
      control through pharmacological intervention can reduce the incidence and
      progression of CKD. Standard therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
      include metformin, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, and insulin.
      While these drugs have an important role in the management of type 2 diabetes,
      only the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone can be used across the spectrum of CKD
      (stages 2-5) and without dose adjustment; there are contraindications and dose
      adjustments required for the remaining standard therapies. Newer therapies,
      particularly dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
      agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, are increasingly being
      used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes; however, a major consideration is
      whether these newer therapies can also be used safely and effectively across the
      spectrum of renal impairment. Notably, reductions in albuminuria, a marker of
      CKD, are observed with many of the drug classes. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV
      inhibitors can be used in all stages of renal impairment, with appropriate dose
      reduction, with the exception of linagliptin, which can be used without dose
      adjustment. No dose adjustment is required for liraglutide, albiglutide, and
      dulaglutide in CKD stages 2 and 3, although all glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
      agonists are currently contraindicated in stages 4 and 5 CKD. At stage 3 CKD or
      greater, the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin,
      canagliflozin, and empagliflozin) either require dose adjustment or are
      contraindicated. Ongoing trials, such as CARMELINA, MARLINA, CREDENCE, and CANVAS
      R, will help determine the position of these new therapy classes and if they have
      renoprotective effects in patients with CKD. 

PMID- 27382341
TI  - Transarterial chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads versus conventional
      transarterial chemoembolization in locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: In hepatocellular carcinoma patients with large or multinodal tumors,
      where curative treatment options are not feasible, transarterial therapies play a
      major role. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with drug-eluting beads (DEB
      TACE) is a promising new approach due to higher intratumoral and lower systemic
      concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent compared to conventional TACE
      (cTACE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, 32 patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma who received either DEB or a cTACE were compared
      regarding survival time, disease recurrence, and side effects such as pain and
      fever. RESULTS: No significant differences could be detected between the cTACE
      and DEB-TACE groups with regard to mean hospital stay, appearance of
      postinterventional fever, or 30-day mortality. However, the application of
      intravenous analgesics as postinterventional pain medication was needed more
      often in patients treated with DEB-TACE (57.1% vs 12.5%, P=0.0281). The overall
      median survival after the initial procedure was 10.8 months in the cTACE group
      and 9.2 months in the DEB-TACE group, showing no significant difference.
      CONCLUSION: No survival benefit for patients treated with either DEB-TACE or
      cTACE was observed. Surprisingly, a higher rate of postinterventional pain could
      be detected after DEB-TACE.

PMID- 27382340
TI  - Fractional exhaled nitric oxide-measuring devices: technology update.
AB  - The measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) has been employed in the diagnosis
      of specific types of airway inflammation, guiding treatment monitoring by
      predicting and assessing response to anti-inflammatory therapy and monitoring for
      compliance and detecting relapse. Various techniques are currently used to
      analyze exhaled NO concentrations under a range of conditions for both health and
      disease. These include chemiluminescence and electrochemical sensor devices. The
      cost effectiveness and ability to achieve adequate flexibility in sensitivity and
      selectivity of NO measurement for these methods are evaluated alongside the
      potential for use of laser-based technology. This review explores the
      technologies involved in the measurement of exhaled NO. 

PMID- 27382342
TI  - Contributions of sociodemographic factors to criminal behavior.
AB  - We explored the extent to which prisoner sociodemographic variables (age,
      education, marital status, employment, and whether their parents were married or
      not) influenced offending in 64 randomly selected Brunei inmates, comprising both
      sexes. A quantitative field survey design ideal for the type of participants used
      in a prison context was employed to investigate the problem. Hierarchical
      multiple regression analysis with backward elimination identified prisoner
      marital status and age groups as significantly related to offending. Furthermore,
      hierarchical multinomial logistic regression analysis with backward elimination
      indicated that prisoners' age, primary level education, marital status,
      employment status, and parental marital status as significantly related to
      stealing offenses with high odds ratios. All 29 nonrecidivists were false
      negatives and predicted to reoffend upon release. Similarly, all 33 recidivists
      were projected to reoffend after release. Hierarchical binary logistic regression
      analysis revealed age groups (24-29 years and 30-35 years), employed prisoner,
      and primary level education as variables with high likelihood trends for
      reoffending. The results suggested that prisoner interventions (educational,
      counseling, and psychotherapy) in Brunei should treat not only antisocial
      personality, psychopathy, and mental health problems but also sociodemographic
      factors. The study generated offending patterns, trends, and norms that may
      inform subsequent investigations on Brunei prisoners. 

PMID- 27382343
TI  - Insights into workplace bullying: psychosocial drivers and effective
      interventions.
AB  - Research on effectiveness of workplace bullying interventions has lagged behind
      descriptive studies on this topic. The literature on bullying intervention
      research has only recently expanded to a point that allows for synthesis of
      findings across empirical studies. This study addresses the question of whether
      workplace bullying can be reduced in prevalence and consequences, if so to what
      extent and by which strategies and interventions. It opens with a brief overview
      of the nature of bullying at work and discussion of some precursors and existing
      interventions. However, its principal focus is on the findings obtained from
      selected (quasi-) experimental longitudinal studies on antibullying
      interventions, drawing together the results of studies conducted in Europe, USA,
      and Australia, including several economic sectors, and concerned about primary,
      secondary, and tertiary prevention programs and strategies. Additional emphasis
      is considered from the psychosocial drivers highlighted both from prescriptive
      and cross-sectional studies and factual empirical studies. One randomized control
      study and seven quasiexperimental longitudinal studies were identified by
      searching electronic databases and bibliographies and via contact with experts.
      The majority of outcomes evidenced some level of change, mostly positive,
      suggesting that workplace bullying interventions are more likely to affect
      knowledge, attitudes, and self-perceptions, but actual bullying behaviors showed
      much more mixed results. In general, growing effectiveness was stated as the
      level of intervention increased from primary to tertiary prevention. However,
      methodological problems relating to the evaluation designs in most studies do not
      allow direct attribution of these findings to the interventions. Overall, the
      evaluation of antibullying interventions must flourish and be improved, requiring
      close cooperation between practitioners and academics to design, implement, and
      evaluate effective interventions based on grounded theoretical and methodological
      approaches. Finally, this systematic review highlights future directions for
      enhancing the adoption, high-quality implementation, and dissemination of
      evidence-based workplace bullying prevention and intervention programs. 

PMID- 27382344
TI  - Are doctors risk takers?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Risk taking affects human behavior in general and decisions in
      medicine in particular. We used game theory to assess physicians' risk-taking
      tendencies. METHODS: Physicians were recruited to the study by advertisement. It
      was explained that they would receive a sum of money for correct prediction of
      the flipping of a coin. They could try to sell their opportunity to flip the coin
      for an amount of money they determined. The sum offered by the participants was
      considered an indicator of risk taking. A demographic questionnaire assessed age,
      sex, seniority, and area of specialization of the participants. A multivariate
      analysis assessed associations between risk-taking behavior and, seniority, and
      specialization. RESULTS: Sixty-two physicians participated, 36 males and 26
      females, seniority 1-34 years. Of a possible range of 0-10, the mean score for
      risk taking was 5.5 - just slightly more than indifference. Negative correlations
      were found between risk taking and seniority, and between risk taking and age
      (beta =-0.45, P<0.001 for both). Surgeons and anesthesiologists showed greater
      risk taking than did other physicians (beta =0.69, P<0.05); and females less than
      males, though the latter correlation was not statistically significant.
      CONCLUSION: Understanding the tendency of physicians to risk taking may elucidate
      their decision-making processes and contribute to understanding of causes of
      adverse events and to the education of physicians.

PMID- 27382345
TI  - Sex-specific sleep patterns among university students in Lebanon: impact on
      depression and academic performance.
AB  - Good sleep quality and quantity are fundamental to the maintenance of normal
      physiological processes. Changes in sleep patterns are commonly observed among
      young adults and are shown to impact neurocognitive, academic, and psychological
      well-being. Given the scarcity of sleep information about Lebanon and
      acknowledging the sex differences in various sleep dimensions, we conducted a
      study that aimed at assessing sex differences in sleep habits among university
      students in Lebanon in relation to psychoacademic status. A total of 540 students
      (50.6% females) completed a questionnaire that inquired about sociodemographics
      and evaluated sleep quality and depression using the Pittsburg Sleep Quality
      Index (PSQI) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D),
      respectively. The mean PSQI global score (6.57+/-3.49) indicated poor sleep, with
      no significant differences between men and women. The sleep/wake rhythm was
      delayed on weekends for both sexes. Females exhibited earlier bedtimes and rise
      times and longer sleep durations on both weekdays and weekends. However, unlike
      males females showed a greater phase delay in wake times than bedtimes on
      weekends (149 minutes vs 74 minutes, respectively). In all, 70.9% of females
      suffered from depressive symptoms, which was a significantly higher proportion
      compared with 58.5% of males (P<0.01). Based on the mean cumulative self-reported
      grade point average (GPA), the academic performance of females was significantly
      better than that of males (2.8+/-0.61 vs 2.65+/-0.61, P<0.05, respectively).
      Depression, as scored by CES-D, in females was significantly negatively
      correlated with the cumulative GPA (r=-0.278, P<0.01), earlier wake time (r=
      0.168, P<0.05), and average sleep duration (r=-0.221, P<0.01) on weekdays. GPA of
      males was significantly correlated with bedtime on weekends (r=-0.159, P<0.05).
      We conclude that sex differences in sleep timing, such as bedtime/rise time and
      nocturnal sleep duration, rather than sleep quality exist among Lebanese
      university students. Sex-specific sleep patterns have differential impact on
      psychological and academic well-being. 

PMID- 27382346
TI  - Cultural adaptation: translatability assessment and linguistic validation of the
      patient-reported outcome instrument for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Following a 2009 US Food and Drug Administration
      guidance, a new patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument was developed to
      support end points in multinational clinical trials assessing irritable bowel
      syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) symptom severity. Our objective was to assess the
      translatability of the IBS-D PRO instrument into ten languages, and subsequently
      perform a cultural adaptation/linguistic validation of the questionnaire into
      Japanese and US Spanish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Translatability assessments of
      the US English version of the IBS-D PRO were performed by experienced PRO
      translators who were native speakers of each target language and currently
      residing in target-language countries. Languages were Chinese (People's Republic
      of China), Dutch (the Netherlands), French (Belgium), German (Germany), Japanese
      (Japan), Polish (Poland), Portuguese (Brazil), Russian (Russia), Spanish
      (Mexico), and Spanish (US). The project team assessed the instrument to identify
      potential linguistic and/or cultural adaptation issues. After the issues
      identified were resolved, the instrument was translated into Spanish (US) and
      Japanese through a process of two forward translations, one reconciled
      translation, and one backward translation. The project team reviewed the
      translated versions before the instruments were evaluated by cognitive debriefing
      interviews with samples of five Spanish (US) and five Japanese IBS-D patients.
      RESULTS: Linguistic and cultural adaptation concerns identified during the
      translatability assessment required minor revisions, mainly the presentation of
      dates/times and word structure. During the cognitive debriefing interviews, two
      of five Spanish respondents misunderstood the term "bowel movement" to mean only
      diarrhea in the Spanish version. Consequently, the term was changed from
      "movimiento intestinal" to "evacuaciones". None of the Japanese respondents
      identified issues with the Japanese version. CONCLUSION: The translatability of
      the IBS-D PRO instrument into ten target languages was confirmed, with only minor
      changes made to the translations of the instrument. The translation and
      linguistic validation into Spanish (US) and Japanese provide evidence that this
      instrument can be used in multinational trials and clinical settings.

PMID- 27382347
TI  - Potential role of a new PEGylated recombinant factor VIII for hemophilia A.
AB  - Hemophilia A, a deficiency in the activity of coagulation factor (F) VIII, is an
      X-linked bleeding disorder with an approximate incidence of one in 5,000 male
      infants. Bleeding-related complications often result in greater severity of
      disease, poor quality of life, surgical interventions for severe joint
      destruction, and shortened life span. With the availability of plasma-derived and
      recombinant FVIII products, the benefits of primary prophylaxis were demonstrated
      and is now the standard of care for patients with severe factor deficiencies.
      Current hemophilia research is focusing on the creation of new factor replacement
      therapies with longer half-lives; accessing alternative mechanisms to achieve
      desired hemostasis and enhance bypassing activity; and limiting the
      immunogenicity of the protein. PEGylation involves the covalent attachment of
      polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein, peptide, or a small molecule drug. PEG
      effectively increases the molecular weight and size of the protein by creating a
      hydrophilic cloud around the molecule. This molecular change may reduce
      susceptibility of the molecule to proteolytic activity and degradation. It is
      also believed that PEGylation changes the surface charge of the protein that
      ultimately interferes with some receptor-mediated clearance processes. The half
      life of PEGylated factor is more prolonged when compared to non-PEGylated full
      length recombinant FVIII. The dawn of a new era in the care of hemophilia
      patients is upon us with the release of recombinant FVIII products with extended
      half-lives, and products with even more extended half-life will become available
      in a very short time. With all the promise of these new agents, many questions
      still remain. 

PMID- 27382348
TI  - Resveratrol attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced dysfunction of blood-brain
      barrier in endothelial cells via AMPK activation.
AB  - Resveratrol, a phytoalexin, is reported to activate AMP-activated protein kinase
      (AMPK) in vascular cells. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), formed by specialized
      brain endothelial cells that are interconnected by tight junctions, strictly
      regulates paracellular permeability to maintain an optimal extracellular
      environment for brain homeostasis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the
      effects of resveratrol and the role of AMPK in BBB dysfunction induced by
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Exposure of human brain microvascular endothelial cells
      (HBMECs) to LPS (1 ug/ml) for 4 to 24 hours week dramatically increased the
      permeability of the BBB in parallel with lowered expression levels of occluding
      and claudin-5, which are essential to maintain tight junctions in HBMECs. In
      addition, LPS significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      productions. All effects induced by LPS in HBVMCs were reversed by adenoviral
      overexpression of superoxide dismutase, inhibition of NAD(P) H oxidase by
      apocynin or gain-function of AMPK by adenoviral overexpression of constitutively
      active mutant (AMPK-CA) or by resveratrol. Finally, upregulation of AMPK by
      either AMPK-CA or resveratrol abolished the levels of LPS-enhanced NAD(P)H
      oxidase subunits protein expressions. We conclude that AMPK activation by
      resveratrol improves the integrity of the BBB disrupted by LPS through
      suppressing the induction of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS in HBMECs. 

PMID- 27382349
TI  - Effect of edaravone in diabetes mellitus-induced nephropathy in rats.
AB  - Edaravone, a synthetic-free radical scavenger, has been reported to reduce
      ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury by improving tubular cell function, and
      lowering serum creatinine and renal vascular resistance. The present study
      investigated the effect of edaravone in diabetes mellitus-induced nephropathy in
      rats. A single administration of streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg, i.p.) was
      employed to induce diabetes mellitus in rats. The STZ-administered diabetic rats
      were allowed for 10 weeks to develop nephropathy. Mean body weight, lipid
      alteration, renal functional and histopathology were analysed. Diabetic rats
      developed nephropathy as evidenced by a significant increase in serum creatinine
      and urea, and marked renal histopathological abnormalities like
      glomerulosclerosis and tubular cell degeneration. The kidney weight to body
      weight ratio was increased. Moreover, diabetic rats showed lipid alteration as
      evidenced by a signifi cant increase in serum triglycerides and decrease in serum
      high-density lipoproteins. Edaravone (10 mg/kg, i.p., last 4-weeks) treatment
      markedly prevented the development of nephropathy in diabetic rats by reducing
      serum creatinine and urea and preventing renal structural abnormalities. In
      addition, its treatment, without significantly altering the elevated glucose
      level in diabetic rats, prevented diabetes mellitus-induced lipid alteration by
      reducing serum triglycerides and increasing serum high-density lipoproteins.
      Interestingly, the renoprotective effect of edaravone was comparable to that of
      lisinopril (5 mg/kg, p.o, 4 weeks, standard drug). Edaravone prevented renal
      structural and functional abnormalities and lipid alteration associated with
      experimental diabetes mellitus. Edaravone has a potential to prevent nephropathy
      without showing an anti-diabetic action, implicating its direct renoprotection in
      diabetic rats. 

PMID- 27382350
TI  - The effect of progesterone and 17-beta estradiol on membrane-bound HLA-G in
      adipose derived stem cells.
AB  - Membrane-bound HLA-G (mHLA-G) discovery on adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) as
      a tolerogenic and immunosuppressive molecule was very important. Many documents
      have shown that HLA-G expression can be controlled via some hormones such as
      progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Therefore, this study was designed to
      evaluate progesterone and estradiol effects on mHLA-G in ADSCs at restricted and
      combination concentrations. Three independent cell lines were cultured in
      complete free phenol red DMEM and subcultured to achieve suffi cient cells. These
      cells were treated with P4, E2 and P4 plus E2 at physiologic and pregnancy
      concentrations for 3 days in cell culture conditions. The HLA-G positive ADSCs
      was measured via monoclonal anti HLA-G-FITC/MEMG-09 by means of flow cytometry in
      nine groups. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests.
      There were no signifi cant values of the mean percentage of HLA-G positive cells
      in E2-treated and the combination of P4 plus E2-treated ADSCs compared to control
      cells (p value>0.05) but P4 had a signifi cant increase on mHLA-G in ADSCs (p
      value<0.05). High P4 concentration increased mHLA-G but E2 and the combination of
      P4 plus E2 could not change mHLA-G on ADSCs. 

PMID- 27382351
TI  - Cryptotanshinone inhibits TNF-alpha-induced LOX-1 expression by suppressing
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in endothelial cells.
AB  - Cryptotanshinone (CPT) is a natural compound isolated from traditional Chinese
      medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. In the present study, the regulatory effect
      and potential mechanisms of CPT on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
      induced lectin-like receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (LOX-1) were
      investigated. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured and
      the effect of TNF-alpha on LOX-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels was
      determined by Real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively. The formation of
      intracellular ROS was determined with fluorescence probe CM-DCFH2-DA. The
      endothelial ox-LDL uptake was evaluated with DiI-ox-LDL. The effect of CPT on LOX
      1 expression was also evaluated with SD rats. TNF-alpha induced LOX-1 expression
      in a dose- and time-dependent manner in endothelial cells. TNF-alpha induced ROS
      formation, phosphorylation of NF-kappaB p65 and ERK, and LOX-1 expression, which
      were suppressed by rotenone, DPI, NAC, and CPT. NF-kappaB inhibitor BAY11-7082
      and ERK inhibitor PD98059 inhibited TNF-alpha-induced LOX-1 expression. CPT and
      NAC suppressed TNF-alpha-induced LOX-1 expression and phosphorylation of NF
      kappaB p65 and ERK in rat aorta. These data suggested that TNF-alpha induced LOX
      1 expression via ROS activated NF-kappaB/ERK pathway, which could be inhibited by
      CPT. This study provides new insights for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of CPT.

PMID- 27382352
TI  - Effects of systemic administration of ibuprofen on stress response in a rat model
      of post-traumatic stress disorder.
AB  - Pro-inflammatory cytokine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are
      modulated in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the
      effects of ibuprofen (IBU) on enhanced anxiety in a rat model of PTSD induced by
      a single prolonged stress (SPS) procedure. The effects of IBU on inflammation and
      BDNF modulation in the hippocampus and the mechanisms underlying for anxiolytic
      action of IBU were also investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given IBU (20
      or 40 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) for 14 days. Daily IBU (40 mg/kg) administration
      signifi cantly increased the number and duration of open arm visits in the
      elevated plus maze (EPM) test, reduced the anxiety index in the EPM test, and
      increased the time spent in the center of an open fi eld after SPS. IBU
      administration signifi cantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory
      mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and BDNF, in
      the hippocampus, as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
      analysis and immunohistochemistry. These fi ndings suggest that IBU exerts a
      therapeutic effect on PTSD that might be at least partially mediated by
      alleviation of anxiety symptoms due to its anti-inflammatory activity and BDNF
      expression in the rat brain. 

PMID- 27382353
TI  - Minimal systems analysis of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induced by
      cisplatin.
AB  - Recently, it was reported that the role of mitochondria-reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) generating pathway in cisplatin-induced apoptosis is remarkable. Since a
      variety of molecules are involved in the pathway, a comprehensive approach to
      delineate the biological interactions of the molecules is required. However,
      quantitative modeling of the mitochondria-ROS generating pathway based on
      experiment and systemic analysis using the model have not been attempted so far.
      Thus, we conducted experiments to measure the concentration changes of critical
      molecules associated with mitochondrial apoptosis in both human mesothelioma
      H2052 and their rho(0) cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Based on the
      experiments, a novel mathematical model that can represent the essential dynamics
      of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway induced by cisplatin was developed. The
      kinetic parameter values of the mathematical model were estimated from the
      experimental data. Then, we have investigated the dynamical properties of this
      model and predicted the apoptosis levels for various concentrations of cisplatin
      beyond the range of experiments. From parametric perturbation analysis, we
      further found that apoptosis will reach its saturation level beyond a certain
      critical cisplatin concentration. 

PMID- 27382354
TI  - Effects of analgesics and antidepressants on TREK-2 and TRESK currents.
AB  - TWIK-related K(+) channel-2 (TREK-2) and TWIK-related spinal cord K(+) (TRESK)
      channel are members of two-pore domain K(+) channel family. They are well
      expressed and help to set the resting membrane potential in sensory neurons.
      Modulation of TREK-2 and TRESK channels are involved in the pathogenesis of pain,
      and specifi c activators of TREK-2 and TRESK may be benefi cial for the treatment
      of pain symptoms. However, the effect of commonly used analgesics on TREK-2 and
      TRESK channels are not known. Here, we investigated the effect of analgesics on
      TREK-2 and TRESK channels. The effects of analgesics were examined in HEK cells
      transfected with TREK-2 or TRESK. Amitriptyline, citalopram, escitalopram, and
      fluoxetine significantly inhibited TREK-2 and TRESK currents in HEK cells
      (p<0.05, n=10). Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, nabumetone, and bupropion inhibited
      TRESK, but had no effect on TREK-2. These results show that all analgesics tested
      in this study inhibit TRESK activity. Further study is needed to identify the
      mechanisms by which the analgesics modulate TREK-2 and TRESK differently. 

PMID- 27382355
TI  - Sequestration of sorcin by aberrant forms of tau results in the defective calcium
      homeostasis.
AB  - Neurofi brillary tangles (NFTs) of microtubule-associated protein tau are a
      pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
      stress has been known to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the
      exact role of ER stress in tau pathology has not yet been clearly elucidated. In
      present study, the possible relationship between tau pathology and ER stress was
      examined in terms of sorcin, which is a calcium binding protein and plays an
      important role in calcium homeostasis. Our previous yeast two hybrid study showed
      that sorcin is a novel tau interacting protein. Caspase-3-cleaved tau (T4C3)
      showed significantly increased tau-sorcin interaction compared to wild type tau
      (T4). Thapsigargin-induced ER stress and co-expression of constitutively active
      GSK3beta (GSK3beta-S9A) also exhibited significantly increased tau-sorcin
      interactions. T4C3-expressing cells showed potentiated thapsigargin-induced
      apoptosis and disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis compared to T4
      expressing cells. Overexpression of sorcin signifi cantly attenuated thapsigargin
      induced apoptosis and disruption of calcium homeostasis. In contrary, siRNA
      mediated knock-down of sorcin showed significantly increased thapsigargin-induced
      apoptosis and disruption of calcium homeostasis. These data strongly suggest that
      sequestration of sorcin by aberrant forms of tau compromises the function of
      sorcin, such as calcium homeostasis and cellular resistance by ER stress, which
      may consequently result in the contribution to the progression of AD. 

PMID- 27382356
TI  - Preventive effects of imperatorin on perfluorohexanesulfonate-induced neuronal
      apoptosis via inhibition of intracellular calcium-mediated ERK pathway.
AB  - Early life neuronal exposure to environmental toxicants has been suggested to be
      an important etiology of neurodegenerative disease development.
      Perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), one of the major perfluoroalkyl compounds, is
      widely distributed environmental contaminants. We have reported that PFHxS
      induces neuronal apoptosis via ERK-mediated pathway. Imperatorin is a
      furanocoumarin found in various edible plants and has a wide range of
      pharmacological effects including neuroprotection. In this study, the effects of
      imperatorin on PFHxS-induced neuronal apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms are
      examined using cerebellar granule cells (CGC). CGC were isolated from seven-day
      old rats and were grown in culture for seven days. Caspase-3 activity and TUNEL
      staining were used to determine neuronal apoptosis. PFHxS-induced apoptosis of
      CGC was significantly reduced by imperatorin and PD98059, an ERK pathway
      inhibitor. PFHxS induced a persistent increase in intracellular calcium, which
      was significantly blocked by imperatorin, NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801 and the
      L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers, diltiazem and nifedipine. The
      activation of caspase-3 by PFHxS was also inhibited by MK801, diltiazem and
      nifedipine. PFHxS-increased ERK activation was inhibited by imperatorin, MK801,
      diltiazem and nifedipine. Taken together, imperatorin protects CGC against PFHxS
      induced apoptosis via inhibition of NMDA receptor/intracellular calcium-mediated
      ERK pathway. 

PMID- 27382357
TI  - Involvement of spinal muscarinic and serotonergic receptors in the anti-allodynic
      effect of electroacupuncture in rats with oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain.
AB  - This study was performed to investigate whether the spinal cholinergic and
      serotonergic analgesic systems mediate the relieving effect of electroacupuncture
      (EA) on oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic cold allodynia in rats. The cold
      allodynia induced by an oxaliplatin injection (6 mg/kg, i.p.) was evaluated by
      immersing the rat's tail into cold water (4C) and measuring the withdrawal
      latency. EA stimulation (2 Hz, 0.3-ms pulse duration, 0.2~0.3 mA) at the acupoint
      ST36, GV3, or LI11 all showed a significant anti-allodynic effect, which was
      stronger at ST36. The analgesic effect of EA at ST36 was blocked by
      intraperitoneal injection of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
      (atropine, 1 mg/kg), but not by nicotinic (mecamylamine, 2 mg/kg) receptor
      antagonist. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of M2 (methoctramine, 10 ug)
      and M3 (4-DAMP, 10 ug) receptor antagonist, but not M1 (pirenzepine, 10 ug)
      receptor antagonist, blocked the effect. Also, spinal administration of 5-HT3
      (MDL-72222, 12 ug) receptor antagonist, but not 5-HT1A (NAN-190, 15 ug) or 5-HT2A
      (ketanserin, 30 ug) receptor antagonist, prevented the anti-allodynic effect of
      EA. These results suggest that EA may have a signifi cant analgesic action
      against oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain, which is mediated by spinal
      cholinergic (M2, M3) and serotonergic (5-HT3) receptors. 

PMID- 27382358
TI  - Activating transcription factor-3 induction is involved in the anti-inflammatory
      action of berberine in RAW264.7 murine macrophages.
AB  - Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in Rhizoma coptidis, and elicits anti
      inflammatory effects through diverse mechanisms. Based on previous reports that
      activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) acts as a negative regulator of LPS
      signaling, the authors investigated the possible involvement of ATF-3 in the anti
      inflammatory effects of berberine. It was found berberine concentration
      dependently induced the expressions of ATF-3 at the mRNA and protein levels and
      concomitantly suppressed the LPS-induced productions of proinflammatory cytokines
      (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta). In addition, ATF-3 knockdown abolished the
      inhibitory effects of berberine on LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine
      production, and prevented the berberine-induced suppression of MAPK
      phosphorylation, but had little effect on AMPK phosphorylation. On the other
      hand, the effects of berberine, that is, ATF-3 induction, proinflammatory
      cytokine inhibition, and MAPK inactivation, were prevented by AMPK knockdown,
      suggesting ATF-3 induction occurs downstream of AMPK activation. The in vivo
      administration of berberine to mice with LPS-induced endotoxemia increased ATF-3
      expression and AMPK phosphorylation in spleen and lung tissues, and concomitantly
      reduced the plasma and tissue levels of proinflammatory cytokines. These results
      suggest berberine has an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages and that this
      effect is attributable, at least in part, to pathways involving AMPK activation
      and ATF-3 induction. 

PMID- 27382359
TI  - Facilitation of AMPA receptor-mediated steady-state current by extrasynaptic NMDA
      receptors in supraoptic magnocellular neurosecretory cells.
AB  - In addition to classical synaptic transmission, information is transmitted
      between cells via the activation of extrasynaptic receptors that generate
      persistent tonic current in the brain. While growing evidence supports the
      presence of tonic NMDA current (INMDA) generated by extrasynaptic NMDA receptors
      (eNMDARs), the functional significance of tonic INMDA in various brain regions
      remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that activation of eNMDARs that
      generate INMDA facilitates the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4
      proprionate receptor (AMPAR)-mediated steady-state current in supraoptic nucleus
      (SON) magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs). In low-Mg(2+) artificial
      cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), glutamate induced an inward shift in Iho lding (IGLU)
      at a holding potential (Vholding) of -70 mV which was partly blocked by an AMPAR
      antagonist, NBQX. NBQX-sensitive IGLU was observed even in normal aCSF at
      Vholding of -40 mV or -20 mV. IGLU was completely abolished by pretreatment with
      an NMDAR blocker, AP5, under all tested conditions. AMPA induced a reproducible
      inward shift in Iholding (IAMPA) in SON MNCs. Pretreatment with AP5 attenuated
      IAMPA amplitudes to ~60% of the control levels in low-Mg(2+) aCSF, but not in
      normal aCSF at Vholding of -70 mV. IAMPA attenuation by AP5 was also prominent in
      normal aCSF at depolarized holding potentials. Memantine, an eNMDAR blocker,
      mimicked the AP5-induced IAMPA attenuation in SON MNCs. Finally, chronic
      dehydration did not affect IAMPA attenuation by AP5 in the neurons. These results
      suggest that tonic INMDA, mediated by eNMDAR, facilitates AMPAR function,
      changing the postsynaptic response to its agonists in normal and osmotically
      challenged SON MNCs. 

PMID- 27382360
TI  - Ahcyl2 upregulates NBCe1-B via multiple serine residues of the PEST domain
      mediated association.
AB  - Inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate [IP3] receptors binding protein released with IP3
      (IRBIT) was previously reported as an activator of NBCe1-B. Recent studies have
      characterized IRBIT homologue S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase-like 2 (AHCYL2).
      AHCYL2 is highly homologous to IRBIT (88%) and heteromerizes with IRBIT. The two
      important domains in the N-terminus of AHCYL2 are a PEST domain and a coiled-coil
      domain which are highly comparable to those in IRBIT. Therefore, in this study,
      we tried to identify the role of those domains in mouse AHCYL2 (Ahcyl2), and we
      succeeded in identifying PEST domain of Ahcyl2 as a regulation region for NBCe1-B
      activity. Site directed mutagenesis and coimmunoprecipitation assay showed that
      NBCe1-B binds to the N-terminal Ahcyl2-PEST domain, and its binding is determined
      by the phosphorylation of 4 critical serine residues (Ser151, Ser154, Ser157, and
      Ser160) in Ahcyl2 PEST domain. Also we revealed that 4 critical serine residues
      in Ahcyl2 PEST domain are indispensable for the activation of NBCe1-B using
      measurement of intracellular pH experiment. Thus, these results suggested that
      the NBCe1-B is interacted with 4 critical serine residues in Ahcyl2 PEST domain,
      which play an important role in intracellular pH regulation through NBCe1-B. 

PMID- 27382361
TI  - Positive effect of HPV status on prognostic value of blood lymphocyte-to-monocyte
      ratio in advanced cervical carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prognostic
      significance of pretreatment lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in locally
      advanced cervical cancer and its effect on overall survival. METHODS: The usual
      blood routine test was quantitatively performed to detect LMR. Signal strengths
      of human papilloma virus (HPV) type DNA in detected cervical cancer samples using
      hybrid capture 2 were analyzed in relative light units (RLU) compared with 1
      pg/mL of HPV type 16 DNA-positive control (RLU/PC) samples. A total of 1.0 RLU/PC
      (~1 pg/mL) was used as the threshold for a positive result. The HPV-positive
      specimens were typed using reverse-hybridization line probe assay. RESULTS: The
      LMR and HPV DNA were found to be independent prognostic markers for 5-year
      overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival, respectively. Their joint
      detection may further enhance the predictive value for OS. In the positive HR
      (high risk)-HPV DNA status subgroup, LMR had a positive effect on improved OS but
      not in the non-HR HPV DNA status subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: The LMR and HR-HPV DNA
      status can be identified as independent prognostic factors. The different
      influences of LMR in combined chemoradiotherapy on survival may be related to HR
      HPV DNA status. The combined detection of LMR and HR-HPV DNA status may
      contribute to screening prognosis.

PMID- 27382362
TI  - PCR Conditions for 16S Primers for Analysis of Microbes in the Colon of Rats.
AB  - The study of the composition of the intestinal flora is important to the health
      of the host, playing a key role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and the
      evolution of the immune system. For these studies, various universal primers of
      the 16S rDNA gene are used in microbial taxonomy. Here, we report an evaluation
      of 5 universal primers to explore the presence of microbial DNA in colon biopsies
      preserved in RNAlater solution. The DNA extracted was used for the amplification
      of PCR products containing the variable (V) regions of the microbial 16S rDNA
      gene. The PCR products were studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism
      (RFLP) analysis and DNA sequence, whose percent of homology with microbial
      sequences reported in GenBank was verified using bioinformatics tools. The
      presence of microbes in the colon of rats was quantified by the quantitative PCR
      (qPCR) technique. We obtained microbial DNA from rat, useful for PCR analysis
      with the universal primers for the bacteria 16S rDNA. The sequences of PCR
      products obtained from a colon biopsy of the animal showed homology with the
      classes bacilli (Lactobacillus spp) and proteobacteria, normally represented in
      the colon of rats. The proposed methodology allowed the attainment of DNA of
      bacteria with the quality and integrity for use in qPCR, sequencing, and PCR-RFLP
      analysis. The selected universal primers provided knowledge of the abundance of
      microorganisms and the formation of a preliminary test of bacterial diversity in
      rat colon biopsies.

PMID- 27382364
TI  - Spectral Studies of UV and Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of AZO Dye and
      Textile Dye Effluents Using Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles.
AB  - The photocatalytic degradation of the chemical dye AZO and dye effluents in
      different time duration has been investigated using biologically synthesized
      silver nanoparticles. Dye industry effluents and AZO dye undergo degradation to
      form harmless intermediate and colourless products following irradiation by UV
      and solar light in the presence of green synthesized silver nanoparticles. The
      degree of degradation was tested under the experimental conditions such as P(H),
      temperature, and absorbance of the dye in UV and solar light was measured. The
      degradation was higher in the UV light source than in the solar light source.
      Green synthesized silver nanoparticles in the UV light source were found to
      expedite the dye degradation process. 

PMID- 27382363
TI  - Quantitative proteomic analysis of histone modifications in decitabine sensitive
      and resistant leukemia cell lines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The refractory nature of many cancers remains the main health
      challenge over the past century. The epigenetic drug, decitabine (DAC),
      represents one of the most promising therapeutic agents in cancers particularly
      in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, its
      ambiguous anti-tumor mechanism and the unpredictable drug-resistant nature in
      some population compromise its application in cancer therapy. In crosstalk with
      DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) are the key
      players in modulating the downstream epigenetic status of tumor suppressor genes.
      This study targets the role of decitabine in epigenetic regulation in leukemia
      therapy and searches responsive predictors and therapeutic targets for
      pretreatment evaluation and drug development. RESULTS: A simple, fast, and robust
      proteomic strategy identified 15 novel PTMs and 60 PTM combinations in two
      leukemia cell lines (MDS-L and TF-1). Histone modification profiles have been
      generated and compared between DAC sensitive and resistant groups (n = 3) in
      response to DAC treatment. Among these histone PTMs, five of which were found
      differentially upon DAC treatment in drug sensitive and resistant cells:
      H3.3K36me3, H4K8acK12acK16ac in MDS-L cells; and H3.1K27me1, H3.1K36me1,
      H3.1K27me1K36me1 in TF-1 cells. They may serve as biomarkers in predicting
      leukemia and drug responsiveness. In addition, we also explored PTM differences
      in two cell lines which were developed from early and advanced stages of AML.
      Three PTMs (H3.1K27me3, H3.1K27me2K36me2 and H3.3K27me2K36me2) are highly
      abundant in TF-1 cells (advanced AML cell line), suggesting their relevance to
      leukemogenesis. Our method allowed deep analysis of histone proteins and
      elucidation of a large number of histone PTMs with high precision and
      sensitivity. CONCLUSION: DAC-induced DNA hypomethylation has wide impact on
      chromatin modifications. This study represents first effort to investigate the
      undefined epigenetic mechanism of decitabine in leukemia therapy. The
      identification of 15 novel PTMs and the discovery of several marks have relevance
      to epigenetic directed therapies.

PMID- 27382365
TI  - PPARgamma Agonists as an Anti-Inflammatory Treatment Inhibiting Rotavirus
      Infection of Small Intestinal Villi.
AB  - Rotavirus infection has been reported to induce an inflammatory response in the
      host cell accompanied by the increased expression or activation of some cellular
      molecules including ROS, NF-kappaB, and COX-2. PPARgamma stimulation and N
      acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment have been found to interfere with viral infections
      including rotavirus infection. Small intestinal villi isolated from in vivo
      infected mice with rotavirus ECwt were analyzed for the percentage of ECwt
      infected cells, the presence of rotavirus antigens, and infectious virion yield
      following treatment with pioglitazone. Isolated villi were also infected in vitro
      and treated with PPARgamma agonists (PGZ, TZD, RGZ, DHA, and ALA), all-trans
      retinoic acid (ATRA), and NAC. After treatments, the expression of cellular
      proteins including PPARgamma, NF-kappaB, PDI, Hsc70, and COX-2 was analyzed using
      immunochemistry, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting. The results
      showed that rotavirus infection led to an increased accumulation of the cellular
      proteins studied and ROS. The virus infection-induced accumulation of the
      cellular proteins studied and ROS was reduced upon pioglitazone treatment,
      causing also a concomitant reduction of the infectious virion yield. We
      hypothesized that rotavirus infection is benefiting from the induction of a host
      cell proinflammatory response and that the interference of the inflammatory
      pathways involved leads to decreased infection. 

PMID- 27382366
TI  - A Review of Surrogate Assisted Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms.
AB  - Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms have incorporated surrogate models in
      order to reduce the number of required evaluations to approximate the Pareto
      front of computationally expensive multiobjective optimization problems.
      Currently, few works have reviewed the state of the art in this topic. However,
      the existing reviews have focused on classifying the evolutionary multiobjective
      optimization algorithms with respect to the type of underlying surrogate model.
      In this paper, we center our focus on classifying multiobjective evolutionary
      algorithms with respect to their integration with surrogate models. This
      interaction has led us to classify similar approaches and identify advantages and
      disadvantages of each class. 

PMID- 27382367
TI  - Formulation for Effective Screening and Management of Nonalcoholic
      Steatohepatitis: Noninvasive NAFLD Management Strategy.
AB  - To establish a versatile means for screening and management of nonalcoholic
      steatohepatitis (NASH), shear wave velocity was measured in 20 normal controls
      and 138 consecutive nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cases. Referencing
      biochemical properties in 679 healthy volunteers, a formula to distinguish NASH
      suspects was established and validated in another cohort of 138 histologically
      proven NAFLD cases. NASH and simple steatosis (SS) suspects were selected based
      on a plot of shear wave velocity against age. A formula consisting of five
      factors (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, platelet counts,
      body mass index, and presence/absence of type 2 diabetes mellitus) distinguished
      NASH suspects from SS suspects with area under the receiver operating
      characteristic curve values of 86% and 84% in the development and validation
      cohorts. Among 25 NAFLD cases in which shear wave velocity was repeatedly
      measured, 8 and 9 cases revealed an increase or decrease, respectively, of shear
      wave velocity in the entire liver, and the corresponding change in shear wave
      velocity was primarily observed in the right lobe or the left lateral segment,
      respectively. These results suggest that the new formula and sequential shear
      wave velocity measurements at each segment enable high throughput screening of
      NASH suspects and noninvasive assessment of pathophysiological
      alleviation/aggravation in cases of NASH. 

PMID- 27382368
TI  - Comparison of Medical Adhesive Tapes in Patients at Risk of Facial Skin Trauma
      under Anesthesia.
AB  - Introduction. Adhesive tapes are used for taping eyelids closed and securing
      endotracheal tubes during general anesthesia. These tapes can cause facial skin
      injury. We compared the incidence of facial skin injury and patient satisfaction
      with different tapes used. Methods. A total of 60 adult patients at risk of skin
      trauma were randomized to use 3MTM Kind Removal Silicone Tape or standard
      acrylate tapes: 3M Durapore (endotracheal tube) and Medipore (eyelids). Patients
      were blinded to tape used. Postoperatively, a blinded recovery nurse assessed
      erythema, edema, and denudation of skin. Anesthesiologist in charge also assessed
      skin injury. On postoperative day 1, patients rated satisfaction with the
      condition of their skin over the eyelids and face on a 5-point Likert scale.
      Results. More patients had denudation of skin with standard tapes, 4 (13.3%)
      versus 0 with silicone tape (p = 0.026) and in anesthesiologist-evaluated skin
      injury 11 (37%) with standard versus 1 (3%) with silicone (p = 0.002). No
      significant differences were found in erythema and edema. Patient satisfaction
      score was higher with silicone tape: over eyelids: mean 3.83 (standard) versus
      4.53 (silicone), Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.001; over face: mean 3.87 (standard)
      versus 4.57 (silicone) (p < 0.001). Conclusion. Silicone tape use had less skin
      injury and greater patient satisfaction than standard acrylate tapes. 

PMID- 27382369
TI  - Changes in Pathological Complete Response Rates after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
      for Breast Carcinoma over Five Years.
AB  - Historically, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) was extrapolated from adjuvant
      regimens. Dual HER2 blockade and the introduction of carboplatin for triple
      negative breast cancers (TNBC) emerged by December 2013 and have improved
      pathological complete response (pCR) rates. The objective of this study was to
      assess the pCR rates before and after the introduction of these new neoadjuvant
      regimens. Materials and Methods. Stage I-III breast cancer patients who received
      NACT were analyzed for rates of pCR by clinical characteristics (i.e., age, BMI,
      axillary lymphadenopathy, and histologic subtype), by time period (1 = 3/2010
      11/2013, 2 = 12/2013-3/2015), and by type of chemotherapy (e.g.,
      anthracycline/taxane only, carboplatin-containing, and HER2 blockade). Results.
      113 patients received NACT. Overall pCR rate was 26.5 percent (n = 30). The pCR
      rate increased from 14% to 43.1% (p = 0.001) from time period 1 to time period 2
      and were associated with HER2 positivity (p = 0.003), receiving treatment during
      time period 2 (p = 0.001) and using an anthracycline/taxane plus additional agent
      type of regimen (p = 0.004). Conclusions. Our study revealed a significant
      difference in rates of pCR over five years. Window of opportunity trials and
      other trials that utilize pCR analysis should be encouraged. 

PMID- 27382370
TI  - Manufacturing Cells for Clinical Use.

PMID- 27382372
TI  - Perceptions of the Role of Short-Term Volunteerism in International Development:
      Views from Volunteers, Local Hosts, and Community Members.
AB  - Background. Short-term international volunteer trips traditionally involve
      volunteers from high-income countries travelling to low- and middle-income
      countries to assist in service-related development activities. Their duration
      typically ranges from 7 to 90 days. The city of La Romana, Dominican Republic,
      receives hundreds of short-term international volunteers annually. They
      participate in activities aimed at improving conditions faced by a marginalized
      ethnic-Haitian community living in bateyes. Methods. This qualitative analysis
      examined perceptions of short-term international volunteerism, held by three key
      stakeholder groups in La Romana: local hosts, international volunteers, and
      community members. Responses from semistructured interviews were recorded and
      analysed by thematic analysis. Results. Themes from the 3 groups were broadly
      categorized into general perceptions of short-term volunteerism and proposed best
      practices. These were further subdivided into perceptions of value, harms, and
      motivations associated with volunteer teams for the former and best practices
      around volunteer composition and selection, partnership, and skill sets and
      predeparture training for the latter. Conclusion. Notable challenges were
      associated with short-term volunteering, including an overemphasis on the
      material benefits from volunteer groups expressed by community member
      respondents; misalignment of the desired and actual skill sets of volunteers;
      duplicate and uncoordinated volunteer efforts; and the perpetuation of
      stereotypes suggesting that international volunteers possess superior knowledge
      or skills. Addressing these challenges is critical to optimizing the conduct of
      short-term volunteerism. 

PMID- 27382371
TI  - Cellular Reprogramming Using Defined Factors and MicroRNAs.
AB  - Development of human bodies, organs, and tissues contains numerous steps of
      cellular differentiation including an initial zygote, embryonic stem (ES) cells,
      three germ layers, and multiple expertized lineages of cells. Induced pluripotent
      stem (iPS) cells have been recently developed using defined reprogramming factors
      such as Nanog, Klf5, Oct3/4 (Pou5f1), Sox2, and Myc. This outstanding innovation
      is largely changing life science and medicine. Methods of direct reprogramming of
      cells into myocytes, neurons, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts have been further
      developed using modified combination of factors such as N-myc, L-myc, Sox9, and
      microRNAs in defined cell/tissue culture conditions. Mesenchymal stem cells
      (MSCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are also emerging multipotent stem
      cells with particular microRNA expression signatures. It was shown that miRNA-720
      had a role in cellular reprogramming through targeting the pluripotency factor
      Nanog and induction of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). This review reports
      histories, topics, and idea of cellular reprogramming. 

PMID- 27382373
TI  - Arsenic in Drinking Water and Lung Cancer Mortality in the United States: An
      Analysis Based on US Counties and 30 Years of Observation (1950-1979).
AB  - Background. To examine whether the US EPA (2010) lung cancer risk estimate
      derived from the high arsenic exposures (10-934 ug/L) in southwest Taiwan
      accurately predicts the US experience from low arsenic exposures (3-59 ug/L).
      Methods. Analyses have been limited to US counties solely dependent on
      underground sources for their drinking water supply with median arsenic levels of
      >=3 ug/L. Results. Cancer risks (slopes) were found to be indistinguishable from
      zero for males and females. The addition of arsenic level did not significantly
      increase the explanatory power of the models. Stratified, or categorical,
      analysis yielded relative risks that hover about 1.00. The unit risk estimates
      were nonpositive and not significantly different from zero, and the maximum (95%
      UCL) unit risk estimates for lung cancer were lower than those in US EPA (2010).
      Conclusions. These data do not demonstrate an increased risk of lung cancer
      associated with median drinking water arsenic levels in the range of 3-59 ug/L.
      The upper-bound estimates of the risks are lower than the risks predicted from
      the SW Taiwan data and do not support those predictions. These results are
      consistent with a recent metaregression that indicated no increased lung cancer
      risk for arsenic exposures below 100-150 ug/L.

PMID- 27382374
TI  - Exposures Resulting in Safety and Health Concerns for Child Laborers in Less
      Developed Countries.
AB  - Objectives. Worldwide, over 200 million children are involved in child labor,
      with another 20 million children subjected to forced labor, leading to acute and
      chronic exposures resulting in safety and health (S&H) risks, plus removal from
      formal education and play. This review summarized S&H issues in child labor,
      including forced or indentured domestic labor as other sectors of child labor.
      Specifically, we focused on exposures leading to S&H risks. Methods. We used
      PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. References were in English,
      published in 1990-2015, and included data focused on exposures and S&H concerns
      of child labor. Results. Seventy-six journal articles were identified, 67 met
      criteria, 57 focused on individual countries, and 10 focused on data from
      multiple countries (comparing 3-83 countries). Major themes of concern were
      physical exposures including ergonomic hazards, chemical exposure hazards, and
      missed education. Childhood labor, especially forced, exploitative labor, created
      a significant burden on child development, welfare, and S&H. Conclusions. More
      field researche data emphasizing longitudinal quantitative effects of exposures
      and S&H risks are needed. Findings warranted developing policies and educational
      interventions with proper monitoring and evaluation data collection, plus
      multiple governmental, international organization and global economic reform
      efforts, particularly in lower-income, less developed countries.

PMID- 27382375
TI  - Reference values of clinical pathology parameters in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca
      fascicularis) used in preclinical studies.
AB  - Nonhuman primates are increasingly used in biomedical research since they are
      highly homologous to humans compared to other rodent animals. However, there is
      limited reliable reference data of the clinical pathology parameters in
      cynomolgus monkeys, and in particular, only some coagulation and urinalysis
      parameters have been reported. Here, we reported the reference data of clinical
      chemical, hematological, blood coagulation, and urinalysis parameters in
      cynomolgus monkeys. The role of sex differences was analyzed and several
      parameters (including hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell, blood urea
      nitrogen, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine kinase, gamma
      glutamyl tranferase, and lactate dehydrogenase) significantly differed between
      male and female subjects. In addition, compared to previous study results,
      lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase showed
      significant variation. Interstudy differences could be affected by several
      factors, including age, sex, geographic origin, presence/absence of anesthetics,
      fasting state, and the analytical methods used. Therefore, it is important to
      deliberate with the overall reference indices. In conclusion, the current study
      provides a comprehensive and updated reference data of the clinical pathology
      parameters in cynomolgus monkeys and provides improved assessment criteria for
      evaluating preclinical studies or biomedical research. 

PMID- 27382376
TI  - Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against fish
      pathogenic bacteria.
AB  - The antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus (EOEG)
      was determined against 7 fish pathogenic bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda,
      Streptococcus iniae, S. parauberis, Lactococcus garviae, Vibrio harveyi, V.
      ichthyoenteri and Photobacterium damselae) obtained from farmed olive flounder.
      The inhibitory activity was evaluated by three methods: Disc diffusion method,
      minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration
      (MBC). According to the disc diffusion test, as the concentration of EOEG (5-40
      ug) rises, the inhibitory zone increases in size. Compared with amoxicillin,
      tetracycline and chloramphenicol, EOEG showed similar antibacterial activity. The
      MIC of EOEG ranged from 7.8 to 125 mg/mL and MBC values ranged from 62 to 250
      mg/mL. These results show that EOEG has antimicrobial activity against all seven
      bacteria, but there was no marked difference between each genus. From these
      results, it is suggested that EOEG can be used as an antimicrobial agent against
      fish bacterial diseases in the fish industry. 

PMID- 27382377
TI  - Anti-inflammatory effect of egg white-chalcanthite and purple bamboo salts
      mixture on arthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate in Sprague-Dawley rats.
AB  - The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of anti-osteoarthritis
      effects on egg white-chalcanthite (EC), purple bamboo salts (PBS), and a mixture
      of EC and PBS (EC+PBS). EC is a mixture of egg white and pulverized chalcanthite.
      PBS has been widely used as one of functional foods in Korea and shows unique
      features compared with common salt. Osteoarthritis was induced by intra-articular
      injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA, 4mg/kg bw) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.
      Test substances were administered once daily for 6 weeks at doses of 10 mg EC,
      EC+100 mg PBS, EC+200 mg PBS before and after MIA injection. Each substance was
      assessed by blood chemistry parameters, and by serum cytokines including IL-1beta
      and IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2). Structural changes
      of articular cartilage were also evaluated by histopathological examination. As a
      result, body weight and blood chemistry parameter were not different in all
      experimental groups. EC+PBS mixture reduced the production of PGE2, NO, IL-1beta,
      and IL-6. In histological grade of osteoarthritis, EC+PBS mixture had a tendency
      to ameliorate damage of articular cartilage induced by MIA in a dose-dependent
      manner. In conclusion, EC+PBS mixture was demonstrated to have a potential for
      anti-inflammatory effect against osteoarthritis induced by MIA in a dose
      dependent manner. 

PMID- 27382378
TI  - Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of crude N-acetylneuraminic acid isolated from
      glycomacropeptide of whey.
AB  - Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa of about half of the world's
      population, causing chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. An increasing emergence
      of antibiotic-resistant H. pylori arouses demand on alternative non-antibiotic
      based therapies. In this study, we freshly prepared crude N-acetylneuraminic acid
      obtained from glycomacropeptide (G-NANA) of whey through a neuraminidase-mediated
      reaction and evaluated its antibacterial ability against H. pylori and H. felis.
      Overnight cultures of the H. pylori were diluted with fresh media and different
      concentrations (1-150 mg/mL) of crude G-NANA were added directly to the culture
      tube. Bacterial growth was evaluated by measuring the optical density of the
      culture medium and the number of viable bacteria was determined by a direct count
      of the colony forming units (CFU) on agar plates. For the in vivo study, mice
      were orally infected with 100 uL (5*10(8) cfu/mL) of H. felis four times at a
      day's interval, accompanied by a daily administration of crude G-NANA or vehicle.
      A day after the last infection, the mice were daily administered the crude G-NANA
      (0, 75, and 300 mg/mL) for 10 days and euthanized. Their stomachs were collected
      and bacterial colonization was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Crude G
      NANA inhibited H. pylori's growth and reduced the number of viable bacteria in a
      dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, crude G-NANA inhibited bacterial colonization
      in the mice. These results showed that crude G-NANA has antibacterial activity
      against Helicobacter and demonstrated its therapeutic potential for the
      prevention of chronic gastritis and gastric carcinogenesis induced by
      Helicobacter infection in humans. 

PMID- 27382379
TI  - Beneficial effect of diosgenin as a stimulator of NGF on the brain with neuronal
      damage induced by Abeta-42 accumulation and neurotoxicant injection.
AB  - To investigate the beneficial effects of diosgenin (DG) on the multiple types of
      brain damage induced by Abeta-42 peptides and neurotoxicants, alterations in the
      specific aspects of brain functions were measured in trimethyltin (TMT)-injected
      transgenic 2576 (TG) mice that had been pretreated with DG for 21 days. Multiple
      types of damage were successfully induced by Abeta-42 accumulation and TMT
      injection into the brains of TG mice. However, DG treatment significantly reduced
      the number of Abeta-stained plaques and dead cells in the granule cells layer of
      the dentate gyrus. Significant suppression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
      activity and Bax/Bcl-2 expression was also observed in the DG treated TG mice
      (TG+DG group) when compared with those of the vehicle (VC) treated TG mice (TG+VC
      group). Additionally, the concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF) was
      dramatically enhanced in TG+DG group, although it was lower in the TG+VC group
      than the non-transgenic (nTG) group. Furthermore, the decreased phosphorylation
      of downstream members in the TrkA high affinity receptor signaling pathway in the
      TG+VC group was significantly recovered in the TG+DG group. A similar pattern was
      observed in p75(NTR) expression and JNK phosphorylation in the NGF low affinity
      receptor signaling pathway. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was
      enhanced in the TG+DG group, while the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker
      of lipid peroxidation, was lower in the TG+DG group than the TG+VC group. These
      results suggest that DG could exert a wide range of beneficial activities for
      multiple types of brain damage through stimulation of NGF biosynthesis. 

PMID- 27382380
TI  - Establishment of a mouse model of 70% lethal dose by total-body irradiation.
AB  - Whereas increasing concerns about radiation exposure to nuclear disasters or side
      effects of anticancer radiotherapy, relatively little research for radiation
      damages or remedy has been done. The purpose of this study was to establish level
      of LD70/30 (a lethal dose for 70% of mice within 30 days) by total-body gamma
      irradiation (TBI) in a mouse model. For this purpose, at first, 8-week-old male
      ICR and C57BL/6N mice from A and B companies were received high dose (10, 11, 12
      Gy) TBI. After irradiation, the body weight and survival rate were monitored for
      30 days consecutively. In next experiment, 5-week-old male ICR and C57BL/6N mice
      from B company were received same dose irradiation. Results showed that survival
      rate and body weight change rate in inbred C57BL/6N mice were similar between A
      and B company. In ICR mice, however, survival rate and body weight change rate
      were completely different among the companies. Significant difference of survival
      rate both ICR and C57BL6N mice was not observed in between 5-week-old and 8-week
      old groups receiving 10 or 12 Gy TBI. Our results indicate that the strain and
      age of mice, and even purchasing company (especially outbred), should be matched
      over experimental groups in TBI experiment. Based on our results, 8-week-old male
      ICR mice from B company subjected to 12 Gy of TBI showed LD70/30 and suitable as
      a mouse model for further development of new drug using the ideal total-body
      irradiation model. 

PMID- 27382381
TI  - Detection of Helicobacter felis in a cat with gastric disease in laboratory
      animal facility.
AB  - A 3-month-old male cat in the animal facility was presented for investigation of
      anorexia and occasional vomiting. We collected the specimens from gastroscopic
      biopsy and stool collection. The gastroscopic biopsy specimens were tested using
      a rapid urease test, CLO Helicobacter-detection kits. Stool specimens were
      gathered and evaluated using the commercially available SD Bioline H. pylori Ag
      kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNAs from gastroscopic
      biopsy and stool specimens of the cat were extracted and submitted to the
      consensus PCR to amplify Helicobacter rpoB gene. Then the DNAs from gastroscopic
      biopsy and stool specimens were conducted a multiplex species-specific PCR to
      amplify urease B gene for H. heilmannii, H. pylori and H. felis. As the results,
      the rapid urease test with gastroscopic biopsy was revealed positive reaction.
      The result of H. pylori Stool Ag assay was one red line, negative for H. pylori.
      The gastroscopic biopsy and stool specimen were positive reactions by the
      consensus PCR reaction using the RNA polymerase beta-subunit-coding gene (rpoB)
      to detect Helicobacter species. By multiplex species-specific PCR with
      gastroscopic biopsy and stool specimens, no amplification products corresponding
      to either H. heilmannii or H. pylori were detected, but the specimens tested were
      positive for H. felis. This case was confirmed as gastroenteric disease induced
      by H. felis infection. On our knowledge, this is a very rare report about H.
      felis-induced gastroenteric disease in cat and may provide a valuable data on the
      study of feline Helicobacter infection. 

PMID- 27382383
TI  - Erratum: Rapid and efficient identification of the mouse leptin receptor mutation
      (C57BLKS/J-Lepr(db) ) by tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system
      polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) analysis.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 70 in vol. 32, PMID: 27051445.]. 

PMID- 27382382
TI  - Differential expression of estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptor in
      the normal and cryptorchid testis of a dog.
AB  - Descending of the testes is an important process for spermatogenesis and
      cryptorchidism is one of the most relevant genital defects in dogs. In a previous
      study, we observed abnormal morphology and proliferation of Sertoli cells in a
      cryptorchid testis. In the present study, we investigated the expression of
      estrogen and progesterone receptors in the normal and cryptorchid testis of a
      dog. Elective orchidectomy was performed on the dog's abdominal right testis
      (undescended, cryptorchid) and scrotal left testis (descended, normal). In the
      normal testis, estrogen receptor alpha immunoreactivity was detected in Leydig
      cells alone, while estrogen receptor alpha immunoreactivity in the cryptorchid
      testis was significantly prominent in the Sertoli cells as well. In addition,
      progesterone receptor immunoreactivity in the control testis was detected in the
      spermatids, but was not detected in the cryptorchid testis. This result suggests
      that unilateral cryptorchidism causes increases of estrogen receptor alpha
      expression in Sertoli cells. 

PMID- 27382384
TI  - Withdrawal: Specific nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of BT-CAL(r), Sigma Anti
      bonding Molecule Calcium Carbonate, in mice.
AB  - [This retracts the article on p. 7 in vol. 29, PMID: 23573102.]. 

PMID- 27382386
TI  - Breast Cancer Mortality among Asian-American Women in California: Variation
      according to Ethnicity and Tumor Subtype.
AB  - PURPOSE: Asian-American women have equal or better breast cancer survival rates
      than non-Hispanic white women, but many studies use the aggregate term
      "Asian/Pacific Islander" (API) or consider breast cancer as a single disease. The
      purpose of this study was to assess the risk of mortality in seven subgroups of
      Asian-Americans expressing the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor
      (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) tumor marker subtypes
      and determine whether the risk of mortality for the aggregate API category is
      reflective of the risk in all Asian ethnicities. METHODS: The study included data
      for 110,120 Asian and white women with stage 1 to 4 first primary invasive breast
      cancer from the California Cancer Registry. The Asian ethnicities identified were
      Pacific Islander, Southeast Asian (SEA), Indian Subcontinent, Chinese, Japanese,
      Filipino, and Korean. A Cox regression analysis was used to compute the risk of
      breast cancer-specific mortality in seven Asian ethnicities and the combined API
      category versus white women within each of the ER/PR/HER2 subtypes. Hazard ratios
      (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. RESULTS: For the
      ER+/PR+/HER2- subtype, the combined API category showed a 17% (HR, 0.83; 95% CI,
      0.76-0.91) lower mortality risk. This was true only for SEA (HR, 0.75; 95% CI,
      0.61-0.91) and Japanese women (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.45-0.81). In the ER+/PR-/HER2-
      subtype, SEA (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38-0.84) and Filipino women (HR, 0.71; 95% CI,
      0.51-0.97) had a lower risk of mortality. Japanese (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.99)
      and Filipino women (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58-0.94) had a lower HR for the ER-/PR
      /HER2+ subtype. For triple-positive, ER+/PR+/HER2+ (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71-0.98)
      and triple-negative, ER-/PR-/HER2- (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.94) subtypes, only
      the API category showed a lower risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer
      specific mortality among Asian-American women varies according to their specific
      Asian ethnicity and breast cancer subtype.

PMID- 27382387
TI  - Role of STAT3 Phosphorylation in Ethanol-Mediated Proliferation of Breast Cancer
      Cells.
AB  - PURPOSE: In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism involved in
      ethanol (EtOH)-mediated proliferation of breast cancer cells. METHODS: EtOH
      concentration was optimized by studying its effect on cell proliferation in MCF-7
      and MDA MB-231 cells. We used flow cytometry and immunoblot analysis to evaluate
      the increased proliferation caused by the optimized concentrations of EtOH. The
      mechanism of EtOH-mediated proliferation was determined using reactive oxygen
      species (ROS) release assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and
      immunoblot studies. Gene silencing followed by quantitative real-time polymerase
      chain reaction studies and inhibitor studies indicated the involvement of signal
      transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in EtOH-mediated breast
      cancer proliferation. RESULTS: Exposure to EtOH caused an increase in cell
      proliferation and an accumulation of cells in S-phase in MCF-7 (347 uM EtOH) and
      MDA MB-231 (173 uM EtOH) cells. Additionally, increased release of ROS and the
      expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 6 and tumor
      necrosis factor alpha, confirmed that the proliferation was induced by the ROS
      linked inflammatory response in breast cancer. The proinflammatory response was
      followed by phosphorylation of STAT3. The importance of STAT3 activation in EtOH
      mediated proliferation was confirmed through the silencing of STAT3, followed by
      an investigation on the expression of cyclins and matrix metalloproteinases.
      Finally, studies using specific inhibitors indicated that the EtOH-mediated
      effect on STAT3 activation could be regulated by phosphoinositide-3-kinase and
      Janus kinase 2. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the involvement of STAT3
      signaling in EtOH-mediated breast cancer proliferation.

PMID- 27382385
TI  - Molecular Portrait of the Normal Human Breast Tissue and Its Influence on Breast
      Carcinogenesis.
AB  - Normal human breast tissue consists of epithelial and nonepithelial cells with
      different molecular profiles and differentiation grades. This molecular
      heterogeneity is known to yield abnormal clones that may contribute to the
      development of breast carcinomas. Stem cells that are found in developing and
      mature breast tissue are either positive or negative for cytokeratin 19 depending
      on their subtype. These cells are able to generate carcinogenesis along with
      mature cells. However, scientific data remains controversial regarding the
      monoclonal or polyclonal origin of breast carcinomas. The majority of breast
      carcinomas originate from epithelial cells that normally express BRCA1. The
      consecutive loss of the BRCA1 gene leads to various abnormalities in epithelial
      cells. Normal breast epithelial cells also express hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)
      1alpha and HIF-2alpha that are associated with a high metastatic rate and a poor
      prognosis for malignant lesions. The nuclear expression of estrogen receptor (ER)
      and progesterone receptor (PR) in normal human breast tissue is maintained in
      malignant tissue as well. Several controversies regarding the ability of ER and
      PR status to predict breast cancer outcome remain. Both ER and PR act as
      modulators of cell activity in normal human breast tissue. Ki-67 positivity is
      strongly correlated with tumor grade although its specific role in applied
      therapy requires further studies. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
      oncoprotein is less expressed in normal human breast specimens but is highly
      expressed in certain malignant lesions of the breast. Unlike HER2, epidermal
      growth factor receptor expression is similar in both normal and malignant
      tissues. Molecular heterogeneity is not only found in breast carcinomas but also
      in normal breast tissue. Therefore, the molecular mapping of normal human breast
      tissue might represent a key research area to fully elucidate the mechanisms of
      breast carcinogenesis. 

PMID- 27382388
TI  - Aberrant Promoter Methylation at CpG Cytosines Induce the Upregulation of the
      E2F5 Gene in Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The promoter methylation status of cell cycle regulatory genes plays a
      crucial role in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. CpG cytosines are
      actively subjected to methylation during tumorigenesis, resulting in gain/loss of
      function. E2F5 gene has growth repressive activities; various studies suggest its
      involvement in tumorigenesis. This study aims to investigate the epigenetic
      regulation of E2F5 in breast cancer to better understand tumor biology. METHODS:
      The promoter methylation status of 50 breast tumor tissues and adjacent normal
      control tissues was analyzed. mRNA expression was determined using SYBR(r) green
      quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and methylation-specific PCR was
      performed for bisulfite-modified genomic DNA using E2F5-specific primers to
      assess promoter methylation. Data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS:
      Significant (p<0.001) upregulation was observed in E2F5 expression among tumor
      tissues, relative to the control group. These samples were hypo-methylated at the
      E2F5 promoter region in the tumor tissues, compared to the control. Change in the
      methylation status (Deltameth) was significantly lower (p=0.022) in the tumor
      samples, indicating possible involvement in tumorigenesis. Patients at the
      postmenopausal stage showed higher methylation (75%) than those at the
      premenopausal stage (23.1%). Interestingly, methylation levels gradually
      increased from the early to the advanced stages of the disease (p<0.001), which
      suggests a putative role of E2F5 methylation in disease progression that can
      significantly modulate tumor biology at more advanced stage and at postmenopausal
      age (Pearson's r=0.99 and 0.86, respectively). Among tissues with different
      histological status, methylation frequency was higher in invasive lobular
      carcinoma (80.0%), followed by invasive ductal carcinoma (46.7%) and ductal
      carcinoma in situ (20.0%). CONCLUSION: Methylation is an important epigenetic
      factor that might be involved in the upregulation of E2F5 gene in tumor tissues,
      which can be used as a prognostic marker for breast cancer.

PMID- 27382389
TI  - Hornerin Is Involved in Breast Cancer Progression.
AB  - PURPOSE: The S100 gene family, which comprises over 20 members, including S100A1,
      S100A2, S100A8, S100A9, profilaggrin, and hornerin encodes low molecular weight
      calcium-binding proteins with physiological and pathological roles in
      keratinization. Recent studies have suggested a link between S100 proteins and
      human cancer progression. The purpose of the present study was to determine the
      expression levels of hornerin, S100A8, and S100A9 and evaluate their roles in the
      progression of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). METHODS: Seventy cases of ductal
      carcinoma in situ (DCIS), IDC, and metastatic carcinoma in lymph nodes (MCN) were
      included. Tissue microarrays were constructed from lesions of DCIS, IDC, and MCN
      from the same patients. Expression of hornerin, S100A8, and S100A9 was analyzed
      using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The expression of hornerin was associated
      with the estrogen receptor-negative (p=0.003) and the human epidermal growth
      factor receptor 2-positive (p=0.002) groups. The expression of S100A8 was
      associated with a higher pT stage (p=0.017). A significant (p<0.001) correlation
      between the expression of S100A9 and S100A8 was also found. The mean percentages
      of hornerin-positive tumor cells in DCIS, IDC, and MCN were 1.0%+/-3.3% (mean+/
      standard deviation), 12.0%+/-24.0%, and 75.3%+/- 27.6%, respectively. The
      expression of hornerin significantly (p<0.001) increased with the progression of
      carcinoma. The mean levels of S100A8 and S100A9 in DCIS, IDC, and MCN were not
      significantly (p>0.050) different. The expression of hornerin increased in a
      stepwise manner (DCIS<IDC<MCN). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that hornerin is
      involved in breast cancer progression and malignant transformation from
      preinvasive lesions.

PMID- 27382390
TI  - Aberrant Expression of Breast Development-Related MicroRNAs, miR-22, miR-132, and
      miR-212, in Breast Tumor Tissues.
AB  - PURPOSE: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a major class of small endogenous RNA molecules
      that posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of most genes in the human
      genome. miRNAs are often located in chromosomal fragile sites, which are suscept
      ible to amplification or deletion. Chromosomal deletions are frequent events in
      breast cancer cells. Deletion and loss of heterozygosity at 17p13.3 have been
      reported in 49% of breast cancers. The aim of the current study was to evaluate
      potential expression alterations of miR-22, miR-132, and miR-212, which are
      located on the 17p13.3 locus and are required for mammary gland development.
      METHODS: A matched case-control study was conducted, which included 36 pairs of
      tumor and matched nontumor surgical specimens from patients diagnosed with breast
      invasive ductal carcinoma. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from archival
      collections at the pathology department of Shariati Hospital were prepared for
      RNA extraction using the xylene-ethanol method before total RNA was isolated with
      TRIzol Reagent. Specific primers were designed for cDNA synthesis and miRNA
      amplification. The expression of miRNAs was then evaluated by real-time
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: According to our RT-PCR data, the
      miR-212/miR-132 family was downregulated in breast cancer (0.328-fold, p<0.001),
      and this reduced expression was the most prominent in high-grade tumors. In
      contrast, miR-22 exhibited a significant upregulation in breast tumor samples
      (2.183-fold, p=0.040). CONCLUSION: Consistent with the frequent deletion of the
      17p13.3 locus in breast tumor cells, our gene expression data demonstrated a
      significant downregulation of miR-212 and miR-132 in breast cancer tissues. In
      contrast, we observed a significant upregulation of miR-22 in breast tumor
      samples. The latter conflicting result may have been due to the upregulation of
      miR-22 in stromal/cancer-associated fibroblasts, rather than in the tumor cells.

PMID- 27382391
TI  - High Expression of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Is Associated with Lymph
      Node Metastasis of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast.
AB  - PURPOSE: In the present study, we evaluated the levels of urokinase-type
      plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) by
      performing immunohistochemical staining to determine whether they were reliable
      prognostic markers in patients with breast cancer. METHODS: Demographic and
      clinicopathological parameters of 214 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma
      (IDC) and 80 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who were diagnosed and
      treated from 2006 to 2010 were analyzed. Tissue microarray was constructed and
      immunohistochemical staining was performed for each specimen. RESULTS: Univariate
      analyses showed that age at diagnosis, history of hormone replacement therapy,
      radiation therapy, skin and chest wall invasion, Paget disease, lymphovascular
      invasion, estrogen receptor positivity, and triple-negative subtype were
      significantly associated with patient prognosis (p<0.005). Patients with DCIS
      showed higher PAI-1 expression than patients with IDC (82.5% and 36.2%,
      respectively; p=0.012). Lymph node metastasis was more frequent in patients with
      high uPA levels than in patients with low uPA levels (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Our
      results suggested that PAI-1 was involved in tumor progression in the early
      stages of breast cancer, such as DCIS. In addition, our results suggested that
      high uPA levels were associated with the lymph node metastasis of IDC.

PMID- 27382392
TI  - Prognostically Distinctive Subgroup in Pathologic N3 Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate whether there are
      prognostically different subgroups among patients with pathologic N3 (pN3) breast
      cancer. METHODS: The records of 220 patients who underwent surgery for pN3 breast
      cancer from January 2006 to September 2012 were reviewed. All patients received
      adjuvant therapy according to standard protocols. The primary outcome was disease
      free survival (DFS). RESULTS: Patients were followed for a median time of 68.3
      months after their primary surgery (range, 10-122 months), during which time 75
      patients (34.1%) had developed disease recurrence and 48 patients (21.8%) had
      died. The DFS and overall survival were 67.8% and 86.1%, respectively, at 5
      years. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that young age (<35 years,
      p=0.009), high serum neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (>3.0) (p=0.020), high nodal
      ratio (number of metastatic lymph nodes divided by number of removed nodes)
      (>0.65) (p=0.062), and molecular phenotype (p=0.012) were significantly
      associated with tumor recurrence. Tumor biological subtype was the most
      significant predictor of recurrence. The 5-year DFS rates in patients with
      hormone receptor (HR) positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
      (HER2) negative, HR+HER2+, HR-HER2+, and triple negative subtypes were 82%, 63%,
      58%, and 37%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Clinical outcomes of patients with
      extensive nodal metastasis were heterogeneous in terms of prognosis. Tumor
      biological subtype was the most important prognostic factor for pN3 disease. The
      prognosis of patients with HR+HER2- subtype in pN3 breast cancer was similar to
      that of patients with stage II breast cancer.

PMID- 27382393
TI  - Lymph Node Ratio as a Risk Factor for Locoregional Recurrence in Breast Cancer
      Patients with 10 or More Axillary Nodes.
AB  - PURPOSE: We analyzed the association of lymph node ratio (LNR) wth locoregional
      control (LRC) in breast cancer patients with >=10 involved axillary lymph nodes
      who underwent multimodality treatment. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 234
      breast cancer patients with >=10 involved axillary lymph nodes between 2000 and
      2011. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) after
      radical surgery. The cutoff value of LNR was obtained using receiver operating
      characteristic curve analysis. The majority of patients (87.2%) received
      chemotherapeutic regimen including taxane. RT consisted of tangential fields to
      the chest wall or intact breast, delivered at a median dose of 50 Gy, and a
      single anterior port to the supraclavicular lymph node area, delivered at a
      median dose of 50 Gy. For patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery, an
      electron boost with a total dose of 9 to 15 Gy was delivered to the tumor bed.
      RESULTS: Within a median follow-up period of 73.5 months (range, 11-183 months),
      locoregional recurrence (LRR) occurred in 30 patients (12.8%) and the 5-year LRC
      rate was 88.8%. After multivariate analysis, LNR >=0.7 was the only independent
      factor significantly associated with LRC (hazard ratio, 2.06; 95% confidence
      interval, 0.99-4.29; p=0.05). CONCLUSION: An aggressive multimodal treatment
      approach showed favorable locoregional outcome in patients with >=10 involved
      axillary lymph nodes. However, patients with a high LNR >=0.7 still had an
      increased risk for LRR, even in the setting of current local treatments.

PMID- 27382394
TI  - Predictive Value of Molecular Subtyping for Locoregional Recurrence in Early
      Stage Breast Cancer with N1 without Postmastectomy Radiotherapy.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the relationship between
      molecular subtype and locoregional recurrence (LRR) in patients with early-stage
      breast cancer with 1-3 positive axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) and improve the
      individualized indications for postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). METHODS: The
      records of 701 patients with pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer who did not undergo PMRT
      were retrospectively analyzed. Tumors were subclassified as follows: luminal A,
      luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-enriched, and basal
      like subtypes. Multivariate Cox analysis was used to determine the risk of LRR
      associated with the different subtypes and to adjust for clinicopathologic
      factors. RESULTS: Luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like subtypes
      accounted for 51.2%, 28.0%, 8.1%, and 12.7% of cases, respectively. The median
      follow-up duration was 67 months (range, 9-156 months). Univariate analysis
      revealed that, compared with the luminal A subtype, the HER2-enriched and basal
      like subtypes were associated with significantly higher 5-year LRR rates (5.6%
      vs. 21.6% and vs.15.7% respectively; p=0.002 each), lower 5-year LRR-free
      survival (LRFS) rates (90.6% vs. 73.8% and 78.5%, respectively; p=0.001 each),
      and poorer 5-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) rates (93.7% vs. 82.2%
      [p=0.002] and 84.9% [p=0.001], respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that
      the HER2-enriched and basal-like subtypes, age <=35 years, a medial tumor, and
      pT2 stage were poor prognostic factors for LRR and LRFS; furthermore, 2 to 3
      positive ALNs represented an independent prognostic factor affecting LRR. The 10
      year LRR rates of patients with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 risk factors were 1.0%, 6.9%,
      14.3%, 30.4%, and 54.3%, respectively (p<0.001); the 10-year BCSS rates were
      86.6%, 88.5%, 84.4%, 79.7%, and 38.8%, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION:
      Molecular subtyping allows for individualized evaluation of LRR risk in patients
      with pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer. PMRT should be recommended for patients with >=3
      LRR risk factors.

PMID- 27382395
TI  - Predictors of Recurrent Ductal Carcinoma In Situ after Breast-Conserving Surgery.
AB  - PURPOSE: Local recurrence is a major concern in patients who have undergone
      surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The present study assessed whether
      the expression levels of hormone receptors, human epidermal growth factor
      receptor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67, as well as resection margin status, tumor grade,
      age at diagnosis, and adjuvant hormonal therapy and radiotherapy (RT) are
      associated with recurrence in women with DCIS. METHODS: In total, 111 patients
      with DCIS were included in the present study. The invasive and noninvasive
      recurrence events were recorded. The clinicopathological features; resection
      margins; administration of hormonal therapy and RT; expression statuses of
      estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2; Ki-67 expression;
      and molecular subtypes were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was performed
      to examine the risk factors for recurrence. RESULTS: Recurrence was noted in 27
      of 111 cases (24.3%). Involvement of resection margins, low tumor grade, high Ki
      67 expression, and RT were independently associated with an increase in the
      recurrence rate (p<0.05, Pearson chi-square test). The recurrence rate was not
      significantly associated with patient age; ER, PR, and HER2 statuses; molecular
      subtype; and hormonal therapy. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study
      suggested that the involvement of resection margins, low tumor grade, high Ki-67
      index, and the absence of adjuvant RT were independently associated with
      increased recurrence in patients with DCIS. Future studies should be conducted in
      a larger cohort of patients to further improve the identification of patients at
      high-risk for DCIS recurrence.

PMID- 27382396
TI  - Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Internal Mammary Lymph Node
      Status in Breast Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      features of malignant internal mammary lymph nodes (IMLNs) and benign IMLNs in
      breast cancer patients. METHODS: From 2009 to 2014, the records of 85 patients
      with IMLNs were archived using MRI report data; 26 patients with small size (long
      axis diameter <5 mm) nodes were subsequently excluded. The current study
      evaluated internal mammary lymph nodes in 59 patients who underwent breast MRI
      for breast cancer staging and for posttherapy follow-up. All MRI findings were
      retrospectively evaluated. Malignancy was determined based on pathologic
      examination and positron emission tomography computed tomography findings.
      Independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square tests, and receiver
      operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis were used. RESULTS: Among MRI
      features, there were statistically significant differences between benign and
      malignant IMLN groups, in short axis length (3.6+/-1.3 vs. 8.2+/-2.9 mm,
      respectively), long axis length (8.1+/-2.4 vs. 14.5+/-4.8 mm, respectively),
      short/long axis ratio (0.45+/-0.10 vs. 0.59+/-0.17, respectively), absent fatty
      hilum (mean, 0% vs. 95%, respectively), and restricted diffusion (15.8% vs.
      85.0%, respectively) (p<0.050). Multiplicity and location of intercostal spaces
      was not different between the two groups. Short axis length was the most
      discriminative variable for predicting metastatic nodes (area under the ROC
      curve, 0.951; threshold, 4 mm; sensitivity, 92.5%; specificity, 84.2%).
      CONCLUSION: Conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI are helpful to detect
      metastasis of internal mammary lymph nodes in breast cancer.

PMID- 27382397
TI  - Features of Pure Lobular Carcinoma In Situ on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
      Associated with Immediate Re-Excision after Lumpectomy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate imaging features of pure lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) on
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients who underwent immediate re-excision
      after lumpectomy. METHODS: Twenty-six patients (46.1+/-6.7 years) with 28 pure
      LCIS lesions, who underwent preoperative MRI and received curative surgery at our
      institution between 2005 and 2013, were included in this study. Clinicopathologic
      features associated with immediate re-excision were reviewed and analyzed using
      Fisher exact test or the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Of the 28 lesions,
      21.4% (6/28, six patients) were subjected to immediate re-excision due to
      resection margin involvement by LCIS. Nonmass lesions and moderate-to-marked
      background parenchymal enhancement on MRI were more frequently found in the re
      excision group than in the single operation group (100% [6/6] vs. 40.9% [9/22],
      p=0.018; 83.3% [5/6] vs. 31.8% [7/22], p=0.057, respectively). The median lesion
      size discrepancy observed between magnetic resonance images and histopathology
      was greater in the re-excision group than in the single operation group (-0.82
      vs. 0.13, p=0.018). There were no differences in the mammographic or
      histopathologic findings between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Nonmass LCIS lesions
      or moderate-to-marked background parenchymal enhancements on MRI can result in an
      underestimation of the extent of the lesions and are associated with subsequent
      re-excision due to resection margin involvement.

PMID- 27382398
TI  - Mu-Opioid Receptor Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer in a Korean Female Adult
      Population: A Retrospective Study.
AB  - Distribution of A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the mu-opioid
      receptor 1 gene (OPRM1) differs with ethnicity. We assessed the distribution of
      this SNP in Korean women with breast cancer and compared it with that in women of
      other ethnicities with breast cancer. Distribution of SNP genotypes was as
      follows: 49.8% for AG genotype, 40.6% for AA genotype, and 9.6% for GG genotype.
      Logistic regression analysis showed a negative association between the presence
      of the G allele at position 118 of OPRM1 and breast cancer in the studied
      population (odds ratios [OR], 0.635; p=0.002). However, the AG and GG genotypes
      were not associated with breast cancer in the studied population (OR, 0.719;
      p=0.130). The proportions of the AG and GG genotypes of the OPRM1 SNP were higher
      in Korean women with breast cancer than in those of other ethnicities. 

PMID- 27382399
TI  - An Innovative Ultrasound Technique for Evaluation of Tumor Vascularity in Breast
      Cancers: Superb Micro-Vascular Imaging.
AB  - Tumor vascularity is an important indicator for differential diagnosis, tumor
      growth, and prognosis. Superb micro-vascular imaging (SMI) is an innovative
      ultrasound technique for vascular examination that uses a multidimensional filter
      to eliminate clutter and preserve extremely low-velocity flows. Theoretically,
      SMI could depict more vessels and more detailed vascular morphology, due to the
      increased sensitivity of slow blood flow. Here, we report the early experience of
      using SMI in 21 breast cancer patients. We evaluated tumor vascular features in
      breast cancer and compared SMI and conventional color or power Doppler imaging.
      SMI was superior to color or power Doppler imaging in detecting tumor vessels,
      the details of vessel morphology, and both peripheral and central vascular
      distribution. In conclusion, SMI is a promising ultrasound technique for
      evaluating microvascular information of breast cancers. 

PMID- 27382400
TI  - Eribulin Mesylate Combined with Local Treatment for Brain Metastasis from Breast
      Cancer: Two Case Reports.
AB  - The prognosis associated with brain metastasis arising from breast cancer is very
      poor. Eribulin is a microtubule dynamic inhibitor synthesized from halichondrin
      B, a natural marine product. In a phase III study (EMBRACE), eribulin improved
      overall survival in patients with heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancers.
      However, these studies included few patients with brain metastases. Metastatic
      brain tumors (MBT) were detected during first-line palliative chemotherapy in a
      43-year-old woman with breast cancer metastasis to the lung and mediastinal
      nodes; the genetic subtype was luminal B-like human epidermal growth factor
      receptor 2 (HER2)-negative. Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) followed by eribulin
      treatment continuously decreased the size, and induced regression, of the MBT
      with systemic disease stability for 12 months. Another 48-year-old woman with
      metastatic breast cancer (HER2+ subtype) presented with MBT. Following surgical
      resection of the tumor, eribulin with concurrent WBRT showed regression of the
      MBT without systemic progression for 18 months. 

PMID- 27382401
TI  - Experience with Bilateral Risk-Reducing Mastectomy for an Unaffected BRCA
      Mutation Carrier.
AB  - Women with BRCA1/2 mutations have a high risk of breast cancer and may opt for
      risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM). We report a 38-year-old Japanese woman who was
      diagnosed as a BRCA2 mutation carrier. She underwent prophylactic bilateral skin
      sparing mastectomy (SSM) with excision of the nipple and preservation of the
      areola skin. It is unclear whether a bilateral RRM leads to better survival
      compared with intensive surveillance. The oncological risk associated with the
      presence of remnant breast glandular tissue after SSM or nipple-sparing
      mastectomy has been obscure. We report the first case of RRM for a Japanese BRCA
      mutation carrier and provide a literature review on risk management for BRCA
      mutation carriers with a focus on the concepts and procedures of RRM. 

PMID- 27382402
TI  - Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the New Ganghwaljetongyeum on
      Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Arthritis in Rats.
AB  - Ganghwaljetongyeum (GHJTY) has been used as a standard treatment for arthritis
      for approximately 15 years at the Korean Medicine Hospital of Dongshin
      University. GHJTY is composed of 18 medicinal herbs, of which five primary herbs
      were selected and named new Ganghwaljetongyeum (N-GHJTY). The purpose of the
      present study was to observe the effect of N-GHJTY on arthritis and to determine
      its mechanism of action. After confirming arthritis induction using complete
      Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in rats, N-GHJTY (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg/day) was
      administered once a day for 10 days. In order to determine pathological changes,
      edema of the paws and weight were measured before and for 10 days after N-GHJTY
      administration. Cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) levels and
      histopathological lesions in the knee joint were also examined. Edema in the paw
      and knee joint of N-GHJTY-treated rats was significantly decreased at 6, 8, and
      10 days after administration, compared to that in the CFA-control group, while
      weight consistently increased. Rats in N-GHJTY-treated groups also recovered from
      the CFA-induced pathological changes and showed a significant decline in cytokine
      levels. Taken together, our results showed that N-GHJTY administration was
      effective in inhibiting CFA-induced arthritis via anti-inflammatory effects while
      promoting cartilage recovery by controlling cytokine levels. 

PMID- 27382403
TI  - Comparison of the Effect of Velvet Antler from Different Sections on Longitudinal
      Bone Growth of Adolescent Rats.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of velvet antler (VA) from
      different sections for promoting longitudinal bone growth in growing rats. VA was
      divided into upper (VAU), middle (VAM), and basal sections (VAB). An in vivo
      study was performed to examine the effect on longitudinal bone growth in
      adolescent rats. In addition, in vitro osteogenic activities were examined using
      osteoblastic MG-63 cells. VA promoted longitudinal bone growth and height of the
      growth plate in adolescent rats. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in growth
      plate of VA group was highly expressed compared with control. The anabolic effect
      of VA on bone was further supported by in vitro study. VA enhanced the
      proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of MG-63 cells. The mRNA
      expressions of osteogenic genes such as collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and
      osteocalcin were increased by VA treatment. These effects of in vivo and in vitro
      study were decreased from upper to basal sections of VA. In conclusion, VA
      treatment promotes longitudinal bone growth in growing rats through enhanced BMP
      2 expression, osteogenic activities, and bone matrix gene expressions. In
      addition, present study provides evidence for the regional differences in the
      effectiveness of velvet antler for longitudinal bone growth. 

PMID- 27382404
TI  - The Effect of Seoritae Extract in Men with Mild to Moderate Lower Urinary Tract
      Symptoms Suggestive of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.
AB  - We evaluated the effects of Seoritae extract (SE) on mild to moderate lower
      urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
      Seventy-six subjects with mild to moderate LUTS suggestive of BPH were
      prospectively recruited from the urology outpatient clinic and assigned to either
      SE (4200 mg or 6 tablets 3 times a day) or matching placebo. The primary outcome
      variable, the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS), was evaluated at
      baseline and at 4 and 12 weeks. Postvoid residual volume (PVR), maximum urine
      flow rate (Q max), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were evaluated.
      IPSSs decreased significantly from baseline to 12 weeks within the SE group.
      Significant improvements in IPSS voiding scores at 4 and 12 weeks were also
      observed in the SE group compared to the placebo group. IPSS storage and quality
      of life scores were also significantly decreased at 12 weeks in the SE group.
      There was no change in Q max or PVR in both groups after 12 weeks. Administration
      of SE for 12 weeks led to significant improvements in LUTS, and it can be
      concerned as a reasonable and safe alternative for men with mild to moderate
      LUTS. 

PMID- 27382405
TI  - A Meta-Analysis of Arsenic Trioxide Combined with Transcatheter Arterial
      Chemoembolization for Treatment of Primary Hepatic Carcinoma.
AB  - Primary hepatic carcinoma (PHC) is one of the most common malignant tumours in
      the world. More and more research has shown that As2O3 combined with TACE has a
      good curative effect in treating PHC. The objectives of this study were to
      evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of As2O3 combined with TACE in
      treating PHC. The CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, and Cochrane databases were
      searched from their inception until December 2015. Randomized controlled trials
      (RCTs) comparing As2O3 combined with TACE versus TACE alone in treating PHC were
      identified. Stata SE 12.0 was used for data analysis. 17 RCTs with 1055 patients
      were included. Meta-analysis showed that, compared with TACE alone, As2O3
      combined with TACE showed significant effects in improving the clinical efficacy
      rate (P < 0.01), decreasing the value of alpha-fetoprotein (P < 0.01), increasing
      the one-year survival rate (P < 0.01), and improving the quality of life of PHC
      patients (P < 0.01). Fifteen studies had mentioned adverse events, but no serious
      adverse effects were reported in any of the included trials. In conclusion, As2O3
      combined with TACE therapy appears to be potentially effective in treating PHC
      and is generally safe. However, further studies with rigorous designs trials and
      multiregional cooperation trials are needed. 

PMID- 27382406
TI  - Miniscalpel-Needle Treatment Is Effective for Work-Related Neck and Shoulder
      Musculoskeletal Disorders.
AB  - Background. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a group of painful
      disorders of muscles, tendons, and nerves, such as neck and shoulder MSD. This
      study was designed to use miniscalpel-needle (MSN) technique as an intervention
      for work-related MSDs. Methods. Thirty-one patients with work-related MSDs and 28
      healthy subjects were enrolled as controls in this study. The MSD symptoms of
      each patient were assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) and neck disability index
      (NDI). Blood samples were collected from control subjects and MSD patients before
      and after treatment. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis
      factor (TNF) were measured using ELISA. Results. Prior to MSN treatment, serum
      levels of CRP and TNF were significantly higher in the MSD patients than the
      healthy controls. Serum CRP levels correlated with VAS and NDI scores, and serum
      TNF levels correlated with NDI scores. Compared to pretreatment, VAS and NDI
      scores were significantly lower in MSD patients after MSN treatment, while serum
      CRP and TNF levels were significantly lower compared with the healthy control
      levels. Conclusions. Our results indicate that MSN may be an effective
      intervention for work-related MSDs and be associated with lower serum levels of
      inflammatory biomarkers. 

PMID- 27382407
TI  - Pleural fluid metastases of myoepithelial carcinoma: A case report and review of
      the literature.
AB  - Myoepithelial carcinoma (MECA) is one of the rarest salivary gland neoplasms,
      which may either arise de novo or develop within a preexisting pleomorphic
      adenoma or benign myoepithelioma. The tumor occurs mainly in the parotid gland
      followed by minor salivary glands and other body sites. As a result of their
      morphologic heterogeneity, they can be confused easily with many tumors.
      Awareness of their unique cytoarchitectural patterns and immunohistochemical
      profile is crucial for accurate identification. Herein, we report a rare case of
      a 51-year-old female patient with MECA of the maxillary sinus that metastasized
      to the pleural fluid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of
      pleural fluid involvement by MECA reported in the literature. 

PMID- 27382408
TI  - Unsatisfactory rate in liquid-based cervical samples as compared to conventional
      smears: A study from tertiary care hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Developed countries adopted liquid-based cytology (LBC) cervical
      cytology, partly because of its lower proportions of unsatisfactory
      (U/S)/inadequate samples. This study was carried out to evaluate effect on the
      rate of U/S samples after introduction of LBC in our laboratory. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: An audit of U/S cervical samples was performed, which included split
      samples (n = 1000), only conventional Pap smear (CPS) smears (n = 1000), and only
      LBC samples (n = 1000). The smears were reviewed by two observers independently,
      and adequacy for the samples was assessed as per The Bethesda System 2001. The
      reasons for U/S rate in split samples were categorized into various cytologic
      and/or technical reasons. RESULTS: U/S rate was far less in only LBC samples
      (1.2%) as compared to only CPS (10.5%) cases. Cases in the satisfactory but
      limited category were also less in only LBC (0.4%) as compared to only CPS (3.2%)
      samples. The main reasons for U/S smears in split samples were low cell count
      (37.2% in CPS; 58.8% in LBC). The second main reason was low cellularity with
      excess blood and only excess blood in CPS samples. CONCLUSION: There was a
      significant reduction of U/S rate in LBC samples as compared to CPS samples, and
      the difference was statistically significant. The main cause of U/S samples in
      LBC was low cellularity indicating a technical fault in sample collection. The
      main cause of U/S rate in CPS was low cellularity followed by low cellularity
      with excess blood. Adequate training of sample takers and cytologists for the
      precise cell count to determine adequacy in smears can be of great help in
      reducing U/S rate.

PMID- 27382409
TI  - Recombinant human growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 do not affect
      mitochondrial derived highly reactive oxygen species production in peripheral
      blood mononuclear cells under conditions of substrate saturation in-vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mitochondrial
      effects exerted by physiological and supra-physiological concentrations of
      recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) and recombinant insulin-like growth
      factor-1 (rIGF-1) under conditions of substrate saturation in peripheral blood
      mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS: PBMCs from healthy male subjects were treated
      with either rhGH, at concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50 MUg/L, or rIGF-1 at
      concentrations of 100, 300 and 500 MUg/L for 4 h. Mitochondrial membrane
      potential (Deltapsim) and mitochondrial levels of highly reactive oxygen species
      (hROS) were subsequently analysed. This analysis was performed by flow cytometry
      in digitonin permeabilized cells, following treatment with saturating
      concentrations of various respiratory substrate combinations and the use of
      specific electron transport chain (ETC.) complex inhibitors, enabling control
      over both the sites of electron entry into the ETC. at complexes I and II and the
      entry of electrons from reduced carriers involved in beta-oxidation at the level
      of ubiquinol. RESULTS: Neither rhGH nor rIGF-1 exerted any significant effect on
      Deltapsim or the rate of hROS production in either lymphocyte or monocyte sub
      populations under any of the respiratory conditions analysed. CONCLUSION: That
      neither hormone was capable of attenuating levels of oxidative stress mediated
      via either complex I linked respiration or lipid-derived respiration could have
      serious health implications for the use of rhGH in healthy individuals, which is
      frequently associated with significant increases in the bioavailability of free
      fatty acids (FFA). Such elevated supplies of lipid-derived substrates to the
      mitochondria could lead to oxidative damage which would negatively impact
      mitochondrial function.

PMID- 27382410
TI  - Relapses of primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in a female
      immunocompetent patient with persistent chlamydophila pneumoniae and human
      herpesvirus 8 infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We have previously reported the case of an immunocompetent female
      patient with a primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (PCALCL)
      located on her upper right eyelid characterized by the presence of a concurrent
      active infection by C. pneumoniae and Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). This finding
      suggested for the first time a possible association of C. pneumoniae and/or HHV8
      infection, or both together, with PCALCL pathogenesis in non-immunocompromised
      and HIV-negative subjects. The subsequent course of the same patient's medical
      history is herein reported. FINDINGS: During the 4 years following the surgical
      excision of the first PCALCL, the patient developed five further skin lesions
      located at different anatomical sites, all histologically proven as PCALCLs. The
      patient underwent several cycles of doxycycline as prophylaxis against Chlamydia.
      Skin presence of Chlamydia spp and HHV8 was investigated in all recurrences as
      well as in routine control blood samples. Amplification fragments corresponding
      to Chlamydia were found in all skin tissues analysed except one (4/5; 80 %),
      whereas it was not detected in any of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell
      samples. Conversely, HHV8 was detected in 2/5 (40 %) of the skin biopsies,
      including the sample negative for Chlamydia, but in all the blood samples
      analysed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings further support the hypothesis of a
      potential role of C. pneumoniae and HHV8 infection in the development and course
      of the described cutaneous lymphoma. A reciprocally promoting interaction between
      the two pathogens may be supposed to be relevant for PCALC occurrence and
      relapse.

PMID- 27382411
TI  - Synthesis and fungicidal activity of pyrazole derivatives containing 1,2,3,4
      tetrahydroquinoline.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Take-all of wheat, caused by the soil-borne fungus Gaeumannomyces
      graminis var. tritici, is one of the most important and widespread root diseases.
      Given that take-all is still hard to control, it is necessary to develop new
      effective agrochemicals. Pyrazole derivatives have been often reported for their
      favorable bioactivities. In order to discover compounds with high fungicidal
      activity and simple structures, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, a biologically
      active group of natural products, was introduced to pyrazole structure. A series
      of pyrazole derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline were synthesized,
      and their fungicidal activities were evaluated. RESULTS: The bioassay results
      demonstrated that the title compounds displayed obvious fungicidal activities at
      a concentration of 50 MUg/mL, especially against V. mali, S. sclerotiorum and G.
      graminis var. tritici. The inhibition rates of compounds 10d, 10e, 10h, 10i and
      10j against G. graminis var. tritici were all above 90 %. Even at a lower
      concentration of 16.7 MUg/mL, compounds 10d and 10e exhibited satisfied
      activities of 100 % and 94.0 %, respectively. It is comparable to that of the
      positive control pyraclostrobin with 100 % inhibition rate. CONCLUSION: A series
      of pyrazole derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline were synthesized
      and their structures were confirmed by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, IR spectrum and HRMS
      or elemental analysis. The crystal structure of compound 10g was confirmed by X
      ray diffraction. Bioassay results indicated that all title compounds exhibited
      obvious fungicidal activities. In particular, compounds 10d and 10e showed
      comparable activities against G. graminis var. tritici with the commercial
      fungicide pyraclostrobin at the concentration of 16.7 MUg/mL.Graphical abstractA
      series of pyrazole derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline were
      designed and synthesized. Bioassay results indicated that all these compounds
      exhibited obvious fungicidal activities.

PMID- 27382412
TI  - Inter-rater reliability and acceptance of the structured diagnostic interview for
      regulatory problems in infancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Regulatory problems such as excessive crying, sleeping-and feeding
      difficulties in infancy are some of the earliest precursors of later mental
      health difficulties emerging throughout the lifespan. In the present study, the
      inter-rater reliability and acceptance of a structured computer-assisted
      diagnostic interview for regulatory problems (Baby-DIPS) was investigated.
      METHODS: Using a community sample, 132 mothers of infants aged between 3 and 18
      months (mean age = 10 months) were interviewed with the Baby-DIPS regarding
      current and former (combined = lifetime) regulatory problems. Severity of the
      symptoms was also rated. The interviews were conducted face-to-face at a
      psychology department at the university (51.5 %), the mother's home (23.5 %), or
      via telephone (25.0 %). Inter-rater reliability was assessed with Cohen's kappa
      (k). A sample of 48 mothers and their interviewers filled in acceptance
      questionnaires after the interview. RESULTS: Good to excellent inter-rater
      reliability on the levels of current and lifetime regulatory problems (k = 0.77
      0.98) were found. High inter-rater agreement was also found for ratings of
      severity (ICC = 0.86-0.97). Participants and interviewers' overall acceptance
      ratings of the computer-assisted interview were favourable. Acceptance scores did
      not differ between interviews that revealed one or more clinically relevant
      regulatory problem(s) compared to those that revealed no regulatory problems.
      CONCLUSIONS: The Baby-DIPS was found to be a reliable instrument for the
      assessment of current and lifetime problems in crying and sleeping behaviours.
      The computer-assisted version of the Baby-DIPS was well accepted by interviewers
      and mothers. The Baby-DIPS appears to be well-suited for research and clinical
      use to identify infant regulatory problems.

PMID- 27382413
TI  - Transcriptome profiling of Camelina sativa to identify genes involved in
      triacylglycerol biosynthesis and accumulation in the developing seeds.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Camelina sativa is an emerging dedicated oilseed crop designed for
      biofuel and biodiesel applications as well as a source for edible and general
      purpose oils. Such valuable oilseed crop is subjected to plant breeding programs
      and is suggested for large-scale production of better seed and oil quality. To
      accomplish this objective and to further enhance its oil content, a better
      understanding of lipid metabolism at the molecular level in this plant is
      critical. Here, we applied tissue transcriptomics and lipid composition analysis
      to identify and profile the genes and gene networks associated with
      triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, and to investigate how those genes are
      interacting to determine the quantity and quality of Camelina oil during seed
      development. RESULTS: Our Camelina transcriptome data analysis revealed an
      approximate of 57,854 and 57,973 genes actively expressing in developing seeds
      (RPKM >= 0.1) at 10-15 (Cs-14) and 16-21 (Cs-21) days after flowering (DAF),
      respectively. Of these, 7932 genes showed temporal and differential gene
      expression during the seed development (log2 fold change >=1.5 or <=-1.5; P <=
      0.05). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated and were found to
      be involved in distinct functional categories and metabolic pathways.
      Furthermore, performing quantitative real-time PCR for selected candidate genes
      associated with TAG biosynthesis validated RNA-seq data. Our results showed
      strong positive correlations between the expression abundance measured using both
      qPCR and RNA-Seq technologies. Furthermore, the analysis of fatty-acid content
      and composition revealed major changes throughout seed development, with the
      amount of oil accumulate rapidly at early mid seed development stages (from 16-28
      DAF onwards), while no important changes were observed in the fatty-acid profile
      between seeds at 28 DAF and mature seeds. CONCLUSIONS: This study is highly
      useful for understanding the regulation of TAG biosynthesis and identifying the
      rate-limiting steps in TAG pathways at seed development stages, providing a
      precise selection of candidate genes for developing Camelina varieties with
      improved seed and oil yields.

PMID- 27382414
TI  - Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for
      co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), integrating cellulase production,
      cellulose saccharification, and fermentation into one step has been widely
      considered as the ultimate low-cost configuration for producing second-generation
      fuel ethanol. However, the requirement of a microbial strain able to hydrolyze
      cellulosic biomass and convert the resulting sugars into high-titer ethanol
      limits CBP application. RESULTS: In this work, cellulolytic yeasts were developed
      by engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a heterologous cellodextrin
      utilization pathway and bifunctional minicellulosomes. The cell-displayed
      minicellulosome was two-scaffoldin derived, and contained an endoglucanase and an
      exoglucanase, while the intracellular cellodextrin pathway consisted of a
      cellodextrin transporter and a beta-glucosidase, which mimicked the unique
      cellulose-utilization system in Clostridium thermocellum and allowed S.
      cerevisiae to degrade and use cellulose without glucose inhibition/repression on
      cellulases and mixed-sugar uptake. Consequently, only a small inoculation of the
      non-induced yeast cells was required to efficiently co-convert both cellulose and
      galactose to ethanol in a single-step co-fermentation process, achieving a high
      specific productivity of ~62.61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell.h from carboxymethyl
      cellulose and ~56.37 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell.h from phosphoric acid-swollen
      cellulose. CONCLUSIONS: Our work provides a versatile engineering strategy for co
      conversion of cellulose-mixed sugars to ethanol by S. cerevisiae, and the
      achievements in this work may further promote cellulosic biofuel production.

PMID- 27382415
TI  - Discovery of new cellulases from the metagenome by a metagenomics-guided
      strategy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Energy shortage has become a global problem. Production of biofuels
      from renewable biomass resources is an inevitable trend of sustainable
      development. Cellulose is the most abundant and renewable resource in nature.
      Lack of new cellulases with unique properties has become the bottleneck of the
      efficient utilization of cellulose. Environmental metagenomes are regarded as
      huge reservoirs for a variety of cellulases. However, new cellulases cannot be
      obtained easily by functional screening of metagenomic libraries. RESULTS: In
      this work, a metagenomics-guided strategy for obtaining new cellulases from the
      metagenome was proposed. Metagenomic sequences of DNA extracted from the
      anaerobic beer lees converting consortium enriched at thermophilic conditions
      were assembled, and 23 glycoside hydrolase (GH) sequences affiliated with the GH
      family 5 were identified. Among the 23 GH sequences, three target sequences
      (designated as cel7482, cel3623 and cel36) showing low identity with those known
      GHs were chosen as the putative cellulase genes to be functionally expressed in
      Escherichia coli after PCR cloning. The three cellulases were classified into
      endo-beta-1,4-glucanases by product pattern analysis. The recombinant cellulases
      were more active at pH 5.5 and within a temperature range of 60-70  degrees C.
      Computer-assisted 3D structure modeling indicated that the active residues in the
      active site of the recombinant cellulases were more similar to each other
      compared with non-active site residues. The recombinant cel7482 was extremely
      tolerant to 2 M NaCl, suggesting that cel7482 may be a halotolerant cellulase.
      Moreover, the recombinant cel7482 was shown to have an ability to resist three
      ionic liquids (ILs), which are widely used for cellulose pretreatment.
      Furthermore, active cel7482 was secreted by the twin-arginine translocation (Tat)
      pathway of Bacillus subtilis 168 into the culture medium, which facilitates the
      subsequent purification and reduces the formation of inclusion body in the
      context of overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a simple and
      efficient method for direct cloning of new cellulase genes from environmental
      metagenomes. In the future, the metagenomics-guided strategy may be applied to
      the high-throughput screening of new cellulases from environmental metagenomes.

PMID- 27382416
TI  - Erratum to: Familial chromosomal translocation X; 22 associated with infertility
      and recurrent X mosaicism.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0249-5.]. 

PMID- 27382417
TI  - Comparing structural fingerprints using a literature-based similarity benchmark.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The concept of molecular similarity is one of the central ideas in
      cheminformatics, despite the fact that it is ill-defined and rather difficult to
      assess objectively. Here we propose a practical definition of molecular
      similarity in the context of drug discovery: molecules A and B are similar if a
      medicinal chemist would be likely to synthesise and test them around the same
      time as part of the same medicinal chemistry program. The attraction of such a
      definition is that it matches one of the key uses of similarity measures in early
      stage drug discovery. If we make the assumption that molecules in the same
      compound activity table in a medicinal chemistry paper were considered similar by
      the authors of the paper, we can create a dataset of similar molecules from the
      medicinal chemistry literature. Furthermore, molecules with decreasing levels of
      similarity to a reference can be found by either ordering molecules in an
      activity table by their activity, or by considering activity tables in different
      papers which have at least one molecule in common. RESULTS: Using this procedure
      with activity data from ChEMBL, we have created two benchmark datasets for
      structural similarity that can be used to guide the development of improved
      measures. Compared to similar results from a virtual screen, these benchmarks are
      an order of magnitude more sensitive to differences between fingerprints both
      because of their size and because they avoid loss of statistical power due to the
      use of mean scores or ranks. We measure the performance of 28 different
      fingerprints on the benchmark sets and compare the results to those from the
      Riniker and Landrum (J Cheminf 5:26, 2013. doi:10.1186/1758-2946-5-26) ligand
      based virtual screening benchmark. CONCLUSIONS: Extended-connectivity
      fingerprints of diameter 4 and 6 are among the best performing fingerprints when
      ranking diverse structures by similarity, as is the topological torsion
      fingerprint. However, when ranking very close analogues, the atom pair
      fingerprint outperforms the others tested. When ranking diverse structures or
      carrying out a virtual screen, we find that the performance of the ECFP
      fingerprints significantly improves if the bit-vector length is increased from
      1024 to 16,384.Graphical abstractAn example series from one of the benchmark
      datasets. Each fingerprint is assessed on its ability to reproduce a specific
      series order.

PMID- 27382418
TI  - Evaluation of STAT medication ordering process in a community hospital.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In most health care facilities, problems related to delays in STAT
      medication order processing time are of common concern. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of
      this study was to evaluate processing time for STAT orders at Kimball Medical
      Center. METHODS: All STAT orders were reviewed to determine processing time;
      order processing time was also stratified by physician order entry (physician
      entered (PE) orders vs. non-physician entered (NPE) orders). Collected data
      included medication ordered, indication, time ordered, time verified by
      pharmacist, time sent from pharmacy, and time charted as given to the patient.
      RESULTS: A total of 502 STAT orders were reviewed and 389 orders were included
      for analysis. Overall, median time was 29 minutes, IQR 16-63; p<0.0001.). The
      time needed to process NPE orders was significantly less than that needed for PE
      orders (median 27 vs. 34 minutes; p=0.026). In terms of NPE orders, the median
      total time required to process STAT orders for medications available in the
      Automated Dispensing Devices (ADM) was within 30 minutes, while that required to
      process orders for medications not available in the ADM was significantly greater
      than 30 minutes. For PE orders, the median total time required to process orders
      for medications available in the ADM (i.e., not requiring pharmacy involvement)
      was significantly greater than 30 minutes. [Median time = 34 minutes (p<0.001)].
      CONCLUSION: We conclude that STAT order processing time may be improved by
      increasing the availability of medications in ADM, and pharmacy involvement in
      the verification process.

PMID- 27382419
TI  - Role of the pharmacist in parenteral nutrition therapy: challenges and
      opportunities to implement pharmaceutical care in Kuwait.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pharmacists can provide beneficial pharmaceutical care services to
      patients receiving Parenteral Nutrition (PN) therapy by working within Nutrition
      Support Teams (NSTs). OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to explore pharmacists'
      role in PN therapy in hospitals of Kuwait, sources of PN-related information,
      opinions on NSTs, perceptions about the barriers to pharmaceutical care
      implementation and views on how to enhance their practices. METHODS: Data were
      collected via face-to-face semi-structured interviews with the senior Total
      Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) pharmacists at all the hospitals which provide TPN
      preparation services (six governmental hospitals and one private hospital) in
      Kuwait. Descriptive statistics were used to describe pharmacists' demographic
      details and practice site characteristics. The interviews were audio-recorded,
      transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: The
      pharmacists mainly performed technical tasks such as TPN compounding with minimal
      role in providing direct patient care. They used multiple different sources of
      TPN-related information to guide their practice. They reported positive and
      negative experiences with physicians depending on their practice environment.
      None of the hospitals had a functional NST. However, pharmacists expressed
      preference to work within NSTs due to the potential benefits of enhanced
      communication and knowledge exchange among practitioners and to improve service.
      Pharmacists perceived several barriers to providing pharmaceutical care including
      lack of reliable sources of TPN-related information, lack of a standard operating
      procedure for TPN across hospitals, insufficient staff, time constraints and poor
      communication between TPN pharmacists. To overcome these barriers, they
      recommended fostering pharmacists' education on TPN, establishing national
      standards for TPN practices, provision of pharmacy staff, development of NSTs,
      enhancing TPN pharmacists' communication and conducting TPN-research research.
      CONCLUSION: TPN pharmacists in Kuwait are confined to performing TPN
      manufacturing processes. There are promising avenues for future development of
      their role in patient care. This can be achieved by overcoming the barriers to
      pharmaceutical care practice and providing pharmacists with educational
      opportunities to equip them with the clinical competencies needed to practise as
      nutrition support pharmacists with patient-centred roles.

PMID- 27382420
TI  - Immunosuppressive serum levels in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation: pharmaceutical care contribution.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are limited by a narrow therapeutic
      window. Maintaining immunosuppressive drugs at desired levels may be difficult.
      Pharmaceutical care emerges as a philosophy of practice that enhances medication
      use and leads to a better control of serum concentration. OBJECTIVE: This study
      aims to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care in the maintaining of proper
      serum levels of immunosuppressive medications in patients who have undergone allo
      HSCT. METHODS: The study had a quasi-experimental design that included a
      comparison group. The service model used was pharmacotherapy follow-up, according
      to an adaptation of the Dader method. The pharmacist consultation was carried out
      at a day-hospital or at the outpatient hematology clinic as needed. The
      intervention group consisted of 22 patients seen by a clinical pharmacist. The
      control group consisted of 44 patients that received standard care. This study
      aims to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical care on keeping patient serum
      levels of cyclosporine and tacrolimus within the desired range. RESULTS: Control
      group displayed 65% of the proper serum levels of immunosuppressive agents. While
      In intervention group, the figure was 82% (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The role of
      the pharmacist in the multidisciplinary team may contribute to a greater success
      in attaining the patients' therapeutic targets with regard to the use of
      immunosuppressant.

PMID- 27382421
TI  - Redesigning pictographs for patients with low health literacy and establishing
      preliminary steps for delivery via smart phones.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pictographs (or pictograms) have been widely utilized to convey
      medication related messages and to address nonadherence among patients with low
      health literacy. Yet, patients do not always interpret the intended messages on
      commonly used pictographs correctly and there are questions how they may be
      delivered on mobile devices. OBJECTIVE: Our objectives are to refine a set of
      pictographs to use as medication reminders and to establish preliminary steps for
      delivery via smart phones. METHODS: Card sorting was used to identify existing
      pictographs that focus group members found "not easy" to understand. Participants
      then explored improvements to these pictographs while iterations were sketched in
      real-time by a graphic artist. Feedback was also solicited on how selected
      pictographs might be delivered via smart phones in a sequential reminder message.
      The study was conducted at a community learning center that provides literacy
      services to underserved populations in Seattle, WA. Participants aged 18 years
      and older who met the criteria for low health literacy using S-TOFHLA were
      recruited. RESULTS: Among the 45 participants screened for health literacy, 29
      were eligible and consented to participate. Across four focus group sessions,
      participants examined 91 commonly used pictographs, 20 of these were ultimately
      refined to improve comprehensibility using participatory design approaches. All
      participants in the fifth focus group owned and used cell phones and provided
      feedback on preferred sequencing of pictographs to represent medication messages.
      CONCLUSION: Low literacy adults found a substantial number of common medication
      label pictographs difficult to understand. Participative design processes helped
      generate new pictographs, as well as feedback on the sequencing of messages on
      cell phones, that may be evaluated in future research.

PMID- 27382422
TI  - Improving pediatric liquid medication labeling of the hospital information system
      in Malaysia: qualitative analysis of pharmacists' perceptions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inadequacies of drug labeling have been frequently reported among
      Malaysian healthcare institutes, in which the Hospital Information System (HIS)
      is used. OBJECTIVE: To identify potential areas to improve the existing labels
      used for pediatric liquid medications. METHODS: This study was qualitative in
      nature, whereby focus group discussions (FGDs), face-to-face interviews (FTFIs),
      and onsite observation were used for data collection. Pharmacists stationed at
      three units (outpatient, inpatient and clinical pharmacy) of a tertiary hospital
      were targeted. Both FGDs and FTFIs were facilitated using a semi-structured
      interview guide, video-recorded and transcribed verbatim. All transcripts were
      thematically analyzed using content analysis approach. RESULTS: Thirteen
      pharmacists participated in FGDs, while five were approached for FTFIs. Data
      analysis resulted in four major themes: format of labels, presentation of
      medication instructions, insufficiency of information, and the need for external
      aids and education. Participants unanimously agreed on the need for enlarging
      font sizes of key information. Suggestions were made to use more specific
      instructions for administration times and pictograms to illustrate important
      directions. The absence of information about storage, stability and handling of
      liquid medications was also highlighted. While discussion mainly focused on
      improving drug labeling, participants consistently stressed the need for an
      instruction sheet and pharmacist-based, one-to-one education regarding medication
      instructions. CONCLUSION: This study provides important insights into critical
      shortcomings in current labeling practice, underlying the need for developing a
      new label that incorporates a new format, additional information and pictograms
      for pediatric liquid medications.

PMID- 27382423
TI  - Patients' views on electronic patient information leaflets.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Information in society and in health care is currently undergoing a
      transition from paper to digital formats, and the main source of information will
      probably be electronic in the future. OBJECTIVE: To explore patients' use and
      perceptions of the patient information leaflet included in the medication
      package, and their attitude towards a transition to an electronic version.
      METHODS: The data was collected during October to November 2014 among individuals
      in South-Eastern Sweden, using a questionnaire (n=406, response rate 78%) and
      interviews (n=15). RESULTS: The questionnaire showed that the majority of the
      respondents (52%) occasionally read the patient information leaflet, 37% always
      read it, and 11% never read it. Almost half of the patients (41%) were positive
      towards reading the patient information leaflet electronically while 32% were
      hesitant and 26% neutral. A majority of the patients would request to get the
      patient information leaflet printed at the pharmacy if it was not included in the
      package. There were differences in attitude related to age and gender. The
      interviews showed that patients had mixed views on a transition to an electronic
      patient information leaflet. The patients perceived several positive aspects with
      an electronic patient information leaflet but were concerned about elderly
      patients. CONCLUSION: Although many were positive towards reading the patient
      information leaflet electronically, the majority prefer the patient information
      leaflet in paper form. Providing appropriate and useful eHealth services for
      patients to access the patient information leaflet electronically, along with
      education, could prepare patients for a transition to electronic patient
      information leaflet.

PMID- 27382424
TI  - Assessment and management of serotonin syndrome in a simulated patient study of
      Australian community pharmacies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of serotonin syndrome is increasing due to the widening
      use of serotonergic drugs. Identification of serotonin syndrome is challenging as
      the manifestations are diverse. Misdiagnosis can lead to delay in care and
      inappropriate treatment. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to
      determine if staff of community pharmacies in Australia could identify the
      symptoms of serotonin syndrome in simulated patients and recommend an appropriate
      course of action. METHODS: Agents acting on behalf of a simulated patient were
      trained on a patient scenario that reflected possible serotonin syndrome due to
      an interaction between duloxetine and recently prescribed tramadol. They entered
      148 community pharmacies in Australia to ask for advice about a 60 year old male
      simulated patient who was 'not feeling well'. The interaction was audio recorded
      and analysed for degree of access to the pharmacist, information gathered by
      pharmacy staff, management advice given and pharmacotherapy recommended. RESULTS:
      The simulated patient's agent was consulted by a pharmacist in 94.0% (139/148) of
      cases. The potential for serotonin syndrome was identified by 35.1% (52/148) of
      pharmacies. Other suggested causes of the simulated patient's symptoms were viral
      (16.9%; 25/148) and cardiac (15.5%; 23/148). A total of 33.8% (50/148) of
      pharmacies recommended that the simulated patient should cease taking tramadol.
      This advice always came from the pharmacist. Immediate cessation of tramadol was
      advised by 94.2% (49/52) of pharmacists correctly identifying serotonin syndrome.
      The simulated patient was advised to seek urgent medical care in 14.2% (21/148)
      of cases and follow up with a doctor when possible in 68.2% (101/148) of cases.
      The majority of pharmacies (87.8%; 130/148) did not recommend non-prescription
      medicines. CONCLUSION: While not identifying the cause of the simulated patient's
      symptoms in the majority of cases, community pharmacies recommended appropriate
      action to minimise the health impact of serotonin syndrome by advising to cease
      tramadol and/or referring to a doctor and not recommending non-prescription
      medicines to treat symptoms. Raising pharmacists' awareness of the signs and
      symptoms of serotonin syndrome, and the importance of taking a comprehensive
      medication history when assessing a set of symptoms, may help community
      pharmacies further reduce serotonin syndrome toxicity.

PMID- 27382425
TI  - Old age, high risk medication, polypharmacy: a 'trilogy' of risks in older
      patients with atrial fibrillation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The safety of pharmacotherapy in atrial fibrillation (AF) is
      compounded by a trilogy of risks old age, high-risk medications (e.g.,
      antithrombotics, antiarrhythmics), polypharmacy due to multiple patient
      comorbidities. However, to date, scarce study has investigated the use of
      polypharmacy (including potentially inappropriate medication (PIM)) in AF
      patients, and how this may contribute to their overall risk of medication
      misadventure. OBJECTIVES: To review the extent of polypharmacy and PIM use in
      older patients (65 years or older) with AF. METHODS: Information was extracted
      from a database characterising a cohort of older AF patients treated in general
      practice in New South Wales, Australia. Patient characteristics, number and types
      of drugs, the degree of PIM use were recorded. The predictors for the use of
      polypharmacy in older AF patients were identified. RESULTS: Overall, 367 patients
      (mean age 77.8 years) were reviewed, among which 94.8% used 5 medications or more
      and over half used 10 medications or more. Cardiovascular agents were most
      commonly used (98.9%), followed by antithrombotics (90.7%). Among agents deemed
      PIMs, digoxin (30.2%) was the most frequently used, followed by benzodiazepines
      (19.6%), and sotalol (9.8%). AF patients using polypharmacy were more likely to
      have low bleeding risk (OR=10.97), representing those patients in whom high-risk
      antithrombotics are mostly indicated. Patients with major-polypharmacy (5-9
      medications) are more likely to have obstructive pulmonary diseases (OR=2.32),
      upper gastrointestinal diseases (OR=2.02) and poor physical function (OR=1.04),
      but less likely to have cognitive impairment (OR=0.27). CONCLUSION: Polypharmacy
      affects oldest AF patients, comprising medications that are indicated for AF, yet
      regarded as PIMs. Patients with lower risk of bleeding, obstructive pulmonary
      diseases, upper gastrointestinal diseases and poor physical function are also at
      higher risk of using higher number of medications. This may lead to an increased
      risk for medication misadventure due to the concomitant use of polypharmacy and
      medications for AF.

PMID- 27382426
TI  - Consumer access to clozapine in Australia: how does this compare to New Zealand
      and the United Kingdom?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clozapine is an antipsychotic medication used in treatment resistant
      schizophrenia. However, clozapine is associated with a significant adverse effect
      profile and extensive monitoring is required to optimise consumer safety.
      Traditionally, clozapine can only be prescribed by a psychiatrist and dispensed
      at a hospital or hospital affiliated pharmacy in Australia. These restrictions
      could result in significant treatment burden for consumers taking clozapine.
      OBJECTIVE: To identify (1) the different models of supply that exist for people
      living in the community taking clozapine in Australia and compare to those in New
      Zealand and the United Kingdom, and (2) explore how these supply models may
      impact on consumer burden from the perspective of professionals involved in the
      supply of clozapine. METHOD: Key informants were interviewed (n=8) from
      Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom regarding how consumers, who lived
      in the community, accessed clozapine. Data were analysed and led to the
      development of four clozapine supply models. These four models were further
      validated by an online survey of a wider sample (n=30). Data were analysed
      thematically and via simple descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Clozapine supply
      varied depending on location. A secondary care model was utilised in the United
      Kingdom compared to a community based (primary care) model in New Zealand;
      Australia utilised a mixture of both secondary and primary care. A key theme from
      all study participants was that community pharmacy should be utilised to dispense
      clozapine to consumers living in the community, provided adequate training and
      safeguards are in place. It was noted that the utilisation of community
      pharmacies could improve access and flexibility, thereby reducing treatment
      burden for these consumers. CONCLUSION: There are predominately two models for
      supply of clozapine to consumers living in the community in Australia, New
      Zealand and the United Kingdom. One model utilises secondary care facilities and
      the other community services. Community pharmacy is ideally placed to increase
      access to clozapine for consumers living in the community, provided appropriate
      training and support is given to pharmacists providing this professional service.

PMID- 27382428
TI  - A qualitative study exploring medicines use pattern and practice among general
      public in Malaysia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to explore the pattern and practice of
      medicine use among the general public; and to explore the key factors influencing
      medicine use among medicine users. METHODS: A qualitative approach using focus
      group discussions was conducted to get in-depth information about medicines use
      pattern and practice from the general public. Adult people who reported using
      medicines at the time of study or in the previous month were approached. Two
      focus group discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The
      obtained data were analysed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS: This study
      found that there are some misunderstanding about the appropriate use of
      medicines. The majority of the participants reported that they were complying
      with their medication regimen. However, forgetting to take medicines was stated
      by 4 participants while 2 participants stopped taking medicines when they felt
      better. In addition, 10 participants reporting using medicines according to their
      own knowledge and past experience. Whereas 4 participants took medicines
      according to other informal resources such as family, friends or the media. Seven
      participants have experienced side effects with using medicines, 4 of them
      informed their doctor while 3 participants stopped taking medicines without
      informing their doctor. CONCLUSION: There was a misunderstanding about medicines
      use in terms of medication compliance, self-management of the illness and the
      resources of information about using medicines. Many efforts are still needed
      from health care professionals to provide sufficient information about medicines
      use in order to decrease the risk of inappropriate use of medicines and to
      achieve better therapeutic outcome.

PMID- 27382427
TI  - Implementation and evaluation of a pharmacist-led hypertension management service
      in primary care: outcomes and methodological challenges.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Suboptimal utilisation of pharmacotherapy, non-adherence to
      prescribed treatment, and a lack of monitoring all contribute to poor blood (BP)
      pressure control in patients with hypertension. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this
      study was to evaluate the implementation of a pharmacist-led hypertension
      management service in terms of processes, outcomes, and methodological
      challenges. METHOD: A prospective, controlled study was undertaken within the
      Australian primary care setting. Community pharmacists were recruited to one of
      three study groups: Group A (Control - usual care), Group B (Intervention), or
      Group C (Short Intervention). Pharmacists in Groups B and C delivered a service
      comprising screening and monitoring of BP, as well as addressing poor BP control
      through therapeutic adjustment and adherence strategies. Pharmacists in Group C
      delivered the shortened version of the service. RESULTS: Significant changes to
      key outcome measures were observed in Group C: reduction in systolic and
      diastolic BPs at the 3-month visit (P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively), improvement
      in medication adherence scores (P=0.01), and a slight improvement in quality of
      life (EQ-5D-3L Index) scores (P=0.91). There were no significant changes in Group
      B (the full intervention), and no differences in comparison to Group A (usual
      care). Pharmacists fed-back that patient recruitment was a key barrier to service
      implementation, highlighting the methodological implications of screening.
      CONCLUSION: A collaborative, pharmacist-led hypertension management service can
      help monitor BP, improve medication adherence, and optimise therapy in a step
      wise approach. However, blood pressure screening can effect behaviour change in
      patients, presenting methodological challenges in the evaluation of services in
      this context.

PMID- 27382429
TI  - Salvianolic Acid B Prevents Iodinated Contrast Media-Induced Acute Renal Injury
      in Rats via the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 Pathway.
AB  - Contrast-induced acute renal injury (CI-AKI) has become a common cause of
      hospital-acquired renal failure. However, the development of prophylaxis
      strategies and approved therapies for CI-AKI is limited. Salvianolic acid B (SB)
      can treat cardiovascular-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to
      assess the effect of SB on prevention of CI-AKI and explore its underlying
      mechanisms. We examined its effectiveness of preventing renal injury in a novel
      CI-AKI rat model. Compared with saline, intravenous SB pretreatment significantly
      attenuated elevations in serum creatinine and the histological changes of renal
      tubular injuries, reduced the number of apoptosis-positive tubular cells,
      activated Nrf2, and lowered the levels of renal oxidative stress induced by
      iodinated contrast media. The above renoprotection of SB was abolished by the
      PI3K inhibitor (wortmannin). In HK-2 cells, SB activated Nrf2 and decreased the
      levels of oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide and subsequently improved
      cell viability. The above cytoprotection of SB was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor
      (wortmannin) or siNrf2. Thus, our results demonstrate that, due to its
      antioxidant properties, SB has the potential to effectively prevent CI-AKI via
      the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. 

PMID- 27382430
TI  - The complete genome sequence and analysis of vB_VorS-PVo5, a Vibrio phage
      infectious to the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio ordalii ATCC-33509.
AB  - The bacterium Vibrio ordalii is best known as the causative agent of vibriosis
      outbreaks in fish and thus recognized for generating serious production losses in
      aquaculture systems. Here we report for the first time on the isolation and the
      genome sequencing of phage vB_VorS-PVo5, infectious to Vibrio ordalii ATCC 33509.
      The features as well as the complete genome sequence and annotation of the Vibrio
      phage are described; vB_VorS-PVo5 consists of a lineal double stranded DNA
      totaling ~ 80.6 Kb in length. Considering its ability to lyse Vibrio ordalii ATCC
      33509, the phage is likely to gain importance in future aquaculture applications
      by controlling the pathogen and as such replacing antibiotics as the treatment of
      choice. 

PMID- 27382431
TI  - Coevolution of neoplastic epithelial cells and multilineage stroma via polyploid
      giant cells during immortalization and transformation of mullerian epithelial
      cells.
AB  - Stromal cells are generally considered to be derived primarily from the host's
      normal mesenchymal stromal cells or bone marrow. However, the origins of stromal
      cells have been quite controversial. To determine the role of polyploidy in tumor
      development, we examined the fate of normal mullerian epithelial cells during the
      immortalization and transformation process by tracing the expression of SV40
      large T antigen. Here we show that immortalized or HRAS-transformed mullerian
      epithelial cells contain a subpopulation of polyploid giant cells that grow as
      multicellular spheroids expressing hematopoietic markers in response to treatment
      with CoCl2. The immortalized or transformed epithelial cells can
      transdifferentiate into stromal cells when transplanted into nude mice.
      Immunofluorescent staining revealed expression of stem cell factors OCT4, Nanog,
      and SOX-2 in spheroid, whereas expression of embryonic stem cell marker SSEA1 was
      increased in HRAS-transformed cells compared with their immortalized isogenic
      counterparts. These results suggest that normal mullerian epithelial cells are
      intrinsically highly plastic, via the formation of polyploid giant cells and
      activation of embryonic stem-like program, which work together to promote the
      coevolution of neoplastic epithelial cells and multiple lineage stromal cells. 

PMID- 27382432
TI  - The PI3K inhibitor taselisib overcomes letrozole resistance in a breast cancer
      model expressing aromatase.
AB  - Letrozole is a commonly used treatment option for metastatic hormone receptor
      positive (HR+) breast cancer, but many patients ultimately relapse. Due to the
      importance of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) in breast cancer, PI3K inhibitors
      such as taselisib are attractive for combination with endocrine therapies such as
      letrozole. Taselisib was evaluated as a single agent and in combination with
      letrozole in a breast cancer cell line engineered to express aromatase. The
      combination of taselisib and letrozole decreased cellular viability and increased
      apoptosis relative to either single agent. Signaling cross-talk between the PI3K
      and ER pathways was associated with efficacy for the combination. In a secreted
      factor screen, multiple soluble factors, including members of the epidermal and
      fibroblast growth factor families, rendered breast cancer cells non-responsive to
      letrozole. It was discovered that many of these factors signal through the PI3K
      pathway and cells remained sensitive to taselisib in the presence of the soluble
      factors. We also found that letrozole resistant lines have elevated PI3K pathway
      signaling due to an increased level of p110alpha, but are still sensitive to
      taselisib. These data provide rationale for clinical evaluation of PI3K
      inhibitors to overcome resistance to endocrine therapies in ER+ breast cancer. 

PMID- 27382433
TI  - Decreased expression of let-7c is associated with non-response of muscle-invasive
      bladder cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
AB  - The identification and development of biomarkers which predict response of muscle
      invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy would likely
      increase usage of this treatment option and thereby improve patient survival
      rates. MiRNA array and qRT-PCR validation was used to identify miRNA which are
      associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RNA was extracted from a
      total of 41 archival, fully annotated, MIBC patient diagnostic biopsies (20 chemo
      responders and 21 non-responders (response is defined as > 5 year survival rate
      and being pT0 post-chemotherapy)). Microarray and qPCR identified let-7c as being
      differentially expressed in chemo-responder versus non-responder patients.
      Patients with higher let-7c expression levels had significantly higher odds of
      responding to chemotherapy (p = 0.023, OR 2.493, 95% CI 1.121, 5.546), and
      assessment of let-7c levels allowed for prediction of patient response (AUC 0.72,
      positive predictive value 59%). Decreased let-7c was associated with MIBC
      incidence (p < 0.001), and significantly correlated with other related miRNA
      including those that were not differentially expressed between responders and non
      responders. The combined data indicate let-7c plays a role in mediating
      chemoresistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in MIBC patients, and is a modest,
      yet clinically meaningful, predictor of patient response. 

PMID- 27382434
TI  - The adenoviral E1A N-terminal domain represses MYC transcription in human cancer
      cells by targeting both p300 and TRRAP and inhibiting MYC promoter acetylation of
      H3K18 and H4K16.
AB  - Human cancers frequently arise from increased expression of proto-oncogenes, such
      as MYC and HER2. Understanding the cellular pathways regulating the transcription
      and expression of proto-oncogenes is important for targeted therapies for cancer
      treatment. Adenoviral (Ad) E1A 243R (243 aa residues) is a viral oncoprotein that
      interacts with key regulators of gene transcription and cell proliferation. We
      have shown previously that the 80 amino acid N-terminal transcriptional
      repression domain of E1A 243R (E1A 1-80) can target the histone acetyltransferase
      (HAT) p300 and repress HER2 in the HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer cell
      line SKBR3. Expression of E1A 1-80 induces death of SKBR3 and other cancer cell
      lines. In this study, we performed total cell RNA sequence analysis and
      identified MYC as the regulatory gene for cellular proliferation most strongly
      repressed by E1A 1-80. By RT-quantitative PCR analysis we show that repression of
      MYC in SKBR3 cells occurs early after expression of E1A 1-80, suggesting that MYC
      may be an early responder of E1A 1-80-mediated transcriptional repression. Of
      interest, while E1A 1-80 repression of MYC occurs in all eight human cancer cell
      lines examined, repression of HER2 is cell-type dependent. We demonstrate by ChIP
      analysis that MYC transcriptional repression by E1A 1-80 is associated with
      inhibition of acetylation of H3K18 and H4K16 on the MYC promoter, as well as
      inhibition of RNA Pol II binding to the MYC promoter. Deletion mutant analysis of
      E1A 1-80 suggests that both p300/CBP and TRRAP are involved in E1A 1-80
      repression of MYC transcription. Further, E1A 1-80 interaction with p300/CBP and
      TRRAP is correlated with inhibition of H3K18 and H4K16 acetylation on the MYC
      promoter, respectively. Our results indicate that E1A 1-80 may target two
      important pathways for histone modification to repress transcription in human
      cancer cells. 

PMID- 27382436
TI  - FGF19 functions as autocrine growth factor for hepatoblastoma.
AB  - Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver cancer in children, accounting for over
      65% of all childhood liver malignancies. Hepatoblastoma is distinct from adult
      liver cancer in that it is not associated with hepatitis virus infection,
      cirrhosis, or other underlying liver pathology. The paucity of appropriate cell
      and animal models has been hampering the mechanistic understanding of
      hepatoblastoma pathogenesis. Consequently, there is no molecularly targeted
      therapy for hepatoblastoma. To gain insight into cytokine signaling in
      hepatoblastoma, we employed mass spectrometry to analyze the proteins secreted
      from Hep293TT hepatoblastoma cell line we established and identified the specific
      secretion of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), a growth factor for liver
      cells. We determined that silencing FGF19 by shRNAs or neutralizing secreted
      FGF19 by anti-FGF19 antibody inhibits the proliferation of hepatoblastoma cells.
      Furthermore, blocking FGF19 signaling by an FGF receptor kinase inhibitor
      suppressed hepatoblastoma growth. RNA expression analysis in hepatoblastoma
      tumors revealed that the high expression of FGF19 signaling pathway components as
      well as the low expression of FGF19 signaling repression targets correlates with
      the aggressiveness of the tumors. These results suggest the role of FGF19 as
      autocrine growth factor for hepatoblastoma. 

PMID- 27382435
TI  - MUC16 contributes to the metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma through
      focal adhesion mediated signaling mechanism.
AB  - MUC16, a heavily glycosylated type-I transmembrane mucin is overexpressed in
      several cancers including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Previously, we
      have shown that MUC16 is significantly overexpressed in human PDAC tissues.
      However, the functional consequences and its role in PDAC is poorly understood.
      Here, we show that MUC16 knockdown decreases PDAC cell proliferation, colony
      formation and migration in vitro. Also, MUC16 knockdown decreases the tumor
      formation and metastasis in orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically,
      immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analyses confirms MUC16 interaction
      with galectin-3 and mesothelin in PDAC cells. Adhesion assay displayed decreased
      cell attachment of MUC16 knockdown cells with recombinant galectin-1 and galectin
      3 protein. Further, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated MUC16 knockout cells show decreased
      tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (T and Tn) in PDAC cells. Importantly,
      carbohydrate antigens were decreased in the region that corresponds to MUC16 and
      suggests for the decreased MUC16-galectin interactions. Co-immunoprecipitation
      also revealed a novel interaction between MUC16 and FAK in PDAC cells.
      Interestingly, we observed decreased expression of mesenchymal and increased
      expression of epithelial markers in MUC16-silenced cells. Additionally, MUC16
      loss showed a decreased FAK-mediated Akt and ERK/MAPK activation. Altogether,
      these findings suggest that MUC16-focal adhesion signaling may play a critical
      role in facilitating PDAC growth and metastasis. 

PMID- 27382437
TI  - Epigenetically silenced GNG4 inhibits SDF1alpha/CXCR4 signaling in mesenchymal
      glioblastoma.
AB  - The most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumor in adults is
      glioblastoma (GBM). From the global DNA methylation profiling study, previously
      published from our laboratory, we identified Guanine Nucleotide binding-protein
      Gamma subunit 4 (GNG4) to be one of the most hyper methylated and down regulated
      genes in GBM. GBM derived cell lines showed reduced GNG4 transcript levels, which
      could be reversed by methylation inhibitor treatment. Bisulphite sequencing
      confirmed the methylation status in glioblastoma tumor tissue and GBM derived
      cell lines. Overexpression of GNG4 was found to inhibit proliferation and colony
      formation of GBM cell lines and in vitro transformation of immortalized human
      astrocytes, thus suggesting a potential tumor suppressor role of GNG4 in GBM.
      Correlation of GNG4 transcript levels with that of all GPCRs from TCGA data
      revealed chemokine receptors as the potential target of GNG4. Furthermore,
      exogenous over expression of GNG4 inhibited SDF1alpha/CXCR4-dependent chemokine
      signaling as seen by reduced pERK and pJNK and GBM cell migration. The inhibitory
      association between GNG4 and SDF1alpha/CXCR4 was more evident in mesenchymal
      subtype of GBM. Thus, this study identifies GNG4 as an inhibitor of
      SDF1alpha/CXCR4-dependent signaling and emphasizes the significance of epigenetic
      inactivation of GNG4 in glioblastoma, especially in mesenchymal subtype. 

PMID- 27382438
TI  - The Effect of Prophylactic Antibiotics on Post Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
      Infectious Complications: A Double-Blinded Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is one of the most common surgeries
      in laparoscopic surgery. Although, it is believed that LC has low-risk for post
      operative infectious complications, the use of a prophylactic antibiotic is still
      controversial in elective LC. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of prophylactic
      antibiotics on postoperative infection complications in elective laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized,
      clinical trial, patients who were candidates for elective LC, from March 2012 to
      2015, in four hospitals in Babol, Iran, were studied. Patients were allocated
      randomly to two groups, i.e., group C: Cefazolin (n = 182) and group P: placebo
      (n = 247). Group C received 1 g of Cefazolin 30 minutes before anesthesia and and
      then, six and 12 hours after anesthesia. Group P patients received 10 ml of
      isotonic sodium chloride solution. Age, gender, type of gallbladder diseases
      (stone, polyp, or hydrops), the length of post-operative hospitalization,
      frequency of gallbladder rupture, the duration of surgery, and the kinds of
      complications associated with infections were collected for each patient in the
      two groups. The data were analyzed by IBM-SPSS version 20, using the t-test and
      the chi-squared test, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant.
      RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of
      gender (C versus P: 18 (9.9%) male versus 22 (9%); p = 0.74), age (C versus P:
      43.75 + 13.30 years versus 40.91 + 13.05; p = 0.20), and duration of surgery (C
      versus P: 34.97 +/- 8.25 min versus 34.11 +/- 8.39; p = 0.71). There were no
      significant differences between the two groups in the incidences of post
      operative infection (C versus P: 3 (1.7%) versus 5 (2%); p = 0.99) and rupture of
      the gallbladder (C versus P: 14 (7.8%) versus 17 (6.8%); p = 0.85). No other post
      operative systemic infectious complications (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia, or urinary
      tract infection) were found in either group. CONCLUSION: For patients who
      underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), prophylactic antibiotics had no
      important role in the prevention of infections; so these antibiotics apparently
      are not necessary in treatment, and they are not recommended for patients with
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy as low-risk selective antibiotics. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at the Iranian Clinical Trial Registry
      (http://www.irct.ir) with the IRCT identification number IRCT2013070413865N1.
      FUNDING: This research was supported financially by the Research Council of Babol
      University of Medical Sciences.

PMID- 27382439
TI  - Comparing the effects of treatment with sildenafil and cognitive-behavioral
      therapy on treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: a randomized controlled
      clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sexual dysfunction in women is prevalent and common in women after
      menopause. Many attempts to treat patients with sexual dysfunction by cognitive
      behavioral therapy (CBT) methods. But to the best of our knowledge, there has
      been no study that compared these two methods. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study
      was to assess and compare the effects of sildenafil and cognitive-behavioral
      therapy on treatment of sexual dysfunction in women. METHODS: In this randomized,
      controlled, clinical trial, 86 women with arousal and orgasm dysfunction were
      surveyed. The patients were divided into two groups, i.e., sildenafil and CBT
      groups. The patients in the sildenafil group were treated by 50 mg of oral
      sildenafil one hour before intercourse, and the other group had weekly sessions
      of CBT for eight weeks. Sexual dysfunctions were evaluated by the Female Sexual
      Function Index (FSFI), a sexual satisfaction questionnaire, and the Enrich
      marital satisfaction scale. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 33.14
      +/- 7.34 years. The mean scores for female sexual function index, sexual
      satisfaction, and the Enrich marital satisfaction scale were increased in both
      groups during treatment (p < 0.001). It was found that cognitive-behavioral
      therapy compared to treatment with sildenafil increased all subscales, except
      arousal, orgasm, and lubrication. CONCLUSION: Cognitive-behavioral therapy is
      more effective than treatment with sildenafil for improving female sexual
      function. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at the Iranian
      Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the IRCT ID:
      IRCT2014070318338N1. FUNDING: The authors received no financial support for the
      research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

PMID- 27382441
TI  - Components that affect the Implementation of Health Services' Strategic
      Purchasing: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Strategic purchasing is one of the mechanisms that can increase
      access, equity, and efficiency as well as the correct management of health
      resources. The aim of this study was to extract important and influential factors
      as necessary infrastructures to implement this method. METHODS: In this
      comprehensive literature review, 13 databases and search engines were searched
      from 2000 to 2015 by applying appropriate keywords. From a total of 1403 titles
      and after ensuring the validity of the study by the Clinical Appraisal Skills
      Program (CASP) tool, 18 articles that contained title, abstract, and associated
      text were used in the study, and their related information was analyzed and
      extracted using an extraction form and LitAssist software. RESULTS: The findings
      showed six categories of intervention have been effective in the strategic
      purchasing of all health interventions in different countries. These six
      categories were "The target group of users of the service" (demand side),
      "purchased interventions," "providers and suppliers of interventions" (the supply
      side), "Methods and incentives" (payment method), "price," and "Structure and
      organization." CONCLUSION: Although the necessity of performing strategic
      purchasing in the health sector or developing countries is an indisputable fact,
      it is of great importance to use the experiences of developed countries while
      considering the factors extracted from the study for implementing this method. In
      this regard, it is suggested that studies be performed that can lead to assessing
      the feasibility of strategic purchasing for health services in developing
      countries and also in Iran to help health policy makers in these countries.

PMID- 27382440
TI  - A systematic review and meta-analysis of the application of platelet rich plasma
      in sports medicine.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In recent years, platelet rich plasma (PRP) has been receiving
      increasing attention for the treatment of soft tissue injuries. These numerous
      applications have raised a great deal of questions and debate about the
      effectiveness of this method. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of PRP
      in improving sports injuries and subsequently throw some light on these
      controversies. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis
      of results were undertaken. All related databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane
      Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE, and EMBASE, were searched on the use of PRP
      on athletes and in sports medicine. The search was conducted from June 2013 to
      February 2014. RESULTS: Our search retrieved 905 studies, of which 13 randomized
      control trials (RCT) met our inclusion criteria for systematic review and meta
      analysis. All articles were appraised by Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP)
      checklist for RCT studies. The analysis of the results of pain scores and
      physical activity/functions did not show any superiority for PRP as opposed to
      the other options. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis showed no more effectiveness
      for PRP application in sports-related injuries in terms of physical function
      improvement and pain relief. Therefore, the extensive use of PRP for such
      injuries should be limited. Well-designed RCTs are needed to support the
      findings.

PMID- 27382442
TI  - Relationship between Learning Style and Academic Status of Babol Dental Students.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Identifying and employing students' learning styles could play an
      important role in selecting appropriate teaching methods in order to improve
      education. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the
      students' final exam scores and the learning style preferences of dental students
      at Babol University of Medical Sciences. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was
      conducted on 88 dental students studying in their fourth, fifth, and sixth years
      using the visual-aural-reading/writing-kinesthetic (VARK) learning styles'
      questionnaire. The data were analyzed with IBM SPSS, version 21, using the chi
      squared test and the t-test. RESULTS: Of the 88 participants who responded to the
      questionnaire, 87 preferred multimodal learning styles. There was no significant
      difference between the mean of the final exam scores in students who did and did
      not prefer the aural learning style (p = 0.86), the reading/writing learning
      style (p = 0.20), and the kinesthetic learning style (p = 0.32). In addition,
      there was no significant difference between the scores on the final clinical
      course among the students who had different preferences for learning style.
      However, there was a significant difference between the mean of the final exam
      scores in students with and without visual learning style preference (p = 0.03),
      with the former having higher mean scores. There was no significant relationship
      between preferred learning styles and gender (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The majority
      of dental students preferred multimodal learning styles, and there was a
      significant difference between the mean of the final exam scores for students
      with and without a preference for the visual learning style. In addition, there
      were no differences in the preferred learning styles between male and female
      students.

PMID- 27382443
TI  - Impact of Training High School Female Students in Ahvaz, Iran in the Social
      Skills Required to Avoid the Use of Drugs.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Gender composition and the soaring trends of drug and tobacco
      dependency reveal the priority of social skills training related to drug
      avoidance self-efficacy among female students. The aim of this study was to
      verify the impact training high school female students to have the social skills
      needed to avoid the use of drugs. METHODS: This study was conducted from
      September 2012 to May 2013 in two high schools in Ahvaz City in southwest Iran.
      The participants were divided randomly into two groups of 60 students, one
      experimental group and one control group using the multi-stage simple sampling
      method. Two questionnaires, i.e. the ASES and TISS questionnaires, were completed
      before and after the intervention. Descriptive statistics, chi squared, paired
      samples t-test, and the independent-samples t-test were used. RESULTS: The
      participants had a mean age of 14.93 years. Among the 120 participants, 90.8%
      indicated that they had never smoked a cigarette, and 51.7% of the participants
      denied having smoked a hookah. There was no significant relationship between the
      self-sufficiency means of drug avoidance in the two groups of girls before
      intervention (p >= 0.05). However, after intervention, a significant difference
      was found in test score of self-efficacy of drug avoidance between the two
      groups, i.e., 94.91 +/- 8.3 for the control group versus 99.16 +/- 3.8 for the
      experimental group, p < 0.05). Significant increases were observed for the pre-
      and post-test scores of self-efficacy of drug avoidance in the experimental group
      compared to the control group (99.16 +/- 3.8 (p = 0.001) vs. 96.58 +/- 6.98 (p >
      0.05). The mean values of the pre- and post-test scores of social skill before
      and after intervention increased significantly only for the experimental group
      (97.60 +/- 19.19 vs. 100.58 +/- 12.37, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Educational
      intervention can significantly enhance social skills for drug avoidance self
      efficacy, so it is recommended that such skills be taught in the high school
      curriculum.

PMID- 27382444
TI  - Comparison of Surface Hardness of Various Shades of Twinky Star Colored Compomer
      Light-cured with QTH and LED Units.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Colored compomers are a group of restorative materials that were
      introduced in 2002 to repair primary teeth, and they provide attractive color and
      ease of use in pediatric dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
      effect of QTH and LED light-curing units on the surface hardness of different
      colors of Twinky Star compomers. METHODS: In this experimental study, a composite
      resin (Z250, 3M, and USA), an ionosit compomer (DMG, Germany) with A3 shade and 8
      different Twinky Star colored compomer (Voco, Germany) samples were used. In all,
      100 samples were prepared with 10 samples in each group, i.e., 10 Z250 composite
      resin, 10 ionosit compomers, and 10 Twinky Star compomer samples of each color.
      The samples were prepared in a 4*4-mm Teflon mold. Half of the samples were light
      cured with QTH and the other half with LED units. Then, the surface microhardness
      was measured by Vickers hardness test. The data were analyzed with IBM-SPSS
      version 22, using the t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA showed that the
      mean surface hardness of the compomer samples cured with the QTH unit was
      significantly higher than that cured with the LED unit (p < 0.001). In each
      curing unit, surface hardness of some materials exhibited significant differences
      with the highest hardness being observed in the Z250 composite resin (650.35 +/-
      56.320) and the lowest hardness being detected in the ionosit compomers (461.10
      +/- 96.170). One-way ANOVA also showed that, among the different colors of the
      Twinky Star compomer, the lowest hardness with both units (QTH and LED) was
      observed in the gold color (214.32 +/- 22.026 and 175.116 +/- 15.918,
      respectively). CONCLUSION: The colored compomer and the type of light-curing unit
      affected the microhardnesses of the surfaces. Different colors of Twinky Star
      compomers exhibited different surface microhardnesses.

PMID- 27382445
TI  - Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potential in HTLV-I Associated Myelopathy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: HTLV-I Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)
      is a progressive Myelopathy that mainly involves the corticospinal tract. Despite
      pronounced involvement of the lower limbs, patients also have abnormalities in
      their upper limbs. So, we studied somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) of the
      median nerve in HAM/TSP patients to determine the extent of the involvement of
      the pathway of the central nervous system, especially the cervical spinal cord.
      METHODS: In this cross sectional study, 48 patients with HAM/TSP who were
      referred to Qaem Hospital in Mashhad from October 2010 to October 2011 were
      evaluated for various indices, including SSEPs of the median nerve for N9, N11,
      N13, and N20 waveforms and also N11-13 and N13-20 Inter Peak Latency (IPL),
      severity of disease (based on Osama criteria), disease duration (less or more
      than 2 years), age, and gender. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The t
      test was used for quantitative data, and the chi-squared test was used for the
      qualitative variables. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients (70.2%) were females. The
      mean age was 45.6 +/- 14.2 years. About SSEPs indices of the median nerve, N9 and
      N11 were normal in all patients, but N13 (50%), N20 (16.7%), IPL11-13 (58.3%),
      and IPL13-20 (22.9%) were abnormal. No significant relationships were found
      between age, gender, disease duration, and SSEPs indices (p > 0.05), but IPL11-13
      and IPL13-20 had significant relationships with disease disability (p = 0.017 and
      p = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: Despite the lack of obvious complaints of
      upper limbs, SSEPs indices of the median nerve from the cervical spinal cord to
      the cortex were abnormal, which indicated extension of the lesion from the
      thoracic spinal cord up to the cervical spinal cord and thalamocortical pathways.
      Also, abnormalities in the cervical spinal cord had a direct correlation with the
      severity of disability in patients with HAM/TSP.

PMID- 27382446
TI  - Awareness, knowledge, and attitude of dentistry students in Kerman towards
      evidence-based dentistry.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Evidence-based care helps dentists provide quality dental services
      to patients, and such care is based on the use of reliable information about
      treatment and patient care from a large number of papers, books, and published
      textbooks. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, awareness, and attitude
      of dentistry students towards evidence-based dentistry. METHODS: In this cross
      sectional study, all dentistry students who were studying in their sixth semester
      and higher in the Kerman School of Dentistry (n = 73) were studied. The data were
      analyzed using SPSS version 17 and the independent-samples t-tests and the ANOVA
      test. RESULTS: The means of the students' knowledge, awareness, and attitude
      scores were 29.2 +/- 10.8, 29.9 +/- 8.12 and 44.5 +/- 5.3, respectively. Among
      demographic variables, only the number of semesters showed a significant
      difference with knowledge, awareness, and attitude of dentistry students toward
      evidence-based dentistry (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: According to the results of
      this study, knowledge and awareness of dentistry students at Kerman University of
      Medical Sciences towards evidence-based dentistry were average and have a neutral
      attitude. Thus, providing necessary training in this regard will cause promoting
      the knowledge, awareness, and improved attitudes of dentistry students.

PMID- 27382447
TI  - The Impact of Hemodialysis on Sexual Function in Male Patients using the
      International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire (IIEF).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Routine hemodialysis is one of the preferred treatment methods in
      patients with chronic kidney disease. It seems that routine hemodialysis can be
      effective in improving sexual function in these patients. This study aimed to
      determine the effect of routine dialysis sessions over a six-month period on the
      status of sexual function in men with chronic renal failure using the
      International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire. METHODS: The cross
      sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to November 2016 on patients
      with chronic renal failure who were first-time candidates for routine
      hemodialysis and who were referred to Imam Reza Hospital of Mashhad. All of the
      patients completed the IIEF questionnaire before their first hemodialysis.
      Afterwards, all of the patients underwent routine dialysis sessions over a six
      month period and completed the IIEF questionnaire again at the end of the sixth
      month. The prevalence of sexual dysfunction was assessed before and after
      hemodialysis. The scores on the two IIEF questionnaires were compared according
      to five domains, i.e., erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire,
      intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction. The comparisons were done
      before and after hemodialysis using the paired-samples t-test. Statistical
      analyses were performed using SPSS version 19. RESULTS: The study included 30 men
      with a mean age of 40.2 +/- 8.2. The prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in the
      order of their frequency was as follows: intercourse satisfaction (100%), overall
      satisfaction (100%), sexual desire (96.7%), orgasmic function (93.3%), and
      erectile function (90%). After six months of treatment with hemodialysis, the
      ratings of all areas of sexual dysfunction were improved significantly (p-value =
      0.00 for all domains). CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, it
      seems that a six-month course of hemodialysis can improve erectile function,
      orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall
      satisfaction in patients with chronic kidney disease.

PMID- 27382448
TI  - Factors contributing towards patient's choice of a hospital clinic from the
      patients' and managers' perspective.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Given the competitive nature of the health market and the
      multiplicity of factors that may contribute towards patient's choices of a
      hospital, patients' needs and preferences for a hospital must be considered in
      the planning and decision making of hospitals and health care organizations. This
      study aimed to identify the factors that contribute to patient's choices of a
      clinic and the importance of each factor. METHODS: A mixed-method approach was
      used to collect quantitative and qualitative data in two phases. The study was
      conducted in a hospital clinic in 2014. Qualitative data were collected by face
      to-face semi-structured interviews of a sample of 22 managers and heads of
      outpatient wards. The self-administered questionnaire designed for this study
      collected quantitative data from a stratified random sample of 381 patients
      referred to this clinic. The qualitative data were analyzed by a system of
      coding, while parametrical statistical analyses were conducted to analyze the
      quantitative data using the independent-samples t-test and ANOVA in SPSS
      software, version 21.0. RESULTS: The qualitative data indicated that there were
      21 factors that may contribute to patient's choices of a clinic, and these
      factors were classified into six categories, i.e., facilities and physical
      assets, physicians and employees, location and place, services, price, and
      promotion. Among the 16 questions studied in the quantitative questionnaire, the
      highest and lowest means were related to "appropriate clinic environment" (2.47
      +/- 0.58) and "advertising through TV and radio, the Internet, newspapers, etc."
      (1.77 +/- 0.75), respectively. There were significant associations between
      "having experienced and responsive personnel, including physicians and employees"
      and the patient's gender and frequency of referrals, between "belonging to the
      Armed Forces" and the patient's age and frequency of referrals, between
      "advertising through TV and radio, the Internet, newspapers, etc." and shifts and
      frequency of referrals, between "inadequate facilities and poor quality of
      services provided in other health care organizations of the Armed Forces" and
      "adornment and good behavior of staff" and shifts (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The
      most significant contributing factors to attract patients were the "physicians
      and employees," and "the clinic's environment." Therefore, it is essential for
      clinic managers and heads of outpatient wards to focus on and strengthen these
      two factors. Also, since the means of the factors were better in the morning
      shift, the employees should perform their duties properly and consistently in all
      shifts.

PMID- 27382449
TI  - Cluster analytical approach to Lifestyle characteristics: A population based
      study in Shiraz, Iran.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A limited number of risky behaviors cause most morbidity and
      mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the possible clustering of
      lifestyle behaviors, including transportation behaviors, diet, physical activity,
      and smoking in Shiraz, Iran. METHODS: There were 776 representative Shirazi
      adults who participated in this cross-sectional study. The questionnaires were
      completed via person-to-person interviews. The datasets were searched for any
      clustering patterns. Cluster analysis was used for statistical analysis, and the
      data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5. RESULTS: Three distinct clusters were
      identified. Cluster 1 was named "Healthy," and it included non-smokers, safe
      drivers, appropriate or acceptable fruit, vegetable, and fast-food consumers, and
      physically-active people. Cluster 2, "Moderately Healthy," was relatively risky
      drivers who had appropriate behaviors on the rest of the health-related
      behaviors. Cluster 3, "Unhealthy," was smokers, risky drivers, inappropriate or
      unacceptable fruit, vegetable & fast-food consumers, and a sedentary lifestyle.
      CONCLUSIONS: It was obvious that health-related behaviors were clustered together
      and unhealthy behaviors were not established in isolation.

PMID- 27382450
TI  - Competence of nurses in the intensive cardiac care unit.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Competence of nurses is a complex combination of knowledge,
      function, skills, attitudes, and values. Delivering care for patients in the
      Intensive Cardiac Care Unit (ICCU) requires nurses' competences. This study aimed
      to explain nurses' competence in the ICCU. METHODS: This was a qualitative study
      in which purposive sampling with maximum variation was used. Data were collected
      through semi-structured interviews with 23 participants during 2012-2013.
      Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by using the content
      analysis method. RESULTS: The main categories were "clinical competence,"
      comprising subcategories of 'routine care,' 'emergency care,' 'care according to
      patients' needs,' 'care of non-coronary patients', as well as "professional
      competence," comprising 'personal development,' 'teamwork,' 'professional
      ethics,' and 'efficacy of nursing education.' CONCLUSION: The finding of this
      study revealed dimensions of nursing competence in ICCU. Benefiting from
      competence leads to improved quality of patient care and satisfaction of patients
      and nurses and helps elevate nursing profession, improve nursing education, and
      clinical nursing.

PMID- 27382451
TI  - Constraining Factors of Research among faculty members at Hormozgan University of
      Medical Sciences.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In recent decades, the major criteria for development in countries
      were defined mostly by research position. The first step in organizing the
      research subject in societies is gaining a correct perception of abilities,
      available facilities, and finding the strengths and weaknesses of research
      programs. This research was conducted to determine the constraining factors of
      research among faculty members. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study in 2013,
      the population was Hormozgan Medical Science faculty members, and samples were
      selected based on the Morgan table (138 individuals). A researcher-made
      questionnaire after determining validity and confirming reliability was
      distributed among them. The data were analyzed by SPSS using descriptive and
      inferential statistics, such as Pearson's product-moment correlation. RESULTS:
      Among organizational factors, lack of data presentation to researchers from
      organization sections with 81.2% was the most effective factor. The lack of
      facilitating national and international research exchange with 80.5% and the lack
      of research workshops based on needs with 77.9% were the next ones. Among the
      personal constraining factors, 64% of the faculty declared that having inadequate
      time for research due to the educational activities was the main factor.
      CONCLUSIONS: According to the faculty's comments, research activities encounter
      different constraining factors. It can be said that, by promoting a data
      registration system, collaborating on contract agreements and improving national
      and international research exchange, empowering members' research (need-based
      workshops), and decreasing the faculty's clinical and educational activities can
      overcome these constraints.

PMID- 27382452
TI  - Ameliorative Effect of Vanillic Acid on Serum Bilirubin, Chronotropic and
      Dromotropic Properties in the Cholestasis-Induced Model Rats.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The liver modulates several important roles, such as metabolism and
      liver cirrhosis, which have several cardiovascular problems. Due to preservative
      role of antioxidant agents in cardiovascular disease, consequently, many of them
      are applied as medicinal plants in traditional medicine. Vanillic acid (VA), as
      an antioxidant agent, has a principal preservative role on some diseases. In this
      study, the effect of vanillic acid was examined on heart rate (as chronotropic
      property), P-R interval (as dromotropic property), and serum bilirubin in
      cholestasis-induced model rats. METHODS: In this study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley
      rats weighing 200-250 g were allocated into four groups, and each group contained
      eight rats as follows: Control (normal saline, 1 ml/kg, gavage, daily for 4
      weeks), cirrhotic (normal saline, 1 ml/kg, gavage, daily for 4 weeks), vanillic
      acid (10 mg/kg, gavage, daily for 4 weeks), cirrhotic treated with vanillic acid
      (10 mg/kg, gavage, daily for 4 weeks). Chronic biliary cirrhosis was induced in
      cirrhotic groups by four weeks Bile Duct Ligation (BDL). At the first day and
      four weeks after surgery, the animals were anesthetized, electrocardiograms were
      recorded (lead II), and chronotropic and dromotropic properties (HR and PR
      interval) were investigated. At the end of experimental duration, the animals
      were anesthetized, and blood samples were taken to measure serum bilirubin. The
      results were analyzed using t-test and one-way ANOVA by SPSS software, version
      22. RESULTS: After induced of BDL, the results presented that laboratory
      parameter (bilirubin) in the cirrhotic group significantly increased compared to
      the control group. The P-R interval was reduced in the cirrhotic group compared
      to the control group, and there was no significant difference between heart rate
      in all groups. Bilirubin were reduced in cirrhotic groups treated with vanillic
      acid (VA) compared to cirrhotic group and also administration of VA in the
      cirrhotic treated with VA increased dromotropic property in comparison with the
      cirrhotic group. CONCLUSION: According to the results obtained in this study,
      preventing elevated bilirubin and increase dromotropic property in cirrhotic
      group taking the VA suggested that the consumption of vanillic acid as an
      antioxidant can be effective in the prevention of liver diseases.

PMID- 27382453
TI  - A Review of the Clinical Implications of Breast Cancer Biology.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Histologically similar tumors may have different prognoses and
      responses to treatment. These differences are due to molecular differences.
      Hence, in this review, the biological interaction of breast cancer in several
      different areas is discussed. In addition, the performance and clinical
      application of the most widely-recognized biomarkers, metastasis, and recurrences
      from a biological perspective and current global advances in these areas are
      addressed. OBJECTIVE: This review provides the performance and clinical
      application of the most widely-recognized biomarkers, metastasis, and recurrences
      from the biological perspective and current global advances in these areas.
      METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched comprehensively with
      combinations of the following keywords: "breast cancer," "biological markers,"
      and "clinical." The definition of breast cancer, diagnostic methods, biological
      markers, and available treatment approaches were extracted from the literature.
      RESULTS: Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal
      growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), and Ki-67 are the most well-known biological
      markers that have important roles in prognosis and response to therapeutic
      methods. Some studies showed the response of ER-positive and PR-negative tumors
      to anti-estrogenic treatment to be lower than ER-positive and PR-positive tumors.
      Patients with high expression of HER-2 and Ki-67 had a poor prognosis. In
      addition, recent investigations indicated the roles of new biomarkers, such as
      VEGF, IGF, P53 and P21, which are associated with many factors, such as age,
      race, and histological features. CONCLUSION: The objective of scientists, from
      establishing a relationship between cancer biology infrastructures with clinical
      manifestations, is to find new ways of prevention and progression inhibition and
      then possible introduction of less dangerous and better treatments to resolve
      this dilemma of human society.

PMID- 27382454
TI  - Iron chelation monotherapy in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia major
      patients: a comparative study of deferasirox and deferoxamine.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Iron overload is the primary cause of mortality and morbidity in
      thalassemia major (TM) despite advances in chelation therapy. The aim of this
      study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of deferasirox (DFX) and
      deferoxamine (DFO) as iron-chelating agents in patients with transfusion
      dependent beta-thalassemia major. METHODS: This prospective randomized study
      included 60 patients with transfusion-dependent beta-TM during the period from
      September 2014 to September 2015. Their ages were >= 6 years, and they had serum
      ferritin above 1500 MUg/L and were on irregular DFO therapy. Patients had regular
      packed red cell transfusion in a dose of 10 mL/kg/session. They were randomized
      to receive DFX (single oral daily dose of 20-40 mg/kg/day) or DFO (20-50
      mg/kg/day via subcutaneous infusion over 8-10 hours, 5 days a week). Iron
      overload was determined by serum ferritin level. The primary endpoint was
      decrease of serum ferritin level below 1500 MUg/L. The secondary endpoint was
      drug safety. RESULTS: Both drugs significantly reduced serum ferritin (p <
      0.001). At the end of follow-up, there were no significant differences between
      the two groups in serum ferritin levels (p = 0.673) and in percent reduction of
      ferritin (p = 0.315). There were no significant differences between the two
      groups in the total amount of blood transfusion (p = 0.166) and average iron
      intake (p = 0.227). There were no mortalities or any serious adverse effects,
      neutropenia, arthropathy, or pulmonary toxicity. Gastrointestinal upset and skin
      rash occurred more frequently with DFX than with DFO (p = 0.254 and 0.095,
      respectively). CONCLUSION: With appropriate dosing and compliance with drugs,
      both DFX and DFO are generally well tolerated, safe, and effective in reducing
      serum ferritin levels in iron-overloaded, regularly-transfused thalassemia major
      patients. Therefore, oral DFX is recommended for more convenience and adherence
      to the treatment regimen.

PMID- 27382455
TI  - Impact of morphine use in reducing the need for CT scan in patients with cervical
      spine trauma: a double blinded randomized clinical trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cervical spine trauma occurs mostly among young males due to falls
      and car accidents. The CT scan technology is replacing radiography in many
      medical clinics as it is very capable in detecting subtle cervical spine
      injuries. However, the use of CT scan for routine screening in patients with
      cervical spine trauma remains controversial due to its radiation risks and
      relatively high cost. OBJECTIVE: The focus of this research was on using morphine
      in patients with cervical spine trauma. The objective was to determine the
      ability of morphine to reduce the number of patients in need of CT scans.
      METHODS: This double-blinded randomized clinical trial study was conducted from
      April 2014 to March 2015 in Hasheminejad Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. We enrolled
      67 patients with cervical spine trauma and normal radiography in the study. They
      were divided randomly into two groups (groups A and B), where group A received
      intravenous morphine, and group B received a placebo. We measured the pain scores
      in both groups before giving the medication and 10 minutes afterwards using a
      visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: As a result of receiving morphine, the
      patients in group A had significantly lower pain than group B (p-value < 0.001).
      The average pain score in group A was reduced by 43% versus 23% in group B.
      However, the most pain reduction was in those in group A with a normal CT scan.
      The pain score of these patients dropped by 52%. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of
      this study suggest that patients with a normal radiography may be discharged with
      a cervical collar without a need for a CT scan if morphine reduces their pain.
      This is because the pain in these patients stem from the muscles and non-bony
      structures in the cervical spine area. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was
      registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with
      the IRCT ID: IRCT2013100214872N1. FUNDING: The authors received no financial
      support for the research or for the publication of this article.

PMID- 27382456
TI  - The impact of Silymarin on improvement of platelet abnormalities in patients with
      severe preeclampsia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder that is associated with
      an increase in blood pressure and proteinuria; in severe cases, it can cause
      platelet abnormalities. Silymarin is the extract of Silybum marianum, which is
      recognized as a safe antioxidant drug. OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of
      Silymarin on the improvement of severe preeclampsia in 60 patients with severe
      preeclampsia. METHODS: In this double-blind clinical trial study, This study
      included 60 patients whose pregnancies were terminated because of severe
      preeclampsia and who were referred to Hajar Hospital in Shahrekord, Iran, from
      April 2014 to September 2015. The patients were divided randomly into two groups,
      i.e., a group of 30 patients and a control group of 30 patients. In addition to
      the current treatments for preeclampsia, The members of the study group were
      administered 70 mg of Silymarin at three hours and 24 hours after the termination
      of their pregnancies. The control group received a placebo at the same times.
      Platelet count tests were compared at the baseline and at 12, 36, and 60 hours
      post-measurements in the two groups by SPSS software, version 22, by the ANOVA
      test, and by the independent-samples t-test. RESULTS: At the baseline, the two
      groups were not significantly different in terms of various criteria, such as
      age, BMI, and platelet counts. There were no significant differences between the
      two groups regarding the number of platelets at 12, 36, and 60 h after their
      pregnancies were ended (p > 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study
      indicated that, although oxidative factors are involved in the incidence of
      complications of preeclampsia, e.g., thrombocytopenia, merely using an oxidative
      agent does not alleviate this effect. This indicated that other factors likely
      are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Additional studies are needed
      to prove the beneficial effects of this drug in the treatment of preeclampsia.
      CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of
      Clinical Trials (http://www.irct.ir) with the Irct ID: IRCT201509042388/N1.
      FUNDING: Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences supported this research
      (project no. 2006).

PMID- 27382457
TI  - A Novel Active Contour Model for MRI Brain Segmentation used in Radiotherapy
      Treatment Planning.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Brain image segmentation is one of the most important clinical
      tools used in radiology and radiotherapy. But accurate segmentation is a very
      difficult task because these images mostly contain noise, inhomogeneities, and
      sometimes aberrations. The purpose of this study was to introduce a novel,
      locally statistical active contour model (ACM) for magnetic resonance image
      segmentation in the presence of intense inhomogeneity with the ability to
      determine the position of contour and energy diagram. METHODS: A Gaussian
      distribution model with different means and variances was used for inhomogeneity,
      and a moving window was used to map the original image into another domain in
      which the intensity distributions of inhomogeneous objects were still Gaussian
      but were better separated. The means of the Gaussian distributions in the
      transformed domain can be adaptively estimated by multiplying a bias field by the
      original signal within the window. Then, a statistical energy function is defined
      for each local region. Also, to evaluate the performance of our method,
      experiments were conducted on MR images of the brain for segment tumors or normal
      tissue as visualization and energy functions. RESULTS: In the proposed method, we
      were able to determine the size and position of the initial contour and to count
      iterations to have a better segmentation. The energy function for 20 to 430
      iterations was calculated. The energy function was reduced by about 5 and 7%
      after 70 and 430 iterations, respectively. These results showed that, with
      increasing iterations, the energy function decreased, but it decreased faster
      during the early iterations, after which it decreased slowly. Also, this method
      enables us to stop the segmentation based on the threshold that we define for the
      energy equation. CONCLUSION: An active contour model based on the energy function
      is a useful tool for medical image segmentation. The proposed method combined the
      information about neighboring pixels that belonged to the same class, thereby
      making it strong to separate the desired objects from the background.

PMID- 27382458
TI  - Effects of the Effect of Ultra High Frequency Mobile Phone Radiation on Human
      Health.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Public and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields due to
      the growing trend of electronic devices may cause adverse effects on human
      health. This paper describes the risk of mutation and sexual trauma and
      infertility in masculine sexual cell by mobile phone radiations. METHODS: In this
      study, we measured the emitted dose from a radiofrequency device, such as
      switching high voltage at different frequencies using a scintillation detector.
      The switching high voltage power supply (HVPS) was built for the Single Photon
      Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) system. For radiation dosimetry, we used an
      ALNOR scintillator that can measure gamma radiation. The simulation was performed
      by MATLAB software, and data from the International Commission on Non-Ionizing
      Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) were used to verify the simulation. RESULTS: We
      investigated the risks that result from the waves, according to a report by
      International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), to every
      organ of the body is defined by the beam and electromagnetic radiation from this
      electronic device on people. The results showed that the maximum personal dose
      over a 15-min period working at the mentioned HVPS did not exceed 0.31 MUSV/h
      (with an aluminum shield). So, according to other sources of radiation,
      continuous working time of the system should not be more than 10 hours. Finally,
      a characteristic curve for secure working with modules at different frequencies
      was reported. The RF input signal to the body for maximum penetration depth
      (delta) and electromagnetic energy absorption rate (SAR) of biological tissue
      were obtained for each tissue. CONCLUSION: The results of this study and
      International Commission of Non Ionization Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reports
      showed the people who spend more than 50 minutes a day using a cell phone could
      have early dementia or other thermal damage due to the burning of glucose in the
      brain.

PMID- 27382459
TI  - Characterization of a Dmd (EGFP) reporter mouse as a tool to investigate
      dystrophin expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dystrophin is a rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein that provides
      sarcolemmal stability as a structural link between the cytoskeleton and the
      extracellular matrix via the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC).
      Mutations in the dystrophin-encoding DMD gene cause X-linked dystrophinopathies
      with variable phenotypes, the most severe being Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
      characterized by progressive muscle wasting and fibrosis. However, dystrophin
      deficiency does not only impair the function of skeletal and heart muscle but may
      also affect other organ systems such as the brain, eye, and gastrointestinal
      tract. The generation of a dystrophin reporter mouse would facilitate research
      into dystrophin muscular and extramuscular pathophysiology without the need for
      immunostaining. RESULTS: We generated a Dmd (EGFP) reporter mouse through the in
      frame insertion of the EGFP coding sequence behind the last Dmd exon 79, which is
      known to be expressed in all major dystrophin isoforms. We analyzed EGFP and
      dystrophin expression in various tissues and at the single muscle fiber level.
      Immunostaining of various members of the DAPC was done to confirm the correct
      subsarcolemmal location of dystrophin-binding partners. We found strong natural
      EGFP fluorescence at all expected sites of dystrophin expression in the skeletal
      and smooth muscle, heart, brain, and retina. EGFP fluorescence exactly
      colocalized with dystrophin immunostaining. In the skeletal muscle, dystrophin
      and other proteins of the DAPC were expressed at their correct
      sarcolemmal/subsarcolemmal localization. Skeletal muscle maintained normal tissue
      architecture, suggesting the correct function of the dystrophin-EGFP fusion
      protein. EGFP expression could be easily verified in isolated myofibers as well
      as in satellite cell-derived myotubes. CONCLUSIONS: The novel dystrophin reporter
      mouse provides a valuable tool for direct visualization of dystrophin expression
      and will allow the study of dystrophin expression in vivo and in vitro in various
      tissues by live cell imaging.

PMID- 27382460
TI  - Allergen immunotherapy for IgE-mediated food allergy: protocol for a systematic
      review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) is in
      the process of developing the EAACI Guidelines for Allergen Immunotherapy (AIT)
      for IgE-mediated food allergy. We seek to critically assess the effectiveness,
      cost-effectiveness and safety of AIT in IgE-mediated food allergy. METHODS: We
      will undertake a systematic review, which will involve searching international
      biomedical databases for published, in progress and unpublished evidence. Studies
      will be independently screened against pre-defined eligibility criteria and
      critically appraised using established instruments. Data will be descriptively
      and, if possible and appropriate, quantitatively synthesised. DISCUSSION: The
      findings from this review will be used to inform the development of
      recommendations for EAACI's Guidelines on AIT.

PMID- 27382461
TI  - Drosophila melanogaster as a model for basal body research.
AB  - The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is one of the most extensively studied
      organisms in biological research and has centrioles/basal bodies and cilia that
      can be modelled to investigate their functions in animals generally. Centrioles
      are nine-fold symmetrical microtubule-based cylindrical structures required to
      form centrosomes and also to nucleate the formation of cilia and flagella. When
      they function to template cilia, centrioles transition into basal bodies. The
      fruit fly has various types of basal bodies and cilia, which are needed for
      sensory neuron and sperm function. Genetics, cell biology and behaviour studies
      in the fruit fly have unveiled new basal body components and revealed different
      modes of assembly and functions of basal bodies that are conserved in many other
      organisms, including human, green algae and plasmodium. Here we describe the
      various basal bodies of Drosophila, what is known about their composition,
      structure and function. 

PMID- 27382462
TI  - Erratum to: Respiratory consequences of N95-type Mask usage in pregnant
      healthcare workers-a controlled clinical study.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13756-015-0086-z.]. 

PMID- 27382463
TI  - High bacterial load of indoor air in hospital wards: the case of University of
      Gondar teaching hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The air inhaled by people is abundantly populated with microorganisms
      which also are called bioaerosols. Bioaerosols is a colloidal suspension, formed
      by liquid droplets and particles of solid matter in the air, whose components
      contain or have attached to them viruses, fungal spores and conidia, bacterial
      endospores, plant pollen and fragments of plant tissues. They account for 5-34 %
      of indoor air pollution. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess
      the bacteriological concentration and to identify specific species of bacteria in
      the indoor air of Gondar University teaching hospital. Air samples were taken
      from 14 randomly selected wards. Bacterial measurements were made by passive air
      sampling technique i.e., the settle plate method. In each ward five Petri dishes
      were exposed for 30 and 60 min in the morning and afternoon. Bacteria were
      collected on nutrient agar and blood agar media. Both quantitative and
      qualitative analyses were conducted. The quantitative analysis was mainly
      conducted to determine bacterial load or number of bacteria in the indoor air.
      Bacterial load was enumerated as colony forming units. Qualitative analysis was
      conducted to identify specific species of bacteria. For this study we have
      selected Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus which had high public health
      concern. Mannitol test was used to isolate Staphylococcus aureus, whereas
      Bacitracin test was conducted to isolate Streptococcus pyogene. RESULT: The
      result of this study indicated that the highest bacterial load which was 1468
      CFU/m(3) has been recorded at 2:00 PM in Ward C at 60 min exposure time and the
      lowest bacterial concentration (i.e., 480 CFU/m(3)) was recorded at 8:00 AM in
      physiotherapy ward. Based on the result bacterial concentration of indoor air of
      Gondar University teaching hospital was found between 480 and 1468 CFU/m(3). The
      result of one way ANOVA showed that the highest mean bacterial concentration
      (1271.00 CFU/m(3)) was found in Medical ward and the least (583.25 CFU/m(3))
      concentration was found in ward D and the grand total average concentration was
      878.43 CFU/m(3). Favorable conditions for growth and multiplication of bacteria
      like temperature (26.5-29.5  degrees C), humidity (64.5-85 %), presence of
      unhygienic attached toilets, poor waste management system and poor ventilation
      system were observed during the survey. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in
      10 wards and Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in 8 hospital wards.
      CONCLUSIONS: Compared with different indoor air biological standards, higher
      concentration of indoor air bacterial load was found in Gondar University
      teaching hospital. The higher bacterial load may be due to temperature, humidity,
      presence of unhygienic attached toilets, poor waste management system and poor
      ventilation system. Therefore, attention must be given to control those
      environmental factors which favor the growth and multiplication of microbes in
      indoor environment. In addition, also the ventilation condition, cleanliness of
      toilets, sweeping methods and waste disposal system of the compound should be
      improved.

PMID- 27382464
TI  - Most Italians attending a congress on health of elderly people do not know and do
      not recognize respiratory diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study reports the results of a survey jointly carried out
      by three Italian respiratory scientific associations (AIMAR, AIPO, SIMeR)
      together with an important Federation of elderly patients (FederAnziani) during
      the National Conference of Italian Court for Health Right held in Rimini from
      November 29(th) to December 1(st), 2013. The survey, based on a spirometric
      examination preceded by a questionnaire on respiratory health, was conducted on
      elderly people coming from all Italian regions to attend the Conference. METHODS:
      Nine hundred forty-nine subjects (574 females and 375 males), mean age 66.2 +/-
      10.1 years, were interviewed and performed spirometric examination. There were
      137 smokers (14.4 %). Mean value of Body Mass Index (BMI) was significantly
      higher in males (27.6 +/- 6.6) than in females (26.3 +/- 4.3). RESULTS: 17.1 % (N
      = 143) of the studied subjects reported to be suffering from respiratory disease
      and the prevalent illnesses were asthma (31.5 %) and COPD/emphysema (24.5 %), but
      only 3.3 % of the whole surveyed group was able to identify COPD as a pulmonary
      disease, however without knowing its characteristics, while these were known by
      0.5 % of the interviewed subjects only. A high number of subjects, 22 % of whom
      were smokers, declared chronic sputum production. 10.2 % of the study group
      showed an obstructive defect at spirometry when the criterium of lower limit of
      the normal (LLN) was considered, whereas it was 12.4 % if the fixed limit of 0.70
      was chosen. 64 % of the obstructed people thought they did not have any
      respiratory disease. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this survey, able to spread the
      knowledge of respiratory diseases and spirometry in a wide sample of subjects for
      the most part scarcely aware of them, emphasize the need for a greater
      divulgation of respiratory issues among the general population.

PMID- 27382465
TI  - Phenotypic variation in metabolism and morphology correlating with animal
      swimming activity in the wild: relevance for the OCLTT (oxygen- and capacity
      limitation of thermal tolerance), allocation and performance models.
AB  - Ongoing climate change is affecting animal physiology in many parts of the world.
      Using metabolism, the oxygen- and capacity-limitation of thermal tolerance
      (OCLTT) hypothesis provides a tool to predict the responses of ectothermic
      animals to variation in temperature, oxygen availability and pH in the aquatic
      environment. The hypothesis remains controversial, however, and has been
      questioned in several studies. A positive relationship between aerobic metabolic
      scope and animal activity would be consistent with the OCLTT but has rarely been
      tested. Moreover, the performance model and the allocation model predict positive
      and negative relationships, respectively, between standard metabolic rate and
      activity. Finally, animal activity could be affected by individual morphology
      because of covariation with cost of transport. Therefore, we hypothesized that
      individual variation in activity is correlated with variation in metabolism and
      morphology. To test this prediction, we captured 23 wild European perch (Perca
      fluviatilis) in a lake, tagged them with telemetry transmitters, measured
      standard and maximal metabolic rates, aerobic metabolic scope and fineness ratio
      and returned the fish to the lake to quantify individual in situ activity levels.
      Metabolic rates were measured using intermittent flow respirometry, whereas the
      activity assay involved high-resolution telemetry providing positions every 30 s
      over 12 days. We found no correlation between individual metabolic traits and
      activity, whereas individual fineness ratio correlated with activity. Independent
      of body length, and consistent with physics theory, slender fish maintained
      faster mean and maximal swimming speeds, but this variation did not result in a
      larger area (in square metres) explored per 24 h. Testing assumptions and
      predictions of recent conceptual models, our study indicates that individual
      metabolism is not a strong determinant of animal activity, in contrast to
      individual morphology, which is correlated with in situ activity patterns. 

PMID- 27382466
TI  - Success stories and emerging themes in conservation physiology.
AB  - The potential benefits of physiology for conservation are well established and
      include greater specificity of management techniques, determination of cause
      effect relationships, increased sensitivity of health and disturbance monitoring
      and greater capacity for predicting future change. While descriptions of the
      specific avenues in which conservation and physiology can be integrated are
      readily available and important to the continuing expansion of the discipline of
      'conservation physiology', to date there has been no assessment of how the field
      has specifically contributed to conservation success. However, the goal of
      conservation physiology is to foster conservation solutions and it is therefore
      important to assess whether physiological approaches contribute to downstream
      conservation outcomes and management decisions. Here, we present eight areas of
      conservation concern, ranging from chemical contamination to invasive species to
      ecotourism, where physiological approaches have led to beneficial changes in
      human behaviour, management or policy. We also discuss the shared characteristics
      of these successes, identifying emerging themes in the discipline. Specifically,
      we conclude that conservation physiology: (i) goes beyond documenting change to
      provide solutions; (ii) offers a diversity of physiological metrics beyond
      glucocorticoids (stress hormones); (iii) includes approaches that are
      transferable among species, locations and times; (iv) simultaneously allows for
      human use and benefits to wildlife; and (v) is characterized by successes that
      can be difficult to find in the primary literature. Overall, we submit that the
      field of conservation physiology has a strong foundation of achievements
      characterized by a diversity of conservation issues, taxa, physiological traits,
      ecosystem types and spatial scales. We hope that these concrete successes will
      encourage the continued evolution and use of physiological tools within
      conservation-based research and management plans. 

PMID- 27382467
TI  - Fisheries conservation on the high seas: linking conservation physiology and
      fisheries ecology for the management of large pelagic fishes.
AB  - Populations of tunas, billfishes and pelagic sharks are fished at or over
      capacity in many regions of the world. They are captured by directed commercial
      and recreational fisheries (the latter of which often promote catch and release)
      or as incidental catch or bycatch in commercial fisheries. Population assessments
      of pelagic fishes typically incorporate catch-per-unit-effort time-series data
      from commercial and recreational fisheries; however, there have been notable
      changes in target species, areas fished and depth-specific gear deployments over
      the years that may have affected catchability. Some regional fisheries management
      organizations take into account the effects of time- and area-specific changes in
      the behaviours of fish and fishers, as well as fishing gear, to standardize catch
      per-unit-effort indices and refine population estimates. However, estimates of
      changes in stock size over time may be very sensitive to underlying assumptions
      of the effects of oceanographic conditions and prey distribution on the
      horizontal and vertical movement patterns and distribution of pelagic fishes.
      Effective management and successful conservation of pelagic fishes requires a
      mechanistic understanding of their physiological and behavioural responses to
      environmental variability, potential for interaction with commercial and
      recreational fishing gear, and the capture process. The interdisciplinary field
      of conservation physiology can provide insights into pelagic fish demography and
      ecology (including environmental relationships and interspecific interactions) by
      uniting the complementary expertise and skills of fish physiologists and
      fisheries scientists. The iterative testing by one discipline of hypotheses
      generated by the other can span the fundamental-applied science continuum,
      leading to the development of robust insights supporting informed management. The
      resulting species-specific understanding of physiological abilities and
      tolerances can help to improve stock assessments, develop effective bycatch
      reduction strategies, predict rates of post-release mortality, and forecast the
      population effects of environmental change. In this synthesis, we review several
      examples of these interdisciplinary collaborations that currently benefit pelagic
      fisheries management. 

PMID- 27382468
TI  - Intraspecific individual variation of temperature tolerance associated with
      oxygen demand in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).
AB  - The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is an economically important fish
      native to the Mediterranean and Northern Atlantic. Its complex life cycle
      involves many migrations through temperature gradients that affect the energetic
      demands of swimming. Previous studies have shown large intraspecific variation in
      swimming performance and temperature tolerance, which could include deleterious
      and advantageous traits under the evolutionary pressure of climate change.
      However, little is known of the underlying determinants of this individual
      variation. We investigated individual variation in temperature tolerance in 30
      sea bass by exposing them to a warm temperature challenge test. The eight most
      temperature-tolerant and eight most temperature-sensitive fish were then studied
      further to determine maximal swimming speed (U CAT), aerobic scope and post
      exercise oxygen consumption. Finally, ventricular contractility in each group was
      determined using isometric muscle preparations. The temperature-tolerant fish
      showed lower resting oxygen consumption rates, possessed larger hearts and
      initially recovered from exhaustive exercise faster than the temperature
      sensitive fish. Thus, whole-animal temperature tolerance was associated with
      important performance traits. However, the temperature-tolerant fish also
      demonstrated poorer maximal swimming capacity (i.e. lower U CAT) than their
      temperature-sensitive counterparts, which may indicate a trade-off between
      temperature tolerance and swimming performance. Interestingly, the larger
      relative ventricular mass of the temperature-tolerant fish did not equate to
      greater ventricular contractility, suggesting that larger stroke volumes, rather
      than greater contractile strength, may be associated with thermal tolerance in
      this species. 

PMID- 27382469
TI  - Evaluating the effect of sample type on American alligator (Alligator
      mississippiensis) analyte values in a point-of-care blood analyser.
AB  - The assessment of wildlife health has been enhanced by the ability of point-of
      care (POC) blood analysers to provide biochemical analyses of non-domesticated
      animals in the field. However, environmental limitations (e.g. temperature,
      atmospheric humidity and rain) and lack of reference values may inhibit
      researchers from using such a device with certain wildlife species. Evaluating
      the use of alternative sample types, such as plasma, in a POC device may afford
      researchers the opportunity to delay sample analysis and the ability to use
      banked samples. In this study, we examined fresh whole blood, fresh plasma and
      frozen plasma (sample type) pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2),
      bicarbonate (HCO3 (-)), total carbon dioxide (TCO2), base excess (BE), partial
      pressure of oxygen (PO2), oxygen saturation (sO2) and lactate concentrations in
      23 juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) using an i-STAT CG4+
      cartridge. Our results indicate that sample type had no effect on lactate
      concentration values (F 2,65 = 0.37, P = 0.963), suggesting that the i-STAT
      analyser can be used reliably to quantify lactate concentrations in fresh and
      frozen plasma samples. In contrast, the other seven blood parameters measured by
      the CG4+ cartridge were significantly affected by sample type. Lastly, we were
      able to collect blood samples from all alligators within 2 min of capture to
      establish preliminary reference ranges for juvenile alligators based on values
      obtained using fresh whole blood. 

PMID- 27382470
TI  - Context dependency of trait repeatability and its relevance for management and
      conservation of fish populations.
AB  - Repeatability of behavioural and physiological traits is increasingly a focus for
      animal researchers, for which fish have become important models. Almost all of
      this work has been done in the context of evolutionary ecology, with few explicit
      attempts to apply repeatability and context dependency of trait variation toward
      understanding conservation-related issues. Here, we review work examining the
      degree to which repeatability of traits (such as boldness, swimming performance,
      metabolic rate and stress responsiveness) is context dependent. We review methods
      for quantifying repeatability (distinguishing between within-context and across
      context repeatability) and confounding factors that may be especially problematic
      when attempting to measure repeatability in wild fish. Environmental factors such
      temperature, food availability, oxygen availability, hypercapnia, flow regime and
      pollutants all appear to alter trait repeatability in fishes. This suggests that
      anthropogenic environmental change could alter evolutionary trajectories by
      changing which individuals achieve the greatest fitness in a given set of
      conditions. Gaining a greater understanding of these effects will be crucial for
      our ability to forecast the effects of gradual environmental change, such as
      climate change and ocean acidification, the study of which is currently limited
      by our ability to examine trait changes over relatively short time scales. Also
      discussed are situations in which recent advances in technologies associated with
      electronic tags (biotelemetry and biologging) and respirometry will help to
      facilitate increased quantification of repeatability for physiological and
      integrative traits, which so far lag behind measures of repeatability of
      behavioural traits. 

PMID- 27382471
TI  - Methods matter: considering locomotory mode and respirometry technique when
      estimating metabolic rates of fishes.
AB  - Respirometry is frequently used to estimate metabolic rates and examine
      organismal responses to environmental change. Although a range of methodologies
      exists, it remains unclear whether differences in chamber design and exercise
      (type and duration) produce comparable results within individuals and whether the
      most appropriate method differs across taxa. We used a repeated-measures design
      to compare estimates of maximal and standard metabolic rates (MMR and SMR) in
      four coral reef fish species using the following three methods: (i) prolonged
      swimming in a traditional swimming respirometer; (ii) short-duration exhaustive
      chase with air exposure followed by resting respirometry; and (iii) short
      duration exhaustive swimming in a circular chamber. We chose species that are
      steady/prolonged swimmers, using either a body-caudal fin or a median-paired fin
      swimming mode during routine swimming. Individual MMR estimates differed
      significantly depending on the method used. Swimming respirometry consistently
      provided the best (i.e. highest) estimate of MMR in all four species irrespective
      of swimming mode. Both short-duration protocols (exhaustive chase and swimming in
      a circular chamber) produced similar MMR estimates, which were up to 38% lower
      than those obtained during prolonged swimming. Furthermore, underestimates were
      not consistent across swimming modes or species, indicating that a general
      correction factor cannot be used. However, SMR estimates (upon recovery from both
      of the exhausting swimming methods) were consistent across both short-duration
      methods. Given the increasing use of metabolic data to assess organismal
      responses to environmental stressors, we recommend carefully considering
      respirometry protocols before experimentation. Specifically, results should not
      readily be compared across methods; discrepancies could result in
      misinterpretation of MMR and aerobic scope. 

PMID- 27382473
TI  - Reduced salinity tolerance in the Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) is
      associated with rapid development of a gill interlamellar cell mass: implications
      of high-saline spills on native freshwater salmonids.
AB  - Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) are salmonids that have a strict freshwater
      existence in post-glacial North America. Oil and gas development is associated
      with production of high volumes of hypersaline water. With planned industrial
      expansion into northern areas of Canada and the USA that directly overlap
      grayling habitat, the threat of accidental saline water release poses a
      significant risk. Despite this, we understand little about the responses of
      grayling to hypersaline waters. We compared the physiological responses and
      survivability of Arctic grayling and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to
      tolerate an acute transfer to higher saline waters. Arctic grayling and rainbow
      trout were placed directly into 17 ppt salinity and sampled at 24 and 96 h along
      with control animals in freshwater at 24 h. Serum sodium, chloride and osmolality
      levels increased significantly in grayling at both 24 and 96 h time points,
      whereas trout were able to compensate for the osmoregulatory disturbance by 96 h.
      Sodium-potassium ATPase mRNA expression responses to salinity were also compared,
      demonstrating the inability of the grayling to up-regulate the seawater isoform
      nkaalpha1b. Our results demonstrated a substantially lower salinity tolerance in
      grayling. We also found a significant salinity-induced morphological gill
      remodelling by Arctic grayling, as demonstrated by the rapid growth of an
      interlamellar cell mass by 24 h that persisted at 96 h. We visualized and
      quantified the appearance of the interlamellar cell mass as a response to high
      salinity, although the functional significance remains to be understood fully.
      Compared with rainbow trout, which are used as an environmental regulatory
      species, Arctic grayling are unable to compensate for the osmotic stressors that
      would result from a highly saline produced water spill. Given these new data,
      collaboration between fisheries and the oil and gas industry will be vital in the
      long-term conservation strategies with regard to the Arctic grayling in their
      native habitat. 

PMID- 27382474
TI  - Feather and faecal corticosterone concentrations predict future reproductive
      decisions in harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus).
AB  - Understanding sources of reproductive variation can inform management and
      conservation decisions, population ecology and life-history theory. Annual
      reproductive variation can drive population growth rate and can be influenced by
      factors from across the annual cycle (known as carry-over effects). The majority
      of studies, however, focus solely on the role of current environmental events.
      Past events often influence future reproductive decisions and success but can be
      logistically difficult to collect and quantify, especially in migratory species.
      Recent work indicates that glucocorticoids may prove good indicators to evaluate
      carry-over effects across life-history transitions. Here, we evaluated three
      different measures of glucocorticoid physiology (feathers, faeces and plasma) to
      evaluate the predictability of future breeding decision in the harlequin duck
      (Histrionicus histrionicus). We collected tail and back feathers, plasma and
      faeces for glucocorticoid analysis, and fitted female harlequin ducks with very
      high-frequency transmitters to track their breeding decisions. Both back feathers
      (moulted immediately before the current season) and faecal glucocorticoid
      metabolites were identified as important predictive factors of reproductive
      decisions; high concentrations of glucocorticoid metabolites in back feathers and
      faeces predicted a higher likelihood of reproductive deferral for the year.
      Although back and tail feather corticosterone concentrations were correlated,
      tail feathers (moulted at the end of the previous breeding season) did not
      predict breeding decisions. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were collected
      over too broad a time range after capture to be useful in this study. This study
      demonstrates the utility of non-invasive corticosterone metrics in predicting
      breeding decisions and supports the use of feathers to measure carry-over effects
      in migratory birds. With this technique, we identified the prenuptial moult as an
      important life-history phase that contributes to reproductive decisions.
      Identification of critical life-history phases is paramount to efficient
      management of species. 

PMID- 27382472
TI  - Are global warming and ocean acidification conspiring against marine ectotherms?
      A meta-analysis of the respiratory effects of elevated temperature, high CO2 and
      their interaction.
AB  - With the occurrence of global change, research aimed at estimating the
      performance of marine ectotherms in a warmer and acidified future has
      intensified. The concept of oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, which
      is inspired by the Fry paradigm of a bell-shaped increase-optimum-decrease-type
      response of aerobic scope to increasing temperature, but also includes proposed
      negative and synergistic effects of elevated CO2 levels, has been suggested as a
      unifying framework. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to assess the
      following: (i) the generality of a bell-shaped relationship between absolute
      aerobic scope (AAS) and temperature; (ii) to what extent elevated CO2 affects
      resting oxygen uptake MO2rest and AAS; and (iii) whether there is an interaction
      between elevated temperature and CO2. The behavioural effects of CO2 are also
      briefly discussed. In 31 out of 73 data sets (both acutely exposed and
      acclimated), AAS increased and remained above 90% of the maximum, whereas a clear
      thermal optimum was observed in the remaining 42 data sets. Carbon dioxide caused
      a significant rise in MO2rest in only 18 out of 125 data sets, and a decrease in
      25, whereas it caused a decrease in AAS in four out of 18 data sets and an
      increase in two. The analysis did not reveal clear evidence for an overall
      correlation with temperature, CO2 regime or duration of CO2 treatment. When CO2
      had an effect, additive rather than synergistic interactions with temperature
      were most common and, interestingly, they even interacted antagonistically on
      MO2rest and AAS. The behavioural effects of CO2 could complicate experimental
      determination of respiratory performance. Overall, this meta-analysis reveals
      heterogeneity in the responses to elevated temperature and CO2 that is not in
      accordance with the idea of a single unifying principle and which cannot be
      ignored in attempts to model and predict the impacts of global warming and ocean
      acidification on marine ectotherms. 

PMID- 27382475
TI  - Contribution of Arab countries to pharmaceutical wastewater literature: a
      bibliometric and comparative analysis of research output.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recently, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry has been growing
      rapidly in many countries in the world, including in Arab countries.
      Pharmaceuticals reach aquatic environments and are prevalent at small
      concentrations in wastewater from the drug manufacturing industry and hospitals.
      Such presence also occurs in domestic wastewater and results from the disposal of
      unused and expired medicines. Therefore, the objective of this study was to
      analyze and compare the quantity and quality of publications made by researchers
      in Arab countries on pharmaceutical wastewater. METHODS: To retrieve documents
      related to pharmaceutical wastewater, we used the Scopus database on November 21,
      2015. All documents with terms related to pharmaceutical wastewater in the title
      or abstract were analysed. Results obtained from Arab countries were compared
      with those obtained from Turkey, Iran and Israel. RESULTS: Globally, a total of
      6360 publications were retrieved while those from Arab countries, Iran, Turkey
      and Israel, were 179, 113, 96 and 54 publications respectively. The highest share
      of publications belonged to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) with a total of 47
      (26.2 %) publications, followed by Egypt (38; 21.2 %), Tunisia (17; 9.5 %) and
      Morocco (16; 8.9 %). The total number of citations was 1635, with a mean of 9.13
      and a median (inter quartile range) of 3 (1.0-10.0). The study identified 87
      (48.6 %) documents with 32 countries of international collaboration with Arab
      countries. It was noted that Arab researchers collaborated mainly with authors in
      Western Europe (54; 30.2 %), followed by authors from the Asiatic region (29;
      16.2 %) and Northern America (15; 8.4 %). The most productive institution was
      King Saud University, KSA (13; 7.3 %), followed by the National Research Centre,
      Egypt (10; 7.3 %). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that KSA has the largest share
      of productivity on pharmaceutical wastewater research. Bibliometric analysis
      demonstrated that research productivity, mainly from Arab countries in
      pharmaceutical wastewater research, was relatively lagging behind. More research
      effort is required for Arab countries to catch up with those of non-Arab Middle
      Easter countries on pharmaceutical wastewater research.

PMID- 27382476
TI  - Acute respiratory symptoms and evacuation-related behavior after exposure to
      chlorine gas leakage.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A study was performed on the accidental chlorine gas leakage that
      occurred in a factory of printed circuit boards manufactured without chlorine.
      Health examination was performed for all 52 workers suspected of exposure to
      chlorine gas, and their evacuation-related behaviors were observed in addition to
      analyzing the factors that affected the duration of their acute respiratory
      symptoms. METHODS: Behavioral characteristics during the incidence of the
      accidental chlorine gas leakage, the estimated time of exposure, and the duration
      of subjective acute respiratory symptoms were investigated. In addition, clinical
      examination, chest radiography, and dental erosion test were performed. As
      variables that affected the duration of respiratory symptoms, dose group, body
      weight, age, sex, smoking, work period, and wearing a protective gear were
      included and analyzed by using the Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: Of 47
      workers exposed to chlorine gas, 36 (77 %) developed more than one subjective
      symptom. The duration of the subjective symptoms according to exposure level
      significantly differed, with a median of 1 day (range, 0-5 days) in the low
      exposure group and 2 days (range, 0-25 days) in the high-exposure group. Among
      the variables that affected the duration of the acute respiratory symptoms, which
      were analyzed by using the Cox proportional hazard model, only exposure level was
      significant (hazard ratio 2.087, 95 % CI = 1.119, 3.890). Regarding the
      evacuation-related behaviors, 22 workers (47 %) voluntarily evacuated to a safety
      zone immediately after recognizing the accidental exposure, but 25 workers (43 %)
      delayed evacuation until the start of mandatory evacuation (min 5, max 25 min).
      CONCLUSIONS: The duration of the subjective acute respiratory symptoms
      significantly differed between the low- and high-exposure groups. Among the 27
      workers in the high-exposure group, 17 misjudged the toxicity after being aware
      of the gas leakage, which is a relatively high number.

PMID- 27382477
TI  - Virtual electrode design for increasing spatial resolution in retinal prosthesis.
AB  - Retinal prostheses systems are currently used to restore partial vision to
      patients blinded by degenerative diseases by electrically stimulating surviving
      retinal cells. To obtain likely maximum resolution, electrode size is minimised,
      allowing for a large quantity on an array and localised stimulation regions.
      Besides the small size leading to fabrication difficulties and higher
      electrochemical charge density, there are challenges associated with the number
      of drivers needed for a large electrode count as well as the strategies to
      deliver sufficient power to these drivers wirelessly. In hopes to increase
      electrode resolution while avoiding these issues, the authors propose a new
      'virtual electrode' design to increase locations of likely stimulation. Passive
      metallisation strategically placed between disk electrodes, combined with
      alternating surrounding stimuli, channel current into a location between
      electrodes, producing a virtual stimulation site. A computational study was
      conducted to optimise the passive metal element geometry, quantify the expected
      current density output, and simulate retinal ganglion cell activity due to
      virtual electrode stimulation. Results show that this procedure leads to array
      geometry that focuses injected current and achieves retinal ganglion cell
      stimulation in a region beneath the 'virtual electrode,' creating an alternate
      stimulation site without additional drivers. 

PMID- 27382478
TI  - Computationally efficient real-time interpolation algorithm for non-uniform
      sampled biosignals.
AB  - This Letter presents a novel, computationally efficient interpolation method that
      has been optimised for use in electrocardiogram baseline drift removal. In the
      authors' previous Letter three isoelectric baseline points per heartbeat are
      detected, and here utilised as interpolation points. As an extension from linear
      interpolation, their algorithm segments the interpolation interval and utilises
      different piecewise linear equations. Thus, the algorithm produces a linear
      curvature that is computationally efficient while interpolating non-uniform
      samples. The proposed algorithm is tested using sinusoids with different
      fundamental frequencies from 0.05 to 0.7 Hz and also validated with real baseline
      wander data acquired from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology University
      and Boston's Beth Israel Hospital (MIT-BIH) Noise Stress Database. The synthetic
      data results show an root mean square (RMS) error of 0.9 MUV (mean), 0.63 MUV
      (median) and 0.6 MUV (standard deviation) per heartbeat on a 1 mVp-p 0.1 Hz
      sinusoid. On real data, they obtain an RMS error of 10.9 MUV (mean), 8.5 MUV
      (median) and 9.0 MUV (standard deviation) per heartbeat. Cubic spline
      interpolation and linear interpolation on the other hand shows 10.7 MUV, 11.6 MUV
      (mean), 7.8 MUV, 8.9 MUV (median) and 9.8 MUV, 9.3 MUV (standard deviation) per
      heartbeat. 

PMID- 27382479
TI  - Modular continuous wavelet processing of biosignals: extracting heart rate and
      oxygen saturation from a video signal.
AB  - A novel method of extracting heart rate and oxygen saturation from a video-based
      biosignal is described. The method comprises a novel modular continuous wavelet
      transform approach which includes: performing the transform, undertaking running
      wavelet archetyping to enhance the pulse information, extraction of the pulse
      ridge time-frequency information [and thus a heart rate (HRvid) signal], creation
      of a wavelet ratio surface, projection of the pulse ridge onto the ratio surface
      to determine the ratio of ratios from which a saturation trending signal is
      derived, and calibrating this signal to provide an absolute saturation signal
      (SvidO2). The method is illustrated through its application to a video
      photoplethysmogram acquired during a porcine model of acute desaturation. The
      modular continuous wavelet transform-based approach is advocated by the author as
      a powerful methodology to deal with noisy, non-stationary biosignals in general. 

PMID- 27382480
TI  - Robust cardiac event change detection method for long-term healthcare monitoring
      applications.
AB  - A long-term continuous cardiac health monitoring system highly demands more
      battery power for real-time transmission of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and
      increases bandwidth, treatment costs and traffic load of the diagnostic server.
      In this Letter, the authors present an automated low-complexity robust cardiac
      event change detection (CECD) method that can continuously detect specific
      changes in PQRST morphological patterns and heart rhythms and then enable
      transmission/storing of the recorded ECG signals. The proposed CECD method
      consists of four stages: ECG signal quality assessment, R-peak detection and beat
      waveform extraction, temporal and RR interval feature extraction and cardiac
      event change decision. The proposed method is tested and validated using both
      normal and abnormal ECG signals including different types of arrhythmia beats,
      heart rates and signal quality. Results show that the method achieves an average
      sensitivity of 99.76%, positive predictivity of 94.58% and overall accuracy of
      94.32% in determining the changes in heartbeat waveforms of the ECG signals. 

PMID- 27382481
TI  - Process techniques for human thoracic electrical bio-impedance signal in remote
      healthcare systems.
AB  - Analysis of thoracic electrical bio-impedance (TEB) facilitates heart stroke
      volume in sudden cardiac arrest. This Letter proposes several efficient and
      computationally simplified adaptive algorithms to display high-resolution TEB
      component. In a clinical environment, TEB signal encounters with various
      physiological and non-physiological phenomenon, which masks the tiny features
      that are important in identifying the intensity of the stroke. Moreover,
      computational complexity is an important parameter in a modern wearable
      healthcare monitoring tool. Hence, in this Letter, the authors propose a new
      signal conditioning technique for TEB enhancement in remote healthcare systems.
      For this, the authors have chosen higher order adaptive filter as a basic element
      in the process of TEB. To improve filtering capability, convergence speed, to
      reduce computational complexity of the signal conditioning technique, the authors
      apply data normalisation and clipping the data regressor. The proposed
      implementations are tested on real TEB signals. Finally, simulation results
      confirm that proposed regressor clipped normalised higher order filter is
      suitable for a practical healthcare system. 

PMID- 27382482
TI  - Path loss variation of on-body UWB channel in the frequency bands of IEEE
      802.15.6 standard.
AB  - The wireless body area network (WBAN) has gaining tremendous attention among
      researchers and academicians for its envisioned applications in healthcare
      service. Ultra wideband (UWB) radio technology is considered as excellent air
      interface for communication among body area network devices. Characterisation and
      modelling of channel parameters are utmost prerequisite for the development of
      reliable communication system. The path loss of on-body UWB channel for each
      frequency band defined in IEEE 802.15.6 standard is experimentally determined.
      The parameters of path loss model are statistically determined by analysing
      measurement data. Both the line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight channel conditions
      are considered in the measurement. Variations of parameter values with the size
      of human body are analysed along with the variation of parameter values with the
      surrounding environments. It is observed that the parameters of the path loss
      model vary with the frequency band as well as with the body size and surrounding
      environment. The derived parameter values are specific to the particular
      frequency bands of IEEE 802.15.6 standard, which will be useful for the
      development of efficient UWB WBAN system. 

PMID- 27382483
TI  - Heart rate variability estimation in photoplethysmography signals using Bayesian
      learning approach.
AB  - Heart rate variability (HRV) has become a marker for various health and disease
      conditions. Photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors integrated in wearable devices
      such as smart watches and phones are widely used to measure heart activities. HRV
      requires accurate estimation of time interval between consecutive peaks in the
      PPG signal. However, PPG signal is very sensitive to motion artefact which may
      lead to poor HRV estimation if false peaks are detected. In this Letter, the
      authors propose a probabilistic approach based on Bayesian learning to better
      estimate HRV from PPG signal recorded by wearable devices and enhance the
      performance of the automatic multi scale-based peak detection (AMPD) algorithm
      used for peak detection. The authors' experiments show that their approach
      enhances the performance of the AMPD algorithm in terms of number of HRV related
      metrics such as sensitivity, positive predictive value, and average temporal
      resolution. 

PMID- 27382484
TI  - Development of a clinical decision support system using genetic algorithms and
      Bayesian classification for improving the personalised management of women
      attending a colposcopy room.
AB  - Cervical cancer (CxCa) is often the result of underestimated abnormalities in the
      test Papanicolaou (Pap test). The recent advances in the study of the human
      papillomavirus (HPV) infection (the necessary cause for CxCa development) have
      guided clinical practice to add HPV related tests alongside the Pap test. In this
      way, today, HPV DNA testing is well accepted as an ancillary test and it is used
      for the triage of women with abnormal findings in cytology. However, these tests
      are either highly sensitive or highly specific, and therefore none of them
      provides an optimal solution. In this Letter, a clinical decision support system
      based on a hybrid genetic algorithm - Bayesian classification framework is
      presented, which combines the results of the Pap test with those of the HPV DNA
      test in order to exploit the benefits of each method and produce more accurate
      outcomes. Compared with the medical tests and their combinations (co-testing),
      the proposed system produced the best receiver operating characteristic curve and
      the most balanced combination among sensitivity and specificity in detecting high
      grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and CxCa (CIN2+). This system may
      support decision-making for the improved management of women who attend a
      colposcopy room following a positive test result. 

PMID- 27382485
TI  - Identification of the First De Novo UBIAD1 Gene Mutation Associated with Schnyder
      Corneal Dystrophy.
AB  - Purpose. To report the identification of the first de novo UBIAD1 missense
      mutation in an individual with Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD). Methods. A slit
      lamp examination was performed on a 47-year-old woman without a family history of
      corneal disorders. The proband's parents, two sisters, and son were also examined
      and genomic DNA from all six individuals was collected. The exons and exon-intron
      boundaries of UBIAD1 were screened using Sanger sequencing. Identified mutations
      were screened for in 200 control chromosomes. In silico analysis predicted the
      impact of identified mutations on protein function and structure. Results. Slit
      lamp examination of the proband revealed findings consistent with SCD. Corneas of
      the family members appeared unaffected. Screening of UBIAD1 in the proband
      identified a novel heterozygous c.308C>T mutation, predicted to encode the
      missense amino acid substitution p.(Thr103Ile). This mutation was not identified
      in any of the family members or in 200 control chromosomes and was predicted to
      be damaging to normal protein function and structure. Conclusions. We present a
      novel heterozygous de novo missense mutation in UBIAD1, p.(Thr103Ile), identified
      in a patient with classic clinical features of SCD. This highlights the value of
      genetic testing in clinical diagnostic settings, even in the absence of a
      positive family history. 

PMID- 27382486
TI  - Keratorefractive Effect of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Keratoplasty on
      Rabbit Eyes.
AB  - Purpose. To evaluate high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) as an innovation
      and noninvasive technique to correct presbyopia by altering corneal curvature in
      the rabbit eye. Methods. Eighteen enucleated rabbit eyes were treated with a
      prototype HIFU keratoplasty. According to the therapy power, these eyes were
      divided three groups: group 1 (1 W), group 2 (2 W), and group 3 (3 W). The change
      in corneal power was quantified by a Sirius Scheimpflug camera. Light microscopy
      (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to determine the
      effect on the corneal stroma. Results. In the treated eyes, the corneal curvature
      increases from 49.42 +/- 0.30 diopters (D) and 48.00 +/- 1.95 D before procedure
      to 51.37 +/- 1.11 D and 57.00 +/- 1.84 D after HIFU keratoplasty application in
      groups 1 and 3, respectively. The major axis and minor axis of the focal region
      got longer when the powers of the HIFU got increased; the difference was
      statistically significant (p < 0.05). LM and TEM showed HIFU-induced shrinkage of
      corneal stromal collagen with little disturbance to the underlying epithelium.
      Conclusions. We have preliminarily exploited HIFU to establish a new technique
      for correcting presbyopia. HIFU keratoplasty will be a good application prospect
      for treating presbyopia. 

PMID- 27382487
TI  - A Prospective Study of the Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity in China:
      Evaluation of Different Screening Criteria.
AB  - To investigate the incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in Beijing,
      North China, and to evaluate the effectiveness of different ROP screening
      criteria, we conducted a prospective cohort study in a single-neonatal intensive
      care unit (NICU). A total of 2997 premature infants with birth weight (BW) <=
      2000 g and/or gestational age (GA) <= 34 weeks had completed ROP screening. ROP
      was diagnosed in 356 (11.9%) infants. The mean GA was 30.46 +/- 1.98 weeks and
      the mean BW was 1477.35 +/- 371.29 g. Of the 59 (2.0%) infants receiving
      treatment, the mean GA was 29.37 +/- 2.10 weeks, and the mean BW was 1240.80 +/-
      330.71 g. The incidence of ROP declined from 14.7% in 2009 and 11.1% in 2010 to
      9.5% in 2011. The United Kingdom (UK) criteria could reduce the screening number
      by 40.8%, and 3 infants with type I ROP needing treatment were missed, but none
      in 2011. The United States (US) criteria could reduce the screening number by
      66.5%, and 10 infants with type I ROP needing treatment were missed, including
      one in 2011. So the UK criteria may be appropriate for screening of ROP in our
      NICU in 2011. Future multisite epidemiologic studies are required to establish
      suitable ROP screening criteria in China. 

PMID- 27382488
TI  - Using Soluble Transferrin Receptor and Taking Inflammation into Account When
      Defining Serum Ferritin Cutoffs Improved the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency in a
      Group of Canadian Preschool Inuit Children from Nunavik.
AB  - The prevalence of iron depletion, iron deficient erythropoiesis (IDE), and iron
      deficiency anemia (IDA) was assessed in preschool Inuit children using soluble
      transferrin receptor (sTfR) and traditional indicators of iron status while
      disregarding or taking inflammation into account when defining SF cutoffs. Iron
      depletion was defined as follows: (1) SF < 15 MUg/L regardless of the C-reactive
      protein (CRP) level and (2) SF < 15 or <50 MUg/L with CRP <= 5 or >5 mg/L,
      respectively. IDE corresponded to iron depletion combined with total iron binding
      capacity > 72 MUmol/L and/or transferrin saturation < 16%. Iron depletion and IDE
      affected almost half of the children when accounting for inflammation, compared
      to one-third when the SF cutoff was defined regardless of CRP level (P < 0.0001).
      The prevalence of IDE adjusted for inflammation (45.1%) was very similar to the
      prevalence observed when sTfR was used as a sole marker of IDE (47.4%). The
      prevalence of anemia was 15%. The prevalence of IDA (IDE + hemoglobin < 110 g/L)
      was higher when accounting for than when disregarding inflammation (8.0% versus
      6.2%, P = 0.083). Using sTfR and different SF cutoffs for children with versus
      without inflammation improved the diagnosis of iron depletion and IDE. Our
      results confirm that Inuit children are at particularly high risk for iron
      deficiency. 

PMID- 27382489
TI  - The Incidence of Euphoria in Multiple Sclerosis: Artefact of Measure.
AB  - Background. A subgroup of MS patients present with "euphoria." Classical authors
      describe this symptom as the predominant mood state of these patients, while
      contemporary authors regard it as rare. Objective. This study aimed to address
      these discrepancies and investigate the contributions made by varying operational
      definitions and measurement instruments. Methods. One hundred MS patients and 100
      matched controls completed the classical interview of Cottrell and Wilson and the
      modern Neuropsychiatric Inventory in a once-off interview. Results. The MS group
      demonstrated high frequencies of euphoria using the classical measure but low
      frequencies using the contemporary measure and definition. The matched control
      group demonstrated significantly higher rates than the MS group using the
      classical measure and lower rates than the MS group using the contemporary
      measure. Conclusion. The discrepancies in incidence rates of euphoria noted in
      the literature do not reflect a change in the incidence of euphoria in MS, but
      rather in the definition and operationalisation of "euphoria." Furthermore, these
      results highlight the importance of characterising what represents pathological
      euphoria as well as the need for better definitions and instruments of measure. 

PMID- 27382492
TI  - The Histopathological Spectrum of Pyogenic Granuloma: A Case Series.
AB  - Background. Pyogenic granuloma is a reactive tumor-like lesion commonly affecting
      the oral cavity. These lesions usually appear as localized solitary nodule with a
      sessile or pedunculated base and colour varying from red, purplish, or pink,
      depending on the vascularity of the lesion. Pyogenic granuloma shows predilection
      for gingiva and is usually slow growing, but at times it shows rapid growth. The
      natural course of this lesion can be categorized into three distinct phases,
      namely, (i) cellular phase, (ii) capillary phase/vascular phase, and (iii)
      involutionary phase. Histopathologically, pyogenic granuloma is classified into
      lobular capillary hemangioma (LCH) and non-lobular capillary hemangioma (non
      LCH). Case Presentation. In this series, four cases (varied age groups and both
      genders) of pyogenic granuloma showing varying histopathological presentation in
      relation to its clinical course have been described. The lesion in its early
      phase reveals diffuse endothelial cells, with few budding into capillaries. Among
      the capillary phase, the LCH type shows numerous blood vessels organized into
      lobular aggregates whereas the non-LCH type does not show any such organization
      and resembles granulation tissue. The involutionary phase shows healing of the
      lesion and is characterized by extensive fibrosis in the connective tissue.
      Conclusion. In conclusion, knowledge of the various histopathological
      presentation of this lesion is necessary for proper identification. 

PMID- 27382490
TI  - Current Evidence for Developmental, Structural, and Functional Brain Defects
      following Prenatal Radiation Exposure.
AB  - Ionizing radiation is omnipresent. We are continuously exposed to natural (e.g.,
      radon and cosmic) and man-made radiation sources, including those from industry
      but especially from the medical sector. The increasing use of medical radiation
      modalities, in particular those employing low-dose radiation such as CT scans,
      raises concerns regarding the effects of cumulative exposure doses and the
      inappropriate utilization of these imaging techniques. One of the major goals in
      the radioprotection field is to better understand the potential health risk posed
      to the unborn child after radiation exposure to the pregnant mother, of which the
      first convincing evidence came from epidemiological studies on in utero exposed
      atomic bomb survivors. In the following years, animal models have proven to be an
      essential tool to further characterize brain developmental defects and consequent
      functional deficits. However, the identification of a possible dose threshold is
      far from complete and a sound link between early defects and persistent anomalies
      has not yet been established. This review provides an overview of the current
      knowledge on brain developmental and persistent defects resulting from in utero
      radiation exposure and addresses the many questions that still remain to be
      answered.

PMID- 27382494
TI  - Haemophilus parainfluenzae Mural Endocarditis: Case Report and Review of the
      Literature.
AB  - Haemophilus parainfluenzae, which uncommonly causes endocarditis, has never been
      documented to cause mural involvement. A 62-year-old immunocompetent female
      without predisposing risk factors for endocarditis except for poor dentition
      presented with fever, emesis, and dysmetria. Echocardiography found a mass
      attached to the left ventricular wall with finger-like projections. Computed
      tomography showed evidence of embolic phenomena to the brain, kidneys, spleen,
      and colon. Cardiac MRI revealed involvement of the chordae tendineae of the
      anterior papillary muscles. Blood cultures grew Haemophilus parainfluenzae. The
      patient was treated successfully with ceftriaxone with resolution of symptoms,
      including neurologic deficits. After eleven days of antibiotics a worsening
      holosystolic murmur was discovered. Worsening mitral regurgitation on
      echocardiography was only found three weeks later. Nine weeks after presentation,
      intraoperative evaluation revealed chord rupture but no residual vegetation and
      mitral repair was performed. Four weeks after surgery, the patient was back to
      her baseline. This case illustrates the ability of Haemophilus parainfluenzae to
      form large mural vegetations with high propensity of embolization in otherwise
      normal cardiac tissue among patients with dental risk factors. It also
      underscores the importance of physical examination in establishing a diagnosis of
      endocarditis and monitoring for progression of disease. 

PMID- 27382491
TI  - Regeneration of Zebrafish CNS: Adult Neurogenesis.
AB  - Regeneration in the animal kingdom is one of the most fascinating problems that
      have allowed scientists to address many issues of fundamental importance in basic
      biology. However, we came to know that the regenerative capability may vary
      across different species. Among vertebrates, fish and amphibians are capable of
      regenerating a variety of complex organs through epimorphosis. Zebrafish is an
      excellent animal model, which can repair several organs like damaged retina,
      severed spinal cord, injured brain and heart, and amputated fins. The focus of
      the present paper is on spinal cord regeneration in adult zebrafish. We intend to
      discuss our current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) that
      allows formation of proliferating progenitors and controls neurogenesis, which
      involve changes in epigenetic and transcription programs. Unlike mammals,
      zebrafish retains radial glia, a nonneuronal cell type in their adult central
      nervous system. Injury induced proliferation involves radial glia which
      proliferate, transcribe embryonic genes, and can give rise to new neurons. Recent
      technological development of exquisite molecular tools in zebrafish, such as cell
      ablation, lineage analysis, and novel and substantial microarray, together with
      advancement in stem cell biology, allowed us to investigate how progenitor cells
      contribute to the generation of appropriate structures and various underlying
      mechanisms like reprogramming.

PMID- 27382495
TI  - Multifocal Head and Neck Neurofibromas with Osseous Abnormalities and Muscular
      Hypoplasia in a Child with Neurofibromatosis: Type I.
AB  - Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a clinically and genetically distinct disease
      involving both neuroectodermal and mesenchymal derivatives. Orofacial
      manifestations in NF1 have been documented before but occurrence of multifocal
      intraosseous (IO) and extraosseous (EO) neurofibromas is rare. The present case
      highlights the importance of imaging findings in the diagnosis and management of
      multifocal jaw, infratemporal, and parotid neurofibromas with muscular hypoplasia
      in an eight-year-old girl with NF1. Apart from orthopantomograms (OPG), three
      dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) and cross-sectional reformations were
      valuable in delineating the extent of the lytic lesion and identifying additional
      bony deformities of the mandible. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) helped to
      identify the solid nature of the lesion and true extent of the soft tissue mass. 

PMID- 27382496
TI  - Traumatic Cardiac Injury: Ventricular Perforation Caught on CT.
AB  - Myocardial rupture is a rare imaging diagnosis given its clinical severity and
      high mortality. Early findings should be promptly communicated to the trauma
      service to ensure immediate intervention. We present a rare case of blowout
      perforation of the right ventricle which was prospectively diagnosed on computed
      tomography (CT) leading to emergent operative repair. The patient subsequently
      survived and was discharged after a lengthy hospital course. 

PMID- 27382493
TI  - Mutation in LEMD3 (Man1) Associated with Osteopoikilosis and Late-Onset
      Generalized Morphea: A New Buschke-Ollendorf Syndrome Variant.
AB  - Introduction. Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome (BOS) is an uncommon syndrome
      characterized by osteopoikilosis and other bone abnormalities, accompanied by
      skin lesions, most frequently connective tissue nevi. BOS is caused by mutations
      in the LEMD3 gene, which encodes the inner nuclear membrane protein Man1. We
      describe a unique case of osteopoikilosis associated with late-onset localized
      scleroderma and familial LEMD3 mutations. Case Report. A 72-year-old woman
      presented with adult-onset diffuse morphea and bullous skin lesions. Evaluation
      revealed multiple hyperostotic lesions (osteopoikilosis) suggestive of BOS. DNA
      sequencing identified a previously undescribed nonsense mutation (Trp621X) in the
      LEMD3 gene encoding Man1. Two additional family members were found to have
      osteopoikilosis and carry the same LEMD3 mutation. Conclusions and Relevance. We
      report a unique familial LEMD3 mutation in an individual with osteopoikilosis and
      late-onset morphea. We propose that this constellation represents a novel
      syndromic variant of BOS. 

PMID- 27382497
TI  - An Autopsy Case of Fulminant Amebic Colitis in a Patient with a History of
      Rheumatoid Arthritis.
AB  - Generally, amebic colitis is localized around the mucosal membrane and often
      accompanied by diarrhea and abdominal pain. We describe a patient with a history
      of rheumatoid arthritis who had received prolonged steroid therapy. The patient
      complained of breathing difficulties because of rheumatoid lung disease. Although
      the patient was given antibacterial agent, the symptoms did not improve until
      death. We did an autopsy and found that he had fulminant amebic colitis, although
      the patient was not previously examined. Histochemical analysis revealed severe
      inflammation and full-thickness necrosis of the colon by ameba, suggesting the
      involvement of ameba in the progression of the overall condition. 

PMID- 27382498
TI  - Anatomy Ontology Matching Using Markov Logic Networks.
AB  - The anatomy of model species is described in ontologies, which are used to
      standardize the annotations of experimental data, such as gene expression
      patterns. To compare such data between species, we need to establish
      relationships between ontologies describing different species. Ontology matching
      is a kind of solutions to find semantic correspondences between entities of
      different ontologies. Markov logic networks which unify probabilistic graphical
      model and first-order logic provide an excellent framework for ontology matching.
      We combine several different matching strategies through first-order logic
      formulas according to the structure of anatomy ontologies. Experiments on the
      adult mouse anatomy and the human anatomy have demonstrated the effectiveness of
      proposed approach in terms of the quality of result alignment. 

PMID- 27382499
TI  - Understanding Genetic Diversity of Sorghum Using Quantitative Traits.
AB  - Sorghum is the important cereal crop around the world and hence understanding and
      utilizing the genetic variation in sorghum accessions are essential for improving
      the crop. A good understanding of genetic variability among the accessions will
      enable precision breeding. So profiling the genetic diversity of sorghum is
      imminent. In the present investigation, forty sorghum accessions consisting of
      sweet sorghum, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, mutant lines, maintainer lines, and
      restorer lines were screened for genetic diversity using quantitative traits.
      Observations were recorded on 14 quantitative traits, out of which 9 diverse
      traits contributing to maximum variability were selected for genetic diversity
      analysis. The principle component analysis revealed that the panicle width, stem
      girth, and leaf breadth contributed maximum towards divergence. By using
      hierarchical cluster analysis, the 40 accessions were grouped under 6 clusters.
      Cluster I contained maximum number of accessions and cluster VI contained the
      minimum. The maximum intercluster distance was observed between cluster VI and
      cluster IV. Cluster III had the highest mean value for hundred-seed weight and
      yield. Hence the selection of parents must be based on the wider intercluster
      distance and superior mean performance for yield and yield components. Thus in
      the present investigation quantitative data were able to reveal the existence of
      a wide genetic diversity among the sorghum accessions used providing scope for
      further genetic improvement. 

PMID- 27382500
TI  - The Role Descriptions of Triage Nurse in Emergency Department: A Delphi Study.
AB  - Background. Triage nurses play a pivotal role in the emergency department.
      However some researchers have attempted to expand triage nurse's role; remarkable
      discrepancies exist among scholarly communities. The aim was to develop a role
      description of triage nurse relying on the experts. Methods. A modified Delphi
      study consisting of 3 rounds was performed from March to October 2014. In the
      first round, an extensive review of the literature was conducted. Expert
      selection was conducted through a purposeful sample of 38 emergency medicine
      experts. Results. Response rates for the second and third rounds were 37% and
      58%. Average age of panelists was (38.42 +/- 5.94) years. Thirty-nine out of 54
      items reached to the final round. Prioritizing had the higher agreement rate and
      least agreement on triage related interventions. Conclusion. Triage nursing as a
      relatively new role for nurses needs significant development to be practiced.
      Comprehensive educational programs and developmental research are required to
      support diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in triage practice by nurses. 

PMID- 27382501
TI  - Patterns and Determinants of Treatment Seeking among Previously Untreated
      Psychotic Patients in Aceh Province, Indonesia: A Qualitative Study.
AB  - Immediate treatment of first-episode psychosis is essential in order to achieve a
      positive outcome. However, Indonesian psychiatric patients often delay accessing
      health services, the reason for which is not yet fully understood. The current
      study aimed to understand patterns of treatment seeking and to reveal
      determinants of the delay in accessing psychiatric care among first-time user
      psychotic patients. Qualitative interviews were conducted with sixteen family
      members who accompanied the patients to a psychiatric hospital. Many families
      expressed beliefs that mental illness appertains to village sickness and not
      hospital sickness; therefore, they usually take the patients to traditional or
      religious healers before taking them to a health professional. They also
      identified various factors that potentially delay accessing psychiatric
      treatment: low literacy and beliefs about the cause of the illness,
      stigmatisation, the role of extended family, financial problems, and long
      distance to the psychiatric hospital. On the other hand, the family mentioned
      various factors related to timely help seeking, including being a well-educated
      family, living closer to health facilities, previous experience of successful
      psychotic therapy, and having more positive symptoms of psychosis. The findings
      call for mental health awareness campaigns in the community. 

PMID- 27382502
TI  - Concerns around Brexit from the perspective of dentistry.

PMID- 27382503
TI  - Peri-implant disease: what we know and what we need to know.
AB  - Peri-implant disease is a serious problem that plagues today's dentistry, both in
      terms of therapy and epidemiology. With the expansion of the practice of
      implantology and an increasing number of implants placed annually, the frequency
      of peri-implant disease has greatly expanded. Its clinical manifestations, in the
      absence of a globally established classification, are peri-implant mucositis and
      peri-implantitis, the counterparts of gingivitis and periodontitis, respectively.
      However, many doubts remain about its features. Official diagnostic criteria,
      globally recognized by the dental community, have not yet been introduced. The
      latest studies using metagenomic methods are casting doubt on the assumption of
      microbial equivalence between periodontal and peri-implant crevices. Research on
      most of the features of peri-implant disease remains at an early stage; moreover,
      there is not a commonly accepted treatment for it. In any case, although the
      evidence so far collected is limited, we need to be aware of the current state of
      the science regarding this topic to better understand and ultimately prevent this
      disease. 

PMID- 27382504
TI  - The effects of bone density and crestal cortical bone thickness on micromotion
      and peri-implant bone strain distribution in an immediately loaded implant: a
      nonlinear finite element analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of bone density and crestal cortical
      bone thickness at the implant-placement site on micromotion (relative
      displacement between the implant and bone) and the peri-implant bone strain
      distribution under immediate-loading conditions. METHODS: A three-dimensional
      finite element model of the posterior mandible with an implant was constructed.
      Various bone parameters were simulated, including low or high cancellous bone
      density, low or high crestal cortical bone density, and crestal cortical bone
      thicknesses ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm. Delayed- and immediate-loading conditions
      were simulated. A buccolingual oblique load of 200 N was applied to the top of
      the abutment. RESULTS: The maximum extent of micromotion was approximately 100
      MUm in the low-density cancellous bone models, whereas it was under 30 MUm in the
      high-density cancellous bone models. Crestal cortical bone thickness
      significantly affected the maximum micromotion in the low-density cancellous bone
      models. The minimum principal strain in the peri-implant cortical bone was
      affected by the density of the crestal cortical bone and cancellous bone to the
      same degree for both delayed and immediate loading. In the low-density cancellous
      bone models under immediate loading, the minimum principal strain in the peri
      implant cortical bone decreased with an increase in crestal cortical bone
      thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Cancellous bone density may be a critical factor for
      avoiding excessive micromotion in immediately loaded implants. Crestal cortical
      bone thickness significantly affected the maximum extent of micromotion and peri
      implant bone strain in simulations of low-density cancellous bone under immediate
      loading.

PMID- 27382505
TI  - Preferences and flexibility in decision-making among dental clinicians regarding
      the treatment of multirooted teeth: an interactive communication device-based
      survey at two academic conferences.
AB  - PURPOSE: Decision-making by dental and medical experts can be influenced by their
      biases, interests, and experiences, and academic arguments about controversial
      issues may additionally be considered indirect experiences capable of affecting
      decision-making. This study reports on the use of interactive communication
      devices to evaluate preferences and flexibility in decision-making among dental
      care providers who attended two distinct academic conferences. METHODS: Two
      debates were presented by a team of two lecturers at two academic conferences
      (focusing on periodontology and implant dentistry, respectively) and the audience
      members of each session were surveyed. Before each lecture, two case modules
      about the diagnosis and treatment of multirooted molar lesions were provided, and
      interactive communication devices were used to collect responses about decision
      making preferences in treatment planning immediately before and after a debate
      about treatment strategies. RESULTS: In total, 81 and 84 completed answers from
      both conferences were obtained for the first and second case modules,
      respectively. The preferred treatment plan differed significantly according to
      the focus of the conference, and a tendency emerged for the clinicians
      participating in each conference to express uniform preferences. However,
      attending the debates resulted in significant changes in decision-making
      preferences regardless of the conference focus or the characteristics of the
      participants. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that providing continuing
      education via debates on controversial issues may be effective in widening
      conceptual knowledge and reducing biases among experts in the dental and medical
      fields.

PMID- 27382506
TI  - Evaluation of bone substitutes for treatment of peri-implant bone defects:
      biomechanical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses in the rabbit
      tibia.
AB  - PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of bone substitutes in
      circumferential peri-implant defects created in the rabbit tibia. METHODS: Thirty
      rabbits received 45 implants in their left and right tibia. A circumferential
      bone defect (6.1 mm in diameter/4 mm depth) was created in each rabbit tibia
      using a trephine bur. A dental implant (4.1 mm * 8.5 mm) was installed after the
      creation of the defect, providing a 2-mm gap. The bone defect gaps between the
      implant and the bone were randomly filled according to the following groups:
      blood clot (CO), particulate Bio-Oss((r)) (BI), and Bio-Oss((r)) Collagen (BC).
      Ten animals were euthanized after periods of 15, 30, and 60 days. Biomechanical
      analysis by means of the removal torque of the implants, as well as histologic
      and immunohistochemical analyses for protein expression of osteocalcin (OC),
      Runx2, OPG, RANKL, and TRAP were evaluated. RESULTS: For biomechanics, BC showed
      a better biological response (61.00+/-15.28 Ncm) than CO (31.60+/-14.38 Ncm) at
      30 days. Immunohistochemical analysis showed significantly different OC
      expression in CO and BC at 15 days, and also between the CO and BI groups, and
      between the CO and BC groups at 60 days. After 15 days, Runx2 expression was
      significantly different in the BI group compared to the CO and BC groups. RANKL
      expression was significantly different in the BI and CO groups and between the BI
      and BC groups at 15 days, and also between the BI and CO groups at 60 days. OPG
      expression was significantly higher at 60 days postoperatively in the BI group
      than the CO group. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our data indicate that, compared to
      CO and BI, BC offered better bone healing, which was characterized by greater
      RUNX2, OC, and OPG immunolabeling, and required greater reversal torque for
      implant removal. Indeed, along with BI, BC presents promising biomechanical and
      biological properties supporting its possible use in osteoconductive grafts for
      filling peri-implant gaps.

PMID- 27382507
TI  - Alterations of papilla dimensions after orthodontic closure of the maxillary
      midline diastema: a retrospective longitudinal study.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate alterations of papilla dimensions
      after orthodontic closure of the diastema between maxillary central incisors.
      METHODS: Sixty patients who had a visible diastema between maxillary central
      incisors that had been closed by orthodontic approximation were selected for this
      study. Various papilla dimensions were assessed on clinical photographs and study
      models before the orthodontic treatment and at the follow-up examination after
      closure of the diastema. Influences of the variables assessed before orthodontic
      treatment on the alterations of papilla height (PH) and papilla base thickness
      (PBT) were evaluated by univariate regression analysis. To analyze potential
      influences of the 3-dimensional papilla dimensions before orthodontic treatment
      on the alterations of PH and PBT, a multiple regression model was formulated
      including the 3-dimensional papilla dimensions as predictor variables. RESULTS:
      On average, PH decreased by 0.80 mm and PBT increased after orthodontic closure
      of the diastema (P<0.01). Univariate regression analysis revealed that the PH
      (P=0.002) and PBT (P=0.047) before orthodontic treatment influenced the
      alteration of PH. With respect to the alteration of PBT, the diastema width
      (P=0.045) and PBT (P=0.000) were found to be influential factors. PBT before the
      orthodontic treatment significantly influenced the alteration of PBT in the
      multiple regression model. CONCLUSIONS: PH decreased but PBT increased after
      orthodontic closure of the diastema. The papilla dimensions before orthodontic
      treatment influenced the alterations of PH and PBT after closure of the diastema.
      The PBT increased more when the diastema width before the orthodontic treatment
      was larger.

PMID- 27382508
TI  - Geographic information system analysis on the distribution of patients visiting
      the periodontology department at a dental college hospital.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to analyze and visualize the distribution of
      patients visiting the periodontology department at a dental college hospital,
      using a geographic information system (GIS) to utilize these data in patient care
      and treatment planning, which may help to assess the risk and prevent periodontal
      diseases. METHODS: Basic patient information data were obtained from Dankook
      University Dental Hospital, including the unit number, gender, date of birth, and
      address, down to the dong (neighborhood) administrative district unit, of 306,656
      patients who visited the hospital between 2007 and 2014. The data of only 26,457
      patients who visited the periodontology department were included in this
      analysis. The patient distribution was visualized using GIS. Statistical analyses
      including multiple regression, logistic regression, and geographically weighted
      regression were performed using SAS 9.3 and ArcGIS 10.1. Five factors, namely
      proximity, accessibility, age, gender, and socioeconomic status, were
      investigated as the explanatory variables of the patient distribution. RESULTS:
      The visualized patient data showed a nationwide scale of the patient
      distribution. The mean distance from each patient's regional center to the
      hospital was 30.94+/-29.62 km and was inversely proportional to the number of
      patients from the respective regions. The distance from a regional center to the
      adjacent toll gate had various effects depending on the local distance from the
      hospital. The average age of the patients was 52.41+/-12.97 years. Further, a
      majority of regions showed a male dominance. Personal income had inconsistent
      results between analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of patients is
      significantly affected by the proximity, accessibility, age, gender and
      socioeconomic status of patients, and the patients visiting the periodontology
      department travelled farther distances than those visiting the other departments.
      The underlying reason for this needs to be analyzed further.

PMID- 27382509
TI  - Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase regulates glycolytic activity in kidney proximal
      tubule epithelial cells.
AB  - After renal injury, selective damage occurs in the proximal tubules as a result
      of inhibition of glycolysis. The molecular mechanism of damage is not known.
      Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation plays a critical role of proximal
      tubular cell death in several renal disorders. Here, we studied the role of PARP
      on glycolytic flux in pig kidney proximal tubule epithelial LLC-PK1 cells using
      XFp extracellular flux analysis. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by PARP activation was
      increased approximately 2-fold by incubation of the cells in 10 mM glucose for 30
      minutes, but treatment with the PARP inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) does
      dependently prevented the glucose-induced PARP activation (approximately 14.4%
      decrease in 0.1 mM 3-AB-treated group and 36.7% decrease in 1 mM 3-AB-treated
      group). Treatment with 1 mM 3-AB significantly enhanced the glucose-mediated
      increase in the extracellular acidification rate (61.1+/-4.3 mpH/min vs. 126.8+/
      6.2 mpH/min or approximately 2-fold) compared with treatment with vehicle,
      indicating that PARP inhibition increases only glycolytic activity during
      glycolytic flux including basal glycolysis, glycolytic activity, and glycolytic
      capacity in kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells. Glucose increased the
      activities of glycolytic enzymes including hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase,
      phosphofructokinase-1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase, and
      pyruvate kinase in LLC-PK1 cells. Furthermore, PARP inhibition selectively
      augmented the activities of hexokinase (approximately 1.4-fold over vehicle
      group), phosphofructokinase-1 (approximately 1.6-fold over vehicle group), and
      glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (approximately 2.2-fold over vehicle
      group). In conclusion, these data suggest that PARP activation may regulate
      glycolytic activity via poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase
      1, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in kidney proximal tubule
      epithelial cells. 

PMID- 27382510
TI  - Vitamin C is taken up by human T cells via sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter
      2 (SVCT2) and exerts inhibitory effects on the activation of these cells in
      vitro.
AB  - Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient that affects immune responses. T cells
      are one of the main players in acquired immunity and have been reported to be
      influenced by in vivo vitamin C supplementation. Yet, the way by which T cells
      uptake vitamin C and what direct effects vitamin C exerts on the cells are not
      known. To elucidate, we isolated human peripheral blood T cells and analyzed the
      expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters (SVCT). T cells were
      activated in vitro in the absence or presence of vitamin C, before or after
      activation. As results, human T cells expressed SVCT2, but not SVCT1, and the
      expression level increased following activation. Vitamin C added in the culture
      media generally did not affect T-cell behaviors following activation, such as
      proliferation, apoptosis, expression of CD25 and CD69, and interleukin 2
      secretion, regardless whether it was added before or after activation. However,
      exceptionally, high concentration vitamin C, when it was added before activation,
      but not after activation, did exert toxic effects on cell activation with respect
      to the above-mentioned parameters. In conclusion, we showed the expression of
      SVCT2 in human T cells for the first time. Vitamin C exerted toxic effects, at
      least in vitro, when the concentration was high and when it was given before
      activation. These toxic effects are not thought to be via anti-oxidant effects of
      vitamin C. 

PMID- 27382511
TI  - Changes in expression of proteasome in rats at different stages of
      atherosclerosis.
AB  - It has been suggested that proteasome system has a role in initiation,
      progression, and complication stages of atherosclerosis. Although there is still
      controversy, there has been no research that compares the expression of
      proteasome in tissue and serum at each of these stages. This study aimed to
      investigated the expression of proteasome at different stages of atherosclerosis
      using rat model. We measured the expression of aortic proteasome by
      immunohistochemical analyses and were then analyzed using ImageJ software for
      percentage of area and integrated density. We used Photoshop version 3.0 to
      analyze aortic proteasome expression as a comparison. We measured serum
      proteasome expression by enzyme linked immunosorbents assays. Kruskal-Wallis test
      was used to compare mean value of percentage of area and serum proteasome.
      Analysis of variance test was used to compare mean value of integrated density.
      Correlation test between vascular proteasome expression and serum proteasome
      expression was made using Spearman test. A P-value of 0.05 was considered
      statistically significant. Compared with normal, percentage of area was higher in
      initiation, progression, and complication. Compared with normal, integrated
      density was higher in initiation and further higher in progression and
      complication. Data from Image J is similar with data from Photoshop. Serum
      proteasome expression was higher in initiation compared with normal, and further
      higher in progression and complication. It was concluded that there were
      different vascular proteasome expression and serum proteasome expression at the
      stages of atherosclerosis. These results may be used in research into new marker
      and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. 

PMID- 27382512
TI  - 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine acts as a modulator of chondrocyte hypertrophy and
      maturation in chick caudal region chondrocytes in culture.
AB  - This study was carried out to explore the effect of DNA hypomethylation on
      chondrocytes phenotype, in particular the effect on chondrocyte hypertrophy,
      maturation, and apoptosis. Chondrocytes derived from caudal region of day 17
      embryonic chick sterna were pretreated with hypomethylating drug 5-aza-2'
      deoxycytidine for 48 hours and then maintained in the normal culture medium for
      up to 14 days. Histological studies showed distinct morphological changes
      occurred in the pretreated cultures when compared to the control cultures. The
      pretreated chondrocytes after 7 days in culture became bigger in size and
      acquired more flattened fibroblastic phenotype as well as a loss of cartilage
      specific extracellular matrix. Scanning electron microscopy at day 7 showed
      chondrocytes to have increased in cell volume and at day 14 in culture the
      extracellular matrix of the pretreated cultures showed regular fibrillar
      structure heavily embedded with matrix vesicles, which is the characteristic
      feature of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Transmission electron microscopic studies
      indicated the terminal fate of the hypertrophic cells in culture. The pretreated
      chondrocytes grown for 14 days in culture showed two types of cells: dark cells
      which had condense chromatin in dark patches and dark cytoplasm. The other light
      chondrocytes appeared to be heavily loaded with endoplasmic reticulum indicative
      of very active protein and secretory activity; their cytoplasm had large vacuoles
      and disintegrating cytoplasm. The biosynthetic profile showed that the pretreated
      cultures were actively synthesizing and secreting type X collagen and alkaline
      phosphatase as a major biosynthetic product. 

PMID- 27382513
TI  - Perineal raphe with special reference to its extension to the anus: a
      histological study using human fetuses.
AB  - The raphe of the human penis and scrotum is considered to develop secondarily
      after disappearance of the initial midline seam by fusion of the bilateral
      genital folds. However, the fetal development was still obscure. We examined
      histological sections of 30 fetuses (17 males and 13 females) at 10-15 weeks. In
      male fetuses, the scrotum was not yet clearly identified because of no descent of
      testis. The perineal raphe was thin and wavy at 10 weeks, and it was continuous
      with and took a direction same as the inferior wall of the closed penile urethra
      after physiological hypospadias. Depending on growth of the bulbospongiosus
      muscle and corpus spongiosus penis, the midline intermuscular septum obtained a
      connection to the subcutaneous wavy raphe and made the latter thick and straight
      at 12-15 weeks. Notably, the perineal raphe extended posteriorly to attach to the
      external anal sphincter. In female fetuses, an epithelial fusion occurred along a
      short distance at the posterior end of the vestibule. However, in front of the
      external anal sphincter, a large midline mesenchymal tissue from the urorectal
      septum did not contain a raphe-like structure. Moreover, since the bilateral
      bulbospongiosus muscles were separated widely by the vestibule, they did not
      provide a midline septum. Fetal development of the perineal raphe was accelerated
      by reinforcement from the muscular septum. In contrast, without such a muscular
      support, the female raphe could not maintain its growth even if the seed appeared
      at the posterior end of the vestibule. 

PMID- 27382514
TI  - Vertical and horizontal facial proportions of Indian American men.
AB  - The importance of understanding all gender facial differences is critical in
      providing a successful cosmetic outcome. Men are a growing segment of the
      cosmetic industry. Understanding of the male face and its appropriate treatment
      with minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are essential. The aim was to
      investigate various facial ratios in Indian American men and to compare them with
      the Indian and Caucasian norms. Additionally, we wanted to evaluate whether these
      values satisfy golden and silver ratios. Direct facial anthropometric
      measurements were made using a digital caliper in 100 Indian American men
      students (18-30 years) at the American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua. A
      set of facial ratios were calculated and compared with coefficients of variation
      (CV). Most of the facial ratios had small CV thus making them highly reliable due
      to reduced intra-sample variability. The upper face to face height and mandibulo
      upper face height indices were close to golden ratios whereas mandibulo lower
      face height, upper face height biocular width, and nasal indices were close to
      silver ratios. There was significant difference in most of the values when
      compared with previous studies. The present facial ratios data can be used as a
      reference value for Indian American men. 

PMID- 27382515
TI  - Human nasociliary nerve with special reference to its unique parasympathetic
      cutaneous innervation.
AB  - The frontal nerve is characterized by its great content of sympathetic nerve
      fibers in contrast to cutaneous branches of the maxillary and mandibular nerves.
      However, we needed to add information about composite fibers of cutaneous
      branches of the nasociliary nerve. Using cadaveric specimens from 20 donated
      cadavers (mean age, 85), we performed immunohistochemistry of tyrosine
      hydroxylase (TH), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and vasoactive
      intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The nasocilliary nerve contained abundant nNOS
      positive fibers in contrast to few TH- and VIP-positive fibers. The short ciliary
      nerves also contained nNOS-positive fibers, but TH-positive fibers were more
      numerous than nNOS-positive ones. Parasympathetic innervation to the sweat gland
      is well known, but the original nerve course seemed not to be demonstrated yet.
      The present study may be the first report on a skin nerve containing abundant
      nNOS-positive fibers. The unique parasympathetic contents in the nasocilliary
      nerve seemed to supply the forehead sweat glands as well as glands in the eyelid
      and nasal epithelium. 

PMID- 27382516
TI  - Anatomical considerations of the superior thyroid artery: its origins,
      variations, and position relative to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage.
AB  - The aim of this study was to provide accurate anatomical descriptions of the
      overall anatomy of the superior thyroid artery (STA), its relationship to other
      structures, and its driving patterns. Detailed dissection was performed on thirty
      specimens of adult's cadaveric neck specimens and each dissected specimen was
      carefully measured the following patterns and distances using digital and ruler.
      The superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries arise independently from the
      external carotid artery (ECA), but can also arise together, as the thyrolingual
      or linguofacial trunk. We observed that 83.3% of STAs arose independently from
      the major artery, while 16.7% of the cases arose from thyrolingual or
      linguofacial trunk. We also measured the distance of STA from its major artery.
      The origin of the STA from the ECA was 0.9+/-0.4 mm below the hyoid bone. The STA
      was 4.4+/-0.5 mm distal to the midline at the level of the laryngeal prominence
      and 3.1+/-0.6 mm distal to the midline at the level of the inferior border of
      thyroid cartilage. The distance between STA and the midline was similar at the
      level of the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage. Also, when the STA is near the
      inferior border of the thyroid cartilage, it travels at a steep angle to the
      midline. This latter point may be particularly important in thyroidectomies. We
      hope that anatomical information provided here will enhance the success of, and
      minimize complications in, surgeries that involve STA. 

PMID- 27382517
TI  - Incidence of pterygospinous and pterygoalar bridges in dried skulls of Koreans.
AB  - Understanding of morphological structures such as the sphenoid spine and
      pterygoid processes is important during lateral transzygomatic infratemporal
      fossa approach. In addition, osseous variations such as pterygospinous and
      pterygoalar bridges are significant in clinical practice because they can produce
      various neurological disturbances or block the passage of a needle into the
      trigeminal ganglion through the foramen ovale. Two hundred and eighty-four sides
      of Korean adult dry skulls were observed to carry out morphometric analysis of
      the lateral plate of the pterygoid process, to investigate, for the first time
      among Koreans, the incidence of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar bony bridges,
      to compare the results with those available for other regional populations, and
      to discuss their clinical relevance as described on literatures. The mean of
      maximum widths of the left and right lateral plates of the pterygoid process were
      15.99 mm and 16.27 mm, respectively. Also, the mean of maximum heights of the
      left and right lateral plates were 31.02 mm and 31.01 mm, respectively. The
      ossified pterygospinous ligament was observed in 51 sides of the skulls (28.0%).
      Ossification of the pterygospinous ligament was complete in four sides (1.4%). In
      47 sides (16.6%), the pterygospinous bridge was incomplete. The ossified
      pterygoalar ligament was observed in 24 sides of the skulls (8.4%). Ossification
      was complete in eight sides (2.8%) and incomplete in 16 sides (5.6%). This
      detailed analysis of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process and related
      ossification of ligaments can improve the understanding of complex clinical
      neuralgias associated with this region. 

PMID- 27382518
TI  - Binary logistic regression analysis of hard palate dimensions for sexing human
      crania.
AB  - Sex determination is the preliminary step in every forensic investigation and the
      hard palate assumes significance in cranial sexing in cases involving burns and
      explosions due to its resistant nature and secluded location. This study analyzes
      the sexing potential of incisive foramen to posterior nasal spine length,
      palatine process of maxilla length, horizontal plate of palatine bone length and
      transverse length between the greater palatine foramina. The study deviates from
      the conventional method of measuring the maxillo-alveolar length and breadth as
      the dimensions considered in this study are more heat resistant and useful in
      situations with damaged alveolar margins. The study involves 50 male and 50
      female adult dry skulls of Indian ethnic group. The dimensions measured were
      statistically analyzed using Student's t test, binary logistic regression and
      receiver operating characteristic curve. It was observed that the incisive
      foramen to posterior nasal spine length is a definite sex marker with sex
      predictability of 87.2%. The palatine process of maxilla length with 66.8% sex
      predictability and the horizontal plate of palatine bone length with 71.9% sex
      predictability cannot be relied upon as definite sex markers. The transverse
      length between the greater palatine foramina is statistically insignificant in
      sexing crania (P=0.318). Considering a significant overlap of values in both the
      sexes the palatal dimensions singularly cannot be relied upon for sexing.
      Nevertheless, considering the high sex predictability of incisive foramen to
      posterior nasal spine length this dimension can definitely be used to supplement
      other sexing evidence available to precisely conclude the cranial sex. 

PMID- 27382520
TI  - Erratum: The association between PGC-1alpha and Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 1 in vol. 49, PMID: 27051562.]. 

PMID- 27382519
TI  - Muscular axillary arch accompanying variation of the musculocutaneous nerve:
      axillary arch.
AB  - Continuous attention has been developed on the anatomical variations of the
      axilla in anatomist and surgeon due to their clinical importance. The axillary
      region is an anatomical space between the lateral part of the chest wall and the
      medial aspect of the upper limb. During the routine dissection of embalmed
      cadavers, we found variant muscular slip originating from the lateral border of
      tendinous part of the latissimus dorsi and continuing 9 cm more crossing the
      axilla. And then, it inserted into the superior margin of the insertion of the
      pectoralis major. We considered this muscular variation as axillary arch muscle.
      Correct identification of the relevant anatomy and subsequent simple surgical
      division is curative, paying special attention to anatomical variations in this
      region and its clinical importance due to its close relationship to the
      neurovascular elements of the axilla. 

PMID- 27382521
TI  - A rare intracranial tumor consisting of malignant anaplastic and papillary
      meningioma subtypes.

PMID- 27382522
TI  - Never giving up.

PMID- 27382523
TI  - Hypertonicity: Pathophysiologic Concept and Experimental Studies.
AB  - Disturbances in tonicity (effective osmolarity) are the major clinical disorders
      affecting cell volume. Cell shrinking secondary to hypertonicity causes severe
      clinical manifestations and even death. Quantitative management of hypertonic
      disorders is based on formulas computing the volume of hypotonic fluids required
      to correct a given level of hypertonicity. These formulas have limitations. The
      major limitation of the predictive formulas is that they represent closed system
      calculations and have been tested in anuric animals. Consequently, the formulas
      do not account for ongoing fluid losses during development or treatment of the
      hypertonic disorders. In addition, early comparisons of serum osmolality changes
      predicted by these formulas and observed in animals infused with hypertonic
      solutions clearly demonstrated that hypertonicity creates new intracellular
      solutes causing rises in serum osmolality higher than those predicted by the
      formulas. The mechanisms and types of intracellular solutes generated by
      hypertonicity and the effects of the solutes have been studied extensively in
      recent times. The solutes accumulated intracellularly in hypertonic states have
      potentially major adverse effects on the outcomes of treatment of these states.
      When hypertonicity was produced by the infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride
      solutions, the predicted and observed changes in serum sodium concentration were
      equal. This finding justifies the use of the predictive formulas in the
      management of hypernatremic states. 

PMID- 27382524
TI  - Incidence of Intracranial Hemorrhage After a Cranial Operation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of patients who underwent a cranial
      operation and postoperatively suffered an intracranial hemorrhage significant
      enough to require evacuation. MATERIALS & METHODS : 3,109 cranial operations were
      performed at Houston Methodist Hospital (Texas Medical Center campus) between
      January 2009 and December 2013. Of these, 59 cases required a second operation
      for evacuation of an intracranial hemorrhage. The information gathered included
      the patients' age, gender, past medical history, medications and laboratory data,
      initial diagnosis, date/type of first and second operations, duration of
      hospitalization, discharge condition, and discharge destination. RESULTS: The
      study found a 1.90% rate of a postoperative hemorrhage significant enough to
      require evacuation after a cranial operation. The average age in the cohort
      requiring reoperation was 63 +/- 14 years with 42 male and 17 female. Hematoma
      evacuations were performed at various time intervals depending on the pathology
      treated at the initial operation. The time to second operation was 2.7 days after
      intraparenchymal hematoma evacuation, 6.0 days after cerebrovascular surgery, 6.2
      days after tumor surgery and 9.7 days after subdural hematoma evacuation. The
      rate of postoperative hematoma development was 9.1% after a subdural hematoma
      evacuation, while it was only 1.1% in all other operations. Overall, those
      requiring hematoma evacuation had a 15% mortality rate, 64% were non-ambulatory,
      and 54% were discharged to long-term acute care facility, skilled nursing
      facility, rehabilitation facility or hospice. CONCLUSIONS : Neurological outcomes
      were poor in patients who underwent a cranial operation and required a second
      operation to remove a hematoma. This study suggests close observation of elderly
      males after a cranial operation, especially after subdural hematoma evacuation,
      and longer observation time for patients undergoing subdural hematoma evacuation
      than intraparenchymal hematoma evacuation, tumor surgery or cerebrovascular
      surgery.

PMID- 27382525
TI  - Utilization of a New Intracranial Support Catheter as an Intermediate Aspiration
      Catheter in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Technical Report on Initial
      Experience.
AB  - The endovascular management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to emergency large
      vessel occlusion (ELVO) has become the standard of care after the recent
      publication of landmark randomized, controlled trials. Mechanical thrombectomy,
      in addition to intravenous thrombolysis (within 4.5 hours when eligible), is now
      part of the algorithm of the standard of care when treating AIS in patients with
      ELVO in the anterior circulation up to six hours after symptom onset. A newly
      introduced device, the ArcTM intracranial support catheter (Medtronic, Irvine,
      USA), is specifically designed for the introduction of neurointerventional
      devices into the cerebral vasculature and facilitates the delivery of
      microcatheters into smaller, more distal intracranial vessels. This technical
      report describes the use of the ArcTM intracranial support catheter in the
      setting of AIS. 

PMID- 27382526
TI  - A Novel Method for Quality Assurance of the Cyberknife Iris Variable Aperture
      Collimator.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To characterize a novel method for field-size quality assurance of a
      variable approximately circular aperture collimator by means of dose-area product
      measurements and to validate its practical use over two years of clinical
      application. METHODS:   To assess methodical limitations, we analyze measurement
      errors due to change in linac output, beam tuning, uncertainty in MU delivery,
      daily factors, inherent uncertainty of the large-area parallel-plate ionisation
      chamber, and misalignment of the large-area parallel-plate ionisation chamber
      relative to the primary beam axis. To establish a baseline for quality assurance,
      the dose-area product is measured with the large-area parallel-plate ionisation
      chamber for all 12 clinical iris apertures in relation to the 60 mm fixed
      reference aperture. To evaluate the long-term stability of the Iris collimation
      system, deviation from baseline data is assessed monthly and compared to a priori
      derived tolerance levels. RESULTS: Only chamber misalignment, variation in
      output, and uncertainty in MU delivery contribute to a combined error that is
      estimated at 0.2 % of the nominal field size. This is equivalent to a resolution
      of 0.005 mm for the 5 mm, and 0.012 mm for the 60 mm field. The method offers
      ease of use, small measurement time commitment, and is independent of most error
      sources. Over the observed period, the Iris accuray is within the tolerance
      levels. CONCLUSIONS:   The method is an advantageous alternative to film quality
      assurance with a high reliability, short measurement time, and superior accuracy
      in field-size determination.

PMID- 27382527
TI  - Imaging, Endoscopic and Genetic Assessment of Marfan Syndrome Presenting with
      Sigmoid Volvulus: A Review.
AB  - The Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a pleiotropic, autosomal dominant disorder of
      connective tissue with highly variable clinical manifestations. It primarily
      involves the skeletal, cardiovascular, and ocular systems; however,
      gastrointestinal complications are rare. Herein, we describe the case of a 31
      year-old male who initially presented with acute abdominal pain for one day. His
      imaging features revealed a dilated sigmoid colon, consistent with sigmoid
      volvulus that was immediately decompressed. Surgical resection was recommended to
      treat the sigmoid volvulus. Preceding the treatment, the patient underwent an
      extensive workup, including an echocardiography that revealed aortic root
      dilatation. His clinical history, physical exam, and echocardiographic findings
      raised the suspicion for MFS. Subsequently, the diagnosis of MFS was confirmed on
      genetic testing. This is a case that highlights the multidisciplinary (clinical,
      radiological, endoscopic, molecular/genetic) approach to diagnose a patient with
      MFS who presented with symptomatic sigmoid volvulus. As this presentation may be
      a harbinger of more severe manifestations of MFS, it is important to identify it
      as such in order to accomodate for timely management. 

PMID- 27382528
TI  - Bromodomain Inhibitor Review: Bromodomain and Extra-terminal Family Protein
      Inhibitors as a Potential New Therapy in Central Nervous System Tumors.
AB  - The bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family proteins associate with
      transcriptional activation through interaction with acetylated chromatin,
      therefore playing a key role as epigenetic regulators. BET proteins serve to
      regulate the expression of importance oncogenes, including those involved in
      apoptosis as well as cell cycle progression. Due to this potential as an
      epigenetic target, small molecule inhibition of BET proteins have been
      investigated and demonstrate promising activity in both solid and hematologic
      malignancies, including brain tumors. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), subsets of
      medulloblastoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) are types of brain
      tumors with dismal prognoses, and as such have been the subjects of preclinical
      studies using BET inhibitors both in vivo and in vitro. While results from these
      preclinical investigations have shown promise, clinical trials are in early
      phases at this time. In this review, we will summarize the current literature on
      BET family proteins, their potential as therapeutic targets in brain tumors as
      well as other malignancies, and the preclinical and clinical investigations that
      have been undertaken to date. 

PMID- 27382529
TI  - Delayed Presentation of a Cervical Spinal Epidural Abscess of Dental Origin after
      a Fall in an Elderly Patient.
AB  - Spinal epidural abscesses are an uncommon cause of spinal cord injury but,
      depending on the size and presence of neurological deficits, urgent neurosurgical
      intervention may be required. We present a unique case of a patient presenting
      with a spinal epidural collection several days after a fall. While a spinal
      epidural hematoma was suspected based on the patient's history and MRI findings,
      a spinal epidural abscess was found during surgery. The patient underwent
      laminectomy and instrumented fusion with successful treatment of her infection. 

PMID- 27382530
TI  - Treatment of Recurrent Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review.
AB  - Intervertebral disc herniation is one of the most common causes of back and
      extremity pain. The most commonly used surgical treatment is lumbar discectomy.
      About 0.5-25% go on to develop recurrent disc herniation (rDH) after a successful
      first discectomy. Currently, there aren't any guidelines to assist surgeons in
      determining which approach is most appropriate to treat rDH. A recent survey
      showed significant heterogeneity among surgeons regarding treatment options for
      rDH. It remains unclear which methods lead to better outcomes, as there are no
      comparative studies with a sufficient level of evidence. In this study, we aimed
      to perform a systematic review to compare treatment options for rDH and determine
      if one intervention provides better outcomes than the other; more specifically,
      whether outcome differences exist between discectomy alone and discectomy with
      fusion. We applied the PICOS (participants, intervention, comparison, outcome,
      study design) format to develop this systematic review through PubMed. Twenty
      seven papers from 1978-2014 met our inclusion criteria and were included in the
      analysis. Nine papers reported outcomes after discectomy and seven of them showed
      good or excellent outcomes (70.60%-89%). Ten papers reported on minimally
      invasive discectomy. The percent change in visual analog scale (VAS) ranged from 
      50.77% to -86.57%, indicating an overall pain reduction. Four studies out of the
      ten reported good or excellent outcomes (81% to 90.2%). Three studies looked at
      posterolateral fusion. Three studies analyzed posterior lumbar interbody fusion.
      For one study, we found the VAS percentage change to be -46.02%. All reported
      good to excellent outcomes. Six studies evaluated the transforaminal lumbar
      interbody fusion. All reported improvement in pain. Four used VAS, and we found
      the percent change to be -54% to -86.5%. The other two used the Japanese
      Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, and we found the percent change to be 68.3%
      to 93.3%. We did not find enough evidence to support any significant difference
      in outcomes between discectomy alone and discectomy with fusion. The limitation
      of our study includes the lack of standardized outcomes reporting in the
      literature. However, reviewing the selected articles shows that fusion may have a
      greater improvement in pain compared to reoperation without fusion. Nonetheless,
      our study shows that further and more in-depth investigation is needed on the of
      treatment of rDH. 

PMID- 27382531
TI  - Are dentists involved in the treatment of obesity?
AB  - The morbidity and mortality associated with being overweight or obese have been
      known to the medical profession to be related with an increased risk of
      associated diseases. This article provides an overview of obesity and addresses
      possible strategies for the management of this important public health concern.
      This narrative review sheds light on the problem of obesity and the necessity of
      professional oral health care to work in partnership with the medical team for
      managing obesity. In this regard, general dental practitioners should at least
      reinforce their knowledge regarding obesity and understand their potential role
      in the treatment and management of obese patients. 

PMID- 27382532
TI  - Effect of anodization and alkali-heat treatment on the bioactivity of titanium
      implant material (an in vitro study).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed to assess the effect of anodized and alkali-heat
      surface treatment on the bioactivity of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) after
      immersion in Hank's solution for 7 days. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen titanium
      alloy samples were used in this study. The samples were divided into three groups
      (five for each), five samples were anodized in 1M H3PO4 at constant voltage value
      of 20 v and another five samples were alkali-treated in 5 M NaOH solution for 25
      min at temperature 60 degrees C followed by heat treatment at 600 degrees C for 1
      h. All samples were then immersed in Hank's solution for 7 days to assess the
      effect of surface modifications on the bioactivity of titanium alloy. The
      different treated surfaces and control one were characterized by X-ray
      diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy
      dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transformation infra-red spectroscopy.
      Statistical analysis was performed with PASW Statistics 18.0((r)) (Predictive
      Analytics Software). RESULTS: Anodization of Ti-alloy samples (Group B) led to
      the formation of bioactive titanium oxide anatase phase and PO4 (3-) group on the
      surface. The alkali-heat treatment of titanium alloy samples (Group C) leads to
      the formation of bioactive titania hydrogel and supplied sodium ions. The
      reaction between the Ti sample and NaOH alkaline solution resulted in the
      formation of a layer of amorphous sodium titania on the Ti surface, and this
      layer can induce apatite deposition. CONCLUSIONS: The surface roughness and
      surface chemistry had an excellent ability to induce bioactivity of titanium
      alloy. The anodization in H3PO4 produced anatase titanium oxide on the surface
      with phosphate originated from electrolytes changed the surface topography and
      allowed formation of calcium-phosphate.

PMID- 27382533
TI  - Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial effect of herbal root canal irrigants
      (Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera) with sodium hypochlorite: An
      in vitro study.
AB  - AIM AND OBJECTIVES: Successful root canal treatment involves the complete
      elimination of microorganism from the root canal and the three-dimensional
      obturation of the canal space. Enterococcus faecalis is the most commonly found
      bacteria in failed root canal. Chemical irrigation of canals along with
      biomechanical preparation helps in the elimination of microorganisms. The present
      study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of herbal root canal
      irrigants (Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica extract, Aloe vera) with sodium
      hypochlorite (NaOCl). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The bacterial E. faecalis (ATCC)
      culture was grown overnight in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and inoculated in
      Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Antibacterial inhibition was assessed using agar well
      diffusion method. All five study irrigants were added to respective wells in agar
      plates and incubated at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Bacterial inhibition zone around
      each well was recorded. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using
      Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software for Windows, version 19.0.
      (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY. RESULTS: Highest inhibitory zone against E. faecalis was
      seen in NaOCl fallowed by M. citrifolia and A. indica extract, and the least by
      A. vera extract. CONCLUSION: Tested herbal medicine (A. indica extract, M.
      citrifolia, A. vera) showed inhibitory zone against E. faecalis. Hence, these
      irrigants can be used as root canal irrigating solutions.

PMID- 27382534
TI  - A novel Chotta Bheem-Chutki scale for dental anxiety determination in children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A potential problem in patient management in pediatric dentistry is
      dental anxiety among children. It is of paramount importance for pediatric
      dentists to identify an anxious child and review potential management options
      specific to every child. The aim of this study is to validate a newly devised
      Chotta Bheem-Chutki (CBC) pictorial scale and to compare this with Venham's
      pictorial scale (VPS) and facial image scale (FIS) to measure dental anxiety in
      young children during their first dental visit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One
      hundred children aged 4-12 years were randomly selected from our hospital
      outpatient department. Child's anxiety levels were measured using three different
      scales; the VPS, FIS, and the newly devised CBC pictorial scale. The scores were
      recorded by asking the children to choose the figure they identified with at that
      instant. The scores obtained from all the three scales were compared using
      student's t-test. Pearson correlation test was used to obtain correlation among
      the scales used in the study. RESULTS: A strong correlation (0.778) was found
      between FIS and CBC scale. Moreover, a strong correlation (0.811) was found
      between VPS and CBC scale, indicating good validity of the CBC scale. Seventy
      five percent of the children found CBC scale to be the easiest among the three
      scales. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that CBC scale can be used
      as a new tool for dental anxiety assessment in children.

PMID- 27382535
TI  - Evaluation of the effect of hydrogen peroxide as a mouthwash in comparison with
      chlorhexidine in chronic periodontitis patients: A clinical study.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hydrogen
      peroxide (H2O2) as a mouthwash in comparison with chlorhexidine (CHX) in chronic
      periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 45 patients suffering
      from localized mild to moderate chronic periodontitis were chosen. The subjects
      were divided equally into three groups. Group A patients were treated only with
      scaling and root planning (SRP). Group B were treated with SRP in combination
      with 0.2% CHX gluconate mouthwash twice daily for 10 days. Group C were treated
      with SRP in combination with 1.5% H2O2 mouthwash twice daily for 10 days.
      Gingival index, plaque index, pocket depth, and clinical attachment level were
      recorded for patients of all groups on day 0 (Baseline), 15, 30, and 90,
      respectively. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the
      Social Sciences version 22.0. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to
      assess the differences in the abovementioned indices because of time and groups.
      RESULTS: Both CHX gluconate and H2O2 mouthwashes significantly reduced the
      gingival index more than that observed in the control group, but similar to each
      other. There were no significant differences in the clinical attachment loss,
      plaque index, and pocket depth among the study groups, but improvement was seen
      within the CHX group participants. In participants with chronic periodontitis,
      SRP in combination with 0.2% CHX gluconate mouthwash was an effective treatment
      in reducing the gingival index and the pocket depth, as well as improving the
      clinical attachment level. CONCLUSION: The use of CHX gluconate was observed to
      be higher than H2O2 for the reduction in the gingival index and the pocket depth,
      as well as for the improvement of the clinical attachment level.

PMID- 27382536
TI  - Oral health status and treatment needs among 10126 school children in West
      Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Oral diseases are affecting a large percentage of children worldwide.
      This study with Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry
      collaboration was taken up with the aim to evaluate the oral health status and
      treatment needs in school-going children of the West Godavari district, Andhra
      Pradesh, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted
      among 10126 school children who were randomly selected from 32 schools in West
      Godavari district. To find the significance of the obtained number of cases for
      different age groups, Chi-square test of significance was used. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of dental conditions are as follows: Dental caries 63.5%, periodontal
      diseases 13.6%, dental anomalies 3.6%, dental trauma 3.2%, and orthodontic
      treatment 25.1%. Among the different age groups, 11-14 years age group has the
      highest prevalence of oral health problems. Females were more affected with
      dental caries (P = 0.17), orthodontic treatment needs (P = 0.12), and dental
      anomalies (P = 0.86) compared to males which was statistically insignificant. The
      highest prevalence of dental conditions in the case of females was observed
      during the age of 11-14 years, and in males, the peak was seen in the 15-18 years
      age group. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that school-going children in
      West Godavari district suffer from a high prevalence of dental conditions and
      have higher treatment needs.

PMID- 27382537
TI  - Comparative evaluation of effect of complete denture wears on the flow rate of
      saliva in both medicated and apparently healthy patients.
AB  - AIM AND OBJECTIVES: In the denture wearing people, saliva is necessary to create
      adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension that ultimately leads to the increased
      retention of the denture. Medications have some influence on the flow rate of
      saliva and denture retention. The present study evaluates the effect of complete
      denture wear on the flow rate of saliva in both medicated and apparently healthy
      patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The participants were 42 edentulous individuals
      aged 35-70 years requiring complete denture prostheses. The participants were
      divided into two groups of medicated and unmedicated. Unstimulated whole saliva
      was collected at 24 h and 3 months after the insertion of new complete dentures
      in both the groups. The data obtained were analyzed using Student's paired t-test
      and unpaired t-test. Intergroup changes were compared with unpaired t-test.
      Intragroup changes were compared with paired t-test using the Statistical Package
      for Social Sciences, version 22.0. RESULTS: In the unmedicated group, the mean
      salivary flow rate was high at 24 h after denture insertion when compared to
      before denture insertion (P = 0.001 VHS). In the medicated group, the observation
      was highly significant (P = 0.007 HS) 24 h after denture insertion and after 3
      months (P = 0.02 S) when compared to before denture insertion. CONCLUSION: No
      significant difference in the salivary flow rate was found 3 months after denture
      insertion when compared to before denture insertion for both the medicated and
      unmedicated groups.

PMID- 27382538
TI  - Discontinued dental attendance among elderly people in Sweden.
AB  - AIM: Our objective was to study the loss of dental attendance and a possible age
      trend among patients aged >=65 years in Sweden. Regular dental check-ups are
      considered to be an important factor in maintaining oral health. Approximately
      80% of the adult population in Sweden are enrolled in a regular check-up system;
      however, dental practitioners often find that older patients attend fewer check
      ups. Old people may naturally lose contact with dental services as they move to
      special housing or die. In this systematic study, these factors were investigated
      and used as exclusion criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected for
      all patients (n = 4759) aged 65 or older from the electronic journal system in 3
      large public dental clinics in 3 communities. Their dental records for the years
      2004-2009 were studied longitudinally by 1 person at each clinic; 1111 patients
      were excluded (patients died during study period, wanted emergency care only,
      obtained special dental care allowance, moved from the community or moved to
      special housing, or left the clinic for another caregiver). The statistical
      analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
      version 21 (IBM). RESULTS: Of the 3648 patients (1690 men and 1958 women)
      included in the study, 13% lost contact with their dental service over the course
      of the study (10% of those were aged 65-79 and 21% >=80). The decrease in regular
      dental contact had a statistically significant association with increasing age (P
      < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A considerable number of older people living independently
      or with moderate supportive care in their own homes lost contact with dental
      service despite enrolment in a recall system.

PMID- 27382539
TI  - Prevalence of palatal rugae shapes in Karnataka and Kerala population: A cross
      sectional study.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess the incidence and
      prevalence of palatal rugae shapes in the male and female populations of
      Karnataka and Kerala. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study consisted of 100 plaster
      models of each group, which were equally distributed between both the genders,
      with an age range of 17-23 years. The rugae patterns were recorded by using
      Thomas and Kotze classification. Correlation between the rugae shape and
      population as well as the rugae shape and gender were analyzed using chi-square
      analysis and discriminant function analysis using the Statistical Package for the
      Social Sciences Version 22 (IBM Corp). RESULTS: Curved, straight, and wavy rugae
      patterns were the most common in both Kerala and Karnataka sample populations.
      Chi-square analysis showed significant differences between the populations for
      the curved pattern; discriminant function analysis showed significant differences
      between the populations for the curved and straight patterns. Significant gender
      differences were found in the curved pattern for Karnataka population and in
      unification patterns for both populations by Chi-square/Fischer exact test.
      CONCLUSIONS: The curved and straight rugae patterns were significantly more
      frequent in the Kerala population compared to the Karnataka population. Because
      of the limited sample size of this study, further cross-sectional studies are
      suggested.

PMID- 27382540
TI  - Vitamin D status and periodontal disease among pregnant and non-pregnant women in
      an underdeveloped district of Pakistan.
AB  - AIM: To compare pregnant and non-pregnant females for vitamin D level and
      periodontal status and to determine if there is any association between the
      periodontal health and hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jhelum, Pakistan. Participants
      were pregnant females at ~ 12 weeks of gestation (n = 36) and non-pregnant (n =
      35) females selected from the same locality. Periodontal parameters such as
      probing depth, bleeding on probing, and attachment loss were recorded. Serum
      samples were taken to measure blood indices and vitamin D levels. Chi-square test
      and Odds ratio were applied to determine the association between hypovitaminosis
      D and periodontal status. RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency was common in the
      pregnant group compared to non-pregnant (P < 0.001). Blood indices (hemoglobin,
      hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume) were significantly lower among the pregnant
      compared to the non-pregnant group (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant
      difference between the two groups for probing depth and attachment loss.
      CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women were more deficient in Vitamin D than non-pregnant
      women. However, no association between low vitamin D levels and periodontal
      disease was seen in the studied population.

PMID- 27382541
TI  - To evaluate the influence of smear layer with different instruments and
      obturation methods on microleakage of root canal filled teeth: In vitro study.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The success of root canal treatment depends on proper
      debridement, instrumentation, proper accessibility, and proper restoration. The
      presence of a smear layer is considered to be a significant factor. This in vitro
      study was conducted to assess the effect of the presence/absence of a smear layer
      on the microleakage of root canal filled teeth using different instruments and
      obturation methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred extracted mandibular
      premolars with closed apices and single roots were chosen and then divided into
      six groups, A to F, consisting of 15 teeth each. The control group included 10
      teeth; 5 positive and 5 negative. The teeth were decoronated at the cementoenamel
      junction. Groups A, B, C, and D were instrumented with engine-driven rotary
      Protaper NiTi files. Groups E and F were instrumented with conventional stainless
      steel hand files. Groups A, C, and E were flushed with 3 ml of 17% EDTA to remove
      the smear layer prior to obturation. All teeth were flushed with 5.25% sodium
      hypochlorite solution and obturated with AH-Plus sealer with lateral condensation
      technique for Groups C, D, E, F and with thermoplasticized gutta-percha technique
      for Groups A and B. Using an electrochemical technique, leakages in the obturated
      canals were assessed for 45 days. The results were tabulated using Student's t
      test (paired and unpaired t-test) with the Statistical Package for the Social
      Sciences Software Version 21 (IBM Company, New York, USA). RESULTS: Group A
      showed the lowest mean value at intervals of 10, 20, 30, and 45 days. There was
      no current flow in the negative controls during the test period. There was
      leakage in the positive controls within a few minutes of immersion. CONCLUSION:
      The results showed that rotary instrumentation contributed toward an exceptional
      preparation of root canals compared to hand instrumentation. Elimination of the
      smear layer enhanced the resistance to microleakage; thermoplasticized gutta
      percha obturation technique produced a better seal compared to the lateral
      condensation technique.

PMID- 27382542
TI  - Retention of denture bases fabricated by three different processing techniques -
      An in vivo study.
AB  - AIM: Distortion due to Polymerization shrinkage compromises the retention. To
      evaluate the amount of retention of denture bases fabricated by conventional,
      anchorized, and injection molding polymerization techniques. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Ten completely edentulous patients were selected, impressions were made,
      and master cast obtained was duplicated to fabricate denture bases by three
      polymerization techniques. Loop was attached to the finished denture bases to
      estimate the force required to dislodge them by retention apparatus. Readings
      were subjected to nonparametric Friedman two-way analysis of variance followed by
      Bonferroni correction methods and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test.
      RESULTS: Denture bases fabricated by injection molding (3740 g), anchorized
      techniques (2913 g) recorded greater retention values than conventional technique
      (2468 g). Significant difference was seen between these techniques. CONCLUSIONS:
      Denture bases obtained by injection molding polymerization technique exhibited
      maximum retention, followed by anchorized technique, and least retention was seen
      in conventional molding technique.

PMID- 27382543
TI  - A randomized clinical study for comparative evaluation of Aloe Vera and 0.2%
      chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash efficacy on de-novo plaque formation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To comparatively assess the antiplaque efficacy of Aloe vera mouthwash
      and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash on de novo plaque formation. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: This was a randomized, single blind, parallel, controlled clinical
      study with 90 healthy participants, with mean age of 27.19 +/- 12.08 years. After
      thorough oral prophylaxis, participants were instructed to discontinue mechanical
      plaque control. Participants were divided randomly into three groups; pure Aloe
      vera mouthwash was dispensed to the test group; control group received 0.2%
      chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash; in Placebo group, flavored distilled water was
      used as oral rinse twice daily. Effect on 4-day de novo plaque formation was
      assessed by comparing pre-rinsing Quigley Hein Modified Plaque Scores were
      analyzed statistically using analysis of variance and Student's t-test. RESULTS:
      Post-rinsing control group showed the least plaque score which was comparable to
      the test group. Both the control group and test group showed significant
      difference with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Herbal mouthwash containing Aloe
      vera mouthwash has comparable antiplaque efficacy as the gold standard 0.2%
      chlorhexidine gluconate with fewer side effects and can be considered as an
      alternative.

PMID- 27382544
TI  - Evaluation of anticardiolipin antibodies in tobacco users and non-tobacco users
      with severe chronic periodontal disease.
AB  - AIMS: Many studies have proven that b2-glycoprotein-I-dependent anticardiolipin
      is elevated in periodontal diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus and
      antiphospholipid syndrome, which are usually associated with high
      antiphospholipid antibodies, are more prone to adverse pregnancy outcomes and
      cardiovascular sequelae. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate
      IgG, IgM anticardiolipin antibodies in tobacco users and non-tobacco users with
      severe chronic periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on the Armitage
      classification, 2000, 40 severe periodontitis (group D) (mean clinical attachment
      loss greater than 2.5 mm) male patients were selected for the study with the age
      range of 35-65 years and good general health from the Department of periodontics,
      SRM Kattankulathur Dental College, Chennai. They were classified as smokers (20
      subjects) and non-smokers (20 subjects). Blood samples were collected and IgG,
      IgM antibodies were semi-quantitatively analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
      assay. The data thus collected were statistically analyzed by independent
      student's t-test. RESULTS: Results showed that smokers with severe periodontitis
      exhibited marked increase in anticardiolipin IgG, IgM compared to non-smokers.
      They showed a positive correlation and statistical significance (P < 0.0001)
      between mean clinical attachment loss and IgG and IgM values. CONCLUSIONS:
      Results showed a rise in anticardiolipin antibodies in smokers with severe
      periodontitis, which indicates that these patients are more prone to coronary
      heart disease.

PMID- 27382545
TI  - Cancellous osteoma of maxilla: A rare case report.
AB  - Osteoma is a slow growing benign tumor result from either cancellous or compact
      bone proliferation. Osteoma of the jaws may arise from the surface of the bone as
      a sessile mass located either peripherally or endosteally. This paper presents a
      rare case report of peripheral cancellous osteoma, involving the buccal cortical
      plate and alveolar process of the right maxilla of a 37-year-old female patient. 

PMID- 27382546
TI  - Effects of vildagliptin as add-on treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus: insights from long-term clinical studies in Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, is wildly
      used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with mono- or combination-therapy.
      We review two previously published open-label studies to extract insights on the
      long-term efficacy and safety of vildagliptin. METHODS: Two studies were
      conducted in Japan to assess the efficacy and safety of vildagliptin as an add-on
      to other oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs) for 52 weeks. These studies were
      performed under the similar protocol in Japanese patients with T2DM who were
      inadequately controlled with OAD monotherapy [excluding other dipeptidyl
      peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors]. RESULTS: Addition of vildagliptin (50 mg twice
      daily) to other OAD monotherapy [sulfonylurea (SU), metformin, thiazolidinedione,
      alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and glinide] reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
      levels by -0.64 %,-0.75 %,-0.92 %,-0.94 % and - 0.64 %, respectively, over 52
      weeks of treatment. Overall, the incidence of hypoglycemia was low and was
      slightly higher in the add-on to SU treatment group compared with the other
      groups. The incidences of adverse events were comparable among the treatment
      groups, and vildagliptin was well-tolerated as add-on therapy to other OADs.
      CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from the two studies indicates that vildagliptin as an
      add-on therapy to other OADs is a clinically reasonable option for Japanese
      patients with T2DM who respond inadequately to other OAD monotherapy.

PMID- 27382547
TI  - Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia: classic approach and
      recent advances.

PMID- 27382548
TI  - Korea Blood Cancer Association: for supporting the patients suffering from blood
      cancers.

PMID- 27382549
TI  - Dysplastic eosinophils in myelodysplastic syndrome: association with complex
      karyotypes.

PMID- 27382550
TI  - Hansen's fingerprints in bone marrow histiocytes.

PMID- 27382551
TI  - Dabigatran approaching the realm of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
AB  - Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious, immune mediated complication
      of exposure to unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin. Though rare, it is
      a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality that requires immediate
      change to alternative anticoagulants for the prevention of life-threatening
      thrombosis. The direct thrombin inhibitors lepirudin and argatroban are currently
      licensed for the treatment of HIT. Dabigatran, a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC)
      with a similar mechanism of action and effective use in other indications, has
      recently been proposed as another therapeutic option in cases of HIT. This review
      serves as an introduction to using dabigatran for this purpose, detailing the
      clinical aspects of its administration, evidence of its performance compared to
      other anticoagulants, and the preliminary reports of HIT successfully treated
      with dabigatran. As the literature on this develops, it will need to include
      clinical trials that directly evaluate dabigatran against the other NOACs and
      current treatment options. 

PMID- 27382552
TI  - Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of primary autoimmune hemolytic
      anemia: a single center study from South India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a less recognized, potentially
      fatal condition. There is a scarcity of data on clinicoserological
      characteristics and response to therapy concerning this disease from South India.
      METHODS: Data for 33 patients with primary AIHA recorded from July 2009 to June
      2015 were retrospectively analyzed for clinical presentation, response to
      frontline therapy, durability of response, time to next treatment (TTNT), and
      response to second-line agents. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 50
      months. Among 33 patients, 48% of the cases were warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
      (WAIHA), 46% were cold agglutinin disease (CAD), and 6% were atypical. Three
      fourth of patients had severe anemia (<8 g/dL hemoglobin [Hb]) at onset; younger
      patients (age <40 yr) had more severe anemia. All of the patients who required
      treatment received oral prednisolone at 1.5 mg/kg/d as a frontline therapy, and
      the response rate was 90% (62% complete response [CR] and 28% partial response
      [PR]). The overall response to corticosteroids in WAIHA and CAD was 87% and 92%,
      respectively. The median corticosteroid duration was 14 months, and 50% of the
      patients required second-line agents. Fourteen patients received azathioprine as
      a second-line agent, and 11 of these patients responded well, with half of them
      not requiring a third agent. Four patients developed severe infections
      (pneumonia, sepsis, and soft tissue abscess) and two had life-threatening venous
      thrombosis. One case of death was recorded. CONCLUSION: AIHA is a heterogeneous
      disease that requires care by physicians experienced in treating these patients.

PMID- 27382553
TI  - Platelet count recovery after intravenous immunoglobulin predicts a favorable
      outcome in children with immune thrombocytopenia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Childhood immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a common acquired
      bleeding disorder. Even though most children recover, either spontaneously or
      with therapy, 10-20% of newly diagnosed ITP cases have a chronic course beyond 12
      months. This study evaluated whether clinical and laboratory findings can predict
      the response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and progression to persistent
      or chronic ITP in children. METHODS: During the period between March 2003 and
      June 2015, we retrospectively analyzed 72 children, newly diagnosed with ITP, who
      received IVIG treatment. Peripheral blood counts were obtained at diagnosis and
      at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after IVIG treatment. RESULTS: After 6 months of IVIG
      treatment, 14 of 72 patients (19.4%) had persistent ITP, and after 12 months, 7
      of 40 patients (17.5%) had chronic ITP. Age at diagnosis, gender, history of
      viral infection, or vaccination before disease onset were not statistically
      correlated with platelet recovery at 6 and 12 months. However, a platelet count
      recovery of >=100*10(3)/uL at 1 and 3 months was significantly correlated with
      platelet recovery at 6 (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively) and 12 (P=0.007 and
      P=0.004, respectively) months. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that early
      platelet count recovery, at 1 and 3 months after IVIG treatment, predicts a short
      disease duration and a favorable outcome in children with newly diagnosed ITP.
      Further investigation in a larger group of patients is warranted to validate
      these findings.

PMID- 27382554
TI  - Risk factors for mortality in patients with bloodstream infections during the pre
      engraftment period after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections (BSI) remain a frequent complication during
      the pre-engraftment period after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT),
      resulting in high mortality rates. This study evaluated risk factors for
      mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with BSI in the pre
      engraftment period. METHODS: This prospective case control study was performed at
      the Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation in Minsk, Republic of
      Belarus. Data relating to patient age and gender, date and type of
      transplantation, conditioning chemotherapy regimen, microorganisms isolated from
      blood, and antibacterial therapy were prospectively collected from all
      hematopoietic stem cell recipients with microbiologically proven cases of BSI in
      the pre-engraftment period. The primary outcome was all-cause 30-day mortality
      after onset of febrile neutropenia. RESULTS: A total of 135 adult patients with
      microbiologically proven BSI after HSCT were studied, with 65.2% of cases caused
      by gram-negative microorganisms and 21.5% by non-fermenting bacteria. Inadequate
      empiric antibacterial therapy and isolation of carbapenem-resistant non
      fermenting gram-negative bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa) were independently associated with increased all-cause 30-day
      mortality in these patients. CONCLUSION: The risk factors for mortality in adult
      patients with BSI in the pre-engraftment period after HSCT were inadequacy of
      empirical antibacterial therapy and isolation of carbapenem-resistant A.
      baumannii or P. aeruginosa.

PMID- 27382555
TI  - Unrelated hematopoietic stem cell registry and the role of the Hematopoietic Stem
      Cell Bank.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The hematopoietic stem cell bank has been actively recruiting
      registrants since 1994. This study systematically reviews its operations and
      outcomes over the last 20 years. METHODS: Retrospective data on a total of 47,711
      registrants were reviewed. Relevant data were processed using PASW Statistics for
      Windows, version 18.0. RESULTS: As of 2013, the Korean Network for Organ Sharing
      database contained 265,307 registrants. Of these, 49,037 (18%) registrants
      committed to hematopoietic cell donation from 1994 to 2013. Fifty-seven percent
      of the registrants were men, and 43% were women. The reasons for opting out of
      the registry included refusal to donate (70%), family refusal (28%), and others
      (2%). The donation willingness of registrants was significantly higher than those
      who refused to receive a mail to confirm their continued enrollment
      (chi(2)=6.103, P=0.013). The bank successfully coordinated a total of 512 donors
      among newly matched donors from 1995 to 2013, of which the bone marrow and
      peripheral blood stem cell accounted for 40.8% and 59.2% of the total donations,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Our recruitment activities focus on promoting voluntary
      registration and the importance of updating personal contact information. We
      expect that these data may be useful for diverse studies and demonstrate the
      positive impacts on the donation program.

PMID- 27382556
TI  - Baseline renal function as a prognostic indicator in patients with newly
      diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The association between baseline renal impairment (RI) and the
      prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was previously not defined.
      The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of RI in patients with
      DLBCL treated with three-weekly rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin,
      vincristine, and prednisolone immunochemotherapy (R-CHOP21). METHODS: Patients
      with newly diagnosed de novo DLBCLs treated with >=1 cycle of R-CHOP21 were
      analyzed retrospectively. Pretreatment blood samples were collected and the
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was calculated. RI was defined by a GFR of <60
      mL/min/1.73 m(2) according to the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology
      Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula. RESULTS: Of the 185 patients enrolled in the
      present study, 19 patients (10.3%) had RI. The reasons for baseline RI were pre
      existing CKD (N=5), acute kidney injury due to either obstruction (N=2) or
      electrolyte imbalance (N=2) related to DLBCL, and undefined causes (N=10).
      Patients with baseline RI showed inferior overall survival (OS) compared to those
      without RI (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, RI was identified as an
      International Prognostic Index (IPI)-independent prognostic indicator. A baseline
      hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL and the presence of RI effectively discriminated a
      portion of the patients with far inferior event-free survival and OS among the
      patients having high or high-intermediate risk cancers according to either the
      standard- or the National Comprehensive Cancer Network-IPI. CONCLUSION:
      Pretreatment RI was an independent prognostic marker for inferior OS in patients
      with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP21 immunochemotherapy.

PMID- 27382557
TI  - A retrospective analysis of cytogenetic alterations in patients with newly
      diagnosed multiple myeloma: a single center study in Korea.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The accurate identification of cytogenetic abnormalities in multiple
      myeloma (MM) has become more important over recent years for the development of
      new diagnostic and prognostic markers. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed
      the cytogenetic aberrations in MM cases as an initial assessment in a single
      institute. METHODS: We reviewed the cytogenetic results from 222 patients who
      were newly diagnosed with MM between January 2000 and December 2015. Chromosomal
      analysis was performed on cultured bone marrow samples by standard G-banding
      technique. At least 20 metaphase cells were analyzed for karyotyping. RESULTS:
      Clonal chromosome abnormalities were detected in 45.0% (100/222) of the patients.
      Among these results, 80 cases (80.0%) had both numerical and structural
      chromosome abnormalities. Overall hyperdiploidy with structural cytogenetic
      aberrations was the most common finding (44.0%), followed by hypodiploidy with
      structural aberrations (28.0%). Amplification of the long arm of chromosome 1 and
      -13/del(13q) were the most frequent recurrent abnormalities, and were detected in
      50 patients (50.0%) and 40 patients (40.0%) with clonal abnormalities,
      respectively. The most common abnormality involving 14q32 was t(11;14)(q13;q32),
      which was observed in 19 cases. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that
      myeloma cells exhibit complex aberrations regardless of ploidy, even from a
      single center in Korea. Conventional cytogenetic analysis should be included in
      the initial diagnostic work-up for patients suspected of having MM.

PMID- 27382558
TI  - Prognostic relevance of the Ki-67 proliferation index in patients with mantle
      cell lymphoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A high Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) in neoplastic cells is
      associated with poor survival in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). We aimed to
      determine the cut-off values for the Ki-67 PI as a prognostic factor in MCL
      according to bone marrow findings. METHODS: Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining
      for Ki-67 was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy tissues from
      56 patients with MCL. Patients were grouped based on their Ki-67 PI values.
      Survival analyses were carried out and the cut-off value for the Ki-67 PI was
      determined. RESULTS: Of the 56 patients, 39 (69.6%) showed bone marrow
      involvement of MCL; 21 of these patients had leukemic manifestations at the time
      of diagnosis. The results of the Ki-67 IHC staining were as follows: <=10% in 22
      patients, 11-20% in 14 patients, 21-30% in 3 patients, 31-40% in 4 patients, 41
      50% in 4 patients, and >50% in 9 patients. A cut-off value of 20% revealed
      significantly different survival rates with mean survival times of 69.8 months
      (Ki-67 PI<=20%) and 47.9 months (Ki-67 PI>20%), irrespective of bone marrow
      findings (P=0.034). Clinical outcomes did not differ, regardless of bone marrow
      findings. However, in cases with bone marrow involvement, the Ki-67 cut-off value
      of 30% for overall survival was required to yield statistical significance
      (P=0.033). CONCLUSION: The 20% cut-off value for the Ki-67 PI was clinically
      meaningful, regardless of bone marrow involvement of MCL. For patients with bone
      marrow involvement, the statistically significant cut-off value increased to 30%.

PMID- 27382559
TI  - Acute myeloid leukemia with t(4;12)(q12;p13): report of 2 cases.

PMID- 27382560
TI  - Primary acquired chronic pure red cell aplasia refractory to standard treatments:
      remission with rituximab.

PMID- 27382561
TI  - Successful treatment of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with clarithromycin.

PMID- 27382562
TI  - Bilateral myelomatous pleural effusion: presentation of two cases.

PMID- 27382563
TI  - A rare case of diffuse large B cell lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome
      initially present in the bone marrow with a favorable clinical course.

PMID- 27382564
TI  - Long-Term Fracture Resistance of Simulated Immature Teeth Filled with Various
      Calcium Silicate-Based Materials.
AB  - Objective. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the long-term fracture
      resistance of simulated human immature permanent teeth filled with BioAggregateTM
      (BA), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and EndoSequence(r) Root Repair Material
      (ERRM). Material and Methods. 40 teeth, simulated to average root length of 13 +/
      1 mm (Cvek's stage 3), were included in the study. The teeth were randomly
      divided into four groups: Group 1: DiaRoot(r) BA, Group 2: MTA-PlusTM (MTA-P),
      Group 3: MTA-Angelus (MTA-A), and Group 4: ERRM. The root canal filling materials
      were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions. After 24 months of
      incubation, the roots of the teeth were embedded in acrylic blocks and subjected
      to fracture testing. The resultant data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal
      Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results. Mean (+/-SD) failure loads (MPa) were
      20.46 +/- 2.53 for BA, 18.88 +/- 5.13 for MTA-P, 14.12 +/- 1.99 for MTA-A, and
      17.65 +/- 4.28 for ERRM groups. BA group exhibited the highest and MTA-A group
      showed the lowest resistance to fracture. Significant differences in fracture
      resistance were found between the groups of BA and MTA-A (p < 0.001), MTA-P and
      MTA-A (p < 0.05), and ERRM and MTA-A (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Within the
      limitations of this study, data suggests that BA-filled immature teeth
      demonstrate higher fracture resistance than other groups at 24 months appearing
      to be the most promising material tested. 

PMID- 27382565
TI  - Comparative Analysis of Human B Cell Epitopes Based on BCG Genomes.
AB  - Background. Tuberculosis is a huge global health problem. BCG is the only vaccine
      used for about 100 years against TB, but the reasons for protection variability
      in populations remain unclear. To improve BCG efficacy and develop a strategy for
      new vaccines, the underlying genetic differences among BCG subtypes should be
      understood urgently. Methods and Findings. Human B cell epitope data were
      collected from the Immune Epitope Database. Epitope sequences were mapped with
      those of 15 genomes, including 13 BCGs, M. bovis AF2122/97, and M. tuberculosis
      H37Rv, to identify epitopes distribution. Among 398 experimentally verified B
      cell epitopes, 321 (80.7%) were conserved, while the remaining 77 (19.3%) were
      lost to varying degrees in BCGs. The variable protective efficacy of BCGs may
      result from the degree of B cell epitopes deficiency. Conclusions. Here we
      firstly analyzed the genetic characteristics of BCGs based on B cell epitopes and
      found that B cell epitopes distribution may contribute to vaccine efficacy.
      Restoration of important antigens or effective B cell epitopes in BCG could be a
      useful strategy for vaccine development. 

PMID- 27382567
TI  - Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Micro-Malignant Melanoma Lesions Applying Support
      Vector Machines.
AB  - Background. One of the fatal disorders causing death is malignant melanoma, the
      deadliest form of skin cancer. The aim of the modern dermatology is the early
      detection of skin cancer, which usually results in reducing the mortality rate
      and less extensive treatment. This paper presents a study on classification of
      melanoma in the early stage of development using SVMs as a useful technique for
      data classification. Method. In this paper an automatic algorithm for the
      classification of melanomas in their early stage, with a diameter under 5 mm, has
      been presented. The system contains the following steps: image enhancement,
      lesion segmentation, feature calculation and selection, and classification stage
      using SVMs. Results. The algorithm has been tested on 200 images including 70
      melanomas and 130 benign lesions. The SVM classifier achieved sensitivity of 90%
      and specificity of 96%. The results indicate that the proposed approach captured
      most of the malignant cases and could provide reliable information for effective
      skin mole examination. Conclusions. Micro-melanomas due to the small size and low
      advancement of development create enormous difficulties during the diagnosis even
      for experts. The use of advanced equipment and sophisticated computer systems can
      help in the early diagnosis of skin lesions. 

PMID- 27382566
TI  - Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy: A Current View on the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis,
      and Treatment.
AB  - Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is defined as inflammation of the heart muscle
      associated with impaired function of the myocardium. In our region, its etiology
      is most often viral. Viral infection is a possible trigger of immune and
      autoimmune mechanisms which contributed to the damage of myocardial function.
      Myocarditis is considered the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy.
      Typical manifestation of this disease is heart failure, chest pain, or
      arrhythmias. The most important noninvasive diagnostic method is magnetic
      resonance imaging, but the gold standard of diagnostics is invasive examination,
      endomyocardial biopsy. In a significant proportion of cases with impaired left
      ventricular systolic function, recovery occurs spontaneously in several weeks and
      therefore it is appropriate to postpone critical therapeutic decisions about 3-6
      months after start of the treatment. Therapy is based on standard heart failure
      treatment; immunosuppressive or antimicrobial treatment may be considered in some
      cases depending on the results of endomyocardial biopsy. If severe dysfunction of
      the left ventricle persists, device therapy may be needed. 

PMID- 27382568
TI  - Effects of Acute and Chronic Heavy Metal (Cu, Cd, and Zn) Exposure on Sea
      Cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus).
AB  - Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted with sea cucumber (Apostichopus
      japonicus) exposed to heavy metals. Acute toxicity values (96 h LC50) were 2.697,
      0.133, and 1.574 mg L(-1) for Zn, Cu, and Cd, respectively, and were ranked in
      order of toxicity: Cu > Cd > Zn. Under chronic metal exposure the specific growth
      rates of sea cucumbers decreased with the increase of metal concentration for all
      the three metals. After acute metal exposure, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR)
      decreased. The OCRs in all groups were significantly different than control (P <
      0.05) except in the group treated with 1.00 mg L(-1) Zn (P < 0.05), where the
      increase of OCR was observed. The OCRs in groups chronically exposed to metals
      were significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The activity
      of both pyruvate kinase (PK) and hexokinase (HK) in sea cucumbers followed:
      respiratory tree > muscle > intestine in natural sea water. After chronic Zn, Cu,
      and Cd exposure, the change pattern of HK and PK in respiratory tree, muscle, and
      intestine varied slightly. However, the activity of the enzyme showed a general
      trend of increase and then decrease and the higher the exposure concentration
      was, the earlier the highest point of enzyme activity was obtained. 

PMID- 27382569
TI  - Effect of Surface Treatment on Shear Bond Strength between Resin Cement and Ce
      TZP/Al2O3.
AB  - Purpose. Although several studies evaluating the mechanical properties of Ce
      TZP/Al2O3 have been published, to date, no study has been published investigating
      the bonding protocol between Ce-TZP/Al2O3 and resin cement. The aim of this study
      was to evaluate the shear bond strength to air-abraded Ce-TZP/Al2O3 when primers
      and two different cement types were used. Materials and Methods. Two types of
      zirconia (Y-TZP and Ce-TZP/Al2O3) specimens were further divided into four
      subgroups according to primer application and the cement used. Shear bond
      strength was measured after water storage for 3 days or 5,000 times thermocycling
      for artificial aging. Results. The Y-TZP block showed significantly higher shear
      bond strength than the Ce-TZP/Al2O3 block generally. Primer application promoted
      high bond strength and less effect on bond strength reduction after
      thermocycling, regardless of the type of cement, zirconia block, or aging time.
      Conclusions. Depending on the type of the primer or resin cement used after air
      abrasion, different wettability of the zirconia surface can be observed.
      Application of primer affected the values of shear bond strength after the
      thermocycling procedure. In the case of using the same bonding protocol, Y-TZP
      could obtain significantly higher bond strength compared with Ce-TZP/Al2O3. 

PMID- 27382570
TI  - A Comparison of the Effects of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase and Inducible
      Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Cartilage Damage.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of selective inducible
      nitric oxide synthase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on cartilage
      regeneration. The study involved 27 Wistar rats that were divided into five
      groups. On Day 1, both knees of 3 rats were resected and placed in a formalin
      solution as a control group. The remaining 24 rats were separated into 4 groups,
      and their right knees were surgically damaged. Depending on the groups, the rats
      were injected with intra-articular normal saline solution, neuronal nitric oxide
      synthase inhibitor 7-nitroindazole (50 mg/kg), inducible nitric oxide synthase
      inhibitor amino-guanidine (30 mg/kg), or nitric oxide precursor L-arginine (200
      mg/kg). After 21 days, the right and left knees of the rats were resected and
      placed in formalin solution. The samples were histopathologically examined by a
      blinded evaluator and scored on 8 parameters. Although selective neuronal nitric
      oxide synthase inhibition exhibited significant (P = 0.044) positive effects on
      cartilage regeneration following cartilage damage, it was determined that
      inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition had no statistically significant
      effect on cartilage regeneration. It was observed that the nitric oxide synthase
      activation triggered advanced arthrosis symptoms, such as osteophyte formation.
      The fact that selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors were observed
      to have mitigating effects on the severity of the damage may, in the future,
      influence the development of new agents to be used in the treatment of cartilage
      disorders. 

PMID- 27382571
TI  - Epidemiology and Outcome of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in a Heterogeneous
      ICU Population in Qatar.
AB  - Objective. The purpose of this study is to collect data on epidemiology,
      microbiology, and outcome of VAP in our ICUs for reevaluation of the therapeutic
      strategies. Methods. This retrospective study involved all adult patients, 15
      years of age or older, diagnosed with VAP in multidisciplinary ICUs at Hamad
      General Hospital between January 2010 and December 2012. Results. A total of 106
      patients were enrolled. The mean incidence of VAP was 5.0 per 1000 ventilator
      days. It was predominant among younger age group (<60 years), male patients
      (80.2%), and trauma ICU admissions (49.0%). The most common comorbidity was
      hypertension (34%) and polytrauma (36.8%) was the most frequent admission
      diagnosis. 30-day mortality was 23.6% and it was significantly higher in >=60
      years age group, female gender, patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension,
      chronic respiratory disease, >=1 comorbidity, and poor functional status,
      smokers, medical and surgical ICU admissions, and patients with previous stay in
      medical/surgical wards, inappropriate empirical therapy, and admission diagnosis
      of respiratory failure. Gram-negative bacilli were the most frequent respiratory
      specimen isolates, Pseudomonas spp. being the most common. Majority of our
      Acinetobacter isolates were multidrug resistant. Conclusion. The incidence of VAP
      in our ICUs was low. Higher mortality rates were observed in certain subgroup of
      patients. Resistance to commonly used antimicrobials is likely to require
      reevaluation of the therapeutic strategies at our institution. 

PMID- 27382572
TI  - Overweight and General and Abdominal Obesity in a Representative Sample of
      Spanish Adults: Findings from the ANIBES Study.
AB  - Objective. To analyze the anthropometric parameters from a representative sample
      of Spanish adults participating in ANIBES study and the prevalence of general and
      abdominal obesity. Methods. This cross-sectional study focused on 1655 adults
      aged 18-64 years. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated,
      and body mass index (BMI) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. A
      composite index combining BMI and WHtR was designed to establish five groups with
      different anthropometric status. Results. The prevalence of overweight (OW) was
      35.8% and that of obesity was 19.9%. Obesity (OB) was higher among men (OR 1.725,
      1.415-2.104; p = 0.000) and each year of age increased the risk of obesity (OR
      1.054, 1.045-1.064; p = 0.000). The prevalence of abdominal obesity (WHtR >= 0.5)
      was 58.4%. Only 36.1% of the population had an optimal anthropometric situation
      (BMI < 25 kg/m(2), WHtR < 0.5), whereas 50.1% had weight excess and high WHtR
      (BMI >= 25 kg/m(2), WHtR >= 0.5). Conclusions. More than half of Spanish
      population has weight excess and cardiometabolic risk. The results of this study
      provide an understanding of the current anthropometric situation in the Spanish
      population, as a first step toward planning interventions and assessing their
      effectiveness in the future. 

PMID- 27382573
TI  - Sex-Specific Association between Serum Uric Acid and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
      Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
AB  - Across-sectional study was performed in 541 type 2 diabetic patients to determine
      the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and NAFLD in type 2 diabetic
      patients. Clinical parameters including SUA were determined and NAFLD was
      diagnosed by ultrasonography. SUA was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic
      subjects with NAFLD than in those without NAFLD in men, but not in women.
      Furthermore, the prevalence rate of NAFLD increased progressively across the sex
      specific SUA tertiles only in men (37.9%, 58.6%, and 72.6%, resp., P for trend <
      0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, the odd ratios (95% CI) for
      NAFLD were 1 (reference), 2.93 (95%CI 1.25-6.88), and 3.93 (95% CI 1.55-9.98),
      respectively, across the tertiles of SUA in men. Contrastingly, SUA levels in
      women were not independently associated with the risk of NAFLD. Our data suggests
      that SUA is specifically associated with NAFLD in male type 2 diabetic subjects,
      independent of insulin resistance and other metabolic factors. 

PMID- 27382574
TI  - Increasing GLP-1 Circulating Levels by Bariatric Surgery or by GLP-1 Receptor
      Agonists Therapy: Why Are the Clinical Consequences so Different?
AB  - The "incretin effect" is used to describe the observation that more insulin is
      secreted after the oral administration of glucose compared to that after the
      intravenous administration of the same amount of glucose. During the absorption
      of meals, the gut is thought to regulate insulin secretion by secreting a
      specific factor that targets pancreatic beta cells. Additional research confirmed
      this hypothesis with the discovery of two hormones called incretins: gastric
      inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). During meals,
      specific cells in the gut (L and K enteroendocrine cells) secrete incretins,
      causing an increase in the blood concentrations of, respectively, GLP-1 and GIP.
      Bariatric surgery is now proposed during the therapeutic management of type 2
      diabetes in obese or overweight populations. It has been hypothesized that
      restoration of endogenous GLP-1 secretion after the surgery may contribute to the
      postsurgical resolution of diabetes. In 2005, the commercialization of GLP-1
      receptor agonists gave the possibility to test this hypothesis. A few years
      later, it is now accepted that GLP-1 receptor agonists and bariatric surgery
      differently improve type 2 diabetes. These differences between endogenous and
      exogenous GLP-1 on glucose homeostasis emphasized the dual properties of GLP-1 as
      a peptide hormone and as a neurotransmitter. 

PMID- 27382575
TI  - Interaction between Mean Arterial Pressure and HbA1c in Prediction of
      Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalisation: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.
AB  - Objective. To explore the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP),
      HbA1c, and cardiovascular (CV) hospitalisation risk in type 2 diabetes. Design.
      Population-based case-control study. Settings. Primary and secondary care level
      in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. Participants. 588 patients with type 2
      diabetes from 18 English general practices recording a CV hospitalisation in 2009
      2011 were included. Risk-set sampling was used to select 2920 gender, age, and
      practice matched control type 2 diabetes patients. Main Outcome Measure.
      Conditional logistic regression was used to explore further dose-response
      relationships between MAP, HbA1c, and CV hospitalisation risk. Results. The
      relationship between MAP and CV hospitalisation was nonlinear (P < 0.001 for
      linearity test). The MAP associated with the lowest CV hospitalisation risk was
      97 (95% CI: 93-101) mmHg. An interaction between MAP and HbA1c for increased risk
      of cardiovascular hospitalisation was observed among those with HbA1c < 7% (53
      mmol/mol) and MAP < 97 mmHg. Conclusions. In type 2 diabetes, MAP is a good
      predictor of CV hospitalisation risk. CV hospitalisation is lowest with a MAP
      between 93 and 101 mmHg. CV hospitalisation was particularly high among those
      with both a low MAP and a lower HbA1c. 

PMID- 27382576
TI  - New Alternatives for Autoimmune Disease Treatments: Physicochemical and Clinical
      Comparability of Biosimilar Etanercept.
AB  - Etanercept is a recombinant fusion protein approved for the treatment of TNF
      alpha mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, psoriatic
      arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. Herein, we present an evaluation of the
      physicochemical and biological properties of a biosimilar etanercept and its
      reference product followed by a clinical study in patients diagnosed with RA
      intended to demonstrate comparability of their immunomodulatory activity.
      Identity analyses showed a total correspondence of the primary and higher-order
      structure between the two products. In regard to intrinsic heterogeneity, both
      products showed to be highly heterogenous; however the biosimilar etanercept
      exhibited similar charge and glycan heterogeneity intervals compared to the
      reference product. Apoptosis inhibition assay also showed that, despite the high
      degree of heterogeneity exhibited by both products, no significant differences
      exist in their in vitro activity. Finally, the clinical assessment conducted in
      RA-diagnosed patients did not show significant differences in the evaluated
      pharmacodynamic markers of both products. Collectively, the results from the
      comparability exercise provide convincing evidence that the evaluated biosimilar
      etanercept can be considered an effective alternative for the treatment of RA. 

PMID- 27382577
TI  - Interprofessional education in the integrated medical education and health care
      system: A content analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The current literature supports the inclusion of inter-professional
      education in healthcare education. Changes in the structure and nature of the
      integrated medical education and healthcare system provide some opportunities for
      interprofessional education among various professions. This study is an attempt
      to determine the perceptions of students and faculty members about
      interprofessional education in the context of the medical education and
      healthcare system. METHODS: This qualitative content analysis study was conducted
      using purposeful sampling in 2012. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were
      conducted with 6 faculty members and 7 students at Tehran and Iran Universities
      of Medical Sciences. Data collection and analysis were concurrent. RESULTS: Data
      analysis revealed four categories and nine subcategories. The categories emerging
      from individual interviews were "educational structure", "mediating factors",
      "conceptual understanding", and "professional identity". These categories are
      explained using quotes derived from the data. CONCLUSION: Matching the existing
      educational context and structure with IPE through removing barriers and planning
      to prepare the required resources and facilities can solve numerous problems
      associated with implementation and design of inter-professional training programs
      in Iran.  In this way, promoting the development of a cooperative rather than a
      competitive learning and working atmosphere should be taken into account. The
      present findings will assist the managers and policy makers to consider IPE as a
      useful strategy in the integrated medical education and healthcare system.

PMID- 27382578
TI  - Barriers to integration of behavioral and social sciences in the general medicine
      curriculum and recommended strategies to overcome them: A systematic review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The integration of behavioral and social sciences (BSS) into the
      curriculum of medical students in order to equip them with the necessary
      knowledge, skills and attitudes is an essential issue, emphasized in many
      researches. Our aim is to investigate the barriers to integrate BSS into the
      general medicine curriculum as well as the recommended strategies to overcome
      such barriers through a systematic review of literature. METHODS: PubMed, ERIC,
      Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and OPENGREY were searched for studies on the
      barriers to integration of BSS into the general medicine curriculum as well as
      the strategies employed to overcome them until August 28, 2015. RESULTS: Sixteen
      relevant studies were included and the related domains were categorized as
      barriers and some strategies were recommended to overcome them. In addition, the
      quality of the included studies was assessed. CONCLUSION: Despite the prominent
      role of BSS in the effectiveness of health care, these sciences have not been
      included in the curriculum of medical students effectively. The identified
      barriers and the strategies used to overcome them should be considered for all
      integration programs. Future studies should focus on the process of BSS
      integration in the medical curricula and should evaluate the efficacy of this
      integration in more detail.

PMID- 27382579
TI  - Developing an instrument to measure effective factors on Clinical Learning.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although nursing students spend a large part of their learning
      period in the clinical environment, clinical learning has not been perceived by
      its nature yet. To develop an instrument to measure effective factors on clinical
      learning in nursing students. METHODS: This is a mixed methods study performed in
      2 steps. First, the researchers defined "clinical learning" in nursing students
      through qualitative content analysis and designed items of the questionnaire
      based on semi-structured individual interviews with nursing students. Then, as
      the second step, psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated
      using the face validity, content validity, construct validity, and internal
      consistency evaluated on 227 students from fourth or higher semesters. All the
      interviews were recorded and transcribed, and then, they were analyzed using Max
      Qualitative Data Analysis and all of qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS
      14. RESULTS: To do the study, we constructed the preliminary questionnaire
      containing 102 expressions. After determination of face and content validities by
      qualitative and quantitative approaches, the expressions of the questionnaire
      were reduced to 45. To determine the construct validity, exploratory factor
      analysis was applied. The results indicated that the maximum variance percentage
      (40.55%) was defined by the first 3 factors while the rest of the total variance
      percentage (59.45%) was determined by the other 42 factors. Results of
      exploratory factor analysis of this questionnaire indicated the presence of 3
      instructor-staff, students, and educational related factors. Finally, 41
      expressions were kept in 3 factor groups. The alpha-Cronbach coefficient (0.93)
      confirmed the high internal consistency of the questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Results
      indicated that the prepared questionnaire was an efficient instrument in the
      study of the effective factors on clinical learning as viewed by nursing students
      since it involves 41 expressions and properties such as instrument design based
      on perception and experiences of the nursing students about effective factors on
      clinical learning, definition of facilitator and preventive factors of the
      clinical learning, simple scoring, suitable validity and reliability, and
      applicability in different occasions.

PMID- 27382580
TI  - The influence of parenting style on academic achievement and career path.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several factors affect the academic performance of college students
      and parenting style is one significant factor. The current study has been done
      with the purpose of investigating the relationship between parenting styles,
      academic achievement and career path of students at Shiraz University of Medical
      Sciences. METHODS: This is a correlation study carried out at Shiraz University
      of Medical Sciences. Among 1600 students, 310 students were selected randomly as
      the sample. Baumrind's Parenting Style and Moqimi's Career Path questionnaires
      were used and the obtained scores were correlated with the students' transcripts.
      To study the relation between variables Pearson correlation coefficient was used.
      RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between authoritarian parenting
      style and educational success (p=0.03). Also findings showed a significant
      relationship between firm parenting style and Career Path of the students,
      authoritarian parenting style and Career Path of the students, educational
      success and Career Path of the students (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Parents have an
      important role in identifying children's talent and guiding them. Mutual
      understanding and close relationship between parents and children are
      recommended. Therefore, it is recommended that the methods of correct interaction
      of parents and children be more valued and parents familiarize their children
      with roles of businesses in society and the need for employment in legitimate
      businesses and this important affair should be more emphasized through mass media
      and family training classes.

PMID- 27382581
TI  - Effects of structured written feedback by cards on medical students' performance
      at Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) in an outpatient clinic.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Feedback cards are recommended as a feasible tool for structured
      written feedback delivery in clinical education while effectiveness of this tool
      on the medical students' performance is still questionable.  The purpose of this
      study was to compare the effects of structured written feedback by cards as well
      as verbal feedback versus verbal feedback alone on the clinical performance of
      medical students at the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise (Mini-CEX) test in an
      outpatient clinic. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post
      test comprising four groups in two terms of medical students' externship. The
      students' performance was assessed through the Mini-Clinical Evaluation Exercise
      (Mini-CEX) as a clinical performance evaluation tool. Structured written
      feedbacks were given to two experimental groups by designed feedback cards as
      well as verbal feedback, while in the two control groups feedback was delivered
      verbally as a routine approach in clinical education. RESULTS: By consecutive
      sampling method, 62 externship students were enrolled in this study and seven
      students were excluded from the final analysis due to their absence for three
      days. According to the ANOVA analysis and Post Hoc Tukey test,  no statistically
      significant difference was observed among the four groups at the pre-test,
      whereas a statistically significant difference was observed between the
      experimental and control groups at the post-test  (F = 4.023, p =0.012). The
      effect size of the structured written feedbacks on clinical performance was 0.19.
      CONCLUSION: Structured written feedback by cards could improve the performance of
      medical students in a statistical sense. Further studies must be conducted in
      other clinical courses with longer durations.

PMID- 27382582
TI  - Knowledge of triage in the senior medical students in Shiraz University of
      Medical Sciences.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Triage is a response to the problem of overcrowding in Emergency
      Departments (EDs) and accuracy of decisions made by the triage unit affects the
      ultimate outcome of EDs. This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge of
      triage among last year medical students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
      METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analytical study whose subjects were all the
      senior students of medicine (62) in the last year of medicine from January to
      June 2013 who attended emergency medicine course in the screen room of 2
      University Hospitals. This questionnaire was designed in 3 sections including
      personal data, 15 questions on knowledge of triage and 10 case scenarios for
      triage decision making and completed by the students. Statistical analysis was
      performed in SPSS statistical software (version 14) using independent sample t
      test, one way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient (p<=0.001). RESULTS: The
      total mean score of the participants was 10.6+/-1.5, ranging from 7 to 13.
      58(93.5%) students had poor triage knowledge. In the scenario's section, the
      percentage of correct triage by students was 49.2% and those of over and under
      triage were 28.1% and 22.7%, respectively. There was a significant relationship
      between the triage accuracy and level of triage (ESI 4) (p<=0.001). CONCLUSION:
      The level of knowledge of triage in the last year medical students was poor,
      although most of them had passed a course in the screen room. It is recommended
      that medical students' educational courses should include sections on the
      knowledge of triage in emergency rooms.

PMID- 27382583
TI  - Impact of utilisation of uncompleted handouts on power point presentations (PPT)
      in rural Indian medical institute.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Note taking while attending a PPT requires high activity of memory
      and writing process which ultimately leads to what is called "death by power
      point" referring to boredom and fatigue.  To overcome this we planned to evaluate
      the impact of utilisation of uncompleted handouts given prior to PPT
      presentations. METHODS: Final year MBBS students were divided in 2 batches, batch
      A and batch B.  For a set of lectures one batch was provided with handouts before
      lecture while the other batch was given lectures only. Crossover was done to
      avoid bias, all the lectures being given by the same presenter.  At the end of
      each lecture, a short questionnaire of 10 Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) was
      provided to the students. Mean scores were calculated for lectures with handouts
      and without handouts. RESULTS: For a set of lectures, when batch A was provided
      with handouts, the mean score was 28.2; for batch B to which no handouts were
      given the mean score was 23.4. Similarly, for batch B when provided with handouts
      the mean score was 29.1, for batch A which was not provided with handouts the
      mean score was 24. There was an average increase of 4.2 marks. Actual gain when
      handouts were provided was 1.2 marks per lecture.  It was more for the batch
      comprising of repeater students as compared to the batch of fresher students.
      Increase in attendance was also noted. CONCLUSION: Providing uncompleted handouts
      before a didactic lecture definitely results in increase in knowledge gain;
      repeater students benefit more with uncompleted handouts.

PMID- 27382584
TI  - There's education, and then there's education in medicine.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: For some time now the field of medical education has been
      criticized by many of its stakeholders. Countless debates have been presented in
      the literature regarding the quality of medical education research, adequacy of
      methodological rigor, and other concerns. METHODS: At present, the views
      expressed have largely come from physicians and individuals with less familiarity
      with education science. RESULTS: As prolific educational researchers with Ph.Ds
      in Education and Psychology, we offer a critique of medical education's apparent
      identity crisis and address what we believe are some of the most significant
      problems continuing to impede the field of medical education from catching up
      with the broader field of education. We close with specific recommendations for
      improving the overall state of medical education. CONCLUSION: Finally, both
      editors and reviewers for medical education journals need to abandon the
      hegemonic views regarding research design. Thus, research designs that many in
      the clinical sciences often perceive as 'weak' are entirely appropriate in
      education research fields.

PMID- 27382585
TI  - Online Social Support for Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Thematic Analysis
      of Messages Posted to a Virtual Support Community.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Currently with the emergence of the Internet, patients have an
      opportunity to exchange social support online. However, little attention has been
      devoted to different dimensions of online social support exchanged in virtual
      support communities for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: To
      provide a rich insight, the aim of this qualitative study was to explore and
      categorize different dimensions of online social support in messages exchanged in
      a virtual support community for patients with MS. A total of 548 posted messages
      created during one year period were selected using purposive sampling to consider
      the maximum variation sampling. Prior-research-driven thematic analysis was then
      conducted. In this regard, we used the Cutruna and Suhr's coding system. The
      messages that could not be categorized with the used coding system were
      thematically analyzed to explore new additional social support themes. RESULTS:
      The results showed that various forms of social support including informational,
      emotional, network, esteem and tangible support were exchanged. Moreover, new
      additional social support themes including sharing personal experiences, sharing
      coping strategies and spiritual support emerged in this virtual support
      community. CONCLUSION: The wide range of online social support exchanged in the
      virtual support community can be regarded as a supplementary source of social
      support for patients with MS. Future researches can examine online social support
      more comprehensively considering additional social support themes emerging in the
      present study.

PMID- 27382586
TI  - The Nurse-Led Telephone Follow-Up on Medication and Dietary Adherence among
      Patients after Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adherence to dietary and medication regimen plays an important role
      in successful treatment and reduces the negative complications and severity of
      the disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of
      nurse-led telephone follow-up on the level of adherence to dietary and medication
      regimen among patients after Myocardial Infarction (MI). METHODS: This non
      blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 elderly
      patients with MI who had referred to the cardiovascular clinics in Shiraz.
      Participants were selected and randomly assigned to intervention and control
      groups using balanced block randomization method. The intervention group received
      a nurse-led telephone follow-up. The data were collected using a demographic
      questionnaire, Morisky's 8-item medication adherence questionnaire, and dietary
      adherence questionnaire before and three months after the intervention. Data
      analysis was done by the SPSS statistical software (version 21), using paired t
      test for intra-group and Chi-square and t-test for between groups comparisons.
      Significance level was set at<0.05. RESULTS: The results of Chi-square test
      showed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and
      control groups with respect to their adherence to dietary and medication regimen
      before the intervention (P>0.05). However, a statistically significant difference
      was found between the two groups in this regard after the intervention (P<0.05).
      The mean differences of dietary and medication adherence scores between pre- and
      post-tests were significantly different between the two groups. Independent t
      test showed these differences (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of the present
      study confirmed the positive effects of nurse-led telephone follow-up as a method
      of tele-nursing on improvement of adherence to dietary and medication regimen in
      the patients with MI. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT201409148505N8.

PMID- 27382587
TI  - A Comparison between The Effectiveness of Short Message Service and Reminder
      Cards Regarding Medication Adherence in Patients with Hypertension: A Randomized
      Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypertension is increasing rapidly in developing countries. Today,
      modern technologies are suggested as the tools used to enhance medication
      adherence. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of short message service
      (SMS) to reminder cards with regard to medication adherence in patients with
      hypertension. METHODS: The present study is a randomized controlled clinical
      trial. The subjects consisted of 123 patients with hypertension at the clinical
      educational center of Sayyed-Al Shohada, Urmia, who met the study criteria.
      Selected based on the convenience method, the samples were randomly divided into
      three groups: the SMS group, the reminder-cards group, and the control group. The
      subjects in the SMS group were sent 6 text messages a week for three months, and
      the subjects in the reminder-cards group were trained in how and in what order to
      use their cards. Hill-Bone medication adherence scale was completed by all the
      participants before and three months after the intervention. Data analysis was
      performed in SPSS software, using one-way ANOVA. Hill-Bone medication adherence
      scale was completed by all the participants before and three months after the
      intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software, using one-way ANOVA.
      RESULTS: The results of ANOVA test demonstrated that the mean scores of
      medication adherence were statistically different among the three groups of
      control (46.63+/-2.99), SMS (57.70+/-2.75) and the reminder cards (57.51+/-2.69)
      after the intervention (P<0.001). However, after the intervention the means of
      the patients' medication adherence scores were not statistically different
      between the two groups trained via SMS and reminder cards (P>0.05). CONCLUSION:
      The findings of the present research demonstrated that training and distance
      monitoring via SMS and reminder cards promote medication adherence of patients.
      Therefore, healthcare teams and nurses are recommended to apply such training
      methods. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT2015110917059N2.

PMID- 27382588
TI  - Vulnerable Women's Self-Care Needs in Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Concerning
      Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vulnerable women are prone to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) due
      to their special conditions and poor knowledge about these diseases in the
      society. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the vulnerable women's
      self-care needs in knowledge, attitude and practice concerning STD. METHODS: This
      is a cross-sectional-descriptive study conducted in 2014. The data collection was
      carried out using a self-administered structured questionnaire. 120 vulnerable
      women referring to centers affiliated to health and well-being center in Isfahan
      participated in this study. They were selected through proportional rationing
      sampling and filled out a researcher developed questionnaire containing
      information on personal characteristics, self-care knowledge, attitude, and
      practice needs toward the STD. The data were analyzed using statistical methods
      including Spearman & Pearson correlation co-efficient, independent t-test and
      ANOVA. All analyses were carried out using SPSS, 20. RESULTS: Based on the
      results, most of the subjects mentioned that their priorities of self-care needs
      in domains of knowledge, attitude and practice were "familiarization with the
      types and contamination ways of sexually transmitted diseases" (57.9%);
      "diagnosis of STD only makes us anxious" (24.8), and "the method of washing the
      genital area before and after intercourse" 41.3%), respectively. There was a
      significant association among marital status, education, history of addiction,
      and self-care needs in domains of knowledge, attitude and practice (P<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Results showed that vulnerable women not only knew their need about
      STD, but also paid attention to their attitude and practice needs toward STD.
      Therefore, educational programs should be designed and administrated by the
      experts, based on vulnerable women's self-care needs concerning their knowledge,
      attitude and practice to prevent and control STD in vulnerable individuals.

PMID- 27382589
TI  - The Effect of Family-Centered Psycho-Education on Mental Health and Quality of
      Life of Families of Adolescents with Bipolar Mood Disorder: A Randomized
      Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bipolar Mood Disorder (BMD) is a type of mood disorder which is
      associated with various disabilities. The family members of the patients with BMD
      experience many difficulties and pressures during the periods of treatment,
      rehabilitation and recovery and their quality of life (QOL) is threatened. In the
      present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of family-centered education on
      mental health and QOL of families with adolescents suffering from BMD. METHODS:
      In this randomized controlled clinical trial performed on 40 families which were
      mostly mothers of the adolescents with BMD referred to the psychiatric clinics
      affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during 2012-13. They were
      randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. RESULTS: The results of
      single factor multivariate ANOVA/single-factor multivariate analysis of variance
      and Bonferroni post hoc tests showed that the interaction between the variables
      of group and time was significant (P<0.001). The mean of QOL and mental health
      scores increased in the intervention group, but it decreased in the control group
      at three measurement time points. CONCLUSION: The study findings confirmed the
      effectiveness of family-centered psychoeducation program on Mental Health and
      Quality of life of the families of adolescents with Bipolar Mood Disorder. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT201304202812N15.

PMID- 27382590
TI  - The Effect of Follow up (Telenursing) on Liver Enzymes in Patients with
      Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by macro
      vesicular steatosis in the absence of alcohol. Patients with (NAFLD)need
      extensive education and support in their treatment. Our aim was to investigate
      the effect of telenursing on liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in patients with NAFLD.
      METHODS: Our study is a randomized controlled clinical trial. In this study, 60
      patients were enrolled from patients who referred to subspecialty
      gastrointestinal clinics affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
      Specialists confirmed their diseases by ultrasound and laboratory test. Simple
      randomization, based on random number table, was used to randomize the
      participants into intervention (N=30) and control (N=30) groups. Patients in both
      groups received dietary advice from a nutritionist and were trained to perform
      physical activities. Telephone intervention in the intervention group lasted for
      12 weeks, in order to see the effect of follow up on the recommended diet and
      physical activities given by the specialist, while; the control group subjects
      were only followed up as usual by their physician. RESULTS: The result of an
      independent t-test showed that the mean difference of liver Enzymes between the
      two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). The difference of AST and ALT
      in the intervention and control groups was 18.03, -1.27 and 40.70, 1.52,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: We found out that; telenursing could have a positive
      effect on reduction of liver enzymes (ALT, AST) in patients with NAFLD. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT2015040411691N5.

PMID- 27382591
TI  - Effect of Orem's Self-Care Model on Perceived Stress in Adolescents with Asthma
      Referring the Asthma and Allergy Clinic, Isfahan, 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Incidence of asthma in adolescents leads to variations in family
      status, roles and interaction with peers for them, which could be a source of
      stress and psychological tensions in them. Therefore, the present study was
      conducted to investigate the effect of Orem's self-care model on perceived stress
      in adolescents with asthma. METHODS: In this semi-experimental study conducted
      from April 2013 to February 2014, 64 asthmatic adolescents referring Shariati
      Hospital, Isfahan were enrolled by simple random sampling and the patients were
      assigned to two groups of control and intervention. Then, Orem's self-care model
      based training was implemented throughout eight sessions of two hours each and
      the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale was administered to both groups prior to and two
      months after the completion of the training. The data were analyzed by
      descriptive and analytical statistics consisting of paired t-test, independent t
      test, Chi-square and Mann-Whitney using SPSS Version 20. RESULTS: Mean age of the
      participants was 14.15+/-3.12 years in the intervention group and 15.21+/-3.09
      years in the control groups. 68.8% and 59.4% of the participants were male in the
      intervention and control groups, respectively. Independent t-test indicated a
      significant difference in the mean scores of perceived stress in the intervention
      (25.46+/-5.31) and control groups (28.90+/-5.27) after the training. Also, the
      result of paired t-test indicated a significant difference in the mean score of
      perceived stress between before (29.18+/-5.27) and after (25.46+/-5.31) training.
      CONCLUSION: As the training based on Orem's model had a positive effect on
      declining perceived stress in asthmatic adolescents, continuation of using these
      training interventions could contribute to ultimately achieving positive outcomes
      in health functions of these patients.

PMID- 27382592
TI  - Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level
      of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical
      Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Various strategies such as teaching self care to hemodialysis
      patients have been employed to increase the level of their hope. This study aimed
      at examining the effects of a telephone follow-up program on the level of hope in
      a self care education program. METHODS: In this single-blind randomized
      controlled clinical trial, 75 hemodialysis patients, selected by convenient
      sampling, were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=25 each) including a control, a
      self care education, or a self care education with telephone follow-up. The
      control group received the routine care. The self care education group received 5
      instruction sessions. The telephone follow-up group had similar instructional
      sessions followed by telephone calls during the subsequent 2 months. Data,
      collected using demographic information list and Miller's hope questionnaire,
      were analyzed using Chi-Square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffee
      test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference among the scores of hope in
      the three groups before the intervention (P=0.40). However, after the
      intervention, the level of hope in the self care education group and self care
      education plus telephone follow-up groups were significantly higher than that of
      the control group (P=0.001). Moreover, the level of hope in the group with self
      care education plus telephone follow-up was significantly (P=0.001) more than
      that of the self care education group. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that
      teaching followed by telephone follow-up was associated with higher levels of
      hope. Therefore, such a strategy may be employed to improve the quality of life
      of patients with renal dialysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT2014042617440N1.

PMID- 27382593
TI  - Managing Parenting Stress through Life Skills Training: A Supportive Intervention
      for Mothers with Visually Impaired Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vision impairment in children is one of the most severe disabilities
      that cause stress in parents. Therefore, it seems necessary to establish and
      conduct interventions for controlling parenting stress and preventing its
      negative consequences. This study aimed to investigate the effect of life skills
      training (LST) program on parenting stress of mothers with blind children aged 7
      to 12 years. METHODS: This study was a non-blinded randomized controlled trial.
      52 mothers with blind children studying at Shoorideh Shirazi educational complex,
      Shiraz, Iran in 2013 were enrolled, using census sampling method. Balanced block
      randomization method was used to allocate the participants to groups. The
      intervention group participated in an LST program consisting of 5 two-hour
      sessions per week for 5 consecutive weeks but the control group didn't. Data were
      collected using a demographic questionnaire and Parenting Stress Index; they were
      completed three times by the participants of both groups before, immediately
      after, and one month after the intervention. Collected data were analyzed using
      Chi-square, independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variances
      (ANOVA). RESULTS: The LST program could decrease parenting stress in the
      intervention group mothers (P<0/001). This statistically significant reduction in
      the mean scores of parenting stress was observed in both children and parents.
      CONCLUSION: LST program could reduce parenting stress in mothers with blind
      children. Therefore, it can be used as an efficient, cost-effective and simple
      technique for managing parenting stress in such parents. TRIAL REGISTRATION
      NUMBER: IRCT201405147531N6.

PMID- 27382594
TI  - A Comparative Study of Potassium Hydroxide versus CO2 Laser Vaporization in The
      Treatment of Female Genital Warts: A Controlled Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Genital warts are the most common viral sexually transmitted disease
      affecting 1% of the population. A prospective, open-label controlled trial was
      performed to compare topical 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution with CO2 laser
      in the treatment of female genital warts. METHODS: Seventy patients were enrolled
      in the study after convenience sampling. Right-sided lesions of the patients were
      treated by CO2 laser every 3 weeks. The left-sided lesions of the same patients
      were treated by topical 5% KOH solution twice a day using a toothpick with cotton
      wrap on the tip. The patients were visited at 3, 6, and 9 weeks after initiation
      of the treatment and followed up for 6 months after the last visit. RESULTS: Out
      of seventy patients, sixty three completed the study and were analyzed. A total
      of 56 KOH treated-patients (88.9%) showed complete response. On the other hand,
      56 laser-treated patients (88.9%) presented complete clearing of the lesion.
      There was not any difference in response to both modalities of treatment.
      Complications of KOH solution and CO2 laser were 24% and 19% respectively
      (P>0.05), but serious adverse events were not observed. The patients under KOH
      treatment displayed a recurrence rate of 11.1% (7 cases), while the same patients
      with CO2 laser therapy demonstrated a recurrence rate of 7.9% (5 cases) (P=0.54).
      CONCLUSION: Topical 5% KOH solution was as effective as CO2 laser in the
      treatment of female genital warts. There was not any serious complication in the
      application of KOH solution. This could be used as a new treatment for genital
      warts. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: IRCT201412207848N1.

PMID- 27382595
TI  - Effect of Charity Rehabilitation Centers on the Welfare of Mentally Disabled
      Children.

PMID- 27382596
TI  - Consideration of corneal biomechanics in the diagnosis and management of
      keratoconus: is it important?
AB  - Keratoconus is a bilateral, non-inflammatory, degenerative corneal disease. The
      occurrence and development of keratoconus is associated with corneal thinning and
      conical protrusion, which causes irregular astigmatism. With the disruption of
      the collagen organization, the cornea loses its shape and function resulting in
      progressive visual degradation. Currently, corneal topography is the most
      important tool for the diagnosis of keratoconus, which may lead to false
      negatives among the patient population in the subclinical phase. However, it is
      now hypothesised that biomechanical destabilisation of the cornea may take place
      ahead of the topographic evidence of keratoconus, hence possibly assisting with
      disease diagnosis and management. This article provides a review of the
      definition, diagnosis, and management strategies for keratoconus based on corneal
      biomechanics. 

PMID- 27382597
TI  - Noninferior Antibiotics: When Is "Not Bad" "Good Enough"?
AB  - Novel treatment options are urgently needed for patients with serious multidrug
      resistant infections seen increasingly in routine everyday clinical practice,
      both in the hospital and nursing home as well as in the clinic and office
      setting. Unfortunately, the problem is no longer confined to chronically ill,
      repeatedly hospitalized patients. This essay explores the role of noninferiorly
      studies in addressing the pressing need for new antimicrobial agents to combat
      the emerging "superbugs", calling attention to the nuances of interpreting their
      sometimes less-than-straightforward results. The overriding aim is not to find
      better antibiotics for routinely treatable infections but to identify safe and
      efficacious treatment options where none presently exist. 

PMID- 27382598
TI  - A Survey and Analysis of the American Public's Perceptions and Knowledge About
      Antibiotic Resistance.
AB  - Background.  Little is known about the American public's perceptions or knowledge
      about antibiotic-resistant bacteria or antibiotic misuse. We hypothesized that
      although many people recognize antibiotic resistance as a problem, they may not
      understand the relationship between antibiotic consumption and selection of
      resistant bacteria. Methods.  We developed and tested a survey asking respondents
      about their perceptions and knowledge regarding appropriate antibiotic use.
      Respondents were recruited with the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing
      platform. The survey, carefully designed to assess a crowd-sourced population,
      asked respondents to explain "antibiotic resistance" in their own words.
      Subsequent questions were multiple choice. Results.  Of 215 respondents, the vast
      majority agreed that inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antibiotic
      resistance (92%), whereas a notable proportion (70%) responded neutrally or
      disagreed with the statement that antibiotic resistance is a problem. Over 40% of
      respondents indicated that antibiotics were the best choice to treat a fever or a
      runny nose and sore throat. Major themes from the free-text responses included
      that antibiotic resistance develops by bacteria, or by the infection, or the body
      (ie, an immune response). Minor themes included antibiotic overuse and antibiotic
      resistance caused by bacterial adaptation or an immune response. Conclusions. 
      Our findings indicate that the public is aware that antibiotic misuse contributes
      to antibiotic resistance, but many do not consider it to be an important problem.
      The free-text responses suggest specific educational targets, including the
      difference between an immune response and bacterial adaptation, to increase
      awareness and understanding of antibiotic resistance. 

PMID- 27382599
TI  - When Antimicrobial Stewardship Isn't Watching: The Educational Impact of Critical
      Care Prospective Audit and Feedback.
AB  - Prospective audit and feedback (PAF) is an effective strategy to optimize
      antimicrobial use in the critical care setting, yet whether skills gained during
      PAF influence future antimicrobial prescribing is uncertain. This multisite study
      demonstrates that knowledge learned during PAF is translated and incorporated
      into the practice of critical care physicians even when not supported by an
      antimicrobial stewardship program. 

PMID- 27382600
TI  - Risk Factors for Herpes Zoster Among Adults.
AB  - Background.  The causes of varicella-zoster virus reactivation and herpes zoster
      (HZ) are largely unknown. We assessed potential risk factors for HZ, the data for
      which cannot be obtained from the medical sector. Methods.  We conducted a
      matched case-control study. We established active surveillance in Olmsted County,
      Minnesota to identify HZ occurring among persons age >=50 years during 2010-2011.
      Cases were confirmed by medical record review. Herpes zoster-free controls were
      age- and sex-matched to cases. Risk factor data were obtained by telephone
      interview. Results.  We enrolled 389 HZ case patients and 511 matched controls;
      the median age was 65 and 66 years, respectively. Herpes zoster was associated
      with family history of HZ (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.65); association was
      highest with first-degree or multiple relatives (aOR = 1.87 and 3.08,
      respectively). Herpes zoster was also associated with prior HZ episodes (aOR =
      1.82), sleep disturbance (aOR = 2.52), depression (aOR = 3.81), and recent weight
      loss (aOR = 1.95). Stress was a risk factor for HZ (aOR = 2.80), whereas a dose
      response relationship was not noted. All associations indicated were
      statistically significant (P < .05). Herpes zoster was not associated with
      trauma, smoking, tonsillectomy, diet, or reported exposure to pesticides or
      herbicides (P > .1). Conclusions.  We identified several important risk factors
      for HZ; however, the key attributable causes of HZ remain unknown. 

PMID- 27382601
TI  - An HSV-based library screen identifies PP1alpha as a negative TRPV1 regulator
      with analgesic activity in models of pain.
AB  - Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a pronociceptive cation
      channel involved in persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Herpes simplex
      virus (HSV) vector expression of TRPV1 causes cell death in the presence of
      capsaicin, thereby completely blocking virus replication. Here we describe a
      selection system for negative regulators of TRPV1 based on rescue of virus
      replication. HSV-based coexpression of TRPV1 and a PC12 cell-derived cDNA library
      identified protein phosphatase 1alpha (PP1alpha) as a negative regulator of
      TRPV1, mimicking the activity of "poreless" (PL), a dominant-negative mutant of
      TRPV1. Vectors expressing PP1alpha or PL reduced thermal sensitivity following
      virus injection into rat footpads, but failed to reduce the nocifensive responses
      to menthol/icilin-activated cold pain or formalin, demonstrating that the
      activity identified in vitro is functional in vivo with a degree of specificity.
      This system should prove powerful for identifying other cellular factors that can
      inhibit ion channel activity. 

PMID- 27382602
TI  - Dual therapeutic functions of F-5 fragment in burn wounds: preventing wound
      progression and promoting wound healing in pigs.
AB  - Burn injuries are a leading cause of morbidity including prolonged
      hospitalization, disfigurement, and disability. Currently there is no Food and
      Drug Administration-approved burn therapeutics. A clinical distinction of burn
      injuries from other acute wounds is the event of the so-called secondary burn
      wound progression within the first week of the injury, in which a burn expands
      horizontally and vertically from its initial boundary to a larger area.
      Therefore, an effective therapeutics for burns should show dual abilities to
      prevent the burn wound progression and thereafter promote burn wound healing.
      Herein we report that topically applied F-5 fragment of heat shock protein
      90alpha is a dual functional agent to promote burn wound healing in pigs. First,
      F-5 prevents burn wound progression by protecting the surrounding cells from
      undergoing heat-induced caspase 3 activation and apoptosis with increased Akt
      activation. Accordingly, F-5-treated burn and excision wounds show a marked
      decline in inflammation. Thereafter, F-5 accelerates burn wound healing by
      stimulating the keratinocyte migration-led reepithelialization, leading to wound
      closure. This study addresses a topical agent that is capable of preventing burn
      wound progression and accelerating burn wound healing. 

PMID- 27382603
TI  - Moving toward a higher efficiency of microcell-mediated chromosome transfer.
AB  - Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer (MMCT) technology enables individual
      mammalian chromosomes, megabase-sized chromosome fragments, or mammalian
      artificial chromosomes that include human artificial chromosomes (HACs) and mouse
      artificial chromosomes (MACs) to be transferred from donor to recipient cells. In
      the past few decades, MMCT has been applied to various studies, including mapping
      the genes, analysis of chromosome status such as aneuploidy and epigenetics.
      Recently, MMCT was applied to transfer MACs/HACs carrying entire chromosomal
      copies of genes for genes function studies and has potential for regenerative
      medicine. However, a safe and efficient MMCT technique remains an important
      challenge. The original MMCT protocol includes treatment of donor cells by
      Colcemid to induce micronucleation, where each chromosome becomes surrounded with
      a nuclear membrane, followed by disarrangement of the actin cytoskeleton using
      Cytochalasin B to help induce microcells formation. In this study, we modified
      the protocol and demonstrated that replacing Colcemid and Cytochalasin B with TN
      16 + Griseofulvin and Latrunculin B in combination with a Collage/Laminin surface
      coating increases the efficiency of HAC transfer to recipient cells by almost
      sixfold and is possibly less damaging to HAC than the standard MMCT method. We
      tested the improved MMCT protocol on four recipient cell lines, including human
      mesenchymal stem cells and mouse embryonic stem cells that could facilitate the
      cell engineering by HACs. 

PMID- 27382605
TI  - L-Asparaginase Activity of Fungal Endophytes from Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall.
      (Apocynaceae), Endemic to the Western Ghats (India).
AB  - "Endophytes," the microbes residing within the plant tissues, are important
      sources of secondary metabolites. Tabernaemontana heyneana Wall., a medicinal
      tree, endemic to the Western Ghats with rich ethnobotanical history and unique
      chemical diversity, was selected to study fungal endophytes and evaluate them for
      L-asparaginase activity. Healthy plant parts were selected for the isolation of
      endophytes following standard isolation protocols. A total of 727 isolates
      belonging to 20 taxa were obtained. The isolates comprised of bark (11%), twig
      (22%), leaf (43%), fruit (12.0%), and seeds (12%). Endophytes such as
      Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Fusarium, Phomopsis, Verticillium, and Volutella
      colonized T. heyneana plant parts. Fusarium sp., Phomopsis spp., isolate Thlf01,
      and Fusarium solani were the dominant genera of bark, twig, leaf, fruits, and
      seed samples, respectively. The endophytes were screened for their ability to
      utilize L-asparagine by plate assay method. Fusarium spp. exhibited a high level
      of activity among the nine endophytes tested positive for L-asparaginase
      activity. Studies underline the potentials of endophyte-derived fungal L
      asparaginases as sources of chemotherapeutic agents. 

PMID- 27382604
TI  - Study of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors in Patients with HIV/AIDS and Cancer: A
      Cross-Sectional Study.
AB  - The NCR receptors play a fundamental role in the cytotoxicity mediated by NK
      cells against tumor cells. In the current study, we investigated possible
      HIV/AIDS-related changes in the expression of the NCR receptors comparing healthy
      donors, HIV/AIDS patients, and HIV/AIDS patients with cancer (HIV/AIDSWC). The
      NCRs were quantified in NK cells (NK(dim) and NK(bright)) and T lymphocytes from
      peripheral blood samples by flow cytometry. We found a significant decrease in
      the frequency of NK cells expressing NKp46 in HIV/AIDS group (p = 0.0012). There
      was a decrease in the frequency of NK cells expressing NKp46 in the HIV/AIDSWC
      group; however, this was not statistically significant. We found a significant
      decrease in the frequency of NK cells expressing NKp30 in the HIV/AIDS group (p =
      0.0144). There was a decrease in the frequency of NK cells expressing NKp30 and
      in the HIV/AIDSWC group, but this was not statistically significant. There were
      no changes in the distribution of NK cells and their subtypes in both groups.

PMID- 27382606
TI  - Vertebral Artery Hypoplasia in a Black Kenyan Population.
AB  - This study examined the characteristics of vertebral artery hypoplasia in 346
      arteries of adult black Kenyans. The circumference was measured on
      haematoxylin/eosin stained microscopic sections of the distal one-third of the
      intracranial vertebral arteries using scion image analyser. Internal diameter was
      calculated in millimetre. Data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0. Vertebral
      artery hypoplasia (diameter < 2.0 mm) occurred in 100 (28.9%) arteries. Sixty of
      these (17.3%) were on the left and 40 (11.6%) on the right. Sixty (17.3%) were in
      females while 40 (11.6%) were in males. The side and gender differences were
      statistically significant at confidence interval of 95%. Frequency of vertebral
      artery hypoplasia was higher than in most other populations studied. The
      condition differs from that in other populations because it is more common on the
      left side and in females. We recommend ultrasound, angio-CT, or angio-MRI
      evaluation of vertebral arterial system before diagnostic or interventional
      procedures on posterior circulation. 

PMID- 27382607
TI  - Hydroxyapatite-Based Colloidal Gels Facilitate the Proliferation and Migration of
      Chondrocytes and the Adhesion of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
AB  - Collective movement of cells that have been delivered on biomaterials for
      transplantation purposes would be a desirable attribute that would promote wound
      healing, cell proliferation, and eventual growth and regeneration of damaged
      organs. We hypothesized that colloidal gels made from hydroxyapatite (HA) and
      poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) particles will be conducive to the
      growth and migration of porcine chondrocytes, will allow the adhesion of human
      umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, and will have negligible effects on the
      cell cycle of these cells. Then, we performed experiments designed to assess the
      viability and migratory properties of porcine chondrocytes studded on nanosized
      HA/PLGA particles. Our experiments show that porcine chondrocytes migrated in and
      around a hydroxyapatite-based biomaterial that could be described as a colloidal
      gel. Cells in the colloidal gel demonstrated unidirectional movement. Cells were
      seen to be extending lamellae and were followed by other cells. 

PMID- 27382608
TI  - Entrapment of alpha-Amylase in Agar Beads for Biocatalysis of Macromolecular
      Substrate.
AB  - Attempts have been made to optimize immobilization parameters, catalytic
      property, and stability of immobilized alpha-amylase in agar. The work compares
      natural entrapment efficiency of agar with the ionotropically cross-linked agar
      hydrogel, with the advantage of easy scale-up and cost and time effectiveness.
      Beads prepared with 3% (w/v) agar and 75 mM calcium chloride and hardened for 20
      minutes were selected for further studies on the basis of entrapment efficiency
      (80%) and physical stability. Following entrapment, pH and temperature optima of
      enzyme were shifted from 6 to 6.5 and 50 to 55 degrees C, respectively. Michaelis
      constant (K m ) for both free and entrapped enzymes remained the same (0.83%)
      suggesting no change in substrate affinity. However, V max? of entrapped enzyme
      decreased ~37.5-fold. The midpoint of thermal inactivation for entrapped enzyme
      increased by 8 +/- 1 degrees C implying its higher thermal stability. The
      entrapped enzyme in calcium agar bead had an Ea value of 27.49 kcal/mol compared
      to 17.6 kcal/mol for free enzyme indicating increased stability on entrapment.
      Half-life of enzyme increased ~2.2 times after entrapment in calcium agar at 60
      degrees C indicating stabilization of enzyme. The reusability of beads was size
      dependent. Beads with diameter <710 MUm were stable and could be reused for 6
      cycles with ~22% loss in activity. 

PMID- 27382609
TI  - Comparison of Two Doses of Ropivacaine Hydrochloride for Lumbosacral Epidural
      Anaesthesia in Goats Undergoing Laparoscopy Assisted Embryo Transfer.
AB  - Goats (n = 12) undergoing laparoscopy assisted embryo transfer were randomly
      allotted to two groups (I and II) and injected same volume of ropivacaine
      hydrochloride at 1.0 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg body weight, respectively, at the
      lumbosacral epidural space. The hind quarters of all the animals were lifted up
      for the first 3.0 minutes following injection. Immediately after induction the
      animals were restrained in dorsal recumbency in Trendelenburg position in a
      cradle. Laparoscopy was performed after achieving pneumoperitoneum using filtered
      room air. Regional analgesia and changes in physiological parameters were
      recorded. The mean induction time in animals of group I (n = 6) was 12.666 +/-
      1.994 minutes. In these animals the analgesia extended up to the umbilical region
      and lasted for 60 minutes. Only two animals in group II were satisfactorily
      induced in 11.333 +/- 2.333 minutes. In animals of group I, the time taken for
      regaining the full motor power was significantly long (405 +/- 46.314 min) when
      compared to group II goats (95 +/- 9.219 min). From this study it was concluded
      that ropivacaine did not produce adequate analgesia in most of the goats at 0.5
      mg/kg. When used at 1.0 mg/kg, it produced satisfactory regional analgesia
      lasting for one hour but the prolonged motor loss precludes its use. Additional
      studies using ropivacaine hydrochloride at doses in between the two extremes used
      here may be undertaken before recommending it for lumbosacral anaesthesia in
      goats undergoing laparoscopy. 

PMID- 27382610
TI  - Joint Estimation of Time-Frequency Signature and DOA Based on STFD for
      Multicomponent Chirp Signals.
AB  - In the study of the joint estimation of time-frequency signature and direction of
      arrival (DOA) for multicomponent chirp signals, an estimation method based on
      spatial time-frequency distributions (STFDs) is proposed in this paper. Firstly,
      array signal model for multicomponent chirp signals is presented and then array
      processing is applied in time-frequency analysis to mitigate cross-terms.
      According to the results of the array processing, Hough transform is performed
      and the estimation of time-frequency signature is obtained. Subsequently,
      subspace method for DOA estimation based on STFD matrix is achieved. Simulation
      results demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. 

PMID- 27382612
TI  - Scenario Studies on Effects of Soil Infiltration Rates, Land Slope, and Furrow
      Irrigation Characteristics on Furrow Irrigation-Induced Erosion.
AB  - Furrow irrigation proceeds under several soil-water-furrow hydraulics interaction
      dynamics. The soil erosion consequences from such interactions in furrow
      irrigation in Samaru had remained uncertain. A furrow irrigation-induced erosion
      (FIIE) model was used to simulate the potential severity of soil erosion in
      irrigated furrows due to interactive effects of infiltration rates, land slope,
      and some furrow irrigation characteristics under different scenarios. The furrow
      irrigation characteristics considered were furrow lengths, widths, and stream
      sizes. The model itself was developed using the dimensional analysis approach.
      The scenarios studied were the interactive effects of furrow lengths, furrow
      widths, and slopes steepness; infiltration rates and furrow lengths; and stream
      sizes, furrow lengths, and slopes steepness on potential furrow irrigation
      induced erosion, respectively. The severity of FIIE was found to relate somewhat
      linearly with slope and stream size, and inversely with furrow lengths and furrow
      width. The worst soil erosion (378.05 t/ha/yr) was found as a result of the
      interactive effects of 0.65 m furrow width, 50 m furrow length, and 0.25% slope
      steepness; and the least soil erosion (0.013 t/ha/yr) was induced by the combined
      effects of 0.5 l/s, 200 m furrow length, and 0.05% slope steepness. Evidently
      considering longer furrows in furrow irrigation designs would be a better
      alternative of averting excessive FIIE. 

PMID- 27382611
TI  - Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Overview of Heritiera fomes: Future Prospects.
AB  - Mangrove plants are specialized woody plants growing in the swamps of tidal
      coastal areas and river deltas of tropical and subtropical parts of the world.
      They have been utilized for medicinal and other purposes by the coastal people
      over the years. Heritiera fomes Buch. Ham. (family: Sterculiaceae) commonly known
      as Sundari (Bengali) is a preeminent mangrove plant occurring in the Sundarbans
      forest located in the southern part of Bangladesh and adjoining West Bengal
      province of India. The plant has applications in traditional folk medicine as
      evidenced by its extensive use for treating diabetes, hepatic disorders,
      gastrointestinal disorders, goiter, and skin diseases by the local people and
      traditional health practitioners. A number of investigations indicated that the
      plant possesses significant antioxidant, antinociceptive, antihyperglycemic,
      antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Phytochemical analyses have revealed
      the presence of important chemical constituents like saponins, alkaloids,
      glycosides, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, gums, phytosterols, and reducing
      sugars. The present study is aimed at compiling information on phytochemical,
      biological, pharmacological, and ethnobotanical properties of this important
      medicinal plant, with a view to critically assess the legitimacy of the use of
      this plant in the aforementioned disorders as well as providing directions for
      further research. 

PMID- 27382613
TI  - Vitamin D and Its Role as a Protective Factor in Allergy.
AB  - The relationship between vitamin D status and asthma has been subject to several
      studies in the last decade. Epidemiological data suggest that incidence of asthma
      and atopic diseases increased significantly in most Westernized countries. The
      significant variation between countries suggests that besides genetic factors,
      environmental aspects play a role in the pathogenesis of atopy. The prevalence of
      hypovitaminosis D is high in many industrialized countries. In addition to its
      relationship with bone metabolism, vitamin D is recognized as an immunomodulator,
      with important effects on both adaptive and innate immunity. Correlations between
      vitamin D status and asthma have been formulated, with a considerable interest in
      assessing whether this vitamin protects against or reduces asthma morbidity. In
      this review, we discuss recent findings regarding vitamin D status throughout
      Europe and its influence over asthma and allergic rhinitis prevalence.
      Geographical latitude and dietary habits may explain the lower prevalence of
      allergic disease in Albania. We also consider the effects of vitamin D
      supplementation in allergic disease. Several clinical trials are under way and
      their results are needed in order to make definitive recommendations about the
      optimal dose of vitamin D for prevention and treatment of asthma and allergic
      disease. 

PMID- 27382615
TI  - Clinical Outcomes of Radial Shortening Osteotomy and Vascularized Bone Graft in
      Kienbock's Disease.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare two surgery methods including radial
      shortening and radial shortening combined with vascularized bone graft for
      treatment of stage II or IIIa of Kienbock's disease. It is a randomized,
      controlled clinical trial, which was carried out in 2011-2013. Twenty-four
      patients were assigned equally to radial shortening group (A) or radial
      shortening combined with vascularized bone graft group (B). The outcome was
      assessed by Mayo Wrist score before and 9 months after surgery. The mean Mayo
      Wrist score (SD) was 27.1 (15.4) and 32.5 (18.3) before surgery and 74.6 (5.4)
      and 85.8 (5.1) after surgery for groups A and B, respectively. The mean score
      increased in both groups, and it was higher in group B significantly. Radial
      shortening combined with vascularized bone graft is a valuable method which can
      be more effective than radial shortening alone, in early stages of Kienbock's
      disease. This trial is registered with IRCT201404127841N5. 

PMID- 27382616
TI  - Prediction of Slot Shape and Slot Size for Improving the Performance of
      Microstrip Antennas Using Knowledge-Based Neural Networks.
AB  - In the last decade, artificial neural networks have become very popular
      techniques for computing different performance parameters of microstrip antennas.
      The proposed work illustrates a knowledge-based neural networks model for
      predicting the appropriate shape and accurate size of the slot introduced on the
      radiating patch for achieving desired level of resonance, gain, directivity,
      antenna efficiency, and radiation efficiency for dual-frequency operation. By
      incorporating prior knowledge in neural model, the number of required training
      patterns is drastically reduced. Further, the neural model incorporated with
      prior knowledge can be used for predicting response in extrapolation region
      beyond the training patterns region. For validation, a prototype is also
      fabricated and its performance parameters are measured. A very good agreement is
      attained between measured, simulated, and predicted results. 

PMID- 27382614
TI  - Recent Advancements in Prognostic Factors of Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma.
AB  - Ovarian cancer remains the most common cause of gynecologic cancer-related death
      among women in developed countries. Nevertheless, subgroups of ovarian cancer
      patients experience relatively longer survival. Efforts to identify prognostic
      factors that characterize such patients are ongoing, with investigational areas
      including tumor characteristics, surgical management, inheritance patterns,
      immunologic factors, and genomic patterns. This review discusses various
      demographic, clinical, and molecular factors implicating longevity and ovarian
      cancer survival. Continued efforts at identifying these prognosticators may
      result in invaluable adjuncts to the treatment of ovarian cancer, with the
      ultimate goal of advancing patient care. 

PMID- 27382617
TI  - Impact of New Water Sources on the Overall Water Network: An Optimisation
      Approach.
AB  - A mathematical programming problem is formulated for a water network with new
      water sources included. Salinity and water hardness are considered in the model,
      which is later solved using the Max-Min Ant System (MMAS) to assess the impact of
      new water sources on the total cost of the existing network. It is efficient to
      include new water sources if the distances to them are short or if there is a
      high penalty associated with failure to meet demand. Desalination unit costs also
      significantly affect the decision whether to install new water sources into the
      existing network while softening costs are generally negligible in making such
      decisions. Experimental results show that, in the example considered, it is
      efficient to reduce number of desalination plants to remain with one central
      plant. The Max-Min Ant System algorithm seems to be an effective method as shown
      by least computational time as compared to the commercial solver Cplex. 

PMID- 27382618
TI  - Comparison of Fusion Rates between Glycerol-Preserved and Frozen Composite
      Allografts in Cervical Fusion.
AB  - Background. This retrospective, two cohort series study was designed to compare a
      room temperature, glycerol-preserved composite pinned bone allograft (G-CPBA)
      with the same graft type provided in a frozen state (F-CPBA) for use as a
      cervical interbody spacer in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).
      Methods. A comprehensive chart review was performed for 67 sequential patients
      that received either a F-CPBA or a G-CPBA and had at least one-year follow-up.
      Twenty-eight patients had received G-CPBA grafts and 37 patients had received F
      CPBA grafts. Two additional 2-level patients had received one of each type of
      grafts. Results. At 3 months, 45.3% (29 of 64) of glycerol-preserved and 41.4%
      (29 of 70) of frozen allografts, respectively, were considered to be fused
      radiographically. At 12 months, 100% of both treatment groups (41 glycerol
      preserved and 45 frozen) were considered fused. Fusion rates for G-CPBA were
      statistically similar to F-CPBA at both 3 and 12 months (P = 0.6535 and >0.999,
      resp.). There were no allograft related complications in either treatment group.
      Conclusions. 100% fusion rates were attained by both treatment groups at 12
      months and were similar at short-term follow-up for all comparable levels. Level
      of Evidence. Level of evidence is III. 

PMID- 27382619
TI  - Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: An Attractive Strategy for Enhanced
      Therapeutic Profile.
AB  - Ease of administration and painless approach made oral route the most preferred.
      Poor oral bioavailability is pronounced with the majority of recent active
      ingredients because of dissolution rate limited absorption. Failure to attain
      intended therapeutic effect of the poor water soluble drugs by this route led to
      development of novel drug delivery systems which will fulfill therapeutic needs
      with minimum dose. Although many formulation approaches like solid dispersions,
      complexation, pH modification, and cocrystals exist, lipid based delivery systems
      finding increased appliance with the apparent increase in absorption of drug.
      Among lipid based formulations, self-microemulsifying formulations (droplet size
      < 100 nm) are evident to improve the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs
      primarily due to their efficiency in facilitating solubilization and in
      presenting the hydrophobic drug in solubilized form whereby dissolution process
      can be circumvented. Various components that are used to formulate these dosage
      forms like surfactants and lipids contribute to the overall improvement in oral
      bioavailability via promoting the lymphatic transport; thereby hepatic first pass
      metabolism can be surmounted. The present paper gives exhaustive information on
      the formulation design and characterization of SMEDDS along with the probable
      mechanisms by which the bioavailability can be improved with SMEDDS. 

PMID- 27382621
TI  - Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Anorganic Bovine Bone (Bio-Oss) and
      Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite (Ostim) in Maxillary Sinus Floor Augmentation.
AB  - Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of anorganic bovine
      bone (Bio-Oss) in comparison with nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (Ostim) in sinus
      floor augmentation. Methods. Ten patients aged 40-80 were selected. All the
      patients needed sinus floor augmentation due to insufficient bone for
      simultaneous implant placement. The patients underwent panoramic radiography and
      cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) prior to surgical procedure. After lifting
      the sinus membrane, Bio-Oss and Ostim are randomly grafted at one of the two
      sides. Biopsies were obtained from areas identified 5 months after the surgery
      and before implant placement and then were prepared for histological analysis.
      Statistical analysis was performed with nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test
      for comparison of histological and radiological parameters between the two
      groups. Results. Histological findings revealed a significant increase in
      percentages of new bone in the Ostim group (P = 0.015). Furthermore, new bone
      density was greater with Ostim compared to Bio-Oss (P = 0.038); however, the
      difference in height increase after surgery did not reach statistical
      significance (P = 0.191). Conclusion. Despite the limitations of this trial,
      Ostim and Bio-Oss are useful biomaterials in sinus augmentation and Ostim seems
      to be even more effective in new bone formation. 

PMID- 27382620
TI  - Corticosteroid Treatment Impact on Spinal Deformity in Duchenne Muscular
      Dystrophy.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a progressive disease with loss of ambulation at
      around 9-10 years of age, followed, if untreated, by development of scoliosis,
      respiratory insufficiency, and death in the second decade of life. This review
      highlights the natural history of the disease, in particular, with regard to the
      development of the spinal deformity and how this complication has been modified
      by surgical interventions and overall by corticosteroid treatment. The beneficial
      effect of corticosteroids may have also an impact on the clinical trial design of
      the new emerging causative therapies. 

PMID- 27382623
TI  - Epidemiology of Bovine Mastitis in Cows of Dharwad District.
AB  - Bovine mastitis is very common in cows of both developed and developing
      countries. The prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis (SCM) varies from
      region to region. Hence, the present study was carried out to determine the
      prevalence of mastitis using three diagnostic tests by considering different risk
      factors like age, lactation, breed, season, quarters, and herd. The results
      showed that surf field mastitis test (SFMT) is the most sensitive test for
      diagnosis of bovine mastitis, the older age and cows with later part of lactation
      period were more prone to bovine mastitis, and exotic breeds like Holstein
      freshen (HF) were more susceptible to bovine mastitis. The highest incidence of
      mastitis was recorded in monsoon season. The prevalence of subclinical and
      clinical mastitis was more in single and two quarters, respectively, and the rate
      of bovine mastitis was more in unorganized herds. The study concluded that SCM is
      directly associated with age, lactation period, and environmental factors of the
      cow and clinical mastitis is more associated with breed of the cow and
      environmental conditions. 

PMID- 27382624
TI  - Recovery of Ga(III) by Raw and Alkali Treated Citrus limetta Peels.
AB  - Alkali treated Citrus limetta peels were used for recovery of Ga(III) from its
      aqueous solution. The raw and alkali treated peels were characterized for
      functional groups. The efficiency of adsorption increased from 47.62 mg/g for raw
      peels to 83.33 mg/g for alkali treated peels. Between pH 1 and 3, the adsorption
      increased and thereafter decreased drastically. The adsorption followed
      pseudosecond order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm gave the best fit for the
      experimental data. Desorption studies showed 95.28% desorption after 3 cycles for
      raw peels while it was 89.51% for alkali treated peels. Simulated Bayer liquor
      showed 39.57% adsorption for gallium ions on raw peels which was enhanced to
      41.13% for alkali treated peels. 

PMID- 27382622
TI  - Juvenile Hormone Biosynthesis in Insects: What Is New, What Do We Know, and What
      Questions Remain?
AB  - Our understanding of JH biosynthesis has significantly changed in the last years.
      In this review I would like to discuss the following topics: (1) the progresses
      in understanding the JH biosynthesis pathway. Access to genome sequences has
      facilitated the identification of all the genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes and
      the completion of comprehensive transcriptional studies, as well as the
      expression and characterization of recombinant enzymes. Now the existence of
      different flux directionalites, feed-back loops and pathway branching points in
      the JH biosynthesis pathways can be explored; (2) the new concepts in the
      modulation of JH synthesis by allatoregulators. The list of putative JH
      modulators is increasing. I will discuss their possible role during the different
      physiological states of the CA; (3) the new theoretical and physiological
      frameworks for JH synthesis analysis. I will discuss the bases of the flux model
      for JH biosynthesis. JH plays multiple roles in the control of ovary development
      in female mosquitoes; therefore, the CA presents different physiological states,
      where JH synthesis is altered by gating the flux at distinctive points in the
      pathway; (4) in the final section I will identify new challenges and future
      directions on JH synthesis research. 

PMID- 27382626
TI  - Determination of Accuracy of Fetal Weight Using Ultrasound and Clinical Fetal
      Weight Estimations in Calabar South, South Nigeria.
AB  - Information on fetal weight is of importance to obstetricians in the management
      of pregnancy and delivery. The objective of this study is to compare the accuracy
      of clinical and sonographic methods of predicting fetal weights at term. This
      prospective comparative study of 200 parturients was conducted at the University
      of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. The study participants were mothers with
      singleton term pregnancy admitted for delivery. The mean absolute percentage
      errors of both clinical and ultrasound methods were 11.16% +/- 9.48 and 9.036% +/
      7.61, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (P =
      0.205). The accuracy within 10% of actual birth weights was 69.5% and 72% for
      both clinical estimation of fetal weight and ultrasound, respectively, and the
      difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.755). The accuracy of fetal
      weight estimation using Dare's formula is comparable to ultrasound estimates for
      predicting birth weight at term. 

PMID- 27382625
TI  - Attitude and Knowledge of Indian Emergency Care Residents towards Use of Proton
      Pump Inhibitors.
AB  - Objective. Several studies carried out in developed countries have reported
      disproportionately high usage of acid suppressive drugs, especially proton pump
      inhibitors (PPIs). However, systematic assessment of attitude and practices of
      health care providers towards the use of these drugs in developing countries is
      lacking. In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, and preferences of
      resident doctors posted in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital
      in North India, towards the use of PPIs. Methods. A questionnaire based survey
      was carried out. Results. Fifty resident doctors responded to the questionnaire.
      Thirty-six percent reported prescribing acid suppressive drugs for majority of
      their patients, while 12% prescribed them to almost all patients they attended.
      Acute gastritis was the most common indication for prescribing PPI/H2 blockers
      (50%). The majority of respondents (92%) regarded PPIs as their first choice in
      acid suppressive agents and 58% administered it through intravenous route.
      Knowledge about PPI related adverse effects was low. Conclusions. Emergency care
      residents in India also tend to overuse PPIs in a manner similar to their
      counterparts in developed countries. Specific measures may be helpful in
      preventing such practices. 

PMID- 27382627
TI  - Ensemble Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous Artificial Neural Networks for Short
      Term Wind Speed and Power Forecasting.
AB  - Short-term wind speed and wind power forecasts (for a 72 h period) are obtained
      using a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous artificial neural network (ANN)
      methodology which incorporates either numerical weather prediction or high
      resolution computational fluid dynamics wind field information as an exogenous
      input. An ensemble approach is used to combine the predictions from many
      candidate ANNs in order to provide improved forecasts for wind speed and power,
      along with the associated uncertainties in these forecasts. More specifically,
      the ensemble ANN is used to quantify the uncertainties arising from the network
      weight initialization and from the unknown structure of the ANN. All members
      forming the ensemble of neural networks were trained using an efficient particle
      swarm optimization algorithm. The results of the proposed methodology are
      validated using wind speed and wind power data obtained from an operational wind
      farm located in Northern China. The assessment demonstrates that this methodology
      for wind speed and power forecasting generally provides an improvement in
      predictive skills when compared to the practice of using an "optimal" weight
      vector from a single ANN while providing additional information in the form of
      prediction uncertainty bounds. 

PMID- 27382628
TI  - Hahn Sequence Space of Modals.
AB  - The history of modal intervals goes back to the very first publications on the
      topic of interval calculus. The modal interval analysis is used in Computer
      graphics and Computer Aided Design (CAD), namely, the computation of narrow
      bounds on Bezier and B-Spline curves. Since modal intervals are used in many
      fields, we introduce a new sequence space h(gI) called the Hahn sequence space of
      modal intervals. We have given some new definitions and theorems. Some inclusion
      relation and some topological properties of this space are investigated. Also
      dual spaces of this space are computed. 

PMID- 27382629
TI  - Simultaneous Estimation of Four Antitussive Components from Herbal Cough Syrup by
      HPTLC.
AB  - A new simple, rapid, selective and precise high performance thin layer
      chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of
      vasicine, glycyrrhizin, eugenol, and cineole in herbal cough syrup. The retention
      factors of vasicine, glycyrrhizin, eugenol, and cineole are 0.53, 0.44, 0.75, and
      0.77, respectively. Chromatography was performed on 60F254 percolated TLC plate
      using n-hexane : ethyl acetate : glacial acetic acid (8.5 : 1.0 : 0.5 v/v/v).
      Methods are validated according to ICH guidelines and can be adopted for the
      routine analysis of vasicine, glycyrrhizin, eugenol and cineole in herbal cough
      syrup. 

PMID- 27382630
TI  - An Experimental Approach for Optimizing Coating Parameters of Electroless Ni-P-Cu
      Coating Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm.
AB  - This paper aims to present an experimental investigation for optimum tribological
      behavior (wear depth and coefficient of friction) of electroless Ni-P-Cu coatings
      based on four process parameters using artificial bee colony algorithm.
      Experiments are carried out by utilizing the combination of three coating process
      parameters, namely, nickel sulphate, sodium hypophosphite, and copper sulphate,
      and the fourth parameter is postdeposition heat treatment temperature. The design
      of experiment is based on the Taguchi L27 experimental design. After coating,
      measurement of wear and coefficient of friction of each heat-treated sample is
      done using a multitribotester apparatus with block-on-roller arrangement. Both
      friction and wear are found to increase with increase of source of nickel
      concentration and decrease with increase of source of copper concentration.
      Artificial bee colony algorithm is successfully employed to optimize the
      multiresponse objective function for both wear depth and coefficient of friction.
      It is found that, within the operating range, a lower value of nickel
      concentration, medium value of hypophosphite concentration, higher value of
      copper concentration, and higher value of heat treatment temperature are suitable
      for having minimum wear and coefficient of friction. The surface morphology,
      phase transformation behavior, and composition of coatings are also studied with
      the help of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and energy
      dispersed X-ray analysis, respectively. 

PMID- 27382632
TI  - Effect of Suction/Injection on Unsteady Hydromagnetic Convective Flow of Reactive
      Viscous Fluid between Vertical Porous Plates with Thermal Diffusion.
AB  - An investigation is performed to study the effect of suction/injection on
      unsteady hydromagnetic natural convection flow of viscous reactive fluid between
      two vertical porous plates in the presence of thermal diffusion. The partial
      differential equations governing the flow have been solved numerically using semi
      implicit finite-difference scheme. For steady case, analytical solutions have
      been derived using perturbation series method. Suction/injection is used to
      control the fluid flow in the channel, and an exothermic chemical reaction of
      Arrhenius kinetic is considered. Numerical results are presented graphically and
      discussed quantitatively with respect to various parameters embedded in the
      problem. 

PMID- 27382631
TI  - Development and Validation of Sleep Disturbance Questionnaire in Patients with
      Acute Coronary Syndrome.
AB  - Background and Objectives. Severe sleep disturbance is a common problem among
      patients in cardiac care units (CCUs). There are questionnaires to measure sleep
      disturbances. Therefore, the present study seeks to design a valid and reliable
      questionnaire to assess sleep disturbance in patients with acute coronary
      syndrome (ACS) hospitalized in CCUs. Materials and Methods. In the present
      methodological research, items of the questionnaire were extracted through a
      systematic review. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires was
      assessed by face validity, content validity, construct validity, Cronbach's alpha
      coefficient, and test-retest methods. Results. Factor analysis provided a
      questionnaire of 23 items on 5 dimensions of sleep disturbance in coronary
      patients: "sleep onset and continuity disorder," "disorder in daytime
      functioning," "sleep disturbance caused by environmental factors," "sleep
      disturbance as a result of cardiac diseases," and "respiratory disorders during
      sleep." Furthermore, test-retest analysis showed a reliability correlation
      coefficient of r = 0.766 and alpha Cronbach's reliability (alpha = 0.855).
      Conclusion. Sleep disturbance questionnaire for patients with ACS hospitalized in
      coronary care unit (CCU) was identified in 5 dimensions and assessed for validity
      and reliability. To control and improve the sleep quality of CCU hospitalized
      patients, we need to identify and remove predisposing factors. 

PMID- 27382633
TI  - Effects of Modulation Techniques (Manchester Code, NRZ or RZ) on the Operation of
      Hybrid WDM/TDM Passive Optical Networks.
AB  - In this paper, the performance and feasibility of a hybrid wavelength division
      multiplexing/time division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM/TDM PON)
      system with 128 optical network units (ONUs) is analysed. In this system, triple
      play services (video, voice and data) are successfully communicated through a
      distance of up to 28 km. Moreover, we analysed and compared the performance of
      various modulation formats for different distances in the proposed hybrid WDM/TDM
      PON. NRZ rectangular emerged as the most appropriate modulation format for triple
      play transmission in the proposed hybrid PON. 

PMID- 27382634
TI  - Phenolic Acids (Gallic and Tannic Acids) Modulate Antioxidant Status and
      Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats.
AB  - Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) or CDDP), used in the treatment of
      many solid-tissue cancers, has its chief side-effect in nephrotoxicity. Hence,
      this study sought to investigate and compare the protective effect of gallic acid
      (GA) and tannic acid (TA) against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The
      rats were given a prophylactic treatment of GA and TA orally at a dose of 20 and
      40 mg/kg body weight for 7 consecutive days before the administration of a single
      intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cisplatin (CP) at 7.5 mg/kg bwt. The
      protective effects of both GA and TA on CP induced nephrotoxicity were
      investigated by assaying renal function, oxidative stress biomarkers, and
      histopathological examination of kidney architecture. A single dose of cisplatin
      (7.5 mg/kg bwt) injected i.p. caused a significant increase in some biomarkers of
      renal function (creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels), with a marked elevation
      in malondialdehyde (MDA) content accompanied by a significant (P < 0.05) decrease
      in reduced glutathione (GSH) content (103.27%) of kidney tissue as compared to
      control group. Furthermore, a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in kidney
      antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPx, and GST) activity was observed. However,
      pretreatment with oral administration of tannic acid and gallic acid at a dose of
      20 and 40 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for 7 days prior to cisplatin
      administration reduced histological renal damage and suppressed the generation of
      ROS, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress in kidney tissues. These results
      indicate that both gallic and tannic acids could serve as a preventive strategy
      against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. 

PMID- 27382635
TI  - Urinary Continence Outcomes after Puboprostatic Ligament Preserving Open
      Retropubic Radical Prostatectomy at a Sub-Saharan Hospital.
AB  - Background. Open retropubic radical prostatectomy is a commonly performed
      procedure for clinically localized prostate cancer. The demand for high level
      functional outcomes after therapy is increasing especially for young age
      patients; in this regard refinements in the surgical technique have been made.
      There is limited data to show the success of some of these refinements in
      resource limited settings. Methods. A retrospective clinical study was performed
      over a 2-year period at Mengo Hospital, Urology Unit. Men with clinically
      localized prostate cancer and who consented to the procedure were eligible and
      were recruited. Consequently excluded were those that turned out to have advanced
      disease and those with severe comorbidities. Patients were followed up for 3
      months after surgery. Data was entered using SPSS version 17 and analyzed.
      Results. A total of 24 men with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent
      open retropubic puboprostatic ligament preserving radical prostatectomy
      technique. Mean age was 66, range 54-75 years. Outcome. Two patients had stress
      incontinence and three were incontinent at 3 months. The urinary continence
      recovery rate was 19/24 (79%) at 3 months. Conclusion. Preservation of the
      puboprostatic ligament in open retropubic radical prostatectomy was associated
      with rapid and a high rate of return to urinary continence among men with
      clinically localized disease. 

PMID- 27382636
TI  - Exchange Transfusion for Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia in Johannesburg, South
      Africa, from 2006 to 2011.
AB  - Background. Severe hyperbilirubinaemia requiring exchange transfusion has become
      less common in recent years; however, kernicterus still occurs. The aim of this
      study was to review babies undergoing exchange transfusion for severe
      hyperbilirubinaemia in a Johannesburg hospital. Methodology. This was a
      retrospective review of babies who required exchange transfusion in both the
      neonatal and the paediatric wards from June 1, 2006, to December 31, 2011.
      Results. There were 64 patients who underwent 67 exchange transfusions. Isoimmune
      haemolysis (both Rh and ABO incompatibility) was the cause of jaundice in 9/64
      (14%). Most babies who underwent exchange transfusion were sick or preterm and
      were admitted in hospital after birth (38/64; 59.5%); three of these babies died,
      but not during the exchange transfusion (3/38; 7.9%); all three had signs
      suggestive of neonatal sepsis. The remaining 26 babies (40.6%) were readmitted to
      the paediatric wards for exchange transfusion. Six of these babies (6/26; 23.0%)
      had signs of kernicterus. The most significant complication of exchange
      transfusion was apnoea requiring mechanical ventilation in three patients (3/64;
      4.6%). Conclusion. Despite a relatively low number of babies undergoing exchange
      transfusion, kernicterus still occurs and must be prevented. Proper protocols for
      screening and management of severe hyperbilirubinaemia need to be enforced. 

PMID- 27382637
TI  - Guidelines for Reporting Medical Research: A Critical Appraisal.
AB  - As a response to a low quality of reporting of medical research, guidelines for
      several different types of study design have been developed to secure accurate
      reporting and transparency for reviewers and readers from the scientific
      community. Herein, we review and discuss the six most widely accepted and used
      guidelines: PRISMA, CONSORT, STROBE, MOOSE, STARD, and SPIRIT. It is concluded
      that the implementation of these guidelines has led to only a moderate
      improvement in the quality of the reporting of medical research. There is still
      much work to be done to achieve accurate and transparent reporting of medical
      research findings. 

PMID- 27382639
TI  - Dynamic Response of a Rigid Pavement Plate Based on an Inertial Soil.
AB  - This work presents the dynamic response of a pavement plate resting on a soil
      whose inertia is taken into account in the design of pavements by rational
      methods. Thus, the pavement is modeled as a thin plate with finite dimensions,
      supported longitudinally by dowels and laterally by tie bars. The subgrade is
      modeled via Pasternak-Vlasov type (three-parameter type) foundation models and
      the moving traffic load is expressed as a concentrated dynamic load of
      harmonically varying magnitude, moving straight along the plate with a constant
      acceleration. The governing equation of the problem is solved using the modified
      Bolotin method for determining the natural frequencies and the wavenumbers of the
      system. The orthogonal properties of eigenfunctions are used to find the general
      solution of the problem. Considering the load over the center of the plate, the
      results showed that the deflections of the plate are maximum about the middle of
      the plate but are not null at its edges. It is therefore observed that the
      deflection decreased 18.33 percent when the inertia of the soil is taken into
      account. This result shows the possible economic gain when taking into account
      the inertia of soil in pavement dynamic design. 

PMID- 27382638
TI  - Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Program to Improve Children's Chewing
      Habits.
AB  - This quasi-experimental study determined whether the nutrition education program
      we developed to promote chewing food properly influenced children's chewing
      habits successfully. Four kindergarten classes in Japan (150 children, aged 5-6
      years) were studied; one class received the educational program in the classroom
      and at home (Group A) and three classes received the program in the classroom
      only (Group B). The educational program was integrated into the classes' daily
      curriculum for five weeks. It included storytelling with large picture books,
      chewing consciously while eating lunch, singing a song with gestures, and
      greetings before and after meals (both groups). Group A also used a paper
      textbook and was provided information by the leaflet to encourage guardians to
      implement the program at home. Chewing habits before and after intervention were
      evaluated: (1) guardians completed seven questionnaire items related to chewing
      habits and chewing movement and (2) the number of chews and time spent eating the
      test meal were measured by a portable chewing sensor. Both approaches improved
      the children's chewing habits; however, no difference was found between the two
      groups. We concluded that this intervention could be used to improve chewing
      habits in young children even without active involvement of their guardians. 

PMID- 27382640
TI  - Control of Drug Dissolution Rate from Film Dosage Forms Containing Valsartan.
AB  - Film dosage forms (FDs) containing valsartan (VST), a popular antihypertensive
      drug, were prepared using a casting method with sodium alginate and other
      polysaccharides as the film base. Drug dissolution profiles of the FDs were
      investigated in limited medium. The FDs were 170-200 MUm thick and were easy to
      handle. All FDs immediately swelled and disintegrated in the medium. About 23% of
      the VST incorporated into the FD prepared with 1.5% sodium alginate dissolved at
      5 min. The initial dissolution rate of VST increased upon the addition of
      chitosan to the film base; this effect was not observed in the case of chitin. On
      the other hand, the rate apparently decreased upon modification with alginic
      acid. In addition, the solubility of VST in the dissolution medium was changed by
      the addition of chitosan or alginic acid. FDs prepared with polysaccharides are
      useful for simplifying the administration of drugs to patients, and the drug
      dissolution rate from FDs can be controlled by modification. 

PMID- 27382641
TI  - Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Traditional Cosmetics Sold in Tunisian
      Local Markets.
AB  - This study was undertaken in order to determine heavy metal contents in twelve (n
      = 12) henna brands and eleven (n = 11) kohl products. An analytical test was
      performed for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in henna and kohl products using atomic
      absorption spectrophotometery. The overall mean concentrations of heavy metals in
      henna varied between 1.2 and 8.9 MUg g(-1) for Pb; 0.8 and 18.6 MUg g(-1) for Cd;
      0.5 MUg g(-1) and 3.3 MUg g(-1) for Cu; and 3.7 MUg g(-1) and 90.0 MUg g(-1) for
      Zn. As for kohl products, Pb concentrations ranged between 51.1 MUg g(-1) and
      4839.5 MUg g(-1), Cd concentrations ranged between 1.0 MUg g(-1) and 158.6 MUg g(
      1), Cu concentrations ranged between 2.5 MUg g(-1) and 162.5 MUg g(-1), and Zn
      concentrations ranged between 0.7 MUg g(-1) and 185.0 MUg g(-1). The results of
      our study revealed that Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn contents in investigated samples were
      high, making from the prolonged use of such products a potential threat to human
      health. Therefore, major quality controls are recommended in order to enforce
      acceptable limits of potential contaminants in cosmetics and good manufacturing
      practice. 

PMID- 27382642
TI  - Appraisals of Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants Used by Folk Medicine Practitioners in
      the Prevention and Management of Malignant Neoplastic Diseases.
AB  - Cancer is a group of diseases which is categorized to differentiate into diverse
      cell types and move around in the body to sites of organogenesis that is key to
      the process of tumor genesis. All types of cancer fall into the group of
      malignant neoplastic diseases. In Bangladesh, cancer is now one of the foremost
      killer diseases and its personal, social, and economic bearing are huge. Plant
      derived natural compounds (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, paclitaxel,
      camptothecin, topotecan, and irinotecan) are useful for the treatment of cancer.
      Since there is no extensive ethnobotanical research study in Bangladesh regarding
      the traditional uses of medicinal plants against neoplasms, therefore, a
      randomized ethnopharmacological surveys were carried out in 3 districts of
      Bangladesh to learn more about the usage of anticancer medicinal plants and their
      chemical constituents having antineoplastic activity. Comprehensive interviews
      were conducted to the folk medicine practitioners and medicinal plants as pointed
      out by them were photographed, collected, deposited, and identified at the
      Bangladesh National Herbarium. The various plant parts have been used by the
      healers which included whole plant, leaves, fruits, barks, roots, and seeds. This
      study evaluated considerable potential for discovery of novel compounds with less
      side effects in the management and prevention of malignancy in cancer. 

PMID- 27382643
TI  - Prevalence and Perspectives of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among
      University Students in Atlanta, Newcastle upon Tyne, and New Delhi.
AB  - Objective. A cross-cultural comparative study was developed that surveyed
      university students in Atlanta (United States), New Delhi (India), and Newcastle
      upon Tyne (United Kingdom) to understand the prevalence and perspectives of CAM
      in three urban societies with different healthcare systems. Design. Surveys were
      sent to students in the three aforementioned cities. Survey distribution occurred
      over 6 months from May to November 2015. A total of 314 surveys were received.
      Results. Dietary and vitamin supplements had the highest prevalence collectively
      (n = 203), followed by meditation, yoga, and massage. Commentary analysis showed
      the importance of science and evidence in justifying CAM practice. Conclusions.
      Matching the most prevalent practices with their designated NCCAM categories
      suggested that the students were attracted to biologically based, body-based, and
      mind-body practices as the central themes of attraction. Selected and prevalent
      CAM practices suggested the students' desire to maintain physical and mental
      fitness. Access to healthcare may have influence on the prevalence of CAM. Indian
      students were more likely to view CAM as a viable alternative to conventional
      medicine. 

PMID- 27382644
TI  - Nursing in Ghana: A Search for Florence Nightingale in an African City.
AB  - Nursing in Ghana is a crucial subject that permeates almost every issue in the
      society especially the field of hospital care. To a large extent, the frontiers
      of nursing have expanded since the time of Florence Nightingale. Globally some
      studies have been done to study nursing icons like her. The values in nursing
      practice however continue to preoccupy our minds. The need to accentuate the
      gains made by historical figures in nursing in present times as well as the
      nature of interactions between practitioners and patients continues to be of
      paramount concern to many across the globe and Ghana in particular. This study
      does an analysis of existing literature on Florence Nightingale and the nature of
      nursing in Ghana from the colonial times. Additionally, it analyzes responses
      concerning the activities of nurses and their interactions with patients in
      Kumasi. The varied information has been thematically pieced together to make
      inferences that are of great interest to nursing practitioners, policy makers,
      administrators, and educators among others. The findings to the study suggest
      among other things that the challenges faced by the nursing institution in modern
      times are similar to those of the earlier period. The study calls for the
      emulation of the positive ideas of Florence Nightingale to promote the interest
      of patients, a core objective championed by a revered nurse. 

PMID- 27382646
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of CSN2 gene in Banat White and Carpatina goats.
AB  - The main objective of the current study was to obtain preliminary results on
      genetic polymorhism of A and C variants at the CSN2 locus in indigenous Romanian
      goat (Banat White, Carpatina) breeds using a rapid and efficient genotyping
      method, TaqMan assay (Applied Biosystems, USA). Hair follicle samples were taken
      from 73 Banat White and 82 Carpatina purebred goats from Arad, Caras-Severin and
      Timis counties. After the optimization of the genotyping assay it was found that
      the most frequent allele at the CSN2 locus was C in Banat White breed, while
      CSN2*A and CSN2*C showed similar frequencies in Carpatina breed (0.51 and 0.49,
      respectively). All three genotypes were detected in the two studied breeds,
      however, AA was the least frequent, especially in Banat White. The studied
      polymorphisms are potential markers for milk production in the studied breeds and
      the results will be useful in future works aimed at identifying possible
      associations with milk production traits, in order to test the feasibility of
      producing hypoallergenic organic goat milk. 

PMID- 27382645
TI  - Systemically administered AAV9-sTRAIL combats invasive glioblastoma in a patient
      derived orthotopic xenograft model.
AB  - Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing tumoricidal genes injected
      directly into brain tumors have shown some promise, however, invasive tumor cells
      are relatively unaffected. Systemic injection of AAV9 vectors provides widespread
      delivery to the brain and potentially the tumor/microenvironment. Here we
      assessed AAV9 for potential glioblastoma therapy using two different promoters
      driving the expression of the secreted anti-cancer agent sTRAIL as a transgene
      model; the ubiquitously active chicken beta-actin (CBA) promoter and the neuron
      specific enolase (NSE) promoter to restrict expression in brain. Intravenous
      injection of AAV9 vectors encoding a bioluminescent reporter showed similar
      distribution patterns, although the NSE promoter yielded 100-fold lower
      expression in the abdomen (liver), with the brain-to-liver expression ratio
      remaining the same. The main cell types targeted by the CBA promoter were
      astrocytes, neurons and endothelial cells, while expression by NSE promoter
      mostly occurred in neurons. Intravenous administration of either AAV9-CBA-sTRAIL
      or AAV9-NSE-sTRAIL vectors to mice bearing intracranial patient-derived
      glioblastoma xenografts led to a slower tumor growth and significantly increased
      survival, with the CBA promoter having higher efficacy. To our knowledge, this is
      the first report showing the potential of systemic injection of AAV9 vector
      encoding a therapeutic gene for the treatment of brain tumors. 

PMID- 27382647
TI  - Screening and characterization of thermo-active enzymes of biotechnological
      interest produced by thermophilic Bacillus isolated from hot springs in Tunisia.
AB  - As part of the contribution to the global efforts in research of thermostable
      enzymes being of industrial interest, we focus on the isolation of thermophilic
      bacteria from Tunisian hot springs. Among the collection of 161 strains of
      thermophilic Bacillus isolated from different samples of thermal water in
      Tunisia, 20% are capable of growing at 100 degrees C and the rest grow at 70
      degrees C or above. Preliminary activity tests on media supplemented with enzyme
      substrates confirmed that 35 strains produced amylases, 37 - proteases, 43 -
      cellulases, 31 - xylanases and 37 - mannanases. The study of the effect of
      temperature on enzyme activity led to determination of the optimal temperatures
      of activities that vary between 60 and 100 degrees C. Several enzymes were active
      at high temperatures (80, 90 and 100 degrees C) and kept their activity even at
      110 degrees C. Several isolated strains producing enzymes with high optimal
      temperatures of activity were described for the first time in this study. Both
      strains B62 and B120 are producers of amylase, protease, cellulase, xylanase, and
      mannanase. The sequencing of 16S DNA identified isolated strains as Geobacillus
      kaustophillus, Aeribacillus pallidus, Geobacillus galactosidasus and Geobacillus
      toebii. 

PMID- 27382648
TI  - Toward Integration of STD, HIV, TB, and Viral Hepatitis Surveillance.

PMID- 27382649
TI  - Practical Considerations for Matching STD and HIV Surveillance Data with Data
      from Other Sources.
AB  - Data to guide programmatic decisions in public health are needed, but frequently
      epidemiologists are limited to routine case report data for notifiable conditions
      such as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV). However, case report data are frequently incomplete or provide limited
      information on comorbidity or risk factors. Supplemental data often exist but are
      not easily accessible, due to a variety of real and perceived obstacles. Data
      matching, defined as the linkage of records across two or more data sources, can
      be a useful method to obtain better or additional data, using existing resources.
      This article reviews the practical considerations for matching STD and HIV
      surveillance data with other data sources, including examples of how STD and HIV
      programs have used data matching. 

PMID- 27382650
TI  - Trends in Neisseria gonorrhoeae Incidence Among HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Men
      in Washington State, 1996-2007.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We assessed population-level trends in human immunodeficiency virus
      (HIV) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae co-infection among adult males in Washington
      State between 1996 and 2007. METHODS: Population-based categorical disease
      surveillance registries for gonorrhea and for HIV were electronically matched and
      merged at the record level and incidence rates were calculated for reported HIV
      positive and presumed HIV-negative men. RESULTS: The incidence of gonorrhea
      infection increased significantly among both HIV-positive and presumed HIV
      negative men from 1996 to 2005, and this trend has recently reversed for both
      groups. The annual incidence rate of gonorrhea among HIV-positive men was found
      to be higher in all years than among men presumed to be HIV-negative.
      CONCLUSIONS: Inequality in the burden of gonorrhea by HIV-infection status
      suggests continuing sexual risk-taking among HIV-positive men as well as possible
      barriers to diagnosis, treatment, and partner services. This inequality may also
      reflect significant differences in gonorrhea burden among men who have sex with
      men as well as by HIV status. Monitoring emergent secular trends in population
      level HIV/sexually transmitted infection comorbidity through registry matching is
      an achievable strategy for developing an evidence base to inform program
      collaboration and service integration efforts aimed at providing more
      comprehensive disease prevention services.

PMID- 27382651
TI  - Assessment of the Association of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Adverse
      Perinatal Outcomes with the Use of Population-Based Chlamydia Case Report
      Registries and Birth Records.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We assessed the relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis (CT)
      infections identified during pregnancy and adverse perinatal birth outcomes
      (including premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, and low birthweight)
      by matching CT reports and birth records. METHODS: We merged California birth
      records from 1997, 1998, and 1999 with California CT reports from the same years
      to determine the proportion of birth records matched to a female CT report, using
      maternal last name, first name, date of birth, and county of residence. We used
      logistic regression to assess the crude and adjusted association between a CT
      report less than 10 months before the birth record date and premature rupture of
      membranes, preterm delivery, and low birthweight. These results were adjusted for
      age, race/ethnicity, level of education, and prenatal care. RESULTS: Of 675,786
      birth records and 101,296 female CT reports, 14,039 women had a CT case report
      and a birth record; 10,917 birth records (1.6%) were matched to a CT report
      during pregnancy, and 10,940 (10.8%) of CT reports were matched to a birth record
      date 10 months after date of diagnosis/report. For premature rupture of
      membranes, the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI)
      1.0, 1.3; for low birthweight, the AOR was 1.2, 95% CI 1.1, 1.3. The reduction in
      birthweight associated with prenatal CT infection was 31.7 grams. CONCLUSIONS:
      The increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes associated with prenatal CT
      infection supports current prenatal CT screening guidelines. Matching of
      surveillance and vital statistics data sources was an efficient method to assess
      this association.

PMID- 27382652
TI  - Integration of Surveillance for STDs, HIV, Hepatitis, and TB: A Survey of U.S.
      STD Control Programs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Integration of surveillance for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs),
      human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, and tuberculosis (TB) may improve
      disease prevention and control. We determined the extent of surveillance
      integration in these programs, the benefits of integration, and barriers to
      increased integration. METHODS: We e-mailed a survey to the 58 federally funded
      local and state STD control programs and followed up with phone interviews of
      nine program representatives. RESULTS: The response rate was 81%. Many had
      compared infections by population subgroup for STDs and HIV (89%), STDs and
      hepatitis (53%), or STDs and TB (28%). Most (74%) had examined co-infections with
      HIV and STDs at the individual level and entered STD and HIV surveillance data
      into the same database (54%). All respondents thought some integration would be
      useful. Many (72%) used integrated data to disseminate information or change
      program strategies. The most commonly reported barriers to integration were
      policies preventing work with HIV data (85%) and incompatible databases (59%).
      CONCLUSIONS: Most STD control programs in the United States have some experience
      integrating surveillance data, but the degree of integration varies widely.
      Specific barriers to further integration were identified. The Centers for Disease
      Control and Prevention can help address these barriers by facilitating access to
      information and sharing technical solutions. Local and state programs can
      continue advancing surveillance integration by improving understanding of where
      integrated data are needed, increasing the use of available data, and pressing
      for appropriate and secure data sharing.

PMID- 27382653
TI  - Identifying Challenges to the Integration of Computer-Based Surveillance
      Information Systems in a Large City Health Department: A Case Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Integrated infectious disease surveillance information systems have
      the potential to provide important new surveillance capacities and business
      efficiencies for local health departments. We conducted a case study at a large
      city health department of the primary computer-based infectious disease
      surveillance information systems during a 10-year period to identify the major
      challenges for information integration across the systems. METHODS: The
      assessment included key informant interviews and evaluations of the computer
      based surveillance information systems used for acute communicable diseases,
      human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, sexually
      transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis. Assessments were conducted in 1998 with a
      follow-up in 2008. Assessments specifically identified and described the primary
      computer-based surveillance information system, any duplicative information
      systems, and selected variables collected. RESULTS: Persistent challenges to
      information integration across the information systems included the existence of
      duplicative data systems, differences in the variables used to collect similar
      information, and differences in basic architecture. CONCLUSIONS: The assessments
      identified a number of challenges for information integration across the
      infectious disease surveillance information systems at this city health
      department. The results suggest that local disease control programs use computer
      based surveillance information systems that were not designed for data
      integration. To the extent that integration provides important new surveillance
      capacities and business efficiencies, we recommend that patient-centric
      information systems be designed that provide all the epidemiologic, clinical, and
      research needs in one system. In addition, the systems should include a standard
      system of elements and fields across similar surveillance systems.

PMID- 27382654
TI  - Charting a Path to Location Intelligence for STD Control.
AB  - This article describes the New York State Department of Health's GeoDatabase
      project, which developed new methods and techniques for designing and building a
      geocoding and mapping data repository for sexually transmitted disease (STD)
      control. The GeoDatabase development was supported through the Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention's Outcome Assessment through Systems of Integrated
      Surveillance workgroup. The design and operation of the GeoDatabase relied upon
      commercial-off-the-shelf tools that other public health programs may also use for
      disease-control systems. This article provides a blueprint of the structure and
      software used to build the GeoDatabase and integrate location data from multiple
      data sources into the everyday activities of STD control programs. 

PMID- 27382655
TI  - Assessment of Geographic Information Systems and Data Confidentiality Guidelines
      in STD Programs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Advancements in technology, such as geographic information systems
      (GIS), expand sexually transmitted disease (STD) program capacity for data
      analysis and visualization, and introduce additional confidentiality
      considerations. We developed a survey to examine GIS use among STD programs and
      to better understand existing data confidentiality practices. METHODS: A Web
      based survey of eight to 22 questions, depending on program-specific GIS
      capacity, was e-mailed to all STD program directors through the National
      Coalition of STD Directors in November 2004. Survey responses were accepted until
      April 15, 2005. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of the 65 currently funded STD
      programs responded to the survey. Of those, 58% used GIS and 54% used geocoding.
      STD programs that did not use GIS (42%) identified lack of training and
      insufficient staff as primary barriers. Mapping, spatial analyses, and targeting
      program interventions were the main reasons for geocoding data. Nineteen of the
      25 programs that responded to questions related to statistical disclosure rules
      employed a numerator rule, and 56% of those used a variation of the "Rule of 5."
      Of the 28 programs that responded to questions pertaining to confidentiality
      guidelines, 82% addressed confidentiality of GIS data informally. CONCLUSIONS:
      Survey findings showed the increasing use of GIS and highlighted the struggles
      STD programs face in employing GIS and protecting confidentiality. Guidance
      related to data confidentiality and additional access to GIS software and
      training could assist programs in optimizing use of spatial data.

PMID- 27382656
TI  - Improving Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Diseases through Geocoded
      Morbidity Assignment.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We assessed the added value of using a geocoder to improve sexually
      transmitted disease (STD) surveillance data and decision support through
      redistribution of inaccurately assigned morbidity in Richmond, Virginia. METHODS:
      Virginia initiated geocoding of STD data as a data quality tool in 2002. Geocoded
      output files were assessed and discordant proportions of reported gonorrhea and
      chlamydia morbidity were reassigned appropriately for the city of Richmond,
      Chesterfield County, and Henrico County (2002 to 2006). We used Chi-square
      analysis to compare assignment proportions and calculated crude odds ratios for
      2006 data to estimate increased case reassignment likelihood. RESULTS: From 2002
      to 2006, 149,229 cases of gonorrhea and chlamydia were reported within the
      Commonwealth of Virginia. Of the reported morbidity, 81% of cases (n=120,875)
      were successfully geocoded; 7% (n=8,461) of geocoded addresses were reassigned.
      Approximately 76% (n=6,412) of all reassigned cases occurred within Richmond and
      Chesterfield and Henrico counties. In 2006, 84% (n=654) of reassigned cases in
      this tri-city/county area were initially reported as Richmond morbidity. Data
      quality improvements reduced Richmond's artificially inflated morbidity by 18%
      and increased Chesterfield and Henrico morbidity by 17% and 55%, respectively.
      Richmond morbidity was three times more likely to be reassigned than Chesterfield
      cases (odds ratio [OR] = 2.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.21, 3.90), and two
      times more likely than Henrico cases (OR=2.12, 95% CI 1.63, 2.76). Richmond's
      number one national rank for STD rates was reduced beginning in 2002.
      CONCLUSIONS: Declining rates of STDs were statistically associated with geocoded
      morbidity reassignments. Implementation of this data quality business process has
      improved epidemiologic analyses, prevention planning, and assessment of resource
      allocations. The reduction in Richmond's national STD rankings is indicative of
      the effect geocoding can have on surveillance data.

PMID- 27382657
TI  - Here Comes the SSuN: Early Experiences with the STD Surveillance Network.
AB  - In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention established the STD
      Surveillance Network (SSuN), a sentinel surveillance system comprising local,
      enhanced sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance systems that follow
      common protocols. The purpose of SSuN is to improve the capacity of national,
      state, and local STD programs to detect, monitor, and respond rapidly to trends
      in STDs through enhanced collection, reporting, analysis, visualization, and
      interpretation of clinical, behavioral, and geographic information obtained from
      a geographically diverse sample of individuals diagnosed with STDs. To
      demonstrate the utility of a national sentinel surveillance network, this article
      reviews the lessons learned from the first three years of SSuN, which, through
      its enhanced gonorrhea and genital warts sentinel surveillance projects, has
      proved to be a useful adjunct to routine STD surveillance in the U.S. that can be
      expanded into other areas of STD public health interest. 

PMID- 27382658
TI  - Providing Mailing Cost Reimbursements: The Effect on Reporting Timeliness of
      Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Virginia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of providing mailing cost reimbursements
      to local health departments on the timeliness of the reporting of sexually
      transmitted diseases (STDs) in Virginia. METHODS: The Division of Disease
      Prevention, Virginia Department of Health, provided mailing cost reimbursements
      to 31 Virginia health districts from October 2002 to December 2004. The
      difference (in days) between the diagnosis date (or date the STD paperwork was
      initiated) and the date the case/STD report was entered into the STD surveillance
      database was used in a negative binomial regression model against time (as
      divided into three periods-before, during, and after reimbursement) to estimate
      the effect of providing mailing cost reimbursements on reporting timeliness.
      RESULTS: We observed significant decreases in the number of days between
      diagnosis and reporting of a case, which were sustained after the reimbursement
      period ended, in 25 of the 31 health districts included in the analysis. We
      observed a significant initial decrease (during the reimbursement period)
      followed by a significant increase in the after-reimbursement phase in one health
      district. Two health districts had a significant initial decrease, while one
      health district had a significant decrease in reporting timeliness in the period
      after reimbursement. Two health districts showed no significant changes in the
      number of days to report to the central office. CONCLUSION: Providing
      reimbursements for mailing costs was statistically associated with improved STD
      reporting timeliness in almost all of Virginia's health districts. Sustained
      improvement after the reimbursement period ended is likely indicative of improved
      local health department reporting habits.

PMID- 27382659
TI  - California Gonorrhea Surveillance System: Methodologic Aspects and Key Results of
      a Sample-Based System.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This article describes findings from the California Gonorrhea
      Surveillance System (CGSS), developed in response to the need for detailed risk
      behavior data and clinical data required to control increasing gonorrhea (GC)
      infections in California. METHODS: CGSS is a sample-based surveillance system
      implemented throughout California in 2007. In 34 of 61 local health jurisdictions
      (LHJs), 10% of GC cases are sampled for interview; in the other 27 LHJs, all
      cases are followed. A standardized case investigation record collects case
      reported risk data and provider-reported clinical data, and is electronically
      prepopulated with available contact data. Exclusion criteria include age younger
      than 14 years, a GC diagnosis within the previous 30 days, and provider request
      that patient not be contacted. Analyses are weighted to account for sample
      design. RESULTS: In 2007, 31,192 cases of GC were reported in California. Of
      these, 5,388 were sampled for follow-up and 2,715 were interviewed, for a
      response rate of 54.2%. Of those interviewed, 49.6% were female, 28.8% were
      heterosexual males, and 21.6% were men who have sex with men (MSM). CGSS collects
      a wide range of behavioral and clinical data for targeted programmatic action.
      Findings from the 2007 CGSS included data on the following areas: incarceration
      (highest among heterosexual males [22.4%]); methamphetamine use (high overall
      [12.2%] and lower among African Americans [4.6%]); co-infection with human
      immunodeficiency virus (high among MSM [31.9%] and very low among heterosexual
      males and females [<0.5%]); and improper antibiotic use (8.3% overall; 25.6%
      among patients attending urgent care clinics). CONCLUSION: CGSS, an innovative
      sample-based surveillance system, is effective and flexible. The system provides
      actionable data on an ongoing basis.

PMID- 27382660
TI  - Use of a Business Approach to Improve Disease Surveillance Data Management
      Systems and Information Technology Process in Florida's Bureau of STD Prevention
      and Control.
AB  - The business of sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention and control demands
      technology that is capable of supporting a wide array of program activities-from
      the processing of laboratory test results to the complex and confidential process
      involved in contact investigation. The need for a tool that enables public health
      officials to successfully manage the complex operations encountered in an STD
      prevention and control program, and the need to operate in an increasingly poor
      resource environment, led the Florida Bureau of STD to develop the Patient
      Reporting Investigation Surveillance Manager. Its unique approach, technical
      architecture, and sociotechnical philosophy have made this business application
      successful in real-time monitoring of disease burden for local communities,
      identification of emerging outbreaks, monitoring and assurance of appropriate
      treatments, improving access to laboratory data, and improving the quality of
      data for epidemiologic analysis. Additionally, the effort attempted to create and
      release a product that promoted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's
      ideas for integration of programs and processes. 

PMID- 27382661
TI  - American College of Emergency Physicians takes issue with  report from new
      HealthFacts RI database.

PMID- 27382662
TI  - World Trade Center Health Program; Addition of New-Onset Chronic   Obstructive
      Pulmonary Disease and WTC-Related Acute Traumatic Injury to the List of WTC
      Related Health Conditions. Final rule.
AB  - The World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program conducted a review of published, peer
      reviewed epidemiologic studies regarding potential evidence of chronic
      obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute traumatic injury among individuals
      who were responders to or survivors of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
      The Administrator of the WTC Health Program (Administrator) found that these
      studies provide substantial evidence to support a causal association between each
      of these health conditions and 9/11 exposures. As a result, the Administrator is
      publishing a final rule to add both new-onset COPD and WTC-related acute
      traumatic injury to the List of WTC-Related Health Conditions eligible for
      treatment coverage in the WTC Health Program.

PMID- 27382663
TI  - Notes on Brazilian Cancer Registries.

PMID- 27382664
TI  - The Privilege of Being Invited In.

PMID- 27382665
TI  - Emily Alyssa Halpern Keram, MD:  The Not So Accidental Forensic  Psychiatrist.

PMID- 27382666
TI  - Intervention for advanced heart failure patients and their caregivers to support
      shared decision-making about implantation of a ventricular assist device.
AB  - This project aimed to co-develop and pilot an intervention plan to support shared
      decision-making (SDM) for patients considering a ventricular assist device (VAD),
      their caregivers and the health care team. The project involved a focus group
      with patients and caregivers to explore their decision-making needs along with
      regular participation in team meetings resulting in the creation of a decision
      aid. The decision aid answered needs expressed by patients and caregivers, as
      well as the team's initial needsfor informational support, optimization of
      information exchange and process standardization. A workshop on SDM was also
      conducted to increase competence toward this approach and the use of the decision
      aid. This project is timely and relevant given the increase in VAD implantation
      in Canada. The intervention could also be applicable to other decision-making
      situations in which active participation can improve the quality of the decision
      process.

PMID- 27382668
TI  - The Relationship between Posttraumatic Growth and Social Support in Patients with
      Myocardial Infarction.
AB  - The present study was conducted to examine the concept of post-traumatic growth
      (PTG) and its relationship with social support in patients with myocardial
      infarction. The study included 166 patients with myocardial infarction admitted
      to heart clinics in Bonab, Iran. Data were collected using the Post Traumatic
      Growth Inventory and the Clinical Social Support Scale. A positive, moderate
      relationship between social support and PTG (p<0.001; r=0.361) was found. Talking
      to others, providing tangible goods, and giving information about the disease may
      facilitate cognitive processing and adaptation, which, in turn, can lead to more
      PTG. Given the positive relationship between social support and PTG, nurses,
      families, and other sources of social support can provide emotional, instrumental
      and informational supports to increase positive psychological behaviours in
      patients with myocardial infarction.

PMID- 27382667
TI  - Development of the Prodromal Symptoms-Screening Scale (PS-SS): Preliminary
      Validity and Reliability.
AB  - Every 40 seconds a person dies of cardiovascular disease.Individuals do not
      recognize the warning signs--prodromalsymptoms--of an imminent myocardial
      ischemic event. TheProdromal Symptoms-Screening Scale (PS-SS) is a nine
      itemmeasure designed to evaluate PS in individuals with coronaryartery disease.
      AIM: This article reports onfour studies (systematic review,focusgroup study,
      content validity testing and factor analysis) that contributed to the development
      and psychometric examination ofthe PS-SS. RESULTS: PS experienced included:
      unusual fatigue, sleep disturbance, chest pain, anxiety, gastrointestinal
      symptoms andshortness of breath. The CVI derived was 0.85. The PS-SS presented a
      two-factor structure pertaining to Specific ProdromalSymptoms and Non-Specific
      Prodromal Symptoms. Internal consistency reliability was 0.61. CONCLUSIONS: The
      PS-SS reflects current prodromal literature,clinical practice and ACS patients'
      experiences of PS. Furtheritem generation, clarity of symptom description and
      psychometricevaluation needs to occur prior to use in clinical practice.Keywords:
      prodromal symptoms, acute coronarysyndrome, psychometric testing, tool
      development

PMID- 27382669
TI  - Exploring the Perceptions and Health Behaviours of Patients Following an Elective
      Ad-hoc Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Qualitative Study.
AB  - RESULTS: Participants expressed uncertainty about their future health and feared
      disease recurrence, which appeared to provide motivation for adopting a healthier
      lifestyle. Although two participants voiced the belief that the elective PCI
      cured their disease, this perception did not appear to influence their engagement
      in risk reduction behaviours. However, systemfactors such as a lack of
      information, direction, and/or support from health care providers appeared to
      play a limiting role in their ability to move forward with lifestyle change.
      BACKGROUND: Elective ad-hoc percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are
      increasingly used to manage the symptoms of coronary artery disease (CAD).
      However, we have limited understanding of the patients' experiences and health
      behaviours post-procedure. PURPOSE: Explore the factors that influence the
      perceptions and health behaviours of patients after elective ad-hoc PCI. METHODS:
      This interpretive descriptive study used purposive sampling to recruit
      participants (N = 10) aged 44 to 65 years following an elective ad-hoc PCI from a
      cardiac catheterization laboratory at a tertiary centre in Winnipeg, MB.
      Participants were interviewed 11 to 35 days following their procedure.
      Recruitment continued until no new substantive themes emerged. The Health Belief
      Model provided the frameworkfor developing, exploring, interpreting, and
      analyzing the data. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Nurses have a key role in the
      education of patients and in providingpatient-centred care that supports
      lifestyle change. Nurses need to develop strategies that decrease barriers to
      engaging in risk reduction behaviours following elective ad-hoc PCI if patients
      are to experience improved health and longevity.

PMID- 27382670
TI  - [No available].
AB  - In the area of cardiac rehabilitation, little attention has been given to phase
      III (maintenance phase), as compared to phase II (rehabilitation phase). Studies
      on the maintenance phase have highlighted the importance of maintaining the newly
      acquired healthy living habits in order to continue benefitting from them and
      prevent the recurrence of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. However, these
      studies have revealed disturbing dropout rates, from 25 to 50%. There is little
      research on the factors associated with the maintenance of the new healthy living
      habits after completing phase II of a cardiac rehabilitation program. This study
      innovates by measuring riskfactors and quality of life, as predictors of exercise
      maintenance. The goal of this project is to verify which variables are linked to
      the maintenance of physical activity during phase III. The sample of the study is
      composed of 529 patients who completed, between 2005 and 2012, phase II of the
      cardiac rehabilitation program, called Coeur en sant, offered by the Universite
      de Moncton. The main results show that patients at risk of not maintaining their
      physical activity are younger, male, with only afew risk factors and a lower
      score on the quality of physical life scale, particularly with respect to the
      physical role and general health components.

PMID- 27382671
TI  - [Progress in diagnosis and treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo].

PMID- 27382672
TI  - [Expression of p53, p21, PCNA and COX-2 and its relationship with recurrence in
      the early-stage laryngeal cancer with negative surgical margin].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the relation between the expression of p53, p21, PCNA and
      COX-2 and local recurrence in resection margins of laryngeal carcinoma operation.
      METHOD: SElect 98 patients with laryngeal carcinoma, who came to our hospital
      from Nov, 2005 to Dec, 2010. Diagnosed with early laryngeal squamous cell
      carcinoma by a pathological examination, all these patients received CO2 laser
      surgery to cut the entire tumors. Keep the primary lesion and resection margin
      tissues after that and take 5 mm peritumoral tissue as a sample of operation
      resection margin. With the chemical method of SP, record in detail the local
      recurrence condition by clinical diagnosis every 3-6 months or telephone follow
      up for 2 years. RESULT: (1)The positive rate of p53, p21, PCNA and COX-2 in the
      tumor tissues of the 98 patients with laryngeal carcinoma are 65. 3%, 52. 0%, 70.
      4% and 69. 4%. The positive rate of p53, p21, PCNA and COX-2 in their resection
      margin tissues are 23. 5%, 39. 8%, 32. 7% and 30. 6%. So there is no relation
      between the expression of p53, p21, PCNA and COX-2 in tumor tissue and tumorous
      grading and TNM staging. (2)There appeared 17 cases of local recurrence in two
      years, with a recurrence rate of 17. 3%. The recurrence rate of patients with a
      positive expression of p53, p21, PCNA and COX-2 in resection margin tissue is
      higher than those with a negative expression(P<0. 05). Among positive cases, the
      recurrence rate of patients with double positive results is obviously higher than
      those with single positive results(P< 0. 05). (3)The expression of p21 in p53
      positive resection margin tissue is greatly higher than that in negative tissue.
      The expression of PCNA in p53 positive resection margin tissue is greatly higher
      than that in negative tissue (P<0. 01); however, the PCNA positive expression in
      p53 positive cut edge organization rather than in the expression of negative cut
      edge groups(P>0. 05). CONCLUSION: Through the discussion on the effect of p53,
      p21, PC- NA and COX-2 in the process of laryngeal carcinoma cell proliferation
      and local recurrence, the study proposes that biochemical metabolism and
      molecular structure level abnormal expression occur before the change of cell
      morphology apparent, and suggests that positive index should be examined
      regularly and effective foreseeability intervention can be applied to patients
      with positive expression.

PMID- 27382673
TI  - [The treatment of otosclerosis using laser assisted stapedotomy with mini
      incision in external auditory meatus].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of the treatment of otosclerosis using
      laser stapedotomy with mini incision in the external auditory meatus. METHOD:
      Thirteen patients(15 ears) with otosclerosis evidence on clinic history. They
      were all operated using the laser assisted stapedotomy by mini incision in
      external auditory meatus because of the wide straight canal. Laser resection the
      tendo musculistapedius and anterior and postrior arch, breaking the
      articulatioincudostapedia, removing the stapes superstructure, making a hole of
      6mm diameter in the rear of stapes footplate by laser drilling, implanting the
      corresponding length Piston artificial ossicle. RESULT: All the surgeries were
      successful and the operation time was about one hour. There was only one patient
      manifested vertigo and nausea after the operation. But the symptoms improved
      three days later after the expectant treatment. All the incisions were healed in
      the externals. There was significant difference between the preoperative and
      postoperative PTA. The air conduct improved in every frequent and the bone
      conduct improved in 1 kHz, 2 kHz and 4 kHz. CONCLUSION: Laser assisted
      stapedotomy by mini incision in the external auditory meatus in patients having
      wide straight canal with otosclerosis can shorten the operation time, minimize
      the tissue damage, fasten the healing of the incision and reduce the
      complications postoperatively. In addition, the mini incision is beauty and easy
      to nurse.

PMID- 27382674
TI  - [Efficacy of the dust mites drops sublingual immunotherapy in pediatric allergic
      rhinitis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the role of the dust mites drops sublingual
      immunotherapy(SLIT) in pediatric allergic rhiriitis caused by dust mites and
      compare its efficacy between monosensitized and polysensitized children. METHOD:
      A total of 77 pediatric allergic rhinitis patients received Dermatophagoides
      farina extracts sublingual immunotherapy for 2 years were enrolled as
      desensitization group and were allocated into monosensitized group (41 cases) and
      polysensitized group (36 cases) according to the number of coexisting allergens.
      Meanwhile another 33 allergic rhinitis children treated by pharmacotherapy during
      the period were collected as control group. The total symptom scores (TNSS),
      total medication scores (TMS) and visual analogue scale(VAS) were assessed at the
      beginning, six months, 1 year and 2 years of the treatment. SPSS 13. 0 software
      was used to analyze the data. RESULT: the score of TNSS and VAS in
      desensitization was slightly higher than the control after six months treatment,
      but without difference at l year and 2 years; the score of TMS had significantly
      improved in desensitization compared with the corresponding points in control.
      All the parameters in monosensitized group were equivalent with polysensitizend
      group, except the score of TMS was slightly lower than the polysensitizend group
      at six months. CONCLUSION: Dust mite drops sublingual immunotherapy is effective
      for the allergic rhinitis children caused by mites. And it has similar
      immunotherapy efficacy between monosensitized and polysensitized children.

PMID- 27382675
TI  - [HRCT and MRI image of bilateral large vestibular aqueduct syndrome].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore. HRCT and MRI three-dimensional fast imaging employing
      steady state ac-quisition(3D-FIESTA) imaging features and clinical
      characteristics of bilateral large vestibular aqueduct syndrome(LVAS). METHOD:
      The imaging and clinical features of 14 cases of bilateral LVAS identified over a
      5-year periodwere retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent HRCT and MRI
      3D-FIESTA scanning of head and neck;MRI three dimensional reconstructions of
      internal acoustical meatus were also completed at the same time. RESULT:
      Audiogram showed mild to moderate hearing loss and was progressive. The cut-off
      values for the coronal midpointand operculum planes on the HRCT scan to diagnose
      an EVA were 1. 5 mm and 4. 3 mm respectively; the averagevalue was 2. 4 mm. VA
      expansion degree were not linked to the degree of hearing loss. MRI showed VA
      andlymph sac abnormalities. Concomitant image finding was cochlear hypoplasia.
      CONCLUSION: HRCT and MRI 3D-FI-ESTA are important examinations for accurate
      diagnosis of LVAS. HRCT can acquire the specific size of reamedVA. MRI and 3D
      reconstructions of internal acoustical meatus can noninasive show more intuitive
      display ofLVAS and other inner ear malformations than HRCT.

PMID- 27382676
TI  - [Rare earth elements contents and distribution characteristics in nasopharyngeal
      carcinoma tissue].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the rare earth elements(REEs) contents and distribution
      characteristics in nasopharyngeal carcinoma( NPC) tissue in Gannan region.
      METHOD: Thirty patients of NPC in Gannan region were included in this study. The
      REEs contents were measured by tandem mass spectrometer inductively coupled
      plasma(ICP-MS/MS) in 30 patients, and the REEs contents and distribution were
      analyzed. RESULT: The average standard deviation value of REEs in lung cancer and
      normal lung tissues was the minimum mostly. Light REEs content was higher than
      the medium REEs, and medium REEs content was higher than the heavy REEs content.
      REEs contents changes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma were variable obviously, the
      absolute value of Nd, Ce, Pr, Gd and other light rare earth elements were
      variable widely. The degree of changes on Yb, Tb, Ho and other heavy rare earth
      elements were variable widely, and there was presence of Eu, Ce negative
      anomaly(deltaEu=0. 385 5, deltaCe= 0. 523 4). CONCLUSION: The distribution
      characteristic of REEs contents in NPC patients is consistent with the parity
      distribution. With increasing atomic sequence, the content is decline wavy. Their
      distribution patterns were a lack of heavy REEs and enrichment of light REEs, and
      there was Eu , Ce negative anomaly.

PMID- 27382677
TI  - [The observation of normal uncinate process mucosa compared with inferior
      turbinate in epithelium ultrastructure].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological differences between normal uncinate
      process(UP) mucosa and inferior turbinate mucosa, and explore the physiology
      function of the UP with the electron microscope. METHOD: The experiment chose 12
      patients who have taken nasal endoscopic surgeries(8 cases for normal UP, 4 cases
      for normal inferior turbinate mucosa). During the surgery, take the mucosa
      upwards on the filter paper and immediately use scanning electron microscopy and
      transmission electron microscopy specimens for standard sample preparation
      methods. Observe the cilia shape, structure and the distribution and the swing
      direction. RESULT: (1)The internal side and the external side of UP mucosa and
      inferior turbinate mucosa are all pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium,
      the shapes of cilia are classic "9+2" structures. The distribution of cilia on
      internal and external lateral of UP and inferior turbinate mucosa are in high
      density. (2)The direction of cilia on normal inferior turbinate mucosa are
      generally swing to up and backwards; the cilia on internal lateral of the UP
      generally swing towards inner side, down and backwards; the cilia on external
      lateral of the UP generally swing towards down and backwards. CONCLUSION: The
      cilia on internal side and the external side of UP mucosa and inferior turbinate
      mucosa are in the same structure and shape, but the swing direction of cilia have
      their own characteristics. It can be concluded that the internal and external
      lateral of UP may have different functions in nasal sinuses mucus cilia clearance
      system.

PMID- 27382678
TI  - [CO2 laser assisted posterior cordotomy for bilateral vocal cord paralysis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of CO2 laser assisted
      posterior cordotomy for patients with bilateral paralysis of the vocal cord.
      METHOD: Twenty-one patients with bilateral paralysis of the vocal cord underwent
      CO2 laser assisted posterior cordotomy in our hospital from Jul. 2009 to Jun.
      2015. The causes of the bilateral paralysis of the vocal cord were thyroidectomy
      in 15 cases, cervical trauma in 2 cases, resection of pituitary tumor in 1 case,
      inflammation in 1 case and without cause in 2 cases. Ten patients underwent
      tracheotomy before the operation; 9 patients underwent tracheotomy after the
      operation; 2 cases without tracheotomy. RESULT: The tracheotomy tube was plugged
      next day after posterior cordotomy. Lots of patients were breathing well without
      any effort. A few patients were breathing hard, so the tracheotomy tube was
      plugged discontinuously. Seventeen patients were decannulated 1 year after
      operation. Two patients were failed to decannulated. The patients were followed
      up for 3 months 6 years after operation, and all of them were breathing well.
      CONCLUSION: Our limited experience showed that CO2 laser assisted posterior
      cordotomyis an effective and reliable surgical procedure for patients with
      bilateral paralysis of the vocal cord.

PMID- 27382679
TI  - [Diagnosis and treatment of bilateral bronchial foreign body in children].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To discuss the clinical characteristics of bilateral bronchial foreign
      body in children, increase the curative rate and reduce the complications.
      METHOD: The clinical data of 35 cases with bilateral bronchial foreign body in
      children were retrospectively analysed, including surgery, key surgery points,
      and postoperative combined therapy. RESULT: The foreign bodies of all cases were
      removed under intravenous general and tropical anesthesia without complications.
      CONCLUSION: The bilateral bronchial foreign body is a serious case, the timely
      and effective treatment can lower the mortality rate and postoperative
      complications. The children lack of oxygen for a long time before and in
      operation should be give comprehensive therapy, for example: sedation and
      hyperbaric oxygen.

PMID- 27382680
TI  - [A study on vowel duration and word length of adductor spasmodic dysphonia].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the vowel duration and statement reading of the adductor
      spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) patients compared with their normal controls, and
      provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHOD: Twenty-nine ADSD
      patients were included in the research, with 31 normal controls. All subjects
      filled in form voice handicap index (VHI) by themselves. Maximum phonetic time
      (MPT) and maximum loudness phonetic time(MLPT) were tested on /a/ sound for all
      patients. Also, all the patients were required to read aloud a standard mandarin
      assay named <parents heart>, duration were measured with Praat5. 0 software after
      sounds were collected. A one-way t-test was performed to compare spasmodic group
      with control group on VHI, MPT, MLPT and duration for reading standard sentences.
      Pearson/Spearman correlation was tested. Result: The VHI of the 29 ADSD patients
      is 89+/-12, and their normal controls 15+/-16, indicating that the VHI in ADSD
      group is significantly higher than in the control group(P<0. 01). The MPT of the
      ADSD group is(16. 9+/-9. 8 s), and the control group is (25. 3+/-10.0)s,
      indicating that MPT in the ADSD group is significantly shorter than the control
      group(P<0. 01). The MLPT of the ADSD group is (15.7+/-7. 6)s, and the control
      group is (26. 5+/-11. 4)s, indicating that MLPT in the ADSD group is
      significantly shorter than the control group (P<0. 01). The duration of standard
      sentence reading of the ADSD group is (55.0+/-14. 2)s, and the control group is
      (37. 8+/-4. 8)s, indicating that the duration of standard sentence reading in the
      ADSD group is significantly longer than the control group (P<0. 01). Correlation
      analysis showed that MPT and MLPT are related within the ADSD group(r=0. 697,P<
      0.01), other indexes being tested have no significant correlations. CONCLUSION:
      The voice disorder condition of the ADSD patients is significantly worse than
      normal people. Their pronunciations on continuous vowels are not lasting compared
      with normal people. In the meantime, their ability to read sentences is worse
      than normal people, needing longer time to complete the reading task. There is a
      significant correlation between MLPT and MPT, which can be used as an alternative
      to MPT.

PMID- 27382681
TI  - [Application of continuous sutures for nasal septum after septoplasty].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy and safety of nasal septal suture in
      septoplasty. METHOD: Sixty patients who had undergone septoplasty were allocated
      into two groups: packing group and suturing group. Post-operative signs and
      symptoms (visual analogue scale) were compared between the two groups. RESULT:
      The patients of packing group experienced significantly more postoperative pain,
      epiphora, tinnitus, ear fullness, sleep disturbance and nasal congestion(P<0.
      05). No statistically significant difference between two groups in hemorrhage
      (P>0. 05). CONCLUSION: Nasal septum continuous suture is a feasible method to
      replace nasal packing after septoplasty.

PMID- 27382682
TI  - [Prevalence of bilateral abnormalities of unilateral Meniere disease].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the abnormal conditions of the affected ear and the
      contralateral ear of patients with unilateral Meniere's disease and the
      prevalence of bilateral abnormalities among these unilateral Meniere disease
      population, providing reference for the clinical treatment strategies for Meniere
      disease. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of 106 Meni6re disease cases was
      performed, the abnormal incidence of the affected ears, the contralateral ears
      and the bilateral abnormalities were calculated, and the disease characteristics
      were analyzed. RESULT: The bilateral ears abnormal incidence of unilateral
      Meniere disease was 35. 85% (38/106); the cochlear symptoms of the contralateral
      ears often occurred 2. 25 years later of the symptoms of Meni6re disease;
      contralateral cochlear symptoms included at least two symptoms of tinnitus,
      deafness and ear fullness; 39. 47%(15/38) patients with bilateral abnormalities
      would appear binaural hearing impairment. CONCLUSION: This study showed that
      about one-third of unilateral Meniere diseases have binaural symptoms, among
      which about one-third would occur bilateral hearing loss. Therefore, it is
      necessary to consider the course of disease and the symptoms of the contralateral
      ear before taking damage or destructive method for treating Meniere's disease
      clinically.

PMID- 27382683
TI  - [The assessment of sequential treatment for subjective and objective benign
      paroxysmal positional vertigo].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of sequential treatment for subjective
      and objective benign paroxysmal positional vertigo(BPPV). METHOD: The efficacy of
      sequential treatment for nineteen vertical semicircular canal S-BPPV
      patients(Group A) and forty-five vertical semicircular canal O-BPPV
      patients(Group B) who were admitted to our hospital between January 2014 and July
      2015 was retrospectively analyzed and compared, treatment of five cases with
      horizontal semicircular canal S-BPPV was reported here as well. RESULT: The
      number of repositioning maneuver for Group A was 2 - 6 times (average: 4. 21+/-1.
      18) while 2 - 3 times (average: 2. 29 +/- 0. 46) for Group B. There was
      significant difference between the two groups(P<0. 01). The effective rate of
      initial treatment for Group A was 78. 9%(15/19) while 82. 2%(37/45)for Group B.
      After one weeks treatment, the effective rate for Group A changed to be 89. 5%
      (17/19)while 88. 9% (40/45) for Group B. Non-significant difference was found in
      the two groups neither in the initial nor one weeks treatment. On three months'
      follow-up, one in Group A and two in Group B relapsed, and they were cured after
      treated in the initial treatment. The recurrence for Group A was 5. 3%(1/19)
      while 4. 4%(2/45) for Group B and there was non-significant difference. The five
      cases with horizontal semicircular canal S-BPPV were completely free of disease
      after undergoing treatment. CONCLUSION: The sequential treatment is effective for
      both vertical semicircular canal S-BPPV and vertical semicircular canal O-BPPV,
      but the former needs more repositioning maneuver times. The repositioning
      maneuver, combined with drug therapy and head-shake-in-supine-position method is
      recommended for horizontal semicircular canal S-BPPV.

PMID- 27382684
TI  - [The results and drug susceptibility of respiratory secretion culture of children
      with trachea bronchial foreign bodies].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of the pathogenic
      bacteria in respiratory secretion in children with trachea bronchial foreign
      bodies so as to assist physicians in clinical prescription. METHOD: Sputum
      specimens of 622 children with trachea bronchial foreign bodies were
      collected,and the drug susceptibility test was peformed. RESULT: Pathogenic
      bacteria were detected in 124(19. 94%) of 622 sputum specimens. Most detected
      gram-negtive bacilli were highly sensitive to amikacin, ciprofloxacin,
      ceftriaxone, cefepime and ceftazidime, no strains were resistant to imipenem and
      meropenem; 42 strains were gram-positive bacilli. The former were highly
      sensitive to levofloxacin and chloramphenico,the latter were highly sensitive to
      ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin and linezolid, no strains were resistant to
      rifampicin and vancomycin. CONCLUSION: The frequent pathogenic bacteria in
      respiratory secretion in children with trachea bronchial foreign bodies include
      gram-negtive bacilli such as enterobacter cloacae, klebsiella pneumonia,
      escherichia coli, acinetobacter baumannii, serratia marcescens, and gram-positive
      bacilli such as streptococcus pneumonia,staphylococcus aureus. The detected gram
      negtive bacilli were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem;the detected gram
      positive bacilli were sensitive to rifampicin and vancomycin.

PMID- 27382685
TI  - [Clinical efficacy and quality of life evaluation of BPPV by different reduction
      methods].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Comparative analysis of the clinical curative effect of manipulative
      reduction and TRV- CRP treatment of BPPV, comfort degree during reset and quality
      of life improvement. METHOD: One hundred and thirty-two patients with BPPV were
      randomly divided into two groups ,one group underwent the traditional manip-
      ulative reduction, the other group with TRV-CRP. DRI and VAS was evaluated in the
      pre and after treatment and evaluation of the efficacy was conducted. The results
      of two groups were compared. RESULT: The effective rate of manipulative reduction
      after a week treatment was 89. 23% and TRV-CRP.was 98. 51%, which was higher in
      TRV-CRP group than that of the manipulation reduction group(P<0. 05). The comfort
      degree of the manipulation reduction group was 4. 54+/-2. 48,higher than the TRV
      CRP group which was 5. 48+/-1. 44 (P<0. 05). The score of DHI showed no
      significant difference before treatment between manipulation reduction group and
      TRV-CRP group(P>0. 05), the score of the two groups were decreased after a week
      of reduction, but the improvement of TRV-CRP group was higher than that of
      manipulation reduction group(P<0. 05). CONCLUSION: The success rate of TRV-CRP
      was higher than that of manipulative reduction,but manipulative reduction comfort
      degree was higher than TRV-CRP, the two methods can both improve the quality of
      life of patients with BPPV. TRV-CRP has many advantages over manipulative
      reduction, but manipulative reduction is simple with low cost, and the effect is
      still a great advantage. In clinical work, we should reasonable combine the two
      methods,so as to improve the cure rate of RPPV.

PMID- 27382686
TI  - [Effects of different surgical procedures on immunity of children with
      obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of pure adenoidectomy,adenoidectomy with
      partial tonsillectomy,and adenoidectomy with total tonsillectomy on humoral and
      cellular immunity of children with OSAHS. METHOD: The children with OSAHS
      diagnosed by polysomnography were divided into pure adenoidectomy group(group
      A),adenoidectomy with partial tonsillectomy group(group B), and adenoidectomy
      with total tonsillectomy(group C), and there were 50 cases in each group. The
      serum IgG, IgA, IgM level and peripheral blood T cell subgroup per-centage were
      detected at 6 months preoperatively and postoperatively. Tonsil grading and
      polysomnography wereconducted, recording symptoms improvement situation at
      postoperative 6 months. RESULT: There was no statisticallysignificant difference
      compared with preoperative(P>0. 05) in humoral immunity and cellular immunity
      index ofpostoperative 6 months. There was no significani difference(P>C. 05) in
      curative effect among three groups in the 6th month post-operatively. CONCLUSION:
      All of these three surgical procedures had no obvious effect on humoral
      orcellular immune function in children, and could effectively treat children
      OSAHS.

PMID- 27382687
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of 100 vestibular migraine cases].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of vestibular migraine (VM), in order
      to understand the auditory and vestibular function. METHOD: One hundred cases of
      confirmed or suspected VM patients were observed. Routine examination including
      pure tone test, vestibular dual temperature test and vestibular evoked myogenic
      potential(VEMP) and video head impulse test(v-HIT) Were conducted. RESULT: The
      incidence of male and female was about 1.00 : 2. 57. The average age of onset was
      47 years, of which the youngest was 19 years old, and the oldest was 74 years
      old. Ninty-three cases of patients presented with vestibular sensitive
      performance, including photophobia, phonophobia,or motion sensitive. Fourty-two
      patients had migraine at the onset of the disease. Thirty-four patients had
      cochiear symptoms, including tinnitus, ear fullness, or epicophosis. In seventeen
      cases of fatigue, tension or poor sleep can cause vertigo. Nine patients had low
      blood pressure, 7 patients presented with hypertension. Two cases of vertigo were
      closely related to the change of position, and 1 case had visual aura. In the
      experiment, 94 patients had undergone VEMP test,with 44 cases of abnormal VEMP
      value. Seventy-nine patients had been examined v-HIT,of whom 2 patients were
      abnormal (both of which were reduced). Pure tone audiometry was abnormal in 35
      cases. Five cases of patients showed abnormal vestibular-double temperature test.
      CONCLUSION: Vestibular migraine is more prone to female, with young middle age,
      and can be accompanied by cochlear symptoms. Vestibular function tests (low
      frequency and high frequency) are normal.

PMID- 27382688
TI  - [Individualized surgical planning of benign tumor in external auditory canal
      under microscope].

PMID- 27382689
TI  - [The combined treatment of auricular keloid with multi-function electric ion
      surgery].

PMID- 27382690
TI  - [Surgical treatment of auricular pseudocyst].

PMID- 27382691
TI  - [Children severe OSAHS with pectus excavatum: a case report].
AB  - The primary etiopathology of pediatric OSAHS includes tonsil or adenoid
      hypertrophy. Severe OSAHS contributes to or aggravates thoracic deformity, which
      is rarely reported. In the current report, This children sleep snoring more than
      4 years, increasing with thoracic severe depression during sleep 2 days. Clinical
      examination indicated tonsil and adenoid hypertrophy, and polysomnography
      revealed OSAHS . The symptoms of OSAHS and severe inhalation-related sternum
      depression disappeared rapidly after tonsillectomy. Our findings indicated that
      OSAHS were the major causes underlying funnel chest in children. The rarity of
      the incidence may result in missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Polysomnography was
      recommended for the child diagnosed with funnel chest accompanied by upper airway
      stenosis.

PMID- 27382692
TI  - [Rare giant retroauricular epidermoid cyst: a case report].
AB  - Epidermnoid cysts are henign, cutaneous cysts which commonly occur on face, neck
      and trunk. Retroauricular epidermoid cyst is rare reported which should be
      differentiated from auricle pseudocyst, lipoma, steatocystoma and fibroma. The
      hitopathological examination is a gold standard of diagnosis. Surgery of complete
      excision is the first choice of treatment methods.

PMID- 27382693
TI  - [The treatment of subglottic pleomorphic adenoma using the hypothermia plasma
      ablation: two cases report].
AB  - Subglottic pleomorphic adenoma is a rare disease . Surgery is the main curative
      treatment. To review some clinical cases and to summarize the characteristics and
      treatment experience of this disease,it is expected that we can provide more
      clinical thought and therapeutic strategy for subglottic pleomorphic adenoma.

PMID- 27382694
TI  - [Endoscopic removal of a dental foreign body from maxillary sinus via anterior
      prelacrimal recess approach: a case report].
AB  - We present a rare case of dental foreign body from maxillary sinus in a 21-year
      woman who was hospitalized because of oral cavity and nasal sinus leak for 3
      months when doing cheek-bulging action. Admission diagnosis :dental maxillary
      sinus"foreign body" (left); chronic maxillary sinusitis (left). Computed
      tomographic scan showed irregular high density shadow in the left maxillary
      sinus. The "foreign body" was removed via anteri- or prelacrimal recess approach,
      which was supposed to be the iatrogenic foreign body - alveolar bone.

PMID- 27382695
TI  - [Postoperative reconstruction of facial squamous cell carcinoma by
      cervicothoracic flap and temporal flap: a case report].
AB  - To report one case of postoperative reconstruction of facial squamous cell
      carcinoma by cervicotho-racic flap and temporal flap in our hospital. Clinical
      symptoms of the patient are facial mass and tumor ulceration.The patient had
      chronic bronchitis. On admission, the right side of the patient face was found to
      have a mass of about 6. 5 cm X 5. 0 cm, and the middle is about 2. 5 cm X 2. 5 cm
      X 1. 0cm ulcer, the neck has no swollen lymphnodes by palpation. After imaging
      and pathological examination,the patient was diagnosed as right facial
      squamouscell carcinoma and chronic bronchitis.

PMID- 27382696
TI  - [Stent implantation in the treatment of pharynx anastomotic stenosis after
      cervical esophageal resection: a case report].
AB  - We report the treatment of one patient with pharynx anastomotic stenosis after
      cervical esophagealresection by stent implantation. The patient suffered from
      serious pharynx anastomotic stenosis after gastric-pha-ryngeal anastomosis. After
      balloon-dilatation,a domestic self-expanding Z-stents was implanted in the
      stricture ofthe esophagus under the X-rays. After stent implantation, the patient
      has been leading a normal life for threeyears. Balloon dilatation and stent
      implantation is an effective and safe method in the treatment of patients
      withpharynx anastomotic stenosis.

PMID- 27382697
TI  - [Immune function alteration in children after tonsillectomy and(or)
      adenoidectomy].
AB  - Tonsillectomy and(or) adenoidectomy are effective procedures for children with
      chronic tonsillitis, diseases associated with the tonsil and other adenotonsillar
      diseases, and obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Since the tonsil and
      adenoid gland play a dual role in fluid and cell immunity, whether
      adenotonsillectomy results in the abnormal immune function in children after the
      surgery has always been the focus of attention. This review focuses on the
      alterations and impacts on immunity in children after tonsillectomy and/or
      adenoidectomy. Recent studies confirmed that in short term the immune index may
      be slightly reduced after the tonsil and adenoid resection in children, however,
      the decline has no clinical significance because the remaining mucosa-associated
      lymphoid tissue can compensate for removal of the tonsils and adenoids. Over
      time, the immune index tends to be normal. The children's postoperative short
      term decline in the immune index will gradually recover to the preoperative level
      or there is no significant difference compared with that in normal children.
      Therefore, long-term immune function did not decline after tonsil and adenoid
      resection in children.

PMID- 27382698
TI  - [Cause and treatment of unilateral vocal cord paralysis].
AB  - Unilateral vocal cord paralysis(UVCP) is defined as affected side vocal cord
      emerges immobility or motion weakening and abnormal tension due to unilateral
      intrinsic laryngeal muscles suffering from disorder about motor nerve. The
      patients usually present with hoarse voice, disability of high pitch, cough,
      aspiration, or a combination of these symptoms. There are increasing therapeutics
      researches and case analyses regarding UVCP in recent years. Thus this review
      summarized the progression about its causes and treatment methods.

PMID- 27382699
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382700
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382701
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382702
TI  - Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585). Pioneer in Rare Diseases and Orphan Drugs.

PMID- 27382703
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382704
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382705
TI  - the ACA turns 6 as the election hype continues.

PMID- 27382706
TI  - therapy services: from ancillary to necessary.
AB  - Physical and occupational therapy and speech language pathology services are
      assuming an increasingly important role as healthcare providers transition to
      value-based care. Finance leaders can support the efforts of therapy leaders by
      working with them to: Determine priorities regarding level of care. Establish
      appropriate staffing and productivity metrics. Promote accurate and thorough
      charge-capture efforts. Broaden the referral base for therapy services

PMID- 27382707
TI  - rampingup for bundled payments: fostering hospital-physician alignment.
AB  - When hospitals embark on bundled payment programs, they should take steps to
      ensure physicians are on board. Key steps include: Contacting physicians while in
      the planning stages so they can prepare to participate in the new model.
      Establishing resources and processes designed to make compliance easier.
      Educating physicians about the importance of coding and documentation.

PMID- 27382708
TI  - provider venture capital funds: investing in innovation.
AB  - As health systems continue to embrace disruptive innovation, they are
      increasingly likely to consider making a move into venture capital. Working in
      venture capital can benefit a health system in several ways, including: Allowing
      it to operate outside of bureaucracy and align projects with its core values.
      Encouraging innovation within the organization. Enabling it to respond quickly to
      changes in the market.

PMID- 27382709
TI  - capital planning for a new era.
AB  - Capital planning has become more centralized at many health systems. Managing the
      capital budget for IT continues to be a challenge. The arrival of value-based
      payment is influencing some organizations' strategic capital investments.

PMID- 27382710
TI  - have you looked at your capital process lately?
AB  - Hospital executives seeking to instill rigor into their organization's capital
      review process should focus their attention on four areas: Establishing and
      ensuring compliance with clear internal policy and procedures governing the
      organization's capital equipment review and purchase process. Cultivating a
      collaborative culture, while eschewing an "us against them" mentality. Managing
      provider-vendor relationships. Having a clear definition of success for the
      capital review process that is championed by executive leadership.

PMID- 27382711
TI  - making technology talk: how interoperability can improve care, drive effidcincy,
      and reduce waste.
AB  - Health systems and providers that search out more interoperable technology can
      help move the industry toward greater productivity using a multistep approach.
      Assemble a team of champions to address the interoperability issue. Describe the
      desired state of interoperability for the organization. Assess the current state
      of interoperability in the organization. Identify the gaps between the current
      state and the desired state. Develop a road map for addressing the gaps. Achieve
      an immediate win by selecting a quickly attainable goal. Maintain focus and
      communicate successes.

PMID- 27382713
TI  - minding the gap: getting on board with collaboration-driven revenue models.

PMID- 27382712
TI  - new lease accounting and health care.
AB  - Recently released lease accounting standards from the Financial Accounting
      Standards Board (FASB) present three significant challenges for healthcare
      organizations: All leases must be reported on a company's balance sheet,
      increasing liabilities on the balance sheets of healthcare organizations
      considerably. Contractual agreements not previously considered leases will now be
      treated as leases. Classification of some equipment leases could change.

PMID- 27382714
TI  - value and the revenue cycle.

PMID- 27382715
TI  - [Annual review of capillary electrophoresis technology in 2015].
AB  - This paper reviews the capillary electrophoresis (CE) in 2015. The literatures
      searched from ISI Web of Science ranged in 2015. 1. 1-2015. 12. 31 are classified
      and introduced based on CE-MS method, methodology research, detection and
      enrichment, chiral separation and basic applications of CE. Six international and
      two national conferences are included and the important reports are introduced
      briefly. In the end, the standards of CE method for the analyses of monoclonal
      antibodies, water, wines and food approved in China and some other countries are
      listed.

PMID- 27382716
TI  - Research development of designing flow cells for optical absorption detectors.
AB  - The optical absorption detector is one of the most commonly used detectors for
      high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As a core part of this kind of
      detector, the designs of flow cells, where light passes through samples for
      acquiring samples information, will affect the performance of a detector. In
      order to enhance the signal to noise ratio of detectors and reduce the bands
      broadening that come from flow cells, it is necessary to design a flow cell with
      a longer optical path length and a less cell volume while maintaining the
      luminous flux. However the limitations of the machining capacity make it
      difficult to increase the optical path length, reduce the cell volume and keep or
      increase the luminous flux simultaneously. It is a challenge to optimize the
      designing and machining of flow cells so as to improve the performance of
      detectors. This review discusses the development of designing flow cells based on
      the detection principle in some aspects of increasing the optical path length,
      reducing the cell volume, taking the advantages of total reflection and so on. At
      the same time, some of the designs are illustrated in detail. These various ideas
      and structures are significant references for designing flow cells and developing
      optical absorption detectors.

PMID- 27382717
TI  - [Microdevice for the investigation of high-glucose induced lifespan and the
      protective effect of polydatin in C. elegans].
AB  - Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been widely used as a model organism for
      biomedical research due to its sufficient homology with human at molecular or
      genomic level. In this work, we describe a microfluidic device not only to
      investigate the response of C. elegans including lifespan and oxidative stress,
      but also to evaluate the protective effect of polydatin induced by high-glucose
      condition. It was found that the mean lifespan of worms was significantly reduced
      and the oxidative stress protein GST-4 was increased in worms that are subjected
      to high glucose. However, a certain dose of polydatin could weaken the increased
      oxidative stress induced by high-glucose and extend the lifespan, indicating the
      protective effect of polydatin against the toxic of high-glucose. The established
      approach is simple to operate, easy for realtime imaging and multiparatemer
      evaluations in parallel, providing a potential platform for drug
      evaluation/screening in a high throughput format at single animal resolution.

PMID- 27382718
TI  - [Effects of carrier liquid and flow rate on the separation in gravitational field
      flow fractionation].
AB  - Gravitational field-flow fractionation is the simplest field-flow fractionation
      technique in terms of principle and operation. The earth' s gravity is its
      external field. Different sized particles are injected into a thin channel and
      carried by carrier fluid. The different velocities of the carrier liquid in
      different places results in a size-based separation. A gravitational field-flow
      fractionation (GrFFF) instrument was designed and constructed. Two kinds of
      polystyrene (PS) particles with different sizes (20 um and 6 um) were chosen as
      model particles. In this work, the separation of the sample was achieved by
      changing the concentration of NaN3, the percentage of mixed surfactant in the
      carrier liquid and the flow rate of carrier liquid. Six levels were set for each
      factor. The effects of these three factors on the retention ratio (R) and plate
      height (H) of the PS particles were investigated. It was found that R increased
      and H decreased with increasing particle size. On the other hand, the R and H
      increased with increasing flow rate. The R and H also increased with increasing
      NaN3 concentration. The reason was that the electrostatic repulsive force between
      the particles and the glass channel wall increased. The force allowed the samples
      approach closer to the channel wall. The results showed that the resolution and
      retention time can be improved by adjusting the experimental conditions. These
      results can provide important values to the further applications of GrFFF
      technique.

PMID- 27382719
TI  - [Preparation and chromatographic performance of a silica-bonded (4
      cyclopentadienyl benzoic acid-iron-toluene) hexafluorophosphoric acid stationary
      phase].
AB  - Based on the unique molecular structure of ferrocene and its potential as a new
      liquid chromatography separation medium, a new silica-bonded (4-cyclopentadienyl
      benzoic acid-iron-toluene) hexafluorophosphoric acid stationary phase was
      prepared. The structure of this new material was characterized by infrared
      spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis et al. The
      chromatographic performance and retention mechanism of this new stationary phase
      were evaluated using different solute probes, including polycyclic aromatic
      hydrocarbons (PAHs), positional isomers of naphthylamine, positional isomers of
      nitro-aniline, nitroimidazoles, organic phosphorus et al. It could provide
      various action sites for different solutes in normal-phase chromatography such as
      pi electron transfer, pi-pi electron interactions, dipole-dipole interactions,
      and electrostatic interactions with the substrates. And the possible separation
      mechanisms are discussed.

PMID- 27382720
TI  - [Determination of 250 pesticide residues in vegetables using QuEChERS-ultra
      performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
AB  - A multiresidue analytical method for the determination of 250 pesticide residues
      in vegetables was developed by using QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The target compounds were
      extracted with acetonitrile containing 1% (v/v) acetic acid, purified by a mixed
      sorbent of MgSO4, primary secondary amine (PSA), graphitized carbon black (GCB)
      and C18, separated on a Waters ACQUITYTM UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm x 2. 1 mm,
      1.7 um) and detected by UPLC-MS/MS. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate was used as a
      dewatering agent. The effects of the amounts of MgSO4, PSA, GCB and C18 added on
      the recoveries of 250 pesticides were investigated. The results showed that the
      purification effect was best when 300 mg MgSO4, 200 mg PSA, 10 mg GCB and 100 mg
      C18 in 2 mL of the extract were added. For the 250 pesticide residues, the limits
      of detection (LODs) of the method were from 0. 01 to 50. 00 g/kg. The recoveries
      obtained ranged from 60. 1% to 120% at three spiked levels in Chinese chives with
      the relative standard deviations between 3. 5% and 19. 5% using matrix matched
      external standard method. The results showed that the method is able to meet
      requirements of the multiresidue detection of the 250 pesticides in vegetable.
      The method has the advantages of rapidity, simplicity, high sensitivity and
      better purification effect. It is suitable for the rapid determination of the
      common pesticides in vegetables, and it provides a strong guarantee for the risk
      assessments of the quality and safety of vegetables.

PMID- 27382721
TI  - [Dynamic behavior of aldicarb and its metabolites in cabbage by liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
AB  - A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry ( LC-MS/MS ) method was
      developed for the study of dynamic behavior of aldicarb and its metabolite
      residues in cabbage. Aldicarb was applied onto cultivated cabbages. The
      pesticides concentrations were measured periodically (between application and
      harvest) , and modeled to illustrate the dynamic behavior. The results showed
      that the liner ranges of aldicarb and its metabolites were from 0. 005 to 0. 2
      mg/L, and the recoveries ranged from 78. 9% to 108. 5% with the relative standard
      deviations of 2. 03%- 8. 91% (n = 8). The aldicarb in cabbage increased at first
      with the first-order kinetic equation model of c = 0. 020(0.136t) with the
      correlation coefficient (r2) of 0. 888, and then decreased with the equation of c
      = 0. 65e(-059t) with the r2 of 0. 979 and the half-life of 29. 1 d. The reducing
      processes of aldicarb-sulfone and aldicarb-sulfoxide both matched the first-order
      kinetic equations (c = 23. 4e(-0.044t) and c = 4. 54e(-0.027t) with r2 of 0. 916
      and 0. 972 respectively. To meet the limitation requirement of 0. 01 mg/kg, 70.
      7, 226. 6 and 176. 3 d were respectively necessary for aldicarb, aldicarb-sulfone
      and aldicarb-sulfoxide. Final residues of aldicarb-sulfone and aldicarb-sulfoxide
      were still more than the limitation requirements, indicating that aldicarb should
      not be used in vegetables of growth cycle shorter than 120 d. This study provided
      theoretical basis for dynamic behavior of aldicarb residue and its safe use in
      vegetables.

PMID- 27382722
TI  - [Simultaneous determination of the residues of four beta2-agonists in animal
      foods by modified high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass
      spectrometry].
AB  - An analytical method was developed to simultaneously determine the residues of
      four beta2-agonists in animal foods by high performance liquid
      chromatography/electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Samples were
      extracted with 5% (mass fraction) trichloracetic acid, and then cleaned up by two
      solid phase extraction cartridges (HLB and ProElut PXC). Quantification of the
      four beta2-agonists was achieved by HPLC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring
      (MRM) using internal standard method. The limits of detection (S/N=3) of
      clenbuterol, salbutamol, ractopamine and terbutaline were 0. 05, 0. 05, 0. 05 and
      0. 2 ug/kg, and the limits of quantification (S/N= 10) were 0. 25, 0. 25, 0. 1
      and 0. 5 ug/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of the four beta2-agonists
      spiked in blank samples at the spiked levels of 2. 5, 5 and 10 ug/kg were 90. 3%
      120. 5% with the relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 1. 60%-9. 33%. The
      method is reliable, sensitive, good recovery and repeatability. It is suitable
      for the determination of the residues of the four beta2-agonists in animal foods.

PMID- 27382723
TI  - [Determination of 23 antibiotics and 3 beta-agonists in livestock drinking water
      by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with
      solid-phase extraction].
AB  - A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 23 antibiotics
      (four categories) and 3 beta-agonists in livestock drinking water using solid
      phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with
      electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI MS/MS). The samples
      were adjusted pH to 5. 0, added Na2EDTA, enriched and cleaned-up by an HLB solid
      phase extraction cartridge. The target compounds were confirmed and quantified by
      UPLC-ESI MS/MS with external standard method for the anti- biotics and internal
      standard method for the beta-agonists. The recoveries were assessed by using lab
      tap water as matrix. The average recoveries of the 23 antibiotics and the 3 beta
      agonists were in the range of 50. 7%-104. 6% and the relative standard deviations
      (RSDs) were 2. 6%-8. 8% (n= 3). Under the optimal conditions, the calibration
      curves of the 23 antibiotics and the 3 beta-agonists showed good linearity with
      the correlation coefficients better than 0. 994. The limits of detection (LODs,
      S/N>=3) ranged from 0. 01-0. 20 ng/L. The developed method was applied to analyze
      the livestock drinking waters in 36 Beijing intensive livestock farms. The
      results showed that some antibiotics were detected.

PMID- 27382724
TI  - [Determination of ginkgolic acids in the ginkgo biloba extract and its
      preparations by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole
      mass spectrometry].
AB  - An analytical method was developed for the determination of ginkgolic acids in
      ginkgo biloba extract and its preparations by ultra high performance liquid
      chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. A chromatographic column,
      Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (50 mm x 3. 0 mm, 2.7 um), was used with methanol-l%
      acetic acid (90 :10, v/v) as the mobile phase. The ginkgo acids were detected by
      electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative mode with multiple reaction
      monitoring (MRM) mode. Ginkgo acids C13:0, C15:1 and C17:1 possessed good linear
      correlations in the mass concentration range from 2 to 200 ug/L, with the
      correlation coefficients more than 0. 999. The mean recoveries at the spiked
      levels of 5, 20 and 100 ug/L were in the range of 86. 3%-114. 3%, and the RSDs
      were 0. 5%-13. 6%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0. 003-0. 08
      ug/g and 0. 01-0. 19 ug/g, respectively. The method was successfully applied to
      the analysis of actual samples.

PMID- 27382725
TI  - [Determination of succinic acid in desvenlafaxine succinate by high performance
      ion-exclusion chromatography and high performance ion-exchange chromatography].
AB  - New methods were developed for the determination of succinic acid in
      desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS) by high performance ion-exclusion chromatography
      (HPIEC) and high performance ion-exchange chromatography (HPIC). HPIEC and HPIC
      methods were used separately to determinate the succinic acid in DVS. With HPIEC,
      the sample was diluted with 2. 50 x 10(-3) mol/L sulfuric acid solution and
      filtrated by 0. 22 um polyether sulfone filter membrane, and then analyzed by
      HPIEC directly without any further pretreatment. The analytical column was
      Phenomenex Rezex ROA-organic Acid H+(8%) (300 mmx7. 8 mm). The mobile phase was
      2. 50x10(-3) mol/L sulfuric acid solution at the flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min. The
      column temperature was set at 40  degrees C, and the detection wavelength was 210
      nm. The injection volume was 10 KL. The assay was quantified by external standard
      method. With HPIC, the sample was diluted with ultrapure water and filtrated by
      0. 22 um polyether sulfone filter membrane, and then analyzed by HPIC directly
      without any further pretreatment. The analytical column was Dionex IonPac AS11-HC
      (250 mm x 4 mm) with a guard column IonPacAG11-HC (50 mm x 4 mm). Isocratic KOH
      elute generator was used at the flow rate of 1. 0 mL/min. The detection was
      performed by a Dionex suppressed (DIONEX AERS 500 4-mm) conductivity detector.
      The injection volume was 10 uL. The content computation was performed with peak
      area external reference method. The results of HPIEC method for succinic acid
      were 28. 8%, 28. 9% and 28. 9%, while the results of HPIEC method were 28. 2%,
      28. 6% and 28. 6%. The results of HPIEC and HPIC methods were not significantly
      different. The two methods can both be used to determine the contents of succinic
      acid in DVS. The surveillance analytical method should be chosen according to the
      situation.

PMID- 27382726
TI  - [Determination of 21 organophosphorus pesticides in tea by gas chromatography
      mass spectrometry coupled with hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes based
      on dispersive solid-phase extraction].
AB  - A rapid determination method of 21 organophosphorus pesticides in tea was
      developed by QuEChERS method using modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs
      OH), primary-secondary amine (PSA) and MgSO4 coupled with gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry. The pesticide residues in tea were extracted with a hexane-acetone
      (2:1, v/v) mixture, and cleaned up by dispersive solid-phase extraction using
      MWCNTs-OH and primary-secondary amine (PSA) as the sorbents. After centrifugation
      and filtration, the target compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry and quantified by the external standard method. Under the optimized
      conditions, good linearities were obtained in the range of 0. 01- 0. 50 mg/kg.
      The average recoveries were in the range of 81. 5% -109. 4% at three spiked
      levels, with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 5 ) of 2. 3% - 10. 6%. The
      limits of quantification were 0. 001-0. 040 mg/kg. This method is simple, fast,
      sensitive, cheap, and can meet the requirements of the rapid detection of
      organophosphorus pesticides in tea.

PMID- 27382727
TI  - [Determination of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in ambient air using high
      volume sampling combined with high resolutimi gas chromatography-electron capture
      negative ion-low resolution mass spectrometry].
AB  - An analytical method for quantifying short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in
      ambient air using high-volume sampling combined with high resolution gas
      chromatography-electron capture negative ion-low resolution mass spectrometry (
      HRGC-ECNI-LRMS) was developed. An acidified silica gel column and a basic alumina
      column were used to optimize the cleanup procedures. The results showed a good
      linearity (R2>0. 99) between the total response factors and the degree of
      chlorination of SCCPs in the content range of 58. 1%-63. 3%. The limits of
      detection (S/N >=3) and the limits of quantification (S/N >= 10) were 4. 2 and 12
      ug, respectively. The method detection limit (MDL) for SCCPs was 0. 34 ng/m3 (n =
      7). The recoveries of SCCPs in air samples were in the range of 81. 9% to 94. 2%.
      It is demonstrated that the method is suitable for the quantitative analysis of
      SCCPs in air samples.

PMID- 27382728
TI  - [Determination of volatile organic compounds in ambient air by thermal desorption
      gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry].
AB  - A method was established for the simultaneous determination of 23 volatile
      organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air with combination of thermal desorption
      (TD) and gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC
      MS/MS). The air samples were collected by active sampling method using Tenax-TA
      sorbent tubes, and desorbed by thermal desorption. The analytes were determined
      by GC-MS/MS in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, and internal standard
      method was applied to quantify the VOCs. The results of all the 23 VOCs showed
      good linearities in low level (0. 01-1 ng) and high level (1-100 ng) with all the
      correlation coefficients (r2) more than 0. 99. The method quantification limits
      were between 0. 000 08-1 ug/m3. The method was validated by means of recovery
      experiments (n = 6) at three spiked levels of 2, 10 and 50 ng. The recoveries
      between 77% and 124% were generally obtained. The relative standard deviations
      (RSDs) in all cases were lower than 20%, except for chlorobenzene at the low
      spiked level. The developed method was applied to determine VOCs in ambient air
      collected at three sites in Shanghai. Several compounds, like benzene, toluene,
      ethylbenzene, m-xylenes, p-xylenes, styrene, 1, 2, 4-trimethylbenzene and
      hexachlorobutadiene were detected and confirmed in all the samples analyzed. The
      method is highly accurate, reliable and sensitive for monitoring the VOCs in
      ambient air.

PMID- 27382729
TI  - [Identification of isoparaffin components in petroleum middle fractions].
AB  - The identification of isoparaffin components in petroleum middle fractions
      including kerosene and diesel fuels was investigated by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (GC/MS). The isodewaxing middle fraction and distilled diesel were
      selected as the objective samples for identification. It was shown that the
      isoparaffin components in middle fraction were well separated with their branched
      alkyl substituent numbers on a capillary chromatographic column in selected ion
      monitoring (SIM) mode of GC/MS. The identification for C10-C24 isoparaffins was
      realized with the technique of GC/MS, such as the fragmentation pathways of
      electron ionization and SIM technique, boiling point rule, published retention
      indices and theoretical rules about component retention behavior in GC including
      carbon number rule etc. Finally, the retention indices for the mono-substituted,
      di-substituted and multi-substituted isoparaffins from C10 to C24 were presented,
      which could provide an overall knowledge of isoparaffin distribution at carbon
      number level in fuels. Meanwhile, the peaks that could be well resolved in each
      isoparaffin group were also identified, and the detailed data for about 80 C10
      C21 methyl-substituted isoparaffins and isoprenoid biomarkers were also given.
      The results showed that in isodewaxing middle fraction studied, the mono
      substituted and di-substituted isoparaffins were the main paraffins, whereas in
      distilled diesel studies, the mono-substituted isoparaffins and isoprenoid
      biomarkers were the main ones.

PMID- 27382730
TI  - [Wearable Healthcare Technology: Opportunities and Challenges for Biomedical
      Engineering].

PMID- 27382731
TI  - [A Maternal Health Care System Based on Mobile Health Care].
AB  - Wearable devices are used in the new design of the maternal health care system to
      detect electrocardiogram and oxygen saturation signal while smart terminals are
      used to achieve assessments and input maternal clinical information. All the
      results combined with biochemical analysis from hospital are uploaded to cloud
      server by mobile Internet. Machine learning algorithms are used for data mining
      of all information of subjects. This system can achieve the assessment and care
      of maternal physical health as well as mental health. Moreover, the system can
      send the results and health guidance to smart terminals.

PMID- 27382732
TI  - [Low-power Wireless Micro Ambulatory Electrocardiogram Node].
AB  - Ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring can effectively reduce the risk and
      death rate of patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The Body Sensor
      Network (BSN) based ECG monitoring is a new and efficien method to protect the
      CVDs patients. To meet the challenges of miniaturization, low power and high
      signal quality of the node, we proposed a novel 50 mmX 50 mmX 10 mm, 30 g
      wireless ECG node, which includes the single-chip an alog front-end AD8232, ultra
      low power microprocessor MSP430F1611 and Bluetooth module HM-11. The ECG signal
      quality is guaranteed by the on-line digital filtering. The difference threshold
      algorithm results in accuracy of R-wave detection and heart rate. Experiments
      were carried out to test the node and the results showed that the pro posed node
      reached the design target, and it has great potential in application of wireless
      ECG monitoring.

PMID- 27382733
TI  - [Design of a Front-end Device of Heart Rate Variability Analysis System Based on
      Photoplethysmography].
AB  - Heart rate variability (HRV) is the difference between the successive changes in
      the heartbeat cycle, and it is produced in the autonomic nervous system
      modulation of the sinus node of the heart. The HRV is a valuable indicator in
      predicting the sudden cardiac death and arrhythmic events. Traditional analysis
      of HRV is based on a multielectrocardiogram (ECG), but the ECG signal acquisition
      is complex, so we have designed an HRV analysis system based on
      photoplethysmography (PPG). PPG signal is collected by a microcontroller from
      human's finger, and it is sent to the terminal via USB-Serial module. The
      terminal software not only collects the data and plot waveforms, but also stores
      the data for future HRV analysis. The system is small in size, low in power
      consumption, and easy for operation. It is suitable for daily care no matter
      whether it is used at home or in a hospital.

PMID- 27382734
TI  - [Intraocular Pressure Sensor Based on a Contact Lens].
AB  - Intraocular pressure detection has a great significance for understanding the
      status of eye health, prevention and treatment of diseases such as glaucoma.
      Traditional intraocular pressure detection needs to be held in the hospital. It
      is not only time-consuming to doctors and patients, but also difficult to achieve
      24 hour-continuous detection. Microminiaturization of the intraocular pressure
      sensor and wearing it as a contact lens, which is convenient, comfortable and
      noninvasive, can solve this problem because the soft contact lens with an
      embedded micro fabricated strain gauge allows the measurement of changes in
      corneal curvature to correlate to variations of intraocular pressure. We
      fabricated a strain gauge using micro-electron mechanical systems, and integrated
      with the contact lens made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using injection
      molding. The experimental results showed that the sensitivity was 100. 7 uV/um.
      When attached to the corneal surface, the average sensitivity of sensor response
      of intraocular pressure can be 125.8 uV/mm Hg under the ideal condition.

PMID- 27382735
TI  - [Study on an Exoskeleton Hand Function Training Device].
AB  - Based on the structure and motion bionic principle of the normal adult fingers,
      biological characteristics of human hands were analyzed, and a wearable
      exoskeleton hand function training device for the rehabilitation of stroke
      patients or patients with hand trauma was designed. This device includes the
      exoskeleton mechanical structure and the electromyography (EMG) control system.
      With adjustable mechanism, the device was capable to fit different finger
      lengths, and by capturing the EMG of the users' contralateral limb, the motion
      state of the exoskeleton hand was controlled. Then driven by the device, the
      user's fingers conducting adduction/abduction rehabilitation training was carried
      out. Finally, the mechanical properties and training effect of the exoskeleton
      hand were verified through mechanism simulation and the experiments on the
      experimental prototype of the wearable exoskeleton hand function training device.

PMID- 27382736
TI  - [Portable Epileptic Seizure Monitoring Intelligent System Based on Android
      System].
AB  - The clinical electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring systems based on personal
      computer system can not meet the requirements of portability and home usage. The
      epilepsy patients have to be monitored in hospital for an extended period of
      time, which imposes a heavy burden on hospitals. In the present study, we
      designed a portable 16-lead networked monitoring system based on the Android
      smart phone. The system uses some technologies including the active electrode,
      the WiFi wireless transmission, the multi-scale permutation entropy (MPE)
      algorithm, the back-propagation (BP) neural network algorithm, etc. Moreover, the
      software of Android mobile application can realize the processing and analysis of
      EEG data, the display of EEG waveform and the alarm of epileptic seizure. The
      system has been tested on the mobile phones with Android 2. 3 operating system or
      higher version and the results showed that this software ran accurately and
      steadily in the detection of epileptic seizure. In conclusion, this paper
      provides a portable and reliable solution for epileptic seizure monitoring in
      clinical and home applications.

PMID- 27382737
TI  - [An Electroencephalogram-driven Personalized Affective Music Player System:
      Algorithms and Preliminary Implementation].
AB  - In order to monitor the emotional state changes of audience on real-time and to
      adjust the music playlist, we proposed an algorithm framework of an
      electroencephalogram (EEG) driven personalized affective music recommendation
      system based on the portable dry electrode shown in this paper. We also further
      finished a preliminary implementation on the Android platform. We used a two
      dimensional emotional model of arousal and valence as the reference, and mapped
      the EEG data and the corresponding seed songs to the emotional coordinate
      quadrant in order to establish the matching relationship. Then, Mel frequency
      cepstrum coefficients were applied to evaluate the similarity between the seed
      songs and the songs in music library. In the end, during the music playing state,
      we used the EEG data to identify the audience's emotional state, and played and
      adjusted the corresponding song playlist based on the established matching
      relationship.

PMID- 27382738
TI  - [Classification and Correlative Technology Development of Wearable Devices].
AB  - Wearable devices bring us an innovative human-computer interaction which plays an
      irreplaceable role in enhancing the users' ability in environmental awareness,
      acquirements of their own state and "ubiquitous" computing power. Since 2013,
      wearable devices have quickly appeared around us. In this article we classify
      most of the wearable devices which have been appeared in the markets or reported
      in the literature according to their functions and the positions where they are
      worn. Furthermore, we review the technologies related to wearable devices, such
      as sensing technology, wireless communication, power manager, display technology
      and big data. At last, we analyze the challenges which the wearable devices will
      face in near future, and look forward to development trends of wearable devices.

PMID- 27382739
TI  - [Influence of Medication on the Oscillatory and Dynamic Characteristics of
      Subthalamic Local Field Potentials in Patients with Parkinson's Disease].
AB  - The dysfunction of subthalamic nucleus is the main cause of Parkinson's disease.
      Local field potentials in human subthalamic nucleus contain rich physiological
      information. The present study aimed to quantify the oscillatory and dynamic
      characteristics of local field potentials of subthalamic nucleus, and their
      modulation by the medication therapy for Parkinson's disease. The subthalamic
      nucleus local field potentials were recorded from patients with Parkinson's
      disease at the states of on and off medication. The oscillatory features were
      characterised with the power spectral analysis. Furthermore, the dynamic features
      were characterised with time-frequency analysis and the coefficient of variation
      measure of the time-variant power at each frequency. There was a dominant peak at
      low beta-band with medication off. The medication significantly suppressed the
      low beta component and increased the theta component. The amplitude fluctuation
      of neural oscillations was measured by the coefficient of variation. The
      coefficient of variation in 4-7 Hz and 60-66 Hz was increased by medication.
      These effects proved that medication had significant modulation to subthalamic
      nucleus neural oscillatory synchronization and dynamic features. The subthalamic
      nucleus neural activities tend towards stable state under medication. The
      findings would provide quantitative biomarkers for studying the mechanisms of
      Parkinson's disease and clinical treatments of medication or deep brain
      stimulation.

PMID- 27382740
TI  - [Brain Efficient Connectivity Analysis of Attention Based on the Granger
      Causality Method].
AB  - The study of brain information flow is of great significance to understand brain
      function in the field of neuroscience. The Granger causality is widely used
      functional connectivity analysis using multivariate autoregressive model based on
      the predicted mechanism. High resolution electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of
      ten healthy subjects were collected with a visual selective attention task.
      Firstly, independent component analysis was used to extract three spatially
      independent components of the occipital, parietal, and frontal cortices.
      Secondly, the Granger causal connectivity was computed between these three
      regions based on the Granger causality method and then independent sample t-test
      and bootstrap were used to test the significance of connections. The results
      showed that Granger causal connectivity existed from frontal to occipital and
      from parietal to occipital in attentional condition, while causal connectivity
      from frontal to occipital disappeared in unattentional condition.

PMID- 27382741
TI  - [Recognition of Low Arousal Level Electroencephalogram in the Vigilance Based on
      Wavelet Packet Rhythm and Support Vector Machine].
AB  - Poor and monotonous work could easily lead to a decrease of arousal level of the
      monitoring work personnel. In order to improve the performance of monitoring
      work, low arousal level needs to be recognized and awakened. We proposed a
      recognition method of low arousal by the electroencephalogram (EEG) as the object
      of study to recognize the low arousal level in the vigilance. We used wavelet
      packet transform to decompose the EEG signal so the EEG rhythms of each component
      were obtained, and then we calculated the parameters of relative energy and
      energy ratio of high-low frequency, and constructed the feature vector to monitor
      low arousal state in the operation. We finally used support vector machine (SVM)
      to recognize the low arousal state in the simulate operation. The experimental
      results showed that the method introduced in this article could well distinguish
      low arousal level from arousal level in the vigilance and it could also get a
      high recognition rate. Have been compared with other analysis methods, the
      present method could more effectively recognize low arousal level and provide
      better technical support for wake-up mechanism of low arousal state.

PMID- 27382742
TI  - [Estimation of the Power Spectrum of Heart Rate Variability Using Improved Welch
      Method to Analyze the Degree of Fatigue].
AB  - Heart rate variability (HRV) is an important point to judge a person's state in
      modern medicine. This paper is aimed to research a person's fatigue level
      connected with vagal nerve based on the HRV using the improved Welch method. The
      process of this method is that it firstly uses a time window function on the
      signal to be processed, then sets the length of time according to the
      requirement, and finally makes frequency domain analysis. Compared with classical
      periodogram method, the variance and consistency of the present method have been
      improved. We can set time span freely using this method (at present, the time of
      international standard to measure HRV is 5 minutes). This paper analyses the
      HRV's characteristics of fatigue crowd based on the database provided by Physio
      Net. We therefore draw the conclusion that the accuracy of Welch analyzing HRV
      combining with appropriate window function has been improved enormously, and when
      the person changes to fatigue, the vagal activity is diminished and sympathetic
      activity is raised.

PMID- 27382743
TI  - [MicroRNA Target Prediction Based on Support Vector Machine Ensemble
      Classification Algorithm of Under-sampling Technique].
AB  - Considering the low accuracy of prediction in the positive samples and poor
      overall classification effects caused by unbalanced sample data of MicroRNA
      (miRNA) target, we proposes a support vector machine (SVM)-integration of under
      sampling and weight (IUSM) algorithm in this paper, an under-sampling based on
      the ensemble learning algorithm. The algorithm adopts SVM as learning algorithm
      and AdaBoost as integration framework, and embeds clustering-based under-sampling
      into the iterative process, aiming at reducing the degree of unbalanced
      distribution of positive and negative samples. Meanwhile, in the process of
      adaptive weight adjustment of the samples, the SVM-IUSM algorithm eliminates the
      abnormal ones in negative samples with robust sample weights smoothing mechanism
      so as to avoid over-learning. Finally, the prediction of miRNA target integrated
      classifier is achieved with the combination of multiple weak classifiers through
      the voting mechanism. The experiment revealed that the SVM-IUSW, compared with
      other algorithms on unbalanced dataset collection, could not only improve the
      accuracy of positive targets and the overall effect of classification, but also
      enhance the generalization ability of miRNA target classifier.

PMID- 27382744
TI  - [Analysis of Influence on Single Eythrocyte Injury Caused by Oscillating Boundary
      Flow Field].
AB  - The implantable axial blood pump, driven by external electromagnet, is studied
      recently. It oscillats when it is running because of the elastic implanted
      environment and driving force disequilibrium, etc. In this paper, a model of
      single erythrocyte in vibrated flow field was built to simulate the deformation
      and force of the erythrocyte. By using the mechanical injury principle of blood
      in blood pump, we studied the injury of a single erythrocyte resulted from
      oscillating boundary flow field. The research results indicated that the shape of
      the erythrocyte, force and velocity field nearby, which are affected by
      oscillating boundary flow field, all cause injury to the erythrocyte. All the
      researches shown in the present paper are expected to provide theoretical
      foundation for lightening hemolysis by the blood pump.

PMID- 27382745
TI  - [Fast Implementation Method of Protein Spots Detection Based on CUDA].
AB  - In order to improve the efficiency of protein spots detection, a fast detection
      method based on CUDA was proposed. Firstly, the parallel algorithms of the three
      most time-consuming parts in the protein spots detection algorithm: image
      preprocessing, coarse protein point detection and overlapping point segmentation
      were studied. Then, according to single instruction multiple threads executive
      model of CUDA to adopted data space strategy of separating two-dimensional (2D)
      images into blocks, various optimizing measures such as shared memory and 2D
      texture memory are adopted in this study. The results show that the operative
      efficiency of this method is obviously improved compared to CPU calculation. As
      the image size increased, this method makes more improvement in efficiency, such
      as for the image with the size of 2,048 x 2,048, the method of CPU needs 52,641
      ms, but the GPU needs only 4,384 ms.

PMID- 27382746
TI  - [Design of High Frequency Signal Detecting Circuit of Human Body Impedance Used
      for Ultrashort Wave Diathermy Apparatus].
AB  - The present circuit was designed to apply to human tissue impedance tuning and
      matching device in ultra-short wave treatment equipment. In order to judge if the
      optimum status of circuit parameter between energy emitter circuit and accepter
      circuit is in well syntony, we designed a high frequency envelope detect circuit
      to coordinate with automatic adjust device of accepter circuit, which would
      achieve the function of human tissue impedance matching and tuning. Using the
      sampling coil to receive the signal of amplitude-modulated wave, we compared the
      voltage signal of envelope detect circuit with electric current of energy emitter
      circuit. The result of experimental study was that the signal, which was
      transformed by the envelope detect circuit, was stable and could be recognized by
      low speed Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and was proportional to the electric
      current signal of energy emitter circuit. It could be concluded that the voltage,
      transformed by envelope detect circuit can mirror the real circuit state of
      syntony and realize the function of human tissue impedance collecting.

PMID- 27382747
TI  - [Design of Electrocardiogram Signal Generator Based on Typical Electrocardiogram
      Database].
AB  - Using LabVIEW programming and high-speed multifunction data acquisition card PCI
      6251, we designed an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal generator based on Chinese
      typical ECG database. When the ECG signals are given off by the generator, the
      generator can also display the ECG information annotations at the same time,
      including waveform data and diagnostic results. It could be a useful assisting
      tool of ECG automatic diagnose instruments.

PMID- 27382748
TI  - [Research and Design of an Experimental Apparatus Based on the "Open Fireplace"
      in Xuanwei District].
AB  - Xuanwei district in Yunnan Province of China has pretty high incidence of lung
      cancer in China, even a- round the world. Studies have shown that there exists a
      close relationship between lung cancer and local indoor air pollution caused by
      Bituminous coal. Considering that the indoor air pollution in Xuanwei District is
      caused by "open fireplace", an indoor air pollution simulation system was
      designed, and an F344 rats lung damage model was estab- lished for this indoor
      air pollution fireplace. The model is based on indoor air pollution simulation
      system with signal multiplexer control and multi-channel acquisition, and mining
      PID algorithm was used for polynomial fitting to each test point, and a
      relatively constant PM2. 5 air pollution status was simulated. The results showed
      that the system could simulate a variety of states of air pollution, provide a
      new test method for evaluation of human injury caused by indoor air pollution and
      a new idea for the study of the incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei district and
      other places.

PMID- 27382749
TI  - [Cytological Study in vitro on Co-delivery of siRNA and Paclitaxel within Solid
      Lipid Nanoparticles to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Tumors].
AB  - Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains the major obstacle to the success of clinical
      cancer chemotherapy. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the MDR1, is an important
      part with complex mechanisms associated with the MDR. In order to overcome the
      MDR of tumors, we in the present experimental design incorporated small
      interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting MDR1 gene and anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX)
      into the solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to achieve the combinational
      therapeutic effects of genetherapy and chemotherapy. In this study, siRNA-PTX
      SLNs were successfully prepared. The cytotoxicity of blank SLNs and siRNA-PTX
      SLNs in MCF-7 cells and MCF-7/ADR cells were detected by MTT; and the uptake
      efficiency of PTX in MCF-7/ADR cells were detected via HPLC method; quantitative
      real-time PCR and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the silencing
      effect of siRNA-PTX- SLNs on MDR1 gene in MCF-7/ADR cells. The results showed
      that PTX loaded SLNs could significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells, and
      more importantly, the MDR tumor cells treated with siRNA-PTX-SLNs showed the
      lowest viability. HPLC study showed that SLNs could enhance the cellular uptake
      for PTX. Meanwhile, siRNA delivered by SLNs significantly decreased the P-gp
      expression in MDR tumor cells, thus increased the cellular accumulation of
      rhodamine123 as a P-gp substrate. In conclusion, the MDR1 gene could be silenced
      by siRNA-PTX-SLNs, which could promote the growth inhibition efficiency of PTX on
      tumor cells, leading to synergetic effect on MDR tumor therapy.

PMID- 27382750
TI  - [Study of the Effect of Cholecystokinin-Induced Acute Pancreatitis on the Free
      Running Rhythm of Mouse].
AB  - The present paper reports the effect of pancreatitis induced by cholecystokinin
      (CCK) on free-running rhythm of locomotor activity of the ICR mice, and analyzes
      the interaction of inflammatory diseases and acute pancreatitis with circadian
      rhythm system. In the study, the mice were modeled under different phases of
      acute pancreatitis in DD status (Double Dark, constant dark condition). By
      comparing of the inflammatory status and the indicators of rhythm before and
      after modeling of the running wheel activity group and the rest group, it was
      observed that the rest group showed more possibility of inflammation than the
      activity group did in ICR mice model of acute pancreatitis. In the rest phase
      model, the extension of the period is particularly longer. The results presented
      indicated that CCK-induced acute pancreatitis impacted free activity rhythm of
      ICR mice. Also in a free running model under different phase, the inflammation
      severity was proved significantly different. This study provides possible clues
      for the research of the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis severe tendency.

PMID- 27382751
TI  - [Evaluation on Ability to Detect the Intracranial Hematoma with Different Density
      Using C-Arm Cone-beam Computed Tomography Based on Animal Model].
AB  - This study aims to evaluate the ability of C-arm cone-beam CT to detect
      intracranial hematomas in canine models. Twenty one healthy canines were divided
      into seven groups and each group had three animals. Autologous blood and contrast
      agent (3 mL) were slowly injected into the left/right frontal lobes of each
      animal. Canines in the first group, the control group, were only injected with
      autologous blood without contrast agent. Each animal in all the 7 groups was
      scanned with C-arm cone-beam CT and multislice computed tomography (MSCT) after 5
      minutes. The attenuation values and their standard deviations of the hematoma and
      uniformed brain tissues were measured to calculate the image noise, signal to
      noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR). A scale with scores 1-3 was
      used to rate the quality of the reconstructed image of different hematoma as a
      subjective evaluation, and all the experimental data were processed with
      statistical treatment. The results revealed that when the density of hematoma was
      less than 65 HU, hematomata were not very clear on C-arm CT images, and when the
      density of hematoma was more than 65 HU, hematomata showed clearly on both C-arm
      CT and MSCT images and the scores of them were close. The coherence between the
      two physicians was very reliable. The same results were obtained with C-arm cone
      beam CT and MSCT grades in measuring SD value, SNR, and CNR. The reasonable
      choice of density detection range of intracranial hematoma with C-arm cone-beam
      CT could be effectively applied to monitoring the intracranial hemorrhage during
      interventional diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 27382752
TI  - [Research on Cardiac Structure and Function in the Overweight and Obese
      population and Influence Factors].
AB  - In this study we performed Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI), two-dimensional speckle
      tracking imaging (2D- STI) and three-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (3D
      STI) on enrolled healthy, overweight and obese groups (34 subjects in each
      group), respectively, to analyze cardiac structure and its function. Compared
      with healthy group, global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential
      strain (GCS), global area strain(GAS) and global radial strain (GRS) decreased
      progressively (P < 0.05). The ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to
      global early diastolic strain rate of left ventricle (E/e'sr) (r = 0.466, P <
      0.001), GLS (r = 0.502, P < 0. 001), GCS (r = 0.426, P < 0.001), GAS (r = 0.535,
      P < 0.001) and GRS (r = -0.554, P < 0.001) were correlated with body mass index
      (BMI). E/e'sr (r = 0.37, P = 0.003), GLS (r = 0.455, P < 0.001), GCS (r = 0.282,
      P = 0.02), GAS (r = 0.412, P < 0.001) and GRS (r = -0.471, P < 0.001) were
      correlated with free fatty acid (FFA). Stepwise multiple linear regression
      revealed that BMI was independently correlated with E/e'sr, GLS, GCS, GAS and
      GRS. Waist to hip ratio (WHR) was independently correlated with GLS, GCS, GAS and
      GRS. FFA was independently correlated with E/e'sr (P < 0.05). The study showed
      that cardiac structure changed and impaired left ventricular global systolic and
      diastolic function in overweight and obes population. Moreover, BMI, WHR and FFA
      may be independent influence factors of cardiac function in overweight and obese
      population.

PMID- 27382753
TI  - [Effect of Stellate Ganglion Block on Bilateral Regional Cerebral Oxygen
      Saturation and Postoperative Cognitive Function].
AB  - The present study was to examine the effect of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on
      bilateral regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and postoperative cognitive
      function. Eighty patients undergoing selective coronary artery bypass graft with
      cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were randomly and equally divided into two groups.
      The patients in group S were given right SGB with ropivacaine, while the patients
      in group C were injected with normal saline. We compared the bilateral rSO2 after
      SGB. Minimum Mental State Examination (MMSE), Visual Verbal Learning Test (VVLT),
      and Digital Span Test (DST) were applied to observe the effect on cognitive
      function. We found that the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction
      (POCD) 7 days after surgery in group S was lower than that in group C. The level
      of blocked side rSO2 of S group were significantly higher before CPB time of
      rewarming than that before SGB (P < 0.05), much higher than corresponding non
      blocked side rSO2 before CPB (P < 0.05), and much higher than rSO2 level in group
      C before CPB and after CPB (P < 0.05). The non-blocked side rSO2 in group S
      before anesthesia were much lower than basic levels and those in group C (P <
      0.05). It could be concluded from the above results that there was significant
      increase in the blocked-side rSO2 compared to the non-blocked side and there was
      significant decrease in the incidence of POCD compared to the control group after
      SGB.

PMID- 27382754
TI  - [Preparation of Biological Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles and Study on the
      Effect of Guiding Endothelial Progenitor Cells In Vitro].
AB  - Coprecipitation method was used to prepare triiron tetroxide magnetic
      nanoparticles enclosed in L-DOPA, and then EDC was used to activate the carboxyl
      group of L-DOPA after the nanoparticles were synthesized. The carboxyl group of L
      DOPA formed amide bond with specific amino on the aptamer by dehydration
      condensation reaction. The surfaces of magnetic nanoparticles were modified with
      aptamer and L-DOPA. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FT-IR), nanoparticle size analysis (SEM), magnetic measurement
      (VSM) and other testing methods were used to detect the magnetic nanoparticles in
      different stages. The endothelial progeni-tor cells (EPCs) were cocultured with
      the surface modified magnetic nanoparticles to evaluate cell compatibility and
      the combination effect of nanoparticles on EPCs in a short period of time.
      Directional guide of the surface-modified magnetic nanoparticles to endothelial
      progenitor cells (EPCs) was evaluated under an applied magnetic field and
      simulated dynamic blood flow condition. The results showed that the prepared
      magnetic nanoparticles had good magnetic response, good cell compatibility within
      a certain range of the nanoparticle concentrations. The surface modified
      nanoparticles could combine with EPCs effectively in a short time, and those
      nanoparticles combined EPCs can be directionally guided on to a stent surface
      under the magnetic field in the dynamic flow environment.

PMID- 27382755
TI  - [Primary Study on Noninvasive Detection of Vascular Function Based on Finger
      Temperature Change].
AB  - By studying the relationship between fingertip temperature changes and arterial
      function during vascular reactivity test, we established a new non-invasive
      method for detecting vascular function, in order to provide an assistance for
      early diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. We customized three
      modules respectively for blood occlusion, measurement of finger temperature and
      blood oxygen acquisition, and then we established the hardware of data
      acquisition system. And the software was programmed with Labview. Healthy
      subjects [group A, n = 24, (44.6 +/- 9.0) years] and subjects with cardiovascular
      diseases [group B, n = 33, (57.2 +/- 9.9) years)] were chosen for the study.
      Subject's finger temperature, blood oxygen and occlusion pressure of block side
      during and after unilateral arm brachial artery occlusion were recorded, as well
      as some other regular physiological indexes. By time-domain analysis, we
      extracted 12 parameters from fingertip temperature signal, including the initial
      temperature (Ti), temperature rebound (TR), the time of the temperature
      recovering to initial status (RIt) and other parameters from the finger
      temperature signal. We in the experiment also measured other regular
      physiological body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastiolic
      blood pressure (DBP) and so on. Results showed that 8 parameters difference
      between the two group of data were significant. based on the statistical results.
      A discriminant function of vascular function status was established afterwards.
      We found in the study that the changes of finger temperature during unilateral
      arms brachial artery occlusion and open were closely related to vascular
      function. We hope that the method presented in this article could lay a
      foundation of early detection of vascular function.

PMID- 27382756
TI  - [Design and In Vitro Experimental Study of an Endoscopic Multiple-clip Applier].
AB  - Considering the problems such as reposition limited, easily detached and singly
      fired of the existing clip products, we developed an endoscopic multiple-clip
      applier which can apply 4 clips fired successively at a time. Th instrument also
      equipped with an independent grasper which can be used to clamp target tissues.
      In order to explor its feasibility and effectiveness of endoluminal closure of
      gastric perforation, 22 pig stomachs were making a 1 cm full-thickness incision
      from outside and closed by multiple-clip applier (n = 12) in vitro. Outcome was
      measured by bursting pressure and compared with negative control (n = 5) and hand
      suture (n = 5). We set a threshold pressure value (10 mm Hg) for a secure
      closure. Except 2 cases of invalid data, the mean bursting pressures of negative
      control, multiple-clip applier, hand suture were (1.5 +/- 0.3) mm Hg, (46.0 +/-
      7.1) mm Hg, and (72.5 +/- 7.7) mm Hg, respectively. The results showed that
      bursting pressure of multiple-clip applier was significantly higher than that of
      negative control (P < 0.05) and threshold value. Multiple-clip applier can be
      served as an effective and safe device to perform the endoluminal closure of
      gastric perforation.

PMID- 27382757
TI  - [Quaternion-based Characterization of Protein alpha Helix].
AB  - This paper proposes a method based on quaternion for characterization a helix of
      proteins. The method defines the parameter called Quaternion Helix Axis Spherical
      Distance (QHASD) on the basis of mapping protein Calpha frames' helical axis onto
      a unit sphere, and uses QHASD to characterize the a helix of the protein
      secondary structure. Application of this method has been verified based on the
      PDBselect database, with an a helix characterization accuracy of 91.7%. This
      method possesses significant advantages of high detection accuracy, low
      computation and clear geometric significance.

PMID- 27382758
TI  - [Study of Event-related Brain Potential in Children with Attention Deficit
      Hyperactivity Disorder].
AB  - This study aims to explore the differences of event-related potential (ERP)
      between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal children, so
      that these differences provide scientific basis for the diagnosis of ADHD. Eight
      children were identified to be ADHD group by the diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV
      (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-IV), and the control group
      also consisted of 8 normal children. Modified visual-continuous performance test
      (CPT) was used as the experiment paradigm. The experiment included two major
      conditions, i. e. Go and NoGo. All the 16 subjects participated in the study. A
      high density EEG acquisition instrument was used to record the EEG signal and
      processed these EEG data by means of ERP and spectrum analysis. P2-N2 peak-peak
      value and spectral peak around 11 Hz were analyzed between ADHD subjects and
      those in the control group, and then statistical tests were applied to these two
      groups. Results showed that: (1) Under the condition of Go, ADHD group had a
      significant lower P2-N2 peak-peak value than the values in the control group (P <
      0.05); but under the condition of NoGo there was no significant difference in
      between. (2) Compared with the control group, the ADHD group had significant
      lower spectral amplitude around 11 Hz under the condition of NoGo (P < 0.05).
      However, under the condition of Go the difference was insignificant. In
      conclusion, there is certain cognitive dysfunction in ADHD children. P2-N2 peak
      peak value and spectral peak around 11 Hz could be considered as clinical
      evaluation indexes of ADHD children's cognitive function. These two objective
      indexes provide an early diagnosis and effective treatment of ADHD.

PMID- 27382759
TI  - [Core Issues of Mechanical Perfusion in Preservation and Repairing of Donor Liver
      after Cardiac Death].
AB  - The quality of a donor liver after cardiac death is closely associated with
      energy metabolism during preservation. Ex vivo mechanical perfusion has broad
      application prospects because this technique can help energy metabolism and
      repair ischemia injury of donors' livers. Some core issues are presented in this
      review in order to provide references for propelling secure application of liver
      transplantation based on donation after cardiac death.

PMID- 27382760
TI  - [Recent Advances of Biomechanical Studies on Cervical Fusion and Non-fusion
      Surgery].
AB  - This article reviews the progress of biomechanical studies on anterior cervical
      fusion and non-fusion surgery in recent years. The similarities and differences
      between animal and human cervical spines as well as the major three biomechanical
      test methods are introduced. Major progresses of biomechanical evaluation in
      anterior cervical fusion and non-fusion devices, hybrid surgery, coupled motion
      and biomechanical parameters, such as the instant center of rotation, are
      classified and summarized. Future development of loading method, multilevel
      hybrid surgery and coupling character are also discussed.

PMID- 27382761
TI  - [Advances in Research on Reendothelialization after Intervention in Artery].
AB  - Coronary heart disease is a kind of heart disease that is caused by
      atherosclerosis. The lipid deposition in the vessel wall results in occlusion of
      coronary artery and stenosis, which could induce myocardial ischemia and oxygen
      deficiency. Intervention therapies like percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
      and coronary stent improve myocardial perfusion using catheter angioplasty to
      reduce stenosis and occlusion of coronary artery lumen. Accordingly, intervention
      therapies are widely applied in clinic to treat ischemic cardiovascular disease,
      arterial intima hyperplasia and other heart diseases, which could save the
      patients' life rapidly and effectively. However, these interventions also damage
      the original endothelium, promote acute and subacute thrombosis and intimal
      hyperplasia, and thus induce in-stent restenosis (ISR) eventually. Studies
      indicated that the rapid reendothelialization of damaged section determined
      postoperative effects. In this review, reendothelialization of implants after
      intervention therapy is discussed, including the resource of cells contributed on
      injured artery, the influences of implanted stents on hemodynamic, and the
      effects of damaged degree on reendothelialization.

PMID- 27382762
TI  - [Development of Terahertz Imaging Technology in the Assessment of Burn Injuries].
AB  - Terahertz waves have unique properties and advantages, which makes it gain
      increasing attention and applications in the biomedical field. Burns is a common
      clinical trauma. Since the water-sensitive and non-destructive characteristics of
      terahertz, terahertz imaging techniques can be used to detect burns. So far,
      terahertz imaging technology in the assessment of burn injuries has been
      developed from ex vivo to in vivo, and high-resolution images can be obtained
      through the gauzes and plasters. In this paper, we mainly introduces the
      application of terahertz imaging technology and development in the assessment of
      burn injuries.

PMID- 27382763
TI  - [Research Progress of NOS3 Participation in Regulatory Mechanisms of
      Cardiovascular Diseases].
AB  - Cardiovascular disease has been a major threat to human's health and lives for
      many years. It is of great importance to explore the mechanisms and develop
      strategies to prevent the pathogenesis. Generally, cardiovascular disease is
      associated with endothelial dysfunction, which is closely related to the nitric
      oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilatation. The release of NO is regulated by NOS3 gene
      in mammals' vascular system. A great deal of evidences have shown that the
      polymorphism and epigenetic of NOS3 gene play vital roles in the pathological
      process of cardiovascular disease. To gain insights into the role of NOS3 in the
      cardiovascular diseases, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms underlying the
      development of cardiovascular diseases in this paper, including the uncoupling of
      NOS3 protein, epigenetic and polymorphism of NOS3 gene. The review can also offer
      possible strategies to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.

PMID- 27382764
TI  - [Analysis Methods of Short-term Non-linear Heart Rate Variability and Their
      Application in Clinical Medicine].
AB  - The linear analysis for heart rate variability (HRV), including time domain
      method, frequency domain method and time-frequency analysis, has reached a lot of
      consensus. The non-linear analysis has also been widely applied in biomedical and
      clinical researches. However, for non-linear HRV analysis, especially for short
      term non-linear HRV analysis, controversy still exists, and a unified standard
      and conclusion has not been formed. This paper reviews and discusses three short
      term non-linear HRV analysis methods (fractal dimension, entropy and complexity)
      and their principles, progresses and problems in clinical application in detail,
      in order to provide a reference for accurate application in clinical medicine.

PMID- 27382765
TI  - [Recent advances of miRNAs in adipose tissues].
AB  - microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of endogenous non-coding RNA about 22 nucleotide
      long, regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level by inhibiting the
      translation or inducing the degradation of their target mRNAs in organisms. A lot
      of studies reveal that miRNAs in adipose tissues are involved in adipocyte
      differentiation and lipid metabolism and modulated by multiple transcription
      factors, adipocytokines and environmental factors, which form a complex
      regulatory network maintaining the homeostasis of adipose tissues. The discovery
      of circulating miRNAs adds new elements to the regulatory network. To study the
      metabolic diseases such as obesity, we should keep a new insight into the complex
      dynamic network. In this review, we summarize the latest studies of miRNAs in
      adipose tissues, which might provide new strategies for the treatment of obesity
      and other related diseases.

PMID- 27382766
TI  - [Hemophilia B replacement therapy drugs].
AB  - Hemophilia B is an X chromosome linked hereditary hemorrhagic disease, which is
      caused by the lose function mutation of factor IX (FIX), and significantly
      affects the patients' lifespan and life quality. The severity of hemophilia B
      depends on the FIX level in the plasma. By referring to the relevant literatures,
      we reviewed and summarized hemophilia B replacement therapies. Specifically, we
      focus on recombinant factor IX products on the market and those in the pipeline,
      especially on the long-acting factor IX drugs, to provide the basis for
      researches of new hemophilia B drugs.

PMID- 27382767
TI  - [Strategies to choose scaffold materials for tissue engineering].
AB  - Current therapies of organ failure or a wide range of tissue defect are often not
      ideal. Transplantation is the only effective way for long time survival. But it
      is hard to meet huge patients demands because of donor shortage, immune rejection
      and other problems. Tissue engineering could be a potential option. Choosing a
      suitable scaffold material is an essential part of it. According to different
      sources, tissue engineering scaffold materials could be divided into three types
      which are natural and its modified materials, artificial and composite ones. The
      purpose of tissue engineering scaffold is to repair the tissues or organs damage,
      so could reach the ideal recovery in its function and structure aspect.
      Therefore, tissue engineering scaffold should even be as close as much to the
      original tissue or organs in function and structure. We call it "organic
      scaffold" and this strategy might be the drastic perfect substitute for the
      tissues or organs in concern. Optimized organization with each kind scaffold
      materials could make up for biomimetic structure and function of the tissue or
      organs. Scaffold material surface modification, optimized preparation procedure
      and cytosine sustained-release microsphere addition should be considered
      together. This strategy is expected to open new perspectives for tissue
      engineering. Multidisciplinary approach including material science, molecular
      biology, and engineering might find the most ideal tissue engineering scaffold.
      Using the strategy of drawing on each other strength and optimized organization
      with each kind scaffold material to prepare a multifunctional biomimetic tissue
      engineering scaffold might be a good method for choosing tissue engineering
      scaffold materials. Our research group had differentiated bone marrow mesenchymal
      stem cells into bile canaliculi like cells. We prepared poly(L-lactic
      acid)/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) biliary stent. The scaffold's internal played a
      part in the long-term release of cytokines which mixed with sustained-release
      nano-microsphere containing growth factors. What's more, the stent internal
      surface coated with glue/collagen matrix mixing layer containing bFGF and EGF so
      could supplying the early release of the two cytokines. Finally, combining the
      poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) biliary stent with the induced
      cells was the last step for preparing tissue-engineered bile duct. This
      literature reviewed a variety of the existing tissue engineering scaffold
      materials and briefly introduced the impact factors on the characteristics of
      tissue engineering scaffold materials such as preparation procedure, surface
      modification of scaffold, and so on. We explored the choosing strategy of desired
      tissue engineering scaffold materials.

PMID- 27382768
TI  - [Effect of phenolic ketones on ethanol fermentation and cellular lipid
      composition of Pichia stipitis].
AB  - Lignin degradation products are toxic to microorganisms, which is one of the
      bottlenecks for fuel ethanol production. We studied the effects of phenolic
      ketones (4-hydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone and 4-hydroxy
      3,5-dimethoxy-acetophenone) derived from lignin degradation on ethanol
      fermentation of xylose and cellular lipid composition of Pichia stipitis NLP31.
      Ethanol and the cellular fatty acid of yeast were analyzed by high performance
      liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
      Results indicate that phenolic ketones negatively affected ethanol fermentation
      of yeast and the lower molecular weight phenolic ketone compound was more toxic.
      When the concentration of 4-hydroxyacetophenone was 1.5 g/L, at fermentation of
      24 h, the xylose utilization ratio, ethanol yield and ethanol concentration
      decreased by 42.47%, 5.30% and 9.76 g/L, respectively, compared to the control.
      When phenolic ketones were in the medium, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to
      saturated fatty acids (UFA/SFA) of yeast cells was improved. When 1.5 g/L of
      three aforementioned phenolic ketones was added to the fermentation medium, the
      UFA/SFA ratio of yeast cells increased to 3.03, 3.06 and 3.61, respectively,
      compared to 2.58 of the control, which increased cell membrane fluidity and
      instability. Therefore, phenolic ketones can reduce the yeast growth, increase
      the UFA/SFA ratio of yeast and lower ethanol productivity. Effectively reduce or
      remove the content of lignin degradation products is the key to improve
      lignocellulose biorefinery.

PMID- 27382769
TI  - [Protective effect and mechanism of beta-CM7 on renin angiotensin system &
      diabetic cardiomyopathy].
AB  - This article aimed at exploring the effects and protective mechanism of beta-CM7
      on renin angiotensin system (RAS) in diabetic rats myocardial tissue. We divided
      32 male SD rats into 4 groups: control group, diabetic model control group,
      insulin (3.7x10(-8) mol/d) treatment group and beta-CM7 (7.5x10(-8) mol/d)
      treatment group. After 30 days, all rats were decapitated and myocardical tissues
      were collected immediately. After injection, beta-CM7 could decrease the content
      of Ang II, increase the content of Angl-7. And beta-CM7 could improve the mRNA of
      AT1 receptor and Mas receptor. beta-CM7 also could improve the mRNA of ACE and
      ACE2, enhance the activity of ACE and ACE2. These data confirmed tli beta-CM7
      could activate ACE2-Angl-7-Mas axis, negative passage in RAS, to inhibit the
      expression ACE mnRiJA and protein in rat myocardium, alleviate the myocardial
      tissue damage induced by Ang II. The effect of beta-CM7 on inhibiting myocardium
      damage might be related to ACE/ACE2 passageway.

PMID- 27382770
TI  - [Screening of drug resistent gene by cyclical packaging rescue of hepatocellular
      carcinoma retroviral cDNA libraries].
AB  - Multidrug resistant genes are highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma that
      seriousty affects the effect of chemotherapy. Screening of resistant genes from
      HCC cells and studying its mechanism of drug resistance will be helpful to
      improve the effecacy of chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we
      described an alternative method called cyclical packaging rescue (CPR). First we
      constructed a retrovirus cDNA library of hepatoma cells and used it to infect
      fibroblasts. Then we added drugs to screen survival cells. The survival cells,
      stably integrated helper-free retroviral libraries, were recovered rapidly after
      transfection with plasmids expressing retroviral gag-pol and env genes. Through
      this method, retroviral RNAs were directly repackaged into new infectious
      virions. Recovered retroviral supernatant was then used to reinfect fresh target
      cells. When performed in concert with selection using functional assays, cDNAs
      regulating functional responses could be identified by enrichment through
      multiple rounds of retroviral library recovery and retransmission. Using CPR, we
      obtained several cDNAs. After a preliminary detection, we found Ribosomal protein
      S11 (RPS11), Ribosomal protein L6 (RPL6), Ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11),
      Ribosomal protein L24 (RPL24) possibly had drug resistant function.

PMID- 27382771
TI  - [Construction of Fat-1 eukaryotic expression vector of excision markers and the
      establishment of transgenic sheep cell lines].
AB  - In order to establish marker-free transgenic cell lines, we cloned Fat-1 gene,
      attB and Loxp sequences by PCR. Then we inserted these sequences to pN1-EGFP
      vector and got pEGFP-N1-Fat-1 expression vector. PhiC31 integrase mRNA which was
      generated by in vitro transcription and a pEGFP-N1-Fat-1 expression vector co
      electroporated into sheep fetal fibroblasts, and then we got transgenic cell
      lines expressing green fluorescence. Prokaryotic expression and purification of
      Cre recombinant protein was performed. Cre recombinant protein was transducted
      into stably-transfected cell colonies. We identified cell colonies by sequencing
      and established marker-free transgenic cell lines and eventually- established
      marker-free transgenic cell lines which were building more safely basic for
      producing Fat-1 transgenic animals.

PMID- 27382772
TI  - [Role of NO signal in ABA-induced phenolic acids accumulation in Salvia
      miltiorrhiza hairy roots].
AB  - To investigate roles of nitric oxide (NO) signal in accumulations of phenolic
      acids in abscisic.acid (ABA)-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots, S.
      miltiorrhiza hairy roots were treated with different concentrations of sodium
      nitroprusside (SNP)-an exogenous NO donor, for 6 days, and contents of phenolic
      acids in the hairy roots are determined. Then with treatment of ABA and NO
      scavenger (2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1- oxyl-3-oxide,
      c-PTIO) or NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME),
      contents of phenolic acids and expression levels of three key genes involved in
      phenolic acids biosynthesis were detected. Phenolic acids production in S.
      miltiorrhiza hairy roots was most significantly improved by 100 umoL/L SNP.
      Contents of RA and salvianolic acid B increased by 3 and 4 folds. ABA
      significantly improved transcript levels of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase),
      TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase) and RAS (rosmarinic acid synthase), and increased
      phenolic acids accumulations. However, with treatments of ABA+c-PTIO or ABA+L
      NAME, accumulations of phenolic acids and expression levels of the three key
      genes were significantly inhibited. Both NO and ABA can increase accumulations of
      phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. NO signal probably mediates the
      ABA-induced phenolic acids production.

PMID- 27382773
TI  - [The modified bacterial two-hybrid system].
AB  - Bacterial two-hybrid system is a newly developed method for studying protein
      protein interactions. However, in our studies of the interaction of regulatory
      proteins in Streptomyces, it was found that the bacterial two-hybrid system is
      not sensitive enough by the blue-and-white selection on X-gal plate. To overcome
      this drawback, the reason of false positive clone was firstly determined, which
      was the disturbance of other direct or indirect regulation on lacZ promoter. Then
      the disturbance was diluted by introducing multicopy lacZ promoter, which drive
      another reporter gene gfp. By such design, the sensitivity of the modified
      bacterial two-hybrid system was significantly inproved and the two different
      reporters also help to decrease the rate of the false positive clones. Further
      the evaluation of the modifiedd bacterial two-hybrid system indicated that the
      sensitivity was significantly improved.

PMID- 27382774
TI  - [Identification and characterization of a novel hemocyte specific gene Bm04862 in
      silkworm, Bombyx mori].
AB  - Bm04862 is a novel hemocyte-specific gene, which has been identified and cloned
      through the microarray data in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Initially, we successfully
      obtained the full-length cDNA sequence of Bm04862 via the rapid amplification of
      cDNA ends (RACE). The sequence consists of an open reading frame (ORF) with 819
      bp, which could encode 273 amino acid residues. The bioinformatics analysis
      predicted that Bm04862 was a transmembrane protein. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis
      revealed that the expression of Bm04862 was specifically detected in hemocyte and
      reached a peak at L4M and PP2 stage. Bm04862 was overexpressed in Sf9 insect
      cells, and the cellular localization indicated that Bm04862 was specifically
      located in cytoplasm and nuclei membrane. Interestingly, the expression of
      Bm04862 increas'd dramatically after challenged with Escherichia coli for 24
      hours, which predicted its potential role in the innate immune system. Overall,
      this study could provide the fundamental knowledge for further research.

PMID- 27382775
TI  - [Preparation and crystallization of Polygonum cuspidatum benzalacetone synthase].
AB  - The chalcone synthase (CHS) superfamily of the type III polyketide synthases
      (PKSs) generates backbones of a variety of plant secondary metabolites.
      Benzalacetone synthase (BAS) catalyzes a condensation reaction of decarboxylation
      between the substrates of 4-coumaric coenzyme A and malonyl coenzyme A to
      generate benzylidene acetone, whose derivatives are series of compounds with
      various biological activities. A BAS gene Pcpks2 and a bifunctional CHS/BAS
      PcPKSI were isolated from medicinal plant P. cuspidatum. Crystallographic and
      structure-based mutagenesis studies indicate that the functional diversity of the
      CHS-superfamily enzymes is principally derived from small modifications of the
      active site architecture. In order to obtain an understanding of the biosynthesis
      of polyketides in P. cuspidatum, which has been poorly described, as well as of
      its activation mechanism, PcPKS2 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a C
      terminally poly-His-tagged fusion protein, purified to homogeneity and
      crystallized, which is helpful for the clarification of the catalytic mechanism
      of the enzyme and lays the foundation for its genetic engineering manipulation.

PMID- 27382776
TI  - [Effect of ribosome engineering on butenyl-spinosyns synthesis of
      Saccharopolyspora pogona].
AB  - Through introducing mutations into ribosomes by obtaining spontaneous drug
      resistance of microorganisms, ribosome engineering technology is an effective
      approach to develop mutant strains that overproduce secondary metabolites. In
      this study, ribosome engineering was used to improve the yield of butenyl
      spinosyns produced by Saccharopolyspora pogona by screening streptomycin
      resistant mutants. The yields of butenyl-spinosyns were then analyzed and
      compared with the parent strain. Among the mutants, S13 displayed the greatest
      increase in the yield of butenyl-spinosyns, which was 1.79 fold higher than that
      in the parent strain. Further analysis of the metabolite profile of S13 by mass
      spectrometry lead to the discovery of Spinosyn alpha1, which was absent from the
      parent strain. DNA sequencing showed that there existed two point mutations in
      the conserved regions of rpsL gene which encodes ribosomal protein S12 in S13.
      The mutations occurred a C to A and a C to T transversion mutations occurred at
      nucleotide pair 314 and 320 respectively, which resulted in the mutations of
      Proline (105) to Gultamine and Alanine (107) to Valine. It also demonstrated that
      S13 exhibited genetic stability even after five passages.

PMID- 27382777
TI  - [Microbial drugs: captured again as S&T spotlight: To the special issue
      "Innovation & Highly Efficient Production of Microbial Drugs"].

PMID- 27382778
TI  - [Guest Editor].

PMID- 27382779
TI  - [New natural products from the marine-derived Aspergillus fungi-A review].
AB  - Marine-derived fungi were the main source of marine microbial natural products
      (NPs) due to their complex genetic background, chemodiversity and high yield of
      NPs. According to our previous survey for marine microbial NPs from 2010 to 2013,
      Aspergillus fungi have received the most of attention among all the marine
      derived fungi, which accounted for 31% NPs of the marine fungal origins. This
      paper reviewed the sources, chemical structures and bioactivites of all the 512
      new marine NPs of Aspergillus fungal origins from 1992 to 2014. These marine NPs
      have diverse chemical structures including polyketides, fatty acids, sterols and
      terpenoids, alkaloids, peptides, and so on, 36% of which displayed bioactivities
      such as cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant and insecticidal
      activity. Nitrogen compounds are the major secondary metabolites accounting for
      52% NPs from the marine-derived Aspergillus fungi. Nitrogen compounds are also
      the class with the highest ratio of bioactive compounds, 40% of which are
      bioactive. Plinabulin, a dehydrodiketopiperazine derivative of halimide had been
      ended its phase II trial and has received its phase III study from the third
      quarter of 2015 for the treatment of advanced, metastatic non-small cell lung
      cancer.

PMID- 27382780
TI  - [Progress in streptothricin antibiotics - A review].
AB  - Streptothricins are a group of the earliest discovered antibiotics with broad
      antimicrobial spectrum, and have been used for crop protection. We reviewed the
      studies on streptothricin resistance, biosynthesis of the three components
      (streptolidine, carbamoylated D-glucosamine and poly beta-lysine chain) and
      chemical synthesis of streptothricins. The important aspects for future
      streptothricin researches were also discussed.

PMID- 27382781
TI  - [Recent advances in lanthipeptide biosynthesis - A review].
AB  - Lanthipeptides are a growing class of ribosomally synthesized and
      posttranslationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products. These compounds are
      widely distributed among taxonomically distant species, and their structures and
      biological activities are diverse, providing an important source for drug
      research and developement. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in
      the understanding of structure, classification, evolution and substrate
      controlled biosynthetic mechanism of lanthipeptide, attempting to highlight the
      intriguing chemistry and enzymology in the biosynthesis of this growing family of
      natural products.

PMID- 27382782
TI  - [Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of dithiolopyrrolone - A review].
AB  - Dithiolopyrrolones are a family of antibiotics that possess the unique
      pyrrolinonodithiole (4H-[1,2] dithiolo [4, 3-b] pyrrol-5-one) skeleton. This
      family of natural products can be divided into three subfamilies: N-methyl-N-
      acylpyrrothine, N-acylpyrrothine and thiomarinols. So far, more than 27 members
      of this group of natural products have been reported including the well-known
      antibiotics holomycin, thiolutin, aureothricin and recently isolated
      thiomarinols. Dithiolopyrrolones exhibit relatively broad-spectrum antibiotic
      activities against many Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and parasites. Some
      dithiolopyrrolones even have antitumor activities. In recent years, several
      dithiolopyrrolone biosynthetic gene clusters have been reported and their
      biosynthetic mechanisms have also been intensively studied. This review will give
      an overview about the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of the
      dithiolopyrrolone natural products, and provides references to guide the creation
      of hybrid "unnatural" dithiolopyrrolones with better bioactivity and low toxicity
      by synthetic biology.

PMID- 27382783
TI  - [Advances in the biosynthesis of spinosad - A review].
AB  - Spinosad, extracted from Saccharopolyspora spinosa, one of the most successful
      commercial bio-insecticides, is derived from a family of macrocyclic lactones. It
      shows excellent potent insecticidal activities, low residue, and low
      environmental effect. Here, we reviewed the biosynthetic pathway of spinosad, the
      chemoenzymatic method of spinosad synthesis, and the strain improvement method
      and the heterologous expression of spinosad.

PMID- 27382784
TI  - [Functional characterization of gouC and gouD in gougerotin biosynthesis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the functions of gouC and gouD in gougerotin
      biosynthesis, disruption of these two genes was performed. As gougerotin
      producing strain Streptomyces graminearus lacks efficient genetic manipulation
      system, the gene cluster for gougerotin biosynthesis was heterologously expressed
      in Streptomyces coelicolor M1146 to facilitate genetic manipulations of gouC and
      gouD. METHODS: By using fosmid D6-4H containing the complete gougerotin
      biosynthetic gene cluster, gouC and gouD were disrupted by PCR-targeting method
      to generate pGOUe-DeltaC and pGOUe-DeltaD. Both pGOUe-DeltaC and pGOUe-DeltaD
      were introduced into Streptomyces coelicolor M1146 by intergeneric conjugation,
      thus gouC and gouD disrpution mutants (Ml146-GOUe-AC and M1146-GOUe-DeltaD) were
      obtained. The gougerotin production of M1146-GOUe-DeltaC and M1146-GOUe-DeltaD
      were assayed by HPLC analysis. The intermediates accumulated in these mutants
      were purified and subjected to MS and NMR analyses for structure determinations.
      Bioassay of these intermediates against tumor cell line were also carried out.
      RESULTS: Disruption mutants of gouC and gouD failed to produce gougerotin and the
      mutants accumulated different gougerotin intermediates, which lost their ability
      to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: gouC and gouD are key structual
      genes in the biosynthesis of gougerotin peptidyl moieties. This study will pave
      the way for the elucidation of gougerotin biosynthetic pathway.

PMID- 27382785
TI  - [Efficient production of polyketide products in Streptomyces hosts - A review].
AB  - Polyketides represent an important class of structurally and functionally diverse
      secondary metabolites with high economic value. Among bacteria, Streptomycetes
      are the main producers of polyketides. To enhance polyketide production in
      Streptomyces hosts, rational metabolic engineering approaches have been applied,
      such as overexpressing rate-limiting enzymes, or transcriptional activator,
      increasing the supply of precursor, removing feedback inhibition by end products
      and heterologous expression of polyketide biosynthetic gene clusters. In this
      review, we discuss examples of successful metabolic engineering strategies used
      to improve polyketide production in Streptomycetes. Meanwhile, we also address
      future prospective, emerging synthetic biology strategies to dynamically adjust
      the metabolic fluxes of pathways related to polyketide synthesis.

PMID- 27382786
TI  - [Progress in heterologous expression of fungal natural products-A review].
AB  - Fungal products are important resources for natural drugs. Availabilities of many
      fungal genome sequences indicate that fungi have the huge potential to produce
      secondary metabolites. However, many valuable fungal natural products are hard to
      obtain under regular lab conditions because fungi are slow to grow, difficult to
      genetically modify, or have low yield of desired metabolites. Therefore,
      developing a heterologous expression system has been an efficient approach to
      discover novel natural product and elucidate the complicated biosynthetic
      pathways. This review describes several heterologous expression systems that have
      been successfully used for the expression of fungal biosynthetic gene clusters.
      Also, we address the application perspective based on the emerging DNA assembly
      technologies.

PMID- 27382787
TI  - [Progress in developing and applying Streptomyces chassis - A review].
AB  - Natural products and their derivatives play an important role in modern
      healthcare. Their diversity in bioactivity and chemical structure inspires
      scientists to discover new drug entities for clinical use. However, chemical
      synthesis of natural compounds has insurmountable difficulties in technology and
      cost. Also, many original-producing bacteria have disadvantages of needing harsh
      cultivation conditions, having low productivity and other shortcomings. In
      addition, some gene clusters responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis
      are silence in the original strains. Therefore, it is of great significance to
      exploit strategy for the heterologous expression of natural products guided by
      synthetic biology. Recently, researchers pay more attention on using
      actinomycetes that are the main source of many secondary metabolites, such as
      antibiotics, anticancer agents, and immunosuppressive drugs. Especially, with
      huge development of genome sequencing, abundant resources of natural product
      biosynthesis in Streptomyces have been discovered, which highlight the special
      advantages on developing Streptomyces as the heterologous expression chassis
      cells. This review begins with the significance of the development of
      Streptomyces chassis, focusing on the strategies and the status in developing
      Streptomyces chassis cells, followed by examples to illustrate the practical
      applications of a variety of Streptomyces chassis.

PMID- 27382788
TI  - [The strategies and research progresses of rational improvement of the yield of
      microbial drug- A review].
AB  - Microbial drug is a large family of small molecules with unusual structural
      features and potent bioactivities. The production of microbial drug is crucial
      for its subsequent development and cost. Traditional breeding strategies for
      microbial drug production have been demonstrated to be remarkably effective, but
      they have also indicated the drawback of exceptional randomness and high cost.
      Synthetic biology has recently promised a revival for the rational enhancement of
      microbial drugs. In this review, we mainly discuss the recent progress from the
      aspects of promoter engineering, precursor supply, genome shuffling and etc., to
      delineate the application of the synthetic biology strategies to enhance the
      production of the microbial drugs, particularly, produced by actinomycetes.

PMID- 27382789
TI  - [Advances in the regulation of cephalosporin C biosynthesis - A review].
AB  - The beta-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin C is produced industrially by Acremonium
      chrysogenum. Its derivative 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) is the
      intermediate of most chemical modification cephalosporins that are the most
      frequently used antibiotics for the therapy of infectious diseases. Due to its
      importance, the biosynthetic pathway of cephalosporin C has been elucidated in
      Acremonium chrysogenum. To improve the yield of cephalosporin C and reduce the
      cost of production, recent studies have been focused on the sophisticated
      regulation of cephalosporin C biosynthesis. In this review, recent advances in
      cephalosporin C biosynthesis and regulation are summarized.

PMID- 27382790
TI  - [ECF-sigma5 in Sreptomyces avermitilis is involved in regulation of avermectin
      biosynthesis and stress response].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investegated the role of extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma
      factor, sigma5, in avermectin biosynthesis, morphological differentiation and
      stress response in S. avermitilis. METHODS: We constructed sig5 gene deletion,
      complementation and overexpression strains and determined the role of sigma5 in
      avermectin production and morphological differentiation by shaking flask
      fermentation and morphological observation of these strains. We used RT-qPCR,
      EMSA and ChIP assays to identify the target genes of sigma5. We used stress tests
      to reveal the stress response that sigma5 may be involved in. RESULTS:
      Determination of avermectin production and morphological observation in sig5
      related strains implied that sigma5 inhibits avermectin production, but has no
      effect on growth or morphology. Deletion of sig5 increased transcription levels
      of pathway-specific activator gene aveR and structural gene aveAl, but sigma5 did
      not bind to the promoter regions of aveR and aveAl. RT-qPCR and ChIP assays
      showed that sigma5 positively regulates the transcription of itself and adjacent
      genes by binding to the promoter regions of sig5, SA V612, SA V615 and SA V618.
      Stress tests suggested that sigma5 is involved in responding to osmotic stress.
      CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that sigma5 indirectly inhibits avermectin
      production by affecting transcription of ave genes.

PMID- 27382791
TI  - [The analysis of major metabolic pathways in Bacillus thuringiensis under
      alkaline stress].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to determine the appropriate stage for exploring the
      responseof Bacillus thuringiensis to the alkaline stress, to profile the
      metabolic pathways under this stress. METHODS: Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and
      qRT-PCR, the proper stage was defined by monitoring the transcriptional changes
      of marker gene pspA, which was known as a responsive gene under the alkaline
      stress. The total RNA was then extracted to perform the microarray hybridizations
      for samples under stress and control, respectively. Gene Ontology and pathway
      enrichments were conducted to analyze the global changes of carbon metabolism,
      metabolism of fatty acid synthesis and amino acid. RESULTS: For B. thuringiensis
      in the mid-log growth phase, treatment of 28 mmol/L NaOH for 10 mins is the
      feasible approach to analyze the response of B. thuringiensis to this stress.
      More than twenty genes encoding important enzymes in glycolytic pathway were up
      regulated and majority of genes involved in catalyzing alpha-ketoglutarate into
      malic acid were also found to up-regulated more than two folds. CONCLUSION: By
      analyzing the gene expression profile, the major metabolisms of B. thuringiensis
      were found to be clearly enhanced under alkaline stress. Large quantities of acid
      including malic acid and lactic acid may contribute a lot to the adaptation of
      alkaline condition.

PMID- 27382792
TI  - [Cytochrome P450 enzymes and microbial drug development - A review].
AB  - Cytochrome P450 enzymes broadly exist in animals, plants and microorganisms. This
      superfamily of monooxygenases holds the greatest diversity of substrate
      structures and catalytic reaction types among all enzymes. P450 enzymes play
      important roles in natural product biosynthesis. In particular, P450 enzymes are
      capable of catalyzing the regio- and stereospecific oxidation of non-activated C
      H bonds in complex organic compounds under mild conditions, which overrides many
      chemical catalysts. This advantage thus warrants their great potential in
      microbial drug development. In this review, we introduce a variety of P450
      enzymes involved in natural product biosynthesis; provide a brief overview on
      protein engineering, biotransformation and practical application of P450 enzymes;
      and discuss the limits, challenges and prospects of industrial application of
      P450 enzymes.

PMID- 27382793
TI  - [Production of plant-derived natural products in yeast cells - A review].
AB  - Plant-derived natural products (PNPs) have been widely used in pharmaceutical and
      nutritional fields. So far, the main method to produce PNPs is extracting them
      from their original plants, however, there remains lots of problems. With the
      concept of synthetic biology, construction of yeast cell factories for production
      of PNPs provides an alternative way. In this review, we will focus on PNPs'
      market and application, research progress for production of artemisinin, research
      progress for production of terpenes, alkaloids and polyunsaturated fatty acid
      (PUFAs) and recent technology development to give a brief introduction of
      construction of yeast cells for production of PNPs.

PMID- 27382794
TI  - [Progress of cell-free protein synthesis system and its applications in
      pharmaceutical engineering - A review].
AB  - Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems have been widely used for decades as a
      rapid and efficient tool in fundamental biology. Without the requirements for
      cell viability and growth, CFPS systems have distinct advantages over in vivo
      systems for protein production. Recently, great efforts have been made to further
      optimize CFPS systems to produce proteins at high yields, reduced cost and
      increased scale, including simplifying extract preparation procedures, developing
      new energy regeneration systems to protein synthesis, stabilizing substrate
      supply and promoting protein folding. Nowadays, CFPS systems are emerging as a
      powerful platform for industrial and high-throughput production of protein
      therapeutics, providing an alternative solution to solve problems in
      biopharmaceutical engineering. Moreover, CFPS systems have been successfully
      applied to high-throughput drug screening, large-scale protein therapeutics
      production, custom-made anti-cancer vaccines. These achievements highlight that
      CFPS systems have great potential for a wide range of applications in
      biopharmaceutical engineering in the future.

PMID- 27382795
TI  - [Avermectin, from winning the Nobel Prize to "innovation in China"].
AB  - The uprise of the superpower nations is always accompanied by the breakthrough
      and advances of technologies and innovations in the history. Natural products
      play very important role in human health, such as anticancer molecular taxol,
      anti-infection drug artemisinin that save a lot of lives, metabolic disease
      treatment, nutrition and health care. However, more has never been explored. With
      the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to William C. Campbell,
      Satoshi Omura, and Youyou Tu for the discovery of avermectins and artemisinin
      respectively, the second "Golden age" in the development of natural product is
      dawning. China is a "world factory" and natural drugs-rich country, but how to
      upgrade and advance the industry and realize the China dream? Avermectins,
      produced by Streptomyces avermitilis, are pesticide with high efficiency and low
      levels of side effects. However, the low producer and expensive development
      pattern of high consumption, high contamination is not sustainable. Solving the
      problem, increasing the production and utilization of raw material, reducing the
      energy consumption and cost of production, decreasing environmental pollution are
      key to transform China into a power house. In this paper, we case-study
      avermectins to review the industry development driven by fundamental research.
      Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy.of Sciences increased the production
      of avermectin 1000 folds to 9 g/L, which out licensed to new Veyong biochemical
      Ltd and avermectin Coalitions. As a result, Merck Sharp and Dohme ceased the
      manufacture of avermectins. The success also shed lights on the improvement of
      other natural product drugs in China.

PMID- 27382796
TI  - [Orthobiologic treatment with platelet-rich plasma: is there sufficient evidence
      for its recommendation?].
AB  - In recent years there has been a boom in the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as
      an orthobiology (therapy based on cell biological agents) material agent. The
      presence of growth factors and other bioactive agents stored in alpha platelet
      granules and whose properties are well determined in cell proliferation,
      angiogenesis and extracellular matrix formation have involved the PRP containing
      supraphysiological concentrations of autologous platelets in tissue regeneration
      processes. The relative ease of preparation of PRP, its generally ambulatory
      application, the almost complete absence of side effects and the possibility to
      observe satisfactory results of clinical improvement makes the PRP a promising
      treatment in regenerative processes. However, there is still a lack of knowledge
      of the mechanism of action of the PRP, creating skepticism regarding their use
      and potential efficacy. Caution should be taken until the clinical evidence is
      stablished. On this subject some questions that should be answered in future
      research are listed below: What is the optimal preparation of PRP? What is the
      most effective method for the activation of PRP? Which is better, the use of
      total PRP or only the platelet growth factors? And finally, what pathological
      conditions should be chosen for the routine application of PRP? The answers to
      these questions through well-designed studies and systematic reviews by experts,
      would lead to the routine use of PRP as the recommended treatment. As final
      conclusion, the AAOS (The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons) made a
      consideration that today is still valid: in a Forum in 2011 concluded that "the
      PRP is an option that has not yet been proven."

PMID- 27382797
TI  - [High activity antiretroviral therapy change associated to adverse drug reactions
      in a specialized center in Venezuela].
AB  - Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent the first cause of change of the first
      line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen, therefore, they
      constitute the main limiting factor in the long-term follow up of HIV patients in
      treatment. A retrospective study was carried out in a specialized center in Lara
      State, Venezuela, including 99 patients over 18 years of age who had change of
      first-line HAART regimen due to ADRs, between 2010 and 2013. The aims of this
      research were to describe the sociodemographic and clinical variables, frequency
      of ADRs related to change of HAART, duration of the first-line HAART regimen, to
      determine the drugs associated with ARVs and to identify the risk factors. The
      ADRs constituted 47.5% of all causes of change of first-line HAART regimen, the
      median duration was 1.08+/-0.28 years. The most frequent ADRs were anemia
      (34.3%), hypersensitivity reactions (20.2%) and gastrointestinal intolerance
      (13.1%). The most frequent ARV regimen type was the protease inhibitors-based
      regimen (59.6%), but zidovudine was the ARV most linked to ADRs (41.4%). The
      regression analysis showed increased risk of ADRs in singles and students in the
      univariate analysis and heterosexuals and homosexuals in multivariate analysis;
      and decreased risk in active workers. The present work shows the high prevalence
      of ADRs in the studied population and represents the first case-based study that
      describes the pharmacoepidemiology of a cohort of HIV-positive patients treated
      in Venezuela.

PMID- 27382798
TI  - [Molecular characterization of hepatitis C virus in patients referred to a
      reference laboratory of public health, University Hospital "Antonio Patricio de
      Alcala", Cumani, Venezuela].
AB  - The World Health Organization estimates that approximately 170 million people are
      chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). This study evaluated the
      presence of antibodies against HCV by two immunoassays. HCV genotypes were
      analyzed by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome fragments amplified from the 5
      'non-coding (5'NC) region and non-structural region 5b (NS5b), using reverse
      transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in patients referred
      from January 2010 to February 2013 to the Reference Laboratory of Public Health,
      University Hospital "Antonio Patricio de Alcala". The prevalence of anti-HCV
      antibodies was 0.57% (17/3005), being the group of patients older than 41 years
      the most affected (0.9%). A total of 16 samples were found positive for HCV RNA
      by RT-PCR in the 5'NC region (16/17, 94%). Phylogenetic analysis of the 5'NC
      region allowed to identify the circulation of genotypes 2 and 1, and one genotype
      3 and one 4. By phylogenetic analysis of the NS5b region, diverse subtypes of HCV
      genotype 2 were identified (2a, 2j and 2s). This finding is in accordance with
      previous studies that indicate that this genotype is relatively diverse in our
      country.

PMID- 27382799
TI  - [Evaluation of discriminatory power of molecular epidemiology techniques in
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis Venezuelan isolates].
AB  - The techniques of spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit
      and variable-number tandem repeat typing with 24 loci (MIRU-VNTR-24), have been
      used to study the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis. The aim of this study
      was: to evaluate the discriminative power of MIRU-VNTR 24 loci alone and in
      association with spoligotyping in clinical isolates of M tuberculosis in
      Venezuela; the allelic diversity of the 24 loci; and the discriminative power for
      the combination of 24 and 15 loci, 12 traditional loci (12t), those with higher
      allelic diversity and a new combination named 12inv. We analyzed one set of 104
      strains of different lineages and a second set of 431 strains belonging to the
      Latin-America and Mediterranean lineage (LAM) that is predominant in Venezuela.
      The determination of allelic diversity showed that 4052, 2163b, 424 y 2996 are
      highly discriminative. Clustering rates of MIRU-VNTR 24 loci, spoligotyping and
      MIRU-VNTR combined with spoligotyping for 104 isolates were 18.27%, 71.15% and
      14.4%, respectively, whereas with the 431 LAM strains the values were 43.2 %,
      95.8% and 37.4%. MIRU-VNTR combinations of 15, 12inv and 4 loci were more
      discriminatory than 12t. Clustering rates for MIRU-VNTR 15 and 12inv loci coupled
      with spoligotyping in the 104 isolated was 21% and 23%, while for LAM strains was
      52% and 46% respectively. The number of different genetics patterns for 15 and
      12inv loci were similar. In conclusion, we propose the use of a small number of
      informative loci MIRU-VNTR coupled to spoligotyping to investigate the
      transmission of tuberculosis in Venezuela.

PMID- 27382800
TI  - Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus and mutations associated to hepatocellular
      carcinoma in patients from Venezuela, with different stages of liver disease.
AB  - Globally, about 50% of liver cancer originates as a result of long term infection
      with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and some genotypes and mutations have been
      associated with an increased severity of infection. The aim of this study was to
      evaluate the genetic diversity of HBV in patients from Venezuela, with chronic
      infection, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to compare the
      occurrence of mutations in all patient groups. Samples from patients with
      different pathologies of the liver, associated with HBV infection, were
      collected. The HBV S region was analyzed for genotype determination and, when
      available, the whole genome sequence was examined for mutations analysis.
      Genotype F was the most common genotype (87%). While the HBV subgenotype F3 was
      the most frequent genotype in the whole group of samples (44%), the subgenotype
      F2 predominated in HCC patients (56%). Mutations were more common in HCC and
      cirrhosis cases (p=0.01). The A1762T mutation was significantly associated with
      the advanced stage of liver disease (p=0.008). Additionally, mutations were more
      common in early stages of liver disease in HBV subgenotype F2-infected patients,
      and a significant association between this subgenotype and the emergence of T
      1753C, A1762T, A1762T/G1764A (p=0.04) and C1773T (p=0.001) mutations in chronic
      patients was found, when compared to the HBV subgenotype F3. By comparing F2 with
      all other HBV subgenotypes, a positive association for the three basal core
      promoter (BCP) mutants (A1762T, A1762T/G1764A p=0.01, G1764A p=0.04) was found.
      These results suggest that the HBV subgenotype F2 might be associated to more
      severe forms of liver disease in comparison with the HBV subgenotype F3.

PMID- 27382801
TI  - [Superficial mycoses: casuistry of the Mycology Department of the Instituto
      Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel", Caracas, Venezuela (2001-2014)].
AB  - The superficial mycoses are very common infectious diseases and therefore are a
      frequent reason for medical consultation. The aim of this study was to determine
      the diagnostic frequency of superficial mycoses in the Mycology Department of the
      Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" during 14 years (2001-2014). A
      retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to review the mycological
      records of patients with presumptive diagnosis of superficial mycosis. Nails,
      hairs and epidermal scales were the processed samples. The identification of
      fungi was performed by macro and microscopic observation of colonies and
      biochemical and physiological tests, as required of the isolated agent. For the
      investigation of Malassezia spp. only direct examination was performed. Of the 3
      228 samples processed, 1 098 (34%) were positive and their distribution according
      to the etiological agent was: dermatophytes 79.5%; 10.9% yeasts; non
      dermatophytes fungi 5.1% and 4.5% Malassezia spp. The most frequently isolated
      dermatophyte was Trichophyton rubrum Complex (70.1%), followed by T
      mentagrophytes complex (15.1%), Microsporum canis (9.4%) and Epidermophyton
      floccosum (4%). The most frequent ringworms Were: Tinea unguium (66.8%), followed
      by Tineapedis (16.4%) and Tinea capitis (8.1%). Candida parapsilosis complex
      (37.5%) was the most frequently isolated yeast and Fusarium spp. (53.6%) was the
      most isolated among non-dermatophyte fungi, followed by Aspergillus spp. (19.6%)
      and Acremonium spp. (10.7%). The identification of the etiological agent is
      essential to guide appropriate treatment. This study constitutes an important
      contribution to the knowledge of the epidemiology of superficial mycoses in our
      country.

PMID- 27382802
TI  - [Atypical leiomyoma in a patient with cutaneous leiomyomatosis and mutation of
      the enzyme fumarate hydratase].
AB  - We report the case of a 56 year-old male with an atypical leiomyoma in the
      context of a cutaneous leiomyomatosis and a family history of uterine
      leiomyomatosis. The genetic study revealed a mutation in the gene for the enzyme
      fumarate hydratase, but he has not had any renal malignancy so far. Atypical
      leiomyoma is a rare tumor that usually presents as a single lesion and is
      exceptional in patients with cutaneous leiomyomatosis. The relation between
      fumarate hydratase enzyme mutations with multiple leiomyomas, uterine
      leiomyomatosis and an increased risk of developing kidney cancer is widely known.
      However, the role of these mutations in the development of atypical leiomyomas is
      still impossible to clarify given the few cases reported in the literature.

PMID- 27382803
TI  - [Adrenomedullin in the kidney: physiology and pathophysiology].
AB  - Adrenomedullin (AM) is a potent vasodilatory 52-aminoacid peptide hormone,
      ubiquitous with multiple physiological effects which contribute to homeostatic
      responses. Significantly, it is distributed in the adrenal gland, lung,
      cardiovascular and renal system. The biological effects of AM are directly
      mediated by specific receptors as heterodimers composed of the calcitonin
      receptor-like receptor (CLR) and one of two receptor activity modifying proteins
      (RAMP2 or RAMP3). The CLR/RAMP2 (AM1 receptor) is more highly AM-specific than
      The CLR/RAMP3 (AM2 receptor). Plasma levels of AM are elevated proportionately to
      the increase in blood pressure and degree of renal damage in patients with
      hypertension; likewise, these levels are correlated with the degree ofheart and
      arterial hypertrophy. AM has renal vasodilatory, natriuretic and diuretic
      actions; increased glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. AM inhibits
      proliferation and reactive oxygen species generation in mesangial cells; also
      inhibits aldosterone secretion in the zona glomerulosa and endothelin-1 in
      vascular smooth muscle cells. Therefore, it is proposed as a new marker in
      various diseases, especially chronic renal failure. This disease presents
      compensatory hypertrophy of the glomeruli and mesangial proliferation,
      administration of AM reduces the levels of proteinuria, suggesting that AM has an
      important modulator role in blood pressure and could be a therapeutic option for
      chronic renal failure.

PMID- 27382804
TI  - [Contamination, endocrine disruptors and cancer].
AB  - Since the mid-twentieth century, many species, very different from each other and
      located in all areas and comers of the planet, began presenting various
      alterations, many of which suggested to be related to endocrine disorders.
      Research has shown that such alterations were caused by exposure to various
      chemical contaminants that could affect the health and cause serious illnesses.
      Among them stands a diverse and large group of compounds, with very different
      chemical structures, capable of altering the hormonal balance, act at very low
      doses and with different mechanisms of action, that are called "endocrine
      disrupting chemicals". When released into the environment or as part of objects,
      food or medicines, constitute a major risk to animals and humans, which produces
      not only endocrine dysfunctions but also different cancers, which include the
      most common types. Despite the importance and significance of the impact of these
      compounds, they are not sufficiently known or understood, so the aim of this
      review is to show their origin and impact in the field of human health,
      highlighting their role as inducers of cancer, which has led to multiple clinical
      and biological investigations.

PMID- 27382805
TI  - [Present and future of therapy against hepatitis C].
AB  - Around 3% of the human population is infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 70
      80% of these individuals develop a chronic infection. There is no vaccine
      available against HCV and up to 50% of the infected patients do not respond to
      standard therapy, based on the combination of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and
      ribavirin. Recently, direct acting antiviral drugs against HCV have been made
      available for treatment, leading to a significant improvement in therapeutic
      success. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved ledipasvir plus
      sofosbuvir to treat the chronic infection, the first IFN- and ribavirin-free
      approved treatment. With such treatment, the eradication of the disease would be
      feasible, although drug costs are high. Host target therapy represents an
      emerging alternative, based on the understanding of host factors involved in the
      HCV infection. This therapy might show at least two theoretical benefits,
      increasing the number of options for therapy and raising the genetic barrier for
      selection of resistant variants. New treatment regimens may consist of classical
      therapy combined with host target-based therapy, hopefully in a synergistic
      manner.

PMID- 27382806
TI  - PERIMORTEM CESAREAN DELIVERY.

PMID- 27382807
TI  - CONTINUOUS NON-INVASIVE ARTERIAL PRESSURE DEVICE AS AN ADJUNCT TO RECOGNIZE
      FLUCTUATING BLOOD PRESSURES DURING ELECTIVE CESAREAN SECTION UNDER SUBARACHNOID
      BLOCKADE (SAB).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Measuring non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) in less than one minute
      intervals (STAT NIBP measurements) is not always feasible. Therefore, large
      number of undetectable hypotension episodes can only be recognized with
      continuous beat to beat monitoring of blood pressure, for example, by continuous
      non-invasive arterial pressure monitor (CNAP). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the
      current study was to investigate whether CNAP correlates well with conventional
      intermittent oscillometric NIBP during elective cesarean sections under
      subarachnoid blockade (SAB) and whether CNAP based patient management results in
      improved immediate maternal vasopressor requirements and improved immediate
      fetal/neonatal outcomes compared with NIBP based patient management. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: The CNAP finger cuff together with the CNAP arm cuff were placed on
      the same arm which also had the peripheral intravenous access.. On the
      contralateral arm the conventional NIBP arm cuff was placed. Study Group: The
      patients were managed by the anesthesia provider based on the CNAP monitor
      readings. Control Group: The patients were managed by the anesthesia provider
      based on the NIBP monitor readings. Results: The CNAP-based treatment (study)
      group had a statistically significant lower use of oxytocin and lower estimated
      blood loss than the NIBP-based treatment (control) group. The differences in
      incidences of vasopressors use and peri-operative nausea vomiting between study
      group and control group did not reach statistical significance. CNAP readings
      were more likely to be in systolic hypotensive phases (<l00mmHg) and diastolic
      hypertensive phases (>80mmHg) as compared to NIBP readings. CONCLUSION:
      Continuous non-invasive arterial pressure (CNAP) device may ONLY act as an
      adjunct to recognize fluctuating blood pressures during elective cesarean section
      under subarachnoid blockade (SAB).

PMID- 27382808
TI  - COMPARISON OF INDIRECT VIDEO LARYNGOSCOPES IN CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN TWO YEARS OF
      AGE: A RANDOMIZED TRAINEE EVALUATION STUDY.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gaining proficiency with various airway management tools is an
      important goal for anesthesiology training. Indirect video laryngoscopes
      facilitate tracheal intubation in adults, but it is not clear whether these
      findings translate to children. This study evaluates the total time to successful
      intubation when performed by anesthesiology trainees using GlideScope Cobalt(r)
      video laryngoscopy (GlideScope), Storz DCI(r) video laryngoscopy (Storz), or
      direct laryngoscopy (Direct) in children <2 years old with normal airway anatomy.
      METHODS: Sixty-five children presenting for elective surgery were randomly
      assigned to undergo tracheal intubation using GlideScope, Storz, or Direct.
      Laryngoscopists were anesthesiology trainees in clinical anesthesia year >=2 who
      had proven basic proficiency with each laryngoscope on an infant airway manikin.
      Total time to successful intubation (TTSI, seconds), rate of successful
      intubation on first laryngoscopy attempt, and the change in intubation time from
      manikin to clinical settings were recorded. An intubation time difference >10
      seconds was defined as clinically significant. RESULTS: TTSI was longer for Storz
      (42.1; 34.0 to 59.0) than for Direct (21.5; 17.0 to 34.3; p=0.002). We were not
      able to demonstrate a difference >10 seconds between the GlideScope and the other
      laryngoscopes. Median manikin intubation time was <10 seconds and increased
      significantly in the clinical setting for all laryngoscopes (all p <0.0001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Anesthesiology trainees completed manikin tracheal intubation
      rapidly with all laryngoscopes studied, but required a clinically significant
      longer time to tracheally intubate children <2 years. Our findings suggest in
      vivo training should be included to facilitate proficiency with device-specific
      intubation techniques.

PMID- 27382809
TI  - PERIPHERAL INTRAVENOUS CATHETER PROBLEMS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN PRESENTING FOR
      ANESTHESIA AND SURGERY.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anesthesia providers frequently rely upon in-situ peripheral
      intravenous catheters (IVs) during the perioperative care of pediatric patients.
      IV dysfunction can result in complications including inability to administer
      medications for resuscitation, extravasation of tissue-toxic medications, and
      incomplete induction of anesthesia. This study was performed to prospectively
      assess the frequency of IV dysfunction in children presenting for anesthesia
      care. METHODS: A survey of IV patency and integrity was completed in patients
      less than 18 years of age arriving at the preoperative holding area for
      anesthesia evaluation. Prior to the induction of anesthesia, an anesthesiologist
      examined the IV for patency and evidence of infiltration. Demographic
      information, catheter site and size, condition of skin, elapsed time since
      insertion, and hospital site of catheter insertion were recorded. RESULTS: Over a
      14-month period, 108 IVs were evaluated in 106 patients. One or more problems
      were identified with 35% of the IVs. Problems included erythema or pain to
      palpation at insertion site (29%), difficulty with injection of saline (45%),
      pain on injection of saline (50%), infiltrate at insertion site (13%), no flow or
      poor flow to gravity (42%), and kinked catheter (11%). The frequency of IV
      dysfunction was higher in infants (50%), with 24 gauge catheters (59%), with
      lower extremity IVs (50%), and with IVs in place for more than 3 three days
      (75%). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-third of pre-existing IVs were
      dysfunctional in children presenting for anesthesia and surgery. Inspection for
      the integrity of the IV should occur prior to and during use, and a plan should
      be in place for readily replacing the IV in cases of dysfunction or for using an
      alternative route for the induction of anesthesia.

PMID- 27382810
TI  - COMPARISON OF INTRAOPERATIVE KETAMINE VS. FENTANYL USE DECREASES POSTOPERATIVE
      OPIOID REQUIREMENTS IN TRAUMA PATIENTS UNDERGOING CERVICAL SPINE SURGERY.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Postoperative airway compromise following cervical spine surgery is a
      potentially serious adverse event. Residual effects of anesthesia and
      perioperative opioids that can cause both sedation and respiratory depression
      further increase this risk. Ketamine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor
      antagonist that provides potent analgesia without noticeable respiratory
      depression. We investigated whether intraoperative ketamine administration could
      decrease perioperative opioid requirements in trauma patients undergoing cervical
      spine surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed anesthesia records
      identifying cervical spine surgeries performed between March 2014 and February
      2015. All patients received a balanced anesthetic technique utilizing sevoflurane
      0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and propofol infusion (50-100
      mcg/kg/min). For intraoperative analgesia, one group of patients received
      ketamine (N=25) and a second group received fentanyl (N=27). Cumulative opioid
      doses in the recovery room and until 24 hours postoperatively were recorded.
      RESULTS: Fewer patients in the ketamine group (11/25 [44%] vs. 20/27 [74%],
      respectively; p = 0.03) required analgesics in the recovery room. Additionally,
      the total cumulative opioid requirements in the ketamine group decreased
      postoperatively at both 3 and 6 hours (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Ketamine use during
      cervical spine surgery decreased opioid requirements in both the recovery room
      and in the first 6 hours postoperatively. This may have the potential to minimize
      opioid induced respiratory depression in a population at increased risk of airway
      complications related to the surgical procedure.

PMID- 27382811
TI  - COMBINED BLOCK OF THE FEMORAL AND LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS NERVES UNDER
      ULTRASOUND FOR POST- OPERATIVE ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING HIP SURGERY: A
      DOUBLE BLIND RANDOMIZED TRIAL.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inadequate pain management of post-operative pain of patients
      undergoing hip surgery can result in morbidity and mortality complications.
      Anatomically, pain resulted from the incision site innervation (Lateral femoral
      cutaneous nerve) and the hip joint innervation mainly the femoral nerve. Adding
      femoral nerve blockade to the multimodal regimen for postoperative pain control
      after hip surgery has been described. METHODS: all 31 patients included in the
      study received preoperatively combined FN and LFCN block with Normal Saline 0, 9%
      (group I) or bupivacaine 0.5% (group II) randomly by using a previously generated
      continuous randomization list kept in a closed envelope. Pain control regimen
      consisted of Perfalgan 1g IV every 6 hours systematically and Dolosal 50 mg IM
      every 6 hours if needed (i.e. VAS > 4). Pain level was measured by using Visual
      Analogue Scale (VAS) for the first 24 hours.Time to the first request of
      analgesia and the total dose of dolosal were calculated. RESULTS: The number of
      patients who requested narcotics was significantly higher in group I (8) than
      group II (3), P=0,044; the total dose of dolosal used was significantly higher in
      group 1 (50 mg) than group II (9,375mg), P=0,0058. Time to the first request for
      analgesia was significantly lower in group I (6hrs +/- 5,12) as compared to Group
      II (21.3 hrs +/- [Arabic letters: see text]), P =0,043. CONCLUSION: In
      conclusion, FN and LFCN block when added to the standard regimen for
      postoperative pain management after hip surgery had a benefit in decreasing pain
      scores as well as opioid consumption.

PMID- 27382812
TI  - COMPARISON OF POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIC EFFECT OF INTRATHECAL KETAMINE AND FENTANYL
      ADDED TO BUPIVACAINE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CESAREAN SECTION: A PROSPECTIVE
      RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the analgesic efficacy of intrathecal Ketamine and
      fentanyl added to bupivacaine in patients undergoing cesarean section. METHODS:
      Ninety patients 18-40 years old were recruited in a prospective double-blinded,
      randomized way. Spinal anesthesia was performed in the three groups by using
      bupivacaine 10mg combined with 0.1mg/kg ketamine in group K, bupivacaine 10mg
      combined with 25 ug fentanyl in group F and bupivacaine 10mg combined 0.5 ml
      distilled water in group P. The time to first analgesic request, analgesic
      requirement in the first 24 hours after surgery, sensory and motor blockade onset
      time, duration of sensory and motor blockade, the incidence of adverse effects
      were recorded. RESULTS: The mean time to first analgesic request was longer in
      group K (296.80 +/- 32.46) compared to group F (277.87 +/- 94.25) and group P
      (235.43 +/- 22.35). The difference between group K and F (P = 0.504) was not
      significant but the difference between group K and group P (P <0.001) and group F
      and group P (P = 0.042) was significant. CONCLUSION: Addition of ketamine or
      fentanyl to spinal bupivacaine were equally effective in pain control after
      cesarean section and therefore, based on the specific conditions of patients,
      ketamine at concentrations mentioned earlier, could be a proper alternative to
      achieve postoperative analgesia

PMID- 27382813
TI  - EFFECT OF PREOPERATIVE INTRAVENOUS OXYCODONE ON LOW-DOSE ROPIVACAINE SPINAL
      ANESTHESIA COMBINED WITH INTRATHECAL FENTANYL.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low-dose ropivacaine combined with intrathecal fentanyl can provide
      adequate anaesthesia with minimal haemodynamic variation. Preemptive analgesia
      can enhance analgesic effect of spinal anaesthesia without obvious side effects.
      AIMS: To assess the efficacy of preoperative intravenous oxycodone on
      transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) under 10 mg ropivacaine spinal
      anaesthesia combined with intrathecal 25 pg fentanyl. METHODS: Sixty patients
      undergoing TURP were randomly divided into two groups: Group o (n=30), in which
      the patients were administered 0.1 mg.kg-1 oxycodone intravenously 10 min prior
      to the operation for 2 min, and Group C (n=30) in which the patients were
      administered intravenously a similar volume of 0.9% saline. The participants were
      injected with hyperbaric 10 mg ropivacaine and 25 ug fentanyl intrathecally. The
      block characteristics, hemodynamic values, the tramadol consumption and adverse
      effects were analyzed. RESULTS: The peak level of sensory block was lower in
      Group C. Time to the first analgesic request and time to two-segment regression
      of sensory block were shorter in Group C. Fewer patients in Group 0 were given
      postoperative analgesics. CONCLUSION: Preoperative intravenous oxycodone can
      prolong analgesic effect of this method and postoperative analgesia.

PMID- 27382814
TI  - PENTAZOCINE VERSUS PENTAZOCINE WITH RECTAL DICLOFENAC FOR POSTOPERATIVE PAIN
      RELIEF AFTER CESAREAN SECTION- A DOUBLE BLIND RANDOMIZED PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIAL
      IN A LOW RESOURCE AREA.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The unimodal approach of using pentazocine as post-cesarean section
      pain relief is inadequate, hence the need for a safer, easily available and more
      effective multimodal approach. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of rectal
      diclofenac combined with intramuscular pentazocine for postoperative pain
      following cesarean section. METHODS: In this double blind clinical trial, 130
      pregnant women scheduled for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were
      randomly assigned to two groups. Group A received 100mg diclofenac suppository
      and group B received placebo suppository immediately following surgery, 12 and
      24h later. Both groups also received intramuscular pentazocine 30mg immediately
      following surgery and 6 hourly postoperatively in the first 24 h. Postoperative
      pain was assessed by visual analogue scale at end of surgery and 2, 12 and 24 h
      after surgery. Patient satisfaction scores were also assessed. RESULTS: One
      hundred and sixteen patients completed the study. Combining diclofenac and
      pentazocine had statistically significant reduction in pain intensity at 2, 12,
      and 24 hours postoperatively compared to pentazocine alone (p <0.05). No
      significant side effects were noted in both groups. The combined group also had
      significantly better patient satisfaction scores. CONCLUSION: The addition of
      diclofenac suppository to intramuscular pentazocine provides better pain relief
      after cesarean section and increased patient satisfaction.

PMID- 27382815
TI  - THE EFFECT OF A SINGLE DOSE OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE AS AN ADJUVANT TO EPIDURAL
      BUPIVACAINE FOR INFRAUMBILICAL SURGERIES: A PROSPECTIVE DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED
      CONTROL TRIAL.
AB  - CONTEXT: Epidural anesthesia provides the advantage of segmental blockade and
      many adjuvants have been added to shorten the onset of action, improve the
      quality of analgesia and prolong the duration of analgesia. Magnesium
      sulphate(MgSO4) by virtue of its anti-iociceptive property has been administered
      by various routes. AIM: To assess the effect of MgSO4 on the duration of onset of
      action of injection bupivacaine for epidural anesthesia in infraumbilical
      surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, randomized control
      study was conducted in 40 patients. Group M received 15 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% +
      1 ml of 50 mg MgSO4 and Group C received 15 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% + 1 ml of
      normal saline via epidural route. Onset time of the sensory and motor blockade
      were the primary outcomes studied. Highest level of sensory block, time for two
      segment regression, hemodynamic parameters, side effects were the secondary
      parameters. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the groups in the
      mean onset time of sensory blockade at T8, 12.85 +/- 2.32 min in Group M and
      16.75 +/- 1.74 min in Group C. Median level of sensory blockade was comparable.
      Mean onset time of motor blockade was 13.85 +/- 3.28 min in Group M and 23.25 +/-
      3.35 min in Group C which was clinically and statistically significant. Time for
      two segment regression of sensory blockade was 95.75 +/- 11.84 min in Group M and
      55.5 +/- 8.57 min in Group C which was significant. Hemodynamic parameters and
      side effects were comparable. CONCLUSION: Magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant
      provides rapid onset of epidural anesthesia and prolongs the duration of
      analgesia with minimal side effects.

PMID- 27382816
TI  - EFFECT OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE ON HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS DURING EXTUBATION. A
      PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED DOUBLE BLIND STUDY.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extubation is known to produce significant hemodynamic disturbances.
      There is a need to avoid increase in heart rate and blood pressure in
      hypertensive and cardiac patients and in vascular, neuro and intraocular
      surgeries. AIMS: To study the ability of dexmedetomidine to attenuate the
      hemodynamic responses during extubation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 80 patients of
      ASA Grade I-II aged 18-50 years received standard anesthesia. At the closure of
      skin incision, patients were randomly allocated to receive either dexmedetomidine
      0.5 ug/kg (Group D) or saline placebo (Group C) intravenously over 10 minutes in
      a double-blind design. Heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic and mean arterial
      pressures (SBP, DBP, MAP) were assessed before, during- and after extubation.
      Time to eye opening and extubation, sedation, complications such as coughing,
      laryngospasm, bronchospasm and desaturation were recorded. RESULTS: HR, SBP, DBP
      and MAP were comparable to basal values in group D at extubation and lower than
      baseline values post-extubation but significant increase was noted in group C (P
      <0.001). Time to extubation and eye opening were prolonged in Group D (P <0.001).
      Incidence of hypotension was more in group D (22%) but was transient. Incidence
      of coughing was lower in Group D than in group C (P <0.001). Patients in group D
      were more sedated for 30 minutes post extubation. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine 0.5
      ug/kg given before extubation attenuates hemodynamic reflexes during emergence
      from anesthesia without causing undue sedation, but prolongs time to extubation.

PMID- 27382817
TI  - PERI-ANESTHESIA ANAPHYLAXIS (PAA): WE STILL HAVE NOT STARTED POST-PAA TESTING FOR
      INCITING ANESTHESIA-RELATED ALLERGENS.
AB  - Anaphylaxis during anesthesia is uncommon. Diagnosis of peri-anesthesia
      anaphylaxis (PAA) requires anesthesia providers' vigilance for prompt diagnosis
      and treatment. In this case report, we present a challenging case with suspected
      PAA including its perioperative management, intensive care unit (ICU) course, and
      post-discharge follow-up. A 44-year-old female (body mass index = 26) presented
      for elective abdominal panniculectomy. Post-intubation, severe bronchospasm
      occurred that was non-responsive to nebulized albuterol and intravenous
      epinephrine. Continuous infusion of epinephrine was initiated. After aborting
      surgical procedure, the patient was transferred to ICU on continuous intravenous
      infusion of epinephrine. Venous blood sampling showed elevated troponin level.
      Echocardiography revealed ejection fraction of 25% suspicious of Takotsubo
      cardiomyopathy (mid cavitary variant). Tracheal extubation was only possible
      after three days. Subsequently, patient was discharged home with a cardiology
      follow-up appointment and a referral to an allergy specialist. Unfortunately at
      our institution (an academic university hospital in United States) along with
      neighboring institutions in near-by areas, the only allergy skin tests available
      are for local anesthetics and antibiotics, while neuromuscular blocking agents
      (NMBAs) cannot be tested (the suspected anaphylactic agent in our case was
      presumably rocuronium). In summary, PAA requires and responds to emergent
      diagnosis and immediate treatment; however there is still a long way to go to
      ensure post-PAA testing for inciting anesthesia-related allergens.

PMID- 27382818
TI  - SEVOFLURANE AS A CAUSE OF TORSADE DE POINTES IN PATIENT WITH THE LONG QT
      SYNDROME: Case Report.
AB  - Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a rare condition that in certain circumstances can
      lead to severe and potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia known as Torsade de
      Pointes (TdP). Inhalational anesthetics are among many medications and conditions
      known to prolong QT and thus potentially predispose the patient to TdP. Although
      studies have shown that sevoflurane should be safe for the healthy patients, the
      situation is unclear in patients with LQTS. We present a case of 14-year-old
      Caucasian female with the diagnosis of LQTS who developed TdP during sevoflurane
      inhalational induction. At the end, an anesthetic plan for patients with LQTS
      will be suggested.

PMID- 27382819
TI  - A CASE OF GRANISETRON ASSOCIATED INTRAOPERATIVE CARDIAC ARREST.
AB  - We report a case of intraoperative severe bradycardia that resulted in asystole
      and cardiac arrest shortly after (<2 min) intravenous granisetron 1mg for
      postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis, that occurred in a female patient
      who underwent an elective total thyroidectomy. After two cycles of
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation, spontaneous circulation and
      sinus rhythm returned successfully. Postoperatively, the patient was diagnosed
      with a drug-induced long QT syndrome. At the time of the event, granisetron was
      the only medication administered. Furthermore, there was no reason to suspect
      electrolyte abnormalities. We explore the association of the onset of severe
      sinus bradycardia with the intravenous administration of granisetron.

PMID- 27382820
TI  - RETROGRADE INTUBATION VIA LARYNGEAL MASK AIRWAY IN A PAEDIATRIC PATIENT WITH
      FALLOT-TYPE VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT AND CLEFT PALATE DEFORMITY.
AB  - We report the case ofa pediatric patient with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and cleft
      palate deformity with difficult intubation in which a laryngeal mask airway (LMA)
      was used and converted into an endotracheal tube through retrograde intubation.
      The patient with TOF was scheduled for repair of the congenital bilateral cleft
      lip and palate. Inhalational induction with 4% sevoflurane was started.
      Conventional tracheal intubation was impossible because the patient had a
      difficult airway, and the procedure could cause severe cyanosis and respiratory
      distress. An LMA was inserted to maintain ventilation and anesthesia and to
      facilitate intubation. Retrograde intubation and a catheter mount were used to
      convert the LMA into a conventional endotracheal tube without difficulty. Airway
      management for patients with TOF and cleft palate deformity is not clear.
      Retrograde intubation permits replacing an LMA with an endotracheal tube. This
      method enables maintaining the airway until the LMA is exchanged with an
      endotracheal tube. This technique seems useful to facilitate difficult airway
      intubation in pediatric patients with TOF and cleft palate deformity.

PMID- 27382821
TI  - ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF FEMORAL FRACTURE REPAIR IN A PATIENT WITH CERVICAL
      MYELOPATHY, AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION, AND DIFFICULT AIRWAY.
AB  - Spinal stenosis is a potentially serious condition that can lead to myelopathies
      and autonomic instability, both of which, as a result, may complicate anesthetic
      management. Additionally, neuraxial anesthesia appears to increase the risk of
      worsened neurological outcomes in this population. A 56-year-old female with
      spinal stenosis, autonomic dysfunction, and known difficult airway who required
      anesthesia for repair of a femur fracture is presented. After pre-operative
      arterial line and femoral block placement, an ultrasound guided subarachnoid
      block was safely placed. This supports the notion that in the appropriate
      setting, a safe, successful neuraxial blockade can be performed when a general
      anesthetic may be fraught with more risk.

PMID- 27382822
TI  - ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT IN UNEXPECTED EXTRA- ADRENAL PHEOCROMOCYTOMA PRESENTING
      WITH THORACIC SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION.
AB  - A 52 yearold female presented with a thoracic paravertebral tumour causing spinal
      nerve root compression and lower limbs neurologic symptoms. The patient was
      scheduled to undergo thoracic decompression laminectomy and instrumentation.
      Markedly severe hemodynamic fluctuations happened during the manipulation of the
      tumor and continued after the tumor was removed. After multimodal
      antihypertensive therapy the vital signs were adequately managed and the surgery
      was successfully performed without complications. The patient was discharged
      without any sequelae ten days later. The pathology report indicated the diagnosis
      of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Unexpected pheochromocytoma may lead to a
      fatal hypertensive crisis during surgery. For anesthesiologists and surgeons who
      encounter an unexpected hypertensive crisis during surgery, undiagnosed
      pheochromocytoma should always be considered.

PMID- 27382823
TI  - ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT IN A MYASTHENIA GRAVIS PATIENT,
      THE ERA OF A NEW REVERSAL.

PMID- 27382824
TI  - PATIENT-VENTILATION ASYNCHRONY CAUSING NEGATIVE PRESSURE PULMONARY EDEMA IN AN
      INTUBATED OBESE PATIENT.
AB  - Negative pressure pulmonary edema is a potentially life-threatening condition
      that may occur when a large negative intrathoracic pressure is generated against
      a 'physically' obstructed upper airway during emergence from anesthesia. We
      report a 35 year old male patient who is morbidly obese and undergoing
      laparoscopic gastric bypass who developed negative pressure pulmonary edema
      without any evidence of a 'physical' upper airway obstruction. In our patient,
      the negative pressure pulmonary edema occurred after complete reversal of
      neuromuscular blockade and during manual positive pressure ventilation with the
      endotracheal tube still in place and in the presence of an oral airway. Since the
      patient was still intubated and had an airway in place with no possibility for
      physical obstruction, we speculate that the occurrence of the negative pressure
      pulmonary edema was mainly due to a 'functional' obstruction secondary to the
      severe patient-ventilation asynchrony that ensued upon reversal of the
      neuromuscular blockade.

PMID- 27382825
TI  - EFFECT OF YOKUKANSAN, JAPANESE HERBAL MEDICINE, ON PHANTOM-LIMB PAIN.

PMID- 27382826
TI  - SIMULATION LAB: "A CONTEMPORARY MEDICAL ESSENTIAL".
AB  - Simulation-based medical education (SBME) and simulation-based mastery learning
      (SBML) has become well-established in undergraduate and graduate medical, nursing
      and allied healthcare training programs. Although still in its relative infancy,
      the use of hi-fidelity simulation to train students in a variety of health
      related professions is becoming a foundational cornerstone in program curriculum
      in the United States and, increasingly, in the international circle. The entire
      investment return resulting from the inclusion of simulation training labs in
      healthcare programs has just begun to be realized. The future is bright for this
      approach to education and healthcare to become an essential tool in the resource
      education box for colleges, universities, hospitals and research facilities as
      they serve the mission of training healthcare professionals to meet the growing
      needs of aging populations.

PMID- 27382827
TI  - [Malignized dermoid cyst of the ovary].
AB  - Mature germ cell derived cystic teratoma of the ovary, i.e. dermoid cyst, is a
      common ovarian neoplasm, seldom progressing to malignancy. Malignized dermoid
      cyst is most commonly diagnosed in a woman of approx. 50 years of age, either
      during or after an operation. Owing to the rarity of the disease, the lines of
      treatment are based on retrospective series of cases.

PMID- 27382828
TI  - [Novel approved form of treatment for colonic cancer with peritoneal metastases -
      radicality-aimed surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy].
AB  - Carcinomatosis occurs in almost 10% of colonic cancer patients, whereby the five
      year survival rate on cytostatic chemotherapy is approx. 13% at best. For
      patients having carcinomatosis restricted to a fairly small area, surgical
      removal of peritoneal metastases combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal
      chemotherapy (HIPEC) may be a curative procedure. The treatment has resulted in a
      five-year life expectancy of 30 to 35% for selected patients. The treatment is,
      however, associated with significant morbidity and even mortality. Colorectal
      cancer patients diagnosed with restricted peritoneal carcinomatosis should be
      referred to an assessment for HPEC treatment.

PMID- 27382829
TI  - [Pregnancy contraception (Current Care Guideline)].
AB  - There are no age limits for the start or use of contraception. Prior
      gynecological examination or cervical smear is not needed. Condom is the only
      method that protects from sexually transmitted diseases. An increase in the risk
      of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated only with combined contraceptives.
      However, the risk is remarkably higher with pregnancy, puerperium or with
      smoking. The most effective reversible methods are intrauterine devices (IUD) and
      implants, as these do not depend on daily memory. Natural family planning methods
      are not reliable, and effective contraception should be easily available for all
      at all times.

PMID- 27382830
TI  - [Drug therapy and the most common drugs for childhood psychiatric disorders].
AB  - Psychotropic drugs are more commonly prescribed for children, although scientific
      evidence about psychotrophic medication and long-term effects thereof in children
      is scarce. The drugs are often used off-label. ADHD drugs, antipsychotics and
      antidepressants and melatonin are the most commonly used drugs. ADHD medication
      possesses the most established status. Antipsychotic drugs are utilized for the
      treatment of psychoses, bipolar disorder, and conduct disorder symptoms in
      particular. Antidepressants are utilized for the treatment of childhood
      depression and anxiety disorders, melatonin for the treatment of children's sleep
      problems. Drug therapy should always be carried out as part of other psychiatric
      therapy.

PMID- 27382831
TI  - [Infant psychiatry - more reality than tale].
AB  - In early childhood, the ability of the parent and the child to adapt to each
      other's needs during early interaction is essential for a healthy mental
      development.The parent's ability to carry out adequate early interaction may be
      compromised because of various problems. Positive, shared emotional experiences
      with the parent can protect the child's mental health. Severe or prolonged
      problems in baby care, interaction or behavior of the infant may result in the
      development of a psychic disorder in the infant. Infant psychiatric diagnosis and
      treatment plan are based on clinical examination of the child and the family and
      evaluation of the need for support.

PMID- 27382832
TI  - [Children's disruptive behavior].
AB  - During normal development, a child learns to regulate her/his aggressions and
      follow the social norms of her/his community.This learning takes place in
      interaction with the environment. Risk factors associated with the child,
      parenthood and environment underlie the disruptive behavior. If a child of
      preschool/school age exhibits age group deviant difficulties in the management of
      aggression, defiant, rule-breaking behavior or difficulties in social
      relationships, there is every reason to get worried and to evaluate the child's
      symptoms and situation. The earlier the support and therapy is provided, the
      better are the possibilities to influence the prognosis of conduct disorders.

PMID- 27382833
TI  - [Are programs supporting parenthood skills effective in the prevention and
      reduction of conduct disorders and problems of childhood?].
AB  - In this systematic review it will be evaluated whether parent-targeted programs
      teaching positive methods of upbringing and interaction are effective in the
      reduction and prevention of conduct disorders and behavioral problems in children
      belonging to a risk group. Altogether 29 European studies on parent-targeted
      programs were selected for the review. Most of the examined methods were based on
      the social learning theory and the cognitive behavior theory. The majority of the
      studies proved that long-term programs of 8 to 20 weeks'duration are effective in
      the reduction of behavioral problems and conduct disorders of childhood.

PMID- 27382834
TI  - [Psychological well-being during pregnancy - early roots of the child's mental
      health?].
AB  - The conditions during pregnancy may influence the child's subsequent well-being
      via developmental programming. On the other hand, recurrence or continuation of
      the harmful exposure at a later stage during development may be more essential.
      The parent's mental disorder is one of the best known risk factors potentially
      affecting the mental health of the child. The mother's depressive and anxiety
      symptoms during pregnancy have been found to be predictive of symptoms in the
      young person and in the adult. Regarding the risk of disorder, the recurrence of
      the exposure to psychological symptoms and accumulation of other risk factors at
      a later stage of development seem, however, to be more important.

PMID- 27382835
TI  - [Twenty years' psychiatric treatment path].
AB  - Treatment paths in psychiatry may extend from infancy to old age, particularly in
      neuropsychiatric patients. In the diagnostics and treatment it is important to
      consider the variations in the symptoms and focuses of rehabilitation during the
      different periods of the life cycle. Good care and its provision require a
      perspective extending through the lifespan and assurance of continuity. In our
      case report we describe a treatment path of 20 years' duration of our
      neuropsychiatric patient

PMID- 27382836
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382837
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382838
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382839
TI  - Education in Agricultural Health.

PMID- 27382840
TI  - Editor's Remarks.

PMID- 27382841
TI  - [In acute appendicitis quickly into surgery].

PMID- 27382842
TI  - [Will the LDL target value soon become zero?].

PMID- 27382843
TI  - [Malpractice complaints threaten good medicine].

PMID- 27382844
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382845
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382846
TI  - [Diseases of hunger: Mexico 1915].
AB  - 1915 was a terrible year for Mexican people. After dictator Huerta's fall,
      fratricide fighting involved diverse revolutionary groups. Mexico City was
      assaulted and occupied successively by different armies and, following the war
      came hunger and epidemics. Many people died from starvation, 30 to 40 every day
      in July and August. In this paper I review the medical texts written by
      physicians involved in the treatment of these patients. The main were E. Landa,
      M. Torroella and F. de P. Miranda and all of them concurred in the observation of
      important edema increasing to become generalized, important anemia and a watery
      aspect of the blood, facts that determine the term edema employed to characterize
      this disease.

PMID- 27382847
TI  - [Developments in medical units. 1915].
AB  - In 1915 the political, economic, and social instability initiated the destruction
      of medical units; they had no administrative bases and they lacked the resources.
      However, needs encouraged that structures arose to meet the wounded, fractured,
      and traumatized, called "blood" hospitals and so-called crosses and sanitary
      trains.

PMID- 27382848
TI  - [Military medicine in Mexico in 1915].
AB  - As a part of the symposium titled "Mexico in 1915, Epidemics, Hunger, and Medical
      Assistance", presented at the National Academy of Medicine on August 5, 2015,
      this section will underscore the most important and transcendent facts inherent
      tot he military medicine and surgery that happened during the turmoil of the year
      1915.

PMID- 27382849
TI  - [Conclusions].

PMID- 27382850
TI  - On Universal Health Coverage.

PMID- 27382852
TI  - The Editors respond.

PMID- 27382851
TI  - Express concerns about the Spanish translation of The Lancet's Series entitled
      Universal health coverage in Latin America.

PMID- 27382853
TI  - Remarks at the Annual Conference of the Food and Drug Law Institute.

PMID- 27382854
TI  - Who to Sue and Where in ANDA Litigation: Personal Jurisdiction Post-Daimler.
AB  - Historically, courts have afforded patent holders broad discretion to choose
      where to sue Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) filers. Patent holders'
      assertions of jurisdiction have typically rested on general personal jurisdiction
      theories, frequently based on an ANDA filers' conduct within the state, including
      sales, submission to previous lawsuits, and assignments of agents to accept
      service of process. Consequently, manyANDA cases have taken place in the
      Districts of Delaware or New Jersey, or where the patent holder is incorporated,
      despite the ANDA filer's incorporation in a different state. However, since the
      Supreme Court's decision in Daimler AG v. Bauman, options for the exercise of
      personal jurisdiction over ANDA filers have narrowed. This article examines what
      Daimler means for future ANDA filers, and highlights how many patent holders have
      failed to take this change into account.

PMID- 27382855
TI  - Substantial Equivalence Premarket Review: the Right Approach for Most Medical
      Devices.
AB  - The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s 510(k) program based upon substantial
      equivalence review is by far the dominant pathway to market among medical devices
      requiring premarket review. Substantial equivalence review has been much
      criticized, but this article concludes that it is a powerful regulatory tool
      allowing FDA to appropriately ensure that the broad range of moderate risk
      devices meet the statutory requirement of reasonable assurance of safety and
      effectiveness. The article examines substantial equivalence review in detail,
      looking at its historical development, the operative legal framework, the
      specific decision steps FDA follows to reach a substantial equivalence
      determination, and the strengths of the system in fostering efficiency,
      predictability, and adaptability in the premarket review of medical devices. The
      article rebuts the Institute of Medicine's call to scrap substantial equivalence
      review, and rebuts another critic's finding that substantial equivalence review
      results in a disproportionate share of serious recalls. The article suggests that
      a better public 510(k) database would improve the predictability of substantial
      equivalence review. The article concludes by calling for targeted reform of a
      basically sound system rather than wholesale condemnation as critics have
      suggested.

PMID- 27382856
TI  - Chinese Outbound Investments in the Food Sector: Hungry for Much More!
AB  - This article analyses in its first part the almost dramatic increase of Chinese
      outbound investments in recent years with a special focus on the food industry.
      The second part outlines China's legal framework that has governed Chinese
      outbound investments over the past decade. In its main part this article explores
      recent steps to liberalize China's economy and assesses how the dismantling of
      existing restrictions will impact on Chinese investments overseas. It forecasts
      rather wide-ranging consequences for the non-Chinese food industry as food
      enterprises have become highly-sought after targets of Chinese outbound
      investment activities.

PMID- 27382857
TI  - GMO Reignited in Science but Not in Law: A Flawed Framework Fuels France's
      Stalemate.
AB  - Following a statement released by a multitude of prominent scientists contesting
      the idea that there is a consensus on the safety of genetically modified
      organisms ("GMO"), this article addresses the European Union's ("EU") GMO
      regulatory framework, which has reluctantly permitted France to maintain an
      illegal ban on. MON8 10 for over a decade now. It notes that while the statement
      did nothing more than reignite the debate on GMO, much could and should be done
      to improve the framework to accommodate for the lack of true scientific
      understanding about the effects of GMO. This article identifies the specific
      areas of weakness in the EU GMO regulatory framework and recommends specific
      alterations. It concludes that although France's MON810 ban is illegal under
      existing law, the country's fears are neither unfounded nor unsupported and that
      the EU should work to alter its existing legal structure to parallel today's
      scientific uncertainty regarding GMO safety.

PMID- 27382858
TI  - Compensating Pharmaceutical Injuries in the Absence of Fault.
AB  - Adverse drug events cause significant injuries to consumers. Between half and
      three-quarters of these injuries are uncompensated under tort law because they
      are not due to negligence or fraud. This article argues that fundamental fairness
      and sound economics favor holding manufacturers of pharmaceutical products
      financially responsible for pharmaceutical injuries unless there is clear fault
      by another party. It reviews the experience of vaccine and pharmaceutical injury
      compensation programs internationally. It proposes the creation of an
      administrative compensation system for the United States that would compensate
      pharmaceutical injuries.

PMID- 27382859
TI  - "You Say Tomato, I Say Solanum Lycopersicum Containing Beta-ionone and
      Phenylacetaldehyde": an Analysis of Connecticut's GMO Labeling Legislation.
AB  - "You Say Tomato, I Say Solanum Lycopersicum Containing Beta-ionone and
      Phenylacetaldehyde" discusses the importance of requiring labels on products that
      contain genetically modified organisms, focusing on Connecticut's GMO Labeling
      statutes, as it is they are the first of their kind in the nation. The article
      will compare Connecticut's law to the legislation found in Australia,
      highlighting the positive aspects of Connecticut's bill and identifying its key
      weaknesses, namely the "trigger clause" found in the statute. Part I will provide
      an overview of Genetic Modification and provide a brief history of Biotechnology.
      It will also provide a brief overview of the federal regulatory framework in
      biotechnology, as well as evaluate the United States Food and Drug Association's
      role of regulating genetic modification. Part I will conclude by discussing how
      the American public has shown that labeling GMOs is important, and something that
      should occur. Part II of this article will explore Connecticut's recent
      legislation requiring labels on products that contain GMOs. Part III will explore
      Australia's legislation requiring labels on products containing GMOs, comparing
      Australia's law to Connecticut's legislation.

PMID- 27382860
TI  - Talking about end-of-life care.

PMID- 27382861
TI  - Education, certification, and professional membership can help with career goals.
AB  - For the professional nephrology nurse, the interplay of certification, education,
      and professional association membership go hand-in-hand. The association provides
      the foundation, networking, and educational opportunities; certification
      validates skills and expertise; and education challenges and inspires the nurse
      to keep moving forward.

PMID- 27382862
TI  - Financial incentives may spur donation.

PMID- 27382863
TI  - Baxter begins trial with HHD machine.

PMID- 27382864
TI  - Providing supportive care to patients with kidney disease.
AB  - While it may never be "easy" to face these issues with patients, families, and
      caregivers, CSCKP hopes the best practices and tools outlined in this article,
      also available at www.kidney-supportivecare.org, will be helpful to renal
      professionals in providing quality supportive and end-of-life care to their
      patients. Encouraging and participating in shared decision making with patients
      and their loved ones can help all involved create an approach to care with which
      everyone is comfortable. The relationships formed through shared decision making
      will help keep the lines of communication open, which is essential as needs and
      prognosis change. This type of health care provider/patient relationship may also
      encourage patients to share more about their symptoms, as not all patients are
      forthcoming about their symptoms or pain, and thereby facilitate better
      assessment and treatment by clinicians. Working with a palliative care specialist
      may be necessary when symptoms become more challenging to manage and referral to
      hospice may need to be considered. Helping patients, families, and caregivers
      understand their options, assisting them in completing advance care plans, and
      ultimately respecting their wishes are all encompassed within the delivery of
      patient-centered care.

PMID- 27382865
TI  - NICE swallows the hard pill of cancer drug calls.

PMID- 27382866
TI  - THE PROVIDER DEFICIT IS NEARER L4BN THAN L3BN.

PMID- 27382867
TI  - SWEET DRINKS TAX HAS A SOUR AFTERTASTE.

PMID- 27382868
TI  - Integrated care. Fostering pride in care with the 'three Ps'.

PMID- 27382869
TI  - IS PAPERLESS ON A TEAR?

PMID- 27382870
TI  - Ready or not, the bundled-payment challenge is about to start.

PMID- 27382871
TI  - Will the Anthem-Express Scripts battle change the PBM landscape?

PMID- 27382872
TI  - What happened to the innovation and competition Zarxio was supposed to spark?

PMID- 27382873
TI  - ACA repeal more difficult as U.S. gets used to popular provisions.

PMID- 27382874
TI  - HHS amps up vendor HIPAA audits.

PMID- 27382875
TI  - Why patients still need EMTALA.

PMID- 27382876
TI  - Genome sequencing rated top advance of past 40 years.

PMID- 27382877
TI  - A sputtering jobs machine.

PMID- 27382878
TI  - Challenges in healthcare risk management driving innovative, evidence-based
      solutions.

PMID- 27382879
TI  - Rewarding patients with loyalty points.

PMID- 27382880
TI  - 'Anybody who studies quality will tell you that variation is the absolute enemy
      of quality'.

PMID- 27382881
TI  - Porn and the threat to virility. The first generation of men who grew up with
      unlimited online porn sound the alarm.

PMID- 27382882
TI  - Special deals, circumstances propel healthcare CEO pay.

PMID- 27382883
TI  - Despite rough 2015, not all healthcare execs see drop in pay.

PMID- 27382884
TI  - CMS unveils Primary Care Plus.

PMID- 27382885
TI  - Quest, LabCorp forge divergent paths to hospital lab deals.

PMID- 27382887
TI  - Personal experiences drive chairman of N.J. medical center board.

PMID- 27382886
TI  - Dr. Benjamin's successful advocacy targeting population health.

PMID- 27382888
TI  - From 'horror show' to community resource: Evans aids revival of Roseland
      Hospital.

PMID- 27382889
TI  - Leading a shift in how healthcare providers and customers relate.

PMID- 27382890
TI  - PATIENT QUALITY PLAYING BIGGER ROLE IN FOR-PROFIT EXEC BONUSES.

PMID- 27382891
TI  - CMS' bold gamble on primary care.

PMID- 27382893
TI  - Better scheduling through math.

PMID- 27382892
TI  - Studying what works, doesn't work in health insurance reform.

PMID- 27382894
TI  - 'We have a long way to go yet on patient safety'.

PMID- 27382895
TI  - Ransomware scare: Will hospitals pay for protection?

PMID- 27382896
TI  - Florida, California lawmakers target unexpected medical bills.

PMID- 27382897
TI  - Paying patients for saving money.

PMID- 27382898
TI  - HOSPITALS DISCOVER THEIR INNER VENTURE CAPITALIST.

PMID- 27382899
TI  - Big data yield new hopes, challenges in cancer care.

PMID- 27382900
TI  - Shake-up to survive.

PMID- 27382901
TI  - Medicaid reforms helping to drive value-based payment.

PMID- 27382902
TI  - Primary-care practitioners will be key players in the value-based transformation
      of healthcare.

PMID- 27382903
TI  - Getting a leg up on bundles.

PMID- 27382905
TI  - STPs must not become expensive door stops.

PMID- 27382904
TI  - 'Turnaround was job one. Now we are moving forward'.

PMID- 27382906
TI  - DEVOLUTION AND REFORMS MUST MOVE IN TANDEM.

PMID- 27382907
TI  - MAKE IMPROVEMENT ACCESSIBLE TO ALL.

PMID- 27382908
TI  - MAKING IT HAPPEN IN GLASGOW.

PMID- 27382909
TI  - Making legal advice a clinical department.

PMID- 27382910
TI  - 'How can we do this better?'.

PMID- 27382911
TI  - HOW TO AVOID GETTING BURNT.

PMID- 27382912
TI  - Antidepressants and cardiovascular risk.

PMID- 27382913
TI  - NEURASTHENIA IN WAR.

PMID- 27382914
TI  - Diagnosing young onset dementia can be challenging.
AB  - Although the risk of developing dementia increases with age, onset can be as
      early as the third or fourth decade of life. Genetic influences play a more
      important role in younger than in older people with dementia, so young onset
      dementia may cluster in families. Diagnosing young onset dementia is challenging.
      The range of possible presenting features is broad, encompassing behavioural,
      cognitive, psychiatric and neurological domains, and symptoms are often subtle
      initially. Frequently the complaints are misattributed to stress or depression,
      and the patient is falsely reassured that they are too young to have dementia.
      The most common causes of young onset dementia are early onset forms of adult
      neurodegenerative conditions and alcohol. Vascular dementia is the second most
      common cause of young onset dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Conventional
      vascular risk factors may be absent and diagnosis relies on imaging evidence of
      cerebrovascular disease. Obtaining a detailed history remains the most important
      part of the workup and usually requires corroboration by a third party.
      Undertaking a basic neurological examination is also important. Those with
      suspected young onset dementia should be referred to a neurology-led cognitive
      disorders clinic where available as the differenti diagnosis is considerably
      broader tha in older adults and requires specialist investigation.

PMID- 27382915
TI  - Be vigilant for post-traumatic stress reactions.
AB  - Most people experience at least one potentially traumatic event (PTE) during
      their life. Many will develop only transient distress and not a psychological
      illness. Even the most inherently horrific event does not invariably lead to the
      development of a psychological disorder while an individual with sufficient
      vulnerabilit may develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after what appears
      be an event of low magnitude. The diagnosis of PTSD differs fro most psychiatric
      disorders as it includes an aetiological factor, the traumatic event, as a core
      criterion. The DSM 5 core symptoms of PTSD are grouped into four key symptom
      clusters: re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal.
      Symptoms must be present for at least one month and cause functional impairment.
      PTSD patients can avoid engaging in treatment and assertive follow-up may be
      necessary.

PMID- 27382916
TI  - Managing patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.
AB  - Hidradenitis suppurativa affects the apocrine-bearing areas of the skin. The
      onset is variable but usually occurs in the second and third decades of life,
      coinciding with development of the apocrine glands. The condition is
      characterised by painful, inflammatory papules and nodules which frequently
      progress to form abscesses, sinus tracts and hypertrophic scars. Bacteria are not
      felt to have a primary role in lesion formation, and abscesses are often sterile.
      The diagnosis of hidradenitis suppurativa is clinically based, without a specific
      diagnostic test. The most important non-genetic factors implicated in
      hidradenitis suppurativa are obesity and smoking. Locally recurring lesions can
      be treated surgically and more widespread disease may be better managed with a
      combination of medical treatment and surgery.

PMID- 27382917
TI  - Careful assessment the key to diagnosing adolescent heel pain.
AB  - The most common cause of adolescent heel pain is calcaneal apophysitis also known
      as Sever's disease. The condition may occur in adolescent athletes, particularly
      those involved in running or jumping activities, during the pubertal growth
      spurt. The mean age of presentation in Sever's disease is ten, (range 7-15). It
      presents with posterior heel pain that is worse with activity and relieved by
      rest in most cases. Sever's disease, Osgood Schlatter's disease (tibial
      tuberosity) and Sinding-Larsen Johansson syndrome (distal patella) are all
      overuse syndromes brought about by repetitive submaximal loading and microtrauma.
      They are, however, entirely self-limiting and resolve at skeletal maturity or
      earlier. Careful assessment is required to differentiate them from other rare
      pathologies. Achilles tendinitis is rare under the age of 14. As in Sever's
      disease, it may occur in jumping athletes, those who suddenly increase their
      sporting activities and in individuals with relative gastrosoleus tightness. It
      may also occur in those with inflammatory arthropathies and merit rheumatological
      investigation if there are other suggestive signs or symptoms. Benign and
      malignant tumours of the adolescent calcaneus are extremely rare In a unilateral
      case, atypical features such as night pain or absence of a precipitating activity
      should raise the index of suspicion. There may be localised swelling and bony
      expansion.

PMID- 27382918
TI  - A lesson from a patient.

PMID- 27382919
TI  - Allergic Conjunctivitis and the Associated Risk of Migraine Among Children: A
      Nationwide Population-based Cohort Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the risk of migraine in children with allergic
      conjunctivitis (AC). METHODS: In this population-based cohort study, 309 138
      children with AC and 309 138 non-AC controls were included between 2000 and 2007.
      By 2008 end, the incidences of migraine in both cohorts, and the AC-to-non-AC
      cohort hazard ratios (HRs) were measured. RESULTS: The incidence of migraine
      during the study period was 1.92-fold higher in the AC cohort than in the non-AC
      cohort. The risk was greater for boys with AC and children aged <6 years. The
      mean time-interval between physician-diagnosed AC to physician-diagnosed migraine
      was 3.67 years (SD = 2.19).The risk of migraine development in the AC cohort
      increased with follow-up time and was highest during 4-5 years after AC
      diagnosis. The children with AC more likely had migraine without than with aura.
      CONCLUSIONS: Children with AC had a higher incidence and subsequent risk of
      migraine.

PMID- 27382920
TI  - Metal-Free Visible Light-Mediated Photocatalysis: Controlling Intramolecular [2 +
      2] Photocycloaddition of Enones through Axial Chirality.
AB  - Atropisomeric enone-imides and enone-amides featuring N-CAryl bond rotation were
      evaluated for intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition. Straight addition
      product was observed over cross-addition product with good control over
      reactivity. The atropselectivity was found to be dependent on the substituent on
      the aryl ring. Substitution-dependent atropselectivity was rationalized on the
      basis of a divergent mechanistic pathway.

PMID- 27382921
TI  - Potentiation of antifungal effect of a mixture of two antifungal fractions
      obtained from Baccharis glutinosa and Jacquinia macrocarpa plants.
AB  - The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of mixtures of antifungal
      fractions extracted from Baccharis glutinosa and Jacquinia macrocarpa plants on
      the development of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium
      verticillioides. The minimal inhibitory concentration that inhibited 50% of
      growth (MIC50) of each plant antifungal fraction was determined from the
      percentage radial growth inhibition of both fungi. Binomial mixtures made with
      both plant fractions were used at their MIC50 to determine the Fractional
      Inhibitory Concentration index (FIC index) for each fungus in order to evaluate
      their synergistic effect. Each synergistic mixture was analyzed in their effect
      on spore germination, spore size, spore viability, mitotic divisions, hyphal
      diameter and length, and number of septa per hypha. Some antifungal mixtures,
      even at low concentrations, showed higher antifungal effect than those of the
      individual antifungal fraction. The FIC indices of mixtures that showed the
      highest antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. verticillioides were 0.5272
      and 0.4577, respectively, indicating a synergistic effect against both fungi.
      Only 12% and 8% of the spores of A. flavus and F. verticillioides, respectively,
      treated with the synergistic mixtures, were able to germinate, although their
      viability was not affected. An increase in the number of septa per hypha of both
      fungi was observed. The results indicated that the synergistic mixtures strongly
      affected the fungal growth even at lower concentrations than those of the
      individual plant fractions. 

PMID- 27382922
TI  - Patterns of Recurrence in Upper Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Imaging
      Surveillance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate recurrence patterns of
      upper tract transitional cell carcinomas (UT-TCCs) after radical
      nephroureterectomy (RNU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight patients (mean age,
      78 years; 34 men and 34 women) with UT-TCC after having undergone RNU from 2001
      to 2008 were included in this study. Radiologic examinations and clinical notes
      were reviewed to record tumor location, tumor morphology, histologic T stages and
      grades, lymphovascular invasion (LVI) status, and surgical procedures. Five-year
      imaging and clinical follow-up (2001-2013) findings were noted at 3, 6, 12, 18,
      24, 36, 48, 60, and more than 60 months after RNU for recurrence pattern and
      tumor-free survival. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression models were
      used to assess tumor-free survival and to perform a multivariate analysis.
      RESULTS: Forty-one postoperative recurrences were noted in 20 patients. The mean
      time to relapse was 16 months, and time to relapse ranged from 1 to 66 months.
      Tumor site (multifocal lesions involving both renal collecting system and
      ureter), tumor morphology (mass), T stage (muscle invasion [T2-T4]), histologic
      grade (grade 3), and the presence of LVI were identified as risk factors for
      postoperative recurrence in UT-TCC. T stage was the only independent risk factor.
      CONCLUSION: Urinary tract, lymph node, liver, bone, and lung recurrences were
      common in patients with UT-TCC and were detected most frequently at 3-24 months.
      Tumor site, tumor morphology, T stage, grade, and LVI status were associated with
      recurrence after RNU. T stage was the only independent predictor of tumor-free
      survival. Close surveillance for extra-urinary tract recurrences in high-risk
      groups and a shorter-interval follow-up of the urinary tract in low-risk patients
      with adjuvant chemotherapy are recommended. Identifying recurrence patterns in UT
      TCC can aid in planning an effective tailored imaging surveillance strategy.

PMID- 27382923
TI  - Assessment of fatigue in routine care on a Multidimensional Health Assessment
      Questionnaire (MDHAQ): a cross-sectional study of associations with RAPID3 and
      other variables in different rheumatic diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To characterise associations of fatigue with other variables within a
      multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ) in routine care of
      patients with different rheumatic diagnoses. METHODS: All patients complete
      MDHAQ, which includes fatigue on a 0-10 visual analogue scale (VAS), and routine
      assessment of patient index data (RAPID3), a composite of function, pain, and
      patient global. Physicians complete a RheuMetric checklist which includes 4 VAS
      for overall global status (DOCGL), inflammation, damage, and distress. Median
      score for fatigue and other MDHAQ and RheuMetric scores were compared in 4
      diagnosis groups: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), systemic lupus
      erythematosus (SLE), and fibromyalgia (FM), using a Kruskall-Wallis test.
      Associations of fatigue with other variables were analysed using Spearman
      correlations and multivariate regressions. RESULTS: 612 patients were included:
      173 RA, 199 with OA, 146 with SLE, and 94 with FM. Median fatigue was
      significantly higher in FM (7) than in RA (4), OA (5), and SLE (5). Fatigue was
      correlated significantly with all other MDHAQ scores, at higher levels in RA and
      SLE versus OA and FM. Fatigue was correlated significantly with DOCGL in RA, OA,
      SLE, but not FM. In multivariate analyses, fatigue scores were explained
      independently by higher pain and symptom number in RA; lower age and higher
      symptom number in OA; only higher pain in SLE; and none of the variables in FM.
      CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue is common in rheumatic diseases and strongly associated with
      higher pain and number of symptoms. The MDHAQ provides a useful tool to assess
      fatigue in clinical settings.

PMID- 27382924
TI  - Lipoma arborescens arising in the extra-articular bursa of the knee joint.
AB  - Lipoma arborescens arising in the extra-articular bursa of the knee joint is
      extremely rare. We describe an 11-year-old boy who complained of a gradual
      swelling mass of the lateral knee joint. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed
      a high signal intensity tumor on T1- and T2-weighted images with a thickened
      septa and nodular lesion that showed low signal intensity. The radiologist
      suggested the possible differential diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma.
      At operation, the tumor was found under the iliotibial tract and was not in
      contact with the knee joint. Histopathologically, this lesion was diagnosed as
      lipoma arborescens arising in the extra-articular bursa of the knee joint. On
      MRI, the appearance of lipoma arborescens arising in the extra-articular bursa of
      the knee joint differed from that of conventional intra-articular lipoma
      arborescens. In this report, we describe a case of extra-articular lipoma
      arborescens of the knee joint bursa and discuss the diagnosis and etiology. 

PMID- 27382925
TI  - Lesion of the hip abductor mechanism.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The disruption of the abductor muscles of the hip after hip
      revision surgery often causes limping, pain, and instability of the implant. The
      purpose of our paper is to describe a mesh technique to repair hip abductor
      mechanism injuries after hip revision. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-six patients
      with hip abductor damage after prosthetic revision were treated. Inclusion
      criteria were: patients presenting with prosthetic loosening, complaint of pain,
      and with a positive Trendelenburg sign due to deficient abductor muscle
      mechanisms. Thirty-one were women (67.39%) with an average age of 64 years (34-82
      years). The number of previous revision surgeries was three (two to seven). The
      Merle d'Aubigne score and variants before and after treatment were also reported.
      RESULTS: In the postoperative follow-up after hip revision with the mesh
      technique, the Merle d'Aubigne score improved and the Trendelenburg sign was
      negative in 78.3% of the patients (p < 0.001). Also, the Trendelenburg test with
      the knee flexed was negative in 60.9% (p < 0.001) and the stair-climbing test was
      negative in 60.9% of cases (p < 0.001). The gluteus medius test in the lateral
      position was negative in 52.2% of patients, and in the lateral position with the
      knee flexed it was negative in 47.8% of patients (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Repair
      of the abductor mechanism with the mesh technique has proven effective for both
      partial and total lesions.

PMID- 27382926
TI  - Acute Resistance Exercise Facilitates Attention Control in Adult Males without an
      Age-Moderating Effect.
AB  - The current study examined the effects of acute resistance exercise (RE) on adult
      males' attention control. Eighteen younger males (23.9 +/- 2.3 years) and 17
      older males (66.4 +/- 1.2 years) were recruited. Participants underwent a RE
      session and a reading session in a counterbalanced order. RE protocol required
      individuals to perform two sets of 10 repetitions of eight exercises using
      weights set at 70% of 10-repetition maximum. Attention control was assessed by
      go/no-go SART with intraindividual variability in reaction times (IIV in RT), in
      addition to reaction time and accuracy, employed as measures of attention
      control. Results indicated that IIV in RT was smaller following RE sessions than
      after reading sessions for both age groups. In addition, RTs were shorter after
      the exercise session. These findings suggest that RE enhances attention control
      in adult males and that the size of this effect is not moderated by age.

PMID- 27382928
TI  - Double Layer of a Gold Electrode Probed by AFM Force Measurements.
AB  - Colloidal probe atomic force microscopy was used to determine the electric double
      layer interactions between a gold electrode and a spherical silica probe. The
      double layer properties of the gold/solution interface were varied through the pH
      and salt concentration of the electrolyte, as well as by externally applying an
      electric potential. The double layer potentials psi(d) of the gold surface were
      obtained by fitting the force-distance curves according to the DLVO (Derjaguin
      Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory, using earlier obtained values for the double
      layer potential of the silica probe as input parameter. It was found that the
      gold electrode combines the features of reversible and polarizable interfaces;
      i.e., its charge and potential are determined by both the solution pH and the
      external potential. The pH dependence is attributed to proton adsorption and
      desorption from oxidic groups on the gold surface. In the potential range
      studied, psi(d) varies linearly with the applied potential; the variation in
      psi(d) is roughly 10% of that in the applied potential. The potential of zero
      force (the external potential at which psi(d) = 0) varies with pH. The various
      features of the gold/electrolyte interface are described well by an
      amphifunctional double layer model. The results of this study form the basis of
      the interpretation of adsorption studies on gold as a function of pH and
      externally applied potential. 

PMID- 27382927
TI  - Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Melanoma and Benign Melanocytic Lesions
      Suspected of Melanoma Using High-Wavenumber Raman Spectroscopy.
AB  - Melanoma is a pigmented type of skin cancer, which has the highest mortality of
      all skin cancers. Because of the low clinical diagnostic accuracy for melanoma,
      an objective tool is needed to assist clinical assessment of skin lesions that
      are suspected of (early) melanoma. The aim of this study was to identify spectral
      differences in the CH region of HWVN (high-wavenumber) Raman spectra between
      melanoma and benign melanocytic lesions clinically suspected of melanoma. We used
      these spectral differences to explore preliminary classification models to
      distinguish melanoma from benign melanocytic lesions. Data from 82 freshly
      excised melanocytic lesions clinically suspected of melanoma were measured using
      an in-house built Raman spectrometer, which has been optimized for measurements
      on pigmented skin lesions (excitation wavelength 976 nm and a wavelength range of
      the Raman signal 1340-1540 nm). Clear spectral differences were observed between
      melanoma and benign melanocytic lesions. These differences can be assigned mainly
      to the symmetric CH2 stretching vibrations of lipids. Our results show that the
      Raman bands between 2840 and 2930 cm(-1) have increased intensity for melanoma
      when compared to benign melanocytic lesions, suggesting an increase in lipid
      content in melanoma. These results demonstrate that spectroscopic information in
      the CH-stretching region of HWVN Raman spectra can discriminate melanoma from
      benign melanocytic lesions that are often clinically misdiagnosed as melanoma and
      that Raman spectroscopy has the potential to provide an objective clinical tool
      to improve the clinical diagnostic accuracy of skin lesions suspected of
      melanoma.

PMID- 27382929
TI  - Structural and magnetic characterization of large area, free-standing thin films
      of magnetic ion intercalated dichalcogenides Mn0.25TaS2 and Fe0.25TaS2.
AB  - Free-standing thin films of magnetic ion intercalated transition metal
      dichalcogenides are produced using ultramicrotoming techniques. Films of
      thicknesses ranging from 30 nm to 250 nm were achieved and characterized using
      transmission electron diffraction and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism.
      Diffraction measurements visualize the long range crystallographic ordering of
      the intercalated ions, while the dichroism measurements directly assess the
      orbital contributions to the total magnetic moment. We thus verify the unquenched
      orbital moment in Fe0.25TaS2 and measure the fully quenched orbital contribution
      in Mn0.25TaS2. Such films can be used in a wide variety of ultrafast x-ray and
      electron techniques that benefit from transmission geometries, and allow
      measurements of ultrafast structural, electronic, and magnetization dynamics in
      space and time.

PMID- 27382930
TI  - [Development of a Conceptual Framework for the Assessment of Chronic Care in the
      Spanish National Health System].
AB  - The aim was to develop a conceptual framework for the assessment of new
      healthcare initiatives on chronic diseases within the Spanish National Health
      System. A comprehensive literature review between 2002 and 2013, including
      systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and reports with evaluation frameworks and/or
      assessment of initiatives was carried out; integrated care initiatives
      established in Catalonia were studied and described; and semistructured
      interviews with key stakeholders were performed. The scope and conceptual
      framework were defined by using the brainstorming approach.Of 910 abstracts
      identified, a total of 116 studies were included. They referred to several
      conceptual frameworks and/or assessment indicators at a national and
      international level. An overall of 24 established chronic care initiatives were
      identified (9 integrated care initiatives); 10 in-depth interviews were carried
      out. The proposed conceptual framework envisages: 1)the target population
      according to complexity levels; 2)an evaluation approach of the structure,
      processes, and outcomes considering the health status achieved, the recovery
      process and the maintenance of health; and 3)the dimensions or attributes to be
      assessed. The proposed conceptual framework will be helpful has been useful to
      develop indicators and implement them with a community-based and result-oriented
      approach and a territorial or population-based perspective within the Spanish
      Health System. This will be essential to know which are the most effective
      strategies, what are the key elements that determine greater success and what are
      the groups of patients who can most benefit. 

PMID- 27382931
TI  - Novel therapeutic options for cachexia and sarcopenia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Cachexia and sarcopenia are conditions phenotypically characterized
      by muscle loss and represent a factor of poor prognosis, increasing patients'
      morbidity and mortality. Cachectic and sarcopenic patients often suffer from low
      quality of life, presenting lower muscle strength and appetite loss, which makes
      research on novel treatment strategies to ameliorate clinical response including
      patient's symptoms, the objective of scientific interest. AREAS COVERED: This
      article covers recent developments in the area of cachexia and sarcopenia
      treatment and therapeutic interventions, targeting central nervous system
      involvement, key inflammatory and muscle-specific metabolic pathways. EXPERT
      OPINION: A number of promising agents have being evaluated, such as enobosarm, a
      selected androgen receptor modulator, and anamorelin, a ghrelin agonist which
      have been recently studied in phase III trials. These and other agents (i.e.,
      infliximab, tocilizumab, MABp1, bimagrumab) have shown significant impact on
      reversal of skeletal muscle loss, but limited effect on physical function. In the
      last few years advancement in the number and type of potential treatments for
      cachexia and sarcopenia have been obtained and we have now available more data on
      measurable effects of several drugs on patients' nutritional and metabolic
      parameters and outcomes.

PMID- 27382932
TI  - Replacing the Orchestra? - The Discernibility of Sample Library and Live
      Orchestra Sounds.
AB  - Recently, musical sounds from pre-recorded orchestra sample libraries (OSL) have
      become indispensable in music production for the stage or popular charts.
      Surprisingly, it is unknown whether human listeners can identify sounds as
      stemming from real orchestras or OSLs. Thus, an internet-based experiment was
      conducted to investigate whether a classic orchestral work, produced with sounds
      from a state-of-the-art OSL, could be reliably discerned from a live orchestra
      recording of the piece. It could be shown that the entire sample of listeners (N
      = 602) on average identified the correct sound source at 72.5%. This rate
      slightly exceeded Alan Turing's well-known upper threshold of 70% for a
      convincing, simulated performance. However, while sound experts tended to
      correctly identify the sound source, participants with lower listening expertise,
      who resembled the majority of music consumers, only achieved 68.6%. As non-expert
      listeners in the experiment were virtually unable to tell the real-life and OSL
      sounds apart, it is assumed that OSLs will become more common in music production
      for economic reasons. 

PMID- 27382933
TI  - Evolution equation for quantum coherence.
AB  - The estimation of the decoherence process of an open quantum system is of both
      theoretical significance and experimental appealing. Practically, the decoherence
      can be easily estimated if the coherence evolution satisfies some simple
      relations. We introduce a framework for studying evolution equation of coherence.
      Based on this framework, we prove a simple factorization relation (FR) for the l1
      norm of coherence, and identified the sets of quantum channels for which this FR
      holds. By using this FR, we further determine condition on the transformation
      matrix of the quantum channel which can support permanently freezing of the l1
      norm of coherence. We finally reveal the universality of this FR by showing that
      it holds for many other related coherence and quantum correlation measures.

PMID- 27382934
TI  - The efficacy of intravenous hyoscine-N-butylbromide during colonoscopy: a
      prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Colonic spasm makes colonoscope advancement difficult. This
      prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aimed to evaluate
      the efficacy of hyoscine-N-butylbromide as an antispasmodic during colonoscopy.
      METHOD: Patients referred for elective colonoscopy were randomized into the study
      and placebo groups. Before the procedure, the study and placebo groups received
      20 mg intra-venous hyoscine-N-butylbromide and intravenous saline solution of the
      same amount, respectively. Demographic and procedure--related data were recorded
      and compared between the groups. RESULTS: Of 198 patients referred for elective
      colonoscopy, 121 were included (study group = 60, placebo group = 61). No
      differences were observed between the study and placebo groups in terms of
      demographic data, pre-procedure characteristics, and colonoscopic characteristics
      including the cecal intubation time, total procedure time, bowel preparation,
      sedation doses, hemo-dynamic findings, endoscopist satisfaction, patient comfort,
      and polyp detection rate. The only difference was an increase in the heart rate
      by 32% in the study group after hyoscine-N-butyl-bromide administration (p <
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hyoscine-N-butylbromide did not reduce the time to reach the
      cecum and the total colonoscopy time, and patient and endoscopist satisfaction
      and polyp detection rate did not change. Furthermore, it was concluded that
      hyoscine-N-butylbromide can increase the risk of drug-related complications.

PMID- 27382935
TI  - Usefulness of IT knife nano for endoscopic submucosal dissection of large colo
      rectal lesions.
AB  - AIM: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is currently widely conducted for the
      treatment of early gastrointestinal -cancers. Due to the characteristic anatomy
      of the large intestine, needle- tip type devices such as Dual knife are mainly
      used in colorectal ESD. On the other hand, the non- needle-tip type IT knife is a
      unique device with an insulated tip, and has been reported to be safe,
      efficacious and speedy when used in gastric ESD. A new model of IT knife, IT
      knife nano, anticipated to be useful for esophageal and colorectal ESD has become
      available, but its usefulness has not been reported. Therefore, we performed this
      study to evaluate the usefulness of IT knife nano for ESD of large colorectal
      lesions. METHOD: Previous studies have shown that a tumor size of 40 mm or above
      significantly prolongs treatment time and is a factor of treatment difficulty. We
      selected colorectal lesions of 40 mm and above, and compared 32 lesions treated
      with Dual knife alone before IT knife nano was available (No-IT group) and 40
      cases treated with IT knife nano as a second knife after IT knife nano became
      available (IT group). We assessed en bloc resection rate, complete en bloc
      resection rate, complication rate and treatment time. RESULTS: The en bloc
      resection rates in No-IT group and IT group were 100% and 97.5%, respectively,
      with no significant difference. The respective median treatment time was 70 min
      and 51 min, and was significantly shortened in IT group (P < 0.05). The
      respective rates of procedure- related perforation were 3.1% and 0% ; in IT group
      suggesting a tendency of reduced incidence. CONCLUSIONS: Use of IT knife nano in
      ESD for large colorectal -lesions achieves the same levels of efficacy and safety
      as conventional device, with the additional merit of shortening treatment time.

PMID- 27382936
TI  - Fragmented QRS is associated with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in patients with
      decompensated cirrhosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: It has been reported that the fragmented QRS (fQRS) is
      related to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and diastolic dysfunction. The
      aim of this study was to determine the frequency of fragmented QRS (fQRS) in
      patients with decompensated cirrhosis and to evaluate the relationship between
      the presence of fQRS and systolic and diastolic dysfunction. METHOD: PThe study
      included consecutive 189 patients with decompensated cirrhosis. fQRS pattern was
      described as presence of RSR' manifested as existence of additional R wave and
      notching in either R or S waves in ECG recordings. Conventional echocardiography
      and tissue doppler echocardiography were performed in all patients. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of fQRS was 31% (59/189) in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The
      patients with fQRS had worse diastolic and systolic functions in comparison to
      the patients without fQRS. In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that the
      presence of an fQRS, Na levels < 125 mEq/L, the Child-Pugh score and the MELD
      score were independent predictive factors for mortality (respectively, p < 0.001,
      p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion,this study showed
      a relationship between the presence of an fQRS and cardiac dysfunction. In
      addition, the fQRS appeared to act as an independent predictor of mortality in
      patients with decompensated cirrhosis. These data suggest that the fQRS may
      represent a novel noninvasive marker for cardiac involvement and for predicting
      mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

PMID- 27382937
TI  - CDX2 as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is considerable evidence in the literature to suggest a role
      for CDX2 in intestinal metaplasia and development of gastric cancer, but its
      impact on the prognosis of gastric cancer continues to be a matter of debate.
      OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to assess the prognostic -implications of CDX2
      in gastric cancer. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed our database for gastric
      carcinoma cases diagnosed at our hospital from 2004 to 2008. Histopathology
      slides of these were subsequently stained with CDX2 immuno-histochemical stain.
      CDX2 positive and negative groups were then compared for overall survival.
      RESULTS: A total of 101 patients (mean age 50y ; 60% male) were included in the
      study. 31/101 (30.7%) cases were CDX2 positive. Of these, 23/31 (74%) patients
      underwent curative surgical resection. In the CDX2 negative group, only 12/70
      (17%) patients underwent curative surgery (p = .0001). Of those who underwent
      surgical resection, 9% had stage I, 37% had stage II, 43% had stage III, and 11%
      had stage IV tumours on TNM staging of post-surgical histological specimens. Mean
      overall survival of CDX2 positive group was 17 months, compared to 6 months in
      the CDX2 negative group (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: CDX2 positive gastric
      carcinomas are more likely to be resectable and patients whose tumours stain
      positive for CDX2 have significantly better survival.

PMID- 27382938
TI  - Anemia Outcome After Laparascopic Mini Bypass : Analysis of 107 Consecutive
      Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased globally. Weight
      loss procedures are known to be an effective and reliable method with relatively
      low complication rate and satisfactory results. Laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass
      (LMGB) is known as a modified Mason loop procedure with compatible results to
      laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB), and is believed to have even less
      complication rate. Despite adequate and meticulous supplement therapy, anemia is
      one of the challenges in patients undergoing LMGB. Thus, we aimed to review the
      prevalence and severity of anemia in patients undergoing LMGB. METHOD: A
      prospectively-maintained database of patients referring to Hazrat Rasoul Akram
      hospital who underwent LMGB from December 2013 to October 2014 was reviewed
      retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 113 consecutive patients were included in
      the study. The mean age was 38.7 +/- 9.8 years. Mean Body mass index (BMI) was
      45.5 +/- 6.1 kg/m2 preoperatively and 36.7 +/- 5.5 kg/m2 and 33.0 +/- 5.3 kg/m2
      three and six months after the procedure, respectively. (P = 0.001) Mean excess
      body weight loss after the procedure was 20% and 53% at three and six months post
      operatively. Serum hemoglobin (Hb) level decreased significantly in three months
      (P = 0.036) and remained unchanged in six months compared to 3-month (P = 0.385).
      Vitamin B12 level increased significantly in three months (P = 0.010) and then
      decrease in six months to the preoperative level (P = 0.889). CONCLUSION: LMGB is
      a safe, feasible and an effective alternative weight loss procedure. Simply,
      anemia can be prevented by utilizing therapeutic dose of multivitamin in patients
      who underwent this procedure.

PMID- 27382939
TI  - Polymorphisms in the IL28B gene (rs12979860, rs8099917) and the virological
      response to pegylated interferon therapy in hepatitis D virus patients.
AB  - AIM: Few data are available regarding the effects of interleukin 28B (IL28B)
      polymorphisms in chronic hepatitis D (CHD) patients. This study investigated the
      relationship between IL28B poly-morphisms and the response of patients with CHD
      infections to pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      total of 101 CHD patients were -selected, 80 of whom (46 males ; median age 41
      years) satisfied the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. Thirty
      seven patients were treated with peg-IFNalpha for at least 12 months and were
      followed for a median of 18 months (range, 12-30 months). The primary treatment
      endpoint was the suppression of HDV replication, as documented by the loss of
      detectable HDV RNA in serum. Genotyping was used to analyse the IL28B
      polymorphisms rs12979860 and rs8099917 according to the virological response.
      RESULTS: After treatment, a sustained viral response (SVR) was achieved in 19
      (51%) of the patients treated with PEG-INF. The IL28B genotypes in the 80
      patients were as follows : CC in 36 (45%), CT in 33 (41%) and TT in 11 (14%) for
      rs12979860, and GG in 4 (5%), GT in 27 (34%) and TT in 49 (61%) for rs8099917.
      SVR was achieved in 5 (26%), 10 (53%) and 4 (21%) patients with CC, CT and TT at
      rs12979860, respectively, and one (5%), nine (47%) and nine (47%) patients with
      GG, GT and TT at rs8099917, respectively. There were differences in the SVR among
      genotypes (rs12979860 and rs8099917 ; chi-squared test, p = 0.047). CONCLUSION:
      IL28B predicts the PEG-IFN response in patients with CHD infection.

PMID- 27382940
TI  - Post progression survival analysis of metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal
      junction cancer patients after second-line treatment.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to define the factors that -affect response
      and post-progression survival of metastatic gastric cancer (MGC) and
      gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJ) -patients treated with second-line
      chemotherapy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 59 patients with
      MGC or GEJ adenocarcinoma who received second-line treatment. RESULTS: The median
      age was 54 years old (26-77). Response to second-line treatment was strongly
      associated with disease control with first-line treatment (p < 0.01). Median
      progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and post-progression
      survival (PPS) were 3.2 (95% CI : 2.63-3.80), 6.5 (95% CI : 3.78-9.35) and 2.7
      months (95% CI : 1.89-3.68), respectively. PFS (r = 0.55, p < 0.01) and PPS (r =
      0.89, p < 0.01) were correlated with OS. Response to second-line treatment was
      independently related to PFS (HR : 0.12 95%CI : 0.53-0.26, p < 0.001). Having an
      ECOG 0 performance status (HR : 0.42 ; 95%CI : 0.21-0.86, p = 0.02) and response
      to second-line therapy (HR : 0.47 ; 95%CI : 0.25-0.85, p = 0.01) were
      independently associated with OS. CONCLUSION: PPS and PFS were correlated with OS
      after second-line treatment of MGC. Response to second-line treatment prolonged
      OS by increasing PFS, and having an ECOG 0 PS prolonged OS by increasing PPS.

PMID- 27382941
TI  - Comparing the type and severity of inflammatory bowel disease in relation to IgG4
      immunohistochemical staining.
AB  - BACKGROUD AND STUDY AIM: The role of immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 in the
      etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its association with
      endoscopic and pathological activity are not yet completely understood. The
      purpose of this study was to determine the possible relationship between IgG4
      status and IBD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Endoscopic colon biopsies of 55 patients
      with ulcerative colitis (UC) and of 17 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) were
      examined. Numbers of IgG4-positive plasma cells stained immunohistochemically
      were counted in a minimum of 5 high power fields (HPFs) for each specimen. The
      presence of > 10 cells/HPF IgG4-positive PCs was considered positive. RESULTS: he
      prevalence of IgG4-positive plasma cells in the lamina propria of the colonic
      mucosa was significantly higher in patients with UC than in those with CD (p
      :0.01). Additionally, the prevalence of IgG4-positive plasma cells increased in
      line with endoscopic and pathological activity in UC patients. Conversely, we
      determined no significant correlation between IgG4 positivity and pathological
      activity in the CD group. IgG4-positive UC patients also exhibited findings of
      more severe disease compared to IgG4-negative UC patients. CONCLUSION:
      Immunohistochemical IgG4 staining may predict disease severity in UC and may be a
      useful marker for distinguishing between UC and CD.

PMID- 27382942
TI  - Achieving WHO recommendations for Hepatitis C Virus Elimination in Belgium.
AB  - BACKGROUD: The World Health Organization (WHO) released updated guidelines for
      the screening, care and treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus
      (HCV) infection. METHODS: A previously described HCV disease burden model was
      used to develop a "WHO scenario" to achieve the WHO recommendations of a 90%
      reduction in incidence and 65% reduction in liver-related deaths. After
      determining the steps necessary to achieve this goal, the impact of realistic
      constraints was modeled. RESULTS: In 2015, there were 66.200 viremic infections,
      with 43% diagnosed and 1.350 treated. In order to reduce new infections,
      treatment must be extended to >= F0 patients, including people who inject drugs
      and other individuals at risk of transmitting HCV. -Additionally, diagnosis and
      treatment of 3.030 and 4.060 patients, respectively, would be required. The
      largest attenuation of the WHO scenario would occur if no new cases were
      diagnosed after 2018 (300% more viremic infections by 2030). Limiting treatment
      to >= F2 patients or treating fewer patients (3.000) would result in 220% or 140%
      more viremic cases, respectively, compared with the WHO scenario. CONCLUSION:
      Achieving the WHO guidelines in Belgium requires a coordinated effort to scale up
      treatment and prevention efforts and to allow treatment access to patients of all
      fibrosis stages. A scale-up of treatment, however, requires patients to be both
      diagnosed and linked to care, suggesting a need for increased awareness and
      expanded screening efforts. Finally, prevention of new HCV infections requires a
      comprehensive understanding of the population at risk of transmitting HCV.

PMID- 27382943
TI  - Mitigating the burden of hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs in
      Belgium.
AB  - BACKGROUD AND AIMS: In 2010, there were an estimated 10 100 PWID in Belgium and
      43% (34%-57%) were HCV infected. Understanding HCV transmission dynamics in high
      risk populations and assessing the potential impact of improved HCV treatment
      strategies requires robust epidemiological data and mathematical modeling.
      METHODS: CV transmission was modeled using cohorts to track HCV incidence and
      prevalence among active PWID in the general PWID population, OST and NSP. Model
      assumptions were derived from published literature and expert consensus. The
      relative impact of increasing the number of PWID treated with new oral DAAs was
      considered. RESULTS: If the current transmission paradigm continues, there will
      be 2645 HCV-infected PWID in 2030. Annually treating 30 (1% of 2015 population)
      or 120 (4% of 2015 population) HCV-infected PWID with oral DAAs will result in 5%
      and 25% reductions, respectively, in HCV-infected PWID by 2030. Treating 370 PWID
      annually (12.5% of 2015 population) will result in a > 90% reduction by 2030.
      CONCLUSION: Treating a small number of PWID can result in substantial reduction
      in HCV prevalence in this population ; however, high levels of treatment are
      necessary to reduce the viral pool and thus the risk of secondary infections.
      This analysis supports implementation of a screening and treatment strategy among
      PWID when combined with an expansion of harm reduction programs.

PMID- 27382944
TI  - A review on the role of laparoscopy in pancreatic cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUD: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the
      United States and leads to an estimated 227,000 deaths per year worldwide.
      Palliative and curative treatments are used for pancreatic cancer by laparoscopic
      or open techniques. The role of laparoscopy in pancreatic cancer is evaluated in
      this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Electronic databases, such as PubMed/MEDLINE
      and Google Scholar were searched to identify reports of trials for laparoscopic
      pancreatic surgery. Articles written in English including the maximum number of
      patients published -between 2010 and 2014 were included. RESULTS: Recent reports
      on laparoscopic surgery of the pancreas are encouraging and support the
      advantages of laparoscopy. Although large series have been reported for benign
      pancreatic -tumors treated with laparoscopic procedures, only limited data are
      available for malignant lesions. Most of these studies are retrospective, but the
      results encourage laparoscopic procedures. CONCLUSION: Over the last decade
      laparoscopic pancreatic surgery has emerged as an alternative to open surgery
      with many advantages. There are limited data on about laparoscopic approach for
      the treatment of malignant lesions. The results are in favor of laparoscopy.

PMID- 27382945
TI  - Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis : Brief Review.
AB  - Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare disease which belongs to primary
      eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (primary EGIDs), characterized by an
      accumulation of eosinophils in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is strongly
      associated with atopy and allergy. The clinical presentations vary depending on
      the site and depth of eosinophilic intestinal infiltration. Radiology pictures
      may show irregular thickening of the folds, but these findings can also be
      present in other conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoma. The
      endoscopic appearance is also nonspecific. The definite diagnosis requires biopsy
      for histological evidence of GI eosinophilic infiltration and clinicians make the
      diagnosis in correlation with and by exclusion of other possible causes of
      eosinophilic infiltration. Because EGE is a rare disease, the treatment is based
      on limited case reports and clinicians' experience. Corticosteroids are the
      mainstay of therapy. The prognosis of EGE is relatively good when patients
      receive timely and proper treatment.

PMID- 27382946
TI  - Eosinophilic esophagitis that develops during therapy with proton pump inhibitors
      : case series and possible mechanisms.
AB  - Therapy with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) results in remission in at least one
      third of patients with esophageal eosinophilia, presumably because of both their
      acid-related and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action. However, eosinophilic
      esophagitis (EoE) may also develop during therapy with PPIs. We present a case
      series of four children who were initially diagnosed with infectious esophagitis,
      gastroesophageal reflux disease or gastric ulcer, who had no eosinophilic
      infiltration of the esophagus, but subsequently developed symptoms, endoscopic
      features and histological picture of typical EoE. We discuss mechanisms of action
      of PPIs of likely relevance to an increased risk of development of EoE in some
      patients, such as their influence on mucosal barrier function, interference with
      pH-related protein digestion by pepsin, and antigen processing by immune cells.

PMID- 27382947
TI  - Uncommon cause of retrosternal pain.
AB  - We present the case of a 54-year old male patient who was admitted with severe
      acute epigastric pain, vomiting, and inability to eat since three days before
      admission. After having excluded cardiac and pulmonary emergencies, an
      oesogastroduodenoscopy was planned and showed a gastric volvulus. The patient was
      treated surgically allowing gastric decompression, gastropexy and Nissen
      intervention. We discuss the case and describe the classification, the diagnosis,
      the etiologies and therapeutic options in acute and chronic gastric volvulus.

PMID- 27382948
TI  - Sclerosing mesenteric panniculitis in a young patient : common cause of
      diagnostic dilemma and treatment refractoriness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sclerosing mesenteric panniculitis (SMP) is an idiopathic chronic
      fibroinflammatory disorder of the intra-abdominal fat. CASE PRESENTATION: Herin,
      we report a case of SMP, involving the omentum, mesentery and peri-colic fat in a
      18 year old male, who presented with significant and recurrent abdominal
      distension for 4.5 years. Computed tomogram revealed ascites, with nodular and
      irregular omental thickening and foci of calcification. Non-specific radiological
      and histological features made an accurate diagnosis extremely difficult. After a
      thorough work up and exclusion of other differentials, diagnosis of a nodular SMP
      (Weber Christian disease) was given. After showing resistance to chemotherapeutic
      agents, slow response was noted with cyclophosphamide, followed by rapid
      symptomatic improvement with mesenterectomy. CONCLUSION: SMP is an uncommon
      benign mesenteric/ omental inflammation, and is a diagnosis of exclusion. As
      treatment refractoriness is common, management should be individualized and
      continued for along period. Surgical omentectomy may be helpful.

PMID- 27382949
TI  - An unusual case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome following endoscopic retrograde
      cholangiopancreatography rapidly improved with eculizumab.
AB  - Atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare but life-threatening
      complement system-related disorder, characterized by renal failure, non-immune
      haemolytic anaemia and thrombo-cytopenia. We report on a young woman who
      developed a pancreatitis-induced aHUS following a routine procedure of endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The patient was successively treated by 2
      plasma exchanges with fresh frozen plasma and eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody
      designed to block terminal complement activation. The last treatment resulted in
      the immediate improvement of haemolytic parameters and to the definitive
      suspension of plasma exchanges. This is likely the first description of the use
      of a complement inhibitor to treat post-pancreatitis aHUS. We discussed treatment
      options and concluded that eculizumab could be a beneficial alternative to plasma
      exchanges in the management of such complications.

PMID- 27382950
TI  - Case of a successful liver transplantation from a living donor with focal nodular
      hyperplasia.

PMID- 27382951
TI  - A rare case of abdominal tuberculosis with vomiting : letter to the editor.

PMID- 27382952
TI  - Abdominal pain and fullness in young patient.

PMID- 27382953
TI  - Fecal transplant for Clostridium difficile infection relapses using "pooled"
      frozen feces from non-related donors.

PMID- 27382954
TI  - Esophageal and gastric ulceration due to synchronous herpes simplex virus,
      cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection.

PMID- 27382955
TI  - Computed tomography findings of polysplenia syndrome with multiple anomalies.

PMID- 27382956
TI  - A rarely seen biliary variation : Right posterior and right anterior hepatic
      ducts were opening to the cystic duct.

PMID- 27382957
TI  - Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Children and Adolescents with Cirrhosis Due
      to Biliary Atresia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The nutritional status in patients with cirrhosis is not so easy to
      assess properly. Considering the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic
      factor (BDNF) and energy homeostasis, the main aim of this study was to evaluate
      the concentration of BDNF in children and adolescents with cirrhosis due to
      biliary atresia (BA) and correlate it with their nutritional status. METHODS:
      Fifty-three children and adolescents with cirrhosis due to BA and 33 healthy
      controls were enrolled in this study. Nutritional status was evaluated using
      anthropometric parameters, and serum BDNF was measured by ELISA. Spearman
      coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between variables. RESULTS: In
      the cirrhosis group, 28.8% were undernourished and in the control group, 100%
      were well-nourished. BDNF median values for the control and cirrhosis group were
      28.5 and 9.0 pg/ml respectively. BDNF and platelets were positively associated
      with both Standard Deviation Score (SDS) for height-for-age ratio and SDS for
      triceps skinfold thickness-for-age ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Considering these
      associations, BDNF may be an indirect biomarker of nutritional status in children
      and adolescents with chronic liver disease. Further studies must be conducted to
      clarify the role of BDNF in this population.

PMID- 27382958
TI  - Sensory quality of Camembert-type cheese: Relationship between starter cultures
      and ripening molds.
AB  - Starter cultures and ripening molds used in the manufacture of moldy cheese aimed
      at obtaining characteristic flavors and textures considerably differ among dairy
      industries. Thus, the study of variables inherent to the process and their
      influence on sensory patterns in cheese can improve the standardization and
      control of the production process. The aim of this work was to study the
      influence of three different variables on the sensory quality of Camembert-type
      cheese: type of lactic bacteria, type of ripener molds and inoculation method.
      Batches of Camembert-type cheese were produced using O or DL-type mesophilic
      starter culture, ripened with Penicillium camemberti or Penicillium candidum and
      mold inoculation was made directly into the milk or by spraying. All batches were
      sensorially evaluated using Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) with
      panelists trained for various attributes. Among the combinations analyzed, those
      resulting in more typical Camembert-type cheese were those using O-type
      mesophilic starter culture and P. candidum maturation mold directly applied into
      the milk or sprayed and those using DL-type mesophilic starter and P. camemberti
      ripener mold applied by surface spraying. These results demonstrate, therefore,
      that the combination of different ripener molds, inoculation methods and starter
      cultures directly influences the sensory quality of Camembert-type cheese,
      modifying significantly its texture, appearance, aroma and taste. 

PMID- 27382959
TI  - Quantitative transfer of Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 during mechanical slicing of
      tomatoes as impacted by multiple processing variables.
AB  - Slicing of fresh produce can readily lead to pathogen cross-contamination with
      pre-sliced tomatoes having been linked to multistate outbreaks of salmonellosis
      in the United States. This study aimed to assess the impact of multiple
      processing variables on quantitative transfer of Salmonella during simulated
      commercial slicing of tomatoes. One red round tomato was inoculated with
      Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 at ~5logCFU/g and sliced using a manual or electric
      slicer, followed by 20 uninoculated tomatoes. Thereafter, the distribution of
      Salmonella on inoculated and uninoculated tomato slices was evaluated along with
      the transfer of Salmonella from different parts of the slicer. The impact of
      multiple processing variables including post-contamination hold time (0 and
      30min), tomato wetness (dry and wet), processing room temperature (23, 10 and 4
      degrees C), slice thickness (0.48, 0.64, and 0.95cm), tomato variety (Torero,
      Rebelski, and Bigdena) and pre-wash treatment (no wash, tap water, and chlorine)
      was also investigated. The data were fitted to a two-parameter exponential decay
      model (Y=A?exp(BX)) with the percentage of Salmonella transferred to 20
      uninoculated tomatoes then calculated. Salmonella populations on nine inoculated
      tomato slices ranged from 4.6+/-0.2 to 5.5+/-0.3logCFU/g, with higher populations
      on slices from the blossom and stem scar ends. However, Salmonella transfer to
      the previously uninoculated slices was similar (P>0.05), ranging from 2.1+/-0.2
      to 3.4+/-0.2logCFU/g. Significantly fewer salmonellae transferred from the blade
      (3.4+/-0.4 log CFU, P<=0.05) than from the back and bottom plates (4.7+/-0.3 log
      CFU) or the whole manual slicer (5.2+/-0.2 log CFU) to the 20 uninoculated
      tomatoes. However, the blade was the primary contributor to Salmonella transfer
      for the electric slicer. Post-contamination hold time, processing temperature and
      tomato slice thickness did not significantly impact (P>0.05) the Salmonella
      transfer rate (parameter B) or the overall percentage of cells transferred. A
      significantly lower (P<=0.05) transfer rate (-0.028+/-0.002) was observed for wet
      as compared to dry tomatoes (-0.051+/-0.002), with a significantly higher
      (P<=0.05) percentage (12.2+/-2.4%) of Salmonella transferred to wet as opposed to
      dry tomatoes (1.1+/-0.5%). Tomato variety also impacted Salmonella transfer with
      significantly lower (P<=0.05) transfer rates and Salmonella transfer percentages
      seen for Rebelski and Bigdena than Torero. These findings will provide practical
      guidelines for the fresh-cut tomato industry and will also be useful in
      developing science-based transfer models for risk assessments. 

PMID- 27382960
TI  - A novel method for the determination of some pesticides in vegetable oils based
      on dissociation extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - The distribution of 40 pesticides of basic nature in different extraction systems
      was studied at 20 +/- 1 degrees C. The distribution constants (P) and
      distribution ratios (D) between n-hexane and polar phases are calculated. It was
      found that the studied pesticides are most fully and selectively extracted from
      hexane and vegetable oils by solutions of perchloric acid in acetonitrile. In
      particular, the acidification of acetonitrile decreases the D-value of
      fenpropimorph by 29,000 times. This phenomenon was used for the development of an
      improved technique for the quantitative analysis of widely used pesticides of
      basic nature in rapeseed, linseed, sunflower and olive oils by GC-MS. The
      proposed approach allows obtaining much purer sample extracts, compared with the
      use of standard solvent extraction with further purification by the freezing-out
      technique. This approach expands the range of pesticides (flutriafol,
      fenpropidine, metazachlor, cyprodinil and others) that can be determined by GC
      MS. The recovery values of the studied pesticides from vegetable oils were
      between 85% and 115% with RSD values below 10%. The obtained limits of detection
      ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 mg kg(-)(1), and are below or equal to the maximum
      residue levels (MRLs) set by the European Union for the corresponding pesticides.

PMID- 27382961
TI  - Overexpression of SORCIN is a Prognostic Biomarker for Multidrug-Resistant
      Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Correlates with Upregulated MDR1/P-gp.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistance is one of the major causes of treatment failure
      in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and SORCIN is an intracellular
      calcium modulator protein. The current study was designed to investigate the in
      vitro and in vivo relationships between the expression levels of SORCIN: in tumor
      cell lines and children with ALL; its possible correlation with MDR1/P
      glycoprotein (P-gp), a multidrug resistance-related gene; and response to
      therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Childhood T-lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-CEM)
      cell lines resistant to methotrexate (MTX) were developed. Patient studies were
      performed by including 30 children with ALL at diagnosis, 3 children with bone
      marrow relapse, and 15 children with no symptoms of cancer. The mRNA expression
      profiles of SORCIN and MDR1/P-gp was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain
      reaction (qPCR). Minimal residual disease (MRD) was measured in the patient
      population, a year following the initial therapy using qPCR. RESULTS: Cell line
      data analyses showed a positive correlation between SORCIN mRNA levels and
      resistance to MTX. The difference between patient and control groups for SORCIN
      expression levels was not significant. However, patients with a negative response
      to therapy showed an increase in SORCIN mRNA levels (up to 6.8-fold) compared
      with those with negative MRD. In addition, the results demonstrated a significant
      positive correlation between SORCIN and MDR1/P-gp gene expression levels.
      CONCLUSION: The current study introduces, for the first time, a possible
      prognostic value of SORCIN in childhood ALL, which may be correlated with MDR1/P
      gp gene expression in these patients.

PMID- 27382963
TI  - Clinical Scores for Dyspnoea Severity in Children: A Prospective Validation
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In acute dyspnoeic children, assessment of dyspnoea severity and
      treatment response is frequently based on clinical dyspnoea scores. Our study aim
      was to validate five commonly used paediatric dyspnoea scores. METHODS: Fifty
      children aged 0-8 years with acute dyspnoea were clinically assessed before and
      after bronchodilator treatment, a subset of 27 children were videotaped and
      assessed twice by nine observers. The observers scored clinical signs necessary
      to calculate the Asthma Score (AS), Asthma Severity Score (ASS), Clinical Asthma
      Evaluation Score 2 (CAES-2), Pediatric Respiratory Assessment Measure (PRAM) and
      respiratory rate, accessory muscle use, decreased breath sounds (RAD). RESULTS: A
      total of 1120 observations were used to assess fourteen measurement properties
      within domains of validity, reliability and utility. All five dyspnoea scores
      showed overall poor results, scoring insufficiently on more than half of the
      quality criteria for measurement properties. The AS and PRAM were the most valid
      with good values on six and moderate values on three properties. Poor results
      were mainly due to insufficient measurement properties in the validity and
      reliability domains whereas utility properties were moderate to good in all
      scores. CONCLUSION: This study shows that commonly used dyspnoea scores show
      insufficient validity and reliability to allow for clinical use without caution.

PMID- 27382962
TI  - Crystal Structure of Bacillus subtilis Cysteine Desulfurase SufS and Its Dynamic
      Interaction with Frataxin and Scaffold Protein SufU.
AB  - The biosynthesis of iron sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in Bacillus subtilis is mediated
      by a SUF-type gene cluster, consisting of the cysteine desulfurase SufS, the
      scaffold protein SufU, and the putative chaperone complex SufB/SufC/SufD. Here,
      we present the high-resolution crystal structure of the SufS homodimer in its
      product-bound state (i.e., in complex with pyrodoxal-5'-phosphate, alanine,
      Cys361-persulfide). By performing hydrogen/deuterium exchange (H/DX) experiments,
      we characterized the interaction of SufS with SufU and demonstrate that SufU
      induces an opening of the active site pocket of SufS. Recent data indicate that
      frataxin could be involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis by facilitating iron
      incorporation. H/DX experiments show that frataxin indeed interacts with the
      SufS/SufU complex at the active site. Our findings deepen the current
      understanding of Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, a complex yet essential process, in
      the model organism B. subtilis. 

PMID- 27382965
TI  - Comments on Isoflavones in Soy-Based Infant Formulas.

PMID- 27382964
TI  - Dependence of Initial Value on Pattern Formation for a Logistic Coupled Map
      Lattice.
AB  - The logistic coupled map lattices (LCML) have been widely investigated as well as
      their pattern dynamics. The patterns formation may depend on not only
      fluctuations of system parameters, but variation of the initial conditions.
      However, the mathematical discussion is quite few for the effect of initial
      values so far. The present paper is concerned with the pattern formation for a
      two-dimensional Logistic coupled map lattice, where any initial value can be
      linear expressed by corresponding eigenvectors, and patterns formation can be
      determined by selecting the corresponding eigenvectors. A set of simulations are
      conducted whose results demonstrate the fact. The method utilized in the present
      paper could be applied to other discrete systems as well. 

PMID- 27382967
TI  - Adding to the transitional care evidence base for future national guidance.

PMID- 27382968
TI  - The Primary Prevention of PTSD in Firefighters: Preliminary Results of an RCT
      with 12-Month Follow-Up.
AB  - AIM: To develop and evaluate an evidence-based and theory driven program for the
      primary prevention of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). DESIGN: A pre
      intervention / post-intervention / follow up control group design with clustered
      random allocation of participants to groups was used. The "control" group
      received "Training as Usual" (TAU). METHOD: Participants were 45 career recruits
      within the recruit school at the Department of Fire and Emergency Services (DFES)
      in Western Australia. The intervention group received a four-hour resilience
      training intervention (Mental Agility and Psychological Strength training) as
      part of their recruit training school curriculum. Data was collected at baseline
      and at 6- and 12-months post intervention. RESULTS: We found no evidence that the
      intervention was effective in the primary prevention of mental health issues, nor
      did we find any significant impact of MAPS training on social support or coping
      strategies. A significant difference across conditions in trauma knowledge is
      indicative of some impact of the MAPS program. CONCLUSION: While the key
      hypotheses were not supported, this study is the first randomised control trial
      investigating the primary prevention of PTSD. Practical barriers around the
      implementation of this program, including constraints within the recruit school,
      may inform the design and implementation of similar programs in the future. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR)
      ACTRN12615001362583.

PMID- 27382969
TI  - A sensitive multi-residue method for the determination of 35 micropollutants
      including pharmaceuticals, iodinated contrast media and pesticides in water.
AB  - A sensitive, multi-residue method using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed to determine a
      representative group of 35 analytes, including corrosion inhibitors, pesticides
      and pharmaceuticals such as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, five iodinated
      contrast media, beta-blockers and some of their metabolites and transformation
      products in water samples. Few other methods are capable of determining such a
      broad range of contrast media together with other analytes. We studied the
      parameters affecting the extraction of the target analytes, including sorbent
      selection and extraction conditions, their chromatographic separation (mobile
      phase composition and column) and detection conditions using two ionisation
      sources: electrospray ionisation (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical
      ionisation (APCI). In order to correct matrix effects, a total of 20
      surrogate/internal standards were used. ESI was found to have better sensitivity
      than APCI. Recoveries ranging from 79 to 134 % for tap water and 66 to 144 % for
      surface water were obtained. Intra-day precision, calculated as relative standard
      deviation, was below 34 % for tap water and below 21 % for surface water,
      groundwater and effluent wastewater. Method quantification limits (MQL) were in
      the low ng L(-1) range, except for the contrast agents iomeprol, amidotrizoic
      acid and iohexol (22, 25.5 and 17.9 ng L(-1), respectively). Finally, the method
      was applied to the analysis of 56 real water samples as part of the validation
      procedure. All of the compounds were detected in at least some of the water
      samples analysed. Graphical Abstract Multi-residue method for the determination
      of micropollutants including pharmaceuticals, iodinated contrast media and
      pesticides in waters by LC-MS/MS. 

PMID- 27382970
TI  - The influence of ageing and surface type on the odour profile of blood-detection
      dog training aids.
AB  - Cadaver-detection dogs are a preferred search tool utilised by law enforcement
      agencies for the purposes of locating victim remains due to their efficiency and
      minimal disturbance to the crime scene. In Australia, a specific group of these
      canines are blood-detection dogs, which are trained to detect and locate blood
      evidence and search potential crime scenes in cases where a cadaver may not be
      present. Their role sometimes requires searches to be carried out after
      considerable time has passed since the crime occurred, and this is important for
      developing effective training protocols. This study aimed to investigate the
      volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced from fresh and aged human blood on
      various surfaces. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used to extract VOCs
      from the headspace of dried blood samples aged and sampled periodically over 12
      months from a non-porous (i.e. aluminium) and porous (i.e. cotton) surface.
      Samples were analysed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time
      of-flight mass spectrometry (GC*GC-TOFMS). Fresh blood produced distinctively
      different VOC patterns compared to blood aged longer than 1 week with the overall
      profile differing between the two surface types, and a large subset of the VOC
      profile found to be responsible for these differences. When analysing the various
      functional groups present in the samples, a common pattern between ages and
      surface types was observed with no specific chemical class dominating the overall
      profile. The results highlight the importance of evaluating training aids for
      scent-detection canines to ensure the greatest efficacy during training and
      subsequently at crime scene searches. 

PMID- 27382972
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382973
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27382971
TI  - Black phosphorus-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for the
      determination of low-molecular-weight compounds in biofluids.
AB  - Quantitative analysis of small molecules by matrix-assisted laser
      desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been a
      challenging task due to matrix-derived interferences in low m/z region and poor
      reproducibility of MS signal response. In this study, we developed an approach by
      applying black phosphorus (BP) as a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
      (MALDI) matrix for the quantitative analysis of small molecules for the first
      time. Black phosphorus-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
      (BP/ALDI-MS) showed clear background and exhibited superior detection sensitivity
      toward quaternary ammonium compounds compared to carbon-based materials. By
      combining stable isotope labeling (SIL) strategy with BP/ALDI-MS (SIL-BP/ALDI
      MS), a variety of analytes labeled with quaternary ammonium group were
      sensitively detected. Moreover, the isotope-labeled forms of analytes also served
      as internal standards, which broadened the analyte coverage of BP/ALDI-MS and
      improved the reproducibility of MS signals. Based on these advantages, a reliable
      method for quantitative analysis of aldehydes from complex biological samples
      (saliva, urine, and serum) was successfully established. Good linearities were
      obtained for five aldehydes in the range of 0.1-20.0 MUM with correlation
      coefficients (R (2)) larger than 0.9928. The LODs were found to be 20 to 100 nM.
      Reproducibility of the method was obtained with intra-day and inter-day relative
      standard deviations (RSDs) less than 10.4 %, and the recoveries in saliva samples
      ranged from 91.4 to 117.1 %. Taken together, the proposed SIL-BP/ALDI-MS strategy
      has proved to be a reliable tool for quantitative analysis of aldehydes from
      complex samples. Graphical Abstract An approach for the determination of small
      molecules was developed by using black phosphorus (BP) as a matrix-assisted laser
      desorption ionization (MALDI) matrix. 

PMID- 27382974
TI  - Solid-Phase Purification of Synthetic DNA Sequences.
AB  - Although high-throughput methods for solid-phase synthesis of DNA sequences are
      currently available for synthetic biology applications and technologies for large
      scale production of nucleic acid-based drugs have been exploited for various
      therapeutic indications, little has been done to develop high-throughput
      procedures for the purification of synthetic nucleic acid sequences. An efficient
      process for purification of phosphorothioate and native DNA sequences is
      described herein. This process consists of functionalizing commercial
      aminopropylated silica gel with aminooxyalkyl functions to enable capture of DNA
      sequences carrying a 5'-siloxyl ether linker with a "keto" function through an
      oximation reaction. Deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites functionalized with the
      5'-siloxyl ether linker were prepared in yields of 75-83% and incorporated last
      into the solid-phase assembly of DNA sequences. Capture of nucleobase- and
      phosphate-deprotected DNA sequences released from the synthesis support is
      demonstrated to proceed near quantitatively. After shorter than full-length DNA
      sequences were washed from the capture support, the purified DNA sequences were
      released from this support upon treatment with tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride in
      dry DMSO. The purity of released DNA sequences exceeds 98%. The scalability and
      high-throughput features of the purification process are demonstrated without
      sacrificing purity of the DNA sequences.

PMID- 27382975
TI  - Imidazoline scaffold in medicinal chemistry: a patent review (2012-2015).
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Until very recently, the 'imidazoline drugs' were perceived as a
      class of central and/or peripheral sympatholytics and vasodilators acting at
      either the imidazoline binding sites and/or alpha-adrenergic receptors. However,
      in recent years it has become evident that the imidazoline scaffold is also
      contained in synthetic agents that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological
      activities. AREAS COVERED: This review provides an insight into the patents filed
      in the years 2012-2015, and considers 2-imidazoline-containing compounds with
      proven biological properties. Special attention is paid to agents for which
      practical applications as active ingredients of pharmaceutical compositions,
      diagnostic imaging agents, insecticides and herbicides, may be found. EXPERT
      OPINION: 2-Substituted imidazolines can exist in multiple tautomeric forms. The
      implication is that imidazolines and their imidazolidine tautomers cannot be
      regarded as isofunctional structures and the term 'imidazoline scaffold' should
      be treated with caution. Nevertheless, for medicinal chemists the progress made
      in development of both the imidazoline- and imidazolidine-containing agents
      useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative, inflammatory, autoimmune, cancer,
      and infectious diseases is of the utmost importance.

PMID- 27382976
TI  - Cytotoxicity of withasteroids: withametelin induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M
      phase and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer A549
      cells.
AB  - Considerable interest has been gained by withasteroids because of their
      structural uniqueness and wide spectrum of biological activities. However,
      limited systematic studies for proving their cytotoxic potential have so far been
      reported. Hence, an attempt was made to test the cytotoxicity of six
      withasteroids viz., withametelin (WM), withaphysalin D, withaphysalin E, 12
      deoxywithastramonolide, Withaperuvin B, and physalolactone against A549, HT-29,
      and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. Significant cytotoxic effect of WM against A549
      cells (IC50 value of 6.0 MUM), MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 value of 7.6 MUM), and HT
      29 cells (IC50 value of 8.2 MUM) was observed. Withaperuvin B and physalolactone
      were found to be effective against MDA-MB-231 cells. The significantly active WM
      arrested the A549 cells at G2/M phase and downregulated the expression of G2/M
      regulatory proteins such as cdc2, cyclin B1, and cdc25C. Apoptosis induced by WM
      in A549 cells was associated with the generation of ROS and depletion of MMP.
      Furthermore, WM treatment resulted in Bax upregulation, Bcl-2 downregulation,
      translocation of cytochrome c to mitochondria, activation of caspase-9 and -3,
      and PARP cleavage corroborating the apoptosis induction through intrinsic
      apoptotic pathway. Thus, WM possessing broader cytotoxic effect is a promising
      lead molecule which has the potential to be developed as a new therapeutic agent
      for NSCLC.

PMID- 27382977
TI  - THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AND INFANT MORTALITY IN
      TURKEY.
AB  - Turkey has high levels of infant mortality and consanguineous marriages. It has
      had a high level of infant mortality for its economic level for many years. Over
      recent decades, although adult mortality rates have not been very different from
      those of other countries with similar socioeconomic structures, its life
      expectancy at birth has remained low due to its high infant mortality rate. This
      has been called the Turkish Puzzle. According to the Turkey Family Structure and
      Population Issues Survey, 27% of women had a consanguineous marriage in 1968.
      Subsequent Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHSs) found the rate of
      consanguineous marriages to be stagnated at 22-24%, with a resistance to
      reduction. According to the TDHS-2008, 24% of women had a consanguineous
      marriage. Numerous studies in various countries of the world have indicated that
      consanguineous marriages, particularly of first-degree, have the effect of
      increasing infant mortality. The main aim of this study was to assess the causal
      impact of consanguineous, particularly first-degree consanguineous, marriages on
      infant mortality, controlling for individual, cultural, bio-demographic and
      environmental factors. Data were merged from four Turkish DHS data sets (1993,
      1998, 2003 and 2008). Multivariate analysis revealed that first-degree
      consanguineous marriages have increased infant mortality by 45% in Turkey: 57% in
      urban areas and 39% in rural areas. The results indicate that there is a causal
      relationship between consanguineous marriages and infant mortality. This finding
      should be taken into account when planning policies to reduce infant mortality in
      Turkey, and in other countries with high rates of consanguineous marriage and
      infant mortality.

PMID- 27382978
TI  - Atrial fibrillation after lung cancer surgery: incidence, severity, and risk
      factors.
AB  - PURPOSE: Atrial fibrillation (Af) is a common post-operative cardiac complication
      after lung cancer surgery; however, the type of lung cancer surgery being
      performed has evolved, remarkably, into minimally invasive surgical procedures.
      The purpose of this study was to quantify the incidence and severity of post
      operative Af and to identify the risk factors for Af, using a recent cohort of
      lung cancer surgery patients. METHODS: We reviewed, retrospectively, the medical
      records of 593 patients, who underwent lung cancer surgery between 2011 and 2013,
      for the development of post-operative Af. RESULTS: The overall incidence of post
      operative Af in our study was 6.4 % (38/593). Three (8 %) of these 38 patients,
      subsequently, suffered brain infarction. Multivariate analysis revealed that
      mediastinal lymph node dissection (OR ND-2/ND-0-1 = 3.06; 95 % CI 1.06-10.9) was
      associated with the development of post-operative Af. CONCLUSION: Omission of
      mediastinal lymph dissection for patients with early stage lung cancer and a high
      risk of Af should be considered to prevent post-operative Af.

PMID- 27382979
TI  - The GG genotype of the -152 G/A vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
      polymorphism predisposes to hypertension-related chronic kidney disease.
AB  - Our purpose was to determine whether the VEGF -152 G/A polymorphism could be
      associated with chronic kidney disease and endothelial dysfunction in
      hypertensive patients. There were 100 healthy volunteers enrolled into the
      control group. The group of patients was constituted by 99 consecutively admitted
      hypertensive patients referred to our Institution by their general practitioner.
      All patients were treated with anti-hypertensive polytherapy. Presented study
      revealed that the hypertensive patients bearing the GG genotype were
      characterized by the highest values of diastolic blood pressure and markers of
      endothelial damage such as Angiogenin, Endostatin, CRP as well as von Willebrandt
      factor. In addition, higher number of immature endothelial progenitor cells with
      CD34(+)CD133(+), CD34(+)CD133(-) markers was observed in GG hypertensive carriers
      while in normotensive individuals no differences were found. Such phenomenon may
      indicate an increased mobilization of bone-marrow derived endothelial
      progenitors. It may testify to the preserved compensatory mechanism in chronic
      kidney disease (CKD) patients until the G3a stage of the disease. Moreover,
      patients with higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level had lower
      of vWf and Endostatin values, and higher level of VEGF. Taken together our
      findings clearly indicate the -152 GG hypertensive carriers as more prone to
      develop CKD. We can suspect that the VEGF -152 GG genotype is strongly associated
      with hypertension-dependent CKD. 

PMID- 27382980
TI  - Effect of photoperiod on development and demographic parameters of Neoseiulus
      barkeri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed on Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae).
AB  - Effects of five photoperiods (Light:Dark = 4:20, 8:16; 12:12, 16:8, 20:4) on the
      development, survival and reproduction of Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes fed on
      storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) were examined under laboratory
      conditions at 85 % relative humidity and 24  degrees C. Development time of
      almost all immature stages in N. barkeri was the shortest (5.43 +/- 0.12 days)
      under 12 h of daylight. Total duration of immature stages was as high as 8.55 +/-
      0.16 days during the longest photoperiod. Photoperiod had no effect on hatching
      rate, but did affect survival of larvae, protonymphs and deutonymphs. Total
      survivorship ranged from 20 (4:20) to 60 % (12:12). Under 12 h daylight, female
      adults had the shortest pre- and post-oviposition period, longest oviposition
      period and longevity, largest total number of eggs (15.95) and and highest daily
      egg production (1.43) per female. Under 12 h light, N. barkeri experienced its
      highest net reproductive rate (R 0  = 11.791), intrinsic rate of increase (r m  =
      0.180), and finite rate of increase (lambda = 1.197), and lowest mean generation
      time (t = 13.71 days) and population doubling time (DT = 3.86 days). All
      demographic parameters displayed a parabolic relationship with photoperiod. The
      results of the present study indicated that the photoperiod of 12:12 is optimal
      for the development and reproduction of N. barkeri fed on T. putrescentiae, and
      that N. barkeri may serve most efficiently as a biological control agent under
      this regime. 

PMID- 27382981
TI  - Diversity and distribution of tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with
      human otoacariasis and socio-ecological risk factors of tick infestations in Sri
      Lanka.
AB  - Tick infestation in humans is a major public health concern. The diversity and
      distribution of tick species associated with human otoacariasis was studied in
      five districts: Anuradhapura, Kandy, Kurunegala, Nuwara Eliya and Ratnapura in
      the main agro-climatic zones of Sri Lanka. Ticks from patients attending the ear,
      nose and throat clinics of the General Hospitals were collected during a 3 year
      period. In total 426 ticks were collected. Most human otoacariasis cases were
      reported from Kandy (33.8 %) and the fewest from Nuwara Eliya (8.2 %). Of the
      five tick species identified, nymphs of Dermacentor auratus constituted 90.6 % of
      the collection. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Hyalomma isaaci, Haemaphysalis
      bispinosa and Otobius megnini were found rarely infesting humans possibly as an
      accidental host; H. bispinosa and O. megnini in the human ear canal were first
      time records in Sri Lanka. Females and children under 10 years were identified as
      risk groups of human otoacariasis. Subsequently, a field study was carried out to
      determine socio-ecological risk factors of human tick infestations in the five
      districts. Based on hospital data, eight villages with high prevalence of
      otoacariasis were selected from each district. A total 40 villages were visited
      and 1674 household members were interviewed. Involvement in outdoor activities,
      presence of wild animals around the house, location of the house in close
      proximity to a forest and occupation were identified as major risk factors. 

PMID- 27382983
TI  - Nursery policies on conjunctivitis may encourage GPs to prescribe antibiotics.

PMID- 27382984
TI  - Phenotypic familial aggregation in chronic chilblains.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Our clinical observations and two earlier studies indicate familial
      clustering to be involved in chronic chilblains. Demonstrating phenotypic
      familial aggregation is a next step to investigate the origin of familial
      clustering. OBJECTIVE: This study was initiated to assess evidence for phenotypic
      familial aggregation in chronic chilblains. METHODS: Using a case-control family
      design in a primary care setting, we computed the familial relative risk of at
      least one episode of chronic chilblains during life with 95% confidence intervals
      (CIs). The study population consisted of 192 relatives of 31 case probands (at
      least one confirmed episode of chronic chilblains). The control population
      consisted of 178 relatives of 31 sex- and age-matched index controls (no history
      of chronic chilblains). RESULTS: The familial relative risk of chronic chilblains
      was 3.6 (95% CI 1.9-7.3). Additional sensitivity analysis shows similar figures.
      CONCLUSION: We demonstrate robust phenotypic familial aggregation in chronic
      chilblains.

PMID- 27382982
TI  - Epigenetic Modifications and Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis.
AB  - Breakthroughs in genetic studies, like whole human genome sequencing and genome
      wide association studies (GWAS), have richened our knowledge of etiopathology of
      autoimmune diseases (AID) through discovery of genetic patterns. Nonetheless, the
      precise etiology of autoimmune diseases remains largely unknown. The lack of
      complete concordance of autoimmune disease in identical twins suggests that non
      genetic factors also play a major role in determining disease susceptibility.
      Although there is no certain definition, epigenetics has been known as heritable
      alterations in gene function without changes in the nucleotide sequence. DNA
      methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA-associated gene expression
      suppression are the central mechanisms for epigenetic regulations. Multiple
      sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized
      by both inflammatory and neurodegenerative features. Although studies on
      epigenetic alterations in MS only began in the past decade, a mounting number of
      surveys suggest that epigenetic changes may be involved in the initiation and
      development of MS, probably through bridging the effects of environmental risk
      factors to genetics. Arming with clear understanding of epigenetic dysregulations
      underpins development of epigenetic therapies. Identifying agents inhibiting the
      enzymes controlling epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methyltransferases
      and histone deacetylases, will be promising therapeutic tool toward MS. In the
      article underway, it is aimed to go through the recent progresses, attempting to
      disclose how epigenetics associates with the pathogenesis of MS and how can be
      used as therapeutic approach.

PMID- 27382985
TI  - Immunosuppression in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A double-edge sword.

PMID- 27382986
TI  - Impairment of autophagy by TTR V30M aggregates: in vivo reversal by TUDCA and
      curcumin.
AB  - Transthyretin (TTR)-related amyloidoses are diseases characterized by
      extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils and aggregates in tissues composed of
      insoluble misfolded TTR that becomes toxic. Previous studies have demonstrated
      the ability of small compounds in preventing and reversing TTR V30M deposition in
      transgenic mice gastrointestinal (GI) tract as well as lowering biomarkers
      associated with cellular stress and apoptotic mechanisms. In the present study we
      aimed to study TTR V30M aggregates effect in autophagy, a cellular mechanism
      crucial for cell survival that has been implicated in the development of several
      neurodegenerative diseases. We were able to demonstrate in cell culture that TTR
      V30M aggregates cause a partial impairment of the autophagic machinery as shown
      by p62 accumulation, whereas early steps of the autophagic flux remain unaffected
      as shown by autophagosome number evaluation and LC3 turnover assay. Our studies
      performed in TTR V30M transgenic animals demonstrated that tauroursodeoxycholic
      acid (TUDCA) and curcumin effectively reverse p62 accumulation in the GI tract
      pointing to the ability of both compounds to modulate autophagy additionally to
      mitigate apoptosis. Overall, our in vitro and in vivo studies establish an
      association between TTR V30M aggregates and autophagy impairment and suggest the
      use of autophagy modulators as an additional and alternative therapeutic approach
      for the treatment of TTR V30M-related amyloidosis.

PMID- 27382988
TI  - Selective synthesis of large diameter, highly conductive and high density single
      walled carbon nanotubes by a thiophene-assisted chemical vapor deposition method
      on transparent substrates.
AB  - Selective synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with controlled
      properties is an important research topic for SWNT studies. Here we report a
      thiophene-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method to directly grow highly
      conductive SWNT thin films on substrates, including transparent ones. By adding
      low concentration thiophene into the carbon feedstock (ethanol), the as-prepared
      carbon nanotubes demonstrate an obvious up-shift in the diameter distribution
      while the single-walled structure is still retained. In the proposed mechanism,
      the change in the diameter is sourced from the increase in the carbon yield
      induced by the sulfur-containing compound. Such SWNTs are found to possess high
      conductivity with 95% SWNTs demonstrating on/off ratios lower than 100 in
      transistors. More importantly, it is further demonstrated that this method can be
      used to directly synthesize dense SWNT networks on transparent substrates which
      can be utilized as transparent conductive films (TCFs) with very high
      transparency. Such TCFs can be applied to fabricate a light modulating window as
      a proof-of-concept. The present work provides important insights into the growth
      mechanism of SWNTs and great potential for the preparation of TCFs with high
      scalability, easy operation and low cost. 

PMID- 27382989
TI  - Further evidence of VRK2 rs2312147 associated with schizophrenia.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported that
      rs2312147 near the VRK2 gene was significantly associated with schizophrenia in
      populations of European descent, but negative results have also been observed.
      METHODS: To perform a systematic meta-analysis, we collected statistical data of
      rs2312147 from both GWAS and individual replication samples in European and Asian
      populations, which finally included up to 30,867 schizophrenia patients and
      59,863 healthy controls. RESULTS: The VRK2 rs2312147 was genome-wide
      significantly associated with schizophrenia in combined populations (P = 1.31 *
      10(-15), odds ratio, OR = 1.10) as well as in Europeans only (P = 2.35 * 10(-12),
      OR =1.09). In Asian samples, the SNP did not reach genome-wide level of
      statistical significance (P = 1.23 * 10 (-) (5), OR =1.19), which is likely due
      to the limited power of small sample size in this population (2,974 cases and
      4,786 controls). However, the effect size of rs2312147 did not alter
      significantly between populations, and is also in agreement with the observed
      effect sizes of other genetic risk loci in large scale studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      data provides further evidence for the genetic contributions of VRK2 rs2312147 to
      schizophrenia susceptibility especially in Europeans, while further replication
      analyses in Asian populations are still needed, and future studies, e.g., the
      underlying molecular mechanisms of genetic risk, are necessary.

PMID- 27382987
TI  - Increase of Total Nephron Albumin Filtration and Reabsorption in Diabetic
      Nephropathy.
AB  - The amount of albumin filtered through the glomeruli and reabsorbed at the
      proximal tubules in normal and in diabetic kidneys is debated. The
      megalin/cubilin complex mediates protein reabsorption, but genetic knockout of
      megalin is perinatally lethal. To overcome current technical problems, we
      generated a drug-inducible megalin-knockout mouse line, megalin(lox/lox);Ndrg1
      CreERT2 (iMegKO), in which megalin expression can be shut off at any time by
      administration of tamoxifen (Tam). Tam administration in adult iMegKO mice
      decreased the expression of renal megalin protein by 92% compared with that in
      wild-type C57BL/6J mice and almost completely abrogated renal reabsorption of
      intravenously injected retinol-binding protein. Furthermore, urinary albumin
      excretion increased to 175 MUg/d (0.46 mg albumin/mg creatinine) in Tam-treated
      iMegKO mice, suggesting that this was the amount of total nephron albumin
      filtration. By comparing Tam-treated, streptozotocin-induced diabetic iMegKO mice
      with Tam-treated nondiabetic iMegKO mice, we estimated that the development of
      diabetes led to a 1.9-fold increase in total nephron albumin filtration, a 1.8
      fold increase in reabsorption, and a significant reduction in reabsorption
      efficiency (86% efficiency versus 96% efficiency in nondiabetic mice). Insulin
      treatment normalized these abnormalities. Akita;iMegKO mice, another model of
      type 1 diabetes, showed equivalent results. Finally, nondiabetic iMegKO mice had
      a glomerular sieving coefficient of albumin of 1.7*10-5, which approximately
      doubled in diabetic iMegKO mice. This study reveals actual values and changes of
      albumin filtration and reabsorption in early diabetic nephropathy in mice,
      bringing new insights to our understanding of renal albumin dynamics associated
      with the hyperfiltration status of diabetic nephropathy.

PMID- 27382990
TI  - Valence matters: Positive meta-stereotypes and interethnic interactions.
AB  - Two experimental studies were conducted that aimed at testing whether the
      activation of positive meta-stereotypes among high-status group members involved
      in conflictual relationships with the low-status group is beneficial for
      intergroup relations. Results revealed that the activation of positive meta
      stereotypes led Italian high-school students (high-status group) to anticipate
      greater enjoyment of an upcoming interaction with an African immigrant (low
      status group) by increasing positive feelings about contact and concerns about
      being accepted. Initial prejudice emerged as the moderator, with the effects of
      positive meta-stereotypes present among those with average- to high-levels of
      prejudice. This study represents the first experimental demonstration that
      positive meta-stereotypes have beneficial effects for intergroup relations among
      high-status members. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings
      are discussed.

PMID- 27382991
TI  - Ant assemblage (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in three wind farms in the State of
      Parana, Brazil.
AB  - The transformation of natural habitats into areas destined to agriculture or
      projects of energy production has generated a growing concern about the impact on
      biological diversity. Thus, this study evaluated the diversity of ants in
      agroecosystems in the area of direct influence of three wind farms in the
      municipality of Marmeleiro, State of Parana and examined the association of
      occurrences with sampling periods. To this end, four samplings were conducted in
      2013, one per season. Pitfalls, Malaise trap and Net sweep were used. The
      assemblages were characterized and compared using richness and number of
      occurrences of ants. Chao 2 estimates were calculated and a comparison
      (rarefaction analysis) of the assemblages was performed. The association of the
      species with the samples was evaluated by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
      Altogether, there were 1,576 occurrences of ants, totaling 55 species. The
      obtained estimate indicated that richness may be up to 35% higher. Our study adds
      important information about richness and occurrence of ants in a region poorly
      analyzed for this group. Most of all, it presents a survey of species occurring
      in agricultural ecosystems that may serve as a parameter for future evaluations
      when wind farms are installed.

PMID- 27382992
TI  - Neolasioptera pantaneira, a new species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) associated
      with Aeschynomene denticulata (Fabaceae) from Brazil.
AB  - A new species of gall midge that induces stem galls on Aeschynomene denticulata
      (Fabaceae) is described based on material collected in Pantanal (Mato Grosso do
      Sul, Brazil). This species is unique among the Brazilian congeners in having
      spatula with three convex teeth, cruciate, with defined anterolateral extensions,
      four lateral papillae on each side of the spatula, and three pairs of terminal
      papillae (larva), four-segmented palpi (adult), 17 flagellomeres (female),
      ovipositor about 11 times length of seventh tergite.

PMID- 27382993
TI  - Biological properties of disturbed and undisturbed Cerrado sensu stricto from
      Northeast Brazil.
AB  - The aim of this study was to measure soil microbial biomass and soil surface
      fauna in undisturbed and disturbed Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) from Sete Cidades
      National Park, Northeast Brazil. The following sites were sampled under Cerrado
      sensu stricto (Css) at the park: undisturbed and disturbed Css (slash-and-burn
      agricultural practices). Total organic and microbial biomass C were higher in
      undisturbed than in disturbed sites in both seasons. However, microbial biomass C
      was higher in the wet than in the dry season. Soil respiration did not vary among
      sites but was higher in the wet than in the dry season. The densities of Araneae,
      Coleoptera, and Orthoptera were higher in the undisturbed site, whereas the
      densities of Formicidae were higher in the disturbed site. Non-metric
      multidimensional scaling analysis separated undisturbed from disturbed sites
      according to soil biological properties. Disturbance by agricultural practices,
      such as slash-and-burn, probably resulted in the deterioration of the biological
      properties of soil under native Cerrado sensu stricto in the Sete Cidades
      National Park.

PMID- 27382994
TI  - Occurrence of the Afro-Asian species Mesocyclops ogunnus Onabamiro, 1957
      (Crustacea: Copepoda) in the Amazon River basin.

PMID- 27382995
TI  - Anatomical traits related to stress in high density populations of Typha
      angustifolia L. (Typhaceae).
AB  - Some macrophytes species show a high growth potential, colonizing large areas on
      aquatic environments. Cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) uncontrolled growth causes
      several problems to human activities and local biodiversity, but this also may
      lead to competition and further problems for this species itself. Thus, the
      objective of this study was to investigate anatomical modifications on T.
      angustifolia plants from different population densities, once it can help to
      understand its biology. Roots and leaves were collected from natural populations
      growing under high and low densities. These plant materials were fixed and
      submitted to usual plant microtechnique procedures. Slides were observed and
      photographed under light microscopy and images were analyzed in the UTHSCSA
      Imagetool software. The experimental design was completely randomized with two
      treatments and ten replicates, data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Scott
      Knott test at p<0.05. Leaves from low density populations showed higher stomatal
      density and index. These modifications on stomatal characteristics were more
      evident on the leaf abaxial surface. Plants from low density populations showed
      thicker mesophyll and higher proportion of aerenchymal area. Roots from low
      density populations showed a higher proportion of the vascular cylinder. Whereas,
      plants from higher density populations showed greater thickness of the
      endodermis, exodermis, phloem and root cortex. Higher density populations showed
      a higher proportion of aerenchymal gaps in the root cortex. Therefore, cattail
      plants from populations growing under high density population show anatomical
      traits typical of plants under stress, which promotes the development of less
      functional anatomical modifications to aquatic environments.

PMID- 27382996
TI  - Beetle diversity in fragmented thornscrub and isolated trees.
AB  - Due to land use change mainly for induced agriculture, Tamaulipan thornscrubin
      northeast Mexico has been cleared and transformed into small patches of
      vegetation as small as isolated trees surrounded by agricultural fields. In this
      study, we explored how tree isolation or growing inside a fragment of remnant
      vegetation influence diversity of coleopterans in two plant species (Prosopis
      laevigata (Humb. &Bonpl.exWilld.) M.C. Johnst. (mesquite) and Ebenopsis ebano
      (Berl.) Barneby (Texas ebony). We found 72 coleopteran morphospecies; fifteen
      occurred mainly in remnant fragments and ten mainly in isolated trees. There were
      more insects under isolated mesquites than under those immersed in remnant
      fragments, while in Texas ebony the highest beetle density for isolated trees
      coincided with periods of bean and maize in surrounding agriculture.

PMID- 27382997
TI  - Evaluation of skeletal muscle regeneration in experimental model after
      malnutrition.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyze muscle regeneration after cryoinjury in the
      tibialis anterior muscle of young rats that were malnourished and then recovered.
      Forty Wistar rats were divided into a nourished group that received a normal
      protein diet (14% casein) for 90 days and a malnourished and recovered rats group
      (MR) that was submitted to 45 days of malnutrition with a hypoproteic diet (6%
      casein) followed by 45 days of a normal protein diet (14% casein). After the
      recovery period, all of the animals underwent cryoinjury in the right tibialis
      anterior muscle and euthanasia after 7, 14 and 21 days. The amount of connective
      tissue and the inflammation area was higher in the malnutrition recovered injury
      MR group (MRI) at 14 days post-injury (p < 0.05). Additionally, the cross
      sectional area (CSA) of the regenerated fibers was decreased in the MRI (p <
      0.05). The MyoD and myogenin protein levels were higher in the nourished injury
      group. Similar levels of TGF-beta1 were found between groups. The proposed
      malnutrition protocol was effective in showing delayed changes in the
      regeneration process of the tibialis anterior muscle of young rats. Furthermore,
      we observed a delay in muscle repair even after nutritional recovery.

PMID- 27382998
TI  - Toxicity of clove essential oil and its ester eugenyl acetate against Artemia
      salina.
AB  - The production of compounds via enzymatic esterification has great scientific and
      technological interest due to the several inconveniences related to acid
      catalysis, mainly by these systems do not fit to the concept of "green
      chemistry". Besides, natural products as clove oil present compounds with
      excellent biological potential. Bioactives compounds are often toxic at high
      doses. The evaluation of lethality in a less complex animal organism can be used
      to a monitoring simple and rapid, helping the identification of compounds with
      potential insecticide activity against larvae of insect vector of diseases. In
      this sense, the toxicity against Artemia salina of clove essential oil and its
      derivative eugenyl acetate obtained by enzymatic esterification using Novozym 435
      as biocatalyst was evaluated. The conversion of eugenyl acetate synthesis was
      95.6%. The results about the evaluation of toxicity against the microcrustacean
      Artemia salina demonstrated that both oil (LC50= 0.5993 ug.mL-1) and ester (LC50=
      0.1178 ug.mL-1) presented high toxic potential, being the eugenyl acetate almost
      5 times more toxic than clove essential oil. The results reported here shows the
      potential of employing clove oil and eugenyl acetate in insecticide formulations.

PMID- 27382999
TI  - Intra-specific pelage color variation in a South American small rodent species.
AB  - Intra-specific color variation is often underestimated by researchers, and among
      mammals, intra-specific differences in coloration are poorly documented for most
      species. The main goal of this study was to apply an objective color measurement
      methodology to the study of a specific problem: the detection, if any, of
      patterns of changes in the fur color of specimens of Akodon budini in relation to
      biological (i.e., sex) and environmental (i.e., season) variables. We hypothesize
      that coat color will be more homogeneous in males than in females and that coat
      color will be darker in winter than in summer, the latter being orange. We
      measured the pelage color on five points over the dorsal surface of 26 A. budini
      museum specimens using a spectroradiometer and a diffuse illumination cabin. We
      used Principal Component Analysis to describe the association between the color
      variables, sex and season, and each of the observations. We then used general
      linear models of Analysis of Variance to examine relationships between color
      data, season, and sex. The results clearly confirm the hypothesis related to
      seasonal coat color change but do not directly confirm the hypothesis related to
      changes in coat color in relation to sex, and we show the complexity of the
      studied pattern. In conclusion, undoubtedly, the studied variables should
      accordingly be considered when studying the coloration of specimens for
      characterization, identification and discrimination of different taxonomic units
      based on color.

PMID- 27383000
TI  - Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from crepuscular period in an Atlantic Forest
      area in Southern Brazil.
AB  - Crepuscular period is one of the factors that may influence the biting activity
      of mosquitoes. Many of these insects have a peak activity in this period. The
      purpose of this study was to investigate the afternoon crepuscular activity of
      Culicidae in a remaining area of Atlantic Forest in western Santa Catarina,
      southern Brazil. Moreover, the possible influence of abiotic factors, the
      abundance and species richness were verified. In order to better analyze the
      influence of crepuscular period in specific composition and abundance of
      mosquitoes, the dusk was divided into three periods: pre-sunset, sunset and post
      sunset. At the end of the study, nine hundred and eight four specimens
      distributed in 12 genera and 23 species were collected. Trichoprosopon
      pallidiventer (Lutz, 1905) (59.76%), Aedes crinifer (Theobald, 1903) (8.13%), Ae.
      scapularis (Rondani, 1848) (5.89%) were the most abundant species. Spring time
      presented the greatest abundance and species richness. During the study, among
      the three periods evaluated, pre-sunset had the greatest abundance and post
      sunset the lowest. Pre-sunset and sunset had the greatest similarity between
      species. Regarding to the abiotic factors evaluated seven and 15 days before
      sampling, they did not present significant correlation for the three most
      abundant species. However, temperature had a positive correlation to these
      species. Moreover, the correlation between collected species and its possible
      role as vectors of etiological agents of diseases was discussed.

PMID- 27383001
TI  - Assessing the spatial pattern of a river water quality in southern Brazil by
      multivariate analysis of biological and chemical indicators.
AB  - This study assessed the genotoxicity and chemical quality of the Rio dos Sinos,
      southern Brazil. During two years, bimonthly, cuttings of Tradescantia pallida
      var. purpurea with flower buds were exposed to river water samples from Caraa,
      Santo Antonio da Patrulha, Taquara and Campo Bom, which are municipalities
      located in the upper, middle and lower stretches of the Rio dos Sinos basin.
      Simultaneously, chemical parameters were analyzed, rainfall data were surveyed
      and negative (distilled water) and positive (0.1% formaldehyde) controls were
      made. Micronuclei (MCN) frequencies were determined in tetrads of pollen grain
      mother cells. From the upper stretch toward the lower, there was an increase in
      the frequency of MCN and in concentrations of chemical parameters. Cadmium, lead,
      copper, total chromium and zinc were present at the four sites and a
      concentration gradient was not demonstrated along the river. The multivariate
      analysis revealed that two principal components exist, which accounted for 62.3%
      of the observed variances. Although genotoxicity was observed in Santo Antonio da
      Patrulha, the water presented higher mean values for most of the assessed
      parameters, in the lower stretch, where urbanization and industrialization are
      greater. The spatial and temporal pattern of water quality observed reinforces
      the importance of considering the environmental factors and their effects on
      organisms in an integrated way in watercourse monitoring programs.

PMID- 27383002
TI  - Isolation of entomopathogenic nematodes in an apple orchard in Southern Brazil
      and its virulence to Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae, under
      laboratory conditions.
AB  - Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a promising alternative to integrated
      control in many fruit pests. Few studies were made on the relationship of
      Anastrepha fraterculus natural population with native EPNs population and other
      biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this work was to verify the occurrence of
      endemic nematodes in an apple orchard, concerning environmental conditions and
      technical procedure, and access isolates virulence to A. fraterculus larvae. The
      experiment was conducted during a year taking monthly soil samples from an apple
      orchard, with and without fallen fruits just above the soil. Samples were baited
      with Tenebrium molitor and A. fraterculus larvae in laboratory. Canopy and fallen
      fruits were sampled to access the pest infestation. Seventy three EPN isolates
      were captured, in 23.2% soil samples, more with T. molitor than with A.
      fraterculus baits. From the 20 isolates tested against A. fraterculus, only five
      were pathogenic, and they were identified as Oscheius sp. The nematodes were
      captured during all seasons in a similar frequency. Soil and weather conditions,
      presence of fruit over the orchard soil, and A. fraterculus pupae in the fruits
      had no significant influence on the capture. As a conclusion, nematodes of the
      genera Oscheius are found in an apple orchard of Porto Amazonas constantly along
      the year, independently of fluctuations in A. fraterculus population, climate
      conditions and presence of fruit over the soil. Some of the isolates are
      pathogenic to A. fraterculus.

PMID- 27383003
TI  - Nematodes (Mermithidae) parasitizing grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the
      Pampean region, Argentina.
AB  - This work provides the results of a survey of entomonematodes parasites of
      grasshoppers in grasslands of the Pampean Region, Argentina. Nymphs of
      Staurorhectus longicornis Giglio-Tos, Laplatacris dispar Rhen, 1939, Dichroplus
      elongatus Giglio-Tos, 1894 and Metaleptea brevicornis (L.) (Orthoptera:
      Acrididae) were collected. Mermithidae was the only family registered with seven
      species: Agamermis decaudata Cobb, Steiner and Christie, 1923, Amphimermis
      bonaerensis Miralles and Camino, 1983, Amphimermis dichroplusi Camino and Lange,
      1997, Amphimermis ronderosi Camino and Lange, 1997, Hexamermis coclhearius Stock
      and Camino, 1992, Hexamermis ovistriata Stock and Camino, 1992, and Longimermis
      acridophila Camino and Stock, 1989. The values of parasitism ranged between 1
      12%, and intensity not overcome the number of 5.0 nematodes per larva. The
      nematodes observed showed specificity, not registering the same species of
      parasite in more than one host species. The Pampean region constituted an area
      with high diversity of mermithids where new species could be consider as
      bioregulator agents of this troublesome insect pests in agricultural areas of
      Argentina.

PMID- 27383004
TI  - Analgesic prescribing in care home residents: how epidemiological studies may
      inform clinical practice.
AB  - Care home residents are often frail with multiple comorbidities and cognitive
      impairment, most commonly caused by dementia. This population is under
      represented in clinical trials, leading to a lack of valid and reliable evidence
      to inform clinicians' prescribing practice. This paper summarizes how
      epidemiological research conducted in similar populations can inform pain
      management by describing pain prevalence, risk factors, typical features and
      functional consequences. This evidence can help overcome the numerous barriers to
      optimal pain management in care home residents.

PMID- 27383005
TI  - Point contact resistive switching memory based on self-formed interface of
      Al/ITO.
AB  - Point contact resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) has been achieved
      by directly sputtering Al electrodes on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive
      glasses. The room-temperature deposited Al/ITO shows an asymmetrical bipolar
      resistive switching (BRS) behavior after a process of initialization which
      induces a stable high resistive state (HRS). It might be caused by the in-situ
      formation of an ultra-thin layer (~4 nm) at the interface. By comparison, the
      Al/ITO device after vacuum annealed exhibits typical symmetrical BRS without an
      initiation or electroforming process. This can be ascribed to the ex-situ
      thickening of the interfacial layer (~9.2 nm) to achieve the stable HRS after
      heat treatment. This work suggests that the self-formed interface of active Al
      electrode/ITO would provide the simplest geometry to construct RRAM.

PMID- 27383006
TI  - Highly solvatochromic and tunable fluorophores based on a 4,5-quinolimide
      scaffold: novel CDK5 probes.
AB  - Novel 4,5-quinolimide-based fluorophores are more solvatochromic and red-shifted
      than known naphthalimide analogues. Conjugation of one of these fluorophores to a
      peptide derived from CDK5 kinase demonstrated its sensitivity for monitoring the
      interaction with its regulatory partner p25. Introduction of the quinolimide
      labelled peptide into living glioblastoma cells probed the interaction with
      endogenous p25. 

PMID- 27383009
TI  - Windmill Co4 {Co4 (MU4 -O)} with 16 Divergent Branches Forming a Family of Metal
      Organic Frameworks: Organic Metrics Control Topology, Gas Sorption, and
      Magnetism.
AB  - A series of highly connected metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), [Co8 (O)(OH)4 (H2
      O)4 (ina)8 ](NO3 )2 ?2 C2 H5 OH?4 H2 O (1), [Co8 (O)(OH)4 (H2 O)4 (pba)8 ](NO3 )2
      ?8 C2 H5 OH?28 H2 O (2), and [Co8 (O)(OH)4 (H2 O)4 (pbba)8 ](NO3 )2 ?guest (3),
      in which ina=isonicotinate, pba=4-pyridylbenzoate, and pbba=4-(pyridine-4
      yl)phenylbenzoate, is reported. These MOFs contain a new secondary building unit
      (SBU), with a square Co4 (MU4 -O) central unit having the rare MU4 -O(2-) motif,
      which is decorated by the other four peripheral cobalt atoms through MU3 -OH in a
      windmill-like shape. This SBU holds 16 divergent connecting organic ligands,
      pyridyl-carboxylates, to form three different frameworks. The high porosity of
      desolvated 2 is shown by the efficient gas absorption of N2 , CO2 , CH4 , and H2
      . In addition, 1 and 2 exhibit unusual canted antiferromagnetic behavior with
      spin-glass-like relaxation, with blocking temperatures that are fairly high, 20 K
      (1) and 10 K (2), for cobalt materials. The relationship between the metal
      clusters and linkers has been studied, in which the size and rotational degrees
      of freedom of the ligands are found to control the topology, gas sorption, and
      magnetic properties. 

PMID- 27383008
TI  - Eating 'Junk-Food' Produces Rapid and Long-Lasting Increases in NAc CP-AMPA
      Receptors: Implications for Enhanced Cue-Induced Motivation and Food Addiction.
AB  - Urges to eat are influenced by stimuli in the environment that are associated
      with food (food cues). Obese people are more sensitive to food cues, reporting
      stronger craving and consuming larger portions after food cue exposure. The
      nucleus accumbens (NAc) mediates cue-triggered motivational responses, and
      activations in the NAc triggered by food cues are stronger in people who are
      susceptible to obesity. This has led to the idea that alterations in NAc function
      similar to those underlying drug addiction may contribute to obesity,
      particularly in obesity-susceptible individuals. Motivational responses are
      mediated in part by NAc AMPA receptor (AMPAR) transmission, and recent work shows
      that cue-triggered motivation is enhanced in obesity-susceptible rats after 'junk
      food' diet consumption. Therefore, here we determined whether NAc AMPAR
      expression and function is increased by 'junk-food' diet consumption in obesity
      susceptible vs -resistant populations using both outbred and selectively bred
      models of susceptibility. In addition, cocaine-induced locomotor activity was
      used as a general 'read out' of mesolimbic function after 'junk-food'
      consumption. We found a sensitized locomotor response to cocaine in rats that
      gained weight on a 'junk-food' diet, consistent with greater responsivity of
      mesolimbic circuits in obesity-susceptible groups. In addition, eating 'junk
      food' increased NAc calcium-permeable-AMPAR (CP-AMPAR) function only in obesity
      susceptible rats. This increase occurred rapidly, persisted for weeks after 'junk
      food' consumption ceased, and preceded the development of obesity. These data are
      considered in light of enhanced cue-triggered motivation and striatal function in
      obesity-susceptible rats and the role of NAc CP-AMPARs in enhanced motivation and
      addiction.

PMID- 27383010
TI  - The Learning Curve in Laparoscopic Major Hepatectomy: What Is the Magic Number?

PMID- 27383012
TI  - Game of Zones: how actin-binding proteins organize muscle contraction.
AB  - Locomotion of C. elegans requires coordinated, efficient transmission of forces
      generated on the molecular scale by myosin and actin filaments in myocytes to
      dense bodies and the hypodermis and cuticle enveloping body wall muscles. The
      complex organization of the acto-myosin scaffold with its accessory proteins
      provides a fine-tuned machinery regulated by effectors that guarantees that
      sarcomere units undergo controlled, reversible cycles of contraction and
      relaxation. Actin filaments in sarcomeres dynamically undergo polymerization and
      depolymerization. In a recent study, the actin-binding protein DBN-1, the C.
      elegans ortholog of human drebrin and drebrin-like proteins, was discovered to
      stabilize actin in muscle cells. DBN-1 reversibly changes location between actin
      filaments and myosin-rich regions during muscle contraction. Mutations in DBN-1
      result in mislocalization of other actin-binding proteins. Here we discuss
      implications of this finding for the regulation of sarcomere actin stability and
      the organization of other actin-binding proteins. 

PMID- 27383011
TI  - S1PR2 variants associated with auditory function in humans and endocochlear
      potential decline in mouse.
AB  - Progressive hearing loss is very common in the population but we still know
      little about the underlying pathology. A new spontaneous mouse mutation
      (stonedeaf, stdf ) leading to recessive, early-onset progressive hearing loss was
      detected and exome sequencing revealed a Thr289Arg substitution in Sphingosine-1
      Phosphate Receptor-2 (S1pr2). Mutants aged 2 weeks had normal hearing
      sensitivity, but at 4 weeks most showed variable degrees of hearing impairment,
      which became severe or profound in all mutants by 14 weeks. Endocochlear
      potential (EP) was normal at 2 weeks old but was reduced by 4 and 8 weeks old in
      mutants, and the stria vascularis, which generates the EP, showed degenerative
      changes. Three independent mouse knockout alleles of S1pr2 have been described
      previously, but this is the first time that a reduced EP has been reported.
      Genomic markers close to the human S1PR2 gene were significantly associated with
      auditory thresholds in the 1958 British Birth Cohort (n = 6099), suggesting
      involvement of S1P signalling in human hearing loss. The finding of early onset
      loss of EP gives new mechanistic insight into the disease process and suggests
      that therapies for humans with hearing loss due to S1P signalling defects need to
      target strial function.

PMID- 27383013
TI  - Structural studies of Schiff-base [2 + 2] macrocycles derived from 2,2'
      oxydianiline and the ROP capability of their organoaluminium complexes.
AB  - The molecular structures of a number of solvates of the [2 + 2] Schiff-base
      macrocycles {[2-(OH)-5-(R)-C6H2-1,3-(CH)2][O(2-C6H4N)2]}2 (R = Me L(1)H2, tBu
      L(2)H2, Cl L(3)H2), formed by reacting 2,6-dicarboxy-4-R-phenol with 2,2'
      oxydianiline (2-aminophenylether), (2-NH2C6H4)2O, have been determined. Reaction
      of L(n)H2 with two equivalents of AlR'3 (R' = Me, Et) afforded dinuclear
      alkylaluminium complexes [(AlR'2)2L(1-3)] (R = R' = Me (1), R = tBu, R' = Me (2),
      R = Cl, R' = Me (3), R = Me, R' = Et (4), R = tBu, R' = Et (5), R = Cl, R' = Et
      (6)). For comparative studies, reactions of two equivalents of AlR'3 (R' = Me,
      Et) with the macrocycle derived from 2,2'-ethylenedianiline and 2,6-dicarboxy-R
      phenols (R = Me L(4)H2, tBu L(5)H2) were conducted; the complexes
      [(AlMe)(AlMe2)L(5)].21/4MeCN (7.21/4MeCN) and [(AlEt2)2L(4)] (8) were isolated.
      Use of limited AlEt3 with L(3)H2 or L(5)H2 afforded mononuclear bis(macrocyclic)
      complexes [Al(L(3))(L(3)H)].4toluene (9.4toluene) and [Al(L(5))(L(5)H)].5MeCN
      (10.5MeCN), respectively. Use of four equivalents of AlR'3 led to transfer of
      alkyl groups and isolation of the complexes [(AlR'2)4L(1'-3')] (R = L(2'), R' =
      Me (11); L(3'), R' = Me (12); L(1'), R' = Et (13); L(2'), R' = Et (14); L(3'), R'
      = Et (15)), where L(1'-3') is the macrocycle resulting from double alkyl transfer
      to imine, namely {[2-(O)-5-(R)C6H2-1-(CH)-3-C(R')H][(O)(2-(N)-2'-C6H4N)2]}2.
      Molecular structures of complexes 7.21/4MeCN, 8, 9.4toluene, 10.5MeCN and
      11.13/4toluene.11/4hexane are reported. These complexes act as catalysts for the
      ring opening polymerisation (ROP) of epsilon-caprolactone and rac-lactide; high
      conversions were achieved over 30 min at 80  degrees C for epsilon-caprolactone,
      and 110  degrees C over 12 h for rac-lactide. 

PMID- 27383014
TI  - Security of quantum key distribution with multiphoton components.
AB  - Most qubit-based quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols extract the secure key
      merely from single-photon component of the attenuated lasers. However, with the
      Scarani-Acin-Ribordy-Gisin 2004 (SARG04) QKD protocol, the unconditionally secure
      key can be extracted from the two-photon component by modifying the classical
      post-processing procedure in the BB84 protocol. Employing the merits of SARG04
      QKD protocol and six-state preparation, one can extract secure key from the
      components of single photon up to four photons. In this paper, we provide the
      exact relations between the secure key rate and the bit error rate in a six-state
      SARG04 protocol with single-photon, two-photon, three-photon, and four-photon
      sources. By restricting the mutual information between the phase error and bit
      error, we obtain a higher secure bit error rate threshold of the multiphoton
      components than previous works. Besides, we compare the performances of the six
      state SARG04 with other prepare-and-measure QKD protocols using decoy states.

PMID- 27383015
TI  - A carbon-free polyoxometalate molecular catalyst with a cobalt-arsenic core for
      visible light-driven water oxidation.
AB  - A carbon-free, stable, homogeneous water oxidation catalyst based on the unique
      hepta-nuclear cobalt-arsenic core ("fused" double-quasi-cubane) and
      polyoxometalate ligands, Na12[{Co(II)7As(III)6O9(OH)6}(A-alpha-SiW9O34)2].8H2O
      (1), was synthesized, thoroughly characterized and employed to catalyze water
      oxidation under visible-light-driven conditions. 

PMID- 27383016
TI  - FGFs: crucial factors that regulate tumour initiation and progression.
AB  - Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are crucial signalling molecules involved in
      normal cell growth, differentiation and proliferation. Over the past few decades,
      a large body of research has illustrated effects of individual FGFs on tumour
      initiation and progression. Tumour development is commonly accompanied with
      generation of new blood and lymph vessels, which support enhanced cell
      proliferation. Moreover, acquisition of tumour cells of the epithelial
      mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype, enhances tumour cell migration and
      invasion potentials, crucial steps in tumour metastasis. This review summarizes
      recent findings concerning roles of FGFs in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and
      EMT. 

PMID- 27383017
TI  - Factor predicting total nucleated cell counts in cord blood units.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cord blood (CB) stem cells have been used worldwide in transplant
      medicine to treat various diseases. The efficacy of stem cells in umbilical CB
      (UCB) can be predicted by the number of total nucleated cells (TNCs). To optimize
      the clinical use of stem cells in our population, this study addresses several
      variables affecting the TNC count. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This observational,
      cross-sectional study was conducted in a single center from 2012 to 2014. In
      total, 957 CB units (CBUs) were collected from consented mothers. Data analyses
      of clinically accepted CBUs were correlated with maternal and infant factors.
      RESULTS: Based on the TNC accepted level of banking, 188 CBUs (19.64%) were
      rejected. Of the 16 maternal and infant variables evaluated, three factors
      demonstrated a statistically significant predictive value for the accepted TNC
      level. CB volume was the best predictive factor (p <= 0.0001), followed by
      newborn birth weight (p = 0.025), and the method of delivery (p = 0.002).
      CONCLUSIONS: Several maternal, neonatal, and obstetric factors appear to play a
      major role in predicting an accepted TNC count, which can be used to improve
      criteria for the donation of stem cells in CBUs.

PMID- 27383018
TI  - A new conservation strategy for China-A model starting with primates.
AB  - Although the evolutionary history of primates in China dates to the Eocene, and
      includes major radiations of lorisids, hominoids, cercopithecines, and colobines
      during the Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene, extensive human-induced habitat
      change and deforestation over the past few centuries has resulted in 22 of 25
      extant species listed as threatened or endangered, and two species of gibbons
      extirpated in the last few years. This commentary briefly reviews factors that
      have contributed to the decline of primates in China over the past 400 years, and
      in particular how major social events and economic development in modern China
      have resulted in unsustainable environmental change. In response, we describe our
      efforts to develop a strategic scientific, educational and conservation
      partnership in China, focusing on primates, in which GIS technology will be used
      to integrate geographical profiles, climatic information, and changes in land use
      patterns and human and nonhuman primate distributions to highlight issues of
      immediate concern and to develop priority-based conservation solutions. Our goal
      is to evaluate how human-induced environmental change has impacted primates over
      time and to predict the likelihood of primate population extinctions in the near
      future. This model represents an early warning system that will be widely
      available to the Chinese government, public, educational institutions,
      researchers, and NGOs through social media and educational videos in order to
      arouse public awareness and promote wildlife conservation. We encourage
      colleagues across a broad range of academic disciplines, political ideologies,
      and the public to help move this strategy into reality, the sooner the better.
      Am. J. Primatol. 78:1137-1148, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27383019
TI  - Detection of the Cholera Toxin-binding Activity of kappa-Casein Macropeptide and
      Optimization of Its Production by the Response Surface Methodology.
AB  - The cholera toxin (CT)-binding activity of purified kappa-casein macropeptide
      (CMP) from bovine kappa-casein was detected. In addition, a statistical model was
      developed to optimize the production of CMP. CMP was prepared by chymosin
      hydrolysis of kappa-casein and a subsequent 3% trichloroacetic acid treatment.
      CMP was further fractionated in an ion-exchange column by FPLC. CT binding
      activity was eluted at 0.18 M NaCl and was a single 8.9 kDa peptide without
      tyrosine and arginine residues. The CT binding activity was rapidly lost by a
      carbohydrase treatment. The conditions for CMP production with chymosin were
      optimized by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The estimated optimum
      levels of the factors were as follows: reaction temperature, 38.5 degrees C; pH,
      6.44; and time, 35.9 min. A validation experiment was performed in which CMP was
      prepared under the predicted parameters, and it was ascertained that the
      estimated optimum conditions gave better production of CMP than any other
      conditions. 

PMID- 27383020
TI  - Single-Molecule Magnets: Giant Hysteresis of Single-Molecule Magnets Adsorbed on
      a Nonmagnetic Insulator (Adv. Mater. 26/2016).
AB  - In Tb(Pc)2 single-molecule magnets, where Pc is phthalocyanine, adsorbed on
      magnesium oxide, the fluctuations of the terbium magnetic moment are strongly
      suppressed in contrast to the adsorption on silver. On page 5195, J. Dreiser and
      co-workers investigate that the molecules are perfectly organized by self
      assembly, as seen in the scanning tunnelling microscopy image (top part of the
      design). The molecules are probed by circularly polarized X-rays depicted as
      green spirals. 

PMID- 27383022
TI  - A Soft 3D Acoustic Metafluid with Dual-Band Negative Refractive Index.

PMID- 27383023
TI  - Flexible Supercapacitors: A Simple Approach to Boost Capacitance: Flexible
      Supercapacitors Based on Manganese Oxides@MOFs via Chemically Induced In Situ
      Self-Transformation (Adv. Mater. 26/2016).
AB  - W.-Y. Lai, H. Pang, W. Huang, and co-workers present a simple and effective
      method for transforming nanocubic MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) into MnOx 
      nanoflower-decorated MOFs. This liquid-phase method is metaphorically illustrated
      by the ocean background, as is the transformation process by the different cubes.
      The application of these materials in flexible supercapacitors is further
      described on page 5242. 

PMID- 27383024
TI  - Supercapacitors: A Hierarchical Carbon Derived from Sponge-Templated Activation
      of Graphene Oxide for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes (Adv. Mater.
      26/2016).
AB  - H. Ji, Y. Zhu, and co-workers demonstrate a 3D hierarchically porous carbon by
      introducing a polyurethane sponge to template graphene oxide into a 3D
      interconnected structure while KOH activation generates abundant micropores in
      its backbone. As described on page 5222, a supercapacitor assembled with this
      carbon material achieves a high energy density of 89 W h kg(-1) (64 W h L(-1) )
      and outstanding power density due to its shortened ion transport distance in
      three dimensions. 

PMID- 27383025
TI  - Microspheres: Microfluidic Generation of Monodisperse and Photoreconfigurable
      Microspheres for Floral Iridescence-Inspired Structural Colorization (Adv. Mater.
      26/2016).
AB  - Flowering plants have advanced their colorization strategies to divide incoming
      white light into spatially sequenced vivid colors, especially by using 2D grating
      diffractive motifs. On page 5268, P. J. Yoo, S. Lee, and co-workers conceive a
      new idea for a microfluidic approach to mimic this wonderful biological strategy
      and its practical application to the color encoding of colloidal particles. 

PMID- 27383027
TI  - Dielectrophoretic behaviours of microdroplet sandwiched between LN substrates.
AB  - We demonstrate a sandwich configuration for microfluidic manipulation in LiNbO3
      platform based on photovoltaic effect, and the behaviours of dielectric
      microdroplet under this sandwich configuration are investigated. It is found that
      the microdroplet can generate in the form of liquid bridge inside the LiNbO3
      based sandwich structure under the governing dielectrophoretic force, and the
      dynamic process of microdroplet generation highly depends on the substrate
      combinations. Dynamic features found for different combinations are explained by
      the different electrostatic field distribution basing on the finite-element
      simulation results. Moreover, the electrostatic field required by the
      microdroplet generation is estimated through meniscus evolution and it is found
      in good agreement with the simulated electrostatic field inside the sandwich gap.
      Several kinds of microdroplet manipulations are attempted in this work. We
      suggest that the local dielectrophoretic force acting on the microdroplet depends
      on the distribution of the accumulated irradiation dosage. Without using any
      additional pumping or jetting actuator, the microdroplet can be step-moved,
      deformed or patterned by the inconsecutive dot-irradiation scheme, as well as
      elastically stretched out and back or smoothly guided in a designed pass by the
      consecutive line-irradiation scheme.

PMID- 27383028
TI  - Two-Dimensional Phosphorus Oxides as Energy and Information Materials.
AB  - Phosphorene is a rising star in electronics. Recently, 2D phosphorus oxides with
      higher stability have been synthesized. In this study, we theoretically explored
      the structures and properties of 2D phosphorus oxides. We found that the
      structural features of Px Oy vary with the oxygen content. When the oxygen
      content is low, the most stable Px Oy material can be obtained by the adsorption
      of O atoms on phosphorene. Otherwise, stable structures are no longer based on
      phosphorene and will contain P-O-P motifs. We found that P4 O4 has a direct band
      gap (about 2.24 eV), good optical absorption, and high stability in water, so it
      may be suitable for photochemical water splitting. P2 O3 adopts two possible
      stable ferroelectric structures (P2 O3 -I and P2 O3 -II) with electric
      polarization perpendicular and parallel to the lateral plane, respectively, as
      the lowest-energy configurations, depending on the layer thickness. We propose
      that P2 O3 could be used in novel nanoscale multiple-state memory devices.

PMID- 27383029
TI  - Comparison of Differing Clinical Schedules for Nursing Students.
AB  - Maximizing student clinical schedules involves a range of nurse educator
      activities including scheduling, placement, and learning activity construction.
      The purpose of this study was to compare opportunities for students to develop
      their psychomotor skills on the clinical unit and perceptions of clinical
      experiences across 6-hour day, 6-hour evening, and 12-hour day schedules in an
      acute care setting. The main finding was that 12-hour schedules provided an
      overall significantly higher rate of skill opportunities than either of the other
      6-hour schedules.

PMID- 27383030
TI  - Does the Interpersonal Model Generalize to Obesity Without Binge Eating?
AB  - The interpersonal model has been validated for binge eating disorder (BED), but
      it is not yet known if the model applies to individuals who are obese but who do
      not binge eat. The goal of this study was to compare the validity of the
      interpersonal model in those with BED versus those with obesity, and normal
      weight samples. Data from a sample of 93 treatment-seeking women diagnosed with
      BED, 186 women who were obese without BED, and 100 controls who were normal
      weight were examined for indirect effects of interpersonal problems on binge
      eating psychopathology mediated through negative affect. Findings demonstrated
      the mediating role of negative affect for those with BED and those who were obese
      without BED. Testing a reverse model suggested that the interpersonal model is
      specific for BED but that this model may not be specific for those without BED.
      This is the first study to find support for the interpersonal model in a sample
      of women with obesity but who do not binge. However, negative affect likely plays
      a more complex role in determining overeating in those with obesity but who do
      not binge. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders
      Association.

PMID- 27383032
TI  - Hierarchical Fabrication of Engineered Vascularized Bone Biphasic Constructs via
      Dual 3D Bioprinting: Integrating Regional Bioactive Factors into Architectural
      Design.
AB  - A biphasic artificial vascularized bone construct with regional bioactive factors
      is presented using dual 3D bioprinting platform technique, thereby forming a
      large functional bone grafts with organized vascular networks. Biocompatible
      mussel-inspired chemistry and "thiol-ene" click reaction are used to regionally
      immobilize bioactive factors during construct fabrication for modulating or
      improving cellular events.

PMID- 27383033
TI  - Heterogeneity of subclinical autistic traits among parents of children with
      autism spectrum disorder: Identifying the broader autism phenotype with a data
      driven method.
AB  - Clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be conceptualized as the
      extreme end of the distribution of subclinical autistic traits related to genetic
      susceptibility factors (broad autism phenotype (BAP)) in the general population.
      Subclinical autistic traits are significantly more common among unaffected first
      degree relatives of probands with autism. However, there is a significant
      heterogeneity of autistic traits in family members of individuals with ASD and
      severity of autistic traits are not significantly different from controls in the
      majority of these relatives. The current study investigated the heterogeneity of
      autistic traits using latent class analysis (LCA) of the Autism Spectrum Quotient
      (AQ) ratings of 673 parents of children with ASD and 147 parents of typically
      developing children. Two distinct subgroups, including a "low-scoring" and a
      "high-scorer (BAP)" groups, were found. In comparison to control parents, a
      significantly larger proportion (21.1% vs. 7.5%) of parents of ASD were members
      of BAP group. Communication subscale made a distinctive contribution to the
      separation of high and low-scoring groups (d = 2.77). Further studies
      investigating neurobiological and genetic biomarkers and stability of these two
      subgroups over time are important for understanding the nature of autistic traits
      in the general population. Autism Res 2017, 10: 321-326. (c) 2016 International
      Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27383034
TI  - Interventions for managing weight change following paediatric acquired brain
      injury: a systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To systematically review literature reporting interventions for weight
      change following paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI). METHOD: A systematic
      search of the literature was conducted using advanced search techniques. The
      retrieval identified 1562 papers, of which 30 were relevant. The total number of
      paediatric participants was 759. RESULTS: There is a paucity of higher quality
      evidence to support the use of weight change interventions following paediatric
      ABI. Substantial variation in screening, outcome measures, intervention, and
      reporting were demonstrated. Some support was found for the use of hypothalamic
      sparing surgery as a method to prevent obesity following craniopharyngioma
      resection. INTERPRETATION: There is a need for further study in this area to
      inform clinical and research practice; recommendations are given.

PMID- 27383039
TI  - Outcomes of vascularized versus non-vascularized lymph node transplant in animal
      models for lymphedema. Review of the literature.
AB  - Lymph node transfer has been performed to treat lymphedema for several years. The
      goal of this procedure is to provide a bridge between the lymphatic system distal
      and proximal to the lymph node dissection. There is a lack of consensus about the
      necessity of an additional vascular anastomosis for the transplanted lymph nodes.
      A systematic literature search in Cochrane Library database CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and
      EMBASE of animal studies using lymph node transplantation with and without
      additional vascularization was performed in March 2016. The strategy used for the
      search was: (("Models, Animal"[Mesh]) AND (("Lymphedema"[Mesh]) OR "Lymph
      Nodes"[Mesh]) OR "Lymph Node Excision"[Mesh])) AND ((vascularized lymph node
      transfer) OR ((non-vascularized lymph node transfer) OR lymph node graft)). The
      primary outcomes were: survival of transplanted lymph node and lymphatic vessel
      regeneration. Sixteen studies were included. Vascularization and the use of
      growth factors were significantly associated with lymph node survival. Lymphatic
      vessels regeneration was independent from vascularization. According to the
      results of the current study, additional vascular anastomosis might improve the
      transplanted lymph node survival. Further studies in both experimental and
      clinical setting are needed in order to support it. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:32
      36. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27383040
TI  - Generation of New Complestatin Analogues by Heterologous Expression of the
      Complestatin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from Streptomyces chartreusis AN1542.
AB  - The heterologous expression of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of natural
      products enables the production of complex metabolites in a well-characterized
      host, and facilitates the generation of novel analogues by the manipulation of
      the genes. However, the BGCs of glycopeptides such as vancomycin, teicoplanin,
      and complestatin are usually too large to be directly cloned into a single
      cosmid. Here, we describe the heterologous expression of the complestatin BGC.
      The 54.5 kb cluster was fully reconstituted from two overlapping cosmids into one
      cosmid by lambda-RED recombination-mediated assembly. Heterologous expression of
      the assembled gene cluster in Streptomyces lividans TK24 resulted in the
      production of complestatin. Deletion of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes (open
      reading frames 10 and 11) and heterologous expression of the modified clusters
      led to the production of two new monocyclic and linear derivatives, complestatins
      M55 and S56.

PMID- 27383041
TI  - Encouraging professional scepticism in medical practice.
AB  - Complex cases constitute a considerable part of what medical practitioners have
      to deal with. In this paper, I refer specifically to instances that are complex
      as they are related to the profound epistemological problem of
      underdetermination. The underdetermination thesis states that theories are
      underdetermined by data, meaning that any set of data is logically compatible
      with different scientific theories. For the medical practitioners, this means
      that there is a risk that the analysis they give or the judgments they make might
      be incorrect. As being incorrect might lead to patients experiencing additional,
      more intense or prolonged suffering, it is very important that uncertainty is
      dealt with in a professional way. The ancient scepticism proposed by Sextus
      Empiricus and the professional scepticism in auditing of today both offer
      systematic approaches to what is uncertain that might work also in a medical
      setting.

PMID- 27383042
TI  - Long-term clinical course in three patients with MAMLD1 mutations.
AB  - Although MAMLD1 on chromosome Xq28 is known as a causative gene for 46,XY
      disorders of sex development, clinical information is virtually limited in
      patients of infancy to early childhood. Here, we report long-term genital and
      hormonal findings in three previously described Japanese patients with MAMLD1
      mutations, i.e., patients 1 and 2 with p.E197X and patient 3 with p.R726X. As
      previously reported, patients 1-3 exhibited penoscrotal hypospadias with chordee,
      microphallus, bifid/hypoplastic scrotum, and/or bilateral
      cryptorchidism/retractile testes, in the presence of sufficiently high serum
      basal or hCG-stimulated testosterone values in the mini-pubertal period to early
      childhood. Subsequently, patient 1 had low serum hCG-stimulated testosterone
      value (126 ng/dL) at 13 11/12 years of age, and manifested microphallus (4.5 cm),
      relatively small testes (left 8 mL and right 10 mL), Tanner stage 3 genitalia and
      pubic hair development at 18 3/12 years of age. Similarly, patients 2 and 3
      showed mild hypergonadotropic hypogonadism at 7 0/12 and 9 9/12 years of age,
      respectively, with serum GnRH-stimulated LH values of 5.5 and 7.2 mIU/mL and FSH
      values of 10.3 and 19.8 mIU/mL and hCG-stimulated testosterone values of 70 and
      80 ng/dL, respectively. Testis ultrasound studies delineated microlithiasis in
      patients 1 and 3. These results imply for the first time deterioration of
      testicular function with age in patients with pathologic MAMLD1 mutations.

PMID- 27383043
TI  - Both cancerous miR-21 and stromal miR-21 in urothelial carcinoma are related to
      tumour progression.
AB  - AIMS: Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a globally common cancer. miR-21 appears to be
      important in the tumorigenesis of almost all types of human cancer. However, its
      precise localization and significance in UC have yet to be clarified. The aim of
      this study was to examine miR-21 expression in UC and reveal its
      clinicopathological importance. METHODS AND RESULTS: Tissue arrays of 232 UCs
      were examined for miR-21 by the use of in-situ hybridization. One hundred and
      forty-eight transurethral resection specimens and 84 surgically resected
      specimens were used. After miR-21 positivity had been evaluated separately in
      tumour cells and the tumour stroma, it was compared with clinicopathological
      factors and overall survival. miR-21 was strongly expressed in tumour cells in 9%
      of cases and in the tumour stroma in 6% of cases. Stromal miR-21 positivity was
      lower than that of cancerous miR-21. Both miR-21s were correlated with each other
      and related to tumour stage, locus, and histological grade. In addition, strong
      positivity of miR-21 in cancer and the stroma was significantly related to poorer
      prognosis among surgically resected cases. In a Cox proportional hazard model,
      cancerous miR-21 was the only independent prognostic factor except for tumour
      stage. CONCLUSIONS: miR-21 in both cancer and stromal cells is closely related to
      tumour progression in UC. miR-21 may be a prognostic marker for cancer
      progression.

PMID- 27383044
TI  - Inherited Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (Upshaw Schulman Syndrome) as
      Differential Diagnosis to Neonatal Septicaemia with Disseminated Intravascular
      Coagulation - a Case Series.
AB  - We report on 3 male neonates with hereditary ADAMTS13 deficiency (Upshaw Schulman
      syndrome, USS), the inherited form of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
      2 presented shortly after birth with thrombocytopenia followed by
      microangiopathic Coombs-negative haemolytic anaemia. Both initially received
      antibiotic treatment for suspected infection-associated thrombocytopenia. In one
      patient's brother, the first bout of incipient TTP did not occur before 6 months
      of age, despite the same genetic defect. ADAMTS13 activity was<5%, compound
      heterozygous mutations were found in all patients. USS constitutes a differential
      diagnosis to thrombocytopenia caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation in
      neonatal septicaemia. Administration of fresh frozen plasma usually resolves
      acute bouts of the disease. In some cases of thrombocytopenia of unknown origin
      in infancy, the resolution of signs and symptoms after infusion of plasma may
      point towards the diagnosis.

PMID- 27383045
TI  - Atypia of undetermined significance on thyroid fine needle aspiration - risk
      factors for malignancy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study is designed to determine the clinical predictors of
      malignancy in the atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) category resulted
      from thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.
      SETTING: Dong-A University Medical Center, Busan, Korea. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-two
      patients who underwent thyroid surgery from January 2010 to December 2013,
      following a diagnosis of AUS from preoperative thyroid FNA. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: We investigated the age, gender, maximum size and site of the nodules,
      ultrasonographic findings, cytological features, BRAF gene mutation, surgical
      method, number of AUS on repeated FNA and final pathologic results. RESULTS:
      Forty-one of sixty-two patients underwent total thyroidectomy and the rest had
      lobectomy. The final pathologic results were 41 malignancies and 21 benign
      diseases. Nodules less than 1.5 cm, ultrasonographic findings suggestive of
      malignancy were risk factors for malignancy on univariated analysis (P < 0.001).
      Multivariated analysis showed that nodules less than 1.5 cm, ultrasonographic
      findings suggestive of malignancy and more than 2 results of atypia from repeated
      FNAs were significant risk factors for malignancy (P < 0.001). A BRAF gene
      mutation analysis was performed in 38 patients, and 13 patients had the mutation.
      All patients with the BRAF gene mutation had been diagnosed with papillary
      thyroid cancer (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We recommend close observation or
      diagnostic surgery in patients with nodules <1.5 cm and with two or more
      malignant ultrasound feature and a BRAF mutation, or with two or more AUS
      findings on repeated FNAs.

PMID- 27383046
TI  - Sensory analysis of cosmetic powders: personal care ingredients and emulsions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The powders are ingredients increasingly used in the formulation of
      cosmetic products for the sensory qualities they give. The objective of this
      study was the development of a lexicon and a referential for sensory
      characterization of these pure raw materials as well as formulations which
      contain them. METHODS: Eleven expert panellists from Ecole de biologie
      industrielle de Cergy (France) developed a lexicon and a referential based on 12
      powders of different chemical natures. The selected attributes were then used for
      performing a quantitative descriptive profile of two powders and an emulsion
      containing or not one of these two powders. RESULTS: A lexicon has been
      established through a consensus approach of the panel. It contains seven
      attributes that allow the evaluation of the powders in four phases: the
      appearance, the pickup, the application and the after-feel. This lexicon contains
      definitions and assessment protocols and provides references products. The
      quantitative descriptive profile of two powders of the same chemical nature, but
      different in physical quality showed significant differences in sensory level
      between products. These same attributes used to evaluate an emulsion containing
      the powder or not allowed to prove the contribution of these raw materials on the
      sensory specificities of the emulsion. CONCLUSION: The lexicon developed in this
      study can be used for assessment of other powders but also to define the
      quantities necessary to put in the formulation to meet the sensory
      characteristics of these raw materials powder.

PMID- 27383047
TI  - Mps1 kinase regulates tumor cell viability via its novel role in mitochondria.
AB  - Targeting mitotic kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) for tumor therapy has been
      investigated for many years. Although it was suggested that Mps1 regulates cell
      viability through its role in spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the underlying
      mechanism remains less defined. In an endeavor to reveal the role of high levels
      of mitotic kinase Mps1 in the development of colon cancer, we unexpectedly found
      the amount of Mps1 required for cell survival far exceeds that of maintaining SAC
      in aneuploid cell lines. This suggests that other functions of Mps1 besides SAC
      are also employed to maintain cell viability. Mps1 regulates cell viability
      independent of its role in cytokinesis as the genetic depletion of Mps1 spanning
      from metaphase to cytokinesis affects neither cytokinesis nor cell viability.
      Furthermore, we developed a single-cycle inhibition strategy that allows
      disruption of Mps1 function only in mitosis. Using this strategy, we found the
      functions of Mps1 in mitosis are vital for cell viability as short-term treatment
      of mitotic colon cancer cell lines with Mps1 inhibitors is sufficient to cause
      cell death. Interestingly, Mps1 inhibitors synergize with microtubule
      depolymerizing drug in promoting polyploidization but not in tumor cell growth
      inhibition. Finally, we found that Mps1 can be recruited to mitochondria by
      binding to voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) via its C-terminal fragment.
      This interaction is essential for cell viability as Mps1 mutant defective for
      interaction fails to main cell viability, causing the release of cytochrome c.
      Meanwhile, deprivation of VDAC1 can make tumor cells refractory to loss of Mps1
      induced cell death. Collectively, we conclude that inhibition of the novel
      mitochondrial function Mps1 is sufficient to kill tumor cells.

PMID- 27383048
TI  - Post-translational modifications as key regulators of TNF-induced necroptosis.
AB  - Necroptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death that is independent of
      caspase activity. Different stimuli can trigger necroptosis. At present, the most
      informative studies about necroptosis derive from the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
      triggered system. The initiation of TNF-induced necroptosis requires the kinase
      activity of receptor-interacting protein 1 and 3 (RIP1 and RIP3). Evidence now
      reveals that the ability of RIP1 and RIP3 to modulate this key cellular event is
      tightly controlled by post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination,
      phosphorylation, caspase 8-mediated cleavage and GlcNAcylation. These regulatory
      events coordinately determine whether a cell will survive or die by apoptosis or
      necroptosis. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the study of post
      translational modifications during TNF-induced necroptosis and discuss how these
      modifications regulate the complex and delicate control of programmed necrosis.

PMID- 27383049
TI  - Safety profile of repeated rituximab cycles in unselected rheumatoid arthritis
      patients: a long-term, prospective real-life study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term safety of rituximab (RTX) in rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) patients in daily clinical practice. METHODS: This was a
      multicentre (17 Greek Rheumatology sites), prospective, long-term,
      pharmacovigilance study of patients with moderate to severe RA and an inadequate
      response or intolerance to >=1 anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents. Adverse
      events (AEs) were recorded and collected prospectively every 2-6 months. RESULTS:
      234 patients (mean age: 59+/-12.5, 79.5% women, mean DAS28: 5.35+/-1.32) were
      included and followed for 27.7 months (median). The overall AEs, serious AE
      (SAEs) and serious infection (SIEs) rate were 48.36, 6.68 and 2.53/100 patient
      years, respectively. Three cases of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation were
      recorded (two in chronic and one in past HBV infection). Withdrawals due to AEs
      (5.6%) occurred more frequently during the first cycles of RTX therapy while
      repeated RTX cycles were not associated with an increased risk of AEs. There were
      3 deaths with an incidence rate of 0.69/100 patient-years. Age >=65 years was
      associated with a higher incidence rate ratio of AEs and SAEs as compared to <65
      years (1.53, p=0.002 and 2.88, p=0.005, respectively). Drug retention rate during
      434.28 patient-years of follow-up was 57.3%. Factors associated with drug
      discontinuation by multivariate analysis included age, baseline swollen joint
      count and no use of concomitant methotrexate therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term RTX
      therapy in a real-life RA cohort, did not reveal any new safety issues. Advanced
      age was associated with increased risk of AEs and premature drug discontinuation.

PMID- 27383051
TI  - The proposed channel-enzyme transient receptor potential melastatin 2 does not
      possess ADP ribose hydrolase activity.
AB  - Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is a Ca(2+)-permeable cation
      channel essential for immunocyte activation, insulin secretion, and postischemic
      cell death. TRPM2 is activated by ADP ribose (ADPR) binding to its C-terminal
      cytosolic NUDT9-homology (NUDT9H) domain, homologous to the soluble mitochondrial
      ADPR pyrophosphatase (ADPRase) NUDT9. Reported ADPR hydrolysis classified TRPM2
      as a channel-enzyme, but insolubility of isolated NUDT9H hampered further
      investigations. Here we developed a soluble NUDT9H model using chimeric proteins
      built from complementary polypeptide fragments of NUDT9H and NUDT9. When
      expressed in E.coli, chimeras containing up to ~90% NUDT9H sequence remained
      soluble and were affinity-purified. In ADPRase assays the conserved Nudix-box
      sequence of NUDT9 proved essential for activity (kcat~4-9s(-1)), that of NUDT9H
      did not support catalysis. Replacing NUDT9H in full-length TRPM2 with soluble
      chimeras retained ADPR-dependent channel gating (K1/2~1-5 MUM), confirming
      functionality of chimeric domains. Thus, TRPM2 is not a 'chanzyme'. Chimeras
      provide convenient soluble NUDT9H models for structural/biochemical studies.

PMID- 27383050
TI  - Metabolic network rewiring of propionate flux compensates vitamin B12 deficiency
      in C. elegans.
AB  - Metabolic network rewiring is the rerouting of metabolism through the use of
      alternate enzymes to adjust pathway flux and accomplish specific anabolic or
      catabolic objectives. Here, we report the first characterization of two parallel
      pathways for the breakdown of the short chain fatty acid propionate in
      Caenorhabditis elegans. Using genetic interaction mapping, gene co-expression
      analysis, pathway intermediate quantification and carbon tracing, we uncover a
      vitamin B12-independent propionate breakdown shunt that is transcriptionally
      activated on vitamin B12 deficient diets, or under genetic conditions mimicking
      the human diseases propionic- and methylmalonic acidemia, in which the canonical
      B12-dependent propionate breakdown pathway is blocked. Our study presents the
      first example of transcriptional vitamin-directed metabolic network rewiring to
      promote survival under vitamin deficiency. The ability to reroute propionate
      breakdown according to B12 availability may provide C. elegans with metabolic
      plasticity and thus a selective advantage on different diets in the wild.

PMID- 27383053
TI  - Motivation Mediates the Perfectionism-Burnout Relationship: A Three-Wave
      Longitudinal Study With Junior Athletes.
AB  - Perfectionism in sports has been shown to predict longitudinal changes in athlete
      burnout. What mediates these changes over time, however, is still unclear.
      Adopting a self-determination theory perspective and using a three-wave
      longitudinal design, the current study examined perfectionistic strivings,
      perfectionistic concerns, autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, and
      athlete burnout in 141 junior athletes (mean age = 17.3 years) over 6 months of
      active training. When multilevel structural equation modeling was employed to
      test a mediational model, a differential pattern of between- and within-person
      relationships emerged. Whereas autonomous motivation mediated the negative
      relationship that perfectionistic strivings had with burnout at the between- and
      within-person level, controlled motivation mediated the positive relationship
      that perfectionistic concerns had with burnout at the between-persons level only.
      The present findings suggest that differences in autonomous and controlled
      motivation explain why perfectionism predicts changes in athlete burnout over
      time.

PMID- 27383054
TI  - Multivariate and Cladistic Analyses of Isolated Teeth Reveal Sympatry of Theropod
      Dinosaurs in the Late Jurassic of Northern Germany.
AB  - Remains of theropod dinosaurs are very rare in Northern Germany because the area
      was repeatedly submerged by a shallow epicontinental sea during the Mesozoic.
      Here, 80 Late Jurassic theropod teeth are described of which the majority were
      collected over decades from marine carbonates in nowadays abandoned and
      backfilled quarries of the 19th century. Eighteen different morphotypes (A-R)
      could be distinguished and 3D models based on micro-CT scans of the best examples
      of all morphotypes are included as supplements. The teeth were identified with
      the assistance of discriminant function analysis and cladistic analysis based on
      updated datamatrices. The results show that a large variety of theropod groups
      were present in the Late Jurassic of northern Germany. Identified specimens
      comprise basal Tyrannosauroidea, as well as Allosauroidea, Megalosauroidea cf.
      Marshosaurus, Megalosauridae cf. Torvosaurus and probably Ceratosauria. The
      formerly reported presence of Dromaeosauridae in the Late Jurassic of northern
      Germany could not be confirmed. Some teeth of this study resemble specimens
      described as pertaining to Carcharodontosauria (morphotype A) and Abelisauridae
      (morphotype K). This interpretation is however, not supported by discriminant
      function analysis and cladistic analysis. Two smaller morphotypes (N and Q)
      differ only in some probably size-related characteristics from larger morphotypes
      (B and C) and could well represent juveniles of adult specimens. The similarity
      of the northern German theropods with groups from contemporaneous localities
      suggests faunal exchange via land-connections in the Late Jurassic between
      Germany, Portugal and North America. 

PMID- 27383052
TI  - A large fraction of neocortical myelin ensheathes axons of local inhibitory
      neurons.
AB  - Myelin is best known for its role in increasing the conduction velocity and
      metabolic efficiency of long-range excitatory axons. Accordingly, the myelin
      observed in neocortical gray matter is thought to mostly ensheath excitatory
      axons connecting to subcortical regions and distant cortical areas. Using
      independent analyses of light and electron microscopy data from mouse neocortex,
      we show that a surprisingly large fraction of cortical myelin (half the myelin in
      layer 2/3 and a quarter in layer 4) ensheathes axons of inhibitory neurons,
      specifically of parvalbumin-positive basket cells. This myelin differs
      significantly from that of excitatory axons in distribution and protein
      composition. Myelin on inhibitory axons is unlikely to meaningfully hasten the
      arrival of spikes at their pre-synaptic terminals, due to the patchy distribution
      and short path-lengths observed. Our results thus highlight the need for
      exploring alternative roles for myelin in neocortical circuits.

PMID- 27383055
TI  - Evolution of Canada's Boreal Forest Spatial Patterns as Seen from Space.
AB  - Understanding the development of landscape patterns over broad spatial and
      temporal scales is a major contribution to ecological sciences and is a critical
      area of research for forested land management. Boreal forests represent an
      excellent case study for such research because these forests have undergone
      significant changes over recent decades. We analyzed the temporal trends of four
      widely-used landscape pattern indices for boreal forests of Canada: forest cover,
      largest forest patch index, forest edge density, and core (interior) forest
      cover. The indices were computed over landscape extents ranging from 5,000 ha (n
      = 18,185) to 50,000 ha (n = 1,662) and across nine major ecozones of Canada. We
      used 26 years of Landsat satellite imagery to derive annualized trends of the
      landscape pattern indices. The largest declines in forest cover, largest forest
      patch index, and core forest cover were observed in the Boreal Shield, Boreal
      Plain, and Boreal Cordillera ecozones. Forest edge density increased at all
      landscape extents for all ecozones. Rapidly changing landscapes, defined as the
      90th percentile of forest cover change, were among the most forested initially
      and were characterized by four times greater decrease in largest forest patch
      index, three times greater increase in forest edge density, and four times
      greater decrease in core forest cover compared with all 50,000 ha landscapes.
      Moreover, approximately 18% of all 50,000 ha landscapes did not change due to a
      lack of disturbance. The pattern database results provide important context for
      forest management agencies committed to implementing ecosystem-based management
      strategies. 

PMID- 27383056
TI  - Stiffness of the microenvironment upregulates ERBB2 expression in 3D cultures of
      MCF10A within the range of mammographic density.
AB  - The effects of the stiffness of the microenvironment on the molecular response of
      3D colony organization, at the maximum level of mammographic density (MD), are
      investigated. Phenotypic profiling reveals that 3D colony formation is
      heterogeneous and increased stiffness of the microenvironment, within the range
      of the MD, correlates with the increased frequency of aberrant 3D colony
      formation. Further integrative analysis of the genome-wide transcriptome and
      phenotypic profiling hypothesizes overexpression of ERBB2 in the premalignant
      MCF10A cell lines at a stiffness value that corresponds to the collagen component
      at high mammographic density. Subsequently, ERBB2 overexpression has been
      validated in the same cell line. Similar experiments with a more genetically
      stable cell line of 184A1 also revealed an increased frequency of aberrant colony
      formation with the increased stiffness; however, 184A1 did not demonstrate
      overexpression of ERBB2 at the same stiffness value of the high MD. These results
      suggest that stiffness exacerbates premalignant cell line of MCF10A.

PMID- 27383058
TI  - Finite-size effect on evolution of Griffiths phase in manganite nanoparticles.
AB  - The finite-size effect on the evolution of the Griffiths phase (GP) is studied
      using nanoparticles of half-doped manganite Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 with different average
      particle sizes but with similar structural parameters. All the samples exhibit
      pronounced GP behavior. With reducing the particle size, the Griffiths
      temperature remains almost unchanged but the characteristic critical temperature
      [Formula: see text] decreases and the GP properties are strengthened. It is
      noteworthy that the shift of [Formula: see text] follows finite-size scaling with
      the particle size revealing an exotic interplay between the GP properties and the
      sample dimension. This reinforces an earlier proposal of length-scale related
      evolution of GP.

PMID- 27383057
TI  - Overexpression of Mycothiol Disulfide Reductase Enhances Corynebacterium
      glutamicum Robustness by Modulating Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Antioxidant
      Proteins under Oxidative Stress.
AB  - Mycothiol (MSH) is the dominant low-molecular-weight thiol (LMWT) unique to high
      (G+C)-content Gram-positive Actinobacteria, such as Corynebacterium glutamicum,
      and is oxidised into its disulfide form mycothiol disulfide (MSSM) under
      oxidative conditions. Mycothiol disulfide reductase (Mtr), an NADPH-dependent
      enzyme, reduces MSSM to MSH, thus maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis. In
      this study, a recombinant plasmid was constructed to overexpress Mtr in C.
      glutamicum using the expression vector pXMJ19-His6. Mtr-overexpressing C.
      glutamicum cells showed increased tolerance to ROS induced by oxidants,
      bactericidal antibiotics, alkylating agents, and heavy metals. The physiological
      roles of Mtr in resistance to oxidative stresses were corroborated by decreased
      ROS levels, reduced carbonylation damage, decreased loss of reduced protein
      thiols, and a massive increase in the levels of reversible protein thiols in Mtr
      overexpressing cells exposed to stressful conditions. Moreover, overexpression of
      Mtr caused a marked increase in the ratio of reduced to oxidised mycothiol
      (MSH:MSSM), and significantly enhanced the activities of a variety of antioxidant
      enzymes, including mycothiol peroxidase (MPx), mycoredoxin 1 (Mrx1), thioredoxin
      1 (Trx1), and methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA). Taken together, these
      results indicate that the Mtr protein functions in C. glutamicum by protecting
      cells against oxidative stress.

PMID- 27383059
TI  - Maternal Age at Delivery Is Associated with an Epigenetic Signature in Both
      Newborns and Adults.
AB  - Offspring of older mothers are at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes,
      childhood cancers, type 1 diabetes, and neurodevelopmental disorders. The
      underlying biologic mechanisms for most of these associations remain obscure. One
      possibility is that maternal aging may produce lasting changes in the epigenetic
      features of a child's DNA. To test this, we explored the association of mothers'
      age at pregnancy with methylation in her offspring, using blood samples from 890
      Norwegian newborns and measuring DNA methylation at more than 450,000 CpG sites
      across the genome. We examined replication of a maternal-age finding in an
      independent group of 1062 Norwegian newborns, and then in 200 US middle-aged
      women. Older maternal age was significantly associated with reduced methylation
      at four adjacent CpGs near the 2nd exon of KLHL35 in newborns (p-values ranging
      from 3x10-6 to 8x10-7). These associations were replicated in the independent set
      of newborns, and replicated again in women 40 to 60 years after their birth. This
      study provides the first example of parental age permanently affecting the
      epigenetic profile of offspring. While the specific functions of the affected
      gene are unknown, this finding opens the possibility that a mother's age at
      pregnancy could affect her child's health through epigenetic mechanisms. 

PMID- 27383061
TI  - Reply to "Improving Coccyx Radiographs in Emergency Departments".

PMID- 27383060
TI  - Temporomandibular joint involvement in childhood arthritis: comparison of
      ultrasonography-assessed capsular width and MRI-assessed synovitis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Ultrasonography is an effective, low-cost, low-threshold and
      convenient diagnostic tool in childhood arthritis, but its value in
      temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement is not clear. The purpose of our study
      was to explore the reliability of ultrasonography to assess TMJ inflammation
      using contrast-enhanced MRI as reference standard, in order to deduce cut-off
      values for TMJ capsular width to detect enhanced synovial thickening (synovitis).
      METHODS: 124 ultrasonography and MRI examinations in 55 patients [mean age 12.4
      +/- 3.5 years (+/-standard deviation)], the majority obtained within 1 day, were
      scored for subcondylar and condylar capsular width (ultrasonography images) and
      amount of synovitis (MR images). The correlations of these findings were
      calculated. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with MRI
      findings as reference standard, was obtained. RESULTS: The correlation between
      ultrasonography-assessed capsular width and MRI-assessed amount of synovitis was
      moderate both at the subcondylar and condylar level [Spearman's rho (rho): 0.483;
      p < 0.001 and 0.347; p < 0.001 respectively]. The ROC curve indicated the best
      discriminatory ability at the subcondylar level with an area under the curve of
      0.77 (95% confidence interval 0.69-0.85) and a cut-off value of 1.2 mm
      (sensitivity 72%, specificity 70%) for the capsular width. CONCLUSIONS: A
      moderate correlation between ultrasonography-assessed capsular width and MRI
      assessed synovitis was found in childhood arthritis with the best discriminatory
      ability at the subcondylar level. This indicates that ultrasonography may be a
      valuable diagnostic tool in the initial assessment of TMJ inflammation.

PMID- 27383062
TI  - The Association Between Arterial Oxygen Tension and Neurological Outcome After
      Cardiac Arrest.
AB  - A number of observational studies have evaluated the association between arterial
      oxygen tensions and outcome after cardiac arrest with variable results. The
      objective of this study is to determine the association between arterial oxygen
      tension and neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. A retrospective cohort
      analysis was performed using the Penn Alliance for Therapeutic Hypothermia
      registry. Adult patients who experienced return of spontaneous circulation after
      in-hospital or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and had a partial pressure
      of arterial oxygen (PaO2) recorded within 48 hours were included. Our primary
      exposure of interest was PaO2. Hyperoxemia was defined as PaO2 > 300 mmHg,
      hypoxemia as PaO2 < 60 mmHg, and optimal oxygenation as PaO2 60-300 mmHg. The
      primary outcome was neurological function at hospital discharge among survivors,
      as described by the cerebral performance category (CPC) score, dichotomized into
      "favorable" (CPCs 1-2) and "unfavorable" (CPCs 3-5). Secondary outcomes included
      in-hospital mortality. A total of 544 patients from 13 institutions were
      included. Average age was 61 years, 56% were male, and 51% were white. A total of
      64% experienced OHCA, 81% of arrests were witnessed, and pulseless electrical
      activity was the most common initial rhythm (40%). More than 72% of the patients
      had cardiac etiology for their arrests, and 55% underwent targeted temperature
      management. A total of 38% of patients survived to hospital discharge. There was
      no significant association between PaO2 at any time interval and neurological
      outcome at hospital discharge. Hyperoxemia at 12 hours after cardiac arrest was
      associated with decreased odds of survival (OR 0.17 [0.03-0.89], p = 0.032).
      There was no significant association between arterial oxygen tension measured
      within the first 48 hours after cardiac arrest and neurological outcome.

PMID- 27383063
TI  - Preceding profound deafness and co-factors promote development of endolymphatic
      hydrops in preliminary patients with delayed endolymphatic hydrops.
AB  - CONCLUSION: Profound deafness (PD) is unlikely to be the only cause of
      endolymphatic hydrops (EH) in patients with delayed endolymphatic hydrops (DEH).
      Further studies in large patient cohorts are required to determine the etiologic
      co-factors involved in the development of EH in patients with PD and DEH.
      OBJECTIVES: DEH usually occurs in patients with sustained unilateral PD who then
      develop episodic vertigo or fluctuating hearing loss. The latency can vary
      markedly between PD and development of DEH, but the factors affecting inner ear
      homeostasis and causing EH during this latency period remain unclear. The study
      aimed to assess the differences in EH and functional status of the inner ear
      between patients with PD only and those with DEH. METHOD: Two PD and 10 DEH
      patients who had developed PD in early childhood were enrolled. Gadolinium
      enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the inner ear was performed in all
      patients to assess the degree of EH in the vestibule and cochlea. RESULTS: There
      was no evidence of EH in the affected ears of patients with PD alone. DEH
      patients, however, showed significant EH in either the cochlea or vestibule,
      suggesting that EH development and DEH onset were strongly correlated.

PMID- 27383064
TI  - Estimation of pyrethroid pesticide intake using regression modeling of food
      groups based on composite dietary samples.
AB  - Population-based estimates of pesticide intake are needed to characterize
      exposure for particular demographic groups based on their dietary behaviors.
      Regression modeling performed on measurements of selected pesticides in
      composited duplicate diet samples allowed (1) estimation of pesticide intakes for
      a defined demographic community, and (2) comparison of dietary pesticide intakes
      between the composite and individual samples. Extant databases were useful for
      assigning individual samples to composites, but they could not provide the
      breadth of information needed to facilitate measurable levels in every composite.
      Composite sample measurements were found to be good predictors of pyrethroid
      pesticide levels in their individual sample constituents where sufficient
      measurements are available above the method detection limit. Statistical
      inference shows little evidence of differences between individual and composite
      measurements and suggests that regression modeling of food groups based on
      composite dietary samples may provide an effective tool for estimating dietary
      pesticide intake for a defined population. 

PMID- 27383065
TI  - Actigraphy of Wrist and Ankle for Measuring Sleep Duration in Altitude Travelers.
AB  - : Latshang, Tsogyal Daniela, Daniela Juliana Mueller, Christian Maurizio Lo
      Cascio, Anne-Christin Stowhas, Katrin Stadelmann, Noemi Tesler, Peter Achermann,
      Reto Huber, Malcolm Kohler, and Konrad Ernst Bloch. Actigraphy of wrist and ankle
      for measuring sleep duration in altitude travelers. High Alt Med Biol. 17:194
      202, 2016-Aims: Actigraphy might be convenient to assess sleep disturbances in
      altitude field studies. Therefore, we evaluated whether actigraphy accurately
      measures sleep duration in healthy subjects traveling to altitude. METHODS: Fifty
      one healthy men, aged mean +/- standard deviation (SD) 27 +/- 9 years, were
      studied during one night at Zurich (490 m), two nights at Davos Wolfgang (1630
      m), and two nights at Jakobshorn (2590 m), in randomized order. Sleep duration
      measured by actigraphy, using a one-axis device at the wrist (n = 51), a three
      axis device at the other wrist, and a three-axis device at the ankle (n = 22),
      was compared with corresponding total sleep time (TST) measured by
      polysomnography. RESULTS: During 255 polysomnographic overnight studies, 449
      paired actigraphic recordings were obtained. The median polysomnographic-derived
      TST ranged from 397 to 408 minutes. Actigraphic mean TST from wrists with one
      axis and three-axis devices, and from ankle agreed well with polysomnographic
      values with a bias of +1, -7, +6 minutes, respectively. Corresponding limits of
      agreement (+/-2 SD of bias) were +/-51, +/-60, and +/-59 minutes. Limits of
      agreement of mean TST over five nights by actigraphy and polysomnography were
      similar to the coefficient of repeatability (2 SD of mean) of polysomnographic
      TST, that is, +/-31, +/-38, and +/-36 minutes versus +/-34 minutes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Actigraphy of the wrist or ankle by a one-axis or a three-axis device accurately
      estimates mean TST in groups of subjects and mean TST over several nights in
      individuals traveling to altitude. Therefore, actigraphy is valuable for
      assessing effects of altitude and other environmental influences on sleep
      duration during field studies over extended periods.

PMID- 27383066
TI  - Interactive Organization of the Circadian Core Regulators PER2, BMAL1, CLOCK and
      PML.
AB  - The BMAL1 and CLOCK heterodimer in the mammalian circadian transcriptional
      complex is thought to be repressed by PER2 and CRY1 via direct interactions. We
      recently reported that PER2 is largely cytosolic in Pml(-/-) cells and did not co
      immunoprecipitate (co-IP) with BMAL1 or CLOCK. Here, using multi-color
      immunofluorescence (IF) staining and co-IP, we observed a nuclear distribution of
      BMAL1 and a predominately cytosolic distribution of CLOCK in Pml(-/-) MEF. In the
      presence of WT PML, PER2 co-localized with BMAL1 in the nucleus. In Pml(-/-) MEF
      transfected with mutant K487R PML, we observed that BMAL1 and PER2 co-localized
      with K487R PML in the cytosol. Furthermore, cytosolic CLOCK and PER2 displayed a
      significant non-overlapping IF staining pattern. In Bmal1(-/-) MEF, CLOCK was
      primarily cytosolic while PML and PER2 were nuclear. Together, our studies
      suggest that PML mediates the binding of PER2 to BMAL1 in the BMAL1/CLOCK
      heterodimer and is an important component in the organization of a functional
      clock complex in the nucleus. Our studies also support that BMAL1 is important
      for CLOCK nuclear localization.

PMID- 27383067
TI  - Permutation Machines.
AB  - We define a new inversion-based machine called a permuton of n genetic elements,
      which allows the n elements to be rearranged in any of the n.(n - 1).(n - 2)...2
      = n! distinct orderings. We present two design algorithms for architecting such a
      machine. We define a notion of a feasible design and use the framework to discuss
      the feasibility of the permuton architectures. We have implemented our design
      algorithms in a freely usable web-accessible software for exploration of these
      machines. Permutation machines could be used as memory elements or state machines
      and explicitly illustrate a rational approach to designing biological systems.

PMID- 27383071
TI  - Symbols of pride or prejudice? Examining the impact of Native American sports
      mascots on stereotype application.
AB  - For over 50 years, a debate has existed over the use of Native American sports
      mascots; however, few empirical studies on the topic exist. The present study
      examined if supraliminal exposure to Native American mascots results in the
      application of negative stereotypes toward Native American people. Results
      indicated that the effect of Native American mascots was moderated by people's
      racial attitudes toward Native people. When exposed to Native mascots, people
      with a prejudiced attitude rated a Native American individual more
      stereotypically aggressive than those with a non-prejudiced attitude. However,
      this pattern did not occur when people were exposed to White mascots or neutral
      images. Furthermore, this pattern was not evident when people evaluated a non
      Native individual. This overall pattern of results indicates that Native American
      mascots selectively facilitate the application of negative stereotypes, resulting
      in harmful evaluations of Native American people.

PMID- 27383069
TI  - Axonal Dysfunction Precedes Motor Neuronal Death in Amyotrophic Lateral
      Sclerosis.
AB  - Wide-spread fasciculations are a characteristic feature in amyotrophic lateral
      sclerosis (ALS), suggesting motor axonal hyperexcitability. Previous excitability
      studies have shown increased nodal persistent sodium conductances and decreased
      potassium currents in motor axons of ALS patients, both of the changes inducing
      hyperexcitability. Altered axonal excitability potentially contributes to motor
      neuron death in ALS, but the relationship of the extent of motor neuronal death
      and abnormal excitability has not been fully elucidated. We performed multiple
      nerve excitability measurements in the median nerve at the wrist of 140 ALS
      patients and analyzed the relationship of compound muscle action potential (CMAP)
      amplitude (index of motor neuronal loss) and excitability indices, such as
      strength-duration time constant, threshold electrotonus, recovery cycle and
      current-threshold relationships. Compared to age-matched normal controls (n =
      44), ALS patients (n = 140) had longer strength-duration time constant (SDTC: a
      measure of nodal persistent sodium current; p < 0.05), greater threshold changes
      in depolarizing threshold electrotonus (p < 0.05) and depolarizing current
      threshold relationship (i.e. less accommodation; (p < 0.05), greater
      superexcitability (a measure of fast potassium current; p < 0.05) and reduced
      late subexcitability (a measure of slow potassium current; p < 0.05), suggesting
      increased persistent sodium currents and decreased potassium currents. The
      reduced potassium currents were found even in the patient subgroups with normal
      CMAP (> 5mV). Regression analyses showed that SDTC (R = -0.22) and depolarizing
      threshold electrotonus (R = -0.22) increased with CMAP decline. These findings
      suggest that motor nerve hyperexcitability occurs in the early stage of the
      disease, and precedes motor neuronal loss in ALS. Modulation of altered ion
      channel function could be a treatment option for ALS. 

PMID- 27383068
TI  - Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease - A Systematic Review and Meta
      Analysis.
AB  - Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden with a high economic cost
      to health systems and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease
      (CVD). All stages of CKD are associated with increased risks of cardiovascular
      morbidity, premature mortality, and/or decreased quality of life. CKD is usually
      asymptomatic until later stages and accurate prevalence data are lacking. Thus we
      sought to determine the prevalence of CKD globally, by stage, geographical
      location, gender and age. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational
      studies estimating CKD prevalence in general populations was conducted through
      literature searches in 8 databases. We assessed pooled data using a random
      effects model. Of 5,842 potential articles, 100 studies of diverse quality were
      included, comprising 6,908,440 patients. Global mean(95%CI) CKD prevalence of 5
      stages 13.4%(11.7-15.1%), and stages 3-5 was 10.6%(9.2-12.2%). Weighting by study
      quality did not affect prevalence estimates. CKD prevalence by stage was Stage-1
      (eGFR>90+ACR>30): 3.5% (2.8-4.2%); Stage-2 (eGFR 60-89+ACR>30): 3.9% (2.7-5.3%);
      Stage-3 (eGFR 30-59): 7.6% (6.4-8.9%); Stage-4 = (eGFR 29-15): 0.4% (0.3-0.5%);
      and Stage-5 (eGFR<15): 0.1% (0.1-0.1%). CKD has a high global prevalence with a
      consistent estimated global CKD prevalence of between 11 to 13% with the majority
      stage 3. Future research should evaluate intervention strategies deliverable at
      scale to delay the progression of CKD and improve CVD outcomes. 

PMID- 27383072
TI  - International Conference on Fresh-Cut Produce.

PMID- 27383073
TI  - Does Fear of Terrorism Differ From Fear of Crime and Sexual Assault: A Question
      of Geographical Location and Residential Area.
AB  - The study describes an examination of three types of fear: crime, sexual assault,
      and terrorism. The sample consisted of 507 adults from three different
      geographical locations in Israel with different levels of crime and terror
      attacks. With regard to fear of crime and fear of sexual assault, the results
      were compatible with the findings of many studies that indicate the effect of
      residential area features on levels of fear. Fear of terrorism was found to be
      more complex. The theoretical framework used to assess fear of crime is not fully
      suitable for assessing and examining fear of terrorism. Other variables should be
      taken into consideration, such as religion and ideology.

PMID- 27383074
TI  - New functional and biophysical insights into the mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur
      protein from genetic suppressor analysis in C. elegans.
AB  - Several intragenic mutations suppress the C. elegans isp-1(qm150) allele of the
      mitochondrial Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP), a catalytic subunit of Complex
      III of the respiratory chain. These mutations were located in a helical region of
      the "tether" span of ISP-1, distant from the primary mutation in the extrinsic
      head, and suppressed all pleiotropic phenotypes associated with the qm150 allele.
      Analysis of these suppressors revealed control of electron transfer into Complex
      III through a "spring-loaded" mechanism involving a binding force for formation
      of enzyme-substrate complex, counter balanced by forces (a chemical "spring")
      favoring helix formation in the tether. The primary P->S mutation results in
      inhibition of electron flow into the Q-cycle by decreasing the binding force, and
      the tether mutations relieve this inhibition by weakening the "spring." In this
      commentary we discuss additional control features, and relate the primary
      inhibition to outcomes at the organismal level. In particular, the sensitivity to
      hyperoxia and the elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) seen in isp-1(qm150),
      likely reflect over-reduction of the quinone pool, which is upstream of the
      inhibited site; at high O2, this would lead to increased ROS production through
      complex I. We speculate that alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity
      in C. elegans from the worm apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) homolog (WAH-1) might
      also be involved, and that WAH-1 might have a "canary" function in detection of
      this adverse state (high O2/reduced pool), and a role in protection of the
      organism by transformation to AIF-like products, and apoptotic recycling of
      defective cells. 

PMID- 27383075
TI  - Ann Ward.

PMID- 27383076
TI  - Interventional cardiology: Polymer-free drug-eluting stents - a safe and
      effective option for ACS.

PMID- 27383077
TI  - Atrial fibrillation: Puzzling out the race paradox.

PMID- 27383078
TI  - Management of survivors of cardiac arrest - the importance of genetic
      investigation.
AB  - Management of survivors of cardiac arrest is largely based on a traditional
      approach. However, during the past decade, arrhythmias of genetic origin have
      increasingly been recognized as contributing to many more cases than previously
      appreciated. This realization is forcing physicians managing the survivors of
      cardiac arrest also to consider family members. In this Perspectives article, we
      examine the appropriate management approaches for survivors of cardiac arrests
      related to channelopathies, cardiomyopathies, or ischaemic heart disease, and for
      their families. Important implications for families of individuals who have
      experienced sudden cardiac death as part of sudden infant death syndrome or
      during sport activity are also discussed. Congenital long QT syndrome provides a
      paradigm of the logical sequence of the steps that should be performed. When a
      diagnosis of the cause of the cardiac arrest is certain or probable, every effort
      should be made to identify the genetic basis of disease, because this approach
      will enable the identification and early protection of similarly affected family
      members. Accordingly, the availability in hospitals of at least one cardiologist
      with cardiovascular genetics expertise would improve the management of survivors
      of cardiac arrest as well as of their families.

PMID- 27383079
TI  - Stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation: risk factors and markers of atrial
      myopathy.
AB  - Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex phenomenon associated with electrical,
      mechanical, and structural abnormalities of the atria. Ischaemic stroke in AF is
      only partially understood, but the mechanisms are known to be related to the
      atrial substrate as well as the atrial rhythm. The temporal dissociation between
      timing of AF and occurrence of stroke has led to the hypothesis that fibrotic,
      prothrombotic atrial tissue is an important cause of thrombus formation in
      patients with AF, independent of the atrial rhythm. Current stroke risk scores
      are practical, but limited in their capacity to predict stroke risk accurately in
      individual patients. Stroke prediction might be improved by the addition of
      emerging risk factors, many of which are expressions of atrial fibrosis. The use
      of novel parameters, including clinical criteria, biomarkers, and imaging data,
      might improve stroke risk prediction and inform on optimal treatment for patients
      with AF and perhaps individuals only at risk of AF.

PMID- 27383082
TI  - A little more learning: A re-analysis of ignorance-driven inference in Frosch,
      Beaman, & McCloy (2007).

PMID- 27383081
TI  - Risk factors: Evolving epidemiology of sodium intake and CVD.

PMID- 27383083
TI  - Physiological Significance of Well-tolerated Inspiratory Pressure to Chronic
      Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patient with Hypercapnia During Noninvasive
      Pressure Support Ventilation.
AB  - The inspiratory pressure is often set by tolerance of chronic obstructive
      pulmonary disease (COPD) patient during noninvasive pressure support ventilation
      (PSV). However, physiological effects of this setting remain unclear. This study
      was undertaken to assess the physiological effect of highest tolerated assist
      level on COPD patient.  The baseline inspiratory pressure (PS) was titrated by
      tolerance in 15 severe COPD patients with hypercapnia during acute exacerbation.
      In addition to the baseline PS, an additional decrease by 25% (PS- = 75% PS) or
      increase by 25% (PS+ = 125% PS) of PS was applied to the patients. Each level
      lasted at least 20 minutes. Respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (Vt), inspiratory
      effort (PTPpesin/min), and neuro-ventilatory coupling (VE/RMS%) were measured.
      Asynchrony Index (AI) was calculated.  The Vt and VE/RMS% were significantly
      increased by PS level (Vt: 561 +/- 102 ml, VE/RMS%: 1.06 +/- 0.42 L/%, comfort
      score: 7.5 +/- 1.1). The inspiratory muscles were sufficiently unloaded
      (PTPpesin/min 56.67 +/- 32.71 cmH2O.S/min). In comparison with PS, PS+ resulted
      in a further increase in Vt, VE/RMS% and AI (P < 0.01), with no further reduction
      in neural drive (RMS) and respiratory muscle activity (P > 0.05).  Increasing
      inspiratory pressure significantly enhances the VE/RMS% and Vt. However, the
      inspiratory pressure higher than COPD patient's most tolerated level cannot lead
      to further reduction in respiratory muscle load and RMS, but more asynchrony
      events. Physiological data can monitor the patient's responses and the ventilator
      patient interaction, which may provide objective criterion to ventilator setting.

PMID- 27383084
TI  - Indigenous youth-developed self-assessment: The Personal Balance Tool.
AB  - The Fresno American Indian Health Project (FAIHP) Youth Council developed and
      pilot tested a strength-based, holistic, and youth-friendly self-assessment tool
      grounded in the Medicine Wheel, a framework and theoretical orientation for
      teaching wellness in many tribal communities. This paper summarizes the
      development of the Youth Personal Balance Tool and the methods used for tool
      revisions through two separate pilot studies and ongoing process evaluations
      across 3 years. Using a community-based participatory evaluation model, FAIHP
      leveraged community resources to implement an annual youth Gathering of Native
      Americans to support youth in healing from historical and intergenerational
      trauma and restoring communities to balance by making them a part of the
      solution. This tool is one of many outcomes of their work. The Youth Council is
      offering the tool as a gift (in line with the cultural value of generosity) to
      other Indigenous communities that are searching for culturally competent self
      assessment tools for youth. The authors believe this tool has the potential to
      progress the field in strength-based, holistic, youth-friendly assessment as a
      culturally competent method for Indigenous evaluation and research. 

PMID- 27383080
TI  - Nutraceutical therapies for atherosclerosis.
AB  - Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting large and medium
      arteries and is considered to be a major underlying cause of cardiovascular
      disease (CVD). Although the development of pharmacotherapies to treat CVD has
      contributed to a decline in cardiac mortality in the past few decades, CVD is
      estimated to be the cause of one-third of deaths globally. Nutraceuticals are
      natural nutritional compounds that are beneficial for the prevention or treatment
      of disease and, therefore, are a possible therapeutic avenue for the treatment of
      atherosclerosis. The purpose of this Review is to highlight potential
      nutraceuticals for use as antiatherogenic therapies with evidence from in vitro
      and in vivo studies. Furthermore, the current evidence from observational and
      randomized clinical studies into the role of nutraceuticals in preventing
      atherosclerosis in humans will also be discussed.

PMID- 27383086
TI  - The intersection of software and strengths: Using internet technology and case
      management software to assist Strength-Based Practice.
AB  - The focus of this investigation is the helping professionals working within
      American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities. This article looks at how
      innovative technology-in the form of automated case management software and
      Internet connectivity-can assist effective implementation of Strength-based
      Practice and agency services within tribal courts and the many other helping
      agencies that serve AI/AN populations. We seek to expand practice knowledge by
      reviewing the benefits that this software and Internet connectivity can offer to
      agency operations and exploring how they can assist case management services. 

PMID- 27383085
TI  - Women finding the way: American Indian women leading intervention research in
      Native communities.
AB  - Although there is literature concentrating on cross-cultural approaches to
      academic and community partnerships with Native communities, few address the
      process and experiences of American Indian women leading federally funded and
      culturally grounded behavioral health intervention research in Native
      communities. This paper summarizes relevant literature on community-engaged
      research with Native communities, examines traditional roles and modern
      challenges for American Indian women, describes the culturally grounded
      collaborative process for the authors' behavioral health intervention development
      with Native communities, and considers emergent themes from our own research
      experiences navigating competing demands from mainstream and Native communities.
      It concludes with recommendations for supporting and enhancing resilience. 

PMID- 27383087
TI  - In their own words: Success stories from The Great Lakes Native American Research
      Center for Health.
AB  - In 2009, the Great Lakes Native American Research Center for Health (GLNARCH) set
      out to generate a promotional video that highlights the successes of the program.
      Ten GLNARCH interns were interviewed and filmed for participation in the
      promotional video using a documentary production style. During the editing and
      transcription process, interviewer responses were noted for relevance to
      theoretical frameworks--specifically, tribal critical race theory, mentoring, and
      cultural compatibility--which guided GLNARCH program design. Quotations were
      transcribed to illustrate these themes. Though the interviews were not intended
      as a formal qualitative analysis, powerful narratives that are relevant to
      participatory research emerged. The emergence of narratives that align with
      relevant theoretical frameworks suggests a novel methodology for a culturally
      responsive, participatory reporting system. 

PMID- 27383088
TI  - Ego strengths, racial/ethnic identity, and well-being among North American
      Indian/First Nations adolescents.
AB  - This study investigated associations between ego strengths (psychosocial
      development), racial/ethnic identity using Multi-Ethnic Identity Measure-Revised
      (exploration, commitment) and Multidimensional Measure of Racial Identity
      (centrality, private regard, public regard) dimensions, and personal
      adjustment/well-being among 178 North American Indian/First Nations adolescents
      who resided and attended school on reserves. As predicted, ego strengths related
      directly with centrality, private regard, and the adjustment measures; the
      moderation of ego strengths for exploration, commitment, and private regard
      reflected adverse functioning for those with less than advanced ego strengths. As
      well, ego strengths mediated associations between centrality and private regard
      with several measures of personal well-being. Practical and theoretical
      implications are considered. 

PMID- 27383089
TI  - American Indian Elders' resilience: Sources of strength for building a healthy
      future for youth.
AB  - This study examined American Indian (AI) elders' resilience to support an
      intervention to build resilience among AI urban youth. A literature review of
      peer-reviewed articles that address resilience in AI and other Indigenous elders
      yielded six studies that focused on intergenerational relationships, culture, and
      self-identity. In addition, a qualitative research project collected narratives
      with urban AI elders to document perceptions of resilience and resilience
      strategies. The combined outcomes of the literature search and research project
      revealed how resilience is exemplified in elders' lives and how resilience
      strategies are linked to cultural teachings and values, youth activities, and
      education. 

PMID- 27383090
TI  - American Indian and Alaska Native resilience along the life course and across
      generations: A literature review.
AB  - Examining American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) resilience using the life
      course framework could inform public health strategies that support favorable
      health outcomes, despite adversity (e.g., discrimination, historical loss,
      comorbidity). A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature published from 1970
      to 2015 yielded eight articles on AI/AN life course and resilience. A content
      analysis identified three themes. AI/AN resilience is 1) an ongoing, dynamic
      process, 2) evident within linked lives and life transitions, and 3) accessed
      through cultural knowledge and practice. Resilience research could change the
      paradigm of AI/AN health research to guide asset-based approaches across the life
      course. 

PMID- 27383091
TI  - Native Transformations in the Pacific Northwest: A strength-based model of
      protection against substance use disorder.
AB  - This paper presents findings from the Native Transformations Project, an
      exploratory community-based participatory research study that aims to identify
      sources of strength and protection against substance use disorder in three tribal
      communities in the coastal Pacific Northwest. Preliminary results from the study
      describe the specific settings, acts, and behaviors that build strengths and
      provide protection at the family, community, individual, and spiritual levels
      within coastal Pacific Northwest local tribal cultures. Findings from this study
      give voice to stated community preferences for grassroots Native intervention
      programs based in local cultural knowledge, worldviews, values, and theories of
      change, that operate at the local level on their own terms. 

PMID- 27383092
TI  - Partnering with American Indian communities in strength-based collaborative
      health research: Guiding principles from the Fort Peck Ceremony of
      ResearchProject.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Ceremony of Research Project was implemented to strengthen tribal
      communities' ability to harmonize Western research processes with Indigenous ways
      of knowing. METHODS: Focus groups were conducted with tribal members to
      understand Indigenous processes, beliefs, and practices necessary to promote
      positive research experiences with tribal communities. RESULTS: Findings address
      time; relationship building and maintenance; inclusion of diverse tribal members
      in the research design, as well as American Indian epistemology; respect for
      tribal values, beliefs, and customs throughout the research process; and the
      reciprocity of research. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has important implications for
      how researchers can take a strengthbased approach to conducting research with
      tribal communities.

PMID- 27383093
TI  - Strength-based well-being indicators for Indigenous children and families: A
      literature review of Indigenous communities' identified well-being indicators.
AB  - Mainstream child and family well-being indicators frequently are based on
      measuring health, economic, and social deficits, and do not reflect Indigenous
      holistic and strength-based definitions of health and well-being. The present
      article is a review of literature that features Indigenous communities' self
      identified strength-based indicators of child and family well-being. The
      literature search included Indigenous communities from across the world,
      incorporating findings from American Indians and Alaska Natives, First Nations,
      Native Hawaiians, Maori, Aboriginal Australians, and Sami communities. Sorting
      the identified indicators into the quadrants of the Relational Worldview, an
      Indigenous framework for well-being based on medicine wheel teachings that views
      health and well-being as a balance among physical, mental, contextual, and
      spiritual factors, the authors discuss the findings. 

PMID- 27383094
TI  - Perceptions and use of community- and school-based behavioral health services
      among urban American Indian/Alaska Native youth and families.
AB  - Understanding youths' awareness and use of behavioral health services is
      important for improving services and engagement. Interviews and focus groups were
      conducted with students, parents, and teachers/staff in an urban area to
      understand awareness and use of a school's Native-tailored and -staffed school
      based behavioral health center (NT-BHC) and community-based services. Results
      showed overwhelmingly positive responses regarding NT-BHC staff and services,
      with concerns focused on too few staff and services, and on privacy and
      confidentiality, as well as important differences in awareness and use of
      behavioral health services among youth, parents, and teachers/staff, valuable for
      improving engagement with and services for AI/AN youth. 

PMID- 27383095
TI  - Entrepreneurship education: A strength-based approach to substance use and
      suicide prevention for American Indian adolescents.
AB  - American Indian (AI) adolescents suffer the largest disparities in substance use
      and suicide. Predominating prevention models focus primarily on risk and utilize
      deficit-based approaches. The fields of substance use and suicide prevention
      research urge for positive youth development frameworks that are strength based
      and target change at individual and community levels. Entrepreneurship education
      is an innovative approach that reflects the gap in available programs. This paper
      describes the development and evaluation of a youth entrepreneurship education
      program in partnership with one AI community. We detail the curriculum, process
      evaluation results, and the randomized controlled trial evaluating its efficacy
      for increasing protective factors. Lessons learned may be applicable to other AI
      communities. 

PMID- 27383096
TI  - Culturally sensitive assessments as a strength-based approach to wellness in
      Native communities: A community-based participatory research project.
AB  - American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) have a unique, traumatic, and
      alienating history of education in the U.S., which may be directly related to
      overall health and well-being. Community engagement is critical in well-being
      research with Native communities, especially when investigating culturally
      sensitive topics, such as early education experiences. This study investigates
      the value of a community-based participatory research approach in gaining
      valuable culturally sensitive information from Native people in a respectful
      manner. Assessment participation and feedback are analyzed and presented as
      indicators of Native participant engagement success in a potentially sensitive
      research project exploring early education experiences. 

PMID- 27383097
TI  - Introduction.

PMID- 27383098
TI  - Changing nomenclature for PBC from "Primary Biliary Cirrhosis" to "Primary
      Biliary Cholangitis".

PMID- 27383099
TI  - Prevention of colorectal cancer.

PMID- 27383100
TI  - Colorectal cancer prevention and early diagnosis using endoscopy.

PMID- 27383101
TI  - Where the colorectal cancer chemoprevention is and where it is going.

PMID- 27383102
TI  - Colorectal cancer prevention of familial adenomatous polyposis.

PMID- 27383103
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27383104
TI  - The clinical importance of "bamboo joint-like appearance" on upper
      gastrointestinal endoscopy for the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.
AB  - Upper gastrointestinal (GI) lesions are frequently reported in Crohn's disease,
      in which the entire GI tract is affected. In these cases, erosive fissures
      regularly transversing folds that are longitudinally aligned along the lesser
      curvature of the gastric body and cardia are described as having a "bamboo joint
      like appearance". We designed a blinded experiment in which upper GI imaging
      without a final diagnosis was checked by three observers to determine the
      usefulness of the bamboo joint-like appearance in the diagnosis of Crohn's
      disease. For the three observers, sensitivities of appearance were 30.5%, 56.9%,
      and 51.4%, while specificities were 99.6%, 98.5%, and 99.3%. Thus, the bamboo
      joint-like appearance was not useful for the identification of Crohn's disease
      patients. Nevertheless, patients exhibiting the bamboo joint-like appearance in
      upper GI imaging should undergo further examination due to the high probability
      of Crohn's disease.

PMID- 27383105
TI  - Lanthanum phosphate deposition in the gastric mucosa of patients with chronic
      renal failure.
AB  - A 77-year-old Japanese man underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection twice over
      a 5-year period for the treatment of two separate early gastric cancers. He had
      been taking lanthanum carbonate, an orally administered phosphate binder, for 3
      years. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed reddish mucosa in the greater
      curvature and anterior wall of the gastric angle, while granular, white deposits
      were also observed in some areas of this reddish mucosa. Additionally, biopsy
      specimens from the gastric mucosa revealed the deposition of fine, amorphous,
      eosinophilic material, which appeared bright on scanning electron microscopy.
      Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the presence of lanthanum and
      phosphate in these bright areas, and elemental mapping confirmed that their
      distribution was identical to that seen in the bright areas. Based on these
      findings, the diagnosis of lanthanum phosphate deposition in the gastric mucosa
      was determined.

PMID- 27383106
TI  - A case of pancreatic arteriovenous malformation identified by investigating the
      cause of upper abdominal pain associated with acute pancreatitis.
AB  - A man in his 60s with epigastric pain was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis and
      subsequently recovered following conservative treatment. However, because of
      repeated upper abdominal pain and the formation of a pancreatic pseudocyst, he
      was transferred to our institution for evaluation. Dynamic computed tomography
      (CT) scanning confirmed abnormal vessels in the tail of the pancreas and early
      venous return to the splenic vein in the early arterial phase. Abdominal
      angiography revealed a racemose vascular network in the tail of the pancreas,
      confirming the presence of an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in this region.
      This AVM was thought to be the cause of the acute pancreatitis, so a distal
      pancreatectomy was performed. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful,
      and there has been no recurrence at the 7-month postoperative follow-up. Surgical
      resection has a low recurrence rate and good outcome;thus, if a pancreatic AVM
      appears difficult to treat with conservative medical therapy, surgical resection
      appears to be the definitive treatment.

PMID- 27383107
TI  - A case of a solitary Mycobacterium avium complex lesion of the liver.
AB  - A 70-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital on suspicion of liver tumor on
      regular abdominal ultrasonography. The abdominal ultrasonography identified a
      solitary, low-echoic lesion measuring 17mm in diameter in S7. This lesion was not
      enhanced in any phase of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), and thus we
      performed a liver biopsy. Histopathological examination revealed a caseating
      granuloma. The chest CT showed pulmonary nodules, and Mycobacterium
      intracellulare was cultured from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We diagnosed
      the individual with a Mycobacterium avium complex infection, and suspected that
      this was the cause of the solitary liver lesion.

PMID- 27383108
TI  - A case of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct preoperatively
      diagnosed using contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography.
AB  - A 71-year-old man was referred to our hospital and was diagnosed with jaundice
      and a liver function disorder. Although we suspected an intraductal papillary
      neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB)-derived caudate branches on the basis of
      contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, we
      could not clearly identify the tumor. Therefore, we examined the lesion using
      endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). We could visualize an iso-hyperechoic elevated
      tumor in the caudate branches. The tumor was observed as a hypervascular lesion
      using contrast-enhanced EUS, which is useful in preoperatively diagnosing IPNB
      and detecting the presence of lesions.

PMID- 27383109
TI  - A refractory duodenal ulcer with a biliary-duodenal fistula following the
      administration of bevacizumab.
AB  - A 65-year-old woman with recurrent breast cancer was repeatedly treated with
      bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody. In addition, she was also frequently
      prescribed a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug for abdominal pain. Melena was
      revealed 2 months after the final treatment with bevacizumab, and an endoscopic
      study revealed a duodenal ulcer (DU) that was resistant to anti-ulcer therapy. A
      cholangiography identified a biliary-duodenal fistula with bile juice leaking
      from the ulcer base. Therefore, a biliary stent was placed into the common bile
      duct for 3 months until the DU healed. This is the first case of a refractory DU
      with a biliary-duodenal fistula in a patient treated with bevacizumab.

PMID- 27383110
TI  - A case of cutaneous tuberculosis: a clue to diagnosing miliary tuberculosis.

PMID- 27383113
TI  - Ambient Light Exposure and Changes in Obesity Parameters: A Longitudinal Study of
      the HEIJO-KYO Cohort.
AB  - CONTEXT: Previous epidemiological studies have suggested an association between
      nighttime light levels and the prevalence of obesity, although evidence is
      limited to cross-sectional studies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the longitudinal
      association between ambient light exposure and the subsequent changes in obesity
      parameters. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from 1110 elderly participants at
      baseline (mean age, 71.9 years) and data from 766 at follow-up (median, 21
      months) were included in this prospective population-based study. MEASURES: Time
      dependent ambient light exposure based on objective measurements and changes in
      the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI) were measured.
      RESULTS: Multivariable mixed-effect linear regression models showed a significant
      association between light exposure and the %WHtR gain; this was independent of
      potential confounders (eg, caloric intake, physical activity, and sleep/wake
      parameters). Nighttime or evening exposure to higher light intensity was
      significantly associated with subsequent %WHtR gain. Morning exposure to a longer
      time >=500 lux or nighttime exposure to a longer time <3 lux was significantly
      associated with subsequent %WHtR loss. These association trends were nearly
      consistent when the BMI was used as an obesity parameter. Increased nighttime
      light exposure (mean >=3 vs <3 lux) was estimated to correspond to a 10.2% WHtR
      gain and a 10.0% increase in BMI over 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: Ambient light
      exposure, such as increased nighttime or evening light exposure and decreased
      morning light exposure, was independently associated with subsequent increases in
      obesity parameters. Further interventional studies are warranted to establish an
      optimal controlled lighting environment as a preventive option against obesity.

PMID- 27383112
TI  - Thyroid Hormone Status in Umbilical Cord Serum Is Positively Associated with Male
      Anogenital Distance.
AB  - CONTEXT: In human adults and adolescents, thyroid function affects sex hormones
      and male reproductive functions. Little is known about the thyroid function
      effects on the gonadal development in human infants. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to
      examine the association between thyroid hormones (THs) and sexually dimorphic
      genital development or fetal growth. DESIGN: This is a birth cohort study.
      PARTICIPANTS: A total of 616 mothers and newborns were analyzed from two local
      hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: TSH, free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) levels in
      cord blood serum, anogenital distance (AGD), birth weight, birth length, birth
      body mass index, and head circumference in neonates. RESULTS: Longer AGD in male
      newborns was observed with higher cord serum FT3 (beta, 1.36 mm [95% confidence
      interval (CI), 0.58-2.13] for 1 pmol/L FT3), FT4 (beta, 0.12 mm [95% CI, 0.00
      0.25] for 1 pmol/L FT4), and TSH (beta, 3.14 mm [95% CI, 0.65-5.63] for a 10-fold
      TSH increase), and with a lower FT4/FT3 ratio (beta, -0.11 mm [95% CI, -0.20 to 
      0.02] for doubling FT4/FT3 ratio). The relationships between TSH, birth weight,
      and birth length were different by secondhand smoke exposure. Secondhand smoke
      exposure had an effect modification, with interaction P value .039 and .010,
      respectively. Secondhand smoke exposure also had an effect modification on the
      relation between FT4 and head circumference with interaction P value .020.
      CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of overt thyroid dysfunction, THs are positively
      associated with AGD in male newborns. TH effects on body size and head
      circumference may be modified by maternal secondhand smoke exposure.

PMID- 27383114
TI  - Excessive Age-Related Decline in Functional Ovarian Reserve in Infertile Women:
      Prospective Cohort of 15,500 Women.
AB  - CONTEXT: Whether infertile women exhibit accelerated ovarian aging and whether a
      low ovarian reserve is overrepresented in infertility populations is not known.
      OBJECTIVE: To compare the age-related decline in antral follicle count (AFC), a
      biomarker of the ovarian reserve, in fertile and infertile women. DESIGN: Cross
      sectional data from a large prospective cohort study conducted from January 2013
      to December 2014. SETTING: Thirteen fertility centers across Spain. PATIENTS OR
      OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive women aged 18 to 45 years of age attending the
      fertility centers either seeking fertility treatment or as fertile women wishing
      to act as potential oocyte donors. INTERVENTION(S): Standardized AFC assessment
      on day 2 to 4 of the cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Age-related decline of AFC
      for both fertile and infertile women. RESULTS: A total of 15 500 women, of whom
      5722 were potential donors and 9778 were patients seeking fertility treatment,
      participated in the study. Average AFC was greater in potential oocyte donors
      than in infertile women (20 [interquartile range, 16-24] vs 10 [interquartile
      range, 6-15], respectively; P < .001), a difference that was maintained after
      adjustment for age (P < .001) in a model predicting log(AFC) from donor vs
      infertility, adjusting for 2-year age bands. The age-related decline in AFC was
      much steeper in infertile women compared with that of potential oocyte donors,
      with an increased prevalence of a low ovarian reserve (AFC < 5) at all ages in
      infertile women. CONCLUSIONS: The age-related decline in AFC was substantially
      greater in infertility patients than potential oocyte donors. Overrepresentation
      in infertility populations of women with low ovarian reserve may be an additional
      functional cause of infertility.

PMID- 27383116
TI  - Relation Between Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Abnormalities in Japanese Men
      With BMI of 23-25 kg/m2.
AB  - CONTEXT: Although metabolic abnormalities are often developed in Asians with body
      mass index (BMI) of 23-25 kg/m2, the characteristics of the nonobese Asians with
      metabolic abnormality have not been fully understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this
      study was to investigate the clinical significance of insulin sensitivity in
      Japanese men with BMI of 23-25 kg/m2. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: In this study, we
      defined hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia as cardiometabolic risk
      factors (CMRFs). We recruited subjects who met the following selection criteria:
      men with BMI of 21-23 kg/m2 and no CMRF (n = 24); men with BMI of 23-25 kg/m2 and
      no CMRF (n = 28), or one CMRF (n = 28), or at least two CMRFs (n = 14); and
      overweight men with metabolic syndrome (n = 20). Insulin sensitivity (IS) and
      ectopic fat content in muscle and liver were measured by two-step
      hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
      respectively. RESULTS: Among subjects with BMI of 23-25 kg/m2, impaired IS in
      muscle, but not in liver, was found in those with even one CMRF, whereas impaired
      IS in both muscle and liver was observed in overweight men with metabolic
      syndrome. Liver fat accumulation and elevated liver enzymes were associated with
      impaired IS in both muscle and liver in those subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Among
      Japanese men with BMI of 23-25 kg/m2, muscle insulin resistance was present in
      those with even one CMRF. In this population, liver fat accumulation and/or
      elevated liver enzymes could be a good marker for impaired IS in both muscle and
      liver.

PMID- 27383115
TI  - Non-Lethal Type VIII Osteogenesis Imperfecta Has Elevated Bone Matrix
      Mineralization.
AB  - CONTEXT: Type VIII osteogenesis imperfecta (OI; OMIM 601915) is a recessive form
      of lethal or severe OI caused by null mutations in P3H1, which encodes prolyl 3
      hydroxylase 1. OBJECTIVES: Clinical and bone material description of non-lethal
      type VIII OI. DESIGN: Natural history study of type VIII OI. SETTING: Pediatric
      academic research centers. PATIENTS: Five patients with non-lethal type VIII OI,
      and one patient with lethal type VIII OI. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: Clinical examinations included bone mineral density, radiographs, and
      serum and urinary metabolites. Bone biopsy samples were analyzed for
      histomorphometry and bone mineral density distribution by quantitative
      backscattered electron imaging microscopy. Collagen biochemistry was examined by
      mass spectrometry, and collagen fibrils were examined by transmission electron
      microscopy. RESULTS: Type VIII OI patients have extreme growth deficiency, an L1
      L4 areal bone mineral density Z-score of -5 to -6, and normal bone formation
      markers. Collagen from bone and skin tissue and cultured osteoblasts and
      fibroblasts have nearly absent 3-hydroxylation (1-4%). Collagen fibrils showed
      abnormal diameters and irregular borders. Bone histomorphometry revealed
      decreased cortical width and very thin trabeculae with patches of increased
      osteoid, although the overall osteoid surface was normal. Quantitative
      backscattered electron imaging showed increased matrix mineralization of cortical
      and trabecular bone, typical of other OI types. However, the proportion of bone
      with low mineralization was increased in type VIII OI bone, compared to type VII
      OI. CONCLUSIONS: P3H1 is the unique enzyme responsible for collagen 3
      hydroxylation in skin and bone. Bone from non-lethal type VIII OI children is
      similar to type VII, especially bone matrix hypermineralization, but it has
      distinctive features including extremely thin trabeculae, focal osteoid
      accumulation, and an increased proportion of low mineralized bone.

PMID- 27383117
TI  - Interpersonal Mechanisms Explaining the Transfer of Well- and Ill-Being in Coach
      Athlete Dyads.
AB  - The current study explored coaches' interpersonal behaviors as a mechanism for
      well- and ill-being contagion from coach to athlete and vice versa. Eighty-two
      coach-athlete dyads from individual sports completed selfreport measures before
      and after a training session. Structural equation modeling supported three actor
      partner interdependence mediation models, in which coaches' presession well- and
      ill-being were associated with changes in athletes' well- and ill-being over the
      course of the session. These relationships were mediated by athletes' perceptions
      of their coaches' interpersonal styles during the session. The reciprocal
      transfer from athlete to coach was not fully supported. Nonetheless, coaches'
      perceptions of their own interpersonal behaviors were associated with changes in
      their postsession well- and ill-being. Overall, evidence is provided for the
      contagion of affect from authority figures to those under their instruction but
      not vice versa.

PMID- 27383118
TI  - The role of interconnectivity in control of an Ebola epidemic.
AB  - Several West African countries - Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea - experienced
      significant morbidity and mortality during the largest Ebola epidemic to date,
      from late 2013 through 2015. The extent of the epidemic was fueled by outbreaks
      in large urban population centers as well as movement of the pathogen between
      populations. During the epidemic there was no known vaccine or drug, so effective
      disease control required coordinated efforts that include both standard medical
      and community practices such as hospitalization, quarantine and safe burials. Due
      to the high connectivity of the region, control of the epidemic not only depended
      on internal strategies but also was impacted by neighboring countries. In this
      paper, we use a deterministic framework to examine the role of movement between
      two populations in the overall success of practices designed to minimize the
      extent of Ebola epidemics. We find that it is possible for even small amounts of
      intermixing between populations to positively impact the control of an epidemic
      on a more global scale.

PMID- 27383119
TI  - Meta-analysis of the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors for the symptoms of
      laryngopharyngeal reflux.
AB  - The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis
      to assess the effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) for reflux disease in
      adult patients with laryngopharyngeal symptoms. A comprehensive search of
      Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Ovid EBM Reviews, and PubMed was performed for English
      language literature about laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), in September 2014. The
      papers were filtered using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight
      papers were identified and included in this meta-analysis. The sample comprised a
      pooled total of 370 patients, of which 210 and 160 patients took PPIs and
      placebo, respectively. The difference between PPIs and placebo groups in overall
      improvement of symptoms in adult patients with LPR was not statistically
      significant (RR=1.22; 95%CI=0.93-1.58; P=0.149). The difference in cough
      improvement was also not significant between PPIs and placebo groups (RR=0.65;
      95%CI=0.30-1.41; P=0.279). 

PMID- 27383120
TI  - Low vaspin levels are related to endothelial dysfunction in patients with
      ankylosing spondylitis.
AB  - Vaspin is a novel adipocytokine associated with glucose tolerance and chronic
      inflammation. Some studies reveal that vaspin may be involved in cardiovascular
      diseases. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between serum vaspin
      levels and endothelial function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. One
      hundred and twenty patients with newly diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis and 100
      healthy subjects were studied. Serum vaspin levels were measured with enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. High resolution ultrasound was used to measure
      brachial artery diameter at rest, after reactive hyperemia (flow-mediated
      dilation, FMD) and after sublingual glyceryltrinitrate. Serum vaspin level in
      patients was 1.92+/-1.03 ng/mL, which was significantly lower than that in
      healthy subjects (2.88+/-0.81 ng/mL). By dividing the distribution of serum
      vaspin levels into quartiles, FMD levels increased gradually with the increase of
      serum vaspin levels in patients (P<0.01). Univariate analysis showed a
      correlation between vaspin and FMD (r=0.73, P=0.003), low-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol (r=-0.45, P=0.033), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=0.63,
      P=0.025), fasting blood glucose (r=-0.79, P=0.006), triglycerides (TG) (r=-0.68,
      P=0.036), systolic blood pressure (r=-0.35, P=0.021), C-reactive protein (r=
      0.67, P=0.011), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (r=
      0.77, P=0.023) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=-0.88, P=0.039) in patients.
      Multivariate analysis indicated that serum vaspin levels were independently
      associated with FMD, HOMA-IR and TG in patients. Our study found that serum
      vaspin levels were decreased in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and were
      associated with FMD levels. Vaspin may serve as an independent marker for
      detecting early stage atherosclerosis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. 

PMID- 27383121
TI  - Effect of magnesium ion on human osteoblast activity.
AB  - Magnesium, a promising biodegradable metal, has been reported in several studies
      to increase bone formation. Although there is some information regarding the
      concentrations of magnesium ions that affect bone remodeling at a cellular level,
      little is known about the effect of magnesium ions on cell gap junctions.
      Therefore, this study aimed to systematically investigate the effects of
      different concentrations of magnesium on bone cells, and further evaluate its
      effect on gap junctions of osteoblasts. Cultures of normal human osteoblasts were
      treated with magnesium ions at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 mM, for 24, 48 and 72
      h. The effects of magnesium ions on viability and function of normal human
      osteoblasts and on gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in osteoblasts
      were investigated. Magnesium ions induced significant (P<0.05) increases in cell
      viability, alkaline phosphate activity and osteocalcin levels of human
      osteoblasts. These stimulatory actions were positively associated with the
      concentration of magnesium and the time of exposure. Furthermore, the GJIC of
      osteoblasts was significantly promoted by magnesium ions. In conclusion, this
      study demonstrated that magnesium ions induced the activity of osteoblasts by
      enhancing GJIC between cells, and influenced bone formation. These findings may
      contribute to a better understanding of the influence of magnesium on bone
      remodeling and to the advance of its application in clinical practice. 

PMID- 27383122
TI  - Role of adenylyl cyclase in reduced beta-adrenoceptor-mediated vasorelaxation
      during maturation.
AB  - Beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR)-dependent blood vessel relaxation is impaired
      in older animals and G protein activation has been suggested as the causative
      mechanism. Here, we investigated the role of betaAR subtypes (beta1AR, beta2AR,
      and beta3AR) and cAMP in maturation-dependent vasorelaxation impairment. Aortic
      rings from 15 Sprague-Dawley male rats (3 or 9 weeks old) were harvested and left
      intact or denuded of the endothelium. Vascular relaxation in aortic rings from
      younger and older groups was compared in the presence of betaAR subtype agonists
      and antagonists along with cAMP and cGMP antagonists. Isolated aortic rings were
      used to evaluate relaxation responses, protein expression was evaluated by
      western blot or real time PCR, and metabolites were measured by ELISA. Expression
      of betaAR subtypes and adenylyl cyclase was assessed, and cAMP activity was
      measured in vascular tissue from both groups. Isoproterenol- and BRL744-dependent
      relaxation in aortic rings with and without endothelium from 9-week-old rats was
      impaired compared with younger rats. The beta1AR antagonist CGP20712A (10-7 M)
      did not affect isoproterenol or BRL744-dependent relaxation in arteries from
      either group. The beta2AR antagonist ICI-118,551 (10-7 M) inhibited isoproterenol
      dependent aortic relaxation in both groups. The beta3AR antagonist SR59230A (10-7
      M) inhibited isoproterenol- and BRL744-dependent aortic ring relaxation in
      younger but not in older rats. All betaAR subtypes were expressed in both groups,
      although beta3AR expression was lower in the older group. Adenylyl cyclase (SQ
      22536) or protein kinase A (H89) inhibitors prevented isoproterenol-induced
      relaxation in younger but not in older rats. Production of cAMP was reduced in
      the older group. Adenylyl cyclase III and RyR3 protein expression was higher in
      the younger group. In conclusion, altered expression of beta3AR and adenylyl
      cyclase III may be responsible for reduced cAMP production in the older group. 

PMID- 27383123
TI  - Macelignan inhibits bee pathogenic fungi Ascophaera apis growth through HOG1
      pathway.
AB  - Ascosphaera apis is a bee pathogen that causes bee larvae infection disease, to
      which treatment is not yet well investigated. The aim of this study was to
      investigate antifungal susceptibility in vitro against A. apis and to identify a
      new antifungal agent for this pathogen through minimal inhibitory concentration
      (MIC) assay and western blot analysis. Macelignan had 1.56 and 3.125 MUg/mL MIC
      against A. apis after 24 and 48 h, respectively, exhibiting the strongest growth
      inhibition against A. apis among the tested compounds (corosolic acid,
      dehydrocostus lactone, loganic acid, tracheloside, fangchinoline and emodin-8-O
      beta-D-glucopyranoside). Furthermore, macelignan showed a narrow-ranged spectrum
      against various fungal strains without any mammalian cell cytotoxicity. In spite
      of miconazole having powerful broad-ranged anti-fungal activity including A.
      apis, it demonstrated strong cytotoxicity. Therefore, even if macelignan alone
      was effective as an antifungal agent to treat A. apis, combined treatment with
      miconazole was more useful to overcome toxicity, drug resistance occurrence and
      cost effectiveness. Finally, HOG1 was revealed as a target molecule of macelignan
      in the anti-A. apis activity by inhibiting phosphorylation using S. cerevisiae as
      a model system. Based on our results, macelignan, a food-grade antimicrobial
      compound, would be an effective antifungal agent against A. apis infection in
      bees. 

PMID- 27383124
TI  - Quercetin alleviates pulmonary angiogenesis in a rat model of hepatopulmonary
      syndrome.
AB  - Quercetin shows protective effects against hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), as
      demonstrated in a rat model. However, whether these effects involve pulmonary
      vascular angiogenesis in HPS remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to
      assess the effect of quercetin on pulmonary vascular angiogenesis and explore the
      underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g underwent sham
      operation or common bile duct ligation (CBDL). Two weeks after surgery, HIF
      1alpha and NFkappaB levels were assessed in rat lung tissue by
      immunohistochemistry and western blot. Then, CBDL and sham-operated rats were
      further divided into 2 subgroups each to receive intraperitoneal administration
      of quercetin (50 mg/kg daily) or 0.2% Tween for two weeks: Sham (Sham+Tween;
      n=8), CBDL (CBDL+Tween; n=8), Q (Sham+quercetin; n=8), and CBDL+Q
      (CBDL+quercetin; n=8). After treatment, lung tissue specimens were assessed for
      protein (immunohistochemistry and western blot) and/or gene expression
      (quantitative real-time PCR) levels of relevant disease markers, including VEGFA,
      VEGFR2, Akt/p-Akt, HIF-1alpha, vWf, and IkappaB/p-IkappaB. Finally, arterial
      blood was analyzed for alveolar arterial oxygen pressure gradient (AaPO2). Two
      weeks after CBDL, HIF-1alpha expression in the lung decreased, but was gradually
      restored at four weeks. Treatment with quercetin did not significantly alter HIF
      1alpha levels, but did reduce AaPO2 as well as lung tissue NF-kappaB activity,
      VEGFA gene and protein levels, Akt activity, and angiogenesis. Although hypoxia
      is an important feature in HPS, our findings suggest that HIF-1alpha was not the
      main cause for the VEGFA increase. Interestingly, quercetin inhibited pulmonary
      vascular angiogenesis in rats with HPS, with involvement of Akt/NF-kappaB and
      VEGFA/VEGFR-2 pathways. 

PMID- 27383125
TI  - Is Etanar a new biologic?

PMID- 27383127
TI  - Oxygen-iron interaction in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic alloy.
AB  - Iron released by steel corrosion was found to be a key impurity in reactions with
      dissolved oxygen in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic alloys. The iron-oxygen
      magnetite equilibrium was characterized, allowing the quantification of phenomena
      that are important for long-term operation of lead-alloy based installations such
      as corrosion rate control and management of precipitates. 

PMID- 27383126
TI  - Fabrication of water-soluble polymer-encapsulated As4S4 to increase oral
      bioavailability and chemotherapeutic efficacy in AML mice.
AB  - Realgar (As4S4) has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of acute
      myeloid leukemia (AML); it has the advantages of no drug resistance and oral
      administration. Nevertheless, its poor solubility has been an obstacle to its
      bioavailability, requiring high-dose administration over a long period. We
      investigated whether crushing realgar crystals to the nanoscale and encapsulating
      the particles in a water-soluble polymer in one step using hot-melt extrusion
      would increase the bioavailability of As4S4. Raw As4S4 (r-As4S4) and water
      soluble polymer were processed via co-rotating twin screw extrusion. The
      resulting product (e-As4S4) was characterized by SEM, XRD, and DLS. The
      cytotoxicity and therapeutic effects of e-As4S4 were evaluated in vivo and in
      vitro. The results show that e-As4S4 dissolved rapidly in water, forming a stable
      colloid solution. The average size of e-As4S4 particles was 680 nm, which was
      reduced by more than 40-fold compared with that of r-As4S4. The bioavailability
      of e-As4S4 was up to 12.6-fold higher than that of r-As4S4, and it inhibited the
      proliferation of HL-60 cells much more effectively than did r-As4S4, inducing
      apoptosis and significantly reducing the infiltration of HL-60 cells into the
      bone marrow, spleen, and liver. This in turn prolonged the survival of AML mice.

PMID- 27383129
TI  - Noise filtering of composite pulses for singlet-triplet qubits.
AB  - Semiconductor quantum dot spin qubits are promising candidates for quantum
      computing. In these systems, the dynamically corrected gates offer considerable
      reduction of gate errors and are therefore of great interest both theoretically
      and experimentally. They are, however, designed under the static-noise model and
      may be considered as low-frequency filters. In this work, we perform a
      comprehensive theoretical study of the response of a type of dynamically
      corrected gates, namely the supcode for singlet-triplet qubits, to realistic 1/f
      noises with frequency spectra 1/omega(alpha). Through randomized benchmarking, we
      have found that supcode offers improvement of the gate fidelity for alpha  1 and
      the improvement becomes exponentially more pronounced with the increase of the
      noise exponent in the range 1  alpha <= 3 studied. On the other hand, for small
      alpha, supcode will not offer any improvement. The deltaJ-supcode, specifically
      designed for systems where the nuclear noise is absent, is found to offer
      additional error reduction than the full supcode for charge noises. The computed
      filter transfer functions of the supcode gates are also presented.

PMID- 27383130
TI  - Multidisciplinary intervention to improve albuterol inhaler utilization among
      patients with asthma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the impact of a
      multidisciplinary intervention designed to improve appropriate albuterol inhaler
      utilization among patients with asthma. METHODS: This was a pre-post
      retrospective analysis. The study intervention included written information sent
      directly to patients, educated prescribers, and enhanced pharmacist training on
      appropriate albuterol inhaler utilization. Eligible study patients had a
      diagnosis of asthma and purchased at least two albuterol inhalers between
      07/12/2012 and 06/30/2013 (pre-period) and 7/01/2013 to 06/30/2014 (post-period).
      The primary outcome was a comparison between study periods of the count of
      albuterol inhalers purchased per patient per month (PPPM). RESULTS: The median
      age of included patients was 41 years, 53% were females, and allergic rhinitis
      was the most common comorbidity. The median albuterol inhalers purchased PPPM
      decreased from 0.60 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.39-0.87) to 0.37 (IQR = 0.26
      0.53) from the pre- to post-period (p < 0.001). The proportion of patients with
      at least one systemic corticosteroid purchase decreased (36% vs. 31%) and >1
      albuterol inhaler purchased on the same day increased (3.1% vs. 5.7%) from the
      pre- to post-period (p < 0.001). Numerically, the proportion of participants who
      experienced an acute asthma exacerbation decreased and asthma controller inhalers
      purchased PPPM increased but these did not reach statistical significance (both p
      > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary approach to increasing appropriate
      albuterol inhaler use was associated with a decrease in albuterol inhalers
      purchased PPPM while not increasing acute asthma exacerbations. Future study is
      needed to evaluate patient perspectives on this intervention and assess its
      economic impact.

PMID- 27383132
TI  - Open source posturography.
AB  - CONCLUSION: The proposed validation goal of 0.9 in intra-class correlation
      coefficient was reached with the results of this study. With the obtained results
      we consider that the developed software (RombergLab) is a validated balance
      assessment software. The reliability of this software is dependent of the used
      force platform technical specifications. OBJECTIVE: Develop and validate a
      posturography software and share its source code in open source terms. METHODS:
      Prospective non-randomized validation study: 20 consecutive adults underwent two
      balance assessment tests, six condition posturography was performed using a
      clinical approved software and force platform and the same conditions were
      measured using the new developed open source software using a low cost force
      platform. Intra-class correlation index of the sway area obtained from the center
      of pressure variations in both devices for the six conditions was the main
      variable used for validation. RESULTS: Excellent concordance between RombergLab
      and clinical approved force platform was obtained (intra-class correlation
      coefficient =0.94). A Bland and Altman graphic concordance plot was also
      obtained. The source code used to develop RombergLab was published in open source
      terms.

PMID- 27383131
TI  - Parallel encoding of sensory history and behavioral preference during
      Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory learning.
AB  - Sensory experience modifies behavior through both associative and non-associative
      learning. In Caenorhabditis elegans, pairing odor with food deprivation results
      in aversive olfactory learning, and pairing odor with food results in appetitive
      learning. Aversive learning requires nuclear translocation of the cGMP-dependent
      protein kinase EGL-4 in AWC olfactory neurons and an insulin signal from AIA
      interneurons. Here we show that the activity of neurons including AIA is acutely
      required during aversive, but not appetitive, learning. The AIA circuit and AGE
      1, an insulin-regulated PI3 kinase, signal to AWC to drive nuclear enrichment of
      EGL-4 during conditioning. Odor exposure shifts the AWC dynamic range to higher
      odor concentrations regardless of food pairing or the AIA circuit, whereas AWC
      coupling to motor circuits is oppositely regulated by aversive and appetitive
      learning. These results suggest that non-associative sensory adaptation in AWC
      encodes odor history, while associative behavioral preference is encoded by
      altered AWC synaptic activity.

PMID- 27383134
TI  - Tris-ureas as transmembrane anion transporters.
AB  - Nine tris-urea receptors (L(1)-L(9)) have been synthesised and shown to
      coordinate to a range of anionic guests both by (1)H NMR titration techniques and
      single crystal X-ray structural analysis. The compounds have been shown to be
      capable of mediating the exchange of chloride and nitrate and also chloride and
      bicarbonate across POPC or POPC : cholesterol 7 : 3 vesicle bilayer membranes at
      low transporter loadings. An interesting dependency of anion transport on the
      nature of the cation is evidence to suggest that a M(+)/Cl(-) cotransport process
      may also contribute to the release of chloride from the vesicles. 

PMID- 27383133
TI  - Revisiting the Measurement of Anomie.
AB  - Sociologists coined the term "anomie" to describe societies that are
      characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond
      conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as 'a state
      of society' and as a 'state of mind', we disentangle these conceptualizations and
      develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a
      perception of the 'state of society'. We propose that anomie encompasses two
      dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack
      of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership
      (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership).
      Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the
      Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the
      proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide
      evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28
      countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal
      functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies
      3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group
      processes are discussed. 

PMID- 27383135
TI  - An Artificial Neural Network Based Analysis of Factors Controlling Particle Size
      in a Virgin Coconut Oil-Based Nanoemulsion System Containing Copper Peptide.
AB  - A predictive model of a virgin coconut oil (VCO) nanoemulsion system for the
      topical delivery of copper peptide (an anti-aging compound) was developed using
      an artificial neural network (ANN) to investigate the factors that influence
      particle size. Four independent variables including the amount of VCO, Tween 80:
      Pluronic F68 (T80:PF68), xanthan gum and water were the inputs whereas particle
      size was taken as the response for the trained network. Genetic algorithms (GA)
      were used to model the data which were divided into training sets, testing sets
      and validation sets. The model obtained indicated the high quality performance of
      the neural network and its capability to identify the critical composition
      factors for the VCO nanoemulsion. The main factor controlling the particle size
      was found out to be xanthan gum (28.56%) followed by T80:PF68 (26.9%), VCO
      (22.8%) and water (21.74%). The formulation containing copper peptide was then
      successfully prepared using optimum conditions and particle sizes of 120.7 nm
      were obtained. The final formulation exhibited a zeta potential lower than -25 mV
      and showed good physical stability towards centrifugation test, freeze-thaw cycle
      test and storage at temperature 25 degrees C and 45 degrees C. 

PMID- 27383136
TI  - HMGB1 Enhances Drug Resistance and Promotes In Vivo Tumor Growth of Lung Cancer
      Cells.
AB  - Drug resistance is an obstacle in the chemotherapeutic treatment of lung cancers.
      In the present study, the effects of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in
      chemotherapeutic resistance and the relationships between HMGB1 and chemotherapy
      drug-induced cell apoptosis or necrosis were clarified. We used cisplatin
      sensitive A549 cells and cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP cells as cell models with
      IC50 of 11.58 and 46.95 MUM, respectively. A549/DDP had higher level of HMGB1
      compared with A549 cells. Interestingly, with the increasing concentration of
      DDP, HMGB1 was gradually located into cytoplasm in cisplatin-sensitive A549
      cells. Moreover, interference with endogenous HMGB1 sensitized the effects of
      chemotherapeutic drugs, including 5-Fu, DDP, and OXA. Furthermore, results from
      an in vivo tumorigenesis experiment demonstrated that serum concentration of
      HMGB1 was much lower in the group inoculated with HMGB1 shRNA-transfected A549
      cells than in the N.C. shRNA-transfected A549 inoculated group, as well as the
      tumor volume, suggesting that serum HMGB1 contributed to tumor growth in a mouse
      model. In conclusion, higher levels of HMGB1 probably contributed to chemotherapy
      drug resistance, and higher serum concentration of HMGB1 promoted in vivo tumor
      growth. The study would provide new clues to overcome drug resistance in
      chemotherapy of human lung cancers.

PMID- 27383137
TI  - Improving Coccyx Radiographs in Emergency Departments.

PMID- 27383138
TI  - A direct and sustainable synthesis of tertiary butyl esters enabled by flow
      microreactors.
AB  - Tertiary butyl esters find large applications in synthetic organic chemistry. A
      straightforward method for the direct introduction of the tert-butoxycarbonyl
      group into a variety of organic compounds has been developed using flow
      microreactor systems. The resultant flow process was more efficient, versatile
      and sustainable compared to the batch. 

PMID- 27383139
TI  - Management of radioactive waste gases from PET radiopharmaceutical synthesis
      using cost effective capture systems integrated with a cyclotron safety system.
AB  - The emphasis on the reduction of gaseous radioactive effluent associated with PET
      radiochemistry laboratories has increased. Various radioactive gas capture
      strategies have been employed historically including expensive automated
      compression systems. We have implemented a new cost-effective strategy employing
      gas capture bags with electronic feedback that are integrated with the cyclotron
      safety system. Our strategy is suitable for multiple automated 18F radiosynthesis
      modules and individual automated 11C radiosynthesis modules. We describe novel
      gas capture systems that minimize the risk of human error and are routinely used
      in our facility.

PMID- 27383140
TI  - Pyrimidine-based fluorescent COX-2 inhibitors: synthesis and biological
      evaluation.
AB  - The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and
      mediates inflammatory processes that aid the growth and progression of
      malignancies. Three novel and selective fluorescent COX-2 inhibitors have been
      designed and synthesized on the basis of previously reported pyrimidine-based COX
      2 inhibitors and the 7-nitrobenzofurazan fluorophore. In vitro evaluation of COX
      1/COX-2 isozyme inhibition identified N-(2-((7-nitro-benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4
      yl)amino)propyl)-4-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-6-(trifluoro-methyl)-pyrimidin-2
      amine (6) as a novel potent and selective COX-2 inhibitor (IC50 = 1.8 MUM). Lead
      compound (6) was further evaluated for its ability to selectively visualize COX-2
      isozyme in COX-2 expressing human colon cancer cell line HCA-7 using confocal
      microscopy experiments. 

PMID- 27383141
TI  - Production of anti-amoxicillin ScFv antibody and simulation studying its
      molecular recognition mechanism for penicillins.
AB  - The molecular recognition mechanism of an antibody for its hapten is very
      interesting. The objective of this research was to study the intermolecular
      interactions of an anti-amoxicillin antibody with penicillin drugs. The single
      chain variable fragment (ScFv) antibody was generated from a hybridoma cell
      strain excreting the monoclonal antibody for amoxicillin. The recombinant ScFv
      antibody showed similar recognition ability for penicillins to its parental
      monoclonal antibody: simultaneous recognizing 11 penicillins with cross
      reactivities of 18-107%. The three-dimensional structure of the ScFv antibody was
      simulated by using homology modeling, and its intermolecular interactions with 11
      penicillins were studied by using molecular docking. Results showed that three
      CDRs are involved in antibody recognition; CDR L3 Arg 100, CDR H3 Tyr226, and CDR
      H3 Arg 228 were the key contact amino acid residues; hydrogen bonding was the
      main antibody-drug intermolecular force; and the core structure of penicillin
      drugs was the main antibody binding position. These results could explain the
      recognition mechanism of anti-amoxicillin antibody for amoxicillin and its
      analogs. This is the first study reporting the production of ScFv antibody for
      penicillins and stimulation studying its recognition mechanism. 

PMID- 27383142
TI  - Embedded validity indicators in Conners' CPT-II: Do adult cutoffs work the same
      way in children?
AB  - In previous research, several subscales of Conners' CPT-II were found to be
      useful as performance validity tests (PVTs) when administered to adults with
      traumatic brain injury (TBI). Furthermore, invalid response sets were associated
      with inflated scores on several CPT-II scales. The present study proposed to
      investigate whether these findings would replicate in a pediatric sample. The
      analyses were based on archival data from 15 children with TBI. The Omissions,
      Hit RT, Perseverations, and Hit RT BC scales proved effective at differentiating
      valid and invalid response sets. However, Commission errors were unrelated to
      scores on PVTs. A composite measure based on these four scores was a superior and
      more stable validity indicator than individual scales. Two or more T-scores >65
      on any of these scales resulted in acceptable overall specificity (.86-1.00) and
      variable sensitivity (.00-1.00). Scores on CPT-II scales were generally higher
      among those who failed the reference PVTs. Results suggest that embedded CPT-II
      validity indices developed in adult TBI samples function similarly in children
      with TBI, with some notable exceptions. Although the use of adult PVT cutoffs in
      pediatric assessment is a common practice, and broadly supported by the present
      findings, there remains a clear need for the independent empirical validation of
      adult PVTs in children.

PMID- 27383143
TI  - Outcomes of Pediatric Cataract Surgery in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia.
AB  - PURPOSE: To study the outcomes of pediatric cataract surgeries in children
      operated on in the Copperbelt Province of Zambia and the barriers to accessing
      surgery. METHODS: All children who had congenital, developmental, and traumatic
      cataracts operated on by lens aspiration, primary posterior capsulotomy, and
      anterior vitrectomy with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation from
      2012 to 2013 and followed up beyond 6 months were studied. Each child underwent a
      comprehensive preoperative evaluation. An active, assisted follow-up was done and
      parents were asked about reasons for delay between presentation and surgery.
      RESULTS: One hundred two eyes of 70 children met the inclusion criteria of the
      study. Preoperatively, 76 of 77 (98.7%) eyes in the congenital and developmental
      cataract group had presenting visual acuity of worse than 6/60. This improved
      postoperatively, with 19 (29.7%) eyes having best corrected visual acuity (BCVA)
      of better than 6/18, 23 (35.9%) having BCVA of 6/24 to 6/60, and 22 (34.4%)
      having BCVA of worse than 6/60. Older age (P = .005), better preoperative vision
      (P = .045) at presentation, unilaterality (P = .012), and delay between
      presentation and surgery (P = .004) were predictors of a better postoperative
      outcome. On multivariate analysis, only age was significant (P = .025). Distance
      and cost of travel and surgery were the causes of delay in presentation. In the
      patients with traumatic cataracts, 17 of 25 (68%) had BCVA of better than 6/18, 6
      (24%) had BCVA between 6/24 and 6/60, and 2 (8%) had BCVA of worse than 6/60 at
      the 6-month follow-up. The most common causes of injury were being struck by
      sticks and stones (10 children, 25%). CONCLUSIONS: Visual outcomes after
      pediatric cataract surgery in Zambia were comparable and satisfactory. Cost of
      treatment was a barrier, but delay did not adversely affect outcome. [J Pediatr
      Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2016;53(5):311-317.].

PMID- 27383144
TI  - Success Rates of Conventional Versus Endoscope-Assisted Probing for Congenital
      Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in Children 12 Years and Younger.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the success rates for congenital nasolacrimal duct
      obstruction (CNLDO) treated with conventional probing versus endoscope-assisted
      probing. METHODS: A retrospective nonrandomized comparison of the success rates
      in children (0 to 12 years) with CNLDO who underwent conventional probing or
      endoscope-assisted probing. Success was defined as absence of tearing or negative
      fluorescein dye disappearance test. Stent was evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 270
      patients with CNLDO comprised the study population. The mean age was 37 months in
      the conventional probing group and 48.5 months in the endoscope-assisted probing
      group. The subjective and objective success rates were 76.1% and 75.9%,
      respectively, in the conventional probing group and 95.7% and 95.7%,
      respectively, in the endoscope-assisted probing group. The success rates were
      higher for both methods in the endoscope-assisted probing group (P < .005). The
      success rate decreased in older children in the conventional probing group (100%
      < 6 months; 62.5% > 48 months) and remained stable in the endoscope-assisted
      probing group (100% < 6 months; 97% > 48 months). Stent did not improve success.
      CONCLUSIONS: Endoscope-assisted probing increased success in older children and
      children with bilateral obstruction. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
      2016;53(5):292-299.].

PMID- 27383145
TI  - Extending accessible chemical space for the identification of novel leads.

PMID- 27383147
TI  - Role of Myoendothelial Gap Junctions in the Regulation of Human Coronary Artery
      Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation by Laminar Shear Stress.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Smooth muscle cells may dedifferentiate into the synthetic
      phenotype and promote atherosclerosis. Here, we explored the role of
      myoendothelial gap junctions in phenotypic switching of human coronary artery
      smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) co-cultured with human coronary artery endothelial
      cells (HCAECs) exposed to shear stress. METHODS: HCASMCs and HCAECs were seeded
      on opposite sides of Transwell inserts, and HCAECs were exposed to laminar shear
      stress of 12 dyn/cm2 or 5 dyn/cm2. The myoendothelial gap junctions were
      evaluated by using a multi-photon microscope. RESULTS: In co-culture with HCAECs,
      HCASMCs exhibited a contractile phenotype, and maintained the expression of
      differentiation markers MHC and H1-calponin. HCASMCs and HCAECs formed functional
      intercellular junctions, as evidenced by colocalization of connexin(Cx)40 and
      Cx43 on cellular projections inside the Transwell membrane and biocytin transfer
      from HCAECs to HCASMCs. Cx40 siRNA and 18-alpha-GA attenuated protein expression
      of MHC and H1-calponin in HCASMCs. Shear stress of 5 dyn/cm2 increased Cx43 and
      decreased Cx40 expression in HCAECs, and partly inhibited biocytin transfer from
      HCAECs to HCASMCs, which could be completely blocked by Cx43 siRNA or restored by
      Cx40 DNA transfected into HCAECs. The exposure of HCAECs to shear stress of 5
      dyn/cm2 promoted HCASMC phenotypic switching, manifested by morphological
      changes, decrease in MHC and H1-calponin expression, and increase in platelet
      derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB release, which was partly rescued by Cx43 siRNA
      or Cx40 DNA or PDGF receptor signaling inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: The exposure of
      HCAECs to shear stress of 5 dyn/cm2 caused the dysfunction of Cx40/Cx43
      heterotypic myoendothelial gap junctions, which may be replaced by homotypic
      Cx43/Cx43 channels, and induced HCASMC transition to the synthetic phenotype
      associated with the activation of PDGF receptor signaling, which may contribute
      to shear stress-associated arteriosclerosis.

PMID- 27383146
TI  - Semi-Automatic Segmentation of Optic Radiations and LGN, and Their Relationship
      to EEG Alpha Waves.
AB  - At rest, healthy human brain activity is characterized by large
      electroencephalography (EEG) fluctuations in the 8-13 Hz range, commonly referred
      to as the alpha band. Although it is well known that EEG alpha activity varies
      across individuals, few studies have investigated how this may be related to
      underlying morphological variations in brain structure. Specifically, it is
      generally believed that the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and its efferent
      fibres (optic radiation, OR) play a key role in alpha activity, yet it is unclear
      whether their shape or size variations contribute to its inter-subject
      variability. Given the widespread use of EEG alpha in basic and clinical
      research, addressing this is important, though difficult given the problems
      associated with reliably segmenting the LGN and OR. For this, we employed a multi
      modal approach and combined diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI),
      functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and EEG in 20 healthy subjects to
      measure structure and function, respectively. For the former, we developed a new,
      semi-automated approach for segmenting the OR and LGN, from which we extracted
      several structural metrics such as volume, position and diffusivity. Although
      these measures corresponded well with known morphology based on previous post
      mortem studies, we nonetheless found that their inter-subject variability was not
      significantly correlated to alpha power or peak frequency (p >0.05). Our results
      therefore suggest that alpha variability may be mediated by an alternative
      structural source and our proposed methodology may in general help in better
      understanding the influence of anatomy on function such as measured by EEG or
      fMRI. 

PMID- 27383148
TI  - Fabrication of InGaN thin-film transistors using pulsed sputtering deposition.
AB  - We report the first demonstration of operational InGaN-based thin-film
      transistors (TFTs) on glass substrates. The key to our success was coating the
      glass substrate with a thin amorphous layer of HfO2, which enabled a highly c
      axis-oriented growth of InGaN films using pulsed sputtering deposition. The
      electrical characteristics of the thin films were controlled easily by varying
      their In content. The optimized InGaN-TFTs exhibited a high on/off ratio of
      ~10(8), a field-effect mobility of ~22 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), and a maximum current
      density of ~30 mA/mm. These results lay the foundation for developing high
      performance electronic devices on glass substrates using group III nitride
      semiconductors.

PMID- 27383149
TI  - A novel Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry associated adhesin mediates erythrocyte
      invasion through the sialic-acid dependent pathway.
AB  - Erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum merozoites is central to blood
      stage infection and malaria pathogenesis. This intricate process is coordinated
      by multiple parasite adhesins that bind erythrocyte receptors and mediate
      invasion through several alternate pathways. P. falciparum expresses 2700 genes
      during the blood-stages, of which the identity and function of many remains
      unknown. Here, we have identified and characterized a novel P. falciparum rhoptry
      associated adhesin (PfRA) that mediates erythrocyte invasion through the sialic
      acid dependent pathway. PfRA appears to play a significant functional role as it
      is conserved across different Plasmodium species. It is localized in the
      rhoptries and further translocated to the merozoite surface. Both native and
      recombinant PfRA specifically bound erythrocytes in a sialic-acid dependent,
      chymotrypsin and trypsin resistant manner, which was abrogated by PfRA antibodies
      confirming a role in erythrocyte invasion. PfRA antibodies inhibited erythrocyte
      invasion and in combination with antibodies against other parasite ligands
      produced an additive inhibitory effect, thus validating its important role in
      erythrocyte invasion. We have thus identified a novel P. falciparum adhesin that
      binds with a sialic acid containing erythrocyte receptor. Our observations
      substantiate the strategy to block P. falciparum erythrocyte invasion by
      simultaneously targeting multiple conserved merozoite antigens involved in
      alternate invasion pathways.

PMID- 27383151
TI  - Abstracts from the ASENT 18th Annual Meeting.

PMID- 27383150
TI  - Update and New Directions in Therapeutics for Neurological Complications of HIV
      Infections.
AB  - The pace of therapeutic developments in HIV presents unique challenges to the
      neurologist caring for patients. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is
      remarkably effective in suppressing viral replication, preventing, and often even
      reversing disease progression. Still, not every patient benefits from cART for a
      variety of reasons, ranging from the cost of therapy and the burden of lifelong
      daily treatment to side effects and inadequate access to medical care. Treatment
      failure inevitably leads to disease progression and opportunistic complications.
      Many of these complications, even those that are treatable, produce permanent
      neurological disability. With ART, immune recovery itself may paradoxically lead
      to severe neurological disease; strategies for managing so-called immune
      reconstitution inflammatory syndrome are beginning to show benefits. Effective
      cART may nevertheless leave in its wake persistent neurocognitive impairment.
      Treatments for persistent impairment despite virologic suppression and good
      immune recovery are being tested but are not yet proven. As we shall see, these
      treatments target several proposed mechanisms including cerebral small vessel
      disease, which is highly prevalent in HIV. Most recently, an ambitious initiative
      has been undertaken to develop interventions to eradicate HIV. This will require
      elimination of all infectious forms of viral nucleic acid throughout the body.
      The influence of these interventions on the brain remains to be characterized.
      Meanwhile, clinical investigators continue to develop antiretroviral treatments
      that optimize effectiveness, convenience, and tolerability, while minimizing long
      term toxicities.

PMID- 27383153
TI  - Editorial - Reworking Drake.

PMID- 27383152
TI  - Interference effects between memory systems in the acquisition of a skill.
AB  - There is now converging evidence that the declarative memory system (hippocampus
      dependent) contributes to sequential motor learning in concert with the
      procedural memory system (striatum dependent). Because of the competition for
      shared neuronal resources, introducing a declarative memory task can impair
      learning of a new motor sequence and interference may occur during the procedural
      consolidation process. Here, we investigated the extent to which interference
      effects between memory systems are seen at the retrieval phase of skill learning.
      Healthy participants were assigned to a control (n = 15) or a declarative
      condition (n = 15) and trained on a sequence of finger movements (FOS task). Both
      groups showed similar improvement at the end of the practice session on the first
      day. Twenty-four hours later, controls were tested solely on the FOS task, while
      subjects in the declarative condition first engaged in a visuospatial task.
      Additional offline gains in performance were observed only in the control
      condition. The introduction of a visuospatial memory task just before retrieval
      of the motor skill was sufficient to eliminate these gains. This suggests that
      interference between procedural and declarative memory systems may also occur
      during subsequent motor recall. It is proposed that the interference effects are
      linked, in part, to the spatial nature of the motor and declarative tasks, which
      specifically depends upon hippocampal involvement.

PMID- 27383154
TI  - Changes in Behavior and Blood Corticosterone Level in Male and Female Rats after
      Single Administration of Obestatin Fragment 1-4.
AB  - Single administration of the obestatin fragment 1-4 (300 nmol/kg) to male Wistar
      rats produced a significant weight loss in male rats on observation days 5-8,
      while in female rats only on day 8. In addition, males demonstrated decreased
      risk factor in the elevated plus-maze test, but no effect of the preparation on
      behavior of female rats was revealed. Obestatin fragment 1-4 had no effect on
      corticosterone level 1 week after single administration in both females and male
      rats. 

PMID- 27383155
TI  - Plant Polysaccharides Attenuate Fluorouracil Toxicity for the Small Intestinal
      Epithelium.
AB  - Polysaccharides from Tussilago farfara L., Acorus calamus L., and Echinacea
      purpurea (L.) Moench attenuated the toxic effect of fl uorouracil on the small
      intestinal epithelium of mice with Lewis lung carcinoma. Addition of
      polysaccharides to chemotherapy protocols stimulated reparative regeneration
      processes in the small intestine damaged by the cytostatic treatment. No
      stimulating effects of the polysaccharides on tumor growth and metastasizing were
      revealed. 

PMID- 27383156
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of beta-Catenin and E-Cadherin Expression in Liquid
      Aspiration Biopsy Specimens of Thyroid Nodules.
AB  - We compared the results of gene molecular and immunocytochemical studies of beta
      catenin and E-cadherin in different variants of nodular thyroid disease (nodular
      colloid goiter, follicular thyroid adenocarcinoma, papillary thyroid cancer) and
      revealed changes of the function of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex leading
      to switching from adhesion function of beta-catenin in nodular colloid goiter to
      predominantly transcriptional activity in papillary carcinoma. The results
      confirm the important role of disturbances in E-cadherin-beta-catenin
      interactions in the mechanisms of malignant transformation of follicular
      epithelium. 

PMID- 27383157
TI  - Differences in Monoamine Oxidase Activity in the Brain of Wistar and August Rats
      with High and Low Locomotor Activity: A Cytochemical Study.
AB  - Monoamine oxidase activity was quantitatively assessed by cytochemical method in
      brain structures (layers III and V of the sensorimotor cortex, caudate nucleus,
      nucleus accumbens, hippocampal CA3 field) of rats of August line and Wistar
      population with high and low locomotor activity in the open fi eld test.
      Monoamine oxidase activity (substrate tryptamine) predominated in the nucleus
      accumbens of Wistar rats with high motor activity in comparison with rats with
      low locomotor activity. In August rats, enzyme activity (substrates tryptamine
      and serotonin) predominated in the hippocampus of animals with high motor
      activity. Comparison of August rats with low locomotor activity and Wistar rats
      with high motor activity (i.e. animals demonstrating maximum differences in motor
      function) revealed significantly higher activity of the enzyme (substrates
      tryptamine and serotonin) in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. The study
      demonstrates clear-cut morphochemical specificity of monoaminergic metabolism
      based on the differences in the cytochemical parameter "monoamine oxidase
      activity", in the studied brain structures, responsible for the formation and
      realization of goal-directed behavior in Wistar and August rats. 

PMID- 27383159
TI  - Repolarization of Heart Ventricles in Dogs during Recovery after Antiorthostatic
      Hypokinesia.
AB  - Repolarization properties of ventricular myocardium were studied in anesthetized
      adult dogs of both sexes subjected to antiorthostatic hypokinesia (head-down tilt
      at 45 degrees  and 60 degrees  to the horizontal) and during recovery period
      (horizontal position for 15 min). The time of repolarization of ventricular
      myocardium during recovery surpassed the initial value, which represents an
      adaptive response of the heart to antiorthostasis. 

PMID- 27383158
TI  - Effect of NO Synthase Blockade on Myocardial Contractility of Hypokinetic Rats
      during Stimulation of beta-Adrenoreceptors.
AB  - Stimulation of beta-adrenoreceptors with low (10(-8) and 10(-7) M) or high (10(
      6) M) doses of isoproterenol in hypokinetic rats treated with L-NAME (a non
      selective blocker of NO synthases) decreased or increased myocardial
      contractility, respectively. In control rats, all examined doses of isoproterenol
      used under blockade of NO synthases inhibited myocardial contractility. 

PMID- 27383160
TI  - Effect of Antidepressants on Immunological Reactivity in ASC Mice with
      Genetically Determined Depression-Like State.
AB  - The effect of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs fluoxetine (20 mg/kg)
      and imipramine (25 mg/kg) on the number of antibody-producing cells and the main
      T cell subpopulations in ASC mice characterized by genetic predisposition to
      depression-like states was studied at the peak of the SE-induced immune response
      (5*10(8)). Fluoxetine produced an immunostimulatory effect manifested in an
      increase in the relative and absolute number of IgM antibody-producing cells in
      the spleen and index of immunoreactivity (CD4/CD8). Administration of fl uoxetine
      to parental mouse strains without depression (CBA and AKR) had no effect (CBA) or
      reduced the immune response. The CD4/CD8 ratio did not increase under these
      conditions. Imipramine was ineffective in the correction of immune reactions in a
      depression-like state. 

PMID- 27383161
TI  - Relationship between the Size of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Efficiency of MRT
      Imaging of Cerebral Glioma in Rats.
AB  - BSA-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles with different hydrodynamic diameters (36+/-4 and
      85+/-10 nm) were synthesized, zeta potential and T2 relaxivity were determined,
      and their morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Studies on
      rats with experimental glioma C6 showed that smaller nanoparticles more
      effectively accumulated in the tumor and circulated longer in brain vessels.
      Optimization of the hydrodynamic diameter improves the efficiency of MRT contrast
      agent. 

PMID- 27383162
TI  - Effects of N-[Imino(1-Piperidinyl)Methyl] Guanidine on the Intensity of Free
      Radical Processes, Aconitase Activity, and Citrate Level in the Tissues of Rats
      with Experimental Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
AB  - Effects of a synthetic biguanide derivative N-[imino(1-piperidinyl)methyl]
      guanidine (NIPMG) on free radical homeostasis, aconitase activity, and citrate
      concentration were studied in the liver and blood serum of rats with type 2
      diabetes mellitus. Analysis of biochemiluminescence parameters showed that
      administration of this agent (10 mg/kg body weight) to animals with diabetes
      reduced the intensity of free radical processes in study tissues relative to the
      increased values in untreated diabetic animals. Under these conditions, aconitase
      activity, a principal target of ROS effects, and citrate level in the liver and
      blood serum of rats approached the control levels. The results show that NIPMG
      can positively regulate free radical homeostasis and reduce the intensity of
      oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus, which was accompanied by
      normalization of the studied parameters. 

PMID- 27383163
TI  - IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and IFN-gamma Have Different Effect on the Production of
      Proinflammatory Factors Deposited in Weibel-Palade Bodies of Endothelial Cells
      Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1.
AB  - We demonstrated similarities and differences in the effects of IFN-alpha and IFN
      beta compared to IFN-gamma on the production of factors deposited in the Weibel
      Palade bodies in cultures of endothelial cells (intact and infected with herpes
      simplex virus 1). IFN-alpha and IFN-beta reduced the content of von Willebrand
      factor, endothelin-1, and soluble P-selectin and increased IL-8 concentration in
      the culture medium of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. IFN-gamma reduced
      the content of all studied factors in the endothelial cell culture medium.
      Possible mechanisms of these effects are discussed. 

PMID- 27383164
TI  - New Carbocyclic Amino Acid Derivatives Inhibit Infection Caused by Highly
      Pathogenic Influenza A Virus Strain (H5N1).
AB  - New amino acid derivatives with carbocycles of adamantine and quinaldic acid were
      synthesized and their in vitro antiviral activity against influenza A/H5N1 virus
      was evaluated. Experiments on cultured embryonic porcine kidney epithelial cells
      showed that amino acid derivatives suppressed viral replication. Tret
      butyloxycarbonyl-DL-methionylsulfonyl-1-adamantayl ethylamine and
      benzyloxycarbonyl-L-trypthophanyl-1-adamantayl ethylamine compounds demonstrated
      high activity in all in vitro experiments. Moreover, some compounds showed
      virucidal activity against influenza A/H5N1 virus. 

PMID- 27383165
TI  - Expression of Bax Protein and Morphological Changes in the Myocardium in
      Experimental Acute Pressure Overload of the Left Ventricle.
AB  - The expression of Bax protein, marker of intracellular pathway of apoptosis
      initiation, in viable left ventricular cardiomyocytes and morphological changes
      in the myocardium in acute pressure overload of the left ventricle were studied
      in experiment on male rabbits. The content of Bax protein in the cardiomyocyte
      cytoplasm decreased, this indicating that the mitochondrial pathway was not
      involved in the realization of the apoptotic program. This decrease was
      associated with manifest destructive changes in the left ventricular myocardium. 

PMID- 27383166
TI  - Morphofunctional Changes in the Tibial and Peroneal Nerves in Shin Lengthening
      Using High Speed Daily Distraction Technique.
AB  - A sustained decrease in the M-response amplitudes of m. gastrocnemius and m.
      tibialis anterior was revealed during experimental orthopedic shin lengthening in
      dogs using Ilizarov external fixator with an automated drive (distraction 3
      mm/day in 120 steps). Transverse contraction of intrafascicular content (by
      13.2%), endoneural hypervascularization (by 28-95%), axonal degeneration and
      myelin decompactization, and destructive changes of no more than 5% fibers were
      detected in the tibial nerve. In the peroneal nerve, the contraction reached
      17.3%. Endoneurium hypovascularization (by 12%), axonal degeneration and
      demyelinization, and destructive changes of more than 20% fibers were detected in
      6 of 9 experiments. 

PMID- 27383167
TI  - Lentiviral Transduction of Neurons in Adult Brain: Evaluation of Inflammatory
      Response and Cognitive Effects in Mice.
AB  - We evaluated the effect of hippocampal injection of lentiviral particles p156-CMV
      EGFP on behavior, learning, and microglial Iba1(+) cells activation in mice.
      Testing in the open field and elevated plus-maze revealed higher anxiety levels
      in lentiviral-injected mice in comparison with animals injected with vehicle. At
      the same time, lentivirus injection did not change learning and memory of mice in
      the hippocampal-dependent fear conditioning task. Microglia density in lentivirus
      injected mice was significantly higher than in vehicle-injected mice. Thus,
      hippocampal injection of lentiviral particles with minimum content of transgenes
      produced evident inflammation process, changed anxiety level of experimental
      animals, but had no effect on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. 

PMID- 27383168
TI  - Effects of Vascular Peptide Bioregulator on the Density of Microvascular Network
      in the Brain Cortex of Aged Rats.
AB  - Using a TV unit for microcirculation studies, we studied the density of the
      entire microvascular network and its arterial compartment in the pia mater of the
      sensorimotor cortex in intact young and aged rats (2-3 and 22-24 months) and aged
      rats after a course of vascular peptide bioregulator Slavinorm. The experiments
      showed that the density of microvascular network in intact animals decreased by
      1.6 times with aging. Treatment with the peptide bioregulator 2.5-fold increased
      the density of the microvascular network in aged rats in comparison with intact
      animals of the same age, the density of the arterial compartment of the
      microvascular network in the pia mater increased by 2.8 times. 

PMID- 27383169
TI  - Preclinical Toxicological Study of Release-Active Preparations for Prediction of
      Their Pharmacological Activity and Side Effects.
AB  - We studied chronic toxicity of a few release-active preparations: Dietressa
      (release-active preparation of affinity-purified antibodies to type 1 cannabinoid
      receptor), Divasa (releaseactive preparation containing a combination of affinity
      purified antibodies to brain-specific S-100 protein and endothelial NO-synthase),
      Cardostin (release-active preparation containing a combination of affinity
      purified antibodies to C-terminal fragment of angiotensin II type 1 receptor and
      endothelial NO-synthase), and Bation (release-active preparation containing a
      combination of affinity-purified antibodies to IFN-gamma and CD4). We evaluated
      not only side and toxic effects, but also the relationships between these effects
      and pharmacological activities of the preparations. The data of preclinical
      toxicological studies of the release-active preparations can be used for
      prediction of their pharmacological activity. 

PMID- 27383170
TI  - Effects of Intraperitoneal Administration of Mifepristone on Glucocorticoid
      Status of Experimental Animals.
AB  - We studied the content of corticosterone and its precursors in the adrenal
      glands, corticosterone in blood serum and daily urine of rats, and activity of
      first and second isoforms of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the liver and
      kidneys of rats after 15 daily intraperitoneal injections of 0.9% NaCl or
      glucocorticoid receptor blocker mifepristone in 0.9% NaCl. Daily injections of
      NaCl reduced the levels of pregnenolone, progesterone, and corticosterone in the
      adrenal glands, increased corticosterone excretion with urine, enhanced activity
      of the first isoform of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the liver and
      reduction in activity of the second isoform of this enzyme in the kidneys. These
      changes are typical manifestations of chronic stress. Mifepristone restored
      pregnenolone content in the adrenal glands and increase in corticosterone
      concentration in the blood. Under these conditions, activity of the first isoform
      of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the liver did not change, and a
      decrease in activity of the second isoform of the enzyme in the kidneys was less
      pronounced. The results suggest that mifepristone abolished the stress-mediated
      increase in activity of the first isoform of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
      in the liver and reduced local production of glucocorticoid hormones and their
      metabolic effects in hepatocytes. 

PMID- 27383171
TI  - Neuroprotective Effectiveness of Intravenous Ubiquinone in Rat Model of
      Irreversible Cerebral Ischemia.
AB  - The neuroprotective effect of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10)was demonstrated on the
      rats model of ischemic stroke provoked by persistent 24-h occlusion of the middle
      cerebral artery. Coenzyme Q10 (30 mg/kg) was injected intravenously in 60 min
      after artery occlusion. Ubiquinone crossed the blood-brain barrier, accumulated
      in the brain, and produced a neuroprotective effect: it alleviated ischemia
      induced neurological deficit and reduced the size of necrotic zone by 49% in
      comparison with rats receiving physiological saline. 

PMID- 27383172
TI  - Radioprotective and Apoptotic Properties of a Combination of alpha-Tocopherol
      Acetate and Ascorbic Acid.
AB  - We studied radioprotective and apoptotic properties of a combination of alpha
      tocopherol acetate and ascorbic acid. alpha-Tocopherol acetate (10 mg/kg body
      weight) or ascorbic acid (20 mg/kg) or combination of these agents in the same
      doses was orally administered to male rats at various terms before and after
      single whole-body exposure to gamma-irradiation in the doses of 2 and 8 Gy.
      Irradiation increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow
      cells and plasma level of low-molecular-weight DNA. Vitamin combination
      administered before or after irradiation significantly reduced the frequency of
      chromosome aberrations by 2-2.5 times. Administration of this combination 10 min
      before irradiation 1.5-fold increased the content of low-molecular-weight DNA in
      blood plasma in comparison with the control animals exposed to radiation. The
      combination of alpha-tocopherol acetate and ascorbic acid produced
      radioprotective effects and enhanced apoptosis in irradiated cells. 

PMID- 27383173
TI  - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Inhibits Spontaneous Contractile Activity of Lymph
      Nodes.
AB  - Atrial natriuretic peptide dose-dependently inhibited spontaneous phase and tonic
      activity of smooth muscle strips from the capsule of isolated bovine mesenteric
      lymph nodes. Pretreatment with L-NAME, diclofenac, and methylene blue had
      practically no effect on the peptide-induced relaxation responses. In contrast,
      glibenclamide significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of atrial natriuretic
      peptide. We suppose that the NO-dependent and cyclooxygenase signaling pathways
      are not involved in implementation of the inhibitory effects of atrial
      natriuretic peptide. ATP-sensitive K(+)-channels of the smooth muscle cell
      membrane are the last component in the signaling pathway leading to relaxation of
      smooth muscles of the lymph node capsule caused by atrial natriuretic peptide;
      activation of these channels leads to membrane hyperpolarization and smooth
      muscle relaxation. 

PMID- 27383174
TI  - Dominant and Non-Dominant Frequency Structure of Evoked Ventricular Fibrillation
      in Dogs with Myocardial Ischemia.
AB  - The first 10 min of electrically provoked ventricular fibrillation in dogs with
      ischemic heart disease were characterized by organized myocardial activity
      evidenced by the dominant ECG frequency structure. During the first 2 min of
      ventricular fibrillation, low-frequency oscillations (4-7 Hz) dominated, while on
      min 3 to 10 after the onset of fibrillation, the dominant frequencies were low
      and medium (4-12 Hz). After 10-min fibrillation, the oscillations became non
      dominant. Thus, ischemic myocardium maintains the organized structure of
      ventricular fibrillation for the first 10 min, which is important for the
      development of automatic diagnostics of abnormal cardiac activity in humans. 

PMID- 27383175
TI  - Implication of JAK1, JAK2, and JAK3 in the Realization of Proliferation and
      Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells In Vitro.
AB  - Involvement of individual JAK kinases in the realization of growth potential of
      mesenchymal progenitor cells was examined in vitro. Important role of JAK2 and
      JAK3 in determining the initial level of mitotic activity of progenitor cells was
      established. The yield of fibroblast CFUF was suppressed under the effect of
      specific inhibitors of JAK kinases. Blockade of JAK3 increased the rate of
      progenitor element differentiation. JAK1 had no effect on proliferation and
      differentiation status of progenitor cells. 

PMID- 27383176
TI  - Cardiac Autonomic Drive during Arterial Hypertension and Metabolic Disturbances.
AB  - ANS support of the cardiac work was assessed with analysis of heart rate
      variability in representative samples of patients with arterial hypertension and
      metabolic disturbances manifested by overweight, classes I-II obesity,
      compromised glucose tolerance, and type II diabetes. Initially enhanced
      sympathetic effects on the heart rate demonstrated no further increase during the
      orthostatic test in contrast to suprasegmentary influences enhanced by this test.
      The pronouncedness of revealed peculiarities in ANS drive to the heart correlated
      with metabolic disturbances, and these peculiarities attained maximum in patients
      with type II diabetes. 

PMID- 27383177
TI  - Effect of Audiogenic Seizures on the Dynamics of Fatty Acid Composition of
      Hippocampal Dental Gyrus in Krushinsky-Molodkina Rats.
AB  - Changes in the fatty acid composition of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in
      Krushinsky-Molodkina rats with hereditary predisposition to audiogenic seizures
      were studied in 1, 3, and 14 days after 1 or 5 seizures. Seizure activity changed
      the content of saturated and monounsaturated as well as polyunsaturated fatty
      acids at different terms after seizures. After seizures, the content of
      individual fatty acids changed in different directions. Similar shifts after 1
      and 5 seizures were observed only for eicosapentaenoic acid at all observation
      terms. More pronounced changes in fatty acid composition were observed after 5
      seizures. These results can be useful for the development of new approaches to
      correction of seizure activity. 

PMID- 27383178
TI  - [IgG4-associated diseases].

PMID- 27383179
TI  - [Capillary microscopy].

PMID- 27383180
TI  - [Antiphospholipid syndrome].

PMID- 27383181
TI  - The impact of glycemic variability on diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
AB  - Mean glucose values alone cannot explain the patterns of morbidity and mortality
      due to dysglycemia in diabetes. Development of continuous glucose monitoring
      systems has improved the analysis and interpretation of glycemic variability. The
      roles of glycemic components other than constant hyperglycemia in diabetic
      complications must be investigated because large clinical studies have indicated
      that risk factors besides the average glucose value of HbA1c are involved in
      chronic macrocomplications/microcomplications of diabetes. Among these
      complications, the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy is particularly
      complex, and several factors related to glucose and nonglucose pathways have been
      suggested as risk factors. There is little information regarding the effect of
      glycemic variability on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, unlike other
      microvascular complications of retinopathy and nephropathy, and whether glycemic
      variability causes harmful effects is still a matter of debate. In this review,
      we discuss the relationships between glycemic variability and diabetic peripheral
      neuropathy, focusing on somatosensory peripheral neuropathies rather than
      autonomic neuropathies. 

PMID- 27383182
TI  - Numb and Numbl act to determine mammary myoepithelial cell fate, maintain
      epithelial identity, and support lactogenesis.
AB  - Mammary epithelium is comprised of an inner layer of luminal epithelial cells and
      an outer layer of contractile myoepithelial cells with mesenchymal properties.
      These two compartments interact throughout mammary morphogenesis to form
      branching ducts during puberty and terminate in secretory alveoli during
      lactation. It is not known how the myoepithelial cell lineage is specified, nor
      how signals in myoepithelial cells contribute to lactogenesis. Here, we show that
      Numb and Numbl are enriched in mammary myoepithelial cells, with their expression
      peaking during pregnancy. We use conditional Numb- and Numbl-knockout mouse
      models to demonstrate that loss of Numb/Numbl compromised the myoepithelial layer
      and expanded the luminal layer, led epithelial cells to undergo epithelial-to
      mesenchymal transition, and resulted in lactation failure as a result of abnormal
      alveolar formation during pregnancy. Numb and Numbl function via repression of
      the Notch signaling pathway and of the p53-p21 axis during mammary gland
      development. These findings highlight the importance of Numb and Numbl in the
      control of myoepithelial cell fate determination, epithelial identity, and
      lactogenesis.-Zhang Y., Li, F., Song, Y., Sheng, X., Ren, F., Xiong, K., Chen,
      L., Zhang, H., Liu, D., Lengner, C. J., Xue, L., Yu, Z. Numb and Numbl act to
      determine mammary myoepithelial cell fate, maintain epithelial identity, and
      support lactogenesis.

PMID- 27383183
TI  - Altered TGF-alpha/beta signaling drives cooperation between breast cancer cell
      populations.
AB  - The role of tumor heterogeneity in regulating disease progression is poorly
      understood. We hypothesized that interactions between subpopulations of cancer
      cells can affect the progression of tumors selecting for a more aggressive
      phenotype. We developed an in vivo assay based on the immortalized nontumorigenic
      breast cell line MCF10A and its Ras-transformed derivatives AT1 (mildly
      tumorigenic) and CA1d (highly tumorigenic). CA1d cells outcompeted MCF10A,
      forming invasive tumors. AT1 grafts were approximately 1% the size of CA1d tumors
      when initiated using identical cell numbers. In contrast, CA1d/AT1 mixed tumors
      were larger than tumors composed of AT1 alone (100-fold) or CA1d (3-fold),
      suggesting cooperation in tumor growth. One of the mechanisms whereby CA1d and
      AT1 were found to cooperate was by modulation of TGF-alpha and TGF-beta
      signaling. Both of these molecules were sufficient to induce changes in AT1
      proliferative potential in vitro. Reisolation of AT1 tumor-derived (AT1-TD) cells
      from these mixed tumors revealed that AT1-TD cells grew in vivo, forming tumors
      as large as tumorigenic CA1d cells. Cooperation between subpopulations of cancer
      epithelium is an understudied mechanism of tumor growth and invasion that may
      have implications on tumor resistance to current therapies.-Franco, O. E., Tyson,
      D. R., Konvinse, K. C., Udyavar, A. R., Estrada, L., Quaranta, V., Crawford, S.
      E., Hayward, S. W. Altered TGF-alpha/beta signaling drives cooperation between
      breast cancer cell populations.

PMID- 27383185
TI  - Brexit: the decision of a divided country.

PMID- 27383184
TI  - Understanding Factors That Modulate the Establishment of HIV Latency in Resting
      CD4+ T-Cells In Vitro.
AB  - Developing robust in vitro models of HIV latency is needed to better understand
      how latency is established, maintained and reversed. In this study, we examined
      the effects of donor variability, HIV titre and co-receptor usage on establishing
      HIV latency in vitro using two models of HIV latency. Using the CCL19 model of
      HIV latency, we found that in up to 50% of donors, CCL19 enhanced latent
      infection of resting CD4+ T-cells by CXCR4-tropic HIV in the presence of low dose
      IL-2. Increasing the infectious titre of CXCR4-tropic HIV increased both
      productive and latent infection of resting CD4+ T-cells. In a different model
      where myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) were co-cultured with resting CD4+ T-cells,
      we observed a higher frequency of latently infected cells in vitro than CCL19
      treated or unstimulated CD4+ T-cells in the presence of low dose IL-2. In the DC
      T-cell model, latency was established with both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic virus but
      higher titres of CCR5-tropic virus was required in most donors. The establishment
      of latency in vitro through direct infection of resting CD4+ T-cells is
      significantly enhanced by CCL19 and mDC, but the efficiency is dependent on virus
      titre, co-receptor usage and there is significant donor variability. 

PMID- 27383187
TI  - Disclosure UK: transparency should no longer be an optional extra.

PMID- 27383186
TI  - The Effects of a Locally Developed mHealth Intervention on Delivery and Postnatal
      Care Utilization; A Prospective Controlled Evaluation among Health Centres in
      Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although there are studies showing that mobile phone solutions can
      improve health service delivery outcomes in the developed world, there is little
      empirical evidence that demonstrates the impact of mHealth interventions on key
      maternal health outcomes in low income settings. METHODS: A non-randomized
      controlled study was conducted in the Amhara region, Ethiopia in 10 health
      facilities (5 intervention, 5 control) together serving around 250,000 people.
      Health workers in the intervention group received an android phone (3 phones per
      facility) loaded with an application that sends reminders for scheduled visits
      during antenatal care (ANC), delivery and postnatal care (PNC), and educational
      messages on dangers signs and common complaints during pregnancy. The
      intervention was developed at Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia. Primary
      outcomes were the percentage of women who had at least 4 ANC visits,
      institutional delivery and PNC visits at the health center after 12 months of
      implementation of the intervention. FINDINGS: Overall 933 and 1037 women were
      included in the cross-sectional surveys at baseline and at follow-up
      respectively. In addition, the medical records of 1224 women who had at least one
      antenatal care visit were followed in the longitudinal study. Women who had their
      ANC visit in the intervention health centers were significantly more likely to
      deliver their baby in the same health center compared to the control group (43.1%
      versus 28.4%; Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.98 (95%CI 1.53-2.55)). A significantly
      higher percentage of women who had ANC in the intervention group had PNC in the
      same health center compared to the control health centers (41.2% versus 21.1%:
      AOR: 2.77 (95%CI 2.12-3.61)). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that a
      locally customized mHealth application during ANC can significantly improve
      delivery and postnatal care service utilization possibly through positively
      influencing the behavior of health workers and their clients.

PMID- 27383188
TI  - Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of kidney with renal vein extension: an
      unusual case report and review of literature.
AB  - Mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of kidney (MESTK) is a rare but distinct renal
      complex neoplasm composed of a mixture of mesenchymal and epithelial elements
      with characteristic ovarian-type stroma. Due to its relative rarity, little is
      known about the histogenesis and prognostic factors of this tumor. Although most
      reported cases display bland histological features and benign clinical course, a
      few cases of malignant MESTK have been described. We report an unusual case of
      MESTK in a 50-year-old female patient with renal venous involvement.
      Macroscopically, the tumor was solid and unencapsulated in the central region of
      left kidney. There was a polypoid mass with slender pedicle found to extend into
      the renal vein forming an intravenous tumor thrombus. Histologically, both renal
      and intravenous mass were composed of bland spindle-shaped cells and round
      dilated tubules lined by epithelium without any cytological atypia. The spindle
      cells were diffusely positive for smooth muscle actin and desmin, while tubules
      were positive for pan-cytokeratin (AE1/AE3). A diagnosis of MESTK with renal vein
      extension was made. The patient received no adjuvant treatment after radical
      nephrectomy. There was no sign of recurrence or metastasis of tumor found in a
      period of 16-month regular follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first case of
      MESTK with renal vein extension, but lacking malignant histological appearance.
      Additional studies of MESTK with vein involvement will be needed to determine
      whether this imparts any adverse behavior, similar to other benign renal tumors
      with vascular involvement.

PMID- 27383189
TI  - Utilisation of health services and the poor: deconstructing wealth-based
      differences in facility-based delivery in the Philippines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite achieving some success, wealth-related disparities in the
      utilisation of maternal and child health services persist in the Philippines. The
      aim of this study is to decompose the principal factors driving the wealth-based
      utilisation gap. METHODS: Using national representative data from the 2013
      Philippines Demographic and Health Survey, we examine the extent overall
      differences in the utilisation of maternal health services can be explained by
      observable factors. We apply nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca-type decomposition methods
      to quantify the effect of differences in measurable characteristics on the wealth
      based coverage gap in facility-based delivery. RESULTS: The mean coverage of
      facility-based deliveries was respectively 41.1 % and 74.6 % for poor and non
      poor households. Between 67 and 69 % of the wealth-based coverage gap was
      explained by differences in observed characteristics. After controlling for
      factors characterising the socioeconomic status of the household (i.e. the
      mothers' and her partners' education and occupation), the birth order of the
      child was the major factor contributing to the disparity. Mothers' religion and
      the subjective distance to the health facility were also noteworthy. CONCLUSIONS:
      This study has found moderate wealth-based disparities in the utilisation of
      institutional delivery in the Philippines. The results confirm the importance of
      recent efforts made by the Philippine government to implement equitable, pro-poor
      focused health programs in the most deprived geographic areas of the country. The
      importance of addressing the social determinants of health, particularly
      education, as well as developing and implementing effective strategies to
      encourage institutional delivery for higher order births, should be prioritised.

PMID- 27383190
TI  - The usefulness of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET in the detection of
      recurrence in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with elevated
      thyroglobulin and negative radioiodine whole-body scan.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: PET/computed tomography (CT) using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose
      (F-FDG) has been used in the diagnosis of recurrence and metastases of
      differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in cases of negative whole-body scan (WBS)
      despite elevated concentrations of stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg). AIM: To assess
      the utility of PET/CT in the detection of recurrence among patients with DTC with
      increased Tg levels and negative results of WBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PET/CT
      results were retrospectively analyzed in patients with DTC with increased Tg and
      negative results of WBS as well as negative cervical ultrasonography and chest
      radiography. PET-CT was performed 1-2 weeks after recent diagnostics under
      conditions of endogenous or exogenous thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation.
      PET/CT was performed using a Discovery ST scanner 1 h after an intravenously F
      FDG injection (activity 4-5 MBq/kg). To determine the cutoff value of Tg,
      receiver operating characteristic curves were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty-nine
      patients with DTC (48 women, 21 men) aged 22-83 years (mean 50.9+/-17.5 years)
      were qualified. In 44 patients (63.8%), PET/CT indicated lesions of DTC. Thirty
      (43.5%) patients had F-FDG positive findings. In the remaining 14 patients
      (20.3%), lesions were found in CT only. Patients with a positive PET/CT scan had
      significantly higher Tg values than patients with a negative PET/CT (mean 143.8
      vs. 26.5 ng/ml, P=0.03). The cutoff value of Tg concentration measured with the
      receiver operating characteristic analysis was 32.9 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: PET/CT is
      a useful tool in the detection of recurrence among thyroid cancer patients in
      cases of conflicting results of standard procedures, particularly for those with
      high Tg levels and negative WBS. The probability of obtaining a positive PET-CT
      result increases with the level of Tg.

PMID- 27383191
TI  - Comparison between a count-based and geometrical approach for the assessment of
      left ventricular dyssynchrony using myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There are two distinct approaches for the assessment of left
      ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). The aim
      of this study was to compare the performance of the count-based and geometrical
      approach in clinical data using gated single photon emission computed tomography
      MPS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Group 1 consisted of 113 patients (49 men, 64 women)
      with normal perfusion [summed rest score (SRS)<=3], normal LV ejection fraction
      (>=55%), and normal QRS duration (QRSd<120 ms). Group 2 consisted of 89 heart
      failure patients (79 men, 10 women) with no restriction for SRS, LV ejection
      fraction <=35%, and QRSd >=120 ms. All MPS parameters were obtained from the
      software Corridor4DM. Dyssynchrony parameters used were time to peak contraction,
      SD, and bandwidth (BW). RESULTS: SD and BW were estimated higher (difference
      group 1: SD 3.0+/-2.3 and BW 11.3+/-9.3, P-values <0.001; difference group 2: SD
      2.4+/-4.3 and BW 1.3+/-17.0, P-value <0.001 and 0.479 respectively) using the
      count-based approach in comparison with the geometrical method. A significant and
      good correlation was found between these two methods (R=0.763, 0.902, 0.896 for
      time to peak contraction, SD, and BW respectively, P-values <=0.001). SD and BW
      in both approaches were equally good parameters for differentiating heart failure
      patients (area under the curve: 0.995-0.998), although using different cut-off
      values. CONCLUSION: The count-based approach generally provides a wider phase
      distribution and subsequently greater SD and BW estimates compared with the
      geometrical algorithm. These differences result in clinically relevant deviations
      in normal and cut-off values that have to be recognized when evaluating patients.

PMID- 27383192
TI  - Specificity of Genetic Biomarker Studies in Cancer Research: A Systematic Review.
AB  - As genetic information becomes more readily available, there is increasing demand
      from both patients and providers to develop personalized approaches to cancer
      care. Investigators are increasingly reporting numbers of studies correlating
      genomic signatures and other biomarkers to survival endpoints. The extent to
      which cancer-specific and non-specific effects are reported in contemporary
      studies is unknown. In this review of 85 high-impact studies associating genetic
      biomarkers with cancer outcomes, 95% reported significant associations with event
      free survival outcomes, yet less than half reported effects on a cancer-specific
      endpoint. This methodology leaves open the possibility that observed associations
      are unrelated to cancer. 

PMID- 27383194
TI  - Cross-linking of lens crystallin proteins induced by tryptophan metabolites and
      metal ions: implications for cataract development.
AB  - Long-wavelength solar UV radiation is implicated in photodamage to the human eye.
      The human lens contains multiple tryptophan-derived compounds that have
      significant absorbance bands in the UVA region (lambda 315-400 nm) that act as
      efficient physical filters for these wavelengths. The concentrations of many of
      these UV filter compounds decrease with increase in age, resulting in diminished
      protection, increased oxidative damage and the accumulation of modified proteins
      implicated in nuclear cataract formation. This damage may arise via the formation
      of alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls from the UV filter compounds, adduction to
      lens proteins and subsequent action as photosensitizers, and/or via the reactions
      of redox-active transition metal ions that accumulate in aged human lenses. The
      latter may promote the oxidation of free, or protein-bound, o-aminophenols, such
      as the UV filter compounds 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic
      acid (3OHAA). It is shown here that Cu(II), and to a lesser extent Fe(III),
      enhance oxidation of free 3OHKyn, 3OHAA and 3OHKyn bound to specific amino acids
      and lens proteins, with this resulting in increased cross-linking of lens
      proteins. These data indicate that elevated levels of transition metal ions in
      aging lenses can enhance the loss of protective UV filter compounds, and
      contribute to the formation of high-molecular-mass dysfunctional crystallin
      proteins in a light-independent manner. These reactions may contribute to the
      formation of lens cataracts in humans.

PMID- 27383193
TI  - Alterations in Caveolin-1 Expression and Receptor-Operated Ca2+ Entry in the
      Aortas of Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Alterations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i)
      underlie the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1)
      is the primary functional protein associated with caveolae, which are
      invaginations in the plasma membrane, and is a regulator of [Ca2+]i signaling.
      Caveolae and Cav-1 increase the activity of store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCC)
      in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and these enhancing
      effects were more pronounced in rats with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Classical
      transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins are highly expressed in vascular
      smooth muscle cells, and these proteins form functional receptor-operated Ca2+
      channels (ROCC) and SOCC in PASMCs. Previous studies suggested that functional
      and structural changes in aortas might occur during the pathological process of
      PH. Our data demonstrated that Cav-1 and TRPC were also abundant in the aorta
      smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) of PH rats. However, previous PH research primarily
      focused on Ca2+ channels in pulmonary arteries, but not functional changes in
      Ca2+ channels in aortas. The contribution of Cav-1 of AoSMCs to alterations of
      Ca2+ signaling in aortic functions during the pathological process of PH has not
      been fully characterized. Therefore, this study investigated alterations in Cav-1
      expression and the relationship of these changes to Ca2+ channels in AoSMCs of PH
      rats. METHODS: The present study examined physiological caveolae and Cav-1
      expression and characterized the function of altered Cav-1 expression in rat
      aortas with PH. RESULTS: The appearance of caveolae with Cav-1 expression
      increased significantly in the aortas of rats with PH, but TRPC1 and TRPC6
      expression was not altered. In vitro experiments demonstrated that caveolae
      contributed to phenylephrine, endothelin-1, and 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol
      (OAG)-induced aortic vasoreactivity, but KCl and cyclopiazonic acid had no
      effect, which suggests the vital ability of Cav-1 to regulate ROCC activity. The
      introduction of Cav-1 scaffolding domain peptide enhanced OAG-induced ROCC
      function in primary AoSMCs. CONCLUSION: Cav-1 is specifically associated with
      ROCC in aortas and plays a vital role in altering vasoreactivity, which affects
      cardiovascular diseases pathology. Caveolae and Cav-1 up-regulation may affect
      the function of ROCC in rat models of PH.

PMID- 27383195
TI  - Quantitative Determination of Flexible Pharmacological Mechanisms Based On
      Topological Variation in Mice Anti-Ischemic Modular Networks.
AB  - Targeting modules or signalings may open a new path to understanding the complex
      pharmacological mechanisms of reversing disease processes. However, determining
      how to quantify the structural alteration of these signalings or modules in
      pharmacological networks poses a great challenge towards realizing rational drug
      use in clinical medicine. Here, we explore a novel approach for dynamic
      comparative and quantitative analysis of the topological structural variation of
      modules in molecular networks, proposing the concept of allosteric modules (AMs).
      Based on the ischemic brain of mice, we optimize module distribution in different
      compound-dependent modular networks by using the minimum entropy criterion and
      then calculate the variation in similarity values of AMs under various conditions
      using a novel method of SimiNEF. The diverse pharmacological dynamic stereo
      scrolls of AMs with functional gradient alteration, which consist of five types
      of AMs, may robustly deconstruct modular networks under the same ischemic
      conditions. The concept of AMs can not only integrate the responsive mechanisms
      of different compounds based on topological cascading variation but also obtain
      valuable structural information about disease and pharmacological networks beyond
      pathway analysis. We thereby provide a new systemic quantitative strategy for
      rationally determining pharmacological mechanisms of altered modular networks
      based on topological variation. 

PMID- 27383197
TI  - Safety Assessment of Nitrocellulose and Collodion as Used in Cosmetics.
AB  - The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (the Panel) assessed the safety of
      nitrocellulose and collodion as used in cosmetics, concluding that these
      ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration in
      cosmetic formulations. Both ingredients are used almost exclusively in nail
      product formulations. The maximum concentration of use of nitrocellulose in nail
      polish and enamels is 22%; for collodion, the maximum reported concentration of
      use in nail polish and enamel is 14%. The Panel reviewed available animal and
      clinical data in making its determination of safety.

PMID- 27383196
TI  - Chronic pistachio intake modulates circulating microRNAs related to glucose
      metabolism and insulin resistance in prediabetic subjects.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the effects of a pistachio-enriched diet on the profile of
      circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) related to glucose metabolism and insulin
      resistance (IR). METHODS: Randomized crossover clinical trial in 49 subjects with
      prediabetes was performed. Subjects consumed a pistachio-supplemented diet (PD,
      50 % carbohydrates, 33 % fat, including 57 g/day of pistachios) and an isocaloric
      control diet (CD, 55 % carbohydrates and 30 % fat) for 4 months each, separated
      by a 2-week washout period. The plasma profile of a set of seven predefined
      miRNAs related to glucose and insulin metabolism was analyzed by quantitative RT
      PCR. RESULTS: After the PD period, subjects have shown significant lower
      circulating levels of miR-192 and miR-375 compared to CD period, whereas miR-21
      nonsignificantly increased after PD compared with CD (47 vs. 2 %, P = 0.092).
      Interestingly, changes in circulating miR-192 and miR-375 were positively
      correlated with plasma glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION: Chronic
      pistachio consumption positively modulates the expression of some miRNA
      previously implicated on insulin sensitivity.

PMID- 27383198
TI  - Safety Assessment of Microbial Polysaccharide Gums as Used in Cosmetics.
AB  - The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel assessed the safety of 34 microbial
      polysaccharide gums for use in cosmetics, finding that these ingredients are safe
      in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentration. The
      microbial polysaccharide gums named in this report have a variety of reported
      functions in cosmetics, including emulsion stabilizer, film former, binder,
      viscosity-increasing agent, and skin-conditioning agent. The Panel reviewed
      available animal and clinical data in making its determination of safety.

PMID- 27383199
TI  - Safety Assessment of Alkyl PEG/PPG Ethers as Used in Cosmetics.
AB  - The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel assessed the safety of 131
      alkyl polyethylene glycol (PEG)/polypropylene glycol ethers as used in cosmetics,
      concluding that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and
      concentration described in this safety assessment when formulated to be
      nonirritating. Most of the alkyl PEG/PPG ethers included in this review are
      reported to function in cosmetics as surfactants, skin-conditioning agents,
      and/or emulsifying agents. The alkyl PEG/PPG ethers share very similar
      physiochemical properties as the alkyl PEG ethers, which were reviewed previously
      by the CIR Expert Panel and found safe when formulated to be nonirritating. The
      alkyl PEG ethers differ by the inclusion of PPG repeat units, which are used to
      fine-tune the surfactant properties of this group. The Panel relied heavily on
      data on analogous ingredients, extracted from the alkyl PEG ethers and PPG
      reports, when making its determination of safety.

PMID- 27383200
TI  - Posterior atlantoaxial fusion as treatment option for extracranial vertebral
      artery dissecting aneurysm: a case report and literature review.
AB  - Symptomatic extracranial vertebral artery (VA) dissection may need surgery. We
      describe such a case successfully treated with atlantoaxial fusion based on its
      rare dynamic angiographic findings. A 27-year-old woman suffered from repeated
      brainstem and cerebellar infarctions from a left extracranial VA dissecting
      aneurysm. Dynamic angiography showed the dissecting aneurysm of the V3 segment in
      the neutral head position, and deflation of the aneurysm during rightward head
      rotation. She underwent posterior atlantoaxial fusion, and the lesion was
      repaired with no subsequent ischemia. Posterior atlantoaxial fusion can be an
      option for some extracranial VA dissections with preserving its anterograde blood
      flow.

PMID- 27383201
TI  - Long-term clinical outcomes of spinal accessory nerve transfer to the
      suprascapular nerve in patients with brachial plexus palsy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: For the reconstruction of brachial plexus lesions, restoration of
      elbow flexion and shoulder function is fundamental and is achieved by dual nerve
      transfers. Shoulder stabilization and movement are crucial in freedom of motion
      of the upper extremity. In patients with C5-C6 brachial plexus injury, spinal
      accessory nerve transfer to the suprascapular nerve and a fascicle of ulnar nerve
      to musculocutaneous nerve (dual nerve transfer) are carried out for restoration
      of shoulder abduction and elbow flexion, respectively. In the present study, we
      evaluated the long-term clinical outcomes of spinal accessory nerve transfer to
      the suprascapular nerve for restoration of shoulder abduction in patients with
      brachial plexus palsy undergoing a dual nerve transfer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In
      the present retrospective review, 22 consecutive subjects with upper brachial
      plexus palsy were assessed. All of the subjects underwent spinal accessory nerve
      transfer to the suprascapular nerve and a dual nerve transfer from the ulnar
      nerve to the biceps branch and from the median nerve to the brachialis branch of
      the musculocutaneous nerve simultaneously. All of the subjects were followed up
      for 18 to 24 months (average, 21.7 months) for assessing the recovery of the
      shoulder abduction and motor function. RESULTS: Spinal accessory nerve transfer
      to the suprascapular nerve showed a motor function recovery of M3 and M4 in 13.6
      and 63.6% of the subjects, respectively. However, 22.7 % of the subjects remained
      with a motor function of M2. The mean of shoulder abduction reached 55.55 +/-
      9.95 degrees  (range, 40-72 degrees ). Altogether, good functional results
      regained in 17 out of 22 the subjects (77.2 %). Linear regression analysis showed
      that advanced age was a predictor of low motor functional grade. CONCLUSIONS: The
      evidence from the present study suggests that transferring spinal accessory nerve
      to the suprascapular nerve for restoring shoulder abduction is an effective and
      reliable treatment with high success rate in patients with brachial plexus palsy,
      especially in young patients.

PMID- 27383202
TI  - Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Black People: Impact of Ethnicity on
      Survival and Genetic Risk Factors.
AB  - Black people are at increased risk of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
      Whether clinical presentation of TTP in Black patients has specific features is
      unknown. We assessed here differences in TTP presentation and outcome between
      Black and White patients. Clinical presentation was comparable between both
      ethnic groups. However, prognosis differed with a lower death rate in Black
      patients than in White patients (2.7% versus 11.6%, respectively, P = .04).
      Ethnicity, increasing age and neurologic involvement were retained as risk
      factors for death in a multivariable model (P < .05 all). Sixty-day overall
      survival estimated by the Kaplan-Meier curves and compared with the Log-Rank test
      confirmed that Black patients had a better survival than White patients (P =
      .03). Salvage therapies were similarly performed between both groups, suggesting
      that disease severity was comparable. The comparison of HLA-DRB1*11, -DRB1*04 and
      -DQB1*03 allele frequencies between Black patients and healthy Black individuals
      revealed no significant difference. However, the protective allele against TTP,
      HLA-DRB1*04, was dramatically decreased in Black individuals in comparison with
      White individuals. Black people with TTP may have a better survival than White
      patients despite a comparable disease severity. A low natural frequency of HLA
      DRB1*04 in Black ethnicity may account for the greater risk of TTP in this
      population. 

PMID- 27383203
TI  - Smad2/3/4 Pathway Contributes to TGF-beta-Induced MiRNA-181b Expression to
      Promote Gastric Cancer Metastasis by Targeting Timp3.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) plays a major role in
      tumorigenesis. MicroRNA-181b (miRNA-181b) is a multifaceted miRNA that has been
      implicated in many cellular processes such as cell fate determination and
      cellular invasion. This study aimed to confirm the relationship of miRNA-181b and
      the TGF-beta-Smad2/3/4 pathway with the induction of the epithelial-to
      mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastric cancer. METHODS: This study investigated
      the ability of TGF-beta to induce migration by wound healing and transwell
      invasion assays in human gastric cancer cell lines. miRNA expression was altered
      using miRNA-181b mimic and inhibitor in the same system. Expression of miRNA
      181b, the hypothetical target gene Timp3 and EMT-related markers were analyzed by
      real-time real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Immunoblotting was used to investigate
      the levels of phospho-Smad2 and Smad4. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were
      performed to confirm the direct binding of miRNA-181b to Timp3. RESULTS: miRNA
      181b was significantly upregulated in response to TGF-beta treatment in gastric
      cancer cell lines. Overexpression of miR-181b mimic induced an in vitro EMT-like
      change to a phenotype similar to that following TGF-beta treatment alone and was
      reversed by miRNA-181b inhibitor. Inhibition of TGF-beta-Smad2/3 signaling with
      SD-208 significantly attenuated the upregulation of miRNA-181b. Knockdown of
      Smad4 in gastric cancer cells strongly attenuated the upregulation of miRNA-181b.
      Moreover, miR-181b was found to directly target the 3' untranslated region
      (3'UTR) of Timp3 mRNA affecting TGF-beta-induced EMT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      elucidate a novel mechanism through which the TGF-beta pathway regulates the EMT
      of gastric cancer cells by increasing the levels of miRNA-181b to target Timp3
      via the Smad2/3/4-dependent pathway. These findings provide insights into the
      cellular and environmental factors regulating EMT, which may guide future studies
      on therapeutic strategies targeting these cells.

PMID- 27383204
TI  - The farnesoid-X-receptor in myeloid cells controls CNS autoimmunity in an IL-10
      dependent fashion.
AB  - Innate immune responses by myeloid cells decisively contribute to perpetuation of
      central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity and their pharmacologic modulation
      represents a promising strategy to prevent disease progression in Multiple
      Sclerosis (MS). Based on our observation that peripheral immune cells from
      relapsing-remitting and primary progressive MS patients exhibited strongly
      decreased levels of the bile acid receptor FXR (farnesoid-X-receptor, NR1H4), we
      evaluated its potential relevance as therapeutic target for control of
      established CNS autoimmunity. Pharmacological FXR activation promoted generation
      of anti-inflammatory macrophages characterized by arginase-1, increased IL-10
      production, and suppression of T cell responses. In mice, FXR activation
      ameliorated CNS autoimmunity in an IL-10-dependent fashion and even suppressed
      advanced clinical disease upon therapeutic administration. In analogy to rodents,
      pharmacological FXR activation in human monocytes from healthy controls and MS
      patients induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype with suppressive properties
      including control of effector T cell proliferation. We therefore, propose an
      important role of FXR in control of T cell-mediated autoimmunity by promoting
      anti-inflammatory macrophage responses.

PMID- 27383205
TI  - Incorporation of Farnesol Significantly Increases the Efficacy of Liposomal
      Ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms in Vitro.
AB  - The challenge of eliminating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, such as in cystic
      fibrosis lungs, remains unchanged due to the rapid development of antibiotic
      resistance. Poor drug penetration into dense P. aeruginosa biofilms plays a vital
      role in ineffective clearance of the infection. Thus, the current antibiotic
      therapy against P. aeruginosa biofilms need to be revisited and alternative
      antibiofilm strategies need to be invented. Fungal quorum sensing molecule (QSM),
      farnesol, appears to have detrimental effects on P. aeruginosa. Thus, this study
      aimed to codeliver naturally occurring QSM farnesol, with the antibiotic
      ciprofloxacin as a liposomal formulation to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilms.
      Four different liposomes (with ciprofloxacin and farnesol, Lcip+far; with
      ciprofloxacin, Lcip; with farnesol, Lfar; control, Lcon) were prepared using
      dehydration-rehydration method and characterized. Drug entrapment and release
      were evaluated by spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
      The efficacy of liposomes was assessed using standard biofilm assay. Liposome
      treated 24 h P. aeruginosa biofilms were quantitatively assessed by XTT reduction
      assay and crystal violet assay, and qualitatively by confocal laser scanning
      microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ciprofloxacin
      release from liposomes was higher when encapsulated with farnesol (Lcip+far)
      compared to Lcip (3.06% vs 1.48%), whereas farnesol release was lower when
      encapsulated with ciprofloxacin (Lcip+far) compared to Lfar (1.81% vs 4.75%). The
      biofilm metabolism was significantly lower when treated with Lcip+far or Lcip
      compared to free ciprofloxacin (XTT, P < 0.05). When administered as Lcip+far,
      the ciprofloxacin concentration required to achieve similar biofilm inhibition
      was 125-fold or 10-fold lower compared to free ciprofloxacin or Lcip,
      respectively (P < 0.05). CLSM and TEM confirmed predominant biofilm disruption,
      greater dead cell ratio, and increased depth of biofilm killing when treated with
      Lcip+far compared to other liposomal preparations. Thus, codelivery of farnesol
      and ciprofloxacin is likely to be a promising approach to battle antibiotic
      resistant P. aeruginosa biofilms by enhancing biofilm killing at significantly
      lower antibiotic doses.

PMID- 27383206
TI  - The first complete sequence and genome structure of daphne virus Y.
AB  - From Daphne odora Thunb., an ornamental shrub in the Republic of Korea, a
      potyvirus was identified that has an RNA genome of 9,448 nucleotides (excluding
      the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail) encoding a polyprotein of 3,065 amino acids, with
      nine putative protease cleavage sites producing ten proteins. Since this
      potyvirus shared the highest nucleotide sequence identity (91 %; query coverage 5
      %) with the available partial sequence of daphne virus Y (DVY) from New Zealand
      (EU179854), it was considered a Korean isolate of DVY. This is the first
      molecular characterization of the complete genome sequence of a DVY isolate. 

PMID- 27383207
TI  - Hepatitis B virus infection in blood donors in Argentina: prevalence of
      infection, genotype distribution and frequency of occult HBV infection.
AB  - This study describes the prevalence of HBV infection based on detection of HBsAg
      and HBV-DNA by NAT in 70,102 blood donors in Argentina (Cordoba province) and
      shows the viral genotype distribution and frequency of occult HBV infection (OBI)
      in this population. Forty-two donors were confirmed positive for HBV infection
      (0.06 %), and four had OBI. Genotype F was the most prevalent (71.4 %), followed
      by A (14.3 %), C (7.1 %) and D (7.1 %). This is the first report of the
      prevalence of confirmed HBV infection and the high frequency of occult HBV
      infection in a blood bank in Argentina. 

PMID- 27383208
TI  - The amino-terminal domain of ORF149 of koi herpesvirus is preferentially targeted
      by IgM from carp populations surviving infection.
AB  - Recombinantly expressed fragments of the protein encoded by ORF149 (pORF149), a
      structural protein from the common- and koi-carp-infecting cyprinid herpesvirus-3
      (CyHV-3) that was previously shown to be antigenic, were used to obtain evidence
      that its amino-terminal part contains immunodominant epitopes in fish populations
      that survived the infection. To obtain such evidence, nonspecific binding of carp
      serum tetrameric IgM had to be overcome by a novel ELISA protocol (rec2-ELISA).
      Rec2-ELISA involved pre-adsorption of carp sera with a heterologous recombinant
      fragment before incubation with pORF149 fragments and detection with anti-carp
      IgM monoclonal antibodies. Only in this way was it possible to distinguish
      between sera from uninfected and survivor carp populations. Although IgM from
      survivors recognised pORF149 fragments to a lesser degree than whole virus,
      specificity was confirmed by correlation of rec2- and CyHV-3-ELISAs, inhibition
      of rec2-ELISA by an excess of frgIIORF149, ELISA using IgM-capture, Western
      blotting, and reduction of reactivity in CyHV-3-ELISA by pre-adsorption of sera
      with frgIIORF149. The similarity of IgM-binding profiles between frgIORF149
      (amino acid residues 42-629) and frgIIORF149 (42-159) and their reactivities with
      previously described anti-CyHV-3 monoclonal antibodies confirmed that most
      pORF149 epitopes were localised in its amino-terminal part. 

PMID- 27383209
TI  - Genetic characterization of influenza A virus subtypes H1N3 and H1N9 isolated
      from free-grazing ducks in Thailand.
AB  - Influenza A virus (IAV) subtype H1 has been reported to infect birds, pigs and
      humans. In this study, we characterized IAVs subtype H1N3 and H1N9 isolated from
      free-grazing ducks in Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Thai IAV-H1
      isolates cluster with avian Eurasian-lineage but not pandemic H1N1 viruses.
      Analysis of the viruses indicated low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
      characteristics. This study is the first report of avian H1N3 and H1N9 in
      Thailand. Although Thai IAV-H1 viruses do not pose a risk of a pandemic, routine
      surveillance and genetic monitoring of IAVs should be conducted. 

PMID- 27383210
TI  - Double-stranded-RNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 (ADAR1) is proposed to
      contribute to the adaptation of equine infectious anemia virus from horses to
      donkeys.
AB  - Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the genus Lentivirus of the
      family Retroviridae. Horses are the most susceptible equids to EIAV infection and
      are therefore the primary hosts of this virus. In contrast, infected donkeys do
      not develop clinically active equine infectious anemia (EIA). This phenomenon is
      similar to what has been observed with HIV-1, which fails to induce AIDS in non
      human primates. Interestingly, Shen et al. developed a donkey-tropic pathogenic
      virus strain (EIAVDV117, DV117) by serially passaging a horse-tropic pathogenic
      strain, EIAVLN40 (LN40), in donkeys. LN40, which was generated by passaging a
      field isolate in horses, displayed enhanced virulence in horses but caused no
      clinical symptoms in donkeys. Infection with DV117 induced acute EIA in nearly
      100 % of donkeys. Genomic analysis of DV117 revealed a significantly higher
      frequency of A-to-G substitutions when compared to LN40. Furthermore, detailed
      analysis of dinucleotide editing showed that A-to-G mutations had a preference
      for 5'TpA and 5'ApA. These results strongly implicated the activity of the
      adenosine deaminase, ADAR1, in this type of mutation. Further investigation
      demonstrated that overexpression of donkey ADAR1 increased A-to-G mutations
      within the genome of EIAV. Together with our previous finding that multiple
      mutations in multiple genes are generated in DV117 during its adaptation from
      horses to donkeys, the present study suggests that ADAR1-induced A-to-G mutations
      occur during virus adaption to related new hosts contributing to the alteration
      of EIAV host tropism. 

PMID- 27383211
TI  - A Quantitative Analysis of Pulsed Signals Emitted by Wild Bottlenose Dolphins.
AB  - Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), produce a wide variety of vocal
      emissions for communication and echolocation, of which the pulsed repertoire has
      been the most difficult to categorize. Packets of high repetition, broadband
      pulses are still largely reported under a general designation of burst-pulses,
      and traditional attempts to classify these emissions rely mainly in their aural
      characteristics and in graphical aspects of spectrograms. Here, we present a
      quantitative analysis of pulsed signals emitted by wild bottlenose dolphins, in
      the Sado estuary, Portugal (2011-2014), and test the reliability of a traditional
      classification approach. Acoustic parameters (minimum frequency, maximum
      frequency, peak frequency, duration, repetition rate and inter-click-interval)
      were extracted from 930 pulsed signals, previously categorized using a
      traditional approach. Discriminant function analysis revealed a high reliability
      of the traditional classification approach (93.5% of pulsed signals were
      consistently assigned to their aurally based categories). According to the
      discriminant function analysis (Wilk's Lambda = 0.11, F3, 2.41 = 282.75, P <
      0.001), repetition rate is the feature that best enables the discrimination of
      different pulsed signals (structure coefficient = 0.98). Classification using
      hierarchical cluster analysis led to a similar categorization pattern: two main
      signal types with distinct magnitudes of repetition rate were clustered into five
      groups. The pulsed signals, here described, present significant differences in
      their time-frequency features, especially repetition rate (P < 0.001), inter
      click-interval (P < 0.001) and duration (P < 0.001). We document the occurrence
      of a distinct signal type-short burst-pulses, and highlight the existence of a
      diverse repertoire of pulsed vocalizations emitted in graded sequences. The use
      of quantitative analysis of pulsed signals is essential to improve
      classifications and to better assess the contexts of emission, geographic
      variation and the functional significance of pulsed signals. 

PMID- 27383212
TI  - A Bioorthogonal Approach for the Preparation of a Titanium-Binding Insulin-like
      Growth-Factor-1 Derivative by Using Tyrosinase.
AB  - The generation of metal surfaces with biological properties, such as cell-growth
      enhancing and differentiation-inducing abilities, could be potentially exciting
      for the development of functional materials for use in humans, including
      artificial dental implants and joint replacements. However, currently the
      immobilization of proteins on the surfaces of the metals are limited. In this
      study, we have used a mussel-inspired bioorthogonal approach to design a 3,4
      hydroxyphenalyalanine-containing recombinant insulin-like growth-factor-1 using a
      combination of recombinant DNA technology and tyrosinase treatment for the
      surface modification of titanium. The modified growth factor prepared in this
      study exhibited strong binding affinity to titanium, and significantly enhanced
      the growth of NIH3T3 cells on the surface of titanium.

PMID- 27383213
TI  - Balance between cAMP and Ca(2+) signals regulates expression levels of pituitary
      adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide gene in neurons.
AB  - Mice lacking the gene encoding pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
      (PACAP) or its specific receptor, PAC1, show abnormal behaviors related to
      schizophrenia. However, the regulation of PACAP expression in neurons remains
      unclear. Here, we report that Pacap mRNA levels are regulated transcriptionally
      and post-transcriptionally by cAMP and Ca(2+) signals in cultured rat cortical
      cells. Pacap mRNA levels decreased proportionately with the intensity of cAMP
      signaling, and this decrease was accelerated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
      receptor blockade, suggesting that cAMP signaling enhances the degradation of
      Pacap mRNA, whereas NMDA receptor-mediated signals inhibit its degradation.
      However, depolarization (which produced a robust increase in Ca(2+) signals)
      together with cAMP signaling resulted in a synergistic induction of Pacap mRNA
      through calcineurin and its substrate, cAMP-response element-binding protein
      (CREB)-regulated transcription coactivator 1. These results strongly support the
      concept that while cAMP signaling can accelerate the degradation of Pacap mRNA,
      it can also synergistically enhance Ca(2+) signaling-induced transcriptional
      activation of Pacap. Taken together, our findings suggest that a balance between
      Ca(2+) and cAMP signals regulates PACAP levels in neurons and that a perturbation
      of this balance may result in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. 

PMID- 27383214
TI  - Ablative Focused Ultrasound Synergistically Enhances Thermally Triggered
      Chemotherapy for Prostate Cancer in Vitro.
AB  - High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) can locally ablate biological tissues
      such as tumors, i.e., induce their rapid heating and coagulative necrosis without
      causing damage to surrounding healthy structures. It is widely used in clinical
      practice for minimally invasive treatment of prostate cancer. Nonablative, low
      power HIFU was established as a promising tool for triggering the release of
      chemotherapeutic drugs from temperature-sensitive liposomes (TSLs). In this
      study, we combine ablative HIFU and thermally triggered chemotherapy to address
      the lack of safe and effective treatment options for elderly patients with high
      risk localized prostate cancer. DU145 prostate cancer cells were exposed to
      chemotherapy (free and liposomal Sorafenib) and ablative HIFU, alone or in
      combination. Prior to cell viability assessment by trypan blue exclusion and flow
      cytometry, the uptake of TSLs by DU145 cells was verified by confocal microscopy
      and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). The combination of TSLs
      encapsulating 10 MUM Sorafenib and 8.7W HIFU resulted in a viability of less than
      10% at 72 h post-treatment, which was significant less than the viability of the
      cells treated with free Sorafenib (76%), Sorafenib-loaded TSLs (63%), or HIFU
      alone (44%). This synergy was not observed on cells treated with Sorafenib-loaded
      nontemperature sensitive liposomes and HIFU. According to cryo-SEM analysis,
      cells exposed to ablative HIFU exhibited significant mechanical disruption. Water
      bath immersion experiments also showed an important role of mechanical effects in
      the synergistic enhancement of TSL-mediated chemotherapy by ablative HIFU. This
      combination therapy can be an effective strategy for treatment of geriatric
      prostate cancer patients.

PMID- 27383216
TI  - Influence of Four Radiotracers in PET/CT on Diagnostic Accuracy for Prostate
      Cancer: A Bivariate Random-Effects Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: To date, several positron emission tomography/computed
      tomography (PET/CT) radiotracers including fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F
      FDG), carbon-11 labeled choline (11C-choline), 18-F fluorocholine (18F-FCH) and
      carbon-11 acetate (11C-acetate) have already been assessed in the application of
      prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis to some extent, the diagnostic efficiency of
      these radiotracers still remain controversial. As a result of this, we carried
      out this meta-analysis for the purpose of comparing the diagnostic accuracy among
      four PET/CT radiotracers. METHODS: A systematical literature search for articles
      was performed until July 3, 2015. We implemented all analysis using the
      statistical software of STATA12 and quality assessment was performed using QUADAS
      2. RESULTS: A total of 56 studies containing 3,586 patients were included in this
      meta-analysis. Parameter estimates of the overall analysis are as follows:
      sensitivity, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.74-0.85); specificity, 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77-0.89) and
      area under roc curve-AUC of SROC, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86-0.91), indicating a
      relatively high level of accuracy in diagnosis of PCa. When different
      radiotracers of PET/CT were compared, 18F-FCH-PET/CT was ranked as the most
      favorable with the highest value of AUC (AUC = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.92-0.96) whereas
      18F-FDG was the least favorable (AUC = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.69-0.77). CONCLUSION: This
      study suggested that PET/CT imaging plays an invaluable role in the diagnosis of
      PCa and 18F-FCH-PET/CT was considered as a superior diagnostic tool over other
      radiotracers. More attention should be paid to the diagnostic efficiency of the
      four radiotracers particularly for PCa patients with different clinical stages.

PMID- 27383215
TI  - Type 2 Diabetes Risk Allele Loci in the Qatari Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing in the Middle
      East. However, the genetic risk factors for T2D in the Middle Eastern populations
      are not known, as the majority of studies of genetic risk for T2D are in
      Europeans and Asians. METHODS: All subjects were >=3 generation Qataris. Cases
      with T2D (n = 1,124) and controls (n = 590) were randomly recruited and assigned
      to the 3 known Qatari genetic subpopulations [Bedouin (Q1), Persian/South Asian
      (Q2) and African (Q3)]. Subjects underwent genotyping for 37 single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) in 29 genes known to be associated with T2D in Europeans
      and/or Asian populations, and an additional 27 tag SNPs related to these
      susceptibility loci. Pre-study power analysis suggested that with the known
      incidence of T2D in adult Qataris (22%), the study population size would be
      sufficient to detect significant differences if the SNPs were risk factors among
      Qataris, assuming that the odds ratio (OR) for T2D SNPs in Qatari's is greater
      than or equal to the SNP with highest known OR in other populations. RESULTS:
      Haplotype analysis demonstrated that Qatari haplotypes in the region of known T2D
      risk alleles in Q1 and Q2 genetic subpopulations were similar to European
      haplotypes. After Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment for multiple testing, only two
      SNPs (rs7903146 and rs4506565), both associated with transcription factor 7-like
      2 (TCF7L2), achieved statistical significance in the whole study population. When
      T2D subjects and control subjects were assigned to the known 3 Qatari
      subpopulations, and analyzed individually and with the Q1 and Q2 genetic
      subpopulations combined, one of these SNPs (rs4506565) was also significant in
      the admixed group. No other SNPs associated with T2D in all Qataris or individual
      genetic subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS: With the caveats of the power analysis, the
      European/Asian T2D SNPs do not contribute significantly to the high prevalence of
      T2D in the Qatari population, suggesting that the genetic risks for T2D are
      likely different in Qataris compared to Europeans and Asians.

PMID- 27383217
TI  - Twenty-Eight-Day Mortality of Blunt Traumatic Brain Injury and Co-Injuries
      Requiring Mechanical Ventilation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to assess the impact of co-injuries and consequent
      emergency surgical interventions and nosocomial pneumonia on the 28-day mortality
      of patients with severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      One hundred and seventy-seven patients with TBI admitted to the emergency trauma
      intensive care unit at the Clinical Center of Serbia for more than 48 h were
      studied over a 1-year period. On admission, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Injury
      Severity Score (ISS) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score
      (APACHE II) were calculated. At admission, an isolated TBI was recorded in 45 of
      the patients, while 44 had three or more co-injuries. RESULTS: Of the 177
      patients, 78 (44.1%) died by the end of the 28-day follow-up period. They had a
      significantly higher ISS score (25 vs. 20; p = 0.024) and more severe head (p =
      0.034) and chest (p = 0.013) injuries compared to those who survived.
      Nonsurvivors had spent more days on mechanical ventilation (9.5 vs. 8; p = 0.041)
      and had a significantly higher incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
      than survivors (67.9 vs. 40.4%; p < 0.001). A high Rotterdam CT score (OR 2.062;
      p < 0.001) and a high APACHE II score (OR 1.219; p < 0.001) were identified as
      independent predictors of early TBI-related mortality. CONCLUSION: Patients who
      had TBI with a high Rotterdam score and a high APACHE II score were at higher
      risk of 28-day mortality. VAP was a very common complication of TBI and was
      associated with an early death and higher mortality in the subgroup of patients
      with a GCS <=8.

PMID- 27383219
TI  - Systemic effects of low-dose dopamine during administration of cytarabine.
AB  - Purpose Low-dose dopamine has been utilized to improve renal blood flow, urine
      output, and reduce drug-induced nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to
      assess changes in renal function, cardiovascular adverse events, and neurologic
      toxicity in patients receiving cytarabine with or without low-dose dopamine.
      Methods A retrospective, single-center, cohort study of patients receiving
      cytarabine at 667 mg/m2/dose or greater, with or without dopamine at <=5
      mcg/kg/min. Cohorts were based upon initiation or absence of low-dose dopamine;
      cytarabine only, cytarabine + pre- and day of low-dose dopamine, and cytarabine +
      post-low-dose dopamine. Renal outcomes (urine output, serum creatinine, and
      creatinine clearance) were compared with baseline and between cohorts. Safety
      endpoints (arrhythmias, tachycardia, and neurotoxicity) were compared between
      cohorts based on low-dose dopamine exposure. Results There was no difference in
      urine output from baseline in all cohorts. Comparing cytarabine only and pre- and
      day of low-dose dopamine cohorts, there was no difference in urine output. In
      those receiving low-dose dopamine, there was no difference in serum creatinine
      and creatinine clearance from baseline. No arrhythmias were documented during the
      study period, and there was no difference in the incidence of tachycardia between
      groups (P = 0.66). Neurotoxicity was reported in three patients who were on low
      dose dopamine. Conclusion Though variation existed in individual patients
      administered low-dose dopamine, the use of low-dose dopamine did not
      significantly impact renal function in this small sample at a single institution.
      In addition, low-dose dopamine did not negatively impact cardiovascular function.

PMID- 27383218
TI  - Failed treatment of long bone nonunions with low intensity pulsed ultrasound.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The use of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) in the treatment
      of nonunions is still controversial. The present study is concerned with whether
      this procedure has a clinical use and which cofactors influence its therapeutic
      results. METHODS: In this prospective, single institution, observational study,
      data from October 2010 to October 2013 from 61 nonunions in 60 patients treated
      with EXOGEN((r)) LIPUS therapy were analysed. The average age was 45.4 +/- 9.81
      (18-63) years. Treatment was primarily done on long bones of the lower extremity
      (75.4 %). All 61 nonunions were examined after treatment, and the rate of healing
      as well as functional and subjective results were evaluated. Based on clinical
      and radiological findings, patients were divided into two groups: G1-successful
      treatment; and G2-unsuccessful treatment. Groups were compared to one another to
      identify possible factors influencing treatment. RESULTS: Twenty (32.8 %)
      patients showed bone consolidation with an average time of healing of 5.3 (2-7)
      months. In patients without successful treatment, who underwent revision surgery
      instead, full weight bearing took on average 3.7 months longer, and they were
      able to return to work 6.8 months later. Most of the treated patients (70.5 %)
      reported no improvement in pain. In G2, 12 (29.3 %) patients suffered in their
      previous history from osteitis; in G1 there were only two patients (10 %) (p =
      0.012). There were further significant differences in the age of the fracture,
      the type of osteosynthesis, the gap size, as well as the NUSS score. CONCLUSION:
      Despite patients being chosen strictly according to EXOGEN((r)) indications, only
      a small number of patients with nonunions who underwent LIPUS therapy experienced
      successful treatment (32.8 %). Overall, its use resulted in a clear delay in the
      time of treatment, so that according to our results, the use of LIPUS should be
      seen critically in long bone nonunions and use should be made on a case-by-case
      basis.

PMID- 27383220
TI  - A rare cause of temple syndrome.

PMID- 27383222
TI  - Emotional intelligence and job performance: The mediating role of work-family
      balance.
AB  - In this study, we examine the dynamics between emotional intelligence, work
      family balance, and job performance. A review of the literature to date has shown
      distinct relationships between emotional intelligence to job performance and work
      family balance to job performance. We utilize a sample of 233 respondents to
      empirically test our set of hypotheses that contend work-family balance mediates
      the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance. Our results
      support these hypotheses. Practical implications and directions for future
      research are discussed.

PMID- 27383223
TI  - Controlled capillary assembly of magnetic Janus particles at fluid-fluid
      interfaces.
AB  - Capillary interactions can be used to direct assembly of particles adsorbed at
      fluid-fluid interfaces. Precisely controlling the magnitude and direction of
      capillary interactions to assemble particles into favoured structures for
      materials science purposes is desirable but challenging. In this paper, we
      investigate capillary interactions between magnetic Janus particles adsorbed at
      fluid-fluid interfaces. We develop a pair-interaction model that predicts that
      these particles should arrange into a side-side configuration, and carry out
      simulations that confirm the predictions of our model. Finally, we investigate
      the monolayer structures that form when many magnetic Janus particles adsorb at
      the interface. We find that the particles arrange into long, straight chains
      exhibiting little curvature, in contrast with capillary interactions between
      ellipsoidal particles. We further find a regime in which highly ordered, lattice
      like monolayer structures form, which can be tuned dynamically using an external
      magnetic field. 

PMID- 27383221
TI  - Glycogen: A must have storage to survive stressful emergencies.
AB  - Mechanisms of adaptation to acute changes in osmolarity are fundamental for life.
      When exposed to hyperosmotic stress, cells and organisms utilize conserved
      strategies to prevent water loss and maintain cellular integrity and viability.
      The production of glycerol is a common strategy utilized by the nematode
      Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and many other organisms to survive
      hyperosmotic stress. Specifically, the transcriptional upregulation of glycerol-3
      phosphate dehydrogenase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the production of glycerol,
      has been previously implicated in many model organisms. However, what fuels this
      massive and rapid production of glycerol upon hyperosmotic stress has not been
      clearly elucidated. We have recently discovered an AMPK-dependent pathway that
      mediates hyperosmotic stress resistance in C. elegans. Specifically, we
      demonstrated that the chronic activation of AMPK leads to glycogen accumulation,
      which under hyperosmotic stress exposure, is rapidly degraded to mediate glycerol
      production. Importantly, we demonstrate that this strategy is utilized by flcn-1
      mutant C. elegans nematodes in an AMPK-dependent manner. FLCN-1 is the worm
      homolog of the human renal tumor suppressor Folliculin (FLCN) responsible for the
      Birt-Hogg-Dube neoplastic syndrome. Here, we comment on the dual role for
      glycogen in stress resistance: it serves as an energy store and a fuel for
      osmolyte production. We further discuss the potential utilization of this
      mechanism by organisms in general and by human cancer cells in order to survive
      harsh environmental conditions and notably hyperosmotic stress. 

PMID- 27383224
TI  - The use of conjunctions by children with typical language development.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the use of conjunctions in the spontaneous speech of
      three years old children with typical language development, who live in Santa
      Maria - RS. METHODS: 45 children, aged 3:0;0 - 3:11;29 (years:months;days) from
      the database of the Center for the Study of Language and Speech (CELF)
      participated of this study. The spontaneous speech of each child was transcribed
      and followed by analysis of the samples to identify the types of conjunctions for
      each age group. The samples were statistically analyzed using the R software that
      allowed the evaluation of the number and type of conjunctions used in each age
      group by comparing them with each other. RESULTS: The data indicated that the
      higher the age of the child, the greater the number of types of conjunctions used
      by them. The comparison between age groups showed significant differences when
      comparing the average number of conjunctions per age group, as well as for
      additive conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. CONCLUSION: At age of three
      the children begin to develop the grammatical use of conjunctions, early
      appearing additive, adversative and explanatory coordinating conjunctions, and at
      3:6 they are able to use the most complex conjunctions, as subordinating
      conjunctions.

PMID- 27383225
TI  - Self-assessment and readiness for change in dysphonic patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine whether there is an association between vocal self-assessment
      and readiness for change in dysphonic patients. METHODS: 151 patients with vocal
      complaints and diagnosis of dysphonia, between 18 and 65 years of age, 47 men and
      104 women treated at the voice clinic of a public institution participated in the
      study. Four self-assessment instruments were applied, including the Voice-Related
      Quality of Life (V-RQOL), the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and the Voice Symptom
      Scale (VoiSS), and the use of URICA-VOICE instrument to verify the patients stage
      of readiness for change. All instruments were applied immediately before the
      start of vocal therapy. The variables were correlated and compared using
      inferential statistics. RESULTS: Most patients were in the contemplation stage
      (76.2%, n = 115), 22 (14.6%) were in the pre-contemplation stage and 14 (9.3%) in
      the action stage. There was a negative correlation between the score in URICA
      VOICE and the socio-emotional domain and total score V-RQOL. There was a positive
      correlation between the score URICA-VOICE and full social, emotional and
      functional VHI, as well as between the score URICA-VOICE and full fields,
      limitation and emotional VoiSS. Only the social-emotional domain V-RQOL and
      emotional in VoiSS values showed statistically significant differences between
      the motivational stages. CONCLUSION: There is association between vocal self
      assessment and readiness for change in dysphonic patients. Patients with major
      impact on quality of life in voice in V-RQOL and higher frequency of vocal
      symptoms mentioned in the VoiSS show greater readiness for change.

PMID- 27383226
TI  - Assessment for oral feeding in preterm infants.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of the Preterm Oral Feeding Readiness Scale
      (POFRAS) on the beginning of oral feeding in preterm infants and to verify the
      concordance between this tool and the Oral Feeding Skill Level. METHODS: 82
      preterm infants were assessed by POFRAS regarding their readiness to initiate
      oral feeding and by the oral feeding skill level evaluation during the first oral
      feeding. POFRAS's accuracy was estimated regarding proficiency by a Receiver
      Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve. The concordance between the tools was
      obtained by analysis of the Kappa coefficient. RESULTS: POFRAS's global accuracy
      was of 71.29%. The cut-off value of 29 was the one that presented most
      optimization of the sensitivity based on specificity. The Kappa coefficient has
      shown a weak concordance between the instruments to identify infants able and
      unable to oral feeding (k=0.281). CONCLUSION: POFRAS's accuracy to initiate oral
      feeding considering the proficiency was similar to that obtained with the
      technique of translactation. We observed a weak concordance between the
      instruments. We suggest that, in clinical practice, both instruments should be
      used in a complementary manner, since both present important aspects of the
      preterm feeding behavior that together will better guide the necessary conduct to
      provide an effective and quick transition to full oral feeding in this
      population.

PMID- 27383227
TI  - Stuttering at school: the effect of a teacher training program on stuttering.
AB  - PURPOSE: Verify the knowledge of teachers from public and private schools about
      stuttering and attest the effectiveness of the Teacher Training Program on
      Stuttering in the expansion of this knowledge. METHODS: The study sample
      comprised 137 early-childhood teachers. Initially, the teachers responded to a
      questionnaire on stuttering. After that, 75 teachers attended a 4-hour Teacher
      Training Program on Stuttering. One month later, the teachers responded to the
      same questionnaire again. RESULTS: The following points were observed after the
      training program: increased percentage of teachers who consider as low the
      prevalence of stuttering in the population; beginning of reports stating that
      stuttering is more frequent in males; increased number of teachers who consider
      stuttering hereditary; decreased incidence of teachers who believe stuttering is
      psychological; prevalence of those who believe stuttering is a consequence of
      multiple causes; decreased rate of teachers who believe stuttering is emotional;
      a better understanding of how educators should behave to help stutterers.
      CONCLUSION: Before the course, the teachers had some knowledge regarding
      stuttering, but it was insufficient to differentiate from other language
      disorders. The Program expanded their knowledge on stuttering. However, it proved
      to be more effective with respect to the characteristics of stuttering than to
      the attitudes of the teachers.

PMID- 27383228
TI  - Nasalance values for syllables produced by Brazilian Portuguese speakers.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine nasalance values for syllables produced by
      Brazilian Portuguese speakers of different ages and gender. METHODS: Nasalance
      scores were collected for 14 syllables (10 orals and 4 nasals) using Nasometer II
      6400. The participants were 245 Brazilian Portuguese speakers (121 males and 124
      females), both genders, divided into four age groups: 57 children, 61
      adolescents, 65 young adults and 62 adults. RESULTS: Nasalance scores for nasal
      syllables were higher than for oral syllables. For both, oral and nasal
      syllables, nasalance scores were higher for vowel /i/ than for /a/. Across all
      syllables, the females' nasalance scores were higher than males, with most of
      this difference attributed to the oldest age group where females mean nasalance
      was three points higher than males. CONCLUSION: Values obtained demonstrated
      nasalance scores variation according to gender, particularly for the adult group
      and for the syllables tested.

PMID- 27383229
TI  - Errata.
AB  - The Figure 1 printed on p. 1176 on Vol. 64, June, 2000 is in correct (LEFT). The
      correct figure is shown below (RIGHT). Printer's error. 

PMID- 27383230
TI  - Cryopreservation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Combination with
      Trehalose and Reversible Electroporation.
AB  - New cryopreservation approaches for medically applicable cells are of great
      importance in clinical medicine. Current protocols employ the use of dimethyl
      sulfoxide (DMSO), which is toxic to cells and causes undesirable side effects in
      patients, such as cardiac arrhythmias, neurological events, and others.
      Trehalose, a nontoxic disaccharide, has been already studied as a cryoprotectant.
      However, an efficient approach for loading this impermeable sugar into mammalian
      cells is missing. In our study, we assessed the efficiency of combining
      reversible electroporation and trehalose for cryopreservation of human adipose
      derived stem cells. First, we determined reversible electroporation threshold by
      loading of propidium iodide into cells. The highest permeabilization while
      maintaining high cell viability was reached at 1.5 kV/cm, at 8 pulses, 100 us,
      and 1 Hz. Second, cells were incubated in 250 or 400 mM trehalose and
      electroporated before cryopreservation. After thawing, 83.8 +/- 1.8 % (mean +/-
      SE) cell recovery was obtained at 250 mM trehalose. By using a standard freezing
      protocol (10 % DMSO in 90 % fetal bovine serum), cell survival after thawing was
      about 91.5 +/- 1.6 %. We also evaluated possible effects of electroporation on
      cells' functionality before and after thawing. Successful cell growth and
      efficient adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation were achieved. In conclusion,
      electroporation seems to be an efficient method for loading nonpermeable
      trehalose into human adipose-derived stem cells, allowing long-term
      cryopreservation in DMSO-free and xeno-free conditions.

PMID- 27383231
TI  - Resonance Raman spectroscopic study of the interaction between Co(II)rrinoids and
      the ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase PduO from Lactobacillus reuteri.
AB  - The human-type ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase PduO from Lactobacillus reuteri
      (LrPduO) catalyzes the adenosylation of Co(II)rrinoids to generate
      adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) or adenosylcobinamide (AdoCbi(+)). This process
      requires the formation of "supernucleophilic" Co(I)rrinoid intermediates in the
      enzyme active site which are properly positioned to abstract the adeonsyl moiety
      from co-substrate ATP. Previous magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopic
      and X-ray crystallographic analyses revealed that LrPduO achieves the
      thermodynamically challenging reduction of Co(II)rrinoids by displacing the axial
      ligand with a non-coordinating phenylalanine residue to produce a four-coordinate
      species. However, relatively little is currently known about the interaction
      between the tetradentate equatorial ligand of Co(II)rrinoids (the corrin ring)
      and the enzyme active site. To address this issue, we have collected resonance
      Raman (rR) data of Co(II)rrinoids free in solution and bound to the LrPduO active
      site. The relevant resonance-enhanced vibrational features of the free
      Co(II)rrinoids are assigned on the basis of rR intensity calculations using
      density functional theory to establish a suitable framework for interpreting rR
      spectral changes that occur upon Co(II)rrinoid binding to the LrPduO/ATP complex
      in terms of structural perturbations of the corrin ring. To complement our rR
      data, we have also obtained MCD spectra of Co(II)rrinoids bound to LrPduO
      complexed with the ATP analogue UTP. Collectively, our results provide compelling
      evidence that in the LrPduO active site, the corrin ring of Co(II)rrinoids is
      firmly locked in place by several amino acid side chains so as to facilitate the
      dissociation of the axial ligand.

PMID- 27383232
TI  - An unusual association of three autoimmune disorders: celiac disease, systemic
      lupus erythematosus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
AB  - Autoimmune disorders are known to be more frequent in women and often associated
      each others, but it is rare to see multiple autoimmune diseases in a single
      patient. Recently, the concept of multiple autoimmune syndrome has been
      introduced to describe patients with at least three autoimmune diseases. We
      describe a case of a young man with a clinical history of psychiatric symptoms
      and celiac disease (CD) who was diagnosed to have other two autoimmune disorders:
      systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This case is
      unusual upon different patterns: the rare combination of the three autoimmune
      diseases, their appearance in a man and the atypical onset of the diseases with
      psychiatric symptoms likely to be related either to CD or to SLE. 

PMID- 27383233
TI  - The RNA binding protein HuR determines the differential translation of autism
      associated FoxP subfamily members in the developing neocortex.
AB  - Forkhead-box domain (Fox) containing family members are known to play a role in
      neocorticogenesis and have also been associated with disorders on the autism
      spectrum. Here we show that a single RNA-binding protein, Hu antigen R (HuR),
      dictates translation specificity of bound mRNAs and is sufficient to define
      distinct Foxp-characterized subpopulations of neocortical projection neurons.
      Furthermore, distinct phosphorylation states of HuR differentially regulate
      translation of Foxp mRNAs in vitro. This demonstrates the importance of RNA
      binding proteins within the framework of the developing brain and further
      confirms the role of mRNA translation in autism pathogenesis.

PMID- 27383234
TI  - Efficient and Targeted Suppression of Human Lung Tumor Xenografts in Mice with
      Methotrexate Sodium Encapsulated in All-Function-in-One Chimeric Polymersomes.
AB  - Anisamide-functionalized reversibly crosslinked chimeric polymersomes emerge as
      an "all-function-in-one" nanoplatform for efficient loading and targeted delivery
      of methotrexate disodium, a potent water-soluble anticancer drug, to sigma
      receptor overexpressing H460 nonsmall lung cancer xenografts in vivo, leading to
      markedly improved tumor-growth inhibition and survival rate and depleted adverse
      effects as compared to the clinically used formulation (Trexall).

PMID- 27383238
TI  - A Typical Metal-Ion-Responsive Color-Tunable Emitting Insulated pi-Conjugated
      Polymer Film.
AB  - We report the synthesis of an insulated pi-conjugated polymer containing 2,2'
      bipyridine moieties as metal coordination sites. Metal coordination to the
      polymer enabled easy and reversible tuning of the luminescent color without
      changes to the main chain skeleton. The permethylated alpha-cyclodextrin (PM
      alpha-CD)-based insulation structure allowed the metalated polymers to
      demonstrate efficient emission even in the solid state, with identical spectral
      shapes to the dilute solutions. In addition, the coordination ability of the
      metal-free polymer was maintained in the solid state, resulting in reversible
      changes in the luminescent color in response to the metal ions. The synthesized
      polymer is expected to be suitable for application in recyclable luminescent
      sensors to distinguish different metal ions.

PMID- 27383239
TI  - The Effect of Perioperative E-Health Interventions on the Postoperative Course: A
      Systematic Review of Randomised and Non-Randomised Controlled Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND: E-health interventions have become increasingly popular, including in
      perioperative care. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of
      perioperative e-health interventions on the postoperative course. METHODS: We
      conducted a systematic review and searched for relevant articles in the PUBMED,
      EMBASE, CINAHL and COCHRANE databases. Controlled trials written in English, with
      participants of 18 years and older who underwent any type of surgery and which
      evaluated any type of e-health intervention by reporting patient-related outcome
      measures focusing on the period after surgery, were included. Data of all
      included studies were extracted and study quality was assessed by using the Downs
      and Black scoring system. FINDINGS: A total of 33 articles were included,
      reporting on 27 unique studies. Most studies were judged as having a medium risk
      of bias (n = 13), 11 as a low risk of bias, and three as high risk of bias
      studies. Most studies included patients undergoing cardiac (n = 9) or orthopedic
      surgery (n = 7). All studies focused on replacing (n = 11) or complementing (n =
      15) perioperative usual care with some form of care via ICT; one study evaluated
      both type of interventions. Interventions consisted of an educational or
      supportive website, telemonitoring, telerehabilitation or teleconsultation. All
      studies measured patient-related outcomes focusing on the physical, the mental or
      the general component of recovery. 11 studies (40.7%) reported outcome measures
      related to the effectiveness of the intervention in terms of health care usage
      and costs. 25 studies (92.6%) reported at least an equal (n = 8) or positive (n =
      17) effect of the e-health intervention compared to usual care. In two studies
      (7.4%) a positive effect on any outcome was found in favour of the control group.
      CONCLUSION: Based on this systematic review we conclude that in the majority of
      the studies e-health leads to similar or improved clinical patient-related
      outcomes compared to only face to face perioperative care for patients who have
      undergone various forms of surgery. However, due to the low or moderate quality
      of many studies, the results should be interpreted with caution.

PMID- 27383242
TI  - Autoantibody levels in myositis patients correlate with clinical response during
      B cell depletion with rituximab.

PMID- 27383241
TI  - Real and hypothetical monetary rewards modulate risk taking in the brain.
AB  - Both real and hypothetical monetary rewards are widely used as reinforcers in
      risk taking and decision making studies. However, whether real and hypothetical
      monetary rewards modulate risk taking and decision making in the same manner
      remains controversial. In this study, we used event-related potentials (ERP) with
      a balloon analogue risk task (BART) paradigm to examine the effects of real and
      hypothetical monetary rewards on risk taking in the brain. Behavioral data showed
      reduced risk taking after negative feedback (money loss) during the BART with
      real rewards compared to those with hypothetical rewards, suggesting increased
      loss aversion with real monetary rewards. The ERP data demonstrated a larger
      feedback-related negativity (FRN) in response to money loss during risk taking
      with real rewards compared to those with hypothetical rewards, which may reflect
      greater prediction error or regret emotion after real monetary losses. These
      findings demonstrate differential effects of real versus hypothetical monetary
      rewards on risk taking behavior and brain activity, suggesting a caution when
      drawing conclusions about real choices from hypothetical studies of intended
      behavior, especially when large rewards are used. The results have implications
      for future utility of real and hypothetical monetary rewards in studies of risk
      taking and decision making.

PMID- 27383240
TI  - Perchlorate Exposure Reduces Primordial Germ Cell Number in Female Threespine
      Stickleback.
AB  - Perchlorate is a common aquatic contaminant that has long been known to affect
      thyroid function in vertebrates, including humans. More recently perchlorate has
      been shown to affect primordial sexual differentiation in the aquatic model
      fishes zebrafish and threespine stickleback, but the mechanism has been unclear.
      Stickleback exposed to perchlorate from fertilization have increased androgen
      levels in the embryo and disrupted reproductive morphologies as adults,
      suggesting that perchlorate could disrupt the earliest stages of primordial
      sexual differentiation when primordial germ cells (PGCs) begin to form the gonad.
      Female stickleback have three to four times the number of PGCs as males during
      the first weeks of development. We hypothesized that perchlorate exposure affects
      primordial sexual differentiation by reducing the number of germ cells in the
      gonad during an important window of stickleback sex determination at 14-18 days
      post fertilization (dpf). We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the number of
      PGCs at 16 dpf in control and 100 mg/L perchlorate-treated male and female
      stickleback. Perchlorate exposure from the time of fertilization resulted in
      significantly reduced PGC number only in genotypic females, suggesting that the
      masculinizing effects of perchlorate observed in adult stickleback may result
      from early changes to the number of PGCs at a time critical for sex
      determination. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of a connection
      between an endocrine disruptor and reduction in PGC number prior to the first
      meiosis during sex determination. These findings suggest that a mode of action of
      perchlorate on adult reproductive phenotypes in vertebrates, including humans,
      such as altered fecundity and sex reversal or intersex gonads, may stem from
      early changes to germ cell development. 

PMID- 27383243
TI  - The threat of poor quality antibiotics in increasing antimicrobial resistance.

PMID- 27383244
TI  - Was there ever a golden age for junior doctors?

PMID- 27383245
TI  - Erratum to: Breast cancer health promotion in Qatar: a survey of community
      pharmacists' interests and needs.

PMID- 27383246
TI  - Medicine shortages in Australia: causes, impact and management strategies in the
      community setting.
AB  - Background Medicine shortages are an ongoing global problem. The Therapeutic
      Goods Administration (TGA) dedicated a website for monitoring of medicine
      shortages in Australia in May 2014, as part of the Medicine Shortage Information
      Initiative. This study aimed to explore the views of pharmacists regarding
      medicine shortages in the community setting and the impact of the TGA website in
      Australia. Setting Community pharmacies in New South Wales, Australia. Method
      Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with community pharmacists. Data
      collected were analysed thematically utilising the framework analysis method.
      Main outcome measure Qualitative analysis conducted using the framework approach.
      Results Findings clearly indicated that medicine shortages were experienced on a
      regular basis, but most participants were unaware of the TGA website. Medicine
      shortages reportedly impacted both pharmacists and consumers; and various
      workarounds were undertaken to manage the issue. The "price disclosure policy"
      was found to be a prominent contributing factor in emerging shortages.
      Suggestions were made for ways to improve the growing occurrence of shortages.
      Conclusion Overall, the study found that there was a lack of familiarity with the
      TGA website, despite experiencing regular shortages of medicines in practice.
      Also highlighted, was the importance of pharmacists prioritising patient care
      over business decisions. To reduce prescribing of out-of-stock medicines
      notifying doctors about shortages was also considered important, to allow for
      early action to be taken at higher levels of the supply chain. Findings of this
      study may help direct future policy-making around the world, as medicine
      shortages is a problem shared by healthcare providers in most countries around
      the world. 

PMID- 27383247
TI  - Human Hunting and Nascent Animal Management at Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic
      Yiftah'el, Israel.
AB  - The current view for the southern Levant is that wild game hunting was replaced
      by herd management over the course of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, but
      there is significant debate over the timing, scale and origin of this transition.
      To date, most relevant studies focus either on wild game exploitation in the
      periods prior to domestication or on classic markers of domestication of domestic
      progenitor species over the course of the PPNB. We studied the faunal remains
      from the 2007-2008 excavations of the Middle PPNB (MPPNB) site of Yiftah'el,
      Northern Israel. Our analysis included a close examination of the timing and
      impact of the trade-off between wild game and domestic progenitor taxa that
      reflects the very beginning of this critical transition in the Mediterranean zone
      of the southern Levant. Our results reveal a direct trade-off between the
      intensive hunting of wild ungulates that had been staples for millennia, and
      domestic progenitor taxa. We suggest that the changes in wild animal use are
      linked to a region-wide shift in the relationship between humans and domestic
      progenitor species including goat, pig and cattle. 

PMID- 27383248
TI  - Genetic Variations in Phospholipase C-epsilon 1 (PLCE1) and Susceptibility to
      Colorectal Cancer Risk.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related
      mortality and causes almost a million deaths worldwide each year. Genetic and
      environmental factors have gained importance in CRC as well as other types of
      cancer due to contribution to development of malignancies. Phosholipase C-epsilon
      1 PLCE1 is one of the phospholipase family of enzymes and controls cellular
      responses leading to cell growth, differentiation and gene expression. Therefore,
      it was evaluated the effects of PLCE1 variations on developing CRC. Rs2274223 was
      significantly associated with CRC risk (OR = 2.018) while rs3765524 did not
      significantly differ (p > 0.05). The findings are the first results of PLCE1
      profiles in the Turkish and could provide an understanding of aetiology in CRC.

PMID- 27383249
TI  - Neuropsychological assessment of refugees: Methodological and cross-cultural
      barriers.
AB  - Cross-cultural research in neuropsychological assessment has primarily focused on
      Hispanic and African American populations. Less is known about the impact of
      language, culture, education, socioeconomic factors, and life experiences on
      assessment for other cultural groups. We highlight the methodological and cross
      cultural barriers encountered at each stage of the neuropsychological assessment
      of Arabic- and Burmese-speaking refugees, who were culturally and linguistically
      diverse (CALD). A total of 18 refugees (13 men/five women; in their 20-50s) who
      were victims of torture in their countries of origin, some with post-traumatic
      stress disorder (PTSD) and now residents in New Zealand, were seen for
      neuropsychological assessment. Measures were officially translated, back
      translated, and administered with the assistance of professional interpreters.
      Multiple challenges arose in terms of administration (e.g., use of interpreters,
      interactions with the tester, assessment environment, assessment experience, and
      motivation), scoring, and interpretation (e.g., age appropriate scoring,
      estimation of prior function, estimation of brain injury severity, obtaining
      collateral information), the tests themselves, and ecological validity. There are
      more challenges in the neuropsychological assessment of people who are CALD than
      can be managed by adhering to current guidelines. The best approach is to find a
      balance between maintaining assessment integrity and working creatively and
      sensitively with this group.

PMID- 27383251
TI  - MEETING NOTICES.

PMID- 27383250
TI  - Adaptive immunity against gut microbiota enhances apoE-mediated immune regulation
      and reduces atherosclerosis and western-diet-related inflammation.
AB  - Common features of immune-metabolic and inflammatory diseases such as metabolic
      syndrome, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases are an altered gut
      microbiota composition and a systemic pro-inflammatory state. We demonstrate that
      active immunization against the outer membrane protein of bacteria present in the
      gut enhances local and systemic immune control via apoE-mediated immune
      modulation. Reduction of western-diet-associated inflammation was obtained for
      more than eighteen weeks after immunization. Immunized mice had reduced serum
      cytokine levels, reduced insulin and fasting glucose concentrations; and gene
      expression in both liver and visceral adipose tissue confirmed a reduced
      inflammatory steady-state after immunization. Moreover, both gut and
      atherosclerotic plaques of immunized mice showed reduced inflammatory cells and
      an increased M2 macrophage fraction. These results suggest that adaptive
      responses directed against microbes present in our microbiota have systemic
      beneficial consequences and demonstrate the key role of apoE in this mechanism
      that could be exploited to treat immune-metabolic diseases.

PMID- 27383252
TI  - Novel approaches toward managing the micromanagers: 'non-toxic' but effective.

PMID- 27383254
TI  - Shielding voices: The modulation of binding processes between voice features and
      response features by task representations.
AB  - Vocal events offer not only semantic-linguistic content but also information
      about the identity and the emotional-motivational state of the speaker.
      Furthermore, most vocal events have implications for our actions and therefore
      include action-related features. But the relevance and irrelevance of vocal
      features varies from task to task. The present study investigates binding
      processes for perceptual and action-related features of spoken words and their
      modulation by the task representation of the listener. Participants reacted with
      two response keys to eight different words spoken by a male or a female voice
      (Experiment 1) or spoken by an angry or neutral male voice (Experiment 2). There
      were two instruction conditions: half of participants learned eight stimulus
      response mappings by rote (SR), and half of participants applied a binary task
      rule (TR). In both experiments, SR instructed participants showed clear evidence
      for binding processes between voice and response features indicated by an
      interaction between the irrelevant voice feature and the response. By contrast,
      as indicated by a three-way interaction with instruction, no such binding was
      found in the TR instructed group. These results are suggestive of binding and
      shielding as two adaptive mechanisms that ensure successful communication and
      action in a dynamic social environment.

PMID- 27383253
TI  - siRNA targeting the kappa light chain constant region: preclinical testing of an
      approach to nonfibrillar and fibrillar light chain deposition diseases.
AB  - Treatment of light chain (LC) deposition diseases both nonfibrillar and fibrillar
      is aimed at eliminating LC production but success is limited. We report on the
      testing of an small interfering RNA pool targeting the kappa LC constant region
      mRNA (si[IGKC]) designed for use against all kappa plasma cell clones. To test
      for changes in kappa LC message and protein production we used real-time PCR,
      immunoblot, intracellular mean fluorescence intensity and kappa LC secretion by
      enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro we employed 4 human cell lines that
      make kappa LCs and 20 specimens of CD138-selected marrow plasma cells from
      patients with kappa plasma cell diseases. In vivo, we used a murine flank
      plasmacytoma xenograft model. In vitro and in vivo, there were significant
      reductions in message and protein production by all modalities in all cell types
      despite diversity in variable region sequence. In addition, in clones producing
      intact immunoglobulin, caspase 3/7 activity with si[IGKC] was significantly
      increased compared with clones producing kappa LC only, consistent with the
      triggering of a terminal unfolded protein response by excess unpaired heavy
      chains. In conclusion, si[IGKC] can significantly reduce kappa LC production by
      kappa plasma cells. Further preclinical development is needed to optimize
      delivery.

PMID- 27383255
TI  - Toxicological testing when evaluating fatal cases suspected of acute fentanyl
      toxicity.

PMID- 27383257
TI  - Development of the Contact Lens User Experience: CLUE Scales.
AB  - PURPOSE: The field of optometry has become increasingly interested in patient
      reported outcomes, reflecting a common trend occurring across the spectrum of
      healthcare. This article reviews the development of the Contact Lens User
      Experience: CLUE system designed to assess patient evaluations of contact lenses.
      CLUE was built using modern psychometric methods such as factor analysis and item
      response theory. METHODS: The qualitative process through which relevant domains
      were identified is outlined as well as the process of creating initial item
      banks. Psychometric analyses were conducted on the initial item banks and
      refinements were made to the domains and items. Following this data-driven
      refinement phase, a second round of data was collected to further refine the
      items and obtain final item response theory item parameters estimates. RESULTS:
      Extensive qualitative work identified three key areas patients consider important
      when describing their experience with contact lenses. Based on item content and
      psychometric dimensionality assessments, the developing CLUE instruments were
      ultimately focused around four domains: comfort, vision, handling, and packaging.
      Item response theory parameters were estimated for the CLUE item banks (377
      items), and the resulting scales were found to provide precise and reliable
      assignment of scores detailing users' subjective experiences with contact lenses.
      CONCLUSIONS: The CLUE family of instruments, as it currently exists, exhibits
      excellent psychometric properties.

PMID- 27383256
TI  - Iron overload causes endolysosomal deficits modulated by NAADP-regulated 2-pore
      channels and RAB7A.
AB  - Various neurodegenerative disorders are associated with increased brain iron
      content. Iron is known to cause oxidative stress, which concomitantly promotes
      cell death. Whereas endolysosomes are known to serve as intracellular iron
      storage organelles, the consequences of increased iron on endolysosomal
      functioning, and effects on cell viability upon modulation of endolysosomal iron
      release remain largely unknown. Here, we show that increasing intracellular iron
      causes endolysosomal alterations associated with impaired autophagic clearance of
      intracellular protein aggregates, increased cytosolic oxidative stress and
      increased cell death. These effects are subject to regulation by NAADP, a potent
      second messenger reported to target endolysosomal TPCNs (2-pore channels).
      Consistent with endolysosomal iron storage, cytosolic iron levels are modulated
      by NAADP, and increased cytosolic iron is detected when overexpressing active,
      but not inactive TPCNs, indicating that these channels can modulate endolysosomal
      iron release. Cell death triggered by altered intralysosomal iron handling is
      abrogated in the presence of an NAADP antagonist or when inhibiting RAB7A
      activity. Taken together, our results suggest that increased endolysosomal iron
      causes cell death associated with increased cytosolic oxidative stress as well as
      autophagic impairments, and these effects are subject to modulation by
      endolysosomal ion channel activity in a RAB7A-dependent manner. These data
      highlight alternative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders
      associated with increased intracellular iron load.

PMID- 27383260
TI  - Advantages of Efficacy and Safety of Fixed-Dose Tafluprost/Timolol Combination
      Over Fixed-Dose Latanoprost/Timolol Combination.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of fixed-dose tafluprost/timolol
      combination (Taf/T-FDC) with those of fixed-dose latanoprost/timolol combination
      (Lat/T-FDC) by measuring the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect, ocular
      pharmacokinetics, and ocular surface toxicity. METHODS: The IOP-lowering effect
      of Taf/T-FDC and Lat/T-FDC in ocular normotensive monkeys was evaluated at 4 and
      8 h after instillation in study A, at 12, 14, 16, and 18 h after instillation in
      study B, and at 24, 26, 28, and 30 h after instillation in study C. Drug
      penetration into the eye was evaluated by measuring the concentrations of
      timolol, tafluprost acid (active metabolic form of tafluprost), and latanoprost
      acid (active metabolic form of latanoprost) using liquid chromatography coupled
      with tandem mass spectrometry after single instillation of Taf/T-FDC or Lat/T-FDC
      to Sprague Dawley rats. Cytotoxicity following 1-30 min exposure of SV40
      transformed human corneal epithelial cells to Taf/T-FDC or Lat/T-FDC was analyzed
      using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)
      2H-tetrazolium assays. Undiluted and 10-fold diluted solutions of each FDC were
      evaluated. RESULTS: The IOP-lowering effect of Taf/T-FDC was almost equivalent to
      that of Lat/T-FDC at 4-8 h after instillation. The peak IOP reduction of Taf/T
      FDC and Lat/T-FDC was observed at 8 h after instillation, and there is no
      difference between the two. The difference between them was observed at 24-30 h
      after instillation, and Taf/T-FDC demonstrated a significantly greater IOP
      lowering effect than Lat/T-FDC at 24-30 h after instillation. The IOP-lowering
      effect of Taf/T-FDC was sustained up to 30 h after instillation, while that of
      Lat/T-FDC had almost disappeared at 28 h after instillation. Timolol
      concentrations in aqueous humor after Taf/T-FDC instillation were higher than
      those after Lat/T-FDC instillation (Cmax, 3870 ng/mL vs 1330 ng/mL; AUCinf, 3970
      ng.h/mL vs 1250 ng.h/mL). The concentrations of tafluprost acid and latanoprost
      acid in aqueous humor after instillation of Taf/T-FDC and Lat/T-FDC,
      respectively, were similar to those after instillation of mono-preparations of
      tafluprost and latanoprost, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of Taf/T-FDC to
      the human corneal epithelial cells was significantly lower than that of Lat/T-FDC
      at all evaluated time points in both undiluted and 10-fold diluted FDCs.
      CONCLUSION: Taf/T-FDC provides increased IOP-lowering effect duration and lower
      potential ocular surface toxicity than Lat/T-FDC.

PMID- 27383261
TI  - Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during photodynamic therapy-induced
      photorejuvenation.
AB  - Recently, several clinical studies reported that the photodynamic therapy (PDT)
      has photorejuvenation effects on the aged skin. Previously, our group introduced
      evidence of direct effect of PDT on cultured fibroblast (FB). PDT directly
      stimulated FBs and induced collagen synthesis through activation of extracellular
      signal-regulated kinase. In this study, we investigated indirect effect of PDT on
      the human dermal FB during photorejuvenation focused on the epithelial
      mesenchymal interaction between keratinocyte (KC) and FB. The "low-level PDT"
      condition was used for PDT therapy to the cultured KC. Various kinds of cytokines
      in the supernatants of KC were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
      FBs were stimulated with the KC-conditioned medium (KCM) taken after PDT. The
      mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), transforming growth factor (TGF)
      beta and collagen type Ialpha in the FB, was determined by real-time polymerase
      chain reaction. Clinical phtorejuvenation effect was also evaluated from nine
      patients who had PDT to treat actinic keratoses. Among the FB-stimulating
      cytokines, a significant elevation of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6, and tumor
      necrosis factor-alpha level in KCM was noted after PDT compared with controls.
      After stimulating FB with KCM, the mRNA of MMP-1 was decreased and the mRNA of
      collagen type Ialpha was increased compare to control. Clinically, fine wrinkles
      significantly reduced after PDT. However, coarse wrinkles were not recovered
      significantly. In conclusion, increased collagen synthesis may be mediated not
      only by direct effect of PDT on FB but also by indirect effect of PDT on FB
      through cytokines from KC, such as IL-1alpha, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha. 

PMID- 27383262
TI  - Chemically Triggered Formation of Two-Dimensional Epitaxial Quantum Dot
      Superlattices.
AB  - Two dimensional superlattices of epitaxially connected quantum dots enable size
      quantization effects to be combined with high charge carrier mobilities, an
      essential prerequisite for highly performing QD devices based on charge
      transport. Here, we demonstrate that surface active additives known to restore
      nanocrystal stoichiometry can trigger the formation of epitaxial superlattices of
      PbSe and PbS quantum dots. More specifically, we show that both chalcogen-adding
      (sodium sulfide) and lead oleate displacing (amines) additives induce small area
      epitaxial superlattices of PbSe quantum dots. In the latter case, the amine
      basicity is a sensitive handle to tune the superlattice symmetry, with strong and
      weak bases yielding pseudohexagonal or quasi-square lattices, respectively.
      Through density functional theory calculations and in situ titrations monitored
      by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we link this observation to the
      concomitantly different coordination enthalpy and ligand displacement potency of
      the amine. Next to that, an initial ~10% reduction of the initial ligand density
      prior to monolayer formation and addition of a mild, lead oleate displacing
      chemical trigger such as aniline proved key to induce square superlattices with
      long-range, square micrometer order; an effect that is the more pronounced the
      larger the quantum dots. Because the approach applies to PbS quantum dots as
      well, we conclude that it offers a reproducible and rational method for the
      formation of highly ordered epitaxial quantum dot superlattices.

PMID- 27383263
TI  - Differentiation of ring-substituted regioisomers of amphetamine and
      methamphetamine by supercritical fluid chromatography.
AB  - Chromatographic differentiation of the ring-substituted regioisomers of
      amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (MA) was performed by supercritical fluid
      chromatography (SFC). The behaviour of the retention against the changes of
      column temperature and co-solvent proportion was studied. The obtained
      information facilitated the optimization of the each regioisomer. As a result, 2
      , 3-, and 4-ring-substituted analogues of AMP and MA with methyl, methoxy,
      fluoro, chloro, and bromo groups were separated, generally within 6 min. In
      addition, we found that the separation pattern of the examined regioisomers was
      classified into two, which depended on the electron donating/withdrawing effect
      of the substituent. Our results indicate that SFC could be used in forensic drug
      analysis for fast, reliable identification of structurally similar drugs of
      abuse. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27383264
TI  - Energy-resolved technique for discovery and identification of malonyl-triterpene
      saponins in Caulophyllum robustum by UHPLC-electrospray Fourier transform mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - Malonyl-triterpene saponins (MTSs) attract scientific attentions because of their
      structural diversities and valuable bioactivities. However, its thermal
      instability brings a huge amount of challenges for isolation and purification of
      this class of compounds. To our best knowledge, there has been no report on
      isolation and analysis of MTSs from genus Caulophyllum. In this study, a strategy
      combining data acquisition using an energy-resolved technique and the narrow
      widow extracted ion chromatograms as data mining method was developed for
      discovery and identification of MTSs in Caulophyllum robustum hair roots by ultra
      high liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization Fourier transform
      mass spectrometry. The method was performed at an independent MS full scan using
      our bottom-up energies by in-source collision induced dissociations with 0, 25,
      50 and 100 eV in both positive and negative modes. Precursor ion as well as
      fragment ion information was simultaneously collected from four energy-resolved
      MS spectra in a single run of 18 min. The fragmentation pathways of intact
      deprotonated, protonated and sodium ions of MTSs were proposed for the structural
      elucidation of Caulophyllum MTSs. A flowchart involving a stepwise procedure
      based on key fragments from ESI- /ESI+ -FT-MS(1, 1) to MS(1, 4) spectra was
      constructed for the identification of structural elements in the MTSs. As a
      result, a total of 23 MTSs were discovered and tentatively identified, which had
      not been reported from Caulophyllum species before. All of these were potentially
      new compounds. This study provides an excellent example for discovery and
      identification of MTSs in herb medicines. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons,
      Ltd.

PMID- 27383265
TI  - Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia
      diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants.
AB  - Tithonia diversifolia is an invasive weed commonly found in tropical ecosystems.
      In this work, we investigate the influence of different abiotic environmental
      factors on the plant's metabolite profile by multivariate statistical analyses of
      spectral data deduced by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-HRMS and NMR methods. Different plant part
      samples of T. diversifolia which included leaves, stems, roots, and
      inflorescences were collected from two Brazilian states throughout a 24-month
      period, along with the corresponding monthly environmental data. A metabolomic
      approach employing concatenated LC-MS and NMR data was utilised for the first
      time to study the relationships between environment and plant metabolism. A
      seasonal pattern was observed for the occurrence of metabolites that included
      sugars, sesquiterpenes lactones and phenolics in the leaf and stem parts, which
      can be correlated to the amount of rainfall and changes in temperature. The
      distribution of the metabolites in the inflorescence and root parts were mainly
      affected by variation of some soil nutrients such as Ca, Mg, P, K and Cu. We
      highlight the environment-metabolism relationship for T. diversifolia and the
      combined analytical approach to obtain reliable data that contributed to a
      holistic understanding of the influence of abiotic environmental factors on the
      production of metabolites in various plant parts.

PMID- 27383266
TI  - Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Four- and Six-Year-Old Red Ginseng
      (Panax ginseng) Using UPLC-QToF-MS.
AB  - Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER is one of the most popular medicinal herbs in Asia and
      the chemical constituents are changed by processing methods such as steaming or
      sun drying. Metabolomic analysis was performed to distinguish age discrimination
      of four- and six-year-old red ginseng using ultra-performance liquid
      chromatography quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS) with
      multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed
      clear discrimination between extracts of red ginseng of different ages and
      suggest totally six discrimination markers (two for four-year-old and four for
      six-year-old red ginseng). Among these, one marker was isolated and the structure
      determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis was 13-cis-docosenamide (marker 6-1)
      from six-year-old red ginseng. This is the first report of a metabolomic study
      regarding the age differentiation of red ginseng using UPLC-QToF-MS and
      determination of the structure of the marker. These results will contribute to
      the quality control and standardization as well as provide a scientific basis for
      pharmacological research on red ginseng. 

PMID- 27383267
TI  - A long-tethered (P-B-P)-pincer ligand: synthesis, complexation, and application
      to catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes.
AB  - A new long-tethered boron-containing (P-B-P)-pincer ligand 8 has been
      synthesized. Complexation of 8 with [Ir(coe)2Cl]2 (coe = cyclooctene) resulted in
      (P-B-P)(hydrido)chloroiridium complex (P-B-P)Ir(H)Cl 9. Subsequent reaction with
      nBuLi led to the formation of dihydride complex (P-B-P)Ir(H)210. Both complexes
      were found to be moderately active for the catalytic dehydrogenation of alkanes.

PMID- 27383268
TI  - Cardiac Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
      Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
      coexist in 0.5-1% of the general population. Both OSA and COPD are associated
      with increased sympathetic nervous activity, and patients affected by both
      disorders have higher risk for increased morbidity and mortality as compared with
      patients with COPD or OSA alone. We tested the hypothesis that patients with COPD
      and OSA (Overlap syndrome) have higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic
      modulation of heart rate variability (HRV) in comparison with patients suffering
      from COPD or OSA alone. HRV indices in the frequency domain were evaluated from
      daytime electrocardiographic recordings in 14 patients with both severe OSA
      (apnea-hypopnea index >= 30) and mild-to-moderate COPD and compared with those
      with OSA (n = 24) or COPD (n = 16) alone. We found that, in the Overlap syndrome
      group, high-frequency (HF, 0.4-0.15 Hz) power was significantly lower (0.18 nu vs
      0.34 nu in OSA and 0.44 nu in COPD patients, p < 0.01) and low-frequency (LF,
      0.15-0.05 Hz) power was significantly greater (0.82 nu vs 0.66 nu in OSA and 0.57
      nu in COPD patients, p < 0.01) compared with COPD and OSA groups. Patients with
      both OSA and COPD had higher LF/HF ratio as compared with patients in OSA and
      COPD groups (4.5 [5.9] vs 1.9 [2.6] and 1.3 [1.3], respectively, p < 0.01). For
      the Overlap syndrome group, there was a significant direct relationship between
      LF/HF ratio and residual volume (r2 = 0.62, p = 0.007). These findings show that
      patients with both OSA and COPD have higher sympathetic modulation of heart rate
      compared with those with OSA or COPD alone. Furthermore, the findings provide a
      potential mechanism for the increased morbidity and mortality reported in
      patients suffering from both disorders, suggesting new therapeutic perspectives
      in Overlap syndrome.

PMID- 27383269
TI  - Molecular dynamics-based refinement and validation for sub-5 A cryo-electron
      microscopy maps.
AB  - Two structure determination methods, based on the molecular dynamics flexible
      fitting (MDFF) paradigm, are presented that resolve sub-5 A cryo-electron
      microscopy (EM) maps with either single structures or ensembles of such
      structures. The methods, denoted cascade MDFF and resolution exchange MDFF,
      sequentially re-refine a search model against a series of maps of progressively
      higher resolutions, which ends with the original experimental resolution.
      Application of sequential re-refinement enables MDFF to achieve a radius of
      convergence of ~25 A demonstrated with the accurate modeling of beta
      galactosidase and TRPV1 proteins at 3.2 A and 3.4 A resolution, respectively. The
      MDFF refinements uniquely offer map-model validation and B-factor determination
      criteria based on the inherent dynamics of the macromolecules studied, captured
      by means of local root mean square fluctuations. The MDFF tools described are
      available to researchers through an easy-to-use and cost-effective cloud
      computing resource on Amazon Web Services.

PMID- 27383270
TI  - Inactivation of oncogenic cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D by miR-139-5p in
      response to p53 activation.
AB  - Increasing evidence highlights the important roles of microRNAs in mediating
      p53's tumor suppression functions. Here, we report miR-139-5p as another new p53
      microRNA target. p53 induced the transcription of miR-139-5p, which in turn
      suppressed the protein levels of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D), an oncogenic
      protein involved in multiple tumor promoting processes. Knockdown of p53 reversed
      these effects. Also, overexpression of miR-139-5p decreased PDE4D levels and
      increased cellular cAMP levels, leading to BIM-mediated cell growth arrest.
      Furthermore, our analysis of human colorectal tumor specimens revealed
      significant inverse correlation between the expression of miR-139-5p and that of
      PDE4D. Finally, overexpression of miR-139-5p suppressed the growth of xenograft
      tumors, accompanied by decrease in PDE4D and increase in BIM. These results
      demonstrate that p53 inactivates oncogenic PDE4D by inducing the expression of
      miR-139-5p.

PMID- 27383271
TI  - Reconstruction of genetically identified neurons imaged by serial-section
      electron microscopy.
AB  - Resolving patterns of synaptic connectivity in neural circuits currently requires
      serial section electron microscopy. However, complete circuit reconstruction is
      prohibitively slow and may not be necessary for many purposes such as comparing
      neuronal structure and connectivity among multiple animals. Here, we present an
      alternative strategy, targeted reconstruction of specific neuronal types. We used
      viral vectors to deliver peroxidase derivatives, which catalyze production of an
      electron-dense tracer, to genetically identify neurons, and developed a protocol
      that enhances the electron-density of the labeled cells while retaining the
      quality of the ultrastructure. The high contrast of the marked neurons enabled
      two innovations that speed data acquisition: targeted high-resolution reimaging
      of regions selected from rapidly-acquired lower resolution reconstruction, and an
      unsupervised segmentation algorithm. This pipeline reduces imaging and
      reconstruction times by two orders of magnitude, facilitating directed inquiry of
      circuit motifs.

PMID- 27383272
TI  - Neural oscillations as a signature of efficient coding in the presence of
      synaptic delays.
AB  - Cortical networks exhibit 'global oscillations', in which neural spike times are
      entrained to an underlying oscillatory rhythm, but where individual neurons fire
      irregularly, on only a fraction of cycles. While the network dynamics underlying
      global oscillations have been well characterised, their function is debated.
      Here, we show that such global oscillations are a direct consequence of optimal
      efficient coding in spiking networks with synaptic delays and noise. To avoid
      firing unnecessary spikes, neurons need to share information about the network
      state. Ideally, membrane potentials should be strongly correlated and reflect a
      'prediction error' while the spikes themselves are uncorrelated and occur rarely.
      We show that the most efficient representation is when: (i) spike times are
      entrained to a global Gamma rhythm (implying a consistent representation of the
      error); but (ii) few neurons fire on each cycle (implying high efficiency), while
      (iii) excitation and inhibition are tightly balanced. This suggests that cortical
      networks exhibiting such dynamics are tuned to achieve a maximally efficient
      population code.

PMID- 27383273
TI  - Suppression of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Attenuates Hypoxia
      Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Through the Downregulation of Lysyl Oxidase.
AB  - Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a copper-dependent enzyme that catalyzes covalent cross
      linking of collagen. In response to hypoxia, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)
      pathway is activated and contributes to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
      However, potential role of LOX in hypoxia-induced PAH is poorly understood. In
      this study, we explored the mechanism responsible for the development of hypoxia
      induced PAH. Potent inhibitors of PI3K/Akt and LOX, wortmannin and beta
      aminopropionitrile (beta-APN), were administrated in rat model of hypoxia-induced
      PAH. The cross-linking of collagen was assessed by the determination of
      hydroxyproline. LOX, LOXL-1, LOXL-2, LOXL-3, LOXL-4, Akt, and phospho-Akt
      expression was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot
      analysis. We observed that collagen cross-linking and LOX activity were elevated
      in hypoxia-exposed rat lung tissue, but these effects were reversed by beta-APN
      and wortmannin. In addition, exposure to hypoxia enhanced mRNA and protein
      expression and activity of LOX and LOXL-1 in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner and
      induced the development of PAH. After the administration of wortmannin, the
      upregulation of LOX and cross-linking of collagen were significantly reversed in
      hypoxia-exposed rat pulmonary artery tissue. Taken together, the present study
      demonstrated that the upregulation of LOX expression and collagen cross-linking
      is PI3K/Akt dependent in rat with hypoxia-induced PAH. Suppression of PI3K/Akt
      pathway may alleviate hypoxia-induced PAH through the downregulation of LOX.

PMID- 27383274
TI  - Atlantic Sturgeon Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Minas Passage, Nova
      Scotia, Canada, a Region of Future Tidal Energy Extraction.
AB  - In the Bay of Fundy, Atlantic sturgeon from endangered and threatened populations
      in the USA and Canada migrate through Minas Passage to enter and leave Minas
      Basin. A total of 132 sub-adult and adult Atlantic sturgeon were tagged in Minas
      Basin during the summers of 2010-2014 using pressure measuring, uniquely coded,
      acoustic transmitters with a four or eight year life span. The aim of this study
      was to examine spatial and seasonal distribution of sturgeon in Minas Passage
      during 2010-2014 and test the hypothesis that, when present, Atlantic sturgeon
      were evenly distributed from north to south across Minas Passage. This
      information is important as tidal energy extraction using in-stream, hydrokinetic
      turbines is planned for only the northern portion of Minas Passage. Electronic
      tracking data from a total of 740 sturgeon days over four years demonstrated that
      Atlantic sturgeon used the southern portion of Minas Passage significantly more
      than the northern portion. Sturgeon moved through Minas Passage at depths mostly
      between 15 and 45 m (n = 10,116; mean = 31.47 m; SD = 14.88). Sturgeon mean
      swimming depth was not significantly related to bottom depth and in deeper
      regions they swam pelagically. Sturgeon predominately migrated inward through
      Minas Passage during spring, and outward during late summer-autumn. Sturgeon were
      not observed in Minas Passage during winter 2012-2013 when monitoring receivers
      were present. This information will enable the estimation of encounters of
      Atlantic sturgeon with in-stream hydrokinetic turbines. 

PMID- 27383275
TI  - Airway and head and neck high dependency unit: a single-centre experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Dedicated otolaryngology high dependency units are uncommon. This
      paper reports the first experiences of such a facility in the UK, assessing
      reason for admission, duration of stay, occupancy rate and need for care
      escalation. The study sought to assess the presence of similar units in the UK.
      METHODS: A retrospective review of high dependency unit admissions over an 18
      month period and a national survey of otolaryngology departments in the UK were
      conducted to establish the overall presence and location of similar high
      dependency units. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients were admitted during the study
      period, mainly following surgery and because of airway compromise. The average
      duration of stay was 2-3 days (range, 1-12 days). The occupancy rate was 31.7 per
      cent. No patients required their care to be escalated to the intensive care unit.
      Seven similar high dependency units were identified in the UK. CONCLUSION: The
      care provided prevented the need for escalation of care to an intensive care
      unit. This challenges the need for patient management on intensive care units
      following major surgery or airway compromise for those not requiring assisted
      ventilation. High dependency units similar to ours are not widespread.

PMID- 27383276
TI  - Thiol/disulphide homeostasis in Bell's palsy as a novel pathogenetic marker.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between
      Bell's palsy and a novel oxidative stress parameter, thiol/disulphide
      homeostasis. DESIGN: A prospective study evaluating oxidative stress in Bell's
      palsy. SETTING: This research took place in the department of
      Otorhinolaryngology, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital. PARTICIPANTS:
      Totally, 77 patients with Bell's palsy and 38 healthy controls were included in
      this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The blood levels of total and native thiol and
      disulphide activity were assessed, and their levels were compared in the patients
      and controls. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between
      the patients and controls regarding thiol/disulphide parameters. The mean native
      thiol and total thiol were significantly lower and disulphide levels were higher
      in the Bell's palsy than controls. On binary logistic regression analysis, the
      created model showed 45.3% variation. The cut-off value was 18.95 for
      disulphides. CONCLUSION: Native and total thiol levels were low in the Bell's
      palsy. This metabolic disturbance may have a role in the pathogenesis of Bell's
      palsy.

PMID- 27383277
TI  - Verteporfin can Reverse the Paclitaxel Resistance Induced by YAP Over-Expression
      in HCT-8/T Cells without Photoactivation through Inhibiting YAP Expression.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the most effective anti-cancer drugs.
      However, multiple drug resistance is still the main factor that hinders the
      effective treatment of cancer with PTX. Several factors including YAP over
      expression can cause PTX resistance. In this study, we aimed to verify the role
      YAP plays in PTX resistance, explore the reversal of PTX resistance by
      verteporfin (VP) and investigate the effect of combination therapy of PTX and VP
      on the PTX resistant colon cancer cells (HCT-8/T). METHODS: To study the
      relationship between YAP and PTX resistance, a stable YAP-over-expression or YAP
      silencing cell line was generated by transfected with YAP-plasmids or siYAP-RNA.
      WST-1 assay was performed to detect the cytotoxicity of PTX on HCT-8 and HCT-8/T
      cells. Clone formation assay and Transwell assay was preformed to determine the
      cell proliferation and invasion ability respectively. Immunofluorescence and
      Western blot analysis was performed for protein detection. RESULTS: YAP was
      stronger expressed in HCT-8/T than in HCT-8, and PTX resistance was positively
      correlated with the level of YAP expression. VP, a strongly YAP inhibitor, could
      reduce the PTX resistance on HCT-8/T cells without light activation by inhibiting
      YAP. Beside, VP and PTX combination therapy showed synergism on inhibition of YAP
      and cytotoxicity to HCT-8/T. Moreover, verteporfin and PTX combination therapy
      affect the invasion and colony formation ability and induce apoptosis of HCT-8/T
      cells. CONCLUSIONS: VP can reverse the PTX resistance induced by YAP over
      expression in HCT-8/T cells without photoactivation through inhibiting YAP
      expression.

PMID- 27383279
TI  - A comparison of the variance estimation methods for heteroscedastic nonlinear
      models.
AB  - Heteroscedasticity is commonly encountered when fitting nonlinear regression
      models in practice. We discuss eight different variance estimation methods for
      nonlinear regression models with heterogeneous response variances, and present a
      simulation study to compare the performance of the eight methods in terms of
      estimating the standard errors of the fitted model parameters. The simulation
      study suggests that when the true variance is a function of the mean model, the
      power of the mean variance function estimation method and the transform-both
      sides method are the best choices for estimating the standard errors of the
      estimated model parameters. In general, the wild bootstrap estimator and two
      modified versions of the standard sandwich variance estimator are reasonably
      accurate with relatively small bias, especially when the heterogeneity is
      nonsystematic across values of the covariate. Furthermore, we note that the two
      modified sandwich estimators are appealing choices in practice, considering the
      computational advantage of these two estimation methods relative to the variance
      function estimation method and the transform-both-sides approach. Copyright (c)
      2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27383278
TI  - Biosimilar monoclonal antibodies: preclinical and clinical development aspects.
AB  - Biological drugs and their originated biosimilars are large, highly complex
      molecules derived from living cells or organisms. Traditional medicines, by
      contrast, are usually simple molecules of low molecular weight, synthesised by
      chemical means. The distinct complexities and methods of manufacture create an
      important difference between biosimilars and conventional generic drugs: while
      chemical generics can be fully characterised as identical to the originator
      product, biosimilars cannot. In addition, biological therapies are inherently
      variable, creating unavoidable differences between even subsequent batches of the
      same product. An expiring patent does not necessarily mean that the manufacturing
      process of the originator product becomes available to the biosimilar developers
      (for instance, the relevant cell line clone and growth medium). Therefore, it
      cannot be guaranteed that biosimilar products are identical to their reference
      product on a molecular level. This difference has important implications for the
      regulation and licensing of biosimilars. While conventional generic drugs require
      only a limited comparison and demonstration of identical chemical structure to
      the reference product, biosimilars require far more rigorous testing. In general,
      there must be a thorough comparison of structural and functional characteristics
      between biosimilar and originator drug. Stepwise nonclinical in vitro and in vivo
      approaches are recommended to evaluate the similarity of both drugs and any
      identified micro-heterogeneities must then be assessed for their impact on safety
      and clinical performance. Subsequently, clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies
      need to be performed in order to demonstrate a similar PK profile, prior to
      conducting clinical efficacy trials. 

PMID- 27383280
TI  - Contemporary Neuroradiographic Assessment of the Cochleo-Carotid Partition.
AB  - PURPOSE: The cochleo-carotid partition (CCP) describes the intimate anatomic
      relationship between the petrous carotid artery and the cochlear basal turn. This
      partition bears significant surgical and unique clinical relevance. The purpose
      of this paper is to radiographically assess the CCP and discuss its clinical
      implications. METHODS: A total of 155 consecutive fine-cut temporal bone CT scans
      were retrospectively reviewed, and study scans were digitally analyzed in both
      axial and coronal views. The shortest distance between the petrous carotid canal
      and the cochlear basal turn was measured. RESULTS: In all, 310 temporal bones
      were studied, with a mean CCP of 1.9 mm (range 0.2-8.5, SD 1.1). The following
      CCP measurements were obtained: <=1.0 mm [n = 46 (14.8%)]; 1.1-2.0 mm [n = 161
      (51.9%)]; 2.1-3.0 mm [n = 29 (9.4%)], and >=4.0 mm [n = 12 (4.2%)]. One temporal
      bone (0.3%) had complete CCP dehiscence. There was a positive correlation between
      each patient's right and left CCP measures (p < 0.005) and a significant negative
      correlation between CCP grade and age (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: The CCP is a
      narrow anatomic confinement measuring <=2 mm in 66.7% of patients. Potential
      implications of the CCP include iatrogenic risks, its possible function as a
      third inner ear window in patients with audiovestibular symptoms, and
      pathophysiology of new-onset tinnitus following cochlear implantation.

PMID- 27383281
TI  - Medicolegal-Malpractice and Ethical Issues in Radiology.

PMID- 27383282
TI  - Increasing dietary fruits and vegetables to reduce healthcare costs.

PMID- 27383283
TI  - Are HDL receptors really located where we think they are in the liver?

PMID- 27383284
TI  - Exploring cellular cholesterol-focused strategies in the treatment of
      cardiometabolic diseases.

PMID- 27383285
TI  - Ins and outs of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1.

PMID- 27383286
TI  - Editorial introduction.

PMID- 27383287
TI  - The ecology, distribution, conservation and management of large old trees.
AB  - Large old trees are some of the most iconic biota on earth and are integral parts
      of many terrestrial ecosystems including those in tropical, temperate and boreal
      forests, deserts, savannas, agro-ecological areas, and urban environments. In
      this review, we provide new insights into the ecology, function, evolution and
      management of large old trees through broad cross-disciplinary perspectives from
      literatures in plant physiology, growth and development, evolution, habitat value
      for fauna and flora, and conservation management. Our review reveals that the
      diameter, height and longevity of large old trees varies greatly on an inter
      specific basis, thereby creating serious challenges in defining large old trees
      and demanding an ecosystem- and species-specific definition that will only rarely
      be readily transferable to other species or ecosystems. Such variation is also
      manifested by marked inter-specific differences in the key attributes of large
      old trees (beyond diameter and height) such as the extent of buttressing, canopy
      architecture, the extent of bark micro-environments and the prevalence of
      cavities. We found that large old trees play an extraordinary range of critical
      ecological roles including in hydrological regimes, nutrient cycles and numerous
      ecosystem processes. Large old trees strongly influence the spatial and temporal
      distribution and abundance of individuals of the same species and populations of
      numerous other plant and animal species. We suggest many key characteristics of
      large old trees such as extreme height, prolonged lifespans, and the presence of
      cavities - which confer competitive and evolutionary advantages in undisturbed
      environments - can render such trees highly susceptible to a range of human
      influences. Large old trees are vulnerable to threats ranging from droughts,
      fire, pests and pathogens, to logging, land clearing, landscape fragmentation and
      climate change. Tackling such diverse threats is challenging because they often
      interact and manifest in different ways in different ecosystems, demanding
      targeted species- or ecosystem-specific responses. We argue that novel management
      actions will often be required to protect existing large old trees and ensure the
      recruitment of new cohorts of such trees. For example, fine-scale tree-level
      conservation such as buffering individual stems will be required in many
      environments such as in agricultural areas and urban environments. Landscape
      level approaches like protecting places where large old trees are most likely to
      occur will be needed. However, this brings challenges associated with likely
      changes in tree distributions associated with climate change, because long-lived
      trees may presently exist in places unsuitable for the development of new cohorts
      of the same species. Appropriate future environmental domains for a species could
      exist in new locations where it has never previously occurred. The future
      distribution and persistence of large old trees may require controversial
      responses including assisted migration via seed or seedling establishment in new
      locales. However, the effectiveness of such approaches may be limited where key
      ecological features of large old trees (such as cavity presence) depend on other
      species such as termites, fungi and bacteria. Unless other species with similar
      ecological roles are present to fulfil these functions, these taxa might need to
      be moved concurrently with the target tree species.

PMID- 27383288
TI  - How to differentiate renal senescence from chronic kidney disease in clinical
      practice.
AB  - Renal aging is frequently confused with chronic nephropathy in clinical practice,
      since there are some similarities between them, particularly regarding reduced
      glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, there are many differences between
      these two entities which can help any practitioner to distinguish between them,
      such as: GFR deterioration rate, hematocrit, renal handling of urea, creatinine
      and some electrolytes, tubular acidification, urinalysis, and renal imaging.
      Differentiation between renal aging and chronic renal disease is crucial in order
      to avoid unnecessary medicalization of what is a physiological change associated
      with the healthy aging process, and the potential harmful consequences of such
      overdiagnosis. A recently described equation (HUGE), as well as an adequate
      nephrological evaluation and follow up can help physicians to distinguish both
      entities. 

PMID- 27383289
TI  - Ameliorative effects of alpha-lipoic acid on high-fat diet-induced oxidative
      stress and glucose uptake impairment of T cells.
AB  - The incidence of obesity and metabolic disease continues to rise, mainly
      associated with consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD). Previous studies have
      indicated that HFD could disturb the immune system, leading to immunodeficiency
      and inflammation. Several mechanisms have been postulated to account for
      immunodeficiency associated with HFD, one being oxidative stress. To further
      investigate the effects of HFD on glucose metabolism and proliferative capability
      of T cells and the protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid (LA), male C57BL/6J
      mice were fed a normal chow (10% fat), an HFD (60% fat), an LA supplement (HFD
      +0.1%LA), and a N-acetyl-L-cysteine supplement (HFD +0.1% NAC) for 10 weeks.
      Results showed that 10-week HFD increased intracellular reactive oxygen species
      (ROS) production, induced oxidative stress state formation, inhibited glucose
      uptake, decreased ATP concentration, reduced proliferative rate, and dampened IL
      2 production of T cells of mice. Administration of LA significantly alleviated
      these changes induced by HFD. These findings reveal that oxidative stress of T
      cells caused by HFD may be a key factor leading to glucose metabolism reduction
      and proliferative capability and function impairment of T cells. LA, as a potent
      agonist, could promote Nrf2 nuclear translocation and up-regulate expression of
      Nrf2 target genes (Ho-1 and Prdx1), which can eliminate excess ROS and restore
      redox balance of cells.

PMID- 27383290
TI  - L1 arrest, daf-16/FoxO and nonautonomous control of post-embryonic development.
AB  - Post-embryonic development is governed by nutrient availability. L1 arrest, dauer
      formation and aging illustrate how starvation, anticipation of starvation and
      caloric restriction have profound influence on C. elegans development,
      respectively. Insulin-like signaling through the Forkhead box O transcription
      factor daf-16/FoxO regulates each of these processes. We recently reported that
      ins-4, ins-6 and daf-28 promote L1 development from the intestine and
      chemosensory neurons, similar to their role in dauer development. daf-16
      functions cell-nonautonomously in regulation of L1 arrest, dauer development and
      aging. Discrepancies in daf-16 sites of action have been reported in each
      context, but the consensus implicates epidermis, intestine and nervous system. We
      suggest technical limitations of the experimental approach responsible for
      discrepant results. Steroid hormone signaling through daf-12/NHR is known to
      function downstream of daf-16 in control of dauer development, but signaling
      pathways mediating cell-nonautonomous effects of daf-16 in aging and L1 arrest
      had not been identified. We recently showed that daf-16 promotes L1 arrest by
      inhibiting daf-12/NHR and dbl-1/TGF-beta Sma/Mab signaling, two pathways that
      promote L1 development in fed larvae. We will review these results on L1 arrest
      and speculate on why there are so many signals and signaling centers regulating
      post-embryonic development. 

PMID- 27383292
TI  - Self-assembly of pseudo-rotaxane and rotaxane complexes using an electrostatic
      slippage approach.
AB  - The protonation of a cyclic tertiary amine, integrated into the structure of a
      dumbbell-shaped guest molecule, accelerates the sliding of the guest through the
      cavity of a crown ether macrocycle to yield a stable pseudo-rotaxane complex. The
      use of an amine with the appropriate ring size followed by a proton transfer
      reaction leads to the formation of an interlocked rotaxane species. 

PMID- 27383291
TI  - Trifluoroselenomethionine: A New Unnatural Amino Acid.
AB  - Trifluoroselenomethionine (TFSeM), a new unnatural amino acid, was synthesized in
      seven steps from N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-aspartic acid tert-butyl ester. TFSeM
      shows enhanced methioninase-induced cytotoxicity, relative to selenomethionine
      (SeM), toward HCT-116 cells derived from human colon cancer. Mechanistic
      explanations for this enhanced activity are computationally and experimentally
      examined. Comparison of TFSeM and SeM by selenium EXAFS and DFT calculations
      showed them to be spectroscopically and structurally very similar. Nonetheless,
      when two different variants of the protein GB1 were expressed in an Escherichia
      coli methionine auxotroph cell line in the presence of TFSeM and methionine (Met)
      in a 9:1 molar ratio, it was found that, surprisingly, 85 % of the proteins
      contained SeM residues, even though no SeM had been added, thus implying loss of
      the trifluoromethyl group from TFSeM. The transformation of TFSeM into SeM is
      enzymatically catalyzed by E. coli extracts, but TFSeM is not a substrate of E.
      coli methionine adenosyltransferase.

PMID- 27383293
TI  - Lower-dose intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of fetal and neonatal
      alloimmune thrombocytopenia: a cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) are the cornerstone in the
      treatment of pregnancies at risk for fetal and neonatal alloimmune
      thrombocytopenia (FNAIT). The most commonly used dose is 1.0 g/kg/week, not based
      on any dose-finding study. IVIG is an expensive multidonor human blood product
      with dose-related side effects. Our aim was to describe the amount of severe
      thrombocytopenia according to two different doses of IVIG. STUDY DESIGN AND
      METHODS: We performed a cohort study, where two dosage regimes of IVIG were
      evaluated in the treatment of pregnant women suffering from FNAIT with a previous
      affected child without intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Cases, treated with 0.5 or
      1.0 g/kg/week, were selected from the international multicenter No IntraCranial
      Hemorrhage (NOICH) registry. Outcome was neonatal platelet (PLT) count at birth
      and amount of severe thrombocytopenia. Furthermore the appearance of ICH was
      analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 109 women were included in the study, 46 in the 0.5
      IVIG group and 63 in the 1.0 IVIG group. There was no difference in PLT count at
      birth (mean, 112 vs. 119; crude difference, 7; confidence interval [CI], -37.4 to
      23.7]) and incidence of severe thrombocytopenia (<30 * 10(9) /L; n = 7/46 vs. n =
      7/63; odds ratio, 1.43 [CI, 0.46-4.42]). No ICH occurred. CONCLUSION: In
      pregnancies with FNAIT with a previous affected child without ICH, treatment with
      IVIG in a weekly dose of 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg results in comparable neonatal PLT count
      at birth and degree of thrombocytopenia.

PMID- 27383294
TI  - The importance of visceral adipose tissue as a scale for assessing the metabolic
      syndrome and obesity.

PMID- 27383295
TI  - Salivary bacterial leakage into implant-abutment connections: preliminary results
      of an in vitro study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The occurrence of bacterial leakage in the internal surface of
      implants, through implant-abutment interface (IAI), is one of the parameters for
      analyzing the fabrication quality of the connections. The aim of this in vitro
      study is to evaluate two different types of implant-abutment connections: the
      screwed connection (Group 1) and the cemented connection (Group 2), analyzing the
      permeability of the IAI to bacterial colonization, using human saliva as culture
      medium. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of twelve implants were tested, six in each
      experimental group. Five healthy patients were enrolled in this study. Two
      milliliters of non-stimulated saliva were collected from each subject and mixed
      in a test tube. After 14 days of incubation of the bacteria sample in the implant
      fixtures, a PCR-Real Time analysis was performed. Fisher's exact test was used to
      compare the proportions of implant-abutment assembled structures detected with
      bacterial leakage. Differences in the bacterial counts of the two groups were
      compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. A p value < 0.05 was considered
      significant. RESULTS: The results showed a decreased stability with the screwed
      implant-abutment connections compared to the cemented implant-abutment
      connections. A mean total bacterial count of 1.2E+07 (+/- 0.25E+07) for Group 1
      and of 7.2E+04 (+/- 14.4E+04) for Group 2 was found, with a high level of
      significance, p = .0001. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study it can
      be concluded that bacterial species from human saliva may penetrate along the
      implant-abutment interface in both connections, however the cemented connection
      implants showed the lowest amount of bacterial colonization.

PMID- 27383296
TI  - Epiregulin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles increase human keratinocytes proliferation:
      preliminary data.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Epiregulin is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family
      produced by keratinocytes: the aim of this study was to investigate the ability
      of biocompatible nanoparticles loaded with such growth factor to increase human
      keratinocytes proliferation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different PLGA (Poly-d,l
      lactide-co-glycolide)-nanoparticles (NPs) formulations have been characterized in
      size and zeta potential by dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The ability
      of the different PLGA-NPs formulations to adhere onto dental surfaces has been
      tested, and epiregulin-enriched PLGA-NPs has been produced. Epiregulin release
      from NPs has been tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay and the
      proliferative effects of epiregulin-NPs on human keratinocytes have been
      evaluated. RESULTS: DLS analysis revealed a different size distribution depending
      on the PLA/PGA (poly lactic acid/poly glycolic acid) ratio used. 50:50 PLGA-NPs
      exhibited the smaller size and the best dental adhesive ability. Moreover, such
      epiregulin-loaded NPs was able to increase cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS:
      Direct dental pocket drug delivery implies the NPs solution loading onto the
      dental surface at the cement-enamel junction level: 50:50 PLGA-NPs, with their
      small size and excellent adhesive ability, represent an interesting tool to
      deliver epiregulin directly where there is the need for epithelial proliferation.
      These results describe a possible strategy for periodontal pocket delivery of
      Epiregulin-loaded PLGA-NPs and might provide a new approach for the treatment of
      gingival recession, where gingival epithelium proliferation is needed.

PMID- 27383297
TI  - Is vaginal fractional CO2 laser treatment effective in improving overactive
      bladder symptoms in post-menopausal patients? Preliminary results.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of vaginal fractional CO2 laser treatment in the
      relief of Overactive Bladder (OAB) symptoms in post-menopausal women. PATIENTS
      AND METHODS: Post-menopausal women who complained of one or more symptoms related
      to vulvo-vaginal atrophy (VVA), who experienced symptoms of OAB and who underwent
      vaginal treatment with fractional CO2 laser were enrolled in the study. At
      baseline (T0) and 30 days post-treatment T1), vaginal status (using Vaginal
      Health Index - VHI), subjective intensity of VVA symptoms (using a visual analog
      scale - VAS) and micturition diary were evaluated. OAB symptoms were also
      assessed using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Thirty patients were enrolled.
      A statistically significant improvement in VVA symptoms was observed and in VHI
      at T1 (p < 0.0001). A significant improvement was also identified in the
      micturition diary, in number of urge episodes and OAB-q (p < 0.0001). Nine of the
      30 patients suffered from incontinence episodes and had improved at T1.
      CONCLUSIONS: We showed that fractionated CO2 laser vaginal treatment has proved
      to be effective in improving OAB symptoms in post-menopausal women. Moreover, it
      is a safe and efficacious measure for the relief of VVA related conditions.
      Further long-term studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

PMID- 27383298
TI  - Fibula extension and correction of foot and ankle deformity to rectify post
      osteomyelitis talipes equinovarus in a young adult: a case report and literature
      review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Talipes equinovarus is traditionally viewed in the literature as a
      congenital disease. CASE REPORT: We present here a case of the acquired talipes
      equinovarus (clubfoot) in a young adult patient that has developed the following
      osteomyelitis. RESULTS: We have successfully corrected this condition by fibula
      extension and correction of foot and ankle deformity, using external fixation
      device. The treatment period has extended over three years and involved two
      operations. CONCLUSIONS: This case report will increase awareness of adult
      orthopedists on acquired talipes equinovarus and propose orthopedic
      reconstructive strategies to rectify this condition.

PMID- 27383299
TI  - The use of damage control orthopaedics to minimize negative sequelae of surgery
      delay in elderly comorbid patients with hip fracture.
AB  - Hip surgeries count to the most frequent orthopaedic operations in older
      patients. Nonelective surgeries for hip fractures cause substantial economic
      burden because of high costs of medical treatment and high associated mortality.
      Surgery for hip fracture in the elderly comorbid patient still presents a
      challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. It is recommended that this surgery is
      performed within 48 hours after sustaining the hip fracture to decrease
      mortality. Yet the recommended early surgery (i.e. 48 hours after the incident)
      is not always feasible due to the frequent overall frailty of the patients or
      conditions of concomitant disease. The care of patients unfit for early surgery
      has been not adequately addressed in the literature. We have previously
      introduced an algorithm based on ASA-PS and P-POSSUM scores to stratify elderly
      comorbid patients for early vs delayed hip surgery, and used principles of Damage
      Control Orthopaedics to minimized negative sequelae of surgery delay (Dong C et
      al., PLoS One 2016). In this paper, we elaborate on Damage Control Orthopaedics
      and the proposed approach in the context of frequent comorbidities in the elderly
      orthopaedic patients. Further studies on this subject are urgently needed to
      establish international consensus on hip fracture surgery delayed due to overall
      patient frailty or extensive comorbidities.

PMID- 27383300
TI  - An update on clinical applications of hepatospecific contrast media in magnetic
      resonance imaging of liver parenchyma.
AB  - Hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents are now widely used in magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) of liver parenchyma. As extracellular fluid agents, they provide
      informations regarding lesion vascularity and their use in the hepatobiliary or
      delayed phase (DPI), and give additional data regarding hepatocyte presence and
      function. The aim of this article is to review the recent literature about MRI
      using hepatobiliary-specific contrast agents and to discuss benefits and limits
      of their clinical applications. Since November 2008, hepatobiliary contrast
      agents were routinely employed in our Institution for the characterization of
      equivocal liver lesions detected by other imaging modalities, and for the
      evaluation of hepatic nodules in liver cirrhosis. The informations provided are
      particularly relevant for the detection of metastases, for the differentiation
      between focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), and for
      the detection and differentiation between dysplastic nodules (DNs) and
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the cirrhotic liver. The role in the cirrhosis
      grading and the quantification of liver function is still controversial. Finally,
      their biliary excretion allows evaluation of anatomy and function of the biliary
      tree. According to our and reported data, hepatobiliary contrast agents are able
      to improve liver lesions detection and characterization; their introduction in
      clinical practice has improved MRI diagnostic efficacy/accuracy, allowing to
      decrease the number of invasive diagnostic procedures.

PMID- 27383301
TI  - Evidence for miR-17-92 and miR-134 gene cluster regulation of ovarian cancer drug
      resistance.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ovarian cancer treatments are often impeded by drug resistance. It has
      been proposed that microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns may play a role in drug
      resistance among ovarian cancers. The present study investigated the relationship
      between resistance to the cancer drug paclitaxel and miRNA expression. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We compared the expression patterns of miRNA genes in paclitaxel
      sensitive (SKOV3) and paclitaxel-resistant (SKOV3-TR30) cell lines. RESULTS:
      Expression of the miR-134 gene cluster was found to be significantly lower in the
      paclitaxel-resistant cell line than in the paclitaxel-sensitive cell line, while
      the expression of the miR-17-92 gene cluster was significantly higher in the
      paclitaxel-resistant cells. An analysis of miRNA target gene protein expression
      revealed that several targets of miR-17-92 were significantly altered between the
      two cell types. CONCLUSIONS: The higher expression of miR-17-92 and lower
      expression of mi-134 and the associated alterations of target gene expression may
      be associated with the drug-resistant nature of some ovarian cancers.

PMID- 27383302
TI  - Investigating key genes associated with ovarian cancer by integrating affinity
      propagation clustering and mutual information network analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present work was to investigate key genes in
      ovarian cancer based on mAP-KL method which comprised the maxT multiple
      hypothesis (m), Krzanowski and Lai (KL) cluster quality index, and affinity
      propagation (AP) clustering algorithm, and mutual information network (MIN)
      constructed by the context likelihood of relatedness (CLR) algorithm. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: MAP-KL method was employed to identify exemplars in ovarian cancer,
      of which the maxT function ranked the genes of train set and test set and
      obtained top 200 genes; KL cluster index was utilized to determine the quantity
      of clusters; and then AP clustering algorithm was conducted to identify the
      clusters and their exemplars. Also, we assessed the classification performance of
      mAP-KL by support vector machines (SVM) model. Subsequently, the MIN for
      exemplars and cluster genes was constructed according to CLR algorithm. Finally,
      topological centrality properties of exemplars in MIN were assessed to
      investigate key genes for ovarian cancer. RESULTS: SVM model validated that the
      classification between normal controls and ovarian cancer patients by mAP-KL had
      a good performance. A total of 22 clusters and exemplars were detected by
      performing the mAP-KL method. Based on the topological centrality analyses for
      exemplars in MIN, we considered the C9orf16, COX5B and ACTB to be key genes in
      the progress of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We have obtained three key genes
      (C9orf16, COX5B and ACTB) for ovarian cancer on the basis of mAP-KL method and
      MIN analysis. These genes might be potential biomarkers for treatment of ovarian
      cancer, and give insight for revealing the underlying mechanism of this tumor.

PMID- 27383303
TI  - MicroRNA-216b is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and inhibits HepG2
      cell growth by targeting Forkhead box protein M1.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Aberrantly expressed microRNAs (miRs) may play critical roles in the
      regulation of tumorigenicity of various cancers. The present study was designed
      to investigate the expression, function and the underlying mechanism of miR-216b
      in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of miR
      216b and FOXM1 in 24 paired HCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues was
      determined by Real-time PCR. The proliferative activity of HepG2 cells was
      determined by MTT assay. We analyzed cell cycle progression by flow cytometry,
      apoptosis by cell death enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cleaved
      caspase-3 by western blot. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to verify
      whether FOXM1 serves as a target of miR-216b in vitro. RESULTS: The expression of
      miR-216b was significantly decreased in HCC tissues compared with that in
      adjacent normal tissues, whereas FOXM1 expression was increased. In addition,
      FOXM1 and miR-216b expression were inversely correlated in HCC tissues. Ectopic
      expression of miR-216b produced a suppressive effect on the growth of HepG2 cells
      and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We further demonstrated that miR
      216b targets the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of FOXM1 directly to suppress the
      expression of FOXM1, and that suppression of FOXM1 produced the similar effects
      to miR-216b CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that down-regulation of miR-216b
      directly contributes to the up-regulation of FOXM1, which may confer the
      tumorigenicity of HCC cells. MiR-216b may serve as a potential therapeutic agent
      for HCC.

PMID- 27383304
TI  - FBXL5 attenuates RhoGDI2-induced cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The hemerythrin-like domain of F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 5
      (FBXL5), an E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit, has critical roles in the regulation of
      cancer cells metastasis and chemoresistance by targeting diverse substrates for
      ubiquitin-mediated destruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Here, we report that FBXL5
      interacts with Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) and attenuates RhoGDI2
      induced cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells. By utilizing
      immunoprecipitation (IP) coupled with mass spectrometry assay, we found that
      FBXL5 regulated gastric cancers migration via cortactin destruction. RESULTS:
      Depletion of FBXL5 enhances cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer cells through
      Erk and p38 activation. However, FBXL5 did not affect the abundance and stability
      of RhoGDI2. Instead, FBXL5 was rapidly degraded in response to cisplatin
      treatment in RhoGDI2-overexpressing gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS:
      Collectively, our data suggested the existence of a FBXL5-RhoGDI2 negative
      feedback loop in RhoGDI2-induced cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells,
      implicating FBXL5 as a novel and promising therapeutic target for RhoGDI2-induced
      cisplatin resistance gastric cancers.

PMID- 27383305
TI  - Circulating DNA for detection of gastric cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors
      worldwide, particularly, prevalent in China. Despite the decreasing incidence of
      GC in China, the 5-year survival rate is still not over 30% yet. Therefore, early
      diagnosis and therapeutic outcome evaluation of GC remains as the issue to be
      resolved in a clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Recent studies have found
      the presence of a certain amount of circulating DNA in the peripheral blood of
      patients with malignant tumor and shown that these free DNA bear tumor-specific
      genetic information. The circulating DNA detection includes quantitative and
      qualitative methods and analysis. Combined monitoring of changes in circulating
      DNA levels and aberrant alteration of relevant tumor genes is likely to provide
      comprehensive real-time information to patients. RESULTS: Under normal
      conditions, oncogene presents in the form of proto-oncogene such as K-ras, which
      is in non-carcinogenic status under the influence of tumor suppressor gene. When
      tumor suppressor gene is damaged or mutated of oncogene itself is induced for
      instance P53, oncogene is then activated and induces tumorigenesis. However,
      compared to gene mutation detection, the detection of DNA methylation is
      relatively more well-developed and stable. CONCLUSIONS: This article reviews the
      current status of the research on circulating DNA in the diagnosis, assessment of
      response to therapy and prognostic evaluation in GC. In addition, the advantage,
      current issue and prospect of using circulating DNA as tumor marker are also
      analyzed.

PMID- 27383306
TI  - Inhibition of miR-141 reverses cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer
      cells via upregulation of programmed cell death protein 4.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: MicroRNAs are a class of essential regulators in cancer, and previous
      studies have shown that miR-141 is a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung
      cancer (NSCLC). However, it is still unknown whether it regulates
      chemosensitivity. We aimed to investigate the role of miR-141 in cisplatin
      resistance in NSCLC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MiR-141 expression in A549 and
      A549/DDP cell lines have been quantified by real-time PCR. Protein level of PDCD4
      and caspase-3 have been determined by Western blot analysis. Drug sensitivity and
      apoptosis have been determined by MTT assay and TUNEL assay, respectively.
      Luciferase activity assay was employed to validate the relationship between 3'UTR
      of PDCD4 mRNA and miR-141. RESULTS: We observed that miR-141 expression was
      significantly up-regulated in cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP cells compared with
      the parental cell line A549; and PDCD4, an important apoptosis regulator, was
      found to be down-regulated. Luciferase activity assay and Western blot analysis
      confirmed that PDCD4 is a direct target of miR-141. Inhibition of miR-141 in
      A549/DDP cells markedly increased cisplatin sensitivity and apoptosis, which was
      partially abrogated by PDCD4 inhibition, indicating that PDCD4 is a functional
      target of miR-141 in of the regulation of cisplatin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      data showed that miR-141 participates in regulating cisplatin sensitivity in non
      small lung cancer cells via PDCD4 inhibition, and suppression of miR-141 might be
      a therapeutic method to overcome cisplatin resistance in clinical practice.

PMID- 27383307
TI  - Tramadol regulates proliferation, migration and invasion via PTEN/PI3K/AKT
      signaling in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Tramadol is used mainly for the treatment of moderate to severe
      chronic cancer pain. However, the effect of tramadol on lung cancer remains
      unclear. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanism accounting for the
      function of tramadol on lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the
      effects of tramadol on the proliferation, migration and invasion in human lung
      adenocarcinoma cells in vitro by CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay and Transwell
      assay, respectively. We also explored the potential mechanism of tramadol on lung
      cancer cells by Western blotting. RESULTS: A549 and PC-9 cells were incubated
      with 2 uM tramadol for different time (0, 7, 14 and 28 d). The in vitro
      experiments showed that tramadol treatment significantly inhibited cell
      proliferation, migration and invasion in a time-dependent manner. Moreover,
      administration of tramadol suppressed tumor growth in vivo. The data also
      revealed that tramadol could up-regulate the protein expression level of PTEN and
      consistently inhibit the phosphorylation level of PI3K and Akt, whereas the total
      level of PI3K and Akt remain unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated
      that tramadol inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of human lung
      adenocarcinoma cells through elevation of PTEN and inactivation of PI3K/Akt
      signaling.

PMID- 27383308
TI  - Targeting TGF-beta1 and AKT signal on growth and metastasis of anaplastic thyroid
      cancer cell in vivo.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We have recently reported that therapies targeting TGF-beta1 signaling
      were effective to prevent the anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cell growth, but
      not the invasion. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling are
      activated in ATC and play a major role in ATC invasion. Herein, we examined the
      effects of targeting TGF-beta1 by shRNA in combination with pan-AKT inhibitor, MK
      2206 on growth and metastasis of ATC xenografts implanted in severe combined
      immunodeficient mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 8505C cells or 8505C/shRNA cells or
      8505C/TGF-beta1 shRNA cells were implanted sc in 5-week-old female nude mice.
      Upon establishment of palpable tumours, MK-2206 was administered at 60 mg/kg,
      orally, three times a week for 6 weeks. RESULTS: The results showed that TGF
      beta1/shRNA alone only prevents anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) tumor formation,
      but not lung metastasis. MK-2206 alone only inhibits lung metastasis, but not
      tumor formation. The combined treatment with TGF-beta1/shRNA and MK-2206 led to
      an approximately 71% growth inhibition compared with TGF-beta1/shRNA (44%) and MK
      2206 (15%). The combined treatment with TGF-beta1/shRNA and MK-2206 significantly
      inhibits lung metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrated that targeting
      TGF-beta1 in combination with MK-2206 was the effective method for treatment of
      ATC.

PMID- 27383309
TI  - Long non-coding RNA CRNDE promotes tumor growth in medulloblastoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children.
      Despite remarkable advances over the past decades, a novel therapeutic strategy
      is urgently required to increase long-term survival. This study aimed to
      understand the role of a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), colorectal neoplasia
      differentially expressed (CRNDE), in medulloblastoma tumor growth. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The transcript level of CRNDE was initially examined in dissected
      clinical tissues and cultured cancerous cells. Effects of CRNDE knockdown on cell
      viability and colony formation in vitro were assessed using the CCK-8 and colony
      formation assays, respectively. Cell cycle progression and survival were also
      determined after CRNDE knockdown. A xenograft mouse model of human
      medulloblastoma was established by injecting nude mice with medulloblastoma cells
      stably depleted of CRNDE expression. RESULTS: Our data suggest that transcript
      levels of CRNDE are elevated in clinical medulloblastoma tissues instead of in
      adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Knockdown of CRNDE significantly slowed cell
      proliferation rates and inhibited colony formation in Daoy and D341 cells. Tumor
      growth in vivo was also inhibited after CRNDE knockdown. Moreover, after
      knockdown of CRNDE, cell cycle progression was arrested in S phase and apoptosis
      was promoted by 15-20% in Daoy and D341 cells. In vivo data further showed that
      proliferating cell nuclei antigen (PCNA) was decreased, whereas the apoptosis
      initiator cleaved-caspase-3 was increased upon CRNDE knockdown in cancerous
      tissues from the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: All these data suggest that CRNDE
      promotes tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. This growth-promotion effect
      might be achieved via arresting cell cycle progression and inhibiting apoptosis.
      Therapeutics against CRNDE may be a novel strategy for the treatment of
      medulloblastoma.

PMID- 27383310
TI  - Intermediate filament Nestin and the cell motility in cancer - a review.
      Retracted
AB  - The intermediate filaments (Ifs) constitute the cytoskeleton which is a key
      feature of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The IFs are expressed
      throughout life and are involved in the regulation of cell differentiation,
      homeostasis, ageing and pathogenesis. The IFs not only provide structural
      integrity to the cell, but they are involved also in a range of cellular
      functions from organelle trafficking and cell migration to signaling
      transduction. The IFs are highly dynamic proteins, able to respond and adapt
      their network rapidly in response to intra- and extra-cellular cues. In cancer,
      these IFs play a crucial role with regard to cell invasion vial cell motility.
      The present review article will enlighten information about important IF nestin
      with regard to its role in cancer cell motility and invasion.

PMID- 27383311
TI  - Vimentin and post-translational modifications in cell motility during cancer - a
      review.
AB  - The post-translational modifications (PTMs) are defined as the covalent
      modification or enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein
      biosynthesis. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into
      polypeptide chains, which may then undergo PTM to form the mature protein
      product. PTMs are important components in cell signaling. Moreover, it is a known
      fact that PTM regulation offers an immense array and depth of regulatory
      possibilities. The present review article will focus on their possible role in
      cancer cell motility with special reference to vimentin, an intermediate filament
      (IF), as the later is an important process responsible for life-threatening state
      viz. cancer metastasis.

PMID- 27383312
TI  - Does diazinon-sprayed market melon alter cholinesterase activity in healthy
      consumers? A randomized control trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Food contributes in measurable body burden of the widely used
      organophosphate pesticides. We designed a randomized controlled open label trial
      in Mashhad University Hospital in Iran, to study the possible alterations in
      cholinesterase activity resulting from consuming market melon known to be exposed
      to diazinon. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-three young healthy volunteers were
      recruited. Participants were randomized to consume 250 g per day of organic (N =
      22) vs. market melon (N = 31) during fifteen days. The primary outcome was the
      variation of red blood-cell (RBC) cholinesterase activity between day 15 (after)
      and day 0 (prior the intervention). The secondary outcome was a variation of the
      plasma cholinesterase activity between both dates. RESULTS: Baseline RBC [5.21 +/
      0.93 vs. 5.53 +/- 0.99 IU/mL, mean +/- SD] and plasma cholinesterase activities
      [54.0 +/- 8.1 vs. 57.4 +/- 8.6%] did not significantly differ between organic and
      market melon-exposed participants, respectively. RBC [5.86 +/- 1.27 vs. 5.11 +/-
      1.2 IU/mL] and plasma cholinesterase activities [58.7 +/- 10.0 vs. 50.5 +/-
      13.0%] significantly increased in organic melon-exposed vs. market melon-exposed
      participants (p = 0.002 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RBC and plasma
      cholinesterase activities significantly improved after eating organic instead of
      market melon during fifteen days. However, the consequences on the health of the
      observed cholinesterase alterations attributed to diazinon dietary intake remain
      to be determined.

PMID- 27383313
TI  - Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet with aminoacid supplement versus very low
      restricted-calorie diet for preserving muscle mass during weight loss: a pilot
      double-blind study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Obesity plays a relevant pathophysiological role in the development of
      health problems, arising as result of complex interaction of genetic, nutritional
      and metabolic factors. We conducted a dietary intervention case-control
      randomized trial, to compare the effectiveness on body composition of two
      nutritional protocols: a very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD), integrated
      by an aminoacid supplement with whey protein, and very low restricted-calorie
      diet (VLCD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The clinical study was conducted with a
      randomized case-control in which twenty-five healthy subjects gave informed
      consent to participate in the interventional study and were evaluated for their
      health and nutritional status, by anthropometric, and body composition
      evaluation. RESULTS: The results of this pilot study show that a diet low in
      carbohydrates, associated with a decreased caloric intake, is effective in weight
      loss. After VLCKD, versus VLCD, no significant differences in body lean of the
      trunk, body lean distribution (android and gynoid), total body lean were observed
      (p > 0.05). After VLCKD, no increasing of sarcopenia frequency, according ASSMI,
      was observed. DISCUSSION: Many studies have shown the effectiveness of the
      ketogenic diet on weight loss; even if not know how to work effectively, as some
      researchers believe that the weight loss is due to reduced calorie intake,
      satiety could also be induced by the effect of the proteins, rather than the low
      carbohydrates. CONCLUSIONS: Our pilot study showed that a VLCKD was highly
      effective in terms of body weight reduction without to induce lean body mass
      loss, preventing the risk of sarcopenia. Further clinical trials are needed on a
      larger population and long-term body weight maintenance and risk factors
      management effects of VLCKD. There is no doubt, however, that a proper dietary
      approach would impact significantly on the reduction of public expenditure costs,
      in view of prospective data on increasing the percentage of obese people in our
      nation.

PMID- 27383314
TI  - Knowledge, behaviours and attitudes regarding HPV infection and its prevention in
      female students in West Greece.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Infection with several types of human papilloma viruses (HPV) has been
      correlated with the development of cervical cancer. Apart from other preventive
      strategies, two prophylactic vaccines have been added recently to the HPV
      prevention arsenal. The objectives of this study were to assess HPV vaccination
      coverage rates and to evaluate the level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer,
      HPV and Papanicolaou test among female students in a Greek city. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among five hundred female
      students of the Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Patras, Greece. They
      completed an eighteen-item self-administrated questionnaire regarding their
      knowledge related to cervical cancer. RESULTS: Only 31.7% of the students had a
      high level (> 66%) of total knowledge. The majority (70.4%) had not been
      vaccinated against HPV. Students who achieved low and moderate total knowledge
      scores were less likely to be vaccinated against HPV. CONCLUSIONS: Implementing
      strategies for improving young females' knowledge on the different aspects of the
      natural course of HPV infection and increasing HPV vaccination coverage rates
      seem to be crucial.

PMID- 27383315
TI  - Human Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection: first case with acute hepatitis and
      review of the literature.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Rickettsia conorii is responsible for the Mediterranean Spotted Fever.
      Recently, new rickettsial species have been recognized in Europe and implicated
      in human diseases. Clinical features often differ greatly from each other, but
      non-severe liver involvement is frequently observed during any rickettsial
      infection. CASE REPORT: We describe the unique case of a patient presented with
      significant high aminotransferase levels due to the first human R. aeschlimannii
      infection ever detected in Italy. The hypothesis of rickettsiosis was made on the
      basis of a comprehensive medical history and was confirmed by serological tests.
      Molecular analyses made on a sample of hepatic tissue revealed the presence of a
      rickettsial species never found before in human liver. CONCLUSIONS: A brief
      review of the literature is reported to highlight how relevant this case is and
      to remind that rickettsioses should be in the differential diagnoses of acute
      hepatitis, considering mostly the recent spread of new rickettsial species.

PMID- 27383316
TI  - Clinical research about airway pressure release ventilation for moderate to
      severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical effects of airway pressure release ventilation
      (APRV) in patients suffering from moderate to severe acute respiratory distress
      syndrome (ARDS).e of a patient presented with significant high aminotransferase
      levels due to the first human R. aeschlimannii infection ever detected in Italy.
      The hypothesis of rickettsiosis was made on the basis of a comprehensive medical
      history and was confirmed by serological tests. Molecular analyses made on a
      sample of hepatic tissue revealed the presence of a rickettsial species never
      found before in human liver. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From August 2012 to August
      2014, fifty-two cases with moderate to severe ARDS were randomly divided into two
      groups. In the first group (APRV) the airway pressure release ventilation was
      used; the second group (SIMV) was ventilated using synchronized intermittent
      mandatory ventilation mode and positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP). Changes
      in oxygenation index, respiratory mechanics, extravascular lung water, functional
      residual capacity change and hemodynamics were recorded in both groups after
      mechanical ventilation. TNF-a and IL-10 levels in alveolar lavage were also
      measured. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II and Murray
      scores were evaluated. Pneumothorax and mediastinal emphysema during ventilation
      were also recorded. The probability of survival, the duration of ICU stay, days
      without organ failure and days without sedation were compared. RESULTS:
      Conditions in APRV were improved significantly. Oxygenation index was increased,
      airway peak pressure (Ppeak) was reduced, the lung dynamic compliance improved,
      extravascular lung water was relieved, functional residual capacity increased and
      Murray score was improved. In APRV group ventilation central venous pressure
      (CVP) and systemic circulation resistance index (SVRI) were reduced, but cardiac
      index (CI) increased, and at the same time lac and oxygen saturation of central
      venous blood (ScvO2) were improved. Free sedatives days were significantly
      reduced in APRV group while days without mechanical ventilation were increased
      and days in ICU were shortened significantly. TNF-alpha and IL-10 concentrations
      in the alveolar lavage, probability of survival and days without organ failure
      were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients suffering from moderate to
      severe ARDS, application of APRV improved lung function and hemodynamics. It also
      reduced the need for sedatives and the duration of mechanical ventilation as well
      as days in ICU.

PMID- 27383317
TI  - Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of mir-133a-1 and in pre
      mir-152 rs1707 may contribute to the risk of asthma in a Chinese Han population.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of asthma.
      Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promotor regions of miRNAs or pre
      miRNAs are involved in the alteration of miRNA expression levels or their
      maturation process and can contribute to asthma pathogenesis. PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 591 asthma cases and 621 controls were recruited for this
      study to evaluate the genetic effects of the following five single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) on the development of asthma: rs8089787 and rs9948906 in the
      promoter region of mir-133a-1, pre-mir-499 rs37464444, pre-mir-152 rs1707, pre
      mir-155 rs5186. The genotypes were determined using matrix-assisted laser
      desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). RESULTS:
      Logistic regression analysis revealed that the CT and CT+TT genotypes in the mir
      133a-1 rs8089787 (CT vs. CC, OR = 0.413, 95% CI: 0.315-0.541; CT+TT vs. CC, OR =
      0.443, 95% CI: 0.342-0.574, respectively) were significantly associated with a
      decreased risk for asthma in sample of the Chinese Han population, compared with
      CC genotype. Similarly, the CT and CT+TT genotypes in the mir-133a-1 rs9948906
      (CT vs. CC, OR = 0.398, 95% CI: 0.300-0.528; CT+TT vs. CC, OR = 0.403, 95% CI:
      0.306-0.532, respectively) were associated with a decreased risk of asthma.
      However, the C alleles of both mir-133a-1 rs8089787 (C vs. T, OR = 1.867, 95% CI:
      1.486-2.345) and rs9948906 (C vs. T, OR = 2.177, 95% CI: 1.690-2.804) were
      significantly associated with an increased risk for asthma. The CT genotype
      frequencies of pre-mir-152 rs1707 (CT vs. TT, OR = 4.730, 95% CI: 2.425-9.223)
      were significantly associated with an increased risk for asthma in a Chinese Han
      population (p < 0.001). The C allele frequencies of pre-mir-152 rs1707 (C vs. T,
      OR = 6.671, 95% CI: 3.146-14.147) was also significantly associated with an
      increased risk of asthma in a Chinese Han population (p < 0.001). However, the
      genotype and allele frequencies of rs5186, located in pre-miR-155, did not
      significantly differ between the cases and the controls; as well as those of
      rs3746444 in pre-miR-499. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provided evidence that
      polymorphisms of rs8089787 and rs9948906 in the promotor region of mir-133a-1 and
      pre-mir-152 rs1707 may contribute to the risk of asthma in a Chinese Han
      population.

PMID- 27383318
TI  - Correlational study on atmospheric concentrations of fine particulate matter and
      children cough variant asthma.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We explored the relationship between atmospheric concentrations of
      fine particulate matter and children cough variant asthma. PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      48 children all diagnosed with cough variant asthma were placed in the cough
      asthma group while 50 children suffering from typical asthma were place in
      typical asthma group. We also had 50 cases of chronic pneumonia (the pneumonia
      group) and 50 cases of healthy children (the control group). We calculated the
      average PM 2.5 and temperature values during spring, summer, autumn and winter
      and monitored serum lymphocyte ratio, CD4+/CD8+T, immunoglobulin IgE, ventilatory
      index and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. RESULTS: Our
      results showed that PM 2.5 values in spring and winter were remarkably higher
      compared to other seasons. Correlated analysis demonstrated that the onset of
      cough asthma group was happening in spring. The onset of typical asthma group
      happened mostly in winter, followed by spring. We established a positive
      correlation between the onset of asthma of cough asthma group and PM 2.5 value (r
      = 0.623, p = 0.017), and there was also a positive correlation between the onset
      of asthma of typical asthma group and PM 2.5 value (r = 0.714, p = 0.015). Our
      results showed that lymphocyte ratio and IgE level in the cough asthma group and
      the typical asthma group were significantly higher. CD4+/CD8+T was significantly
      lower in the cough asthma group and the typical asthma group. The hs-CRP level in
      cough asthma, typical asthma and pneumonia groups were significantly higher than
      that of the control group. The FEV1/predicted value, FEV1/FVC and MMEF/predicted
      value in the cough asthma group and the typical asthma group were significantly
      lower than those in other groups, however when comparing between two groups
      respectively, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings showed that PM2.5 was related to the onset of children cough variant
      asthma. PM2.5 reduced immune regulation and ventilatory function.

PMID- 27383319
TI  - Comparing classification performance of several types of significant genes to
      identify key genes in uremia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: End-stage renal failure has profound changes in human gene
      expressions, but the molecular causation of these pleomorphic effects termed
      uremia is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to explore key genes
      in uremia by comparing classification performance of five kinds of significant
      genes based on the support vector machines (SVM) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      The five kinds of genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differential
      pathway genes (DPGs), common differential genes between DEGs and DPGs (CDGs), hub
      genes (HUGs) and common genes of hub genes and DEGs (CHDGs). In detailed, DEGs
      were detected by linear models for microarray data (Limma) package. Attract
      method was utilized to capture DPGs from differential pathways. HUGs were
      determined according to topological centrality analysis of mutual information
      network (MIN). Subsequently, SVM model was implemented to assess the
      classification performance of DEGs, DPGs, CDGs, HUGs and CHDGs, depending on its
      induces the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC), true
      negative rate (TNR), true positive rate (TPR) and the Matthews coefficient
      correlation classification (MCC). RESULTS: A total of 166 DEGs, 597 DPGs, 13
      CDGs, 29 HUGs and 10 CHDGs were obtained in uremia. By assessing the SVM model
      classification analysis, CHDGs had the best performance of all with AUC = 0.99,
      TNR = 1.00, TPR = 0.97 and MCC = 0.95. Hence, we considered the CHDGs as key
      genes in uremia. CONCLUSIONS: Key genes concluded in this investigation might
      provide vital insights into uremia progression and new therapies.

PMID- 27383320
TI  - Role of TNF-alpha polymorphism in patients with nickel allergy: a marker of
      susceptibility to contact polysensitization.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Nickel allergy is the most frequent contact allergy in the
      industrialized country. In allergic contact dermatitis after the presentation of
      haptenated peptides by resident or newly recruited skin cells, activated CD8+ T
      cells release IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, these cytokines are potent activator of
      keratinocytes. The role of specific cytokines in nickel allergy is not yet fully
      elucidated. The adenine nucleotide at position -308 in the promoter region of the
      TNFA gene is associated with an increased production of TNF-alpha, that is a
      potent activator of keratinocytes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To evaluate the
      expression of TNF-alpha polymorphism in patients with allergic contact dermatitis
      and in healthy people, 41 patients with allergic contact dermatitis to nickel and
      40 healthy controls were enrolled. A total of 81 subjects (41 cases and 40
      controls) underwent genotyping for the 308 genetic polymorphism in the TNFA gene.
      RESULTS: The distribution of TNF genotypes TNF-alpha 308 G/A polymorphism in
      cases didn't differ significantly in the controls group. The genotype GA was
      present in the 75% of the patients with polysensitization. In one patient was
      observed the rare genotype A/A. CONCLUSIONS: The carriage of the TNFA-308 A/A and
      GA genotype may act as a marker of enhanced susceptibility to contact
      polysensitization, indicating that TNF-alpha is a key regulator of the initiation
      of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, the polymorphism seems to be not
      enough for the development of nickel monosensitization.

PMID- 27383321
TI  - Clinical analysis of patients of cirrhosis complicated with adrenal
      insufficiency.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of cortisol and adrenocorticotrophic hormone
      (ACTH) in patients with cirrhosis and to investigate the clinical significance
      and characteristics of cirrhosis with adrenal insufficiency (AI). PATIENTS AND
      METHODS: A total of 118 patients that were hospitalized in the Department of
      Gastroenterology of Xiangyang Hospital affiliated to Hubei University due to
      cirrhosis were selected and chemiluminescence assay was used to measure the basal
      level of cortisol and ACTH in their blood. All the 118 patients with cirrhosis
      were divided into two groups, cirrhosis with AI group and cirrhosis without AI
      group and comparison and analysis of the clinical characteristics and prognosis
      of the two groups were undertaken. About 39 patients with gastrointestinal polyps
      were used as control group. RESULTS: The basal level of cortisol of the patient
      group 329.67+/-136.1 nmol/l was significantly lower than that of the normal
      control 460.7+/-165.48 nmol/l (p<0.05). Of the 118 patients with cirrhosis, 32
      patients had AI (32/118). Compared with the cirrhosis without AI group, cirrhosis
      with AI group had significantly increased spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
      (SBP), Child classes, Child scores, MELD scores and case fatality and the
      difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The level of albumin and high
      density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in 32 patients with cirrhosis and AI was
      significantly reduced and the prevalence rate of facial pigmentation and ascites
      were significantly higher (p<0.05). But, there was no statistically significant
      difference between cirrhosis with AI and cirrhosis without AI (p>0.05) in other
      clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters studied. CONCLUSIONS: The
      basal level of cortisol in patients with cirrhosis was significantly reduced and
      about 27% of cirrhosis patients had AI. Patients of the later kind had a higher
      prevalence rate of SBP, worse hepatic impairment and higher mortality, thus
      resulting in poor prognosis.

PMID- 27383322
TI  - Effects of local radiofrequency denervation on ventricular electrophysiological
      properties in normal and acute myocardial ischemia heart.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of local radiofrequency denervation on
      ventricular effective refractory periods, electrical alternans and ventricular
      arrhythmia susceptibility post myocardial infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Thirty-four mongrel dogs were randomly divided into the normal heart group (n =
      16, 8 in sham and 8 in local sympathetic denervation - LSD) and the acute
      myocardial ischemia (AMI) group (n = 18, 9 in control and 9 in LSD). The left
      cardiac sympathetic nerve was denervated with irrigated catheter radiofrequency
      ablation. Left ventricular effective refractory periods (ERP), monophasic action
      potential duration at 90% (APD90) and APD alternans were measured at baseline and
      2 hours after LSD in the normal heart group. AMI was induced by ligating the left
      anterior descending coronary artery 2 hours after LSD was performed. Then APD90,
      the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) were measured. RESULTS: Compared
      with baseline, LSD significantly prolonged ventricular ERP and APD90 at all sites
      (p < 0.05 for all) in the LSD group, whereas no significant change was shown in
      the sham group. But their spatial dispersions did not change in both groups. APD
      alternans occurred at shorter pacing cycle length at each site after LAD->LSD
      when compared to the sham group (p < 0.05 for all). After AMI, the occurrence of
      VAs was significantly lower in the LSD group than in the control group (p <
      0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LSD may have a beneficial impact on ventricular arrhythmias
      induced by AMI through modulation of autonomic tone.

PMID- 27383323
TI  - Nigella sativa oil and thymoquinone ameliorate albuminuria and renal
      extracellular matrix accumulation in the experimental diabetic rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Increasing evidence suggests that Nigella sativa oil (NSO) and its
      principal bioactive constituents, thymoquinone (TQ), exhibit antioxidant,
      antihyperglycemic and renoprotective effects in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
      diabetes in rats. However, the potential molecular mechanisms by which NSO and TQ
      may exert their actions in the diabetic kidney are still poorly characterized.
      This study was designed to investigate the effect of NSO and TQ treatment on the
      albuminuria, podocyte injury and the complex systems controlling the
      extracellular matrix proteins accumulation and angiogenesis in the STZ-induced
      model of diabetic nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult female Wistar rats
      were divided into four experimental groups (control, untreated STZ-diabetic, and
      NSO or TQ treated STZ-diabetic rats). The treated rats received 2 mL/kg NSO or 50
      mg/kg TQ via oral gavage once a day for 10 weeks. RESULTS: The results showed
      that the albuminuria and the kidney weight/body weight ratio were increased in
      the diabetic rats compared with the control animals and they were significantly
      ameliorated by the treatment with NSO or TQ. The real-time PCR showed that the
      NSO and TQ treatment prevented diabetes-induced downregulation of mRNA expression
      of the podocyte-specific marker (podocin) as well as the mRNA overexpressions of
      collagen IV, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and vascular
      endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in the diabetic kidney. These results were
      also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: NSO and TQ treatment
      decreased albuminuria in the experimental models of the diabetic nephropathy by
      the preservation of the podocyte function; along with the suppression of enhanced
      extracellular matrix gene expression through interfering with TGF-beta1
      production and angiogenesis.

PMID- 27383324
TI  - The clinical efficacy and safety of levetiracetam add-on therapy for child
      refractory epilepsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Levetiracetam (LEV)
      add-on therapy for child refractory epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Levetiracetam
      add-on therapy was tested on 65 children who suffered refractory epilepsy, and
      clinical seizures. Electroencephalogram (EGG) changes and adverse reactions were
      observed in these children respectively in three, six and twelve months after the
      therapy. RESULTS: The complete control rates observed after 3, 6 and 12 months
      were respectively: 6.9%, 10.3% and 3.4%, while the response rates were
      accordingly 44.8%, 58.6% and 39.6%. The ameliorative rate of EGG reached 65.5%,
      appearing in positive correlation with the clinical efficacy (r = 0.436, p =
      0.001). The retention rate after one year was 89%. Adverse reactions were
      expressed in 3% of the child patients, and the symptoms were dysphoria, mental
      and behavior disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The levetiracetam add-on therapy for child
      refractory epilepsy, demonstrates fast and obvious efficacy as well as fewer
      adverse reactions.

PMID- 27383325
TI  - Managing ulcerative colitis in remission phase: usefulness of Casperome(r), an
      innovative lecithin-based delivery system of Boswellia serrata extract.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Boswellia serrata extracts (BSE) have been traditionally used for the
      treatment of several inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate
      the efficacy of a novel delivery form of BSE (Casperome(r)) in Ulcerative Colitis
      (UC) during minimally symptomatic remission phase. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this
      open-label, observational, registry study, informed participants with UC in
      remission phase (n = 43) freely decided to receive the oral daily Casperome(r)
      supplementation (n = 22) or no supplementation (n = 21) for 4 weeks. Several
      parameters associated with minimally symptomatic UC in remission were evaluated
      at the inclusion and the end of the study. RESULTS: A significant beneficial
      effect of Casperome(r) was observed for all the parameters evaluated, namely:
      diffuse intestinal pain, evident and occult blood in stools, bowel movements and
      cramps, watery stools, malaise, anemia, rectal involvement, number of white blood
      cells as well as need for concomitant drugs and medical attention. Faecal
      concentration of calprotectin, a marker of bowel inflammation, resulted
      ameliorated in Casperome(r) supplemented patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed
      that Casperome(r) supplementation attenuates symptoms associated with mild UC in
      remission, reducing the use of drugs and medical consultations. Therefore, our
      study suggests that Casperome(r) supplementation could represent a promising
      alternative approach to manage minimally symptomatic UC and maintain the
      remission phase.

PMID- 27383326
TI  - Adverse events risk associated with angiogenesis inhibitors addition to therapy
      in ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Inhibition of angiogenesis has been regarded as an attractive
      treatment strategy for advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer. We conduct this meta
      analysis to investigate the risk of adverse events of special interest related to
      angiogenesis inhibitors (AIs) in ovarian cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Databases
      from PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane library up to December 2015 were
      searched to identify relevant studies. Eligible studies included prospective
      randomized controlled phase II/III clinical trials evaluating therapy with or
      without AIs for ovarian cancer. Summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence
      intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects or fixed-effects according
      to the heterogeneity among included trials. RESULTS: A total of 7,761 patients
      from ten clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled RR showed
      that the use of AIs was associated with a statistically increased risk in four of
      the adverse outcomes studied: arterial thromboembolic events (RR = 2.0),
      gastrointestinal (GI) perforation (RR = 3.86), proteinuria (RR = 2.44), and
      hypertension (RR = 5.39). No statistically significant differences were found for
      hemorrhagic events (p = 0.07), venous thromboembolic events (p = 0.13), or fatal
      adverse events (p = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of AIs to therapy in ovarian
      cancer did significantly increase the risk of arterial thromboembolic events, GI
      perforation, proteinuria and hypertension, but not for venous thromboembolic
      events, hemorrhagic events, or fatal adverse events.

PMID- 27383327
TI  - Vitamin E promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by reducing ROS production
      and p53 expression.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The role of antioxidant in cancer cell proliferation is still
      controversial. This study aimed to explore the effects of antioxidant vitamin E
      on the proliferation of breast cancer cells and the possible underlying
      mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthotopic breast cancer model was established
      by inoculating MCF7 cells in mice and in vitro MCF7 culture system. CM-H2DCFDA
      fluorescence probe and Western blot analysis were used to detect ROS changes and
      p53 expression. p53 knockdown in MCF7 cells by siRNA transfection was also used
      to determine the combination effect of vitamin E and p53 on MCF7 cell
      proliferation. RESULTS: Vitamin E supplement in the chow significantly
      accelerated breast cancer cell growth in vivo. ROS level and p53 expression were
      decreased in tumor tissues. Water-solvable vitamin E Trolox significantly
      promoted MCF7 cell proliferation in vitro, while reducing intracellular ROS level
      and p53 expression. p53 knowdown by p53-siRNA transfection inMCF7 cells
      significantly reduced p53 expression and increased MCF7 cell proliferation.
      CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E accelerated breast cancer growth by reducing ROS
      production and p53 expression.

PMID- 27383328
TI  - Clinical application of highly agglutinative staphylococcin in cancer treatment
      updates of the literature.
AB  - This review article summarized 100 published research papers and reviewed the
      application status of highly agglutinative staphylococcin in the clinical
      treatment of cancer. Highly agglutinative staphylococcin (HAS) derives from the
      superantigen of Staphylococcus aureus metabolite. Studies have shown that HAS can
      inhibit and kill tumors, repair tissues and cells, increase white blood cell
      count and improve the immune function. Its immunological effect acts through the
      following mechanism: activating T-cells and natural killer cells, enhancing
      phagocytes' phagocytosis and killing ability of lymphocytes, increasing white
      blood cell count in peripheral blood, repairing impaired histocytes, and inhibit
      the growth of tumor cells. Highly agglutinative staphylococcin is used in
      clinical treatment of tumors: intracavitary hyperthermic perfusion with single
      HAS is effective for malignant ascites; perfusion with HAS plus chemotherapeutics
      can remarkably improve the elimination rate of ascites. Highly agglutinative
      staphylococcin can also enhance the effect of and improve the response rate of
      chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and improve patients' immune function and relieve
      gastrointestinal reactions caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore,
      HAS is used to treat a malignant tumor, leucocytopenia, and malignant ascites,
      and relieve side effects caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy and improve
      patients' immune function.

PMID- 27383329
TI  - Phosphocreatine attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis in rat
      cardiomyocytes through modulation of MAPK and NF-kappaB pathway.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) plays crucial roles in Ang
      II-induced cardiac fibrosis (CF). Phosphocreatine (PCr), one of the important
      players involved in cellular energy metabolism, is widely used in the treatment
      of clinical heart failure. However, whether it participates in CF is still
      unclear. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms involved in PCr and CF.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat cardiomyocytes (H9C2) were induced by Ang II followed
      by treatment of PCr. ERK1 siRNA, ERK2 siRNA and NF-kappaB siRNA were applied to
      identify the molecular mechanism. Then CF-related proteins were analyzed by
      western blot and real-time PCR to confirm the influence of the mechanisms
      involved in PCr. RESULTS: PCr did protect cardiomyocytes from Ang II-induced
      fibrosis. Meanwhile, PCr suppressed Ang II-induced up-regulation of TGF-beta. By
      detecting TGFbeta-mediated or MAPK pathway associated proteins, PCr inhibited
      MAPK and NF-kappaB pathway, thus suppressed Ang II-induced cardiac fibrosis,
      which was further confirmed by siRNA transfection. CONCLUSIONS: Our study
      determined that PCr protected cardiomyocytes from Ang II-induced CF through
      inhibition of MAPK and NF-kappaB pathway.

PMID- 27383330
TI  - Resveratrol exerts protective effects on anoxia/reoxygenation injury in
      cardiomyocytes via miR-34a/Sirt1 signaling pathway.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the regulation of resveratrol (RV) on
      miR-34a alteration due to ARI and further studied the involvement of miR
      34a/Sirt1 signaling pathway in ROS generation and cell survival after ARI.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: In-vitro anoxia and reoxygenation injury (ARI) model based
      on rat heart-derived H9c2 cells was established. The expression of miR-34a and
      Sirt1 in H9c2 cells with or without RV pretreatment was measured. Flow cytometric
      analysis of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, CCK-8 assay
      of cell viability and Western blot analysis of active caspase-3 expression were
      performed to study the role of miR-34a/Sirt1 signaling pathway in RV modulated
      ARI injury protection. RESULTS: Pretreatment with RV substantially restored Sirt1
      expression in cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner in the in-vitro ARI
      model. MiR-34a level was significantly increased due to ARI. But pretreatment
      with RV significantly suppressed its upregulation. MiR-34a overexpression
      significantly reduced the effect of RV on restoring Sirt1 expression in ARI. Both
      miR-34a overexpression and Sirt1 knockdown significantly reduced the effect of RV
      on reducing ROS generation and also abrogated the effect of RV on enhancing cell
      viability and reducing cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The present study
      demonstrated that RV has a suppressive effect on miR-34a upregulation in ARI and
      the miR-34a/Sirt1 axis is an important signaling pathway modulating the
      protective effect of RV on cardiomyocytes in ARI. Nonetheless, future in vivo
      studies are required to validate this mechanism.

PMID- 27383331
TI  - Tribenoside and lidocaine in the local treatment of hemorrhoids: an overview of
      clinical evidence.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The combination of tribenoside+lidocaine (Procto-Glyvenol(r)) is a
      medical preparation for the local treatment of hemorrhoids, delivered as a
      suppository or rectal cream. This product has been used for decades in the
      therapy of hemorrhoids. This review discusses available evidence on the use of
      tribenoside/lidocaine in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Papers were
      retrieved by a PubMed search, using different combinations of pertinent keywords
      (e.g. tribenoside AND hemorrhoids), without any limitations in terms of
      publication date and language. Documents from Authors' personal collection of
      literature could also be considered. Papers were selected for inclusion according
      to their relevance for the topic, as judged by the Authors. RESULTS: The efficacy
      of the combination of tribenoside+lidocaine in relieving symptoms caused by
      hemorrhoids and its safety have been assessed in several clinical studies on
      patients of either gender, either versus its two individual components
      (tribenoside and lidocaine) or versus steroids in the same setting. Five studies
      compared the combination treatment with each of its single components, and of
      these, three studies compared tribenoside+ lidocaine with a tribenoside-free semi
      placebo preparation containing only lidocaine, and two studies compared this
      combination with lidocaine-free preparations containing only tribenoside.
      Tribenoside+lidocaine was compared with steroid-containing preparations in six
      studies. Last, two studies evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of the
      tribenoside+lidocaine combination in women with hemorrhoids as a consequence of
      pregnancy or delivery. All the above-mentioned studies were well-conducted and
      can provide a comprehensive evaluation of tribenoside+lidocaine in the treatment
      of hemorrhoids. CONCLUSIONS: Enough evidence exists to recommend the use of this
      combination therapy as a fast, effective and safe option for the local treatment
      of low-grade hemorrhoids.

PMID- 27383332
TI  - Metal-Catalyzed Cyclization Reactions of 2,3,4-Trien-1-ols: A Joint Experimental
      Computational Study.
AB  - Controlled preparation of tri- and tetrasubstituted furans, as well as carbazoles
      has been achieved through chemo- and regioselective metal-catalyzed cyclization
      reactions of cumulenic alcohols. The gold- and palladium-catalyzed
      cycloisomerization reactions of cumulenols, including indole-tethered 2,3,4-trien
      1-ols, to trisubstituted furans was effective, due to a 5-endo-dig oxycyclization
      by attack of the hydroxy group onto the central cumulene double bond. In
      contrast, palladium-catalyzed heterocyclization/coupling reactions with 3
      bromoprop-1-enes furnished tetrasubstituted furans. Also studied was the
      palladium-catalyzed cyclization/coupling sequence involving protected indole
      tethered 2,3,4-trien-1-ols and 3-bromoprop-1-enes that exclusively generated
      trisubstituted carbazole derivatives. These results could be explained through a
      selective 6-endo-dig cumulenic hydroarylation, followed by aromatization. DFT
      calculations were carried out to understand this difference in reactivity. 

PMID- 27383333
TI  - The reality of health in prisons and the challenges involved.

PMID- 27383334
TI  - Demography, vulnerabilities and right to health to Brazilian prison population.
AB  - This study investigates the latest research on the profile of the Brazilian
      prison population, its demography and current laws and regulations. It aims in
      the direction of ensuring the human right to health. Brazilian prison system is a
      complex universe in which state and federal criminal contexts keep more than
      607,000 people in custody. This population is composed of 75% of young and black
      people, 67% poorly educated and 41% are pre-trial detainees, living in
      overcrowded prisons and architecturally vandalized, with population growth of
      around 575% in 24 years, making this environment a major focus of production of
      diseases. The prison becomes the object of differentiated intervention by public
      bodies linked to the executive and the judiciary - it is worth remarking that the
      data show the high level of inequalities and health vulnerabilities among the
      prison population, whose needs involve a set of cross-sector of transverse public
      policies actions towards penal execution. 

PMID- 27383335
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27383336
TI  - Emergence of a Policy, closure of a sector: regarding the management of
      penitentiary health care in Brazil.
AB  - The aim of this study is to understand recent transformations in penitentiary
      health care management in Brazil, during the implementation of the National
      Policy for Comprehensive Health Care for People Deprived of Liberty in the Prison
      System, and the closure of the National Sector for Penitentiary Health Care. The
      scientific problem investigated is the language of penitentiary health care
      policy. The theoretical-methodological framework adopted is Pierre Bourdieu's
      genetic structuralism. In this manner, we carry out an analysis of documents and
      public statements in search of State categories and classifications. We note the
      consolidation of a state classification that separates the 'penitentiary' domain
      from the 'prison' domain, as well as the creation of the State category of
      'person deprived of liberty in the prison system'. Penitentiary health care
      management constitutes itself as a question of primary care. 

PMID- 27383337
TI  - Health conditions of prisoners in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
AB  - We present the results of a quantitative and qualitative study on the living
      conditions and health of prisoners in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The goal was
      to produce strategic information to support the action of public officials who
      work in prisons. The results show that prisoners are young (average age: 30
      years), poor, mostly black and brown (70.5%), have little education (only 1.5% of
      them have a higher education), and have been in prison for less than four years.
      Among the problems that indirectly affect their health, we emphasize:
      overcrowding (1.39 prisoners per one vacancy), idleness (only 4.4% of them work),
      lack of perspective, violence and relationships of conflict. The most common
      physical health problems include: musculoskeletal problems, such as pain in the
      neck, back, and spine (76.7%), joint dislocation (28.2%), bursitis (22.9%),
      sciatica (22, 1%), arthritis (15.9%), bone fracture (15.3%), problems with bone
      and cartilage (12.5%), and muscle and tendon injuries (15.7%); respiratory
      problems, such as sinusitis (55.6%), allergic rhinitis (47%), chronic bronchitis
      (15.6%), tuberculosis (4.7%) and others (11.9%); and skin diseases. Despite legal
      requirements that include prison health care among the Universal Health System's
      (SUS) obligations, services are scarce and inefficient and a major cause of
      inmate dissatisfaction. 

PMID- 27383338
TI  - Women's reproductive rights in the penitentiary system: tensions and challenges
      in the transformation of reality.
AB  - This article seeks to identify and discuss violations and challenges to the
      fulfillment of women's reproductive rights in situations of deprivation of
      liberty, with an emphasis on sexual and reproductive health. Regulatory
      parameters were considered as analytical frameworks that support these rights
      identified by the literature, and the discourses and practices linked to their
      effectiveness in the everyday life of prisons, collected in interviews with
      pregnant women and children in prisons, and the professionals whose practices
      interfere with the exercise of these rights. It was discovered that violations of
      these rights find support in speech that delegitimizes the motherhood of these
      women. We consider the use of rights as strategic in the struggle for the
      transformation of this situation. 

PMID- 27383339
TI  - Health issues of incarcerated women in the United States.
AB  - Health care within jails and prisons in the United States is typically
      insufficient to meet the medical and psychological needs of female inmates.
      Health services are often of low quality, especially in the areas of reproductive
      medicine. Mental illness, substance abuse, a trauma history, and sexual
      victimization while incarcerated can predict a more difficult adjustment to a
      correctional environment. Incarcerated women who are able to maintain contact
      with family members, especially children, can have a better prison adjustment.
      Recommendations are made to improve the types and quality of health care
      delivered to women in jails and prisons in countries around the world. 

PMID- 27383340
TI  - Birth in prison: pregnancy and birth behind bars in Brazil.
AB  - The high vulnerability of incarcerated women is worsened when they are pregnant
      and give birth during imprisonment. This article traces the profile of
      incarcerated women living with their children in female prison units of the
      capitals and metropolitan regions of Brazil and describes pregnancy and
      childbirth conditions and healthcare practices while in incarceration. This study
      is an analysis of a series of cases resultant from a national census conducted
      between August 2012 and January 2014. This analysis included 241 mothers. Of
      these, 45% were younger than 25 years old, 57% were dark skinned, 53% had studied
      less than eight years and 83% were multiparous. At the time of incarceration, 89%
      were already pregnant and two thirds did not want the current pregnancy. Access
      to prenatal care was inadequate for 36% of the women. During their hospital stay,
      15% referred to having suffered some type of violence (verbal, psychological, or
      physical). Only 15% of the mothers rated the care received during their hospital
      stay as excellent. They had low social/familial support and more than one third
      reported the use of handcuffs during their hospital stay. Incarcerated mothers
      received poorer healthcare during pregnancy and birth when compared with non
      incarcerated users of the public sector. This study also found violations of
      human rights, especially during birth. 

PMID- 27383341
TI  - Tuberculosis control in prisons, from research to action: the Rio de Janeiro,
      Brazil, experience.
AB  - The high tuberculosis (TB) rates observed in the Brazilian prison population
      highlights the need for more efficient TB control measures in this population,
      especially in the state of Rio de Janeiro where detection rates are 30 times
      higher than in the general population. We present results of epidemiological,
      biomathematics modelling, molecular biology, psychosocological, architectural and
      juridical studies carried out in this state in order to assess the situation and
      to develop TB control strategies adapted to the specificities of the prison
      context. The implementation of these strategies implies to take into account the
      day-to-day realty of prison life and to turn more effective the supervision of
      the prison health system by instances in charge of monitoring the fulfillment of
      sentences, so as to guarantee access of prisoners to health in conformity with
      international and national laws. 

PMID- 27383342
TI  - Drug use in prisons: strategies for harm reduction (ANRS-PRIDE Program).
AB  - The existence of risky practices related to drug use inside prisons is a reality
      everywhere and is a major issue for the community as a whole. The level of
      implementation of harm reduction (HR) measures recommended by the World Health
      Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is
      very often poor and reveals inadequate concern about public health issues in the
      prison environment, without any respect for the principle of equivalence for
      prevention and health assistance with the general community. In 2009, the French
      National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS) developed a
      comprehensive research program focusing on the prevention of infectious risks in
      prison settings. Different steps were defined and scheduled, and included i) an
      inventory of harm reduction (HR) measures, ii) a qualitative survey on the
      reality of risky practices, iii) an assessment of the social acceptability of HR
      measures, and iv) an intervention trial exploring the feasibility of upgrading
      existing HR strategies. A progressive implementation of this program has shown it
      is feasible, but in France, it requires tenacity, simple long-term objectives,
      support from a scientific authority, pedagogical interventions for all involved,
      as well as constant discussion with the authorities. The implementation of this
      program in other countries is equally simple to manage. 

PMID- 27383343
TI  - The impact of prisons on the mental health of prisoners in the state of Rio de
      Janeiro, Brazil.
AB  - The aim of this article is to assess the mental health status of inmates and
      people in custody in the state of Rio de Janeiro and the association between
      mental health and imprisonment using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Lipp
      Stress Symptom Inventory for Adults. SAMPLE: 1,573 individuals, via stratified
      sampling with probability proportional to size. STUDY POPULATION: more than half
      have up to 29 years old; 70.6% were black/brown; 77.4% had strong family ties;
      42.9% had been incarcerated for under a year; and 22,9% performed work tasks in
      prison. Stress: 35.8% of men and 57.9% of women. Factors associated with stress
      among men: length of time in prison and family ties. Male prisoners who had been
      in prison for between 1 and 9 years are 0.55 times less likely to experience
      stress symptoms than those who had been in prison for less than a year; those
      with regular/weak family ties are more likely to experience stress than those
      with strong ties. Women with only regular/weak family ties are more likely to
      experience stress; work tasks performed in prison was a protective factor.
      Depression: 7.5% of women and 6.3% of men. Among men, practicing a religion,
      maintaining strong family ties, and performing prison work tasks are protective
      factors. Among women, an association was found between depression and family
      ties.

PMID- 27383344
TI  - Right to mental health in prison system: reflections on the process of
      deinstitutionalization of the HCTP.
AB  - This study aimed to discuss the close relationship between mental health, the
      criminal justice system and the prison system, whose specific interfaces are the
      HCTP (Hospital de Custodia e Tratamento Psiquiatrico, or Judicial Psychiatric
      Hospital) conflict and the person with mental disorder in conflict with the law.
      There will be presented extensive discussions on the Penal Execution Law and the
      Brazilian Psychiatric Reform Law, as well as cross-sector actions taken by the
      judiciary and the federal government (Brazilian National Health System - SUS and
      National Social Assistance System - SUAS) to bring the criminal justice system
      and the prison system to the anti-asylum combat. Two successful experiences in
      the states of Minas Gerais and Goias will also be presented for they reflect the
      emergence of a new strategy on public health policy: The Evaluation Service and
      Monitoring Therapeutic Measures for the Person with Mental Disorder in Conflict
      with the Law, device connector between systems, willing to operate in the process
      of deinstitutionalization of people with mental disorders of HCPT. 

PMID- 27383345
TI  - [The process of detection and treatment of cases of tuberculosis in a prison].
AB  - This study seeks to analyze the process of detection and treatment of cases of
      tuberculosis (TB) in a prison in the south of Brazil. An active and passive
      search for TB was conducted to estimate the scale of TB in a prison with 764
      inmates. In conjunction with the detection strategies and clinical follow-up of
      the 41 TB cases, participant observation and records in field diaries were
      performed, making it possible to analyze the scope and limitations of detection
      and treatment of cases of TB in prison. The development of search strategies is
      discussed along with the use of questionnaires to detect symptomatic cases, as
      well as the inadequacy of the clinical follow-up of TB cases, involvement of
      different workers and coordination between prison and health services. There is
      clear potential for the control of TB using an active search to induce the
      passive detection and screening for symptoms that - even skewed by the
      perceptions of inmates regarding symptoms of TB - enabled an increase in
      detection. The functional dynamics of prison life hamper the inclusion of health
      routines and can restrict actions to control TB and other diseases. In the
      process of control of TB in prisons, the feasibility of effective detection
      methods is as important as planning based on disease conditions, network services
      and workers involved. 

PMID- 27383346
TI  - [Families of incarcerated women, health promotion and access to social policies
      in the Federal District, Brazil].
AB  - This paper assesses the options for accessing public policies available to
      families of women incarcerated in the female penitentiary of Brazil's Federal
      District. It seeks to contribute to the construction of health promotion
      strategies for the female population living in the prison system. Some of the
      claims were revealed in the national comprehensive healthcare policy for
      individuals in the prison system, especially those that acknowledge the
      importance of intersectoral actions and relationship networks to promote health.
      Data are presented from research conducted at the penitentiary in 2014 that used
      qualitative methodology by means of participant observation and semi-structured
      interviews with family members of women incarcerated in the Federal District. It
      was detected that attention must be paid to the different types of relationship
      that exist between incarcerated women and their families, and especially to the
      allegations of exhaustion and difficulty of access to public policies. A more in
      depth survey into how this population organizes itself could assist in the
      development of public policies to promote health and overcome social
      vulnerability. 

PMID- 27383347
TI  - Psychological distress and work stress in correctional officers: a literature
      review.
AB  - This article presents a review of literature based on a survey of national and
      international journals on psychological distress and stress in the work of
      correctional officers between 2000 and 2014. The databases used were the
      Biblioteca Virtual em Saude, Web of Science, and Scopus, and the descriptors were
      psychological distress, stress and correctional officers. We analyzed 40
      articles, mainly about stress. The concept of burnout appeared in several works.
      The United States is the country that most publishes on the subject. There is
      little interest about the subject in the journals of Public Health. In Latin
      America we found only four studies, all Brazilian. The number of publications has
      gradually intensified over the years, and there was methodological improvement in
      the development and assessment scales, mainly regarding stress and burnout. Work
      overload, lack of material and human resources, level of contact with the
      inmates, overcrowding, perceptions of fear or danger, and the paradox of punish /
      reeducate were some of the risk factors encountered, among others. The protective
      factors refer to social support within the prison environment, and the coping
      strategies are related to the improvement of officer training, stimulating social
      support, and offering psychological care. 

PMID- 27383348
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - The scope of this study was to organize the knowledge produced on tuberculosis in
      Brazilian prisons in a systematic manner. A comprehensive review was conducted in
      the Medline and Lilacs databases and the SciELO electronic library using the key
      words: "Tuberculosis," "Prisons" and "Brazil." Of the 61 records found, 33 were
      evaluated (28 duplicated records) and 21 included in the review (12 excluded
      according to the criteria adopted). These studies contribute effectively to
      improve the knowledge regarding the scale of the disease among inmates, as well
      as to the choice of screening and diagnostic methods most appropriate to the
      prison setting. The incidence rates and prevalence of active and latent
      tuberculosis are presented, in addition to data on the profile of drug and
      genotype susceptibility of the clinical results. Awareness of the data presented
      highlights the need to adopt measures aimed at case detection, treatment and
      follow-up. It is suggested that the new challenges for scientific research should
      be linked to the development of specific knowledge about dealing with the problem
      in an environment full of specificities such as a prison. 

PMID- 27383349
TI  - [The actions of the Public Prosecution Service in the field of health in
      prisons].
AB  - In the violent, insalubrious and overpopulated prison environment in which the
      concerns of penitentiary managers are predominantly focused on security, several
      actors of the legal world work incessantly to ensure that prisoners enjoy living
      conditions and access to health care in accordance with their constitutional
      rights. However, their discourses only appear infrequently in academic research
      and studies on health in prisons. We decided to ask for the opinion of a District
      Attorney of the State Public Prosecution Office, Dr. Erika Puppim to share with
      readers her view and the difficulties in her role in the protection of prisoners.

PMID- 27383350
TI  - [Disintegration of the prison system, public security and social exclusion].
AB  - The defense of human rights, namely one of the most important duties of the
      legislature, is a considerable challenge in the day-to-day business of
      parliament. The opinions and practices of elected representatives reflect the
      security concerns and fears of society that engender a vast process of social
      exclusion. In this context, the defense of the right to health of persons
      deprived of liberty seems an especially difficult task, as shown in the interview
      of State Congressman Marcelo Freixo, the Coordinator of the Human Rights
      Commission of the Legislative Assembly in Rio de Janeiro and creator of the State
      Mechanism for Preventing and Combating Torture. 

PMID- 27383351
TI  - The impact of insecticides management linked with resistance expression in
      Anopheles spp. populations.
AB  - The resistance of some species of Anopheles to chemical insecticides is spreading
      quickly throughout the world and has hindered the actions of prevention and
      control of malaria. The main mechanism responsible for resistance in these
      insects appears to be the target site known as knock-down resistance (kdr), which
      causes mutations in the sodium channel. Even so, many countries have made
      significant progress in the prevention of malaria, focusing largely on vector
      control through long-lasting insecticide nets (LLINs), indoor residual spraying
      and (IRS) of insecticides. The objective of this review is to contribute with
      information on the more applied insecticides for the control of the main vectors
      of malaria, its effects, and the different mechanisms of resistance. Currently it
      is necessary to look for others alternatives, e.g. biological control and
      products derived from plants and fungi, by using other organisms as a possible
      regulator of the populations of malaria vectors in critical outbreaks. 

PMID- 27383352
TI  - Mobile prehospital emergency care: an analysis of implementation in the State of
      Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
AB  - Mobile prehospital care is a key component of emergency care. The aim of this
      study was to analyze the implementation of the State of Rio de Janeiro's Mobile
      Emergency Medical Service (SAMU, acronym in Portuguese). The methodology employed
      included document analysis, visits to six SAMU emergency call centers, and
      semistructured interviews conducted with 12 local and state emergency care
      coordinators. The study's conceptual framework was based on Giddens' theory of
      structuration. Intergovernmental conflicts were observed between the state and
      municipal governments, and between municipal governments. Despite the shortage of
      hospital beds, the SAMUs in periphery regions were better integrated with the
      emergency care network than the metropolitan SAMUs. The steering committees were
      not very active and weaknesses were observed relating to the limited role played
      by the state government in funding, management, and monitoring. It was concluded
      that the SAMU implementation process in the state was marked by political
      tensions and management and coordination weaknesses. As a result, serious
      drawbacks remain in the coordination of the SAMU with the other health services
      and the regionalization of emergency care in the state. 

PMID- 27383353
TI  - Prevalence of suggestive images of carotid artery calcifications on panoramic
      radiographs and its relationship with predisposing factors.
AB  - Panoramic radiographs (PR) can display radiopaque images suggestive of calcified
      atheroma in the carotid artery in asymptomatic patients. The aim of this study
      was to evaluate the prevalence of these images on PR and their linkage with
      hypertension, obesity, age, gender and smoking habits. PR of 505 patients were
      evaluated. They were older than 30 years old and their PR had been taken for
      different clinical reasons. Their body mass index was calculated; their waist
      circumference was also taken into consideration. Information about smoking habits
      and hypertension was obtained. The observers analyzed the presence of radiopaque
      mass in the region of the cervical vertebrae C3-C4 through the PR, confirmed by
      an antero-posterior (AP) radiograph. The results showed a 7.92% prevalence of
      suggestive images of calcifications on PR and on AP radiograph. The adjusted Odds
      Ratio showed association with age and smoking habits. The calcification process
      is almost nine times higher for the elderly when compared to the young. As far as
      smokers are concerned, this process is twice worse when compared to no smokers.
      In conclusion, 7.92% of the group studied presented suggestive images of carotid
      atherosclerosis on PR, which is directly associated with the age and smoking
      habits. 

PMID- 27383354
TI  - Food intake and the nutritional status of women undergoing chemotherapy.
AB  - The objective behind this study was the analysis of food intake and the
      nutritional status of women with breast cancer (BC) undergoing chemotherapy (CT).
      The quantitative dietary evaluation was performed in accordance with Dietary
      Reference Intakes (DRI), whereas the qualitative evaluation was performed through
      the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised (BHEI-R).From among the total number
      of patients (n = 20), 60% (n = 12) presented waist circumference, equal to or
      higher than 88cm. It was noted that 75% (n = 15) individuals were overweight. The
      average intake for calcium, copper, iron, dietary fiber, magnesium, potassium,
      vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6 and zinc, were found to be below adequate intake
      levels, while the intake of vitamin C, phosphorus, manganese, sodium and thiamine
      were all found to be above DRIs recommendations. As for the analysis of the BHEI
      R, 80% (n = 16) of the patients presented a "diet that needs modifications",
      while 20% (n = 4) presented a "healthy diet". Noted from these observations was
      the presence of a high overweight rate, a discrepancy in the intake of
      micronutrients and a diet that needed improvements. In this manner, the
      establishment and use of a nutritional intervention protocol are very important
      when it comes to the improvement of the diet in patients with BC and who are
      undergoing CT. 

PMID- 27383355
TI  - [Anthropometric indices of children treated in daycare centers and the
      relationship with socioeconomic, maternal and child factors].
AB  - Weight/height and weight/age anthropometric statistics are important,
      respectively, for identifying incipient changes in weight and alterations in
      nutritional status at an early stage. The scope of this study was to analyze
      weight/height- and weight/age-associated factors in preschool children. This is a
      cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample scrutinizing 299 children
      enrolled in municipal daycare centers. Information was obtained through
      interviews with mothers together with a questionnaire analyzing socioeconomic,
      maternal and child information. Weight and height/stature of children were
      measured according to recommendations of the World Health Organization. The
      results showed that none of the maternal variables was associated with the
      nutritional status of children and that only birth weight among child variables
      revealed any association with weight/height (p = 0.0030) and weight/age scores (p
      = 0.0018). The block of socioeconomic variables, in turn, proved to be the most
      representative variation factor of results, especially in the weight/age index.
      The importance of birth weight in the weight/height and weight/age of children,
      as well as the socioeconomic conditions notably in weight/age indices, was
      clearly revealed. 

PMID- 27383356
TI  - Cultural adaptation of the Tuberculosis-related stigma scale to Brazil.
AB  - The process of stigmatization associated with TB has been undervalued in national
      research as this social aspect is important in the control of the disease,
      especially in marginalized populations. This paper introduces the stages of the
      process of cultural adaptation in Brazil of the Tuberculosis-related stigma scale
      for TB patients. It is a methodological study in which the items of the scale
      were translated and back-translated with semantic validation with 15 individuals
      of the target population. After translation, the reconciled back-translated
      version was compared with the original version by the project coordinator in
      Southern Thailand, who approved the final version in Brazilian Portuguese. The
      results of the semantic validation conducted with TB patients enable the
      identification that, in general, the scale was well accepted and easily
      understood by the participants. 

PMID- 27383357
TI  - [Semantic and conceptual equivalence of the observable indicatorsof Nursing Home
      Care Quality Instrument].
AB  - Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) for the elderly are an important health care
      alternative in the world, though Brazil does not yet have a valid instrument to
      monitor the quality of these institutions. This study sought to describe the
      initial stages of the cross-cultural adaptation of the Observable Indicators of
      Nursing Home Care Quality (OIQ) instrument used to assess the quality of care in
      LTCFs. Conceptual equivalence was conducted to assess the relevance and
      feasibility of the OIQ within the Brazilian context, using the Content Validity
      Index (CVI). The operational, idiomatic and semantic equivalence was then
      performed. This item consisted of 5 phases: (1) two translations; (2) the
      respective back translations; (3) formal appraisal; (4) review; and (5)
      application of the pre-test in three LTCFs. Significant changes were made to
      ensure the validity of the OIQ. The CVI instrument for the Brazilian contextwas
      94.3% (viability) and 95.3% (relevance). The OIQ proved to be easy to understand
      and apply in the pre-test. Cross-cultural adaptation of the OIQ contributes to
      assessing and improving quality in Brazilian LTCFs, though the findings should be
      complemented by a psychometric evaluation of the instrument. 

PMID- 27383358
TI  - Stunting in children under five years old is still a health problem in the
      Western Brazilian Amazon: a population-based study in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil.
AB  - Despite the process of nutritional transition in Brazil, in some places, such as
      the Amazon region, stunting is still an important public health problem. We
      identified the prevalence and factors associated with stunting in children under
      five years old residing in the urban area of Assis Brasil. A survey was conducted
      in which a questionnaire on socioeconomic, maternal and children's conditions was
      applied, and height or length was measured. The children with height for age
      index below -2 Z-scores were considered stunted, according to the criteria by the
      World Health Organization. Four hundred and twenty-eight children were evaluated.
      Of these, 62 were stunted. Factors associated with stunting, according to
      adjusted models, were: the presence of open sewer, the wealth index for
      households, the receipt of governmental financial aid and the mother's height,
      age and education. Therefore, it was observed that family and the mother's
      characteristics as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors were closely
      related to the occurrence of stunting in the population studied, and such
      nutritional disturbance is still a health problem in the Brazilian Amazon. 

PMID- 27383359
TI  - [Level of awareness and the adequate application of sunscreen by beauticians].
AB  - The scope of this research was to establish the level of awareness of beauticians
      regarding the importance of the application of sunscreen and to identify whether
      their patients had been properly instructed by these professionals. It involved a
      descriptive and exploratory study with interviews applying qualitative
      methodology among 30 beauticians. Data were gathered using the semi-structured
      interview technique in Maringa, in the southern state of Parana. The data were
      analyzed using Atlas.ti software after applying quantitative analysis and
      response classification. Of those interviewed, 83.33% had a degree in Aesthetics,
      20% attended ongoing training activities on sunscreen and 73.17% acquired
      sunscreen for its quality, though 86.67% were not familiar with sunscreens with
      natural anti-free radical components. Of those interviewed, 80% had never treated
      patients with skin cancer, though they reported having knowledge of care in
      relation to sun exposure and how to use the sunscreen and the relationship of
      these practices with the disease. The results showed that the recommendations and
      use of sunscreen by beauticians and users has been conducted in an adequate and
      conscientious manner. 

PMID- 27383360
TI  - [Food insecurity and inadequate food intake among students of municipal schools,
      Sao Leopoldo, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil].
AB  - This research involves a school-based cross sectional study to evaluate the
      association between food insecurity (FI) and inadequate food intake (IFI), among
      782 children (mean age of 6.9+/-0.5) of the 1st year of primary school in the
      municipal schools of Sao Leopoldo in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were
      gathered from mothers or guardians. FI was obtained through the Brazilian Food
      Insecurity Scale, and food consumption using the food frequency questionnaire.
      Foods were classified as healthy eating markers (HEM) and unhealthy (UEM) and
      received scores according to intake frequency. HEM: 0 - 1 day - zero; 2 to 3 days
      - 0.25; 4 to 5 days - 0.75; 6 to 7 days - 1, and the reverse for the UEM. The
      scores could range from 0 to 25 (HEMS) and 0 to 19 (UEMS). A standardized total
      score (TS) was obtained [HEMS * (19/44) + UEMS * (25/44)] and could range from 0
      to 22. The scores were categorized into terciles and the 1st considered IFI. The
      FI was 45.1% and the average scores were 5.9 (HEMS), 15.9 (UEMS) and 11.6 (TS).
      No association was found between IA and IFI. High IA and low food scores require
      intersectoral approaches to ensure access to food in quantity and quality
      appropriate for this population. 

PMID- 27383361
TI  - [Immunization coverage and associated factors of women who have recently given
      birth in a city in Sao Paulo state].
AB  - The importance of immunization among actions recommended in the prenatal period
      raises the possibility of protecting both the mother and the fetus against
      certain harmful diseases. The scope of this study was to assess the immunization
      coverage and associated factors of mothers whose deliveries occurred in the first
      half of 2012 in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo. It is a cross-sectional study and
      data collection was performed in the two municipal maternity hospitals. Of the
      total births during the study period, 1318 mothers (90.3%) were included The data
      for the characterization of participants and their vaccination status
      (diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B) were obtained from the prenatal card,
      hospital records or interviews. For analysis of associated factors, the Chi
      square test was used, with a 95% confidence interval and critical p of <0.05.
      Most of the study participants were 20 years old or more (84.4%), had seven years
      of schooling (69%), were monitored in prenatal care (99.2%) with seven or more
      appointments (88.9%). Miscarriage and infant death of 17.7% and 2.4% was
      recorded, respectively. Vaccination coverage was 68.4%. There was no association
      between sociodemographic and obstetric variables relating to prenatal care and
      vaccination of pregnant women. 

PMID- 27383362
TI  - Knowledge of triatomine insects and of the Chagas disease among people from
      localities which have different levels of vector infestations.
AB  - Community participation is the main strategy to sustainability of Chagas disease
      entomological surveillance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level
      of knowledge on triatomine insects and Chagas disease among the residents from
      eight localities of Diamantina, in Minas Gerais, with a view to observing any
      associations between their knowledge and infestations by triatomines. In order to
      evaluate this knowledge, questionnaires were used containing both closed and open
      questions. They were applied to 583 residents who were ten years old or over. To
      establish if they could recognize the triatomine insect, they were given samples
      to look at. The responses to the closed questions were analyzed with reference to
      any frequencies of and associations with infestations involving this insect. The
      responses to the questions were organized into different thematic areas and were
      descriptively analyzed. Although the resident's ability to recognize the
      triatomine insect was not associated with the infestation of the localities, the
      residents in the areas that had higher infestations showed that they had a good
      knowledge of the available support services and the need to send the insects to
      them. We did not observe any associations between triatomine infestations and
      knowledge of Chagas disease. The results of this study can provide guidance on
      education that can be given by the health services to the community in order to
      encourage them to provide notifications of the triatomine insects. 

PMID- 27383364
TI  - [Deserdados sociais: condicoes de vida e saude dos presos do estado do Rio de
      Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro].

PMID- 27383363
TI  - Recording actions to prevent child morbidity in children's health cards.
AB  - The aim of this study was to analyze the registering of preventative actions in
      relation to child morbidity using information regarding vaccinations, as well as
      iron and vitamin A supplements, which are recorded in children's health cards.
      This transversal study used a quantitative approach and was performed in Family
      Health Units in the city of Joao Pessoa, Paraiba; the sampling was by convenience
      and totaled 116 children's health cards. The data was collected by observing the
      cards and the analysis was simple, statistical. The highest percentage of
      children had their vaccination cards up to date (92.2%) and those that did not
      were aged between 6 and 12 months: 78.9% of the cards did not have records
      relating to iron and vitamin A supplements and others only had records of one of
      the supplements being administered. The vaccination status of children in the
      first year of life was found to be satisfactory; however, discrepancies were
      observed in the recordings of the administration of iron and vitamin A
      supplements, which complicates monitoring performed by child health care
      professionals. It is hoped that this study will contribute to discussions and
      strategies aimed at improving the monitoring and recording of micronutrients in
      children's health cards. 

PMID- 27383365
TI  - [Saude penitenciaria no Brasil: plano e politica].

PMID- 27383366
TI  - Errata.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232015214.07922015.] [This
      corrects the article doi: 10.1590/1413-81232015215.00332015].

PMID- 27383367
TI  - Molecular mechanics of the cooperative adsorption of a Pro-Hyp-Gly tripeptide on
      a hydroxylated rutile TiO2(110) surface mediated by calcium ions.
AB  - The interaction of amino acids with inorganic materials at interfaces plays an
      important role in enhancing the biocompatibility of titanium-based alloys. The
      adsorption of a tripeptide, i.e. Pro-Hyp-Gly, on the hydroxylated rutile
      TiO2(110) surface was investigated by the MD simulations. The changes in free
      energy during the adsorption of both the tripeptide and calcium ions were
      calculated by using the PMF method in order to obtain the adsorption strength.
      The results suggested that the adsorption of the tripeptide on the TiO2 surface
      through the carboxyl groups in glycine residues can be more stable compared with
      other binding conformations. Special attention was focused on the cooperative
      adsorption of the tripeptide with the assistance of calcium ions. Calcium ions
      preferred to absorb at the tetradentate or monodentate sites on the negatively
      charged TiO2 surface. As a result of the strong attraction between the carboxyl
      group and calcium ions, the tripeptide can be pulled down to the surface by
      following the trajectory of the calcium ions, forming an indirect interaction
      with a sandwich structure of peptide-cation-TiO2. However, this indirect
      interaction could eventually transform to the direct adsorption of the tripeptide
      on the TiO2 surface with higher binding energy. The results may help to interpret
      the adsorption of peptides on inorganic materials in aqueous solution with ions. 

PMID- 27383368
TI  - Synthesis and Evaluation of Biotinylated Bivalent HistoBlood Group Antigens for
      Capturing Human Noroviruses.
AB  - A panel of biotinylated bivalent H-type glycans that have been reported as
      binding ligands for human noroviruses were synthesized using a modular synthetic
      strategy. These glycoconjugates were attached to streptavidin-coated magnetic
      beads and used to recover human norovirus from fecal samples using a magnetic
      bead-based assay. The biotinylated bivalent glycans synthesized for this study
      exhibited similar or better capturing ability when compared to commercial
      biotinylated glycopolymers.

PMID- 27383369
TI  - Direct total body 214Bi measurements and their implications for radon dose
      assessment.
AB  - Direct 214Bi bioassays may elucidate some of the uncertainties related to the
      relationship between the ambient concentration of radon and its short-lived decay
      products and the corresponding radiation burdens of individual human subjects.
      Sequential total body 214Bi activity measurements were carried out on a group of
      67 healthy adult volunteers living in a region with moderate airborne
      radioactivity and conducting similar daily activities using a whole-body counter
      equipped with sixteen NaI(Tl) detectors. The total body 214Bi activity in the
      studied subjects was related to gender, fat-free mass and the season of the year.
      Approximately 95% and 92% of the 214Bi activity measured during the cold seasons
      of the year in men and women, respectively, was attributed to radon progeny
      inhalation. Following acute exposure to high airborne radioactivity over a short
      time period, the 214Bi enhancement in a volunteer decreased exponentially with
      time post-exposure, with a half-time of about 40 min. Taking into account the
      anticipated low 214Bi activity in the vast majority of individuals, and the
      uncertainties in 214Bi biodistribution even during counting, accurate
      measurements can be obtained using high-sensitivity whole-body counters with
      almost geometrical invariant counting efficiency.

PMID- 27383370
TI  - Minireview: Syndecans and their crucial roles during tissue regeneration.
AB  - Syndecans are transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans, with roles in
      development, tumorigenesis and inflammation, and growing evidence for involvement
      in tissue regeneration. This is a fast developing field with the prospect of
      utilizing tissue engineering and biomaterials in novel therapies. Syndecan
      receptors are not only ubiquitous in mammalian tissues, regulating cell adhesion,
      migration, proliferation, and differentiation through independent signaling but
      also working alongside other receptors. Their importance is highlighted by an
      ability to interact with a diverse array of ligands, including extracellular
      matrix glycoproteins, growth factors, morphogens, and cytokines that are
      important regulators of regeneration. We also discuss the potential for syndecans
      to regulate stem cell properties, and suggest that understanding these
      proteoglycans is relevant to exploiting cell, tissue, and materials technologies.

PMID- 27383371
TI  - Pathogenesis of Streptococcus urinary tract infection depends on bacterial strain
      and beta-hemolysin/cytolysin that mediates cytotoxicity, cytokine synthesis,
      inflammation and virulence.
AB  - Streptococcus agalactiae can cause urinary tract infection (UTI) including
      cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU). The early host-pathogen interactions
      that occur during S. agalactiae UTI and subsequent mechanisms of disease
      pathogenesis are poorly defined. Here, we define the early interactions between
      human bladder urothelial cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, and mouse bladder
      using uropathogenic S. agalactiae (UPSA) 807 and ABU-causing S. agalactiae (ABSA)
      834 strains. UPSA 807 adhered, invaded and killed bladder urothelial cells more
      efficiently compared to ABSA 834 via mechanisms including low-level caspase-3
      activation, and cytolysis, according to lactate dehydrogenase release measures
      and cell viability. Severe UPSA 807-induced cytotoxicity was mediated entirely by
      the bacterial beta-hemolysin/cytolysin (beta-H/C) because an beta-H/C-deficient
      UPSA 807 isogenic mutant, UPSA 807DeltacylE, was not cytotoxic in vitro; the
      mutant was also significantly attenuated for colonization in the bladder in vivo.
      Analysis of infection-induced cytokines, including IL-8, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF
      alpha in vitro and in vivo revealed that cytokine and chemokine responses were
      dependent on expression of beta-H/C that also elicited severe bladder
      neutrophilia. Thus, virulence of UPSA 807 encompasses adhesion to, invasion of
      and killing of bladder cells, pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses that
      elicit neutrophil infiltration, and beta-H/C-mediated subversion of innate immune
      mediated bacterial clearance from the bladder.

PMID- 27383372
TI  - Modeling Microvirus Capsid Protein Evolution Utilizing Metagenomic Sequence Data.
AB  - The Microviridae are increasingly becoming recognized as one of the most globally
      ubiquitous and highly diverse virus families, and as such, provide an
      advantageous model for studying virus evolution and adaptation. Here, we utilize
      microvirus sequences from diverse physiochemical environments, including novel
      sequences from a high-temperature acidic lake, to chart the outcome of natural
      selection in the main structural protein of the virus. Each icosahedral
      microvirus virion is composed of sixty identical capsid proteins that interact
      along twofold, threefold and fivefold symmetry axis interfaces to encapsidate a
      small, circular, single-stranded DNA genome. Viable assembly of the virus is
      guided by scaffolding proteins, which coordinate inter-subunit contacts between
      the capsid proteins. Structure-based analysis indicates that amino acid sequence
      conservation is predominantly localized to the twofold axis interface. While
      preservation of this quaternary interface appears to be essential, tertiary and
      secondary structural features of the capsid protein are permissive to
      considerable sequence variation.

PMID- 27383374
TI  - Operando Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction and Modulated-Excitation Infrared
      Spectroscopy Elucidate the CO2 Promotion on a Commercial Methanol Synthesis
      Catalyst.
AB  - Optimal amounts of CO2 are added to syngas to boost the methanol synthesis rate
      on Cu-ZnO-Al2 O3 in the industrial process. The reason for CO2 promotion is not
      sufficiently understood at the particle level due to the catalyst complexity and
      the high demands of characterization under true reaction conditions. Herein, we
      applied operando synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and modulated-excitation
      infrared spectroscopy on a commercial catalyst to gain insights into its
      morphology and surface chemistry. These studies unveiled that Cu and ZnO
      agglomerate and ZnO particles flatten under CO/H2 and/or CO2 /H2 . Under the
      optimal CO/CO2 /H2 mixture, sintering is prevented and ZnO crystals adopt an
      elongated shape due to the minimal presence of the H2 O byproduct, enhancing the
      water-gas shift activity and thus the methanol production. Our results provide a
      rationale to the CO2 promotion emphasizing the importance of advanced analytical
      methods to establish structure-performance relations in heterogeneous catalysis.

PMID- 27383373
TI  - Self-Sealing Porous Silicon-Calcium Silicate Core-Shell Nanoparticles for
      Targeted siRNA Delivery to the Injured Brain.
AB  - Calcium ions react with silicic acid released from dissolving porous silicon
      nanoparticles to create an insoluble calcium silicate shell. The calcium silicate
      shell traps and protects an siRNA payload, which can be delivered to neuronal
      tissues in vitro or in vivo. Gene delivery is enhanced by the action of targeting
      and cell-penetrating peptides attached to the calcium silicate shell.

PMID- 27383375
TI  - Curing characteristics of flowable and sculptable bulk-fill composites.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine and correlate the degree of
      conversion (DC) with Vickers hardness (VH) and translucency parameter (TP) with
      the depth of cure (DoC) of five bulk-fill composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six
      specimens per group, consisting of Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill ("TEC Bulk," Ivoclar
      Vivadent), SonicFill (Kerr), SDR Smart Dentin Replacement ("SDR," Dentsply),
      Xenius base ("Xenius," StickTech; commercialized as EverX Posterior, GC), Filtek
      Bulk Fill flowable ("Filtek Bulk," 3M ESPE), and Tetric EvoCeram ("TEC,"
      control), were prepared for DC and VH: two 2-mm-thick layers, each light-cured
      for 10 s; one 4-mm bulk-fill, light-cured for 10 or 20 s; and one 6-mm bulk-fill,
      cured for 20 s. DC was measured using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer,
      VH using a Vickers hardness tester. DoC and TP were measured using an acetone
      shaking test and a spectrophotometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using
      ANOVA and Pearson's correlation (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: DC and VH ranged between
      40-70 % and 30-80 VHN, respectively. TEC Bulk, Xenius, and SonicFill, bulk-filled
      as 4-mm-thick specimens, showed bottom-to-top hardness ratios above 80 % after 20
      s curing. A positive linear correlation was found for bottom DC and VH. An
      average DC ratio of 0.9 corresponded to a bottom-to-top VH ratio of 0.8.
      CONCLUSIONS: Sculptable bulk-fills require 20 s, whereas 10 s curing time was
      sufficient for flowable bulk-fills using a high-intensity LED unit. CLINICAL
      RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be aware that longer curing times may be required
      for sculptable than flowable bulk-fill composites in order to achieve optimal
      curing characteristics.

PMID- 27383376
TI  - Bad things come easier to the mind but harder to the body: Evidence from brain
      oscillations.
AB  - An intriguing finding of research on emotional processing is a discrepancy
      between perception and behavior. Perceptually, a robust finding is that negative
      stimuli are processed faster and more efficiently than positive stimuli.
      Behaviorally, a similarly robust finding is that response times are slower for
      negative than for positive stimuli. We proposed and tested a novel account to
      explain this still unexplained discrepancy, on the basis of the assumption that
      negative valence narrows perceptual processes to the benefit of speeded
      perception, but broadens motor processes at the cost of slowed responding.
      Participants performed a valence judgment task in which they responded with their
      left or right hand to negative and positive stimuli that were presented on the
      left or right, and we measured the activation of relevant/deactivation of
      irrelevant perceptual and motor processes, as revealed by the lateralization of
      electroencephalographic brain oscillations. Stimulus-related lateralization of
      alpha activity (8-12 Hz) over perceptual areas was increased for negative
      stimuli, indicating more efficient perceptual processing. By contrast, response
      related lateralization of beta activity (20-25 Hz) over motor areas was decreased
      for negative stimuli, indicating less efficient response activation. Consistent
      with our predictions, more detailed analyses showed that both lateralization
      effects were caused by dynamics at the level of inhibiting irrelevant processes.
      For negative as compared to positive stimuli, the inhibition of irrelevant
      perceptual processes was increased, but the inhibition of irrelevant motor
      processes was decreased. These findings indicate that the discrepancy between
      perception and behavior in emotional processing may stem from asymmetrical
      effects of emotional valence on the breadth of cortical activations in perceptual
      and motor networks.

PMID- 27383377
TI  - Effects of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade on empathy in patients with major
      depressive disorder.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is highly expressed in the
      hippocampus and prefrontal cortex and is involved in social cognition. We
      recently found that pharmacological stimulation of the MR enhances emotional
      empathy but does not affect cognitive empathy. In the current study, we examined
      whether blockade of the MR impairs empathy in patients with major depressive
      disorder (MDD) and healthy individuals. METHODS: In a placebo-controlled study,
      we randomized 28 patients with MDD without psychotropic medication and 43 healthy
      individuals to either placebo or 300 mg spironolactone, a MR antagonist.
      Subsequently, all participants underwent two tests of social cognition, the
      Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) and the Movie for the Assessment of Social
      Cognition (MASC), measuring cognitive and emotional facets of empathy. RESULTS:
      In the MET, we found no significant main effect of treatment or main effect of
      group for cognitive empathy but a highly significant treatment by group
      interaction (p < 0.01). Patients had higher cognitive empathy scores compared to
      controls in the placebo condition but not after spironolactone. Furthermore, in
      the spironolactone condition reduced cognitive empathy was seen in MDD patients
      but not in controls. Emotional empathy was not affected by MR blockade. In the
      MASC, no effect of spironolactone could be revealed. CONCLUSION: Depressed
      patients appear to exhibit greater cognitive empathy compared to healthy
      individuals. Blockade of MR reduced cognitive empathy in MDD patients to the
      level of healthy individuals. Future studies should further clarify the impact of
      MR functioning on different domains of social cognition in psychiatric patients.

PMID- 27383379
TI  - Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Among Adolescent Athletes: A Bayesian Multilevel
      Model Predicting Sport Enjoyment and Commitment.
AB  - Efforts to regulate emotions can influence others, and interpersonal emotion
      regulation within teams may affect athletes' own affective and motivational
      outcomes. We examined adolescent athletes' (N = 451, N teams = 38) self- and
      interpersonal emotion regulation, as well as associations with peer climate,
      sport enjoyment, and sport commitment within a multilevel model of emotion
      regulation in teams. Results of multilevel Bayesian structural equation modeling
      showed that athletes' self-worsening emotion regulation strategies were
      negatively associated with enjoyment while other-improving emotion regulation
      strategies were positively associated enjoyment and commitment. The team-level
      interpersonal emotion regulation climate and peer motivational climates were also
      associated with enjoyment and commitment. Team-level factors moderated some of
      the relationships between athletes' emotion regulation with enjoyment and
      commitment. These findings extend previous research by examining interpersonal
      emotion regulation within teams using a multilevel approach, and they demonstrate
      the importance of person- and team-level factors for athletes' enjoyment and
      commitment.

PMID- 27383378
TI  - Molecular basis of the remarkable species selectivity of an insecticidal sodium
      channel toxin from the African spider Augacephalus ezendami.
AB  - The inexorable decline in the armament of registered chemical insecticides has
      stimulated research into environmentally-friendly alternatives. Insecticidal
      spider-venom peptides are promising candidates for bioinsecticide development but
      it is challenging to find peptides that are specific for targeted pests. In the
      present study, we isolated an insecticidal peptide (Ae1a) from venom of the
      African spider Augacephalus ezendami (family Theraphosidae). Injection of Ae1a
      into sheep blowflies (Lucilia cuprina) induced rapid but reversible paralysis. In
      striking contrast, Ae1a was lethal to closely related fruit flies (Drosophila
      melanogaster) but induced no adverse effects in the recalcitrant lepidopteran
      pest Helicoverpa armigera. Electrophysiological experiments revealed that Ae1a
      potently inhibits the voltage-gated sodium channel BgNaV1 from the German
      cockroach Blattella germanica by shifting the threshold for channel activation to
      more depolarized potentials. In contrast, Ae1a failed to significantly affect
      sodium currents in dorsal unpaired median neurons from the American cockroach
      Periplaneta americana. We show that Ae1a interacts with the domain II voltage
      sensor and that sensitivity to the toxin is conferred by natural sequence
      variations in the S1-S2 loop of domain II. The phyletic specificity of Ae1a
      provides crucial information for development of sodium channel insecticides that
      target key insect pests without harming beneficial species.

PMID- 27383380
TI  - Association of living in a farming environment with asthma incidence in Canadian
      children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this population-based 14-year follow-up study was to
      examine the effect of living in a farm environment on asthma incidence in
      children. METHODS: A total of 10,941 children of ages 0 to 11 years who were free
      of asthma and wheeze at the baseline (1994-1995) in the National Longitudinal
      Survey of Children and Youth were considered in the study. Children's living
      environment was classified, based on interviewer's observation, into three
      categories: non-rural, rural non-farming, and farming. An incidence of asthma was
      obtained from health-professional diagnosed asthma reported either by the person
      most knowledgeable for children under 15 years or by the children themselves if
      they were of ages 16 years and over. RESULTS: The 14-year cumulative incidence of
      asthma among children living in farming environments was 10.18%, which was
      significantly lower than that observed for children living in rural non-farming
      (13.12%) and non-rural environments (16.50%). After adjusting for age group,
      number of older siblings, allergy, parental history of asthma, dwelling in need
      of repairs and SES index, a dose-response relationship was observed with children
      living in rural non-farming and farming environments having significantly reduced
      risk of asthma [hazard ratio (HR): 0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): (0.60,
      1.00); p = 0.047 and HR: 0.56; 95% CI: (0.41,0.77); p < 0.001] in comparison to
      those living in non-rural environments. CONCLUSION: This cohort study provides
      further evidence that living in a farming environment during childhood is
      protective of asthma incidence in adolescence and adulthood and this finding
      provides further support for the hygiene hypothesis.

PMID- 27383381
TI  - Perfusion-Derived Dynamic 4D CT Angiography Identifies Carotid Pseudo-Occlusion
      in Hyperacute Stroke.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Differentiation between true acute tandem occlusion involving the
      extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) from pseudotandem occlusion with a
      patent extracranial ICA has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. We
      explored the utility of perfusion-derived 4-dimensional CT angiogram (4D-CTA) in
      identifying carotid pseudo-occlusion in a single-center pilot study. METHODS:
      Acute stroke patients with delayed antegrade ICA flow on 4D-CTA despite an
      apparent tandem occlusion on conventional single-phase CTA were prospectively
      identified over a 2.5-year period (2013-2015). RESULTS: Eight patients were
      identified. Delayed antegrade intracranial flow from the apparently occluded ICA
      was detected up to 50 seconds after contrast administration on 4D-CTA. The distal
      intracranial ICA was the most common site of true occlusion. Reconstruction of
      the 4D-CTA images required an additional processing time of 2-3 minutes.
      CONCLUSIONS: 4D-CTA is a novel noninvasive technique that can identify carotid
      pseudo-occlusion in the acute stroke setting. Our preliminary findings suggest
      that 4D-CTA can be easily incorporated into an existing acute stroke neuroimaging
      protocol.

PMID- 27383382
TI  - Congenital Cataract, Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction, and Methicillin-Resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus Conjunctivitis: When to Operate?
AB  - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is one of the toughest organisms to
      treat, especially in cases where intraocular surgery is contemplated, because the
      risks are aggravated. Conjunctival swab culture and sensitivity tests are
      significant when there is history of recent hospitalization. In this report, an
      infant with successful cataract surgery after elimination of the organism is
      presented.

PMID- 27383383
TI  - Orbital Imaging to Identify a "Lost" Lateral Rectus Muscle.
AB  - A 36-year-old man presented with a large-angle esotropia and limited abduction of
      the right eye. A computed tomography scan of his orbits showed an absent lateral
      rectus muscle. At the time of surgery, a normal-appearing lateral rectus muscle
      was found. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging showed a present but atrophic
      lateral rectus muscle.

PMID- 27383384
TI  - Departments of Surgery and Mentorship.

PMID- 27383385
TI  - Sexual Orientation Identity in Relation to Minority Stress and Mental Health in
      Sexual Minority Women.
AB  - PURPOSE: Research often erases the distinct experiences of bisexual and queer
      women through collapsing participants with lesbian or gay women. In addition,
      queer is often not included as a sexual orientation identity in research,
      therefore limiting the available information about how this group experiences
      minority stress. Given these limitations, we sought to compare groups, based on
      their sexual orientation identity, on experiences of minority stress and mental
      health to further understand between group differences that often go unaccounted
      for in research. METHODS: Participants (N = 249; age range 19-77; M = 38.43, SD =
      12.98) completed an online survey exploring experiences of minority stress and
      mental health. RESULTS: We found that the group most at risk for encountering
      minority stressors depended on the specific stressor being examined. Queer and
      gay or lesbian women encountered greater victimization, discrimination, and
      expectations of discrimination than bisexual women. However, bisexual women had
      higher levels of identity concealment and internalized heterosexism than gay,
      lesbian, or queer women. While queer women tended to have fewer proximal
      stressors, they were similar to bisexual women in terms of psychological
      distress, with both groups scoring higher than gay or lesbian women. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results highlight the need to examine between group differences in future
      research. The experiences of minority stress appear to complexly relate to
      psychological distress in varying ways for different groups of women, with
      bisexual and queer women having the highest rates of psychological distress
      although they vary in the types of stressors that they encounter. In addition,
      the experiences of queer women were divergent from those of gay, lesbian, or
      bisexual women across many of the stressors, indicating that there is a need to
      further recognize this distinct group of women in future research.

PMID- 27383386
TI  - Hyperglycemia Induces Cellular Hypoxia through Production of Mitochondrial ROS
      Followed by Suppression of Aquaporin-1.
AB  - We previously proposed that hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen
      species (mtROS) generation is a key event in the development of diabetic
      complications. Interestingly, some common aspects exist between hyperglycemia and
      hypoxia-induced phenomena. Thus, hyperglycemia may induce cellular hypoxia, and
      this phenomenon may also be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic
      complications. In endothelial cells (ECs), cellular hypoxia increased after
      incubation with high glucose (HG). A similar phenomenon was observed in glomeruli
      of diabetic mice. HG-induced cellular hypoxia was suppressed by mitochondria
      blockades or manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) overexpression, which is a
      specific SOD for mtROS. Overexpression of MnSOD also increased the expression of
      aquaporin-1 (AQP1), a water and oxygen channel. AQP1 overexpression in ECs
      suppressed hyperglycemia-induced cellular hypoxia, endothelin-1 and fibronectin
      overproduction, and apoptosis. Therefore, hyperglycemia-induced cellular hypoxia
      and mtROS generation may promote hyperglycemic damage in a coordinated manner. 

PMID- 27383387
TI  - Structural Signature of Plasticity Unveiled by Nano-Scale Viscoelastic Contact in
      a Metallic Glass.
AB  - Room-temperature plasticity in metallic glasses (MGs) is commonly associated with
      local structural heterogeneity; however, direct observation of the subtle
      structural change caused by plasticity is vitally important but the data are
      extremely scarce. Based on dynamic atomic force microscopy (DAFM), here we show
      that plasticity-induced structural evolution in a Zr-Ni MG can be revealed via
      nano-scale viscoelastic contacts between an AFM tip and plastically deformed MG
      surface layers. Our experimental results clearly show a spatial amplification of
      the nano-scale structural heterogeneity caused by the distributed plastic flow,
      which can be linked to the limited growth, reorientation and agglomeration of
      some nano-scale energy-absorbing regions, which are reminiscent of the behavior
      of the defect-like regions with non-affine deformation as conceived in many
      theories and models. Furthermore, we are able to experimentally extract the
      thermodynamic properties of these nano-scale regions, which possess an energy
      barrier of 0.3-0.5 eV, about half of that for a typical shear transformation
      event that usually occurs at the onset of plasticity. The outcome of our current
      work sheds quantitative insights into the correlation between plasticity and
      structural heterogeneity in MGs.

PMID- 27383388
TI  - Searching for a neurologic injury's Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third
      Edition profile.
AB  - This study aimed to investigate the presence of a Wechsler Adult Intelligence
      Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) cognitive profile in a Portuguese neurologic
      injured sample. The Portuguese WAIS-III was administered to 81 mixed neurologic
      patients and 81 healthy matched controls selected from the Portuguese
      standardization sample. Although the mixed neurologic injury group performed
      significantly lower than the healthy controls for the majority of the WAIS-III
      scores (i.e., composite measures, discrepancies, and subtests), the mean scores
      were within the normal range and, therefore, at risk of being unobserved in a
      clinical evaluation. ROC curves analysis showed poor to acceptable diagnostic
      accuracy for the WAIS-III composite measures and subtests (Working Memory Index
      and Digit Span revealed the highest accuracy for discriminating between
      participants, respectively). Multiple regression analysis showed that both
      literacy and the presence of brain injury were significant predictors for all of
      the composite measures. In addition, multiple regression analysis also showed
      that literacy, age of injury onset, and years of survival predicted all seven
      composite measures for the mixed neurologic injured group. Despite the failure to
      find a WAIS-III cognitive profile for mixed neurologic patients, the results
      showed a significant influence of brain lesion and literacy in the performance of
      the WAIS-III.

PMID- 27383390
TI  - Comment on Comparison of the Total Phenolic and Ascorbic Acid Content of Freeze
      Dried and Air-Dried Marionberry, Strawberry, and Corn Grown Using Conventional,
      Organic, and Sustainable Agricultural Practices.

PMID- 27383389
TI  - Guided and Unguided Internet-Based Treatment for Problematic Alcohol Use - A
      Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Internet has increasingly been studied as mode of delivery for
      interventions targeting problematic alcohol use. Most interventions have been
      fully automated, but some research suggests that adding counselor guidance may
      improve alcohol consumption outcomes. METHODS: An eight-module Internet-based
      self-help program based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was tested among
      Internet help-seekers. Eighty participants with problematic alcohol use according
      to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; scores of >= 6 for women
      and >= 8 for men) were recruited online from an open access website and
      randomized into three different groups. All groups were offered the same self
      help program, but participants in two of the three groups received Internet-based
      counselor guidance in addition to the self-help program. One of the guidance
      groups was given a choice between guidance via asynchronous text messages or
      synchronous text-based chat, while the other guidance group received counselor
      guidance via asynchronous text messages only. RESULTS: In the choice group, 65%
      (13 of 20 participants) chose guidance via asynchronous text messages. At the 10
      week post-treatment follow-up, an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis showed that
      participants in the two guidance groups (choice and messages) reported
      significantly lower past week alcohol consumption compared to the group without
      guidance; 10.8 (SD = 12.1) versus 22.6 (SD = 18.4); p = 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.77.
      Participants in both guidance groups reported significantly lower scores on the
      AUDIT at follow-up compared to the group without guidance, with a mean score of
      14.4 (SD = 5.2) versus 18.2 (SD = 5.9); p = 0.003; Cohen's d = 0.68. A higher
      proportion of participants in the guidance groups said that they would recommend
      the program compared to the group without guidance (81% for choice; 93% for
      messages versus 47% for self-help). CONCLUSION: Self-help programs for
      problematic alcohol use can be more effective in reducing alcohol consumption
      over a 10-week period when counselor guidance is added. TRIAL REGISTRATION:
      Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02384304.

PMID- 27383391
TI  - A new plasmid-based microRNA inhibitor system that inhibits microRNA families in
      transgenic mice and cells: a potential new therapeutic reagent.

PMID- 27383392
TI  - ISSY32 Highlights.

PMID- 27383393
TI  - Eccentricity Effects on the Efficiency of Attentional Networks: Evidence From a
      Modified Attention Network Test.
AB  - The effects of eccentricity on the attentional modulation of visual
      discrimination have been widely studied; however, the substrate of this complex
      phenomenon is poorly understood. Here, we provided a measure of the effects of
      eccentricity on three attentional networks: alerting, orienting, and executive
      attention. Participants (N = 63) were tested with a modified attention network
      test that included an additional eccentricity variation; this test allowed us to
      investigate the efficiency of the attentional networks at near and far
      eccentricities. Compared with targets at the near eccentricity, targets at the
      far eccentricity generally elicited significantly longer reaction times. We also
      found the far eccentricity was associated with smaller orienting effect scores
      and larger executive control scores than the near eccentricity. Interestingly, at
      the near eccentricity, executive control scores were larger when the spatial
      information was neutral (no cue, center cue, and double cue), but at the far
      eccentricity, the scores were larger when the spatial information was valid
      (spatial cue). We propose that the allocation of attentional resources differed
      among these cue conditions and influenced the interference caused by conflicting
      information.

PMID- 27383394
TI  - The Interaction Between Vision and Eye Movements.
AB  - The existence of a central fovea, the small retinal region with high analytical
      performance, is arguably the most prominent design feature of the primate visual
      system. This centralization comes along with the corresponding capability to move
      the eyes to reposition the fovea continuously. Past research on visual perception
      was mainly concerned with foveal vision while the observers kept their eyes
      stationary. Research on the role of eye movements in visual perception emphasized
      their negative aspects, for example, the active suppression of vision before and
      during the execution of saccades. But is the only benefit of our precise eye
      movement system to provide high acuity of the small foveal region, at the cost of
      retinal blur during their execution? In this review, I will compare human visual
      perception with and without saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements to
      emphasize different aspects and functions of eye movements. I will show that the
      interaction between eye movements and visual perception is optimized for the
      active sampling of information across the visual field and for the calibration of
      different parts of the visual field. The movements of our eyes and visual
      information uptake are intricately intertwined. The two processes interact to
      enable an optimal perception of the world, one that we cannot fully grasp by
      doing experiments where observers are fixating a small spot on a display.

PMID- 27383395
TI  - Application of Machine Learning to Arterial Spin Labeling in Mild Cognitive
      Impairment and Alzheimer Disease.
AB  - Purpose To investigate whether multivariate pattern recognition analysis of
      arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion maps can be used for classification and
      single-subject prediction of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and mild
      cognitive impairment (MCI) and subjects with subjective cognitive decline (SCD)
      after using the W score method to remove confounding effects of sex and age.
      Materials and Methods Pseudocontinuous 3.0-T ASL images were acquired in 100
      patients with probable AD; 60 patients with MCI, of whom 12 remained stable, 12
      were converted to a diagnosis of AD, and 36 had no follow-up; 100 subjects with
      SCD; and 26 healthy control subjects. The AD, MCI, and SCD groups were divided
      into a sex- and age-matched training set (n = 130) and an independent prediction
      set (n = 130). Standardized perfusion scores adjusted for age and sex (W scores)
      were computed per voxel for each participant. Training of a support vector
      machine classifier was performed with diagnostic status and perfusion maps.
      Discrimination maps were extracted and used for single-subject classification in
      the prediction set. Prediction performance was assessed with receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) analysis to generate an area under the ROC curve (AUC) and
      sensitivity and specificity distribution. Results Single-subject diagnosis in the
      prediction set by using the discrimination maps yielded excellent performance for
      AD versus SCD (AUC, 0.96; P < .01), good performance for AD versus MCI (AUC,
      0.89; P < .01), and poor performance for MCI versus SCD (AUC, 0.63; P = .06).
      Application of the AD versus SCD discrimination map for prediction of MCI
      subgroups resulted in good performance for patients with MCI diagnosis converted
      to AD versus subjects with SCD (AUC, 0.84; P < .01) and fair performance for
      patients with MCI diagnosis converted to AD versus those with stable MCI (AUC,
      0.71; P > .05). Conclusion With automated methods, age- and sex-adjusted ASL
      perfusion maps can be used to classify and predict diagnosis of AD, conversion of
      MCI to AD, stable MCI, and SCD with good to excellent accuracy and AUC values.
      (c) RSNA, 2016.

PMID- 27383396
TI  - Human Blood Autoantibodies in the Detection of Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common malignancy in the western
      world. Early detection and diagnosis of all cancer types is vital to improved
      prognosis by enabling early treatment when tumours should be both resectable and
      curable. Sera from 3 different cohorts; 42 sera (21 CRC and 21 matched controls)
      from New York, USA, 200 sera from Pittsburgh, USA (100 CRC and 100 controls) and
      20 sera from Dundee, UK (10 CRC and 10 controls) were tested against a panel of
      multiple tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) using an optimised multiplex
      microarray system. TAA specific IgG responses were interpolated against the
      internal IgG standard curve for each sample. Individual TAA specific responses
      were examined in each cohort to determine cutoffs for a robust initial scoring
      method to establish sensitivity and specificity. Sensitivity and specificity of
      combinations of TAAs provided good discrimination between cancer-positive and
      normal serum. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the sample sets tested
      against a panel of 32 TAAs were 61.1% and 80.9% respectively for 6 antigens; p53,
      AFP, K RAS, Annexin, RAF1 and NY-CO16. Furthermore, the observed sensitivity in
      Pittsburgh sample set in different clinical stages of CRC; stage I (n = 19),
      stage II (n = 40), stage III (n = 34) and stage IV (n = 6) was similar (73.6%,
      75.0%, 73.5% and 83.3%, respectively), with similar levels of sensitivity for
      right and left sided CRC. We identified an antigen panel of sufficient
      sensitivity and specificity for early detection of CRC, based upon serum
      profiling of autoantibody response using a robust multiplex antigen microarray
      technology. This opens the possibility of a blood test for screening and
      detection of early colorectal cancer. However this panel will require further
      validation studies before they can be proposed for clinical practice. 

PMID- 27383397
TI  - Lanthanide Hydroxide Nanoparticles Induce Angiogenesis via ROS-Sensitive
      Signaling.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that the nanorods consisting of europium hydroxide could
      promote angiogenesis. In this study, it is sought to determine if additional
      types of nanoparticles are capable of enhancing angiogenesis and in addition,
      understand the underlying mechanisms. For this reason, a method is employed that
      combines a high throughput in vitro cell based screen coupled with an in vivo
      validation using vascular specific green fluorescent protein reporter transgenic
      zebrafish for examining proangiogenesis activity. After screening multiple types
      of nanoparticles, it is discovered that four of them, Eu(III) (OH)3 rods (Eu
      rods), Eu(III) (OH)3 spheres (Eu spheres), Tb(III) (OH)3 rods (Tb rods), and
      Tb(III) (OH)3 spheres (Tb spheres), are the most effective in promoting
      angiogenesis. It is also showed that ionic forms of europium nitrate [Eu(NO3 )3 ]
      (Eu) and terbium nitrate [Tb(NO3 )3 ] (Tb), the two lanthanide elements for these
      four nanoparticles, are also capable of enhancing angiogenesis. However, this
      effect is further enhanced by nanoparticle synthesis. Finally, it is demonstrated
      that reactive oxygen species H2 O2 is a key factor in the process of
      proangiogenesis by lanthanide elemental nanoparticles. 

PMID- 27383398
TI  - Rectal cancers with microscopic circumferential resection margin involvement (R1
      resections): Survivals, patterns of recurrence, and prognostic factors.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We have reviewed our series of rectal cancer patients
      with circumferential resection margin involvement (R1) with particular regard to
      survival and prognostic factors. METHODS: R1 rectal cancer patients undergoing
      surgery at the Leicester Royal Infirmary between 1998 and 2008. Age, gender,
      radiological, and pathological tumor characteristics, neoadjuvant and adjuvant
      therapies were examined as prognostic factors on the overall survival (OS) and
      disease-free survival (DFS) at 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 885 rectal
      cancers were reviewed. Six hundred ninety-nine patients underwent a mesorectal
      excision and 71 of them were R1 resections (12.9%). OS was 43.7% (CI95% 33.5
      53.8%; median survival 39 months). DFS was 57.4% (CI95% 43.0-71.8%; median
      survival 31 months). Pelvic recurrence rate occurred in 16 patients (26.2%, CI95%
      16.5-36.0%), systemic recurrence rate in 23 patients (37.7%, CI95% 25.5-49.9%).
      At Cox-regression LNR and adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with both OS and
      DFS. No significant association was found between OS or DFS and adjuvant
      radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In our series of R1 patients, the rates of local
      recurrence and OS at 5 years were 26.2% and 43.7%, respectively. Factors
      influencing systemic recurrences (LNR, adjuvant chemotherapy) are more associated
      with OS and DFS than those potentially affecting locoregional recurrences
      (adjuvant radiotherapy). J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:642-648. (c) 2016 Wiley
      Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27383399
TI  - Cloning and characterization of three ketoreductases from soil metagenome for
      preparing optically active alcohols.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To discover novel ketoreductases (KRED) from soil metagenome
      preparation of chiral alcohols. RESULTS: Three putative KRED were cloned,
      heterologously expressed in Eschericha coli and characterized based on the
      sequence analysis of soil metagenome. All the three enzymes (KRED424, KRED432,
      and KRED433) had maximum activity at 55  degrees C and pH 7. KRED424 had a
      broader substrate spectrum compared with the other two. Three prochiral carbonyl
      compounds were used to evaluate the abilities of enantioselective reductions of
      the KRED. For N-Boc-3-pyrrolidone, all enzymes produced an (S)-type alcohol in
      enantiomeric excess (>99 % ee). For ethyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate, KRED424 showed
      a higher conversion (91.5 %) and enantioselectivity (S-type, >99 % ee) than
      KRED432 and KRED433. For ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate (COBE), both of KRED424 and
      KRED433 completely converted 20 mM substrate and KRED433 could obtain an (R)
      alcohol with 94 % ee. CONCLUSIONS: The three ketoreductases have potential in the
      preparation of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.

PMID- 27383400
TI  - Advances in the management of chronic insomnia.
AB  - Chronic insomnia is a common condition that affects people worldwide and has
      negative effects on patients' health and wellbeing. The treatment of insomnia can
      be complex and time consuming for patients and providers. Although behavioral
      interventions are the first line therapy, there are barriers to access for these
      treatments. However, in recent years, alternative ways of providing these
      behavioral therapies that make them more widely available have been investigated.
      Drugs also play an important role in the treatment of insomnia and new drugs have
      been introduced as options for treating patients with sleep initiation and sleep
      maintenance insomnia. In this review, we will discuss advances in the past six
      years in both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for patients with
      chronic insomnia. We will also review the controversies surrounding some of the
      current drug treatments, as well as the role that technology and personal
      activity monitoring devices may play in treating insomnia.

PMID- 27383401
TI  - Sheila Hollins: Looking beyond learning disabilities.

PMID- 27383403
TI  - Development and Assessment of an Advanced Pediatric Airway Management Curriculum
      With Integrated Intubation Videos.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Opportunities to learn advanced airway management skills on pediatric
      patients in the emergency department are limited. Current strategies have focused
      largely on traditional didactics coupled with procedural skills training using
      simulation. However, these approaches are limited in their exposure to anatomic
      variation and realism. Here, we describe the development and assessment of an
      advanced airway curriculum that integrates videolaryngoscopic recordings obtained
      during actual patient intubations into a series of interactive educational
      sessions. METHODS: Trainees and attending physicians were surveyed anonymously to
      assess the impact of participation in the curriculum. A mixed methods approach to
      statistical analysis was used. Rating questions were used to evaluate the
      relative impact of this approach over other traditional strategies and recurrent
      themes within open-ended questions were identified. RESULTS: Participants
      reported this to be a highly effective means of learning about pediatric
      laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation and regarded it more highly than other
      traditional educational approaches. Identified benefits included repetitive
      exposure, approaches to laryngoscopy, the realism of teaching using real and
      varied anatomy, and the opportunities to identify and troubleshoot difficulty in
      a learning environment. CONCLUSIONS: An advanced pediatric airway curriculum that
      integrates intubation videos obtained during videolaryngoscopy was highly
      regarded by pediatric emergency medicine providers. Content emphasis can be
      shifted to meet the needs of pediatric emergency medicine providers with all
      levels of skill and experience.

PMID- 27383402
TI  - The presence of bacteria within tissue provides insights into the pathogenesis of
      oral lichen planus.
AB  - Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic T cell-mediated mucocutaneous disease of
      unknown etiopathogenesis. Although various antigens have been considered, what
      actually triggers the inflammatory response of T cells is unknown. In the present
      study, we propose that intracellular bacteria present within tissues trigger T
      cell infiltration and provide target antigens. Sections of OLP (n = 36) and
      normal (n = 10) oral mucosal tissues were subjected to in situ hybridization
      using a universal probe targeting the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and
      immunohistochemistry with anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-macrophage
      specific antibodies. Bacteria were abundant throughout the epithelium and the
      lamina propria of OLP tissues, which exhibited positive correlations with the
      levels of infiltrated CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells. Furthermore, bacteria
      were detected within the infiltrated T cells. Pyrosequencing analysis of the
      mucosal microbiota from OLP patients (n = 13) and control subjects (n = 11)
      revealed a decrease in Streptococcus and increases in gingivitis/periodontitis
      associated bacteria in OLP lesions. Using the selected bacterial species, we
      demonstrated that certain oral bacteria damage the epithelial physical barrier,
      are internalized into epithelial cells or T cells, and induce production of T
      cell chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5. Our findings provide insights into the
      pathogenesis of OLP.

PMID- 27383404
TI  - A Large Case Series of Acute Pediatric Methotrexate Ingestions: Significant
      Clinical Effects Are Rare.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Significant adverse effects after acute pediatric methotrexate (MTX)
      exposures have been limited to parenteral exposures. Treatment recommendations
      for pediatric MTX exposures do not differentiate between routes of exposure. We
      report the incidence of significant clinical effects and drug-specific treatments
      reported in a large series of acute, pediatric MTX ingestions. METHODS: Poison
      center records of all MTX ingestions by patients younger than 17 years during
      2000 to 2005 were collected from 6 poison centers. The cases included all MTX
      ingestions including those with additional substances. One trained reviewer,
      blinded to the study purpose, used a standardized data collection form to extract
      study data. Missing or conflicting data were reconciled with predetermined
      process. RESULTS: Forty-seven cases were documented for 6 years, 42 (89%) of
      which were unintentional. Thirty-six percent (17/47) were male. The mean age for
      the unintentional ingestions was 3.7 years (range, 20 days-17 y; median, 2 y).
      Five cases (11%) were intentional suicidal ingestions in teenagers. The mean dose
      in acute, unintentional ingestions (AUIs) in all children and in children younger
      than 6 years was the same, 8 mg (range, 2.5-17.5 mg). Eleven patients (23%) had
      follow-up greater than 12 hours. No patient with an AUI developed MTX-induced
      sedation, hepatotoxicity, renal insufficiency, seizures, or bone marrow
      suppression. Three patients with an AUI received folinic acid, but no patients in
      this group received sodium bicarbonate or hemodialysis. One patient with an
      intentional suicidal exposure developed hepatotoxicity, but the patient also
      ingested a toxic dose of acetaminophen and valproate. Hemodialysis was performed
      once on this patient. No patient died. CONCLUSIONS: Acute pediatric MTX ingestion
      is uncommon. Methotrexate-induced seizure, renal failure, hepatic injury, and
      sedation were not documented in our series. Supportive care and observation only
      should be considered the mainstay of treatment of pediatric AUIs. Prospective
      verification of our findings is warranted.

PMID- 27383405
TI  - Elevated Baseline Cortisol Levels Are Predictive of Bad Outcomes in Critically
      Ill Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The definition of an adequate adrenal response in critically ill
      children continues to be controversial. We aimed to evaluate the cortisol levels
      at baseline and after adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation and determine their
      association to clinical outcome of critically ill children. METHODS: All children
      who underwent an ACTH test in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a
      tertiary medical center between 2006 and 2013 were included in the study. Data on
      age, sex, diagnosis, vasoactive-inotropic score, length of pediatric intensive
      care unit stay, and mortality were obtained. Laboratory variables included
      hematologic and chemistry data, arterial lactate, and total plasma cortisol
      levels at baseline and after ACTH stimulation. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients (61
      males; median [range] age, 2 [0-204] months) were enrolled. The mortality rate of
      children with a baseline cortisol level of 600 nmol/L or greater was 36% (12/33
      patients) versus 18% (12/66 patients) for children with a baseline cortisol level
      of less than 600 nmol/L (odds ratio, 2.6 [95% confidence interval, 1-6.6]; P =
      0.05). There was a positive correlation between baseline cortisol and lactate
      levels (r = 0.40, P < 0.0001), vasoactive-inotropic scores (r = 0.24, P = 0.02),
      and mortality (P = 0.05). There was no correlation between peak cortisol measured
      at the ACTH test or the delta increment of cortisol from baseline and mortality.
      CONCLUSIONS: A high baseline cortisol level in critically ill children was
      associated with more severe illness, higher lactate level, and a higher mortality
      rate. Routine baseline cortisol assessment is recommended to identify patients at
      high mortality risk.

PMID- 27383406
TI  - A Cross-Sectional Study of Emergency Department Visits by Children After All
      Terrain Vehicle Crashes, Motor Vehicle Crashes, and Sports Activities.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: All-terrain vehicle (ATV) crashes have been responsible for
      significant injuries among children, despite public education efforts. Our study
      examined pediatric ATV injury patterns in US emergency departments (EDs) compared
      with injuries after motor vehicle crash (MVC) and sports activities. METHODS: We
      studied 2006 to 2011 data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample.
      Children younger than 18 years and involved in ATV crashes, MVC, or sports
      activities were included. The primary outcome analyzed was a constructed binary
      measure identifying severe trauma, defined as injury severity score greater than
      15. Logistic regression models were fit to determine the association between
      mechanism of injury and severe trauma. RESULTS: A total of 6,004,953 ED visits
      were identified. Of these, ATV crashes accounted for 3.4%, MVC accounted for
      44.7%, and sports activities accounted for 51.9%. Emergency department visits
      after ATV crashes were more likely to result in admission (8%) and incur higher
      median charges ($1263) compared with visits after sports activities (1%, $1013).
      Visits after sports activities were 90% less likely to result in severe trauma
      when compared with ATV crash visits. Emergency department visits after ATV
      crashes result in severe injuries similar to those sustained in MVC (odds ratio,
      1.03; P = 0.626). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric ED visits after ATV crashes result in
      significant injuries and charges. Public health interventions such as education,
      legislation, and engineering are needed to reduce injuries among children and the
      subsequent ED visits for care. The impact of proven interventions may be greatest
      for children living in rural areas and among older children, 10 to 17 years old.

PMID- 27383408
TI  - Silicon Nanowire Sensors Enable Diagnosis of Patients via Exhaled Breath.
AB  - Two of the biggest challenges in medicine today are the need to detect diseases
      in a noninvasive manner and to differentiate between patients using a single
      diagnostic tool. The current study targets these two challenges by developing a
      molecularly modified silicon nanowire field effect transistor (SiNW FET) and
      showing its use in the detection and classification of many disease breathprints
      (lung cancer, gastric cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
      The fabricated SiNW FETs are characterized and optimized based on a training set
      that correlate their sensitivity and selectivity toward volatile organic
      compounds (VOCs) linked with the various disease breathprints. The best sensors
      obtained in the training set are then examined under real-world clinical
      conditions, using breath samples from 374 subjects. Analysis of the clinical
      samples show that the optimized SiNW FETs can detect and discriminate between
      almost all binary comparisons of the diseases under examination with >80%
      accuracy. Overall, this approach has the potential to support detection of many
      diseases in a direct harmless way, which can reassure patients and prevent
      numerous unpleasant investigations.

PMID- 27383407
TI  - Plasma cell maturity as a predictor of prognosis in multiple myeloma.
AB  - In this study, the impact of plasma cell maturity on the prognoses of multiple
      myeloma (MM) patients in the era of novel agents was investigated. Myeloma cell
      maturity was classified via immunophenotyping: myeloma cells showing mature
      plasma cell 1 (MPC-1)-positive and CD49e-positive cells were considered mature
      type; MPC-1-positive and CD49e-negative cells were considered intermediate type;
      and MPC-1-negative cells were considered immature type. This study included 87
      newly diagnosed MM patients who were initially treated with bortezomib and/or
      chemotherapy. Myeloma cell maturity was a critical factor affecting overall
      survival (OS) in the cohort, with median OS not reached in mature-type, 50 months
      in intermediate-type, and 20 months in immature-type cells. Multivariate analysis
      showed that immature type and stage III according to the International Staging
      System were both independent prognostic factors affecting OS. The findings of
      this study demonstrate the clinical importance of myeloma cell classification
      according to immunophenotyping using MPC-1 and CD49e antibodies to determine
      patient prognosis in this era of novel therapeutic agents. 

PMID- 27383409
TI  - Accuracy of Intraoral Digital Impressions for Whole Upper Jaws, Including Full
      Dentitions and Palatal Soft Tissues.
AB  - Intraoral digital impressions have been stated to meet the clinical requirements
      for some teeth-supported restorations, though fewer evidences were proposed for
      larger scanning range. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy
      (trueness and precision) of intraoral digital impressions for whole upper jaws,
      including the full dentitions and palatal soft tissues, as well as to determine
      the effect of different palatal vault height or arch width on accuracy of
      intraoral digital impressions. Thirty-two volunteers were divided into three
      groups according to the palatal vault height or arch width. Each volunteer
      received three scans with TRIOS intraoral scanner and one conventional impression
      of whole upper jaw. Three-dimensional (3D) images digitized from conventional
      gypsum casts by a laboratory scanner were chose as the reference models. All
      datasets were imported to a specific software program for 3D analysis by "best
      fit alignment" and "3D compare" process. Color-coded deviation maps showed
      qualitative visualization of the deviations. For the digital impressions for
      palatal soft tissues, trueness was (130.54+/-33.95)MUm and precision was (55.26+/
      11.21)MUm. For the digital impressions for upper full dentitions, trueness was
      (80.01+/-17.78)MUm and precision was (59.52+/-11.29)MUm. Larger deviations were
      found between intraoral digital impressions and conventional impressions in the
      areas of palatal soft tissues than that in the areas of full dentitions
      (p<0.001). Precision of digital impressions for palatal soft tissues was slightly
      better than that for full dentitions (p = 0.049). There was no significant effect
      of palatal vault height on accuracy of digital impressions for palatal soft
      tissues (p>0.05), but arch width was found to have a significant effect on
      precision of intraoral digital impressions for full dentitions (p = 0.016). A
      linear correlation was found between arch width and precision of digital
      impressions for whole upper jaws (r = 0.326, p = 0.034 for palatal soft tissues
      and r = 0.485, p = 0.002 for full dentitions). It was feasible to use the
      intraoral scanner to obtain digital impressions for whole upper jaws. Wider
      dental arch contributed to lower precision of an intraoral digital impression. It
      should be confirmed in further studies that whether accuracy of digital
      impressions for whole upper jaws is clinically acceptable. 

PMID- 27383410
TI  - Characterization of impurities of HIV NNRTI Doravirine by UHPLC-high resolution
      MS and tandem MS analysis.
AB  - World Health Organization estimates that 34 million individuals globally are
      living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Doravirine is a non-nucleoside
      reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) being evaluated by Merck for the
      treatment of HIV-1 infection. Drug regulation authorities require the purity of a
      pharmaceutical to be fully defined. This is important to ensure that the
      pharmacological and toxicological effects are truly those of the drug substances
      and not because of the impurities. Thus, understanding the drug impurity profiles
      is critical to the safety and potency assessment of the drug candidate for
      clinical trials. The impurity characterization can also provide useful
      information for critical assessment of pharmaceutical processes. Advances in mass
      spectrometry instrumentation and methods allow the identification of impurities
      in pharmaceuticals with a minimum of sample material and increased sensitivity.
      In this study, a rapid and sensitive method was developed for the structural
      determination of the major impurities of doravirine. The study utilizes ultra
      performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC
      HRMS/MS) techniques to perform structure elucidation of the unknown structures.
      This approach has significant impact on impurity structural elucidation, and a
      total of five trace-level impurities of doravirine were characterized using the
      developed method. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27383412
TI  - Preface.

PMID- 27383411
TI  - Independent Tumor Origin in Two Cases of Synchronous Bilateral Clear Cell Renal
      Cell Carcinoma.
AB  - Bilateral renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) pose a challenge for clinical treatment
      and management. Most bilateral RCCs are sporadic, and do not show a hereditary
      pattern indicative of VHL syndrome or other inherited cancers. The origin and
      evolution of these sporadic bilateral RCCs remains elusive. We obtained normal
      and tumor samples from two male patients suffering from early stage synchronous
      bilateral clear cell RCC (ccRCC), and analyzed genomic DNA using whole exome
      sequencing and bisulfite pyrosequencing. We detected distinct 3p loss of
      heterozygosity (LOH) in both tumors in each patient. Two tumors within the same
      patient harbored distinct driver mutations and different CpG hypermethylation
      sites in the VHL promoter. Moreover, tumors exhibit independent evolutionary
      trajectories. Therefore, distinct 3p LOH, combined with contingent driver gene
      mutations and independent VHL hypermethylation, led to independent tumor origin
      and parallel evolution of bilateral ccRCC in these two patients. Our results
      indicate that tumors in these two cases were not due to common germline oncogenic
      mutations. They were results of multiple de novo mutations in each kidney, rather
      than primary ccRCC with contralateral renal metastasis. Therefore,
      histopathologic and genetic profiling from single tumor specimen may
      underestimate the mutational burden and somatic heterogeneity of bilateral
      ccRCCs.

PMID- 27383413
TI  - Post-operative ovarian adhesion formation after ovarian drilling: a randomized
      study comparing conventional laparoscopy and transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy.
AB  - PURPOSE: To compare conventional laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) with
      transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) ovarian drilling in terms of ovarian adhesion
      formation, evaluated using office THL during follow-up in CC-resistant
      anovulatory patients affected by PCOS. METHODS: Prospective randomized study on
      246 CC-resistant women with PCOS. The patients enrolled were divided into two
      groups, 123 were scheduled to undergo LOD and 123 to undergo THL ovarian
      drilling. Six months after the procedure all patients were offered office
      transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) follow-up, under local anesthesia to evaluate
      adhesion formation. RESULTS: Duration of the procedure was significantly shorter
      in the THL group in comparison with LOD group (p < 0.0001). No intra- or post
      operative complication was observed in any of the patients in both groups. Post
      operative THL follow-up after 6 months showed that 15 (15.5 %) patients in the
      THL group and 73 (70.2 %) in the LOD group showed the presence of ovarian
      adhesion. This difference was highly significant with a p value <0.0001 and a
      relative risk of 0.22 [95 % IC 0.133-0.350]. CONCLUSION: This study seems to
      indicate that THL ovarian drilling may reduce the risk of ovarian adhesion
      formation and could be used as a safe and effective option to reduce ovarian
      adhesion formation in patients undergoing ovarian drilling.

PMID- 27383414
TI  - Cambrian suspension-feeding tubicolous hemichordates.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The combination of a meager fossil record of vermiform enteropneusts
      and their disparity with the tubicolous pterobranchs renders early hemichordate
      evolution conjectural. The middle Cambrian Oesia disjuncta from the Burgess Shale
      has been compared to annelids, tunicates and chaetognaths, but on the basis of
      abundant new material is now identified as a primitive hemichordate. RESULTS:
      Notable features include a facultative tubicolous habit, a posterior grasping
      structure and an extensive pharynx. These characters, along with the spirally
      arranged openings in the associated organic tube (previously assigned to the
      green alga Margaretia), confirm Oesia as a tiered suspension feeder. CONCLUSIONS:
      Increasing predation pressure was probably one of the main causes of a transition
      to the infauna. In crown group enteropneusts this was accompanied by a loss of
      the tube and reduction in gill bars, with a corresponding shift to deposit
      feeding. The posterior grasping structure may represent an ancestral precursor to
      the pterobranch stolon, so facilitating their colonial lifestyle. The focus on
      suspension feeding as a primary mode of life amongst the basal hemichordates adds
      further evidence to the hypothesis that suspension feeding is the ancestral state
      for the major clade Deuterostomia.

PMID- 27383415
TI  - The Synthesis and Evaluation of Arctigenin Amino Acid Ester Derivatives.
AB  - The use of arctigenin (ARG), a traditional medicine with many pharmacological
      activities, has been restricted due to its poor solubility in water. Five amino
      acid derivatives of ARG have been synthesized using glycine, o-alanine, valine,
      leucine, and isoleucine, which have t-butyloxy carbonyl (BOC) as a protective
      group. In this study, we examined the effects of removing these protective
      groups. The results showed that the amino acid derivatives have better solubility
      and nitrite-clearing ability than ARG. Among the compounds tested, the amino acid
      derivatives without protective group were the best. Based on these results, ARG
      and its two amino acid derivatives without protective group (ARG8, ARG10) were
      selected to evaluate their anti-tumor activity in vivo at a dosage of 40 mg/kg.
      The results indicated that ARG8 and ARG10 both exhibit more anti-tumor activity
      than ARG in H22 tumor-bearing mice. The tumor inhibition rates of ARG8 and ARG10
      were 69.27 and 43.58%, which was much higher than ARG. Furthermore, the mice
      treated with these compounds exhibited less damage to the liver, kidney and
      immune organs compared with the positive group. Furthermore, ARG8 and ARG10
      improved the serum cytokine levels significantly compared to ARG. In brief, this
      study provides a method to improve the water solubility of drugs, and we also
      provide a reference basis for new drug development.

PMID- 27383416
TI  - CsBi4Te6: a new facile synthetic method and mid-temperature thermoelectric
      performance.
AB  - CsBi4Te6 is one of the best performing low-temperature thermoelectric (TE)
      materials. However, it has not received worldwide intensive investigation due to
      the limitation of synthetic methods. Here we report a new facile approach by not
      using the reactive Cs metal and the mid-temperature TE properties have been
      studied for the first time. 

PMID- 27383417
TI  - Bacterial Vaginosis Screening and Treatment in Pregnant Women.
AB  - The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Centers for Disease
      Control and Prevention, and the US Preventive Services Task Force recommend
      against routinely screening asymptomatic pregnant women for bacterial vaginosis
      (BV). Although asymptomatic BV has been associated with preterm birth, there is
      insufficient evidence demonstrating that treatment of asymptomatic BV improves
      outcomes. Conversely, women who have symptomatic BV should be treated to relieve
      their symptoms. This brief report provides an overview of BV, reviews the
      evidence regarding screening and treating BV in pregnant women, and summarizes
      treatment recommendations for pregnant women who have symptomatic BV.

PMID- 27383418
TI  - Gen1 and Eme1 Play Redundant Roles in DNA Repair and Meiotic Recombination in
      Mice.
AB  - Resolution of the Holliday junction (HJ) is essential for homologous
      recombination and DNA repair. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, HJ resolvase Yen1 and
      the Mus81-Mms4 complex are redundant in DNA damage repair. In cultured mammalian
      cells, such redundancy also exists between Yen1 ortholog GEN1 and the Mus81-Mms1
      ortholog MUS81-EME1. In this report, we further tested if GEN1 and EME1
      redundantly affect HJ-related physiological processes in mice. We found that
      combined homozygous mutations of Gen1 and Eme1 led to synthetic lethality during
      early embryonic stages. Homozygous Gen1 mutations did not cause DNA repair
      deficiency in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells, but made heterozygous Eme1
      mutant MEFs more sensitive to various DNA-damaging reagents. Gen1 mutations also
      reduced the meiotic recombination efficiency in Eme1 mutant mice. These results
      suggest that Gen1 and Eme1 play redundant roles in DNA repair and meiotic
      recombination in vivo.

PMID- 27383419
TI  - Variation in the circularly polarized light reflection of Lomaptera
      (Scarabaeidae) beetles.
AB  - An extended spectroscopic study on the left-through-left circularly polarized
      reflection spectra of a large number of beetles from the Australasian
      Scrabaeidae:Cetoniinae of the Lomaptera genus was undertaken. We have obtained a
      five-category spectral classification. The principal spectral features, which
      even within the genus range from blue to infrared, are related to structural
      chirality in the beetle shells. The detailed features of each spectral
      classification are related to different structural perturbations of the helix,
      including various pitch values and abrupt twist defects. These spectral
      characteristics and associated shell structures are confirmed on the basis of
      simple modelling. An important conclusion from our study is that the simple
      helical structure resulting in a single symmetric Bragg peak is not the dominant
      spectral type. Rather the reality is a rich tapestry of spectral types. One
      intriguing specimen is identified via a scanning electron micrograph to consist
      of a double interstitial helix leading to a particular double-peak spectrum.

PMID- 27383420
TI  - Wavelength-specific forward scattering of light by Bragg-reflective iridocytes in
      giant clams.
AB  - A surprising recent discovery revealed that the brightly reflective cells
      ('iridocytes') in the epithelia of giant clams actually send the majority of
      incident photons 'forward' into the tissue. While the intracellular Bragg
      reflectors in these cells are responsible for their colourful back reflection,
      Mie scattering produces the forward scattering, thus illuminating a dense
      population of endosymbiotic, photosynthetic microalgae. We now present a detailed
      micro-spectrophotometric characterization of the Bragg stacks in the iridocytes
      in live tissue to obtain the refractive index of the high-index layers (1.39 to
      1.58, average 1.44 +/- 0.04), the thicknesses of the high- and low-index layers
      (50-150 nm), and the numbers of pairs of layers (2-11) that participate in the
      observed spectral reflection. Based on these measurements, we performed
      electromagnetic simulations to better understand the optical behaviour of the
      iridocytes. The results open a deeper understanding of the optical behaviour of
      these cells, with the counterintuitive discovery that specific combinations of
      iridocyte diameter and Bragg-lamellar spacing can produce back reflection of the
      same colour that is also scattered forward, in preference to other wavelengths
      that are scattered at higher angles. We find for all values of size and
      wavelength investigated that more than 90% of the incident energy is carried by
      the photons that are scattered in the forward direction; while this forward
      scattering from each iridocyte shows very narrow angular dispersion (ca +/-6
      degrees ), the multiplicative scattering from a layer of ca 20 iridocytes
      broadens this dispersion to a cone of approximately +/-90 degrees . This
      understanding of the complex biophotonic dynamics enhances our comprehension of
      the physiologically, ecologically and evolutionarily significant light
      environment inside the giant clam, which is diffuse and nearly white at small
      tissue depths and downwelling, relatively monochromatic, and can be the same
      colour as the back-reflected light at greater depths in the tissue. Originally
      thought to be unique, cells of similar structure and photonic activity are now
      recognized in other species, where they serve other functions. The behaviour of
      the iridocytes opens possible new considerations for conservation and management
      of the valuable giant clam resource and new avenues for biologically inspired
      photonic applications.

PMID- 27383421
TI  - Coupling volume-excluding compartment-based models of diffusion at different
      scales: Voronoi and pseudo-compartment approaches.
AB  - Numerous processes across both the physical and biological sciences are driven by
      diffusion. Partial differential equations are a popular tool for modelling such
      phenomena deterministically, but it is often necessary to use stochastic models
      to accurately capture the behaviour of a system, especially when the number of
      diffusing particles is low. The stochastic models we consider in this paper are
      'compartment-based': the domain is discretized into compartments, and particles
      can jump between these compartments. Volume-excluding effects (crowding) can be
      incorporated by blocking movement with some probability. Recent work has
      established the connection between fine- and coarse-grained models incorporating
      volume exclusion, but only for uniform lattices. In this paper, we consider non
      uniform, hybrid lattices that incorporate both fine- and coarse-grained regions,
      and present two different approaches to describe the interface of the regions. We
      test both techniques in a range of scenarios to establish their accuracy,
      benchmarking against fine-grained models, and show that the hybrid models
      developed in this paper can be significantly faster to simulate than the fine
      grained models in certain situations and are at least as fast otherwise.

PMID- 27383423
TI  - The unusual hydridicity of a cobalt bound Si-H moiety.
AB  - A paramagnetic cobalt-SiH intermediate possessing the Co-(eta(1)-H-Si) moiety was
      studied using various spectroscopic techniques. Frozen solution ENDOR experiments
      show a Co-H distance of ~1.53 A and a Si-Co-H angle of ~15 degrees , whereas XRD
      data suggest a TBP geometry about a Co(ii) centre. Its stepwise deprotonation
      with base followed by dehalogenation was identified experimentally and
      theoretically. 

PMID- 27383422
TI  - Phylogenetic analysis of human rhinoviruses collected over four successive years
      in Sydney, Australia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging
      from a mild influenza-like illness (ILI) to severe respiratory infection.
      Molecular epidemiological data are limited for HRV circulating in the Southern
      Hemisphere. OBJECTIVES: To identify the species and genotypes of HRV from
      clinical samples collected in Sydney, Australia, from 2006 to 2009. METHODS:
      Combined nose and throat swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from
      individuals with ILI were tested for HRV using real-time reverse-transcriptase
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sequencing data of 5'UTR and VP4/VP2 coding
      regions on RT-PCR-positive specimens were analysed. RESULTS: Human rhinoviruses
      were detected by real-time PCR in 20.9% (116/555) of samples tested. Phylogenetic
      analysis of 5'UTR and VP4/VP2 on HRV-positive samples was concordant in the
      grouping of HRV A and B species but not HRV C species. Eighty per cent (16/20) of
      sequences that grouped as HRV C in the VP4/VP2 tree clustered as HRV A, alongside
      some previously described C strains as subspecies C/A. Discordant branching was
      seen within HRV A group: two sequences clustering as A in the VP4/VP2 tree
      branched within the C/A subspecies in the 5'UTR tree, and one sequence showed
      identity to different HRV A strains in the two genes. The prevalence of HRV C and
      C/A species was greater in paediatric compared to adult patients (47.9% vs 25.5%,
      P = .032). CONCLUSION: Human rhinoviruses are a common cause of respiratory
      infections, and HRV C is present in the Southern Hemisphere. Sequencing of
      multiple HRV regions may be necessary to determine exact phylogenetic
      relationships.

PMID- 27383424
TI  - Science Concierge: A Fast Content-Based Recommendation System for Scientific
      Publications.
AB  - Finding relevant publications is important for scientists who have to cope with
      exponentially increasing numbers of scholarly material. Algorithms can help with
      this task as they help for music, movie, and product recommendations. However, we
      know little about the performance of these algorithms with scholarly material.
      Here, we develop an algorithm, and an accompanying Python library, that
      implements a recommendation system based on the content of articles. Design
      principles are to adapt to new content, provide near-real time suggestions, and
      be open source. We tested the library on 15K posters from the Society of
      Neuroscience Conference 2015. Human curated topics are used to cross validate
      parameters in the algorithm and produce a similarity metric that maximally
      correlates with human judgments. We show that our algorithm significantly
      outperformed suggestions based on keywords. The work presented here promises to
      make the exploration of scholarly material faster and more accurate. 

PMID- 27383425
TI  - Auditory verbal hallucinations: neuroimaging and treatment.
AB  - Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a frequently occurring phenomenon in the
      general population and are considered a psychotic symptom when presented in the
      context of a psychiatric disorder. Neuroimaging literature has shown that AVH are
      subserved by a variety of alterations in brain structure and function, which
      primarily concentrate around brain regions associated with the processing of
      auditory verbal stimuli and with executive control functions. However, the
      direction of association between AVH and brain function remains equivocal in
      certain research areas and needs to be carefully reviewed and interpreted. When
      AVH have significant impact on daily functioning, several efficacious treatments
      can be attempted such as antipsychotic medication, brain stimulation and
      cognitive-behavioural therapy. Interestingly, the neural correlates of these
      treatments largely overlap with brain regions involved in AVH. This suggests that
      the efficacy of treatment corresponds to a normalization of AVH-related brain
      activity. In this selected review, we give a compact yet comprehensive overview
      of the structural and functional neuroimaging literature on AVH, with a special
      focus on the neural correlates of efficacious treatment.

PMID- 27383426
TI  - Overexpression of BAG3 Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis by
      Inducing Autophagy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hypoxia is a well-known factor in the promotion of apoptosis, which
      contributes to the development of numerous cardiac diseases, such as heart
      failure and myocardial infarction. Inhibiting apoptosis is an important
      therapeutic strategy for the treatment of related heart diseases caused by
      ischemia/hypoxic injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that BAG3 plays an
      important role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and survival. However, the role of BAG3
      in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis remains to be clarified. Here, we
      demonstrate that BAG3 is induced by hypoxia stimuli in cultured cardiomyocytes.
      METHODS: BAG3 expression level was measured in H9c2 cells treated with hypoxia
      for 48 h. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were tested using MTT assay and
      Annexin V FITC-PI staining assay, respectively. The mRNA or protein expression
      level of BAG3, LC3-I, LC3-II, Atg5, NF-x03BA;B p65 and phosphorylated NF-x03BA;B
      p65 were assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot assay, respectively. Resluts:
      Overexpression of BAG3 inhibited cell apoptosis and promoted proliferation in
      hypoxia-injured H9c2 cells. Furthermore, autophagy and NF-x03BA;B were activated
      by BAG3 overexpression, and the NF-x03BA;B inhibitor PDTC could inhibit the
      activation of autophagy induced by BAG3 overexpression. In addition, the
      autophagy inhibitor 3-MA partly impeded the inhibitory effect of BAG3 on hypoxia
      induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. CONCLUSION: these results suggested that
      overexpression of BAG3 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis by
      activating autophagy though the NF-x03BA;B signaling pathway in hypoxia-injured
      cardiomyocytes.

PMID- 27383427
TI  - Anti-inflammatory effect of exclusive enteral nutrition in patients with juvenile
      idiopathic arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: There is extensive evidence for an influence of gut microbiota on the
      immune system, which has consequences for inflammatory diseases. Exclusive
      enteral nutrition (EEN), which may change the gut microbiota, is an effective
      anti-inflammatory treatment for Crohn's disease in children. We wanted to explore
      the immediate anti-inflammatory effect of EEN in children with juvenile
      idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: Thirteen patients with JIA (7-17 years of
      age), in a disease flare-up, were included in the study. Six children dropped out
      within 1.5-2.0 weeks of treatment, and seven patients continued, constituting the
      study cohort. EEN was given for three to eight weeks, with clinical and
      laboratory status assessed before and after treatment periods. In addition to
      conventional laboratory tests, 92 inflammatory proteins were analysed with a
      multiplex system (Proseek Multiplex Inflammation I, Olink Bioscience). RESULTS:
      EEN had a significant anti-inflammatory effect on active joints (p=0.031),
      JADAS27 (p=0.016) and morning stiffness (p=0.031). In the multiplex analysis of
      inflammatory proteins, MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase), involved in the
      degradation of collagens in chondrocytes, decreased significantly (p=0.047), as
      did MCP-4 (p=0.031) and 4E-BP1 (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Exclusive enteral
      nutrition for three to eight weeks had anti-inflammatory effect in all children
      with JIA that continued with EEN for more than two weeks. The study is only
      exploratory but the result supports an immunologically important role for the
      intestinal canal in these patients.

PMID- 27383428
TI  - Bayesian shrinkage approach for a joint model of longitudinal and survival
      outcomes assuming different association structures.
AB  - The joint modeling of longitudinal and survival data has recently received much
      attention. Several extensions of the standard joint model that consists of one
      longitudinal and one survival outcome have been proposed including the use of
      different association structures between the longitudinal and the survival
      outcomes. However, in general, relatively little attention has been given to the
      selection of the most appropriate functional form to link the two outcomes. In
      common practice, it is assumed that the underlying value of the longitudinal
      outcome is associated with the survival outcome. However, it could be that
      different characteristics of the patients' longitudinal profiles influence the
      hazard. For example, not only the current value but also the slope or the area
      under the curve of the longitudinal outcome. The choice of which functional form
      to use is an important decision that needs to be investigated because it could
      influence the results. In this paper, we use a Bayesian shrinkage approach in
      order to determine the most appropriate functional forms. We propose a joint
      model that includes different association structures of different biomarkers and
      assume informative priors for the regression coefficients that correspond to the
      terms of the longitudinal process. Specifically, we assume Bayesian lasso,
      Bayesian ridge, Bayesian elastic net, and horseshoe. These methods are applied to
      a dataset consisting of patients with a chronic liver disease, where it is
      important to investigate which characteristics of the biomarkers have an
      influence on survival. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27383429
TI  - Natural Killer Cell Deficits Aggravate Allergic Rhinosinusitis in a Murine Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Defective innate immune functions can contribute to chronic
      rhinosinusitis (RS). Recently, it has been reported that chronic RS patients show
      impaired function of natural killer (NK) cells. We investigated the role of NK
      cells in eosinophilic inflammation in an allergic RS mouse model. METHODS: Mice
      sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) by intraperitoneal injection received nasal
      challenges with OVA for 5 weeks. NK cell depletion was achieved by
      intraperitoneal injections of anti-asialo ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide (ASGM1)
      antibodies 10 days before OVA sensitization and every 5 days thereafter until
      sacrifice. Sinonasal complex samples were evaluated histologically, and IL-4, IL
      5, IL-13, IFN-gamma, MIP-2, and eotaxin levels were measured in the nasal lavage
      fluid. Differential white blood cell counts were also obtained. RESULTS: Allergic
      RS mice showed significantly more eosinophilic inflammation in the sinonasal
      mucosa, elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in the nasal lavage
      fluid, and peripheral blood eosinophilia compared to control mice. The depletion
      of NK cells by anti-ASGM1 treatment induced more prominent eosinophilic
      inflammation and increased secretion of IL-5 and peripheral blood eosinophilia in
      allergic RS mice. CONCLUSION: The depletion of NK cells aggravates allergen
      induced sinonasal eosinophilic inflammation, suggesting that impaired NK cell
      activity may be an exacerbating factor in eosinophilic chronic RS.

PMID- 27383430
TI  - Artificially sweetened taste of insulin resistance?

PMID- 27383444
TI  - A multi-stacked hyperporous silicon flake for highly active solar hydrogen
      production.
AB  - 3D multi-stacked hyperporous silicon flakes (MHSFs) are prepared via a selective
      chemical reduction of natural clay minerals bearing MgO negative catalyst layers.
      The resultant MHSFs are used as a photocatalyst for solar-driven hydrogen
      evolution and exhibit the highest photocatalytic acitivty (1031 MUmol H2 h(-1) g(
      1) Si) coupled with a Pt cocatalyst. 

PMID- 27383431
TI  - Increased salt tolerance with overexpression of cation/proton antiporter 1 genes:
      a meta-analysis.
AB  - Cation/proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) genes encode cellular Na+ /H+ exchanger
      proteins, which act to adjust ionic balance. Overexpression of CPA1s can improve
      plant performance under salt stress. However, the diversified roles of the CPA1
      family and the various parameters used in evaluating transgenic plants over
      expressing CPA1s make it challenging to assess the complex functions of CPA1s and
      their physiological mechanisms in salt tolerance. Using meta-analysis, we
      determined how overexpression of CPA1s has influenced several plant
      characteristics involved in response and resilience to NaCl stress. We also
      evaluated experimental variables that favour or reduce CPA1 effects in transgenic
      plants. Viewed across studies, overexpression of CPA1s has increased the
      magnitude of 10 of the 19 plant characteristics examined, by 25% or more. Among
      the ten moderating variables, several had substantial impacts on the extent of
      CPA1 influence: type of culture media, donor and recipient type and genus, and
      gene family. Genes from monocotyledonous plants stimulated root K+ , root K+ /Na+
      , total chlorophyll, total dry weight and root length much more than genes from
      dicotyledonous species. Genes transformed to or from Arabidopsis have led to
      smaller CPA1-induced increases in plant characteristics than genes transferred to
      or from other genera. Heterogeneous expression of CPA1s led to greater increases
      in leaf chlorophyll and root length than homologous expression. These findings
      should help guide future investigations into the function of CPA1s in plant salt
      tolerance and the use of genetic engineering for breeding of resistance.

PMID- 27383445
TI  - Sjogren syndrome.
AB  - Sjogren syndrome (SjS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects
      the exocrine glands (mainly the salivary and lacrimal glands) and results in the
      severe dryness of mucosal surfaces, principally in the mouth and eyes. This
      disease predominantly affects middle-aged women, but can also be observed in
      children, men and the elderly. The clinical presentation of SjS is heterogeneous
      and can vary from sicca symptoms to systemic disease (characterized by peri
      epithelial lymphocytic infiltration of the affected tissue or the deposition of
      the immune complex) and lymphoma. The mechanism underlying the development of SjS
      is the destruction of the epithelium of the exocrine glands, as a consequence of
      abnormal B cell and T cell responses to the autoantigens Ro/SSA and La/SSB, among
      others. Diagnostic criteria for SjS include the detection of autoantibodies in
      patient serum and histological analysis of biopsied salivary gland tissue.
      Therapeutic approaches for SjS include both topical and systemic treatments to
      manage the sicca and systemic symptoms of disease. SjS is a serious disease with
      excess mortality, mainly related to the systemic involvement of disease and the
      development of lymphomas in some patients. Knowledge of SjS has progressed
      substantially, but this disease is still characterized by sicca symptoms, the
      systemic involvement of disease, lymphocytic infiltration to exocrine glands, the
      presence of anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB autoantibodies and the increased risk of
      lymphoma in patients with SjS.

PMID- 27383446
TI  - Biotransformation: a green and efficient way of antioxidant synthesis.
AB  - Antioxidant compounds play a vital role in human physiology. They prevent the
      oxidation of biomolecules by scavenging free radicals produced during
      physiochemical processes and/or as a result of several pathological states. A
      balance between the reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidants is
      essential for proper physiological conditions. Excessive free radicals cause
      oxidative stress which can lead to several human diseases. Therefore, synthesis
      of the effective antioxidants is crucial in managing the oxidative stress.
      Biotransformation has evolved as an effective technique for the production of
      structurally diverse molecules with a wide range of biological activities. This
      methodology surpasses the conventional chemical synthesis due to the fact that
      enzymes, being specific in nature, catalyze reactions affording products with
      excellent regio- and stereoselectivities. Structural transformation of various
      classes of compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and terpenes has
      been carried out through this technique. Several bioactive molecules, especially
      those having antioxidant potential have also been synthesized by using different
      biotransformation techniques and enzymes. Hydroxylated, glycosylated, and
      acylated derivatives of phenols, flavonoids, cinnamates, and other molecules have
      proven abilities as potential antioxidants. A critical review of the
      biotransformation of these compounds into potent antioxidant metabolites is
      presented here. 

PMID- 27383447
TI  - Endo-beta-Glucosidase Tag Allows Dual Detection of Fusion Proteins by Fluorescent
      Mechanism-Based Probes and Activity Measurement.
AB  - beta-Glucoside-configured cyclophellitols are activity-based probes (ABPs) that
      allow sensitive detection of beta-glucosidases. Their applicability to detect
      proteins fused with beta-glucosidase was investigated in the cellular context.
      The tag was Rhodococcus sp. M-777 endoglycoceramidase II (EGCaseII), based on its
      lack of glycans and ability to hydrolyze fluorogenic 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-d
      lactoside (an activity absent in mammalian cells). Specific dual detection of
      fusion proteins was possible in vitro and in situ by using fluorescent ABPs and a
      fluorogenic substrate. Pre-blocking with conduritol beta-epoxide (a poor
      inhibitor of EGCaseII) eliminated ABP labeling of endogenous beta-glucosidases.
      ABPs equipped with biotin allowed convenient purification of the fusion proteins.
      Diversification of ABPs (distinct fluorophores, fluorogenic high-resolution
      detection moieties) should assist further research in living cells and organisms.

PMID- 27383448
TI  - Coexposure to silver nanoparticles and ultraviolet A synergistically enhances the
      phosphorylation of histone H2AX.
AB  - Owing to the wide application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the assessment of
      health risks associated with their use is of great importance. In this study, we
      revealed that the potential genotoxicity of AgNPs was enhanced by ultraviolet A
      (UVA) exposure. Three cultured cell lines were treated with AgNPs, followed by
      exposure to UVA. AgNPs induced phosphorylation of histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX)
      following the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which was
      synergistically enhanced by UVA exposure. Enhanced gamma-H2AX was observed only
      in cell lines that positively took up AgNPs, and microsized Ag particles, which
      were difficult to incorporate into cells, showed no gamma-H2AX. Incorporation of
      AgNPs was not increased by UVA exposure. AgNO3 treatment followed by UVA exposure
      also induced a marked increase in gamma-H2AX, indicating that the enhanced gamma
      H2AX was attributed to Ag ions released from AgNPs. Ag ions reacted with the -SH
      group of antioxidant molecules, such as glutathione, and induced intracellular
      oxidative conditions. 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine was formed in the cells treated
      with AgNPs, which was augmented by UVA irradiation, suggesting that intracellular
      oxidation caused oxidative DNA damage, leading to the enhanced formation of DSBs
      and gamma-H2AX. Ag has been considered a safe metal; however, our results provide
      important insights into the influence of sunlight on the genotoxic potency of
      AgNPs. 

PMID- 27383449
TI  - Inactivation of viruses during a new manufacturing process of alpha2
      macroglobulin from Cohn Fraction IV by dry-heat treatment.
AB  - BACKGROUND: alpha2-Macroglobulin (alpha2-M) has a curative effect on radiation
      injury. Virus transmission through plasma derivatives is still not risk-free.
      Effect of dry heat on alpha2-M activity and virus inactivation by dry heat in a
      new manufacturing process of alpha2-M were studied. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:
      Effects of 100 degrees C for 30 minutes, 80 degrees C for 72 hours, and
      lyophilization on alpha2-M activity were detected, and stabilizing agents were
      optimized. Effect of a treatment at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes has been tested
      on a range of viruses and characteristics change of alpha2-M was investigated.
      RESULTS: More than 90 and 80% alpha2-M activity recovery were reserved after
      treatment at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes and 80 degrees C for 72 hours,
      respectively. A concentration of 0.05 mol/L histidine presented a better
      protecting effect for alpha-M activity. No substantial changes were observed in
      the characteristics of alpha2-M compared with the untreated. By lyophilization
      and dry-heat treatment at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes, murine
      encephalomyocarditis virus and pseudorabies virus (PRV) were inactivated below
      detectable level within 5 minutes (virus titers reduction >= 5.75 log) and 30
      minutes (virus titers reduction >= 6.00 log), respectively. Bovine viral diarrhea
      virus and porcine parvovirus were inactivated by 4.29 and 2.46 log reduction,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment at 100 degrees C for 30 minutes could improve
      the virus safety of alpha2-M with a slight activity loss.

PMID- 27383450
TI  - New Approach to Create TiO2(B)/Carbon Core/Shell Nanotubes: Ideal Structure for
      Enhanced Lithium Ion Storage.
AB  - To achieve uniform carbon coating on TiO2 nanomaterials, high temperature (>500 
      degrees C) annealing treatment is a necessity. However, the annealing treatment
      inevitably leads to the strong phase transformation from TiO2(B) with high
      lithium ion storage (LIS) capacity to anatase with low LIS one as well as the
      damage of nanostructures. Herein, we demonstrate a new approach to create
      TiO2(B)/carbon core/shell nanotubes (C@TBNTs) using a long-chain silane
      polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) to bind the TBNTs by forming Si-O-Ti bonds. The
      key feature of this work is that the introduction of PMHS onto TBNTs can afford
      TBNTs with very high thermal stability at higher than 700  degrees C and inhibit
      the phase transformation from TiO2(B) to anatase. Such a high thermal property of
      PMHS-TBNTs makes them easily coated with highly graphitic carbon shell via CVD
      process at 700  degrees C. The as-prepared C@TBNTs deliver outstanding rate
      capability and electrochemical stability, i.e., reversible capacity above 250 mAh
      g(-1) at 10 C and a high specific capacity of 479.2 mAh g(-1) after 1000 cycles
      at 1 C. As far as we know, the LIS performance of our sample is the highest among
      the previously reported TiO2(B) anode materials. 

PMID- 27383451
TI  - Home care for children with multiple complex chronic conditions at the end of
      life: The choice of hospice versus home health.
AB  - Families desire to bring their children home at end of life, and this creates a
      variety of unique care needs at home. This study analyzed the child and family
      factors associated with hospice versus home health care use in the last year of
      life among children with multiple complex chronic conditions. Using the Andersen
      Behavioral Healthcare Utilization Model, the predisposing, enabling, and need
      factors of the child and family were shown to be significant predictors of
      hospice and home health care use. Hospice and home health care have advantages,
      and families may wish to use the service that best fits their needs.

PMID- 27383452
TI  - Editor's Note.

PMID- 27383453
TI  - Light Harvesting and White-Light Generation in a Composite of Carbon Dots and Dye
      Encapsulated BSA-Protein-Capped Gold Nanoclusters.
AB  - Several strategies have been adopted to design an artificial light-harvesting
      system in which light energy is captured by peripheral chromophores and it is
      subsequently transferred to the core via energy transfer. A composite of carbon
      dots and dye-encapsulated BSA-protein-capped gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) has been
      developed for efficient light harvesting and white light generation. Carbon dots
      (C-dots) act as donor and AuNCs capped with BSA protein act as acceptor. Analysis
      reveals that energy transfer increases from 63 % to 83 % in presence of coumarin
      dye (C153), which enhances the cascade energy transfer from carbon dots to AuNCs.
      Bright white light emission with a quantum yield of 19 % under the 375 nm
      excitation wavelength is achieved by changing the ratio of components.
      Interesting findings reveal that the efficient energy transfer in carbon-dot
      metal-cluster nanocomposites may open up new possibilities in designing
      artificial light harvesting systems for future applications. 

PMID- 27383454
TI  - Intensive adherence counselling for HIV-infected individuals failing second-line
      antiretroviral therapy in Johannesburg, South Africa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In resource-limited settings, where genotypic drug resistance testing
      is rarely performed and poor adherence is the most common reason for treatment
      failure, programmatic approaches to handling treatment failure are essential.
      This study was performed to describe one such approach to adherence optimisation.
      METHODS: This was a single-arm study of patients on second-line protease
      inhibitor (PI)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) with a HIV-1 RNA >=400
      copies/ml in Johannesburg, South Africa, between 1 March 2012 and 1 December
      2013. Patients underwent enhanced adherence counselling. Those with improved
      adherence and a repeat viral load of >1000 copies/ml underwent HIV-1 drug
      resistance testing. We describe results using simple proportions and 95%
      confidence intervals. RESULTS: Of the 400 patients who underwent targeted
      adherence counselling after an elevated viral load on second-line ART, 388 (97%)
      underwent repeat viral load testing. Most of these (n = 249; 64%, 95% CI 59-69)
      resuppressed (<400 copies/ml) on second line. By the end of follow-up (1 March
      2014), among the 139 (36%, 95% CI: 31-41%), who did not initially resuppress
      after being targeted, 106 had a viral load >400 copies/ml, 11 switched to third
      line, 5 were awaiting third line, 4 had died and 13 were lost to follow-up. Among
      the unsuppressed, 48 successfully underwent resistance testing with some
      resistance detected in most (41/48). CONCLUSIONS: Most (64%) second-line
      treatment failure in this clinic is related to adherence and can be overcome with
      careful adherence support. Controlled interventions are needed to determine what
      the optimal approach is to improving second-line outcomes and reducing the need
      for third-line ART.

PMID- 27383455
TI  - Ion-Image Interactions and Phase Transition at Electrolyte-Metal Interfaces.
AB  - The arrangement of ions near a metallic electrode is crucial to energy storage in
      electrical double-layer capacitors. Classic Poisson-Boltzmann theory predicts
      that the charge stored in the double layer is a continuous function of applied
      voltage. However, recent experiments and simulations strongly suggest the
      presence of a voltage-induced first-order phase transition in the electrical
      double layer, leading to a hysteretic response: the capacitance-voltage relation
      is dependent on whether the voltage is increasing or decreasing. By developing a
      simple analytical model, we show that ion-image interaction could explain this
      phase transition. Moreover, our model shows that the presence of phase transition
      depends on the bulk energy of the ionic liquid. Our results justify mixing ionic
      liquids with solvents as a way to achieve large capacitance and avoid hysteresis.

PMID- 27383456
TI  - New insights into cell non-autonomous mechanisms of the C. elegans hypoxic
      response.
AB  - The hypoxic response is a well-studied and highly conserved biological response
      to low oxygen availability. First described more than 20 y ago, the traditional
      model for this response is that declining oxygen levels lead to stabilization of
      hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs), which then bind to hypoxia
      responsive elements (HREs) in target genes to mediate the transcriptional changes
      collectively known as the hypoxic response.(1,2) Recent work in C. elegans has
      forced a re-evaluation of this model by indicating that the worm HIF (HIF-1) can
      mediate effects in a cell non-autonomous fashion and, in at least one case,
      increase expression of an intestinal hypoxic response target gene in cells
      lacking HIF-1. 

PMID- 27383457
TI  - Cost comparison of kidney transplant versus dialysis in Brazil.
AB  - This study aimed to compare the direct medical costs of renal transplantation and
      renal replacement therapies, specifically hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis,
      from the perspective of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). Renal
      replacement therapies costs were based on data published in the literature. Cost
      items for kidney transplant were identified in a private hospital based on
      procedure codes used for charging the SUS, and other items were taken from the
      literature. In the four years covered by the study, cadaver kidney transplant
      generated per-patient savings of BRL 37,000 and BRL 74,000 compared to
      hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, respectively. Savings were even greater
      with living donor kidney transplant: BRL 46,000 and BRL 82,000 compared to
      hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, respectively. This result, together with
      survival and quality-of-life analyses, characterizes kidney transplant as the
      best clinical and financial alternative, thus supporting public policies for
      organ transplants in Brazil. 

PMID- 27383458
TI  - The challenging nature of gathering evidence and analyzing the judicialization of
      health in BrazilThe authors replyEstudos publicados em periodicos indexados sobre
      decisoes judiciais para acesso a medicamentos no Brasil: uma revisao
      sistematicaBetween the court and the clinic: lawsuits for medicines and the right
      to health in BrazilMedicamentos biologicos para artrite reumatoidePortaria no
      2.981, de 26 de novembro de 2009. Dispoe sobre o componente especializado da
      Assistencia Farmaceutica (revogada pela Portaria no 1.554/2013).The challenging
      nature of gathering evidence and analyzing the judicialization of health in
      Brazil.

PMID- 27383459
TI  - Where is the right to abortion? Comment on the documentary Zika, The Film.

PMID- 27383460
TI  - Correction to The Carboxyl Terminus of Eremomycin Facilitates Binding to the Non
      d-Ala-d-Ala Segment of the Peptidoglycan Pentapeptide Stem.

PMID- 27383462
TI  - Performance improvement in flexible polymer solar cells based on modified silver
      nanowire electrode.
AB  - In this work, an efficient flexible polymer solar cell was achieved by
      controlling the UV-ozone treatment time of silver nanowires (Ag NWs) used in the
      electrode and combined with other modification materials. Through optimizing the
      time of UV-ozone treatment, it is shown that Ag NWs electrode treated by UV-ozone
      for 10 s improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device based on
      the blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl
      ester (PC61BM) from 0.76% to 1.34%. After treatment by UV-ozone, Ag NWs
      electrodes exhibit several promising characteristics, including high optical
      transparency, low sheet resistance and superior surface work function. As a
      consequence, the performance of devices utilizing 10 s UV-ozone-treated Ag NWs
      with PEDOT: PSS or MoO3 as composite anode showed higher PCEs of 2.77% (2.73%)
      compared with that for Ag NW electrodes without UV-ozone treatment. In addition,
      a PCE of 5.97% in flexible polymer solar cells based on poly[4,8-bis(5-(2
      ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b0]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2
      ethylhexyl)-3-fluorothieno[3,4-b]thiophene-)-2-carboxylate-2-6-diyl](PBDTTT
      EFT):[6, 6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as a photoactive layer
      was obtained.

PMID- 27383461
TI  - The focus on sample quality: Influence of colon tissue collection on reliability
      of qPCR data.
AB  - Successful molecular analyses of human solid tissues require intact biological
      material with well-preserved nucleic acids, proteins, and other cell structures.
      Pre-analytical handling, comprising of the collection of material at the
      operating theatre, is among the first critical steps that influence sample
      quality. The aim of this study was to compare the experimental outcomes obtained
      from samples collected and stored by the conventional means of snap freezing and
      by PAXgene Tissue System (Qiagen). These approaches were evaluated by measuring
      rRNA and mRNA integrity of the samples (RNA Quality Indicator and Differential
      Amplification Method) and by gene expression profiling. The collection procedures
      of the biological material were implemented in two hospitals during colon cancer
      surgery in order to identify the impact of the collection method on the
      experimental outcome. Our study shows that the pre-analytical sample handling has
      a significant effect on the quality of RNA and on the variability of qPCR data.
      PAXgene collection mode proved to be more easily implemented in the operating
      room and moreover the quality of RNA obtained from human colon tissues by this
      method is superior to the one obtained by snap freezing.

PMID- 27383463
TI  - Methanesulfonyl Azide: Molecular Structure and Photolysis in Solid Noble Gas
      Matrices.
AB  - The parent sulfonyl azide CH3SO2N3 has been characterized in a neat form by IR
      (gas, matrix-isolation) and Raman (solid) spectroscopy, and its structure has
      been established by X-ray crystallography. In both gas phase and solid state, the
      azide exhibits single conformation with the azido ligand being synperiplanar to
      one of the two S?O groups. In the crystal molecules of CH3SO2N3 are
      interconnected through three-dimensional O...H-C-H...O hydrogen bonds. Upon an
      ArF laser (193 nm) photolysis, the azide in solid noble gas matrices splits off
      N2 and yields the sulfonyl nitrene CH3SO2N in the triplet ground state.
      Subsequent photolysis with UV light (266 nm) causes the transformation from the
      nitrene to the pseudo-Curtius rearrangement product CH3NSO2. The identification
      of the photolysis intermediates by matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy is supported
      by quantum chemical calculations with DFT methods. 

PMID- 27383464
TI  - Poor sleep quality and nightmares are associated with non-suicidal self-injury in
      adolescents.
AB  - Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent and is associated with increased
      risk of suicidal behavior in adolescents. This study examined which sleep
      variables are associated with NSSI, independently from demographics and mental
      health problems in Chinese adolescents. Participants consisted of 2090 students
      sampled from three high schools in Shandong, China and had a mean age of 15.49
      years. Participants completed a sleep and health questionnaire to report their
      demographic and family information, sleep duration and sleep problems,
      impulsiveness, hopelessness, internalizing and externalizing problems, and NSSI.
      A series of regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations
      between sleep variables and NSSI. Of the sample, 12.6 % reported having ever
      engaged in NSSI and 8.8 % engaged during the last year. Univariate logistic
      analyses demonstrated that multiple sleep variables including short sleep
      duration, insomnia symptoms, poor sleep quality, sleep insufficiency, unrefreshed
      sleep, sleep dissatisfaction, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, snoring, and
      nightmares were associated with increased risk of NSSI. After adjusting for
      demographic and mental health variables, NSSI was significantly associated with
      sleeping <6 h per night, poor sleep quality, sleep dissatisfaction, daytime
      sleepiness, and frequent nightmares. Stepwise logistic regression model
      demonstrated that poor sleep quality (OR = 2.18, 95 % CI = 1.37-3.47) and
      frequent nightmares (OR = 2.88, 95 % CI = 1.45-5.70) were significantly
      independently associated with NSSI. In conclusion, while multiple sleep variables
      are associated with NSSI, poor sleep quality and frequent nightmares are
      independent risk factors of NSSI. These findings may have important implications
      for further research of sleep self-harm mechanisms and early detection and
      prevention of NSSI in adolescents.

PMID- 27383465
TI  - Graphene Sandwiched Mesostructured Li-Ion Battery Electrodes.
AB  - A deterministic graphene-sandwiched Li-ion battery electrode consisting of an
      integrated 3D mesostructure of electrochemically active materials and graphene is
      presented. As demonstrations, electrodes with active nanomaterials that coat (V2
      O5 @graphene@V2 O5 cathode) or are coated by (graphene@Si@graphene anode)
      graphene are fabricated. These electrodes exhibit high capacities and ultralong
      cycle lives (the cathode can be cycled over 2000 times with minimal capacity
      fade). 

PMID- 27383466
TI  - Simultaneous SAXS and SANS Analysis for the Detection of Toroidal Supramolecular
      Polymers Composed of Noncovalent Supermacrocycles in Solution.
AB  - Molecular self-assembly primarily occurs in solution. To better understand this
      process, techniques capable of probing the solvated state are consequently
      required. Small-angle scattering (SAS) has a proven ability to detect and
      characterize solutions, but it is rarely applied to more complex assembly shapes.
      Here, small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering are applied to observe toroidal
      assemblies in solution. Combined analysis confirms that the toroids have a core
      shell structure, with a pi-conjugated core and an alkyl shell into which solvent
      penetrates. The dimensions determined by SAS agree well with those obtained by
      (dried-state) atomic force microscopy. Increasing the number of naphthalene units
      in the molecular building block yields greater rigidity, as evidenced by a larger
      toroid and a reduction in solvent penetration into the shell. The detailed
      structural analysis demonstrates the applicability of SAS to monitor complex
      solution-based self-assembly.

PMID- 27383467
TI  - The limited use of the fluency heuristic: Converging evidence across different
      procedures.
AB  - In paired comparisons based on which of two objects has the larger criterion
      value, decision makers could use the subjectively experienced difference in
      retrieval fluency of the objects as a cue. According to the fluency heuristic
      (FH) theory, decision makers use fluency-as indexed by recognition speed-as the
      only cue for pairs of recognized objects, and infer that the object retrieved
      more speedily has the larger criterion value (ignoring all other cues and
      information). Model-based analyses, however, have previously revealed that only a
      small portion of such inferences are indeed based on fluency alone. In the
      majority of cases, other information enters the decision process. However, due to
      the specific experimental procedures, the estimates of FH use are potentially
      biased: Some procedures may have led to an overestimated and others to an
      underestimated, or even to actually reduced, FH use. In the present article, we
      discuss and test the impacts of such procedural variations by reanalyzing 21 data
      sets. The results show noteworthy consistency across the procedural variations
      revealing low FH use. We discuss potential explanations and implications of this
      finding.

PMID- 27383468
TI  - Green tea catechins are potent anti-oxidants that ameliorate sodium iodate
      induced retinal degeneration in rats.
AB  - Green tea extracts exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions in
      different disease conditions. We hypothesized that green tea extract and its
      catechin constituents ameliorate sodium iodate-induced retinal degeneration in
      rats by counteracting oxidative stress. In this study, adult Sprague-Dawley rats
      were intravenously injected with a single dose of sodium iodate. Green tea
      extract (GTE; Theaphenon-E) or combinations of its catechin constituents,
      including (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were administered intra
      gastrically before injection. Live imaging analysis using confocal scanning laser
      ophthalmoscopy and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography showed a
      progressive increase of degenerating profile across the retinal surface and
      decrease in thickness of outer nuclear layer (ONL) at Day-14 of post-injection.
      These lesions were significantly ameliorated by Theaphenon-E and catechin
      combinations with EGCG. Catechins with exclusion of EGCG did not show obvious
      protective effect. Histological analyses confirmed that Theaphenon-E and
      catechins containing EGCG protect the retina by reducing ONL disruption. Retinal
      protective effects were associated with reduced expression of superoxide
      dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and caspase-3, and suppression of 8-iso
      Prostaglandin F2alpha generation in the retina. In summary, GTE and its catechin
      constituents are potent anti-oxidants that offer neuroprotection to the outer
      retinal degeneration after sodium iodate insult, among which EGCG is the most
      active constituent.

PMID- 27383469
TI  - Self-Paced Exercise, Affective Response, and Exercise Adherence: A Preliminary
      Investigation Using Ecological Momentary Assessment.
AB  - Affective response to exercise may mediate the effects of self-paced exercise on
      exercise adherence. Fiftynine low-active (exercise <60 min/week), overweight
      (body mass index: 25.0-39.9) adults (ages 18-65) were randomly assigned to self
      paced (but not to exceed 76% maximum heart rate) or prescribed moderate intensity
      exercise (64-76% maximum heart rate) in the context of otherwise identical 6
      month print-based exercise promotion programs. Frequency and duration of exercise
      sessions and affective responses (good/bad) to exercise were assessed via
      ecological momentary assessment throughout the 6-month program. A regression
      based mediation model was used to estimate (a) effects of experimental condition
      on affective response to exercise (path a = 0.20, SE = 0.28, f2 = 0.02); (b)
      effects of affective response on duration/latency of the next exercise session
      (path b = 0.47, SE = 0.25, f2 = 0.04); and (c) indirect effects of experimental
      condition on exercise outcomes via affective response (path ab = 0.11, SE = 0.06,
      f2 = 0.10). Results provide modest preliminary support for a mediational pathway
      linking self-paced exercise, affective response, and exercise adherence.

PMID- 27383470
TI  - Anti-Factor Xa Assay-A Changing Standard for Venous Thromboprophylaxis?

PMID- 27383472
TI  - "To Bluff like a Man or Fold like a Girl?" - Gender Biased Deceptive Behavior in
      Online Poker.
AB  - Evolutionary psychology suggests that men are more likely than women to deceive
      to bolster their status and influence. Also gender perception influences
      deceptive behavior, which is linked to pervasive gender stereotypes: women are
      typically viewed as weaker and more gullible than men. We assessed bluffing in an
      online experiment (N = 502), where participants made decisions to bluff or not in
      simulated poker tasks against opponents represented by avatars. Participants
      bluffed on average 6% more frequently at poker tables with female-only avatars
      than at tables with male-only or gender mixed avatars-a highly significant effect
      in games involving repeated decisions. Nonetheless, participants did not believe
      the avatar genders affected their decisions. Males bluffed 13% more frequently
      than females. Unlike most economic games employed exclusively in research
      contexts, online poker is played for money by tens of millions of people
      worldwide. Thus, gender effects in bluffing have significant monetary
      consequences for poker players. 

PMID- 27383471
TI  - Unprimed, M1 and M2 Macrophages Differentially Interact with Porphyromonas
      gingivalis.
AB  - Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen in the development of chronic
      periodontitis. Tissue macrophages are amongst the first immune cells to respond
      to bacteria and depending on the cytokine profile at the infection site,
      macrophages are primed to react to infection in different ways. Priming of naive
      macrophages with IFN-gamma produces a classical pro-inflammatory, antibacterial
      M1 macrophage after TLR ligation, whereas priming with IL-4 induces an anti
      inflammatory tissue-repair M2 phenotype. Previous work has shown that M1 are
      preferentially generated in gingival tissue following infection with P.
      gingivalis. However, few studies have investigated the interactions of macrophage
      subsets with P. gingivalis cells. The aim of this study was to determine the
      ability of naive, M1 and M2 macrophages to phagocytose P. gingivalis and
      investigate how this interaction affects both the bacterial cell and the
      macrophage. M1 and M2 macrophages were both found to have enhanced phagocytic
      capacity compared with that of naive macrophages, however only the naive and M1
      macrophages were able to produce a respiratory burst in order to clear the
      bacteria from the phagosome. P. gingivalis was found to persist in naive and M2,
      but not M1 macrophages for 24 hours. Phagocytosis of P. gingivalis also induced
      high levels of TNF-alpha, IL-12 and iNOS in M1 macrophages, but not in naive or
      M2 macrophages. Furthermore, infection of macrophages with P. gingivalis at high
      bacteria to macrophage ratios, while inducing an inflammatory response, was also
      found to be deleterious to macrophage longevity, with high levels of apoptotic
      cell death found in macrophages after infection. The activation of M1 macrophages
      observed in this study may contribute to the initiation and maintenance of a pro
      inflammatory state during chronic periodontitis. 

PMID- 27383473
TI  - A bimodal fluorescent and photocytotoxic naphthalene diimide for theranostic
      applications.
AB  - We report on the potential of a water-soluble tetracationic quaternary ammonium
      naphthalene diimide (NDI) as multifunctional agent of interest for theranostic
      applications. The DNA binding ability of this NDI has been investigated. NDI
      exhibits high binding constants for G-quadruplex DNA but it is not selective for
      this type of DNA. Taking advantage of its intrinsic fluorescence and singlet
      oxygen sensitizing ability, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and photocytotoxicity
      have been investigated. The intense emission in the red/NIR allows monitoring of
      the cell permeability of this charged tetracationic NDI, accumulating into the
      cell nuclei. No dark cytotoxicity has been observed on selected tumor cell lines.
      Irradiation of the NDI loaded cells with red light reduces cell viability up to
      40% and causes a significant increase of the percentage of cells expressing
      gammaH2AX foci indicating DNA damage. The presence of distinct DNA damage foci
      inside the nucleus suggests that the NDI molecule might induce DNA damage in
      specific sites. To the best of our knowledge this is the first NDI exhibiting PDT
      activity at MUM concentration combined with low dark cytotoxicity. 

PMID- 27383474
TI  - Corrigendum to arteriovenous fistula geometry in hybrid recanalisation of post
      thrombotic venous obstruction.

PMID- 27383476
TI  - Descriptive Halstead-Reitan study of nonimpact mild traumatic brain injury.
AB  - Patients subjected to severe acceleration forces in motor vehicle accidents that
      met criteria for uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in the absence
      of direct impact to the head were examined neuropsychologically using the
      Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. The subjects were litigants
      and/or insurance claimants for whom there was psychometric evidence of acceptable
      test effort. The purpose of the study was to provide descriptive
      neuropsychological data for this particular clinical population. Individual test
      results were interpreted using inferential methods of level of performance,
      pathognomonic signs, score patterns, and right-left performance differences.
      These interpretive strategies yielded group data from which frequencies and
      percentages of atypical neuropsychological characteristics were calculated. The
      most salient clinical characteristics involved atypical right-left performance
      relationships on simple and more complex tests of motor function. Clinical data
      provided support for the possibility that a minority of nonimpact litigants or
      insurance claimants that sustain uncomplicated mTBI experience persistent
      diminishment in some neuropsychological abilities.

PMID- 27383475
TI  - DNA Barcoding of Metazoan Zooplankton Copepods from South Korea.
AB  - Copepods, small aquatic crustaceans, are the most abundant metazoan zooplankton
      and outnumber every other group of multicellular animals on earth. In spite of
      ecological and biological importance in aquatic environment, their morphological
      plasticity, originated from their various lifestyles and their incomparable
      capacity to adapt to a variety of environments, has made the identification of
      species challenging, even for expert taxonomists. Molecular approaches to species
      identification have allowed rapid detection, discrimination, and identification
      of cryptic or sibling species based on DNA sequence data. We examined sequence
      variation of a partial mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI) from 133
      copepod individuals collected from the Korean Peninsula, in order to identify and
      discriminate 94 copepod species covering six copepod orders of Calanoida,
      Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida, Monstrilloida, Poecilostomatoida and
      Siphonostomatoida. The results showed that there exists a clear gap with ca. 20
      fold difference between the averages of within-specific sequence divergence
      (2.42%) and that of between-specific sequence divergence (42.79%) in COI,
      suggesting the plausible utility of this gene in delimitating copepod species.
      The results showed, with the COI barcoding data among 94 copepod species, that a
      copepod species could be distinguished from the others very clearly, only with
      four exceptions as followings: Mesocyclops dissimilis-Mesocyclops pehpeiensis
      (0.26% K2P distance in percent) and Oithona davisae-Oithona similis (1.1%) in
      Cyclopoida, Ostrincola japonica-Pseudomyicola spinosus (1.5%) in
      Poecilostomatoida, and Hatschekia japonica-Caligus quadratus (5.2%) in
      Siphonostomatoida. Thus, it strongly indicated that COI may be a useful tool in
      identifying various copepod species and make an initial progress toward the
      construction of a comprehensive DNA barcode database for copepods inhabiting the
      Korean Peninsula. 

PMID- 27383477
TI  - Impact of a prior diagnosis of DCIS on survival from invasive breast cancer.
AB  - A diagnosis of invasive breast cancer after DCIS can be described as a new
      primary cancer or as a local invasive recurrence. It is of interest to determine
      if, among women with early-stage breast cancer, a past history of DCIS influences
      survival. We retrieved the records of 306,249 women diagnosed with stage I or
      stage II breast cancer between 2004 and 2012, in the surveillance, epidemiology,
      and end results registries database, of whom 5395 had a previous diagnosis of
      DCIS. For each patient, we extracted information on the year of diagnosis, age at
      diagnosis, tumor size, nodal status, grade, estrogen receptor status, type of
      surgery (lumpectomy/mastectomy), use of radiotherapy (no/yes), prior DCIS
      (no/yes), cause of death, and follow-up time. For each case with prior DCIS, we
      recorded information on the year of diagnosis of DCIS, laterality of DCIS, and
      treatments received for DCIS. We matched 3979 patients with a prior DCIS to 3979
      patients without a prior DCIS, according to the various prognostic features of
      the invasive cancer. We estimated the risk of death from breast cancer for
      patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, with and without a prior diagnosis of
      DCIS. We identified 306,249 women with stage I/II breast cancer, of whom 2335 had
      a prior ipsilateral DCIS and 3060 had a prior contralateral DCIS. Breast cancer
      specific survival at 9 years was 94.6 % for patients with a prior DCIS
      (ipsilateral or contralateral) and was 95.2 % for patients with no prior DCIS (p
      = 0.32). In a matched analysis (3979 matched pairs), the hazard ratio for death
      from breast cancer for patients with a prior ipsilateral DCIS, compared to
      patients with no prior DCIS, was 0.91 (95 % CI = 0.49-1.68; p = 0.75). A prior
      diagnosis of ipsilateral DCIS does not impact upon the prognosis of women with
      early-stage invasive breast cancer. This suggests that primary breast cancers and
      local invasive recurrences following DCIS are similar conditions and should be
      treated in the same way.

PMID- 27383478
TI  - Breast fine needle aspiration continues to be relevant in a large academic
      medical center: experience from Massachusetts General Hospital.
AB  - Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is increasingly being supplanted by core needle
      biopsy. However, breast surgeons continue to rely on FNA at our institution. This
      retrospective study evaluated breast FNA for its diagnostic accuracy and breast
      cancer biomarker testing utility. All breast FNAs performed at Massachusetts
      General Hospital 2009-2015 were reviewed. Cytology diagnoses were compared with
      subsequent tissue or clinical diagnoses. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in
      situ hybridization (FISH) results using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE)
      cell blocks and histologic tissue blocks were compared. 1654 consecutive breast
      FNAs were included. Breast FNA demonstrated the following diagnostic performance:
      positive predictive value of malignant cytology diagnosis 100 %, negative
      predictive value of benign cytology diagnosis 97.5 %, complete sensitivity 91.6
      %, and specificity 95.5 %. Concordance rates for estrogen receptor, progesterone
      receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
      immunohistochemistry, and HER2 FISH were 98.2 % (kappa = 0.95, p < 0.001), 100.0
      % (kappa = 1.000, p < 0.001), 83.1 % (kappa = 0.69, p < 0.001), and 93.5 % (kappa
      = 0.785, p < 0.001), respectively. Review of consecutive breast FNAs in a large
      cohort confirmed the excellent accuracy of this biopsy technique for breast
      lesion diagnosis. FNA FFPE cell blocks collected in the course of routine
      clinical care are adequate, practical, and reliable for breast cancer biomarker
      testing.

PMID- 27383479
TI  - Evaluation of an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing panel for detection of
      BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic variants.
AB  - The recent advances in the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology have
      enabled fast, accurate, and cost-effective genetic testing. Here, we evaluated
      the performance of a targeted NGS panel for BRCA1/2 sequencing and confirmed its
      applicability in routine clinical diagnostics. We tested samples from 88 patients
      using the TruSeq custom panel (Illumina Inc, USA) and a MiSeq sequencer
      (Illumina) and compared the results to the outcomes of conventional Sanger
      sequencing. All 1015 sequence variations identified by Sanger sequencing were
      detected by NGS, except for one missense variant that might have been missed due
      to a rare mutation on a primer-binding site. One deletion variation, c.1909 +
      12delT of BRCA2, was falsely called in all samples due to a homopolymer error. In
      addition, seven different single-nucleotide substitutions with low variant
      frequencies (range: 16.2-33.3 %) were falsely called by NGS. In a separate batch,
      10 different false-positive variations were found in five samples. The overall
      sensitivity and positive predictive value of NGS were estimated to be 99.9 and
      87.5 %, respectively. The false-positive results could be excluded by setting
      quality and alternative allele ratio filters and/or by visual inspection using
      the IGV software. Targeted NGS panel for BRCA1 and BRCA2 showed an excellent
      agreement with Sanger sequencing results. We therefore conclude that this NGS
      panel can be used for routine diagnostic method in a clinical genetic laboratory.

PMID- 27383480
TI  - Goodbye to the European Working Time Directive?

PMID- 27383481
TI  - Protective effects of Emblica officinalis (Amla) on metal-induced lipid
      peroxidation in human erythrocytes.
AB  - The protective potential of Emblica officinalis (amla) was investigated on metal
      induced lipid per oxidation in human erythrocytes. Increases in the levels of MDA
      and catalase activity were assessed as lipid per oxidation. In addition,
      glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione (GSH), and ascorbic acid levels were
      assessed as antioxidant indices. Preliminary investigation of the extract
      exhibited a significant reduction in lipid per oxidation and an increase in
      antioxidant abilities, such as a decrease in MDA, GPx and GSH (P<0.05). A
      significant reduction in erythrocyte hemolysis induced by hydrogen peroxide was
      observed using amla extract (P<0.05). These findings show that amla extract has
      significant protective potential against lipid per oxidation. 

PMID- 27383482
TI  - Genetic polymorphism of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT2B15) and glucuronidation
      of paracetamol in healthy population.
AB  - Inter individual variability in polymorphic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT2B15)
      has been associated with varied glucuronidation level. The present project was
      designed to determine the genetic polymorphism of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
      (UGT2B15) and glucuronidation of paracetamol in healthy (male=59 and female=50)
      population. The association between genotype (UGT2B15) and phenotype (paracetamol
      glucuronidation) has been evaluated. According to trimodal model, genotypes and
      phenotypes were categorized as fast, intermediate and slow glucuronidators.
      Presence of wild type allele illustrated a UGT2B15 genotype as fast
      glucuronidator. The glucuronidation status was investigated by HPLC analysis of
      paracetamol. Ratio of paracetamol glucuronide to paracetamol was determined with
      two antimodes at glucuronidation ratio of 0.3 and 1.8. In our study, 7% and 12%
      of population was distributed as slow glucuronidators by phenotype and genotype,
      respectively and association between phenotype and genotype was good for analysis
      of glucuronidation status as displayed by kappa value (0.792). 

PMID- 27383483
TI  - The changes in serum and whole blood rheological properties of rabbits during the
      progression of atherosclerosis.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the role of zinc (Zn)-supplemented with high
      cholesterol diet (HCD) on the serum and whole blood rheological properties of
      rabbits fed a HCD. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three
      groups. The HCD group was fed a diet with 1.0% cholesterol and 1.0% olive oil.
      The HCD + Zn group was fed a diet with 1.0% cholesterol, 1.0% olive oil, and Zn.
      Blood viscosity, shear stress, and torque (%) were measured at shear rates
      ranging from 225 to 1875 s-1 for serum and 75-900 s-1 for whole blood. Serum
      viscosity and shear stress in HCD rabbits were significantly higher at all shear
      rates compared to controls; while whole blood viscosity and shear stress in HCD
      rabbits were significantly lower at all shear rates compared to controls.
      Viscosity and shear stress in both serum and whole blood from rabbits in the HCD
      + Zn group returned to normal values at all shear rates. The Zn supplemented to
      HCD rabbits, delays the progression of atherosclerosis. Changes in blood serum
      viscosity could reflect changes in non-clotting proteins, glucose, nutrients and
      trace elements; while changes in whole blood viscosity could result from changes
      in hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte count. One of the factors responsible
      for increasing the serum viscosity values of HCD rabbits might be attributed to
      increase in Fe and decrease in Zn levels in the blood serum. 

PMID- 27383484
TI  - Phytochemical screening, antiglycation and antioxidant activities of whole plant
      of Boerhavia repens L. from Cholistan, Pakistan.
AB  - Present study was aimed to explore a traditionally used indigenous medicinal
      plant Boerhavia repens (Nyctaginaceae family) of the Cholistan desert, Pakistan.
      Crude aqueous and methanolic extracts of the whole plant were investigated in
      vitro for preliminary phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antiglycation
      activities. Antioxidant activities were determined by total phenolic contents,
      1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and inhibition of
      lipid peroxidation. For antiglycation activities browning production was noted
      and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) technique was used to determine glycation level.
      Boerhavia repens expressed considerable amounts of phytochemicals. Extract yield
      was found to be 4.59%-7.85% g/100g of dry matter with total phenolics ranging
      from 47.9- 190.77mg/GAE per g for aqueous and methanol extract respectively.
      Strong inhibitory effect was exhibited by methanolic extract in linoleic acid per
      oxidation system (86.11%, EC50=0.99mg/mL) and DPPH assay (88.65%,
      EC50=212.33MUg/ml). In term of browning maximum inhibition (81.50%) was exhibited
      by methanolic extract at 37 degrees C at third week of incubation. Both extracts
      expressed significant (P>0.05) and comparable inhibition of glycation level. In
      conclusion, Boerhavia repens showed promising antioxidant and antiglycation
      activities validating its therapeutic potential. 

PMID- 27383485
TI  - Beneficial effects of bipolar hemiarthroplasty replacement and fosamax in the
      retrospective cohort study of refracture and mortality of hip fractured patients.
AB  - The epidemiological hip fracture leads to a high death rate in the elderly with
      osteoporosis worldwide. However, the appropriate surgical styles or anti
      osteoporotic therapy could prevent these patients with hip fractures from
      suffering refracture, but the efficacy of such treatment remains elusive for
      first hip fractured patients. Our retrospective analysis was conducted on 508 hip
      fracture patients who were enrolled from Show Chwan Memorial Hospital from
      January 2005 through December 2011 and followed up until the end of 2012.
      However, bipolar hemiarthroplasty replacement and open reduction internal
      fixation (ORIF) are treatment options for femoral neck and intertrochanic hip
      fracture in our study population. Among these patients, 82 suffered 2nd hip
      fracture (refracture) with femoral neck or intertrochanteric fracture and 39 died
      after surgical intervention accompanied complications. Kaplan-Meier analysis
      revealed a better outcome in patients with bipolar hemiarthroplasty replacement
      or fosamax therapy of hip fractured patients than those with femoral neck/ORIF
      and intertrochanteric/ORIF or without fosamax therapy. Multivariate cox
      regression analysis revealed the lowest incidence of refracture and mortality in
      hip fracture patients with received bipolar hemiarthroplasty replacement surgical
      intervention (OR=0.732, CI=0.587-0.912; P=0.006). It is therefore concluded that
      fosamax therapy may improve bone density and increase bone tissue repair to
      prevent patients with hip fracture from refracture, and bipolar hemiarthroplasty
      replacement may promote patients who undertake outdoor activities to produce more
      vitamin D than those who have received ORIF. 

PMID- 27383486
TI  - Antiviral potential of a diterpenoid compound sugiol from Metasequoia
      glyptostroboides.
AB  - This research reports first time antiviral activity of sugiol, a diterpenoid
      isolated from Metasequoia glyptostroboides in terms of its ability to inhibit in
      vitro growth of H1N1 influenza virus. Antiviral potential of sugiol was evaluated
      through hcytopathogenic reduction assay using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)
      cell line. Sugiol (500 MUg/ml) was found to exhibit considerable anti-cytopathic
      effect on MDCK cell line confirming its antiviral efficacy against H1N1 influenza
      virus. These findings strongly reinforce the suggestion that sugiol could be a
      candidate of choice in combinational regimen with potential antiviral efficacy. 

PMID- 27383487
TI  - In vitro evaluation of bioactive potential of Bacillus methylotrophicus YML008
      against Propionibacterium acnes.
AB  - Acne vulgaris is the most common skin diseases that people experience during
      their lives. Thirteen rhizosphere isolates were screened against
      Propionibacterium acnes. The bacterium exhibited the highest activity against P.
      acnes was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus YML008 by 16S rRNA gene
      sequencing. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the changes in
      morphology of P. acnes. Preliminary studies on the antimicrobial substance
      demonstrated the hydrophilic nature of compound with MIC of 0.17mg/ml and MBC of
      0.3mg/ml. The cytotoxic effect of the extract was least (80% survival) as
      compared to benzyperoxide (40% survival). These results suggest YML008 as a
      promising bioresource and may be useful as a lead bacterium to develop a new type
      of anti-acne skin care prep to cure or prevent acne. Further, mechanism of action
      and proper clinical trials may be promising for this research. 

PMID- 27383488
TI  - The effects of deferoxamine on inhibition for microglia activation and protection
      of secondary nerve injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats.
AB  - To investigate the effects of the iron chelatordeferoxamine (DFA) on inhibition
      formicroglia activation and protection of secondary nerve injury after
      intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. The rats were randomly divided into sham
      operation group, ICH group and DFA treatment group. The collagenase was used to
      prepare ICH model of basal gangliain rats and 1h after the beginning of the
      operation, the intraperitoneal injection with DFA was arranged every 12 h and for
      a total of 7d. The changes of Iron ion concentration were measured at
      perihematomaat different time points after the medicine was given. OX42
      immunohistochemical staining observed microglia change at perihematoma. ELISA
      method determined the changes of IL-1beta and TNF-beta content of brain tissue.
      Neurological deficit scores and Nissl staining were used to observe the situation
      of neurological function and neuronal loss of rats after DFA treatment. 1 d After
      the start of ICH, the concentration of iron in perihematoma was significantly
      higher than that of animalsin sham-operated group and could sustain for28 d. At
      the same time, the quantities of local microglial cells were significantly
      increased. After applying DFA, the concentration of iron ions in the brain tissue
      around the hematoma was significantly reduced, so did the number of microglial
      cells and activation of neurotoxic cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha content)
      secreted by microglial cells was significantly reduced. At the same time, the
      loss of neurons in the tissue around of the hematoma was significantly reduced
      and neurological deficit scores were significantly reduced. Iron ions which were
      sustainedly released by hematoma after ICH can activate the local microglia and
      cause secondary brain injury. DFA curb excessive activation of microglia and
      reduce neuronal death of ICH by means of clearinf away iron ions of brain tissue
      surrounding the hematoma, thus improve secondary neurological dysfunction. 

PMID- 27383489
TI  - Short Communication - Determination of amino acid and free sugar contents in
      Korean traditional fermented soybean products of Doenjang and evaluation of their
      sensory attributes.
AB  - This study quantitatively determined contents of amino acids and free sugars in
      soybean fermented samples (Doenjang) using amino acid autoanalyzer and HPLC,
      respectively. As a result, hreonine, serine, glycine, alanine and lysine
      categorized as total sweet amino acids and free sugars (sucrose, maltose,
      glucose, galactose and fructose) were found in the range of 32.7 to 117.1 and
      5.85 to 23.66mg/100 g, respectively. However, average of total sugar content was
      noted to be 71.63mg%. Three samples possessing the best sensory characteristics
      were selected for further study. The mean values of four sensory attributes such
      as sweet, sour, savory and bitter tastes of Doenjang samples were found to be
      709.53, 210.25, 241.90 and 276.05. These findings confirm nutritive properties of
      fermented food products of Doenjang with improved quality and utilization. 

PMID- 27383490
TI  - Report - Report on the heterozygosis mutations of c.567dupT, p.(Ile190Tyrfs*13)
      of MMACHC gene in 1 Child patient with methylmalonic academia.
AB  - This article reported 1 child patient with early-onset methylmalonic acidemia and
      proceeded gene detection for the child and his parents. The detecting results
      showed that there were respectively heterozygosis mutations of
      c.609G>A,p.(Trp203*) and c.567dupT,p.(Ile190Tyrfs*13) in the MMA CHC gene of
      child's parents, and all of the diseases were entailed to the child and caused
      the paroxysm of child. Consequently, the c.567dupT,p.(Ile190Tyrfs*13) was
      considered as a kind of new gene mutation. After being treated with vitamin B12
      and levocamitine, the clinical symptoms and organic acid content of hematuresis
      of this child patient had taken a turn for the better. 

PMID- 27383491
TI  - Report - Recurrent hip arthritis diagnosed as juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A
      case report.
AB  - Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common rheumatic disease in childhood.
      It is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with arthritis of unknown
      etiology that begins before the age of 16 and persists for longer than 6 weeks.
      In this report, the case of a child who suffered recurrent alternative hip
      arthritis with bilateral hip arthritis is examined, in which he was finally
      diagnosed as suffering from Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. A 14-year-old boy of
      Taiwanese origin presented with a normal birth and developmental history. At the
      age of 10, right-side hip joint pain was experienced, which later migrated to the
      left side. On further inspection, synovium hypertrophy, cartilage erosion and hip
      turbid fluid accumulation were found and aseptic arthritis was presumed to be the
      primary cause. However, after re-examining both his clinical history and
      presentation, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis was the final diagnosis. Any child
      presenting with repeat joint swelling are at risk of Juvenile idiopathic
      arthritis. This is still to be the case if symptoms recede or heal and no initial
      diagnosis is made. Therefore, a better understanding of the risk of recurrent
      arthritis is needed. It cannot be emphasized strongly enough that Juvenile
      idiopathic arthritis should be suspected at all times when a child suffers from
      recurrent aseptic arthritis of the hip joint. 

PMID- 27383492
TI  - Protective effect of heat-treated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) juice on alcohol
      detoxification in experimental rats.
AB  - In this study, heat-treated cucumber juice was assessed for its protective effect
      on blood alcohol levels and hepatic alcohol metabolic enzyme system in
      experimental rats. Initially, during detoxification of alcohol, all groups were
      orally dosed to 22% alcohol (6ml/kg body weight) along with different
      concentrations of heat-treated cucumber juice (10, 100 and 500mg/kg) and
      commercial goods for hangover-removal on sale (2ml/kg). Cucumber juice was dosed
      before 30 min, and simultaneously after 30min of alcohol administration, and its
      hepatoprotective effect on blood alcohol levels and hepatic alcohol metabolic
      enzyme system in experimental rats was evaluated. As a result, after 7h,
      remarkable reduction was found in the blood alcohol levels for all concentrations
      of cucumber juice treatment. Treatment with cucumber juice resulted in increasing
      dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymatic activities in
      rat liver at 9h after alcohol administration thereby stimulated blood alcohol
      metabolism as compared with control group. The effect of heat-treated cucumber
      juice on alcohol detoxification was observed only in the rats treated before
      30min from alcohol administration. These findings indicate that heat-treated
      cucumber juice has significant protective effect on alcohol detoxification in
      experimental rats, suggesting its usefulness in the treatment of liver injury
      caused by alcohol consumption. 

PMID- 27383493
TI  - Study on stability of DMS meridian detector.
AB  - The stability of meridian detector was the basis to study meridian through
      conductance method. Ancient documents mentioned that the human body's blood could
      change with the time and meridians. When qi and blood came, the qi and blood
      would be full of that place; when qi and blood gone, the local skin shining could
      fade and recess. It liked the tidal fluctuation, then caused the corresponding
      acupuncture points conductance value changes. Modern studies had reported that
      meridian detector instrument the skin area of twelve meridians acupuncture points
      could change along with time within 24 hours. In this circumstance, whether the
      conductance values changes in human acupuncture points had statistical
      significance was vital important. DMS meridian detector instruction was adopt to
      measure the twelve meridian jingyuan acupuncture point in order to analyze the
      acupuncture point conductance value changes within one day. 

PMID- 27383494
TI  - Analysis on the infections change and measures for the multiple drug-resistant
      bacteria of neurology.
AB  - To analyze the bacterial infection situations and the separation situations of
      multiple drug-resistant bacteria of the neurology of Zhengzhou People's hospital
      from Feb. 2012 to Dec. 2014. The patients data of neurology were retrieved by
      means of the doctor workstation system. The infection sites, the classification
      and drug-resistant feature of bacteria were classified and summarized in Excel.
      Finally, Compared with the infection sites, the classification and drug-resistant
      feature of bacteria at different year. The data obtained use SPSS 19.0 software
      to do statistical analysis. The infection rate of bacteria in neurology from Year
      2012 to 2014 declined from 4.99% to 3.41%. But the constitution of the infection
      sites of bacteria had no significant changes. Staphylococcus aureus still was the
      majority in the infections of gram-positive bacteria, and Escherichia coli was
      the majority in the infections of gram-negative bacteria, and there were no
      significant changes in the ranking of the past three years. The separation rate
      of Acihetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in gram-negative bacteria
      gradually escalated. There were definite efficiencies in the prevention and
      control of the bacterial infections in neurology in the past three years. But the
      situation of prevention and control was still severe at the same time. 

PMID- 27383495
TI  - Efficacy and safety of Linkus, Aminophylline diphenhydramine and acefyllin
      piperazine for the treatment of cough in children.
AB  - To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Linkus, Aminophylline with Diphenhydramine
      group and Acefyllin Piperazine with Diphenhydramine cough syrup on children
      having cough and sleep difficulty associated with cough. To determine the effects
      of Linkus polyherbal syrup (group A) and compared with other parallel allopathic
      groups (Group B and C) for cough on children and associated sleep quality and
      improvement. 360 children having cough inducted in 3 different groups randomly
      selected. Three parallel groups were the part of the study. The first study group
      was the herbal syrup Linkus, second group of children were taking a syrup of
      multinational pharmaceutical industry having Aminophylline plus Diphenhydramine
      however the third group received another famous brand having Acefyllin Piperazine
      with Diphenhydramine. Informed assent and informed consent have taken from the
      study subjects and their parents. Subjects with acute cough were included in the
      study however the subjects with chronic cough considered to be excluded. Every
      group of individual in the study was informed about the investigational drugs
      provided. Ethnic groups, frequency of cough and diseases illness (<0.05) were
      determine on every group on the investigational syrup. Cough impact on child and
      its sleep of three different syrups (every group) were assessed on day1 and day
      14(p<0.001) via a likert scale. For the evaluation of pain assessment Wong baker
      face scale were used and level of significance in each group (p<0.001).
      Significant results were observed in the Linkus Group as compared to the other
      parallel groups including Aminophylline plus Diphenhydramine and Acefyllin
      Piperazine with Diphenhydramine on day 14 (p<0.001). Side effects on group B and
      group C (Aminophylline with Diphenhydramine and Acefyllin Piperazine with
      Diphenhydramine) were almost similar in number however Linkus syrup has minimum
      side effects on study duration. Polyherbal syrup Linkus shows better results in
      treatment of cough including side effects as compare to the other parallel groups
      B and C (Aminophylline with Diphenhydramine and Acefyllin Piperazine with
      Diphenhydramine). For nocturnal sleep Linkus providing better results in cough
      and associated problems. Pain were significantly reduce on day 14 with the herbal
      Linkus syrup group A (<0.001). Group B and C found less effective with more side
      effects as compared to Linkus syrup. Poly herbal Linkus syrup could substantially
      improve the clinical effect and relieves coughs and benefit lung functions and
      better sleep facilitation. 

PMID- 27383496
TI  - In vitro genotoxicity of pyridine in human lymphocytes.
AB  - This work was carried out to study the genotoxicity of pyridine in vitro on human
      leucocyte culture. Cyclophosphamide, a well-known carcinogen was used as positive
      control. The four different concentrations of pyridine and cyclophosphamide
      showed breaks and pulverization of chromosomes in dose dependent manner. Higher
      number of pulverization was observed with higher concentration of pyridine
      (3.25MUg/mL). Based on this data, our results confirm that both pyridine and its
      precursor showed genotoxicity against human lymphocytes. 

PMID- 27383497
TI  - Chromatographic resolution of drug analogues: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme
      A reductase inhibitors (statins).
AB  - A high performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous
      determination both qualitative and quantitative of cholesterol lowering statin
      drugs in pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. The most important
      advantage of developed method is that all seven statin drugs can be determined on
      a single chromatographic system without modification in detection wavelength. An
      organic modifier addition (25% v/v methanol) in the presence of buffer (20mM
      ammonium acetate; pH 4.0 adjusted with dilute acetic acid) played a key role in
      the resolution of statin drugs in gradient elution with acetonitrile. The drugs
      were separated on a Purospher Star 4.6mm * 25cm, 5MUm, C18 column maintained at
      25 degrees C with 1mLmin(-1) flow rate using ultra violet detection at 240nm.
      Good separation (Rs > 2.5) was achieved in a short analysis allowing simultaneous
      determination of all seven statins. The effect of variation in flow rate,
      detection wavelength and column oven temperature was also studied. The proposed
      method was statistically validated in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity,
      specificity and robustness. The newly developed method proved to be specific,
      robust and accurate for the quantification of seven statins in commercial
      pharmaceutical formulations. 

PMID- 27383498
TI  - Effect of a real-time tele-transmission system of 12-lead electrocardiogram on
      the first-aid for athletes with ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
AB  - To study the effect of a real-time tele-transmission system of 12-lead
      electrocardiogram on door-to-balloon time in athletes with ST-elevation
      myocardial infarction. A total of 60 athletes with chest pain diagnosed as ST
      elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from our hospital were randomly divided
      into group A (n=35) and group B (n=25), the patients in group A transmitted the
      real-time tele-transmission system of 12-lead electrocardiogram to the chest pain
      center before arriving in hospital, however, the patients in group B not. The
      median door-to-balloon time was significant shorter in-group A than group B
      (38min vs 94 min, p<0.01) and the ratio of door-to-balloon time below 90 min was
      remarkable higher in-group A (94.2% vs 60%, p<0.01). The rate of catheter
      laboratory occupied was 5.7% in-group A and 40% in group B respectively
      (p=0.001). There was no statistically difference in mortality between the two
      groups (5.7% vs 4%, p>0.05). The median length of stay was significant reduced in
      group A (5 days vs 7 days, p<0.01). Real-time tele-transmission system of 12 lead
      electrocardiogram is beneficial to the pre-hospital diagnosis of STEMI. 

PMID- 27383499
TI  - Clinical research on the dexmedetomidine applied for patient-controlled sedation
      during the lower limbs operation under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia.
AB  - To investigate the effect and safety of dexmedetomidine applied for patient
      controlled sedation under combined spinal anesthesia. 150 cases who would be
      implemented lower limbs operations were randomly divided into patient-controlled
      sedation group (Group PCS) and control group (Group C) and 75 cases for each
      group. The ages of patients were between 18 and 65 years old and patients were
      with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) or level. After being
      implemented combined spinal anesthesia, patients of Group PCS were undergone
      patient-controlled sedation by using dexmedetomidine (4MUg/mL) with 2mL of load
      quantity, 1.5ml of background infusion quantity, 0.5mL of single dose and 20s of
      locking time; patients of Group C were constantly infused the normal saline at
      the rate of 10ml/h by pump injection. HR, MAP, SpO2, Ramsay sedation scores and
      airway scores before the pump injection (T0), 10 min (T1), 3 min (T2), 5 min
      (T3), 7min (T4) and 10min (T5) after the pump injection, at the beginning of
      operations (T6), 10min(T7) after the operations and in the end of operations (T8)
      of patients of two groups were respectively recorded. At the same time, the
      pressing numbers and doses of dexmedetomidine of patients of Group PCS were
      observed. Compared with the HR at T0, HR in Group PCS obviously decreased between
      T1 and T8 (P<0.05). Compared with HR in Group C, HR in Group PCS obviously
      slowered between T1 and T8 (P<0.05). Compared with the MAP at T0, MAP in Group
      PCS gradually increased between T1 and T3 and gradually reduced between T5 and T8
      (P<0.05). MAP between T5 and T8 in Group PCS were significantly lower than those
      in Group C (P<0.05). Between T3 and T7, there were 51, 72, 74, 73, 72 patients in
      Group PCS whose Ramsay scores were from 3 to 4 points respectively. During the
      process of patient-controlled sedation of patients in Group PCS, the pressing
      times were 112.10+/-65. 79 times. The effective pressing numbers were 21.00+/-9.
      07times. The patient-controlled dosages were (15.12+/-3.19) ml; The dosages were
      11.29+/-2.16ml when the level of sedation achieved 3 to 4 scores in Ramsay
      sedation scores; And the required time to achieve 3 to 4 scores in Ramsay
      sedation scores was 7.55+/-1.53 min. In the lower limbs operations, the usage of
      dexmedetomidine applied for patient-controlled sedation under combined spinal
      anesthesia can effectively approach to the personalized medicine and is effective
      in clinical application. 

PMID- 27383501
TI  - Obesity is not associated with increased morbidity in patients undergoing
      cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent single-institutional series have examined the
      relationship of body mass index (BMI) in patients undergoing cytoreductive
      surgery (CRS) and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) generally without
      significant increase in serious complications with increasing BMI. This study
      evaluates the impact of BMI on complication rates using a national cohort.
      METHODS: The ACS NSQIP database was queried for patients undergoing concurrent
      CRS with IPC (2005-2012). Death and serious morbidity (DSM) was the primary
      outcome. Statistical analyses were performed to determine significant
      associations between peri-operative factors and DSM. RESULTS: Of 1,085 patients,
      there were 30.4% (n = 330) obese (BMI >30) and 32.1% (n = 348) normal weight (BMI
      18.5-24.9) patients. DSM rates did not differ between these groups (P = 0.853).
      Obese patients were more likely to experience post-operative wound (P = 0.017)
      and renal (P = 0.002) complications. Hypoalbuminemia (OR 7.34; 95% CI 2.27
      23.73), prolonged operative time (OR 3.02; 95% CI 1.83-4.97) and concomitant
      liver resection (OR 3.29; 95% CI 1.31-8.28) were independent risk factors for DSM
      among obese patients. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity is not significantly associated with
      DSM in patients undergoing CRS/IPC, and should not be a major deterrence for
      surgery. However, obese patients are more likely to experience wound and renal
      complications and hypoalbuminemia is a strong preoperative risk factor. J. Surg.
      Oncol. 2016;114:619-624. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27383502
TI  - Optimal high b-value for diffusion weighted MRI in diagnosing high risk prostate
      cancers in the peripheral zone.
AB  - PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine the optimal b-value(s) of diffusion
      weighted imaging (DWI) associated with intermediate-high risk cancer in the
      peripheral zone (PZ) of the prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two
      consecutive patients underwent multi b-value (16 evenly spaced b-values between 0
      and 2000 s/mm2 ) DWI along with multi-parametric MRI (MP-MRI) of the prostate at
      3 Tesla followed by trans-rectal ultrasound/MRI fusion guided targeted biopsy of
      suspicious lesions detected at MP-MRI. Computed DWI images up to a simulated b
      value of 4000 s/mm2 were also obtained using a pair of b-values (b = 133 and 400
      or 667 or 933 s/mm2 ) from the multi b-value DWI. The contrast ratio of average
      intensity of the targeted lesions and the background PZ was determined. Receiver
      operator characteristic curves and the area under the curve (AUCs) were obtained
      for separating patients eligible for active surveillance with low risk prostate
      cancers from intermediate-high risk prostate cancers as per the cancer of the
      prostate risk assessment (CAPRA) scoring system. RESULTS: The AUC first increased
      then decreased with the increase in b-values reaching maximum at b = 1600 s/mm2
      (0.74) with no statistically significant different AUC of DWI with b-values 1067
      2000 s/mm2 . The AUC of computed DWI increased then decreased with the increase
      in b-values reaching a maximum of 0.75 around b = 2000 s/mm2 . There was no
      statistically significant difference between the AUC of optimal acquired DWI and
      either of optimal computed DWI. CONCLUSION: The optimal b-value for acquired DWI
      in differentiating intermediate-high from low risk prostate cancers in the PZ is
      b = 1600 s/mm2 . The computed DWI has similar performance as that of acquired DWI
      with the optimal performance around b = 2000 s/mm2 . LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 J.
      Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:125-131.

PMID- 27383500
TI  - Arabidopsis thaliana extracts optimized for polyphenols production as potential
      therapeutics for the APOE-modulated neuroinflammation characteristic of
      Alzheimer's disease in vitro.
AB  - Although the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown, glial-induced
      neuroinflammation is an early symptom. Familial AD is caused by increases in
      amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, particularly soluble oligomeric (oAbeta),
      considered a proximal neurotoxin and neuroinflammatory stimuli. APOE4, a
      naturally occurring genotype of APOE, is the greatest genetic risk factor for AD;
      increasing risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3 and APOE2. oAbeta-induced
      neuroinflammation is greater with APOE4 compared to APOE3 and APOE2. As sinapates
      and flavonoids have anti-inflammatory properties, a protocol was developed for
      optimizing polyphenol production in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana (A.
      thaliana). Three mutants (cop1, prn1, xpf3) were identified, and the extracts
      treated with liver microsomes to mimic physiological metabolism, with HPLC and MS
      performed on the resulting metabolites for peak identification. These extracts
      were used to treat primary glial cells isolated from human APOE-targeted
      replacement (APOE-TR) and APOE-knock-out (KO) mice, with neuroinflammation
      induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or oAbeta. The dose-response data for
      TNFalpha secretion demonstrate the followed the order: APOE-KO > APOE4 > APOE3 >
      APOE2, with xpf3 the most effective anti-neuroinflammatory across APOE genotypes.
      Thus, the plant-based approach described herein may be particularly valuable in
      treating the APOE4-induced neuroinflammatory component of AD risk.

PMID- 27383503
TI  - Hashimoto's Thyroiditis in South Indian Centre: Correspondence.

PMID- 27383504
TI  - Defining Obesity Using a Biological End Point in Sri Lankan Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the percentage of body fat mass (FM) that would define
      obesity among Sri Lankan children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted
      among 5-15 y old children in the district of Colombo. FM was assessed using Bio
      Impedance Assay (BIA). After a 12 h overnight fast, blood was drawn for fasting
      blood glucose (FBS) and lipid profile. Oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was
      done along with 2 h random blood sugar (RBS). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was
      diagnosed by a high waist circumference (WC) with >=2 metabolic derangements
      [FBS/RBS, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride, and
      systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP)]. Receiver-Operator
      Characteristics (ROCs) were drawn to determine the best %FM that predicted MetS.
      RESULTS: Nine hundred twenty children were studied (547 boys). Fifteen (1.6 %)
      had MetS. Ninety five (10.3 %) had two and 16(1.7 %) had >=3 metabolic
      derangements. MetS in boys was associated with %FM of 28.6 (sensitivity 1.000;
      specificity 0.870) and in girls 33.7 (sensitivity 0.875; specificity 0.808).
      CONCLUSIONS: FM associated with adverse health outcomes in this population is
      comparable to other available data. A %FM of 28.6 % for boys and 33.7 % for girls
      would be acceptable cutoff limits.

PMID- 27383505
TI  - A Moveable Feast: Insects Moving at the Forest-Crop Interface Are Affected by
      Crop Phenology and the Amount of Forest in the Landscape.
AB  - Edges have become prevailing habitats, mainly as a result of habitat
      fragmentation and agricultural expansion. The interchange of functionally
      relevant organisms like insects occurs through these edges and can influence
      ecosystem functioning in both crop and non-crop habitats. However, very few
      studies have focused on the directionality of insect movement through edges, and
      the role of crop and non-crop amount has been ignored. Using bi-directional
      flight interception traps we investigated interchange of herbivore, natural
      enemy, pollinator and detritivore insects between native forest fragments and
      soybean crops, simultaneously considering movement direction, forest cover in the
      landscape and crop phenology. In total, 52,173 specimens and 877 morphospecies
      were collected. We found that, within most functional and taxonomic groups,
      movement intensity was similar (richness and/or abundance) between directions,
      whereas a predominantly forest-to-crop movement characterized natural enemies.
      Insect movement was extensively affected by crop phenology, decreasing during
      crop senescence, and was enhanced by forest cover particularly at senescence.
      Mainly the same herbivore species moved to and from the forest, but different
      natural enemy species predominated in each direction. Finally, our analyses
      revealed greater forest contribution to natural enemy than to herbivore
      communities in the crop, fading with distance to the forest in both groups. By
      showing that larger amounts of forest lead to richer insect interchange, in both
      directions and in four functional groups, our study suggests that allocation to
      natural and cultivated habitats at landscape level could influence functioning of
      both systems. Moreover, natural enemies seemed to benefit more than pests from
      natural vegetation, with natural enemy spillover from forests likely contributing
      to pest control in soybean fields. Thus consequences of insect interchange seem
      to be mostly positive for the agroecosystem, although consequences for the
      natural system deserve further study. 

PMID- 27383506
TI  - Aliskiren and l-arginine treatments restore depressed baroreflex sensitivity and
      decrease oxidative stress in renovascular hypertension rats.
AB  - Renovascular hypertension is characterized by increased angiotensin II and
      oxidative stress, and by endothelial dysfunction. The purpose of this study was
      to test whether the administration of aliskiren (ALSK) and l-arginine (l-ARG)
      would restore impaired baroreflex sensitivity and reduce oxidative stress in a
      rat renovascular hypertension model. Hypertension was induced by clipping the
      left renal artery, and the following five groups were created: SHAM; two-kidney,
      1-clip (2K1C); 2K1C plus ALSK (ALSK); 2K1C plus l-ARG (l-ARG); and 2K1C plus
      ALSK+l-ARG (ALSK+l-ARG). After 21 days of treatment, only the ALSK+l-ARG group
      was effective in normalizing the arterial pressure (108.8+/-2.8 mm Hg). The l-ARG
      and ALSK+l-ARG groups did not show hypertrophy of the left ventricle. All the
      treatments restored the depressed baroreflex sensitivity to values found in the
      SHAM group. Acute administration of TEMPOL restored the depressed baroreflex
      sensitivity in the 2K1C group to values that resembled those presented by the
      other groups. All treatments were effective for an increase in the antioxidant
      pathway and reduction in the oxidative pathway. In conclusion, the treatment with
      ALSK or l-ARG reduced oxidative stress and restored reduced baroreflex
      sensitivity in renovascular hypertension. In addition, the treatments were able
      to normalize blood pressure and reverse left ventricular hypertrophy when used in
      combination.

PMID- 27383507
TI  - Comparison of a salt check sheet with 24-h urinary salt excretion measurement in
      local residents.
AB  - The salt check sheet developed by Tsuchihashi et al. is widely used in general
      practice to assess salt intake and the associated diets. However, its
      appropriateness for the general population has not been assessed alongside 24-h
      urinary salt excretion monitoring. Therefore, in local residents, we analyzed the
      correlation between check-sheet scores and 24-h urinary salt excretion levels to
      determine the appropriateness of the check sheet. We asked 176 local residents to
      complete the salt check sheet and provide urinary samples; the latter were
      obtained using a proportional sampling method over a 24-h period. One hundred and
      forty subjects completed the study (men/women: 23/117, mean+/-s.d. age: 52.7+/
      19.6 years, blood pressure: 122.3+/-18.0/74.3+/-11.1 mm Hg), of whom 51 (36.4%)
      had hypertension. The total salt check-sheet scores were widely distributed
      (mean+/-s.d.: 11.1+/-4.2 points, range: 0-22 points), and the subjects were
      divided into the following groups on the basis of salt levels: 29.3% were 'low'
      (0-8 points), 42.8% were 'medium' (9-13 points), 23.6% were 'high' (14-19 points)
      and 4.3% were 'very high' (>20 points). The mean 24-h urinary salt excretion
      level was 8.5+/-3.3 g. The subjects with higher salt-intake levels tended to have
      increased 24-h urinary salt excretion levels, with significant differences
      between the three groups ('low' vs. 'medium' vs. 'high to very high' salt levels:
      7.6+/-2.9 g vs. 8.4+/-2.8 g vs. 9.6+/-4.2 g, respectively; P=0.03). The total
      salt check-sheet scores significantly correlated with the 24-h urinary salt
      excretion levels (r=0.27; P<0.01). Thus, the salt check sheet is applicable for
      the general population.

PMID- 27383508
TI  - Associations of systolic and diastolic blood pressure night-to-day ratios with
      atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
AB  - Our objective was to evaluate the associations of the systolic and diastolic
      blood pressure night-to-day ratios (SBP-NDR and DBP-NDR) with composite
      atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs) comprising coronary heart
      disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke (IS) cases, respectively. The clinical
      conditions associated with SBP-NDR and DBP-NDR were also evaluated. A total of
      401 patients who underwent 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring were enrolled. In
      general, the mean age was 59.7+/-14.7 years and male subjects accounted for 59.1%
      of the study subjects. Regarding the ASCVD risk factors, 17.0% of the study
      subjects smoked, 5.2% abused alcohol, 2.0% had a family history of ASCVD, 23.3%
      had diabetes and 96.0% had dyslipidemia. Fifty (12.5%) and 128 (31.9%) study
      subjects had a previous diagnosis of CHD and IS, respectively. Dipper and non
      dipper pattern-specific differences in clinical characteristics between the SBP
      NDR and DBP-NDR categories were observed. The multiple linear regression analysis
      showed that advanced age, smoking, CHD and IS were positively associated with SBP
      NDR and statins were inversely associated with SBP-NDR; only IS was positively
      associated with DBP-NDR. The logistic regression analysis showed that after
      adjusting for the covariates of age, smoking, alcohol abuse, diabetes,
      hypertension, dyslipidemia, and SBP and DBP at admission, only DBP-NDR remained
      significantly associated with composite ASCVD, with an odds ratio of 1.029 (95%
      confidence interval 1.002-1.056, P=0.038). There were significant differences in
      the associations of SBP-NDR and DBP-NDR with composite ASCVD. Clinical conditions
      independently associated with SBP-NDR and DBP-NDR were also somewhat different.
      In a specific population group, DBP-NDR may be superior to SBP-NDR with respect
      to screening for ASCVD.

PMID- 27383509
TI  - Retinal microvascular diameter, a hypertension-related trait, in ECG-gated vs.
      non-gated images analyzed by IVAN and SIVA.
AB  - The diameters of the retinal microvasculature reflect intermediate target organ
      damage and predict adverse health outcomes. In view of the pulsatility of the
      cerebral blood flow and refinement of software used for off-line analysis, we
      assessed the repeatability of retinal microvascular diameters in ECG-gated vs.
      non-gated images using nonmydriatic retinal photographs (Canon Cr-DGi
      visualization system) postprocessed by IVAN (Vasculomatic ala Nicola, version
      1.1) or SIVA (Singapore I Vessel Assessment, version 3.6). Using these
      algorithms, we determined the central retinal arteriolar (CRAE) and venular
      (CRVE) equivalents and their ratio (arteriole-to-venule ratio (AVR)). The
      estimates of CRAE (mean, 158.5 MUm), CRVE (222.5 MUm) and AVR (0.71) in 10
      volunteers were unaffected (P?0.059) by ECG gating. We assessed intragrader
      repeatability by the Bland and Altman approach in 30 participants with non-gated
      images and 30 with ECG-gated photographs. Repeatability, which was expressed as
      the percentage of near maximal variability (4-s.d. range), did not improve with
      ECG gating. Using SIVA, CRAE and CRVE were systematically larger (P?0.031), and
      the AVR estimates were similar (P?0.15) compared with IVAN. The differences (IVAN
      SIVA) averaged -5.4 MUm for CRAE, -3.9 MUm for CRVE and -0.012 for AVR in the non
      gated images and -3.3 MUm, -6.9 MUm and 0.006, respectively, in the ECG-gated
      photographs. In conclusion, ECG gating does not affect estimates of the retinal
      microvascular diameters or improve intragrader repeatability. SIVA yields
      slightly but significantly larger estimates of the retinal arteriolar and venular
      diameters. Combining historical readings analyzed by IVAN with more recent
      readings by SIVA is possible only for AVR and is not recommended for either CRAE
      or CRVE.

PMID- 27383510
TI  - Association between social participation and hypertension among older people in
      Japan: the JAGES Study.
AB  - Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading
      cause of mortality in the world. Although previous studies have focused on
      individual-level behavioral risk factors associated with hypertension, there has
      been little research on how interacting with others, that is social
      participation, affects hypertension. To address this research gap, this study
      examined the association between social participation and hypertension in Japan,
      a country with a high prevalence of hypertension possibly linked to rapid
      population aging. Data were used from 4582 participants aged more than 65 years
      who participated in the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Survey (JAGES) with blood
      pressure data collected during a health check-up. The frequency of participation
      in vertical organizations (characterized by hierarchical relationships) and
      horizontal organizations (characterized by non-hierarchical, egalitarian
      relationships) was measured by a questionnaire. In a Poisson regression analysis,
      participation in vertical organizations was not associated with hypertension,
      whereas participation in horizontal organizations at least once a month was
      inversely associated with hypertension (prevalence ratio: 0.941). This
      association remained significant after adjusting for social support variables,
      although further adjustment for health behaviors attenuated the association. As
      the frequency of going out and average time spent walking were both associated
      with hypertension, physical activity may be a possible pathway that connects
      social participation and hypertension. The results of this study suggest that
      expanding social participation programs, especially those involving horizontal
      organizations, may be one way to promote better health among older people in
      Japan.

PMID- 27383511
TI  - The association between blood pressure and grip strength in adolescents: does
      body mass index matter?
AB  - Increased body mass index (BMI) has been related to both low grip strength and
      high blood pressure (BP) in adolescents. Previous reports of high BP associated
      with decreased grip strength could be due to the inherent increase in BP in
      youths with high BMI. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association
      between grip strength and BP in adolescents independent of BMI. A total of 88 865
      Chinese adolescents aged 13-17 years were included in this study. Sex-, age- and
      height-specific references were applied to calculate the BP z-score and define
      elevated BP. Grip strength was evaluated as handgrip (kg)/weight (kg) and
      converted into a sex- and age-specific z-score for analysis. Using fractional
      polynomial regression, we found that increased BMI was associated with enhanced
      BP and decreased grip strength; however, after stratification by or adjustment
      for BMI, strong grip strength was related to an increased BP. Logistic regression
      models revealed that a one s.d. increase in boys' grip strength z-score was
      associated with an 18% (95% confidence interval: 12, 25) to 37% (19, 59) higher
      risk of elevated BP when adjusted for BMI. These associations remained
      significant after further adjustment for cardiorespiratory fitness. A similar
      pattern was also observed in girls. These results indicated that strong grip
      strength was associated with increased adolescent BP after adjustment for BMI.
      Our findings raise questions about using muscle-strengthening training as an
      approach to improve the BP profile in adolescents.

PMID- 27383514
TI  - Is early discharge with hospital-assisted home care really safe?

PMID- 27383512
TI  - Discrimination, Mental Health, and Substance Use Disorders Among Sexual Minority
      Populations.
AB  - PURPOSE: Sexual minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual) populations have a higher
      prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders compared to their
      heterosexual counterparts. Such disparities have been attributed, in part, to
      minority stressors, including distal stressors such as discrimination. However,
      few studies have examined associations between discrimination, mental health, and
      substance use disorders by gender among sexual minority populations. METHODS: We
      analyzed data from 577 adult men and women who self-identified as lesbian, gay,
      or bisexual and participated in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on
      Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Six questions assessed discrimination
      due to sexual orientation. Weighted multivariable logistic regression examined
      associations between experiences of sexual orientation discrimination and both
      mental health and substance use disorders. Analyses were conducted separately for
      sexual minority men and women, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.
      RESULTS: Sexual minority men who ever experienced discrimination (57.4%) reported
      higher odds of any lifetime drug use disorder and cannabis use disorder compared
      to sexual minority men who never experienced discrimination. Sexual minority
      women who ever experienced discrimination (42.9%) reported higher odds of any
      lifetime mood disorder and any lifetime anxiety disorder compared to sexual
      minority women who never experienced discrimination. CONCLUSION: The findings
      suggest that discrimination is differentially associated with internalizing
      (mental health) and externalizing (substance use) disorders for sexual minority
      men and women. These findings indicate a need to consider how homophobia and
      heteronormative discrimination may contribute to distinct health outcomes for
      lesbian and bisexual women compared with gay and bisexual men.

PMID- 27383515
TI  - Remember fatigue during neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and don't forget
      to change resuscitators.

PMID- 27383516
TI  - When should we start continuous positive airway pressure in the delivery room and
      how high should we go?

PMID- 27383517
TI  - Metronomics during palliative care in paediatric oncology? For sure! But handle
      me with care.

PMID- 27383518
TI  - Erratum.

PMID- 27383519
TI  - Individualised benefit-harm balance of aspirin as primary prevention measure - a
      good proof-of-concept, but could have been better....
AB  - Guidelines from different organisations regarding the use of aspirin for primary
      prevention vary despite being based on similar evidence. Translating these in
      practice presents a further major challenge. The benefit-harm balance tool
      developed by Puhan et al. (BMC Med 13:250, 2015) for aspirin can overcome some of
      these difficulties and is therefore an important step towards personalised
      medicine. Although a good proof-of-concept, this tool has some important
      limitations that presently preclude its use in practice or for further research.
      One of the major benefits of aspirin that has become apparent in the last decade
      or so is its effect in preventing cancer and cancer-related deaths. However, this
      benefit is clear and consistent in randomised as well as observational evidence
      only for specific cancers. Additionally, it has long lag-time and carry-over
      periods. These nuances of aspirin's effects demand a specific and a more
      sophisticated model such as a time-varying model. Further refinement of this tool
      with respect to these aspects is merited to make it ready for evaluation in
      qualitative and quantitative studies with the goal of clinical utility.Please see
      related article: http://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-015
      0493-2.

PMID- 27383520
TI  - Classification of congenital nasal deformities: a proposal to amend the existing
      classification.
AB  - : Congenital nasal anomalies are rare malformations with a broad spectrum of
      defects. The only existing classification strictly relating to nasal anomalies
      was presented by Losee et al. (Plast Reconstr Surg 113(2):676-689, 2004). The aim
      of this paper is to propose some suggestions, based on our current knowledge and
      experience gained by treating our patients in the clinic, in creating a
      specification of patients with congenital nasal anomalies. All patients with
      congenital nose defects treated in our health center were selected for this
      study. The research was retrospective and included years from 1995 to 2015. Nasal
      anomaly associated with cleft lip and palate was excluded. Patients were
      classified into four categories of congenital nasal anomalies, according to Losee
      et al. CLASSIFICATION: In the period of 20 years, 191 patients with congenital
      nasal anomalies were treated in our health center. Type 1 defects were found in
      124 patients, type 2 in 15, type 3 in 32 and type 4 in 20 patients. The nasal
      defect accompanying craniofacial syndrome is the most common type of nose
      malformation. The nose cleft is not always a part of craniofacial clefts;
      isolated forms of such malformations can occur. Vascular anomalies, due to
      different etiology, categorization and treatment, should not be recognized as
      nasal malformation.

PMID- 27383522
TI  - Chiral carbene-borane adducts: precursors for borenium catalysts for asymmetric
      FLP hydrogenations.
AB  - The carbene derived from (1R,3S)-camphoric acid was used to prepare the borane
      adduct with Piers' borane 7. Subsequent hydride abstraction gave the borenium
      cation 8. Adducts with 9-BBN and the corresponding (1R,3S)-camphoric acid-derived
      carbene bearing increasingly sterically demanding N-substituents (R = Me 9, Et
      10, i-Pr 11) and the corresponding borenium cations 12-14 were also prepared.
      These cations were not active as catalysts in hydrogenation, although 9-11 were
      shown to undergo carbene ring expansion reactions at 50  degrees C to give
      species 15-17. The IBOX-carbene precursors 18 and 19 derived from amino alcohols
      (S)-valinol and (S)-tert-leucinol (R = i-Pr, t-Bu) were used to prepare borane
      adducts 20-23. Reaction of the carbenes 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe), 1,3
      di-iso-propylimidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene
      (IBnMe), 1-methyl-3-phenylimidazol-2-ylidene (IPhMe) and 1-tert-butyl-3
      methylimidazol-2-ylidene (ItBuMe) with diisopinocampheylborane (Ipc2BH) gave
      chiral adducts: (IMe)(Ipc2BH) 24, (IPr)(Ipc2BH) 25, (IBnMe)(Ipc2BH) 26,
      (IPhMe)(Ipc2BH) 27, and (ItBuMe)(Ipc2BH) 28. Triazolylidene-type adducts
      including the (10)-phenyl-9-borabicyclo [3.3.2]decane adduct of 1,3,4-triphenyl
      1H-1,2,3-triazolium, rac-29 and the 9-BBN derivative of (S)-2-amino-2'-methoxy
      1,1'-binaphthalene-1,2,3-triazolium 34a/b were also prepared. In catalytic
      studies of these systems, while several species were competent catalysts for
      imine reduction, in general, low enantioselectivities, ranging from 1-20% ee,
      were obtained. The implications for chiral borenium cation catalyst design are
      considered.

PMID- 27383523
TI  - Mechanism of Hyponatremia in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Does B-type
      Natriuretic Peptide Play a Causative Role?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hyponatremia is a well-known sequela of community-acquired pneumonia
      (CAP). B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has a natriuretic effect and was found to
      be elevated in patients with CAP. We investigated whether BNP has a role in the
      pathophysiology of hyponatremia in pediatric CAP. METHODS: Serum and urine
      electrolytes and osmolality, as well as NT-pro-BNP (N-BNP), were obtained in 49
      hospitalized pediatric patients with CAP (29 with hyponatremia, 20 with normal
      sodium levels. RESULTS: Urine sodium levels were lower in the hyponatremic group
      compared with the normonatremic group (24.3 meq/L vs 66.7 meq/L, P = 0.006). No
      difference in N-BNP levels was found between groups (median, 103.8 vs 100.1; P =
      0.06; interquartile range, 63.7-263.3 pg/mL vs 47.4-146.4 pg/mL). N-BNP was not
      associated with serum or urinary sodium levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results
      indicate that BNP is unlikely to play a causative role in the mechanism of
      hyponatremia in CAP.

PMID- 27383521
TI  - Thyroarytenoid muscle uptake and attenuation in PET/CT in elderly.
AB  - The objective of this study is to compare uptake and attenuation on positron
      emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging modality at the
      thyroarytenoid muscle between subjects aged less and older than 65 years old. The
      study design is retrospective chart review. The setting is academic medical
      center. PET/CT images of 60 patients aged less than 65 years old and 60 patients
      aged more than 65 years old were selected. Demographic data were collected. Both
      the groups were compared with respect to the maximum standardized uptake value
      (SUV max) and CT attenuation of bilateral thyroarytenoid muscles. The mean SUV
      max of the right thyroarytenoid muscle was 2.09 +/- 0.8 in the group of patients
      aged less than 65 years old compared to 1.9 +/- 0.6 in the group of patients aged
      more than 65 years old. For the left thyroarytenoid muscle, the mean SUV max in
      the first and second groups was, respectively, 2 +/- 0.6 and 1.9 +/- 0.6. The
      differences were not statistically significant. As for the CT attenuation, the
      mean value at the right thyroarytenoid muscle in the first and second groups was,
      respectively, 31.2 +/- 0.8 HU and 20.8 +/- 14.4 HU (p < 0.05). At the left
      thyroarytenoid muscle, the mean value was, respectively, 29.6 +/- 9.9 and 22.8 +/
      15 (p < 0.05). This study suggests that CT attenuation measurements can be used
      for objectively assessing the change in the density of aging thyroarytenoid
      muscle.

PMID- 27383524
TI  - Tunicamycin aggravates endoplasmic reticulum stress and airway inflammation via
      PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling in a murine model of neutrophilic asthma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been considered to be an
      important regulator of airway inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchial
      asthma, but the mechanism of ER stress involved in neutrophilic asthma remain not
      fully understood. METHODS: Tunicamycin is a mixture of homologous nucleoside
      antibiotics, which is used to induce ER stress. In the present study, Tunicamycin
      was administered to mouse bronchial epithelial cells and a neutrophilic asthma
      model (OVALPS-OVA mice), and ER stress indicators and inflammatory cytokines were
      measured by Western blotting and Elisa. RESULTS: Tunicamycin not only induced ER
      stress in mouse bronchial epithelial cells, but also increased expression of
      inflammation indicators such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha via PERK-ATF4-CHOP
      signaling. Additionally, the phosphorylation of PERK and the expression levels of
      ATF4 and CHOP proteins and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha) were
      elevated in the lung tissue of OVALPS-OVA mice. Administering tunicamycin further
      increased protein expression levels of ER stress indicators and inflammatory
      cytokines, and resulted in more severe asthma phenotypes in OVALPS-OVA mice,
      suggesting that PERK-ATF4-CHOP signaling is associated with airway inflammation
      in neutrophil-dominant asthma. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the emerging
      notion that regulation of ER stress could be strongly associated with the
      development of neutrophilic asthma.

PMID- 27383525
TI  - Macular sub-layer thinning and association with pulmonary function tests in
      Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
AB  - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that
      may have anterior visual pathway involvement. In this study, we compare the
      macular structure of patients with ALS to healthy controls, and examine
      correlations between macular sub-layer thickness measurements and pulmonary
      function tests and disease duration. ALS patients underwent optical coherence
      tomography (OCT) imaging to obtain macular cube scans of the right eye. Macular
      cube OCT data from age-matched healthy subjects were provided by the OCT reading
      center. Semi-automated retinal segmentation software was used to quantify macular
      sub-layers. Pulmonary function tests and time since symptom onset were collected
      retrospectively from the electronic medical records of ALS patients. Macular
      retinal nerve fiber layer was significantly thinner in ALS patients compared to
      healthy controls (P < 0.05). Total macular and other sub-layer thicknesses were
      not reduced in the ALS cohort. Macular retinal nerve fiber layer thickness
      positively correlated with forced vital capacity % predicted and forced
      expiratory volume in 1 second % predicted (P < 0.05). In conclusion, analysis of
      OCT measurements supports the involvement of the anterior visual pathway in ALS.
      Subtle structural thinning in the macular retinal nerve fiber layer correlates
      with pulmonary function tests.

PMID- 27383527
TI  - Reply: Do we still need positron emission tomography for early Alzheimer's
      disease diagnosis?

PMID- 27383526
TI  - Nanoanalytical Electron Microscopy Reveals a Sequential Mineralization Process
      Involving Carbonate-Containing Amorphous Precursors.
AB  - A direct observation and an in-depth characterization of the steps by which bone
      mineral nucleates and grows in the extracellular matrix during the earliest
      stages of maturation, using relevant biomineralization models as they grow into
      mature bone mineral, is an important research goal. To better understand the
      process of bone mineralization in the extracellular matrix, we used
      nanoanalytical electron microscopy techniques to examine an in vitro model of
      bone formation. This study demonstrates the presence of three dominant CaP
      structures in the mineralizing osteoblast cultures: <80 nm dense granules with a
      low calcium to phosphate ratio (Ca/P) and crystalline domains; calcium phosphate
      needles emanating from a focus: "needle-like globules" (100-300 nm in diameter)
      and mature mineral, both with statistically higher Ca/P compared to that of the
      dense granules. Many of the submicron granules and globules were interspersed
      around fibrillar structures containing nitrogen, which are most likely the
      signature of the organic phase. With high spatial resolution electron energy loss
      spectroscopy (EELS) mapping, spatially resolved maps were acquired showing the
      distribution of carbonate within each mineral structure. The carbonate was
      located in the middle of the granules, which suggested the nucleation of the
      younger mineral starts with a carbonate-containing precursor and that this
      precursor may act as seed for growth into larger, submicron-sized, needle-like
      globules of hydroxyapatite with a different stoichiometry. Application of
      analytical electron microscopy has important implications in deciphering both how
      normal bone forms and in understanding pathological mineralization.

PMID- 27383528
TI  - Do we still need positron emission tomography for early Alzheimer's disease
      diagnosis?

PMID- 27383529
TI  - Predicting hand function after hemidisconnection.
AB  - Hemidisconnections (i.e. hemispherectomies or hemispherotomies) invariably lead
      to contralateral hemiparesis. Many patients with a pre-existing hemiparesis,
      however, experience no deterioration in motor functions, and some can still grasp
      with their paretic hand after hemidisconnection. The scope of our study was to
      predict this phenomenon. Hypothesizing that preserved contralateral grasping
      ability after hemidisconnection can only occur in patients controlling their
      paretic hands via ipsilateral corticospinal projections already in the
      preoperative situation, we analysed the asymmetries of the brainstem (by manual
      magnetic resonance imaging volumetry) and of the structural connectivity of the
      corticospinal tracts within the brainstem (by magnetic resonance imaging
      diffusion tractography), assuming that marked hypoplasia or Wallerian
      degeneration on the lesioned side in patients who can grasp with their paretic
      hands indicate ipsilateral control. One hundred and two patients who underwent
      hemidisconnections between 0.8 and 36 years of age were included. Before the
      operation, contralateral hand function was normal in 3/102 patients, 47/102
      patients showed hemiparetic grasping ability and 52/102 patients could not grasp
      with their paretic hands. After hemidisconnection, 20/102 patients showed a
      preserved grasping ability, and 5/102 patients began to grasp with their paretic
      hands only after the operation. All these 25 patients suffered from pre- or
      perinatal brain lesions. Thirty of 102 patients lost their grasping ability. This
      group included all seven patients with a post-neonatally acquired or progressive
      brain lesion who could grasp before the operation, and also all three patients
      with a preoperatively normal hand function. The remaining 52/102 patients were
      unable to grasp pre- and postoperatively. On magnetic resonance imaging, the
      patients with preserved grasping showed significantly more asymmetric brainstem
      volumes than the patients who lost their grasping ability. Similarly, these
      patients showed striking asymmetries in the structural connectivity of the
      corticospinal tracts. In summary, normal preoperative hand function and a post
      neonatally acquired or progressive lesion predict a loss of grasping ability
      after hemidisconnection. A postoperatively preserved grasping ability is possible
      in hemiparetic patients with pre- or perinatal lesions, and this is highly likely
      when the brainstem is asymmetric and especially when the structural connectivity
      of the corticospinal tracts within the brainstem is asymmetric.

PMID- 27383530
TI  - Analysis of risk factors and their interactions in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A
      cross-sectional survey in Guilin, China.
AB  - AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by
      insulin resistance, and is associated with the effects of genetic and
      environmental factors. The present study aimed to not only analyze the influence
      of a single factor for type 2 diabetes, but also to investigate the interaction
      effects between risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 6,660 individuals
      selected by the method of cluster random sampling accepted a cross-sectional
      survey (questionnaire investigation, physical measurement, laboratory examination
      and liver ultrasound examination). The classification tree was used to analyze
      the risk factors and their interactions in type 2 diabetes. The clinical and
      metabolic characteristics were compared between type 2 diabetes patients and
      controls, and the non-conditional logistic regression model was used to
      quantitatively analyze the interactions. RESULTS: A total of 338 participants
      were classified as type 2 diabetes (217 men and 121 women), the classification
      tree model showed three variables with close associations with type 2 diabetes:
      age, triglycerides (TG) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Type 2
      diabetes patients had higher age and incidences of high TG, NAFLD, hypertension,
      high body mass index, high uric acid, high total cholesterol, high low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The
      multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the following factors had
      interactions in type2 diabetes: high TG * advanced age (odds ratio 2.499, 95%
      confidence interval 1.868-3.344, P = 0.000), NAFLD * advanced age (odds ratio
      1.250, 95% confidence interval 1.048-1.491, P = 0.013) and NAFLD * high TG (odds
      ratio 1.349, 95% confidence interval 1.144-1.590, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The
      present study showed that type 2 diabetes resulted from the interactions of many
      factors; the interactions among age, TG and NAFLD are important risk factors for
      type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 27383531
TI  - Serum BAFF levels, Methypredsinolone therapy, Epstein-Barr Virus and
      Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in Multiple Sclerosis
      patients.
AB  - Elevated B lymphocyte activating factor BAFF levels have been reported in
      multiple sclerosis (MS) patients; moreover, disease-modifying treatments (DMT)
      have shown to influence blood BAFF levels in MS patients, although the
      significance of these changes is still controversial. In addition, BAFF levels
      were reported increased during infectious diseases. In our study, we wanted to
      investigate on the serum BAFF concentrations correlated to the antibody response
      against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), Epstein-Barr virus
      (EBV) and their human homologous epitopes in MS and in patients affected with
      other neurological diseases (OND), divided in Inflammatory Neurological Diseases
      (IND), Non Inflammatory Neurological Diseases (NIND) and Undetermined
      Neurological Diseases (UND), in comparison to healthy controls (HCs). Our results
      confirmed a statistically significant high BAFF levels in MS and IND patients in
      comparison to HCs but not NIND and UND patients. Interestingly, BAFF levels were
      inversely proportional to antibodies level against EBV and MAP peptides and the
      BAFF levels significantly decreased in MS patients after methylprednisolone
      therapy. These results implicate that lower circulating BAFF concentrations were
      present in MS patients with humoral response against MAP and EBV. In conclusion
      MS patients with no IgGs against EBV and MAP may support the hypothesis that
      elevated blood BAFF levels could be associated with a more stable disease.

PMID- 27383532
TI  - Lifting speed preferences and their effects on the maximal lifting capacity.
AB  - The objectives of this study were to evaluate how lifting capacity and subjective
      preferences are affected by different lifting speeds. The maximum lifting
      capacity of lift was determined with three independent variables, lifting speed,
      lifting technique, and lifting height. Questionnaires were evaluated after the
      experiment by the participants for the lifting speed preferences. This study
      found that the lifting speed was a significant factor in the lifting capacity
      (p<0.001); and the lifting height (p<0.001) and the interaction of lifting speed
      and lifting height (p=0.005) affected the lifting capacity significantly. The
      maximal lifting capacity was achieved around the optimal speed that was neither
      too fast nor too slow. Moreover, the participants' preferred lifting speeds were
      consistently close to the optimal lifting speed. The results showed that the
      common lifting practice guideline to lift slowly might make the worker unable to
      generate a large lifting capacity.

PMID- 27383533
TI  - Brain Tumors: The Influence of Tumor Type and Routine MR Imaging Characteristics
      at BOLD Functional MR Imaging in the Primary Motor Gyrus.
AB  - Purpose To evaluate the effects of histologic features and anatomic magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of brain tumors on the functional MR
      imaging signal in the primary motor cortex (PMC), as false-negative blood oxygen
      level-dependent (BOLD) functional MR imaging activation can limit the accurate
      localization of eloquent cortices. Materials and Methods Institutional review
      board approval was obtained, and informed consent was waived for this HIPAA
      compliant retrospective study. It comprised 63 patients referred between 2006 and
      2014 for preoperative functional MR imaging localization of the Rolandic cortex.
      The patients had glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) (n = 20), metastasis (n = 21), or
      meningioma (n = 22). The volumes of functional MR imaging activation were
      measured during performance of a bilateral hand motor task. Ratios of functional
      MR imaging activation were normalized to PMC volume. Statistical analysis was
      performed for the following: (a) differences between hemispheres within each
      histologic tumor type (paired Wilcoxon test), (b) differences across tumor types
      (Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher tests), (c) pairwise tests between tumor types (Mann
      Whitney U test), (d) relationships between fast fluid-attenuated inversion
      recovery (FLAIR) data and enhancement volume with activation (Spearman rank
      correlation coefficient), and (e) differences in activation volumes by tumor
      location (Mann-Whitney U test). Results A significant interhemispheric difference
      was found between the activation volumes in GBMs (mean, 511.43 voxels +/- 307.73
      [standard deviation] and 330.78 voxels +/- 278.95; P < .01) but not in metastases
      (504.68 voxels +/- 220.98 and 460.22 voxels +/- 276.83; P = .15) or meningiomas
      (424.07 voxels +/- 247.58 and 415.18 voxels +/- 222.36; P = .85). GBMs showed
      significantly lower activation ratios (median, 0.49; range, 0.04-1.15) than
      metastases (median, 0.79; range, 0.28-1.66; P = .043) and meningiomas (median,
      0.91; range, 0.52-2.05; P < .01). There was a moderate correlation with the
      volumes of FLAIR abnormality in metastases (rho = -0.50) and meningiomas (rho = 
      0.55). Enhancement volume (rho = -0.11) and tumor distance from the PMC (median,
      0.73 and range, 0.04-2.05 for near and median, 0.82 and range, 0.39-1.66 for far;
      P = .14) did not influence activation. Conclusion BOLD functional MR imaging
      activation in the ipsilateral PMC is influenced by tumor type and is
      significantly reduced in GBMs. FLAIR abnormality correlates moderately with the
      activation ratios in metastases and meningiomas. (c) RSNA, 2016 Online
      supplemental material is available for this article.

PMID- 27383534
TI  - Pneumonia and influenza hospitalizations among children under 5 years of age in
      Suzhou, China, 2005-2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The disease burden of influenza among children in China has not been
      well described. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the influenza-associated excess
      hospitalization rate and compare the hospitalization length and costs between
      pneumonia and influenza (P&I) and other community-acquired diseases (CAD) in
      Suzhou, China. METHODS: We retrospectively collected hospital discharge data on
      pediatric patients' discharge diagnosis, hospital costs, and length of hospital
      stay in Suzhou. P&I hospitalization was defined as a primary discharge diagnosis
      of pneumonia and influenza disease (ICD-10 codes J09-J18). Other CAD were common
      community-acquired diseases among children. Negative binomial regression models
      were used to estimate the weekly P&I hospitalizations in Suzhou. Excess P&I
      hospitalizations due to influenza were calculated as the difference in P&I
      hospitalizations between the epidemic period and the baseline period. Baseline
      was defined as when the influenza-positive rates were <5% for two consecutive
      weeks. RESULTS: From October 2005 to September 2011, we identified a total of 180
      091 all-cause hospitalizations among children <5 years of age in Suzhou City. The
      rates of P&I and influenza-associated excess hospitalizations were highest in the
      2009-2010 pandemic and 2010-2011 post-pandemic seasons. Infants <6 months of age
      had the highest P&I hospitalization rates, the longest hospital stays (7.5-8.0
      days), and the highest hospitalization costs for P&I. Compared with other CAD,
      children admitted for P&I had longer hospital stays and higher hospitalization
      costs. CONCLUSIONS: The influenza-associated P&I hospitalization rates and
      economic burden were high among children. Targeted influenza prevention and
      control strategies for young children in Suzhou may reduce the influenza
      associated hospitalizations in this age group.

PMID- 27383535
TI  - FastRNABindR: Fast and Accurate Prediction of Protein-RNA Interface Residues.
AB  - A wide range of biological processes, including regulation of gene expression,
      protein synthesis, and replication and assembly of many viruses are mediated by
      RNA-protein interactions. However, experimental determination of the structures
      of protein-RNA complexes is expensive and technically challenging. Hence, a
      number of computational tools have been developed for predicting protein-RNA
      interfaces. Some of the state-of-the-art protein-RNA interface predictors rely on
      position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM)-based encoding of the protein sequences.
      The computational efforts needed for generating PSSMs severely limits the
      practical utility of protein-RNA interface prediction servers. In this work, we
      experiment with two approaches, random sampling and sequence similarity
      reduction, for extracting a representative reference database of protein
      sequences from more than 50 million protein sequences in UniRef100. Our results
      suggest that random sampled databases produce better PSSM profiles (in terms of
      the number of hits used to generate the profile and the distance of the generated
      profile to the corresponding profile generated using the entire UniRef100 data as
      well as the accuracy of the machine learning classifier trained using these
      profiles). Based on our results, we developed FastRNABindR, an improved version
      of RNABindR for predicting protein-RNA interface residues using PSSM profiles
      generated using 1% of the UniRef100 sequences sampled uniformly at random. To the
      best of our knowledge, FastRNABindR is the only protein-RNA interface residue
      prediction online server that requires generation of PSSM profiles for query
      sequences and accepts hundreds of protein sequences per submission. Our approach
      for determining the optimal BLAST database for a protein-RNA interface residue
      classification task has the potential of substantially speeding up, and hence
      increasing the practical utility of, other amino acid sequence based predictors
      of protein-protein and protein-DNA interfaces. 

PMID- 27383536
TI  - MicroRNA-125b Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Progression via Suppression of the
      Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Pathway by Targeting the SET Protein.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: MicroRNA-125b (miR-125b) is overexpressed in several types of
      cancer and contributes to chemotherapy resistance. However, its role in
      epithelial ovarian carcinoma remains unknown. The goal of this study was to
      identify the relationship between miR-125b and the epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition (EMT) in ovarian cancer. METHODS: In total, 55patients with epithelial
      ovarian cancer (EOC) were included in our study. The relative expression of miR
      125b was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The protein
      expression of SET and EMT-related indicators in cell lines were assessed by
      Western blot. The regulation of SET by miR-125b was confirmed using luciferase
      reporter assays. The effect of miR-125b on metastasis was evaluated using an in
      vivo metastasis model. RESULTS: miR-125b expression was markedly lower in the EOC
      specimens. Ectopic expression of miR-125b in EOC cells significantly inhibited
      tumor invasion.miR-125b expression was negatively associated with both EMT and
      SET expression, in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic studies identified SET as a
      direct target of miR-125b, and the downregulation of SET, observed during tumor
      migration, was affected by the overexpression of miR125b. CONCLUSION: miR-125b
      suppresses EOC cell migration and invasion by targeting the SET protein, and this
      study may provide a novel mechanism for understanding the progression of EOC.

PMID- 27383537
TI  - miR-106a-5p Suppresses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Osteosarcoma
      Cells by Targeting HMGA2.
AB  - We aim to investigate the effect of miR-106a-5p on the proliferation, migration,
      and invasion of osteosarcoma (OS) cells by targeting high-mobility group AT-hook
      2 (HMGA2). Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
      was used for detecting the expressions of miR-106-5p and HMGA2 in 137 OS and
      adjacent normal bone tissues. Immunohistochemistry was applied for the HMGA2
      protein expression detection. Luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted for
      verifying whether miR-106-5p targeted HMGA2. MG63 and U2SO cells were
      respectively divided into five groups: Blank, miR-106a-5p, scramble, HMGA2-siRNA,
      and miR-106a-5p+HMGA2 groups. RT-qPCR and western blot were applied for detecting
      the expressions of miR-106a-5p and HMGA2 in five groups. Proliferation rate, cell
      cycle, invasion, and migration ability of OS cells were detected using methyl
      thiazolyl-tetrazolium, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (Edu) assay, flow cytometry, and
      Transwell.  Compared with adjacent normal tissues, OS tissues presented with
      decreased miR-106a-5p expressions, elevated HMGA2 mRNA, and positive expressions
      (all p < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of miR-106a-5p were 97.8%,
      93.43%, and HMGA2 mRNA were 97.8%, 99.27%, separately. miR-106a-5p and HMGA2
      expressions were associated with tumor size, Enneking stage, distant metastasis,
      and lung metastasis. Expressions of HMGA2 in OS cells in miR-106a-5p and HMGA2
      siRNA groups were both significantly decreased with the same downregulation
      level, and the proliferation rates in both groups were obviously slowed down
      after 48 h (both p < 0.001). Edu positive cells, S phase cells (majority of cells
      blocked at G0/G1 phase), migratory and invasive cells were obviously decreased
      (all p < 0.05). Downregulation of miR-106a-5p was found in OS tissues, and
      upregulation of miR-106a-5p can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and
      invasion by targeting HMGA2 in OS cells. 

PMID- 27383538
TI  - Reconstruction of Hypopharyngeal and Esophageal Defects Using a Gastric Tube
      after Total Esophagectomy and Pharyngolaryngectomy.
AB  - AIM: This study investigated the value of gastric tube during surgery for
      advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal cancer. METHOD: From November
      2007 to December 2012, 42 patients underwent total pharyngo-laryngo-esophagectomy
      because of advanced hypopharyngeal or cervical esophageal cancer and were
      reconstructed with a gastric tube. Clinical swallowing function, morbidity,
      overall survival, and progression-free survival were evaluated postoperatively.
      RESULT: There were no severe complications, including no gastric necrosis,
      surgery-related postoperative morbidity, hemothorax, thoracostomach, or severe
      reflux esophagitis. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 2 cases, and these patients
      healed spontaneously with conservative management. Pulmonary infection developed
      in 5 patients. Anastomotic stenosis occurred in 2 cases and was managed with
      endoscopic dilatation. Regurgitation during the night was observed in 5 cases and
      was controlled by medication. All the patients regained their swallowing ability
      and thereby increased their quality of life. All patients were followed for 30-60
      months; 2 of them were lost 6 months after surgery. The 3-year overall and
      progression-free survival rates were 58.1 and 56.2% respectively, and the 5-year
      overall and progression-free survival rates were 27.6 and 21.8%, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: Reconstruction by gastric tube is a dependable one-stage procedure
      that restores gastrointestinal continuity after total pharyngo-laryngo
      esophagectomy.

PMID- 27383539
TI  - Insulin resistance is associated with digital ulcer in patients with systemic
      sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and
      digital ulcers (DUs) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Using a
      cross-sectional design, we recruited 73 consecutive female patients with SSc and
      109 sex- and age-matched healthy controls in South Korea from July 2014 to June
      2015. The magnitude of insulin resistance was measured using the homeostatic
      model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). DUs ever included active and
      healed DUs and the extent of skin fibrosis was evaluated using the modified
      Rodnan skin score (MRSS). RESULTS: The HOMA-IR in patients with SSc was
      significantly higher than that in healthy controls (median 1.18 vs. 0.71,
      p<0.001). In SSc patients, 7 (9.6%) had active DUs and 14 subjects (19.2%) had
      healed DUs; thus, DUs ever were observed in 21 cases (28.8%). SSc patients with
      DUs ever had significantly higher HOMA-IR and MRSS compared with those without
      this feature (median, 2.05 vs. 0.99, p=0.001 and 14 vs. 9.5, p=0.011,
      respectively). After adjustment for confounding factors using multivariable
      logistic regression analyses, the HOMA-IR showed a significant positive
      association with the presence of DUs ever in patients with SSc (OR=1.43, 95%
      CI=1.01-2.05, p=0.048). In addition, higher MRSS was significantly correlated
      with DUs ever (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.02-1.21, p=0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Insulin
      resistance was independently associated with the presence of DUs in patients with
      SSc and may be a potential biomarker for SSc micro-vasculopathy. Moreover, our
      data also suggest a potential contribution of insulin resistance to the
      pathogenesis of DUs.

PMID- 27383540
TI  - A Bayesian multivariate joint frailty model for disease recurrences and survival.
AB  - Motivated by a study for soft tissue sarcoma, this article considers the analysis
      of diseases recurrence and survival. A multivariate frailty hazard model is
      established for joint modeling of three correlated time-to-event outcomes: local
      disease recurrence, distant disease recurrence (metastasis), and death. The goals
      are to find out (i) the effects of treatments on local and distant disease
      recurrences, and death, (ii) the effects of local and distant disease recurrences
      on death, and (iii) the correlation between local and distant recurrences. By our
      approach, all these three important questions, which are commonly asked in
      similar medical research studies, can be answered by a single model. We put the
      proposed joint frailty model in a Bayesian framework and use a hybrid Monte Carlo
      algorithm for the computation of posterior distributions. This hybrid algorithm
      relies on the evaluation of the gradient of target log density and a guided walk
      progress, and it combines these two strategies to suppress random walk behavior.
      A further distinction is that the hybrid algorithm can update all the components
      of a multivariate state vector simultaneously. Simulation studies are conducted
      to assess the proposed joint frailty model and the computation algorithm. The
      motivating soft tissue sarcoma data set is analyzed for illustration purpose.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27383541
TI  - Adult CHD: the ongoing need for physician counselling about heredity and
      contraceptive options.
AB  - : Purpose Current guidelines recommend that patients with CHD receive age
      appropriate counselling on reproduction, pregnancy, and risk of heredity. Our aim
      was to examine patient knowledge of reproductive health and explore the
      association between patient knowledge of CHD transmission risk and earlier
      physician counselling in adults with CHD. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional
      survey of patients with CHD aged 18 years and older in a paediatric hospital.
      RESULTS: Of the 100 patients who completed the questionnaire, most did not report
      counselling on heredity (66%) or contraception (71%). Of the 54 women, 25 (46%)
      identified their contraceptive options correctly; 42 (78%) women were classified
      as being at significantly increased risk for an adverse outcome during pregnancy,
      and of these 20 (48%) identified this risk correctly. Of all patients surveyed,
      72% did not know that having CHD placed them at increased risk for having a child
      with CHD. On multivariate analysis, factors associated with correct knowledge
      about risk of recurrence were correct identification of CHD diagnosis (p=0.04)
      and patient-reported counselling (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about
      heredity, pregnancy risk, and contraceptive options is inadequate among adults
      with CHD followed-up in a paediatric subspecialty clinic. The majority of
      patients did not report a history of counselling about reproductive health. There
      is a strong correlation between history of counselling by the patient's
      cardiologist and correct knowledge about recurrence risk, suggesting that
      effective reproductive counselling can positively impact this knowledge gap.

PMID- 27383542
TI  - Laboratory-Evolved Enzymes Provide Snapshots of the Development of
      Enantioconvergence in Enzyme-Catalyzed Epoxide Hydrolysis.
AB  - Engineered enzyme variants of potato epoxide hydrolase (StEH1) display varying
      degrees of enrichment of (2R)-3-phenylpropane-1,2-diol from racemic
      benzyloxirane. Curiously, the observed increase in the enantiomeric excess of the
      (R)-diol is not only a consequence of changes in enantioselectivity for the
      preferred epoxide enantiomer, but also to changes in the regioselectivity of the
      epoxide ring opening of (S)-benzyloxirane. In order to probe the structural
      origin of these differences in substrate selectivity and catalytic
      regiopreference, we solved the crystal structures for the evolved StEH1 variants.
      We used these structures as a starting point for molecular docking studies of the
      epoxide enantiomers into the respective active sites. Interestingly, despite the
      simplicity of our docking analysis, the apparent preferred binding modes appear
      to rationalize the experimentally determined regioselectivities. The analysis
      also identifies an active site residue (F33) as a potentially important
      interaction partner, a role that could explain the high conservation of this
      residue during evolution. Overall, our experimental, structural, and
      computational studies provide snapshots into the evolution of enantioconvergence
      in StEH1-catalyzed epoxide hydrolysis.

PMID- 27383543
TI  - Pathology Informatics Essentials for Residents: A Flexible Informatics Curriculum
      Linked to Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones.
AB  - CONTEXT: -Recognition of the importance of informatics to the practice of
      pathology has surged. Training residents in pathology informatics has been a
      daunting task for most residency programs in the United States because faculty
      often lacks experience and training resources. Nevertheless, developing resident
      competence in informatics is essential for the future of pathology as a
      specialty. OBJECTIVE: -To develop and deliver a pathology informatics curriculum
      and instructional framework that guides pathology residency programs in training
      residents in critical pathology informatics knowledge and skills, and meets
      Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Informatics Milestones.
      DESIGN: -The College of American Pathologists, Association of Pathology Chairs,
      and Association for Pathology Informatics formed a partnership and expert work
      group to identify critical pathology informatics training outcomes and to create
      a highly adaptable curriculum and instructional approach, supported by a
      multiyear change management strategy. RESULTS: -Pathology Informatics Essentials
      for Residents (PIER) is a rigorous approach for educating all pathology residents
      in important pathology informatics knowledge and skills. PIER includes an
      instructional resource guide and toolkit for incorporating informatics training
      into residency programs that vary in needs, size, settings, and resources. PIER
      is available at http://www.apcprods.org/PIER (accessed April 6, 2016).
      CONCLUSIONS: -PIER is an important contribution to informatics training in
      pathology residency programs. PIER introduces pathology trainees to broadly
      useful informatics concepts and tools that are relevant to practice. PIER
      provides residency program directors with a means to implement a standardized
      informatics training curriculum, to adapt the approach to local program needs,
      and to evaluate resident performance and progress over time.

PMID- 27383544
TI  - Sjogren syndrome.

PMID- 27383545
TI  - Mitochondrial dynamics altered by oxidative stress in cancer.
AB  - Mitochondria as crucial organelles regulate cellular energy generation, calcium
      and redox homeostasis, and apoptosis. To perform the cellular functions
      effectively, mitochondria continuously change their structure and morphology
      through protein machineries controlling fission and fusion process (mitochondrial
      dynamics). Traditionally, many researches had focused on the interaction of
      mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis. However, recent studies are reporting the
      alteration of mitochondrial dynamics in human diseases including many types of
      cancers. Considering that cancers maintain a high level of reactive oxygen
      species (ROS), mitochondrial dynamics can be influenced by oxidative stress. In
      this review, we will discuss the alteration of mitochondrial dynamics by ROS and
      its effect on metastasis and chemoresistance in cancers.

PMID- 27383556
TI  - Synthesis, Crystal Analyses, Physical Properties, and Electroluminescent Behavior
      of Unsymmetrical Heterotwistacenes.
AB  - Four novel unsymmetrical heteroacenes containing five-membered heterocycles
      (OPyN, TPyN, TPyC, TPyO) have been synthesized and characterized. The formed
      molecules exhibited twisted structures, determined by crystal analysis and showed
      blue/green fluorescence in dichloromethane and in thin film. Compounds OPyN and
      TPyN were selectively used as active ingredients, and the fabricated devices
      displayed promising electroluminescent performance. 

PMID- 27383557
TI  - Diverse approaches to the health economic evaluation of bariatric surgery: a
      comprehensive systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health economic evaluations inform healthcare resource allocation
      decisions for treatment options for obesity including bariatric/metabolic
      surgery. As an important advance on existing systematic reviews, we aimed to
      capture, summarize and synthesize a diverse range of economic evaluations on
      bariatric surgery. METHODS: Studies were identified by electronic screening of
      all major biomedical/economic databases. Studies included if they reported any
      quantified health economic cost and/or consequence with a measure of effect for
      any type of bariatric surgery from 1995 to September 2015. Study screening, data
      extraction and synthesis followed international guidelines for systematic
      reviews. RESULTS: Six thousand one hundred eighty-seven studies were initially
      identified. After two levels of screening, 77 studies representing 17 countries
      (56% USA) were included. Despite study heterogeneity, common themes emerged, and
      important gaps were identified. Most studies adopted the healthcare system/third
      party payer perspective; reported costs were generally healthcare resource use
      (inpatient/shorter-term outpatient). Out-of-pocket costs to individuals, family
      members (travel time, caregiving) and indirect costs due to lost productivity
      were largely ignored. Costs due to reoperations/complications were not included
      in one-third of studies. Body-contouring surgery included in only 14%. One study
      evaluated long-term waitlisted patients. Surgery was cost-effective/cost-saving
      for severely obese with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Study quality was inconsistent.
      DISCUSSION: There is a need for studies that assume a broader societal
      perspective (including out-of-pocket costs, costs to family and productivity
      losses) and longer-term costs (capture reoperations/complications, waiting, body
      contouring), and consequences (health-related quality-of-life). Full economic
      evaluation underpinned by reporting standards should inform prioritization of
      patients (e.g. type 2 diabetes mellitus with body mass index 30 to 34.9 kg/m(2)
      or long-term waitlisted) for surgery. (c) 2016 World Obesity.

PMID- 27383559
TI  - Catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-artalbic acid.
AB  - The first total synthesis of (+)-artalbic acid has been accomplished using
      asymmetric allylation of an acetoacetate derivative with a phase-transfer
      catalyst. This synthetic work was completed in 12 steps from isopropyl
      acetoacetate with high stereocontrol. In addition, the absolute configuration of
      naturally occurring artalbic acid was determined to be 7S, 9S, and 10S. 

PMID- 27383560
TI  - Biocatalysis and Biomass Conversion in Alternative Reaction Media.
AB  - In this Minireview, the state of the art in the use of ionic liquids (ILs) and
      deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as alternative reaction media for biocatalytic
      processes and biomass conversion is presented. Initial, proof-of-concept studies,
      more than a decade ago, involved first-generation ILs based on dialkylimidazolium
      cations and non-coordinating anions, such as tetrafluoroborate and
      hexafluorophosphate. More recently, emphasis has switched to more environmentally
      acceptable second-generation ILs comprising cations, which are designed to be
      compatible with enzymes and, in many cases are derived from readily available,
      renewable resources, such as cholinium salts. Protic ionic liquids (PILs),
      prepared simply by mixing inexpensive amines and acids, are particularly
      attractive from both an environmental and economic viewpoint. DESs, prepared by
      mixing inexpensive salts with, preferably renewable, hydrogen-bond donors such as
      glycerol and amino acids, have also proved suitable reaction media for
      biocatalytic conversions. A broad range of enzymes can be used in ILs, PILs and
      DESs, for example lipases in biodiesel production. These neoteric solvents are of
      particular interest, however, as reaction media for biocatalytic conversions of
      substrates that have limited solubility in common organic solvents, such as
      carbohydrates, nucleosides, steroids and polysaccharides. This has culminated in
      the recent focus of attention on their use as (co)solvents in the pretreatment
      and saccharification of lignocellulose as the initial steps in the conversion of
      second-generation renewable biomass into biofuels and chemicals. They can
      similarly be used as reaction media in subsequent conversions of hexoses and
      pentoses into platform chemicals. 

PMID- 27383558
TI  - Appropriate targeting of artemisinin-based combination therapy by community
      health workers using malaria rapid diagnostic tests: findings from randomized
      trials in two contrasting areas of high and low malaria transmission in south
      western Uganda.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the impact of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs), used
      by community health workers (CHWs), on the proportion of children <5 years of age
      receiving appropriately targeted treatment with artemisinin-based combination
      therapy (ACT), vs. presumptive treatment. METHODS: Cluster-randomized trials were
      conducted in two contrasting areas of moderate-to-high and low malaria
      transmission in rural Uganda. Each trial examined the effectiveness of mRDTs in
      the management of malaria and targeting of ACTs by CHWs comparing two diagnostic
      approaches: (i) presumptive clinical diagnosis of malaria [control arm] and (ii)
      confirmatory diagnosis with mRDTs followed by ACT treatment for positive patients
      [intervention arm], with village as the unit of randomisation. Treatment
      decisions by CHWs were validated by microscopy on a reference blood slide
      collected at the time of consultation, to compare the proportion of children <5
      years receiving appropriately targeted ACT treatment, defined as patients with
      microscopically-confirmed presence of parasites in a peripheral blood smear
      receiving artemether-lumefantrine or rectal artesunate, and patients with no
      malaria parasites not given ACT. RESULTS: In the moderate-to-high transmission
      area, ACT treatment was appropriately targeted in 79.3% (520/656) of children
      seen by CHWs using mRDTs to diagnose malaria, vs. 30.8% (215/699) of children
      seen by CHWs using presumptive diagnosis (P < 0.001). In the low transmission
      area, 90.1% (363/403) children seen by CHWs using mRDTs received appropriately
      targeted ACT treatment vs. 7.8% (64/817) seen by CHWs using presumptive diagnosis
      (P < 0.001). Low mRDT sensitivity in children with low-density parasitaemia (<200
      parasites/MUl) was identified as a potential concern. CONCLUSION: When equipped
      with mRDTs, ACT treatments delivered by CHWs are more accurately targeted to
      children with malaria parasites. mRDT use could play an important role in
      reducing overdiagnosis of malaria and improving fever case management within
      iCCM, in both moderate-to-high and low transmission areas. Nonetheless, missed
      treatments due to the low sensitivity of current mRDTs in patients with low
      parasite density are a concern. For community-based treatment in areas of low
      transmission and/or non-immune populations, presumptive treatment of all fevers
      as malaria may be advisable, until more sensitive diagnostic assays, suitable for
      routine use by CHWs in remote settings, become available.

PMID- 27383561
TI  - Dual Strong Couplings Between TPPS J-Aggregates and Aluminum Plasmonic States.
AB  - We report on the spectral properties of strong coupling between the localized
      surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of aluminum (Al) nanostructures and
      tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonic acid hydrate (TPPS) J-aggregates. Because of
      their wide spectral range of LSPR bands from ultraviolet to near-infrared
      wavelengths by controlling structural size, Al nanodisks can realize strong
      coupling with different excitons of TPPS J-aggregates. The Rabi splitting
      energies of the excitons based on Soret and Q bands are 300 and 180 meV,
      respectively. In addition to extinction spectrum, we have also measured an
      excitation spectrum to determine the essential absorption of the hybrid states
      and successfully confirmed a shoulder peak corresponding to a lower branch of
      hybrid states. In Al nanorod systems, strong coupling with two excitons can also
      be selectively induced by merely rotating the polarization of the incident light,
      which constituted a simple platform for the dynamic control of exciton/plasmon
      coupling states. 

PMID- 27383562
TI  - Workplace bullying among nurses and their related factors in Japan: a cross
      sectional survey.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between workplace bullying and
      workplace environment factors among nurses in Japan. BACKGROUND: Workplace
      bullying among nurses is increasing globally and occurs more frequently than
      among other professions. However, there is little information on the impact of
      workplace environment factors on nurse bullying in Japan. DESIGN: A cross
      sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire. METHODS: Participants
      were 1152 nurses recruited at seminars or training courses outside of their
      workplaces in Tokyo. Workplace bullying was measured using the Negative Acts
      Questionnaire-Revised. Participants were considered to have been 'bullied' if
      they reported experiencing at least one negative act on a daily or weekly basis.
      Workplace environment factors were measured using the Practice Environment Scale
      of the Nursing Work Index, which comprises five domains: nurse participation in
      hospital affairs; nursing foundations for quality of care; nurse manager ability,
      leadership and support of nurses; staffing and resource adequacy; and collegial
      nurse-physician relationships. RESULTS: A total of 898 (78.0%) questionnaires
      were returned, of which 825 (71.6%) were analysed. Altogether, 153 (18.5%) nurses
      were considered 'bullied.' The three most frequent negative acts reported as
      occurring on a weekly or daily basis were 'someone withholding information which
      affects your performance' (6.7%), 'being exposed to an unmanageable workload'
      (4.4%) and 'being shouted at or being the target of spontaneous anger (or rage)'
      (3.6%). Logistic regression analysis indicated that 'bullied' were associated
      with low scores on two work environment domains: nurse manager ability,
      leadership and support of nurses and staffing and resource adequacy. CONCLUSIONS:
      Effective nurse manager leadership and support as well as appropriate staffing
      management may positively influence workplace bullying among nurses in Japan.
      Authentic leadership styles and allowing nurses to easily request days off might
      also be important. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurse managers' leadership may
      influence nurses' workplace bullying.

PMID- 27383563
TI  - Spontaneous coronary artery dissection and healing documented by optical
      coherence tomography.

PMID- 27383566
TI  - A gas-diffusion microfluidic paper-based analytical device (MUPAD) coupled with
      portable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS): facile determination of
      sulphite in wines.
AB  - A novel facile method for on-site determination of sulphite in wine using a gas
      diffusion microfluidic paper-based analytical device (MUPAD) combined with
      surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was explored. The inexpensive and
      disposable MUPAD was realized by sandwiching the ZnO-paper disc and integrating
      gas-diffusion separation and gas preconcentration on a paper-based platform.
      Through extensive condition optimization, the SERS signal at a shift of 620 cm(
      1) and the concentration of SO2 showed good linearity in the range of 5-300 MUg
      mL(-1). The linear correlation coefficient was 0.995 and the detection limit for
      sulphite was found to be 2 MUg mL(-1). Ultimately, this proposed method was
      applied to the determination of sulphite in wine, which can be essentially
      paralleled with the official method. Endowed with portability, minimal reagent
      consumption, and operational simplicity, this developed device would find broad
      utilization for on-site monitoring of sulphite. 

PMID- 27383565
TI  - A twist of fate: How a meiotic protein is providing new perspectives on germ cell
      development.
AB  - The molecular pathways that govern how germ line fate is acquired is an area of
      intense investigation that has major implications for the development of assisted
      reproductive technologies, infertility interventions, and treatment of germ cell
      cancers. Transcriptional repression has emerged as a primary mechanism to ensure
      suppression of somatic growth programs in primordial germ cells. In this
      commentary, we address how xnd-1 illuminates our understanding of transcriptional
      repression and how it is coordinated with the germ cell differentiation program.
      We recently identified xnd-1 as a novel, early determinant of germ cell fates in
      Caenorhabditis elegans. Our study revealed that XND-1 is maternally deposited
      into early embryos where it is selectively enriched in the germ lineage and then
      exclusively found on chromatin in the germ lineage throughout development and
      into adulthood when it dissociates from chromosomes in late pachytene. This
      localization is consistent with a range of interesting germ cell defects that
      suggest xnd-1 is a pivotal determinant of germ cell characteristics. Loss of xnd
      1 results in a unique "one PGC (primordial germ cell)" phenotype due to G2 cell
      cycle arrest of the germline precursor blastomere, P4, which predisposes the
      animal and its progeny for reduced fecundity. The sterility in xnd-1 mutants is
      correlated with an increase in the transcriptional activation-associated histone
      modification, dimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me2), and aberrant
      expression of somatic transgenes but overlapping roles with nos-2 and nos-1
      suggest that transcriptional repression is achieved by multiple redundant
      mechanisms. 

PMID- 27383564
TI  - TRPC6 channel activation promotes neonatal glomerular mesangial cell apoptosis
      via calcineurin/NFAT and FasL/Fas signaling pathways.
AB  - Glomerular mesangial cell (GMC) proliferation and death are involved in the
      pathogenesis of glomerular disorders. The mechanisms that control GMC survival
      are poorly understood, but may include signal transduction pathways that are
      modulated by changes in intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) concentration. In this
      study, we investigated whether activation of the canonical transient receptor
      potential (TRPC) 6 channels and successive [Ca(2+)]i elevation alter neonatal GMC
      survival. Hyperforin (HF)-induced TRPC6 channel activation increased [Ca(2+)]i
      concentration, inhibited proliferation, and triggered apoptotic cell death in
      primary neonatal pig GMCs. HF-induced neonatal GMC apoptosis was not associated
      with oxidative stress. However, HF-induced TRPC6 channel activation stimulated
      nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1
      (NFATc1). HF also increased cell death surface receptor Fas ligand (FasL) level
      and caspase-8 activity in the cells; effects mitigated by [Ca(2+)]i chelator
      BAPTA, calcineurin/NFAT inhibitor VIVIT, and TRPC6 channel knockdown.
      Accordingly, HF-induced neonatal GMC apoptosis was attenuated by BAPTA, VIVIT,
      Fas blocking antibody, and a caspase-3/7 inhibitor. These findings suggest that
      TRPC6 channel-dependent [Ca(2+)]i elevation and the ensuing induction of the
      calcineurin/NFAT, FasL/Fas, and caspase signaling cascades promote neonatal pig
      GMC apoptosis.

PMID- 27383567
TI  - Adapting DFT+U for the Chemically Motivated Correction of Minimal Basis Set
      Incompleteness.
AB  - Recent algorithmic and hardware advances have enabled the application of
      electronic structure methods to the study of large-scale systems such as proteins
      with O(10(3)) atoms. Most such methods benefit greatly from the use of reduced
      basis sets to further enhance their speed, but truly minimal basis sets are well
      known to suffer from incompleteness error that gives rise to incorrect
      descriptions of chemical bonding, preventing minimal basis set use in production
      calculations. We present a strategy for improving these well-known shortcomings
      in minimal basis sets by selectively tuning the energetics and bonding of
      nitrogen and oxygen atoms within proteins and small molecules to reproduce
      polarized double-zeta basis set geometries at minimal basis set cost. We borrow
      the well-known +U correction from the density functional theory community
      normally employed for self-interaction errors and demonstrate its power in the
      context of correcting basis set incompleteness within a formally self-interaction
      free Hartree-Fock framework. We tune the Hubbard U parameters for nitrogen and
      oxygen atoms on small-molecule tautomers (e.g., cytosine), demonstrate the
      applicability of the approach on a number of amide-containing molecules (e.g.,
      formamide, alanine tripeptide), and test our strategy on a 10 protein test set
      where anomalous proton transfer events are reduced by 90% from RHF/STO-3G to
      RHF/STO-3G+U, bringing the latter into quantitative agreement with RHF/6-31G*
      results. Although developed with the study of biological molecules in mind, this
      empirically tuned U approach shows promise as an alternative strategy for
      correction of basis set incompleteness errors. 

PMID- 27383568
TI  - Outcome and Learning Curve in 159 Consecutive Patients Undergoing Total
      Laparoscopic Hemihepatectomy.
AB  - Importance: Widespread implementation of laparoscopic hemihepatectomy is
      currently limited by its technical difficulty, paucity of training opportunities,
      and perceived long and harmful learning curve. Studies confirming the possibility
      of a short and safe learning curve for laparoscopic hemihepatectomy could
      potentially benefit the further implementation of the technique. Objective: To
      evaluate the extent and safety of the learning curve for laparoscopic
      hemihepatectomy. Design, Setting, and Participants: A prospectively collected
      single-center database containing all laparoscopic liver resections performed in
      our unit at the University Hospital Southampton National Health Service
      Foundation Trust between August 2003 and March 2015 was retrospectively reviewed;
      analyses were performed in December 2015. The study included 159 patients in whom
      a total laparoscopic right or left hemihepatectomy procedure was started
      (intention-to-treat analysis), including laparoscopic extended hemihepatectomies
      and hemihepatectomies with additional wedge resections, at a tertiary referral
      center specialized in laparoscopic hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery. Main
      Outcomes and Measures: Primary end points were clinically relevant complications
      (Clavien-Dindo grade >=III). The presence of a learning curve effect was assessed
      with a risk-adjusted cumulative sum analysis. Results: Of a total of 531
      consecutive laparoscopic liver resections, 159 patients underwent total
      laparoscopic hemihepatectomy (105 right and 54 left). In a cohort with 67 men
      (42%), median age of 64 years (interquartile range [IQR], 51-73 years), and 110
      resections (69%) for malignant lesions, the overall median operation time was 330
      minutes (IQR, 270-391 minutes) and the median blood loss was 500 mL (IQR, 250-925
      mL). Conversion to an open procedure occurred in 17 patients (11%). Clinically
      relevant complications occurred in 17 patients (11%), with 1% mortality (death
      within 90 days of surgery, n = 2). Comparison of outcomes over time showed a
      nonsignificant decrease in conversions (right: 14 [13%] and left: 3 [6%]), blood
      loss (right: 550 mL [IQR, 350-1150 mL] and left: 300 mL [IQR, 200-638 mL]),
      complications (right: 15 [14%] and left: 4 [7%]), and hospital stay (right: 5
      days [IQR, 4-7 days] and left: 4 days [IQR, 3-5 days]). Risk-adjusted cumulative
      sum analysis demonstrated a learning curve of 55 laparoscopic hemihepatectomies
      for conversions. Conclusions and Relevance: Total laparoscopic hemihepatectomy is
      a feasible and safe procedure with an acceptable learning curve for conversions.
      Focus should now shift to providing adequate training opportunities for centers
      interested in implementing this technique.

PMID- 27383569
TI  - Investigation of absorptance and emissivity of thermal control coatings on Mg-Li
      alloys and OES analysis during PEO process.
AB  - Thermal control ceramic coatings on Mg-Li alloys have been successfully prepared
      in silicate electrolyte system by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) method. The
      PEO coatings are mainly composed of crystallized Mg2SiO4 and MgO, which have
      typical porous structure with some bulges on the surface; OES analysis shows that
      the plasma temperature, which is influenced by the technique parameters,
      determines the formation of the coatings with different crystalline phases and
      morphologies, combined with "quick cooling effect" by the electrolyte; and the
      electron concentration is constant, which is related to the electric spark
      breakdown, determined by the nature of the coating and the interface of
      coating/electrolyte. Technique parameters influence the coating thickness,
      roughness and surface morphology, but do not change the coating composition in
      the specific PEO regime, and therefore the absorptance (alphaS) and emissivity
      (epsilon) of the coatings can be adjusted by the technique parameters through
      changing thickness and roughness in a certain degree. The coating prepared at 10
      A/dm(2), 50 Hz, 30 min and 14 g/L Na2SiO3 has the minimum value of alphaS (0.35)
      and the maximum value of epsilon (0.82), with the balance temperature of 320 K.

PMID- 27383570
TI  - Cell reactions and immune responses to photodynamic therapy in oncology.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive, highly selective method for the
      treatment of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation. It was
      clinically approved more than 30 years ago. PDT involves the selective uptake of
      a photosensitizer (PS) by neoplastic tissue, which is able to produce reactive
      oxygen species (ROS) upon irradiation with visible or near-infrared (NIR) light.
      ROS induce destruction of target cells and damage of tumor-associated vasculature
      and activate an antitumor immune response, leading to tumor regression. The
      execution of this process is attained by different mechanisms, including host
      immune responses and activation of cell death pathways: apoptosis and necrosis. 

PMID- 27383571
TI  - Macrophages - silent enemies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
AB  - The inflammatory response by secretion of cytokines and other mediators is
      postulated as one of the most significant factors in the pathophysiology of
      juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). The effect of macrophage action depends on
      the type of their activation. Classically activated macrophages (M1) are
      responsible for release of molecules crucial for joint inflammation.
      Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) may recognize self antigens by scavenger
      receptors and induce the immunological reaction leading to autoimmune diseases
      such as JIA. Molecules essential for JIA pathophysiology include: TNF-alpha, the
      production of which precedes synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis; IL-1
      as a key mediator of synovial damage; chemotactic factors for macrophages IL-8
      and MCP-1; IL6, the level of which correlates with the radiological joint damage;
      MIF, promoting the secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-6; CCL20 and HIF, significant
      for the hypoxic synovial environment in JIA; GM-CSF, stimulating the production
      of macrophages; and IL-18, crucial for NK cell functions. Recognition of the role
      of macrophages creates the potential for a new therapeutic approach. 

PMID- 27383572
TI  - Hen's egg as a source of valuable biologically active substances.
AB  - The aim of this article is to show current knowledge concerning valuable
      substances biologically active present in hen eggs and underline important
      nutritive role of hen eggs. Hen egg is a good source of nutrients such as
      proteins, vitamins (A, B2, B6, B12, D, E, K), minerals and lipids. The
      significant part of lipids is a group of unsaturated phospholipids, which are
      components of cell membranes, act protectively on the cardiovascular system and
      contribute to a decrease of cholesterol level and blood pressure. Therefore, the
      consumption of unsaturated phospholipids is recommended especially in patients
      suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system. Another important substance
      is egg cystatin, which has a wide spectrum of biological functions, for example
      the ability to stimulate cell growth, inhibit inflammatory processes and has
      antibacterial and antiviral properties. Other substance presented in the egg
      white which helps fight bacteria is lysozyme. It is used in medicine as an aid in
      antibiotic therapy and analgesic in the course of infection, as well as in tumor
      malignancies. Among the components contained in the egg yolk there is also
      immunoglobulin Y which due to its therapeutic importance deserves special
      attention. Its use offers the possibility of replacing chemotherapeutic agents in
      the treatment of bacterial infections of digestive system, as well as an
      opportunity for the development of medicine associated with passive immunization
      of patients. The egg is a rich source of retinol which gradual depletion in the
      organism causes many eye pathologies. A very important and useful part of the
      egg, used in medicine is a shell and its membranes, due to the high collagen
      content relevant in the treatment of connective tissue diseases. 

PMID- 27383573
TI  - Cannabinoids and haemostasis.
AB  - Elements of the endocannabinoid system (cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, CBPT and
      CBED, endocannabinoids, enzymes involved in the synthesis and metabolism of
      endocannabinoids) are located on the structures involved in the process of
      hemostasis. An increasing level of endocannabinoids was also observed in some
      pathological conditions, which may occur in disorders of hemostasis. At the same
      time, disconcertingly, there is an increased number of reports about incidents of
      cardiovascular events in smokers of marijuana. Experimental and clinical studies
      demonstrated multidirectional, often contradictory, effects of cannabinoids on
      hemostasis, including effects of the compounds on platelets, vascular
      endothelium, fibrinolysis and plasma coagulation systems. The mechanisms of
      action of cannabinoids on homeostasis depend on the cannabinoid receptors CB1,
      CB2, CBPT and CBED, receptors of other systems stimulated by endocannabinoids, as
      well as metabolites of endocannabinoids and nitrogen oxide. The range of
      biological functions of endo- and plant cannabinoids, expanded to include the
      process of hemostasis, may constitute a condition for their recognition as a new
      factor responsible for thromboembolism in smokers of marijuana, in pathological
      disorders with increased levels of endocannabinoids and in individuals with
      polymorphisms of FAAH C385A and A385A. On the other hand, there are compelling
      reasons for anti-hemostatic action of cannabinoids. 

PMID- 27383574
TI  - Protease-activated receptors - biology and role in cancer.
AB  - The fact that blood coagulation disorders may accompany malignant disease is well
      established. However, many studies have shown that components of the haemostatic
      system may also elicit signaling leading to cancer developement and progression.
      The potential mechanism by which coagulation factors play a role in cancer
      invasion is not completely understood, but one hypothesis is that protease
      activated receptors (PARs) play a prominent role. PARs are transmembrane G
      protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by a unique proteolytic
      mechanism. They have important functions in haemostasis and inflammation but may
      also be implicated in cancer cell progression. Thrombin, tissue factor (TF) and
      matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main activators of these receptors. The
      mechanism of persistent activation of PARs was also described in cancer cells.
      Here, we discuss the physiological and pathological role of PARs with a
      particular focus on PARs' contribution to cancer biology. We also present
      therapeutic options tailored specifically to inhibition of PAR-induced signalling
      in cancer patients. 

PMID- 27383575
TI  - Alzheimer's disease against peptides products of enzymatic cleavage of APP
      protein. Forming and variety of fibrillating peptides - some aspects.
AB  - Various and different peptides products resulting from enzymatic protein cleavage
      of Amyloid Precursor Proteins (APP) are the main agents in the pathophysiology of
      Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although relatively well-known, they still arouse
      interest leading to further intense and wide-ranging research. Their biology and
      physico-chemical properties still are challenging for basic, experimental
      research and are matter of scientific debate. The APP itself and its functions
      are still somewhat enigmatic and therefore it is also called the All Purpose
      Protein. Apart from well known amyloidogenic and antiamyloidogenic (non
      amyloidogenic) enzymatic cleavage pathways of APP protein this paper deals with
      issues connected with other, alternative pathways that seem to be interesting and
      important as well. They lead to other than Abeta forms of peptide products such
      as: N-APP, N-terminally cleavage products of APP (N-terminally truncated )
      Abeta', gamma- secretase-independent pathway products that involve concerted
      cleavages of APP by alpha- and beta-secretase or products that emerge after
      caspase activity. Presence of all these peptides in CSF, ISF, blood serum and
      urine of the AD patients is crucial for successful diagnosis, giving rise to hope
      of their better detection and potentially better treatment of AD. Therefore,
      newly discovered products of the AbetaT domain cleavage (Abeta total i.e. full
      fibrillating domain of APP), Abeta type products and other peptides because of
      their biology and physico-chemical properties are very intriguing and deserve
      further experimental research. On the other hand after better recognition and
      better understanding their biology they might be enormously useful in the future
      for diagnosis and therapy for example Alzheimer's disease. 

PMID- 27383576
TI  - Hepatoblastoma Biology Using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry: Utility of a Unique
      Technique for the Analysis of Oncological Specimens.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor in children.
      However, it occurs rarely, with an incidence of 0.5-1.5 cases per million
      children. There is no clear explanation of the relationship between
      clinicopathologic features, therapy, and outcome in hepatoblastoma cases, so far.
      One of the most widely accepted prognostic factors in hepatoblastoma is histology
      of the tumor. The aim of the study was to determine the potential differences in
      biology of hepatoblastoma histological subtypes at the atomic level using the
      unique method of isotope ratio mass spectrometry, which is especially valuable in
      examination of small groups of biological samples. MATERIAL/METHODS: Twenty-four
      measurements of nitrogen stable isotope ratio, carbon stable isotope ratio and
      total carbon to nitrogen mass ratio in fetal and embryonal hepatoblastoma tissue
      were performed using a Sercon 20-22 Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio Mass
      Spectrometer (CF-IRMS) coupled with a Sercon SL elemental analyzer for
      simultaneous carbon-nitrogen-sulfur (NCS) analysis. RESULTS: A difference of
      about 1.7810/00 in stable nitrogen isotope 15N/14N ratio was found between
      examined hepatoblastoma histological subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis in
      liver tumors cases in children may be challenging particularly because of the
      lack of versatile methods of its evaluation. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry
      allows one to determine the difference between hepatoblastoma histological
      subtypes and clearly indicates the cases with the best outcome.

PMID- 27383577
TI  - Mobile antibiotic resistance - the spread of genes determining the resistance of
      bacteria through food products.
AB  - In recent years, more and more antibiotics have become ineffective in the
      treatment of bacterial nfections. The acquisition of antibiotic resistance by
      bacteria is associated with circulation of genes in the environment. Determinants
      of antibiotic resistance may be transferred to pathogenic bacteria. It has been
      shown that conjugation is one of the key mechanisms responsible for spread of
      antibiotic resistance genes, which is highly efficient and allows the barrier to
      restrictions and modifications to be avoided. Some conjugative modules enable the
      transfer of plasmids even between phylogenetically distant bacterial species.
      Many scientific reports indicate that food is one of the main reservoirs of these
      genes. Antibiotic resistance genes have been identified in meat products, milk,
      fruits and vegetables. The reason for such a wide spread of antibiotic resistance
      genes is the overuse of antibiotics by breeders of plants and animals, as well as
      by horizontal gene transfer. It was shown, that resistance determinants located
      on mobile genetic elements, which are isolated from food products, can easily be
      transferred to another niche. The antibiotic resistance genes have been in the
      environment for 30 000 years. Their removal from food products is not possible,
      but the risks associated with the emergence of multiresistant pathogenic strains
      are very large. The only option is to control the emergence, selection and spread
      of these genes. Therefore measures are sought to prevent horizontal transfer of
      genes. Promising concepts involve the combination of developmental biology,
      evolution and ecology in the fight against the spread of antibiotic resistance. 

PMID- 27383578
TI  - HSFA2 orchestrates transcriptional dynamics after heat stress in Arabidopsis
      thaliana.
AB  - In nature, stress is typically chronic or recurring and stress exposure can prime
      modified responses to recurring stress. Such stress priming may occur at the
      level of transcription. Here, we discuss the connection between plant stress
      memory, transcription, and chromatin modifications using the example of recurring
      heat stress.

PMID- 27383580
TI  - Iodine-mediated synthesis of heterocycles via electrophilic cyclization of
      alkynes.
AB  - Iodine has been recognized as an efficient, non-toxic, readily available and easy
      to-handle electrophilic reagent to favour halocyclization reactions for the
      synthesis of novel iodofunctionalized heterocyclic molecules that serve as
      versatile intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. This review presents
      numerous useful methodologies for the synthesis of O, N, S, and Se-heterocycles
      through electrophilic cyclization via the attack of an electrophile on the C(sp)
      bond of alkynes. The cyclization proceeds under mild reaction conditions and
      tolerates a wide variety of functional groups. 

PMID- 27383579
TI  - Incidence and risk factors of fever in a contemporary cohort of HIV-patients with
      good access to antiretroviral therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study incidence and to determine risk factors of fever in a
      contemporary cohort of HIV-infected patients with access to antiretroviral
      therapy. METHODS: Prospective study in a cohort of HIV-infected patients in
      Belgium from 2009 to 2013. RESULTS: 759 patients were followed for a total of
      2136 patient years. The incidence of fever was low, with an incidence rate of
      0.103 (95% CI 0.078; 0.135) febrile episodes per patient per year for temperature
      38.3  degrees C or higher measured by a health care provider. Gender, age,
      ethnicity, and calendar year of measurement were no significant risk factors for
      fever in univariable analysis, but recent HIV diagnosis, prior AIDS, nadir CD4
      cell count, last CD4 cell count, and viral load were, as were use of
      antiretroviral therapy, recent start of antiretroviral therapy and recent switch
      of antiretroviral therapy. Recent stop of antiretroviral therapy was no
      significant risk factor. In multivariable analysis prior AIDS, last CD4 and viral
      load remained significant risk factors, but use of antiretroviral therapy not.
      CONCLUSION: In this contemporary cohort, incidence of fever was low but CD4 cell
      count less than 200/mm3 remained associated with the highest incidence of fever.

PMID- 27383581
TI  - Relative impact of a patient blood management program on utilization of all three
      major blood components.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although patient blood management (PBM) programs clearly reduce
      transfusion overuse, the relative impact on red blood cell (RBC), plasma, and
      platelet (PLT) utilization is unclear. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective
      analysis of electronic records was conducted at a medium-sized academic hospital
      to assess blood utilization for all inpatients admitted during 1-year periods
      before (n = 20,531) and after (n = 19,477) PBM efforts began in September 2014.
      Transfusion guideline compliance and overall utilization were assessed for RBCs,
      plasma, and PLTs. The primary PBM efforts included education on evidence-based
      transfusion guidelines, decision support in the computerized provider order entry
      system, and distribution of provider-specific reports showing comparison to peers
      for guideline compliance. Cost avoidance was determined by two methods
      (acquisition cost and activity-based cost), and clinical outcomes were compared
      during the two periods. RESULTS: For RBCs, orders outside hospital guidelines
      decreased (from 23.9% to 17.1%, p < 0.001), and utilization decreased by 12% (p <
      0.035). For plasma and PLTs, both orders outside guidelines and utilization
      changed minimally. Overall cost avoidance was $181,887/year by acquisition cost
      (and from $582,039 to $873,058/year by activity-based cost), 93% of which was
      attributed to reduction in RBC utilization. Length of stay, morbidity, and
      mortality were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate a greater
      opportunity for reducing RBC compared to plasma and PLT utilization. A properly
      implemented PBM program has potential to reduce unnecessary transfusions and
      their associated risk and costs, without compromising clinical outcomes.

PMID- 27383582
TI  - Poly(ethylene glycol)-co-methacrylamide-co-acrylic acid based nanogels for
      delivery of doxorubicin.
AB  - Polymeric nanogels have been widely explored for their potential application as
      delivery carriers for cancer therapeutics. The ability of nanogels to encapsulate
      therapeutics by simple diffusion mechanism and the ease of their fabrication to
      impart target specificity in addition to their ability to get internalized into
      target cells make them good candidates for drug delivery. The present study aims
      to investigate the applicability of poly(ethylene glycol)-co-methacrylamide-co
      acrylic acid (PMA)-based nanogels as a viable option for the delivery of
      doxorubicin (DOX). The nanogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization
      in an inverse mini-emulsion and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance
      spectroscopy ((1)H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light
      scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction and
      differential scanning calorimetry. DOX was physically incorporated into the
      nanogels (PMA-DOX) and the mechanism of its in vitro release was studied. TEM
      experiment revealed spherical morphology of nanogels and the hydrodynamic
      diameter of the neat nanogels was in the range of 160 +/- 46.95 nm. The size of
      the nanogels increased from 235.1 +/- 28.46 to 403.7 +/- 89.89 nm with the
      increase in drug loading capacity from 4.68 +/- 0.03 to 13.71 +/- 0.01%. The
      sustained release of DOX was observed upto 80 h and the release rate decreased
      with increased loading capacity following anomalous release mechanism as
      indicated by the value of diffusion exponent (n = 0.64-0.75) obtained from
      Korsmeyer-Peppas equation. Further, cytotoxicity evaluation of PMA-DOX nanogels
      on HeLa cells resulted in relatively higher efficacy (IC50~5.88 MUg/mL) as
      compared to free DOX (IC50~7.24 MUg/mL) thus demonstrating that the preparation
      is potentially a promising drug delivery carrier.

PMID- 27383583
TI  - Unprecedented Electro-Optic Performance in Lead-Free Transparent Ceramics.
AB  - A high-performance lead-free electro-optic (EO) transparent material is
      introduced and used in an EO device operating up to 10 kHz. The BZT-BCT ceramic,
      named as BXT, has an effective DC EO coefficient, rc = 530 pm V-1 , which is
      higher than state-of-the-art materials such as LiNbO3 . The high EO response can
      be leveraged for miniaturization and/or reduction of the operating voltage of EO
      devices.

PMID- 27383584
TI  - SfN Journals: Two Paths, One Goal: Sharing Strong Science.

PMID- 27383585
TI  - Are Movement Preparation and Movement Initiation Truly Independent?

PMID- 27383586
TI  - Selective Deletion of Astroglial FMRP Dysregulates Glutamate Transporter GLT1 and
      Contributes to Fragile X Syndrome Phenotypes In Vivo.
AB  - How the loss of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in different brain
      cell types, especially in non-neuron glial cells, induces fragile X syndrome
      (FXS) phenotypes has just begun to be understood. In the current study, we
      generated inducible astrocyte-specific Fmr1 conditional knock-out mice (i-astro
      Fmr1-cKO) and restoration mice (i-astro-Fmr1-cON) to study the in vivo modulation
      of FXS synaptic phenotypes by astroglial FMRP. We found that functional
      expression of glutamate transporter GLT1 is 40% decreased in i-astro-Fmr1-cKO
      somatosensory cortical astrocytes in vivo, which can be fully rescued by the
      selective re-expression of FMRP in astrocytes in i-astro-Fmr1-cON mice. Although
      the selective loss of astroglial FMRP only modestly increases spine density and
      length in cortical pyramidal neurons, selective re-expression of FMRP in
      astrocytes significantly attenuates abnormal spine morphology in these neurons of
      i-astro-Fmr1-cON mice. Moreover, we found that basal protein synthesis levels and
      immunoreactivity of phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (p-s6P) is significantly
      increased in i-astro-Fmr1-cKO mice, while the enhanced cortical protein synthesis
      observed in Fmr1 KO mice is mitigated in i-astro-Fmr1-cON mice. Furthermore,
      ceftriaxone-mediated upregulation of surface GLT1 expression restores functional
      glutamate uptake and attenuates enhanced neuronal excitability in Fmr1 KO mice.
      In particular, ceftriaxone significantly decreases the growth rate of abnormally
      accelerated body weight and completely corrects spine abnormality in Fmr1 KO
      mice. Together, these results show that the selective loss of astroglial FMRP
      contributes to cortical synaptic deficits in FXS, presumably through dysregulated
      astroglial glutamate transporter GLT1 and impaired glutamate uptake. These
      results suggest the involvement of astrocyte-mediated mechanisms in the
      pathogenesis of FXS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Previous studies to understand how
      the loss of function of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) causes
      fragile X syndrome (FXS) have largely focused on neurons; whether the selective
      loss of astroglial FMRP in vivo alters astrocyte functions and contributes to the
      pathogenesis of FXS remain essentially unknown. This has become a long-standing
      unanswered question in the fragile X field, which is also relevant to autism
      pathogenesis. Our current study generated astrocyte-specific Fmr1 conditional
      knock-out and restoration mice, and provided compelling evidence that the
      selective loss of astroglial FMRP contributes to cortical synaptic deficits in
      FXS, likely through the dysregulated astroglial glutamate transporter GLT1
      expression and impaired glutamate uptake. These results demonstrate previously
      undescribed astrocyte-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of FXS.

PMID- 27383587
TI  - Chronic Cognitive Dysfunction after Traumatic Brain Injury Is Improved with a
      Phosphodiesterase 4B Inhibitor.
AB  - Learning and memory impairments are common in traumatic brain injury (TBI)
      survivors. However, there are no effective treatments to improve TBI-induced
      learning and memory impairments. TBI results in decreased cAMP signaling and
      reduced cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB) activation, a critical
      pathway involved in learning and memory. TBI also acutely upregulates
      phosphodiesterase 4B2 (PDE4B2), which terminates cAMP signaling by hydrolyzing
      cAMP. We hypothesized that a subtype-selective PDE4B inhibitor could reverse the
      learning deficits induced by TBI. To test this hypothesis, adult male Sprague
      Dawley rats received sham surgery or moderate parasagittal fluid-percussion brain
      injury. At 3 months postsurgery, animals were administered a selective PDE4B
      inhibitor or vehicle before cue and contextual fear conditioning, water maze
      training and a spatial working memory task. Treatment with the PDE4B inhibitor
      significantly reversed the TBI-induced deficits in cue and contextual fear
      conditioning and water maze retention. To further understand the underlying
      mechanisms of these memory impairments, we examined hippocampal long-term
      potentiation (LTP). TBI resulted in a significant reduction in basal synaptic
      transmission and impaired expression of LTP. Treatment with the PDE4B inhibitor
      significantly reduced the deficits in basal synaptic transmission and rescued LTP
      expression. The PDE4B inhibitor reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and
      increased phosphorylated CREB levels after TBI, suggesting that this drug
      inhibited molecular pathways in the brain known to be regulated by PDE4B. These
      results suggest that a subtype-selective PDE4B inhibitor is a potential
      therapeutic to reverse chronic learning and memory dysfunction and deficits in
      hippocampal synaptic plasticity following TBI. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Currently,
      there are an estimated 3.2-5.3 million individuals living with disabilities from
      traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States, and 8 of 10 of these
      individuals report cognitive disabilities (Thurman et al., 1999; Lew et al.,
      2006; Zaloshnja et al., 2008). One of the molecular mechanisms associated with
      chronic cognitive disabilities is impaired cAMP signaling in the hippocampus. In
      this study, we report that a selective phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitor
      reduces chronic cognitive deficits after TBI and rescues deficits in hippocampal
      long-term potentiation. These results suggest that PDE4B inhibition has the
      potential to improve learning and memory ability and overall functioning for
      people living with TBI.

PMID- 27383588
TI  - Transient Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation Causes a Delayed Loss of Mitochondria and
      Increases Spontaneous Calcium Signaling in Astrocytic Processes.
AB  - Recently, mitochondria have been localized to astrocytic processes where they
      shape Ca(2+) signaling; this relationship has not been examined in models of
      ischemia/reperfusion. We biolistically transfected astrocytes in rat hippocampal
      slice cultures to facilitate fluorescent confocal microscopy, and subjected these
      slices to transient oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) that causes delayed
      excitotoxic death of CA1 pyramidal neurons. This insult caused a delayed loss of
      mitochondria from astrocytic processes and increased colocalization of
      mitochondria with the autophagosome marker LC3B. The losses of neurons in area
      CA1 and mitochondria in astrocytic processes were blocked by ionotropic glutamate
      receptor (iGluR) antagonists, tetrodotoxin, ziconotide (Ca(2+) channel blocker),
      two inhibitors of reversed Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (KB-R7943, YM-244769), or two
      inhibitors of calcineurin (cyclosporin-A, FK506). The effects of OGD were
      mimicked by NMDA. The glutamate uptake inhibitor (3S)-3-[[3-[[4
      (trifluoromethyl)benzoyl]amino]phenyl]methoxy]-l-aspartate increased neuronal
      loss after OGD or NMDA, and blocked the loss of astrocytic mitochondria.
      Exogenous glutamate in the presence of iGluR antagonists caused a loss of
      mitochondria without a decrease in neurons in area CA1. Using the genetic Ca(2+)
      indicator Lck-GCaMP-6S, we observed two types of Ca(2+) signals: (1) in the
      cytoplasm surrounding mitochondria (mitochondrially centered) and (2) traversing
      the space between mitochondria (extramitochondrial). The spatial spread,
      kinetics, and frequency of these events were different. The amplitude of both
      types was doubled and the spread of both types changed by ~2-fold 24 h after OGD.
      Together, these data suggest that pathologic activation of glutamate transport
      and increased astrocytic Ca(2+) through reversed Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange triggers
      mitochondrial loss and dramatic increases in Ca(2+) signaling in astrocytic
      processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Astrocytes, the most abundant cell type in the
      brain, are vital integrators of signaling and metabolism. Each astrocyte consists
      of many long, thin branches, called processes, which ensheathe vasculature and
      thousands of synapses. Mitochondria occupy the majority of each process. This
      occupancy is decreased by ~50% 24 h after an in vitro model of
      ischemia/reperfusion injury, due to delayed fragmentation and mitophagy. The
      mechanism appears to be independent of neuropathology, instead involving an
      extended period of high glutamate uptake into astrocytes. Our data suggest that
      mitochondria serve as spatial buffers, and possibly even as a source of calcium
      signals in astrocytic processes. Loss of mitochondria resulted in drastically
      altered calcium signaling that could disrupt neurovascular coupling and
      gliotransmission.

PMID- 27383591
TI  - When Synchronizing to Rhythms Is Not a Good Thing: Modulations of Preparatory and
      Post-Target Neural Activity When Shifting Attention Away from On-Beat Times of a
      Distracting Rhythm.
AB  - Environmental rhythms potently drive predictive resource allocation in time,
      typically leading to perceptual and motor benefits for on-beat, relative to off
      beat, times, even if the rhythmic stream is not intentionally used. In two human
      EEG experiments, we investigated the behavioral and electrophysiological
      expressions of using rhythms to direct resources away from on-beat times. This
      allowed us to distinguish goal-directed attention from the automatic capture of
      attention by rhythms. The following three conditions were compared: (1) a
      rhythmic stream with targets appearing frequently at a fixed off-beat position;
      (2) a rhythmic stream with targets appearing frequently at on-beat times; and (3)
      a nonrhythmic stream with matched target intervals. Shifting resources away from
      on-beat times was expressed in the slowing of responses to on-beat targets, but
      not in the facilitation of off-beat targets. The shifting of resources was
      accompanied by anticipatory adjustment of the contingent negative variation (CNV)
      buildup toward the expected off-beat time. In the second experiment, off-beat
      times were jittered, resulting in a similar CNV adjustment and also in
      preparatory amplitude reduction of beta-band activity. Thus, the CNV and beta
      activity track the relevance of time points and not the rhythm, given sufficient
      incentive. Furthermore, the effects of task relevance (appearing in a task
      relevant vs irrelevant time) and rhythm (appearing on beat vs off beat) had
      additive behavioral effects and also dissociable neural manifestations in target
      evoked activity: rhythm affected the target response as early as the P1
      component, while relevance affected only the later N2 and P3. Thus, these two
      factors operate by distinct mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Rhythmic streams
      are widespread in our environment, and are typically conceptualized as automatic,
      bottom-up resource attractors to on-beat times-preparatory neural activity peaks
      at rhythm-on-beat times and behavioral benefits are seen to on-beat compared with
      off-beat targets. We show that this behavioral benefit is reversed when targets
      are more frequent at off-beat compared with on-beat times, and that preparatory
      neural activity, previously thought to be driven by the rhythm to on-beat times,
      is adjusted toward off-beat times. Furthermore, the effect of this relevance
      based shifting on target-evoked brain activity was dissociable from the automatic
      effect of rhythms. Thus, rhythms can act as cues for flexible resource allocation
      according to the goal relevance of each time point, instead of being obligatory
      resource attractors.

PMID- 27383590
TI  - Deletion of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 from Forebrain Neurons Delays
      Infertility and Onset of Hypothalamic Leptin Resistance in Response to a High
      Caloric Diet.
AB  - The cellular processes that cause high caloric diet (HCD)-induced infertility are
      poorly understood but may involve upregulation of suppressor of cytokine
      signaling (SOCS-3) proteins that are associated with hypothalamic leptin
      resistance. Deletion of SOCS-3 from brain cells is known to protect mice from
      diet-induced obesity, but the effects on HCD-induced infertility are unknown. We
      used neuron-specific SOCS3 knock-out mice to elucidate this and the effects on
      regional hypothalamic leptin resistance. As expected, male and female neuron
      specific SOCS3 knock-out mice were protected from HCD-induced obesity. While
      female wild-type mice became infertile after 4 months of HCD feeding, infertility
      onset in knock-out females was delayed by 4 weeks. Similarly, knock-out mice had
      delayed leptin resistance development in the medial preoptic area and
      anteroventral periventricular nucleus, regions important for generation of the
      surge of GnRH and LH that induces ovulation. We therefore tested whether the
      suppressive effects of HCD on the estradiol-induced GnRH/LH surge were overcome
      by neuron-specific SOCS3 knock-out. Although only 20% of control HCD-mice
      experienced a preovulatory-like LH surge, LH surges could be induced in almost
      all neuron-specific SOCS3 knock-out mice on this diet. In contrast to females,
      HCD-fed male mice did not exhibit any fertility decline compared with low caloric
      diet-fed males despite their resistance to the satiety effects of leptin. These
      data show that deletion of SOCS3 delays the onset of leptin resistance and
      infertility in HCD-fed female mice, but given continued HCD feeding this state
      does eventually occur, presumably in response to other mechanisms inhibiting
      leptin signal transduction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Obesity is commonly
      associated with infertility in humans and other animals. Treatments for human
      infertility show a decreased success rate with increasing body mass index. A
      hallmark of obesity is an increase in circulating leptin levels; despite this,
      the brain responds as if there were low levels of leptin, leading to increased
      appetite and suppressed fertility. Here we show that leptin resistant infertility
      is caused in part by the leptin signaling molecule SOCS3. Deletion of SOCS3 from
      brain neurons delays the onset of diet-induced infertility.

PMID- 27383589
TI  - Altered Development of Synapse Structure and Function in Striatum Caused by
      Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2-G2019S Mutation.
AB  - Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) can cause
      Parkinson's disease (PD), and the most common disease-associated mutation,
      G2019S, increases kinase activity. Because LRRK2 expression levels rise during
      synaptogenesis and are highest in dorsal striatal spiny projection neurons
      (SPNs), we tested the hypothesis that the LRRK2-G2019S mutation would alter
      development of excitatory synaptic networks in dorsal striatum. To circumvent
      experimental confounds associated with LRRK2 overexpression, we used mice
      expressing LRRK2-G2019S or D2017A (kinase-dead) knockin mutations. In whole-cell
      recordings, G2019S SPNs exhibited a fourfold increase in sEPSC frequency compared
      with wild-type SPNs in postnatal day 21 mice. Such heightened neural activity was
      increased similarly in direct- and indirect-pathway SPNs, and action potential
      dependent activity was particularly elevated. Excitatory synaptic activity in
      D2017A SPNs was similar to wild type, indicating a selective effect of G2019S.
      Acute exposure to LRRK2 kinase inhibitors normalized activity, supporting that
      excessive neural activity in G2019S SPNs is mediated directly and is kinase
      dependent. Although dendritic arborization and densities of excitatory
      presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic dendritic spines in G2019S SPNs were
      similar to wild type, G2019S SPNs displayed larger spines that were matched
      functionally by a shift toward larger postsynaptic response amplitudes. Acutely
      isolating striatum from overlying neocortex normalized sEPSC frequency in G2019S
      mutants, supporting that abnormal corticostriatal activity is involved. These
      findings indicate that the G2019S mutation imparts a gain-of-abnormal function to
      SPN activity and morphology during a stage of development when activity can
      permanently modify circuit structure and function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:
      Mutations in the kinase domain of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) follow
      Parkinson's disease (PD) heritability. How such mutations affect brain function
      is poorly understood. LRRK2 expression levels rise after birth at a time when
      synapses are forming and are highest in dorsal striatum, suggesting that LRRK2
      regulates development of striatal circuits. During a period of postnatal
      development when activity plays a large role in permanently shaping neural
      circuits, our data show how the most common PD-causing LRRK2 mutation
      dramatically alters excitatory synaptic activity and the shape of postsynaptic
      structures in striatum. These findings provide new insight into early functional
      and structural aberrations in striatal connectivity that may predispose striatal
      circuitry to both motor and nonmotor dysfunction later in life.

PMID- 27383592
TI  - Temporal Dynamics of Sensorimotor Networks in Effort-Based Cost-Benefit
      Valuation: Early Emergence and Late Net Value Integration.
AB  - Although physical effort can impose significant costs on decision-making, when
      and how effort cost information is incorporated into choice remains contested,
      reflecting a larger debate over the role of sensorimotor networks in specifying
      behavior. Serial information processing models, in which motor circuits simply
      implement the output of cognitive systems, hypothesize that effort cost factors
      into decisions relatively late, via integration with stimulus values into net
      (combined) value signals in dorsomedial frontal cortex (dmFC). In contrast,
      ethology-inspired approaches suggest a more active role for the dorsal
      sensorimotor stream, with effort cost signals emerging rapidly after stimulus
      onset. Here we investigated the time course of effort cost integration using
      event-related potentials in hungry human subjects while they made decisions about
      expending physical effort for appetitive foods. Consistent with the ethological
      perspective, we found that effort cost was represented from as early as 100-250
      ms after stimulus onset, localized to dorsal sensorimotor regions including
      middle cingulate, somatosensory, and motor/premotor cortices. However, examining
      the same data time-locked to motor output revealed net value signals combining
      stimulus value and effort cost approximately -400 ms before response, originating
      from sensorimotor areas including dmFC, precuneus, and posterior parietal cortex.
      Granger causal connectivity analysis of the motor effector signal in the time
      leading to response showed interactions between these sensorimotor regions and
      ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, a structure associated with adjusting behavior
      response mappings. These results suggest that rapid activation of sensorimotor
      regions interacts with cognitive valuation systems, producing a net value signal
      reflecting both physical effort and reward contingencies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:
      Although physical effort imposes a cost on choice, when and how effort cost
      influences neural correlates of decision-making remains contested. This dispute
      reflects a larger disagreement between cognitive neuroscience and ethology over
      the role of sensorimotor systems in behavior: are sensorimotor circuits merely
      implementing the late-stage output of cognitive systems, or engaged rapidly and
      interactively from early in decision-making? We find that, although early
      representation of effort cost is associated with sensorimotor regions, these
      signals are also integrated with cognitive stimulus value representations in the
      time leading up to motor response. These data suggest that sensorimotor networks
      interact dynamically with cognitive systems to guide decision-making, providing a
      first step toward reconciling differing perspectives on sensorimotor roles in
      valuation and choice.

PMID- 27383594
TI  - Selective Attention to Visual Stimuli Using Auditory Distractors Is Altered in
      Alpha-9 Nicotinic Receptor Subunit Knock-Out Mice.
AB  - During selective attention, subjects voluntarily focus their cognitive resources
      on a specific stimulus while ignoring others. Top-down filtering of peripheral
      sensory responses by higher structures of the brain has been proposed as one of
      the mechanisms responsible for selective attention. A prerequisite to accomplish
      top-down modulation of the activity of peripheral structures is the presence of
      corticofugal pathways. The mammalian auditory efferent system is a unique neural
      network that originates in the auditory cortex and projects to the cochlear
      receptor through the olivocochlear bundle, and it has been proposed to function
      as a top-down filter of peripheral auditory responses during attention to cross
      modal stimuli. However, to date, there is no conclusive evidence of the
      involvement of olivocochlear neurons in selective attention paradigms. Here, we
      trained wild-type and alpha-9 nicotinic receptor subunit knock-out (KO) mice,
      which lack cholinergic transmission between medial olivocochlear neurons and
      outer hair cells, in a two-choice visual discrimination task and studied the
      behavioral consequences of adding different types of auditory distractors. In
      addition, we evaluated the effects of contralateral noise on auditory nerve
      responses as a measure of the individual strength of the olivocochlear reflex. We
      demonstrate that KO mice have a reduced olivocochlear reflex strength and perform
      poorly in a visual selective attention paradigm. These results confirm that an
      intact medial olivocochlear transmission aids in ignoring auditory distraction
      during selective attention to visual stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The
      auditory efferent system is a neural network that originates in the auditory
      cortex and projects to the cochlear receptor through the olivocochlear system. It
      has been proposed to function as a top-down filter of peripheral auditory
      responses during attention to cross-modal stimuli. However, to date, there is no
      conclusive evidence of the involvement of olivocochlear neurons in selective
      attention paradigms. Here, we studied the behavioral consequences of adding
      different types of auditory distractors in a visual selective attention task in
      wild-type and alpha-9 nicotinic receptor knock-out (KO) mice. We demonstrate that
      KO mice perform poorly in the selective attention paradigm and that an intact
      medial olivocochlear transmission aids in ignoring auditory distractors during
      attention.

PMID- 27383593
TI  - M1 ipRGCs Influence Visual Function through Retrograde Signaling in the Retina.
AB  - Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
      (ipRGCs, with five subtypes named M1-M5) are a unique subclass of RGCs with axons
      that project directly to many brain nuclei involved in non-image-forming
      functions such as circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex.
      Recent evidence suggests that melanopsin-based signals also influence image
      forming visual function, including light adaptation, but the mechanisms involved
      are unclear. Intriguingly, a small population of M1 ipRGCs have intraretinal axon
      collaterals that project toward the outer retina. Using genetic mouse models, we
      provide three lines of evidence showing that these axon collaterals make
      connections with upstream dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs): (1) ipRGC signaling
      to DACs is blocked by tetrodotoxin both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that
      ipRGC-to-DAC transmission requires voltage-gated Na(+) channels; (2) this
      transmission is partly dependent on N-type Ca(2+) channels, which are possibly
      expressed in the axon collateral terminals of ipRGCs; and (3) fluorescence
      microscopy reveals that ipRGC axon collaterals make putative presynaptic contact
      with DACs. We further demonstrate that elimination of M1 ipRGCs attenuates light
      adaptation, as evidenced by an impaired electroretinogram b-wave from cones,
      whereas a dopamine receptor agonist can potentiate the cone-driven b-wave of
      retinas lacking M1 ipRGCs. Together, the results strongly suggest that ipRGCs
      transmit luminance signals retrogradely to the outer retina through the
      dopaminergic system and in turn influence retinal light adaptation. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: Melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion
      cells (ipRGCs) comprise a third class of retinal photoreceptors that are known to
      mediate physiological responses such as circadian photoentrainment. However,
      investigation into whether and how ipRGCs contribute to vision has just begun.
      Here, we provide convergent anatomical and physiological evidence that axon
      collaterals of ipRGCs constitute a centrifugal pathway to DACs, conveying
      melanopsin-based signals from the innermost retina to the outer retina. We
      further demonstrate that retrograde signals likely influence visual processing
      because elimination of axon collateral-bearing ipRGCs impairs light adaptation by
      limiting dopamine-dependent facilitation of the cone pathway. Our findings
      strongly support the hypothesis that retrograde melanopsin-based signaling
      influences visual function locally within the retina, a notion that refutes the
      dogma that RGCs only provide physiological signals to the brain.

PMID- 27383595
TI  - Aging-Resilient Associations between the Arcuate Fasciculus and Vocabulary
      Knowledge: Microstructure or Morphology?
AB  - Vocabulary knowledge is one of the few cognitive functions that is relatively
      preserved in older adults, but the reasons for this relative preservation have
      not been well delineated. We tested the hypothesis that individual differences in
      vocabulary knowledge are influenced by arcuate fasciculus macrostructure (i.e.,
      shape and volume) properties that remain stable during the aging process, rather
      than white matter microstructure that demonstrates age-related declines.
      Vocabulary was not associated with age compared to pronounced age-related
      declines in cognitive processing speed across 106 healthy adults (19.92-88.29
      years) who participated in this neuroimaging experiment. Fractional anisotropy in
      the left arcuate fasciculus was significantly related to individual variability
      in vocabulary. This effect was present despite marked age-related differences in
      a T1-weighted/T2-weighted ratio (T1w/T2w) estimate of myelin that were observed
      throughout the left arcuate fasciculus and associated with age-related
      differences in cognitive processing speed. However, atypical patterns of arcuate
      fasciculus morphology or macrostructure were associated with decreased vocabulary
      knowledge. These results suggest that deterioration of tissue in the arcuate
      fasciculus occurs with normal aging, while having limited impact on tract
      organization that underlies individual differences in the acquisition and
      retrieval of lexical and semantic information. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Vocabulary
      knowledge is resilient to widespread age-related declines in brain structure that
      limit other cognitive functions. We tested the hypothesis that arcuate fasciculus
      morphology, which supports the development of reading skills that bolster
      vocabulary, could explain this relative preservation. We disentangled (1) the
      effects of age-related declines in arcuate microstructure (mean diffusivity;
      myelin content estimate) that predicted cognitive processing speed but not
      vocabulary, from (2) relatively stable arcuate macrostructure (shape/volume) that
      explained significant variance in an age-independent association between
      fractional anisotropy and vocabulary. This latter result may reflect differences
      in fiber trajectory and organization that are resilient to aging. We propose that
      developmental sculpting of the arcuate fasciculus determines acquisition,
      storage, and access of lexical information across the adult lifespan.

PMID- 27383596
TI  - Functional Interactions between Mammalian Respiratory Rhythmogenic and Premotor
      Circuitry.
AB  - Breathing in mammals depends on rhythms that originate from the preBotzinger
      complex (preBotC) of the ventral medulla and a network of brainstem and spinal
      premotor neurons. The rhythm-generating core of the preBotC, as well as some
      premotor circuits, consist of interneurons derived from Dbx1-expressing
      precursors (Dbx1 neurons), but the structure and function of these networks
      remain incompletely understood. We previously developed a cell-specific detection
      and laser ablation system to interrogate respiratory network structure and
      function in a slice model of breathing that retains the preBotC, the respiratory
      related hypoglossal (XII) motor nucleus and XII premotor circuits. In
      spontaneously rhythmic slices, cumulative ablation of Dbx1 preBotC neurons
      decreased XII motor output by ~50% after ~15 cell deletions, and then decelerated
      and terminated rhythmic function altogether as the tally increased to ~85
      neurons. In contrast, cumulatively deleting Dbx1 XII premotor neurons decreased
      motor output monotonically but did not affect frequency nor stop XII output
      regardless of the ablation tally. Here, we couple an existing preBotC model with
      a premotor population in several topological configurations to investigate which
      one may replicate the laser ablation experiments best. If the XII premotor
      population is a "small-world" network (rich in local connections with sparse long
      range connections among constituent premotor neurons) and connected with the
      preBotC such that the total number of incoming synapses remains fixed, then the
      in silico system successfully replicates the in vitro laser ablation experiments.
      This study proposes a feasible configuration for circuits consisting of Dbx1
      derived interneurons that generate inspiratory rhythm and motor pattern.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To produce a breathing-related motor pattern, a brainstem
      core oscillator circuit projects to a population of premotor interneurons, but
      the assemblage of this network remains incompletely understood. Here we applied
      network modeling and numerical simulation to discover respiratory circuit
      configurations that successfully replicate photonic cell ablation experiments
      targeting either the core oscillator or premotor network, respectively. If
      premotor neurons are interconnected in a so-called "small-world" network with a
      fixed number of incoming synapses balanced between premotor and rhythmogenic
      neurons, then our simulations match their experimental benchmarks. These results
      provide a framework of experimentally testable predictions regarding the
      rudimentary structure and function of respiratory rhythm- and pattern-generating
      circuits in the brainstem of mammals.

PMID- 27383597
TI  - Differential Somatic Ca2+ Channel Profile in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons.
AB  - Dopaminergic (DA) neurons located in the ventral midbrain continuously generate a
      slow endogenous pacemaker activity, the mechanism of which is still debated. It
      has been suggested that, in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), the
      pacemaking relies more on Ca(2+) channels and that the density of L-type Ca(2+)
      channels is higher in these DA neurons than in those located in the ventral
      tegmental area (VTA). This might lead to a higher Ca(2+) load in SNc DA neurons
      and explain their higher susceptibility to degeneration. However, direct evidence
      for this hypothesis is lacking. We found that the L-type current and channel
      density are indeed higher in the somata of rat SNc DA neurons and that this
      current undergoes less inactivation in this region. Nonstationary fluctuation
      analysis measurements showed a much higher number of L-type channels in the soma
      of SNc DA neurons, as well as a smaller single-channel conductance, pointing to a
      possible different molecular identity of L-type channels in DA neurons from the
      two areas. A major consequence of this is that pacemaking and, even more so,
      bursting are associated with a larger Ca(2+) entry through L-type channels in SNc
      DA neurons than in their VTA counterparts. Our results establish a molecular and
      functional difference between two populations of midbrain DA neurons that may
      contribute to their differential sensitivity to neurodegeneration. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: Dopamine neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and
      ventral tegmental area (VTA) are involved in various brain functions, such as
      movement initiation and goal directed behavior, respectively. This work shows
      that, although both neurons fire in a similar regular and slow pacemaker mode,
      this firing activity is supported by different calcium channel landscapes.
      Indeed, the L-type calcium current is larger in the soma of dopamine neurons of
      the SNc, leading to a higher charge transfer through L-type channels during
      pacemaking and bursting. Therefore, these neurons may be physiologically exposed
      to a larger stress than their neighbors from the VTA.

PMID- 27383598
TI  - Lack of Intrinsic GABAergic Connections in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus of the
      Mouse.
AB  - It is generally thought that neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) form
      GABAergic synapses with other TRN neurons and that these interconnections are
      important for the function of the TRN. However, the existence of such intrinsic
      connections is controversial. We combine two complementary approaches to examine
      intrinsic GABAergic connections in the TRN of the mouse. We find that optogenetic
      stimulation of TRN neurons and their axons evokes GABAergic IPSCs in TRN neurons
      in mice younger than 2 weeks of age but fails to do so after that age. Blocking
      synaptic release from TRN neurons through conditional deletion of vesicular GABA
      transporter has no effect on spontaneous IPSCs recorded in TRN neurons aged 2
      weeks or older while dramatically reducing GABAergic transmission in thalamic
      relay neurons. These results demonstrate that except for a short period after
      birth, the TRN of the mouse lacks intrinsic GABAergic connections. SIGNIFICANCE
      STATEMENT: The thalamic reticular nucleus has a critical role in modulating
      information transfer from the thalamus to the cortex. It has been proposed that
      neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus are interconnected through GABAergic
      synapses and that these connections serve important functions. Our results show
      that except for the first 2 weeks after birth, the thalamic reticular nucleus of
      the mouse lacks intrinsic GABAergic connections.

PMID- 27383599
TI  - Hippocampal MicroRNA-124 Enhances Chronic Stress Resilience in Mice.
AB  - Chronic stress-induced aberrant gene expression in the brain and subsequent
      dysfunctional neuronal plasticity have been implicated in the etiology and
      pathophysiology of mood disorders. In this study, we examined whether altered
      expression of small, regulatory, noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs) contributes to the
      depression-like behaviors and aberrant neuronal plasticity associated with
      chronic stress. Mice exposed to chronic ultra-mild stress (CUMS) exhibited
      increased depression-like behaviors and reduced hippocampal expression of the
      brain-enriched miRNA-124 (miR-124). Aberrant behaviors and dysregulated miR-124
      expression were blocked by chronic treatment with an antidepressant drug. The
      depression-like behaviors are likely not conferred directly by miR-124
      downregulation because neither viral-mediated hippocampal overexpression nor
      intrahippocampal infusion of an miR-124 inhibitor affected depression-like
      behaviors in nonstressed mice. However, viral-mediated miR-124 overexpression in
      hippocampal neurons conferred behavioral resilience to CUMS, whereas inhibition
      of miR-124 led to greater behavioral susceptibility to a milder stress paradigm.
      Moreover, we identified histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), HDAC5, and glycogen
      synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) as targets for miR-124 and found that
      intrahippocampal infusion of a selective HDAC4/5 inhibitor or GSK3 inhibitor had
      antidepressant-like actions on behavior. We propose that miR-124-mediated
      posttranscriptional controls of HDAC4/5 and GSK3beta expressions in the
      hippocampus have pivotal roles in susceptibility/resilience to chronic stress.
      SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Depressive disorders are a major public health concern
      worldwide. Although a clear understanding of the etiology of depression is still
      lacking, chronic stress-elicited aberrant neuronal plasticity has been implicated
      in the pathophysiology of depression. We show that the hippocampal expression of
      microRNA-124 (miR-124), an endogenous small, noncoding RNA that represses gene
      expression posttranscriptionally, controls resilience/susceptibility to chronic
      stress-induced depression-like behaviors. These effects on depression-like
      behaviors may be mediated through regulation of the mRNA or protein expression
      levels of histone deacetylases HDAC4/5 and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, all
      highly conserved miR-124 targets. Moreover, miR-124 contributes to stress-induced
      dendritic hypotrophy and reduced spine density of dentate gyrus granule neurons.
      Modulation of hippocampal miR-124 pathways may have potential antidepressant
      effects.

PMID- 27383600
TI  - Spontaneous Release Regulates Synaptic Scaling in the Embryonic Spinal Network In
      Vivo.
AB  - Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms maintain cellular or network spiking activity
      within a physiologically functional range through compensatory changes in
      synaptic strength or intrinsic cellular excitability. Synaptic scaling is one
      form of homeostatic plasticity that is triggered after blockade of spiking or
      neurotransmission in which the strengths of all synaptic inputs to a cell are
      multiplicatively scaled upward or downward in a compensatory fashion. We have
      shown previously that synaptic upscaling could be triggered in chick embryo
      spinal motoneurons by complete blockade of spiking or GABAA receptor (GABAAR)
      activation for 2 d in vivo Here, we alter GABAAR activation in a more
      physiologically relevant manner by chronically adjusting presynaptic GABA release
      in vivo using nicotinic modulators or an mGluR2 agonist. Manipulating GABAAR
      activation in this way triggered scaling in a mechanistically similar manner to
      scaling induced by complete blockade of GABAARs. Remarkably, we find that
      altering action-potential (AP)-independent spontaneous release was able to fully
      account for the observed bidirectional scaling, whereas dramatic changes in
      spiking activity associated with spontaneous network activity had little effect
      on quantal amplitude. The reliance of scaling on an AP-independent process
      challenges the plasticity's relatedness to spiking in the living embryonic spinal
      network. Our findings have implications for the trigger and function of synaptic
      scaling and suggest that spontaneous release functions to regulate synaptic
      strength homeostatically in vivo SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Homeostatic synaptic
      scaling is thought to prevent inappropriate levels of spiking activity through
      compensatory adjustments in the strength of synaptic inputs. Therefore, it is
      thought that perturbations in spike rate trigger scaling. Here, we find that
      dramatic changes in spiking activity in the embryonic spinal cord have little
      effect on synaptic scaling; conversely, alterations in GABAA receptor activation
      due to action-potential-independent GABA vesicle release can trigger scaling. The
      findings suggest that scaling in the living embryonic spinal cord functions to
      maintain synaptic strength and challenge the view that scaling acts to regulate
      spiking activity homeostatically. Finally, the results indicate that fetal
      exposure to drugs that influence GABA spontaneous release, such as nicotine,
      could profoundly affect synaptic maturation.

PMID- 27383602
TI  - Rab35 Functions in Axon Elongation Are Regulated by P53-Related Protein Kinase in
      a Mechanism That Involves Rab35 Protein Degradation and the Microtubule
      Associated Protein 1B.
AB  - Rab35 is a key protein for cargo loading in the recycling endosome. In neuronal
      immortalized cells, Rab35 promotes neurite differentiation. Here we describe that
      Rab35 favors axon elongation in rat primary neurons in an activity-dependent
      manner. In addition, we show that the p53-related protein kinase (PRPK)
      negatively regulates axonal elongation by reducing Rab35 protein levels through
      the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. PRPK-induced Rab35 degradation is
      regulated by its interaction with microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), a
      microtubule stabilizing binding protein essential for axon elongation.
      Consistently, axon defects found in MAP1B knock-out neurons were reversed by
      Rab35 overexpression or PRPK inactivation suggesting an epistatic relationship
      among these proteins. These results define a novel mechanism to support axonal
      elongation, by which MAP1B prevents PRPK-induced Rab35 degradation. Such a
      mechanism allows Rab35-mediated axonal elongation and connects the regulation of
      actin dynamics with membrane trafficking. In addition, our study reveals for the
      first time that the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway regulates a Rab
      GTPase. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Rab35 is required for axonal outgrowth. We define
      that its protein levels are negatively regulated by p53-related protein kinase
      (PRPK). We show that microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B) interacts with
      PRPK, preventing PRPK-dependent Rab35 proteasome degradation. We demonstrate that
      Rab35 regulates Cdc42 activity in neurons. This is the first evidence showing
      that a Rab protein is regulated by degradation dependent on the ubiquitin
      proteasome system.

PMID- 27383601
TI  - Expression of an Activated Integrin Promotes Long-Distance Sensory Axon
      Regeneration in the Spinal Cord.
AB  - After CNS injury, axon regeneration is blocked by an inhibitory environment
      consisting of the highly upregulated tenascin-C and chondroitin sulfate
      proteoglycans (CSPGs). Tenascin-C promotes growth of axons if they express a
      tenascin-binding integrin, particularly alpha9beta1. Additionally, integrins can
      be inactivated by CSPGs, and this inhibition can be overcome by the presence of a
      beta1-binding integrin activator, kindlin-1. We examined the synergistic effect
      of alpha9 integrin and kindlin-1 on sensory axon regeneration in adult rat spinal
      cord after dorsal root crush and adeno-associated virus transgene expression in
      dorsal root ganglia. After 12 weeks, axons from C6-C7 dorsal root ganglia
      regenerated through the tenascin-C-rich dorsal root entry zone into the dorsal
      column up to C1 level and above (>25 mm axon length) through a normal pathway.
      Animals also showed anatomical and electrophysiological evidence of reconnection
      to the dorsal horn and behavioral recovery in mechanical pressure, thermal pain,
      and ladder-walking tasks. Expression of alpha9 integrin or kindlin-1 alone
      promoted much less regeneration and recovery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The study
      demonstrates that long-distance sensory axon regeneration over a normal pathway
      and with sensory and sensory-motor recovery can be achieved. This was achieved by
      expressing an integrin that recognizes tenascin-C, one of the components of glial
      scar tissue, and an integrin activator. This enabled extensive long-distance (>25
      mm) regeneration of both myelinated and unmyelinated sensory axons with
      topographically correct connections in the spinal cord. The extent of growth and
      recovery we have seen would probably be clinically significant. Restoration of
      sensation to hands, perineum, and genitalia would be a significant improvement
      for a spinal cord-injured patient.

PMID- 27383603
TI  - Global Motion Processing in Human Visual Cortical Areas V2 and V3.
AB  - Global motion perception entails the ability to extract the central direction
      tendency from an extended area of visual space containing widely disparate local
      directions. A substantial body of evidence suggests that local motion signals
      generated in primary visual cortex (V1) are spatially integrated to provide
      perception of global motion, beginning in the middle temporal area (MT) in
      macaques and its counterpart in humans, hMT. However, V2 and V3 also contain
      motion-sensitive neurons that have larger receptive fields than those found in
      V1, giving the potential for spatial integration of motion signals. Despite this,
      V2 and V3 have been overlooked as sites of global motion processing. To test,
      free of local-global confounds, whether human V2 and V3 are important for
      encoding global motion, we developed a visual stimulus that yields a global
      direction yet includes all possible local directions and is perfectly balanced at
      the local motion level. We then attempted to decode global motion direction in
      such stimuli with multivariate pattern classification of fMRI data. We found
      strong sensitivity to global motion in hMT, as expected, and also in several
      higher visual areas known to encode optic flow. Crucially, we found that global
      motion direction could be decoded in human V2 and, particularly, in V3. The
      results suggest the surprising conclusion that global motion processing is a key
      function of cortical visual areas V2 and V3. A possible purpose is to provide
      global motion signals to V6. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Humans can readily detect
      the overall direction of movement in a flock of birds despite large differences
      in the directions of individual birds at a given moment. This ability to combine
      disparate motion signals across space underlies many aspects of visual motion
      perception and has therefore received considerable research attention. The
      received wisdom is that spatial integration of motion signals occurs in the
      cortical motion complex MT+ in both human and nonhuman primates. We show here
      that areas V2 and V3 in humans are also able to perform this function. We suggest
      that different cortical areas integrate motion signals in different ways for
      different purposes.

PMID- 27383605
TI  - Identification of the fatty alcohol oxidase FAO1 from Starmerella bombicola and
      improved novel glycolipids production in an FAO1 knockout mutant.
AB  - Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs), which were first commercialized in the 1990s, are
      mild, non-ionic surfactants comprising fatty alcohols and glucose derived from
      recyclable starch. APGs have good properties as cleaners, foaming agents, and
      emulsifiers, and they do not undergo hydrolysis at an alkaline pH. In addition to
      their advantages over traditional synthetic surfactants, APGs are low-irritant
      surfactants that are nontoxic and easily degradable in the environment. Thus,
      APGs are considered to be environmentally friendly surfactants. Starmerella
      bombicola glycosylates long-chain omega or omega-1 hydroxy fatty acids, and it
      also directly glycosylates secondary alcohols. Although it is generally difficult
      to directly glycosylate primary alcohols, they are easily converted to the
      corresponding fatty acids by S. bombicola because of its strong alcohol oxidase
      activity. To redirect unconventional substrates toward APG synthesis, the long
      chain alcohol oxidation pathway was blocked by knocking out the fatty alcohol
      oxidase gene. The complete sequence of the S. bombicola FAO1 gene (2046 bp) was
      cloned, and the obtained nucleotide sequence was used to construct a knockout
      cassette. An FAO1 knockout mutant with the correct genotype and phenotype was
      evaluated by fermentation on 1-tetradecanol. The mutant produced tetradecyl
      disaccharides and tetradecanediol tetrasaccharides. The APGs and diol
      polyglucosides (DPGs) production of the mutant was 27.3 g/L ((APGs + DPGs)/de
      novo sophorolipids ratio was about 15:1), while the parent strain did not produce
      APG or DPG. These data indicate that the substrates had been redirected toward
      novel glycolipids synthesis in the mutant.

PMID- 27383604
TI  - Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Is Required to Maintain Visual Conditioning
      Induced Behavioral Plasticity by Limiting Local Protein Synthesis.
AB  - Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is thought to regulate neuronal
      plasticity by limiting dendritic protein synthesis, but direct demonstration of a
      requirement for FMRP control of local protein synthesis during behavioral
      plasticity is lacking. Here we tested whether FMRP knockdown in Xenopus optic
      tectum affects local protein synthesis in vivo and whether FMRP knockdown affects
      protein synthesis-dependent visual avoidance behavioral plasticity. We tagged
      newly synthesized proteins by incorporation of the noncanonical amino acid
      azidohomoalanine and visualized them with fluorescent noncanonical amino acid
      tagging (FUNCAT). Visual conditioning and FMRP knockdown produce similar
      increases in FUNCAT in tectal neuropil. Induction of visual conditioning
      dependent behavioral plasticity occurs normally in FMRP knockdown animals, but
      plasticity degrades over 24 h. These results indicate that FMRP affects visual
      conditioning-induced local protein synthesis and is required to maintain the
      visual conditioning-induced behavioral plasticity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT:
      Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual
      disability. Exaggerated dendritic protein synthesis resulting from loss of
      fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is thought to underlie cognitive
      deficits in FXS, but no direct evidence has demonstrated that FMRP-regulated
      dendritic protein synthesis affects behavioral plasticity in intact animals.
      Xenopus tadpoles exhibit a visual avoidance behavior that improves with visual
      conditioning in a protein synthesis-dependent manner. We showed that FMRP
      knockdown and visual conditioning dramatically increase protein synthesis in
      neuronal processes. Furthermore, induction of visual conditioning-dependent
      behavioral plasticity occurs normally after FMRP knockdown, but performance
      rapidly deteriorated in the absence of FMRP. These studies show that FMRP
      negatively regulates local protein synthesis and is required to maintain visual
      conditioning-induced behavioral plasticity in vivo.

PMID- 27383606
TI  - High pressure-promoted xylanase treatment to enhance papermaking properties of
      recycled pulp.
AB  - Industrially produced bleached recycled pulp (R) comprising essentially hardwood
      fibres was subjected to enzymatic treatment with endo-xylanase from Thermomyces
      lanuginosus with or without ultra-high hydrostatic pressure (UHP) pre-treatment
      at 300-600 MPa for 10 min. The kinetics and the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis
      after UHP pre-treatment under different conditions have been evaluated by
      released reducing sugars and the analysis of neutral sugars in pulps,
      respectively. The changes in surface chemical composition of pulps were assessed
      by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. UHP-pre-treated R under optimal
      conditions (400 MPa), with or without posterior enzymatic treatment, was used for
      the production of handsheets and evaluation of its mechanical properties. It was
      suggested that enzymatic modification improves significantly the papermaking
      properties of recycled pulp. These improvements were related with selective
      removal of xylan bound to impurities and to aggregated cellulose fibrils on the
      fibre surface, thus favouring the ensuing swelling and inter-fibre bonding in
      paper. UHP pre-treatment and posterior enzymatic treatment revealed a synergetic
      effect on the mechanical properties of recycled pulp. This fact was assigned to
      enhanced accessibility of fibres towards xylanase and by forced hydration and
      favourable rearrangement of cellulosic fibrils in fibres after UHP pre-treatment.
      The increase of basic strength properties after UHP-promoted xylanase treatment
      was up to 30 % being the most pronounced for the tensile strength and the burst
      resistance.

PMID- 27383608
TI  - Retraction Note To: The nitrile-degrading enzymes: current status and future
      prospects.

PMID- 27383607
TI  - Evaluation of a protective effect of in ovo delivered Campylobacter jejuni OMVs.
AB  - Campylobacter jejuni is the most prevalent cause of a food-borne gastroenteritis
      in the developed world, with poultry being the main source of infection.
      Campylobacter jejuni, like other Gram-negative bacteria, constitutively releases
      outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs are highly immunogenic, can be taken up by
      mammalian cells, and are easily modifiable by recombinant engineering. We have
      tested their usefulness for an oral (in ovo) vaccination of chickens. Four groups
      of 18-day-old chicken embryos (164 animals) underwent injection of wt C. jejuni
      OMVs or modified OMVs or PBS into the amniotic fluid. The OMVs modifications
      relied on overexpression of either a complete wt cjaA gene or the C20A mutant
      that relocates to the periplasm. Fourteen days post-hatch chicks were orally
      challenged with live C. jejuni strain. Cecum colonization parameters were
      analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test. The wtOMVs and OMVs with
      wtCjaA overexpression were found to confer significant protection of chicken
      against C. jejuni (p = 0.03 and p = 0.013, respectively) in comparison to PBS
      controls and are promising candidates for further in ovo vaccine development. 

PMID- 27383609
TI  - Efficient modulation of optical and electrical properties of X-shaped thermally
      activated delayed fluorescence emitters by substitution.
AB  - A series of X-shaped thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are
      systematically studied by first-principles calculations. Effects of the cyano
      group adding to the acceptor unit and the hydroxyl group adding to the donor part
      on the optical and electrical properties are analyzed. It is found that both
      kinds of groups can efficiently increase the emission wavelength to realize full
      color emission. Although they play different roles in modulating the energy level
      of frontier orbitals, the S-T energy gap, the reorganization energy and transfer
      integral for different molecules, they can efficiently increase the charge
      transfer rate and reduce the difference of electron transfer rate and hole
      transfer rate. These results indicate that these designed strategies are
      efficient to achieve balanced charge transfer rates and modulate emission colors.
      By analyzing the energy matching between the TADF emitters and three kinds of
      hosts, the emission spectra of the 3,5-bis(N-carbazolyl)benzene (mcp) and the
      absorption spectra of most TADF emitters have a large overlap, which provides
      helpful information in application of these TADF molecules. 

PMID- 27383610
TI  - The inner-induced effects of YCN in C76 on the structures and nonlinear optical
      properties.
AB  - Very recently, an unprecedented novel monometallic cluster of fullerenes
      entrapping a yttrium cyanide (YCN) cluster inside a popular C82 cage YCN@Cs(6)
      C82 was synthesized and characterized. Inspired by this investigation, four non
      IPR YCN@C1(17459)-C76, YCN@C2v(19138)-C76, YCN@C2(17646)-C76, and YCN@C1(17894)
      C76 (1, 2, 3, and 4) containing a pair of adjacent pentagons are designed to
      explore the encapsulated molecular effect on their interaction energies and
      nonlinear optical properties. The interaction energy (E int) values of 1, 2, 3,
      and 4 are -481.35 (1), -477.91 (2), -482.04 (3), -482.69 (4) kcal mol(-1),
      respectively, which shows that the E int value of 4 is the largest. Furthermore,
      the electron-transfer is mainly from the YCN to C76 cage. When YCN is
      encapsulated into C76 cage, we can find that the alpha0 values of the four
      molecules are very close, ranging from 6.50 * 10(2) to 6.65 * 10(2) au.
      Significantly, the first hyperpolarizabilities are in relation to the
      encapsulated molecular: 1.63 * 10(3) (1) > 8.03 * 10(2) (2) > 7.76 * 10(2) (4) >
      4.86 * 10(2) au (3), the results show that the betatot value of 1 is the largest.
      Besides this, the encapsulation of the YCN to C76 cage brings some distinctive
      changes in its UV-vis spectra along with its other electronic properties that
      might be used by the experimentalists to develop the potential nonlinear optical
      nanomaterials based on endohedral metallofullerenes. 

PMID- 27383611
TI  - Van der Waals molecular interactions in the organic functionalization of
      graphane, silicane, and germanane with alkene and alkyne molecules: a DFT-D2
      study.
AB  - Density functional theory with the addition of a semi-empirical dispersion
      potential was applied to the conventional Kohn-Sham energy to study the
      adsorption of alkene and alkyne molecules on hydrogen-terminated two-dimensional
      group IV systems (graphane, silicane, and germanane) by means of a radical
      initiated reaction. In particular, we investigated the interactions of acetylene,
      ethylene, and styrene with those surfaces. Although we had studied these systems
      previously, we included van der Waals interactions in all of the cases examined
      in the present work. These forces, which are noncovalent interactions, can
      heavily influence different processes in molecular chemistry, such as the
      adsorption of organic molecules on semiconductor surfaces. This unified approach
      allowed us to perform a comparative study of the relative reactivities of the
      various organic molecule/surface systems. The results showed that the degree of
      covalency of the surface, the lattice size, and the partial charge distribution
      (caused by differences in electronegativity) are all key elements that determine
      the reactivity between the molecules and the surfaces tested in this work. The
      covalent nature of graphane gives rise to energetically favorable intermediate
      states, while the opposite polarities of the charge distributions of silicane and
      germanane with the organic molecules favor subsequent steps of the radical
      initiated reaction. Finally, the lattice size is a factor that has important
      consequences due to steric effects present in the systems and the possibility of
      chain reaction continuation. The results obtained in this work show that careful
      selection of the substrate is very important. Calculated energy barriers, heats
      of adsorption, and optimized atomic structures show that the silicane system
      offers the best reactivity in organic functionalization. 

PMID- 27383612
TI  - Single Muscle Immobilization Decreases Single-Fibre Myosin Heavy Chain
      Polymorphism: Possible Involvement of p38 and JNK MAP Kinases.
AB  - PURPOSE: Muscle contractile phenotype is affected during immobilization. Myosin
      heavy chain (MHC) isoforms are the major determinant of the muscle contractile
      phenotype. We therefore sought to evaluate the effects of muscle immobilization
      on both the MHC composition at single-fibre level and the mitogen-activated
      protein kinases (MAPK), a family of intracellular signaling pathways involved in
      the stress-induced muscle plasticity. METHODS: The distal tendon of female Wistar
      rat Peroneus Longus (PL) was cut and fixed to the adjacent bone at neutral muscle
      length. Four weeks after the surgery, immobilized and contralateral PL were
      dissociated and the isolated fibres were sampled to determine MHC composition.
      Protein kinase 38 (p38), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), and c
      Jun- NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylations were measured in 6- and 15-day
      immobilized and contralateral PL. RESULTS: MHC distribution in immobilized PL was
      as follows: I = 0%, IIa = 11.8 +/- 2.8%, IIx = 53.0 +/- 6.1%, IIb = 35.3 +/- 7.3%
      and I = 6.1 +/- 3.9%, IIa = 22.1 +/- 3.4%, IIx = 46.6 +/- 4.5%, IIb = 25.2 +/-
      6.6% in contralateral muscle. The MHC composition in immobilized muscle is
      consistent with a faster contractile phenotype according to the Hill's model of
      the force-velocity relationship. Immobilized and contralateral muscles displayed
      a polymorphism index of 31.1% (95% CI 26.1-36.0) and 39.3% (95% CI 37.0-41.5),
      respectively. Significant increases in p38 and JNK phosphorylation were observed
      following 6 and 15 days of immobilization. CONCLUSIONS: Single muscle
      immobilization at neutral length induces a shift of MHC composition toward a
      faster contractile phenotype and decreases the polymorphic profile of single
      fibres. Activation of p38 and JNK could be a potential mechanism involved in
      these contractile phenotype modifications during muscle immobilization.

PMID- 27383613
TI  - Psychotropic Drug Consumption and Employment Status in Time of Economic Crisis
      (2007-2011).
AB  - Psychiatric disorders and in particular depression have increased during the
      "Great Recession". The aim of this study was to investigate the consumption of
      psychotropic drugs in people who lost their permanent employment, using
      administrative data. The study considered all of the subjects domiciled in
      Lombardy, Northern Italy, who lost a permanent employment between 2008 and 2010,
      not assuming psychotropic drugs and who did not find a new job within the
      following 12 months. The control group included people who did not lose permanent
      job in the study period, matched to the cases for gender, age, nationality, skill
      level, education and economic sector, using propensity score matching. The
      subjects who lost their permanent employment were 17 % more likely to receive one
      or more drug prescriptions than the controls, but the difference was significant
      only for males. Females, subjects aged >50 years, low skill level workers and
      Italians were more likely to have received a prescription for psychotropic drugs
      than respectively males, subjects aged 20-29 years or aged 30-39 years, low skill
      level workers and non-Italians. The average number of drugs prescribed for those
      who lost their job and those who continued working was respectively 2.9 and 3.1.
      In conclusion, losing a permanent job increases significantly psychotropic drugs
      consumption in males but not in females.

PMID- 27383614
TI  - Structure of Mesophotic Reef Fish Assemblages in the Northwestern Hawaiian
      Islands.
AB  - Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) support diverse communities of marine
      organisms with changes in community structure occurring along a depth gradient.
      In recent years, MCEs have gained attention due to their depths that provide
      protection from natural and anthropogenic stressors and their relative stability
      over evolutionary time periods, yet ecological structures of fish assemblages in
      MCEs remain largely un-documented. Here, we investigated composition and trophic
      structure of reef fish assemblages in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI)
      along a depth gradient from 1 to 67 m. The structure of reef fish assemblages as
      a whole showed a clear gradient from shallow to mesophotic depths. Fish
      assemblages at mesophotic depths had higher total densities than those in
      shallower waters, and were characterized by relatively high densities of
      planktivores and invertivores and relatively low densities of herbivores. Fishes
      that typified assemblages at mesophotic depths included six species that are
      endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The present study showed that mesophotic reefs
      in the NWHI support unique assemblages of fish that are characterized by high
      endemism and relatively high densities of planktivores. Our findings underscore
      the ecological importance of these undersurveyed ecosystems and warrant further
      studies of MCEs. 

PMID- 27383615
TI  - Oesophageal lumen pH in yearling horses and effects of management and
      administration of omeprazole.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In human subjects, arytenoid chondritis can be caused by chemical
      trauma of mucosa attributable to gastro-oesophageal reflux. Although a similar
      process may be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of arytenoid chondritis in
      horses, the oesophageal lumen pH in this species is poorly understood.
      OBJECTIVES: To determine if gastro-oesophageal reflux occurs in horses by
      characterising oesophageal lumen pH. STUDY DESIGN: Blinded, randomised, placebo
      controlled, crossover, experimental study. METHODS: Luminal oesophageal pH in six
      yearling horses was recorded over four 24 h periods using an ambulatory pH
      recorder attached to a catheter with two electrodes (proximal and distal)
      inserted into the oesophagus. Recordings of pH were made during three management
      protocols. Initially, horses grazed in a paddock (Protocol A). Horses were then
      moved to stables to simulate sale preparation of Thoroughbred yearlings, and were
      given either omeprazole (Protocol B) or placebo paste (Protocol C) orally once
      per day. Protocol A was repeated for each horse (after a 13 day washout period)
      between Protocols B and C. Summary statistics described pH range and frequency of
      pH changes. Associations with predictor variables were investigated using linear
      mixed-effects models. Data are presented as the mean +/- s.d. RESULTS:
      Oesophageal lumen pH ranged from 4.90 to 9.70 (7.36 +/- 0.27 and 7.18 +/- 0.24
      for the proximal and distal electrodes, respectively) and varied frequently (1.2
      +/- 0.9 changes/min and 0.8 +/- 0.8 changes/min for the proximal and distal
      electrodes, respectively). Oesophageal lumen pH was associated with time since
      concentrate feeding, activity and time of day, but not with treatment of
      omeprazole. MAIN LIMITATIONS: A small number of horses were used and measurement
      periods were limited. CONCLUSIONS: Gastro-oesophageal reflux occurs in clinically
      normal yearling horses. Although omeprazole had no detectable effect, oesophageal
      lumen pH recorded during this study did not fall within the therapeutic range of
      omeprazole.

PMID- 27383616
TI  - Telling in-tune from out-of-tune: widespread evidence for implicit absolute
      intonation.
AB  - Absolute pitch (AP) is the rare ability to name or produce an isolated musical
      note without the aid of a reference note. One skill thought to be unique to AP
      possessors is the ability to provide absolute intonation judgments (e.g.,
      classifying an isolated note as "in-tune" or "out-of-tune"). Recent work has
      suggested that absolute intonation perception among AP possessors is not
      crystallized in a critical period of development, but is dynamically maintained
      by the listening environment, in which the vast majority of Western music is
      tuned to a specific cultural standard. Given that all listeners of Western music
      are constantly exposed to this specific cultural tuning standard, our experiments
      address whether absolute intonation perception extends beyond AP possessors. We
      demonstrate that non-AP listeners are able to accurately judge the intonation of
      completely isolated notes. Both musicians and nonmusicians showed evidence for
      absolute intonation recognition when listening to familiar timbres (piano and
      violin). When testing unfamiliar timbres (triangle and inverted sine waves), only
      musicians showed weak evidence of absolute intonation recognition (Experiment 2).
      Overall, these results highlight a previously unknown similarity between AP and
      non-AP possessors' long-term musical note representations, including evidence of
      sensitivity to frequency.

PMID- 27383617
TI  - Rhythm histograms and musical meter: A corpus study of Malian percussion music.
AB  - Studies of musical corpora have given empirical grounding to the various features
      that characterize particular musical styles and genres. Palmer & Krumhansl (1990)
      found that in Western classical music the likeliest places for a note to occur
      are the most strongly accented beats in a measure, and this was also found in
      subsequent studies using both Western classical and folk music corpora (Huron &
      Ommen, 2006; Temperley, 2010). We present a rhythmic analysis of a corpus of 15
      performances of percussion music from Bamako, Mali. In our corpus, the relative
      frequency of note onsets in a given metrical position does not correspond to
      patterns of metrical accent, though there is a stable relationship between onset
      frequency and metrical position. The implications of this non-congruence between
      simple statistical likelihood and metrical structure for the ways in which meter
      and metrical accent may be learned and understood are discussed, along with
      importance of cross-cultural studies for psychological research.

PMID- 27383618
TI  - The influence of 2-hop network density on spoken word recognition.
AB  - The influence of 2-hop density on spoken word recognition was investigated. 2-hop
      density measures the density of connections among the phonological neighbors
      (i.e., 1-hop neighbors) and phonological neighbors of those neighbors (i.e., 2
      hop neighbors) of a target word. In both naming and lexical decision tasks, words
      with low 2-hop density were recognized more quickly than words with high 2-hop
      density. Because stimuli were selected such that the number of 1-hop and 2-hop
      neighbors were matched across both sets of words, the results suggest that spoken
      word recognition is influenced by the amount of connectivity among distant
      neighbors of the target word-a result that is not easily accommodated by current
      models of spoken word recognition. A diffusion of activation framework is
      proposed to account for the present findings.

PMID- 27383619
TI  - What's she doing in the kitchen? Context helps when actions are hard to
      recognize.
AB  - Specific spatial environments are often indicative of where certain actions may
      take place: In kitchens we prepare food, and in bathrooms we engage in personal
      hygiene, but not vice versa. In action recognition, contextual cues may constrain
      an observer's expectations toward actions that are more strongly associated with
      a particular context than others. Such cues should become particularly helpful
      when the action itself is difficult to recognize. However, to date only easily
      identifiable actions were investigated, and the effects of context on recognition
      were rather interfering than facilitatory. To test whether context also
      facilitates action recognition, we measured recognition performance of hardly
      identifiable actions that took place in compatible, incompatible, and neutral
      contextual settings. Action information was degraded by pixelizing the area of
      the object manipulation while the room in which the action took place remained
      fully visible. We found significantly higher accuracy for actions that took place
      in compatible compared to incompatible and neutral settings, indicating
      facilitation. Additionally, action recognition was slower in incompatible
      settings than in compatible and neutral settings, indicating interference.
      Together, our findings demonstrate that contextual information is effectively
      exploited during action observation, in particular when visual information about
      the action itself is sparse. Differential effects on speed and accuracy suggest
      that contexts modulate action recognition at different levels of processing. Our
      findings emphasize the importance of contextual information in comprehensive,
      ecologically valid models of action recognition.

PMID- 27383620
TI  - Climate, Environment and Early Human Innovation: Stable Isotope and Faunal Proxy
      Evidence from Archaeological Sites (98-59ka) in the Southern Cape, South Africa.
AB  - The Middle Stone Age (MSA) of southern Africa, and in particular its Still Bay
      and Howiesons Poort lithic traditions, represents a period of dramatic
      subsistence, cultural, and technological innovation by our species, Homo sapiens.
      Climate change has frequently been postulated as a primary driver of the
      appearance of these innovative behaviours, with researchers invoking either
      climate instability as a reason for the development of buffering mechanisms, or
      environmentally stable refugia as providing a stable setting for experimentation.
      Testing these alternative models has proved intractable, however, as existing
      regional palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental records remain spatially,
      stratigraphically, and chronologically disconnected from the archaeological
      record. Here we report high-resolution records of environmental shifts based on
      stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in ostrich eggshell (OES) fragments, faunal
      remains, and shellfish assemblages excavated from two key MSA archaeological
      sequences, Blombos Cave and Klipdrift Shelter. We compare these records with
      archaeological material remains in the same strata. The results from both sites,
      spanning the periods 98-73 ka and 72-59 ka, respectively, show significant
      changes in vegetation, aridity, rainfall seasonality, and sea temperature in the
      vicinity of the sites during periods of human occupation. While these changes
      clearly influenced human subsistence strategies, we find that the remarkable
      cultural and technological innovations seen in the sites cannot be linked
      directly to climate shifts. Our results demonstrate the need for scale
      appropriate, on-site testing of behavioural-environmental links, rather than
      broader, regional comparisons. 

PMID- 27383621
TI  - Patient specific 3D print of left atrial appendage for closure device.

PMID- 27383623
TI  - Junior doctor contract will be imposed, says Hunt.

PMID- 27383622
TI  - Are Randomized Controlled Trials the (G)old Standard? From Clinical Intelligence
      to Prescriptive Analytics.
AB  - Despite the accelerating pace of scientific discovery, the current clinical
      research enterprise does not sufficiently address pressing clinical questions.
      Given the constraints on clinical trials, for a majority of clinical questions,
      the only relevant data available to aid in decision making are based on
      observation and experience. Our purpose here is 3-fold. First, we describe the
      classic context of medical research guided by Poppers' scientific epistemology of
      "falsificationism." Second, we discuss challenges and shortcomings of randomized
      controlled trials and present the potential of observational studies based on big
      data. Third, we cover several obstacles related to the use of observational
      (retrospective) data in clinical studies. We conclude that randomized controlled
      trials are not at risk for extinction, but innovations in statistics, machine
      learning, and big data analytics may generate a completely new ecosystem for
      exploration and validation.

PMID- 27383624
TI  - Optimization of two-compartment-exchange-model analysis for dynamic contrast
      enhanced mri incorporating bolus arrival time.
AB  - PURPOSE: To optimize the analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance
      imaging (DCE-MRI) under the two-compartment-exchange-model (2CXM) and to
      incorporate voxelwise bolus-arrival-time (BAT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The
      accuracy of the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, extracted from 3T DCE-MRI using
      2CXM, was tested under several conditions: eight algorithms for data estimation;
      correction for BAT; using model selection; different temporal resolution and scan
      duration. Comparisons were performed on simulated data. The best algorithm was
      applied to seven patients with brain tumors or following stroke. The extracted
      perfusion parameters were compared to those of dynamic susceptibility contrast
      MRI (DSC-MRI). RESULTS: ACoPeD (AIF-corrected-perfusion-DCE-MRI), an analysis
      using a 2nd derivative regularized-spline and incorporating BAT, achieved the
      most accurate estimation in simulated data, mean-relative-error: Fp , F, vp , ve
      : 24.8%, 41.7%, 26.4%, 27.2% vs. 76.5%, 190.8%, 78.8%, 82.39% of the direct four
      parameters estimation (one-sided two-sample t-test, P < 0.001). Correction for
      BAT increased the estimation accuracy of the PK parameters by more than 30% and
      provided a supertemporal resolution estimation of the BAT (higher than the
      acquired resolution, mean-absolute-error 0.2 sec). High temporal resolution (~2
      sec) is required to avoid biased estimation of PK parameters, and long scan
      duration (~20 min) is important for reliable permeability but not for perfusion
      estimations, mean-error-reduction: E: ~12%, ve : ~6%. Using ACoPeD, PK values
      from normal-appearing white matter, gray matter, and lesion were extracted from
      patients. Preliminary results showed significant voxelwise correlations to DSC
      MRI, between flow values in a patient following stroke (r = 0.49, P < 0.001), and
      blood volume in a patient with a brain tumor (r = 0.62, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION:
      This study proposes an optimized analysis method, ACoPeD, for tissue perfusion
      and permeability estimation using DCE-MRI, to be used in clinical settings. LEVEL
      OF EVIDENCE: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:237-249.

PMID- 27383625
TI  - Phenol-soluble modulin alpha4 mediates Staphylococcus aureus-associated vascular
      leakage by stimulating heparin-binding protein release from neutrophils.
AB  - Vascular leakage frequently occurs in patients with severe Staphylococcus aureus
      infection. However, the mechanism underlying S. aureus infection-induced vascular
      leakage remains unclear. Here, we identified the S. aureus virulence factor
      phenol-soluble modulin (PSM)alpha4 from the culture supernatant of strain USA300
      as a stimulator of heparin-binding protein (HBP) release from polymorphonuclear
      neutrophils (PMNs) and demonstrated that PSMalpha4-induced HBP release from PMNs
      leads to vascular leakage. PSMalpha4 appeared less cytolytic than PSMalpha1-3 and
      was insensitive to lipoproteins; it significantly increased myeloperoxidase and
      elastase release from PMNs and cell surface CD63 expression in PMNs. PSMalpha4
      induced HBP release required formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and
      phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and depended on Ca(2+) influx and cytoskeleton
      rearrangement. Thus, PSMalpha4 may stimulate HBP release by activating FPR2 and
      PI3K to initiate PMN degranulation. PSMalpha4-induced HBP release from PMNs
      increased endothelial cell monolayer permeability in vitro and induced vascular
      leakage in mice. This novel function of PSMalpha4 may contribute to the
      pathogenesis of S. aureus and may be a potential therapeutic target.

PMID- 27383626
TI  - Sterol metabolism in the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki has features that
      resemble both fungi and animals.
AB  - Sterols are essential for several physiological processes in most eukaryotes.
      Sterols regulate membrane homeostasis and participate in different signalling
      pathways not only as precursors of steroid hormones and vitamins, but also
      through its role in the formation of lipid rafts. Two major types of sterols,
      cholesterol and ergosterol, have been described so far in the opisthokonts, the
      clade that comprise animals, fungi and their unicellular relatives. Cholesterol
      predominates in derived bilaterians, whereas ergosterol is what generally defines
      fungi. We here characterize, by a combination of bioinformatic and biochemical
      analyses, the sterol metabolism in the filasterean Capsaspora owczarzaki, a close
      unicellular relative of animals that is becoming a model organism. We found that
      C. owczarzaki sterol metabolism combines enzymatic activities that are usually
      considered either characteristic of fungi or exclusive to metazoans. Moreover, we
      observe a differential transcriptional regulation of this metabolism across its
      life cycle. Thus, C. owczarzaki alternates between synthesizing 7
      dehydrocholesterol de novo, which happens at the cystic stage, and the partial
      conversion-via a novel pathway-of incorporated cholesterol into ergosterol, the
      characteristic fungal sterol, in the filopodial and aggregative stages.

PMID- 27383627
TI  - Virion encapsidated HIV-1 Vpr induces NFAT to prime non-activated T cells for
      productive infection.
AB  - The majority of T cells encountered by HIV-1 are non-activated and do not readily
      allow productive infection. HIV-1 Vpr is highly abundant in progeny virions, and
      induces signalling and HIV-1 LTR transcription. We hence hypothesized that Vpr
      might be a determinant of non-activated T-cell infection. Virion-delivered Vpr
      activated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) through Ca(2+) influx and
      interference with the NFAT export kinase GSK3beta. This leads to NFAT
      translocation and accumulation within the nucleus and was required for productive
      infection of unstimulated primary CD4(+) T cells. A mutagenesis approach revealed
      correlation of Vpr-mediated NFAT activation with its ability to enhance LTR
      transcription and mediate cell cycle arrest. Upon NFAT inhibition, Vpr did not
      augment resting T-cell infection, and showed reduced G2/M arrest and LTR
      transactivation. Altogether, Vpr renders unstimulated T cells more permissive for
      productive HIV-1 infection and stimulates activation of productively infected as
      well as virus-exposed T cells. Therefore, it could be involved in the
      establishment and reactivation of HIV-1 from viral reservoirs and might have an
      impact on the levels of immune activation, which are determinants of HIV-1
      pathogenesis.

PMID- 27383628
TI  - A single amino acid substitution in a chitinase of the legume Medicago truncatula
      is sufficient to gain Nod-factor hydrolase activity.
AB  - The symbiotic interaction between nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and legumes depends on
      lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod-factors (NFs). The NF hydrolase MtNFH1 of Medicago
      truncatula is a symbiotic enzyme that hydrolytically inactivates NFs with a C16 :
      2 acyl chain produced by the microsymbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. MtNFH1 is
      related to class V chitinases (glycoside hydrolase family 18) but lacks chitinase
      activity. Here, we investigated the substrate specificity of MtNFH1-related
      proteins. MtCHIT5a and MtCHIT5b of M. truncatula as well as LjCHIT5 of Lotus
      japonicus showed chitinase activity, suggesting a role in plant defence. The
      enzymes failed to hydrolyse NFs from S. meliloti. NFs from Rhizobium
      leguminosarum with a C18 : 4 acyl moiety were neither hydrolysed by these
      chitinases nor by MtNFH1. Construction of chimeric proteins and further amino
      acid replacements in MtCHIT5b were performed to identify chitinase variants that
      gained the ability to hydrolyse NFs. A single serine-to-proline substitution was
      sufficient to convert MtCHIT5b into an NF-cleaving enzyme. MtNFH1 with the
      corresponding proline-to-serine substitution failed to hydrolyse NFs. These
      results are in agreement with a substrate-enzyme model that predicts NF cleavage
      when the C16 : 2 moiety is placed into a distinct fatty acid-binding cleft. Our
      findings support the view that MtNFH1 evolved from the ancestral MtCHIT5b by gene
      duplication and subsequent symbiosis-related neofunctionalization.

PMID- 27383629
TI  - Nrf2 signalling and autophagy are involved in diabetes mellitus-induced defects
      in the development of mouse placenta.
AB  - It is widely accepted that diabetes mellitus impairs placental development, but
      the mechanism by which the disease operates to impair development remains
      controversial. In this study, we demonstrated that pregestational diabetes
      mellitus (PGDM)-induced defects in placental development in mice are mainly
      characterized by the changes of morphological structure of placenta. The
      alteration of differentiation-related gene expressions in trophoblast cells
      rather than cell proliferation/apoptosis is responsible for the phenotypes found
      in mouse placenta. Meanwhile, excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and
      activated nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling were
      observed in the placenta of mice suffering from PGDM. Using BeWo cells, we also
      demonstrated that excess ROS was produced and Nrf2 signalling molecules were
      activated in settings characterized by a high concentration of glucose. More
      interestingly, differentiation-related gene expressions in trophoblast cells were
      altered when endogenous Nrf2 expression is manipulated by transfecting Nrf2-wt or
      Nrf2-shRNA. In addition, PGDM interferes with autophagy in both mouse placenta
      and BeWo cells, implying that autophagy is also involved, directly or indirectly,
      in PGDM-induced placental phenotypes. Therefore, we revealed that dysfunctional
      oxidative stress-activated Nrf2 signalling and autophagy are probably responsible
      for PGDM-induced defects in the placental development of mice. The mechanism was
      through the interference with differentiation-related gene expression in
      trophoblast cells.

PMID- 27383631
TI  - Room temperature synthesis of ultra-small, near-unity single-sized lead halide
      perovskite quantum dots with wide color emission tunability, high color purity
      and high brightness.
AB  - Phosphor with extremely narrow emission line widths, high brightness, and wide
      color emission tunability in visible regions is required for display and lighting
      applications, yet none has been reported in the literature so far. In the present
      study, single-sized lead halide perovskite (APbX 3; A = CH3NH3 and Cs; X = Cl,
      Br, and I) nanocrystalline (NC) phosphors were achieved for the first time in a
      one-pot reaction at room temperature (25  degrees C). The size-dependent samples,
      which included four families of CsPbBr3 NCs and exhibited sharp excitonic
      absorption peaks and pure band gap emission, were directly obtained by simply
      varying the concentration of ligands. The continuity of the optical spectrum can
      be successively tuned over the entire UV-visible spectral region (360-610 nm) by
      preparing CsPbCl3, CsPbI3, and CsPb(Y/Br)3 (Y = Cl and I) NCs with the use of
      CsPbBr3 NCs as templates by anion exchange while maintaining the size of NCs and
      high quantum yields of up to 80%. Notably, an emission line width of 10-24 nm,
      which is completely consistent with that of their single particles, indicates the
      formation of single-sized NCs. The versatility of the synthetic strategy was
      validated by extending it to the synthesis of single-sized CH3NH3PbX 3 NCs by
      simply replacing the cesium precursor by the CH3NH3 X precursor. 

PMID- 27383630
TI  - Combined structural, biochemical and cellular evidence demonstrates that both
      FGDF motifs in alphavirus nsP3 are required for efficient replication.
AB  - Recent findings have highlighted the role of the Old World alphavirus non
      structural protein 3 (nsP3) as a host defence modulator that functions by
      disrupting stress granules, subcellular phase-dense RNA/protein structures formed
      upon environmental stress. This disruption mechanism was largely explained
      through nsP3-mediated recruitment of the host G3BP protein via two tandem FGDF
      motifs. Here, we present the 1.9 A resolution crystal structure of the NTF2-like
      domain of G3BP-1 in complex with a 25-residue peptide derived from Semliki Forest
      virus nsP3 (nsP3-25). The structure reveals a poly-complex of G3BP-1 dimers
      interconnected through the FGDF motifs in nsP3-25. Although in vitro and in vivo
      binding studies revealed a hierarchical interaction of the two FGDF motifs with
      G3BP-1, viral growth curves clearly demonstrated that two intact FGDF motifs are
      required for efficient viral replication. Chikungunya virus nsP3 also binds G3BP
      dimers via a hierarchical interaction, which was found to be critical for viral
      replication. These results highlight a conserved molecular mechanism in host cell
      modulation.

PMID- 27383633
TI  - NEWS AND NOTES-SUMMER 2016.

PMID- 27383634
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27383632
TI  - Interleukin-6 Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression via Src-FAK
      STAT3 Signaling in Lymphatic Endothelial Cells.
AB  - Elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels correlates with tumor grade and poor
      prognosis in cancer patients. IL-6 has been shown to promote tumor
      lymphangiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) induction
      in tumor cells. We recently showed that IL-6 also induced VEGF-C expression in
      lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). However, the signaling mechanisms involved in
      IL-6-induces VEGF-C induction in LECs remain incompletely understood. In this
      study, we explored the causal role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in inducing
      VEGF-C expression in IL-6-stimulated murine LECs (SV-LECs). FAK signaling
      blockade by NSC 667249 (a FAK inhibitor) attenuated IL-6-induced VEGF-C
      expression and VEGF-C promoter-luciferase activities. IL-6's enhancing effects of
      increasing FAK, ERK1/2, p38MAPK, C/EBPbeta, p65 and STAT3 phosphorylation as well
      as C/EBPbeta-, kappaB- and STAT3-luciferase activities were reduced in the
      presence of NSC 667249. STAT3 knockdown by STAT3 siRNA abrogated IL-6's actions
      in elevating VEGF-C mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, Src-FAK signaling blockade
      reduced IL-6's enhancing effects of increasing STAT3 binding to the VEGF-C
      promoter region, cell migration and endothelial tube formation of SV-LECs.
      Together these results suggest that IL-6 increases VEGF-C induction and
      lymphangiogenesis may involve, at least in part, Src-FAK-STAT3 cascade in LECs. 

PMID- 27383635
TI  - Communication and support from health-care professionals to families, with
      dependent children, following the diagnosis of parental life-limiting illness: A
      systematic review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Communication between parents and their children about parental life
      limiting illness is stressful. Parents want support from health-care
      professionals; however, the extent of this support is not known. Awareness of
      family's needs would help ensure appropriate support. AIM: To find the current
      literature exploring (1) how parents with a life-limiting illness, who have
      dependent children, perceive health-care professionals' communication with them
      about the illness, diagnosis and treatments, including how social, practical and
      emotional support is offered to them and (2) how this contributes to the parents'
      feelings of supporting their children. DESIGN: A systematic literature review and
      narrative synthesis. DATA SOURCES: Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and ASSIA
      ProQuest were searched in November 2015 for studies assessing communication
      between health-care professionals and parents about how to talk with their
      children about the parent's illness. RESULTS: There were 1342 records identified,
      five qualitative studies met the inclusion criteria (55 ill parents, 11
      spouses/carers, 26 children and 16 health-care professionals). Parents wanted
      information from health-care professionals about how to talk to their children
      about the illness; this was not routinely offered. Children also want to talk
      with a health-care professional about their parents' illness. Health-care
      professionals are concerned that conversations with parents and their children
      will be too difficult and time-consuming. CONCLUSION: Parents with a life
      limiting illness want support from their health-care professionals about how to
      communicate with their children about the illness. Their children look to health
      care professionals for information about their parent's illness. Health-care
      professionals, have an important role but appear reluctant to address these
      concerns because of fears of insufficient time and expertise.

PMID- 27383636
TI  - Implementing a patient-centred outcome measure in daily routine in a specialist
      palliative care inpatient hospital unit: An observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gathering clinical evidence data on patients' palliative care needs
      is paramount to identify changes in outcomes over time and maintaining on-going
      quality improvement. Implementation of patient-centred outcome measures has been
      widely recommended. The routine use of these instruments in daily practice is
      challenging and not widespread. AIM: To implement a patient-centred outcome
      measure in daily practice and fulfil one quality indicator: improve pain during
      the 72 h after admission, in at least 75% of patients. DESIGN: An observational
      prospective study. The Palliative care Outcome Scale was used at admission (T0),
      third day (T1) and weekly. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Hospital palliative care unit
      with 17 individual rooms. All patients admitted to the unit were included in the
      study. RESULTS: Preliminary results ( N = 84) revealed inconsistent and missing
      data (14%). Symptoms were sub-optimally controlled by T1. Processes changed, and
      only a team member could apply Palliative care Outcome Scale. Doctors were
      encouraged to grasp the meaning of Palliative care Outcome Scale results for each
      patient. The post-pilot included 317 patients. No missing data occurred. There
      was an improvement in most items between T0 and T1: 'pain' and 'other symptoms'
      presented statistical significant differences ( p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Implementing a patient-centred outcome measure in a hospital palliative care
      service is feasible and improves quality of care. Controlling high pain at T0
      improved (>80%) by T1. Results became more consistent and symptom control was
      improved overall. Patients are evaluated based on holistic domains by an
      interdisciplinary team and we have added a much needed measure to help guide
      improvement of the quality of care provided.

PMID- 27383637
TI  - Transition of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma clones during clinical progression.
AB  - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by
      the transformation of HTLV-1-infected T cells. ATLL, especially its aggressive
      form, is known for its poor prognosis, even with intensive chemotherapy. ATLL
      cells are considered to be monoclonal; however, multiclonal proliferation or
      emergence of a new clone over time has been reported based on Southern blot
      analysis, although direct molecular evidence remains elusive. Furthermore, it is
      thought that clonal change may be a cause of early drug resistance in ATLL. To
      directly analyze potential clonal changes in ATLL during its clinical course, we
      used inverse PCR to detect integration sites in combination with a newly
      developed method using next-generation sequencing, and compared ATLL cell
      clonality at different time points. The results of inverse PCR indicated that the
      major clone was altered in three of 19 patients. Together with results from five
      patients, using this new method, we found direct evidence of clonal change
      occurring during the clinical course or in response to chemotherapy in ATLL.
      These results also highlight the importance of clonality analysis for
      understanding the mechanisms of ATLL development and drug resistance. 

PMID- 27383638
TI  - Synthesis of Dihydropyrrolizine and Tetrahydroindolizine Scaffolds from Pyrroles
      by Titanocene(III) Catalysis.
AB  - A synthetic approach to dihydropyrrolizine and tetrahydroindolizine scaffolds
      from pyrroles has been developed. The key step, a titanocene(III)-catalyzed
      radical arylation that proceeds by C-H functionalization is atom-economical and
      tolerates a large variety of functional groups. The reaction is therefore
      attractive for the swift assembly of functional and structural diversity.

PMID- 27383639
TI  - Poly(propylene fumarate)/Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Graphene Oxide
      Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering.
AB  - Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF)-based nanocomposites incorporating different
      amounts of polyethylene glycol-functionalized graphene oxide (PEG-GO) have been
      prepared via sonication and thermal curing, and their surface morphology,
      structure, thermal stability, hydrophilicity, water absorption, biodegradation,
      cytotoxicity, mechanical, viscoelastic and antibacterial properties have been
      investigated. SEM and TEM images corroborated that the noncovalent
      functionalization with PEG caused the exfoliation of GO into thinner flakes. IR
      spectra suggested the presence of strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between
      the nanocomposite components. A gradual rise in the level of hydrophilicity,
      water uptake, biodegradation rate, surface roughness, protein absorption
      capability and thermal stability was found upon increasing GO concentration in
      the composites. Tensile tests revealed improved stiffness, strength and toughness
      for the composites compared to unfilled PPF, ascribed to a homogeneous GO
      dispersion within the matrix along with a strong PPF/PEG-GO interfacial adhesion
      via polar and hydrogen bonding interactions. Further, the nanocomposites retained
      enough stiffness and strength under a biological state to provide effective
      support for bone tissue formation. The antibacterial activity was investigated
      against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis as
      well as Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli microorganisms,
      and it rose sharply upon increasing GO concentration; systematically, the biocide
      effect was stronger versus Gram-positive bacteria. Cell viability data
      demonstrated that PPF/PEG-GO composites do not induce toxicity over human dermal
      fibroblasts. These novel materials show great potential to be applied in the bone
      tissue engineering field. 

PMID- 27383640
TI  - Georges Guillain (1876-1961).

PMID- 27383642
TI  - Visual height intolerance and acrophobia: distressing partners for life.
AB  - The course of illness, the degree of social impairment, and the rate of help
      seeking behavior was evaluated in a sample of individuals with visual height
      intolerance (vHI) and acrophobia. On the basis of a previously described
      epidemiological sample representative of the German general population, 574
      individuals with vHI were identified, 128 fulfilled the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
      of acrophobia. The illness of the majority of all susceptible individuals with
      vHI ran a year-long chronic course. Two thirds were in the category
      "persistent/worse", whereas only one third was in the category
      "improved/remitted". Subjects with acrophobia showed significantly more traumatic
      triggers of onset, more signs of generalization to other height stimuli, higher
      rates of increasing intensity of symptom load, higher grades of social
      impairment, and greater overall negative impact on the quality of life than those
      with pure vHI. An unfavorable course of illness in pure vHI was predicted by
      major depression, agoraphobia, social phobia, posttraumatic stress, initial
      traumatic trigger, and female sex; an unfavorable course in acrophobia was
      predicted by major depression, chronic fatigue, panic attacks, initial traumatic
      trigger, social phobia, other specific phobic fears, and female sex. Help-seeking
      behavior was astonishingly low in the overall sample of individuals with vHI. The
      consequences of therapeutic interventions if complied with at all were quite
      modest. In adults pure vHI and even more so acrophobia are by no means only
      transitionally distressing states. In contrast to their occurrence in children
      they are more often persisting and disabling conditions. Both the utilization of
      and adequacy of treatment of these illnesses pose major challenges within primary
      and secondary neurological and psychiatric medical care. 

PMID- 27383641
TI  - Clinical manifestations in children and adolescents with corpus callosum
      abnormalities.
AB  - Corpus callosum abnormality (CCA) outcomes are quite unpredictable and variable,
      from asymptomatic forms to mild or severe neurodevelopment disorders. The aim of
      this study was to examine clinical outcomes in CCA patients. The study included
      61 children and adolescents in whom brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
      showed CCA, isolated or associated to other central nervous system lesions. All
      patients underwent anamnesis, physical and neurological examination, routine
      laboratory tests, electroencephalogram (EEG), and MRI scans. In all participants,
      the intelligence quotient (IQ) was determined. We divided the participants into
      two subgroups: the first subgroup included patients with an isolated CCA, and the
      second subgroup included patients with CCA associated with extra-callosal brain
      lesions (complex CCA). We found that CCA were associated with elevated frequency
      to intellectual disability (ID), other neurodevelopment disorders, epilepsy, and
      isolated EEG anomalies. Mild ID (p = 0.003) was more frequent in the isolated
      subgroup, while epilepsy (p = 0.036) and pre-perinatal risk factors (p = 0.023)
      were more frequent in the complex CCA subgroup. Although the role of the CC in
      the interhemispheric communication is known, neurological and neurodevelopment
      outcomes of CCA are extremely variable and unpredictable. The presence of extra
      callosal brain anomalies is one of the major prognostic factor, and probably,
      they have an important impact on the clinical outcome. 

PMID- 27383643
TI  - Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of spasticity in
      amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of a pilot study.
AB  - Spasticity can be a very disabling problem in some amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
      (ALS) phenotypes, such as upper motor neuron-dominant ALS (UMN-D ALS) and primary
      lateral sclerosis (PLS). Our aim is to describe the safety and efficacy of
      botulinum toxin A (BoTox-A) for improving gait in those ALS phenotypes. UMN-D ALS
      and PLS outpatients experiencing gait disturbances, secondary to moderate-to
      severe spasticity despite optimized oral medication, were offered BoTox-A
      treatment. Stretching exercises were indicated to complement BoTox-A effect, and
      ankle-foot orthotics were prescribed when appropriate. Tolerance (muscle
      strength, disease progression rate) and efficacy (10-m walk test) were measured
      at baseline and after treatment. Eight out of 122 ALS outpatients were offered
      BoTox-A treatment. One declined and the other seven were administered BoTox-A in
      the lower limbs, every 5-8 months. All of them experienced improvement in the
      clinical outcome and all but one referred subjective improvement. Moreover, after
      a median follow-up of 16 months and three injections, BoTox-A effect was
      maintained with no adverse events. This study provides class IV evidence that
      BoTox-A is safe , and could be beneficial in the short term and long term in a
      subset of ALS patients with moderate-to-severe spasticity. 

PMID- 27383644
TI  - Frugal innovation in medicine for low resource settings.
AB  - Whilst it is clear that technology is crucial to advance healthcare: innovation
      in medicine is not just about high-tech tools, new procedures or genome
      discoveries. In constrained environments, healthcare providers often create
      unexpected solutions to provide adequate healthcare to patients. These
      inexpensive but effective frugal innovations may be imperfect, but they have the
      power to ensure that health is within reach of everyone. Frugal innovations are
      not limited to low-resource settings: ingenuous ideas can be adapted to offer
      simpler and disruptive alternatives to usual care all around the world,
      representing the concept of "reverse innovation". In this article, we discuss the
      different types of frugal innovations, illustrated with examples from the
      literature, and argue for the need to give voice to this neglected type of
      innovation in medicine.

PMID- 27383645
TI  - Diet Shapes Mortality Response to Trauma in Old Tephritid Fruit Flies.
AB  - Despite the importance of trauma in healthspan and lifespan in humans as well as
      in non-human species, with one important exception the literature in both
      gerontology and ecology contains virtually no experimental demographic studies
      concerned with trauma in any species. We used dietary manipulation [full diet (F)
      versus sugar-only (S)] to produce four levels of frailty in 55-day old tephritid
      fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens) that were then subject to the trauma of cage
      transfer stress (n = 900/sex in each of the 4 treatments). The key results
      included the following: (1) there is a trauma effect caused by the transfer that
      depends on previous diet before transfer, new diet after transfer and gender of
      the fly; (2) males are more vulnerable than females; (3) if initial diet was F,
      flies are relatively immune against the trauma, and the subsequent diet (F or S)
      does not matter; (4) however if initial diet was S, then the effect of the trauma
      depends largely on the diet after the transfer; (5) flies transferred from S to F
      diets do very well in terms of remaining longevity (i.e. greatest remaining
      longevity), while flies transferred from S to S diet do poorly (i.e. shortest
      remaining longevity). We discuss both the strengths and weaknesses of this study
      and implications of the results. 

PMID- 27383646
TI  - HIF-1alpha Activation Attenuates IL-6 and TNF-alpha Pathways in Hippocampus of
      Rats Following Transient Global Ischemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study was to examine the role played by hypoxia inducible
      factor-1 (HIF-1alpha) in regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) pathway in
      the rat hippocampus after cardiac arrest (CA) induced-transient global ischemia
      followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Those PICs include interleukin
      1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF
      alpha). METHODS: A rat model of CA induced by asphyxia was used in the current
      study. Following CPR, the hippocampus CA1 region was obtained for ELISA to
      determine the levels of HIF-1alpha and PICs; and Western Blot analysis to
      determine the protein levels of PIC receptors. RESULTS: Our data show that IL
      1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significant elevated in the hippocampus after CPR
      as compared with control group. This was companied with increasing of HIF-1alpha
      and the time courses for HIF-1alpha and PICs were similar. In addition, PIC
      receptors, namely IL-1R, IL-6R and TNFR1 were upregulated in CA rats. Also,
      stimulation of HIF-1alpha by systemic administration of ML228, HIF-1alpha
      activator, significantly attenuated the amplified IL-6/IL-6R and TNF-alpha /TNFR1
      pathway in the hippocampus of CA rats, but did not modify IL-1beta and its
      receptor. Moreover, ML228 attenuated upregulated expression of Caspase-3
      indicating cell apoptosis evoked by CA. CONCLUSION: Transient global ischemia
      induced by CA increases the levels of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha and thereby
      leads to enhancement in their respective receptor in the rat hippocampus.
      Stabilization of HIF-1alpha plays a role in attenuating amplified expression IL
      6R, TNFR1 and Caspase-3 in the processing of transient global ischemia. Results
      of our study suggest that PICs contribute to cerebral injuries evoked by
      transient global ischemia and in this pathophysiological process activation of
      HIF-1alpha improves tissues against ischemic injuries. Our data revealed specific
      signaling pathways in alleviating CA-evoked global cerebral ischemia by
      elucidating that HIF-1alpha plays an important role in regulating PIC signal
      pathways and Caspase-3. The subsequent induction of HIF-1alpha and its target
      signals is likely a part of the intrinsic neuroprotective effects aimed at
      attenuating damage as a result of global cerebral ischemia. Thus, targeting one
      or more of these signaling molecules has clinical implications for treatment and
      improvement of CA-evoked global cerebral ischemia often observed in clinics.

PMID- 27383647
TI  - Benefit of Preoperative Oral Steroids during Sinus Surgery when Utilizing
      Concentrated Topical Epinephrine.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Oral steroids have been advocated in the preoperative setting as
      a means of reducing intraoperative blood loss and surgical time during sinus
      surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of preoperative oral
      steroid administration on intraoperative bleeding and surgical duration when
      coupled with concentrated topical epinephrine. METHODS: The medical records of
      302 patients who underwent bilateral 'full house' sinus surgery were reviewed.
      Concentrated topical epinephrine and inhalational anesthesia was used in all
      patients. Surgical duration and estimated blood loss were compared between the
      preoperative steroid-exposed and steroid-naive groups. chi2 and Student's t tests
      were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two patients
      were exposed to steroid, while the remaining 160 were steroid naive. No
      significant differences were found with respect to surgical time between the
      steroid-exposed (96.91 +/- 25.97 min) and steroid-naive patients (91.24 +/- 32.29
      min, p = 0.100). The steroid-exposed group demonstrated a marginally increased
      blood loss (66.03 +/- 55.81 ml) as compared to steroid-naive patients (55.00 +/-
      38.71 ml, p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: When coupled with intraoperative concentrated
      topical epinephrine use, preoperative oral steroid administration provides no
      clinically significant benefit with respect to reduced intraoperative bleeding or
      surgical duration.

PMID- 27383648
TI  - Reverse Transcription of Threose Nucleic Acid by a Naturally Occurring DNA
      Polymerase.
AB  - Recent advances in polymerase engineering have enabled the replication of
      xenonucleic acid (XNA) polymers with backbone structures distinct from those
      found in nature. By introducing a selective amplification step into the
      replication cycle, functional XNA molecules have been isolated by in vitro
      selection with binding and catalytic activity. Despite these successes, coding
      and decoding genetic information in XNA polymers remains limited by the fidelity
      and catalytic efficiency of engineered XNA polymerases. In particular, the
      process of reverse transcribing XNA back into DNA for amplification by PCR has
      been problematic. Here, we show that Geobacillus stearothermophilus (Bst) DNA
      polymerase I functions as an efficient and faithful threose nucleic acid (TNA)
      dependent DNA polymerase. Bst DNA polymerase generates ~twofold more cDNA with
      threefold fewer mutations than Superscript II (SSII), which was previously the
      best TNA reverse transcriptase. Notably, Bst also functions under standard
      magnesium-dependent conditions, whereas SSII requires manganese ions to relax the
      enzyme's substrate specificity. We further demonstrate that Bst DNA polymerase
      can support the in vitro selection of TNA aptamers by evolving a TNA aptamer to
      human alpha-thrombin.

PMID- 27383649
TI  - Absorption of salicylate powders versus tablets following overdose: a poison
      center observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Salicylate absorption following overdose of aspirin (ASA) tablet
      formulations can be prolonged for greater than 24 h. Accordingly, serial serum
      concentrations are typically recommended to guide treatment. However, there are
      little published data on absorption following ingestion of powder ASA
      formulations, and it is not known if delayed ASA absorption occurs following
      overdose of powder formulations. The objective of this study is to compare the
      absorption characteristics of powder and tablet formulations of ASA in patients
      reported to a single poison center. METHODS: Electronic records from an
      accredited poison center were searched for single substance acute or acute on
      chronic ingestions of ASA in powder form between 1 January 2002 and 31 January
      2014. An identical search for ingestions of ASA tablet products between 1 January
      2012 and 31 December 2013 was undertaken as the comparator group. Other inclusion
      criteria were age >12 years, documented time of ingestion, treatment in a health
      care facility within nine hours of ingestion and at least two detectable serum
      salicylate concentrations. RESULTS: 16 of 25 powder and 22 of 49 tablet cases met
      inclusion criteria for analysis. Repeat serum salicylate concentrations following
      ingestion of tablets increased or insignificantly changed in 11 of 22 (50%)
      cases, and median serum salicylate concentrations in followed cases remained
      elevated for up to 12 h in some cases. In comparison, serum salicylate
      concentrations following powder ingestions declined in 15 of 16 (94%) cases. One
      patient, who ingested a powder product, underwent hemodialysis pursuant to an
      initial serum salicylate concentration of 96 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to
      persistent concentrations following overdose of tablets, the majority of serum
      salicylate concentrations declined following ingestion of powder formulations. In
      this small study population, these findings suggest that prolonged absorption is
      unlikely following ingestions of ASA powders.

PMID- 27383650
TI  - Amyloid precursor protein expression and processing are differentially regulated
      during cortical neuron differentiation.
AB  - Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its cleavage product amyloid beta (Abeta)
      have been thoroughly studied in Alzheimer's disease. However, APP also appears to
      be important for neuronal development. Differentiation of induced pluripotent
      stem cells (iPSCs) towards cortical neurons enables in vitro mechanistic studies
      on human neuronal development. Here, we investigated expression and proteolytic
      processing of APP during differentiation of human iPSCs towards cortical neurons
      over a 100-day period. APP expression remained stable during neuronal
      differentiation, whereas APP processing changed. alpha-Cleaved soluble APP
      (sAPPalpha) was secreted early during differentiation, from neuronal progenitors,
      while beta-cleaved soluble APP (sAPPbeta) was first secreted after deep-layer
      neurons had formed. Short Abeta peptides, including Abeta1-15/16, peaked during
      the progenitor stage, while processing shifted towards longer peptides, such as
      Abeta1-40/42, when post-mitotic neurons appeared. This indicates that APP
      processing is regulated throughout differentiation of cortical neurons and that
      amyloidogenic APP processing, as reflected by Abeta1-40/42, is associated with
      mature neuronal phenotypes.

PMID- 27383652
TI  - Water Exposure on the Hands in Adolescents: A Report from the BAMSE Cohort.
AB  - Water exposure on the skin of the hands has previously been studied in adults.
      The aim of this study was to investigate self-reported water exposure in
      adolescents in the BAMSE cohort in Stockholm, Sweden. A questionnaire including a
      question on daily water exposure on the hands was answered by 3,091 adolescents
      at age 16 years. Exposure < 10 times/day was reported by 28.7% and < 20 times/day
      by 3.1%; boys had somewhat higher exposure than girls (p = 0.03). In a
      multivariate analysis, adolescents with dry skin reported higher exposure
      (adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.7), while no statistically
      significant exposure differences were found in relation to hand eczema or atopic
      dermatitis. Reported exposure may be considered as baseline exposure during a
      period of life with limited occupational and domestic duties.

PMID- 27383651
TI  - Ru(II)/clotrimazole/diphenylphosphine/bipyridine complexes: Interaction with DNA,
      BSA and biological potential against tumor cell lines and Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis.
AB  - Three ruthenium complexes [RuCl(CTZ)(bipy)(P-P)]PF6 [P-P=1,2
      bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe-1), 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb-2)
      and 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf-3), bipy=2,2'-bipiridine and
      clotrimazole (CTZ) 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-imidazole] were
      synthesized. These complexes were characterized by a combination of elemental
      analysis, molar conductivity, infrared and UV-vis spectroscopy, 1H, 13C{1H} and
      31P{1H} nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, cyclic voltammetry and mass
      spectroscopy. Bovine serum albumin binding constants, which were in the range of
      1.30-36.00*104M-1, and thermodynamic parameters suggest spontaneous interactions
      with this protein by electrostatic forces due to the positive charge of the
      complexes. DNA interactions studied by spectroscopic titration, viscosity
      measurements, gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism, ethidium bromide
      displacement and reactions with guanosine and guanosine monophosphate indicated
      the DNA binding affinity primarily through non-covalent interactions. All
      complexes 1-3 were tested against the human carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 (breast),
      A549 (lung) and DU-145 (prostate) presenting promising IC50 values, between 0.50
      and 14.00MUM, in some cases lower than the IC50 for the reference drug
      (cisplatin). The antimicrobial activity assays of the complexes provided evidence
      that they are potential agents against mycobacterial infections, specifically
      against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

PMID- 27383653
TI  - Comparison of the landmark and ultrasound methods in cesarean sections performed
      under spinal anesthesia on obese pregnants.
AB  - Difficulties in the palpation of anatomical landmarks in pregnancy due to obesity
      may create problems in the regional anaesthesia. Objective of this study was to
      compare ultrasound examination carried out before the procedure with conventional
      spinal anaesthesia method with papation of bony landmarks in caesarean sections
      performed under spinal anaesthesia in obese pregnants. Ninety-seven obese
      pregnants having pre- and post-pregnancy body mass index > 30 kg/m2 were
      prospectively examined. Patients were randomised to two groups as landmark group
      (n = 49) and ultrasound group (n = 48). The needle insertion point was determined
      at L4-L5 level before the procedure through palpation in the landmark group and
      with the examination in the ultrasound. The numbers of skin punctures and needle
      passes, total procedure time (TPT) and spinal block occurrence time (SBOT) were
      recorded. TPT was significantly longer in the ultrasound than in the landmark
      group (p < 0.001) (8 +/- 2 and 5 +/- 1; respectively). Whereas SBOT values were
      similar (p = 0.063). The numbers of skin punctures and needle passes were
      significantly fewer in the ultrasound than in the landmark group (p < 0.001). We
      believe that, accurate determination of the needle introducing site before the
      procedure by viewing the vertebral structures through ultrasound examination in
      obese pregnants could increase the success rate.

PMID- 27383654
TI  - Outcome of self-expandable metallic stent deployment in patients with malignant
      gastroduodenal outlet obstruction and Niti-S and WallFlex comparison: a
      multicenter retrospective clinical study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Several studies report on the outcomes of self-expandable metallic
      stents (SEMSs) deployment for malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO).
      However, data was mostly based on the analysis of single-center studies including
      only a small number of patients. This study aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes
      after the deployment of SEMS in patients with malignant GOO and to compare the
      clinical outcomes of two metallic stents with different designs. METHODS:
      Altogether 125 consecutive patients from five institutions were included.
      Clinical outcomes were evaluated according to technical success, clinical
      success, stent patency period, survival period and complications. A comparison of
      clinical outcomes between Niti-S pyloric/duodenal and WallFlex duodenal stents
      was also undertaken. RESULTS: Rates for clinical and technical success were 100%
      and 92.0%, respectively. The median stent patency and survival periods were 72.0
      days (range 3-775 days) and 75.0 days (range 3-775 days), respectively. The rate
      of overall adverse events was 28.8%. The rate of stent dysfunction was 16.8%, and
      that of adverse events, except stent dysfunction was 12.0%. Massive bleeding
      occurred in two patients as a late complication. The clinical success rate for
      Niti-S stent was significantly higher than that for WallFlex stent (96.2% vs
      84.8%, P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: We successfully deployed a SEMS in malignant GOO.
      The selection of a SEMS with a lower axial force may be important for patients to
      resume the oral food intake. Additionally, consideration must be given to the
      appropriate management of fatal bleeding as a late complication.

PMID- 27383655
TI  - A commentary on de novo MEIS2 mutation causes syndromic developmental delay with
      persistent gastro-esophageal reflux.

PMID- 27383656
TI  - Homozygosity mapping guided next generation sequencing to identify the causative
      genetic variation in inherited retinal degenerative diseases.
AB  - Inherited retinal degeneration (IRD) are a group of genetically heterogeneous
      disease of which retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA)
      are the most common and severe type. In our study we had taken three unrelated
      South Indian consanguineous IRD families. Homozygosity mapping was done using
      Affymetrix 250K Nsp1 GeneChip in each of LCA, Cone-Rod dystrophy (CRD) and
      autosomal recessive RP (arRP) families followed by targeted re-sequencing by next
      generation sequencing (NGS) on Illumina MiSeq. Known candidate genes ranging from
      1-8 in numbers within the homozygous blocks were identified by homozygosity
      mapping and targeted NGS revealed the causative mutations; RDH12 c.832A>C, ABCA4
      c.1462G>T, CDHR1c.1384_1392delCTCCTGGACinsG, in the LCA, CRD and arRP families,
      respectively. The identified mutations were validated by Sanger sequencing,
      segregation in the families and their absence in 200 control chromosomes.
      Homozygosity mapping guided targeted NGS, especially when more numbers of known
      candidate genes within the homozygous blocks are observed is a comprehensive
      method for mutation identification. Molecular data from a larger retinal
      degenerative disease cohort would reveal the spectrum and prevalence of mutations
      and genes in Indian population. Molecular diagnosis also aids in genetic
      counseling, offering carrier and prenatal testing to family members.

PMID- 27383657
TI  - SIX2 haploinsufficiency causes conductive hearing loss with ptosis in humans.
AB  - The ossicles represent one of the most fundamental morphological features in
      evolutionary biology of the mammalians. The mobile ossicular morphology
      abnormalities result in the severe conductive hearing loss. Development and
      patterning of the middle ear malformation depend on genetic and environmental
      causes. However, the genetic basis for the risk of congenital ossicle
      malformation is poorly understood. We show here nine affected individuals in a
      Chinese pedigree who had bilateral conductive hearing loss with ptosis. We
      performed whole-genome sequencing and array comparative genomic hybridization
      (CGH) analysis on DNA samples from the Chinese pedigree. We confirmed the
      presence of a novel 60 kb heterozygous deletion in size, encompassing SIX2 in our
      family. Mutation screening in 169 sporadic cases with external ear and middle ear
      malformations identified no pathogenic variant or polymorphism. We suggest SIX2
      haploinsufficiency as a potential congenital factor could be attributed to
      developmental malformation of the middle ear ossicles and upper eyelid. To the
      best of our knowledge, this is the first report to provide a description of copy
      number variation in the SIX2 gene resulting in syndromic conductive hearing loss.

PMID- 27383659
TI  - Occupational exposure to nitrous oxide during procedural pain control in
      children: a comparison of different inhalation techniques and scavenging systems.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nitrous oxide (N2 O 50% in oxygen) is commonly used for painful
      procedures in children. Potential negative health effects associated with chronic
      workplace exposure limit its use. Safe occupational N2 O exposure concentrations
      are below 25 ppm environmental concentration as a time-weighted average (TWA) and
      below 200 ppm as a short-time exposure level (STEL) of 15 min. AIM: The aim was
      to assess occupational exposure of staff during nitrous oxide administration to
      children using different inhalation delivery devices and scavenging systems.
      METHODS: Staff nitrous oxide exposure during use of a double face mask (DFM) with
      or without a demand valve (DV) was compared with a conventional single face mask
      (FM). We also compared exposure using the hospital central scavenging system with
      a portable evacuation system. N2 O concentrations, representing exposure values,
      were monitored within proximity to staff. Urine N2 O concentration was measured
      in staff administering the N2 O at the end of the procedural session. RESULTS:
      The mean and median values of TWA and STEL within the working area were lower
      than recommended values in the DFM (10.8, 11.6 ppm for TWA; 13.9, 11.0 ppm for
      STEL) and DFM-DV groups (2.3, 2.8 ppm for TWA; 4.4, 3.5 ppm for STEL) using the
      portable evacuation system. The N2 O urine exposure in DFM-DV group was lower
      than DFM group: a mean difference of 9.56 ppm (95% CI 2.65-16.46). Staff N2 O
      urinary concentrations were within safe biological limits in both the DFM and DFM
      DV groups. High exposure concentrations to N2 O were recorded in all FM and FM-DV
      environmental and biological samples. CONCLUSIONS: The DFM system, with or
      without a DV, connected to a portable evacuation system during N2 O
      administration to children for painful procedures kept N2 O levels within the
      local environment below recommended limits.

PMID- 27383660
TI  - Electron transfer mechanism of catalytic superoxide dismutation via Cu(ii/i)
      complexes: evidence of cupric-superoxo/-hydroperoxo species.
AB  - To understand the electron transfer mechanisms (outer versus inner sphere) of
      catalytic superoxide dismutation via a Cu(ii/i) redox couple such as occur in the
      enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, the Cu(ii/i) complexes
      [(L1)2Cu](ClO4)2.CH3CN, (1.CH3CN) and [(L1)2Cu](ClO4), (2) supported by a bis
      N2Sthioether ligand, 2-pyridyl-N-(2'-methylthiophenyl)methyleneimine (L1) have
      been synthesized and structurally characterised. Both 1 and 2 display the same
      cyclic voltammogram (CV) featuring a quasireversible response at E1/2 = +0.33 V
      vs. SCE that falls in the SOD potential window of -0.04 V to +0.99 V. These
      complexes catalytically dismutate superoxide radicals at 298 K in aqueous medium
      (the IC50 for 1 is 2.15 MUM). Electronic absorption spectra (233 K and 298 K),
      FTIR, ESI mass spectra, CV (233 K and 298 K) and DFT calculations collectively
      indicate formation of [(L1)2Cu(O2(-))](+), [(L1)2Cu(O2(2-))] and [(L1)2Cu(OOH(
      ))](+) species and help to elucidate the electron transfer mechanism for the SOD
      function of 1 and 2. Once O2(-) binds to Cu(II) (evident at 233 K), the first
      step of the catalytic cycle (Cu(II) + O2(-)-> Cu(I) + O2) does not follow but the
      second step (Cu(I) + O2(-) + 2H(+)-> H2O2 + Cu(II)) does follow. Therefore, the
      catalytic disproportionation of superoxide radicals via1 and 2 at 298 K indicates
      that the first and second steps of the catalytic cycle proceed through outer and
      inner sphere electron transfer mechanisms, respectively. Feasibility of the first
      step to occur in pure aprotic solvent (where 18-crown-6-ether is used to
      solubilise KO2) was tested and also supports the same notion of the electron
      transfer mechanisms as stated above. 

PMID- 27383658
TI  - MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: potential cancer biomarkers.
AB  - Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small membrane-bound structures that are secreted
      by various cell types, including tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that EVs
      are important for cell-to-cell communication, locally and distantly; horizontally
      transferring DNA, mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), proteins and lipids. In the context of
      cancer biology, tumor-derived EVs are capable of modifying the microenvironment,
      promoting tumor progression, immune evasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. miRNAs
      contained within EVs are functionally associated with cancer progression,
      metastasis and aggressive tumor phenotypes. These factors, along with their
      stability in bodily fluids, have led to extensive investigations on the potential
      role of circulating EV-derived miRNAs as tumor biomarkers. In this review, we
      summarize the current understanding of circulating EV miRNAs in human cancer, and
      discuss their clinical utility and challenges in functioning as biomarkers.

PMID- 27383662
TI  - Temporal patterns of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography sinonasal uptake after treatment of sinonasal
      malignancy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current guidelines have identified 10 to 12 weeks posttreatment as
      the ideal time-point for improved diagnostic accuracy of positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for deep tissue sites of the head and
      neck. After treatment, the sinonasal skull base is predisposed to prolonged
      inflammation that may render this time-point inappropriate for initial
      posttreatment imaging surveillance for sinonasal malignancies. The purpose of
      this study is to evaluate temporal trends in 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 FDG)
      sinonasal uptake after treatment for sinonasal malignancies to better elucidate
      the optimal time-point for initial PET/CT posttreatment evaluation in this
      patient population. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all successfully treated
      and non-locally recurrent sinonasal malignancies over a 15-year study period
      (2000 to 2015) was performed at our institution. Posttreatment 18 FDG PET/CT
      standardized uptake value data were collected and compared between various time
      points (2 to 4 months, 5 to 12 months, 5 to 24 months, and 13 to 24 months) using
      an independent-samples t test. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference
      was noted between the posttreatment time windows 2 to 4 and 5 to 12 months (p =
      0.048) as well as 2 to 4 and 5 to 24 months (p = 0.02). A trend toward
      significance was seen when comparing 2 to 4 and 13 to 24 months (p = 0.083).
      CONCLUSION: Our analysis of PET/CT in patients previously treated for sinonasal
      malignancy suggests that the posttreatment sinonasal skull base is characterized
      by a prolonged period of hypermetabolism that endures beyond the period
      previously described for deep tissue sites of the head and neck. These findings
      prompt a reevaluation of the previously described 10- to 12-week cutoff point for
      initial posttreatment PET/CT for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as applied
      to sinonasal malignancies.

PMID- 27383663
TI  - Phenotypic flexibility of gape anatomy fine-tunes the aquatic prey-capture system
      of newts.
AB  - A unique example of phenotypic flexibility of the oral apparatus is present in
      newts (Salamandridae) that seasonally change between an aquatic and a terrestrial
      habitat. Newts grow flaps of skin between their upper and lower jaws, the labial
      lobes, to partly close the corners of the mouth when they adopt an aquatic
      lifestyle during their breeding season. Using hydrodynamic simulations based on
      MUCT-scans and cranial kinematics during prey-capture in the smooth newt
      (Lissotriton vulgaris), we showed that this phenotypic flexibility is an adaptive
      solution to improve aquatic feeding performance: both suction distance and
      suction force increase by approximately 15% due to the labial lobes. As the
      subsequent freeing of the corners of the mouth by resorption of the labial lobes
      is assumed beneficial for the terrestrial capture of prey by the tongue, this
      flexibility of the mouth fine-tunes the process of capturing prey throughout the
      seasonal switching between water and land.

PMID- 27383664
TI  - A systematic analysis and comparison of warfarin initiation strategies.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Randomized trials have reported inconsistent evidence on the
      effectiveness of algorithms that use genotypes to initiate warfarin therapy. The
      Clarification of Optimal Anticoagulation through Genetics (COAG) trial initiated
      therapy on the basis of predicted maintenance doses, with a pharmacogenetic
      guided algorithm in one study group and a clinically guided algorithm in the
      other. The European Pharmacogenetics of Anticoagulant Therapy (EU-PACT)
      consortium initiated therapy on the basis of loading doses, with an algorithm
      based prediction in one study group and a fixed-dose regimen in the other. To
      understand the differences between these trials, we compared the initial doses
      between alternative dosing algorithms (the pharmacogenetic-guided and clinically
      guided algorithms developed by Gage and colleagues and those developed by the
      International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium) and between the COAG and EU
      PACT dose-initiation strategies. METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of the
      COAG trial - a double-blind, randomized-controlled trial (2009-2013) - conducted
      at 18 clinical centers in the USA, which included 1010 adults initiating warfarin
      therapy, of whom 719 achieved maintenance dose. RESULTS: Among COAG participants,
      the distribution of initial doses differed between algorithms, but showed similar
      prediction accuracy for maintenance dose. However, had the COAG trial implemented
      the EU-PACT strategy, the 3-day initial dose would have been 4.8 mg greater among
      participants randomized to pharmacogenetic-guided dosing, but only 2.5 mg greater
      among participants randomized to clinically guided dosing (P<0.001). CONCLUSION:
      Compared with the COAG trial, the EU-PACT trial used systematically larger
      loading doses in the pharmacogenetic-guided group and might have inadequately
      adjusted for clinical variability in warfarin dose requirements in the fixed-dose
      group.

PMID- 27383666
TI  - Functionalized Nanocellulose-Integrated Heterolayered Nanomats toward Smart
      Battery Separators.
AB  - Alternative materials obtained from natural resources have recently garnered
      considerable attention as an innovative solution to bring unprecedented advances
      in various energy storage systems. Here, we present a new class of heterolayered
      nanomat-based hierarchical/asymmetric porous membrane with synergistically
      coupled chemical activity as a nanocellulose-mediated green material strategy to
      develop smart battery separator membranes far beyond their current state-of-the
      art counterparts. This membrane consists of a terpyridine (TPY)-functionalized
      cellulose nanofibril (CNF) nanoporous thin mat as the top layer and an
      electrospun polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) macroporous thick
      mat as the support layer. The hierarchical/asymmetric porous structure of the
      heterolayered nanomat is rationally designed with consideration of the trade-off
      between leakage current and ion transport rate. The TPY (to chelate Mn(2+) ions)
      and PVP (to capture hydrofluoric acid)-mediated chemical functionalities bring a
      synergistic coupling in suppressing Mn(2+)-induced adverse effects, eventually
      enabling a substantial improvement in the high-temperature cycling performance of
      cells.

PMID- 27383665
TI  - Serum Testosterone Concentrations and Urinary Bisphenol A, Benzophenone-3,
      Triclosan, and Paraben Levels in Male and Female Children and Adolescents: NHANES
      2011-2012.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to environmental phenols (e.g., bisphenol A, benzophenone-3,
      and triclosan) and parabens is widespread in the population. Many of these
      chemicals have been shown to have anti-androgenic effects both in vitro and in
      vivo. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association of bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3
      (BP-3), triclosan (TCS), and parabens with serum total testosterone (TT) levels
      in child and adolescent participants (ages 6-19 years) in the National Health and
      Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. METHODS: We performed
      multivariable linear regression to estimate associations between natural log
      transformed serum TT and quartiles of urinary BPA, BP-3, TCS, and parabens in
      male and female children (ages 6-11 years) and adolescents (ages 12-19 years).
      RESULTS: BP-3 and BPA were associated with significantly lower TT in male
      adolescents, and BPA was associated with significantly higher TT in female
      adolescents. TT was not consistently associated with TCS or total parabens in
      children or adolescents of either sex. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the
      first study to report an association of both BP-3 and BPA with serum TT in
      adolescents. Associations between BPA and TT differed according to sex in
      adolescents, with inverse associations in boys and positive associations in
      girls. BP-3 was associated with significantly lower TT in adolescent boys only.
      However, because of the limitations inherent to the cross-sectional study design,
      further studies are needed to confirm and elucidate on our findings. Citation:
      Scinicariello F, Buser MC. 2016. Serum testosterone concentrations and urinary
      bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, triclosan, and paraben levels in male and female
      children and adolescents: NHANES 2011-2012. Environ Health Perspect 124:1898
      1904; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP150.

PMID- 27383680
TI  - Conversion of Dinitrogen to Ammonia by FeN3-Embedded Graphene.
AB  - Nitrogen fixation is one of the most important issues but a long-standing
      challenge in chemistry. Here, we propose FeN3-embedded graphene as the catalyst
      for nitrogen fixation from first-principles calculations. Results show that in
      view of the chemical coordination, the FeN3 center is highly spin-polarized with
      a localized magnetic moment substantially to promote N2 adsorption and activate
      its inert N-N triple bond. The synergy between the graphene and FeN3 equips the
      system with novel features for the catalytic conversion of the activated N2 into
      NH3 via a six-proton and six-electron process, following three possible reaction
      pathways at room temperature. Our findings provide a rational paradigm for
      catalytic nitrogen fixation that would be conducive to ammonia production.

PMID- 27383681
TI  - Isolation of Inositol Hexaphosphate (IHP)-Degrading Bacteria from Arbuscular
      Mycorrhizal Fungal Hyphal Compartments Using a Modified Baiting Method Involving
      Alginate Beads Containing IHP.
AB  - Phytate (inositol hexaphosphate; IHP)-degrading microbes have been suggested to
      contribute to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-mediated P transfer from IHP to
      plants; however, no IHP degrader involved in AMF-mediated P transfer has been
      isolated to date. We herein report the isolation of IHP-degrading bacteria using
      a modified baiting method. We applied alginate beads as carriers of IHP powder,
      and used them as recoverable IHP in the AM fungal compartment of plant
      cultivation experiments. P transfer from IHP in alginate beads via AMF was
      confirmed, and extracted DNA from alginate beads was analyzed by denaturing
      gradient gel electrophoresis targeting the 16S rRNA gene and a clone library
      method for the beta-propeller phytase (BPP) gene. The diversities of the 16S rRNA
      and BPP genes of microbes growing on IHP beads were simple and those of
      Sphingomonas spp. and Caulobacter spp. dominated. A total of 187 IHP-utilizing
      bacteria were isolated and identified, and they were consistent with the results
      of DNA analysis. Furthermore, some isolated Sphingomonas spp. and Caulobacter sp.
      showed IHP-degrading activity. Therefore, we successfully isolated dominant IHP
      degrading bacteria from IHP in an AMF hyphal compartment. These strains may
      contribute to P transfer from IHP via AMF. 

PMID- 27383683
TI  - Growth Rate of and Gene Expression in Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 due
      to a Mutation in blr7984, a TetR Family Transcriptional Regulator Gene.
AB  - Previous transcriptome analyses have suggested that a gene cluster including a
      transcriptional regulator (blr7984) of the tetracycline repressor family was
      markedly down-regulated in symbiosis. Since blr7984 is annotated to be the
      transcriptional repressor, we hypothesized that it is involved in the repression
      of genes in the genomic cluster including blr7984 in symbiotic bacteroids. In
      order to examine the function and involvement of the blr7984 gene in
      differentiation into bacteroids, we compared the free-living growth/symbiotic
      phenotype and gene expression between a blr7984-knockout mutant and the wild-type
      strain of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110. The mutant transiently increased
      the cell growth rate under free-living conditions and nodule numbers over those
      with the wild-type strain USDA110. The expression of three genes adjacent to the
      disrupted blr7984 gene was strongly up-regulated in the mutant in free-living and
      symbiotic cells. The mutant also induced the expression of genes for glutathione
      S-transferase, cytochrome c oxidases, ABC transporters, PTS sugar transport
      systems, and flagella synthesis under free-living conditions. bll7983 encoding
      glutathione S-transferase was up-regulated the most by the blr7984 disruption.
      Since redox regulation by glutathione is known to be involved in cell division in
      prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the strong expression of glutathione S-transferase
      encoded by the bll7983 gene may have caused redox changes in mutant cells, which
      resulted in higher rates of cell division. 

PMID- 27383684
TI  - Analyzing infant head flatness and asymmetry using kernel density estimation of
      directional surface data from a craniofacial 3D model.
AB  - Infant skull deformation is analyzed using the distribution of head normal vector
      directions computed from a 3D image. Severity of flatness and asymmetry are
      quantified by functionals of the kernel estimate of the normal vector direction
      density. Using image data from 99 infants and clinical deformation ratings made
      by experts, our approach is compared with some recently suggested methods. The
      results show that the proposed method performs competitively. Copyright (c) 2016
      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27383685
TI  - In vitro storage of unfertilized eggs of the Eurasian perch and its effect on egg
      viability rates and the occurrence of larval malformations.
AB  - Ova ageing is the most important factor affecting fish egg quality after
      ovulation. Long-term storage of fish ova, using cryopreservation and
      vitrification techniques, has been unsuccessful to date. Instead, short-term in
      vitro ova storage has been used successfully and optimized in some cultured fish
      species. In vitro ova storage can drastically improve mass production of larvae
      and juveniles in the hatcheries by providing the possibility of the synchronous
      artificial fertilization for different females. To study how long unfertilized
      eggs of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) can retain their fertilizing
      ability after stripping, eggs were stored at temperatures of 4 degrees C, 8
      degrees C and 12 degrees C for 72 h post-stripping (HPS). The stored eggs of four
      female perch were separately fertilized at 0 h (i.e. control eggs fertilized
      before storage) and at 6-hour intervals during the experimental period of 72 h.
      The embryos reaching the eyed-egg and hatched-larvae stages, eyed-egg mortality
      and larval malformation rates were recorded as indices of egg quality. The
      results indicated that the maximum eyed eggs and hatched larvae (86% and 63%,
      respectively) were observed for eggs fertilized immediately after stripping,
      whereas the storage of the eggs at 4 degrees C for 48 HPS decreased the eyed-egg
      and hatched-larvae rates to 46% and 17%, respectively. The use of a higher
      storage temperature resulted in a more rapid decrease in egg viability: eyed-egg
      and hatched-larvae rates of 23% and 9%, respectively, were obtained after 48 HPS
      storage at 8 degrees C and 2% and 1% for eggs stored at 12 degrees C. Eyed-egg
      mortality and larval malformation rates were not significantly affected by post
      stripping ova ageing for at least up to 36 h. Thereafter, both values increased
      significantly and were measured to be the highest in the most aged ova. The
      present study demonstrated that stripped Eurasian perch eggs can be stored for at
      least 12 h at 4 degrees C to 12 degrees C without a significant reduction in
      their quality.

PMID- 27383682
TI  - Metagenomics and Bioinformatics in Microbial Ecology: Current Status and Beyond.
AB  - Metagenomic approaches are now commonly used in microbial ecology to study
      microbial communities in more detail, including many strains that cannot be
      cultivated in the laboratory. Bioinformatic analyses make it possible to mine
      huge metagenomic datasets and discover general patterns that govern microbial
      ecosystems. However, the findings of typical metagenomic and bioinformatic
      analyses still do not completely describe the ecology and evolution of microbes
      in their environments. Most analyses still depend on straightforward sequence
      similarity searches against reference databases. We herein review the current
      state of metagenomics and bioinformatics in microbial ecology and discuss future
      directions for the field. New techniques will allow us to go beyond routine
      analyses and broaden our knowledge of microbial ecosystems. We need to enrich
      reference databases, promote platforms that enable meta- or comprehensive
      analyses of diverse metagenomic datasets, devise methods that utilize long-read
      sequence information, and develop more powerful bioinformatic methods to analyze
      data from diverse perspectives. 

PMID- 27383686
TI  - Synaptic plasticity: Feast or famine.

PMID- 27383687
TI  - Gut-brain communication: Making friends with microbes.

PMID- 27383688
TI  - Neurodevelopmental disorders: Touching on the issue.

PMID- 27383689
TI  - How much do universal anthropometric standards bias the global monitoring of
      obesity and undernutrition?
AB  - Each year, hundreds of articles in population health and nutrition, many in high
      profile journals, use standard cutoffs based on weight and height as assessments
      of obesity and undernutrition. These global efforts to monitor overweight and
      underweight often rest on the assumption that ethnic differences in underlying
      body form are sufficiently small to permit universal anthropometric cutoffs for
      comparing excess and insufficient body fat across populations. However, a century
      of work in human biological variation suggests that human populations can vary
      dramatically in underlying body form in a way that may require population
      sensitive cutoffs for monitoring. Here, we describe recently developed methods
      that can provide population-sensitive assessments of both excess and insufficient
      energy reserves in a wide range of countries. We use this approach to illustrate
      how worldwide variation in human body form is far more widespread than previously
      thought, and that it can occur at several geographic scales, including the level
      of world regions, countries and populations within countries. The findings also
      suggest that using standard cutoffs that ignore this variation can underestimate
      current obesity levels in adults by more than 400-500 million while also
      incorrectly prioritizing high-risk areas for undernutrition in children in key
      regions around the world.

PMID- 27383690
TI  - Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: American College of Nurse-Midwives.
AB  - Variations in uterine bleeding, termed abnormal uterine bleeding, occur commonly
      among women and often are physiologic in nature with no significant consequences.
      However, abnormal uterine bleeding can cause significant distress to women or may
      signify an underlying pathologic condition. Most women experience variations in
      menstrual and perimenstrual bleeding in their lifetimes; therefore, the ability
      of the midwife to differentiate between normal and abnormal bleeding is a key
      diagnostic skill. A comprehensive history and use of the PALM-COEIN
      classification system will provide clear guidelines for clinical management,
      evidence-based treatment, and an individualized plan of care. The purpose of this
      Clinical Bulletin is to define and describe classifications of abnormal uterine
      bleeding, review updated terminology, and identify methods of assessment and
      treatment using a woman-centered approach. 

PMID- 27383692
TI  - Being in togetherness: meanings of encounters within primary healtcare setting
      for patients living with long-term illness.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to elucidate meanings of
      encounters for patients with long-term illness within the primary healthcare
      setting. BACKGROUND: Good encounters can be crucial for patients in terms of how
      they view their quality of care. Therefore, it is important to understand
      meanings of interactions between patients and healthcare personnel. DESIGN: A
      phenomenological hermeneutic method was used to analyse the interviews. METHODS:
      Narrative interviews with ten patients with long-term illness were performed,
      with a focus on their encounters with healthcare personnel within the primary
      healthcare setting. A phenomenological hermeneutical approach was used to
      interpret the interview texts. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that patients
      felt well when they were seen as an important person and felt welcomed by
      healthcare personnel. Information and follow-ups regarding the need for care were
      essential. Continuity with the healthcare personnel was one way to establish a
      relationship, which contributed to patients' feelings of being seen and
      understood. Good encounters were important for patients' feelings of health and
      well-being. Being met with mistrust, ignorance and nonchalance had negative
      effects on patients' perceived health and well-being and led to feelings of lower
      confidence regarding the care received. CONCLUSIONS: Patients described a great
      need to be confirmed and met with respect by healthcare personnel, which
      contributed to their sense of togetherness. Having a sense of togetherness
      strengthened patient well-being. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: By listening and
      responding to patients' needs and engaging in meetings with patients in a
      respectful manner, healthcare personnel can empower patients' feelings of health
      and well-being. Healthcare personnel need to be aware of the significance of
      these actions because they can make patients experience feelings of togetherness,
      even if patients meet with different care personnel at each visit.

PMID- 27383691
TI  - Alien Mindscapes-A Perspective on the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence.
AB  - Advances in planetary and space sciences, astrobiology, and life and cognitive
      sciences, combined with developments in communication theory, bioneural
      computing, machine learning, and big data analysis, create new opportunities to
      explore the probabilistic nature of alien life. Brought together in a
      multidisciplinary approach, they have the potential to support an integrated and
      expanded Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI (1) ), a search that
      includes looking for life as we do not know it. This approach will augment the
      odds of detecting a signal by broadening our understanding of the evolutionary
      and systemic components in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI),
      provide more targets for radio and optical SETI, and identify new ways of
      decoding and coding messages using universal markers. KEY WORDS: SETI
      Astrobiology-Coevolution of Earth and life-Planetary habitability and
      biosignatures. Astrobiology 16, 661-676.

PMID- 27383693
TI  - Trangmolins A-F with an Unprecedented Structural Plasticity of the Rings A and B:
      New Insight into Limonoid Biosynthesis.
AB  - The absolute stereostructures of trangmolins A-F (1-6), limonoids with three new
      and one known topologies of the rings A and B, were unambiguously determined by
      NMR spectroscopic investigations, single-crystal XRD analysis, and quantum
      chemical electronic circular dichroism calculations. Compounds 1-3 contain a
      hexahydro-1H-inden-4-one motif, compound 4 comprises a hexahydro-2,6
      methanobenzofuran-7-one cage, and compound 5 consists of a hexahydro-2H-2,8
      epoxychromene scaffold. The C1-C30 linkage in 1-3 and the C3-C30 connection in 4
      form two unprecedented types of ring A/B-fused carbobicyclic cores: viii and ix.
      The oxidative cleavage of the C2-C3 bond in 5 and heterocyclization in 4 and 5
      constitute the unprecedented tricyclic 6/6/5 ring A/B(1) /B(2) - and 6/5/6 ring
      A(1) A(2) /B-fused topologies, respectively, which are uncovered, for the first
      time, in the construction of limonoid architectures. The diverse cyclization
      patterns of 1-6 reveal an unparalleled structural plasticity of rings A and B in
      limonoid biosynthesis. 

PMID- 27383694
TI  - Diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopy following computed tomography (CT) scanning
      for assessing the resectability with curative intent in pancreatic and
      periampullary cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment for
      pancreatic and periampullary cancer. A considerable proportion of patients
      undergo unnecessary laparotomy because of underestimation of the extent of the
      cancer on computed tomography (CT) scanning. Laparoscopy can detect metastases
      not visualised on CT scanning, enabling better assessment of the spread of cancer
      (staging of cancer). This is an update to a previous Cochrane Review published in
      2013 evaluating the role of diagnostic laparoscopy in assessing the resectability
      with curative intent in people with pancreatic and periampullary cancer.
      OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic laparoscopy
      performed as an add-on test to CT scanning in the assessment of curative
      resectability in pancreatic and periampullary cancer. SEARCH METHODS: We searched
      the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE via PubMed,
      EMBASE via OvidSP (from inception to 15 May 2016), and Science Citation Index
      Expanded (from 1980 to 15 May 2016). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included diagnostic
      accuracy studies of diagnostic laparoscopy in people with potentially resectable
      pancreatic and periampullary cancer on CT scan, where confirmation of liver or
      peritoneal involvement was by histopathological examination of suspicious (liver
      or peritoneal) lesions obtained at diagnostic laparoscopy or laparotomy. We
      accepted any criteria of resectability used in the studies. We included studies
      irrespective of language, publication status, or study design (prospective or
      retrospective). We excluded case-control studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:
      Two review authors independently performed data extraction and quality assessment
      using the QUADAS-2 tool. The specificity of diagnostic laparoscopy in all studies
      was 1 because there were no false positives since laparoscopy and the reference
      standard are one and the same if histological examination after diagnostic
      laparoscopy is positive. The sensitivities were therefore meta-analysed using a
      univariate random-effects logistic regression model. The probability of
      unresectability in people who had a negative laparoscopy (post-test probability
      for people with a negative test result) was calculated using the median
      probability of unresectability (pre-test probability) from the included studies,
      and the negative likelihood ratio derived from the model (specificity of 1
      assumed). The difference between the pre-test and post-test probabilities gave
      the overall added value of diagnostic laparoscopy compared to the standard
      practice of CT scan staging alone. MAIN RESULTS: We included 16 studies with a
      total of 1146 participants in the meta-analysis. Only one study including 52
      participants had a low risk of bias and low applicability concern in the patient
      selection domain. The median pre-test probability of unresectable disease after
      CT scanning across studies was 41.4% (that is 41 out of 100 participants who had
      resectable cancer after CT scan were found to have unresectable disease on
      laparotomy). The summary sensitivity of diagnostic laparoscopy was 64.4% (95%
      confidence interval (CI) 50.1% to 76.6%). Assuming a pre-test probability of
      41.4%, the post-test probability of unresectable disease for participants with a
      negative test result was 0.20 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.27). This indicates that if a
      person is said to have resectable disease after diagnostic laparoscopy and CT
      scan, there is a 20% probability that their cancer will be unresectable compared
      to a 41% probability for those receiving CT alone.A subgroup analysis of people
      with pancreatic cancer gave a summary sensitivity of 67.9% (95% CI 41.1% to
      86.5%). The post-test probability of unresectable disease after being considered
      resectable on both CT and diagnostic laparoscopy was 18% compared to 40.0% for
      those receiving CT alone. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic laparoscopy may
      decrease the rate of unnecessary laparotomy in people with pancreatic and
      periampullary cancer found to have resectable disease on CT scan. On average,
      using diagnostic laparoscopy with biopsy and histopathological confirmation of
      suspicious lesions prior to laparotomy would avoid 21 unnecessary laparotomies in
      100 people in whom resection of cancer with curative intent is planned.

PMID- 27383695
TI  - Molecular Characterization and Epidemiologic Study of NDM-1-Producing Extensively
      Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli.
AB  - The emergence and dissemination of NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1)
      producing Enterobacteriaceae have resulted in a worldwide public health risk.
      This study described a high incidence and endemic spread of NDM-1-producing
      extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli in a teaching hospital in Zhejiang
      province, China. We recovered six nonduplicated NDM-1-producing E. coli isolates
      from May 2014 to August 2014 with positive modified Hodge test and EDTA
      synergistic test. These isolates were highly resistant to beta-lactam
      antimicrobials, aminoglycosides, and quinolones. PCR and DNA sequences analysis
      showed that all isolates carried the blaNDM-1, blaSHV-11, aac(6')-ib-cr, and
      qnrB. Several isolates also harbored blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-9, rmtB, and qnrA.
      Southern blot confirmed that blaNDM-1 was located on the same ~55 kb plasmid and
      conjugation experiments further proved the contransferable characteristic of
      blaNDM-1. The ompC sequences showed various mutations, which was related to
      multidrug resistance in E. coli. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified four
      of six isolates that belonged to the same genotype. Multilocus sequence typing
      assigned them to ST2, except one strain that belonged to ST594. Our study
      demonstrated that the resistance-associated genes and the loss of the outer
      membrane proteins could account for high resistance of NDM-1-producing E. coli to
      multiple antimicrobial drugs. Both horizontal transfer of IncN and transmission
      of ST2 were responsible for the spread of drug resistance. These findings
      highlighted an urgent need to limit the further dissemination of NDM-1-producing
      E. coli in this region.

PMID- 27383696
TI  - Development of spondyloarthropathy following episodes of macrophage activation
      syndrome in children with heterozygous mutations in haemophagocytic
      lymphohistiocytosis-associated genes.

PMID- 27383697
TI  - New impact factor and Editors of the Journal of Applied Oral Science.

PMID- 27383698
TI  - Effects of cervical mobilization and exercise on pain, movement and function in
      subjects with temporomandibular disorders: a single group pre-post test.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a rehabilitation program based on
      cervical mobilization and exercise on clinical signs and mandibular function in
      subjects with temporomandibular disorder (TMD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Single
      group pre-post test, with baseline comparison. SUBJECTS: Twelve women (22.08+/
      2.23 years) with myofascial pain and mixed TMD according to the Research
      Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects
      were evaluated three times: twice before (baseline phase) and once after
      intervention. Self-reported pain, jaw function [according to the Mandibular
      Functional Impairment Questionnaire (MFIQ)], pain-free maximum mouth opening
      (MMO), and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) of both masseter and temporalis
      muscles were obtained. Baseline and post-intervention differences were
      investigated, and effect size was estimated through Cohen's d coefficient.
      RESULTS: Jaw function improved 7 points on the scale after the intervention
      (P=0.019), and self-reported pain was significantly reduced (P=0.009). Pain-free
      MMO varied from 32.3+/-8.8 mm to 38+/-8.8 mm and showed significant improvement
      (P=0.017) with moderate effect size when compared to the baseline phase. PPT also
      increased with moderate effect size, and subjects had the baseline values changed
      from 1.23+/-0.2 kg/cm2 to 1.4+/-0.2 kg/cm2 in the left masseter (P=0.03), from
      1.31+/-0.28 kg/cm2 to 1.51+/-0.2 kg/cm2 in the right masseter (P>0.05), from
      1.32+/-0.2 kg/cm2 to 1.46+/-0.2 kg/cm2 in the left temporalis (P=0.047), and from
      1.4+/-0.2 kg/cm2 to 1.67+/-0.3 kg/cm2 in the right temporalis (P=0.06).
      CONCLUSIONS: The protocol caused significant changes in pain-free MMO, self
      reported pain, and functionality of the stomatognathic system in subjects with
      myofascial TMD, regardless of joint involvement. Even though these differences
      are statistically significant, their clinical relevance is still questionable.

PMID- 27383699
TI  - Evaluation of the remineralization capacity of CPP-ACP containing fluoride
      varnish by different quantitative methods.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CPP-ACP
      containing fluoride varnish for remineralizing white spot lesions (WSLs) with
      four different quantitative methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four windows (3x3 mm)
      were created on the enamel surfaces of bovine incisor teeth. A control window was
      covered with nail varnish, and WSLs were created on the other windows (after
      demineralization, first week and fourth week) in acidified gel system. The test
      material (MI Varnish) was applied on the demineralized areas, and the treated
      enamel samples were stored in artificial saliva. At the fourth week, the enamel
      surfaces were tested by surface microhardness (SMH), quantitative light-induced
      fluorescence-digital (QLF-D), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and laser
      fluorescence (LF pen). The data were statistically analyzed (alpha=0.05).
      RESULTS: While the LF pen measurements showed significant differences at
      baseline, after demineralization, and after the one-week remineralization period
      (p<0.05), the difference between the 1- and 4-week was not significant (p>0.05).
      With regards to the SMH and QLF-D analyses, statistically significant differences
      were found among all the phases (p<0.05). After the 1- and 4-week treatment
      periods, the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations and Ca/P ratio were
      higher compared to those of the demineralization surfaces (p<0.05). CONCLUSION:
      CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish provides remineralization of WSLs after a
      single application and seems suitable for clinical use.

PMID- 27383700
TI  - Effect of addition of nano-hydroxyapatite on physico-chemical and antibiofilm
      properties of calcium silicate cements.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate cement composed
      of Portland cement (PC) and bismuth oxide. Hydroxyapatite has been incorporated
      to enhance mechanical and biological properties of dental materials. This study
      evaluated physicochemical and mechanical properties and antibiofilm activity of
      MTA and PC associated with zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and hydroxyapatite
      nanoparticles (HAn). MATERIAL AND METHODS: White MTA (Angelus, Brazil); PC
      (70%)+ZrO2 (30%); PC (60%)+ZrO2 (30%)+HAn (10%); PC (50%)+ZrO2 (30%)+HAn (20%)
      were evaluated. The pH was assessed by a digital pH-meter and solubility by mass
      loss. Setting time was evaluated by using Gilmore needles. Compressive strength
      was analyzed by mechanical test. Samples were radiographed alongside an aluminum
      step wedge to evaluate radiopacity. For the antibiofilm evaluation, materials
      were placed in direct contact with E. faecalis biofilm induced on dentine blocks.
      The number of colony-forming units (CFU mL-1) in the remaining biolfilm was
      evaluated. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test, with 5%
      significance. RESULTS: There was no difference in pH levels of PC+ZrO2,
      PC+ZrO2+HAn (10%) and PC+ZrO2+HAn (20%) (p>0.05) and these cements presented
      higher pH levels than MTA (p<0.05). The highest solubility was observed in
      PC+ZrO2+HAn (10%) and PC+ZrO2+HAn (20%) (p<0.05). MTA had the shortest initial
      setting time (p<0.05). All the materials showed radiopacity higher than 3 mmAl.
      PC+ZrO2 and MTA had the highest compressive strength (p<0.05). Materials did not
      completely neutralize the bacterial biofilm, but the association with HAn
      provided greater bacterial reduction than MTA and PC+ZrO2 (p<0.05) after the post
      manipulation period of 2 days. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of HAn to PC associated
      with ZrO2 harmed the compressive strength and solubility. On the other hand, HAn
      did not change the pH and the initial setting time, but improved the radiopacity
      (HAn 10%), the final setting time and the E. faecalis antibiofilm activity of the
      cement.

PMID- 27383701
TI  - Effect of green tea extract on bonding durability of an etch-and-rinse adhesive
      system to caries-affected dentin.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Green tea extract has been advocated as a matrix metalloproteinase
      (MMP) inhibitor; however, its effect on bond durability to caries-affected dentin
      has never been reported. Thus, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the
      effect of two MMP inhibitors (2% chlorhexidine and 2% green tea extract), applied
      after acid etching, on bond durability of an etch-and-rinse adhesive system to
      caries-affected dentin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Occlusal enamel was removed from
      third molars to expose the dentin surface, and the molars were submitted to a
      caries induction protocol for 15 days. After removal of infected dentin,
      specimens were conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid (15 seconds) and randomly
      divided into three groups, according to the type of dentin pretreatment (n=10):
      NT: no treatment; GT: 2% green tea extract; CLX: 2% chlorhexidine. The etch-and
      rinse adhesive system (AdperTM Single Bond 2, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) was
      applied according to the manufacturer's instructions, and composite resin
      restorations were built on the dentin. After 24 hours, at 37 degrees C, the resin
      tooth blocks were sectioned perpendicularly to the adhesive interface in the form
      of sticks (0.8 mm2 of adhesive area) and randomly subdivided into two groups
      according to when they were to be submitted to microtensile bond strength (MUTBS)
      testing: immediately or 6 months after storage in distilled water. Data were
      reported in MPa and submitted to two-way ANOVA for completely randomized blocks,
      followed by Tukey's test (alpha=0.05). RESULTS: After 24 hours, there was no
      significant difference in the MUTBS of the groups. After 6 months, the GT group
      had significantly higher MUTBS values. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the
      application of 2% green tea extract was able to increase bond durability of the
      etch-and-rinse system to dentin. Neither the application of chlorhexidine nor non
      treatment (NT - control) had any effect on bond strength after water storage.

PMID- 27383702
TI  - Selective 5-HT7 receptor agonists LP 44 and LP 211 elicit an analgesic effect on
      formalin-induced orofacial pain in mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antinociceptive effects of pharmacological
      activation of 5-HT7 receptors on orofacial pain in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Nociception was evaluated by using an orofacial formalin test in male Balb-C
      mice. Selective 5-HT7 receptor agonists, LP 44 and LP 211 (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg),
      were given intraperitoneally 30 min prior to a formalin injection. A bolus of 10
      ul of 4% subcutaneous formalin was injected into the upper lip of mice and facial
      grooming behaviors were monitored. The behavioral responses consisted of two
      distinct periods, the early phase corresponding to acute pain (Phase I: 0-12 min)
      and the late phase (Phase II: 12-30 min). RESULTS: LP 44 and LP 211 (1, 5, and 10
      mg/kg) produced an analgesic effect with reductions in face rubbing time in both
      Phase I and Phase II of the formalin test. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that 5
      HT7 receptor agonists may be promising analgesic drugs in the treatment of
      orofacial pain.

PMID- 27383703
TI  - CO2 laser and/or fluoride enamel treatment against in situ/ex vivo erosive
      challenge.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This in situ/ex vivo study investigated the effect of CO2 laser
      irradiation and acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF) application, separately
      and in combination, on enamel resistance to erosion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During
      2 experimental 5-day crossover phases, 8 volunteers wore intraoral appliances
      containing bovine enamel blocks which were submitted to four groups: 1st phase -
      control, untreated and CO2 laser irradiation, 2nd phase - fluoride application
      and fluoride application before CO2 laser irradiation. Laser irradiation was
      performed at 10.6 um wavelength, 5 us pulse duration and 50 Hz frequency, with
      average power input and output of 2.3 W and 2.0 W, respectively (28.6 J/cm2). APF
      gel (1.23%F, pH 3.5) was applied on enamel surface with a microbrush and left on
      for 4 minutes. Then, the enamel blocks were fixed at the intraoral appliance
      level. The erosion was performed extraorally 4 times daily for 5 min in 150 mL of
      cola drink. Enamel loss was measured profilometrically after treatment and after
      the in situ phase. The data were tested using one-way Repeated Measures Anova and
      Tukey's test (p<0.05). RESULTS: CO2 laser alone (2.00+/-0.39 um) did not show any
      significantly preventive effect against enamel erosion when compared with the
      control group (2.41+/-1.20 um). Fluoride treated enamel, associated (1.50+/-0.30
      um) or not (1.47+/-0.63 um) with laser irradiation, significantly differed from
      the control. CONCLUSION: The APF application decreased enamel wear; however, CO2
      laser irradiation did not enhance fluoride ability to reduce enamel wear.

PMID- 27383704
TI  - Frequency of periodontal pathogens and Helicobacter pylori in the mouths and
      stomachs of obese individuals submitted to bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional study compared the frequency of oral
      periodontopathogens and H. pylori in the mouths and stomachs of obese individuals
      with or without periodontitis submitted to bariatric surgery. MATERIAL AND
      METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four men and women aged 18-65 were conveniently
      distributed into four groups. Two groups were composed of individuals who
      underwent bariatric surgery with (BP) (n=40) and without (BNP) (n=39)
      periodontitis and two obese control groups with (CP) (n=35) and without (CNP)
      (n=40) periodontitis. The oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis,
      Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Parvimonas micra, Treponema denticola,
      Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, and Helicobacter pylori were detected
      by a polymerase chain reaction technique using saliva, tongue and stomach biopsy
      samples. RESULTS: Statistical analysis demonstrated that periodontopathogens were
      highly frequent in the mouth (up to 91.4%). In the bariatric surgically treated
      group, orally, P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were more frequent in
      periodontitis, while C. rectus was more frequent in non-periodontitis subjects.
      Stomach biopsies also revealed the high frequency of five oral species in both
      candidates for bariatric surgery (91.6%) and the bariatric (83.3%) groups. H.
      pylori was frequently detected in the mouth (50.0%) and stomach (83.3%). In the
      stomach, oral species and H. pylori appeared in lower frequency in the bariatric
      group. CONCLUSIONS: Obese individuals showed high frequencies of
      periodontopathogens and H. pylori in their mouths and stomachs. Bariatric surgery
      showed an inverse microbial effect on oral and stomach environments by revealing
      higher oral and lower stomach bacterial frequencies.

PMID- 27383705
TI  - The effects of supplemental melatonin administration on the healing of bone
      defects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate histologic and biochemical
      effects of supplemental melatonin administration on bone healing and antioxidant
      defense mechanism in diabetic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-six Sprague
      Dawley male rats were used in this study. Diabetes mellitus was induced by
      intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Surgical
      bone defects were prepared in the tibia of each animal. Diabetic animals and
      those in control groups were treated either with daily melatonin (250
      MUg/animal/day/i.p.) diluted in ethanol, only ethanol, or sterile saline
      solution. Rats were humanely killed at the 10th and 30th postoperative days.
      Plasma levels of Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP), Malondialdehyde
      (MDA), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were measured. The number of osteoblasts,
      blood vessels and the area of new mineralized tissue formation were calculated in
      histologic sections. RESULTS: At the 10th day, DM+MEL (rats receiving both STZ
      and melatonin) group had significantly higher number of osteoblasts and blood
      vessels as well as larger new mineralized tissue surfaces (p<0.05 for each) when
      compared with DM group. At the 30th day, DM group treated with melatonin had
      significantly lower levels of AOPP and MDA than those of DM group (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Melatonin administration in STZ induced diabetic rats reduced
      oxidative stress related biomarkers and showed beneficial effects on bone healing
      at short term.

PMID- 27383706
TI  - Liver proteome of mice with different genetic susceptibilities to the effects of
      fluoride.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the differential pattern of protein
      expression in the liver of these mice to provide insights on why they have
      different responses to F. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Weanling male A/J and 129P3/J
      mice (n=10 from each strain) were pared and housed in metabolic cages with ad
      libitum access to low-F food and deionized water for 42 days. Liver proteome
      profiles were examined using nLC-MS/MS. Protein function was classified by GO
      biological process (Cluego v2.0.7 + Clupedia v1.0.8) and protein-protein
      interaction network was constructed (PSICQUIC, Cytoscape). RESULTS: Most proteins
      with fold change were increased in A/J mice. The functional category with the
      highest percentage of altered genes was oxidation-reduction process (20%).
      Subnetwork analysis revealed that proteins with fold change interacted with Disks
      large homolog 4 and Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1. A/J mice
      had an increase in proteins related to energy flux and oxidative stress.
      CONCLUSION: This could be a possible explanation for the high susceptibility of
      these mice to the effects of F, since the exposure also induces oxidative stress.

PMID- 27383707
TI  - Comparative in vitro evaluation of CAD/CAM vs conventional provisional crowns.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study compared the marginal gap, internal fit, fracture strength,
      and mode of fracture of CAD/CAM provisional crowns with that of direct
      provisional crowns. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An upper right first premolar phantom
      tooth was prepared for full ceramic crown following tooth preparation guidelines.
      The materials tested were: VITA CAD-Temp(r), Polyetheretherketone "PEEK", Telio
      CAD-Temp, and ProtempTM4 (control group). The crowns were divided into four
      groups (n=10), Group1: VITA CAD-Temp(r), Group 2: PEEK, Group 3: Telio CAD-Temp,
      and Group 4: ProtempTM4. Each crown was investigated for marginal and internal
      fit, fracture strength, and mode of fracture. Statistical analysis was performed
      using GraphPad Prism software version 6.0. RESULTS: The average marginal gap was:
      VITA CAD-Temp(r) 60.61 (+/-9.99) um, PEEK 46.75 (+/-8.26) um, Telio CAD-Temp
      56.10 (+/-5.65) um, and ProtempTM4 193.07(+/-35.96) um (P<0.001). The average
      internal fit was: VITA CAD-Temp(r) 124.94 (+/-22.96) um, PEEK 113.14 (+/-23.55)
      um, Telio CAD-Temp 110.95 (+/-11.64) um, and ProtempTM4 143.48(+/-26.74) um. The
      average fracture strength was: VITA CAD-Temp(r) 361.01 (+/-21.61) N, PEEK 802.23
      (+/-111.29) N, Telio CAD-Temp 719.24 (+/-95.17) N, and ProtempTM4 416.40 (+/
      69.14) N. One-way ANOVA test showed a statistically significant difference for
      marginal gap, internal gap, and fracture strength between all groups (p<0.001).
      However, the mode of fracture showed no differences between the groups (p>0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: CAD/CAM fabricated provisional crowns demonstrated superior fit and
      better strength than direct provisional crowns.

PMID- 27383708
TI  - Speech perception and quality of life of open-fit hearing aid users.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To relate the performance of individuals with hearing loss at high
      frequencies in speech perception with the quality of life before and after the
      fitting of an open-fit hearing aid (HA). METHODS: The WHOQOL-BREF had been used
      before the fitting and 90 days after the use of HA. The Hearing in Noise Test
      (HINT) had been conducted in two phases: (1) at the time of fitting without an HA
      (situation A) and with an HA (situation B); (2) with an HA 90 days after fitting
      (situation C). STUDY SAMPLE: Thirty subjects with sensorineural hearing loss at
      high frequencies. RESULTS: By using an analysis of variance and the Tukey's test
      comparing the three HINT situations in quiet and noisy environments, an
      improvement has been observed after the HA fitting. The results of the WHOQOL
      BREF have showed an improvement in the quality of life after the HA fitting
      (paired t-test). The relationship between speech perception and quality of life
      before the HA fitting indicated a significant relationship between speech
      recognition in noisy environments and in the domain of social relations after the
      HA fitting (Pearson's correlation coefficient). CONCLUSIONS: The auditory
      stimulation has improved speech perception and the quality of life of
      individuals.

PMID- 27383709
TI  - Effects of budlein A on human neutrophils and lymphocytes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated whether budlein A modulates the activation
      of innate and adaptive immune cells such as neutrophils and lymphocytes. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: Our research group has investigated several plant species and
      several compounds have been isolated, identified, and their medical potential
      evaluated. Budlein A is a SL isolated from the species Aldama buddlejiformis and
      A. robusta (Asteraceae) and shows anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive
      activities. Advances in understanding how plant-derived substances modulate the
      activation of innate and adaptive immune cells have led to the development of new
      therapies for human diseases. RESULTS: Budlein A inhibited MPO activity, IL-6,
      CXCL8, IL-10, and IL-12 production and induces neutrophil apoptosis. In contrast,
      budlein A inhibited lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2, IL-10, TGF-beta, and IFN
      gamma production, but it did not lead to cell death. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively,
      our results indicate that budlein A shows distinct immunomodulatory effects on
      immune cells.

PMID- 27383710
TI  - TNF-alpha expression, evaluation of collagen, and TUNEL of Matricaria recutita L.
      extract and triamcinolone on oral ulcer in diabetic rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the influence of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
      and apoptosis in rats with DM treated with chamomile extract or triamcinolone.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Wistar male rats (210.0+/-4.2 g) were divided into five
      groups: negative control group (NCG) without diabetes; positive control group
      (PCG) with DM (alloxan, 45 mg/kg); and groups treated with chamomile extract
      (normoglycemic= NCG group and diabetic= DCG group) and with triamcinolone (TG).
      Traumatic ulcers were performed on all animals that received topical
      triamcinolone, chamomile extract or saline 12/12 hours for ten days. RESULTS: On
      days five and ten the animals were euthanized and the ulcers were analyzed by
      light microscopy, TUNEL assay, and immunohistochemically (TNF-alpha). The NCG
      (p=0.0062), PCG (p=0.0285), NCG (p=0.0041), and DCG (p<0.0001) groups were
      completely healed on the 10th day, however, there was no healing on the TG
      (p=0.5127) group. The TNF-alpha expression showed a significant reduction from
      the 5th to the 10th day in NCG (p=0.0266) and DCG (p=0.0062). In connective
      tissue, the TUNEL assay showed a significant reduction in the number of positive
      cells in NCG (p=0.0273) and CNG (p=0.0469) and in the epithelium only in CDG
      (p=0.0320). CONCLUSIONS: Chamomile extract can optimize the healing of traumatic
      oral ulcers in diabetic rats through the reduction of apoptosis in the epithelium
      and TNF-alpha expression.

PMID- 27383711
TI  - Tissue dissolution and modifications in dentin composition by different sodium
      hypochlorite concentrations.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the organic matter dissolution and changes in dentin
      chemical composition promoted by different concentrations of NaOCl over time.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fragments of bovine muscle tissue were weighed before and
      after 5, 10, and 15 min of immersion in the groups (n=10): G1- 0.9% saline
      solution; G2- 1% NaOCl; G3- 2.5% NaOCl; and G4- 5% NaOCl. Bovine dentin fragments
      were subjected to the same irrigants and absorption spectra were collected by
      Attenuated Total Reflectance of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR
      FTIR) before and after 0,5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 min of immersion in the
      solutions. The ratios of the amide III/phosphate and carbonate/phosphate
      absorption bands were determined. The tissue dissolution and carbonate/phosphate
      ratios were submitted to the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's
      multiple-comparison test (alpha<0.05) and to the one-way analysis of variance
      with Tukey's (alpha<0.05). The amide III/phosphate ratio was analyzed by Friedman
      test (alpha<0.05) and the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc (alpha<0.05).
      RESULTS: The increase in NaOCl concentration and contact time intensified the
      dissolution of organic matter and dentin collagen with reduction in the amide
      III/phosphate ratio. Significant differences between all groups (p<0.05) were
      observed in the dissolution of organic matter at 10 min and in the amide
      III/phosphate ratio between the saline solution and 5% NaOCl at 5 min. The
      carbonate/phosphate ratio decreased significantly in G2, G3, and G4 after 0,5 min
      of immersion (p<0.05), but more alterations did not occur in the subsequent
      periods (p>0.05). Intergroup differences were not observed in this ratio
      (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the exposure time and in the concentration
      of NaOCl solution lead to an increase in the tissue dissolution and dentin
      collagen deproteination. Furthermore, some carbonate ions are removed from the
      dentin inorganic phase by the NaOCl.

PMID- 27383713
TI  - Retraction.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150393.].

PMID- 27383712
TI  - Fifty years of Brazilian Dental Materials Group: scientific contributions of
      dental materials field evaluated by systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A systematic review was conducted to analyze Brazilian scientific and
      technological production related to the dental materials field over the past 50
      years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items
      for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (Prisma) statement. Searches were
      performed until December 2014 in six databases: MedLine (PubMed), Scopus, LILACS,
      IBECS, BBO, and the Cochrane Library. Additionally, the Brazilian patent database
      (INPI - Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial) was screened in order to
      get an overview of Brazilian technological development in the dental materials
      field. Two reviewers independently analyzed the documents. Only studies and
      patents related to dental materials were included in this review. Data regarding
      the material category, dental specialty, number of documents and patents,
      filiation countries, and the number of citations were tabulated and analyzed in
      Microsoft Office Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United
      States). RESULTS: A total of 115,806 studies and 53 patents were related to
      dental materials and were included in this review. Brazil had 8% affiliation in
      studies related to dental materials, and the majority of the papers published
      were related to dental implants (1,137 papers), synthetic resins (681 papers),
      dental cements (440 papers), dental alloys (392 papers) and dental adhesives (361
      papers). The Brazilian technological development with patented dental materials
      was smaller than the scientific production. The most patented type of material
      was dental alloys (11 patents), followed by dental implants (8 patents) and
      composite resins (7 patents). CONCLUSIONS: Dental materials science has had a
      substantial number of records, demonstrating an important presence in scientific
      and technological development of dentistry. In addition, it is important to
      approximate the relationship between academia and industry to expand the
      technological development in countries such as Brazil.

PMID- 27383715
TI  - Social Support for Older Adults-A Bane or a Boon for their Health?

PMID- 27383714
TI  - Utilizing the micron sized non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma inside the
      animal body for the tumor treatment application.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the effects of micron sized non-thermal atmospheric
      pressure plasma inside the animal body on breast cancer tumor. The MU-plasma jet
      consists of micron sized hollow tube in which pure helium gas is ionized by high
      voltage (4 kV) and high frequency (6 kHz). The efficiency of the plasma treatment
      in killing cancer cells was first investigated by cell viability measurements of
      treated 4T1 cells using flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis. For exploration
      of the in vivo effects of the plasma treatment, the BALB/c mice inoculated by 4T1
      cell lines were exposed subcutaneously to plasma for 3 minutes. In addition, H&E
      staining, TUNEL and Western blotting assays were performed in order to observed
      the effects of the non-thermal plasma on the tumor cells. The results showed that
      the efficiency of the plasma in suppression of the tumor growth is comparable to
      that of a typical chemotherapy drug. Moreover, the results indicated that the
      plasma induces apoptosis in the tumor tissue and increases the ratio of the
      apoptotic to anti-apoptotic protein expression. We believe that these findings
      presented herein may extend our knowledge of the mechanisms by which the plasma
      exerts its promising anti-cancer effects.

PMID- 27383716
TI  - Prevalence and Correlates of Internet Gaming Problem among Internet Users:
      Results from an Internet Survey.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The current study aimed to establish the prevalence of internet
      gaming disorder (IGD) and its association with demographic characteristics, game
      genre, game use (time spent on gaming), as well as psychological distress, social
      phobia and well-being among current online gamers in Singapore. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A total of 1251 participants aged 13 to 40 years completed the study
      which was administered as a web survey. The online questionnaire was designed
      using QuestionPro, and consisted of 8 sections and 105 questions. The 9-item
      Internet Gaming Disorder Questionnaire was used to establish the prevalence of
      IGD in the study. A series of logistic regression models were used to examine the
      associations between IGD, demographic characteristics and game genre, as well as
      IGD and psychological distress, social phobia and well-being. RESULTS: The
      prevalence of IGD established using a cutoff of 5 among those who were current
      online gamers was 17.7%. Multiple logistic regressions revealed that those
      meeting criteria of IGD were more likely to be older, reported an earlier age of
      onset of playing online games, had primary and secondary education versus
      tertiary education, were currently students versus being currently employed and
      played massively multiplayer online role-playing games. Distress and social
      anxiety were higher while satisfaction with life was significantly lower among
      those who met criteria for IGD than those who did not meet the criteria.
      CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IGD and its negative consequences in our sample of
      current online gamers was significant and point towards the need for further
      clinical studies and innovative interventions to address the problem.

PMID- 27383717
TI  - Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking and Accuracy of Self-Reporting in Pregnant Women at
      a Public Hospital for Women and Children.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Denial of smoking status by pregnant women presents a missed
      opportunity for referral to smoking cessation programmes that are shown to be
      effective in helping them quit smoking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional
      epidemiological survey was conducted to detect the true prevalence of active
      smoking pregnant patients and the accuracy of self-reporting, investigate the
      sociodemographic risk factors and test the knowledge of pregnant patients on
      adverse effects of smoking. This involved 972 antenatal patients of a maternity
      hospital where participants completed a sociodemographic data survey and answered
      a knowledge questionnaire. Urine cotinine testing was carried out after informed
      consent. RESULTS: The prevalence of active smokers was 5.2% (n = 50) with 3% (n =
      29) being light smokers and 2.2% (n = 21) being heavy smokers. This was
      significantly higher than self-reported active smoking status of 3.7% (n = 36; P
      = 0.02). The Malay race, being aged less than 20 years and not having tertiary
      level qualifications independently increased the likelihood of being an active
      smoker. Knowledge of the adverse effects of smoking was generally good with a
      mean total score of 8.18 out of 10 but there were differences amongst the non
      smokers, passive smokers, light smokers and active smokers (P = 0.012).
      CONCLUSION: While the prevalence of active smoking among pregnant women is low in
      Singapore compared to other countries, this study substantiated the unreliability
      of self-reporting of smoking status in the pregnant population which could
      complicate referral to smoking cessation programmes. The lower awareness of the
      harms of smoking during pregnancy among smokers highlights a potential area for
      improvement.

PMID- 27383718
TI  - A Retrospective Review of Imaging and Operative Modalities Performed in Patients
      with Primary Hyperparathyroidism at a Mid-Volume Surgical Centre in Southeast
      Asia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: A paradigm shift appears to have occurred worldwide in surgery for
      primary hyperparathyroidism with the advent of sensitive preoperative imaging
      techniques. Preoperative imaging for parathyroid adenoma localisation was not
      found to be useful in a study conducted in Singapore in the 1990s. This study
      aimed to explore what the change has been in preoperative localisation tools
      compared to the previous study and if the ability of these tools to correctly
      localise pathologic parathyroid glands has improved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      retrospective review of patients who had surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism
      at our institution during the period 2005 to 2014 was carried out. Individuals
      with positive, as opposed to those with negative preoperative imaging, were
      compared with regard to whether they underwent limited focal or bilateral neck
      exploration. Length of hospital stay (LOHS) was also compared between patients
      who underwent limited versus bilateral exploration. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients
      who had preoperative imaging and surgery were evaluated. True positive rates of
      sestamibi, ultrasound and 4-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) scans were
      63.8%, 72.4% and 90%, respectively. Eighty percent of patients who had positive
      localisation had limited exploration. LOHS was 2.8 days (1.6, 4.8) and 4.3 days
      (2.1, 9.0) for limited and bilateral exploration respectively, P = 0.011.
      CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the marked change in the surgical landscape for
      primary hyperparathyroidism in the last 2 decades in Singapore. Improved
      preoperative localisation has resulted in a swing from predominantly bilateral,
      to limited exploration in almost all cases of primary hyperparathyroidism due to
      solitary adenoma. LOHS was significantly shorter in patients who had limited as
      compared to those who had bilateral exploration.

PMID- 27383719
TI  - The Impact of Education Reform: An Asian Medical School's Experience.
AB  - This study assessed the effectiveness of education reforms on student-reported
      learning outcomes at the end of the 5-year medical school (M5) and 1-year
      internship (HO) in 2006, 2007 and 2008. A self-administered anonymous survey with
      17 learning outcomes assessed, derived from Harden's Three-Circle Outcomes Model
      for outcomes-based education, was administered to 683 students at the end of
      medical school (M5) and internship (HO) from 2006, 2007 and 2008. We identified
      learning outcomes which changed significantly for internship (Cohorts A, B and C)
      and medical school (Cohorts B, C and D) between cohorts from 2006 to 2008, and
      compared learning outcomes between medical school and internship within cohorts
      (i.e. Cohort B which was M5 in 2006 and HO in 2007; Cohort C which was M5 in 2007
      and HO in 2008). The proportion of students who agreed that medical school helped
      them achieve learning outcomes increased significantly from 2006 to 2008 for 15
      out of 17 learning outcomes assessed. The proportion of students who agreed that
      internship helped them achieve learning outcomes increased significantly from
      2006 to 2008 for 6 learning outcomes assessed. For Cohorts B and C, internship
      was more effective than medical school in achieving 8 learning outcomes. Cohort C
      reported that internship was more effective than medical school in 3 additional
      learning outcomes than Cohort B: patient management, humility and dedication. We
      conclude that a successful journey of education reform is an ongoing process that
      needs to comprehensively address multifaceted components such as faculty,
      administration and curriculum. 

PMID- 27383720
TI  - Enhancing Doctors' and Healthcare Professionals' Patient-care Role through Actor
      training: Workshop Participants' Responses.

PMID- 27383721
TI  - Are We Working Too Hard?-A Functional Scoring of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

PMID- 27383722
TI  - The Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Intensive Care Unit Staff and
      the Common Coping Strategies Used.

PMID- 27383723
TI  - Dermatologic Screening in an Elderly Community with Low Socioeconomic Status in
      Singapore.

PMID- 27383724
TI  - Nerve Transfer for Elbow Extension in Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Palsy.

PMID- 27383725
TI  - On the Route to the Photogeneration of Heteroaryl Cations. The Case of
      Halothiophenes.
AB  - 2-Chloro-, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodothiophenes undergo photochemical dehalogenation
      via the triplet state. In the presence of suitable pi-bond nucleophiles,
      thienylation occurs with modest yield from chloro and bromo derivatives (via
      photogenerated triplet 2-thienyl cation). Specific trapping by using oxygen along
      with computational analysis carried out by means of a density functional method
      support that, in the case of iodo derivatives, homolytic thienyl-I bond
      fragmentation occurs first and heteroaryl cations are formed by electron transfer
      within the triplet radical pair, thus opening an indirect access to such cations.

PMID- 27383726
TI  - Tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteria among HIV-infected individuals in
      Ghana.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and clinical importance of previously
      unrecognised tuberculosis (TB) and isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria
      (NTM) among HIV-infected individuals in a teaching hospital in Ghana. METHODS:
      Intensified mycobacterial case finding was conducted among HIV-positive
      individuals before initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Data were
      collected on socio-demographic characteristics, medical history and TB-related
      signs and symptoms, and participants were followed for six months to determine
      treatment and vital status. Two sputum samples were obtained and examined for
      mycobacteria with smear microscopy, culture and Xpert MTB/RIF assay. NTM species
      were identified with the GenoType Mycobacterium CM/AS or sequence analysis of 16S
      rRNA gene. RESULTS: Of 473 participants, 60 (12.7%) had confirmed pulmonary TB,
      and 38 (8.0%) had positive cultures for NTM. Mycobacterium avium complex was
      identified in 9/38 (23.7%) of NTM isolates. Participants with NTM isolated were
      more likely to have CD4 cell count< 100 cells/MUL (aOR 2.37; 95% CI: 1.10-5.14),
      BMI<18.5kg/m(2) (aOR 2.51; 95% CI: 1.15-5.51) and fever >=2 weeks (aOR 2.76; 95%
      CI: 1.27-6.03) at baseline than participants with no mycobacteria. By six months,
      76 (16.1%) participants had died; 20 (33.3%) with confirmed TB and 9 (23.7%) with
      NTM-positive culture. Mortality at six months was independently associated with
      TB diagnosis at enrolment (aHR 1.97; 95% CI 1.09-3.59), but not with NTM
      isolation after controlling for age, sex, CD4 cell count, BMI, prolonged fever
      and ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS: Intensified mycobacterial screening of HIV
      infected individuals revealed a high burden of unrecognised pulmonary TB before
      ART initiation, which increased risk of death within six months. NTM were
      frequently isolated and associated with signs of poor clinical status but not
      with increased mortality.

PMID- 27383727
TI  - Electrochemical Surface Interrogation of a MoS2 Hydrogen-Evolving Catalyst: In
      Situ Determination of the Surface Hydride Coverage and the Hydrogen Evolution
      Kinetics.
AB  - The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on an electrodeposited a-MoS2 electrode was
      investigated by a surface-selective electrochemical titration technique by
      application of surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy. In a
      mildly acidic (pH 4.6) environment, the saturated surface hydride coverage of
      MoS2 was determined to be 31%, much higher than that expected for a crystalline
      nanoparticle. The HER rate constant of a surface molybdenum atom was measured for
      the first time in situ to be 3.8 s(-1) at a 600 mV overpotential. At high Mo-H
      coverages, a change in the nature of the active sites was observed upon
      consumption of Mo-H by HER. 

PMID- 27383728
TI  - Keeping FIT, storing fat: Lipid droplet biogenesis.
AB  - All eukaryotes store excess lipids in organelles known as lipid droplets (LDs),
      which play central roles in lipid metabolism. Understanding LD biogenesis and
      metabolism is critical for understanding the pathophysiology of lipid metabolic
      disorders like obesity and atherosclerosis. LDs are composed of a core of neutral
      lipids surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids that often contains coat
      proteins. Nascent LDs bud from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but the mechanism
      is not known. In this commentary we discuss our recent finding that a conserved
      family of proteins called fat storage-inducing transmembrane (FIT) proteins is
      necessary for LDs budding from the ER. In cells lacking FIT proteins, LDs remain
      in the ER membrane. C. elegans has a single FIT protein (FITM-2), which we found
      is essential; almost all homozygous fitm-2 animals die as larvae and those that
      survive to adulthood give rise to embryos that die as L1 and L2 larvae.
      Homozygous fitm-2 animals have a number of abnormalities including a significant
      decrease in intestinal LDs and dramatic defects in muscle development.
      Understanding how FIT proteins mediate LD biogenesis and what roles they play in
      lipid metabolism and development are fascinating challenges for the future. 

PMID- 27383729
TI  - A mechanical pencil lead-supported carbon nanotube/Au nanodendrite structure as
      an electrochemical sensor for As(iii) detection.
AB  - A mechanical pencil lead (MPL), an easily obtainable carbon-based material with a
      consistent size, was used as a frame to construct an MPL-supported carbon
      nanotube/Au nanodendrite (MPL-CNT/AuND) sensor through simple electrodeposition
      of Au onto the MPL in the presence of CNTs. A nanodendrite structure was adopted
      to ensure large numbers of active electrochemical sites because of its
      hierarchical structure with well-aligned terraces; the CNTs were used to firmly
      adhere the fabricated Au nanodendrites to the MPL surface to ensure ruggedness.
      The MPL-CNT/AuND structure was used to measure As3+ samples in a concentration
      range from 0.5 to 80 ppb using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The variation
      in peak intensities was linear (R2: 0.997), and the limit of detection (LOD) was
      0.4 ppb. The average relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak intensities
      from the voltammograms of each sample collected using three separately prepared
      MPL-CNT/AuNDs was 8.7%, thereby demonstrating good sensor-to-sensor
      reproducibility. Furthermore, when three As3+ samples prepared in tap water were
      measured, the accuracy was maintained without noticeable degradation and the
      response was steady up to 50-cycle measurements.

PMID- 27383730
TI  - Aerosol Nanoencapsulation: Single-Pass Floating Self-Assembly of Biofunctional
      Hybrid Nanoplatforms.
AB  - Multifunctional nanoplatforms were prepared via floating self-assembly using a
      hard nanoparticle (NP) as the core and a modified-polymer (MP, cholesterol
      chitosan linked with polyethylenimine) droplet as the shell in a single-pass
      aerosol nanoencapsulation process. The floating hard NPs (silica, calcium
      carbonate, gold-decorated graphene oxide, and thiol-capped gold) were directly
      injected into MP droplets at the opening of a spraying device. Subsequently, the
      solvent was thermally extracted from the droplets, resulting in the formation of
      biofunctional nanoplatforms. Measured in vitro, the genes complexed with the
      nanoplatforms were transfected into target cells, exhibiting higher efficiencies
      for the MP particles alone without a significant increase in in vitro cell
      cytotoxicity. The aerosol encapsulation could be further extended to prepare
      other combinations [gold-silica and gold-calcium carbonate including doxorubicin
      (Dox)] using the MP, and their hybrid natures demonstrated photothermal cancer
      cell killing and chemo-thermal Dox release capabilities through surface plasmon
      resonance heating. 

PMID- 27383731
TI  - Investigation of Solute-Fiber Affinity and Orientational Ordering of
      Norbornadiene Interacting with Two-Polypeptide Chiral Liquid Crystalline Solvents
      by Natural Abundance Deuterium (NAD) NMR.
AB  - A prochiral bridged compound of C2v symmetry, the norbornadiene (NBD), oriented
      in a chiral liquid crystal composed of various mixtures of poly-gamma-benzyl-l
      glutamate (PBLG) and poly-epsilon-carboxy-l-lysine (PCBLL), two chiral
      homopolypeptides, is investigated using natural abundance deuterium 2D-NMR (NAD
      2D-NMR) spectroscopy. In such chiral oriented solvents, enantiotopic directions
      are spectrally nonequivalent, and two distinct (2)H quadrupolar doublets
      associated with enantioisotopomeric pairs of NBD are detected. As the two
      homopolypeptides have the same absolute configuration but distinct chemical
      functions in their side chains, the variation of residual quadrupolar couplings
      (RQC's) allows the determination of the relative solute-fiber affinities toward
      the two polypeptides in these lyotropic bipolymeric systems. Besides the
      experimental measurement of RQC's and the determination of their signs at each
      inequivalent (2)H site, the elements of the second-rank order tensor, Salphabeta,
      are calculated by assuming a modeled structure. The variations of RQC's and
      diagonalized order parameters, Salpha'alpha', are followed versus the relative
      proportion of two polypeptides in the chiral oriented mixture. The influence of
      the solute mass fraction in the two-homopolypeptide oriented samples is also
      examined as well as the case of homogeneous and uniform achiral mesophases "PBG
      PCBL" made of two pairs of mirror-image homopolypeptides (PBLG/PBDG and
      PCBLL/PCBDL). In the latter, the solute ordering is modulated by the proportion
      of each type of homopolypeptide (chemical nature and absolute configuration),
      leading to eliminate the enantiodiscrimination mechanisms on the average. In the
      frame of a model, new insights on the solute-homopolypeptide fiber interactions
      are discussed. 

PMID- 27383732
TI  - Association Between Enoxaparin Dosage Adjusted by Anti-Factor Xa Trough Level and
      Clinically Evident Venous Thromboembolism After Trauma.
AB  - Importance: Trauma patients are at high risk for developing venous
      thromboembolism (VTE). The VTE rate when enoxaparin sodium is dosed by anti
      factor Xa (anti-Xa) trough level is not well described. Objective: To determine
      whether targeting a prophylactic anti-Xa trough level by adjusting the enoxaparin
      dose would reduce the VTE rate in trauma patients. Design, Setting, and
      Participants: Single-institution, historic vs prospective cohort comparison study
      at an urban, academic, level I trauma center. The prospective cohort was enrolled
      from August 2014 to May 2015 and compared with a historic cohort admitted from
      August 2013 to May 2014. Trauma patients who received enoxaparin adjusted by anti
      Xa trough level (adjustment group) were compared with those who received
      enoxaparin sodium at a dosage of 30 mg twice daily (control group). Patients were
      excluded if they were younger than 18 years, had a length of hospital stay less
      than 2 days, or had preexisting deep vein thrombosis. Patients were excluded from
      the adjustment group for changes in the choice of thromboprophylaxis (heparin,
      enoxaparin once-daily dosing, early ambulation), hospital discharge before
      initial trough levels could be drawn, or incorrect timing of trough levels.
      Exposures: Anti-Xa trough levels were monitored in patients in the adjustment
      group receiving 3 or more consecutive doses of enoxaparin sodium, 30 mg twice
      daily. Patients with a trough level of 0.1 IU/mL or lower received enoxaparin
      sodium increased by 10-mg increments. After providing 3 adjusted doses of
      enoxaparin, the trough level was redrawn and the dosage was adjusted as
      necessary. Patients in the control group received enoxaparin sodium at a dosage
      of 30 mg twice daily without adjustments. Main Outcomes and Measures: Rates of
      symptomatic VTE (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, confirmed by duplex
      ultrasonography and chest computed tomographic angiography, respectively) and
      bleeding risk. Results: A total of 205 patients (mean [SD] age, 41.3 [18.2]
      years; 75.1% male) were studied, 87 in the adjustment group and 118 in the
      control group, with similar baseline characteristics and injury profiles.
      Subprophylactic anti-Xa troughs were noted in 73 of 87 patients (83.9%) in the
      adjustment group, and the majority of patients (57 of 87 patients [65.5%])
      required dosage adjustment of enoxaparin sodium to 40 mg twice daily. Incidence
      of VTE was significantly lower in the adjustment group than in the control group
      (1.1% vs 7.6%, respectively; P = .046). When the adjustment group was compared
      with the control group, no significant difference was noted in the rate of packed
      red blood cell transfusion (6.9% vs 12.7%, respectively; P = .18) or mean (SD)
      hematocrit at discharge (34.5% [6.3%] vs 33.4% [6.8%], respectively [to convert
      to proportion of 1.0, multiply by 0.01]; P = .19). Conclusions and Relevance: In
      this study, subprophylactic anti-Xa trough levels were common in trauma patients.
      Enoxaparin dosage adjustment may lead to a reduced rate of VTE without an
      increased risk of bleeding.

PMID- 27383733
TI  - The rising incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and is completion
      surgery necessary or not?
AB  - Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is defined as a papillary cancer that is
      1 cm or less in its maximal diameter. The incidence of thyroid cancer has
      increased during the past 30 years. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
      rising incidence of PTMC (papillary thyroid microcarcinoma) and whether is
      lobectomy enough or not. The data of 462 consecutive patients who underwent
      thyroidectomy (hemithyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy) at the Hacettepe
      University Hospitals Department of ENT from 2000 to 2015 were analyzed. Surgical
      procedure, histopathologic examinations, postoperative complications, follow-up
      time and mortality were recorded. USG and FNAC were performed on all cases. Of
      the 344 patients with thyroid malignancy and 118 patients underwent total
      laryngectomy with thyroidectomy. 364 patients with TT and 98 patients with HT.
      The first group included 204 patients (Surgery time 2000-2007), 91 of them (
      44.6%) had PTMC. The second group included 258 patients, 192of them (74,4%) had
      PTMC (p<0.001). 22 Patients with PTMC underwent completion surgery and 40 of them
      just followed by hemithyroidectomy. There was no recurrence. PTMC has been rising
      incidence because of ,pathological and radiological, increased awareness and
      completion surgery is not necessary for all PTMC cases especially incidental
      PTMC. 

PMID- 27383734
TI  - Analysis of hearing improvement in the patients operated on due to otosclerosis
      in the Otolaryngology Department of Jagiellonian University of Cracow, Poland.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Otosclerosis is the most common cause of condactive hearing loss
      between 15 and 50 years old. The most common symptoms are hearinglosss and
      tinnitus. Surgery is currently the preferred treatment method. AIM: The aim of
      our study was to analyze the outcomes of patients treated surgically due to
      otosclerosis in terms of the observed changes in pure tone audiometry and speech
      audiometryMaterial and methods:We observated 300 patients operated on middle ear
      for the fist time in the Department of Otolarygology at the Jagiellonian
      University of Cracow from 2010 to 2011. We used a special questinnaire which
      includes diagnostics of the ears disease,pure tone audiometry, speech audiometrii
      and longterm effects. RESULTS: We discuss 53 operated ears and analyze changes in
      pure tone audiometry. We divided patients into 2 groups depending on 100% speech
      understanding in speech auodiometry or not. CONCLUSION: 1. Lack of 100% speech
      understanding in speech audiometry correlated with greater sensorineural hearing
      loss than in patients who achieved 100% speech understanding prior to surgery. 2.
      Lack of 100% speech understanding in speech audiometry is a predictive factor for
      worse prognosis in improving hearing in patients operated on for otosclerosis. 3.
      Reconstruction of the ossicular chain in patients, regardless of the degree of
      speech understanding, did not produce significant changes in the average values
      of bone conduction.

PMID- 27383736
TI  - Advantages and disadvantages of the Belgian not-only-fault system for medical
      incidents.
AB  - In 2010, the Belgian compensation system for medical incidents was reformed, in
      order to overcome some important deficiencies of court procedures. This resulted
      in a not-only-fault compensation system, following the establishment of the Fund
      for Medical Accidents (FMA). This paper seeks to clarify the main advantages and
      disadvantages of this reform. After all, the legislator paid little attention to
      the impact on physicians, who also seem to be insufficiently informed. However,
      currently the FMA experiences a significant delay in processing compensation
      requests. The true effects of the not-only-fault system for patients and
      physicians as well as for health care quality therefore still remain unclear
      today.

PMID- 27383735
TI  - Importance of mosquito "quasispecies" in selecting an epidemic arthropod-borne
      virus.
AB  - Most arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), perpetuated by alternation between a
      vertebrate host and an insect vector, are likely to emerge through minor genetic
      changes enabling the virus to adapt to new hosts. In the past decade, chikungunya
      virus (CHIKV; Alphavirus, Togaviridae) has emerged on La Reunion Island following
      the selection of a unique substitution in the CHIKV E1 envelope glycoprotein (E1
      A226V) of an East-Central-South African (ECSA) genotype conferring a higher
      transmission rate by the mosquito Aedes albopictus. Assumed to have occurred
      independently on at least four separate occasions, this evolutionary convergence
      was suspected to be responsible for CHIKV worldwide expansion. However,
      assumptions on CHIKV emergence were mainly based on viral genetic changes and the
      role of the mosquito population quasispecies remained unexplored. Here we show
      that the nature of the vector population is pivotal in selecting the epidemic
      CHIKV. We demonstrate using microsatellites mosquito genotyping that Ae.
      albopictus populations are genetically differentiated, contributing to explain
      their differential ability to select the E1-226V mutation. Aedes albopictus,
      newly introduced in Congo coinciding with the first CHIKV outbreak, was not able
      to select the substitution E1-A226V nor to preferentially transmit a CHIKV clone
      harboring the E1-226V as did Ae. albopictus from La Reunion.

PMID- 27383737
TI  - Molecular dyad approaches to the detection and photosensitization of singlet
      oxygen for biological applications.
AB  - The principles and prospects of a molecular dyad strategy for photocontrolling
      biological singlet oxygen are highlighted. 

PMID- 27383738
TI  - Antibody complement-mediated hemolytic studies with kodecytes reveal that human
      complement utilized in the classical pathway is more stable than generally
      accepted.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complement has significant status in the field of transfusion
      medicine. The accepted stability profile of complement is based on historical
      studies of diluted human serum hemolyzing rabbit heterophile antibody-sensitized
      sheep red blood cells (RBCs). Contemporary tools are available to reevaluate
      these historical observations using human heterophile antibodies, undiluted
      serum, and antigen-modified human RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Human RBCs were
      made into "animal-like" kodecytes with heterophile Galalpha3Galbeta4GlcNAcbeta
      function-spacer-lipid constructs. These alpha-Gal-kodecytes were prepared with an
      antigen dilution capable of consistently producing 50% antibody-mediated
      hemolysis against human alpha1-3galactose heterophile antibodies and undiluted
      standardized serum. Standardized human serum aliquots from a two-donor pool
      stored at -85, -20, 4, 22, and 37 degrees C for durations of up to 150 days were
      evaluated for loss of hemolytic activity. Where practical methodologic procedures
      were aligned with historical studies. RESULTS: Comparison of the historical assay
      with the alpha-Gal-kodecyte assay against complement activity standards showed
      concordance. However, in most scenarios complement was found to be more than
      twice as stable as generally accepted. At least 60% of complement hemolytic
      activity was observed in serum stored at 22 degrees C for 1 week or 2 months at 4
      degrees C. No loss of hemolytic activity was observed after 5 months' storage at
      temperatures below -20 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: An alternative method using
      undiluted serum and modified human RBCs observed that classical-pathway
      complement hemolytic activity in stored human serum is at least twice as stable
      as previously accepted.

PMID- 27383739
TI  - High-Output-Power Ultraviolet Light Source from Quasi-2D GaN Quantum Structure.
AB  - Quasi-2D GaN layers inserted in an AlGaN matrix are proposed as a novel active
      region to develop a high-output-power UV light source. Such a structure is
      successfully achieved by precise control in molecular beam epitaxy and shows an
      amazing output power of ~160 mW at 285 nm with a pulsed electron-beam excitation.
      This device is promising and competitive in non-line-of-sight communications or
      the sterilization field.

PMID- 27383740
TI  - Reuse performance of granular-activated carbon and activated carbon fiber in
      catalyzed peroxymonosulfate oxidation.
AB  - Recently, activated carbon was investigated as an efficient heterogeneous metal
      free catalyst to directly activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of
      organic compounds. In this paper, the reuse performance and the possible
      deactivation reasons of granular-activated carbon (GAC) and activated carbon
      fiber (ACF) in PMS activation were investigated. As results indicated, the
      reusability of GAC, especially in the presence of high PMS dosage, was relatively
      superior to ACF in catalyzed PMS oxidation of Acid Orange 7 (AO7), which is much
      more easily adsorbed by ACF than by GAC. Pre-oxidation experiments were studied
      and it was demonstrated that PMS oxidation on ACF would retard ACF's deactivation
      to a big extent. After pre-adsorption with AO7, the catalytic ability of both GAC
      and ACF evidently diminished. However, when methanol was employed to extract the
      AO7-spent ACF, the catalytic ability could recover quite a bit. GAC and ACF could
      also effectively catalyze PMS to degrade Reactive Black 5 (RB5), which is very
      difficult to be adsorbed even by ACF, but both GAC and ACF have poor reuse
      performance for RB5 degradation. The original organic compounds or intermediate
      products adsorbed by GAC or ACF would be possibly responsible for the
      deactivation.

PMID- 27383741
TI  - Early-stage clear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma: imaging features and
      distinction from clear cell and papillary subtypes.
AB  - PURPOSE: Clear cell tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma (CCTPRCC) is a recently
      described, low-grade subtype of renal cancer. We determined if imaging features
      could be used to distinguish early-stage CCTPRCC from stage-matched clear cell
      RCC (ccRCC) and papillary RCC (pRCC). METHODS: This IRB-approved retrospective
      study included 54 stage T1a patients with pathologically confirmed CCTPRCC (n =
      18), ccRCC (n = 18), and pRCC (n = 18). CT (n = 48) and MRI (n = 27) exams were
      reviewed and imaging features compared. Continuous variables were evaluated using
      ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests. Categorical variables were compared
      using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Compared to pRCC, CCTPRCC
      had a lower mean attenuation value on unenhanced CT (p < 0.017), was more often
      hyperintense on T2-weighted images (p < 0.0001), showed an ill-defined margin (p
      = 0.003), and demonstrated nonenhancing areas (p = 0.0003). The presence of all
      three of these statistically significant features [hypoattenuation (unenhanced
      attenuation <=25 HU), ill-defined margin, nonenhancing areas] yielded an area
      under the receiver operator curve (ROC) of 0.92 (95% CI 0.83-0.99) for
      differentiating CCTPRCC from pRCC. There were no significant differences in the
      imaging features of CCTPRCC and ccRCC. CONCLUSIONS: Early-stage clear cell
      tubulopapillary renal cell carcinoma can be distinguished from papillary RCC
      based on low attenuation on unenhanced CT, high intensity on T2-weighted images,
      an ill-defined margin, and presence of nonenhancing areas, but cannot be
      distinguished from clear cell RCC.

PMID- 27383742
TI  - Three subgroups of pain profiles identified in 227 women with arthritis: a latent
      class analysis.
AB  - The objectives were to identify subgroups of women with arthritis based upon the
      multi-dimensional nature of their pain experience and to compare health and socio
      demographic variables between subgroups. A latent class analysis of 227 women
      with self-reported arthritis was used to identify clusters of women based upon
      the sensory, affective, and cognitive dimensions of the pain experience.
      Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the
      relationship between cluster membership and health and sociodemographic
      characteristics. A three-class cluster model was most parsimonious. 39.5 % of
      women had a unidimensional pain profile; 38.6 % of women had moderate
      multidimensional pain profile that included additional pain symptomatology such
      as sensory qualities and pain catastrophizing; and 21.9 % of women had severe
      multidimensional pain profile that included prominent pain symptomatology such as
      sensory and affective qualities of pain, pain catastrophizing, and neuropathic
      pain. Women with severe multidimensional pain profile have a 30.5 % higher risk
      of poorer quality of life and a 7.3 % higher risk of suffering depression, and
      women with moderate multidimensional pain profile have a 6.4 % higher risk of
      poorer quality of life when compared to women with unidimensional pain. This
      study identified three distinct subgroups of pain profiles in older women with
      arthritis. Women had very different experiences of pain, and cluster membership
      impacted significantly on health-related quality of life. These preliminary
      findings provide a stronger understanding of profiles of pain and may contribute
      to the development of tailored treatment options in arthritis.

PMID- 27383743
TI  - An Evidence-Based Antimicrobial Stewardship Smartphone App for Hospital
      Outpatients: Survey-based Needs Assessment Among Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current advances in modern technology have enabled the development
      and utilization of electronic medical software apps for both mobile and desktop
      computing devices. A range of apps on a large variety of clinical conditions for
      patients and the public are available, but very few target antimicrobials or
      infections. OBJECTIVE: We sought to explore the use of different antimicrobial
      information resources with a focus on electronic platforms, including apps for
      portable devices, by outpatients at two large, geographically distinct National
      Health Service (NHS) teaching hospital trusts in England. We wanted to determine
      whether there is demand for an evidence-based app for patients, to garner their
      perceptions around infections/antimicrobial prescribing, and to describe
      patients' experiences of their interactions with health care professionals in
      relation to this topic. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used to
      investigate aspects of antimicrobial prescribing and electronic devices
      experienced by patients at four hospitals in London and a teaching hospital in
      the East of England. RESULTS: A total of 99 surveys were completed and analyzed.
      A total of 82% (80/98) of respondents had recently been prescribed
      antimicrobials; 87% (85/98) of respondents were prescribed an antimicrobial by a
      hospital doctor or through their general practitioner (GP) in primary care.
      Respondents wanted information on the etiology (42/65, 65%) and prevention and/or
      management (32/65, 49%) of their infections, with the infections reported being
      upper and lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, oral, and skin and soft tissue
      infections. All patients (92/92, 100%) desired specific information on the
      antimicrobial prescribed. Approximately half (52/95, 55%) stated it was "fine"
      for doctors to use a mobile phone/tablet computer during the consultation while
      13% (12/95) did not support the idea of doctors accessing health care information
      in this way. Although only 30% (27/89) of respondents reported on the use of
      health care apps, 95% (81/85) offered information regarding aspects of
      antimicrobials or infections that could be provided through a tailored app for
      patients. Analysis of the comments revealed the following main global themes:
      knowledge, technology, and patient experience. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of
      respondents in our study wanted to have specific etiological and/or infection
      management advice. All required antimicrobial-related information. Also, most
      supported the use of electronic resources of information, including apps, by
      their doctors. While a minority of people currently use health apps, many feel
      that apps could be used to provide additional support/information related to
      infections and appropriate use of antimicrobials. In addition, we found that
      there is a need for health care professionals to engage with patients and help
      address common misconceptions around the generation of antimicrobial resistance.

PMID- 27383744
TI  - Localised Effects of a Mega-Disturbance: Spatiotemporal Responses of Intertidal
      Sandy Shore Communities to the 2010 Chilean Earthquake.
AB  - Determining the effects of unpredictable disturbances on dynamic ecological
      systems is challenged by the paucity of appropriate temporal and spatial coverage
      of data. On 27 February 2010, an 8.8 Mw mega-earthquake and tsunami struck
      central Chile and caused coastal land-level changes, massive damage to coastal
      infrastructure, and widespread mortality of coastal organisms. Wave-exposed sandy
      beaches showed significant changes of species abundances from before to after the
      earthquake, but the highly dynamic biotic and abiotic conditions of these
      habitats make difficult to draw clear-cut conclusions from these patterns. Here,
      we analysed a beyond-BACI (Before-After Control-Impact) sampling design to test
      whether the effects of the Maule earthquake on sandy-shore species diversity,
      abundance, and structure were heterogeneous along the shore. Invertebrate species
      abundances were quantified before (i.e. February 2010) and after (i.e. March
      2010, September 2010, and March 2011) the earthquake at three sandy shores
      randomly located within the earthquake rupture area and three sites within a
      "control" area located >400 km southward from epicentre. Immediately after the
      earthquake took place, the three sites located in the rupture area showed
      anomalous beach-profile uplifts that did not comply with the erosion (i.e.
      "negative" uplifts) that regularly occurs during late summer in the region.
      Species richness, abundance, and community structure significantly varied from
      before to after the strike, but these patterns of change varied among sites
      within both areas. Only the site with the strongest and persistent beach-profile
      uplift within the rupture area showed significant concomitant changes in species
      richness and community structure; after 13 months, this community showed a
      similar multivariate structure to the before-disturbance state. This site, in
      particular, was located in the section of the rupture area that received most of
      the impact of the after-earthquake tsunami. Therefore, our results suggest that
      the effects of the Maule mega-earthquake on the ecological communities were
      spatially heterogeneous and highly localised. We suggest that high mobility and
      other species' adaptations to the dynamic environmental conditions of sandy
      beaches might explain the comparatively high resilience of these assemblages.
      With this work we hope to motivate further experimental research on the role of
      individual- and population-level properties in the response of sandy-beach
      communities to interacting sources of disturbances. 

PMID- 27383745
TI  - The perceived constraints subscale of the Sense of Mastery Scale: dimensionality
      and measurement invariance.
AB  - PURPOSE: A number of studies have reported differences in sense of mastery and
      perceived control across different subgroups. Yet, few have examined measurement
      invariance, an important prerequisite for valid comparisons. This study examines
      the factorial structure and measurement invariance of the perceived constraints
      (PC) facet of Pearlin and Schooler's (1981) Sense of Mastery Scale (SM) which is
      a commonly used short form of the widely used SM scale. METHODS: Confirmatory
      factor analyses using AMOS and Mplus were conducted to explore dimensionality and
      test for measurement invariance in factor structure, factor loadings, intercepts,
      and residual variances across gender, age, education, income, and employment
      status in a large (N = 19,858), nationally representative sample of Norwegian
      males and females aged 16-100. RESULTS: The data supported a modified
      unidimensional model specifying correlations between the error terms of items 4
      and 5, or possibly two highly correlated dimensions (r = 0.90). Metric invariance
      of the scale was shown for age, education, and employment, whereas invariance at
      the strong and strict levels was shown for gender and income. Partial invariance
      at the strong level was shown for age. CONCLUSIONS: This Norwegian study
      supported a modified unidimensional structure for the abbreviated SM scale.
      Invariance testing indicated that comparisons across genders and income levels
      are unproblematic, whilst comparing mean scores across education and employment
      status is not justified. Latent, but not sum score means are comparable across
      age. Future studies using all 7 items of SM scale should provide more information
      on dimensionality and measurement invariance.

PMID- 27383746
TI  - Alterations of the Lipid Metabolome in Dairy Cows Experiencing Excessive
      Lipolysis Early Postpartum.
AB  - A decrease in insulin sensitivity enhances adipose tissue lipolysis helping early
      lactation cows counteracting their energy deficit. However, excessive lipolysis
      poses serious health risks for cows, and its underlying mechanisms are not
      clearly understood. The present study used targeted ESI-LC-MS/MS-based
      metabolomics and indirect insulin sensitivity measurements to evaluate metabolic
      alterations in the serum of dairy cows of various parities experiencing variable
      lipolysis early postpartum. Thirty (12 primiparous and 18 multiparous) cows of
      Holstein Friesian and Simmental breeds, fed the same diet and kept under the same
      management conditions, were sampled at d 21 postpartum and classified as low (n =
      10), medium (n = 8), and high (n = 12) lipolysis groups, based on serum
      concentration of nonesterified fatty acids. Overall, excessive lipolysis in the
      high group came along with impaired estimated insulin sensitivity and
      characteristic shifts in acylcarnitine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine and
      lysophospholipid metabolome profiles compared to the low group. From the detected
      phosphatidylcholines mainly those with diacyl-residues showed differences among
      lipolysis groups. Furthermore, more than half of the detected sphingomyelins were
      increased in cows experiencing high lipomobilization. Additionally, strong
      differences in serum acylcarnitines were noticed among lipolysis groups. The
      study suggests an altered serum phospholipidome in dairy cows associated with an
      increase in certain long-chain sphingomyelins and the progression of disturbed
      insulin function. In conclusion, the present study revealed 37 key metabolites as
      part of alterations in the synthesis or breakdown of sphingolipids and
      phospholipids associated with lowered estimated insulin sensitivity and excessive
      lipolysis in early-lactating cows. 

PMID- 27383748
TI  - Initial founders of captive populations are genetically representative of natural
      populations in critically endangered dusky gopher frogs, Lithobates sevosus.
AB  - The rapid rate of decline in amphibian populations has urged many researchers and
      conservationists to establish captive, or ex situ, populations. Such populations
      are guarded against effects of habitat loss and degradation, and if actively
      managed, can serve as a reservoir for rare alleles that might be lost in the
      wild. Without proper management, ex situ population sizes can dwindle and will no
      longer perform this function. The dusky gopher frog, Lithobates sevosus, is a
      critically endangered species, imperiled by habitat loss and population
      isolation. To assist in recovery of the species and prevent further genetic
      erosion, a captive breeding program was initiated. We investigated how well
      natural genetic variation was captured within the ex situ population and
      determined relatedness within each ex situ population. We genotyped individuals
      from two natural populations and two founding, captive populations to compare
      metrics of genetic variation and relatedness. The data show the initial founder
      populations are genetically representative of the natural populations, although
      variation is low in each, and that relatedness values are similar. Therefore,
      founding captive populations were successful at capturing genetic variation in
      the wild. Future research should continue to compare genetic variation of captive
      and natural populations to monitor efficacy of their management programs. Zoo
      Biol. 35:378-384, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27383747
TI  - In-situ coupling between kinase activities and protein dynamics within single
      focal adhesions.
AB  - The dynamic activation of oncogenic kinases and regulation of focal adhesions
      (FAs) are crucial molecular events modulating cell adhesion in cancer metastasis.
      However, it remains unclear how these events are temporally coordinated at single
      FA sites. Therefore, we targeted fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)
      based biosensors toward subcellular FAs to report local molecular events during
      cancer cell adhesion. Employing single FA tracking and cross-correlation
      analysis, we quantified the dynamic coupling characteristics between biochemical
      kinase activities and structural FA within single FAs. We show that kinase
      activations and FA assembly are strongly and sequentially correlated, with the
      concurrent FA assembly and Src activation leading focal adhesion kinase (FAK)
      activation by 42.6 +/- 12.6 sec. Strikingly, the temporal coupling between kinase
      activation and individual FA assembly reflects the fate of FAs at later stages.
      The FAs with a tight coupling tend to grow and mature, while the less coupled FAs
      likely disassemble. During FA disassembly, however, kinase activations lead the
      disassembly, with FAK being activated earlier than Src. Therefore, by integrating
      subcellularly targeted FRET biosensors and computational analysis, our study
      reveals intricate interplays between Src and FAK in regulating the dynamic life
      of single FAs in cancer cells.

PMID- 27383750
TI  - Moved by words: Affective ratings for a set of 2,266 Spanish words in five
      discrete emotion categories.
AB  - The two main theoretical accounts of the human affective space are the
      dimensional perspective and the discrete-emotion approach. In recent years,
      several affective norms have been developed from a dimensional perspective,
      including ratings for valence and arousal. In contrast, the number of published
      datasets relying on the discrete-emotion approach is much lower. There is a need
      to fill this gap, considering that discrete emotions have an effect on word
      processing above and beyond those of valence and arousal. In the present study,
      we present ratings from 1,380 participants for a set of 2,266 Spanish words in
      five discrete emotion categories: happiness, anger, fear, disgust, and sadness.
      This will be the largest dataset published to date containing ratings for
      discrete emotions. We also present, for the first time, a fine-grained analysis
      of the distribution of words into the five emotion categories. This analysis
      reveals that happiness words are the most consistently related to a single,
      discrete emotion category. In contrast, there is a tendency for many negative
      words to belong to more than one discrete emotion. The only exception is disgust
      words, which overlap least with the other negative emotions. Normative valence
      and arousal data already exist for all of the words included in this corpus.
      Thus, the present database will allow researchers to design studies to contrast
      the predictions of the two most influential theoretical perspectives in this
      field. These studies will undoubtedly contribute to a deeper understanding of the
      effects of emotion on word processing.

PMID- 27383751
TI  - A study of artificial eyes for the measurement of precision in eye-trackers.
AB  - The precision of an eye-tracker is critical to the correct identification of eye
      movements and their properties. To measure a system's precision, artificial eyes
      (AEs) are often used, to exclude eye movements influencing the measurements. A
      possible issue, however, is that it is virtually impossible to construct AEs with
      sufficient complexity to fully represent the human eye. To examine the
      consequences of this limitation, we tested currently used AEs from three
      manufacturers of eye-trackers and compared them to a more complex model, using 12
      commercial eye-trackers. Because precision can be measured in various ways, we
      compared different metrics in the spatial domain and analyzed the power-spectral
      densities in the frequency domain. To assess how precision measurements compare
      in artificial and human eyes, we also measured precision using human recordings
      on the same eye-trackers. Our results show that the modified eye model presented
      can cope with all eye-trackers tested and acts as a promising candidate for
      further development of a set of AEs with varying pupil size and pupil-iris
      contrast. The spectral analysis of both the AE and human data revealed that human
      eye data have different frequencies that likely reflect the physiological
      characteristics of human eye movements. We also report the effects of sample
      selection methods for precision calculations. This study is part of the
      EMRA/COGAIN Eye Data Quality Standardization Project.

PMID- 27383752
TI  - A computational modeling of semantic knowledge in reading comprehension:
      Integrating the landscape model with latent semantic analysis.
AB  - It is a well-accepted view that the prior semantic (general) knowledge that
      readers possess plays a central role in reading comprehension. Nevertheless,
      computational models of reading comprehension have not integrated the simulation
      of semantic knowledge and online comprehension processes under a unified
      mathematical algorithm. The present article introduces a computational model that
      integrates the landscape model of comprehension processes with latent semantic
      analysis representation of semantic knowledge. In three sets of simulations of
      previous behavioral findings, the integrated model successfully simulated the
      activation and attenuation of predictive and bridging inferences during reading,
      as well as centrality estimations and recall of textual information after
      reading. Analyses of the computational results revealed new theoretical insights
      regarding the underlying mechanisms of the various comprehension phenomena. 

PMID- 27383749
TI  - Transcriptome Analysis of the Innate Immunity-Related Complement System in Spleen
      Tissue of Ctenopharyngodon idella Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila.
AB  - The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is an important commercial farmed
      herbivorous fish species in China, but is susceptible to Aeromonas hydrophila
      infections. In the present study, we performed de novo RNA-Seq sequencing of
      spleen tissue from specimens of a disease-resistant family, which were given
      intra-peritoneal injections containing PBS with or without a dose of A.
      hydrophila. The fish were sampled from the control group at 0 h, and from the
      experimental group at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. 122.18 million clean reads were
      obtained from the normalized cDNA libraries; these were assembled into 425,260
      contigs and then 191,795 transcripts. Of those, 52,668 transcripts were annotated
      with the NCBI Nr database, and 41,347 of the annotated transcripts were assigned
      into 90 functional groups. 20,569 unigenes were classified into six main
      categories, including 38 secondary KEGG pathways. 2,992 unigenes were used in the
      analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). 89 of the putative DEGs were
      related to the immune system and 41 of them were involved in the complement and
      coagulation cascades pathway. This study provides insights into the complement
      and complement-related pathways involved in innate immunity, through expression
      profile analysis of the genomic resources in C. idella. We conclude that
      complement and complement-related genes play important roles during defense
      against A. hydrophila infection. The immune response is activated at 4 h after
      the bacterial injections, indicating that the complement pathways are activated
      at the early stage of bacterial infection. The study has improved our
      understanding of the immune response mechanisms in C. idella to bacterial
      pathogens. 

PMID- 27383753
TI  - Detecting correlation changes in multivariate time series: A comparison of four
      non-parametric change point detection methods.
AB  - Change point detection in multivariate time series is a complex task since next
      to the mean, the correlation structure of the monitored variables may also alter
      when change occurs. DeCon was recently developed to detect such changes in mean
      and?or correlation by combining a moving windows approach and robust PCA.
      However, in the literature, several other methods have been proposed that employ
      other non-parametric tools: E-divisive, Multirank, and KCP. Since these methods
      use different statistical approaches, two issues need to be tackled. First,
      applied researchers may find it hard to appraise the differences between the
      methods. Second, a direct comparison of the relative performance of all these
      methods for capturing change points signaling correlation changes is still
      lacking. Therefore, we present the basic principles behind DeCon, E-divisive,
      Multirank, and KCP and the corresponding algorithms, to make them more accessible
      to readers. We further compared their performance through extensive simulations
      using the settings of Bulteel et al. (Biological Psychology, 98 (1), 29-42, 2014)
      implying changes in mean and in correlation structure and those of Matteson and
      James (Journal of the American Statistical Association, 109 (505), 334-345, 2014)
      implying different numbers of (noise) variables. KCP emerged as the best method
      in almost all settings. However, in case of more than two noise variables, only
      DeCon performed adequately in detecting correlation changes.

PMID- 27383754
TI  - Individual classification of elementary school children's physical activity: A
      time-efficient, group-based approach to reference measurements.
AB  - The objective measurement of physical activity using accelerometers is becoming
      increasingly popular. There is little consensus, however, about how to analyze
      acceleration data. One promising approach is the use of reference measurements in
      which the subjects conduct specific activities. This makes it possible to
      identify data patterns that indicate these activities for each subject. The
      drawback of this approach is its rather high cost, in terms of both time and
      money. We propose a new approach in which a group of children conduct the
      reference measurements at the same time. We trained support vector machine models
      on the accelerometer data of 70 children (ages 8-11 years) to predict their
      activities during those reference measurements. We correctly classified
      activities with an accuracy of 96.9 % when fitting the individual models for each
      subject, and 87.5 % when fitting general models for all subjects. The obtained
      accuracies were comparable to results reported in previous reference measurement
      studies, in which each subject was measured individually. They were higher than
      the accuracies obtained by the traditional approach, which transfers
      accelerometer data to counts and classifies those on the basis of predefined cut
      points. We concluded that our approach can yield a valuable contribution,
      particularly to studies with larger samples.

PMID- 27383755
TI  - CBT profiles of cabozantinib approved for advanced renal cell carcinomas.

PMID- 27383756
TI  - Motion-insensitive carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging using 3D inversion
      recovery preparation stack of stars (IR-prep SOS) technique.
AB  - PURPOSE: Carotid artery imaging is important in the clinical management of
      patients at risk for stroke. Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) presents an
      important diagnostic challenge. 3D magnetization prepared rapid acquisition
      gradient echo (MPRAGE) has been shown to accurately image carotid IPH; however,
      this sequence can be limited due to motion- and flow-related artifact. The
      purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate an improved 3D carotid MPRAGE
      sequence for IPH detection. We hypothesized that a radial-based k-space
      trajectory sequence such as "Stack of Stars" (SOS) incorporated with inversion
      recovery preparation would offer reduced motion sensitivity and more robust flow
      suppression by oversampling of central k-space. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of
      31 patients with carotid disease (62 carotid arteries) were imaged at 3T magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) with 3D IR-prep Cartesian and SOS sequences. Image
      quality was determined between SOS and Cartesian MPRAGE in 62 carotid arteries
      using t-tests and multivariable linear regression. Kappa analysis was used to
      determine interrater reliability. RESULTS: In all, 25 among 62 carotid plaques
      had carotid IPH by consensus from the reviewers on SOS compared to 24 on
      Cartesian sequence. Image quality was significantly higher with SOS compared to
      Cartesian (mean 3.74 vs. 3.11, P < 0.001). SOS acquisition yielded sharper image
      features with less motion (19.4% vs. 45.2%, P < 0.002) and flow artifact (27.4%
      vs. 41.9%, P < 0.089). There was also excellent interrater reliability with SOS
      (kappa = 0.89), higher than that of Cartesian (kappa = 0.84). CONCLUSION: By
      minimizing flow and motion artifacts and retaining high interrater reliability,
      the SOS MPRAGE has important advantages over Cartesian MPRAGE in carotid IPH
      detection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:410-417.

PMID- 27383758
TI  - Assessment and management of cirrhosis in people older than 16 years: summary of
      NICE guidance.

PMID- 27383757
TI  - The influence of oxidative stress and autophagy cross regulation on pregnancy
      outcome.
AB  - The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a byproduct of aerobic energy
      metabolism, is maintained at physiological levels by the activity of antioxidant
      components. Insufficiently opposed ROS results in oxidative stress characterized
      by altered mitochondrial function, decreased protein activity, damage to nucleic
      acids, and induction of apoptosis. Elevated levels of inadequately opposed ROS
      induce autophagy, a major intracellular pathway that sequesters and removes
      damaged macromolecules and organelles. In early pregnancy, autophagy induction
      preserves trophoblast function in the low oxygen and nutrient placental
      environment. Inadequate regulation of the ROS-autophagy axis leads to abnormal
      autophagy activity and contributes to the development of preeclampsia and
      intrauterine growth restriction. ROS-autophagy interactions are altered at the
      end of gestation and participate in the initiation of parturition at term. The
      induction of high levels of ROS coupled with a failure to induce a corresponding
      increase in autophagy results in the triggering of preterm labor and delivery. 

PMID- 27383760
TI  - Teenage intimate partner violence: Factors associated with victimization among
      Norwegian youths.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was threefold: (1) learn more about
      factors associated with teenage intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization;
      (2) explore aspects of digital media use in connection with teenage IPV; (3) and
      compare the impact IPV victimization has on boys and girls. METHOD: Survey data
      from 549 Norwegian students, mean age 15.2 years, who had experience(s) with
      being in intimate relationship(s), were examined. Experiences with psychological,
      physical, digital, and sexual violence were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 42.9% of
      the participants had experienced some form of IPV: 29.1% had experienced digital
      violence; 25.9% had experienced psychological violence; 18.8% had experienced
      sexual violence; and 12.8% had experienced physical violence. Factors
      significantly associated with teenage IPV victimization were female gender, older
      partners, domestic violence, bullying victimization, low academic achievements,
      and sending sexual messages via digital media. Girls reported to be significantly
      more negatively impacted by the victimization than boys. CONCLUSIONS: Some
      teenagers experience victimization in their intimate relationships, and for many
      digital media seems to play a central role in this violence. Teenagers who
      experience victimization outside their relationships or have risky lifestyles
      have a higher risk of experiencing IPV victimization. A focus on teenage IPV, and
      especially digital media's role in this violence, is needed if this public health
      issue is to be combated.

PMID- 27383759
TI  - Soluble calcium-binding proteins (SCBPs) of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris:
      molecular characterization and localization by FISH in muscle and neuronal
      tissue.
AB  - Soluble calcium-binding proteins (SCBPs) of invertebrates probably serve like
      their vertebrate counterpart-the parvalbumins-as soluble relaxing factors in
      muscles. Three SCBP isoforms (SCBP1-3) have been isolated and biochemically
      characterized in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Huch et al. in J Comp
      Physiol B 158:325-334, 1988). For SCBP2, we found two isoforms named SCBP2a/2b.
      Both of them together with SCBP3 are present in the body wall muscle. In the
      gizzard solely, SCBP2b and no SCBP2a or SCBP3 could be detected. The coding
      sequences of all three isoforms consist of 534 bp for 178 amino acids and contain
      four EF-hand motifs, of which the second EF-hands are truncated. Recombinant
      proteins show heat stability and a Ca2+-dependent mobility shift similar to the
      native proteins, indicating comparable calcium-binding properties. All three
      isoforms are encoded by three distinct and differentially expressed genes. The
      genes for SCBP2a, SCBP2b, and SCBP3 are interrupted by only one intron, inserting
      at nearly the same positions. Northern blot analysis revealed two mRNA
      transcripts for SCBP2 of approximately 1250 and 1500 kb and one transcript for
      SCBP3 of approximately 1250 kb. SCBP mRNA was localized by fluorescent in situ
      hybridization in the body wall and the gizzard. The distribution of the staining
      intensities resembles that for the myosin ATPase activity and indicates a
      correlation between the amount of SCBP and speed of muscle contraction. In
      addition, SCBP mRNA was localized within the nervous tissue, the cerebral and
      subesophageal ganglia and the ventral nerve cord.

PMID- 27383761
TI  - Identification of Phosphorylated Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1 Associated with
      Colorectal Cancer Survival Using Label-Free Quantitative Analyses.
AB  - Colorectal cancer is the most common form of cancer in the world, and the five
      year survival rate is estimated to be almost 90% in the early stages. Therefore,
      the identification of potential biomarkers to assess the prognosis of early stage
      colorectal cancer patients is critical for further clinical treatment.
      Dysregulated tyrosine phosphorylation has been found in several diseases that
      play a significant regulator of signaling in cellular pathways. In this study,
      this strategy was used to characterize the tyrosine phosphoproteome of colorectal
      cell lines with different progression abilities (SW480 and SW620). We identified
      a total of 280 phosphotyrosine (pTyr) peptides comprising 287 pTyr sites from 261
      proteins. Label-free quantitative analysis revealed the differential level of a
      total of 103 pTyr peptides between SW480 and SW620 cells. We showed that cyclin
      dependent kinase I (CDK1) pTyr15 level in SW480 cells was 3.3-fold greater than
      in SW620 cells, and these data corresponded with the label-free mass spectrometry
      based proteomic quantification analysis. High level CDK1 pTyr15 was associated
      with prolonged disease-free survival for stage II colorectal cancer patients (n =
      79). Taken together, our results suggest that the CDK1 pTyr15 protein is a
      potential indicator of the progression of colorectal cancer. 

PMID- 27383762
TI  - Evaluation of the effects of olodaterol on exercise endurance in patients with
      chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two 6-week crossover studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Two replicate, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week crossover
      studies assessed the effect of the once-daily long-acting beta2-agonist
      olodaterol 5 MUg and 10 MUg on constant work-rate cycle endurance in patients
      with moderate to very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. METHODS:
      Patients received placebo, olodaterol 5 MUg once daily (QD) and olodaterol 10 MUg
      QD in a randomised order for 6 weeks each, with a 2-week washout period in
      between. The primary end point was change in endurance time during constant work
      rate cycle ergometry to symptom limitation at 75 % maximal work capacity after 6
      weeks of treatment (2 h post-dose), based on log10-transformed data. Key
      secondary end points were inspiratory capacity at isotime and intensity of
      breathing discomfort at isotime. RESULTS: 151 and 157 patients were randomised
      and treated in Studies 1222.37 and 1222.38, respectively, with 147 and 154 being
      included in the full analysis sets. Mean endurance time at week 6 was increased
      compared to placebo by 14.0 % (Study 1222.37; p < 0.001) and 11.8 % (Study
      1222.38; p < 0.01) with olodaterol 5 MUg, and by 13.8 % (Study 1222.37; p <
      0.001) and 10.5 % (Study 1222.38; p < 0.01) with olodaterol 10 MUg. Inspiratory
      capacity at isotime increased with olodaterol 5 MUg (Study 1222.37, 0.182 L, p <
      0.0001; Study 1222.38, 0.084 L, p < 0.05) and 10 MUg (Study 1222.37, 0.174 L;
      Study 1222.38, 0.166 L; both studies, p < 0.0001), and breathing discomfort was
      significantly reduced in Study 1222.37 (olodaterol 5 MUg, 0.77 Borg units, p <
      0.001; olodaterol 10 MUg, 0.63 Borg units, p < 0.01) but not Study 1222.38.
      CONCLUSIONS: These studies provide further characterisation of the efficacy of
      olodaterol, showing that improvements in airflow (forced expiratory volume in 1
      s) are associated with increases in inspiratory capacity and improvements in
      exercise endurance time. TRIAL REGISTRATIONS: NCT01040130 (1222.37) and
      NCT01040793 (1222.38).

PMID- 27383763
TI  - Quantitative gait analysis in parkin disease: Possible role of dystonia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Parkin disease (PARK2, OMIM 602544) is an autosomal-recessive early
      onset parkinsonism characterized by an early occurrence of lower limb dystonia.
      The aim of this study was to analyze spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait
      parameters in patients with parkin disease in the OFF and ON conditions compared
      to healthy age-matched controls. METHODS: Fifteen patients with parkin disease
      and 15 healthy age-matched controls were studied in a gait analysis laboratory
      with an integrated optoelectronic system. Spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic
      gait parameters at a self-selected speed were recorded in the OFF and ON
      conditions. A jerk index was computed to quantify the possible reduction of
      smoothness of joint movements. RESULTS: Compared to controls, parkin patients
      had, either in the OFF or in the ON conditions, significant reduction of walking
      velocity, increased step width, and decreased percentage of double support.
      Kinematic analysis in both conditions showed: increased ankle dorsiflexion and
      knee flexion at the initial contact; maximal flexion and increased range of
      motion in mid stance; increased hip flexion and max extension in stance at
      pelvis; and increased mean tilt antiversion. Kinetics showed increased hip and
      knee power generation in stance in either condition. The jerk index was increased
      at all joints both in OFF and ON. There were no correlations between individual
      gait parameters and clinical ratings. CONCLUSION: Parkin patients have an
      abnormal gait pattern that does not vary between the OFF and the ON conditions.
      Variations recorded with instrumented analysis are more evident for kinematic
      than kinetic parameters at lower limbs. Severity of dystonia does not correlate
      with any individual kinematic parameter. (c) 2016 International Parkinson and
      Movement Disorder Society.

PMID- 27383764
TI  - Prognostic Significance of Monocytes and Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor
      Cells in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Treated with R-CHOP.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate the prognostic significance of monocytes and
      monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) for patients with diffuse
      large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) under R-CHOP chemotherapy. METHODS: Flow cytometry
      (FCM) was applied to measure M-MDSCs (CD14+ HLA-DRlow/- M-MDSCs). RESULTS:
      Analysis of 144 patients with DLBCL under R-CHOP treatment showed that the 5-year
      overall survival rate was 61.09% (95% CI: 43.72%-72.56%) and the average survival
      time of patients with monocytes (%) >= 8% was shorter than those with monocytes
      (%) < 8% (P = 0.0036). Further stratified analysis suggested that the average
      survival time of patients with monocytes (%) >= 8% was shorter than patients with
      monocytes (%) < 8% in the moderate outcome group (R-IPI = 1, 2) (P = 0.0168) and
      in the poorest outcome group (R-IPI > 2) (P = 0.0397), meanwhile, there was no
      significant difference in survival of patients with monocytes (%) >= 8% compared
      to patients with monocytes (%) < 8% in the best outcome group (R-IPI = 0) (P =
      0.3106). Both of monocytes (%) and M-MDSCs were decreased in different R-IPI
      groups after 4-course of R-CHOP chemotherapy (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results
      indicated that monocytes (%) and M-MDSCs combined with R-IPI may be a simple and
      efficient immunological index to evaluate prognosis.

PMID- 27383766
TI  - Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed Atom-Economical Macrolactonization.
AB  - A highly attractive route toward macrolactones, which form the cyclic scaffold of
      a multitude of diverse natural compounds, is described. Although many chemical
      approaches to this structural motif have been explored, an asymmetric variant of
      the cyclization is unprecedented. Herein we present an enantioselective
      macrolactonization through an intramolecular atom-economical rhodium-catalyzed
      coupling of omega-allenyl-substituted carboxylic acids. The use of a modified
      diop ligand, chiral DTBM-diop, led to high enantioselectivity (up to 93 % ee).
      The reaction tolerated a large variety of functionalities, including alpha,beta
      unsaturated carboxylic acids and depsipeptides, and provided the desired
      macrocycles with very high enantio- and diastereoselectivity.

PMID- 27383765
TI  - Intrinsic Tau Acetylation Is Coupled to Auto-Proteolytic Tau Fragmentation.
AB  - Tau proteins are abnormally aggregated in a range of neurodegenerative
      tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, tau has emerged as an
      extensively post-translationally modified protein, among which lysine acetylation
      is critical for normal tau function and its pathological aggregation. Here, we
      demonstrate that tau isoforms have different propensities to undergo lysine
      acetylation, with auto-acetylation occurring more prominently within the lysine
      rich microtubule-binding repeats. Unexpectedly, we identified a unique intrinsic
      property of tau in which auto-acetylation induces proteolytic tau cleavage,
      thereby generating distinct N- and C-terminal tau fragments. Supporting a
      catalytic reaction-based mechanism, mapping and mutagenesis studies showed that
      tau cysteines, which are required for acetyl group transfer, are also essential
      for auto-proteolytic tau processing. Further mass spectrometry analysis
      identified the C-terminal 2nd and 4th microtubule binding repeats as potential
      sites of auto-cleavage. The identification of acetylation-mediated auto
      proteolysis provides a new biochemical mechanism for tau self-regulation and
      warrants further investigation into whether auto-catalytic functions of tau are
      implicated in AD and other tauopathies. 

PMID- 27383767
TI  - Vertically aligned CNT-Cu nano-composite material for stacked through-silicon-via
      interconnects.
AB  - For future miniaturization of electronic systems using 3D chip stacking, new fine
      pitch materials for through-silicon-via (TSV) applications are likely required.
      In this paper, we propose a novel carbon nanotube (CNT)/copper nanocomposite
      material consisting of high aspect ratio, vertically aligned CNT bundles coated
      with copper. These bundles, consisting of hundreds of tiny CNTs, were uniformly
      coated by copper through electroplating, and aspect ratios as high as 300:1 were
      obtained. The resistivity of this nanomaterial was found to be as low as ~10(-8)
      Omega m, which is of the same order of magnitude as the resistivity of copper,
      and its temperature coefficient was found to be only half of that of pure copper.
      The main advantage of the composite TSV nanomaterial is that its coefficient of
      thermal expansion (CTE) is similar to that of silicon, a key reliability factor.
      A finite element model was set up to demonstrate the reliability of this
      composite material and thermal cycle simulations predicted very promising
      results. In conclusion, this composite nanomaterial appears to be a very
      promising material for future 3D TSV applications offering both a low resistivity
      and a low CTE similar to that of silicon. 

PMID- 27383768
TI  - A balanced pyrimidine pool is required for optimal Chk1 activation to prevent
      ultrafine anaphase bridge formation.
AB  - Cytidine deaminase (CDA) deficiency induces an excess of cellular dCTP, which
      reduces basal PARP-1 activity, thereby compromising complete DNA replication,
      leading to ultrafine anaphase bridge (UFB) formation. CDA dysfunction has
      pathological implications, notably in cancer and in Bloom syndrome. It remains
      unknown how reduced levels of PARP-1 activity and pyrimidine pool imbalance lead
      to the accumulation of unreplicated DNA during mitosis. We report that a decrease
      in PARP-1 activity in CDA-deficient cells impairs DNA-damage-induced Chk1
      activation, and, thus, the downstream checkpoints. Chemical inhibition of the ATR
      Chk1 pathway leads to UFB accumulation, and we found that this pathway was
      compromised in CDA-deficient cells. Our data demonstrate that ATR-Chk1 acts
      downstream from PARP-1, preventing the accumulation of unreplicated DNA in
      mitosis, and, thus, UFB formation. Finally, delaying entry into mitosis is
      sufficient to prevent UFB formation in both CDA-deficient and CDA-proficient
      cells, suggesting that both physiological and pathological UFBs are derived from
      unreplicated DNA. Our findings demonstrate an unsuspected requirement for a
      balanced nucleotide pool for optimal Chk1 activation both in unchallenged cells
      and in response to genotoxic stress.

PMID- 27383769
TI  - The RNA-binding protein Puf1 functions in the maintenance of gametocytes in
      Plasmodium falciparum.
AB  - Translation control plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression
      in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, especially in transition stages
      between the vertebrate host and mosquito vector. Here, we determined the function
      of the Puf-family member Puf1 (denoted as PfPuf1 for the P. falciparum protein)
      during P. falciparum sexual development. We show that PfPuf1 was expressed in all
      gametocyte stages and at higher levels in female gametocytes. PfPuf1 disruption
      did not interfere with the asexual erythrocyte cycle of the parasite but resulted
      in an approximately tenfold decrease of mature gametocytes. In the PfPuf1
      disrupted lines, gametocytes appeared normal before stage III but subsequently
      exhibited a sharp decline in gametocytemia. This was accompanied by a concomitant
      accumulation of dead and dying late-stage gametocytes, which retained normal
      gross morphology. In addition, significantly more female gametocytes were lost in
      the PfPuf1-disrupted lines during development, resulting in a reversed male-to
      female sex ratio. These results indicate that PfPuf1 is important for the
      differentiation and maintenance of gametocytes, especially female gametocytes.

PMID- 27383770
TI  - Paracrine effect of carbon monoxide - astrocytes promote neuroprotection through
      purinergic signaling in mice.
AB  - The neuroprotective role of carbon monoxide (CO) has been studied in a cell
      autonomous mode. Herein, a new concept is disclosed - CO affects astrocyte-neuron
      communication in a paracrine manner to promote neuroprotection. Neuronal survival
      was assessed when co-cultured with astrocytes that had been pre-treated or not
      with CO. The CO-pre-treated astrocytes reduced neuronal cell death, and the
      cellular mechanisms were investigated, focusing on purinergic signaling. CO
      modulates astrocytic metabolism and extracellular ATP content in the co-culture
      medium. Moreover, several antagonists of P1 adenosine and P2 ATP receptors
      partially reverted CO-induced neuroprotection through astrocytes. Likewise,
      knocking down expression of the neuronal P1 adenosine receptor A2A-R (encoded by
      Adora2a) reverted the neuroprotective effects of CO-exposed astrocytes. The
      neuroprotection of CO-treated astrocytes also decreased following prevention of
      ATP or adenosine release from astrocytic cells and inhibition of extracellular
      ATP metabolism into adenosine. Finally, the neuronal downstream event involves
      TrkB (also known as NTRK2) receptors and BDNF. Pharmacological and genetic
      inhibition of TrkB receptors reverts neuroprotection triggered by CO-treated
      astrocytes. Furthermore, the neuronal ratio of BDNF to pro-BDNF increased in the
      presence of CO-treated astrocytes and decreased whenever A2A-R expression was
      silenced. In summary, CO prevents neuronal cell death in a paracrine manner by
      targeting astrocytic metabolism through purinergic signaling.

PMID- 27383771
TI  - The Early Mother-to-Child Bond and Its Unique Prospective Contribution to Child
      Behavior Evaluated by Mothers and Teachers.
AB  - Maternal bonding has been described as the quality of the affective tie from a
      mother to her infant. This early bond's mental components and its longitudinal
      impact on child outcome have been markedly understudied. Although most
      researchers assume impaired maternal bonding to have a negative impact on child
      development, there is a lack of prospective studies evaluating this hypothesis.
      Since maternal mental health problems may negatively affect both bonding quality
      and child development, it is still to be determined whether there is a unique
      contribution of bonding quality to child behavior problems over and above
      maternal psychopathology. We examined a community sample of 101 mother-child
      dyads at the child's age of 2 weeks (t1) and 6 weeks (t2), 4 months (t3), 14
      months (t4), and 5.5 years (t5). Maternal bonding and psychopathology were
      assessed at time points t1-t4 using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ-16)
      and the Symptom Checklist Revised (SCL 90-R). Child behavior problems were rated
      in a multi-informant design by mothers and teachers at t5 using the Strengths and
      Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). In the case of maternal judgment of child
      behavior problems, bonding at 14 months (t4) proved to be a significant predictor
      (beta = 0.30; p = 0.011). Teacher-rated child behavior problems were
      significantly predicted by maternal bonding at 2 weeks (t1; beta = 0.48; p =
      0.025). Our results indicate a prospective influence of the early mother-infant
      bond on child development and underline the unique contribution of bonding
      quality to child behavior problems over and above the impact of maternal
      psychopathology in a community sample.

PMID- 27383772
TI  - Pediatric death after unintentional exposure to liquid nicotine for an electronic
      cigarette.

PMID- 27383773
TI  - A Nomogram Derived by Combination of Demographic and Biomarker Data Improves the
      Noninvasive Evaluation of Patients at Risk for Bladder Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Improvements in the noninvasive clinical evaluation of patients at
      risk for bladder cancer would be of benefit both to individuals and to health
      care systems. We investigated the potential utility of a hybrid nomogram that
      combined key demographic features with the results of a multiplex urinary
      biomarker assay in hopes of identifying patients at risk of harboring bladder
      cancer. METHODS: Logistic regression analysis was used to model the probability
      of bladder cancer burden in a cohort of 686 subjects (394 with bladder cancer)
      using key demographic features alone, biomarker data alone, and the combination
      of demographic features and key biomarker data. We examined discrimination,
      calibration, and decision curve analysis techniques to evaluate prediction model
      performance. RESULTS: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
      (AUC) analyses revealed that demographic features alone predicted tumor burden
      with an accuracy of 0.806 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76-0.85], while
      biomarker data had an accuracy of 0.835 (95% CI, 0.80-0.87). The addition of
      molecular data into the nomogram improved the predictive performance to 0.891
      (95% CI, 0.86-0.92). Decision curve analyses showed that the hybrid nomogram
      performed better than demographic or biomarker data alone. CONCLUSION: A nomogram
      construction strategy that combines key demographic features with biomarker data
      may facilitate the accurate, noninvasive evaluation of patients at risk of
      harboring bladder cancer. Further research is needed to evaluate the bladder
      cancer risk nomogram for potential clinical utility. IMPACT: The application of
      such a nomogram may better inform the decision to perform invasive diagnostic
      procedures. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1361-6. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27383775
TI  - Sexual Health Knowledge, Self-Efficacy and Behavioral Intentions Following a
      Health Fair for Adolescents.
AB  - High rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exist among urban African
      American youth. There is a need to provide HIV information to youth prior to the
      onset of sexual activity. The Stomping Out HIV intervention combines a health
      fair and step show to increase awareness and healthy behaviors among this
      population. Questionnaires were administered to youth and parents before and
      after Stomping Out, and focused on health knowledge, satisfaction with Stomping
      Out, intended behavior changes and self-efficacy to make healthier choices
      related to HIV and STI prevention. Youth and adults reported increased knowledge
      and self-efficacy after Stomping Out. These findings suggest that health
      initiatives focusing on sociocultural issues can greatly impact adults and youth.

PMID- 27383774
TI  - Risk of Lung Cancer Associated with COPD Phenotype Based on Quantitative Image
      Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for
      lung cancer. This study evaluates alternative measures of COPD based on
      spirometry and quantitative image analysis to better define a phenotype that
      predicts lung cancer risk. METHODS: A total of 341 lung cancer cases and 752
      volunteer controls, ages 21 to 89 years, participated in a structured interview,
      standardized CT scan, and spirometry. Logistic regression, adjusted for age,
      race, gender, pack-years, and inspiratory and expiratory total lung volume, was
      used to estimate the odds of lung cancer associated with FEV1/FVC, percent voxels
      less than -950 Hounsfield units on the inspiratory scan (HUI) and percent voxels
      less than -856 HU on expiratory scan (HUE). RESULTS: The odds of lung cancer were
      increased 1.4- to 3.1-fold among those with COPD compared with those without,
      regardless of assessment method; however, in multivariable modeling, only percent
      voxels <-856 HUE as a continuous measure of air trapping [OR = 1.04; 95%
      confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.06] and FEV1/FVC < 0.70 (OR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.21
      2.41) were independent predictors of lung cancer risk. Nearly 10% of lung cancer
      cases were negative on all objective measures of COPD. CONCLUSION: Measures of
      air trapping using quantitative imaging, in addition to FEV1/FVC, can identify
      individuals at high risk of lung cancer and should be considered as supplementary
      measures at the time of screening for lung cancer. IMPACT: Quantitative measures
      of air trapping based on imaging provide additional information for the
      identification of high-risk groups who might benefit the most from lung cancer
      screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1341-7. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27383776
TI  - Nursing Student Birth Doulas' Influence On the Childbearing Outcomes of
      Vulnerable Populations.
AB  - Of 1,511 women served by nursing student birth doulas (Birth Companions) between
      1998 and 2014, 34.5% were identified as vulnerable (refugees, non-English
      speakers, teens, low income, low education). This retrospective evaluation of the
      Birth Companions Program showed that vulnerable mothers had more epidurals and
      smaller babies, and attempted breastfeeding less frequently than nonvulnerable.
      There was no difference in the frequency of caesarean births, pitocin
      induction/augmentation, low birth weight, or preterm newborns among the
      vulnerable women. Birth Companion interventions may have a role in influencing
      these outcomes. The Birth Companions program will use this analysis to identify
      additional services for these populations. 

PMID- 27383777
TI  - Enhancing Student Nurse Learning through Participation in a Community-Based
      Educational Program for Children and Families.
AB  - Health disparities, especially among minorities, persist; obesity is a national
      concern; and the combined effect can be significant for families and populations.
      In an effort to address obesity at an early age, the National Association of
      Hispanic Nurses (NAHN), developed the Muevete USATM project. Muevete USATM (from
      the Spanish verb for "to move") features five lesson plans on healthy lifestyles
      for children and their families. This article describes Muevete USATM, the
      partnership with a local school of nursing, the implementation of the program at
      the local level and the emerging program and student outcomes of a successful
      partnership. 

PMID- 27383778
TI  - NAP SACC: Implementation of an Obesity Prevention Intervention in an American
      Indian Head Start Program.
AB  - Low-income American Indian preschoolers are at greatest risk for overweight and
      obesity among children aged 2-5 years. The Nutrition and Physical Activity Self
      Assessment for Child Care (NAP SACC) program is an evidence-based intervention
      that promotes healthy weight development for children enrolled in child care
      centers. The goal of this continuous quality improvement program is for the child
      care staff to establish environmental policies and practices that positively
      influence nutrition and physical activity-related behaviors. A community needs
      assessment of a Head Start program on an American Indian reservation identified
      obesity as a priority issue. This project implemented NAP SACC at 15 Head Start
      sites on the reservation. 

PMID- 27383779
TI  - Effects of a South Korean Community-Based Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
      Program for Low-Income Elderly with Hypertension.
AB  - This study identified the effects of a community-based cardiovascular disease
      prevention program (CVD-PP) on health behavior and modifiable cardiovascular risk
      factors in low-income Korean elderly with hypertension. Eighty-eight individuals
      completed the 3-month self-efficacy-enhancing interventions in which the control
      group received standard care. In the intervention group, there were statistically
      significant improvements in self-efficacy (t = 2.519, p = 0.016) and health
      behavior (t = 3.453, p = 0.001), and significant differences in diastolic blood
      pressure (t = -2.518, p = 0.018) between the two groups. This CVD-PP administered
      by visiting nurses may be effective in improving self-efficacy and health
      behavior and in reducing modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. 

PMID- 27383782
TI  - Molecular biology: A surprise beginning for RNA.

PMID- 27383783
TI  - High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite solar cells.
AB  - Three-dimensional organic-inorganic perovskites have emerged as one of the most
      promising thin-film solar cell materials owing to their remarkable photophysical
      properties, which have led to power conversion efficiencies exceeding 20 per
      cent, with the prospect of further improvements towards the Shockley-Queisser
      limit for a single-junction solar cell (33.5 per cent). Besides efficiency,
      another critical factor for photovoltaics and other optoelectronic applications
      is environmental stability and photostability under operating conditions. In
      contrast to their three-dimensional counterparts, Ruddlesden-Popper phases-
      layered two-dimensional perovskite films--have shown promising stability, but
      poor efficiency at only 4.73 per cent. This relatively poor efficiency is
      attributed to the inhibition of out-of-plane charge transport by the organic
      cations, which act like insulating spacing layers between the conducting
      inorganic slabs. Here we overcome this issue in layered perovskites by producing
      thin films of near-single-crystalline quality, in which the crystallographic
      planes of the inorganic perovskite component have a strongly preferential out-of
      plane alignment with respect to the contacts in planar solar cells to facilitate
      efficient charge transport. We report a photovoltaic efficiency of 12.52 per cent
      with no hysteresis, and the devices exhibit greatly improved stability in
      comparison to their three-dimensional counterparts when subjected to light,
      humidity and heat stress tests. Unencapsulated two-dimensional perovskite devices
      retain over 60 per cent of their efficiency for over 2,250 hours under constant,
      standard (AM1.5G) illumination, and exhibit greater tolerance to 65 per cent
      relative humidity than do three-dimensional equivalents. When the devices are
      encapsulated, the layered devices do not show any degradation under constant
      AM1.5G illumination or humidity. We anticipate that these results will lead to
      the growth of single-crystalline, solution-processed, layered, hybrid, perovskite
      thin films, which are essential for high-performance opto-electronic devices with
      technologically relevant long-term stability.

PMID- 27383781
TI  - Resolving early mesoderm diversification through single-cell expression
      profiling.
AB  - In mammals, specification of the three major germ layers occurs during
      gastrulation, when cells ingressing through the primitive streak differentiate
      into the precursor cells of major organ systems. However, the molecular
      mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear, as numbers of gastrulating
      cells are very limited. In the mouse embryo at embryonic day 6.5, cells located
      at the junction between the extra-embryonic region and the epiblast on the
      posterior side of the embryo undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and
      ingress through the primitive streak. Subsequently, cells migrate, either
      surrounding the prospective ectoderm contributing to the embryo proper, or into
      the extra-embryonic region to form the yolk sac, umbilical cord and placenta.
      Fate mapping has shown that mature tissues such as blood and heart originate from
      specific regions of the pre-gastrula epiblast, but the plasticity of cells within
      the embryo and the function of key cell-type-specific transcription factors
      remain unclear. Here we analyse 1,205 cells from the epiblast and nascent Flk1(+)
      mesoderm of gastrulating mouse embryos using single-cell RNA sequencing,
      representing the first transcriptome-wide in vivo view of early mesoderm
      formation during mammalian gastrulation. Additionally, using knockout mice, we
      study the function of Tal1, a key haematopoietic transcription factor, and
      demonstrate, contrary to previous studies performed using retrospective assays,
      that Tal1 knockout does not immediately bias precursor cells towards a cardiac
      fate.

PMID- 27383784
TI  - Corrigendum: Convection in a volatile nitrogen-ice-rich layer drives Pluto's
      geological vigour.

PMID- 27383785
TI  - Multiple mechanisms disrupt the let-7 microRNA family in neuroblastoma.
AB  - Poor prognosis in neuroblastoma is associated with genetic amplification of MYCN.
      MYCN is itself a target of let-7, a tumour suppressor family of microRNAs
      implicated in numerous cancers. LIN28B, an inhibitor of let-7 biogenesis, is
      overexpressed in neuroblastoma and has been reported to regulate MYCN. Here we
      show, however, that LIN28B is dispensable in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell
      lines, despite de-repression of let-7. We further demonstrate that MYCN messenger
      RNA levels in amplified disease are exceptionally high and sufficient to sponge
      let-7, which reconciles the dispensability of LIN28B. We found that genetic loss
      of let-7 is common in neuroblastoma, inversely associated with MYCN
      amplification, and independently associated with poor outcomes, providing a
      rationale for chromosomal loss patterns in neuroblastoma. We propose that let-7
      disruption by LIN28B, MYCN sponging, or genetic loss is a unifying mechanism of
      neuroblastoma development with broad implications for cancer pathogenesis.

PMID- 27383787
TI  - Genetics: Mitochondrial DNA in evolution and disease.

PMID- 27383788
TI  - Corrigendum: Malaria: Thermoregulation in a parasite's life cycle.

PMID- 27383786
TI  - TTC39B deficiency stabilizes LXR reducing both atherosclerosis and
      steatohepatitis.
AB  - Cellular mechanisms that mediate steatohepatitis, an increasingly prevalent
      condition in the Western world for which no therapies are available, are poorly
      understood. Despite the fact that its synthetic agonists induce fatty liver, the
      liver X receptor (LXR) transcription factor remains a target of interest because
      of its anti-atherogenic, cholesterol removal, and anti-inflammatory activities.
      Here we show that tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein 39B (Ttc39b, C9orf52)
      (T39), a high-density lipoprotein gene discovered in human genome-wide
      association studies, promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of LXR. Chow-fed
      mice lacking T39 (T39(-/-)) display increased high-density lipoprotein
      cholesterol levels associated with increased enterocyte ATP-binding cassette
      transporter A1 (Abca1) expression and increased LXR protein without change in LXR
      messenger RNA. When challenged with a high fat/high cholesterol/bile salt diet,
      T39(-/-) mice or mice with hepatocyte-specific T39 deficiency show increased
      hepatic LXR protein and target gene expression, and unexpectedly protection from
      steatohepatitis and death. Mice fed a Western-type diet and lacking low-density
      lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr(-/-)T39(-/-)) show decreased fatty liver, increased
      high-density lipoprotein, decreased low-density lipoprotein, and reduced
      atherosclerosis. In addition to increasing hepatic Abcg5/8 expression and
      limiting dietary cholesterol absorption, T39 deficiency inhibits hepatic sterol
      regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1, ADD1) processing. This is
      explained by an increase in microsomal phospholipids containing polyunsaturated
      fatty acids, linked to an LXRalpha-dependent increase in expression of enzymes
      mediating phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and incorporation of polyunsaturated
      fatty acids into phospholipids. The preservation of endogenous LXR protein
      activates a beneficial profile of gene expression that promotes cholesterol
      removal and inhibits lipogenesis. T39 inhibition could be an effective strategy
      for reducing both steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis.

PMID- 27383789
TI  - Corrigendum: sFRP2 in the aged microenvironment drives melanoma metastasis and
      therapy resistance.

PMID- 27383791
TI  - A photon-photon quantum gate based on a single atom in an optical resonator.
AB  - That two photons pass each other undisturbed in free space is ideal for the
      faithful transmission of information, but prohibits an interaction between the
      photons. Such an interaction is, however, required for a plethora of applications
      in optical quantum information processing. The long-standing challenge here is to
      realize a deterministic photon-photon gate, that is, a mutually controlled logic
      operation on the quantum states of the photons. This requires an interaction so
      strong that each of the two photons can shift the other's phase by pi radians.
      For polarization qubits, this amounts to the conditional flipping of one photon's
      polarization to an orthogonal state. So far, only probabilistic gates based on
      linear optics and photon detectors have been realized, because "no known or
      foreseen material has an optical nonlinearity strong enough to implement this
      conditional phase shift''. Meanwhile, tremendous progress in the development of
      quantum-nonlinear systems has opened up new possibilities for single-photon
      experiments. Platforms range from Rydberg blockade in atomic ensembles to single
      atom cavity quantum electrodynamics. Applications such as single-photon switches
      and transistors, two-photon gateways, nondestructive photon detectors, photon
      routers and nonlinear phase shifters have been demonstrated, but none of them
      with the ideal information carriers: optical qubits in discriminable modes. Here
      we use the strong light-matter coupling provided by a single atom in a high
      finesse optical resonator to realize the Duan-Kimble protocol of a universal
      controlled phase flip (pi phase shift) photon-photon quantum gate. We achieve an
      average gate fidelity of (76.2 +/- 3.6) per cent and specifically demonstrate the
      capability of conditional polarization flipping as well as entanglement
      generation between independent input photons. This photon-photon quantum gate is
      a universal quantum logic element, and therefore could perform most existing two
      photon operations. The demonstrated feasibility of deterministic protocols for
      the optical processing of quantum information could lead to new applications in
      which photons are essential, especially long-distance quantum communication and
      scalable quantum computing.

PMID- 27383790
TI  - Molecular logic behind the three-way stochastic choices that expand butterfly
      colour vision.
AB  - Butterflies rely extensively on colour vision to adapt to the natural world. Most
      species express a broad range of colour-sensitive Rhodopsin proteins in three
      types of ommatidia (unit eyes), which are distributed stochastically across the
      retina. The retinas of Drosophila melanogaster use just two main types, in which
      fate is controlled by the binary stochastic decision to express the transcription
      factor Spineless in R7 photoreceptors. We investigated how butterflies instead
      generate three stochastically distributed ommatidial types, resulting in a more
      diverse retinal mosaic that provides the basis for additional colour comparisons
      and an expanded range of colour vision. We show that the Japanese yellow
      swallowtail (Papilio xuthus, Papilionidae) and the painted lady (Vanessa cardui,
      Nymphalidae) butterflies have a second R7-like photoreceptor in each ommatidium.
      Independent stochastic expression of Spineless in each R7-like cell results in
      expression of a blue-sensitive (Spineless(ON)) or an ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive
      (Spineless(OFF)) Rhodopsin. In P. xuthus these choices of blue/blue, blue/UV or
      UV/UV sensitivity in the two R7 cells are coordinated with expression of
      additional Rhodopsin proteins in the remaining photoreceptors, and together
      define the three types of ommatidia. Knocking out spineless using CRISPR/Cas9
      (refs 5, 6) leads to the loss of the blue-sensitive fate in R7-like cells and
      transforms retinas into homogeneous fields of UV/UV-type ommatidia, with
      corresponding changes in other coordinated features of ommatidial type. Hence,
      the three possible outcomes of Spineless expression define the three ommatidial
      types in butterflies. This developmental strategy allowed the deployment of an
      additional red-sensitive Rhodopsin in P. xuthus, allowing for the evolution of
      expanded colour vision with a greater variety of receptors. This surprisingly
      simple mechanism that makes use of two binary stochastic decisions coupled with
      local coordination may prove to be a general means of generating an increased
      diversity of developmental outcomes.

PMID- 27383792
TI  - High-resolution seismic constraints on flow dynamics in the oceanic
      asthenosphere.
AB  - Convective flow in the mantle and the motions of tectonic plates produce
      deformation of Earth's interior, and the rock fabric produced by this deformation
      can be discerned using the anisotropy of the seismic wave speed. This deformation
      is commonly inferred close to lithospheric boundaries beneath the ocean in the
      uppermost mantle, including near seafloor-spreading centres as new plates are
      formed via corner flow, and within a weak asthenosphere that lubricates large
      scale plate-driven flow and accommodates smaller scale convection. Seismic models
      of oceanic upper mantle differ as to the relative importance of these deformation
      processes: seafloor spreading fabric is very strong just beneath the crust-mantle
      boundary (the Mohorovicic discontinuity, or Moho) at relatively local scales, but
      at the global and ocean-basin scales, oceanic lithosphere typically appears
      weakly anisotropic when compared to the asthenosphere. Here we use Rayleigh
      waves, recorded across an ocean-bottom seismograph array in the central Pacific
      Ocean (the NoMelt Experiment), to provide unique localized constraints on seismic
      anisotropy within the oceanic lithosphere-asthenosphere system in the middle of a
      plate. We find that azimuthal anisotropy is strongest within the high-seismic
      velocity lid, with the fast direction coincident with seafloor spreading. A
      minimum in the magnitude of azimuthal anisotropy occurs within the middle of the
      seismic low-velocity zone, and then increases with depth below the weakest
      portion of the asthenosphere. At no depth does the fast direction correlate with
      the apparent plate motion. Our results suggest that the highest strain
      deformation in the shallow oceanic mantle occurs during corner flow at the ridge
      axis, and via pressure-driven or buoyancy-driven flow within the asthenosphere.
      Shear associated with motion of the plate over the underlying asthenosphere, if
      present, is weak compared to these other processes.

PMID- 27383793
TI  - Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA matching shapes metabolism and healthy ageing.
AB  - Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) shows extensive within population sequence
      variability. Many studies suggest that mtDNA variants may be associated with
      ageing or diseases, although mechanistic evidence at the molecular level is
      lacking. Mitochondrial replacement has the potential to prevent transmission of
      disease-causing oocyte mtDNA. However, extension of this technology requires a
      comprehensive understanding of the physiological relevance of mtDNA sequence
      variability and its match with the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Studies
      in conplastic animals allow comparison of individuals with the same nuclear
      genome but different mtDNA variants, and have provided both supporting and
      refuting evidence that mtDNA variation influences organismal physiology. However,
      most of these studies did not confirm the conplastic status, focused on younger
      animals, and did not investigate the full range of physiological and phenotypic
      variability likely to be influenced by mitochondria. Here we systematically
      characterized conplastic mice throughout their lifespan using transcriptomic,
      proteomic,metabolomic, biochemical, physiological and phenotyping studies. We
      show that mtDNA haplotype profoundly influences mitochondrial proteostasis and
      reactive oxygen species generation,insulin signalling, obesity, and ageing
      parameters including telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting
      in profound differences in health longevity between conplastic strains.

PMID- 27383795
TI  - Effects of dissolved organic matter on phototransformation rates and dioxin
      products of triclosan and 2'-HO-BDE-28 in estuarine water.
AB  - Photochemical transformation of hydroxylated polyhalodiphenyl ethers (HO-PXDEs)
      has attracted much attention for their ubiquitous presence and the photochemical
      formation of highly toxic dioxins. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an
      important role in the environmental photochemical transformation of organic
      pollutants. However, the effects of DOM on the photolysis kinetics and dioxin
      formation of HO-PXDEs are still not fully understood. Herein, the effects of
      Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) on the phototransformation of 2'-HO
      2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether (triclosan) and 2'-HO-2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl
      ether (2'-HO-BDE-28) were investigated in artificial estuarine water (AEW). The
      results showed that although SRNOM induced indirect photolysis of triclosan and
      2'-HO-BDE-28, it decreased the observed photolytic rate constants due to light
      screening, static quenching and dynamic quenching effects. The above effects were
      quantified firstly. Direct photolysis is more important than indirect photolysis
      in the transformation of the target compounds and the production of dioxins.
      SRNOM increased the dioxin yields of the two HO-PXDEs. It was also found that
      SRNOM decreased the formation rate constant (kp) of 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
      (2,8-DCDD) from triclosan and showed no obvious influence on the kp of 2,8
      dibromodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DBDD) from 2'-HO-BDE-28. SRNOM showed no obvious
      influence on the degradation of 2,8-DCDD, while it increased the degradation rate
      constant of 2,8-DBDD. The promoting effect on the degradation of 2,8-DBDD was
      attributed to the formation of chloride radicals with the concurrence of SRNOM
      and Cl(-) in AEW. This study revealed the roles of SRNOM in the photochemical
      transformation of HO-PXDEs and the photochemical formation and degradation of
      dioxins, which is important for elucidating the transformation fate of HO-PXDEs
      in aquatic environments. 

PMID- 27383794
TI  - The mechanism of RNA 5' capping with NAD+, NADH and desphospho-CoA.
AB  - The chemical nature of the 5' end of RNA is a key determinant of RNA stability,
      processing, localization and translation efficiency, and has been proposed to
      provide a layer of 'epitranscriptomic' gene regulation. Recently it has been
      shown that some bacterial RNA species carry a 5'-end structure reminiscent of the
      5' 7-methylguanylate 'cap' in eukaryotic RNA. In particular, RNA species
      containing a 5'-end nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) or 3'-desphospho
      coenzyme A (dpCoA) have been identified in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive
      bacteria. It has been proposed that NAD+, reduced NAD+ (NADH) and dpCoA caps are
      added to RNA after transcription initiation, in a manner analogous to the
      addition of 7-methylguanylate caps. Here we show instead that NAD+, NADH and
      dpCoA are incorporated into RNA during transcription initiation, by serving as
      non-canonical initiating nucleotides (NCINs) for de novo transcription initiation
      by cellular RNA polymerase (RNAP). We further show that both bacterial RNAP and
      eukaryotic RNAP II incorporate NCIN caps, that promoter DNA sequences at and
      upstream of the transcription start site determine the efficiency of NCIN
      capping, that NCIN capping occurs in vivo, and that NCIN capping has functional
      consequences. We report crystal structures of transcription initiation complexes
      containing NCIN-capped RNA products. Our results define the mechanism and
      structural basis of NCIN capping, and suggest that NCIN-mediated 'ab initio
      capping' may occur in all organisms.

PMID- 27383796
TI  - Construction of Bacillus subtilis strain engineered for expression of porcine
      beta-defensin-2/cecropin P1 fusion antimicrobial peptides and its growth
      promoting effect and antimicrobial activity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To generate recombinant Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) engineered for
      expression of porcine beta-defensin-2 (pBD-2) and cecropin P1 (CP1) fusion
      antimicrobial peptide and investigate their anti-bacterial activity in vitro and
      their growth-promoting and disease resisting activity in vivo. METHODS: The pBD-2
      and CP1 fused gene was synthesized using the main codons of B. subtilis and
      inserted into plasmid pMK4 vector to construct their expression vector. The
      fusion peptide-expressing B. subtilis was constructed by transformation with the
      vector. The expressed fusion peptide was detected with Western blot. The
      antimicrobial activity of the expressed fusion peptide and the recovered pBD-2
      and CP1 by enterokinase digestion in vitro was analyzed by the bacterial growth
      inhibitory activity assay. To analyze the engineered B. subtilis on growth
      promotion and disease resistance, the weaned piglets were fed with basic diet
      supplemented with the recombinant B. subtilis. Then the piglets were challenged
      by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The weight gain and diarrhea
      incidence of piglets were measured after challenge. RESULTS: The recombinant B.
      subtilis engineered for expression of pBD-2/CP1 fusion peptide was successfully
      constructed using the main codons of the B. subtilis. Both expressed pBD-2/CP1
      fusion peptide and their individual peptides recovered from parental fusion
      peptide by enterokinase digestion possessed the antimicrobial activities to a
      variety of the bacteria, including gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella
      typhimurium, and Haemophilus parasuis) and gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus
      aureus). Supplementing the engineered B. subtilis to the pig feed could
      significantly promote the piglet growth and reduced diarrhea incidence of the
      piglets. CONCLUSION: The generated B. subtilis strain can efficiently express pBD
      2/CP1 fusion antimicrobial peptide, the recovered pBD-2 and CP1 peptides possess
      potent antimicrobial activities to a variety of bacterial species in vitro.
      Supplementation of the engineered B. subtilis in pig feed obviously promote
      piglet growth and resistance to the colibacillosis.

PMID- 27383797
TI  - Effects of graded levels of cupric citrate on growth performance, antioxidant
      status, serum lipid metabolites and immunity, and tissue residues of trace
      elements in weaned pigs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of cupric
      citrate (CuCit) on growth performance, antioxidant indices, serum lipid
      metabolites, serum immune indices, and tissue residues of copper (Cu), zinc, and
      iron in weaned pigs. METHODS: A total of 180 weaned pigs (Duroc*Landrace*Large
      White) with an average body weight of 8.98+/-1.21 kg were randomly assigned to a
      corn-soybean meal control ration, or 4 similar rations with 30, 60, 120, or 240
      mg/kg Cu as CuCit. All diets contained 10 mg/kg Cu as cupric sulfate from the
      vitamin-mineral premix. The experiment was divided into two phases: 0 to 14 d
      (phase 1) and 15 to 28 d (phase 2). RESULTS: Average daily gain (ADG; linearly,
      p<0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; linearly and quadratically, p<0.05)
      were affected by an increase in CuCit during phase 2. Overall period, ADG
      (p<0.05) and ADFI (p<0.01) were linearly increased with increasing dietary levels
      of CuCit. Serum malondialdehyde concentrations (p<0.05) and glutathione
      peroxidase activity (p<0.01) linearly decreased and increased respectively with
      an increase in CuCit. Serum levels of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase were linearly
      affected with an increase in CuCit (p<0.01). Hepatic malondialdehyde levels
      decreased with an increase in CuCit (linearly and quadratically, p<0.01). Serum
      total cholesterol concentrations were quadratically affected (p<0.05) and
      decreased in pigs fed Cu as CuCit at 60 and 120 mg/kg and increased in pigs fed
      240 mg/kg Cu as CuCit. Serum high-density lipoprotein concentrations were
      linearly affected with an increase in CuCit (p<0.01). Serum IL-1beta levels were
      quadratically affected (p<0.05) by dietary treatment. Compared with other
      treatments, 240 mg/kg Cu from CuCit quadratically increased hepatic (p<0.01) and
      renal (p<0.05) Cu concentrations, and quadratically decreased hepatic and renal
      iron concentrations (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Cu administered in the form of CuCit at
      a dosage range of 30 to 60 mg/kg, effectively enhanced the growth performance and
      antioxidant status of weaned pigs.

PMID- 27383798
TI  - Characterization of the microbial communities along the gastrointestinal tract of
      sheep by 454 pyrosequencing analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The gastrointestinal tract of sheep contain complex microbial
      communities that influence numerous aspects of the sheep's health and
      development. The objective of this study was to analyze the composition and
      diversity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract sections (rumen,
      reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum)
      of sheep. METHODS: This analysis was performed by 454 pyrosequencing using the V3
      V6 region of the 16S rRNA genes. Samples were collected from five healthy, small
      tailed Han sheep aged 10 months, obtained at market. The bacterial composition of
      sheep gastrointestinal microbiota was investigated at the phylum, class, order,
      family, genus, and species levels. RESULTS: The dominant bacterial phyla in the
      entire gastrointestinal sections were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and
      Proteobacteria. In the stomach, the three most dominant genera in the sheep were
      Prevotella, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, and Butyrivibrio. In the small
      intestine, the three most dominant genera in the sheep were Escherichia,
      unclassified Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcus. In the large intestine, the three
      most dominant genera in the sheep were Ruminococcus, unclassified
      Ruminococcaceae, and Prevotella. R. flavefaciens, B. fibrisolvens, and S.
      ruminantium were three most dominant species in the sheep gastrointestinal tract.
      Principal Coordinates Analysis showed that the microbial communities from each
      gastrointestinal section could be separated into three groups according to
      similarity of community composition: stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, and
      abomasum), small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and large intestine
      (cecum, colon, and rectum). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to characterize
      the entire gastrointestinal microbiota in sheep by use of 16S rRNA gene amplicon
      pyrosequencing, expanding our knowledge of the gastrointestinal bacterial
      community of sheep.

PMID- 27383799
TI  - Effects of alanyl-glutamine supplementation on the small intestinal mucosa
      barrier in weaned piglets.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study was to investigate the effects of alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln)
      and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on the intestinal mucosa barrier in piglets.
      METHODS: A total of 180 barrows with initial weight 10.01+/-0.03 kg were randomly
      allocated to three treatments, and each treatment consisted of three pens and
      twenty pigs per pen. The piglets of three groups were fed with control diet
      [0.62% alanine (Ala)], Ala-Gln diet (0.5% Ala-Gln), Gln diet (0.34% Gln and 0.21%
      Ala), respectively. RESULTS: The results showed that in comparison with control
      diet, dietary Ala-Gln supplementation increased the height of villi in duodenum
      and jejunum (p<0.05), Gln supplementation increased the villi height of jejunum
      (p<0.05), Ala-Gln supplementation up-regulated the mRNA expressions of epidermal
      growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in jejunal
      mucosa (p<0.05), raised the mRNA expressions of Claudin-1, Occludin, zonula
      occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) and the protein levels of Occludin, ZO-1 in jejunal
      mucosa (p<0.05), Ala-Gln supplementation enlarged the number of goblet cells in
      duodenal and ileal epithelium (p<0.05), Gln increased the number of goblet cells
      in duodenal epithelium (p<0.05) and Ala-Gln supplementation improved the
      concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G in the jejunal
      mucosa (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that dietary Ala-Gln
      supplementation could maintain the integrity of small intestine and promote the
      functions of intestinal mucosa barriers in piglets.

PMID- 27383800
TI  - Improvement of Milk Fatty Acid Composition for Production of Functional Milk by
      Dietary Phytoncide Oil Extracted from Discarded Pine Nut Cones (Pinus koraiensis)
      in Holstein Dairy Cows.
AB  - This study was conducted to examine the effects of adding phytoncide oil
      extracted from Korean pine nut cone byproduct to the diet of dairy cows on milk
      yield and compositions, fatty acid characteristics, complete blood count and
      stress response. A total of 74 Holstein cows were used for 30 days and divided
      into two groups. Each group was given a basal diet (C) or an experimental diet
      containing phytoncide additives at 0.016% (T) in feed. The results showed that
      phytoncide feeding had no effect on milk yield. In addition, there were no
      observed effects on milk composition, but the ratio of fatty acid in milk was
      significantly affected by the phytoncide diet, and it showed a positive effect.
      Not only were the major functional fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid and
      eicosapentaenoic acid increased, but also omega6:omega3 fatty acid ratio was
      reduced in milk of T group (p<0.05). In blood analysis, the complete blood count
      showed no significant difference between C and T group on all parameters.
      However, the cortisol concentration was significantly decreased in T group
      compared to control (p<0.05). Taken together, we suggest that phytoncide oil does
      not have a great influence on the physiological changes, but can be a potential
      feed additive that improves the milk fatty acid and stress resilience in dairy
      cows. In addition, it will contribute to the development of feed resource, a
      reduction in feed cost and a lessening of environmental pollution.

PMID- 27383801
TI  - The effect of partial substitution of roasted soybean seed with graded levels of
      sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaf meal on growth performances and carcass
      characteristics of broiler chickens.
AB  - This study was designed to assess the effects of partial substitution of roasted
      soybean seed with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaf meal (SPLM) on growth
      performances and carcass components of broiler chickens. The experiment was a
      completely randomized design consisting of five dietary treatments replicated
      four times with ten chicks each. The control diet (treatment 1, T1) contained
      roasted soybean seed as the major protein source without SPLM and treatment diets
      containing SPLM at the levels of 30 g/kg (treatment 2, T2), 60 g/kg (treatment 3,
      T3), 90 g/kg (treatment 4, T4) and 120 g/kg (treatment 5, T5) by partially
      substituting the roasted soybean seed in the control diet. The results indicated
      that the body weight gain in chickens reared in T1 was (p<0.01) higher than those
      fed on T3, T4 and T5 diets. The individual feed intake in chickens reared in T1
      was (p<0.001) higher than those fed on other treatment diets. The feed conversion
      ratio (kg feed/kg gain) of chickens fed on T1 was (p<0.05) lower than those
      reared in T4 and T5 diets. Chickens fed with T2 diet had numerically higher
      values of slaughter, dressed carcass and breast than those reared in T4 and T5
      diets. It can be concluded that the partial substitution of roasted soybean seed
      with sweet potato leaf might be economically feasible feeding strategy of broiler
      chickens in smallholder poultry farm settings.

PMID- 27383802
TI  - A Major Locus for Quantitatively Measured Shank Skin Color Traits in Korean
      Native Chicken.
AB  - Shank skin color of Korean native chicken (KNC) shows large color variations. It
      varies from white, yellow, green, bluish or grey to black, whilst in the majority
      of European breeds the shanks are typically yellow-colored. Three shank skin
      color-related traits (i.e., lightness [L*], redness [a*], and yellowness [b*])
      were measured by a spectrophotometer in 585 progeny from 68 nuclear families in
      the KNC resource population. We performed genome scan linkage analysis to
      identify loci that affect quantitatively measured shank skin color traits in KNC.
      All these birds were genotyped with 167 DNA markers located throughout the 26
      autosomes. The SOLAR program was used to conduct multipoint variance-component
      quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. We detected a major QTL that affects b*
      value (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 47.5, p = 1.60*10-49) on GGA24 (GGA for Gallus
      gallus). At the same location, we also detected a QTL that influences a* value
      (LOD = 14.2, p = 6.14*10-16). Additionally, beta-carotene dioxygenase 2 (BCDO2),
      the obvious positional candidate gene under the linkage peaks on GGA24, was
      investigated by the two association tests: i.e., measured genotype association
      (MGA) and quantitative transmission disequilibrium test (QTDT). Significant
      associations were detected between BCDO2 g.9367 A>C and a* (PMGA = 1.69*10-28;
      PQTDT = 2.40*10-25). The strongest associations were between BCDO2 g.9367 A>C and
      b* (PMGA = 3.56*10-66; PQTDT = 1.68*10-65). However, linkage analyses conditional
      on the single nucleotide polymorphism indicated that other functional variants
      should exist. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time the linkage and
      association between the BCDO2 locus on GGA24 and quantitatively measured shank
      skin color traits in KNC.

PMID- 27383803
TI  - Accuracy of genomic breeding value prediction for intramuscular fat using
      different genomic relationship matrices in Hanwoo (Korean cattle).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Intramuscular fat is one of the meat quality traits that is considered
      in the selection strategies for Hanwoo (Korean cattle). Different methods are
      used to estimate the breeding value of selection candidates. In the present work
      we focused on accuracy of different genotype relationship matrices as described
      by forni and pedigree based relationship matrix. METHODS: The data set included a
      total of 778 animals that were genotyped for BovineSNP50 BeadChip. Among these
      778 animals, 72 animals were sires for 706 reference animals and were used as a
      validation dataset. Single trait animal model (best linear unbiased prediction
      and genomic best linear unbiased prediction) was used to estimate the breeding
      values from genomic and pedigree information. RESULTS: The diagonal elements for
      the pedigree based coefficients were slightly higher for the genomic relationship
      matrices (GRM) based coefficients while off diagonal elements were considerably
      low for GRM based coefficients. The accuracy of breeding value for the pedigree
      based relationship matrix (A) was 13% while for GRM (GOF, G05, and Yang) it was
      0.37, 0.45, and 0.38, respectively. CONCLUSION: Accuracy of GRM was 1.5 times
      higher than A in this study. Therefore, genomic information will be more
      beneficial than pedigree information in the Hanwoo breeding program.

PMID- 27383804
TI  - Comparison of Muscle Fiber and Meat Quality Characteristics in Different Japanese
      Quail Lines.
AB  - The aim of this study was to compare the growth performance, fiber
      characteristics of the pectoralis major muscle, and meat quality characteristics
      in the heavy weight (HW) and random bred control (RBC) quail lines and genders.
      The HW male exhibited more than two times greater body (245.7 vs 96.1 g, p<0.05)
      and pectoralis major muscle (PMW; 37.1 vs 11.1 g, p<0.05) weights compared to the
      RBC female. This growth performance in the HW line was associated with a greater
      muscle fiber area (1,502 vs 663.0 MUm(2), p<0.001) compared to the RBC line.
      Greater muscle mass of the HW male was accompanied by a higher percentage of type
      IIB fiber compared to the HW female (64.0% vs 51.0%, p<0.05). However, muscle
      fiber hyperplasia (increase in fiber number) has had a somewhat limited effect on
      PMW between the two lines. On the other hand, the HW line harboring a higher
      proportion of type IIB fiber showed rapid pH decline at the early postmortem
      period (6.23 vs 6.41, p<0.05) and lighter meat surface (53.5 vs 47.3, p<0.05)
      compared to the RBC line harboring a lower proportion of type IIB fiber. There
      were no significant differences observed in the measurement of water-holding
      capacity including drip loss (2.74% vs 3.07%, p>0.05) and cooking loss (21.9% vs
      20.4%, p>0.05) between the HW and RBC lines. Therefore, the HW quail line
      developed by selection from the RBC quail, was slightly different in the meat
      quality characteristics compared to the RBC line, and a marked difference was
      found in growth performance between the two quail lines. 

PMID- 27383805
TI  - Lignosulfonic acid promotes hypertrophy in 3T3-L1 cells without increasing lipid
      content and increases their 2-deoxyglucose uptake.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Adipose tissue plays a key role in the development of obesity and
      diabetes. We previously reported that lignosulfonic acid suppresses the rise in
      blood glucose levels through the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity and
      intestinal glucose absorption. The purpose of this study is to examine further
      biological activities of lignosulfonic acid. METHODS: In this study, we examined
      the effect of lignosulfonic acid on differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. RESULTS:
      While lignosulfonic acid inhibited proliferation (mitotic clonal expansion) after
      induction of differentiation, lignosulfonic acid significantly increased the size
      of accumulated lipid droplets in the cells. Semi-quantitative reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that lignosulfonic acid
      increased the expression of the adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome
      proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), leading to increased glucose
      transporter 4 (Glut-4) expression and 2-deoxyglucose uptake in differentiated 3T3
      L1 cells. Additionally, feeding lignosulfonic acid to diabetic KK-Ay mice
      suppressed increase of blood glucose level. CONCLUSION: Lignosulfonic acid may be
      useful as a functional anti-diabetic component of food.

PMID- 27383806
TI  - Microbial composition in different gut locations of weaning piglets receiving
      antibiotics.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine shifts in the composition of the
      bacterial population in the intestinal tracts (ITs) of weaning piglets by
      antibiotic treatment using high-throughput sequencing. METHODS: Sixty 28-d-old
      weaning piglets were randomly divided into two treatment groups. The Control
      group was treated with a basal diet without antibiotics. The Antibiotic group's
      basal diet contained colistin sulfate at a concentration of 20 g per ton and
      bacitracin zinc at a concentration of 40 g per ton. All of the pigs were fed for
      28 days. Then, three pigs were killed, and the luminal contents of the jejunum,
      ileum, cecum, and colon were collected for DNA extraction and high-throughput
      sequencing. RESULTS: The results showed that the average daily weight gain of the
      antibiotic group was significantly greater (p<0.05), and the incidence of
      diarrhea lower (p>0.05), than the control group. A total of 812,607 valid reads
      were generated. Thirty-eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were found
      in all of the samples were defined as core OTUs. Twenty-one phyla were
      identified, and approximately 90% of the classifiable sequences belonged to the
      phylum Firmicutes. Forty-two classes were identified. Of the 232 genera
      identified, nine genera were identified as the core gut microbiome because they
      existed in all of the tracts. The proportion of the nine core bacteria varied at
      the different tract sites. A heat map was used to understand how the numbers of
      the abundant genera shifted between the two treatment groups. CONCLUSION: At
      different tract sites the relative abundance of gut microbiota was different.
      Antibiotics could cause shifts in the microorganism composition and affect the
      composition of gut microbiota in the different tracts of weaning piglets.

PMID- 27383807
TI  - Effects of different ratios and storage periods of liquid brewer's yeast mixed
      with cassava pulp on chemical composition, fermentation quality and in vitro
      ruminal fermentation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation
      quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation of various ratios and storage periods
      of liquid brewer's yeast (LBY) mixed with cassava pulp (CVP). METHODS: Four
      mixtures of fresh LBY and CVP were made (LBY0, LBY10, LBY20, and LBY30 for
      LBY:CVP at 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70, respectively) on a fresh matter basis,
      in 500 g in plastic bags and stored at 30 to 32 degrees C. After storage, the
      bags were opened weekly from weeks 0 to 4. Fermentation quality and in vitro gas
      production (IVGP) were determined, as well as the dry matter (DM), organic matter
      (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber, acid
      detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin contents. RESULTS: The contents of CP
      and EE increased, whereas all other components decreased, in proportion to LBY
      inclusion (p<0.01). The DM and OM contents gradually decreased in weeks 3 and 4
      (p<0.05), while EE contents were lowest in week 0. The pH, ammonia nitrogen per
      total nitrogen (NH3-N/TN) and V-score in each mixture and storage period
      demonstrated superior fermentation quality (pH<=4.2, NH3-N/TN<=12.5%, and V
      score>90%). The pH increased and NH3-N/TN decreased, with proportionate increases
      of LBY, whereas the pH decreased and NH3-N/TN increased, as the storage periods
      were extended (p<0.01). Although IVGP decreased in proportion to the amount of
      LBY inclusion (p<0.01), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was
      unaffected by the mixture ratios. The highest IVGP and IVOMD were observed in
      week 0 (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The inclusion of LBY (as high as 30%) into CVP
      improves the chemical composition of the mixture, thereby increasing the CP
      content, while decreasing IVGP, without decreasing fermentation quality and
      IVOMD. In addition, a preservation period of up to four weeks can guarantee
      superior fermentation quality in all types of mixtures. Therefore, we recommend
      limiting the use of CVP as a feed ingredient, given its low nutritional value and
      improving feed quality with the inclusion of LBY.

PMID- 27383808
TI  - Characterization of Heterologously Expressed Acetyl Xylan Esterase1 Isolated from
      the Anaerobic Rumen Fungus Neocallimastix frontalis PMA02.
AB  - Acetyl xylan esterase (AXE), which hydrolyzes the ester linkages of the naturally
      acetylated xylan and thus known to have an important role for hemicellulose
      degradation, was isolated from the anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix
      frontatlis PMA02, heterologously expressed in Escherichi coli (E.coli) and
      characterized. The full-length cDNA encoding NfAXE1 was 1,494 bp, of which 978 bp
      constituted an open reading frame. The estimated molecular weight of NfAXE1 was
      36.5 kDa with 326 amino acid residues, and the calculated isoelectric point was
      4.54. The secondary protein structure was predicted to consist of nine alpha
      helixes and 12 beta-strands. The enzyme expressed in E.coli had the highest
      activity at 40 degrees C and pH 8. The purified recombinant NfAXE1 had a specific
      activity of 100.1 U/mg when p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NA) was used as a substrate
      at 40 degrees C, optimum temperature. The amount of liberated acetic acids were
      the highest and the lowest when p-NA and acetylated birchwood xylan were used as
      substrates, respectively. The amount of xylose released from acetylated birchwod
      xylan was increased by 1.4 fold when NfAXE1 was mixed with xylanase in a reaction
      cocktail, implying a synergistic effect of NfAXE1 with xylanase on hemicellulose
      degradation.

PMID- 27383809
TI  - Evaluation of gaseous concentrations, bacterial diversity and microbial quantity
      in different layers of deep litter system.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: An experiment was conducted to investigate the environment of the deep
      litter system and provided theoretical basis for production. METHODS: The bedding
      samples were obtained from a pig breeding farm and series measurements associated
      with gases concentrations and the bacterial diversity as well as the quantity of
      Escherichia coli, Lactobacilli, Methanogens were performed in this paper.
      RESULTS: The concentrations of CO2, CH4, and NH3 in the deep litter system
      increased with the increasing of depth while the N2O concentrations increased
      fiercely from the 0 cm to the -10 cm depth but then decreased beneath the -10 cm
      depth. Meanwhile, the Shannon index, the dominance index as well as the evenness
      index at the -20 cm layer was significantly different from the other layers
      (p<0.05). On the other hand, the quantity of Escherichia coli reached the highest
      value at the surface beddings and there was a significant drop at the -20 cm
      layer with the increasing depth. The Lactobacilli numbers increased with the
      depth from 0 cm to -15 cm and then decreased significantly under the -20 cm
      depth. The expression of Methanogens reached its largest value at the depth of 
      35 cm. CONCLUSION: The upper layers (0 cm to -5 cm) of this system were aerobic,
      the middle layers (-10 cm to -20 cm) were micro-aerobic, while that the bottom
      layers (below -20 cm depth) were anaerobic. In addition, from a standpoint of
      increasing the nitrification pathway and inhibiting the denitrification pathway,
      it should be advised that the deep litter system should be kept aerobic.

PMID- 27383810
TI  - Molecular characterization and expression pattern of a novel Keratin-associated
      protein 11.1 gene in the Liaoning cashmere goat (Capra hircus).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: An experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between the
      KAP11.1 and the regulation wool fineness. METHODS: In previous work, we
      constructed a skin cDNA library and isolated a full-length cDNA clone termed
      KAP11.1. On this basis, we conducted a series of bioinformatics analysis. Tissue
      distribution of KAP11.1 mRNA was performed using semi-quantitative reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The expression of
      KAP11.1 mRNA in primary and secondary hair follicles was performed using real
      time PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) analysis. The expression location
      of KAP11.1 mRNA in primary and secondary hair follicles was performed using in
      situ hybridization. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analysis showed that KAP11.1 gene
      encodes a putative 158 amino acid protein that exhibited a high content of
      cysteine, serine, threonine, and valine and has a pubertal mammary gland)
      structural domain. Secondary structure prediction revealed a high proportion of
      random coils (76.73%). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that KAP11.1 gene was
      expressed in heart, skin, and liver, but not expressed in spleen, lung and
      kidney. Real time PCR results showed that the expression of KAP11.1 has a higher
      expression in catagen than in anagen in the primary hair follicles. However, in
      the secondary hair follicles, KAP11.1 has a significantly higher expression in
      anagen than in catagen. Moreover, KAP11.1 gene has a strong expression in inner
      root sheath, hair matrix, and a lower expression in hair bulb. CONCLUSION: We
      conclude that KAP11.1 gene may play an important role in regulating the fiber
      diameter.

PMID- 27383811
TI  - High pressure processing for dark-firm-dry beef: effect on physical properties
      and oxidative deterioration during refrigerated storage.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Study on the application of high pressure processing (HPP) for dark
      firm-dry (DFD) beef was conducted to observe whether HPP has any impact on
      physical properties and to evaluate oxidative deterioration during refrigerated
      storage under vacuum. METHODS: The longissimus lumborum muscles obtained from
      Friesian Holstein steers (33+/-0.5 months old) with 24-h postmortem pH higher
      than 6.0 were vacuum-packed and subjected to pressurization at 200, 400, and 600
      MPa for 180 s at 15 degrees C+/-2 degrees C; the samples were then stored for 9
      days at 4 degrees C+/-1 degrees C and compared with control (0.1 MPa). RESULTS:
      HPP increased meat pH by 0.1 to 0.2 units and the tenderness of cooked DFD beef
      significantly with no significant effects on meat texture profile. The stability
      of meat pH was well maintained during refrigerated storage under vacuum. No clear
      effects were found on the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, however,
      glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly reduced by high pressure. HPP
      and storage time resulted in aroma changes and the increasing amount of
      malondialdehyde and metmyoglobin relative composition. CONCLUSION: Although the
      increasing amount of malondialdehyde content, metmyoglobin formation and aroma
      changes in HPP-treated samples could not be avoided, HPP at 200 MPa increased L*
      and a* values with less discoloration and oxidative deterioration during storage.

PMID- 27383812
TI  - Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the performance of laying hens, lipid
      composition of egg yolk, egg flavor, and serum components.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This experiment investigated the effects of dietary supplementation
      with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the serum components, laying hen
      productivity, lipid composition of egg yolk, egg flavor and egg quality. METHODS:
      Healthy 28-week-old Hy-Line white laying hens (n = 480) were divided randomly
      into 4 groups, 6 replicates/group, 20 birds/replicate. The 30-day experimental
      diets included 0% (control), 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.6% CLA. Some serum indices of the
      birds, and egg production, quality, fatty acid composition, egg quality were
      measured. RESULTS: The dietary supplementation with 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.6% CLA did
      not significantly affect the laying rate and feed intake, as well as calcium ion
      and phosphorus ion concentration in serum (p>0.05). However, the CLA had
      significantly increased the strength of eggshell, decreased the odor, flavor, and
      taste of egg yolk, deepened the color of egg yolk, increased saturated fatty
      acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and reduced the monounsaturated fatty
      acids (p<0.05). On the other hand, the dietary supplementation with 1.6% CLA had
      significant effects on feed/gain, and improved serum hormones. Dietary
      supplementation with 0.4% and 0.8% CLA can significantly enhance the activity of
      alkaline phosphates. CONCLUSION: CLA has no effect on production performance, but
      does enhance the lipid content of the egg yolk and the strength of the eggshell.

PMID- 27383813
TI  - Effect of supplementation of yeast with bacteriocin and Lactobacillus culture on
      growth performance, cecal fermentation, microbiota composition, and blood
      characteristics in broiler chickens.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of yeast
      with bacteriocin and Lactobacillus cultures (mixture of Lactobacillus agilis BCRC
      10436 and Lactobacillus reuteri BCRC 17476) supplements, alone or in combination,
      on broiler chicken performance. METHODS: A total of 300, 1-d-old healthy broiler
      chickens were randomly divided into five treatment groups: i) basal diet
      (control), ii) basal diet+0.25% yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (YC), iii) basal
      diet+0.25% yeast with bacteriocin (BA), iv) basal diet+Lactobacillus cultures
      (LAB), and v) basal diet +0.25% yeast with bacteriocin+Lactobacillus cultures
      (BA+LAB). Growth performance, cecal microbiota, cecal fermentation products, and
      blood biochemistry parameters were determined when chickens were 21 and 35 d old.
      RESULTS: The supplementation of YC, BA, and BA+LAB resulted in a significantly
      better feed conversion rate (FCR) than that of the control group during 1 to 21 d
      (p<0.05). The LAB supplementation had a significant effect on the presence of
      Lactobacillus in the ceca at 35 d. None of the supplements had an effect on
      relative numbers of L. agilis and L. reuter at 21 d, but the BA supplementation
      resulted in the decrease of both Lactobacillus strains at 35 d. The BA+LAB
      supplementation resulted in higher short chain fatty acid (SCFA) in the ceca, but
      LAB supplementation significantly decreased the SCFA at 35 d (p<0.05). All
      treatments tended to decrease ammonia concentration in the ceca at 21 d,
      especially in the LAB treatment group. The BA supplementation alone decreased the
      triacylglycerol (TG) concentration significantly at 21 d (p<0.05), but the
      synergistic effect of BA and LAB supplementation was required to reduce the TG
      concentration at 35 d. The YC supplementation tended to increase the plasma
      cholesterol at 21 d and 35 d. However, the BA supplementation significantly
      decreased the cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level at 35 d.
      In conclusion, the BA+LAB supplementation was beneficial to body weight gain and
      FCR of broiler chickens. CONCLUSION: The effect of BA and LAB supplementation may
      be a result of the growth of lactic acid bacteria enhancement and physiological
      characterization of bacteriocin, and it suggests that the BA and LAB
      supplementation level or Lactobacillus strain selection should be integrated in
      future supplementation designs.

PMID- 27383814
TI  - Effect of Triclosan-Coated Suture and Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Infection and
      Recurrence after Karydakis Flap Repair for Pilonidal Disease: A Randomized
      Parallel-Arm Double-Blinded Clinical Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pilonidal sinus disease was first described by Mayo in 1833 as "a
      cyst that contains hair." Although surgical treatment of the lesions can have
      successful outcomes, it also can be associated with relatively high rates of post
      operative infectioins and recurrence. Many studies have demonstrated that
      triclosan-coated sutures (TCS) decrease surgical site infections. OBJECTIVE: The
      goal of this randomized parallel-arm double-blind clinical trial was to
      investigate the ability of antibiotic prophylaxis, and secondarily of antibiotic
      coated sutures, to prevent post-operative infections in the surgical management
      of pilonidal sinus disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The initial trial protocol
      aimed to compare early infections in patients who did and did not undergo
      antibiotic prophylaxis (AP(+) vs. AP(-)). A secondary goal was to compare the
      effects of TCS and conventional sutures (CS) on early infectious complication
      rates in the two groups. The AP(-) arm had to be terminated prematurely because
      of an unacceptably high rate of infectious complications. RESULTS: A total of 80
      micro-organisms were recovered from 74 patients (69.8%). Methicillin-susceptible
      coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common isolates (30%). The most
      frequently detected anaerobic micro-organism was Actinomyces israelii (7.5%). The
      TCS and CS groups had similar rates of micro-organism growth (65.8% vs. 75.0%).
      There was no significant difference in the occurrence of wound dehiscence. Over
      the six-month follow-up, there were two recurrences, both in the TCS group. The
      difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that antibiotic
      prophylaxis is necessary in patients scheduled for Karydakis flap repair. In our
      study, TCS tended to be associated with a lower rate of infection, but this trend
      did not achieve statistical significance. Anaerobic micro-organisms dominated the
      infective isolates.

PMID- 27383815
TI  - Tree phylogenetic diversity promotes host-parasitoid interactions.
AB  - Evidence from grassland experiments suggests that a plant community's
      phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a strong predictor of ecosystem processes, even
      stronger than species richness per se This has, however, never been extended to
      species-rich forests and host-parasitoid interactions. We used cavity-nesting
      Hymenoptera and their parasitoids collected in a subtropical forest as a model
      system to test whether hosts, parasitoids, and their interactions are influenced
      by tree PD and a comprehensive set of environmental variables, including tree
      species richness. Parasitism rate and parasitoid abundance were positively
      correlated with tree PD. All variables describing parasitoids decreased with
      elevation, and were, except parasitism rate, dependent on host abundance.
      Quantitative descriptors of host-parasitoid networks were independent of the
      environment. Our study indicates that host-parasitoid interactions in species
      rich forests are related to the PD of the tree community, which influences
      parasitism rates through parasitoid abundance. We show that effects of tree
      community PD are much stronger than effects of tree species richness, can cascade
      to high trophic levels, and promote trophic interactions. As during habitat
      modification phylogenetic information is usually lost non-randomly, even species
      rich habitats may not be able to continuously provide the ecosystem process
      parasitism if the evolutionarily most distinct plant lineages vanish.

PMID- 27383816
TI  - Madagascar's ephemeral palaeo-grazer guild: who ate the ancient C4 grasses?

PMID- 27383817
TI  - The anti-predator role of within-nest emergence synchrony in sea turtle
      hatchlings.
AB  - Group formation is a common behaviour among prey species. In egg-laying animals,
      despite the various factors that promote intra-clutch variation leading to
      asynchronous hatching and emergence from nests, synchronous hatching and
      emergence occurs in many taxa. This synchrony may be adaptive by reducing
      predation risk, but few data are available in any natural system, even for iconic
      examples of the anti-predator function of group formation. Here, we show for the
      first time that increased group size (number of hatchlings emerging together from
      a nest) reduces green turtle (Chelonia mydas) hatchling predation. This effect
      was only observed earlier in the night when predation pressure was greatest,
      indicated by the greatest predator abundance and a small proportion of predators
      preoccupied with consuming captured prey. Further analysis revealed that the
      effect of time of day was due to the number of hatchlings already killed in an
      evening; this, along with the apparent lack of other anti-predatory mechanisms
      for grouping, suggests that synchronous emergence from a nest appears to swamp
      predators, resulting in an attack abatement effect. Using a system with
      relatively pristine conditions for turtle hatchlings and their predators provides
      a more realistic environmental context within which intra-nest synchronous
      emergence has evolved.

PMID- 27383818
TI  - Commensal associations and benthic habitats shape macroevolution of the bivalve
      clade Galeommatoidea.
AB  - The great diversity of marine life has been shaped by the interplay between
      abiotic and biotic factors. Among different biotic interactions, symbiosis is an
      important yet less studied phenomenon. Here, we tested how symbiotic associations
      affected marine diversification, using the bivalve superfamily Galeommatoidea as
      a study system. This superfamily contains large numbers of obligate commensal as
      well as free-living species and is therefore amenable to comparative approaches.
      We constructed a global molecular phylogeny of Galeommatoidea and compared
      macroevolutionary patterns between free-living and commensal lineages. Our
      analyses inferred that commensalism/sediment-dwelling is likely to be the
      ancestral condition of Galeommatoidea and that secondary invasions of hard-bottom
      habitats linked to the loss of commensalism. One major clade containing most of
      the free-living species exhibits a 2-4 times higher diversification rate than
      that of the commensals, likely driven by frequent niche partitioning in highly
      heterogeneous hard-bottom habitats. However, commensal clades show much higher
      within-clade morphological disparity, likely promoted by their intimate
      associations with diverse hosts. Our study highlights the importance of
      interactions between different ecological factors in shaping marine
      macroevolution and that biotic factors cannot be ignored if we wish to fully
      understand processes that generate marine biodiversity.

PMID- 27383819
TI  - Visual pigments in a palaeognath bird, the emu Dromaius novaehollandiae:
      implications for spectral sensitivity and the origin of ultraviolet vision.
AB  - A comprehensive description of the spectral characteristics of retinal
      photoreceptors in palaeognaths is lacking. Moreover, controversy exists with
      respect to the spectral sensitivity of the short-wavelength-sensitive-1 (SWS1)
      opsin-based visual pigment expressed in one type of single cone: previous
      microspectrophotometric (MSP) measurements in the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
      suggested a violet-sensitive (VS) SWS1 pigment, but all palaeognath SWS1 opsin
      sequences obtained to date (including the ostrich) imply that the visual pigment
      is ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS). In this study, MSP was used to measure the
      spectral properties of visual pigments and oil droplets in the retinal
      photoreceptors of the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Results show that the emu
      resembles most other bird species in possessing four spectrally distinct single
      cones, as well as double cones and rods. Four cone and a single rod opsin are
      expressed, each an orthologue of a previously identified pigment. The SWS1
      pigment is clearly UVS (wavelength of maximum absorbance [lambdamax] = 376 nm),
      with key tuning sites (Phe86 and Cys90) consistent with other vertebrate UVS SWS1
      pigments. Palaeognaths would appear, therefore, to have UVS SWS1 pigments. As
      they are considered to be basal in avian evolution, this suggests that UVS is the
      most likely ancestral state for birds. The functional significance of a dedicated
      UVS cone type in the emu is discussed.

PMID- 27383821
TI  - Evaluating the influence of ventilation and ventilation-compression
      synchronization on chest compression force and depth during simulated neonatal
      resuscitation.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate the influence of ventilation and ventilation
      compression synchronization on compression force and sternal displacement during
      simulated neonatal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (NCPR) on an infant manikin.
      METHODS: Five Neonatal Resuscitation Program trained clinicians were recruited to
      perform simulated NCPR on an infant manikin using two-finger (TF) and two-thumb
      (TT) compression, with synchronous and asynchronous ventilation, as well as
      without ventilation. The sternal displacement and force were recorded and
      analyzed. RESULTS: Synchronous ventilation and compression yielded sternal
      displacements and forces in the range of 22.8-32.4 mm and 15.0-29.8 N,
      respectively, while asynchronous ventilation and compression produced depths and
      forces in the range of 21.2-32.4 mm and 14.0-28.8 N, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:
      Ventilation exerts a significant influence on sternal displacement and force
      during simulated NCPR, regardless of the compression method used. Ventilation
      compression synchronization, however, is only significant during TF compression
      with lower compression forces measured during synchronous ventilation than in
      asynchronous ventilation. This occurs for two reasons: (i) the strong influence
      of ventilation forces on the lower magnitude compression forces produced during
      TF compression relative to TT compression and (ii) in asynchronous ventilation,
      compression and ventilation may occur simultaneously, with inflation and
      deflation providing an opposing force to the applied compression force.

PMID- 27383820
TI  - Colorectal Cancer and Long-Term Exposure to Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water: A
      Multicenter Case-Control Study in Spain and Italy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evidence on the association between colorectal cancer and exposure to
      disinfection by-products in drinking water is inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We
      assessed long-term exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), the most prevalent group
      of chlorination by-products, to evaluate the association with colorectal cancer.
      METHODS: A multicenter case-control study was conducted in Spain and Italy in
      2008-2013. Hospital-based incident cases and population-based (Spain) and
      hospital-based (Italy) controls were interviewed to ascertain residential
      histories, type of water consumed in each residence, frequency and duration of
      showering/bathing, and major recognized risk factors for colorectal cancer. We
      estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) for colorectal cancer in association with
      quartiles of estimated average lifetime THM concentrations in each participant's
      residential tap water (micrograms/liter; from age 18 to 2 years before the
      interview) and estimated average lifetime THM ingestion from drinking residential
      tap water (micrograms/day). RESULTS: We analyzed 2,047 cases and 3,718 controls.
      Median values (ranges) for average lifetime residential tap water concentrations
      of total THMs, chloroform, and brominated THMs were 30 (0-174), 17 (0-63), and 9
      (0-145) MUg/L, respectively. Total THM concentration in residential tap water was
      not associated with colorectal cancer (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.28 for highest
      vs. lowest quartile), but chloroform concentrations were inversely associated (OR
      = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.41 for highest vs. lowest quartile). Brominated THM
      concentrations showed a positive association among men in the highest versus the
      lowest quartile (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.83, 2.46). Patterns of association were
      similar for estimated average THM ingestion through residential water
      consumption. CONCLUSIONS: We did not find clear evidence of an association
      between detailed estimates of lifetime total THM exposure and colorectal cancer
      in our large case-control study population. Negative associations with chloroform
      concentrations and ingestion suggest differences among specific THMs, but these
      findings should be confirmed in other study populations. Citation: Villanueva CM,
      Gracia-Lavedan E, Bosetti C, Righi E, Molina AJ, Martin V, Boldo E, Aragones N,
      Perez-Gomez B, Pollan M, Gomez Acebo I, Altzibar JM, Jimenez Zabala A, Ardanaz E,
      Peiro R, Tardon A, Chirlaque MD, Tavani A, Polesel J, Serraino D, Pisa F, Castano
      Vinyals G, Espinosa A, Espejo-Herrera N, Palau M, Moreno V, La Vecchia C,
      Aggazzotti G, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Kogevinas M. 2017. Colorectal cancer and long
      term exposure to trihalomethanes in drinking water: a multicenter case---control
      study in Spain and Italy. Environ Health Perspect 125:56-65;
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP155.

PMID- 27383822
TI  - Urban Telemedicine Enables Equity in Access to Acute Illness Care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children with care for acute illness available through the Health-e
      Access telemedicine model at childcare and schools were previously found to have
      22% less emergency department (ED) use than counterparts without this service,
      but they also had 24% greater acute care use overall. INTRODUCTION: We assessed
      the hypothesis that increased utilization reflected improved access among
      impoverished inner-city children to a level experienced by more affluent suburban
      children. This observational study compared utilization among children without
      and with telemedicine access, beginning in 1993, ending in 2007, and based on
      84,287 child-months of billing claims-based observation. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Health-e-Access Telemedicine was initiated in stepwise manner over 187 study
      months among 74 access sites (childcare, schools, community centers), beginning
      in month 105. Children dwelled in inner city, rest-of-city Rochester, NY, or in
      surrounding suburbs. Rate of total acute care visits (office, ED, telemedicine)
      was measured as visits per 100 child-years. Observed utilization rates were
      adjusted in multivariate analysis for age, sex, insurance type, and season of
      year. RESULTS: When both suburban and inner-city children lacked telemedicine
      access, overall acute illness visits were 75% greater among suburban than inner
      city children (suburban:inner-city rate ratio 1.75, p < 0.0001). After
      telemedicine became available to inner-city children, their overall acute visits
      approximated those of suburban children (suburban:inner-city rate ratio 0.80, p =
      0.07), whereas acute visits among suburban children remained at least (worst-case
      comparison) 56% greater than inner-city children without telemedicine (rate ratio
      1.56, p < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: At baseline, overall acute illness utilization of
      suburban children exceeded that of inner-city children. Overall utilization for
      inner-city children increased with telemedicine to that of suburban children at
      baseline. Without telemedicine, however, inner-city use remained substantially
      less than for suburban counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Health-e-Access Telemedicine
      redressed socioeconomic disparities in acute care access in the Rochester area,
      thus contributing to a more equitable community.

PMID- 27383823
TI  - Empowering Heliotherapy in Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis: An Observational
      Study of 186 Subjects.

PMID- 27383824
TI  - The association of CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms and additional gene-gene
      interaction with ischemic stroke in the eastern Han of China.
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CYP1A1 gene
      polymorphism and ischaemic stroke (IS) risk, and the impact of gene-gene
      interaction on IS risk based on a Chinese Han case-control study. A total of 1162
      subjects (612 men and 550 women), with a mean age of 63.1 +/- 12.5 years old,
      were selected, including 580 IS patients and 582 normal controls. Logistic
      regression was performed to investigate association between single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNP) and IS risk, and generalized multifactor dimensionality
      reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze the gene-gene interaction. Logistic
      regression analysis showed that the frequency for rs4646903 minor alleles was
      lower in cases than that in normal controls, and C allele of rs4646903 was 20.7 %
      in ischemic stroke cases and 27.1 % in controls subjects (p < 0.001). Logistic
      analysis showed the significant association between genotypes of variants in
      rs4646903 and decreased ischemic stroke risk. GMDR analysis indicated that there
      was a significant two-locus model (p = 0.0107) involving rs4646903 and rs1048943,
      indicating a potential gene-gene interaction between rs4646903 and rs1048943.
      Overall, the two- locus models had a cross-validation consistency of 9 of 10, and
      had the testing accuracy of 60.72 %. Subjects with TC or CC of rs4646903 and AG
      or GG of rs1048943 genotype have lowest ischemic stroke risk, compared to
      subjects with TT of rs4646903 and AA of rs1048943 genotype, and OR (95 % CI) was
      0.63 (0.42-0.89). rs4646903 minor alleles and interaction between rs4646903 and
      rs1048943 were associated with decreased IS risk. 

PMID- 27383825
TI  - Cognitive training for patients with dementia living in a sicilian nursing home:
      a novel web-based approach.
AB  - Dementia is an increasing challenge for health care and social system in
      developed countries. Interventions with a cognitive focus, also using assistive
      technology, are leading to promising results in improving cognitive and behavior
      symptoms in individuals with dementia. Aim of our study was to evaluate the
      combined effects of the standard cognitive training in addition to web-based
      rehabilitation in dementia people living in a nursing home. We have studied
      twenty dementia people (10 females and 10 males) with a mild to moderate
      cognitive decline (MMSE 25 +/- 3.4) associated to moderate behavioral
      alterations, and mainly due to vascular causes. These patients were randomly
      assigned to one of two groups (experimental or standard treatment-namely the
      control group). All participants in the experimental group completed the specific
      training, consisting of 24 sessions of web-based cognitive training, for 8 weeks,
      in addition to standard rehabilitation. Each participant was evaluated by a
      skilled neuropsychologist before and after each treatment. The experimental group
      had a statistically significant change of the Geriatric Depression Scale (p =
      0.03), Constructive Apraxia (p < 0.001), Matrices Attentive (p = 0.01), and Mini
      Mental State Examination (p = 0.04). Web-based cognitive rehabilitation can be
      useful in improving cognitive performance, besides psychological well-being, in
      demented individuals living in home care. 

PMID- 27383826
TI  - Extravascular heroin injection causing neuropathy: ultrasound picture.

PMID- 27383827
TI  - Response to: The "RACE" national database for recurrent acute rhinosinusitis may
      need a relook.

PMID- 27383828
TI  - Persistent neutrophilia is a marker for an increased risk of venous thrombosis.
AB  - In patients with cancer and myeloproliferative disorders, leukocytosis has been
      associated with an increased venous thromboembolic (VTE) risk. Our goal was to
      determine whether persistent neutrophilia (PN), not associated with known causes
      such as malignancies, infections or steroids, is independently associated with
      VTE. All adult patients with >3 outpatient complete blood counts (CBCs) within 3
      years were included. PN was defined as having an absolute neutrophil count >95 %
      (>2SD) of the population (>=7.8 * 10(9)/L) on at least three CBCs, at least 2
      months apart. Separate analyses for neutrophil counts >=9 * 10(9)/L and >=10 *
      10(9)/L were also performed. Blood counts from inpatients were excluded. Primary
      outcome was diagnosis of VTE, as determined by ICD-9 codes. Odds ratios were
      adjusted for diabetes, smoking, obesity, gender, and age. Charlson score was
      utilized as a morbidity measure. Data on 43,538 outpatients were collected.
      Although there was no association of VTE with neutrophil counts >=7.8 * 10(9)/L,
      patients with >=9.0 * 10(9)/L neutrophils were twice as likely to be diagnosed
      with VTE compared to those with normal neutrophil counts (OR 2.0, 95 % CI 1.3,
      3.1; p = 0.003). Patients with neutrophil counts >=10.0 * 10(9)/L were at an even
      higher risk (OR 2.3, 95 % CI 1.2, 4.8; p = 0.019). Charlson scores significantly
      modified this risk when incorporated into analysis. Elevated neutrophil counts
      are associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis even when they are not
      due to cancer, infection or steroids. In patients with significant comorbidities,
      neutrophilia may be a marker of VTE risk. 

PMID- 27383830
TI  - B7-H4 expression indicates poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Checkpoint blockade therapy utilizing monoclonal antibodies to reactivate T cells
      and recover their antitumor activity makes an epoch in cancer immunotherapy. The
      role of B7-H4, a novel negative immune checkpoint, in oral squamous cell
      carcinoma (OSCC) has still not been elucidated. In this study, tissue samples
      from human OSCC, which contains 165 primary OSCC, 48 oral epithelial dysplasia
      and 43 normal oral mucosa specimens, and Tgfbr1/Pten 2cKO mice OSCC model were
      stained with B7-H4 antibody to analyze the correlations between B7-H4 expression
      and clinicopathological characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to
      compare the survival of patients with high B7-H4 expression and patients with low
      B7-H4 expression. We found B7-H4 is highly expressed in human OSCC tissue, and
      the B7-H4 expression level was associated with the clinicopathological parameters
      containing pathological grade and lymph node status. Moreover, we confirmed that
      B7-H4 was overexpressed in Tgfbr1/Pten 2cKO mice OSCC model. Our data also
      indicated that patients with high B7-H4 expression had poor overall survival
      compared with those with low B7-H4 expression. Furthermore, this study
      demonstrated that B7-H4 was positively associated with PD-L1, CD11b, CD33,
      PI3Kalpha p110, and p-S6 (S235/236). Taken together, these findings suggest B7-H4
      is a potential target in the treatment of OSCC.

PMID- 27383829
TI  - Asymmetric Cancer Hallmarks in Breast Tumors on Different Sides of the Body.
AB  - During the last decades it has been established that breast cancer arises through
      the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in different cancer
      related genes. These alterations confer the tumor oncogenic abilities, which can
      be resumed as cancer hallmarks (CH). The purpose of this study was to establish
      the methylation profile of CpG sites located in cancer genes in breast tumors so
      as to infer their potential impact on 6 CH: i.e. sustained proliferative
      signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, induction of
      angiogenesis, genome instability and invasion and metastasis. For 51 breast
      carcinomas, MS-MLPA derived-methylation profiles of 81 CpG sites were converted
      into 6 CH profiles. CH profiles distribution was tested by different statistical
      methods and correlated with clinical-pathological data. Unsupervised Hierarchical
      Cluster Analysis revealed that CH profiles segregate in two main groups
      (bootstrapping 90-100%), which correlate with breast laterality (p = 0.05). For
      validating these observations, gene expression data was obtained by RealTime-PCR
      in a different cohort of 25 tumors and converted into CH profiles. This analyses
      confirmed the same clustering and a tendency of association with breast
      laterality (p = 0.15). In silico analyses on gene expression data from TCGA
      Breast dataset from left and right breast tumors showed that they differed
      significantly when data was previously converted into CH profiles (p = 0.033). We
      show here for the first time, that breast carcinomas arising on different sides
      of the body present differential cancer traits inferred from methylation and
      expression profiles. Our results indicate that by converting methylation or
      expression profiles in terms of Cancer Hallmarks, it would allow to uncover
      veiled associations with clinical features. These results contribute with a new
      finding to the better understanding of breast tumor behavior, and can moreover
      serve as proof of principle for other bilateral cancers like lung, testes or
      kidney. 

PMID- 27383832
TI  - Role of farnesoid X receptor in cholestasis.
AB  - The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in
      physiological bile acid synthesis, secretion and transport. Defects of FXR
      regulation in these processes can cause cholestasis and subsequent pathological
      changes. FXR regulates the synthesis and uptake of bile acid via enzymes. It also
      increases bile acid solubility and elimination by promoting conjugation reactions
      and exports pump expression in cholestasis. The changes in bile acid transporters
      are involved in cholestasis, which can result from the mutations of transporter
      genes or acquired dysfunction of transport systems, such as inflammation-induced
      intrahepatic cholestasis. The modulation function of FXR in extrahepatic
      cholestasis is not identical to that in intrahepatic cholestasis, but the
      discrepancy may be reduced over time. In extrahepatic cholestasis, increasing
      biliary pressure can induce bile duct proliferation and bile infarcts, but the
      absence of FXR may ameliorate them. This review provides an update on the
      function of FXR in the regulation of bile acid metabolism, its role in the
      pathophysiological process of cholestasis and the therapeutic use of FXR
      agonists.

PMID- 27383831
TI  - Delineation of six species of the primitive algal genus Glaucocystis based on in
      situ ultrastructural characteristics.
AB  - The field of microbiology was established in the 17(th) century upon the
      discovery of microorganisms by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek using a single-lens
      microscope. Now, the detailed ultrastructures of microorganisms can be elucidated
      in situ using three-dimensional electron microscopy. Since the availability of
      electron microscopy, the taxonomy of microscopic organisms has entered a new era.
      Here, we established a new taxonomic system of the primitive algal genus
      Glaucocystis (Glaucophyta) using a new-generation electron microscopic
      methodology: ultra-high-voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM) and field-emission
      scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Various globally distributed Glaucocystis
      strains were delineated into six species, based on differences in in situ
      ultrastructural features of the protoplast periphery under UHVEM tomography and
      in the mother cell wall by FE-SEM, as well as differences in the light
      microscopic characteristics and molecular phylogenetic results. The present work
      on Glaucocystis provides a model case of new-generation taxonomy.

PMID- 27383833
TI  - Optic-null space medium for cover-up cloaking without any negative refraction
      index materials.
AB  - With the help of optic-null medium, we propose a new way to achieve invisibility
      by covering up the scattering without using any negative refraction index
      materials. Compared with previous methods to achieve invisibility, the function
      of our cloak is to cover up the scattering of the objects to be concealed by a
      background object of strong scattering. The concealed object can receive
      information from the outside world without being detected. Numerical simulations
      verify the performance of our cloak. The proposed method will be a great addition
      to existing invisibility technology.

PMID- 27383834
TI  - Positive Predictive Value of the WHO Clinical and Immunologic Criteria to Predict
      Viral Load Failure among Adults on First, or Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy
      in Kenya.
AB  - Routine HIV viral load (VL) monitoring is the standard of care for persons
      receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in developed countries. Although the World
      Health Organization recommends annual VL monitoring of patients on ART,
      recognizing difficulties in conducting routine VL testing, the WHO continues to
      recommend targeted VL testing to confirm treatment failure for persons who meet
      selected immunologic and clinical criteria. Studies have measured positive
      predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of
      these criteria among patients receiving first-line ART but not specifically among
      those on second-line or subsequent regimens. Between 2008 and 2011, adult ART
      patients in Nyanza, Kenya who met national clinical or immunologic criteria for
      treatment failure received targeted VL testing. We calculated PPV and 95%
      confidence intervals (CI) of these criteria to detect virologic treatment failure
      among patients receiving a) first-line ART, b) second/subsequent ART, and c) any
      regimen. Of 12,134 patient specimens tested, 2,874 (23.7%) were virologically
      confirmed as treatment failures. The PPV for 2,834 first-line ART patients who
      met either the clinical or immunologic criteria for treatment failure was 34.4%
      (95% CI 33.2-35.7), 33.1% (95% CI 24.7-42.3) for the 40 patients on second
      line/subsequent regimens, and 33.4% (95% CI 33.1-35.6) for any ART. PPV,
      regardless of criteria, for first-line ART patients was lowest among patients
      over 44 years old and highest for patients aged 15 to 34 years. PPV of
      immunological and clinical criteria for correctly identifying treatment failure
      was similarly low for adult patients receiving either first-line or second
      line/subsequent ART regimens. Our data confirm the inadequacy of clinical and
      immunologic criteria to correctly identify treatment failure and support the
      implementation of routine VL testing. 

PMID- 27383835
TI  - Hip osteoarthritis.

PMID- 27383836
TI  - Marginal Micronutrient Intake in High-Performance Male Wheelchair Basketball
      Players: A Dietary Evaluation and the Effects of Nutritional Advice.
AB  - Wheelchair basketball has evolved into a high-performance sport over several
      years, and small variations in player performance can determine the difference
      between winning and losing. Therefore, adequate micronutrient intake may
      influence this difference if performance-promoting macronutrient intake and
      physical fitness are equal between teams. Seventeen elite male wheelchair
      basketball players belonging to the Spanish National Team participated in this
      study. Macro- and micronutrient intake were determined using a food-weighing
      diary over three consecutive days during three training camps in two consecutive
      years. Current Dietary Reference Intake levels were used to determine the
      adequacy of intake of seventeen micronutrients of particular interest for
      athletes. After categorizing the consumed foods into fourteen food groups
      according to the National Nutrient Database for Standard References (USDA) these
      groups were used to identify the best predictors of the adequacy of intake for
      each micronutrient. Total energy intake correlated positively with the adequacy
      of all micronutrient intake levels, except for vitamins A and E. Five B vitamins
      and phosphorus, selenium, and iron showed 100% adequacy. All other micronutrient
      intake levels were found to be inadequate, e.g., vitamin E (51% adequacy) and
      calcium (73%). The fruit, fish and cereal food groups were found to be predictors
      of adequate intake of most micronutrients. Together with energy intake (p = .009,
      eta2 = 0.49), the intake of the fruit (p = .032, eta2 = 0.39) and egg (p = .036,
      Kendall's W = 0.42) food groups increased significantly over time, along with
      improved iodine (p = .008, W = 0.61) and magnesium (p = .030, W = 0.44) adequacy
      levels. Because the adequacy of micronutrient intake correlates positively with
      energy intake (R = 0.64, p < .001), a varied diet that includes cereals, fish and
      fruits is especially important for players with low levels of energy intake.
      Supplements may be a possible solution if adequate micronutrient intake cannot be
      achieved through regular dietary intake alone. However, dietary analyses should
      be conducted on a regular basis throughout the year to improve the nutritional
      knowledge of the athletes and assure adequate micronutrient intake. 

PMID- 27383837
TI  - Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Contain miRNAs and are Released as Early
      Biomarkers for Cardiac Injury.
AB  - Plasma-circulating microRNAs have been implicated as novel early biomarkers for
      myocardial infarction (MI) due to their high specificity for cardiac injury. For
      swift clinical translation of this potential biomarker, it is important to
      understand their temporal and spatial characteristics upon MI. Therefore, we
      studied the temporal release, potential source, and transportation of circulating
      miRNAs in different models of ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. We demonstrated
      that extracellular vesicles are released from the ischemic myocardium upon I/R
      injury. Moreover, we provided evidence that cardiac and muscle-specific miRNAs
      are transported by extracellular vesicles and are rapidly detectable in plasma.
      Since these vesicles are enriched for the released miRNAs and their detection
      precedes traditional damage markers, they hold great potential as specific early
      biomarkers for MI.

PMID- 27383838
TI  - Evidence for the Participation of Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) in the
      Antinociceptive Effect of Curcumin in a Formalin-Induced Orofacial Inflammatory
      Model.
AB  - Curcumin, a major bioactive component of turmeric, has diverse therapeutic
      effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antinociceptive
      activities. The acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), which can be activated by
      acute drops in the extracellular pH, play an important role in nociception.
      However, very little is known about the interaction between ASICs and curcumin in
      nociception of inflammation. In our study, we investigated whether the
      antinociceptive effects of curcumin are mediated via ASICs using an orofacial
      nociceptive model and in vitro western blotting, immunofluorescence, whole-cell
      patch-clamp recordings in the trigeminal system. Intraperitoneally administered
      curcumin at a dose of 50 mg/kg can reduce hyperalgesia in both the phases of a
      formalin-induced orofacial nociceptive model. Curcumin reduced the amplitude of
      ASICs currents in a dose-dependent manner in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons,
      and curcumin also reduced the protein quantity but did not change the
      distribution of ASICs in TG. Thus, our results indicate that curcumin can reduce
      formalin-induced ASICs activation and thus inhibit ASICs-mediated inflammatory
      pain hypersensitivity.

PMID- 27383840
TI  - External radiation dose and cancer mortality among French nuclear workers:
      considering potential confounding by internal radiation exposure.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: French nuclear workers have detailed records of their occupational
      exposure to external radiation that have been used to examine associations with
      subsequent cancer mortality. However, some workers were also exposed to internal
      contamination by radionuclides. This study aims to assess the potential for bias
      due to confounding by internal contamination of estimates of associations between
      external radiation exposure and cancer mortality. METHODS: A cohort of 59,004
      workers employed for at least 1 year between 1950 and 1994 by CEA (Commissariat a
      l'Energie Atomique), AREVA NC, or EDF (Electricite de France) and badge-monitored
      for external radiation exposure were followed through 2004 to assess vital status
      and cause of death. A flag based on a workstation-exposure matrix defined four
      levels of potential for internal contamination. Standardized mortality ratios
      were assessed for each level of the internal contamination indicator. Poisson
      regression was used to quantify associations between external radiation exposure
      and cancer mortality, adjusting for potential internal contamination. RESULTS:
      For solid cancer, the mortality deficit tended to decrease as the levels of
      potential for internal contamination increased. For solid cancer and leukemia
      excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia, adjusting the dose-response analysis on
      the internal contamination indicator did not markedly change the excess relative
      risk per Sievert of external radiation dose. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests
      that in this cohort, neglecting information on internal dosimetry while studying
      the association between external dose and cancer mortality does not generate a
      substantial bias. To investigate more specifically the health effects of internal
      contamination, an effort is underway to estimate organ doses due to internal
      contamination.

PMID- 27383841
TI  - Predicting Hybrid Performances for Quality Traits through Genomic-Assisted
      Approaches in Central European Wheat.
AB  - Bread-making quality traits are central targets for wheat breeding. The
      objectives of our study were to (1) examine the presence of major effect QTLs for
      quality traits in a Central European elite wheat population, (2) explore the
      optimal strategy for predicting the hybrid performance for wheat quality traits,
      and (3) investigate the effects of marker density and the composition and size of
      the training population on the accuracy of prediction of hybrid performance. In
      total 135 inbred lines of Central European bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and
      1,604 hybrids derived from them were evaluated for seven quality traits in up to
      six environments. The 135 parental lines were genotyped using a 90k single
      nucleotide polymorphism array. Genome-wide association mapping initially
      suggested presence of several quantitative trait loci (QTLs), but cross
      validation rather indicated the absence of major effect QTLs for all quality
      traits except of 1000-kernel weight. Genomic selection substantially outperformed
      marker-assisted selection in predicting hybrid performance. A resampling study
      revealed that increasing the effective population size in the estimation set of
      hybrids is relevant to boost the accuracy of prediction for an unrelated test
      population. 

PMID- 27383842
TI  - Association between violence exposure and condom non-use among transgender sex
      workers in the Dominican Republic: the mediating role of trust.
AB  - Transgender women are a high-risk population, and transgender female sex workers
      are one of the most vulnerable populations globally. Transgender female sex
      workers have high rates of sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and exposure to
      violence compared to cisgender sex workers; these negative exposures are
      associated with an increase in HIV risk behaviors. Thus, the aim of this study is
      to examine the relationship between exposure to violence and condom non-use in
      transgender female sex workers residing in the Dominican Republic. We hypothesize
      that mediation exists wherein the effects of violence on condom non-use are
      mediated by distrust. Facilitated interview data ( N = 78) were used. Primary
      outcome was condom non-use with coercive partner. Four logistic regression models
      and a mediation analysis were employed. Respondents' mean age was 23.0 years (SD
      = 4.8) with an average level education attainment of 10.1 years (SD = 2.6); 35%
      reported experiencing violence; 17% believed that a person who asks a partner to
      use a condom does not trust that partner. Exploratory mediation analyses yielded
      a significant indirect effect of experience with violence on condom non-use
      through distrust (b = 0.64, SE = 0.33, p = .05). Results suggest that distrust
      mediates the association between experienced violence and condom use with
      coercive partners. It was concluded that developing interventions on increasing
      resilience and perceived self-worth, plus provision of screening for violence and
      referral services may reduce maladaptive attributions and cognitions about condom
      use. Furthermore, by implementing policies that protect vulnerable populations,
      and subsequently enforcing them, the Dominican Republic has the opportunity to
      improve overall population health and protect their most disadvantaged citizens.

PMID- 27383839
TI  - Pathophysiology Associated with Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Treatments and
      Potential Novel Therapeutics.
AB  - Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death of young
      people in the developed world. In the United States alone, 1.7 million traumatic
      events occur annually accounting for 50,000 deaths. The etiology of TBI includes
      traffic accidents, falls, gunshot wounds, sports, and combat-related events. TBI
      severity ranges from mild to severe. TBI can induce subtle changes in molecular
      signaling, alterations in cellular structure and function, and/or primary tissue
      injury, such as contusion, hemorrhage, and diffuse axonal injury. TBI results in
      blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and leakage, which allows for increased
      extravasation of immune cells (i.e., increased neuroinflammation). BBB
      dysfunction and impaired homeostasis contribute to secondary injury that occurs
      from hours to days to months after the initial trauma. This delayed nature of the
      secondary injury suggests a potential therapeutic window. The focus of this
      article is on the (1) pathophysiology of TBI and (2) potential therapies that
      include biologics (stem cells, gene therapy, peptides), pharmacological (anti
      inflammatory, antiepileptic, progrowth), and noninvasive (exercise, transcranial
      magnetic stimulation). In final, the review briefly discusses membrane/lipid
      rafts (MLR) and the MLR-associated protein caveolin (Cav). Interventions that
      increase Cav-1, MLR formation, and MLR recruitment of growth-promoting signaling
      components may augment the efficacy of pharmacologic agents or already existing
      endogenous neurotransmitters and neurotrophins that converge upon progrowth
      signaling cascades resulting in improved neuronal function after injury.

PMID- 27383843
TI  - Birds of a Feather: Social Bases of Neighborhood Formation in Newark, New Jersey,
      1880.
AB  - This study examines the bases of residential segregation in a late nineteenth
      century American city, recognizing the strong tendency toward homophily within
      neighborhoods. Our primary question is how ethnicity, social class, nativity, and
      family composition affect where people live. Segregation is usually studied one
      dimension at a time, but these social differences are interrelated, and thus a
      multivariate approach is needed to understand their effects. We find that
      ethnicity is the main basis of local residential sorting, while occupational
      standing and, to a lesser degree, family life cycle and nativity also are
      significant. A second concern is the geographic scale of neighborhoods: in this
      study, the geographic area within which the characteristics of potential
      neighbors matter in locational outcomes of individuals. Studies of segregation
      typically use a single spatial scale, often one determined by the availability of
      administrative data. We take advantage of a unique data set containing the
      address and geo-referenced location of every resident. We conclude that it is the
      most local scale that offers the best prediction of people's similarity to their
      neighbors. Adding information at larger scales minimally improves prediction of
      the person's location. The 1880 neighborhoods of Newark, New Jersey, were formed
      as individuals located themselves among similar neighbors on a single street
      segment.

PMID- 27383844
TI  - Same-Sex and Different-Sex Cohabiting Couple Relationship Stability.
AB  - Relationship stability is a key indicator of well-being, but most U.S.-based
      research has been limited to different-sex couples. The 2008 panel of the Survey
      of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) provides an untapped data resource to
      analyze relationship stability of same-sex cohabiting, different-sex cohabiting,
      and different-sex married couples (n = 5,701). The advantages of the SIPP data
      include the recent, nationally representative, and longitudinal data collection;
      a large sample of same-sex cohabitors; respondent and partner socioeconomic
      characteristics; and identification of a state-level indicator of a policy
      stating that marriage is between one man and one woman (i.e., DOMA). We tested
      competing hypotheses about the stability of same-sex versus different-sex
      cohabiting couples that were guided by incomplete institutionalization, minority
      stress, relationship investments, and couple homogamy perspectives (predicting
      that same-sex couples would be less stable) as well as economic resources
      (predicting that same-sex couples would be more stable). In fact, neither
      expectation was supported: results indicated that same-sex cohabiting couples
      typically experience levels of stability that are similar to those of different
      sex cohabiting couples. We also found evidence of contextual effects: living in a
      state with a constitutional ban against same-sex marriage was significantly
      associated with higher levels of instability for same- and different-sex
      cohabiting couples. The level of stability in both same-sex and different-sex
      cohabiting couples is not on par with that of different-sex married couples. The
      findings contribute to a growing literature on health and well-being of same-sex
      couples and provide a broader understanding of family life.

PMID- 27383845
TI  - Life Expectancy Among U.S.-born and Foreign-born Older Adults in the United
      States: Estimates From Linked Social Security and Medicare Data.
AB  - In recent decades, the geographic origins of America's foreign-born population
      have become increasingly diverse. The sending countries of the U.S. foreign-born
      vary substantially in levels of health and economic development, and immigrants
      have arrived with distinct distributions of socioeconomic status, visa type, year
      of immigration, and age at immigration. We use high-quality linked Social
      Security and Medicare records to estimate life tables for the older U.S.
      population over the full range of birth regions. In 2000-2009, the foreign-born
      had a 2.4-year advantage in life expectancy at age 65 relative to the U.S.-born,
      with Asian-born subgroups displaying exceptionally high longevity. Foreign-born
      individuals who migrated more recently had lower mortality compared with those
      who migrated earlier. Nonetheless, we also find remarkable similarities in life
      expectancy among many foreign-born subgroups that were born in very different
      geographic and socioeconomic contexts (e.g., Central America, western/eastern
      Europe, and Africa).

PMID- 27383846
TI  - Population Policy: Abortion and Modern Contraception Are Substitutes.
AB  - A longstanding debate exists in population policy about the relationship between
      modern contraception and abortion. Although theory predicts that they should be
      substitutes, the empirical evidence is difficult to interpret. What is required
      is a large-scale intervention that alters the supply (or full price) of one or
      the other and, importantly, that does so in isolation (reproductive health
      programs often bundle primary health care and family planning-and in some
      instances, abortion services). In this article, we study Nepal's 2004
      legalization of abortion provision and subsequent expansion of abortion services,
      an unusual and rapidly implemented policy meeting these requirements. Using four
      waves of rich individual-level data representative of fertile-age Nepalese women,
      we find robust evidence of substitution between modern contraception and
      abortion. This finding has important implications for public policy and foreign
      aid, suggesting that an effective strategy for reducing expensive and potentially
      unsafe abortions may be to expand the supply of modern contraceptives.

PMID- 27383847
TI  - Terminalia Chebulanin Attenuates Psoriatic Skin Lesion via Regulation of Heme
      Oxygenase-1.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Psoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory skin disorders,
      affecting 3% of the general population. Terminalia chebulanin (TC) is a
      polyphenolic compound that possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
      activities. The current study was designed to investigate the effect of TC on
      psoriatic lesions. METHODS: We examined the protective effect of TC against
      psoriatic lesions in mice and keratinocyte proliferation in HaCaT cells. RESULTS:
      We found that TC exhibited potent anti-psoriatic activities, as evidenced by
      improvement of erythema and scaling scores, decrease of epidermal, ear and
      skinfold thickening, decrease of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha),
      interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-23 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression, and
      decrease of TBARS content and increase of GSH content in IMQ-treated mice, and
      decrease of keratinocyte proliferation, TNFalpha, IL-17A and IL-23 expression,
      and ROS level in M5-treated cells. All those effects induced by TC were inhibited
      by zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), an inhibitor of heme oxygenase (HO)-1,
      indicating that HO-1 was responsible the anti-psoriatic effect of TC. Moreover,
      TC inhibited the upregulation of p65 NF-x03BA;B under in vitro psoriatic
      condition. ZnPP suppressed TC-induced inhibition of p65 NF-x03BA;B expression.
      Overexpression of p65 NF-x03BA;B significantly suppressed TC-induced decrease of
      TNFalpha, IL-17A and IL-23 expression and keratinocyte proliferation, indicating
      that HO-1-mediated downregulation of NF-x03BA;B was involved in the anti
      psoriatic effect of TC. CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate that TC may serve as a
      potential therapeutic option for psoriatic patients.

PMID- 27383848
TI  - Quality of life in Chinese family caregivers for elderly people with chronic
      diseases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inadequate studies have been conducted in China to examine quality of
      life in family caregivers. Quality of life in family caregivers for elderly
      people with chronic diseases was evaluated, and the demographic and
      characteristic factors of both elderly people and their caregivers were explored.
      METHODS: The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to assess health
      related quality of life in 407 family caregivers caring for elderly people with
      chronic diseases in six communities on the Mainland China. The explanatory
      variables included family caregivers' demographic and other caregiving variables
      related to eldercare. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression
      analysis were used in the data analysis, performed via SPSS 17.0. RESULTS: Mean
      SF-36 and physical and mental component scores were 66.14 +/- 17.50, 70.06 +/-
      16.49, and 62.22 +/- 18.51, respectively. The scores of caregivers' physical
      function and bodily pain were significantly higher, while the scores of
      caregivers' role limitations due to physical problems, general health, vitality,
      social function, mental health and role limitations due to emotional problems
      were significantly lower. Caregivers' ages, comorbidity, the perceived effects of
      caregiving on caregivers' social lives and elderly individuals' ages, marital
      status and Activities of Daily Living scores were significantly associated with
      the physical component score. In addition, caregivers' age, the affordability of
      the elderly person's healthcare expenses, the perceived effects of caregiving on
      caregivers' social lives, and elderly people's marital status and ADL scores were
      significantly associated with the mental component score. CONCLUSION: Family
      caregivers for elderly people with chronic diseases showed poorer mental and
      better physical well-being. Factors of both elderly people and their caregivers
      impact the caregivers' quality of life. These findings highlight the importance
      of addressing mental health of family caregivers, and of providing economical
      support and psychological care for them.

PMID- 27383849
TI  - Polyethylene glycol grafted flower-like cupric nano oxide for the hollow-fiber
      solid-phase microextraction of hexaconazole, penconazole, and diniconazole in
      vegetable samples.
AB  - A simple, rapid, highly efficient, and reliable sample preparation method has
      been developed for the extraction and analysis of triazole pesticides from
      cucumber, lettuce, bell pepper, cabbage, and tomato samples. This new sorbent in
      the hollow-fiber solid-phase microextraction method is based on the synthesis of
      polyethylene glycol-polyethylene glycol grafted flower-like cupric oxide
      nanoparticles using sol-gel technology. Afterward, the analytes were analyzed by
      high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The main
      parameters that affect microextraction efficiency were evaluated and optimized.
      This method has afforded good linearity ranges (0.5-50 000 ng/mL for hexaconazol,
      0.012-50 000 ng/mL for penconazol, and 0.02-50 000 ng/mL for diniconazol),
      adequate precision (2.9-6.17%, n = 3), batch-to-batch reproducibility (4.33
      8.12%), and low instrumental LODs between 0.003 and 0.097 ng/mL (n = 8).
      Recoveries and enrichment factors were 85.46-97.47 and 751-1312%, respectively. 

PMID- 27383851
TI  - Rapid Assessment of Resistance to Antibiotic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis in
      the Gram-Positive Pathogens, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae,
      Based on Evaluation of the Lytic Response.
AB  - A novel assay for rapid determination of resistance to antibiotic inhibitors of
      protein synthesis was developed for the gram-positive pathogens, Enterococcus
      faecalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae. To this purpose, a lytic response was
      obtained by a brief incubation with lysozyme or a mixture of lysozyme, Triton X
      100, and EDTA for E. faecalis (n = 82) and S. pneumoniae (n = 51), respectively.
      Lysis was quantified by visualizing the released nucleoids. Antibiotic
      susceptible bacteria treated with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
      (CLSI) breakpoint doses of erythromycin, azithromycin, or doxycycline that
      inhibited protein synthesis demonstrated a large reduction of lysed cells with
      respect to the control, that is, without antibiotics. However, cell lysis
      prevention was much lower in nonsusceptible strains, with unsuccessful inhibition
      of protein synthesis. ROC analysis showed that a reduction value of >=35.6% and
      >=40.4% discriminates susceptible and nonsusceptible strains for erythromycin and
      for doxycycline, respectively, in E. faecalis, whereas >=20.0% is adequate for
      both macrolides and doxycycline in S. pneumoniae. Resistant stains were
      identified in 90-120 min with sensitivity and specificity between 91.7% and 100%.
      This is a proof of concept that evaluation of the lytic response may be a rapid
      and efficient test for determination of resistance to antibiotic inhibitors of
      protein synthesis.

PMID- 27383852
TI  - An Emergency Department Presentation of Erythema Ab Igne Caused by Repeated
      Heater Exposure.
AB  - Erythema ab igne is a rare, reticular erythematous hyperpigmentation resulting
      from repeated thermal injury. We describe our assessment of a 22-year-old woman
      with bilateral shin discoloration of 3 weeks' duration. Upon questioning, she
      revealed that she had been standing near a portable heater for extended periods.
      She was advised to avoid further exposure to the heat source. By the time of a
      follow-up clinic visit, the discoloration had resolved. Patients with
      hyperpigmented patches should be questioned about heat exposure. Erythema ab igne
      can progress to serious dermatologic conditions, but if the cause is eliminated,
      it usually resolves without medical intervention. 

PMID- 27383850
TI  - Identification of BECN1 and ATG14 Coiled-Coil Interface Residues That Are
      Important for Starvation-Induced Autophagy.
AB  - Autophagy, an essential eukaryotic homeostasis pathway, allows the sequestration
      of unwanted, damaged, or harmful cytoplasmic components in vesicles called
      autophagosomes, permitting subsequent lysosomal degradation and nutrient
      recycling. Autophagosome nucleation is mediated by class III phosphatidylinositol
      3-kinase complexes that include two key autophagy proteins, BECN1/Beclin 1 and
      ATG14/BARKOR, which form parallel heterodimers via their coiled-coil domains
      (CCDs). Here we present the 1.46 A X-ray crystal structure of the antiparallel,
      human BECN1 CCD homodimer, which represents BECN1 oligomerization outside the
      autophagosome nucleation complex. We use circular dichroism and small-angle X-ray
      scattering (SAXS) to show that the ATG14 CCD is significantly disordered but
      becomes more helical in the BECN1:ATG14 heterodimer, although it is less well
      folded than the BECN1 CCD homodimer. SAXS also indicates that the BECN1:ATG14
      heterodimer is more curved than other BECN1-containing CCD dimers, which has
      important implications for the structure of the autophagosome nucleation complex.
      A model of the BECN1:ATG14 CCD heterodimer that agrees well with the SAXS data
      shows that BECN1 residues at the homodimer interface are also responsible for
      heterodimerization, allowing us to identify ATG14 interface residues. Finally, we
      verify the role of BECN1 and ATG14 interface residues in binding by assessing the
      impact of point mutations of these residues on co-immunoprecipitation of the
      partner and demonstrate that these mutations abrogate starvation-induced
      upregulation of autophagy but do not impact basal autophagy. Thus, this research
      provides insights into structures of the BECN1 CCD homodimer and the BECN1:ATG14
      CCD heterodimer and identifies interface residues that are important for
      BECN1:ATG14 heterodimerization and for autophagy.

PMID- 27383853
TI  - Missed Opportunities for Health Promotion Intervention in the Management of
      Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize utilization of evidence-based health
      promotion practices not included in Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) guidelines,
      such as vaccinations and counseling services, hypothesizing that missed
      opportunities for health promotion intervention would abound. METHODS:
      Retrospective medical record review of 99 patients presenting to a safety-net
      academic medical center with AWS between August 1, 2012 and March 31, 2013.
      RESULTS: Thiamine replacement (70%), tobacco cessation counseling (28%),
      influenza or pneumonia vaccination (25% and 28% respectively), psychiatric
      counseling (70%), referral to alcohol support group or treatment center(40%), and
      screening for viral hepatitis and HIV (39% and 44%, respectively) were documented
      by healthcare providers at lower than optimal frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Provision
      of health promotion interventions was not consistent with evidence-based
      practices. Integration of these measures into AWS protocols and guidelines could
      help clinicians provide consistent, cost-effective, evidence- based care.

PMID- 27383854
TI  - Retroperitoneal Hematoma Causing Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Malfunction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We present the unusual complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD)
      catheter dysfunction in a patient who developed a retroperitoneal hematoma
      following an endoscopic procedure and review the existing literature regarding
      this rare complication. CASE REPORT: A 60-year-old man with end stage renal
      disease presented with PD catheter dysfunction. Computed tomography scan of his
      abdomen showed a large left retroperitoneal hematoma. He underwent a diagnostic
      laparoscopy and PD catheter revision. The retroperitoneal hematoma had ruptured
      into the peritoneum with clots clogging the catheter. Clots were evacuated and
      the catheter was flushed. He restarted on low volume PD three days after surgery
      and increased to full volume within a week with no further issues. CONCLUSIONS:
      This case summarizes the very unusual complication of a retroperitoneal bleed
      from an endoscopic procedure that manifested as PD catheter dysfunction. The
      increasing utilization of PD catheters requires that surgeons remain aware of
      potential complications.

PMID- 27383855
TI  - Tickborne Coinfections in the United States.
AB  - Unlike mosquitoes, ticks transmit the broadest range of pathogens, including
      bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Ticks have capitalized on many competitive
      advantages offered to them by changes in climate and human lifestyle and a
      greater abundance of wild animal reservoir hosts no longer effectively
      controlled. As a result, tick-transmitted coinfections are increasing today with
      both recognized and newly discovered pathogens that complicate differential
      diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment. Without the support of immunological and
      molecular diagnostic techniques, usually only available at federal and some state
      laboratories, the initial differential diagnosis of tickborne coinfections is
      complicated and antimicrobial therapy may not cover coinfections. Therefore, the
      objectives of this review were to identify the newly emerging tickborne pathogens
      in the United States, to describe the evolving epidemiology of tick-transmitted
      coinfections, to design a decision tree analysis approach to the clinical
      diagnosis and management of tickborne coinfections, and to recommend effective
      strategies for the control and personal prevention of tickborne diseases.
      Clinicians should suspect tickborne coinfections in returning travelers and
      vacationers with clinical and immunological evidence of multiple infecting
      agents, especially in cases of unusual presentation or severity, prolonged
      duration, or nonresponse to single antibiotic therapy, typically with
      doxycycline. Decision tree models based on pathogen prevalence rates in ticks and
      their zoonotic reservoirs may assist clinicians in diagnosing tickborne
      coinfections and guiding initial antimicrobial therapy. 

PMID- 27383856
TI  - Traumatic Presentation of a Periorbital Dermoid Cyst: A Case Report.
AB  - Dermoid cysts are largely considered benign, developmental neoplasms that
      frequently present during childhood. Orbitofacial dermoids represent a unique
      group of embryologically derived soft tissue masses that often present as
      localized, well-circumscribed swellings along the embryonal suture lines.
      Clinical presentation is variable, but in rare instances, may be preceded by
      local trauma, possibly suggesting an inciting event as the initial stimulus to
      cyst enlargement. Although dermoid cysts tend to remain clinically benign, their
      natural history of gradual enlargement necessitates complete surgical excision to
      prevent complications. 

PMID- 27383857
TI  - WUnicuspid Aortic Valve- An Uncommon Anomaly With a Common Presentation.
AB  - Unicuspid aortic valve (UAV), which is a rare congenital anomaly, usually
      presents as aortic stenosis and/or aortic regurgitation. Here we present a case
      of UAV co-existent with an ascending aortic aneurysm. A 26-year-old male with no
      significant past medical history presented to the hospital after two episodes of
      syncope. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 62%,
      severely stenotic aortic valve, and moderate aortic regurgitation. Computed
      tomography revealed calcification of the aortic valve, compatible with aortic
      stenosis and aneurysm of the ascending aorta measuring 4.3 cm in diameter. He
      underwent successful aortic valve replacement and repair of ascending aortic
      aneurysm. He recovered well without any complications. This case suggests that
      any young patient who presents with syncope, aortic stenosis would be a
      differential and further workup by any available non-invasive modality needs to
      be performed. 

PMID- 27383858
TI  - Wegener's Granulomatosis Presenting as a Parapharyngeal Mass.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Wegener's Granulomatosis (WG) is classically characterized by the
      triad of sinonasal, pulmonary, and renal manifestations. However, a growing body
      of research has demonstrated that atypical head and neck pathologies including
      retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal lesions are often the presenting feature of
      patients found to have WG. CASE: This report describes the hospital course of a
      patient who presented with a parapharyngeal mass with secondary superior cervical
      chain compression and Lemierre's Syndrome. We discuss how a stepwise approach
      involving a multidisciplinary team led to the diagnosis of WG. CONCLUSIONS: To
      our knowledge, this report is the first description of a patient presenting with
      a parapharyngeal mass causing superior cervical chain compression with
      simultaneous Lemierre's Syndrome who was ultimately diagnosed with WG. We
      highlight how the early consideration of WG in patients with atypical head and
      neck lesions refractory to multiple treatment regimens can led to an expeditious
      diagnosis and the coordination of appropriate short-term and long-term care.

PMID- 27383859
TI  - Clinical Case of the Month: A 56-Year-Old Man with Sudden Onset Abdominal Pain.
AB  - Acute abdominal pain is one of the most common presentations encountered in the
      emergency department (ED). The differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain is
      extensive and identifying the underlying etiology can be challenging. Spontaneous
      renal artery thrombosis is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain. We review a case
      of acute presentation of renal artery thrombosis in a patient without risk
      factors for thromboembolism, and highlight the importance of considering this
      rare cause of abdominal pain. 

PMID- 27383860
TI  - ECG Of the Month: Suicide.
AB  - Apparently depression ran in this man's family, and when he took an overdose of
      his tricyclic antidepressant, he also took the tricyclics of his mother and his
      sister. Most patients who die of an overdose of a tricyclic antidepressant are
      pronounced dead without reaching a hospital, and those who die after arriving in
      the emergency room do so within a few hours.2 Central nervous system toxicity of
      tricyclic antidepressants may manifest as confusion, agitation, hallucinations,
      coma, myoclonus, or seizures. Generalized seizures often presage cardiopulmonary
      arrest,2 and within 20 seconds of the ECG with evidence of generalized seizure
      activity shown here, the QRS duration increased from 188 ms to 212 ms, and the
      patient died soon thereafter. 

PMID- 27383861
TI  - Radiology Case Of The Month: Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Bilateral
      Hyperintensities in the Globus Pallidi.
AB  - An MRI of the brain and spine of an 11-year-old male revealed the following
      abnormality which is consistent with his chronic condition. 

PMID- 27383862
TI  - Pathology Image Of The Month: Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections In a 48-year-Old
      Female Hyperintensities in the Globus Pallidi.
AB  - A 48-year-old female presented to her physician complaining of intermittent lower
      abdominal pain radiating to the right lower back. At the time of presentation,
      she was afebrile and denied any urinary symptoms such as dysuria, frequency or
      urgency. Physical exam was unremarkable, other than obesity, and her abdominal
      exam was noncontributory. Medical history, however, was notable for recurrent,
      Proteus mirabilis culture-proven urinary tract infections requiring antibiotic
      treatment for the prior three years along with hypertension, uterine fibroids
      post hysterectomy, diabetes and asthma. Complete blood count was within normal
      limits, and urine dipstick showed 1+ blood, 1+ protein and 2+ leukocytes. Full
      renal function labs, urine cytology, radioisotope renography and abdominopelvic
      CT scanning with contrast were all ordered and a laparoscopic right nephrectomy
      was recommended based on the results. The bisected right kidney is shown below in
      Figure 1. She was discharged home on post-operative day one and her follow up
      urology appointments indicate resolution of both her urinary tract infections and
      her abdominal pain. 

PMID- 27383863
TI  - Characterization of Mentorship Programs in Departments of Surgery in the United
      States.
AB  - Importance: Mentorship is considered a key element for career satisfaction and
      retention in academic surgery. Stakeholders of an effective mentorship program
      should include the mentor, the mentee, the department, and the institution.
      Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the status of
      mentorship programs in departments of surgery in the United States, including the
      roles of all 4 key stakeholders, because to our knowledge, this has never been
      done. Design, Setting, and Participants: A survey was sent to 155 chairs of
      departments of surgery in the United States in July 2014 regarding the presence
      and structure of the mentorship program in their department. The analysis of the
      data was performed in November 2014 and December 2014. Main Outcomes and
      Measures: Presence and structure of a mentorship program and involvement of the 4
      key stakeholders. Results: Seventy-six of 155 chairs responded to the survey,
      resulting in a 49% response rate. Forty-one of 76 of department chairs (54%) self
      reported having an established mentorship program. Twenty-five of 76 departments
      (33%) described no formal or informal pairing of mentors with mentees. In 62
      (82%) and 59 (78%) departments, no formal training existed for mentors or
      mentees, respectively. In 42 departments (55%), there was no formal requirement
      for the frequency of scheduled meetings between the mentor and mentee. In most
      departments, mentors and mentees were not required to fill out evaluation forms,
      but when they did, 28 of 31 were reviewed by the chair (90%). In 70 departments
      (92%), no exit strategy existed for failed mentor-mentee relationships. In more
      than two-thirds of departments, faculty mentoring efforts were not recognized
      formally by either the department or the institution, and only 2 departments (3%)
      received economic support for the mentoring program from the institution.
      Conclusions and Relevance: These data show that only half of departments of
      surgery in the United States have established mentorship programs, and most are
      informal, unstructured, and do not involve all of the key stakeholders. Given the
      importance of mentorship to career satisfaction and retention, development of
      formal mentorship programs should be considered for all academic departments of
      surgery.

PMID- 27383864
TI  - An expeditious synthesis of early transition metal carbide nanoparticles on
      graphitic carbons.
AB  - An expeditious synthesis of metal carbide nanoparticles onto various carbon
      supports is demonstrated. The procedure is versatile and readily yields TiC, VC,
      Mo2C and W2C nanoparticles on different types of carbons. The reaction is
      initiated at room temperature and proceeds within seconds. This novel synthetic
      route paves the way for a large variety of metal carbide-carbon nanocomposites
      that may be implemented in emerging nanotechnology fields. 

PMID- 27383865
TI  - Adolescent education: an opportunity to create a Developmental Origins of Health
      and Disease (DOHaD) circuit breaker.
AB  - Health before conception, and periconceptional nutritional environments,
      contribute to conditioning of later-life health and disease. Health behaviors
      developed during adolescence continue into adulthood. Thus, even when the gap
      between pregnancy and adolescence is substantial, behaviors developed during
      adolescence influence later-life non-communicable disease (NCD) vulnerability in
      offspring. Consequently, adolescence is an important life phase where development
      of positive health behaviors can contribute to disruption of transgenerational
      cycles of NCD risk. Schooling is a core activity during adolescence. Modern
      curricula focus on development of capabilities associated with critical, engaged
      citizenship, empowering learning that supports action-based engagement in complex
      issues. Contexts relevant to adolescents and their communities, such as the NCD
      epidemic, are used to facilitate learning. Thus, engaging the education sector as
      participants in the work of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
      community offers an important strategy to capture the potential of adolescence as
      a life stage for transgenerational primary prevention of obesity and NCD risk.

PMID- 27383866
TI  - (Don't) Mind the effort: Effects of contextual interference on ERP indicators of
      motor preparation.
AB  - Motor learning is associated with a decrease in frontal control-related brain
      activity and increase of central and parietal motor-related activity. Contextual
      interference (CI), manipulated typically by blocked versus randomized training
      schedules, affects motor learning, resulting in inferior performance during
      training but in superior performance during retention and transfer. The CI effect
      is often explained by increased processing demands under high CI training.
      Consistently, in the motor preparation phase, the activity of control- and
      attention-related brain areas is increased under high CI. Here, we investigated
      the effect of CI on learning-related changes in ERPs during motor preparation.
      Participants learned throwing at virtual targets and were tested for retention in
      the target condition 1 week later. The frontal P3 component decreased with
      learning during the first session and across sessions. In addition, there was a
      trend for a stronger reduction of P3 during retention after high CI training.
      Both initial and late contingent negative variation (iCNV and lCNV) amplitudes
      decreased with learning and showed a significantly stronger reduction under high
      CI. We conclude that CI modulates the interplay of cognitive and motor processes
      in the preparatory phase of motor learning and that a stronger involvement of
      cognitive processes during high CI training accounts for differential effects of
      CI on ERP indicators of motor preparation during retention.

PMID- 27383867
TI  - History of chemical sensitivity and diagnosis.
AB  - Histories of mold, pollen, dust, food, chemicals, and electromagnetic field (EMF)
      sensitivities are the major categories of triggers for chemical sensitivity. They
      are tied together by the coherence phenomenon, where each has its own frequencies
      and identifiable EMF; therefore, they can be correlated. The diagnosis of
      chemical sensitivity can be done accurately in a less-polluted, controlled
      environment, as was done in these studies. The principles of diagnosis and
      treatment depend on total environmental and total body pollutant loads, masking
      or adaptation, bipolarity of response, and biochemical individuality, among
      others. These principles make less-polluted, controlled conditions necessary. The
      clinician has to use less-polluted water and organic food with individual
      challenges for testing, including dust, mold, pesticide, natural gas,
      formaldehyde, particulates, and EMF testing, which needs to be performed in less
      polluted copper-screened rooms. The challenge tests for proof of chemical
      sensitivity include inhaled toxics within a clean booth that is chemical- and
      particulate-free at ambient doses in parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion
      (ppb). Individual foods, both organic and commercial (that are contaminated with
      herbicides and pesticides), are used orally. Water testing and intradermal
      testing are performed in a less-polluted, controlled environment. These include
      specific dose injections of molds, dust, and pollen that are preservative-free,
      individual organic foods, and individual chemicals, i.e. methane, ethane,
      propane, butane, hexane, formaldehyde, ethanol, car exhaust, jet fuel exhaust,
      and prosthetic implants (metal plates, pacemakers, mesh, etc.). Normal saline is
      used as a placebo. EMF testing is performed in a copper-screened room using a
      frequency generator. In our experience, 80% of the EMF-sensitive patients had
      chemical sensitivity when studied under less-polluted conditions for
      particulates, controlled natural gas, pesticides, and chemicals like
      formaldehyde. 

PMID- 27383868
TI  - Decreased undercarboxylated osteocalcin in children with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Osteocalcin (OC) is a bone-specific protein secreted by osteoblasts
      and often used as a bone formation biomarker. OC undergoes post-translational
      carboxylation to yield carboxylated osteocalcin (Gla-OC) and undercarboxylated
      osteocalcin (uc-OC) molecules. The aim of this study was to explore the
      association between bone and glucose metabolism by evaluating OC, ionized
      cations, and markers of glucose metabolism in children with obesity and type 2
      diabetes mellitus (DM2). METHODS: The subjects were nine children with DM2 [six
      males, three females; age 15.7+/-4.1 years; duration of disease 3.2+/-1.2 years],
      18 children with simple obesity [12 males, six females; age 12.6+/-4.1 years],
      and 12 controls [eight males, four females; age 12.3+/-3.2 years]. Serum Gla-OC
      and uc-OC levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
      (ELISA). RESULTS: Patients with DM2 (0.65+/-0.46 ng/mL), but not with obesity
      (1.11+/-0.55 ng/mL), had lower uc-OC levels than controls (1.25+/-0.49 ng/mL).
      Serum uc-OC was negatively correlated with mean serum glucose levels (r=-0.447,
      p=0.013) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (r=-0.455, p=0.012) in all subjects. Serum
      Gla-OC was correlated with serum alkaline phosphatase (r=0.601, p<0.001) and
      inorganic phosphorus (r=0.686, p<0.001), yet negatively correlated with age (r=
      0.383, p=0.030). Mean serum ionized magnesium was lower in DM2 subjects than in
      controls. Mean serum ionized calcium was higher in obese subjects than in
      controls. In all subjects, mean serum ionized magnesium was negatively correlated
      with mean serum glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS: Osteoblast-derived protein OC,
      especially uc-OC, may have a role in the pathophysiology of diabetes by being
      associated with blood glucose homeostasis.

PMID- 27383869
TI  - Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome: a de novo mutation of the GLUD1 gene in
      twins and a review of the literature.
AB  - Hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia (HI/HA) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant
      disease characterized by recurrent hypoglycemia and persistent mild elevation of
      plasma ammonia. HI/HA syndrome is one of the more common forms of congenital
      hyperinsulinism (CHI), caused by activating mutations within the GLUD1 gene that
      encodes the mitochondrial enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). We report here on
      monozygotic twin girls presented with fasting- and protein-induced hypoglycemia
      and mild persistent hyperammonemia. Genetic analysis revealed that both girls
      were heterozygous for a novel missense mutation within exon 11 [c.1499A>T,
      p.(R443W)] of the GLUD1 gene. Despite early treatment with diazoxide and a low
      protein diet, they both developed non-hypoglycemic seizures in early childhood
      followed by cognitive impairment. In addition to their clinical course, a review
      of the literature on HI/HA syndrome is provided. 

PMID- 27383870
TI  - Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia by radiofrequency of the Gasserian ganglion.
AB  - Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a neuropathic pain disorder that affects the
      trigeminal nerve distribution area. Pharmacological therapy has remained the
      first-line treatment for TN. If pharmacological intervention is not effective,
      surgical treatments including radiosurgery (mainly gamma knife therapy),
      radiofrequency (RF) of the Gasserian ganglion, and microvascular decompression
      have been utilized. RF is one of the most common procedures used to treat TN. Two
      RF approaches are commonly utilized: conventional radiofrequency (CRF) and pulsed
      radiofrequency (PRF). Both methods have been used to successfully treat TN;
      however, each procedure has distinct advantages and disadvantages. This article
      summarizes the current relevant literature to compare the treatment of TN with
      CRF vs. PRF. We discuss the treatment indications, operative methods, and
      complications of each treatment strategy. Most of the patients treated with CRF
      had a satisfactory outcome, whereas most PRF patients still had significant pain
      after the procedure. The application of a higher voltage can improve the curative
      effect of PRF, and its complications are less than CRF. Both CRF and PRF can be
      used to treat TN, and the former was more effective. Although the complications
      of CRF are more than those of PRF, most of them were short-lived and lacked
      sequelae. The pain relief rate in PRF-treated patients was significantly lower
      compared to CRF-treated patients. Furthermore, recurring pain was more commonly
      observed in PRF-treated patients. Therefore, CRF may be the preferred treatment
      option for TN, whereas treatment with PRF requires further study.

PMID- 27383871
TI  - Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Withania somnifera root in
      fructose fed male rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder which affects the diabetes
      mellitus pathophysiology and alters the cell excitability. This study has been
      designed to evaluate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of
      chronic administration of Withania somnifera root (WSR) in fructose drinking
      water rats. METHODS: An experiment was carried out on 48 Wistar-Albino male rats,
      weighting 200+/-30 g, which were divided into six groups (n=8): control group
      (C), control morphine (CM), W. somnifera group (WS) which received WSR (62.5 mg/g
      diet), W. somnifera naloxone group (WSN) which received WSR and naloxone,
      fructose (F) group which received fructose drinking water and FWS group which
      received fructose-enriched drinking water and WSR during the trial period. A
      biphasic pain response was induced after intraplantar injection of formalin (50
      MUL, 1%). Pain behavior was measured using Dubuisson methods. The obtained data
      were analyzed by SPSS software V. 18, using ANOVA and Tukey test. Results were
      expressed as mean+/-SD. Statistical differences were considered significant at
      p<0.05. RESULTS: The results showed that the insulin resistance index, blood
      sugar, insulin, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and acute and chronic pain score in the F group
      were significantly increased in comparison with the control group, but these
      parameters in the FWS group were significantly decreased compared with the F
      group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that chronic oral
      administration of WSR has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in fructose
      drinking water rats and causes improved insulin resistance index.

PMID- 27383872
TI  - Medical and Social Aspects of Syphilis in the Balkans from the mid-19th Century
      to the Interwar.
AB  - The current study presents some aspects of syphilis in the Balkan Peninsula from
      the 19th century until the Interwar. Ever since the birth of modern Balkan States
      (Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey and Serbia), urbanization, poverty and the frequent
      wars have been considered the major factors conducive to the spread of syphilis.
      The measures against sex work and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were taken
      in two aspects, one medical and the other legislative. In this period, numerous
      hospitals for venereal diseases were established in the Balkan countries. In line
      with the international diagnostic approach and therapeutic standards, laboratory
      examinations in these Balkan hospitals included spirochete examination,
      Wassermann reaction, precipitation reaction and cerebrospinal fluid examination.
      Despite the strict legislation and the adoption of relevant laws against illegal
      sex work, public health services were unable to curb the spread of syphilis.
      Medical and social factors such as poverty, citizen's ignorance of STDs,
      misguided medical perceptions, lack of sanitary control of prostitution and
      epidemiological studies, are highlighted in this study. These factors were the
      major causes that helped syphilis spread in the Balkan countries during the 19th
      and early 20th century. The value of these aspects as a historic paradigm is
      diachronic. Failure to comply with the laws and the dysfunction of public
      services during periods of war or socioeconomic crises are both factors
      facilitating the spread of STDs.

PMID- 27383873
TI  - Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia, Neurotransmitters and the New Atypical
      Antipsychotic Aripiprazole.
AB  - Cognition is a group of mental processes that includes the capacity to perceive,
      think, learn and to study, and the capacity of the brain to analyze information
      and program adaptive behaviour. Although there has been an appreciable evolution
      in the therapy of psychoses in the last twenty-five years, cognitive disturbances
      still persist in spite of antipsychotic treatment. The cognitive decay disrupts
      the ability of clinically diagnosed patients with psychoses, mainly
      schizophrenia, to learn and to memorize skills that are useful for their family
      and social relationships. Moreover, cognitive deficiency is often considered to
      be crucial for further rehabilitation. In atypical antipsychotics there are big
      differences in the effects on cognitive functions. Some clinical studies
      demonstrate the benefits of a third generation of antipsychotics on cognitive
      functions in patients treated for mental illnesses. In the present study we have
      reviewed many articles investigating the influence of aripiprazole on cognition
      in human and animal subjects. Aripiprazole is a third generation antipsychotic
      drug that possesses a unique pharmacodynamic profile, which in conjunction with
      recently published scientific data on the drugs' influence on antidepressant,
      anxiolytic and cognitive functions, suggests a highly positive future potential
      for restorative cognitive treatment and ongoing healthy function. The data
      included in the review will contribute to determining the potential benefits of
      aripiprazole on memory and training processes.

PMID- 27383874
TI  - A Prospectus of Tenomodulin.
AB  - Tenomodulin is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that can regulate growth of
      tendon. The human tenomodulin encoding gene is mapped to X chromosome and encodes
      a polypeptide consisting of 317 alpha amino acids. The protein is located on the
      cell surface as N-glycosylated or non-N-glycosylated polypeptide with molecular
      mass of 45 and 40 kDa, respectively. The molecule consists of three domains and a
      short cytoplasmic tail at N-terminus. Tenomodulin is predominantly expressed in
      dense connective hypovascularized tissues such as tendons, skeletal muscle
      epimysium, and ligaments. Furthermore, tenomodulin is an efficient marker of
      tenocyte differentiation and plays an important role in the regulation of
      tenocyte proliferation, tendon development, and angiogenesis inhibition. A number
      of tenomodulin gene polymorphisms have been recently associated with a risk of
      obesity, diabetes, systemic immune mediators, cholesterol levels, Alzheimer
      disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Tenomodulin is involved in cell
      adhesion, determination of cell morphology, cell aging and bone mineral density.
      It is expected to play an important role in tendon recovery, tendon tissue
      engineering, anti-tumor therapy, treatment of chordal disruption, and remodeling
      of extracellular matrix.

PMID- 27383875
TI  - Immunophenotypic Modulation of the Blast Cells in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic
      Leukemia Minimal Residual Disease Detection.
AB  - Early clearance of leukemic cells during induction therapy of childhood acute
      lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a basis for treatment optimization. Currently,
      the most widely used methods for the detection of minute residual malignant cells
      in the bone marrow and/or peripheral blood, minimal residual disease (MRD), are
      PCR and flow cytometry (FCM). Immunophenotypic modulation (IM) is a well known
      factor that can hamper the accurate FCM analysis. AIM: To report the IM detected
      by 8-color FCM during the BFM-type remission induction in 24 consecutive MRD
      positive samples of children with B-cell precursor ALL and the possible
      implications for MRD detection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2010 and 2012 we
      prospectively followed up the MRD on days 15 and 33 of induction treatment in
      bone marrow (BM) samples and on day 8 in peripheral blood (PB). The IM was
      assessed by comparative analyses of the changes in the mean fluorescence
      intensity of 7 highly relevant antigens expressed by the leukemic cells and
      normal B-lymphocytes. RESULTS: IM occurred, to different extents, in all analyzed
      day 15 BM and in most day 33 BM samples. Statistically significant changes in the
      MFI-levels of four CDs expressed by the leukemic blasts were observed:
      downmodulation of CD10, CD19 and CD34 and upmodulation of CD20. No changes in the
      expression of CD38, CD58 and CD45 were noticed. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring the MRD by
      standardized 8-color flow cytometry helps improve the monitoring of the disease,
      leading to better therapeutic results. However, the IM of the different antigens
      expressed by the leukemic blasts should be taken into consideration and
      cautiously analyzed.

PMID- 27383877
TI  - Eyelid Reconstruction with Full Thickness Skin Grafts After Carcinoma Excision.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Various techniques have been proposed for reconstruction of the
      eyelid anterior lamella after carcinoma excision: among these are the
      transposition of skin flaps, and full-thickness skin grafts or combination of
      these two. AIM: To present our experience in eyelid reconstruction with full
      thickness skin grafts and to assess the aesthetic and functional outcomes.
      PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present retrospective study included 39 patients (20
      males, 19 females, mean age 71 yrs) with surgically excised eyelid carcinoma,
      followed by reconstruction using full-thickness skin grafts. The patients were
      treated between 2005 and 2014. Parameters recorded were patient demographics,
      histological classification of malignancy, tumor localization and size,
      postoperative defect size. In cases of large full-thickness lower lid defect
      Hughes tarsoconjunctival flap was used for reconstruction of posterior lamella.
      Full-thickness skin grafts donor sites included upper eyelid, preauricular area
      and inner brachial area. We appraised the grafts viability one week after surgery
      and the aesthetic results - 6 months after surgery by the graft colour and lid
      position. RESULTS: In 95% of the cases the skin grafts were viable. The full
      thickness skin graft (FTSG) failed in two patients because of subcutaneous
      haematoma. There were a few early postoperative complications including graft
      hypertrophy, graft contraction, and partial graft failure, which were managed
      without additional surgery. All 39 patients had normal postoperative lid
      function. All 39 had either good (14) or excellent (25) cosmetic results.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that full-thickness skin graft is a good choice
      in periocular reconstructive surgery after carcinoma excision. The surgical
      technique is easy to perform producing proper functional and aesthetic results.

PMID- 27383876
TI  - Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Hospitalized COPD Patients: Impact on Quality of Life
      and Lung Function.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is estimated to affect 2-37% of COPD
      patients, results varying widely between studies. DM may also correlate with
      quality of life and lung function. AIM: To examine correlations between DM and
      quality of life and lung function in COPD patients admitted to hospital with
      exacerbation of COPD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A hundred and fifty-two patients were
      included in the study. They were all examined for diabetes mellitus. All patients
      completed CAT and mMRC questionnaires and underwent spirometry. RESULTS: 13.2%
      (20/152) of patients received medications for DM. 21.7% (33/152) had newly
      diagnosed DM and 30.9% (47/152) had prediabetes. DM is not associated with
      reduced quality of life and worse pulmonary function. However, untreated DM is
      associated with both reduced quality of life and worse pulmonary function. HbA1c
      is negatively correlated with FVC and positively correlated with CAT score.
      CONCLUSIONS: COPD patients hospitalized for exacerbation are at high risk for
      impaired glucose metabolism. Untreated DM is associated with worse lung function
      and lower quality of life, which stresses the importance of screening for the
      disease. The patients may benefit from optimizing blood glucose level.

PMID- 27383878
TI  - Lack of ERG-antibody in Benign Mimickers of Prostate Cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Prostate carcinoma (PC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in men
      worldwide. Prostate tissue in needle biopsy expresses a wide variety of
      architectural patterns some of which are difficult to interpret.
      Immunohistochemical markers, such as AMACR, p63 and 34betaE12 that are currently
      used in diagnosing prostate cancer, are of great value, but often their
      interpretation is ambiguous. In 2005 Tomlins et al. identified an emerging
      marker, erythroblastosis E26 rearrangement gene (ERG), which is a member of the
      family of genes encoding erythroblast-transformation specific transcription
      factors (ETS) with frequent expression in PC. AIM: The aim of this study was to
      investigate the expression of ERG in benign mimickers of PC in needle biopsies
      and its diagnostic value alone and in combination with AMACK and 34betaE12.
      RESULTS: Of the selected 46 biopsies, two were eventually diagnosed as PC Gleason
      score 6 as they were simultaneously ERG and AMACR-positive and 34betaE12
      negative. One case was considered atypical. The remaining 43 biopsies were
      diagnosed as benign cases: simple atrophy in 13 cases, partial atrophy in 11,
      adenosis in 9, basal cell hyperplasia in 3, post-atrophic hyperplasia in 3, clear
      cell hyperplasia in 2 and sclerotic adenosis in 2 cases. None of the 43 benign
      cores showed evidence of ERG expression. CONCLUSION: ERG could be preferably used
      in diagnosing prostate needle biopsies, lesions that are hard to interpret and
      controversial expression of AMACR/34betaE12.

PMID- 27383879
TI  - Scanning Electron Microscopy of Enamel and Dentin of Teeth with Hypocalcified
      Amelogenesis Imperfecta.
AB  - The histological features of teeth with hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta
      (AI) have been poorly studied, which calls into question the effectiveness of
      modern adhesive techniques used in the treatment of these noncarious defects.
      AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological features of the
      enamel and dentin of teeth with AI using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and
      compare these features with those of healthy teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      examined four primary teeth extracted on indication from a 10-year-old girl with
      hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta. The same number of primary teeth extracted
      from healthy subjects was used as controls. The morphological characteristics of
      the enamel and dentin are described after investigating the teeth and
      photographing the specimens with scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: The SEM
      photos of the enamel of AI teeth show presence of external defects, incorrectly
      oriented enamel prisms and enlarged interprism spaces. Thickening of the
      peritubular dentin and partially obliterated dentinal tubules characterize the
      dentin of these teeth. CONCLUSION: The enamel and dentin of teeth affected by
      hypocalcified AI diff er considerably from normal hard dental structures in their
      morphological characteristics.

PMID- 27383880
TI  - Symptomatic Os Subtibiale Associated with Chronic Pain Around the Medial
      Malleolus in a Young Athlete.
AB  - An os subtibiale is a rare accessory bone located below or behind the medial
      malleolus. Herein we present a rare case of a painful os subtibiale in a young
      triathlete who presented with pain, redness and swelling below his left medial
      malleolus. Plain radiographs and three-dimensional computed tomography revealed a
      well-defined oval bone distal to the left medial malleolus. After conservative
      treatment failed, the ossicle was excised in an open surgery with complete
      resolution of symptoms. This case report emphasizes the need for clinical
      awareness of different anatomical variations of the bones of the foot.

PMID- 27383881
TI  - Homozygous Carrier of Prothrombin G20210A Mutation with Massive Pulmonary
      Embolism and His Family: Gender Differences of Susceptibility to Mutation.
AB  - Prothrombin 20210 G>A mutation is the second most frequent inherited factor
      increasing the risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). The risk for VTE
      in homozygous carriers of this mutation is not well studied because of their
      rarity are rare. We report a case of a homozygous carrier of prothrombin
      mutation: a young man with massive pulmonary embolism, and his family - an
      asymptomatic homozygous sister, heterozygous parents with asymptomatic mother,
      and father with history of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). To our knowledge, this
      is the first reported case of homozygous prothrombin mutation carriers in
      Bulgaria and the other Balkan countries. We conclude that the homozygous
      prothrombin mutation creates predisposition for VTE that can manifest or not
      depending on additional factors, one of which could be male gender.

PMID- 27383882
TI  - Development of molecules stimulating the activity of KLK3 - an update.
AB  - Kallikrein-related peptidase-3 (KLK3, known also as prostate-specific antigen,
      PSA) is highly expressed in the prostate. KLK3 possess antiangiogenic activity,
      which we have found to be related to its proteolytic activity. Thus, it may be
      possible to slow down the growth of prostatic tumors by enhancing this activity.
      We have developed peptides that enhance the proteolytic activity of KLK3. As
      these peptides are degraded in circulation and rapidly excreted, we have started
      to modify them and have succeeded in creating bioactive and more stable
      pseudopeptides. We have also identified small molecules stimulating the activity
      of KLK3, especially in synergy with peptides.

PMID- 27383883
TI  - Application of instrumented nanoindentation in preformulation studies of
      pharmaceutical active ingredients and excipients.
AB  - Nanoindentation allows quantitative determination of a material's response to
      stress such as elastic and plastic deformation or fracture tendency. Key
      instruments that have enabled great advances in nanomechanical studies are the
      instrumented nanoindenter and atomic force microscopy. The versatility of these
      instruments lies in their capability to measure local mechanical response, in
      very small volumes and depths, while monitoring time, displacement and force with
      high accuracy and precision. This review highlights the application of
      nanoindentation for mechanical characterization of pharmaceutical materials in
      the preformulation phase (primary investigation of crystalline active ingredients
      and excipients). With nanoindentation, mechanical response can be assessed with
      respect to crystal structure. The technique is valuable for mechanical screening
      of a material at an early development phase in order to predict and better
      control the processes in which a material is exposed to stress such as milling
      and compression. 

PMID- 27383884
TI  - Simple approach to thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as new scaffolds of antimicrobial
      activities.
AB  - 6'-(4-Chlorophenyl)-spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-thieno[3,2-d][1,3] oxazin]-4'(1'H)-one
      (1) was synthesized and used as a starting material for the synthesis of a novel
      series of spiro compounds having biologically active sulfonamide 2a-e and 3'-(4
      acetylphenyl)-6'- (4-chlorophenyl)-1'H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-thieno[3,2-d]
      pyrimidine-4'(3'H)-one (3). Compound 2a was used as a key intermediate for the
      synthesis of sulfonyl carbothioamide derivatives 4a-c. Also, compound 3 was used
      as an intermediate for the synthesis of 3'H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-thieno[3,2
      d]pyrimidin]-3'-yl] phenyl}-2-imino-4-(substituted phenyl and/or thienyl)-1,2
      dihydropyridine- 3-carbonitrile derivatives 5a-e, 3'H-spiro[cyclohexane- 1,2'-
      thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin]-3'-yl]phenyl}-2-oxo-4-(substituted phenyl and/or thienyl)
      1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives 6a-e, and 4-[(2Z)-3-substituted
      arylprop-2-enoyl] phenyl-1'H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine
      derivatives 7a-e. Cyclocondensation of 7a-e with hydrazine hydrate produced 6'-(4
      chlorophenyl)-3'-[4-(5-substituted aryl-4,5-dihydro- 1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]-1'H
      spiro[cyclohexane-1,2'-thieno- [3,2-d]pyrimidin]-4'(3'H)-ones 8a-e but with
      hydroxylamine hydrochloride afforded the corresponding isoxazoline derivatives 9a
      e. Also, cyclocondensation by thiourea afforded 2-thioxo-1,2- dihydropyrimidin-4
      yl)-phenyl-spiro-{cyclohexanethieno[3,2-d] pyrimidin}-4-one derivatives 10a-e.
      The new compounds were investigated for antimicrobial activity. Compounds 2c,
      8b,c, 9b and 10b were the most potent ones against both Gram-negative and Gram
      positive bacteria. Compound 8c exhibited higher antifungal activity towards the
      examined fungi with MIC of 1-2 MUmol mL-1 compared to ketoconazole (MIC 2-3 MUmol
      mL-1 ). 

PMID- 27383885
TI  - Design, synthesis and evaluation of benzofuran-acetamide scaffold as potential
      anticonvulsant agent.
AB  - A series of N-(2-(benzoyl/4-chlorobenzoyl)-benzofuran- 3-yl)-2-(substituted)
      acetamide derivatives (4a-l, 5a-l) was synthesized in good yield. All synthesized
      compounds were in agreement with elemental and spectral data. The anticonvulsant
      activity of all synthesized compounds was assessed against the maximal
      electroshock induced seizures (MES) model in mice. Neurotoxicity was evaluated
      using the rotarod method. The majority of compounds exhibited anticonvulsant
      activity at a dose of 30 mg kg-1 body mass during 0.5-4 h, indicating their
      ability to prevent seizure spread at low doses. Relative to phenytoin, [N-(2-(4
      chlorobenzoyl)benzofuran-3-yl)-2-(cyclohexyl( methyl) amino)-acetamide] (5i) and
      [N-(2-(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzofuran-3-yl)-2-(4-methylpiperidin-1- yl)-acetamide]
      (5c) demonstrated comparable relative anticonvulsant potency of 0.74 and 0.72,
      respectively, whereas [(N-(2-(4-chlorobenzoyl)benzofuran-3-yl)-2-(4-(furan-2
      carbonyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-acetamide] (5f) exhibited the lowest relative potency
      of 0.16. The ALD50 of tested compounds ranged from 1.604 to 1.675 mmol kg-1 body
      mass. The ED50 of synthesized compounds ranged from 0.055 to 0.259 mmol kg-1
      (~23.4 to 127.6 mg kg-1) body mass. The pharmacophore mapping of the examined
      compounds on standard drugs (phenobarbital, phenytoin, ralitolin and
      carbamazepine) strongly suggests that these compounds may exert their
      anticonvulsant activity via the same established mechanism as that of known
      drugs. 

PMID- 27383886
TI  - A new biocompatible delivery scaffold containing heparin and bone morphogenetic
      protein 2.
AB  - Silicon-substituted calcium phosphate (Si-CaP) was developed in our laboratory as
      a biomaterial for delivery in bone tissue engineering. It was fabricated as a 3D
      construct of scaffolds using chitosan-trisodium polyphosphate (TPP) cross-linked
      networks. In this study, heparin was covalently bonded to the residual -NH2
      groups of chitosan on the scaffold applying carbodiimide chemistry. Bonded
      heparin was not leached away from scaffold surfaces upon vigorous washing or
      extended storage. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) was
      bound to conjugated scaffolds by ionic interactions between the negatively
      charged SO42- clusters of heparin and positively charged amino acids of rhBMP-2.
      The resulting scaffolds were inspected for bone regenerative capacity by
      subcutaneous implanting in rats. Histological observation and mineralization
      assay were performed after 4 weeks of implantation. Results from both in vitro
      and in vivo experiments suggest the potential of the developed scaffolds for bone
      tissue engineering applications in the future. 

PMID- 27383887
TI  - Bioactive chemical constituents of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes extract inhibit the
      growth of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2).
AB  - The present study was designed to identify the chemical constituents of the
      methanolic extract of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes and their inhibitory effect on a
      hepatoma cell line. The methanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to
      identify the volatile constituents and the other part of the same extract was
      subjected to liquid column chromatographic separation to isolate curcumin. The
      inhibition of cell growth in the hepatoma cell line and the cytopathological
      changes were studied. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of fifty compounds in
      the methanolic extract of C. longa. The major compounds were ar-turmerone (20.50
      %), beta-sesquiphellandrene (5.20 %) and curcumenol (5.11 %). Curcumin was
      identified using IR, 1H and 13C NMR. The inhibition of cell growth by curcumin
      (IC50 = 41.69 +/- 2.87 MUg mL-1) was much more effective than that of methanolic
      extract (IC50 = 196.12 +/- 5.25 MUg mL-1). Degenerative and apoptotic changes
      were more evident in curcumin- treated hepatoma cells than in those treated with
      the methanol extract. Antitumor potential of the methanolic extract may be
      attributed to the presence of sesquiterpenes and phenolic constituents including
      curcumin (0.051 %, 511.39 MUg g-1 dried methanol extract) in C. longa rhizomes. 

PMID- 27383888
TI  - PF573,228 inhibits vascular tumor cell growth, migration as well as angiogenesis,
      induces apoptosis and abrogates PRAS40 and S6RP phosphorylation.
AB  - PF573,228 is a compound that targets focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor
      protein kinase, which is over-expressed in various tumors. The aim of this study
      was to evaluate the effects of PF573,228 on the cells derived from mouse vascular
      tumors, namely, endothelioma cells. The treatment of endothelioma cells with
      PF573,228 reduced their growth with an IC50 of approximately 4.6 MUmol L-1 and
      inhibited cell migration with an IC50 of about 0.01 MUmol L-1. Microscopic
      studies revealed morphological attributes of apoptosis. These observations were
      confirmed by ELISA, which showed increased caspase-3 activity. PF573,228 also
      inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of approximately
      3.7 MUmol L-1, and abrogated the phosphorylation of cell survival proteins,
      proline-rich Akt substrate (PRAS40) and S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP). Array data
      further revealed that PF573,228 induced caspase-3 activation, thus promoting
      apoptosis. Since all the processes inhibited by PF573,228 provide important
      support to tumor survival and progression, the drug may have a potential role in
      the treatment of vascular tumors. 

PMID- 27383889
TI  - Olive leaf extract activity against Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis - the in
      vitro viability study.
AB  - Olive leaf extract is characterized by a high content of polyphenols (oleuropein,
      hydroxytyrosol and their derivatives), which is associated with its therapeutic
      properties. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the antifungal
      activity of olive leaf extract against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and C.
      dubliniensis CBS 7987 strains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the
      extract were determined by several in vitro assays. The extract showed a
      concentration depended effect on the viability of C. albicans with MIC value of
      46.875 mg mL-1 and C. dubliniensis with MIC value 62.5 mg mL-1. Most sensitive
      methods for testing the antifungal effect of the extracts were the trypan blue
      exclusion method and fluorescent dye exclusion method while MIC could not be
      determined by the method according to the EUCAST recommendation suggesting that
      herbal preparations contain compounds that may interfere with this susceptibility
      testing. The fluorescent dye exclusion method was also used for the assessment of
      morphological changes in the nuclei of treated cells. According to the obtained
      results, olive leaf extract is less effective against the tested strains than
      hydroxytyrosol, an olive plant constituent tested in our previous study. 

PMID- 27383890
TI  - Evaluation of pancreatin stability through enzyme activity determination.
AB  - Pancreatin is a biotechnological product containing an enzyme complex, obtained
      from porcine pancreas, that is employed in treating pancreatic diseases.
      Experiments regarding the stability of the pharmaceutical formulation containing
      pancreatin were performed using standard binary mixtures with 6 excipients in a
      1:1 ratio (m/m) and a commercial formulation. To accomplish these goals, samples
      were stored for 1, 3 and 6 months at 40 +/- 1  degrees C and 75 +/- 5 % relative
      humidity (RH) and 40 +/- 1  degrees C and 0 % RH. Stress testing was also
      performed. All samples were analyzed to evaluate the alpha-amylase, lipase and
      protease activities through UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The results revealed that
      the excipient proprieties and the storage conditions affected enzyme stability.
      Humidity was a strong influencing factor in the reduction of alpha-amylase and
      protease activities. Stress testing indicated that pH 9.0 and UV light did not
      induce substantial alterations in enzyme activity. 

PMID- 27383891
TI  - A study of compressibility and compactibility of directly compressible tableting
      materials containing tramadol hydrochloride.
AB  - The paper evaluates and compares the compressibility and compactibility of
      directly compressible tableting materials for the preparation of hydrophilic gel
      matrix tablets containing tramadol hydrochloride and the coprocessed dry binders
      Prosolv(r) SMCC 90 and DisintequikTM MCC 25. The selected types of hypromellose
      are MethocelTM Premium K4M and MethocelTM Premium K100M in 30 and 50 %
      concentrations, the lubricant being magnesium stearate in a 1 % concentration.
      Compressibility is evaluated by means of the energy profile of compression
      process and compactibility by the tensile strength of tablets. The values of
      total energy of compression and plasticity were higher in the tableting materials
      containing Prosolv(r) SMCC 90 than in those containing DisintequikTM MCC 25.
      Tramadol slightly decreased the values of total energy of compression and
      plasticity. Tableting materials containing Prosolv(r) SMCC 90 yielded stronger
      tablets. Tramadol decreased the strength of tablets from both coprocessed dry
      binders. 

PMID- 27383892
TI  - Effect of cerebrolysin on dopaminergic neurodegeneration of rat with oxidative
      stress induced by 3-nitropropionic acid.
AB  - The study tested the hypothesis that cerebrolysin protects the brain from free
      radicals in rats treated with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA). To address this
      hypothesis, the levels of dopamine (DA) and some oxidative stress biomarkers were
      measured after administration of 3-NPA. Young male Fischer rats were treated for
      three days with cerebrolysin, 3-NPA or both substances. Their brains were
      extracted, and DA, lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione (GSH), calcium, and H2O2
      were measured using validated methods. In the cortex, hemispheres and
      cerebellum/medulla oblongata of the group treated with cerebrolysin and 3-NPA,
      the levels of DA and LP decreased. In addition, calcium and H2O2 levels decreased
      in the hemispheres of the same group, while GSH increased in cortex. The
      increased dopamine metabolism due to the administration of cerebrolysin led to
      increased formation of radical species and oxidative stress, especially when free
      radicals were generated by 3-NPA. 

PMID- 27383893
TI  - Successful prevention of preeclampsia in a high-risk pregnancy using progestogen
      dydrogesterone: a clinical case.
AB  - The presented clinical example convincingly demonstrates the efficacy of
      dydrogesterone (30 mg) in the prevention of severe preeclampsia in a high-risk
      patient (early development of preeclampsia and preterm Cesarean section in her
      first pregnancy, arterial hypertension). This case suggests using dydrogesterone
      as an option to prevent preeclampsia, as previously shown in a prospective
      randomized study. 

PMID- 27383902
TI  - Supporting At-Risk Youth and Their Families to Manage and Prevent Diabetes:
      Developing a National Partnership of Medical Residency Programs and High Schools.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Stanford Youth Diabetes Coaches Program (SYDCP) is a school based
      health program in which Family Medicine residents train healthy at-risk
      adolescents to become diabetes self-management coaches for family members with
      diabetes. This study evaluates the impact of the SYDCP when disseminated to
      remote sites. Additionally, this study aims to assess perceived benefit of
      enhanced curriculum. METHODS: From 2012-2015, 10 high schools and one summer camp
      in the US and Canada and five residency programs were selected to participate.
      Physicians and other health providers implemented the SYDCP with racial/ethnic
      minority students from low-income communities. Student coaches completed pre- and
      posttest surveys which included knowledge, health behavior, and psychosocial
      asset questions (i.e., worth and resilience), as well as open-ended feedback
      questions. T-test pre-post comparisons were used to determine differences in
      knowledge and psychosocial assets, and open and axial coding methods were used to
      analyze qualitative data. RESULTS: A total of 216 participating high school
      students completed both pre-and posttests, and 96 nonparticipating students also
      completed pre- and posttests. Student coaches improved from pre- to posttest
      significantly on knowledge (p<0.005 in 2012-13, 2014 camp, and 2014-15); worth
      (p<0.1 in 2014-15); problem solving (p<0.005 in 2014 camp and p<0.1 in 2014-15);
      and self-efficacy (p<0.05 in 2014 camp). Eighty-two percent of student coaches
      reported that they considered making a behavior change to improve their own
      health as a result of program participation. Qualitative feedback themes included
      acknowledgment of usefulness and relevance of the program, appreciation for
      physician instructors, knowledge gain, pride in helping family members, improved
      relationships and connectedness with family members, and lifestyle improvements.
      CONCLUSION: Overall, when disseminated, this program can increase health
      knowledge and some psychosocial assets of at-risk youth and holds promise to
      empower these youth with health literacy and encourage them to adopt healthy
      behaviors.

PMID- 27383903
TI  - Narrowing the Zero-Field Tunneling Resonance by Decreasing the Crystal Symmetry
      of Mn12 Acetate.
AB  - We report the discovery of a less symmetric crystalline phase of Mn12 acetate, a
      triclinic phase, resulting from recrystallizing the original tetragonal phase
      reported by Lis in acetonitrile and toluene. This new phase exhibits the same
      structure of Mn12 acetate clusters and the same positions of tunneling resonances
      on the magnetic field as the conventional tetragonal phase. However, the width of
      the zero-field resonance is at least 1 order of magnitude smaller-can be as low
      as 50 Oe-indicating very small inhomogeneous broadening due to dipolar and
      nuclear fields.

PMID- 27383904
TI  - 3D Visualization of the Iron Oxidation State in FeO/Fe3O4 Core-Shell Nanocubes
      from Electron Energy Loss Tomography.
AB  - The physicochemical properties used in numerous advanced nanostructured devices
      are directly controlled by the oxidation states of their constituents. In this
      work we combine electron energy-loss spectroscopy, blind source separation, and
      computed tomography to reconstruct in three dimensions the distribution of Fe(2+)
      and Fe(3+) ions in a FeO/Fe3O4 core/shell cube-shaped nanoparticle with
      nanometric resolution. The results highlight the sharpness of the interface
      between both oxides and provide an average shell thickness, core volume, and
      average cube edge length measurements in agreement with the magnetic
      characterization of the sample.

PMID- 27383907
TI  - Factors Controlling the Reactivity and Selectivity of the Diels-Alder Reactions
      Involving 1,2-Azaborines.
AB  - The factors controlling the reactivity and endo/exo selectivity of the Diels
      Alder reactions involving 1,2-azaborines have been computationally explored
      within the density functional theory framework. It is found that the AlCl3
      catalyzed [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction between these dienes and N
      methylmaleimide proceeds concertedly and leads almost exclusively to the
      corresponding endo cycloadduct, which is in good agreement with previous
      experimental observations. In addition, the effect of the substituent directly
      attached to the boron atom of the 1,2-azaborine on the process is also analyzed
      in detail. To this end, the combination of the activation strain model of
      reactivity and the energy decomposition analysis methods has been applied to gain
      a quantitative understanding into the origins of the endo selectivity of the
      process as well as the influence of the boron and nitrogen substituent on the
      barrier heights of the transformations.

PMID- 27383905
TI  - Quantifying mammalian genomic DNA hydroxymethylcytosine content using solid-state
      nanopores.
AB  - 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC), the oxidized form of 5-methylcytosine (5 mC), is
      a base modification with emerging importance in biology and disease. However,
      like most epigenetic elements, it is transparent to many conventional genetic
      techniques and is thus challenging to probe. Here, we report a rapid solid-state
      nanopore assay that is capable of resolving 5 hmC with high specificity and
      sensitivity and demonstrate its utility in assessing global modification
      abundance in genomic DNA.

PMID- 27383908
TI  - ADAMTS5 promotes murine adipogenesis and visceral adipose tissue expansion.
AB  - Enhanced expression of the aggrecanase ADAMTS5 (A Disintegrin And
      Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin type 1 motifs; member 5) has been observed
      in adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents. Here, we have investigated the role of
      ADAMTS5 in adipogenesis, AT expansion and associated angiogenesis. In vitro
      differentiation of precursor cells into mature adipocytes was studied using
      murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) derived from wild-type (Adamts5(+/+)) and
      ADAMTS5 deficient (Adamts5(-/-)) mice, or 3T3-F442A preadipocytes with stable
      gene silencing of Adamts5. De novo adipogenesis was monitored by injection of 3T3
      F442A cells with or without Adamts5 knockdown in Nude mice. Furthermore,
      Adamts5(+/+)and Adamts5(-/-) mice were kept on a high-fat diet (HFD) to monitor
      AT development. Adamts5(-/-) MEF, as well as 3T3-F442A preadipocytes with Adamts5
      knockdown, showed significantly reduced differentiation as compared to control
      cells. In mice, de novo formed fat pads arising from 3T3-F442A cells with Adamts5
      knockdown were significantly smaller as compared to controls. After 15 or 25
      weeks on HFD, total body weight and subcutaneous AT weight were similar for
      Adamts5(+/+) and Adamts5(-/-) mice, but visceral/gonadal fat mass was
      significantly lower for Adamts5(-/-) mice. These data were confirmed by magnetic
      resonance imaging. In addition, the blood vessel density in adipose tissue was
      higher for Adamts5(-/-) mice kept on HFD. In conclusion, our data support the
      concept that ADAMTS5 promotes adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo, as well as
      development of visceral AT and associated angiogenesis in mice kept on HFD.

PMID- 27383909
TI  - Operational conditions for successful partial nitrification in a sequencing batch
      reactor (SBR) based on process kinetics.
AB  - The objective of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the performance
      of partial nitrification in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) using kinetic
      models. During the 4-month operation, dissolved oxygen (DO) and influent ammonia
      concentration were selected as operating variables to evaluate nitrite
      accumulation. Stable partial nitrification was observed with two conditions,
      influent ammonia concentration of 190 mg N/L and a DO of 0.6-3.0 mg/L as well as
      influent ammonia concentration of 100 mg N/L and a DO of 0.15-2.0 mg/L with
      intermittent aeration. At a DO of 0.6-3.0 mg O2/L and influent ammonia
      concentration of 90 mg N/L, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria growth was not suppressed.
      Kinetic parameters were determined or estimated with batch tests and model
      simulation. The kinetic model predicted the SBR performance well.

PMID- 27383910
TI  - Porous Silicon and Polymer Nanocomposites for Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acids
      as Anti-MicroRNA Therapies.
AB  - Self-assembled polymer/porous silicon nanocomposites overcome intracellular and
      systemic barriers for in vivo application of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) anti
      microRNA therapeutics. Porous silicon (PSi) is leveraged as a biodegradable
      scaffold with high drug-cargo-loading capacity. Functionalization with a diblock
      polymer improves PSi nanoparticle colloidal stability, in vivo pharmacokinetics,
      and intracellular bioavailability through endosomal escape, enabling PNA to
      inhibit miR-122 in vivo.

PMID- 27383911
TI  - Neural networks within multi-core optic fibers.
AB  - Hardware implementation of artificial neural networks facilitates real-time
      parallel processing of massive data sets. Optical neural networks offer low
      volume 3D connectivity together with large bandwidth and minimal heat production
      in contrast to electronic implementation. Here, we present a conceptual design
      for in-fiber optical neural networks. Neurons and synapses are realized as
      individual silica cores in a multi-core fiber. Optical signals are transferred
      transversely between cores by means of optical coupling. Pump driven
      amplification in erbium-doped cores mimics synaptic interactions. We simulated
      three-layered feed-forward neural networks and explored their capabilities.
      Simulations suggest that networks can differentiate between given inputs
      depending on specific configurations of amplification; this implies
      classification and learning capabilities. Finally, we tested experimentally our
      basic neuronal elements using fibers, couplers, and amplifiers, and demonstrated
      that this configuration implements a neuron-like function. Therefore, devices
      similar to our proposed multi-core fiber could potentially serve as building
      blocks for future large-scale small-volume optical artificial neural networks.

PMID- 27383912
TI  - The adhesion GPCR latrophilin - a novel signaling cascade in oriented cell
      division and anterior-posterior polarity.
AB  - Although several signaling pathways in oriented cell division have been well
      characterized such as delta/notch inductions or wnt/frizzled-based anterior
      posterior polarity, there is strong evidence for additional signal pathways
      controlling early anterior-posterior polarity decisions. The homolog of the
      adhesion G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin, LAT-1 has been identified as a
      receptor essential for oriented cell division in an anterior-posterior direction
      of specific blastomeres in the early C. elegans embryo. We recently conducted a
      study aiming at clarifying the signals involved in LAT-1 function. We identified
      a Gs protein/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway in vitro and demonstrated its
      physiological relevance in oriented cell division. By interaction with a Gs
      protein LAT-1 elevates cAMP levels. These data indicate that G-protein signaling
      in oriented cell division is not solely GPCR-independent. This commentary will
      discuss our findings in the context of the current knowledge of mechanisms
      controlling oriented cell division and anterior-posterior polarity. Further, we
      identify open questions which need to be addressed in the future. 

PMID- 27383914
TI  - Osteoarthritis: Bone as an imaging biomarker and treatment target in OA.

PMID- 27383915
TI  - Rheumatoid arthritis: Glucocorticoid therapy and body composition.

PMID- 27383916
TI  - Paediatric rheumatology: Novel Treg cell subset discovered in JIA.

PMID- 27383913
TI  - Macrophage heterogeneity in the context of rheumatoid arthritis.
AB  - Macrophages are very important in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
      The increase in the number of sublining macrophages in the synovium is an early
      hallmark of active rheumatic disease, and high numbers of macrophages are a
      prominent feature of inflammatory lesions. The degree of synovial macrophage
      infiltration correlates with the degree of joint erosion, and depletion of these
      macrophages from inflamed tissue has a profound therapeutic benefit. Research has
      now uncovered an unexpectedly high level of heterogeneity in macrophage origin
      and function, and has emphasized the role of environmental factors in their
      functional specialization. Although the heterogeneous populations of macrophages
      in RA have not been fully characterized, preliminary results in mouse models of
      arthritis have contributed to our understanding of the phenotype and ontogeny of
      synovial macrophages, and to deciphering the properties of monocyte-derived
      infiltrating and tissue-resident macrophages. Elucidating the molecular
      mechanisms that drive polarization of macrophages towards proinflammatory or anti
      inflammatory phenotypes could lead to identification of signalling pathways that
      inform future therapeutic strategies.

PMID- 27383917
TI  - Lupus nephritis: NRF2, a novel target in steroid-refractory LN?

PMID- 27383918
TI  - Understanding Voltage Decay in Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Layered Cathode
      Materials by Limiting Cutoff Voltage.
AB  - The effect of the cutoff voltages on the working voltage decay and cyclability of
      the lithium-rich manganese-based layered cathode (LRMO) was investigated by
      electrochemical measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, ex situ X
      ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive
      spectroscopy line scan technologies. It was found that both lower (2.0 V) and
      upper (4.8 V) cutoff voltages cause severe voltage decay with cycling due to
      formation of the spinel phase and migration of the transition metals inside the
      particles. Appropriate cutoff voltage between 2.8 and 4.4 V can effectively
      inhibit structural variation as the electrode demonstrates 92% capacity retention
      and indiscernible working voltage decay over 430 cycles. The results also show
      that phase transformation not only on high charge voltage but also on low
      discharge voltage should be addressed to obtain highly stable LRMO materials. 

PMID- 27383919
TI  - Providing Oral Nutrition to Women in Labor: American College of Nurse-Midwives.
AB  - Historically, oral intake for women during labor has been limited to nothing by
      mouth or clear liquids only. These restrictions are based on the risk of
      aspiration during or after the administration of general anesthesia. While
      aspiration can be life threatening, older methods of anesthesia are rarely used
      in current intrapartum care, and evidence is inconclusive that withholding oral
      nutrition reduces the risk of gastric aspiration. Additionally, withholding oral
      nutrition may result in the development of ketosis and may potentially contribute
      to a woman's stress and dissatisfaction with the birth experience. The purpose of
      this Clinical Bulletin is to review the evidence related to this practice and
      provide recommendations to promote informed, shared decision making regarding
      oral intake during labor with women at low risk for gastric aspiration. 

PMID- 27383920
TI  - Enantioselective synthesis of fluorinated branched allylic compounds via Ir
      catalyzed allylations of functionalized fluorinated methylene derivatives.
AB  - Enantioselective introduction of the functionalized monofluorinated methylenes
      into the allylic fragment under Ir catalysis has been realized, which gave the
      fluorinated branched allyl products in good to high yields with excellent regio-
      and enantioselectivities. 

PMID- 27383921
TI  - Photoinduced Charge Separation in the Carbon Nano-Onion C60@C240.
AB  - The double-shell fullerene C60@C240 formed by inclusion of C60 into C240 is the
      smallest stable carbon nano-onion. In this article, we analyze in detail the
      character of the excited states of C60@C240 in terms of exciton localization and
      charge transfer between the inner and outer shells. The unique structure of the
      buckyonion leads to a large electrostatic stabilization of charge-separated (CS)
      states in the C60@C240. As a result, the CS states C60(+)@C240(-) lie in the same
      region of the electronic spectrum (2.4-2.6 eV) as strongly absorbing locally
      excited states and, therefore, can be effectively populated. The CS states C60(
      )@C240(+) are found to be 0.5 eV higher in energy than the CS states C60(+)@C240(
      ). Unlike the situation observed in donor-acceptor systems, the energies of the
      CS states in C60@C240 do not practically depend on the environment polarity. This
      leads to exceptionally small reorganization energies for electron transfer
      between the shells. Electronic couplings for photoinduced charge-separation and
      charge-recombination processes are calculated. The absolute rate of the formation
      of the CS state C60(+)@C240(-) is estimated at ~4 ps(-1). The electronic features
      found in C60@C240 are likely to be shared by other carbon nano-onions. 

PMID- 27383922
TI  - Ambulatory and short-burst oxygen for interstitial lung disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A large subgroup of people with interstitial lung disease (ILD) are
      normoxic at rest, but rapidly desaturate on exertion. This can limit exercise
      capacity and worsen dyspnoea. The use of ambulatory or short-burst oxygen when
      mobilising or during other activities, may improve exercise capacity and relieve
      dyspnoea. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of ambulatory and short-burst
      oxygen therapy, separately, on exercise capacity, dyspnoea and quality of life in
      people who have interstitial lung disease (ILD), particularly those with
      idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). SEARCH METHODS: We conducted searches in the
      Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register (all years to May 2016), Cochrane
      Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (all years to May 2016), MEDLINE
      (Ovid) (1950 to 4th May 2016) and EMBASE (Ovid) (1974 to 4th May 2016). We also
      searched the reference lists of relevant studies, international clinical trial
      registries and respiratory conference abstracts for studies. SELECTION CRITERIA:
      We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs that compared
      ambulatory or short-burst oxygen with a control group in people with ILD of any
      origin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently selected
      studies for inclusion and assessed risk of bias in the included studies. We
      extracted data from included studies using a prepared checklist, including study
      characteristics and results. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,
      Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria to assess the quality of the included
      studies. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies (including 98 participants, all of whom had
      IPF) met the inclusion criteria of this review. These studies were conducted in
      hospital respiratory physiology laboratories. Two studies did not demonstrate any
      beneficial effect of supplemental oxygen on exercise capacity or exertional
      dyspnoea. Neither of these studies titrated oxygen requirements to prevent
      ongoing exertional desaturation. One study showed an increase in exercise
      capacity as assessed by endurance time with supplemental oxygen. We did not
      identify any studies that examined the effect of ambulatory oxygen on health
      related quality of life, survival, costs or time to exacerbation or
      hospitalisation. No study reported any adverse events. The quality of evidence
      for all three studies, as assessed by GRADE criteria, was low. AUTHORS'
      CONCLUSIONS: This review found no evidence to support or refute the use of
      ambulatory or short burst oxygen in ILD due to the limited number of included
      studies and data. Further research is needed to examine the role of this
      treatment.

PMID- 27383923
TI  - Occurrence of artificial sweeteners in human liver and paired blood and urine
      samples from adults in Tianjin, China and their implications for human exposure.
AB  - In this study, acesulfame (ACE), saccharin (SAC) and cyclamate (CYC) were found
      in all paired urine and blood samples collected from healthy adults, with mean
      values of 4070, 918 and 628 ng mL(-1), respectively, in urine and 9.03, 20.4 and
      0.72 ng mL(-1), respectively, in blood. SAC (mean: 84.4 ng g(-1)) and CYC (4.29
      ng g(-1)) were detectable in all liver samples collected from liver cancer
      patients, while ACE was less frequently detected. Aspartame (ASP) was not found
      in any analyzed human sample, which can be explained by the fact that this
      chemical metabolized rapidly in the human body. Among all adults, significantly
      positive correlations between SAC and CYC levels were observed (p < 0.001),
      regardless of human matrices. Nevertheless, no significant correlations between
      concentrations of SAC (or CYC) and ACE were found in any of the human matrices.
      Our results suggest that human exposure to SAC and CYC is related, whereas ACE
      originates from a discrete source. Females (or young adults) were exposed to
      higher levels of SAC and CYC than males (or elderly). The mean renal clearance of
      SAC was 730 mL per day per kg in adults, which was significantly (p < 0.001)
      lower than those for CYC (10 800 mL per day per kg) and ACE (10 300 mL per day
      per kg). The average total daily intake of SAC and ACE was 9.27 and 33.8 MUg per
      kg bw per day, respectively. 

PMID- 27383924
TI  - Fluorophore exchange kinetics in block copolymer micelles with varying solvent
      fluorophore and solvent-polymer interactions.
AB  - Fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to characterize the kinetics of guest
      exchange in diblock copolymer micelles composed of poly(ethylene oxide-b-epsilon
      caprolactone) (PEO-PCL) diblock copolymers in water/tetrahydrofuran (THF)
      mixtures which encapsulated fluorophores. The solvent composition (THF content)
      of the micelle solution was varied as a means of modulating the strength of
      interactions between the fluorophore and solvent as well as between the micelle
      core and solvent. A donor-acceptor fluorophore pair was employed consisting of
      3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO, the donor) and 1,1'-dioctadecyl
      3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI, the acceptor). Through
      the process of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), energy was transferred
      from the donor to acceptor when the fluorophores were in close proximity. A
      micelle solution containing DiO was mixed with a micelle solution containing DiI
      at t = 0, and the emission spectra of the mixed solution were monitored over time
      (at an excitation wavelength optimized for the donor). In micelle solutions
      containing 5 and 10 vol% THF in the bulk solvent, an increase in the acceptor
      peak intensity maximum occurred over time in the post-mixed solution, accompanied
      by a decrease in the donor peak intensity maximum, indicating the presence of
      energy transfer from the donor to the acceptor. At long times, the FRET ratios
      (acceptor peak intensity divided by the sum of the acceptor and donor peak
      intensities) were indistinguishable from that determined from pre-mixed micelle
      solutions of the same THF content (in pre-mixed solutions, DiO and DiI were
      encapsulated within the same micelle cores). In the micelle solution containing
      20 vol% THF, the fluorophore exchange process occurred too quickly to be observed
      (the FRET ratios measured from the solutions mixed at t = 0 were commensurate to
      that measured from the pre-mixed solution). A time constant describing the guest
      exchange process was extracted from the time-dependence of the FRET ratio through
      fit of an exponential decay. An increase in the THF content in the micelle
      solution resulted in a decrease in the time constant, and the time constant
      varied over five orders of magnitude as the THF content was varied from 5-20
      vol%. 

PMID- 27383925
TI  - Corticosteroids for the prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury?

PMID- 27383926
TI  - Multiple calcified nodules.

PMID- 27383927
TI  - Choosing wisely between randomized controlled trials and observational designs in
      studies about interventions.

PMID- 27383928
TI  - Pre-treatment with dexamethasone attenuates experimental ventilator-induced lung
      injury.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects that administering dexamethasone before the
      induction of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) has on the temporal evolution
      of that injury. METHODS: Wistar rats were allocated to one of three groups: pre
      VILI administration of dexamethasone (dexamethasone group); pre-VILI
      administration of saline (control group); or ventilation only (sham group). The
      VILI was induced by ventilation at a high tidal volume. Animals in the
      dexamethasone and control groups were euthanized at 0, 4, 24, and 168 h after
      VILI induction. We analyzed arterial blood gases, lung edema, cell counts (total
      and differential) in the BAL fluid, and lung histology. RESULTS: At 0, 4, and 24
      h after VILI induction, acute lung injury (ALI) scores were higher in the control
      group than in the sham group (p < 0.05). Administration of dexamethasone prior to
      VILI induction decreased the severity of the lung injury. At 4 h and 24 h after
      induction, the ALI score in the dexamethasone group was not significantly
      different from that observed for the sham group and was lower than that observed
      for the control group (p < 0.05). Neutrophil counts in BAL fluid were increased
      in the control and dexamethasone groups, peaking at 4 h after VILI induction (p <
      0.05). However, the neutrophil counts were lower in the dexamethasone group than
      in the control group at 4 h and 24 h after induction (p < 0.05). Pre-treatment
      with dexamethasone also prevented the post-induction oxygenation impairment seen
      in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of dexamethasone prior to VILI
      induction attenuates the effects of the injury in Wistar rats. The molecular
      mechanisms of such injury and the possible clinical role of corticosteroids in
      VILI have yet to be elucidated. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da administracao de
      dexametasona antes da inducao de lesao pulmonar induzida por ventilacao mecanica
      (LPIVM) na evolucao temporal dessa lesao. METODOS: Ratos Wistar foram alocados em
      um dos tres grupos: administracao de dexametasona pre-LPIVM (grupo dexametasona);
      administracao de salina pre-LPIVM (grupo controle); e somente ventilacao (grupo
      sham). A LPIVM foi realizada por ventilacao com volume corrente alto. Os animais
      dos grupos dexametasona e controle foram sacrificados em 0, 4, 24 e 168 h apos
      LPIVM. Analisamos gasometria arterial, edema pulmonar, contagens de celulas
      (totais e diferenciais) no lavado broncoalveolar e histologia de tecido pulmonar.
      RESULTADOS: Em 0, 4 e 24 h apos LPIVM, os escores de lesao pulmonar aguda (LPA)
      foram maiores no grupo controle que no grupo sham (p < 0,05). A administracao de
      dexametasona antes da LPIVM reduziu a gravidade da lesao pulmonar. Em 4 e 24 h
      apos a inducao, o escore de LPA no grupo dexametasona nao foi significativamente
      diferente daquele observado no grupo sham e foi menor que o observado no grupo
      controle (p < 0,05). As contagens de neutrofilos no lavado broncoalveolar estavam
      aumentadas nos grupos controle e dexametasona, com pico em 4 h apos LPIVM (p <
      0,05). Entretanto, as contagens de neutrofilos foram menores no grupo
      dexametasona que no grupo controle em 4 e 24 h apos LPIVM (p < 0,05). O pre
      tratamento com dexametasona tambem impediu o comprometimento da oxigenacao apos a
      inducao visto no grupo controle. CONCLUSOES: A administracao de dexametasona
      antes de LPIVM atenua os efeitos da lesao em ratos Wistar. Os mecanismos
      moleculares dessa lesao e o possivel papel clinico dos corticosteroides na LPIVM
      ainda precisam ser elucidados.

PMID- 27383929
TI  - Evaluating bronchodilator response in pediatric patients with post-infectious
      bronchiolitis obliterans: use of different criteria for identifying airway
      reversibility.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a clinical entity
      that has been classified as constrictive, fixed obstruction of the lumen by
      fibrotic tissue. However, recent studies using impulse oscillometry have reported
      bronchodilator responses in PIBO patients. The objective of this study was to
      evaluate bronchodilator responses in pediatric PIBO patients, comparing different
      criteria to define the response. METHODS: We evaluated pediatric patients
      diagnosed with PIBO and treated at one of two pediatric pulmonology outpatient
      clinics in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Spirometric parameters were measured
      in accordance with international recommendations. RESULTS: We included a total of
      72 pediatric PIBO patients. The mean pre- and post-bronchodilator values were
      clearly lower than the reference values for all parameters, especially FEF25-75%.
      There were post-bronchodilator improvements. When measured as mean percent
      increases, FEV1 and FEF25-75%, improved by 11% and 20%, respectively. However,
      when the absolute values were calculated, the mean FEV1 and FEF25-75% both
      increased by only 0.1 L. We found that age at viral aggression, a family history
      of asthma, and allergy had no significant effects on bronchodilator responses.
      CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with PIBO have peripheral airway obstruction that
      is responsive to treatment but is not completely reversible with a
      bronchodilator. The concept of PIBO as fixed, irreversible obstruction does not
      seem to apply to this population. Our data suggest that airway obstruction is
      variable in PIBO patients, a finding that could have major clinical implications.
      OBJETIVO: A bronquiolite obliterante pos-infecciosa (BOPI) e uma entidade clinica
      que tem sido classificada como obstrucao fixa e constritiva do lumen por tecido
      fibrotico. Entretanto, estudos recentes utilizando oscilometria de impulso
      relataram resposta ao broncodilatador em pacientes com BOPI. O objetivo deste
      estudo foi avaliar a resposta broncodilatadora em pacientes pediatricos com BOPI,
      comparando criterios diferentes para a definicao da resposta. METODOS: Foram
      avaliados pacientes pediatricos com diagnostico de BOPI tratados em um de dois
      ambulatorios de pneumologia pediatrica na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS). Parametros
      espirometricos foram medidos de acordo com recomendacoes internacionais.
      RESULTADOS: Foram incluidos 72 pacientes pediatricos com BOPI no estudo. As
      medias dos valores pre- e pos-broncodilatador foram claramente inferiores aos
      valores de referencia para todos os parametros, especialmente FEF25-75%. Houve
      uma melhora pos-broncodilatador. Quando medidos como aumentos percentuais medios,
      VEF1 e FEF25-75% melhoraram em 11% e 20%, respectivamente. Entretanto, quando os
      valores absolutos foram calculados, as medias de VEF1 e FEF25-75% aumentaram
      somente em 0,1 l. Verificamos que a idade da agressao viral, historia familiar de
      asma e alergia nao tiveram efeitos significativos na resposta ao broncodilatador.
      CONCLUSOES: Pacientes pediatricos com BOPI tem uma obstrucao das vias aereas
      perifericas que responde ao tratamento, mas nao uma reversao completa com o
      broncodilatador. O conceito de BOPI como obstrucao fixa e irreversivel parece nao
      se aplicar a essa populacao. Nossos dados sugerem que a obstrucao de vias aereas
      em pacientes com BOPI e variavel, e esse achado pode ter importantes implicacoes
      clinicas.

PMID- 27383930
TI  - Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with COPD: mild-to-moderate
      COPD versus severe-to-very severe COPD.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the prevalence of comorbidities and risk factors
      for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in COPD patients according to disease severity.
      METHODS: The study included 25 patients with mild-to-moderate COPD (68% male;
      mean age, 65 +/- 8 years; mean FEV1, 73 +/- 15% of predicted) and 25 with severe
      to-very severe COPD (males, 56%; mean age, 69 +/- 9 years; mean FEV1, 40 +/- 18%
      of predicted). Comorbidities were recorded on the basis of data obtained from
      medical charts and clinical evaluations. Comorbidities were registered on the
      basis of data obtained from medical charts and clinical evaluations. The Charlson
      comorbidity index was calculated, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      (HADS) score was determined. RESULTS: Of the 50 patients evaluated, 38 (76%) had
      been diagnosed with at least one comorbidity, 21 (42%) having been diagnosed with
      at least one CVD. Twenty-four patients (48%) had more than one CVD. Eighteen
      (36%) of the patients were current smokers, 10 (20%) had depression, 7 (14%) had
      dyslipidemia, and 7 (14%) had diabetes mellitus. Current smoking, depression, and
      dyslipidemia were more prevalent among the patients with mild-to-moderate COPD
      than among those with severe-to-very severe COPD (p < 0.001, p = 0.008, and p =
      0.02, respectively). The prevalence of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus,
      alcoholism, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure was comparable
      between the two groups. The Charlson comorbidity index and HADS scores did not
      differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities are highly prevalent in
      COPD, regardless of its severity. Certain risk factors for CVD, themselves
      classified as diseases (including smoking, dyslipidemia, and depression), appear
      to be more prevalent in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e
      comparar a prevalencia de comorbidades e de fatores de risco de doenca
      cardiovascular (DCV) em pacientes com DPOC de acordo com a gravidade da doenca.
      METODOS: O estudo incluiu 25 pacientes com DPOC leve/moderada (homens: 68%; media
      de idade: 65 +/- 8 anos; media de VEF1: 73 +/- 15% do previsto) e 25 com DPOC
      grave/muito grave (homens: 56%; media de idade: 69 +/- 9 anos; media de VEF1, 40
      +/- 18% do previsto). As comorbidades foram registradas com base nos dados dos
      prontuarios medicos e avaliacoes clinicas. O indice de comorbidades de Charlson
      foi calculado, e a pontuacao na Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) foi
      determinada. RESULTADOS: Dos 50 pacientes avaliados, 38 (76%) receberam
      diagnostico de pelo menos uma comorbidade, sendo que 21 (42%) receberam
      diagnostico de pelo menos uma DCV. Vinte e quatro pacientes (48%) apresentavam
      mais de uma DCV. Dezoito pacientes (36%) eram fumantes, 10 (20%) tinham
      depressao, 7 (14%) apresentavam dislipidemia, e 7 (14%) tinham diabetes mellitus.
      Tabagismo atual, depressao e dislipidemia foram mais prevalentes nos pacientes
      com DPOC leve/moderada que naqueles com DPOC grave/muito grave (p < 0,001, p =
      0,008 e p = 0,02, respectivamente). A prevalencia de pressao arterial elevada,
      diabetes mellitus, alcoolismo, doenca isquemica do coracao e insuficiencia
      cardiaca cronica foi semelhante nos dois grupos. O indice de comorbidades de
      Charlson e a pontuacao na HADS nao diferiram entre os grupos. CONCLUSOES:
      Comorbidades sao muito prevalentes na DPOC, independentemente da gravidade da
      doenca. Certos fatores de risco de DCV, eles proprios considerados doencas
      (incluindo tabagismo, dislipidemia e depressao), parecem ser mais prevalentes nos
      pacientes com DPOC leve/moderada.

PMID- 27383931
TI  - Robotic pulmonary lobectomy for lung cancer treatment: program implementation and
      initial experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of a robotic thoracic surgery program
      at a public tertiary teaching hospital and to analyze its initial results.
      METHODS: This was a planned interim analysis of a randomized clinical trial aimed
      at comparing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and robotic surgery in terms of
      the results obtained after pulmonary lobectomy. The robotic surgery program
      developed at the Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo, in the city of Sao
      Paulo, Brazil, is a multidisciplinary initiative involving various surgical
      specialties, as well as anesthesiology, nursing, and clinical engineering teams.
      In this analysis, we evaluated the patients included in the robotic lobectomy arm
      of the trial during its first three months (from April to June of 2015). RESULTS:
      Ten patients were included in this analysis. There were eight women and two men.
      The mean age was 65.1 years. All of the patients presented with peripheral
      tumors. We performed right upper lobectomy in four patients, right lower
      lobectomy in four, and left upper lobectomy in two. Surgical time varied
      considerably (range, 135-435 min). Conversion to open surgery or video-assisted
      thoracoscopic surgery was not necessary in any of the cases. Intraoperative
      complications were not found. Only the first patient required postoperative
      transfer to the ICU. There were no deaths or readmissions within the first 30
      days after discharge. The only postoperative complication was chest pain (grade
      3), in two patients. Pathological examination revealed complete tumor resection
      in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: When there is integration and proper training of all
      of the teams involved, the implementation of a robotic thoracic surgery program
      is feasible and can reduce morbidity and mortality. OBJETIVO: Descrever a
      implantacao de um programa de cirurgia toracica robotica em um hospital terciario
      publico universitario e analisar seus resultados iniciais. METODOS: Este estudo e
      uma analise interina planejada de um ensaio clinico aleatorizado cujo objetivo e
      comparar resultados da lobectomia pulmonar por videotoracoscopia com a robotica.
      O programa de cirurgia robotica do Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo,
      localizado na cidade de Sao Paulo (SP), foi uma iniciativa multidisciplinar que
      envolveu diversas especialidades cirurgicas e equipes de anestesia, enfermagem e
      engenharia clinica. Nesta analise, avaliamos os pacientes incluidos no braco
      lobectomia robotica durante os primeiros tres meses do estudo (de abril a junho
      de 2015). RESULTADOS: Dez pacientes foram incluidos nesta analise. Eram oito
      mulheres e dois homens. A media de idade foi de 65,1 anos. Todos apresentavam
      tumores perifericos. Foram realizadas lobectomia superior direita, em quatro
      pacientes; lobectomia inferior direita, em quatro; e lobectomia superior
      esquerda, em dois. Os tempos cirurgicos variaram bastante (variacao, 135-435
      min). Nao foi necessaria a conversao para tecnica aberta ou videotoracoscopica em
      nenhum paciente. Nao foram observadas complicacoes intraoperatorias. Apenas o
      primeiro paciente foi encaminhado a UTI no pos-operatorio. Nao houve mortalidade
      nem reinternacoes em 30 dias apos a alta. A unica complicacao pos-operatoria
      observada foi dor toracica (grau 3), em dois pacientes. O exame anatomopatologico
      revelou a resseccao completa do tumor em todos os casos. CONCLUSOES: A
      implantacao de um programa de cirurgia toracica robotica, quando ha integracao e
      treinamento adequado de todas as equipes envolvidas, e factivel e pode reduzir a
      morbidade e a mortalidade.

PMID- 27383932
TI  - Bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures and microbiological examinations in proving
      endobronchial tuberculosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportional distribution of endobronchial
      tuberculosis (EBTB) subtypes and to evaluate the types of bronchoscopic
      diagnostic procedures that can prove granulomatous inflammation. METHODS: This
      was a retrospective study of 18 HIV-negative patients with biopsy-proven EBTB
      treated between 2010 and 2014. RESULTS: The most common EBTB subtypes, as
      classified by the bronchoscopic features, were tumorous and granular (in 22.2%
      for both). Sputum smear microscopy was performed in 11 patients and was positive
      for AFB in 4 (36.3%). Sputum culture was also performed in 11 patients and was
      positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 10 (90.9%). Smear microscopy of BAL
      fluid (BALF) was performed in 16 patients and was positive for AFB in 10 (62.5%).
      Culture of BALF was also performed in 16 patients and was positive for M.
      tuberculosis in 15 (93.7%). Culture of BALF was positive for M. tuberculosis in
      93.7% of the 16 patients tested. Among the 18 patients with EBTB, granulomatous
      inflammation was proven by the following bronchoscopic diagnostic procedures:
      bronchial mucosal biopsy, in 8 (44.4%); bronchial brushing, in 7 (38.8%); fine
      needle aspiration biopsy, in 2 (11.1%); and BAL, in 2 (11.1%). Bronchial
      anthracofibrosis was observed in 5 (27.7%) of the 18 cases evaluated.
      CONCLUSIONS: In our sample of EBTB patients, the most common subtypes were the
      tumorous and granular subtypes. We recommend that sputum samples and BALF samples
      be evaluated by smear microscopy for AFB and by culture for M. tuberculosis,
      which could increase the rates of early diagnosis of EBTB. We also recommend that
      bronchial brushing be employed together with other bronchoscopic diagnostic
      procedures in patients suspected of having EBTB. OBJETIVO: Determinar a
      distribuicao proporcional dos subtipos de tuberculose endobronquica (TBEB) e
      avaliar os tipos de procedimentos diagnosticos broncoscopicos que podem revelar
      inflamacao granulomatosa. METODOS: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo com 18
      pacientes HIV negativos com TBEB comprovada por biopsia tratados entre 2010 e
      2014. RESULTADOS: Os subtipos mais comuns de TBEB, classificados pelas
      caracteristicas na broncoscopia, foram tumoral e granular (em 22,2% para ambas) A
      baciloscopia de escarro foi realizada em 11 pacientes e foi positiva para BAAR em
      4 (36,3%). A cultura de escarro tambem foi realizada em 11 pacientes e foi
      positiva para Mycobacterium tuberculosis em 10 (90,9%). A baciloscopia do LBA foi
      realizada em 16 pacientes e foi positiva para BAAR em 10 (62,5%). A cultura do
      LBA foi tambem realizada em 16 pacientes e foi positiva para o M. tuberculosis em
      15 (93,7%). A cultura do LBA foi positiva para M. tuberculosis em 93,7% dos 16
      pacientes testados. Nos 18 pacientes com TBEB, a presenca de inflamacao
      granulomatosa foi comprovada pelos seguintes procedimentos diagnosticos
      broncoscopicos: biopsia da mucosa bronquica, em 8 (44,4%); escovacao bronquica,
      em 7 (38,8%); puncao aspirativa por agulha fina, em 2 (11,1%); e LBA, em 2
      (11,1%). Antracose/fibrose bronquica foi observada em 5 (27,7%) dos 18 casos
      avaliados. CONCLUSOES: Em nossa amostra de pacientes com TBEB, os subtipos mais
      comuns foram o tumoral e o granular. Recomendamos que amostras de escarro e do
      LBA sejam avaliadas por baciloscopia para BAAR e cultura de M. tuberculosis, o
      que poderia aumentar as taxas de diagnostico precoce de TBEB. Tambem recomendamos
      que a escovacao bronquica seja empregada em conjunto com outros procedimentos
      diagnosticos broncoscopicos em pacientes com suspeita de TBEB.

PMID- 27383933
TI  - Viability of gait speed test in hospitalized elderly patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The gait speed test (GST) is a physical test that can predict falls
      and aid in the diagnosis of sarcopenia in the elderly. However, to our knowledge,
      there have been no studies evaluating its reproducibility in hospitalized elderly
      patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and
      reproducibility of the six-meter GST (6GST) in hospitalized elderly patients.
      METHODS: This repeated measures study involved hospitalized elderly patients (>=
      60 years of age) who underwent the 6GST by the fifth day of hospitalization, were
      able to walk without assistance, and presented no signs of dyspnea or pain that
      would prevent them from performing the test. The 6GST was performed three times
      in sequence, with a rest period between each test, in a level corridor. Gait
      speed was measured in meters/second. Reproducibility was assessed by comparing
      the means, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots.
      RESULTS: We evaluated 110 elderly patients in a total of 330 tests. All
      participants completed all of the tests. The comparisons between the speeds
      obtained during the three tests showed high ICCs and a low mean bias (Bland
      Altman plots). The correlation and accuracy were greatest when the mean maximum
      speed was compared with that obtained in the third test (1.26 +/- 0.44 m/s vs.
      1.22 +/- 0.44 m/s; ICC = 0.99; p = 0.001; mean bias = 0.04; and limits of
      agreement = -0.27 to 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The 6GST was proven to be safe and to
      have good reproducibility in this sample of hospitalized elderly patients. The
      third measurement seems to correspond to the maximum speed, since the first two
      measurements underestimated the actual performance. OBJETIVO: O teste de
      velocidade de marcha (TVM) e um teste fisico que pode predizer quedas e auxiliar
      no diagnostico de sarcopenia em idosos da comunidade. Entretanto, pelo que
      sabemos, nao ha estudos que avaliaram sua reprodutibilidade em idosos
      hospitalizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a seguranca e a
      reprodutibilidade do TVM de seis metros (TVM6) em idosos hospitalizados. METODOS:
      Estudo com medidas repetidas envolvendo idosos hospitalizados (idade >= 60 anos)
      que realizaram o TVM6 ate o quinto dia de hospitalizacao, sendo capazes de andar
      sem auxilio e nao apresentando dispneia ou dor que os incapacitasse para a
      realizacao dos testes. O TVM6 foi realizado sequencialmente tres vezes, com
      periodo de descanso, em um corredor plano, e a velocidade de marcha foi calculada
      em metros/segundo. A reprodutibilidade foi avaliada pela comparacao das medias,
      coeficientes de correlacao intraclasse (CCI) e disposicoes graficas de Bland
      Altman. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 110 idosos avaliados com um total de 330
      testes. Todos os participantes completaram todos os testes. As comparacoes entre
      as velocidades obtidas nos tres testes realizados indicaram CCIs elevados e vies
      medio baixo pela disposicao grafica de Bland-Altman. Em relacao a maior
      velocidade aferida, a correlacao e a precisao foram maiores quando comparadas a
      obtida no terceiro teste (1,26 +/- 0,44 m/s vs. 1,22 +/- 0,44 m/s; CCI = 0,99; p
      = 0,001; vies medio = 0,04; e limites de concordancia = -0,27 a 0,15).
      CONCLUSOES: O TVM6 mostrou-se seguro e teve boa reprodutibilidade nessa amostra
      de idosos hospitalizados. A terceira afericao parece corresponder a velocidade
      maxima, ja que duas primeiras subestimaram o desempenho real.

PMID- 27383934
TI  - The value of antibody-coated bacteria in tracheal aspirates for the diagnosis of
      ventilator-associated pneumonia: a case-control study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the leading type of hospital
      acquired infection in ICU patients. The diagnosis of VAP is challenging, mostly
      due to limitations of the diagnostic methods available. The aim of this study was
      to determine whether antibody-coated bacteria (ACB) evaluation can improve the
      specificity of endotracheal aspirate (EA) culture in VAP diagnosis. METHODS: We
      conducted a diagnostic case-control study, enrolling 45 patients undergoing
      mechanical ventilation. Samples of EA were obtained from patients with and
      without VAP (cases and controls, respectively), and we assessed the number of
      bacteria coated with FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (IgA, IgM, or IgG) or
      an FITC-conjugated polyvalent antibody. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we
      determined the proportion of ACB among a fixed number of 80 bacteria. RESULTS:
      The median proportions of ACB were significantly higher among the cases (n = 22)
      than among the controls (n = 23)-IgA (60.6% vs. 22.5%), IgM (42.5% vs. 12.5%),
      IgG (50.6% vs. 17.5%), and polyvalent (75.6% vs. 33.8%)-p < 0.001 for all. The
      accuracy of the best cut-off points for VAP diagnosis regarding monoclonal and
      polyvalent ACBs was greater than 95.0% and 93.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The
      numbers of ACB in EA samples were higher among cases than among controls. Our
      findings indicate that evaluating ACB in EA is a promising tool to improve the
      specificity of VAP diagnosis. The technique could be cost-effective and therefore
      useful in low-resource settings, with the advantages of minimizing false-positive
      results and avoiding overtreatment. OBJETIVO: A pneumonia associada a ventilacao
      mecanica (PAVM) e o principal tipo de infeccao adquirida no ambiente hospitalar
      em pacientes em UTIs. O diagnostico de PAVM e desafiador, principalmente devido a
      limitacoes dos metodos diagnosticos disponiveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi
      determinar se a avaliacao de bacterias revestidas por anticorpos (BRA) pode
      melhorar a especificidade de culturas de aspirado traqueal (AT) no diagnostico de
      PAVM. METODOS: Estudo diagnostico caso-controle envolvendo 45 pacientes sob
      ventilacao mecanica. Amostras de AT foram obtidas de pacientes com e sem PAVM
      (casos e controles, respectivamente), e verificamos o numero de bacterias
      revestidas com anticorpos monoclonais conjugados com FITC (IgA, IgM ou IgG) ou
      anticorpo polivalente conjugado com FITC. Utilizando microscopia de
      imunofluorescencia, foi determinada a proporcao de BRA em um numero fixo de 80
      bacterias. RESULTADOS: A mediana das proporcoes de BRA foi significativamente
      maior nos casos (n = 22) que nos controles (n = 23) - IgA (60,6% vs. 22,5%), IgM
      (42,5% vs. 12,5%), IgG (50,6% vs. 17,5%) e polivalente (75,6% vs. 33,8%) - p <
      0,001 para todos. A acuracia dos melhores pontos de corte para o diagnostico de
      PAVM em relacao aos BRA monoclonais e polivalentes foi > 95,0% e > 93,3%,
      respectivamente. CONCLUSOES: O numero de BRA em amostras de AT foi maior nos
      casos que nos controles. Nossos achados indicam que a avaliacao de BRA no AT e
      uma ferramenta promissora para aumentar a especificidade do diagnostico de PAVM.
      A tecnica pode ser custo-efetiva e, portanto, util em locais com poucos recursos,
      com as vantagens de minimizar resultados falso-positivos e evitar o tratamento
      excessivo.

PMID- 27383935
TI  - Analysis of the stability of housekeeping gene expression in the left cardiac
      ventricle of rats submitted to chronic intermittent hypoxia.
AB  - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with oxidative stress and
      various cardiovascular consequences, such as increased cardiovascular disease
      risk. Quantitative real-time PCR is frequently employed to assess changes in gene
      expression in experimental models. In this study, we analyzed the effects of
      chronic intermittent hypoxia (an experimental model of OSA) on housekeeping gene
      expression in the left cardiac ventricle of rats. Analyses via four different
      approaches-use of the geNorm, BestKeeper, and NormFinder algorithms; and 2
      DeltaCt (threshold cycle) data analysis-produced similar results: all genes were
      found to be suitable for use, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and 18S
      being classified as the most and the least stable, respectively. The use of more
      than one housekeeping gene is strongly advised. RESUMO A apneia obstrutiva do
      sono (AOS) tem sido associada ao estresse oxidativo e a varias consequencias
      cardiovasculares, tais como risco aumentado de doenca cardiovascular. A PCR
      quantitativa em tempo real e frequentemente empregada para avaliar alteracoes na
      expressao genica em modelos experimentais. Neste estudo, analisamos os efeitos da
      hipoxia intermitente cronica (um modelo experimental de AOS) na expressao de
      genes de referencia no ventriculo cardiaco esquerdo de ratos. Analises a partir
      de quatro abordagens - uso dos algoritmos geNorm, BestKeeper e NormFinder e
      analise de dados 2-DeltaCt (ciclo limiar) - produziram resultados semelhantes:
      todos os genes mostraram-se adequados para uso, sendo que gliceraldeido-3-fosfato
      desidrogenase e 18S foram classificados como o mais e o menos estavel,
      respectivamente. A utilizacao de mais de um gene de referencia e altamente
      recomendada. 

PMID- 27383937
TI  - Etiology of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.
AB  - With the advent of HRCT, primary spontaneous pneumothorax has come to be better
      understood and managed, because its etiology can now be identified in most cases.
      Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is mainly caused by the rupture of a small
      subpleural emphysematous vesicle (designated a bleb) or of a subpleural
      paraseptal emphysematous lesion (designated a bulla). The aim of this pictorial
      essay was to improve the understanding of primary spontaneous pneumothorax and to
      propose a description of the major anatomical lesions found during surgery.
      RESUMO Com o advento da TCAR, o pneumotorax espontaneo primario passou a ser mais
      bem entendido e conduzido, pois sua etiologia pode ser atualmente identificada na
      maioria dos casos. O pneumotorax espontaneo primario tem como principal causa a
      rotura de uma pequena vesicula enfisematosa subpleural, denominada bleb ou de uma
      lesao enfisematosa parasseptal subpleural, denominada bulla. O objetivo deste
      ensaio pictorico foi melhorar o entendimento do pneumotorax espontaneo primario e
      propor uma descricao das principais lesoes anatomicas encontradas durante a
      cirurgia. 

PMID- 27383938
TI  - Implications of a tracheal bronchus in a patient with thymoma.

PMID- 27383936
TI  - Anatomic pulmonary resection by video-assisted thoracoscopy: the Brazilian
      experience (VATS Brazil study).
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the results of anatomic
      pulmonary resections performed by video-assisted thoracoscopy in Brazil. METHODS:
      Thoracic surgeons (members of the Brazilian Society of Thoracic Surgery) were
      invited, via e-mail, to participate in the study. Eighteen surgeons participated
      in the project by providing us with retrospective databases containing
      information related to anatomic pulmonary resections performed by video-assisted
      thoracoscopy. Demographic, surgical, and postoperative data were collected with a
      standardized instrument, after which they were compiled and analyzed. RESULTS:
      The surgeons provided data related to a collective total of 786 patients (mean
      number of resections per surgeon, 43.6). However, 137 patients were excluded
      because some data were missing. Therefore, the study sample comprised 649
      patients. The mean age of the patients was 61.7 years. Of the 649 patients, 295
      (45.5%) were male. The majority-521 (89.8%)-had undergone surgery for neoplasia,
      which was most often classified as stage IA. The median duration of pleural
      drainage was 3 days, and the median hospital stay was 4 days. Of the 649
      procedures evaluated, 598 (91.2%) were lobectomies. Conversion to thoracotomy was
      necessary in 30 cases (4.6%). Postoperative complications occurred in 124
      patients (19.1%), the most common complications being pneumonia, prolonged air
      leaks, and atelectasis. The 30-day mortality rate was 2.0%, advanced age and
      diabetes being found to be predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis of
      this representative sample of patients undergoing pulmonary resection by video
      assisted thoracoscopy in Brazil showed that the procedure is practicable and
      safe, as well as being comparable to those performed in other countries.
      OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os resultados de resseccoes
      pulmonares anatomicas por videotoracoscopia no Brasil. METODOS: Cirurgioes
      toracicos (membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Toracica) foram
      convidados, por correio eletronico, a participar do estudo. Dezoito cirurgioes
      participaram do projeto enviando seus bancos de dados retrospectivos referentes a
      resseccoes anatomicas de pulmao por videotoracoscopia. Dados demograficos,
      cirurgicos e pos-operatorios foram coletados em um instrumento padronizado e
      posteriormente compilados e analisados. RESULTADOS: Dados referentes a 786
      pacientes foram encaminhados (media de 43,6 resseccoes por cirurgiao), sendo 137
      excluidos por informacoes incompletas. Logo, 649 pacientes constituiram nossa
      populacao estudada. A media de idade dos pacientes foi de 61,7 anos, 295 eram
      homens (45,5%), e a maioria - 521 (89,8%) - foi submetida a cirurgia por
      neoplasia, mais frequentemente classificada como estadio IA. A mediana do tempo
      de drenagem pleural foi de 3 dias, e a do tempo de internacao, 4 dias. Dos 649
      procedimentos realizados, 598 (91,2%) foram lobectomias. A taxa de conversao para
      toracotomia foi de 4,6% (30 casos). Complicacoes pos-operatorias ocorreram em 124
      pacientes (19,1%), sendo pneumonia, escape aereo prolongado e atelectasia as mais
      frequentes. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 2,0%, tendo como preditores idade
      avancada e diabetes. CONCLUSOES: A casuistica brasileira mostra que as resseccoes
      pulmonares por cirurgia toracica videoassistida sao factiveis e seguras, alem de
      comparaveis aquelas de registros internacionais.

PMID- 27383939
TI  - Impact of long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators on
      lung function in a patient with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.
AB  - Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a small airways disease
      characterized by fixed airflow limitation. Therefore, inhaled bronchodilators and
      corticosteroids are not recommended as maintenance therapy options. The
      management of PIBO currently consists only of close monitoring of affected
      patients, aimed at the prevention and early treatment of pulmonary infections. In
      recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of PIBO in the
      pediatric population. Patients with PIBO are characterized by a progressive
      decline in lung function, accompanied by a decrease in overall functional
      capacity. Here, we report the case of a relatively young man diagnosed with PIBO
      and followed for three years. After short- and long-term therapy with an inhaled
      corticosteroid/long-acting ?2 agonist combination, together with an inhaled long
      acting antimuscarinic, the patient showed relevant improvement of airway
      obstruction that had been irreversible at the time of the bronchodilator test.
      The lung function of the patient worsened when he interrupted the triple inhaled
      therapy. In addition, a 3-week pulmonary rehabilitation program markedly improved
      his physical performance. RESUMO A bronquiolite obliterante pos-infecciosa (BOPI)
      e uma doenca das pequenas vias aereas caracterizada por limitacao fixa do fluxo
      aereo. Portanto, os broncodilatadores e os corticosteroides inalatorios nao sao
      recomendados como opcoes de terapia de manutencao. Atualmente, o manejo da BOPI
      consiste apenas de um acompanhamento rigoroso dos pacientes afetados, visando a
      prevencao e ao tratamento precoce de infeccoes pulmonares. A incidencia de BOPI
      tem aumentado na populacao pediatrica nos ultimos anos. Os pacientes com BOPI
      caracterizam-se por um declinio progressivo da funcao pulmonar, associado a uma
      diminuicao da capacidade funcional global. Relatamos aqui o caso de um homem
      relativamente jovem diagnosticado com BOPI, acompanhado por tres anos. Apos
      terapia de curto e de longo prazo com uma combinacao de corticosteroide/?2
      agonista de longa duracao inalatorios, associada a um agente antimuscarinico de
      longa duracao inalatorio, o paciente apresentou uma melhora relevante da
      obstrucao das vias aereas, a qual fora irreversivel durante o teste de
      broncodilatacao. A funcao pulmonar do paciente piorou quando ele interrompeu a
      terapia inalatoria tripla. Alem disso, um programa de reabilitacao pulmonar de
      tres semanas significativamente melhorou seu desempenho fisico. 

PMID- 27383940
TI  - Reversed halo sign in invasive fungal infections.

PMID- 27383941
TI  - An old risk factor for COPD: rest in peace, 15.

PMID- 27383942
TI  - Inhalation therapy in mechanical ventilationAUTHORS' REPLYJet, ultrasonic, and
      mesh nebulizers an evaluation of nebulizers for better clinical outcomesHow best
      to deliver aerosol medications to mechanically ventilated patients.

PMID- 27383943
TI  - Gender differences in feelings and knowledge about stroke.
AB  - AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine gender differences in knowledge and feelings
      about stroke among >=40 years old population. BACKGROUND: Knowledge of stroke is
      consistently found to be poor among both genders in general populations, however,
      it has been reported to be better among women than men. Gender differences in
      feelings about stroke in the general population have not been examined. DESIGN
      AND METHODS: Data were collected from a convenience sample using semi-structured
      personal interviews. Participants were representative of Israeli sub-populations
      aged >=40 with no history of stroke. Knowledge of stroke was studied with
      quantitative methods while constant comparative analysis was used for the
      qualitative data analysis of feelings evoked by stroke. RESULTS: One hundred and
      seventy-seven participants were interviewed, 79/177 (44.6%) men and 98/177
      (55.4%) women. Rates of self-reported hypertension [33/79 (41.8%) men, 25/98
      (25.5%) women] and current smoking [29/79 (36.7%) men, 18/98 (18.4%) women] were
      significantly higher in men than women. Over 50% men and women mentioned one-side
      sudden weakness or paralysis as a stroke symptom, however, other stroke symptoms
      were not recognised by most participants. Education was associated with the
      number of identified stroke signs. Knowledge of stroke-warning signs was better
      in women. The main feelings expressed by both genders were fear of dying and
      disability, self-concern about survival, blaming fate and self-accusation.
      CONCLUSION: Stroke knowledge is poor among men and women. Higher level of
      education is a predictor of stroke knowledge among both genders. Gender-specific
      differences in stroke risk factors and feelings about stroke in different sub
      populations should be taken into account to improve prevention of stroke through
      education programmes. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Health education on stroke
      prevention should be tailored to population groups differing in level of
      education. Health promotion recommendations should be provided by nurses with
      regard to beliefs of both men and women regarding prevention of stroke.

PMID- 27383945
TI  - Photodissociation of ultracold diatomic strontium molecules with quantum state
      control.
AB  - Chemical reactions at ultracold temperatures are expected to be dominated by
      quantum mechanical effects. Although progress towards ultracold chemistry has
      been made through atomic photoassociation, Feshbach resonances and bimolecular
      collisions, these approaches have been limited by imperfect quantum state
      selectivity. In particular, attaining complete control of the ground or excited
      continuum quantum states has remained a challenge. Here we achieve this control
      using photodissociation, an approach that encodes a wealth of information in the
      angular distribution of outgoing fragments. By photodissociating ultracold
      (88)Sr2 molecules with full control of the low-energy continuum, we access the
      quantum regime of ultracold chemistry, observing resonant and nonresonant barrier
      tunnelling, matter-wave interference of reaction products and forbidden reaction
      pathways. Our results illustrate the failure of the traditional quasiclassical
      model of photodissociation and instead are accurately described by a quantum
      mechanical model. The experimental ability to produce well-defined quantum
      continuum states at low energies will enable high-precision studies of long-range
      molecular potentials for which accurate quantum chemistry models are unavailable,
      and may serve as a source of entangled states and coherent matter waves for a
      wide range of experiments in quantum optics. 

PMID- 27383944
TI  - Effect of Pomegranate Hull Extract on Liver Neoplastic Changes in Rats: More than
      an Antioxidant.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third
      leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The current work was
      designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic
      effect of pomegranate hull extract (PHE) in livers of rats exposed to the
      hepatocarcinogen diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) with emphasis on oxidative stress,
      proliferation, and apoptosis. Male albino rats were divided into three groups:
      normal control, DENA group, and PHE group. PHE was given to rats orally 3 times
      weekly for 10 wk, 4 wk before and 6 wk after DENA (200 mg/kg, single i.p. dose).
      The results indicated a prophylactic effect of PHE against neoplastic changes in
      the liver, which was evidenced by the decrease of tumor size, liver index, and
      the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2; and the increase of glutathione. PHE group also
      showed decreased expression of liver cyclin D1 and beta-catenin genes compared
      with DENA group. It is proved that PHE has antitumorigenic effect and could be a
      candidate for anticancer drugs.

PMID- 27383946
TI  - FDA should stand firm on stem-cell treatments.

PMID- 27383947
TI  - The past, present and future of the PhD thesis.

PMID- 27383948
TI  - Use Zika to renew focus on birth-defect research.

PMID- 27383949
TI  - Find the time to discuss new bioweapons.

PMID- 27383961
TI  - Obama's top scientist talks shrinking budgets, Donald Trump, and his biggest
      regret.

PMID- 27383962
TI  - Zika raises profile of more common birth-defect virus.

PMID- 27383963
TI  - Dry Amazon could see record fire season.

PMID- 27383964
TI  - Science academies blast US government's planned research-ethics reforms.

PMID- 27383965
TI  - CubeSats set for deep space - if they can hitch a ride.

PMID- 27383966
TI  - Clarification.

PMID- 27383967
TI  - Back to the thesis.

PMID- 27383968
TI  - What's the point of the PhD thesis?

PMID- 27383969
TI  - Validate personal air-pollution sensors.

PMID- 27383970
TI  - Let's make peer review scientific.

PMID- 27383972
TI  - North Africa: Stop slaughter of migrating songbirds.

PMID- 27383973
TI  - Project management: Food security needs social-science input.

PMID- 27383974
TI  - Fetal tissue: US panel risks infant and researcher lives.

PMID- 27383975
TI  - Expert performance: Don't undervalue the social sciences.

PMID- 27383976
TI  - Astrophysics: Rare data from a lost satellite.

PMID- 27383977
TI  - Chemical physics: Quantum control of light-induced reactions.

PMID- 27383978
TI  - Intestinal microbiota in health and disease.

PMID- 27383979
TI  - A microbial perspective of human developmental biology.
AB  - When most people think of human development, they tend to consider only human
      cells and organs. Yet there is another facet that involves human-associated
      microbial communities. A microbial perspective of human development provides
      opportunities to refine our definitions of healthy prenatal and postnatal growth
      and to develop innovative strategies for disease prevention and treatment. Given
      the dramatic changes in lifestyles and disease patterns that are occurring with
      globalization, we issue a call for the establishment of 'human microbial
      observatories' designed to examine microbial community development in birth
      cohorts representing populations with diverse anthropological characteristics,
      including those undergoing rapid change. 

PMID- 27383980
TI  - Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism.
AB  - It is widely accepted that obesity and associated metabolic diseases, including
      type 2 diabetes, are intimately linked to diet. However, the gut microbiota has
      also become a focus for research at the intersection of diet and metabolic
      health. Mechanisms that link the gut microbiota with obesity are coming to light
      through a powerful combination of translation-focused animal models and studies
      in humans. A body of knowledge is accumulating that points to the gut microbiota
      as a mediator of dietary impact on the host metabolic status. Efforts are
      focusing on the establishment of causal relationships in people and the prospect
      of therapeutic interventions such as personalized nutrition. 

PMID- 27383981
TI  - The microbiome and innate immunity.
AB  - The intestinal microbiome is a signalling hub that integrates environmental
      inputs, such as diet, with genetic and immune signals to affect the host's
      metabolism, immunity and response to infection. The haematopoietic and non
      haematopoietic cells of the innate immune system are located strategically at the
      host-microbiome interface. These cells have the ability to sense microorganisms
      or their metabolic products and to translate the signals into host physiological
      responses and the regulation of microbial ecology. Aberrations in the
      communication between the innate immune system and the gut microbiota might
      contribute to complex diseases. 

PMID- 27383982
TI  - The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease.
AB  - In the mucosa, the immune system's T cells and B cells have position-specific
      phenotypes and functions that are influenced by the microbiota. These cells play
      pivotal parts in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by suppressing responses
      to harmless antigens and by enforcing the integrity of the barrier functions of
      the gut mucosa. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, can trigger
      several immune disorders through the activity of T cells that are both near to
      and distant from the site of their induction. Elucidation of the mechanisms that
      distinguish between homeostatic and pathogenic microbiota-host interactions could
      identify therapeutic targets for preventing or modulating inflammatory diseases
      and for boosting the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. 

PMID- 27383983
TI  - Interactions between the microbiota and pathogenic bacteria in the gut.
AB  - The microbiome has an important role in human health. Changes in the microbiota
      can confer resistance to or promote infection by pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotics
      have a profound impact on the microbiota that alters the nutritional landscape of
      the gut and can lead to the expansion of pathogenic populations. Pathogenic
      bacteria exploit microbiota-derived sources of carbon and nitrogen as nutrients
      and regulatory signals to promote their own growth and virulence. By eliciting
      inflammation, these bacteria alter the intestinal environment and use unique
      systems for respiration and metal acquisition to drive their expansion.
      Unravelling the interactions between the microbiota, the host and pathogenic
      bacteria will produce strategies for manipulating the microbiota against
      infectious diseases. 

PMID- 27383984
TI  - Microbiome-wide association studies link dynamic microbial consortia to disease.
AB  - Rapid advances in DNA sequencing, metabolomics, proteomics and computational
      tools are dramatically increasing access to the microbiome and identification of
      its links with disease. In particular, time-series studies and multiple molecular
      perspectives are facilitating microbiome-wide association studies, which are
      analogous to genome-wide association studies. Early findings point to actionable
      outcomes of microbiome-wide association studies, although their clinical
      application has yet to be approved. An appreciation of the complexity of
      interactions among the microbiome and the host's diet, chemistry and health, as
      well as determining the frequency of observations that are needed to capture and
      integrate this dynamic interface, is paramount for developing precision
      diagnostics and therapies that are based on the microbiome. 

PMID- 27383986
TI  - Inflammasome-activated gasdermin D causes pyroptosis by forming membrane pores.
AB  - Inflammatory caspases (caspases 1, 4, 5 and 11) are activated in response to
      microbial infection and danger signals. When activated, they cleave mouse and
      human gasdermin D (GSDMD) after Asp276 and Asp275, respectively, to generate an N
      terminal cleavage product (GSDMD-NT) that triggers inflammatory death
      (pyroptosis) and release of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta.
      Cleavage removes the C-terminal fragment (GSDMD-CT), which is thought to fold
      back on GSDMD-NT to inhibit its activation. However, how GSDMD-NT causes cell
      death is unknown. Here we show that GSDMD-NT oligomerizes in membranes to form
      pores that are visible by electron microscopy. GSDMD-NT binds to
      phosphatidylinositol phosphates and phosphatidylserine (restricted to the cell
      membrane inner leaflet) and cardiolipin (present in the inner and outer leaflets
      of bacterial membranes). Mutation of four evolutionarily conserved basic residues
      blocks GSDMD-NT oligomerization, membrane binding, pore formation and pyroptosis.
      Because of its lipid-binding preferences, GSDMD-NT kills from within the cell,
      but does not harm neighbouring mammalian cells when it is released during
      pyroptosis. GSDMD-NT also kills cell-free bacteria in vitro and may have a direct
      bactericidal effect within the cytosol of host cells, but the importance of
      direct bacterial killing in controlling in vivo infection remains to be
      determined. 

PMID- 27383987
TI  - Genetic dissection of Flaviviridae host factors through genome-scale CRISPR
      screens.
AB  - The Flaviviridae are a family of viruses that cause severe human diseases. For
      example, dengue virus (DENV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen causing an estimated
      100 million symptomatic infections annually worldwide. No approved antivirals are
      available to date and clinical trials with a tetravalent dengue vaccine showed
      disappointingly low protection rates. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) also remains a
      major medical problem, with 160 million chronically infected patients worldwide
      and only expensive treatments available. Despite distinct differences in their
      pathogenesis and modes of transmission, the two viruses share common replication
      strategies. A detailed understanding of the host functions that determine viral
      infection is lacking. Here we use a pooled CRISPR genetic screening strategy to
      comprehensively dissect host factors required for these two highly important
      Flaviviridae members. For DENV, we identified endoplasmic-reticulum (ER)
      associated multi-protein complexes involved in signal sequence recognition, N
      linked glycosylation and ER-associated degradation. DENV replication was nearly
      completely abrogated in cells deficient in the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST)
      complex. Mechanistic studies pinpointed viral RNA replication and not entry or
      translation as the crucial step requiring the OST complex. Moreover, we show that
      viral non-structural proteins bind to the OST complex. The identified ER
      associated protein complexes were also important for infection by other mosquito
      borne flaviviruses including Zika virus, an emerging pathogen causing severe
      birth defects. By contrast, the most significant genes identified in the HCV
      screen were distinct and included viral receptors, RNA-binding proteins and
      enzymes involved in metabolism. We found an unexpected link between intracellular
      flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels and HCV replication. This study shows
      notable divergence in host-depenency factors between DENV and HCV, and
      illuminates new host targets for antiviral therapy.

PMID- 27383985
TI  - The quiescent intracluster medium in the core of the Perseus cluster.
AB  - Clusters of galaxies are the most massive gravitationally bound objects in the
      Universe and are still forming. They are thus important probes of cosmological
      parameters and many astrophysical processes. However, knowledge of the dynamics
      of the pervasive hot gas, the mass of which is much larger than the combined mass
      of all the stars in the cluster, is lacking. Such knowledge would enable insights
      into the injection of mechanical energy by the central supermassive black hole
      and the use of hydrostatic equilibrium for determining cluster masses. X-rays
      from the core of the Perseus cluster are emitted by the 50-million-kelvin diffuse
      hot plasma filling its gravitational potential well. The active galactic nucleus
      of the central galaxy NGC 1275 is pumping jetted energy into the surrounding
      intracluster medium, creating buoyant bubbles filled with relativistic plasma.
      These bubbles probably induce motions in the intracluster medium and heat the
      inner gas, preventing runaway radiative cooling--a process known as active
      galactic nucleus feedback. Here we report X-ray observations of the core of the
      Perseus cluster, which reveal a remarkably quiescent atmosphere in which the gas
      has a line-of-sight velocity dispersion of 164 +/- 10 kilometres per second in
      the region 30-60 kiloparsecs from the central nucleus. A gradient in the line-of
      sight velocity of 150 +/- 70 kilometres per second is found across the 60
      kiloparsec image of the cluster core. Turbulent pressure support in the gas is
      four per cent of the thermodynamic pressure, with large-scale shear at most
      doubling this estimate. We infer that a total cluster mass determined from
      hydrostatic equilibrium in a central region would require little correction for
      turbulent pressure.

PMID- 27383989
TI  - The visualizations transforming biology.

PMID- 27383988
TI  - A CRISPR screen defines a signal peptide processing pathway required by
      flaviviruses.
AB  - Flaviviruses infect hundreds of millions of people annually, and no antiviral
      therapy is available. We performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based screen to
      identify host genes that, when edited, resulted in reduced flavivirus infection.
      Here, we validated nine human genes required for flavivirus infectivity, and
      these were associated with endoplasmic reticulum functions including
      translocation, protein degradation, and N-linked glycosylation. In particular, a
      subset of endoplasmic reticulum-associated signal peptidase complex (SPCS)
      proteins was necessary for proper cleavage of the flavivirus structural proteins
      (prM and E) and secretion of viral particles. Loss of SPCS1 expression resulted
      in markedly reduced yield of all Flaviviridae family members tested (West Nile,
      Dengue, Zika, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and hepatitis C viruses), but
      had little impact on alphavirus, bunyavirus, or rhabdovirus infection or the
      surface expression or secretion of diverse host proteins. We found that SPCS1
      dependence could be bypassed by replacing the native prM protein leader sequences
      with a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen leader sequence.
      Thus, SPCS1, either directly or indirectly via its interactions with unknown host
      proteins, preferentially promotes the processing of specific protein cargo, and
      Flaviviridae have a unique dependence on this signal peptide processing pathway.
      SPCS1 and other signal processing pathway members could represent pharmacological
      targets for inhibiting infection by the expanding number of flaviviruses of
      medical concern.

PMID- 27383991
TI  - Whole-body direct 4D parametric PET imaging employing nested generalized Patlak
      expectation-maximization reconstruction.
AB  - Whole-body (WB) dynamic PET has recently demonstrated its potential in
      translating the quantitative benefits of parametric imaging to the clinic. Post
      reconstruction standard Patlak (sPatlak) WB graphical analysis utilizes multi-bed
      multi-pass PET acquisition to produce quantitative WB images of the tracer influx
      rate K i as a complimentary metric to the semi-quantitative standardized uptake
      value (SUV). The resulting K i images may suffer from high noise due to the need
      for short acquisition frames. Meanwhile, a generalized Patlak (gPatlak) WB post
      reconstruction method had been suggested to limit K i bias of sPatlak analysis at
      regions with non-negligible (18)F-FDG uptake reversibility; however, gPatlak
      analysis is non-linear and thus can further amplify noise. In the present study,
      we implemented, within the open-source software for tomographic image
      reconstruction platform, a clinically adoptable 4D WB reconstruction framework
      enabling efficient estimation of sPatlak and gPatlak images directly from dynamic
      multi-bed PET raw data with substantial noise reduction. Furthermore, we employed
      the optimization transfer methodology to accelerate 4D expectation-maximization
      (EM) convergence by nesting the fast image-based estimation of Patlak parameters
      within each iteration cycle of the slower projection-based estimation of dynamic
      PET images. The novel gPatlak 4D method was initialized from an optimized set of
      sPatlak ML-EM iterations to facilitate EM convergence. Initially, realistic
      simulations were conducted utilizing published (18)F-FDG kinetic parameters
      coupled with the XCAT phantom. Quantitative analyses illustrated enhanced K i
      target-to-background ratio (TBR) and especially contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)
      performance for the 4D versus the indirect methods and static SUV. Furthermore,
      considerable convergence acceleration was observed for the nested algorithms
      involving 10-20 sub-iterations. Moreover, systematic reduction in K i % bias and
      improved TBR were observed for gPatlak versus sPatlak. Finally, validation on
      clinical WB dynamic data demonstrated the clinical feasibility and superior K i
      CNR performance for the proposed 4D framework compared to indirect Patlak and SUV
      imaging.

PMID- 27384009
TI  - Reply to: Is Etanar a new biologic? M. Scheinberg - Why Etanar is a new biologic
      type rhTNFR:Fc.

PMID- 27384010
TI  - Tanner Awards for the Most Cited Articles of 2013.

PMID- 27383993
TI  - Optimizing Rehabilitation for Phantom Limb Pain Using Mirror Therapy and
      Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical
      Trial Study Protocol.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the multiple available pharmacological and behavioral
      therapies for the management of chronic phantom limb pain (PLP) in lower limb
      amputees, treatment for this condition is still a major challenge and the results
      are mixed. Given that PLP is associated with maladaptive brain plasticity,
      interventions that promote cortical reorganization such as non-invasive brain
      stimulation and behavioral methods including transcranial direct current
      stimulation (tDCS) and mirror therapy (MT), respectively, may prove to be
      beneficial to control pain in PLP. Due to its complementary effects, a
      combination of tDCS and MT may result in synergistic effects in PLP. OBJECTIVE:
      The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of tDCS and MT as a
      rehabilitative tool for the management of PLP in unilateral lower limb amputees.
      METHODS: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, factorial,
      superiority clinical trial will be carried out. Participants will be eligible if
      they meet the following inclusion criteria: lower limb unilateral traumatic
      amputees that present PLP for at least 3 months after the amputated limb has
      completely healed. Participants (N=132) will be randomly allocated to the
      following groups: (1) active tDCS and active MT, (2) sham tDCS and active MT, (3)
      active tDCS and sham MT, and (4) sham tDCS and sham MT. tDCS will be applied with
      the anodal electrode placed over the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to
      the amputation side and the cathode over the contralateral supraorbital area.
      Stimulation will be applied at the same time of the MT protocol with the
      parameters 2 mA for 20 minutes. Pain outcome assessments will be performed at
      baseline, before and after each intervention session, at the end of MT, and in 2
      follow-up visits. In order to assess cortical reorganization and correlate with
      clinical outcomes, participants will undergo functional magnetic resonance
      imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after the
      intervention. RESULTS: This clinical trial received institutional review board
      (IRB) approval in July of 2015 and enrollment started in December of 2015. To
      date 2 participants have been enrolled. The estimate enrollment rate is about 30
      to 35 patients per year; thus we expect to complete enrollment in 4 years.
      CONCLUSIONS: This factorial design will provide relevant data to evaluate whether
      tDCS combined with MT is more effective than each therapy alone, as well as with
      no intervention (sham/sham) in patients with chronic PLP after unilateral lower
      limb amputation. In addition, this randomized clinical trial will help to
      investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease, which could
      potentially provide relevant findings for further management of this chronic
      condition and also help to optimize the use of this novel intervention. TRIAL
      REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02487966;
      https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02487966 (Archived by WebCite at
      http://www.webcitation.org/6i3GrKMyf).

PMID- 27384012
TI  - Pineapple Waste Extract for Preventing Oxidation in Model Food Systems.
AB  - Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is consumed in the form of chunks (canned), cubes,
      fruit salad, and also in juices, concentrates, and jams. In the processes to
      produce these products, the waste generated represents a high percentage of the
      total fruit. Some studies have shown that residues of certain fruits, such as
      pineapple, have the same antioxidant activity as the fruit pulp. So although
      these residues are discarded, they could be used as an alternative source of
      polyphenols, as natural antioxidants. This study is focused on the antioxidant
      activity of wastes obtained in the production of pineapple products and their
      application. The polyphenols' scavenging activity was determined by the oxygen
      radical antioxidant capacity assay. The antioxidant potential was determined in
      emulsions (o/w) and in muffins, where the primary oxidation products (by peroxide
      value, PV) and the secondary oxidation products (by thiobarbituric acid reactive
      substances) were analyzed. In addition the muffins were analyzed by means of a
      triangular sensory test. The PV method showed that pineapple waste extracts
      caused a reduction in oxidation products of 59% in emulsions and 91% in the
      muffins. The reduction in TBARs values for emulsions were 27% and for muffins
      were 51%. The triangular sensory test showed that the samples containing the
      extract were not distinguished from the control (alpha = 0.05). 

PMID- 27384013
TI  - Effects of the Polysaccharide from the Sporophyll of Brown Alga Undaria
      Pinnatifida on Serum Lipid Profile and Fat Tissue Accumulation in Rats Fed a High
      Fat Diet.
AB  - We investigated the effects of the polysaccharide from the sporophyll of a
      selected brown alga Undaria pinnatifida on serum lipid profile, fat tissue
      accumulation, and gastrointestinal transit time in rats fed a high-fat diet. The
      algal polysaccharide (AP) was prepared by the treatment of multiple cellulase
      producing fungi Trichoderma reesei and obtained from the sporophyll with a yield
      of 38.7% (dry basis). The AP was mostly composed of alginate and fucoidan (up to
      89%) in a ratio of 3.75:1. The AP was added to the high-fat diet in
      concentrations of 0.6% and 1.7% and was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats (5-wk
      old) for 5 wk. The 1.7% AP addition notably reduced body weight gain and fat
      tissue accumulation, and it improved the serum lipid profile, including
      triglycerides, total cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.
      The effects were associated with increased feces weight and shortened
      gastrointestinal transit time. In addition, the lipid peroxidation of the liver
      was decreased in both groups. 

PMID- 27384014
TI  - Efficient Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Infection by a preS1-binding Peptide.
AB  - Entry inhibitors are promising novel antivirals against hepatitis B virus (HBV)
      infection. The existing potential entry inhibitors have targeted the cellular
      receptor(s). In this study, we aim to develop the first entry inhibitor that
      inhibits HBV infection via targeting viral particles. The preS1 segment of the
      large envelope glycoprotein of HBV is essential for virion attachment and
      infection. Previously, we obtained a preS1-binding short peptide B10 by screening
      a phage display peptide library using the N-terminal half of preS1 (residues 1 to
      60, genotype C). We report here that by means of concatenation of B10, we
      identified a quadruple concatemer 4B10 that displayed a markedly increased preS1
      binding activity. The main binding site of 4B10 in preS1 was mapped to the
      receptor binding enhancing region. 4B10 blocked HBV attachment to hepatic cells
      and inhibited HBV infection of primary human and tupaia hepatocytes at low
      nanomolar concentrations. The 4B10-mediated inhibition of HBV infection is
      specific as it did not inhibit the infection of vesicular stomatitis virus
      glycoprotein pseudotyped lentivirus or human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
      Moreover, 4B10 showed no binding activity to hepatic cells. In conclusion, we
      have identified 4B10 as a promising candidate for a novel class of HBV entry
      inhibitors.

PMID- 27384015
TI  - Using Tuning-Fork Tests in Diagnosing Fractures.
AB  - REFERENCE/CITATION: Mugunthan K, Doust J, Kurz B, Glasziou P. Is there sufficient
      evidence for tuning fork tests in diagnosing fractures? A systematic review. BMJ
      Open. 2014;4(8):e005238. CLINICAL QUESTION: Does evidence support the use of
      tuning-fork tests in the diagnosis of fractures in clinical practice? DATA
      SOURCES: The authors performed a comprehensive literature search of AMED, CAB
      Abstracts, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science from each
      database's start to November 2012. In addition, they manually searched reference
      lists from the initial search result to identify relevant studies. The following
      key words were used independently or in combination: auscultation, barford test,
      exp fractures, fracture, tf test, tuning fork. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were
      eligible based on the following criteria: (1) primary studies that assessed the
      diagnostic accuracy of tuning forks; (2) measured against a recognized reference
      standard such as magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, or bone scan; and (3)
      the outcome was reported using pain or reduction of sound. Studies included
      patients of all ages in all clinical settings with no exclusion for language of
      publication. Studies were not eligible if they were case series, case-control
      studies, or narrative review papers. DATA EXTRACTION: Potentially eligible
      studies were independently assessed by 2 researchers. All relevant articles were
      included and assessed for inclusion criteria and value using the Quality
      Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool, and relevant data were
      extracted. The QUADAS-2 is an updated version of the original QUADAS and focuses
      on both the risk of bias and applicability of a study through a series of
      questions. A third researcher was consulted if the 2 initial reviewers did not
      reach consensus. Data for the primary outcome measure (accuracy of the test) were
      presented in a 2 * 2 contingency table to show sensitivity and specificity (using
      the Wilson score method) and positive and negative likelihood ratios with 95%
      confidence intervals. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 62 citations were initially
      identified. Six primary studies (329 patients) were included in the review. The 6
      studies assessed the accuracy of 2 tuning-fork test methods (pain induction and
      reduction of sound transmission). The patients ranged in age from 7 to 84 years.
      The prevalence of fracture in these patients ranged from 10% to 80% using a
      reference standard such as magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, or bone scan.
      The sensitivity of the tuning-fork tests was high, ranging from 75% to 92%. The
      specificity of the tuning-fork tests had a wide range of 18% to 94%. The positive
      likelihood ratios ranged from 1.1 to 16.5; the negative likelihood ratios ranged
      from 0.09 to 0.49. CONCLUSIONS: The studies included in this review demonstrated
      that tuning-fork tests have some value in ruling out fractures. However, strong
      evidence is lacking to support the use of current tuning-fork tests to rule in a
      fracture in clinical practice. Similarly, the tuning-fork tests were not
      statistically accurate in the diagnosis of fractures for widespread clinical use.
      Despite the lack of strong evidence for diagnosing all fractures, tuning-fork
      tests may be appropriate in rural and remote settings in which access to the gold
      standards for diagnosis of fractures is limited.

PMID- 27384016
TI  - Translational Research for Improving the Care of Familial Hypercholesterolemia:
      The "Ten Countries Study" and Beyond.
AB  - Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most common and serious form of
      inherited hyperlipidaemia. Dominantly inherited with high penetrance, untreated
      FH leads to premature death from coronary artery disease due to accelerated
      atherosclerosis from birth. Despite its importance, there is still a major
      shortfall in awareness, detection and treatment of FH worldwide. International
      models of care for FH have recently been published, but their effective
      implementation requires the garnering of more knowledge about the condition. The
      "Ten Countries Study" aims to investigate diagnostic, epidemiological and service
      aspects, as well as physician practices and patient experiences of FH in several
      countries in the Asia-Pacific Region and the Southern Hemisphere. Five
      observational studies are being undertaken that will systematically investigate
      the following aspects of FH: the phenotypic predictors of low-density lipoprotein
      receptor mutations, the point prevalence in available community populations,
      current knowledge and clinical practices among primary care physicians,
      availability and utilisation of services and facilities, and patient perceptions
      and personal experiences of the condition. The information gathered will inform
      better clinical practice and will enable the development of country-specific
      models of care for FH. 

PMID- 27384017
TI  - Metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma: a case report.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: A case of oral metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma is presented.
      BACKGROUND: Metastatic tumours are more frequent in older individuals and can be
      the only sign/symptom of an undiagnosed primary malignancy. CASE REPORT: A 69
      year-old lady presented with an enlarging mandibular swelling. Incisional biopsy
      and imaging studies were suggestive of metastatic follicular thyroid carcinoma.
      CONCLUSION: Metastatic tumours should be considered in the differential diagnosis
      of mandibular swellings especially in older individuals.

PMID- 27384019
TI  - Trapping Aluminum Hydroxide Clusters with Trisilanols during Speciation in
      Aluminum(III)-Water Systems: Reproducible, Large Scale Access to Molecular
      Aluminate Models.
AB  - To gain molecular level insights into the properties of certain functions and
      units of extended oxides/hydroxides, suitable molecular model compounds are
      needed. As an attractive route to access such compounds the trapping of early
      intermediates during the hydrolysis of suitable precursor compounds with the aid
      of stabilizing ligands is conceivable, which was tested for the
      aluminum(III)/water system. Indeed, trisilanols proved suitable trapping
      reagents: their presence during the hydrolysis of Al(i) Bu2 H in dependence on
      the amount of water used allowed for the isolation of tri- and octanuclear
      aluminum hydroxide cluster complexes [Al3 (MU2 -OH)3 (THF)3 (PhSi(OSiPh2 O)3 )2 ]
      (1) and [Al8 (MU3 -OH)2 (MU2 -OH)10 (THF)3 (p-anisylSi(OSiPh2 O)3 )4 ] (2). 1 can
      be regarded as the Al(OH)3 cyclic trimer, where six protons have been replaced by
      silyl residues. While 2 features a unique [Al8 (MU3 -OH)2 (MU2 -OH)10 ](12+)
      core. In contrast to most other known aggregates of this type, 1 and 2 can be
      readily prepared at reasonable scales, dissolve in common solvents, and retain an
      intact framework even in the presence of excessive amounts of water. This finding
      paves the way to future research addressing the reactivity of the individual
      functional groups.

PMID- 27384018
TI  - MRI-based computational hemodynamics in patients with aortic coarctation using
      the lattice Boltzmann methods: Clinical validation study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To introduce a scheme based on a recent technique in computational
      hemodynamics, known as the lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM), to noninvasively
      measure pressure gradients in patients with a coarctation of the aorta (CoA). To
      provide evidence on the accuracy of the proposed scheme, the computed pressure
      drop values are compared against those obtained using the reference standard
      method of catheterization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre- and posttreatment LBM
      based pressure gradients for 12 patients with CoA were simulated for the time
      point of peak systole using the open source library OpenLB. Four-dimensional (4D)
      flow-sensitive phase-contrast MRI at 1.5 Tesla was used to acquire flow and to
      setup the simulation. The vascular geometry was reconstructed using 3D whole
      heart MRI. Patients underwent pre- and postinterventional pressure
      catheterization as a reference standard. RESULTS: There is a significant linear
      correlation between the pretreatment catheter pressure drops and those computed
      based on the LBM simulation, r=.85, P<.001. The bias was -0.58 +/- 4.1 mmHg and
      was not significant ( P=0.64) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of -3.22 to
      2.06. For the posttreatment results, the bias was larger and at -2.54 +/- 3.53
      mmHg with a 95% CI of -0.17 to -4.91 mmHg. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a
      reasonable agreement between the simulation results and the catheter
      measurements. LBM-based computational hemodynamics can be considered as an
      alternative to more traditional computational fluid dynamics schemes for
      noninvasive pressure calculations and can assist in diagnosis and therapy
      planning. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:139-146.

PMID- 27384020
TI  - Need for an Australian Indigenous disability workforce strategy: review of the
      literature.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify approaches for developing workforce capacity to deliver the
      National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) to Indigenous people with disability
      in Australian rural and remote communities. METHOD: A narrative review of peer
      reviewed and gray literature was undertaken. Searches of electronic databases and
      websites of key government and non-government organizations were used to
      supplement the authors' knowledge of literature that (a) focused on Indigenous
      peoples in Australia or other countries; (b) referred to people with disability;
      (c) considered rural/remote settings; (d) recommended workforce strategies; and
      (e) was published in English between 2004 and 2014. Recommended workforce
      strategies in each publication were summarized in a narrative synthesis. RESULTS:
      Six peer-reviewed articles and 12 gray publications met inclusion criteria. Three
      broad categories of workforce strategies were identified: (a) community-based
      rehabilitation (CBR) and community-centered approaches; (b) cultural training for
      all workers; and (c) development of an Indigenous disability workforce.
      CONCLUSION: An Indigenous disability workforce strategy based on community
      centered principles and incorporating cultural training and Indigenous disability
      workforce development may help to ensure that Indigenous people with a disability
      in rural and remote communities benefit from current disability sector reforms.
      Indigenous workforce development requires strategies to attract and retain
      Aboriginal workers. Implications for Rehabilitation Indigenous people with
      disability living in rural and remote areas experience significant access and
      equity barriers to culturally appropriate supports and services that enable them
      to live independent, socially inclusive lives. A workforce strategy based on
      community-centered principles has potential for ensuring that the disability
      services sector meets the rehabilitation needs of Aboriginal people with
      disability living in rural and remote areas. Cultural training and development of
      an Indigenous disability workforce may help to ensure a culturally safe
      disability services sector and workforce.

PMID- 27384022
TI  - Na Li and Matthew Stephens on Modeling Linkage Disequilibrium.

PMID- 27384021
TI  - Alfred Sturtevant and George Beadle Untangle Inversions.

PMID- 27384023
TI  - Back to the Future: Mutant Hunts Are Still the Way To Go.
AB  - Innumerable breakthroughs in many fundamental areas of biology have come from
      unbiased screens and selections for mutations, either across the genome or within
      a gene. However, long-standing hurdles to key elements of mutant hunts
      (mutagenesis, phenotypic characterization, and linkage of phenotype to genotype)
      have limited the organisms in which mutant hunts could be used. These hurdles are
      now being eliminated by an explosion of new technologies. We believe that a
      renewed emphasis on unbiased mutant hunts, in both existing model systems and in
      those where genetics is just now becoming feasible, will lead to new seminal
      discoveries and surprises.

PMID- 27384024
TI  - Weaving a Tapestry from Threads Spun by Geneticists: The Series Perspectives on
      Genetics, 1987-2008.
AB  - The Perspectives column was initiated in 1987 when Jan Drake, Editor-in-Chief of
      GENETICS, invited Jim Crow and William Dove to serve as coeditors of "Anecdotal,
      Historical, and Critical Commentaries." As the series evolved over 21 years,
      under the guidance of Crow and Dove, the input of stories told by geneticists
      from many countries created a panorama of 20th-century genetics. Three recurrent
      themes are visible: how geneticists have created the science (as solitary
      investigators, in pairs, or in cooperative groups); how geneticists work hard,
      but find ways to have fun; and how public and private institutions have sustained
      the science of genetics, particularly in the United States. This article ends by
      considering how the Perspectives series and other communication formats can carry
      forward the core science of genetics from the 20th into the 21st century. 

PMID- 27384025
TI  - Complex Traits and Simple Systems: An Interview with Leonid Kruglyak.
AB  - The Genetics Society of America's Edward Novitski Prize recognizes an
      extraordinary level of creativity and intellectual ingenuity in the solution of
      significant problems in genetics research. The 2016 winner, Leonid Kruglyak, has
      made innovative contributions to the fields of linkage analysis, population
      genetics, and genomics, while drawing on a combination of mathematical,
      computational, and experimental approaches. Among other achievements, his work on
      statistical standards for genome-wide linkage studies has transformed their
      experimental design, and the linkage analysis program GENEHUNTER has been used to
      identify hundreds of human disease loci. Kruglyak's group also pioneered
      expression quantitative trait locus studies, which enabled variation in global
      gene expression to shed light on the genetics of complex human diseases. In
      recent years, his laboratory has focused on using genomic technology to establish
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans as model organisms for
      studies of complex genetic variation. 

PMID- 27384028
TI  - Corrigendum.

PMID- 27384030
TI  - Early- and late-onset essential tremor patients represent clinically distinct
      subgroups.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Essential tremor is a very common disease defined by sparse clinical
      criteria. It is unlikely that essential tremor is an etiologically homogeneous
      disease. Stratifying broadly defined diseases using clinical characteristics has
      often aided the etiopathological understanding. Most studies of essential tremor
      show 2 distinct age at onset peaks: early and late. This study investigates
      phenotypical differences between early- and late-onset essential tremor patients.
      METHODS: We studied a sample of 1137 tremor patients. Of these patients, 978
      suffered from definite or probable essential tremor. All of the patients
      underwent the same standardized examination encompassing, among other items,
      drawing of the Archimedes spiral and assessment of the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin scale.
      RESULTS: Two subgroups of early-onset (<= 24 years of age, n = 317) and late
      onset (>= 46 years of age, n = 356) patients were selected based on the visual
      and mathematical analysis of the age-at-onset distribution. Tremor severity in
      both groups was comparable. Tremor progression measured as Archimedes spiral
      score and the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin subscales divided by the disease duration in 10
      year bins was significantly faster in late-onset patients when compared with
      early-onset patients. Early-onset patients more frequently reported a positive
      family history and alcohol sensitivity of the tremor. CONCLUSIONS: The age-at
      onset distribution suggests a distinction between early- and late-onset tremor.
      Early-onset and late-onset essential tremor differ in the progression rates and
      the frequencies of a positive family history and history of a positive effect of
      alcohol on tremor. (c) 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder
      Society.

PMID- 27384032
TI  - A metabolic stress-induced cell cycle checkpoint in stem cells.

PMID- 27384031
TI  - Clinical use of the co-formulation of insulin degludec and insulin aspart.
AB  - AIMS: To provide a review of the available data and practical use of insulin
      degludec with insulin aspart (IDegAsp). Premixed insulins provide basal and
      prandial glucose control; however, they have an intermediate-acting prandial
      insulin component and do not provide as effective basal coverage as true long
      acting insulins, owing to the physicochemical incompatibility of their individual
      components, coupled with the inflexibility of adjustment. The molecular structure
      of the co-formulation of IDegAsp, a novel insulin preparation, allows these two
      molecules to coexist without affecting their individual pharmacodynamic profiles.
      METHODS: Clinical evidence in phase 2/3 trials of IDegAsp efficacy and safety in
      type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM) have been assessed and
      summarised. RESULTS: In people with T2DM, once- and twice-daily dosing provides
      similar overall glycaemic control (HbA1c ) to current modern insulins, but with
      lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. In prior insulin users, glycaemic control
      was achieved with lower or equal insulin doses vs. other basal+meal-time or
      premix insulin regimens. In insulin-naive patients with T2DM, IDegAsp can be
      started once or twice-daily, based on individual need. People switching from more
      than once-daily basal or premix insulin therapy can be converted unit-to-unit to
      once-daily IDegAsp, although this strategy should be assessed by the physician on
      an individual basis. CONCLUSIONS: IDegAsp offers physicians and people with T2DM
      a simpler insulin regimen than other available basal-bolus or premix-based
      insulin regimens, with stable daytime basal coverage, a lower rate of
      hypoglycaemia and some flexibility in injection timing compared with premix
      insulins.

PMID- 27384027
TI  - Learning to Fish with Genetics: A Primer on the Vertebrate Model Danio rerio.
AB  - In the last 30 years, the zebrafish has become a widely used model organism for
      research on vertebrate development and disease. Through a powerful combination of
      genetics and experimental embryology, significant inroads have been made into the
      regulation of embryonic axis formation, organogenesis, and the development of
      neural networks. Research with this model has also expanded into other areas,
      including the genetic regulation of aging, regeneration, and animal behavior.
      Zebrafish are a popular model because of the ease with which they can be
      maintained, their small size and low cost, the ability to obtain hundreds of
      embryos on a daily basis, and the accessibility, translucency, and rapidity of
      early developmental stages. This primer describes the swift progress of genetic
      approaches in zebrafish and highlights recent advances that have led to new
      insights into vertebrate biology. 

PMID- 27384033
TI  - A Novel Frameshift Mutation of SLC26A4 in a Korean Family With Nonsyndromic
      Hearing Loss and Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify the causative mutation for siblings in a Korean
      family with nonsyndromic hearing loss (HL) and enlarged vestibular aqueduct
      (EVA). The siblings were a 19-year-old female with bilateral profound HL and an
      11-year-old male with bilateral moderately severe HL. METHODS: We extracted
      genomic DNA from blood samples of the siblings with HL, their parents, and 100
      controls. We performed mutation analysis for SLC26A4 using direct sequencing.
      RESULTS: The two siblings were compound heterozygotes with the novel mutation
      p.I713LfsX8 and the previously described mutation p.H723R. Their parents had
      heterozygous mono-allelic mutations. Father had p.I713LfsX8 mutation as
      heterozygous, and mother had p.H723R mutation as heterozygous. However, novel
      mutation p.I713LfsX8 was not detected in 100 unrelated controls. CONCLUSION: Both
      mutations identified in this study were located in the sulfate transporter and
      anti-sigma factor antagonist domain, the core region for membrane targeting of
      SulP/SLC26 anion transporters, which strongly suggests that failure in membrane
      trafficking by SLC26A4 is a direct cause of HL in this family. Our study could
      therefore provide a foundation for further investigations elucidating the SLC26A4
      related mechanisms of HL.

PMID- 27384034
TI  - Cause and Management of Patients With Failed Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a well-established treatment
      method in patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. However, there are a few
      reports about the overall management of failed endonasal DCR. We investigated the
      causes and management strategies of failed endonasal DCR. METHODS: This
      retrospective review included 61 patients (61 eyes) who had undergone revision
      surgery by the same surgeon after failed endonasal DCR between January 2008 and
      December 2012. The appropriate revision method was determined after analysis of
      the etiology of failure by the fluorescein dye disappearance test, nasal
      endoscopy, lacrimal irrigation, and probing. The criteria for success of the
      revision surgery were defined by the passage of fluid without resistance upon
      lacrimal irrigation and normalization of the tear meniscus height. RESULTS: The
      mean duration between the primary endonasal DCR and revision surgery was 15.3
      months. The average follow-up period after revision surgery was 12.2 months. The
      most common cause of endoscopic revision surgery was membranous obstruction.
      Endoscopic revision surgery was performed in 48 patients, while lacrimal silicone
      tube intubation under endoscopy was performed in 13 patients. The most common
      indication for lacrimal silicone tube intubation was functional epiphora. The
      overall success rate of the revision surgery was 89%. CONCLUSION: The most common
      cause of failed endonasal DCR was membranous obstruction. When patients with
      failed endonasal DCR presented at the clinic, it is important to identify the
      cause of the failure. Revision surgery could increase the final success rate of
      endonasal DCR.

PMID- 27384035
TI  - Effect of High Glucose on MUC5B expression in Human Airway Epithelial Cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Excessive production of mucus results in plugging of the airway
      tract, which can increase morbidity and mortality in affected patients. In
      patients with diabetes, inflammatory airway disease appears with more frequent
      relapse and longer duration of symptoms. However, the effects of high glucose
      (HG) on the secretion of mucin in inflammatory respiratory diseases are not
      clear. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to investigate the effect and
      the brief signaling pathway of HG on MUC5B expression in human airway epithelial
      cells. METHODS: The effect and signaling pathway of HG on MUC5B expression were
      investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real
      time PCR, enzyme immunoassay, and immunoblot analysis with specific inhibitors
      and small interfering RNA. RESULTS: HG increased MUC5B expression and epidermal
      growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression, and activated the phosphorylation of
      EGFR and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Pretreatment with EGFR
      inhibitor significantly attenuated the HG-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK,
      and pretreatments with p38 inhibitor or EGFR inhibitor significantly attenuated
      HG-induced MUC5B expression. In addition, knockdown of p38 MAPK by p38 MAPK siRNA
      significantly blocked HG-induced MUC5B expression. CONCLUSION: These findings
      suggest that HG induces MUC5B expression via the sequential activations of the
      EGFR/p38 MAPK signaling pathway in human airway epithelial cells.

PMID- 27384026
TI  - Chromosome Duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
AB  - The accurate and complete replication of genomic DNA is essential for all life.
      In eukaryotic cells, the assembly of the multi-enzyme replisomes that perform
      replication is divided into stages that occur at distinct phases of the cell
      cycle. Replicative DNA helicases are loaded around origins of DNA replication
      exclusively during G1 phase. The loaded helicases are then activated during S
      phase and associate with the replicative DNA polymerases and other accessory
      proteins. The function of the resulting replisomes is monitored by checkpoint
      proteins that protect arrested replisomes and inhibit new initiation when
      replication is inhibited. The replisome also coordinates nucleosome disassembly,
      assembly, and the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. Finally, when two
      replisomes converge they are disassembled. Studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
      have led the way in our understanding of these processes. Here, we review our
      increasingly molecular understanding of these events and their regulation. 

PMID- 27384036
TI  - Fragment-Based Analysis of Ligand Dockings Improves Classification of Actives.
AB  - We describe ADChemCast, a method for using results from virtual screening to
      create a richer representation of a target binding site, which may be used to
      improve ranking of compounds and characterize the determinants of ligand-receptor
      specificity. ADChemCast clusters docked conformations of ligands based on shared
      pairwise receptor-ligand interactions within chemically similar structural
      fragments, building a set of attributes characteristic of binders and nonbinders.
      Machine learning is then used to build rules from the most informational
      attributes for use in reranking of compounds. In this report, we use ADChemCast
      to improve the ranking of compounds in 11 diverse proteins from the Database of
      Useful Decoys-Enhanced (DUD-E) and demonstrate the utility of the method for
      characterizing relevant binding attributes in HIV reverse transcriptase.

PMID- 27384037
TI  - Endoscopic sinus surgery improves cognitive dysfunction in patients with chronic
      rhinosinusitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been found to have
      cognitive deficit, as identified using the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire
      (CFQ), but the exact etiology of cognitive decline is unknown. In this study we
      aimed to determine whether improvement in concomitant inflammation and disease
      burden in CRS, using endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), improves cognitive deficit.
      We also sought to identify comorbid conditions that effect improvement
      likelihood. METHODS: Study participants (n = 247) with and without nasal
      polyposis (CRSwNP, CRSsNP) were prospectively enrolled in this multi
      institutional, observational outcomes study. Pre- and postoperative cognitive
      dysfunction was evaluated using the CFQ instrument. Quality of life (QOL) and
      disease burden was also evaluated using the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index
      (RSDI), the 22-item SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), nasal endoscopy, computed
      tomography, and the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). RESULTS: Average
      CFQ total scores improved significantly (p = 0.012) after ESS for patients with
      follow-up (n = 141). Participants with CRSwNP (n = 51) reported significant
      postoperative improvements in mean CFQ total scores (p = 0.002) and CFQ
      distractibility and blunders domain scores (p <= 0.006). No significant
      postoperative improvement for any average CFQ score was found in CRSsNP (p >
      0.086). The magnitude of postoperative improvement in CFQ total and domain mean
      scores was statistically similar between CRSsNP and CRSwNP (p > 0.115).
      Depressive disorder, identified using PHQ-2 screening, was the only comorbid
      condition significantly associated with measurable cognitive deficit (p < 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CRS have measurable cognitive decline, and ESS may
      modestly improve cognitive deficit/CFQ scores. Future investigations are needed
      to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for cognitive deficit
      in patients with CRS and significant associations with depression.

PMID- 27384038
TI  - Carbon nanotubes functionalized by click chemistry as scaffolds for the
      preparation of electrochemical immunosensors. Application to the determination of
      TGF-beta 1 cytokine.
AB  - An electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of the multifunctional
      Transforming Growth Factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) cytokine has been prepared using
      multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes.
      MWCNTs were functionalized by means of copper(i) catalyzed azide-alkyne
      cycloaddition ("click" chemistry) as an efficient strategy for the covalent
      immobilization of immunoreagents without altering their configurations and
      preserving their biological activity. Alkyne-functionalized IgGs were also
      prepared and used to assemble IgG-alkyne-azide-MWCNT conjugates used as scaffolds
      for the immunosensor preparation. After a blocking step with casein, anti-TGF was
      immobilized and the target cytokine was sandwiched with biotinylated anti-TGF
      labeled with poly-HRP-labeled streptavidin. The affinity reaction was monitored
      amperometrically at -0.20 V using the hydroquinone (HQ)/H2O2 system. The
      calibration plot for TGF-beta1 exhibited a range of linearity (r2 = 0.995)
      extending between 5 and 200 pg mL-1 which is suitable for the determination of
      the target cytokine in human serum. A limit of detection of 1.3 pg mL-1 was
      achieved. The analytical performance of the immunosensor can be advantageously
      compared with that claimed for ELISA kits. The immunosensor was applied to the
      analysis of spiked human serum samples at different concentration levels with
      excellent recoveries.

PMID- 27384039
TI  - The Global Food System as a Transport Pathway for Hazardous Chemicals: The
      Missing Link between Emissions and Exposure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Food is a major pathway for human exposure to hazardous chemicals.
      The modern food system is becoming increasingly complex and globalized, but
      models for food-borne exposure typically assume locally derived diets or use
      concentrations directly measured in foods without accounting for food origin.
      Such approaches may not reflect actual chemical intakes because concentrations
      depend on food origin, and representative analysis is seldom available.
      Processing, packaging, storage, and transportation also impart different
      chemicals to food and are not yet adequately addressed. Thus, the link between
      environmental emissions and realistic human exposure is effectively broken.
      OBJECTIVES: We discuss the need for a fully integrated treatment of the modern
      industrialized food system, and we propose strategies for using existing models
      and relevant supporting data sources to track chemicals during production,
      processing, packaging, storage, and transport. DISCUSSION: Fate and
      bioaccumulation models describe how chemicals distribute in the environment and
      accumulate through local food webs. Human exposure models can use concentrations
      in food to determine body burdens based on individual or population
      characteristics. New models now include the impacts of processing and packaging
      but are far from comprehensive. We propose to close the gap between emissions and
      exposure by utilizing a wider variety of models and data sources, including
      global food trade data, processing, and packaging models. CONCLUSIONS: A
      comprehensive approach that takes into account the complexity of the modern
      global food system is essential to enable better prediction of human exposure to
      chemicals in food, sound risk assessments, and more focused risk abatement
      strategies. Citation: Ng CA, von Goetz N. 2017. The global food system as a
      transport pathway for hazardous chemicals: the missing link between emissions and
      exposure. Environ Health Perspect 125:1-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP168.

PMID- 27384040
TI  - Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant in periodontal
      treatment in Down syndrome patients.
AB  - Down syndrome (DS) has characteristics that include mental retardation, a
      characteristic phenotype, congenital heart defects, immune disorders, and
      increased risk of periodontal disease (PD). Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy
      (aPDT) is the combined use of photosensitizers associated with low-level laser
      (LLL) and oxygen, leading to singlet oxygen formation, which contributes to the
      antibacterial activity of the phagocytes, killing bacteria. The objective of this
      study was to evaluate the efficacy of aPDT as an adjuvant to conventional
      periodontal treatment of PD in DS patients. A double-blinded, controlled,
      randomized, split-mouth study was conducted. A total of 13 DS subjects who were
      18 years or older and who presented at least one tooth in each quadrant of the
      mouth with probing pocket depth (PPD) equal to or greater than 5 mm were
      included. The patients were evaluated at three different times: at the baseline,
      PPD were obtained. After 1 week, conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) was
      performed, and two randomly selected quadrants also received aPDT. One month
      after SRP, all the patients were reevaluated. Periodontal conditions were
      improved among all the participants. The PDT-with-SRP group presented a
      nonsignificant reduction in PPD (mean = 1.27 mm, median = 1.17 mm) relative to
      that of the SRP group (mean = 1.00 mm, median = 0.95 mm). Changes over time were
      compared using the Wilcoxon test. A significant reduction in median PPD was
      observed in both groups (p = 0.001). Both types of periodontal treatment, with
      and without PDT, were similarly effective and were associated with good clinical
      response.

PMID- 27384041
TI  - Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) does not reduce subcutaneous adipose tissue by
      local adipocyte injury but rather by modulation of systemic lipid metabolism.
AB  - Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) has been applied recently to body
      contouring. However the mechanism of LLLT-induced reduction of subcutaneous
      adipose tissue thickness has not been elucidated and proposed hypotheses are
      highly controversial. Non-obese volunteers were subject to 650nm LLLT therapy.
      Each patient received 6 treatments 2-3 days apart to one side of the abdomen. The
      contralateral side was left untreated and served as control. Subjects' abdominal
      adipose tissue thickness was measured by ultrasound imaging at baseline and 2
      weeks post-treatment. Our study is to the best of our knowledge, the largest
      split-abdomen study employing subcutaneous abdominal fat imaging. We could not
      show a statistically significant reduction of abdominal subcutaneous adipose
      tissue by LLLT therapy. Paradoxically when the measurements of the loss of fat
      thickness on treated side was corrected for change in thickness on non treated
      side, we have observed that in 8 out of 17 patients LLLT increased adipose tissue
      thickness. In two patients severe side effect occurred as a result of treatment:
      one patient developed ulceration within appendectomy scar, the other over the
      posterior superior iliac spine. The paradoxical net increase in subcutaneous fat
      thickness observed in some of our patients is a rationale against liquefactive
      and transitory pore models of LLLT-induced adipose tissue reduction. LLLT devices
      with laser diode panels applied directly on the skin are not as safe as devices
      with treatment panels separated from the patient's skin.

PMID- 27384042
TI  - Acute LED irradiation does not change the anaerobic capacity and time to
      exhaustion during a high-intensity running effort: a double-blind, crossover, and
      placebo-controlled study : Effects of LED irradiation on anaerobic capacity and
      performance in running.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of
      photobiomodulation therapy using cluster light-emitting diodes (LEDT; 104 diodes)
      (wavelength 660 and 850 nm; energy density 1.5 and 4.5 J/cm(2); energy 60 J at
      each point; total energy delivered 600 J) on alternative maximal accumulated
      oxygen deficit (MAODALT) and time to exhaustion, during a high-intensity running
      effort. Fifteen moderately active and healthy males (age 25.1 +/- 4.4 years)
      underwent a graded exercise test and two supramaximal exhaustive efforts at 115 %
      of the intensity associated with maximal oxygen uptake performed after acute LEDT
      or placebo irradiation in a double-blind, crossover, and placebo-controlled study
      design. The MAODALT was assumed as the sum of both oxygen equivalents estimated
      from the glycolytic and phosphagen metabolism pathways during each supramaximal
      effort. For the statistical analysis, a paired t test was used to determine
      differences between the treatments. The significance level was assumed as 95 %.
      In addition, a qualitative analysis was used to determine the magnitude of
      differences between groups. No significant differences were found for the values
      of oxygen equivalents from each energetic metabolism (P >= 0.28), for MAODALT
      values between the LEDT and placebo conditions (P >= 0.27), or for time to
      exhaustion (P = 0.80), except for the respiratory exchange ratio (P = 0.01). The
      magnitude-based inference of effect size reported only a possibly negative effect
      of photobiomodulation on MAODALT when expressed in units relative to body mass
      and on the glycolysis pathway (26 %). In summary, LEDT after a high-intensity
      running effort did not alter the MAODALT, metabolic energy pathways, or high
      intensity running performance. 

PMID- 27384043
TI  - Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with subclinical coronary
      atherosclerosis among middle-aged women.
AB  - PURPOSE: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with coronary disease among
      men. However, this association is not clear for women. In this study, we evaluate
      the association between OSA and presence of subclinical atherosclerosis assessed
      by tomographic coronary calcium score in middle-aged women. METHODS: We evaluated
      consecutive women aged between 45 and 65 years in perimenopause or postmenopause
      period (with menstrual irregularity-amenorrhea > 60 days), without manifest
      cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary disease, and stroke), from two
      gynecologic clinics. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, computed
      tomographic examination for coronary artery calcium (CAC > 100 Agatston units),
      and portable sleep study. Multiple logistic regression models were used to
      evaluate the association between OSA and CAC, controlling for traditional risk
      factors including Framingham Risk Score (FRS), body mass index (BMI), and
      diabetes. RESULTS: We studied 214 women (age 56 years (52-61); BMI 28 kg/m2 (25
      31), 25 % diabetes, 62 % hypertension). OSA (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >=5
      events/h) was diagnosed in 82 women (38.3 %). CAC was more prevalent in patients
      with moderate/severe OSA (AHI >=15 events/h) than in patients without or with
      mild OSA, 19 % vs 4.5 and 1.6 %, respectively (p < 0.01). Moderate to severe OSA
      was associated with CAC in unadjusted (odds ratio = 6.25, 95 % CI 1.66-23.52; p <
      0.01) and adjusted (odds ratio = 8.19, 95 % CI 1.66-40.32; p = 0.01) logistic
      regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Moderate to severe OSA is independently
      associated with the presence of CAC in middle-aged women. These results reinforce
      the concept that women are also susceptible to the cardiovascular consequences of
      OSA.

PMID- 27384044
TI  - Drug Toxicity Deaths after Release from Incarceration in Ontario, 2006-2013:
      Review of Coroner's Cases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an increased risk of death due to drug toxicity after
      release from incarceration. The purpose of this study was to describe the timing,
      rate and circumstances of drug toxicity deaths following release from
      incarceration. This information can be used to help design potential preventive
      interventions. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We reviewed coroner's files to identify
      deaths in adults in Ontario between 2006 and 2013 caused by drug toxicity (n =
      6,978) and these records were matched with provincial correctional records to
      identify individuals who died within one year of being released from
      incarceration (n = 702). Twenty percent (n = 137) of the 702 deaths occurred
      within one week of release. The majority (77%, n = 538) of deaths after release
      involved one or more opioids. Of the deaths involving opioids, intervention by
      another person may have been possible in 318 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Between 2006 and
      2013 in Ontario, one in ten drug toxicity deaths in adults occurred within one
      year of release from provincial incarceration. These findings may help to inform
      the implemention and assessment of interventions aimed at reducing drug toxicity
      deaths following release from incarceration.

PMID- 27384046
TI  - A Qualitative Approach to Increasing HIV Prevention in Primary Care Settings for
      Older Adults: Perspectives From Primary Care Providers.
AB  - The purpose of this research was to explore primary care providers' willingness
      and ability to increase HIV prevention efforts among older adults and to gain
      recommendations for improving HIV prevention in primary care settings. Data were
      collected through 24 semistructured interviews with primary care providers. The
      results of the study reveal that the majority of providers find it necessary to
      increase HIV prevention efforts in primary care settings and are willing to do
      so; however, they cannot do so without assistance. Providers suggested strategies
      to increase HIV prevention in primary care, for instance, expanding the use of
      electronic reminders to include HIV prevention and increasing collaboration among
      providers of different specialties. As a result of the interviews, additional
      recommendations for increasing HIV prevention have been identified. These
      findings will aid in improving the quality of care provided to individuals older
      than 50 in primary care settings.

PMID- 27384045
TI  - Rottinger approach with dual-mobility cup to improve functional recovery in hip
      osteoarthritis patients: biomechanical and clinical follow-up.
AB  - PURPOSE: We assumed that the combination of dual-mobility total hip arthroplasty
      (THA) using the minimally-invasive Rottinger anterolateral approach could
      guarantee hip stability with faster functional recovery. We objectively analyzed
      functional improvement after dual-mobility THA by quantitative gait analysis.
      METHODS: We compared the results achieved following two different surgical
      approaches: Rottinger's versus Moore's approach (posterolateral approach). We
      included 70 patients in an open prospective single-centre study: 38 by
      Rottinger's approach (age = 67yo) and 32 by Moores's approach (age = 68yo).
      Clinical and biomechanical analysis (kinematic and kinetic parameters of the hip)
      were conducted at the pre-operative period and at six months post-op RESULTS: We
      found a significant improvement in all clinical scores and all biomechanical
      parameters but no difference was found between the two approaches. However, the
      study showed marked clinical, biomechanical and functional improvements for
      patients treated with dual-mobility THA for osteoarthritis without complete hip
      recovery compared with a control group. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of the
      Rottinger approach with a dual-mobility cup remains a valid choice for primary
      THA without functional advantage at midterm.

PMID- 27384047
TI  - Me & My Wishes: Lessons Learned From Prototyping Resident Centered Videos About
      Care Preferences.
AB  - Me & My Wishes are facilitated, resident-centered video-recorded conversations to
      communicate current and end-of-life care preferences. We describe the video
      production process of two prototypes in the long-term care (LTC) setting and
      discuss lessons learned around developing this type of intervention. Partnering
      with an LTC community allowed us to create videos on-site, document staff time,
      handle any barriers with video production, and evaluate the process. In this
      article, we will describe the process of two residents creating Me & My Wishes
      videos. Both residents responded positively to viewing their edited video (about
      20 min), saying the videos would be "good for family or staff to hear feelings
      about preferences." Staff members also responded positively to the videos. We
      discuss two key issues to consider: the possibility that resident preferences may
      change and the resources to produce and view videos.

PMID- 27384048
TI  - Managing Your Loved One's Health: Development of a New Care Management Measure
      for Dementia Family Caregivers.
AB  - The National Alzheimer's Plan calls for improving health care for people living
      with dementia and supporting their caregivers as capable health care partners.
      Clinically useful measurement tools are needed to monitor caregivers' knowledge
      and skills for managing patients' often complex health care needs as well as
      their own self-care. We created and validated a comprehensive, caregiver-centered
      measure, Managing Your Loved One's Health (MYLOH), based on a core set of health
      care management domains endorsed by both providers and caregivers. In this
      article, we describe its development and preliminary cultural tailoring. MYLOH is
      a questionnaire containing 29 items, grouped into six domains, which requires <20
      min to complete. MYLOH can be used to guide conversations between clinicians and
      caregivers around health care management of people with dementia, as the basis
      for targeted health care coaching, and as an outcome measure in comprehensive
      dementia care management interventions.

PMID- 27384049
TI  - Wolves Recolonizing Islands: Genetic Consequences and Implications for
      Conservation and Management.
AB  - After a long and deliberate persecution, the grey wolf (Canis lupus) is slowly
      recolonizing its former areas in Europe, and the genetic consequences of this
      process are of particular interest. Wolves, though present in mainland Estonia
      for a long time, have only recently started to recolonize the country's two
      largest islands, Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. The main objective of this study was to
      analyse wolf population structure and processes in Estonia, with particular
      attention to the recolonization of islands. Fifteen microsatellite loci were
      genotyped for 185 individuals across Estonia. As a methodological novelty, all
      putative wolf-dog hybrids were identified and removed (n = 17) from the dataset
      beforehand to avoid interference of dog alleles in wolf population analysis.
      After the preliminary filtering, our final dataset comprised of 168 "pure"
      wolves. We recommend using hybrid-removal step as a standard precautionary
      procedure not only for wolf population studies, but also for other taxa prone to
      hybridization. STRUCTURE indicated four genetic groups in Estonia. Spatially
      explicit DResD analysis identified two areas, one of them on Saaremaa island and
      the other in southwestern Estonia, where neighbouring individuals were
      genetically more similar than expected from an isolation-by-distance null model.
      Three blending areas and two contrasting transition zones were identified in
      central Estonia, where the sampled individuals exhibited strong local
      differentiation over relatively short distance. Wolves on the largest Estonian
      islands are part of human-wildlife conflict due to livestock depredation.
      Negative public attitude, especially on Saaremaa where sheep herding is
      widespread, poses a significant threat for island wolves. To maintain the long
      term viability of the wolf population on Estonian islands, not only wolf hunting
      quota should be targeted with extreme care, but effective measures should be
      applied to avoid inbreeding and minimize conflicts with local communities and
      stakeholders. 

PMID- 27384050
TI  - Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic
      Review and Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men
      who have sex with men (MSM) differs from anogenital HPV infection. The impact of
      HPV vaccination has, to date, largely focussed on anogenital outcomes.
      Vaccination of MSM in the UK has been recommended and, if implemented, baseline
      estimates of oral HPV prevalence will be useful. METHODS: We searched Medline,
      Embase and psycINFO databases for studies reporting prevalence, incidence, and
      clearance of oral HPV infection in MSM. We performed a random-effects meta
      analysis and meta-regression on prevalence estimates and summarised within-study
      risk factors for oral HPV DNA detection and incidence/clearance rates. We also
      performed a meta-analysis of the effect of MSM on oral HPV prevalence compared to
      heterosexual men. RESULTS: 26 publications were identified. The pooled prevalence
      of oral HPV16 from twelve estimates was 3.0% (95%CI 0.5-5.5) in HIV-negative and
      4.7% (95%CI 2.1-7.3) in HIV-positive MSM. Median age of study participants
      explained 38% of heterogeneity (p<0.01) in HPV prevalence estimates (pooled = 17%
      and 29% in HIV-negative and HIV-positive, respectively; 22 estimates). Nine
      studies compared MSM to heterosexual men and found no difference in oral HPV
      prevalence (pooled OR 1.07 (95%CI 0.65-1.74)). The clearance rate was higher than
      incidence within studies. Type-specific concordance between oral and anogenital
      sites was rare. CONCLUSION: There was substantial heterogeneity between estimates
      of oral HPV prevalence in MSM populations that was partly explained by HIV status
      and median age.

PMID- 27384051
TI  - Universal Versus Targeted Screening for Lynch Syndrome: Comparing Ascertainment
      and Costs Based on Clinical Experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Strategies to screen colorectal cancers (CRCs) for Lynch syndrome are
      evolving rapidly; the optimal strategy remains uncertain. AIM: We compared
      targeted versus universal screening of CRCs for Lynch syndrome. METHODS: In 2010
      2011, we employed targeted screening (age < 60 and/or Bethesda criteria). From
      2012 to 2014, we screened all CRCs. Immunohistochemistry for the four mismatch
      repair proteins was done in all cases, followed by other diagnostic studies as
      indicated. We modeled the diagnostic costs of detecting Lynch syndrome and
      estimated the 5-year costs of preventing CRC by colonoscopy screening, using a
      system dynamics model. RESULTS: Using targeted screening, 51/175 (29 %) cancers
      fit criteria and were tested by immunohistochemistry; 15/51 (29 %, or 8.6 % of
      all CRCs) showed suspicious loss of >=1 mismatch repair protein. Germline
      mismatch repair gene mutations were found in 4/4 cases sequenced (11 suspected
      cases did not have germline testing). Using universal screening, 17/292 (5.8 %)
      screened cancers had abnormal immunohistochemistry suspicious for Lynch syndrome.
      Germline mismatch repair mutations were found in only 3/10 cases sequenced (7
      suspected cases did not have germline testing). The mean cost to identify Lynch
      syndrome probands was ~$23,333/case for targeted screening and ~$175,916/case for
      universal screening at our institution. Estimated costs to identify and screen
      probands and relatives were: targeted, $9798/case and universal, $38,452/case.
      CONCLUSIONS: In real-world Lynch syndrome management, incomplete clinical follow
      up was the major barrier to do genetic testing. Targeted screening costs 2- to
      7.5-fold less than universal and rarely misses Lynch syndrome cases. Future
      changes in testing costs will likely change the optimal algorithm.

PMID- 27384053
TI  - Established and Emerging Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases (EGIDs): Seeing
      Red and Looking Ahead.

PMID- 27384052
TI  - Structural Change in Microbiota by a Probiotic Cocktail Enhances the Gut Barrier
      and Reduces Cancer via TLR2 Signaling in a Rat Model of Colon Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Structural change in the gut microbiota is implicated in cancer. The
      beneficial modulation of the microbiota composition with probiotics and
      prebiotics prevents diseases. AIM: We investigated the effect of oligofructose
      maltodextrin-enriched Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria bifidum, and
      Bifidobacteria infantum (LBB), on the gut microbiota composition and progression
      of colorectal cancer. METHODS: Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized, given
      ampicillin (75 mg/kg), and treated as follows; GCO: normal control; GPR: LBB
      only; GPC: LBB+ 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH); and GCA: DMH only
      (cancer control). 16S V4 Pyrosequencing for gut microbiota analysis, tumor
      studies, and the expression of MUC2, ZO-1, occludin, TLR2, TLR4, caspase 3, COX
      2, and beta-catenin were conducted at the end of experiment. RESULTS: Probiotic
      LBB treatment altered the gut microbiota. The relative abundance of genera
      Pseudomonas, Congregibacter, Clostridium, Candidactus spp., Phaeobacter,
      Escherichia, Helicobacter, and HTCC was decreased (P < 0.05), but the genus
      Lactobacillus increased (P < 0.05), in LBB treatment than in cancer control. The
      altered gut microbiota was associated with decreased tumor incidence (80 % in GPC
      vs. 100 % in GCA, P = 0.0001), tumor volume (GPC 84.23 (42.75-188.4) mm(3) vs.
      GCA 243 (175.5-344.5) mm(3), P < 0.0001) and tumor multiplicity/count (GPC 2.92
      +/- 0.26 vs. GCA 6.27 +/- 0.41; P < 0.0001). The expression of MUC2, ZO-1,
      occludin, and TLR2 was increased, but expression of TLR4, caspase 3, Cox-2, and
      beta-catenin was decreased by LBB treatment than in cancer control GCA (P <
      0.05). CONCLUSION: Administration of LBB modulates the gut microbiota and reduces
      colon cancer development by decreasing tumor incidence, multiplicity/count, and
      volume via enhanced TLR2-improved gut mucosa epithelial barrier integrity and
      suppression of apoptosis and inflammation.

PMID- 27384054
TI  - Aberrant Force Processing in Schizophrenia.
AB  - Initially considered as mere side effects of antipsychotic medication, there is
      now evidence that motor and somatosensory disturbances precede the onset of the
      illness and can be found in drug-naive patients. However, research on the topic
      is scarce. Here, we were interested in assessing the accuracy of the neural
      signal in detecting parametric variations of force linked to a voluntary motor
      act and a received tactile sensation, either self-generated or externally
      generated. Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and healthy controls
      underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while asked to press, or abstain
      from pressing, a lever in order to match a visual target force. Forces, exerted
      and received, varied on 10 levels from 0.5 N to 5 N in 0.5 N increments. Healthy
      participants revealed a positive correlation between force and activity in
      contralateral primary somatosensory area (S1) when performing a movement as well
      as when receiving a tactile sensation but only when this was externally, and not
      self-, generated. Patients showed evidence of altered force signaling in both
      motor and tactile conditions, as well as increased correlation with force when
      tactile sensation was self-generated. Findings are interpreted in line with
      accounts of predictive and sensory integration mechanisms and point toward
      alterations in the encoding of parametric forces in the motor and somatosensory
      domain in patients affected by schizophrenia.

PMID- 27384055
TI  - A Transdiagnostic Network Approach to Psychosis.
AB  - Our ability to accurately predict development and outcome of early expression of
      psychosis is limited. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying psychopathology, a
      broader, transdiagnostic approach that acknowledges the complexity of mental
      illness is required. The upcoming network paradigm may be fruitful here. In this
      study, we applied a transdiagnostic network approach to psychosis. Data pertain
      to the third wave (second follow-up) of a sample of adolescents originally
      recruited at age 7-8 years. At baseline, N = 347 children with auditory verbal
      hallucinations (AVH) and N = 347 control children were included. N = 293 of these
      N = 694 children participated in the second follow-up (mean age 18.9 years; 59%
      women). Participants completed the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences
      (CAPE) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). A specific type of
      network model, the Ising model, was applied to dichotomized CAPE and DASS items.
      Interconnections of experiences within the same domain were observed, as well as
      interconnections between experiences of multiple domains of psychopathology.
      Quantitative and qualitative differences in network architecture were found in
      networks of psychopathological experiences in individuals with or without AVH at
      age 7-8 years. Although adolescents with or without previous AVH did not differ
      in their current CAPE scores, differences in the interconnectedness of
      psychopathology items were still found, possibly mirroring a difference in
      psychosis liability. This study showed that it is possible to map transdiagnostic
      experiences of psychopathology as a network and that important information can be
      derived from this approach in comparison to regular approaches.

PMID- 27384056
TI  - Comparative expression study of sipa family members during early Xenopus laevis
      development.
AB  - The signal-induced proliferation-associated (SIPA) protein family belongs to the
      RapGAP protein superfamily. Previous studies mainly focused on the expression and
      function of SIPA genes in vertebrate neuronal tissue. Only limited data about the
      embryonic expression pattern of the genes are currently available. Our study
      provides the first expression analysis of sipa1, sipa1l1, sipa1l2, and sipa1l3
      during early development of the vertebrate organism Xenopus laevis. In silico,
      analysis revealed that all genes are highly conserved across species. Semi
      quantitative RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the RNA of all genes was
      maternally supplied. By whole mount in situ hybridization approaches, we showed
      that sipa1 is mainly expressed in various sensory organs, the respiratory and
      blood system, heart, neural tube, and eye. In contrast, sipa1l1 showed a broad
      expression during development in particular within the brain, somites, eye, and
      heart. Sipa1l2 was detected in the branchial arches, glomerulus, and the
      developing eye. In contrast, sipa1l3 revealed a tissue specific expression within
      the olfactory and otic vesicles, the cranial placodes and ganglia, neural tube,
      pronephros, retina, and lens. In summary, all sipa gene family members are
      expressed throughout the whole developing Xenopus organism and might play an
      important role during vertebrate early embryogenesis.

PMID- 27384058
TI  - CT Scan Does Not Differentiate Patients with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome from Other
      Patients with Liver Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is defined by liver dysfunction,
      intrapulmonary vascular dilatations, and impaired oxygenation. The gold standard
      for detection of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations in HPS is contrast
      echocardiography. However, two small studies have suggested that patients with
      HPS have larger segmental pulmonary arterial diameters than both normal subjects
      and normoxemic subjects with cirrhosis, when measured by CT. We sought to compare
      CT imaging-based pulmonary vasodilatation in patients with HPS, patients with
      liver dysfunction without HPS, and matching controls on CT imaging. METHODS: We
      performed a retrospective cohort study at two quaternary care Canadian HPS
      centers. We analyzed CT thorax scans in 23 patients with HPS, 29 patients with
      liver dysfunction without HPS, and 52 gender- and age-matched controls. We
      measured the artery-bronchus ratios (ABRs) in upper and lower lung zones,
      calculated the "delta ABR" by subtracting the upper from the lower ABR, compared
      these measurements between groups, and correlated them with clinically relevant
      parameters (partial pressure of arterial oxygen, alveolar-arterial oxygen
      gradient, macroaggregated albumin shunt fraction, and diffusion capacity). We
      repeated measurements in patients with post-transplant CTs. RESULTS: Patients had
      significantly larger lower zone ABRs and delta ABRs than controls (1.20 +/- 0.19
      versus 0.98 +/- 0.10, p<0.01; and 0.12 +/- 0.17 versus -0.06 +/- 0.10, p<0.01,
      respectively). However, there were no significant differences between liver
      disease patients with and without HPS, nor any significant correlations between
      CT measurements and clinically relevant parameters. There were no significant
      changes in ABRs after liver transplantation (14 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Basilar
      segmental artery-bronchus ratios are larger in patients with liver disease than
      in normal controls, but this vasodilatation is no more severe in patients with
      HPS. CT does not distinguish patients with HPS from those with uncomplicated
      liver disease.

PMID- 27384057
TI  - Caenorhabditis elegans employs innate and learned aversion in response to
      bacterial toxic metabolites tambjamine and violacein.
AB  - Bacteriovorus eukaryotes such as nematodes are one of the major natural predators
      of bacteria. In their defense bacteria have evolved a number of strategies to
      avoid predation, including the production of deterrent or toxic metabolites,
      however little is known regarding the response of predators towards such
      bacterial defenses. Here we use the nematode C. elegans as a model to study a
      predators' behavioral response towards two toxic bacterial metabolites,
      tambjamine YP1 and violacein. We found that C. elegans displays an innate
      avoidance behavior towards tambjamine YP1, however requires previous exposure to
      violacein before learning to avoid this metabolite. The learned avoidance of
      violacein is specific, reversible, is mediated via the nematode olfactory
      apparatus (aversive olfactory learning) and is reduced in the absence of the
      neurotransmitter serotonin. These multiple strategies to evade bacterial toxic
      metabolites represent a valuable behavioral adaptation allowing bacteriovorus
      predators to distinguish between good and bad food sources, thus contributing to
      the understanding of microbial predator-prey interactions.

PMID- 27384059
TI  - Cortical Entropy, Mutual Information and Scale-Free Dynamics in Waking Mice.
AB  - Some neural circuits operate with simple dynamics characterized by one or a few
      well-defined spatiotemporal scales (e.g. central pattern generators). In
      contrast, cortical neuronal networks often exhibit richer activity patterns in
      which all spatiotemporal scales are represented. Such "scale-free" cortical
      dynamics manifest as cascades of activity with cascade sizes that are distributed
      according to a power-law. Theory and in vitro experiments suggest that
      information transmission among cortical circuits is optimized by scale-free
      dynamics. In vivo tests of this hypothesis have been limited by experimental
      techniques with insufficient spatial coverage and resolution, i.e., restricted
      access to a wide range of scales. We overcame these limitations by using
      genetically encoded voltage imaging to track neural activity in layer 2/3
      pyramidal cells across the cortex in mice. As mice recovered from anesthesia, we
      observed three changes: (a) cortical information capacity increased, (b)
      information transmission among cortical regions increased and (c) neural activity
      became scale-free. Our results demonstrate that both information capacity and
      information transmission are maximized in the awake state in cortical regions
      with scale-free network dynamics.

PMID- 27384060
TI  - Foxp2 Regulates Identities and Projection Patterns of Thalamic Nuclei During
      Development.
AB  - The molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the thalamus during
      development have been investigated intensively. Although transcription factors
      distinguishing the thalamic primordium from adjacent brain structures have been
      uncovered, those involved in patterning inside the thalamus are largely unclear.
      Here, we show that Foxp2, a member of the forkhead transcription factor family,
      regulates thalamic patterning during development. We found a graded expression
      pattern of Foxp2 in the thalamic primordium of the mouse embryo. The expression
      levels of Foxp2 were high in the posterior region and low in the anterior region
      of the thalamic primordium. In Foxp2 (R552H) knockin mice, which have a missense
      loss-of-function mutation in the forkhead domain of Foxp2, thalamic nuclei of the
      posterior region of the thalamus were shrunken, while those of the intermediate
      region were expanded. Consistently, Foxp2 (R552H) knockin mice showed changes in
      thalamocortical projection patterns. Our results uncovered important roles of
      Foxp2 in thalamic patterning and thalamocortical projections during development.

PMID- 27384061
TI  - Pyoderma Gangrenosum, Acne and Suppurative Hidradenitis Syndrome Treated with
      Granulocyte and Monocyte Adsorption Apheresis.

PMID- 27384062
TI  - Disclosure UK website gives "illusion of transparency," says Goldacre.

PMID- 27384063
TI  - Inflammatory fibroblasts in cancer.
AB  - The association between inflammation and cancer has been studied widely. Indeed,
      the tumor microenvironment is influenced by inflammatory cells and affects tumor
      progression, tumor growth, and the survival of cancer cells. Also, the tumor
      microenvironment is essential to invasion and metastasis of cancer. Fibroblasts,
      immune cells, the extracellular matrix and other various components all
      constitute the tumor stroma, ordinarily referred to as the 'reactive stroma'.
      Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are activated fibroblasts and one of
      the components of the tumor microenvironment, are associated with cancer
      progression, invasiveness and metastasis, and their functional contributions to
      these processes are beginning to emerge. CAFs mediate tumor-promoting
      inflammation through various signaling pathways. Epithelial-mesenchymal
      transition is a process for producing mesenchymal cells during invasion and
      metastasis of cancer cells. Fibroblasts have been identified as a key player in
      this mechanism. In the present review, we summarize the relationships between
      fibroblasts, inflammatory response, the tumor microenvironment and cancer
      progression. This review provides useful information for the development of
      cancer prevention and treatment therapies through controlling the inflammatory
      responses. 

PMID- 27384064
TI  - Ellagic acid inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing the
      p38 MAP kinase pathway.
AB  - Bone undergoes continuous remodeling by a coupled action between osteoblasts and
      osteoclasts. During osteoporosis, osteoclast activity is often elevated leading
      to increased bone destruction. Hence, osteoclasts are deemed as potential
      therapeutic targets to alleviate bone loss. Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenol
      reported to possess anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
      However, its effects on osteoclast formation and function have not yet been
      examined. Here, we explored the effects of EA on RANKL-induced osteoclast
      differentiation in RAW264.7 murine macrophages (in vitro) and human
      CD14+monocytes (ex vivo). EA dose-dependently attenuated RANKL-induced TRAP+
      osteoclast formation in osteoclast progenitors with maximal inhibition seen at 1
      uM concentration without cytotoxicity. Moreover, owing to perturbed
      osteoclastogenesis, EA disrupted actin ring formation and bone resorptive
      function of osteoclasts. Analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed
      that EA suppressed the phosphorylation and activation of the p38 MAP kinase
      pathway which subsequently impaired the RANKL-induced differentiation of
      osteoclast progenitors. Taken together, these novel results indicate that EA
      alleviates osteoclastogenesis by suppressing the p38 signaling pathway downstream
      of RANKL and exerts inhibitory effects on bone resorption and actin ring
      formation.

PMID- 27384065
TI  - Flavonol glycosides from the aerial parts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum and their
      antioxidant activity.
AB  - The phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum
      led to the isolation of a new flavonol glycoside, gynopentaphylloside (1), along
      with seven known compounds (2-8). The structure of the new compound was
      determined on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR and HRESIMS data as well as acid
      hydrolysis. The antioxidant activity of the isolates was evaluated by a 1,1
      diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. 

PMID- 27384066
TI  - Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: transmission to visitors and healthcare
      workers.
AB  - Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a viral haemorrhagic disease, mostly
      transmitted by tick bites or through contact with infected animal's blood, and
      bodily fluids. Nosocomial infections were occasionally reported in healthcare
      settings. We report nosocomial cluster of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
      including the visitor with unknown transmission. 

PMID- 27384067
TI  - ELF5 transcription factor expression during gestation in humans and rats - an
      immunohistochemical analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to measure immunohistochemically the
      expression of ELF5 protein in term human and rat placentas and in human placentas
      associated with gestational diabetes (GD) and intrauterine growth restriction
      (IUGR). METHODS: The results were quantitated stereologically using the
      stereological variable of volume density. A semiquantitative analysis was
      performed independently by a certified pathologist. RESULTS: Total expression of
      ELF5 protein was higher in pathological pregnancies than in corresponding control
      term placentas, with both methods of quantifications showing similar results. In
      addition, ELF5 expression was also higher in connective tissue and blood vessels
      in chorionic villi in IUGR placentas (but not in GD placentas) compared to
      healthy controls. ELF5 is higher in placenta as a whole and in most of its
      components in both pathologies. The two exceptions are chorionic plates in IUGR
      and decidua in GD, where its expression is lower than in healthy controls.
      CONCLUSIONS: We have shown that IUGR and GD are associated with significantly
      increased levels of ELF5 protein in placentas, which suggests that ELF5 may play
      an important role in normal placentation. However, these are term placentas and
      to study ELF5 in premature births would give better insight into human
      placentation in health and disease.

PMID- 27384068
TI  - Tyrosine Mutation in AAV9 Capsid Improves Gene Transfer to the Mouse Lung.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are being increasingly used
      as the vector of choice for in vivo gene delivery and gene therapy for many
      pulmonary diseases. Recently, it was shown that phosphorylation of surface
      exposed tyrosine residues from AAV capsid targets the viral particles for
      ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation, and mutations of these
      tyrosine residues lead to highly efficient vector transduction in vitro and in
      vivo in different organs. In this study, we evaluated the pulmonary transgene
      expression efficacy of AAV9 vectors containing point mutations in surface-exposed
      capsid tyrosine residues. METHODS: Eighteen C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned
      into three groups: (1) a control group (CTRL) animals underwent intratracheal
      (i.t.) instillation of saline, (2) the wild-type AAV9 group (WT-AAV9, 1010 vg),
      and (3) the tyrosine-mutant Y731F AAV9 group (M-AAV9, 1010 vg), which received
      (i.t.) self-complementary AAV9 vectors containing the DNA sequence of enhanced
      green fluorescence protein (eGFP). Four weeks after instillation, lung mechanics,
      morphometry, tissue cellularity, gene expression, inflammatory cytokines, and
      growth factor expression were analyzed. RESULTS: No significant differences were
      observed in lung mechanics and morphometry among the experimental groups.
      However, the number of polymorphonuclear cells was higher in the WT-AAV9 group
      than in the CTRL and M-AAV9 groups, suggesting that the administration of
      tyrosine-mutant AAV9 vectors was better tolerated. Tyrosine-mutant AAV9 vectors
      significantly improved transgene delivery to the lung (30%) compared with their
      wild-type counterparts, without eliciting an inflammatory response. CONCLUSION:
      Our results provide the impetus for further studies to exploit the use of AAV9
      vectors as a tool for pulmonary gene therapy.

PMID- 27384069
TI  - Retraction pattern of delaminated rotator cuff tears: dual-layer rotator cuff
      repair.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been no report to date regarding retraction patterns of
      delaminated rotator cuff tears. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
      incidence and tearing patterns of delamination and repair integrity after the
      dual-layer repair of delaminated cuff tears. METHODS/DESIGN: A consecutive series
      of 64 patients with posterosuperior rotator cuff tears underwent arthroscopic
      rotator cuff repair from August 2011 to September 2012. Among the patients, 53
      who received either dual-layer double-row (DLDR) repair or dual-layer suture
      bridge (DLSB) repair and 11 who received a single-layer repair were evaluated.
      The mean follow-up period after surgery was 26.5 months. The retraction direction
      of the deep and superficial layers was analyzed, and the integrity of the
      repaired constructs was determined in 37 patients through magnetic resonance
      imaging at a mean of 12.1 months after surgery. RESULTS: The incidence of
      delamination was 82.8 %. Posteromedial retraction of the deep and superficial
      layers was observed in 98.1 and 88.5 % of cases, respectively. The Constant score
      and UCLA score increased preoperatively to postoperatively, showing no
      significant differences between the dual-layer repair group and single-layer
      repair group. Retear was found in two (7.6 %) patients in the dual-layer repair
      group and three (27.2 %) patients in the single-layer repair group (p = 0.016).
      CONCLUSIONS: Differential rotator cuff repair strategies are needed to address
      rotator cuff tears, since recent studies have changed our concept of rotator cuff
      tears. We have focused on three areas: incidence, retraction patterns, and
      clinical outcomes. The incidence of delamination was extremely high. Both the
      superficial layer and deep layer were mainly retracted posteromedially. The
      retraction of the deep layer and superficial layer may be affected by the
      infraspinatus. Dual-layer rotator cuff repair based on the retraction pattern of
      delamination is recommended for improvement of repair integrity and of clinical
      outcomes.

PMID- 27384070
TI  - Let's call it "aphasia": Rationales for eliminating the term "dysphasia".
AB  - Health professionals, researchers, and policy makers often consider the two terms
      aphasia and dysphasia to be synonymous. The aim of this article is to argue the
      merits of the exclusive use of the term aphasia and present a strategy for
      creating change through institutions such as the WHO-ICD. Our contention is that
      one term avoids confusion, speech-language pathologists prefer aphasia, scholarly
      publications indicate a preference for the term aphasia, stroke clinical
      guidelines indicate a preference for the term aphasia, consumer organizations use
      the title aphasia in their name and on their websites, and languages other than
      English use a term similar to aphasia. The use of the term dysphasia in the
      broader medical community may stem from the two terms being used interchangeably
      in the ICD10. Aphasia United http://www.shrs.uq.edu.au/aphasiaunited , an
      international movement for uniting the voice of all stakeholders in aphasia
      within an international context, will seek to eliminate the use of the term
      dysphasia.

PMID- 27384071
TI  - Apixaban Inhibits Cerebral Microembolic Signals Derived from Carotid Arterial
      Thrombosis in Rabbits.
AB  - Cerebral microembolic signal (MES) is an independent predictor of stroke risk and
      prognosis. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of apixaban, as a
      representative of the novel oral anticoagulant class, on a rabbit model of
      cerebral MES. A clinical transcranial Doppler ultrasound instrument was used to
      assess MESs in the middle cerebral artery in a 30% FeCl3-induced carotid arterial
      thrombosis model in male New Zealand White rabbits. Ascending doses of apixaban
      were evaluated as monotherapy and in combination with aspirin on both arterial
      thrombosis and MES. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses were also
      evaluated. The effective dose for 50% inhibition (ED50) of thrombus formation for
      monotherapy was 0.04 mg/kg per hour apixaban, i.v. (0.03 MUM plasma exposure) for
      the integrated blood flow, 0.13 mg/kg per hour apixaban (0.10 MUM plasma
      exposure) for thrombus weight, and 0.03 mg/kg per hour apixaban (0.02 MUM plasma
      exposure) for MES. Dual treatment with aspirin (5 mg/kg, PO) and apixaban (0.015
      mg/kg per hour, i.v.) resulted in a significant reduction in cerebral MES (P <
      0.05) compared with monotherapy with either agent. Pharmacokinetic analysis of
      apixaban and pharmacodynamic assays using activated partial thromboplastin time
      (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) for apixaban- and arachidonic acid-induced
      platelet aggregation for aspirin were used to confirm the exposure-response
      relationships. In summary, our study demonstrates that apixaban in a
      concentration-dependent manner inhibits both arterial thrombosis and MES,
      suggesting a potential association between factor Xa (FXa) blockade and the
      reduction in MES in patients at risk of ischemic stroke.

PMID- 27384073
TI  - Involvement of Neuroinflammation during Brain Development in Social Cognitive
      Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia.
AB  - Development of social cognition, a unique and high-order function, depends on
      brain maturation from childhood to adulthood in humans. Autism spectrum disorder
      (ASD) and schizophrenia have similar social cognitive deficits, although age of
      onset in each disorder is different. Pathogenesis of these disorders is complex
      and contains several features, including genetic risk factors, environmental risk
      factors, and sites of abnormalities in the brain. Although several hypotheses
      have been postulated, they seem to be insufficient to explain how brain
      alterations associated with symptoms in these disorders develop at distinct
      developmental stages. Development of ASD appears to be related to cerebellar
      dysfunction and subsequent thalamic hyperactivation in early childhood. By
      contrast, schizophrenia seems to be triggered by thalamic hyperactivation in late
      adolescence, whereas hippocampal aberration has been possibly initiated in
      childhood. One of the possible culprits is metal homeostasis disturbances that
      can induce dysfunction of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Thalamic
      hyperactivation is thought to be induced by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation
      and abnormalities of intracerebral environment. Consequently, it is likely that
      the thalamic hyperactivation triggers dysregulation of the dorsolateral
      prefrontal cortex for lower brain regions related to social cognition. In this
      review, we summarize the brain aberration in ASD and schizophrenia and provide a
      possible mechanism underlying social cognitive deficits in these disorders based
      on their distinct ages of onset. 

PMID- 27384072
TI  - Intrathecal Intermittent Orexin-A Causes Sympathetic Long-Term Facilitation and
      Sensitizes the Peripheral Chemoreceptor Response to Hypoxia in Rats.
AB  - Intermittent hypoxia causes a persistent increase in sympathetic nerve activity
      (SNA), which progresses to hypertension in conditions such as obstructive sleep
      apnea. Orexins (A and B) are hypothalamic neurotransmitters with arousal
      promoting and sympathoexcitatory effects. We investigated whether the sustained
      elevation of SNA, termed sympathetic long-term facilitation, after acute
      intermittent hypoxia (AIH) is caused by endogenous orexin acting on spinal
      sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The role of orexin in the increased SNA
      response to AIH was investigated in urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized, and
      artificially ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 58). A spinally infused
      subthreshold dose of orexin-A (intermittent; 0.1 nmol * 10) produced long-term
      enhancement in SNA (41.4% +/- 6.9%) from baseline. This phenomenon was not
      produced by the same dose of orexin-A administered as a bolus intrathecal
      infusion (1 nmol; 7.3% +/- 2.3%). The dual orexin receptor blocker, Almorexant,
      attenuated the effect of sympathetic long-term facilitation generated by
      intermittent orexin-A (20.7% +/- 4.5% for Almorexant at 30 mg?kg(-1) and 18.5% +/
      1.2% for 75 mg?kg(-1)), but not in AIH. The peripheral chemoreflex
      sympathoexcitatory response to hypoxia was greatly enhanced by intermittent
      orexin-A and AIH. In both cases, the sympathetic chemoreflex sensitization was
      reduced by Almorexant. Taken together, spinally acting orexin-A is
      mechanistically sufficient to evoke sympathetic long-term facilitation. However,
      AIH-induced sympathetic long-term facilitation appears to rely on mechanisms that
      are independent of orexin neurotransmission. Our findings further reveal that the
      activation of spinal orexin receptors is critical to enhance peripheral
      chemoreceptor responses to hypoxia after AIH.

PMID- 27384074
TI  - CS-3150, a Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist, Shows
      Preventive and Therapeutic Effects On Renal Injury in Deoxycorticosterone
      Acetate/Salt-Induced Hypertensive Rats.
AB  - The present study was designed to assess both preventive and therapeutic effects
      of (S)-1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-N-[4-(methylsulfonyl) phenyl]-5-[2
      (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (CS-3150), a novel
      nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, on renal injury in
      deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt-induced hypertensive rats (DOCA rats).
      From 7 weeks of age, DOCA was subcutaneously administered once a week for 4 weeks
      to uninephrectomized rats fed a high-salt diet. In experiment 1, CS-3150 (0.3-3
      mg/kg) was orally administered once a day for 4 weeks coincident with DOCA
      administration. In experiment 2, after establishment of renal injury by 4 weeks
      of DOCA/salt loading, CS-3150 (3 mg/kg) was orally administered once a day for 4
      weeks with or without continuous DOCA administration. In experiment 1, DOCA/salt
      loading significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), which was
      prevented by CS-3150 in a dose-dependent manner. Development of renal injury
      (proteinuria, renal hypertrophy, and histopathological changes in glomeruli and
      tubule) was also suppressed by CS-3150 with inhibition of mRNA expression of
      fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers. In experiment 2, under
      continuous DOCA treatment, CS-3150 clearly ameliorated existing renal injury
      without lowering SBP, indicating that CS-3150 regressed renal injury independent
      of its antihypertensive action. Moreover, CS-3150 treatment in combination with
      withdrawal of DOCA showed further therapeutic effect on renal injury accompanied
      by reduction in SBP. These results demonstrate that CS-3150 not only prevents but
      also ameliorates hypertension and renal injury in DOCA rats. Therefore, CS-3150
      could be a promising agent for the treatment of hypertension and renal disorders,
      and may have potential to promote regression of renal injury.

PMID- 27384075
TI  - Efficacy and safety of cTACE versus DEB-TACE in patients with hepatocellular
      carcinoma: a meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Conflicting results of the efficacy and safety of conventional
      transarterial chemo-embolization (cTACE) vs drug-eluting bead (DEB)-TACE have
      been reported. This meta-analysis aimed to update and re-evaluate the efficacy
      and safety of cTACE compared with those of DEB-TACE in patients with
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Literature search was performed by two
      investigators independently in PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE to screen studies
      published from January 1990 to March 2015. Studies of parallel group designs
      comparing cTACE and DEB-TACE for HCC were reviewed. Complete response, partial
      response, objective response, disease control, overall survival and survival time
      were collected to evaluate the efficacy of each therapy. RESULTS: DEB-TACE
      increased the complete response rate [odds ratio (OR) 1.38, 95% confidence
      interval (CI) 1.01-1.89], overall survival rate (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.01-1.98) and
      survival time [weighted mean difference (WMD) 6.65, 95% CI 6.15-7.14) with less
      common adverse events (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.41-0.84). However, DEB-TACE had a
      similar partial response rate (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.67-1.49), objective response
      rate (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.94-1.56), disease control rate (OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.81
      1.58) and serious adverse events (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.50-1.49) compared with cTACE.
      CONCLUSIONS: DEB-TACE has a higher complete response rate and a higher overall
      survival rate in patients with HCC than cTACE; however, the results should be
      interpreted with caution. Furthermore, DEB-TACE is safer and has less common
      adverse events than cTACE.

PMID- 27384077
TI  - Human fetal growth restriction: a cardiovascular journey through to adolescence.
AB  - Intrauterine growth restriction has been noted to adversely impact morbidity and
      mortality in the neonatal period as well as cardiovascular well-being in
      adolescence and adulthood. Recent data based on a wide range of ultrasound
      parameters during fetal and neonatal life has noted early and persistent
      involvement of the cardiovascular system. Some of these measures are predictive
      of long-term morbidities. Assessment of vascular mechanics is a new and novel
      concept in this population, and opens up avenues for diagnosis, monitoring and
      evaluation of the likely effectiveness of interventions. Prevention of these
      adverse vascular and cardiac outcomes secondary to fetal growth restriction may
      be feasible and of clinical relevance. This review focuses on growth restriction
      in humans with respect to cardiovascular remodeling and dysfunction during fetal
      life, persistence of functional cardiac impairment during early childhood and
      adolescence, and possible preventive strategies.

PMID- 27384076
TI  - Comparative genomic and functional analyses: unearthing the diversity and
      specificity of nematicidal factors in Pseudomonas putida strain 1A00316.
AB  - We isolated Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) strain 1A00316 from Antarctica. This
      bacterium has a high efficiency against Meloidogyne incognita (M. incognita) in
      vitro and under greenhouse conditions. The complete genome of P. putida 1A00316
      was sequenced using PacBio single molecule real-time (SMRT) technology. A
      comparative genomic analysis of 16 Pseudomonas strains revealed that although P.
      putida 1A00316 belonged to P. putida, it was phenotypically more similar to
      nematicidal Pseudomonas fluorescens (P. fluorescens) strains. We characterized
      the diversity and specificity of nematicidal factors in P. putida 1A00316 with
      comparative genomics and functional analysis, and found that P. putida 1A00316
      has diverse nematicidal factors including protein alkaline metalloproteinase AprA
      and two secondary metabolites, hydrogen cyanide and cyclo-(l-isoleucyl-l
      proline). We show for the first time that cyclo-(l-isoleucyl-l-proline) exhibit
      nematicidal activity in P. putida. Interestingly, our study had not detected
      common nematicidal factors such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and
      pyrrolnitrin in P. putida 1A00316. The results of the present study reveal the
      diversity and specificity of nematicidal factors in P. putida strain 1A00316.

PMID- 27384078
TI  - Metabolomics of the Antipyretic Effects of Bubali Cornu (Water Buffalo Horn) in
      Rats.
AB  - Bubali Cornu (water buffalo horn, WBH) has been used for thousands of years in
      traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an effective treatment for heat. In the
      present study, we have carried out a metabolomics profiling study on plasma and
      urine samples to explore potential biomarkers and determine how WBH exerts its
      antipyretic effects in yeast-induced pyrexia at a metabolomic level. Ultra-high
      performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem
      mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), together with multivariate statistical
      analysis, was used to detect and identify potential biomarkers associated with
      pyrexia and with WBH treatment. In total, sixteen endogenous metabolites were
      identified in plasma samples and twenty-one metabolites were detected in urine
      samples. The biomarkers identified in this study, using metabolic pathway
      analysis (MetPA), are involved in glycerophospholipid, arachidonic acid, amino
      acid, sphingolipid, and purine metabolism, all of which are disturbed in rats
      with pyrexia. As a result, WBH affect arachidonic acid metabolism and oxidative
      stress in yeast-induced pyrexia rats chiefly. The present study determines the
      important substances underlying the antipyretic efficacy of WBH at a metabolic
      level. It might pave the way for further investigations into the mechanisms of
      action of other animal horn-derived traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). 

PMID- 27384079
TI  - Hepatitis C virus resistance to the new direct-acting antivirals.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has dramatically
      improved in recent years with the widespread use of interferon-free combination
      regimens. Despite the high sustained virological response (SVR) rates (over 90%)
      obtained with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), drug resistance has emerged as a
      potential challenge. The high replication rate of HCV and the low fidelity of its
      RNA polymerase result in a high degree of genetic variability in the HCV
      population, which ultimately explains the rapid selection of drug resistance
      associated variants (RAVs). AREAS COVERED: Results from clinical trials and real
      world experience have both provided important information on the rate and
      clinical significance of RAVs. They can be present in treatment-naive patients as
      natural polymorphisms although more frequently they are selected upon treatment
      failure. In patients engaged in high-risk behaviors, RAVs can be transmitted.
      EXPERT OPINION: Although DAA failures generally occur in less than 10% of treated
      chronic hepatitis C patients, selection of drug resistance is the rule in most
      cases. HCV re-treatment options are available, but first-line therapeutic
      strategies should be optimized to efficiently prevent DAA failure due to baseline
      HCV resistance. Considerable progress is being made and next-generation DAAs are
      coming with pangenotypic activity and higher resistance barrier.

PMID- 27384080
TI  - Human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in an emerging focus in Aracuai, Minas
      Gerais: spatial distribution and socio-environmental factors.
AB  - This study aimed to analyse the spatial distribution of human (2007-2013) and
      canine (2013) visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the city of Aracuai, Minas Gerais,
      Brazil, and identify the socio-environmental factors related to their occurrence.
      The spatial distribution of human and canine cases was analysed by kernel density
      estimation (KDE) and the K function. The KDE values were analysed for correlation
      between human and canine LV and for normalised difference vegetation index
      (NDVI). Socio-environmental aspects of household structures and surroundings were
      evaluated. The spatial distribution of human and canine VL cases exhibited a
      significant aggregated pattern in distances greater than 350 and 75 m,
      respectively. The higher occurrence of human and canine infection occurred in the
      central area of the city. A positive correlation between the densities of human
      and canine cases was observed, as well as a negative correlation between NDVI and
      densities of human and canine cases. Socio-environmental analysis revealed that
      the large amount of animals, organic material from trees and deficiencies in
      environmental sanitation are possibly contributing to the continuation of the
      transmission cycle of Leishmania infantum in Aracuai. These results can
      contribute to the planning by competent agencies to reduce the incidence of
      infection in the city. 

PMID- 27384081
TI  - Calculation of the ELISA's cut-off based on the change-point analysis method for
      detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Bolivian dogs in the absence of
      controls.
AB  - In ELISAs, sera of individuals infected by Trypanosoma cruzi show absorbance
      values above a cut-off value. The cut-off is generally computed by means of
      formulas that need absorbance readings of negative (and sometimes positive)
      controls, which are included in the titer plates amongst the unknown samples.
      When no controls are available, other techniques should be employed such as
      change-point analysis. The method was applied to Bolivian dog sera processed by
      ELISA to diagnose T. cruzi infection. In each titer plate, the change-point
      analysis estimated a step point which correctly discriminated among known
      positive and known negative sera, unlike some of the six usual cut-off formulas
      tested. To analyse the ELISAs results, the change-point method was as good as the
      usual cut-off formula of the form "mean + 3 standard deviation of negative
      controls". Change-point analysis is therefore an efficient alternative method to
      analyse ELISA absorbance values when no controls are available. 

PMID- 27384082
TI  - Study of surface carbohydrates in Galba truncatula tissues before and after
      infection with Fasciola hepatica.
AB  - The presence and distribution of surface carbohydrates in the tissues of Galba
      truncatula snails uninfected or after infection with Fasciola hepatica as well as
      on the surface of the snail-pathogenic larval stages of the parasite were studied
      by lectin labelling assay. This is an attempt to find similarities that indicate
      possible mimicry, utilised by the parasite as an evasion strategy in this snail
      trematode system. Different binding patterns were identified on head-foot-mantle,
      hepatopancreas, genital glands, renopericardial complex of the host as well as of
      the snail-pathogenic larval stages of F. hepatica. The infection with F. hepatica
      leads to changes of labelling with Glycine max in the head-mantle cells and
      Arachis hypogaea in the tubular epithelium of the hepatopancreas. The lectin
      binding on the other snail tissues is not changed by the development of the
      larvae. Our data clearly demonstrated the similarity in labelling of G.
      truncatula tissues and the surface of the snail-pathogenic larval stages of F.
      hepatica. The role of glycosylation of the contact surfaces of both organisms in
      relation to the host-parasite interactions is also discussed. 

PMID- 27384083
TI  - Larvicidal activity of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr and Citrus sinensis (L.)
      Osbeck essential oils and their antagonistic effects with temephos in resistant
      populations of Aedes aegypti.
AB  - Environmentally friendly botanical larvicides are commonly considered as an
      alternative to synthetic larvicides against Aedes aegypti Linn. In addition,
      mosquito resistance to currently used larvicides has motivated research to find
      new compounds acting via different mechanisms of action, with the goal of
      controlling the spread of mosquitos. Essential oils have been widely studied for
      this purpose. This work aims to evaluate the larvicidal potential of Syzygium
      aromaticum and Citrus sinensis essential oils, either alone or in combination
      with temephos, on Ae. aegypti populations having different levels of
      organophosphate resistance. The 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of the essential
      oils alone and in combination with temephos and the influence of essential oils
      on vector oviposition were evaluated. The results revealed that essential oils
      exhibited similar larvicidal activity in resistant populations and susceptible
      populations. However, S. aromaticum and C. sinensis essential oils in combination
      with temephos did not decrease resistance profiles. The presence of the evaluated
      essential oils in oviposition sites significantly decreased the number of eggs
      compared to sites with tap water. Therefore, the evaluated essential oils are
      suitable for use in mosquito resistance management, whereas their combinations
      with temephos are not recommended. Additionally, repellency should be considered
      during formulation development to avoid mosquito deterrence. 

PMID- 27384084
TI  - How can we deal with the GERD treatment gap?
AB  - Patients experiencing heartburn and acid regurgitation despite proton pump
      inhibition therapy who are averse to antireflux surgery fall into what is called
      the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) treatment gap. This gap may be
      potentially addressed by several endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques,
      including gastric bypass surgery for those patients who are obese. These novel
      techniques do not significantly alter the anatomy of the esophagogastric
      junction, minimizing short- and long-term adverse effects. This review provides
      an overview of the assessment of patients with refractory GERD and highlights the
      strengths and weaknesses of these minimally invasive therapies.

PMID- 27384085
TI  - Asymmetric Catalytic Synthesis of Thiochromenes via an Acyl Transfer-Initiated
      Cascade.
AB  - A novel, reagent-free catalytic transformation of alpha,beta-unsaturated
      thioesters into 2-substituted thiochromenes has been developed, with carbon
      dioxide as the only byproduct. Amidine-based catalysts, particularly
      homobenzotetramisole and its analogues, achieve high enantioselectivities and
      yields in this process.

PMID- 27384086
TI  - Self-assembly of PEGylated gold nanoparticles with satellite structures as seeds.
AB  - We report a very simple method for the self-assembly of spherical gold
      nanoparticles (AuNPs), coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), through a slow
      evaporation process at room temperature. Clusters of particles forming satellite
      structures may act as seeds for the self-assembly in a crystallization-like
      process. Based on the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images obtained a
      mechanism for the self-assembly was suggested. 

PMID- 27384087
TI  - Complex Fistula-In-Ano: A Small Step Forward in Understanding?

PMID- 27384088
TI  - A Nomogram to Predict Lymph Node Positivity Following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation
      in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer typically receive
      neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by total mesorectal excision. Other treatment
      approaches, including transanal techniques and close surveillance, are becoming
      increasingly common following positive responses to chemoradiation. Lack of
      pathologic lymph node staging is one major disadvantage of these novel
      strategies. OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this study were to determine
      clinicopathologic factors associated with positive lymph nodes following
      neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer and to create a nomogram using these
      factors to predict rates of lymph node positivity. DESIGN: This is a
      retrospective cohort analysis. SETTINGS: This study used the National Cancer
      Database. PATIENTS: Patients aged 18 to 90 with clinical stage T3/T4, N0, M0 or
      Tany, N1-2, M0 adenocarcinoma of the rectum who underwent neoadjuvant
      chemoradiation before total mesorectal excision from 2010 to 2012 were
      identified. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was lymph node
      positivity after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer.
      Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the associations of
      clinicopathologic variables with lymph node positivity. RESULTS: Eight thousand
      nine hundred eighty-four patients were included. Young age, lower Charlson score,
      mucinous histology, poorly differentiated and undifferentiated tumors, the
      presence of lymphovascular invasion, elevated CEA level, and clinical lymph node
      positivity were significantly predictive of pathologic lymph node positivity
      following neoadjuvant chemoradiation. The predictive accuracy of the nomogram is
      70.9%, with a c index of 0.71. There was minimal deviation between the predicted
      and observed outcomes. LIMITATIONS: This study is retrospective, and it cannot be
      determined when in the course of treatment the data were collected. CONCLUSIONS:
      We created a nomogram to predict lymph node positivity following neoadjuvant
      chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer that can serve as a valuable
      complement to imaging to aid clinicians and patients in determining the best
      treatment strategy.

PMID- 27384089
TI  - Vascular Anatomy in Laparoscopic Colectomy for Right Colon Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The vascular anatomy in the right colon varies; however, related
      studies are rare, especially on the laparoscopic vascular anatomy of living
      patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe vascular
      variations around the gastrocolic trunk, middle colic vein, and ileocolic vessels
      in laparoscopic surgery for right-sided colon cancer. DESIGN: This is a
      retrospective descriptive study of patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomy for
      right colon cancer. SETTINGS: The study was conducted at a single tertiary
      institution in Korea. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients with right colon cancer who
      underwent laparoscopic right colectomy using the cranial-to-caudal approach (N =
      116) between January 2014 and April 2015 were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Three colorectal surgeons took photographs and videos of the vascular anatomy
      during each laparoscopic right colectomy, and these were analyzed for vascular
      variations. RESULTS: We classified venous variations around the gastrocolic trunk
      into 2 types (3 subtypes), type 1 (n = 92 (79.3%)), defined as 1 or 2 colic veins
      draining into the gastrocolic trunk, and type II (n = 24 (20.7%)), defined as
      having no gastrocolic trunk. We also investigated the tributaries of the superior
      mesenteric vein. One, 2, and 3 middle colic veins were found in 86 (74.1%), 26
      (22.4%), and 4 patients (3.5%). The right colic vein drained directly into the
      superior mesenteric vein in 22 patients (19.0%). All of the patients had a single
      ileocolic vein draining into the superior mesenteric vein and a single ileocolic
      artery from the superior mesenteric artery. The right colic artery from the
      superior mesenteric artery was present in 38 patients (32.7%). The ileocolic
      artery passed the superior mesenteric vein anteriorly or posteriorly in 58
      patients (50%) each. LIMITATIONS: Unlike cadaver or radiological studies, we
      could not clarify the complete vessel paths. CONCLUSIONS: We classified vascular
      anatomic variations in laparoscopic colectomy for right colon cancer, which could
      be helpful for colorectal surgeons.

PMID- 27384090
TI  - Does Stenting as a Bridge to Surgery in Left-Sided Colorectal Cancer Obstruction
      Really Worsen Oncological Outcomes?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although self-expandable metal stents are used as a bridge to surgery
      in patients with colorectal cancer obstruction, their long-term oncological
      outcomes are unclear. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate long
      term oncological outcomes of self-expandable metal stents as a bridge to surgery
      (stent group) compared with direct surgery (direct operation group) in patients
      with left-sided colorectal cancer obstruction. DESIGN: This was a retrospective
      chart review. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at a single tertiary academic
      center. PATIENTS: Of 113 patients who underwent curative surgery for left-sided
      colorectal cancer obstruction at Asan Medical Center between 2005 and 2011, 42
      underwent direct surgery and 71 underwent self-expandable metal stent insertion
      followed by elective surgery. After 1:1 propensity-score matching, 42 patients
      were enrolled in both groups, and their postsurgical outcomes were compared. MAIN
      OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes of this study were long-term oncological
      outcomes, including overall survival and recurrence-free survival of patients in
      both groups. RESULTS: Three- and 5-year overall survival rates were similar in
      the stent (87.0% and 71.0%) and direct operation (76.4% and 76.4%) groups (p =
      0.931). Three- and 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were also similar in the
      stent (91.9% and 66.4%) and direct operation (81.2% and 71.2%) groups (p =
      0.581), as were postsurgical complication rates (9.5% and 16.7%; p = 0.344). No
      patient in either group experienced a permanent stoma. LIMITATIONS: This study
      was limited by its small patient numbers and retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS:
      The long-term oncological outcomes of self-expandable metal stents as a bridge to
      surgery may not be inferior to those of direct surgery for left-sided colorectal
      cancer obstruction.

PMID- 27384091
TI  - Characteristics of Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Risk of Surgical Site Infections in
      Open Colectomies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite numerous trials assessing optimal antibiotic prophylaxis
      strategies for colorectal surgery, few studies have assessed real-world practice
      on a national scale with respect to risk of surgical site infections. OBJECTIVE:
      Using a large national claims database we aimed to describe current use of
      prophylactic antibiotics (type and duration) and associations with surgical site
      infection after open colectomies. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study using
      the Premier Perspective database. SETTINGS: Included were patient
      hospitalizations nationwide from January 2006 to December 2013. PATIENTS: A total
      of 90,725 patients who underwent an open colectomy in 445 different hospitals
      were included in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multilevel, multivariable
      logistic regressions measured associations between surgical site infection and
      type of antibiotic used and duration (day of surgery only, day of surgery and the
      day after, and >1 day after surgery). RESULTS: Overall surgical site infection
      prevalence was 5.2% (n = 4750). Most patients (41.8%) received cefoxitin for
      prophylaxis; other choices were ertapenem (18.2%), cefotetan (10.3%),
      metronidazole with cefazolin (9.9%), and ampicillin with sulbactam (7.6%),
      whereas 12.2% received other antibiotics. Distribution of prophylaxis duration
      was 51.6%, 28.5%, and 19.9% for day of surgery only, day of surgery and the day
      after, and >1 day after surgery, respectively. Compared with cefoxitin, lower
      odds for surgical site infection were observed for ampicillin with sulbactam (OR
      = 0.71 (95% CI, 0.63-0.82)), ertapenem (OR = 0.65 (95% CI, 0.58-0.71)),
      metronidazole with cefazolin (OR = 0.56 (95% CI, 0.49-0.64)), and "other" (OR =
      0.81 (95% CI, 0.73-0.90)); duration was not significantly associated with altered
      odds for surgical site infection. Sensitivity analyses supported the main
      findings. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its lack of detailed clinical
      information in the billing data set used. CONCLUSIONS: In this national study
      assessing real-world use of prophylactic antibiotics in open colectomies, the
      type of antibiotic used appeared to be associated with up to 44% decreased odds
      for surgical site infections. Although there are numerous trials on optimal
      prophylactic strategies, studies that particularly focus on factors that
      influence the choice of prophylactic antibiotic might provide insights into ways
      of reducing the burden of surgical site infections in colorectal surgeries.

PMID- 27384092
TI  - Impact of the Specific Extraction-Site Location on the Risk of Incisional Hernia
      After Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The impact of the specific incision used for specimen extraction
      during laparoscopic colorectal surgery on incisional hernia rates relative to
      other contributing factors remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess
      the relationship between extraction-site location and incisional hernia after
      laparoscopic colorectal surgery. DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study
      (January 2000 through December 2011). SETTINGS: The study was conducted at a high
      volume, specialized colorectal surgery department. PATIENTS: All of the patients
      undergoing elective laparoscopic colorectal resection were identified from our
      prospectively maintained institutional database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Extraction-site and port-site incisional hernias clinically detected by physician
      or detected on CT scan were collected. Converted cases, defined as the use of a
      midline incision to perform the operation, were kept in the intent-to-treat
      analysis. Specific extraction-site groups were compared, and other relevant
      factors associated with incisional hernia rates were also evaluated with
      univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: A total of 2148 patients (54.0%
      with abdominal and 46.0% with pelvic operations) with a mean age of 51.7 +/- 18.2
      years (52% women) were reviewed. Used extraction sites were infraumbilical
      midline (23.7%), stoma site/right or left lower quadrant (15%), periumbilical
      midline (22.5%), and Pfannenstiel (29.6%) and midline converted (9.2%). Overall
      crude extraction site incisional hernia rate during a mean follow-up of 5.9 +/-
      3.0 years was 7.2% (n = 155). Extraction-site incisional hernia crude rates were
      highest after periumbilical midline (12.6%) and a midline incision used for
      conversion to open surgery (12.0%). Independent factors associated with
      extraction-site incisional hernia were any extraction sites compared with
      Pfannenstiel (periumbilical midline HR = 12.7; midline converted HR = 13.1; stoma
      site HR = 28.4; p < 0.001 for each), increased BMI (HR = 1.23; p = 0.002),
      synchronous port-site hernias (HR = 3.66; p < 0.001), and postoperative
      superficial surgical-site infection (HR = 2.11; p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: This
      study was limited by its retrospective nature, incisional hernia diagnoses based
      on clinical examination, and heterogeneous surgical population. CONCLUSIONS:
      Preferential extraction sites to minimize incisional hernia rates should be
      Pfannenstiel or incisions off the midline. Midline incisions should be avoided
      when possible.

PMID- 27384093
TI  - Juvenile Polyps in Denmark From 1995 to 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Juvenile polyps in the large bowel are rare but the most common type
      of polyp in children. The prevalence and incidence are unknown, and few studies
      exist on the occurrence in adults. They are considered not to harbor any
      malignant potential unless they are part of the hereditary juvenile polyposis
      syndrome. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to study the demographics of juvenile polyps in
      Denmark in a 20-year period from 1995 to 2015 in both adults and children. This
      is the first report on the occurrence, anatomic localization, and reoccurrence of
      these polyps in a whole population. DESIGN: Data from all of the patients who had
      been diagnosed with 1 or more juvenile polyp from January 1, 1995, until December
      31, 2014, were obtained. SETTINGS: The study was conducted based on patients
      registered in the nationwide pathological register in Denmark, the Danish
      Pathology Data Bank. PATIENTS: We detected a total of 1772 patients who had 2108
      juvenile polyps removed (male = 946; female = 826). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We
      noted the sex, age, number, reoccurrence, and localization of polyps. RESULTS: Of
      the detected juvenile polyps ~75% were detected in adults and ~25% in children.
      Approximately 96% of the patients had a single juvenile polyp without
      reoccurrence, 1% fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for juvenile polyposis
      syndrome (more than 5 polyps), and 5% had multiple juvenile polyps (2-5 polyps).
      The incidence in the Danish population can be estimated to be between 1:45,000
      and 1:65,000. LIMITATIONS: Miscoding or misclassification in the register cannot
      be ruled out. We only have data for the 20-year period, limiting the evaluation
      of reoccurrence, and no data for the endoscopic removal procedures. CONCLUSIONS:
      We conclude that juvenile polyps are rare, with the majority found in adults, and
      most often found as a single juvenile polyp. A subgroup of patients have juvenile
      polyposis syndrome, which requires follow-up.

PMID- 27384094
TI  - Normal Values and Clinical Use of Bedside Sonographic Assessment of Postoperative
      Gastric Emptying: A Prospective Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: GI dysfunction is common after abdominal surgery. However, assessment
      and diagnosis currently lack objective measurement. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of
      this study was to evaluate the feasibility and clinical use of bedside
      sonographic assessment of gastric emptying by measuring the time to complete
      emptying of a standard volume of ingested water in patients after colorectal
      surgery. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. SETTINGS: The study was
      conducted at a single tertiary institution in Sydney. PATIENTS: Healthy
      volunteers (n = 30) were studied to establish a reference range. Gastric emptying
      was then measured in patients (n = 39) before and after colorectal surgery.
      INTERVENTION: Assessment of gastric emptying was performed on days 1 to 4 by
      measuring antral cross-sectional area every 10 minutes after ingestion of 250 mL
      of water. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The time to complete emptying of water was used
      as a surrogate measure of gastric emptying. Information concerning postoperative
      outcomes, GI symptoms, and recovery was also recorded. RESULTS: The median time
      to complete emptying of water for healthy volunteers was 20 minutes (range, 10-40
      minutes). The study protocol was completed in 30 of 39 patients. The time to
      complete emptying of water on day 2 had the best discriminatory power to identify
      patients with ileus (sensitivity, 85.71%; specificity, 82.61%). Gastric emptying
      was normal in 20 of 30 (67%) patients, with only 1 case of ileus (false
      negative). These patients had less nausea (p = 0.0003), earlier intake of solid
      diet (p = 0.001), and shorter hospital stay (p = 0.040) compared with patients
      with abnormal gastric emptying. LIMITATIONS: Ultrasound is operator dependent
      with a learning curve. CONCLUSIONS: Bedside sonographic assessment of gastric
      emptying is feasible and reliable. Assessment of antral contents with a single
      ultrasound 40 minutes after ingestion of water enables classification of patients
      into those with normal and abnormal gastric emptying. When performed on
      postoperative day 2, it has good sensitivity/specificity for discriminating
      patients with ileus.

PMID- 27384096
TI  - Novel Approach of Treatment of Pilonidal Sinus Disease With Thrombin Gelatin
      Matrix as a Sealant.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease is a condition caused by
      insertion of fallen hair shafts into the skin. Different types of operations have
      been described for the management of pilonidal sinus, yet none of them have
      proven to be superior to the others. Recently, sealants like fibrin glue have
      been successfully used. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of
      thrombin gelatin matrix as a new sealant for pilonidal sinus treatment. DESIGN:
      This was a prospective study conducted from March 2013 to March 2015. SETTINGS:
      The study was conducted in private hospitals in Mansoura City. PATIENTS: The
      study included 36 male patients (72%) and 14 female patients (28%), with a median
      age of 22 years. INTERVENTIONS: Fifty patients with pilonidal sinus were admitted
      and treated with thrombin gelatin matrix injection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
      Incidence and time of pilonidal sinus recurrence, postoperative pain and
      complications, duration of hospital stay, healing status, and time to return to
      work were recorded. RESULTS: The median duration of symptoms was 13 months,
      median operative time was 18 minutes, and median hospital stay was 6 hours. All
      of the procedures were conducted as day-case surgeries. Median follow-up duration
      was 24 months. Three patients (6%) had a breakdown of the sealant, and the wound
      was managed with daily dressings. Recurrence at 1 year was observed in 2 patients
      (4%). A total of 96% of patients were satisfied with the outcome of the
      procedure, and 92% of patients resumed their daily activities within 3 days.
      LIMITATIONS: Follow-up for a longer duration is required to ascertain the
      efficacy of this new technique. The cost of this treatment might be challenging
      for resource-limited communities. CONCLUSIONS: Management of pilonidal sinus
      using thrombin gelatin matrix, despite being expensive, is an effective, simple
      treatment that is easy to perform and associated with low recurrence rate,
      minimal morbidity, and rapid recovery.

PMID- 27384095
TI  - Clinical Significance of 2 Deep Posterior Perianal Spaces to Complex
      Cryptoglandular Fistulas.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Confusion exists regarding the clinical significance of the deep
      posterior intersphincteric space and deep postanal space to complex perianal
      fistulas. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical
      significance of the 2 deep posterior perianal spaces and to describe in detail
      the courses of posterior complex cryptoglandular fistula extensions. DESIGN: This
      was a retrospective study. MRI-based characteristics of selected perianal
      fistulas were independently evaluated by examiners who focused on lesions in
      these 2 spaces and were blinded to each other's findings. SETTINGS: This study
      was conducted in the colorectal surgery and radiology departments of a large
      university teaching hospital in China. PATIENTS: Included in the study were
      patients who underwent pelvic MRI for posterior perianal fistula between October
      2012 and December 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The occurrence rates of these 2
      deep perianal space lesions in posterior cryptoglandular fistulas were
      determined. RESULTS: A total of 513 primary posterior cryptoglandular fistulas
      were identified in 508 patients, including 167 deep posterior intersphincteric
      space lesions (32.6%) and 23 deep postanal space lesions (4.5%). Of those, 173
      fistulas (33.7%) were evaluated as complex. The former and latter spaces were
      involved in 79.2% (137/173) and 13.3% (23/173) of posterior complex fistulas.
      Compared with deep postanal space lesions, deep posterior intersphincteric space
      lesions were more common in cases with high transsphincteric or suprasphincteric
      fistulas (80.1% vs 15.8%), synchronous multiple transsphincteric fistulas (82.4%
      vs 20.6%), horseshoe-like fistulas (85.5% vs 14.5%), and supralevator fistulas
      (93.5% vs 16.1%). Similar incidences were also seen in cases with ischioanal
      involved horseshoe-like fistulas (75.0% vs 25.0%). LIMITATIONS: This study was
      limited by its retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS: The deep posterior
      intersphincteric space is more likely than the deep postanal space to be involved
      in complex cryptoglandular fistulas and is likely to play a more important role
      in the management of complex cryptoglandular fistulas.

PMID- 27384097
TI  - Neighborhood Variation in the Utilization of Laparoscopy for the Treatment of
      Colon Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The rates of laparoscopic colectomy for colon cancer have steadily
      increased since its inception. Laparoscopic colectomy currently accounts for a
      third of colectomy procedures in the United States, but little is known regarding
      the spatial pattern of the utilization of laparoscopy for colon cancer.
      OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the utilization of laparoscopy for colon cancer
      at the neighborhood level in Ontario. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of
      prospectively collected data was performed. SETTING: This study was conducted at
      all hospitals in the province of Ontario. PATIENTS: This population-based study
      included all patients aged >=18 who received an elective colectomy for colon
      cancer from April 2008 until March 2012 in the province of Ontario. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURES: The primary outcome measure was the neighborhood rates of laparoscopy.
      RESULTS: Overall, 9,969 patients underwent surgery, and the cluster analysis
      identified 74 cold-spot neighborhoods, representing 1.8 million people, or 14% of
      the population. In the multivariate analysis, patients from rural neighborhoods
      were less than half as likely to receive laparoscopy, OR 0.44 (95% CI, 0.24-0.84;
      p = 0.012). Additionally, having a minimally invasive surgery fellowship training
      facility within the same administrative health region as the neighborhood made it
      more than 23 times as likely to be a hot spot, OR 25.88 (95% CI, 12.15-55.11; p <
      0.001). Neighborhood socioeconomic status was not associated with variation in
      the utilization of laparoscopy. LIMITATIONS: Patient case mix could affect
      laparoscopy use. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: This study identified an unequal
      utilization of laparoscopy for colon cancer within Ontario with rural
      neighborhoods experiencing low rates of laparoscopic colectomy, whereas
      neighborhoods in the same administrative region as minimally invasive surgery
      training centers experienced increased utilization. Further study into the causes
      of this variation in resource allocation is needed to identify ways to improve
      more efficient spread of knowledge and technical skills advancement.

PMID- 27384098
TI  - Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI for Assessment of T Category and Circumferential
      Resection Margin Involvement in Patients With Rectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prognosis of rectal cancer is directly related to the stage of
      the tumor at diagnosis. Accurate preoperative staging is essential for selecting
      patients to receive optimal treatment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was
      to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRI in tumor staging and
      circumferential resection margin involvement in rectal cancer. DATA SOURCES: A
      systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane
      Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science database. STUDY SELECTION:
      Original articles from 2000 to 2016 on the diagnostic performance of MRI in the
      staging of rectal cancer and/or assessment of mesorectal fascia status were
      eligible. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pooled diagnostic statistics including
      sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood
      ratio were calculated for invasion of muscularis propria, perirectal tissue, and
      adjacent organs and for circumferential resection margin involvement through
      bivariate random-effects modeling. Summary receiver operating characteristic
      curves were fitted, and areas under summary receiver operating characteristic
      curves were counted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRI for each
      outcome. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies were eligible for this meta-analysis.
      Preoperative MRI revealed the highest sensitivity of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96-0.98) and
      specificity of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96-0.98) for muscularis propria invasion and
      adjacent organ invasion. Areas under summary receiver operating characteristic
      curves indicated good diagnostic accuracy for each outcome, with the highest of
      0.9515 for the assessment of adjacent organ invasion. Significant heterogeneity
      existed among studies. There was no notable publication bias for each outcome.
      LIMITATIONS: This meta-analysis revealed relatively high diagnostic accuracy for
      preoperative MRI, although significant heterogeneity existed. Therefore,
      exploration should be focused on standardized interpretation criteria and optimal
      MRI protocols for future studies. CONCLUSIONS: MRI showed relatively high
      diagnostic accuracy for preoperative T staging and circumferential resection
      margin assessment and should be reliable for clinical decision making.

PMID- 27384099
TI  - The Dynamic Transperineal Ultrasound Era of the Evaluation of Obstructed
      Defecation Syndrome.

PMID- 27384100
TI  - The Fatal Flaw of Outcome Studies Comparing Colorectal Operations With and
      Without Mechanical Bowel Preparation: The Absence of Oral Antibiotics!

PMID- 27384101
TI  - The Authors Reply.

PMID- 27384104
TI  - Weeding Through Marijuana's Effects on the Brain.

PMID- 27384105
TI  - An inverse approach to determining spatially varying arterial compliance using
      ultrasound imaging.
AB  - The mechanical properties of arteries are implicated in a wide variety of
      cardiovascular diseases, many of which are expected to involve a strong spatial
      variation in properties that can be depicted by diagnostic imaging. A pulse wave
      inverse problem (PWIP) is presented, which can produce spatially resolved
      estimates of vessel compliance from ultrasound measurements of the vessel wall
      displacements. The 1D equations governing pulse wave propagation in a flexible
      tube are parameterized by the spatially varying properties, discrete cosine
      transform components of the inlet pressure boundary conditions, viscous loss
      constant and a resistance outlet boundary condition. Gradient descent
      optimization is used to fit displacements from the model to the measured data by
      updating the model parameters. Inversion of simulated data showed that the PWIP
      can accurately recover the correct compliance distribution and inlet pressure
      under realistic conditions, even under high simulated measurement noise
      conditions. Silicone phantoms with known compliance contrast were imaged with a
      clinical ultrasound system. The PWIP produced spatially and quantitatively
      accurate maps of the phantom compliance compared to independent static property
      estimates, and the known locations of stiff inclusions (which were as small as 7
      mm). The PWIP is necessary for these phantom experiments as the spatiotemporal
      resolution, measurement noise and compliance contrast does not allow accurate
      tracking of the pulse wave velocity using traditional approaches (e.g. 50%
      upstroke markers). Results from simulations indicate reflections generated from
      material interfaces may negatively affect wave velocity estimates, whereas these
      reflections are accounted for in the PWIP and do not cause problems.

PMID- 27384106
TI  - International Trends in Health Science Librarianship Part 19: The Balkan States
      (Bulgaria and Croatia).
AB  - This is the 19th in a series of articles exploring international trends in health
      science librarianship in the 21st century. The focus of the present issue is the
      Balkan Region (Bulgaria and Croatia). The next regular feature column will
      investigate two other Balkan states - Serbia and Slovenia. JM. 

PMID- 27384107
TI  - Is Canada Ready for Nationwide Collaboration on Medical School Admissions
      Practices and Policies?
AB  - The report by the Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada (AFMC) entitled
      "The Future of Medical Education in Canada: A Collective Vision for MD Education"
      includes recommendations to enhance admissions processes and increase national
      collaboration. To achieve these goals, the AFMC conducted a nationwide
      environmental scan appraising medical schools' readiness for national
      collaboration and progress toward establishing "made-in-Canada" admissions
      processes. A critical narrative review of the academic and gray literature was
      conducted as part of this environmental scan. Four core admissions practice and
      policy domains were identified: (1) social accountability strategies, (2)
      standardized admissions testing, (3) interviewing procedures, and (4) application
      procedures.In this article, the authors summarize and discuss the findings of
      this narrative review with regard to the four domains. They provide documentation
      of historical and present-day admissions factors relevant to Canadian medical
      schools' readiness for nationwide collaboration and a descriptive analysis of the
      facilitators and barriers to establishing "made-in-Canada" admissions
      processes.All four domains had facilitators and barriers. One barrier, however,
      cut across multiple domains-medical schools' pursuit of prestige and its
      potential to conflict with the goals of the other domains. The authors recommend
      holding a national forum to debate these issues and to advance the AFMC's goals,
      a process that will not be straightforward. Yet, national collaboration holds
      promise for applicants, medical schools, and Canada's diverse population of
      patients, so efforts toward this end must continue.

PMID- 27384108
TI  - Planning the Literature Review.

PMID- 27384109
TI  - Measuring Moral Courage for Interns and Residents: Scale Development and Initial
      Psychometrics.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a practical and psychometrically sound set of survey items
      that measures moral courage for physicians in the context of patient care.
      METHOD: In 2013, the 731 internal medicine and surgical interns and residents
      from two northeastern U.S. academic medical centers were invited to anonymously
      complete a survey about moral courage, empathy, and speaking up about patient
      safety breaches. RESULTS: Of the eligible participants, 352 (48%) responded.
      Principal components analysis of the moral courage items demonstrated a single,
      meaningful, nine-item factor labeled the Moral Courage Scale for Physicians
      (MCSP). All item-total score correlations were significant (P < .001) and ranged
      from 0.57 to 0.76. The Cronbach alpha for the MCSP was 0.90. Consistent with
      expectations based on theory, MCSP scores were negatively associated with being
      an intern versus resident (B = -4.17, P < .001), suggesting discriminant
      validity. MCSP scores were positively associated with respondents' Jefferson
      Scale of Physician Empathy perspective-taking score (B = 0.53, P < .001), a
      construct conceptually relevant to moral courage, suggesting convergent validity.
      Finally, MCSP scores were positively correlated with self-reported speaking up
      about patient safety breaches (r = 0.19, P = .008), an action that involves moral
      courage, suggesting concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS: The authors provided
      initial evidence for the reliability and validity of a measure of moral courage
      for physicians. The MCSP may help researchers and educators to tangibly measure
      physician moral courage as a concept, and track progress on a set of desired
      behaviors in response to curricular interventions.

PMID- 27384110
TI  - Combining in Vitro Folding with Cell Free Protein Synthesis for Membrane Protein
      Expression.
AB  - Cell free protein synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a promising methodology for
      protein expression. While polypeptide production is very reliable and efficient
      using CFPS, the correct cotranslational folding of membrane proteins during CFPS
      is still a challenge. In this contribution, we describe a two-step protocol in
      which the integral membrane protein is initially expressed by CFPS as a
      precipitate followed by an in vitro folding procedure using lipid vesicles for
      converting the protein precipitate to the correctly folded protein. We
      demonstrate the feasibility of using this approach for the K(+) channels KcsA and
      MVP and the amino acid transporter LeuT. We determine the crystal structure of
      the KcsA channel obtained by CFPS and in vitro folding to show the structural
      similarity to the cellular expressed KcsA channel and to establish the
      feasibility of using this two-step approach for membrane protein production for
      structural studies. Our studies show that the correct folding of these membrane
      proteins with complex topologies can take place in vitro without the involvement
      of the cellular machinery for membrane protein biogenesis. This indicates that
      the folding instructions for these complex membrane proteins are contained
      entirely within the protein sequence.

PMID- 27384111
TI  - miR-204 Targets PERK and Regulates UPR Signaling and beta-Cell Apoptosis.
AB  - Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of
      diabetes and the associated beta-cell apoptosis. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) have
      been widely studied in various diseases including diabetes, the role of miRNAs in
      ER stress and beta-cell apoptosis has only started to be elucidated. We recently
      showed that diabetes increases beta-cell miR-204 and have now discovered that miR
      204 directly targets the 3'untranslated region of protein kinase R-like ER kinase
      (PERK), 1 of the 3 ER transmembrane sensors and a key factor of the unfolded
      protein response (UPR). In addition, by using primary human islets, mouse islets,
      and INS-1 beta-cells, we found that miR-204 decreased PERK expression as well as
      its downstream factors, activating transcription factor 4 and CCAAT enhancer
      binding protein homologous protein, whereas it had no effect on the other 2 ER
      transmembrane sensors, activating transcription factor 6 and inositol-requiring
      enzyme-1alpha. Interestingly, we discovered that miR-204 also inhibited PERK
      signaling in the context of ER stress, and this exacerbated ER stress-induced
      beta-cell apoptosis. This effect could be mimicked by PERK inhibitors supporting
      the notion that the miR-204-mediated inhibition of PERK and UPR signaling was
      conferring these detrimental effects on cell survival. Taken together, we have
      identified PERK as a novel target of miR-204 and show that miR-204 inhibits PERK
      signaling and increases ER stress-induced cell death, revealing for the first
      time a link between this miRNA and UPR. 

PMID- 27384112
TI  - Proteome Analysis of the Hemolymph, Mushroom Body, and Antenna Provides Novel
      Insight into Honeybee Resistance against Varroa Infestation.
AB  - Varroa destructor has been identified as a major culprit responsible for the
      losses of millions of honeybee colonies. Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) is a
      suite of behaviors from adult bees to suppress mite reproduction by uncapping
      and/or removing mite infested pupae from a sealed brood. Despite the efforts to
      elucidate the molecular underpinnings of VSH, they remain largely unknown. We
      investigated the proteome of mushroom bodies (MBs) and antennae of adult bees
      with and without VSH from a stock selected for VSH based on their response to
      artificially Varroa-infected brood cells by near-infrared camera observation. The
      pupal hemolymph proteome was also compared between the VSH-line and the line that
      was not selected for VSH. The identified 8609 proteins in the hemolymph, MBs, and
      antennae represent the most depth coverage of the honeybee proteome (>55%) to
      date. In the hemolymph, the VSH-line adapts a unique strategy to boost the social
      immunity and drive pupal organogenesis by enhancing energy metabolism and protein
      biosynthesis. In MBs, the up-regulated proteins implicated in neuronal
      sensitivity suggest their roles to promote the execution of VSH by activation of
      synaptic vesicles and calcium channel activities. In antennae, the highly
      expressed proteins associated with sensitivity of olfactory senses and signal
      transmissions signify their roles by inputting a strong signal to the MBs for
      initiating VSH. These observations illustrate that the enhanced social immunities
      and olfactory and neuronal sensitivity play key roles in the combat against
      Varroa infestation. The identified candidate markers may be useful for
      accelerating marker-associated selection for VSH to aid in resistance to a
      parasite responsible for decline in honeybee health.

PMID- 27384113
TI  - [Sports-Related Head Injuries].

PMID- 27384114
TI  - [Acute Subdural Hematoma in Snowboarders:A Multivariate Analysis of 79 Cases].
AB  - Snowboarding-related head injuries have become less common as the number of
      snowboarders has decreased;however, severe head injuries, such as acute subdural
      hematomas, occur every snowboarding season. We investigated the characteristics
      of cases of snowboarding-related acute subdural hematoma treated at our hospital.
      A total of 3,632 patients with snowboarding-related head injuries seen at our
      hospital between the 1995/96 and 2012/13 snowboarding seasons were enrolled in
      this study. Seventy-nine(2.2%)patients were diagnosed with acute subdural
      hematomas using computed tomography. We statistically analyzed the patient
      questionnaire responses, clinical records, and radiological findings. We compared
      the findings of the acute subdural hematoma(ASDH)group with those of the non-ASDH
      group. Among beginners, falling on a slope, incidents involving gentle slopes,
      and injuries of unknown origin were significantly more common in the ASDH group.
      On the other hand, among the intermediate snowboarders, incidents involving
      jumps, jump failure, and collisions with other snowboarders were more common in
      the non-ASDH group. Secondly, in an analysis involving subjects who had an ASDH,
      we compared the beginner group with the intermediate/advanced group. Falling on a
      slope, incidents involving gentle slopes, pure ASDH, diffuse brain swelling, and
      death were more common in the beginner group, and ASDH combined with contusions
      or subarachnoid hemorrhaging and incidents involving a jump were more common in
      the intermediate/advanced group. Finally, we summarized the cases of 10 subjects
      with an ASDH as well as diffuse brain swelling. Nine of the 10 patients died, 8
      were first-timers or beginners, 6 had incidents involving flat or gentle slopes,
      and 5 had fallen on a slope. Snowboarding is a recreational sport;therefore,
      snowboarders must take responsibility for their actions. However, snowboarders,
      especially beginners, could decrease their risk of ASDH if they are informed
      about ASDH and take precautions to reduce their risk of falling on gentle slopes.
      Educational activities related to this topic should continue. 

PMID- 27384115
TI  - [Efficiency of Embosphere in the Pre-Operative Embolization of
      Meningioma:Clinical Experience].
AB  - Embosphere<sup>(r)</sup> was approved in Japan for embolizing intracranial
      arteries for the reduction of intraoperative bleeding in January 2014. Until
      August 2015, we performed embolization for four meningiomas using
      Embosphere<sup>(r)</sup>. We performed an initial evaluation of all the cases,
      including evaluation of the clinical courses, change in the maximum tumor
      diameters and volumes, alteration in the appearance on magnetic resonance
      imaging(MRI), amount of intraoperative bleeding, complications, and
      histopathological findings. After embolization, the maximum tumor diameters and
      volumes slightly decreased on MRI, whereas the signal change on diffusion
      weighted imaging(DWI)or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR)varied in each
      case. One case demonstrated a partial signal change on DWI one day after the
      initial procedure, and another case demonstrated a decrease in perifocal edema on
      FLAIR. Among our patients, least bleeding was recorded at 6 days after the
      embolization. Histopathological analysis revealed coagulative necrotic lesions in
      two cases. The von Kossa stain was used to distinguish Embosphere<sup>(r)</sup>
      from the psammoma body. One case involved a thromboembolic complication of the
      retinocentral artery caused by an Embosphere<sup>(r)</sup> of 100-300 MUm. Our
      early-stage experience suggests that an Embosphere<sup>(r)</sup> of 300-500 MUm
      should be used for safe embolization before resection to avoid thromboembolic
      complications because an Embosphere<sup>(r)</sup> of 100-300 MUm can pass through
      the dangerous anastomosis. Our present strategy was to resect the tumor
      approximately seven days after the embolization using Embosphere<sup>(r)</sup>.
      However, further studies and discussion on the size of Embosphere<sup>(r)</sup>,
      and the interval between pre-operative embolization and surgical removal are
      needed. 

PMID- 27384116
TI  - [A Novel, Less Invasive Protection Method for Carotid Artery Stenting].
AB  - <i>Purpose</i>: We present a novel, less invasive protection method for carotid
      artery stenting. <i>Case presentation</i>: A 67-year-old man presented with
      symptomatic severe left carotid artery stenosis. A transfemoral approach was
      dangerous because of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. A 6Fr Axcelguide Simmonds
      catheter was inserted into the right brachial artery, and advanced into the left
      common carotid artery. Next, a 6Fr Optimo 100-cm catheter was coaxially navigated
      into the left common carotid artery. A PercuSurge GuardWire 300-cm was coaxially
      navigated into the left external carotid artery. Under flow reversal with the 2
      balloons, another PercuSurge GuardWire 300-cm was navigated into the distal left
      internal carotid artery through the lesion. After both PercuSurge GuardWire
      balloons were inflated, the 6Fr Optimo was deflated and retrieved using a
      catheter exchange technique. Then, under distal double-balloon protection,
      routine stenting was performed. <i>Conclusions</i>: This technique is safer and
      less invasive than previous methods, especially in cases with difficult femoral
      access and vulnerable carotid plaque. 

PMID- 27384117
TI  - [Two Cases of Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm Complicated with Delayed Coil Protrusion
      after Coil Embolization].
AB  - We report two cases of delayed coil protrusion after coil embolization for
      ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Case 1:An 82-year-old woman with a subarachnoid
      hemorrhage due to a ruptured small anterior communicating artery aneurysm
      underwent successful coil embolization. Eighteen days after the procedure, coil
      protrusion from the aneurysm into the right anterior cerebral artery was observed
      without any symptoms. Further coil protrusion did not develop after 28 days. Case
      2:A 78-year-old woman with a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured small left
      middle cerebral artery aneurysm underwent successful coil embolization. Twenty
      days after the procedure, coil protrusion from the aneurysm into the left middle
      cerebral artery was observed, with a transient ischemic attack. Further coil
      protrusion did not develop. Both patients recovered with antithrombotic
      treatment. Even though delayed coil protrusion after coil embolization is rare,
      it should be recognized as a long-term complication of coil embolization for
      cerebral aneurysms. 

PMID- 27384118
TI  - [A Ruptured Vertebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysm Involving the Anterior Spinal
      Artery:A Case Report].
AB  - A 50-year-old woman presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by a ruptured
      vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm(VADA)involving the anterior spinal
      artery(ASA). The ASA branched at the proximal component of the dissecting
      aneurysm. The rupture point was presumed to be the distal region of the
      dissecting aneurysm. We performed coil embolization of the distal part only in
      order to prevent rebleeding and preserve the ASA. The patient showed no
      neurological deficits. Six months after the procedure, an angiogram demonstrated
      occlusion of a distal portion of the right vertebral artery. However, the ASA was
      still patent. No rebleeding occurred, and the patient has remained neurologically
      symptom-free for 3 years from the treatment. ASA-involved VADAs are extremely
      rare. Treatment strategy is difficult because there are no options for bypass
      surgery and occlusion of the ASA may lead to quadriplegia unless there is
      collateral flow to the ASA. Although the outcome of the patient was good with
      partial coil embolization in this case, the treatment strategy should be
      carefully considered for ASA-involved VADAs. 

PMID- 27384119
TI  - [A Case of Fibromuscular Dysplasia in a Patient with Various Main Trunk
      Dissections in the Head and Neck over a Short Period].
AB  - We report a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)from an intracranial vertebral
      artery(VA)dissection in a patient with fibromuscular dysplasia(FMD)who presented
      with headache. A 54-year-old woman complained of spontaneous occipital headache.
      The dilatation of the left VA was detected on magnetic resonance
      angiography(MRA). She was diagnosed with left VA dissection(headache onset type).
      After sudden onset of headache on the second day of hospitalization, her
      consciousness level, as defined by the Japan Coma Scale, was 300. Computed
      tomography(CT)revealed SAH. Cerebral angiography showed the dilatation of the
      left intracranial VA and contrast material pooling, which was suspected to be a
      sign of dissection. We performed VA intravascular ligation by coil embolization.
      The postoperative course was good but postoperative MRA revealed arterial wall
      irregularities in both the extra cranial internal carotid artery and the right
      VA. Cerebral angiography showed the presence of the string-of-beads sign at these
      arteries. She was diagnosed with FMD. SAH might develop during the follow-up
      period in patients with VA dissection, even those in whom the initial symptom is
      headache. In addition, cases of FMD might also be complicated by various lesions
      of the main trunk of the cerebral artery. 

PMID- 27384120
TI  - [A Case of Cardiac Arrest Caused by Coronary Spasm Related to Induction of
      General Anesthesia before Carotid Endarterectomy].
AB  - Coronary vasospasm(CV)can cause severe arrhythmia and myocardial infarction(MI).
      Intraoperative CV is not limited to cardiac surgery alone. We report the case of
      a patient who experienced cardiac arrest after the induction of general
      anesthesia, but did not demonstrate any abnormalities on preoperative
      examination. The patient was a 60-year-old man with no history of ischemic heart
      disease, with NASCET 80% asymptomatic left internal carotid stenosis(ICS). We
      decided to perform carotid endarterectomy(CEA). Preoperative stress myocardial
      scintigraphy did not reveal decreased local uptake. General anesthesia was
      rapidly induced with propofol and remifentanil, and maintained with sevoflurane.
      Shortly before the start of CEA, systolic blood pressure dropped to 80 mmHg.
      Electrocardiography indicated decreased ST, followed by an increase, after which
      complete atrioventricular block occurred. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was
      initiated immediately as the patient's pulse was not palpable;heart beat resumed
      quickly. CEA was canceled. CV was suspected by the test of nitrate administration
      to coronary artery performed afterwards. A temporary pacemaker was inserted and
      carotid artery stenting was performed under local anesthesia. Hence, no pacemaker
      was used intraoperatively and no abnormality was observed on electrocardiography.
      In the present case, CV in the coronary artery caused complete atrioventricular
      block, leading to cardiac arrest after inducing general anesthesia. For ICS
      treatment performed under general anesthesia, care must be taken regarding the
      possibility of the occurrence of CV. 

PMID- 27384121
TI  - [A Case of Depressed Skull Fracture Involving only the Inner Table].
AB  - Depressed skull fracture commonly results from trauma and usually occurs
      following high-speed impact with a small object. The outer and inner tables of
      the skull typically break concurrently. We present a case of depressed skull
      fracture involving only the inner table. The case resulted in a good outcome with
      only conservative treatment, although the mechanism remained unclear. Fracture
      models of cadavers have been the main tool for biomechanical investigation, but
      this classical method cannot accurately measure mechanical factors. We utilized a
      computer simulation model to assess the human head following skull fracture. This
      is the first report of an inner table fracture;the fracture mechanism was
      determined using a simulated computer model. 

PMID- 27384122
TI  - [Update Knowledge for Brain Tumors(8)Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma].

PMID- 27384125
TI  - Multistable Shape-Reconfigurable Architected Materials.
AB  - Multistable shape-reconfigurable architected materials encompassing living hinges
      and enabling combinations of high strength, high volumetric change, and complex
      shape-morphing patterns are introduced. Analytical and numerical investigations,
      validated by experiments, are performed to characterize the mechanical behavior
      of the proposed materials. The proposed architected materials can be constructed
      from virtually any base material, at any length scale and dimensionality.

PMID- 27384126
TI  - Ligand-Promoted Meta-C-H Arylation of Anilines, Phenols, and Heterocycles.
AB  - Here we report the development of a versatile 3-acetylamino-2-hydroxypyridine
      class of ligands that promote meta-C-H arylation of anilines, heterocyclic
      aromatic amines, phenols, and 2-benzyl heterocycles using norbornene as a
      transient mediator. More than 120 examples are presented, demonstrating this
      ligand scaffold enables a wide substrate and coupling partner scope. Meta-C-H
      arylation with heterocyclic aryl iodides as coupling partners is also realized
      for the first time using this ligand. The utility for this transformation for
      drug discovery is showcased by allowing the meta-C-H arylation of a lenalidomide
      derivative. The first steps toward a silver-free protocol for this reaction are
      also demonstrated.

PMID- 27384127
TI  - aMAP is a validated pipeline for registration and segmentation of high-resolution
      mouse brain data.
AB  - The validation of automated image registration and segmentation is crucial for
      accurate and reliable mapping of brain connectivity and function in three
      dimensional (3D) data sets. While validation standards are necessarily high and
      routinely met in the clinical arena, they have to date been lacking for high
      resolution microscopy data sets obtained from the rodent brain. Here we present a
      tool for optimized automated mouse atlas propagation (aMAP) based on clinical
      registration software (NiftyReg) for anatomical segmentation of high-resolution
      3D fluorescence images of the adult mouse brain. We empirically evaluate aMAP as
      a method for registration and subsequent segmentation by validating it against
      the performance of expert human raters. This study therefore establishes a
      benchmark standard for mapping the molecular function and cellular connectivity
      of the rodent brain.

PMID- 27384128
TI  - Photoelectrocatalytic inactivation of fecal coliform bacteria in urban wastewater
      using nanoparticulated films of TiO2 and TiO2/Ag.
AB  - Photocatalysis has shown the ability to inactivate a wide range of harmful
      microorganisms with traditional use of chlorination. Photocatalysis combined with
      applied bias potential (photoelectrocatalysis) increases the efficiency of
      photocatalysis and decreases the charge recombination. This work examines the
      inactivation of fecal coliform bacteria present in real urban wastewater by
      photoelectrocatalysis using nanoparticulated films of TiO2 and TiO2/Ag (4%w/w)
      under UV light irradiation. The catalysts were prepared with different
      thicknesses by the sol-gel method and calcined at 400 degrees C and 600 degrees
      C. The urban wastewater samples were collected from the sedimentation tank
      effluent of the university sewage treatment facility. The rate of bacteria
      inactivation increases with increasing the applied potential and film
      thicknesses; also, the presence of silver on the catalyst surface annealed at 400
      degrees C shows better inactivation than that at 600 degrees C. Finally, a
      structural cell damage of Escherichia coli (DH5alpha), inoculated in water, is
      observed during the photoelectrocatalytic process.

PMID- 27384129
TI  - mCSM-lig: quantifying the effects of mutations on protein-small molecule affinity
      in genetic disease and emergence of drug resistance.
AB  - The ability to predict how a mutation affects ligand binding is an essential step
      in understanding, anticipating and improving the design of new treatments for
      drug resistance, and in understanding genetic diseases. Here we present mCSM-lig,
      a structure-guided computational approach for quantifying the effects of single
      point missense mutations on affinities of small molecules for proteins. mCSM-lig
      uses graph-based signatures to represent the wild-type environment of mutations,
      and small-molecule chemical features and changes in protein stability as evidence
      to train a predictive model using a representative set of protein-ligand
      complexes from the Platinum database. We show our method provides a very good
      correlation with experimental data (up to rho = 0.67) and is effective in
      predicting a range of chemotherapeutic, antiviral and antibiotic resistance
      mutations, providing useful insights for genotypic screening and to guide drug
      development. mCSM-lig also provides insights into understanding Mendelian disease
      mutations and as a tool for guiding protein design. mCSM-lig is freely available
      as a web server at http://structure.bioc.cam.ac.uk/mcsm_lig.

PMID- 27384131
TI  - Qualitative analysis of major constituents from Xue Fu Zhu Yu Decoction using
      ultra high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid ion trap time-of-flight
      mass spectrometry.
AB  - Xue Fu Zhu Yu Decoction, a famous formula that has been used for treating many
      blood stasis-caused diseases for many centuries, comprises 11 kinds of
      traditional Chinese medicines. A convenient, efficient, and rapid analytical
      method was developed to simultaneously determine the major compounds in this
      decoction. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with hybrid ion trap
      time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was used to rapidly separate and detect
      the major constituents of the decoction. Using this technique, we identified or
      tentatively identified 34 compounds, including 21 flavonoids, 5 terpenoids, 3
      organic acids, 2 lactones, 1 alkaloid, 1 amino acid, and 1 cyanogenic glycoside.
      The MS analysis of these constituents was described in detail. Findings may
      contribute to future metabolic and pharmacokinetic studies of this medicine. 

PMID- 27384132
TI  - A Decennary Journey towards the Efficient Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Highly
      Functionalized Ketones.
AB  - Around 2006, our group launched a long-term project on the asymmetric
      hydrogenation of functionalized ketones by using ruthenium complexes with SunPhos
      ligands. In this review, we recount the burgeoning and blossoming of this
      project. At the outset, we attempted some benchmark reactions with an array of
      monofunctionalized ketones, including alpha- and beta-keto esters/amides, beta
      keto sulfones, phosphonates, and alpha-hydroxy ketones. For alpha-keto esters and
      amides, we discovered that CeCl3 *7H2 O was an efficient additive for both
      activity and enantioselectivity. The element iodine was found to be a valid
      additive for beta-keto sulfones. beta,gamma-Unsaturated alpha-keto acids and
      esters were also hydrogenated to the saturated chiral blocks with good
      enantioselectivity and a high turnover number. For the alpha-substituted beta
      keto esters and phosphonates, exceptionally high stereoselectivity was achieved
      through dynamic kinetic resolution. Based on these incipient successes, we
      diverted to bifunctionalized ketone substrates, such as gamma-heteroatom
      substituted beta-keto esters and delta-ketal-beta-keto esters. For the delta
      ketal-beta-keto esters, CaCO3 was added to stabilize the delta-ketal groups,
      which ensured the formation of delta-ketal-beta-hydroxy esters in good yields and
      high ee values. More interestingly, gamma-halo-gamma,delta-unsaturated-beta-keto
      esters were hydrogenated to afford highly enantiopure chiral allyl alcohols under
      mild and neutral conditions. The distance effect of the directing groups was
      investigated in beta-, gamma-, and delta-keto amides; the last two were
      hydrogenated with the Ru-SunPhos-diamine system. To implement the pinpoint
      recognition of two carbonyl groups in similar chemical propinquity, we compared
      the reaction rates of different beta-keto acid derivatives. THF was found to be a
      helpful coordinative solvent to control the chemo- and enantioselectivity for
      more challenging polycarbonyl substrates, such as 3-oxo glutaric acid
      derivatives, beta,delta-diketo carboxamides, and gamma-heteroatom-substituted
      beta-diketones. The effects of solvents and heteroatoms in these substrates were
      also studied. Applications of these hydrogenation reactions were also exemplified
      by the employment of the products for important pharmaceutical syntheses.

PMID- 27384133
TI  - Photosalient Effect of a Diarylethene with a Perfluorocyclohexene Ring.
AB  - Crystals of a diarylethene with a perfluorocyclohexene ring exhibit a remarkable
      photosalient effect upon UV light irradiation that is attributed to the
      structural changes that occur when going from open- to closed-ring isomers in the
      crystalline state, together with the existence of two conformers with different
      photoconversions compared with those of a perfluorocyclopentene derivative. Our
      current results give a design principle for molecular structures so as to achieve
      the photosalient effect for photochromic crystals. 

PMID- 27384134
TI  - Comparative Study of Heparin-Poloxamer Hydrogel Modified bFGF and aFGF for in
      Vivo Wound Healing Efficiency.
AB  - Wound therapy remains a clinical challenge. Incorporation of growth factors (GFs)
      into heparin-functionalized polymer hydrogel is considered as a promising
      strategy to improve wound healing efficiency. However, different GFs
      incorporation into the same heparin-based hydrogels often lead to different wound
      healing effects, and the underlying GF-induced wound healing mechanisms still
      remain elusive. Herein, we developed a thermos-sensitive heparin-poloxamer (HP)
      hydrogel to load and deliver different GFs (aFGF and bFGF) for wound healing in
      vivo. The resulting GFs-based hydrogels with and without HP hydrogels were
      systematically evaluated and compared for their wound healing efficiency by
      extensive in vivo tests, including wound closure rate, granulation formation, re
      epithelization, cell proliferation, collagen, and angiogenesis expressions. While
      all GFs-based dressings with and without HP hydrogels exhibited better wound
      healing efficacy than controls, both HP-aFGF and HP-bFGF hydrogels demonstrated
      their superior healing activity to improve wound closure, granulation formation,
      re-epithelization, and blood vessel density by up-regulation of PCNA
      proliferation and collagen synthesis, as compared to GF dressings alone. More
      importantly, HP-aFGF dressings exhibited the higher healing efficacy than HP-bFGF
      dressings, indicating that different a/bFGF surface properties lead to different
      binding and release behaviors in HP hydrogels, both of which will affect
      different wound healing efficiency. On the basis of experimental observations,
      the working mechanisms of different healing effects of HP-GFs on full skin
      removal wound were proposed. This work provides different views of the design and
      development of an effective hydrogel-based delivery system for GFs toward rapid
      wound healing. 

PMID- 27384135
TI  - Thromboembolism in patients with congenital afibrinogenaemia. Long-term
      observational data and systematic review.
AB  - Frequent arterial and venous thromboembolism in patients with congenital
      afibrinogenaemia (CA) is neither understood nor is a safe and effective treatment
      established. It was our objective to report on the clinical observations and
      laboratory data contributing to the understanding of the frequency,
      physiopathology, prognosis and treatment of CA. We observed the long-term
      clinical course and laboratory data in a cohort of four patients with CA and
      thromboembolic complications, and conducted a systematic review retrieving all
      available data. Four patients with CA developed recurrent and extensive arterial
      and venous thromboembolism (TE) from an age of 25-51 years. In two patients, a
      treatment strategy targeting at maintaining constantly measurable fibrinogen
      (Fbg) levels (>=0.5 g/l) either by regular Fbg replacement or by orthotopic liver
      transplantation resulted in long-term remissions. Radiological imaging documented
      resolved arterial thrombi after 6-12 months. In contrast, recurrent
      thromboembolic events were observed in two other patients with infrequent Fbg
      replacement. A systematic review of the literature revealed 48 reports of TE in
      patients with CA (median age at first event 31 years), and a favourable outcome
      in most patients with frequent application of Fbg, aimed at constantly measurable
      trough levels. Present data suggests that patients with CA are at high risk of
      arterial and venous thromboembolic events, probably caused by thrombin excess
      owing to lack of thrombin scavenging by Fbg/fibrin. Regular low-dose Fbg
      replacement might be a safe and effective treatment option in patients with CA
      and thromboembolic complications.

PMID- 27384147
TI  - Molecular Applications of a Size-Consistent State-Specific Multireference
      Perturbation Theory with Relaxed Model-Space Coefficients.
AB  - We explore in this paper the efficacy of the Rayleigh-Schrodinger (RS) and the
      Brillouin-Wigner (BW) perturbative counterparts of our recently developed
      multireference state-specific coupled-cluster formalism (SS-MRCC) with a complete
      active space (CAS). It is size-extensive and is designed to avoid intruders. The
      parent SS-MRCC method uses a sum-of-exponentials type of Ansatz for the wave
      operator. The redundancy inherent in such a choice is resolved by postulating
      suitable sufficiency conditions which at the same time ensure size-extensivity
      and size-consistency. The combining coefficients c MU for phiMU's are completely
      relaxed and are obtained by diagonalizing an effective operator in the model
      space, one root of which is the target eigenvalue of our interest. By invokation
      of a suitable partitioning of the Hamiltonian, very convenient perturbative
      versions of the formalism in both the RS and the BW forms are developed for the
      second-order energy. The unperturbed Hamiltonian is akin to the Epstein-Nesbet
      type when at least one of the orbitals is inactive and is the entire active
      portion of the Hamiltonian when all the orbitals involved are active.
      Illustrative numerical applications are presented for potential energy surfaces
      (PES) of a number of model and realistic systems where intruders exist and for
      molecules in their ground states with pronounced multireference character. Single
      reference MBPT and effective Hamiltonian-based multireference MBPT second-order
      results are also presented for comparisons. The results indicate the smooth
      performance of our state-specific perturbative formalisms in and around the
      region of intruders in the PES, indicating their suitability in bypassing
      intruders. In contrast, the effective Hamiltonian-based MBPT methods behave
      poorly in the regions of intruders. 

PMID- 27384148
TI  - Competition between Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer during Specific Anion
      Recognition by Dihomooxacalix[4]arene Bidentate Ureas.
AB  - Competition between hydrogen bonding and proton transfer reactions was studied
      for systems composed of electrogenerated dianionic species from dinitrobenzene
      isomers and substituted dihomooxacalix[4]arene bidentate urea derivatives. To
      analyze this competition, a second-order ErCrCi mechanism was considered where
      the binding process is succeeded by proton transfer and the voltammetric
      responses depend on two dimensionless parameters: the first related to hydrogen
      bonding reactions, and the second one to proton transfer processes. Experimental
      results indicated that, upon an increase in the concentration of phenyl
      substituted dihomooxacalix[4]arene bidentate urea, voltammetric responses evolve
      from diffusion-controlled waves (where the binding process is at chemical
      equilibrium) into irreversible kinetic responses associated with proton transfer.
      In particular, the 1,3-dinitrobenzene isomer showed a higher proton transfer rate
      constant (~25 M(-1) s(-1)) compared to that of the 1,2-dinitrobenzene (~5 M(-1)
      s(-1)), whereas the 1,4-dinitrobenzene did not show any proton transfer effect in
      the experimental conditions employed.

PMID- 27384149
TI  - Rapid improvement of Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at 3 months predicts
      a preferable CDAI outcome at 1 year in active rheumatoid arthritis patients
      treated with tocilizumab: results from an observational investigation of daily
      clinical practice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at
      three months predicts a preferable CDAI outcome at one year in patients with
      active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with tocilizumab (TCZ). METHODS: Seventy
      eight RA patients in the Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, whose disease activities at
      baseline were moderate to high as estimated by the CDAI and who had received 8
      mg/kg of TCZ every four weeks, were consecutively enrolled in this study from
      April 2008 to March 2011. The association of the CDAI at three months with that
      at one year was examined by the Cochran-Armitage test. The variables at baseline
      and at three months that were predictive of remission or low disease activity
      (LDA) according to the CDAI at one year were assessed by logistic regression
      analysis. RESULTS: Most of the patients (40 out of 44: 91%), whose CDAI at three
      months showed remission or LDA continued to show remission or LDA at one year.
      Disease activity at three months significantly correlated with the frequency of
      LDA or remission at one year (p<0.0001). Logistic regression analysis revealed
      that only remission or LDA at three months as determined by the CDAI was
      predictive of remission or LDA at one year as determined by the CDAI (odds ratio
      33.2, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A preferable clinical outcome as estimated by the
      CDAI at one year in active RA patients treated with TCZ is predicted by the CDAI
      at three months, suggesting that the treat-to-target strategy carried out using
      the CDAI can be used in clinical practice in these patients.

PMID- 27384151
TI  - Sealing procedures for preterm prelabour rupture of membranes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) complicates
      approximately 2% of pregnancies and can be either spontaneous or iatrogenic in
      nature. Complications of PPROM include prematurity, chorioamnionitis, neonatal
      sepsis, limb position defects, respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary
      hypoplasia chronic lung disease, periventricular leukomalacia and
      intraventricular haemorrhage.A number of different sealing techniques have been
      employed which aim to restore a physical barrier against infection and encourage
      the re-accumulation of amniotic fluid. Routine use of sealants is currently not
      recommended due to a lack of sufficient evidence to support the safety and
      effectiveness of such interventions. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of sealing
      techniques following PPROM against each other, or versus standard care (including
      no sealant), on maternal and neonatal outcomes. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the
      Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 May 2016) and
      reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi
      randomised controlled trials comparing different techniques for sealing preterm
      prelabour ruptured membranes. Cluster-randomised trials and trials using a cross
      over design were not eligible for inclusion in this review. We planned to include
      abstracts when sufficient information was provided. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:
      Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and assessed trial
      quality. Two review authors independently extracted data. Data were checked for
      accuracy. MAIN RESULTS: We included two studies (involving 141 women - with data
      from 124 women). We considered both studies as being at high risk of bias. Meta
      analysis was not possible because the included studies examined different
      interventions (both in comparison with standard care) and reported on few, but
      different, outcomes. One study compared cervical adapter (mechanical sealing),
      and the other study examined an immunological membrane sealant. Neither of the
      included studies reported on this review's primary outcome of interest -
      perinatal mortality. Similarly, data were not reported for the majority of this
      review's secondary infant and maternal outcomes. Cervical adapter (mechanical
      sealing) versus standard care (one study, data from 35 participants)No data were
      reported for this review's primary outcome - perinatal mortality. Data were
      reported for few of this review's infant or maternal secondary outcomes.There was
      no clear difference between the mechanical sealing group and the standard care
      control in relation to the incidence of neonatal sepsis (risk ratio (RR) 1.19,
      95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28 to 5.09 (very low-quality evidence)) or
      chorioamnionitis (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.28 to 5.09 (very low-quality evidence)). Oral
      immunological membrane sealant versus standard care (one study, data from 94
      participants)No data were available for perinatal mortality (this review's
      primary outcome) or for the majority of this review's infant and maternal
      secondary outcomes. Compared to standard care, the immunological membrane sealant
      was associated with a reduction in preterm birth less than 37 weeks (RR 0.48, 95%
      CI 0.34 to 0.68 (very low-quality evidence)) and a reduction in neonatal death
      (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.75 (very low-quality evidence)). However, there was no
      clear difference between groups in terms of neonatal sepsis (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.28
      to 1.46 (very low-quality evidence)) or respiratory distress syndrome (RR 0.64,
      95% CI 0.28 to 1.46 (very low-quality evidence)). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is
      insufficient evidence to evaluate sealing procedures for PPROM. There were no
      data relating to this review's primary outcome (perinatal mortality) and the
      majority of our infant and maternal secondary outcomes were not reported in the
      two included studies.There was limited evidence to suggest that an immunological
      membrane sealant was associated with a reduction in preterm birth at less than 37
      weeks and neonatal death, but these results should be interpreted with caution as
      this is based on one small study, with a high risk of bias, and the intervention
      has not been tested in other studies.Although midtrimester PPROM is not a rare
      occurrence, there are only a small amount of published data addressing the
      benefits and risks of sealing procedures. Most of these studies are retrospective
      and cohort based and could therefore not be included in our data-analysis.This
      review highlights the paucity of prospective randomised trials in this area.
      Current evidence provides limited information both on effectiveness and safety
      for the interventions described. Given the paucity of high-quality data, we
      recommend that future research efforts focus on the conduct of randomised trials
      assessing the effect of promising interventions that have been only evaluated to
      date in cohort studies (e.g. amniopatch). Future trials should address outcomes
      including perinatal mortality, preterm birth, neonatal death, respiratory
      distress syndrome, neonatal sepsis and developmental delay. They should also
      evaluate maternal outcomes including sepsis, mode of delivery, length of hospital
      stay and emotional well-being.

PMID- 27384150
TI  - Why motor proteins team up - Intraflagellar transport in C. elegans cilia.
AB  - Inside the cell, vital processes such as cell division and intracellular
      transport are driven by the concerted action of different molecular motor
      proteins. In C. elegans chemosensory cilia, 2 kinesin-2 family motor proteins,
      kinesin-II and OSM-3, team up to drive intraflagellar transport (IFT) in the
      anterograde direction, from base to tip, whereas IFT dynein hitchhikes toward the
      tip and subsequently drives IFT in the opposite, retrograde direction, thereby
      recycling both kinesins. While it is evident that at least a retrograde and an
      anterograde motor are necessary to drive IFT, it has remained puzzling why 2 same
      polarity kinesins are employed. Recently, we addressed this question by combining
      advanced genome-engineering tools with ultrasensitive, quantitative fluorescence
      microscopy to study IFT with single-molecule sensitivity.(1,2) Using this
      combination of approaches, we uncovered a differentiation in kinesin-2 function,
      in which the slower kinesin-II operates as an 'importer', loading IFT trains into
      the cilium before gradually handing them over to the faster OSM-3. OSM-3
      subsequently acts as a long-range 'transporter', driving the IFT trains toward
      the tip. The two kinesin-2 motors combine their unique motility properties to
      achieve something neither motor can achieve on its own; that is to optimize the
      amount of cargo inside the cilium. In this commentary, we provide detailed
      insight into the rationale behind our research approach and comment on our recent
      findings. Moreover, we discuss the role of IFT dynein and provide an outlook on
      future studies. 

PMID- 27384153
TI  - Temperature-dependent annuloselectivity and stereochemistry in the reactions of
      methanesulfonyl sulfene with imines.
AB  - The annuloselectivity in the reactions of methanesulfonyl sulfene and imines
      varies with temperature. At a relatively higher temperature of 20  degrees C, the
      [2(s) + 2(i)] annulation of different N-alkyl imines occurs exclusively, giving
      four-membered trans-beta-sultams in up to 69% yields. At a lower temperature of 
      78  degrees C, the [2(s) + 2(i) + 2(i)] annulation of N-methyl imines takes place
      specifically, delivering six-membered 1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxides, 4-aza-delta
      sultams, in up to 80% yields, with diverse configurations at the C3, C5, and C6
      stereocenters. The trans-stereochemistry involved in the [2(s) + 2(i)]
      annulations is attributed to the conrotatory ring closure of the
      thermodynamically stable 2,3-thiazabutadiene-type zwitterionic intermediates,
      while the diverse stereochemical outcomes in the [2(s) + 2(i) + 2(i)] annulations
      are caused by the iminium isomerization in the stepwise nucleophilic [4 + 2]
      annulation between the same zwitterionic intermediates and a second molecule of N
      methyl imines. 

PMID- 27384152
TI  - miR-7a/b attenuates post-myocardial infarction remodeling and protects H9c2
      cardiomyoblast against hypoxia-induced apoptosis involving Sp1 and PARP-1.
AB  - miRs (microRNAs, miRNAs) intricately regulate physiological and pathological
      processes. Although miR-7a/b protects against cardiomyocyte injury in
      ischemia/reperfusion injury, the function of miR-7a/b in myocardial infarction
      (MI)-induced cardiac remodeling remains unclear. Here, we sought to investigate
      the function of miR-7a/b in post-MI remodeling in a mouse model and to determine
      the underlying mechanisms involved. miR-7a/b overexpression improved cardiac
      function, attenuated cardiac remodeling and reduced fibrosis and apoptosis,
      whereas miR-7a/b silencing caused the opposite effects. Furthermore, miR-7a/b
      overexpression suppressed specific protein 1 (Sp1) and poly (ADP-ribose)
      polymerase (PARP-1) expression both in vivo and in vitro, and a luciferase
      reporter activity assay showed that miR-7a/b could directly bind to Sp1.
      Mithramycin, an inhibitor of the DNA binding activity of Sp1, effectively
      repressed PARP-1 and caspase-3, whereas knocking down miR-7a/b partially
      counteracted these beneficial effects. Additionally, an immunoprecipitation assay
      indicated that hypoxia triggered activation of the binding activity of Sp1 to the
      promoters of PARP-1 and caspase-3, which is abrogated by miR-7a/b. In summary,
      these findings identified miR-7a/b as protectors of cardiac remodeling and
      hypoxia-induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts involving Sp1 and PARP-1.

PMID- 27384154
TI  - Early Postnatal Manganese Exposure Causes Lasting Impairment of Selective and
      Focused Attention and Arousal Regulation in Adult Rats.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies in children and adolescents have associated early
      developmental manganese (Mn) exposure with inattention, impulsivity,
      hyperactivity, and oppositional behaviors, but causal inferences are precluded by
      the correlational nature of the data and generally limited control for potential
      confounders. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether early postnatal oral Mn exposure
      causes lasting attentional and impulse control deficits in adulthood, and whether
      continued lifelong Mn exposure exacerbates these effects, using a rat model of
      environmental Mn exposure. METHODS: Neonates were exposed orally to 0, 25 or 50
      mg Mn/kg/day during early postnatal life (PND 1-21) or throughout life from PND 1
      until the end of the study. In adulthood, the animals were tested on a series of
      learning and attention tasks using the five-choice serial reaction time task.
      RESULTS: Early postnatal Mn exposure caused lasting attentional dysfunction due
      to impairments in attentional preparedness, selective attention, and arousal
      regulation, whereas associative ability (learning) and impulse control were
      spared. The presence and severity of these deficits varied with the dose and
      duration of Mn exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show that
      developmental Mn exposure can cause lasting impairments in focused and selective
      attention and arousal regulation, and to identify the specific nature of the
      impairments. Given the importance of attention and arousal regulation in
      cognitive functioning, these findings substantiate concerns about the adverse
      effects of developmental Mn exposure in humans. Citation: Beaudin SA, Strupp BJ,
      Strawderman M, Smith DR. 2017. Early postnatal manganese exposure causes lasting
      impairment of selective and focused attention and arousal regulation in adult
      rats. Environ Health Perspect 125:230-237; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP258.

PMID- 27384155
TI  - Association between Metformin Use and Survival in Nonmetastatic Rectal Cancer
      Treated with a Curative Resection: A Nationwide Population Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: Metformin is associated with an anticancer effect. However, the effects
      of metformin in rectal cancer are controversial. This study investigated the
      impact of metformin on the survival of patients with diabetes mellitus and
      nonmetastatic rectal cancer who underwent curative surgery. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: The database was provided by the Korea Center Cancer Registry and
      National Health Insurance Service of the Republic of Korea. A cohort of patients
      with newly diagnosed rectal cancer between 2005 and 2011 was identified. Drug
      exposure was defined as receiving the oral hypoglycemic agent for at least 90
      days over the period from 6 months before the initial diagnosis of rectal cancer
      to the last follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 4,503 patients were prescribed oral
      hypoglycemic agents and classified as the diabetic group, of which 3,694 patients
      received metformin for at least 90 days. Unadjusted analyses showed a
      significantly higher overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.596; 95% confidence
      interval, 0.506 to 0.702) and rectal cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio,
      0.621; 95% confidence interval, 0.507 to 0.760) in the metformin group than in
      the nonmetformin group. The adjusted overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.631; 95%
      confidence interval, 0.527 to 0.755) and cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio,
      0.598; 95% confidence interval, 0.479 to 0.746) in the group with a medication
      possession ratio of 80% or greater was significantly higher than in the group
      with a medication possession ratio of less than 80%. CONCLUSION: Metformin use is
      associated with overall and cancer-specific survival in diabetic patients with a
      nonmetastatic rectal cancer treated with a curative resection.

PMID- 27384156
TI  - Paired Primary and Metastatic Tumor Analysis of Somatic Mutations in Synchronous
      and Metachronous Colorectal Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Although the mutation status of KRAS is highly concordant in primary and
      metastatic lesions, it has not been generalized to other major pathway genes.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 41 genes were evaluated and the mutational
      profiles were compared in 46 colorectal cancer patients with paired surgical
      specimens of primary and metastatic lesions: synchronous (n=27) and metachronous
      (n=19) lesions. A high-throughput mass spectrometry-based genotyping platform
      validated by orthogonal chemistry, OncoMap v.4.4, was used to evaluate the
      formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens. The patients' demographics,
      tumor characteristics, and microsatellite instability status were analyzed by a
      retrospective chart review. RESULTS: In this study,with OncoMap, mutationswere
      identified in 80.4% of patientswith the following frequency: KRAS (39.1%), TP53
      (28.3%), APC (28.3%), PIK3CA (6.5%), BRAF (6.5%), and NRAS (4.3%). Although 19.6%
      (9/46) of the patients showed no gene mutations, 43.5% (20/46) and 37.0% (17/46)
      had mutations in one and two or more genes, respectively. The synchronous and
      metachronous lesions showed similar mutational profiles. Paired samples between
      primary and metastatic tumors differed in 7.4% (2/27) and 10.5% (2/19) for
      synchronous and metachronous according to OncoMap. CONCLUSION: These findings
      indicate the major pathway genes, including KRAS, TP53, APC, PIK3CA, BRAF, and
      NRAS, are often concordant between the primary and metastatic lesions regardless
      of the temporal relationship of metastasis.

PMID- 27384157
TI  - Clinicopathological Features of Low-Grade Thyroid-like Nasopharyngeal Papillary
      Adenocarcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: Primary low-grade thyroid-like papillary adenocarcinomas are extremely
      rare neoplasms that generally originate in the nasopharynx. Here, we describe a
      novel case of a 15-year-old Chinese girl who was diagnosed with low-grade thyroid
      like papillary adenocarcinoma, including a brief review of the literature to
      reveal the clinicopathological features of low-grade thyroid-like nasopharyngeal
      papillary adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to
      evaluate the expression of pan-cytokeratin (CKpan), cytokeratin (CK) 7, thyroid
      transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), vimentin, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA),
      thyroglobulin, CD15, S100, P40, CK20, CDX-2, glial fibrillary acidic protein
      (GFAP), and Ki-67. Additionally, in situ hybridization investigation was utilized
      to identify the presence of small Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded RNA. RESULTS:
      Histopathological analysis revealed florid proliferation of papillary structures
      lined by columnar epithelial cells with fibrovascular cores.
      Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for CKpan, CK7, TTF-1,
      vimentin, and EMA, but negative for thyroglobulin, CD15, S100, P40, CK20, CDX-2,
      and GFAP. The Ki-67-labeling index reached 5% in the most concentrated spot. In
      situ hybridization for EBV was negative. CONCLUSION: Due to the distinct rarity
      of low-grade thyroid-like papillary adenocarcinomaswith a favorable clinical
      outcome, a nationwide effort to raise public awareness of this neoplasm is
      required.

PMID- 27384158
TI  - Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer in Elderly and Non-elderly
      Patients: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study evaluated the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy on elderly
      patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) using meta-analysis of well-designed
      randomized controlled clinical studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Embase,
      and Cochrane were searched to retrieve clinical studies evaluating the benefits
      of adjuvant chemotherapy in the elderly with AGC. Hazards ratios (HRs) with 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled across studies using a fixed-effects
      model. RESULTS: Two studies were included in this meta-analysis to estimate HR
      for the overall survival (OS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) between adjuvant
      chemotherapy and surgery in elderly and non-elderly patients. HR for OS in the
      elderly and non-elderly was 0.745 (95% CI, 0.552 to 1.006, p=0.055) and 0.636
      (95% CI, 0.522 to 0.776; p < 0.001), respectively, which showed no heterogeneity
      regarding HR between the two groups (pinteraction=0.389). HR for RFS in the
      elderly and non-elderly was 0.613 (95% CI, 0.466 to 0.806; p < 0.001) and 0.633
      (95% CI, 0.533 to 0.753; p < 0.001), respectively (pinteraction=0.846).
      CONCLUSION: Meta-analysis suggests that the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy to
      the elderly is not big enough to reach statistical significance while the HR for
      OS is less than 1 (0.745) and no heterogeneity are observed regarding the HR
      between the elderly and non-elderly patients.

PMID- 27384159
TI  - Tumor Stage-Related Role of Radiotherapy in Patients with an External Auditory
      Canal and Middle Ear Carcinoma.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of
      patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) for a carcinoma of the external auditory
      canal (EAC) and middle ear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 32 patients who
      received RT from 1990 to 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. The Pittsburgh
      classification was used to stage all the cancers (early stage, T1/T2 [n=12];
      advanced stage, T3/T4 or N positive [n=20]). Twenty-one patients (65.6%) were
      treated with postoperative RT and 11 patients (34.4%) were treated with
      definitive RT. The median radiation doses for postoperative and definitive RT
      were 60 Gy and 64.8 Gy, respectively. Chemotherapy was administered to seven
      patients (21.9%). RESULTS: The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival
      rates for all patients were 57% and 52%, respectively. The disease control rates
      for the patients with early stage versus advanced stage carcinomawere 55.6% (5/9)
      and 50% (6/12) in the postoperative RT group and 66.7% (2/3) and 37.5% (3/8) in
      the definitive RT group, respectively. Overall, 15 cases (14 patients, 46.7%)
      experienced treatment failure; these failures were classified as local in four
      cases, regional in one case, and distant in 10 cases. The median follow-up period
      after RT was 51 months (range, 7 to 286 months). CONCLUSION: Patients with early
      stage carcinoma achieved better outcomes when definitive RT was used. Advanced
      stage carcinoma patients experienced better outcomes with postoperative RT. The
      high rate of distant failure after RT, with or without surgery, reflected the
      lack of a consensus regarding the best therapeutic approach for treating
      carcinoma of the EAC and middle ear.

PMID- 27384160
TI  - Analysis of the Clinicopathological Characteristics of Gastric Cancer in
      Extremely Old Patients.
AB  - PURPOSE: Gastric cancer is the third-leading cause of cancer-related death in
      Korea. As the Korean population is ageing, the number of extremely old patients
      with this disease is increasing. This study examined the clinicopathological
      characteristics of gastric cancer in extremely old (over 85 years) patients who
      received treatment or conservative observations and compared the treatment
      outcomes according to the treatment modality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of
      170 patients over 85 years of age were diagnosed with gastric cancer. Of these,
      81 underwent treatment for gastric cancer and 89 received conservative
      observations. The clinicopathological characteristics of the treatment and
      conservative groupswere compared. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 86.5
      years. The conservative group included significantly more patients with older
      ages, macroscopically advanced cancer and upper-middle located cancer. The
      overall survival rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than that
      of the conservative group. The disease-specific mortality rate was significantly
      lower in the treatment group than in the conservative group. Multivariate
      analysis revealed the clinical course, alarm sign, and macroscopic classification
      to be independent prognosis factors. CONCLUSION: By itself, the chronological age
      should not be used as a strategy to determine whether treatmentwill be
      administered for gastric cancer. Patients who have early gastric cancer or lower
      risk preexisting comorbidities should not be discouraged from treatment, even if
      they are older than 85 years.

PMID- 27384162
TI  - Treatment of Pulmonary Tumor Embolism from Choriocarcinoma: Extracorporeal
      Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge through Chemotherapy.
AB  - A 22-year-old woman with a 1-month history of shortness of breath that was
      treated as a case of tuberculosis and pulmonary embolism was referred to the
      authors' hospital. Because of the hemodynamic instability in this patient,
      venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was administered in the
      intensive care unit. She underwent a pulmonary embolectomy for the treatment of
      progressive circulatory collapse secondary to a pulmonary embolism. The
      histopathologic result was consistent with a metastatic choriocarcinoma. Despite
      the surgical management, persistent refractory cardiogenic shock occurred.
      Subsequently, the patient was treated with chemotherapy in the presence of ECMO
      and responded well to chemotherapy. She was discharged after 3 months. This case
      suggests that metastatic choriocarcinoma should be considered as a differential
      diagnosis in women of childbearing age presenting with a pulmonary embolism, and
      ECMO may be beneficial in patients with pulmonary embolism for bridging to
      surgical embolectomy and chemotherapy.

PMID- 27384161
TI  - Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with Temozolomide Followed by Adjuvant Temozolomide
      for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Patients: A Retrospective Multicenter
      Observation Study in Korea.
AB  - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and
      survival benefits of combined treatment with radiotherapy and adjuvant
      temozolomide (TMZ) in a Korean sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 750
      Korean patients with histologically confirmed glioblastoma multiforme, who
      received concurrent chemoradiotherapy with TMZ (CCRT) and adjuvant TMZ from
      January 2006 until June 2011, were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: After the
      first operation, a gross total resection (GTR), subtotal resection (STR), partial
      resection (PR), biopsy alone were achieved in 388 (51.7%), 159 (21.2%), 96
      (12.8%), and 107 (14.3%) patients, respectively. The methylation status of O6
      methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) was reviewed retrospectively in 217
      patients. The median follow-up period was 16.3 months and the median overall
      survival (OS) was 17.5 months. The actuarial survival rates at the 1-, 3-, and 5
      year OS were 72.1%, 21.0%, and 9.0%, respectively. The median progression-free
      survival (PFS) was 10.1 months, and the actuarial PFS at 1-, 3-, and 5-year PFS
      were 42.2%, 13.0%, and 7.8%, respectively. The patients who received GTR showed a
      significantly longer OS and PFS than those who received STR, PR, or biopsy alone,
      regardless of the methylation status of the MGMT promoter. Patients with a
      methylated MGMT promoter also showed a significantly longer OS and PFS than those
      with an unmethylated MGMT promoter. Patients who received more than six cycles of
      adjuvant TMZ had a longer OS and PFS than those who received six or fewer cycles.
      Hematologic toxicity of grade 3 or 4 was observed in 8.4% of patients during the
      CCRT period and in 10.2% during the adjuvant TMZ period. CONCLUSION: Patients
      treated with CCRT followed by adjuvant TMZ had more favorable survival rates and
      tolerable toxicity than those who did not undergo this treatment.

PMID- 27384164
TI  - Supervised neural computing solutions for fluorescence identification of
      benzimidazole fungicides. Data and decision fusion strategies.
AB  - Benzimidazole fungicides (BFs) are a type of pesticide of high environmental
      interest characterized by a heavy fluorescence spectral overlap which complicates
      its detection in mixtures. In this paper, we present a computational study based
      on supervised neural networks for a multi-label classification problem.
      Specifically, backpropagation networks (BPNs) with data fusion and ensemble
      schemes are used for the simultaneous resolution of difficult multi-fungicide
      mixtures. We designed, optimized and compared simple BPNs, BPNs with data fusion
      and BPNs ensembles. The information environment used is made up of synchronous
      and conventional BF fluorescence spectra. The mixture spectra are not used in the
      training nor the validation stage. This study allows us to determine the
      convenience of fusioning the labels of carbendazim and benomyl for the
      identification of BFs in complex multi-fungicide mixtures.

PMID- 27384163
TI  - Asian Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal
      Stromal Tumor.
AB  - Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors
      originating in the gastrointestinal tract. With the introduction of molecular
      targeted therapy for GISTs which has yielded remarkable outcomes, these tumors
      have become a model of multidisciplinary oncological treatment. Although Western
      clinical guidelines are available for GISTs, such as those published by the
      National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the European Society of Medical
      Oncology (ESMO), the clinical situations in Asian countries are different from
      those in Western countries in terms of diagnostic methods, surgical approach, and
      availability of new targeted agents. Accordingly, we have reviewed current
      versions of several GIST guidelines published by Asian countries (Japan, Korea,
      China, and Taiwan) and the NCCN and ESMO and discussed the areas of dissensus. We
      here present the first version of the Asian GIST consensus guidelines that were
      prepared through a series of meetings involving multidisciplinary experts in the
      four countries. These guidelines provide an optimal approach to the diagnosis and
      management of GIST patients in Asian countries.

PMID- 27384165
TI  - Prediction of air pollutant concentration based on sparse response back
      propagation training feedforward neural networks.
AB  - In this paper, we predict air pollutant concentration using a feedforward
      artificial neural network inspired by the mechanism of the human brain as a
      useful alternative to traditional statistical modeling techniques. The neural
      network is trained based on sparse response back-propagation in which only a
      small number of neurons respond to the specified stimulus simultaneously and
      provide a high convergence rate for the trained network, in addition to low
      energy consumption and greater generalization. Our method is evaluated on Hong
      Kong air monitoring station data and corresponding meteorological variables for
      which five air quality parameters were gathered at four monitoring stations in
      Hong Kong over 4 years (2012-2015). Our results show that our training method has
      more advantages in terms of the precision of the prediction, effectiveness, and
      generalization of traditional linear regression algorithms when compared with a
      feedforward artificial neural network trained using traditional back-propagation.

PMID- 27384166
TI  - Reductions of bacterial antibiotic resistance through five biological treatment
      processes treated municipal wastewater.
AB  - Wastewater treatment plants are hot spots for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB)
      and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, limited studies have been
      conducted to compare the reductions of ARB and ARGs by various biological
      treatment processes. The study explored the reductions of heterotrophic bacteria
      resistant to six groups of antibiotics (vancomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin,
      cephalexin, tetracycline, and sulfadiazine) and corresponding resistance genes
      (vanA, aacC1, ereA, ampC, tetA, and sulI) by five bench-scale biological
      reactors. Results demonstrated that membrane bioreactor (MBR) and sequencing
      batch reactor (SBR) significantly reduced ARB abundances in the ranges of
      2.80~3.54 log and 2.70~3.13 log, respectively, followed by activated sludge (AS).
      Biological filter (BF) and anaerobic (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, UASB)
      techniques led to relatively low reductions. In contrast, ARGs were not equally
      reduced as ARB. AS and SBR also showed significant potentials on ARGs reduction,
      whilst MBR and UASB could not reduce ARGs effectively. Redundancy analysis
      implied that the purification of wastewater quality parameters (COD, NH4 (+)-N,
      and turbidity) performed a positive correlation to ARB and ARGs reductions. 

PMID- 27384167
TI  - Degradation and ecotoxicity of dye Reactive Black 5 after reductive-oxidative
      process : Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
AB  - This research paper describes the study of a reduction-oxidation system using
      commercial steel wool (Fe0) and H2O2 for degradation of the dye Reactive Black 5
      and aromatic compounds in water. The reductive process alone allowed the almost
      complete removal of color (97 +/- 1 %) after 60 min of reaction. The decrease in
      spectral area (lambda = 599 nm) associated with the chromophore group indicates
      breakage of the azo bonds. Moreover, the significant change in UV spectra can be
      associated with the formation of aromatic amines. Regarding the transformation
      products, a spectrophotometric method based on the diazotization reaction was
      employed to identify aromatic amines after reductive process, using sulfanilic
      acid as a model of aromatic amines. In addition, association with Fenton reagents
      improved the efficiency in the system with 93 +/- 1 % degradation of
      intermediates formed during the reductive process. Ecotoxicological analysis
      revealed that the dye solution, after the reductive and oxidative processes, was
      not toxic to Lactuca sativa seeds. For Daphnia magna, the EC50 (%) values
      observed revealed that dye solution has an EC50(%) = 74.1 and after reductive
      process, the toxicity increased (EC50(%) = 63.5), which might be related to the
      formation of aromatic amines. However, after the Fenton process, the EC50 (%) was
      >100. These results demonstrated that the Fenton reaction using steel wool as an
      iron source was very efficient to decrease color, aromatic transformation
      products, and the ecotoxicity of Reactive Black 5 in solution.

PMID- 27384168
TI  - Erratum to: Neurobehavioral deficits and brain oxidative stress induced by
      chronic low exposure of persistent organic pollutants mixture in adult female
      rat.

PMID- 27384169
TI  - Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First
      Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco.
AB  - Molecular-based analyses showed that extant "ungulate" mammals are polyphyletic
      and belong to the two main clades Afrotheria (Paenungulata) and Laurasiatheria
      (Euungulata: Cetartiodactyla-Perissodactyla). However, paleontological and
      neontological studies hitherto failed to demonstrate the morphological
      convergence of African and Laurasian "ungulate" orders. They support an
      "Altungulata" group including the Laurasian order Perissodactyla and the African
      superorder Paenungulata and characterized especially by quadritubercular and
      bilophodont molars adapted for a folivorous diet. We report new critical fossils
      of one of the few known African condylarth-like mammal, the enigmatic Abdounodus
      from the middle Paleocene of Morocco. They show that Abdounodus and Ocepeia
      display key intermediate morphologies refuting the homology of the fourth main
      cusp of upper molars in Paenungulata and Perissodactyla: Paenungulates
      unexpectedly have a metaconule-derived pseudohypocone, instead of a cingular
      hypocone. Comparative and functional dental anatomy of Abdounodus demonstrates
      indeed the convergence of the quadritubercular and bilophodont pattern in
      "ungulates". Consistently with our reconstruction of the structural evolution of
      paenungulate bilophodonty, the phylogenetic analysis relates Abdounodus and
      Ocepeia to Paenungulata as stem taxa of the more inclusive new clade
      Paenungulatomorpha which is distinct from the Perissodactyla and Anthracobunidae.
      Abdounodus and Ocepeia help to identify the first convincing synapomorphy within
      the Afrotheria-i.e., the pseudohypocone-that demonstrates the morphological
      convergence of African and Laurasian ungulate-like placentals, in agreement with
      molecular phylogeny. Abdounodus and Ocepeia are the only known representatives of
      the early African ungulate radiation predating the divergence of extant
      paenungulate orders. Paenungulatomorpha evolved in Africa since the early
      Tertiary independently from laurasiatherian euungulates and "condylarths" such as
      apheliscids. The rapid early Tertiary radiation of the Afrotheria and
      Paenungulatomorpha, as illustrated by the Paleocene Moroccan mammals, is
      concurrent with that of the Laurasiatheria in a general, explosive mammal
      evolution in both the South and North Tethyan continents following the K/Pg
      event. 

PMID- 27384171
TI  - Chronic Pain, Quality of Life, and Functional Impairment After Surgery Due to
      Small Bowel Obstruction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Emergency laparotomy is a high-risk procedure regarding short-term
      outcomes; however, long-term outcomes are not well described. The aim of this
      study was to determine the frequency of chronic postoperative pain, pain-related
      functional impairment, and incisional hernias and to evaluate the
      gastrointestinal quality of life after emergency laparotomy due to small bowel
      obstruction. METHODS: This study was a questionnaire study, conducted at a major
      gastrointestinal-surgery department in a single tertiary university hospital in
      Denmark. Patients who had been through emergency laparotomy due to small bowel
      obstruction were included in the study. The extent of acute and chronic
      postoperative pain and the prevalence of incisional hernias were examined with
      specially designed questionnaires, while the pain quality was assed by the self
      report version of the S-LANSS-questionnaire. Pain-related functional impairment
      and quality of life were measured using the AAS and the GIQLI questionnaire,
      respectively. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients returned the questionnaire
      (response rate 82 %). Nineteen patients (21 %) suffered from chronic
      postoperative pain. Seventeen patients (19 %) had pain-related functional
      impairment as a result of the surgery, and 17 patients (19 %) had an incisional
      hernia at follow-up. Patients with chronic postoperative pain had significantly
      lower gastrointestinal quality of life score compared with the remaining study
      population (109 (IQR 39) vs. 127 (IQR 19), P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic
      postoperative pain is a common long-term complication after emergency laparotomy,
      and it is related to decreased quality of life. These results should be confirmed
      in prospective studies.

PMID- 27384170
TI  - CENPT bridges adjacent CENPA nucleosomes on young human alpha-satellite dimers.
AB  - Nucleosomes containing the CenH3 (CENPA or CENP-A) histone variant replace H3
      nucleosomes at centromeres to provide a foundation for kinetochore assembly.
      CENPA nucleosomes are part of the constitutive centromere associated network
      (CCAN) that forms the inner kinetochore on which outer kinetochore proteins
      assemble. Two components of the CCAN, CENPC and the histone-fold protein CENPT,
      provide independent connections from the ~171-bp centromeric alpha-satellite
      repeat units to the outer kinetochore. However, the spatial relationship between
      CENPA nucleosomes and these two branches remains unclear. To address this issue,
      we use a base-pair resolution genomic readout of protein-protein interactions,
      comparative chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with sequencing, together with
      sequential ChIP, to infer the in vivo molecular architecture of the human CCAN.
      In contrast to the currently accepted model in which CENPT associates with H3
      nucleosomes, we find that CENPT is centered over the CENPB box between two well
      positioned CENPA nucleosomes on the most abundant centromeric young alpha
      satellite dimers and interacts with the CENPB/CENPC complex. Upon cross-linking,
      the entire CENPA/CENPB/CENPC/CENPT complex is nuclease-protected over an alpha
      satellite dimer that comprises the fundamental unit of centromeric chromatin. We
      conclude that CENPA/CENPC and CENPT pathways for kinetochore assembly are
      physically integrated over young alpha-satellite dimers.

PMID- 27384172
TI  - Preoperative Left Portal Vein Embolization for Left Liver Resection in High-Risk
      Hepatobiliary Malignancy Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) is performed for right
      liver (RL) and sometimes left liver (LL) resection to prevent postoperative
      surgical complications. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 10 patients who
      underwent preoperative left PVE before LL resection for hepatobiliary
      malignancies along with 3 propensity score-matched control groups (n = 40 each).
      RESULTS: Mean patient age was 68.6 +/- 6.9 years. Diagnoses included intrahepatic
      cholangiocarcinoma (n = 4), perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (n = 3), neuroendocrine
      carcinoma (n = 1), recurrent cholangiocarcinoma (n = 1), and inflammatory liver
      mass (n = 1). The reason for left PVE was a large LL >40 % of the total liver
      volume (TLV) with a major comorbidity or age > 70 years with a poor overall
      condition. All patients underwent preplanned operations, including LL resection
      at 1-3 weeks post PVE. The LL volume proportion of the TLV was 44.9 +/- 1.7 and
      40.7 +/- 2.3 % before and after PVE; thus, 1-2 weeks post PVE, the kinetic
      shrinkage rate of the LL was 9.4 +/- 3.3 %, and the kinetic growth rate of the RL
      was 7.6 +/- 2.7 %. The overall surgical complication rates were 40, 50, and 39.2
      % in the left PVE, large LL control, and all three control groups, respectively
      (p >= 0.727). In contrast, the adjusted rates of major complications were 0 % in
      the left PVE group versus 36.8 % (p = 0.040), 25.6 % (p = 0.123), and 15.8 % (p =
      0.295) in the large-, medium-, and small-sized LL control groups, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our experience indicates that left PVE is safe and induces atrophy
      of the LL effectively. We suggest that it can be a useful option to reduce the
      risk of postoperative complications in elderly high-risk patients.

PMID- 27384173
TI  - Interaction of Age at Diagnosis with Transcriptional Profiling in Papillary
      Thyroid Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Age is an important prognostic factor for papillary thyroid cancer
      (PTC). However, little is known about why advanced age is associated with poor
      prognosis. The study investigated the changes in transcriptional profiling
      related to age. METHODS: RNA sequencing data of PTC samples were retrieved from
      The Cancer Genome Atlas data portal. Spearman's correlation was used to test the
      association between age and gene expression. Correlation in the same direction to
      disease severity was considered functionally relevant. Functional enrichment
      analysis and pathway annotations were performed. RESULTS: There was no
      correlation between age and thyroid-specific genes, except for a weak, negative
      association between age and TSHR expression. Among 272 genes with a positive
      association between gene expression and age, the most prominent alteration was
      metabolic pathways, particularly glycolysis. Among 482 genes with a negative
      association between gene expression and age, the most enriched biological process
      was immune-related functions, particularly natural killer cell-mediated
      cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis characterized the age-associated
      molecular landscape in PTC. Metabolic alterations and immune dysregulation are
      probable mechanisms involving in worse prognosis in older patients with PTC.

PMID- 27384174
TI  - Selective Parathyroid Hormone Venous Sampling in Patients with Persistent or
      Recurrent Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Negative, Equivocal or Discordant
      Noninvasive Imaging.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In patients with persistent (P-PHPT) or recurrent (R-PHPT) primary
      hyperparathyroidism, preoperative localization is important. Selective
      parathyroid hormone venous sampling (sPVS) is an invasive technique that can be
      used to regionalize and/or lateralize the source of PHPT when noninvasive imaging
      studies are nonlocalizing. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of
      sPVS in the preoperative evaluation of patients with P-PHPT or R-PHPT and
      negative, equivocal, or discordant noninvasive imaging localization. METHODS:
      After IRB-approval a retrospective review of all patients with P-PHPT or R-PHPT
      and nonlocalizing noninvasive imaging that underwent sPVS from 2000 to 2014 was
      performed. The location of the source of PHPT at sPVS was predicted by a
      parathyroid hormone (PTH) gradient and compared to the surgical, pathology, and
      biochemical follow-up data as the gold standard. Sensitivity and positive
      predictive value (PPV) were calculated. RESULTS: Of 30 patients who underwent
      sPVS, 12 patients did not undergo surgical exploration due to negative or non
      localizing PTH gradient (n = 8) or opted for medical management (n = 4). Of the
      18 patients who underwent surgical exploration, 17 (94 %) had a positive PTH
      gradient and pathologic parathyroid tissue identified at surgery. Sensitivity and
      PPV of sPVS were 93 and 77 %, respectively, for all surgical cases, 86 and 60.0 %
      for cervical cases (n = 11), and 100 and 100 % for mediastinal cases (n = 7).
      Sixteen patients (89 %) were surgically cured. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with P
      PHPT or R-PHPT and nonlocalizing imaging studies, sPVS is a sensitive test for
      localizing the source of PHPT when a positive PTH gradient is present.

PMID- 27384175
TI  - A priori and a posteriori dietary patterns at the age of 1 year and body
      composition at the age of 6 years: the Generation R Study.
AB  - Dietary patterns have been linked to obesity in adults, however, not much is
      known about this association in early childhood. We examined associations of
      different types of dietary patterns in 1-year-old children with body composition
      at school age in 2026 children participating in a population-based cohort study.
      Dietary intake at the age of 1 year was assessed with a food-frequency
      questionnaire. At the children's age of 6 years we measured their body
      composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and we calculated body mass
      index, fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Three dietary
      pattern approaches were used: (1) An a priori-defined diet quality score; (2)
      dietary patterns based on variation in food intake, derived from principal
      component-analysis (PCA); and (3) dietary patterns based on variations in FMI and
      FFMI, derived with reduced-rank-regression (RRR). Both the a priori-defined diet
      score and a 'Health-conscious' PCA-pattern were characterized by a high intake of
      fruit, vegetables, grains, and vegetable oils, and, after adjustment for
      confounders, children with higher adherence to these patterns had a higher FFMI
      at 6 years [0.19 SD (95 % CI 0.08;0.30) per SD increase in diet score], but had
      no different FMI. One of the two RRR-patterns was also positively associated with
      FFMI and was characterized by intake of whole grains, pasta and rice, and
      vegetable oils. Our results suggest that different a priori- and a posteriori
      derived health-conscious dietary patterns in early childhood are associated with
      a higher fat-free mass, but not with fat mass, in later childhood.

PMID- 27384176
TI  - Recombinant T2 RNase protein of Schistosoma japonicum inhibits expression of
      alpha-SMA in LX-2 cells.
AB  - Recombinant T2 RNase glycoprotein, which showed a certain degree of homology to
      Omega-1 from Schistosoma mansoni eggs, was expressed in adult worms of
      Schistosoma japonicum, but not in eggs of S. japonicum. The direct biological
      role of the recombinant T2 RNase protein in activation of hepatic stellate cells
      (HSCs) remains unknown. In the present study, the immortalized human HSC line (LX
      2 cells) was treated with the recombinant T2 RNase protein at indicated
      concentrations for various time points in vitro. The expression levels of alpha
      smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and Smad4 were detected by Western blot. The
      results showed that the recombinant T2 RNase protein significantly diminished the
      expression levels of alpha-SMA and Smad4 in LX-2 cells. The upregulated
      expression levels of alpha-SMA and Smad4 by TGF-beta1 in LX-2 cells were both
      suppressed by the recombinant T2 RNase protein. These data suggest that the
      recombinant T2 RNase protein may be a potential target of therapeutic strategy
      for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. 

PMID- 27384177
TI  - Identification of Eimeria acervulina conoid antigen using chicken monoclonal
      antibody.
AB  - In the poultry industry, Eimeria spp. is one of the important pathogens which
      cause significant economic losses. We have previously generated a chicken
      monoclonal antibody (mAb), 6D-12-G10, with specificity for an antigen located in
      the apical cytoskeleton of Eimeria acervulina and with cross-reactive among
      Apicomplexan parasites, including other Eimeria spp., Toxoplasma, Neospora, and
      Cryptosporidium spp. Furthermore, the protein of Cryptosporidium parvum
      recognized by the 6D-12-G10 has been identified as elongation factor-1alpha (EF
      1alpha). In the present study, to identify the target molecule of E. acervulina
      by the mAb, we performed two-dimensional Western blotting analysis. Finally, we
      found two positive molecules which are identified as EF-1alpha and a related
      protein. Our previous finding using C. parvum and the results in this study
      suggest that EF-1alpha could be associated with the invasion facilitated by the
      cytoskeleton at the apical region of zoites.

PMID- 27384179
TI  - Understanding the response of pulsed electric field on osteoblast functions in
      three-dimensional mesh structures.
AB  - The endogenous electric field plays a determining role in impacting biological
      functions including communication with the physiological system, brain, and bone
      regeneration by influencing cellular functions. From this perspective, the
      objective of the study described here is to elucidate the effect of external
      electric field under dynamic conditions, in providing a guiding cue to
      osteoblasts in terms of cell-cell interactions and synthesis of prominent
      adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins. This was accomplished using pulsed direct
      current electric field of strength 0.1-1 V/cm. The electric field provided guided
      cue to the cells to migrate toward cathode. Membrane blebbing or necrosis was
      nearly absent in the vicinity of cathode at 0.1 and 0.5 V/cm electric field
      strength. Moreover, a higher cell proliferation as well as higher expression of
      vinculin and densely packed actin stress fibers was observed. At anode, the cells
      though healthy but expression of actin and vinculin was less. We underscore for
      the first time that the biological functionality can be favorably modulated on 3D
      printed scaffolds in the presence of electric field and under dynamic conditions
      with consequent positive effect on cell proliferation, growth, and expression
      level of prominent proteins.

PMID- 27384178
TI  - The Effect of Antiretroviral Treatment on Health Care Utilization in Rural South
      Africa: A Population-Based Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effect of the rapid scale-up of vertical antiretroviral treatment
      (ART) programs for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa on the overall health system is
      under intense debate. Some have argued that these programs have reduced access
      for people suffering from diseases unrelated to HIV because ART programs have
      drained human and physical resources from other parts of the health system;
      others have claimed that the investments through ART programs have strengthened
      the general health system and the population health impacts of ART have freed up
      health care capacity for the treatment of diseases that are not related to HIV.
      To establish the population-level impact of ART programs on health care
      utilization in the public-sector health system, we compared trends in health care
      utilization among HIV-infected people receiving and not receiving ART with HIV
      uninfected people during a period of rapid ART scale-up. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We
      used data from the Wellcome Trust Africa Centre for Population Health, which
      annually elicited information on health care utilization from all surveillance
      participants over the period 2009-2012 (N = 32,319). We determined trends in
      hospitalization, and public-sector and private-sector primary health care (PHC)
      clinic visits for HIV-infected and -uninfected people over a time period of rapid
      ART scale-up (2009-2012) in this community. We regressed health care utilization
      on HIV status and ART status in different calendar years, controlling for sex,
      age, and area of residence. The proportion of people who reported to have visited
      a public-sector primary health care (PHC) clinic in the last 6 months increased
      significantly over the period 2009-2012, for both HIV-infected people (from 59%
      to 67%; p<0.001), and HIV-uninfected people (from 41% to 47%; p<0.001). In
      contrast, the proportion of HIV-infected people visiting a private-sector PHC
      clinic declined from 22% to 12% (p<0.001) and hospitalization rates declined from
      128 to 82 per 1000 PY (p<0.001). For HIV-uninfected people, the proportion
      visiting a private-sector PHC clinic declined from 16% to 9%, and hospitalization
      rates declined from 78 to 44 per 1000 PY (p<0.001). After controlling for
      potential confounding factors, all trends remained of similar magnitude and
      significance. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the ART scale-up in this
      high HIV prevalence community has shifted health care utilization from hospitals
      and private-sector primary care to public-sector primary care. Remarkably, this
      shift is observed for both HIV-infected and -uninfected populations, supporting
      and extending hypotheses of 'therapeutic citizenship' whereby HIV-infected
      patients receiving ART facilitate primary care access for family and community
      members. One explanation of our findings is that ART has improved the capacity or
      quality of primary care in this community and, as a consequence, increasingly met
      overall health care needs at the primary care level rather than at the secondary
      level. Future research needs to confirm this causal interpretation of our
      findings using qualitative work to understand causal mechanisms or quasi
      experimental quantitative studies to increase the strength of causal inference.

PMID- 27384180
TI  - Differentiating Simple Hepatic Cysts from Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms: Radiological
      Features, Cyst Fluid Tumour Marker Analysis and Multidisciplinary Team Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Differentiating hepatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) from simple
      hepatic cysts (SCs) preoperatively is a challenging task. Our aim was to
      determine whether radiological features on ultrasound scan (USS), CT or MRI, cyst
      fluid tumour markers, or multidisciplinary team (MDT) outcomes could
      differentiate MCN from SC. METHODS: A retrospective review of radiological
      features, cyst fluid tumour marker levels and MDT outcomes in 52 patients was
      performed. RESULTS: There were 13 patients with MCN, 38 with SC and one ciliated
      foregut cyst. MCNs were more often solitary (p = 0.006). Although no other
      individual radiological characteristic on USS, CT or MRI was predictive of MCN,
      MDT outcomes stating that a cyst was complex in nature were highly predictive (p
      = 0.0007). Cyst fluid carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcino-embryonic antigen and
      cancer antigen 125 were unable to differentiate MCN from SC (p = 0.45, p = 0.49,
      and p = 0.73, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: MDT outcomes are of greatest value when
      trying to differentiate MCN from SC, as well as having a solitary cyst on
      imaging. Conventional cyst fluid tumour markers are unhelpful. All suspicious
      cystic liver lesions should be discussed pre-operatively by a hepatobiliary MDT
      to determine the most appropriate surgical approach.

PMID- 27384181
TI  - Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the American
      Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons-Foot and Ankle Module (AAOS-FAMsp).
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current study performed a cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish
      and examined the internal and external validation of the AAOS-FAM questionnaire.
      METHODS: A direct translation (English to Spanish) and a reverse translation
      (Spanish to English) were performed by two independent professional native
      translators. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated to analyse the
      internal consistency of the measure. The factor structure and construct validity
      were analysed after extraction by maximum likelihood (EML); extraction was
      necessary if the following three requirements were met: accounting for >=10 % of
      variance, Eigenvalue >1.0 and a scree plot inflexion point. The standard error of
      measurement and minimal detectable change 90 (MDC90) were calculated. Criterion
      validity was calculated by analysing the correlation between the American Academy
      of Orthopaedic Surgeons-Foot and Ankle Module (Spanish version) (AAOS-FAMsp) and
      Spanish versions of the questionnaires FFI and FHSQ. RESULTS: Regarding internal
      consistency, Cronbach's alpha was 0.877, and in the test-retest analysis, the ICC
      ranged between 0.899 and 0.942. Error measures were calculated by MDC90 and SEM,
      which showed values of 3.444 and 1.476 %, respectively. The analysis demonstrated
      a goodness of fit chi-squared value of 803.166 (p < 0.001). For criterion
      validity, the correlation value with FFIsp was r = 0.837 (p < 0.01), while the
      FHSQsp correlation values with different scales ranged from r = 0.206 (p < 0.01)
      (physical activity) to r = 0.665 (p < 0.01) (pain). CONCLUSIONS: The results
      indicate that AAOS-FAMsp has satisfactory psychometric properties, facilitating
      the inclusion of Spanish-speaking individuals into both research and clinical
      practice.

PMID- 27384182
TI  - Feasibility evaluation of hypofractionated radiotherapy with concurrent
      temozolomide in elderly patients with glioblastoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) is preferred to
      conventionally fractionated radiotherapy when treating elderly patients with
      glioblastoma, the benefits and tolerability of HFRT with concurrent temozolomide
      (TMZ) remain unknown for such patients. We assessed the feasibility and outcomes
      of elderly patients with glioblastoma treated with HFRT and concurrent TMZ.
      METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 11 patients aged >=70
      years who were treated with HFRT and concurrent TMZ. All patients had newly
      diagnosed and histologically confirmed glioblastoma and were treated at our
      institution between October 2011 and April 2015. The median age was 74 years
      (range, 70-85 years). Total resection/subtotal resection/biopsy were performed in
      2/5/4 patients, respectively. The planning target volume included the T1
      enhancing tumor and the resection cavity plus 2-cm margins, and all surrounding
      edema. The median prescription dose was 35 Gy (range, 35-42.5 Gy), delivered in
      10 fractions. Seven patients received TMZ at 150 mg/m2 for 5 days and 4 received
      TMZ at 75 mg/m2 during HFRT. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from
      surgery to death or the last follow-up. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was
      13.2 months. The median OS and progression-free survival (PFS) times were 13.2
      and 7.0 months, respectively. One patient experienced grade 4 neutropenia,
      lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. No grade 3 or higher nonhematological
      adverse event was noted. CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrated the feasibility of
      HFRT with concurrent TMZ used to treat elderly patients with glioblastoma.
      Further prospective clinical trials are needed to define therapies that balance
      efficacy with tolerability.

PMID- 27384183
TI  - Biological imaging in clinical oncology: radiation therapy based on functional
      imaging.
AB  - Radiation therapy is one of the most effective tools for cancer treatment. In
      recent years, intensity-modulated radiation therapy has become increasingly
      popular in that target dose-escalation can be done while sparing adjacent normal
      tissues. For this reason, the development of measures to pave the way for
      accurate target delineation is of great interest. With the integration of
      functional information obtained by biological imaging with radiotherapy,
      strategies using advanced biological imaging to visualize metabolic pathways and
      to improve therapeutic index and predict treatment response are discussed in this
      article. 

PMID- 27384185
TI  - Correction: Esophageal Epithelial-Derived IL-33 Is Upregulated in Patients with
      Heartburn.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154234.].

PMID- 27384184
TI  - Alpha-2A Adrenoceptor Agonist Guanfacine Restores Diuretic Efficiency in
      Experimental Cirrhotic Ascites: Comparison with Clonidine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In human cirrhosis, adrenergic hyperfunction causes proximal tubular
      fluid retention and contributes to diuretic-resistant ascites, and clonidine, a
      sympatholytic drug, improves natriuresis in difficult-to-treat ascites. AIM: To
      compare clonidine (aspecific alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist) to SSP-002021R (prodrug
      of guanfacine, specific alpha2A-receptor agonist), both associated with
      diuretics, in experimental cirrhotic ascites. METHODS AND RESULTS: Six groups of
      12 rats were studied: controls (G1); controls receiving furosemide and potassium
      canrenoate (G2); rats with ascitic cirrhosis due to 14-week CCl4 treatment (G3);
      cirrhotic rats treated (over the 11th-14th CCl4 weeks) with furosemide and
      canrenoate (G4), furosemide, canrenoate and clonidine (G5), or diuretics and
      SSP002021R (G6). Three rats of each group had their hormonal status and renal
      function assessed at the end of 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th weeks of respective
      treatments.Cirrhotic rats in G3 and G4 gained weight over the 12th-14th CCl4
      weeks. In G4, brief increase in sodium excretion over the 11th-12th weeks
      preceded worsening of inulin clearance and natriuresis (diuretic resistance). In
      comparison with G4, the addition of clonidine (G5) or guanfacine (G6) to
      diuretics improved, respectively, sodium excretion over the 11th-12th CCl4 weeks,
      or GFR and electrolytes excretion over the 13th-14th CCl4 weeks. Natriuretic
      responses in G5 and G6 were accompanied by reduced catecholamine serum levels.
      CONCLUSIONS: alpha2A-receptor agonists restore glomerular filtration rate and
      natriuresis, and delay diuretic-resistant ascites in experimental advanced
      cirrhosis. Clonidine ameliorates diuretic-dependent natriuresis just for a short
      time.

PMID- 27384187
TI  - Botulinum neurotoxin A1 likes it double sweet.

PMID- 27384186
TI  - Lactoferrin Adsorbed onto Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals Controlling - In
      Vivo - the Helicobacter pylori Infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The resistance of Helicobacter pylori to the antibiotic therapy poses
      the problem to discover new therapeutic approaches. Recently it has been stated
      that antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties of lactoferrin
      are increased when this protein is surface-linked to biomimetic hydroxyapatite
      nanocrystals. OBJECTIVE: Based on these knowledge, the aim of the study was to
      investigate the efficacy of lactoferrin delivered by biomimetic hydroxyapatite
      nanoparticles with cell free supernatant from probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei
      as an alternative therapy against Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS:
      Antibacterial and antinflammatory properties, humoral antibody induction,
      histopathological analysis and absence of side effects were evaluated in both in
      vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS: The tests carried out have been demonstrated
      better performance of lactoferrin delivered by biomimetic hydroxyapatite
      nanoparticles combined with cell free supernatant from probiotic Lactobacillus
      paracasei compared to both lactoferrin and probiotic alone or pooled. CONCLUSION:
      These findings indicate the effectiveness and safety of our proposed therapy as
      alternative treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection.

PMID- 27384188
TI  - Molecular chaperones: providing a safe place to weather a midlife protein-folding
      crisis.

PMID- 27384189
TI  - New DUBs on the block.

PMID- 27384190
TI  - Effects of Brinzolamide, a Topical Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor, on Corneal
      Endothelial Cells.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This clinical study aimed to investigate the effect of
      brinzolamide, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, on corneal endothelial
      cells (CECs) in patients with glaucoma using a follow-up clinical study design.
      METHODS: Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were
      administrated an ophthalmic solution of either latanoprost alone (LT) as a
      control (n = 18) or latanoprost plus brinzolamide (LT + BR; n = 16). CECs were
      examined at baseline and at 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks in 18 and 16 eyes of the LT
      and LT + BR groups, respectively, using a non-contact specular microscope. CECs
      were evaluated by parameters, including cell density (CD), coefficient of
      variation (CV) in cell size, and percentage hexagonality (Hex). RESULTS: Compared
      with the baseline intraocular pressure (IOP), the mean IOP in the LT group was
      significantly reduced at 12 and 24 weeks, whereas that in the LT + BR group was
      significantly reduced at all time points (P < 0.01). The mean CD, CV, and Hex at
      baseline were not significantly different between the two groups. No significant
      time-course changes in CD, CV, or Hex were observed in either group. At 48 weeks,
      there was no significant difference in the mean CD, CV, or Hex between the two
      groups. CONCLUSION: Patients treated with LT + BR showed significant IOP
      reduction. However, the use of brinzolamide in addition to latanoprost had no
      influence on CECs during the one-year follow-up period.

PMID- 27384191
TI  - Making Insulin Accessible: Does Inhaled Insulin Fill an Unmet Need?
AB  - Glycemic control is fundamental to the management of diabetes. However, studies
      suggest that a significant proportion of people with diabetes, particularly those
      using insulin, are not achieving glycemic targets. The reasons for this are
      likely to be multifactorial. The real and perceived risk of hypoglycemia and the
      need for multiple daily injections are widely recognized as key barriers to
      effective insulin therapy. Therefore, there is a clear unmet need for a treatment
      option which can help mitigate these barriers. Alternative methods of insulin
      administration have been under investigation for several years, and pulmonary
      delivery has shown the most promise to date. Inhaled Technosphere((r)) Insulin
      (TI; Afrezza((r)); MannKind Corporation) was approved in 2014 for use as prandial
      insulin in people with diabetes. TI shows a more rapid onset of action and a
      significantly faster decline in activity than current subcutaneous rapid-acting
      insulin analogs (RAAs), and TI is more synchronized to the physiologic timing of
      the postprandial glucose excursion. This results in lower postprandial
      hypoglycemia with similar glycemic control compared with RAAs, and less weight
      gain. Together with the ease of use of the TI inhaler and the reduction in the
      number of daily injections, these findings imply that TI may be useful in helping
      to overcome patient resistance to insulin, improve adherence and mitigate
      clinical inertia in health-care providers, with potential beneficial effects on
      glycemic control. FUNDING: Writing and editorial support in the preparation of
      this publication was funded by Sanofi US, Inc., Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA.
      Funding for the article processing charges for this publication was provided by
      MannKind Corporation.

PMID- 27384192
TI  - Perceived Odor-Taste Congruence Influences Intensity and Pleasantness
      Differently.
AB  - The role of congruence in cross-modal interactions has received little attention.
      In most experiments involving cross-modal pairs, congruence is conceived of as a
      binary process according to which cross-modal pairs are categorized as
      perceptually and/or semantically matching or mismatching. The present study
      investigated whether odor-taste congruence can be perceived gradually and whether
      congruence impacts other facets of subjective experience, that is, intensity,
      pleasantness, and familiarity. To address these questions, we presented food
      odorants (chicken, orange, and 3 mixtures of the 2) and tastants (savory-salty
      and sour-sweet) in pairs varying in congruence. Participants were to report the
      perceived congruence of the pairs along with intensity, pleasantness, and
      familiarity. We found that participants could perceive distinct congruence
      levels, thereby favoring a multilevel account of congruence perception. In
      addition, familiarity and pleasantness followed the same pattern as the
      congruence while intensity was highest for the most congruent and the most
      incongruent pairs whereas intensities of the intermediary-congruent pairs were
      reduced. Principal component analysis revealed that pleasantness and familiarity
      form one dimension of the phenomenological experience of odor-taste pairs that
      was orthogonal to intensity. The results bear implications for the understanding
      the behavioral underpinnings of perseverance of habitual food choices.

PMID- 27384193
TI  - Referendum anger with The BMJ is misdirected.

PMID- 27384195
TI  - Care - The Essence of the Nursing Professional Identity.

PMID- 27384194
TI  - Drug-Eluting Balloons in the Treatment of Coronary De Novo Lesions: A
      Comprehensive Review.
AB  - Drug-eluting balloons (DEBs) have emerged as a new application in percutaneous
      coronary intervention. DEBs have proven successful in the treatment of in-stent
      restenosis, but their role in de novo lesions is less clear. This paper provides
      a review of the current studies where DEBs have been used in coronary de novo
      lesions, either as part of a DEB-only strategy or in combination with another
      device, mainly a bare metal stent (BMS). By searching Pubmed and Embase we were
      able to identify 52 relevant studies, differing in design, intervention, and
      clinical setting, including patients with small vessel disease, bifurcation
      lesions, complex long lesions, acute myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus,
      and elderly. In 23 studies, a DEB was combined with a BMS, 25 studies used a DEB
      only strategy with only provisional BMS implantation, and four studies combined a
      DEB with a drug-eluting stent (DES). In the vast majority of studies, DEB in
      combination with BMS does not seem to improve clinical or angiographic outcome
      compared with DES, whereas a DEB-only strategy seems promising, especially when
      predilatation and geographical mismatch are taken into account. A lower risk of
      recurrent thrombosis with DEB compared with DES is not evident from the current
      studies. In conclusion, the main indication for DEB seems to be small vessel
      disease, especially in clinical scenarios in which a contraindication to dual
      antiplatelet therapy exists. The main approach should be a DEB-only strategy with
      only provisional bailout stenting, which has shown interesting results in
      different clinical scenarios. In general, larger randomized controlled studies
      with prolonged follow-up comparing DEB with best in class DES are warranted.
      Technical developments of DEBs including the use of different drugs might
      potentially improve the efficacy of such treatment.

PMID- 27384196
TI  - Poor sleep quality in patients with resistant hypertension: is there an
      association?

PMID- 27384197
TI  - Letter to the editor.

PMID- 27384198
TI  - Risk factors for postpartum urinary incontinence.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors for postpartum urinary incontinence
      (UI) and its characteristics. METHOD: This was a case-control study with 344
      puerperal women (77 cases and 267 controls) with up to 90 days postpartum. In a
      single session, participants were given a questionnaire with sociodemographic and
      clinical data and two others that assessed urine leakage, leakage situations, and
      type of UI. RESULTS: Stress UI was present in 45.5% of the women, incidents of
      urine leakage several times a day in 44.2%, of which 71.4% were in small amounts
      and 57.1% when coughing or sneezing. In 70.1% of cases, UI began during pregnancy
      and remained through the postpartum period. After running a binary logistic
      regression model, the following factors remained in the final model: UI during
      pregnancy (OR 12.82, CI 95% 6.94 - 23.81, p<0.0001), multiparity (OR 2.26, CI 95%
      1.22 - 4.19, p=0.009), gestational age at birth greater or equal to 37 weeks (OR
      2.52, CI 95% 1.16 - 5.46, p=0.02) and constipation (OR 1.94, CI 95% 1.05 - 5.46,
      p=0.035). CONCLUSION: Most often, UI first appeared during pregnancy and remained
      through the postpartum period. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy,
      multiparity, gestational age at birth greater or equal to 37 weeks, and
      constipation were presented as risk factors. In the studied group, stress UI was
      more frequent. OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores de risco para a incontinencia
      urinaria (IU) no puerperio e as suas caracteristicas. METODO: Trata-se de estudo
      caso-controle com 344 puerperas (77 casos e 267 controles), com ate 90 dias pos
      parto. Foi aplicado, em um unico momento, um questionario para os dados
      sociodemograficos e clinicos, e dois outros para avaliar a perda urinaria,
      situacoes de perda e o tipo de IU. RESULTADOS: Apresentaram IU de esforco 45,5%,
      perda urinaria diversas vezes ao dia 44,2%, sendo 71,4% em pequena quantidade e
      57,1% ao tossir ou espirrar. Em 70,1% dos casos a IU iniciou-se na gestacao e
      permaneceu no puerperio. Ao ajustar-se um modelo de regressao logistica binaria,
      apenas IU na gestacao (OR 12,82, IC 95% 6,94 - 23,81, p<0,0001), multiparidade
      (OR 2,26, IC 95% 1,22 - 4,19, p=0,009), idade gestacional no parto maior ou igual
      a 37 semanas (OR 2,52, IC 95% 1,16 - 5,46, p=0,02) e constipacao (OR 1,94, IC 95%
      1,05 - 5,46, p=0,035) permaneceram no modelo final. CONCLUSAO: A IU iniciou-se
      frequentemente na gestacao e permaneceu no puerperio. A presenca de IU na
      gestacao, multiparidade, idade gestacional no parto maior ou igual a 37 semanas e
      constipacao foram fatores de risco. No grupo estudado a IU de esforco foi a mais
      frequente.

PMID- 27384199
TI  - Preconception health behaviors associated with pregnancy planning status among
      Brazilian women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess preconception health
      behaviors among Brazilian women, and analyze the effect of pregnancy planning
      status in carrying out preconception measures. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional
      quantitative study conducted with 807 women, of whom 649 had a planned or
      ambivalent pregnancy. Preconception health behaviors were assessed by the
      Brazilian version of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy. RESULTS:
      Preconception health behaviors were performed by only 15.9% of women. Among those
      who planned their pregnancy, less than half completed a health measure (47.0%);
      the most common was seeking medical assistance and improving the diet. Multiple
      logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between the
      preconception health behaviors and a planned pregnancy (adjusted OR = 16.77; 95%
      CI: 9.47-29.81). Age over 30 years, paid work, and the time interval between
      menarche and first sexual intercourse were also associated with completing
      preconception measures. CONCLUSION: The low frequency of preconception health
      measures, even among women who planned their pregnancy, indicates the urgency of
      including preconception care on the agenda of public health policies in Brazil.
      OBJETIVO: Mensurar a realizacao do preparo pre-concepcional, descrever as medidas
      adotadas como preparo pre-concepcional e analisar o efeito do planejamento da
      gravidez na realizacao do preparo pre-concepcional. METODO: Estudo quantitativo,
      do tipo transversal, conduzido com 807 mulheres, das quais 649 tinham gravidez
      planejada ou ambivalente. O preparo pre-concepcional foi mensurado a partir do
      London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy , versao Brasil. RESULTADOS: O preparo pre
      concepcional foi realizado por apenas 15,9% das mulheres. Dentre as que
      planejaram a gravidez, menos da metade realizou algum preparo (47,0%), sendo os
      mais frequentes ter procurado assistencia medica e mudancas na alimentacao.
      Analise de regressao logistica multipla mostrou forte associacao entre a
      realizacao do preparo pre-concepcional e o planejamento da gravidez
      (ORajustado=16,77; IC95% 9,47-29,81). A idade acima de 30 anos, o trabalho
      remunerado e o intervalo de tempo entre a menarca e a primeira relacao sexual
      tambem estiveram associados a realizacao do preparo pre-concepcional. CONCLUSAO:
      A baixa frequencia de realizacao de preparo pre-concepcional, mesmo entre
      mulheres com gravidez planejada, indica a urgencia de se incluir o cuidado pre
      concepcional na agenda de politicas publicas de saude.

PMID- 27384200
TI  - Quality of life of individuals with cleft lip and palate pre- and post-surgical
      correction of dentofacial deformity.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assesses the quality of life and the impact of oral health
      conditions in the pre- and post-surgical correction of dentofacial deformity of
      individuals with cleft lip and palate. METHOD: Quantitative and prospective study
      in a referral hospital in the period from June 2011 to May 2013. A total of 50
      participants responded the questionnaires World Health Organization Quality of
      Life - Bref (WHOQOL-Bref) and Oral Health Impact Profile - 14 (OHIP-14),
      approximately 3 days before and 3 to 12 months after surgery. The "t" test for
      paired samples and Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis with a
      significance level of 5%. RESULTS: After surgery, differences were found in the
      domains: Physical, Psychological, Environmental and General Questions of the
      WHOQOL-Bref and domains: Psychological Discomfort, Psychological Disability,
      Social Disability, Handicap and Overall Score of OHIP-14. CONCLUSION: Surgical
      correction of dentofacial deformity improved quality of life and had positive
      impact of oral health condition. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida e o
      impacto das condicoes de saude oral nos periodos pre e pos-correcao cirurgica da
      deformidade dentofacial de individuos com fissura labiopalatina operada. METODO:
      Estudo quantitativo e prospectivo, realizado em um hospital de referencia, no
      periodo de junho de 2011 a maio de 2013. Participaram 50 individuos que
      responderam aos questionarios World Health Organization Quality of Life - Bref
      (WHOQOL-Bref) e Oral Health Impact Profile - 14 (OHIP-14), aproximadamente 3 dias
      antes e entre 3 e 12 meses apos a cirurgia. Os testes "t" para amostras pareadas
      e de Wilcoxon foram usados para analise estatistica, com nivel de significancia
      de 5%. RESULTADOS: Apos a cirurgia, foram encontradas diferencas nos dominios:
      Fisico, Psicologico, Meio Ambiente e nas Questoes Gerais do WHOQOL-Bref e nos
      dominios: Desconforto Psicologico, Limitacao Psicologica, Limitacao Social,
      Incapacidade e no Escore Geral do OHIP-14. CONCLUSAO: A correcao cirurgica da
      deformidade dentofacial propiciou melhora da qualidade de vida e impacto positivo
      da condicao da saude oral.

PMID- 27384201
TI  - Paradox of life among survivors of bladder cancer and treatments.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To interpret the meanings attributed to the experience of bladder
      cancer among survivors in therapeutic follow-up. METHOD: Qualitative
      methodological approach, based on medical anthropology and narrative methodology.
      After approval by the research ethics committee of a public university hospital,
      data were collected from January 2014 to February 2015, by means of recorded semi
      structured interviews, direct observation and field journal entries on daily
      immersion with a group of six men and six women, aged between 57 and 82 years, in
      therapeutic follow-up. Narratives were analyzed by means of inductive thematic
      analysis. RESULTS: The meanings revealed difficulties with the processes of
      disease and treatment, such as breakdown of normal life, uncertainty about the
      future due to possible recurrence of the disease, difficulty with continuity of
      care and emotional control, relating it to conflicting ways of understanding the
      present life. Thus, the meaning of this narrative synthesis is paradox.
      CONCLUSION: Interpretation of the meaning of experience with bladder cancer among
      patients provides nurses with a comprehensive view of care, which encompasses
      biological, psychological and social dimensions, and thereby systematizes
      humanized care. OBJETIVO: Interpretar o significado atribuido a experiencia do
      cancer de bexiga entre sobreviventes em seguimento terapeutico. METODO: Empregou
      se a abordagem metodologica qualitativa, embasado pela antropologia medica e
      metodo narrativo. Apos aprovacao do Comite de Etica, os dados foram coletados de
      janeiro 2014 a fevereiro de 2015, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas
      gravadas, observacao direta e registros no diario de imersao com grupo de seis
      homens e seis mulheres, entre 57 e 82 anos, em seguimento terapeutico em um
      hospital publico universitario. As narrativas foram analisadas por meio da
      analise tematica indutiva. RESULTADOS: Os sentidos revelam as dificuldades com o
      processo da doenca e do tratamento, como rupturas na vida, futuro incerto pela
      possibilidade de recidiva da doenca, continuidade do tratamento e controle
      emocional, relacionando-se com as ponderacoes contraditorias da vida atual.
      Assim, o significado desta sintese narrativa e de paradoxo. CONCLUSAO: A
      interpretacao do significado da experiencia com cancer de bexiga entre os
      adoecidos permite ao enfermeiro um olhar integralizado do cuidado que perpasse as
      dimensoes biopsicossociais dos adoecidos e, com isso, sistematize a assistencia
      de maneira humanizada.

PMID- 27384202
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze basic self-care conditioning factors and quality of life
      associated with health, relating them to self-care capacity among individuals in
      the preoperative period of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. METHOD:
      Descriptive study with a quantitative approach, theoretically and
      methodologically anchored in the Self-care Deficit Nursing Theory. Data were
      collected between March and August 2013, using the Self-care Assessment Scale and
      the Medical Outcomes 36 Item Short Form Health Survey. RESULTS: There was a
      correlation between self-care capacity and quality of life in the preoperative
      period of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. CONCLUSION: Among participants of
      this study, a reduction in quality of life may have occurred due to the presence
      of noncommunicable diseases; nevertheless, individuals sought the best ways to
      care for themselves.

PMID- 27384203
TI  - Care production for tuberculosis cases:analysis according to the elements of the
      Chronic Care Model.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the care provided to tuberculosis cases in primary health
      care services according to the elements of the Chronic Care Model. METHOD: Cross
      sectional study conducted in a capital city of the northeastern region of Brazil
      involving 83 Family Health Strategy professionals.A structured tool adapted to
      tuberculosis-related care in Brazil was applied.Analysis was based on the
      development of indicators with capacity to produce care varying between limited
      and optimum. RESULTS: The organization of care for tuberculosis and supported
      self-care presented reasonable capacity.In the coordination with the community,
      the presence of the community agent presented optimum capacity.Partnership with
      organizations of the community and involvement of experts presented limited
      capacity.The qualification of professionals, the system for scheduling and
      monitoring tuberculosis in the community, and the clinical information system
      presented basic capacity. CONCLUSION: The capacity of the primary health care
      services to produce tuberculosis-related care according to the elements of the
      Chronic Care Model is still limited.Overcoming the fragmentation of care and
      prioritizing a systemic operation between actions and services of the health care
      network remains as a major challenge. OBJETIVO: Analisar,segundo os elementos
      doChronicCareModel,a producao do cuidado aos casos de tuberculose nos servicos de
      Atencao Primaria a Saude. METODO: Estudo transversal, realizado em capital do
      nordeste brasileiro, envolvendo 83 profissionais da Estrategia Saude da Familia.
      Aplicou-se um instrumento estruturado, adaptado para atencao a tuberculose no
      Brasil. A analise pautou-se na construcao de indicadores, cujacapacidade para
      producao de cuidados variou entre limitada a otima. RESULTADOS: A organizacao da
      atencao a tuberculose e o autocuidado apoiado apresentaram capacidade razoavel.
      Na articulacao com a comunidade, a presencadoagente comunitario de saude
      apresentou capacidade otima. A parceria com organizacoes da comunidade e o
      envolvimento de especialistas obtiveram capacidade limitada. A capacitacao dos
      profissionais, o sistema de agendamento e monitoramento da tuberculose na
      comunidade e o sistema de informacao clinica alcancaram capacidade basica.
      CONCLUSAO: A capacidade dos servicos da Atencao Primaria a Saude para producao do
      cuidado aos casos de tuberculose,segundo os elementos doChronicCareModel,ainda e
      limitada.Superar a fragmentacao do cuidado e priorizar um funcionamento sistemico
      entre acoes e servicos da rede de atencao a saude e ainda um grande desafio.

PMID- 27384204
TI  - Evaluation of the implementation of the directly observed treatment strategy for
      tuberculosis in a large city.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of implementation of the Directly Observed
      Treatment, Short-course - DOTS for tuberculosis (TB) in a large city. METHOD:
      Assessment of the implementation of the logic model, whose new cases of
      infectious pulmonary TB were recruited from specialized clinics and followed-up
      in basic health units. The judgment matrix covering the five components of the
      DOTS strategy were used. RESULTS: The result of the logic model indicates DOTS
      was partially implemented. In external, organizational and implementation
      contexts, the DOTS strategy was partially implemented; and, the effectiveness was
      not implemented. CONCLUSION: The partial implementation of the DOTS strategy in
      the city of Manaus did not reflect in TB control compliance, leading to low
      effectiveness of the program. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o grau de implantacao da
      estrategia de tratamento diretamente observado (Directly Observed Treatment,
      Short-course - DOTS) para tuberculose (TB) em um municipio de grande porte.
      METODO: Avaliacao de implantacao por meio de modelo logico, cujos casos novos de
      TB pulmonar bacilifera foram recrutados em ambulatorios especializados e
      acompanhados nas unidades basicas de saude. Utilizou-se matriz de julgamento que
      abrange os cinco componentes da estrategia DOTS. RESULTADOS: O resultado do
      modelo logico indica DOTS implantada parcialmente. Nos contextos externo,
      organizacional e de implantacao, a estrategia DOTS esta implantada parcialmente;
      e, na efetividade nao esta implantada. CONCLUSAO: A implantacao parcial da
      estrategia DOTS, na cidade de Manaus, reflete na nao conformidade do controle da
      TB, levando a baixa efetividade do programa.

PMID- 27384205
TI  - Hepatitis B vaccination coverage in patients with diabetes mellitus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Analyze the factors associated with full hepatitis B vaccination
      (three doses) in patients with diabetes mellitus. METHOD: Cross-sectional study,
      conducted in a health unit in a city in the state of Sao Paulo, with 255 patients
      on outpatient follow-up, in 2014. Data were obtained from the computerized system
      of the Municipal Health Department and via a structured questionnaire. A logistic
      regression model was used for analysis. RESULTS: Full hepatitis B vaccination was
      noted in 13.7% of the patients and shown to be directly associated with their
      educational level (OR=1.30; CI: 1.07-1.57) and current or previous work as a
      health professional (OR=3.21; CI: 1.16-8.89). CONCLUSION: Hepatitis B vaccination
      coverage was found to be low in patients with diabetes mellitus, indicating their
      vulnerability to this serious and potentially fatal disease. Higher educational
      level and working in the field of health were associated with better vaccination
      coverage. OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores associados a vacinacao completa contra
      hepatite B (3 doses) em pacientes com diabetes mellitus. METODO: Estudo
      transversal, realizado em uma Unidade de Saude, de uma cidade do interior
      paulista, com 255 pacientes em seguimento ambulatorial, em 2014. Os dados foram
      obtidos no sistema informatizado da Secretaria Municipal de Saude e por meio de
      um questionario estruturado e, para analise, modelo de regressao logistica.
      RESULTADOS: Vacinacao completa contra hepatite B foi observada em 13,7% dos
      pacientes e mostrou-se diretamente associada ao nivel de escolaridade (OR=1,30;
      IC: 1,07-1,57) e ao trabalho atual ou pregresso como profissional da saude
      (OR=3,21; IC: 1,16-8,89). CONCLUSAO: A cobertura vacinal contra hepatite B
      mostrou-se baixa em pacientes com diabetes mellitus, evidenciando a
      vulnerabilidade a essa doenca grave e potencialmente fatal. Maior escolaridade e
      o trabalho na area da saude foram associados a melhor cobertura vacinal.

PMID- 27384206
TI  - Phlebitis associated with peripheral intravenous catheters in adults admitted to
      hospital in the Western Brazilian Amazon.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the presence of phlebitis and the factors that influence
      the development of this complication in adult patients admitted to hospital in
      the western Brazilian Amazon. METHOD: Exploratory study with a sample of 122
      peripheral intravenous catheters inserted in 122 patients in a medical unit.
      Variables related to the patient and intravenous therapy were analyzed. For the
      analysis, we used chi-square tests of Pearson and Fisher exact test, with 5%
      significance level. RESULTS: Complication was the main reason for catheter
      removal (67.2%), phlebitis was the most frequent complication (31.1%). The mean
      duration of intravenous therapy use was 8.81 days in continuous and intermittent
      infusion (61.5%), in 20G catheter (39.3%), inserted in the dorsal hand vein arc
      (36.9 %), with mean time of usage of 68.4 hours. The type of infusion (p=0.044)
      and the presence of chronic disease (p=0.005) and infection (p=0.007) affected
      the development of phlebitis. CONCLUSION: There was a high frequency of phlebitis
      in the sample, being influenced by concomitant use of continuous and intermittent
      infusion of drugs and solutions, and more frequent in patients with chronic
      diseases and infection. OBJETIVO: Identificar a presenca de flebite e os fatores
      que influenciam o desenvolvimento desta complicacao em pacientes adultos
      internados em hospital da Amazonia Ocidental Brasileira. METODO: Estudo
      exploratorio, com amostra de 122 cateteres intravenosos perifericos instalados em
      122 pacientes de uma unidade de clinica medica. Foram analisadas variaveis
      relacionadas ao paciente e a terapia intravenosa. Para a analise utilizaram-se os
      testes de Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher, com nivel de significancia
      de 5%. RESULTADOS: A complicacao foi o principal motivo da retirada do cateter
      (67,2%), e a flebite a complicacao mais frequente (31,1%). O tempo medio de uso
      de terapia intravenosa foi de 8,81 dias, em infusao continua e intermitente
      (61,5%), em cateter calibre 20G (39,3%), inseridos nas veias do arco dorsal da
      mao (36,9%), com media de tempo de permanencia de 68,4 horas. O tipo de infusao
      (p=0,044) e a presenca de doenca cronica (p=0,005) e de infeccao (p=0,007)
      influenciaram o desenvolvimento de flebite. CONCLUSAO: Houve alta frequencia de
      flebite na amostra estudada, sendo influenciada pelo emprego concomitante de
      infusao continua e intermitente de farmacos e solucoes, e mais frequente em
      pacientes com doencas cronicas e infeccao.

PMID- 27384207
TI  - Subset of nursing diagnoses for the elderly in Primary Health Care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop a subset of nursing diagnoses for the elderly followed in
      primary health care based on the bank of terms for clinical nursing practice with
      the elderly, in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP(r))
      version 2013, and on the Model of Nursing Care. METHOD: Descriptive study
      developed in sequential steps of construction and validation of the bank of
      terms, elaboration of the nursing diagnoses based on the guidelines of the
      International Council of Nurses and the bank of terms, and categorization of
      diagnostics according to the Care Model. RESULTS: The total of 127 nursing
      diagnoses were elaborated from 359 validated terms, distributed according to the
      basic human needs. CONCLUSION: It is expected that these diagnoses will form the
      basis for the planning of nursing care and use of a unified language for
      documentation of clinical nursing practice with the elderly in primary care.
      OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um subconjunto de diagnosticos de enfermagem para idosos
      acompanhados na Atencao Primaria a Saude, com base no banco de termos para a
      pratica clinica de enfermagem com idosos, na Classificacao Internacional para a
      Pratica de Enfermagem (CIPE(r)) Versao 2013 e no Modelo de Cuidados de
      Enfermagem. METODOS: Pesquisa descritiva, desenvolvida em etapas sequenciadas de
      construcao e validacao do banco de termos, elaboracao dos enunciados de
      diagnosticos de enfermagem, com base nas diretrizes do Conselho Internacional de
      Enfermeiros e no banco de termos, e categorizacao dos diagnosticos segundo o
      Modelo de Cuidados. RESULTADOS: A partir de 359 termos validados foram elaborados
      127 enunciados de diagnosticos de enfermagem, distribuidos segundo as
      necessidades humanas fundamentais. CONCLUSAO: Acredita-se que esses enunciados
      servirao de base para o planejamento dos cuidados de enfermagem e utilizacao de
      uma linguagem unificada para a documentacao da pratica clinica de enfermagem com
      idosos na atencao primaria.

PMID- 27384208
TI  - Sleep, quality of life and mood of nursing professionals of pediatric intensive
      care units.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess sleep, quality of life and mood of nursing professionals of
      pediatric intensive care units. METHOD: Quantitative, cross-sectional and
      descriptive study. Professionals grouped by morning, afternoon and evening shifts
      were assessed by means of the instruments: Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire;
      Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Epworth Sleepiness Scale; Generic questionnaire
      for the assessment of quality of life (SF-36); Beck Depression Inventory; Beck
      Anxiety Inventory; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS: Sample consisted of
      168 professionals, with prevalence of neutral typology (57.49%). There was no
      statistical significance regarding sleep, despite scores showing a poor quality
      of sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness for the three shifts. Quality of life
      did not reveal any statistical significance, but in the field "social role
      functioning" of the evening shift, a lower score was observed (p<0.007). There
      was no statistical significance regarding levels of anxiety and depression.
      CONCLUSION: The results suggest that these professionals may present sleeping
      problems, but they do not have lower scores of quality of life or mood disorders.
      Likely explanations for these findings may include an adaptation to their work
      type over time and the fact that working with children is rewarding. OBJETIVO:
      Avaliar sono, qualidade de vida e humor em profissionais de enfermagem em
      Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Infantil. METODO: Estudo quantitativo, transversal
      e descritivo. Profissionais agrupados por turnos matutino, vespertino e noturno
      foram avaliados pelos instrumentos: Questionario de identificacao Matutinidade
      Vespertinidade; Indice de qualidade do sono de Pittsburgh; Escala de sonolencia
      Epworth; Questionario generico de avaliacao de qualidade de vida - SF-36;
      Inventario de depressao de Beck; Inventario de ansiedade de Beck; Inventario de
      ansiedade Traco-Estado. RESULTADOS: Amostra composta por 168 profissionais,
      predominando tipologia neutra, 57,49%. Nao houve significancia estatistica quanto
      ao sono, apesar dos escores mostrarem qualidade ruim e sonolencia diurna
      excessiva para os tres turnos. A qualidade de vida nao denotou diferenca
      estatistica, mas no dominio "aspecto social" do turno noturno, observou-se escore
      pior (p<0,007). Nao houve significancia estatistica nos niveis de ansiedade e
      depressao. CONCLUSAO: Os resultados sugerem que estes profissionais podem
      apresentar problemas no sono, entretanto nao apresentam escores mais baixos de
      qualidade de vida ou transtornos do humor. Possiveis explicacoes para estes
      achados sao que haja uma adaptacao ao regime de trabalho ao longo do tempo e que
      trabalhar com criancas seja recompensador.

PMID- 27384209
TI  - Outsourcing and "dismantling" of steady jobs at hospitals.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To relate hospitals' organizational structure as the core of a web of
      outsourced services and flexible employment bonds among healthcare professionals
      in the context of finance capitalism, analyzing work arrangements based mainly on
      the type of employment bond. METHOD: Qualitative research through ethnography,
      interviews, data analysis, and case studies. The case studies were concentrated
      in 3 hospitals located in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region under different
      management types: public administration; outsourced administration via a
      healthcare social organization (HSO); and private administration. RESULTS: This
      study highlights a trend in outsourcing, dismantling of steady jobs, and shaping
      working relations asymmetrically in terms of healthcare professions. CONCLUSION:
      These aspects are characteristic of contemporary capitalism and post-Fordist work
      organization. In this context, the state under sponsorship cripples the very
      existence of an effective human resources policy, creating a favorable
      environment for outsourcing and flexibility of employment bonds among healthcare
      workers. OBJETIVO: Relacionar a estrutura organizativa dos hospitais como nucleo
      de uma rede de servicos subcontratados e a flexibilizacao dos vinculos
      contratuais dos profissionais de saude no contexto de capitalismo financeirizado,
      analisando os regimes de trabalho condicionados centralmente pelo vinculo
      empregaticio. METODO: Pesquisa qualitativa atraves de etnografia, realizacao de
      entrevistas, analise de dados e utilizacao de estudo de caso. Os estudos de caso
      concentram-se em tres hospitais localizados Regiao Metropolitana de Sao Paulo com
      gestoes distintas: administracao publica; administracao terceirizada para
      Organizacao Social de Saude (OSS); e administracao privada. RESULTADOS:
      Destacamos a tendencia da terceirizacao, do desmonte do emprego estavel e a
      conformacao de relacoes trabalhistas assimetricas para as profissoes em saude.
      CONCLUSAO: Esses aspectos sao caracteristicos do periodo do capitalismo
      contemporaneo e da organizacao pos-fordista do trabalho. Nesse contexto, o
      subfinanciamento do Estado inviabiliza uma politica de recursos humanos efetiva,
      configurando o ambiente propicio para as terceirizacoes e flexibilidade do
      vinculo empregaticio para os trabalhadores de saude.

PMID- 27384210
TI  - Costs of topical treatment of pressure ulcer patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the costs of a topical treatment of pressure ulcer (PU)
      patients in a hospital unit for treatment of chronic patients in 2014. METHOD:
      This is an activity-based costing study. This method encompasses the
      identification, measurement and pricing of physical and human resources consumed
      for dressings. RESULTS: Procedure costs varied between BRL 16.41 and BRL 260.18.
      For PUs of the same category, of near areas and with the same type of
      barrier/adjuvant, the cost varied between 3.5% and 614.6%. For most dressings,
      the cost increased proportionally to the increase of the area and to the
      development of PU category. The primary barrier accounted for a high percentage
      of costs among all items required to the application of dressings (human and
      material resources). Dressings applied in sacral PUs had longer application
      times. CONCLUSION: This study allowed us to understand the costs involved in the
      treatment of PUs, and it may support decision-makers and other cost-effectiveness
      studies. OBJETIVO: Realizar uma avaliacao do custo do tratamento topico de
      pacientes com ulceras por pressao (UP), em uma unidade hospitalar de atendimento
      a pacientes cronicos no ano de 2014. METODO: Trata-se de um estudo de custos
      baseado no Sistema de custeio Baseado em Atividades. Este metodo contempla a
      identificacao, mensuracao e precificacao dos recursos fisicos e humanos
      consumidos para a realizacao de curativos. RESULTADOS: Os custos dos
      procedimentos variaram de R$16,41 a R$260,18. Para UP de mesma categoria, de
      areas aproximadas e mesmo tipo de cobertura/adjuvante, a variacao entre os custos
      foi de 3,5% a 614,6%. Para a maioria dos curativos, o custo aumentou
      proporcionalmente ao aumento da area e a progressao da categoria das UP. A
      cobertura primaria representou elevado percentual nos custos entre todos os itens
      necessarios para realizar os curativos (recursos humanos e materiais). Os
      curativos realizados nas UP sacrais foram os que apresentaram maiores tempos para
      execucao. CONCLUSAO: Este estudo permitiu conhecer os custos envolvidos no
      tratamento das UP e pode fornecer subsidios para os tomadores de decisao, assim
      como para a realizacao de estudos de custo-efetividade.

PMID- 27384211
TI  - Sepsis in a university hospital: a prospective study for the cost analysis of
      patients' hospitalization.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost of hospitalization of patients with severe sepsis
      or septic shock admitted or diagnosed in the Urgent and Emergency sector at a
      university hospital and followed until the clinical outcome. METHOD: An
      epidemiological, prospective, observational study conducted in a public hospital
      in southern Brazil for the period of one year (August 2013 to August 2014).
      Sepsis notification forms, medical records and data of the cost sector were used
      for the collection of clinical and epidemiological data. RESULTS: The sample
      comprised 95 patients, resulting in a total high cost of hospitalization (R$
      3,692,421.00), and an average of R$ 38,867.60 per patient. Over half of the total
      value of the treatment of sepsis (R$ 2,215,773.50) was assigned to patients who
      progressed to death (59.0%). The higher costs were related to discharge,
      diagnosis of severe sepsis, the pulmonary focus of infection and the age group of
      up to 59 years. CONCLUSION: The high cost of the treatment of sepsis justifies
      investments in training actions and institution of protocols that can direct
      preventive actions, and optimize diagnosis and treatment in infected and septic
      patients. OBJETIVO: Estimar o custo da internacao de pacientes com sepse grave ou
      choque septico admitidos ou diagnosticados no setor de Urgencias e Emergencias de
      um hospital universitario e seguidos ate o desfecho clinico. METODO: Estudo
      epidemiologico, prospectivo e observacional, realizado em um hospital publico do
      sul do Brasil, no periodo de 1 ano (agosto de 2013 a agosto de 2014). A coleta
      dos dados clinico-epidemiologicos utilizou fichas de notificacao de sepse,
      prontuarios e dados do setor de custos. Foi realizada analise de tendencia
      central, dispersao e quartis dos custos das internacoes. RESULTADOS: Amostra
      composta por 95 pacientes que totalizaram elevado custo da internacao (R$
      3.692.421,00), com media de R$ 38.867,60 por paciente. Mais da metade do valor
      total do tratamento da sepse (R$ 2.215.773,50) destinou-se a pacientes que
      evoluiram a obito (59,0%). Os maiores custos foram relacionados a alta, ao
      diagnostico de sepse grave, ao foco infeccioso pulmonar e a faixa etaria ate os
      59 anos. CONCLUSAO: O elevado custo com o tratamento da sepse justificam
      investimentos em acoes de capacitacao e instituicao de protocolos que possam
      direcionar acoes preventivas, otimizar o diagnostico e a terapeutica em pacientes
      infectados e septico.

PMID- 27384212
TI  - Development and validation of educational technology for venous ulcer care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate an educational technology venous ulcers care.
      METHOD: Methodological study conducted in five steps: Situational diagnosis;
      literature review; development of texts, illustrations and layout; apparent and
      content validity by the Content Validity Index, assessment of Flesch Readability
      Index; and pilot testing. RESULTS: The developed technology was a type of booklet
      entitled Booklet for Venous Ulcers Care, consisting of seven topics: Diet and
      food intake, walking and light exercise, resting with elevated leg, bandage care,
      compression therapy, family support, and keeping healthy habits. The apparent
      validity revealed minimal agreement of 85.7% in the clarity and
      comprehensibility. The total content validity index was 0.97, the Flesch
      Readability Index was 75%, corresponding to the reading "fairly easy". The pilot
      test showed that 100% of people with venous ulcers evaluated the text and the
      illustrations as understandable, as appropriate. CONCLUSION: The educational
      technology proved to be valid for the appearance and content with potential for
      use in clinical practice. OBJETIVO: Construir e validar uma tecnologia educativa
      para cuidados com ulcera venosa. METODO: Estudo metodologico realizado em cinco
      fases: diagnostico situacional; revisao da literatura; desenvolvimento de textos,
      ilustracoes e diagramacao; validade de aparencia e de conteudo pelo Indice de
      Validade de Conteudo, avaliacao do Indice de Legibilidade de Flesch; e teste
      piloto. RESULTADOS: A tecnologia desenvolvida foi do tipo cartilha intitulada
      Cartilha para cuidados com ulcera venosa, constituida de sete topicos:
      Alimentacao, Caminhadas e exercicios leves, Repouso com a perna elevada, Cuidados
      com o curativo, Terapia compressiva, Apoio familiar, e manter habitos saudaveis.
      A validade aparente revelou concordancia minima de 85,7% na clareza e
      compreensibilidade. O Indice de Validade de Conteudo total foi de 0,97, o Indice
      de legibilidade de Flesch foi de 75%, o que correspondeu a leitura "razoavelmente
      facil". O teste piloto revelou que 100% das pessoas com ulcera venosa avaliaram o
      texto como compreensivo e as ilustracoes, como adequadas. CONCLUSAO: A tecnologia
      educativa mostrou-se valida quanto a aparencia e ao conteudo, com potencial de
      utilizacao na pratica clinica.

PMID- 27384213
TI  - Palliative care and nursing in dissertations and theses in Portugal: a
      bibliometric study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify the academic scientific production on palliative care in
      master dissertations and PhD theses carried out by nurses in Portugal. METHOD: A
      descriptive retrospective study of bibliometric type with search for the
      abstracts available in repositories of higher education institutions in the
      period 2000-2014. RESULTS: Of the 1814 papers identified, 249 met the inclusion
      criteria (ten doctoral theses and 239 master dissertations). The most
      representative methodological approach was quantitative (31.35%) and the most
      studied area was family/informal caregiver (20.69%). The most studied target
      population were the students/health professionals (38.51%). CONCLUSION: The
      academic scientific production in this area has been growing in spite of the need
      for continued investment in order to fill the identified gaps. OBJETIVO:
      Identificar a producao cientifica academica sobre cuidados paliativos nos estudos
      de mestrados e doutoramentos efetuados por enfermeiros em Portugal. METODO:
      Estudo descritivo e retrospetivo, do tipo bibliometrico, recorrendo aos resumos
      disponiveis nos repositorios das instituicoes de ensino superior no periodo 2000
      2014. RESULTADOS: Dos 1814 trabalhos identificados, 249 corresponderam aos
      criterios de inclusao (10 teses de doutoramento e 239 dissertacoes de mestrado).
      A abordagem metodologica mais representativa e a quantitativa (31,35%), a area
      mais estudada foi a familia/cuidador informal (20,69%) e a populacao-alvo mais
      estudada foram os estudantes/profissionais de saude (38,51%). CONCLUSAO: A
      producao cientifica academica nessa area tem vindo a crescer. Embora exista
      necessidade de investimento continuo de forma a colmatar as lacunas
      identificadas.

PMID- 27384214
TI  - Nursing care for women with pre-eclampsia and/or eclampsia: integrative review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the available evidence in the literature on nursing care
      for women with pre-eclampsia and/or eclampsia. METHODS: Integrative review
      searching for primary studies in the databases PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS and SciELO.
      RESULTS: The sample size consisted of 17 primary studies published between
      January 2000 and December 2014, grouped into four categories: standardizing blood
      pressure measurement technique; training with simulation; instruments for
      standardization of care and quality of care The main nursing actions were:
      physical examination, early detection of signs of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia,
      monitoring of laboratory tests, fetal assessment, qualification and training of
      professionals. We identified the need for standardization of care from
      instruments, protocols and blood pressure measurement technique, early
      identification and treatment of hypertensive crisis through institutional
      protocols and review of cases and work processes. CONCLUSION: Women with pre
      eclampsia and/or eclampsia require specific nursing care, which must be guided by
      care protocols based on scientific evidence. OBJETIVO: Analisar as evidencias
      disponiveis na literatura sobre assistencia de enfermagem as mulheres com pre
      eclampsia e/ou eclampsia. METODO: Revisao integrativa cuja busca dos estudos
      primarios foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS e SciELO.
      RESULTADOS: Amostra foi composta por 17 estudos primarios, publicados entre
      janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2014, agrupados em quatro categorias: padronizacao
      da tecnica de mensuracao da pressao arterial; treinamentos com simulacao;
      instrumentos para padronizacao da assistencia e qualidade da assistencia As
      principais acoes de enfermagem foram: exame fisico, identificacao precoce de
      sinais de pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, acompanhamento de exames laboratoriais,
      avaliacao fetal, capacitacao e treinamento dos profissionais. Identificou-se a
      necessidade de padronizacao do atendimento a partir de instrumentos e protocolos
      e da tecnica de afericao da pressao arterial, identificacao e tratamento precoces
      da crise hipertensiva mediante protocolos institucionais e revisao de casos e
      processos de trabalho. CONCLUSAO: Mulheres com pre-eclampsia e/ou eclampsia
      exigem cuidados de enfermagem especificos, os quais devem ser pautados em
      protocolos de cuidados baseados em evidencias cientificas.

PMID- 27384215
TI  - Primary health care assessment from the users' perspectives: a systematic review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Analyze the evaluation of the attributes of primary care made by users
      of basic units of Brazilian health by using PCATool instrument adapted to Brazil.
      METHOD: A systematic literature review conducted in the PubMed database, IBECS,
      LILACS, SciELO and BDTD. RESULTS: 4,405 documents were found, selected 23 full
      texts. After Full reading and application of eligibility criteria, 14 articles
      were evaluated. The studies showed that primary care performs well in
      longitudinality attributes, completeness and coordination and worse performance
      on attributes access first contact, family counseling and community orientation,
      even in the basic units with the Family Health. CONCLUSION: The users of basic
      health units assessed as unsatisfactory attributes considered essential for a
      health care more equitable and competing for user autonomy and social control. It
      is inferred that there are still obstacles hindering user access to basic health
      services and care actions are still being developed without favoring user
      participation and the community context in which they live. OBJETIVO: Analisar a
      avaliacao dos atributos da Atencao Basica feita por usuarios de unidades basicas
      de saude brasileiras, mediante utilizacao de adaptacoes do instrumento PCATool
      para o Brasil. METODO: Revisao sistematica da literatura realizada nas bases de
      dados Medline/PubMed, LILACS, IBECS, SciELO e BDTD. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados
      4.405 documentos, sendo selecionados 23 textos completos. Apos leitura integral e
      aplicacao dos criterios de elegibilidade, 14 artigos foram avaliados. Os estudos
      apontaram que a Atencao Basica tem bom desempenho nos atributos
      longitudinalidade, integralidade e coordenacao e pior desempenho nos atributos
      acesso de primeiro contato, orientacao familiar e a orientacao comunitaria, mesmo
      nas unidades basicas com Saude da Familia. CONCLUSAO: Os usuarios das unidades
      basicas de saude avaliaram como insatisfatorios atributos considerados
      fundamentais para uma atencao a saude mais equanime e concorrente para autonomia
      do usuario e controle social. Infere-se que ainda existem obstaculos que
      dificultam o acesso dos usuarios aos servicos basicos de saude e que acoes do
      cuidado ainda estejam sendo desenvolvidas sem privilegiar a participacao do
      usuario e o contexto comunitario onde vivem.

PMID- 27384216
TI  - Scientific evidence of dockworker illness to nursing clinical reasoning.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify scientific evidence of occupational illness of dockworkers
      published in the literature. METHOD: systematic review of the literature,
      developed according to the Cochrane method. The databases searched were:
      Cochrane, LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL and SciELO. Studies from 1988 to 2014
      were selected. The data were analyzed according to the level of evidence and
      Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. RESULTS: We
      included 14 studies, in which 11 (78.6%) were from international journals. The
      year of 2012 showed greater number of studies. All studies were classified as:
      Level of Evidence 4, highlighting lung cancer, musculoskeletal and ischemic
      diseases, causal link in chemical risks. CONCLUSION: The development of
      preventive measures should especially include chemical exposure of workers
      applying the clinical reasoning of nurses' environmental knowledge to care for
      illnesses. OBJETIVO: Identificar evidencias cientificas de adoecimento
      ocupacional do trabalhador portuario publicadas na literatura. METODO: Revisao
      sistematica da literatura, construida conforme o metodo Cochrane. As bases de
      dados pesquisadas foram Cochrane, LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL e SciELO. Foram
      selecionados artigos publicados de 1988 a 2014. Os dados foram analisados
      conforme o Nivel de Evidencia e Strengthening the Reporting of Observational
      Studies in Epidemiology. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionadas 14 publicacoes, das quais
      11 (78,6%) de revistas internacionais. O ano de 2012 reuniu maior numero de
      publicacoes no periodo de estudo. Todas as publicacoes pertenciam ao Nivel de
      Evidencia 4, destacando o cancer pulmonar, doencas osteomusculares e isquemicas,
      com nexo causal nos riscos quimicos. CONCLUSAO: A elaboracao de medidas
      preventivas deve prever especialmente a exposicao quimica do trabalhador,
      aplicando ao raciocinio clinico do enfermeiro um conhecimento ambiental para a
      assistencia aos adoecimentos.

PMID- 27384217
TI  - Effectiveness of teaching strategies on the development of critical thinking in
      undergraduate nursing students: a meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching strategies used for
      development of critical thinking (CT) in undergraduate nursing students. METHOD:
      Systematic review with meta-analysis based on the recommendations of the Joanna
      Briggs Institute . Searches were conducted in the following databases: PubMed,
      CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, ERIC,
      and a database of theses from four continents. The initial selection and
      evaluation of studies and assessment of methodological quality was performed by
      two reviewers independently. RESULTS: Twelve randomized clinical trials were
      included in the study. In the meta-analysis of the four studies included that
      evaluated the strategy of problem-based learning (PBL), compared to lectures, the
      effectiveness of PBL was demonstrated with statistical significance (SMD = 0.21
      and 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.42; p = 0.0434) for the development of CT in undergraduate
      nursing students, and the studies were homogeneous (chi-square = 6.10, p =
      0.106). CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of PBL was demonstrated in the increase of
      overall CT scores. Further studies need to be conducted in order to develop,
      implement and evaluate teaching strategies that are guided in high methodological
      rigor, and supported in theoretical models of teaching and learning. OBJETIVO:
      Avaliar a efetividade das estrategias de ensino utilizadas para o desenvolvimento
      do pensamento critico (PC) em estudantes de graduacao em Enfermagem. METODO:
      Revisao sistematica com metanalise baseada nas recomendacoes do Joanna Briggs
      Institute. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web
      of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO e ERIC e de banco de teses
      dos quatro continentes. A selecao e avaliacao inicial dos estudos e a avaliacao
      da qualidade metodologica foi realizada por dois revisores de forma independente.
      RESULTADOS: Incluidos 12 ensaios clinico randomizados. Na metanalise, dos quatro
      estudos incluidos que avaliaram a estrategia do Problem Based Learning (PBL),
      comparada a palestras, foi demonstrada a efetividade do PBL, estatisticamente
      significativa (SMD=0,21 e 95% IC=0,01-0,42; p=0,0434) para o desenvolvimento do
      PC em estudantes de graduacao em Enfermagem e os estudos eram homogeneos (Qui
      quadrado=6,10, p=0,106). CONCLUSAO: Foi demonstrada a efetividade do PBL no
      aumento dos escores de PC global. Novos estudos precisam ser feitos com o
      objetivo de desenvolver, implementar e avaliar estrategias de ensino, que sejam
      pautadas em alto rigor metodologico e amparadas em modelos teoricos de ensino
      aprendizagem.

PMID- 27384218
TI  - Emergencies and acute diseases in the collected works of Hippocrates:
      observation, examination, prognosis, therapy.
AB  - The collected works omicronf Hippocrates include a wealth of references to
      emergencies and acute conditions; if the physician could treat these, he would be
      considered superior to his colleagues. Works most relevant to current Emergency
      Medicine are presented. They indicate Hippocrates' remarkable insight and
      attention to the value of close observation, meticulous clinical examination, and
      prognosis. Hippocrates and his followers disdained mystery and were not satisfied
      until they had discovered a rational cause to diseases. They assigned great
      significance to distressing signs and symptoms - the famous Hippocratic face, the
      breathing pattern, pain, seizures, opisthotonus - pointing to a fatal outcome,
      which they reported to their patient. The principles of treatment of emergencies,
      such as angina, haemorrhage, empyema, ileus, shoulder dislocations and head
      injuries, are astonishingly similar to the ones used nowadays.

PMID- 27384220
TI  - Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income
      countries.
AB  - Every year, more than half a million children die due to diarrheal diseases.
      Recent studies have identified the most important etiologies of diarrheal disease
      are enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli, Shigella spp., rotavirus,
      norovirus and Cryptosporidium spp. These etiologies are unsurprisingly
      characterized by a combination of high shedding, high infectivity, and
      transmissibility through multiple environmental reservoirs. The relative
      importance of the transmission routes is likely site-specific. So the impact of
      interventions, which typically target only one or two environmental reservoirs,
      is likely also site-specific. The factors influencing the transmission routes
      most important for diarrheal disease are complex, including - at a minimum -
      etiology of endemic disease; and water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure
      and practices. The site-specific nature - and complexity of transmission - helps
      explain the observed variation in impacts of water, sanitation, and hygiene
      interventions. It may also render efforts to estimate or quantify global means
      for interventions' impacts irrelevant. The theme of this Perspective is that
      greater reductions in diarrheal disease transmission in LMICs can be achieved by
      designing interventions to interrupt the most important environmental
      transmission pathways. Intervention choice should be informed by site-specific
      conditions, most notably: diarrheal etiology and existing water, sanitation, and
      hygiene infrastructure and practices. The theme is discussed through the lens of
      the characteristics of the most important diarrheal diseases (shedding,
      infectivity, growth, and persistence) and the general characteristics of
      environmental reservoirs (exposure pathways and fecal contamination). The
      discussion highlights when interventions - and combinations of interventions -
      will be most effective at reducing diarrheal disease burden. 

PMID- 27384221
TI  - An analysis of a humidifier disinfectant case from a toxicological perspective.
AB  - An analysis of patients and fatalities due to exposure to polyhexamethylene
      guanidine (PHMG) shows that PHMG causes mainly lung diseases such as pulmonary
      fibrosis. However, no research on the other organs has been conducted on this
      matter yet. So, an in-depth discussion on toxicological techniques is needed to
      determine whether or not PHMG is toxic to organs other than just the lungs. For
      the test of target organ toxicity by PHMG exposure, a toxicokinetic study must
      first be conducted. However, measurement method for PHMG injected into the body
      has not yet been established because it is not easy to analyze polymer PHMG, so
      related base studies on analytical technique for PHMG including radio-labeling
      chemistry must come first. Moreover, research on exposure-biomarker and effect
      biomarker must also be conducted, primarily related to clinical application.
      Several limitations seem to be expected to apply the biomarker study to the
      patient because much time has passed after exposure to the humidifier
      disinfectant. It is why a more comprehensive toxicological researches must be
      introduced to the causality for the victims. 

PMID- 27384222
TI  - RhoB Acts as a Tumor Suppressor That Inhibits Malignancy of Clear Cell Renal Cell
      Carcinoma.
AB  - This study aims to investigate the biological role of RhoB in clear cell renal
      cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The expression of RhoB was examined in specimens of
      patients and cell lines by Western blot and Immunohistochemistry. The correlation
      between RhoB expression and clinicopathologic variables was also analyzed. The
      effects of RhoB on cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and
      invasion/migration were detected by over-expression and knockdown of RhoB level
      in ccRCC cells via plasmids and RNAi. The results showed that RhoB was low
      expressed in ccRCC surgical specimens and cell lines compared with adjacent
      normal renal tissues and normal human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell
      lines (HKC), and its protein expression level was significantly associated with
      the tumor pathologic parameter embracing tumor size(P = 0.0157), pT stage(P =
      0.0035), TNM stage(P = 0.0024) and Fuhrman tumor grade(P = 0.0008). Further, over
      expression of RhoB remarkably inhibited the cancer cell proliferation, colony
      formation and promoted cancer cell apoptosis, and aslo reduced the invasion and
      migration ability of ccRCC cells. Interestingly, up-regulation of RhoB could
      induce cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and led to cell cycle
      regulators(CyclineB1,CDK1) and pro-apoptotic protein(casp3,casp9) aberrant
      expression. Moreover, knockdown of RhoB in HKC cells promoted cell proliferation
      and migration. Taken together, our study indicates that RhoB expression is
      decreased in ccRCC carcinogenesis and progression. Up-regulation of RhoB
      significantly inhibits ccRCC cell malignant phenotype. These findings show that
      RhoB may play a tumor suppressive role in ccRCC cells, raising its potential
      value in futural therapeutic target for the patients of ccRCC. 

PMID- 27384223
TI  - Global alternans instability and its effect on non-linear wave propagation:
      dynamical Wenckebach block and self terminating spiral waves.
AB  - The main mechanism of formation of reentrant cardiac arrhythmias is via formation
      of waveblocks at heterogeneities of cardiac tissue. We report that heterogeneity
      and the area of waveblock can extend itself in space and can result formation of
      new additional sources, or termination of existing sources of arrhythmias. This
      effect is based on a new form of instability, which we coin as global alternans
      instability (GAI). GAI is closely related to the so-called (discordant) alternans
      instability, however its onset is determined by the global properties of the APD
      restitution curve and not by its slope. The APD-restitution curve relates the
      duration of the cardiac pulse (APD) to the time interval between the pulses, and
      can easily be measured in an experimental or even clinical setting. We formulate
      the conditions for the onset of GAI, study its manifestation in various 1D and 2D
      situations and discuss its importance for the onset of cardiac arrhythmias.

PMID- 27384224
TI  - Letter to Editor.

PMID- 27384225
TI  - Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of Two Common Chaenomeles Fruits in China:
      Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles sinensis.
AB  - Contents of total flavonoids, total phenolics, total triterpenes, total condensed
      tannin and total saponins in peels, flesh and endocarps of Chaenomeles speciosa
      (CSP) and Chaenomeles sinensis (CSS) were determined by colorimetric method,
      while 5 phenolics (vanillic, gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic and p-coumaric acids),
      2 triterpenes (oleanolic and ursolic acids), and 3 flavonoids (rutin, catechin
      and epicatechin) were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and HPLC, and antioxidant and alpha
      glucosidase inhibitory activities of them also were evaluated as well as their
      digestive characteristics. In the correlation analysis, total phenolics, vanillic
      acid, catechin, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid all contribute to DPPH(.)
      scavenge capacity, gallic acid contributes to total ferric reducing antioxidant
      power, while total triterpenes, total saponins, chlorogenic acid and ferullic
      acid contribute to alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. In the principal
      component analysis, endocarps of CSP and CSS both show better quality than their
      peels and flesh, respectively. In vitro digestion can increase contents of total
      flavonoids, total condensed tannin and total saponins, while contents of total
      phenolics and total triterpenes decreased greatly. Our study would contribute to
      the full use of discarded parts of the 2 Chaenomeles and be helpful to establish
      a good foundation for further research of CSP and CSS. 

PMID- 27384226
TI  - Water balance and irrigation water pumping of Lake Merdada for potato farming in
      Dieng Highland, Indonesia.
AB  - Lakes provide water resources for domestic use, livestock, irrigational use, etc.
      Water availability of lakes can be estimated using lake water balance. Lake water
      balance is calculated from the water input and output of a lake. Dieng Highland
      has several volcanic lakes in its surroundings. Lake Merdada in Dieng Highland
      has been experiencing extensive water pumping for several years more than other
      lakes in the surrounding area. It provides irrigation water for potato farming in
      Dieng Highland. The hydrological model of this lake has not been studied. The
      modeled water balance in this research uses primary data, i.e., bathymetric data,
      soil texture, and outflow discharge, as well as secondary data, i.e., rainfall,
      temperature, Landsat 7 ETM+ band 8 image, and land use. Water balance input
      components consist of precipitation on the surface area, surface (direct) runoff
      from the catchment area, and groundwater inflow and outflow (G net), while the
      output components consist of evaporation, river outflow, and irrigation. It shows
      that groundwater is the dominant input and output of the lake. On the other hand,
      the actual irrigation water pumping plays the leading role as human-induced
      alteration of outflow discharge. The maximum irrigation pumping modeling shows
      that it will decrease lake storage up to 37.14 % per month and may affect the
      ecosystem inside the lake. 

PMID- 27384227
TI  - Environmental Status and geochemical assessment Sediments of Lake Skadar,
      Montenegro.
AB  - The environmental mobility and geochemical partitioning of ten metals were
      examined in sediments collected from the six locations around Lake Skadar in
      Montenegro. A three-step sequential extraction procedure was used to determine
      the distribution of the metals in various substrates of lacustrine sediments, and
      the concentrations were measured in the liquid extract by ICP-OES. The largest
      portion of the total amount of cadmium, strontium and manganese can be found in
      sediment bound to the hydrated iron and manganese oxides; cobalt, lead, copper
      and nickel in the oxidizable fraction and the highest portion of chromium,
      vanadium and zinc are in the residual fraction. The most mobilized and
      potentially mobile metals are strontium, cadmium and cobalt while the most
      immobilized metals are chromium, vanadium and zinc. Based on geochemical
      parameters, an assessment of sediment contamination by the investigated metals
      was performed and the results showed potential risks ranging from "no risk" to
      "low risk" to the environment. 

PMID- 27384228
TI  - Herbicide and pesticide occurrence in the soils of children's playgrounds in
      Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
AB  - Pesticide pollution in Sarajevo public playgrounds is an important health and
      environmental issue, and the lack of information about it is causing concerns
      amongst the general population as well as researchers. Since children are in
      direct contact with surface soils on children's playgrounds, such soils should be
      much more carefully examined. Furthermore, herbicides and pesticides get
      transmitted from soil surfaces brought from outside the urban areas, or they get
      dispersed following their direct applications in urban areas. Infants' and
      children's health can be directly affected by polluted soils because of the
      inherent toxicity and widespread use of the different pesticides in urban
      environments such as playgrounds. In addition to that, the presence of chromated
      copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservative pesticide found as soil pollutant in
      playing equipment was also documented. Soil samples from playgrounds were
      collected and analyzed for triazines, carbamates, dithiocarbamates, phenolic
      herbicides and organochlorine pesticides. Samples for the determination of heavy
      metals Cu, Cr and As were prepared by microwave-assisted acid digestion, and the
      findings were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission
      spectrometer. Triazines, carbamates, dithiocarbamates, chlorphenoxy compounds,
      phenolic herbicides, organochlorine pesticides and organotin compounds were
      detected in playground soils and their determined concentrations (mg/kg) were
      respectively found as follows: <0.005, <0.05, <0.5, < 0.4, <0.1, <0.001 and
      <0.004. The determined contents (mg/kg) of Cu, Cr and As were in the ranges from
      16.77 to 80.21, from 7.14 to 15.45 and from 3.31 to 4.43, respectively. Our
      preliminary results raise concerns about potential adverse effects of herbicides
      and pesticides on human health, which strengthens the case for a more
      preventative and protective approach to the uncontrolled presence of herbicides
      and pesticides in Sarajevo's playground soils. 

PMID- 27384229
TI  - CRISPR: a versatile tool for both forward and reverse genetics research.
AB  - Human genetics research employs the two opposing approaches of forward and
      reverse genetics. While forward genetics identifies and links a mutation to an
      observed disease etiology, reverse genetics induces mutations in model organisms
      to study their role in disease. In most cases, causality for mutations identified
      by forward genetics is confirmed by reverse genetics through the development of
      genetically engineered animal models and an assessment of whether the model can
      recapitulate the disease. While many technological advances have helped improve
      these approaches, some gaps still remain. CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly
      interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated), which has emerged as a
      revolutionary genetic engineering tool, holds great promise for closing such
      gaps. By combining the benefits of forward and reverse genetics, it has
      dramatically expedited human genetics research. We provide a perspective on the
      power of CRISPR-based forward and reverse genetics tools in human genetics and
      discuss its applications using some disease examples.

PMID- 27384230
TI  - Effects of arterial transit delay on cerebral blood flow quantification using
      arterial spin labeling in an elderly cohort.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate whether measurement of arterial transit time (ATT) can
      improve the accuracy of arterial spin labeling (ASL) cerebral blood flow (CBF)
      quantification in an elderly cohort due to the potentially prolonged ATT in the
      cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We employed a 1-minute, low-resolution (12 mm in
      plane), sequential multidelay ATT measurement (both with and without vessel
      suppression) approach to characterize and correct ATT errors in CBF imaging of an
      elderly, clinical cohort. In all, 140 nondemented subjects greater than 70 years
      old were imaged at 3T with a single delay, volumetric continuous ASL sequence and
      also with the fast ATT measurement method. Nine healthy young subjects (28 +/- 6
      years old) were also imaged. RESULTS: ATTs measured without vessel suppression
      (superior frontal: 1.51 +/- 0.27 sec) in the elderly were significantly shorter
      than those with suppression (P < 0.0001). Correction of CBF for ATT significantly
      increased average CBF in multiple brain regions where ATT was longer than the
      postlabeling delay (P < 0.01) and decreased intersubject variability of CBF in
      frontal, parietal, and occipital regions (P < 10-8 ). Measured ATT with vessel
      suppression was significantly longer in the elderly subjects (eg, superior
      frontal: 1.76 +/- 0.25 sec) compared to the younger adults (superior frontal:
      1.59 +/- 0.19 sec) in basal ganglia and frontal cortical regions (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: The ATT measurement is beneficial for imaging of elderly clinical
      populations. If ATT mapping is not feasible or available, postlabeling delays of
      2-2.3 seconds should be used for elderly populations based on longest measured
      regional ATTs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:472-481.

PMID- 27384232
TI  - Predictive validity of the ACC/AHA pooled cohort equations in predicting cancer
      specific mortality in a National Prospective Cohort Study of Adults in the United
      States.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task
      Force on Practice Guidelines recently developed the Pooled Cohort Risk (PCR)
      equations to predict 10-years risk for a first atherosclerotic cardiovascular
      disease (ASCVD) event. The predictive validity of these PCR equations on cancer
      specific mortality among a national sample of US adults has yet to be evaluated,
      which was this study's purpose. METHODS: Data from the 1999-2010 National Health
      and Nutrition Examination Survey were used, with participants followed through
      December 31, 2011 to ascertain cancer mortality status via the National Death
      Index probabilistic algorithm. The analysed sample included 11,171 CVD-free
      adults (40-79 years). Ten-year risk of a first ASCVD was determined from the PCR
      equations. RESULTS: For the entire sample, 849,202 person-months occurred with an
      incidence rate of 0.31 cancer-specific deaths per 1,000 person-months. The
      unweighted follow-up duration was 72 months (IQR = 39-114). After adjusting for
      age, gender, race-ethnicity, physical activity and obesity, those with an
      elevated ASCVD (>= 7.5%) whom did not have a history of cancer at baseline had a
      71% increased risk of cancer-specific mortality. There was less evidence for this
      relationship among those with a history of cancer. The individual components of
      the ASCVD that were predictive of cancer-specific mortality included age and
      smoking status. CONCLUSION: Ten-year predicted risk of a first ASCVD event via
      the PCR equations were significantly associated with cancer-specific mortality in
      a national sample of US adults (40-79 years) whom were free of cancer and CVD at
      baseline. In this American adult sample, the PCR equations provide evidence of
      predictive validity for cancer-specific mortality, particularly among those
      without cancer.

PMID- 27384231
TI  - Blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol and lung cancer risk: an update
      of the WCRF-AICR systematic review of published prospective studies.
AB  - Carotenoids and retinol are considered biomarkers of fruits and vegetables
      intake, and are of much interest because of their anti-inflammatory and
      antioxidant properties; however, there is inconsistent evidence regarding their
      protective effects against lung cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis of
      prospective studies of blood concentrations of carotenoids and retinol, and lung
      cancer risk. We identified relevant prospective studies published up to December
      2014 by searching the PubMed and several other databases. We calculated summary
      estimates of lung cancer risk for the highest compared with lowest carotenoid and
      retinol concentrations and dose-response meta-analyses using random effects
      models. We used fractional polynomial models to assess potential nonlinear
      relationships. Seventeen prospective studies (18 publications) including 3603
      cases and 458,434 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Blood
      concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, total carotenoids, and retinol
      were significantly inversely associated with lung cancer risk or mortality. The
      summary relative risk were 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55-0.80) per 5
      MUg/100 mL of alpha-carotene (studies [n] = 5), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76-0.94) per 20
      MUg/100 mL of beta-carotene (n = 9), 0.66 (95% CI: 0.54-0.81) per 100 MUg/100 mL
      of total carotenoids (n = 4), and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.73-0.90) per 70 MUg/100 mL of
      retinol (n = 8). In stratified analysis by sex, the significant inverse
      associations for beta-carotene and retinol were observed only in men and not in
      women. Nonlinear associations were observed for beta-carotene, beta
      cryptoxanthin, and lycopene, with stronger associations observed at lower
      concentrations. There were not enough data to conduct stratified analyses by
      smoking. In conclusion, higher blood concentrations of several carotenoids and
      retinol are associated with reduced lung cancer risk. Further studies in never
      and former smokers are needed to rule out confounding by smoking.

PMID- 27384233
TI  - Precise protein assembly of array structures.
AB  - The assembly of proteins into various nano-objects with regular and periodic
      microstructures, i.e. protein arrays, is a fast-growing field in materials
      science. Due to the structural complexity of proteins, reports in this field are
      still quite limited. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in
      protein array construction by different driving forces, including electrostatic
      interactions, metal-ligand interactions, molecular recognition and protein
      protein interactions. In line with our particular interest, assemblies driven by
      molecular recognition are particularly explored. Finally, functionalities of the
      obtained protein arrays are briefly discussed. 

PMID- 27384234
TI  - Our endless search for a scientific paradigm is not over.

PMID- 27384235
TI  - Cancer Drug Pricing and Reimbursement: Lessons for the United States From Around
      the World.

PMID- 27384236
TI  - When the Patient Says No.

PMID- 27384238
TI  - The modelling of odour dispersion as a support tool for the improvements of high
      odours impact plants.
AB  - Two scenarios in terms of odour impact assessment were studied during the phase
      of upgrading of an existing waste treatment plant: CALPUFF was used for the
      simulation of odour dispersion. Olfactometric measures, carried out over
      different periods and different positions in the plant, were used for model
      calibration. Results from simulations were reported in terms of statistics of
      odour concentrations and isopleths maps of the 98th percentile of the hourly peak
      concentrations, as requested from the European legislation and standards. The
      excess perception thresholds and emissions were utilized to address the plant
      upgrade options. The hourly evaluation of odours was performed to determine the
      most impacting period of the day. An inverse application of the numerical
      simulation starting from defining the odour threshold at the receptor was made to
      allow the definition of the required abatement efficiency at the odours source
      location. Results from the proposed approach confirmed the likelihood to adopt
      odour dispersion modelling, not only in the authorization phase, but also as a
      tool for driving technical and managing actions in plant upgrade so to reduce
      impacts and improve the public acceptance. The upgrade actions in order to
      achieve the expected efficiency are reported as well.

PMID- 27384239
TI  - Secure Scientific Applications Scheduling Technique for Cloud Computing
      Environment Using Global League Championship Algorithm.
AB  - Cloud computing system is a huge cluster of interconnected servers residing in a
      datacenter and dynamically provisioned to clients on-demand via a front-end
      interface. Scientific applications scheduling in the cloud computing environment
      is identified as NP-hard problem due to the dynamic nature of heterogeneous
      resources. Recently, a number of metaheuristics optimization schemes have been
      applied to address the challenges of applications scheduling in the cloud system,
      without much emphasis on the issue of secure global scheduling. In this paper,
      scientific applications scheduling techniques using the Global League
      Championship Algorithm (GBLCA) optimization technique is first presented for
      global task scheduling in the cloud environment. The experiment is carried out
      using CloudSim simulator. The experimental results show that, the proposed GBLCA
      technique produced remarkable performance improvement rate on the makespan that
      ranges between 14.44% to 46.41%. It also shows significant reduction in the time
      taken to securely schedule applications as parametrically measured in terms of
      the response time. In view of the experimental results, the proposed technique
      provides better-quality scheduling solution that is suitable for scientific
      applications task execution in the Cloud Computing environment than the MinMin,
      MaxMin, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) scheduling
      techniques. 

PMID- 27384237
TI  - Deciphering and Targeting Oncogenic Mutations and Pathways in Breast Cancer.
AB  - : Advances in DNA and RNA sequencing revealed substantially greater genomic
      complexity in breast cancer than simple models of a few driver mutations would
      suggest. Only very few, recurrent mutations or copy-number variations in cancer
      causing genes have been identified. The two most common alterations in breast
      cancer are TP53 (affecting the majority of triple-negative breast cancers) and
      PIK3CA (affecting almost half of estrogen receptor-positive cancers) mutations,
      followed by a long tail of individually rare mutations affecting <1%-20% of
      cases. Each cancer harbors from a few dozen to a few hundred potentially high
      functional impact somatic variants, along with a much larger number of
      potentially high-functional impact germline variants. It is likely that it is the
      combined effect of all genomic variations that drives the clinical behavior of a
      given cancer. Furthermore, entirely new classes of oncogenic events are being
      discovered in the noncoding areas of the genome and in noncoding RNA species
      driven by errors in RNA editing. In light of this complexity, it is not
      unexpected that, with the exception of HER2 amplification, no robust molecular
      predictors of benefit from targeted therapies have been identified. In this
      review, we summarize the current genomic portrait of breast cancer, focusing on
      genetic aberrations that are actively being targeted with investigational drugs.
      IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Next-generation sequencing is now widely available in
      the clinic, but interpretation of the results is challenging, and its impact on
      treatment selection is often limited. This work provides an overview of
      frequently encountered molecular abnormalities in breast cancer and discusses
      their potential therapeutic implications. This review emphasizes the importance
      of administering investigational targeted therapies, or off-label use of approved
      targeted drugs, in the context of a formal clinical trial or registry programs to
      facilitate learning about the clinical utility of tumor target profiling.

PMID- 27384240
TI  - Isoelectronic Tungsten Doping in Monolayer MoSe2 for Carrier Type Modulation.
AB  - Carrier-type modulation is demonstrated in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides as
      n-type monolayer MoSe2 is converted to nondegenerate p-type monolayer Mo1-x Wx
      Se2 through isoelectronic doping. Although the alloys are mesoscopically uniform,
      the p-type conduction in monolayer Mo1-x Wx Se2 appears to originate from the
      upshift of the valenceband maximum toward the Fermi level at highly localized "W
      rich" regions in the lattice.

PMID- 27384241
TI  - Incremental cancer detection using breast ultrasonography versus breast magnetic
      resonance imaging in the evaluation of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the incremental cancer detection rate (ICDR) using
      bilateral whole-breast ultrasonography (BWBUS) vs dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI
      in patients with primary breast cancer. METHODS: A retrospective database search
      in a single institution identified 259 patients with breast cancer diagnosed from
      January 2011 to August 2014 who underwent mammography, BWBUS and MRI before
      surgery. Patient characteristics, tumour characteristics and lesions seen on each
      imaging modality were recorded. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for
      each modality were calculated. ICDRs according to index tumour histology and
      receptor status were also evaluated. The effect of additional cancer detection on
      surgical planning was obtained from the medical records. RESULTS: A total of 266
      additional lesions beyond 273 index malignancies were seen on at least 1
      modality, of which 121 (45%) lesions were malignant and 145 (55%) lesions were
      benign. MRI was significantly more sensitive than BWBUS (p = 0.01), while BWBUS
      was significantly more accurate and specific than MRI (p < 0.0001). Compared with
      mammography, the ICDRs using BWBUS and MRI were significantly higher for
      oestrogen receptor-positive and triple-negative cancers, but not for human
      epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive cancers. 22 additional malignant
      lesions in 18 patients were seen on MRI only. Surgical planning remained
      unchanged in 8 (44%) of those 18 patients. CONCLUSION: MRI was more sensitive
      than BWBUS, while BWBUS was more accurate and specific than MRI. MRI-detected
      additional malignant lesions did not change surgical planning in almost half of
      these patients. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: BWBUS may be a cost-effective and
      practical tool in breast cancer staging.

PMID- 27384242
TI  - The intensive care infection score - a novel marker for the prediction of
      infection and its severity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prediction of infection and its severity remains difficult in the
      critically ill. A novel, simple biomarker derived from five blood-cell derived
      parameters that characterize the innate immune response in routine blood samples,
      the intensive care infection score (ICIS), could be helpful in this respect. We
      therefore compared the predictive value of the ICIS with that of the white blood
      cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) for infection
      and its severity in critically ill patients. METHODS: We performed a multicenter,
      cluster-randomized, crossover study in critically ill patients between January
      2013 and September 2014. Patients with a suspected infection for which blood
      cultures were taken by the attending intensivist were included. Blood was taken
      at the same time for WBC, ICIS, CRP and PCT measurements in the control study
      periods. Results of imaging and cultures were collected. Patients were divided
      into groups of increasing likelihood of infection and invasiveness: group 1
      without infection or with possible infection irrespective of cultures, group 2
      with probable or microbiologically proven local infection without blood stream
      infection (BSI) and group 3 with BSI irrespective of local infection. Septic
      shock was assessed. RESULTS: In total, 301 patients were enrolled. CRP, PCT and
      ICIS were higher in groups 2 and 3 than group 1. The area under the receiver
      operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for the prediction of infection was 0.70
      for CRP, 0.71 for PCT and 0.73 for ICIS (P < 0.001). For the prediction of septic
      shock the AUROC was 0.73 for CRP, 0.85 for PCT and 0.76 for ICIS. These AUROC did
      not differ from each other. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the ICIS is
      potentially useful for the prediction of infection and its severity in critically
      ill patients, non-inferiorly to CRP and PCT. In contrast to CRP and PCT, the ICIS
      can be determined routinely without extra blood sampling and lower costs,
      yielding results within 15 minutes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov
      identifier: ID NCT01847079 . Registered on 24 April 2013.

PMID- 27384244
TI  - Operator dermal exposure and protection provided by personal protective equipment
      and working coveralls during mixing/loading, application and sprayer cleaning in
      vineyards.
AB  - The efficiency of a working coverall combined with personal protective equipment
      to protect operators against dermal exposure to plant protection products under
      field conditions was studied. Operators wore a non-certified water-repellent
      finish polyester/cotton coverall plus a certified gown during the mixing/loading
      and the cleaning phases. Insecticide foliar application to a vineyard was
      selected as the exposure scenario. The overall dermal residue levels measured in
      this study were in the range of data recently collected in Europe. The water
      repellent finish working coverall reduced body exposure by a factor of
      approximately 95%. Wearing a Category III Type 3 partial body gown during
      mixing/loading and cleaning of the application equipment led to a further
      protective effect of 98.7%. The combination of a water-repellent finish working
      coverall and partial body protection during specific tasks provided satisfactory
      levels of protection and can be considered as suitable protection for the
      conditions of use studied.

PMID- 27384243
TI  - Conditional ablation of myeloid TNF increases lesion volume after experimental
      stroke in mice, possibly via altered ERK1/2 signaling.
AB  - Microglia are activated following cerebral ischemia and increase their production
      of the neuro- and immunomodulatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF). To
      address the function of TNF from this cellular source in focal cerebral ischemia
      we used TNF conditional knock out mice (LysMcreTNF(fl/fl)) in which the TNF gene
      was deleted in cells of the myeloid lineage, including microglia. The deletion
      reduced secreted TNF levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cultured primary
      microglia by ~93%. Furthermore, phosphorylated-ERK/ERK ratios were significantly
      decreased in naive LysMcreTNF(fl/fl) mice demonstrating altered ERK signal
      transduction. Micro-PET using (18)[F]-fluorodeoxyglucose immediately after focal
      cerebral ischemia showed increased glucose uptake in LysMcreTNF(fl/fl) mice,
      representing significant metabolic changes, that translated into increased
      infarct volumes at 24 hours and 5 days compared to littermates (TNFfl/fl). In
      naive LysMcreTNF(fl/fl) mice cytokine levels were low and comparable to
      littermates. At 6 hours, TNF producing microglia were reduced by 56% in the
      ischemic cortex in LysMcreTNF(fl/fl) mice compared to littermate mice, whereas no
      TNF(+) leukocytes were detected. At 24 hours, pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF, IL
      1beta, IL-6, IL-5 and CXCL1) levels were significantly lower in LysMcreTNF(fl/fl)
      mice, despite comparable infiltrating leukocyte populations. Our results identify
      microglial TNF as beneficial and neuroprotective in the acute phase and as a
      modulator of neuroinflammation at later time points after experimental ischemia,
      which may contribute to regenerative recovery.

PMID- 27384245
TI  - Sustained versus intermittent lung inflation for resuscitation of preterm
      infants: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate efficacy and safety of delivery room (DR) sustained lung
      inflation (SLI) in resuscitation of preterm neonates. METHODS: Randomized
      Controlled Trial including 112 preterm infants randomized to either SLI (n = 57)
      using T-piece resuscitator [maximum three inflations with maximum pressure of 30
      cmH2O for 15 s followed by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 5-7
      cmH2O] or conventional bag/mask inflation (CBMI) (n = 55) using traditional self
      inflating bag (maximum pressure of 40 cmH2O at a rate of 40-60 per min). Failure
      was defined as the need for DR or first 72 h intubation. Cord and 2-h post
      resuscitation blood samples were collected to measure interleukin (IL)-1beta and
      tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels before and after intervention. RESULTS: SLI
      was associated with significantly higher success rate compared to CBMI [75.4
      versus 54.5%; p = 0.017], lower need for DR intubation [5.3% versus 23.6%; (X2 =
      7.7; p = 0.005)], higher 5-min-Apgar score (median 8 versus 7; p = 0.018),
      shorter duration on nasal-CPAP (p = 0.017), and non-significantly different air
      leak (7% versus 11%; p = 0.3) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates among
      survivors (2% versus 11%; p = 0.09). Post-resuscitation IL-1beta plasma levels
      increased significantly in CBMI (p = 0.009) and not in SLI group. CONCLUSION:
      Delivery room SLI is more effective than intermittent bag and mask inflation for
      improving short-term respiratory outcome in preterm infants, without significant
      adverse effects.

PMID- 27384247
TI  - The Effect of Solvation on the Radiation Damage Rate Constants for Adenine.
AB  - It is well known that water plays an important part in almost all biological
      systems and that inclusion of solvation effects might therefore be of utmost
      importance in studies of radiation damage to DNA. In the present investigation,
      we have studied the effect of different solvation models in calculations of Gibbs
      free energies and reaction rates for the reaction between the OH radical and the
      DNA nucleobase adenine by conducting density functional theory calculations at
      the omegaB97X-D/6-311++G(2df,2pd) level with the Eckart tunnelling correction.
      The solvent, water, was included through either the implicit polarizable
      continuum model (PCM) or through explicit modelling of micro-solvation by a
      single water molecule at the site of reaction as well as by the combination of
      both. Scrutiny of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the individual sub-reactions
      suggests that the qualitative differences introduced by the solvation models do
      not significantly alter the conclusions made based solely on simple gas-phase
      calculations. Abstraction of the amine hydrogen atoms H61 and H62 and addition
      onto C8 remain the most likely reaction pathways.

PMID- 27384248
TI  - In Silico Calculation of Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients of Molecular
      Solutes in Ionic Liquids: Critical Review of Current Methods and New Models Based
      on Three Machine Learning Algorithms.
AB  - The aim of the paper is to address all the disadvantages of currently available
      models for calculating infinite dilution activity coefficients (gamma(infinity))
      of molecular solutes in ionic liquids (ILs)-a relevant property from the point of
      view of many applications of ILs, particularly in separations. Three new models
      are proposed, each of them based on distinct machine learning algorithm: stepwise
      multiple linear regression (SWMLR), feed-forward artificial neural network
      (FFANN), and least-squares support vector machine (LSSVM). The models were
      established based on the most comprehensive gamma(infinity) data bank reported so
      far (>34 000 data points for 188 ILs and 128 solutes). Following the paper
      published previously [J. Chem. Inf. Model 2014, 54, 1311-1324], the ILs were
      treated in terms of group contributions, whereas the Abraham solvation parameters
      were used to quantify an impact of solute structure. Temperature is also included
      in the input data of the models so that they can be utilized to obtain
      temperature-dependent data and thus related thermodynamic functions. Both
      internal and external validation techniques were applied to assess the
      statistical significance and explanatory power of the final correlations. A
      comparative study of the overall performance of the investigated
      SWMLR/FFANN/LSSVM approaches is presented in terms of root-mean-square error and
      average absolute relative deviation between calculated and experimental
      gamma(infinity), evaluated for different families of ILs and solutes, as well as
      between calculated and experimental infinite dilution selectivity for separation
      problems benzene from n-hexane and thiophene from n-heptane. LSSVM is shown to be
      a method with the lowest values of both training and generalization errors. It is
      finally demonstrated that the established models exhibit an improved accuracy
      compared to the state-of-the-art model, namely, temperature-dependent group
      contribution linear solvation energy relationship, published in 2011 [J. Chem.
      Eng. Data 2011, 56, 3598-3606].

PMID- 27384249
TI  - New insights into Cdk2 regulation during meiosis.

PMID- 27384250
TI  - Porous Molybdenum Phosphide Nano-Octahedrons Derived from Confined
      Phosphorization in UIO-66 for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution.
AB  - Herein, a series of porous nano-structured carbocatalysts have been fused and
      decorated by Mo-based composites, such as Mo2 C, MoN, and MoP, to form a hybrid
      structures. Using the open porosity derived from the pyrolysis of metal-organic
      frameworks (MOFs), the highly dispersive MoO2 small nanoparticles can be
      deposited in porous carbon by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Undergoing
      different treatments of carbonization, nitridation, and phosphorization, the Mo2
      C-, MoN-, and MoP-decorated carbocatalysts can be selectively prepared with un
      changed morphology. Among these Mo-based composites, the MoP@Porous carbon
      (MoP@PC) composites exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for the hydrogen
      evolution reaction (HER) in 0.5 m H2 SO4 aqueous solution versus MoO2 @PC, Mo2
      C@PC, and MoN@PC. This study gives a promising family of multifunctional lab-on-a
      particle architectures which shed light on energy conversion and fuel-cell
      catalysis.

PMID- 27384251
TI  - The influence of thoughts of death and suicidal ideation on the course of
      depression in older depressed patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Thoughts of death are not regularly included in diagnostic instruments
      and rarely examined separately from thoughts of suicide. This exploratory study
      examined whether thoughts of death and thoughts of suicide affect the course of
      late-life depressive disorders. METHODS: In 378 depressed older persons, thoughts
      of death and thoughts of suicide were assessed using questions from the Composite
      International Diagnostic Interview. After 2 years, the presence of a DSM-IV-TR
      diagnosis of minor or major depression or dysthymia was assessed with the
      Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The Inventory of Depressive
      Symptomatology was administered every 6 months up till 3-year follow-up. RESULTS:
      Multinomial logistic regression showed that thoughts of death as well as thoughts
      of suicide predicted double depression at follow-up (OR = 2.14 [95% CI: 1.04
      4.40] and OR = 6.47 [95% CI: 2.22-3.02], respectively), compared with patients
      without these thoughts. Results became non-significant when adjusted for baseline
      depression severity (OR = 1.17 [95% CI: 0.52-2.63] and OR = 2.57 [95% CI: 0.79
      8.84], respectively). Mixed linear models showed that severity of depression was
      lowest in the reference group, while symptoms decreased more over time in those
      with either thoughts of death or suicide. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with thoughts of
      death or with thoughts of suicide were more severely depressed at baseline and
      follow-up, with the highest risk of being depressed at follow-up for patients
      with thoughts of suicide. These associations could be explained by baseline
      depression severity. The results suggest that thoughts of death and thoughts of
      suicide are important risk markers in predicting the course of depression.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27384252
TI  - Vascular Access Tracking System: a Web-Based Clinical Tracking Tool for
      Identifying Catheter Related Blood Stream Infections in Interventional Radiology
      Placed Central Venous Catheters.
AB  - Vascular access is invaluable in the treatment of hospitalized patients. Central
      venous catheters provide a durable and long-term solution while saving patients
      from repeated needle sticks for peripheral IVs and blood draws. The initial
      catheter placement procedure and long-term catheter usage place patients at risk
      for infection. The goal of this project was to develop a system to track and
      evaluate central line-associated blood stream infections related to
      interventional radiology placement of central venous catheters. A customized web
      based clinical database was developed via open-source tools to provide a
      dashboard for data mining and analysis of the catheter placement and infection
      information. Preliminary results were gathered over a 4-month period confirming
      the utility of the system. The tools and methodology employed to develop the
      vascular access tracking system could be easily tailored to other clinical
      scenarios to assist in quality control and improvement programs.

PMID- 27384253
TI  - Point-of-care PT and aPTT in patients with suspected deficiencies of coagulation
      factors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There are several clinical settings and patient conditions
      especially in intensive care units, emergency departments, and operating
      theaters, where the coagulation status of a patient must be known immediately and
      point-of-care (POC) systems are beneficial due to low time to result. METHODS:
      This noninterventional, single-blinded, multicenter study with prospectively
      collected whole blood samples was performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy
      of the CoaguChek PT Test (POC PT) and CoaguChek aPTT Test (POC aPTT) compared to
      standard laboratory testing in patients with suspected deficiencies of
      coagulation factors. RESULTS: In total, 390 subjects were included. Both POC PT
      and POC aPTT showed concordance with the laboratory PT and aPTT. Lot-to-lot
      variation was below 2% both for POC PT and for POC aPTT. The mean relative
      difference of capillary blood compared to venous blood was 0.2 % with POC PT and
      8.4% with POC aPTT. The coefficients of variation for repeatability of POC PT
      using whole blood were found to be between 2% and 3.6%. CONCLUSION: Our findings
      suggest reliable quantitative results with this POC system to support on-site
      decision-making for patients with suspected deficiencies of coagulation factors
      in acute and intensive care.

PMID- 27384254
TI  - Nano-structured gemini-based supramolecular solvent for the microextraction of
      cyhalothrin and fenvalerate.
AB  - A novel supramolecular solvent-based microextraction followed by high-performance
      liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection method has been developed for
      the extraction and determination of two pyrethroid analytes, cyhalothrin and
      fenvalerate, in water and soil samples. The liquid-liquid-phase separation of
      surfactants has been used in analytical extraction. The surfactant-rich phase is
      a nano-structured liquid, recently named as a supramolecular solvent, generated
      from the amphiphiles. The alkyl carboxylic acid based supramolecular solvents
      were introduced before. Coacervates made up of gemini surfactant, consisting of
      two amphiphilic moieties, were first used as solvent. The effective parameters on
      extraction (i.e., type of organic solvent, the amount of surfactant and volume of
      tetrahydrofuran, sample solution pH, salt addition, ultrasonic and centrifugation
      time) were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions,
      preconcentration factors of 110 and 145 were obtained for the analytes. The
      linearity was 0.5-200.0 MUg/L with the correlation of determination of (R(2) ) >=
      0.9984. The limit of detection of the method was (S/N = 3) 0.2 MUg/L, and
      precisions in the range of 6.3-10.3% (RSDs, n = 5) were obtained. This method has
      been successfully applied to analyze real samples, and good recoveries in the
      range of 101.2-108.8% were obtained. 

PMID- 27384255
TI  - Dual-Sensitive Charge-Conversional Polymeric Prodrug for Efficient Codelivery of
      Demethylcantharidin and Doxorubicin.
AB  - A tumor is a complicated system, and tumor cells are typically heterogeneous in
      many aspects. Polymeric drug delivery nanocarriers sensitive to a single type of
      biosignals may not release cargos effectively in all tumor cells, leading to low
      therapeutic efficacy. To address the challenges, here, we demonstrated a
      pH/reduction dual-sensitive charge-conversional polymeric prodrug strategy for
      efficient codelivery. Reduction-sensitive disulfide group and acid-labile
      anticancer drug (demethylcantharidin, DMC)-conjugated beta-carboxylic amide group
      were repeatedly and regularly introduced into copolymer chain simultaneously via
      facile CuAAC click polymerization. The obtained multifunctional polymeric prodrug
      P(DMC), mPEG-b-poly(disulfide-alt-demethylcantharidin)-b-mPEG was further
      utilized for DOX encapsulation. Under tumor tissue/cell microenvironments (pH 6.5
      and 10 mM GSH), the DOX-loaded polymeric prodrug nanoparticles (P(DMC)@DOX NPs)
      performed surface negative-to-positive charge conversion and
      accelerated/sufficient release of DMC and DOX. The remarkably enhanced cellular
      internalization and cytotoxicity in vitro, especially against DOX-resistant SMMC
      7721 cells, were demonstrated. P(DMC)@DOX NPs in vivo also exhibited higher tumor
      accumulation and improved antitumor efficiency compared to P(SA)@DOX NPs with one
      drug and without charge-conversion ability. The desired multifunctional polymeric
      prodrug strategy brings a new opportunity for cancer chemotherapy.

PMID- 27384256
TI  - Sloughing esophagitis: a spectacular histologic and endoscopic disease without a
      uniform clinical correlation.
AB  - Sloughing esophagitis, also currently known as esophagitis dissecans
      superficialis, is a degenerative disease of the squamous epithelium characterized
      by superficial epithelial necrosis with parakeratosis, but without inflammation,
      and detachment of the superficial necrotic zone from the deep viable zone. This
      leads to a spectacular endoscopic appearance of sloughed mucosa in streaks and
      patches. The cause is unknown, and the clinical characteristics are variable,
      ranging from incidentally findings to esophageal symptoms. The disease seems to
      be self-limited, as resolution of the changes was observed in the few cases for
      which follow-up endoscopic examinations have been reported.

PMID- 27384257
TI  - Dielectrophoretic sphere-wall repulsion due to a uniform electric field.
AB  - When a zero-net-charge particle is placed under a uniform electric field, the
      decay of the Maxwell stress with the third power of distance ensures a nil
      electric force. A nonzero force may nonetheless be generated in the presence of a
      planar wall due to a mechanism which resembles conventional dielectrophoresis
      under nonuniform fields. In the prototypical case of a spherical particle this
      force acts perpendicular to the wall; its magnitude depends upon the pertinent
      boundary conditions governing the electric potential. When a particle is
      suspended in an electrolyte solution, where the double-layer structure ensures
      zero net charge, these conditions are electrokinetic in nature; they involve a
      balance between bulk conduction and diffusion, represented by normal derivatives,
      and an effective surface-conduction mechanism, represented by surface-Laplacian
      terms whose magnitude is quantified by appropriate Dukhin numbers. The
      dimensionless force depends upon the particle and wall Dukhin numbers as well as
      the ratio lambda of the size of the particle to its distance from the wall. The
      remote-particle limit lambda ? 1 is addressed using successive reflections.
      Calculation of the first few terms in the asymptotic expansion of the force only
      requires the evaluation of a single reflection from the wall. The leading-order
      term, scaling as lambda(4), is repulsive, with a magnitude that varies non
      monotonically with the particle Dukhin number and is independent of the wall
      Dukhin number. Surface conditions on the wall enter only at the O(lambda(5))
      leading-order correction. 

PMID- 27384258
TI  - New Pyridinium Ylide Dyes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Applications.
AB  - Novel organic pyridinium ylide sensitizers (NO109-111) consisting of various
      anchoring groups were synthesized and characterized for applications in dye
      sensitized solar cells. Compared with the pyridine-N-oxide dye (NO108), the ylide
      sensitizers with strong electron-withdrawing acceptors exhibited dominant
      ultraviolet absorption properties and efficient binding abilities to the TiO2
      surface. Among these dyes, the pyridinium ylide NO111 sensitized solar cell
      showed the highest efficiency (5.15%), which was improved to 7.41% by employing
      coadsorbent chenodeoxycholic acid.

PMID- 27384259
TI  - Development of Enantiospecific Coupling of Secondary and Tertiary Boronic Esters
      with Aromatic Compounds.
AB  - The stereospecific cross-coupling of secondary boronic esters with sp(2)
      electrophiles (Suzuki-Miyaura reaction) is a long-standing problem in synthesis,
      but progress has been achieved in specific cases using palladium catalysis.
      However, related couplings with tertiary boronic esters are not currently
      achievable. To address this general problem, we have focused on an alternative
      method exploiting the reactivity of a boronate complex formed between an aryl
      lithium and a boronic ester. We reasoned that subsequent addition of an oxidant
      or an electrophile would remove an electron from the aromatic ring or react in a
      Friedel-Crafts-type manner, respectively, generating a cationic species, which
      would trigger 1,2-migration of the boron substituent, creating the new C-C bond.
      Elimination (preceded by further oxidation in the former case) would result in
      rearomatization giving the coupled product stereospecifically. Initial work was
      examined with 2-furyllithium. Although the oxidants tested were unsuccessful,
      electrophiles, particularly NBS, enabled the coupling reaction to occur in good
      yield with a broad range of secondary and tertiary boronic esters, bearing
      different steric demands and functional groups (esters, azides, nitriles,
      alcohols, and ethers). The reaction also worked well with other electron-rich
      heteroaromatics and 6-membered ring aromatics provided they had donor groups in
      the meta position. Conditions were also found under which the B(pin)- moiety
      could be retained in the product, ortho to the boron substituent. This protocol,
      which created a new C(sp(2))-C(sp(3)) and an adjacent C-B bond, was again
      applicable to a range of secondary and tertiary boronic esters. In all cases, the
      coupling reaction occurred with complete stereospecificity. Computational studies
      verified the competing processes involved and were in close agreement with the
      experimental observations.

PMID- 27384260
TI  - Metabolomic Analysis of Gastric Cancer Progression within the Correa's Cascade
      Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most common cancers worldwide. Gastric
      carcinogenesis is a multistep and multifactorial process beginning with chronic
      gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. This process is
      often described via a sequence of events known as Correas's cascade, a stepwise
      progression from nonactive gastritis, chronic active gastritis, precursor lesions
      of gastric cancer (atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia), and finally
      adenocarcinoma. Our aim was to identify a plasma metabolic pattern characteristic
      of GC through disease progression within the Correa's cascade. This study
      involved the analysis of plasma samples collected from 143 patients classified in
      four groups: patients with nonactive gastritis and no H. pylori infection, H.
      pylori infected patients with chronic active gastritis, infected or noninfected
      patients with precursor lesions of gastric cancer, and GC. Independent partial
      least-squares-discriminant binary models of UPLC-ESI(+)-TOFMS metabolic profiles,
      implemented in a decision-directed acyclic graph, allowed the identification of
      tryptophan and kynurenine as discriminant metabolites that could be attributed to
      indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase upregulation in cancer patients leading to tryptophan
      depletion and kynurenine metabolites generation. Furthermore,
      phenylacetylglutamine was also classified as a discriminant metabolite. Our data
      suggest the use of tryptophan, kynurenine, and phenylacetylglutamine as potential
      GC biomarkers.

PMID- 27384261
TI  - Natural Products as Mechanism-based Anticancer Agents: Sp Transcription Factors
      as Targets.
AB  - Naturally occurring anticancer agents and their derivatives act on multiple
      pathways to inhibit carcinogenesis and their inhibition of migration, invasion,
      growth, survival, and metastasis is associated with downregulation of genes
      associated with these responses. Several phytochemical-derived anticancer drugs
      including curcumin, betulinic acid, phenethylisothiocyanate and celastrol, and
      many others induce reactive oxygen species, and their effects on gene regulation
      show some overlap in various cancer cell lines. We hypothesize that reactive
      oxygen species-inducing anticancer agents and many other natural products target
      a common pathway in cancer cells, which initially involves downregulation of
      specificity protein 1 (Sp1), Sp3, and Sp4, which are highly expressed in
      tumors/cell lines derived from solid tumors. This hypothesis is supported by
      several published reports showing that a large number of phytochemical-derived
      anticancer agents downregulate Sp1, Sp3, Sp4, and pro-oncogenic Sp-regulated
      genes involved in cell growth (cyclin D1 and growth factor receptors), survival
      (bcl-2 and survivin), angiogenesis and migration (MMP-9, vascular endothelial
      growth factor and its receptors), and inflammation (NF-kB). The contribution of
      this pathway to the anticancer activity of drugs such as curcumin, celastrol,
      betulinic acid, and phenethylisothiocyanate must be determined in order to
      optimize clinical applications of drug combinations containing these compounds.
      Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27384262
TI  - Co-existence of Intravascular Papillary Endothelial Hyperplasia in Superficial
      Skin and the Intermuscular Space.

PMID- 27384263
TI  - Pd-catalyzed divergent trifluoroethylation and arylation of arylboronic acids by
      aryl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)iodonium triflates.
AB  - Highly electrophilic aryl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)iodonium triflates have been used
      for the first time as trifluoroethyl and aryl transfer reagents in Pd-catalyzed
      functionalization of arylboronic acids. Electron-rich arylboronic acids reacted
      with aryl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)iodonium triflates (2a-b) in CH3CN in the presence
      of Pd2(dba)3 and K3PO4 at room temperature to provide trifluoroethyl arenes in up
      to 82% yield, while the reactions of both electron-rich and -poor arylboronic
      acids with 2a-b in DMF in the presence of Pd[P(t-Bu)3]2 and Cs2CO3 at 40  degrees
      C afforded arylation products in up to 99% yield. This tunable protocol allows
      access to trifluoroethyl arenes or biaryls in good to excellent yields under mild
      conditions and without the addition of extra ligands. 

PMID- 27384264
TI  - Control of anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists: overestimation of median
      time in therapeutic range when assessed by linear interpolation.
AB  - Patients receiving vitamin K-antagonists are monitored by regular assessment of
      the International Normalized Ratio (INR). There are two popular methods for
      therapeutic control of anticoagulation in patient groups: 1) Time in Therapeutic
      Range (TTR) assessed by linear interpolation of successive INR measurements; 2)
      the cross-sectional proportion (CSP) of all patients' last INRs within range. The
      purpose of the present study is to compare the two methods using data from 53
      Dutch Thrombosis Centres and to develop a semi-quantitative model for TTR based
      on different types of INR change. Different groups of around 400,000 patients in
      four consecutive years were evaluated: patients in the induction phase, short
      term, long-term, low-target range, high-target range, receiving either
      acenocoumarol or phenprocoumon, and performing self-management. Each Centre
      provided TTR and CSP results for each patient group. TTR and CSP were compared
      using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Separately, we analysed the relationship
      between consecutive INR results regarding in or out of range and their frequency
      of occurrence in patients of two different cohorts. Good correlation was observed
      between TTR and CSP (correlation coefficient 0.694-0.950 in low-target range). In
      long-term acenocoumarol patients (low-target range) the median TTR was
      significantly higher than CSP (80.0 % and 78.7 %, respectively; p<0.001). In long
      term phenprocoumon patients (low-target range) there was no significant
      difference between median TTR (83.0 %) and median CSP (82.6 %). In conclusion,
      the correlation between TTR assessed by linear interpolation and CSP was good.
      TTR assessed by linear interpolation was higher than CSP in patients on
      acenocoumarol.

PMID- 27384265
TI  - In utero exposure to venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor,
      increases cardiac anomalies and alters placental and heart serotonin signaling in
      the rat.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human studies are inconsistent with respect to an association between
      treatment with selective serotonin and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake
      inhibitors (SSRI/SNRIs) and an increase in the incidence of congenital heart
      defects. Here we tested the hypothesis that in utero exposure to venlafaxine, a
      highly prescribed SNRI, increases the incidence of fetal heart defects and alters
      placental and fetal heart serotonin signaling in the rat. METHODS: Timed-pregnant
      Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged daily with venlafaxine hydrochloride (0, 3, 10,
      30, or 100 mg/kg/day) from gestation day 8 to 20. On gestation day 21, fetuses
      were examined for external and internal malformations; placentas and fetal hearts
      were collected for the analysis of gene expression. RESULTS: Venlafaxine had no
      effect on the number of live fetuses, fetal body weights, or external morphology
      in the absence of maternal toxicity. However, venlafaxine significantly increased
      the placental index (fetal body/placental weight ratio) and the incidence of
      fetal cardiac anomalies. Venlafaxine exposure decreased placental expression of
      the serotonin transporter (SERT/Slc6a4) at the transcript and protein levels. In
      contrast, venlafaxine increased SERT expression in the hearts of female, but not
      male, fetuses. Expression of the serotonin 2B receptor (5-HT2B /Htr2b) and of
      fibroblast growth factor 8 was induced in fetal hearts. CONCLUSION: In utero
      venlafaxine exposure altered the placental index and induced fetal cardiac
      anomalies in rats. We propose that the increased incidence of cardiac anomalies
      is mediated through alterations in serotonin signaling in the placenta and fetal
      heart. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
      Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:1044-1055, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc.

PMID- 27384266
TI  - Determination of Key Hydrocarbon Autoxidation Products by Fluorescence.
AB  - Hydroperoxides and carboxylic acids are key primary products that arise in the
      autoxidation of hydrocarbons. We have developed a simple approach to rapidly and
      simultaneously determine both types of products using hydroperoxide- and acid
      sensitive moieties conjugated to nonpolar coumarin- and BODIPY-based
      fluorophores. The coumarin- and BODIPY-conjugated amine probes described here
      undergo 38- and 8-fold enhancement, respectively, upon protonation in a solvent
      system compatible with heavy hydrocarbons. The latter can be used directly with
      our previously described hydroperoxide-sensitive coumarin-conjugated phosphine
      probe to enable rapid quantification of both carboxylic acids and hydroperoxides
      in hydrocarbon samples. The utility of the approach is illustrated by the ready
      determination of the differing relative rates of hydroperoxide and acid formation
      with changes in hydrocarbon structure (e.g., n-hexadecane vs 1-hexadecene vs a
      lubricant base stock). The method offers significant versatility and automation
      compared with common but laborious titration approaches, and greatly improves
      screening efficiency and accuracy for the identification of novel radical
      trapping antioxidants for high temperature applications. This application was
      demonstrated by the automated analysis of hydroperoxides and carboxylic acids (by
      microplate reader) in samples from 24 inhibited autoxidations of a lubricating
      oil, which were carried out on a parallel synthesizer at 160  degrees C in
      triplicate in a single day.

PMID- 27384269
TI  - Qualitative research in health: contributions to education, profession, family,
      citizenship and social interaction.

PMID- 27384267
TI  - The mechanical response of talin.
AB  - Talin, a force-bearing cytoplasmic adapter essential for integrin-mediated cell
      adhesion, links the actin cytoskeleton to integrin-based cell-extracellular
      matrix adhesions at the plasma membrane. Its C-terminal rod domain, which
      contains 13 helical bundles, plays important roles in mechanosensing during cell
      adhesion and spreading. However, how the structural stability and transition
      kinetics of the 13 helical bundles of talin are utilized in the diverse talin
      dependent mechanosensing processes remains poorly understood. Here we report the
      force-dependent unfolding and refolding kinetics of all talin rod domains. Using
      experimentally determined kinetics parameters, we determined the dynamics of
      force fluctuation during stretching of talin under physiologically relevant
      pulling speeds and experimentally measured extension fluctuation trajectories.
      Our results reveal that force-dependent stochastic unfolding and refolding of
      talin rod domains make talin a very effective force buffer that sets a
      physiological force range of only a few pNs in the talin-mediated force
      transmission pathway.

PMID- 27384268
TI  - Risk factors and a clinical prediction model for low maternal thyroid function
      during early pregnancy: two population-based prospective cohort studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Low maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy is associated
      with various adverse outcomes including impaired neurocognitive development of
      the offspring, premature delivery and abnormal birthweight. AIM: To aid doctors
      in the risk assessment of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy, we set out to
      investigate clinical risk factors and derive a prediction model based on easily
      obtainable clinical variables. METHODS: In total, 9767 women during early
      pregnancy (<=18 week) were selected from two population-based prospective
      cohorts: the Generation R Study (N = 5985) and the ABCD study (N = 3782). We
      aimed to investigate the association of easily obtainable clinical subject
      characteristics such as maternal age, BMI, smoking status, ethnicity, parity and
      gestational age at blood sampling with the risk of low free thyroxine (FT4) and
      elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), determined according to the 2.5th
      97.5th reference range in TPOAb negative women. RESULTS: BMI, nonsmoking and
      ethnicity were risk factors for elevated TSH levels; however, the discriminative
      ability was poor (range c-statistic of 0.57-0.60). Sensitivity analysis showed
      that addition of TPOAbs to the model yielded a c-statistic of 0.73-0.75. Maternal
      age, BMI, smoking, parity and gestational age at blood sampling were risk factors
      for low FT4, which taken together provided adequate discrimination (range c
      statistic of 0.72-0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated TSH levels depend predominantly on
      TPOAb levels, and prediction of elevated TSH levels is not possible with clinical
      characteristics only. In contrast, the validated clinical prediction model for
      FT4 had high discriminative value to assess the likelihood of low FT4 levels.

PMID- 27384270
TI  - Understanding the curriculum the light of training guiding health in Brazil.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze Pedagogical Projects Courses (PPCs) from the healthcare
      field in light of the National Curriculum Standards (NCS) policies on healthcare
      training. METHOD: Exploratory descriptive study of qualitative approach, in which
      were carried out analyzes of PPPs of Nursing, Pharmacy, Medicine, Nutrition and
      Dentistry of a federal university in the Midwest region of Brazil. As technical
      analysis of documentary sources, adopted the content analysis in the thematic
      mode. RESULTS: The analysis of PPC showed the general aspects of PPC as the
      course features the historical percursso and construction, professional skills
      and competences required for professional performance and the guiding principles
      of formation characterized by technical, professional practice, articulation
      theory/ practice, interdisciplinarity and ethical / social training. CONCLUSIONS:
      PPC presented is consistent with the proposals set out in DCN and carry training
      policies in health in Brazil, providing adequate training for health
      professionals, the demands of the population and the National Health System.
      OBJECTIVO: Analisar os Projetos Pedagogicos de Cursos (PPC) da area da saude a
      luz das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) e das politicas indutoras de
      formacao em saude do Brasil. METODO: Pesquisa descritiva exploratoria de
      abordagem qualitativa, na qual foram realizadas analises dos PPC dos cursos de
      Enfermagem, Farmacia, Medicina, Nutricao e Odontologia de uma instituicao federal
      de ensino superior da regiao Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Como tecnica de analises das
      fontes documentais, adotou-se a analise de conteudo, na modalidade tematica.
      RESULTADOS: As analises dos PPC evidenciaram os aspectos gerais dos PPC como as
      caracteristicas do curso, o percursso historico e sua construcao, habilidades e
      competencias profissionais requeridas para o desempenho profissional e os
      principios norteadores da formacao caracterizados pela tecnica, pratica
      profissional, articulacao teoria/pratica, interdisciplinaridade e formacao
      etica/social. CONCLUSAO: Os PPC apresentaram-se condizentes com as propostas
      previstas nas DCN e com as politicas indutoras de formacao em saude do Brasil,
      proporcionando a formacao adequada para os profissionais de saude, as demandas da
      populacao e do Sistema Unico de Saude.

PMID- 27384271
TI  - Analysis of Service-learning activities adopted in health courses of Federal
      University of Bahia.
AB  - is study aimed to raise and discuss the data about the integration of health
      courses teaching and service activities o ered at the Federal University of Bahia
      (UFBA), pre- senting scenarios practices and major di culties existing in the
      relationship between the university and the services of health. is was a
      qualitative study of descriptive explo- ratory character, using a questionnaire
      as a research tool applied to the coordinators of selected health courses. e
      selection was by reading the political pedagogical project, the following courses
      were selected: nursing, physical therapy, speech therapy, medicine, nu- trition,
      dentistry and public health. e results indicated eight types of teaching-service
      integration activities, 57 scenarios of practice and the main di culties. It was
      concluded that these courses are sticking to changes in academic training in
      health, in view of the large number of basic health units in the teaching service
      process. us, it emphasizes that the UFBA includes activities in health care that
      enable the integration-education in the higher education process, although there
      are some di culties in this relationship indicated by the coordinators. Esse
      estudo teve como objetivo levantar e discutir os dados acerca das atividades de
      integracao ensino-servico de cursos de saude oferecidos na Universidade Federal
      da Bahia (UFBA), apresentando os cenarios de praticas e as principais di culdades
      existentes na relacao entre a uni- versidadeeosservicosdesaude.Tratou
      sedeumapesquisaqualitativa,decaraterdescritivoexploratorio,utilizando
      seumquestionariocomo instrumento de investigacao aplicado aos coordenadores dos
      cursos de saude selecionados. A selecao foi mediante a leitura do projeto
      politico pedagogico, sendo selecionados os seguintes cursos: enfermagem,
      sioterapia, fonoaudiologia, medicina, nutricao, odontologia e saude coletiva. Os
      resultados indicaram 8 tipos de atividades de integracao ensino-servico, 57
      cenarios de pratica e as principais di culdades. Concluiu-se que esses cursos
      estao aderindo as mudancas na formacao academica em saude, tendo em vista o
      grande numero de unidades basicas de saude que integram o processo de ensino
      servico. Dessa forma, ressalta-se que a UFBA contempla atividades na area de
      saude que viabilizam a integracao-ensino no processo de formacao superior, embora
      existam algumas di culdades nesta relacao apontadas pelos coordenadores. 

PMID- 27384272
TI  - Medical training and nurses of Family Health strategy on worker health aspect.
AB  - Considering the worker's health one of the Unified Health System (SUS) tasks, the
      Primary Health Care (PHC) and the Family Health Strategy (FHS) play an important
      role in the development of health actions in the field health-work. In Brazil,
      where the number of informal and domiciled jobs is high, the FHS becomes a
      reference in the workers' health actions. Therefore, if the FHS is not attentive
      to the relation between professional occupation and disease, several diseases
      that affect workers can overload the system without obtaining a cure. The aim of
      this study is to evaluate doctors and nurses recognition of the Family Health
      Strategy on occupational diseases in Aparecida de Goiania. This is a qualitative
      descriptive study and the data analysis was done by content analysis. The setting
      for this study contemplates FHS units in the municipality of Aparecida de
      Goiania, Goias. There were 8 Basic Health Units and 16 health professionals were
      interviewed. The data was collected in the participants of the interview
      workplaces, from February through April, 2013, after being approved by the Ethics
      and Research Committee. The discourses were analyzed according to Minayo (2007),
      using thematic analysis. The interviews were recorded and later transcribed for
      analysis. Among the 16 professionals interviewed we observed that only 3 (18.75%)
      received professional training on occupational health in their Institution,
      however the aim of the courses were towards situations of biological hazards and
      not about workers care. Practitioners reported lack of knowledge in the
      occupational health area, and also observed that the area is still undervalued
      and underexplored in the academic and professional fields, and even by the
      Municipality health management. Evaluating the academic education it is possible
      to observe the inadequacy of the subject workload, where professionals reported
      the lack of knowledge in the area and the low workload of the subject in the
      academic field. CONCLUSION: There is a need to raise awareness and interest of
      the municipality health managers and the health professionals, doctors and
      nurses, towards the relations work-health-disease and the need to capacitate
      these professionals, in order to assist the workers in a better way. Considerando
      a saude do trabalhador uma das atribuicoes do Sistema Unico de Saude (SUS), a
      Atencao Primaria a Saude (APS) e a Estrategia Saude da Familia (ESF) assumem
      papel importante no desenvolvimento de acoes no campo saude-trabalho. No Brasil,
      como e grande o numero de trabalhos informais e domiciliados, a ESF se torna
      referencia nas acoes de saude do trabalhador. Assim, se a ESF nao estiver atenta
      a relacao entre atividade profissional e o adoecimento, varias doencas que
      acometem os trabalhadores podem sobrecarregar o sistema sem a obtencao de cura. O
      objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o reconhecimento de medicos e enfermeiros da
      Estrategia Saude da Familia de Aparecida de Goiania sobre doencas ocupacionais.
      Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo descritivo, a analise dos dados foi feita pela
      analise de conteudo. O cenario deste estudo constitui-se das unidades de ESF do
      municipio de Aparecida de Goiania, Goias. Foram 8 Unidades Basicas de Saude
      selecionadas e 16 profissionais de saude entrevistados. Os dados foram coletados
      nos respectivos locais de trabalho dos participantes da entrevista, nos meses de
      fevereiro a abril de 2013, apos aprovacao pelo Comite de Etica e Pesquisa. Os
      discursos foram analisados de acordo com Minayo (2007), utilizando a analise
      tematica. As entrevistas foram gravadas e posteriormente, transcritas para sua
      analise. Dos 16 profissionais entrevistados, observamos que somente 3 (18,75%)
      passaram por capacitacao profissional em saude do trabalhador na Instituicao,
      porem os cursos eram voltados para situacoes de riscos biologicos e nao para o
      atendimento ao trabalhador. Os profissionais relataram falta de conhecimento na
      area de saude do trabalhador, observaram o quanto a area ainda e desvalorizada e
      pouco explorada no meio academico, profissional e ate mesmo pela gestao de saude
      do municipio. Na avaliacao da formacao academica e possivel observar a
      inadequacao da carga horaria da disciplina, onde os profissionais relataram o
      pouco conhecimento na area, a baixa carga horaria da disciplina na area
      academica. Conclusao: Observa-se a necessidade de despertar o interesse dos
      gestores de saude do municipio e dos profissionais, medicos e enfermeiros, para
      as relacoes trabalho-saude-doenca e a necessidade de capacitacao desses
      profissionais para o melhor atendimento ao trabalhador.

PMID- 27384273
TI  - The development of communication skills and the teacher's performance in the
      nursing student's perspective.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand experiences in the development of communication skills
      and the teacher's role in this teaching-learning process under the perspective of
      undergraduate nursing students by considering two types of curriculum
      organization. METHOD: Descriptive study with a qualitative approach conducted in
      two public schools located in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Data were collected by
      means of self-completed forms from 81 students in the second and fourth years of
      the undergraduate program. Results were analyzed in light of Content Analysis.
      RESULTS: Results showed that the development of such skills is related to:
      students' individual characteristics, patients' characteristics, those of the
      health-disease process, the health-care team's profile and the theoretical
      knowledge acquired on communication in health-care provision and nursing. The
      teacher's role was perceived as one that supports and encourages interactions
      with patients and health-care teams by teaching and providing orientation about
      interpersonal communication. CONCLUSIONS: Students identify and value the
      importance of their teachers' performance in the development and acquisition of
      communication skills. Additionally, students who experience active teaching
      learning methodologies acknowledge the teacher as essential to provide
      opportunities for students to express their knowledge and thoughts. OBJETIVO:
      Compreender, sob a otica de graduandos de enfermagem, as experiencias no
      desenvolvimento de habilidades comunicativas e a atuacao do professor neste
      processo de ensino-aprendizagem, considerando dois tipos de organizacao
      curricular. METODO: Pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, realizada em
      duas instituicoes de ensino publicas, situadas no interior do estado de Sao
      Paulo, Brasil. A coleta dos dados foi realizada pelo autopreenchimento de
      formulario por 81 alunos de segundo e quartos anos da graduacao. Os resultados
      foram analisados a luz da Analise de Conteudo. RESULTADOS: Revelaram que o
      desenvolvimento desta habilidade esta relacionado a: caracteristicas individuais
      dos alunos, dos pacientes, do processo saude-doenca, perfil da equipe e dos
      conhecimentos teoricos sobre comunicacao em saude e em enfermagem. O papel do
      professor foi percebido apoiando e incentivando as interacoes com pacientes e
      equipes de saude e ensinando e orientando sobre comunicacao interpessoal.
      CONCLUSAO: Os alunos identificam e valorizam a importancia da atuacao de seus
      professores no desenvolvimento e aquisicao de habilidades comunicativas. Alem
      disso, os estudantes que vivenciaram as metodologias ativas de ensino
      aprendizagem reconhecem o docente essencial para oportunizar a expressao de
      conhecimentos e pensamentos dos alunos.

PMID- 27384274
TI  - Perception of nursing faculty on the care: Heidegger constructions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the perceptions of nursing teachers about care in the
      light of Heidegger's framework. It was used as theoretical and methodological
      reference Hei- degger's hermeneutics. METHOD: To capture the meanings we used
      phenomenological interviews with 11 teachers. e data analysis is based on
      heideggerian hermeneutic. RESULTS: The way to be a nurse determines their way of
      life to the care that re ects the construction of experiences in the nursing
      worldliness. The existence of the nurse for nursing care is evidenced in care
      relations established between being careful and being caregiver, deciding the
      mode of being-there of the nurse who has before him and on the other the
      possibilities of care. CONCLUSIONS: It is being in the world that the being-nurse
      is manifested in their subjectivity in care for sensitive, is the objectivity of
      scienti c care, and is in the interrelationship with being careful is that
      manifests the being of choices and existing decisions in his way of being.
      OBJETIVO: Compreender as percepcoes dos docentes de enfermagem sobre o cuidado a
      luz do referencial de Heidegger. Utilizou-se como referencial teorico
      metodologico hermeneutica heideggeriana. METODO: Para captar os significados
      utilizou-se entrevista fenomenologica realizada com 11 docentes. A analise dos
      dados baseou-se na hermeneutica heideggeriana. RESULTADOS: O modo de ser
      enfermeiro determina seu modo de ser para o cuidado, que e reflexo da construcao
      das experiencias na mundaneidade da enfermagem. A existencia do ser enfermeiro
      para o cuidado de enfermagem e evidenciado nas relacoes de cuidado estabelecidas
      entre o ser cuidado e o ser cuidador, decidindo o modo de ser-ai do enfermeiro
      que tem diante de si e do outro as possibilidades de cuidado. CONCLUSAO: E ser-no
      mundo que o ser-enfermeiro se manifesta, em sua subjetividade no cuidar sensivel,
      e na objetividade do cuidar cientifico, e e na inter-relacao com o ser cuidado e
      que manifesta o ser de escolhas e decisoes existindo em seu modo de ser.

PMID- 27384275
TI  - The Illness Experience: Palliative Care Given the impossibility of Healing.
AB  - This paper presents a reflection about being terminally ill and the various ways
      that the subject has at its disposal to deal with this event. The objective is to
      understand the experience of palliation for patients undergoing no therapeutic
      possibilities of cure. The methodology of this study has the instruments to semi
      structured interview, the participant observation and the field diary, and the
      Descriptive Analysis of Foucault's inspiration how the narratives of the subjects
      were perceived. The Results of paper there was the possibility of looking at the
      experience of illness through the eyes of a subject position assumed by the very
      sick. As conclusion we have than when choosing palliative care, the terminally
      ill opts for a way to feel more comfortable and resists the impositions of the
      medical model of prolonging life. O presente trabalho traz uma reflexao a
      respeito do ser um doente terminal e das varias maneiras que o sujeito tem a seu
      dispor para lidar com esse acontecimento. Nosso objetivo foi compreender a
      experiencia da paliacao por sujeitos doentes sem possibilidades terapeuticas de
      cura. A metodologia deste estudo teve como instrumentos a Entrevista Narrativa, a
      Observacao Participante e o Diario de Campo, sendo a Analise Descritiva de
      inspiracao foucaultiana o modo como as narrativas dos sujeitos foram percebidas.
      O resultado do estudo mostrou a possibilidade de olhar a experiencia do adoecer
      atraves da otica de uma posicao de sujeito assumida pelo proprio enfermo. E
      concluimos que ao escolher os cuidados paliativos, o doente terminal opta por um
      modo de se sentir mais confortavel e resiste as imposicoes do modelo medico de
      prolongamento da vida. 

PMID- 27384276
TI  - The applicability of the concept of treatment adherence in the context of the
      Brazilian mental health system.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present reflections on the type of research conducted on a
      treatment adherence among users of Public Mental Health System in Brazil and
      discuss the applicability of the concept of adherence to treatment in this
      context. METHOD: Literature review in SciELO, LILACS, Cochrane Library and PubMed
      / MEDLINE using the Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) treatment, adhesion and
      "mental health" and the specific vocabulary of the Medical Subject Headings
      (MeSH) "patient compliance/psychologist" y "mental health". They were included
      for review the complete texts and theses published between 2007-2012 in
      Portuguese, English and Spanish. RESULTS: 127 articles were recovered, 32
      specifically related to mental health. Eight were excluded for duplicates and
      after reading the remaining 24 articles were selected for this study 10 conducted
      in the field of Mental Health in Brazil. No investigations have been identified
      with focus on adherence to psychosocial treatment offered in public mental
      health. CONCLUSIONS: disregard of the mental health legislation and reinforce the
      asylum model of assistance. OBJETIVO: Presentar reflexiones sobre el tipo de
      investigaciones realizadas en Brasil sobre la adhesion al tratamiento de los
      usuarios del Sistema Publico de Salud Mental y discutir la aplicabilidad del
      concepto de adhesion al tratamiento en dicho contexto. METODO: Revision
      bibliografica en las bases SciELO, LILACS, Biblioteca Cochrane y PubMed/MEDLINE
      utilizando los descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) adhesion, tratamiento
      y "salud mental" y el vocabulario especifico de Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
      "patient compliance/psychologist" y "mental health". Se incluyeron los textos
      completos y las tesis publicadas entre 2007-2012, en portugues, ingles y espanol.
      RESULTADOS: F1eron recuperados 127 articulos, 32 especificamente de la salud
      mental. Se excluyeron los 8 duplicados y de los 24 restantes fueron seleccionados
      para el presente trabajo los 10 realizados en Brasil. No se identificaron
      enfoques sobre la adhesion al tratamiento de perspectiva psicosocial ofrecido en
      la red publica de salud mental. CONCLUSION: Las investigaciones analizadas
      desconsideran el contexto y la complejidad del tratamiento ofrecido desconociendo
      la legislacion en salud mental vigente y reforzando el modelo de atencion asilar.

PMID- 27384277
TI  - Perception of hypertensive patients about their non-adherence to the use of
      medication.
AB  - This qualitative study aims to analyze the perception of patients with
      hypertension on their non-adherence to medication. 13 participants were
      interviewed, classified as non-adherent.The analysis was performed using the
      technique of thematic content analysis. Data points to contradictions in the
      approach of what is being adherent or not, the difficulty of adhering to the use
      of medication due to lifestyle habits, that forgetting is understood as a
      justification for non-compliance, and reinforces factors that hinder such
      practice, such as the use of many drugs, the presence of signs and symptoms and
      changes in daily routine. With complex conditions that involve non-adherence to
      treatment and the current context of the predominance of chronic diseases, it is
      essential to invest in innovative strategies of care for such people. Estudo
      qualitativo que se propoe a analisar a percepcao do portador de hipertensao
      arterial sobre a sua nao adesao ao tratamento medicamentoso. Foram entrevistados
      treze participantes classificados como nao aderente. A analise foi realizada pela
      tecnica de analise de conteudo modalidade tematica. Os dados apontam para
      contradicoes na abordagem sobre o que e ser ou nao aderente, a dificuldade de
      aderir ao uso dos medicamentos devido ao habito de vida, que o esquecimento e
      compreendido como uma justificativa para a nao adesao, alem de reforcarem fatores
      que dificultam tal pratica, como o uso de muitos medicamentos, presenca de sinais
      e sintomas e mudancas na rotina diaria. As complexas condicoes que envolvem a nao
      adesao ao tratamento e ao o atual contexto de predominio de doencas cronicas, e
      primordial que se invista em estrategias inovadoras de cuidado a tais pessoas. 

PMID- 27384278
TI  - Social Representations of Gynecologic Cancer Screening Assessment a Qualitative
      research on Ecuadorian women.
AB  - The purpose of this work was to explore: knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs
      regarding gynecologic cancer screening on Ecuadorian women users of primary care
      facilities, to identify the social representations that users of health services
      make about these programs and their influence on the decision to undergo a
      screening. An exploratory and qualitative research design was held using focus
      groups and in-depth interviews for data collection. A narrative content analysis
      of the results was conducted. Women's knowledge on gynecological cancer screening
      was confusing. Most frequent misconceptions related to the pap smear were: the
      belief that it could be useful for detecting pregnancy, ovarian cysts or
      infections. Most of the participants stated that the pap smear procedure is a
      traumatic and painful experience. Regarding to mammography women said it was used
      for sick woman and this procedure by itself may cause cancer. El proposito de
      esta investigacion fue explorar los conocimientos, actitudes y creencias respecto
      a los programas de deteccion del cancer ginecologico entre usuarias de centros de
      atencion primaria de salud para identificar las representaciones sociales que las
      usuarias de los servicios de salud elaboran acerca de estos programas y de los
      diferentes procedimientos que comprenden. El diseno de la investigacion fue
      exploratorio y cualitativo, mediante grupos focales y entrevistas a profundidad,
      con el respectivo analisis narrativo e interpretativo del contenido. Se encontro
      conocimiento confuso acerca de los programas de tamizaje de cancer ginecologico y
      dificultades asociadas a la realizacion de los procedimientos. Los significados
      mas frecuentes acerca de los programas fueron: el uso de la citologia cervico
      vaginal para detectar embarazo, quistes ovaricos o infecciones. La mayoria de los
      participantes asociaba este procedimiento con una experiencia dolorosa y
      traumatica. Respecto al autoexamen de mamas, lo calificaron como un masaje
      preventivo-terapeutico y a la mamografia como peligrosa porque podria desarrollar
      cancer. 

PMID- 27384279
TI  - 30 years later: Social Representations about AIDS and sexual practices of rural
      towns residents.
AB  - In the 30 years of the AIDS pandemic in Brazil, it is recognized the HIV virus
      internalization of the phenomenon as a challenge to care and current health
      policies. In this sense, it aimed to verify sex practices and social
      representations that rural towns residents have about the disease. Attended by
      789 people, men and women, between 18 and 90 years old, residents in 41 towns
      with fewer than 11,000 inhabitants in the state of Paraiba / Brazil. Data were
      collected by a questionnaire and the free association of words test. The results
      showed low concern about disease, perception of invulnerability to HIV infection
      and not using condoms during sexual intercourse, and confidence in the major
      reason related partner. Also showed endure derogatory and stereotypical
      representations, revealing that still persist in rural areas, beliefs and
      representations concerning the beginning of the epidemic. From these findings, it
      is possible to point out deficiencies in the care provided by the health services
      in these localities, which may result in increased vulnerability of this
      population to diseases, so there is the need to intensify information campaigns
      and intervention. The results reveal the existence of three different types of
      modes of learning health literacy skills in informal context: : i) learning that
      takes place in action, in achieving daily tasks; ii) learning processes that
      result from problem solving; iii) learning that occurs in an unplanned manner,
      resulting from accidental circumstances and, in some cases, devoid of
      intentionality. Nos 30 anos da pandemia da Aids no Brasil, reconhece-se o
      fenomeno da interiorizacao do virus HIV como um desafio ao cuidado e as politicas
      de saude atuais. Neste sentido, objetivou-se conhecer praticas sexuais e as
      representacoes sociais que residentes de cidades rurais tem acerca da doenca.
      Participaram 789 pessoas, homens e mulheres, entre 18 e 90 anos de idade,
      residentes em 41 cidades com menos de 11.000 habitantes no estado da
      Paraiba/Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por um meio de um questionario e o teste
      de associacao livre de palavras. Os resultados mostraram baixa preocupacao com
      doenca, percepcao de invulnerabilidade a contaminacao pelo HIV e o nao uso do
      preservativo nas relacoes sexuais, sendo a confianca no parceiro o principal
      motivo relacionado. Tambem mostraram perdurar representacoes de natureza
      pejorativa e estereotipada, revelando que ainda perduram, no meio rural, crencas
      e representacoes referentes ao inicio da epidemia. A partir de tais achados, e
      possivel apontar deficiencias em termos de cuidados oferecidos pelos servicos de
      saude nestas localidades, o que pode resultar em maiores vulnerabilidades dessa
      populacao ao adoecimento, havendo assim a necessidade da intensificacao de
      campanhas de informacao e intervencao. 

PMID- 27384280
TI  - The family experience of care in chronic situation.
AB  - An essay that aims to reflect on the family experience of care in chronic
      situation, increasing the understanding of the family as the primary caregiver.
      It is based on comprehensive approach in studies conducted in three matrix
      searches from family care experiences. We have taken three axes to organize our
      reflections: a) conformation of family care in chronic situation, highlighting
      the multiple costs incurred to the family, which can exhaust the potential of
      care and establish or increase its vulnerability if it is not backed by networks
      support and sustenance; b) family rearrangements for the care, giving visibility
      to care cores in which many loved family members share the care, dynamic, plural
      and changeable way; c) self care modeling family care, pointing to the range of
      possibilities of the person taking care of diseased conditions supported by
      people close to them. We learn that the family takes care of itself in everyday
      life and in the illness experience, creating networks that can provide you
      support and sustenance. Thus, professionals in health practices should shape up
      in a longitudinal and very personal way, by reference to the family care,
      supporting him in what is his own. Ensaio que tem por objetivo refletir sobre a
      experiencia familiar de cuidado na situacao cronica, ampliando a compreensao da
      familia como cuidadora primaria. Embasa-se em estudos de abordagem compreensiva
      realizados em tres pesquisas matriciais que abordaram experiencias familiares de
      cuidado. Tomamos tres eixos para organizar nossas reflexoes: a) conformacao do
      cuidado familiar na situacao cronica, destacando os multiplos custos gerados a
      familia, que podem exaurir seus potenciais de cuidado, instaurando ou ampliando
      sua vulnerabilidade se nao for amparada por redes de apoio e sustentacao; b)
      rearranjos familiares para o cuidado, dando visibilidade aos nucleos de cuidado
      compartilhados pelos diversos entes familiares, de modo dinamico, plural e
      mutavel; c) cuidado proprio modelando o cuidado familiar, apontando a gama de
      condicoes de possibilidades da pessoa adoecida se cuidar apoiada pelas pessoas
      que lhe sao proximas. Compreendemos que a familia cuida de si e de seus entes no
      bojo da vida, assim como na experiencia de adoecimento, tecendo redes que a
      sustentem ao longo do tempo. As praticas profissionais em saude precisam modelar
      se, entao, tendo por referencia o cuidado familiar, amparando-o naquilo que lhe
      seja proprio. 

PMID- 27384281
TI  - Moral Distress in Family Health Strategy: experiences expressed by daily life.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Understanding the Moral Suffering experiences expressed in the daily
      life of the Family Health Strategy. METHOD: This is a case study with a
      qualitative approach, conducted between August and October 2014 in a municipality
      of Minas Gerais. The sample was represented by 28 professionals of family health
      teams. Data were collected through interviews with semi-structured
      questionnaires, observation, projective technique and submitted to thematic
      content analysis. RESULTS: The results indicate that routine issues of the health
      care system lead professionals to experience a challenging practice in dealing
      with daily situations that contradict their ethical precepts and can compromise
      the quality of work, becoming triggers of Moral Distress. CONCLUSIONS: Social
      vulnerabilities such as domestic violence, poor socioeconomic conditions and
      organizational weaknesses of the health system were the main triggers of Moral
      Distress. Therefore, it is necessary to amplify this reflection by workers of the
      Family Health Strategy, aiming to encourage the minimization of suffering
      experiences, considering their ethical values. OBJETIVO: Compreender as vivencias
      de Sofrimento Moral expressas no cotidiano da Estrategia de Saude da Familia.
      METODO: Trata-se de um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, realizado entre
      os meses de agosto a outubro de 2014, cujo cenario foi um municipio de Minas
      Gerais. Participaram 28 profissionais das equipes de saude da familia. Os dados
      foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado, observacao,
      tecnica projetiva e, submetidos a analise de conteudo tematica. RESULTADOS: Os
      resultados apontaram que as questoes rotineiras do servico de saude levam os
      profissionais a vivenciarem uma pratica desafiadora ao lidarem diariamente com
      situacoes que contradizem seus preceitos eticos capazes de comprometer a
      qualidade do trabalho tornando-se disparadores de Sofrimento Moral. CONCLUSAO: As
      vulnerabilidades sociais, como violencia domestica e condicoes socioeconomicas
      precarias, alem das fragilidades organizacionais do Sistema de Saude, foram os
      principais geradores de Sofrimento Moral. Assim, considera-se necessaria a
      reflexao ampliada sobre a tematica por parte dos trabalhadores da Estrategia de
      Saude da Familia, com intuito de propiciar a minimizacao de vivencias de
      sofrimento e uma pratica profissional em consonancia com seus valores eticos.

PMID- 27384282
TI  - Changing dietary habits among Akwen Xerente.
AB  - The research aimed to identify the current feed of Xerente people in Indian
      villages Porteira and Funil in the city of Tocantinia / TO. It was used a
      qualitative ethnographic approach. Conducted from September 2013 to August 2014.
      The data were presented in a diary, through participant observation of food
      practices with the guidance of a script. A process of dietary change that
      permeates the culture of this people is taking place. Factors such as the deficit
      in the planting gardens, the recent arrival of energy, and therefore the
      technology has allowed access to processed foods. But some families still
      maintain the farming of cassava, yam, and beans. The main animals that are hunted
      in the village are peccary, deer and armadillo. It was possible to point which
      foods are inserted in the Xerente feed and factors related to this situation. A
      pesquisa objetivou identificar a alimentacao atual do povo Xerente, nas aldeias
      indigenas Porteira e Funil, no municipio de Tocantinia / TO. Utilizou-se uma
      abordagem etnografica qualitativa. Realizada entre setembro de 2013 a agosto de
      2014. Os dados foram descritos atraves de um diario de campo, por meio da
      observacao das praticas alimentares com a orientacao de um roteiro. Esta
      ocorrendo um processo de mudanca alimentar na cultura deste povo. Fatores como o
      deficit no plantio das rocas, a chegada da energia, e consequentemente a
      tecnologia, permitiu o acesso a alimentos industrializados. Mas algumas familias
      ainda mantem o cultivo de mandioca, inhame, feijao andu. Os principais animais
      que sao cacados na aldeia sao caititu, veado e tatu. Foi possivel encontrar a
      presenca de alimentos industrializados inseridos na alimentacao do Xerente e isso
      tem provocado alteracoes nos habitos desse povo. 

PMID- 27384283
TI  - Minimum Map of Social Institutional Network: a multidimensional strategy for
      research in Nursing.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To analyze the use of methodological strategies in qualitative
      research - Minimum Maps of Social Institutional Network, as proposed to
      understand the phenomena in the multidimensional perspective. METHOD:
      Methodological theoretical essay in which we aimed to reflect on the use of
      innovative methodological strategies in nursing research, supported in Complex
      Paradigm fundamentals. RESULTS: The minimum map of Social Institutional External
      Network aims to identify institutional linkages and gaps for the intervention
      work of the surveyed institutions. The use of these maps provided important
      advances in know-how qualitative research in Health and Nursing. CONCLUSIONS: In
      this perspective, the use of minimum Social Intitutional Network maps can be
      stimulated and enhanced to meet the current demands of the contemporary world,
      particularly for its flexibility in adapting to various research subjects;
      breadth and depth of discussion; and possibilities with health services.
      OBJETIVO: Analisar o uso de estrategias metodologicas em pesquisas qualitativas -
      Mapa minimo da Rede Social Institucional, como proposta para compreender os
      fenomenos na perspectiva multidimensional. METODO: Ensaio teorico metodologico em
      que buscou-se refletir sobre o uso de estrategias metodologicas inovadoras de
      pesquisa na enfermagem, sustentada nos fundamentos do Pensamento Complexo.
      RESULTADOS: O mapa minimo da Rede Social Institucional Externa tem o objetivo de
      identificar os vinculos institucionais e lacunas para o trabalho de intervencao
      das instituicoes pesquisadas. O uso destes mapas proporcionou avancos importantes
      no saber-fazer pesquisa qualitativa em Saude e Enfermagem. CONCLUSAO: Nessa
      perspectiva, o uso de mapas minimos da Rede Social Institucional pode ser
      estimulado e potencializado para responder as atuais demandas da
      contemporaneidade, em especial pela sua flexibilidade na adequacao a diversos
      objetos de pesquisa; amplitude e profundidade de discussao; e possibilidades de
      articulacao com a pratica dos servicos.

PMID- 27384284
TI  - Social Networking Family of Caregivers during Hospitalization of Children.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the significant networks of family, social and
      hospital support described by the family caregivers of hospitalized children 5-12
      years during the hospital stay. METHOD: Descriptive study, exploratory and
      qualitative study conducted with 20 caregivers of children hospitalized in a
      hospital in a city in southern Brazil, through semi-structured interviews and
      significant social networks maps, tailored to the hospital setting. RESULTS: Data
      analysis showed that the most active social network was comprised of families
      through emotional support, material aid and services. Relations with hospital
      health care team and the hospital context were cited as providing support to the
      caregivers of the hospitalized child. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of social
      networks in the child's hospitalization course enables equip professionals
      working in the institution aiming at better targeting of actions and care for the
      family and hospitalized children. OBJETIVO: Identificar e analisar as redes
      significativas de suporte familiar, social e hospitalar descritas pelos
      familiares acompanhantes de criancas hospitalizadas de 5 a 12 anos, durante o
      periodo de internacao. METODO: Estudo descritivo, exploratorio e de cunho
      qualitativo realizado com 20 acompanhantes de criancas hospitalizadas em uma
      unidade hospitalar em uma cidade do Sul do Brasil, por meio de entrevistas
      semiestruturadas e dos Mapas de Redes sociais significativas, adaptado para o
      contexto hospitalar. RESULTADOS: A analise dos dados demonstrou que a rede social
      mais atuante foi composta por familiares, atraves de apoio emocional, ajuda
      material e de servicos. As relacoes com a equipe de saude do hospital e com o
      contexto hospitalar foram citadas como capazes de fornecer apoio ao acompanhante
      da crianca internada. CONCLUSAO: a identificacao das redes sociais no curso da
      hospitalizacao da crianca possibilita instrumentalizar os profissionais que atuam
      na instituicao objetivando um melhor direcionamento de acoes e cuidados
      destinados a familia e a crianca hospitalizada.

PMID- 27384285
TI  - Educational topics for school from the perspective of professionals in the Mobile
      Emergency Service.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To systematize, with professionals from the Mobile Emergency Care
      Service of Santa Catarina municipality, the main issues for the development of an
      educational tool of attention to the emergency room, dedicated to the school-age
      population. METHOD: Qualitative study, conducted through meetings in the focus
      group format, with 19 professionals who develop their activities in the city
      Emergency Mobile Emergency Service. Data were categorized and analyzed using
      thematic analysis technique. RESULTS: The contents discussed at the meetings were
      grouped into four thematic categories: The Mobile Emergency Service and the
      school: education and health promotion for children; As the Mobile Emergency Care
      Service works: What is important to know ?; Something's wrong, what now? and; We
      are nearly finished, give your opinion. CONCLUSIONS: The specific issues arising
      from the meetings contributed to the production of an educational tool on the
      activities of the Mobile Emergency Service, which may be used by the School
      Health Program to promote health education in the care area to the emergency room
      with the population schoolchildren. OBJETIVO: Sistematizar, junto aos
      profissionais do Servico de Atendimento Movel de Urgencia de um municipio
      catarinense, os principais temas para a elaboracao de um instrumento educativo
      sobre atencao as urgencias, dedicado a populacao em idade escolar. METODO: Estudo
      qualitativo, realizado por meio de encontros no formato de grupo focal, com 19
      profissionais que desenvolvem suas atividades no Servico de Atendimento Movel de
      Urgencia municipal. Os dados foram categorizados e analisados com a tecnica de
      analise tematica. RESULTADOS: Os conteudos debatidos nos encontros foram
      agrupados em quatro categorias tematicas: O Servico de Atendimento Movel de
      Urgencia e a escola: educacao e promocao da saude para as criancas; Como o
      Servico de Atendimento Movel de Urgencia funciona: o que e importante saber?; Tem
      algo errado, e agora? e; Estamos quase concluindo, de sua opiniao. CONCLUSAO: Os
      temas especificos resultantes dos encontros contribuiram para a producao de um
      instrumento educacional sobre as atividades do Servico de Atendimento Movel de
      Urgencia, que podera ser utilizado pelo Programa Saude na Escola para promover
      educacao em saude na area de atencao as urgencias junto a populacao em idade
      escolar.

PMID- 27384286
TI  - Taking care of the newborn dying and their families: Nurses' experiences of
      neonatal intensive care.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To understand the experiences of nurses when caring for dying newborns
      and their families in the NICU; and redeem their perceptions about acting before
      the death and grieving process. METHOD: A descriptive exploratory study with a
      qualitative approach, developed with nine nurses at the ICU of a hospital in Sao
      Paulo (SP), Brazil. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and
      analyzed using the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD). RESULTS: Caring for
      newborns who are dying and their families is very difficult for nurses, due to
      the intense involvement. They seek strategies to deal with the situation and,
      before the newborn's death, despite the suffering, express the feeling of
      accomplishment. CONCLUSIONS: Facing death and grief triggers mechanisms that
      emerge life references, coming across painful issues. Learning to deal with these
      questions is a daily challenge for nurses of the NICU. OBJETIVO: Compreender as
      experiencias vivenciadas por enfermeiros ao cuidar de neonatos que estao morrendo
      e seus familiares na UTIN; e resgatar as suas percepcoes sobre a atuacao diante
      do processo de morte e luto. METODO: Estudo descritivo exploratorio, de abordagem
      qualitativa, desenvolvido com nove enfermeiras da UTIN de um hospital de Sao
      Paulo (SP), Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semi
      estruturada e analisados pela tecnica do Discurso de Sujeito Coletivo (DSC).
      RESULTADOS: Cuidar de neonatos que estao morrendo e suas familias e muito dificil
      para as enfermeiras, devido ao intenso envolvimento. Buscam estrategias para
      lidar com a situacao e, diante do obito do neonato, apesar do sofrimento,
      manifestam o sentimento de dever cumprido. CONCLUSION: Enfrentar a morte e o luto
      aciona mecanismos que afloram referencias de vida, deparando-se com questoes
      dolorosas. Aprender a lidar com essas questoes e um desafio diario para os
      enfermeiros de UTIN.

PMID- 27384287
TI  - Analysis of Family Clinical, vision of service nurses.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to know the practice of the Family Clinic in Cuiaba and its
      relationship with the precepts of the expanded clinic, from the perspective of
      the service nurses. METHOD: qualitative descriptive research, data collection
      with semi-structured interviews and results analyzed according to the method of
      thematic content analysis. RESULTS: for nurses working in the service, this
      assumes a differentiated and innovative proposal, which seeks to correlate with
      shared management in its three spheres. Although most do not know the Enlarged
      Clinic term in his speech cited its main principles and its tools. The greatest
      potential described were related to the Support Center for Health and popular
      participation, and as challenges, the lack of community health worker, the
      national health establishment registration and the difficulty of operation due to
      the profile of the professionals technical level arising from secondary care.
      CONCLUSIONS: The clinic has positive aspects that can contribute to the
      advancement of the profession, to train health professionals and an innovative
      primary care model. Therefore, it emphasizes the need for implementation of
      continuing education in order to realize its proposal, and further studies on
      site. OBJETIVO: conhecer a pratica da Clinica da Familia em Cuiaba e sua relacao
      com os preceitos da clinica ampliada, sob a perspectiva dos enfermeiros do
      servico. METODO: pesquisa descritiva qualitativa, coleta de dados com entrevista
      semi-estruturada e resultados analisados segundo o metodo de analise de conteudo
      do tipo tematica. RESULTADOS: para os enfermeiros atuantes no servico, este
      assume uma proposta diferenciada e inovadora, no qual busca se correlacionar com
      a gestao compartilhada em suas tres esferas. Apesar de a maioria nao conhecer o
      termo Clinica Ampliada em suas falas citaram seus principais preceitos e suas
      ferramentas. As maiores potencialidades descritas foram a relacao com o Nucleo de
      Apoio a Saude da Familia e a participacao popular, e como desafios, a falta de
      agente comunitario de saude, do cadastro nacional de estabelecimento de saude e a
      dificuldade de atuacao devido ao perfil dos profissionais de nivel tecnico
      advindos da atencao secundaria. CONCLUSAO: a clinica possui aspectos positivos
      que podem contribuir para o progresso da profissao, para a formacao de
      profissionais da saude e para um modelo de assistencia de nivel primario
      inovador. Logo, enfatiza-se a necessidade de implantacao da educacao permanente
      com o objetivo de concretizar sua proposta, alem de estudos posteriores no local.

PMID- 27384288
TI  - Psychological distress and community approach to the voice of the community
      health agent.
AB  - The user in psychological distress needs a service that provides a targeted
      assistance, that welcomes when required, acting as originator care device to the
      user on the network of health care. This study aimed to describe how people in
      psychological distress are perceived by the community in the voice of the
      community health worker. It is a qualitative research conducted with eighteen
      Community Health Agents, a Primary Care Unit Health (UAP) located in BE IV, in
      Fortaleza, Ceara. We used a semi-structured and individual interview. Data
      processing was due to the content analysis. Ethical and legal aspects on the
      advice No. 957,595. Through the speeches of ACS, it describes how the community
      perceives the person in psychic suffering and how it positions itself in the face
      of your everyday problems, as regards the rejection, prejudice, discrimination ne
      loss of identity. However it is emphasized that, because of being inserted in the
      community, the community health worker realizes more accurate way in which this
      social group is the person in mental distress. The rejection of the person who
      became ill is seen as a fairly common reaction, accompanied by prejudice and
      discrimination, marginalizing her from society. O usuario em sofrimento psiquico
      necessita de um servico que proporcione uma assistencia direcionada, que acolha
      no momento necessario, atuando como dispositivo ordenador do cuidado ao usuario
      na rede de atencao a saude. Objetivou-se descrever como as pessoas em sofrimento
      psiquico sao percebidas pela comunidade na voz do agente comunitario de saude.
      Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada junto a dezoito Agentes
      Comunitarios de Saude, de uma Unidade de Atencao Primaria a Saude (UAPS) situada
      na SER IV, em Fortaleza-Ceara. Utilizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada e
      individual. O processamento dos dados deu-se pela analise de conteudo. Aspectos
      eticos e legais sob parecer No 957.595. Atraves dos discursos dos ACS,
      descrevemos como a comunidade percebe a pessoa em sofrimento psiquico e como esta
      se posiciona frente as problematicas do seu cotidiano, no que se refere a
      rejeicao, preconceito, discriminacao e perda de identidade. Contudo destaca-se
      que, pelo fato de estar inserido na comunidade, o agente comunitario de saude
      percebe de forma mais apurada como tal grupo social trata a pessoa em sofrimento
      mental. A rejeicao da pessoa que adoeceu e observada como uma reacao bastante
      comum, acompanhada do preconceito e discriminacao, marginalizando-a da sociedade.

PMID- 27384301
TI  - Molecular breast tomosynthesis with scanning focus multi-pinhole cameras.
AB  - Planar molecular breast imaging (MBI) is rapidly gaining in popularity in
      diagnostic oncology. To add 3D capabilities, we introduce a novel molecular
      breast tomosynthesis (MBT) scanner concept based on multi-pinhole collimation. In
      our design, the patient lies prone with the pendant breast lightly compressed
      between transparent plates. Integrated webcams view the breast through these
      plates and allow the operator to designate the scan volume (e.g. a whole breast
      or a suspected region). The breast is then scanned by translating focusing multi
      pinhole plates and NaI(Tl) gamma detectors together in a sequence that optimizes
      count yield from the volume-of-interest. With simulations, we compared MBT with
      existing planar MBI. In a breast phantom containing different lesions, MBT
      improved tumour-to-background contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) over planar MBI by
      12% and 111% for 4.0 and 6.0 mm lesions respectively in case of whole breast
      scanning. For the same lesions, much larger CNR improvements of 92% and 241% over
      planar MBI were found in a scan that focused on a breast region containing
      several lesions. MBT resolved 3.0 mm rods in a Derenzo resolution phantom in the
      transverse plane compared to 2.5 mm rods distinguished by planar MBI. While
      planar MBI cannot provide depth information, MBT offered 4.0 mm depth resolution.
      Our simulations indicate that besides offering 3D localization of increased
      tracer uptake, multi-pinhole MBT can significantly increase tumour-to-background
      CNR compared to planar MBI. These properties could be promising for better
      estimating the position, extend and shape of lesions and distinguishing between
      single and multiple lesions.

PMID- 27384289
TI  - Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of donepezil-based agents as new
      cholinesterase/monoamine oxidase inhibitors for the potential application against
      Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - In a continuing effort to develop multitargeted compounds as potential treatment
      agents against Alzheimer's disease (AD), a series of donepezil-like compounds
      were designed, synthesized and evaluated. In vitro studies showed that most of
      the designed compounds displayed potent inhibitory activities toward AChE, BuChE,
      MAO-B and MAO-A. Among them, w18 was a promising agent with balanced activities,
      which exhibited a moderate cholinesterase inhibition (IC50, 0.220 MUM for eeAChE;
      1.23 MUM for eqBuChE; 0.454 MUM for hAChE) and an acceptable inhibitory activity
      against monoamine oxidases (IC50, 3.14 MUM for MAO-B; 13.4 MUM for MAO-A).
      Moreover, w18 could also be a metal-chelator, and able to cross the blood-brain
      barrier with low cell toxicity on PC12 cells. Taken together, these results
      suggested that w18 might be a promising multitargeted compound for AD treatment.

PMID- 27384302
TI  - Reduced Bone Density and Cortical Bone Indices in Female Adiponectin-Knockout
      Mice.
AB  - A positive association between fat and bone mass is maintained through a network
      of signaling molecules. Clinical studies found that the circulating levels of
      adiponectin, a peptide secreted from adipocytes, are inversely related to
      visceral fat mass and bone mineral density, and it has been suggested that
      adiponectin contributes to the coupling between fat and bone. Our study tested
      the hypothesis that adiponectin affects bone tissue by comparing the bone
      phenotype of wild-type and adiponectin-knockout (APN-KO) female mice between the
      ages of 8-37 weeks. Using a longitudinal study design, we determined body
      composition and bone density using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In parallel,
      groups of animals were killed at different ages and bone properties were analyzed
      by microcomputed tomography, dynamic histomorphometry, 3-point bending test,
      nanoindentation, and computational modelling. APN-KO mice had reduced body fat
      and decreased whole-skeleton bone mineral density. Microcomputed tomography
      analysis identified reduced cortical area fraction and average cortical thickness
      in APN-KO mice in all the age groups and reduced trabecular bone volume fraction
      only in young APN-KO mice. There were no major differences in bone strength and
      material properties between the 2 groups. Taken together, our results demonstrate
      a positive effect of adiponectin on bone geometry and density in our mouse model.
      Assuming adiponectin has similar effects in humans, the low circulating levels of
      adiponectin associated with increased fat mass are unlikely to contribute to the
      parallel increase in bone mass. Therefore, adiponectin does not appear to play a
      role in the coupling between fat and bone tissue.

PMID- 27384304
TI  - TGF-beta Induces Endometriotic Progression via a Noncanonical, KLF11-Mediated
      Mechanism.
AB  - Endometriosis, a chronic disease of heterogeneous etiopathology affects 10% of
      young women and is characterized by ectopic implantation of endometrial cells.
      Growth and spread of endometriosis lesions involves biological interplay between
      intrinsic lesion-driven and extrinsic host-responsive mechanisms. We propose a
      role for TGFbeta and its target transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 11
      (KLF11) in mediating such mechanisms. Although TGFbeta, a pleiotropic cytokine
      implicated in endometriosis potentially, mediates its pathological phenotypes,
      KLF11 is associated with endocrine and reproductive tract diseases, specifically
      progression of endometriosis. In Ishikawa cells, TGFbeta1 treatment resulted in
      noncanonical SMAD-mediated transient up-regulation and sustained repression of
      KLF11. KLF11 recruits histone deacetylases to epigenetically repress multiple
      synthetic and metabolic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP3A4, which
      affects endometrial metabolism and pathophysiology. In contrast to KLF11,
      TGFbeta1 treatment caused transient repression and sustained activation of CYP3A4
      expression. CYP3A4 increased endometrial cell proliferation and was also
      increased in human endometriosis lesions compared with eutopic endometrium. To
      determine whether dysregulation of TGFbeta/Klf11/Cyp3a signaling affected
      endometriotic progression, we treated wild-type control and Klf11-/- mice with a
      Tgfbeta type 1 receptor inhibitor (TGFbetaR1I) that inhibits Tgfbeta signaling
      upstream of the canonical Smad proteins or a combination of TGFbetaR1I and a
      histone acetyltransferase inhibitor that additionally inhibits Klf11 signaling.
      Disease progression and lesional Cyp3a expression was diminished in TGFbetaR1I
      treated animals and more so in animals treated synergistically with TGFbetaR1I
      and histone acetyltransferase inhibitor. TGFbeta and KLF11 thus mediate critical,
      translationally relevant host and lesion-driven responses that enable
      establishment and progression of endometriosis.

PMID- 27384303
TI  - The Methylcytosine Dioxygenase Ten-Eleven Translocase-2 (tet2) Enables Elevated
      GnRH Gene Expression and Maintenance of Male Reproductive Function.
AB  - Reproduction depends on the establishment and maintenance of elevated GnRH
      neurosecretion. The elevation of primate GnRH release is accompanied by
      epigenetic changes. Specifically, cytosine residues within the GnRH gene promoter
      are actively demethylated, whereas GnRH mRNA levels and peptide release rise.
      Whether active DNA demethylation has an impact on GnRH neuron development and
      consequently reproductive function remains unknown. In this study, we
      investigated whether ten-eleven translocation (tet) enzymes, which initiate the
      process of active DNA demethylation, influence neuronal function and
      reproduction. We found that tet2 expression increases with age in the developing
      mouse preoptic area-hypothalamus and is substantially higher in a mature (GT1-7)
      than an immature (GN11) GnRH cell line. GnRH mRNA levels and mean GnRH peptide
      release elevated after overexpression of tet2 in GN11 cells, whereas CRISPR/cas9
      mediated knockdown of tet2 in GT1-7 cells led to a significant decline in GnRH
      expression. Manipulations of tet2 expression altered tet2 genome binding and
      histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation abundance at the GnRH promoter. Mice with
      selective disruption of tet2 in GnRH neurons (GnRH-specific tet2 knockout mice)
      exhibited no sign of altered pubertal timing in either sex, although plasma LH
      levels were significantly lower, and fecundity was altered specifically in adult
      male GnRH-specific tet2 knockout animals, indicating that tet2 may participate in
      the maintenance GnRH neuronal function. Exposure to bisphenol A, an environmental
      contaminant that alters GnRH neuron activity, caused a shift in tet2 subcellular
      localization and a decrease in histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation abundance at the
      GnRH promoter. Finally, evaluation of tet2 protein interactions in GT1-7 cells
      suggests that the influence of tet2 on neuronal function are not limited to
      nuclear mechanisms but could depend on mitochondrial function, and RNA
      metabolism. Together, these studies implicate tet2 in the maintenance of GnRH
      neuronal function and neuroendocrine control of male reproduction.

PMID- 27384306
TI  - The diagnostic accuracy of faecal calprotectin and small bowel capsule endoscopy
      and their correlation in suspected isolated small bowel Crohn's disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Faecal calprotectin (FC) is less accurate at identifying
      inflammation in the small bowel than in the colon. Small bowel capsule endoscopy
      (SBCE) is a useful tool to detect small bowel inflammation. We investigated the
      diagnostic accuracy of FC and SBCE and their correlation in patients with
      suspected isolated small bowel Crohn's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was
      performed as a prospective single centre study including patients attending for
      SBCE with suspected small bowel Crohn's disease. Patient demographics, symptoms,
      medications and blood parameters were collected. Capsule endoscopy findings were
      analysed against calprotectin values, final diagnosis and blood parameters.
      RESULTS: A total of 146 patients were included (99 females and 47 males) with a
      mean age of 38+/-14 years. FC of more than 50 mg/kg was not significantly
      associated with clinically relevant capsule endoscopy findings (P=0.25),
      correlation coefficient was 0.11. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative
      predictive values for FC at a cut-off of more than 50 mg/kg were 88.9% [95%
      confidence interval (CI): 65.3-98.6], 25.0% (95% CI: 17.8-33.4), 14.3 (95% CI:
      8.4-22.2) and 94.1% (95% CI: 80.3-99.3), respectively. A raised FC was not
      significantly associated with an elevated C-reactive protein or the presence of
      anaemia (P=0.19 and 0.10, respectively). CONCLUSION: FC performs modestly as a
      screening test to exclude small bowel inflammation. However, we recommend
      interpretation within the overall clinical context to avoid overlooking the
      infrequent patient with small bowel inflammation and a negative FC.

PMID- 27384305
TI  - Male 11beta-HSD1 Knockout Mice Fed Trans-Fats and Fructose Are Not Protected From
      Metabolic Syndrome or Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
AB  - Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines a spectrum of conditions from
      simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis and is
      regarded as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Glucocorticoids
      can promote steatosis by stimulating lipolysis within adipose tissue, free fatty
      acid delivery to liver and hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Glucocorticoids can be
      reactivated in liver through 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta
      HSD1) enzyme activity. Inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 has been suggested as a
      potential treatment for NAFLD. To test this, male mice with global (11beta-HSD1
      knockout [KO]) and liver-specific (LKO) 11beta-HSD1 loss of function were fed the
      American Lifestyle Induced Obesity Syndrome (ALIOS) diet, known to recapitulate
      the spectrum of NAFLD, and metabolic and liver phenotypes assessed. Body weight,
      muscle and adipose tissue masses, and parameters of glucose homeostasis showed
      that 11beta-HSD1KO and LKO mice were not protected from systemic metabolic
      disease. Evaluation of hepatic histology, triglyceride content, and blinded NAFLD
      activity score assessment indicated that levels of steatosis were similar between
      11beta-HSD1KO, LKO, and control mice. Unexpectedly, histological analysis
      revealed significantly increased levels of immune foci present in livers of
      11beta-HSD1KO but not LKO or control mice, suggestive of a transition to NASH.
      This was endorsed by elevated hepatic expression of key immune cell and
      inflammatory markers. These data indicate that 11beta-HSD1-deficient mice are not
      protected from metabolic disease or hepatosteatosis in the face of a NAFLD
      inducing diet. However, global deficiency of 11beta-HSD1 did increase markers of
      hepatic inflammation and suggests a critical role for 11beta-HSD1 in restraining
      the transition to NASH.

PMID- 27384308
TI  - Should we expect novel biomarkers of myocardial infarction?

PMID- 27384307
TI  - Ocular biometric parameters among 3-year-old Chinese children: testability,
      distribution and association with anthropometric parameters.
AB  - This survey was conducted to determine the testability, distribution and
      associations of ocular biometric parameters in Chinese preschool children. Ocular
      biometric examinations, including the axial length (AL) and corneal radius of
      curvature (CR), were conducted on 1,688 3-year-old subjects by using an IOLMaster
      in August 2015. Anthropometric parameters, including height and weight, were
      measured according to a standardized protocol, and body mass index (BMI) was
      calculated. The testability was 93.7% for the AL and 78.6% for the CR overall,
      and both measures improved with age. Girls performed slightly better in AL
      measurements (P = 0.08), and the difference in CR was statistically significant
      (P < 0.05). The AL distribution was normal in girls (P = 0.12), whereas it was
      not in boys (P < 0.05). For CR1, all subgroups presented normal distributions (P
      = 0.16 for boys; P = 0.20 for girls), but the distribution varied when the
      subgroups were combined (P < 0.05). CR2 presented a normal distribution (P =
      0.11), whereas the AL/CR ratio was abnormal (P < 0.001). Boys exhibited a
      significantly longer AL, a greater CR and a greater AL/CR ratio than girls (all P
      < 0.001).

PMID- 27384309
TI  - Exercise simultaneously increases nasal patency and bronchial obstruction in
      asthmatic children.
AB  - We found that simultaneous post-exercise increase in nasal patency and bronchial
      obstruction occurs only in children with atopic asthma, but not in sensitized
      children without asthma. In healthy children, the increase in nasal patency is
      accompanied by bronchial dilatation.

PMID- 27384310
TI  - Prognostic Significance of Transverse Relaxation Rate (R2*) in Blood Oxygenation
      Level-Dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Invasive Breast
      Cancer.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between magnetic resonance transverse
      relaxation rate (R2*) and prognostic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of
      159 women with invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) underwent breast magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) including blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)
      sequence at 3 T. The distribution of the measured R2* values were analyzed, and
      the correlation between R2* and various prognostic factors (age, tumor size,
      histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion, and axillary lymph node status, as
      well as expression of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal
      growth factor receptor 2, p53, and Ki-67) were retrospectively assessed using
      patient medical records. RESULTS: The baseline R2* values of the IDCs were very
      heterogeneous with wide range among the patients. The mean R2* value was (32.8 +/
      14.0) Hz with a median of 29.3 Hz (range 13.5-109.4 Hz). In multivariate
      analysis, older age was associated with decreased R2* value (P = 0.011) and IDCs
      with p53-overexpression showed higher R2* values than those without p53
      overexpression group (P = 0.031). Other prognostic factors were not significantly
      correlated with R2* value. CONCLUSION: In this study, R2* values were
      significantly correlated with age and expression of p53. Further studies are
      necessary to determine the prognostic value of BOLD-MRI.

PMID- 27384313
TI  - Intra-Abdominal Adhesions Make the Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance
      Enterography in Crohn's Disease More Difficult.
AB  - AIMS: The present study compares preoperative magnetic resonance enterography
      (MRE) accuracy in diagnosing stenoses, abscesses and fistulas to intraoperative
      findings in Crohn's disease patients, and determines whether discordance between
      these methods alter surgical plans. METHODS: Our study included 55 consecutive
      patients scheduled for elective surgery due to Crohn's disease in a single
      institution between January 2011 and May 2015, whose surgical findings were also
      compared to preoperative MREs. Data were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Among
      these 55 patients, we found 80 stenoses, 5 abscesses and 18 fistulas during
      surgery. The MRE sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, respectively, reached
      100, 77.8 and 96.4% for stenoses; 80.0, 90.0 and 89.1% for abscesses; and 77.8,
      83.8 and 81.8% for fistulas. The operative plan was modified for 7 patients
      (12.7%) due to erroneous MRE diagnoses. No patient needed conversion or an
      unplanned stoma placement due to an incorrect diagnosis using MRE. The MRE
      diagnosis did not agree with the surgical findings for 36 lesions, 16 of which
      resulted from adhesions that explained the incorrect MRE diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS:
      Hence, while MRE is a useful diagnostic tool preoperatively in Crohn's disease
      patients, the presence of intra-abdominal adhesions may cause erroneous diagnosis
      through MRE.

PMID- 27384314
TI  - The Salience of Reward.

PMID- 27384315
TI  - Correction: Akap1 Deficiency Promotes Mitochondrial Aberrations and Exacerbates
      Cardiac Injury Following Permanent Coronary Ligation via Enhanced Mitophagy and
      Apoptosis.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154076.].

PMID- 27384316
TI  - Estimation of brain network ictogenicity predicts outcome from epilepsy surgery.
AB  - Surgery is a valuable option for pharmacologically intractable epilepsy. However,
      significant post-operative improvements are not always attained. This is due in
      part to our incomplete understanding of the seizure generating (ictogenic)
      capabilities of brain networks. Here we introduce an in silico, model-based
      framework to study the effects of surgery within ictogenic brain networks. We
      find that factors conventionally determining the region of tissue to resect, such
      as the location of focal brain lesions or the presence of epileptiform rhythms,
      do not necessarily predict the best resection strategy. We validate our framework
      by analysing electrocorticogram (ECoG) recordings from patients who have
      undergone epilepsy surgery. We find that when post-operative outcome is good,
      model predictions for optimal strategies align better with the actual surgery
      undertaken than when post-operative outcome is poor. Crucially, this allows the
      prediction of optimal surgical strategies and the provision of quantitative
      prognoses for patients undergoing epilepsy surgery.

PMID- 27384317
TI  - Histological features of mixed neuroendocrine carcinoma and hepatocellular
      carcinoma in the liver: a case report and literature review.
AB  - Primary hepatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is rare, and its origin, clinical
      features, diagnosis and treatment have not been clarified. Primary mixed NEC and
      hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is even rarer and is divided into either combined
      type or collision type. We report a patient with the combined type of mixed NEC
      and HCC. A 72-year-old male was diagnosed with HCC and underwent hepatectomy
      because of the presence of two tumors in his liver. Histological examination
      demonstrated that one of the tumors had both NEC and HCC components. The
      transitional zone was noted in the immunohistological examination, and the tumor
      was determined to be the combined type of primary mixed NEC and HCC. This was the
      first description of an HCC component being found in an NEC-dominant area in a
      primary mixed NEC and HCC tumor. Three weeks after hepatectomy, an abdominal
      computed tomography scan showed extensive regional and para-aortic
      lymphadenopathy, and early relapse was suspected in the patient. The patient died
      3 months after the operation despite treatment with combination chemotherapy.
      This report describes an unfavorable case and summarizes all the primary mixed
      NEC and HCC tumor cases that have been previously reported. 

PMID- 27384318
TI  - Kefir reduces insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokine expression in an
      animal model of metabolic syndrome.
AB  - There is growing evidence that kefir can be a promising tool in decreasing the
      risk of many diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the
      present study was to evaluate the effect of kefir supplementation in the diet of
      Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) in which MetS was induced with monosodium
      glutamate (MSG), and to determine its effect on metabolic parameters,
      inflammatory and oxidation marker expression and glycemic index control. Thirty
      animals were used in this experiment. For the induction of MetS, twenty two-day
      old male SHR received five consecutive intradermal injections of MSG. For the
      Negative Control, ten newborn male SHR received intradermal injections of saline
      solution (0.9% saline solution). After weaning, animals received standard diet
      and water ad libitum until reaching 3 months old, for the development of MetS.
      They were then divided into three groups (n = 10): negative control (NC, 1 mL
      saline solution per day), positive control (PC, 1 mL saline solution per day) and
      the Kefir group (1 mL kefir per day). Feeding was carried out by gavage for 10
      weeks and the animals received standard food and water ad libitum. Obesity,
      insulin resistance, pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, and the histology of
      pancreatic and adipose tissues were among the main variables evaluated. Compared
      to the PC group, kefir supplementation reduced plasma triglycerides, liver
      lipids, liver triglycerides, insulin resistance, fasting glucose, fasting
      insulin, thoracic circumference, abdominal circumference, products of lipid
      oxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1beta) and increased anti
      inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-10). The present findings indicate that
      kefir has the potential to benefit the management of MetS. 

PMID- 27384319
TI  - Desirable Characteristics of Hepatitis C Treatment Regimens: A Review of What We
      Have and What We Need.
AB  - There have been dramatic advancements in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C
      (HCV) infection. This is largely due to the approval of several direct-acting
      antiviral agents (DAAs) from a variety of medication classes with novel
      mechanisms of action. These therapies are a welcomed advancement given their
      improved efficacy and tolerability compared to pegylated interferon and ribavirin
      (RBV)-based regimens. These convenient, all-oral regimens treat a variety of
      genotypes and often offer high cure rates in a variety of HCV-infected
      populations. While there are several benefits associated with these therapies,
      there are also notable shortcomings. Shortcomings include diminished response or
      need for adjunctive RBV in difficult-to-treat populations (decompensated
      cirrhosis, active substance abuse patients, advanced kidney disease, etc.),
      activity against select genotypes, substantial drug-drug interaction potential,
      and high cost. Therefore, while current DAA-based therapies have several
      favorable attributes, each also has its limitations. The purpose of this review
      is to (1) identify the characteristics of an ideal HCV treatment regimen, (2)
      describe desirable features of existing regimens, (3) summarize limitations of
      existing regimens, and (4) introduce promising emerging therapies. This
      manuscript will serve as a guide for evaluating the caliber of future HCV
      treatment regimens. 

PMID- 27384320
TI  - Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensor Based on Facilely Prepared Three
      Dimensional Graphene Foam Composite.
AB  - Wearable strain sensors with excellent stretchability and sensitivity have
      emerged as a very promising field which could be used for human motion detection
      and biomechanical systems, etc. Three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GF) has
      been reported before for high-performance strain sensors, however, some problems
      such as high cost preparation, low sensitivity, and stretchability still remain.
      In this paper, we report a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based
      on 3D GF and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. The GF is prepared by
      assembly process from graphene oxide via a facile and scalable method and
      possesses excellent mechanical property which facilitates the infiltration of
      PDMS prepolymer into the graphene framework. The as-prepared strain sensor can be
      stretched as high as 30% of its original length and the gauge factor of this
      sensor is as high as 98.66 under 5% of applied strain. Moreover, the strain
      sensor shows long-term stability in 200 cycles of stretching-relaxing.
      Implementation of the device for monitoring the bending of elbow and finger
      results in reproducibility and various responses in the form of resistance
      change. Thus, the developed strain sensors exhibit great application potential in
      fields of biomechanical systems and human-interactive applications. 

PMID- 27384321
TI  - Distinct MicroRNA Expression Signatures of Porcine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
      under Mouse and Human ESC Culture Conditions.
AB  - It is well known that microRNAs play a very important role in regulating
      reprogramming, pluripotency and cell fate decisions. Porcine induced pluripotent
      stem cells (piPSCs) are now available for studying the pluripotent regulation
      network in pigs. Two types of piPSCs have been derived from human and mouse
      embryonic stem cell (ESC) culture conditions: hpiPSCs and mpiPSCs, respectively.
      The hpiPSCs were morphologically similar to human ESCs, and the mpiPSCs resembled
      mouse ESCs. However, our current understanding of the role of microRNAs in the
      development of piPSCs is still very limited. Here, we performed small RNA
      sequencing to profile the miRNA expression in porcine fibroblasts (pEFs), hpiPSCs
      and mpiPSCs. There were 22 differential expressed (DE) miRNAs down-regulated in
      both types of piPSCs compared with pEFs, such as ssc-miR-145-5p and ssc-miR-98.
      There were 27 DE miRNAs up-regulated in both types of piPSCs compared with pEFs.
      Among these up-regulated DE miRNAs in piPSCs, ssc-miR-217, ssc-miR-216, ssc-miR
      142-5p, ssc-miR-182, ssc-miR-183 and ssc-miR-96-5p have much higher expression
      levels in mpiPSCs, while ssc-miR-106a, ssc-miR-363, ssc-miR-146b, ssc-miR-195,
      ssc-miR-497, ssc-miR-935 and ssc-miR-20b highly expressed in hpiPSCs.
      Quantitative stem-loop RT-PCR was performed to confirm selected DE miRNAs
      expression levels. The results were consistent with small RNA sequencing.
      Different expression patterns were observed for key miRNA clusters, such as the
      miR-17-92 cluster, the let-7 family, the miR-106a-363 cluster and the miR-182-183
      cluster, in the mpiPSCs and hpiPSCs. Novel miRNAs were also predicted in this
      study, including a putative porcine miR-302 cluster: ssc_38503, ssc_38503 and
      ssc_38501 (which resemble human miR-302a and miR-302b) found in both types of
      piPSCs. The miR-106a-363 cluster and putative miR-302 cluster increased the
      reprogramming efficiency of pEFs. The study revealed significant differences in
      the miRNA signatures of hpiPSCs and mpiPSCs under different pluripotent states
      that were derived from different culture conditions. These differentially
      expressed miRNAs may play important roles in pluripotent regulation in pigs, and
      this information will facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of
      pluripotency in pigs. 

PMID- 27384323
TI  - GMC review of fitness to practise procedures is complete.

PMID- 27384322
TI  - Ogg1-Dependent DNA Repair Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome and Prevents
      Atherosclerosis.
AB  - RATIONALE: Activation of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat
      pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome-mediating interleukin (IL)-1beta
      secretion has emerged as an important component of inflammatory processes in
      atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage is detrimental in
      atherosclerosis, and mitochondria are central regulators of the nucleotide
      binding domain and leucine-rich repeat pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome.
      Human atherosclerotic plaques express increased mtDNA damage. The major DNA
      glycosylase, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1), is responsible for removing the
      most abundant form of oxidative DNA damage. OBJECTIVE: To test the role of OGG1
      in the development of atherosclerosis in mouse. METHODS AND RESULTS: We observed
      that Ogg1 expression decreases over time in atherosclerotic lesion macrophages of
      low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) knockout mice fed a Western diet. Ogg1(-/
      )Ldlr(-/-) mice fed a Western diet resulted in an increase in plaque size and
      lipid content. We found increased oxidized mtDNA, inflammasome activation, and
      apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions and also higher serum IL-1beta and IL-18 in
      Ogg1(-/-)Ldlr(-/-) mice than in Ldlr(-/-). Transplantation with Ogg1(-/-) bone
      marrow into Ldlr(-/-) mice led to larger atherosclerotic lesions and increased IL
      1beta production. However, transplantation of Ogg1(-/-)Nlrp3(-/-) bone marrow
      reversed the Ogg1(-/-) phenotype of increased plaque size. Ogg1(-/-) macrophages
      showed increased oxidized mtDNA and had greater amounts of cytosolic mtDNA and
      cytochrome c, increased apoptosis, and more IL-1beta secretion. Finally, we found
      that proatherogenic miR-33 can directly inhibit human OGG1 expression and
      indirectly suppress both mouse and human OGG1 via AMP-activated protein kinase.
      CONCLUSIONS: OGG1 plays a protective role in atherogenesis by preventing
      excessive inflammasome activation. Our study provides insight into a new target
      for therapeutic intervention based on a link between oxidative mtDNA damage,
      OGG1, and atherosclerosis via NLRP3 inflammasome.

PMID- 27384324
TI  - Molecular evolution of the capsid gene in human norovirus genogroup II.
AB  - Capsid protein of norovirus genogroup II (GII) plays crucial roles in host
      infection. Although studies on capsid gene evolution have been conducted for a
      few genotypes of norovirus, the molecular evolution of norovirus GII is not well
      understood. Here we report the molecular evolution of all GII genotypes, using
      various bioinformatics techniques. The time-scaled phylogenetic tree showed that
      the present GII strains diverged from GIV around 1630CE at a high evolutionary
      rate (around 10(-3) substitutions/site/year), resulting in three lineages. The
      GII capsid gene had large pairwise distances (maximum > 0.39). The effective
      population sizes of the present GII strains were large (>10(2)) for about 400
      years. Positive (20) and negative (over 450) selection sites were estimated.
      Moreover, some linear and conformational B-cell epitopes were found in the
      deduced GII capsid protein. These results suggested that norovirus GII strains
      rapidly evolved with high divergence and adaptation to humans.

PMID- 27384325
TI  - Exome sequencing in pooled DNA samples to identify maternal pre-eclampsia risk
      variants.
AB  - Pre-eclampsia is a common pregnancy disorder that is a major cause for maternal
      and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Variants predisposing to pre-eclampsia
      might be under negative evolutionary selection that is likely to keep their
      population frequencies low. We exome sequenced samples from a hundred Finnish pre
      eclamptic women in pools of ten to screen for low-frequency, large-effect risk
      variants for pre-eclampsia. After filtering and additional genotyping steps, we
      selected 28 low-frequency missense, nonsense and splice site variants that were
      enriched in the pre-eclampsia pools compared to reference data, and genotyped the
      variants in 1353 pre-eclamptic and 699 non-pre-eclamptic women to test the
      association of them with pre-eclampsia and quantitative traits relevant for the
      disease. Genotypes from the SISu project (n = 6118 exome sequenced Finnish
      samples) were included in the binary trait association analysis as a population
      reference to increase statistical power. In these analyses, none of the variants
      tested reached genome-wide significance. In conclusion, the genetic risk for pre
      eclampsia is likely complex even in a population isolate like Finland, and larger
      sample sizes will be necessary to detect risk variants.

PMID- 27384327
TI  - Associations of Guideline Recommended Medications for Acute Coronary Syndromes
      With Fall-Related Hospitalizations and Cardiovascular Events in Older Women With
      Ischemic Heart Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Guidelines for acute coronary syndrome recommend statins, beta
      blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or renin-angiotensin system
      blockers, and antiplatelet agents for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular
      events. The aim was to examine associations between guideline recommended
      medications and fall-related hospitalizations and cardiovascular events in robust
      and frail older women. METHODS: 2002-2011 surveys from the Australian
      Longitudinal Study on Women's Health linked with administrative hospital,
      pharmaceutical and death registry data (2003-mid-2011) were used. Eight hundred
      eighty-five women (82.7+/-2.7 years, range 76-90) had prior admission for
      ischemic heart disease and >=1 claims for any of the four medication classes.
      Four hundred thirteen (46.7%) were robust and 472 (53.3%) were frail. Fall
      related admissions; cardiovascular event-related admissions or death; and
      cardiovascular death were recorded. Associations between each of the exposures
      and outcomes were analyzed using survival analyses with noncardiovascular death
      as a competing risk. RESULTS: There were 192 fall-related admissions and 314
      cardiovascular events including 82 deaths. Using four recommended classes
      (compared to using one) was associated with increased risks of fall-related
      admissions (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-5.33),
      but not with cardiovascular events (HR = 1.41, CI = 0.97-2.05) or cardiovascular
      death (HR = 0.68, CI = 0.35-1.34). Associations for fall-related admissions were
      stronger in frail participants (HR = 5.46, CI = 1.34-22.30) than robust (HR =
      1.37, CI = 0.48-3.95). CONCLUSIONS: In older women with ischemic heart disease,
      the combination of the four recommended medication classes was associated with
      increased risk of falls, particularly among frail women, with no statistically
      significant gain in cardiovascular health. The risks of falls and consequential
      morbidity in women over 75 needs consideration when prescribing medications after
      myocardial infarction.

PMID- 27384326
TI  - Short-Term Exposure to Urban Air Pollution and Influences on Placental
      Vascularization Indexes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It has been widely demonstrated that air pollution can affect human
      health and that certain pollutant gases lead to adverse obstetric outcomes, such
      as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the
      influence of individual maternal exposure to air pollution on placental volume
      and vascularization evaluated in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: This
      was a cross-sectional study on low-risk pregnant women living in Sao Paulo,
      Brazil. The women carried passive personal NO2 and O3 monitors in the week
      preceding evaluation. We employed the virtual organ computer-aided analysis
      (VOCAL) technique using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound to evaluate
      placental volume and placental vascular indexes [vascularization index (VI), flow
      index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI)]. We analyzed the influence of
      pollutant levels on log-transformed placental vascularization and volume using
      multiple regression models. RESULTS: We evaluated 229 patients. Increased NO2
      levels had a significant negative association with log of VI (p = 0.020 and beta
      = -0.153) and VFI (p = 0.024 and beta = -0.151). NO2 and O3 had no influence on
      the log of placental volume or FI. CONCLUSIONS: NO2, an estimator of primary air
      pollutants, was significantly associated with diminished VI and VFI in the first
      trimester of pregnancy.

PMID- 27384328
TI  - Vibrating Platform Training Improves Respiratory Muscle Strength, Quality of
      Life, and Inspiratory Capacity in the Elderly Adults: A Randomized Controlled
      Trial.
AB  - Background: Aging affects respiratory strength that could cause reduction in
      functional capacity and quality of life, playing a fundamental role in healthy
      aging and survival. To prevent these declines, the whole body vibration (WBV) has
      been proposed to increase strength and functional capacity. The aim of the study
      was to evaluate the effects of WBV on respiratory muscle strength,
      thoracoabdominal ventilation, and quality of life in the elderly adults. Methods:
      This study was a controlled, randomized double-blind clinical trial. The study
      included 28 elderly adults randomized into three groups: Resistance (n = 9), WBV
      (n = 9), or WBV + resistance exercises (n = 10), performing training, sham, or
      double training for 3 months, twice per week. The variables of the study were as
      follows: maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), distribution
      of thoracoabdominal volumes variation in optoelectronic plethysmography
      (pulmonary rib cage-VRCp, abdominal rib cage-VRCa, and abdomen-VAB), and quality
      of life. Results: After training, WBV and WBV + resistance groups increased MIP
      and MEP (p < .001). During inspiratory capacity maneuver, WBV groups had
      incremental increases in chest wall total volume (p < .001), showing a rise in
      pulmonary rib cage (p = .03) and abdominal rib cage (p = .04). Furthermore, WBV
      groups improved SF-36 scores in functional capacity, physical aspects, energy,
      pain, and general heath domains. Conclusions: The WBV is a training that could
      improve respiratory muscle strength and quality of life and promote different
      ventilatory strategies in chest wall and thoracoabdominal compartments in healthy
      elderly adults.

PMID- 27384329
TI  - Prefectural difference in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage incidence in Japan
      analyzed with publically accessible diagnosis procedure combination data:
      possibilities and limitations.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Annually reported, publically accessible Diagnosis Procedure
      Combination (DPC) data from the Japanese government is a part of the total DPC
      database of the Japanese medical reimbursement system for hospitalization.
      Although medical issues can be evaluated with these data promptly, the
      applicability of these data in epidemiological analyses has not been assessed.
      METHODS: We performed analyses using only statistical indices reported on the a
      government website. As a preliminary step, the prefectural consistency of
      spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) was examined with prefectural
      mortality over 20 years. Then the prefectural incidence of sICH for four years
      was calculated, utilizing publically accessible DPC data. To determine its
      reliability, the consistency was examined, and correlations were analyzed with
      three prefectural factors expected to have an effect: the elderly rate, mortality
      due to sICH, and the non-DPC bed rate. In addition, a comparison model between
      prefectures with this method was developed by analyzing other prefecture-specific
      factors. RESULTS: Prefectural mortality due to sICH and prefectural sICH
      incidence in the DPC database were both consistent over the years. Prefectural
      sICH incidence had a constant positive correlation with the elderly rate, a
      partial correlation with mortality due to sICH, but no correlation with the non
      DPC bed rate, which is one of the major biases when utilizing the DPC database.
      In the comparison model, the factors of low income and alcohol consumption showed
      increased sICH incidence. CONCLUSIONS: Although careful attention to its
      limitations is required, publically accessible DPC data will provide insights
      into epidemiological issues.

PMID- 27384331
TI  - Atmospheric Physical Chemistry.

PMID- 27384330
TI  - Executive Function, Visual Attention and the Cocktail Party Problem in Musicians
      and Non-Musicians.
AB  - The goal of this study was to investigate how cognitive factors influence
      performance in a multi-talker, "cocktail-party" like environment in musicians and
      non-musicians. This was achieved by relating performance in a spatial hearing
      task to cognitive processing abilities assessed using measures of executive
      function (EF) and visual attention in musicians and non-musicians. For the
      spatial hearing task, a speech target was presented simultaneously with two
      intelligible speech maskers that were either colocated with the target (0 degrees
      azimuth) or were symmetrically separated from the target in azimuth (at +/-15
      degrees ). EF assessment included measures of cognitive flexibility, inhibition
      control and auditory working memory. Selective attention was assessed in the
      visual domain using a multiple object tracking task (MOT). For the MOT task, the
      observers were required to track target dots (n = 1,2,3,4,5) in the presence of
      interfering distractor dots. Musicians performed significantly better than non
      musicians in the spatial hearing task. For the EF measures, musicians showed
      better performance on measures of auditory working memory compared to non
      musicians. Furthermore, across all individuals, a significant correlation was
      observed between performance on the spatial hearing task and measures of auditory
      working memory. This result suggests that individual differences in performance
      in a cocktail party-like environment may depend in part on cognitive factors such
      as auditory working memory. Performance in the MOT task did not differ between
      groups. However, across all individuals, a significant correlation was found
      between performance in the MOT and spatial hearing tasks. A stepwise multiple
      regression analysis revealed that musicianship and performance on the MOT task
      significantly predicted performance on the spatial hearing task. Overall, these
      findings confirm the relationship between musicianship and cognitive factors
      including domain-general selective attention and working memory in solving the
      "cocktail party problem". 

PMID- 27384332
TI  - Can an enhanced thin-slice computed tomography delineate the right adrenal vein
      and improve the success rate?
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of enhanced thin-slice computed tomography
      (TSCT) for delineating the right adrenal vein (RAV) anatomy before adrenal vein
      sampling (AVS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 151 consecutive AVSs with CT
      during angiography (interventional CT) were included. Of them, TSCT was performed
      before AVS for 72 patients. Successful RAV cannulation was confirmed using
      cortisol measurement. The RAV on TSCT was classified as certain, probable, or
      unidentified, and cases with certain or probable RAV identification were
      classified as useful. In the cases where AVS was successful, the anatomical
      features of the presumed RAV from the useful TSCT, including the position along
      the inferior vena cava, vertebral level, and distance from the upper pole of the
      right kidney, were compared with the RAV features identified on interventional
      CT. Estimated successful cannulation rates before interventional CT were compared
      between patients with and without useful TSCT. RESULTS: In total, 66 TSCTs were
      classified as useful. The anatomical features identified on TSCT were
      significantly correlated with those on interventional CT. The estimated
      successful cannulation rates for cases with and without useful TSCT were 92.4 and
      82.4 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: TSCT clearly shows the anatomical features of
      the RAV, facilitating accurate sampling and increasing the success rate.

PMID- 27384333
TI  - [Grading of soft tissue and bone sarcomas].
AB  - Malignancy grading is an essential element in the classification of sarcomas. It
      correlates with the prognosis of the disease and the risk of metastasis. This
      article presents the grading schemes for soft tissue, bone and pediatric
      sarcomas. It summarizes the histological criteria of the Federation Nationale des
      Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) system and the Pediatric Oncology
      Group as well as the grading of bone tumors by the College of American
      Pathologists (CAP). Furthermore, the potential relevance of gene expression
      signatures, the complexity index in sarcoma (CINSARC) and single genetic
      alterations (p53, MDM2, p16, SWI/SNF, EWSR1 fusions and PAX3/PAX7-FOXO1 fusions)
      for the prognosis of sarcomas are discussed. 

PMID- 27384334
TI  - [Clinical and epidemiological cancer registration in Germany].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Function and funding of detailed clinical cancer registries (CCRs) is
      defined by German Social Code Book V (SGB V) and shall be implemented by the end
      of 2017. CONTENT: Cancer registration according to regionally defined catchment
      areas, feedback of results and quality assurance are the basis which determines
      principles of operation and use of data. Each clinical department delivers only
      its own findings and therapy, while compilation by the clinical cancer registry
      describes the patients' way through the regional network of medical care. In this
      way, oncological centers are not burdened by troublesome documentation of data
      which originate from other clinics. CONCLUSION: After successful implementation
      of CCRs, interested physicians and clinics are able to spend time for analysis
      and use of meaningful data with the objective of improving quality of care within
      the region, implementing innovative therapies and presenting their results, and
      generating new hypotheses to stimulate research.

PMID- 27384336
TI  - Surveys on Reporting Guideline Usage in Dental Journals.
AB  - The objectives of this study were 1) to find out if and how authors and peer
      reviewers for dental journals are encouraged to use reporting guidelines (RGs);
      2) to identify factors related to RG endorsement; and 3) to assess the knowledge,
      opinions, and future plans of dental journal editors in chief (EICs) on RGs. A
      total of 109 peer-reviewed and original research-oriented dental journals that
      were indexed in the MEDLINE and/or SCIE database in 2015 were included. The
      "instructions to authors" and "instructions to reviewers" of these journals were
      identified and retrieved from journals' official websites. Any mention of RGs or
      other related policies were sought and extracted. In addition, an anonymous
      survey of the EICs of the included journals was conducted with a validated
      questionnaire. All 109 journals provided "instructions to authors," among which
      55 (50.5%) mentioned RGs. Only the CONSORT (45.0%), PRISMA (13.8%), and STROBE
      (12.8%) guidelines were mentioned by >10% of the included journals. Statistical
      analyses suggest that RGs were more frequently mentioned by SCIE-indexed journals
      (P < 0.001), higher-impact journals (P = 0.002), and journals that endorsed the
      ICMJE recommendations (P < 0.001). "Instructions to reviewers" were available
      online for only 9 journals (8.3%), 3 of which mentioned RGs. For the EIC survey,
      the response rate was 32.1% (35 of 109). Twenty-six editors (74.3%) stated that
      they knew what RGs were before receiving our questionnaire. Twenty-four editors
      (68.6%) believed that RGs should be adopted by all refereed dental journals where
      appropriate. RGs are important tools for enhancing research reporting and
      reducing avoidable research waste, but currently they are not widely endorsed by
      dental journals. Joint efforts by all stakeholders to further promote RG usage in
      dentistry are needed.

PMID- 27384335
TI  - DPSCs from Inflamed Pulp Modulate Macrophage Function via the TNF-alpha/IDO Axis.
AB  - Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can be isolated from inflamed pulp derived
      from carious teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (I-DPSCs), which
      possess stemness and multidifferentiation potentials similar to DPSCs from
      healthy pulp. Since macrophages-essential cell players of the pulpal innate
      immunity-can regulate pulpal inflammation and repair, the authors investigated
      the immunomodulatory effects of DPSCs/I-DPSCs on macrophage functions and their
      underlying mechanisms. Similar to DPSCs, I-DPSCs were capable of colony-forming
      efficiency and adipogenic and osteo/dentinogenic differentiation under in vitro
      induction conditions. I-DPSCs also expressed a similar phenotypic profile of
      mesenchymal stem cell markers, except a relatively higher level of CD146 as
      compared with DPSCs. Coculture of DPSCs or I-DPSCs with differentiated THP-1
      cells, the human monocyte cell line, markedly suppressed tumor necrosis factor
      alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharides
      (LPS) and/or nigericin. However, unlike TNF-alpha, the secreted level of
      interleukin 1beta was not affected by coculture with DPSCs or I-DPSCs.
      Furthermore, DPSC/I-DPSC-mediated inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion by
      macrophages was abolished by pretreatment with 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, a specific
      inhibitor of indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), but not by NSC-398, a
      specific inhibitor of COX-2, suggesting IDO as a mediator. Interestingly, IDO
      expression was significantly augmented in macrophages and mesenchymal stromal
      cells in inflamed human pulp tissues. Collectively, these findings show that I
      DPSCs, similar to DPSCs, possess stem cell properties and suppress macrophage
      functions via the TNF-alpha/IDO axis, thereby providing a physiologically
      relevant context for their innate immunomodulatory activity in the dental pulp
      and their capability for pulp repair.

PMID- 27384337
TI  - Site specific N-glycan profiling of NeuAc(alpha2-6)-Gal/GalNAc-binding bark
      Sambucus nigra agglutinin using LC-MSn revealed differential glycosylation.
AB  - The bark of Sambucus nigra contains a complex mixture of glycoproteins that are
      characterized as chimeric lectins known as type II ribosome inactivating proteins
      and holo lectins. These type II ribosome inactivating proteins possess RNA N
      glycosidase activity in subunit A and lectin activity associated with subunit B
      exhibiting distinct sugar specificities to NeuAc(alpha2-6)-Gal/GalNAc and
      Gal/GalNAc. In the present study we have determined the N-glycosylation pattern
      of type II ribosome inactivating protein specific to NeuAc(alpha2-6)-Gal/GalNAc
      (Sambucus nigra agglutinin I) by subjecting it to digestion with multiple
      proteases. The resulting mixture of peptides and N-glycopeptides were analyzed on
      liquid chromatography coupled to electro spray ionization-iontrap mass
      spectrometry in MSn mode. MS2 of precursor ions was carried out using CID which
      provided information on glycan sequence. In subsequent MS3 of Y1/Y1alpha ions
      (peptide + HexNAc)+n of corresponding N-glycopeptides, resulted in the
      fragmentation of peptide backbone confirming the site of attachment. We observed
      microheterogeneity in each glycan occupied site with subunit A possessing four N
      glycans out of six sites with complex and paucimannose types while subunit B
      comprises occupancy of two sites with a paucimannose and a high mannose type. The
      differential N-glycosylation of subunits in SNA is discussed in the context of
      other type II RIPs glycans.

PMID- 27384338
TI  - Hydroregulation in a tropical dry-skinned ectotherm.
AB  - While temperature effects on species' vulnerability to climate change are well
      studied, desiccation effects receive comparatively little attention. In addition,
      we poorly understand the capacity of ectotherms, and especially reptiles, to
      control water loss rates behaviourally by selecting suitable microhabitats. This
      study examined water loss rates and behavioural hydroregulation in the tropical
      rainforest skink Carlia rubrigularis to assess whether this dry-skinned ectotherm
      actively avoids desiccation and whether trade-offs occur between desiccation
      avoidance and selection of optimal temperatures, as previously shown in
      amphibians. Higher temperatures elicited humid refuge choice despite placing
      individuals in suboptimal thermal conditions, as indicated by preferred substrate
      temperatures. This finding emphasizes the importance of water loss even for taxa
      traditionally assumed to be highly desiccation resistant, and highlights this
      factor's potential influence on vulnerability to climate change by limiting
      activity times or by restricting individuals to thermally suboptimal
      microhabitats.

PMID- 27384339
TI  - Stable isotope physiology of stem succulents across a broad range of volume-to
      surface area ratio.
AB  - Volume-to-surface area ratio (V:S) across stem succulent taxa varies by almost
      two orders of magnitude. The broad range in V:S of cacti and other succulent
      species likely has considerable importance for adaptation since stem volume
      determines the storage capacity of water, carbon and nutrients and stem surface
      area is directly related to whole-stem photosynthetic capacity. We examined the
      intrinsic physiological tradeoffs across diverse stem morphologies in three
      divergent evolutionary groups where stem succulence is common: Cactoideae,
      Opuntioideae (Cactaceae) and Euphorbiaceae. We predicted that variation in
      physiological response to environmental conditions would be (1) constrained by
      stem V:S, and (2) detectable in the stable isotope ratios of plant tissues.
      Stable isotope ratios were measured in the spines/prickles of 62 stem-succulent
      species occurring in a common garden setting in Phoenix, AZ, USA. Biomass
      delta(13)C, delta(2)H and delta(18)O increased with V:S in Cactoideae only,
      possibly reflecting various levels of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) strength
      in the other lineages. Within Cactoideae-group with the highest CAM strength and
      largest range in V:S-delta(13)C and delta(18)O increased 2.2 and 11.5 0/00,
      respectively, with a 22-fold increase in V:S. Both delta(13)C and V:S decreased
      with species climate-niche estimates of precipitation, indicating that stem
      morphology and physiology in Cactoideae may be constrained by available moisture.
      Taken together, these data suggest that physiological tradeoffs associated with
      stem V:S are detectable across broad evolutionary groups despite differences in
      CAM strength.

PMID- 27384340
TI  - Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: from studies to clinical practice:
      Position paper of the Italian Chapter, International Society Cardiovascular
      Ultrasound.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over the last two decades the interest on patent foramen ovale (PFO)
      as a cause of cardioembolism in cryptogenic stroke has tremendously increased,
      thanks to the availability of better techniques to diagnose cardiac right-to-left
      shunt by ultrasounds and of percutaneous means of PFO treatment with
      interventional techniques. Many studies have been published that have attempted
      to define diagnostic methodology, prognosis, and optimal treatment
      (pharmacological or percutaneous closure) of PFO patients with cryptogenic
      stroke. Unfortunately, even today, definitive evidence is still lacking, and
      clinical management is not consistent among cardiologists. AIMS: This review aims
      to evaluate the role of PFO in cryptogenic stroke, the diagnostic accuracy of
      transcranial Doppler, contrast transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography
      in the diagnosis of left-fright shunt and PFO; and discuss the indications to
      medical treatment and percutaneous closure of PFO. METHODS: All studies published
      in the literature on PFO and cryptogenic stroke are considered and discussed.
      RESULTS: We define an appropriate diagnostic and clinical management of PFO
      patients with cryptogenic stroke. CONCLUSION: After many years of interest on PFO
      and many concluded studies, there are still no definitive data. However, we are
      on good track for an appropriate management of PFO patients and cryptogenic
      stroke.

PMID- 27384341
TI  - Understanding the Chronology and Occupation Dynamics of Oversized Pit Houses in
      the Southern Brazilian Highlands.
AB  - A long held view about the occupation of southern proto-Je pit house villages of
      the southern Brazilian highlands is that these sites represent cycles of long
      term abandonment and reoccupation. However, this assumption is based on an
      insufficient number of radiocarbon dates for individual pit houses. To address
      this problem, we conducted a programme of comprehensive AMS radiocarbon dating
      and Bayesian modelling at the deeply stratified oversized pit House 1, Baggio I
      site (Cal. A.D. 1395-1650), Campo Belo do Sul, Santa Catarina state, Brazil. The
      stratigraphy of House 1 revealed an unparalleled sequence of twelve well
      preserved floors evidencing a major change in occupation dynamics including five
      completely burnt collapsed roofs. The results of the radiocarbon dating allowed
      us to understand for the first time the occupation dynamics of an oversized pit
      house in the southern Brazilian highlands. The Bayesian model demonstrates that
      House 1 was occupied for over two centuries with no evidence of major periods of
      abandonment, calling into question previous models of long-term abandonment. In
      addition, the House 1 sequence allowed us to tie transformations in ceramic style
      and lithic technology to an absolute chronology. Finally, we can provide new
      evidence that the emergence of oversized domestic structures is a relatively
      recent phenomenon among the southern proto-Je. As monumental pit houses start to
      be built, small pit houses continue to be inhabited, evidencing emerging
      disparities in domestic architecture after AD 1000. Our research shows the
      importance of programmes of intensive dating of individual structures to
      understand occupation dynamics and site permanence, and challenges long held
      assumptions that the southern Brazilian highlands were home to marginal cultures
      in the context of lowland South America. 

PMID- 27384342
TI  - Association of metals (Cd, Fe, As, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn) with cigarette butts in
      northern part of the Persian Gulf.
AB  - Cigarette butts are the most common form of litter in the marine environment and
      represent potential point sources for environmental contamination. The metals
      leached from cigarette butts have not been studied well in the marine
      environment. In this study, the levels of metals (Cd, Fe, As, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn)
      in cigarette butts were monitored at nine stations along the northern part of the
      Persian Gulf in Bushehr coastal areas in summer 2015 with a sampling time
      interval of 10 days. The Cd, Fe, As, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn contents of cigarette
      butts were found to vary widely between 0.16 and 0.67 MUg/g, 79.01 and 244.97
      MUg/g, 0.12 and 0.48 MUg/g, 1.13 and 3.27 MUg/g, 4.29 and 12.29 MUg/g, 6.39 and
      21.17 MUg/g, and 38.29 and 123.1 MUg/g, respectively. A Wilcoxon signed rank test
      showed that there were no significant differences between the Cd, Fe, As, Ni, Cu,
      Zn and Mn contents of cigarette butts at different sampling times. Considering
      the estimated number of cigarette butts littered annually, the results of this
      study indicated that considerable metals including Cd, Fe, As, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn
      may enter the marine environment each year from cigarette litter alone.

PMID- 27384343
TI  - Biofilm adaptation to iron availability in the presence of biotite and
      consequences for chemical weathering.
AB  - Bacteria in nature often live within biofilms, exopolymeric matrices that provide
      a favorable environment that can differ markedly from their surroundings.
      Biofilms have been found growing on mineral surfaces and are expected to play a
      role in weathering those surfaces, but a clear understanding of how environmental
      factors, such as trace-nutrient limitation, influence this role is lacking. Here,
      we examine biofilm development by Pseudomonas putida in media either deficient or
      sufficient in Fe during growth on biotite, an Fe rich mineral, or on glass. We
      hypothesized that the bacteria would respond to Fe deficiency by enhancing
      biotite dissolution and by the formation of binding sites to inhibit Fe leaching
      from the system. Glass coupons acted as a no-Fe control to investigate whether
      biofilm response depended on the presence of Fe in the supporting solid. Biofilms
      grown on biotite, as compared to glass, had significantly greater biofilm
      biomass, specific numbers of viable cells (SNVC), and biofilm cation
      concentrations of K, Mg, and Fe, and these differences were greater when Fe was
      deficient in the medium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that
      biofilm growth altered the biotite surface, smoothing the rough, jagged edges of
      channels scratched by hand on the biotite, and dissolving away small, easy-to
      access particles scattered across the planar surface. High-resolution magic angle
      spinning proton nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS 1 H NMR) spectroscopy showed
      that, in the Fe-deficient medium, the relative amount of polysaccharide nearly
      doubled relative to that in biofilms grown in the medium amended with Fe. The
      results imply that the bacteria responded to the Fe deficiency by obtaining Fe
      from biotite and used the biofilm matrix to enhance weathering and as a sink for
      released cation nutrients. These results demonstrate one mechanism by which
      biofilms may help soil microbes overcome nutrient deficiencies in oligotrophic
      systems.

PMID- 27384344
TI  - Acute kidney injury: from clinical to molecular diagnosis.
AB  - The RIFLE classification was introduced in 2004 to describe the presence of acute
      kidney injury (AKI) and to define its clinical stage, based upon the serum
      creatinine level and urine output. The same criteria, although slightly modified,
      are used in the other scoring systems AKIN and KDIGO. Mortality and morbidity
      remain high in AKI, suggesting that current diagnostic methods are suboptimal,
      poorly accurate, and often timely inadequate in detecting the presence of early
      kidney injury. Conversely, a growing body of evidence indicates that new AKI
      biomarkers can be used to both rule out AKI and to assess high-risk conditions or
      the presence of subclinical forms. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin or
      cell cycle arrest biomarkers seem to be sensitive and specific enough to be used
      in conjunction with existing markers of AKI for better classifying renal injury
      as well as dysfunction. Improvements in diagnosis, risk identification,
      stratification, prognosis, and therapeutic monitoring may improve prevention and
      protection from organ damage and help to identify patients at risk, allowing
      individualized therapy. In this view, we may say that AKI diagnosis has finally
      moved from clinical to molecular level with potential benefits for the patients
      because similar progress has been shown in other disciplines.

PMID- 27384345
TI  - Small cell lung cancer: Time to revisit DNA-damaging chemotherapy.
AB  - Rational use of DNA-damaging chemotherapy, with new combinations to heighten DNA
      replication stress, could improve outcomes in small cell lung cancer.

PMID- 27384346
TI  - Radiocarbon dating reveals minimal collagen turnover in both healthy and
      osteoarthritic human cartilage.
AB  - The poor regenerative capacity of articular cartilage presents a major clinical
      challenge and may relate to a limited turnover of the cartilage collagen matrix.
      However, the collagen turnover rate during life is not clear, and it is debated
      whether osteoarthritis (OA) can influence it. Using the carbon-14 ((14)C) bomb
      pulse method, life-long replacement rates of collagen were measured in tibial
      plateau cartilage from 23 persons born between 1935 and1997 (15 and 8 persons
      with OA and healthy cartilage, respectively). The (14)C levels observed in
      cartilage collagen showed that, virtually, no replacement of the collagen matrix
      happened after skeletal maturity and that neither OA nor tissue damage, per se,
      influenced collagen turnover. Regional differences in (14)C content across the
      joint surface showed that cartilage collagen located centrally on the joint
      surface is formed several years earlier than collagen located peripherally. The
      collagen matrix of human articular cartilage is an essentially permanent
      structure that has no significant turnover in adults, even with the occurrence of
      disease.

PMID- 27384347
TI  - Robust classification of bacterial and viral infections via integrated host gene
      expression diagnostics.
AB  - Improved diagnostics for acute infections could decrease morbidity and mortality
      by increasing early antibiotics for patients with bacterial infections and
      reducing unnecessary antibiotics for patients without bacterial infections.
      Several groups have used gene expression microarrays to build classifiers for
      acute infections, but these have been hampered by the size of the gene sets, use
      of overfit models, or lack of independent validation. We used multicohort
      analysis to derive a set of seven genes for robust discrimination of bacterial
      and viral infections, which we then validated in 30 independent cohorts. We next
      used our previously published 11-gene Sepsis MetaScore together with the new
      bacterial/viral classifier to build an integrated antibiotics decision model. In
      a pooled analysis of 1057 samples from 20 cohorts (excluding infants), the
      integrated antibiotics decision model had a sensitivity and specificity for
      bacterial infections of 94.0 and 59.8%, respectively (negative likelihood ratio,
      0.10). Prospective clinical validation will be needed before these findings are
      implemented for patient care.

PMID- 27384349
TI  - Systemic sclerosis: rehabilitation as a tool to cope with disability.
AB  - In patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), local disability of the hands and
      face, due to the involvement of skin, subcutaneous tissues and musculoskeletal
      system, is scarcely improved by pharmacological therapy, but may be treated
      efficaciously with rehabilitation, which can prevent and reduce local disability,
      thus ameliorating global disability and impaired Quality of Life, related to
      changes in the hands and face. In SSc, in order to be efficacious, rehabilitation
      should: 1. include and use both local treatments of hands and face and global
      rehabilitation techniques; 2. be different according to the different SSc phases
      and subsets; 3. include different techniques to tailor treatment to the personal
      needs and abilities of the patients.

PMID- 27384350
TI  - Inhibition of 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) Formation
      by Alkoxy Radical Scavenging of Flavonoids and Their Quantitative Structure
      Activity Relationship in a Model System.
AB  - The inhibitory effect of 10 flavonoids on the formation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6
      phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in a creatinine-phenylalanine model system
      was investigated through electronic spin resonance and a quantitative structure
      activity relationship. Alkoxy radicals were observed during the heating process,
      providing evidence for a radical pathway in the formation of PhIP. The alkoxy
      radical scavenging capability of the flavonoids was proportional to their
      inhibition of PhIP formation (IC50 ). We deduced that flavonoid inhibition of
      PhIP generation occurs via scavenging of alkoxy radicals during the heating
      process. Multiple linear regression and partial least squares models were used to
      elucidate the relationship between PhIP inhibition activity and structure
      characteristics of the flavonoids. The lipo-hydro partition coefficient and
      molecular fractional polar surface area of the flavonoids were found to be
      predictive of the inhibition effect. 

PMID- 27384348
TI  - Circulating tumor DNA analysis detects minimal residual disease and predicts
      recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer.
AB  - Detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) after resection of stage II colon
      cancer may identify patients at the highest risk of recurrence and help inform
      adjuvant treatment decisions. We used massively parallel sequencing-based assays
      to evaluate the ability of ctDNA to detect minimal residual disease in 1046
      plasma samples from a prospective cohort of 230 patients with resected stage II
      colon cancer. In patients not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, ctDNA was
      detected postoperatively in 14 of 178 (7.9%) patients, 11 (79%) of whom had
      recurred at a median follow-up of 27 months; recurrence occurred in only 16 (9.8
      %) of 164 patients with negative ctDNA [hazard ratio (HR), 18; 95% confidence
      interval (CI), 7.9 to 40; P < 0.001]. In patients treated with chemotherapy, the
      presence of ctDNA after completion of chemotherapy was also associated with an
      inferior recurrence-free survival (HR, 11; 95% CI, 1.8 to 68; P = 0.001). ctDNA
      detection after stage II colon cancer resection provides direct evidence of
      residual disease and identifies patients at very high risk of recurrence.

PMID- 27384351
TI  - Sweat patterns differ between tilt-induced reflex syncope and tilt-induced
      anxiety among youth.
AB  - PURPOSE: Profound sweating can occur with reflex-syncope and with emotional
      distress, but little is known about the similarities and differences between
      these sweat responses when they occur during orthostatic challenge. We sought to
      characterize and compare the sweat patterns related to tilt-induced syncope,
      presyncope, anxiety, and normal tilt testing. METHODS: In a prospective
      observational study, quantitative sweat rate was measured from the abdomen,
      forearm, ankle, and thigh during head-upright tilt. Sweat characteristics were
      compared across tilt diagnoses of syncope, presyncope, anxiety, and normal
      testing. When anxiety and syncope/presyncope occurred during the same study
      (separated by >=6 min), both were diagnosed. RESULTS: Our cohort comprised150
      patients (15.1 +/- 2.3 years; 82.9 % female) with 156 diagnoses: 76 with reflex
      syncope, 31 with presyncope, 23 with anxiety, and 26 with normal results. All
      syncope/presyncope patients and 20 (87 %) of the anxiety patients had
      corresponding sweat responses. Minimal or negligible sweating occurred among
      patients with normal tests. Neither basal sweat (19.4 +/- 4.7 versus 18.3 +/- 3.7
      versus 18.5 +/- 3.7 nL/min/cm(2)) nor peak sweat (171 +/- 47.4 versus 149.4 +/-
      64.4 versus 154.4 +/- 59.2 nL/min/cm(2)) differed between patients with syncope,
      presyncope, or anxiety, p = .32 and p = .12, respectively. However, the
      qualitative sweat patterns related to syncope/presyncope (diffuse, smoothly
      contoured, symmetrical, single peaks) differed considerably from the sweat
      patterns related to anxiety (heterogeneous, asymmetrical, roughly contoured
      single-peak, multi-peak, or progressive sweat changes). CONCLUSIONS: The sweat
      patterns related to syncope/presyncope are distinguishable from the sweat
      patterns related to anxiety. Recognition of the different sweat patterns can
      inform how signs and symptoms are interpreted during clinical orthostatic
      challenge.

PMID- 27384352
TI  - Childhood pneumonia - the Drakenstein Child Health Study.
AB  - Advances in immunisation, improvements in socioeconomic status and effective HIV
      prevention and treatment strategies have reduced the population burden of
      childhood pneumonia and severe disease. However, pneumonia remains the major
      single cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, causing
      approximately 1 million deaths annually, or 15% of an estimated 6.3 million
      deaths in children aged under 5 years. This burden is disproportionately high in
      low- and middle-income countries and in Africa, where almost 50% of deaths in
      children aged  under 5 years occur, despite African children comprising only 25%
      of live births globally. Pneumonia incidence and severity are highest in the
      first year of life, especially in the first 6 months. 

PMID- 27384353
TI  - Overview of the 2016 South African Health Review.
AB  - The Global Report on Urban Health: Equitable, Healthier Cities for Sustainable
      Development, issued in March 2016 by the World Health Organization and the United
      Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), emphasises the need for
      enhanced governance and leadership to achieve universal health coverage and the
      Sustainable Development Goals. Noting that a healthy population forms the
      foundation for 'sustainable economic growth, social stability, and full
      realisation of human potential', the report presents 'practical, proven solutions
      for working across sectors to tackle these ... health challenges', and includes
      examples of such successes in South Africa. 

PMID- 27384354
TI  - The impact of HIV infection on the presentation of lung cancer in South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the very high background prevalence of HIV and smoking
      related diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, very little is known about the
      presentation of lung cancer in HIV-infected individuals. METHODS: We
      prospectively compared HIV-positive (n=44) and HIV-negative lung cancer patients
      (n=425) with regard to demographics, cell type, performance status and umour node
      metastasis staging at initial presentation. RESULTS: HIV-positive patients were
      found to be younger than HIV-negative (mean 54.1 (standard deviation (SD) 8.4)
      years v. 60.5 (10) years, p<0.01), more likely to have squamous cell carcinoma
      (43.2% v. 30.1%, p=0.07) and significantly more likely to have a poor Eastern
      Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of >=3 (47.7% v. 29.4%,
      p=0.02). In the case of non-small cell-lung cancer, they were also significantly
      less likely to have early stage lung cancer (0% v. 10.3%, p=0.02) compared with
      HIV-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: HIV-positive lung cancer patients were
      younger, significantly more likely to have a poor performance status at
      presentation and significantly less likely to have early stage lung cancer when
      compared with HIV-negative patients.

PMID- 27384355
TI  - Review of the 2015 Guidelines for Maternity Care with relevance to congenital
      disorders.
AB  - The 4th edition of the Guidelines for Maternal Care in South Africa published by
      the National Department of Health in 2015 was evaluated with relevance to the
      care and prevention of congenital disorders (CDs). Disparate terminology is used
      for CDs throughout the guidelines, and overall less detail is included on CDs
      compared with the previous edition. This demonstrates a lack of awareness around
      the growing health need and contribution of CDs to the disease burden in South
      Africa (SA). Referrals to medical genetic services in the guidelines for mothers
      of advanced maternal age and other high-risk categories do not take into account
      the insufficient capacity available for screening and diagnosis of CDs. This
      highlights the lack of consultation with the medical genetics sector during the
      development of the guidelines. To respond to the Sustainable Development Goals by
      2030, CDs must be integrated comprehensively at all levels of healthcare in SA. 

PMID- 27384356
TI  - Ending preventable child deaths in South Africa: What role can ward-based
      outreach teams play?
AB  - South Africa (SA) has emerged from the Millennium Development Goal era with a
      mixture of success and failure. The successful national scale-up of prevention of
      mother-to-child transmission of HIV services with increasingly efficacious
      antiretroviral regimens has reduced the mother-to-child transmission rate
      dramatically; however, over the same period there appears to have been no
      progress in coverage of high-impact interventions for pneumonia and diarrhoea,
      which are now leading causes of under-5 mortality. SA embarked on a strategy to
      re-engineer the primary healthcare system in 2011, which included the creation of
      ward-based outreach teams consisting of community health workers (CHWs). In this
      article we argue that the proposed ratio of CHWs to population is too low for
      public health impact and that the role and scope of CHWs should be extended
      beyond giving of health information to include assessment and treatment of
      childhood illnesses (particularly diarrhoea and suspected pneumonia). Evidence
      and experience amply demonstrate that CHWs in sufficient density can have a rapid
      and positive impact on neonatal and young child mortality, especially when they
      are allowed to treat common acute conditions. SA's mediocre performance in child
      survival could be dramatically improved if there were more CHWs who were allowed
      to do more. 

PMID- 27384357
TI  - The Expanded Programme on Immunisation in South Africa: A story yet to be told.
AB  - During the past two decades, immunisation has saved millions of lives and
      prevented countless illnesses and disabilities in South Africa(SA). However,
      vaccine-preventable diseases are still a threat. A vaccine-preventable disease
      that might lead to a 1- or 2-week illness in anadult, could prove deadly for
      infants, children or elderly people. Vaccination protects oneself and one's
      family. For example, adults are themost common source of pertussis (whooping
      cough) infection in infants, which can be deadly for the latter. This article
      demonstrates thecommitment of the SA government to immunisation, highlights key
      milestones of the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) anddispels the myth
      that the EPI in SA is in shambles. 

PMID- 27384358
TI  - Social justice and research using human biological material: A response to
      Mahomed, Nothling-Slabbert and Pepper.
AB  - Social justice in the context of research using human biological material is an
      important contemporary legal-ethical issue. A question at the heart of this issue
      is the following: Is it fair to expect a research participant (a person who
      participates in such research by, among others, making available biological
      material from his or her body) to participate on an altruistic basis, while the
      researchers and the investors in the research can gain commercially from the
      research? In a recent article, Mahomed, Nothling-Slabbert and Pepper proposed
      that research participants should be entitled to share in the profits emanating
      from such research via a proposed new statutory right to the intellectual
      property emanating from such research. In order to stimulate debate on this
      important issue of social justice, this article responds to the position of
      Mahomed et al. by focusing on two main points: Firstly, I contend that Mahomed et
      al. fail to make a convincing argument in favour of shifting away from altruism;
      secondly, I caution against framing the debate in terms of the binary poles of
      altruism v. profitsharing, and suggest that should healthcare public policy ever
      move away from altruism, various non-monetary forms of benefit-sharing by
      research participants should be considered. 

PMID- 27384359
TI  - Public health officials and MECs should be held liable for harm caused to
      patients through incompetence, indifference, maladministration or negligence
      regarding the availability of hospital equipment.
AB  - There have been several reports of state hospitals not having functional
      equipment such as radiological equipment. Where these are due to incompetence,
      Indifference, maladministration or negligence by the public officials concerned,
      they may be held personally liable for the resulting harm to patients. However,
      the courts have often observed that where the State has been sued vicariously for
      the wrongs of public officials, it has not obtained reimbursement from the
      offending official. It has therefore been suggested that irresponsible public
      servants should be sued in their personal capacity (in addition to the State), to
      prevent taxpayers always having to pay for their misdeeds. If an individual
      public official cannot afford to pay all the damages awarded, the injured party
      can recover the balance from the State by citing it as a vicarious joint
      wrongdoer. 

PMID- 27384360
TI  - Legal access to surrogate motherhood in illness that does not cause infertility.
AB  - The threshold requirement for surrogate motherhood entails that a commissioning
      parent or parents must be permanently unable to give birth to a child. The
      question of whether a commissioning mother who suffers from a permanent illness
      that does not cause infertility as such, but that renders pregnancy a significant
      health risk to such mother and/or to her prospective child in utero, has arisen
      in practice. In this article, I propose that the inability to give birth to a
      child as per the threshold requirement should not be interpreted narrowly as
      referring only to a commissioning parent's inherent inability to give birth to a
      child, but should rather be interpreted broadly as referring only to a
      commissioning parent's effective inability to give birth to a child - allowing
      consideration of the medical sequelae of pregnancy for the commissioning mother
      and her prospective child. I argue that such a broad interpretation of the
      threshold requirement is compatible with legislative intent and case law, and is
      demanded by our country's constitutional commitment to human rights. 

PMID- 27384361
TI  - Resolution of a periodontoid rheumatoid pannus mass in an elderly patient treated
      with a rigid cervical collar: A case report and literature review.
AB  - In patients with C2 rheumatoid pannus with spinal cord compression the treatment
      of choice is extensive surgery either through a transoral resection of the dens
      axis or a dorsal stabilisation, or both. We present a case of an 11-mm rheumatoid
      pannus with significant compression of the spinal cord, which failed surgical
      treatment with respect to dorsal stabilisation. Therefore, rigid cervical collar
      for 8 weeks followed by soft collar for another 4 weeks was chosen as a treatment
      option. During the follow-up period of 1 year, the pannus reduced significantly
      and the spinal cord decompressed. In cases where surgery is not an option or is
      technically very demanding, the alternative of cervical collar immobilisation is
      a satisfying option. 

PMID- 27384362
TI  - A case of refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura treated with
      plasmapheresis and rituximab.
AB  - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare, life-threatening disorder
      with no prevalence or incidence studies in sub-Saharan Africa. Acquired TTP has
      several causes, all of which lead to decreased activity of von Willebrand factor
      cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) due to autoantibodies that are directed towards
      ADAMTS13. We report a case of a 46-year-old man who presented with most of the
      classic clinical manifestations of TTP. 

PMID- 27384363
TI  - Schwannoma extending from the umbilical region to the mid-thigh, compressing the
      major vessels of the right leg: A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Schwannomas are benign, usually encapsulated, nerve sheath tumours derived from
      Schwann cells. They commonly arise from the cranial nerves as acoustic
      schwannomas and are extremely rare in the pelvis and retroperitoneal area (<0.5%
      of reported cases) unless they are combined with Von Recklinghausen disease (type
      1 neurofibromatosis). We report the case of a 23-year-old woman with a mass
      extending from the umbilical region in the abdomen to the upper two-thirds of the
      thigh. As this tumour is so rare, and in order to ensure optimal treatment and
      survival for our patient, a computed tomography-guided biopsy was performed
      before en bloc tumour excision. Because of the possibility of malignancy,
      complete excision of the mass was performed, with pelvic blunt dissection.
      Histological examination showed a benign neoplasm, originating from the cells of
      peripheral nerve sheaths; the diagnosis was a schwannoma. Abdominal schwannomas
      are rare neoplasms that can be misdiagnosed. Laparoscopy is a safe and efficient
      option for approaching benign pelvic tumours and may offer the advantage of
      better visualisation of structures owing to the magnification in laparoscopic
      view, especially in narrow anatomical spaces. However, in our case laparoscopy
      was not considered owing to the size and anatomical location of the tumour. 

PMID- 27384364
TI  - Analysis of 5 years of morbidity and mortality conferences in a metropolitan
      South African trauma service.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Since 2008 the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service (PMTS)
      has run a structured, self-reporting, metropolitan morbidity and mortality
      conference (MMC). In 2012 a hybrid electronic medical registry (HEMR) was
      introduced to capture routine data and to generate reports on morbidity and
      mortality. This paper reviews our experience in setting up a metropolitan MMC and
      compares the quality of the reported morbidity data from the pre- and post-HEMR
      era. METHODS: We compared data from the MMC before and after the introduction of
      the HEMR to audit the impact of these meetings on the reporting and analysis of
      surgical morbidity and mortality in our service. RESULTS: During the 4-year
      period from 2008 to 2011, a total of 208 MMCs were held. A total of 10 682
      patients were admitted by the PMTS during that period, of whom 87% were males,
      and the mean age was 26 years. Penetrating trauma accounted for 40.9% (4 344/10
      628) of the total workload. A total of 432 (4.1%) morbidities were identified. Of
      these, 36.6% (158) were related to human error, 32% (138/432) were related to
      surgical pathologies and the remaining 31.9% (136/432) were related to systemic
      diseases. There was an exponential increase in the reporting of morbidity each
      year. The total in-hospital mortality was 3% (358/10 682). Following the
      introduction of the HEMR, from 2012 to 2014, 6 217 patients were admitted. A
      total of 1 314 (21.1%) adverse events and 315 (5.1%) deaths were recorded by the
      HEMR. The adverse events were divided into 875 'pathology-related' morbidities
      and 439 'error-related' morbidities. CONCLUSIONS: The development of the MMC led
      to increased reporting of morbidity and mortality. The introduction of the HEMR
      resulted in a dramatic improvement in the capturing of morbidity and mortality
      data, suggesting that a paper-based self-reporting system tends to underestimate
      morbidity. Over one-third of all morbidities were related to human error. Common
      morbidities have been identified.

PMID- 27384365
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite ranking third as a cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney
      injury (AKI), iatrogenic contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) impacts significantly
      on morbidity and mortality and is associated with high hospital costs. In sub
      Saharan Africa, the rates and risk factors for CIN and patient outcomes remain
      unexplored. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study at the
      Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, South Africa, from 1 July 2014
      to 30 July 2015. Hospitalised patients undergoing computed tomography scan
      contrast media administration and angiography were consecutively recruited to the
      study and followed up for development of AKI. CIN was defined as an increase in
      serum creatinine >25% or an absolute increase of >44 MUmol/L from baseline at 48 
      72 hours post exposure to contrast media. Outcome variables were the occurrence
      of CIN, length of hospitalisation and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We
      recruited 371 hospitalised patients with a mean (standard deviation) age of 49.3
      (15.9). The rates of CIN, assessed using an absolute or relative increase in
      serum creatinine from baseline, were 4.6% and 16.4%, respectively. Anaemia was an
      independent predictor for the development of CIN (risk ratio (RR) 1.71, 95%
      confidence interval (CI) 1.01 - 2.87; p=0.04). The median serum albumin was 34
      g/L (interquartile range (IQR) 29 - 39.5) and 38 g/L (IQR 31 - 42) in the CIN and
      control groups, respectively (p=0.01), and showed a significant trend for CIN
      development (RR 1.68, 95% CI 0.96 - 2.92; p=0.06). Mortality was significantly
      increased in the CIN group (22.4% v. 6.8%; p<0.001), and CIN together with
      anaemia increased mortality twofold (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.20 - 4.75; p=0.01) and
      threefold (RR 3.32, 95% CI 1.48 - 7.43; p=0.003), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CIN
      has a relatively high incidence in sub-Saharan Africa and predicts poorer
      clinical outcomes. The presence of CIN and anaemia positively predicted
      mortality. Caution should be exercised in patients with hypoalbuminaemia and
      anaemia undergoing contrast media administration.

PMID- 27384366
TI  - Glomerular disease and acute kidney injury in Sudan: Demographics, histological
      diagnosis and outcome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a relatively common clinical condition,
      associated with high rates of mortality. Although there is extensive literature
      on the nature and consequence of AKI in the developed world, much less is known
      in the developing world and more specifically in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).
      OBJECTIVES: To describe the demographics, histological diagnosis and clinical
      course of patients presenting with AKI to a single centre in Sudan. METHODS:
      Retrospective data were collected on 100 consecutive patients with AKI and an
      active urinary sediment, who underwent diagnostic native percutaneous renal
      biopsy. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) age of those biopsied was 33.6
      (14.1) years of age, with a preponderance (58%) of females. The most common
      clinical indications for biopsy were AKI associated with haematuria and
      proteinuria (72%), AKI and proteinuria (22.5%) or AKI and haematuria (5%). The
      frequencies of the most common primary glomerulonephritides (GN) were focal
      segmental GN (15%) and mesangiocapillary GN (8%). Lupus nephritis was the most
      frequent secondary GN associated with AKI (31%) and the most common overall
      histological diagnosis. Peak creatinine, but not oliguria, at presentation
      predicted likelihood of remaining dialysis-dependent. Age at presentation but not
      baseline renal function by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), was
      associated with the likelihood of having residual chronic kidney disease
      following an episode of AKI. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggested differences in the
      pattern of intrinsic renal/glomerular disease leading to AKI to those published
      and mainly derived from the developed world and patients in SSA.

PMID- 27384367
TI  - Major decline in malaria morbidity and mortality in the Union of Comoros between
      2010 and 2014: The effect of a combination of prevention and control measures.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. In
      response to this, many countries are working towards achieving the World Health
      Assembly and Roll Back Malaria Partnership target of a 75% decline in malaria
      incidence. OBJECTIVE: To assess trends in malaria morbidity and mortality in the
      three islands of the Comoros Archipelago from 2010 to 2014. METHODS: This was a
      retrospective study in which all confirmed malaria cases and deaths recorded
      between 2010 and 2014 were accessed from the national malaria control database.
      Trends and comparisons in malaria incidence and case fatality rates for all age
      groups, including under-5 children and pregnant women, were analysed using
      Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 16. RESULTS: A substantial decline in malaria
      incidence was observed for each island between 2010 and 2014; from 75.98 cases
      per 1 000 population in 2010 to 0.14 in 2014 in Moheli, 60.60 to 0.02 in Anjouan
      and 235.36 to 5.47 in Grand Comoro. Additionally, a general reduction in malaria
      case fatalities was observed. In Moheli, there were no case fatalities between
      2010 and 2014, while there was a decline in the case fatality rate in Anjouan
      (from 1.20 fatalities per 1 000 cases to 0) and Grand Comoros (0.51 to 0). There
      were also significant differences (p<0.05) in malaria incidence and case
      fatalities between the three islands. A similar trend was observed for pregnant
      women and under-5 children. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates a significant
      decline in malaria morbidity and mortality in the islands of Moheli, Anjouan and
      Grand Comoro from 2010 to 2014. This considerable reduction is attributed to a
      combination of malaria prevention and control interventions implemented during
      the study period.

PMID- 27384368
TI  - Measles outbreak reveals measles susceptibility among adults in Namibia, 2009 -
      2011.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization, African Region, set the goal of
      achieving measles elimination by 2020. Namibia was one of seven African countries
      to implement an accelerated measles control strategy beginning in 1996. Following
      implementation of this strategy, measles incidence decreased; however, between
      2009 and 2011 a major outbreak occurred in Namibia. METHODS: Measles vaccination
      coverage data were analysed and a descriptive epidemiological analysis of the
      measles outbreak was conducted using measles case-based surveillance and
      laboratory data. RESULTS: During 1989 - 2008, MCV1 (the first routine dose of
      measles vaccine) coverage increased from 56% to 73% and five supplementary
      immunisation activities were implemented. During the outbreak (August 2009 -
      February 2011), 4 605 suspected measles cases were reported; of these, 3 256 were
      confirmed by laboratory testing or epidemiological linkage. Opuwo, a largely
      rural district in north-western Namibia with nomadic populations, had the highest
      confirmed measles incidence (16 427 cases per million). Infants aged <=11 months
      had the highest cumulative age-specific incidence (9 252 cases per million) and
      comprised 22% of all confirmed cases; however, cases occurred across a wide age
      range, including adults aged >=30 years. Among confirmed cases, 85% were
      unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination history. The predominantly detected
      measles virus genotype was B3, circulating in concurrent outbreaks in southern
      Africa, and B2, previously detected in Angola. CONCLUSION: A large-scale measles
      outbreak with sustained transmission over 18 months occurred in Namibia, probably
      caused by importation. The wide age distribution of cases indicated measles
      susceptible individuals accumulated over several decades prior to the start of
      the outbreak.

PMID- 27384369
TI  - How long are elderly patients followed up with mammography after the diagnosis of
      breast cancer? A single-centre experience in a developing country.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The effect of breast cancer on elderly South African (SA) patients is
      not well characterised. The lack of data with regard to disease burden, post
      treatment surveillance and breast cancer relapse poses a challenge to providing
      optimum follow-up care to this group of patients. OBJECTIVES: To assess the
      effect of breast cancer and adherence to post-treatment surveillance programmes
      among the local elderly population attending the breast oncology clinics at
      Addington and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central hospitals in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal,
      SA. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients aged >=65
      years diagnosed with breast cancer during 2007. Hospital records were reviewed
      for a period of 5 years to ascertain the stage of the disease, treatment
      received, adherence to post-treatment surveillance mammograms, incidence of new
      mammographic findings and recurrence, site of recurrence, mode of detection of
      recurrence, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates at 5 years.
      RESULTS: In our study, the incidence of breast cancer in the elderly population
      was 26.7%. A significant percentage of patients (56.3%) were diagnosed at an
      advanced stage of disease. Of the 46.9% who had received surveillance
      mammography, only 6.3% received their post-treatment surveillance mammograms on
      time, in accordance with international recommendations. New mammographic findings
      were detected in 26.7% of patients during the 5-year follow-up. During the follow
      up period, 15.6% of the total number of study patients presented with disease
      recurrence. Eighty percent of cases of recurrence were detected clinically. The
      overall survival at 5 years was 65.6%. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the
      significant number of elderly patients with advanced disease at diagnosis, poor
      compliance with internationally recommended annual post-treatment surveillance
      mammograms, and the relatively low overall 5-year survival rate compared with
      that of international studies.

PMID- 27384370
TI  - High prevalence of primary dyslipidaemia in black South African patients at a
      tertiary hospital in northern Gauteng, South Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease is projected to be 38.7% for
      the USA in 2020, including coronary heart disease at 8.6% and stroke at 3.6%. In
      South Africa (SA), premature deaths due to heart and blood vessel diseases in
      people of working age (35 - 64 years) have been predicted to increase by 41%
      between 2007 and 2030, with enormous negative economic impact. Atherosclerosis
      underlies much of the pathogenesis, which involves risk factors including
      dyslipidaemia. Secondary dyslipidaemia associated with diabetes mellitus,
      hypothyroidism, chronic renal disease, cholestasis, nephrotic syndrome, alcohol
      excess, drugs such as thiazide diuretics and antiretroviral agents may respond to
      treatment of underlying causes, but residual dyslipidaemia may in such cases be
      due to primary disorders of metabolism. Primary dyslipidaemias are uncommon and
      to a large extent underdiagnosed, especially in the black population of SA,
      reflecting a lack of clinical and laboratory awareness or expertise. Specific
      diagnoses enable effective intervention in the patients as well as the families.
      OBJECTIVE: To assess the burden and prevalence of dyslipidaemia in the SA black
      population at Dr George Mukhari Hospital in the north region of Gauteng. METHOD:
      A retrospective data analysis of 12-month lipid profiles comprising triglyceride
      (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and directly
      measured low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDLC). RESULTS: There were 24
      656 requests for 6 348 patients. The lipid cut-off levels were somewhat arbitrary
      but were based on the commonly used decision-making levels in the treatment
      guidelines. Severe hypercholesterolaemia (>7 mmol/L) was seen in 299 (4.7%)
      patients and extreme hypercholesterolaemia (>12 mmol/L) was seen in 30 (0.5%)
      patients. LDLC (>5 mmol/L) occurred in 80 (1.3%) patients and >10 mmol/L in 19
      (0.3%) patients. A predominant triglyceride problem was seen in 578 (9.1%)
      patients with TG (>2 mmol/L) and TC (<5 mmol/L), whereas moderate
      hypertriglyceridaemia (>5 mmol/L) was present in 113 (1.8%) patients, and more
      severe hypertriglyceridaemia (>10 mmol/L) in 10 (0.2%). TC (>5 mmol/L) with LDL
      (>3 mmol/L) but TG in the normal range was seen in 369 (5.8%) patients,
      indicating a cholesterol-predominant problem. In contrast, LDLC (>3 mmol/L) and
      TG (>1.7 mmol/L) was seen in 249 (3.87%) representing mixed hyperlipidaemia.
      Paediatric patients with severe dyslipidaemia mostly suffered from nephrotic
      syndrome. CONCLUSION: A significant burden and a high prevalence of
      dyslipidaemias were present in adults in whom a monogenic disorder should be
      considered. The extent and severity of dyslipidaemia justify a special clinic and
      laboratory to ensure accurate diagnosis with effective intervention for patients
      and their families.

PMID- 27384371
TI  - Academic staff recruitment and retention challenges at the University of Botswana
      medical school.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sub-Saharan Africa has a greater share of the global burden of
      disease, poverty, and inadequate human resources for health compared with other
      regions of the world. Botswana, as other regional countries, is failing to
      successfully recruit and retain academics at its medical school. OBJECTIVES: To
      document the medical school's staff recruitment and retention trends and
      challenges, and to propose possible solutions. METHODS: This was a descriptive
      research study involving review and analysis of the University of Botswana
      medical school's staff number targets, actual numbers on post, and other relevant
      publicly available university documents. The numbers and country of origin of
      staff recruited from 2008 to 2013 were recorded. Net staff gain or loss per year
      was then calculated. Student numbers were analysed and related to staff
      availability. As there was a multilevel change in university management in 2011,
      the periods and events before and after April 2011 were analysed. Publicly
      available University of Botswana documents about the university's organisational
      structure, policies, and processes were reviewed. RESULTS: Over a 5-year period,
      the school recruited 74 academics worldwide; 30 of them left the school.
      Retention was a greater challenge than recruitment. The school had difficulty
      recruiting locals and senior academics, regardless of specialty. It appears that
      staff loss occurred regardless of country of origin. CONCLUSION: The authors
      suggest that multilevel change in management was one of the most likely
      contributors to the school's recruitment and retention challenges. The University
      of Botswana must comprehensively address these.

PMID- 27384372
TI  - Burkitt's lymphoma patients in Northwest Cameroon have a lower incidence of
      sickle cell trait (Hb AS) than healthy controls.
AB  - Contradictory findings have been reported from Africa with regard to the risk of
      developing Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) in sickle cell trait (AS)carriers. Haemoglobin
      electrophoresis was performed in 78 BL patients in the Northwest region of
      Cameroon, and in 78 nearest-neighbourcontrols of the same age, sex and tribe from
      the same village. AS was confirmed in 4 of 78 (5.13%) BL patients and in 11 of 78
      (14.10%)controls (chi2, p=0.052; Fisher's exact, one-tailed, p=0.050). Sickle
      cell trait carriers had a marginal statistically reduced risk of developing BL. 

PMID- 27384376
TI  - Ibuprofen versus acetaminophen as a post-partum analgesic for women with severe
      pre-eclampsia: randomized clinical study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare differences in blood pressure levels between patients with
      severe post-partum pre-eclampsia using ibuprofen or acetaminophen. METHODS: A
      randomized controlled trial was made in women with severe pre-eclampsia or
      superimposed pre-eclampsia after vaginal birth. The patient was randomly selected
      to receive either 400 mg of ibuprofen every 8 h or 1 g of acetaminophen every 6 h
      during the post-partum. The primary variable was systolic hypertension >=150 mmHg
      and/or diastolic hypertension >=100 mmHg after the first 24 h post-partum.
      Secondary variables were the arterial blood pressure readings at 24, 48, 72, and
      96 h post-partum and maternal complications. RESULTS: A total of 113 patients
      were studied: 56 in the acetaminophen group and 57 in the ibuprofen group. With
      regard to the primary outcome, more cases were significantly hypertensive in the
      ibuprofen group (36/57; 63.1%) than in the acetaminophen group (16/56; 28.6%).
      Severe hypertension (>=160/110 mmHg) was not significantly different between the
      groups, 14.5% (acetaminophen) and 24.5% (ibuprofen). The levels of arterial blood
      pressure show a hammock-shaped curve independent of the drug used, however, is
      more noticeable with ibuprofen. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that ibuprofen
      significantly elevates blood pressure in women with severe pre-eclampsia during
      the post-partum period.

PMID- 27384377
TI  - Regulation of transcription factors via natural decoys in genomic DNA.
AB  - Eukaryotic genomic DNA contains numerous high-affinity sites for transcription
      factors. Only a small fraction of these sites directly regulates target genes.
      Other high-affinity sites can serve as naturally present decoys that sequester
      transcription factors. Such natural decoys in genomic DNA may provide novel
      regulatory mechanisms for transcription factors.

PMID- 27384379
TI  - Leukocyte telomere length in relation to the risk of Barrett's esophagus and
      esophageal adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Chronic inflammation and oxidative damage caused by obesity, cigarette smoking,
      and chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are major risk factors
      associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). EAC
      has been increasing the past few decades, and early discovery and treatment are
      crucial for survival. Telomere shortening due to cell division and oxidative
      damage may reflect the impact of chronic inflammation and could possibly be used
      as predictor for disease development. We examined the prevalence of shorter
      leukocyte telomere length (LTL) among individuals with GERD, BE, or EAC using a
      pooled analysis of studies from the Barrett's and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
      Consortium (BEACON). Telomere length was measured in leukocyte DNA samples by Q
      PCR. Participants included 1173 patients (386 with GERD, 384 with EAC, 403 with
      BE) and 736 population-based controls. The association of LTL (in tertiles) along
      the continuum of disease progression from GERD to BE to EAC was calculated using
      study-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from logistic
      regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Shorter LTL were less
      prevalent among GERD patients (OR 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35-0.93), compared to
      population-based controls. No statistically significant increased prevalence of
      short/long LTL among individuals with BE or EAC was observed. In contrast to some
      earlier reports, our findings add to the evidence that leukocyte telomere length
      is not a biomarker of risk related to the etiology of EAC. The findings do not
      suggest a relationship between LTL and BE or EAC.

PMID- 27384380
TI  - A novel role of Beclin-1, cytokinetic abscission.

PMID- 27384382
TI  - Monitoring trihalomethanes in chlorinated waters using a dispersive liquid-liquid
      microextraction method with a non-chlorinated organic solvent and gas
      chromatography-mass spectrometry.
AB  - The environmental monitoring of trihalomethanes (THMs) has been performed by
      setting up a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method in combination with
      gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The optimized method only
      requires ~26 uL of decanol as extractant solvent, dissolved in ~1 mL of acetone
      (dispersive solvent) for 5 mL of the environmental water containing THMs. The
      mixture is then subjected to vortex for 1 min and then centrifuged for 2 min at
      3500 rpm. The microdroplet containing the extracted THMs is then sampled with a
      micro-syringe, and injected (1 uL) in the GC-MS. The method is characterized for
      being fast (3 min for the entire sample preparation step) and environmentally
      friendly (low amounts of solvents required, being all non-chlorinated), and also
      for getting average relative recoveries of 90.2-106% in tap waters; relative
      standard deviation values always lower than 11%; average enrichment factors of 48
      49; and detection limits down to 0.7 ug.L-1. Several waters: tap waters, pool
      waters, and wastewaters were successfully analyzed with the method proposed.
      Furthermore, the method was used to monitor the formation of THMs in wastewaters
      when different chlorination parameters, namely temperature and pH, were varied.

PMID- 27384381
TI  - Low dose rate brachytherapy (LDR-BT) as monotherapy for early stage prostate
      cancer in Italy: practice and outcome analysis in a series of 2237 patients from
      11 institutions.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Low-dose-rate brachytherapy (LDR-BT) in localized prostate cancer is
      available since 15 years in Italy. We realized the first national multicentre and
      multidisciplinary data collection to evaluate LDR-BT practice, given as
      monotherapy, and outcome in terms of biochemical failure. METHODS: Between May
      1998 and December 2011, 2237 patients with early-stage prostate cancer from 11
      Italian community and academic hospitals were treated with iodine-125 ((125)I) or
      palladium-103 LDR-BT as monotherapy and followed up for at least 2 years. (125)I
      seeds were implanted in 97.7% of the patients: the mean dose received by 90% of
      target volume was 145 Gy; the mean target volume receiving 100% of prescribed
      dose (V100) was 91.1%. Biochemical failure-free survival (BFFS), disease-specific
      survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier
      method. Log-rank test and multivariable Cox regression were used to evaluate the
      relationship of covariates with outcomes. RESULTS: Median follow-up time was 65
      months. 5- and 7-year DSS, OS and BFFS were 99 and 98%, 94 and 89%, and 92 and
      88%, respectively. At multivariate analysis, the National Comprehensive Cancer
      Network score (p < 0.0001) and V100 (p = 0.09) were correlated with BFFS, with
      V100 effect significantly different between patients at low risk and those at
      intermediate/high risk (p = 0.04). Short follow-up and lack of toxicity data
      represent the main limitations for a global evaluation of LDR-BT. CONCLUSION:
      This first multicentre Italian report confirms LDR-BT as an excellent curative
      modality for low-/intermediate-risk prostate cancer. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE:
      Multidisciplinary teams may help to select adequately patients to be treated with
      brachytherapy, with a direct impact on the implant quality and, possibly, on
      outcome.

PMID- 27384383
TI  - Patient experience after lower extremity amputation for sarcoma in England: a
      national survey.
AB  - PURPOSE: After amputation, rehabilitation and limb fitting services are
      critically important to optimise outcomes. We investigated the reported patient
      experience and variation in limb fitting services after amputation for
      musculoskeletal tumours in England. METHODS: A postal survey instrument was
      developed following literature review, patient and clinician consultation and
      piloting. The survey was sent from each of the five bone tumour surgical centres
      in England. RESULTS: One hundred and five responses were received from 250
      patients (42%). The number of limb fitting centres accessed by each surgical
      centre varied from 2 to 28. Many patients reported care falling short of national
      standards in areas including pre-amputation counselling, information provision,
      meeting someone with a similar amputation before surgery, psychological support
      and falls management. Patients were seen sooner where limb fitting services were
      on site. Many patients rely on being driven, ambulance and public transport to
      access services. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates variation in the reported
      experience of limb fitting services by sarcoma patients. Areas for improvement
      include information provision, pre-amputation counselling, psychological support
      and falls management. Clinicians should be aware services are highly variable,
      and this may impact on outcomes. Patients treated in sarcoma centres with limb
      fitting services on site may experience better care. Implications for
      Rehabilitation Rehabilitation services should strive to meet agreed national
      standards consistently. Where preamputation counselling involving meeting someone
      with a similar amputation is not possible, good information including video could
      be helpful. Services should support rehabilitation in the form of early walking
      aids and efficient prosthetic repair and maintenance. Psychological support,
      occupational therapy and physiotherapy support must be provided in the acute and
      chronic phases, including access to long-term rehabilitation care. Rehabilitation
      programmes must include training to patients and families on reporting,
      prevention and management of falls. On site services may support better care.
      Mechanisms for delivering expert specialist care close to home are needed.

PMID- 27384384
TI  - Thermodynamics of quantum systems with multiple conserved quantities.
AB  - Recently, there has been much progress in understanding the thermodynamics of
      quantum systems, even for small individual systems. Most of this work has focused
      on the standard case where energy is the only conserved quantity. Here we
      consider a generalization of this work to deal with multiple conserved
      quantities. Each conserved quantity, which, importantly, need not commute with
      the rest, can be extracted and stored in its own battery. Unlike the standard
      case, in which the amount of extractable energy is constrained, here there is no
      limit on how much of any individual conserved quantity can be extracted. However,
      other conserved quantities must be supplied, and the second law constrains the
      combination of extractable quantities and the trade-offs between them. We present
      explicit protocols that allow us to perform arbitrarily good trade-offs and
      extract arbitrarily good combinations of conserved quantities from individual
      quantum systems.

PMID- 27384385
TI  - Stage-directed individualized therapy in esophageal cancer.
AB  - Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, and the incidence
      of esophageal carcinoma is rapidly increasing. With the advent of new staging and
      treatment techniques, esophageal cancer can now be managed through various
      strategies. A good understanding of the advances and limitations of new staging
      techniques and how these can guide in individualizing treatment is important to
      improve outcomes for esophageal cancer patients. This paper outlines the recent
      progress in staging and treatment of esophageal cancer, with particularly
      attention to endoscopic techniques for early-stage esophageal cancer,
      multimodality treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer, assessment of
      response to neoadjuvant treatment, and the role of cervical lymph node
      dissection. Furthermore, advances in robot-assisted surgical techniques and
      postoperative recovery protocols that may further improve outcomes after
      esophagectomy are discussed.

PMID- 27384386
TI  - Functional regulatory roles of microRNAs in atherosclerosis.
AB  - MicroRNAs are a group of endogenously small non-coding RNA molecules that
      downregulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through binding to
      the 3'UTR of target mRNAs. Recent findings have revealed a key role for microRNAs
      in the pathophysiological processes of atherosclerosis. As a complex disease,
      atherosclerosis is influenced by a combination of multiple genes and
      environmental factors. Both of them play a role in atherogenesis by affecting
      different types of cells (such as endothelial cell, vascular smooth muscle cell
      and monocyte/macrophage) function. MicroRNAs control the senescence and
      dysfunction of endothelial cells, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth
      muscle cells, and macrophage-driven cytokine production and polarization. By
      these effects, microRNAs can influence the processes of atherosclerosis and may
      represent new molecular targets for therapy. 

PMID- 27384394
TI  - Non-target impurity profiling of marketplace Cetirizine using high-resolution
      mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis.
AB  - RATIONALE: As always, drug impurity is the first concern of medication safety.
      The quality of pre- and post-marketed drugs is estimated through systematic
      analysis of potential hazardous substances by impurity profiling. Impurity
      profile is the general name of all unwanted materials which may affect the purity
      of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The safety of original drugs is
      guaranteed by an enormous amount of animal experiments and clinical research
      while the safety of generic drugs should also be ensured by comparative analysis
      for consistency evaluation. The significantly differential impurities between
      them should be focused on and the toxicity should be further estimated if
      necessary. Herein, we take a marketplace drug named Cetirizine as an example to
      investigate if there was a method which could effectively discover the potential
      markers among Cetirizine tablets with different brands and describe specific
      impurity profiling which makes the unknown brand of Cetirizine tablets
      predictable. METHODS: Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass
      spectrometry (LC/HRMS) was applied to capture the characteristic features of the
      impurity profile for three brands of marketplace Cetirizine tablets using full
      scan data-dependent MS/MS scan mode (FS-ddMS(2) ). RESULTS: Unsupervised
      learning: principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised learning: consensus
      orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were utilized to
      reveal the essential character of Cetirizine impurity profile; 16 differential
      impurities were finally found, their structures were speculated by HRMS(2) data.
      CONCLUSIONS: The cause of formation was further elucidated which gave a
      suggestion for production process optimization. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27384395
TI  - The Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program: An
      Algorithm for Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
AB  - This revision of previous algorithms for the pharmacotherapy of generalized
      anxiety disorder was developed by the Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the
      Harvard South Shore Program. Algorithms from 1999 and 2010 and associated
      references were reevaluated. Newer studies and reviews published from 2008-14
      were obtained from PubMed and analyzed with a focus on their potential to justify
      changes in the recommendations. Exceptions to the main algorithm for special
      patient populations, such as women of childbearing potential, pregnant women, the
      elderly, and those with common medical and psychiatric comorbidities, were
      considered. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are still the basic
      first-line medication. Early alternatives include duloxetine, buspirone,
      hydroxyzine, pregabalin, or bupropion, in that order. If response is inadequate,
      then the second recommendation is to try a different SSRI. Additional
      alternatives now include benzodiazepines, venlafaxine, kava, and agomelatine. If
      the response to the second SSRI is unsatisfactory, then the recommendation is to
      try a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). Other alternatives to
      SSRIs and SNRIs for treatment-resistant or treatment-intolerant patients include
      tricyclic antidepressants, second-generation antipsychotics, and valproate. This
      revision of the GAD algorithm responds to issues raised by new treatments under
      development (such as pregabalin) and organizes the evidence systematically for
      practical clinical application.

PMID- 27384397
TI  - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Overweight, and Obesity: A Systematic Review and
      Meta-analysis.
AB  - Previous reports have suggested a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among
      individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies, however,
      systematically analyze the relationship between PTSD and body mass index (BMI).
      We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at estimating the
      association between PTSD and BMI. Fifty-four articles were reviewed, 30 of which
      (with 191,948 individuals with PTSD and 418,690 trauma-exposed individuals or
      healthy controls) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The pooled
      standard mean difference, based on a random-effects model, was 0.41 (95%
      confidence interval, 0.28-0.54; z = 6.26; p < .001). Statistical heterogeneity
      between the included studies was high (p < .001; I = 99%). Despite limitations,
      the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest an association
      between PTSD and BMI. Furthermore, longitudinal studies tentatively indicate that
      PTSD may lead to an increase in BMI and, as such, to the development of
      overweight/obesity, particularly in women. Further prospective studies and
      research elaborating the nature and etiology of the association are required.

PMID- 27384398
TI  - Challenges in Managing Treatment-Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and
      Tourette's Syndrome.

PMID- 27384396
TI  - Separating Fact from Fiction: An Empirical Examination of Six Myths About
      Dissociative Identity Disorder.
AB  - Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a complex, posttraumatic, developmental
      disorder for which we now, after four decades of research, have an authoritative
      research base, but a number of misconceptualizations and myths about the disorder
      remain, compromising both patient care and research. This article examines the
      empirical literature pertaining to recurrently expressed beliefs regarding DID:
      (1) belief that DID is a fad, (2) belief that DID is primarily diagnosed in North
      America by DID experts who overdiagnose the disorder, (3) belief that DID is
      rare, (4) belief that DID is an iatrogenic, rather than trauma-based, disorder,
      (5) belief that DID is the same entity as borderline personality disorder, and
      (6) belief that DID treatment is harmful to patients. The absence of research to
      substantiate these beliefs, as well as the existence of a body of research that
      refutes them, confirms their mythical status. Clinicians who accept these myths
      as facts are unlikely to carefully assess for dissociation. Accurate diagnoses
      are critical for appropriate treatment planning. If DID is not targeted in
      treatment, it does not appear to resolve. The myths we have highlighted may also
      impede research about DID. The cost of ignorance about DID is high not only for
      individual patients but for the whole support system in which they reside.
      Empirically derived knowledge about DID has replaced outdated myths. Vigorous
      dissemination of the knowledge base about this complex disorder is warranted.

PMID- 27384399
TI  - Psychological Symptom Amplification: Are Psychological Symptoms Subject to
      "Somatization"-Like Processes?
AB  - Many patients demonstrate amplified somatic symptom experiences that are felt by
      providers to cause excessive distress and functional impairment, and that can be
      diagnostically misleading. Terms attached to these presentations include
      somatization, medically unexplained symptoms, and, most recently, somatic symptom
      disorder. The analogous amplification of psychological symptoms has not been
      considered. Accordingly, this column makes a case for discussion and
      investigation of psychological symptom amplification (PSA), a process made
      possible by the medical legitimization of certain types of human suffering. As
      various forms of psychological suffering gain greater medical legitimacy, PSA
      becomes increasingly relevant. Circumstantial evidence suggests that unrecognized
      PSA may distort research findings and clinical efficacy in psychiatry. The
      largely symptom-based nature of psychiatric diagnosis makes PSA a challenging,
      but necessary, object of further scientific and clinical scrutiny.

PMID- 27384400
TI  - Association between anti-apolipoprotein A-1 antibodies and cardiovascular disease
      in the general population. Results from the CoLaus study.
AB  - We aimed to determine the association between autoantibodies against
      apolipoprotein A-1 (anti-apoA-1 IgG) and prevalent cardiovascular (CV) disease
      (CVD) as well as markers of CV risk in the general population. Cross-sectional
      data were obtained from 6649 subjects (age 52.6 +/- 10.7 years, 47.4 % male) of
      the population-based CoLaus study. CVD was defined as myocardial infarction,
      angina pectoris, percutaneous revascularisation or bypass grafting for ischaemic
      heart disease stroke or transient ischaemic attack, and was assessed according to
      standardised medical records. Anti-apoA-1 IgG and biological markers were
      measured by ELISA and conventional automated techniques, respectively. Prevalence
      of high anti-apoA-1 IgG levels in the general population was 19.9 %. Presence of
      anti-apoA-1 IgG was significantly associated with CVD [odds ratio 1.34, 95 %
      confidence interval (1.05-1.70), p=0.018], independently of established CV risk
      factors (CVRFs) including age, sex, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, low and high
      density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The n=455 (6.8 %) study participants with
      a history of CVD (secondary prevention subgroup) presented higher median anti
      ApoA-1 IgG values compared with subjects without CVD (p=0.029). Among patients in
      the secondary prevention subgroup, those with positive anti-apoA-1 IgG levels had
      lower HDL (p=0.002) and magnesium (p=0.001) levels, but increased uric acid and
      high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (p=0.022, and p<0.001, respectively)
      compared to patients with negative anti-apoA-1 IgG levels. In conclusion, anti
      apoA-1 IgG levels are independently associated with CVD in the general population
      and also related to CV biomarkers in secondary prevention. These findings
      indicate that anti-apoA-1 IgG may represent a novel CVRF and need further study
      in prospective cohorts.

PMID- 27384403
TI  - Sudden unexplained early neonatal death or collapse: a national surveillance
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The incidence of sudden unexpected early neonatal death (SUEND) or
      acute life-threatening events (ALTEs) is reported as 0.05/1,000 to 0.38/1,000
      live births. There is currently no national system in Australia for reporting and
      investigating such cases. METHODS: A 3-y prospective, national surveillance
      study, run in collaboration with the Australian Pediatric Surveillance Unit
      (APSU). Data were provided by pediatricians reporting to APSU; and independently
      ascertained by the Coroner in two states (NSW and QLD) and the Newborn Early
      Transport Network in NSW. A detailed deidentified questionnaire was created.
      RESULTS: In NSW and QLD, the incidence was 0.1 and 0.08/1,000 live births,
      respectively. Forty-eight definitive cases were identified. Common causes
      included accidental asphyxia, cardiac disease, persistent pulmonary hypertension
      of the newborn, and sudden infant death syndrome. Twenty-six babies collapsed on
      day 1 and 19 were found on the carer's chest. CONCLUSION: The incidence in NSW
      and QLD is higher than previously published. The first postnatal day is a
      vulnerable period for newborns, who require close observation particularly during
      skin-to-skin contact. Development and implementation of guidelines for safe
      sleeping in hospital are needed. Collaboration between obstetricians, midwives,
      and pediatricians is essential to ensure safety of the newborn.

PMID- 27384401
TI  - STAT3 Represses Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Human Macrophages upon Mycobacterium
      tuberculosis Infection.
AB  - Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a successful intracellular pathogen. Numerous host
      innate immune responses signaling pathways are induced upon mycobacterium
      invasion, however their impact on M. tuberculosis replication is not fully
      understood. Here we reinvestigate the role of STAT3 specifically inside human
      macrophages shortly after M. tuberculosis uptake. We first show that STAT3
      activation is mediated by IL-10 and occurs in M. tuberculosis infected cells as
      well as in bystander non-colonized cells. STAT3 activation results in the
      inhibition of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and MIP-1beta. We further demonstrate
      that STAT3 represses iNOS expression and NO synthesis. Accordingly, the
      inhibition of STAT3 is detrimental for M. tuberculosis intracellular replication.
      Our study thus points out STAT3 as a key host factor for M. tuberculosis
      intracellular establishment in the early stages of macrophage infection.

PMID- 27384404
TI  - Recommendations for neonatologist performed echocardiography in Europe: Consensus
      Statement endorsed by European Society for Paediatric Research (ESPR) and
      European Society for Neonatology (ESN).

PMID- 27384405
TI  - Glandular breast tissue volume by magnetic resonance imaging in 100 healthy
      peripubertal girls: evaluation of clinical Tanner staging.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Appearance of glandular breast tissue may be difficult to distinguish
      from fat tissue by palpation, especially in obese girls. To our knowledge,
      validation of the clinical assessment of pubertal breast stages by magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) has never been performed. Our objective was to report
      normative data of glandular breast tissue volume and validate the clinical
      evaluation of pubertal breast staging by MRI of breast tissue and to evaluate
      circulating reproductive hormone levels and estrogen-dependent transabdominal
      ultrasound (TAUS) parameters as markers of glandular breast tissue. METHODS:
      Glandular breast tissue volume quantified by MRI and breast stage evaluation was
      performed in 100 healthy peripubertal girls. Circulating levels of follicle
      stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), inhibin B, and estradiol
      were measured by immunoassays. Ovarian volume, uterine volume, and endometrial
      thickness were assessed by TAUS. RESULTS: Glandular breast tissue volume was
      positively associated with Tanner stages (r = 0.858, P < 0.001). The sensitivity
      and specificity of breast palpation to detect presence of glandular breast tissue
      using MRI as gold standard were 96 and 95%, respectively. The best parameters to
      distinguish prepubertal girls from girls with breast development were: LH (area
      under the curve (AUC) by receiver operating characteristic analysis = 0.871),
      inhibin B (AUC = 0.847) and estradiol (AUC = 0.830). CONCLUSION: Clinical
      palpation reliably detects the presence of glandular breast tissue.

PMID- 27384407
TI  - The International Neonatal Consortium: collaborating to advance regulatory
      science for neonates.

PMID- 27384406
TI  - Renal epithelial miR-205 expression correlates with disease severity in a mouse
      model of congenital obstructive nephropathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Congenital obstructive nephropathy (CON) is a leading cause of
      pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite optimal surgical and medical
      care, there is a high rate of CKD progression. Better understanding of molecular
      and cellular changes is needed to facilitate development of improved biomarkers
      and novel therapeutic approaches in CON. METHODS: The megabladder (mgb) mouse is
      an animal model of CKD with impaired bladder emptying, hydronephrosis, and
      progressive renal injury. In this study, we characterize a particular microRNA,
      miR-205, whose expression changes with the degree of hydronephrosis in the mgb(-/
      ) kidney. RESULTS: Expression of miR-205 is progressively increased in the adult
      mgb(-/-) mouse with worsening severity of hydronephrosis. miR-205 expression is
      correlated with altered expression of cytokeratins and uroplakins, which are
      markers of cellular differentiation in urothelium. We describe the spatial
      pattern of miR-205 expression, including increased expression in renal urothelium
      and novel miR-205 expression in medullary collecting duct epithelium in the
      congenitally obstructed kidney. CONCLUSION: miR-205 is increased with severity of
      CON and CKD in the mgb(-/-) mouse and may regulate urothelial differentiation.

PMID- 27384408
TI  - Micro/Nanoparticle-Augmented Sonodynamic Therapy (SDT): Breaking the Depth
      Shallow of Photoactivation.
AB  - The fast development of photoactivation for cancer treatment provides an
      efficient photo-therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment, but traditional
      photodynamic or photothermal therapy suffers from the critical issue of low in
      vivo penetration depth of tissues. As a non-invasive therapeutic modality,
      sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can break the depth barrier of photoactivation because
      ultrasound has an intrinsically high tissue-penetration performance.
      Micro/nanoparticles can efficiently augment the SDT efficiency based on
      nanobiotechnology. The state-of-art of the representative achievements on
      micro/nanoparticle-enhanced SDT is summarized, and specific functions of
      micro/nanoparticles for SDT are discussed, from the different viewpoints of
      ultrasound medicine, material science and nanobiotechnology. Emphasis is put on
      the relationship of structure/composition-SDT performance of micro/nanoparticle
      based sonosensitizers. Three types of micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT are
      discussed, including organic and inorganic sonosensitizers and micro/nanoparticle
      based but sonosensitizer-free strategies to enhance the SDT outcome. SDT-based
      synergistic cancer therapy augmented by micro/nanoparticles and their biosafety
      are also included. Some urgent critical issues and potential developments of
      micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT for efficient cancer treatment are addressed. It
      is highly expected that micro/nanoparticle-augmented SDT will be quickly
      developed as a new and efficient therapeutic modality which will find practical
      applications in cancer treatment. At the same time, fundamental disciplines
      regarding materials science, chemistry, medicine and nanotechnology will be
      advanced.

PMID- 27384409
TI  - Buschke-Lowenstein tumor: Three pediatric cases.

PMID- 27384410
TI  - Differentiation between Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) and Elderly-Onset Rheumatoid
      Arthritis Using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed
      Tomography: Is Enthesitis a New Pathological Lesion in PMR?
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is difficult to differentiate polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) from
      elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) in clinical practice. We compared FDG
      PET/CT findings between patients with PMR and those with EORA and extracted
      factors useful for differentiating the two disorders. METHODS: We compared
      abnormal FDG accumulation sites and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax)
      between 15 patients with PMR and 7 with EORA in whom FDG-PET/CT was performed.
      RESULTS: The proportion of patients in the PMR group with abnormal FDG
      accumulation at the following 9 sites on FDG-PET/CT was significantly higher than
      that in the EORA group: periarticular region of the scapulohumeral joint,
      enthesis of the pectineus muscle, vicinity of the enthesis of the rectus femoris
      muscle, lateral side of the greater trochanter, ischial tuberosity, hip joint,
      spinous process of the lower cervical vertebra, intervertebral joint of the
      lumbar vertebra, and spinous process of the lumbar vertebra. The PET/CT score was
      evaluated at 9 sites consisting of the abovementioned sites. The median score in
      the PMR group was 8, which was significantly higher than that of 0 in the EORA
      group (P = 0.0003). ROC curve analysis was performed with the PET/CT scores, and
      a score of 5 was shown to maximize the area under the ROC curve (sensitivity:
      86.7%, specificity: 86.7%). CONCLUSIONS: FDG-PET/CT is useful for differentiating
      PMR from EORA. In patients with PMR, abnormal FDG accumulation was observed at
      the entheses, suggesting the presence of enthesitis in addition to bursitis and
      synovitis.

PMID- 27384411
TI  - Correction: Optimization of the All-D Peptide D3 for Abeta Oligomer Elimination.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153035.].

PMID- 27384412
TI  - Quantification and reproducibility assessment of the regional brain T2 relaxation
      in naive rats at 7T.
AB  - PURPOSE: To measure the reproducibility of T2 relaxation and to determine the
      statistical power of T2 mapping in the rat brain as a characteristic of the
      baseline performance of the T2 relaxation as a potential biomarker of
      neurotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multislice multiecho spin-echo imaging was
      utilized to obtain the quantitative T2 maps in 138 naive rats at 7T. Images were
      skull-stripped and coregistered to the common anatomical reference. A full
      anatomical segmentation mask, which included all major brain structures, was
      created using the same reference T2 map. The overall variability map was also
      calculated from all T2 maps and the areas with arbitrarily high variability
      (coefficient of variation >25%) were excluded from the full segmentation mask to
      produce a trimmed mask. T2 maps were segmented using both these masks and
      statistical power analysis was conducted in all segmented areas. RESULTS: The
      coefficient of variation of T2 relaxation in different brain areas varied from
      5.4% (cerebrospinal fluid) to 1.2% (cortex) when using a full segmentation mask.
      The use of a trimmed segmentation mask decreased the coefficient of variation in
      many areas, which ranged between 3.2% (inferior colliculi) and 1.2% (cortex) in
      this case. As revealed by statistical power analysis to detect 5% change with
      power of 0.8, the minimum number of observations needed for different areas
      ranged from 3 (cortex) to 8 (inferior colliculi) in the case of use of a trimmed
      segmentation mask. CONCLUSION: T2 relaxation is a very reproducible MRI parameter
      of the rat brain with high statistical power, which allows detecting very small
      changes in groups consisting of a minimal number of experimental animals. LEVEL
      OF EVIDENCE: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:700-709.

PMID- 27384415
TI  - Wireless Hazard Badges to Detect Nerve-Agent Simulants.
AB  - Human exposure to hazardous chemicals can have adverse short- and long-term
      health effects. In this Communication, we have developed a single-use wearable
      hazard badge that dosimetrically detects diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), a model
      organophosphorous cholinesterase inhibitor simulant. Improved chemically actuated
      resonant devices (CARDs) are fabricated in a single step and unambiguously relate
      changes in chemiresistance to a wireless readout. To provide selective and
      readily manufacturable sensor elements for this platform, we developed an ionic
      liquid-mediated single walled carbon nanotube based chemidosimetric scheme with
      DCP limits of detection of 28 ppb. As a practical demonstration, an 8 h workday
      time weighted average equivalent exposure of 10 ppb DCP effects an irreversible
      change in smartphone readout.

PMID- 27384414
TI  - Psychosocial and Physiological Predictors of Mortality in Patients of Heart
      Failure: Independent Effects of Marital Status and C-Reactive Protein.
AB  - PURPOSE: Few studies have examined the interplay between psychosocial and
      physiological variables in prediction of mortality in heart failure (HF)
      patients. This study investigated the prospective influence of marital status,
      social support, depression, and C-reactive protein (CRP) on the mortality of
      patients with chronic HF. In addition, it examined whether there was a mediating
      relationship between social support and marital status and whether depression and
      inflammation influenced one another to predict mortality of HF patients. METHODS:
      The participants were 220 HF patients, among whom 48 were deceased over an
      average of 4.60 years. A number of psychosocial and biomedical variables were
      examined for their associations with mortality and their relationships between
      each other in hierarchical logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: After adjusting
      for New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, age, and gender, being unmarried
      predicted mortality (OR = 2.80, p = 0.004), whereas perceived social support did
      not. Higher CRP was not associated with depression, and it independently
      predicted mortality (OR = 1.92, p = 0.030). Depression predicted mortality only
      in the univariate analysis (OR = 1.02, p = 0.030), but the association was no
      longer significant either after removing somatic items or after adjusting for
      covariates. In the combined multivariate model, marital status (OR = 2.20, p =
      0.047), CRP (OR = 1.91, p = 0.035), and NYHA class (OR = 2.41, p = 0.001)
      independently predicted mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring chronic HF patients
      who are unmarried, with elevated inflammation, or in higher NYHA class may help
      identify those at greater mortality risk to implement targeted intervention.

PMID- 27384413
TI  - Maternal gene-micronutrient interactions related to one-carbon metabolism and the
      risk of myelomeningocele among offspring.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated interactions between maternal genetic
      variation in 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and micronutrient
      intake on the risk of myelomeningocele (MM) in offspring. Therefore, we sought to
      determine if the role of maternal MTHFR C677T and A1298C on MM risk is altered by
      maternal intake of micronutrients related to one-carbon metabolism. METHODS: The
      study consisted of 220 MM case-parent trios recruited from 1996 to 2006. A
      dietary questionnaire was used to obtain information on maternal dietary intake
      on eight micronutrients including folate and cobalamin. TaqMan assays were used
      to generate MTHFR C677T and A1298C genotypes. Log-linear models were used to
      evaluate the joint effects of maternal genotype and micronutrient intake
      dichotomized as at or above versus below the United States Recommended Dietary
      Allowance (US RDA) on MM. RESULTS: There was little evidence to suggest maternal
      MTHFR genotypes interacted with micronutrient intake to influence the risk of MM.
      For instance, the effect of MTHFR 677T was similar for mothers with cobalamin
      intake below US RDA (relative risk [RR] = 0.97) versus at or above US RDA
      cobalamin intake (RR = 0.81, interaction p = 0.87). However, some differences
      were noted. For example, the effect of MTHFR 1298C appeared to be different
      between those mothers below US RDA folate intake (RR = 0.98) versus those at or
      above US RDA folate intake (RR = 0.68), but the interaction was not statistically
      significant (interaction p = 0.27). CONCLUSION: There did not appear to be strong
      effects of maternal micronutrient intake on the role of maternal genetic
      polymorphisms in MTHFR C677T and A1298C on MM risk. Birth Defects Research 109:99
      105, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27384416
TI  - Cholinergic Antagonists Combined with Electrical Stimulation or Bladder Training
      Treatments for Overactive Bladder in Female Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized
      Controlled Trials.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The therapeutic effects of cholinergic antagonists
      combined with non-drug therapy compared with cholinergic antagonist therapy alone
      for overactive bladder in adult women are unclear. Thus, we conducted a meta
      analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare the therapeutic effects of
      cholinergic antagonists plus non-drug therapy (electrical stimulation and bladder
      training) with cholinergic antagonist therapy alone among female overactive
      bladder patients. METHODS: Pertinent studies were identified by searching PubMed,
      Web of Science, and the Chinese Biological Medicine databases to May 31, 2016.
      Study-specific standardized mean differences were combined using fixed- or random
      effects models depending on whether significant heterogeneity was detected.
      RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials were identified. A total of 485 female
      overactive bladder patients were treated with the combined therapy and 497 were
      treated with the cholinergic antagonists alone. For the cholinergic antagonists
      combined with electrical stimulation treatment compared with cholinergic
      antagonist therapy alone, there were statistically significant reductions of
      average frequency of urination, incontinence, and urgency, with pooled
      standardized mean differences of -2.38, -1.32, and -0.87, respectively. There was
      also a statistically significant reduction of average frequency of urination
      (pooled standardized mean difference = - 0.30; 95 % confidence interval: -0.52 to
      -0.08) for the cholinergic antagonists combined with bladder training treatment
      compared with cholinergic antagonist therapy alone. CONCLUSION: This study
      indicated that female overactive bladder patients with cholinergic antagonists
      combined with electrical stimulation or bladder training treatment may lower the
      average frequency of urination, incontinence, and urgency when compared with
      those who received isolated drug therapy.

PMID- 27384418
TI  - Derivatization coupled to headspace programmed-temperature vaporizer gas
      chromatography with mass spectrometry for the determination of amino acids:
      Application to urine samples.
AB  - A new method based on headspace programmed-temperature vaporizer gas
      chromatography with mass spectrometry has been developed and validated for the
      determination of amino acids (alanine, sarcosine, ethylglycine, valine, leucine,
      and proline) in human urine samples. Derivatization with ethyl chloroformate was
      employed successfully to determine the amino acids. The derivatization reaction
      conditions as well as the variables of the headspace sampling were optimized. The
      existence of a matrix effect was checked and the analytical characteristics of
      the method were determined. The limits of detection were 0.15-2.89 mg/L, and the
      limits of quantification were 0.46-8.67 mg/L. The instrumental repeatability was
      1.6-11.5%. The quantification of the amino acids in six urine samples from
      healthy subjects was performed with the method developed with the one-point
      standard additions protocol, with norleucine as the internal standard. 

PMID- 27384417
TI  - Comprehensive MR Urography Protocol: Equally Good Diagnostic Performance and
      Enhanced Visibility of the Upper Urinary Tract Compared to Triple-Phase CT
      Urography.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To prospectively compare the diagnostic performance and the
      visualization of the upper urinary tract (UUT) using a comprehensive 3.0T-
      magnetic resonance urography (MRU) protocol versus triple-phase computed
      tomography urography (CTU). METHODS: During the study period (January-2014
      through December-2015), all consecutive patients in our tertiary university
      hospital scheduled by a urologist for CTU to exclude UUT malignancy were invited
      to participate. Diagnostic performance and visualization scores of 3.0T-MRU were
      compared to CTU using Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. RESULTS: Twenty patients (39
      UUT excreting units) were evaluated. 3.0T-MRU and CTU achieved equal diagnostic
      performances. The benign etiology of seven UUT obstructions was clarified equally
      with both methods. Another two urinary tract malignant tumors and one benign
      extraurinary tumor were detected and confirmed. Diagnostic visualization was
      slightly better in the intrarenal cavity areas with CTU but worsened towards
      distal ureter. MRU showed consistently slightly better visualization of the
      ureter. In the comparison, full 100% visualizations were detected in all areas in
      93.6% (with 3.0T-MRU) and 87.2% (with CTU) and >75% visualization in 100% (3.0T
      MRU) and 93.6% (CTU). Mean CTU effective radiation dose was 9.2 mSv. CONCLUSIONS:
      Comprehensive 3.0T-MRU is an accurate imaging modality achieving comparable
      performance with CTU; since it does not entail exposure to radiation, it has the
      potential to become the primary investigation technique in selected patients.
      TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02606513.

PMID- 27384419
TI  - Plio-Pleistocene evolution of Bohai Basin (East Asia): demise of Bohai Paleolake
      and transition to marine environment.
AB  - The Bohai Basin was transformed to an inner shelf sea hundreds of thousands years
      ago. This youngest land-sea transition participated in the significant
      modification of the distribution of fresh water, sediment fluxes and climate in
      East Asia, and played an important role in the origin of the Asian marginal seas.
      Here we present the results of a magnetostratigraphic investigation and propose a
      conceptual model for the land-sea transition. Our findings indicate that the
      transition probably started several million years ago, from a fluvial system
      during the late Miocene and early Pliocene, to a lacustrine environment between
      the late Pliocene and Middle Pleistocene, and finally to a marine system in the
      late Pleistocene. Comparison of our results with previous research suggests that
      the Bohai Paleolake was initiated from the late Pliocene, was fully developed
      prior to ~1.0 Ma, and terminated around the late Middle Pleistocene. The Miaodao
      Islands formed the eastern "barrier" of the basin and since the Pliocene or
      earlier they played a significant role in blocking the lake water and sediments.
      They deformed from ~1.0 Ma, subsided significantly at ~0.3 Ma and completely by
      ~0.1 Ma, resulting in the maturation of the basin as an inner shelf sea.

PMID- 27384420
TI  - Extracranial Venous Drainage Pattern in Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls:
      Application of the 2011 Diagnostic Criteria for Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous
      Insufficiency.
AB  - The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still largely unknown and it has been
      proposed that an impaired venous drainage from the central nervous system,
      defined as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), may play a role in
      this. We investigated the prevalence of extracranial venous drainage pattern
      alterations in a cohort of MS patients based on the 2011 revised diagnostic
      criteria for CCSVI. Thirty-nine MS patients and 18 healthy subjects underwent
      blinded extra-cranial venous echo-color Doppler sonography to reveal the presence
      of CCSVI. There was no statistically significant difference between MS patients
      and healthy controls regarding CCSVI prevalence (p value = 0.53). The results
      challenge the hypothesis that CCSVI plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of
      MS.

PMID- 27384422
TI  - Authors' reply to Gallagher and Winocour.

PMID- 27384421
TI  - Screening of Conditionally Reprogrammed Patient-Derived Carcinoma Cells
      Identifies ERCC3-MYC Interactions as a Target in Pancreatic Cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Even when diagnosed prior to metastasis, pancreatic ductal
      adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a devastating malignancy with almost 90% lethality,
      emphasizing the need for new therapies optimally targeting the tumors of
      individual patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We first developed a panel of new
      physiologic models for study of PDAC, expanding surgical PDAC tumor samples in
      culture using short-term culture and conditional reprogramming with the Rho
      kinase inhibitor Y-27632, and creating matched patient-derived xenografts (PDX).
      These were evaluated for sensitivity to a large panel of clinical agents, and
      promising leads further evaluated mechanistically. RESULTS: Only a small minority
      of tested agents was cytotoxic in minimally passaged PDAC cultures in vitro Drugs
      interfering with protein turnover and transcription were among most cytotoxic.
      Among transcriptional repressors, triptolide, a covalent inhibitor of ERCC3, was
      most consistently effective in vitro and in vivo causing prolonged complete
      regression in multiple PDX models resistant to standard PDAC therapies.
      Importantly, triptolide showed superior activity in MYC-amplified PDX models and
      elicited rapid and profound depletion of the oncoprotein MYC, a transcriptional
      regulator. Expression of ERCC3 and MYC was interdependent in PDACs, and acquired
      resistance to triptolide depended on elevated ERCC3 and MYC expression. The
      Cancer Genome Atlas analysis indicates ERCC3 expression predicts poor prognosis,
      particularly in CDKN2A-null, highly proliferative tumors. CONCLUSIONS: This
      provides initial preclinical evidence for an essential role of MYC-ERCC3
      interactions in PDAC, and suggests a new mechanistic approach for disruption of
      critical survival signaling in MYC-dependent cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24);
      6153-63. (c)2016 AACR.

PMID- 27384423
TI  - Pesticides are Associated with Allergic and Non-Allergic Wheeze among Male
      Farmers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests that pesticide use may contribute to
      respiratory symptoms. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association of currently used
      pesticides with allergic and non-allergic wheeze among male farmers. METHODS:
      Using the 2005-2010 interview data of the Agricultural Health Study, a
      prospective study of farmers in North Carolina and Iowa, we evaluated the
      association between allergic and non-allergic wheeze and self-reported use of 78
      specific pesticides, reported by >= 1% of the 22,134 men interviewed. We used
      polytomous regression models adjusted for age, BMI, state, smoking, and current
      asthma, as well as for days applying pesticides and days driving diesel tractors.
      We defined allergic wheeze as reporting both wheeze and doctor-diagnosed hay
      fever (n = 1,310, 6%) and non-allergic wheeze as reporting wheeze but not hay
      fever (n = 3,939, 18%); men without wheeze were the referent. RESULTS: In models
      evaluating current use of specific pesticides, 19 pesticides were significantly
      associated (p < 0.05) with allergic wheeze (18 positive, 1 negative) and 21
      pesticides with non-allergic wheeze (19 positive, 2 negative); 11 pesticides were
      associated with both. Seven pesticides (herbicides: 2,4-D and simazine;
      insecticides: carbaryl, dimethoate, disulfoton, and zeta-cypermethrin; and
      fungicide pyraclostrobin) had significantly different associations for allergic
      and non-allergic wheeze. In exposure-response models with up to five exposure
      categories, we saw evidence of an exposure-response relationship for several
      pesticides including the commonly used herbicides 2,4-D and glyphosate, the
      insecticides permethrin and carbaryl, and the rodenticide warfarin. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results for farmers implicate several pesticides that are commonly used in
      agricultural and residential settings with adverse respiratory effects.

PMID- 27384424
TI  - Polygenic Risk of Psychosis and Ventral Striatal Activation During Reward
      Processing in Healthy Adolescents.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Psychotic disorders are characterized by attenuated activity in the
      brain's valuation system in key reward processing areas, such as the ventral
      striatum (VS), as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. OBJECTIVE:
      To examine whether common risk variants for psychosis are associated with
      individual variation in the VS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross
      sectional study of a large cohort of adolescents from the IMAGEN study (a
      European multicenter study of reinforcement sensitivity in adolescents) was
      performed from March 1, 2008, through December 31, 2011. Data analysis was
      conducted from October 1, 2015, to January 9, 2016. Polygenic risk profile scores
      (RPSs) for psychosis were generated for 1841 healthy adolescents. Sample size and
      characteristics varied across regression analyses, depending on mutual
      information available (N = 1524-1836). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Reward-related
      brain function was assessed with blood oxygen level dependency (BOLD) in the VS
      using the monetary incentive delay (MID) task, distinguishing reward anticipation
      and receipt. Behavioral impulsivity, IQ, MID task performance, and VS BOLD were
      regressed against psychosis RPS at 4 progressive P thresholds (P < .01, P < .05,
      P < .10, and P < .50 for RPS models 1-4, respectively). RESULTS: In a sample of
      1841 healthy adolescents (mean age, 14.5 years; 906 boys and 935 girls), we
      replicated an association between increasing psychosis RPS and reduced IQ (matrix
      reasoning: corrected P = .003 for RPS model 2, 0.4% variance explained),
      supporting the validity of the psychosis RPS models. We also found a nominally
      significant association between increased psychosis RPS and reduced MID task
      performance (uncorrected P = .03 for RPS model 4, 0.2% variance explained). Our
      main finding was a positive association between psychosis RPS and VS BOLD during
      reward anticipation at all 4 psychosis RPS models and for 2 P thresholds for
      reward receipt (RPS models 1 and 3), correcting for the familywise error rate
      (0.8%-1.9% variance explained). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings support
      an association between psychosis RPS and VS BOLD in adolescents. Genetic risk for
      psychosis may shape an individual's response to rewarding stimuli.

PMID- 27384425
TI  - Study of Uridine 5'-Diphosphate (UDP)-Galactopyranose Mutase Using UDP-5
      Fluorogalactopyranose as a Probe: Incubation Results and Mechanistic
      Implications.
AB  - Uridine 5'-diphosphate-5-fluorogalactopyranose (UDP-5F-Galp, 7) was synthesized,
      and its effect on UDP-Galp mutase (UGM) was investigated. UGM facilitated the
      hydrolysis of 7 to yield UDP and 5-oxogalactose (24), but no 11 was detected.
      (19)F NMR and trapping experiments demonstrated that the reaction involves the
      initial formation of a substrate-cofactor adduct followed by decomposition of the
      resulting C5 gem-fluorohydrin to generate a 5-oxo intermediate (10). The results
      support the current mechanistic proposal for UGM and suggest new directions for
      designing mechanism-based inhibitors.

PMID- 27384426
TI  - Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Protect Endothelial Cells from Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte
      Induced Lysis.
AB  - The integrity of the vasculature plays an important role in the success of
      allogeneic organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Endothelial cells
      (EC) have previously been shown to be the target of activated cytotoxic T
      lymphocytes (CTL) resulting in extensive cell lysis. Mesenchymal stromal cells
      (MSC) are multipotent cells which can be isolated from multiple sites, each
      demonstrating immunomodulatory capabilities. They are explored herein for their
      potential to protect EC from CTL-targeted lysis. CD8(+) T cells isolated from
      human PBMC were stimulated with mitotically inactive cells of a human
      microvascular endothelial cell line (CDC/EU.HMEC-1, further referred to as HMEC)
      for 7 days. Target HMEC were cultured in the presence or absence of MSC for 24 h
      before exposure to activated allogeneic CTL for 4 h. EC were then analysed for
      cytotoxic lysis by flow cytometry. Culture of HMEC with MSC in the efferent
      immune phase (24 h before the assay) led to a decrease in HMEC lysis. This lysis
      was determined to be MHC Class I restricted linked and further analysis suggested
      that MSC contact is important in abrogation of lysis, as protection is reduced
      where MSC are separated in transwell experiments. The efficacy of multiple
      sources of MSC was also confirmed, and the collaborative effect of MSC and the
      endothelium protective drug defibrotide were determined, with defibrotide
      enhancing the protection provided by MSC. These results support the use of MSC as
      an adjuvant cellular therapeutic in transplant medicine, alone or in conjunction
      with EC protective agents such as defibrotide. 

PMID- 27384428
TI  - The Cultural Value of Older People's Experiences of Theater-making: A Review.
AB  - Purpose of the Study: Although a number of existing reviews document the health
      and social benefits of arts participation by older people, there are none which
      focus specifically on theater and drama. This article presents the findings of a
      study conducted as part of the UK's Arts and Humanities Research Council
      "Cultural Value Project." The 2-year (2013-2015) "Cultural Value Project" sought
      to make a major contribution to how we think about the value of arts and culture
      to individuals and to society. It made 72 awards: 19 critical reviews of existing
      bodies of research, 46 research development awards to carry out new research, and
      7 expert workshop awards to facilitate discussions among academics and
      practitioners. Together, these awards explored the components of cultural value
      and the ways in which cultural value is evidenced and evaluated. Design and
      Methods: Following an extensive search of academic databases and E-mail requests
      via relevant organizations and networks, 77 publications formed the basis for our
      own critical review. Results: Our findings highlight the benefits and value of
      older people's theater and drama participation on health and well-being, group
      relationships, learning and creativity, and draw attention to the importance of
      the esthetic value and quality of older people's drama. Implications: Despite the
      recent surge of interest in this field (a third of the reviewed literature was
      published between 2010 and 2014), we suggest that there are multiple areas for
      further research.

PMID- 27384427
TI  - Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor Peptide Protects Murine Hepatocytes from Carbon
      Tetrachloride-Induced Injury.
AB  - Fibrogenesis is induced by repeated injury to the liver and reactive regeneration
      and leads eventually to liver cirrhosis. Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF)
      has been shown to prevent liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
      A 44 amino acid domain of PEDF (44-mer) was found to have a protective effect
      against various insults to several cell types. In this study, we investigated the
      capability of synthetic 44-mer to protect against liver injury in mice and in
      primary cultured hepatocytes. Acute liver injury, induced by CCl4, was evident
      from histological changes, such as cell necrosis, inflammation and apoptosis, and
      a concomitant reduction of glutathione (GSH) and GSH redox enzyme activities in
      the liver. Intraperitoneal injection of the 44-mer into CCl4-treated mice
      abolished the induction of AST and ALT and markedly reduced histological signs of
      liver injury. The 44-mer treatment can reduce hepatic oxidative stress as evident
      from lower levels of lipid hydroperoxide, and higher levels of GSH. CCl4 caused a
      reduction of Bcl-xL, PEDF and PPARgamma, which was markedly restored by the 44
      mer treatment. Consequently, the 44-mer suppressed liver fibrosis induced by
      repeated CCl4 injury. Furthermore, our observations in primary culture of rat
      hepatocytes showed that PEDF and the 44-mer protected primary rat hepatocytes
      against apoptosis induced by serum deprivation and TGF-beta1. PEDF/44-mer induced
      cell protective STAT3 phosphorylation. Pharmacological STAT3 inhibition prevented
      the antiapoptotic action of PEDF/44-mer. Among several PEDF receptor candidates
      that may be responsible for hepatocyte protection, we demonstrated that PNPLA2
      was essential for PEDF/44-mer-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and antiapoptotic
      activity by using siRNA to selectively knockdown PNPLA2. In conclusion, the PEDF
      44-mer protects hepatocytes from single and repeated CCl4 injury. This protective
      effect may stem from strengthening the counter oxidative stress capacity and
      induction of hepatoprotective factors. 

PMID- 27384429
TI  - Perineal Rectosigmoidectomy (Altemeier Procedure) as Treatment of Strangulated
      Rectal Prolapse.
AB  - Incarceration of a rectal prolapse is an unusual entity that represents a
      surgical emergency. Even more rarely, it becomes strangulated, requiring
      emergency surgery. When surgery becomes inevitable, the choice of procedure
      varies. A 57-year-old man who presented with strangulated rectal prolapse is
      described. The patient underwent emergency perineal proctosigmoidectomy, the
      Altemeier operation, combined with diverting loop sigmoid colostomy. The
      postoperative course was uneventful. After a 6-month follow-up, there was no
      recurrence, but the patient continued with fecal incontinence. This case
      underlines the importance of the Altemeier procedure as treatment in the patient
      with a strangulated prolapsed rectal segment.

PMID- 27384430
TI  - Tumor Biology Rather Than Surgical Technique Dictates Prognosis in Colorectal
      Cancer Liver Metastases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The interplay of tumor biology and surgical margin status after
      resection for colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) remains controversial.
      Consequently, we sought to determine the impact of surgical margin status on
      overall survival (OS) stratified by KRAS mutational status. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Four hundred eighty-five patients with known KRAS mutational status were
      identified. Clinicopathologic and long-term survival data were collected and
      assessed. RESULTS: On pathology, most patients (n = 380; 78.3 %) had an R0
      margin, while 105 (21.7 %) had an R1. Roughly two thirds of tumors were KRAS wild
      type (wtKRAS) (n = 307, 63.3 %), while 36.7 % (n = 178) had KRAS mutations
      (mutKRAS). Median and 5-year OS of the entire cohort was 65.8 months and 53.8 %,
      respectively. An R1 resection was associated with worse 5-year OS compared with
      R0 (42.4 % vs. 57.1 %; hazard ratio (HR) 1.82, 95 % CI 1.28-2.57; P = 0.001).
      After controlling for KRAS status, the survival benefit associated with an R0
      resection persisted only among patients with wtKRAS tumors (HR 2.16, 95 % CI 1.42
      3.30; P < 0.001). In contrast, surgical margin had no impact on OS among patients
      with mutKRAS tumors (5-year OS R0, 40.7 % vs. R1, 46.7 %; HR 1.34, 95 % CI 0.73
      2.48; P = 0.348). CONCLUSION: The impact of margin status differed by KRAS
      mutation status. An R0 margin only provided a survival benefit to patients with
      wtKRAS tumors. Tumor biology and not surgical technique determined prognosis.

PMID- 27384431
TI  - Giant Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST).
AB  - Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) represent 0.1-3 % of gastrointestinal
      malignancy. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, but in high-risk tumors,
      imatinib can help to achieve better oncological outcomes. We present a rare case
      of a patient with gastric GIST with very aggressive evolution in a short period
      of time despite the use of neoadjuvant therapy with imatinib.

PMID- 27384432
TI  - Prognostic Role of Log Odds of Lymph Nodes After Resection of Pancreatic Head
      Cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Nodal status is a strong prognostic factor after resection of
      pancreatic cancer. The lymph node ratio (LNR) has been shown to be superior to
      the pN status in several studies. The role of log odds of the ratio between
      positive and negative nodes (LODDS) as a suggested new indicator of prognosis,
      however, has been hardly evaluated in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Prognostic
      factors for overall survival after resection for cancer of the pancreatic head
      were evaluated in 409 patients from two institutions (prospectively maintained
      databases). The lymph node status, LNR, and LODDS were separately analyzed and
      independently compared in multivariate survival analysis. RESULTS: The median
      numbers of examined and positive lymph nodes were 16 and 2, respectively.
      Actuarial 3- and 5-year survival rates were 29 and 16 %. All three
      classifications of nodal disease significantly predicted survival in the entire
      group (n = 409), in patients with free resection margins (n = 297), and in
      patients with <12 examined nodes. In multivariate analysis, however, both LNR and
      LODDS were equally superior to the nodal status. In node-negative patients (n =
      110), LODDS could not identify subgroups with different prognosis. CONCLUSION:
      Both LNR and LODDS are superior to the classical nodal status in predicting
      prognosis in resected pancreatic cancer. However, LODDS has not shown any
      advantage over LNR in our series, neither in the entire patient group nor in the
      subgroups with free margins, negative nodes or a low number of examined nodes.
      Therefore, the use of LODDS to predict the outcome after resection of pancreatic
      head cancer cannot be recommended.

PMID- 27384433
TI  - Evaluation of Electron Donation as a Mechanism for the Stabilisation of
      Chalcogenate-Protected Gold Nanoclusters.
AB  - Models based on Au(111) face have been extensively used to describe self
      assembled monolayers, as well nanoparticles and nanoclusters. However, for very
      small clusters (<2 nm), the chemisorption of ligands leads to surface
      reconstruction, making necessary the use of a more reliable model that is able to
      simulate the main electronic and geometrical features of these small systems. In
      this work, a simple model to describe the geometries and the metal-ligand bonding
      in chalcogenate-protected gold nanoclusters is proposed. Three different models
      with Aun+ and [XCH3 ]- (n=10, 15, 19, 22 and X=S, Se, Te) are used in this work.
      The obtained structures are in close agreement not only with the available
      crystallographic data, but also with much more expensive computational
      procedures, confirming that the proposed models are robust enough to describe the
      metal-ligand bonding. The results reveal that the Au-X distances are dependent on
      both the nature of the chalcogen and the coordination mode. The shortest Au-X
      distances are observed in the face-centred cubic mode, indicating that the
      central gold atom seems to play a role in determining the adsorption strength.
      The proposed models show unambiguously chalcogen->cluster sigma-donation, as
      supported by energy decomposition analysis coupled with the natural orbitals for
      chemical valence and natural bond orbital analyses. In all cases, the metal
      ligand interactions are characterised as being more covalent than electrostatic.

PMID- 27384435
TI  - Outcome of Rehabilitation and Swallowing Therapy after Percutaneous Endoscopic
      Gastrostomy in Dysphagia Patients.
AB  - The objective of this study was to investigate the outcomes of rehabilitation
      (with swallowing therapy) after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in
      patients with neurogenic dysphagia. Forty-seven patients (29 males and 18
      females) who were transferred to the rehabilitation ward of our hospital after
      receiving PEG tube placements during a 5-year period were enrolled in this study.
      Patients' demographic data, comorbidities, nutritional statuses, and laboratory
      biomarkers before the PEG procedure were collected. Rehabilitation (with
      swallowing therapy) outcomes such as changes in Functional Independence Measure
      (FIM) and dysphagia grade (using Fujishima's classification) were evaluated.
      Significant improvements in FIM scores and dysphagia grades after rehabilitation
      therapy were observed. Twenty-seven patients (57.4 %) were discharged with some
      oral intake and 10 patients (21.3%) were discharged PEG-free (defined as the PEG
      tube not being used or removed). Factors associated with being discharged with
      some oral intake were increase in FIM score (adjusted OR 1.10, 95 % CI 1.02-1.19)
      and higher baseline dysphagia grade (adjusted OR 1.88, 95 % CI 1.04-3.39).
      Factors associated with being discharged PEG-free were longer rehabilitation
      period (OR 1.03, 95 % CI 1.01-1.04), absence of respiratory disorders (OR 0.12,
      95 % CI 0.03-0.35), and increase in FIM score (OR 1.17, 95 % CI 1.08-1.28).
      Changes in dysphagia grade were significantly correlated with changes in FIM
      score (r 2 = 0.46, p < 0.0001), indicating that improvement of FIM scores through
      general rehabilitation therapy may play an important role in the treatment of
      dysphagia.

PMID- 27384436
TI  - An Epidemiologic Study on Ageing and Dysphagia in the Acute Care Geriatric
      Hospitalized Population: A Replication and Continuation Study.
AB  - United States census data project dramatic increases in the geriatric population
      ageing demographics by 2060 with concomitant health-care consequences. The
      purpose of this replication and continuation study was to collect new 2014
      demographic data relative to ageing, swallow evaluation referral rates, and oral
      feeding status in geriatric-hospitalized patients for comparison with published
      data from 2000 to 2007. This was a planned data acquisition study of consecutive
      hospitalized patients referred for swallow assessments. Swallow evaluation
      referral rates for 2014 were described according to inpatient discharges, age
      range 60-105 years grouped by decade, gender, admitting diagnostic category,
      results of swallow evaluations, and oral feeding status. Determination of
      aspiration risk status was made with the Yale Swallow Protocol and diagnosis of
      dysphagia made with fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). There
      were 1348 referrals and 961 patients >=60 years of age participated. Overall
      swallow evaluation referral rates increased an average of 63 % between the
      comparison years 2007 and 2014 with consistent increases corresponding to the
      decades, i.e., 60-69 (46 %), 70-79 (68 %), 80-89 (53 %), and 90+ (222 %). A total
      of 75 % of participants resumed oral alimentation and oral medications. Swallow
      evaluation referral rates increased by 63 % for 60-90+ year-old acute care
      geriatric-hospitalized participants despite only a 23 % increase in inpatient
      discharges for the years 2007 versus 2014. This corroborated previously reported
      increases for individual years from 2000 to 2007. For timely, safe, and
      successful initiation of oral alimentation, it is important to perform a reliable
      swallow screen for aspiration risk assessment with the Yale Swallow Protocol and,
      if failed, instrumental testing with FEES. More dysphagia specialists are needed
      through 2060 and beyond due to projections of continued population ageing
      resulting in ever increasing referral rates for swallow assessments.

PMID- 27384434
TI  - MicroRNAs, heart failure, and aging: potential interactions with skeletal muscle.
AB  - MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by
      targeting mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. MiRNAs can be
      expressed tissue specifically and are altered in response to various
      physiological conditions. It has recently been shown that miRNAs are released
      into the circulation, potentially for the purpose of communicating with distant
      tissues. This manuscript discusses miRNA alterations in cardiac muscle and the
      circulation during heart failure, a prevalent and costly public health issue. A
      potential mechanism for how skeletal muscle maladaptations during heart failure
      could be mediated by myocardium-derived miRNAs released to the circulation is
      presented. An overview of miRNA alterations in skeletal muscle during the
      ubiquitous process of aging and perspectives on miRNA interactions during heart
      failure are also provided.

PMID- 27384437
TI  - Hydrogen Doped Metal Oxide Semiconductors with Exceptional and Tunable Localized
      Surface Plasmon Resonances.
AB  - Heavily doped semiconductors have recently emerged as a remarkable class of
      plasmonic alternative to conventional noble metals; however, controlled
      manipulation of their surface plasmon bands toward short wavelengths, especially
      in the visible light spectrum, still remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate
      that hydrogen doped given MoO3 and WO3 via a facile H-spillover approach, namely,
      hydrogen bronzes, exhibit strong localized surface plasmon resonances in the
      visible light region. Through variation of their stoichiometric compositions,
      tunable plasmon resonances could be observed in a wide range, which hinge upon
      the reduction temperatures, metal species, the nature and the size of metal oxide
      supports in the synthetic H2 reduction process as well as oxidation treatment in
      the postsynthetic process. Density functional theory calculations unravel that
      the intercalation of hydrogen atoms into the given host structures yields
      appreciable delocalized electrons, enabling their plasmonic properties. The
      plasmonic hybrids show potentials in heterogeneous catalysis, in which visible
      light irradiation enhanced catalytic performance toward p-nitrophenol reduction
      relative to dark condition. Our findings provide direct evidence for achieving
      plasmon resonances in hydrogen doped metal oxide semiconductors, and may allow
      large-scale applications with low-price and earth-abundant elements.

PMID- 27384439
TI  - Two different KIT mutations may lead to different responses to imatinib in
      metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

PMID- 27384438
TI  - Clinical manifestations of autoimmune disease-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a
      Korean single-center, retrospective clinical study.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIMS: Recently, large cohort studies regarding associations between
      autoimmune disease and lymphomas have been reported in a few Western countries.
      However, Asian data concerning autoimmune-related lymphomas are limited.
      Therefore, we evaluated the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of
      patients with autoimmune disease-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a single
      center in Korea. METHODS: We analyzed the data from 11 patients with autoimmune
      related NHL. Patients were categorized into two groups, those with rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA) and those with non-RA-related NHL. Then patients were re
      categorized into a group with methotrexate (MTX) usage and a MTX non-usage group.
      Histological subtype, MTX duration, autoimmune disease duration, treatment
      modalities, and other data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Our study
      revealed that older RA patients have a greater likelihood of occurrence of NHL (p
      = 0.042). We confirmed that MTX duration and cumulative dose of MTX have no
      significant correlation with autoimmune disease and NHL (p = 0.073). In the
      management of autoimmune disease-related NHL, all patients were directly treated
      with systemic chemotherapy instead of employing a wait and watch approach.
      Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in all autoimmune
      disease-related NHL were 100% and 87.5%, with no treatment-related mortality
      during the 2-year follow-up period of our study. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests
      that patients with RA-NHL are characterized by older age at onset compared to
      those with non-RA-NHL. Also considering of OS and PFS, intensive treatment
      strategy instead of delayed watchful managements may be required for autoimmune
      disease-related NHL including of old age group.

PMID- 27384440
TI  - Integrative Analysis of Subcellular Quantitative Proteomics Studies Reveals
      Functional Cytoskeleton Membrane-Lipid Raft Interactions in Cancer.
AB  - Lipid rafts are dynamic membrane microdomains that orchestrate molecular
      interactions and are implicated in cancer development. To understand the
      functions of lipid rafts in cancer, we performed an integrated analysis of
      quantitative lipid raft proteomics data sets modeling progression in breast
      cancer, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma. This analysis revealed that cancer
      development is associated with increased membrane raft-cytoskeleton interactions,
      with ~40% of elevated lipid raft proteins being cytoskeletal components. Previous
      studies suggest a potential functional role for the raft-cytoskeleton in the
      action of the putative tumor suppressors PTRF/Cavin-1 and Merlin. To extend the
      observation, we examined lipid raft proteome modulation by an unrelated tumor
      suppressor opioid binding protein cell-adhesion molecule (OPCML) in ovarian
      cancer SKOV3 cells. In agreement with the other model systems, quantitative
      proteomics revealed that 39% of OPCML-depleted lipid raft proteins are
      cytoskeletal components, with microfilaments and intermediate filaments
      specifically down-regulated. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction network and
      simulation analysis showed significantly higher interactions among cancer raft
      proteins compared with general human raft proteins. Collectively, these results
      suggest increased cytoskeleton-mediated stabilization of lipid raft domains with
      greater molecular interactions as a common, functional, and reversible feature of
      cancer cells.

PMID- 27384441
TI  - Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Determinants of Functional Composition of Bolivian Bat
      Assemblages.
AB  - Understanding diversity patterns and the potential mechanisms driving them is a
      fundamental goal in ecology. Examination of different dimensions of biodiversity
      can provide insights into the relative importance of different processes acting
      upon biotas to shape communities. Unfortunately, patterns of diversity are still
      poorly understood in hyper-diverse tropical countries. Here, we assess spatial
      variation of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of bat assemblages
      in one of the least studied Neotropical countries, Bolivia, and determine whether
      changes in biodiversity are explained by the replacement of species or functional
      groups, or by differences in richness (i.e., gain or loss of species or
      functional groups). Further, we evaluate the contribution of phylogenetic and
      taxonomic changes in the resulting patterns of functional diversity of bats.
      Using well-sampled assemblages from published studies we examine noctilionoid
      bats at ten study sites across five ecoregions in Bolivia. Bat assemblages
      differed from each other in all dimensions of biodiversity considered; however,
      diversity patterns for each dimension were likely structured by different
      mechanisms. Within ecoregions, differences were largely explained by species
      richness, suggesting that the gain or loss of species or functional groups (as
      opposed to replacement) was driving dissimilarity patterns. Overall, our results
      suggest that whereas evolutionary processes (i.e., historical connection and
      dispersal routes across Bolivia) create a template of diversity patterns across
      the country, ecological mechanisms modify these templates, decoupling the
      observed patterns of functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in Bolivian
      bats. Our results suggests that elevation represents an important source of
      variability among diversity patterns for each dimension of diversity considered.
      Further, we found that neither phylogenetic nor taxonomic diversity can fully
      account for patterns of functional diversity, highlighting the need for examining
      different dimensions of biodiversity of bats in hyperdiverse ecosystems. 

PMID- 27384442
TI  - Ionic Liquid-Derived Imidazolium Cation Linkers for the Layer-by-Layer Assembly
      of Polyoxometalate-MWCNT Composite Electrodes with High Power Capability.
AB  - Imidazolium cations derived from ionic liquids were demonstrated as effective
      linker molecules for the layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of polyoxometalates
      (POMs) to increase the charge storage of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)
      electrodes. MWCNTs modified with GeMo12O40(4-) (GeMo12) via an imidazolium cation
      linker demonstrated highly reversible redox reactions and a capacitance of 84 F
      cm(-3), close to 4 times larger than bare CNT. Compared to CNT-GeMo12 composites
      fabricated with a conventional polyelectrolyte linker
      poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), (PDDA), the imidazolium cations resulted
      in lower POM loading, but higher conductivity and in turn superior performance at
      fast charge-discharge conditions. A polymerized imidazolium linker (PIL) was also
      synthesized based on the ethyl-vinyl-imidazolium monomer. CNT-GeMo12 composites
      fabricated with this PIL achieved high POM loading comparable to PDDA, while
      still maintaining the good conductivity and high rate capabilities shown by the
      monomer imidazolium units. The high conductivity imparted by the PIL is
      especially valuable for the fabrication of multilayer POM composites. Dual-layer
      GeMo12 O40(4-)-SiMo12O40(4-) (GeMo12-SiMo12) electrodes built with this PIL
      demonstrated a combined contribution of the individual POMs resulting in a
      capacitance of 191 F cm(-3), over nine times larger than bare MWCNT. The PIL dual
      layer composites also maintained 72% of this capacitance at a fast rate of 2 V s(
      1), compared to just over 50% retention for similar electrodes fabricated with
      PDDA. 

PMID- 27384443
TI  - Genomics and pharmacogenomics of sepsis: so close and yet so far.
AB  - Sapru et al. show in this issue of Critical Care that variants of thrombomodulin
      and the endothelial protein C receptor, but not protein C, are associated with
      mortality and organ dysfunction (ventilation-free and organ failure-free days) in
      ARDS. Hundreds of gene variants have been found prognostic in sepsis. However,
      none of these prognostic genomic biomarkers are used clinically. Predictive
      biomarker discovery (pharmacogenomics) usually follows a candidate gene approach,
      utilizing knowledge of drug pathways. Pharmacogenomics could be applied to
      enhance efficacy and safety of drugs used for treatment of sepsis (e.g.,
      norepinephrine, epinephrine, vasopressin, and corticosteroids). Pharmacogenomics
      can enhance drug development in sepsis, which is very important because there is
      no approved drug for sepsis. Pharmacogenomics biomarkers must pass three
      milestones: scientific, regulatory, and commercial. Huge challenges remain but
      great opportunities for pharmacogenomics of sepsis are on the horizon.

PMID- 27384444
TI  - Regional Differences in Hepatitis C Treatment with Peginterferon and Ribavirin in
      Japan in Both Genotype 1 and Genotype 2: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - There has been no report on the genotype-dependent regional, especially
      prefectural, differences in hepatitis C treatment in Japan. We conducted a
      retrospective cohort study using the nationwide database. The registration period
      of the database was from December 2009 to April 2013. Individuals with chronic
      hepatitis C were identified from the database. The sustained virologic response
      (SVR) rates in each prefecture were calculated stratified by genotype.
      Confounding variables were identified using stepwise logistic regression
      analysis. The range of the point estimate of the adjusted odds ratio explained
      prefectural differences in treatment outcomes. During the registration period, 36
      prefectures registered cases to the database. A total of 16349 cases were
      registered and 11653 cases were included in the analysis. The mean age was 57.9+/
      10.5 years; 7950 (68.2%) had hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 and 3703 (31.8%)
      had HCV genotype 2. The range in SVR rates was 30.0 to 63.0% for genotype 1 and
      55.0 to 100.0% for genotype 2. In the multivariate analysis, the ranges of the
      adjusted odds ratio of each prefecture were 0.658 to 2.125 for genotype 1 and
      0.364 to 2.630 for genotype 2. Our results suggest that regional, particularly
      prefectural, differences in chronic hepatitis C treatment with peg-interferon
      (IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) exist in Japan and that these regional differences may
      similarly exist both in HCV genotypes 1 and 2. Additional studies using these
      methods, considering medical situations in each prefecture and new treatments
      regimens, could greatly contribute to improving and standardizing chronic
      hepatitis C treatment. 

PMID- 27384446
TI  - Gamma glutamyl transferase 'To be or not to be' a liver function test?

PMID- 27384447
TI  - Association of Multiple Melanocytic Naevi with Education, Sex and Skin Type. A
      Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study with 46 Years Follow-up.
AB  - Having multiple melanocytic naevi (< 50 naevi) is one of the strongest risk
      factors for melanoma. However, the epidemiology in adults is unclear. This
      comprehensive dermatological status investigation of 1,932 birth-cohort study
      cases aged 46 years analysed the prevalence of multiple melanocytic naevi and
      their association with sex, socioeconomic status (education) in childhood and
      adulthood, skin type and sunbathing habits. The prevalence of multiple
      melanocytic naevi was 11.6% (223/1,930). Higher education (odds ratio (OR) 2.11,
      95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.51-2.96), male sex (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.07
      2.06), sun-sensitive skin type (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.34-3.27) and regular use of
      sunscreen (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.23-3.37) were associated with increased risk of
      multiple naevi. Inflammatory skin diseases decreased (OR 0.49, 95 CI% 0.33-0.72)
      the risk of multiple naevi. In conclusion, several risk factors were found for
      multiple naevi among adults living in high latitudes, in Northern Finland.

PMID- 27384445
TI  - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and fracture risk: an updated meta-analysis of
      randomized clinical trials.
AB  - Data on the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on fracture risk
      are conflicting. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of DPP-4 inhibitors.
      Electronic databases were searched for relevant published articles, and
      unpublished studies presented at ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for relevant
      clinical data. Eligible studies included prospective randomized trials evaluating
      DPP-4 inhibitors versus placebo or other anti-diabetic medications in patients
      with type 2 diabetes. Study quality was determined using Jadad scores.
      Statistical analyses were performed to calculate the risk ratios (RRs) and 95%
      confidence intervals (CIs) using fixed-effects models. There were 62 eligible
      RCTs with 62,206 participants, including 33,452 patients treated with DPP-4
      inhibitors. The number of fractures was 364 in the exposed group and 358 in the
      control group. The overall risk of fracture did not differ between patients
      exposed to DPP-4 inhibitors and controls (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.83-1.10; P = 0.50).
      The results were consistent across subgroups defined by type of DPP-4 inhibitor,
      type of control, and length of follow-up. The study showed that DPP-4 inhibitor
      use does not modify the risk of bone fracture compared with placebo or other anti
      diabetic medications in patients with type 2 diabetes.

PMID- 27384448
TI  - Novel functional hepatitis C virus glycoprotein isolates identified using an
      optimized viral pseudotype entry assay.
AB  - Retrovirus pseudotypes are a highly tractable model used to study the entry
      pathways of enveloped viruses. This model has been extensively applied to the
      study of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry pathway, preclinical screening of
      antiviral antibodies and for assessing the phenotype of patient-derived viruses
      using HCV pseudoparticles (HCVpp) possessing the HCV E1 and E2 glycoproteins.
      However, not all patient-isolated clones produce particles that are infectious in
      this model. This study investigated factors that might limit phenotyping of
      patient-isolated HCV glycoproteins. Genetically related HCV glycoproteins from
      quasispecies in individual patients were discovered to behave very differently in
      this entry model. Empirical optimization of the ratio of packaging construct and
      glycoprotein-encoding plasmid was required for successful HCVpp genesis for
      different clones. The selection of retroviral packaging construct also influenced
      the function of HCV pseudoparticles. Some glycoprotein constructs tolerated a
      wide range of assay parameters, while others were much more sensitive to
      alterations. Furthermore, glycoproteins previously characterized as unable to
      mediate entry were found to be functional. These findings were validated using
      chimeric cell-cultured HCV bearing these glycoproteins. Using the same empirical
      approach we demonstrated that generation of infectious ebolavirus pseudoviruses
      (EBOVpv) was also sensitive to the amount and ratio of plasmids used, and that
      protocols for optimal production of these pseudoviruses are dependent on the
      exact virus glycoprotein construct. These findings demonstrate that it is crucial
      for studies utilizing pseudoviruses to conduct empirical optimization of
      pseudotype production for each specific glycoprotein sequence to achieve optimal
      titres and facilitate accurate phenotyping.

PMID- 27384450
TI  - SF5-Enolates in Ti(IV)-Mediated Aldol Reactions.
AB  - The F...Ti bonding in the transition structures determines high trans- and syn
      diastereoselectivities for aldol reactions of SF5-acetates with aldehydes in the
      presence of TiCl4 in the non-nucleophilic solvent CH2Cl2. Such bonding is
      canceled in nucleophilic solvents where opposite cis-stereochemistry is observed.
      The potential of thus obtained stereoisomeric SF5-aryl acrylates as
      dipolarophiles in the preparation of SF5-containing heterocycles is demonstrated.

PMID- 27384449
TI  - Dual anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related pauci-immune crescentic
      glomerulonephritis in a patient with Sjogren's syndrome.
AB  - Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects exocrine
      glands. Renal involvement of Sjogren's syndrome may lead to tubulointerstitial
      disease, whereas secondary glomerulopathies such as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
      antibody (ANCA)-related pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis are rarely
      observed. In addition, crescent glomerulonephritis that is simultaneously
      positive for both myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA has
      never been reported in Sjogren's syndrome. Here, we report a case of pauci-immune
      crescentic glomerulonephritis exhibiting positivity for both MPO- and PR3-ANCAs
      in a patient with primary Sjogren's syndrome. A 71-year-old female was
      hospitalized for cough, blood-tinged sputum, and dyspnea two weeks after
      diagnosis with Sjogren's syndrome. On admission, serum anti-nuclear antibody,
      anti-Ro/SS-A antibody, MPO-ANCA, and PR3-ANCA were all positive, and serum blood
      urea nitrogen and creatinine (Cr) levels were 42.7 and 2.9 mg/dL, respectively.
      On the seventh day of hospitalization, the patient's serum Cr level was 5.7
      mg/dL, indicating rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Renal biopsy resulted
      in the diagnosis of ANCA-related pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis, for
      which intravenous methylprednisolone (7 mg/kg/day) was administered for three
      consecutive days, followed by combination therapy with oral prednisolone (1
      mg/kg/day) and intravenous cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m(2)). The patient was
      positive in the Schirmer's I test, and a salivary gland biopsy showed
      sialadenitis with lympho-plasmacytic infiltrations. On day 28 of hospitalization,
      the patient was discharged after amelioration of respiratory symptoms and
      azotemia. At 6 months after discharge, the patient continued to receive
      appropriate daily medications and was negative for both MPO- and PR3-ANCAs, with
      a slight elevation in serum Cr levels. 

PMID- 27384451
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384452
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - . Efficacy of splint with heel off-loaded in children with lower limbs plaster
      cast. Randomised open label trial. INTRODUCTION: Plasters cast are medical
      devices widely used in paediatric orthopaedics; however, few studies have
      addressed the occurrence and prevention of device-related complications. AIM: To
      evaluate whether positioning a custom made splint with heel off-loaded, would
      relieve pain, reduce care interventions, the materials to maintain heel unloading
      position and, at the same time, improve comfort and reduce pressure sores in
      children with lower limb plaster. METHODS: Children enrolled in the study were
      randomised to splint, provided with a custom made splint positioned underneath
      the lower limb plaster after surgery; in the second group (control) the plaster
      position was maintained with cushions. RESULTS: A total of 57 children were
      enrolled from November 2014 to August 2015, 29 in the treatment group (50.8%) and
      28 in the control group (49.2%). Pain median levels were 4 (splint) vs. 5
      (control) p=ns; mean number of care intervention was 2.1 (splint) vs. 5.2
      (control) p<0.0005; materials used were 1.3 (splint) vs. 2.8 (control) p<0.0005;
      perceived comfort was 8.9 (splint) vs. 7.6 (control) p<0.001. A difference in the
      total number of pressure sores was observed with 1 case in the splint group vs. 5
      cases in the control group RR 0.21 (IC 95% -1.88-2.29; P 0.079). CONCLUSIONS: The
      use of splint is effective in reducing care intervention the use of other
      materials and in improving comfort, but not in relieving pain.

PMID- 27384453
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - . Systems for the assessment of patients' complexity: a narrative review of the
      literature. INTRODUCTION: An effective and efficient caseload management ensures
      that patients receive the right care by the right person at the right time.
      Several systems are used in Italy to measure patients' complexity. AIM: To
      describe and compare the characteristics of the systems for measuring patients'
      complexity, used in Italy from 1994 to 2015. METHODS: A search was conducted on
      PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, Cochrane Library, and on Google, with the same key
      words. Systems dedicated to paediatric and intensive care patients were not
      included. The variables used to define complexity were classified according to 4
      dimensions of the Italian model of Complexity of Nursing care
      (autonomy/dependence, stability/instability; comprehension and choice; context).
      RESULTS: Eight systems were identified, each using a different set and number of
      variables to define patients' complexity. For 5 systems the most influential
      dimension on the final score was the autonomy/dependence (from 74% to 34% of the
      final score). The Caring professional method (MAP), the Assessment on Nursing
      Intensity and clinical Complexity (IACC) and the Nursing Assessment of Complexity
      of Care (Per.V. In.Ca.) assign an higher score to the clinical
      stability/instability dimension. The dimension that contributes less to the final
      score is the Comprehension and choice (33% for one system but no more than 11-20%
      for all the others) and Context (from 0 to 30%). CONCLUSIONS: The systems are
      evolving from an assessment of nursing activities to the assessment of patients'
      conditions. The informatization of these systems will offer a valuable support to
      the definition of the right caring mix.

PMID- 27384454
TI  - [Not Available].
AB  - . Mixed methods designs: an innovative methodological approach for nursing
      research. The mixed method research designs (MM) combine qualitative and
      quantitative approaches in the research process, in a single study or series of
      studies. Their use can provide a wider understanding of multifaceted phenomena.
      This article presents a general overview of the structure and design of MM to
      spread this approach in the Italian nursing research community. The MM designs
      most commonly used in the nursing field are the convergent parallel design, the
      sequential explanatory design, the exploratory sequential design and the embedded
      design. For each method a research example is presented. The use of MM can be an
      added value to improve clinical practices as, through the integration of
      qualitative and quantitative methods, researchers can better assess complex
      phenomena typical of nursing. 

PMID- 27384455
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384456
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384457
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384458
TI  - Fidgetin-like 1 is a ciliogenesis-inhibitory centrosome protein.
AB  - Fidgetin-like 1 (FIGL-1) is a homolog of fidgetin, an AAA protein that was
      identified as the protein encoded by the gene mutated in fidget mice. Because the
      phenotypes of fidget mice are reminiscent of the phenotypes of ciliopathy
      diseases, and because fidgetin has microtubule-severing activity, we hypothesize
      that these proteins participate in cilia-related processes. Indeed,
      overexpression of FIGL-1 interfered with ciliogenesis in cultured cells. In
      particular, overexpressed FIGL-1 strongly accumulated at the centrosome, and,
      when highly expressed, perturbed the localization of centrosomal proteins such as
      pericentrin, CP110, and centrin. Using a polyclonal antibody against human FIGL
      1, we found that endogenous FIGL-1 localized preferentially around the mother
      centriole. Consistently, depletion of FIGL-1 by shRNA treatment enhanced
      ciliogenesis in HEK293T cells. By checking the integrity of the cytoplasmic
      microtubule network in FIGL-1-overexpressing cells, we found that FIGL-1 probably
      has microtubule-severing activity, as suggested by its sequence homology with
      other microtubule-severing proteins. Furthermore, we showed that overexpression
      of FIGL-1 in zebrafish embryo decreased the length of cilia and perturbed the
      heart laterality. Taken together, these results demonstrate that FIGL-1 is a new
      centrosomal protein and inhibits ciliogenesis. These results extend the already
      long list of centrosomal proteins and provide new insights into the regulation of
      ciliogenesis. 

PMID- 27384459
TI  - Time-resolved dosimetric verification of respiratory-gated radiotherapy exposures
      using a high-resolution 2D ionisation chamber array.
AB  - The aim of this work was to track and verify the delivery of respiratory-gated
      irradiations, performed with three versions of TrueBeam linac, using a novel
      phantom arrangement that combined the OCTAVIUS((r)) SRS 1000 array with a moving
      platform. The platform was programmed to generate sinusoidal motion of the array.
      This motion was tracked using the real-time position management (RPM) system and
      four amplitude gating options were employed to interrupt MV beam delivery when
      the platform was not located within set limits. Time-resolved spatial information
      extracted from analysis of x-ray fluences measured by the array was compared to
      the programmed motion of the platform and to the trace recorded by the RPM system
      during the delivery of the x-ray field. Temporal data recorded by the phantom and
      the RPM system were validated against trajectory log files, recorded by the linac
      during the irradiation, as well as oscilloscope waveforms recorded from the linac
      target signal. Gamma analysis was employed to compare time-integrated 2D x-ray
      dose fluences with theoretical fluences derived from the probability density
      function for each of the gating settings applied, where gamma criteria of 2%/2
      mm, 1%/1 mm and 0.5%/0.5 mm were used to evaluate the limitations of the RPM
      system. Excellent agreement was observed in the analysis of spatial information
      extracted from the SRS 1000 array measurements. Comparisons of the average
      platform position with the expected position indicated absolute deviations of 
      <0.5 mm for all four gating settings. Differences were observed when comparing
      time-resolved beam-on data stored in the RPM files and trajectory logs to the
      true target signal waveforms. Trajectory log files underestimated the cycle time
      between consecutive beam-on windows by 10.0  +/-  0.8 ms. All measured fluences
      achieved 100% pass-rates using gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm and 50% of the fluences
      achieved pass-rates  >90% when criteria of 0.5%/0.5 mm were used. Results using
      this novel phantom arrangement indicate that the RPM system is capable of
      accurately gating x-ray exposure during the delivery of a fixed-field treatment
      beam.

PMID- 27384460
TI  - Meta-signature of mutated genes in gallbladder cancer: evidence based high
      throughput screening assays.

PMID- 27384461
TI  - Pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: data from the Registry Of
      Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease (ROPAC) of the European Society of Cardiology.
AB  - AIMS: To describe the outcomes of pregnancy in women with pulmonary hypertension.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: In 2007 the European Registry on Pregnancy and Heart Disease
      was initiated by the European Society of Cardiology. Consecutive patients with
      all forms of cardiovascular disease, presenting with pregnancy, were enrolled
      with the aim of investigating the pregnancy outcomes. This subgroup of the cohort
      included 151 women with pulmonary hypertension (PH) either diagnosed by right
      heart catheterization or diagnosed as possible PH by echocardiographic signs,
      with 26% having pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), in three subgroups:
      idiopathic (iPAH), associated with congenital heart disease (CHD-PAH), or
      associated with other disease (oPAH), and 74% having PH caused by left heart
      disease (LHD-PH, n = 112). Maternal mean age was 29.2 +/- 5.6 years and 37% were
      nulliparous. Right ventricular systolic pressure was <50 mmHg in 59.6% of
      patients, 50-70 mmHg in 28.5% and >70 mmHg in 11.9%. In more than 75% of
      patients, the diagnosis of PH had been made before pregnancy. Maternal death up
      to 1 week after delivery occurred in five patients (3.3%), with another two out
      of 78 patients who presented for follow-up (2.6%), dying within 6 months after
      delivery. The highest mortality was found in iPAH (3/7, 43%). During pregnancy,
      heart failure occurred in 27%. Caesarean section was performed in 63.4% (23.9% as
      emergency). Therapeutic abortion was performed in 4.0%. Complications included
      miscarriage (5.6%), fetal mortality (2%), premature delivery (21.7%), low birth
      weight (19.0%), and neonatal mortality (0.7%). CONCLUSION: Mortality in this
      group of patients with various forms of PH was lower than previously reported as
      specialized care during pregnancy and delivery was available. However, maternal
      and fetal mortality remains prohibitively high in women with iPAH, although this
      conclusion is restricted by limited numbers. Early advice on contraception,
      pregnancy risk and fetal outcome remains paramount.

PMID- 27384462
TI  - Local extracellular matrix alignment directs cellular protrusion dynamics and
      migration through Rac1 and FAK.
AB  - Cell migration within 3D interstitial microenvironments is sensitive to
      extracellular matrix (ECM) properties, but the mechanisms that regulate migration
      guidance by 3D matrix features remain unclear. To examine the mechanisms
      underlying the cell migration response to aligned ECM, which is prevalent at the
      tumor-stroma interface, we utilized time-lapse microscopy to compare the behavior
      of MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells within randomly organized and well
      aligned 3D collagen ECM. We developed a novel experimental system in which
      cellular morphodynamics during initial 3D cell spreading served as a reductionist
      model for the complex process of matrix-directed 3D cell migration. Using this
      approach, we found that ECM alignment induced spatial anisotropy of cells' matrix
      probing by promoting protrusion frequency, persistence, and lengthening along the
      alignment axis and suppressing protrusion dynamics orthogonal to alignment.
      Preference for on-axis behaviors was dependent upon FAK and Rac1 signaling and
      translated across length and time scales such that cells within aligned ECM
      exhibited accelerated elongation, front-rear polarization, and migration relative
      to cells in random ECM. Together, these findings indicate that adhesive and
      protrusive signaling allow cells to respond to coordinated physical cues in the
      ECM, promoting migration efficiency and cell migration guidance by 3D matrix
      structure.

PMID- 27384463
TI  - Magnetization transfer imaging of cortical bone in vivo using a zero echo time
      sequence in mice at 4.7 T: a feasibility study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of magnetization transfer (MT) imaging
      in mice in vivo for the assessment of cortical bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MT
      zero echo time data were acquired at 4.7 T in six mice using MT preparation
      pulses with two different flip angles (FAs) and a series of ten different off
      resonance frequencies (500-15000 Hz). Regions of interest were drawn at multiple
      levels of the femoral cortical bone. The MT ratio (MTR) was computed for each
      combination of FAs and off-resonance frequencies. T1 measurements were used to
      estimate the direct saturation (DS) using a Bloch equation simulation. Estimation
      of the absorption line width of cortical bone from T2* measurements was also
      performed. RESULTS: MTR values were higher using 3000 degrees  FA than 1000
      degrees  FA. MTR values decreased toward higher off-resonance frequencies.
      Maximum mean MTR +/- standard deviation (SD) of 58.57 +/- 5.22 (range 50.44
      70.61) was measured with a preparation pulse of 3000 degrees  and off-resonance
      frequency of 500 Hz. Maximum "true" MT effect was estimated at around 2-3 and 5
      kHz, respectively, for 1000 degrees  and 3000 degrees  FA. Mean full width at
      half maximum +/- SD of 577 +/- 91 Hz was calculated for the absorption spectral
      line of the cortical bone. CONCLUSION: MT imaging can be used for the assessment
      of cortical bone in mice in vivo. DS effects are negligible using preparation
      pulses with off-resonance frequencies greater than 3 kHz.

PMID- 27384464
TI  - Planktonic marine iron oxidizers drive iron mineralization under low-oxygen
      conditions.
AB  - Observations of modern microbes have led to several hypotheses on how microbes
      precipitated the extensive iron formations in the geologic record, but we have
      yet to resolve the exact microbial contributions. An initial hypothesis was that
      cyanobacteria produced oxygen which oxidized iron abiotically; however, in modern
      environments such as microbial mats, where Fe(II) and O2 coexist, we commonly
      find microaerophilic chemolithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria producing Fe(III)
      oxyhydroxides. This suggests that such iron oxidizers could have inhabited niches
      in ancient coastal oceans where Fe(II) and O2 coexisted, and therefore
      contributed to banded iron formations (BIFs) and other ferruginous deposits.
      However, there is currently little evidence for planktonic marine iron oxidizers
      in modern analogs. Here, we demonstrate successful cultivation of planktonic
      microaerophilic iron-oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria from the Chesapeake Bay during
      seasonal stratification. Iron oxidizers were associated with low oxygen
      concentrations and active iron redox cycling in the oxic-anoxic transition zone
      (<3 MUm O2 , <0.2 MUm H2 S). While cyanobacteria were also detected in this
      transition zone, oxygen concentrations were too low to support significant rates
      of abiotic iron oxidation. Cyanobacteria may be providing oxygen for
      microaerophilic iron oxidation through a symbiotic relationship; at high Fe(II)
      levels, cyanobacteria would gain protection against Fe(II) toxicity. A
      Zetaproteobacteria isolate from this site oxidized iron at rates sufficient to
      account for deposition of geologic iron formations. In sum, our results suggest
      that once oxygenic photosynthesis evolved, microaerophilic chemolithotrophic iron
      oxidizers were likely important drivers of iron mineralization in ancient oceans.

PMID- 27384465
TI  - Social networking in nursing education: integrative literature review.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to identify the use of social networking in nursing education. METHOD:
      integrative literature review in the databases: LILACS, IBECS, Cochrane, BDENF,
      SciELO, CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, CAPES Periodicals Portal and Web of Science,
      using the descriptors: social networking and nursing education and the keywords:
      social networking sites and nursing education, carried out in April 2015.
      RESULTS: of the 489 articles found, only 14 met the inclusion and exclusion
      criteria. Most studies were published after 2013 (57%), originating from the
      United States and United Kingdom (77.8%). It was observed the use of social
      networking among nursing students, postgraduate students, mentors and nurses, in
      undergraduate programmes, hybrid education (blended-learning) and in
      interprofessional education. The social networking sites used in the teaching and
      learning process were Facebook (42.8%), Ning (28.5%), Twitter (21.4%) and MySpace
      (7.1%), by means of audios, videos, quizzes, animations, forums, guidance,
      support, discussions and research group. CONCLUSION: few experiences of the use
      of social networking in nursing education were found and their contributions show
      the numerous benefits and difficulties faced, providing resourses for the
      improvement and revaluation of their use in the teaching and learning process.

PMID- 27384466
TI  - Predictive factors for the Nursing Diagnoses in people living with Acquired
      Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to identify the predictive factors for the nursing diagnoses in people
      living with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. METHOD: a cross-sectional study,
      undertaken with 113 people living with AIDS. The data were collected using an
      interview script and physical examination. Logistic regression was used for the
      data analysis, considering a level of significance of 10%. RESULTS: the
      predictive factors identified were: for the nursing diagnosis of knowledge
      deficit-inadequate following of instructions and verbalization of the problem;
      for the nursing diagnosis of failure to adhere - years of study, behavior
      indicative of failure to adhere, participation in the treatment and
      forgetfulness; for the nursing diagnosis of sexual dysfunction - family income,
      reduced frequency of sexual practice, perceived deficit in sexual desire,
      perceived limitations imposed by the disease and altered body function.
      CONCLUSION: the predictive factors for these nursing diagnoses involved
      sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, defining characteristics, and
      related factors, which must be taken into consideration during the assistance
      provided by the nurse.

PMID- 27384467
TI  - Assessment of a prototype for the Systemization of Nursing Care on a mobile
      device.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: assess a prototype for use on mobile devices that permits registering
      data for the Systemization of Nursing Care at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
      METHOD: an exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken, characterized as an
      applied methodological research, developed at a teaching hospital. RESULTS: the
      mobile technology the nurses at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit use was
      positive, although some reported they faced difficulties to manage it, while
      others with experience in using mobile devices did not face problems to use it.
      The application has the functions needed for the Systematization of Nursing Care
      at the unit, but changes were suggested in the interface of the screens, some
      data collection terms and parameters the application offers. The main
      contributions of the software were: agility in the development and documentation
      of the systemization, freedom to move, standardization of infant assessment,
      optimization of time to develop bureaucratic activities, possibilities to recover
      information and reduction of physical space the registers occupy. CONCLUSION:
      prototype software for the Systemization of Nursing Care with mobile technology
      permits flexibility for the nurses to register their activities, as the data can
      be collected at the bedside.

PMID- 27384468
TI  - What is the perception of biological risk by undergraduate nursing students?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to analyze undergraduate nursing students' perception of biological
      risk and its relationship with their prior practical training. METHOD: a
      descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate nursing
      students enrolled in clinical practice courses in the academic year 2013-2014 at
      the School of Nursing at the University of Barcelona. VARIABLES: sociodemographic
      variables, employment, training, clinical experience and other variables related
      to the assessment of perceived biological risk were collected. Both a newly
      developed tool and the Dimensional Assessment of Risk Perception at the worker
      level scale (Escala de Evaluacion Dimensional del Riesgo Percibido por el
      Trabajador, EDRP-T) were used. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: descriptive and univariate
      analysis were used to identify differences between the perception of biological
      risk of the EDRP-T scale items and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: students
      without prior practical training had weaker perceptions of biological risk
      compared to students with prior practical training (p=0.05 and p=0.04,
      respectively). Weaker perceptions of biological risk were found among students
      with prior work experience. CONCLUSION: practical training and work experience
      influence the perception of biological risk among nursing students.

PMID- 27384469
TI  - The experience of nurses in care for culturally diverse families: A qualitative
      meta-synthesis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: to understand the experience of nurses in care delivery to culturally
      diverse families. METHOD: qualitative meta-synthesis. Exhaustive search in seven
      databases, three repositories and a manual search in references without time
      limit, in English, Spanish and Portuguese, resulting in 1609 potentially relevant
      studies. These were assessed based on the title, summary and full text,
      determining the final inclusion of 14 studies. Two independent reviewers used the
      Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) to assess the quality. The
      interpretative synthesis implied permanent contrast and consensus among the
      authors, revealing four categories and one meta-theme. RESULTS: "taking care of a
      culturally diverse family, the experience of crossing a tightrope". CONCLUSION:
      the experience of nurses in care delivery to culturally diverse families is
      demanding and challenging because it imprints a constant tension among barriers,
      cultural manifestations and the ethical responsibility of care, incipiently
      revealing elements of cultural competency. The omission of information in the
      participants' reports in the studies represents a limitation. The findings offer
      a baseline for professionals and organizations to focus their intervention
      efforts on the continuing barriers in care delivery to culturally diverse
      families and strengthens the need for cultural competency training for nurses.

PMID- 27384470
TI  - Systematic Review of the profile of emergency contraception users.
AB  - Abastract Objective: to discern the profile of the Spanish Emergency
      Contraceptive users (EC). DESIGN: systematic review of contraceptive use in the
      Spanish population. DATA SOURCE: Spanish and international databases, between
      January 2006 - March 2011. KEYWORDS: Contraceptives, Postcoital pills, emergency
      contraception, levonorgestrel, data collection. STUDY SELECTION: original papers,
      letters to the editor in which stated aims were the description, prediction or
      measurement of variables related to EC use. Twenty-two papers were retrieved and
      fourteen were finally selected, all of which were descriptive. DATA EXTRACTION:
      manuscripts were evaluated by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: Women
      requesting EC have ages between 21-24 years, mostly single and university
      students; declare that they have not previously used EC, and attend an Emergency
      department, at weekends and within 48 hours following unprotected sexual
      intercourse. The reason is condom rupture. None of the studies reviewed measured
      alcohol and other drug consumption, the number of sexual partners, nor any of the
      studies performed a comparison with a group not using EC. CONCLUSIONS: lack of
      homogeneity and comprehensiveness of studied variables resulted in a limited
      profile of Spanish EC users. Further studies are needed with a more comprehensive
      approach if sexual health interventions are to be carried out in possible users.

PMID- 27384472
TI  - Selective dual-purpose photocatalysis for simultaneous H2 evolution and
      mineralization of organic compounds enabled by a Cr2O3 barrier layer coated on
      Rh/SrTiO3.
AB  - Dual-functional photocatalysis for H2 evolution with the simultaneous
      mineralization of 4-chlorophenol was achieved under de-aerated conditions using a
      Cr2O3/Rh/SrTiO3 photocatalyst which has Rh nanoparticles covered with a thin
      Cr2O3 barrier layer to selectively control and maximize the dual-functional
      photocatalytic activity. 

PMID- 27384471
TI  - Implications of respiratory motion for small animal image-guided radiotherapy.
AB  - Image-guided small animal irradiators have the potential to make a significant
      impact on facilitating the translation of radiobiological research into the
      clinic. To fully exploit the improved precision in dose delivery to the
      target/tumour while minimizing dose to surrounding tissues, minimal positional
      error in the target is required. However, for many sites within the thorax and
      abdomen, respiratory motion may be a critical factor in limiting the accuracy of
      beam delivery and until now, very little attention has been paid to the impact
      and management of this motion. We report on the implications of respiratory
      motion with respect to the negative impact of delivered dose distributions and
      their assessment, ways being developed to effectively manage this motion, so that
      beam delivery only occurs during the stationary resting phase of the breathing
      cycle, and comment on the need to effectively integrate these developments into
      the software used to plan and control beam delivery. Altogether, the
      implementation of respiratory-gated imaging and beam delivery will lead to
      significant improvements in the precision in dose delivery and constitutes an
      important development for preclinical radiotherapy studies.

PMID- 27384473
TI  - Local coexistence of VO2 phases revealed by deep data analysis.
AB  - We report a synergistic approach of micro-Raman spectroscopic mapping and deep
      data analysis to study the distribution of crystallographic phases and
      ferroelastic domains in a defected Al-doped VO2 microcrystal. Bayesian linear
      unmixing revealed an uneven distribution of the T phase, which is stabilized by
      the surface defects and uneven local doping that went undetectable by other
      classical analysis techniques such as PCA and SIMPLISMA. This work demonstrates
      the impact of information recovery via statistical analysis and full mapping in
      spectroscopic studies of vanadium dioxide systems, which is commonly substituted
      by averaging or single point-probing approaches, both of which suffer from
      information misinterpretation due to low resolving power.

PMID- 27384474
TI  - PCP4/PEP19 promotes migration, invasion and adhesion in human breast cancer MCF-7
      and T47D cells.
AB  - Purkinje cell protein (PCP) 4/peptide (PEP) 19 is expressed in Purkinje cells
      where it has a calmodulin-binding, anti-apoptotic function. We recently
      demonstrated that PCP4/PEP19 is expressed and inhibit apoptosis in human breast
      cancer cell lines. In the present study we investigated the role of PCP4/PEP19 in
      cell morphology, adhesion, migration, and invasion in MCF-7 and T47D human breast
      cancer cell lines. Knockdown of PCP4/PEP19 reduced the formation of filopodia
      like cytoplasmic structures and vinculin expression, and enhanced E-cadherin
      expression. Activities of migration, invasion, and cell adhesion were also
      decreased after the knockdown of PCP4/PEP19 in MCF-7 and T47D cells. These
      results suggested that PCP4/PEP19 promotes cancer cell adhesion, migration, and
      invasion and that PCP4/PEP19 may be a potential target for therapeutic agents in
      breast cancer treatment which act by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition
      and enhancing apoptotic cell death.

PMID- 27384475
TI  - Thyroid hormone synthesis: a potential target of a Chinese herbal formula Haizao
      Yuhu Decoction acting on iodine-deficient goiter.
AB  - Haizao Yuhu Decoction (HYD), a famous multi-component herbal formula, has been
      widely used to treat various thyroid-related diseases, including iodine-deficient
      goiter. Herb pair Thallus Sargassi Pallidi (HZ) and Radix Glycyrrhizae (GC), one
      of the so-called "eighteen antagonistic medicaments", contains in HYD. To explore
      pharmacological mechanisms of HYD acting on iodine-deficient goiter and to
      provide evidence for potential roles of herb pair HZ and GC in HYD, our genome
      wide microarray detection and network analysis identified a list of goiter
      related genes, mainly involved into the alterations in hypothalamus-pituitary
      thyroid/gonad/growth axes. Then, the disease genes-drug genes interaction network
      illustrated the links between HYD regulating genes and goiter-related genes, and
      identified the candidate targets of HYD acting on goiter. Functionally, these
      candidate targets were closely correlated with thyroid hormone synthesis.
      Moreover, the potential regulating genes of herb pair HZ and GC were revealed to
      be crucial components in the pathway of thyroid hormone synthesis. The prediction
      results were all verified by following experiments based on goiter rats.
      Collectively, this integrative study combining microarray gene expression
      profiling, network analysis and experimental validations offers the convincing
      evidence that HYD may alleviate iodine-deficient goiter via regulating thyroid
      hormone synthesis, and explains the necessity of herb pair HZ and GC in HYD. Our
      work provides a novel and powerful means to clarify the mechanisms of action for
      multi-component drugs such as herbal formulae in a holistic way, which may
      improve drug development and applications.

PMID- 27384476
TI  - Mitotic p21Cip1/CDKN1A is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 phosphorylation.
AB  - The multifunctional protein p21Cip1/CDKN1A (p21) is an important and universal
      Cdk-interacting protein. Recently, we have reported that p21 is involved in the
      regulation of the mitotic kinase Cdk1/cyclin B1 and critical for successful
      mitosis and cytokinesis. In the present work we show that S130 of p21 is
      phosphorylated by Cdk1/cyclin B1 during mitosis, which reduces p21's stability
      and binding affinity to Cdk1/cyclin B1. Interfering with this phosphorylation
      results in extended mitotic duration and defective chromosome segregation,
      indicating that this regulation ensures proper mitotic progression. Given that
      p53, the major transcriptional activator of p21, is the most frequently mutated
      gene in human cancer and that deregulated Cdk1 associates with the development of
      different types of cancer, this work provides new insight into the understanding
      of how deregulated p21 contributes to chromosomal instability and oncogenesis.

PMID- 27384477
TI  - Androgen receptor as potential therapeutic target in metastatic endometrial
      cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The expression and involvement of estrogen (ER) and progesterone
      receptor (PR) is extensively studied in endometrial cancer. Androgen receptor
      (AR) is a hormone receptor less studied in female cancers, and we here aim to
      investigate the expression level of AR in endometrial cancer precursor lesions,
      primary tumors and metastases, and its potential as therapeutic target. RESULTS:
      Expression of AR was observed in 93% of hyperplasias, but only in 41% of non
      endometrioid tumors. Compared to estrogen and progesterone receptor AR is more
      commonly expressed in metastatic lesions, and AR status is discordant in primary
      and metastatic lesions in a large proportion of cases. AR protein level was
      significantly associated with survival (P < 0.001), and a calculated AR to
      ERalpha ratio identified a subgroup of patients with particular poor outcome. The
      anti-androgen enzalutamide may have a growth inhibitory effect in endometrial
      cancer cells based on experiments with primary endometrial tumor cells. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: 718 primary endometrial cancers and 298 metastatic lesions (from 142
      patients) were investigated for expression of AR in relation to survival,
      clinical and histopathological data. Protein levels were investigated by
      immunohistochemistry and reverse phase protein array; mRNA levels by DNA
      oligonucleotide microarray. The effect of androgen stimulation and inhibition was
      tested on primary endometrial tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of
      metastatic endometrial cancer lesions express AR, which may be a potential target
      in these patients. Treatment targeting AR may be of particular benefit in
      patients with high AR levels compared to ERalpha levels.

PMID- 27384478
TI  - The contribution of serum hepatitis B virus load in the carcinogenesis and
      prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence from two meta-analyses.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: The meta-analysis aimed to quantify and summarize the
      contribution of serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA load in the carcinogenesis and
      prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS: Nine independent studies
      with a total of 1162 cases and 9365 participants on risk of HCC and seventeen
      studies with 1342 cases and 2891 participants on recurrence of HCC were finally
      included. The non-liner dose-response association between HBV DNA level and HCC
      risk was observed, with P value equal to 0.02 for linear test. Compared with 2
      log10copies/ml HBV DNA level carriers, the summary relative risk of HCC were
      1.65(95% CI: 0.94-2.92) for 4.5 log10copies/ml, 2.20(95% CI: 1.00-4.85) for 5.5
      log10copies/ml, 3.06(95% CI: 1.11-8.44) for 6.5 log10copies/ml. Moreover,
      individuals with high viral load (HBV DNA levels > 105copies/ml) presented
      significant association with increased risk of HCC recurrence, with the pooled RR
      of 1.69 (95% CI: 1.49-1.92). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pertinent studies were
      identified by searching PubMed, Embase and ISI Web of science databases up to
      January 2016 and by reviewing the references of retrieved articles. The dose
      response meta-analysis was precisely performed to calculate the summary relative
      risks (RRs) by quantizing the association between HBV load and risk of HCC.
      Besides, the contribution of HBV load on recurrence of HCC was further clarified
      by general meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated a non-linear dose
      response relationship between serum HBV DNA level and risk of HCC, and confirmed
      the significant contribution of serum HBV DNA level in the prognosis of HCC.

PMID- 27384479
TI  - Desferal regulates hCtr1 and transferrin receptor expression through Sp1 and
      exhibits synergistic cytotoxicity with platinum drugs in oxaliplatin-resistant
      human cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
AB  - The development of resistance to platinum drugs in cancer cells severely reduces
      the efficacy of these drugs. Thus, the discovery of novel drugs or combined
      strategies to overcome drug resistance is imperative. In addition to our previous
      finding that combined D-penicillamine with platinum drugs exerts synergistic
      cytotoxicity, we recently identified a novel therapeutic strategy by combining an
      iron chelating agent desferal with platinum drugs to overcome platinum resistance
      in an oxaliplatin-resistant human cervical cancer cell line, S3. Further study
      demonstrated that the level of platinum-DNA adduct formation positively
      correlated with cell death in combination of desferal with platinums than that of
      each drug alone in S3 cells. Decrement of human copper transporter 1 (hCtr1) and
      transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expression involved in the development of platinum
      resistance in S3 cells. Moreover, desferal promoted the expression of hCtr1
      through the upregulation of Sp1. The overexpression of Sp1 increased the
      expression of NF-kappaB and translocated it into the nucleus to bind to the TfR1
      promoter region, which subsequently increased the expression of TfR1.
      Importantly, the cotreatment of oxaliplatin with desferal significantly
      potentiated the oxaliplatin-elicited antitumoral effect in the oxaliplatin
      resistant xenograft animal model without any toxic effect observed. Taken
      together, these results demonstrated that the combination of desferal with
      oxaliplatin can overcome oxaliplatin resistance through the regulation of hCtr1
      and TfR1, and may have beneficial effect for treatment of patient with
      oxaliplatin-refractory tumors.

PMID- 27384480
TI  - The emergence of T790M mutation in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients
      having a history of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI: focus on rebiopsy timing and
      long-term existence of T790M.
AB  - Different growth kinetics occurring between the sensitive and T790M-containing
      cells may result in the repopulation of tumor cells over time. Little information
      has yet been uncovered on whether rebiopsy timing influences the T790M detection
      rate. We enrolled a total of 98 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant
      lung adenocarcinoma patients, who had a history of acquired resistance to EGFR
      tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) and available rebiopsy tumor specimens for
      reassessment of EGFR mutations. Rebiopsy was performed at the time of first EGFR
      TKI progression in 54 patients (55.1%); for the other 44 patients (44.9%),
      rebiopsy was done with an interval from first EGFR-TKI progression (median 470.5
      days, range 46-1742 days). Our results indicated that rebiopsy timing did not
      influence the detection rate of T790M and that the mutation could be identified
      in patients with a long EGFR-TKI-free interval. For patients without suitable
      lesions for rebiopsy at the time of EGFR-TKI progression, an attempt to rebiopsy
      should be considered during the subsequent treatment courses.

PMID- 27384481
TI  - Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition combined with phenformin treatment reversed
      NSCLC through ATP depletion.
AB  - Among ALDH isoforms, ALDH1L1 in the folate pathway showed highly increased
      expression in non-small-cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). Based on the basic
      mechanism of ALDH converting aldehyde to carboxylic acid with by-product NADH, we
      suggested that ALDH1L1 may contribute to ATP production using NADH through
      oxidative phosphorylation. ALDH1L1 knockdown reduced ATP production by up to 60%
      concomitantly with decrease of NADH in NSCLC. ALDH inhibitor, gossypol, also
      reduced ATP production in a dose dependent manner together with decrease of NADH
      level in NSCLC. A combination treatment of gossypol with phenformin,
      mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, synergized ATP depletion, which efficiently
      induced cell death. Pre-clinical xenograft model using human NSCLC demonstrated a
      remarkable therapeutic response to the combined treatment of gossypol and
      phenformin.

PMID- 27384482
TI  - Sohlh2 suppresses epithelial to mesenchymal transition in breast cancer via
      downregulation of IL-8.
AB  - Breast cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide due to its strong
      metastasis to other organs. Metastasis of breast cancer involves a complex set of
      events, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that increases
      invasiveness of the tumor cells. We previously identified sohlh2 is a tumor
      suppressor in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. However, the functions of
      sohlh2 in breast cancer cell migration and invasion remain unknown. Here we
      report a novel sohlh2/IL-8 signaling pathway in the invasive breast cancer. We
      observed sohlh2 expression was downregulated in the metastatic breast cancer.
      Ectopic sohlh2 expression in breast cancer cells reduced EMT and inhibited cell
      migration and invasion in vitro, and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, the depletion
      of sohlh2 induced the opposite effects to ectopic sohlh2 expression. RNA-Seq data
      from a sohlh2 knockdown breast cancer cell line showed that after sohlh2
      depletion, the mRNA level of interleukin 8 (IL-8) was significantly increased in
      these cancer cells, which consequently increased secretion of IL-8 protein. Using
      chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays, we demonstrated that sohlh2
      bound to IL-8 promoter and repressed its activities. The enhanced migration and
      invasion in sohlh2 -ablated MCF-7 cells were blocked by knockdown of IL-8
      expression, while exogenous IL-8 neutralized the anti-migratory and invasive
      activities of sohlh2 in MDA-MB-231cells. Overall, these results demonstrate that
      sohlh2 functions as a tumor metastasis suppressor via suppressing IL-8 expression
      in breast cancer.

PMID- 27384483
TI  - beta-catenin signaling is required for RAS-driven thyroid cancer through PI3K
      activation.
AB  - Mutations in beta-catenin are traditionally described as late events in thyroid
      cancer progression. However, the functional implications of beta-catenin
      dysregulation in the context of tumor initiating events remain unclear. The aim
      of this work was to investigate whether the two main oncogenic drivers in thyroid
      cancer, RAS and BRAF, could activate the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Expression of
      HRASV12 but not BRAFV600E in thyroid cells induced beta-catenin nuclear
      localization, increased beta-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity and
      inhibited GSK3beta. In a panel of human thyroid cancer cell lines representative
      of the main genetic events in thyroid cancer, beta-catenin activation was highly
      dependent on PI3K/AKT activity through its phosphorylation at S552, but not on
      MAPK. Silencing of beta-catenin expression in cell lines led to a dramatic
      reduction in proliferation due to an induction of senescence, which was
      concordant with a reduction in tumor size in nude mice. Moreover, beta-catenin
      silencing suppressed the expression of EMT-related genes and reduced the invasive
      capacity of the tumor cells. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that RAS
      driven tumors induce PI3K/AKT-dependent beta-catenin activation.

PMID- 27384484
TI  - High expression of MnSOD promotes survival of circulating breast cancer cells and
      increases their resistance to doxorubicin.
AB  - Understanding the survival mechanism of metastatic cancer cells in circulation
      will provide new perspectives on metastasis prevention and also shed new light on
      metastasis-derived drug resistance. In this study, we made it feasible to detect
      apoptosis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in real-time by integrating a
      fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based caspase sensor into one in
      vitro microfluidic circulatory system, and two in vivo models: zebrafish
      circulation and mouse lung metastatic model. Our study demonstrated that fluid
      shear stresses triggered apoptosis of breast cancer cells in circulation by
      elevating the mitochondrial production of the primary free radical, superoxide
      anion. Cancer cells with high levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)
      exhibited stronger resistance to shear force-induced apoptosis and formed more
      lung metastases in mice. These metastasized cells further displayed higher
      resistance to chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, which also generates superoxide
      in mitochondria. Specific siRNA-mediated MnSOD knockdown reversed all three
      phenotypes. Our findings therefore suggest that MnSOD plays an important
      integrative role in supporting cancer cell survival in circulation, metastasis,
      and doxorubicin resistance. MnSOD can serve as a new biomarker for identifying
      metastatic CTCs and a novel therapeutic target for inhibiting metastasis and
      destroying doxorubicin-resistant breast cancer cells.

PMID- 27384485
TI  - Inhibition of ERalpha/ERK/P62 cascades induces "autophagic switch" in the
      estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells exposed to gemcitabine.
AB  - Several clinical trials revealed that estrogen receptor (ER) status had relevance
      to the response of mammary malignancy to chemotherapy. Autophagy has emerged as
      an important cellular mechanism of tumor cells in response to anticancer therapy.
      The aim of this study is to investigate whether gemcitabine induces autophagy,
      and more importantly, whether such autophagy is functional relevant to the
      therapeutic effects of gemcitabine in breast cancer cells in relation to the ER
      status. In our study, autophagy was induced both in ER+ MCF-7 and ER- MDA-MB-231
      cells by gemcitabine markedly, while the autophagy plays distinct roles -
      cytoprotective in ER- MDA-MB-231 and cytotoxic in ER+ MCF-7 cells. Gemcitabine
      treatment leads to the activation of ERalpha-ERK-P62 signal pathway in MCF-7
      cells which may augment the autophagic degradation, thus results in the excessive
      activation of autophagy and irreversible autophagic cell death eventually.
      Inhibition of ERalpha-ERK-P62 cascades in MCF-7 cells by small interfering RNA or
      PD98059 impairs the autophagic degradation, and leads to "autophagic switch" -
      from cytotoxic autophagy to cytoprotection. Moreover, stable overexpression of
      ERalpha in the ER- BCap37 breast cancer cell line enhances the gemcitabine
      induced autophagy flux and switches the autophagic cytoprotection in ER- BCap37
      to cytotoxicity effect in ER+ BCap37 cells. Our study firstly demonstrated that
      ER status influences gemcitabine efficacy via modulating the autophagy in breast
      cancer cells.

PMID- 27384487
TI  - CALR mutation characterization in myeloproliferative neoplasms.
AB  - Identification of somatic frameshift mutations in exon 9 of the calreticulin gene
      (CALR) in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) in December of 2013 has been a
      remarkable finding. It has provided a new molecular diagnostic marker,
      particularly in essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF),
      where is the second most common altered gene after JAK2V617F. There are two main
      types of CALR mutants, type 1 and type 2, and there is evidence about their
      distinct clinical/prognostic implications, for instances, it is believed that
      favorable outcome might be restricted to type-1 in PMF. By using reasoned
      approaches, very recent publications have supported classifying the alternative
      mutants in type-1-like or type-2-like. If further studies confirm these results,
      new considerations may be taken into account in the molecular diagnosis of MPNs.
      This implies that precise mutation characterization must be performed and caution
      should be taken in screening technique selection. In this Editorial we summarize
      the current information regarding all this issues.

PMID- 27384486
TI  - Enhanced cytotoxicity of reovirus and radiotherapy in melanoma cells is mediated
      through increased viral replication and mitochondrial apoptotic signalling.
AB  - Oncolytic viruses selectively target and replicate in cancer cells, providing us
      with a unique tool with which to target and kill tumour cells. These viruses come
      from a diverse range of viral families including reovirus type 3 Dearing (RT3D),
      a non-pathogenic human double-stranded RNA oncolytic virus, which has been shown
      to be an effective therapeutic agent, both as a mono-therapy and in combination
      with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. This study investigated the interaction
      between RT3D and radiotherapy in melanoma cell lines with a BRAF mutant, Ras
      mutant or BRAF/Ras wild type genotype. The data indicates that RT3D combined with
      radiotherapy significantly increased cytotoxicity relative to either single
      agent, independent of genotype, both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of
      enhanced cytotoxicity was dependent on an increase in viral replication, mediated
      by CUG2 up-regulation and subsequent down-regulation of pPKR and p-eIF2alpha,
      leading to the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signalling resulting in
      increased cell death.

PMID- 27384489
TI  - Relationship between LRRK2 R1628P polymorphism and Parkinson's disease in Asian
      populations.
AB  - Although the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) R1628P polymorphism has been
      associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in Taiwan, China, and
      Singapore, there are conflicting findings regarding this relationship. Thus, the
      aim of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate the associations between the
      LRRK2 R1628P polymorphism (rs33949390) and PD in Asian populations. A search for
      eligible studies was performed in PubMed, Embase, SinoMed, and the China
      Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, and pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence
      intervals were used to evaluate the strength of the association between the
      R1628P polymorphism and PD. This meta-analysis assessed 19 studies from 14 papers
      that involved a total of 9,927 PD patients and 8,602 controls and found that the
      R1628P polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of PD in Asian
      populations. Moreover, stratification analyses indicated that the R1628P
      polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of PD among
      Chinese as well as non-Chinese Asian populations and an increased risk of PD in
      Chinese patients from China, Taiwan, and Singapore. In a stratified analysis
      conducted according to age, significant associations were found for both late
      onset PD and early-onset PD. The present data indicate that the R1628P
      polymorphism of the LRRK2 gene contributes to PD susceptibility in Asian,
      especially Chinese, populations.

PMID- 27384488
TI  - EPCs enhance angiogenesis in renal regeneration.
AB  - Decellularized renal scaffolds have previously been used for renal regeneration
      following partial nephrectomy, in which angiogenesis played a key role. In this
      study, rats underwent partial nephrectomy and repaired with decellularized renal
      scaffolds. Subsequently, the labeled EPCs were intravenously injected into rats
      in EPCs group, and the control group received an equal amount of phosphate-buffer
      saline (PBS). We chose 1, 2 and 4 weeks post operation as time point. Average
      microvascular density (aMVD) analyses revealed higher angiogenesis in EPCs group
      compared with the control group. The expression of angiogenic growth factors
      including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth
      factor (PDGF) and hypoxia-inducible factors 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha), was generally
      higher in the EPCs group in all weeks (1, 2 and 4), and peaked in week 2. EPCs
      were observed to home into renal injury site, promoting angiogenesis across the
      renal parenchyma-scaffold interface to be potentially used as bridges for EPCs to
      migrate into the implanted scaffolds. Administration of exogenous EPCs promotes
      angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in decellularized renal scaffolds-mediated renal
      regeneration, providing adequate microenvironment for kidney recovery post renal
      injury.

PMID- 27384490
TI  - Circulating nano-particulate TLR9 agonist scouts out tumor microenvironment to
      release immunogenic dead tumor cells.
AB  - Recent evidence suggest that a beta-glucan derived from mushroom
      Schizophyllan(SPG) complexed with a humanized TLR9 agonistic CpG DNA, K3 (K3-SPG)
      is a promising vaccine adjuvant that induces robust CD8 T cell responses to co
      administered antigen. However, it has not been investigated whether K3-SPG alone
      can act as an anti-cancer immunotherapeutic agent or not. Here, we demonstrate
      that intravenous injection of K3-SPG, but not CpG alone, is accumulated in the
      tumor microenvironment and triggered immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells
      by local induction of type-I interferon (IFN) as well as IL-12. Resultant innate
      immune activation as well as subsequent tumor-specific CD8 T cell responses were
      contributed the tumor growth suppression. This anti-tumor effect of K3-SPG
      monotherapy was also confirmed by using various tumor models including pancreatic
      cancer peritoneal dissemination model. Taken together, nano-particulate TLR9
      agonist injected intravenously can scout out tumor microenvironment to provoke
      local innate immune activation and release dead tumor cells into circulation that
      may induce broader and protective tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells.

PMID- 27384492
TI  - Rapamycin in aging and disease: maximizing efficacy while minimizing side
      effects.
AB  - Experimental geroscience has identified rapamycin as a top candidate for
      promoting healthy aging and longevity in mammals. As multiple independent studies
      have successfully reproduced the lifespan and healthspan promoting effects of
      rapamycin, the focus has shifted to possible translational use. While a promising
      compound, clinical use of rapamycin is limited by concerns of side effects
      associated with the drug. Studies aimed at defining optimal dosage regimen,
      delivery route, and formulation will allow for benefits to be maximized while
      reducing side effects.

PMID- 27384493
TI  - Study on the Influence of Tea Extract on Probiotics in Skim Milk: From Probiotics
      Propagation to Metabolite.
AB  - In this study, the influence of tea extract (TE) on the growth of probiotics in
      skim milk was examined. Lactobacillus plantarum ST-III, Bifidobacterium bifidum
      Bb02, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG were used in
      this study. The introduction of TE in milk significantly stimulated the
      propagation and acidification of L. rhamnosus GG and L. acidophilus NCFM. The
      antioxidant capacities and the total free amino acid contents of all fermented
      milk products were enhanced by the addition of TE; however, there were different
      antioxidant properties and free amino acid contents of fermented milk samples
      fermented by different bacteria. With a 9% (w/w) level, the fermentation with L.
      rhamnosus GG and L. acidophilus NCFM showed larger numbers of viable cells and
      faster acidifying rates, as well as excellent antioxidant capacity and abundant
      free amino acids.  The stimulative effects of TE on probiotics can be considered
      for industrial purposes and has practical implications for commercial
      applications. 

PMID- 27384491
TI  - The mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin activates the ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3
      signaling pathways and has age-dependent signaling differences in the
      hippocampus.
AB  - Humanin is a small secreted peptide that is encoded in the mitochondrial genome.
      Humanin and its analogues have a protective role in multiple age-related diseases
      including type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, through cytoprotective and
      neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. However, the humanin-mediated
      signaling pathways are not well understood. In this paper, we demonstrate that
      humanin acts through the GP130/IL6ST receptor complex to activate AKT, ERK1/2,
      and STAT3 signaling pathways. Humanin treatment increases phosphorylation in AKT,
      ERK 1/2, and STAT3 where PI3K, MEK, and JAK are involved in the activation of
      those three signaling pathways, respectively. Furthermore, old mice, but not
      young mice, injected with humanin showed an increase in phosphorylation in AKT
      and ERK1/2 in the hippocampus. These findings uncover a key signaling pathway of
      humanin that is important for humanin's function and also demonstrates an age
      specific in vivo effect in a region of the brain that is critical for memory
      formation in an age-dependent manner.

PMID- 27384494
TI  - Microcanonical and resource-theoretic derivations of the thermal state of a
      quantum system with noncommuting charges.
AB  - The grand canonical ensemble lies at the core of quantum and classical
      statistical mechanics. A small system thermalizes to this ensemble while
      exchanging heat and particles with a bath. A quantum system may exchange
      quantities represented by operators that fail to commute. Whether such a system
      thermalizes and what form the thermal state has are questions about truly quantum
      thermodynamics. Here we investigate this thermal state from three perspectives.
      First, we introduce an approximate microcanonical ensemble. If this ensemble
      characterizes the system-and-bath composite, tracing out the bath yields the
      system's thermal state. This state is expected to be the equilibrium point, we
      argue, of typical dynamics. Finally, we define a resource-theory model for
      thermodynamic exchanges of noncommuting observables. Complete passivity-the
      inability to extract work from equilibrium states-implies the thermal state's
      form, too. Our work opens new avenues into equilibrium in the presence of quantum
      noncommutation.

PMID- 27384495
TI  - Study with Analytical Equations of Absorption Spectra Containing Interference
      Dips in Fluoride Glasses Doped with Cr(3.).
AB  - The optical absorption of Cr(3+)-doped fluoride glasses has been investigated.
      The lowest energy absorption band (4)A2 -> (4)T2 shows distinct interference dips
      due to spin-orbit coupling between (4)T2, (2)E and (2)T1 excited states. The dips
      were analyzed using an analytical method proposed by Bussiere et al. ( J. Phys.
      Chem. A 2003 , 107 , 1258 ) based on coupled potential energy surfaces. Then a
      theoretical crystal-field analysis based on the Racah tensor algebraic method was
      carried on Cr(3+) ions occupying octahedral site symmetry in the fluoride
      glasses. Satisfactory correlations were obtained between the experimental and
      calculated energy levels. The fitting of the interference dips also provided a
      measure of the spin-orbit coupling constant for Cr(3+) in fluoride glasses,
      intermediate between the theoretical value calculated for a fluoride crystal and
      the value deduced from Racah parameters.

PMID- 27384497
TI  - Bipolar disorder: multiple pathways to neuroprogression.

PMID- 27384496
TI  - Psychosocial predictors and moderators of weight management programme outcomes in
      ethnically diverse obese youth.
AB  - BACKGROUND: An important area of research in childhood obesity is the
      identification of factors that predict or moderate the responses to obesity
      intervention programmes, yet few studies have examined the impact of self-esteem
      and family functioning on obesity treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We sought to
      determine whether baseline self-esteem and family functioning predicted or
      moderated childhood obesity intervention outcomes at 6 months. METHODS: From 2009
      to 2011, seventy-five 10-16 year old, racially/ethnically diverse obese youths
      with abnormal glucose tolerance were randomized to 6 months of an intensive
      family-based obesity lifestyle intervention (Bright Bodies) or routine outpatient
      Clinic Care. We examined youth self-concept, parent-rated family functioning and
      6-month outcomes (youths' glucose tolerance, weight, body mass index and percent
      fat). We set the significance threshold as P <= 0.05 for moderator and predictor
      analyzes. RESULTS: Having poor family functioning and self-concept scores
      indicating high anxiety and low self-esteem at baseline predicted poor 6-month
      outcomes overall (Bright Bodies and Clinic Care groups combined). Additionally,
      baseline self-esteem and family functioning moderated treatment effects such that
      Bright Bodies outperformed Clinic Care in youths with low self-esteem and poorly
      functioning families, whereas youths with high self-esteem and high-functioning
      families did similarly well with either intervention. DISCUSSION: Our findings
      suggest intensive family-based lifestyle programmes are particularly beneficial
      for youth with low self-esteem and poorly functioning families.

PMID- 27384498
TI  - 454-Pyrosequencing analysis of highly adapted azo dye-degrading microbial
      communities in a two-stage anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor treating textile
      effluent.
AB  - Azo dyes, which are widely used in the textile industry, exhibit significant
      toxic characteristics for the environment and the human population. Sequential
      anaerobic-aerobic reactor systems are efficient for the degradation of dyes and
      the mineralization of intermediate compounds; however, little is known about the
      composition of the microbial communities responsible for dye degradation in these
      systems. 454-Pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was employed to assess the
      bacterial biodiversity and composition of a two-stage (anaerobic-aerobic) pilot
      scale reactor that treats effluent from a denim factory. The anaerobic reactor
      was inoculated with anaerobic sludge from a domestic sewage treatment plant. Due
      to the selective composition of the textile wastewater, after 210 days of
      operation, the anaerobic reactor was dominated by the single genus Clostridium,
      affiliated with the Firmicutes phylum. The aerobic biofilter harbored a diverse
      bacterial community. The most abundant phylum in the aerobic biofilter was
      Proteobacteria, which was primarily represented by the Gamma, Delta and Epsilon
      classes followed by Firmicutes and other phyla. Several bacterial genera were
      identified that most likely played an essential role in azo dye degradation in
      the investigated system.

PMID- 27384499
TI  - Referral decision support in patients with subacute brain injury: evaluation of
      the Rehabilitation Complexity Scale - Extended.
AB  - PURPOSE: To test if the Rehabilitation Complexity Scale Extended (RCS-E) can be
      used as decision support for patient referral to primary rehabilitation as either
      complex specialized services (CSS) or district specialist services (DSS). METHOD:
      Two independent expert teams analyzed medical records on 299 consecutive patients
      admitted for CSS or DSS rehabilitation. One team provided a golden standard for
      the patient referrals, and the other team provided RCS-E scores. Models for
      predicting referrals from RCS-E scores were developed on data for 149 patients
      and tested on the remaining 150 patients. RESULTS: The optimal RCS-E sum score
      threshold for referral prediction was 11, predicting the golden standard for
      patient referral with sensitivity 88%, specificity 78% and correct classification
      rate 81%. Improved referral prediction performance was achieved by using RCS-E
      item-wise score thresholds (sensitivity 81%, specificity 89%, correct
      classification rate 87%). The RCS-E sum score range for patients referred CSS and
      DSS by the item-wise model was, respectively, 0-12 and 2-22 suggesting strong non
      linear interaction of the RCS-E items. CONCLUSIONS: We found excellent referral
      decision support in the RCS-E and the item specific threshold model, when
      patients with acquired brain injury are to be referred to CSS or DSS as their
      primary rehabilitation. Implications for Rehabilitation Efficient rehabilitation
      after acquired brain injury requires rehabilitation settings that meet patient
      needs. Validated tools for referral decision support make the process more
      transparent. Patient rehabilitation complexity can be stratified by the RCS-E
      with high sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of positive test. RCS-E
      is an excellent tool for referral decision support.

PMID- 27384501
TI  - Mobile health: the power of wearables, sensors, and apps to transform clinical
      trials.
AB  - Mobile technology has become a ubiquitous part of everyday life, and the
      practical utility of mobile devices for improving human health is only now being
      realized. Wireless medical sensors, or mobile biosensors, are one such technology
      that is allowing the accumulation of real-time biometric data that may hold
      valuable clues for treating even some of the most devastating human diseases.
      From wearable gadgets to sophisticated implantable medical devices, the
      information retrieved from mobile technology has the potential to revolutionize
      how clinical research is conducted and how disease therapies are delivered in the
      coming years. Encompassing the fields of science and engineering, analytics,
      health care, business, and government, this report explores the promise that
      wearable biosensors, along with integrated mobile apps, hold for improving the
      quality of patient care and clinical outcomes. The discussion focuses on
      groundbreaking device innovation, data optimization and validation, commercial
      platform integration, clinical implementation and regulation, and the broad
      societal implications of using mobile health technologies.

PMID- 27384500
TI  - Differences between familial and sporadic early spondyloarthritis: results from
      the ESPERANZA cohort.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe and evaluate clinical and imaging differences between
      patients with familial and sporadic early spondyloarthritis (SpA). METHODS: This
      was a cross-sectional study analysing the baseline dataset from ESPERANZA, a
      national programme developed for the early identification of patients with SpA.
      Patients fulfilling SpA ASAS classification criteria were included. Familial SpA
      was defined according to the ASAS/ESSG criteria as the presence in first- or
      second-degree relatives of any of the following: ankylosing spondylitis,
      psoriasis, uveitis, reactive arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Socio
      demographic and disease characteristics, disease activity, metrology and
      laboratory and imaging data were compared by descriptive and bivariate
      statistics. RESULTS: A total of 377 patients were included - 64% men, mean age
      32, and mean disease duration 12 months. Out of these, 132 (35%) patients (101
      axial and 31 peripheral SpA) were familial forms. In patients with axial SpA,
      statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were found between familial and
      sporadic forms regarding age at symptoms onset (29.4+/-9.2 vs. 31.5+/-10 years),
      HLA B27 positivity (83% vs. 71%), BASMI (1.2+/- 13 vs. 1.6 1.2) and sacroiliitis
      on magnetic resonance imaging (36% vs. 47%), respectively. In patients with
      peripheral SpA, there were no significant differences for any of the variables
      analysed. CONCLUSIONS: Familial axial SpA presents symptoms at a younger age, is
      more frequently HLA-B27 positive and shows better spinal mobility than sporadic
      axial SpA; this latter presenting sacroiliitis on MRI more frequently than
      familial axial SpA. Apparently, no differences exist in the expression of
      familial or sporadic peripheral SpA.

PMID- 27384503
TI  - The prowess of platelets in immunity and inflammation.
AB  - Platelets not only serve as essential haemostatic cells, they also have important
      roles in immune defence and inflammation. Despite not having a nucleus, platelets
      contain physiologically relevant amounts of RNA, which can be spliced and
      translated into functional proteins. In addition, platelets have the ability to
      bind to numerous other cells, such as leukocytes and vascular cells. During those
      interactions, platelets can modulate cellular responses, resulting in e. g.
      inflammatory activation or apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that
      platelets can influence the outcomes of bacterial and viral infection, as well as
      the extent of tissue injury after ischaemia. Platelets also carry considerable
      amounts of cytokines and growth factors in their secretory granules, preformed
      for rapid secretion. Those properties in combination with the sheer amount of
      platelets circulating in the blood stream make them an important force in the
      immune response during health and disease. In this overview, recent findings
      concerning those interesting properties of platelets beyond haemostasis are
      discussed.

PMID- 27384504
TI  - Correction: Assessing the potential of photosensitizing flavoproteins as tags for
      correlative microscopy.
AB  - Correction for 'Assessing the potential of photosensitizing flavoproteins as tags
      for correlative microscopy' by Alberto Rodriguez-Pulido et al., Chem. Commun.,
      2016, 52, 8405-8408. 

PMID- 27384502
TI  - A mouse model for testing remyelinating therapies.
AB  - Used in combination with immunomodulatory therapies, remyelinating therapies are
      a viable therapeutic approach for treating individuals with multiple sclerosis.
      Studies of postmortem MS brains identified greater remyelination in demyelinated
      cerebral cortex than in demyelinated brain white matter and implicated reactive
      astrocytes as an inhibitor of white matter remyelination. An animal model that
      recapitulates these phenotypes would benefit the development of remyelination
      therapeutics. We have used a modified cuprizone protocol that causes a consistent
      and robust demyelination of mouse white matter and cerebral cortex. Spontaneous
      remyelination occurred significantly faster in the cerebral cortex than in white
      matter and reactive astrocytes were more abundant in white matter lesions.
      Remyelination of white matter and cerebral cortex was therapeutically enhanced by
      daily injections of thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3). In summary, we
      describe an in vivo demyelination/remyelination paradigm that can be powered to
      determine efficacy of therapies that enhance white matter and cortical
      remyelination.

PMID- 27384505
TI  - Ionoacoustic tomography of the proton Bragg peak in combination with ultrasound
      and optoacoustic imaging.
AB  - Ions provide a more advantageous dose distribution than photons for external beam
      radiotherapy, due to their so-called inverse depth dose deposition and, in
      particular a characteristic dose maximum at their end-of-range (Bragg peak). The
      favorable physical interaction properties enable selective treatment of tumors
      while sparing surrounding healthy tissue, but optimal clinical use requires
      accurate monitoring of Bragg peak positioning inside tissue. We introduce
      ionoacoustic tomography based on detection of ion induced ultrasound waves as a
      technique to provide feedback on the ion beam profile. We demonstrate for 20 MeV
      protons that ion range imaging is possible with submillimeter accuracy and can be
      combined with clinical ultrasound and optoacoustic tomography of similar
      precision. Our results indicate a simple and direct possibility to correlate, in
      vivo and in real-time, the conventional ultrasound echo of the tumor region with
      ionoacoustic tomography. Combined with optoacoustic tomography it offers a well
      suited pre-clinical imaging system.

PMID- 27384507
TI  - Quantitative analysis of biogenic polyamines in distilled drinks by direct
      electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using a nanocontainer.
AB  - RATIONALE: Biogenic polyamines in drinks have been implicated in undesirable
      physiological effects. Methods for their detection and quantification usually
      involve derivatization, pre-concentration and clean-up. To assist the evaluation
      of the potential risk of distillates, it was important to develop a simple and
      fast analytical method, which is described in this study. METHODS: Biogenic
      polyamines were selectively encapsulated after addition of a nanocontainer,
      cucurbit[7]uril (50 MUM), to the distilled drink samples, which were acidified
      with HCl (pH 3) prior addition of the nanocontainer. The quantification of
      polyamines was achieved by direct infusion electrospray ionization quadrupole ion
      trap mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode, using
      encapsulated amantadine as internal standard, and by monitoring signals
      originating from their host-guest complexes. RESULTS: Six point calibration
      curves, ranging from 0.5 MUM to 20 MUM of polyamines in water and ethanol/water
      (50:50), were used to establish instrument response. The method was validated by
      analysis of fortified Arbutus spirits. Samples of Arbutus and grape pomace
      spirits were also analyzed. Linear responses were observed for all polyamines and
      were similar in water, hydro-alcoholic solutions and fortified Arbutus spirits.
      Putrescine the simple polyamine was detected only in grape pomace distillate
      samples. CONCLUSIONS: A quantitative method was developed for rapid and simple
      analysis of biogenic polyamines in distilled drinks. The detection limits depend
      on the ionization properties of the samples. Encapsulated amantadine can be used
      to probe these properties and method application. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27384506
TI  - Altered expression of a two-pore domain (K2P) mechano-gated potassium channel
      TREK-1 in Hirschsprung's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is not fully
      understood. A significant proportion of patients have persisting bowel symptoms
      such as constipation, soiling, and enterocolitis despite correctly performed
      operations. Animal data suggest that stretch-activated 2-pore domain K+ channels
      play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. METHODS:
      We investigated TREK-1 protein expression in ganglionic and aganglionic regions
      of HSCR patients (n = 10) vs. normal control colon (n = 10). Protein distribution
      was assessed by using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Gene and
      protein expression were quantified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain
      reaction, western blot analysis, and densitometry. RESULTS: Confocal microscopy
      of the normal colon revealed strong TREK-1 channel expression in the epithelium.
      TREK-1-positive cells were decreased in aganglionic and ganglionic bowel compared
      to controls. TREK-1 gene expression levels were significantly decreased in
      aganglionic and ganglionic bowel compared to controls (P < 0.05). Western
      blotting revealed decreased TREK-1 protein expression in aganglionic and
      ganglionic bowel compared to controls. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate, for the first
      time, the expression and distribution of TREK-1 channels in the human colon. The
      decreased TREK-1 expression in the aganglionic and ganglionic bowel observed in
      HSCR may alter intestinal epithelial barrier function leading to the development
      of enterocolitis.

PMID- 27384518
TI  - Thermoplastic Elastomer-Enabled Smart Electrolyte for Thermoresponsive Self
      Protection of Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices.
AB  - Thermoresponsive smart electrolytes based on Pluronic solution are developed for
      active control and thermal self-protection of electrochemical energy-storage
      devices. Mechanistic studies reveal that the highly effective and reversible self
      protection behavior is attributed to the sol-gel transition of the Pluronic
      solution upon temperature change. The transition temperature and the degree of
      performance suppression can be tuned over a wide range.

PMID- 27384519
TI  - Pregnancy and associated events in women receiving enzyme replacement therapy for
      late-onset glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe disease).
AB  - AIM: Glycogen storage disease type II (GSD II or Pompe disease; OMIM; 232 300) is
      a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from deficiency
      of alpha-glucosidase and accumulation of glycogen in muscle. Clinical symptoms
      include weakness of skeletal and respiratory muscles and, in infants,
      cardiomyopathy. Patients with GSD II receive infusions of recombinant alpha
      glucosidase (enzyme replacement therapy; ERT), which slow the progression of the
      disease. ERT is given to male and female patients of all ages but as yet little
      is documented on the effects of continuing ERT during pregnancy. The aim of this
      case series was therefore to ascertain the pregnancy outcomes of women with GSD
      II on ERT and to describe adverse events associated with pregnancy, delivery and
      therapy. METHODS: The medical records of eight women attending the Royal Free
      Hospital Lysosomal Storage Disorders Unit were reviewed. Four of the eight women
      had seven pregnancies over a period of 8 years. RESULTS: In this series GSD II
      was associated with interventional deliveries but normal neonates. Cessation of
      ERT in early pregnancy resulted in deterioration of maternal symptoms and
      emergence of allergic reactions on restarting ERT. CONCLUSION: Individualized
      care plans are required to ensure the best neonatal and maternal outcomes.
      Consideration should be given to the potential benefits to mother and fetus of
      continuing ERT during pregnancy.

PMID- 27384520
TI  - Quantitative MRI biomarkers to characterize regional left ventricular perfusion
      and function in nonhuman primates during dobutamine-induced stress: A
      reproducibility and reliability study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify reproducible and reliable noninvasive regional imaging
      biomarkers of cardiac function and perfusion at rest and under stress in healthy
      nonhuman primates (NHPs) that may be used in the future for the early
      characterization of preclinical heart failure models, to evaluate therapy, and
      for clinical translation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven naive cynomolgus macaques
      underwent test-retest 3T cardiac MRI tagging and dual-bolus perfusion
      experiments. Regional cardiac function biomarkers, such as peak circumferential
      strain (CS), average diastolic strain-rate (DSR), contractile reserve (CR),
      diastolic reserve, peak torsion, and torsion reserve were quantified. Further,
      regional myocardial blood flow (MBF), myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR), and
      myocardial perfusion reserve-to-contractile reserve (MPR/CR) were also derived.
      Inter- and intraobserver reproducibility and test-retest reliability analyses
      were conducted using the reliability and generalizability coefficients including
      correlation coefficient (CC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).
      RESULTS: Overall, peak CS, DSR, and MBF are robust biomarkers at both rest and
      stress with moderate-good inter- and intraobserver reproducibility and test
      retest reliability. At rest: intra-/interobserver reproducibility (CC): peak CS
      (0.81/0.81), DSR (0.81/0.81), MBF (0.72/0.57), peak torsion (0.79/0.79); test
      retest reliability: (CC/ICC): peak CS (0.62/0.75), DSR (0.24/0.55), MBF
      (0.66/0.62), and peak torsion (0.79/0.78). Under stress: intra-/interobserver
      reproducibility (CC): peak CS (0.61/0.60), DSR (0.50/0.50), MBF (0.63/0.61), MPR
      (0.43/0.43), and peak torsion (0.38/0.38); test-retest reliability: (CC/ICC):
      peak CS (0.58/0.58), DSR (0.24/0.43), MBF (0.58/0.58), MPR (0.43/0.38), and peak
      torsion (0.38/0.38). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the feasibility of using cardiac
      MRI to characterize left ventricular functional and perfusion responses to stress
      in an NHP species, and specific robust biomarkers such as peak CS, DSR, MBF,
      diastolic reserve, and MPR have been identified for clinical translation and drug
      research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:556-569.

PMID- 27384521
TI  - Further evidence for deletions in 7p14.1 contributing to nonsyndromic cleft lip
      with or without cleft palate.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nonsyndromic cleft with or without cleft palate (nsCL/P) is a common
      birth defect. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified
      numerous risk variants, a considerable fraction of the genetic heritability
      remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to replicate a previous finding
      that de novo deletions in a 62 kb region of chromosome 7p14 are a risk factor for
      nsCL/P, using an independent cohort. METHODS: Data from a published case-control
      GWAS cohort of 399 patients and 1318 controls were used. Copy number variant
      (CNV) detection in the 62 kb candidate region of 7p14 was performed using
      QuantiSNP. Putative CNVs in probands were verified and validated by quantitative
      polymerase chain reaction. Segregation analyses were performed in family members
      for whom DNA was available. RESULTS: Within the 62 kb candidate region, a
      deletion of 7.4 kb showed association with nsCL/P (13/387 cases, 20/1300
      controls, plowest = 0.024, odds ratio = 2.22). In all families with a sporadic
      case (n = 3), the deletion occurred de novo. In multiplex families, both
      incomplete segregation and incomplete penetrance were observed. CONCLUSION: The
      present data support the hypothesis that deletions at 7p14 are a common risk
      factor for nsCL/P. Genome-wide CNV analyses in nsCL/P cohorts are warranted to
      explore the functional relevance of these deletions and their contribution to
      nsCL/P, and to determine exact breakpoints. Birth Defects Research (Part A)
      106:767-772, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27384522
TI  - Triiodide-Mediated delta-Amination of Secondary C-H Bonds.
AB  - The Cdelta -H amination of unactivated, secondary C-H bonds to form a broad range
      of functionalized pyrrolidines has been developed by a triiodide (I3 (-) )
      mediated strategy. By in situ 1) oxidation of sodium iodide and 2) sequestration
      of the transiently generated iodine (I2 ) as I3 (-) , this approach precludes
      undesired I2 -mediated decomposition which can otherwise limit synthetic utility
      to only weak C(sp(3) )-H bonds. The mechanism of this triiodide-mediated
      cyclization of unbiased, secondary C(sp(3) )-H bonds, by either thermal or
      photolytic initiation, is supported by NMR and UV/Vis data, as well as
      intercepted intermediates.

PMID- 27384523
TI  - Social Complexification and Pig (Sus scrofa) Husbandry in Ancient China: A
      Combined Geometric Morphometric and Isotopic Approach.
AB  - Pigs have played a major role in the economic, social and symbolic systems of
      China since the Early Neolithic more than 8,000 years ago. However, the
      interaction between the history of pig domestication and transformations in
      Chinese society since then, have not been fully explored. In this paper, we
      investigated the co-evolution from the earliest farming communities through to
      the new political and economic models of state-like societies, up to the Chinese
      Empire, using 5,000 years of archaeological records from the Xiawanggang (XWG)
      and Xinzhai (XZ) sites (Henan Province). To trace the changes of pig populations
      against husbandry practices, we combined the geometric morphometric analysis of
      dental traits with a study of the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from
      bone collagen. The domestication process intensified during the Neolithic
      Yangshao, prompted by greater selective pressure and/or better herd control
      against wild introgression. After that, pig farming, in XWG, relied on local
      livestock and a gradual change of husbandry practices overtime. This was
      characterized by a gentle increase in millet foddering and animal protein intake,
      until a complete change over to household management during the Han dynasty. The
      only rupture in this steady trend of husbandry occurred during the Longshan
      period, with the appearance of small sized and idiosyncratic pigs with specific
      feeding practices (relying on millet and household scraps). From three
      exploratory hypothesis, we explored the possibility of anti-elite pig production
      in XWG during the Longshan period, as a means to resist incorporation into a new
      economic model promoting intensified domestic production. This exploratory
      hypothesis is the most suitable to our dataset; however, numerous areas need to
      be explored further in order to adequately document the role of pigs in the rise
      of China's complex societies. 

PMID- 27384524
TI  - Alkaline Phosphatase, Soluble Extracellular Adenine Nucleotides, and Adenosine
      Production after Infant Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
AB  - RATIONALE: Decreased alkaline phosphatase activity after infant cardiac surgery
      is associated with increased post-operative cardiovascular support requirements.
      In adults undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, alkaline phosphatase
      infusion may reduce inflammation. Mechanisms underlying these effects have not
      been explored but may include decreased conversion of extracellular adenine
      nucleotides to adenosine. OBJECTIVES: 1) Evaluate the association between
      alkaline phosphatase activity and serum conversion of adenosine monophosphate to
      adenosine after infant cardiac surgery; 2) assess if inhibition/supplementation
      of serum alkaline phosphatase modulates this conversion. METHODS AND RESEARCH:
      Pre/post-bypass serum samples were obtained from 75 infants <4 months of age.
      Serum conversion of 13C5-adenosine monophosphate to 13C5-adenosine was assessed
      with/without selective inhibition of alkaline phosphatase and CD73. Low and high
      concentration 13C5-adenosine monophosphate (simulating normal/stress
      concentrations) were used. Effects of alkaline phosphatase supplementation on
      adenosine monophosphate clearance were also assessed. Changes in serum alkaline
      phosphatase activity were strongly correlated with changes in 13C5-adenosine
      production with or without CD73 inhibition (r = 0.83; p<0.0001). Serum with low
      alkaline phosphatase activity (<=80 U/L) generated significantly less 13C5
      adenosine, particularly in the presence of high concentration 13C5-adenosine
      monophosphate (10.4MUmol/L vs 12.9MUmol/L; p = 0.0004). Inhibition of alkaline
      phosphatase led to a marked decrease in 13C5-adenosine production (11.9MUmol/L vs
      2.7MUmol/L; p<0.0001). Supplementation with physiologic dose human tissue non
      specific alkaline phosphatase or high dose bovine intestinal alkaline phosphatase
      doubled 13C5-adenosine monophosphate conversion to 13C5-adenosine (p<0.0001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Alkaline phosphatase represents the primary serum ectonucleotidase
      after infant cardiac surgery and low post-operative alkaline phosphatase activity
      leads to impaired capacity to clear adenosine monophosphate. AP supplementation
      improves serum clearance of adenosine monophosphate to adenosine. These findings
      represent a potential therapeutic mechanism for alkaline phosphatase infusion
      during cardiac surgery. NEW AND NOTEWORTHY: We identify alkaline phosphatase (AP)
      as the primary soluble ectonucleotidase in infants undergoing cardiopulmonary
      bypass and show decreased capacity to clear AMP when AP activity decreases post
      bypass. Supplementation of AP ex vivo improves this capacity and may represent
      the beneficial therapeutic mechanism of AP infusion seen in phase 2 studies.

PMID- 27384525
TI  - Simultaneous quantitation and comparison of eight components in Jiao-ai decoction
      and Si-wu decoction by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with triple
      quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - An ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole
      tandem mass spectrometry method has been established to evaluate the variations
      of multiple components of Chinese herbal preparations, Jiao-ai decoction and Si
      wu decoction, through the simultaneous determination of eight major active
      compounds with a huge difference in the level of content. Chromatographic
      separation was achieved on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 * 100 mm,
      1.7 MUm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) and
      water (0.1% formic acid) under gradient elution. A triple quadrupole tandem mass
      spectrometer was operated in positive and negative ionization modes,
      respectively, with multiple reaction monitoring for the detection of the eight
      compounds. All calibration curves showed excellent linear regressions (r > 0.99)
      within the test range. The precision, repeatability, and stability of the eight
      compounds were below 5.0% in terms of relative standard deviation. The recoveries
      were 97.0-102.4% with a relative standard deviation of 1.21-3.65% for all
      samples. In conclusion, a rapid, sensitive, precise, accurate, and reliable
      method has been developed for the simultaneous detection of eight active
      compounds in the pharmaceutical samples of Jiao-ai decoction and Si-wu decoction,
      which can be applied for the multicomponent comparison and further quality
      control. 

PMID- 27384526
TI  - Virucidal Efficacy of a Hydrogen Peroxide Nebulization Against Murine Norovirus
      and Feline Calicivirus, Two Surrogates of Human Norovirus.
AB  - Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are amongst the leading causes of acute non-bacterial
      gastroenteritis in humans and can be transmitted via person-to-person contact,
      via contact with contaminated surfaces or by consumption of contaminated food.
      Contaminated surfaces in healthcare settings contribute to the transmission of
      viruses. No-touch automated room disinfection systems might prevent such a spread
      of contamination and thus their virucidal effect needs to be evaluated. The aim
      of this study was to assess the efficacy of a nebulization system spraying
      hydrogen peroxide on two main surrogates of HuNoV, namely murine norovirus (MNV)
      and feline calicivirus (FCV). The viruses were dried on cover glasses and on
      stainless steel discs and exposed to nebulization. The number of infectious viral
      particles and genomic copies before and after the nebulization was compared. The
      efficacy in reducing infectivity of both surrogates was demonstrated. For the
      infectious viral titre of MNV and FCV, a log10 reduction factor >=4.84 and 4.85
      was observed after nebulization, respectively, for tests on cover glasses and
      >=3.90 and 5.30, respectively, for tests on stainless steel discs. Only low
      reductions in genomic copy numbers were observed for both surrogates. The
      nebulization of hydrogen peroxide showed a clear virucidal effect on both HuNoV
      surrogates, MNV and FCV, on two different carriers and the use of nebulization
      should be promoted in complementarity with conventional disinfection methods in
      healthcare settings and food processing facilities to reduce viral load and
      spread of contamination.

PMID- 27384527
TI  - Solar irradiance dictates settlement timing and intensity of marine mussels.
AB  - Identifying the environmental factors driving larval settlement processes is
      crucial to understand the population dynamics of marine invertebrates. This work
      aims to go a step ahead and predict larval presence and intensity. For this
      purpose we consider the influence of solar irradiance, wind regime and
      continental runoff on the settlement processes. For the first time, we conducted
      a 5-years weekly monitoring of Mytilus galloprovincialis settlement on artificial
      suspended substrates, which allowed us to search for interannual variability in
      the settlement patterns. Comparison between the seasonal pattern of larval
      settlement and solar irradiance, as well as the well-known effect of solar
      irradiance on water temperature and food availability, suggest that solar
      irradiance indirectly influences the settlement process, and support the use of
      this meteorological variable to predict settlement occurrence. Our results show
      that solar irradiance allows predicting the beginning and end of the settlement
      cycle a month in advance: Particularly we have observed that solar irradiance
      during late winter indirectly drives the timing and intensity of the settlement
      onset, Finally, a functional generalise additive model, which considers the
      influence of solar irradiance and continental runoff on the settlement process,
      provides an accurate prediction of settlement intensity a fortnight in advance.

PMID- 27384528
TI  - Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Biologic Therapeutics for
      Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
AB  - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with
      potentially severe clinical manifestation that mainly affects women of child
      bearing age. Patients who do not respond to standard-of-care therapies, such as
      corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, require biologic therapeutics that
      specifically target a single or multiple SLE pathogenesis pathways. This review
      summarizes the clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of
      biologic agents that are approved, used off-label, or in the active pipeline of
      drug development for SLE patients. Depending on the type of target, the
      interacting biologics may exhibit linear (non-specific) or non-linear (target
      mediated) disposition profiles, with terminal half-lives varying from
      approximately 1 week to 1 month. Biologics given by subcutaneous administration,
      which offers dosing flexibility over intravenous administration, demonstrated a
      relatively slow absorption with a time to maximum concentration of approximately
      1 day to 2 weeks and a variable bioavailability of 30-82 %. The population
      pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies were best described by a two
      compartment model with central clearance and steady-state volume of distribution
      ranging from 0.176 to 0.215 L/day and 3.60-5.29 L, respectively. The between
      subject variability in pharmacokinetic parameters were moderate (20-79 %) and
      could be partially explained by body size. The development of linked
      pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models incorporating SLE disease biomarkers are
      an attractive strategy for use in dosing regimen simulation and optimization. The
      relationship between efficacy/adverse events and biologic concentration should be
      evaluated to improve clinical trial outcomes, especially for biologics in the
      advanced phase of drug development. New strategies, such as model-based precision
      dosing dashboards, could be utilized to incorporate information collected from
      therapeutic drug monitoring into pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models to enable
      individualized dosing in real time.

PMID- 27384529
TI  - Axial Ligation and Redox Changes at the Cobalt Ion in Cobalamin Bound to
      Corrinoid Iron-Sulfur Protein (CoFeSP) or in Solution Characterized by XAS and
      DFT.
AB  - A cobalamin (Cbl) cofactor in corrinoid iron-sulfur protein (CoFeSP) is the
      primary methyl group donor and acceptor in biological carbon oxide conversion
      along the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. Changes of the axial coordination of the
      cobalt ion within the corrin macrocycle upon redox transitions in aqua-, methyl-,
      and cyano-Cbl bound to CoFeSP or in solution were studied using X-ray absorption
      spectroscopy (XAS) at the Co K-edge in combination with density functional theory
      (DFT) calculations, supported by metal content and cobalt redox level
      quantification with further spectroscopic methods. Calculation of the highly
      variable pre-edge X-ray absorption features due to core-to-valence (ctv)
      electronic transitions, XANES shape analysis, and cobalt-ligand bond lengths
      determination from EXAFS has yielded models for the molecular and electronic
      structures of the cobalt sites. This suggested the absence of a ligand at cobalt
      in CoFeSP in alpha-position where the dimethylbenzimidazole (dmb) base of the
      cofactor is bound in Cbl in solution. As main species, (dmb)CoIII(OH2),
      (dmb)CoII(OH2), and (dmb)CoIII(CH3) sites for solution Cbl and CoIII(OH2),
      CoII(OH2), and CoIII(CH3) sites in CoFeSP-Cbl were identified. Our data support
      binding of a serine residue from the reductive-activator protein (RACo) of CoFeSP
      to the cobalt ion in the CoFeSP-RACo protein complex that stabilizes Co(II). The
      absence of an alpha-ligand at cobalt not only tunes the redox potential of the
      cobalamin cofactor into the physiological range, but is also important for CoFeSP
      reactivation. 

PMID- 27384530
TI  - Diagnostic Value of Serial Measurement of C-Reactive Protein in the Detection of
      a Surgical Complication after Laparoscopic Bowel Resection for Endometriosis.
AB  - AIMS: The study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of serial monitoring of
      biochemical inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell
      (WBC) count) in the postoperative diagnosis of anastomotic leakage or ureteral
      injury after bowel resection for deep infiltrating endometriosis. METHODS: This
      is a review of prospectively collected data from 217 patients who underwent
      laparoscopic bowel resection for endometriosis from January 2009 to April 2015.
      Patients with an anastomotic leakage or ureteral injury were identified and
      classified. RESULTS: The frequency of anastomotic leakage requiring reoperation
      was 8.3%. The frequency of ureteral injury was 4.6%. Median time to diagnosis was
      6 days for anastomotic leakage and 8 days for ureteral injury. The daily mean
      values of serum CRP were significantly higher in patients with a surgical
      complication starting at the second postoperative day (POD 2, p = 0.004). WBC was
      significantly higher (p < 0.05) on POD 2 and 3 in patients with a surgical
      complication. A decrease in CRP from POD 1 to 3 predicted an uncomplicated course
      in 92.1% of the cases. CONCLUSION: A decrease in CRP from POD 1 to 3 was an
      indicator of uncomplicated subsequent postoperative course. The test is
      recommended when early discharge after rectal resection for deep infiltrating
      endometriosis is considered.

PMID- 27384532
TI  - Calcium channel blockers are not associated with increased risk of breast cancer,
      study finds.

PMID- 27384531
TI  - Gestational Exposure to Bisphenol A Affects the Function and Proteome Profile of
      F1 Spermatozoa in Adult Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal exposure to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) has
      been linked to offspring reproductive abnormalities. However, exactly how BPA
      affects offspring fertility remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the
      present study was to evaluate the effects of gestational BPA exposure on sperm
      function, fertility, and proteome profile of F1 spermatozoa in adult mice.
      METHODS: Pregnant CD-1 mice (F0) were gavaged with BPA at three different doses
      (50 MUg/kg bw/day, 5 mg/kg bw/day, and 50 mg/kg bw/day) on embryonic days 7 to
      14. We investigated the function, fertility, and related processes of F1
      spermatozoa at postnatal day 120. We also evaluated protein profiles of F1
      spermatozoa to monitor their functional affiliation to disease. RESULTS: BPA
      inhibited sperm count, motility parameters, and intracellular ATP levels in a
      dose-dependent manner. These effects appeared to be caused by reduced numbers of
      stage VIII seminiferous epithelial cells in testis and decreased protein kinase A
      (PKA) activity and tyrosine phosphorylation in spermatozoa. We also found that
      BPA compromised average litter size. Proteins differentially expressed in
      spermatozoa from BPA treatment groups are known to play a critical role in ATP
      generation, oxidative stress response, fertility, and in the pathogenesis of
      several diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides mechanistic support for the
      hypothesis that gestational exposure to BPA alters sperm function and fertility
      via down-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation through a PKA-dependent
      mechanism. In addition, we anticipate that the BPA-induced changes in the sperm
      proteome might be partly responsible for the observed effects in spermatozoa.
      Citation: Rahman MS, Kwon WS, Karmakar PC, Yoon SJ, Ryu BY, Pang MG. 2017.
      Gestational exposure to bisphenol-A affects the function and proteome profile of
      F1 spermatozoa in adult mice. Environ Health Perspect 125:238-245;
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP378.

PMID- 27384533
TI  - A Place To Start.

PMID- 27384534
TI  - Capsule Commentary on Halm et al., Association Between Primary Care Visits and
      Colorectal Cancer Screening Outcomes in the Era of Population Health Outreach.

PMID- 27384535
TI  - Capsule Commentary on Jin et. al., Cost-Effectiveness of Primary HPV Testing,
      Cytology and Co-testing as Cervical Cancer Screening for Women above Age 30
      Years.

PMID- 27384536
TI  - Proposals to Conduct Randomized Controlled Trials Without Informed Consent: a
      Narrative Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individual informed consent from all participants is required for
      most randomized clinical trials (RCTs). However, some exceptions-for example,
      emergency research-are widely accepted. METHODS: The literature on various
      approaches to randomization without consent (RWOC) has never been systematically
      reviewed. Our goal was to provide a survey and narrative synthesis of published
      proposals for RWOC. We focused on proposals to randomize at least some
      participants in a study without first obtaining consent to randomization. This
      definition included studies that omitted informed consent entirely, omitted
      informed consent for selected patients (e.g., the control group), obtained
      informed consent to research but not to randomization, or only obtained informed
      consent to randomization after random assignment had already occurred. It omitted
      oral and staged consent processes that still obtain consent to randomization from
      all participants before randomization occurs. RESULTS: We identified ten
      different proposals for RWOC: two variants of cluster randomization, two variants
      of the Zelen design, consent to postponed information, two-stage randomized
      consent, cohort multiple RCT, emergency research, prompted optional randomization
      trials, and low-risk pragmatic RCTs without consent. CONCLUSION: Of all designs
      discussed here, only cluster randomized designs and emergency research are
      routinely used, with the justification that informed consent is infeasible in
      those settings. Other designs have raised concerns that they do not appropriately
      respect patient autonomy. Recent proposals have emphasized the importance for
      RWOC of demonstrating such respect through systematic patient engagement,
      transparency, and accountability, potentially in the context of learning health
      care systems.

PMID- 27384537
TI  - Mothers of Children with Autism have Different Rates of Cancer According to the
      Presence of Intellectual Disability in Their Child.
AB  - Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) are
      neurodevelopmental disorders with strong genetic components. Increasingly,
      research attention has focused on whether genetic factors conveying
      susceptibility for these conditions, also influence the risk of other health
      conditions, such as cancer. We examined the occurrence of hospital admissions and
      treatment/services for cancer in mothers of children with ASD with or without ID
      compared with other mothers. After linking Western Australian administrative
      health databases, we used Cox regression to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of
      any hospitalisations and treatment/services for cancer in these groups of
      mothers. Mothers of children with ASD without ID had greater risk of admissions
      for cancer (HR 1.29 [95 % CI 1.1, 1.7]), and for treatment/services in particular
      (HR 1.41 [95 % CI 1.0, 2.0]), than mothers of children with no ASD/ID, while
      mothers of children with ASD with ID were no more likely to have a cancer-related
      hospital admission than other mothers. Mothers of children with autism without ID
      had increased risk of cancer, which may relate to common genetic pathways.

PMID- 27384538
TI  - Immunogenicity Assessment of Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists in the Clinical
      Laboratory.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists are increasingly used for the
      treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunogenicity of these drugs
      poses therapeutic challenges such as therapeutic failure and adverse effects in a
      number of patients. Evaluation of clinical nonresponsiveness includes laboratory
      testing for drug concentrations and detecting the presence of antidrug
      antibodies. CONTENT: This review provides an overview of the immunogenicity of
      TNF antagonists and testing methodologies currently available for measuring
      antidrug antibody response, which decreases treatment efficacy and may result in
      therapeutic failure. This review summarizes methodologies such as binding assays,
      including ELISA and HPLC-based homogenous mobility shift assay, as well as
      functional cell-based assays such as reporter gene assay. Furthermore, based on
      the laboratory findings of testing for antidrug antibody response, as well as
      serum drug concentrations, an algorithm is provided for interpretation, based on
      the current available literature and guidelines, which may aid in determining
      optimal therapy after treatment failure. SUMMARY: Laboratory testing
      methodologies for measuring serum concentrations of TNF inhibitors and antidrug
      antibodies are clinically available. These methods provide an evidence-based,
      personalized approach for the workup of patients showing treatment failure, which
      saves time and resources, and contributes to improved patient care.

PMID- 27384539
TI  - Analytical Bias Exceeding Desirable Quality Goal in 4 out of 5 Common
      Immunoassays: Results of a Native Single Serum Sample External Quality Assessment
      Program for Cobalamin, Folate, Ferritin, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, and Free T4
      Analyses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to evaluate method differences for 5
      components analyzed by immunoassays, to explore whether the use of method
      dependent reference intervals may compensate for method differences, and to
      investigate commutability of external quality assessment (EQA) materials.
      METHODS: Twenty fresh native single serum samples, a fresh native serum pool,
      Nordic Federation of Clinical Chemistry Reference Serum X (serum X) (serum pool),
      and 2 EQA materials were sent to 38 laboratories for measurement of cobalamin,
      folate, ferritin, free T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by 5 different
      measurement procedures [Roche Cobas (n = 15), Roche Modular (n = 4), Abbott
      Architect (n = 8), Beckman Coulter Unicel (n = 2), and Siemens ADVIA Centaur (n =
      9)]. The target value for each component was calculated based on the mean of
      method means or measured by a reference measurement procedure (free T4). Quality
      specifications were based on biological variation. Local reference intervals were
      reported from all laboratories. RESULTS: Method differences that exceeded
      acceptable bias were found for all components except folate. Free T4 differences
      from the uncommonly used reference measurement procedure were large. Reference
      intervals differed between measurement procedures but also within 1 measurement
      procedure. The serum X material was commutable for all components and measurement
      procedures, whereas the EQA materials were noncommutable in 13 of 50 occasions (5
      components, 5 methods, 2 EQA materials). CONCLUSIONS: The bias between the
      measurement procedures was unacceptably large in 4/5 tested components.
      Traceability to reference materials as claimed by the manufacturers did not lead
      to acceptable harmonization. Adjustment of reference intervals in accordance with
      method differences and use of commutable EQA samples are not implemented
      commonly.

PMID- 27384540
TI  - The IRIDICA BAC BSI Assay: Rapid, Sensitive and Culture-Independent
      Identification of Bacteria and Candida in Blood.
AB  - Bloodstream infection (BSI) and sepsis are rising in incidence throughout the
      developed world. The spread of multi-drug resistant organisms presents increasing
      challenges to treatment. Surviving BSI is dependent on rapid and accurate
      identification of causal organisms, and timely application of appropriate
      antibiotics. Current culture-based methods used to detect and identify agents of
      BSI are often too slow to impact early therapy and may fail to detect relevant
      organisms in many positive cases. Existing methods for direct molecular detection
      of microbial DNA in blood are limited in either sensitivity (likely the result of
      small sample volumes) or in breadth of coverage, often because the PCR primers
      and probes used target only a few specific pathogens. There is a clear unmet need
      for a sensitive molecular assay capable of identifying the diverse bacteria and
      yeast associated with BSI directly from uncultured whole blood samples. We have
      developed a method of extracting DNA from larger volumes of whole blood (5 ml per
      sample), amplifying multiple widely conserved bacterial and fungal genes using a
      mismatch- and background-tolerant PCR chemistry, and identifying hundreds of
      diverse organisms from the amplified fragments on the basis of species-specific
      genetic signatures using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR/ESI-MS).
      We describe the analytical characteristics of the IRIDICA BAC BSI Assay and
      compare its pre-clinical performance to current standard-of-care methods in a
      collection of prospectively collected blood specimens from patients with symptoms
      of sepsis. The assay generated matching results in 80% of culture-positive cases
      (86% when common contaminants were excluded from the analysis), and twice the
      total number of positive detections. The described method is capable of providing
      organism identifications directly from uncultured blood in less than 8 hours.
      DISCLAIMER: The IRIDICA BAC BSI Assay is not available in the United States.

PMID- 27384541
TI  - Temporizin and Temporizin-1 Peptides as Novel Candidates for Eliminating
      Trypanosoma cruzi.
AB  - Tropical diseases caused by parasitic infections continue to cause socioeconomic
      distress worldwide. Among these, Chagas disease has become a great concern
      because of globalization. Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, there is an increasing
      need to discover new, more effective methods to manage infections that minimize
      disease onset. Antimicrobial peptides represent a possible solution to this
      challenge. As effector molecules of the innate immune response against pathogens,
      they are the first line of defense found in all multi-cellular organisms. In
      amphibians, temporins are a large family of antimicrobial peptides found in skin
      secretions. Their functional roles and modes of action present unique properties
      that indicate possible candidates for therapeutic applications. Here, we
      investigated the trypanocide activity of temporizin and temporizin-1. Temporizin
      is an artificial, hybrid peptide containing the N-terminal region of temporin A,
      the pore-forming region of gramicidin and a C-terminus consisting of alternating
      leucine and lysine. Temporizin-1 is a modification of temporizin with a reduction
      in the region responsible for insertion into membranes. Their activities were
      evaluated in a cell permeabilization assay by flow cytometry, an LDH release
      assay, electron microscopy, an MTT assay and patch clamp experiments. Both
      temporizin and temporizin-1 demonstrated toxicity against T. cruzi with
      temporizin displaying slightly more potency. At concentrations up to 100 MUg/ ml,
      both peptides exhibited low toxicity in J774 cells, a macrophage lineage cell
      line, and no toxicity was observed in mouse primary peritoneal macrophages. In
      contrast, the peptides showed some toxicity in rat adenoma GH3 cells and Jurkat
      human lymphoma cells with temporizin-1 displaying lower toxicity. In summary, a
      shortened form of the hybrid temporizin peptide, temporizin-1, was efficient at
      killing T. cruzi and it has low toxicity in wild-type mammalian cells. These data
      suggest that temporizin-1 might be a candidate for Chagas disease therapy. 

PMID- 27384543
TI  - A Molecular-Level Study of Metamorphosis and Strengthening of Gels by Spontaneous
      Polymorphic Transitions.
AB  - Many weak gels often undergo spontaneous transformation to form a stronger gel
      upon aging. Herein, the molecular-level changes that occur during the
      transformation of a weak gel into a strong gel are shown by using various time
      dependent techniques. Diol 1 forms a metastable transparent gel (TG) in a mixture
      of CH2 Cl2 /hexane and undergoes a fast transition to an opaque gel (OG)
      accompanied by gradual strengthening of the gel, as evidenced from time-dependent
      Tgel and rheology studies. Differential scanning calorimetry and
      thermogravimetric analyses suggest that these two gels correspond to two
      different polymorphs. By using FTIR spectroscopy and powder XRD experiments, it
      is shown that the TG-containing kinetic polymorph, with weakly hydrogen-bonded
      self-assembly, spontaneously changes into the OG containing a strongly hydrogen
      bonded stable polymorph and this leads to strengthening of the gel and
      metamorphosis. Time-dependent IR studies prove the gradual change in hydrogen
      bonding pattern. This is the first molecular-level study of polymorphic
      transitions in gels.

PMID- 27384542
TI  - Association of Marijuana Use With Blunted Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward
      Anticipation.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Marijuana use may alter ventral striatal response to reward, which
      might heighten susceptibility to substance use disorder. Longitudinal research is
      needed to determine the effects of marijuana use on neural function involved in
      reward response. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether marijuana use among young adults
      prospectively affects nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation during reward
      anticipation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eight young adults
      were recruited from the Michigan Longitudinal Study, an ongoing study of youth at
      high risk for substance use disorder and a contrast sample of control families.
      Participants underwent 3 consecutive functional magnetic resonance imaging scans
      at approximate ages of 20 (time 1), 22 (time 2), and 24 (time 3) years. Self
      report data on marijuana and other drug use occasions were collected annually
      since age 11 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Cross-lagged models were used to
      test the association of marijuana use with neural response in the NAcc to reward
      anticipation during a monetary incentive delay task controlling for sex, age,
      other substance use, and family history of substance use disorder. RESULTS: Of
      108 participants, 39 (36.1%) were female and mean (SD) age at baseline was 20.1
      (1.4) years. Greater marijuana use was associated with later blunted activation
      in the NAcc during reward anticipation (time 1 to time 2: beta = -0.26, P = .04;
      time 2 to time 3: beta = -0.25, P = .01). When the cross-lagged model was tested
      with the inclusion of previous and concurrent cigarette use, the effect of
      marijuana use from time 2 to time 3 remained significant (beta = -0.29; P = .005)
      and the effect of cigarette use was nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
      The findings of this study indicate that marijuana use is associated with
      decreased neural response in the NAcc during the anticipation of nondrug rewards.
      Over time, marijuana use may alter anticipatory reward processing in the NAcc,
      which may increase the risk for continued drug use and later addiction.

PMID- 27384544
TI  - B-N, B-O, and B-CN Bond Formation via Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of B
      Bromo-Carboranes.
AB  - Carboranes are boron-rich molecules that can be functionalized through metal
      catalyzed cross-coupling. Here, for the first time, we report the use of bromo
      carboranes in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling for efficient B-N, B-O, and
      unprecedented B-CN bond formation. In many cases bromo-carboranes outperform the
      traditionally utilized iodo-carborane species. This marked difference in
      reactivity is leveraged to circumvent multistep functionalization by directly
      coupling small nucleophiles (-OH, -NH2, and -CN) and multiple functional groups
      onto the boron-rich clusters.

PMID- 27384545
TI  - Understanding the Regulatory Roles of Natural Killer T Cells in Rheumatoid
      Arthritis: T Helper Cell Differentiation Dependent or Independent?
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic systemic autoimmune disease.
      This disease is thought to be caused by pathogenic T cells. Th1, Th2, Th17 and
      Treg cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA. These Th cells
      differentiate from CD4+ T cells primarily due to the effects of cytokines.
      Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of lymphocytes that can
      rapidly secrete massive amount of cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN
      gamma. Numerous studies showed that NKT cells can influence the differentiation
      of CD4+ T cells via cytokines in vitro. These findings suggest that NKT cells
      play an important role in RA by polarizing Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg cells. In view
      of the complexity of RA, we discussed whether NKT cells really influence the
      development of RA through regulating the differentiation of Th cells. 

PMID- 27384546
TI  - Erratum to: The laparoscopic modified Sugarbaker technique is safe and has a low
      recurrence rate: a multicenter cohort study.

PMID- 27384547
TI  - The use of patient factors to improve the prediction of operative duration using
      laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Reliable prediction of operative duration is essential for improving
      patient and care team satisfaction, optimizing resource utilization and reducing
      cost. Current operative scheduling systems are unreliable and contribute to
      costly over- and underestimation of operative time. We hypothesized that the
      inclusion of patient-specific factors would improve the accuracy in predicting
      operative duration. METHODS: We reviewed all elective laparoscopic
      cholecystectomies performed at a single institution between 01/2007 and 06/2013.
      Concurrent procedures were excluded. Univariate analysis evaluated the effect of
      age, gender, BMI, ASA, laboratory values, smoking, and comorbidities on operative
      duration. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed using the
      significant factors (p < 0.05). The patient factors model was compared to the
      traditional surgical scheduling system estimates, which uses historical surgeon
      specific and procedure-specific operative duration. External validation was done
      using the ACS-NSQIP database (n = 11,842). RESULTS: A total of 1801 laparoscopic
      cholecystectomy patients met inclusion criteria. Female sex was associated with
      reduced operative duration (-7.5 min, p < 0.001 vs. male sex) while increasing
      BMI (+5.1 min BMI 25-29.9, +6.9 min BMI 30-34.9, +10.4 min BMI 35-39.9, +17.0 min
      BMI 40 + , all p < 0.05 vs. normal BMI), increasing ASA (+7.4 min ASA III, +38.3
      min ASA IV, all p < 0.01 vs. ASA I), and elevated liver function tests (+7.9 min,
      p < 0.01 vs. normal) were predictive of increased operative duration on
      univariate analysis. A model was then constructed using these predictive factors.
      The traditional surgical scheduling system was poorly predictive of actual
      operative duration (R 2 = 0.001) compared to the patient factors model (R 2 =
      0.08). The model remained predictive on external validation (R 2 = 0.14).The
      addition of surgeon as a variable in the institutional model further improved
      predictive ability of the model (R 2 = 0.18). CONCLUSION: The use of routinely
      available pre-operative patient factors improves the prediction of operative
      duration during cholecystectomy.

PMID- 27384549
TI  - Multivariate Chemical Image Fusion of Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging
      Modalities.
AB  - Chemical image fusion refers to the combination of chemical images from different
      modalities for improved characterisation of a sample. Challenges associated with
      existing approaches include: difficulties with imaging the same sample area or
      having identical pixels across microscopic modalities, lack of prior knowledge of
      sample composition and lack of knowledge regarding correlation between modalities
      for a given sample. In addition, the multivariate structure of chemical images is
      often overlooked when fusion is carried out. We address these challenges by
      proposing a framework for multivariate chemical image fusion of vibrational
      spectroscopic imaging modalities, demonstrating the approach for image
      registration, fusion and resolution enhancement of chemical images obtained with
      IR and Raman microscopy. 

PMID- 27384548
TI  - The effect of statins on prostate cancer recurrence and mortality after
      definitive therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - In this work, we aim to further analyze the association of statins use with
      biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PCa) and PCa-specific mortality
      after definitive therapy. A systematic literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and
      EMBASE through Jul 2015 was conducted. Pooled Hazard ratio (HR) estimates with
      corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects
      model. STATA version 10 (Stata corporation, college station, TX) was employed to
      conduct all statistical analyses. A total of 22 and 8 studies contributed to the
      biochemical recurrence analysis and PCa-specific mortality, respectively. 13
      trials were included for BCR-free survival analysis. The combined result showed
      statins users had lowered 12% BCR risk of PCa compared with non-users (HR = 0.88,
      95%CI: 0.765-0.998) (p < 0.05). The association was null among the men who
      underwent radical prostatectomy as primary therapy (HR = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.83-1.09),
      while the improved outcomes had be seen among patients who received radiation
      therapy (HR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.48-0.86). After excluding the patients undergoing
      ADT, participants did not benefit from statins use (HR = 0.94, 95%CI: 0.77-1.11).
      Meanwhile, long-term statins using did not alter recurrence risk. A lower risk of
      prostate cancer-specific mortality was observed among statins users (HR = 0.68,
      95%CI: 0.56-0.80). There was a plausible trend towards increasing the BCR-free
      survival rate among statins users.

PMID- 27384550
TI  - Carlina acaulis Exhibits Antioxidant Activity and Counteracts Abeta Toxicity in
      Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Carlina acaulis is a medicinal plant that has shown antioxidant activity in in
      vitro studies, but to date no corresponding in vivo data is available. Therefore,
      in the present study the antioxidant activity and its impact in counteracting
      Abeta toxicity were studied in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. A
      dichloromethane extract of the roots of C. acaulis was prepared and characterised
      via gas-liquid-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (GLC-MS). The in vitro
      antioxidant activity was confirmed via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl assay. The
      extract was further separated by thin layer chromatography into two fractions,
      one of which was a fraction of the dichloromethane extract of C. acaulis
      containing mostly Carlina oxide (CarOx). Different strains of C. elegans were
      employed to study the expression of hsp-16.2p::GFP as a marker for oxidative
      stress, delocalisation of the transcription factor DAF-16 as a possible mechanism
      of antioxidant activity, the effect of the drug under lethal oxidative stress,
      and the effect against beta-amyloid (Abeta) toxicity in a paralysis assay. The C.
      acaulis extract and CarOx showed high antioxidant activity (stress reduction by
      47% and 64%, respectively) in C. elegans and could activate the transcription
      factor DAF-16 which directs the expression of anti-stress genes. In paralysis
      assay, only the total extract was significantly active, delaying paralysis by 1.6
      h. In conclusion, in vivo antioxidant activity was shown for C. acaulis for the
      first time in the C. elegans model. The active antioxidant compound is Carlina
      oxide. This activity, however, is not sufficient to counteract Abeta toxicity.
      Other mechanisms and possibly other active compounds are involved in this effect.

PMID- 27384551
TI  - Controlled Release of Nor-beta-lapachone by PLGA Microparticles: A Strategy for
      Improving Cytotoxicity against Prostate Cancer Cells.
AB  - Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in males and it has
      become a major worldwide public health problem. This study characterizes the
      encapsulation of Nor-beta-lapachone (NbetaL) in poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)
      (PLGA) microcapsules and evaluates the cytotoxicity of the resulting drug-loaded
      system against metastatic prostate cancer cells. The microcapsules presented
      appropriate morphological features and the presence of drug molecules in the
      microcapsules was confirmed by different methods. Spherical microcapsules with a
      size range of 1.03 +/- 0.46 MUm were produced with an encapsulation efficiency of
      approximately 19%. Classical molecular dynamics calculations provided an estimate
      of the typical adsorption energies of NbetaL on PLGA. Finally, the cytotoxic
      activity of NbetaL against PC3M human prostate cancer cells was demonstrated to
      be significantly enhanced when delivered by PLGA microcapsules in comparison with
      the free drug. 

PMID- 27384552
TI  - Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Benzothiazole Derivatives as
      Selective PI3Kbeta Inhibitors.
AB  - A novel series of PI3Kbeta (Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases beta subunit)
      inhibitors with the structure of benzothiazole scaffold have been designed and
      synthesized. All the compounds have been evaluated for inhibitory activities
      against PI3Kalpha, beta, gamma, delta and mTOR (Mammalian target of rapamycin).
      Two superior compounds have been further evaluated for the IC50 values against
      PI3Ks/mTOR. The most promising compound 11 displays excellent anti-proliferative
      activity and selectivity in multiple cancer cell lines, especially in the
      prostate cancer cell line. Docking studies indicate the morpholine group in 2
      position of benzothiazole is necessary for the potent antitumor activity, which
      confirms our design is reasonable. 

PMID- 27384553
TI  - Design and Stereochemical Research (DFT, ECD and Crystal Structure) of Novel
      Bedaquiline Analogs as Potent Antituberculosis Agents.
AB  - A series of bedaquiline analogs containing H-bond donors were designed as anti
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis drugs. A pair of diastereoisomers (R/S- and S/S
      isomers) was selected from these designed compounds for synthetic and
      stereochemical research. The title compounds were synthesized from chiral
      precursors for the first time and the absolute configurations (ACs) were
      determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) with quantum chemical
      calculations. Moreover, a single crystal of the S/S compound was obtained for X
      ray diffraction analysis, and the crystal structure showed high consistency with
      the geometry, confirming the reliability of ACs obtained by ECD analyses and
      theoretical simulation. Furthermore, the effect of stereochemistry on the anti
      tuberculosis activity was investigated. The MICs of the R/S- and S/S-isomers
      against Mycobacterium phlei 1180 are 9.6 and 32.1 MUg.mL(-1), respectively.
      Finally, molecular docking was carried out to evaluate the inhibitory nature and
      binding mode differences between diastereoisomers. 

PMID- 27384554
TI  - Retraction: A. Amedei et al. Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Cytokines in
      Pathogenesis and in Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 13438-13460.
AB  - We have been made aware that the title paper [1] contains text taken verbatim
      from previously published articles by Shyi-Jou Chen et al. [2] and Ghislain
      Opdenakker and Jo Van Damme [3].[...].

PMID- 27384555
TI  - Zinc as Allosteric Ion Channel Modulator: Ionotropic Receptors as
      Metalloproteins.
AB  - Zinc is an essential metal to life. This transition metal is a structural
      component of many proteins and is actively involved in the catalytic activity of
      cell enzymes. In either case, these zinc-containing proteins are metalloproteins.
      However, the amino acid residues that serve as ligands for metal coordination are
      not necessarily the same in structural proteins compared to enzymes. While
      crystals of structural proteins that bind zinc reveal a higher preference for
      cysteine sulfhydryls rather than histidine imidazole rings, catalytic enzymes
      reveal the opposite, i.e., a greater preference for the histidines over cysteines
      for catalysis, plus the influence of carboxylic acids. Based on this paradigm, we
      reviewed the putative ligands of zinc in ionotropic receptors, where zinc has
      been described as an allosteric modulator of channel receptors. Although these
      receptors do not strictly qualify as metalloproteins since they do not normally
      bind zinc in structural domains, they do transitorily bind zinc at allosteric
      sites, modifying transiently the receptor channel's ion permeability. The present
      contribution summarizes current information showing that zinc allosteric
      modulation of receptor channels occurs by the preferential metal coordination to
      imidazole rings as well as to the sulfhydryl groups of cysteine in addition to
      the carboxyl group of acid residues, as with enzymes and catalysis. It is
      remarkable that most channels, either voltage-sensitive or transmitter-gated
      receptor channels, are susceptible to zinc modulation either as positive or
      negative regulators. 

PMID- 27384556
TI  - Molecular Signals Controlling the Inhibition of Nodulation by Nitrate in Medicago
      truncatula.
AB  - The presence of nitrogen inhibits legume nodule formation, but the mechanism of
      this inhibition is poorly understood. We found that 2.5 mM nitrate and above
      significantly inhibited nodule initiation but not root hair curling in Medicago
      trunatula. We analyzed protein abundance in M. truncatula roots after treatment
      with either 0 or 2.5 mM nitrate in the presence or absence of its symbiont
      Sinorhizobium meliloti after 1, 2 and 5 days following inoculation. Two
      dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry was used to
      identify 106 differentially accumulated proteins responding to nitrate addition,
      inoculation or time point. While flavonoid-related proteins were less abundant in
      the presence of nitrate, addition of Nod gene-inducing flavonoids to the
      Sinorhizobium culture did not rescue nodulation. Accumulation of auxin in
      response to rhizobia, which is also controlled by flavonoids, still occurred in
      the presence of nitrate, but did not localize to a nodule initiation site.
      Several of the changes included defense- and redox-related proteins, and
      visualization of reactive oxygen species indicated that their induction in root
      hairs following Sinorhizobium inoculation was inhibited by nitrate. In summary,
      the presence of nitrate appears to inhibit nodulation via multiple pathways,
      including changes to flavonoid metabolism, defense responses and redox changes. 

PMID- 27384558
TI  - Mechanisms Underlying the Immune Response Generated by an Oral Vibrio cholerae
      Vaccine.
AB  - Mechanistic details underlying the resulting protective immune response generated
      by mucosal vaccines remain largely unknown. We investigated the involvement of
      Toll-like receptor signaling in the induction of humoral immune responses
      following oral immunization with Dukoral, comparing wild type mice with TLR-2-,
      TLR-4-, MyD88- and Trif-deficient mice. Although all groups generated similar
      levels of IgG antibodies, the proliferation of CD4+ T-cells in response to V.
      cholerae was shown to be mediated via MyD88/TLR signaling, and independently of
      Trif signaling. The results demonstrate differential requirements for generation
      of immune responses. These results also suggest that TLR pathways may be
      modulators of the quality of immune response elicited by the Dukoral vaccine.
      Determining the critical signaling pathways involved in the induction of immune
      response to this vaccine would be beneficial, and could contribute to more
      precisely-designed versions of other oral vaccines in the future. 

PMID- 27384557
TI  - Aberrant Lipid Metabolism Promotes Prostate Cancer: Role in Cell Survival under
      Hypoxia and Extracellular Vesicles Biogenesis.
AB  - Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading malignancy among men in United States.
      Recent studies have focused on the identification of novel metabolic
      characteristics of PCa, aimed at devising better preventive and therapeutic
      approaches. PCa cells have revealed unique metabolic features such as higher
      expression of several enzymes associated with de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid up
      take and beta-oxidation. This aberrant lipid metabolism has been reported to be
      important for PCa growth, hormone-refractory progression and treatment
      resistance. Furthermore, PCa cells effectively use lipid metabolism under adverse
      environmental conditions for their survival advantage. Specifically, hypoxic
      cancer cells accumulate higher amount of lipids through a combination of
      metabolic alterations including high glutamine and fatty acid uptake, as well as
      decreased fatty acid oxidation. These stored lipids serve to protect cancer cells
      from oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and play important roles in
      fueling cancer cell proliferation following re-oxygenation. Lastly, cellular
      lipids have also been implicated in extracellular vesicle biogenesis, which play
      a vital role in intercellular communication. Overall, the new understanding of
      lipid metabolism in recent years has offered several novel targets to better
      target and manage clinical PCa. 

PMID- 27384559
TI  - Digital Gene Expression Analysis of Ponkan Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in
      Response to Asia Citrus Psyllid-Vectored Huanglongbing Infection.
AB  - Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), the most destructive citrus disease, can be
      transmitted by psyllids and diseased budwoods. Although the final symptoms of the
      two main HLB transmission ways were similar and hard to distinguish, the host
      responses might be different. In this study, the global gene changes in leaves of
      ponkan (Citrus reticulata) mandarin trees following psyllid-transmission of HLB
      were analyzed at the early symptomatic stage (13 weeks post inoculation, wpi) and
      late symptomatic stage (26 wpi) using digital gene expression (DGE) profiling. At
      13 wpi, 2452 genes were downregulated while only 604 genes were upregulated in
      HLB infected ponkan leaves but no pathway enrichment was identified. Gene
      function analysis showed impairment in defense at the early stage of infection.
      At late stage of 26 wpi, however, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved
      in carbohydrate metabolism, plant defense, hormone signaling, secondary
      metabolism, transcription regulation were overwhelmingly upregulated, indicating
      that the defense reactions were eventually activated. The results indicated that
      HLB bacterial infection significantly influenced ponkan gene expression, and a
      delayed response of the host to the fast growing bacteria might be responsible
      for its failure in fighting against the bacteria. 

PMID- 27384560
TI  - Intra-Articular Injections of Platelet-Rich Plasma versus Hyaluronic Acid in the
      Treatment of Osteoarthritic Knee Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial in the Context
      of the Spanish National Health Care System.
AB  - Intra-articular injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been established as a
      suitable treatment for knee osteoarthritis. Here, we present a double-blind
      randomized controlled clinical trial, conducted in a public Hospital of the
      Spanish National Health Care System, to evaluate the efficacy of injecting
      autologous PRP versus hyaluronic acid (HA) in knee osteoarthritis. PRP was
      manufactured in Malaga's Regional Blood Center (Spain). Patients that met the
      eligibility criteria were randomized into a PRP group or a HA group. Pain and
      functional improvements were assessed pre- and post-treatment (three and six
      months follow-up) using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); the Knee and
      Osteoarthritis Outcome System (KOOS) scale and the European Quality of Life scale
      (EUROQOL). Both groups presented pain reduction at six months. The VAS scores for
      the PRP group improved by at least 50% from their initial value, particularly at
      three months following the final infiltration, with results resembling those of
      the HA group at six months. PRP was more effective in patients with lower
      osteoarthritis grades. Both treatments improved pain in knee osteoarthritis
      patients without statistically significant differences between them. However, PRP
      injection was proved to improve pain three months after the final infiltration
      and to be more effective in lower osteoarthritis grades. 

PMID- 27384561
TI  - Determination of Free-Form and Peptide Bound Pyrraline in the Commercial Drinks
      Enriched with Different Protein Hydrolysates.
AB  - Pyrraline, a causative factor for the recent epidemics of diabetes and
      cardiovascular disease, is also employed as an indicator to evaluate heat damage
      and formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in foods. Peptide
      enriched drinks (PEDs) are broadly consumed worldwide due to rapid rate of
      absorption and perceived health effects. It can be hypothesized that PED is an
      important source of pyrraline, especially peptide bound pyrraline (Pep-Pyr). In
      this study we determined free-form pyrraline (Free-Pyr) and Pep-Pyr in drinks
      enriched with whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) and
      collagen protein hydrolysate (CPH). A detection method was developed using
      ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detector coupled with
      tandem mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction (SPE). The SPE led to
      excellent recovery rates ranging between 93.2% and 98.5% and a high
      reproducibility with relative standard deviations (RSD) of <5%. The limits of
      detection and quantification obtained were 30.4 and 70.3 ng/mL, respectively. Pep
      Pyr was identified as the most abundant form (above 96 percent) of total
      pyrraline, whereas Free-Pyr was present in a small proportion (less than four
      percent) of total pyrraline. The results indicate that PED is an important
      extrinsic source of pyrraline, especially Pep-Pyr. As compared with CPH- and SPH
      enriched drinks, WPH-enriched drinks contained high content of Pep-Pyr. The Pep
      Pyr content is associated with the distribution of peptide lengths and the amino
      acid compositions of protein in PEDs. 

PMID- 27384563
TI  - LEA Detection and Tracking Method for Color-Independent Visual-MIMO.
AB  - Communication performance in the color-independent visual-multiple input multiple
      output (visual-MIMO) technique is deteriorated by light emitting array (LEA)
      detection and tracking errors in the received image because the image sensor
      included in the camera must be used as the receiver in the visual-MIMO system. In
      this paper, in order to improve detection reliability, we first set up the color
      space-based region of interest (ROI) in which an LEA is likely to be placed, and
      then use the Harris corner detection method. Next, we use Kalman filtering for
      robust tracking by predicting the most probable location of the LEA when the
      relative position between the camera and the LEA varies. In the last step of our
      proposed method, the perspective projection is used to correct the distorted
      image, which can improve the symbol decision accuracy. Finally, through numerical
      simulation, we show the possibility of robust detection and tracking of the LEA,
      which results in a symbol error rate (SER) performance improvement. 

PMID- 27384564
TI  - On the Use of a Signal Quality Index Applying at Tracking Stage Level to Assist
      the RAIM System of a GNSS Receiver.
AB  - In this work, a novel signal processing method is proposed to assist the Receiver
      Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) module used in a receiver of Global
      Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to improve the integrity of the estimated
      position. The proposed technique represents an evolution of the Multipath
      Distance Detector (MPDD), thanks to the introduction of a Signal Quality Index
      (SQI), which is both a metric able to evaluate the goodness of the signal, and a
      parameter used to improve the performance of the RAIM modules. Simulation results
      show the effectiveness of the proposed method. 

PMID- 27384562
TI  - Less Is More: Substrate Reduction Therapy for Lysosomal Storage Disorders.
AB  - Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of rare, life-threatening genetic
      disorders, usually caused by a dysfunction in one of the many enzymes responsible
      for intralysosomal digestion. Even though no cure is available for any LSD, a few
      treatment strategies do exist. Traditionally, efforts have been mainly targeting
      the functional loss of the enzyme, by injection of a recombinant formulation, in
      a process called enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), with no impact on
      neuropathology. This ineffectiveness, together with its high cost and lifelong
      dependence is amongst the main reasons why additional therapeutic approaches are
      being (and have to be) investigated: chaperone therapy; gene enhancement; gene
      therapy; and, alternatively, substrate reduction therapy (SRT), whose aim is to
      prevent storage not by correcting the original enzymatic defect but, instead, by
      decreasing the levels of biosynthesis of the accumulating substrate(s). Here we
      review the concept of substrate reduction, highlighting the major breakthroughs
      in the field and discussing the future of SRT, not only as a monotherapy but
      also, especially, as complementary approach for LSDs. 

PMID- 27384565
TI  - Exchange Bias Tuning for Magnetoresistive Sensors by Inclusion of Non-Magnetic
      Impurities.
AB  - The fine control of the exchange coupling strength and blocking temperature
      ofexchange bias systems is an important requirement for the development of
      magnetoresistive sensors with two pinned electrodes. In this paper, we
      successfully tune these parameters in top- and bottom-pinned systems, comprising
      5 nm thick Co40Fe40B20 and 6.5 nm thick Ir22Mn78 films. By inserting Ru
      impurities at different concentrations in the Ir22Mn78 layer, blocking
      temperatures ranging from 220  degrees C to 100  degrees C and exchange bias
      fields from 200 Oe to 60 Oe are obtained. This method is then applied to the
      fabrication of sensors based on magnetic tunneling junctions consisting of a
      pinned synthetic antiferromagnet reference layer and a top-pinned sensing layer.
      This work paves the way towards the development of new sensors with finely tuned
      magnetic anisotropies. 

PMID- 27384566
TI  - A Channelization-Based DOA Estimation Method for Wideband Signals.
AB  - In this paper, we propose a novel direction of arrival (DOA) estimation method
      for wideband signals with sensor arrays. The proposed method splits the wideband
      array output into multiple frequency sub-channels and estimates the signal
      parameters using a digital channelization receiver. Based on the output sub
      channels, a channelization-based incoherent signal subspace method
      (Channelization-ISM) and a channelization-based test of orthogonality of
      projected subspaces method (Channelization-TOPS) are proposed. Channelization-ISM
      applies narrowband signal subspace methods on each sub-channel independently.
      Then the arithmetic mean or geometric mean of the estimated DOAs from each sub
      channel gives the final result. Channelization-TOPS measures the orthogonality
      between the signal and the noise subspaces of the output sub-channels to estimate
      DOAs. The proposed channelization-based method isolates signals in different
      bandwidths reasonably and improves the output SNR. It outperforms the
      conventional ISM and TOPS methods on estimation accuracy and dynamic range,
      especially in real environments. Besides, the parallel processing architecture
      makes it easy to implement on hardware. A wideband digital array radar (DAR)
      using direct wideband radio frequency (RF) digitization is presented. Experiments
      carried out in a microwave anechoic chamber with the wideband DAR are presented
      to demonstrate the performance. The results verify the effectiveness of the
      proposed method. 

PMID- 27384567
TI  - Design of Helical Capacitance Sensor for Holdup Measurement in Two-Phase
      Stratified Flow: A Sinusoidal Function Approach.
AB  - A 360 degrees  twisted helical capacitance sensor was developed for holdup
      measurement in horizontal two-phase stratified flow. Instead of suppressing
      nonlinear response, the sensor was optimized in such a way that a 'sine-like'
      function was displayed on top of the linear function. This concept of design had
      been implemented and verified in both software and hardware. A good agreement was
      achieved between the finite element model of proposed design and the
      approximation model (pure sinusoidal function), with a maximum difference of +/
      1.2%. In addition, the design parameters of the sensor were analysed and
      investigated. It was found that the error in symmetry of the sinusoidal function
      could be minimized by adjusting the pitch of helix. The experiments of air-water
      and oil-water stratified flows were carried out and validated the sinusoidal
      relationship with a maximum difference of +/-1.2% and +/-1.3% for the range of
      water holdup from 0.15 to 0.85. The proposed design concept therefore may pose a
      promising alternative for the optimization of capacitance sensor design. 

PMID- 27384568
TI  - Multi-Sensor Integration to Map Odor Distribution for the Detection of Chemical
      Sources.
AB  - This paper addresses the problem of mapping odor distribution derived from a
      chemical source using multi-sensor integration and reasoning system design. Odor
      localization is the problem of finding the source of an odor or other volatile
      chemical. Most localization methods require a mobile vehicle to follow an odor
      plume along its entire path, which is time consuming and may be especially
      difficult in a cluttered environment. To solve both of the above challenges, this
      paper proposes a novel algorithm that combines data from odor and anemometer
      sensors, and combine sensors' data at different positions. Initially, a multi
      sensor integration method, together with the path of airflow was used to map the
      pattern of odor particle movement. Then, more sensors are introduced at specific
      regions to determine the probable location of the odor source. Finally, the
      results of odor source location simulation and a real experiment are presented. 

PMID- 27384569
TI  - Odanacatib, a Cathepsin K Cysteine Protease Inhibitor, Kills Hookworm In Vivo.
AB  - Hookworm infection is chief among soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) for the
      chronic morbidly inflicted. Deworming via mass drug administration (MDA) programs
      most often employs single doses of benzimidazole drugs to which resistance is a
      constant threat. To discover new drugs, we employ a hamster model of hookworm
      infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum and use albendazole (ABZ; 10 mg/kg orally)
      as the gold standard therapy. We previously showed that a single oral 100 mg/kg
      dose of the cathepsin cysteine protease (CP) inhibitor, K11777, offers near cure
      of infection that is associated with a 95% reduction in the parasite's resident
      CP activity. We confirm these findings here and demonstrate that odanacatib
      (ODN), Merck's cathepsin K inhibitor and post-clinical Phase III drug candidate
      for treatment of osteoporosis, decreases worm burden by 73% at the same dose with
      a 51% reduction in the parasite's CP activity. Unlike K11777, ODN is a modest
      inhibitor of both mammalian cathepsin B and the predominant cathepsin B-like
      activity measureable in hookworm extracts. ODN's somewhat unexpected efficacy,
      therefore, may be due to its excellent pharmacokinetic (PK) profile which allows
      for sustained plasma exposure and, possibly, sufficient perturbation of hookworm
      cathepsin B activity to be detrimental to survival. Accordingly, identifying a CP
      inhibitor(s) that combines the inhibition potency of K11777 and the PK attributes
      of ODN could lead to a drug that is effective at a lower dose. Achieving this
      would potentially provide an alternative or back-up to the current anti-hookworm
      drug, albendazole. 

PMID- 27384570
TI  - Heparin: Past, Present, and Future.
AB  - Heparin, the most widely used anticoagulant drug in the world today, remains an
      animal-derived product with the attendant risks of adulteration and
      contamination. A contamination crisis in 2007-2008 increased the impetus to
      provide non-animal-derived sources of heparin, produced under cGMP conditions. In
      addition, recent studies suggest that heparin may have significant antineoplastic
      activity, separate and distinct from its anticoagulant activity, while other
      studies indicate a role for heparin in treating inflammation, infertility, and
      infectious disease. A variety of strategies have been proposed to produce a
      bioengineered heparin. In this review, we discuss several of these strategies
      including microbial production, mammalian cell production, and chemoenzymatic
      modification. We also propose strategies for creating "designer" heparins and
      heparan-sulfates with various biochemical and physiological properties. 

PMID- 27384571
TI  - Functions of Cationic Host Defense Peptides in Immunity.
AB  - Cationic host defense peptides are a widely distributed family of
      immunomodulatory molecules with antimicrobial properties. The biological
      functions of these peptides include the ability to influence innate and adaptive
      immunity for efficient resolution of infections and simultaneous modulation of
      inflammatory responses. This unique dual bioactivity of controlling infections
      and inflammation has gained substantial attention in the last three decades and
      consequent interest in the development of these peptide mimics as
      immunomodulatory therapeutic candidates. In this review, we summarize the current
      literature on the wide range of functions of cationic host defense peptides in
      the context of the mammalian immune system. 

PMID- 27384572
TI  - Economic Burden of Hospitalization Due to Injuries in North India: A Cohort
      Study.
AB  - There is little documentation of the potential catastrophic effects of injuries
      on families due to out of pocket (OOP) expenditure for medical care. Patients who
      were admitted for at least one night in a tertiary care hospital of Chandigarh
      city due to injury were recruited and were followed-up at 1, 2 and 12 months
      after discharge to collect information on OOP expenditure. Out of the total 227
      patients, 60% (137/227) had sustained road traffic injuries (RTI). The average
      OOP expenditure per hospitalisation and up to 12 months post discharge was USD
      388 (95% CI: 332-441) and USD 1046 (95% CI: 871-1221) respectively. Mean OOP
      expenditure for RTI and non-RTI cases during hospitalisation was USD 400 (95% CI:
      344-456) and USD 369 (95% CI: 313-425) respectively. The prevalence of
      catastrophic expenditure was 30%, and was significantly higher among those
      belonging to the lowest income quartile (OR-26.50, 95% CI: 6.70-105.07, p-value:
      <0.01) and with an inpatient stay greater than 7 days (OR-10.60, 95% CI: 4.21
      26.64, p-value: <0.01). High OOP expenditure for treatment of injury puts a
      significant economic burden on families. Measures aimed at increasing public
      health spending for prevention of injury and providing financial risk protection
      are urgently required in India.

PMID- 27384574
TI  - Integrating Health Research into Disaster Response: The New NIH Disaster Research
      Response Program.
AB  - The need for high quality and timely disaster research has been a topic of great
      discussion over the past several years. Recent high profile incidents have
      exposed gaps in knowledge about the health impacts of disasters or the benefits
      of specific interventions-such was the case with the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill and
      recent events associated with lead-contaminated drinking water in Flint,
      Michigan, and the evolving health crisis related to Zika virus disease. Our
      inability to perform timely research to inform the community about health and
      safety risks or address specific concerns further heightens anxiety and distrust.
      Since nearly all disasters, whether natural or man-made, have an environmental
      health component, it is critical that specialized research tools and trained
      researchers be readily available to evaluate complex exposures and health
      effects, especially for vulnerable sub-populations such as the elderly, children,
      pregnant women, and those with socioeconomic and environmental disparities. In
      response, the National Institute of Environmental Health Science has initiated a
      Disaster Research Response Program to create new tools, protocols, networks of
      researchers, training exercises, and outreach involving diverse groups of
      stakeholders to help overcome the challenges of disaster research and to improve
      our ability to collect vital information to reduce the adverse health impacts and
      improve future preparedness.

PMID- 27384573
TI  - Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Is Adversely Associated with Childhood
      Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
AB  - Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common
      childhood neurobehavioral conditions. Evidence of the negative effects of sugar
      sweetened beverages (SSBs) on mental health has not been convincing, although a
      few studies have found an association between high SSB levels and attention
      problems in children. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that SSB
      consumption is associated with ADHD among children. Doctor-diagnosed ADHD cases
      (n = 173) and non-ADHD controls (n = 159) between age 4 to 15 were recruited. SSB
      consumption, socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the children, as
      well as of their mothers' characteristics during pregnancy, were collected using
      a questionnaire. Blood lead levels and polymorphisms of two commonly verified
      dopaminergic-related genes (the D4 dopamine receptor gene DRD4 and the dopamine
      transporter gene DAT1) were also analyzed. There was a dose-response relationship
      between SSB consumption and ADHD. After covariates were adjusted, children who
      consumed SSBs at moderate levels and high levels had 1.36 and 3.69 odds,
      respectively, of having ADHD, compared with those who did not consume SSBs (p for
      trend < 0.05). Similar results were obtained when females were excluded. Our
      findings highlighted the adverse correlation between SSB consumption and ADHD and
      indicated a dose-response effect even after covariates were adjusted.

PMID- 27384575
TI  - Noise Exposure of Teachers in Nursery Schools-Evaluation of Measures for Noise
      Reduction When Dropping DUPLO Toy Bricks into Storage Cases by Sound Analyses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although noise is one of the leading work-related health risk factors
      for teachers, many nursery schools lack sufficient noise reduction measures.
      METHODS: This intervention study evaluated the noise exposure of nursery school
      teachers when dropping DUPLO toy bricks into storage cases. Sound analyses of the
      impact included assessment of the maximum sound pressure level (LAFmax) as well
      as frequency analyses with 1/3 octave band filter. For the purpose of
      standardization, a customized gadget was developed. Recordings were performed in
      11 cases of different materials and designs to assess the impact on sound level
      reduction. Thereby, the acoustic effects of three damping materials (foam rubber,
      carpet, and PU-foam) were investigated. RESULTS: The lowest LAFmax was measured
      in cases consisting of "metal grid" (90.71 dB) or of a woven willow "basket"
      (91.61 dB), whereas a case of "aluminium" (103.34 dB) generated the highest
      impact LAFmax. The frequency analyses determined especially low LAFmax in the
      frequency bands between 80 and 2500 Hz in cases designs "metal grid" and
      "basket". The insertion of PU-foam achieved the most significant attenuation of
      LAFmax (-13.88 dB) and, in the frequency analyses, the best sound damping.
      CONCLUSION: The dropping of DUPLO bricks in cases contributes to the high noise
      level in nursery schools, but measured LAFmax show no evidence for the danger of
      acute hearing loss. However, continuous exposure may lead to functional
      impairment of the hair cells and trigger stress reactions. We recommend noise
      reduction by utilizing cases of woven "basket" with an insert of PU-foam.

PMID- 27384576
TI  - The Seoul Metropolitan Lifestyle Intervention Program and Metabolic Syndrome
      Risk: A Retrospective Database Study.
AB  - Since 2011, the Seoul Metabolic Syndrome Management (SMESY) program has been
      employed as a community-wide, lifestyle modification intervention in Seoul,
      Korea. We aimed to determine if the SMESY intervention would be significantly
      associated with improvements in metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. This
      retrospective database study included data from 25,449 participants aged 30-64
      years between 1 January 2013 and 30 June 2013. In the SMESY program, 3 risk
      stratified groups by the number of MetS factors were followed for 12 months with
      different intensity and timeframe of intervention. Among the high-(n = 7116) and
      moderate-risk groups (n = 14,762), all MetS factors (except triglycerides among
      the moderate-risk group) as well as MetS z-scores significantly improved over 12
      months (all p < 0.05). Among the low-risk group (n = 3571), all factors
      aggravated significantly over 12 months (all p < 0.05). We observed temporal
      associations between the implementation of the SMESY program and improvements in
      MetS risk factors. However, such improvements differed by risk-stratified group,
      being most robust for the high-risk group, modest for the moderate-risk group,
      and aggravated for the low-risk group. Thus, more intensive interventions
      targeting different risk-stratified groups are needed, given a better
      understanding of the increase in risk factors observed in the low-risk group.

PMID- 27384578
TI  - Newcastle Disease Virus as a Vaccine Vector for Development of Human and
      Veterinary Vaccines.
AB  - Viral vaccine vectors have shown to be effective in inducing a robust immune
      response against the vaccine antigen. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian
      paramyxovirus, is a promising vaccine vector against human and veterinary
      pathogens. Avirulent NDV strains LaSota and B1 have long track records of safety
      and efficacy. Therefore, use of these strains as vaccine vectors is highly safe
      in avian and non-avian species. NDV replicates efficiently in the respiratory
      track of the host and induces strong local and systemic immune responses against
      the foreign antigen. As a vaccine vector, NDV can accommodate foreign sequences
      with a good degree of stability and as a RNA virus, there is limited possibility
      for recombination with host cell DNA. Using NDV as a vaccine vector in humans
      offers several advantages over other viral vaccine vectors. NDV is safe in humans
      due to host range restriction and there is no pre-existing antibody to NDV in the
      human population. NDV is antigenically distinct from common human pathogens. NDV
      replicates to high titer in a cell line acceptable for human vaccine development.
      Therefore, NDV is an attractive vaccine vector for human pathogens for which
      vaccines are currently not available. NDV is also an attractive vaccine vector
      for animal pathogens.

PMID- 27384579
TI  - Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis and Muscular Fitness in Healthy Men.
AB  - Muscle strength can define the general muscular fitness (MF) measurable through
      hand-grip strength (HG), which is a factor that relates to the health of people
      of different ages. In this study we evaluated the muscle strength together with a
      bioimpedance electric analysis in 223 healthy Colombian adult subjects. The
      bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) was conducted to determine the
      resistance (R), reactance (Xc) and phase angle (PhA). We classified the subjects
      into three groups (for tertiles), obtaining lower values of R and Xc in subjects
      with lower HG, plus a high correlation between PhA and HG. An increase in the
      level of PhA is associated with a high level of MF in a sample of healthy Latin
      American adult men. The BIVA's parameters and PhA are a potentially effective
      preventive measure to be integrated into routine screening in the clinical
      setting. 

PMID- 27384577
TI  - Regulation of Stress Responses and Translational Control by Coronavirus.
AB  - Similar to other viruses, coronavirus infection triggers cellular stress
      responses in infected host cells. The close association of coronavirus
      replication with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in the ER stress
      responses, which impose a challenge to the viruses. Viruses, in turn, have come
      up with various mechanisms to block or subvert these responses. One of the ER
      stress responses is inhibition of the global protein synthesis to reduce the
      amount of unfolded proteins inside the ER lumen. Viruses have evolved the
      capacity to overcome the protein translation shutoff to ensure viral protein
      production. Here, we review the strategies exploited by coronavirus to modulate
      cellular stress response pathways. The involvement of coronavirus-induced stress
      responses and translational control in viral pathogenesis will also be briefly
      discussed.

PMID- 27384580
TI  - The Effect of Post-Resistance Exercise Amino Acids on Plasma MCP-1 and CCR2
      Expression.
AB  - The recruitment and infiltration of classical monocytes into damaged muscle is
      critical for optimal tissue remodeling. This study examined the effects of an
      amino acid supplement on classical monocyte recruitment following an acute bout
      of lower body resistance exercise. Ten resistance-trained men (24.7 +/- 3.4
      years; 90.1 +/- 11.3 kg; 176.0 +/- 4.9 cm) ingested supplement (SUPP) or placebo
      (PL) immediately post-exercise in a randomized, cross-over design. Blood samples
      were obtained at baseline (BL), immediately (IP), 30-min (30P), 1-h (1H), 2-h
      (2H), and 5-h (5H) post-exercise to assess plasma concentrations of monocyte
      chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), myoglobin, cortisol and insulin
      concentrations; and expressions of C-C chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2), and
      macrophage-1 antigen (CD11b) on classical monocytes. Magnitude-based inferences
      were used to provide inferences on the true effects of SUPP compared to PL.
      Changes in myoglobin, cortisol, and insulin concentrations were similar between
      treatments. Compared to PL, plasma MCP-1 was "very likely greater" (98.1%
      likelihood effect) in SUPP at 2H. CCR2 expression was "likely greater" at IP
      (84.9% likelihood effect), "likely greater" at 1H (87.7% likelihood effect),
      "very likely greater" at 2H (97.0% likelihood effect), and "likely greater" at 5H
      (90.1% likelihood effect) in SUPP, compared to PL. Ingestion of SUPP did not
      influence CD11b expression. Ingestion of an amino acid supplement immediately
      post-exercise appears to help maintain plasma MCP-1 concentrations and augment
      CCR2 expression in resistance trained men. 

PMID- 27384581
TI  - Excessive Consumption of Green Tea as a Risk Factor for Periodontal Disease among
      Korean Adults.
AB  - This study was performed to assess the relationship between the amount of green
      tea that is consumed and periodontitis. It is based on data obtained from the
      Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 2008
      and 2010. A community periodontal index equal to code 3 was defined as moderate
      periodontitis, and code 4 was defined as severe periodontitis (n = 16,726).
      Consumption of green tea less than one cup per day was associated with a
      decreased prevalence of periodontal disease among Korean adults. The association
      between the consumption of green tea and periodontal disease was independent of
      various potential confounding factors, such as age, sex, body mass index,
      smoking, drinking, exercise, metabolic syndrome, frequency of tooth brushing per
      day, use of secondary oral products, the number of dental examination per year,
      diabetes, hypertension, and white blood cell count. Adjusted odds ratio and 95%
      confidence interval of no consumption was 1.360 (1.156, 1.601) when participants
      with consumption of two times per week <= x < 7 times per week was considered as
      a reference. However, consumption of one or more cups per day increased the
      prevalence of moderate and severe periodontitis. In conclusion, excessive
      consumption of green tea may be considered as a risk factor for periodontal
      disease among Korean adults. 

PMID- 27384582
TI  - Inhibition of Low-Grade Inflammation by Anthocyanins after Microbial Fermentation
      in Vitro.
AB  - The anti-inflammatory effects of anthocyanins (ACNs) on vascular functions are
      discussed controversially because of their low bioavailability. This study was
      performed to determine whether microorganism (MO)-fermented ACNs influence
      vascular inflammation in vitro. Therefore, MO growth media were supplemented with
      an ACN-rich grape/berry extract and growth responses of Escherichia coli, E.
      faecalis and H. alvei, as well as ACN fermentation were observed. MO supernatants
      were used for measuring the anti-inflammatory effect of MO-fermented ACNs in an
      epithelial-endothelial co-culture transwell system. After basolateral enrichment
      (240 min), endothelial cells were stimulated immediately or after 20 h with TNF
      alpha. Afterwards, leukocyte adhesion, expression of adhesion molecules and
      cytokine release were measured. Results indicate that E. coli, E. faecalis and H.
      alvei utilized ACNs differentially concomitant with different anti-inflammatory
      effects. Whereas E. coli utilized ACNs completely, no anti-inflammatory effects
      of fermented ACNs were observed on activated endothelial cells. In contrast, ACN
      metabolites generated by E. faecalis and H. alvei significantly attenuated low
      grade stimulated leukocyte adhesion, the expression of adhesion molecules E
      selectin, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and cytokine secretion (IL-8 and IL-6), as well as NF
      kappaB mRNA expression with a more pronounced effect of E. faecalis than H.
      alvei. Thus, MO-fermented ACNs have the potential to reduce inflammation. 

PMID- 27384583
TI  - Relationship between the Balance of Hypertrophic/Hyperplastic Adipose Tissue
      Expansion and the Metabolic Profile in a High Glucocorticoids Model.
AB  - Adipose tissue (AT) expansion is the result of two processes: hyperplasia and
      hypertrophy; and both, directly or indirectly, depend on the adipogenic potential
      of adipocyte precursor cells (APCs). Glucocorticoids (GCs) have a potent
      stimulatory effect on terminal adipogenesis; while their effects on early stages
      of adipogenesis are largely unknown. In the present work, we study, in a model of
      high GC levels, the adipogenic potential of APCs from retroperitoneal AT (RPAT)
      and its relationship with RPAT mass expansion. We employed a model of hyper
      adiposity (30- and 60-day-old rats) due to high endogenous GC levels induced by
      neonatal treatment with l-monosodium glutamate (MSG). We found that the RPAT APCs
      from 30-day-old MSG rats showed an increased adipogenic capacity, depending on
      the APCs' competency, but not in their number. Analyses of RPAT adipocyte
      diameter revealed an increase in cell size, regardless of the rat age, indicating
      the prevalence of a hypertrophic process. Moreover, functional RPAT alterations
      worsened in 60-day-old rats, suggesting that the hyperplastic AT expansion found
      in 30-day-old animals might have a protective role. We conclude that GCs chronic
      excess affects APCs' adipogenic capacity, modifying their competency. This change
      would modulate the hyperplastic/hypertrophic balance determining healthy or
      unhealthy RPAT expansion and, therefore, its functionality. 

PMID- 27384584
TI  - Innovations in Calculating Precise Nutrient Intake of Hospitalized Patients.
AB  - Obtaining a detailed assessment of a hospitalized patient's nutrient intake is
      often critically important to ensuring the patient's successful recovery.
      However, this process is often laborious and prone to error. Inaccurate nutrient
      intake assessments result in the inability of the healthcare team to recognize
      patients with developing nutritional deficits that contribute to delayed recovery
      and prolonged lengths of stay. This paper describes an innovative, easy to use
      system designed to increase the precision of calorie count reports by using a
      combination of photography, direct observation, and a specially developed
      computer program. Although the system was designed specifically for use in a
      Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, it has the potential to be adapted for
      use in other hospital environments. 

PMID- 27384587
TI  - Antioxidant Effect of Extracts from the Coffee Residue in Raw and Cooked Meat.
AB  - The residue of ground coffee obtained after the brewing process (spent coffee)
      still contains various functional components with high antioxidant capacity and
      health benefits, but no attempts have been made to use it as a resource to
      produce value-added food ingredients. This study evaluates the antioxidant
      activity of ethanol or hot water extracts from the residues of coffee after
      brewing. An extraction experiment was carried out using the conventional solid
      liquid methods, including ethanol and water as the extraction media at different
      temperatures and liquid/solid ratios. The antioxidant activity of extracts was
      tested for total phenolic compound (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH),
      and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) using oil emulsion and
      raw/cooked meat systems. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the ethanol
      extracts with heating (HEE) and without heating (CEE) were higher than that of
      the hot water extracts (WE). The highest DPPH value of HEE and CEE at 1000 ppm
      was 91.22% and 90.21%, respectively. In oil emulsion and raw/cooked systems, both
      the water and ethanol extracts had similar antioxidant effects to the positive
      control (BHA), but HEE and CEE extracts showed stronger antioxidant activities
      than WE extract. These results indicated that the ethanol extracts of coffee
      residue have a strong antioxidant activity and have the potential to be used as a
      natural antioxidant in meat. 

PMID- 27384586
TI  - Activation and Desensitization of Peripheral Muscle and Neuronal Nicotinic
      Acetylcholine Receptors by Selected, Naturally-Occurring Pyridine Alkaloids.
AB  - Teratogenic alkaloids can cause developmental defects due to the inhibition of
      fetal movement that results from desensitization of fetal muscle-type nicotinic
      acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We investigated the ability of two known
      teratogens, the piperidinyl-pyridine anabasine and its 1,2-dehydropiperidinyl
      analog anabaseine, to activate and desensitize peripheral nAChRs expressed in TE
      671 and SH-SY5Y cells. Activation-concentration response curves for each alkaloid
      were obtained in the same multi-well plate. To measure rapid desensitization,
      cells were first exposed to five potentially-desensitizing concentrations of each
      alkaloid in log10 molar increments from 10 nM to 100 uM and then to a fixed
      concentration of acetylcholine (ACh), which alone produces near-maximal
      activation. The fifty percent desensitization concentration (DC50) was calculated
      from the alkaloid concentration-ACh response curve. Agonist fast desensitization
      potency was predicted by the agonist potency measured in the initial response.
      Anabaseine was a more potent desensitizer than anabasine. Relative to anabaseine,
      nicotine was more potent to autonomic nAChRs, but less potent to the fetal
      neuromuscular nAChRs. Our experiments have demonstrated that anabaseine is more
      effective at desensitizing fetal muscle-type nAChRs than anabasine or nicotine
      and, thus, it is predicted to be more teratogenic.

PMID- 27384588
TI  - Non-Response to Antibiotic Treatment in Adolescents for Four Common Infections in
      UK Primary Care 1991-2012: A Retrospective, Longitudinal Study.
AB  - We studied non-response rates to antibiotics in the under-reported subgroup of
      adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old, using standardised criteria representing
      antibiotic treatment failure. Routine, primary care data from the UK Clinical
      Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) were used. Annual, non-response rates by
      antibiotics and by indication were determined. We identified 824,651
      monotherapies in 415,468 adolescents: 368,900 (45%) episodes for upper
      respiratory tract infections (URTIs), 89,558 (11%) for lower respiratory tract
      infections (LRTIs), 286,969 (35%) for skin/soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and
      79,224 (10%) for acute otitis media (AOM). The most frequently prescribed
      antibiotics were amoxicillin (27%), penicillin-V (24%), erythromycin (11%),
      flucloxacillin (11%) and oxytetracycline (6%). In 1991, the overall non-response
      rate was 9.3%: 11.9% for LRTIs, 9.5% for URTIs, 7.1% for SSTIs, 9.7% for AOM. In
      2012, the overall non-response rate was 9.2%. Highest non-response rates were for
      AOM in 1991-1999 and for LRTIs in 2000-2012. Physicians generally prescribed
      antibiotics to adolescents according to recommendations. Evidence of antibiotic
      non-response was less common among adolescents during this 22-year study period
      compared with an all-age population, where the overall non-response rate was 12%.

PMID- 27384590
TI  - Plasma Surface Modification of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsequioxane-Poly(carbonate
      urea) Urethane with Allylamine Enhances the Response and Osteogenic
      Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells.
AB  - This study present amino functionalization of biocompatible polymer polyhedral
      oligomeric silsequioxane-poly(carbonate-urea) urethane (POSS-PCU) using plasma
      polymerization process to induce osteogenic differentiation of adipose derived
      stem cells (ADSCs). Optimization of plasma polymerization process was carried out
      keeping cell culture application in mind. Thus, samples were rigorously tested
      for retention of amino groups under both dry and wet conditions. Physio-chemical
      characterization was carried out using ninhydrin test, X-ray photon spectroscopy,
      scanning electron microscopy, and static water contact analysis. Results from
      physio chemical characterization shows that functionalization of the amino group
      is not stable under wet conditions and optimization of plasma process is required
      for stable bonding of amino groups to the POSS-PCU polymer. Optimized samples
      were later tested in vitro in short and long-term culture to study
      differentiation of ADSCs on amino modified samples. Short-term cell culture shows
      that initial cell attachment was significantly (p < 0.001) improved on amine
      modified samples (NH2-POSS-PCU) compared to unmodified POSS-PCU. NH2-POSS-PCU
      samples also facilitates osteogenic differentiation of ADSCs as confirmed by
      immunological staining of cells for extracellular markers such as collagen Type I
      and osteopontin. Quantification of total collagen and ALP activity also shows
      significant (p < 0.001) increase on NH2-POSS-PCU samples compared to unmodified
      POSS-PCU. A pilot study also confirms that these optimized amino modified POSS
      PCU samples can further be functionalized using bone inducing peptide such as
      KRSR using conventional wet chemistry. This further provides an opportunity for
      biofunctionalization of the polymer for various tissue specific applications. 

PMID- 27384591
TI  - Status quo of p53 in the treatment of tumors.
AB  - The p53 gene is pivotal for oncogenesis in a combination of mutations in
      oncogenes and antioncogenes. The ubiquitous loss of the p53 pathway in human
      cancers has generated considerable interest in developing p53-targeted cancer
      therapies, but current ideas and approaches targeting p53 are conflicting.
      Current researches focus on cancer-selective drugs with therapeutic strategies
      that both activate and inhibit p53. As p53 is ubiquitously lost in human cancers,
      the strategy of exogenous p53 addition is reasonable. However, p53 acts not
      equally in all cell types; thus, individualized p53 therapy is the direction of
      future research. To clarify the controversies on p53 for improvement of future
      antitumor studies, the review focuses on the available technological protocols,
      including their advantages and limitations in terms of future therapeutic use of
      p53 in the management of tumors.

PMID- 27384585
TI  - Ochratoxin A: 50 Years of Research.
AB  - Since ochratoxin A (OTA) was discovered, it has been ubiquitous as a natural
      contaminant of moldy food and feed. The multiple toxic effects of OTA are a real
      threat for human beings and animal health. For example, OTA can cause porcine
      nephropathy but can also damage poultries. Humans exposed to OTA can develop
      (notably by inhalation in the development of acute renal failure within 24 h) a
      range of chronic disorders such as upper urothelial carcinoma. OTA plays the main
      role in the pathogenesis of some renal diseases including Balkan endemic
      nephropathy, kidney tumors occurring in certain endemic regions of the Balkan
      Peninsula, and chronic interstitial nephropathy occurring in Northern African
      countries and likely in other parts of the world. OTA leads to DNA adduct
      formation, which is known for its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The present
      article discusses how renal carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity cause both
      oxidative stress and direct genotoxicity. Careful analyses of the data show that
      OTA carcinogenic effects are due to combined direct and indirect mechanisms
      (e.g., genotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetic factors). Altogether this
      provides strong evidence that OTA carcinogenicity can also occur in humans.

PMID- 27384592
TI  - The molecular signature of breast cancer metastasis to bone.
AB  - Distant metastasis during the advanced stage of malignant tumor progression can
      cause considerable morbidity in cancer patients. Bone is known to be one of the
      most common sites of distant metastasis in patients with breast cancer (BC). BC
      metastases in bone are associated with excessive skeletal complications. These
      complications can be fatal and reduce quality of life of patients. It is
      important to understand the metastatic process of BC to bone to improve quality
      of life and design new therapeutic methods. At present, the molecular mechanisms
      leading to the BC metastasis to bone are not fully understood. Studying the
      molecular basis of BC metastasis to bone might improve our insight into this
      complex process. In addition, it can provide novel approaches for designing
      advanced and effective targeted therapies. The present article aimed to review
      the published papers on the molecular basis of the metastatic process of BC to
      bone, focusing on involved genes and signaling networks. Furthermore, we propose
      potential therapeutic targets that may be more effective for the inhibition and
      treatment of BC metastasis to bone.

PMID- 27384589
TI  - Turning on the Radio: Epigenetic Inhibitors as Potential Radiopriming Agents.
AB  - First introduced during the late 1800s, radiation therapy is fundamental to the
      treatment of cancer. In developed countries, approximately 60% of all patients
      receive radiation therapy (also known as the sixty percenters), which makes
      radioresistance in cancer an important and, to date, unsolved, clinical problem.
      Unfortunately, the therapeutic refractoriness of solid tumors is the rule not the
      exception, and the ubiquity of resistance also extends to standard chemotherapy,
      molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Based on extrapolation from
      recent clinical inroads with epigenetic agents to prime refractory tumors for
      maximum sensitivity to concurrent or subsequent therapies, the radioresistant
      phenotype is potentially reversible, since aberrant epigenetic mechanisms are
      critical contributors to the evolution of resistant subpopulations of malignant
      cells. Within the framework of a syllogism, this review explores the emerging
      link between epigenetics and the development of radioresistance and makes the
      case that a strategy of pre- or co-treatment with epigenetic agents has the
      potential to, not only derepress inappropriately silenced genes, but also
      increase reactive oxygen species production, resulting in the restoration of
      radiosensitivity.

PMID- 27384593
TI  - Next-generation sequencing in patients with advanced cancer: are we ready for
      widespread clinical use? A single institute's experience.
AB  - The next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay targeting cancer-relevant genes has
      been adopted widely for use in patients with advanced cancer. The primary aim of
      this study was to assess the clinical utility of commercially available NGS. We
      retrospectively collected demographic and clinicopathologic data, recommended
      therapy, and clinical outcomes of 30 patients with a variety of advanced solid
      tumors referred to Foundation Medicine NGS. The initial pathologic examination
      was performed at the pathology department of the referring hospital. The
      comprehensive clinical NSG assay was performed on paraffin-embedded tumor samples
      using the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified FoundationOne
      platform. The median number of genomic alterations was 3 (0-19). The median
      number of therapies with potential benefit was 2 (0-8). In 12 cases, a
      comprehensive clinical NGS assay did not indicate any therapy with potential
      benefit according to the genomic profile. Ten of the 30 patients received
      treatments recommended by genomic profile results. In six of the 10 cases,
      disease progressed within 2 months and four patients died within 3 months of
      treatment initiation. Three of the 30 patients benefited from a comprehensive
      clinical NGS assay and the subsequent recommended therapy. The median PFS was 12
      weeks (95% confidence interval 10-57) in patients treated with molecularly
      targeted agents chosen on the basis of tumor genomic profiling versus 48 weeks
      (95% confidence interval 8-38) in the control group treated with physician choice
      therapy (P=0.12). Our study suggests that NGS can detect additional treatment
      targets in individual patients, but prospective medical research and appropriate
      clinical guidelines for proper clinical use are vital.

PMID- 27384594
TI  - Surrogate Imaging Biomarkers of Response of Colorectal Liver Metastases After
      Salvage Radioembolization Using 90Y-Loaded Resin Microspheres.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate Response Evaluation
      Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1, tumor attenuation criteria, Choi
      criteria, and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)
      PET criteria as measures of response and subsequent predictors of liver
      progression-free survival (PFS) after radioembolization (RE) of colorectal liver
      metastases (CLM). The study also assesses interobserver variability for measuring
      tumor attenuation using a single 2D ROI on a simple PACS workstation. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the clinical RE database at
      our institution, to identify patients treated in the salvage setting for CLM
      between December 2009 and March 2013. Response was evaluated on FDG PET scans,
      with the use of EORTC PET criteria, and on portal venous phase CT scans, with the
      use of RECIST 1.1, tumor attenuation criteria, and Choi criteria. Two independent
      blinded observers measured tumor attenuation using a single 2D ROI. The
      intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for interobserver variability was
      assessed. Kaplan-Meier methodology was used to calculate liver PFS, and the log
      rank test was used to assess the response criteria as predictors of liver PFS.
      RESULTS: A total of 25 patients with 46 target tumors were enrolled in the study.
      The ICC was 0.95 at baseline and 0.98 at response evaluation. Among the 25
      patients, more responders (i.e., partial response) were identified on the basis
      of EORTC PET criteria (n = 14), Choi criteria (n = 15), and tumor attenuation
      criteria (n = 13) than on the basis of RECIST 1.1 (n = 2). The median liver PFS
      was 3.0 months (95% CI, 2.1-4.0 months). Response identified on the basis of
      EORTC PET criteria (p < 0.001), Choi criteria (p < 0.001), or tumor attenuation
      criteria (p = 0.01) predicted liver PFS; however, response identified by RECIST
      1.1 did not (p = 0.1). CONCLUSION: RECIST 1.1 has poor sensitivity for detecting
      metabolic responses classified by EORTC PET criteria. EORTC PET criteria, Choi
      criteria, and tumor attenuation criteria appear to be equally reliable surrogate
      imaging biomarkers of liver PFS after RE in patients with CLM.

PMID- 27384595
TI  - Current Advancement in Multidisciplinary Treatment for Resectable cStage II/III
      Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Japan.
AB  - Multidisciplinary treatment comprising surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy
      for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is widely used with
      improved prognosis. Transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) with extended lymph node
      (LN) dissection, known as three field LN dissection, has been recommended for
      ESCC using open thoracotomy or the thoracoscopic approach. The Japan Clinical
      Oncology Group (JCOG) trial (JCOG1409) is investigating the patients' long term
      survival using the thoracoscopic approach that has been shown to reduce the
      incidence of postoperative respiratory complication. For perioperative treatment,
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy using cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), has been
      accepted as the standard of care in Japan based on the JCOG9907 trial. In Western
      countries, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was shown to prolong overall survival
      for esophageal cancer, including ESCC. Although surgery has been recognized as an
      initial curative treatment for esophageal cancer, definitive chemoradiotherapy is
      an alternative treatment for patients who are unable to undergo thoracotomy or
      who decline to undergo surgery. This article reviews multidisciplinary treatment
      advances for ESCC. However, current standard treatments are country dependent and
      the ongoing trial may help standardize ESCC treatment across various societies.

PMID- 27384596
TI  - Therapeutic efficacy and effects of artesunate-amodiaquine and artemether
      lumefantrine on malaria-associated anaemia in Nigerian children aged two years
      and under.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Artemisinin-based combination therapies are recommended as first-line
      treatments for uncomplicated falciparum malaria, but there is little evaluation
      of their efficacy and effects on uncomplicated malaria-associated anaemia in
      children aged 2 years and under. METHODS: Parasitological efficacy and effects on
      malaria-associated anaemia were evaluated in 250 malarious children aged 2 years
      and under, and efficacy was evaluated in 603 malarious children older than two
      but younger than 5 years of age following treatment with artesunate-amodiaquine
      (AA) or artemether-lumefantrine (AL). Kinetics of the disposition of parasitaemia
      following treatment were evaluated using a non-compartment model. Late-appearing
      anaemia (LAA) was diagnosed using the following criteria: clearance of
      parasitaemia, fever and other symptoms occurring within 7 days of starting
      treatment, adequate clinical and parasitological response on days 28-42,
      haematocrit (HCT) >= 30 % at 1 and/or 2 weeks, a fall in HCT to < 30 % occurring
      at 3-6 weeks, absence of concomitant illness at 1-6 weeks, and absence of asexual
      parasitaemia detected using both microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
      at 1-6 weeks. RESULTS: Overall, in children aged 2 years and under, the PCR
      corrected parasitological efficacy was 97.2 % (95 % CI 92.8-101.6), which was
      similar for both treatments. In children older than 2 years, parasitological
      efficacy was also similar for both treatments, but parasite prevalence 1 day
      after treatment began was significantly higher, and fever and parasite clearance
      times were significantly faster in the AA-treated children compared with the AL
      treated children. Declines in parasitaemia were monoexponential with an estimated
      elimination half-time of 1 h. Elimination half-times were similar for both
      treatments. In children aged 2 years and under who were anaemic at presentation,
      the mean anaemia recovery time was 12.1 days (95 % CI 10.6-13.6, n = 127), which
      was similar for both treatments. Relatively asymptomatic LAA occurred in 11
      children (4.4 %) aged 2 years and under, the recovery from which was uneventful.
      CONCLUSION: This study showed that AA and AL are efficacious treatments for
      uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Nigerian children aged 2 years and under, and
      that AA clears parasitaemia and fever significantly faster than AL in children
      older than 2 years. Both treatments may cause a relatively asymptomatic LAA with
      uneventful recovery in a small proportion of children aged 2 years and under.
      TRIALS REGISTRATION: Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201508001188143, 3
      July 2015; PACTR201510001189370, 3 July 2015; PACTR201508001191898, 7 July 2015
      and PACTR201508001193368, 8 July 2015  http://www.pactr.org .

PMID- 27384597
TI  - Helical-Peptide-Catalyzed Enantioselective Michael Addition Reactions and Their
      Mechanistic Insights.
AB  - Helical peptide foldamer catalyzed Michael addition reactions of nitroalkane or
      dialkyl malonate to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones are reported along with the
      mechanistic considerations of the enantio-induction. A wide variety of alpha,beta
      unsaturated ketones, including beta-aryl, beta-alkyl enones, and cyclic enones,
      were found to be catalyzed by the helical peptide to give Michael adducts with
      high enantioselectivities (up to 99%). On the basis of X-ray crystallographic
      analysis and depsipeptide study, the amide protons, N(2)-H and N(3)-H, at the N
      terminus in the alpha-helical peptide catalyst were crucial for activating
      Michael donors, while the N-terminal primary amine activated Michael acceptors
      through the formation of iminium ion intermediates.

PMID- 27384598
TI  - [Presentation].

PMID- 27384599
TI  - [Antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve
      implantation].
AB  - Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has emerged as a valid alternative
      to surgical replacement in patients with severe aortic stenosis. Bleeding and
      cerebral ischemic events remain frequent complications of this procedure during
      the periprocedural period and at follow-up with a severe impact on survival.
      Therefore, there is growing interest towards the optimal antithrombotic therapy
      to manage patients undergoing TAVI. International guidelines support the adoption
      of a dual antiplatelet therapy after TAVI, although there is heterogeneity in the
      suggested duration and the concomitant association with an oral anticoagulant in
      patients with specific indications, mainly those with atrial fibrillation. Recent
      data have questioned the benefits of adding clopidogrel to aspirin, showing a
      slight increase in bleeding compared with aspirin therapy alone. Importantly,
      recent studies have also underlined the risks of valve thrombosis and the
      potential benefits of oral anticoagulant therapy in patients undergoing TAVI.
      Currently, large randomized trials are ongoing and are expected to provide
      relevant information to guide recommendations on the most appropriate
      antithrombotic therapy in these patients. Tailored therapy based on the patient's
      risk profile remains relevant in daily clinical practice.

PMID- 27384600
TI  - [Antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve
      implantation: the quest for the Holy Grail].

PMID- 27384602
TI  - [The "Renaissance" of interventional cardiology].

PMID- 27384601
TI  - [Current practice and changing trends in the percutaneous treatment of structural
      heart disease. Results of a multicenter survey promoted by the Italian Society of
      Interventional Cardiology in six Italian Regions including Tuscany, Lombardy,
      Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Campania and Puglia].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Significant developments have occurred in the field of percutaneous
      interventions for structural heart disease over the last decade. The introduction
      of several innovations has expanded significantly the spectrum of therapeutic
      applications of structural interventional cardiology. However, the translation of
      the most recent scientific evidence into clinical practice and the adoption of
      new technologies may be susceptible to large variability, even within the same
      geographic area. This study aimed at describing current status and changing
      trends of structural heart interventions within 6 Regions in Italy. METHODS:
      Between July 2015 and October 2015, 6 regional delegations of the Italian Society
      of Interventional Cardiology (SICI-GISE) promoted a web-based multicenter survey
      concerning structural heart interventions. An ad hoc questionnaire was
      administered to head physicians of the cath-labs of 4 Regions of Northern Italy
      (Tuscany, Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna) and 2 Regions of Southern Italy
      (Puglia and Campania). Also, in this study we considered previous data from a
      similar survey that involved Tuscany, Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna between
      April 2014 and May 2014. Data from the two surveys were compared, observing the
      changing trends between 2014 and 2015. RESULTS: The 2015 survey was completed in
      more than two thirds (68%) of the 145 eligible cath-labs. According to the
      survey, the application of percutaneous structural heart interventions and the
      availability of devices were wide and homogeneous within the 6 Regions involved.
      The main factors perceived as limiting the execution of structural heart
      interventions resulted economic (e.g. cost of procedures and devices) or
      organizational (e.g. limited diffusion of hybrid operating rooms). CONCLUSIONS:
      In this study, which was based on the results of a recent survey conducted in 6
      Italian Regions, structural heart interventions resulted widely growing
      throughout the investigated area. The indications for treatment and the
      availability of devices were relatively homogeneous between the regions involved,
      as well as the limiting factors, which appear to be mainly economic
      organizational.

PMID- 27384603
TI  - [ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a patient with thrombophilia
      taking new oral anticoagulants].
AB  - We report the case of a 65--year-old woman admitted for inferior ST-segment
      elevation myocardial infarction complicated by complete atrioventricular block.
      The patient was under treatment with a novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC,
      rivaroxaban) because of a history of recurrent idiopathic pulmonary embolism.
      Emergency angiography showed complete acute thrombotic occlusion of the right
      coronary artery. After manual thrombectomy, there was no angiographic evidence of
      underlying atherosclerosis, therefore no further percutaneous coronary
      intervention was performed. Subsequent clinical course was uneventful. Laboratory
      tests demonstrated the presence of a heterozygous mutation of the factor II gene
      (G20210A), confirming the clinical evidence of a thrombophilic state. As
      rivaroxaban seemed to be ineffective in preventing spontaneous coronary
      thrombosis in this patient, antithrombotic therapy was shifted to warfarin plus
      low-dose aspirin. No further ischemic events occurred during the 1-year follow
      up. It can be hypothesized that factor Xa inhibition by NOACs, such as
      rivaroxaban, could be insufficient in case of a thrombophilic state due to
      thrombin mutation. A brief review of the current literature on use of NOACs in
      acute coronary syndromes is also reported.

PMID- 27384604
TI  - Starting over: Primpol reprimes after chain termination.

PMID- 27384605
TI  - Effect of fermentation and sterilization on anthocyanins in blueberry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Blueberry products have various health benefits due to their high
      content of dietary anthocyanins. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      impact of fermentation and sterilization on total anthocyanin content,
      composition and some quality attributes of blueberry puree. The blueberry puree
      used here was fermented for 40 h at 37  degrees C by Lactobacillus after
      sterilization. The method of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass
      spectrometry was optimized for the rapid analysis of anthocyanins. Quality
      attributes including pH, color, total soluble solids and viscosity were measured.
      RESULTS: A total of 21 anthocyanins and five anthocyanidins were quantified by
      ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Fermented blueberry had reduced total
      anthocyanin content (29%) and levels of individual anthocyanins compared with
      fresh blueberry. Total anthocyanin content was decreased 46% by sterilization,
      and different degradation behavior of individual anthocyanin was appeared between
      fermented and sterilized-fermented blueberry puree. Fermentation and
      sterilization decreased the total soluble solids and pH and changed color
      parameters, while minimally influencing viscosity. CONCLUSIONS: The loss of total
      anthocyanin content by fermentation was related to the unstable structure of
      blueberry anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are sensitive to temperature (>80  degrees
      C), and degradation of anthocyanins by sterilization in blueberry should be
      considered in the fermentation procedure. (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27384606
TI  - N-3 vs. n-6 fatty acids differentially influence calcium signalling and adhesion
      of inflammatory activated monocytes: impact of lipid rafts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anti-inflammatory n-3 fatty acids (FA) like docosahexaenoic acid
      (DHA) opposed to the pro-inflammatory n-6 FA arachidonic acid (AA) might modulate
      lipid rafts within the cell membrane by differential incorporation. In
      inflammation, monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is a crucial step mediated
      by intracellular calcium changes. We investigated whether lipid rafts mediate FA
      induced modulation of adhesion and intracellular calcium. METHODS: In isolated
      human monocytes and monocytic U937 cells we measured adhesion to human umbilical
      vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using a parallel flow chamber and a static assay,
      adhesion molecules by FACScan, and intracellular calcium by fluorescence.
      Monocyte lipid rafts were isolated by ultracentrifugation and submitted to gas
      chromatography for FA analysis. RESULTS: Pre-incubation with AA or DHA resulted
      in a predominant incorporation of the respective FA into raft compared to non
      raft fraction. DHA as compared to AA significantly reduced monocyte adhesion and
      calcium release after stimulation with TNF-alpha while expression of adhesion
      molecules remained unchanged. Pre-treatment with a calcium chelator abolished the
      effect of FA on calcium and adhesion. Disruption of lipid rafts prevented FA
      induced modulations. CONCLUSION: Incorporation of FA into lipid rafts seem to be
      crucial for modulation of adhesion under inflammatory conditions.

PMID- 27384608
TI  - Transmission imaging for integrated PET-MR systems.
AB  - Attenuation correction for PET-MR systems continues to be a challenging problem,
      particularly for body regions outside the head. The simultaneous acquisition of
      transmission scan based MU-maps and MR images on integrated PET-MR systems may
      significantly increase the performance of and offer validation for new MR-based
      MU-map algorithms. For the Biograph mMR (Siemens Healthcare), however, use of
      conventional transmission schemes is not practical as the patient table and
      relatively small diameter scanner bore significantly restrict radioactive source
      motion and limit source placement. We propose a method for emission-free
      coincidence transmission imaging on the Biograph mMR. The intended application is
      not for routine subject imaging, but rather to improve and validate MR-based MU
      map algorithms; particularly for patient implant and scanner hardware attenuation
      correction. In this study we optimized source geometry and assessed the method's
      performance with Monte Carlo simulations and phantom scans. We utilized a
      Bayesian reconstruction algorithm, which directly generates MU-map estimates from
      multiple bed positions, combined with a robust scatter correction method. For
      simulations with a pelvis phantom a single torus produced peak noise equivalent
      count rates (34.8 kcps) dramatically larger than a full axial length ring (11.32
      kcps) and conventional rotating source configurations. Bias in reconstructed MU
      maps for head and pelvis simulations was  ?4% for soft tissue and  ?11% for bone
      ROIs. An implementation of the single torus source was filled with (18)F
      fluorodeoxyglucose and the proposed method quantified for several test cases
      alone or in comparison with CT-derived MU-maps. A volume average of 0.095 cm(-1)
      was recorded for an experimental uniform cylinder phantom scan, while a bias of 
      <2% was measured for the cortical bone equivalent insert of the multi-compartment
      phantom. Single torus MU-maps of a hip implant phantom showed significantly less
      artifacts and improved dynamic range, and differed greatly for highly attenuating
      materials in the case of the patient table, compared to CT results. Use of a
      fixed torus geometry, in combination with translation of the patient table to
      perform complete tomographic sampling, generated highly quantitative measured MU
      maps and is expected to produce images with significantly higher SNR than
      competing fixed geometries at matched total acquisition time.

PMID- 27384607
TI  - The modulation of Th2 immune pathway in the immunosuppressive effect of human
      umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in a murine asthmatic model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that has a high
      prevalence nowadays, and seeking the means of relieving asthmatic symptoms is now
      an issue with increased importance. While mesenchymal stem cells have been
      demonstrated to display immunomodulatory effects, the effect of fetus-type
      mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on asthmatic symptoms in vivo have not been
      reported to date. METHODS: Female BALB/c mice at 8 weeks of age were sensitized
      by ovalbumin, and MSCs derived from Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord
      mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) were injected into the asthmatic mice. Airway
      hyper-responsiveness, lung eosinophil infiltration, cytokine level in splenocyte
      cultures and serum immunoglobulin level were measured. Enzyme-linked
      immunosorbent assay was used to determine cytokine and immunoglobulin levels.
      RESULTS: This current study demonstrated that hUCMSCs attenuated both lung
      lymphocyte and eosinophil infiltration, and significantly decreased the
      concentration of Th2 cytokines interleukin-5 in splenocyte cultures. CONCLUSIONS:
      Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have the advantage of being easily
      harvested non-invasively and are capable of rapid proliferation, therefore an
      ideal material for stem cell-based immune therapies. The current study showed
      that fetal-type MSCs were able to suppress asthmatic symptoms efficiently, and
      its immunomodulatory effect resulted primarily from suppressing the Th2 pathway
      in the animal model. This study suggested that hUCMSCs could be an ideal
      candidate for cell-based therapies of asthma.

PMID- 27384610
TI  - Communicating With Dying Patients and Their Families: Multimedia Training in End
      of-Life Care.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The need for end-of-life (EOL), high-impact education initiatives to
      prepare medical students to communicate with dying patients and their families
      and to cope with issues of death and dying, is well recognized. METHODS: Third
      year medical students (n = 224), during their ambulatory rotation, completed a
      multimedia EOL curriculum, which included pre-/posttests, an online case-based
      module, didactic presentation, and a tablet computer application designed to
      demonstrate the signs and symptoms seen in the last hours of life for families of
      dying patients. Pre- and posttests were compared using Pearson chi2 or Fisher
      exact test, and improvement was measured by weighted kappa coefficient. RESULTS:
      On preintervention surveys, the majority of students demonstrated positive
      attitudes toward the care of dying patients and their families. Despite this high
      pretest positive attitude, there was a statistically significant overall positive
      attitude change after the intervention. The lowest pretest positive attitudes and
      lowest posttest positive attitude shifts, although all statistically improved,
      involved addressing the thoughts and feelings of dying patients and in coping
      with their own emotional response. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students exposure to this
      multimedia EOL curriculum increases positive attitudes in caring for dying
      patients and their families.

PMID- 27384609
TI  - Diagnostic reference levels and complexity indices in interventional radiology: a
      national programme.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To propose national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for
      interventional radiology and to evaluate the impact of the procedural complexity
      on patient doses. METHODS: Eight interventional radiology units from Spanish
      hospitals were involved in this project. The participants agreed to undergo
      common quality control procedures for X-ray systems. Kerma area product (KAP) was
      collected from a sample of 1,649 procedures. A consensus document established the
      criteria to evaluate the complexity of seven types of procedures. DRLs were set
      as the 3rd quartile of KAP values. RESULTS: The KAP (3rd quartile) in Gy cm2 for
      the procedures included in the survey were: lower extremity arteriography (n =
      784) 78; renal arteriography (n = 37) 107; transjugular hepatic biopsies (THB) (n
      = 30) 45; biliary drainage (BD) (n = 314) 30; uterine fibroid embolization (UFE)
      (n = 56) 214; colon endoprostheses (CE) (n = 31) 169; hepatic chemoembolization
      (HC) (n = 269) 303; femoropopliteal revascularization (FR) (n = 62) 119; and
      iliac stent (n = 66) 170. The complexity involved the increases in the following
      KAP factors from simple to complex procedures: THB x4; BD x13; UFE x3; CE x3; HC
      x5; FR x5 and IS x4. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the procedure complexity in
      patient doses will allow the proper use of DRLs for the optimization of
      interventional radiology. KEY POINTS: * National DRLs for interventional
      procedures have been proposed given level of complexity * For clinical audits,
      the level of complexity should be taken into account. * An evaluation of the
      complexity levels of the procedure should be made.

PMID- 27384611
TI  - Rationale and design of the PREFERS (Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction
      Epidemiological Regional Study) Stockholm heart failure study: an epidemiological
      regional study in Stockholm county of 2.1 million inhabitants.
AB  - AIMS: Heart failure (HF) with preserved (HFpEF) or reduced (HFrEF) ejection
      fraction is associated with poor prognosis and quality of life. While the
      incidence of HFrEF is declining and HF treatment is effective, HFpEF is
      increasing, with no established therapy. PREFERS Stockholm is an epidemiological
      study with the aim of improving clinical care and research in HF and to find new
      targets for drug treatment in HFpEF
      (https://internwebben.ki.se/sites/default/files/20150605_4d_research_appendix_fin
      l.pdf). METHODS: Patients with new-onset HF (n = 2000) will be characterized at
      baseline and after 1-year follow-up by standardized protocols for clinical
      evaluation, echocardiography, and ECG. In one subset undergoing elective coronary
      bypass surgery (n = 100) and classified according to LV function, myocardial
      biopsies will be collected during surgery, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)
      imaging will be performed at baseline and after 1 year. Blood and tissue samples
      will be stored in a biobank. We will characterize and compare new-onset HFpEF and
      HFrEF patients regarding clinical findings and cardiac imaging, genomics,
      proteomics, and transcriptomics from blood and cardiac biopsies, and by
      established biomarkers of fibrosis, inflammation, haemodynamics, haemostasis, and
      thrombosis. The data will be explored by state-of-the-art bioinformatics methods
      to investigate gene expression patterns, sequence variation, DNA methylation, and
      post-translational modifications, and using systems biology approaches including
      pathway and network analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In this epidemiological HF study with
      biopsy studies in a subset of patients, we aim to identify new biomarkers of
      disease progression and to find pathophysiological mechanisms to support
      explorations of new treatment regimens for HFpEF.

PMID- 27384612
TI  - Dyadic Configurations of Sexual Problems Among Older U.S. Adults: A National
      Study.
AB  - Using data from the 2010-2011 National Social Life Health and Aging Project
      (NSHAP)-a nationally representative probability sample of older U.S. adults as
      well as their partners-this study provides the first comprehensive, population
      based analysis of dyadic configurations of sexual problems and their correlates
      among those aged 60 to 90 years. Results suggest the majority of late-life
      partnerships (N = 854) may not have a heavy burden of sexual difficulties.
      However, almost a fifth (18.21%) of partnered older women do not abstain from sex
      despite low sexual motivation and capacity. This relational "type" seems unlinked
      to demographic or health attributes, and may be driven more by partnership
      strains. In addition, an "at risk" group with consistent sexual problems,
      arguably due to age-related decline, comprises 27.16% of all late-life couples.

PMID- 27384613
TI  - PDMS microwells for multi-parametric monitoring of single mitochondria on a large
      scale: a study of their individual membrane potential and endogenous NADH.
AB  - Microwell arrays have been developed to monitor simultaneously, and on a large
      scale, multiple metabolic responses of single mitochondria. Wells of 50 to 1000
      MUm-diameter were prepared based on easy structuration of thin
      polydimethylsiloxane layers (PDMS; 100 MUm thickness). Their surface treatment
      with oxygen plasma allowed the immobilization in situ and observation with time
      of populations of single isolated mitochondria. Their metabolic activities could
      be monitored individually by fluorescence microscopy under several
      activation/inhibition conditions. We measured the concomitant variations of two
      main metabolic parameters - the endogenous NADH level and the internal membrane
      potential difference Deltapsi owing to a cationic fluorescent probe (TMRM) - at
      energized, uncoupled and inhibited stages of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
      Microwell arrays allowed analyses on large populations, and consequently
      statistical studies with a single organelle resolution. Thus, we observed rapid
      individual polarizations and depolarizations of mitochondria following their
      supply with the energetic substrate, while an averaged global polarization
      (increase of TMRM fluorescence within mitochondria) and NADH increase were
      detected for the whole population. In addition, statistical correlation studies
      show that the NADH content of all mitochondria tends toward a metabolic limit and
      that their polarization-depolarization ability is ubiquitous. These results
      demonstrate that PDMS microwell platforms provide an innovative approach to
      better characterize the individual metabolic status of isolated mitochondria,
      possibly as a function of their cell or organ origin or in different physio
      pathological situations.

PMID- 27384614
TI  - Association between microRNAs and coronary collateral circulation: is there a new
      role for the small non-coding RNAs?
AB  - We read with interest the article entitled "Circulating microRNAs characterizing
      patients with insufficient coronary collateral artery function" which was
      recently published in the PLOS ONE journal. It was demonstrated for the first
      time that specific circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) can distinguish patients with
      sufficient from those with insufficient coronary collateral circulation.
      Circulating miRNAs in the plasma of patients with stable CAD and chronic CTO
      could provide information with regard to the coronary collateral artery capacity.
      However, several aspects need to be taken into consideration before the use of
      miRNAs in the clinical practice. A risk model that would incorporate risk factors
      for cardiovascular disease and miRNAs could prove to be very useful. Although an
      association between the levels of miRNAs and the collateral artery capacity
      appears promising, it still does not confirm any causal role for miRNAs.
      Therefore, large clinical studies in populations with CTO are warranted to
      evaluate this finding. 

PMID- 27384615
TI  - Preservation of overmature, ancient, sedimentary organic matter in carbonate
      concretions during outcrop weathering.
AB  - Concretions are preferentially cemented zones within sediments and sedimentary
      rocks. Cementation can result from relatively early diagenetic processes that
      include degradation of sedimentary organic compounds or methane as indicated by
      significantly 13 C-depleted or enriched carbon isotope compositions. As minerals
      fill pore space, reduced permeability may promote preservation of sediment
      components from degradation during subsequent diagenesis, burial heating and
      outcrop weathering. Discrete and macroscopic organic remains, macro and
      microfossils, magnetic grains, and sedimentary structures can be preferentially
      preserved within concretions. Here, Cretaceous carbonate concretions of the Holz
      Shale are shown to contain relatively high carbonate-free total organic carbon
      (TOC) contents (up to ~18.5 wt%) compared to the surrounding host rock (with <2.1
      wt%). TOC increases with total inorganic carbon (TIC) content, a metric of the
      degree of cementation. Pyrite contents within concretions generally correlate
      with organic carbon contents. Concretion carbonate carbon isotope compositions
      (delta13 Ccarb ) range from -22.5 to -3.40/00 (VPDB) and do not correlate
      strongly with TOC. Organic carbon isotope compositions (delta13 Corg ) of
      concretions and host rock are similar. Thermal maturity data indicate that both
      host and concretion organic matter are overmature and have evolved beyond the oil
      window maturity stage. Although the organic matter in general has experienced
      significant oxidative weathering, concretion interiors exhibit lower oxygen
      indices relative to the host. These results suggest that carbonate concretions
      can preferentially preserve overmature, ancient, sedimentary organic matter
      during outcrop weathering, despite evidence for organic matter degradation
      genetic mechanisms. As a result, concretions may provide an optimal proxy target
      for characterization of more primary organic carbon concentrations and chemical
      compositions. In addition, these findings indicate that concretions can promote
      delayed oxidative weathering of organic carbon in outcrop and therefore impact
      local chemical cycling.

PMID- 27384616
TI  - [Climate change and health].

PMID- 27384617
TI  - [The Peruvian Journal of Experimental Medicine and Public Health continues to
      serve the public health of Peru and Latin America].

PMID- 27384618
TI  - [Factors behind people's reluctance towards dengue vector control actions in
      three districts in northern Peru].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To identify factors behind a community's reluctance to dengue vector
      control efforts in three districts of the Piura region in Peru. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Fieldwork was conducted in May 2015 in the districts of Mori, Rinconada,
      Llicuar, and Sullana on the northern coast of Peru. Qualitative research methods
      were employed to understand varying perspectives of individuals involved in the
      dengue issue. Techniques such as interviewing and observation were used.
      Interviews included open-ended, in-depth questions. Individual interviews, focus
      groups, and home visits of community members were performed. RESULTS: Reluctance
      was based on four arguments: 1. Fumigation is ineffective; 2. Personnel
      intervening are untrustworthy; 3. The timing of activities is unsuitable; and 4.
      The larvicide used affected water quality and taste. There was clear
      heterogeneity in reluctant groups: community members with high economic status,
      residents in high-risk or "red zone" areas, families with someone working as a
      healthcare professional, and houses with an ill or disabled member. CONCLUSIONS:
      The arguments behind reluctance as well as the composition of groups reluctant to
      vector control during dengue outbreaks in the districts examined were
      heterogeneous. Control strategies must take this heterogeneity into account.

PMID- 27384619
TI  - [Quali-quantitative study on healthcare for children below the age of 3 at health
      establishments in nine underdeveloped regions of Peru].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess five elements of healthcare quality (physical space,
      equipment, personnel, waiting time, and counseling) in growth and development
      services (GDS) at 18 healthcare establishments in nine regions of Peru with high
      rates of poverty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quali-quantitative study was carried
      out in the Amazonas, Apurimac, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Cusco, Huanuco, Huancavelica,
      Puno, and Ucayali regions, that included direct observation (DO) during medical
      assistance in GDS, focus groups (FG, one user per healthcare establishment), and
      in-depth interviews (IDI) with healthcare workers (two per healthcare
      establishment). RESULTS: There were 18 DOs carried out to assess environment and
      equipment, 23 DOs of complete service shifts, 67 accompaniments to users during
      medical assistance in GDS, 18 FGs (118 participating mothers), and 36 IDIs. Both
      mothers and healthcare professionals agreed that there were limitations in
      infrastructure, equipment, materials, and personnel that impacted quality medical
      assistance in GDS. Delays in medical assistance, failure to comply with
      schedules, and lack of friendliness when providing medical care were the aspects
      that produced the greatest user dissatisfaction. Only 24.3% of the total amount
      of time spent at the healthcare establishment corresponded to beneficial
      activities for the user, although the Health Department was meeting the objective
      to promote improvement of childcare practices. CONCLUSIONS: The study was useful
      in identifying weaknesses and strengths that may help redirect GDS efforts within
      the framework of policies aimed at strengthening first-class medical assistance.

PMID- 27384620
TI  - [Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp isolated animal food for human
      consumption].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To analyze all information available on antimicrobial-resistant
      Salmonella species isolated from foods of animal origin that are used for human
      consumption in Latin America. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of
      observational epidemiological studies conducted in Latin America between 2003 and
      2014 was carried out using the PubMed and LILACS databases. Studies conducted as
      part of analyses of outbreaks or cases of human infection were not included.
      Three reviewers independently participated in the study selection. Additionally,
      the studies included underwent quality assessment. RESULTS: A total of 25 studies
      met the inclusion criteria. The studies included were conducted in Brazil,
      Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, and Venezuela. Salmonella spp. isolates were
      obtained mainly from animal-based foods derived from cattle, swine, and poultry,
      revealing that Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis were the most frequently
      isolated serotypes (17 and 11 studies, respectively). In 23 studies, Salmonella
      spp. showed resistance to more than one antibiotic, including nalidixic acid,
      streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim
      sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and cephalosporins. CONCLUSIONS:
      Salmonella spp. isolates obtained mainly from animal-based foods for human
      consumption in the countries analyzed often show resistance to several
      antibiotics. It is important that more countries in Latin America carry out and
      publish studies on Salmonella spp. resistance in order to establish and monitor
      adequate control strategies.

PMID- 27384621
TI  - [GHRd3 polymorphism of growth hormone receptor gen in peruvian children with
      idiopathic short stature].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the standardization of molecular detection and frequency
      of a growth hormone receptor gene deleted for exon three (GHRd3) polymorphism in
      a population of Peruvian children with idiopathic short stature. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Peripheral blood samples were used from patients (N=64) who were
      diagnosed with idiopathic short stature and were treated at the endocrinology
      unit of the National Institute of Child Health in Peru The amplification of exon
      3 was carried out using G1, G2, and G3 primers by optimizing PCR conditions, such
      as annealing temperature and magnesium concentration. RESULTS: The specificity of
      primers was maximized at 67  degrees C and there were no differences between
      magnesium concentration tests. Two-thirds (67%) of patients were GHRfl
      homozygous, 28% were heterozygous, and 5% were GHRd3 homozygous. CONCLUSIONS: The
      test was useful in determining the genotypes of patients with idiopathic short
      stature and revealed that only 5% had a genotype that would respond better to
      rhGH treatment. Thus, molecular assays may be useful when considering the
      decision to start drug therapy.

PMID- 27384622
TI  - [Comparison of prognostic scoring systems in the prediction of mortality and
      complications from sepsis].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare the Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS),
      Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Acute Physiology and Chronic
      Health Evaluation (APACHE II), and Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood
      pressure, 65 years of age and older (CURB-65) scoring systems for predicting
      mortality and complications in septic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      prospective study of diagnostic test assessment was carried out. Scores were
      compared by analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves
      corresponding to each score, with the development of death or complications as
      the dependent variable. RESULTS: There were 265 patients included in the
      analysis; 155 (58.4%) patients died and/or presented complications. The
      multivariate analysis revealed variables associated with mortality and
      complications were age, oliguria, mental health impairment, acute lung injury,
      and the use of inotropes. Analysis of ROC curves showed the area below the ROC
      curve was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.68-0.80) for SOFA, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.67-0.79) for MEDS,
      0.73 (95% CI: 0.66-0.79) for APACHE II, and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.60-0.73) for CURB-65,
      the latter being significantly lower than the first three. CONCLUSIONS: The MEDS,
      SOFA, and APACHE II are adequate scoring systems for predicting mortality and
      complications in septic patients. It is essential to utilize these scoring
      systems in emergency medical assistance in hospitals in Peru.

PMID- 27384623
TI  - [Characteristics of mistreatment in medical students of a public university in
      Peru].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine the characteristics of mistreatment among medical
      students at a public university in the province Ica, Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      This cross-sectional study was performed in 2012, and used a probability sample
      of medical students (freshman to sixth year) at the Universidad Nacional San Luis
      Gonzaga. A 23-item survey with a Likert scale was used to measure the students'
      perceptions of psychological, physical, academic and sexual mistreatment.
      Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis were performed. RESULTS: A total of
      281 students were surveyed. The perception of psychological mistreatment was
      96.8%; academic, 86.8%; physical, 62.6% and sexual, 20.6%. Physical abuse
      increased during the clinical-surgical study cicle (p = 0.001). Medical doctors
      and residents were the main aggressors. Male students reported of receiving
      assignments as a punishment, not receiving credits for their work, physical
      mistreatment, verbal threats, insults, or being teased because of their etnic
      background. Female students were more likely to have experienced sexual abuse.
      Report of sexual abuse frequently ocurred at the university (45.3%, p=0.002) and
      hospital (45.0%, p=0.046). Women frequently reported not knowing to whom or where
      to denounce the abuse (54.6%, p=0.042) and not reporting it because it stopped
      (56.9%, p=0.048). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of abuse among students
      in which their characteristics as sex, level of study and aggressor allow to
      identify the types of abuse that they receive.

PMID- 27384624
TI  - [Evaluation of peruvian money test in screening of cognitive impairment among
      older adults].
AB  - Objectives To evaluate the Peruvian adaptation of the money test (Eurotest) for
      identifying cognitive impairment among >60-year-old adults. Materials and methods
      This is a phase I study of diagnostic test, with a convenience sampling and
      calculation of the test's sensitivity and specificity, based on a pretest
      prevalence of 50%. The criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
      Mental Disorders (DSM IV) and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) were used for the
      operational definition of patients with cognitive impairment. Receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the optimal cut-off
      value. Results The study evaluated 42 cases and 42 controls; there was no
      significant difference between age (77.88 +/- 6.01 years vs. 6.49 76.14 +/-
      years) and years of education (13.69 +/- 3.70 years vs. 8.17 +/- 4.71 years). The
      Peruvian version of the Eurotest has a sensitivity of 90.5% and specificity of
      83.3% with cut-off value of 24. Conclusions The Peruvian adapted version of the
      Eurotest, called prueba de la moneda peruana could be useful in screening for
      cognitive impairment among older adults. 

PMID- 27384625
TI  - [Microbiological and therapeutic characteristics of confirmed neonatal sepsis at
      a hospital in Lima, Peru].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the microbiological and therapeutic characteristics of
      confirmed neonatal sepsis, and determineits incidence and mortality, at the
      National Hospital Arzobispo Loayza (HNAL) from 2011 to 2012, Lima, Peru.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective longitudinal study. It was performed a
      monitoring to newborns with probable sepsis, and assessed the results from
      positive blood cultures. The newborns' characteristics were obtained from medical
      records. The acumulated incidences of confirmed sepsis, mortality and fatality
      rates were determined. Quantitative variables were reported as men +/- standard
      deviation or median (interquartile range). Qualitative variables were reported as
      relative frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: The incidence of confirmed sepsis
      was 4.1 per 1 000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7-5.5). The
      mortality rate was 0.97 per 1 000 live births (95% CI: 0.29-1.63) and the
      fatality rate was 23.5% (95% CI: 9-37). The most commonly isolated organism was
      coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, followed by Staphylococcus aureus, both with
      high rates of oxacillin resistance (90% and 66.6%, respectively). A 67% of the
      newborns were treated using ampicillin/amikacin or ampicillin/cefotaxime.
      Antibiotics were changed in 58% of the newborns because of poor
      clinical/laboratory evolution or blood culture results. In most cases the seconds
      antibiotic was vancomycin (42.8%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high incidence of
      confirmed sepsis and a high fatality rate. The administered treatments were not
      consistent with the microbiological profiles.

PMID- 27384626
TI  - [Myths about organ donation on health personnel, potential recipients and
      relatives of potential donors in a peruvian hospital: a qualitative study].
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore the myths regarding organ donation at a national hospital
      in Lambayeque, Peru during 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative
      phenomenological study was performed using 24 unstructured in-depht interview of
      health personnel, potential recipients and relatives of potential donors.
      Sampling was intentional opinion-based, completed by theoretical saturation in
      each group. An interview guide was used, which was assessed by five experts, and
      data triangulation was performed. RESULTS: Twenty-three interviewees (95,8%)
      reported a favorable attitude towards organ donation. On their National
      Identification Document, thirteen (54,2%) had marked "no" for donation. The myths
      were: age or illness can preclude donation; that the recipient may experience the
      donor's behaviours and lives in it; brain death is undestood as the immobility of
      the body and a reversible state; religions do not accept organ donation because
      it affects physical integrity and resurrection; and that there are preferences on
      the organ donor waiting list and that organ trafficking taxes place. CONCLUSIONS:
      Myths explored in this study involved religious, socio-cultural, psychological
      and ethical misperceptions. The apparent lack of knowledge of the brain death
      diagnosis is the starting point of the donation process. Therefore, the presence
      of a hospital coordinator, the role of spiritual leaders and the correct
      information provided by media would be key parts to dispell these myths.

PMID- 27384627
TI  - [Potential vulnerability to flooding at public health facilities in four northern
      regions of Peru].
AB  - In order to determine the potential vulnerability of public health facilities in
      four northern regions of Peru to the possible effects of El Nino-Southern
      Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. An exploratory spatial analysis was performed
      using the geo-referenced points for at-risk areas based on the activation of
      gullies that were reported by the National Water Authority, and the location of
      the four regional public health facilities of the Ministry of Health. Concentric
      areas of influence were simulate from the points of risk towards the public
      health facilities using radii of 200, 1000 and 1500 meters. The Tumbes region
      would be the most affected with 37.2% of its health facilities being affected by
      floods and landslides. The I-2 and I-3 categories of health facilities appeared
      to be the most affected with 28.9% and 31.6% respectively. Therefore, public
      health facilities near the risk zones may be affected by the ENSO. 

PMID- 27384628
TI  - [Clinical characteristics of patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy in a
      public hospital in Peru].
AB  - With the purpose of describe the profile of use of electroconvulsive therapy
      (ECT) on hospitalized patients at "Honorio Delgado - Hideyo Noguchi" National
      Institute of Mental Health in Lima, Peru, the medical records of patients
      receiving ECT between 2001 and 2011 were reviewed. The main findings were: four
      hundred and nineteen ECT courses were applied to 372 patients, with a total of
      5439 applications the most common diagnosis was paranoid schizophrenia (70.7%),
      the most common indication was resistance to treatment (80.7%), also the clinical
      response to ECT was good in 70.1% of cases while side effects were generally
      transient and mild. The use of ECT decreased over the period of the study but it
      was tolerable and safe, especially in the modified version, and it had a high
      response rate so remains as a first-line psychiatric treatment. 

PMID- 27384629
TI  - [Spatial distribution of accidents, incidents and diseases related to work in
      Peru, 2012-2014].
AB  - We analyzed geospatially accidents, incidents and diseases related to work of
      regional reports in Peru (2012-2014). The 52887 events were classified as work
      related accidents (93%), dangerous incidents (5.1%), occupational diseases (1%)
      and fatal accidents (0.9%). The highest rates of fatal accidents were reported in
      Pasco, Callao, Lima, Moquegua and Arequipa. Callao and Lima are the regions with
      the highest rates of occupational accidents. The highest rates of dangerous
      incidents were reported in Arequipa, Callao, Lima, Ica and Piura. Occupational
      diseases are distributed with high rates in Huancavelica, Ancash, Pasco, Callao
      and Cusco. The economic activities that reported most of the occupational
      diseases were mining and quarrying (49.2%); followed by manufacturing industry
      (23.4%); and construction (8%). It is concluded that there are high rates and
      common spatial patterns of laboral accidents in Peru that could be used by
      decision makers to focus interventions. 

PMID- 27384630
TI  - [Acute toxicity of Xanthium spinosum leaves in BALB/C mice].
AB  - The leaves of the Xanthium spinosum plant have been used culturally in Paraguay
      for their medicinal properties. Acute toxicity of mature leaf extract was
      evaluated. For the study, 35 Balb/c mice were selected and allocated into 7
      groups, 6 test groups and 1 control group. The extract was prepared in
      concentrations of 6% and 9% (g/dL). The 6% concentration was administrated to 3
      test groups and 9% concentration to the remaining 3 groups, with doses between
      200 and 1000 mg/kg per mouse. After 14 days of observation, blood samples were
      taken for laboratory studies of urea and transaminases and organs were examined
      for pathological studies. There were increased levels of GOT and urea in the test
      groups compared to the control group. In conclusion, the consumption of mature
      leaf extract of Xanthium spinosum can cause hepatic damage. 

PMID- 27384631
TI  - [Psychological intervention to candidates for surgery bariatric in a public
      hospital in Brazil].
AB  - We evaluated a psychological intervention program to patients eligible for
      bariatric surgery, performing lifting coping strategies, anxiety manifestations
      and lifestyle changes, comparing them to obese patients without exposure to the
      intervention. The cognitive-behavioral program consists of 12 group sessions, in
      which they are addressed issues relevant to the process of habit change and
      preparation for surgery. The comparison of pre and post-intervention and between
      groups showed improvements in the experimental group. It is highlighted the
      importance of continued counseling as a promoter of skills required to face
      adverse situations of obesity and treatment. Studies with larger samples, and
      more attention to anxiety variables are suggested. 

PMID- 27384632
TI  - [Evolution of the climate change concept and its impact in the public health of
      Peru].
AB  - The term "climate change" is not a new concept but its impact on public health is
      under constant review. We know that climate has already changed and will continue
      to change for centuries with the rise in average global temperature, and the
      associated rise in sea level. This fact makes mitigation efforts relevant only in
      the very long term and for generations of humans whose parents have not yet been
      born. When we talk about public health in the context of climate change, we are
      talking about adaptation. In the present, countries that are currently the most
      affected by climate change are precisely countries like Peru, without a
      significant carbon footprint at the global level but that are highly sensitive to
      the effects of climate. Without reliable climate projections, the health impact
      of climate change can be uncertain and complicated. Nevertheless, at the local
      level, every district can identify its vulnerabilities and define priorities to
      protect the health of its population. There are, and it can also be developed,
      environmental health indicators that can help monitor how well we are adapting
      and how prepared we are for changes in the climate. Adaptation to climate change
      implies improving living conditions, enhancing epidemiological surveillance
      systems and extending access to healthcare. The fight against the effects of
      climate change in public health is a fight against poverty and inequality, and
      that is nothing new in Peru. 

PMID- 27384633
TI  - [Role of the health sector in climate change].
AB  - This article compiles the conclusions and results of several studies conducted by
      global and intergovernmental organizations involved in the research and promotion
      of policies and strategies for a successful and efficient management of the
      negative effects of climate change in public health. It is also a call for
      awareness the health community regarding their protagonist and strategic role to
      be assumed in relation to this global phenomenon which requires the coordinated
      cross-sectoral and inter-institution collaboration to achieve true social and
      environmental resilience. 

PMID- 27384634
TI  - [Peru, climate change and non-communicable diseases: ?where are we and where are
      we headed?].
AB  - The world is facing a crisis of noncommunicable diseases alongside a state of
      climate volatility. Of the total health burden attributable to climate change,
      99% will be assumed by developing countries. In light of climate change, Peru's
      best opportunity is to create mitigation and adaptation policies focused on
      developing health co-benefits, which will improve the state of noncommunicable
      diseases and the climate system. This article presents Peru's compromises in
      terms of mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions; identifies public health
      opportunities for Peru under the Paris Agreement signed in the 21st Conference of
      the Parties (COP21); and makes recommendations for evidence and policy generation
      for the National Academy of Medicine and the Peruvian government. 

PMID- 27384635
TI  - [Network meta-analysis: mixed and indirect treatment comparisons. a new method to
      the service of clinical epidemiology and public health].
AB  - This review describes essential concepts of network meta-analysis and indirect
      comparisons and their application to clinical science. There are an increasing
      number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses providing direct comparisons
      between different interventions, although this is often not feasible when there
      is a lack of evidence related to all possible comparisons. Thus, important
      statistical tools that help make indirect comparisons based on previously
      existing comparisons have been developed. Network meta-analyses are an innovative
      tool that could assist doctors, researchers, and governmental organizations when
      making clinical and public health decisions. 

PMID- 27384636
TI  - [Suggestions for chikungunya control based on a sensitivity analysis of a
      mathematical model].
AB  - Chikungunya fever seriously affects peoples' health and causes chronic joint pain
      and even disability. Chikungunya is transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti and
      Aedes albopictus. Outbreaks have been reported in throughout the world, including
      Latin America. Mathematical modeling studies of these outbreaks have calculated
      the values of various epidemiological parameters. Based on them, a mathematical
      model was prepared to simulate a chikungunya outbreak in a local population,
      which was transmitted from an neighboring infected population. A sensitivity and
      uncertainty analysis revealed that the mosquito-to-human and human-to-mosquito
      transmission rates are the variables with the highest correlation with the number
      infected people, which were greatest at 60 days after the first case in the
      neighboring population. Therefore, it is recommended to take this into
      consideration when planning policies to control such variables as isolation of
      infected people, distribution of mosquito netting and repellents, fumigation,
      among others. 

PMID- 27384637
TI  - [Dermatomiositis and evans syndrome associated with HTLV-1 infection].
AB  - A 55-year-old female patient, born in Ayacucho, with a history of dermatomyositis
      for 3 years, who received irregular treatment with prednisone. Two months prior
      to admission, she presented with autoinmune hemolytic anemia and idiopathic
      thrombocytopenic purpura. The patient received methylprednisolone pulse therapy
      and packed red blood cells transfusions. Upon admission, she was drowsy, with a
      poor overall status, marked weight loss, dehydration, with presence of livedo
      reticularis in her lower extremities, and onychodystrophy and onycholysis on the
      toes of both feet. Western blot test was positive for human T-lymphotropic virus
      type 1 (HTLV-1). The patient evolved with recurrent hypoglycemia. Therefore, we
      report a case of dermatomyositis and Evans syndrome in the context of an HTLV-1
      infection. 

PMID- 27384638
TI  - [Predatory capacity of trophozoites of Trichomonas hominis to destroy and/or
      phagocytose Blastocystis hominis].

PMID- 27384639
TI  - [New distribution areas of Aedes aegypti in Peru].

PMID- 27384640
TI  - [Internet use among diabetic patients searching for information about their
      disease. Lima, Peru, 2014].

PMID- 27384641
TI  - [Malnutrition in institutionalized elderly in a nursing home. Lima, Peru].

PMID- 27384642
TI  - [Acute Hepatitis A in patients with febrile illness in a hospital in the northern
      region of Peru].

PMID- 27384643
TI  - [Knowledge about tuberculosis in pharmacy personnels in a district of Lima,
      Peru].

PMID- 27384644
TI  - [Chronic symptoms after a dengue episode, a need for research].

PMID- 27384645
TI  - [Teaching indigenous languages at peruvian medical schools].

PMID- 27384646
TI  - [Spatial analysis of cardiovascular disease-related mortality in the provinces of
      Lima and Callao].

PMID- 27384647
TI  - Modeling Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters with Spatiotemporal Analysis for
      the Free-Ranging Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Illinois and
      Tennessee, a Potential Biosentinel.
AB  - Box turtles are long-lived, inhabit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and
      have relatively small home ranges making them a suitable candidate as a sentinel.
      To characterize their changes in response to environmental health, assessment of
      observed variation of this species is required. Thus, a comparative health
      assessment was employed in 825 Eastern box turtles in east central Illinois and
      Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to establish a baseline health assessment with regard to
      sex, age class, season, and location, identify temporal trends, and map
      parameters. Hematological and plasma biochemical variables measured included
      packed cell volume, total solids, white blood cell and differential counts,
      calcium, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, bile acids, creatine kinase, and
      uric acid. These variables were reduced to four principle components that
      explained 68.8 % of the cumulative variance. The top model included the main
      effects of year, location, and sex, but no interactions. Spatial analysis of
      turtles in Tennessee demonstrated increased WBC and decreased PCV in 2011
      associated with a clear-cut silviculture site. The results of this health
      assessment can serve as a baseline of population health in future studies and aid
      in the utility of this species as a sentinel.

PMID- 27384648
TI  - Prevailing PA Mutation K356R in Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus Increases Mammalian
      Replication and Pathogenicity.
AB  - Adaptation of the viral polymerase complex comprising PB1, PB2, and PA is
      necessary for efficient influenza A virus replication in new host species. We
      found that PA mutation K356R (PA-K356R) has become predominant since 2014 in
      avian H9N2 viruses in China as with seasonal human H1N1 viruses. The same
      mutation is also found in most human isolates of emergent avian H7N9 and H10N8
      viruses whose six internal gene segments are derived from the H9N2 virus. We
      further demonstrated the mammalian adaptive functionality of the PA-K356R
      mutation. Avian H9N2 virus with the PA-K356R mutation in human A549 cells showed
      increased nuclear accumulation of PA and increased viral polymerase activity that
      resulted in elevated levels of viral transcription and virus output. The same
      mutant virus in mice also enhanced virus replication and caused lethal infection.
      In addition, combined mutation of PA-K356R and PB2-E627K, a well-known mammalian
      adaptive marker, in the H9N2 virus showed further cooperative increases in virus
      production and severity of infection in vitro and in vivo In summary, PA-K356R
      behaves as a novel mammalian tropism mutation, which, along with other mutations
      such as PB2-E627K, might render avian H9N2 viruses adapted for human infection.
      IMPORTANCE: Mutations of the polymerase complex (PB1, PB2, and PA) of influenza A
      virus are necessary for viral adaptation to new hosts. This study reports a novel
      and predominant mammalian adaptive mutation, PA-K356R, in avian H9N2 viruses and
      human isolates of emergent H7N9 and H10N8 viruses. We found that PA-356R in H9N2
      viruses causes significant increases in virus replication and severity of
      infection in human cells and mice and that PA-K356R cooperates with the PB2-E627K
      mutation, a well-characterized human adaptive marker, to exacerbate mammalian
      infection in vitro and in vivo Therefore, the PA-K356R mutation is a significant
      adaptation in H9N2 viruses and related H7N9 and H10N8 reassortants toward human
      infectivity.

PMID- 27384649
TI  - Virion Structure of Israeli Acute Bee Paralysis Virus.
AB  - The pollination services provided by the western honeybee (Apis mellifera) are
      critical for agricultural production and the diversity of wild flowering plants.
      However, honeybees suffer from environmental pollution, habitat loss, and
      pathogens, including viruses that can cause fatal diseases. Israeli acute bee
      paralysis virus (IAPV), from the family Dicistroviridae, has been shown to cause
      colony collapse disorder in the United States. Here, we present the IAPV virion
      structure determined to a resolution of 4.0 A and the structure of a pentamer of
      capsid protein protomers at a resolution of 2.7 A. IAPV has major capsid proteins
      VP1 and VP3 with noncanonical jellyroll beta-barrel folds composed of only seven
      instead of eight beta-strands, as is the rule for proteins of other viruses with
      the same fold. The maturation of dicistroviruses is connected to the cleavage of
      precursor capsid protein VP0 into subunits VP3 and VP4. We show that a putative
      catalytic site formed by the residues Asp-Asp-Phe of VP1 is optimally positioned
      to perform the cleavage. Furthermore, unlike many picornaviruses, IAPV does not
      contain a hydrophobic pocket in capsid protein VP1 that could be targeted by
      capsid-binding antiviral compounds. IMPORTANCE: Honeybee pollination is required
      for agricultural production and to sustain the biodiversity of wild flora.
      However, honeybee populations in Europe and North America are under pressure from
      pathogens, including viruses that cause colony losses. Viruses from the family
      Dicistroviridae can cause honeybee infections that are lethal, not only to
      individual honeybees, but to whole colonies. Here, we present the virion
      structure of an Aparavirus, Israeli acute bee paralysis virus (IAPV), a member of
      a complex of closely related viruses that are distributed worldwide. IAPV
      exhibits unique structural features not observed in other picorna-like viruses.
      Capsid protein VP1 of IAPV does not contain a hydrophobic pocket, implying that
      capsid-binding antiviral compounds that can prevent the replication of vertebrate
      picornaviruses may be ineffective against honeybee virus infections.

PMID- 27384650
TI  - Mapping Murine Corneal Neovascularization and Weight Loss Virulence Determinants
      in the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Genome and the Detection of an Epistatic
      Interaction between the UL and IRS/US Regions.
AB  - Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) most commonly causes recrudescent labial ulcers;
      however, it is also the leading cause of infectious blindness in developed
      countries. Previous research in animal models has demonstrated that the severity
      of HSV-1 ocular disease is influenced by three main factors: host innate
      immunity, host immune response, and viral strain. We have previously shown that
      mixed infection with two avirulent HSV-1 strains (OD4 and CJ994) results in
      recombinants with a wide range of ocular disease phenotype severity. Recently, we
      developed a quantitative trait locus (QTL)-based computational approach (vQTLmap)
      to identify viral single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predicted to influence
      the severity of the ocular disease phenotypes. We have now applied vQTLmap to
      identify HSV-1 SNPs associated with corneal neovascularization and mean peak
      percentage weight loss (MPWL) using 65 HSV-1 OD4-CJ994 recombinants. The vQTLmap
      analysis using Random Forest for neovascularization identified phenotypically
      meaningful nonsynonymous SNPs in the ICP4, UL41 (VHS), UL42, UL46 (VP11/12), UL47
      (VP13/14), UL48 (VP22), US3, US4 (gG), US6 (gD), and US7 (gI) coding regions. The
      ICP4 gene was previously identified as a corneal neovascularization determinant,
      validating the vQTLmap method. Further analysis detected an epistatic interaction
      for neovascularization between a segment of the unique long (UL) region and a
      segment of the inverted repeat short (IRS)/unique short (US) region. Ridge
      regression was used to identify MPWL-associated nonsynonymous SNPs in the UL1
      (gL), UL2, UL4, UL49 (VP22), UL50, and ICP4 coding regions. The data provide
      additional insights into virulence gene and epistatic interaction discovery in
      HSV-1. IMPORTANCE: Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) typically causes recurrent cold
      sores; however, it is also the leading source of infectious blindness in
      developed countries. Corneal neovascularization is critical for the progression
      of blinding ocular disease, and weight loss is a measure of infection severity.
      Previous HSV-1 animal virulence studies have shown that the severity of ocular
      disease is partially due to the viral strain. In the current study, we used a
      recently described computational quantitative trait locus (QTL) approach in
      conjunction with 65 HSV-1 recombinants to identify viral single nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in neovascularization and weight loss.
      Neovascularization SNPs were identified in the ICP4, VHS, UL42, VP11/12, VP13/14,
      VP22, gG, US3, gD, and gI genes. Further analysis revealed an epistatic
      interaction between the UL and US regions. MPWL-associated SNPs were detected in
      the UL1 (gL), UL2, UL4, VP22, UL50, and ICP4 genes. This approach will facilitate
      future HSV virulence studies.

PMID- 27384651
TI  - Infection of Common Marmosets with GB Virus B Chimeric Virus Encoding the Major
      Nonstructural Proteins NS2 to NS4A of Hepatitis C Virus.
AB  - A lack of immunocompetent-small-primate models has been an obstacle for
      developing hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccines and affordable antiviral drugs. In
      this study, HCV/GB virus B (GBV-B) chimeric virus carrying the major
      nonstructural proteins NS2 to NS4A (HCV NS2 to -4A chimera) was produced and used
      to infect common marmosets, since HCV NS2 to NS4A proteins are critical proteases
      and major antigens. Seven marmosets were inoculated intrahepatically with HCV NS2
      to -4A chimera RNA for primary infection or intravenously injected with chimera
      containing serum for passage infection. Three animals used as controls were
      injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or GBV-B, respectively. Six of
      seven HCV NS2 to -4A chimera-infected marmosets exhibited consistent viremia and
      one showed transient viremia during the course of follow-up detection. All six
      infected animals with persistent circulating viremia presented characteristics
      typical of viral hepatitis, including viral RNA and proteins in hepatocytes and
      histopathological changes in liver tissue. Viremia was consistently detected for
      5 to 54 weeks of follow-up. FK506 immunosuppression facilitated the establishment
      of persistent chimera infection in marmosets. An animal with chimera infection
      spontaneously cleared the virus in blood 7 weeks following the first inoculation,
      but viral-RNA persistence, low-level viral protein, and mild necroinflammation
      remained in liver tissue. The specific antibody and T-cell response to HCV NS3 in
      this viremia-resolved marmoset was boosted by rechallenging, but no viremia was
      detected during 57 weeks of follow-up. The chimera-infected marmosets described
      can be used as a suitable small-primate animal model for studying novel antiviral
      drugs and T-cell-based vaccines against HCV infection. IMPORTANCE: HCV infection
      causes approximately 70% of chronic hepatitis and is frequently associated with
      primary liver cancer globally. Chimpanzees have been used as a reliable primate
      model for HCV infection, but ethical considerations have restricted their utility
      in biomedical research. GB virus B (GBV-B) is a flavivirus related to HCV. It can
      infect common marmosets, a New World small primate, and induces viral hepatitis
      similar to HCV infection in humans. To minimize differences between GBV-B and
      HCV, we generated HCV NS2 to -4A/GBV-B chimeric viruses and established a chimera
      infected marmoset model. HCV NS2 to -4A chimera-infected marmosets provide a
      small-animal model for evaluating novel antiviral drugs targeting HCV NS3-NS4A
      protease and T-cell-based HCV vaccines.

PMID- 27384652
TI  - The Interferon-Stimulated Gene Ifitm3 Restricts West Nile Virus Infection and
      Pathogenesis.
AB  - The interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM) family of proteins inhibit
      infection of several different enveloped viruses in cell culture by virtue of
      their ability to restrict entry and fusion from late endosomes. As few studies
      have evaluated the importance of Ifitm3 in vivo in restricting viral
      pathogenesis, we investigated its significance as an antiviral gene against West
      Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus, in cells and mice. Ifitm3(-/-) mice
      were more vulnerable to lethal WNV infection, and this was associated with
      greater virus accumulation in peripheral organs and central nervous system
      tissues. As no difference in viral burden in the brain or spinal cord was
      observed after direct intracranial inoculation, Ifitm3 likely functions as an
      antiviral protein in nonneuronal cells. Consistent with this, Ifitm3(-/-)
      fibroblasts but not dendritic cells resulted in higher yields of WNV in multistep
      growth analyses. Moreover, transcomplementation experiments showed that Ifitm3
      inhibited WNV infection independently of Ifitm1, Ifitm2, Ifitm5, and Ifitm6.
      Beyond a direct effect on viral infection in cells, analysis of the immune
      response in WNV-infected Ifitm3(-/-) mice showed decreases in the total number of
      B cells, CD4(+) T cells, and antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Finally, bone
      marrow chimera experiments demonstrated that Ifitm3 functioned in both
      radioresistant and radiosensitive cells, as higher levels of WNV were observed in
      the brain only when Ifitm3 was absent from both compartments. Our analyses
      suggest that Ifitm3 restricts WNV pathogenesis likely through multiple
      mechanisms, including the direct control of infection in subsets of cells.
      IMPORTANCE: As part of the mammalian host response to viral infections, hundreds
      of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are induced. The inhibitory activity of
      individual ISGs varies depending on the specific cell type and viral pathogen.
      Among ISGs, the genes encoding interferon-induced transmembrane protein (IFITM)
      have been reported to inhibit multiple families of viruses in cell culture.
      However, few reports have evaluated the impact of IFITM genes on viral
      pathogenesis in vivo In this study, we characterized the antiviral activity of
      Ifitm3 against West Nile virus (WNV), an encephalitic flavivirus, using mice with
      a targeted gene deletion of Ifitm3 Based on extensive virological and
      immunological analyses, we determined that Ifitm3 protects mice from WNV-induced
      mortality by restricting virus accumulation in peripheral organs and,
      subsequently, in central nervous system tissues. Our data suggest that Ifitm3
      restricts WNV pathogenesis by multiple mechanisms and functions in part by
      controlling infection in different cell types.

PMID- 27384653
TI  - A Highly Conserved gp120 Inner Domain Residue Modulates Env Conformation and
      Trimer Stability.
AB  - Previous studies have shown that highly conserved residues in the inner domain of
      gp120 are required for HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) transitions to the CD4
      bound conformation (A. Finzi, S. H. Xiang, B. Pacheco, L. Wang, J. Haight, et
      al., Mol Cell 37:656-667, 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.02.012;
      A. Desormeaux, M. Coutu, H. Medjahed, B. Pacheco, A. Herschhorn, et al., J Virol
      87:2549-2562, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03104-12). Moreover, W69, a
      highly conserved residue located at the interface between layer 1 and layer 2 of
      the inner domain, was recently shown to be important for efficient Env
      recognition by CD4-induced (CD4i) antibodies capable of potent antibody-dependent
      cellular cytotoxicity (W. D. Tolbert, N. Gohain, M. Veillette, J. P. Chapleau, C.
      Orlandi, et al., 2016, Structure 24:697-709,
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.str.2016.03.005; S. Ding, M. Veillette, M. Coutu, J.
      Prevost, L. Scharf, et al., 2016, J Virol 90:2127-2134,
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02779-15). We evaluated the contribution of the
      hydrophobicity of W69 to conformational changes of Env by replacing it with a
      series of residues with aliphatic or aromatic side chains of decreasing chain
      length. We have found that the hydrophobicity of residue 69 is important for Env
      processing, CD4 binding, and its transition to the CD4-bound conformation. The
      most deleterious effect was observed when W69 was replaced with alanine or
      glycine residues. However, the functions lost due to W69 mutations could be
      progressively restored with amino acids of increasing aliphatic chain length and
      fully recovered with residues bearing an aromatic ring. Interestingly, poor CD4
      binding of W69A could be fully restored by introducing a compensatory mutation
      within layer 2 (S115W). Structural studies of HIV-1 gp120 coree W69A/S115W mutant
      bound to the CD4 peptide mimetic M48U1 and Fab of anti-cluster A antibody N60-i3
      revealed no perturbations to the overall structure of the double mutant compared
      to the wild-type protein but identified higher mobility within the interface
      between layer 1 and layer 2, the bridging sheet region, and the CD4 binding
      site.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Env transitions to the CD4-bound conformation are required
      for viral entry. Previous studies identified a highly conserved residue of the
      inner domain, W69, as being involved in these conformational transitions (A.
      Finzi, S. H. Xiang, B. Pacheco, L. Wang, J. Haight, et al., Mol Cell 37:656-667,
      2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.02.012). Here, we show that W69,
      located at the interface between gp120 and gp41 in the PGT151-bound trimer, plays
      a critical role in the interprotomer signaling induced by CD4 binding. This new
      information might be useful in immunogen design.

PMID- 27384654
TI  - CD25+ FoxP3+ Memory CD4 T Cells Are Frequent Targets of HIV Infection In Vivo.
AB  - Interleukin 2 (IL-2) signaling through the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25)
      facilitates HIV replication in vitro and facilitates homeostatic proliferation of
      CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells. CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells may therefore
      constitute a suitable subset for HIV infection and plasma virion production.
      CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cell frequencies, absolute numbers, and the expression
      of CCR5 and cell cycle marker Ki67 were studied in peripheral blood from HIV(+)
      and HIV(-) study volunteers. Different memory CD4(+) T cell subsets were then
      sorted for quantification of cell-associated HIV DNA and phylogenetic analyses of
      the highly variable EnvV1V3 region in comparison to plasma-derived virus
      sequences. In HIV(+) subjects, 51% (median) of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells
      expressed the HIV coreceptor CCR5. Very high frequencies of Ki67(+) cells were
      detected in CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells (median, 27.6%) in comparison
      to CD25(-) FoxP3(-) memory CD4(+) T cells (median, 4.1%; P < 0.0001). HIV DNA
      content was 15-fold higher in CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells than in
      CD25(-) FoxP3(-) T cells (P = 0.003). EnvV1V3 sequences derived from CD25(+)
      FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells did not preferentially cluster with plasma-derived
      sequences. Quasi-identical cell-plasma sequence pairs were rare, and their
      proportion decreased with the estimated HIV infection duration. These data
      suggest that specific cellular characteristics of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+)
      T cells might facilitate efficient HIV infection in vivo and passage of HIV DNA
      to cell progeny in the absence of active viral replication. The contribution of
      this cell population to plasma virion production remains unclear. IMPORTANCE:
      Despite recent advances in the understanding of AIDS virus pathogenesis, which
      cell subsets support HIV infection and replication in vivo is incompletely
      understood. In vitro, the IL-2 signaling pathway and IL-2-dependent cell cycle
      induction are essential for HIV infection of stimulated T cells. CD25(+) FoxP3(+)
      memory CD4 T cells, often referred to as regulatory CD4 T cells, depend on IL-2
      signaling for homeostatic proliferation in vivo Our results show that CD25(+)
      FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells often express the HIV coreceptor CCR5, are
      significantly more proliferative, and contain more HIV DNA than CD25(-) FoxP3(-)
      memory CD4 T cell subsets. The specific cellular characteristics of CD25(+)
      FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells probably facilitate efficient HIV infection in
      vivo and passage of HIV DNA to cell progeny in the absence of active viral
      replication. However, the contribution of this cell subset to plasma viremia
      remains unclear.

PMID- 27384655
TI  - Regulatory Interaction between the Cellular Restriction Factor IFI16 and Viral
      pp65 (pUL83) Modulates Viral Gene Expression and IFI16 Protein Stability.
AB  - A key player in the intrinsic resistance against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is
      the interferon-gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), which behaves as a viral DNA
      sensor in the first hours postinfection and as a repressor of viral gene
      transcription in the later stages. Previous studies on HCMV replication
      demonstrated that IFI16 binds to the viral protein kinase pUL97, undergoes
      phosphorylation, and relocalizes to the cytoplasm of infected cells. In this
      study, we demonstrate that the tegument protein pp65 (pUL83) recruits IFI16 to
      the promoter of the UL54 gene and downregulates viral replication, as shown by
      use of the HCMV mutant v65Stop, which lacks pp65 expression. Interestingly, at
      late time points of HCMV infection, IFI16 is stabilized by its interaction with
      pp65, which stood in contrast to IFI16 degradation, observed in herpes simplex
      virus 1 (HSV-1)-infected cells. Moreover, we found that its translocation to the
      cytoplasm, in addition to pUL97, strictly depends on pp65, as demonstrated with
      the HCMV mutant RV-VM1, which expresses a form of pp65 unable to translocate into
      the cytoplasm. Thus, these data reveal a dual role for pp65: during early
      infection, it modulates IFI16 activity at the promoter of immediate-early and
      early genes; subsequently, it delocalizes IFI16 from the nucleus into the
      cytoplasm, thereby stabilizing and protecting it from degradation. Overall, these
      data identify a novel activity of the pp65/IFI16 interactome involved in the
      regulation of UL54 gene expression and IFI16 stability during early and late
      phases of HCMV replication. IMPORTANCE: The DNA sensor IFI16, a member of the
      PYHIN proteins, restricts HCMV replication by impairing viral DNA synthesis.
      Using a mutant virus lacking the tegument protein pp65 (v65Stop), we demonstrate
      that pp65 recruits IFI16 to the early UL54 gene promoter. As a putative
      counteraction to its restriction activity, pp65 supports the nucleocytoplasmic
      export of IFI16, which was demonstrated with the viral mutant RV-VM1 expressing a
      nuclearly retained pp65. These data reveal a dual role of pp65 in IFI16
      regulation: in the early phase of HCMV infection, it contributes to viral evasion
      from IFI16 restriction activity, while at later time points, it promotes the
      nuclear delocalization of IFI16, thereby stabilizing and protecting it from
      degradation. In the present work, we further clarify the mechanisms HCMV relies
      on to overcome intracellular innate immune restriction and provide new insights
      into the relevance of DNA-sensing restriction factor IFI16 during HCMV infection.

PMID- 27384656
TI  - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Inhibits Interferon Signaling by
      Targeted Degradation of STAT1.
AB  - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a worldwide-distributed
      alphacoronavirus, but the pathogenesis of PEDV infection is not fully
      characterized. During virus infection, type I interferon (IFN) is a key mediator
      of innate antiviral responses. Most coronaviruses develop some strategy for at
      least partially circumventing the IFN response by limiting the production of IFN
      and by delaying the activation of the IFN response. However, the molecular
      mechanisms by which PEDV antagonizes the antiviral effects of interferon have not
      been fully characterized. Especially, how PEDV impacts IFN signaling components
      has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we observed that PEDV was relatively
      resistant to treatment with type I IFN. Western blot analysis showed that STAT1
      expression was markedly reduced in PEDV-infected cells and that this reduction
      was not due to inhibition of STAT1 transcription. STAT1 downregulation was
      blocked by a proteasome inhibitor but not by an autophagy inhibitor, strongly
      implicating the ubiquitin-proteasome targeting degradation system. Since PEDV
      infection-induced STAT1 degradation was evident in cells pretreated with the
      general tyrosine kinase inhibitor, we conclude that STAT1 degradation is
      independent of the IFN signaling pathway. Furthermore, we report that PEDV
      induced STAT1 degradation inhibits IFN-alpha signal transduction pathways.
      Pharmacological inhibition of STAT1 degradation rescued the ability of the host
      to suppress virus replication. Collectively, these data show that PEDV is capable
      of subverting the type I interferon response by inducing STAT1 degradation.
      IMPORTANCE: In this study, we show that PEDV is resistant to the antiviral effect
      of IFN. The molecular mechanism is the degradation of STAT1 by PEDV infection in
      a proteasome-dependent manner. This PEDV infection-induced STAT1 degradation
      contributes to PEDV replication. Our findings reveal a new mechanism evolved by
      PEDV to circumvent the host antiviral response.

PMID- 27384657
TI  - Roles of the Rabies Virus Phosphoprotein Isoforms in Pathogenesis.
AB  - Rabies virus (RABV) P gene mRNA encodes five in-frame start codons, resulting in
      expression of full-length P protein (P1) and N-terminally truncated P proteins
      (tPs), designated P2, P3, P4, and P5. Despite the fact that some tPs are known as
      interferon (IFN) antagonists, the importance of tPs in the pathogenesis of RABV
      is still unclear. In this study, to examine whether tPs contribute to
      pathogenesis, we exploited a reverse genetics approach to generate CE(NiP)DeltaP2
      5, a mutant of pathogenic CE(NiP) in which the P gene was mutated by replacing
      all of the start codons (AUG) for tPs with AUA. We confirmed that while CE(NiP)
      expresses detectable levels of P2 and P3, CE(NiP)DeltaP2-5 has an impaired
      ability to express these tPs. After intramuscular inoculation, CE(NiP)DeltaP2-5
      caused significantly lower morbidity and mortality rates in mice than did
      CE(NiP), indicating that tPs play a critical role in RABV neuroinvasiveness.
      Further examinations revealed that this less neuroinvasive phenotype of
      CE(NiP)DeltaP2-5 correlates with its impaired ability to replicate in muscle
      cells, indicative of the importance of tPs in viral replication in muscle cells.
      We also demonstrated that CE(NiP)DeltaP2-5 infection induced a higher level of
      Ifn-beta gene expression in muscle cells than did CE(NiP) infection, consistent
      with the results of an IFN-beta promoter reporter assay suggesting that all tPs
      function to antagonize IFN induction in muscle cells. Taken together, our
      findings strongly suggest that tPs promote viral replication in muscle cells
      through their IFN antagonist activities and thereby support infection of
      peripheral nerves. IMPORTANCE: Despite the fact that previous studies have
      demonstrated that P2 and P3 of RABV have IFN antagonist activities, the actual
      importance of tPs in pathogenesis has remained unclear. Here, we provide the
      first evidence that tPs contribute to the pathogenesis of RABV, especially its
      neuroinvasiveness. Our results also show the mechanism underlying the
      neuroinvasiveness driven by tPs, highlighting the importance of their IFN
      antagonist activities, which support viral replication in muscle cells.

PMID- 27384658
TI  - The Molecular Determinants of Antibody Recognition and Antigenic Drift in the H3
      Hemagglutinin of Swine Influenza A Virus.
AB  - Influenza A virus (IAV) of the H3 subtype is an important respiratory pathogen
      that affects both humans and swine. Vaccination to induce neutralizing antibodies
      against the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) is the primary method used to
      control disease. However, due to antigenic drift, vaccine strains must be
      periodically updated. Six of the 7 positions previously identified in human
      seasonal H3 (positions 145, 155, 156, 158, 159, 189, and 193) were also indicated
      in swine H3 antigenic evolution. To experimentally test the effect on virus
      antigenicity of these 7 positions, substitutions were introduced into the HA of
      an isogenic swine lineage virus. We tested the antigenic effect of these
      introduced substitutions by using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) data with
      monovalent swine antisera and antigenic cartography to evaluate the antigenic
      phenotype of the mutant viruses. Combinations of substitutions within the
      antigenic motif caused significant changes in antigenicity. One virus mutant that
      varied at only two positions relative to the wild type had a >4-fold reduction in
      HI titers compared to homologous antisera. Potential changes in pathogenesis and
      transmission of the double mutant were evaluated in pigs. Although the double
      mutant had virus shedding titers and transmissibility comparable to those of the
      wild type, it caused a significantly lower percentage of lung lesions.
      Elucidating the antigenic effects of specific amino acid substitutions at these
      sites in swine H3 IAV has important implications for understanding IAV evolution
      within pigs as well as for improved vaccine development and control strategies in
      swine. IMPORTANCE: A key component of influenza virus evolution is antigenic
      drift mediated by the accumulation of amino acid substitutions in the
      hemagglutinin (HA) protein, resulting in escape from prior immunity generated by
      natural infection or vaccination. Understanding which amino acid positions of the
      HA contribute to the ability of the virus to avoid prior immunity is important
      for understanding antigenic evolution and informs vaccine efficacy predictions
      based on the genetic sequence data from currently circulating strains. Following
      our previous work characterizing antigenic phenotypes of contemporary wild-type
      swine H3 influenza viruses, we experimentally validated that substitutions at 6
      amino acid positions in the HA protein have major effects on antigenicity. An
      improved understanding of the antigenic diversity of swine influenza will
      facilitate a rational approach for selecting more effective vaccine components to
      control the circulation of influenza in pigs and reduce the potential for
      zoonotic viruses to emerge.

PMID- 27384659
TI  - Specificity, Size, and Frequency of Spaces That Characterize the Mechanism of
      Bulk Transepithelial Transport of Prions in the Nasal Cavities of Hamsters and
      Mice.
AB  - Inhalation of infected brain homogenate results in transepithelial transport of
      prions across the nasal mucosa of hamsters, some of which occurs rapidly in
      relatively large amounts between cells (A. E. Kincaid, K. F. Hudson, M. W.
      Richey, and J. C. Bartz, J. Virol 86:12731-12740, 2012,
      doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01930-12). Bulk transepithelial transport in
      the nasal cavity has not been studied to date. In the present study, we
      characterized the frequency, size, and specificity of the intercellular spaces
      that mediate the bulk transport of inhaled prions between cells of mice or
      hamsters following extranasal inoculation with mock-infected brain homogenate,
      different strains of prion-infected brain homogenate, or brain homogenate mixed
      with India ink. Infected or mock-infected inoculum was identified within
      lymphatic vessels of the lamina propria and in spaces of >5 MUm between a small
      number of cells of the nasal mucosa in >90% of animals from 5 to 60 min after
      inhalation. The width of the spaces between cells, the amount of the inoculum
      within the lumen of lymphatic vessels, and the timing of the transport indicate
      that this type of transport was taking place through preexisting spaces in the
      nasal cavity that were orders of magnitude wider than what is normally reported
      for paracellular transport. The indiscriminate rapid bulk transport of brain
      homogenate in the nasal cavity results in immediate entry into nasal cavity
      lymphatics following inhalation. This novel mechanism may underlie the recent
      report of the early detection of prions in blood following inhalation and has
      implications for horizontal prion transmission. IMPORTANCE: The results of these
      studies demonstrate that the nasal mucosa of mice and hamsters is not an absolute
      anatomical barrier to inhaled prion-infected or uninfected brain homogenate.
      Relatively large amounts of infected and uninfected brain homogenate rapidly
      cross the nasal mucosa and enter the lumen of lymphatic vessels following
      inhalation. These bulk transepithelial transport events were relatively rare but
      present in >90% of animals 5 to 60 min following inhalation. This novel mechanism
      of bulk transepithelial transport was seen in experimental and control hamsters
      and mice, indicating that it was not species specific or in response to prion
      exposure. The indiscriminate bulk intercellular transport of inhaled pathogens
      across the nasal mucosa followed by entry into the lymphatic system may be a
      mechanism that underlies the entry and spread of other toxins and pathogens in
      olfactory system-driven animals.

PMID- 27384661
TI  - Genetic Lineage and Reassortment of Influenza C Viruses Circulating between 1947
      and 2014.
AB  - Since influenza C virus was first isolated in 1947, the virus has been only
      occasionally isolated by cell culture; there are only four strains for which
      complete genome sequences are registered. Here, we analyzed a total of 106
      complete genomes, ranging from the first isolate from 1947 to recent isolates
      from 2014, to determine the genetic lineages of influenza C virus, the
      reassortment events, and the rates of nucleotide substitution. The results showed
      that there are six lineages, named C/Taylor, C/Mississippi, C/Aichi, C/Yamagata,
      C/Kanagawa, and C/Sao Paulo. They contain both antigenic and genetic lineages of
      the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene, and the internal genes PB2, PB1, P3, NP, M,
      and NS are divided into two major lineages, a C/Mississippi/80-related lineage
      and a C/Yamagata/81-related lineage. Reassortment events were found over the
      entire period of 68 years. Several outbreaks of influenza C virus between 1990
      and 2014 in Japan consisted of reassortant viruses, suggesting that the genomic
      constellation is related to influenza C virus epidemics. The nucleotide sequences
      were highly homologous to each other. The minimum percent identity between
      viruses ranged from 91.1% for the HE gene to 96.1% for the M gene, and the rate
      of nucleotide substitution for the HE gene was the highest, at 5.20 * 10(-4)
      substitutions/site/year. These results indicate that reassortment is an important
      factor that increases the genetic diversity of influenza C virus, resulting in
      its ability to prevail in humans. IMPORTANCE Influenza C virus is a pathogen that
      causes acute respiratory illness in children and results in hospitalization of
      infants. We previously demonstrated (Y. Matsuzaki et al., J Clin Virol 61:87-93,
      2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.017) that periodic epidemics of
      this virus occurred in Japan between 1996 and 2014 and that replacement of the
      dominant antigenic group occurred every several years as a result of selection by
      herd immunity. However, the antigenicity of the HE glycoprotein is highly stable,
      and antigenic drift has not occurred for at least 30 years. Here, we analyzed a
      total of 106 complete genomes spanning 68 years for the first time, and we found
      that influenza C viruses are circulating worldwide while undergoing reassortment
      as well as selection by herd immunity, resulting in an increased ability to
      prevail in humans. The results presented in this study contribute to the
      understanding of the evolution, including reassortment events, underlying
      influenza C virus epidemics.

PMID- 27384660
TI  - Unusual Features of Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Hepatitis
      B Virus Receptor.
AB  - Cell culture (cc)-derived hepatitis B virus (HBV) can infect differentiated
      HepaRG cells, but efficient infection requires addition of polyethylene glycol
      (PEG) during inoculation. Identification of sodium taurocholate cotransporting
      polypeptide (NTCP) as an HBV receptor enabled ccHBV infection of NTCP
      reconstituted HepG2 cells, although very little hepatitis B surface antigen
      (HBsAg) is produced. We found infection by patient serum-derived HBV (sHBV),
      which required purification of viral particles through ultracentrifugation or PEG
      precipitation, was PEG independent and much more efficient in HepaRG cells than
      in HepG2/NTCP cells. In contrast to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), HBsAg was not
      a reliable marker of productive sHBV infection at early time points. A low
      HBsAg/HBeAg ratio by ccHBV-infected HepG2/NTCP cells was attributable to dimethyl
      sulfoxide (DMSO) in culture medium, NTCP overexpression, and HBV genotype D.
      HepG2/NTCP cells released more viral antigens than HepG2 cells after HBV genome
      delivery by adeno-associated virus, and stable expression of NTCP in a ccHBV
      producing cell line increased viral mRNAs, proteins, replicative DNA, and
      covalently closed circular DNA. NTCP protein expression in HepG2/NTCP cells,
      despite being driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, was markedly increased by
      DMSO treatment. This at least partly explains ability of DMSO to promote ccHBV
      infection in such cell lines. In conclusion, NTCP appeared inefficient to mediate
      infection by serum-derived HBV. It could promote HBV RNA transcription while
      inhibiting HBsAg secretion. Efficient PEG-independent sHBV infection of HepaRG
      cells permits comparative studies of diverse clinical HBV isolates and will help
      identify additional factors on virion surface promoting attachment to
      hepatocytes. IMPORTANCE: Currently in vitro infection with hepatitis B virus
      (HBV) depends on cell culture-derived HBV inoculated in the presence of
      polyethylene glycol. We found patient serum-derived HBV could efficiently infect
      differentiated HepaRG cells independent of polyethylene glycol, which represents
      a more physiological infection system. Serum-derived HBV has poor infectivity in
      HepG2 cells reconstituted with sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
      (NTCP), the currently accepted HBV receptor. Moreover, HepG2/NTCP cells secreted
      very little hepatitis B surface antigen after infection with cell culture-derived
      HBV, which was attributed to NTCP overexpression, genotype D virus, and dimethyl
      sulfoxide added to culture medium. NTCP could promote HBV RNA transcription,
      protein expression, and DNA replication in HepG2 cells stably transfected with
      HBV DNA, while dimethyl sulfoxide could increase NTCP protein level despite
      transcriptional control by a cytomegalovirus promoter. Therefore, this study
      revealed several unusual features of NTCP as an HBV receptor and established
      conditions for efficient serum virus infection in vitro.

PMID- 27384662
TI  - Endogenous Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Identified in a Rodent (Melomys burtoni
      subsp.) from Wallacea (Indonesia).
AB  - Gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) and koala retrovirus (KoRV) most likely
      originated from a cross-species transmission of an ancestral retrovirus into
      koalas and gibbons via one or more intermediate as-yet-unknown hosts. A virus
      highly similar to GALV has been identified in an Australian native rodent
      (Melomys burtoni) after extensive screening of Australian wildlife. GALV-like
      viruses have also been discovered in several Southeast Asian species, although
      screening has not been extensive and viruses discovered to date are only
      distantly related to GALV. We therefore screened 26 Southeast Asian rodent
      species for KoRV- and GALV-like sequences, using hybridization capture and high
      throughput sequencing, in the attempt to identify potential GALV and KoRV hosts.
      Only the individuals belonging to a newly discovered subspecies of Melomys
      burtoni from Indonesia were positive, yielding an endogenous provirus very
      closely related to a strain of GALV. The sequence of the critical receptor domain
      for GALV infection in the Indonesian M. burtoni subsp. was consistent with the
      susceptibility of the species to GALV infection. The second record of a GALV in
      M. burtoni provides further evidence that M. burtoni, and potentially other
      lineages within the widespread subfamily Murinae, may play a role in the spread
      of GALV-like viruses. The discovery of a GALV in the most western part of the
      Australo-Papuan distribution of M. burtoni, specifically in a transitional zone
      between Asia and Australia (Wallacea), may be relevant to the cross-species
      transmission to gibbons in Southeast Asia and broadens the known distribution of
      GALVs in wild rodents. IMPORTANCE: Gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) and the koala
      retrovirus (KoRV) are very closely related, yet their hosts neither are closely
      related nor overlap geographically. Direct cross-species infection between koalas
      and gibbons is unlikely. Therefore, GALV and KoRV may have arisen via a cross
      species transfer from an intermediate host whose range overlaps those of both
      gibbons and koalas. Using hybridization capture and high-throughput sequencing,
      we have screened a wide range of rodent candidate hosts from Southeast Asia for
      KoRV- and GALV-like sequences. Only a Melomys burtoni subspecies from Wallacea
      (Indonesia) was positive for GALV. We report the genome sequence of this newly
      identified GALV, the critical domain for infection of its potential cellular
      receptor, and its phylogenetic relationships with the other previously
      characterized GALVs. We hypothesize that Melomys burtoni, and potentially related
      lineages with an Australo-Papuan distribution, may have played a key role in
      cross-species transmission to other taxa.

PMID- 27384663
TI  - Comprehensive Characterization of HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology and Demographic
      History in the Brazilian Region Most Heavily Affected by AIDS.
AB  - The high incidence of AIDS cases and the dominance of HIV-1 subtype C infections
      are two features that distinguish the HIV-1 epidemic in the two southernmost
      Brazilian states (Rio Grande do Sul [RS] and Santa Catarina [SC]) from the
      epidemic in other parts of the country. Nevertheless, previous studies on HIV
      molecular epidemiology were conducted mainly in capital cities, and a more
      comprehensive understanding of factors driving this unique epidemic in Brazil is
      necessary. Blood samples were collected from individuals in 13 municipalities in
      the Brazilian southern region. HIV-1 env and pol genes were submitted to
      phylogenetic analyses for assignment of subtype, and viral population
      phylodynamics were reconstructed by applying Skygrid and logistic coalescent
      models in a Bayesian analysis. A high prevalence of subtype C was observed in all
      sampled locations; however, an increased frequency of recombinant strains was
      found in RS, with evidence for new circulating forms (CRFs). In the SC state,
      subtype B and C epidemics were associated with distinct exposure groups. Although
      logistic models estimated similar growth rates for HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) and
      HIV-1B, a Skygrid plot reveals that the former epidemic has been expanding for a
      longer time. Our results highlight a consistent expansion of HIV-1C in south
      Brazil, and we also discuss how heterosexual and men who have sex with men (MSM)
      transmission chains might have impacted the current prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes
      in this region. IMPORTANCE: The AIDS epidemic in south Brazil is expanding
      rapidly, but the circumstances driving this condition are not well known. A high
      prevalence of HIV-1 subtype C was reported in the capital cities of this region,
      in contrast to the subtype B dominance in the rest of the country. This study
      sought to comparatively investigate the HIV-1 subtype B and C epidemics by
      sampling individuals from several cities in the two states with the highest AIDS
      incidences in Brazil. Our analyses showed distinct epidemic growth curves for the
      two epidemics, and we also found evidence suggesting that separate transmission
      chains may be impacting the viral phylodynamics and the emergence of new
      recombinant forms.

PMID- 27384664
TI  - Genome-Wide Screening of Retroviral Envelope Genes in the Nine-Banded Armadillo
      (Dasypus novemcinctus, Xenarthra) Reveals an Unfixed Chimeric Endogenous
      Betaretrovirus Using the ASCT2 Receptor.
AB  - Retroviruses enter host cells through the interaction of their envelope (Env)
      protein with a cell surface receptor, which triggers the fusion of viral and
      cellular membranes. The sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 is
      the common receptor of the large RD114 retrovirus interference group, whose
      members display frequent env recombination events. Germ line retrovirus
      infections have led to numerous inherited endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in
      vertebrate genomes, which provide useful insights into the coevolutionary history
      of retroviruses and their hosts. Rare ERV-derived genes display conserved viral
      functions, as illustrated by the fusogenic syncytin env genes involved in
      placentation. Here, we searched for functional env genes in the nine-banded
      armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) genome and identified dasy-env1.1, which
      clusters with RD114 interference group env genes and with two syncytin genes
      sharing ASCT2 receptor usage. Using ex vivo pseudotyping and cell-cell fusion
      assays, we demonstrated that the Dasy-Env1.1 protein is fusogenic and can use
      both human and armadillo ASCT2s as receptors. This gammaretroviral env gene
      belongs to a provirus with betaretrovirus-like features, suggesting acquisition
      through recombination. Provirus insertion was found in several Dasypus species,
      where it has not reached fixation, whereas related family members integrated
      before diversification of the genus Dasypus >12 million years ago (Mya). This
      newly described ERV lineage is potentially useful as a population genetic marker.
      Our results extend the usage of ASCT2 as a retrovirus receptor to the mammalian
      clade Xenarthra and suggest that the acquisition of an ASCT2-interacting env gene
      is a major selective force driving the emergence of numerous chimeric viruses in
      vertebrates. IMPORTANCE: Retroviral infection is initiated by the binding of the
      viral envelope glycoprotein to a host cell receptor(s), triggering membrane
      fusion. Ancient germ line infections have generated numerous endogenous
      retroviruses (ERVs) in nearly all vertebrate genomes. Here, we report a
      previously uncharacterized ERV lineage from the genome of a xenarthran species,
      the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). It entered the Dasypus genus
      >12 Mya, with one element being inserted more recently in some Dasypus species,
      where it could serve as a useful marker for population genetics. This element
      exhibits an env gene, acquired by recombination events, with conserved viral
      fusogenic properties through binding to ASCT2, a receptor used by a wide range of
      recombinant retroviruses infecting other vertebrate orders. This specifies the
      ASCT2 transporter as a successful receptor for ERV endogenization and suggests
      that ASCT2-binding env acquisition events have favored the emergence of numerous
      chimeric viruses in a wide range of species.

PMID- 27384666
TI  - Tunable C2N Membrane for High Efficient Water Desalination.
AB  - Water scarcity represents one of the most serious global problems of our time and
      challenges the advancements in desalination techniques. Although water-filtering
      architectures based on graphene have greatly advanced the approach to high
      performance desalination membranes, the controlled-generation of nanopores with
      particular diameter is tricky and has stunted its wide applications. Here,
      through molecular dynamic simulations and first-principles calculations, we
      propose that the recently reported graphene-like carbon nitride (g-C2N) monolayer
      can serve as high efficient filters for water desalination. Taking the advantages
      of the intrisic nanoporous structure and excellent mechanical properties of g
      C2N, high water transparency and strong salt filtering capability have been
      demonstrated in our simulations. More importantly, the "open" and "closed" states
      of the g-C2N filter can be precisely regulated by tensile strain. It is found
      that the water permeability of g-C2N is significantly higher than that reported
      for graphene filters by almost one order of magnitude. In the light of the
      abundant family of graphene-like carbon nitride monolayered materials, our
      results thus offer a promising approach to the design of high efficient
      filteration architectures.

PMID- 27384665
TI  - Structure-Activity Relationships of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
      Maturation Inhibitor PF-46396.
AB  - HIV-1 maturation inhibitors are a novel class of antiretroviral compounds that
      consist of two structurally distinct chemical classes: betulinic acid derivatives
      and the pyridone-based compound PF-46396. It is currently believed that both
      classes act by similar modes of action to generate aberrant noninfectious
      particles via inhibition of CA-SP1 cleavage during Gag proteolytic processing. In
      this study, we utilized a series of novel analogues with decreasing similarity to
      PF-46396 to determine the chemical groups within PF-46396 that contribute to
      antiviral activity, Gag binding, and the relationship between these essential
      properties. A spectrum of antiviral activity (active, intermediate, and inactive)
      was observed across the analogue series with respect to CA-SP1 cleavage and HIV-1
      (NL4-3) replication kinetics in Jurkat T cells. We demonstrate that selected
      inactive analogues are incorporated into wild-type (WT) immature particles and
      that one inactive analogue is capable of interfering with PF-46396 inhibition of
      CA-SP1 cleavage. Mutations that confer PF-46396 resistance can impose a defective
      phenotype on HIV-1 that can be rescued in a compound-dependent manner. Some
      inactive analogues retained the capacity to rescue PF-46396-dependent mutants
      (SP1-A3V, SP1-A3T, and CA-P157S), implying that they can also interact with
      mutant Gag. The structure-activity relationships observed in this study
      demonstrate that (i) the tert-butyl group is essential for antiviral activity but
      is not an absolute requirement for Gag binding, (ii) the trifluoromethyl group is
      optimal but not essential for antiviral activity, and (iii) the 2-aminoindan
      group is important for antiviral activity and Gag binding but is not essential,
      as its replacement is tolerated. IMPORTANCE: Combinations of antiretroviral drugs
      successfully treat HIV/AIDS patients; however, drug resistance problems make the
      development of new mechanistic drug classes an ongoing priority. HIV-1 maturation
      inhibitors are novel as they target the Gag protein, specifically by inhibiting
      CA-SP1 proteolytic cleavage. The lack of high-resolution structural information
      of the CA-SP1 target in Gag has hindered our understanding of the inhibitor
      binding pocket and maturation inhibitor mode of action. Therefore, we utilized
      analogues of the maturation inhibitor PF-46396 as chemical tools to determine the
      chemical components of PF-46396 that contribute to antiviral activity and Gag
      binding and the relationship between these essential properties. This is the
      first study to report structure-activity relationships of the maturation
      inhibitor PF-46396. PF-46396 is chemically distinct from betulinic acid-derived
      maturation inhibitors; therefore, our data provide a foundation of knowledge that
      will aid our understanding of how structurally distinct maturation inhibitors act
      by similar modes of action.

PMID- 27384668
TI  - Correction: Sparstolonin B, a Novel Plant Derived Compound, Arrests Cell Cycle
      and Induces Apoptosis in N-Myc Amplified and N-Myc Nonamplified Neuroblastoma
      Cells.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096343.].

PMID- 27384667
TI  - The "Ram Effect": A "Non-Classical" Mechanism for Inducing LH Surges in Sheep.
AB  - During spring sheep do not normally ovulate but exposure to a ram can induce
      ovulation. In some ewes an LH surge is induced immediately after exposure to a
      ram thus raising questions about the control of this precocious LH surge. Our
      first aim was to determine the plasma concentrations of oestradiol (E2) E2 in
      anoestrous ewes before and after the "ram effect" in ewes that had a "precocious"
      LH surge (starting within 6 hours), a "normal" surge (between 6 and 28h) and
      "late" surge (not detected by 56h). In another experiment we tested if a small
      increase in circulating E2 could induce an LH surge in anoestrus ewes. The
      concentration of E2 significantly was not different at the time of ram
      introduction among ewes with the three types of LH surge. "Precocious" LH surges
      were not preceded by a large increase in E2 unlike "normal" surges and small
      elevations of circulating E2 alone were unable to induce LH surges. These results
      show that the "precocious" LH surge was not the result of E2 positive feedback.
      Our second aim was to test if noradrenaline (NA) is involved in the LH response
      to the "ram effect". Using double labelling for Fos and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
      we showed that exposure of anoestrous ewes to a ram induced a higher density of
      cells positive for both in the A1 nucleus and the Locus Coeruleus complex
      compared to unstimulated controls. Finally, the administration by retrodialysis
      into the preoptic area, of NA increased the proportion of ewes with an LH
      response to ram odor whereas treatment with the alpha1 antagonist Prazosin
      decreased the LH pulse frequency and amplitude induced by a sexually active ram.
      Collectively these results suggest that in anoestrous ewes NA is involved in ram
      induced LH secretion as observed in other induced ovulators. 

PMID- 27384669
TI  - Content Validity for the VVSymQ(r) Instrument: A New Patient-Reported Outcome
      Measure for the Assessment of Varicose Veins Symptoms.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Varicose veins are common and can impact patients' quality of life,
      but consensus regarding the evaluation of varicose vein symptoms is lacking and
      existing measures have limitations. OBJECTIVE: This research aimed to develop and
      establish the content validity of a new electronic patient-reported outcome (PRO)
      measure, the VVSymQ(r) instrument, to assess symptoms of superficial venous
      insufficiency (varicose veins) in clinical trials. METHODS: The development of
      the VVSymQ(r) instrument began with qualitative interviews with patients based on
      the symptom domain of the VEINES-QOL/Sym, an existing PRO instrument for chronic
      venous disorders of the leg. Three phases of qualitative research were conducted
      to examine the relevance and importance of the symptoms to patients with varicose
      veins, and the patients' ability to understand and use the VVSymQ(r) instrument.
      The development included evaluating questions that had 1-week and 24-h recall
      periods, and paper and electronic versions of the new instrument. RESULTS: Five
      symptoms (heaviness, achiness, swelling, throbbing, and itching [HASTITM]) were
      consistently reported by patients across all sources of qualitative data. The
      final version of the VVSymQ(r) instrument queries patients on the HASTITM
      symptoms using a 24-h recall period and a 6-point duration-based response scale
      ranging from "None of the time" to "All of the time," and is administered daily
      via an electronic diary. Cognitive interviews demonstrated varicose vein
      patients' understanding of and their ability to use the final version of the
      VVSymQ(r) instrument. CONCLUSION: Content validity was established for the
      VVSymQ(r) instrument, which assesses the five HASTITM symptoms of varicose veins
      daily via an electronic diary and has promise for use in research and practice.

PMID- 27384670
TI  - What Outcomes are Important for Gout Patients? In-Depth Qualitative Research into
      the Gout Patient Experience to Determine Optimal Endpoints for Evaluating
      Therapeutic Interventions.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Characterized by sudden onset of severe joint pain,
      swelling, redness, and tenderness to touch, gout 'flare ups' have a substantial
      impact on quality of life (QoL). This research employed a patient-centered
      approach to explore the symptoms and impacts of gout, and assess the content
      validity of existing patient-reported outcomes (PROs). METHODS: Qualitative
      interviews were conducted with 30 US gout patients (non-tophaceous: n = 20,
      tophaceous: n = 10) and five expert rheumatologists. Each interview included both
      concept elicitation (CE) questioning to learn about the patient experience and
      cognitive debriefing to assess the content validity of three PRO instruments (HAQ
      DI, GAQ, and TIQ-20). Nine of the patients provided further real-time qualitative
      data through a smart phone application. All qualitative data were subject to
      thematic analysis using Atlas.ti. Two patient advisors and three expert
      clinicians were engaged as advisors at key stages throughout the research.
      RESULTS: Interview and real-time data identified the same core symptoms and
      proximal impact concepts. Severe pain (typically in joints of extremities) was
      described as the cardinal symptom, often accompanied by swelling, redness, heat,
      sensitivity to touch, and stiffness. Domains of QoL impacted included physical
      functioning, sleep, daily activities, and work. The PRO instruments were
      generally well-understood by patients, but each included items with questionable
      relevance to at least some of the sample, dependent on the specific joints
      affected. CONCLUSIONS: Gout patients experience severe pain in affected joints,
      resulting in substantial limitations in physical functioning. Both the HAQ-DI and
      the TIQ-20 are useful for specific research purposes in the gout population,
      although modifications are recommended.

PMID- 27384671
TI  - Acquisition of Motor and Cognitive Skills through Repetition in Typically
      Developing Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Procedural memory allows acquisition, consolidation and use of motor
      skills and cognitive routines. Automation of procedures is achieved through
      repeated practice. In children, improvement in procedural skills is a consequence
      of natural neurobiological development and experience. METHODS: The aim of the
      present research was to make a preliminary evaluation and description of
      repetition-based improvement of procedures in typically developing children
      (TDC). Ninety TDC children aged 6-12 years were asked to perform two procedural
      learning tasks. In an assembly learning task, which requires predominantly motor
      skills, we measured the number of assembled pieces in 60 seconds. In a mirror
      drawing learning task, which requires more cognitive functions, we measured time
      spent and efficiency. Participants were tested four times for each task: three
      trials were consecutive and the fourth trial was performed after a 10-minute
      nonverbal interference task. The influence of repeated practice on performance
      was evaluated by means of the analysis of variance with repeated measures and the
      paired-sample test. Correlation coefficients and simple linear regression test
      were used to examine the relationship between age and performance. RESULTS: TDC
      achieved higher scores in both tasks through repetition. Older children fitted
      more pieces than younger ones in assembling learning and they were faster and
      more efficient at the mirror drawing learning task. CONCLUSIONS: These findings
      indicate that three consecutive trials at a procedural task increased speed and
      efficiency, and that age affected basal performance in motor-cognitive
      procedures.

PMID- 27384673
TI  - Downregulation of the neonatal Fc receptor expression in non-small cell lung
      cancer tissue is associated with a poor prognosis.
AB  - Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although the
      recommended tumor, node and metastasis (TNM) classification and stage
      determination are important to select therapeutic options for patients with non
      small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), additional molecular markers are required to
      indicate the prognosis, in particular within a specific stage, and help with the
      management of patients.Because neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) has recently been
      involved in colon cancer immunosurveillance, we measured its expression in non
      cancerous and NSCLC lung tissues and evaluated its prognostic value in overall
      survival for patient with NSCLC. FcRn expression was determined at both mRNA and
      protein levels on cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissues from 80 NSCLC
      patients. In NSCLC, FcRn was mainly found in resident and tumor infiltrating
      immune cells. The corresponding mRNA and protein were significantly less abundant
      in lung tumor than non-cancerous tissue. Moreover, analysis of our cohort and
      datasets from the public data bases show that FCGRT mRNA down-regulation is a
      robust and independent, unfavorable predictive factor of NSCLC patient survival.
      We conclude that FCGRT mRNA expression may be a useful additional marker for
      immunoscoring, reflecting tumor immune system, and help in the decision-making
      process for NSCLC patients.

PMID- 27384675
TI  - White matter degeneration in subjective cognitive decline: a diffusion tensor
      imaging study.
AB  - Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an at-risk stage of Alzheimer's disease
      (AD) occurring prior to amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). To examine
      white matter (WM) defects in SCD, diffusion images from 27 SCD (age=65.3+/-8.0),
      35 aMCI (age=69.2+/-8.6) and 25 AD patients (age=68.3+/-9.4) and 37 normal
      controls (NC) (age=65.1+/-6.8) were compared using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics
      (TBSS). WM impairments common to the three patient groups were extracted, and
      fractional anisotropy (FA) values were averaged in each group. As compared to NC
      subjects, SCD patients displayed widespread WM alterations represented by
      decreased FA (p<0.05), increased mean diffusivity (MD; p<0.05), and increased
      radial diffusivity (RD; p<0.05). In addition, localized WM alterations showed
      increased axial diffusivity (AxD; p<0.05) similar to what was observed in aMCI
      and AD patients (p<0.05). In the shared WM impairment tracts, SCD patients had FA
      values between the NC group and the other two patient groups. In the NC and SCD
      groups, the AVLT-delayed recall score correlated with higher AxD (r=-0.333,
      p=0.045), MD (r=-0.351, p=0.03) and RD (r=-0.353, p=0.025). In both the aMCI and
      AD groups the diffusion parameters were highly correlated with cognitive scores.
      Our study suggests that SCD patients present with widespread WM changes, which
      may contribute to the early memory decline they experience.

PMID- 27384676
TI  - Efficacy and safety of cisplatin, dexamethasone, gemcitabine and pegaspargase
      (DDGP) regimen in newly diagnosed, advanced-stage extranodal natural killer/T
      cell lymphoma: interim analysis of a phase 4 study NCT01501149.
AB  - To explore a more effective treatment for newly diagnosed, advanced-stage
      extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL), we conducted a
      phase 4 study of the cisplatin, dexamethasone, gemcitabine, pegaspargase (DDGP)
      regimen. The primary end point was the 2-year progression-free survival (PFS)
      after the protocol treatment. Secondary endpoints included response rate (RR),
      overall survival (OS) and median survival time (MST). The interim analysis
      included data only from March 2011 to September 2013, who received six cycles of
      DDGP chemotherapy. A total of 25 eligible patients were enrolled. Seventeen
      patients (17/24, 70.83%) achieved complete response (CR) and four (4/24, 16.67%)
      achieved partial response (PR), three (3/24, 12.50%) had progressive disease
      (PD). The RR after treatment was 87.50%. After a median follow-up duration of
      24.67 months (range 4-48 months). The 2-year PFS and OS rate were 61.80% (95% CI,
      42.00% to 81.60%) and 68.50 % (95% CI, 48.70% to 88.30%), respectively. The MST
      was 36.55 months (95% CI, 29.41 months to 43.70 months). Grade 3/4 leukopenia
      occurred in fourteen patients (58.33%) and grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia occurred in
      eleven patients (45.83%). Twelve patients (50.00%) experienced Activated Partial
      Phromboplastin Ptime (APTT) elongation and fourteen patients (58.33%) experienced
      hypofibrinogenemia. In conclusion, DDGP regimen is an effective and tolerated
      treatment for newly diagnosed, advanced-stage ENKTL. This trial was registered at
      www.ClinicalTrials.gov as #NCT01501149.

PMID- 27384677
TI  - Stimulatory actions of IGF-I are mediated by IGF-IR cross-talk with GPER and DDR1
      in mesothelioma and lung cancer cells.
AB  - Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)/IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) system has been
      largely involved in the pathogenesis and development of various tumors. We have
      previously demonstrated that IGF-IR cooperates with the G-protein estrogen
      receptor (GPER) and the collagen receptor discoidin domain 1 (DDR1) that are
      implicated in cancer progression. Here, we provide novel evidence regarding the
      molecular mechanisms through which IGF-I/IGF-IR signaling triggers a functional
      cross-talk with GPER and DDR1 in both mesothelioma and lung cancer cells. In
      particular, we show that IGF-I activates the transduction network mediated by IGF
      IR leading to the up-regulation of GPER and its main target genes CTGF and EGR1
      as well as the induction of DDR1 target genes like MATN-2, FBN-1, NOTCH 1 and HES
      1. Of note, certain DDR1-mediated effects upon IGF-I stimulation required both
      IGF-IR and GPER as determined knocking-down the expression of these receptors.
      The aforementioned findings were nicely recapitulated in important biological
      outcomes like IGF-I promoted chemotaxis and migration of both mesothelioma and
      lung cancer cells. Overall, our data suggest that IGF-I/IGF-IR system triggers
      stimulatory actions through both GPER and DDR1 in aggressive tumors as
      mesothelioma and lung tumors. Hence, this novel signaling pathway may represent a
      further target in setting innovative anticancer strategies.

PMID- 27384678
TI  - Local hyperthermia in head and neck cancer: mechanism, application and advance.
AB  - Local hyperthermia (HT), particularly in conjunction with surgery, radiotherapy
      and chemotherapy was useful for the treatment of human malignant tumors including
      head and neck cancer. However, at present it suffered from many limitations such
      as thermal dose control, target treatment regions and discrimination between
      healthy and cancer cells. Recent developments in nanotechnology have introduced
      novel and smart therapeutic nanomaterials to local HT of head and neck cancer
      that basically take advantage of various targeting approaches. The aim of this
      paper is to give a brief review of the mechanism, methods and clinical
      applications of local HT in head and neck cancer, mainly focusing on photothermal
      therapy (PTT) and nanoparticle-based hyperthermia.

PMID- 27384679
TI  - Coumestrol inhibits autoantibody production through modulating Th1 response in
      experimental autoimmune thyroiditis.
AB  - Coumestrol is a common phytoestrogen found in plants and Chinese medicinal herbs.
      Its influences on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) were investigated in
      this study. Female adult CBA/J mice were fed with drinking water containing 1%
      Tween80 only (Control group), 0.8 mg/l (L group) and 8 mg/l coumestrol (H group)
      from 6 to 15 weeks of age, respectively. Their serum coumestrol concentrations
      were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, which were
      undetectable, 43.70 +/- 21.74 ng/ml and 135.07 +/- 70.40 ng/ml, respectively. In
      addition, the mice (n = 14-16/group) were immunized twice with thyroglobulin (Tg)
      and Freund's adjuvant to induce EAT during the meantime. Although no overt
      changes in the extent of intrathyroidal mononuclear cell infiltration were shown
      in the two coumestrol-treated groups as compared with the controls, serum anti-Tg
      IgG2a, IgG3 and IgG1 titers, ratio of IgG2a to IgG1 and the percentage of T
      helper (Th)1 cells in the splenocytes were significantly reduced in the L group.
      Another consistent change was the significantly decreased expression of splenic
      IFN-gamma mRNA after low dose of coumestrol exposure. Uterine weight was also
      markedly reduced in the mice of L group. These findings suggest that coumestrol
      treatment may have some beneficial actions against thyroid-specific autoantibody
      production in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis through suppression of
      Th1 response due to its anti-estrogenic activity.

PMID- 27384680
TI  - Compounds from the marine sponge Cribrochalina vasculum offer a way to target IGF
      1R mediated signaling in tumor cells.
AB  - In this work two acetylene alcohols, compound 1 and compound 2, which were
      isolated and identified from the sponge Cribrochalina vasculum, and which showed
      anti-tumor effects were further studied with respect to targets and action
      mechanisms. Gene expression analyses suggested insulin like growth factor
      receptor (IGF-1R) signaling to be instrumental in controlling anti-tumor efficacy
      of these compounds in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Indeed compounds 1 and
      2 inhibited phosphorylation of IGF-1Rbeta as well as reduced its target signaling
      molecules IRS-1 and PDK1 allowing inhibition of pro-survival signaling. In silico
      docking indicated that compound 1 binds to the kinase domain of IGF-1R at the
      same binding site as the well known tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1024. Indeed,
      cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) confirmed that C. vasculum compound 1 binds
      to IGF-1R but not to the membrane localized tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR.
      Importantly, we demonstrate that compound 1 causes IGF-1Rbeta but not Insulin
      Receptor degradation specifically in tumor cells with no effects seen in normal
      diploid fibroblasts. Thus, these compounds hold potential as novel therapeutic
      agents targeting IGF-1R signaling for anti-tumor treatment.

PMID- 27384681
TI  - Expression of CDX2 in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma and its correlation with H.
      pylori and cell proliferation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastric cardia cancer (GCC) is located in the distal stomach, and
      strongly correlates with atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori)
      infection. Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) is homeobox gene
      encoding an intestine-specific transcription factor usually expressed in the
      intestinal epithelium cells. However, in several recent published papers, CDX2
      was found to be aberrantly expressed in gastric, thyroid and ovarian cancer.
      RESULTS: Higher expression of CDX2 was found in GCC tissues in comparison with
      non-malignant cardia mucosa (p<0.05). Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis
      demonstrated that CDX2 expression correlated with lymphatic metastasis. In
      addition, we found that CDX2 expression progressively increased with the level of
      H. pylori infection (p<0.05), and also correlated with cell proliferation, based
      on Ki67 staining. METHODS: To investigate the relationship between CDX2, cell
      proliferation and H. pylori infection, we detected CDX2, Ki62 and H.pylori
      expression in 83 non-malignant gastric cardia mucosacases and 60 GCC specimens in
      the Chaoshan area, a high-risk region for esophageal and gastric cardia cancer.
      CONCLUSION: These findings provide pathological evidence that H. pylori
      infectionis a driving force of gastric cardia carcinogenesis by upregulating CDX2
      and inducing inflammation. These results provide new pathological evidence that
      H. pylori infection induces GCC tumorigenesis.

PMID- 27384682
TI  - Laparoscopic Band-Separated One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This video demonstrates laparoscopic band-separated one anastomosis
      gastric bypass-combining the advantages of banding and gastric bypass without
      stapler and cutter use. This is basically a gastrojejunal loop bypass above an
      obstructive band in the upper stomach. MATERIALS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: An
      adjustable low pressure "Medsil" gastric band was introduced in the abdomen and
      retracted through the retrogastric tunnel. The front wall of the stomach below
      the band was displaced in the upward direction through the ring band, increasing
      the size of the anterior portion of the stomach pouch so that a
      gastroenteroanastomosis could be created at this point. Gastro-gastric sutures
      were placed to create a gastro-gastric plication around the band and hold it in
      position. The band tubing was exteriorized and connected to a special port, which
      was secured to the abdominal wall fascia. A jejunal loop was created about 200 cm
      from the ligament of Treitz and anastomosed to the gastric pouch by hand using
      Vicryl 2/0 sutures. RESULTS: Between November 2015 and February 2016, the study
      was performed on 10 patients. The average operating time for all cases was 75 min
      (range 63-87). There was no morbidity or mortality. No complications were
      observed, including band erosion and band infection. Operation costs were about
      $2000 lower with this method than with standard gastric bypass surgery. Postop
      the patients lost weight by 3-4 kg per month. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results
      show that laparoscopic band-separated one anastomosis gastric bypass have
      feasibility, safety, efficacy, and reduced operating costs.

PMID- 27384683
TI  - Immunodominant membrane proteins of phytoplasmas.
AB  - Phytoplasmas are plant-pathogenic, phloem-colonizing, cell wall-less
      microorganisms that are primarily dependent on insect transmission for their
      spread and survival. The life cycle of phytoplasmas involves replication in
      insects and host plants. Until recently, phytoplasmas have resisted all attempts
      at cultivation in cell-free media, making these pathogens poorly characterized on
      a physiological and biochemical basis. However, host-pathogen relationships can
      be studied by investigating immunodominant membrane proteins (IDPs), which are
      located on the exterior surfaces of phytoplasma cells and are the most abundant
      proteins of the cell membrane. These membrane proteins come in direct contact
      with both insect and plant hosts and are thought to play a crucial role in
      phytoplasma spread both within the plant and by insect vectors. Therefore, there
      is great interest in studying this class of proteins. We summarize and discuss
      important investigations about these membrane proteins, which have already
      provided a better understanding of the host-phytoplasma relationship.

PMID- 27384684
TI  - Physical Activity Behaviors and Influences Among Chinese-American Children Aged 9
      13 Years: A Qualitative Study.
AB  - Low physical activity is a major health issue among Chinese Americans. This study
      explored Chinese-American children's physical activity behaviors and influencing
      factors. Twenty-five children of Chinese or Taiwanese descent were interviewed to
      understand their favorite sports or physical activities, physical activity
      environments, and influences on their physical activity. All were between the
      ages of 9 and 13. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic data
      analysis procedures. Major themes included: (1) team sports, particularly
      basketball, were commonly listed as favorite sports or activities; (2) physical
      activity occurred mostly at school or an after-school setting; and (3) family
      played a major role in physical activity. Some trends/differences were detected
      based on age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Interventions to promote physical
      activity among Chinese-American children should emphasize team sports and
      encourage physical activity in schools, but also explore ways to involves
      families outside of school.

PMID- 27384685
TI  - Stimulus frequency-dependent inhibition of micturition contractions of the
      urinary bladder by electrical stimulation of afferent Abeta, Adelta, and C fibers
      in cutaneous branches of the pudendal nerve.
AB  - We aimed to examine the afferent mechanisms for the reflex inhibition of the
      rhythmic micturition contractions (RMCs) of the urinary bladder induced by
      stimulation of the perineal skin afferents in urethane-anesthetized rats.
      Electrical stimulation (pulse duration: 0.5 ms) was applied to the cutaneous
      branches of the pudendal nerve (CBPN) at frequencies of 0.1, 1, and 10 Hz for 1
      min. Nerve fiber groups were defined by recording compound action potentials from
      CBPN. Activation of only Abeta fibers (0.2 V) produced an inhibition of RMCs at 7
      11 min after the onset of stimulation (late inhibition), at any tested frequency.
      Additional activation of Adelta fibers (1 V) produced additional early inhibition
      (immediately after stimulation) at 1 and 10 Hz. Furthermore, additional
      activation of C fibers (10 V) at 10 Hz completely stopped RMCs for >10 min. This
      strong inhibition persisted after local application of capsaicin to the
      stimulating CBPN. We conclude that activities of Abeta, Adelta, and C afferent
      fibers, without capsaicin-sensitive channels, can contribute to the inhibition of
      bladder contractions.

PMID- 27384686
TI  - Risk Factors for Developing Metabolic Acidosis after Radical Cystectomy and Ileal
      Neobladder.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the serial changes of metabolic acidosis and identify
      associated risk factors in patients who underwent radical cystectomy and ileal
      neobladder. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2010 to August 2014, 123 patients
      who underwent radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder reconstruction for bladder
      cancer were included in this study. Metabolic acidosis was defined as a serum
      bicarbonate level less than 22 mEq/L and impaired renal function was defined as a
      GFR <50ml/min. The presence of metabolic acidosis was evaluated at 1 month, 1
      year, and 2 years after surgery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was
      conducted to identify risk factors associated with development of metabolic
      acidosis. RESULTS: Metabolic acidosis was observed in 52%, 19.5%, and 7.3% of
      patients at 1 month, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery, respectively. At 1 month
      after surgery, impaired renal function was the only independent risk factor
      associated with metabolic acidosis (OR 3.87, P = 0.046). At 1 year after surgery,
      diabetes was the only independent risk factor associated with metabolic acidosis
      (OR 5.68, P = 0.002). At 2 years post-surgery, both age and diabetes were
      significant risk factors associated with metabolic acidosis. CONCLUSION:
      Approximately, half of patients experienced metabolic acidosis one month after
      ileal neobladder reconstruction. Preoperative impaired renal function was the
      most significant risk factor for developing metabolic acidosis in the early
      postoperative period. However, the incidence of metabolic acidosis decreased to
      less than 20% 1 year after surgery, and diabetes was an independent risk factor
      during this period.

PMID- 27384687
TI  - Management of Abnormal Placenta Implantation with Methotrexate: A Review of
      Published Data.
AB  - Abnormally invasive placenta is characterized by direct attachment of chorionic
      villi to the uterine wall. This adherent placenta traditionally has been managed
      by peripartum hysterectomy. Nowadays, there is a lot of interest toward gradual
      shift from traditional management of invasive placentation to conservative ones
      leaving the placenta in situ to avoid the surgical morbidity of hysterectomy and
      loss of future fertility. Administration of methotrexate (MTX), as an adjunctive
      antimetabolite drug, resulted in conflicting data during conservative management
      of abnormal placentation. This review assessed all published data on efficacy and
      safety of MTX therapy as conservative management of invasive placentation. Fifty
      three articles including one prospective cohort study, 2 retrospective cohort
      studies, 10 case series and 40 case reports were identified. Conservative
      management has beneficial effects on the avoidance of major surgery with the
      consequent morbidity and the preservation of future fertility. Infection and
      vaginal bleeding were main complications of MTX therapy. Although MTX therapy may
      result in accelerated involution or expulsion of placenta and has some beneficial
      effects on hemorrhagic events, but there is not enough evidence on its efficacy
      and safety to recommend its routine uses in all cases of invasive placenta.

PMID- 27384688
TI  - Comparison of Points of Departure for Health Risk Assessment Based on High
      Throughput Screening Data.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The National Research Council's vision for toxicity testing in the
      21st century anticipates that points of departure (PODs) for establishing human
      exposure guidelines in future risk assessments will increasingly be based on in
      vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) data. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was
      to compare different PODs for HTS data. Specifically, benchmark doses (BMDs) were
      compared to the signal-to-noise crossover dose (SNCD), which has been suggested
      as the lowest dose applicable as a POD. METHODS: Hill models were fit to > 10,000
      in vitro concentration-response curves, obtained for > 1,400 chemicals tested as
      part of the U.S. Tox21 Phase I effort. BMDs and lower confidence limits on the
      BMDs (BMDLs) corresponding to extra effects (i.e., changes in response relative
      to the maximum response) of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were estimated for > 8,000
      curves, along with BMDs and BMDLs corresponding to additional effects (i.e.,
      absolute changes in response) of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The SNCD, defined as
      the dose where the ratio between the additional effect and the difference between
      the upper and lower bounds of the two-sided 90% confidence interval on absolute
      effect was 1, 0.67, and 0.5, respectively, was also calculated and compared with
      the BMDLs. RESULTS: The BMDL40, BMDL25, and BMDL18, defined in terms of extra
      effect, corresponded to the SNCD1.0, SNCD0.67, and SNCD0.5, respectively, at the
      median. Similarly, the BMDL25, BMDL17, and BMDL13, defined in terms of additional
      effect, corresponded to the SNCD1.0, SNCD0.67, and SNCD0.5, respectively, at the
      median. CONCLUSIONS: The SNCD may serve as a reference level that guides the
      determination of standardized BMDs for risk assessment based on HTS concentration
      response data. The SNCD may also have application as a POD for low-dose
      extrapolation.

PMID- 27384689
TI  - Corrado and colleagues reply to Van Brabandt and colleagues.

PMID- 27384690
TI  - Rare case of nephrocalcinosis in a 14-year-old girl: Questions.
AB  - A 14-year-old Caucasian girl with a history of primary hypoparathyroidism and
      unstable calcium and phosphorus levels and on ongoing treatment was admitted to
      the Department of Pediatric Nephrology because of the onset of nephrocalcinosis
      and difficulties achieving normocalcemia. Coexistence of hypoparathyroidism, oral
      candidiasis, dental enamel hypoplasia, and subclinical Hashimoto's disease was
      strongly suggestive for autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) type I. One of
      the clinical implications of this diagnosis is the high probability of future
      occurrence of adrenal insufficiency and hence the importance of maintaining a
      high level of suspicion in case of the onset of symptoms like weakness, fainting,
      hypotonia, or hyperkaliemia. Addison's disease would, in fact, be quite
      challenging for the future management of this patient.This clinical quiz
      highlighted the importance of careful evaluation of all multiorgan symptoms
      occurring in a patient to prevent further complications.

PMID- 27384691
TI  - Pathogenesis of proteinuria in idiopathic minimal change disease: molecular
      mechanisms.
AB  - Minimal change disease (MCD) is the most common type of nephrotic syndrome in
      children and adolescents. The pathogenesis of proteinuria in this condition is
      currently being reassessed. Following the Shalhoub hypothesis, most efforts have
      been placed on identifying the putative circulating factor, but recent
      advancement in podocyte biology has focused attention on the molecular changes at
      the glomerular capillary wall, which could explain the mechanism of proteinuria
      in MCD. This report critically reviews current knowledge on the different
      postulated mechanisms at the glomerular capillary wall level for increased
      permeability to plasma proteins in MCD. The report helps describe the rationale
      behind novel therapies and suggests future targeted therapies for MCD.

PMID- 27384692
TI  - Rare case of nephrocalcinosis in a 14-year-old girl: Answers.

PMID- 27384693
TI  - Practitioners' Perceptions of the Soccer Extra-Time Period: Implications for
      Future Research.
AB  - Qualitative research investigating soccer practitioners' perceptions can allow
      researchers to create practical research investigations. The extra-time period of
      soccer is understudied compared to other areas of soccer research. Using an open
      ended online survey containing eleven main and nine sub questions, we gathered
      the perceptions of extra-time from 46 soccer practitioners, all working for
      different professional soccer clubs. Questions related to current practices,
      views on extra-time regulations, and ideas for future research. Using inductive
      content analysis, the following general dimensions were identified: 'importance
      of extra-time', 'rule changes', 'efficacy of extra-time hydro-nutritional
      provision', 'nutritional timing', 'future research directions', 'preparatory
      modulations' and 'recovery'. The majority of practitioners (63%) either agreed or
      strongly agreed that extra-time is an important period for determining success in
      knockout football match-play. When asked if a fourth substitution should be
      permitted in extra-time, 67% agreed. The use of hydro-nutritional strategies
      prior to extra-time was predominately considered important or very important.
      However; only 41% of practitioners felt that it was the most important time point
      for the use of nutritional products. A similar number of practitioners account
      (50%) and do not (50%) account for the potential of extra-time when training and
      preparing players and 89% of practitioners stated that extra-time influences
      recovery practices following matches. In the five minute break prior to extra
      time, the following practices (in order of priority) were advocated to players:
      hydration, energy provision, massage, and tactical preparations. Additionally,
      87% of practitioners advocate a particular nutritional supplementation strategy
      prior to extra-time. In order of importance, practitioners see the following as
      future research areas: nutritional interventions, fatigue responses, acute injury
      risk, recovery modalities, training paradigms, injury epidemiology, and
      environmental considerations. This study presents novel insight into the
      practitioner perceptions of extra-time and provides information to readers about
      current applied practices and potential future research opportunities. 

PMID- 27384704
TI  - The association of feeding behaviour with the resistance and tolerance to
      parasites in recently diverged sticklebacks.
AB  - Divergent natural selection regimes can contribute to adaptive population
      divergence, but can be sensitive to human-mediated environmental change. Nutrient
      loading of aquatic ecosystems, for example, might modify selection pressures by
      altering the abundance and distribution of resources and the prevalence and
      infectivity of parasites. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to test for
      interactive effects of nutrient loading and parasitism on host condition and
      feeding ecology. Specifically, we investigated whether the common fish parasite
      Gyrodactylus sp. differentially affected recently diverged lake and stream
      ecotypes of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We found that the
      stream ecotype had a higher resistance to Gyrodactylus sp. infections than the
      lake ecotype, and that both ecotypes experienced a cost of parasitism, indicated
      by negative relationships between parasite load and both stomach fullness and
      body condition. Overall, our results suggest that in the early stages of adaptive
      population divergence of hosts, parasites can affect host resistance, body
      condition and diet.

PMID- 27384707
TI  - Two Different Pathways in the Reduction of [(S=)PCl(MU-NtBu)]2 with Na.
AB  - Reduction of the cyclodiphosphazane [(S=)ClP(MU-NtBu)]2 (1) with sodium metal in
      refluxing toluene proceeds via two different pathways. One is a Wurtz-type
      pathway involving elimination of NaCl from 1 followed by head-to-tail cyclization
      to give the hexameric macrocycle [(MU-S)P(MU-NtBu)2 P(=S)]6 (2). The other
      pathway involves reduction of the P=S bonds of 1 to generate colorless singlet
      biradicaloid dianion trans-[S-P(Cl)(MU-NtBu)]2 (2-) , which is observed in the
      polymeric structures of three-dimensional [{(S-)ClP(MU-NtBu)2 PCl(S)}Na(Na?THF2
      )]n (3) and two dimensional [{(S-)ClP(MU-NtBu)2 PCl(S)} (Na?THF)2 ]n (4). 

PMID- 27384708
TI  - Thermostability Mechanism for the Hyperthermophilicity of Extremophile Cellulase
      TmCel12A: Implied from Molecular Dynamics Simulation.
AB  - Thermostability is of considerable importance for the application of cellulase in
      cellulosic ethanol production. The cellulase 12A from the hyperthermophile
      Thermotoga maritima (TmCel12A) is an ideal candidate to study thermostability of
      cellulases. Optimal temperature of the wild-type enzyme is 85  degrees C.
      Recently, it has been observed that surface loop mutation Y61G not only
      accelerates the hydrolysis rate but also extends the half-life of the enzyme at
      high temperature. However, the mechanism of how Y61G enhances thermostability of
      TmCel12A has not been revealed. Here, molecular dynamics simulation together with
      dynamic correlation network analysis was used to explore thermostability
      mechanism of TmCel12A. A hydrophobic cluster constructed by Y61, W176, V62, and
      L144 in the binding pocket was found to play a pivotal role in modulating
      thermostability as well as catalytic capability of TmCel12A. It stabilizes the
      apoenzyme at high temperature; however, it impedes the substrate binding. Y61G
      mutation disturbs the hydrophobic cluster as the counterpart amino acid W176
      forms a cation-pi interaction with R60 instead of the pi-pi interaction with Y61
      in WT. Moreover, Y61G mutation makes the enzyme more rigid and more extended via
      altering the amino acid communities at the hinge part of the enzyme. An earlier
      hypothesis proposed from crystallographic observation that Y61G may accelerate
      the products releasing has been also confirmed by our simulations. These findings
      may provide a new direction for both theoretical and experimental scientists to
      improve the thermostability of other cellulases that can be potentially applied
      in biofuel industry.

PMID- 27384709
TI  - Static and Dynamical Properties of heavy actinide Monopnictides of Lutetium.
AB  - In this work, density functional theory within the framework of generalized
      gradient approximation has been used to investigate the structural, elastic,
      mechanical, and phonon properties of lutetium monopnictides in rock-salt crystal
      structure. The spin orbit coupling and Hubbard-U corrections are included to
      correctly predict the essential properties of these compounds. The elastic
      constants, Young's modulus E, Poisson's ratio v, shear modulus G, anisotropy
      factor A and Pugh's ratio are computed. We found that all lutetium monopnictides
      are anisotropic and show brittle character. From the wave velocities along [100],
      [110] and [111] directions, melting temperature of lutetium monopnictides are
      predicted. Dynamical stability of these monopnictides has been studied by density
      functional perturbation theory.

PMID- 27384705
TI  - Extra-coding RNAs regulate neuronal DNA methylation dynamics.
AB  - Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are essential regulators of the
      function and information storage capacity of neurons. DNA methylation is highly
      dynamic in the developing and adult brain, and is actively regulated by neuronal
      activity and behavioural experiences. However, it is presently unclear how
      methylation status at individual genes is targeted for modification. Here, we
      report that extra-coding RNAs (ecRNAs) interact with DNA methyltransferases and
      regulate neuronal DNA methylation. Expression of ecRNA species is associated with
      gene promoter hypomethylation, is altered by neuronal activity, and is
      overrepresented at genes involved in neuronal function. Knockdown of the Fos
      ecRNA locus results in gene hypermethylation and mRNA silencing, and hippocampal
      expression of Fos ecRNA is required for long-term fear memory formation in rats.
      These results suggest that ecRNAs are fundamental regulators of DNA methylation
      patterns in neuronal systems, and reveal a promising avenue for therapeutic
      targeting in neuropsychiatric disease states.

PMID- 27384710
TI  - Fluorodecarboxylation for the Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl Aryl Ethers.
AB  - The synthesis of mono-, di-, and trifluoromethyl aryl ethers by
      fluorodecarboxylation of the corresponding carboxylic acids is reported. AgF2
      induces decarboxylation of aryloxydifluoroacetic acids, and AgF, either generated
      in situ or added separately, serves as a source of fluorine to generate the
      fluorodecarboxylation products. The addition of 2,6-difluoropyridine increased
      the reactivity of AgF2 , thereby increasing the range of functional groups and
      electronic properties of the aryl groups that are tolerated. The reaction
      conditions used for the formation of trifluoromethyl aryl ethers also served to
      form difluoromethyl and monofluoromethyl aryl ethers.

PMID- 27384712
TI  - Using Combined Diagnostic Test Results to Hindcast Trends of Infection from Cross
      Sectional Data.
AB  - Infectious disease surveillance is key to limiting the consequences from
      infectious pathogens and maintaining animal and public health. Following the
      detection of a disease outbreak, a response in proportion to the severity of the
      outbreak is required. It is thus critical to obtain accurate information
      concerning the origin of the outbreak and its forward trajectory. However, there
      is often a lack of situational awareness that may lead to over- or under
      reaction. There is a widening range of tests available for detecting pathogens,
      with typically different temporal characteristics, e.g. in terms of when peak
      test response occurs relative to time of exposure. We have developed a
      statistical framework that combines response level data from multiple diagnostic
      tests and is able to 'hindcast' (infer the historical trend of) an infectious
      disease epidemic. Assuming diagnostic test data from a cross-sectional sample of
      individuals infected with a pathogen during an outbreak, we use a Bayesian Markov
      Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to estimate time of exposure, and the overall
      epidemic trend in the population prior to the time of sampling. We evaluate the
      performance of this statistical framework on simulated data from epidemic trend
      curves and show that we can recover the parameter values of those trends. We also
      apply the framework to epidemic trend curves taken from two historical outbreaks:
      a bluetongue outbreak in cattle, and a whooping cough outbreak in humans.
      Together, these results show that hindcasting can estimate the time since
      infection for individuals and provide accurate estimates of epidemic trends, and
      can be used to distinguish whether an outbreak is increasing or past its peak. We
      conclude that if temporal characteristics of diagnostics are known, it is
      possible to recover epidemic trends of both human and animal pathogens from cross
      sectional data collected at a single point in time.

PMID- 27384713
TI  - Reliability and validity of the Finnish version of the Lower Extremity Functional
      Scale (LEFS).
AB  - PURPOSE: The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the
      Finnish version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) among foot and
      ankle patients. METHODS: The LEFS was translated and cross-culturally adapted to
      Finnish. We assessed the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, floor
      ceiling effect, construct validity and criterion validity in patients who
      underwent surgery due to musculoskeletal pathology of the foot and ankle (N =
      166). RESULTS: The test-retest reliability was high (ICC = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.91
      0.95). The standard error of measurement was 4.1 points. The Finnish LEFS showed
      high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.96). A slight ceiling effect
      occurred as 17% achieved the maximum score. The LEFS correlation was strong with
      the 15D Mobility dimension (r = 0.74) and overall HRQoL (r = 0.66), pain during
      foot and ankle activity (r= -0.69) and stiffness (r= -0.62). LEFS correlated
      moderately with foot and ankle pain at rest (r= -0.50) and with physical activity
      (r = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS: The Finnish version of the LEFS showed reliability and
      validity comparable to those of the original version. This study indicates that
      the Finnish version of the LEFS serves both clinical and scientific purposes in
      assessing lower-limb function. Implications for Rehabilitation The Finnish
      version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a reliable and valid
      tool for assessing lower-extremity musculoskeletal disability in Finnish-speaking
      population. Investigation of the psychometric properties of the Finnish version
      of the LEFS showed validity and reliability comparable to those of the original
      English version. The Finnish LEFS is easy to complete and suitable for clinical,
      rehabilitation and research purposes.

PMID- 27384715
TI  - Study of force loss due to friction comparing two ceramic brackets during sliding
      tooth movement.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the percentage of force loss generated during canine
      sliding movements in newly introduced ceramic brackets with metal brackets.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two types of ceramic brackets, namely polycrystalline
      alumina (PCA) ceramic brackets (Clarity Advanced) and monocrystalline alumina
      (MCA) ceramic brackets (Inspire Ice) were compared with stainless steel (SS)
      brackets (Victory Series). All bracket groups (n = 5 each) were for the maxillary
      canines and had a 0.018-inch slot size. The brackets were mounted on an
      Orthodontic Measurement and Simulation System (OMSS) to simulate the canine
      retraction movement into the first premolar extraction space. Using elastic
      ligatures, 0.016 * 0.022" (0.40 * 0.56 mm) stainless steel archwires were ligated
      onto the brackets. Retraction force was applied via a nickel-titanium coil spring
      with a nearly constant force of approximately 1 N. The OMSS measured the
      percentage of force loss over the retraction path by referring to the difference
      between the applied retraction force and actual force acting on each bracket.
      Between group comparisons were done with one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS:
      The metal brackets revealed the lowest percentage of force loss due to friction,
      followed by the PCA and MCA ceramic bracket groups (67 +/- 4, 68 +/- 7, and 76 +/
      3 %, respectively). There was no significant difference between SS and PCA
      brackets (p = 0.97), but we did observe significant differences between metal and
      MCA brackets (p = 0.03) and between PCA and MCA ceramic brackets (p = 0.04).
      CONCLUSION: PCA ceramic brackets, whose slot surface is covered with an yttria
      stabilized zirconia-based coating exhibited frictional properties similar to
      those of metal brackets. Frictional resistance resulted in an over 60 % loss of
      the applied force due to the use of elastic ligatures.

PMID- 27384714
TI  - Current status and perspectives of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis:
      epidemiology, pathogenesis, omics, prevention and control.
AB  - Clonorchiasis, caused by Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis), is an important food
      borne parasitic disease and one of the most common zoonoses. Currently, it is
      estimated that more than 200 million people are at risk of C. sinensis infection,
      and over 15 million are infected worldwide. C. sinensis infection is closely
      related to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), fibrosis and other human hepatobiliary
      diseases; thus, clonorchiasis is a serious public health problem in endemic
      areas. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the epidemiology,
      disease burden and treatment of clonorchiasis as well as summarizes the
      techniques for detecting C. sinensis infection in humans and intermediate hosts
      and vaccine development against clonorchiasis. Newer data regarding the
      pathogenesis of clonorchiasis and the genome, transcriptome and secretome of C.
      sinensis are collected, thus providing perspectives for future studies. These
      advances in research will aid the development of innovative strategies for the
      prevention and control of clonorchiasis. 

PMID- 27384717
TI  - Surgery Combined with Radiotherapy to Treat Spinal Tumors: A Review of Published
      Reports.
AB  - Spinal tumors result in high morbidity and a high rate of lower limb paralysis.
      Both surgical therapy and radiation therapy (RT) are used to treat spinal tumors;
      however, how best to combine these two therapies to maximize the benefits and
      minimize the risks is still being debated. It is also difficult to decide the
      optimal timing, course and dose of RT, especially in pregnant women and children.
      The aim of this review is to assist surgeons who are dealing with spinal tumors
      by providing comprehensive information about advanced techniques for
      administering RT with greater precision and safety, and about the impact of
      various ways of combining surgery and RT on therapeutic outcomes. We here review
      published reports about treating spinal tumors with a combination of these two
      forms of therapy and attempt to draw appropriate conclusions concerning selection
      of optimal treatment protocols. Our conclusion is that postoperative
      radiotherapy, especially with high-precision, low-dose and multiple fractions,
      and brachytherapy are promising therapies to combined with surgery. 

PMID- 27384716
TI  - Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine: pest control gone awry.
AB  - Incidences of pesticide poisonings are a significant cause of morbidity and
      mortality worldwide. The seizure-inducing rodenticide
      tetramethylenedisulfotetramine is one of the most toxic of these agents. Although
      banned, it has been responsible for thousands of accidental, intentional, and
      mass poisonings in mainland China and elsewhere. An optimal regimen for treatment
      of poisoning has not been established. Its facile synthesis from easily obtained
      starting materials, extreme potency, and lack of odor, color, or taste make it a
      potential chemical threat agent. This review describes the toxicologic properties
      of this agent, more recent advances in our understanding of its properties, and
      recommendations for future research.

PMID- 27384718
TI  - Advances in Bone-targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for
      Osteosarcoma.
AB  - Targeted therapy for osteosarcoma includes organ, cell and molecular biological
      targeting; of these, organ targeting is the most mature. Bone-targeted drug
      delivery systems are used to concentrate chemotherapeutic drugs in bone tissues,
      thus potentially resolving the problem of reaching the desired foci and
      minimizing the toxicity and adverse effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Some
      progress has been made in bone-targeted drug delivery systems for treatment of
      osteosarcoma; however, most are still at an experimental stage and there is a
      long transitional period to clinical application. Therefore, determining how to
      combine new, polymolecular and multi-pathway targets is an important research
      aspect of designing new bone-targeted drug delivery systems in future studies.
      The purpose of this article was to review the status of research on targeted
      therapy for osteosarcoma and to summarize the progress made thus far in
      developing bone-targeted drug delivery systems for neoadjuvant chemotherapy for
      osteosarcoma with the aim of providing new ideas for highly effective therapeutic
      protocols with low toxicity for patients with osteosarcoma. 

PMID- 27384719
TI  - Biological Reconstruction in Bone Sarcomas: Lessons from Three Decades of
      Experience.

PMID- 27384720
TI  - Delay in Diagnosis and Its Effect on Clinical Outcome in High-grade Sarcoma of
      Bone: A Referral Oncological Centre Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate delay in diagnosis by both patients and doctors, and to
      evaluate its effect on outcomes of high-grade sarcoma of bone in a single
      referral oncological center. METHODS: Fifty-four patients with osteosarcoma, 29
      with Ewing sarcoma and 19 with chondrosarcoma were enrolled in this retrospective
      study. Delay in diagnosis was defined as the period between initial clinical
      symptoms and histopathological diagnosis at our center. The delays were
      categorized as patient- or doctor-related. Short total delays were defined as <4
      months; prolonged delays >4 months were assumed to have prognostic relevance.
      RESULTS: Total delay in diagnosis was 688.0 days in patients with chondrosarcoma,
      which is significantly longer than the 163.3 days for osteosarcoma (P < 0.01) and
      160.2 days for Ewing sarcoma (P < 0.01). Most doctor-related delays were at the
      pre-hospital stage, occurring at the general practitioner (GP)'s office. However,
      prolonged total delays (>=4 months) did not result in lower survival rates. Five
      year-overall survival rates were 67.0% for osteosarcoma, 49.0% for Ewing sarcoma
      and 60.9% for chondrosarcoma. Survival was significantly lower for patients with
      metastatic disease for all three types of sarcoma. CONCLUSION: Prolonged delay in
      diagnosis does not result in lower survival. Metastatic disease has a pronounced
      effect on survival. Aggressive tumor behavior results in shorter delays.
      Minimizing GP-related delays could be achieved by adopting a lower threshold for
      obtaining plain radiographs at the pre-hospital stage.

PMID- 27384721
TI  - Preliminary Application of Precision Genomic Medicine Detecting Gene Variation in
      Patients with Multifocal Osteosarcoma.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to present our clinical experience of
      treating multifocal osteosarcoma (MFOS) in our center and gain more insight into
      the biology of this rare condition; in particular, to address with the help of
      precision genomic medicine the issue of whether the multiple osteosarcoma (OS)
      lesions in such patients are multi-centric or originate from one primary lesion
      and metastasize to other sites. Finally, we aimed to identify particular gene
      phenotypes and mutations that differentiate MFOS from OS with only one tumor.
      METHODS: Clinical data of patients with MFOS treated at our center between June
      2007 and October 2014 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. High
      throughput sequencing of the whole exome of normal tissue and multiple lesions
      had been performed on samples from two patients (HJF and JZ) diagnosed in 2014.
      To explore the particular gene phenotype and clinical significance of MFOS, these
      sequencing results were analyzed and compared with those from patients with
      osteosarcoma in a single site. Seven patients with MFOS (three male and four
      female; average age 19.71 +/- 3.35 years were enrolled in this study. Two of
      these patients declined treatment and died after 4 and 6 months, respectively.
      The remaining patients received standard treatment comprising neoadjuvant
      chemotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy. The chemotherapy regimen was lobaplatin
      (45 mg/m(2) ), doxorubicin (60 mg/m(2) ) and ifosfamide (12 g/m(2) ). Patients
      were followed up every 3 months after completing treatment and evaluated by the
      Enneking and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors scoring systems.
      RESULTS: Up to the last follow-up on 1 December 2015, three patients were still
      alive. The event-free survival ranged from 4 to 144 weeks (median, 50.14 weeks),
      the mean (+/-SD) being 55.45 +/- 45.47 weeks. Overall survival ranged from 16 to
      388 weeks (median, 89 weeks; mean +/- SD, 118.7 +/- 147.7 weeks). The rates of
      mutation of the targeted drug-related genes were 133.5% +/- 3.0% in the proximal
      tibia lesion and 113.1% +/- 1.9% in the distal femur of patient HJF (P < 0.01)
      and 136.1% +/- 10.8% in the proximal tibial lesion and 122.3% +/- 5.5% in the
      proximal humerus of patient JZ (P = 0.0335). Furthermore, there were several anti
      oncogenes in the somatic copy number variation lists analyzed from the two
      patients, especially TP53. However, no kataegis was found. CONCLUSIONS: Early and
      radical surgery accompanied by appropriate chemotherapy is the optimal means of
      treating MFOS. These patients may benefit from precision genomic medicine.

PMID- 27384722
TI  - Impacts of Tumor Location, Nature and Bone Destruction of Extremity Osteosarcoma
      on Selection of Limb Salvage Operative Procedure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the impacts of tumor location, nature and extent of bone
      destruction on selection of operative protocol for extremity osteosarcoma (OS).
      METHODS: The medical records of 201 patients with extremity OS treated in our
      institute from December 1999 to June 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Ninety
      eligible patients (56 males and 34 females) of average age 20 +/- 11 years
      (range, 4-40 years) were enrolled. Tumor locations were categorized as diaphyseal
      (4; diaphysis group) or juxta-articular (86); the latter being subclassified as
      with (51, type III, epiphysis group) or without invasion beyond the epiphyseal
      line or plate (35, type I and II, metaphysis group) according to MRI images.
      Tumor nature (osteogenic, 51; osteolytic, 39) was determined radiologically.
      Extent of bone destruction was quantitated according to Mirel's scoring system to
      obtain an "invasion score". Regular postoperative follow-up included physical
      examination and imaging evaluation. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients underwent
      biological reconstruction and 36 mechanical reconstruction. The mean follow-up
      duration was 51 months (range, 6-176 months, including four deaths within 12
      months). Biological reconstruction was performed more frequently in the diaphysis
      and metaphysis groups (31/39, 79.5%) than mechanical reconstruction (8/39, 20.5%,
      P < 0.05). Biological reconstruction and articular preservation were associated
      with more satisfactory limb function (MSTS scores: 25.0 +/- 3.3 and 25.1 +/- 3.6)
      than mechanical reconstruction and articular resection (MSTS scores: 23.4 +/- 3.7
      and 23.1 +/- 3.4, P < 0.05). Reconstruction methods and articular preservation
      had no relationship with overall or tumor-free survival (P > 0.05). Osteolytic
      lesions were associated with more extensive bone destruction than osteogenic
      lesions according to invasion scores (P < 0.05). Following biological
      reconstruction, high invasion scores (>8) had a 13.5-fold risk of fracture
      compared with low scores (<=8) (P < 0.05). Twenty-one subjects had recurrences,
      30 metastases and 26 died. Postoperative complications included infection (6),
      fracture (10), and prosthesis loosening (4). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated 5-
      and 10-year survival rates of 68.9% and 62.8%, respectively, and 5- and 10-year
      tumor-free survival rates of 66.7% and 57.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Selection
      of limb salvage operative protocol for extremity OS should rely on tumor
      location, nature and extent of bone destruction. Regardless of tumor site,
      mechanical reconstruction is indicated for tumors with high invasion scores (>8),
      whereas biological reconstruction is preferred for those with low invasion scores
      (<=8). Tumors sparing the epiphyseal line or plate are ideal candidates for
      articular preservation.

PMID- 27384723
TI  - Malignant Pelvic Tumors Involving the Sacrum: Surgical Approaches and Procedures
      Based on a New Classification.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new classification of Enneking type IV pelvic tumors
      involving the sacrum and a corresponding system of standardized surgical
      approaches and procedures for resection of such tumors, and to investigate the
      feasibility and therapeutic effect of the new system. METHODS: Data on 59
      patients treated between February 2003 and February 2013 by standardized surgical
      approaches and procedures were retrospectively reviewed. The study subjects
      comprised 28 male and 31 female patients with a mean age at diagnosis of 36 years
      (range, 2-72 years). There are four subtypes in the new classification: (i)
      subtype IVa, neoplasms invading the ipsilateral sacral wing; (ii) subtype IVb,
      neoplasms invading the ipsilateral sacral foramina; (iii) subtype IVc, neoplasms
      invading the contralateral sacral foramina; and (iv) subtype IVd, neoplasms
      invading the whole of the sacrum. Standardized surgical approaches and procedures
      were devised for en-bloc resection for each subtype with adequate margins.
      RESULTS: Adequate margins were achieved in 43/59 patients (72.9%). The mean
      operation time was 5.0 h and the mean intraoperative blood loss 2157 mL. At the
      final follow-up, 27/53 patients (50.9%) who had been followed up were alive and
      in complete remission. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society 93 score was 17.4
      (58%) of a possible 30 points. The mean functional score for patients who had
      undergone a pelvic zone II resection was 15.2, compared with 19.0 for those with
      an intact pelvic zone II. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed standardized protocols should
      help orthopaedic surgeons to achieve adequate margins, manage risk, achieve
      better oncologic and functional outcomes, and minimize perioperative
      complications when treating massive pelvic tumors involving the sacrum.

PMID- 27384724
TI  - Surgical Treatment of Sacral Neurogenic Tumor: A 10-year Experience with 64
      Cases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the outcomes of surgical treatment of sacral neurogenic
      tumors METHODS: Between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2012, data on 64 patients
      with sacral neurogenic tumors treated with surgery were retrospectively analyzed.
      The mean age of the 64 cases (35 males and 29 females) was 37.2 years (range, 21
      69 years); 38 had neurilemmomas and 26 neurofibromas. Thirty-four of the tumors
      involved S 1 and S 2 , 11 S 3 or lower, and 19 were single presacral soft tissue
      masses. Tumors were removed via anterior, posterior or combined anteroposterior
      approaches. Patients with unstable sacroiliac joints underwent iliolumbar
      fixation. RESULTS: Depending on the extent of tumor involvement, one of three
      surgical approaches was used: a single anterior approach (19 patients), single
      posterior approach (25 patients), or a combined anteroposterior approach (20
      patients). The mean operation time was 3 h (range, 2-6 h) and the mean blood loss
      878 mL (range, 400-3120 mL). The mean duration of follow-up was 58.2 months
      (range, 24-93 months). These surgeries had the following complications. Three
      patients had massive intraoperative hemorrhage and posterior back pain and
      discomfort postoperatively. One patient had intraoperative ureteral injuries
      requiring intraoperative ureteral catheterization. In two patients, the tumor
      involved the S 1 nerve roots bilaterally, necessitating their removal, which
      resulted in obvious lower limb motion and sphincteric dysfunction. In 13 patients
      with unilateral tumor involvement of the nerve roots of S 1 and lower spinal
      levels, only the contralateral nerve roots of the S1 and lower levels were
      preserved; eight of these patients had impaired bladder and bowel function.
      Posterior incisions failed to heal in 10 patients, secondary wound healing
      occurred in nine of them and one required a gluteus maximus myocutaneous flap.
      Three patients developed postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks that were and
      alleviated by waist belt compression bandaging and placing them in the
      Trendelenburg position. Eight patients developed tumor recurrences
      postoperatively; pathological examination of the tissue excised in the second
      surgeries revealed malignant changes in the three patients with neurilemmomas.
      There were no intraoperative deaths. Rod fractures occurred in three of the 18
      patients requiring iliolumbar reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical
      characteristics of sacral neurogenic tumors make them easy to diagnose. The
      approach to resection should be determined by the location and size of the tumor.
      Patients with huge tumors may lose considerable blood intraoperatively and a have
      higher risk rate of postoperative complications.

PMID- 27384725
TI  - En Bloc Resection of Primary Malignant Bone Tumor in the Cervical Spine Based on
      3-Dimensional Printing Technology.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and safety of en bloc resection of
      cervical primary malignant bone tumors by a combined anterior and posterior
      approach based on a three-dimensional (3-D) printing model. METHODS: Five
      patients with primary malignant bone tumors of the cervical spine underwent en
      bloc resection via a one-stage combined anteroposterior approach in our hospital
      from March 2013 to June 2014. They comprised three men and two women of mean age
      47.2 years (range, 26-67 years). Three of the tumors were chondrosarcomas and two
      chordomas. Preoperative 3-D printing models were created by 3-D printing
      technology. Sagittal en bloc resections were planned based on these models and
      successfully performed. A 360 degrees  reconstruction was performed by spinal
      instrumentation in all cases. Surgical margins, perioperative complications,
      local control rate and survival rate were assessed. RESULTS: All patients
      underwent en bloc excision via a combined posterior and anterior approach in one
      stage. Mean operative time and estimated blood loss were 465 minutes and 1290 mL,
      respectively. Mean follow-up was 21 months. Wide surgical margins were achieved
      in two patients and marginal resection in three; these three patients underwent
      postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy. One vertebral artery was ligated and
      sacrificed in each of three patients. Nerve root involved by tumor was sacrificed
      in three patients with preoperative upper extremity weakness. One patient (Case
      3) had significant transient radiculopathy with paresis postoperatively. Another
      (Case 4) with C 4 and C 5 chordoma had respiratory difficulties and pneumonia
      after surgery postoperatively. He recovered completely after 2 weeks' management
      with a tracheotomy tube and antibiotics in the intensive care unit. No
      cerebrovascular complications and wound infection were observed. No local
      recurrence or instrumentation failure were detected during follow-up. CONCLUSION:
      Though technically challenging, it is feasible and safe to perform en bloc
      resection of cervical primary bone tumors. This is the most effective means of
      managing cervical spine tumors. Preoperative 3-D printing modelling enables
      better anatomical understanding of the relationship between the tumor and
      cervical spine and can assist in planning the surgical procedure.

PMID- 27384726
TI  - Transnasal Endoscopic Biopsy Approach to Atlas Tumor with X-ray Assisted and
      Related Radiographic Measure.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To develop an endoscopic transnasal approach to atlas tumors and study
      its practicability. METHODS: This article comprises two components: an
      illustrative case report and observational data on 50 volunteers. As to the case
      report, a 34 year old man presented with occipital pain for more than 3 months
      and underwent systematic investigation in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University.
      CT and MRI scans showed bony destruction in the craniovertebral junction (CVJ)
      suggestive of tumor. Via an endoscopic transnasal approach to the suspected atlas
      tumor through the inferior nasal meatus, a Gallini biopsy needle was used to
      obtain tissue for examination. The procedure was performed endoscopically with
      double orientation X-ray guidance and coaxial technology after establishing the
      shortest distance for the biopsy track and range of target tissue and was
      assisted by manual palpation. As to the observational data, 50 volunteers
      underwent atlas-related morphometric image measurement using gemstone CT
      equipment. Biopsy track angles, range for biopsy of the atlas and biopsy track
      distances were measured by a blinded operator on CT images. RESULTS:  CASE
      REPORT: pathological examination of the biopsy resulted in diagnosis of a
      chordoma. There were no complications such as bleeding, infection or spinal cord
      injury. One month later, the patient underwent tumor resection and reconstruction
      in other hospital and the diagnosis of chordoma was confirmed by pathological
      examination of the resected specimen. Observational data: measurements obtained
      from CT scans of the 50 volunteers were as follows. Biopsy track angles: mean
      leaning inside angle 3.53 degrees  +/- 0.39 degrees  and mean posterior slope
      angle 13.05 degrees  +/- 1.39 degrees . Range for atlas biopsy: transverse
      diameter 11.84 +/- 1.24 mm and longitudinal diameter 9.67 +/- 0.90 mm. Biopsy
      track distances: from atlas to nostril, and to anterior and posterior edges of
      the inferior turbinate mucosa were 94.52 +/- 5.03 mm, 78.21 +/- 4.63 mm, and
      33.51 +/- 3.13 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: An endoscopic transnasal approach
      enables biopsy and diagnosis of tumors in the anterior arch of the atlas.
      Relevant measurements were obtained by assessing CT scans of 50 volunteers to
      assist operators to determine the effective and safe range for transnasal atlas
      biopsy.

PMID- 27384727
TI  - Functional Results and Emotional Acceptance after Scapulectomy for Malignant
      Shoulder Tumors.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the functional results and emotional acceptance after
      scapulectomy for various malignant shoulder tumors. METHODS: Eight patients with
      malignant shoulder tumors who had undergone scapulectomy between April 2004 and
      March 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. They comprised seven men and one woman
      their mean age was 54 years (range, 24-69 years). All patients were diagnosed by
      pathological examination of biopsy specimens. The tumors were metastatic in four
      cases, having originated from a primary carcinoma of the liver in one patient,
      the lung in one patient and the kidney in two patients. The other four patients
      had primary malignant tumors in their scapulae, specifically, two scapular
      malignant fibrous histiocytomas, one scapular Ewing sarcoma and one soft tissue
      synovial sarcoma. The four patients with metastases were staged as III, and other
      four were staged as IIB. Six patients underwent total and two subtotal
      scapulectomy. The remaining soft tissues were sutured together directly in seven
      of the patients. The remaining patient, who had soft tissue synovial sarcoma,
      required transfer of a pedicle latissimus dorsi muscle flap. The functional
      results and emotional acceptance were evaluated by clinician using the
      Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring system. RESULTS: The average
      duration of follow-up was 22.8 months. Four patients were continuously disease
      free, three patients developed metastases and died of disease within 12 months of
      surgery and one patient with a scapular metastasis from the kidney survived with
      pulmonary nodules. No major complications, including infection or dislocation,
      occurred during or after surgery. The mean MSTS score was 16.3 (54%), which is
      similar to that previously reported in other studies of scapulectomy. There were
      no local tumor recurrences and only one patient developed pulmonary metastases.
      These outcomes are similar to those reported for scapular prostheses and there
      were fewer complications than in patients treated with allografts. The mean
      emotional acceptance score was 3.6 (72.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Performing
      scapulectomies on patients with malignant shoulder tumors without prostheses or
      allograft reconstruction achieves good functional results and emotional
      acceptance with a low rate of complications.

PMID- 27384728
TI  - Clinical and Radiographic Results of Reconstruction with Fibular Autograft for
      Distal Radius Giant Cell Tumor.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the result of en bloc resection and reconstruction of the
      distal radius with a non-vascularized fibular autograft for giant cell tumor
      (GCT) of bone. METHODS: Between 2005 and 2015, 12 eligible patients (seven males,
      five females, mean age 31.3 years) with grade III GCT of the distal radius were
      treated by en bloc resection and reconstruction with non-vascularized proximal
      fibular autografts in four Chinese institutions (members of Giant Cell Tumor Team
      of China). The patients had a clinical and radiographic review every 6 months for
      the first 2 years then annually thereafter. The functional, oncologic and
      radiological outcomes of the patients were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean duration
      of follow-up was 39.6 months. Bony union was achieved in all cases. None of the
      patients were dissatisfied with the shape and appearance of the wrist. The mean
      MSTS score was 25.23 +/- 2.38 (range, 22-29). The mean DASH score was 13.0
      (range, 6.7-33.3). The average range of motion of the wrist was: 35.8 degrees  +/
      14.5 degrees  of extension, 14.0 degrees  +/- 8.4 degrees  of flexion, 15.5
      degrees  +/- 6.7 degrees  of radial deviation, 19.4 degrees  +/- 10.1 degrees  of
      ulnar deviation, 57.2 degrees  +/-18.9 degrees  of pronation and 44.0 degrees  +/
      24.8 degrees  of supination. The average percentage of grip strength was 55.2%
      +/- 29.0% compared with that of the contralateral side. One localized soft tissue
      recurrence occurred; it was successfully managed by excision. Lung metastases
      developed postoperatively in one case and were treated by gamma knife
      radiotherapy. There was radiographic evidence of radiocarpal arthritis in eleven
      patients, bone resorption in ten, distal radioulnar joint diastasis in six, ulnar
      deviation of the wrist in seven, subluxation of the carpal bone in three and
      dislocation of the carpal bone in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Reconstruction with a
      non-vascularized proximal fibular autograft is a reasonable option after en bloc
      resection of the distal radius for giant cell tumor of bone.

PMID- 27384729
TI  - Open Surgery for Osteoid Osteoma with Three Dimensional C-arm Scan under the
      Guidance of Computer Navigation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of open surgery for osteoid osteoma
      with three-dimensional (3-D) C-arm scan under the guidance of computer
      navigation. METHODS: The clinical data of 14 patients who had undergone 3-D C-arm
      scan under the guidance of computer navigation during open surgery for osteoid
      osteoma from March 2012 to June 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. There were
      nine male and five female subjects aged from 9 to 55 years (mean, 26 years).
      Eight of the tumors were located in the femur, four in the tibia, one in the
      humerus and one in the scapula. Preoperative pain visual analogue scale (VAS)
      scores ranged from 2 to 6 (mean +/- SD, 4.7 +/- 1.1). Conventional surgical
      approaches were used to expose the tumor surfaces depending on their locations.
      Involved regions were scanned by 3-D C-arm fluoroscopy during the procedure and
      then the tumors were accurately located and their niduses removed under the
      guidance of computer navigation. Afterwards, repeat 3-D C-arm scans of the
      surgical region were performed to confirm tumor eradication. None of the patients
      received postoperative intravenous analgesia. Eight patients received oral non
      steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the day of surgery, these drugs being
      discontinued on the second postoperative day. Postoperative pathological
      diagnoses were recorded. At the follow-up visits, imaging and VAS scores were
      obtained to evaluate the therapeutic effect and any evidence of recurrence.
      RESULTS: All the patients successfully underwent computer navigation-guided
      surgery. The duration of surgery ranged from 60 to 135 min (mean, 94 min) and the
      amount of bleeding from 50 to 150 mL (mean, 80 mL). None of the patients needed
      bone grafting or internal fixation. No complications were seen. All patients were
      followed up for 4 to 36 months (mean, 16 months). Postoperative pathological
      diagnoses of osteoid osteoma were made in 12 patients; thus, the rate of
      pathologically confirmed diagnosis was 86%. VAS scores decrease to an average of
      1.4 +/- 0.6 3 days after surgery and were zero for all patients 4 months after
      surgery. No tumor recurrence was found by X-ray or CT scan examination during
      follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The niduses of osteoid osteomas can be eradicated by open
      surgery with 3-D C-arm scan under the guidance of computer navigation with
      minimal damage to bone structure and a high rate of pathologically confirmed
      diagnoses.

PMID- 27384730
TI  - Characterization of MicroRNA Expression Profiles in Patients with Giant Cell
      Tumor.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Giant cell tumors of bone (GCTs) are bone destructive neoplasms, the
      bone resorption being mediated by osteoclasts. Given that microRNAs are crucially
      involved in tumorigenesis and the modulation of cell fate and behavior, they are
      promising candidates for regulation of osteoclastogenesis. However, no reliable
      miRNAs profile for GCT is available. Our study aimed to evaluate
      osteoclastogenesis-related miRNA expression in GCTs of Chinese patients. METHODS:
      From January 2013 to December 2014, 11 patients with GCTs were treated in our
      department and grouped into a GCT group. A control group comprising four patients
      with benign tumors of the iliac bone was established. The diagnoses were
      initially established by imaging examinations and intraoperative frozen sections
      and later confirmed by standard histologic examination. The GCT group (five male
      and six female patients) were aged from 17 to 61 years (mean, 32.9 years; SD,
      12.8 years). Six patients with GCT underwent intralesional curettage surgery and
      the other five wide resection. According to Campanacci grading, four patients had
      Grade I tumors, three Grade II, and three Grade III. The average age of the
      control group was 28.75 years (SD, 14.24 years); all of them were diagnosed as
      having benign tumors and underwent iliac grafting. The morphology of the excised
      tissue was evaluated by examining standardized hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained
      paraffin-embedded samples. In all, three osteoclastogenesis-related RNAs and 20
      microRNAs (miRNAs) were extracted from the patients. The strength of expression
      was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR
      ) and the results assessed by a Student's t test. RESULTS: Examination of HE
      stained sections revealed that the higher the Campanacci grade, the more numerous
      and bigger the osteoclasts (P < 0.05). PCR results indicated large amounts of
      osteoclast-related mRNA (cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and
      matrix metalloproteinase9) in GCTs (P < 0.05). Expression of six miRNAs was
      significantly weaker in the GCT than the control group (P < 0.05). The expression
      of has-mir-16-5p and has-let-7a-5p was correlated with Campanacci grade in the
      GCT patients (P = 0.009 and 0.034, respectively). The expression of these two
      miRNAs may indicate severity of bone destruction. CONCLUSION: Overall, the
      clinical utility of six novel miRNA markers for GCTs was demonstrated. Of these,
      strength of expression of hsa-mir-16-5p and hsa-let-7a-5p may indicate the grade
      of bone resorption.

PMID- 27384731
TI  - Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and CD34 in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) invades extensively and metastasizes,
      however, the pathological grade and imaging findings are not accurate predictors
      of its prognosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the relationships
      between expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)34 and matrix
      metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the biological behavior of GCTB with the hope of
      identifying predictors of prognosis. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients with GCTBs
      attending our institution from September 2008 to August 2013 were enrolled in
      this prospective study and grouped according to tumor location. Relevant patient
      characteristics were assessed. Additionally, the expression of CD34 and MMP-9 in
      these patients was assayed by an immunohistochemistry staining procedure and the
      relationships between CD34/MMP-9 and microvessel density (MVD) analyzed by
      Spearman correlation analysis. RESULTS: It was found that CD34 factor localizes
      in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells of small blood vessels in the tumor
      stroma and is strongly expressed in GCTBs. In addition, radiological grading
      showed that there was significantly more CD34 antibody-labeled MVD in invasive
      than in non-invasive tumors (P < 0.05) and significantly more CD34 antibody
      labeled MVD in patients who developed recurrences than in those who did not (P <
      0.05). Expression of MMP-9 was localized in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and the
      rate of MMP-9 positivity in GCTBs was significantly higher in active and invasive
      tumors than in non-invasive tumors (P < 0.01). Moreover, there were significantly
      more MVDs in MMP-9-positive than in MMP-9 negative tumors (P < 0.01). CD34 and
      MMP-9 are positively correlated with MVD values in GCTBs and closely correlated
      with their grade of malignancy. CONCLUSION: Expression of CD34 and MMP-9
      accurately predicts clinical behavior detection and prognosis of GCTBs.

PMID- 27384732
TI  - Closed Suction Drainage Is Not Associated with Faster Recovery after Total Knee
      Arthroplasty: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study of 80 Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether closed suction drainage (CSD) is associated with
      early recovery of knee function in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty
      (TKA). METHODS: Between January 2015 and September 2015, 80 consecutive patients
      were prospectively randomized into two groups: a CSD group (40 cases; average
      age, 66.9 +/- 8.6 years; male, 8; female, 32) and a non-CSD group (40 cases;
      average age, 66.8 +/- 10.1 years; male, 9; female, 31). Local inflammation
      outcomes (assessed by a visual analog scale [VAS], swelling and skin
      temperature), calculated total blood loss (CBL), hidden blood loss (HBL), blood
      transfusion requirements and hemoglobin concentrations were recorded. Hospital
      for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scores, range of motion (ROM), limb swelling,
      tension vesicles, ecchymosis, time to regaining straight leg raising and duration
      of hospital stay were documented. All surgeries were performed by the same
      surgeon and followed up for 3 months. RESULTS: The peri-wound skin temperature
      and knee VAS pain scores were lower in the non-CSD group. Patients in the non-CSD
      group had significantly better knee ROM (P = 0.028). The time to regaining active
      straight leg raising was significantly shorter in the non-CSD groupN than in the
      CSD group (P = 0.014). In addition, patients in the non-CSD group had a shorter
      length of hospital stay (P = 0.004) than those in the CSD group, indicating
      earlier recovery of knee function. HBL was significantly less in the CSD group
      than the non-CSD group (P = 0.006) on postoperative day (POD) 5. However, CBL did
      not differ significantly between the two groups on POD5. There were no
      significant differences between two groups in all other assessed variables.
      CONCLUSION: In this randomized study, primary TKA without CSD was associated with
      faster recovery related to less local inflammation and better early knee
      function. Furthermore, use of a drain had no significant advantage with respect
      to other outcome measures and may have increased costs. Based on these data, CSD
      after primary TKA is not routinely indicated.

PMID- 27384733
TI  - Inhibition of Growth and Metastasis of Tumor in Nude Mice after Intraperitoneal
      Injection of Bevacizumab.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the inhibitory effect of bevacizumab, a vascular
      endothelial growth factor antibody, on angiogenesis in human osteosarcoma of nude
      mice. METHODS: Twenty-one nude mice were inoculated with red fluorescent protein
      (RFP)-labeled human osteosarcoma cell line 143B-RFP, that is, clones that
      expressed RFP in the cytoplasm, and randomly assigned to one of three groups: G1
      (Control group, injected with saline solution); G2 (intraperitoneal bevacizumab 2
      mg/kg twice per week) and G3 (intraperitoneal bevacizumab 5 mg/kg, twice per
      week). The tumor-bearing mice were examined in a fluorescence light box that was
      illuminated periodically. The primary tumors were measured by fluorescence
      imaging weekly and their volumes calculated. RESULTS: The mean tumor volumes were
      significantly smaller in the G3 (186.4 +/- 100.8 mm(3) ) than the control group
      (587.0 +/- 406.8 mm(3) ) (P < 0.05) on Day 31, and again significantly smaller in
      the G3 (677.3 +/- 461.9 mm(3) ) than the control group (3162.6 +/- 1529.2 mm(3) )
      on Day 38 (P < 0.01). The average tumor volume in the G2 group was 493.5 +/-
      425.4 mm(3) on Day 31 and 1870.1 +/- 1524.8 mm(3) on Day 38. The effect on tumor
      volume was greater in the G3 than the G2 group. Three mice in the G2 group, four
      in the G3 group and four in the control group developed lung metastases that were
      confirmed by pathological examination; these differences were not statistically
      significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Bevacizumab exhibits strong antiangiogenesis
      activity in experimental osteosarcoma in a nude mouse model but does not
      influence the incidence of lung metastasis. Our findings may have considerable
      potential for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

PMID- 27384734
TI  - Intervertebral Fusion with Mobile Microendoscopic Discectomy for Lumbar
      Degenerative Disc Disease.
AB  - The aim of this article is to introduce a technique for lumbar intervertebral
      fusion that incorporates mobile microendoscopic discectomy (MMED) for lumbar
      degenerative disc disease. Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody
      fusion is frequently performed to treat degenerative diseases of the lumbar
      spine; however, the scope of such surgery and vision is limited by what the naked
      eye can see through the expanding channel system. To expand the visual scope and
      reduce trauma, we perform lumbar intervertebral fusion with the aid of a MMED
      system that provides a wide field through freely tilting the surgical instrument
      and canals. We believe that this technique is a good option for treating lumbar
      degenerative disc disease that requires lumbar intervertebral fusion. 

PMID- 27384735
TI  - Musculoskeletal Hydatid Cysts Resembling Tumors: A Report of Five Cases.
AB  - Although challenges in treatment of musculoskeletal hydatid cysts (HC) lesions
      have been documented, data regarding the musculoskeletal HC lesions resembling
      tumor is scarce. This paper presented 5 patients (3 males, 2 females) with a mean
      age of 41.6 years with tumor-like lesions of HC. Three of them had left ilium and
      acetabulum involvement, one involved left femur, and one involved left thigh
      muscle compartments. Pain was the main symptom and was seen in all patients.
      Clinical examination, radiologic evaluation, and histologic analysis were
      performed for diagnosis. Patients were treated through different surgical
      options, including simple debridement, bone cement filling with or without
      internal fixation, hip arthrodesis, reconstruction using hemipelvic replantation
      with femoral prosthesis and distal femur endoprosthetic replacement. After
      surgery, the operation region was washed by 20% hypertonic saline, and
      debridement was performed carefully without contamination. All patients received
      albendazole treatment. Cases were followed up 1 to 9 years for the recurrence.
      Walking difficulty and pain were the main symptoms during the follow-up. One
      patient was symptom-free. A reoccurrence in the perioperative soft tissue was
      detected in only one patient and control visits with antihelmintic treatment were
      recommended. We would like to emphasize that HC should be kept in mind for the
      differential diagnosis of the cystic or tumoral lesions of the musculoskeletal
      system, particularly in the endemic regions. Prompt diagnosis is of paramount
      importance for preventing destruction and complications. 

PMID- 27384736
TI  - Limb Salvage by Distraction Osteogenesis for Distal Tibial Osteosarcoma in a
      Young Child: A Case Report.
AB  - Under the effective chemotherapy protocol, physeal distraction could be used as
      an effective limb salvage in the growing children with lower-limb malignant
      metaphyseal bone tumours and could actively prevent leg length discrepancy or
      malalignment that profoundly affects function. In this paper, we report a 7-year
      old boy with right distal tibial osteosarcoma but not yet invaded the epiphysis,
      which underwent surgical treatment after effective chemotherapy. The surgical
      procedure included two phases: epiphysiolysis (physeal distraction) and en-bloc
      resection of tumor and distraction osteogenesis. In the first phase, after
      osteotomy of the proximal fibula was performed, two Ilizarov rings were attached
      to the proximal tibia and one Ilizarov ring was applied to the distal tibia. At
      same time, U-shape ring as an important external fixator was been used in the
      axis of rotation of the ankle joint in order to balance the stress from the
      surrounding tissues, increase distracting stabilization and prevent the deformity
      or contracture of ankle joint. In the second phase, the tumor bone (5.7 cm) was
      en bloc resected by diaphyseal osteotomy. Distraction osteogenesis was commenced
      1 week postoperatively at a rate of 1 mm twice a day. The patient was reviewed by
      X-ray intermittently. The new bone was formed and the entire bone defect was
      covered in four months after the operation. Doxorubicin and cisplatin as the
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy protocol are effective to osteosarcoma and chemotherapy
      process did not adversely affect the union. Through this technique, the right
      distal tibial epiphysis was reserved successfully. At the last follow-up, there
      are no local recurrence or metastasis and we achieve to prevent leg length
      discrepancy or malalignment that profoundly affects function. 

PMID- 27384737
TI  - Application of Piezosurgery in Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion.
AB  - Anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) is frequently used to decompress
      the cervical spine; however, this procedure is risky when dealing with a hard
      disc or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Piezosurgery
      offers a useful tool for performing this procedure. In this article, we present a
      50 years old man who had cervical spondylotic myelopathy with OPLL at the C 6
      level and segmental stenosis of the cervical spinal canal. When removing the
      posterior wall of his C 6 vertebral body and OPLL, piezosurgery was used to
      selectively cut hard structures piece by piece without injuring delicate soft
      tissues like the nerve roots and spinal cord. Because there is no bleeding from
      the bone surface with piezosurgery, it provides a clean operative field. 

PMID- 27384738
TI  - ERRATUM.

PMID- 27384739
TI  - Which factors influence onset and latency to treatment in generalized anxiety
      disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder?
AB  - Anxiety disorders are common, comorbid, and disabling conditions, often
      underdiagnosed and under-treated, typically with an early onset, chronic course,
      and prolonged duration of untreated illness. The present study aimed to explore
      the influence of sociodemographic and clinical factors in relation to onset and
      latency to treatment in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic
      disorder (PD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A total of 157 patients
      with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Text
      Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of PD (n=49), GAD (n=68), and OCD (n=40) were
      recruited, and epidemiological and clinical variables were collected through a
      specific questionnaire. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare
      variables across diagnostic groups. PD, GAD, and OCD patients showed a duration
      of untreated illness of 53.9+/-81.5, 77.47+/-95.76, and 90.6+/-112.1 months,
      respectively. Significant differences between groups were found with respect to
      age, age of first diagnosis, age of first treatment, family history of
      psychiatric illness, onset-related stressful events, benzodiazepine prescription
      as first treatment, antidepressant prescription as first treatment, and help
      seeking (self-initiated vs. initiated by others). Patients with GAD, PD, and OCD
      showed significant differences in factors influencing onset and latency to
      treatment, which may, in turn, affect condition-related outcome and overall
      prognosis. Further studies with larger samples are warranted in the field.

PMID- 27384740
TI  - Pregnancy outcome in patients exposed to direct oral anticoagulants - and the
      challenge of event reporting.
AB  - Today, direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are widely used alternatives to Vitamin
      K antagonists (VKA). Women of reproductive age may become pregnant during
      anticoagulation and, while VKA carry an embryotoxic potential, the risk of DOAC
      embryopathy is unknown. As a result, some patients elect to terminate pregnancy
      for fear of DOAC embryotoxicity. To assess the risk of DOAC embryopathy, we
      reviewed cases of DOAC exposure in pregnancy collected from physicians,
      literature and pharmacovigilance systems of drug authorities and manufacturers. A
      total of 357 reports including duplicates were available from which 233 unique
      cases could be identified. Information on pregnancy outcome was available in only
      137/233 cases (58.8 %): 67 live births (48.9 %); 31 miscarriages (22.6 %); 39
      elective pregnancy terminations (28.5 %). In 93 cases (39.9 %) no outcome data
      were available (including 3 cases of ongoing pregnancy). Of the 137 pregnancies
      with reported outcomes, seven showed abnormalities (5.1 %) of which three (2.2 %)
      could potentially be interpreted as embryopathy: live birth with facial
      dysmorphism; miscarriage in week 10 with limb abnormality; elective pregnancy
      termination due to a foetal cardiac defect in a woman who had to terminate a
      previous pregnancy due to Fallot tetralogy. Within its limitations (small
      numbers, incomplete outcome data) our results do not indicate that DOAC exposure
      in pregnancy carries a high risk of embryopathy or that DOAC exposure per se
      should be used to direct patient counselling towards pregnancy termination.
      Pregnancy outcome data are inconsistently captured in pharmacovigilance databases
      indicating the strong need for a more robust system of reporting.

PMID- 27384741
TI  - A Modular Probe Strategy for Drug Localization, Target Identification and Target
      Occupancy Measurement on Single Cell Level.
AB  - Late stage failures of candidate drug molecules are frequently caused by off
      target effects or inefficient target engagement in vivo. In order to address
      these fundamental challenges in drug discovery, we developed a modular probe
      strategy based on bioorthogonal chemistry that enables the attachment of multiple
      reporters to the same probe in cell extracts and live cells. In a systematic
      evaluation, we identified the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction
      between trans-cyclooctene labeled probe molecules and tetrazine-tagged reporters
      to be the most efficient bioorthogonal reaction for this strategy. Bioorthogonal
      biotinylation of the probe allows the identification of drug targets in a
      chemoproteomics competition binding assay using quantitative mass spectrometry.
      Attachment of a fluorescent reporter enables monitoring of spatial localization
      of probes as well as drug-target colocalization studies. Finally, direct target
      occupancy of unlabeled drugs can be determined at single cell resolution by
      competitive binding with fluorescently labeled probe molecules. The feasibility
      of the modular probe strategy is demonstrated with noncovalent PARP inhibitors.

PMID- 27384744
TI  - Stability and Oil Migration of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Emulsified by Phase
      Separating Biopolymer Mixtures.
AB  - Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions with varying concentration of oil phase, medium
      chain triglyceride (MCT), were prepared using phase-separating gum arabic
      (GA)/sugar beet pectin (SBP) mixture as an emulsifier. Stability of the emulsions
      including emulsion phase separation, droplet size change, and oil migration were
      investigated by means of visual observation, droplet size analysis, oil partition
      analysis, backscattering of light, and interfacial tension measurement. It was
      found that in the emulsions prepared with 4.0% GA/1.0% SBP, when the
      concentration of MCT was greater than 2.0%, emulsion phase separation was not
      observed and the emulsions were stable with droplet size unchanged during
      storage. This result proves the emulsification ability of phase-separating
      biopolymer mixtures and their potential usage as emulsifiers to prepare O/W
      emulsion. However, when the concentration of MCT was equal or less than 2.0%,
      emulsion phase separation occurred after preparation resulting in an upper SBP
      rich phase and a lower GA-rich phase. The droplet size increased in the upper
      phase whereas decreased slightly in the lower phase with time, compared to the
      freshly prepared emulsions. During storage, the oil droplets exhibited a complex
      migration process: first moving to the SBP-rich phase, then to the GA-rich phase
      and finally gathering at the interface between the two phases. The mechanisms of
      the emulsion stability and oil migration in the phase-separated emulsions were
      discussed. 

PMID- 27384745
TI  - Online restricted-access material combined with high-performance liquid
      chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of
      vanillin and its vanillic acid metabolite in human plasma.
AB  - An automated online solid-phase extraction with restricted-access material
      combined with high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry
      was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of vanillin and
      its vanillic acid metabolite in human plasma. After protein precipitation by
      methanol, which contained the internal standards, the supernatant of plasma
      samples was injected to the system, the endogenous large molecules were flushed
      out, and target analytes were trapped and enriched on the adsorbent, resulting in
      a minimization of sample complexity and ion suppression effects. Calibration
      curves were linear over the concentrations of 5-1000 ng/mL for vanillin and 10
      5000 ng/mL for vanillic acid with a coefficient of determination >0.999 for the
      determined compounds. The lower limits of quantification of vanillin and vanillic
      acid were 5.0 and 10.0 ng/mL, respectively. The intra- and inter-run precisions
      expressed as the relative standard deviation were 2.6-8.6 and 3.2-10.2%,
      respectively, and the accuracies expressed as the relative error were in the
      range of -6.1 to 7.3%. Extraction recoveries of analytes were between 89.5 and
      97.4%. There was no notable matrix effect for any analyte concentration. The
      developed method was proved to be sensitive, repeatable, and accurate for the
      quantification of vanillin and its vanillic acid metabolite in human plasma. 

PMID- 27384746
TI  - Significant Cooperativity Between Ruthenium and Silicon in Catalytic
      Transformations of an Isocyanide.
AB  - Complexes [PhBP3]RuH(eta(3)-H2SiRR') (RR' = Me,Ph, 1a; RR' = Ph2, 1b; RR' = Et2,
      1c) react with XylNC to form carbene complexes [PhBP3]Ru(H)?[C(H)(N(Xyl)(eta(2)-H
      SiRR'))] (2a-c; previously reported for 2a,b). Reactions of 1a-c with XylNC were
      further investigated to assess how metal complexes with multiple M-H-Si bonds can
      mediate transformations of unsaturated substrates. Complex 2a eliminates an N
      methylsilacycloindoline product (3a) that results from hydrosilylation,
      hydrogenation, and benzylic C-H activation of XylNC. Turnover was achieved in a
      pseudocatalytic manner by careful control of the reaction conditions. Complex 1c
      mediates a catalytic isocyanide reductive coupling to furnish an alkene product
      (4) in a transformation that has precedent only in stoichiometric processes. The
      formations of 3a and 4 were investigated with deuterium labeling experiments, KIE
      and other kinetic studies, and by examining the reactivity of XylNC with an
      eta(3)-H2SiMeMes complex (1d) to form a C-H activated complex (6). Complex 6
      serves as a model for an intermediate in the formation of 3a, and NMR
      investigations at -30  degrees C reveal that 6 forms via a carbene complex (1d)
      that isomerizes to aminomethyl complex 7d. These investigations reveal that the
      formations of 3a and 4 involve multiple 4-, 5-, and 6-coordinate silicon species
      with 0, 1, 2, or 3 Ru-H-Si bonds. These mechanisms demonstrate exceptionally
      intricate roles for silicon in transition-metal-catalyzed reactions with a silane
      reagent.

PMID- 27384742
TI  - Sex Differences in Hip Fracture Surgery: Preoperative Risk Factors for Delirium
      and Postoperative Outcomes.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To describe the differences observed in risk factors for delirium and
      outcomes between men and women undergoing hip fracture repair surgery. DESIGN:
      Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS:
      Individuals with acute hip fracture admitted to an academic medical center (N =
      431). MEASUREMENTS: Information on preoperative demographic characteristics,
      medical history, laboratory results, and postoperative outcomes was obtained
      according to history and chart review. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion
      Assessment Method. RESULTS: The overall incidence of postoperative delirium was
      34%, with men more likely to experience postoperative delirium (44.8%) than women
      (30.2%) (P = .004). Male sex was associated with postoperative delirium in
      individuals with hip fracture, even after adjusting for other preoperative risk
      factors. Other significant preoperative risk factors included age, dementia,
      Parkinson's disease, and American Society of Anesthesiologists classification.
      Men were also more likely to experience other postoperative complications and
      have longer hospital length of stay. CONCLUSION: Men are at higher risk of
      postoperative delirium after hip fracture repair than women and have more
      postoperative surgical complications. Their higher risk of postoperative delirium
      may be due to their underlying preoperative disease severity.

PMID- 27384747
TI  - Airflow-aligned helical nanofilament (B4) phase in topographic confinement.
AB  - We investigated a controlled helical nanofilament (HNF: B4) phase under
      topographic confinement with airflow that can induce a shear force and
      temperature gradient on the sample. The resulting orientation and ordering of the
      B4 phase in this combinational effort was directly investigated using microscopy.
      The structural freedom of the complex B7 phase, which is a higher temperature
      phase than the B4 phase, can result in relatively complex microscopic
      arrangements of HNFs compared with the B4 phase generated from the simple layer
      structure of the B2 phase. This interesting chiral/polar nanofilament behaviour
      offers new opportunities for further exploration of the exotic physical
      properties of the B4 phase.

PMID- 27384748
TI  - Performance of patient-reported outcomes in the assessment of rheumatoid
      arthritis disease activity:the experience of the ESPOIR cohort.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) activity can be assessed by several outcome
      measures. The importance of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) has recently been
      advocated. Our objective was to determine whether patient self-assessment can
      reflect RA disease activity. METHODS: Data from patients included in the early
      arthritis ESPOIR cohort and fulfilling 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria for RA at month 12
      were used. Data for several PROs (visual analogue scale for fatigue, pain,
      patient assessment of disease activity; Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ];
      Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 [SF36]; Echelle de Mesure de l'Impact de la
      polyarthrite Rhumatoide-court [EMIR-court] and Routine Assessment of Patient
      Index Data 3 [RAPID3]) were collected and their association with disease activity
      measured by Disease Activity Score in 28 joints-3 variables (DAS28-3v) was
      assessed. The association of PROs and disease activity was assessed by explained
      variance, Pearson correlation and performance of each PRO in differentiating low
      versus high disease activity states. RESULTS: We evaluated data for 677 patients.
      Whatever the disease activity, less impaired PROs was associated with the lowest
      disease activity. All PROs were moderately correlated with RA disease activity.
      The RAPID3 had the best association with DAS28-3v in determining RA disease
      activity state (r=0.45-0.55, explained variance 30-45%, sensitivity 69-100% and
      specificity 55-78%). Global PROs (RAPID3, EMIR-court) had the highest association
      with disease activity, followed by PROs assessing physical function. CONCLUSIONS:
      The association of PROs and RA disease activity (DAS28-3v) remains moderate.
      RAPID3, a global PRO, had the best association with disease activity as compared
      with other analysed PROs.

PMID- 27384749
TI  - Genomic Impact of Neoadjuvant Therapy on Breast Cancer: Incomplete Response is
      Associated with Altered Diagnostic Gene Signatures.
AB  - PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) has been shown to clinically downstage locally
      advanced breast cancers. This study aimed to determine whether a meaningful
      change in gene signatures occurs between pre- and post-NAT breast cancers for
      patients who do not achieve a pathologic complete response. METHODS: The current
      analysis included women from the prospective Neoadjuvant Breast Registry Symphony
      Trial who had breast cancer and awaited NAT. MammaPrint and BluePrint (Agendia,
      Inc., Irvine, CA) assays were performed on pre- and post-NAT breast tumor
      samples. RESULTS: At the completion of NAT, 93 patients with residual disease had
      their remaining tumor analyzed for MammaPrint and BluePrint. Of 93 patients, 21
      switched tumor classification: 16 from high risk (HR) to low risk (LR) and 1 from
      LR to HR (p < 0.001). Four additional patients switched molecular subtype but
      remained HR. Although only 17 patients switched in their MammaPrint risk
      classification, the underlying MPIndex was significantly altered after treatment
      across all patients (p < 0.001). Additionally, the three BluePrint indices for
      luminal, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and basal type also
      were significantly altered after treatment, in a subtype-dependent manner.
      CONCLUSION: This substudy showed that NAT significantly altered the genomic
      signature of the patient's breast cancer compared with the patient's pretreatment
      genomic profile. These alterations occurred in a subtype-dependent manner,
      suggesting that NAT may have either eliminated the most susceptible tumor
      subclone, leaving the treatment resistant clone with a different genetic
      signature, or altered molecular characteristics of the original cancer.

PMID- 27384750
TI  - Aggressive Hemihepatectomy Combined with Resection and Reconstruction of Middle
      Hepatic Vein for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Major hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) sometimes
      involves resection of major hepatic veins, which might result in the future liver
      remnant (FLR) congestion. The necessity and efficacy of resection and
      reconstruction of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) during right or left
      hemihepatectomy for resection of ICC remains unclear. METHODS: Between 1995 and
      2013, 68 patients underwent right (n = 24) or left hemihepatectomy (n = 44) for
      primary ICC, with (n = 27) or without (n = 41) resection of MHV. If the
      noncongested FLR volume was <40 % of the total liver volume, reconstruction of
      major hepatic veins was considered. RESULTS: No significant differences between
      the groups were observed for patients with or without resection of MHV in the
      pathologic findings, including negative surgical margins (81 vs. 85 %, P = 0.67)
      and overall survival (5-year survival rate: 18.3 vs. 33.4 %, P = 0.26). In five
      patients who underwent venous resection and reconstruction, the noncongested FLR
      increased from 37 to 74 % after reconstruction (P < 0.01); this noncongested FLR
      was almost similar to the patients without venous resection (72 %). Three
      patients undergoing venous resection without reconstruction developed
      postoperative hepatic failure (grade A in 2 and grade B in 1; International study
      group of liver surgery definition); however, there was no surgical mortality.
      CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive hemihepatectomy for ICC with venous resection in the FLR
      resulted in acceptable long-term outcome with no mortality when considering
      hepatic venous reconstruction based on our criterion.

PMID- 27384751
TI  - Yield of Staging Laparoscopy and Lavage Cytology for Radiologically Occult
      Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Gastric Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to identify the yield of staging laparoscopy with
      peritoneal lavage cytology for gastric cancer patients and to track it over time.
      METHODS: The medical records of patients with gastric or gastroesophageal
      adenocarcinoma who underwent pretreatment staging laparoscopy at the authors'
      institution from 1995 to 2012 were reviewed. The yield of laparoscopy was defined
      as the proportion of patients who had positive findings on laparoscopy, including
      those with macroscopic carcinomatosis, positive cytology, or other clinically
      important findings. To compare the yield of laparoscopy over time, the patients
      were divided into three 6-year ranges based on the date of diagnosis.
      Associations between clinicopathologic factors and peritoneal disease were
      examined using uni- and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The study included 711
      patients. Among these patients, 43.5 % had gastroesophageal junction tumors, 72.9
      % had poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and 53 % had signet ring cell
      morphology. Endoscopic ultrasound had most commonly identified T3 (83.9 %) and N
      positive (66.4 %) tumors. At laparoscopy, 148 (20.8 %) patients had been found to
      have macroscopic peritoneal carcinomatosis. Among 514 macroscopically negative
      patients who underwent peritoneal lavage cytologic analysis, 68 (13.2 %) had
      positive cytology results for malignancy. The total laparoscopy yield was 36 %,
      which did not change over time (p = 0.58). Multivariate analysis demonstrated
      that positive cytology or carcinomatosis was associated with poorly
      differentiated histology, linitis plastica, and equivocal computed tomography
      findings. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopy remains a useful staging procedure to evaluate
      for peritoneal spread when treatment or surgery is considered, even with the
      current availability of high-quality imaging.

PMID- 27384752
TI  - Effectiveness of a freely available computerised cognitive behavioural therapy
      programme (MoodGYM) for depression: Meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of a freely available computerised
      cognitive behavioural therapy programme (MoodGYM) for depression (primary
      outcome), anxiety and general psychological distress in adults. METHOD: We
      searched PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Social Science Citation Index
      and references from identified papers. To assess MoodGYM's effectiveness, we
      conducted random effects meta-analysis of identified randomised controlled
      trials. RESULTS: Comparisons from 11 studies demonstrated MoodGYM's effectiveness
      for depression symptoms at post-intervention, with a small effect size ( g =
      0.36, 95% confidence interval: 0.17-0.56; I2 = 78%). Removing the lowest quality
      studies ( k = 3) had minimal impact; however, adjusting for publication bias
      reduced the effect size to a non-significant level ( g = 0.17, 95% confidence
      interval: -0.01 to 0.38). Comparisons from six studies demonstrated MoodGYM's
      effectiveness for anxiety symptoms at post-intervention, with a medium effect
      size ( g = 0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.20-0.94; I2 = 85%). Although
      comparisons from six studies did not yield significance for MoodGYM's
      effectiveness for general psychological distress symptoms, the small effect size
      approached significance ( g = 0.34, 95% confidence interval: -0.04 to 0.68; I2 =
      79%). Both the type of setting (clinical vs non-clinical) and MoodGYM-developer
      authorship in randomised controlled trials had no meaningful influence on
      results; however, the results were confounded by the type of control deployed,
      level of clinician guidance, international region of trial and adherence to
      MoodGYM. CONCLUSIONS: The confounding influence of several variables, and
      presence of publication bias, means that the results of this meta-analysis should
      be interpreted with caution. Tentative support is provided for MoodGYM's
      effectiveness for symptoms of depression and general psychological distress. The
      programme's medium effect on anxiety symptoms demonstrates its utility for people
      with this difficulty. MoodGYM benefits from its free accessibility over the
      Internet, but adherence rates can be problematic and at the extreme can fall
      below 10%. We conclude that MoodGYM is best placed as a population-level
      intervention that is likely to benefit a sizeable minority of its users.

PMID- 27384753
TI  - Adaptive Resolution Simulations with Self-Adjusting High-Resolution Regions.
AB  - In adaptive resolution simulations, different regions of a simulation box are
      modeled with different levels of detail. Particles change their resolution on-the
      fly when traveling from one subregion to the other. This method is particularly
      useful for studying multiscale systems in which effects on a broad range of
      length and time scales play a role. Until now, the geometry of the high
      resolution region has been limited to simple geometries of spherical, cuboid, or
      cylindrical form, whose shape does not change during the simulation. However,
      many phenomena involve changes in size and shape of system components, for
      example, protein folding, polymer collapse, nucleation, and crystallization. In
      this work, we develop a scheme that uses a series of overlapping spheres to allow
      for an arbitrary division of space into domains of different levels of
      resolution. Furthermore, the geometry is automatically adjusted on-the-fly during
      the simulation according to changes in size and shape of, for example, a solvated
      macromolecule within the high-resolution region. The proposed approach is
      validated on liquid water. We then simulate the folding of an atomistically
      detailed polypeptide solvated in a shell of atomistic water that changes shape as
      the peptide conformation changes. We demonstrate that the peptide folding process
      is unperturbed by the use of our methodology. 

PMID- 27384754
TI  - Thermodynamics of gaseous barium cerate studied by Knudsen effusion mass
      spectrometry.
AB  - RATIONALE: BaCeO3 species, which are known to be excellent proton conductors, are
      potential candidates as electrolytes in hydrogen concentrators and fuel cells.
      Oxides of barium and cerium, with their reactivity can, in turn, form gaseous
      associates - complex molecules with two different types of atoms (not including
      oxygen). To predict the possibility of the existence of gaseous associates formed
      by barium and cerium oxides it is important to know their thermodynamic
      characteristics. Until the present investigation, gaseous cerates were unknown.
      METHODS: High-temperature Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry was used to
      determine the partial pressures of vapor species over the BaO-CeO2 system, and
      the formation enthalpies of gaseous CeO2 and BaCeO3 were derived. Measurements of
      partial pressures and reaction enthalpies were performed with a MS-1301 mass
      spectrometer. Vaporization was carried out using molybdenum and tungsten effusion
      cells containing the samples under study and pure gold as a reference substance.
      A theoretical study of gaseous cerium dioxide and barium cerate was performed by
      several quantum chemical methods: DFT M06, DFT PBE0 and MP2. RESULTS: In the
      temperature range 1900-2120 K, CeO and CeO2 were found to be the main vapor
      species over the solid CeO2 . Ba, BaO, CeO, CeO2 and BaCeO3 species were found in
      the vapor over the BaO-CeO2 mixture. On the basis of the equilibrium constant of
      the gaseous reaction BaO + CeO2  = BaCeO3 , the standard formation enthalpy of
      gaseous BaCeO3 (-1065 +/- 25 kJ/mol) at 298  K was determined. Energetically
      favorable structures of gaseous CeO2 and BaCeO3 were found and vibrational
      frequencies were evaluated in the harmonic approximation. CONCLUSIONS: The
      stability of BaCeO3 gaseous species was confirmed by high-temperature mass
      spectrometry. Gas-phase reactions involving gaseous barium and cerium oxides with
      gaseous barium cerate were studied. The enthalpies of the formation reactions of
      gaseous barium cerate from gaseous BaO and CeO2 were evaluated theoretically and
      the obtained values were in agreement with the experimental ones. Copyright (c)
      2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27384756
TI  - OH-Initiated Oxidation of m-Xylene on Black Carbon Aging.
AB  - Laboratory experiments are conducted to investigate aging of size-classified
      black carbon (BC) particles from OH-initiated oxidation of m-xylene. The
      variations in the particle size, mass, effective density, morphology, optical
      properties, hygroscopicity, and activation as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are
      simultaneously measured by a suite of aerosol instruments, when BC particles are
      exposed to the oxidation products of the OH-m-xylene reactions. The BC aging is
      governed by the coating thickness (Deltarve), which is correlated to the reaction
      time and initial concentrations of m-xylene and NOx. For an initial diameter of
      100 nm and Deltarve = 44 nm, the particle size and mass increase by a factor of
      1.5 and 10.4, respectively, and the effective density increases from 0.43 to 1.45
      g cm(-3) due to organic coating and collapsing of the BC core. The BC particles
      are fully converted from a highly fractal to nearly spherical morphology for
      Deltarve = 30 nm. The scattering, absorption, and single scattering albedo of BC
      particles are enhanced accordingly with organic coating. The critical
      supersaturation for CCN activation is reduced to 0.1% with Deltarve = 44 nm. The
      results imply that the oxidation of m-xylene exhibits larger impacts in modifying
      the BC particle properties than those for the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene
      and toluene.

PMID- 27384755
TI  - Using future thinking to reduce temporal discounting: Under what circumstances
      are the medial temporal lobes critical?
AB  - The capacity to envision the future plays an important role in many aspects of
      cognition, including our ability to make optimal, adaptive choices. Past work has
      shown that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is necessary for decisions that draw on
      episodic future thinking. By contrast, little is known about the role of the MTL
      in decisions that draw on semantic future thinking. Accordingly, the present
      study investigated whether the MTL contributes to one form of decision making,
      namely intertemporal choice, when such decisions depend on semantic consideration
      of the future. In an intertemporal choice task, participants must select either a
      smaller amount of money that is available in the present or a larger amount of
      money that would be available at a future date. Amnesic individuals with MTL
      damage and healthy control participants performed such a task in which, prior to
      making a choice, they engaged in a semantic generation exercise, wherein they
      generated items that they would purchase with the future reward. In experiment 1,
      we found that, relative to a baseline condition involving standard intertemporal
      choice, healthy individuals were more inclined to select a larger, later reward
      over a smaller, present reward after engaging in semantic future thinking. By
      contrast, amnesic participants were paradoxically less inclined to wait for a
      future reward following semantic future thinking. This finding suggests that
      amnesics may have had difficulty "tagging" the generated item(s) as belonging to
      the future. Critically, experiment 2 showed that when the generated items were
      presented alongside the intertemporal choices, both controls and amnesic
      participants shifted to more patient choices. These findings suggest that the MTL
      is not needed for making optimal decisions that draw on semantic future thinking
      as long as scaffolding is provided to support accurate time tagging. Together,
      these findings stand to better clarify the role of the MTL in decision making.

PMID- 27384757
TI  - Nutrition and physical activity related school environment/policy factors and
      child obesity in China: a nationally representative study of 8573 students in 110
      middle schools.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity is a serious threat to global health. School is a key setting
      for obesity intervention. Research on school risk factors for child obesity is
      limited in developing countries. OBJECTIVES: To examine regional variations in
      obesity and school environments/policies and their associations among students in
      China. METHODS: Analyses were based on the first nationally representative sample
      of 8573 9th graders in 110 middle schools from 28 regions across China.
      Multilevel models tested associations between school factors and child self
      reported weight outcomes and by school urbanicity setting (urban, rural).
      RESULTS: Overweight/obesity rate is higher among boys and in urban areas. Schools
      in rural areas, or less developed regions, promote longer on-campus life, as is
      indicated by the presence of school cafeterias, night study sessions and longer
      class hours. Multilevel models show that (i) school cafeterias (OR = 2.53, 95% CI
      = 1.35-4.75) and internet bars close to school (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.15-2.30)
      are associated with increased overweight/obesity risk in rural areas, especially
      for boys; (ii) school night study sessions are associated with lower
      overweight/obesity risk (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.50-0.96) in rural areas.
      CONCLUSIONS: China has large regional disparities in school environment/policies
      related to nutrition and physical activity. Some school factors are associated
      with students' weight status, which vary across gender and areas. Future school
      based interventions should attend to diverse regional contexts.

PMID- 27384758
TI  - The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic
      Epidermolysis Bullosa.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess esophageal damage in patients
      with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) with or without dysphagia.
      SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients with either severe generalized or another
      generalized form of RDEB recruited through a research and support foundation were
      evaluated for obstructive esophageal lesions by means of barium esophagography.
      RESULTS: All patients, even those without dysphagia, had at least one stenosis;
      five patients had two stenoses. Stenotic lesions occurred most often (74%) in the
      upper third of the esophagus. CONCLUSION: Esophageal stenosis is a common
      complication in patients with RDEB, even when they do not have dysphagia. We
      recommend regular esophagographic examinations of all patients with RDEB.

PMID- 27384760
TI  - Lymphocytopenia is associated with anti-Beta-2 glycoprotein-1 in patients with
      220 systemic lupus erythematosus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anti B2-Glicoprotein 1 (B2-GPI) is an antiphospholipid antibody that
      may be present in primary or secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Systemic
      Lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the main disease associated with secondary APS.
      OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of anti B2-GPI in SLE patients. METHODS: Anti
      B2-GPI (IgM/IgG) was studied by ELISA in 88 patients with SLE of both genders;
      18.6% of which with secondary APS. Charts were reviewed for clinical and
      serological profile. RESULTS: Anti B2-GPI was present in 18.6% of the whole
      sample and in 29.4% of those with secondary APS. At univariated analysis, the
      presence of anti B2-GPI was more common in patients with serositis (p=0.04),
      lymphocytopenia (p=0.003) and anti cardiolipin (aCl) IgM antibodies (p=0.04). In
      a logistic regression study, only the associations with lymphocytopenia (OR=8.2;
      95%CI=2.1-39.3) and aCl IgM (p=0.04; OR=3.4; 95%CI=1.05-11.1) remained
      significant. CONCLUSION: There is a 18.6% prevalence of positive anti B2-GPI in
      SLE population that is associated with the presence of aCl IgM and
      lymphocytopenia.

PMID- 27384759
TI  - The Maternal Effect Genes UTX and JMJD3 Play Contrasting Roles in Mus musculus
      Preimplantation Embryo Development.
AB  - During the process of embryonic development in mammals, epigenetic modifications
      must be erased and reconstructed. In particular, the trimethylation of histone 3
      lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is associated with gene-specific transcriptional repression
      and contributes to the maintenance of the pluripotent embryos. In this study, we
      determined that the global levels of the H3K27me3 marker were elevated in MII
      oocyte chromatin and decrease to minimal levels at the 8-cell and morula stages.
      When the blastocyst hatched, H3K27me3 was re-established in the inner cell mass.
      We also determined that H3K27me3-specific demethylases, UTX and JMJD3, were
      observed at high transcript and protein levels in mouse preimplantation embryos.
      In the activated oocytes, when the H3K27me3 disappeared at the 8-cell stage, the
      UTX (but not JMJD3) protein levels were undetectable. Using RNA interference, we
      suppressed UTX and JMJD3 gene expression in the embryos and determined that the
      functions of UTX and JMJD3 were complementary. When JMJD3 levels were decreased
      by RNA interference, the embryo development rate and quality were improved, but
      the knockdown of UTX produced the opposite results. Understanding the epigenetic
      mechanisms controlling preimplantation development is critical to comprehending
      the basis of embryonic development and to devise methods and approaches to treat
      infertility.

PMID- 27384761
TI  - Erratum to: Effect of VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP4F2, and GGCX Gene Polymorphisms on
      Warfarin Dose in Japanese Pediatric Patients.

PMID- 27384763
TI  - Correction: New Insight into Metal Ion-Driven Catalysis of Nucleic Acids by
      Influenza PA-Nter.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156972.].

PMID- 27384762
TI  - The Potential of Food Fortification to Add Micronutrients in Young Children and
      Women of Reproductive Age - Findings from a Cross-Sectional Survey in Abidjan,
      Cote d'Ivoire.
AB  - Poor micronutrient intakes are a major contributing factor to the high burden of
      micronutrient deficiencies in Cote d'Ivoire. Large-scale food fortification is
      considered a cost-effective approach to deliver micronutrients, and fortification
      of salt (iodine), wheat flour (iron and folic acid), and vegetable oil (vitamin
      A) is mandatory in Cote d'Ivoire. A cross-sectional survey on households with at
      least one child 6-23 months was conducted to update coverage figures with
      adequately fortified food vehicles in Abidjan, the capital of and largest urban
      community in Cote d'Ivoire, and to evaluate whether additional iron and vitamin A
      intake is sufficient to bear the potential to reduce micronutrient malnutrition.
      Information on demographics and food consumption was collected, along with
      samples of salt and oil. Wheat flour was sampled from bakeries and retailers
      residing in the selected clusters. In Abidjan, 86% and 97% of salt and vegetable
      oil samples, respectively, were adequately fortified, while only 32% of wheat
      flour samples were adequately fortified, but all samples contained some added
      iron. There were no major differences in additional vitamin A and iron intake
      between poor and non-poor households. For vitamin A in oil, the additional
      percentage of the recommended nutrient intake was 27% and 40% for children 6-23
      months and women of reproductive age, respectively, while for iron from wheat
      flour, only 13% and 19% could be covered. Compared to previous estimates,
      coverage has remained stable for salt and wheat flour, but improved for vegetable
      oil. Fortification of vegetable oil clearly provides a meaningful additional
      amount of vitamin A. This is not currently the case for iron, due to the low
      fortification levels. Iron levels in wheat flour should be increased and
      monitored, and additional vehicles should be explored to add iron to the Ivorian
      diet. 

PMID- 27384764
TI  - Ion channel blockers and glioblastoma risk and outcome: a nested case-control and
      retrospective cohort studies.
AB  - PURPOSE: Mutations in ion channels are common among patients with glioblastoma
      multiforme (GBM) and promote cell migration and invasion. We sought to evaluate
      the association between the use of specific ion channel blockers such as digoxin,
      amiodarone, diltiazem and verapamil and GBM risk and survival. METHODS: We
      conducted a nested case-control study in a large primary care database from the
      UK. Cases were defined as all individuals with incident diagnosis of GBM during
      follow-up. For each case, up to four controls were selected using incidence
      density sampling. The primary exposure of interest was active treatment with each
      of the four ion channel blockers. We used conditional logistic regression to
      estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between
      ion channel blocker use and GBM risk. We then performed a Cox regression analysis
      among those diagnosed with GBM in order to evaluate the association between use
      of ion channel blockers and overall survival. Both analyses were adjusted to
      common confounders. RESULTS: The study included 1076 cases and 4253 matched
      controls. There was no statistically significant difference between cases and
      controls in cardiac and metabolic risk factors. There was no change in GBM risk
      in active users of ion channel blockers compared with non-users. Among patients
      with GBM, active users of amiodarone had worse survival compared with never users
      with an HR of 4.41 (95%CI 1.95-9.96). There was no statistically significant
      change in survival among diltiazem, verapamil or digoxin users. CONCLUSION:
      Treatment with specific ion channel blockers was not associated with the risk of
      GBM but was associated with worse survival in patients with GBM. Copyright (c)
      2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27384765
TI  - Association of Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex With Mottled Pigmentation and EXPH5
      Mutations.
AB  - Importance: Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a group of clinically and
      genetically diverse mechanobullous genodermatoses characterized by the fragility
      of skin and mucous membranes. Recently, mutations in EXPH5 encoding exophilin-5
      (also known as Slac2-b, an effector protein involved in intracellular vesicle
      trafficking and exosome secretion) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of
      EBS. Herein, we report a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in EXPH5 responsible
      for an EBS subtype with mottled pigmentation. Objective: To identify the gene
      mutation(s) accountable for the mottled pigmentation phenotype in a patient with
      suspected inherited skin fragility disorder. Design, Setting, and Participant:
      Data for this case report were acquired in an outpatient clinic and concern a
      referral from the primary care physician to the national Center for Blistering
      Diseases in The Netherlands. Data were acquired and analyzed from 2014 to 2016.
      Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical examination and investigation were performed
      of the molecular basis of patient's skin fragility and mottled pigmentation
      phenotype. Electron microscopy studies described the underlying abnormalities on
      an ultrastructural level. Results: The clinical phenotype is characterized by
      mild generalized skin fragility, trauma-induced skin blistering since infancy,
      and development of remarkable diffuse mottled pigmentation on the trunk and
      proximal extremities. Sequencing the complete set of genes associated with
      epidermolysis bullosa revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation in exon 6 of EXPH5:
      c.3917C>G, p.Ser1306*. Electron microscopy revealed disruption of keratin
      filament cytoskeleton and accumulation of melanosomes in a disordered
      distribution in the keratinocytes. Conclusions and Relevance: To our knowledge,
      the current study illustrates the first clinically well-documented, mottled
      pigmentation phenotype related to a novel EXPH5 mutation. In addition, by means
      of electron microscopy image analysis, it proposes a hypothesis for the
      pigmentary changes in this rare autosomal recessive EBS subtype. These findings
      expand the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of human inherited skin fragility
      disorders, and we propose the addition of EBS resulting from EXPH5 mutations to
      the EBS-mottled pigmentation subtype.

PMID- 27384766
TI  - Efficacy and safety in pharmacological cardioversion of recent-onset atrial
      fibrillation: a propensity score matching to compare amiodarone vs class IC
      antiarrhythmic drugs.
AB  - The acute management of recent-onset (<48 h) atrial fibrillation (AF) is still
      debated. Aim of our study was to compare efficacy and safety of intravenously
      administered class IC antidysrhythmic agents vs amiodarone in a propensity score
      matched series of patients acutely treated for AF in the emergency department.
      During a 3-year period, we retrospectively evaluated all episodes of recent-onset
      (<48 h) AF pharmacologically treated for sinus rhythm restoration in the
      emergency department. By means of a propensity score matching considering the
      main statistically different covariates, we selected two accurately matched
      treatment groups. We analysed the differences between amiodarone and class IC
      group in terms of efficacy and safety that is conversion to sinus rhythm rates
      within 12 and 48 h after starting treatment, time to conversion, and adverse drug
      effects. An overall number of 817 episodes of recent-onset AF were collected
      (amiodarone group = 406, class IC group = 411). After matching, we obtained 358
      episodes equally divided (amiodarone group = 179 and class IC group = 179).
      Conversion rates within 12 h were 139 (53.1 %) in amiodarone group and 95 (72.6
      %) in class IC group (p < 0.05). Median time for cardioversion was 420 min (331.6
      508.3 CI 95 %) in amiodarone and 55 min (44.9-65.1 CI 95 %) in class IC group (p
      < 0.05). The incidence of adverse events in both groups was very low and equally
      distributed (p = ns). Intravenously administration of class IC agents, when
      compared with amiodarone, proved to be more rapid and effective, and equally safe
      in the acute management of recent-onset AF.

PMID- 27384767
TI  - Older adults in Emergency Departments: the challenge of undertriage.

PMID- 27384768
TI  - Developmental defect of cytochrome oxidase mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor
      A3(2).
AB  - To study the link between energy metabolism and secondary
      metabolism/morphological development in Streptomyces, knockout mutants were
      generated with regard to the subunits of the cytochrome oxidase supercomplex
      (CcO) in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). All mutants exhibited an identical
      phenotype: viable but defective in antibiotic production and cell differentiation
      when grown in both complex and minimal media. The growth yield of the CcO mutant
      was about half of that of the WT strain on glucose medium while both strains grew
      similarly on maltose medium. Intracellular ATP measurement demonstrated that the
      CcO mutant exhibited high intracellular ATP level. A similar elevation of
      intracellular ATP level was observed with regard to the WT strain cultured in the
      presence of BCDA, a copper-chelating agent. Reverse transcriptase PCR analysis
      demonstrated that the transcription of ATP synthase operon is upregulated in the
      CcO mutant. Addition of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an inhibitor of
      ATP synthesis, promoted antibiotic production and aerial mycelia formation in the
      CcO mutant and BCDA-treated WT cells. We hypothesize that the deficiency of CcO
      causes accumulation of intracellular ATP, and that the high ATP level inhibits
      the onset of development in S. coelicolor.

PMID- 27384769
TI  - Serum Proteomics Analysis in Rats of Immunosuppression Induced by Chronic Stress.
AB  - The immune system can be damaged by chronic stress. However, for this process,
      the involved molecular alterations and their regulatory roles played in
      immunosuppression still remain unclear. This study was aimed to identify the
      differences in serum protein expressions that are closely associated with the
      effect of chronic stress on immune function. Serum protein levels of rats in
      control group and chronic stress group were measured by iTRAQ analysis.
      Subsequently, among the 121 differentially expressed proteins screened between
      the two groups, 46 proteins were upregulated (>1.5-fold, P < 0.05), while 75
      proteins were downregulated (<0.67-fold, P < 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis
      revealed that most of the differentially expressed proteins were in relation with
      the metabolic, cellular, response stimulus and immune system processes. The
      significantly differential expression of ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, catalase and
      peroxiredoxin-1 were picked out for reconfirmation by ELISA analysis. The results
      were consistent with those obtained by iTRAQ. What is more, the roles of above
      mentioned four proteins, apolipoprotein B-100 and heat-shock protein 90 in
      immunosuppression induced by chronic stress were discussed. Taken together, these
      findings may provide a new insight into better understanding the molecular
      mechanisms of immunosuppression induced by chronic stress. 

PMID- 27384770
TI  - A Framework to Account for Sedimentation and Diffusion in Particle-Cell
      Interactions.
AB  - In vitro experiments provide a solid basis for understanding the interactions
      between particles and biological systems. An important confounding variable for
      these studies is the difference between the amount of particles administered and
      that which reaches the surface of cells. Here, we engineer a hydrogel-based
      nanoparticle system and combine in situ characterization techniques, 3D-printed
      cell cultures, and computational modeling to evaluate and study particle-cell
      interactions of advanced particle systems. The framework presented demonstrates
      how sedimentation and diffusion can explain differences in particle-cell
      association, and provides a means to account for these effects. Finally, using in
      silico modeling, we predict the proportion of particles that reaches the cell
      surface using common experimental conditions for a wide range of inorganic and
      organic micro- and nanoparticles. This work can assist in the understanding and
      control of sedimentation and diffusion when investigating cellular interactions
      of engineered particles.

PMID- 27384771
TI  - Stem Cell Therapy and Administration Routes After Stroke.
AB  - Cell-based therapy has demonstrated safety and efficacy in experimental animal
      models of stroke, as well as safety in stroke patients. However, various
      questions remain regarding the therapeutic window, dosage, route of
      administration, and the most appropriate cell type and source, as well as
      mechanisms of action and immune-modulation to optimize treatment based on stem
      cell therapy. Various delivery routes have been used in experimental stroke
      models, including intracerebral, intraventricular, subarachnoid, intra-arterial,
      intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intranasal routes. From a clinical point of
      view, it is necessary to demonstrate which is the most feasible, safest, and most
      effective for use with stroke patients. Therefore, further experimental studies
      concerning the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action involved in these
      therapeutic effects are required to determine their optimal clinical use.

PMID- 27384773
TI  - Emotional Detachment of Partners and the Sanctity of the Relationship with the
      Analyst as the Most Powerful Curative Factor.
AB  - The relationship between partners and the analyst is considered the most basic
      means for healing in contemporary psychoanalytic theories and analyses. It also
      holds as one of the most fundamental phenomenon's of psychoanalysis, so it comes
      as no surprise that it has always been deliberated over as an object of great
      interest as well as immense controversy. This same relationship, mutually co
      created by the analyst and each individual and partner in analysis, represents
      also the core of sanctity and sacred space in contemporary psychoanalysis.

PMID- 27384772
TI  - Association of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2 Alpha Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk
      of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Liver Disease in Guangxi Chinese: A Case-Control
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2a) plays a major role in the
      progression of disease, although the role of HIF-2alpha gene polymorphisms in
      hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related diseases remains elusive. The aim of this study
      is to determine whether HIF-2a rs13419896 and rs6715787 single-nucleotide
      polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B
      (CHB), liver cirrhosis (LC), or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHOD: A case
      control study of 107 patients with CHB, 83 patients with LC, 234 patients with
      HCC, and 224 healthy control subjects was carried out, and the HIF-2a rs13419896
      and rs6715787 SNPs were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction
      fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS: No significant differences were
      observed in the genotype or allele frequency of two HIF-2a SNPs between the cases
      and controls (all p>0.05). However, in subgroup analysis by gender, the HIF-2a
      rs13419896 GA and AA genotypes were significantly associated with a risk of CHB
      (odds ratio [OR] = 3.565, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.123-11.314, p = 0.031
      and OR = 12.506, 95% CI = 1.329-117.716, p = 0.027) in females, and the A allele
      of rs13419896 was associated with a risk of CHB (OR = 2.624, 95% CI = 1.244
      5.537, p = 0.011) and LC (OR = 2.351, 95% CI = 1.002-5.518, p = 0.050) in
      females. The rs6715787 CG genotype polymorphism may contribute to a reduced risk
      of LC in the Guangxi Zhuang Chinese population (OR = 0.152, 95% CI = 0.028-0.807,
      p = 0.027), as determined via subgroup analysis by ethnicity. Moreover, binary
      logistic regression analyses that were adjusted by drinking status indicated that
      the AA genotype of rs13419896 may contribute to an increased risk of LC in the
      non-alcohol-drinking population (OR = 3.124, 95% CI = 1.091-8.947, p = 0.034). In
      haplotype analysis, GG haplotype was significantly associated with a reduced risk
      of LC (OR = 0.601, 95% CI = 0.419-0.862, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The HIF-2a
      rs13419896 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of CHB and LC in the
      Guangxi Chinese population, especially in females and in the non-alcohol-drinking
      population, while the HIF-2a gene rs6715787 polymorphism is associated with a
      decreased risk of LC in the Guangxi Zhuang population.

PMID- 27384774
TI  - Sequence-Specific Recognition of DNA by Proteins: Binding Motifs Discovered Using
      a Novel Statistical/Computational Analysis.
AB  - Decades of intensive experimental studies of the recognition of DNA sequences by
      proteins have provided us with a view of a diverse and complicated world in which
      few to no features are shared between individual DNA-binding protein families.
      The originally conceived direct readout of DNA residue sequences by amino acid
      side chains offers very limited capacity for sequence recognition, while the
      effects of the dynamic properties of the interacting partners remain difficult to
      quantify and almost impossible to generalise. In this work we investigated the
      energetic characteristics of all DNA residue-amino acid side chain combinations
      in the conformations found at the interaction interface in a very large set of
      protein-DNA complexes by the means of empirical potential-based calculations.
      General specificity-defining criteria were derived and utilised to look beyond
      the binding motifs considered in previous studies. Linking energetic
      favourability to the observed geometrical preferences, our approach reveals
      several additional amino acid motifs which can distinguish between individual DNA
      bases. Our results remained valid in environments with various dielectric
      properties. 

PMID- 27384775
TI  - Perinatal Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Underweight before Pregnancy: A
      Population-Based Study.
AB  - AIMS: To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of being underweight before
      pregnancy. METHODS: Cohort study of a large population-based dataset of singleton
      births was used to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes of pre-gravid
      underweight body mass index (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) women with pre-gravid normal weight
      controls (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). RESULTS: A total of 10,995 pre-gravid underweight
      and 146,155 pre-gravid normal weight mothers were compared. The mean maternal age
      and gestational age were not different but lean mothers were significantly and
      more frequently primiparous, had a higher incidence of births at <36 and <32
      weeks' gestation, and had a significantly higher incidence of low and very low
      birth weight infants. Lean mothers had a significantly lower incidence of birth
      weights >4,000 g, less cesarean births and a lower incidence of gestational
      diabetes and hypertensive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: A tradeoff exists between the
      advantages of being lean before pregnancy in terms of less maternal morbidity in
      return for gaining a more advanced gestational age and higher birth weight.

PMID- 27384776
TI  - Lateral lumbar vertebral body screw predisposes to neuralgia after limb-salvage
      surgery for pelvic tumors: a single-center, retrospective study of 349 cases.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of neuralgia after limb
      salvage surgery for pelvic tumors with focus on the reconstruction methods.
      METHODS: We included 349 cases of pelvic tumors treated with internal
      hemipelvectomy and reconstruction in our center from January 2009 to May 2015.
      None of these cases had major lumbosacral nerves invaded by the tumors.
      Demographic and medical data were reviewed and documented for statistical
      analyses. The locations of lateral lumbar vertebral body screws (LLVBSs) were
      evaluated in 26 cases. RESULTS: The overall incidence of post-operative neuralgia
      was 8.3 %. Pre-admission requirement of analgesics (OR 4.089; 95 % CI 1.711
      9.774) and application of LLVBS (OR 11.848; 95 % CI 4.369-32.129) were
      independent risk factors of neuralgia. The horizontal location of LLVBS did not
      affect the incidence of neuralgia when it was placed near the midline of the
      vertebra. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of post-operative neuralgia was 8.3 % in
      this study cohort. The LLVBS technique could increase the risk of post-operative
      neuralgia.

PMID- 27384779
TI  - Organ donation opt-out law is saving lives in Wales.
AB  - More lives are being saved through organ donations thanks to groundbreaking
      legislation, says the Welsh Government.

PMID- 27384778
TI  - Enjoy exploring our redesigned magazine and website.
AB  - Welcome to your new-look Emergency Nurse - we hope you like what you see. The
      publication has been redesigned to create a fresher, more modern and reader
      friendly feel, based on what our reader research told us you wanted.

PMID- 27384777
TI  - Anterior release for Scheuermann's disease: a systematic literature review and
      meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Anterior release for Scheuermann's disease was considered an important
      technique for decades. However, posterior-only surgery for Scheuermann's disease
      has shown a promising potential to manage this deformity, as well. Correction
      loss could happen post-operatively, especially when posterior-only surgery is
      performed in the early days. Therefore, a dispute regarding anterior release for
      Scheuermann's disease exists. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of
      studies, reporting the outcomes of anterior release and posterior fusion surgery
      (AP group) or posterior-only surgery (PO group) for Scheuermann's disease. Data
      pooling and a meta-analysis with a random-effects model were performed to
      evaluate the results. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria.
      The pooled correction loss of Cobb angle for the AP group was 4.1(3.4, 4.8), and
      for the PO group, it was 3.8(3.3, 4.4). The overall effects of blood loss,
      surgery time, proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK), distal junctional kyphosis
      (DJK), self-image improvement, pain relief, and return-to-surgery were compared
      between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: A systematic review of the outcomes of
      Scheuermann's disease demonstrated a very similar correction loss for the AP
      group and the PO group. A meta-regression supported that correction loss did
      decrease as time moved on for the PO procedure, which could be explained by the
      improvements to instrumentation and techniques. For other outcomes, the PO group
      showed advantages in blood loss, surgery time, and junctional kyphosis. Similar
      outcomes were observed in relation to aspects of cosmetic improvement and pain
      relief for the AP and PO groups. The revision rate was mildly lower in the PO
      group than in the AP group.

PMID- 27384780
TI  - All-week GPs reduce ED attendances.
AB  - The number of visits to emergency departments (EDs) has dropped since the launch
      of a government pilot to open GP surgeries 7 days a week.

PMID- 27384781
TI  - Warning boosts nurse numbers.
AB  - Managers at a north London emergency department (ED) are boosting nurse numbers
      on each shift to avoid action being taken by the Care Quality Commission (CQC)
      over failure to improve care.

PMID- 27384782
TI  - RCN calls for children to receive CPR training.
AB  - Children across the UK should learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to equip
      them to save lives, politicians have been told.

PMID- 27384785
TI  - New career pathways developed for emergency nurses in Northern Ireland.
AB  - A career framework for nurses in emergency care settings in Northern Ireland is
      due to be launched by the autumn. 

PMID- 27384783
TI  - Infirmary appeals for Twiddlemuff knitters.
AB  - An appeal for knitters has been launched by Leicester Royal Infirmary's emergency
      department (ED) to help dementia patients.

PMID- 27384786
TI  - Story in numbers.
AB  - Attendances and emergency admissions in England. 

PMID- 27384787
TI  - College backs domestic abuse awareness training.
AB  - All nurses should be trained to recognise signs of domestic abuse and provide
      support to victims, according to a resolution overwhelmingly backed by RCN
      members at congress in Glasgow last month. 

PMID- 27384788
TI  - Leading Change, Adding Value.
AB  - Essential facts Leading Change, Adding Value is NHS England's new nursing and
      midwifery framework. It builds on Compassion in Practice (CiP), which set out the
      6Cs. While CiP established the values of nursing and midwifery, the new framework
      explains how staff can help transform the health and care sectors to meet the
      aims of the NHS England's Five Year Forward View. 

PMID- 27384789
TI  - Emergency care staff need new tools to improve vital signs tests.
AB  - Worrying gaps in how children are assessed in emergency departments (EDs) have
      been identified in an audit of emergency services. 

PMID- 27384793
TI  - Patients need to be better informed about emergency trials.
AB  - This article explores public opinion on clinical trials in emergency departments
      (EDs). 

PMID- 27384792
TI  - Profiling frequent ED attendees.
AB  - A small number of patients who were frequent and inappropriate users of emergency
      departments in Canada were studied to see what they had in common. 

PMID- 27384794
TI  - Other scans.

PMID- 27384795
TI  - 'Surviving the knocks in ED made me a better nurse'.
AB  - Do you remember your first day in the emergency department? I do. For me, it was
      the fulfilment of a dream I had long before nursing school.

PMID- 27384796
TI  - Nursing values stand against those of Brexit.
AB  - It is a strange feeling to be working on this article in the middle of June. For
      as I sit and write there is still uncertainty about the nature of the UK's
      relationship with the European Union. 

PMID- 27384797
TI  - From twitter.
AB  - Nurses on Twitter. 

PMID- 27384800
TI  - Understanding Nursing and Healthcare Research Cronin Patricia , Coughlan Michael
      and Smith Valerie Understanding Nursing and Healthcare Research 224pp L20.99 Sage
      9781446241011 1446241017 [Formula: see text].
AB  - The 12 chapters cover key topics in the nursing and healthcare research process,
      including data collection, data analysis, and quantitative and qualitative
      approaches. 

PMID- 27384799
TI  - Think before you bounce.
AB  - In recent years, trampolining has become a common recreational activity for
      children and young people. Its popularity in the UK has been on the increase
      since 2005, reflected in the sale of almost 250,000 trampolines in 2014 ( RoSPA
      2015 ) and the emergence of indoor trampoline parks and trampolining as a
      competitive sport ( Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness 2012 ). 

PMID- 27384801
TI  - E-rostering can boost staff contentment and bring in real flexibility.
AB  - I had the opportunity of working with an American e-rostering system that offered
      real advantages. The system proved a time-saver for senior staff, providing
      accurate and timely access to staffing at local and senior level, as well as
      fairness, equity of shift patterns and easy management of leave. 

PMID- 27384803
TI  - Zika virus: emergency and aftercare of patients.
AB  - Zika virus, a mosquito-borne vector, is an emerging population health threat, and
      is linked to fetal microcephaly, pregnancy loss and neurologic symptoms like
      Guillain-Barre syndrome. Global travel and migration increase the risk of
      transmission significantly, and growing numbers of cases are expected
      internationally. This article describes transmission of the virus, early and late
      clinical manifestations, and emergency and supportive care. It also recommends
      interventions for prevention. 

PMID- 27384804
TI  - Medication errors in intensive care units: nurses' training needs.
AB  - AIM: To describe which elements of nurses' knowledge, training, behaviour and
      attitude can prevent errors in intensive care units during all steps of the
      administration of intravenous medication. METHOD: An anonymous questionnaire made
      up of 43 items was drafted and delivered to a sample of 123 nurses at 2
      university hospitals in Rome. RESULTS: The majority of the sample (96.7%) stated
      that topics related to the preparation and administration of intravenous
      medications were covered during the basic nursing course. Just over 95% of the
      sample considered it important to improve their knowledge about preparation and
      administration of intravenous medications; 94.3% said that teaching about the use
      of intravenous medications should be enhanced during the degree course they
      attended and 91.1% agreed that specific postgraduate courses should be set up on
      the use of intravenous drugs. CONCLUSION: Pharmacological knowledge is a
      prerequisite for the proper administration of drugs and for the clinical
      evaluation of the effects on the patient. This knowledge implies the
      understanding of the theoretical and clinical principles of pharmacology, the
      ability to contextualise medication management according to the complex and
      changing needs of patients, and it also includes the appropriate skills of drug
      administration.

PMID- 27384805
TI  - Management of head injuries in children.
AB  - Head injury is the most common cause of injury-related death and permanent
      disability in children. Minor head trauma is common in childhood and does not
      require any medical treatment. Although deficits can occur even after mild to
      moderate head injury, they are markedly greater and become clinically evident
      following severe head injury. It is important that emergency department
      clinicians are aware of the signs and symptoms that indicate severe traumatic
      brain injury and triage for urgent intervention in those children who present
      with these signs and symptoms. Clinicians also need to know when children can be
      sent home with reassurance and information, and when they require admission or
      transfer to a neurosurgical unit. This article examines the literature on head
      injuries in children, describes assessment, management and treatment, and
      provides a simple management algorithm. 

PMID- 27384807
TI  - Online.
AB  - There is evidence for collaboration between police officers and mental health
      teams when responding to people in mental health crises. 

PMID- 27384806
TI  - 'It is important to value people's contributions'.
AB  - What is your job? I lead a programme supporting trusts to improve unscheduled
      care for patients in Northern Ireland. I support implementation of best practice
      across the health system. 

PMID- 27384808
TI  - In other RCNi journals.
AB  - 'A technique that encourages people to take notice of their thoughts and
      reactions, internally and externally, by being non-judgemental. It is worth
      exploring the potential benefits for people with learning disabilities, and those
      who care for or work alongside them'. 

PMID- 27384809
TI  - Attitudes towards patients with cancer who smoke.
AB  - This article describes the findings of a mixed-methods study exploring healthcare
      professionals' attitudes towards patients with cancer who smoke, and how this
      impacts on the health promotion advice that they provide. Findings revealed that
      staff are aware of the effects of smoking on a patient's cancer treatments,
      however the number of staff that address smoking cessation with patients is
      variable. Staff also reported particular concerns about addressing smoking
      cessation with palliative patients. 

PMID- 27384810
TI  - Violence against older women.
AB  - Domestic abuse is widespread and indiscriminate. Older women living with domestic
      abuse experience a number of health-related concerns and significant mental
      health issues. Research suggests that the needs of older women experiencing
      domestic abuse are not being met by existing services. This article examines the
      issues that older women face as a result of abusive relationships and the
      barriers to seeking help. Research suggests that a stepped approach, tailored to
      suit older women's needs, could be beneficial. 

PMID- 27384811
TI  - Leading on waste reduction.
AB  - Waste in the NHS is estimated to account for 20% of health expenditure. This
      article examines the literature on reducing waste, analyses some approaches to
      waste reduction, and identifies the role that nurses and other health
      professionals can play in developing a sustainable NHS. To inform nursing
      practice, the definition of, and discussion about, waste includes clinical waste,
      waste arising out of clinical practice, service delivery and care,
      infrastructure, and carbon emissions. 

PMID- 27384812
TI  - Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of acai (Euterpe oleracea)
      genotypes and commercial pulps.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acai has been reported to contain many bioactive compounds, including
      phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins. This study aimed to determine the
      chemical composition and antioxidant potential of pulps of three different acai
      genotypes from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Eastern Amazon and three
      commercial acai pulps from Belem, state of Para, Brazil. RESULTS: Anthocyanin 3
      rutinoside was the major anthocyanin present in freeze-dried acai pulp samples.
      The commercial sample C showed the greatest amounts of cyanidin 3-glucoside and
      cyanidin 3-rutinoside (18 942 and 34 397 ug g-1 respectively). The content of
      phenolic compounds varied significantly among the commercial and genotype
      samples, and vanillic acid was found in the highest concentration in the samples
      studied. All acai samples showed high DPPH, ORAC and TEAC values, confirming the
      exceptionally high radical-scavenging capacity of acai pulp previously reported
      by other researchers. CONCLUSION: The commercial samples showed higher
      antioxidant capacity and higher levels of anthocyanins and non-anthocyanic
      compounds than those of the genotype samples. Among the genotypes studied, L4P16
      stood out for its higher contents of fibre and bioactive compounds and higher
      antioxidant capacity, indicating that this genotype has great potential for use
      in plant breeding programs that should be further explored. (c) 2016 Society of
      Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27384813
TI  - Increased frequency of self-fertile isolates in Phytophthora infestans may
      attribute to their higher fitness relative to the A1 isolates.
AB  - Knowledge of population dynamics of mating types is important for better
      understanding pathogen's evolutionary potential and sustainable management of
      natural and chemical resources such as host resistances and fungicides. In this
      study, 2250 Phytophthora infestans isolates sampled from 61 fields across China
      were assayed for spatiotemporal dynamics of mating type frequency. Self-fertile
      isolates dominated in ~50% of populations and all but one cropping region with an
      average frequency of 0.64 while no A2 isolates were detected. Analyses of 140
      genotypes consisting of 82 self-fertile and 58 A1 isolates indicated that on
      average self-fertile isolates grew faster, demonstrated higher aggressiveness and
      were more tolerant to fungicides than A1 isolates; Furthermore, pattern of
      association between virulence complexity (defined as the number of differential
      cultivars on which an isolate can induce disease) and frequency was different in
      the two mating types. In A1 isolates, virulence complexity was negatively
      correlated (r = -0.515, p = 0.043) with frequency but this correlation was
      positive (r = 0.532, p = 0.037) in self-fertile isolates. Our results indicate a
      quick increase of self-fertile isolates possibly attributable to their higher
      fitness relative to A1 mating type counterpart in the field populations of P.
      infestans in China.

PMID- 27384814
TI  - Longitudinal Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus
      Cutaneous Infections in a Pediatric Outpatient Population.
AB  - This longitudinal update on Staphylococcus aureus prevalence and antibiotic
      resistance patterns surveyd 291 cultures from 188 patients in a pediatric
      outpatient dermatology clinic with suspected skin and soft tissue infections. The
      prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus remained stable at 24%.
      Staphylococcus aureus resistance to tetracyclines modestly but demonstrably
      increased in the interval since 2009. 

PMID- 27384815
TI  - Tetranitro-oxacalix[4]crown-Based Host-Guest Recognition Motif and a Related
      [2]Rotaxane-Based Molecular Switch.
AB  - Different from so far reported oxacalix[4]crown-based host-guest motifs in which
      oxacalix[4]crowns act only as hydrogen bond acceptors, a [2]pseudorotaxane-type
      tetranitro-oxacalix[4]crown/urea host-guest recognition motif was developed in
      which tetranitro-oxacalix[4]crown played a role as both a hydrogen bond donor and
      an acceptor to stabilize the resulting supramolecular complex. Furthermore, on
      the basis of a [2]pseudorotaxane complex formed from a tetranitro
      oxacalix[4]crown and an axle containing a secondary ammonium ion and a urea
      group, a [2]rotaxane-based molecular switch was created, in which the
      oxacalix[4]crown wheel was able to reversibly translocate between the secondary
      ammonium binding site and the urea binding site of the axle under acid-base
      stimulation.

PMID- 27384817
TI  - Probing the energy levels of perovskite solar cells via Kelvin probe and UV
      ambient pressure photoemission spectroscopy.
AB  - The field of organo-lead halide perovskite solar cells has been rapidly growing
      since their discovery in 2009. State of the art devices are now achieving
      efficiencies comparable to much older technologies like silicon, while utilising
      simple manufacturing processes and starting materials. A key parameter to
      consider when optimising solar cell devices or when designing new materials is
      the position and effects of the energy levels in the materials. We present here a
      comprehensive study of the energy levels present in a common structure of
      perovskite solar cell using an advanced macroscopic Kelvin probe and UV air
      photoemission setup. By constructing a detailed map of the energy levels in the
      system we are able to predict the importance of each layer to the open circuit
      voltage of the solar cell, which we then back up through measurements of the
      surface photovoltage of the cell under white illumination. Our results
      demonstrate the effectiveness of air photoemission and Kelvin probe contact
      potential difference measurements as a method of identifying the factors
      contributing to the open circuit voltage in a solar cell, as well as being an
      excellent way of probing the physics of new materials. 

PMID- 27384816
TI  - The effect of cataract surgery on salivary melatonin and sleep quality in aging
      people.
AB  - Blue light plays an important role in circadian photoentrainment by stimulating
      the melanopsin-expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Age-related
      cataract causes progressive loss of blue light transmission, which may lead to
      changes in circadian rhythm and sleep quality. In theory, increased light
      transmission by cataract surgery may improve circadian misalignment and sleep
      quality, while the effect of cataract surgery on circadian rhythm is not well
      understood. In this study, we assessed 30 binocular age-related nuclear cataract
      patients (aged 72.5 +/- 7.2, 16 female) who were eligible for cataract surgery.
      All the patients underwent phacoemulsification cataract extraction and neutral
      ultraviolet-only blocking intraocular lens (IOLs) implantation. Visual functions
      including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color perception and dark
      adaptation were assessed. Salivary samples were collected at 1-hour interval from
      19:00 to 23:00 48 hours before and after surgery. Salivary melatonin
      concentration was measured and dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was calculated
      subsequently. Sleep quality and daytime alertness were assessed before and a
      month after surgery using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth
      Sleepiness Scale (ESS). All the operated eyes demonstrated significant
      improvements in BCVA, color perception and dark adaptation after cataract
      surgery. Salivary melatonin concentration at 23:00 was significantly increased
      after surgery (P < 0.001). However, the average DLMO did not change significantly
      after surgery. In addition, PSQI and ESS scores were significantly decreased a
      month after surgery (P = 0.027, P < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, cataract
      surgery promotes blue-light transmission; consequently, it may lead to the
      increase in nighttime melatonin concentration and improvement in sleep quality as
      well as daytime alertness.

PMID- 27384819
TI  - Keratin Durability Has Implications for the Fossil Record: Results from a 10 Year
      Feather Degradation Experiment.
AB  - Keratinous 'soft tissue' structures (i.e. epidermally derived and originally non
      biomineralized), include feathers, skin, claws, beaks, and hair. Despite their
      relatively common occurrence in the fossil record (second only to bone and
      teeth), few studies have addressed natural degradation processes that must occur
      in all organic material, including those keratinous structures that are
      incorporated into the rock record as fossils. Because feathers have high
      preservation potential and strong phylogenetic signal, in the current study we
      examine feathers subjected to different burial environments for a duration of ~10
      years, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in situ
      immunofluorescence (IF). We use morphology and persistence of specific
      immunoreactivity as indicators of preservation at the molecular and
      microstructural levels. We show that feather keratin is durable, demonstrates
      structural and microstructural integrity, and retains epitopes suitable for
      specific antibody recognition in even the harshest conditions. These data support
      the hypothesis that keratin antibody reactivity can be used to identify the
      nature and composition of epidermal structures in the rock record, and to address
      evolutionary questions by distinguishing between alpha- (widely distributed) and
      beta- (limited to sauropsids) keratin. 

PMID- 27384820
TI  - Serious disease outbreaks caused by viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti in
      Brazil.

PMID- 27384818
TI  - Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and the Incidence of Lung Cancer in the
      Agricultural Health Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Occupational pesticide use is associated with lung cancer in some,
      but not all, epidemiologic studies. In the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), we
      previously reported positive associations between several pesticides and lung
      cancer incidence. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated use of 43 pesticides and 654 lung
      cancer cases after 10 years of additional follow-up in the AHS, a prospective
      cohort study comprising 57,310 pesticide applicators from Iowa and North
      Carolina. METHODS: Information about lifetime pesticide use and other factors was
      ascertained at enrollment (1993-1997) and updated with a follow-up questionnaire
      (1999-2005). Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios
      (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for smoking (smoking status
      and pack-years), sex, and lifetime days of use of any pesticides. RESULTS: Hazard
      ratios were elevated in the highest exposure category of lifetime days of use for
      pendimethalin (1.50; 95% CI: 0.98, 2.31), dieldrin (1.93; 95% CI: 0.70, 5.30),
      and chlorimuron ethyl (1.74; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.96), although monotonic exposure
      response gradients were not evident. The HRs for intensity-weighted lifetime days
      of use of these pesticides were similar. For parathion, the trend was
      statistically significant for intensity-weighted lifetime days (p = 0.049) and
      borderline for lifetime days (p = 0.073). None of the remaining pesticides
      evaluated was associated with lung cancer incidence. CONCLUSIONS: These analyses
      provide additional evidence for an association between pendimethalin, dieldrin,
      and parathion use and lung cancer risk. We found an association between
      chlorimuron ethyl, a herbicide introduced in 1986, and lung cancer that has not
      been previously reported. Continued follow-up is warranted.

PMID- 27384821
TI  - Zika virus: what do we know about the viral structure, mechanisms of
      transmission, and neurological outcomes?
AB  - The Zika virus epidemic that started in Brazil in 2014 has spread to >30
      countries and territories in Latin America, leading to a rapid rise in the
      incidence of microcephalic newborns and adults with neurological complications.
      At the beginning of the outbreak, little was known about Zika virus morphology,
      genome structure, modes of transmission, and its potential to cause neurological
      malformations and disorders. With the advancement of basic science, discoveries
      of the mechanisms of strain variability, viral transfer to the fetus, and
      neurovirulence were published. These will certainly lead to the development of
      strategies to block vertical viral transmission, neuronal invasion, and
      pathogenesis in the near future. This paper reviews the current literature on
      Zika virus infections, with the aim of gaining a holistic insight into their
      etiology and pathogenesis. We discuss Zika virus history and epidemiology in
      Brazil, viral structure and taxonomy, old and newly identified transmission
      modes, and neurological consequences of infection. 

PMID- 27384822
TI  - Could Plasmodium vivax malaria trigger malnutrition? Revisiting the Bradford Hill
      criteria to assess a causal relationship between two neglected problems.
AB  - The benign characteristics formerly attributed to Plasmodium vivax infections
      have recently changed owing to the increasing number of reports of severe vivax
      malaria resulting in a broad spectrum of clinical complications, probably
      including undernutrition. Causal inference is a complex process, and arriving at
      a tentative inference of the causal or non-causal nature of an association is a
      subjective process limited by the existing evidence. Applying classical
      epidemiology principles, such as the Bradford Hill criteria, may help foster an
      understanding of causality and lead to appropriate interventions being proposed
      that may improve quality of life and decrease morbidity in neglected populations.
      Here, we examined these criteria in the context of the available data suggesting
      that vivax malaria may substantially contribute to childhood malnutrition. We
      found the data supported a role for P. vivax in the etiology of undernutrition in
      endemic areas. Thus, the application of modern causal inference tools, in future
      studies, may be useful in determining causation. 

PMID- 27384823
TI  - Evaluation and optimization of SYBR Green real-time reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction as a tool for diagnosis of the Flavivirus genus in
      Brazil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The genus Flavivirus includes several pathogenic species that cause
      severe illness in humans. Therefore, a rapid and accurate molecular method for
      diagnosis and surveillance of these viruses would be of great importance. Here,
      we evaluate and optimize a quantitative real-time reverse transcription
      polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for the diagnosis of the Flavivirus
      genus. METHODS: We evaluated different commercial kits that use the SYBR Green
      system for real-time RT-PCR with a primer set that amplifies a fragment of the
      NS5 flavivirus gene. The specificity and sensitivity of the assay were tested
      using twelve flaviviruses and ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcribed from the yellow
      fever virus. Additionally, this assay was evaluated using the sera of 410
      patients from different regions of Brazil with acute febrile illness and a
      negative diagnosis for the dengue virus. RESULTS: The real-time RT-PCR amplified
      all flaviviruses tested at a melting temperature of 79.92 to 83.49 degrees C. A
      detection limit of 100 copies per ml was determined for this assay. Surprisingly,
      we detected dengue virus in 4.1% (17/410) of samples from patients with febrile
      illness and a supposedly negative dengue infection diagnosis. The viral load in
      patients ranged from 2.1*107to 3.4*103copies per ml. CONCLUSIONS: The real-time
      RT-PCR method may be very useful for preliminary diagnoses in screenings,
      outbreaks, and other surveillance studies. Moreover, this assay can be easily
      applied to monitor viral activity and to measure viral load in pathogenesis
      studies.

PMID- 27384824
TI  - High prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants in
      Enterobacter cloacae isolated from hospitals of the Qazvin, Alborz, and Tehran
      provinces, Iran.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) is a growing clinical
      concern worldwide. The main aims of this study were to detect qnr-encoding genes
      and to evaluate the clonal relatedness of qnr-positive Enterobacter cloacae
      isolates. METHODS: A total of 116 E. cloacae isolates that were not susceptible
      to quinolone were obtained from seven hospitals in Tehran, five hospitals in
      Qazvin, and two hospitals in Karaj (Iran). Bacterial identification was performed
      using standard laboratory methods and API 20E strips. Quinolone resistance was
      determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the Clinical
      Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. PCR and sequencing were
      employed to detect qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS genes, and clonal relatedness was
      assessed using the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR
      method. RESULTS: In total, 45 (38.8%) and 71 (61.2%) of isolates showed high- and
      low-level quinolone resistance, respectively, and qnr-encoding genes were
      detected in 70 (60.3%) of them. qnrB1 [45 (38.8%) isolates] was the most commonly
      detected gene, followed by qnrS1 [28 (24.1%) isolates] and qnrB4 [18 (15.5%)
      isolates] either alone or in combination with other genes. The results of the
      ERIC-PCR revealed that 53 (75.7%) qnr-positive isolates were genetically
      unrelated. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes, for the first time, the high
      prevalence of the qnrB1, qnrS1, and qnrB4 genes among E. cloacae isolates in
      Iran. The detection of qnr genes emphasizes the need for establishing tactful
      policies associated with infection control measures in hospital settings in Iran.

PMID- 27384825
TI  - Coagulase-negative staphylococci in Southern Brazil: looking toward its high
      diversity.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most prevalent
      pathogens in nosocomial infections and may serve as a reservoir of mobile genetic
      elements such as the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) encoding
      methicillin resistance. Molecular characterization of SCCmec types combined with
      advanced molecular typing techniques may provide essential information for
      understanding the evolution and epidemiology of CoNS infections. We therefore
      aimed to investigate the SCCmec distribution, multidrug-resistance (MDR), and
      biofilm formation in CoNS blood culture isolates from a hospital in Southern
      Brazil. METHODS: We analyzed 136 CoNS blood culture isolates obtained during 2002
      2004 from patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Brazil. SCCmec types I
      to V were determined using multiplex PCR. The clonal relationship of
      Staphylococcus epidermidis was determined using pulsed field gel electrophoresis
      (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Molecular epidemiological data were
      interpreted along with data on biofilm formation, presence of the icaD gene, and
      MDR. RESULTS: The most prevalent species were S. epidermidis, Staphylococcus
      haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus hominis harboring mainly SCCmec types II, III,
      and V. Overall, the presence of multiple SCCmec was associated with non-MDR,
      except for S. epidermidis. S. epidermidis isolates showed a high prevalence of
      icaD, but had low phenotypic biofilm formation. PFGE and MLST revealed high
      genetic diversity in the S. epidermidis population. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      suggest a major shift in SCCmec types within a short period and reveal a
      different behavior of S. epidermidis with regard to the association between the
      presence of multiple SCCmec types and MDR profile.

PMID- 27384826
TI  - Antimicrobial susceptibility of Acinetobacter clinical isolates and emerging
      antibiogram trends for nosocomial infection management.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The drug resistant Acinetobacter strains are important causes of
      nosocomial infections that are difficult to control and treat. This study aimed
      to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Acinetobacter strains
      isolated from different clinical specimens obtained from patients belonging to
      different age groups. METHODS: In total, 716 non-duplicate Acinetobacter isolates
      were collected from the infected patients admitted to tertiary-care hospitals at
      Lahore, Pakistan, over a period of 28 months. The Acinetobacter isolates were
      identified using API 20E, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed
      and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
      guidelines. RESULTS: The isolation rate of Acinetobacter was high from the
      respiratory specimens, followed by wound samples. Antibiotic susceptibility
      analyses of the isolates revealed that the resistance to cefotaxime and
      ceftazidime was the most common, in 710 (99.2%) specimens each, followed by the
      resistance to gentamicin in 670 (93.6%) isolates, and to imipenem in 651 (90.9%)
      isolates. However, almost all isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, colistin,
      and polymyxin B. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed the alarming trends of
      resistance of Acinetobacter strains isolated from clinical specimens to the
      various classes of antimicrobials. The improvement of microbiological techniques
      for earlier and more accurate identification of bacteria is necessary for the
      selection of appropriate treatments.

PMID- 27384827
TI  - Clinical and microbiological features of infections caused by Pseudomonas
      aeruginosa in patients hospitalized in intensive care units.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The spread of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in
      Brazilian hospitals has greatly impacted upon the morbidity and mortality of
      individuals in intensive care units. Given the lack of information regarding the
      dynamics of multidrug resistance in northern Brazil, we analyzed the clinical and
      microbiological features of nosocomial infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
      METHODS: Between January 2010 and March 2012, we conducted a retrospective cohort
      study of P. aeruginosa isolates from 54 patients who were hospitalized in
      intensive care units. The clinical and epidemiologic variables were analyzed,
      including the patients' demographic data and comorbidities, and the lengths of
      the intensive care unit stays, the classification of the infections as
      nosocomial, the use of invasive procedures, antimicrobial therapy, and the
      patients' outcomes. We undertook susceptibility tests, molecular detection of the
      metallo-beta-lactamase genes, and genotypic analyses of the isolates using the
      repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Multidrug resistance
      occurred most frequently among isolates from adults who had been hospitalized for
      an average of 87.1 days. The use of mechanical ventilation and urinary catheters
      were risk factors for infection. The four isolates that harbored the blaSPM-1
      like gene showed >95% genetic similarity. CONCLUSIONS: This study's findings show
      that P. aeruginosa has a high death rate, and that inadequate treatment and
      invasive procedures are risk factors for infection. This is the first report
      describing the detection of the blaSPM-1-like gene in northern Brazil. These
      results highlight the need for better monitoring and a greater understanding of
      nosocomial infections and their public health impacts.

PMID- 27384828
TI  - Prevalence and factors associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection among
      women with HIV in Sao Paulo.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and risk factors
      associated with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection among women with HIV in Sao
      Paulo. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included women with HIV who were
      receiving care from sixteen public health services in Sao Paulo (October 2013 to
      March 2014). All participants answered a questionnaire regarding their
      sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics. A urine sample was
      tested for CT and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) using the polymerase chain reaction.
      The chi-square test and a logistic regression model were used to test the
      associations with CT or NG infections. RESULTS: We evaluated 853 women and
      ultimately included 836 (98%) women. The mean age was 40.5 +/- 0.34 years, and
      the prevalences of CT and NG infections were 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively. CT
      infection was associated with CD4+ T-cell counts of <350 cells/mm3 [adjusted odds
      ratio (ORadj): 24.5], age of 18-25 years (ORadj: 23.2), the non-use of condoms
      during the last 6 months (ORadj: 10.2), a self-reported history of a sexually
      transmitted infection (ORadj: 9.4), and having two or more sexual partners during
      the last year (ORadj: 6.1). CONCLUSIONS: Although we observed a low prevalence of
      CT infection among women with HIV, younger age was associated with a high risk of
      infection. Therefore, it may be appropriate to include screening for CT as part
      of the routine care for this population.

PMID- 27384829
TI  - Cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with Chagas heart failure: a single
      arm pilot study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The benefit of a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program for patients
      with Chagas heart failure (CHF) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to
      investigate the effects of CR for CHF patients. METHODS: A single-arm pilot
      study, including 12 patients with CHF, was performed. Patients participated in an
      8-month physical exercise intervention, comprising aerobic, strength, and
      stretching exercises (3 times per week, 60 minutes per session). Nutritional and
      pharmaceutical counseling were also performed. Functional capacity
      (cardiopulmonary exercise test), muscle respiratory strength (manovacuometry),
      and body composition (anthropometry and skinfolds) were evaluated at baseline,
      and after 4 and 8 months of intervention. Cardiac function (echocardiography),
      biomarkers (lipid profile, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin) and quality of life
      (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire) were assessed at baseline and
      at the end of the intervention. RESULTS: Seven of 12 patients included in the
      study completed the 8-month follow-up period. Only 2 moderate adverse events
      occurred during the exercise training. Functional capacity improved after 4
      months of CR, while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and respiratory
      strength improved after 8 months. Patients with right ventricular (RV)
      dysfunction at baseline exhibited an improvement in functional capacity after 4
      months, and improvements in left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure, respiratory
      strength, and quality of life at the end of follow-up. Conversely, those with
      normal baseline RV function demonstrated LVEF increases that were not observed in
      patients with RV dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: CR was feasible, safe, and has
      important clinical benefits for patients with CHF, specifically for cardiac
      function and muscle respiratory strength.

PMID- 27384830
TI  - Does my patient have chronic Chagas disease? Development and temporal validation
      of a diagnostic risk score.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: With the globalization of Chagas disease, unexperienced health care
      providers may have difficulties in identifying which patients should be examined
      for this condition. This study aimed to develop and validate a diagnostic
      clinical prediction model for chronic Chagas disease. METHODS: This diagnostic
      cohort study included consecutive volunteers suspected to have chronic Chagas
      disease. The clinical information was blindly compared to serological tests
      results, and a logistic regression model was fit and validated. RESULTS: The
      development cohort included 602 patients, and the validation cohort included 138
      patients. The Chagas disease prevalence was 19.9%. Sex, age, referral from blood
      bank, history of living in a rural area, recognizing the kissing bug, systemic
      hypertension, number of siblings with Chagas disease, number of relatives with a
      history of stroke, ECG with low voltage, anterosuperior divisional block,
      pathologic Q wave, right bundle branch block, and any kind of extrasystole were
      included in the final model. Calibration and discrimination in the development
      and validation cohorts (ROC AUC 0.904 and 0.912, respectively) were good.
      Sensitivity and specificity analyses showed that specificity reaches at least 95%
      above the predicted 43% risk, while sensitivity is at least 95% below the
      predicted 7% risk. Net benefit decision curves favor the model across all
      thresholds. CONCLUSIONS: A nomogram and an online calculator (available at
      http://shiny.ipec.fiocruz.br:3838/pedrobrasil/chronic_chagas_disease_prediction/)
      were developed to aid in individual risk estimation.

PMID- 27384831
TI  - Performance of POC-CCA(r) in diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni in individuals
      with low parasite burden.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma mansoni, is a public health
      concern in Brazil. However, the most popular diagnostic method, the Kato-Katz
      technique, exhibits low sensitivity in low-endemicity areas. We aimed to compare
      the performance of an immunological assay, the point-of-care circulating cathodic
      antigen (POC-CCA(r)) test, with that of two parasitological techniques in a low
      endemicity population. METHODS: Our study included 141 individuals living in
      Estreito de Miralta, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Fecal samples were obtained from all
      participants and analyzed for schistosomiasis using two parasitological
      techniques: the Kato-Katz technique and the saline gradient technique.
      Additionally, POC-CCA(r) strips were utilized for testing urine samples. The
      results obtained by the different techniques were compared. RESULTS: Analysis of
      two or 24 slides using the Kato-Katz technique resulted in a positivity rate of
      10.6% (15/141) or 19.1% (27/141), respectively. The saline gradient technique
      yielded a positivity rate of 17.0% (24/141). The prevalence according to both
      parasitological techniques was 24.1% (34/141). The POC-CCA(r) test yielded a
      positivity rate of 22.7% (32/141); however, the positivity rate was merely 2.1%
      if trace results were considered negative. The agreements observed between POC
      CCA(r) and the parasitological techniques were good (Kappa indexes > 0.64). The
      POC-CCA(r) test was more sensitive than the two-slide Kato-Katz technique (p <
      0.05) in detecting cases of S. mansoni infection when trace results were
      considered positive. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reinforce the importance of
      using multiple diagnostic techniques in low-endemicity areas for effective
      control of disease.

PMID- 27384832
TI  - Serological evidence of hantavirus infection in an urban area in Mato Grosso
      State, Brazil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, Mato Grosso (MT) has the highest number of hantavirus
      cardiopulmonary syndrome cases. Our study aimed to identify anti-hantavirus
      antibodies in the sera of patients from Sinop, MT, presenting with acute febrile
      illness. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data for 198 sera samples assessed
      using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted. RESULTS:
      Immunoglobulins G (IgGs) against the hantavirus nucleoprotein were found in 13.6%
      of the tested sera. No sample had immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to
      hantavirus. Seropositivity occurred mainly in female residents in urban areas who
      worked around the household. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest circulation of
      hantavirus in Sinop.

PMID- 27384833
TI  - Diversity of yellow fever mosquito vectors in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de
      Janeiro, Brazil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Environmental modifications caused by human activities have led to
      changes in mosquito vector populations, and sylvatic species have adapted to
      breeding in urban areas. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected using ovitraps in
      three sampling sites in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro,
      Brazil. RESULTS: We collected 2,162 Culicidae specimens. Haemagogus janthinomys
      and Haemagogus leucocelaenus, both sylvatic yellow fever virus vectors, were the
      most common species found. CONCLUSION: There is a potential for the transmission
      of arboviruses in and around these natural reserves. Therefore, it is necessary
      to maintain entomological surveillance programs in the region.

PMID- 27384834
TI  - Detection of antibodies to Oropouche virus in non-human primates in Goiania City,
      Goias.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Arboviruses are associated with human disease, and non-human
      primates (NHPs) are important primary hosts. This study shows the detection of
      antibodies to Oropouche virus (OROV) in NHPs either living in urban parks or
      acclimatized at the Wild Animal Screening Center, Goiania city. METHODS: Fifty
      blood samples were analyzed by hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization
      assays. RESULTS: Two monkeys (Alouatta caraya) had antibodies to OROV by both
      techniques. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report demonstrating the detection of
      OROV antibodies in Goias State and may represent the introduction/circulation of
      OROV in the region and a potential risk to the human population.

PMID- 27384835
TI  - Canine antibody response to Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva in endemic area of
      visceral leishmaniasis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Canine exposure to Lutzomyia longipalpis bites and the potential of
      Leishmania infantum transmissibility for the vector were evaluated. METHODS:
      Immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-Lu longipalpis saliva and -L. infantum, and blood
      parasite load were determined in dogs from endemic areas of visceral
      leishmaniasis. RESULTS: Blood parasitism was similar between symptomatic and
      asymptomatic dogs. IgG anti-L. infantum was higher in symptomatic dogs, but IgG
      anti-Lu. longipalpis saliva was mostly observed in higher titers in asymptomatic
      dogs, indicating vector preference for feeding on asymptomatic dogs. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our data suggest a pivotal role of asymptomatic dogs in L. infantum transmission
      in endemic areas.

PMID- 27384836
TI  - First report of Rhodnius stali (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the State
      of Acre and in the Brazilian Amazon.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This paper reports, for the first time, the presence of Rhodnius
      stali in the state of Acre and in the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: Specimens of R.
      stali were collected by the Federal University of Acre in Rio Branco. RESULTS:
      The number of Triatominae species in the State of Acre increased from five to
      six. This was also the first report of R. stali in the Brazilian Amazon.
      CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of R. stali is worrisome, since this species has been
      found naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi and there has been evidence of its
      domiciliation capabilities.

PMID- 27384837
TI  - Semisolid liver infusion tryptose supplemented with human urine allows growth and
      isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli clonal lineages.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This work shows that 3% (v/v) human urine (HU) in semisolid Liver
      Infusion Tryptose (SSL) medium favors the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi and T.
      rangeli. METHODS: Parasites were plated as individual or mixed strains on SSL
      medium and on SSL medium with 3% human urine (SSL-HU). Isolate DNA was analyzed
      using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
      (PFGE). RESULTS: SSL-HU medium improved clone isolation. PCR revealed that T.
      cruzi strains predominate on mixed-strain plates. PFGE confirmed that isolated
      parasites share the same molecular karyotype as parental cell lines. CONCLUSIONS:
      SSL-HU medium constitutes a novel tool for obtaining T. cruzi and T. rangeli
      clonal lineages.

PMID- 27384838
TI  - Analysis of cutaneous tuberculosis cases reported from 2000 to 2013 at a
      university hospital in Rio de Janeiro.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health problem; however, the
      cutaneous form remains rare. METHODS: A retrospective analysis examined notified
      cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) cases from 2000 to 2013 at the University Hospital
      Clementino Fraga Filho. RESULTS: Twenty-six CTB cases were documented during this
      period. Erythema induratum of Bazin was the most common form, and 86.7% of such
      cases occurred in women (p=0.068). Only one patient was HIV positive.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the rarity of CTB and highlights the need for
      multicenter studies in order to obtain an adequate number of cases for analysis.

PMID- 27384839
TI  - A profile of scorpionism, including the species of scorpions involved, in the
      State of Amazonas, Brazil.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This study investigated scorpionism profile in the State of
      Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS: Data referring to stinging incidents were obtained
      from the National Databank of Major Causes of Morbidity. Information on the
      scorpion species involved was obtained from the Amazonas State health units.
      RESULTS: Amazonas has a scorpionism rate of 8.14 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Some
      municipalities (e.g., Apui) presented higher rates (273 cases/100,000
      inhabitants). Most species involved in envenomation belonged to the genus Tityus.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results reaffirm the notion of scorpionism being a public health
      hazard and provide data that can guide public policy aimed at scorpionism
      prevention and treatment.

PMID- 27384840
TI  - Dengue as a cause of fever during pregnancy: a report of two cases.
AB  - Dengue infection has not been routinely investigated among pregnant women and
      parturients with acute febrile syndrome in endemic settings. Here, we report two
      cases of dengue fever detected at the time of delivery in parturients enrolled in
      a cohort prospective study conducted in a hospital in Recife, Brazil. The
      parturients reported fever onset within seven days prior to delivery, and dengue
      infection was confirmed upon detection of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) by using
      the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Dengue infection should be
      considered as a diagnostic possibility in cases of fever during pregnancy and
      labor, especially in endemic areas. 

PMID- 27384841
TI  - Neurobrucellosis and venous sinus thrombosis: an uncommon association.
AB  - Brucellosis is a commonly diagnosed zoonosis and neurological involvement is
      rare. A 30-year-old woman presented with a pulsatile headache that was
      exacerbated by the Valsalva maneuver and refractory to analgesic therapy. The
      patient also had nausea, cough, and coryza that evolved over 7 days. The
      neurological examination was unremarkable. Thrombosis of the lateral and sigmoid
      sinus and ipsilateral internal jugular vein were diagnosed and anticoagulation
      therapy was started. Brucella spp was identified in a sample of cerebrospinal
      fluid (CSF); five months after treatment with rifampicin and doxycycline, CSF was
      sterile. Cerebral venous thrombosis is a very uncommon sign of brucellosis. 

PMID- 27384842
TI  - Chronic kidney disease related to renal tuberculosis: a case report.
AB  - Genitourinary tuberculosis (TB) is the third most common form of extrapulmonary
      TB. A 34-year-old man with severe kidney function loss secondary to renal TB
      initially presented with urinary symptoms, including dysuria and polacyuria. The
      diagnosis was based on clinical history and laboratory tests; the urinalysis
      revealed acid-fast bacilli. The patient's condition stabilized after beginning TB
      specific treatment, but the right kidney function loss persisted. Renal TB can
      lead to irreversible loss of renal function. As such, renal function should be
      considered in all patients from TB-endemic areas who present with urinary
      symptoms and whose urine cultures are negative for common pathogens. 

PMID- 27384843
TI  - Hallux amputation after a freshwater stingray injury in the Brazilian Amazon.
AB  - Freshwater stingray injuries are a common problem in the Brazilian Amazon,
      affecting mostly riverine and indigenous populations. These injuries cause severe
      local and regional pain, swelling and erythema, as well as complications, such as
      local necrosis and bacterial infection. Herein, we report a case of bacterial
      infection and hallux necrosis, after a freshwater stingray injury in the
      Brazilian Amazon, which eventually required amputation. Different antimicrobial
      regimens were administered at different stages of the disease; however, avoiding
      amputation through effective treatment was not achieved. 

PMID- 27384844
TI  - Two cases of lepidopterism caused by indoor exposure to moths.

PMID- 27384846
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384845
TI  - Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a tree hole in Brazil.

PMID- 27384847
TI  - Current issues concerning drug development for pediatric hematologic
      malignancies.
AB  - Cure rates for pediatric hematologic malignancies (HM) have improved dramatically
      due to the intensive use of conventional chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation. However, many children still die of their disease or treatment
      related toxicities. Even in patients experiencing an apparent cure, there can be
      significant acute and late complications of treatment. Further improvements of
      therapy will likely depend on the development of new therapeutic strategies.
      Immune-based therapy, for example monoclonal antibody-based and adoptive T-cell
      therapies, offers an attractive alternative that has emerged as a potent
      treatment strategy. Drug repositioning of molecular target drugs is now receiving
      remarkable attention, especially that based on recent genome wide studies.
      However, there are many obstacles to overcome in developing these novel drugs for
      pediatric patients. Pediatric drug development is difficult in itself because
      many of these agents are not profitable, largely due to their being too few
      patients, preclinical models are limited, there are too few formulations for
      children, special ethical considerations must be addressed when treating children
      and so on. Obstacles to the development of new drugs are a characteristic feature
      of pediatric HM. Furthermore, the approach to developing drugs for pharmaceutical
      approval is quite different from that to developing new therapies using approved
      drugs and is not well-known among investigators. Although many challenges remain
      in pediatric hematologic anticancer drug development, none are insurmountable.

PMID- 27384848
TI  - Gene-modified T-cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptors for pediatric
      hematologic malignancies.
AB  - Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is the generic name for synthetic T cell
      receptors redirected to tumor-associated antigens. Most CARs consist of an
      ectodomain (scFv or ligand), a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and
      signaling endodomains derived from one or two co-stimulatory molecules (CD28, 4
      1BB, etc) and from a CD3-zeta chain. CD19-targeted CAR T cell therapy has
      achieved major success in the treatment of B cell malignancies. CD19 CAR-T cells
      elicited complete remission in 70-90% of adult and pediatric patients with
      relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). CD19 CAR T cell therapy
      from allogeneic donors including third party donors is a potential option for B
      cell malignancies. CAR T cell therapies for myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, and
      T-cell leukemia are still under development. Our group is currently preparing a
      phase I study of CD19 CAR T cell therapy in pediatric and young adult patients
      with ALL using a non-viral gene transfer method, the piggyBac-transposon system.

PMID- 27384849
TI  - A bispecific antibody mimicking factor VIII in hemophilia A therapy.
AB  - Serious issues in current hemostatic treatment of hemophilia A are the
      requirement for frequent intravenous administrations of factor (F) VIII, FVIII
      inhibitor development, and hemostatic treatment for patients with this inhibitor.
      For the purpose of overcoming these challenges, the FVIIIa-substituting
      bispecific antibody against FIXa/FX (ACE910, INN emicizumab) was produced.
      Emicizumab demonstrated marked hemostatic effects on both ongoing and spontaneous
      joint bleeding in the acquired hemophilia A primate model. The clinical phase 1
      study designed to assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of
      emicizumab has been initiated. Severe emicizumab-related adverse events were
      minimal. The t1/2 was approximately 30 days, and bleeding events were
      significantly decreased by weekly subcutaneous administration in severe
      hemophilia A patients, independently of the presence of the inhibitor. Currently,
      the phase 1/2 extension study is ongoing. We anticipate that emicizumab will show
      the benefits of prophylactic efficacy with subcutaneous administration at a much
      lower frequency.

PMID- 27384850
TI  - Significance of TET2 mutations in myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms.
AB  - The TET2 gene is an epigenetic regulator. Loss-of-function mutations of TET2 are
      found in a variety of blood cancers in both myeloid and lymphoid lineages.
      Meanwhile, clonal blood cells carrying leukemia-driver mutations have been
      detected in significant proportions of different cohorts without blood cancers.
      Amongst these driver mutations, those in the TET2 gene are second/third most
      frequent. The presence of such clonal blood cells predicts elevated risk for
      developing various blood cancers. These results indicate that acquisition of TET2
      mutations in blood cells does not per se cause cancers; however, TET2 mutations
      are likely to be acquired at the common myeloid/lymphoid progenitor levels. Such
      hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells may wait for second hit mutations for the
      development of multiple blood cancers, and play a role as pre-leukemia/pre
      lymphoma cells. Combinations of TET2 and disease-specific gene mutations have
      been demonstrated in individual blood cancers. Correspondingly, mice into which
      such combinatorial gene abnormalities have been introduced will recapitulate the
      respective blood cancers.

PMID- 27384851
TI  - Clonal evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes.
AB  - During the past ten years, genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in
      myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) has improved our understanding of their
      pathogenesis. Especially, single nucleotide polymorphism array karyotyping and
      next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) have unveiled frequent genetic
      changes in novel functional pathways, including DNA methylation, RNA splicing and
      cohesin complex formation, in MDS. Moreover, NGS shed light on the clonal
      evolution which occurs during the development and progression of MDS, pre
      cancerous lesions of MDS, and the effects of germline mutations in MDS.

PMID- 27384852
TI  - Genetic predisposition to pediatric myeloid malignancies.
AB  - Various genetic disorders are known to be associated with cancer predisposition.
      For example, children with Down syndrome are predisposed to developing acute
      myeloid leukemia, and those with RASopathies, such as Noonan syndrome, are
      predisposed to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. To date, more than 250 diseases
      or syndromes have been reported to be associated with the development of
      pediatric cancers. Recently, the advent of the massive parallel sequencing
      technique revealed several germline mutations, including RUNX1, CEBPA, GATA2,
      SRP72, ETV6, and DDX41, which are associated with familial myeloid malignancies.
      A significant number of children with myeloid malignancies may harbor
      pathognomonic germline variants. It is strongly recommended that precise
      diagnosis, genetic counseling, familial screening, and follow-up programs be
      provided for patients with such a predisposition to cancer. To identify genetic
      disorders associated with predispositions to pediatric myeloid malignancies, the
      development of an efficient screening system with the massive parallel sequencer
      for germline and somatic mutations, which would also be useful for familial
      genetic studies and prediction of tumor progression, is needed.

PMID- 27384853
TI  - Early diagnosis and successful treatment of disseminated toxoplasmosis after cord
      blood transplantation.
AB  - A 66-year-old woman with refractory angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma underwent
      cord blood transplantation. Prior to transplantation, a serological test for
      Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG antibodies was positive. On day 96, she exhibited
      fever and dry cough. Chest CT showed diffuse centrilobular ground glass opacities
      in both lungs. The reactivation of T. gondii was identified by the presence of
      parasite DNA in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover,
      brain MRI revealed a space occupying lesion in the right occipital lobe.
      Therefore, disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed. She received pyrimethamine
      and sulfadiazine from day 99. The lung and brain lesions both showed improvement
      but the PCR assay for T. gondii DNA in peripheral blood was positive on day 133.
      On day 146, she developed blurred vision and reduced visual acuity, and a
      tentative diagnosis of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis was made based on ophthalmic
      examination results. As agranulocytosis developed on day 158, we decided to
      discontinue pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine and the treatment was thus switched to
      atovaquone. Moreover, we added spiramycin to atovaquone therapy from day 174, and
      her ocular condition gradually improved. In general, the prognosis of
      disseminated toxoplasmosis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
      is extremely poor. However, early diagnosis and treatment may contribute to
      improvement of the fundamentally dismal prognosis of disseminated toxoplasmosis
      after HSCT.

PMID- 27384854
TI  - Successful non-myeloablative allogenic bone marrow transplantation in a child
      with severe congenital neutropenia complicated by chronic pulmonary infection.
AB  - We herein describe a 2-year-old boy with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) who
      was successfully treated with reduced-intensity bone marrow transplantation
      (HSCT). He had suffered recurrent episodes of bacterial pneumonia from 12 months
      of age, and was found to have severe neutropenia with white blood cell counts
      below 100/MUl. The patient harbored a heterozygous missense mutation in ELANE
      exon 4 (p.Gln134Pro, NM_001972.2: c.401A>C). This was a novel mutation. Due to
      intractable pneumonia and severe persistent neutropenia, reduced-intensity HSCT
      was performed from an HLA-matched sibling donor. The preparative regimen
      consisted of melphalan, fludarabine, and 4 Gy of total body irradiation.
      Hematopoietic engraftment was rapidly obtained, i.e., by day +14, and complete
      donor chimerism was subsequently achieved. The lung complications observed pre
      transplantation markedly improved after neutrophil recovery, i.e., by day +60. We
      concluded that HSCT is a useful treatment for SCN patients, especially for those
      at high risk of leukemic transformation. Fludarabine-based reduced-intensity HSCT
      may represent a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with SCN who
      need HSCT even if they have intractable infectious complications.

PMID- 27384855
TI  - Severe 6-mercaptopurine-induced hematotoxicity in childhood an ALL patient with
      homozygous NUDT15 missence variants.
AB  - Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) and nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X
      type motif 15 (NUDT15) variants are considered to be genes responsible for severe
      myelotoxicity induced by 6-mercaptopurine (6MP). We report a 4-year-old girl with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who developed the complication of severe 6MP
      induced myelotoxicity due to homozygous NUDT15 variant alleles. In early
      consolidation therapy containing 6MP, her course was complicated by severe
      neutropenia (Grade 4) and chemotherapy had to be discontinued for 33 days. The
      6MP dose was subsequently adjusted based on the white blood cell count. The
      ratios of the prescribed 6MP dose over the protocol dose in early consolidation,
      central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis, re-induction, interim maintenance and
      maintenance therapy were 63%, 27%, 4%, 26% and 7%, respectively. Suspension of
      therapy was required during early consolidation, CNS prophylaxis and interim
      maintenance therapy. We investigated candidate genes for 6MP-associated
      myelotoxicity and found homozygous NUDT15 variant alleles and a heterozygous
      inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) variant allele. In patients with
      homozygous NUDT15 variants, drastic reduction (less than 10%) of the 6MP dose
      from the protocol dose might be required not only during maintenance therapy, but
      also during other treatment courses containing 6MP. Screening of candidate genes
      at diagnosis is recommended in order to avoid serious adverse events.

PMID- 27384856
TI  - Spontaneous splenic rupture in a patient with light-chain deposition disease
      undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
AB  - Light-chain deposition disease (LCDD) is a rare plasma cell neoplasm that
      secretes an abnormal immunoglobulin light chain, which is deposited in tissues,
      leading to organ dysfunction. Spontaneous splenic rupture is a rare and life
      threatening complication of treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
      (G-CSF). Herein, we describe spontaneous splenic rupture after the administration
      of lenograstim to a patient with LCDD undergoing autologous stem cell
      transplantation (ASCT). The patient was successfully treated by transcatheter
      embolization of the splenic artery, and long-term stringent complete remission
      was attained. Plasma cell neoplasms, including multiple myeloma with amyloidosis,
      are among the most commonly reported conditions associated with spontaneous
      splenic rupture in patients undergoing ASCT. This finding suggests that, in
      addition to the effect of G-CSF on the spleen, a combination of factors,
      including tissue vulnerability induced by the infiltration of abnormal
      immunoglobulins, may be involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous splenic
      rupture. Notably, splenomegaly is not always evident in these patients. Surgical
      treatment may not be an option, because of severe myelosuppression, and thus less
      invasive treatment using transcatheter embolization may be feasible.

PMID- 27384857
TI  - Successful high-dose dexamethasone treatment of acquired pure red cell aplasia
      following ABO major mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell
      transplantation.
AB  - A 46-year-old man was diagnosed with acute myelomonocytic leukemia involving
      inv(16)(p13.1q22) in August 2007. He received a human leukocyte antigen
      identical, ABO major-mismatched (donor: A, recipient: O) bone marrow
      transplantation from an unrelated donor in June 2009. Cyclosporin A (CsA) and
      short-course methotrexate were used for graft versus host disease prophylaxis.
      Although granulocyte and platelet engraftment were achieved, the patient
      exhibited persistent anemia and was dependent on red blood cell (RBC)
      transfusions. Bone marrow aspiration on day 63 revealed the near absence of
      erythroid precursors, a finding consistent with pure red cell aplasia. No CBFbeta
      MYH11 transcripts were detected. The recipient's anti-A IgM antibody titer was
      1:64, and his anti-A IgG antibody titer was 1:1024. The discontinuation of CsA,
      and the initiation of rituximab and donor lymphocyte infusions were all
      ineffective against his anemia. He was treated with high-dose dexamethasone
      (DEXA) (40 mg/day DEXA, days 657-660, days 757-760; 20 mg/day DEXA, days 764-767,
      days 772-775) in April 2010. A follow-up examination performed at 7 months after
      the high-dose DEXA treatment showed the patient's anti-A antibody titer to have
      dropped to an undetectable level. His hemoglobin levels also returned to normal
      (Hb: 13.4 g/dl), and he no longer required RBC transfusions.

PMID- 27384858
TI  - Severe stomatitis and ileocecal perforation developed after all-trans retinoic
      acid monotherapy in an HLA-B51-positive patient with acute promyelocytic
      leukemia.
AB  - A 34-year-old man who had been referred to our hospital was diagnosed with acute
      promyelocytic leukemia (APL). All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), oral
      administration, was initiated. On day 25, he developed fever and respiratory
      distress with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, suggesting differentiation
      syndrome (DS) caused by ATRA. These symptoms showed amelioration after
      discontinuing ATRA and initiating methylprednisolone. ATRA was re-started on day
      29 at half the original dose because of residual APL blasts. The patient
      subsequently developed fever, severe stomatitis, and oropharyngeal ulcers, which
      persisted even after discontinuing ATRA. On day 48, he suddenly developed severe
      abdominal pain with free air, observable on an abdominal X-ray, and underwent
      emergency ileocecal resection. Pathological examination of the resected ileocecal
      intestines revealed multiple ulcers and perforations. No leukemic cell
      infiltration was observed. In this case, only ATRA was administered for APL
      treatment. These findings suggest that ileocecal ulcerations and perforations, as
      well as oropharyngeal ulcers, might have been caused by DS or ATRA. Furthermore,
      DNA typing of the HLA-B locus revealed that the patient had HLA-B51 associated
      with Behcet's disease. Therefore, hypercytokinemia with DS might have induced
      Behcet's disease-like symptoms, including stomatitis and ileocecal perforation,
      complications that are particularly observed in patients with HLA-B51.

PMID- 27384859
TI  - Repeated rituximab-induced serum sickness with anaphylaxis.
AB  - We describe a patient who developed repeated rituximab-induced serum sickness
      (RISS) followed by anaphylaxis soon after the third administration of rituximab
      at relapse. A 65-year-old woman with Sjogren's syndrome and relapsed mucosal
      associated lymphoma tissue (MALT) lymphoma of the lung underwent rituximab
      monotherapy (375 mg/m(2)/week). Several days after the second exposure to
      rituximab, she developed a rash, fever, and arthralgia. These symptoms showed
      relief, but a severe anaphylactic reaction occurred when she was treated with
      rituximab for the third time. Although a rare complication in patients with
      lymphoma, clinicians should be aware of RISS symptoms and avoid repeatedly
      administering rituximab to such patients.

PMID- 27384861
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384860
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384862
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384863
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27384864
TI  - Testing the Effectiveness of Cognitive Analytic Therapy for Hypersexuality
      Disorder: An Intensive Time-Series Evaluation.
AB  - The evidence base for treatment of hypersexuality disorder (HD) has few studies
      with appropriate methodological rigor. This study therefore conducted a single
      case experiment of cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) for HD using an A/B design
      with extended follow-up. Cruising, pornography usage, masturbation frequency and
      associated cognitions and emotions were measured daily in a 231-day time series.
      Following a three-week assessment baseline (A: 21 days), treatment was delivered
      via outpatient sessions (B: 147 days), with the follow-up period lasting 63 days.
      Results show that cruising and pornography usage extinguished. The total sexual
      outlet score no longer met caseness, and the primary nomothetic hypersexuality
      outcome measure met recovery criteria. Reduced pornography consumption was
      mediated by reduced obsessionality and greater interpersonal connectivity. The
      utility of the CAT model for intimacy problems shows promise. Directions for
      future HD outcome research are also provided.

PMID- 27384865
TI  - Sonar beam dynamics in leaf-nosed bats.
AB  - Ultrasonic emissions of bats are directional and delimit the echo-acoustic space.
      Directionality is quantified by the aperture of the sonar beam. Recent work has
      shown that bats often widen their sonar beam when approaching movable prey or
      sharpen their sonar beam when navigating through cluttered habitats. Here we
      report how nose-emitting bats, Phyllostomus discolor, adjust their sonar beam to
      object distance. First, we show that the height and width of the bats sonar beam,
      as imprinted on a parabolic 45 channel microphone array, varies even within each
      animal and this variation is unrelated to changes in call level or spectral
      content. Second, we show that these animals are able to systematically decrease
      height and width of their sonar beam while focusing on the approaching object.
      Thus it appears that sonar beam sharpening is a further, facultative means of
      reducing search volume, likely to be employed by stationary animals when the
      object position is close and unambiguous. As only half of our individuals
      sharpened their beam onto the approaching object we suggest that this strategy is
      facultative, under voluntary control, and that beam formation is likely mediated
      by muscular control of the acoustic aperture of the bats' nose leaf.

PMID- 27384867
TI  - Successful orthotopic heart transplantation using a donor heart with ALCAPA.
AB  - With the imbalance between donation rates and potential recipients growing,
      transplant programs are increasingly using non-ideal organs from so-called
      marginal donors. This is the first reported case of the intentional use of a
      donor heart with ALCAPA. The recipient was aged one yr with restrictive
      cardiomyopathy who had been supported with BiVAD for over six months. Function of
      the donor left ventricle was shown to be well preserved, with no obvious signs of
      ischemia, except for a fibrotic layer on the anterolateral papillary muscle of
      the mitral valve. To prevent coronary steal, the anomalous left coronary artery
      ostium from the MPA was oversewn prior to implantation. The transplanted heart
      spontaneously regained sinus rhythm immediately following cross-clamp release and
      showed good contractility from the first postoperative echocardiogram. The
      patient continues to do well 18 months post-transplant, with excellent function
      on echocardiography, and good flow on coronary angiography. 

PMID- 27384866
TI  - Jun N-terminal kinase signaling makes a face.
AB  - decapentaplegic (dpp), the Drosophila ortholog of BMP 2/4, directs ventral adult
      head morphogenesis through expression in the peripodial epithelium of the eye
      antennal disc. This dpp expressing domain exerts effects both on the peripodial
      epithelium, and the underlying disc proper epithelium. We have uncovered a role
      for the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in dpp-mediated ventral head
      development. JNK activity is required for dpp's action on the disc proper, but in
      the absence of dpp expression, excessive JNK activity is produced, leading to
      specific loss of maxillary palps. In this review we outline our hypotheses on how
      dpp acts by both short range and longer range mechanisms to direct head
      morphogenesis and speculate on the dual role of JNK signaling in this process.
      Finally, we describe the regulatory control of dpp expression in the eye-antennal
      disc, and pose the problem of how the various expression domains of a secreted
      protein can be targeted to their specific functions.

PMID- 27384868
TI  - Serum IL-4 and IL-10 Levels Correlate with the Symptoms of the Drug-Naive
      Adolescents with First Episode, Early Onset Schizophrenia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In this study, it was aimed to understand the underlying possible
      immunopathogenesis of first episode, early onset schizophrenia (EOS) through
      profiling the T helper 1 (Th1) cell cytokines TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-2, Th2
      cell cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, Th17 cell cytokine IL-17A, and inflammatory
      cytokine IL-6. METHODS: The study included a total of 30 children, admitted to
      child psychiatry outpatient clinic aged between 10 and 17 years of age, who had
      not received prior therapy and were diagnosed with psychosis according to the
      Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) as
      the patient group, and 26 age- and gender-matched children as the control group.
      Structured psychiatric interviews (K-SADS-PL and PANSS) were conducted with all
      participants. The BD Cytokine Bead Array Human Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokine Kit is used
      for the measurement of serum cytokines, for example, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL
      17A, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. RESULTS: There was no significant difference
      between groups in terms of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-alpha, and IFN
      gamma levels (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant correlation between IL
      10 and IL-4 with negative symptoms of EOS (r = -0.65, p = 0.02 and r = 0.67, p =
      0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: IL4 and IL-10 levels have a relationship with
      negative symptoms of disease. Therefore, this study might suggest that
      immunological processes might have a role in the disease pathophysiology.

PMID- 27384870
TI  - Single-dose Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Regional Anesthesia: A Retrospective
      Registry Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Catheter-related infection is a serious complication of continuous
      regional anesthesia. The authors tested the hypothesis that single-dose
      antibiotic prophylaxis is associated with a lower incidence of catheter-related
      infections. METHODS: Our analysis was based on cases in the 25-center German
      Network for Regional Anesthesia database recorded between 2007 and 2014. Forty
      thousand three hundred sixty-two surgical patients who had continuous regional
      anesthesia were grouped into no antibiotic prophylaxis (n = 15,965) and single
      dose antibiotic prophylaxis (n = 24,397). Catheter-related infections in each
      group were compared with chi-square test after 1:1 propensity-score matching.
      Odds ratios (ORs [95% CI]) were calculated with logistic regression and adjusted
      for imbalanced variables (standardized difference more than 0.1). RESULTS:
      Propensity matching successfully paired 11,307 patients with single-dose
      antibiotic prophylaxis (46% of 24,397 patients) and with 11,307 controls (71% of
      15,965 patients). For peripheral catheters, the incidence without antibiotics
      (2.4%) was greater than with antibiotic prophylaxis (1.1%, P < 0.001; adjusted
      OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.49 to 2.75, P < 0.001). Infections of epidural catheters were
      also more common without antibiotics (5.2%) than with antibiotics (3.1%, P <
      0.001; adjusted OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.55 to 2.43, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Single
      dose antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with fewer peripheral and epidural
      catheter infections.

PMID- 27384871
TI  - Complex metal borohydrides: multifunctional materials for energy storage and
      conversion.
AB  - With the limited supply of fossil fuels and their adverse effect on the climate
      and the environment, it has become a global priority to seek alternate sources of
      energy that are clean, abundant, and sustainable. While sources such as solar,
      wind, and hydrogen can meet the world's energy demand, considerable challenges
      remain to find materials that can store and/or convert energy efficiently. This
      topical review focuses on one such class of materials, namely, multi-functional
      complex metal borohydrides that not only have the ability to store sufficient
      amount of hydrogen to meet the needs of the transportation industry, but also can
      be used for a new generation of metal ion batteries and solar cells. We discuss
      the material challenges in all these areas and review the progress that has been
      made to address them, the issues that still need to be resolved and the outlook
      for the future.

PMID- 27384869
TI  - IL-17A-producing CD30(+) Vdelta1 T cells drive inflammation-induced cancer
      progression.
AB  - Although it has been suspected that inflammation is associated with increased
      tumor metastasis, the exact type of immune response required to initiate cancer
      progression and metastasis remains unknown. In this study, by using an in vivo
      tumor progression model in which low tumorigenic cancer cells acquire malignant
      metastatic phenotype after exposure to inflammation, we found that IL-17A is a
      critical cue for escalating cancer cell malignancy. We further demonstrated that
      the length of exposure to an inflammatory microenvironment could be associated
      with acquiring greater tumorigenicity and that IL-17A was critical for amplifying
      such local inflammation, as observed in the production of IL-1beta and neutrophil
      infiltration following the cross-talk between cancer and host stromal cells. We
      further determined that gammadeltaT cells expressing Vdelta1 semi-invariant TCR
      initiate cancer-promoting inflammation by producing IL-17A in an MyD88/IL-23
      dependent manner. Finally, we identified CD30 as a key molecule in the
      inflammatory function of Vdelta1T cells and the blockade of this pathway targeted
      this cancer immune-escalation process. Collectively, these results reveal the
      importance of IL-17A-producing CD30(+) Vdelta1T cells in triggering inflammation
      and orchestrating a microenvironment leading to cancer progression. 

PMID- 27384872
TI  - A systematic characterization of the low-energy photon response of plastic
      scintillation detectors.
AB  - To characterize the low energy behavior of scintillating materials used in
      plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs), 3 PSDs were developed using polystyrene
      based scintillating materials emitting in different wavelengths. These detectors
      were exposed to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-matched low
      energy beams ranging from 20 kVp to 250 kVp, and to (137)Cs and (60)Co beams. The
      dose in polystyrene was compared to the dose in air measured by NIST-calibrated
      ionization chambers at the same location. Analysis of every beam quality spectrum
      was used to extract the beam parameters and the effective mass energy-absorption
      coefficient. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed to calculate the energy
      absorbed in the scintillators' volume. The scintillators' expected response was
      then compared to the experimental measurements and an energy-dependent correction
      factor was identified to account for low-energy quenching in the scintillators.
      The empirical Birks model was then compared to these values to verify its
      validity for low-energy electrons. The clear optical fiber response was below
      0.2% of the scintillator's light for x-ray beams, indicating that a negligible
      amount of fluorescence contamination was produced. However, for higher-energy
      beams ((137)Cs and (60)Co), the scintillators' response was corrected for the
      Cerenkov stem effect. The scintillators' response increased by a factor of
      approximately 4 from a 20 kVp to a (60)Co beam. The decrease in sensitivity from
      ionization quenching reached a local minimum of about [Formula: see text] between
      40 keV and 60 keV x-ray beam mean energy, but dropped by 20% for very low-energy
      (13 keV) beams. The Birks model may be used to fit the experimental data, but it
      must take into account the energy dependence of the kB quenching parameter. A
      detailed comprehension of intrinsic scintillator response is essential for proper
      calibration of PSD dosimeters for radiology.

PMID- 27384873
TI  - Palladium-catalyzed dearomatizing 2,5-alkoxyarylation of furan rings:
      diastereospecific access to spirooxindoles.
AB  - A protocol for Pd-catalyzed intra- and intermolecular 2,5-alkoxyarylation
      reactions of furans to diastereospecifically synthesize two series of
      spirooxindoles is reported. This protocol likely involves an intramolecular
      dearomatizing Heck-type alpha-arylation of the furan ring to produce a cyclic
      allylic palladium and the subsequent intra- or intermolecular introduction of an
      alkyloxyl group at the other alpha-position of the ring, with different facial
      selectivities. 

PMID- 27384874
TI  - Increased FGF19 copy number is frequently detected in hepatocellular carcinoma
      with a complete response after sorafenib treatment.
AB  - The multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib is clinically approved for the treatment of
      patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously reported
      that fibroblast growth factor 3 and 4 (FGF3/FGF4) amplification is a predictor of
      a response to sorafenib. This study aims to analyze the relationship between FGF
      FGF receptor (FGFR) genetic alterations and the response to sorafenib. Formalin
      fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from HCC patients who had achieved a
      complete response (CR, N=6) or non-CR (N=39) to sorafenib were collected and were
      examined for FGF-FGFR gene alterations using next generation sequencing and copy
      number assay. FGFR mutations were detected in 5 of 45 (11.1%) cases. There was no
      significant association between FGFR mutation status and the response to
      sorafenib. We detected no increase in the FGF3/FGF4 copy number in CR cases. An
      FGF19 copy number gain was detected more frequently among CR cases (2/6, 33.3%)
      than among non-CR cases (2/39, 5.1%) (P = 0.024, Chi-squared test). In
      conclusion, a copy number gain for FGF19 may be a predictor of a response to
      sorafenib, in addition to FGF3/FGF4 amplification.

PMID- 27384875
TI  - YBX1 regulates tumor growth via CDC25a pathway in human lung adenocarcinoma.
AB  - Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) is involved in the multi-tumor occurrence and
      development. However, the regulation of YBX1 in lung tumorigenesis and the
      underlying mechanisms, especially its relationship with CDC25a, was remains
      unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression and clinical significance of
      YBX1 and CDC25a in lung adenocarcinoma and identified their roles in the
      regulation of lung cancer growth. The retrospective analysis of 116 patients with
      lung adenocarcinoma indicated that YBX1 was positively correlated with CDC25a
      expression. The Cox-regression analysis showed only high-ranking TNM stage and
      low CDC25a expression were an independent risk factor of prognosis in enrolled
      patients. High expression of YBX1 or CDC25a protein was also observed in lung
      adenocarcinoma cells compared with HLF cells. ChIP assay demonstrated the binding
      of endogenous YBX1 to the CDC25a promoter region. Overexpression of exogenous
      YBX1 up-regulated the expression of the CDC25a promoter-driven luciferase. By
      contrast, inhibition of YBX1 by siRNA markedly decreased the capability of YBX1
      binding to CDC25a promoter in A549 and H322 cells. Inhibition of YBX1 expression
      also blocked cell cycle progression, suppressed cell proliferation and induced
      apoptosis via the CDC25a pathway in vitro. Moreover, inhibition of YBX1 by siRNA
      suppressed tumorigenesis in a xenograft mouse model and down-regulated the
      expression of YBX1, CDC25a, Ki67 and cleaved caspase 3 in the tumor tissues of
      mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate inhibition of YBX1 suppressed lung
      cancer growth partly via the CDC25a pathway and high expression of YBX1/CDC25a
      predicts poor prognosis in human lung adenocarcinoma.

PMID- 27384879
TI  - Limits of the Classical Concept of Concentration.
AB  - Solutions of very low concentrations cannot be treated by the usual concept of
      concentration. Stochastic calculations are performed for the analysis of such
      solutions containing one or a few molecule(s). It is concluded that these systems
      escape the usual concentration parameters. Two "case histories" are also shown
      for demonstration of the practical consequences of the theoretical analysis.

PMID- 27384878
TI  - Quantitative proteomics reveals molecular mechanism of gamabufotalin and its
      potential inhibition on Hsp90 in lung cancer.
AB  - Gamabufotalin (CS-6) is a major bufadienolide of Chansu, which shows desirable
      metabolic stability and less adverse effect in cancer therapy. CS-6 treatment
      inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC in a nanomolar range. And CS-6 could induce
      G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 cells. However, its molecular
      mechanism in antitumor activity remains poorly understood. We employed a
      quantitative proteomics approach to identify the potential cellular targets of CS
      6, and found 38 possible target-related proteins. Among them, 31 proteins were
      closely related in the protein-protein interaction network. One of the regulatory
      nodes in key pathways was occupied by Hsp90. Molecular docking revealed that CS-6
      interacted with the ATP-binding sites of Hsp90. In addition, CS-6 inhibited the
      chaperone function of Hsp90 and reduced expression of Hsp90-dependent client
      proteins. Moreover, CS-6 markedly down-regulated the protein level of Hsp90 in
      tumor tissues of the xenograft mice. Taken together, our results suggest that CS
      6 might be a novel inhibitor of Hsp90, and the possible network associated with
      CS-6 target-related proteins was constructed, which provided experimental
      evidence for the preclinical value of using CS-6 as an effective antitumor agent
      in treatment of NSCLC.

PMID- 27384876
TI  - miR-29c contribute to glioma cells temozolomide sensitivity by targeting O6
      methylguanine-DNA methyltransferases indirectely.
AB  - Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most commonly used alkylating agent in glioma
      chemotherapy. However growing resistance to TMZ remains a major challenge to
      clinicians. The DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methytransferase (MGMT)
      plays critical roles in TMZ resistance. Promoter methylation can inhibit MGMT
      expression and increase chemosensitivity. Here, we described a novel mechanism
      regulating MGMT expression. We showed that miR-29c suppressed MGMT expression
      indirectly via targeting specificity protein 1 (Sp1). MiR-29c overexpression
      increased TMZ efficacy in cultured glioma cells and in mouse xenograft models.
      The miR-29c levels were positively correlated with patient outcomes. Our data
      suggest miR-29c may be potential therapeutic targets for glioma treatment.

PMID- 27384880
TI  - The Role of the Therapist in Therapeutic Change: How Knowledge From Mental Health
      Can Inform Pediatric Rehabilitation.
AB  - The therapist is a neglected and poorly understood variable in pediatric
      rehabilitation. Much more attention has been paid to the role of intervention on
      client change than the role of therapist-related variables. This article
      synthesizes what is known in the adult and child mental health literature about
      the role of the therapist, and integrates this with work in pediatric
      rehabilitation. The article reviews the mental health literature on the therapist
      as a random variable associated with client outcomes (role of the therapist
      alone) and the role of three other therapist-related constructs: the therapist
      client relationship (therapist and client), treatment implementation (therapist
      and intervention), and therapy process (therapist, client, and intervention
      considered holistically). Implications for clinical practice in pediatric
      rehabilitation include recognition of change as a multi-determined phenomenon
      involving common therapist-related factors, the therapist's role in creating
      facilitative conditions for change (through supportive relationships, positive
      expectancies, and mastery and learning experiences), and the importance of
      training in collaborative partnership skills. A contextual approach to
      therapeutic change is advocated, in which psychosocial factors and mechanisms are
      acknowledged, the therapist is seen as crucial, and the intervention process is
      seen as the context or vehicle through which changes occur.

PMID- 27384882
TI  - Exosomes: scytales in the damaged heart.

PMID- 27384881
TI  - Role of newer and re-emerging older agents in the treatment of infections caused
      by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
AB  - Antimicrobial resistance has been identified by the World Health Organization as
      "one of the three greatest threats to human health." Gram negative bacteria in
      particular drive this alarming trend. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
      (CRE) such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter species
      are of particular importance as they are associated with poor clinical outcomes
      and are common causes for a variety of infections including bacteremia, urinary
      tract infection, intra-abdominal infections and pneumonia. CRE are difficult to
      treat as carbapenem resistance is often accompanied by resistance to additional
      drug classes. For example, CRE may be extensively drug resistant or even pandrug
      resistant. Unfortunately, CRE infections have increased over the past 15 y while
      new and effective antibiotics have not kept pace. Recently, however, new agents
      have become available to help treat CRE infection, and several more are under
      development. This article reviews the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic
      issues around 4 emerging agents to treat CRE - ceftazidime-avibactam, fosfomycin,
      tigecycline, and minocycline. In addition, an overview of agents in the
      antibiotic pipeline - meropenem-vaborbactam, imipenem-relebactam, plazomicin, and
      eravacycline is provided. More established agents, such as those in the polymyxin
      class and aminoglycoside class (other than the pipeline agent plazomicin), are
      not addressed here.

PMID- 27384884
TI  - Climate-mediated adaptation after mainland colonization of an ancestrally
      subtropical island lizard, Anolis carolinensis.
AB  - Climate-mediated evolution plays an integral role in species migration and range
      expansion. Gaining a clearer understanding of how climate affects demographic
      history and adaptation provides fundamental insight into the generation of intra-
      and interspecific diversity. In this study, we used the natural colonization of
      the green anole (Anolis carolinensis) from the island of Cuba to mainland North
      America to investigate the role of evolution at the niche, phenotypic and genetic
      levels after long-term establishment in a novel environment. The North American
      green anole occupies a broader range of thermal habitats than its Cuban sister
      species. We documented niche expansion in the mainland green anole, mediated
      primarily through adaptation to winter temperatures. Common garden experiments
      strongly suggest a genetic component to differences in thermal performance found
      between populations in different temperature regimes. Analysis of geographic
      variation in population structure based on 53 486 single nucleotide variants from
      RAD loci revealed increased genetic isolation between populations in different
      vs. similar thermal environments. Selection scans for environment-allele
      correlations reveal 19 genomic loci of known function that may have played a role
      in the physiological adaptation of A. carolinensis to temperate environments on
      the mainland.

PMID- 27384885
TI  - Absorption and Oxidation of Nitrogen Oxide in Ionic Liquids.
AB  - A new strategy for capturing nitrogen oxide, NO, from the gas phase is presented.
      Dilute NO gas is removed from the gas phase by ionic liquids under ambient
      conditions. The nitrate anion of the ionic liquid catalyzes the oxidation of NO
      to nitric acid by atmospheric oxygen in the presence of water. The nitric acid is
      absorbed in the ionic liquid up to approximately one mole HNO3 per mole of the
      ionic liquid due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. The nitric acid can be
      desorbed by heating, thereby regenerating the ionic liquid with excellent
      reproducibility. Here, time-resolved in-situ spectroscopic investigations of the
      reaction and products are presented. The procedure reveals a new vision for
      removing the pollutant NO by absorption into a non-volatile liquid and converting
      it into a useful bulk chemical, that is, HNO3 . 

PMID- 27384883
TI  - Functional characterization of the 12p12.1 renal cancer-susceptibility locus
      implicates BHLHE41.
AB  - Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple renal cell carcinoma
      (RCC) susceptibility loci. Here, we use regional imputation and bioinformatics
      analysis of the 12p12.1 locus to identify the single-nucleotide polymorphism
      (SNP) rs7132434 as a potential functional variant. Luciferase assays demonstrate
      allele-specific regulatory activity and, together with data from electromobility
      shift assays, suggest allele-specific differences at rs7132434 for AP-1
      transcription factor binding. In an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas data,
      SNPs highly correlated with rs7132434 show allele-specific differences in BHLHE41
      expression (trend P value=6.3 * 10(-7)). Cells overexpressing BHLHE41 produce
      larger mouse xenograft tumours, while RNA-seq analysis reveals that
      constitutively increased BHLHE41 induces expression of IL-11. We conclude that
      the RCC risk allele at 12p12.1 maps to rs7132434, a functional variant in an
      enhancer that upregulates BHLHE41 expression which, in turn, induces IL-11, a
      member of the IL-6 cytokine family.

PMID- 27384886
TI  - Transcranial direct-current stimulation as treatment in epilepsy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Neuromodulation (NM) is a complementary therapy for patients with
      drug-resistant epilepsy. Vagal nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation of
      the anterior thalamus are established techniques and have shown their efficacy in
      lowering seizure frequency, but they are invasive and rarely render patients
      seizure-free. Non-invasive NM techniques are therefore increasingly investigated
      in a clinical context. Areas covered: Current knowledge about transcranial direct
      current stimulation (tDCS) and other non-invasive NM in patients with epilepsy,
      based on the available animal and clinical studies from PubMed search. Expert
      commentary: tDCS modulates neuronal membrane potentials, and consequently alters
      cortical excitability. Cathodal stimulation leads to cortical inhibition, which
      is of particular importance in epilepsy treatment. The antiepileptic efficacy is
      promising but still lacks systematic studies. The beneficial effect, seen in
      ~20%, outlasts the duration of stimulation, indicating neuronal plasticity and is
      therefore of great interest to obtain long-term effects.

PMID- 27384887
TI  - Viewpoint regarding the limited nutrition education opportunities for physicians
      worldwide.
AB  - Current trends in obesity and modifiable chronic disease are on the rise
      globally. Yet in primary care nutrition and lifestyle counseling, potentially the
      'first line of defense' to address public health concerns, is limited.
      Unfortunately, nutrition and lifestyle education in the medical education
      curriculum is minimal and, in many countries, on the decline. Patients however
      expect their primary healthcare provider to assist them with diet and lifestyle
      modification to prevent and delay progression of chronic disease. This is indeed
      a paradox: the lack of nutrition focused education expertise in the face of the
      increased demand for nutrition counseling being placed on the physician. Across
      many countries, programmes of nutrition-centered continuing education, both
      online and face to face, are scarce. There is a pressing need for these
      educational opportunities to improve physician knowledge and self-efficacy in
      integrating nutrition counseling into routine practice, with the ultimate goal of
      improving overall patient health outcomes.

PMID- 27384888
TI  - Steps to Writing an Effective Introduction.

PMID- 27384889
TI  - Indocyanine Green Near-Infrared Fluorescence in Pure Laparoscopic Living Donor
      Hepatectomy: a Reliable Road Map for Intra-Hepatic Ducts ?
AB  - Indocyanine green (ICG) near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence cholangiography (FC) has
      shown its usefulness to visualize the biliary ducts in open living donor
      hepatectomy (LDH) to check the intraoperative biliary anatomy. The fully
      laparoscopic LDH approach has been recently described. However, this procedure is
      very demanding for a possible misperception of right parenchymal transection line
      and the cut point of the lobar biliary ducts (BD). To explore the potential of
      ICG-NIR-FC method we report our experience in 11 fully laparoscopic left LDH
      using 5 different protocols. Protocol-A, consisted on intravenous (i.v.) ICG
      injection of 2.5 mg with immediate cut of the BD; -B, same dose and late cut; -C,
      1 mg i.v. and late cut; -D, intra-cystic duct injection of 2.5 mg and immediate
      cut; -E, intra-cystic injection of 5 mg and immediate cut. Protocol-A showed fast
      fluorescence in the lobar artery and portal vein followed by the BD sheet; -B
      showed intraductal excretion with a high parenchymal signal; -C showed a very
      week signal; -D failed to visualize the ducts; -E showed a good signal without
      parenchymal fluorescence. ICG-NIR-FC is an additional method to visualize the
      lobar ducts in fully laparoscopy LDH, but still insufficient for the segmental
      ducts. 

PMID- 27384890
TI  - Effect of Neoadjuvant Radiation Dose on Surgical and Oncological Outcome in
      Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) confers a survival benefit in
      locally advanced esophageal cancer. The optimal dose of radiotherapy remains
      undefined. METHODS: From a prospective database, we identified patients who
      received CRT followed by Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Surgical complications,
      pathological response, and oncological outcome were compared between patients who
      received a radiotherapy (RT) dose of 36 Gy (group1) versus a dose of > 40 Gy
      (group 1). RESULTS: 147 patients were evaluated: 109 received 36 Gy, while 38
      received 41-50Gy. Mean age was 61 +/- 9 years (84% male). Median hospital stay
      was 16 days. Anastomotic leakage occurred in 4.0%. Pulmonary complications
      occurred in 41.8%, neither being influenced by RT dose. Complete resection (R0)
      was achieved in 95% (group 1) and 100% (group 2), P = 0.3. Pathological complete
      response (pCR) was observed in 19% (group 1) and 37% (group 1), P = 0.04. Local
      recurrence developed in 9% in group 1, and 3% in group 2 (P = 0.3), but regional
      recurrence developed significantly higher in the low dose group (18% vs 3%, P <
      0.001). Metastatic recurrence occurred in 48% in group 1 and 13% in group 1 (P <
      0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer a higher
      RT dose does not affect surgical outcome, enhances pCR rate, and reduces the
      locoregional and metastatic recurrence risk.

PMID- 27384891
TI  - Prevention of Parastomal Hernia Using Pre-peritoneal Mesh - Long Term Outcome of
      a Prospective Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parastomal hernia is a frequent complication after stoma formation.
      The objective of this prospective study was to find long-term outcome of
      prophylactic mesh placement in the pre-peritoneal space in order to prevent
      parastomal hernia. METHODS: Patients undergoing elective formation of permanent
      stoma were included in the study. A polypropylene mesh was placed in the pre
      peritoneal space without any anchoring stitches and bowel was taken out through a
      central circular hole made in the mesh. These patients were followed up for 5
      years-by clinical examination and CT scan when needed. RESULTS: A total of 42
      patients were included in the study. These patients were followed up for a median
      period of 60 months (range 32-100 months). Twelve patients died before the 5-year
      follow up due to causes unrelated to stoma. As two patients were unable to be
      contacted, 28 patients remained in the long-term follow up. Three cases of
      parastomal hernia were detected after 5 years. None of these patients required
      repairing of the parastomal hernia. However, a previous study conducted 3 years
      ago found 4 cases of parastomal hernia that was treated by resiting the stomas.
      Therefore the total number of parastomal hernia detected in our series is 7
      (incidence 25%). CONCLUSION: Putting a pre-peritoneal polypropylene mesh is an
      easy, quick and inexpensive method, and easy to learn. The outcome is better than
      creating stomas without mesh, but further studies are needed to explore potential
      benefits of different types of mesh and their methods of positioning and
      anchoring.

PMID- 27384892
TI  - The CR-POSSUM Risk Calculator Predicts Failure of Enhanced Recovery after
      Colorectal Surgery.
AB  - AIMS: To determine predictors of failed enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in
      patients after elective colorectal surgery. METHODS: A cohort of 55 patients
      undergoing elective colorectal surgery was monitored prospectively. Perioperative
      care was based on a previously established protocol for ERAS. Pre-, intra-, and
      postoperative parameters were analyzed to elicit predictors of ERAS failure. ERAS
      failure was defined as prolonged hospital stay (> 7 days). The risk calculator CR
      POSSUM was evaluated for its clinical utility. RESULTS: Body mass index (BMI) or
      the American Society of Anesthesiologists score (ASA) was not associated with
      ERAS failure on univariate analysis, but patients that failed ERAS were
      significantly older (64 y vs 54 y; p = 0.023). Prolonged length of stay (>7 days)
      was also associated with an open approach (p = 0.009), intraoperative nasogastric
      tube placement (p = 0.005), blood loss > 500 ml (p = 0.008), stoma formation (p =
      0.006) and insertion of more than one intraabdominal drain during surgery (p =
      0.005). Postoperative continuation of intravenous fluids (p = 0.027), reinsertion
      of urinary catheter (p = 0.045) and postoperative ileus (p = 0.020) were also
      strongly associated with delayed discharge on univariate analysis. After
      multivariate analysis the preoperative parameters CR-POSSUM score (p = 0.022),
      increasing BMI (p = 0.014) and preoperative albumin level (p = 0.031) were all
      independently associated with failure of ERAS. CONCLUSIONS: A variety of
      perioperative factors contribute to failure of ERAS in routine practice. CR
      POSSUM can help to identify patients at risk for possible failure of ERAS. This
      may help to optimize avoidable factors, or accommodate those patients likely to
      require a longer post-operative stay.

PMID- 27384893
TI  - Comparison of Predictive Factors For the Diagnosis and Clinical Course of
      Phyllodes Tumours of the Breast.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To compare predicting factors for the diagnosis and clinical course
      of benign and malign/borderline phyllodes tumours (PT) of the breast, and to
      discuss treatment modalities. METHODS: Clinical and demographic characteristics
      of the patients with histopathological diagnosis of phyllodes tumour were
      examined. Patients were divided into group 1 (benign PT) and group 2
      (borderline/malignant PT). Groups were compared in terms of demographic and
      clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, 37 (68.5%) had
      benign, 7 (12.9%) had borderline and 10 (18.5) had malignant histopa-thology. A
      statistically significant relationship was detected between the incidence of
      malignancy and mass diameter (p = 0.001) and age (p = 0.030) when the two groups
      were compared. Wide surgical excision was performed on 46 (82.5%) patients,
      simple mastectomy on 7 (13%) patients and modified radical mastectomy on one
      (1.9%) patient. Ten (18.5%) patients were re-operated for surgical margin
      positivity. Local recurrence was determined only in one (1.9%) patient. Distant
      metastasis due to malignant PT developed in two (3.7%) patients. CONCLUSION:
      Among the patients who were considered to have PT, malignancy was likely to be
      present, especially if the patient's age was over 40 and the diameter of the mass
      was above 33.5 mm. Therefore, in patients with similar characteristics, surgical
      margins should be kept slightly wider or wider excisions should be preferred with
      or without simultaneous reconstructive surgery in appropriate cases.

PMID- 27384894
TI  - Oncological and Surgical Outcome after Oncoplastic Breast Surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oncoplastic surgery combines breast-conserving treatment and plastic
      surgery techniques. The aim of the study was to identify breast and tumor-related
      characteristics that contribute to the rate of complications and recurrence.
      MATERIAL & METHODS: This retrospective study included 72 patients with a median
      follow-up of 32 months. For each patient, a comprehensive set of data was
      collected, including epidemiology, tumor characteristics, preoperative
      information, detailed pathology reports, radiotherapy treatment and type of
      surgical technique. The rate of complications, recurrence and survival were
      studied. RESULTS: Complete tumor removal was performed with clear margins in all
      patients but in 25 of them margins were less than 2 mm. One patient had local
      recurrence and another developed distant metastases. The study showed that the
      size of the margin was not predictive of recurrence as long as not positive; the
      greater the resection volume, the larger the excision margin. The resection size
      was the only factor influencing complications and no specific tumor-related
      factor significantly increased the complication rate. Surgical complications did
      not delay the initiation of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: This is
      the first oncoplastic study where both tumor and breast characteristics were
      analyzed using the most recent criteria of the literature. Oncoplastic surgery
      can be considered as oncologically safe. The resection size was the sole
      significant risk factor for postoperative complications. Complications after
      oncoplastic breast surgery did not differ neoadjuvant therapy. Long-term event
      free survival was excellent (96% at 7 years).

PMID- 27384895
TI  - Impact of Anxiety in Ambulatory Superficial Venous Surgery: A Prospective Study
      Using the HADS-A Scale.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the present prospective clinical study is to evaluate the
      impact of the level of anxiety in patients undergoing ambulatory superficial
      venous surgery (SVS) and to select a specific group of patients who need more of
      our attention to reduce the postoperative adverse events. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
      Preoperative anxiety was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      (HADS), especially the HADS-A (Anxiety subscale) in 340 consecutive patients
      undergoing elective SVS. Venous disease was assessed in all patients according to
      the established CEAP classification, the Venous Clinical Severity and the Venous
      Disability scores. RESULTS: According to the HADS-A scores, we could distinguish
      two groups of patients, with (group A with score > 8; 61 patients) and without
      potential anxious state (group B with score < 7; 279 patients). Demographic data,
      varicose veins risk factors and preoperative symptoms were comparable in both
      groups. The median HADS-A score was 9 (8-17; IQR: 2) in group A and 3 (0-7; IQR:
      3) in group B. The rate of complications or adverse events in the recovery room,
      the mean postoperative pain scores, the apprehension before discharge hospital
      and the incidence of unexpected hospitalisation rate were significantly higher in
      group A when compared with group B. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that the presence of
      preoperative anxiety, even although infrequent, was associated with high
      incidence of complications or adverse events in the recovery room and a greater
      postoperative pain level. In this context, this group of patients needs more of
      our attention, particularly to limit potential anxiety and improve their
      satisfaction score.

PMID- 27384896
TI  - Small Bowel Intussusception Caused by Multiple Intestinal Metastases from a Giant
      Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: a Case Report.
AB  - Small bowel obstruction (SBO) due to intussusception in adults is a rare
      condition. Diagnosis at the time of admission is usually challenging. More often
      than not, a bowel intussusception in adults is secondary to an organic condition,
      frequently malignancies. Therefore, a surgical approach is indicated most of the
      times. We report the case of a forty-nine years old lady presenting with a SBO
      secondary to small bowel metastases with two ileo-ileal intussusceptions, one of
      which was missed at initial surgical exploration. A giant cell carcinoma of the
      lung (GCCL) with small bowel metastases was diagnosed subsequently. The case is
      presented as well as a brief review of literature. 

PMID- 27384897
TI  - Single-Centre 20-Year Experience with Surgical Treatment of Thymic Tumours.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Large single-centre institutional series on thymic tumours are rare.
      Complete resection remains the mainstay of successful treatment. Characteristics
      and survival were reviewed in all patients treated between 19932013. METHODS:
      Hospital databases revealed 134 patients with pathologically-proven thymic
      tumour. Follow-up (median 63 months) was through patient notes and telephone
      contact with general practitioner. RESULTS: Patients were classified in Masaoka
      Koga stages: I: 50 (37%); Ila: 14 (10%); lib: 14 (10%); III: 27 (20%); IVa: 19
      (14%); IVb: 4 (3%); unknown: 6 (5%). According to WHO classification,
      pathological subtypes were A: 19 (14%); AB: 25 (19%); B1: 21 (16%); B2: 31 (23%);
      B3: 15 (11%); thymic carcinoma: 23 (17%). Parathymic syndromes were diagnosed in
      45 patients: myasthenia gravis (84%); pure red-cell aplasia (4%);
      hypogammaglobulinemia (2%); and others. 124 patients (93%) underwent surgery with
      complete resection in 104 (84%). Surgical approach was: sternotomy: 79;
      thoracotomy: 35; cervicotomy: 2; other/unknown: 8. In 73 patients (59%) no biopsy
      was taken prior to surgical resection, 25 were treated with induction
      chemotherapy, 36 received adjuvant radiotherapy. Hospital mortality was 0.81%. 35
      patients died during follow-up (13 of tumour or treatment-related causes).
      Overall and recurrence-free survival at 5, 10, and 15 years were 86%; 64%; 47%
      and 67%; 49%; and 31%, respectively and were significantly (p < 0.01) different
      according to Masaoka-Koga stage. There was a significant association between WHO
      classification and Masaoka-Koga stages I-IIa-IIb versus III-IVa-IVb (p < 0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Operability and complete resectability of thymic tumours in our
      experience is high resulting in prolonged overall and recurrence-free survival.
      Masaoka-Koga stage is an important predictor for survival and shows a significant
      association with WHO classification.

PMID- 27384899
TI  - The Development of an Electronic Portfolio for Postgraduate Surgical Training in
      Flanders.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Contemporary surgical postgraduate training is characterized by clear
      outcomes for the profession and an assessment program that shows that trainees
      master these outcomes. The tool used to collect assessment and feedback
      instruments is the portfolio, nowadays used in many countries worldwide. METHODS:
      The four Flemish surgical coordinators, together with experts from different
      universities, devised an electronic portfolio. This portfolio holds both the
      logbook, as imposed by the evaluation committee and assessment instruments used
      for the Master in Specialized Medicine. RESULTS: The e-portfolio is now used by a
      number of surgical trainees and has been approved by the evaluation committee. In
      1015, all Flemish surgical trainees will be using one and the same e-portfolio.
      CONCLUSION: Although the e-portfolio for surgical training has now been devised
      and accepted by all major parties involved, a lot of work has to be done to
      implement the instrument. As resident duty hours show no improvement on education
      in surgery (but rather a perception of worsened education) surgery training is
      fazing huge challenges.

PMID- 27384898
TI  - Survival and Prognostic Factors of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is relatively rare and represents
      one of the most aggressive tumours with poor prognosis, despite therapy. The aim
      of the study was to analyse demographic and clinical characteristics of ATC
      patients, and to identify survival rates and prognostic factors. METHODS: In a
      retrospective study (1995-2005) ATC was found in 150 patients treated at our
      institution. Survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test.
      Potential prognostic factors affecting survival were compared by Cox univariate
      and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Mean survival time was 56 weeks; median
      survival time was 16 weeks and 1 and 5-year survival were 17% and 8%. More than
      10% died during the first month and 50% died up to the fourth month. Multivariate
      analysis showed that age, goitre and surgery were independent prognostic factors
      of survival in all ATC patients. Among operated patients, the extent of tumour
      resection, distant metastasis and multicentricity were independent prognostic
      risk factors of survival. Postoperative radiotherapy was a protective factor.
      CONCLUSIONS: There is still no successful treatment of ATC that can guarantee
      long term survival. Younger patients with pre-existing goitre, who undergo
      complete resection of unilocular early stage ATC without distant metastasis and
      with postoperative external radiotherapy, stand a better chance of long-term
      survival.

PMID- 27384900
TI  - Hydronephrosis in Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Right-sided hydronephrosis as a sign of appendicitis occurs rarely in
      the literature. To our knowledge, this is the first published account of the
      occurrence of right-sided hydronephrosis as a result of uncomplicated
      appendicitis. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe a 15 year old patient referred to the
      emergency department with suspected appendicitis. Additional ultrasound
      examination showed a right-sided hydronephrosis. This finding was discussed with
      the urologist who noted the hydronephrosis as a chance finding. Because of
      persistent clinical suspicion of appendicitis, a diagnostic laparoscopy was
      performed. A retrocaecal appendicitis with secondary hydronephrosis was found.
      CONCLUSION: Right-sided hydronephrosis may be a sign of acute uncomplicated
      (retrocaecal) appendicitis. It is important to keep sight of these findings,
      especially in view of the emphasis on imaging techniques in the current Dutch
      guideline on appendicitis.

PMID- 27384901
TI  - Conservative Treatment of Spontaneous Dissection of the Subclavian Artery.
AB  - Dissection of the subclavian artery usually occurs as a result of trauma,
      endovascular interventions or connective tissue disorders. Only rarely has it
      been described occurring spontaneously. The treatment can be endovascular, open
      surgery, conservative or a combination of the above. There are no guidelines. The
      best approach is the one tailored to the lesion itself. This case presents a 73
      year-old man with a tiresome and heavy feeling in the right arm. He was diagnosed
      having a spontaneous dissection of the right subclavian artery, accompanied by a
      complete occlusion more distally. Because of the relatively minor symptoms he was
      treated conservatively using anticoagulants. After 6 months of treatment there
      was complete revascularisation with good pulsations at the right wrist. 

PMID- 27384902
TI  - Gastric Bypass for Morbid Obesity in a Patient with Situs Inversus Totalis.
AB  - The aim of this case report is to outline the challenge and the feasibility of
      laparoscopic gastric bypass in a patient with situs inversus totalis. Situs
      inversus totalis does not seem to be a contraindication for laparoscopic surgery.

PMID- 27384903
TI  - Possible Familial Presentation in Two Siblings with Carotid Fibromuscular
      Dysplasia.
AB  - Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory vascular
      disease which can affect the cervical, renal and visceral arteries. Here we
      report on two sisters diagnosed with carotid FMD at the same age, presenting with
      similar symptoms of pulsating tinnitus. The familial presentation of this rare
      disorder attracted our attention and was suggestive of a genetic etiology.
      Conservative treatment with aspirin was initiated. Carotid FMD is a rare disorder
      of which the exact pathophysiology is not known. A review of the literature on
      the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management is presented. In addition
      possible etiological factors and the genetic nature of the disease are discussed.

PMID- 27384904
TI  - Postradiation Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: Case Report and Literature Review.
AB  - Radiotherapy has long been known to induce soft tissue sarcomas. However, there
      are only six cases of post-radiation dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP)
      reported in the literature, and no case in Asians has been reported so far.
      Herein, we report a case of DFSP, confirmed by immunohistochemistry, which
      developed on the old scar at the irradiated right chest wall of an Asian woman.
      We performed a radical surgical excision of the lesion and covered the defect
      with latissimus dorsi island myocutaneous flap followed the surgical treatment.
      12 months postoperatively, the patient leads a good result without signs of
      recurrence. 

PMID- 27384905
TI  - Vesalius' Experience with Aortic Aneurysms.

PMID- 27384906
TI  - Leiomyosarcoma of the Inferior Vena Cava Level II Including Both Renal Veins:
      Surgical Approach.
AB  - A 66 years old male developping an acute lower right limb oedema due to an
      extended venous thrombosis of the common femoral and iliac veins was diagnosed to
      have a leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava (IVC) involving both renal veins.
      The characteristics and management of this level II IVC leiomyosarcoma are
      discussed with particular attention to the renal vein reconstruction and neo
      adjuvant therapy. 

PMID- 27384907
TI  - Don't dismiss pioglitazone on basis of uncertain risk.

PMID- 27384908
TI  - Development of Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometry.
AB  - Gas chromatographic mass spectrometry is now widely used for the quantitation and
      identification of organic compounds in almost any imaginable sample. These
      applications include the measurement of chlorinated dioxins in soil samples, the
      identification of illicit drugs in human blood, and the quantitation of
      accelerants in arson investigations, to name just a few. How did GC/MS get so
      popular? It turns out that it required parallel developments in mass
      spectrometry, gas chromatography, and computing and that no one person "invented"
      the technique. This Perspective traces this history from the 1950s until today.

PMID- 27384910
TI  - Kinetic Resolution of 2H-Azirines by Asymmetric Imine Amidation.
AB  - Highly efficient kinetic resolution of 2H-azirines by an asymmetric imine
      amidation was achieved in the presence of a chiral N,N'-dioxide/Sc(III) complex,
      thus providing a promising method to obtain the enantioenriched 2H-azirine
      derivatives and protecting-group free aziridines at the same time. It is rare to
      find an example of N1 of an oxindole participating in a reaction over C3.
      Moreover, chiral 2H-azirines were stereospecifically transformed into an
      unprotected aziridine and alpha-amino ketone.

PMID- 27384909
TI  - Bisphenol A affects early bovine embryo development and metabolism that is
      negated by an oestrogen receptor inhibitor.
AB  - Increasing evidence supports an association between exposure to endocrine
      disruptors, such as the xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly used
      plasticiser, and the developmental programming of offspring health. To date
      however animal studies to investigate a direct causal have mainly focussed on
      supra-environmental BPA concentrations, without investigating the effect on the
      early embryo. In this study we investigated the effect of acute BPA exposure
      (days 3.5 to 7.5 post-fertilisation) at environmentally relevant concentrations
      (1 and 10 ng/mL) on in vitro bovine embryo development, quality and metabolism.
      We then examined whether culturing embryos in the presence of the oestrogen
      receptor inhibitor fulvestrant could negate effects of BPA and 17beta-oestradiol
      (E2). Exposure to BPA or E2 (10 ng/mL) decreased blastocyst rate and the
      percentage of transferrable quality embryos, without affecting cell number,
      lineage allocation or metabolic gene expression compared to untreated embryos.
      Notably, blastocysts exposed to BPA and E2 (10 ng/mL) displayed an increase in
      glucose consumption. The presence of fulvestrant however negated the adverse
      developmental and metabolic effects, suggesting BPA elicits its effects via
      oestrogen-mediated pathways. This study demonstrates that even acute exposure to
      an environmentally relevant BPA concentration can affect early embryo development
      and metabolism. These may have long-term health consequences on an individual.

PMID- 27384911
TI  - Walking activity during daily living in children with myelomeningocele.
AB  - PURPOSE: To quantify the walking activity of children with myelomeningocele
      during daily living. METHOD: Walking activity was measured using a StepWatch
      activity monitor over one week in 47 children with myelomeningocele (27 males; 9
      years 11 months SD 2 years 7 months; 18 sacral, 9 low lumbar, 20 mid-high lumbar)
      and seven children with typical development (5 males; 11 years 1 month SD 1 year
      11 months) in a prospective, cross-sectional study. Average total steps per day,
      number of steps and minutes spent at low, medium and high intensity stepping were
      evaluated. Groups were compared using t-tests and chi-squared tests with
      Bonferroni post-hoc adjustment. RESULTS: Children with sacral and low lumbar
      myelomeningocele exhibited no significant differences in demographic
      characteristics or walking performance compared to typically developing children.
      Children with mid-high lumbar myelomeningocele exhibited higher BMI percentile
      than the control group (p = 0.04) and took fewer total steps per day than all
      other groups (p <= 0.04). Children with mid-high lumbar myelomeningocele also
      spent significantly less time taking steps at all intensity levels, particularly
      medium-intensity, than the sacral and low lumbar groups (p <= 0.04). CONCLUSIONS:
      Children with sacral and low lumbar myelomeningocele had walking performance
      similar to typically developing children despite a common need for braces and
      assistive devices. Children with mid-high lumbar myelomeningocele were less
      active, which may lead to heightened risk for secondary health conditions in
      addition to those associated with myelomeningocele. Implications for
      Rehabilitation Obesity, muscle weakening and disuse osteoporosis are issues for
      those with myelomeningocele, all of which are affected by walking activity.
      Understanding walking activity and intensity in children and adolescents with
      myelomeningocele may aid in developing focused rehabilitation interventions and
      strategies. Real world walking activity as an objective and quantified measure
      has the potential to help guide therapists and surgeons to more effective
      treatments.

PMID- 27384913
TI  - Pfannenstiel laparoendoscopic reduced-port radical nephrectomy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We previously reported cases of laparoendoscopic single-site
      nephrectomy performed through an umbilical or pararectal incision. To improve
      cosmesis and operability, we performed three Pfannenstiel laparoendoscopic
      reduced-port nephrectomies. MATERIALS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: In the first case,
      a GelPOINT access was placed through a 2-cm umbilical incision, and two
      additional 3-mm trocars were inserted. The specimen was extracted through a 4-cm
      Pfannenstiel incision. In the second and third cases, a GelPOINT access was
      placed through a 5-cm Pfannenstiel incision, and two additional 3-mm trocars were
      inserted. The specimens were extracted without additional skin incisions. In all
      cases, the endoscope and vessel-sealing device were inserted through the GelPOINT
      access. We used 3-mm scissors, dissecting forceps, and bipolar forceps.
      DISCUSSION: The operating time and estimated blood loss were 228, 280, and 155
      min and 10, 410, and 5 mL, respectively. There were no intraoperative or
      postoperative complications. The 3-mm forceps showed similar efficacy as the
      conventional 5-mm forceps. Therefore, a Pfannenstiel reduced-port nephrectomy
      using 3-mm working trocars is a safe and feasible procedure with good cosmesis.

PMID- 27384912
TI  - Sulfur mustard inhalation: mechanisms of injury, alteration of coagulation, and
      fibrinolytic therapy.
AB  - Acute lung injury due to sulfur mustard (SM) inhalation causes the formation of
      airway fibrin casts that obstruct airways at multiple levels, leading to acute
      respiratory failure and death. These pathophysiological effects are seen in
      rodent models of acute SM vapor inhalation, as well as in human victims of acute
      SM inhalation. In rat models, the initial steps in activation of the coagulation
      system at extravascular sites depend on tissue factor (TF) expression by airway
      cells, especially in the microparticle fraction, and these effects can be
      inhibited by TF pathway inhibitor protein. Not only does the procoagulant
      environment of the acutely injured lung contribute to airway cast formation, but
      these lesions persist in airways because of the activation of multiple
      antifibrinolytic pathways, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, thrombin
      activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, and alpha2-antiplasmin. Airway administration
      of tissue plasminogen activator can overwhelm these effects and save lives by
      preventing fibrin-dependent airway obstruction, gas-exchange abnormalities, and
      respiratory failure. In human survivors of SM inhalation, fibrotic processes,
      including bronchiolitis obliterans and interstitial fibrosis of the lung, are
      among the most disabling chronic lesions. Antifibrotic therapies may prove useful
      in preventing either or both of these forms of chronic lung damage.

PMID- 27384914
TI  - Relationship between tissue tension and thermal diffusion to peripheral tissue
      using an energy device.
AB  - The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between tissue tension and
      thermal diffusion to peripheral tissues using an electric scalpel, ultrasonically
      activated device, or a bipolar sealing system. The mesentery of pigs was excised
      with each energy device (ED) at three tissue tensions (0, 300, 600 g). The
      excision time and thermal diffusion area were monitored with thermography,
      measured for each ED, and then histologically examined. Correlations between
      tissue tension and thermal diffusion area were examined. The excision time was
      inversely correlated with tissue tension for all ED (electric scalpel, r = 0.718;
      ultrasonically activated device, r = 0.949; bipolar sealing system, r = 0.843),
      and tissue tension was inversely correlated with the thermal diffusion area with
      the electric scalpel (r = 0.718) and bipolar sealing system (r = 0.869).
      Histopathologically, limited deep thermal denaturation occurred at a tension of
      600 g with all ED. We conclude that thermal damage can be avoided with adequate
      tissue tension when any ED is used. 

PMID- 27384916
TI  - MicroRNA and venous thrombosis.

PMID- 27384915
TI  - The More the Tubular: Dynamic Bundling of Actin Filaments for Membrane Tube
      Formation.
AB  - Tubular protrusions are a common feature of living cells, arising from
      polymerization of stiff protein filaments against a comparably soft membrane.
      Although this process involves many accessory proteins in cells, in vitro
      experiments indicate that similar tube-like structures can emerge without them,
      through spontaneous bundling of filaments mediated by the membrane. Using theory
      and simulation of physical models, we have elaborated how nonequilibrium
      fluctuations in growth kinetics and membrane shape can yield such protrusions.
      Enabled by a new grand canonical Monte Carlo method for membrane simulation, our
      work reveals a cascade of dynamical transitions from individually polymerizing
      filaments to highly cooperatively growing bundles as a dynamical bottleneck to
      tube formation. Filament network organization as well as adhesion points to the
      membrane, which bias filament bending and constrain membrane height fluctuations,
      screen the effective attractive interactions between filaments, significantly
      delaying bundling and tube formation.

PMID- 27384917
TI  - Partial In Vitro Reconstitution of an Orphan Polyketide Synthase Associated with
      Clinical Cases of Nocardiosis.
AB  - Although a few well-characterized polyketide synthases (PKSs) have been
      functionally reconstituted in vitro from purified protein components, the use of
      this strategy to decode "orphan" assembly line PKSs has not been described. To
      begin investigating a PKS found only in Nocardia strains associated with clinical
      cases of nocardiosis, we reconstituted in vitro its five terminal catalytic
      modules. In the presence of octanoyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, NADPH, and S-adenosyl
      methionine, this pentamodular PKS system yielded unprecedented octaketide and
      heptaketide products whose structures were partially elucidated using mass
      spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The PKS has several notable features,
      including a "split, stuttering" module and a terminal reductive release
      mechanism. Our findings pave the way for further analysis of this unusual
      biosynthetic gene cluster whose natural product may enhance the infectivity of
      its producer strains in human hosts.

PMID- 27384918
TI  - Functional and molecular evidence for heteromeric association of P2Y1 receptor
      with P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors in mouse granulocytes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: All hematopoietic cells express P2 receptors, however pharmacological
      characteristics such as expression and affinity in granulocytes are unknown.
      METHODS: Pharmacological characteristics of P2 receptors were evaluated by Ca(2+)
      measurements using Fura-2 fluorophore. P2 receptors expression were analyzed by
      flow cytometry and RT-PCR. P2 interaction were shown by coimmunoprecipitation,
      western blotting and FRET. RESULTS: Granulocytes were responsive to P2Y agonists,
      whereas P2X agonists were ineffective. Ca(2+) increase, elicited by ADP and UTP
      was dependent on intracellular stocks and sensitive to G-coupled receptor
      inhibition. Moreover, MRS2179, a specific antagonist of the P2Y1 receptor,
      abolished ADP response. Interestingly, ADP and UTP exhibited full heterologous
      desensitization, suggesting that these agonists interact with the same receptor.
      The heteromeric association between P2Y1 receptor and the P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors
      was shown by immunoprecipitation and FRET analysis. CONCLUSION: Clear evidence of
      heteromeric association of P2Y receptors was found during the evaluation of P2
      receptors present in mice granulocytes, which could impact in the classical
      pharmacology of P2Y receptors in granulocytes.

PMID- 27384921
TI  - Intermolecular Hydropyridylation of Unactivated Alkenes.
AB  - A general method for the hydropyridylation of unactivated alkenes is described.
      The transformation connects metal-mediated hydrogen atom transfer to alkenes and
      Minisci addition reactions. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with high
      site-selectivities and allows for the construction of tertiary and quaternary
      centers from simple alkene starting materials.

PMID- 27384919
TI  - Homebound Patient and Caregiver Perceptions of Quality of Care in Home-Based
      Primary Care: A Qualitative Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To assess patient and caregiver perceptions of what constitutes
      quality care in home-based primary care (HBPC). DESIGN: Cross-sectional
      qualitative design; semistructured interview study. SETTING: Academic home-based
      primary care program. PARTICIPANTS: Homebound patients (n = 13) and 10 caregivers
      (n = 10) receiving HBPC. MEASUREMENTS: Semistructured interviews explored
      experiences with a HBPC program and perceptions of quality care. Interviews were
      audio-recorded and transcribed. Qualitative content analysis was performed to
      identify major themes. RESULTS: Five major themes emerged related to participant
      perceptions of quality care: access, affordability, competency, care
      coordination, goal attainment. Participants felt that reliable, consistent access
      provided "peace of mind" and reduced hospital and emergency department use.
      Insurance coverage of program costs and coordinated care provided by an
      interdisciplinary team were positively regarded. Interpersonal skills and
      technical abilities of providers influenced patient perception of provider
      competency. Assessing and helping patients attain care goals contributed to a
      perception of quality care. CONCLUSION: Patients and caregivers associate high
      quality HBPC with around-the-clock access to affordable interdisciplinary
      providers with strong interpersonal skills and technical competency. These
      results expand on prior research and are concordant with HBPC goals of around-the
      clock access to multidisciplinary teams with the goals of reduced emergency
      department and hospital use. HBPC programs should be structured to optimize
      access, affordability, coordinated care, and goal ascertainment and alignment.
      Quality indicators should be created and validated with these patient and
      caregiver views of care quality in mind.

PMID- 27384924
TI  - [Software-based visualization of patient flow at a university eye clinic].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This article presents a method for visualization and navigation of
      patient flow in outpatient eye clinics with a high level of complexity. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: A network-based software solution was developed targeting long-term
      process optimization by structural analysis and temporal coordination of process
      navigation. RESULTS: Each examination unit receives a separate waiting list of
      patients in which the patient flow for every patient is recorded in a timeline.
      Time periods and points in time can be executed by mouse clicks and the desired
      diagnostic procedure can be entered. Recent progress in any of these diagnostic
      requests, as well as a variety of information on patient progress are collated
      and drawn into the corresponding timeline which can be viewed by any of the
      personnel involved. The software called TimeElement has been successfully tested
      in the practical implemenation for several months. As an example the patient flow
      regarding time stamps of defined events for intravitreous injections on 250
      patients was recorded and an average attendance time of 169.71 min was found,
      whereby the time was also automatically recorded for each individual stage.
      CONCLUSION: Recording of patient flow data is a fundamental component of patient
      flow management, waiting time reduction, patient flow navigation with time and
      coordination in particular regarding timeline-based visualization for each
      individual patient. Long-term changes in process management can be planned and
      evaluated by comparing patient flow data. As using the software itself causes
      structural changes within the organization, a questionnaire is being planned for
      appraisal by the personnel involved.

PMID- 27384925
TI  - Theoretical study on photooxidation mechanism of ruthenium complex [Ru(II)-(bpy)2
      (TMBiimH2 )](2+) with molecular oxygen.
AB  - Photoinduced reactions of ruthenium complexes with molecular oxygen have
      attracted a lot of experimental attention; however, the reaction mechanism
      remains elusive. In this work, we have used the density functional theory method
      to scrutinize the visible-light induced photooxidation mechanism of the ruthenium
      complex [Ru(II)-(bpy)2 (TMBiimH2 )](2+) (bpy: 2, 2-bipyridine and TMBiimH2 : 4,
      5, 4, 5-tetramethyl-2, 2-biimidazole) initiated by the attack of molecular
      oxygen. The present computational results not only explain very well recent
      experiments, also provide new mechanistic insights. We found that: (1) the
      triplet energy transfer process between the triplet molecular oxygen and the
      metal-ligand charge transfer triplet state of the ruthenium complex, which leads
      to singlet molecular oxygen, is thermodynamically favorable; (2) the singlet
      oxygen addition process to the S0 ruthenium complex is facile in energy; (3) the
      chemical transformation from endoperoxide to epidioxetane intermediates can be
      either two- or one-step reaction (the latter is energetically favored). These
      findings contribute important mechanistic information to photooxidation reactions
      of ruthenium complexes with molecular oxygen. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27384922
TI  - Glycoform-independent prion conversion by highly efficient, cell-based, protein
      misfolding cyclic amplification.
AB  - Prions are formed of misfolded assemblies (PrP(Sc)) of the variably N
      glycosylated cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). In infected species, prions
      replicate by seeding the conversion and polymerization of host PrP(C). Distinct
      prion strains can be recognized, exhibiting defined PrP(Sc) biochemical
      properties such as the glycotype and specific biological traits. While strain
      information is encoded within the conformation of PrP(Sc) assemblies, the storage
      of the structural information and the molecular requirements for self
      perpetuation remain uncertain. Here, we investigated the specific role of PrP(C)
      glycosylation status. First, we developed an efficient protein misfolding cyclic
      amplification method using cells expressing the PrP(C) species of interest as
      substrate. Applying the technique to PrP(C) glycosylation mutants expressing
      cells revealed that neither PrP(C) nor PrP(Sc) glycoform stoichiometry was
      instrumental to PrP(Sc) formation and strainness perpetuation. Our study supports
      the view that strain properties, including PrP(Sc) glycotype are enciphered
      within PrP(Sc) structural backbone, not in the attached glycans.

PMID- 27384923
TI  - Expression of ERAP2 and LST1 is increased before start of therapy in rheumatoid
      arthritis patients with good clinical response to glucocorticoids.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Glucocorticoids (GC) remain a cornerstone of rheumatoid arthritis
      (RA) therapy, although a third of patients do not respond adequately. In order to
      find potential predictors for clinical response, the gene expression profile of
      CD4+T-cells as important players in the pathogenesis of RA was analysed before
      pulse therapy with 1000 mg methylprednisolone. METHODS: Patients were treated
      with 3x1000 mg methylprednisolone in 5 days; hereafter response was determined by
      the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. Before start of
      treatment, CD4+T-cells (and CD14+monocytes) were separated by MACS sorting.
      Labelled cRNA from CD4+T-cells from 5 responders and 5 non-responders was
      hybridised to Agilent 4x44K microarray chips and differentially expressed genes
      were identified via mixed-model analysis of variance based on permutation-based
      false discovery rates. Selected genes were validated by quantitative real-time
      PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: Four genes were significantly increased in CD4+T-cells of GC
      responders; expression of ERAP2 (endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2), LST1
      (leucocyte-specific transcript 1) and FAM26F (Family With Sequence Similarity 26,
      Member F) was confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR); their expression was
      inversely correlated with DAS28 at day 5 (LST1 and FAM26F p<0.05; ERAP2: p=0.07).
      Elevated expression of ERAP2 was also detected by qPCR in CD14+monocytes and
      after 24 hours in both cell types (all p<0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The increased
      expression of ERAP2, LST1 and FAM26F in GC-responders before therapy warrants
      further investigation into their role as potential predictors for the response to
      GC, and in the inflammatory process of RA.

PMID- 27384926
TI  - Benchmark Calculations of Energetic Properties of Groups 4 and 6 Transition Metal
      Oxide Nanoclusters Including Comparison to Density Functional Theory.
AB  - The heats of formation and the normalized clustering energies (NCEs) for the
      group 4 and group 6 transition metal oxide (TMO) trimers and tetramers have been
      calculated by the Feller-Peterson-Dixon (FPD) method. The heats of formation
      predicted by the FPD method do not differ much from those previously derived from
      the NCEs at the CCSD(T)/aT level except for the CrO3 nanoclusters. New and
      improved heats of formation for Cr3O9 and Cr4O12 were obtained using PW91
      orbitals instead of Hartree-Fock (HF) orbitals. Diffuse functions are necessary
      to predict accurate heats of formation. The fluoride affinities (FAs) are
      calculated with the CCSD(T) method. The relative energies (REs) of different
      isomers, NCEs, electron affinities (EAs), and FAs of (MO2)n (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, n =
      1-4) and (MO3)n (M = Cr, Mo, W, n = 1-3) clusters have been benchmarked with 55
      exchange-correlation density functional theory (DFT) functionals including both
      pure and hybrid types. The absolute errors of the DFT results are mostly less
      than +/-10 kcal/mol for the NCEs and the EAs and less than +/-15 kcal/mol for the
      FAs. Hybrid functionals usually perform better than the pure functionals for the
      REs and NCEs. The performance of the two types of functionals in predicting EAs
      and FAs is comparable. The B1B95 and PBE1PBE functionals provide reliable
      energetic properties for most isomers. Long range corrected pure functionals
      usually give poor FAs. The standard deviation of the absolute error is always
      close to the mean errors, and the probability distributions of the DFT errors are
      often not Gaussian (normal). The breadth of the distribution of errors and the
      maximum probability are dependent on the energy property and the isomer. 

PMID- 27384928
TI  - Aging of Zerovalent Iron in Synthetic Groundwater: X-ray Photoelectron
      Spectroscopy Depth Profiling Characterization and Depassivation with Uniform
      Magnetic Field.
AB  - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling were employed to characterize the aged
      zerovalent iron (AZVI) samples incubated in synthetic groundwater. The AZVI
      samples prepared under different conditions exhibited the passive layers of
      different morphologies, amounts, and constituents. Owing to the accumulation of
      iron oxides on their surface, all the prepared AZVI samples were much less
      reactive than the pristine ZVI for Se(IV) removal. However, the reactivity of all
      AZVI samples toward Se(IV) sequestration could be significantly enhanced by
      applying a uniform magnetic field (UMF). Moreover, the flux intensity of UMF
      necessary to depassivate an AZVI sample was strongly dependent on the properties
      of its passive layer. The UMF of 1 mT was strong enough to restore the reactivity
      of the AZVI samples with Fe3O4 as the major constituent of the passive film or
      with a thin layer of alpha-Fe2O3 and gamma-FeOOH in the external passive film.
      The flux intensity of UMF necessary to depassivate the AZVI samples would
      increase to 2 mT or even 5 mT if the AZVI samples were covered with passive films
      being thicker, denser, and contained more gamma-FeOOH and alpha-Fe2O3.
      Furthermore, increasing the flux intensity of UMF facilitated the reduction of
      Se(IV) to Se(0) by AZVI samples.

PMID- 27384927
TI  - Development of enhancing agglutination reaction using gold nanoparticle for pre
      transfusion testing.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To explore an alternative way for antibody detection testing, the
      examination of gold nanoparticle solution for enhancing unexpected antibodies for
      pre-transfusion testing was investigated. BACKGROUND: Exposure of foreign
      antigens on red blood cells from transfusion can trigger the immune system to
      produce unexpected antibodies. This immunological response may cause the
      complication to future transfusion. For detection of unexpected antibodies, the
      antibody screening test is performed approximately 30-60 min. To reduce
      turnaround time, enhancing reagent, low-ionic strength solution (LISS), is widely
      used. However, cost of enhancing reagent is an issue which has concerned in
      resource limited countries. Gold nanoparticle solution can increase red blood
      cells agglutination reaction. To solve this issue, study of gold nanoparticle
      solution was investigated. METHODS: Samples were performed comparing between LISS
      and gold nanoparticle solution at antiglobulin phase. After reading the
      agglutination reaction, supernatants were collected and measured at the optical
      density at 760 nm by spectrophotometer. RESULTS: The optical density in the tube
      of gold nanoparticle solution was higher than in the tube of 2-5% cell suspension
      and monoclonal antibody. It has been observed that gold nanoparticle solution
      enhanced the reaction of agglutination 98% while LISS enhanced the agglutination
      only 60.8%. Employing a commercially available enhancing reagent, parallel
      samples confirmed results providing validation of the assay. It approximately
      costs $1 US dollars compared to $30 for a commercially available reagent.
      CONCLUSIONS: The low cost and yet effective time-consuming test for antibody
      screening is a practical and viable solution alternative way for performing in
      antibody screening test in resource limited countries.

PMID- 27384929
TI  - Tobacco control in Africa.

PMID- 27384930
TI  - Alzheimer Therapy: Photoactive g-C3 N4 Nanosheets for Light-Induced Suppression
      of Alzheimer's beta-Amyloid Aggregation and Toxicity (Adv. Healthcare Mater.
      13/2016).
AB  - The accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides and their aggregation in brain is a
      hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. On page 1560 C. B. Park and co-workers describe
      a strong suppression effect of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) toward beta
      amyloid aggregation under light-illumination. Photoexcited g-C3 N4 generates
      reactive oxygen species and blocks further beta-amyloid aggregation by impacting
      conformational structure of beta-amyloid, rendering it a promising material for
      Alzheimer therapy. 

PMID- 27384932
TI  - Tissue Engineering: Nano-Enabled Approaches for Stem Cell-Based Cardiac Tissue
      Engineering(Adv. Healthcare Mater. 13/2016).
AB  - On page 1533 M. Nikkhah and co-workers review tissue engineering strategies in
      the treatment of cardiac diseases with emphasis on the use of nanoenabled
      approaches (e.g. nanoparticles, nanotopographies) in combination with stem cells
      for regeneration and repair of injured myocardium upon myocardial infarction. 

PMID- 27384933
TI  - Tissue Engineering: Mechanocompatible Polymer-Extracellular-Matrix Composites for
      Vascular Tissue Engineering (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 13/2016).
AB  - Heparinized mechanocompatible polymer-extracellular matrix (ECM) composites to
      improve vascular graft performance are presented by J. A. Wertheim, G. A. Ameer,
      and co-workers on page 1594. Polymer-coated ECM is visualized by the purple
      color. The composite vascular graft reduced intimal hyperplasia in a rodent
      model, revealed by alpha-smooth muscle actin staining (green). The method shows
      promise for tissue engineering where immobilization of bioactive molecules is
      desirable. 

PMID- 27384934
TI  - 3D Tissue Culturing: Tissue in Cube: In Vitro 3D Culturing Platform with Hybrid
      Gel Cubes for Multidirectional Observations (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 13/2016).
AB  - An in vitro 3D culturing platform enabling multidirectional observations of 3D
      biosamples is presented by M. Hagiwara and co-workers on page 1566. 3D
      recognition of a sample structure can be achieved by facilitating multi
      directional views using a standard microscope without a laser system. The cubic
      platform has the potential to promote 3D culture studies, offering easy handling
      and compatibility with commercial culture plates at a low price tag. 

PMID- 27384936
TI  - Dual-Energy CT of Incidental Findings in the Abdomen: Can We Reduce the Need for
      Follow-Up Imaging?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the added value of dual
      energy CT for characterization of incidental lesions discovered during routine
      abdominal CT. CONCLUSION: Dual-energy CT allows acquisition of virtual unenhanced
      images, iodine maps, and virtual monochromatic images, all of which can aid in
      characterizing incidental lesions at the time of detection. Virtual unenhanced
      images and iodine maps are used for assessment of enhancement of incidental
      lesions, which can help differentiate suspicious enhancing lesions from benign
      nonenhancing lesions. Virtual monochromatic images can be obtained at low energy
      to improve conspicuity and detection of subtle lesions. Routine use of dual
      energy CT may eliminate the need for additional imaging in the workup of some of
      these incidental lesions.

PMID- 27384937
TI  - Imaging Spatiotemporal Activities of ZAP-70 in Live T Cells Using a FRET-Based
      Biosensor.
AB  - The zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 kDa (ZAP-70), a member of the spleen
      tyrosine kinase (Syk) family, plays an essential role in early T cell receptor
      (TCR) signaling. Defects in ZAP-70 lead to impaired thymocyte development and
      peripheral T cell activation. To better understand its activation dynamics and
      regulation, we visualized ZAP-70 activities in single live T cells with a Forster
      resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensor, which was designed for probing
      kinase activities of the Syk family. We observed in Jurkat E6.1 T cells rapid and
      specific FRET changes following anti-CD3 stimulation and subsequent piceatannol
      inhibition. The initiation of ZAP-70 activation was prompt (within 10 s) and
      correlates with the accompanied intracellular calcium elevation, as revealed by
      simultaneous imaging of the biosensor and calcium. Different from the previously
      reported ZAP-70 activation in the immunological synapse and the opposite pole
      (anti-synapse), we have observed rapid and sustained ZAP-70 activation only at
      the synapse with superantigen-pulsed Raji B cells. Furthermore, ZAP-70 signaling
      was impaired by cholesterol depletion, further supporting the importance of
      membrane organization in TCR signaling. Together our results provide a direct
      characterization of the spatiotemporal features of ZAP-70 activity in real time
      at subcellular levels.

PMID- 27384938
TI  - Clearance of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage from the Cerebrospinal Fluid in
      Computational and In Vitro Models.
AB  - Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) mostly occurs following the rupture of cerebral
      aneurysm causing blood to leak into the cranial subarachnoid space (SAS).
      Hemorrhage volume has been linked to the development of secondary vasospasm.
      Therefore, eliminating blood contaminants from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
      space after the initial hemorrhage could improve patient outcomes and prevent the
      development of vasospasm. A number of clinical trials demonstrate that lumbar
      drainage effectively clears hemorrhagic debris from the cranial compartment. The
      benefits of optimal lumbar drainage rate and patient orientation are difficult to
      determine by trial-and-error in live patients, because of the invasive nature,
      limited subject availability and ethical considerations. Therefore, there is a
      lack of consensus about clinical guidelines for the use of continuous lumbar
      drainage following the ictus of SAH. A realistic bench-top model which reproduces
      the anatomy and CSF dynamics of the human central nervous system (CNS) was built
      to experimentally study contaminant clearance scenarios under lumbar drainage. To
      mimic a hemorrhagic event, porcine blood was injected at the basal cistern level
      of the bench-top model and the efficacy of lumbar drains was assessed
      experimentally for different drainage rates and patient orientations. In
      addition, the efficacy of blood clearance was predicted with a computational
      fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Bench-top experiments and CFD simulations identify
      body position and drainage rates as key parameters for effective blood clearance.
      The study findings suggest the importance of treatment in upright position to
      maximize contaminant diversion from the cranial CSF compartment. The bench-top
      CNS model together with the validated CFD predictions of lumbar drainage systems
      can serve to optimize subject-specific treatment options for SAH patients.

PMID- 27384939
TI  - Design and Fabrication of Complex Scaffolds for Bone Defect Healing: Combined 3D
      Plotting of a Calcium Phosphate Cement and a Growth Factor-Loaded Hydrogel.
AB  - Additive manufacturing enables the fabrication of scaffolds with defined
      architecture. Versatile printing technologies such as extrusion-based 3D plotting
      allow in addition the incorporation of biological components increasing the
      capability to restore functional tissues. We have recently described the
      fabrication of calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds by 3D plotting of an oil
      based CPC paste under mild conditions. In the present study, we have developed a
      strategy for growth factor loading based on multichannel plotting: a biphasic
      scaffold design was realised combining CPC with VEGF-laden, highly concentrated
      hydrogel strands. As hydrogel component, alginate and an alginate-gellan gum
      blend were evaluated; the blend exhibited a more favourable VEGF release profile
      and was chosen for biphasic scaffold fabrication. After plotting, two-step post
      processing was performed for both, hydrogel crosslinking and CPC setting, which
      was shown to be compatible with both materials. Finally, a scaffold was designed
      and fabricated which can be applied for testing in a rat critical size femur
      defect. Optimization of CPC plotting enabled the fabrication of highly resolved
      structures with strand diameters of only 200 um. Micro-computed tomography
      revealed a precise strand arrangement and an interconnected pore space within the
      biphasic scaffold even in swollen state of the hydrogel strands.

PMID- 27384940
TI  - Effects of Chemically Doped Bioactive Borate Glass on Neuron Regrowth and
      Regeneration.
AB  - Peripheral nerve injuries present challenges to regeneration. Currently, the gold
      standard for nerve repair is an autograft that results in another region of the
      body suffering nerve damage. Previously, bioactive borate glass (BBG) has been
      studied in clinical trials to treat patients with non-healing wounds, and we have
      reported that BBG is conducive for soft tissue repair. BBG provides structural
      support, degrades in a non-cytotoxic manner, and can be chemically doped. Here,
      we tested a wide range of chemical compounds that are reported to have
      neuroprotective characteristics to promote regeneration of peripheral neurons
      after traumatic injury. We hypothesized that chemical dopants added in trace
      amounts to BBG would improve neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth from dorsal
      root ganglion (DRG) explants. We measured neurite outgrowth from whole DRG
      explants, and survival rates of dissociated neurons and support cells that
      comprise the DRG. Results show that chemically doped BBGs have differentially
      variable effects on neuronal survival and outgrowth, with iron, gallium, and zinc
      improving outgrowth of neurons, and iodine causing the most detriment to neurons.
      Because chemically doped BBGs support increased nerve regrowth and survival, they
      show promise for use in peripheral nerve regeneration.

PMID- 27384941
TI  - Protective Capacity of Ice Hockey Helmets against Different Impact Events.
AB  - In ice hockey, concussions can occur as a result of many different types of
      impact events, however hockey helmets are certified using a single injury
      scenario, involving drop tests to a rigid surface. The purpose of this study is
      to measure the protective capacity of ice hockey helmets for different impact
      events in ice hockey. A helmeted and unhelmeted Hybrid III headform were impacted
      simulating falls, elbow, shoulder and puck impacts in ice hockey. Linear and
      rotational acceleration and maximum principal strain (MPS) were measured. A
      comparison of helmeted and unhelmeted impacts found significant differences
      existed in most conditions (p < 0.05), however some shoulder and puck impacts
      showed no significant difference (p > 0.05). Impacts to the ice hockey helmet
      tested resulted in acceleration levels below reported ranges of concussion and
      TBI for falls up to 5 m/s, elbow collisions, and low velocity puck impacts but
      not for shoulder collisions or high velocity puck impacts and falls. The helmet
      tested reduced MPS below reported ranges of concussion and TBI for falls up to 5
      m/s but not for the other impact events across all velocities and locations. This
      suggests that the ice hockey helmet tested is unable to reduce engineering
      parameters below reported ranges of concussion and TBI for impact conditions
      which do not represent a drop against a rigid surface.

PMID- 27384943
TI  - Controllable Molecule Transport and Release by a Restorable Surface-tethered DNA
      nanodevice.
AB  - In this paper, we report a novel surface-tethered DNA nanodevice that may present
      three states and undergo conformational changes under the operation of pH.
      Besides, convenient regulation on the electrode surface renders the construction
      and operation of this DNA nanodevice restorable. To make full use of this DNA
      nanodevice, ferrocene (Fc) has been further employed for the fabrication of the
      molecular device. On one hand, the state switches of the DNA nanodevice can be
      characterized conveniently and reliably by the obtained electrochemical signals
      from Fc. On the other hand, beta-cyclodextrin-ferrocene (beta-CD-Fc) host-guest
      system can be introduced by Fc, which functionalizes this molecular device. Based
      on different electrochemical behaviors of beta-CD under different states, this
      DNA nanodevice can actualize directional loading, transporting and unloading of
      beta-CD in nanoscale. Therefore, this DNA nanodevice bares promising applications
      in controllable molecular transport and release, which are of great value to
      molecular device design.

PMID- 27384944
TI  - Noncomplicated Excision of a Mobile Pedunculated Septal Hemangioma of the Left
      Ventricle.
AB  - BACKGROUND Cardiac tumors are quite rare, and differential diagnosis of them is
      challenging. CASE REPORT A young lady with a history of palpitations, dyspnea,
      and fatigue was proven by transthoracic echocardiography and cardiac magnetic
      resonance imaging to have a mobile left ventricular mass with rounded contour
      attached to the mid-part of the interventricular septum. The mass was approached
      via a posterior inter-atrial approach to avoid left ventriculotomy and provide
      adequate exposure to completely excise the tumor and control its pedicle with
      minimal cardiac trauma. Histological examination of the mass was diagnostic of
      capillary and sinusoidal hemangioma. CONCLUSIONS Complete excision of cardiac
      hemangioma is recommended once it is diagnosed, for histopathologic diagnosis and
      because of the possibility of serious complications. 

PMID- 27384942
TI  - Multi-scale Modeling in Clinical Oncology: Opportunities and Barriers to Success.
AB  - Hierarchical processes spanning several orders of magnitude of both space and
      time underlie nearly all cancers. Multi-scale statistical, mathematical, and
      computational modeling methods are central to designing, implementing and
      assessing treatment strategies that account for these hierarchies. The basic
      science underlying these modeling efforts is maturing into a new discipline that
      is close to influencing and facilitating clinical successes. The purpose of this
      review is to capture the state-of-the-art as well as the key barriers to success
      for multi-scale modeling in clinical oncology. We begin with a summary of the
      long-envisioned promise of multi-scale modeling in clinical oncology, including
      the synthesis of disparate data types into models that reveal underlying
      mechanisms and allow for experimental testing of hypotheses. We then evaluate the
      mathematical techniques employed most widely and present several examples
      illustrating their application as well as the current gap between pre-clinical
      and clinical applications. We conclude with a discussion of what we view to be
      the key challenges and opportunities for multi-scale modeling in clinical
      oncology.

PMID- 27384945
TI  - Subdural hematoma cases identified through a Danish patient register: diagnosis
      validity, clinical characteristics, and preadmission antithrombotic drug use.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the usefulness of Danish patient registers
      for epidemiological studies of subdural hematoma (SDH) and to describe clinical
      characteristics of validated cases. METHODS: Using a patient register covering a
      geographically defined area in Denmark, we retrieved hospital contacts recorded
      under SDH International Classification of Diseases version 10 codes S065 and I620
      in 2000-2012. Neurosurgeons reviewed medical records of all potential cases.
      Based on brain scan results, verified cases were classified by SDH type (chronic
      SDH (cSDH) or acute SDH (aSDH)). Thirty-day mortality and preadmission
      antithrombotic drug use were established through linkage to population-based
      registers. We calculated the positive predictive value of the SDH code and
      compared mortality and preadmission antithrombotic drug use of cSDH with those of
      aSDH (age-adjusted and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval
      (95%CI)). RESULTS: We verified the diagnosis in 936 of 1185 identified patients.
      The positive predictive value was highest for hospital contacts with principal
      discharge diagnosis code S065 (96%) but was low for other contact types under
      code S065 (25-54%), and only moderate for patients recorded under code I620
      (62%). cSDH represented 57% of verified cases, and aSDH the remaining 43%. cSDH
      differed markedly from aSDH with regard to a number of clinical characteristics,
      including a much lower mortality (OR 0.2, 95%CI 0.1-0.3). However, preadmission
      antithrombotic drug use did not vary by SDH type (OR 0.9, 95%CI 0.6-1.2).
      CONCLUSIONS: Danish patient registers are a useful resource for SDH studies.
      However, choice of International Classification of Diseases code markedly
      influences diagnostic validity. Distinction between cSDH and aSDH is not possible
      based on SDH diagnosis codes only. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27384946
TI  - Hypopigmented Macules on the Face and Neck of a Man.

PMID- 27384947
TI  - Preventing Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Emergence during the Polio Endgame.
AB  - Reversion and spread of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) to cause outbreaks of
      poliomyelitis is a rare outcome resulting from immunisation with the live
      attenuated oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs). Global withdrawal of all three OPV
      serotypes is therefore a key objective of the polio endgame strategic plan,
      starting with serotype 2 (OPV2) in April 2016. Supplementary immunisation
      activities (SIAs) with trivalent OPV (tOPV) in advance of this date could
      mitigate the risks of OPV2 withdrawal by increasing serotype-2 immunity, but may
      also create new serotype-2 VDPV (VDPV2). Here, we examine the risk factors for
      VDPV2 emergence and implications for the strategy of tOPV SIAs prior to OPV2
      withdrawal. We first developed mathematical models of VDPV2 emergence and spread.
      We found that in settings with low routine immunisation coverage, the
      implementation of a single SIA increases the risk of VDPV2 emergence. If routine
      coverage is 20%, at least 3 SIAs are needed to bring that risk close to zero, and
      if SIA coverage is low or there are persistently "missed" groups, the risk
      remains high despite the implementation of multiple SIAs. We then analysed data
      from Nigeria on the 29 VDPV2 emergences that occurred during 2004-2014. Districts
      reporting the first case of poliomyelitis associated with a VDPV2 emergence were
      compared to districts with no VDPV2 emergence in the same 6-month period using
      conditional logistic regression. In agreement with the model results, the odds of
      VDPV2 emergence decreased with higher routine immunisation coverage (odds ratio
      0.67 for a 10% absolute increase in coverage [95% confidence interval 0.55
      0.82]). We also found that the probability of a VDPV2 emergence resulting in
      poliomyelitis in >1 child was significantly higher in districts with low serotype
      2 population immunity. Our results support a strategy of focused tOPV SIAs before
      OPV2 withdrawal in areas at risk of VDPV2 emergence and in sufficient number to
      raise population immunity above the threshold permitting VDPV2 circulation. A
      failure to implement this risk-based approach could mean these SIAs actually
      increase the risk of VDPV2 emergence and spread.

PMID- 27384948
TI  - The Growth Response of Two Diatom Species to Atmospheric Dust from the Last
      Glacial Maximum.
AB  - Relief of iron (Fe) limitation in the surface Southern Ocean has been suggested
      as one driver of the regular glacial-interglacial cycles in atmospheric carbon
      dioxide (CO2). The proposed cause is enhanced deposition of Fe-bearing
      atmospheric dust to the oceans during glacial intervals, with consequent effects
      on export production and the carbon cycle. However, understanding the role of
      enhanced atmospheric Fe supply in biogeochemical cycles is limited by knowledge
      of the fluxes and 'bioavailability' of atmospheric Fe during glacial intervals.
      Here, we assess the effect of Fe fertilization by dust, dry-extracted from the
      Last Glacial Maximum portion of the EPICA Dome C Antarctic ice core, on the
      Antarctic diatom species Eucampia antarctica and Proboscia inermis. Both species
      showed strong but differing reactions to dust addition. E. antarctica increased
      cell number (3880 vs. 786 cells mL-1), chlorophyll a (51 vs. 3.9 MUg mL-1) and
      particulate organic carbon (POC; 1.68 vs. 0.28 MUg mL-1) production in response
      to dust compared to controls. P. inermis did not increase cell number in response
      to dust, but chlorophyll a and POC per cell both strongly increased compared to
      controls (39 vs. 15 and 2.13 vs. 0.95 ng cell-1 respectively). The net result of
      both responses was a greater production of POC and chlorophyll a, as well as
      decreased Si:C and Si:N incorporation ratios within cells. However, E, antarctica
      decreased silicate uptake for the same nitrate and carbon uptake, while P.
      inermis increased carbon and nitrate uptake for the same silicate uptake. This
      suggests that nutrient utilization changes in response to Fe addition could be
      driven by different underlying mechanisms between different diatom species.
      Enhanced supply of atmospheric dust to the surface ocean during glacial intervals
      could therefore have driven nutrient-utilization changes which could permit
      greater carbon fixation for lower silica utilization. Additionally, both species
      responded more strongly to lower amounts of direct Fe chloride addition than they
      did to dust, suggesting that not all the Fe released from dust was in a
      bioavailable form available for uptake by diatoms. 

PMID- 27384949
TI  - Development of X-ray micro-focus computed tomography to image and quantify
      biofilms in central venous catheter models in vitro.
AB  - Bacterial infections of central venous catheters (CVCs) cause much morbidity and
      mortality, and are usually diagnosed by concordant culture of blood and catheter
      tip. However, studies suggest that culture often fails to detect biofilm
      bacteria. This study optimizes X-ray micro-focus computed tomography (X-ray uCT)
      for the quantification and determination of distribution and heterogeneity of
      biofilms in in vitro CVC model systems.Bacterial culture and scanning electron
      microscopy (SEM) were used to detect Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984
      biofilms grown on catheters in vitro in both flow and static biofilm models.
      Alongside this, X-ray uCT techniques were developed in order to detect biofilms
      inside CVCs. Various contrast agent stains were evaluated using energy-dispersive
      X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to further optimize these methods. Catheter material and
      biofilm were segmented using a semi-automated matlab script and quantified using
      the Avizo Fire software package. X-ray uCT was capable of distinguishing between
      the degree of biofilm formation across different segments of a CVC flow model.
      EDS screening of single- and dual-compound contrast stains identified 10 nm gold
      and silver nitrate as the optimum contrast agent for X-ray uCT. This optimized
      method was then demonstrated to be capable of quantifying biofilms in an in vitro
      static biofilm formation model, with a strong correlation between biofilm
      detection via SEM and culture. X-ray uCT has good potential as a direct, non
      invasive, non-destructive technology to image biofilms in CVCs, as well as other
      in vivo medical components in which biofilms accumulate in concealed areas.

PMID- 27384950
TI  - Aortic Stenosis, a Left Ventricular Disease: Insights from Advanced Imaging.
AB  - Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common primary valve disorder in the elderly
      with an increasing prevalence. It is increasingly clear that it is also a disease
      of the left ventricle (LV) rather than purely the aortic valve. The transition
      from left ventricular hypertrophy to fibrosis results in the eventual adverse
      effects on systolic and diastolic function. Appropriate selection of patients for
      aortic valve intervention is crucial, and current guidelines recommend aortic
      valve replacement in severe AS with symptoms or in asymptomatic patients with
      left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50 %. LVEF is not a sensitive marker
      and there are other parameters used in multimodality imaging techniques,
      including longitudinal strain, exercise stress echo and cardiac MRI that may
      assist in detecting subclinical and subtle LV dysfunction. These findings offer
      potentially better ways to evaluate patients, time surgery, predict recovery and
      potentially offer targets for specific therapies. This article outlines the
      pathophysiology behind the LV response to aortic stenosis and the role of
      advanced multimodality imaging in describing it.

PMID- 27384952
TI  - Management of women with a hereditary predisposition for breast cancer.
AB  - Women with a hereditary breast cancer predisposition have three management
      options: screening, chemoprevention (risk-reducing medication) and risk-reducing
      surgery. However, no randomized trials have addressed the effect of these
      strategies in mutation carriers. In the general population, randomized trials
      failed to demonstrate a benefit for screening in premenopausal women. Moreover,
      although chemoprevention reduces breast cancer incidence in high-risk
      populations, this benefit is potentially confined to estrogen receptor-positive
      tumors. Finally, observational studies suggest that prophylactic mastectomy and
      even prophylactic salpingo-ophorectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA
      mutation carriers, but there are systematic biases associated with such studies.
      Therefore, women with a hereditary predisposition for breast cancer should be
      informed of the three risk-reducing strategies, and that their benefits are not
      fully understood. 

PMID- 27384951
TI  - HVint: A Strategy for Identifying Novel Protein-Protein Interactions in Herpes
      Simplex Virus Type 1.
AB  - Human herpesviruses are widespread human pathogens with a remarkable impact on
      worldwide public health. Despite intense decades of research, the molecular
      details in many aspects of their function remain to be fully characterized. To
      unravel the details of how these viruses operate, a thorough understanding of the
      relationships between the involved components is key. Here, we present HVint, a
      novel protein-protein intraviral interaction resource for herpes simplex virus
      type 1 (HSV-1) integrating data from five external sources. To assess each
      interaction, we used a scoring scheme that takes into consideration aspects such
      as the type of detection method and the number of lines of evidence. The coverage
      of the initial interactome was further increased using evolutionary information,
      by importing interactions reported for other human herpesviruses. These latter
      interactions constitute, therefore, computational predictions for potential novel
      interactions in HSV-1. An independent experimental analysis was performed to
      confirm a subset of our predicted interactions. This subset covers proteins that
      contribute to nuclear egress and primary envelopment events, including VP26,
      pUL31, pUL40, and the recently characterized pUL32 and pUL21. Our findings
      support a coordinated crosstalk between VP26 and proteins such as pUL31, pUS9,
      and the CSVC complex, contributing to the development of a model describing the
      nuclear egress and primary envelopment pathways of newly synthesized HSV-1
      capsids. The results are also consistent with recent findings on the involvement
      of pUL32 in capsid maturation and early tegumentation events. Further, they open
      the door to new hypotheses on virus-specific regulators of pUS9-dependent
      transport. To make this repository of interactions readily accessible for the
      scientific community, we also developed a user-friendly and interactive web
      interface. Our approach demonstrates the power of computational predictions to
      assist in the design of targeted experiments for the discovery of novel protein
      protein interactions.

PMID- 27384953
TI  - Healthcare system-wide implementation of opioid-safety guideline recommendations:
      the case of urine drug screening and opioid-patient suicide- and overdose-related
      events in the Veterans Health Administration.
AB  - This study provides an example of how healthcare system-wide progress in
      implementation of opioid-therapy guideline recommendations can be longitudinally
      assessed and then related to subsequent opioid-prescribed patient health and
      safety outcomes. Using longitudinal linear mixed effects analyses, we determined
      that in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system (n = 141
      facilities), over the 4-year interval from 2010 to 2013, a key opioid therapy
      guideline recommendation, urine drug screening (UDS), increased from 29 to 42 %,
      with an average within-facility increase rate of 4.5 % per year. Higher levels of
      UDS implementation from 2010 to 2013 were associated with lower risk of suicide
      and drug overdose events among VA opioid-prescribed patients in 2013, even after
      adjusting for patients' 2012 demographic characteristics and medical and mental
      health comorbidities. Findings suggest that VA clinicians and healthcare
      policymakers have been responsive to the 2010 VA/Department of Defense (DOD) UDS
      treatment guideline recommendation, resulting in improved patient safety for VA
      opioid-prescribed patients.

PMID- 27384954
TI  - Determining Spatial Summation and Its Effect on Contrast Sensitivity across the
      Central 20 Degrees of Visual Field.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recent studies propose that the use of target stimuli within or close to
      complete spatial summation reveal larger threshold elevation in ocular disease.
      The Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HFA) is used to assess visual function yet
      the spatial summation characteristics are unexplored for the central macular
      region. We therefore wanted to establish the relationship between contrast
      sensitivity and stimulus size (spatial summation) within the central 20 degrees 
      visual field using the high sampling density of the 10-2 test grid. METHODS:
      Thresholds were measured for one eye from 37 normal subjects using the HFA 10-2
      test grid with all five Goldmann (G) targets (GI to GV). Subject data were
      converted to 50-year-old equivalent using published and calculated location
      specific decade correction factors. Spatial summation curves were fitted for all
      data at all locations. The size of Ricco's critical area (Ac) within which
      complete spatial summation operates (k = 1), and the slope of partial summation
      (k < 1: to characterize partial summation), was established. RESULTS: The 50-year
      old age normative data were determined for all Goldmann stimulus sizes for the 10
      2 HFA test grid and showed a marked change in contrast sensitivity for small test
      stimuli (e.g. GI) and little change in larger test stimuli (e.g. GV). Both the Ac
      and k values did not vary with age allowing for the application of the age
      correction factors. Ac and k values increased with eccentricity with GI remaining
      within complete spatial summation and GII was close or within complete spatial
      summation. GIII or larger test sizes were always outside complete spatial
      summation operating within various levels of partial summation. CONCLUSIONS: The
      developed normative data now allows comparisons of data sets with high sampling
      density using the 10-2 grid irrespective of subject age. Test size is important
      when assessing ocular disease yet only GI or GII stimuli operate close to or
      within complete spatial summation in the macula. Current visual field testing
      protocols employ GIII which is always outside complete spatial summation and
      operates under various values of partial summation: GIII may not be the most
      suitable test size to assess ocular disease affecting the macula.

PMID- 27384955
TI  - Sonodegradation of cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside: degradation kinetic analysis
      and its impact on antioxidant capacity in vitro.
AB  - BACKGROUND: As an alternative preservation method for thermal treatment,
      ultrasound comprises a novel non-thermal processing technology that can
      significantly avoid undesirable nutritional changes. However, the recent
      literature indicates that anthocyanin degradation occurs when ultrasound is
      applied in juice at high amplitude parameters. Such work has mainly focussed on
      the effect of ultrasound on stability, the antioxidant capacity of cyanidin-3
      glucosylrutinoside (Cy-3-glc-rut) and the correlation between anthocyanin
      degradation and .OH generation in a simulated system. RESULTS: The spectral
      intensities of Cy-3-glc-rut at 518 and 282 nm decreased with increasing
      ultrasound power and treatment time. The degradation of Cy-3-glc-rut was
      consistent with first-order reaction kinetics (r2  > 0.9000) and there was a good
      linear correlation between anthocyanin degradation and hydroxyl radical formation
      induced by ultrasound (r2  = 0.9258). Moreover, a decrease in the antioxidant
      activity of Cy-3-glc-rut after ultrasound evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2
      picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power methods was observed.
      CONCLUSION: Overall, the results of the present study show that ultrasound will
      accelerate the degradation of Cy-3-glc-rut with the growth of power over time.
      (c) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID- 27384956
TI  - Transition of an Anaerobic Escherichia coli Culture to Aerobiosis: Balancing mRNA
      and Protein Levels in a Demand-Directed Dynamic Flux Balance Analysis.
AB  - The facultative anaerobic bacterium Escherichia coli is frequently forced to
      adapt to changing environmental conditions. One important determinant for
      metabolism is the availability of oxygen allowing a more efficient metabolism.
      Especially in large scale bioreactors, the distribution of oxygen is
      inhomogeneous and individual cells encounter frequent changes. This might
      contribute to observed yield losses during process upscaling. Short-term gene
      expression data exist of an anaerobic E. coli batch culture shifting to aerobic
      conditions. The data reveal temporary upregulation of genes that are less
      efficient in terms of energy conservation than the genes predicted by
      conventional flux balance analyses. In this study, we provide evidence for a
      positive correlation between metabolic fluxes and gene expression. We then
      hypothesize that the more efficient enzymes are limited by their low expression,
      restricting flux through their reactions. We define a demand that triggers
      expression of the demanded enzymes that we explicitly include in our model. With
      these features we propose a method, demand-directed dynamic flux balance
      analysis, dddFBA, bringing together elements of several previously published
      methods. The introduction of additional flux constraints proportional to gene
      expression provoke a temporary demand for less efficient enzymes, which is in
      agreement with the transient upregulation of these genes observed in the data. In
      the proposed approach, the applied objective function of growth rate maximization
      together with the introduced constraints triggers expression of metabolically
      less efficient genes. This finding is one possible explanation for the yield
      losses observed in large scale bacterial cultivations where steady oxygen supply
      cannot be warranted. 

PMID- 27384957
TI  - Introduction to the Special Issue: Discrepancies in Adolescent-Parent Perceptions
      of the Family and Adolescent Adjustment.
AB  - Researchers commonly rely on adolescents' and parents' reports to assess family
      functioning (e.g., conflict, parental monitoring, parenting practices,
      relationship quality). Recent work indicates that these reports may vary as to
      whether they converge or diverge in estimates of family functioning. Further,
      patterns of converging or diverging reports may yield important information about
      adolescent adjustment and family functioning. This work is part of a larger
      literature seeking to understand and interpret multi-informant assessments of
      psychological phenomena, namely mental health. In fact, recent innovations in
      conceptualizing, measuring, and analyzing multi-informant mental health
      assessments might meaningfully inform efforts to understand multi-informant
      assessments of family functioning. Therefore, in this Special Issue we address
      three aims. First, we provide a guiding framework for using and interpreting
      multi-informant assessments of family functioning, informed by recent theoretical
      work focused on using and interpreting multi-informant mental health assessments.
      Second, we report research on adolescents' and parents' reports of family
      functioning that leverages the latest methods for measuring and analyzing
      patterns of convergence and divergence between informants' reports. Third, we
      report research on measurement invariance and its role in interpreting
      adolescents' and parents' reports of family functioning. Research and theory
      reported in this Special Issue have important implications for improving our
      understanding of the links between multi-informant assessments of family
      functioning and adolescent adjustment.

PMID- 27384958
TI  - Expression of Angiotensin II Types 1 and 2 Receptors in Endometriotic Lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene and protein
      expression of angiotensin type (AT) 1, AT2 receptors in endometriotic lesions and
      its relation to prostaglandin (PG) synthases. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Endometriosis samples were obtained from 32 patients with endometriotic cysts.
      Endometrial tissues were obtained during operations for benign gynecological
      conditions. The expression of the AT1 and AT2 receptor mRNA and that of PG
      endoperoxide synthase 2 and microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) was examined by
      quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for these
      receptors. RESULTS: AT1 and AT2 receptor proteins were mostly located in
      endometrial glandular epithelium and some stromal cells. Immunoreactivity of the
      receptor proteins was observed in both the eutopic endometrium and endometriotic
      lesions. The AT1/AT2 ratio in endometriotic cysts (median 7.29, range 1.88
      187.60) was significantly increased compared with that in the eutopic endometrium
      in the proliferative-phase in controls (median 1.01, range 0.37-2.09, p < 0.001).
      There was a relationship between the AT1 mRNA expression and that of mPGES-1 mRNA
      in the endometriotic cysts (r = 0.394089, p < 0.05). There was a significant
      relationship between the mRNA expression of the AT2 receptor and that of mPGES-1
      in eutopic endometrium of non-endometriotic control (r = 0.610714, p < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: Renin-angiotensin system may play an important role in the
      pathophysiology of endometriosis.

PMID- 27384959
TI  - Challenge to treat hypertrophic nonunion of the femoral shaft: the Poller screw
      augmentation technique.
AB  - The management of a femoral nonunion after intramedullary nailing is challenging.
      Exchange nailing or plate augmentation has been used to treat hypertrophic
      nonunions previously. The Poller screw augmentation technique is a simple
      procedure that can be performed in the outpatient surgery. In this study, we
      highlight the method of hypertrophic nonunion management according to the
      specific indication including our Poller screw augmentation technique. 

PMID- 27384961
TI  - Social and Environmental Influences on Physical Activity Levels in Latina
      Adolescents.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine social and environmental factors that affect moderate to
      vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in mid-adolescent Hispanic females. DESIGN AND
      SAMPLE: Secondary data analysis to examine social and environmental level factors
      related to MVPA levels in (n = 897) mid-adolescent Hispanic females. MEASURES:
      Data were retrieved from the National Survey of Children's Health (2011/12).
      Logistic regression was used to estimate associations for factors with MVPA.
      RESULTS: Significant mid-adolescent predictors were English speaking, OR 1.64
      (95% CI, 1.03-2.61); parental attendance of activities, OR 0.50 (95% CI, 0.31
      0.81); peer support, OR 2.74 (95% CI, 1.75-4.29); supportive neighborhood, OR
      1.52 (95% CI, 1.03-2.32); and safe school environment, OR 1.67 (95% CI, 1.01
      2.74). CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the need for the development of age and
      culturally appropriate interventions to aid the improvement of participation
      levels in MVPA among the Latina adolescent population. Additionally, findings
      suggest recommendations for policy and future research.

PMID- 27384960
TI  - Tumour sampling method can significantly influence gene expression profiles
      derived from neoadjuvant window studies.
AB  - Patient-matched transcriptomic studies using tumour samples before and after
      treatment allow inter-patient heterogeneity to be controlled, but tend not to
      include an untreated comparison. Here, Illumina BeadArray technology was used to
      measure dynamic changes in gene expression from thirty-seven paired diagnostic
      core and surgically excised breast cancer biopsies obtained from women receiving
      no treatment prior to surgery, to determine the impact of sampling method and
      tumour heterogeneity. Despite a lack of treatment and perhaps surprisingly,
      consistent changes in gene expression were identified during the diagnosis
      surgery interval (48 up, 2 down; Siggenes FDR 0.05) in a manner independent of
      both subtype and sampling-interval length. Instead, tumour sampling method was
      seen to directly impact gene expression, with similar effects additionally
      identified in six published breast cancer datasets. In contrast with previous
      findings, our data does not support the concept of a significant wounding or
      immune response following biopsy in the absence of treatment and instead
      implicates a hypoxic response following the surgical biopsy. Whilst sampling
      related gene expression changes are evident in treated samples, they are
      secondary to those associated with response to treatment. Nonetheless, sampling
      method remains a potential confounding factor for neoadjuvant study design.

PMID- 27384962
TI  - Acute-phase proteins as diagnostic markers in horses with colic.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic potential of the concentrations of acute
      phase proteins serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), and fibrinogen in blood
      and peritoneal fluid (PF) for differentiating horses with inflammatory colic
      (entero-colitis and peritonitis) from those with surgical colic. DESIGN:
      Prospective observational multicenter study. SETTING: Two university referral
      hospitals. ANIMALS: Horses referred for severe acute abdominal pain to Hospital 1
      (n = 148) or Hospital 2 (n = 78). INTERVENTION: Blood and PF samples collected at
      admission were used for acute-phase protein concentration measurement.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A multivariable logistic model including clinical
      parameters (lethargy, rectal temperature >38 degrees C [100.4 degrees F], normal
      rectal examination findings, and gastric reflux of 5-10 L) recorded at admission
      was constructed from Hospital 1 data. The ability of the model to correctly
      differentiate inflammatory from surgical colic was 86% determined as area under
      the receiver operating characteristic curve. Adding blood parameters (WBC, PCV,
      total plasma protein, lactate, SAA, Hp, and fibrinogen concentrations) to the
      logistic model based on clinical parameters revealed that only WBC and SAA and
      fibrinogen concentrations improved the model. With SAA included in the model no
      additional blood parameters improved the model, and the final model had an area
      under the curve of 90%. Addition of PF parameters (hemolysis, total protein
      concentration, WBC, SAA, or Hp concentrations) did not improve the model. When
      validated in Hospital 2 data, the models had good integrity and diagnostic
      performance. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of SAA in serum improved the ability to
      differentiate horses with acute inflammatory colic requiring medical treatment
      from horses with colic requiring surgery, as it allowed an additional 4% of
      horses to be correctly classified into medical and surgical cases. Improved
      differentiation of these 2 groups of horses with colic may minimize the risk of
      unnecessary or delayed surgery.

PMID- 27384963
TI  - Synthesis and X-ray Characterization of Alkali Metal 2-Acyl-1,1,3,3
      tetracyanopropenides.
AB  - A novel route for synthesis of 2-acyl-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenides (ATCN) salts
      in high yields and excellent purities starting from readily available methyl
      ketones, malononitrile, bromine, and alkali metal acetates is reported. The
      starting aryl(heteroaryl) methyl ketones were oxidized to the corresponding alpha
      ketoaldehydes by new a DMSO-NaBr-H2SO4 oxidation system in yields up to 90%
      within a short reaction time of 8-10 min. The subsequent stages of ATCN
      preparation are realized in aqueous media without use of any toxic solvents, in
      accordance with principle 5 of "green chemistry". Lithium, sodium, potassium,
      rubidium, and cesium 2-benzoyl-1,1,3,3-tetracyanopropenides were characterized by
      X-ray diffraction analysis. These salts show a good potential for synthesis of
      five- and six-membered heterocycles and may serve as potentially useful ligands
      in coordination and supramolecular chemistry.

PMID- 27384964
TI  - Shift work parameters and disruption of diurnal cortisol production in female
      hospital employees.
AB  - Shift work is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
      Disruption of cortisol production is a potential underlying mechanism. This study
      explored the associations of diurnal quantity and pattern of cortisol production
      in relation to (1) current shift work status (exclusive day versus rotating days
      and nights), (2) years of past shift work and (3) parameters of rotating shift
      work (timing, length and intensity). Female hospital employees (160 day workers
      and 168 rotating shift workers) from southeastern Ontario, Canada, participated
      in a cross-sectional study. Participants completed a baseline questionnaire and
      measures of body height, weight, and waist circumference were taken. Midstream
      urine samples were collected over two separate 24-hour periods to measure
      creatinine-adjusted cortisol. Total diurnal cortisol production and pattern were
      described with two measures of the area under the curve. The effect of shift work
      on cortisol was modeled using multivariable linear regression analyses. Cortisol
      production in day workers and shift workers on their day shift were similar;
      however, shift workers on the night shift had flatter diurnal cortisol curves and
      produced less cortisol. This suggests that night work is associated with an acute
      attenuation of cortisol production.

PMID- 27384965
TI  - Patient Experience Assessment is a Requisite for Quality Evaluation: A Discussion
      of the In-Center Hemodialysis Consumer Assessment of Health Care Providers and
      Systems (ICH CAHPS) Survey.

PMID- 27384967
TI  - Comparative analysis of techniques to prevent laparoscopic fogging.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficiency and efficacy of two common and commercially
      available methods to resolve lens fogging: a Fluid Warming System (O.R.
      Solutions, Chantilly, VA) and the Clearify Visualization System (Covidien,
      Mansfield, MA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 40 patients
      undergoing laparoscopic renal procedures with the Fluid Warming System (first 20
      cases) and then the Clearify Visualization System (second 20 cases). We utilized
      the standard Fluid Warming System per a 30-second modified protocol established
      in our laboratory. We used the Clearify according to manufacturer instructions.
      For each procedure we documented the etiology of each episode of visual
      obstruction, procedure type and surgery duration. We performed a cost analysis.
      For all cases we used the same insufflator, insufflation trocar location and
      trocar configuration. RESULTS: All 40 patients completed the study protocol
      without incident. The mean fogging events per hour for the Fluid Warming System
      and Clearify Visualization System were 0.7 (0-2.52) and 1.4 (0-5.02),
      respectively (P = 0.045). Surgery duration and cost per procedure were similar
      for both systems. CONCLUSION: The Fluid Warming System with modified technique
      was found to have less fogging events than the Clearify Visualization System,
      with no difference in operative time or cost.

PMID- 27384968
TI  - Work-family conflict and time use: psychometric assessment of an instrument in
      ELSA-Brazil.
AB  - In this study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the items to measure
      the work-family conflict and the time use for personal care and leisure, included
      in the baseline questionnaire of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA
      Brazil). We evaluated temporal stability (7-14 days) using kappa statistic and
      the validity of the construct by the correlation of Kendall's tau with other
      variables. Test-retest stability was discreet to moderate and the correlations
      were compatible with the underlying theory. Future studies in the context of ELSA
      Brazil and in other populations will complement the assessment of its relevance.
      RESUMO Neste estudo, avaliamos as propriedades psicometricas dos itens para
      mensurar o conflito trabalho-familia e o uso do tempo para cuidado pessoal e
      lazer, incluidos no questionario da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Saude
      do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Foram avaliadas a estabilidade temporal (7-14 dias)
      utilizando estatistica kappa e a validade do construto pela correlacao tau de
      Kendall com outras variaveis. A estabilidade teste-reteste foi discreta a
      moderada e as correlacoes, compativeis com a teoria subjacente. Estudos futuros
      no contexto do ELSA-Brasil e em outras populacoes complementarao a avaliacao da
      sua pertinencia. 

PMID- 27384969
TI  - Report of the procedure of voluntary interruption of pregnancy at a university
      hospital in Uruguay.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the constitution and operation of a voluntary interruption
      of pregnancy team of a university hospital, from the outlook of the mental health
      team. METHODS: In this case study, the following aspects were analyzed: 1)
      historical background; 2) implementation of Law 18,897 of October 22, 2012; and
      3) functioning of the program at the Hospital de Clinicas of the Facultad de
      Medicina (Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay), taking into account three
      dimensions: structure, process, and results. RESULTS: Between December 2012 and
      November 2013, a total of 6,676 voluntary interruptions of pregnancy were
      reported in Uruguay; out of these, 80 were conducted at the Hospital de Clinicas.
      The patients' demographic data agreed with those reported at the national level:
      Of the total patients, 81.0% were aged over 19 years; 6.2% decided to continue
      with the pregnancy; and only 70.0% attended the subsequent control and received
      advice on contraception. CONCLUSIONS: In its implementation year in Uruguay, we
      can assess the experience as positive from the point of view of women's health.
      Our experience as a mental health team at the Hospital de Clinicas, inserted into
      the multidisciplinary voluntary interruption of pregnancy team, is in the process
      of assessment and reformulation of practices. OBJETIVO: Describir la conformacion
      y funcionamiento de un equipo de interrupcion voluntaria del embarazo de un
      hospital universitario, desde la mirada del equipo de salud mental. METODOS: En
      este estudio de caso, se analizan los siguientes aspectos: 1) antecedentes
      historicos; 2) implementacion de la Ley 18.897 de 22 de octubre de 2012; y 3)
      funcionamiento del programa en el Hospital de Clinicas de la Facultad de Medicina
      (Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay), teniendo en cuenta tres dimensiones
      (estructura, proceso y resultados). RESULTADOS: Entre diciembre de 2012 y
      noviembre de 2013, se reportaron en Uruguay un total de 6.676 interrupciones
      voluntarias del embarazo; de ellas, 80 se llevaron a cabo en el Hospital de
      Clinicas. Los datos sociodemograficos de las pacientes concordaron con los
      reportados a nivel nacional: 81,0% de las pacientes que consultaron era mayores
      de 19 anos; 6,2% decidieron continuar con el embarazo; solo 70,0% concurrieron al
      control posterior y recibieron asesoramiento sobre anticoncepcion. CONCLUSIONES:
      Al ano de su implementacion, en Uruguay, podemos evaluar la experiencia como
      positiva desde el punto de vista de la salud de las mujeres. Nuestra experiencia
      como equipo de salud mental en el Hospital de Clinicas, inserto dentro del equipo
      multidisciplinario de interrupcion voluntaria del embarazo, se encuentra en pleno
      proceso de evaluacion y reformulacion de practicas.

PMID- 27384970
TI  - Aging and health: Self-efficacy for Self-direction in Health Scale.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To validate the Escala de Autoeficacia para a Autodirecao na Saude
      (EAAS - Self-efficacy for Self-direction in Health Scale). METHODS: Non
      experimental quantitative study of EAAS validation, by confirmatory factorial
      analyses, evaluating a sample of 508 older adults from the north and the center
      of Portugal with mean age of 71.67 (from 51 to 96 years), to whom the Self
      efficacy for Self-direction in Health Scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, the
      Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the
      Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale were applied. The EAAS was
      developed from the theoretical constructs of self-efficacy and from self-directed
      learning within the PALADIN European project framework, aiming to develop an
      instrument able to assess the extent to which older adults take good care of
      their health. RESULTS: The internal consistency was 0.87 (Cronbach's alpha) and
      confirmatory factorial analyses enabled to find a model near the one
      theoretically proposed, indicating a structure consisting of four dimensions:
      physical exercise, healthy diet, engaging in health-related learning, and visits
      to health professionals. From the psychometric point of view, the model in four
      factors showed quite satisfactory fit indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The Self-efficacy
      for Self-direction in Health Scale, with 16 items, is adequate to evaluate to
      what extent older adults have confidence in their ability to take care of their
      own health, with high degree of autonomy. OBJETIVO: Validar a Escala de
      Autoeficacia para a Autodirecao no dominio da Saude (EAAS). METODOS: Estudo
      quantitativo nao experimental de validacao da EAAS, por meio de analises
      fatoriais confirmatorias, avaliando amostra de 508 seniores e idosos provenientes
      das regioes Norte e Centro de Portugal com media etaria de 71.67 (51 a 96 anos),
      a quem foram aplicadas a Escala de Autoeficacia para a Autodirecao na Saude, a
      Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, a Escala de Afeto Positivo e Afeto Negativo, a
      Escala de Satisfacao Com a Vida e a escala de Atividades Instrumentais da Vida
      Diaria. A EAAS foi desenvolvida a partir dos construtos teoricos da autoeficacia
      e da aprendizagem autodirigida no ambito do projeto europeu PALADIN, visando
      constituir um instrumento apto a avaliar ate que ponto os seniores cuidam bem da
      sua saude. RESULTADOS: A consistencia interna encontrada foi de 0.87 (alfa de
      Cronbach) e as analises fatoriais confirmatorias permitiram encontrar um modelo
      proximo ao proposto teoricamente, indicando uma estrutura constituida por quatro
      dimensoes: exercicio fisico, alimentacao saudavel, envolvimento em aprendizagens
      relativas a saude e visitas a profissionais de saude. Do ponto de vista
      psicometrico, o modelo em quatro fatores mostrou indicadores de ajustamento
      bastante satisfatorios. CONCLUSOES: A Escala de Autoeficacia para a Autodirecao
      na Saude, com 16 itens, e adequada para avaliar em que medida os seniores tem
      confianca na sua capacidade para tomar conta da propria saude, com elevado grau
      de autonomia.

PMID- 27384971
TI  - Injury-related hospitalizations in 2002 and 2012 in a Mexican rural hospital:
      differences between indigenous and non-indigenous inpatients.
AB  - Data are lacking on the extent and distribution of injuries in rural areas. This
      study aimed at comparing injury-related hospitalizations between 2002 and 2012 at
      a rural hospital of northern Mexico focusing on differences between indigenous
      (IP) and non-indigenous patients (NIP). A retrospective design based on the
      review of records of patients hospitalized with injury diagnoses was used.
      Information extracted included ethnicity, sex, age, hospital duration, surgical
      procedures, complications and discharge outcome. Injury data comprised of main
      diagnosis, mechanism and body part affected. Patterns were stratified by year and
      ethnicity. Logistic regression was used to determine the probability of being
      hospitalized for >1 day. Injury-related mortality increased from 0.4% in 2002 to
      3.1% in 2012. The proportion of non-indigenous patients hospitalized also
      increased by 4.5%. Men accounted for two-thirds of all inpatients. Weapon
      involvement doubled from 16.6% to 33.6%. Almost half of the patients in 2012 were
      victims of interpersonal violence. Indigenous patients had a 2.7 higher adjusted
      odds ratios of being hospitalized for >1 day in 2002 (95% CI 1.2-5.7), though the
      gap was reduced to 1.9 (1.1-3.5) in 2012. While indigenous patients continue to
      be more disadvantaged than the non-indigenous, the gaps closed in 2012; the
      reasons behind these disparities need to be further investigated.

PMID- 27384972
TI  - Comparison of the wound healing efficacy of polyglycolic acid sheets with fibrin
      glue and gelatin sponge dressings in a rat cranial periosteal defect model.
AB  - Oral surgical procedures occasionally require removal of the periosteum due to
      lesions, and these raw bone surfaces are prone not only to infection but also to
      scar formation during secondary healing. The objective of this study was to
      identify successful methods for reconstruction using periosteal defect dressings.
      We created 1-cm2 defects in the skin and cranial periosteum of 10-week-old male
      Wistar rats under isoflurane anesthesia. The animals were assigned to three
      defect treatment groups: (1) polyglycolic acid sheets with fibrin glue dressing
      (PGA-FG), (2) Spongel(r) gelatin sponge dressing (GS), and (3) open wound
      (control). Postoperative wound healing was histologically evaluated at 2, 4, and
      6 weeks. The moist conditions maintained by the GS and PGA-FG treatments
      protected the bone surface from the destructive effects of drying and infection.
      Complete wound healing was observed in the GS group but not for all animals in
      the PGA-FG and control groups. Histologically, osteoblast proliferation on bone
      surfaces and complete epithelialization with adnexa were observed in the GS group
      at 6 weeks after surgery. In contrast, PGA sheets that had not been absorbed
      inhibited osteoblast proliferation and delayed wound healing in the PGA-FG group.
      Wound surface dressings maintain a moist environment that promotes wound healing,
      but PGA materials may not be suitable for cases involving exposed periosteum or
      bone surfaces due to the observed scar formation and foreign-body reaction.

PMID- 27384974
TI  - A native promoter and inclusion of an intron is necessary for efficient
      expression of GFP or mRFP in Armillaria mellea.
AB  - Armillaria mellea is a significant pathogen that causes Armillaria root disease
      on numerous hosts in forests, gardens and agricultural environments worldwide.
      Using a yeast-adapted pCAMBIA0380 Agrobacterium vector, we have constructed a
      series of vectors for transformation of A. mellea, assembled using yeast-based
      recombination methods. These have been designed to allow easy exchange of
      promoters and inclusion of introns. The vectors were first tested by
      transformation into basidiomycete Clitopilus passeckerianus to ascertain vector
      functionality then used to transform A. mellea. We show that heterologous
      promoters from the basidiomycetes Agaricus bisporus and Phanerochaete
      chrysosporium that were used successfully to control the hygromycin resistance
      cassette were not able to support expression of mRFP or GFP in A. mellea. The
      endogenous A. mellea gpd promoter delivered efficient expression, and we show
      that inclusion of an intron was also required for transgene expression. GFP and
      mRFP expression was stable in mycelia and fluorescence was visible in transgenic
      fruiting bodies and GFP was detectable in planta. Use of these vectors has been
      successful in giving expression of the fluorescent proteins GFP and mRFP in A.
      mellea, providing an additional molecular tool for this pathogen.

PMID- 27384975
TI  - A paediatric case of successful non-myeloablative bone marrow transplantation
      after azacitidine therapy for non-Down syndrome acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia
      with monosomy 7.
AB  - We report a patient with non-Down syndrome AML, also known as AMKL, with monosomy
      7, who was also obese and had a hearing impairment and mental retardation. Non
      myeloablative bone marrow transplantation was performed successfully after the
      patient received less aggressive azacitidine treatment, without the usual
      intensive induction chemotherapy regimen for AML. 

PMID- 27384973
TI  - Monoethylhexyl Phthalate Elicits an Inflammatory Response in Adipocytes
      Characterized by Alterations in Lipid and Cytokine Pathways.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence links endocrine-disrupting chemicals
      (EDCs) with obesity-related metabolic diseases. While it has been shown that EDCs
      can predispose individuals toward adiposity by affecting developmental processes,
      little is known about the chemicals' effects on adult adipose tissue. OBJECTIVES:
      Our aim was to study the effects of low, physiologically relevant doses of EDCs
      on differentiated murine adipocytes. METHODS: We combined metabolomics,
      proteomics, and gene expression analysis to characterize the effects of mono
      ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) in differentiated adipocytes. RESULTS: Repeated
      exposure to MEHP over several days led to changes in metabolite and enzyme levels
      indicating elevated lipogenesis and lipid oxidation. The chemical exposure also
      increased expression of major inflammatory cytokines, including chemotactic
      factors. Proteomic and gene expression analysis revealed significant alterations
      in pathways regulated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma
      (PPARgamma). Inhibiting the nuclear receptor's activity using a chemical
      antagonist abrogated not only the alterations in PPARgamma-regulated metabolic
      pathways, but also the increases in cytokine expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our results
      show that MEHP can induce a pro-inflammatory state in differentiated adipocytes.
      This effect is at least partially mediated PPARgamma.

PMID- 27384976
TI  - New approaches and omics tools for mining of vaccine candidates against vector
      borne diseases.
AB  - Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) present a major threat to human and animal health,
      as well as place a substantial burden on livestock production. As a way of
      sustainable VBD control, focus is set on vaccine development. Advances in
      genomics and other "omics" over the past two decades have given rise to a "third
      generation" of vaccines based on technologies such as reverse vaccinology,
      functional genomics, immunomics, structural vaccinology and the systems biology
      approach. The application of omics approaches is shortening the time required to
      develop the vaccines and increasing the probability of discovery of potential
      vaccine candidates. Herein, we review the development of new generation vaccines
      for VBDs, and discuss technological advancement and overall challenges in the
      vaccine development pipeline. Special emphasis is placed on the development of
      anti-tick vaccines that can quell both vectors and pathogens.

PMID- 27384978
TI  - Lateral electronic screening in quasi-one-dimensional plasmons.
AB  - The properties of one-dimensional (1D) plasmons are rather unexplored. We
      investigated the plasmonic collective excitations, measured as one-dimensional
      plasmon dispersions with electron energy loss spectroscopy, highly resolved both
      in energy and lateral momentum, for both phases of Au induced chains on stepped
      Si(553) substrates. We observe 1D dispersions that are strongly influenced by the
      lateral chain width and by the interchain coupling. Indications for the existence
      of two different plasmons originating from two surface bands of the systems are
      given for the low coverage phase.

PMID- 27384977
TI  - miR-181a induces sorafenib resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through
      downregulation of RASSF1 expression.
AB  - Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, is the only standard clinical drug for
      patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, development of
      sorafenib resistance in HCC often prevents its long-term efficacy. Therefore,
      novel targets and strategies are urgently needed to improve the antitumor effect
      of sorafenib. In the present study, we examined the novel mechanisms of sorafenib
      resistance of HCC cells by investigating the difference in sorafenib sensitivity
      between two HCC cell lines. Sorafenib induced more apoptosis of HepG2 cells
      compared to Hep3B cells. Sorafenib exposure to HepG2 cells but not Hep3B cells
      increased the expression of proapoptotic factor PUMA, and activated PARP and
      caspase-3. Notably, microRNA-181a (miR-181a) expression levels were lower in
      HepG2 cells than in Hep3B cells. Exogenous miR-181a expression in HepG2 cells
      reduced apoptosis, whereas inhibition of miR-181a in Hpe3B cells increased
      apoptosis. In addition, we demonstrated that miR-181a directly targets RASSF1, a
      MAPK signaling factor, and knockdown of RASSF1 increased sorafenib resistance.
      Taken together, these results suggest that miR-181a provokes sorafenib resistance
      through suppression of RASSF1. Our data provide important insight into the novel
      therapeutic strategy against sorafenib resistance of HCC cells by targeting of
      miR-181a pathway.

PMID- 27384981
TI  - In Response.

PMID- 27384980
TI  - A Comparison of Measurements of Change in Respiratory Status in Spontaneously
      Breathing Volunteers by the ExSpiron Noninvasive Respiratory Volume Monitor
      Versus the Capnostream Capnometer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Current respiratory monitoring technologies such as pulse oximetry
      and capnography have been insufficient to identify early signs of respiratory
      compromise in nonintubated patients. Pulse oximetry, when used appropriately,
      will alert the caregiver to an episode of dangerous hypoxemia. However,
      desaturation lags significantly behind hypoventilation and alarm fatigue due to
      false alarms poses an additional problem. Capnography, which measures end-tidal
      CO2 (EtCO2) and respiratory rate (RR), has not been universally used for
      nonintubated patients for multiple reasons, including the inability to reliably
      relate EtCO2 to the level of impending respiratory compromise and lack of patient
      compliance. Serious complications related to respiratory compromise continue to
      occur as evidenced by the Anesthesiology 2015 Closed Claims Report. The
      Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation has stressed the need to improve monitoring
      modalities so that "no patient will be harmed by opioid-induced respiratory
      depression." A recently available, Food and Drug Administration-approved
      noninvasive respiratory volume monitor (RVM) can continuously and accurately
      monitor actual ventilation metrics: tidal volume, RR, and minute ventilation
      (MV). We designed this study to compare the capabilities of capnography versus
      the RVM to detect changes in respiratory metrics. METHODS: Forty-eight volunteer
      subjects completed the study. RVM measurements (MV and RR) were collected
      simultaneously with capnography (EtCO2 and RR) using 2 sampling methods (nasal
      scoop cannula and snorkel mouthpiece with in-line EtCO2 sensor). For each
      sampling method, each subject performed 6 breathing trials at 3 different
      prescribed RRs (slow [5 min], normal [12.6 +/- 0.6 min], and fast [25 min]). All
      data are presented as mean +/- SEM unless otherwise indicated. RESULTS: Following
      transitions in prescribed RRs, the RVM reached a new steady state value of MV in
      37.7 +/- 1.4 seconds while EtCO2 changes were notably slower, often failing to
      reach a new asymptote before a 2.5-minute threshold. RRs as measured by RVM and
      capnography during steady breathing were strongly correlated (R = 0.98 +/- 0.01,
      bias = Capnograph-based RR - RVM-based RR = 0.21 +/- 1.24 [SD] min). As expected,
      changes in MV were negatively correlated with changes in EtCO2. However, large
      changes in MV following transitions in prescribed RR resulted in relatively small
      changes in EtCO2 (instrument sensitivity = DeltaEtCO2/DeltaMV = -0.71 +/- 0.11
      and -0.55 +/- 0.11 mm Hg per 1 L/min for nasal and in-line sampling,
      respectively). Nasal cannula EtCO2 measurements were on average 4 mm Hg lower
      than in-line measurements. CONCLUSIONS: RVM measurements of MV change more
      rapidly and by a greater degree than capnography in response to respiratory
      changes in nonintubated patients. Earlier detection could enable earlier
      intervention that could potentially reduce frequency and severity of
      complications due to respiratory depression.

PMID- 27384982
TI  - In Response.

PMID- 27384983
TI  - Mentoring and Role Modeling: The Gifts That Keep On Giving.

PMID- 27384986
TI  - A novel p-type and metallic dual-functional Cu-Al2O3 ultra-thin layer as the back
      electrode enabling high performance of thin film solar cells.
AB  - Increasing the open-circuit voltage (Voc) along with the fill factor (FF) is
      pivotal for the performance improvement of solar cells. In this work, we report
      the design and construction of a new structure of CdS/CdTe/Al2O3/Cu using the
      atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, and then we control Cu diffusion through
      the Al2O3 atomic layer into the CdTe layer. Surprisingly, this generates a novel
      p-type and metallic dual-functional Cu-Al2O3 atomic layer. Due to this dual
      functional character of the Cu-Al2O3 layer, an efficiency improvement of 2% in
      comparison with the standard cell was observed. This novel dual-functional back
      contact structure could also be introduced into other thin film solar cells for
      their efficiency improvement. 

PMID- 27384985
TI  - Quantitative T2 mapping of white matter: applications for ageing and cognitive
      decline.
AB  - In MRI, the coherence lifetime T2 is sensitive to the magnetic environment
      imposed by tissue microstructure and biochemistry in vivo. Here we explore the
      possibility that the use of T2 relaxometry may provide information complementary
      to that provided by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in ageing of healthy controls
      (HC), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). T2 and
      diffusion MRI metrics were quantified in HC and patients with MCI and mild AD
      using multi-echo MRI and DTI. We used tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to
      evaluate quantitative MRI parameters in white matter (WM). A prolonged T2 in WM
      was associated with AD, and able to distinguish AD from MCI, and AD from HC.
      Shorter WM T2 was associated with better cognition and younger age in general. In
      no case was a reduction in T2 associated with poorer cognition. We also applied
      principal component analysis, showing that WM volume changes independently of 
      T2, MRI diffusion indices and cognitive performance indices. Our data add to the
      evidence that age-related and AD-related decline in cognition is in part
      attributable to WM tissue state, and much less to WM quantity. These observations
      suggest that WM is involved in AD pathology, and that T2 relaxometry is a
      potential imaging modality for detecting and characterising WM in cognitive
      decline and dementia.

PMID- 27384987
TI  - Vdelta2+ and alpha/beta T cells show divergent trajectories during human aging.
AB  - Chronological aging and a variety of stressors are driving forces towards
      immunosenescence. While much attention was paid to the main T cell component,
      alpha/beta T cells, few studies concentrate on the impact of age on gamma/delta T
      cells' characteristics. The latter are important players of adaptive immunity but
      also have features associated with innate immunity. Vdelta2+ are the main
      component of gamma/delta while Vdelta1+ T cells expand upon Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
      infection and with age. The Vdelta2+ T cells are not influenced by persistent
      infections but do contribute to immunosurveillance against bacterial pathogens.
      Here, we focus on Vdelta2+ T cells and report that their composition and
      functionality is not altered in older adults. We have performed a side-by-side
      comparison of alpha/beta and Vdelta2 cells by using two robust markers of T cell
      replicative history and cell differentiation (CD28 and CD27), and cytokine
      secretion (IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha). Significant differences in Vdelta2 versus
      alpha/beta homeostasis, as well as phenotypic and functional changes emerged.
      However, the data strongly suggest a sustained functionality of the Vdelta2
      population with age, independently of the challenge. This suggests differential
      trajectories towards immunosenescence in alpha/beta and Vdelta2+ T cells, most
      likely explained by their intrinsic functions.

PMID- 27384988
TI  - Ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3) secreted from various cancer cells is N-linked
      glycosylated.
AB  - Ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3) is a 243 amino acid component of the 40S ribosomal
      small subunit. It has multiple roles in translation and extra-ribosomal functions
      like apoptosis and DNA repair. RpS3 is secreted only in cancer cell lines.
      Presently, mass spectrometry analysis revealed rpS3 to be glycosylated at the
      Asn165 residue. A point mutation at this residue decreased secretion of rpS3 in
      cancer cell lines. Secretion was also inhibited by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
      Golgi transport inhibitor Brefeldin A and by Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N
      linked glycosylation. N-linked glycosylation of rpS3 was confirmed as necessary
      for rpS3 secretion into culture media via the ER-Golgi dependent pathway. RpS3
      bound to Concanavalin A, a carbohydrate binding lectin protein, while treatment
      with peptide-N-glycosidase F shifted the secreted rpS3 to a lower molecular
      weight band. In addition, the N165G mutant of rpS3 displayed reduced secretion
      compared to the wild-type. An in vitro binding assay detected rpS3 homodimer
      formation via the N-terminal region (rpS3:1-85) and a middle region (rpS3:95
      158). The results indicate that the Asn 165 residue of rpS3 is a critical site
      for N-linked glycosylation and passage through the ER-Golgi secretion pathway.

PMID- 27384989
TI  - Heterotypic paracrine signaling drives fibroblast senescence and tumor
      progression of large cell carcinoma of the lung.
AB  - Senescence in cancer cells acts as a tumor suppressor, whereas in fibroblasts
      enhances tumor growth. Senescence has been reported in tumor associated
      fibroblasts (TAFs) from a growing list of cancer subtypes. However, the presence
      of senescent TAFs in lung cancer remains undefined. We examined senescence in
      TAFs from primary lung cancer and paired control fibroblasts from unaffected
      tissue in three major histologic subtypes: adenocarcinoma (ADC), squamous cell
      carcinoma (SCC) and large cell carcinoma (LCC). Three independent senescence
      markers (senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, permanent growth arrest and
      spreading) were consistently observed in cultured LCC-TAFs only, revealing a
      selective premature senescence. Intriguingly, SCC-TAFs exhibited a poor growth
      response in the absence of senescence markers, indicating a dysfunctional
      phenotype rather than senescence. Co-culturing normal fibroblasts with LCC (but
      not ADC or SCC) cancer cells was sufficient to render fibroblasts senescent
      through oxidative stress, indicating that senescence in LCC-TAFs is driven by
      heterotypic signaling. In addition, senescent fibroblasts provided selective
      growth and invasive advantages to LCC cells in culture compared to normal
      fibroblasts. Likewise, senescent fibroblasts enhanced tumor growth and lung
      dissemination of tumor cells when co-injected with LCC cells in nude mice beyond
      the effects induced by control fibroblasts. These results define the subtype
      specific aberrant phenotypes of lung TAFs, thereby challenging the common
      assumption that lung TAFs are a heterogeneous myofibroblast-like cell population
      regardless of their subtype. Importantly, because LCC often distinguishes itself
      in the clinic by its aggressive nature, we argue that senescent TAFs may
      contribute to the selective aggressive behavior of LCC tumors.

PMID- 27384990
TI  - SIRT1 and LSD1 competitively regulate KU70 functions in DNA repair and mutation
      acquisition in cancer cells.
AB  - Acquisition of BCR-ABL mutations underlies drug resistance of chronic myeloid
      leukemia (CML) to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but the molecular mechanisms of
      mutation acquisition are poorly understood. We previously showed that lysine
      deacetylase sirtuin 1, SIRT1, promotes acquisition of BCR-ABL mutations in
      association with enhancing KU70 mediated non-homologous end joining DNA repair.
      In this study, we demonstrate that lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) plays an
      opposite role to SIRT1 in regulating DNA repair and mutation acquisition. In
      response to therapeutic stress and DNA damage, LSD1 and SIRT1 compete for binding
      to KU70 on DNA damage foci globally and on the ABL locus. The recruitment of
      SIRT1 or LSD1 to KU70 impacts chromatin structure but does not correlate well
      with their direct histone modification functions, and SIRT1 helps maintain
      histone H4K16 acetylation and open chromatin for repair. The competitive KU70
      binding by these proteins affects cancer cells' ability to repair broken DNA and
      acquire resistant genetic mutations in CML and prostate cancer cells. We identify
      that the core domain of KU70 binds both LSD1 and SIRT1, forming a molecular basis
      for the competition. The C-terminal SAP motif of KU70 mediates LSD1/SIRT1
      competitive interaction by suppressing LSD1 binding to KU70 and ectopic
      expression of SAP-deleted KU70 to CML cells compromises their ability to acquire
      BCR-ABL mutations. Our study reveals a novel cellular stress response mechanism
      in cancer cells and a key role of LSD1/SIRT1/KU70 dynamic interaction in
      regulating DNA repair and mutation acquisition.

PMID- 27384991
TI  - Associations between CYP1A1 rs1048943 A > G and rs4646903 T > C genetic
      variations and colorectal cancer risk: Proof from 26 case-control studies.
AB  - Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) enzyme is one of the most important metabolizing
      enzymes responsible for the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics. Numerous
      individual case-control studies have investigated the associations between the
      CYP1A1 rs1048943 A > G and rs4646903 T > C genetic variations and colorectal
      cancer (CRC) risk, but the conclusions were controversial. To obtain a scientific
      conclusion, we performed a meta-analysis based on a total of 26 publications,
      including 20 studies with 8665 cases and 9953 controls on rs1048943 A > G and 19
      studies with 6416 cases and 7551 controls on rs4646903 T > C, respectively. The
      pooled analysis indicated that rs1048943 A > G was associated with an increased
      risk of CRC (G vs. A: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.08-1.52; GG vs. AA: OR = 1.54, 95% CI
      = 1.25-1.91; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.00-1.60; GG/GA vs. AA: OR = 1.31,
      95% CI = 1.05-1.64; GG vs. GA/AA. OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.26-1.91). Stratification
      analysis showed the association between rs1048943 A > G and CRC risk was more
      obvious in studies with the population-based (PB) design or high quality score.
      The association between rs4646903 T > C and CRC risk did not reach statistical
      significance in the pooled analysis as well as stratification analysis. This meta
      analysis demonstrated CYP1A1 rs1048943 A > G may increase the susceptibility to
      CRC instead of rs4646903 T > C. This conclusion suggested CYP1A1 may contribute
      to the pathogenesis of CRC.

PMID- 27384992
TI  - Polo-like kinase 1 inhibition diminishes acquired resistance to epidermal growth
      factor receptor inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer with T790M mutations.
AB  - Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are
      effective against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating EGFR
      mutations, but resistance is inevitable. Mechanisms of acquired resistance
      include T790M mutations and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). One
      potential strategy for overcoming this resistance is the inhibition of polo-like
      kinase 1 (PLK1) based on our previous studies showing that mesenchymal NSCLC cell
      lines are more sensitive to PLK1 inhibition than epithelial cell lines. To
      determine the extent to which PLK1 inhibition overcomes EGFR TKI resistance we
      measured the effects of the PLK1 inhibitor volasertib alone and in combination
      with the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib in vitro and in vivo in EGFR mutant NSCLC cell
      lines with acquired resistance to erlotinib. Two erlotinib-resistant cell lines
      that underwent EMT had higher sensitivity to volasertib, which caused G2/M arrest
      and apoptosis, than their parental cells. In all NSCLC cell lines with T790M
      mutations, volasertib markedly reduced erlotinib resistance. All erlotinib
      resistant NSCLC cell lines with T790M mutations had higher sensitivity to
      erlotinib plus volasertib than to erlotinib alone, and the combination treatment
      caused G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Compared with either agent alone, the
      combination treatment also caused significantly more DNA damage and greater
      reductions in tumor size. Our results suggest that PLK1 inhibition is clinically
      effective against NSCLC that becomes resistant to EGFR inhibition through EMT or
      the acquisition of a T790M mutation. These results uncover new functions of PLK1
      inhibition in the treatment of NSCLC with acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs.

PMID- 27384993
TI  - Dual tumor suppressing and promoting function of Notch1 signaling in human
      prostate cancer.
AB  - Adenocarcinomas of the prostate arise as multifocal heterogeneous lesions as the
      likely result of genetic and epigenetic alterations and deranged cell-cell
      communication. Notch signaling is an important form of intercellular
      communication with a role in growth/differentiation control and tumorigenesis.
      Contrasting reports exist in the literature on the role of this pathway in
      prostate cancer (PCa) development. We show here that i) compared to normal
      prostate tissue, Notch1 expression is significantly reduced in a substantial
      fraction of human PCas while it is unaffected or even increased in others; ii)
      acute Notch activation both inhibits and induces process networks associated with
      prostatic neoplasms; iii) down-modulation of Notch1 expression and activity in
      immortalized normal prostate epithelial cells increases their proliferation
      potential, while increased Notch1 activity in PCa cells suppresses growth and
      tumorigenicity through a Smad3-dependent mechanism involving p21WAF1/CIP1; iv)
      prostate cancer cells resistant to Notch growth inhibitory effects retain Notch1
      induced upregulation of pro-oncogenic genes, like EPAS1 and CXCL6, also
      overexpressed in human PCas with high Notch1 levels. Taken together, these
      results reconcile conflicting data on the role of Notch1 in prostate cancer.

PMID- 27384995
TI  - Dragon (RGMb) induces oxaliplatin resistance in colon cancer cells.
AB  - Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and a major
      cause of cancer mortality. Chemotherapy resistance remains a major challenge for
      treating advanced CRC. Therefore, the identification of targets that induce drug
      resistance is a priority for the development of novel agents to overcome
      resistance. Dragon (also known as RGMb) is a member of the repulsive guidance
      molecule (RGM) family. We previously showed that Dragon expression increases with
      CRC progression in human patients. In the present study, we found that Dragon
      inhibited apoptosis and increased viability of CMT93 and HCT116 cells in the
      presence of oxaliplatin. Dragon induced resistance of xenograft tumor to
      oxaliplatinin treatment in mice. Mechanistically, Dragon inhibited oxaliplatin
      induced JNK and p38 MAPK activation, and caspase-3 and PARP cleavages. Our
      results indicate that Dragon may be a novel target that induces drug resistance
      in CRC.

PMID- 27384994
TI  - Cross-validation of survival associated biomarkers in gastric cancer using
      transcriptomic data of 1,065 patients.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Multiple gene expression based prognostic biomarkers have been
      repeatedly identified in gastric carcinoma. However, without confirmation in an
      independent validation study, their clinical utility is limited. Our goal was to
      establish a robust database enabling the swift validation of previous and future
      gastric cancer survival biomarker candidates. RESULTS: The entire database
      incorporates 1,065 gastric carcinoma samples, gene expression data. Out of 29
      established markers, higher expression of BECN1 (HR = 0.68, p = 1.5E-05), CASP3
      (HR = 0.5, p = 6E-14), COX2 (HR = 0.72, p = 0.0013), CTGF (HR = 0.72, p =
      0.00051), CTNNB1 (HR = 0.47, p = 4.3E-15), MET (HR = 0.63, p = 1.3E-05), and
      SIRT1 (HR = 0.64, p = 2.2E-07) correlated to longer OS. Higher expression of
      BIRC5 (HR = 1.45, p = 1E-04), CNTN1 (HR = 1.44, p = 3.5E- 05), EGFR (HR = 1.86, p
      = 8.5E-11), ERCC1 (HR = 1.36, p = 0.0012), HER2 (HR = 1.41, p = 0.00011), MMP2
      (HR = 1.78, p = 2.6E-09), PFKB4 (HR = 1.56, p = 3.2E-07), SPHK1 (HR = 1.61, p =
      3.1E-06), SP1 (HR = 1.45, p = 1.6E-05), TIMP1 (HR = 1.92, p = 2.2E- 10) and VEGF
      (HR = 1.53, p = 5.7E-06) were predictive for poor OS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We
      integrated samples of three major cancer research centers (Berlin, Bethesda and
      Melbourne datasets) and publicly available datasets with available follow-up data
      to form a single integrated database. Subsequently, we performed a literature
      search for prognostic markers in gastric carcinomas (PubMed, 2012-2015) and re
      validated their findings predicting first progression (FP) and overall survival
      (OS) using uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.
      CONCLUSIONS: The major advantage of our analysis is that we evaluated all genes
      in the same set of patients thereby making direct comparison of the markers
      feasible. The best performing genes include BIRC5, CASP3, CTNNB1, TIMP-1, MMP-2,
      SIRT, and VEGF.

PMID- 27384996
TI  - Prognostic significance and function of the vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit V1E1 in
      esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
AB  - Vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), a hetero-multimeric ATP-driven proton pump has
      recently emerged as a critical regulator of mTOR-induced amino acid sensing for
      cell growth. Although dysregulated activity of cell growth regulators is often
      associated with cancer, the prognostic significance and metabolic roles of V
      ATPase in esophageal cancer progression remain unclear. Here, we show that high
      levels of V-ATPase subunit V1E1 (V-ATPase V1E1) were significantly associated
      with shortened disease-free survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma (ESCC). Multivariate analysis identified the V-ATPase V1E1 as an
      independent adverse prognostic factor (hazard ratio;1.748, P = 0.018). In
      addition, depletion of V-ATPase V1E1 resulted in reduced cell motility, decreased
      glucose uptake, diminished levels of lactate, and decreased ATP production, as
      well as inhibition of glycolytic enzyme expression in TE8 esophageal cancer
      cells. Consistent with these results, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and
      Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed a high frequency of copy number
      alterations of the V-ATPase V1E1 gene, and identified a correlation between
      levels of V-ATPase V1E1 mRNA and Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) in ESCC. High
      expression levels of both V-ATPase V1E1 and phosphorylated PKM2 (p-PKM2), a key
      player in cancer metabolism, were associated with poorer prognosis in ESCC.
      Collectively, our findings suggest that expression of the V-ATPase V1E1 has
      prognostic significance in ESCC, and is closely linked to migration, invasion,
      and aerobic glycolysis in esophageal cancer cells.

PMID- 27384997
TI  - Virtual screening, optimization, and identification of a novel specific PTP-MEG2
      Inhibitor with potential therapy for T2DM.
AB  - Megakaryocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (PTP-MEG2) is a tyrosine phosphatase
      expressed in megakaryocytic cells, and causes insulin sensitization when down
      regulated. Therefore, specific inhibitors of PTP-MEG2 are potential candidates
      for novel Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)therapy. In this study, we discovered PTP-MEG2
      inhibitors using high throughput and virtual screening (HTS/VS) and structural
      optimization in silicon.Eight compound-candidates were identified from the
      interactions with PTP-MEG2, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and T cell
      protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). Results from enzymatic assays show
      compounds 4a and 4b inhibited PTP-MEG2 activity with an IC50 of 3.2 MUM and 4.3
      MUM, respectively. Further, they showed a 7.5 and 5.5 fold change against PTP1B
      and TCPTP, respectively. We propose compounds 4a and 4b are PTP-MEG2 inhibitors
      with potential therapeutic use in T2DM treatment.

PMID- 27384998
TI  - beta-cell insulin receptor deficiency during in utero development induces an
      islet compensatory overgrowth response.
AB  - The presence of insulin receptor (IR) on beta-cells suggests that insulin has an
      autocrine/paracrine role in the regulation of beta-cell function. It has
      previously been reported that the beta-cell specific loss of IR (betaIRKO) leads
      to the development of impaired glycemic regulation and beta-cell death in mice.
      However, temporally controlled betaIRKO induced during the distinct transitions
      of fetal pancreas development has yet to be investigated. We hypothesized that
      the presence of IR on beta-cells during the 2nd transition phase of the fetal
      murine pancreas is required for maintaining normal islet development.We utilized
      a mouse insulin 1 promoter driven tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase IR knockout
      (MIP-betaIRKO) mouse model to investigate the loss of beta-cell IR during
      pancreatic development at embryonic day (e) 13, a phase of endocrine
      proliferation and beta-cell fate determination. Fetal pancreata examined at e19
      20 showed significantly reduced IR levels in the beta-cells of MIP-betaIRKO mice.
      Morphologically, MIP-betaIRKO pancreata exhibited significantly enlarged islet
      size with increased beta-cell area and proliferation. MIP-betaIRKO pancreata also
      displayed significantly increased Igf-2 protein level and Akt activity with a
      reduction in phospho-p53 when compared to control littermates. Islet vascular
      formation and Vegf-a protein level was significantly increased in MIP-betaIRKO
      pancreata.Our results demonstrate a developmental role for the beta-cell IR,
      whereby its loss leads to an islet compensatory overgrowth, and contributes
      further information towards elucidating the temporally sensitive signaling during
      beta-cell commitment.

PMID- 27384999
TI  - Lin28B promotes Muller glial cell de-differentiation and proliferation in the
      regenerative rat retinas.
AB  - Retinal regeneration and repair are severely impeded in higher mammalian animals.
      Although Muller cells can be activated and show some characteristics of
      progenitor cells when injured or under pathological conditions, they quickly form
      gliosis scars. Unfortunately, the basic mechanisms that impede retinal
      regeneration remain unknown. We studied retinas from Royal College of Surgeon
      (RCS) rats and found that let-7 family molecules, let-7e and let-7i, were
      significantly overexpressed in Muller cells of degenerative retinas. It
      demonstrated that down-regulation of the RNA binding protein Lin28B was one of
      the key factors leading to the overexpression of let-7e and let-7i. Lin28B
      ectopic expression in the Muller cells suppressed overexpression of let-7e and
      let-7i, stimulated and mobilized Muller glia de-differentiation, proliferation,
      promoted neuronal commitment, and inhibited glial fate acquisition of de
      differentiated Muller cells. ERG recordings revealed that the amplitudes of a
      wave and b-wave were improved significantly after Lin28B was delivered into the
      subretinal space of RCS rats. In summary, down-regulation of Lin28B as well as up
      regulation of let-7e and let-7i may be the main factors that impede Muller cell
      de-differentiation and proliferation in the retina of RCS rats.

PMID- 27385001
TI  - miR-151-5p, targeting chromatin remodeler SMARCA5, as a marker for the BRCAness
      phenotype.
AB  - In recent years, the assessment of biomarkers useful for "precision medicine" has
      been a hot topic in research. The involvement of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of
      breast cancer has been highly investigated with the aim of being able to
      molecularly stratify this highly heterogeneous disease. Our aim was to identify
      microRNAs targeting DNA repair machinery, through Affymetrix GeneChip miRNA
      Arrays, in a cohort of BRCA-related and sporadic breast cancers. Moreover, we
      analyzed microRNA expression taking into account our previous results on the
      expression of PARP1, because of its importance in targeted therapy. miR-361-5p
      and miR-151-5p were found to be overexpressed in PARP1-upregulating BRCA-germline
      mutated and sporadic breast tumors. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed to
      identify potential target genes to be analyzed in the validation step in an
      independent cohort. Our results confirmed the overexpression of miR-151-5p and,
      interestingly, its role in the targeting of SMARCA5, a chromatin remodeler. This
      result was also confirmed in vitro, both through luciferase assay and by
      analyzing endogenous levels of SMARCA5 in MCF-7 cell lines using miR-151-5p mimic
      and inhibitor. In conclusion, our data showed the possibility of considering the
      overexpression of PARP1 and miR-151-5p as biomarkers useful to correctly treat
      sporadic breast cancers, which eventually could be considered as BRCAness tumors,
      with PARP-inhibitors.

PMID- 27385000
TI  - uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 in head and neck cancer: role in tumor resistance,
      metastasis, prognosis and therapy.
AB  - There is strong evidence supporting the role of the plasminogen activator system
      in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), particularly of its uPA
      (urokinase plasminogen activator) / uPAR (urokinase plasminogen activator
      receptor) and SERPINE1 components. Overexpression of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1
      enhances tumor cell migration and invasion and plays a key role in metastasis
      development, conferring poor prognosis. The apparent paradox of uPA/uPAR and its
      inhibitor SERPINE1 producing similar effects is solved by the identification of
      SERPINE1 activated signaling pathways independent of uPA inhibition. Both
      uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 are directly linked to the induction of epithelial-to
      mesenchymal transition, the acquisition of stem cell properties and resistance to
      antitumor agents. The aim of this review is to provide insight on the
      deregulation of these proteins in all these processes.We also summarize their
      potential value as prognostic biomarkers or potential drug targets in HNSCC
      patients. Concomitant overexpression of uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1 is associated with
      a higher risk of metastasis and could be used to identify patients that would
      benefit from an adjuvant treatment. In the future, the specific inhibitors of
      uPA/uPAR and SERPINE1, which are still under development, could be used to design
      new therapeutic strategies in HNSCCs.

PMID- 27385003
TI  - Overexpression of AKR1C3 significantly enhances human prostate cancer cells
      resistance to radiation.
AB  - Aldo-keto reductase 1C3(AKR1C3) is an enzyme involved in prostaglandins
      metabolism. Studies suggest that AKR1C3 has a pivotal role in the radioresistance
      of esophageal cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, yet the role of AKR1C3 in
      prostate cancer cells radiation resistance has not yet been clarified. In our
      study, we established a stable overexpressing AKR1C3 cell line (AKR1C3-over)
      derived from the prostate cell line DU145 and its control cell line (Control). We
      conducted colony formation assay to determine the role of AKR1C3 in
      radioresistance and we used its chemical inhibitor to detect whether it can
      restored the sensitivity of the acquired tumor cells. Flow cytometry assay was
      carried out to detect IR-induced ROS accumulation. Elisa was adopted to dedect
      the concentration of PGF2alpha in the suspension of the cells after 6GY
      radiation. Western blotting was used to dedect the MAPK and PPAR gamma. The
      results demonstrated that overexpression of AKR1C3 in prostate cancer can result
      in radioresistance and suppression of AKR1C3 via its chemical inhibitor indocin
      restored the sensitivity of the acquired tumor cells. According to the flow
      cytometry assay, ROS was decreased by 80% in DU145-over cells. Also
      overexpression of AKR1C3 could result in the accumulation of prostaglandin
      F2alpha (PGF2alpha), which can not only promote prostate cancer cell 's
      proliferation but also could enhance prostate cancer cells resistance to
      radiation and activated the MAPK pathway and inhibited the expression of
      PPARgamma. In conclusion, we found that overexpression of AKR1C3 significantly
      enhanced human prostate cancer cells resistance to radiation through activation
      of MAPK pathway.

PMID- 27385002
TI  - Amino acid-dependent signaling via S6K1 and MYC is essential for regulation of
      rDNA transcription.
AB  - Dysregulation of RNA polymerase I (Pol I)-dependent ribosomal DNA (rDNA)
      transcription is a consistent feature of malignant transformation that can be
      targeted to treat cancer. Understanding how rDNA transcription is coupled to the
      availability of growth factors and nutrients will provide insight into how
      ribosome biogenesis is maintained in a tumour environment characterised by
      limiting nutrients. We demonstrate that modulation of rDNA transcription
      initiation, elongation and rRNA processing is an immediate, co-regulated response
      to altered amino acid abundance, dependent on both mTORC1 activation of S6K1 and
      MYC activity. Growth factors regulate rDNA transcription initiation while amino
      acids modulate growth factor-dependent rDNA transcription by primarily regulating
      S6K1-dependent rDNA transcription elongation and processing. Thus, we show for
      the first time amino acids regulate rRNA synthesis by a distinct, post-initiation
      mechanism, providing a novel model for integrated control of ribosome biogenesis
      that has implications for understanding how this process is dysregulated in
      cancer.

PMID- 27385004
TI  - mTOR: Alzheimer's disease prevention for APOE4 carriers.

PMID- 27385006
TI  - Surface and Aggregation Behavior of Pentablock Copolymer PNIPAM7-F127-PNIPAM7 in
      Aqueous Solutions.
AB  - The triblock Pluronic F127 was modified by introducing poly(N
      isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) at both the poly(ethylene oxide) ends, and the
      pentablock copolymer so-prepared was characterized by gel permeation
      chromatography and (1)H NMR. The degree of polymerization of NIPAM blocks at the
      two ends was 7. The solution behavior and microstructure of copolymer aggregates
      in water and aqueous salt solution were examined and compared with F127 by UV
      visible absorption spectroscopy, microdifferential scanning calorimetry, dynamic
      light scattering (DLS), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The behavior
      of the pentablock copolymer at the air/water interface was determined by Langmuir
      film balance. Two lower critical solution temperatures were observed for
      pentablock copolymer, corresponding to poly(propylene oxide) and PNIPAM blocks,
      respectively. DLS studies show that micelle size increased with increase in
      temperature and in the presence of salt. SANS measurements provided temperature
      dependent structural evolution of copolymer micelles in water and salt solution.
      The copolymer displays an isotherm with four classical regions (pancake,
      mushroom, brush, and condensed state). The study has potential applications in
      controlled drug delivery due to the tunable phase behavior and biocompatibility
      of the copolymer.

PMID- 27385005
TI  - A meta-analysis of alcohol consumption and thyroid cancer risk.
AB  - BACKGROUND: It is still inconclusive whether alcohol consumption affects the risk
      of thyroid cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis of available epidemiological data
      to address this issue. RESULTS: Compared with nondrinkers, the pooled relative
      risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidential intervals (CIs) of thyroid cancer
      were 0.80 (95% CI 0.71-0.90) for any drinkers, 0.81 (95% CI 0.70-0.93) for light
      and 0.71 (95% CI 0.63-0.79) for moderate drinkers. The dose-response analysis
      suggested that there is no evidence of a dose-risk relationship between alcohol
      intaking and thyroid cancer risk (P = 0.112). METHODS: Eligible studies were
      identified by searching PubMed and EMbase databases. A total of 24 studies,
      included 9,990 cases with thyroid cancer, were included in this meta-analysis. We
      defined light alcohol intake as <= one drink/day and moderate as >one drink/day.
      The summary risk estimates were calculated by the random effects model. A dose
      response analysis was also conducted for modeling the dose-risk relation.
      CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis confirmed an inverse association between alcohol
      consumption and thyroid cancer risk. Further studies are needed to better
      understand the potential mechanisms underlying this association.

PMID- 27385007
TI  - Socioeconomic inequalities in knee pain, knee osteoarthritis, and health-related
      quality of life: a population-based cohort study in southern Sweden.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine socioeconomic inequalities in frequent knee pain (FKP),
      knee osteoarthritis (OA), and associated health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
      in Sweden. METHOD: In 2007 a postal questionnaire about knee pain was sent to a
      random sample of 10 000 residents of Malmo, Sweden (7402 individuals responded).
      Subjects reporting pain with duration >= 4 weeks in one or both knees in the past
      12 months were classified as having FKP. A random sample of 1527 subjects with
      and without FKP attended a clinical and radiographic knee examination and
      responded to generic and disease-specific HRQoL questionnaires. We used the
      individuals' level of education and occupation as socioeconomic status (SES)
      measures, and we calculated the relative index of inequality (RII) using Poisson
      regression with robust standard errors adjusted for age and gender. We applied
      weighting to account for a possible selection bias that might arise from non
      responses in the study. RESULTS: With education, the RIIs for FKP and knee OA
      were 0.71 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61-0.84] and 0.56 (95% CI 0.34-0.93),
      respectively. With occupation, the corresponding figures were 0.70 (95% CI 0.60
      0.82) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.37-0.94), respectively. There were socioeconomic
      gradients in HRQoL in favour of people with better SES. RIIs for FKP and HRQoL
      but not knee OA were essentially similar after additional adjustment for
      mediators. CONCLUSIONS: In Sweden there are socioeconomic gradients related to
      both FKP and knee OA as well as HRQoL in favour of people with better SES. SES
      should be taken into account in health resource allocation pertaining to knee
      related disorders.

PMID- 27385008
TI  - JAK/STAT signalling mediates cell survival in response to tissue stress.
AB  - Tissue homeostasis relies on the ability of tissues to respond to stress. Tissue
      regeneration and tumour models in Drosophila have shown that c-Jun amino-terminal
      kinase (JNK) acts as a prominent stress-response pathway promoting injury-induced
      apoptosis and compensatory proliferation. A central question remaining unanswered
      is how both responses are balanced by activation of a single pathway. Signalling
      through the Janus kinase/Signal transducers and activators of transcription
      (JAK/STAT) pathway, which is a potential JNK target, is implicated in promoting
      compensatory proliferation. While we observe JAK/STAT activation in imaginal
      discs upon damage, our data demonstrate that JAK/STAT and its downstream effector
      Zfh2 promote the survival of JNK signalling cells. The JNK component fos and the
      pro-apoptotic gene hid are regulated in a JAK/STAT-dependent manner. This
      molecular pathway restrains JNK-induced apoptosis and spatial propagation of JNK
      signalling, thereby limiting the extent of tissue damage, as well as facilitating
      systemic and proliferative responses to injury. We find that the pro-survival
      function of JAK/STAT also drives tumour growth under conditions of chronic
      stress. Our study defines the function of JAK/STAT in tissue stress and
      illustrates how crosstalk between conserved signalling pathways establishes an
      intricate equilibrium between proliferation, apoptosis and survival to restore
      tissue homeostasis.

PMID- 27385009
TI  - Quadruple zebrafish mutant reveals different roles of Mesp genes in somite
      segmentation between mouse and zebrafish.
AB  - The segmental pattern of somites is generated by sequential conversion of the
      temporal periodicity provided by the molecular clock. Whereas the basic structure
      of this clock is conserved among different species, diversity also exists,
      especially in terms of the molecular network. The temporal periodicity is
      subsequently converted into the spatial pattern of somites, and Mesp2 plays
      crucial roles in this conversion in the mouse. However, it remains unclear
      whether Mesp genes play similar roles in other vertebrates. In this study, we
      generated zebrafish mutants lacking all four zebrafish Mesp genes by using TALEN
      mediated genome editing. Contrary to the situation in the mouse Mesp2 mutant, in
      the zebrafish Mesp quadruple mutant embryos the positions of somite boundaries
      were clearly determined and morphological boundaries were formed, although their
      formation was not completely normal. However, each somite was caudalized in a
      similar manner to the mouse Mesp2 mutant, and the superficial horizontal
      myoseptum and lateral line primordia were not properly formed in the quadruple
      mutants. These results clarify the conserved and species-specific roles of Mesp
      in the link between the molecular clock and somite morphogenesis.

PMID- 27385010
TI  - Delineation of proteolytic and non-proteolytic functions of the membrane-anchored
      serine protease prostasin.
AB  - The membrane-anchored serine proteases prostasin (PRSS8) and matriptase (ST14)
      initiate a cell surface proteolytic pathway essential for epithelial function.
      Mice expressing only catalytically inactive prostasin are viable, unlike
      prostasin null mice, indicating that at least some prostasin functions are non
      proteolytic. Here we used knock-in mice expressing catalytically inactive
      prostasin (Prss8(Ki/Ki)) to show that the physiological and pathological
      functions of prostasin vary in their dependence on its catalytic activity.
      Whereas prostasin null mice exhibited partial embryonic and complete perinatal
      lethality, Prss8(Ki/Ki) mice displayed normal prenatal and postnatal survival.
      Unexpectedly, catalytically inactive prostasin caused embryonic lethality in mice
      lacking its cognate inhibitors HAI-1 (SPINT1) or HAI-2 (SPINT2). Proteolytically
      inactive prostasin, unlike the wild-type protease, was unable to activate
      matriptase during placentation. Surprisingly, all essential functions of
      prostasin in embryonic and postnatal development were compensated for by loss of
      HAI-1, indicating that prostasin is only required for mouse development and
      overall viability in the presence of this inhibitor. This study expands our
      knowledge of non-proteolytic functions of membrane-anchored serine proteases and
      provides unexpected new data on the mechanistic interactions between matriptase
      and prostasin in the context of epithelial development.

PMID- 27385011
TI  - Leapfrogging: primordial germ cell transplantation permits recovery of
      CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations in essential genes.
AB  - CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is revolutionizing genetic loss-of-function analysis
      but technical limitations remain that slow progress when creating mutant lines.
      First, in conventional genetic breeding schemes, mosaic founder animals carrying
      mutant alleles are outcrossed to produce F1 heterozygotes. Phenotypic analysis
      occurs in the F2 generation following F1 intercrosses. Thus, mutant analyses will
      require multi-generational studies. Second, when targeting essential genes,
      efficient mutagenesis of founders is often lethal, preventing the acquisition of
      mature animals. Reducing mutagenesis levels may improve founder survival, but
      results in lower, more variable rates of germline transmission. Therefore, an
      efficient approach to study lethal mutations would be useful. To overcome these
      shortfalls, we introduce 'leapfrogging', a method combining efficient CRISPR
      mutagenesis with transplantation of mutated primordial germ cells into a wild
      type host. Tested using Xenopus tropicalis, we show that founders containing
      transplants transmit mutant alleles with high efficiency. F1 offspring from
      intercrosses between F0 animals that carry embryonic lethal alleles recapitulate
      loss-of-function phenotypes, circumventing an entire generation of breeding. We
      anticipate that leapfrogging will be transferable to other species.

PMID- 27385013
TI  - Separate elements of the TERMINAL FLOWER 1 cis-regulatory region integrate
      pathways to control flowering time and shoot meristem identity.
AB  - TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) is a key regulator of Arabidopsis plant architecture
      that responds to developmental and environmental signals to control flowering
      time and the fate of shoot meristems. TFL1 expression is dynamic, being found in
      all shoot meristems, but not in floral meristems, with the level and distribution
      changing throughout development. Using a variety of experimental approaches we
      have analysed the TFL1 promoter to elucidate its functional structure. TFL1
      expression is based on distinct cis-regulatory regions, the most important being
      located 3' of the coding sequence. Our results indicate that TFL1 expression in
      the shoot apical versus lateral inflorescence meristems is controlled through
      distinct cis-regulatory elements, suggesting that different signals control
      expression in these meristem types. Moreover, we identified a cis-regulatory
      region necessary for TFL1 expression in the vegetative shoot and required for a
      wild-type flowering time, supporting that TFL1 expression in the vegetative
      meristem controls flowering time. Our study provides a model for the functional
      organisation of TFL1 cis-regulatory regions, contributing to our understanding of
      how developmental pathways are integrated at the genomic level of a key regulator
      to control plant architecture.

PMID- 27385012
TI  - Sip1 regulates the generation of the inner nuclear layer retinal cell lineages in
      mammals.
AB  - The transcription factor Sip1 (Zeb2) plays multiple roles during CNS development
      from early acquisition of neural fate to cortical neurogenesis and gliogenesis.
      In humans, SIP1 (ZEB2) haploinsufficiency leads to Mowat-Wilson syndrome, a
      complex congenital anomaly including intellectual disability, epilepsy and
      Hirschsprung disease. Here we uncover the role of Sip1 in retinogenesis. Somatic
      deletion of Sip1 from mouse retinal progenitors primarily affects the generation
      of inner nuclear layer cell types, resulting in complete loss of horizontal cells
      and reduced numbers of amacrine and bipolar cells, while the number of Muller
      glia is increased. Molecular analysis places Sip1 downstream of the eye field
      transcription factor Pax6 and upstream of Ptf1a in the gene network required for
      generating the horizontal and amacrine lineages. Intriguingly, characterization
      of differentiation dynamics reveals that Sip1 has a role in promoting the timely
      differentiation of retinal interneurons, assuring generation of the proper number
      of the diverse neuronal and glial cell subtypes that constitute the functional
      retina in mammals.

PMID- 27385014
TI  - Crucial roles of the Arp2/3 complex during mammalian corticogenesis.
AB  - The polarity and organization of radial glial cells (RGCs), which serve as both
      stem cells and scaffolds for neuronal migration, are crucial for cortical
      development. However, the cytoskeletal mechanisms that drive radial glial
      outgrowth and maintain RGC polarity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that
      the Arp2/3 complex - the unique actin nucleator that produces branched actin
      networks - plays essential roles in RGC polarity and morphogenesis. Disruption of
      the Arp2/3 complex in murine RGCs retards process outgrowth toward the basal
      surface and impairs apical polarity and adherens junctions. Whereas the former is
      correlated with an abnormal actin-based leading edge, the latter is consistent
      with blockage in membrane trafficking. These defects result in altered cell fate,
      disrupted cortical lamination and abnormal angiogenesis. In addition, we present
      evidence that the Arp2/3 complex is a cell-autonomous regulator of neuronal
      migration. Our data suggest that Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly might be
      particularly important for neuronal cell motility in a soft or poorly adhesive
      matrix environment.

PMID- 27385015
TI  - IMP2 axonal localization, RNA interactome, and function in the development of
      axon trajectories.
AB  - RNA-based regulatory mechanisms play important roles in the development and
      plasticity of neural circuits and neurological disease. Developing axons provide
      a model well suited to the study of RNA-based regulation, and contain specific
      subsets of mRNAs that are locally translated and have roles in axon pathfinding.
      However, the RNA-binding proteins involved in axon pathfinding, and their
      corresponding mRNA targets, are still largely unknown. Here we find that the RNA
      binding protein IMP2 (Igf2bp2) is strikingly enriched in developing axon tracts,
      including in spinal commissural axons. We used the HITS-CLIP approach to perform
      a genome-wide identification of RNAs that interact directly with IMP2 in the
      native context of developing mouse brain. This IMP2 interactome was highly
      enriched for mRNA targets related to axon guidance. Accordingly, IMP2 knockdown
      in the developing spinal cord led to strong defects in commissural axon
      trajectories at the midline intermediate target. These results reveal a highly
      distinctive axonal enrichment of IMP2, show that it interacts with a network of
      axon guidance-related mRNAs, and reveal that it is required for normal axon
      pathfinding during vertebrate development.

PMID- 27385016
TI  - The Drosophila neurogenin Tap functionally interacts with the Wnt-PCP pathway to
      regulate neuronal extension and guidance.
AB  - The neurogenin (Ngn) transcription factors control early neurogenesis and neurite
      outgrowth in mammalian cortex. In contrast to their proneural activity, their
      function in neurite growth is poorly understood. Drosophila has a single
      predicted Ngn homolog, Tap, of unknown function. Here we show that Tap is not a
      proneural protein in Drosophila but is required for proper axonal growth and
      guidance of neurons of the mushroom body, a neuropile required for associative
      learning and memory. Genetic and expression analyses suggest that Tap inhibits
      excessive axonal growth by fine regulation of the levels of the Wnt signaling
      adaptor protein Dishevelled.

PMID- 27385017
TI  - Myocardin-related transcription factors are required for skeletal muscle
      development.
AB  - Myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs) play a central role in the
      regulation of actin expression and cytoskeletal dynamics. Stimuli that promote
      actin polymerization allow for shuttling of MRTFs to the nucleus where they
      activate serum response factor (SRF), a regulator of actin and other cytoskeletal
      protein genes. SRF is an essential regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation
      and numerous components of the muscle sarcomere, but the potential involvement of
      MRTFs in skeletal muscle development has not been examined. We explored the role
      of MRTFs in muscle development in vivo by generating mutant mice harboring a
      skeletal muscle-specific deletion of MRTF-B and a global deletion of MRTF-A.
      These double knockout (dKO) mice were able to form sarcomeres during
      embryogenesis. However, the sarcomeres were abnormally small and disorganized,
      causing skeletal muscle hypoplasia and perinatal lethality. Transcriptome
      analysis demonstrated dramatic dysregulation of actin genes in MRTF dKO mice,
      highlighting the importance of MRTFs in actin cycling and myofibrillogenesis.
      MRTFs were also shown to be necessary for the survival of skeletal myoblasts and
      for the efficient formation of intact myotubes. Our findings reveal a central
      role for MRTFs in sarcomere formation during skeletal muscle development and
      point to the potential involvement of these transcriptional co-activators in
      skeletal myopathies.

PMID- 27385020
TI  - [Quantified self instead of cock fights : The new taxonomy of the social].
AB  - The self-measurement boom is linked to many risks despite euphoric assessments
      and promises of benefit by developers, pioneers and companies. Lifelogging - the
      sum of all technologies and applications used for digital self-measurement and
      lifelogs - as a "disruptive" technology is changing our "cultural matrix", the
      institutionalised rules of coexistence. The measurement of man and the reduction
      of such to a numerical object and a mere data set are creating a negative
      principle of organisation of the social. Here, the resulting phenomenon, rational
      discrimination, is located as a pathology of quantification between statistical
      and social discrimination, and analysed in its consequences. 

PMID- 27385019
TI  - Genetic Dissection of Cardiac Remodeling in an Isoproterenol-Induced Heart
      Failure Mouse Model.
AB  - We aimed to understand the genetic control of cardiac remodeling using an
      isoproterenol-induced heart failure model in mice, which allowed control of
      confounding factors in an experimental setting. We characterized the changes in
      cardiac structure and function in response to chronic isoproterenol infusion
      using echocardiography in a panel of 104 inbred mouse strains. We showed that
      cardiac structure and function, whether under normal or stress conditions, has a
      strong genetic component, with heritability estimates of left ventricular mass
      between 61% and 81%. Association analyses of cardiac remodeling traits, corrected
      for population structure, body size and heart rate, revealed 17 genome-wide
      significant loci, including several loci containing previously implicated genes.
      Cardiac tissue gene expression profiling, expression quantitative trait loci,
      expression-phenotype correlation, and coding sequence variation analyses were
      performed to prioritize candidate genes and to generate hypotheses for downstream
      mechanistic studies. Using this approach, we have validated a novel gene, Myh14,
      as a negative regulator of ISO-induced left ventricular mass hypertrophy in an in
      vivo mouse model and demonstrated the up-regulation of immediate early gene Myc,
      fetal gene Nppb, and fibrosis gene Lgals3 in ISO-treated Myh14 deficient hearts
      compared to controls.

PMID- 27385018
TI  - Immune reconstitution post allogeneic transplant and the impact of immune
      recovery on the risk of infection.
AB  - Infection is the leading cause of non-relapse mortality after allogeneic
      haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). This occurs as a result of dysfunction
      to the host immune system from the preparative regimen used prior to HCT,
      combined with a delay in reconstitution of the donor-derived immune system after
      HCT. In this article, we elaborate on the process of immune reconstitution post
      HCT that begins with the innate system and is followed by recovery of adaptive
      immunity. Simultaneously, we describe how the tempo of immune reconstitution
      influences the risk of various infections. We explain some of the key differences
      in immune reconstitution and the consequent risk of infections in recipients of
      peripheral blood stem cell, bone marrow or umbilical cord blood grafts. Other
      factors that impact on immune recovery are also highlighted. Finally, we allude
      to various strategies that are being tested to enhance immune reconstitution post
      HCT.

PMID- 27385021
TI  - Assessment of atrial fibrillation ablation outcomes with clinic ECG, monthly 24-h
      Holter ECG, and twice-daily telemonitoring ECG.
AB  - Differences in the methodologies for evaluating atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation
      outcomes should be evaluated. In the present study, we compared the AF ablation
      outcomes among periodic clinic electrocardiography (ECG), 24-h Holter ECG, and
      telemonitoring ECG to evaluate the differences among these methods. In addition,
      we evaluated the AF-free survival rate for each method with different durations
      of the blanking period. A total of 30 AF patients were followed up for 6 months
      after initial catheter ablation, with clinic ECG on every clinic visit, monthly
      24-h Holter ECG, and telemonitoring ECG twice daily and upon symptoms. AF relapse
      was defined as AF or atrial tachycardia detected with any of the methods. Two
      patients dropped out of the study, and 28 patients were followed up for 8.8 +/-
      2.7 months. Patients underwent 3.6 +/- 0.8 clinic ECG, 5.1 +/- 0.8 Holter ECG,
      and 273 +/- 68 telemonitoring ECG examinations. During the first, second, third,
      fourth, fifth, and sixth months of follow-up, Holter ECG detected relapses in
      11.1, 8.3, 11.5, 15.4, 4.2, and 4.8 % of patients and telemonitoring ECG detected
      relapses in 32.1, 25.0, 25.0, 17.9, 28.6, and 17.9 % of patients, respectively.
      When no duration was set for the blanking period, the AF-free survival rate was
      significantly lower with telemonitoring ECG (46.4 %) than with Holter ECG (78.6
      %, P = 0.013) or clinic ECG (85.7 %, P = 0.002). In addition, when the duration
      of the blanking period was set to 3 months, the AF-free survival rate was
      significantly lower with telemonitoring ECG than with clinic ECG (92.9 vs. 71.4
      %, P = 0.041). The AF ablation outcomes with twice-daily telemonitoring ECG might
      differ from those with clinic ECG when the duration of the blanking period is 0-3
      months. A follow-up based solely on clinic ECG might underestimate AF recurrence.

PMID- 27385023
TI  - Interventricular dyssynchrony in a patient with a biventricular physiology and a
      systemic right ventricle.
AB  - We describe of a unique pattern of cardiac dyssynchrony in a patient with a
      biventricular physiology and systemic right ventricle (RV): the interventricular
      dyssynchrony due to a contraction delay between the left ventricle and RV. In the
      present case, the cineangiography and intracardiac electrocardiography of the RV
      did not reveal intraventricular dyssynchrony of the RV, but revealed
      interventricular dyssynchrony. In addition, the pressure curves of the ventricles
      exhibited time phase differences between the two ventricles. The cardiac
      resynchronization therapy determining the pacing lead positions based on the idea
      of interventricular dyssynchrony induced reverse cardiac remodeling in this
      patient with systemic RV dysfunction.

PMID- 27385022
TI  - Administration of tolvaptan with reduction of loop diuretics ameliorates
      congestion with improving renal dysfunction in patients with congestive heart
      failure and renal dysfunction.
AB  - In patients with congestive heart failure and renal dysfunction, high dose of
      diuretics are necessary to improve congestion, which may progress to renal
      dysfunction. We examined the efficacy of tolvaptan with reduction of loop
      diuretics to improve renal function in patients with congestive heart failure and
      renal dysfunction. We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized study in
      44 patients with congestive heart failure and renal dysfunction (serum creatinine
      concentration >=1.1 mg/dl) treated with conventional diuretics. Patients were
      randomly divided into two groups: tolvaptan (15 mg) with a fixed dose of
      diuretics or with reducing to a half-dose of diuretics for 7-14 consecutive days.
      We examined the change of urine volume, body weight, serum creatinine and
      electrolyte concentrations in each group. Both groups demonstrated significant
      urine volume increase (724 +/- 176 ml/day in the fixed-dose group and 736 +/- 114
      ml/day in the half-dose group) and body weight reduction (1.6 +/- 1.5 kg and 1.6
      +/- 1.9 kg, respectively) from baseline, with no differences between the two
      groups. Serum creatinine concentration was significantly increased in the fixed
      dose group (from 1.60 +/- 0.47 to 1.74 +/- 0.66 mg/dl, p = 0.03) and decreased in
      the half-dose group (from 1.98 +/- 0.91 to 1.91 +/- 0.97 mg/dl, p = 0.10). So the
      mean changes in serum creatinine concentration from baseline significantly
      differed between the two groups (0.14 +/- 0.08 mg/dl in the fixed-dose group and 
      0.07 +/- 0.19 mg/dl in the half-dose group, p = 0.006). The administration of
      tolvaptan with reduction of loop diuretics was clinically effective to ameliorate
      congestion with improving renal function in patients with congestive heart
      failure and renal dysfunction.

PMID- 27385025
TI  - US food subsidies fuel obesity, study finds.

PMID- 27385024
TI  - Brain natriuretic peptide as a potential novel marker of salt-sensitivity in
      chronic kidney disease patients without cardiac dysfunction.
AB  - Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is counter-balanced by a salt
      sensitive mechanism in the hypertensive state, both are reported to be up
      regulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. We conducted this study to
      evaluate the associations among the RAS, renal function, hypertension, and
      atherosclerosis, as well as to identify markers for salt-sensitivity. A total of
      213 pre-dialysis CKD patients with preserved cardiac function (EF >50 %) were
      enrolled. Their renal and cardiac biochemical markers and plasma renin activity
      (PRA) were measured, and echocardiography and carotid artery ultrasound were
      performed. Their salt intake was estimated by the NaCl excretion from a 24-h
      collected urine sample. The PRA was higher in patients with hypertension (p =
      0.018), and had a significant negative correlation with the eGFR (r = -0.23, p =
      0.0067). Importantly, the PRA had a strong negative correlation with the brain
      natriuretic peptide (BNP) level (r = -0.28, p = 0.017) regardless of whether the
      patients were being treated with RAS inhibitors. The BNP level was related to the
      renal functions (eGFR: p = 0.001, ACR: p = 0.009). There was a significant
      positive correlation between the BNP level and carotid intima-media thickness (p
      < 0.001). A multivariate analysis revealed that older age and an excess of NaCl
      excretion were independent predictors of BNP elevation (p = 0.02 and 0.003,
      respectively). Our analysis revealed details of the counterbalance between BNP
      and PRA, as well as identifying that excess salt intake is a predictor of BNP
      elevation. These results indicate that the BNP could be a possible valuable
      marker for salt sensitivity, and that high salt sensitivity could facilitate
      atherosclerosis in CKD patients.

PMID- 27385026
TI  - High potential for weathering and climate effects of non-vascular vegetation in
      the Late Ordovician.
AB  - It has been hypothesized that predecessors of today's bryophytes significantly
      increased global chemical weathering in the Late Ordovician, thus reducing
      atmospheric CO2 concentration and contributing to climate cooling and an interval
      of glaciations. Studies that try to quantify the enhancement of weathering by non
      vascular vegetation, however, are usually limited to small areas and low numbers
      of species, which hampers extrapolating to the global scale and to past climatic
      conditions. Here we present a spatially explicit modelling approach to simulate
      global weathering by non-vascular vegetation in the Late Ordovician. We estimate
      a potential global weathering flux of 2.8 (km(3) rock) yr(-1), defined here as
      volume of primary minerals affected by chemical transformation. This is around
      three times larger than today's global chemical weathering flux. Moreover, we
      find that simulated weathering is highly sensitive to atmospheric CO2
      concentration. This implies a strong negative feedback between weathering by non
      vascular vegetation and Ordovician climate.

PMID- 27385028
TI  - The Case Report: A User-Friendly Educational Tool for Psychiatry Residency
      Programs.

PMID- 27385027
TI  - Do Customers Flee From HIV? A Survey of HIV Stigma and Its Potential Economic
      Consequences on Small Businesses in Tshwane (Pretoria), South Africa.
AB  - HIV stigma and discrimination affect care-seeking behavior and may also affect
      entrepreneurial activity. We interview 2382 individuals in Pretoria, South
      Africa, and show that respondents believe that businesses with known HIV+ workers
      may lose up to half of their customers, although the impact depends on the type
      of business. Survey respondents' fear of getting HIV from consuming everyday
      products sold by the business-despite a real infection risk of zero-was a major
      factor driving perceived decline in customers, especially among food businesses.
      Respondents' perceptions of the decline in overall life satisfaction when one
      gets sick from HIV and the respondent's dislike of people with HIV were also
      important predictors of potential customer exit. We suggest policy mechanisms
      that could improve the earnings potential of HIV+ workers: reducing public health
      scare tactics that exacerbate irrational fear of HIV infection risk and enriching
      public health education about HIV and ARVs to improve perceptions about people
      with HIV.

PMID- 27385029
TI  - Outside the Hospital: Lessons Learned from a Community Psychiatry Rotation.

PMID- 27385030
TI  - Hepatitis C Virus Stimulates Murine CD8alpha-Like Dendritic Cells to Produce Type
      I Interferon in a TRIF-Dependent Manner.
AB  - Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induces interferon (IFN) stimulated genes in the liver
      despite of distinct innate immune evasion mechanisms, suggesting that beyond HCV
      infected cells other cell types contribute to innate immune activation. Upon
      coculture with HCV replicating cells, human CD141+ myeloid dendritic cells (DC)
      produce type III IFN, whereas plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) mount type I IFN
      responses. Due to limitations in the genetic manipulation of primary human DCs,
      we explored HCV mediated stimulation of murine DC subsets. Coculture of HCV RNA
      transfected human or murine hepatoma cells with murine bone marrow-derived DC
      cultures revealed that only Flt3-L DC cultures, but not GM-CSF DC cultures
      responded with IFN production. Cells transfected with full length or subgenomic
      viral RNA stimulated IFN release indicating that infectious virus particle
      formation is not essential in this process. Use of differentiated DC from mice
      with genetic lesions in innate immune signalling showed that IFN secretion by HCV
      stimulated murine DC was independent of MyD88 and CARDIF, but dependent on TRIF
      and IFNAR signalling. Separating Flt3-L DC cultures into pDC and conventional
      CD11b-like and CD8alpha-like DC revealed that the CD8alpha-like DC, homologous to
      the human CD141+ DC, release interferon upon stimulation by HCV replicating
      cells. In contrast, the other cell types and in particular the pDC did not.
      Injection of human HCV subgenomic replicon cells into IFN-beta reporter mice
      confirmed the interferon induction upon HCV replication in vivo. These results
      indicate that HCV-replicating cells stimulate IFN secretion from murine CD8alpha
      like DC independent of infectious virus production. Thus, this work defines basic
      principles of viral recognition by murine DC populations. Moreover, this model
      should be useful to explore the interaction between dendritic cells during HCV
      replication and to define how viral signatures are delivered to and recognized by
      immune cells to trigger IFN release.

PMID- 27385032
TI  - Blast-phase myeloproliferative neoplasms: risk factors and treatment approaches.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The past 10 years have seen dramatic advances in the understanding
      of the molecular pathogenesis of BCR-ABL negative myeloproliferative neoplasms
      (MPNs). With this knowledge has come novel, molecularly targeted therapies such
      as JAK inhibitors that may decrease symptoms and improve quality of life for
      patients with MPNs. Despite these advances, progression of the disease to an
      acute leukemic (blast) phase remains difficult to predict and even more difficult
      to treat, with high rates of disease relapse and mortality. AREAS COVERED: We
      performed a literature review of known risk factors for progression of MPNs
      towards blast phase and treatment options for transformed disease, including
      approved and investigational agents. Herein, we review the current literature and
      suggest strategies for improving outcomes in the future. Expert commentary:
      Further understanding of the biologic basis for transformation of MPNs from the
      chronic to blast phase is needed in order to predict, prevent, and treat these
      cases. Patients with MPNs in blast phase should be encouraged to participate in
      clinical trials whenever possible.

PMID- 27385031
TI  - Coatings of Different Carbon Nanotubes on Platinum Electrodes for Neuronal
      Devices: Preparation, Cytocompatibility and Interaction with Spiral Ganglion
      Cells.
AB  - Cochlear and deep brain implants are prominent examples for neuronal prostheses
      with clinical relevance. Current research focuses on the improvement of the long
      term functionality and the size reduction of neural interface electrodes. A
      promising approach is the application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), either as pure
      electrodes but especially as coating material for electrodes. The interaction of
      CNTs with neuronal cells has shown promising results in various studies, but
      these appear to depend on the specific type of neurons as well as on the kind of
      nanotubes. To evaluate a potential application of carbon nanotube coatings for
      cochlear electrodes, it is necessary to investigate the cytocompatibility of
      carbon nanotube coatings on platinum for the specific type of neuron in the inner
      ear, namely spiral ganglion neurons. In this study we have combined the chemical
      processing of as-delivered CNTs, the fabrication of coatings on platinum, and the
      characterization of the electrical properties of the coatings as well as a
      general cytocompatibility testing and the first cell culture investigations of
      CNTs with spiral ganglion neurons. By applying a modification process to three
      different as-received CNTs via a reflux treatment with nitric acid, long-term
      stable aqueous CNT dispersions free of dispersing agents were obtained. These
      were used to coat platinum substrates by an automated spray-coating process.
      These coatings enhance the electrical properties of platinum electrodes,
      decreasing the impedance values and raising the capacitances. Cell culture
      investigations of the different CNT coatings on platinum with NIH3T3 fibroblasts
      attest an overall good cytocompatibility of these coatings. For spiral ganglion
      neurons, this can also be observed but a desired positive effect of the CNTs on
      the neurons is absent. Furthermore, we found that the well-established DAPI
      staining assay does not function on the coatings prepared from single-wall
      nanotubes. 

PMID- 27385033
TI  - The Fecal Microbial Communities of Dairy Cattle Shedding Shiga Toxin-Producing
      Escherichia coli or Campylobacter jejuni.
AB  - Cattle are a natural reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
      and have recently been recognized as a major source of Campylobacter jejuni
      contamination. While several factors are known to be associated with bacterial
      colonization, the underlying microbial factors have not been clarified. In this
      study, we characterized the fecal microbiota of dairy cattle (n = 24) using next
      generation sequencing to elucidate the intestinal bacterial communities and the
      microbial diversity in relation to the presence of the foodborne pathogens STEC
      and C. jejuni (STEC-positive samples, n = 9; STEC-negative samples, n = 15; C.
      jejuni-positive samples, n = 9; and C. jejuni-negative samples, n = 15). While no
      significant differences were observed in alpha diversity between STEC-positive
      and STEC-negative samples, a high diversity index was observed in C. jejuni
      positive samples compared to C. jejuni-negative samples. Nine phyla, 13 classes,
      18 orders, 47 families, 148 genera, and 261 species were found to be the core
      microbiota in dairy cattle, covering 80.0-100.0% of the fecal microbial
      community. Diverse microbial communities were observed between cattle shedding
      foodborne pathogens and nonshedding cattle. C. jejuni-positive cattle had a
      higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (p = 0.035) and a lower relative
      abundance of Firmicutes (p = 0.035) compared to C. jejuni-negative cattle. In
      addition, while the relative abundance of 2 and 6 genera was significantly higher
      in cattle-shedding STEC and C. jejuni, respectively, the relative abundance of 3
      genera was lower in both STEC- and C. jejuni-negative cattle. Our findings
      provide fundamental information on the bacterial ecology in cattle feces and
      might be useful in developing strategies to reduce STEC or C. jejuni shedding in
      dairy cattle, thereby reducing the incidence of STEC infection and
      campylobacteriosis in humans.

PMID- 27385034
TI  - Endoscopic-assisted transmastoid decompression of petrous apex cholesterol
      granuloma.

PMID- 27385035
TI  - Experimental and theoretical studies on compositions, structures, and IR and NMR
      spectra of functionalized protic ionic liquids.
AB  - The compositions and structures of amine-based functionalized protic ionic
      liquids (PILs), namely N,N-dimethyl(cyanoethyl)ammonium propionate (DMCEAP) and
      N,N-dimethyl(hydroxyethyl)ammonium propionate (DMEOAP) have been investigated
      systematically by IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory
      (DFT) calculations. Analysis of the IR spectra suggests that both DMCEAP and
      DMEOAP are composed of neutral and ionized species in the liquid phase, the
      former one mainly existing in the state of precursor molecules, and the latter
      mainly as ion-pairs. The ratio of precursor molecules to ion-pairs in the liquid
      phase depends on the types of precursors, especially the functional groups of
      cations. (1)H NMR spectra indicate that there is a dynamic equilibrium between
      the neutral and ionized species, probably due to the formation of some
      intermediates in the PILs. The DFT calculations have been carried out to reveal
      the conformation, and obtain the corresponding IR and (1)H NMR spectra of the
      neutral and ionized species, so that the theoretical support to the experimental
      results can be provided. The present study will help understand the properties of
      PILs and provide guidance for further applications of PILs. 

PMID- 27385036
TI  - [Seroprevalence of human parvovirus B19 in children with fever and rash in the
      North of Tunisia].
AB  - The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of specific antibodies anti
      human parvovirus B19 (PVB19) immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG in children with
      fever and rash. This study involved 257 children aged from 7 months to 15 years
      with febrile rash unrelated to measles and rubella (seronegative for IgM). The
      sera were examined by immunoenzymatic assay. Detection of antibodies of PVB19 was
      done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). In our study, prevalence of
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM were 44 and 11.3%, respectively. Clinically,
      children with positive IgM serology had submitted an erythema infectiosum (13/29
      cases), myocarditis (1 case), encephalitis (1 case), severe sickle cell anemia (7
      cases), and immunocompromised (7 cases). The incidence rate of viral infection
      was 11.3%; most of the cases of PVB19 infection occurred between the months of
      May and August. Incidence was higher in the 10-15 years age group (21%). The
      prevalence of IgG antibody varied and increased with age, it rises from 38.2% in
      preschool children (19 months-4 years) to 53.5% in those aged between 4.5 and 15
      years, reaching 58% in the 10-15 years age group. The four risk factors of PVB19
      infection are: (1) those aged between 4.5 and 9 years, which is the most affected
      age group (P = 0.0018); (2) female gender in children aged between 19 months and
      4 years (P = 0.037); (3) transfusion and (4) immune deficiency (P = 0.022 and P =
      0.001, respectively). The study of the prevalence of PVB19 infection shows that
      viral infection is acquired early in childhood, increases with age; viral
      transmission is favored by the community life. Because of the widespread
      vaccination program against measles and rubella, the systematic search of PVB19
      in front of eruptive fevers becomes important. 

PMID- 27385037
TI  - [Use of dried blood spots in early diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in children born
      to HIV-infected mothers as part of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission
      in Benin].
AB  - The goal of this study was to evaluate using the molecular diagnosis, infection
      transmission rate of HIV in children born to HIV-1 positive mothers as part of
      the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in Benin. The sample
      consisted of 524 dried blood spots (DBS) of children born to HIV-1 positive
      mothers, from 30 sites (PMTCT) taken between October 2009 and June 2010. The
      diagnosis of HIV-1 was performed by the qualitative detection of viral nucleic
      acids (RNA and DNA) in DBS on filter paper using the Abbott RealTime((r)) HIV-1
      Qualitative assay. We found that 51 DBS were positive (9.7%) and 473 were
      negative (90.3%). The failure rate of PMTCT among 420 mothers who received
      antiretroviral prophylaxis was 6.7% (28/420). This failure rate was significantly
      higher among children born to infected mothers on antiretroviral monotherapy than
      on triple therapy (HAART). The results of our study enrich the data in the
      literature on highly active antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis to reduce the
      transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child. 

PMID- 27385038
TI  - Differentiation/Purification Protocol for Retinal Pigment Epithelium from Mouse
      Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Research Tool.
AB  - PURPOSE: To establish a novel protocol for differentiation of retinal pigment
      epithelium (RPE) with high purity from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells
      (iPSC). METHODS: Retinal progenitor cells were differentiated from mouse iPSC,
      and RPE differentiation was then enhanced by activation of the Wnt signaling
      pathway, inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway, and
      inhibition of the Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase signaling
      pathway. Expanded pigmented cells were purified by plate adhesion after
      Accutase(r) treatment. Enriched cells were cultured until they developed a
      cobblestone appearance with cuboidal shape. The characteristics of iPS-RPE were
      confirmed by gene expression, immunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy.
      Functions and immunologic features of the iPS-RPE were also evaluated. RESULTS:
      We obtained iPS-RPE at high purity (approximately 98%). The iPS-RPE showed apical
      basal polarity and cellular structure characteristic of RPE. Expression levels of
      several RPE markers were lower than those of freshly isolated mouse RPE but
      comparable to those of primary cultured RPE. The iPS-RPE could form tight
      junctions, phagocytose photoreceptor outer segments, express immune antigens, and
      suppress lymphocyte proliferation. CONCLUSION: We successfully developed a
      differentiation/purification protocol to obtain mouse iPS-RPE. The mouse iPS-RPE
      can serve as an attractive tool for functional and morphological studies of RPE.

PMID- 27385040
TI  - The relationship between sex change and reproductive success in a protandric
      marine gastropod.
AB  - Protandric species switch sex during their lifetime. According to theory, the
      time (body size) at which sex change occurs is determined by the reproductive
      success of individuals affected by social interactions as well as by post
      copulatory factors. Experimental evidence is biased to few social systems making
      the exploration of general patterns difficult. We used the protandric marine
      gastropod Crepidula coquimbensis that partakes in intrabrood sibling cannibalism
      to test the following hypotheses: 1. Male-male competition for access to females
      and sibling cannibalism determine male reproductive success; 2. Males with
      greater access to females and with higher reproductive success will have reduced
      growth rates and will delay sex change. Artificial aggregations with different
      social structures were constructed and male reproductive success was estimated by
      paternity analysis. The results supported our expectations showing that male
      competitive ability for access to the female, time spent by males in the
      copulatory position, and sibling cannibalism affect reproductive success and
      influence time to sex change, with less successful males hastening sex change.
      Also, males that spent more time in the copulatory position had reduced growth
      rates. Comparing these results with those reported for other sequential
      hermaphrodites provides evidence supporting general patterns of sex change in
      nature.

PMID- 27385039
TI  - Dietary intake of manganese and the risk of the metabolic syndrome in a Chinese
      population.
AB  - Animal studies have suggested that Mn might be associated with some components of
      the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A few epidemiological studies have assessed
      dietary Mn intake and its association with the risk of the MetS and its
      components among Chinese adults. In this study, we assessed daily dietary Mn
      intake and its relationship with MetS risk among Chinese adults in Zhejiang
      Province using data from the 5th Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey
      (2010-2012). A total of 2111 adults were included. Dietary Mn intake was assessed
      using 3-d 24-h dietary recalls; health-related data were obtained by
      questionnaire surveys, physical examinations and laboratory assessments. The mean
      intake of Mn was 6.07 (sd 2.94) mg/d for men (n 998) and 5.13 (sd 2.65) mg/d for
      women (n 1113). Rice (>42 %) was the main food source of Mn. The prevalence of
      the MetS was 28.0 % (590/2111). Higher Mn intake was associated with a decreased
      risk of the MetS in men (Q4 v. Q1 OR 0.62; 95 % CI 0.42, 0.92; P trend=0.043) but
      an increased risk in women (Q4 v. Q1 OR 1.56; 95 % CI 1.02, 2.45; P trend=0.078).
      In addition, Mn intake was inversely associated with abdominal obesity (P
      trend=0.016) and hypertriacylglycerolaemia (P trend=0.029) in men, but positively
      associated with low HDL-cholesterol in both men (P trend=0.003) and women (P
      trend<0.001). Our results suggest that higher Mn intakes may be protective
      against the MetS in men. The inverse association between Mn intake and the MetS
      in women might be due to the increased risk for low HDL-cholesterol.

PMID- 27385041
TI  - Breaking down the barriers to international collaboration through technology.

PMID- 27385042
TI  - Dexmedetomidine and delirium in the ICU.

PMID- 27385044
TI  - Exploring career anchors among occupational health nurses in Japan: A qualitative
      study.
AB  - AIM: This study examined the career anchor characteristics that are possessed by
      Japanese occupational health nurses. METHOD: Sixteen occupational health nurses
      participated in the semistructured interview. Data analyses were conducted using
      descriptive qualitative methods. RESULTS: The data showed the following five
      categories: practices concerning relationships and positions; development of
      occupational health practices; management skills for effective work; practices
      that are approved inside and outside the organization; and work and private life
      considerations. CONCLUSIONS: This study described the career anchors among
      occupational health nurses in Japan. The participants emphasized the following:
      the importance of maintaining good cooperative relationships with workers and
      supervisors; balancing professional and organized labor; and practicing effective
      occupational health services. Moreover, the occupational health nurses emphasized
      receiving approval from inside and outside of the organization. These results
      were consistent with the actual practices of occupational health nursing.

PMID- 27385043
TI  - The Effects of Temporal and Spatial Predictions on Stretch Reflexes of Ankle
      Flexor and Extensor Muscles While Standing.
AB  - The purpose of the present study was to investigate how stretch reflex (SR)
      responses in the ankle extensor (soleus: SOL) and flexor (tibialis anterior: TA)
      muscles would be modulated with temporal and/or spatial predictions of external
      perturbations and whether their effects are specific to the standing posture. SR
      responses in the SOL/TA were elicited by imposing quick ankle toes-up/toes-down
      rotations while standing upright and in the supine position. We designed four
      experimental conditions based on pre-information about perturbations: no
      information (No Cue), the timing of the perturbation onset (TIM), the direction
      of the perturbation (DIR), and both the timing and direction of the perturbation
      (TIM/DIR). Each condition was separated and its order was counterbalanced. In the
      SR of TA evoked by toes-down rotation, integrated electromyography activities of
      the late component were significantly reduced in the TIM and TIM/DIR conditions
      as compared with those in the No Cue and DIR conditions. The occurrence rate of
      late SR components that reflects how often the reflex response was observed was
      also lower in the TIM and TIM/DIR conditions as compared with that in the No Cue
      and DIR conditions. On the other hand, no significant changes were seen among the
      four conditions in the early SR component in the TA and both SR components in the
      SOL. The same results in the occurrence rate were found in the supine position.
      The present results suggest (1) only temporal predictions have a remarkable
      effect on the SR excitability of the TA, and (2) this effect is independent of
      posture. 

PMID- 27385045
TI  - Discovery of a fluorinated 4-oxo-quinoline derivative as a potential positron
      emission tomography radiotracer for imaging cannabinoid receptor type 2.
AB  - The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) is part of the endocannabinoid system and
      has gained growing attention in recent years because of its important role in
      neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, we reported on a carbon
      11 labeled 4-oxo-quinoline derivative, designated RS-016, as a promising
      radiotracer for imaging CB2 using PET. In this study, three novel fluorinated
      analogs of RS-016 were designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically evaluated.
      The results of our efforts led to the identification of N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(2-(2
      fluoroethoxy)ethyl)-8-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (RS-126)
      as the most potent candidate for evaluation as a CB2 PET ligand. [(18) F]RS-126
      was obtained in >= 99% radiochemical purity with an average specific
      radioactivity of 98 GBq/MUmol at the end of the radiosynthesis. [(18) F]RS-126
      showed a logD7.4 value of 1.99 and is stable in vitro in rat and human plasma
      over 120 min, whereas 55% intact parent compound was found in vivo in rat blood
      plasma at 10 min post injection. In vitro autoradiographic studies with CB2
      positive rat spleen tissue revealed high and blockable binding which was
      confirmed in in vivo displacement experiments with rats by dynamic PET imaging.
      Ex vivo biodistribution studies confirmed accumulation of [(18) F]RS-126 in rat
      spleen with a specificity of 79% under blocking conditions. The moderate elevated
      CB2 levels in LPS-treated mice brain did not permit the detection of CB2 by [(18)
      F]RS-126 using PET imaging. In summary, [(18) F]RS-126 demonstrated high
      specificity toward CB2 receptor in vitro and in vivo and is a promising
      radioligand for imaging CB2 receptor expression. Cannabinoid receptor type 2
      (CB2) is an interesting target for PET imaging. Specific binding of [(18) F]RS
      126 in CB2-positive spleen tissue (white arrow head) was confirmed in in vivo
      displacement experiments with rats. Time activity curve of [(18) F]RS-126 in the
      spleen after the addition of GW405833 (CB2 specific ligand, green) demonstrates
      faster radiotracer elimination (blue) compared to the tracer only (red).

PMID- 27385046
TI  - Traumatic uterine rupture in three felids.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe 3 near-full-term, young-adult felids (2 domestic shorthair
      cats, and 1 bobcat [Lynx rufus]) that experienced uterine rupture following
      trauma. SERIES SUMMARY: Two of the animals had motor vehicular trauma and 1 had
      abdominal bite wounds. The 2 domestic cats that were treated with surgical
      exploration and ovariohysterectomy recovered uneventfully. The bobcat died during
      hospitalization prior to surgical intervention, and necropsy identified uterine
      rupture and associated peritonitis. UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: Traumatic
      uterine rupture should be considered in known or suspected pregnant animals that
      experience blunt or penetrating trauma, particularly if they are in late-term
      pregnancy.

PMID- 27385049
TI  - A Protocol for NMR Analysis of the Enantiomeric Excess of Chiral Diols Using an
      Achiral Diboronic Acid Template.
AB  - A practically simple derivatization protocol for determining the enantiopurity of
      chiral diols by (1)H NMR spectroscopic analysis is described. Diols were treated
      with 0.5 equiv of 1,3-phenyldiboronic acid to afford mixtures of diastereomeric
      boronate esters whose homochiral/heterochiral ratios are an accurate reflection
      of the diol's enantiopurity.

PMID- 27385047
TI  - Electrochemical Probing through a Redox Capacitor To Acquire Chemical Information
      on Biothiols.
AB  - The acquisition of chemical information is a critical need for medical
      diagnostics, food/environmental monitoring, and national security. Here, we
      report an electrochemical information processing approach that integrates (i)
      complex electrical inputs/outputs, (ii) mediators to transduce the electrical I/O
      into redox signals that can actively probe the chemical environment, and (iii) a
      redox capacitor that manipulates signals for information extraction. We
      demonstrate the capabilities of this chemical information processing strategy
      using biothiols because of the emerging importance of these molecules in medicine
      and because their distinct chemical properties allow evaluation of hypothesis
      driven information probing. We show that input sequences can be tailored to probe
      for chemical information both qualitatively (step inputs probe for thiol-specific
      signatures) and quantitatively. Specifically, we observed picomolar limits of
      detection and linear responses to concentrations over 5 orders of magnitude (1 pM
      0.1 MUM). This approach allows the capabilities of signal processing to be
      extended for rapid, robust, and on-site analysis of chemical information.

PMID- 27385051
TI  - Decreased concentration of serum melatonin in nighttime compared with daytime
      female medical technologists in South Korea.
AB  - Working during the night can disrupt the normal circadian rhythm by altering the
      melatonin level. A low level of melatonin is associated with an increased risk of
      cancer, possibly by decreasing the expression of tumor-suppressor genes, such as
      p53. To determine whether nighttime work is associated with melatonin level in
      serum as well as the expression of related genetic markers, we enrolled 100
      female nighttime medical technologists employed at a hospital in South Korea.
      Melatonin concentration and melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) expression were
      significantly lower in nighttime than in daytime workers (1.84 pg/mL versus 4.04
      pg/mL; 1.16 versus 1.61, respectively). However, p53 expression showed no
      difference between the groups. In summary, nighttime work could be an important
      risk factor for circadian disruption, but not a direct risk factor for cancer in
      medical technologists in South Korea.

PMID- 27385050
TI  - The effects of cytosine methylation on general transcription factors.
AB  - DNA methylation on CpG sites is the most common epigenetic modification.
      Recently, methylation in a non-CpG context was found to occur widely on genomic
      DNA. Moreover, methylation of non-CpG sites is a highly controlled process, and
      its level may vary during cellular development. To study non-CpG methylation
      effects on DNA/protein interactions, we have chosen three human transcription
      factors (TFs): glucocorticoid receptor (GR), brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1)
      - circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) and estrogen receptor (ER) with
      methylated or unmethylated DNA binding sequences, using single-molecule and
      isothermal titration calorimetry assays. The results demonstrated that these TFs
      interact with methylated DNA with different effects compared with their cognate
      DNA sequences. The effects of non-CpG methylation on transcriptional regulation
      were validated by cell-based luciferase assay at protein level. The mechanisms of
      non-CpG methylation influencing DNA-protein interactions were investigated by
      crystallographic analyses and molecular dynamics simulation. With BisChIP-seq
      assays in HEK-293T cells, we found that GR can recognize highly methylated sites
      within chromatin in cells. Therefore, we conclude that non-CpG methylation of DNA
      can provide a mechanism for regulating gene expression through directly affecting
      the binding of TFs.

PMID- 27385052
TI  - Engineering de novo disulfide bond in bacterial alpha-type carbonic anhydrase for
      thermostable carbon sequestration.
AB  - Exploiting carbonic anhydrase (CA), an enzyme that rapidly catalyzes carbon
      dioxide hydration, is an attractive biomimetic route for carbon sequestration due
      to its environmental compatibility and potential economic viability. However, the
      industrial applications of CA are strongly hampered by the unstable nature of
      enzymes. In this work, we introduced in silico designed, de novo disulfide bond
      in a bacterial alpha-type CA to enhance thermostability. Three variants were
      selected and expressed in Escherichia coli with an additional disulfide bridge.
      One of the variants showed great enhancement in terms of both kinetic and
      thermodynamic stabilities. This improvement could be attributed to the loss of
      conformational entropy of the unfolded state, showing increased rigidity. The
      variant showed an upward-shifted optimal temperature and appeared to be
      thermoactivated, which compensated for the lowered activity at 25  degrees C.
      Collectively, the variant constructed by the rapid and effective de novo
      disulfide engineering can be used as an efficient biocatalyst for carbon
      sequestration under high temperature conditions.

PMID- 27385053
TI  - Comparison of average global exposure of population induced by a macro 3G network
      in different geographical areas in France and Serbia.
AB  - This article is the first thorough study of average population exposure to third
      generation network (3G)-induced electromagnetic fields (EMFs), from both uplink
      and downlink radio emissions in different countries, geographical areas, and for
      different wireless device usages. Indeed, previous publications in the framework
      of exposure to EMFs generally focused on individual exposure coming from either
      personal devices or base stations. Results, derived from device usage statistics
      collected in France and Serbia, show a strong heterogeneity of exposure, both in
      time, that is, the traffic distribution over 24 h was found highly variable, and
      space, that is, the exposure to 3G networks in France was found to be roughly two
      times higher than in Serbia. Such heterogeneity is further explained based on
      real data and network architecture. Among those results, authors show that,
      contrary to popular belief, exposure to 3G EMFs is dominated by uplink radio
      emissions, resulting from voice and data traffic, and average population EMF
      exposure differs from one geographical area to another, as well as from one
      country to another, due to the different cellular network architectures and
      variability of mobile usage. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:382-390, 2016. (c) 2016
      Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

PMID- 27385055
TI  - Improving the quality of life and psychological well-being of recently diagnosed
      multiple sclerosis patients: preliminary evaluation of a group-based cognitive
      behavioral intervention.
AB  - PURPOSE: The study evaluated a group-based cognitive behavioral intervention
      aimed at promoting the quality of life and the psychological well-being of
      recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (up to 3 years since the
      diagnosis). METHOD: The study involved 85 patients [59% women; mean age 37, SD =
      12.3; 94% with relapsing-remitting MS; Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
      between 1 and 4]. A quasi-experimental study design was applied; 54 patients
      (intervention group) participated in five group sessions, a 6-month post
      intervention and a 1-year follow-up; 31 patients (comparison group) participated
      in activities routinely provided to recently diagnosed MS patients. Measures of
      Quality of Life (SF-12), Depression (CESD-10), Affective well-being (PANAS) and
      Optimism (LOT-R) were assessed. RESULTS: At the 6-month post-intervention, mental
      health increased in the intervention group and decreased in the comparison group,
      whereas negative affect decreased in the intervention group and increased in the
      comparison group. At the 1-year follow-up, mental health and optimism increased
      in the intervention group and decreased in the comparison group. CONCLUSIONS:
      Preliminary evidence suggests that the proposed intervention fosters the quality
      of life and the psychological well-being of recently diagnosed MS patients by
      reducing negative affect and promoting mental health and optimism, particularly
      in the long term. Implications for Rehabilitation Preliminary evidence suggests
      that a group-based cognitive behavioral intervention focused on identity
      redefinition, sense of coherence and self-efficacy promotes the quality of life
      (increased mental health) and psychological well-being (decreased negative affect
      and increased optimism) of recently diagnosed MS patients (up to 3 years since
      the diagnosis). The first years following the MS diagnosis should be considered a
      good time for a psychological intervention aimed at promoting the patient's
      adjustment to the illness. Strategies should be found to increase the
      participation of recently diagnosed MS patients in psychological interventions.

PMID- 27385056
TI  - Amorphous Silica: A New Antioxidant Role for Rapid Critical-Sized Bone Defect
      Healing.
AB  - Traumatic fractures cause structurally unstable sites due to severe bone loss.
      Such fractures generate a high yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can
      lead to oxidative stress. Excessive and prolonged ROS activity impedes osteoblast
      differentiation and instigates long healing times. Stimulation of antioxidants
      such as superoxide dismutase (SOD1), are crucial to reduce ROS, stimulate
      osteogenesis, and strengthen collagen and mineral formation. Yet, no current
      fixative devices have shown an ability to enhance collagen matrix formation
      through antioxidant expression. This study reports plasma-enhanced chemical vapor
      deposition based amorphous silicon oxynitride (Si(ON)x) as a potential new
      fracture healing biomaterial that adheres well to the implant surface, releases
      Si(+4) to enhance osteogenesis, and forms a surface hydroxyapatite for collagen
      mineral attachment. These materials provide a sustained release of Si(+4) in
      physiological environment for extended times. The dissolution rate partially
      depends on the film chemistry and can be controlled by varying O/N ratio. The
      presence of Si(+4) enhances SOD1, which stimulates other osteogenic markers
      downstream and leads to rapid mineral formation. In vivo testing using a rat
      critical-sized calvarial defect model shows a more rapid bone-regeneration for
      these biomaterials as compared to control groups, that implies the clinical
      significance of the presented biomaterial.

PMID- 27385057
TI  - Comments on the Systematic Revision of Adeleid Haemogregarines: Are More Data
      Needed?
AB  - Haemogregarines are a group of apicomplexan parasites composed of 3 families that
      infect a wide range of hosts. Many species within these families have been
      subjected to reclassifications and reassignments, especially because the use of
      molecular tools to estimate their phylogenetic relationships became more
      widespread. The 18S rRNA gene has been the only widely used gene for studying the
      diversity of haemogregarines and recent phylogenetic analyses of this gene have
      indicated incongruences with the current taxonomy, such that a new genus
      Bartazoon has recently been proposed. To investigate the current taxonomic
      situation further, we conducted an overview of all published 18S rRNA sequence
      data for haemogregarines. We highlight that our understanding of the real
      diversity and phylogenetic relationships of haemogregarines is still limited,
      which undermines the proposed systematic revision. Notably all the molecular
      evidence comes from a single gene, and many studies have shown that single-gene
      trees often do not reflect species trees. Combined with doubts over the
      relationships of Hemolivia, the recent identification of a new lineage that could
      also warrant creation of a new genus, and issues with the type species for
      Hepatozoon, we suggest that any taxonomic changes now would be premature. In our
      opinion, type species need to be assessed, sampling across hosts improved, and
      multiple genes employed prior to taxonomic alterations. Otherwise taxonomic
      instability will be likely.

PMID- 27385054
TI  - The role of heparan sulphate in development: the ectodermal story.
AB  - Heparan sulphate (HS) is ubiquitously expressed and is formed of repeating
      glucosamine and glucuronic/iduronic acid units which are generally highly
      sulphated. HS is found in tissues bound to proteins forming HS proteoglycans
      (HSPGs) which are present on the cell membrane or in the extracellular matrix.
      HSPGs influence a variety of biological processes by interacting with
      physiologically important proteins, such as morphogens, creating storage pools,
      generating morphogen gradients and directly mediating signalling pathways,
      thereby playing vital roles during development. This review discusses the vital
      role HS plays in the development of tissues from the ectodermal lineage. The
      ectodermal layer differentiates to form the nervous system (including the spine,
      peripheral nerves and brain), eye, epidermis, skin appendages and tooth enamel.

PMID- 27385058
TI  - Door-to-Needle Time Under 60 Minutes and Picture-to-Puncture Under 90 Minutes:
      Initiatives and Outcomes in Reducing Time to Recanalization for Cerebral Major
      Artery Occlusion.
AB  - The adoption of stent retrievers has significantly improved outcomes of
      intravenous treatment for acute stroke due to major artery occlusion, and
      reducing the time to recanalization may achieve further improvements. We reviewed
      reductions in "door-to-needle time" (DNT) and "picture-to-puncture time" (P2P),
      as the results of measures to consolidate stroke response capabilities in our
      hospital, and compared treatment outcomes in acute recanalization patients. We
      investigated DNT by the route of admission for 96 consecutive patients who
      received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator between July 2012 and June
      2015. We then retrospectively studied 52 patients with acute stroke who underwent
      endovascular recanalization within 8 h after stroke onset, grouped according to
      recanalization before (Group I; n = 23) or after (Group II; n = 29) introduction
      of stent retrievers. Between 2012 and 2015, mean DNT decreased. Significant
      differences between Groups I and II were only seen in times required, with
      significantly shorter DNT, picture-to-puncture time, admission to puncture time,
      and puncture to guiding catheter placement time in Group II. A considerable
      difference in DNT was seen according to the route of patient admission, and
      consolidation of hospital stroke response capability successfully reduced the
      time from admission to recanalization.

PMID- 27385059
TI  - The Utility of Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Interventional Radiology.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of peripheral nerve
      blocks, the use of peripheral nerve block within and outside interventional
      radiology, and the complications of peripheral nerve block. CONCLUSION:
      Interventional radiologists are often responsible for sedation and pain
      management in the majority of interventional radiology procedures. Peripheral
      nerve block is increasingly being used in interventional radiology.

PMID- 27385060
TI  - Production of dumbbell probe through hairpin cleavage-ligation and increasing RCA
      sensitivity and specificity by circle to circle amplification.
AB  - Dumbbell probe (DP) attracts increasing interests in rolling circle amplification
      (RCA). A universal DP production method through cleavage-ligation of hairpin was
      proposed and optimized. The production is characterized by restriction
      endonuclease (RE)-induced cleavage ends ligation. It has the advantage of
      phosphorylation-free, splint-free and purification-free. To optimize designing,
      we found that the position of RE cleavage sequence in the stem and the primer
      position in the loop affected the formation and amplification of DP obviously.
      Both sticky and blunt ends cleaved by RE produce DP efficiently. Moreover, we
      introduced this DP into circle to circle (C2C) RCA based on the same cleavage
      ligation principle, and acquired high sensitivity. By combining a two-ligation
      design and the C2C strategy, specificity for detecting let-7 family members was
      increased extremely. Furthermore, coreaction of different steps facilitated
      convenient formation and amplification process of DP.

PMID- 27385062
TI  - New Ruthenium Complexes Based on Tetradentate Bipyridine Ligands for Catalytic
      Hydrogenation of Esters.
AB  - New bipyridinemethanamine-containing tetradentate ligands and their corresponding
      ruthenium complexes have been synthesized. The synthesized complexes performed
      well in the hydrogenation of a variety of esters with high efficiency (TON up to
      9700) giving alcohols in good yields. 

PMID- 27385063
TI  - Strategies addressing inadequate information on health factors in
      pharmacoepidemiology studies relying on healthcare databases: commentary from a
      public workshop.

PMID- 27385061
TI  - Persistent effects of chlorine inhalation on respiratory health.
AB  - Chlorine gas is a toxic respiratory irritant that is considered a chemical threat
      agent because of the potential for release in industrial accidents or terrorist
      attacks. Chlorine inhalation damages the respiratory tract, including the airways
      and distal lung, and can result in acute lung injury. Some individuals exposed to
      chlorine experience a full recovery from acute injury, whereas others develop
      persistent adverse effects, such as respiratory symptoms, inflammation, and lung
      function decrements. In animal models, chlorine can produce persistent
      inflammation, remodeling, and obstruction in large or small airways, depending on
      species. Airways with pseudostratified epithelia are repaired efficiently, with
      surviving basal epithelial cells serving as progenitor cells that repopulate the
      complement of differentiated cell types. Distal airways lacking basal cells are
      repaired less efficiently, leading to chronic inflammation and fibrosis at these
      sites. Persistent chlorine-induced airway disease in humans is treated with
      asthma medication to relieve symptoms. However, such treatment does not
      ameliorate the underlying disease pathogenesis, so treatments that are more
      effective at preventing initial development of airway disease after irritant gas
      exposure and at reversing established disease are needed.

PMID- 27385064
TI  - High Electricity Demand in the Northeast U.S.: PJM Reliability Network and
      Peaking Unit Impacts on Air Quality.
AB  - On high electricity demand days, when air quality is often poor, regional
      transmission organizations (RTOs), such as PJM Interconnection, ensure
      reliability of the grid by employing peak-use electric generating units (EGUs).
      These "peaking units" are exempt from some federal and state air quality rules.
      We identify RTO assignment and peaking unit classification for EGUs in the
      Eastern U.S. and estimate air quality for four emission scenarios with the
      Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model during the July 2006 heat wave.
      Further, we population-weight ambient values as a surrogate for potential
      population exposure. Emissions from electricity reliability networks negatively
      impact air quality in their own region and in neighboring geographic areas.
      Monitored and controlled PJM peaking units are generally located in economically
      depressed areas and can contribute up to 87% of hourly maximum PM2.5 mass
      locally. Potential population exposure to peaking unit PM2.5 mass is highest in
      the model domain's most populated cities. Average daily temperature and national
      gross domestic product steer peaking unit heat input. Air quality planning that
      capitalizes on a priori knowledge of local electricity demand and economics may
      provide a more holistic approach to protect human health within the context of
      growing energy needs in a changing world.

PMID- 27385066
TI  - Proceedings of the American Burn Association 48th Annual Meeting: Erratum.

PMID- 27385065
TI  - High-throughput analysis of the satellitome illuminates satellite DNA evolution.
AB  - Satellite DNA (satDNA) is a major component yet the great unknown of eukaryote
      genomes and clearly underrepresented in genome sequencing projects. Here we show
      the high-throughput analysis of satellite DNA content in the migratory locust by
      means of the bioinformatic analysis of Illumina reads with the RepeatExplorer and
      RepeatMasker programs. This unveiled 62 satDNA families and we propose the term
      "satellitome" for the whole collection of different satDNA families in a genome.
      The finding that satDNAs were present in many contigs of the migratory locust
      draft genome indicates that they show many genomic locations invisible by
      fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The cytological pattern of five
      satellites showing common descent (belonging to the SF3 superfamily) suggests
      that non-clustered satDNAs can become into clustered through local amplification
      at any of the many genomic loci resulting from previous dissemination of short
      satDNA arrays. The fact that all kinds of satDNA (micro- mini- and satellites)
      can show the non-clustered and clustered states suggests that all these elements
      are mostly similar, except for repeat length. Finally, the presence of VNTRs in
      bacteria, showing similar properties to non-clustered satDNAs in eukaryotes,
      suggests that this kind of tandem repeats show common properties in all living
      beings.

PMID- 27385067
TI  - Biomonitoring in the Era of the Exposome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The term "exposome" was coined in 2005 to underscore the importance
      of the environment to human health and to bring research efforts in line with
      those on the human genome. The ability to characterize environmental exposures
      through biomonitoring is key to exposome research efforts. OBJECTIVES: Our
      objectives were to describe why traditional and nontraditional (exposomic)
      biomonitoring are both critical in studies aiming to capture the exposome and to
      make recommendations on how to transition exposure research toward exposomic
      approaches. We describe the biomonitoring needs of exposome research and
      approaches and recommendations that will help fill the gaps in the current
      science. DISCUSSION: Traditional and exposomic biomonitoring approaches have key
      advantages and disadvantages for assessing exposure. Exposomic approaches differ
      from traditional biomonitoring methods in that they can include all exposures of
      potential health significance, whether from endogenous or exogenous sources.
      Issues of sample availability and quality, identification of unknown analytes,
      capture of nonpersistent chemicals, integration of methods, and statistical
      assessment of increasingly complex data sets remain challenges that must continue
      to be addressed. CONCLUSIONS: To understand the complexity of exposures faced
      throughout the lifespan, both traditional and nontraditional biomonitoring
      methods should be used. Through hybrid approaches and the integration of emerging
      techniques, biomonitoring strategies can be maximized in research to define the
      exposome.

PMID- 27385068
TI  - Evaluation of the toxicity of graphene oxide exposure to the eye.
AB  - Graphene and its derivatives are the new carbon nanomaterials with the prospect
      for great applications in electronics, energy storage, biosensors and medicine.
      However, little is known about the toxicity of graphene or its derivatives in the
      case of occasional or repeated ocular exposure. We performed in vitro and in vivo
      studies to evaluate the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) exposure to the eye.
      Primary human corneal epithelium cells (hCorECs) and human conjunctiva epithelium
      cells (hConECs) were exposed to GO (12.5-100 MUg/mL). Acute GO exposure (2 h) did
      not induce cytotoxicity to hCorECs. However, short-term GO exposure (24 h)
      exerted significant cytotoxicity to hCorECs and hConECs with increased
      intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione (GSH) reduced the GO
      induced cytotoxicity. We further performed acute eye irritation tests in albino
      rabbits according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
      (OECD) guidelines, and the rabbits did not exhibit corneal opacity, conjunctival
      redness, abnormality of the iris, or chemosis at any time point after the
      instillation of 100 MUg/mL of GO. However, 5-day repeated GO exposure (50 and 100
      MUg/mL) caused reversible mild corneal opacity, conjunctival redness and corneal
      epithelium damage to Sprague-Dawley rats, which was also alleviated by GSH.
      Therefore, our study suggests that GO-induced time- and dose-dependent
      cytotoxicity to hCorECs and hConECs via oxidative stress. Occasional GO exposure
      did not cause acute eye irritation; short-term repeated GO exposure generally
      resulted in reversible damage to the eye via oxidative stress, which may be
      alleviated by the antioxidant GSH.

PMID- 27385069
TI  - Electronic origin of the dependence of hydrogen bond strengths on nearest
      neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor hydrogen bonds in polyhedral water clusters
      (H2O)n, n = 8, 20 and 24.
AB  - The influence of the nearest neighbor and next-nearest neighbor water molecules
      on the strength of the hydrogen (H) bonds was examined for the polyhedral
      clusters of cubic (H2O)8, dodecahedral (H2O)20 and tetrakaidecahedral (H2O)24
      cages. The relative stability and the characteristics of the H bond networks are
      also studied. The charge-transfer (CT) and dispersion interaction terms of every
      pair of H bonds are evaluated using perturbation theory based on the locally
      projected molecular orbitals (LPMO PT). Every water molecule and every H-bonded
      pair in these polyhedral clusters are classified by the types of the neighbor
      molecules and H bonds. The relative binding energies among the polyhedral
      clusters are grouped by these classifications. The optimized OO distances, which
      are strongly correlated with the calculated pairwise CT terms, are dependent on
      the 49 sub-groups of the H bonds determined by the type of the neighbor
      molecules. The electronic origin of this dependence is analyzed using Mulliken's
      charge-transfer theory, and employing a few assumptions, the analytical formulas
      for the contribution of the CT terms to the H bond energy are derived. 

PMID- 27385071
TI  - "Reduced" Coumarin Dyes with an O-Phosphorylated 2,2-Dimethyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)
      1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline Fragment: Synthesis, Spectra, and STED Microscopy.
AB  - Large Stokes-shift coumarin dyes with an O-phosphorylated 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2
      dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline fragment emitting in the blue, green, and
      red regions of the visible spectrum were synthesized. For this purpose, N
      substituted and O-protected 1,2-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline was
      oxidized with SeO2 to the corresponding alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde and then
      reduced with NaBH4 in a "one-pot" fashion to yield N-substituted and 7-O
      protected 4-(hydroxymethyl)-7-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline as
      a common precursor to all the coumarin dyes reported here. The photophysical
      properties of the new dyes ("reduced coumarins") and 1,2-dihydroquinoline
      analogues (formal precursors) with a trisubstituted C=C bond were compared. The
      "reduced coumarins" were found to be more photoresistant and brighter than their
      1,2-dihydroquinoline counterparts. Free carboxylate analogues, as well as their
      antibody conjugates (obtained from N-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters) were also
      prepared. All studied conjugates with secondary antibodies afforded high
      specificity and were suitable for fluorescence microscopy. The red-emitting
      coumarin dye bearing a betaine fragment at the C-3-position showed excellent
      performance in stimulation emission depletion (STED) microscopy. 

PMID- 27385070
TI  - Pertussis vaccination in pregnancy.
AB  - Pertussis has had a resurgence with the highest incidence and complication rates
      in young infants, and deaths occurring mainly at < age 3 months. Infants are
      infected by older individuals whose immunity has waned. Strategies such as
      targeted immunization of infant caregivers have had limited success. Pertussis
      vaccination in pregnancy may protect infants through passive and active transfer
      of maternal antibodies that protect the infant until the primary immunization
      series. Studies show vaccinating pregnant women with acellular pertussis vaccine
      is safe for mother and infant, immunogenic with efficient transfer of antibodies
      to infants, and effective in preventing pertussis in young infants. Vaccine
      uptake in pregnant women is sub-optimal, but provider recommendation is the most
      important factor in improving vaccination rates. Studies are ongoing to determine
      the best timing of vaccination to protect infants, and into other strategies.
      Vaccinating pregnant women offers hope to prevent pertussis-related morbidity and
      mortality in infants worldwide.

PMID- 27385072
TI  - An evolutionary conserved zinc finger protein is involved in Toxoplasma gondii
      mRNA nuclear export.
AB  - Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for some of the most deadly parasitic
      diseases affecting humans and livestock. There is an urgent need for new
      medicines that will target apicomplexan-specific pathways. We characterized a
      Toxoplasma gondii C2H2 zinc finger protein, named TgZNF2, which is conserved
      among eukaryotes. We constructed an inducible KO strain (iKO-TgZNF2) for this
      gene where the tgznf2 gene expression is repressed in the presence of a
      tetracycline analog (ATc). We showed that the iKO-TgZNF2 parasites are unable to
      proliferate after depletion of the TgZNF2 protein. Complementation with a full
      length copy of the gene restores the phenotype Moreover, the homolog of this
      protein in the related apicomplexan Plasmodium falciparum was shown to
      efficiently rescue the phenotype, suggesting that this pathway is likely
      conserved among apicomplexan parasites. We demonstrated that the iKO-mutant
      lacking TgZNF2 are arrested during the cell cycle during the G1 phase. We
      identified potential protein partners of this protein among which are
      spliceosomal complex and mRNA nuclear export components. We confirmed that TgZNF2
      is able to bind in vivo to transcripts but splicing is not perturbed in the ATc
      treated parasites. Instead, we demonstrated that TgZNF2 depletion leads to the
      sequestration of polyA+ mRNAs in the nucleus while ribosomal RNAs are not
      affected. We discovered a conserved protein with specific apicomplexan functional
      properties that is essential for the survival of T. gondii. TgZNF2 may be crucial
      to ensure the correct polyA+ mRNA nuclear export, a function that is conserved in
      P. falciparum.

PMID- 27385073
TI  - Minimal Basis Iterative Stockholder: Atoms in Molecules for Force-Field
      Development.
AB  - Atomic partial charges appear in the Coulomb term of many force-field models and
      can be derived from electronic structure calculations with a myriad of atoms-in
      molecules (AIM) methods. More advanced models have also been proposed, using the
      distributed nature of the electron cloud and atomic multipoles. In this work, an
      electrostatic force field is defined through a concise approximation of the
      electron density, for which the Coulomb interaction is trivially evaluated. This
      approximate "pro-density" is expanded in a minimal basis of atom-centered s-type
      Slater density functions, whose parameters are optimized by minimizing the
      Kullback-Leibler divergence of the pro-density from a reference electron density,
      e.g., obtained from an electronic structure calculation. The proposed method,
      Minimal Basis Iterative Stockholder (MBIS), is a variant of the Hirshfeld AIM
      method, but it can also be used as a density-fitting technique. An iterative
      algorithm to refine the pro-density is easily implemented with a linear-scaling
      computational cost, enabling applications to supramolecular systems. The benefits
      of the MBIS method are demonstrated with systematic applications to molecular
      databases and extended models of condensed phases. A comparison to 14 other AIM
      methods shows its effectiveness when modeling electrostatic interactions. MBIS is
      also suitable for rescaling atomic polarizabilities in the Tkatchenko-Scheffler
      scheme for dispersion interactions. 

PMID- 27385074
TI  - Gaseous and Particulate Content of Laser Hair Removal Plume.
AB  - Importance: Potentially harmful chemicals are released when tissues are
      vaporized. Laser hair removal (LHR) causes heating and often vaporization of
      hairs, producing both a signature malodorous plume and visible particulates.
      Objective: To characterize the chemical composition and quantify the ultrafine
      particle content of the plume generated during LHR. Design, Setting, and
      Participants: In the laser center of a large academic hospital, discarded
      terminal hairs from the trunk and extremities were collected from 2 adult
      volunteers. The hair samples were sealed in glass gas chromatography chambers and
      treated with a laser. The laser plume was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass
      spectrometry (GC-MS). During LHR treatment, two 6-L negative pressure canisters
      were used to capture 30 seconds of laser plume, and a portable condensation
      particle counter was used to measure ultrafine particulates (<1 um). Ultrafine
      particle concentrations were measured within the treatment room, within the
      waiting room, and outside the building. Main Outcomes and Measures: The chemical
      content of the laser plume was analyzed with GC-MS and screened for aerosolized
      toxins using Environmental Protection Agency-certified methods. The ambient
      concentration of ultrafine particles during LHR was measured by condensation
      particle counters. Results: Analysis with GC-MS identified 377 chemical
      compounds. Sixty-two of these compounds, of which 13 are known or suspected
      carcinogens and more than 20 are known environmental toxins, exhibited strong
      absorption peaks. During LHR, the portable condensation particle counters
      documented an 8-fold increase compared with the ambient room baseline level of
      ultrafine particle concentrations (ambient room baseline, 15 300 particles per
      cubic centimeter [ppc]; LHR with smoke evacuator, 129 376 ppc), even when a smoke
      evacuator was in close proximity (5.0 cm) to the procedure site. When the smoke
      evacuator was turned off for 30 seconds, there was a more than 26-fold increase
      in particulate count compared with ambient baseline levels (ambient baseline, 15
      300 ppc; LHR without smoke evacuator for 30 seconds, 435 888 ppc). Conclusions
      and Relevance: These findings establish the concern that the burning-hair plume
      often present during LHR should be considered a biohazard, warranting the use of
      smoke evacuators, good ventilation, and respiratory protection, especially for
      health care workers with prolonged exposure to LHR plume.

PMID- 27385075
TI  - A Genetically Encoded FRET Sensor for Hypoxia and Prolyl Hydroxylases.
AB  - Oxygen is vital for all aerobic life forms. Oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of
      hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha by prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs)
      is an important step for controlling the expression of oxygen-regulated genes in
      metazoan species, thereby constituting a molecular mechanism for oxygen sensing
      and response. Herein, we report a genetically encoded dual-emission ratiometric
      fluorescent sensor, ProCY, which responds to PHD activities in vitro and in live
      cells. We demonstrated that ProCY could monitor hypoxia in mammalian cells. By
      targeting this novel genetically encoded biosensor to the cell nucleus and
      cytosol, we determined that, under normoxic conditions, the HIF-prolyl
      hydroxylase activity was mainly confined to the cytosol of HEK 293T cells. The
      results collectively suggest broad applications of ProCY on the evaluation of
      hypoxia and PHD activities and understanding of pathways for the control of
      hypoxic responses.

PMID- 27385076
TI  - Effects of treatment with etanercept versus methotrexate on sleep quality,
      fatigue and selected immune parameters in patients with active rheumatoid
      arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To compare sleep quality, disease activity and patient-reported
      outcomes such as fatigue and immune parameters in patients with rheumatoid
      arthritis treated with etanercept (ETA) or methotrexate (MTX). METHODS: Of 36
      patients (28-joint Disease Activity Score, DAS28CRP>=3.2) in this 16-week (w),
      open, prospective study, 19 (11 women) received MTX 12.5-17 mg/w, and 17 (14
      women) received ETA 25 mg x 2/w, alone or in combination with MTX. Clinical
      (DAS28CRP, visual analogue scale), laboratory (C-reactive protein [CRP]), sleep
      (polysomnography), functional (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory; Health
      Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI); 36-item Short-Form Health
      Survey (SF-36), immunological (humoral/cellular) and neuroendocrine (hormonal)
      parameters were recorded at baseline (BL), w8 and w16. RESULTS: BL
      characteristics did not differ significantly between the ETA and MTX groups
      except disease duration: mean age (years): 48.6+/-8.8 vs. 49.4+/-16.6; mean
      disease duration (months): 19.6+/-46.3 vs. 81.2+/-79.2; and DAS28CRP: 4.4+/-0.9
      vs. 4.4+/-1.7, respectively. DAS28CRP, SF-36, and HAQ-DI improved significantly
      in both groups from BL to w16 (p<=0.05). The DAS28CRP improvements at w16 (mean
      changes -1.8 in the ETA group, and -1.4 in MTX group), were not statistically
      significant from each other. The absolute values of sleep efficiency, total sleep
      time, and stage 2 sleep duration increased significantly in the ETA group, but no
      significant changes were reported in the MTX group. CONCLUSIONS: Both therapies
      improved disease activity, CRP, SF-36 and HAQ-DI, with faster, more pronounced
      changes in DAS28CRP in the ETA group, which alone had significantly improved
      sleep parameters.

PMID- 27385078
TI  - In-gel activity-based protein profiling of a clickable covalent ERK1/2 inhibitor.
AB  - In-gel activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) offers rapid assessment of the
      proteome-wide selectivity and target engagement of a chemical tool. Here we
      demonstrate the use of the inverse electron demand Diels Alder (IEDDA) click
      reaction for in-gel ABPP by evaluating the selectivity profile and target
      engagement of a covalent ERK1/2 probe tagged with a trans-cyclooctene group. The
      chemical probe was shown to bind covalently to Cys166 of ERK2 using protein MS
      and X-ray crystallography, and displayed submicromolar GI50s in A375 and HCT116
      cells. In both cell lines, the probe demonstrated target engagement and a good
      selectivity profile at low concentrations, which was lost at higher
      concentrations. The IEDDA cycloaddition enabled fast and quantitative fluorescent
      tagging for readout with a high background-to-noise ratio and thereby provides a
      promising alternative to the commonly used copper catalysed alkyne-azide
      cycloaddition.

PMID- 27385079
TI  - Gold(III) Mediated Activation and Transformation of Methane on Au1-Doped Vanadium
      Oxide Cluster Cations AuV2O6(.).
AB  - Gold in the +III oxidation state (Au(III)) has been proposed as a promising
      species to mediate challenging chemical reactions. However, it is difficult to
      characterize the chemistry of individual Au(III) species in condensed-phase
      systems mainly due to the interference from the Au(I) counterpart. Herein, by
      doping Au atoms into gas-phase vanadium oxide clusters, we demonstrate that the
      Au(III) cation in the AuV2O6(+) cluster is active for activation and
      transformation of methane, the most stable alkane molecule, into formaldehyde
      under mild conditions. In contrast, the AuV2O6(+) cluster isomers with the Au(I)
      cation can only absorb CH4. The clusters were generated by laser ablation and
      mass selected to react with CH4, CD4, or CH2D2 in an ion trap reactor. The
      reactivity was characterized by mass spectrometry and quantum chemistry
      calculations. The structures of the reactant and product ions were identified by
      using collision-induced and 425 nm photo-induced dissociation techniques.

PMID- 27385077
TI  - Using Electronic Health Record Data to Measure Care Quality for Individuals with
      Multiple Chronic Medical Conditions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To inform the development of a data-driven measure of quality care
      for individuals with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) derived from an
      electronic health record (EHR). DESIGN: Qualitative study using focus groups,
      interactive webinars, and a modified Delphi process. SETTING: Research department
      within an integrated delivery system. PARTICIPANTS: The webinars and Delphi
      process included 17 experts in clinical geriatrics and primary care, health
      policy, quality assessment, health technology, and health system operations. The
      focus group included 10 individuals aged 70-87 with three to six chronic
      conditions selected from a random sample of individuals aged 65 and older with
      three or more chronic medical conditions. MEASUREMENTS: Through webinars and the
      focus group, input was solicited on constructs representing high-quality care for
      individuals with MCCs. A working list was created of potential measures
      representing these constructs. Using a modified Delphi process, experts rated the
      importance of each possible measure and the feasibility of implementing each
      measure using EHR data. RESULTS: High-priority constructs reflected processes
      rather than outcomes of care. High-priority constructs that were potentially
      feasible to measure included assessing physical function, depression screening,
      medication reconciliation, annual influenza vaccination, outreach after hospital
      admission, and documented advance directives. High-priority constructs that were
      less feasible to measure included goal setting and shared decision-making,
      identifying drug-drug interactions, assessing social support, timely
      communication with patients, and other aspects of good customer service. Lower
      priority domains included pain assessment, continuity of care, and overuse of
      screening or laboratory testing. CONCLUSION: High-quality MCC care should be
      measured using meaningful process measures rather than outcomes. Although some
      care processes are currently extractable from electronic data, capturing others
      will require adapting and applying technology to encourage holistic, person
      centered care.

PMID- 27385080
TI  - Detection of Cyclo-N5- in THF Solution.
AB  - Compelling evidence has been found for the formation and direct detection of the
      cyclopentazole anion (cyclo-N5- ) in solution. The anion was prepared from
      phenylpentazole in two steps: reduction by an alkali metal to form the
      phenylpentazole radical anion, followed by thermal dissociation to yield cyclo-N5
      . The reaction solution was analyzed by HPLC coupled with negative mode mass
      spectrometry. A signal with m/z 70 was eluted about 2.1 min after injection of
      the sample. Its identification as N5 was supported by single and double labeling
      with 15 N, which yielded signals at m/z=71 and 72, respectively, with identical
      retention times in the HPLC column. MS/MS analysis of the m/z=70 signal revealed
      a dissociation product with m/z=42, which can be assigned to N3- . To our
      knowledge this is the first preparation of cyclo-N5- in the bulk. The compound is
      indefinitely stable at temperatures below -40  degrees C, and has a half-life of
      a few minutes at room temperature.

PMID- 27385081
TI  - Living donor liver transplantation for biliary atresia - An Indian experience.
AB  - LT has played a significant role in improving the outcome of children with BA. We
      review our five-yr experience of LDLT for children with BA. Records of all
      children who underwent LDLT in our institution over a five-yr period (August 2010
      June 2015) were reviewed and those with a primary diagnosis of BA were selected
      for our study. Data were extracted from a prospectively maintained database.
      Additional data were collected by review of case notes and imaging studies.
      Analysis was carried out using standard statistical means. One hundred and thirty
      two children underwent LDLT at our center over the study period, of which 58
      children (31 females) had a primary diagnosis of BA. Thirty-three (56.9%)
      children had undergone a prior KPE and 25 (43.1%) had a primary LT. Thirty-four
      children had at least one post-op complication, of which 13 had minor
      complications (Clavien grades I and II) and 21 had major complications (Clavien
      grade >II). Thirty-day survival was 96.6% and one-yr survival was 91.4%.
      Univariate analysis of variables comparing children who did and did not have a
      KPE prior to LT showed that age at LT, weight at LT, PELD, and GRWR were
      significantly different. LDLT provides excellent outcomes in children with BA.
      Primary LDLT and LT after KPE provide equivalent results, although the former is
      technically more challenging as the child is younger.

PMID- 27385082
TI  - Triple infection with agamid adenovirus 1, Encephaliton cuniculi-like
      microsporidium and enteric coccidia in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps).
AB  - A 2-month-old juvenile central bearded dragon was presented for anorexia and
      cachexia. Another specimen from the same cage had died suddenly 2 weeks prior.
      Fecal analysis revealed a high quantity of Isospora amphiboluri and a few pinworm
      eggs. Other examinations were not performed and the animal died a few days later
      despite supportive care. A third individual from the same cage presented with
      anorexia and a distended coelom and was euthanized. In this third dragon,
      histological examination revealed intestinal coccidiosis, basophilic intranuclear
      inclusions compatible with adenovirus infection, acute hepatic necrosis with
      intrahepatocytic and intraenteritic organisms typical of microsporidia and renal
      gout. A PCR confirmed the diagnosis of adenovirosis. Sequencing showed that the
      PCR product was 100% identical to the corresponding portion of the agamid
      adenovirus 1 genome. A PCR for the detection of Encephalitozoon (E.) cuniculi was
      positive. Partial sequencing revealed 100% identity to an E. cuniculi-like
      organism previously found in bearded dragons. In cases where environmental
      factors such as poor hygiene or stress can be excluded, the presence of
      opportunistic pathogens in high numbers can be due to a systemic (viral)
      infection with temporary immunosuppression.

PMID- 27385083
TI  - Investigations of high order plasmonic resonance features of the nano hyper ring.
AB  - A novel silver hyper ring and its complex nanostructures are designed and its
      plasmonic properties are investigated numerically. It is found that these hyper
      ring structures have relative stable optical features. The absorption cross
      section of the structure changes slightly when the direction and polarization of
      incident light is adjusting. For the complex structure, the position of each
      resonance peak does not present obvious change when the relative position of the
      inner hyper ring and outside larger ring changes. The result of the investigation
      has great significance for the production of practical nanostructures and the
      improvement of possible applications.

PMID- 27385084
TI  - Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Promotes Fibrosis and Activates Mitogen-Activated
      Protein Kinases in MRC-5 Cells.
AB  - BACKGROUND Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening hypoxemic respiratory
      disorder with high incidence and mortality. ALI usually manifests as widespread
      inflammation and lung fibrosis with the accumulation of pro-inflammatory and pro
      fibrotic factors and collagen. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has a
      significant role in regulation of inflammation but little is known about its
      roles in lung fibrosis or ALI. This study aimed to define the role and possible
      regulatory mechanism of TSLP in lung fibrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We cultured
      human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells and overexpressed or inhibited TSLP by the
      vector or small interfering RNA transfection. Then, the pro-fibrotic factors
      skeletal muscle actin alpha (alpha-SMA) and collagen I, and the 4 mitogen
      activated protein kinases (MAPKs) - MAPK7, p38, extracellular signal-regulated
      kinase 1 (ERK1), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) - were detected by Western
      blot. RESULTS Results showed that TSLP promoted the production of alpha-SMA and
      collagen I (P<0.001), suggesting that it can accelerate MRC-5 cell fibrosis. It
      also activated the expression of MAPK7, p-p38, p-ERK1, and p-JNK1, but the total
      MAPK7, p-38, ERK1, and JNK1 protein levels were mostly unchanged, indicating the
      activated MAPK pathways that might contribute to the promotion of cell fibrosis.
      CONCLUSIONS This study shows the pro-fibrotic role of TSLP in MRC-5 cells,
      suggesting TSLP is a potential therapeutic target for treating lung fibrosis in
      ALI. It possibly functions via activating MAPKs. These findings add to our
      understanding of the mechanism of fibrosis. 

PMID- 27385085
TI  - Changes in egg quality traits during the last phase of production: is there
      potential for an extended laying cycle?
AB  - 1. A field study was conducted to investigate the deterioration of eggshell
      quality at the end of lay and examine the potential to extend the production
      cycle. A total of 1200 eggs were assessed originating from commercial farms in
      Belgium: eggs were random sampled at the collection belt at 57-65 weeks of age
      and at the end of the production cycle (74-92 weeks). 2. Based on a linear mixed
      model, egg quality was estimated for an average flock at 60 weeks of age and
      changes in quality traits were predicted until the end of the laying cycle. 3.
      Egg weight increased by 0.07 g every week from 60 weeks of age onwards and shape
      index decreased by 0.04 unit weekly (P < 0.001). Haugh unit values decreased
      weekly by 0.38 units whereas relative yolk weight was unaffected after 60 weeks
      of age. Relative albumen weight showed a weekly increase of 0.02% and relative
      shell decreased by 0.02% weekly until the end of lay. 4. Shell quality traits
      were also influenced by age: shell index decreased by 0.013 g weekly, shell
      thickness was calculated to be 0.23 um thinner every week, deformation increased
      by 0.06 um weekly from 60 weeks to the end of the laying cycle. Variability of
      the deformation of eggs indicated more heterogeneous shell quality at the end of
      the production cycle. Dynamic stiffness increased from 60 weeks of age on. 5.
      Laying hens were depopulated on average at 80 weeks of age (varying from 74-92
      weeks). Although ageing had a significant effect on most of the egg quality
      traits, egg quality was still acceptable at the end of lay, indicating the
      potential to extend the laying cycle.

PMID- 27385086
TI  - Direct estimation and correction of bias from temporally variable non-stationary
      noise in a channelized Hotelling model observer.
AB  - Channelized Hotelling model observer (CHO) methods were developed to assess
      performance of an x-ray angiography system. The analytical methods included
      correction for known bias error due to finite sampling. Detectability indices
      ([Formula: see text]) corresponding to disk-shaped objects with diameters in the
      range 0.5-4 mm were calculated. Application of the CHO for variable detector
      target dose (DTD) in the range 6-240 nGy frame(-1) resulted in [Formula: see
      text] estimates which were as much as 2.9*  greater than expected of a quantum
      limited system. Over-estimation of [Formula: see text] was presumed to be a
      result of bias error due to temporally variable non-stationary noise. Statistical
      theory which allows for independent contributions of 'signal' from a test object
      (o) and temporally variable non-stationary noise (ns) was developed. The theory
      demonstrates that the biased [Formula: see text] is the sum of the detectability
      indices associated with the test object [Formula: see text] and non-stationary
      noise ([Formula: see text]). Given the nature of the imaging system and the
      experimental methods, [Formula: see text] cannot be directly determined
      independent of [Formula: see text]. However, methods to estimate [Formula: see
      text] independent of [Formula: see text] were developed. In accordance with the
      theory, [Formula: see text] was subtracted from experimental estimates of
      [Formula: see text], providing an unbiased estimate of [Formula: see text].
      Estimates of [Formula: see text] exhibited trends consistent with expectations of
      an angiography system that is quantum limited for high DTD and compromised by
      detector electronic readout noise for low DTD conditions. Results suggest that
      these methods provide [Formula: see text] estimates which are accurate and
      precise for [Formula: see text]. Further, results demonstrated that the source of
      bias was detector electronic readout noise. In summary, this work presents theory
      and methods to test for the presence of bias in Hotelling model observers due to
      temporally variable non-stationary noise and correct this bias when the
      temporally variable non-stationary noise is independent and additive with respect
      to the test object signal.

PMID- 27385087
TI  - Simulation and Experiments To Identify Factors Allowing Synthetic Control of
      Structural Features of Polymeric Nanoparticles.
AB  - To develop a detailed picture of the microscopic structure of gelcore star
      polymers and to elucidate parameters of the synthetic process that might be
      exploited to control this structure, simulations of their synthesis were
      performed that were based on a particular synthetic approach. A range of results
      was observed from gelation at high reactant concentrations to the formation of
      various sizes and compositions of star polymers. Contrary to the prevailing
      experimental viewpoint, the simulations always suggest the production of a broad
      distribution of star polymer sizes. However, the GPC traces computed from
      simulation results are in good qualitative agreement with experiment.
      Topologically, the gelcore star polymers produced by simulation are not compact
      but, rather, sparse blobs loosely connected by filaments of linker when modeled
      in a good solvent. This is reflected in scaling relationships that relate polymer
      size (e.g., radius of gyration) and degree of polymerization. The arm-core
      composition is observed to be stoichiometric, strongly reflecting relative
      reactant concentrations during the synthesis. Reactions within star polymers that
      result in greater intramolecular cross-linking compete with those between star
      polymers that result in the production of larger star polymers from the joining
      of smaller ones. The balance in this competition can be controlled through the
      overall reactant concentration to limit and control resulting star polymer size.
      Therefore, the mean size, as well as the mean number of arms, can be controlled
      during synthesis by careful tuning of the overall ratio of the arm and linker
      reactant concentrations and the total reactant concentration.

PMID- 27385088
TI  - Age-related characteristics of risky decision-making and progressive expectation
      formation.
AB  - During daily encounters, it is inevitable that people take risks. Investigating
      the sequential processing of risk hazards involve expectation formation about
      outcome contingencies. The present study aimed to explore risk behavior and its
      neural correlates in sequences of decision making, particularly in old age, which
      represents a critical period regarding risk-taking propensity. The Balloon
      Analogue Risk Task was used in an electrophysiological setting with young and
      elderly age groups. During the task each additional pump on a virtual balloon
      increased the likelihood of a balloon burst but also increased the chance to
      collect more reward. Event-related potentials associated with rewarding feedback
      were analyzed based on the forthcoming decisions (whether to continue or to stop)
      in order to differentiate between states of expectation towards gain or loss. In
      the young, the reward positivity ERP component increased as a function of reward
      contingencies with the largest amplitude for rewarding feedback followed by the
      decision to stop. In the elderly, however, reward positivity did not reflect the
      effect of reward structure. Behavioral indices of risk-taking propensity suggest
      that the performance of the young and the elderly were dissociable only with
      respect to response times: The elderly was characterized by hesitation and more
      deliberative decision making throughout the experiment. These findings signify
      that sequential tracking of outcome contingencies has a key role in cost
      efficient action planning and progressive expectation formation.

PMID- 27385089
TI  - Synthesis and applications of rhodacyclopentanones derived from C-C bond
      activation.
AB  - Rhodacyclopentanones, an "sp(3)-rich" class of metallacycle, underpin an emerging
      range of catalytic methodologies for the direct generation of complex scaffolds.
      This review highlights strategies for accessing rhodacyclopentanones (and related
      species) by C-C bond activation of cyclobutanones or cyclopropanes. The scope and
      mechanism of methodologies that exploit these activation modes is outlined. 

PMID- 27385090
TI  - Large vessel involvement in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis: incidence,
      distribution, and predictors.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic disease with extensive
      vascular involvement. The aim of this study was to investigate the cumulative
      incidence of large vessel involvement (LVI) in GCA, the distribution of vessels
      involved, and predictors for LVI. METHOD: Patients with biopsy-proven GCA in a
      defined area in southern Sweden, diagnosed between 1997 and 2010, were identified
      through the register of the regional Department of Clinical Pathology. A
      structured review of all medical records and imaging and histopathology reports
      was performed. Imaging studies for an age- and sex-matched reference cohort were
      also reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 164 patients with GCA were investigated, of
      whom 24 (15%) had LVI. LVI manifestations were detected a median of 3.7
      [interquartile range (IQR) 0.7-7.5] years after GCA diagnosis. Aortic involvement
      was found in 16 patients (10%), mainly aneurysms/ectasias of the thoracic aorta.
      Two patients had aortic dissections. Fourteen patients had tributary involvement.
      In the reference population, the cumulative incidence of LVI overall was 10.8%
      and aortic involvement was found in 5.4%. The presence of giant cells in the
      biopsy was significantly less frequent among GCA patients with LVI (23% vs. 52%;
      p = 0.01), and a presentation with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) was more frequent
      (44% vs. 20%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The estimated incidence of LVI, detected by
      imaging in a clinical setting, was higher among patients with GCA than the
      reference population. The aorta was the most commonly affected vascular
      territory. The negative association with giant cells may suggest particular
      mechanisms in this subset of GCA.

PMID- 27385091
TI  - Sex differences in stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity following early life
      adversity: a two hit model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early life adversity (ELA) has been indicated as a risk factor for
      the development of stress axis dysfunction in adulthood, specifically in females.
      We previously showed that unpredictable ELA induces visceral hyperalgesia in
      adult female rats. It remains to be determined whether ELA alters visceral
      nociceptive responses to stress in adulthood. The current study tested the
      hypothesis that following ELA, exposure to an adulthood stressor, or second hit,
      serves as a risk factor for exaggerated stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity
      that is sex-specific. METHODS: Following ELA, adult stress was induced via a
      single exposure (acute) or repetitive daily exposure, 1 h/day for 7 days
      (chronic), to water avoidance stress (WAS). KEY RESULTS: Acute WAS increased pain
      behaviors in all adult female rats, however, females that experienced
      unpredictable ELA exhibited significantly more pain behaviors compared to those
      exposed to predictable ELA or controls. Following chronic WAS, all adult females
      exhibited increased pain responses, however, an exaggerated response was observed
      in rats exposed to unpredictable or predictable ELA compared to controls.
      Similarly, in adult male rats exposure to acute or chronic WAS increased pain
      behaviors, however, there were no differences in pain behaviors between ELA
      groups. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: This study highlights a novel consequence of
      ELA on stress-induced visceral nociception in adulthood that is sex-specific.
      More importantly, our study suggests that ELA not only serves as a risk factor
      for development of chronic pain in adulthood, but also serves as a predisposition
      for worsening of visceral pain following adult stress in female rats.

PMID- 27385092
TI  - Disruption of the EZH2/miRNA/beta-catenin signaling suppresses aerobic glycolysis
      in glioma.
AB  - EZH2 is up-regulated in various cancer types, implicating its role in
      tumorigenesis. Our recent data have shown that repression of EZH2 inhibited
      glioma growth by inhibition beta-catenin signaling. Here, we identified several
      miRNAs that were repressed by EZH2, which in turn regulate beta-catenin
      expression by its 3'UTR, such as miR-1224-3p, miR-328 and miR-214. Further, EZH2
      silenced miR-328 expression by binding to miR-328 promoter and promoting
      methylation of miR-328 promoter. Finally, miR-328 largely abrogated EZH2 effects
      on beta-catenin expression and glucose metabolism in glioma cells. Taken
      together, we propose a model for a coordinated EZH2-beta-catenin oncoprotein
      axis, and epigenetic link between histone modification and DNA methylation,
      mediated by EZH2-scilenced miRNAs.

PMID- 27385093
TI  - TMPRSS4 induces invasion and proliferation of prostate cancer cells through
      induction of Slug and cyclin D1.
AB  - TMPRSS4 is a novel type II transmembrane serine protease found at the cell
      surface that is highly expressed in pancreatic, colon, and other cancer tissues.
      Previously, we demonstrated that TMPRSS4 mediates tumor cell invasion, migration,
      and metastasis. We also found that TMPRSS4 activates the transcription factor
      activating protein-1 (AP-1) to induce cancer cell invasion. Here, we explored
      TMPRSS4-mediated cellular functions and the underlying mechanisms. TMPRSS4
      induced Slug, an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-inducing transcription
      factor, and cyclin D1 through activation of AP-1, composed of c-Jun and
      activating transcription factor (ATF)-2, which resulted in enhanced invasion and
      proliferation of PC3 prostate cancer cells. In PC3 cells, not only c-Jun but also
      Slug was required for TMPRSS4-mediated proliferation and invasion. Interestingly,
      Slug induced phosphorylation of c-Jun and ATF-2 to activate AP-1 through
      upregulation of Axl, establishing a positive feedback loop between Slug and AP-1,
      and thus induced cyclin D1, leading to enhanced proliferation. Using data from
      The Cancer Genome Atlas, we found that Slug expression positively correlated with
      that of c-Jun and cyclin D1 in human prostate cancers. Expression of Slug was
      positively correlated with that of cyclin D1 in various cancer cell lines,
      whereas expression of other EMT-inducing transcription factors was not. This
      study demonstrates that TMPRSS4 modulates both invasion and proliferation via
      Slug and cyclin D1, which is a previously unrecognized pathway that may regulate
      metastasis and cancer progression.

PMID- 27385095
TI  - Tumor cells derived exosomes contain hTERT mRNA and transform nonmalignant
      fibroblasts into telomerase positive cells.
AB  - Exosomes are small (30-100nm) vesicles secreted from all cell types serving as
      inter-cell communicators and affecting biological processes in "recipient" cells
      upon their uptake. The current study demonstrates for the first time that hTERT
      mRNA, the transcript of the enzyme telomerase, is shuttled from cancer cells via
      exosomes into telomerase negative fibroblasts, where it is translated into a
      fully active enzyme and transforms these cells into telomerase positive, thus
      creating a novel type of cells; non malignant cells with telomerase activity. All
      tested telomerase positive cells, including cancer cells and non malignant cells
      with overexpressed telomerase secreted exosomal hTERT mRNA in accordance with the
      endogenous levels of their hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity. Similarly exosomes
      isolated from sera of patients with pancreatic and lung cancer contained hTERT
      mRNA as well. Telomerase activity induced phenotypic changes in the recipient
      fibroblasts including increased proliferation, extension of life span and
      postponement of senescence. In addition, telomerase activity protected the
      fibroblasts from DNA damage induced by phleomycin and from apoptosis, indicating
      that also telomerase "extracurricular" activities are manifested in the recipient
      cells. The shuttle of telomerase from cancer cells into fibroblasts and the
      induction of these changes may contribute to the alterations of cancer
      microenvironment and its role in cancer. The described process has an obvious
      therapeutic potential which will be explored in further studies.

PMID- 27385096
TI  - 5-FU targets rpL3 to induce mitochondrial apoptosis via cystathionine-beta
      synthase in colon cancer cells lacking p53.
AB  - Recent findings revealed in cancer cells novel stress response pathways, which in
      response to many chemotherapeutic drugs causing nucleolar stress, will function
      independently from tumor protein p53 (p53) and still lead to cell cycle arrest
      and/or apoptosis. Since it is known that most cancers lack functional p53, it is
      of great interest to explore these emerging molecular mechanisms. Here, we
      demonstrate that nucleolar stress induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in colon
      cancer cells devoid of p53 leads to the activation of ribosomal protein L3 (rpL3)
      as proapoptotic factor. rpL3, as ribosome-free form, is a negative regulator of
      cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) expression at transcriptional level through a
      molecular mechanism involving Sp1. The rpL3-CBS association affects CBS stability
      and, in addition, can trigger CBS translocation into mitochondria. Consequently
      apoptosis will be induced through the mitochondrial apoptotic cell death pathway
      characterized by an increased ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, cytochrome c release and
      subsequent caspase activation. It is noteworthy that silencing of CBS is
      associated to a strong increase of 5-FU-mediated inhibition of cell migration and
      proliferation. These data reveal a novel mechanism to accomplish p53-independent
      apoptosis and suggest a potential therapeutic approach aimed at upregulating rpL3
      for treating cancers lacking p53.

PMID- 27385097
TI  - ARHGAP24 inhibits cell cycle progression, induces apoptosis and suppresses
      invasion in renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the major cause of kidney malignancy-related
      deaths. Rho GTPases are key regulators in cancer cell metastasis. ARHGAP24, a Rac
      specific member of the Rho GTPase-activating protein family, acts as a functional
      target of cancer cell migration and invasion. In the present study, we identified
      ARHGAP24 expression is downregulated in renal cancer tissues and is highly
      correlated with long-term survival in RCC patients. Therefore, we investigated
      the biological functions of ARHGAP24 in renal cancer cells. Ectopic expression of
      ARHGAP24 resulted in inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle in two
      renal cancer cell lines (786-0 and Caki-2); the results were confirmed by
      ARHGAP24 knocking down. In addition, ARHGAP24 significantly reduced the cell
      invasion ability and induced apoptosis in renal cancer cells. In addition,
      overexpressing ARHGAP24 impaired tumor formation in vivo. In summary, our results
      illustrated that ARHGAP24 plays a unique role in RCC progression as a tumor
      repressor.

PMID- 27385098
TI  - TrkB-containing exosomes promote the transfer of glioblastoma aggressiveness to
      YKL-40-inactivated glioblastoma cells.
AB  - The neurotrophin receptors are known to promote growth and proliferation of
      glioblastoma cells. Their functions in spreading glioblastoma cell aggressiveness
      to the microenvironment through exosome release from glioblastoma cells are
      unknown. Considering previous reports demonstrating that YKL-40 expression is
      associated with undifferentiated glioblastoma cancer stem cells, we used YKL-40
      silenced cells to modulate the U87-MG differentiated state and their biological
      aggressiveness. Herein, we demonstrated a relationship between neurotrophin
      receptors and YKL-40 expression in undifferentiated cells. Differential functions
      of cells and derived-exosomes were evidenced according to neurotrophin receptor
      content and differentiated cell state by comparison with control pLKO cells. YKL
      40 silencing of glioblastoma cells impairs proliferation, neurosphere formation,
      and their ability to induce endothelial cell (HBMEC) migration. The modulation of
      differentiated cell state in YKL-40-silenced cells induces a decrease of TrkB,
      sortilin and p75NTR cellular expressions, associated with a low-aggressiveness
      phenotype. Interestingly, TrkB expressed in exosomes derived from control cells
      was undetectable in exosomes from YKL-40 -silenced cells. The transfer of TrkB
      containing exosomes in YKL-40-silenced cells contributed to restore cell
      proliferation and promote endothelial cell activation. Interestingly, in U87 MG
      xenografted mice, TrkB-depleted exosomes from YKL-40-silenced cells inhibited
      tumor growth in vivo. These data highlight that TrkB-containing exosomes play a
      key role in the control of glioblastoma progression and aggressiveness.
      Furthermore, TrkB expression was detected in exosomes isolated from plasma of
      glioblastoma patients, suggesting that this receptor may be considered as a new
      biomarker for glioblastoma diagnosis.

PMID- 27385099
TI  - The anti-cancer activity of the mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor XL388 in preclinical
      osteosarcoma models.
AB  - In the present study, we investigated the activity of XL388, a novel mammalian
      target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor, in preclinical
      osteosarcoma (OS) models. XL388 was cytotoxic, cytostatic and pro-apoptotic to
      multiple established OS cell lines and primary human OS cells. XL388 blocked
      mTORC1/2 activation and downregulated cyclin D1/B1 expressions in OS cells,
      leaving AKT Thr-308 phosphorylation un-affected. Intriguingly, AKT1 T308A
      mutation potentiated XL388-induced cytotoxicity in OS cells. XL388 activated
      cytoprotective autophagy in OS cells. Autophagy inhibition, either
      pharmacologically or genetically, augmented XL388-induced anti-OS activity.
      Further, XL388 oral administration inhibited U2OS xenografts growth in severe
      combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice. Such activity was enhanced with co
      administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Similarly,
      Beclin-1-silenced U2OS xenografts were remarkably more sensitive to XL388. Thus,
      concurrent blockage of mTORC1/2 with XL388 may have therapeutic value for OS.

PMID- 27385100
TI  - Smac mimetic induces cell death in a large proportion of primary acute myeloid
      leukemia samples, which correlates with defined molecular markers.
AB  - Apoptosis is deregulated in most, if not all, cancers, including hematological
      malignancies. Smac mimetics that antagonize Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins
      have so far largely been investigated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines;
      however, little is yet known on the therapeutic potential of Smac mimetics in
      primary AML samples. In this study, we therefore investigated the antileukemic
      activity of the Smac mimetic BV6 in diagnostic samples of 67 adult AML patients
      and correlated the response to clinical, cytogenetic and molecular markers and
      gene expression profiles. Treatment with cytarabine (ara-C) was used as a
      standard chemotherapeutic agent. Interestingly, about half (51%) of primary AML
      samples are sensitive to BV6 and 21% intermediate responsive, while 28% are
      resistant. Notably, 69% of ara-C-resistant samples show a good to fair response
      to BV6. Furthermore, combination treatment with ara-C and BV6 exerts additive
      effects in most samples. Whole-genome gene expression profiling identifies cell
      death, TNFR1 and NF-kappaB signaling among the top pathways that are activated by
      BV6 in BV6-sensitive, but not in BV6-resistant cases. Furthermore, sensitivity of
      primary AML blasts to BV6 correlates with significantly elevated expression
      levels of TNF and lower levels of XIAP in diagnostic samples, as well as with
      NPM1 mutation. In a large set of primary AML samples, these data provide novel
      insights into factors regulating Smac mimetic response in AML and have important
      implications for the development of Smac mimetic-based therapies and related
      diagnostics in AML.

PMID- 27385101
TI  - Clinical significance and diagnostic value of serum CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 in
      patients with gastric cancer.
AB  - AIMS: To evaluate the clinical significance of multiple serum tumor markers (TMs)
      in the diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC) and establish an accurate discriminant
      equation to identify the presence of GC. RESULTS: The serum levels of CEA, CA19-9
      and CA72-4 were higher in the GC group than in the control group (P < 0.005). The
      sensitivity of CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 in the diagnosis of GC was 20.1-27.6%
      individually and increased to 48.2% when they were considered in combination. By
      using the optimal cut-off value, the sensitivity of CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 for
      the diagnosis of GC was improved but remained unsatisfactory. In addition, we
      developed the equation Y = -2.185 - 0.015 X1 + 0.180 X2 + 1.226 X3 + 1.505 X4 +
      2.749 X5 (X1 = Age, X2 = Sex, X3 =CEA, X4 = CA19-9 and X5 = CA72-4) to predict
      the presence of GC. This has better accuracy and diagnostic efficiency compared
      to the combination of TMs. METHODS: Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer
      antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)and cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) levels were measured in a
      total of 2288 patients with GC and 1869 healthy volunteers or patients with
      benign gastric diseases. We established a diagnostic equation using a portion of
      the data (training set), and validate its accuracy using the other portion of the
      data (testing set) . CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic equation increases the accuracy
      rate for the diagnosis of GC and will be helpful in the clinic.

PMID- 27385102
TI  - Immunotherapy for opportunistic infections: Current status and future
      perspectives.
AB  - The outcome after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT)
      has significantly improved during the last decades. However, opportunistic
      infections such as viral and mold infections are still a major obstacle for cure.
      Within this field, adoptive T cell therapy against pathogens is a promising
      treatment approach. Recently, the techniques to develop T cell products including
      pathogen-specific T cells have been sophisticated and are now available in
      accordance to good manufacturing practice (GMP). Here, we aim to summarize
      current knowledge about adoptive T cell therapy against viral and mold
      infections.

PMID- 27385103
TI  - Analysis of chromosomal aberrations and recombination by allelic bias in RNA-Seq.
AB  - Genomic instability has profound effects on cellular phenotypes. Studies have
      shown that pluripotent cells with abnormal karyotypes may grow faster,
      differentiate less and become more resistance to apoptosis. Previously, we showed
      that microarray gene expression profiles can be utilized for the analysis of
      chromosomal aberrations by comparing gene expression levels between normal and
      aneuploid samples. Here we adopted this method for RNA-Seq data and present eSNP
      Karyotyping for the detection of chromosomal aberrations, based on measuring the
      ratio of expression between the two alleles. We demonstrate its ability to detect
      chromosomal gains and losses in pluripotent cells and their derivatives, as well
      as meiotic recombination patterns. This method is advantageous since it does not
      require matched diploid samples for comparison, is less sensitive to global
      expression changes caused by the aberration and utilizes already available gene
      expression profiles to determine chromosomal aberrations.

PMID- 27385104
TI  - Building a sustainable workforce in a rural and remote health service: A
      comprehensive and innovative Rural Generalist training approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Historically it has been challenging to recruit and retain an
      appropriately trained medical workforce to care for rural and remote Australians.
      This paper describes the Queensland North West Hospital and Health Service
      (NWHHS) workforce redesign, developing education strategies and pathways to
      practice, thereby improving service provision, recruitment and retention of
      staff. CONCEPT: The Mount Isa-based Medical Education Unit sought accreditation
      for a Rural Generalist (RG) training pathway from Internship to Fellowship with
      the Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine (ACRRM) and the Regional
      Training Provider (RTP). This approach enhanced the James Cook University (JCU)
      undergraduate pathway for rurally committed students while improving recruitment
      and retention of RMOs/Registrars. ACHIEVEMENTS: Accreditation was achieved
      through collaboration with training providers, accreditation agencies, ACRRM and
      a local general practice. The whole pathway from ignore Internship to Fellowship
      is offered with the RG Intern intake as a primary allocation site beginning in
      2016. Comprehensive supervision and excellent clinical exposure provide an
      interesting and rewarding experience - for staff at all levels. RESULTS: Since
      2013 RMO locum rates have been <1%. Registrars on the ACRRM pathway and Interns
      increased from 0 to 7 positions each in 2015, with similar achievements in SMO
      staffing. Three RMOs expressed interest in a Registrar position, CONCLUSIONS:
      Appropriate governance is needed to develop and advertise the program. This
      includes the NWHHS, the RG Pathway and JCU.

PMID- 27385105
TI  - Practical execution of defect preparation prior to surgical cartilage
      intervention: results from a representative meeting survey among experts.
AB  - During a specialised orthopedic meeting held on 'the state of the art in
      cartilage defect repair', all previously fully-registered participants were
      requested to participate in an electronic survey by the use of a moderator
      presented "Power Point Presentation-based" 9-item questionnaire. The aim of this
      survey was to assess indication, approach, and treatment execution of cartilage
      defect debridement prior to planned microfracture (MFX) or autologous chondrocyte
      implantation (ACI). All participants completed the questionnaire (n = 146)
      resulting in a return rate of 100 %. An uncertainty exists as to whether the
      removal of the calcifying layer prior to cartilage repair must be carried out or
      not. The same was true for the acceptability of subchondral bleeding prior to
      microfracturing and its handling prior to autologous chondrocyte implantation.
      There is a degree of unanimity among experts regarding the management of
      osteophytes and bone marrow edema. In a homogenous society collective of
      consultants that frequently deal with cartilage defective pathologies, there
      still remain a significant heterogeneity in selected topics of defect
      debridement. 

PMID- 27385106
TI  - Proteome analysis of adrenal cortical tumors.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Adrenal tumor is a relatively common tumor. The discrimination
      between adrenal cortical adenoma (ACA) and adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) is
      crucial as these two diseases have distinct prognosis. ACA is a benign tumor
      curable by surgical excision, while the prognosis of ACC is extremely poor, with
      a 5-year mortality of 75-90%. Therefore, previous proteomic studies focused on
      markers allowing the differentiation between ACA and ACC. AREAS COVERED: Several
      proteomic approaches based on the analysis of various samples such as human
      tissues, urine, and cell lines. In this review, we focused on proteomic studies
      performed to improve adrenal tumor diagnosis and identify ACC therapeutic
      targets. Expert commentary: The rapid development of cancer genomics provided a
      lot of information, which affects functional proteomics. In practice,
      differentially expressed proteins between ACA and ACC have been suggested in
      several proteomic studies and had a biologic implication in ACC.

PMID- 27385108
TI  - [Ethnic nail pigmentations and differential diagnoses].
AB  - Pigmentary nail changes may have a variety of causes, e. g., chronic
      inflammation, and occur more often in patients of African descent compared to
      Caucasians. Subungual malignant melanoma is the most important differential
      diagnosis and must be ruled out in any case. Dermatoscopy might be helpful. If no
      biopsy is taken, clinical follow-ups are necessary at short intervals. In case of
      chronic paronychia, optimization of occupational skin protection measures may
      contribute to the healing process.

PMID- 27385107
TI  - Complex Ancestries of Lager-Brewing Hybrids Were Shaped by Standing Variation in
      the Wild Yeast Saccharomyces eubayanus.
AB  - Lager-style beers constitute the vast majority of the beer market, and yet, the
      genetic origin of the yeast strains that brew them has been shrouded in mystery
      and controversy. Unlike ale-style beers, which are generally brewed with
      Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lagers are brewed at colder temperatures with
      allopolyploid hybrids of Saccharomyces eubayanus x S. cerevisiae. Since the
      discovery of S. eubayanus in 2011, additional strains have been isolated from
      South America, North America, Australasia, and Asia, but only interspecies
      hybrids have been isolated in Europe. Here, using genome sequence data, we
      examine the relationships of these wild S. eubayanus strains to each other and to
      domesticated lager strains. Our results support the existence of a relatively low
      diversity (pi = 0.00197) lineage of S. eubayanus whose distribution stretches
      across the Holarctic ecozone and includes wild isolates from Tibet, new wild
      isolates from North America, and the S. eubayanus parents of lager yeasts. This
      Holarctic lineage is closely related to a population with higher diversity (pi =
      0.00275) that has been found primarily in South America but includes some widely
      distributed isolates. A second diverse South American population (pi = 0.00354)
      and two early-diverging Asian subspecies are more distantly related. We further
      show that no single wild strain from the Holarctic lineage is the sole closest
      relative of lager yeasts. Instead, different parts of the genome portray
      different phylogenetic signals and ancestry, likely due to outcrossing and
      incomplete lineage sorting. Indeed, standing genetic variation within this wild
      Holarctic lineage of S. eubayanus is responsible for genetic variation still
      segregating among modern lager-brewing hybrids. We conclude that the
      relationships among wild strains of S. eubayanus and their domesticated hybrids
      reflect complex biogeographical and genetic processes.

PMID- 27385109
TI  - [Sports-associated dermatophytoses : An overview].
AB  - Because of high exposure (e. g. swimmers and athletes competing on mats) and
      disposition (e. g. microtraumata of the skin in runners) athletes are prone to a
      higher risk for mycotic infections by dermatophytes. In disciplines with close
      contact during competition-especially wrestlers and judoists-infections by the
      anthropophilic Trichophyton (T.) tonsurans are most important (tinea
      gladiatorum). These infections are highly contagious and often cause small
      epidemics especially if the primary source of infection is not promptly
      recognized. The environment of the athletes (e. g. mats) and asymptomatic
      carriers may be sources of further spread. Tinea pedis with its clinical
      manifestations seems to be often underdiagnosed and insufficiently treated.
      Environmental contamination by fungal spores may be responsible for the
      significantly higher level of mycotic infections of the feet in children and
      adolescents active in sports. There is a higher risk for spread of the infection
      to the toe nails (onychomycosis) and for consecutive infections by bacteria (e.
      g. erysipelas). More rarely infections by zoophilic or geophilic dermatophytes
      are seen in athletes (e.g. equestrians). Education and more intensive measures of
      prevention and environmental decontamination are essential for all
      dermatophytoses associated with sports. 

PMID- 27385110
TI  - A national survey on the use of screening tools to detect physical child abuse.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recognition of physical child abuse is imperative for ensuring
      children's safety. Screening tools (ST) may increase identification of physical
      abuse; however, the extent of their use is unknown. This study assessed use of
      STs for physical abuse in children's hospitals and determined attitudes regarding
      STs. METHODS: A web-based survey was sent to child abuse program contacts at 103
      children's hospitals. The survey assessed institutional use of a ST for physical
      abuse and characteristics of the ST used. Respondents were asked to identify
      benefits and liabilities of STs used or barriers to ST use. RESULTS: Seventy-two
      respondents (70 %) completed the survey; most (64 %) were child abuse
      pediatricians. Nine (13 %) respondents reported using a ST for physical abuse;
      STs varied in length, population, administration, and outcomes of a positive
      screen. Most respondents (86 %) using a ST felt that it increased detection of
      abuse. Barriers noted included lack of time for development and provider
      completion of a ST. CONCLUSIONS: While few respondents endorsed use of a ST for
      physical abuse, most believed that it increased detection of abuse. Future
      research should focus on development of a brief, uniform ST for physical abuse
      which may increase detection in at-risk children.

PMID- 27385112
TI  - Utilisation of aromatic organosulfur compounds as sulfur sources by Lipomyces
      starkeyi CBS 1807.
AB  - Aromatic organosulfur compounds that contain aryl carbon-sulfur bonds are rare in
      nature but occur frequently in industrial processes and products. The utilisation
      of aryl sulfur compounds as a sulfur source has not been described previously
      among the budding yeasts (phylum Ascomycota, sub-phylum Saccharomycotina). A
      total of 31 strains representing 30 species and 28 genera of the budding yeasts
      were assayed for utilisation of benzene sulfonate as source of sulfur. Lipomyces
      starkeyi CBS 1807 was the only strain in this screen that was able to utilise
      benzene sulfonate as a sulfur source. Further study of L. starkeyi demonstrated
      that it could also utilise methyl phenyl sulfoxide, 1-naphthalene sulfonate, 2
      naphthalene sulfonate, 1-anthraquinone sulfonate and 2-anthraquinone sulfonate as
      sulfur sources but not diphenylsulfone. This study represents the first reported
      case of the utilisation of sulfonated naphthalenes and anthraquinones as sulfur
      sources by a fungus. However, it should be stressed that the remaining 30 strains
      in this study were not assayed for the utilisation of these additional aryl
      sulfur compounds as sulfur sources. The present study highlights the potential of
      L. starkeyi and related species as a source of novel enzyme activities with
      possible applications in chemical manufacturing, disposal of xenobiotics and
      bioremediation. 

PMID- 27385113
TI  - Missing concepts in natural selection theory reconstructions.
AB  - The concept of fitness has generated a lot of discussion in philosophy of
      biology. There is, however, relative agreement about the need to distinguish at
      least two uses of the term: ecological fitness on the one hand, and population
      genetics fitness on the other. The goal of this paper is to give an explication
      of the concept of ecological fitness by providing a reconstruction of the theory
      of natural selection in which this concept was framed, that is, based on the way
      the theory was put to use in Darwin's main texts. I will contend that this
      reconstruction enables us to account for the current use of the theory of natural
      selection. The framework presupposed in the analysis will be that of
      metatheoretical structuralism. This framework will provide both a better
      understanding of the nature of ecological fitness and a more complete
      reconstruction of the theory. In particular, it will provide what I think is a
      better way of understanding how the concept of fitness is applied through
      heterogeneous cases. One of the major advantages of my way of thinking about
      natural selection theory is that it would not have the peculiar metatheoretical
      status that it has in other available views. I will argue that in order to
      achieve these goals it is necessary to make several concepts explicit, concepts
      that are frequently omitted in usual reconstructions. 

PMID- 27385111
TI  - Long-term results of transanal pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease: a meta
      analysis.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several operative techniques have been developed for the treatment
      of Hirschsprung's disease (HD) in the past decades. Since one-stage transanal
      pull-through (TAPT) was first performed in 1998, multiple studies have shown
      favourable short-and midterm results compared to other techniques with shorter
      operation length, shorter hospital stay and lower complication rates. The aim of
      this meta-analysis was to determine the longterm results following TAPT for HD.
      METHODS: A systematic literature search for relevant articles was performed in
      four databases using the following terms "Hirschsprung/Hirschsprung's disease",
      "aganglionosis", "transanal", "pullthrough/pull-through", "longterm/long-term"
      "results", "follow-up" and "outcome". A meta-analysis was conducted for relevant
      articles for one-stage transanal pull-through for HD with a minimal follow-up of
      median 36 months regarding constipation, incontinence/soiling, enterocolitis and
      secondary operations. Odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were
      calculated. RESULTS: Six studies with 316 patients matched the set criteria and
      were included in this analysis. Overall 45 (14.2 %) patients had disturbances of
      bowel function (OR 0.05, 95 % CI 0.03-0.07, p < 0.00001). Of these, 24 (53.3 %)
      patients experienced constipation, 8 (17.8 %) incontinence/soiling and 13 (28.9
      %) enterocolitis. 10 (3.2 %) patients developed complications requiring secondary
      surgery. Most patients had a daily defecation frequency of 1-3 bowel movements 3
      years postoperatively, resembling the stooling patterns of healthy controls.
      CONCLUSION: Nearly 15 % of all patients operated with TAPT for HD continue to
      experience persistent bowel symptoms with constipation as the main problem.
      Further studies on the long-term outcome of children operated with this technique
      for HD are necessary to evaluate stooling patterns, urinary and sexual function
      as well as general quality of life during adolescence and adulthood.

PMID- 27385114
TI  - Teresa Ortiz-Gomez and Maria Jesus Santesmases (eds.), Gendered Drugs and
      Medicine: Historical and Socio-Cultural Perspectives : Ashgate Publishing,
      Farnham and Burlington VT, 2014. 246 pp. L65 (hard cover).

PMID- 27385115
TI  - Sixty seconds on . . . helium.

PMID- 27385116
TI  - Challenging the paradigms of leaf evolution: Class III HD-Zips in ferns and
      lycophytes.
AB  - Despite the extraordinary significance leaves have for life on Earth, their
      origin and development remain vigorously debated. More than a century of
      paleobotanical, morphological, and phylogenetic research has still not resolved
      fundamental questions about leaves. Developmental genetic data are sparse in
      ferns, and comparative studies of lycophytes and seed plants have reached
      opposing conclusions on the conservation of a leaf developmental program. We
      performed phylogenetic and expression analyses of a leaf developmental regulator
      (Class III HD-Zip genes; C3HDZs) spanning lycophytes and ferns. We show that a
      duplication and neofunctionalization of C3HDZs probably occurred in the ancestor
      of euphyllophytes, and that there is a common leaf developmental mechanism
      conserved between ferns and seed plants. We show C3HDZ expression in lycophyte
      and fern sporangia and show that C3HDZs have conserved expression patterns during
      initiation of lateral primordia (leaves or sporangia). This expression is
      maintained throughout sporangium development in lycophytes and ferns and
      indicates an ancestral role of C3HDZs in sporangium development. We hypothesize
      that there is a deep homology of all leaves and that a sporangium-specific
      developmental program was coopted independently for the development of lycophyte
      and euphyllophyte leaves. This provides molecular genetic support for a paradigm
      shift in theories of lycophyte leaf evolution.

PMID- 27385117
TI  - Reversine Induced Multinucleated Cells, Cell Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Non
      Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells.
AB  - Reversine, an A3 adenosine receptor antagonist, has been shown to induce
      differentiated myogenic-lineage committed cells to become multipotent mesenchymal
      progenitor cells. We and others have reported that reversine has an effect on
      human tumor suppression. This study revealed anti-tumor effects of reversine on
      proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy induction in human non-small cell lung
      cancer cells. Treatment of these cells with reversine suppressed cell growth in a
      time- and dosage-dependent manner. Moreover, polyploidy occurred after reversine
      treatment. In addition, caspase-dependent apoptosis and activation of autophagy
      by reversine in a dosage-dependent manner were also observed. We demonstrated in
      this study that reversine contributes to growth inhibition, apoptosis and
      autophagy induction in human lung cancer cells. Therefore, reversine used as a
      potential therapeutic agent for human lung cancer is worthy of further
      investigation. 

PMID- 27385118
TI  - The feet in systemic lupus erythematosus; are we underestimating their
      involvement and functional impact?
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate biomechanical and ultrasound (US) abnormalities in SLE
      patients as compared with controls and to assess the relationship between these
      abnormalities and SLE activity. METHODS: Fifty-four consecutive female patients
      with SLE with and without foot pain and 60 female controls (30 with foot pain and
      30 without foot pain) were recruited. SLE activity was assessed by the Systemic
      Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). SLE patients and controls
      blindly underwent a comprehensive podiatric, biomechanical and US evaluation of
      the feet. US assessment included detection of B-mode synovitis, tenosynovitis,
      enthesopathy, bone changes and synovial, tenosynovial and entheseal power Doppler
      (PD) signal. RESULTS: Thirty-one (57.4%) SLE patients had bilateral foot pain and
      5 (9.3%) had unilateral foot pain. Metatarsalgia was the most common location for
      pain but without significant difference between groups (p=0.284). Toe joint
      deformities were significantly more common in SLE feet as compared with control
      feet (p<0.0005). SLE feet showed significantly more biomechanical abnormalities
      than control feet (p<0.05). B-mode synovitis in the tibiotalar joint was strongly
      associated with having SLE (p<0.0005) and the presence of synovial PD signal in
      the MTP joints was found only in painful feet of SLE patients. SLEDAI was
      significantly higher in patients with foot pain than in those with painless feet
      (p=0.008). However, SLEDAI did not discriminate between patients with and without
      biomechanical or US abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: SLE patients showed more
      biomechanical and US abnormalities in the feet than controls, which were not
      captured by standardised assessment of the disease activity.

PMID- 27385121
TI  - Self-Tracking: Reflections from the BodyTrack Project.
AB  - Based on the author's experiences the practice of self-tracking can empower
      individuals to explore and address issues in their lives. This work is inspired
      by examples of people who have reclaimed their wellness through an iterative
      process of noticing patterns of ups and downs, trying out new ideas and
      strategies, and observing the results. In some cases, individuals have realized
      that certain foods, environmental exposures, or practices have unexpected effects
      for them, and that adopting custom strategies can greatly improve quality of
      life, overcoming chronic problems. Importantly, adopting the role of investigator
      of their own situation appears to be transformative: people who embarked on this
      path changed their relationship to their health situation even before making
      discoveries that helped lead to symptom improvement. The author co-founded the
      BodyTrack project in 2010 with the goal of empowering a broader set of people to
      embrace this investigator role in their own lives and better address their health
      and wellness concerns, particularly those with complex environmental or
      behavioral components. The core of the BodyTrack system is an open source web
      service called Fluxtream ( https://fluxtream.org ) that allows users to
      aggregate, visualize, and reflect on data from myriad sources on a common
      timeline. The project is also working to develop and spread peer coaching
      practices to help transfer the culture and skills of self-tracking while
      mentoring individuals in how to self-assess their own situation and guide the
      process for themselves.

PMID- 27385119
TI  - Re-evaluation of the mechanisms of dietary fibre and implications for
      macronutrient bioaccessibility, digestion and postprandial metabolism.
AB  - The positive effects of dietary fibre on health are now widely recognised;
      however, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in producing such benefits
      remains unclear. There are even uncertainties about how dietary fibre in plant
      foods should be defined and analysed. This review attempts to clarify the
      confusion regarding the mechanisms of action of dietary fibre and deals with
      current knowledge on the wide variety of dietary fibre materials, comprising
      mainly of NSP that are not digested by enzymes of the gastrointestinal (GI)
      tract. These non-digestible materials range from intact cell walls of plant
      tissues to individual polysaccharide solutions often used in mechanistic studies.
      We discuss how the structure and properties of fibre are affected during food
      processing and how this can impact on nutrient digestibility. Dietary fibre can
      have multiple effects on GI function, including GI transit time and increased
      digesta viscosity, thereby affecting flow and mixing behaviour. Moreover, cell
      wall encapsulation influences macronutrient digestibility through limited access
      to digestive enzymes and/or substrate and product release. Moreover,
      encapsulation of starch can limit the extent of gelatinisation during
      hydrothermal processing of plant foods. Emphasis is placed on the effects of
      diverse forms of fibre on rates and extents of starch and lipid digestion, and
      how it is important that a better understanding of such interactions with respect
      to the physiology and biochemistry of digestion is needed. In conclusion, we
      point to areas of further investigation that are expected to contribute to
      realisation of the full potential of dietary fibre on health and well-being of
      humans. 

PMID- 27385120
TI  - HCV RNA Activates APCs via TLR7/TLR8 While Virus Selectively Stimulates
      Macrophages Without Inducing Antiviral Responses.
AB  - The innate and adaptive immune systems fail to control HCV infection in the
      majority of infected individuals. HCV is an ssRNA virus, which suggests a role
      for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 8 in initiating the anti-viral response.
      Here we demonstrate that HCV genomic RNA harbours specific sequences that
      initiate an anti-HCV immune response through TLR7 and TLR8 in various antigen
      presenting cells. Conversely, HCV particles are detected by macrophages, but not
      by monocytes and DCs, through a TLR7/8 dependent mechanism; this leads to
      chloroquine sensitive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL
      1beta, while the antiviral type I Interferon response is not triggered in these
      cells. Antibodies to DC-SIGN, a c-type lectin selectively expressed by
      macrophages but not pDCs or mDCs, block the production of cytokines. Novel anti
      HCV vaccination strategies should target the induction of TLR7/8 stimulation in
      APCs in order to establish potent immune responses against HCV.

PMID- 27385122
TI  - Copy-Paste: 2-Click Step to Success and Productivity that Underlies Self
      Plagiarism.

PMID- 27385123
TI  - Facilitators of Survivorship Care Among Underserved Breast Cancer Survivors: a
      Qualitative Study.
AB  - Research investigating facilitators of survivorship care among underserved breast
      cancer survivors (BCS) is sparse. This study aimed to explore facilitators of
      survivorship care among underserved BCS within the first 5 years following
      chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery for breast cancer. In-depth interviews were
      conducted, using a semi-structured interview guide, with underserved BCS
      exploring survivorship care experiences. Content analysis of the verbatim
      transcripts was applied, and results were summarized according to themes related
      to facilitators of breast cancer survivorship care. Interviews were conducted
      with 25 BCS. Eight main themes were identified: coordination of care; positive
      perceptions of health care providers; communication between patient and health
      care providers; financial and insurance facilitators; information, classes, and
      programs provided; assistance provided by organizations and health care
      professionals; transportation facilitators; and job flexibility. This study
      provides a comprehensive look at facilitators of survivorship care among
      underserved BCS. BCS endorsed several facilitators of their survivorship care,
      mainly at the interpersonal, organizational, and societal level. This study adds
      to the research literature on catalysts of care among underserved BCS. Results
      from this study are currently being used to inform a patient navigation
      intervention to facilitate care among this population.

PMID- 27385124
TI  - A pilot study evaluating the use of cervical ultrasound to confirm endotracheal
      intubation in dogs.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy and usability of cervical ultrasound as a means
      to confirm endotracheal (ET) intubation in dogs. DESIGN: Randomized pilot study.
      SETTING: University teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Six recently euthanized cadaver
      dogs. INTERVENTIONS: Endotracheal and esophageal intubations were randomly
      performed. The investigators performing the ultrasound examinations were blinded
      to the type of intubation. Ultrasound examinations were performed in right and
      left lateral recumbency. The time taken to obtain the images was recorded.
      MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive
      value, and negative predictive value with their correspondent 95% confidence
      intervals (CI) were 91.7% (CI, 82.7-96.7), 72.7% (CI, 60.4-84.0%), 78.6% (CI,
      68.3-86.8%), and 88.9% (CI, 77.4-95.8%), respectively. The overall test accuracy
      with its correspondent 95% CI was 82.8% (CI, 75.4-88.1%). The mean time for
      confirmation with ultrasound was 20.2 seconds (standard deviation, 14.3 s).
      Cervical ultrasound was significantly more accurate at recognizing ET intubations
      than esophageal intubations (odds ratio, 4.52; 95% CI, 1.43-14.27; P = 0.010).
      There was a significant relationship between increase in body weight and
      accuracy, indicating that the test is more accurate in larger dogs (odds ratio,
      1.04; 95% CI, 1.00-1.08; P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical ultrasound has high
      sensitivity and moderate specificity for ET intubation, and may be a useful tool
      to confirm ET intubation in dogs.

PMID- 27385125
TI  - Molecular evidence that exercise training has beneficial effects on cardiac
      performance.

PMID- 27385126
TI  - Epigenetic regulation in gallbladder cancer: Promoter methylation profiling as
      emergent novel biomarkers.
AB  - DNA methylation, once considered to rule the sex determination in Mary Lyon's
      hypothesis, has now reached the epicenter of human diseases, from monogenic (e.g.
      Prader Willi syndrome, Angelman syndromes and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome) to
      polygenic diseases, like cancer. Technological developments from gold standard to
      high throughput technologies have made tremendous advancement to define the
      epigenetic mechanism of cancer. Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a fatal health issue
      affecting mostly the middle-aged women, whose survival rate is very low due to
      late symptomatic diagnosis. DNA methylation has become one of the key molecular
      mechanisms in the tumorigenesis of gallbladder. Various molecules have been
      reported to be epigenetically altered in GBC. In this review, we have discussed
      the classes of epigenetics, an overview of DNA methylation, technological
      approaches for its study, profile of methylated genes, their likely roles in GBC,
      future prospects of biomarker development and other discovery approaches,
      including therapeutics.

PMID- 27385129
TI  - Supramolecular Recognition Induces Nonsynchronous Change of Dye Fluorescence
      Properties.
AB  - Fluorescence behavior of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) reflects a blue
      shift and fluorescence enhancement on decreasing solvent polarity, with both
      properties affected in a synchronous way in solvent mixtures where ANS senses a
      homogeneous solvation shell. ANS complexation by cyclodextrins or bovine serum
      albumin (BSA) results in a nonhomogeneous solvation shell that is reflected by
      nonsynchronous variation of fluorescence properties. Steady-state fluorescence
      and saturation transfer difference NMR experiments allow us to conclude the
      formation of 1:1 and 2:1 host/guest complexes through the aniline or naphthalene
      moieties of ANS with cyclodextrins. This nonhomogeneous solvation shell has been
      ignored in studies using ANS to sense the microenvironment of proteins, micelles,
      bilayers, and other organized systems. ANS interaction with BSA reflects the
      existence of a large number of binding pockets in the surface of the protein that
      can be classified into two well-differentiated categories.

PMID- 27385127
TI  - Reduced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) processing through site
      1 protease (S1P) inhibition alters oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro.
AB  - The formation of the myelin membrane of the oligodendrocyte in the CNS is a
      fundamental process requiring the coordinated synthesis of many different
      components. The myelin membrane is particularly rich in lipids, however, the
      regulation of this lipid synthesis is not understood. In other cell types,
      including Schwann cells, the myelin-forming cells of the PNS, lipid synthesis is
      tightly regulated by the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) family
      of transcription factors, but this has not been previously shown in
      oligodendrocytes. We investigated SREBPs' role during oligodendrocyte
      differentiation in vitro. Both SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 were expressed in
      oligodendrocyte precursor cells and differentiating oligodendrocytes. Using the
      selective site-1 protease (S1P) inhibitor PF-429242, which inhibits the cleavage
      of SREBP precursor forms into mature forms, we found that preventing SREBP
      processing inhibited process growth and reduced the expression level of myelin
      basic protein, a major component of myelin. Further, process extension deficits
      could be rescued by the addition of exogenous cholesterol. Blocking SREBP
      processing reduced mRNA transcription and protein levels of SREBP target genes
      involved in both the fatty acid and the cholesterol synthetic pathways.
      Furthermore, de novo levels and total levels of cholesterol synthesis were
      greatly diminished when SREBP processing was inhibited. Together these results
      indicate that SREBPs are important regulators of oligodendrocyte maturation and
      that perturbation of their activity may affect myelin formation and integrity.
      Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13781.

PMID- 27385130
TI  - Graph Theoretical Analysis of Structural Neuroimaging in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
      with and without Psychosis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Psychosis is one of the most important psychiatric comorbidities in
      temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), and its pathophysiology still remains unsolved. We
      aimed to explore the connectivity differences of structural neuroimaging between
      TLE with and without psychosis using a graph theoretical analysis, which is an
      emerging mathematical method to investigate network connections in the brain as a
      small-world system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recruited 11 TLE patients with
      unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS) presenting psychosis or having a history of
      psychosis (TLE-P group). As controls, 15 TLE patients with unilateral HS without
      any history of psychotic episodes were also recruited (TLE-N group). For graph
      theoretical analysis, the normalized gray matter images of both groups were
      subjected to Graph Analysis Toolbox (GAT). As secondary analyses, each group was
      compared to 14 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. RESULTS: The hub node
      locations were found predominantly in the ipsilateral hemisphere in the TLE-N
      group, and mainly on the contralateral side in the TLE-P group. The TLE-P group
      showed significantly higher characteristic path length, transitivity, lower
      global efficiency, and resilience to random or targeted attack than those of the
      TLE-N group. The regional comparison in betweenness centrality revealed
      significantly decreased connectivity in the contralateral temporal lobe,
      ipsilateral middle frontal gyrus, and bilateral postcentral gyri in the TLE-P
      group. The healthy subjects showed well-balanced nodes/edges distributions,
      similar metrics to TLE-N group except for higher small
      worldness/modularity/assortativity, and various differences of regional
      betweenness/clustering. CONCLUSION: In TLE with psychosis, graph theoretical
      analysis of structural imaging revealed disrupted connectivity in the
      contralateral hemisphere. The network metrics suggested that the existence of
      psychosis can bring vulnerability and decreased efficiency of the whole-brain
      network. The sharp differences in structural networks between morphologically
      homogeneous groups are remarkable and may contribute to a better understanding of
      psychosis in TLE.

PMID- 27385132
TI  - Deriving the reference value from the circadian motor active patterns in the "non
      dementia" population, compared to the "dementia" population: What is the amount
      of physical activity conducive to the good circadian rhythm.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The circadian rhythm in older adults is commonly known to change with
      a decrease in physical activity. However, the association between circadian
      rhythm metrics and physical activity remains unclear. The objective of this study
      was to examine circadian activity patterns in older people with and without
      dementia and to determine the amount of physical activity conducive to a good
      circadian measurement. METHOD: Circadian parameters were collected from 117 older
      community-dwelling people (66 subjects without dementia and 52 subjects with
      dementia); the parameters were measured continuously using actigraphy for 7 days.
      A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to determine
      reference values for the circadian rhythm parameters, consisting of interdaily
      stability (IS), intradaily variability (IV), and relative amplitude (RA), in
      older subjects. RESULTS: The ROC curve revealed reference values of 0.55 for IS,
      1.10 for IV, and 0.82 for RA. In addition, as a result of the ROC curve in the
      moderate-to-vigorous physical Activity (MVPA) conducive to the reference value of
      the Non-parametric Circadian Rhythm Analysis per day, the optimal reference
      values were 51 minutes for IV and 55 minutes for RA. However, the IS had no
      classification accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated the reference
      values derived from the circadian parameters of older Japanese population with or
      without dementia. Also, we determined the MVPA conducive to a good circadian rest
      active pattern. This reference value for physical activity conducive to a good
      circadian rhythm might be useful for developing a new index for health promotion
      in the older community-dwelling population.

PMID- 27385133
TI  - The functional results of radical rectal cancer surgery: review of the
      literature.
AB  - Introduction For more than the last 20 years, low anterior resection with total
      mesorectal excision (TME) is a gold standard for rectal cancer treatment.
      Oncological outcomes have improved significantly and now more and more reports of
      functional outcomes appear. Due to the close relationship between the rectum and
      pelvic nerves, bowel, bladder, and sexual function are frequently affected during
      TME. Methods A search for published data was performed using the MEDLINE database
      (from 1 January 2005 to 31 January 2015) to perform a systematic review of the
      studies that described anorectal, bladder, and sexual dysfunction following
      rectal cancer surgery. Methodological quality of the included studies was
      assessed using the MINORS criteria. Results Eighty-nine studies were eligible for
      analysis. Up to 76% of patients undergoing sphincter preserving surgery will have
      changes in bowel habits, the so-called "low anterior resection syndrome" (LARS).
      The duration of LARS varies between a few months and several years. Pre-operative
      radiotherapy, damage of anal sphincter and pelvic nerves, and height of the
      anastomosis are the risk factors for LARS. There is no evidence-based treatment
      available for LARS. Sexual function is more commonly affected after rectal
      surgery than after urinary function. The main cause of dysfunction is damage to
      pelvic nerves. Sexual and bladder functional outcomes in females are less well
      reported. Laparoscopic and robotic surgery allows better visualization of
      autonomic nerves and, therefore, more precise dissection and preservation.
      Conclusions It is important that rectal resection is standardized as much as
      possible, and that new functional outcome research use the same validated outcome
      questionnaires. This would allow for a high-quality meta-analysis. 

PMID- 27385134
TI  - Massive bleeding following severe blunt trauma: the first minutes that can change
      everything.
AB  - The first hour following a major trauma with massive bleeding is certainly the
      most decisive period in global trauma care. Most of it takes place during the
      prehospital care. Those prehospital minutes are thus determinant as they can be
      used to correctly identified patient's clinical condition, initiate organization
      of the in-hospital needed resources and initiate specific therapies in the very
      early phase after trauma. Significant recent advances in this aspect of care have
      been made and but evidence to support some of those strategies is still lacking. 

PMID- 27385131
TI  - The transcriptomes of novel marmoset monkey embryonic stem cell lines reflect
      distinct genomic features.
AB  - Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are useful for the study of embryonic development.
      However, since research on naturally conceived human embryos is limited, non
      human primate (NHP) embryos and NHP ESCs represent an excellent alternative to
      the corresponding human entities. Though, ESC lines derived from naturally
      conceived NHP embryos are still very rare. Here, we report the generation and
      characterization of four novel ESC lines derived from natural preimplantation
      embryos of the common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). For the first time we
      document derivation of NHP ESCs derived from morula stages. We show that
      quantitative chromosome-wise transcriptome analyses precisely reflect trisomies
      present in both morula-derived ESC lines. We also demonstrate that the female ESC
      lines exhibit different states of X-inactivation which is impressively reflected
      by the abundance of the lncRNA X inactive-specific transcript (XIST). The novel
      marmoset ESC lines will promote basic primate embryo and ESC studies as well as
      preclinical testing of ESC-based regenerative approaches in NHP.

PMID- 27385135
TI  - Early myotomy and fundoplication in achalasia in childhood: a single-centre
      experience for 22 years.
AB  - Introduction The aim of this study was to review a single institution's
      experience with surgical interventions in children with achalasia and to
      determine treatment strategies for this rare disorder. Patients and methods This
      study is a retrospective analysis of 22 cases of childhood achalasia from 1991 to
      2013. The patients were evaluated in terms of age, symptoms, interventions,
      intraoperative complications, and recurrent dysphagia. Results There were 13 boys
      and nine girls (7 months to 17 years old). The clinical symptoms were vomiting
      (68%), dysphagia (36%), wheezing (18%), coughing (13%), and weight-loss (13%).
      The mean duration of symptoms was 2.4 years (1 month to 6 years). A barium
      contrast X-ray study was performed in all of the patients. Oesophageal manometry
      was performed in eight patients. Six patients underwent multiple oesophageal
      dilatations (ED) as a first intervention. A Heller myotomy (HM) and
      fundoplication were performed in all the patients except two patients who
      recovered with dilatation. In the long term, one patient had a stricture due to
      the operation and had to undergo a reoperation. Of the Heller myotomy patients,
      one had a recurrent stricture that responded to dilatation. No other
      complications were present. All the patients are now asymptomatic. Conclusion
      Early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment is important to prevent growth
      impairment in childhood achalasia cases. A Heller myotomy followed by a partial
      anti-reflux procedure is an effective treatment for achalasia in children. Based
      on our experience, it is superior to oesophageal dilatation therapy. 

PMID- 27385136
TI  - Evaluation of cisplatin plasma levels in patients undergoing cytoreductive
      surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.
AB  - Introduction Peritoneal surface malignancies have long been regarded as
      incurable, however, they can be treated with cytoreductive surgery in addition to
      hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. This approach is associated with an
      increase in morbidity and mortality, unless hyperhydration is provided in a
      timely manner. Methods Cisplatin (CDDP) is the most widely used chemotherapeutic
      agent. Plasma levels of cisplatin (CDDP), a widely used chemotherapeutic agent,
      were measured before, during, and after the procedure. This was done in order to
      identify the window of highest risk as a function of drug concentrations,
      assuming a dose-dependent effect. Results Plasma levels of CDDP peak during
      perfusion. The concentration remains high until the 4th post-operative day and
      returns to pre-operative levels by the 7th post-operative day. Conclusions Our
      findings suggest that ensuring hyperhydration as well as infusing albumin and
      fresh frozen plasma may be of particular value for at least the first 4 days
      after the procedure. 

PMID- 27385137
TI  - The incidence of hoarseness after mediastinoscopy and outcome of video-assisted
      versus conventional mediastinoscopy in lung cancer staging.
AB  - Objectives Theoretically, video-assisted mediastinoscopy (VM) should provide a
      decrease in the incidence of hoarseness in comparison with conventional
      mediastinoscopy (CM). Methods An investigation of 448 patients with the NSCLC who
      underwent mediastinoscopy (n = 261 VM, n = 187 CM) between 2006 and 2010. Results
      With VM, the mean number of sampled LNs and of stations per case were both
      significantly higher (n = 7.91 +/- 1.97 and n = 4.29 +/- 0.81) than they were for
      CM (n = 6.65 +/- 1.79 and n = 4.14 +/- 0.84) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.06). Hoarseness
      was reported in 24 patients (5.4%) with VM procedures resulting in a higher
      incidence of hoarseness than did CM procedures (6.9% and 3.2%) (p = 0.08). The
      incidence of hoarseness was observed to be more frequent in patients with left
      lung carcinoma who had undergone a mediastinoscopy (p = 0.03). Hoarseness
      developed in 6% of the patients sampled at station 4L, whereas this ratio was 0%
      in patients who were not sampled at 4L (p = 0.07). A multivariate analysis showed
      that the presence of a tumor in the left lung is the only independent risk factor
      indicating hoarseness (p = 0.09). The sensitivity, NPV, and accuracy of VM were
      calculated as to be 0.87, 0.95, and 0.96, respectively. The same staging values
      for CM were 0.83, 0.94, and 0.95, respectively. Conclusion VM, the presence of a
      tumor in the left-lung, and 4L sampling via mediastinoscopy are risk factors for
      subsequent hoarseness. Probably due to a wider area of dissection, VM can lead to
      more frequent hoarseness. 

PMID- 27385138
TI  - Malignancy risk of oncocytic changes in thyroid nodules: who should we offer
      surgery to?
AB  - Background Oncocytic (Hurthle) cell in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)
      remains challenging for surgeons. Surgical treatment is recommended for oncocytic
      change in FNAB, since it can sometimes be a struggle to determine the nature of
      thyroid nodules. We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of oncocytic
      changes in FNAB in terms of management of patients. Methods The FNAB samples of
      172 patients with thyroid nodules were reviewed. Of these, 39 patients with
      cytologic findings of oncocytic changes on FNAB [POC: predominance of oncocytic
      cells; SFON-H: suspicious for follicular or oncocytic neoplasm (Hurthle cell
      type), SM-O: suspicious for malignancy-papillary or follicular carcinoma;
      oncocytic variant)] were included. Results FNAB demonstrated POC in 14 (35.8%),
      SFON-H in 15 (38.4%), and SM-O in 10 (25.6%) patients. The overall malignancy
      rate was 35.8% (n = 14). Clinical and laboratory data were not found to be
      associated with thyroid cancer while nodule size was significantly higher in
      patients with thyroid malignancy (15.2 versus 23.3 mm, p = 0.032). Regarding FNAB
      results including oncocytic changes, the rate of malignancy was significantly
      different and almost three-fold higher in nodules classified as SFON-H and SM-O
      [48% versus 14.2% with POC, p = 0.044]. Besides, there was a positive correlation
      between SFON-H and SM-O cytology and malignancy (p = 0.036, r = 0.337).
      Conclusions It is hard to discern the significance of oncocytic changes in FNAB
      report and to determine an optimal approach as a surgeon. We recommend surgery
      for the patients with an FNAB showing SFON-H and SM-O whereas POC should be
      better to be followed-up. 

PMID- 27385139
TI  - Outcome of permanent vascular access for haemodialysis in patients with end-stage
      renal disease in Cameroon: results from the pilot experience of the Douala
      general hospital.
AB  - Background Chronic Kidney disease is a major health problem in the world. Native
      arteriovenous Fistula (AVF) is well established as the best vascular access for
      haemodialysis. Little is known about the outcome of AVF in sub-Saharan Africa. We
      aim to analyze the outcome of patients undergoing AVF creation during the pilot
      program established at the Douala general hospital (DGH). Method This was
      hospital-based, longitudinal study with a retrospective phase (April 2010-January
      2014) and a prospective phase (January 2014-April 2014). All consecutive patients
      operated for AVF creation were included in this study. Socio-demographics data,
      functionality, and complications were analyzed. Results Eighty-one patients
      including 52 men were enrolled in this study (49 prospectively and 32
      retrospectively). The mean age was 52, 3 years (range 18-81 years). Hypertension
      (66, 7%), diabetes (17, 3%), and HIV (8, 6%) were the most observed co
      morbidities. About 96.3% of AVF were native and 3.7% were prosthetic graft.
      Radiocephalic AVF was performed at a rate of 77.8%. The primary function rate was
      97.7% and the mean follow-up period 43.4 weeks. The overall rate of complications
      was 44.4% of whom 30.5% were early, 30.5% secondary, and 39% lasted. The
      treatment of these complications was conservative in 48.7% of cases. Conclusions
      The results of the pilot program of AVF creation at the DGH are encouraging.
      However, the sustainability of this project requires human capacity building. 

PMID- 27385140
TI  - Management of a dislocated endovascular aneurysm repair in a challenging giant
      abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AB  - Introduction A case report of a contained rupture of an abdominal aneurysm,
      treated by endovascular technique (EVAR), but complicated by perioperative
      endoprosthesis limb dislocation. Case report An 81-year old male presented at the
      emergency department with a contained rupture of an infrarenal aortic aneurysm
      and bilateral extensive iliac aneurysmatic disease. Open repair was no option,
      due to the pulmonary condition. The patient was prepped for an emergency EVAR.
      After placing a bifurcated endoprosthesis, angiography revealed a type IIIa
      endoleak, due to a dislocation between two left iliac extensions. We converted to
      a right-sided aorto-uni-iliac endoprosthesis with a femorofemoral bypass. A
      postoperative CT-scan showed a complete exclusion of the aneurysm, a patent aorto
      uni-iliac endoprosthesis and a femorofemoral bypass without an endoleak.
      Discussion EVAR is feasible with a hostile neck AAA, even in a ruptured AAA. In
      large AAA, one should consider an overlap larger than suggested in the
      instructions for use. 

PMID- 27385141
TI  - A case of parenchymal-sparing right mainstem bronchial sleeve resection for
      carcinoid tumor.
AB  - Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors are rare bronchial carcinomata often
      presenting in a central airway. Resection usually includes a sleeve of the
      bronchus with the underlying lobe. Case report We present a 19-year old male with
      retro-obstructive pneumonia from a tumor in the right mainstem bronchus.
      Bronchoscopy showed an obstructive mass confirmed as being a typical carcinoid on
      biopsy. Sleeve resection of the mainstem bronchus only was successfully performed
      sparing the entire right lung. Discussion and conclusion This type of limited
      tumoral resection should be reserved for carefully selected patients with a low
      grade neoplasm without extrabronchial extension and with both tumor-negative
      lymph nodes and bronchial margins on frozen section. 

PMID- 27385142
TI  - Esophageal wall rupture after EUS-FNA for mediastinal staging: report of two
      cases.
AB  - Esophageal wall rupture after EUS-FNA for mediastinal staging is a severe
      complication. Here we describe the management of two patients with esophageal
      wall rupture and the presence of empyema. Management was in both cases surgical
      and consisted of a decortication via thoracotomy. Postoperative IV antibiotics
      and parenteral nutrition were continued until the first negative X-ray with
      gastrografin. Both patients recovered and left the hospital in good condition and
      with oral intake. 

PMID- 27385143
TI  - Intraperitoneal mesh prosthesis metastasis from pancreatic cancer, after
      laparoscopic hernia repair.
AB  - Introduction There are very few case reports of metastasis on a mesh prosthesis
      following laparoscopic hernia repair in the literature and its incidence is
      completely unknown. Case report A 76-year-old male patient presented in December
      2013 with a suspicious malignant lesion of the pancreatic tail on the MRI. He was
      also complaining of a painful mass in the right para-rectal area. An exploratory
      laparoscopy performed in December 2013 revealed microscopic whitish peritoneal
      implants in the left hypochondrium and a massive metastasis involving a mesh
      prosthesis placed e years before in the right para-rectal area. The pathology
      report of biopsies of the mesh confirmed a metastasis compatible with a
      pancreatic tumor. Discussion Possible modes of metastasis and limited published
      data to date on mesh prosthesis metastasis are presented. This situation can be
      assimilated to port-site metastasis after laparoscopy. Conclusion A mesh
      prosthesis metastasis after laparoscopic hernia repair is very rare. 

PMID- 27385144
TI  - Emphysematous cholecystitis due to Clostridium perfringens successfully treated
      by cholecystectomy.
AB  - Emphysematous Cholecystitis is life threatening if left untreated. It is
      associated with arteriosclerosis, embolic events, and diabetes mellitus. In this
      report, a patient was presented with an early diagnosis of Emphysematous
      Cholecystitis and was treated by cholecystectomy without complications. A 46-year
      old male presented at the emergency department. Laboratory results as well as the
      abdominal ultrasound showed no abnormalities. One day after admission, infection
      parameters started rising. A computed tomography (CT) showed cholecystitis with a
      circular gas pattern in bile ducts and gallbladder. After treatment with
      cholecystectomy and antibiotics, the patient recovered uneventfully. The
      gallbladder mucosa was denaturized with signs of necrosis. The bile culture was
      positive for Clostridium perfringens. Treatment was based on preoperative
      antibiotic treatment combined with cholecystectomy. This resulted in early
      clinical improvement of the patient and normalization of infection parameters.
      Therefore, the patient was discharged from the hospital four days
      postoperatively. 

PMID- 27385145
TI  - Successful surgical repair of a triple cardiac rupture using modified cohesive
      double patch technique.
AB  - Introduction The association between both left and right ventricular free wall
      ruptures (FWR) and post-infarction anterior ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an
      exceptional situation. Case report We present the case of a patient who developed
      a VSD and two FWRs (of the left and right ventricle, respectively) shortly after
      the onset of an anterior AMI. We surgically closed this complex rupture using the
      cohesive double patch technique with two Teflon patches combined with an infarct
      exclusion technique. The left and right ventricular patches were attached
      cohesively to the septal wall and the infarcted area was excluded without
      reducing the left ventricular cavity. Conclusion Association between post
      infarction ventricular septal rupture and both left and right free wall ruptures
      are a very rare and dangerous situation. The modified cohesive double patch
      technique associated the modified Cooley technique seems to be the correct
      surgical solution. 

PMID- 27385146
TI  - Andreas vesalius: his surgical activities and influence on modern surgery.

PMID- 27385147
TI  - Dynamic reconstruction of the spine.

PMID- 27385148
TI  - Robotic Head and Neck Surgery - The Essential Guide.

PMID- 27385149
TI  - Sexual complementarity between host humoral toxicity and soldier caste in a
      polyembryonic wasp.
AB  - Defense against enemies is a type of natural selection considered fundamentally
      equivalent between the sexes. In reality, however, whether males and females
      differ in defense strategy is unknown. Multiparasitism necessarily leads to the
      problem of defense for a parasite (parasitoid). The polyembryonic parasitic wasp
      Copidosoma floridanum is famous for its larval soldiers' ability to kill other
      parasites. This wasp also exhibits sexual differences not only with regard to the
      competitive ability of the soldier caste but also with regard to host immune
      enhancement. Female soldiers are more aggressive than male soldiers, and their
      numbers increase upon invasion of the host by other parasites. In this report, in
      vivo and in vitro competition assays were used to test whether females have a
      toxic humoral factor; if so, then its strength was compared with that of males.
      We found that females have a toxic factor that is much weaker than that of males.
      Our results imply sexual complementarity between host humoral toxicity and larval
      soldiers. We discuss how this sexual complementarity guarantees adaptive
      advantages for both males and females despite the one-sided killing of male
      reproductives by larval female soldiers in a mixed-sex brood.

PMID- 27385150
TI  - Facilitators and Barriers for Successful Implementation of Interconception Care
      in Preventive Child Health Care Services in the Netherlands.
AB  - Objectives Successful implementation of preconception and interconception care
      contributes to optimizing pregnancy outcomes. While interconception care to new
      mothers could potentially be provided by Preventive Child Health Care services,
      this care is currently not routinely available in the Netherlands. The purpose of
      this study was to identify facilitators and barriers for implementation of
      interconception care in Preventive Child Health Care services. Methods We
      organized four focus groups in which Preventive Child Health Care physicians and
      nurses, related health care professionals and policymakers participated. A semi
      structured interview approach was used to guide the discussion. The transcribed
      discussions were analyzed. Results All four groups agreed that several
      facilitators are present, such as the unique position to reach women and the
      expertise in preventive health care. Identified barriers include unfamiliarity
      with interconception care among patients and health care providers, as well as
      lack of consensus about the concept of interconception care and how it should be
      organized. A broad educational campaign, local adaptation, and general agreement
      or a guideline for standard procedures were recognized as important for future
      implementation. Conclusions for practice This study identifies potentially
      important facilitators and barriers for the implementation of interconception
      care in Preventive Child Health Care services or comparable pediatric settings.
      These factors should be considered and strategies developed to achieve successful
      implementation of interconception care.

PMID- 27385151
TI  - Dextran or Saline Can Replace Contrast for Intravascular Optical Coherence
      Tomography in Lower Extremity Arteries.
AB  - PURPOSE: To examine the hypothesis that alternative flush media could be used for
      lower extremity optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging in long lesions that
      would normally require excessive use of contrast. METHODS: The OPTical Imaging
      Measurement of Intravascular Solution Efficacy (OPTIMISE) trial was a single
      center, prospective study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01743872) that
      enrolled 23 patients (mean age 68+/-11 years; 14 men) undergoing endovascular
      intervention involving the superficial femoral artery. Four flush media
      (heparinized saline, dextran, carbon dioxide, and contrast) were used in
      succession in random order for each image pullback. Quality was defined as >=270
      degrees  visualization of vessel wall layers from each axial image. Mean
      proportions (+/- standard deviation) of image quality for each flush medium were
      assessed using 1-way analysis of variance and are reported with the 95%
      confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Four OCT catheters failed, leaving 19
      patients who completed the OCT imaging protocol; from this cohort, 51 highest
      quality runs were selected for analysis. Average vessel diameter was 3.99+/-1.01
      mm. OCT imaging allowed 10- to 15-MUm resolution of the lumen border, with
      diminishing quality as vessel diameter increased. Plaque characterization
      revealed fibrotic lesions. Mean proportions of image quality were dextran 87.2%+/
      12% (95% CI 0.81 to 0.94), heparinized saline 74.3%+/-24.8% (95% CI 0.66 to
      0.93), contrast 70.1%+/-30.5% (95% CI 0.52 to 0.88), and carbon dioxide 10.0%+/
      10.4% (95% CI 0.00 to 0.26). Dextran, saline, and contrast provided better
      quality than carbon dioxide (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: OCT is feasible in peripheral
      vessels <5 mm in diameter. Dextran or saline flush media can allow lesion
      characterization, avoiding iodinated contrast. Carbon dioxide is inadequate for
      peripheral OCT imaging. Axial imaging may aid in enhancing durability of
      peripheral endovascular interventions.

PMID- 27385152
TI  - Hemostatic Wound Dressing for Postinterventional Hemostasis in Large Femoral
      Artery Access Sites: An Initial Efficacy and Safety Study.
AB  - PURPOSE: To present the results of a prospective single-center study that
      evaluated the safety and efficacy of a hemostatic dressing following femoral
      artery access. METHODS: Within a 9-month period, 80 patients (mean age 68+/-14
      years; 55 men) were treated with a hemostatic dressing patch (Hematrix Active
      Patch) containing aminocaproic acid, calcium chloride, and thrombin after
      endovascular procedures via a 6- to 8-F femoral artery access. After removing the
      sheath, the wound dressing was placed on the puncture site followed by constant
      manual compression adapted to the sheath size (specified pressure times: 8
      minutes for 6-F, 9 minutes for 7-F, and 10 minutes for 8-F). Patients were
      treated with an additional pressure bandage for 24 hours. Hemostasis was checked
      clinically and with duplex ultrasound after patch removal and at 24 hours.
      Patient characteristics [platelets, systolic blood pressure, international
      normalized ratio (INR), and partial thromboplastin time (PTT)], sheath sizes, and
      approach direction were compared among patients with successful hemostasis
      (within specified pressure times) vs those with prolonged compression. RESULTS: A
      total of 39 6-F, 19 7-F, and 22 8-F sheaths were employed. In 73 (91.2%) of 80
      patients, hemostasis was reached within the prespecified pressure times (mean
      8.8+/-0.8 minutes). In 7 patients (4 6-F, 1 7-F, 2 8-F) a longer compression time
      was necessary (mean 34+/-30 minutes). No serious major complication occurred.
      Twelve (15.0%) minor and 5 (6.3%) moderate subcutaneous hematomas were observed.
      Two (2.5%) false aneurysms were treated successfully. Ambulation and discharge
      was possible within 24 hours in 79 (98.7%) cases. Patients with initial
      hemostasis and those with prolonged compression did not differ substantially
      (p>0.05) according to sheath size, approach direction, INR (1.09+/-0.3 vs 1.11+/
      0.3), platelets (234+/-47*10(3)/uL vs 249+/-93*10(3)/uL), systolic blood pressure
      (150+/-26 vs 152+/-17 mm Hg), or PTT (31+/-7.9 vs 34.8+/-10.0 seconds).
      CONCLUSION: The evaluated wound dressing seems to be safe and effective in
      reducing time to hemostasis in large arterial access sites. However, a randomized
      trial with a larger population and an active control group is necessary to
      confirm these preliminary data. Moreover, additional focus on shortening the time
      to ambulation is required in future studies.

PMID- 27385154
TI  - Sixty-twelve = Seventy-two? A cross-linguistic comparison of children's number
      transcoding.
AB  - We compared French- and English-speaking fifth-grade (10-year-old) children's
      performance in number transcoding. Whereas English two-digit number names follow
      the decimal structure (base 10), the structure of French two-digit number words
      over 60 follow a vigesimal structure (base 20). Children undertook two number
      transcoding tasks. While children were generally successful at the tasks, English
      speaking children significantly outperformed French-speaking children for numbers
      following a vigesimal structure in French compared to a decimal structure in
      English (i.e., numbers >60). Our findings show that verbal number name structures
      influence children's performance in numerical tasks, even though fifth-grade
      children have well passed the initial stage of acquiring transcoding skills for
      two-digit numbers. These findings highlight the importance of language
      specificities in children's number transcoding. Statement of contribution What is
      already known? Previous research reports that language influences number
      processing in young children. Number transcoding performances can be conditioned
      by the linguistic structure of number words. What does this study add? Our
      results show how the structure of French vigesimal number words impacts number
      transcoding. They demonstrate that these language influences also affect children
      who already master basic number competencies.

PMID- 27385153
TI  - Challenging Anatomy Predicts Mortality and Complications After Endovascular
      Treatment of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.
AB  - PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of aortic anatomy and endovascular aneurysm
      repair (EVAR) inside and outside the instructions for use (IFU) on outcomes in
      patients treated for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (rAAA). METHODS: All 112
      patients (mean age 73 years; 102 men) treated with standard EVAR for rAAA between
      2000 and 2012 in 3 European centers were included in the retrospective analysis.
      Patients were grouped based on aortic anatomy and whether EVAR was performed
      inside or outside the IFU. Data on complications, secondary interventions, and
      mortality were extracted from the patient records. Cox regression analysis was
      performed to assess predictors of mortality and complications; results are
      presented as the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Survival
      was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Of the 112 patients
      examined, 61 (54%) were treated inside the IFU, 43 (38%) outside the IFU, and 8
      patients lacked adequate preoperative computed tomography scans for
      determination. Median follow-up of those surviving 30 days was 2.5 years.
      Mortality at 30 days was 15% (95% CI 6% to 24%) inside the IFU vs 30% (95% CI 16%
      to 45%) outside (p=0.087). Three-year mortality estimates were 33.8% (95% CI
      20.0% to 47.5%) inside the IFU vs 56% (95% CI 39.7% to 72.2%) outside (p=0.016).
      At 5 years, mortality was 48% (95% CI 30% to 66%) inside the IFU vs 74% (95% CI
      54% to 93%) outside (p=0.015). Graft-related complications occurred in 6% (95% CI
      0% to 13%) inside the IFU and 30% (95% CI 14% to 42%) outside (p=0.015). The rate
      of graft-related secondary interventions was 14% (95% CI 4% to 22%) inside the
      IFU vs 35% (95% CI 14% to 42%) outside (p=0.072). In the multivariate analysis,
      neck length <15 mm (HR 8.1, 95% CI 3.0 to 21.9, p<0.001) and angulation >60
      degrees  (HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 9.3, p=0.045) were independent predictors of late
      graft-related complications. Aneurysm neck diameter >29 mm (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to
      5.9, p=0.035) was an independent predictor of overall mortality. CONCLUSION: Long
      term mortality and complications after rEVAR are associated with aneurysm
      anatomy. The role of adjunct endovascular techniques and the outcome of open
      repair in cases with challenging anatomy warrant further study.

PMID- 27385156
TI  - Surgery or conservative treatment for rotator cuff tear: a meta-analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: Comparative evidence on treating rotator cuff tear is inconclusive. The
      objective of this review was to evaluate the evidence on effectiveness of tendon
      repair in reducing pain and improving function of the shoulder when compared with
      conservative treatment of symptomatic rotator cuff tear. METHOD: Search on
      CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and Pedro databases. Randomised
      controlled trials (RCT) comparing surgery and conservative treatment of rotator
      cuff tear. Study selection and extraction based on the Cochrane Handbook for
      Systematic reviews of Interventions. Random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: Three
      identified RCTs involved 252 participants (123 cases and 129 controls). The risk
      of bias was considered low for all three RCTs. For Constant score, statistically
      insignificant effect size was 5.6 (95% CI -0.41 to 11.62) points in 1-year follow
      up favouring surgery and below the level of minimal clinically important
      difference. The respective difference in pain reduction was -0.93 (95% CI -1.65
      to -0.21) cm on a 0-10 pain visual analogue scale favouring surgery. The
      difference was statistically significant (p = 0.012) in 1-year follow up but
      below the level of minimal clinically important difference. CONCLUSION: There is
      limited evidence that surgery is not more effective in treating rotator cuff tear
      than conservative treatment alone. Thus, a conservative approach is advocated as
      the initial treatment modality. Implications for Rehabilitation There is limited
      evidence that surgery is not more effective in treating rotator cuff tear than
      conservative treatment alone. There was no clinically significant difference
      between surgery and active physiotherapy in 1-year follow-up in improving
      Constant score or reducing pain caused by rotator cuff tear. As physiotherapy is
      less proneness to complications and less expensive than surgery, a conservative
      approach is advocated as the initial treatment modality to rotator cuff tears.

PMID- 27385155
TI  - Adjunctive role of MMP-9 inhibition along with conventional anti-tubercular drugs
      against experimental tuberculous meningitis.
AB  - Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is an outcome of neuroinflammatory degeneration
      caused due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and leads to death or
      neurological disabilities in the affected individuals. It causes the highest
      morbidity and mortality amongst all forms of tuberculosis. Matrix
      metalloproteinase-9 levels increase and cause inflammatory destruction during
      progression of the disease. Although corticosteroids are usually given as an
      adjuvant therapy to overcome these complications, treatment outcome is
      contradictory. This study was designed to evaluate whether specific inhibition of
      MMP-9 can be beneficial in management of the disease. MMP-9 levels were inhibited
      using SB-3CT or dexamethasone along with conventional drugs for treatment of
      tuberculous meningitis. Both SB-3CT and dexamethasone decreased the elevated
      levels of MMP-9 in sera and tissues of the infected mice. However, dexamethasone
      administration had an inhibitory effect on bacillary clearance, while SB-3CT
      potentiated the bacillary clearance, suggesting that MMP-9, if specifically
      inhibited, can be beneficial in the management of TBM.

PMID- 27385158
TI  - Nardilysin Is Required for Maintaining Pancreatic beta-Cell Function.
AB  - Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction,
      manifested by reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Several
      transcription factors enriched in beta-cells, such as MafA, control beta-cell
      function by organizing genes involved in GSIS. Here we demonstrate that
      nardilysin (N-arginine dibasic convertase; Nrd1 and NRDc) critically regulates
      beta-cell function through MafA. Nrd1(-/-) mice showed glucose intolerance and
      severely decreased GSIS. Islets isolated from Nrd1(-/-) mice exhibited reduced
      insulin content and impaired GSIS in vitro. Moreover, beta-cell-specific NRDc
      deficient (Nrd1(delbeta)) mice showed a diabetic phenotype with markedly reduced
      GSIS. MafA was specifically downregulated in islets from Nrd1(delbeta) mice,
      whereas overexpression of NRDc upregulated MafA and insulin expression in
      INS832/13 cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that NRDc is
      associated with Islet-1 in the enhancer region of MafA, where NRDc controls the
      recruitment of Islet-1 and MafA transcription. Our findings demonstrate that NRDc
      controls beta-cell function via regulation of the Islet-1-MafA pathway.

PMID- 27385157
TI  - Lorcaserin Administration Decreases Activation of Brain Centers in Response to
      Food Cues and These Emotion- and Salience-Related Changes Correlate With Weight
      Loss Effects: A 4-Week-Long Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical
      Trial.
AB  - Lorcaserin is a serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2c receptor agonist effective in
      treating obesity. Studies in rodents have shown that lorcaserin acts in the brain
      to exert its weight-reducing effects, but this has not yet been studied in
      humans. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial with 48
      obese participants and used functional MRI to study the effects of lorcaserin on
      the brain. Subjects taking lorcaserin had decreased brain activations in the
      attention-related parietal and visual cortices in response to highly palatable
      food cues at 1 week in the fasting state and in the parietal cortex in response
      to any food cues at 4 weeks in the fed state. Decreases in emotion- and salience
      related limbic activity, including the insula and amygdala, were attenuated at 4
      weeks. Decreases in caloric intake, weight, and BMI correlated with activations
      in the amygdala, parietal, and visual cortices at baseline. These data suggest
      that lorcaserin exerts its weight-reducing effects by decreasing attention
      related brain activations to food cues (parietal and visual cortices) and
      emotional and limbic activity (insula, amygdala). Results indicating that
      baseline activation of the amygdala relates to increased efficacy suggest that
      lorcaserin would be of particular benefit to emotional eaters.

PMID- 27385160
TI  - Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics of Acute Cardiac Dysfunction
      Associated With Acute Brain Hemorrhage - Difference From Takotsubo
      Cardiomyopathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cardiac dysfunction (CD) associated with brain hemorrhage is similar
      to that with takotsubo cardiomyopathy but still not well understood. We aimed to
      investigate the clinical and echocardiographic findings of acute CD (ACD) related
      to brain hemorrhage. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2014, consecutive
      patients diagnosed with spontaneous and traumatic brain hemorrhage were
      prospectively enrolled. Electrocardiography, cardiac enzymes, and
      echocardiography were performed. Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction on
      echocardiography was defined as ACD related to brain hemorrhage when all the
      following conditions were satisfied: abnormal ECG and cardiac troponin level, LV
      wall motion abnormality or decreased LV systolic function on echocardiography,
      and no previous history of cardiac disease. Otherwise, LV dysfunction was
      considered to be other CD unrelated to brain hemorrhage. In a total of 208
      patients, 15 (7.2%) showed ACD. Of them, 8 patients were men and 8 showed apex
      sparing LV hypokinesia and 9 died in hospital. Other cardiac abnormalities
      observed in the study patients were NT-proBNP elevation (n=123), QT interval
      prolongation (n=95), LV hypertrophy (n=89), and troponin I elevation (n=47).
      There were 36 in-hospital deaths (17.3%). Glasgow coma score and ACD were
      independently associated with in-hospital death. CONCLUSIONS: ACD was observed in
      patients with various brain hemorrhages. Unlike takotsubo cardiomyopathy, high
      proportions of male sex, apex-sparing LV dysfunction, and in-hospital death were
      observed for ACD associated with brain hemorrhage. (Circ J 2016; 80: 2026-2032).

PMID- 27385159
TI  - Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 2 Protects Against Hepatic Steatosis
      Through Modulation of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Anaplerosis and Ketogenesis.
AB  - Hepatic steatosis is associated with increased insulin resistance and
      tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux, but decreased ketogenesis and pyruvate
      dehydrogenase complex (PDC) flux. This study examined whether hepatic PDC
      activation by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDK2) ameliorates
      these metabolic abnormalities. Wild-type mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited
      hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and increased levels of pyruvate, TCA
      cycle intermediates, and malonyl-CoA but reduced ketogenesis and PDC activity due
      to PDK2 induction. Hepatic PDC activation by PDK2 inhibition attenuated hepatic
      steatosis, improved hepatic insulin sensitivity, reduced hepatic glucose
      production, increased capacity for beta-oxidation and ketogenesis, and decreased
      the capacity for lipogenesis. These results were attributed to altered enzymatic
      capacities and a reduction in TCA anaplerosis that limited the availability of
      oxaloacetate for the TCA cycle, which promoted ketogenesis. The current study
      reports that increasing hepatic PDC activity by inhibition of PDK2 ameliorates
      hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity by regulating TCA cycle anaplerosis and
      ketogenesis. The findings suggest PDK2 is a potential therapeutic target for
      nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

PMID- 27385161
TI  - An Ideal Time to Solve a Clinical Dilemma in the Golden Age of Aortic Stenosis
      Therapy.

PMID- 27385163
TI  - Mindful attention predicts greater recovery from negative emotions, but not
      reduced reactivity.
AB  - This study investigated the role of dispositional mindful attention in immediate
      reactivity to, and subsequent recovery from, laboratory-induced negative emotion.
      One hundred and fourteen undergraduates viewed blocks of negative pictures
      followed by neutral pictures. Participants' emotional responses to negative
      pictures and subsequent neutral pictures were assessed via self-reported ratings.
      Participants' emotional response to negative pictures was used to index level of
      emotional reactivity to unpleasant stimuli; emotional response to neutral
      pictures presented immediately after the negative pictures was used to index
      level of emotional recovery from pre-induced negative emotion (residual
      negativity). Results indicated that mindful attention was not associated with the
      emotional response to negative pictures, but it was associated with reduced
      negative emotion in response to the neutral pictures presented immediately after
      the negative pictures, suggesting better recovery as opposed to reduced
      reactivity. This effect was especially pronounced in later experimental blocks
      when the accumulation of negative stimuli produced greater negative emotion from
      which participants had to recover. The current study extends previous findings on
      the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and reduced negative emotion
      by demonstrating that mindful attention may facilitate better recovery from
      negative emotion, possibly through more effective disengagement from previous
      stimuli.

PMID- 27385162
TI  - In Vivo MRI and X-Ray Bifunctional Imaging of Polymeric Composite Supplemented
      with GdPO4 .H2 O Nanobundles for Tracing Bone Implant and Bone Regeneration.
AB  - Homogeneous and monodisperse GdPO4 .H2 O nanobundles are successfully synthesized
      via a solvothermal method. Then, GdPO4 .H2 O are incorporated into the composite
      of hydroxyapatite and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) to obtain a biodegradable and
      traceable bone implant. After implanted, the GdPO4 .H2 O/HA/PLGA implant and the
      newly formed bone can be easily traced and observed through the combination of
      magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray imaging.

PMID- 27385164
TI  - Inverse scattering transform analysis of rogue waves using local periodization
      procedure.
AB  - The nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) stands out as the dispersive nonlinear
      partial differential equation that plays a prominent role in the modeling and
      understanding of the wave phenomena relevant to many fields of nonlinear physics.
      The question of random input problems in the one-dimensional and integrable NLSE
      enters within the framework of integrable turbulence, and the specific question
      of the formation of rogue waves (RWs) has been recently extensively studied in
      this context. The determination of exact analytic solutions of the focusing 1D
      NLSE prototyping RW events of statistical relevance is now considered as the
      problem of central importance. Here we address this question from the perspective
      of the inverse scattering transform (IST) method that relies on the integrable
      nature of the wave equation. We develop a conceptually new approach to the RW
      classification in which appropriate, locally coherent structures are specifically
      isolated from a globally incoherent wave train to be subsequently analyzed by
      implementing a numerical IST procedure relying on a spatial periodization of the
      object under consideration. Using this approach we extend the existing
      classifications of the prototypes of RWs from standard breathers and their
      collisions to more general nonlinear modes characterized by their nonlinear
      spectra.

PMID- 27385165
TI  - Biogeochemical Controls of Uranium Bioavailability from the Dissolved Phase in
      Natural Freshwaters.
AB  - To gain insights into the risks associated with uranium (U) mining and
      processing, we investigated the biogeochemical controls of U bioavailability in
      the model freshwater species Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda). Bioavailability of
      dissolved U(VI) was characterized in controlled laboratory experiments over a
      range of water hardness, pH, and in the presence of complexing ligands in the
      form of dissolved natural organic matter (DOM). Results show that dissolved U is
      bioavailable under all the geochemical conditions tested. Uranium uptake rates
      follow first order kinetics over a range encompassing most environmental
      concentrations. Uranium uptake rates in L. stagnalis ultimately demonstrate
      saturation uptake kinetics when exposure concentrations exceed 100 nM, suggesting
      uptake via a finite number of carriers or ion channels. The lack of a
      relationship between U uptake rate constants and Ca uptake rates suggest that U
      does not exclusively use Ca membrane transporters. In general, U bioavailability
      decreases with increasing pH, increasing Ca and Mg concentrations, and when DOM
      is present. Competing ions did not affect U uptake rates. Speciation modeling
      that includes formation constants for U ternary complexes reveals that the
      aqueous concentration of dicarbonato U species (UO2(CO3)2(-2)) best predicts U
      bioavailability to L. stagnalis, challenging the free-ion activity model
      postulate.

PMID- 27385166
TI  - The Rise and Fall in Out-of-Pocket Costs in Australia: An Analysis of the
      Strengthening Medicare Reforms.
AB  - After a period of steady decline, out-of-pocket (OOP) costs for general
      practitioner (GP) consultations in Australia began increasing in the mid-1990s.
      Following the rising community concerns about the increasing costs, the
      Australian Government introduced the Strengthening Medicare reforms in 2004 and
      2005, which included a targeted incentive for GPs to charge zero OOP costs for
      consultations provided to children and concession cardholders (older adults and
      the poor), as well as an increase in the reimbursement for all GP visits. This
      paper examines the impact of those reforms using longitudinal survey and
      administrative data from a large national sample of women. The findings suggest
      that the reforms were effective in reducing OOP costs by an average of $A0.40 per
      visit. Decreases in OOP costs, however, were not evenly distributed. Those with
      higher pre-reform OOP costs had the biggest reductions in OOP costs, as did those
      with concession cards. However, results also reveal increases in OOP costs for
      most people without a concession card. The analysis suggests that there has been
      considerable heterogeneity in GP responses to the reforms, which has led to
      substantial changes in the fees charged by doctors and, as a result, the OOP
      costs incurred by different population groups. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27385167
TI  - Standardizing Biparametric MRI to Simplify and Improve Prostate Imaging Reporting
      and Data System, Version 2, in Prostate Cancer Management.

PMID- 27385168
TI  - Role of Hepatic Drug Transporters in Drug Development.
AB  - Hepatic drug transporters can play an important role in pharmacokinetics and the
      disposition of therapeutic drugs and endogenous substances. Altered function of
      hepatic drug transporters due to drug-drug interactions (DDIs), genetic
      polymorphisms, and disease states can often result in a change in systemic and/or
      tissue exposure and subsequent pharmacological/toxicological effects of their
      substrates. Regulatory agencies including the US Food and Drug Administration,
      European Medicines Agency, and Japan Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency
      have issued guidance for industry on drug interaction studies, which contain
      comprehensive recommendations on in vitro and in vivo study tools and cutoff
      values to evaluate the DDI potential of new molecular entities mediated by
      hepatic drug transporters. In this report we summarize the latest regulatory and
      scientific progress of hepatic drug transporters in clinical DDIs,
      pharmacogenetics, drug-induced liver injury (DILI), as well as methods for
      predicting transporter-mediated pharmacokinetics and DDIs.

PMID- 27385169
TI  - Evaluation and Quantitative Prediction of Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug
      Interactions.
AB  - With numerous drugs cleared renally, inhibition of uptake transporters localized
      on the basolateral membrane of renal proximal tubule cells, eg, organic anion
      transporters (OATs) and organic cation transporters (OCTs), may lead to
      clinically meaningful drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Additionally, clinical
      evidence for the possible involvement of efflux transporters, such as P
      glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1/2-K (MATE1/2-K),
      in the renal DDIs is emerging. Herein, we review recent progress regarding
      mechanistic understanding of transporter-mediated renal DDIs as well as the
      quantitative predictability of renal DDIs using static and physiologically based
      pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. Generally, clinical DDI data suggest that the
      magnitude of plasma exposure changes attributable to renal DDIs is less than 2
      fold, unlike the DDIs associated with inhibition of cytochrome P-450s and/or
      hepatic uptake transporters. It is concluded that although there is a need for
      risk assessment early in drug development, current available data imply that
      safety concerns related to the renal DDIs are generally low. Nevertheless,
      consideration must be given to the therapeutic index of the victim drug and
      potential risk in a specific patient population (eg, renal impairment). Finally,
      in vitro transporter data and clinical pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from
      the first-in-human studies have proven useful in support of quantitative
      prediction of DDIs associated with inhibition of renal secretory transporters,
      OATs or OCTs.

PMID- 27385170
TI  - The Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict the
      Role of Drug Transporters: Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives.
AB  - Transporters play an important role in drug absorption, disposition, and drug
      action. The evaluation of drug transporters requires a comprehensive
      understanding of transporter biology and pharmacology. Physiologically based
      pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models may offer an integrative platform to quantitatively
      evaluate the role of drug transporters and its interplay with other drug
      disposition processes such as passive drug diffusion and elimination by
      metabolizing enzymes. To date, PBPK modeling and simulations integrating drug
      transporters lag behind that for drug-metabolizing enzymes. In addition,
      predictive performance of PBPK has not been well established for predicting the
      role of drug transporters in the pharmacokinetics of a drug. To enhance overall
      predictive performance of transporter-based PBPK models, it is necessary to have
      a detailed understanding of transporter biology for proper representation in the
      models and to have a quantitative understanding of the contribution of
      transporters in the absorption and metabolism of a drug. This article summarizes
      PBPK-based submissions evaluating the role of drug transporters to the Office of
      Clinical Pharmacology of the US Food and Drug Administration.

PMID- 27385172
TI  - Use of PET Imaging to Evaluate Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions.
AB  - Several membrane transporters belonging to the adenosine triphosphate-binding
      cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) families can transport drugs and drug
      metabolites and thereby exert an effect on drug absorption, distribution, and
      excretion, which may potentially lead to transporter-mediated drug-drug
      interactions (DDIs). Some transporter-mediated DDIs may lead to changes in organ
      distribution of drugs (eg, brain, liver, kidneys) without affecting plasma
      concentrations. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive imaging
      method that allows studying of the distribution of radiolabeled drugs to
      different organs and tissues and is therefore the method of choice to
      quantitatively assess transporter-mediated DDIs on a tissue level. There are 2
      approaches to how PET can be used in transporter-mediated DDI studies. When the
      drug of interest is a potential perpetrator of DDIs, it may be administered in
      unlabeled form to assess its influence on tissue distribution of a generic
      transporter-specific PET tracer (probe substrate). When the drug of interest is a
      potential victim of DDIs, it may be radiolabeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18
      and used in combination with a prototypical transporter inhibitor (eg,
      rifampicin). PET has already been used both in preclinical species and in humans
      to assess the effects of transporter-mediated DDIs on drug disposition in
      different organ systems, such as brain, liver, and kidneys, for which examples
      are given in the present review article. Given the growing importance of membrane
      transporters with respect to drug safety and efficacy, PET is expected to play an
      increasingly important role in future drug development.

PMID- 27385171
TI  - More Power to OATP1B1: An Evaluation of Sample Size in Pharmacogenetic Studies
      Using a Rosuvastatin PBPK Model for Intestinal, Hepatic, and Renal Transporter
      Mediated Clearances.
AB  - Rosuvastatin is a substrate of choice in clinical studies of organic anion
      transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1- and OATP1B3-associated drug interactions;
      thus, understanding the effect of OATP1B1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics
      of rosuvastatin is crucial. Here, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK)
      modeling was coupled with a power calculation algorithm to evaluate the influence
      of sample size on the ability to detect an effect (80% power) of OATP1B1
      phenotype on pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Intestinal, hepatic, and renal
      transporters were mechanistically incorporated into a rosuvastatin PBPK model
      using permeability-limited models for intestine, liver, and kidney, respectively,
      nested within a full PBPK model. Simulated plasma rosuvastatin concentrations in
      healthy volunteers were in agreement with previously reported clinical data.
      Power calculations were used to determine the influence of sample size on study
      power while accounting for OATP1B1 haplotype frequency and abundance in addition
      to its correlation with OATP1B3 abundance. It was determined that 10 poor
      transporter and 45 intermediate-transporter individuals are required to achieve
      80% power to discriminate the AUC0-48h of rosuvastatin from that of the extensive
      transporter phenotype. This number was reduced to 7 poor-transporter and 40
      intermediate-transporter individuals when the reported correlation between
      OATP1B1 and 1B3 abundance was taken into account. The current study represents
      the first example in which PBPK modeling in conjunction with power analysis has
      been used to investigate sample size in clinical studies of OATP1B1
      polymorphisms. This approach highlights the influence of interindividual
      variability and correlation of transporter abundance on study power and should
      allow more informed decision making in pharmacogenomic study design.

PMID- 27385173
TI  - The Role of Transporters in the Toxicity of Chemotherapeutic Drugs: Focus on
      Transporters for Organic Cations.
AB  - The introduction of chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer is one of the most
      important achievements of modern medicine, even allowing the cure of some lethal
      diseases such as testicular cancer and other malignant neoplasms. The number and
      type of chemotherapeutic agents available have steadily increased and have
      developed until the introduction of targeted tumor therapy. It is now evident
      that transporters play an important role for determining toxicity of
      chemotherapeutic drugs not only against target but also against nontarget cells.
      This is of special importance for intracellularly active hydrophilic drugs, which
      cannot freely penetrate the plasma membrane. Because many important
      chemotherapeutic agents are substrates of transporters for organic cations, this
      review discusses the known interaction of these substances with these
      transporters. A particular focus is given to the role of transporters for organic
      cations in the development of side effects of chemotherapy with platinum
      derivatives and in the efficacy of recently developed tyrosine kinase inhibitors
      to specifically target cancer cells. It is evident that specific inhibition of
      uptake transporters may be a possible strategy to protect against undesired side
      effects of platinum derivatives without compromising their antitumor efficacy.
      These transporters are also important for efficient targeting of tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors to cancer cells. However, in order to achieve the aims of protecting
      from undesired toxicities and improving the specificity of uptake by tumor cells,
      an exact knowledge of transporter expression, function, regulation under normal
      and pathologic conditions, and of genetically and epigenetically regulation is
      mandatory.

PMID- 27385174
TI  - Causes and Consequences of Variability in Drug Transporter Activity in Pediatric
      Drug Therapy.
AB  - Drug transporters play a key role in mediating the uptake of endo- and exogenous
      substances into cells as well as their efflux. Therefore, variability in drug
      transporter activity can influence pharmaco- and toxicokinetics and be a
      determinant of drug safety and efficacy. In children, particularly in neonates
      and young infants, the contribution of tissue-specific drug transporters to drug
      absorption, distribution, and excretion may differ from that in adults. In this
      review 5 major factors and their interdependence that may influence drug
      transporter activity in children are discussed: developmental differences,
      genetic polymorphisms, pediatric comorbidities, interacting comedication, and
      environmental factors. Even if data are sparse, altered drug transporter activity
      due to those factors have been associated with clinically relevant differences in
      drug disposition, efficacy, and safety in pediatric patients. Single nucleotide
      polymorphisms in drug transporter-encoding genes were the most studied source of
      drug transporter variability in children. However, in the age group where drug
      transporter activity has been reported to differ from that in adults, namely
      neonates and young infants, hardly any studies have been performed. Longitudinal
      studies in this young population are required to investigate the age- and disease
      dependent genotype-phenotype relationships and relevance of drug transporter drug
      drug interactions. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approaches can
      integrate drug- and patient-specific parameters, including drug transporter
      ontogeny, and may further improve in silico predictions of pediatric-specific
      pharmacokinetics.

PMID- 27385175
TI  - Review of Transporter-Related Postmarketing Requirement or Postmarketing
      Commitment Studies.
AB  - The objectives of this report are to summarize the content and status of
      transporter-related postmarketing requirement (PMR)/postmarketing commitment
      (PMC) studies in new drug applications (NDAs) approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
      Administration (FDA) and to discuss the reasons for requesting such studies and
      the impact of PMR/PMC study results on labeling to guide the optimal use of the
      drugs. Multiple data sources were searched to collect information on transporter
      related PMR/PMC studies between January 1999 and May 2015. A total of 40
      transporter-related PMR/PMC study requests were issued for 35 NDAs. Among these
      PMR/PMC studies, 27 requested studies related to P-glycoprotein. As of May 31,
      2015, 34 transporter-related PMR/PMC studies (85%) are considered "fulfilled"
      (per the FDA's PMR/PMC website), and 22 (65%) resulted in labeling updates. The
      majority of the PMR/PMC studies are for drugs in the therapeutic areas of anti
      infectives, oncology, and neurology. The results from PMR/PMC studies are
      important for dosing optimization and are often included in the updated labeling.
      Because a significant lag time is anticipated between drug approval and PMR/PMC
      fulfillment, NDA applicants are encouraged to include transporter-related
      assessments in clinical drug development programs for drug products.

PMID- 27385176
TI  - Effect of Disease Pathologies on Transporter Expression and Function.
AB  - Transporters are important determinants of drug absorption, distribution, and
      excretion. The clinical relevance of drug transporters in drug disposition and
      toxicology depends on their localization in liver, kidney, and brain. There has
      been growing evidence regarding the importance of disease status on alterations
      in metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins. This review focuses on uptake
      and efflux transporter proteins in liver, kidney, and brain and discusses
      mechanisms of altered transporter expression and function secondary to disease.

PMID- 27385178
TI  - Impact of Transporter Polymorphisms on Drug Development: Is It Clinically
      Significant?
AB  - Drug transporters are becoming increasingly recognized as relevant to the drug
      development process. This may be a reflection of increasing target complexity and
      the need for high-affinity interaction with drug targets that minimize off-target
      side effects. Moreover, as new molecular entities (NMEs) become larger in size
      and amphipathic in nature, interaction with drug transporters, both uptake as
      well as efflux, becomes increasingly likely. In some cases transporters may limit
      the absorption or organ-specific entry of NMEs, whereas in other cases
      transporters may enhance their absorption or tissue accumulation. Indeed, in some
      cases, transporters may prove to be a therapeutic target. Accordingly, a better
      understanding of potentially clinically relevant drug transporter polymorphisms
      earlier in the drug development process is highly desirable. In this review we
      examine key transporters that are important to the absorption, distribution, and
      excretion of a large number of drugs in clinical use. Importantly, we provide our
      assessment of the potential impact of known polymorphisms in such transporters
      and discuss whether there is sufficient evidence to incorporate these
      polymorphisms in the drug development process.

PMID- 27385177
TI  - Importance of Hepatic Transporters in Clinical Disposition of Drugs and Their
      Metabolites.
AB  - This review provides a practical clinical perspective on the relevance of hepatic
      transporters in pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Special
      emphasis is placed on transporters with clear relevance to clinical DDIs,
      efficacy, and safety. Basolateral OATP1B1 and 1B3 emerged as important hepatic
      drug uptake pathways, sites for systemic DDIs, and sources of pharmacogenetic
      variability. As the first step in hepatic drug removal from the circulation,
      OATPs are an important determinant of systemic pharmacokinetics, specifically
      influencing systemic absorption, clearance, and hepatic distribution for
      subsequent metabolism and/or excretion. Biliary excretion of parent drugs is a
      less prevalent clearance pathway than metabolism or urinary excretion, but BCRP
      and MRP2 are critically important to biliary/fecal elimination of drug
      metabolites. Inhibition of biliary excretion is typically not apparent at the
      level of systemic pharmacokinetics but can markedly increase liver exposure.
      Basolateral efflux transporters MRP3 and MRP4 mediate excretion of parent drugs
      and, more commonly, polar metabolites from hepatocytes into blood. Basolateral
      excretion is an area in need of further clinical investigation, which will
      necessitate studies more complex than just systemic pharmacokinetics. Clinical
      relevance of hepatic uptake is relatively well appreciated, and clinical
      consequences of hepatic excretion (biliary and basolateral) modulation remain an
      active research area.

PMID- 27385179
TI  - Comparing Various In Vitro Prediction Criteria to Assess the Potential of a New
      Molecular Entity to Inhibit Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 1B1.
AB  - Evaluation of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1-mediated drug
      drug interactions (DDIs) is an integral part of drug development and is
      recommended by regulatory agencies. In this study we compared various prediction
      methods and cutoff criteria based on in vitro inhibition data to assess the
      potential of a new molecular entity to inhibit OATP1B1 in vivo. In vitro (eg,
      IC50 , fu,p ) and in vivo (eg, dose, Cmax , change in area under the curve [AUC])
      data for 11 substrates and 61 inhibitors for OATP1B1 were obtained from
      literature and Drugs@FDA, which include 107 clinical (in vivo) DDI studies.
      Substrate dependency and variability of IC50 values were noted. In addition to
      the ratio of unbound or total systemic concentration (Imax,u and Imax ) to IC50 ,
      maximum unbound inhibitor concentration at the inlet to the liver (Iu,in,max )
      was used for the estimation of "R value" where R = 1 + Iu,in,max /IC50 . Based on
      our analyses, Imax /Ki >= 0.1, R >= 1.04, or R >= 1.1 seem to be appropriate for
      reducing the false-negative (FN) predictions. However, as compared with R >= 1.1,
      Imax /Ki >= 0.1 and R >= 1.04 resulted in higher false positives (FPs) and lower
      true negatives (TNs). R >= 1.1, Imax,u /Ki >= 0.02, and R >= 1.25 alone, or
      combined criterion of Imax /Ki >= 0.1 and R >= 1.25, were reasonable to determine
      the need to perform clinical DDI studies with OATP1B1 substrates with similar
      positive and negative predictive values. Possible reasons of FP or FN from
      different decision criteria should be considered when interpreting prediction
      results, and the variability in IC50 determination needs to be understood and
      minimized.

PMID- 27385180
TI  - Role of Transporters in Drug Development.

PMID- 27385181
TI  - Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions: Are They Clinically Relevant?
AB  - The kidney, through the distinct processes of passive glomerular filtration and
      active tubular secretion, plays an important role in the elimination of numerous
      endobiotics (eg, hormones, metabolites), toxins, nutrients, and drugs. Renal
      transport pathways mediating active tubular secretion and reabsorption in the
      proximal tubule are complex, involving apical and basolateral transporters acting
      in concert. Detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of net active tubular
      secretion have established the involvement of multiple transporters with
      overlapping substrate specificity mediating competing secretion and reabsorption
      pathways. Although drug interactions arising from inhibition of renal
      transporters are rare relative to other mechanisms, they can involve commonly
      administered drugs (eg, cimetidine, metformin), may be underappreciated due to
      muted effects on plasma pharmacokinetics relative to tissue levels, can affect
      narrow-therapeutic-index medications (eg, antiarrhythmic, oncology medications),
      and may disproportionately affect sensitive populations where polypharmacy is
      common (eg, the elderly, diabetics). In particular, there is the potential for
      larger-magnitude interactions in subjects with reduced glomerular filtration
      rates due to the increased relative contribution of tubular secretion. The
      assessment of additional endpoints in drug-drug interaction studies including
      pharmacodynamics, positron emission tomography imaging, and metabolomics promises
      to expand our understanding of the clinical relevance of renal drug interactions.

PMID- 27385182
TI  - Evaluation of Proposed In Vivo Probe Substrates and Inhibitors for Phenotyping
      Transporter Activity in Humans.
AB  - Drug transporters are present in various tissues and have a significant role in
      drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. The International Transporter
      Consortium has identified 7 transporters of increasing importance from evidence
      of clinically significant transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. The
      transporters are P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, organic anion
      transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, organic cation transporter 2,
      organic anion transporters (OAT) 1, and OAT3. Decision trees were created based
      on in vitro experiments to determine whether an in vivo transporter-mediated drug
      drug interaction study is needed. Phenotyping is a methodology that evaluates
      real-time in vivo transporter activity, whereby changes in a probe substrate or
      probe inhibitor reflect alternations in the activity of the specified
      transporter. In vivo probe substrates and/or probe inhibitors have been proposed
      for each aforementioned transporter. In vitro findings and animal models provide
      the strongest evidence regarding probe specificity. However, such findings have
      not conclusively correlated with human phenotyping studies. Furthermore, the
      extent of contribution from multiple transporters in probe disposition
      complicates the ability to discern if study findings are the result of a specific
      transporter and thus provide a recommendation for a preferred probe for a drug
      transporter.

PMID- 27385183
TI  - Transporter-Enzyme Interplay: Deconvoluting Effects of Hepatic Transporters and
      Enzymes on Drug Disposition Using Static and Dynamic Mechanistic Models.
AB  - A large body of evidence suggests hepatic uptake transporters, organic anion
      transporting polypeptides (OATPs), are of high clinical relevance in determining
      the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs, based on which recent regulatory
      guidances to industry recommend appropriate assessment of investigational drugs
      for the potential drug interactions. We recently proposed an extended clearance
      classification system (ECCS) framework in which the systemic clearance of class
      1B and 3B drugs is likely determined by hepatic uptake. The ECCS framework
      therefore predicts the possibility of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving
      OATPs and the effects of genetic variants of SLCO1B1 early in the discovery and
      facilitates decision making in the candidate selection and progression. Although
      OATP-mediated uptake is often the rate-determining process in the hepatic
      clearance of substrate drugs, metabolic and/or biliary components also contribute
      to the overall hepatic disposition and, more importantly, to liver exposure.
      Clinical evidence suggests that alteration in biliary efflux transport or
      metabolic enzymes associated with genetic polymorphism leads to change in the
      pharmacodynamic response of statins, for which the pharmacological target resides
      in the liver. Perpetrator drugs may show inhibitory and/or induction effects on
      transporters and enzymes simultaneously. It is therefore important to adopt
      models that frame these multiple processes in a mechanistic sense for
      quantitative DDI predictions and to deconvolute the effects of individual
      processes on the plasma and hepatic exposure. In vitro data-informed mechanistic
      static and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are proven useful in
      rationalizing and predicting transporter-mediated DDIs and the complex DDIs
      involving transporter-enzyme interplay.

PMID- 27385184
TI  - Optimal Perceived Timing: Integrating Sensory Information with Dynamically
      Updated Expectations.
AB  - The environment has a temporal structure, and knowing when a stimulus will appear
      translates into increased perceptual performance. Here we investigated how the
      human brain exploits temporal regularity in stimulus sequences for perception. We
      find that the timing of stimuli that occasionally deviate from a regularly paced
      sequence is perceptually distorted. Stimuli presented earlier than expected are
      perceptually delayed, whereas stimuli presented on time and later than expected
      are perceptually accelerated. This result suggests that the brain regularizes
      slightly deviant stimuli with an asymmetry that leads to the perceptual
      acceleration of expected stimuli. We present a Bayesian model for the combination
      of dynamically-updated expectations, in the form of a priori probability of
      encountering future stimuli, with incoming sensory information. The asymmetries
      in the results are accounted for by the asymmetries in the distributions involved
      in the computational process.

PMID- 27385185
TI  - Antiatherogenic Roles of Dietary Flavonoids Chrysin, Quercetin, and Luteolin.
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the commonest cause of global mortality and
      morbidity. Atherosclerosis, the fundamental pathological manifestation of CVDs,
      is a complex process and is poorly managed both in terms of preventive and
      therapeutic intervention. Aberrant lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation play
      critical roles in the development of atherosclerosis. These processes can be
      targeted for effective management of the disease. Although managing lipid
      metabolism is in the forefront of current therapeutic approaches, controlling
      inflammation may also prove to be crucial for an efficient treatment regimen of
      the disease. Flavonoids, the plant-derived polyphenols, are known for their
      antiinflammatory properties. This review discusses the possible antiatherogenic
      role of 3 flavonoids, namely, chrysin, quercetin, and luteolin primarily known
      for their antiinflammatory properties. 

PMID- 27385186
TI  - Morphological Identification of TRPC7 in Cardiomyocytes from Normal and
      Renovascular Hypertensive Rats: Retraction.

PMID- 27385188
TI  - The Role of Ate Complexes in the Copper-Mediated Trifluoromethylation of Alkynes.
AB  - Trifluoromethylation reactions have recently received increased attention because
      of the beneficial effect of the trifluoromethyl group on the pharmacological
      properties of numerous substances. A common method to introduce the
      trifluoromethyl group employs the Ruppert-Prakash reagent, that is, Si(CH3 )3 CF3
      , together with a copper(I) halide. We have applied this method to the
      trifluoromethylation of aromatic alkynes and used electrospray-ionization mass
      spectrometry to investigate the mechanism of these reactions in tetrahydrofuran,
      dichloromethane, and acetonitrile as well as with and without added 1,10
      phenanthroline. In the absence of the alkyne component, the homoleptic ate
      complexes [Cu(CF3 )2 ](-) and [Cu(CF3 )4 ](-) were observed. In the presence of
      the alkynes RH, the heteroleptic complexes [Cu(CF3 )3 R](-) were detected as
      well. Upon gas-phase fragmentation, these key intermediates released the cross
      coupling products R-CF3 with perfect selectivity. Apparently, the [Cu(CF3 )3 R](
      ) complexes did not originate from homoleptic cuprate anions, but from
      unobservable neutral precursors. The present results moreover point to the
      involvement of oxygen as the oxidizing agent. 

PMID- 27385187
TI  - Prenatal PBDE and PCB Exposures and Reading, Cognition, and Externalizing
      Behavior in Children.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated
      biphenyls (PCBs) exposures may influence children's neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVE:
      We examined the association of prenatal PBDE and PCB exposures with children's
      reading skills at ages 5 and 8 years, Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ),
      and externalizing behavior problems at age 8 years. METHODS: From 239 mother
      child pairs recruited (2003-2006) in Cincinnati, Ohio, we measured maternal serum
      PBDE and PCB concentrations, assessed child's reading skills using the Woodcock
      Johnson Tests of Achievement III (WJ-III) at age 5 years and the Wide Range
      Achievement Test-4 (WRAT-4) at age 8 years, tested FSIQ using the Wechsler
      Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV), and externalizing behavior problems
      using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2) at age 8 years. We
      used multiple linear regression to examine the association of prenatal PBDE and
      PCB concentrations and reading, FSIQ, and externalizing behavior problems after
      adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: An increase of Sum4PBDEs (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE
      100, and BDE-153) by 10 times was not significantly associated with reading
      scores at age 5 years at the p = 0.05 level but was inversely associated with
      Reading Composite scores (beta: -6.2, 95% CI: -11.7, -0.6) and FSIQ (beta: -5.3,
      95% CI: -10.6, -0.02) at age 8 years; it was positively associated with the score
      for externalizing behavior problems (beta: 3.5, 95% CI: -0.1, 7.2) at age 8
      years. Prenatal Sum4PCBs (PCB-118, -153, -138-158, and -180) was not
      significantly associated with a child's reading skills, FSIQ, and externalizing
      behavior problems. CONCLUSION: Prenatal PBDE concentration was inversely
      associated with reading skills and FSIQ and positively associated with
      externalizing behavior problems at age 8 years. No significant associations were
      found in prenatal PCB concentration.

PMID- 27385189
TI  - Sunscreen Product Performance and Other Determinants of Consumer Preferences.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Sunscreen use is a modifiable behavior that can help reduce the risk
      for skin cancer, prevent sunburns, mitigate photoaging, and treat photosensitive
      dermatoses. A better understanding of consumer sunscreen preferences would inform
      dermatologists in their own recommendations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the
      characteristics and the most commonly cited positive and negative features of
      highly rated sunscreens described by consumers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
      PARTICIPANTS: The top 1 percentile of sunscreen products on Amazon.com as of
      December 2015 was selected according to average consumer review (>=4 stars) and
      the highest number of consumer reviews. Descriptive data for each product were
      collected from the product page and manufacturer claims. The top 5 "most helpful"
      reviews (positive and critical) were analyzed and coded by a consensus
      qualitative coding scheme, which included positive and negative descriptors in 6
      major categories according to consumer comments: affordability, cosmetic
      elegance, separate ratings, product ingredients, product performance, and skin
      compatibility. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed
      to determine whether characteristics of each product (eg, American Academy of
      Dermatology [AAD] criteria, sun protection factor [SPF], or vehicle) could be
      used to predict price per ounce. The number (percentage) of comments categorized
      by major themes and subthemes was determined. Illustrative consumer comments were
      also collected. RESULTS: There were 6500 products categorized as sunscreens in
      the Amazon.com, online catalog. Of the 65 products evaluated, the median price
      per ounce was $3.32 (range, $0.68-$23.47). Of products, 40% (26 of 65) did not
      adhere to AAD guidelines (broad spectrum, SPF >=30, and water resistant) for
      sunscreens. Vehicles, AAD, and sunscreen type predicted a higher price per ounce.
      Cosmetic elegance was the most cited positive feature (198 of 325 [61%] comments)
      followed by product performance (146 of 325 [45%] comments) and skin type
      compatibility (78 of 325 [24%] comments). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this
      cohort of highly rated sunscreen products, a significant proportion did not
      adhere to AAD guidelines, mostly attributable to a lack of water resistance. The
      most striking variation in this cohort was price, which varied by more than
      3000%. Dermatologists should balance the importance of cosmetic elegance, cost,
      and AAD guidelines for sun protection in making their recommendations to
      consumers.

PMID- 27385191
TI  - Quantitative Evaluation of Site Energies and Their Fluctuations of Pigments in
      the Fenna-Matthews-Olson Complex with an Efficient Method for Generating a
      Potential Energy Surface.
AB  - We develop an efficient method to generate an accurate semiglobal potential
      energy surface of a molecule in condensed phases with low computational cost. We
      apply the method to the calculation of the site energies and their fluctuations
      of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a pigments in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO)
      complex using the density functional properly describing the ground and excited
      states of BChl a in solutions in our previous work (J. Phys. Chem. B 2014, 118,
      10906-10918). The errors of the potential energies calculated from the present
      and QM/MM methods are small: ~1 kcal/mol for both the ground and excited states.
      The calculated site energies are in good agreement with the experimentally fitted
      results. The calculated spectral density also agrees with the experimentally
      available data. The spectral densities of BChl 2 and BChl 5 are much larger than
      those of the other five sites. The present method is expected to provide new
      insights into the efficient excitation energy transfer in light-harvesting
      antennas. 

PMID- 27385190
TI  - Reformulating a Pharmacophore for 5-HT2A Serotonin Receptor Antagonists.
AB  - Several pharmacophore models have been proposed for 5-HT2A serotonin receptor
      antagonists. These typically consist of two aromatic/hydrophobic moieties
      separated by a given distance from each other, and from a basic amine. Although
      specified distances might vary, the models are relatively similar in their
      general construction. Because our preliminary data indicated that two aromatic
      (hydrophobic) moieties might not be required for such action, we deconstructed
      the serotonin-dopamine antipsychotic agent risperidone (1) into four smaller
      structural fragments that were thoroughly examined in 5-HT2A receptor binding and
      functional (i.e., two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) and intracellular calcium
      release) assays. It was apparent that truncated risperidone analogues behaved as
      antagonists. In particular, 6-fluoro-3-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)benzisoxazole (4)
      displayed high affinity for 5-HT2A receptors (Ki of ca. 12 nM) relative to
      risperidone (Ki of ca. 5 nM) and behaved as a potent 5-HT2A serotonin receptor
      antagonist. These results suggest that multiple aromatic (hydrophobic) moieties
      are not essential for high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor binding and antagonist
      activity and that current pharmacophore models for such agents are very much in
      need of revision.

PMID- 27385193
TI  - Dissipativity analysis of stochastic memristor-based recurrent neural networks
      with discrete and distributed time-varying delays.
AB  - In this paper, based on the knowledge of memristor-based recurrent neural
      networks (MRNNs), the model of the stochastic MRNNs with discrete and distributed
      delays is established. In real nervous systems and in the implementation of very
      large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits, noise is unavoidable, which leads to the
      stochastic model of the MRNNs. In this model, the delay interval is decomposed
      into two subintervals by using the tuning parameter alpha such that 0 < alpha <
      1. By constructing proper Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and employing direct
      delay decomposition technique, several sufficient conditions are given to
      guarantee the dissipativity and passivity of the stochastic MRNNs with discrete
      and distributed delays in the sense of Filippov solutions. Using the stochastic
      analysis theory and Ito's formula for stochastic differential equations, we
      establish sufficient conditions for dissipativity criterion. The dissipativity
      and passivity conditions are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities,
      which can be easily solved by using Matlab Tools. Finally, three numerical
      examples with simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
      theoretical results.

PMID- 27385192
TI  - Efficacy and safety of triple therapy with dapagliflozin add-on to saxagliptin
      plus metformin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes.
AB  - We previously reported that dapagliflozin versus placebo as add-on to saxagliptin
      plus metformin resulted in greater reductions in glycated haemoglobin (A1C),
      fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and body weight (BW) after 24 weeks of treatment in
      patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here we report results after 52 weeks of
      treatment. Patients stabilized on open-label metformin and saxagliptin 5 mg/day
      for 8-16 weeks were randomized to placebo or dapagliflozin 10 mg/day plus open
      label saxagliptin plus metformin for 52 weeks. Changes from baseline to week 52
      were greater with dapagliflozin versus placebo in A1C (-0.74% vs. 0.07%), FPG (
      27 vs. 10 mg/dL) and BW (-2.1 vs. -0.4 kg). More patients achieved A1C <7% with
      dapagliflozin (29.4%) versus placebo (12.6%). Adverse events were similar with
      dapagliflozin (66%) and placebo (71%), and hypoglycaemia was rare (<=2%). Genital
      infections occurred more often with dapagliflozin (6%) than with placebo (1%);
      frequency of urinary tract infections was similar between the two groups (9% vs.
      10%). Triple therapy with dapagliflozin add-on to saxagliptin plus metformin is a
      durable, effective and well-tolerated intervention for the treatment of T2D.

PMID- 27385194
TI  - The formation mechanism of eutectic microstructures in NiAl-Cr composites.
AB  - NiAl-based eutectic alloys, consisting of an ordered bcc matrix (B2) and
      disordered bcc fibers (A2), have been a subject of intensive efforts aimed at
      tailoring the properties of many of the currently used nickel-based superalloys.
      A thermodynamic phase field model was developed on a thermodynamic foundation and
      fully integrated with a thermo-kinetic database of the Ni-Al-Cr ternary system to
      elucidate the resulting peculiar eutectic microstructure. Invoking a variation of
      the liquid/solid interfacial thickness with temperature, we simulated the
      characteristic sunflower-like eutectic microstructures in the NiAl-Cr composites,
      consistent with experimental observations. The mechanism that governs the
      formation of the peculiar eutectic morphology was envisioned from the modeled
      evolutions associated with six sequential steps. Our calculations show that the
      conditional spinodal decomposition occurring in sequence could further trim and
      revise the microstructure of the eutectics by generating fine-domain structures,
      thereby providing an additional method to explore the novel NiAl-based eutectic
      composites with tunable properties at elevated temperatures. 

PMID- 27385195
TI  - Influence of thermal stimulation during the late phase of incubation on hatching
      results and post-hatch broiler performance under commercial conditions.
AB  - Two experiments, which differed in breeder age, strain and season, were conducted
      to study the influence of low-intensity, short-duration thermal stimuli during
      the late phase of incubation on hatchability and performance. The first
      experiment conducted in April-June used eggs from Cobb * Ross broiler breeders at
      35-41 weeks of age and the second experiment performed in February-April used
      eggs from Hubbard * Cobb broiler breeders at 49-53 weeks of age. Eggs in the test
      group had the same physical environment as eggs in the control group except that
      incubation temperature was increased by 1C for 2 h/d above the control group from
      18 to 20 d of incubation (DI). The results demonstrated that thermal stimulation
      of 1C for 2 h/d above control incubation temperature during 18-21DI did not have
      any adverse effects on hatch and post-hatch performance of broilers. In both
      experiments, treatment did not significantly alter the secondary sex ratio in
      hatched chickens, but hatch residue showed that the proportion of unhatched male
      embryos was significantly lower in the test groups than in the control groups. In
      the first experiment, thermal stimulation improved feed conversion by 1.82%
      compared with the control.

PMID- 27385196
TI  - Thrombin generation assay: interactions between chronic inflammation and
      haemostasis in patients with autoimmune diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Growing evidences show a direct link between inflammation and
      activation of haemostasis. That could increase thrombotic and cardiovascular risk
      in patients with active autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
      systemic sclerosis (SSc). The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible
      hypercoagulable condition in RA and SSc patients, using the thrombin generation
      assay (TGA). METHODS: TGA was assessed in 44 RA [33 with active disease (actRA)
      and 11 inactive (non-actRA)], 25 SSc patients and 41 healthy controls using a
      fluorimetric technique and the TGA RB Low reagent. The Lag time (tLag), the time
      to thrombin peak (tPeak), the maximal concentration of formed thrombin (Peak),
      the velocity of thrombin generation (velocity) and the total amount of thrombin
      generated (AUC) were determined. RESULTS: As compared to the control group, tLag
      was found to be significantly reduced both in patients with actRA (p=0.0001) and
      non-actRA (p=0.01); tPeak was found to be reduced in actRA patients (p=0.0002).
      Similarly, as compared to healthy subjects, Peak and AUC were found to be
      increased in actRA patients (p=0.01; p=0.002), as well as D-dimer (p=0.01).
      Analysing SSc vs RA, a higher Peak and AUC were detected in RA patients.
      CONCLUSIONS: The TGA profile identified in actRA patients (decreased tLag and
      tPeak combined with higher thrombin peak and greater AUC) reflects a
      hypercoagulable state that could make patients more susceptible to develop a
      cardiovascular disease.

PMID- 27385197
TI  - Interprofessional Collaboration to Improve Discharge from Skilled Nursing
      Facility to Home: Preliminary Data on Postdischarge Hospitalizations and
      Emergency Department Visits.
AB  - An interprofessional collaborative practice model was established at Hennepin
      County Medical Center to improve discharge management from the transitional care
      unit of the skilled nursing facility (SNF) to home. The practice model involves a
      geriatrician, nurse practitioner, and pharmacist who care for individuals at a
      community-based SNF. Before SNF discharge, the pharmacist conducts a chart and in
      person medication review and collaborates with the nurse practitioner to
      determine the discharge medication regimen. The pharmacist's review focuses on
      assessing the indication, safety, effectiveness, and convenience of medications.
      The pharmacist provides follow-up in-home or over the telephone 1 week after SNF
      discharge, focusing on reviewing medications and assessing adherence.
      Hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits 30 days after SNF discharge
      of individuals who received care from this model was compared with those of
      individuals who received usual care from a nurse practitioner and geriatrician.
      From October 2012 through December 2013, the intervention was delivered to 87
      individuals, with 189 individuals serving as the control group. After adjusting
      for age, sex, race, and payor, those receiving the intervention had a lower risk
      of ED visits (odds ratio (OR) = 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22-0.97),
      although there was no significant difference in hospitalizations (OR = 0.47, 95%
      CI = 0.21-1.08). The study suggests that an interprofessional approach involving
      a pharmacist may be beneficial in reducing ED visits 30 days after SNF discharge.

PMID- 27385199
TI  - Royal Society of Chemistry Prizes and Awards 2016.

PMID- 27385198
TI  - Monitoring of adenovirus (ADV)-specific T cells in a boy with ADV pneumonia and
      disseminated disease after lung transplantation.
AB  - Human adenovirus (ADV) infections are the cause of severe morbidity and mortality
      in transplant recipients. Cidofovir (CDV) is the current standard antiviral
      treatment. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy after lung transplantation with
      severe ADV sepsis, who was monitored for ADV-specific T cells during his disease
      and recovery. A strong increase in ADV-specific T cells was accompanied by
      resolution of ADV in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Antiviral treatment
      with CDV was individually adapted according to anti-ADV immune responses, which
      provides a new method for tailoring antiviral treatment in lung transplant
      recipients.

PMID- 27385200
TI  - Magnetic resonance imaging features of esthesioneuroblastoma in three dogs and
      one cat.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Esthesioneuroblastoma is a rare malignant intranasal tumor that
      originates from the olfactory neuroepithelium of the upper nasal cavity, and can
      destroy the cribriform plate and expand into the neurocranium. Descriptions of
      the magnetic resonance features of esthesioneuroblastomas in animals are scarce.
      The objectives of this study were to report the magnetic resonance imaging
      features of esthesioneuroblastomas in order to determine distinct imaging
      characteristics that may help distinguish it from other intracranial tumor types.
      MATERIAL AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance images of four patients with confirmed
      esthesioneuroblastomas were reviewed and compared with previously reported cases.
      RESULTS: The esthesioneuroblastomas appeared as oval-shaped, solitary lesions in
      the caudal nasal cavity that caused osteolysis of the cribriform plate and
      extended into the brain in all cases. Signal intensity was variable. Contrast
      enhancement was mild and varied from homogeneous to heterogeneous. A peripheral
      cystic component was found in two patients and was reported in only one previous
      case. Mass effect and white matter edema were marked to severe. Osteolysis of
      facial bones and extension into the facial soft tissues or retrobulbar space were
      not present in any of the cases, although this has been reported in the
      literature. CONCLUSION: A definitive diagnosis of esthesioneuroblastoma based on
      signal intensity or contrast behavior was not possible. Nevertheless, the
      presence of a mass in the caudal nasal cavity with extension into the
      neurocranium seems to be a feature highly suspicious of esthesioneuroblastoma. In
      contrast to other extra-cranial lesions, the extra-cranial mass was relatively
      small and destruction of facial bones seems to be rare.

PMID- 27385201
TI  - Correction: A Genetic Screen Identifies a Requirement for Cysteine-Rich-Receptor
      Like Kinases in Rice NH1 (OsNPR1)-Mediated Immunity.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006049.].

PMID- 27385202
TI  - [Carpus and distal radioulnar joint : Clinical and radiological examination].
AB  - A precise medical history and specific symptom-oriented clinical tests of the
      wrist joint should always precede any radiological, computed tomography (CT) or
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics. In many cases, specific clinical
      tests of the wrist joint allow at least a preliminary diagnosis, which can be
      supported by standard radiography using correct projections. A systematic
      approach is recommended covering the radiocarpal, midcarpal, ulnocarpal and
      distal radioulnar joints. Exact identification of the palpable anatomic landmarks
      is mandatory for correct application and interpretation of the various clinical
      tests. The results of the clinical tests in combination with radiological imaging
      can often detect precisely ruptures of distinct wrist joint ligaments and
      localized arthritis. 

PMID- 27385204
TI  - Pudendal nerve testing.

PMID- 27385203
TI  - [Ligamentous knee injuries in children and adolescents].
AB  - Due to an increase in sporting activities, the number of injuries of the immature
      knee is continuously increasing. These injuries necessitate a special approach
      regarding the particular anatomical situation with open growth plates. Three of
      the most commonly occurring injuries are rupture of the anterior cruciate
      ligament, patella dislocation and meniscus injuries. The clinical results for
      conservative treatment of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament in the
      growth phase are inferior to operative treatment. Transepiphyseal reconstruction
      has been shown to be a safe treatment method and provides good clinical results.
      Therapy of patella instability in children has shown poor results and new
      surgical techniques have been introduced to perform an anatomical reconstruction
      of the medial patellofemoral ligament as well as to improve distal alignment.
      Isolated injuries to the meniscus are rare and discoid meniscus is a special
      phenomenon occurring in infancy. Meniscus injuries should be treated with primary
      sutures rather than resection. A discoid meniscus should be resected with extreme
      caution and anatomically reconstructed. 

PMID- 27385205
TI  - The effect of a postoperative quality improvement program on outcomes in
      colorectal surgery in a community hospital.
AB  - PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether implementation of a
      comprehensive quality improvement program was associated with improved outcomes
      in patients undergoing oncological colorectal surgery in a non-academic, non
      referral community hospital. METHODS: The quality improvement program (QIP) was
      introduced in January 2011 and consisted of the following interventions: (1)
      avoidance of postoperative nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs; (2) normovolemia
      was pursued pre- and postoperatively; (3) non-resectional surgery if possible, in
      patients over 80 with ASA 3 or 4 classification; and (4) a standardized,
      postoperative surveillance protocol was introduced, with CRP determination day 2
      and 4, and if necessary subsequent abdominal CT with rectal contrast to reduce
      delay in diagnosis of complications. From a prospectively maintained database of
      488 patients undergoing colorectal surgery between 2009 and 2014, postoperative
      outcomes of patients operated before and after implementation of the program were
      compared. RESULTS: The severe complication rate (Clavien-Dindo >3b) decreased
      significantly (25.0 vs. 13.7 %; p < .001) after implementation of the QIP
      program. The mortality rate dropped from 8.7 to 2.6 % (p = .003). The percentage
      of anastomotic leakage was 9.6% before QIP implementation and 4.2% after (p =
      .013). Median length of hospital stay decreased from 9 (IQR 5-19) to 7 days (IQR
      4-12) (p < .001). Multivariate analyses showed that surgery after implementation
      of the program was a strong independent predictor for less major complications
      (OR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.32-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: A significant decrease in major
      complications and mortality was observed after introduction of a relative simple
      quality improvement program.

PMID- 27385206
TI  - Modular Artificial Cupredoxins.
AB  - Cupredoxins are electron-transfer proteins that have active sites containing a
      mononuclear Cu center with an unusual trigonal monopyramidal structure (Type 1
      Cu). A single Cu-Scys bond is present within the trigonal plane that is
      responsible for its unique physical properties. We demonstrate that a cysteine
      containing variant of streptavidin (Sav) can serve as a protein host to model the
      structure and properties of Type 1 Cu sites. A series of artificial Cu proteins
      are described that rely on Sav and a series of biotinylated synthetic Cu
      complexes. Optical and EPR measurements highlight the presence of a Cu-Scys bond,
      and XRD analysis provides structural evidence. We further provide evidence that
      changes in the linker between the biotin and Cu complex within the synthetic
      constructs allows for small changes in the placement of Cu centers within Sav
      that have dramatic effects on the structural and physical properties of the
      resulting artificial metalloproteins. These findings highlight the utility of the
      biotin-Sav technology as an approach for simulating active sites of
      metalloproteins.

PMID- 27385207
TI  - Divergent Diffusion Coefficients in Simulations of Fluids and Lipid Membranes.
AB  - We investigate the dependence of single-particle diffusion coefficients on the
      size and shape of the simulation box in molecular dynamics simulations of fluids
      and lipid membranes. We find that the diffusion coefficients of lipids and a
      carbon nanotube embedded in a lipid membrane diverge with the logarithm of the
      box width. For a neat Lennard-Jones fluid in flat rectangular boxes, diffusion
      becomes anisotropic, diverging logarithmically in all three directions with
      increasing box width. In elongated boxes, the diffusion coefficients normal to
      the long axis diverge linearly with the height-to-width ratio. For both lipid
      membranes and neat fluids, this behavior is predicted quantitatively by
      hydrodynamic theory. Mean-square displacements in the neat fluid exhibit
      intermediate regimes of anomalous diffusion, with t ln t and t(3/2) components in
      flat and elongated boxes, respectively. For membranes, the large finite-size
      effects, and the apparent inability to determine a well-defined lipid diffusion
      coefficient from simulation, rationalize difficulties in comparing simulation
      results to each other and to those from experiments.

PMID- 27385208
TI  - Just add water: cannabinoid discrimination in a water T-maze with FAAH(-/-) and
      FAAH(+/+) mice.
AB  - Incomplete overlap in the discriminative stimulus effects of Delta
      tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2
      arachidonoylglycerol has been reported in food-reinforced tasks. The aim of this
      study was to examine cannabinoid discriminative stimulus effects in a
      nonappetitive procedure. Adult male mice lacking the gene for AEA's major
      metabolic enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and FAAH mice were trained
      to discriminate THC or AEA in a water T-maze, in which the response was swimming
      to an escape platform on the injection-appropriate side. JZL184, a
      monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, was also tested. FAAH mice showed faster
      acquisition than FAAH mice. THC and AEA fully substituted, with only minor cross
      procedure potency variations. Incomplete substitution of JZL184 was observed in
      THC-trained FAAH mice in the water-maze task, as contrasted with full
      substitution in a food-reinforced nose-poke procedure. Stress-induced changes in
      AEA and/or 2-arachidonoylglycerol concentrations in the brain may have mediated
      this attenuation. JZL184 also partially substituted in AEA-trained FAAH mice in
      the water maze, suggesting incomplete overlap in the stimulus effects of AEA and
      JZL184. Through the use of a novel water-maze procedure, the present study
      supports the work of previous behavioral pharmacologists in showing the
      robustness of the discrimination paradigm.

PMID- 27385209
TI  - Co-expression modules of NF1, PTEN and sprouty enable distinction of adult
      diffuse gliomas according to pathway activities of receptor tyrosine kinases.
AB  - Inter-individual variability causing elevated signaling of receptor tyrosine
      kinases (RTK) may have hampered the efficacy of targeted therapies. We developed
      a molecular signature for clustering adult diffuse gliomas based on the extent of
      RTK pathway activities. Glioma gene modules co-expressed with NF1 (NF1-M),
      Sprouty (SPRY-M) and PTEN (PTEN-M) were identified, their signatures enabled
      robust clustering of adult diffuse gliomas of WHO grades II-IV from five
      independent data sets into two subtypes with distinct activities of RAS-RAF-MEK
      MAPK cascade and PI3K-AKT pathway (named RMPAhigh and RMPAlow subtypes) in a
      morphology-independent manner. The RMPAhigh gliomas were associated with poor
      prognosis compared to the RMPAlow gliomas. The RMPAhigh and RMPAlow glioma
      subtypes harbored unique sets of genomic alterations in the RTK signaling-related
      genes. The RMPAhigh gliomas were enriched in immature vessel cells and tumor
      associated macrophages, and both cell types expressed high levels of pro
      angiogenic RTKs including MET, VEGFR1, KDR, EPHB4 and NRP1. In gliomas with major
      genomic lesions unrelated to RTK pathway, high RMPA signature was associated with
      short survival. Thus, the RMPA signatures capture RTK activities in both glioma
      cells and glioma microenvironment, and RTK signaling in the glioma
      microenvironment contributes to glioma progression.

PMID- 27385210
TI  - Sunitinib enhances the antitumor responses of agonistic CD40-antibody by reducing
      MDSCs and synergistically improving endothelial activation and T-cell
      recruitment.
AB  - CD40-activating immunotherapy has potent antitumor effects due to its ability to
      activate dendritic cells and induce cytotoxic T-cell responses. However, its
      efficacy is limited by immunosuppressive cells in the tumor and by endothelial
      anergy inhibiting recruitment of T-cells. Here, we show that combining agonistic
      CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy with vascular targeting using the tyrosine
      kinase inhibitor sunitinib decreased tumor growth and improved survival in
      B16.F10 melanoma and T241 fibrosarcoma. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with anti
      CD40 mAb led to increased activation of CD11c+ dendritic cells in the tumor
      draining lymph node, while sunitinib treatment reduced vessel density and
      decreased accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid derived suppressor cells. The
      expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 adhesion molecules was up-regulated on tumor
      endothelial cells only when anti-CD40 mAb treatment was combined with sunitinib.
      This was associated with enhanced intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ cytotoxic T
      cells. Our results show that combining CD40-stimulating immunotherapy with
      sunitinib treatment exerts potent complementary antitumor effects mediated by
      dendritic cell activation, a reduction in myeloid derived suppressor cells and
      increased endothelial activation, resulting in enhanced recruitment of cytotoxic
      T-cells.

PMID- 27385211
TI  - Antitumor activity of the aurora a selective kinase inhibitor, alisertib, against
      preclinical models of colorectal cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Aurora kinases are a family of serine/threonine kinases comprised
      of Aurora A, B, and C which execute critical steps in mitotic and meiotic
      progression. Alisertib (MLN8237) is an investigational Aurora A selective
      inhibitor that has demonstrated activity against a wide variety of tumor types in
      vitro and in vivo, including CRC. RESULTS: CRC cell lines demonstrated varying
      sensitivity to alisertib with IC50 values ranging from 0.06 to > 5 umol/L.
      Following exposure to alisertib we observed a decrease in pAurora A, B and C in
      four CRC cell lines. We also observed an increase in p53 and p21 in a sensitive
      p53 wildtype cell line in contrast to the p53 mutant cell line or the resistant
      cell lines. The addition of alisertib to standard CRC treatments demonstrated
      improvement over single agent arms; however, the benefit was largely less than
      additive, but not antagonistic. METHODS: Forty-seven CRC cell lines were exposed
      to alisertib and IC50s were calculated. Twenty-one PDX models were treated with
      alisertib and the Tumor Growth Inhibition Index was assessed. Additionally, 5
      KRAS wildtype and mutant PDX models were treated with alisertib as single agent
      or in combination with cetuximab or irinotecan, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Alisertib demonstrated anti-proliferative effects against CRC cell lines and PDX
      models. Our data suggest that the addition of alisertib to standard therapies in
      colorectal cancer if pursued clinically, will require further investigation of
      patient selection strategies and these combinations may facilitate future
      clinical studies.

PMID- 27385212
TI  - Halofuginone and artemisinin synergistically arrest cancer cells at the G1/G0
      phase by upregulating p21Cip1 and p27Kip1.
AB  - Combinational drug therapy is one of the most promising strategies in modern
      anticancer research. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas represent a
      wealth of complex combinations proven successful over centuries of clinical
      application. One such formula used to treat a variety of diseases, including
      cancer, contains two herbs, whose main active components are Halofuginone (HF)
      and Artemisinin (ATS). Here we studied the anticancer synergism of HF and ATS in
      various cancer cell lines and in a xenograft nude mice model. We found that the
      HF-ATS combination arrested more cells at the G1/G0 phase than either one alone,
      with the concomitant increased levels of CDK2 inhibitors, p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. By
      knocking down p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 separately or simultaneously in HCT116 cells
      and MCF-7 cells, we found that p21Cip1 was required for HF induced G1/G0 arrest,
      whereas p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 were both required for ATS or HF-ATS combination
      mediated cell cycle arrest. Moreover, HF-ATS combination synergistically
      inhibited tumor growth in xenograft nude mice, and this was associated with the
      increased levels of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. Collectively, these data indicate that
      the upregulation of p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 contributes to the synergistic anticancer
      effect of the HF-ATS combination.

PMID- 27385213
TI  - Anaplastic lymphoma kinase aberrations correlate with metastatic features in
      pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma.
AB  - Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most frequent soft tissue tumor in childhood and
      arises from immature mesenchymal cells committed to skeletal muscle
      differentiation. Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase
      aberrantly expressed in several cancers. Moreover, ALK full-length receptor
      protein has been observed in RMS, although its clinical and functional
      significance is yet controversial. The role of ALK and its clinical relevance
      were investigated in a selected cohort of 74 FFPE pediatric RMS and a panel of
      RMS cell lines, evaluating its gene and protein status, utilizing Fluorescent In
      Situ Hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot
      approaches. Moreover, to get insight into its possible therapeutic relevance,
      effects of ALK silencing on cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis were
      studied in RMS cells. ALK IHC positivity was significantly correlated with gene
      copy number gain, the alveolar subtype, PAX3/7-FOXO1 rearrangements, the presence
      of metastasis at diagnosis and a worse overall outcome. Furthermore, EML4-ALK
      fusion gene associated with higher protein expression was identified in an
      embryonal RMS. ALK silencing in RH30 ALK positive cells strongly inhibited
      invasion capability. Overall, our data suggest a potential role of ALK in
      pediatric RMS.

PMID- 27385214
TI  - Downregulation of HP1alpha suppresses proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma by
      restoring SFRP1 expression.
AB  - Heterochromatin protein 1alpha (HP1alpha) is a gene that mediates chromatin
      conformation, gene silencing and cancer progression. However, little is known
      regarding the impact of HP1alpha in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).
      In the present study, we demonstrate that HP1alpha is significantly upregulated
      in CCA tissues and cell lines, while downregulation of HP1alpha leads to
      suppression of cell proliferation. Then we find that downregulation of HP1alpha
      can decrease H3K9me3 enrichment and DNA methylation rate of secreted frizzled
      related protein 1 (SFRP1) promoter, resulting in restoring the expression of
      SFRP1. Moreover, restoration of SFRP1 expression can suppress CCA cells
      proliferation. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of the role of
      HP1alpha in the pathogenesis of CCA and may offer a novel therapeutic target in
      this disease.

PMID- 27385215
TI  - CD1d expression on chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells affects disease
      progression and induces T cell skewing in CD8 positive and CD4CD8 double negative
      T cells.
AB  - Chronic lymphocytic leukemia develops within a complex network driven by genetic
      mutations and microenvironmental interactions. Among the latter a complex
      interplay with the immune system is established by the clone. Next to a proposed
      recruitment of support from T and myeloid cells, potential anti-CLL immune
      reactions need to be subverted. By using TCL1 mice as a CLL model, we show that
      TCR-Vbeta7+ NK1.1+ T cells are overrepresented in this disease model and
      constitute a main subset of peripheral CD3+ cells with biased TCR usage, showing
      that these cells account for a major part for T cell skewing in TCL1 mice.
      Moreover, we show that overrepresentation is dependent on CD1d expression in TCL1
      mice, implicating that these cells belong to a NKT-like cell fraction which are
      restricted to antigen presented by the MHC-like surface marker CD1d. Accordingly,
      we observed a high fraction of CD161+ cells within overrepresented T cells in CLL
      patients and we found downregulation of CD1d on the surface of CLL cells, both in
      TCL1 mice and patients. Finally, we show that in TCL1 mice, CD1d deficiency
      resulted in shortened overall survival. Our results point to an interaction
      between CLL and CD161+ T cells that may represent a novel therapeutic target for
      immune modulation.

PMID- 27385216
TI  - Accumulation of cytoplasmic Cdk1 is associated with cancer growth and survival
      rate in epithelial ovarian cancer.
AB  - Cyclin dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) have previously reported correlation with cancer
      growth and a key regulator for cell cycle. Mostly, Cdk1's function of nucleus for
      cell cycle is well known to be associated with cancer, but cytoplasmic Cdk1's
      traits are not clearly identified, yet. We revealed that tissue microarray blocks
      of epithelial ovarian cancer (n = 249) showed increased level of cytoplasmic Cdk1
      (p < 0.001), but not in nucleus (p = 0.192) of histologic cell type
      independently. On survival analysis, Cdk1 overexpression conferred a
      significantly worse prognosis in 5-year overall survival (Log-rank p = 0.028,
      Hazard ratio = 2.016, 95% CI = 1.097 to 4.635). Also, the expression of Cdk1 was
      increased in ovarian cancer cell lines and Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. When
      the expression and activity of Cdk1 were inhibited by si-Cdk1 or RO-3306 which is
      a potent Cdk1 inhibitor, the growth of ovarian cancer was diminished. Moreover,
      combined treatment with RO-3306 and cisplatin in ovarian cancer significantly
      elevated anti-cancer effects than single-agent treatment. In conclusion,
      cytoplasmic Cdk1 expression which was elevated in ovarian cancer predicts a poor
      overall survival. The inhibition of Cdk1 expression and activity reduced ovarian
      cancer growth.

PMID- 27385217
TI  - FNDC3B promotes cell migration and tumor metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma.
AB  - Recurrence and metastasis are common in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and
      correlate with poor prognosis. We investigated the role of fibronectin type III
      domain containing 3B (FNDC3B) in HCC metastasis. Overexpression of FNDC3B in HCC
      cell lines enhanced cell migration and invasion. On the other hand, knockdown of
      FNDC3B using short-hairpin RNA reduced tumor nodule formation in both intra- and
      extra-hepatic metastasis. High levels of FNDC3B were observed in metastatic HCCs
      and correlated with poor patient survival and shorter recurrence time.
      Mutagenesis and LC-MS/MS analyses showed that FNDC3B promotes cell migration by
      cooperating with annexin A2 (ANXA2). Furthermore, FNDC3B and ANXA2 expression
      correlated negatively with patient survival. Our results indicate that FNDC3B
      behaves like an oncogene by promoting cell migration. This suggests FNDC3B could
      serve as a biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC metastasis.

PMID- 27385219
TI  - Circulating cartilage oligomeric matrix protein in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Raised serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (sCOMP) has been
      reported to predict erosive disease in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In
      juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), subnormal sCOMP levels have been associated
      with ongoing inflammation and growth retardation. In this study we aimed to
      assess sCOMP, C-reactive protein (CRP), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in
      children/adolescents with JIA and in referents. METHOD: We enrolled 52 JIA
      patients at planned outpatient visits and 54 inpatients with ongoing infection
      ('infection referents'). A total of 120 referents testing negative for
      immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated allergy ('IgE referents') served as controls. All
      serum samples were analysed for COMP, IGF-1, and CRP. RESULTS: The average sCOMP
      level was highest among the IgE referents and lowest among the infection
      referents. In the JIA patients, the level of sCOMP was not associated with the
      level of CRP or with clinical signs of disease activity. CONCLUSIONS: The results
      of this study do not support routine clinical analysis of sCOMP levels in
      patients with JIA.

PMID- 27385218
TI  - SEP enhanced the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil by up-regulating NKG2D/MICA
      and reversed immune suppression via inhibiting ROS and caspase-3 in mice.
AB  - Chemotherapy and immunotherapy are the main remedies used in cancer treatment.
      Because immunotherapy can not only reduce the toxicity of chemotherapeutics but
      also enhance antitumor effects in vivo, combining these two therapies is a trend
      that continues to gain more attention in clinic. SEP, a polysaccharide isolated
      from Strongylocentrotus nudus egg, has been reported to display antitumor
      activity by stimulating immune cells, including NK and T cells, via TLR2 and
      TLR4. In the present study, the synergistic effect between SEP and 5-fluorouracil
      (5-FU), a traditional cytotoxic drug, in vitro and in vivo was investigated. The
      results obtained indicated that SEP alone stimulated NK-92 cytotoxicity and
      coordinated with 5-FU to augment the cytotoxicity of NK-92 cells against HepG-2
      or A549 cells in vitro. SEP promoted NK-92 activity by stimulating NKG2D and its
      downstream DAP10/PI3K/Erk signaling pathway. Additionally, 5-FU could increase
      MICA expression on HepG-2 or A549 cells and prevent membrane MICA from shedding
      as soluble MICA, which were abrogated in the tumor cells transfected with ADAM 10
      overexpression plasmid. Moreover, in H22- or Lewis lung cancer (LLC)-bearing
      mouse models, SEP reversed 5-FU-induced atrophy and apoptosis in both the spleen
      and bone marrow in vivo by suppressing ROS generation and caspase-3 activation.
      All of these results highlight the potential for the combination of SEP and 5-FU
      in cancer therapy in the future.

PMID- 27385220
TI  - Superconductivity in alkali-doped fullerene nanowhiskers.
AB  - Superconductivity in alkali metal-doped fullerene nanowhiskers (C60NWs) was
      observed in K3.3C60NWs, Rb3.0C60NWs and Cs2.0Rb1.0C60NWs with transition
      temperatures at 17, 25 and 26 K, respectively. Almost full shielding volume
      fraction (~80%) was observed in K3.3C60NWs when subjected to thermal treatment at
      200  degrees C for a duration of 24 h. In contrast, the shielding fraction of
      Rb3.0C60NWs and Cs2.0Rb1.0C60NWs were calculated to be 8% and 6%, respectively.
      Here we report on an extensive investigation of the superconducting properties of
      these AC60NWs (A  =  K3.3, Rb3.0 and Cs2.0Rb1.0). These properties are compared
      to the ones reported on the corresponding conventional (single-crystal or powder)
      K-doped fullerene. We also evaluated the critical current densities of these
      C60NWs using the Bean model under an applied magnetic field up to 50 kOe.

PMID- 27385221
TI  - Cochrane in CORR ((r)): Screening Women for Intimate Partner Violence in
      Healthcare Settings (Review).

PMID- 27385223
TI  - Erratum to: Continuous and Pulsatile Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device
      Hemodynamics with a Viscoelastic Blood Model.

PMID- 27385222
TI  - Is There a Difference in Revision Risk Between Metal and Ceramic Heads on Highly
      Crosslinked Polyethylene Liners?
AB  - BACKGROUND: The most common bearing surface used among primary THAs worldwide is
      a metal or ceramic femoral head that articulates against a highly crosslinked
      ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (HXLPE) acetabular liner. Despite their
      widespread use, relatively little is known about the comparative effectiveness of
      ceramic versus metal femoral heads with respect to risk of revision and
      dislocation as well as the role of head size in this relationship.
      QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of (1) all
      cause revision in metal versus ceramic femoral heads when used with an HXLPE
      liner, including an evaluation of the effect of head size; and (2) dislocation in
      metal versus ceramic femoral heads when used with an HXLPE liner as well as an
      assessment of the effect of head size. METHODS: Data were collected as part of
      the Kaiser Permanente Total Joint Replacement Registry between 2001 and 2013.
      Patients in this study were on average overweight (body mass index = 29 kg/m2),
      67 years old, mostly female (57%), and had osteoarthritis (93%) as the primary
      indication for surgery. The material of the femoral head (metal, ceramic) was
      crossed with head size (< 32, 32, 36, > 36 mm), yielding eight device groupings.
      Only uncemented devices were evaluated. The primary outcome was all-cause
      revision (n = 28,772) and the secondary outcome was dislocation within 1 year (n
      = 19,623). Propensity scores were used to adjust for potential confounding at the
      implant/patient level using between-within semiparametric survival models that
      control for surgeon and hospital confounding and adjust estimates for the within
      cluster correlation among observations on the response. RESULTS: For all-cause
      revision, there was no difference between ceramic versus metal (reference) heads
      in combination with an HXLPE liner (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.82 [0.65-1.04], p =
      0.099). Smaller metal head sizes of < 32 mm were associated with increased risk
      of revision relative to 36 mm (HR = 1.66 [1.20-2.31], p = 0.002, adjusted p =
      0.025). For dislocation, ceramic heads increased risk relative to metal at < 32
      mm only (HR = 4.39 [1.72-11.19], p = 0.002, adjusted p = 0.020). Head sizes < 32
      mm were associated with increased risk of dislocation relative to 36 mm for metal
      (HR = 2.99 [1.40-6.39], p = 0.005, adjusted p = 0.047) and ceramic heads (HR =
      15.69 [6.07-40.55], p < 0.001, adjusted p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results did
      not provide evidence for use of one femoral head material over another when used
      with HXLPE liners for the outcome of revision, but for dislocation, metal
      performed better than ceramic with < 32-mm heads. Overall, the findings suggest
      increased risk of revision/dislocation with head sizes < 32 mm. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

PMID- 27385224
TI  - The BMJ should not tell us how to vote on Brexit.

PMID- 27385225
TI  - Synthesis of Recombinant P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae by Site Directed
      Mutagenesis and its Immunological Characterization.
AB  - Contagious agalactia caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae is an economically important
      disease of sheep and goats and has been prevalent worldwide including India. The
      present study was undertaken to evaluate the membrane protein P48 of M.
      agalactiae for specific diagnosis of disease. For this, p48 gene of the organism
      was amplified by PCR and subjected to site directed mutagenesis to convert three
      TGA codons to TGG's and, subsequently, cloned into prokaryotic expression vector
      pPRO EX HTb. Purified recombinant P48 protein reacted to anti-P48 serum in
      western blotting, which confirmed its immunogenic nature. Furthermore, the immune
      blotting of the cell lysates from various Indian isolates of M. agalactiae
      against anti-P48 serum resulted in a single band at ~ 48 kDa among all isolates,
      indicating the conserved nature of P48 antigen in M. agalactiae. Also, the cross
      reactivity of P48 antigen among various Mycoplasma spp. was checked by western
      blotting which revealed reactivity only with M. agalactiae and M. bovis. Hence,
      this antigen could be exploited to differentiate M. agalactiae from other
      pathogenic Mycoplasma species except M. bovis. However, the inability of P48 to
      distinguish M. agalactiae from M. bovis does not downgrade the significance of
      P48 as the two species are usually host specific.

PMID- 27385227
TI  - ACA Coverage, Health Spending, And More.

PMID- 27385226
TI  - Experimental Study of Magnetic Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Doxorubicin Conjugate
      in a Lymph Node Metastatic Model of Breast Cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND The lymphatic system plays a significant role in the defense of a
      subject against breast cancer and is one of the major pathways for the metastasis
      of breast cancer. To improve the prognosis, many means, including surgery,
      radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have been used. However, the combination of all
      these modalities has limited efficacy. Lymph nodes, therefore, have become an
      exceptionally potential target organ in cancer chemotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS
      A lymph node metastatic model of breast cancer was established in BALB/c mice.
      Magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube carrier with good adsorption and lymph node
      targeting capacity was prepared and conjugated with doxorubicin to make the
      magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube-doxorubicin suspension. Dispersions of
      doxorubicin, magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube-doxorubicin, and magnetic
      multi-walled carbon nanotube were injected into lymph node metastatic mice to
      compare their inhibitory effects on tumor cells in vivo. Inhibition of these
      dispersions on EMT-6 breast cancer cells was detected via MTT assay in vitro.
      RESULTS Although no significant difference was found between the effects of
      doxorubicin and magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube-doxorubicin with the same
      concentration of doxorubicin on EMT-6 breast cancer cells in vitro, in terms of
      sizes of metastatic lymph nodes and xenograft tumors, apoptosis in metastatic
      lymph nodes, and adverse reactions, the magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube
      doxorubicin group differed significantly from the other groups. CONCLUSIONS The
      magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube-doxorubicin clearly played an inhibitory
      role in lymph node metastases to EMT-6 breast cancer cells. 

PMID- 27385228
TI  - As Zika Reaches US Shores, States And Cities Struggle To Respond.
AB  - Local health officials have been forced to make do with public health resources
      stretched thin.

PMID- 27385229
TI  - Secret Shoppers Find Access To Providers And Network Accuracy Lacking For Those
      In Marketplace And Commercial Plans.
AB  - The adequacy of provider networks for plans sold through insurance Marketplaces
      established under the Affordable Care Act has received much scrutiny recently.
      Various studies have established that networks are generally narrow. To learn
      more about network adequacy and access to care, we investigated two questions.
      First, no matter the nominal size of a network, can patients gain access to
      primary care services from providers of their choice in a timely manner? Second,
      how does access compare to plans sold outside insurance Marketplaces? We
      conducted a "secret shopper" survey of 743 primary care providers from five of
      California's nineteen insurance Marketplace pricing regions in the summer of
      2015. Our findings indicate that obtaining access to primary care providers was
      generally equally challenging both inside and outside insurance Marketplaces. In
      less than 30 percent of cases were consumers able to schedule an appointment with
      an initially selected physician provider. Information about provider networks was
      often inaccurate. Problems accessing services for patients with acute conditions
      were particularly troubling. Effectively addressing issues of network adequacy
      requires more accurate provider information.

PMID- 27385230
TI  - Marketplace Subsidies: Changing The 'Family Glitch' Reduces Family Health
      Spending But Increases Government Costs.
AB  - Under the Affordable Care Act, if one family member has an employer offer of
      single coverage deemed to be affordable-that is, costing less than 9.66 percent
      of family income in 2016-then all family members are ineligible for tax credits
      for Marketplace coverage, even if the cost of providing coverage to the whole
      family is greater than 9.66 percent of income. More than six million people live
      in such families and as a result are ineligible for premium tax credits. These
      families face premiums that can amount to 15.8 percent of income, or 12.0 percent
      after the tax advantages of employer-sponsored health coverage are factored in.
      We modeled the potential impact of changing the affordability test to take into
      account the cost of family coverage. Doing so would reduce spending on premiums
      from 12.0 percent to 6.3 percent of income, significantly alleviating financial
      burdens, but would generate little additional coverage. We estimated the
      additional costs to the federal government for premium tax credits and cost
      sharing reductions to be between $3.7 billion and $6.5 billion in 2016.

PMID- 27385231
TI  - Evidence Suggests That The ACA's Tobacco Surcharges Reduced Insurance Take-Up And
      Did Not Increase Smoking Cessation.
AB  - To account for tobacco users' excess health care costs and encourage cessation,
      the Affordable Care Act (ACA) allowed insurers to impose a surcharge on tobacco
      users' premiums for plans offered on the health insurance exchanges, or
      Marketplaces. Low-income tax credits for Marketplace coverage were based on
      premiums for non-tobacco users, which means that these credits did not offset any
      surcharge costs. Thus, this policy greatly increased out-of-pocket premiums for
      many tobacco users. Using data for 2011-14 from the Behavioral Risk Factor
      Surveillance System, we examined the effect of tobacco surcharges on insurance
      status and smoking cessation in the first year of the exchanges' implementation,
      among adults most likely to purchase insurance from them. Relative to smokers who
      faced no surcharges, smokers facing medium or high surcharges had significantly
      reduced coverage (reductions of 4.3 percentage points and 11.6 percentage points,
      respectively), but no significant differences in smoking cessation. In contrast,
      those facing low surcharges showed significantly less smoking cessation. Taken
      together, these findings suggest that tobacco surcharges conflicted with a major
      goal of the ACA-increased financial protection-without increasing smoking
      cessation. States should consider these potential effects when deciding whether
      to limit surcharges to less than the federal maximum.

PMID- 27385232
TI  - Changes In Health Status And Care Use After ACA Expansions Among The Insured And
      Uninsured.
AB  - Following the Affordable Care Act's insurance expansion provisions in 2014, the
      average health status and use of health care within coverage groups has likely
      changed. Medicaid enrollees and the uninsured were both healthier in 2014 than
      those respective groups were in 2013. By contrast, those with individual private
      insurance coverage appeared less healthy as a group.

PMID- 27385233
TI  - Health Spending For Low-, Middle-, And High-Income Americans, 1963-2012.
AB  - US medical spending growth slowed between 2004 and 2013. At the same time, many
      Americans faced rising copayments and deductibles, which may have particularly
      affected lower-income people. To explore whether the health spending slowdown
      affected all income groups equally, we divided the population into income
      quintiles. We then assessed trends in health expenditures by and on behalf of
      people in each quintile using twenty-two national surveys carried out between
      1963 and 2012. Before the 1965 passage of legislation creating Medicare and
      Medicaid, the lowest income quintile had the lowest expenditures, despite their
      worse health compared to other income groups. By 1977 the unadjusted expenditures
      for the lowest quintile exceeded those for all other income groups. This pattern
      persisted until 2004. Thereafter, expenditures fell for the lowest quintile,
      while rising more than 10 percent for the middle three quintiles and close to 20
      percent for the highest income quintile, which had the highest expenditures in
      2012. The post-2004 divergence of expenditure trends for the wealthy, middle
      class, and poor occurred only among the nonelderly. We conclude that the new
      pattern of spending post-2004, with the wealthiest quintile having the highest
      expenditures for health care, suggests that a redistribution of care toward
      wealthier Americans accompanied the health spending slowdown.

PMID- 27385234
TI  - Where The Money Goes: The Evolving Expenses Of The US Health Care System.
AB  - National health care expenditures constitute revenue to the health care system.
      However, little is known about how this revenue is distributed across sectors.
      This article calculates revenues and detailed expenditures for physicians'
      offices, hospitals, and outpatient care centers in 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012,
      using a range of Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics sources. Between
      1997 and 2012, spending on these three sectors rose by $580 billion, and
      employment rose by 1.7 million people. Just under half of all 2012 revenues were
      spent on labor compensation. The labor compensation share of spending declined
      slightly; within these sectors, the share of compensation paid to physicians and
      nurses increased. Although employment of nonprofessional labor grew during the
      study period, this group did not account for much of the sector's increased
      spending. The plurality of the 1997-2012 spending increase went to producers of
      purchased materials and services, which now account for more than one-third of
      payments.

PMID- 27385235
TI  - The Great Recession And Increased Cost Sharing In European Health Systems.
AB  - European health systems are increasingly adopting cost-sharing models,
      potentially increasing out-of-pocket expenditures for patients who use health
      care services or buy medications. Government policies that increase patient cost
      sharing are responding to incremental growth in cost pressures from aging
      populations and the need to invest in new health technologies, as well as to
      general constraints on public expenditures resulting from the Great Recession
      (2007-09). We used data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in
      Europe to examine changes from 2006-07 to 2013 in out-of-pocket expenditures
      among people ages fifty and older in eleven European countries. Our results
      identify increases both in the proportion of older European citizens who incurred
      out-of-pocket expenditures and in mean out-of-pocket expenditures over this
      period. We also identified a significant increase over time in the percentage of
      people who incurred catastrophic health expenditures (greater than 30 percent of
      the household income) in the Czech Republic, Italy, and Spain. Poorer populations
      were less likely than those in the highest income quintile to incur an out-of
      pocket expenditure and reported lower mean out-of-pocket expenditures, which
      suggests that measures are in place to provide poorer groups with some financial
      protection. These findings indicate the substantial weakening of financial
      protection for people ages fifty and older in European health systems after the
      Great Recession.

PMID- 27385236
TI  - Private Sector An Important But Not Dominant Provider Of Key Health Services In
      Low- And Middle-Income Countries.
AB  - There is debate about the role of the private sector in providing services in the
      health systems of low- and middle-income countries and about how the private
      sector could help achieve the goal of universal health coverage. Yet the role
      that the private sector plays in the delivery of health services is poorly
      understood. Using data for the period 1990-2013 from 205 Demographic and Health
      Surveys in seventy low- and middle-income countries, I analyzed the use of the
      private sector for the treatment of diarrhea and of fever or cough in children,
      for antenatal care, for institutional deliveries, and as a source of modern
      contraception for women. I found that private providers were the dominant source
      of treatment for childhood illnesses but not for the other services. I also found
      no evidence of increased use of the private sector over time. There is tremendous
      variation in use of the private sector across countries and health services.
      Urban and wealthier women disproportionately use the private sector, compared to
      rural and poorer women. The private sector plays an important role in providing
      coverage, but strategies to further engage the sector, if they are to be
      effective, will need to take into consideration the variation in its use.

PMID- 27385237
TI  - An Insurer's Care Transition Program Emphasizes Medication Reconciliation,
      Reduces Readmissions And Costs.
AB  - Adverse drug events and the challenges of clarifying and adhering to complex
      medication regimens are central drivers of hospital readmissions. Medication
      reconciliation programs can reduce the incidence of adverse drug events after
      discharge, but evidence regarding the impact of medication reconciliation on
      readmission rates and health care costs is less clear. We studied an insurer
      initiated care transition program based on medication reconciliation delivered by
      pharmacists via home visits and telephone and explored its effects on high-risk
      patients. We examined whether voluntary program participation was associated with
      improved medication use, reduced readmissions, and savings net of program costs.
      Program participants had a 50 percent reduced relative risk of readmission within
      thirty days of discharge and an absolute risk reduction of 11.1 percent. The
      program saved $2 for every $1 spent. These results represent real-world evidence
      that insurer-initiated, pharmacist-led care transition programs, focused on but
      not limited to medication reconciliation, have the potential to both improve
      clinical outcomes and reduce total costs of care.

PMID- 27385238
TI  - Medical Marijuana Laws Reduce Prescription Medication Use In Medicare Part D.
AB  - Legalization of medical marijuana has been one of the most controversial areas of
      state policy change over the past twenty years. However, little is known about
      whether medical marijuana is being used clinically to any significant degree.
      Using data on all prescriptions filled by Medicare Part D enrollees from 2010 to
      2013, we found that the use of prescription drugs for which marijuana could serve
      as a clinical alternative fell significantly, once a medical marijuana law was
      implemented. National overall reductions in Medicare program and enrollee
      spending when states implemented medical marijuana laws were estimated to be
      $165.2 million per year in 2013. The availability of medical marijuana has a
      significant effect on prescribing patterns and spending in Medicare Part D.

PMID- 27385239
TI  - Medicare Part D: Patients Bear The Cost Of 'Me Too' Brand-Name Drugs.
AB  - Prescription drugs are a major source of US health care expenditure. "Me too"
      brand-name medications contribute to the cost of drugs, which is substantial for
      consumers. In 2013 patient copayments averaged 10.5 times more for two commonly
      prescribed brand-name medications versus generic therapeutic alternatives.

PMID- 27385240
TI  - Share Of Specialty Drugs In Commercial Plans Nearly Quadrupled, 2003-14.
AB  - From 2003 to 2014 the proportion of specialty prescription drugs (defined as
      those reimbursed at $600 or more per thirty-day fill) nearly quadrupled. Over
      this time period, fills for specialty drugs increased by 198 percent and spending
      for the drugs increased by 292 percent, as percentages of total drug fills and
      spending. Median out-of-pocket spending increased by 46 percent for specialty
      drugs and decreased by 57 percent for nonspecialty drugs during this time.

PMID- 27385241
TI  - Early Efforts By Medicare Accountable Care Organizations Have Limited Effect On
      Mental Illness Care And Management.
AB  - People with mental illness use more health care and have worse outcomes than
      those without such illnesses. In response to incentives to reduce spending,
      accountable care organizations (ACOs) may therefore attempt to improve their
      management of mental illness. We examined changes in mental health spending,
      utilization, and quality measures associated with ACO contracts in the Medicare
      Shared Savings Program and Pioneer model for beneficiaries with mental illness,
      using Medicare claims for the period 2008-13 and difference-in-differences
      comparisons with local non-ACO providers. Pioneer contracts were associated with
      lower spending on mental health admissions in the first year of the contract, an
      effect that was attenuated in the second year. Otherwise, ACO contracts were
      associated with no changes in mental health spending or readmissions, outpatient
      follow-up after mental health admissions, rates of depression diagnosis, or
      mental health status. These results suggest that ACOs have not yet focused on
      mental illness or have been largely unsuccessful in early efforts to improve
      their management of it.

PMID- 27385242
TI  - The Impact Of Medicare ACOs On Improving Integration And Coordination Of Physical
      And Behavioral Health Care.
AB  - The accountable care organization (ACO) model holds the promise of reducing costs
      and improving the quality of care by realigning payment incentives to focus on
      health outcomes instead of service volume. One key to managing the total cost of
      care is improving care coordination for and treatment of people with behavioral
      health disorders. We examined qualitative data from ninety organizations
      participating in Medicare ACO demonstration programs from 2012 through 2015 to
      determine whether and how they focused on behavioral health care. These ACOs had
      mixed degrees of engagement in improving behavioral health care for their
      populations. The biggest challenges included a lack of behavioral health care
      providers, data availability, and sustainable financing models. Nonetheless, we
      found substantial interest in integrating behavioral health care into primary
      care across a majority of the ACOs.

PMID- 27385243
TI  - Ten-Year Trends In Treatment Services For Children With Attention Deficit
      Hyperactivity Disorder Enrolled In Medicaid.
AB  - Closing the gap between evidence-based clinical practice standards and their
      inclusion in routine practice continues to be a major goal of health policy
      reforms. This gap is especially large for the care of children with psychiatric
      disorders-especially those from low-income families, many of whom are insured
      through Medicaid. To address this gap, we analyzed trends over ten years (2001
      10) from Medicaid claims data describing changes over time in medication,
      psychotherapy, and combined treatment services for children diagnosed with
      attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Over this time, more children
      received treatments that conformed to practice standards, including the use of
      combination treatments of medication and psychotherapy. Rates of combined
      treatment increased by 74 percent, rates of psychotherapy alone more than
      doubled, and rates of medication alone decreased by 18 percent. Rates of
      diagnoses without any reimbursed treatment decreased by 39 percent. These trends
      suggest increasing adherence to clinical practice standards by providers serving
      children with ADHD in the Medicaid population, although the quality of those
      services is unknown.

PMID- 27385244
TI  - Population Of US Practicing Psychiatrists Declined, 2003-13, Which May Help
      Explain Poor Access To Mental Health Care.
AB  - A large proportion of the US population suffers from mental illness. Limited
      access to psychiatrists may be a contributor to the underuse of mental health
      services. We studied changes in the supply of psychiatrists from 2003 to 2013,
      compared to changes in the supply of primary care physicians and neurologists.
      During this period the number of practicing psychiatrists declined from 37,968 to
      37,889, which represented a 10.2 percent reduction in the median number of
      psychiatrists per 100,000 residents in hospital referral regions. In contrast,
      the numbers of primary care physicians and neurologists grew during the study
      period. These findings may help explain why patients report poor access to mental
      health care. Future research should explore the impact of the declining
      psychiatrist supply on patients and investigate new models of care that seek to
      integrate mental health and primary care or use team-based care that combines the
      services of psychiatrists and nonphysician providers for individuals with severe
      mental illnesses.

PMID- 27385245
TI  - The Number Of Health Information Exchange Efforts Is Declining, Leaving The
      Viability Of Broad Clinical Data Exchange Uncertain.
AB  - The diffusion of health information exchange (HIE), in which clinical data are
      electronically linked to patients in many different care settings, is a top
      priority for policy makers. To drive HIE, community and state efforts were
      federally funded to broadly engage providers in exchanging data in ways that
      improved patient care. To assess the current landscape, we conducted a national
      survey of community and state HIE efforts soon after federal funding ended. We
      found 106 operational HIE efforts that, as a group, engaged more than one-third
      of all US providers in 2014. However, the number of operational HIE efforts is
      down from 119 in 2012, representing the first decline observed since the tracking
      of these efforts began in 2006. Only half of operational efforts reported being
      financially viable, and all efforts reported a variety of barriers to
      continuation. These findings raise important questions about whether the current
      vision for HIE efforts will allow for the broad exchange of clinical data, or
      whether alternative approaches would be more successful.

PMID- 27385246
TI  - Engagement In Hospital Health Information Exchange Is Associated With Vendor
      Marketplace Dominance.
AB  - Health information exchange (HIE) is intended to enable better, more efficient
      health care by electronically transferring patient data across provider
      organizations. Many policy makers, including members of Congress, are concerned
      that some electronic health record (EHR) vendors may be impeding this effort by
      making cross-vendor HIE difficult. We used national data to assess how market
      dominance by EHR vendors was related to hospitals' engagement in HIE in 2012 and
      2013. Across all levels of vendor market dominance, hospitals using EHR systems
      supplied by the dominant vendor engaged in an average of 45 percent more HIE
      activities than hospitals not using the dominant vendor. However, when the
      dominant vendor controlled a small proportion-20 percent-of the market, hospitals
      using the dominant vendor engaged in 59 percent more HIE activities than
      hospitals using a different vendor. Conversely, when the dominant vendor
      controlled 80 percent of the market, hospitals using that vendor engaged in only
      25 percent more HIE activities than hospitals using a different vendor. In
      markets with low vendor dominance, hospitals may engage in less HIE with
      hospitals using other vendors' systems, compared to markets with high vendor
      dominance, because of high costs and competitive barriers. Policies designed to
      promote cross-vendor HIE may need to take local market competition into account.

PMID- 27385247
TI  - Declining Admission Rates And Thirty-Day Readmission Rates Positively Associated
      Even Though Patients Grew Sicker Over Time.
AB  - Programs from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services simultaneously
      promote strategies to lower hospital admissions and readmissions. However, there
      is concern that hospitals in communities that successfully reduce admissions may
      be penalized, as patients that are ultimately hospitalized may be sicker and at
      higher risk of readmission. We therefore examined the relationship between
      changes from 2010 to 2013 in admission rates and thirty-day readmission rates for
      elderly Medicare beneficiaries. We found that communities with the greatest
      decline in admission rates also had the greatest decline in thirty-day
      readmission rates, even though hospitalized patients did grow sicker as admission
      rates declined. The relationship between changing admission and readmission rates
      persisted in models that measured observed readmission rates, risk-standardized
      readmission rates, and the combined rate of readmission and death. Our findings
      suggest that communities can reduce admission rates and readmission rates in
      parallel, and that federal policy incentivizing reductions in both outcomes does
      not create contradictory incentives.

PMID- 27385248
TI  - Emergency Department Death Rates Dropped By Nearly 50 Percent, 1997-2011.
AB  - Between 1997 and 2011, there was a nearly 50 percent reduction in US emergency
      department mortality rates for adults. This trend likely has many causes, related
      to advances in palliative, prehospital, and emergency care.

PMID- 27385249
TI  - Contrary To Conventional Wisdom, Physicians Abandoned A Breast Cancer Treatment
      After A Trial Concluded It Was Ineffective.
AB  - Conventional wisdom holds that physicians are slow to abandon ineffective medical
      practices. We evaluated this theory in the case of axillary lymph node
      dissection, a procedure to remove the lymph nodes near the breast to prevent the
      spread of breast cancer following breast-conserving surgery. A major trial
      conducted from 1999 to 2004, with results presented in 2010 and published in
      2011, found that patients who met certain criteria could forgo axillary lymph
      node dissection. Using cancer registry data, we estimated that the proportion of
      patients undergoing axillary dissection declined by 32.6 percentage points after
      the trial was published. The decline began immediately after the trial was
      presented at a medical conference. The rapid decline in the use of axillary
      dissection belies the common belief that practice patterns are slow to change in
      response to new evidence, and it highlights the value of trials of established
      medical practices to patients and the health system.

PMID- 27385250
TI  - Beating A Cancer Death Sentence.
AB  - A melanoma survivor describes his arduous-and costly-path to successful treatment
      and hope.

PMID- 27385251
TI  - Foundation Funding For The Nursing Profession.

PMID- 27385252
TI  - Errata.

PMID- 27385253
TI  - Assessment and validation of a defined fluid restriction protocol in the use of
      subcutaneous desmopressin for children with inherited bleeding disorders.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite the availability of subcutaneous desmopressin (1-deamino-8
      d-arginine vasopressin, SC-DDAVP) as a haemostatic agent for children with mild
      bleeding disorders, few publications specifically address the safety or efficacy
      of this mode of administration. AIM: Our aim was to assess whether a defined
      fluid restriction protocol was effective in preventing hyponatremia in children
      receiving perioperative SC-DDAVP, and to document adequate biological and
      clinical response in this setting. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed a cohort
      of children with mild bleeding disorders prescribed SC-DDAVP over a 5-year period
      following institution of a 'two-thirds maintenance' fluid restriction protocol.
      RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients received SC-DDAVP following this protocol, including
      15 with mild haemophilia A, 49 with von Willebrand disease (VWD) and five with
      platelet storage pool disorder. In patients who underwent formal preoperative
      assessment a complete or partial response was observed in 28/29 with type 1 VWD
      and 14/15 with mild haemophilia A. Perioperative SC-DDAVP provided excellent
      haemostasis in all patients, with no requirement for factor concentrate or blood
      products. Mild asymptomatic hyponatremia was detected in seven children who
      received multiple doses of DDAVP (lowest sodium 129 mmol L(-1) ); however,
      adherence to the prescribed fluid restriction protocol was questionable in six of
      these cases. Symptomatic hyponatremia was not observed. CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous
      desmopressin was well-tolerated, with no serious side-effects observed, and good
      biological responses in preoperative trials. A two-thirds maintenance fluid
      regimen was effective at preventing symptomatic hyponatremia in our cohort, and
      is now the standard protocol for fluid restriction post-DDAVP administration in
      our centre.

PMID- 27385254
TI  - Emotions and Strategic Behaviour: The Case of the Ultimatum Game.
AB  - Human behaviour in economic interactions has attracted an increasing amount of
      attention over the last decades. The economic assumption that people would behave
      focusing on their own material self-interest was proved incomplete, once the
      empirical evidence consistently showed that many other motives may influence such
      behaviour. Therefore, models that can incorporate rational decision process as
      well as other intervening factors are a key issue to both understand the
      observations from economic experiments and to apply the lessons learned from
      them. In this paper, we incorporate the influence of emotions to the utility
      function in an explicit manner, using the Ultimatum Game as a case study. Our
      model is amenable to analytical study, and is connected with the Circumplex model
      of emotions and with Kahneman's two-system theory. The simplicity of the model
      allows to obtain predictions for the offers and acceptance thresholds. We study
      two specific examples, when the model parameters are distributed uniformly or
      normally, and show that in the latter case the results are already qualitatively
      correct. Although this work can be considered as a first approach, it includes
      what we believe are the main stylized facts, is able to qualitatively reproduce
      experimental results in a very simple manner, and can be straightforwardly
      extended to other games. 

PMID- 27385255
TI  - [Unilateral Papillary Edema Due to Sinus Mucocele].

PMID- 27385256
TI  - [Explantation of Multifocal Intraoular Lenses - Frequency, Causes and Course].
AB  - PURPOSE: Multifocal intraocular lenses (MF-IOL) are implanted for visual
      rehabilitation after cataract operation and refractive lens exchange (RLE). In
      this retrospective study, the frequency, causes and course of MF-IOL explantation
      are investigated. SETTING: Private eye clinic, Cologne, Germany. METHODS: Between
      2009 and 2014, a total of 1438 eyes were supplied with a hydrophobic, aspherical,
      diffractive, multifocal posterior chamber lens (PCL) of type: Acrysof ReSTOR and
      ReSTOR toric, with near additions of + 2.5, + 3.0 and + 4.0 (Alcon, Fort Worth,
      USA). 78 % (n = 1116 eyes) were indicated because of a cataract and 22 % (n = 322
      eyes) as RLE. All procedures were either performed by OK or GG, as ultrasound
      phacoemulsification under topical anaesthesia. Since 2013, a femtosecond laser
      (LensX, Alcon, Fort Worth the USA) has been used in some cases. Data analysis was
      performed with the help of the digital patient's recordings. RESULTS: In a total
      of 12 cases, the MF-IOL needed to be explanted. Causes for the explantation were
      strong deviations from the expected target refraction (4 eyes), epiretinal
      gliosis accompanied by surgically membrane peeling (2 eyes), optical discomfort
      (waxy vision, 4 eyes), unstable toric lens due to a vast zonulolysis (1 eye), and
      5 years post-implantation glistening (1 eye). The overall frequency of MF-IOL
      explantationen was 0.83 %. The frequency of explantations due to specific optical
      side effects and discomfort was 0.28 %. In all cases, 12 months post MF-IOL
      explantation recovery was achieved to full visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS:
      Diffractive MF-IOL of the type Alcon Acrysof ReSTOR are generall very well
      accepted. In only 0.28 % of all cases, was an explantation performed on grounds
      of optical discomfort. In the other cases, the causes for explantation were not
      related to the optical geometry of the MF-IOL.

PMID- 27385257
TI  - [Functional Results 3 Months after Implantation of an "Extended Range of Vision"
      Intraocular Lens].
AB  - PURPOSE: Evaluation of the visual and refractive results 3 months after
      implantation of a diffractive extended range of vision (ERV) intraocular lens
      (IOL) during cataract surgery. METHODS: In a prospective multicentre study,
      patients with a calculated postoperative corneal astigmatism of <= 1.5 D received
      a diffractive ERV IOL (TECNIS Symfony, model ZXR00, Abbott Medical Optics, USA)
      during cataract surgery. After 3 months, the monocular and binocular corrected
      and uncorrected far, intermediate and near visual acuity, as well as refraction,
      were evaluated. RESULTS: 18 patients (36 eyes) with a mean age of 63.34 +/- 4.6
      years underwent bilateral cataract surgery. After 3 months, the binocular
      uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of logMAR was - 0.05 +/- 0.11 and the
      corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of logMAR - 0.14 +/- 0.05. Binocular
      uncorrected intermediate (UIVA) and near visual acuity (UNVA) were logMAR - 0.09
      +/- 0.02 and 0.19 +/- 0.09, respectively. A target refraction of +/- 0.75 D was
      reached by 89 % of the patients. CONCLUSION: Implantation of an extended range of
      vision intraocular lens offers an effective way for visual rehabilitation at far
      and intermediate distances. Near vision is still in a functional range.

PMID- 27385258
TI  - [E-PTFE Membrane for the Management of Perforated Corneal Ulcer].
AB  - Purpose: To present the surgical management of perforated corneal ulcer using
      PRECLUDE(r) Pericardial Membrane, composed of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e
      PTFE; GORE-TEX(r)), as an alternative surgical procedure in patients at high risk
      of graft rejections and to evaluate side effects for a prolonged period. Patients
      and Methods: The study included all patients who were admitted to our department
      and underwent surgical repair of perforated corneal ulcer with the e-PTFE
      membrane between 2010 and 2015. In total, 8 patients (8 eyes) were enrolled.
      Medical records of all patients were retrospectively reviewed. The operation was
      performed under peribulbar anaesthesia. Non-absorbable, microporous, watertight
      0.1 mm thick e-PTFE membrane was used to close the corneal ulcer. The membrane
      was cut to overlap the defect adequately and to achieve the desired tissue
      attachment without preparing the conjunctiva or superficial trephination of the
      cornea. The membrane was fixed to the healthy cornea with several non-absorbable
      sutures (Prolene(r) 10.0), in order to achieve the proper stress without
      wrinkling. Results: Five of 8 patients were treated for systemic immunological
      diseases. Sjogren's syndrome was diagnosed in 2 patients, granulomatosis with
      polyangiitis in one, vasculitis with a history of previous sclerokeratitis in one
      and systemic lupus erythematosus in one. In 2 patients, corneal perforation was
      observed as a complication of corneal infection and in one patient as a late
      complication of a severe chemical burn. Corneal perforations were successfully
      covered with e-PTFE membrane in all patients. E-PTFE membrane was well tolerated
      in all patients and the eye was always preserved. After 3 to 4 months, the
      membrane was removed in 7 patients. The underlying cornea was thin, firm, stable
      and vascularised. In one patient with Sjogren's syndrome, the e-PTFE membrane is
      still in place. Conclusion: Surgical management of perforated corneal ulcer using
      E-PTFE membrane may be the method of choice for eye preservation or for delayed
      corneal transplantation. Our results confirmed that the procedure is safe and
      effective, especially in high risk patients. After removing the membrane,
      penetrating keratoplasty can be performed as a definitive treatment in all eyes
      where an improvement in visual acuity is expected.

PMID- 27385259
TI  - [Hereditary Macular Dystrophies].
AB  - Hereditary macular dystrophies are part of the group of inherited retinopathies
      caused by mutations of specific genes. Challenging features are their rarity,
      enormous clinical and genetic heterogeneity, unspecific visual disturbances, and
      often only mild initial fundus changes. The onset of macular dystrophies may
      occur at any age. They manifest in the macular region, whereas fundus changes can
      reach the mid periphery as well. In some cases, macular dystrophy can progress
      into generalised retinal dystrophy, depending on the severity of the causative
      mutations. Funduscopy alone is often insufficient for diagnosis. However, correct
      diagnosis is essential for the patient for counseling, low vision aids, support,
      and therapeutic options. Retinal imaging, with fundus autofluorescence, near
      infrared autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography, is very important, as
      it can show typical changes not visible on funduscopy. In cases where
      morphological changes are absent, retinal dysfunction must be detected by
      electrophysiological testing. There has been technical progress in molecular
      genetic testing in recent years. With the development of modern sequencing, an
      analysis for all known genes of hereditary retinal dystrophies has been
      established. The genetic defect can now be identified in more cases than before.
      However, a correct initial clinical diagnosis is still required for successful
      genetic analysis. The importance of a genetically confirmed diagnosis is
      increasing, as this is needed for patients who could have the chance in the near
      future to participate in therapeutic trials.

PMID- 27385260
TI  - Associations of Emotional Distress and Perceived Health in Persons With Atrial
      Fibrillation and Their Partners Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model.
AB  - Individual behavior affects and is affected by other people. The aim of this
      study was to examine if emotional distress in patients with atrial fibrillation
      (AF) and their spouses was associated with their own and their partner's
      perceived health. Participants included 91 dyads of patients and their spouses.
      Emotional distress was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
      and perceived health was measured with the Short Form 36 Health Survey. The Actor
      Partner Interdependence Model was used for dyad-level analyses of associations,
      using structural equation modeling. Higher levels of anxiety and depression were
      associated with lower levels of perceived health in patients and spouses. Higher
      levels of depression in patients were associated with lower levels of vitality in
      spouses and vice versa. As AF patients and their spouses influence each other,
      health-care interventions should consider the dyad to address dyadic dynamics.
      This may benefit the health of the individual patient and of the couple.

PMID- 27385261
TI  - Thermoacoustic range verification using a clinical ultrasound array provides
      perfectly co-registered overlay of the Bragg peak onto an ultrasound image.
AB  - The potential of particle therapy due to focused dose deposition in the Bragg
      peak has not yet been fully realized due to inaccuracies in range verification.
      The purpose of this work was to correlate the Bragg peak location with target
      structure, by overlaying the location of the Bragg peak onto a standard
      ultrasound image. Pulsed delivery of 50 MeV protons was accomplished by a fast
      chopper installed between the ion source and the cyclotron inflector. The chopper
      limited the train of bunches so that 2 Gy were delivered in [Formula: see text].
      The ion pulse generated thermoacoustic pulses that were detected by a cardiac
      ultrasound array, which also produced a grayscale ultrasound image. A filtered
      backprojection algorithm focused the received signal to the Bragg peak location
      with perfect co-registration to the ultrasound images. Data was collected in a
      room temperature water bath and gelatin phantom with a cavity designed to mimic
      the intestine, in which gas pockets can displace the Bragg peak. Phantom
      experiments performed with the cavity both empty and filled with olive oil
      confirmed that displacement of the Bragg peak due to anatomical change could be
      detected. Thermoacoustic range measurements in the waterbath agreed with Monte
      Carlo simulation within 1.2 mm. In the phantom, thermoacoustic range estimates
      and first-order range estimates from CT images agreed to within 1.5 mm.

PMID- 27385262
TI  - Van der Waals pressure and its effect on trapped interlayer molecules.
AB  - Van der Waals assembly of two-dimensional crystals continue attract intense
      interest due to the prospect of designing novel materials with on-demand
      properties. One of the unique features of this technology is the possibility of
      trapping molecules between two-dimensional crystals. The trapped molecules are
      predicted to experience pressures as high as 1 GPa. Here we report measurements
      of this interfacial pressure by capturing pressure-sensitive molecules and
      studying their structural and conformational changes. Pressures of 1.2+/-0.3 GPa
      are found using Raman spectrometry for molecular layers of 1-nm in thickness. We
      further show that this pressure can induce chemical reactions, and several
      trapped salts are found to react with water at room temperature, leading to two
      dimensional crystals of the corresponding oxides. This pressure and its effect
      should be taken into account in studies of van der Waals heterostructures and can
      also be exploited to modify materials confined at the atomic interfaces.

PMID- 27385263
TI  - Design, synthesis, insecticidal activity, and structure-activity relationship
      (SAR): studies of novel triazone derivatives containing a urea bridge group based
      on transient receptor potential (TRP) channels.
AB  - Numerous compounds containing urea bridge and biurea moieties are used in a
      variety of fields, especially as drugs and pesticides. To search for novel,
      environmentally benign and ecologically safe pesticides with unique modes of
      action, four series of novel triazone analogues containing urea, thiourea,
      biurea, and thiobiurea bridge, respectively, were designed and synthesized,
      according to various calcium ion channel inhibitors which act on transient
      receptor potential protein. Their structures were characterized by [Formula: see
      text] NMR, [Formula: see text] NMR, and HRMS. The insecticidal activities of the
      new compounds were obtained. The bioassay results indicated that compounds
      containing a thiourea bridge and a thiobiurea bridge exhibited excellent
      insecticidal activities against bean aphid. Specifically, compounds [Formula: see
      text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] exhibited 85, 90, and 95 %
      activities, respectively, at 10 mg/kg. Compounds [Formula: see text] (30 %),
      [Formula: see text] (35 %), [Formula: see text] (30 %), and [Formula: see text]
      (40 %) exhibited the approximate aphicidal activity of pymetrozine (30 %) at 5
      mg/kg. In addition, some target compounds exhibited insecticidal activities
      against lepidopteran pests. From a molecular design standpoint, the information
      obtained in this study could help in the further design of new derivatives with
      improved insecticidal activities.

PMID- 27385264
TI  - Another morphogenetic movement on the map: Charting dorsal intercalation in C.
      elegans.
AB  - Dorsal intercalation is a coordinated cell migration event that rearranges
      hypodermal cells during C. elegans embryogenesis, and that resembles cell
      intercalation in many systems from flies to mice. Despite its conservation, the
      molecular mechanisms that govern dorsal intercalation in worms have remained
      elusive. Here, we comment on our recent publication, Walck-Shannon et al.,(1)
      which begins to spatially map the molecular requirements for intercalation.
      First, we provide a historical perspective on the factors that have previously
      hampered the study of dorsal intercalation. Next, we provide a summary of the
      molecular pathways identified in Walck-Shannon et al.,(1) pointing out surprises
      along the way. Finally, we consider the potential conservation of the molecular
      pathway we described and discuss future questions surrounding dorsal
      intercalation. Despite the challenges, dorsal intercalation is a process poised
      to advance our understanding of cell intercalation during morphogenesis
      throughout the animal kingdom. 

PMID- 27385265
TI  - Disease activity indices in systemic sclerosis: a systematic literature review.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Reviewing disease activity indices (DAI) in systemic sclerosis (SSc)
      and reporting their validation status. METHODS: Literature was systematically
      reviewed on studies documenting the development of DAI, assessing the validation
      status of DAI and studies using a DAI in their analysis. The qualitative and
      quantitative validation status of existing DAI was assessed based on OMERACT and
      on definitions of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) committee on quality
      measures. RESULTS: Three DAI in SSc have been proposed in literature: the
      European Scleroderma Study Group (EScSG) activity index, the 12-point DAI and the
      Combined Response Index for Systemic Sclerosis (CRISS). The EScSG activity index
      is yet applied as an outcome measure in 48 different studies. The EScSG activity
      index and the CRISS are provisional partially validated DAI. CONCLUSIONS: Future
      studies are needed to fully validate the EScSG activity index and the CRISS and
      to assess the validation status of the 12-point DAI.

PMID- 27385266
TI  - DNA methylation based biomarkers in colorectal cancer: A systematic review.
AB  - Since genetic and epigenetic alterations influence the development of colorectal
      cancer (CRC), huge potential lies in the use of DNA methylation as biomarkers to
      improve the current diagnosis, screening, prognosis and treatment prediction.
      Here we performed a systematic review on DNA methylation-based biomarkers
      published in CRC, and discussed the current state of findings and future
      challenges. Based on the findings, we then provide a perspective on future
      studies. Genome-wide studies on DNA methylation revealed novel biomarkers as well
      as distinct subgroups that exist in CRC. For diagnostic purposes, the most
      independently validated genes to study further are VIM, SEPT9, ITGA4, OSM4, GATA4
      and NDRG4. These hypermethylated biomarkers can even be combined with LINE1
      hypomethylation and the performance of markers should be examined in comparison
      to FIT further to find sensitive combinations. In terms of prognostic markers,
      myopodin, KISS1, TMEFF2, HLTF, hMLH1, APAF1, BCL2 and p53 are independently
      validated. Most prognostic markers published lack both a multivariate analysis in
      comparison to clinical risk factors and the appropriate patient group who will
      benefit by adjuvant chemotherapy. Methylation of IGFBP3, mir148a and PTEN are
      found to be predictive markers for 5-FU and EGFR therapy respectively. For
      therapy prediction, more studies should focus on finding markers for
      chemotherapeutic drugs as majority of the patients would benefit. Translation of
      these biomarkers into clinical utility would require large-scale prospective
      cohorts and randomized clinical trials in future. Based on these findings and
      consideration we propose an avenue to introduce methylation markers into clinical
      practice in near future. For future studies, multi-omics profiling on matched
      tissue and non-invasive cohorts along with matched cohorts of adenoma to
      carcinoma is indispensable to concurrently stratify CRC and find novel, robust
      biomarkers. Moreover, future studies should examine the timing and heterogeneity
      of methylation as well as the difference in methylation levels between epithelial
      and stromal tissues.

PMID- 27385267
TI  - Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Hydroxylation of Carboxylic Acids Driven by
      Visible Light and Using Molecular Oxygen.
AB  - This paper discloses the first example of photocatalytic direct decarboxylative
      hydroxylation of carboxylic acids. It enables the conversion of a variety of
      readily available carboxylic acids to alcohols in moderate to high yields. This
      unprecedented protocol is accomplished under extremely mild reaction conditions
      using molecular oxygen (O2) as a green oxidant and using visible light as a
      driving force.

PMID- 27385268
TI  - Understanding perspectives of signalling mechanisms regulating PEBP1 function.
AB  - Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP1), also known as Raf kinase
      inhibitor protein, belongs to PEBP family of proteins. It is known to interact
      with many proteins that are mainly involved in pathways that monitor cell
      proliferation and differentiation. PEBP1 in many cells interacts with several
      pathways, namely MAPK, GRK2, NF-kB, etc. that keeps the cell proliferation and
      differentiation in check. This protein is expressed by many cells in humans,
      including neurons where it is predominantly involved in production of choline
      acetyltransferase. Deregulated PEBP1 is known to cause cancer, diabetic
      nephropathy and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia. Recent
      research led to the discovery of many drugs that mainly target the interaction of
      PEBP1 with its partners. These compounds are known to bind PEBP1 in its conserved
      domain which abrogate its association with interacting partners in several
      different pathways. We outline here the latest developments in understanding of
      PEBP1 function in maintaining cell integrity. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley &
      Sons, Ltd. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein is
      crucial in regulation of MAPK and PKC pathways. Its diverse roles, including
      regulating these pathways keep cell differentiation and proliferation in check.
      This review outlines some latest findings which greatly add to our current
      knowledge of phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein.

PMID- 27385269
TI  - Is afatinib a treatment option for brain metastases in patients with EGFR
      mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer?

PMID- 27385270
TI  - Factors affecting rural volunteering in palliative care - an integrated review.
AB  - To review factors shaping volunteering in palliative care in Australian rural
      communities using Australian and International literature. Identify gaps in the
      palliative care literature and make recommendations for future research. A
      comprehensive literature search was conducted using Proquest, Scopus, Sage
      Premier, Wiley online, Ovid, Cochran, Google Scholar, CINAHL and Informit Health
      Collection. The literature was synthesised and presented in an integrated
      thematic narrative. Australian Rural communities. While Australia, Canada, the
      United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) are leaders in palliative care
      volunteer research, limited research specifically focuses on volunteers in rural
      communities with the least occurring in Australia. Several interrelated factors
      influence rural palliative care provision, in particular an increasingly ageing
      population which includes an ageing volunteer and health professional workforce.
      Also current and models of palliative care practice fail to recognise the
      innumerable variables between and within rural communities such as distance,
      isolation, lack of privacy, limited health care services and infrastructure, and
      workforce shortages. These issues impact palliative care provision and are
      significant for health professionals, volunteers, patients and caregivers. The
      three key themes of this integrated review include: (i) Geography, ageing rural
      populations in palliative care practice, (ii) Psychosocial impact of end-end-of
      life care in rural communities and (iii) Palliative care models of practice and
      volunteering in rural communities. The invisibility of volunteers in rural
      palliative care research is a concern in understanding the issues affecting the
      sustainability of quality palliative care provision in rural communities.
      Recommendations for future Australian research includes examination of the
      suitability of current models of palliative care practice in addressing the needs
      of rural communities; the recruitment, training, ongoing education and support of
      volunteers in rural palliative care provision to ensure equitable care for all
      communities in Australia regardless of location.

PMID- 27385271
TI  - Sexual lifestyle among young adults with type 1 diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sexual lifestyles including sexual activity, problems, satisfaction,
      and the formation and maintenance of relationships are greatly affected by
      physical health. Data are limited regarding the sexual lifestyle of adolescents
      and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Fear of hypoglycemic
      episodes during sexual intercourse and intimacy issues can impact individuals
      with T1DM. The aim of this study was to assess sexual lifestyles of individuals
      with T1DM. METHODS: Fifty-three patients with T1DM, 27 (51%) males, mean +/- SD
      age 27.9 +/- 8.3 years completed the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II and the Sex
      Practices and Concerns questionnaire. RESULTS: Thirty-seven (70%) reported they
      never or almost never had concerns in their sexual lifestyles that were related
      to their diabetes. None experienced severe hypoglycemia during sex, but 21 (40%)
      reported occasional mild hypoglycemic events. More than two-thirds do not take
      any measures to prevent hypoglycemia before sex (decreasing insulin dose, snacks,
      and measuring blood glucose levels). Fear of hypoglycemia during sex was reported
      by 18 (35%); those who reported increased fear experienced mild hypoglycemic
      events during sex (61.1% vs 26.5%, P = .01), were singles (94.4% vs 64.7%, P =
      .02), and had higher scores on the Worries subscale of the Hypoglycemia Fear
      Survey-II (42.8 +/- 12.8 vs 34.9 +/- 10.5, P = .04) compared with those who did
      not. CONCLUSIONS: Among young people with T1DM, most do not have concerns
      regarding sex that are related to their diabetes, and most do not take specific
      measures before or after sex. One-third, however, fear of hypoglycemia during
      sex, mostly singles and those who experienced hypoglycemia in the past.
      Caregivers should be aware and address these concerns. Copyright (c) 2016 John
      Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27385272
TI  - Effects of a sleep education program with self-help treatment on sleeping
      patterns and daytime sleepiness in Japanese adolescents: A cluster randomized
      trial.
AB  - Subjective insufficient sleep and delayed sleep-wake patterns have been reported
      as the primary causes for daytime sleepiness, a reasonably significant and
      prevalent problem for adolescents worldwide. Systematic reviews have indicated
      that the success of sleep education programs has thus far been inconsistent, due
      to the lack of a tailored approach that allows for evaluation of individual
      differences in behavior patterns. One way to resolve this problem is to assess
      the individual sleep behaviors of adolescents by using a checklist containing the
      recommended behaviors for promoting sleep health. Such self-help education
      programs have already been implemented for elementary school children, school
      nurses and the elderly. The present study aimed to verify the effects of a sleep
      education program with supplementary self-help treatment, based on a checklist of
      sleep-promoting behaviors, in addition to evaluation of changes in sleeping
      patterns, sleep-promoting behaviors and daytime sleepiness in adolescents. A
      cluster randomized controlled trial involving 5 Japanese junior high schools was
      conducted, and 243 students (sleep education: n = 122; waiting list: n = 121;
      50.6% female; 7th grade) were included in the final analysis. The sleep education
      group was provided with information on proper sleep health and sleep-promoting
      behaviors. The students in this group were asked to practice one sleep-promoting
      behavior as a goal for 2 weeks and to monitor their practice using sleep diaries.
      Both pre- and post-treatment questionnaires were administered to students in
      order to assess knowledge of sleep-promoting behaviors, sleeping patterns and
      daytime functioning. Students in the sleep education group showed significant
      improvement in their knowledge of sleep health (F1,121 = 648.05, p < 0.001) and
      in their sleep-promoting behaviors (F1,121 = 55.66, p < 0.001). Bedtime on both
      school nights (F1,121 = 50.86, p < 0.001) and weekends (F1,121 = 15.03, p <
      0.001), sleep-onset latency (F1,121 = 10.26, p = 0.002), total sleep time on
      school nights (F1,121 = 12.45, p = 0.001), subjective experience of insufficient
      sleep (McNemar chi(2)(1) = 4.03, p = 0.045) and daytime sleepiness (McNemar
      chi(2)(1) = 4.23, p = 0.040) were also improved in the sleep education group. In
      contrast, no significant improvement in these variables was observed for students
      in the waiting-list group. In conclusion, the sleep education program with self
      help treatment was effective not only in increasing sleep knowledge but also in
      improving sleep-promoting behavior and sleeping patterns/reducing daytime
      sleepiness for students in the sleep education group, in comparison with the
      waiting-list group.

PMID- 27385273
TI  - Cell death caused by the synergistic effects of zinc and dopamine is mediated by
      a stress sensor gene Gadd45b - implication in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not completely understood, Zinc
      (Zn(2+) ) and dopamine (DA) have been shown to involve in the degeneration of
      dopaminergic cells. By microarray analysis, we identified Gadd45b as a candidate
      molecule that mediates Zn(2+) and DA-induced cell death; the mRNA and protein
      levels of Gadd45b are increased by Zn(2+) treatment and raised to an even higher
      level by Zn(2+) plus DA treatment. Zn(2+) plus DA treatment-induced PC12 cell
      death was enhanced when there was over-expression of Gadd45b and was decreased by
      knock down of Gadd45b. MAPK p38 and JNK signaling was able to cross-talk with
      Gadd45b during Zn(2+) and DA treatment. The synergistic effects of Zn(2+) and DA
      on PC12 cell death can be accounted for by an activation of the Gadd45b-induced
      cell death pathway and an inhibition of p38/JNK survival pathway. Furthermore,
      the in vivo results show that the levels of Gadd45b protein expression and
      phosphorylation of p38 were increased in the substantia nigra by the infusion of
      Zn(2+) /DA in the mouse brain and the level of Gadd45b mRNA is significantly
      higher in the substantia nigra of male PD patients than normal controls. The
      novel role of Gadd45b and its interactions with JNK and p38 will help our
      understanding of the pathogenesis of PD and help the development of future
      treatments for PD. Zinc and dopamine are implicated in the degeneration of
      dopaminergic neurons. We previously demonstrated that zinc and dopamine induced
      synergistic effects on PC12 cell death. Results from this study show that these
      synergistic effects can be accounted for by activation of the Gadd45b-induced
      cell death pathway and inhibition of the p38/JNK survival pathway. We provide in
      vitro and in vivo evidence to support a novel role for Gadd45b in the
      pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 27385274
TI  - An international survey of patients living with spasticity.
AB  - PURPOSE: To better understand patient perspectives on the life impact of
      spasticity. METHODS: Global Internet survey (April 2014-May 2015) of 281 people
      living with spasticity. RESULTS: Respondents indicated that spasticity has a
      broad impact on their daily-life: 72% reported impact on quality of life, 44%
      reported loss of independence and 44% reported depression. Most respondents (64%)
      were cared for by family members, of whom half had stopped working or reduced
      their hours. Overall, 45% reported dissatisfaction with the information provided
      at diagnosis; main reasons were "not enough information" (67%) and "technical
      terminology" (36%). Respondents had high treatment expectations; 63% expected to
      be free of muscle spasm, 41% to take care of themselves and 36% to return to a
      normal routine. However, 33% of respondents had not discussed these expectations
      with their physician. The most common treatments were physiotherapy (75%),
      botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT, 73%) and oral spasmolytics (57%). Of those treated
      with BoNT, 47% waited >1 year from spasticity onset to treatment. CONCLUSIONS:
      This survey emphasises the broad impact of spasticity and highlights unmet needs
      in the patient journey. Improvements with regards to communication and the
      therapeutic relationship would be especially welcomed by patients, and would help
      manage treatment expectations. Implications of Rehabilitation Spasticity has
      broad impact on the lives of patients and their families that extends beyond the
      direct physical disability. Patients with spasticity need to be well informed
      about their condition and treatments available and should be given the
      opportunity to discuss their expectations. Physicians need to be aware of the
      patient's individual needs and expectations in order to better help them achieve
      their therapeutic goals.

PMID- 27385275
TI  - Metabolite profiling of Dioscorea (yam) species reveals underutilised
      biodiversity and renewable sources for high-value compounds.
AB  - Yams (Dioscorea spp.) are a multispecies crop with production in over 50
      countries generating ~50 MT of edible tubers annually. The long-term storage
      potential of these tubers is vital for food security in developing countries.
      Furthermore, many species are important sources of pharmaceutical precursors.
      Despite these attributes as staple food crops and sources of high-value
      chemicals, Dioscorea spp. remain largely neglected in comparison to other staple
      tuber crops of tropical agricultural systems such as cassava (Manihot esculenta)
      and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). To date, studies have focussed on the tubers
      or rhizomes of Dioscorea, neglecting the foliage as waste. In the present study
      metabolite profiling procedures, using GC-MS approaches, have been established to
      assess biochemical diversity across species. The robustness of the procedures was
      shown using material from the phylogenetic clades. The resultant data allowed
      separation of the genotypes into clades, species and morphological traits with a
      putative geographical origin. Additionally, we show the potential of foliage
      material as a renewable source of high-value compounds.

PMID- 27385276
TI  - Regional differences in health, diet and weaning patterns amongst the first
      Neolithic farmers of central Europe.
AB  - Across much of central Europe, the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) represents the first
      Neolithic communities. Arising in Transdanubia around 5500 cal. BC the LBK spread
      west to the Rhine within two to three hundred years, carrying elements of a mixed
      agricultural economy and a relatively homogeneous material culture. Colonisation
      of new regions during this progress would have required economic adaptations to
      varied ecological conditions within the landscape. This paper investigates
      whether such adaptation at a local scale affected health patterns and altered the
      dietary habits of populations that otherwise shared a common cultural and
      biological origin. Analysis of non-specific stress (linear enamel hypoplasia,
      porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia) within five LBK populations from across
      central Europe in conjunction with published carbon and nitrogen stable isotope
      data from each site revealed a high prevalence of porotic hyperostosis and cribra
      orbitalia in western populations that was associated with a lower animal protein
      intake. Hypoplastic enamel was more frequently observed in eastern populations
      however, and may reflect geographic differences in childhood morbidity and
      mortality as a result of variation in social practices relating to weaning. Local
      socio-economic adaptations within the LBK were therefore an important factor in
      the exposure of populations to non-specific stress.

PMID- 27385278
TI  - Functional characterization of a pheromone-binding protein from rice leaffolder
      Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in detecting pheromones and host plant volatiles.
AB  - Pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) are believed to be involved in the recognition
      of semiochemicals. In the present study, western blot analysis, fluorescence
      binding characteristics and immunolocalization of CmedPBP4 from the rice
      leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, were investigated. Western blot analysis
      revealed that CmedPBP4 showed obvious antenna-specific expression patterns in
      female and male antenna, and made a clearly different sex-biased expression.
      Immunocytochemical labeling revealed that CmedPBP4 showed specific expression in
      the trichoid sensilla. Competitive fluorescence binding assays indicated that
      CmedPBP4 could selectively recognize three sex pheromone components (Z13-18:Ac,
      Z11-16:Al and Z13-18:OH) and eleven rice plant volatiles, including cyclohexanol,
      nerolidol, cedrol, dodecanal, ionone, (-)-alpha-cedrene, (Z)-farnesene, beta
      myrcene, R-(+)-limonene, (-)-limonene, and (+)-3-carene. Meanwhile the CmedPBP4
      detection of sex pheromones and host odorants was pH-dependent. Our results, for
      the first time, provide further evidence that trichoid sensilla might be play an
      important role in detecting sex pheromones and host plant volatiles in the C.
      medinalis moth. Our systematic studies provided further detailed evidence for the
      function of trichoid sensilla in insect semiochemical perception.

PMID- 27385280
TI  - Peripartum Cardiomyopathy From a Genetic Perspective.
AB  - Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare, but life-threatening condition that
      occurs during the peripartum period in previously healthy women. Although its
      etiology remains unknown, potential risk factors include hypertensive disorders
      during pregnancy, such as preeclampsia, advanced maternal age, multiparity,
      multiple gestation, and African descent. Several cohort studies of PPCM revealed
      that the prevalence of these risk factors was quite similar. Clinically,
      approximately 40% of PPCM patients are complicated with hypertensive disorders
      during pregnancy. Because PPCM is a diagnosis of exclusion, heterogeneity is a
      common element in its pathogenesis. Recent genetic research has given us new
      aspects of the disease. PPCM and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) share genetic
      predisposition: 15% of PPCM patients were found to have genetic mutations that
      have been associated with DCM, and they showed a lower recovery rate. Other basic
      research using PPCM model mice suggests that predisposition genes related to both
      hypertensive and cardiac disorders via angiogenic imbalance may explain common
      elements of hypertensive disorders and PPCM. Furthermore, hypertensive disorders
      during pregnancy are now found to be a risk factor of not only PPCM, but also
      cardiomyopathy in the future. Understanding genetic variations allows us to
      stratify PPCM patients and to guide therapy. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1684-1688). 

PMID- 27385281
TI  - Impaired Mechanics of Left Ventriculo-Atrial Coupling in Patients With Diabetic
      Nephropathy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy is independently associated with longitudinal
      systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle (LV) in asymptomatic diabetes mellitus
      (DM) patients with preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF). However, the effect of
      diabetic nephropathy on left atrial (LA) function remains unknown. METHODS AND
      RESULTS: We studied 198 asymptomatic DM patients (LVEF >=50%). Diabetic
      nephropathy was defined as a protein level higher than for micro-albuminuria. LV
      global longitudinal strain (GLS) and LA strain were analyzed by 2D speckle
      tracking; 69 age-, sex-, and LVEF-matched controls were also studied. GLS and LA
      strain in systole (LAS-s) decreased significantly from normal controls to DM
      patients without (n=137) and with nephropathy (n=61), in that order. Furthermore,
      GLS, LAS-s, and LA strain in late diastole (LAS-a) were significantly lower in DM
      patients with macro-albuminuria (n=19) than in those with micro-albuminuria
      (n=42). Although 1 multivariate regression analysis identified albuminuria as an
      independent determinative factor of LAS-s among other relevant clinical
      background factors (beta=-0.16, P=0.002), another multivariate regression model
      for LAS-s+GLS (beta=0.40, P<0.001) showed that albuminuria was not a significant
      factor (beta=-0.02, P=0.68). Similarly, another multivariate regression model
      including GLS (beta=0.32, P<0.001) demonstrated that clinical features relevant
      for LAS-a, except for age, were not independent determinants of LAS-a.
      CONCLUSIONS: The cross-linked association of LA strain with GLS and albuminuria
      may be important for better understanding the development of diabetic
      cardiomyopathy. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1957-1964).

PMID- 27385282
TI  - Late Phase II Cardiac Rehabilitation, Which Is Adding Life to Years and Years to
      Life, Is Still Underused in Japan.

PMID- 27385283
TI  - Empirical model of human blood transverse relaxation at 3 T improves MRI T2
      oximetry.
AB  - PURPOSE: We sought a human blood T2 -oximetery calibration curve over the wide
      range of hematocrits commonly found in anemic patients applicable with T2
      relaxation under spin tagging (TRUST). METHODS: Blood was drawn from five healthy
      control subjects. Ninety-three in vitro blood transverse relaxation (T2b )
      measurements were performed at 37 degrees C over a broad range of hematocrits (10
      55%) and oxygen saturations (14-100%) at 3 Tesla (T). In vivo TRUST was performed
      on 35 healthy African American control subjects and 11 patients with chronic
      anemia syndromes. RESULTS: 1/T2 rose linearly with hematocrit (r2  = 0.96), for
      fully saturated blood. Upon desaturation, 1/T2 rose linearly with the square of
      the oxygen extraction, (1-Y)2 , and the slope was linearly proportional to
      hematocrit (r2  = 0.88). The resulting bilinear model between 1/T2 , (1-Y)2 , and
      hematocrit had a combined r2 of 0.96 and a coefficient of variation of 6.1%.
      Using the in vivo data, the bilinear model had significantly lower bias and
      variability than existing calibrations, particularly for low hematocrits. In vivo
      Bland Altman analysis demonstrated clinically relevant bias that was -6%
      (absolute saturation) for hematocrits near 30% and rose to + 6% for hematocrits
      near 45%. CONCLUSION: This work introduces a robust bilinear calibration model
      that should be used for MRI oximetry. Magn Reson Med 77:2364-2371, 2017. (c) 2016
      International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27385285
TI  - Effects of Neonicotinoid Pesticide Exposure on Human Health: A Systematic Review.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have identified detectable levels of neonicotinoids
      (neonics) in the environment, adverse effects of neonics in many species,
      including mammals, and pathways through which human exposure to neonics could
      occur, yet little is known about the human health effects of neonic exposure.
      OBJECTIVE: In this systematic review, we sought to identify human population
      studies on the health effects of neonics. METHODS: Studies published in English
      between 2005 and 2015 were searched using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science
      databases. No restrictions were placed on the type of health outcome assessed.
      Risk of bias was assessed using guidance developed by the National Toxicology
      Program's Office of Health Assessment and Translation. RESULTS: Eight studies
      investigating the human health effects of exposure to neonics were identified.
      Four examined acute exposure: Three neonic poisoning studies reported two
      fatalities (n = 1,280 cases) and an occupational exposure study of 19 forestry
      workers reported no adverse effects. Four general population studies reported
      associations between chronic neonic exposure and adverse developmental or
      neurological outcomes, including tetralogy of Fallot (AOR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.4),
      anencephaly (AOR 2.9, 95% CI: 1.0, 8.2), autism spectrum disorder [AOR 1.3, 95%
      credible interval (CrI): 0.78, 2.2], and a symptom cluster including memory loss
      and finger tremor (OR 14, 95% CI: 3.5, 57). Reported odds ratios were based on
      exposed compared to unexposed groups. CONCLUSIONS: The studies conducted to date
      were limited in number with suggestive but methodologically weak findings related
      to chronic exposure. Given the wide-scale use of neonics, more studies are needed
      to fully understand their effects on human health. Citation: Cimino AM, Boyles
      AL, Thayer KA, Perry MJ. 2017. Effects of neonicotinoid pesticide exposure on
      human health: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect 125:155-162;
      http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP515.

PMID- 27385286
TI  - Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the fairest of them all?

PMID- 27385287
TI  - Smuggling compassion into care: Is the NHS destined for system D?

PMID- 27385284
TI  - Immunophenotyping of rheumatoid arthritis reveals a linkage between HLA-DRB1
      genotype, CXCR4 expression on memory CD4(+) T cells, and disease activity.
AB  - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that leads
      to destructive arthritis. Although the HLA class II locus is the strongest
      genetic risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis, the relationship between HLA class
      II alleles and lymphocyte activation remains unclear. We performed
      immunophenotyping of peripheral blood mononuclear cells on 91 HLA-DRB1-genotyped
      RA patients and 110 healthy donors. The frequency of memory CXCR4(+)CD4(+) T
      cells, and not Th1 and Th17 cells, was significantly associated with disease
      severity by multiple linear regression analysis. RA patients with one or more
      susceptible HLA-DR haplotypes (shared epitope: SE) displayed a significantly
      higher frequency of memory CXCR4(+)CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, the frequency of
      memory CXCR4(+)CD4(+) T cells significantly correlated with the expression level
      of HLA-DR on B cells, which was elevated in RA patients with SE. In vitro
      analysis and transcriptomic pathway analysis suggested that the interaction
      between HLA-DR and T cell receptors is an important regulator of memory
      CXCR4(+)CD4(+) T cells. Clinically, a higher frequency of memory CXCR4(+)CD4(+) T
      cells predicted a better response to CTLA4-Ig. Memory CXCR4(+)CD4(+) T cells may
      serve as a powerful biomarker for unraveling the linkage between HLA-DRB1
      genotype and disease activity in RA.

PMID- 27385288
TI  - Mixed mood states: time to adopt a 3D perspective?

PMID- 27385289
TI  - An Erudite Encounter with: Paul Grof.

PMID- 27385291
TI  - A high-sensitivity HPLC assay for measuring intracellular Na(+) and K(+) and its
      application to Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes.
AB  - The measurement of intracellular ion concentrations, and the screening of
      chemical agents to identify molecules targeting ion transport, has traditionally
      involved low-throughput techniques. Here we present a novel HPLC method that
      allows the rapid, high-sensitivity measurement of cell Na(+) and K(+) content,
      demonstrating its utility by monitoring the ionic changes induced in the
      intracellular malaria parasite by the new spiroindolone antimalarial KAE609.

PMID- 27385290
TI  - Danshensu alleviates cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting autophagy
      and apoptosis via activation of mTOR signalling.
AB  - The traditional Chinese medicine Danshensu (DSS) has a protective effect on
      cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the molecular mechanisms
      underlying the DSS action remain undefined. We investigated the potential role of
      DSS in autophagy and apoptosis using cardiac I/R injury models of cardiomyocytes
      and isolated rat hearts. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to 6
      hrs of hypoxia followed by 18 hrs of reoxygenation to induce cell damage. The
      isolated rat hearts were used to perform global ischaemia for 30 min., followed
      by 60 min. reperfusion. Ischaemia/reperfusion injury decreased the haemodynamic
      parameters on cardiac function, damaged cardiomyocytes or even caused cell death.
      Pre-treatment of DSS significantly improved cell survival and protected against
      I/R-induced deterioration of cardiac function. The improved cell survival upon
      DSS treatment was associated with activation of mammalian target of rapamycin
      (mTOR) (as manifested by increased phosphorylation of S6K and S6), which was
      accompanied with attenuated autophagy flux and decreased expression of autophagy-
      and apoptosis-related proteins (including p62, LC3-II, Beclin-1, Bax, and Caspase
      3) at both protein and mRNA levels. These results suggest that alleviation of
      cardiac I/R injury by pre-treatment with DSS may be attributable to inhibiting
      excessive autophagy and apoptosis through mTOR activation.

PMID- 27385292
TI  - Large Orbital Magnetic Moment Measured in the [TpFe(III)(CN)3](-) Precursor of
      Photomagnetic Molecular Prussian Blue Analogues.
AB  - Photomagnetism in three-dimensional Co/Fe Prussian blue analogues is a complex
      phenomenon, whose detailed mechanism is not yet fully understood. Recently,
      researchers have been able to prepare molecular fragments of these networks using
      a building block synthetic approach from mononuclear precursors. The main
      objective in this strategy is to isolate the smallest units that show an
      intramolecular electron transfer to have a better understanding of the electronic
      processes. A prior requirement to the development of this kind of system is to
      understand to what extent electronic and magnetic properties are inherited from
      the corresponding precursors. In this work, we investigate the electronic and
      magnetic properties of the FeTp precursor (N(C4H9)4)[TpFe(III)(CN)3], (Tp being
      tris-pyrazolyl borate) of a recently reported binuclear cyanido-bridged Fe/Co
      complex. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism
      measurements at the Fe L2,3 edges (2p -> 3d) supported by ligand field multiplet
      calculations have allowed to determine the spin and orbit magnetic moments.
      Inaccuracy of the spin sum rule in the case of low-spin Fe(III) ion was
      demonstrated. An exceptionally large value of the orbital magnetic moment is
      found (0.9 MUB at T = 2 K and B = 6.5 T) that is likely to play an important role
      in the magnetic and photomagnetic properties of molecular Fe/Co Prussian blue
      analogues. 

PMID- 27385293
TI  - Elbow arthroplasty: where are we today? A narrative review.
AB  - Background The elbow joint is a complex compound articulation, with a linking
      role within the upper limb kinematics. Its hinge function allows for proper
      placement of our working instrument (the hand) in the space surrounding us,
      directed by the shoulder joint. Both reliable mobility and stability are
      essential elements to allow for consistent bridging of the distance we aim to
      achieve in common daily activities. Sufficient flexion and extension are required
      to ensure both the patients' independence and the dignity. Next to the hinge, a
      radio-ulnar rotation with precise co-operation of forearm and wrist spin enhances
      the linking function with accurate precision instrument manipulation. Arthritis
      of the elbow joint or cubarthritis, whether primary or secondary, may not be as
      highly prevalent as hip or knee arthritis, but its impact on daily live certainly
      cannot be underestimated. Methods Current treatment options for failing
      cubarthritis are reviewed. Results Surgical techniques to reconstruct or replace
      the elbow joint are currently increasingly efficient with mounting long-term
      outcome reports. Debridement techniques including open or arthroscopic
      Outerbridge-Kashiwaghi procedure often delays joint replacement. Implants for
      joint arthroplasty focus on the ulna-humeral joint mostly with semi-constrained
      linked techniques, but there is a trend towards total joint replacement including
      the radiocapitellar joint. Conclusion In this independent review article, elbow
      joint failure due to cubarthritis and an overview of its current state-of-the-art
      orthopaedic treatment algorithm is presented, with its indications, advantages,
      risks and outcome. 

PMID- 27385294
TI  - Superior mesenteric artery (Wilkie's) syndrome: a rare cause of upper
      gastrointestinal system obstruction.
AB  - Background Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS) results from the
      compression of the third part of the duodenum between the aorta and the proximal
      part of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Clinical presentation of SMAS is
      characterized by the dilatation of the proximal part of the third part of the
      duodenum. SMAS is a rare cause of the upper gastrointestinal system (UGS)
      obstruction. In this study, we aimed to present our clinical experience in the
      treatment of five patients with SMAS, which is a rare clinical condition
      requiring surgery. Patients and methods The retrospective study included five
      patients who were treated due to SMAS at our clinic between January 2010 and
      January 2014. Results All the patients were underweight, with a mean BMI of 15.73
      (14-16). The clinical symptoms included epigastric pain after food intake, large
      volume bilious emesis, early satiety, failure to gain weight, indigestion,
      esophageal reflux, sense of fullness, and persistent weight loss. SMAS was
      diagnosed using barium meal studies, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, abdominal
      ultrasonography, and CT angiography. Four patients underwent duodenojejunostomy
      and one patient was managed with gastrojejunostomy. No complication was observed
      during the postoperative period, and all the patients achieved significant
      improvement in symptoms. Conclusion SMAS is a rare cause of UGS obstruction, and
      the diagnosis of SMAS is often delayed. SMAS should be suspected in the
      differential diagnosis of the patients with unsubstantiated symptoms of
      persistent nausea, emesis, and significant weight loss. 

PMID- 27385295
TI  - Neonatal gastric outlet obstruction by isolated pyloric atresia, an often
      forgotten diagnosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pyloric atresia (PA) is a rare condition, and may be misdiagnosed and
      especially confused for duodenal atresia pre-operatively. We looked for clues to
      avoiding pre-operative misdiagnosis and hence allow the best neonatal medical and
      surgical management. METHODS: A retrospective case-note review was carried out of
      the five patients managed in four centres with the diagnosis of isolated PA. We
      focused on antenatal ultrasound findings, postnatal clinical and radiological
      features, operative findings, surgical procedures and outcomes. RESULTS: Four
      patients had polyhydramnios and one double bubble sign on antenatal ultrasound.
      After birth, non-bilious vomiting and upper abdominal distension were the main
      symptoms. Gastric decompression showed non-bilious gastric fluid. Radiological
      findings were a large gastric air bubble with no gas beyond in all cases. The
      diagnosis of duodenal atresia was postulated at first in all cases. The diagnosis
      of PA was established peroperatively. One patient referred late, died 13-day post
      operatively of cardiopulmonary failure secondary to a severe pneumonia that may
      be related to aspiration syndrome. Outcomes were otherwise satisfactory.
      CONCLUSIONS: Even though it is a rare diagnosis, PA has a specific clinical and
      radiological presentation underlined here that should be kept in mind when
      managing a neonate with a gastric outlet obstruction.

PMID- 27385296
TI  - Re-admissions for delayed complications after cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is currently treated with the complex
      procedure of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy
      (CRS + HIPEC). This procedure presents high morbidity and mortality rates, but
      they have only been examined in the immediate post-operative period. The aim of
      our study is to present, describe and analyze the post-operative events,
      secondary to a cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC procedure that occurs after the
      patients' discharge from the hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examine
      retrospectively 219 patients who were discharged from our hospital from the
      initial 230 patients with PM, who were operated on from August 2005 to August
      2015 and underwent CRS and HIPEC. Complications are investigated from the
      patient's discharge date until the 90th post-operative day, and are categorized
      with the Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: We identified 17 patients (7.8%)
      who developed late complications. No major differences in patient characteristics
      were identified between this group of 17 patients and the rest, apart from a
      slightly higher PCI (23.5 vs. 22.3). Mean length of stay at the re-admission was
      11.7 days. 5 of the patients (29.4%) had to be re-operated on, whereas we found a
      mortality of 11.8% (2/17 patients). The most common complications involved
      abdominal abscesses (17.6%), ureteral strictures (17.6%) and enterocutaneous
      fistulae (17.6%). CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the late complications
      following CRS plus HIPEC procedures, that occur after the patient's discharge
      from the hospital, an issue that has not been investigated thoroughly yet and may
      have serious impact on the post-operative quality of life. The role of adjuvant
      chemotherapy following CRS and HIPEC procedures in the onset of such
      complications appears to be important and needs further investigation.

PMID- 27385297
TI  - Post-Chernobyl incidence of papillary thyroid cancer among Belgian children less
      than 15 years of age in April 1986: a 30-year surgical experience.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We raised the question of a possible relationship in Belgium between
      the occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and age of children (<15
      years) at the time of the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident in April 1986.
      SETTING: Referral university centre for endocrine surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
      Thirty-year prospective study of the experience of a surgical team with PTC since
      the Chernobyl accident, taken out of 2349 patients operated on for any thyroid
      lesions from April 1986 to April 2015, comparing the incidence of PTC by age
      groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Comparison of PTC incidence in patients >15
      years (group A) and children <15 years (group B) in April 1986. RESULTS: Out of a
      total of 2349 patients having undergone thyroid surgery for all types of lesions
      during 30 year after Chernobyl and born before April 1986, 2164 were >15 years of
      age at the time of the nuclear accident (group A) and 175 developed PTC (8.1%)
      compared to 36 PTC (19.5%) that occurred in 185 children <15 years of age (group
      B) in April 1986 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Radiation exposure affected residents
      of countries (including Belgium) well beyond Ukraine and Belarus. This was
      demonstrated by a 1990 meteorological report. Over 30 years, there has been a
      persistent higher incidence of PTC among Belgian children below the age of 15
      years at the time of the Chernobyl accident. This relationship with age has even
      been strengthened by the implementation of more sophisticated immunohistochemical
      biomarkers diagnostic technology since April 2011.

PMID- 27385298
TI  - Right-sided Cockett's syndrome.
AB  - Background Cockett and Thomas described and named Cockett's syndrome in 1965,
      commonly referred to as iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS). It is often found
      as underlying cause in iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis (DVT). They described
      the syndrome mostly seen on the left side and predominantly in women during the
      second to the fourth decade of life. In this article, we present a patient with a
      Cockett's syndrome on the right side. Case presentation Our patient is a 52-year
      old female with edema of the right leg since 4 months. She had no signs of a DVT
      and did not benefit from a 3-month compression therapy. She was diagnosed using a
      CT-scan. Endovascular treatment was performed with a venous stent in the right
      common iliac vein (CIV). No postoperative complications were seen. After a 6
      month follow-up, patient was free of pain and had no residual edema of the right
      leg. Conclusions Our patient presented with a non-complicated right-sided
      Cockett's syndrome. She was successfully treated with balloon dilatation and
      additional stenting of the right common iliac vein. Because of the clinical
      improvement of the patient together with the excellent long-term results and good
      patency results of the stenting, guidelines nowadays advise more and more venous
      stenting to prevent DVT and to relieve symptoms in case of vein compression
      syndromes. 

PMID- 27385299
TI  - Three cases of triple A syndrome (Allgrove syndrome) in pediatric surgeons' view.
AB  - Triple A syndrome, also known as Allgrove syndrome, is a rare disease, and
      presents mainly in children. Its cardinal symptoms are achalasia, alacrima, and
      adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) insensitivity. We report three cases of Triple
      A syndrome. Our aim is to inform pediatric surgeons about the existence of this
      rare syndrome and to highlight the need for suspicion of alacrima and ACTH
      insensitivity in cases of pediatric achalasia. Triple A syndrome should be
      considered in patients presenting with achalasia. Alacrima should be investigated
      by a Schirmer test, and adrenal dysfunction should be tested in cases of
      suspected triple A. 

PMID- 27385300
TI  - Liposarcoma scroti: a rare paratesticular tumor.
AB  - Paratesticular liposarcoma is a rare condition characterized by a growing,
      painless inguinal, or scrotal mass. To our knowledge, less than 200 cases
      worldwide are reported thus far. It is characterized by slow growth and can reach
      large dimensions at diagnosis. Paratesticular well-differentiated liposarcoma has
      a prolonged clinical course with recurrences in more than half the cases,
      sometimes late. Regardless of tumor size, radical orchidectomy with free surgical
      margins is recommended in order to avoid recurrence. When there is tumor
      recurrence, reoperation is the treatment of choice because radio- and
      chemotherapy have yet to be well established in these cases. There is a low risk
      of metastasis. Overall prognosis is good. Adjuvant therapies, represented by
      radio- and chemotherapy, have a controversial role in the literature due to the
      rarity of the disease. In this article, we present review of the literature and
      case discussion of paratesticular liposarcoma with focus on diagnosis, treatment
      and follow-up. 

PMID- 27385301
TI  - Andreas Vesalius on the anatomy and function of the lower thoracic vertebrae.
AB  - Some remarkable statements made by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) in his principal
      work De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543) about the anatomy and function of the
      lower thoracic vertebrae are discussed in the light of information from the
      literature. Their accuracy is evaluated on the basis of several pieces of
      anatomical evidence and clinical cases. 

PMID- 27385302
TI  - Surgery for cochlear and other auditory implants.

PMID- 27385303
TI  - AOSpine masters series, volume 4: adult spinal deformities.

PMID- 27385305
TI  - Association Between Changes in Coronary Artery Disease Progression and Treatment
      With Biologic Agents for Severe Psoriasis.
AB  - Importance: Inflammatory pathways of psoriasis share similarities with the
      mechanisms identified in atherosclerosis, and the association between psoriasis
      and cardiovascular disease due to accelerated coronary artery disease is well
      established. The effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the development of coronary
      atherosclerosis remains essentially unknown. Objective: To investigate the
      association of biological therapy with changes in coronary artery disease
      progression, measured by repeated coronary computed tomography (CT). Design,
      Setting, and Participants: This single-center prospective, controlled, observer
      blinded clinical study at a tertiary dermatology university hospital clinic
      enrolled patients with severe psoriasis initiating biological therapy and matched
      controls not receiving systemic therapy from April 11, 2011, through June 30,
      2014. Interventions: Biological therapy approved for psoriasis (adalimumab,
      etanercept, infliximab, ustekinumab) with the possibility to switch between
      treatments to ensure tight control of inflammation. Main Outcomes and Measures:
      Patients underwent noncontrast coronary artery calcium (CAC) CT and contrast
      enhanced coronary CT angiography at baseline and after 13 months of follow-up.
      Changes in CAC score, number of coronary plaques, severity of narrowing,
      composition, and vessel wall volume were measured. Results: There were 28 treated
      patients (mean [SD] age, 49.2 [10.2] years; 71% men; mean [SD] Psoriasis Area
      Severity Index [PASI], 15.4 [4.3]) and 28 controls (mean [SD] age, 52.8 [10.6]
      years; 71% men; mean [SD] PASI, 12.4 [3.9]). The CAC scores remained stable in
      the intervention group (mean [SD] yearly CAC change, -16 [56]; P = .15) and
      progressed in the control group (14 [29]; P = .02) (intervention vs controls: P =
      .02). The number of segments with luminal abnormalities remained unchanged in
      both groups. The severity of luminal narrowing in the diseased segments was
      unchanged in the intervention group (Wilcoxon W = 76, n = 483, P = .39) but
      increased at follow-up in the control group (Wilcoxon W = 281, n = 414, P = .02).
      Automated vessel wall volume index remained unchanged from baseline to follow-up
      in the intervention group (mean [SD] baseline, 7.1 [1.5], follow-up, 7.1 [1.7]; P
      = .91), while controls demonstrated statistically nonsignificant progression
      (baseline, 8.3 [1.6], follow-up, 8.9 [2.2]; P = .06). Conclusions and Relevance:
      Clinically effective treatment with biologic agents was associated with reduced
      coronary artery disease progression in patients with severe psoriasis. These
      findings support a beneficial effect of biologic anti-inflammatory agents in
      preventing cardiovascular disease progression in addition to disease control in
      inflammatory diseases.

PMID- 27385304
TI  - White spot syndrome virus entry is dependent on multiple endocytic routes and
      strongly facilitated by Cq-GABARAP in a CME-dependent manner.
AB  - White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a lethal pathogen of shrimp and many other
      crustaceans, including crayfish. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its
      cellular entry remains elusive due to the lack of shrimp cell lines for viral
      propagation. Crayfish hematopoietic tissue (Hpt) cell culture was recently
      established as a good model for WSSV infection study. Here, we showed that
      multiple endocytic routes, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME),
      macropinocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, were indispensably employed
      for the viral entry into Hpt cell of the crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus.
      Intriguingly, cellular autophagic activity was positively correlated with
      efficient viral entry, in which a key autophagy-related protein, gamma
      aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (Cq-GABARAP), that not only
      localized but also co-localized with WSSV on the Hpt cell membrane, strongly
      facilitated WSSV entry by binding to the viral envelope VP28 in a CME-dependent
      manner that was negatively regulated by Cq-Rac1. Furthermore, cytoskeletal
      components, including Cq-beta-tubulin and Cq-beta-actin, bound to both
      recombinant rCq-GABARAP and WSSV envelope proteins, which likely led to viral
      entry promotion via cooperation with rCq-GABARAP. Even under conditions that
      promoted viral entry, rCq-GABARAP significantly reduced viral replication at an
      early stage of infection, which was probably caused by the formation of WSSV
      aggregates in the cytoplasm.

PMID- 27385306
TI  - Reply to "Standardizing Biparametric MRI to Simplify and Improve Prostate Imaging
      Reporting and Data System, Version 2, in Prostate Cancer Management".

PMID- 27385308
TI  - Long Residence Time at the Neurosteroidogenic 18 kDa Translocator Protein
      Characterizes the Anxiolytic Ligand XBD173.
AB  - Recent data have demonstrated a positive correlation between the residence time
      (RT) and neurosteroidogenic efficacy of a ligand at the translocator protein
      (TSPO), an attractive anxyolitic target. To explore the potential impact of RT on
      TSPO ligand anxiolytic activity, the RT and the steroidogenic activity of XBD173,
      a ligand exerting anxiolytic activity in humans, were retrospectively evaluated.
      To this aim, XBD173 association and dissociation rate constants were measured
      (1.23 * 10(7) M(-1) min(-1) and 0.0079 min(-1), respectively). XBD173 resulted to
      have a long RT (127 min) and to stimulate efficaciously neurosteroidogenesis, in
      terms of pregnenolone production. The present findings corroborate the importance
      of TSPO ligand RT to predict their effective neurosteroidogenic activity and
      promising anxiolytic action. These positive results prompted us to set up a fast
      and high-throughput kinetic method to improve the efficiency of RT-based TSPO
      drug-discovery process.

PMID- 27385307
TI  - Syndesome Therapeutics for Enhancing Diabetic Wound Healing.
AB  - Chronic wounds represent a major healthcare and economic problem worldwide.
      Advanced wound dressings that incorporate bioactive compounds have great
      potential for improving outcomes in patients with chronic wounds but significant
      challenges in designing treatments that are effective in long-standing,
      nonhealing wounds. Here, an optimized wound healing gel was developed that
      delivers syndecan-4 proteoliposomes ("syndesomes") with fibroblast growth factor
      2 (FGF-2) to enhance diabetic wound healing. In vitro studies demonstrate that
      syndesomes markedly increase migration of keratinocytes and fibroblasts isolated
      from both nondiabetic and diabetic donors. In addition, syndesome treatment leads
      to increased endocytic processing of FGF-2 that includes enhanced recycling of
      FGF-2 to the cell surface after uptake. The optimized syndesome formulation was
      incorporated into an alginate wound dressing and tested in a splinted wound model
      in diabetic, ob/ob mice. It was found that wounds treated with syndesomes and FGF
      2 have markedly enhanced wound closure in comparison to wounds treated with only
      FGF-2. Moreover, syndesomes have an immunomodulatory effect on wound macrophages,
      leading to a shift toward the M2 macrophage phenotype and alterations in the
      wound cytokine profile. Together, these studies show that delivery of exogenous
      syndecan-4 is an effective method for enhancing wound healing in the long-term
      diabetic diseased state.

PMID- 27385309
TI  - Relationship between Community Drug Administration Strategy and Changes in
      Trachoma Prevalence, 2007 to 2013.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Australia is the only high income country with persisting endemic
      trachoma. A national control program involving mass drug administration with oral
      azithromycin, in place since 2006, has some characteristics which differ from
      programs in low income settings, particularly in regard to the use of a wider
      range of treatment strategies, and more regular assessments of community
      prevalence. We aimed to examine the association between treatment strategies and
      trachoma prevalence. METHODS: Through the national surveillance program, annual
      data from 2007-2013 were collected on trachoma prevalence and treatment with oral
      azithromycin in children aged 5-9 years from three Australian regions with
      endemic trachoma. Communities were classified for each year according to one of
      four trachoma treatment strategies implemented (no treatment, active cases only,
      household and community-wide). We estimated the change in trachoma prevalence
      between sequential pairs of years and across multiple years according to
      treatment strategy using random-effects meta-analyses. FINDINGS: Over the study
      period, 182 unique remote Aboriginal communities had 881 annual records of both
      trachoma prevalence and treatment. From the analysis of pairs of years, the
      greatest annual fall in trachoma prevalence was in communities implementing
      community-wide strategies, with yearly absolute reductions ranging from -8%
      (95%CI -17% to 1%) to -31% (-26% to -37%); these communities also had the highest
      baseline trachoma prevalence (15.4%-43.9%). Restricting analyses to communities
      with moderate trachoma prevalence (5-19%) at initial measurement, and comparing
      community trachoma prevalence from the first to the last year of available data
      for the community, both community-wide and more targeted treatment strategies
      were associated with similar absolute reductions (-11% [-8% to -13%] and -7% [-5%
      to -10%] respectively). Results were similar stratified by region.
      INTERPRETATION: Consistent with previous research, community-wide administration
      of azithromycin reduces trachoma prevalence. Our observation that less intensive
      treatment with a 'household' strategy in moderate prevalence communities (5-<20%)
      is associated with similar reductions in prevalence over time, will require
      confirmation in other settings if it is to be used as a basis for changes in
      control strategies.

PMID- 27385310
TI  - [Rectal mucosa metastasis in recurrent prostate cancer : (68)Ga-PSMA-PET/CT
      allows targeted salvage radiotherapy].
AB  - This article presents for the first time a case of rectal mucosa metastasis of
      recurrent prostate cancer that was diagnosed with (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT. After
      histological confirmation, the patient was treated with salvage radiotherapy.
      This case report underlines the specificity and efficacy of PSMA-based PET
      imaging. In case of biochemical relapse, it can be used even at low PSA levels to
      detect prostate cancer metastases that might also be in atypical locations. Thus,
      (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT may allow new options for salvage therapy. 

PMID- 27385311
TI  - [Residents' schedule for the Congress of the German Society for Urology 2016].

PMID- 27385312
TI  - [Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care].

PMID- 27385313
TI  - [Delegation of urological services].

PMID- 27385314
TI  - Controlling Regiochemistry in the Syntheses of Boraindanes from Diborane(4)
      Starting Materials.
AB  - The reaction of tert-butylisonitrile (tBuNC) with 1,2-dihalo-1,2-diduryldiborane
      leads initially to the formation of the mono-base adduct of the symmetrical
      diborane(4), which then undergoes an intramolecular cyclization resulting in the
      formation of a 1-boraindane. This result is in contrast to a previously reported
      cyclization of a mono-isonitrile adduct of an unsymmetrical 1,1-pinacol-2,2
      diaryldiborane(4), which results in the formation of a 1-boraindane. This latter
      result is herein confirmed by the reaction of 1,1-difluoro-2,2
      dimesityldiborane(4) with tBuNC, which yielded the 2-boraindane compound. The
      mechanism of the former reaction has been computationally elucidated, and the
      differences between this route and the pathway to 1-boraindanes is discussed.
      These reactions further the understanding of the chemistry of the increasingly
      popular mono-base adducts of diborane(4), demonstrate the versatility of
      isonitriles in comparison to standard two-electron donors, and elucidate
      selective routes to boron-containing polycyclics, such as those being proposed as
      analogues for conventional organic pharmaceuticals. 

PMID- 27385315
TI  - Weight and prognosis for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection during the pandemic
      period between 2009 and 2011: a systematic review of observational studies with
      meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2009, a novel influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was detected and caused
      influenza pandemic. It is important to identify the risk factors for severe
      outcomes. However, inconsistent results regarding the effect of obesity were
      reported in previous studies. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review to assess
      the association between obesity and poor prognosis for laboratory-confirmed
      A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza. We searched three English databases and three Chinese
      databases for relevant studies from April 2009 to October 2015: PubMed, the
      Cochrane library, Embase, CNKI, CBM, and Wanfang. Two investigators independently
      identified eligible articles, assessed quality using NOS, and extracted data. We
      performed meta-analyses and meta-regressions to estimate the association between
      weight and poor prognosis for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, when data were
      available. RESULTS: We identified 22 articles enrolling 25,189 laboratory
      confirmed patients. The pooled estimates indicated obesity significantly
      increased the risk of fatal and critical complications of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09
      infection (for fatal, OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.23-2.65; for critical complications,
      OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.13-2.47). However, we found significant interaction between
      early antiviral treatment and obesity (beta = -0.28). After adjustment for early
      antiviral treatment, relationship between obesity and poor outcomes disappeared
      (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.94-1.39). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the meta-analyses
      showed obesity significantly increased the risk of death, critical complications,
      and severe complications for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, especially among
      high-quality studies and in Asia region. Importantly, the result from our meta
      regression indicated that the conclusion should be interpreted with caution,
      because early antiviral treatment might be a key confounding factor.

PMID- 27385316
TI  - Factors influencing the ablative efficiency of high intensity focused ultrasound
      (HIFU) treatment for adenomyosis: A retrospective study.
AB  - Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate factors affecting ablative
      efficiency of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for adenomyosis. Materials
      and methods In all, 245 patients with adenomyosis who underwent ultrasound guided
      HIFU (USgHIFU) were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent dynamic
      contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after HIFU
      treatment. The non-perfused volume (NPV) ratio, energy efficiency factor (EEF)
      and greyscale change were set as dependent variables, while the factors possibly
      affecting ablation efficiency were set as independent variables. These variables
      were used to build multiple regression models. Results A total of 245 patients
      with adenomyosis successfully completed HIFU treatment. Enhancement type on T1
      weighted image (WI), abdominal wall thickness, volume of adenomyotic lesion, the
      number of hyperintense points, location of the uterus, and location of
      adenomyosis all had a linear relationship with the NPV ratio. Distance from skin
      to the adenomyotic lesion's ventral side, enhancement type on T1WI, volume of
      adenomyotic lesion, abdominal wall thickness, and signal intensity on T2WI all
      had a linear relationship with EEF. Location of the uterus and abdominal wall
      thickness also both had a linear relationship with greyscale change. Conclusion
      The enhancement type on T1WI, signal intensity on T2WI, volume of adenomyosis,
      location of the uterus and adenomyosis, number of hyperintense points, abdominal
      wall thickness, and distance from the skin to the adenomyotic lesion's ventral
      side can all be used as predictors of HIFU for adenomyosis.

PMID- 27385317
TI  - Bacterial meningitis in solid organ transplant recipients: a population-based
      prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at risk of infections of
      the central nervous system. However, the incidence and clinical course of
      bacterial meningitis in SOT recipients are unclear. We studied occurrence,
      disease course, and prognosis of bacterial meningitis in SOT recipients in the
      Netherlands. METHODS: All patients with a medical history of solid organ
      transplantation were selected from our nationwide prospective cohort study on
      community-acquired bacterial meningitis in patients >16 years old, performed from
      March 1, 2006 to October 31, 2014. Data on patient history, symptoms and signs on
      admission, treatment, and outcome were collected prospectively. For transplant
      recipients, additional information was collected retrospectively. RESULTS: We
      identified 6 SOT recipients, all receiving renal transplants. The annual
      incidence of bacterial meningitis was 7-fold higher (95% confidence interval [CI]
      2.94-17.02, P < 0.001) for renal transplant recipients as compared with the
      general population (9.56 [95% CI 3.98-22.96] vs. 1.35 [95% CI 1.28-1.43] per
      100,000 patients per year). One of the 6 patients (17%) presented with the
      classic presentation of bacterial meningitis (fever, neck stiffness, and change
      in mental status). Seizures were common, occurring in 33% of patients.
      Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes were identified in 2 patients
      each, and Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were both identified once.
      Four of 6 patients (67%) had an unfavorable functional outcome. CONCLUSION:
      Bacterial meningitis is a rare but devastating complication of solid organ
      transplantation. SOT recipients are at high risk for developing meningitis, and
      recognition of this condition may be difficult, owing to atypical clinical
      manifestation.

PMID- 27385318
TI  - Identification of matrix metalloproteinase-12 as a candidate molecule for
      prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
AB  - Obesity is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, a combination of risk
      factors that predispose to the development of the cardiometabolic diseases:
      atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prevention
      of metabolic syndrome requires novel interventions to address this health
      challenge. The objective of this study was the identification of candidate
      molecules for the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and
      atherosclerosis, conditions that underlie type 2 diabetes mellitus and
      cardiovascular disease, respectively. We used an unbiased bioinformatics approach
      to identify molecules that are upregulated in both conditions by combining murine
      and human data from a microarray experiment and meta-analyses. We obtained a pool
      of eight genes that were upregulated in all the databases analysed. This included
      well known and novel molecules involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes
      mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Notably, matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP12)
      was highly ranked in all analyses and was therefore chosen for further
      investigation. Analyses of visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue from
      obese compared to lean mice and humans convincingly confirmed the up-regulation
      of MMP12 in obesity at mRNA, protein and activity levels. In conclusion, using
      this unbiased approach an interesting pool of candidate molecules was identified,
      all of which have potential as targets in the treatment and prevention of
      cardiometabolic diseases.

PMID- 27385319
TI  - [Voiding disorders in geriatric patients : Correlation with age-related
      functional impairments].
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Voiding disorders are a common problem in elderly people. The
      highest incidence and prevalence occurs in female patients with a high level of
      dependency and cognitive impairments. AIM: The aim of the study was to define the
      correlation between the presence of voiding disorders and age-related functional
      deficits in hospitalized elderly patients within the framework of a comprehensive
      geriatric assessment. This is of utmost importance for planning adequate further
      diagnostic and therapeutic measures. METHODS: This study involved a retrospective
      cross-sectional assessment of data from 7487 hospitalized patients (74.1 %
      females, 25.9 % males, mean age 78.9 +/- 7.2 years) evaluated by a
      multidimensional geriatric assessment. Items tested were symptoms of voiding
      disorders, activities of daily living, cognitive and emotional status, mobility,
      handgrip strength, need for walking aids, pain, nutritional status and visual
      function. Data were evaluated with respect to the prevalence of voiding
      disorders, patient functional status and to the relationship between these
      findings. RESULTS: Among all patients 4494 (60.0 %) presented with voiding
      disorders. Of these 95.8 % showed additional relevant functional deficits in
      three or more test items. Voiding disorders were positively correlated to patient
      age, dependency in activities of daily living and pain scores and were negatively
      correlated to cognitive and emotional status, mobility, hand grip strength,
      nutritional status and visual function. The functional deficits were associated
      with the severity of voiding disorders. Female patients were more often affected
      by voiding disorders as well as by functional impairments in comparison to male
      patients. DISCUSSION: The results showed that more than half of the elderly
      hospitalized patients suffered from voiding disorders. The high prevalence and
      correlation between the presence of voiding disorders and functional deficits
      indicate the need to clearly define and plan diagnostic and therapeutic measures
      (e. g. bladder diaries and bladder retraining) for these patients, taking the
      individual functional status into consideration. CONCLUSION: In older patients
      with voiding disorders, high levels of functional impairment should be considered
      before planning diagnostic and therapeutic measures in order to ensure the
      quality of implementation.

PMID- 27385320
TI  - Water of Hydration Dynamics in Minerals Gypsum and Bassanite: Ultrafast 2D IR
      Spectroscopy of Rocks.
AB  - Water of hydration plays an important role in minerals, determining their crystal
      structures and physical properties. Here ultrafast nonlinear infrared (IR)
      techniques, two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) and polarization selective pump
      probe (PSPP) spectroscopies, were used to measure the dynamics and disorder of
      water of hydration in two minerals, gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) and bassanite
      (CaSO4.0.5H2O). 2D IR spectra revealed that water arrangement in freshly
      precipitated gypsum contained a small amount of inhomogeneity. Following
      annealing at 348 K, water molecules became highly ordered; the 2D IR spectrum
      became homogeneously broadened (motional narrowed). PSPP measurements observed
      only inertial orientational relaxation. In contrast, water in bassanite's tubular
      channels is dynamically disordered. 2D IR spectra showed a significant amount of
      inhomogeneous broadening caused by a range of water configurations. At 298 K,
      water dynamics cause spectral diffusion that sampled a portion of the
      inhomogeneous line width on the time scale of ~30 ps, while the rest of
      inhomogeneity is static on the time scale of the measurements. At higher
      temperature, the dynamics become faster. Spectral diffusion accelerates, and a
      portion of the lower temperature spectral diffusion became motionally narrowed.
      At sufficiently high temperature, all of the dynamics that produced spectral
      diffusion at lower temperatures became motionally narrowed, and only homogeneous
      broadening and static inhomogeneity were observed. Water angular motions in
      bassanite exhibit temperature-dependent diffusive orientational relaxation in a
      restricted cone of angles. The experiments were made possible by eliminating the
      vast amount of scattered light produced by the granulated powder samples using
      phase cycling methods.

PMID- 27385321
TI  - Morpho-colorimetric characterisation of Malva alliance taxa by seed image
      analysis.
AB  - Seed morphometric and -colorimetric features describing shape, size and textural
      seed traits of 28 taxa belonging to the genera Lavatera L. and Malva L., were
      recorded by means of computer vision techniques. The data were statistically
      analysed to contribute to the taxonomical treatment of the Malva alliance and to
      assess some doubtful systematic positions. A clear differentiation between taxa
      traditionally attributed to Lavatera or Malva was highlighted. Furthermore, the
      identification system proposed here was able to discriminate among the Lavatera
      sections, confirming the taxonomic organization of this genus. The results
      obtained for Malva, both at the species level and among sections, supported this
      analytical tool as diagnostic for systematic purposes.

PMID- 27385323
TI  - Interfacial strain and defects in asymmetric Fe-Mn oxide hybrid nanoparticles.
AB  - Asymmetric Fe-Mn oxide hybrid nanoparticles have been obtained by a seed-mediated
      thermal decomposition-based synthesis route. The use of benzyl ether as the
      solvent was found to promote the orientational growth of Mn1-xO onto the iron
      oxide nanocube seeds yielding mainly dimers and trimers whereas 1-octadecene
      yields large nanoparticles. HRTEM imaging and HAADF-STEM tomography performed on
      dimers show that the growth of Mn1-xO occurs preferentially along the edges of
      iron oxide nanocubes where both oxides share a common crystallographic
      orientation. Fourier filtering and geometric phase analysis of dimers reveal a
      lattice mismatch of 5% and a large interfacial strain together with a significant
      concentration of defects. The saturation magnetization is lower and the
      coercivity is higher for the Fe-Mn oxide hybrid nanoparticles compared to the
      iron oxide nanocube seeds. 

PMID- 27385322
TI  - Development of pristane induced mice model for lupus with atherosclerosis and
      analysis of TLR expression.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to establish a murine model of lupus with
      atherosclerosis, and to investigate the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
      in the aorta and kidney. METHODS: The 9-week-old female ApoE-/- and C57BL/6 mice
      were randomly divided into a ApoE-/- pristane treated group (group A), ApoE-/-
      control group (group B), C57BL/6 pristane treated group (group C) and C57BL/6
      control group (group D). Each mouse was given either a single intraperitoneal
      injection of 0.5 ml pristane or saline. RESULTS: We observed that group A mice
      specifically had poor spirit, less activity, obvious hair loss, splenomegalia and
      renomegaly. Levels of ANA, anti-ds-DNA and anti-Sm antibodies were significantly
      higher than those in other groups. The group A and B mice generally displayed
      intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis mottling in the lumen of the aorta. The
      kidney tissues from group A, B and C mice showed increased expression levels of
      TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 proteins in comparison to group D. However, Group A
      mice did not show any significant difference in TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression
      levels when compared to group B and C, but displayed higher TLR7 expression than
      group B and higher TLR9 expression than group B and C mice. In contrast, the
      group A and B mice apparently expressed TLR2 and TLR4. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded
      that pristane treated apoE-/- mice exhibited lupus-like phenotype and developed
      atherosclerosis. The pristane treatment also induced abnormally high expression
      of TLR2 and TLR4 in the aorta and TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 in the kidney of apoE
      /- mice.

PMID- 27385324
TI  - Excited-State Dipole and Quadrupole Moments: TD-DFT versus CC2.
AB  - The accuracies of the excited-state dipole and quadrupole moments obtained by TD
      DFT are assessed by considering 16 different exchange-correlation functionals and
      more than 30 medium and large molecules. Except for excited-state presenting a
      significant charge-transfer character, a relatively limited dependency on the
      nature of the functional is found. It also turns out that while DFT ground-state
      dipole moments tend to be too large, the reverse trend is obtained for their
      excited-state counterparts, at least when hybrid functionals are used.
      Consequently, the TD-DFT excess dipole moments are often too small, an error that
      can be fortuitously corrected for charge-transfer transition by selecting a pure
      or a hybrid functional containing a small share of exact exchange. This error
      cancelation phenomena explains the contradictory conclusions obtained in previous
      investigations. Overall, the largest correlation between CC2 and TD-DFT excess
      dipoles is obtained with M06-2X, but at the price of a nearly systematic
      underestimation of this property by ca. 1 D. For the excess quadrupole moments,
      the average errors are of the order of 0.2-0.6 D.A for the set of small aromatic
      systems treated. 

PMID- 27385325
TI  - Completely independent electrical control of spin and valley in a silicene field
      effect transistor.
AB  - One-atom-thick silicene is a silicon-based hexagonal-lattice material with
      buckled structure, where an electron fuses multiple degrees of freedom including
      spin, sublattice pseudospin and valley. We here demonstrate that a valley
      selective spin filter (VSSF) that supports single-valley and single-spin
      transport can be realized in a silicene field effect transistor constructed of an
      npn junction, where an antiferromagnetic exchange field and a perpendicular
      electric field are applied in the p-doped region. The nontrivial VSSF property
      benefits from an electrically controllable state of spin-polarized single-valley
      Dirac cone. By reversing the electric field direction, the device can operate as
      a spin-reversed but valley-unreversed filter due to the dependence of band gap on
      spin and valley. Further, we find that all the possible spin-valley
      configurations of VSSF can be achieved just by tuning the electric field. Our
      findings pave the way to the realization of completely independent electrical
      control of spin and valley in silicene circuits.

PMID- 27385326
TI  - Five minutes with . . . David Gilbert, patient director.

PMID- 27385327
TI  - Elevations in the Fasting Serum Proinsulin-to-C-Peptide Ratio Precede the Onset
      of Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We tested whether an elevation in the serum proinsulin-to-C-peptide
      ratio (PI:C), a biomarker of beta-cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction,
      was associated with progression to type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:
      Fasting total PI and C levels were measured in banked serum samples obtained from
      TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (PTP) participants, a cohort of autoantibody
      positive relatives without diabetes of individuals with type 1 diabetes. Samples
      were obtained ~12 months before diabetes onset from PTP progressors in whom
      diabetes developed (n = 60), and were compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched
      nonprogressors who remained normoglycemic (n = 58). PI:C ratios were calculated
      as molar ratios and were multiplied by 100% to obtain PI levels as a percentage
      of C levels. RESULTS: Although absolute PI levels did not differ between groups,
      PI:C ratios were significantly increased in antibody-positive subjects in whom
      there was progression to diabetes compared with nonprogressors (median 1.81% vs.
      1.17%, P = 0.03). The difference between groups was most pronounced in subjects
      who were <=10 years old, where the median progressor PI:C ratio was nearly triple
      that of nonprogressors; 90.0% of subjects in this age group within the upper PI:C
      quartile progressed to the development of diabetes. Logistic regression analysis,
      adjusted for age and BMI, demonstrated increased odds of progression for higher
      natural log PI:C ratio values (odds ratio 1.44, 95% CI 1.02, 2.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      These data suggest that beta-cell ER dysfunction precedes type 1 diabetes onset,
      especially in younger children. Elevations in the serum PI:C ratio may have
      utility in predicting the onset of type 1 diabetes in the presymptomatic phase.

PMID- 27385328
TI  - Association Between Diabetes and Hippocampal Atrophy in Elderly Japanese: The
      Hisayama Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between diabetes and brain or
      hippocampal atrophy in an elderly population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A
      total of 1,238 community-dwelling Japanese subjects aged >=65 years underwent
      brain MRI scans and a comprehensive health examination in 2012. Total brain
      volume (TBV), intracranial volume (ICV), and hippocampal volume (HV) were
      measured using MRI scans for each subject. We examined the associations between
      diabetes-related parameters and the ratios of TBV to ICV (an indicator of global
      brain atrophy), HV to ICV (an indicator of hippocampal atrophy), and HV to TBV
      (an indicator of hippocampal atrophy beyond global brain atrophy) after
      adjustment for other potential confounders. RESULTS: The multivariable-adjusted
      mean values of the TBV-to-ICV, HV-to-ICV, and HV-to-TBV ratios were significantly
      lower in the subjects with diabetes compared with those without diabetes (77.6%
      vs. 78.2% for the TBV-to-ICV ratio, 0.513% vs. 0.529% for the HV-to-ICV ratio,
      and 0.660% vs. 0.676% for the HV-to-TBV ratio; all P < 0.01). These three ratios
      decreased significantly with elevated 2-h postload glucose (PG) levels (all P for
      trend <0.05) but not fasting plasma glucose levels. Longer duration of diabetes
      was significantly associated with lower TBV-to-ICV, HV-to-ICV, and HV-to-TBV
      ratios. The subjects with diabetes diagnosed in midlife had significantly lower
      HV-to-ICV and HV-to-TBV ratios than those without and those diagnosed in late
      life. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a longer duration of diabetes and
      elevated 2-h PG levels, a marker of postprandial hyperglycemia, are risk factors
      for brain atrophy, particularly hippocampal atrophy.

PMID- 27385329
TI  - A Population-Based Study of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in
      Association With Prior History of Hypoglycemia Among Patients With Type 1
      Diabetes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of severe hypoglycemia on risks of
      all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in patients with
      type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Two nested case
      control studies with age- and sex-matched control subjects and using the time
      density sampling method were performed separately within a cohort of 10,411
      patients with T1DM in Taiwan. The study enrolled 564 nonsurvivors and 1,615
      control subjects as well as 743 CVD case subjects and 1,439 control subjects
      between 1997 and 2011. History of severe hypoglycemia was identified during 1
      year, 1-3 years, and 3-5 years before the occurrence of the study outcomes.
      Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds
      ratio (OR) and 95% CI of the study outcomes. RESULTS: Prior severe hypoglycemic
      events within 1 year were associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality and
      CVD (adjusted OR 2.74 [95% CI 1.96-3.85] and 2.02 [1.35-3.01], respectively).
      Events occurring within 1-3 years and 3-5 years before death were also associated
      with adjusted ORs of 1.94 (95% CI 1.39-2.71) and 1.68 (1.15-2.44), respectively.
      Significant dose-gradient effects of severe hypoglycemia frequency on mortality
      and CVD were observed within 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Although the CVD incidence may
      be associated with severe hypoglycemic events occurring in the previous year, the
      risk of all-cause mortality was associated with severe hypoglycemic events
      occurring in the preceding 5 years. Exposure to repeated severe hypoglycemic
      events can lead to higher risks of mortality and CVD.

PMID- 27385330
TI  - Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 (SFRP4): A Novel Biomarker of beta-Cell
      Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance in Individuals With Prediabetes and Type 2
      Diabetes.

PMID- 27385331
TI  - A close examination of the structure and dynamics of HC(NH2)2PbI3 by MD
      simulations and group theory.
AB  - The formamidinium lead iodide hybrid perovskite is studied using first principles
      molecular dynamics simulations and further analyzed using group theory. The
      simulations are performed on large supercells containing 768 atoms under
      isothermal and fully anisotropic isobaric conditions. Two trajectories, one at
      300 K and another at 450 K, were extended for over 50 ps in order to perform a
      detailed assessment of the rotational dynamics of organic cations. The
      characteristic rotations of the cation are analyzed by defining two rotation
      axes. It is found that the formamidinium molecules rotate preferentially around
      the direction parallel to the line connecting the two nitrogen atoms. The
      rotational dynamics shows some characteristics already observed in methylammonium
      lead iodide, like the heterogeneous dynamics at room temperature that disappears
      at 450 K. The orientational probability of the molecules is explored in terms of
      an expansion in cubic harmonics up to the 12th order. It reveals a strong
      directionality at room temperature that relaxes when increasing the temperature.
      These findings are further rationalized using Landau and group theories
      suggesting a mixed displacive/order-disorder structural instability at lower
      temperatures.

PMID- 27385332
TI  - Comparative assessment of fluorescent proteins for in vivo imaging in an animal
      model system.
AB  - Fluorescent protein tags are fundamental tools used to visualize gene products
      and analyze their dynamics in vivo. Recent advances in genome editing have
      expedited the precise insertion of fluorescent protein tags into the genomes of
      diverse organisms. These advances expand the potential of in vivo imaging
      experiments and facilitate experimentation with new, bright, photostable
      fluorescent proteins. Most quantitative comparisons of the brightness and
      photostability of different fluorescent proteins have been made in vitro, removed
      from biological variables that govern their performance in cells or organisms. To
      address the gap, we quantitatively assessed fluorescent protein properties in
      vivo in an animal model system. We generated transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans
      strains expressing green, yellow, or red fluorescent proteins in embryos and
      imaged embryos expressing different fluorescent proteins under the same
      conditions for direct comparison. We found that mNeonGreen was not as bright in
      vivo as predicted based on in vitro data but is a better tag than GFP for
      specific kinds of experiments, and we report on optimal red fluorescent proteins.
      These results identify ideal fluorescent proteins for imaging in vivo in C.
      elegans embryos and suggest good candidate fluorescent proteins to test in other
      animal model systems for in vivo imaging experiments.

PMID- 27385333
TI  - Protein kinase A can block EphA2 receptor-mediated cell repulsion by increasing
      EphA2 S897 phosphorylation.
AB  - The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase plays key roles in tissue homeostasis and
      disease processes such as cancer, pathological angiogenesis, and inflammation
      through two distinct signaling mechanisms. EphA2 "canonical" signaling involves
      ephrin-A ligand binding, tyrosine autophosphorylation, and kinase activity; EphA2
      "noncanonical" signaling involves phosphorylation of serine 897 (S897) by AKT and
      RSK kinases. To identify small molecules counteracting EphA2 canonical signaling,
      we developed a high-content screening platform measuring inhibition of ephrin-A1
      induced PC3 prostate cancer cell retraction. Surprisingly, most hits from a
      screened collection of pharmacologically active compounds are agents that elevate
      intracellular cAMP by activating G protein-coupled receptors such as the beta2
      adrenoceptor. We found that cAMP promotes phosphorylation of S897 by protein
      kinase A (PKA) as well as increases the phosphorylation of several nearby
      serine/threonine residues, which constitute a phosphorylation hotspot. Whereas
      EphA2 canonical and noncanonical signaling have been viewed as mutually
      exclusive, we show that S897 phosphorylation by PKA can coexist with EphA2
      tyrosine phosphorylation and block cell retraction induced by EphA2 kinase
      activity. Our findings reveal a novel paradigm in EphA2 function involving the
      interplay of canonical and noncanonical signaling and highlight the ability of
      the beta2-adrenoceptor/cAMP/PKA axis to rewire EphA2 signaling in a subset of
      cancer cells.

PMID- 27385334
TI  - Improved reconstitution of yeast vacuole fusion with physiological SNARE
      concentrations reveals an asymmetric Rab(GTP) requirement.
AB  - In vitro reconstitution of homotypic yeast vacuole fusion from purified
      components enables detailed study of membrane fusion mechanisms. Current
      reconstitutions have yet to faithfully replicate the fusion process in at least
      three respects: 1) The density of SNARE proteins required for fusion in vitro is
      substantially higher than on the organelle. 2) Substantial lysis accompanies
      reconstituted fusion. 3) The Rab GTPase Ypt7 is essential in vivo but often
      dispensable in vitro. Here we report that changes in fatty acyl chain composition
      dramatically lower the density of SNAREs that are required for fusion. By
      providing more physiological lipids with a lower phase transition temperature, we
      achieved efficient fusion with SNARE concentrations as low as on the native
      organelle. Although fused proteoliposomes became unstable at elevated SNARE
      concentrations, releasing their content after fusion had occurred, reconstituted
      proteoliposomes with substantially reduced SNARE concentrations fused without
      concomitant lysis. The Rab GTPase Ypt7 is essential on both membranes for
      proteoliposome fusion to occur at these SNARE concentrations. Strikingly, it was
      only critical for Ypt7 to be GTP loaded on membranes bearing the R-SNARE Nyv1,
      whereas the bound nucleotide of Ypt7 was irrelevant on membranes bearing the Q
      SNAREs Vam3 and Vti1.

PMID- 27385335
TI  - Detection of protein-protein interactions at the septin collar in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae using a tripartite split-GFP system.
AB  - Various methods can provide a readout of the physical interaction between two
      biomolecules. A recently described tripartite split-GFP system has the potential
      to report by direct visualization via a fluorescence signal the intimate
      association of minimally tagged proteins expressed at their endogenous level in
      their native cellular milieu and can capture transient or weak interactions. Here
      we document the utility of this tripartite split-GFP system to assess in living
      cells protein-protein interactions in a dynamic cytoskeletal structure-the septin
      collar at the yeast bud neck. We show, first, that for septin-septin
      interactions, this method yields a robust signal whose strength reflects the
      known spacing between the subunits in septin filaments and thus serves as a
      "molecular ruler." Second, the method yields little or no spurious signal even
      with highly abundant cytosolic proteins readily accessible to the bud neck
      (including molecular chaperone Hsp82 and glycolytic enzyme Pgk1). Third, using
      two proteins (Bni5 and Hsl1) that have been shown by other means to bind directly
      to septins at the bud neck in vivo, we validate that the tripartite split-GFP
      method yields the same conclusions and further insights about specificity.
      Finally, we demonstrate the capacity of this approach to uncover additional new
      information by examining whether three other proteins reported to localize to the
      bud neck (Nis1, Bud4, and Hof1) are able to interact physically with any of the
      subunits in the septin collar and, if so, with which ones.

PMID- 27385336
TI  - AMPK activity regulates trafficking of mitochondria to the leading edge during
      cell migration and matrix invasion.
AB  - Cell migration is a complex behavior involving many energy-expensive biochemical
      events that iteratively alter cell shape and location. Mitochondria, the
      principal producers of cellular ATP, are dynamic organelles that fuse, divide,
      and relocate to respond to cellular metabolic demands. Using ovarian cancer cells
      as a model, we show that mitochondria actively infiltrate leading edge
      lamellipodia, thereby increasing local mitochondrial mass and relative ATP
      concentration and supporting a localized reversal of the Warburg shift toward
      aerobic glycolysis. This correlates with increased pseudopodial activity of the
      AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a critically important cellular energy
      sensor and metabolic regulator. Furthermore, localized pharmacological activation
      of AMPK increases leading edge mitochondrial flux, ATP content, and cytoskeletal
      dynamics, whereas optogenetic inhibition of AMPK halts mitochondrial trafficking
      during both migration and the invasion of three-dimensional extracellular matrix.
      These observations indicate that AMPK couples local energy demands to subcellular
      targeting of mitochondria during cell migration and invasion.

PMID- 27385338
TI  - Multiple ER-Golgi SNARE transmembrane domains are dispensable for trafficking but
      required for SNARE recycling.
AB  - The formation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein
      receptor (SNARE) complexes between opposing membranes is an essential
      prerequisite for fusion between vesicles and their target compartments. The
      composition and length of a SNARE's transmembrane domain (TMD) is also an
      indicator for their steady-state distribution in cells. The evolutionary
      conservation of the SNARE TMD, together with the strict requirement of this
      feature for membrane fusion in biochemical studies, implies that the TMD
      represents an essential protein module. Paradoxically, we find that for several
      essential ER- and Golgi-localized SNAREs, a TMD is unnecessary. Moreover, in the
      absence of a covalent membrane tether, such SNAREs can still support ER-Golgi
      vesicle transport and recapitulate established genetic interactions. Transport
      anomalies appear to be restricted to retrograde trafficking, but these defects
      are overcome by the attachment of a C-terminal lipid anchor to the SNARE. We
      conclude that the TMD functions principally to support the recycling of Qb-, Qc-,
      and R-SNAREs and, in so doing, retrograde transport.

PMID- 27385337
TI  - Roles of the novel coiled-coil protein Rng10 in septum formation during fission
      yeast cytokinesis.
AB  - Rho GAPs are important regulators of Rho GTPases, which are involved in various
      steps of cytokinesis and other processes. However, regulation of Rho-GAP cellular
      localization and function is not fully understood. Here we report the
      characterization of a novel coiled-coil protein Rng10 and its relationship with
      the Rho-GAP Rga7 in fission yeast. Both rng10Delta and rga7Delta result in
      defective septum and cell lysis during cytokinesis. Rng10 and Rga7 colocalize on
      the plasma membrane at the cell tips during interphase and at the division site
      during cell division. Rng10 physically interacts with Rga7 in affinity
      purification and coimmunoprecipitation. Of interest, Rga7 localization is nearly
      abolished without Rng10. Moreover, Rng10 and Rga7 work together to regulate the
      accumulation and dynamics of glucan synthases for successful septum formation in
      cytokinesis. Our results show that cellular localization and function of the Rho
      GAP Rga7 are regulated by a novel protein, Rng10, during cytokinesis in fission
      yeast.

PMID- 27385339
TI  - Ribosomal proteins produced in excess are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome
      system.
AB  - Ribosome assembly is an essential process that consumes prodigious quantities of
      cellular resources. Ribosomal proteins cannot be overproduced in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae because the excess proteins are rapidly degraded. However, the
      responsible quality control (QC) mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Here we
      demonstrate that overexpression of multiple proteins of the small and large yeast
      ribosomal subunits is suppressed. Rpl26 overexpressed from a plasmid can be
      detected in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm, but it largely fails to assemble into
      ribosomes and is rapidly degraded. However, if the endogenous RPL26 loci are
      deleted, plasmid-encoded Rpl26 assembles into ribosomes and localizes to the
      cytosol. Chemical and genetic perturbation studies indicate that overexpressed
      ribosomal proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and not by
      autophagy. Inhibition of the proteasome led to accumulation of multiple
      endogenous ribosomal proteins in insoluble aggregates, consistent with the
      operation of this QC mechanism in the absence of ribosomal protein
      overexpression. Our studies reveal that ribosomal proteins that fail to assemble
      into ribosomes are rapidly distinguished from their assembled counterparts and
      ubiquitinated and degraded within the nuclear compartment.

PMID- 27385340
TI  - Pho4 mediates phosphate acquisition in Candida albicans and is vital for stress
      resistance and metal homeostasis.
AB  - During interactions with its mammalian host, the pathogenic yeast Candida
      albicans is exposed to a range of stresses such as superoxide radicals and
      cationic fluxes. Unexpectedly, a nonbiased screen of transcription factor
      deletion mutants revealed that the phosphate-responsive transcription factor Pho4
      is vital for the resistance of C. albicans to these diverse stresses. RNA-Seq
      analysis indicated that Pho4 does not induce stress-protective genes directly.
      Instead, we show that loss of Pho4 affects metal cation toxicity, accumulation,
      and bioavailability. We demonstrate that pho4Delta cells are sensitive to metal
      and nonmetal cations and that Pho4-mediated polyphosphate synthesis mediates
      manganese resistance. Significantly, we show that Pho4 is important for mediating
      copper bioavailability to support the activity of the copper/zinc superoxide
      dismutase Sod1 and that loss of Sod1 activity contributes to the superoxide
      sensitivity of pho4Delta cells. Consistent with the key role of fungal stress
      responses in countering host phagocytic defenses, we also report that C. albicans
      pho4Delta cells are acutely sensitive to macrophage-mediated killing and display
      attenuated virulence in animal infection models. The novel connections between
      phosphate metabolism, metal homeostasis, and superoxide stress resistance
      presented in this study highlight the importance of metabolic adaptation in
      promoting C. albicans survival in the host.

PMID- 27385341
TI  - Abelson kinase acts as a robust, multifunctional scaffold in regulating embryonic
      morphogenesis.
AB  - Abelson family kinases (Abls) are key regulators of cell behavior and the
      cytoskeleton during development and in leukemia. Abl's SH3, SH2, and tyrosine
      kinase domains are joined via a linker to an F-actin-binding domain (FABD).
      Research on Abl's roles in cell culture led to several hypotheses for its
      mechanism of action: 1) Abl phosphorylates other proteins, modulating their
      activity, 2) Abl directly regulates the cytoskeleton via its cytoskeletal
      interaction domains, and/or 3) Abl is a scaffold for a signaling complex. The
      importance of these roles during normal development remains untested. We tested
      these mechanistic hypotheses during Drosophila morphogenesis using a series of
      mutants to examine Abl's many cell biological roles. Strikingly, Abl lacking the
      FABD fully rescued morphogenesis, cell shape change, actin regulation, and
      viability, whereas kinase-dead Abl, although reduced in function, retained
      substantial rescuing ability in some but not all Abl functions. We also tested
      the function of four conserved motifs in the linker region, revealing a key role
      for a conserved PXXP motif known to bind Crk and Abi. We propose that Abl acts as
      a robust multidomain scaffold with different protein motifs and activities
      contributing differentially to diverse cellular behaviors.

PMID- 27385343
TI  - Eps15 membrane-binding and -bending activity acts redundantly with Fcho1 during
      clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
AB  - Clathrin coat assembly on membranes requires cytosolic adaptors and accessory
      proteins, which bridge triskeleons with the lipid bilayer and stabilize lattice
      architecture throughout the process of vesicle formation. In Caenorhabditis
      elegans, the prototypical AP-2 adaptor complex, which is activated by the
      accessory factor Fcho1 at the plasma membrane, is dispensable during
      embryogenesis, enabling us to define alternative mechanisms that facilitate
      clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here we uncover a synthetic genetic interaction
      between C. elegans Fcho1 (FCHO-1) and Eps15 (EHS-1), suggesting that they
      function in a parallel and potentially redundant manner. Consistent with this
      idea, we find that the FCHO-1 EFC/F-BAR domain and the EHS-1 EH domains exhibit
      highly similar membrane-binding and -bending characteristics in vitro.
      Furthermore, we demonstrate a critical role for EHS-1 when FCHO-1 membrane
      binding and -bending activity is specifically eliminated in vivo. Taken together,
      our data highlight Eps15 as an important membrane-remodeling factor, which acts
      in a partially redundant manner with Fcho proteins during the earliest stages of
      clathrin-mediated endocytosis.

PMID- 27385342
TI  - Altered RNA processing and export lead to retention of mRNAs near transcription
      sites and nuclear pore complexes or within the nucleolus.
AB  - Many protein factors are required for mRNA biogenesis and nuclear export, which
      are central to the eukaryotic gene expression program. It is unclear, however,
      whether all factors have been identified. Here we report on a screen of >1000
      essential gene mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for defects in mRNA processing
      and export, identifying 26 mutants with defects in this process. Single-molecule
      FISH data showed that the majority of these mutants accumulated mRNA within
      specific regions of the nucleus, which included 1) mRNAs within the nucleolus
      when nucleocytoplasmic transport, rRNA biogenesis, or RNA processing and
      surveillance was disrupted, 2) the buildup of mRNAs near transcription sites in
      3'-end processing and chromosome segregation mutants, and 3) transcripts being
      enriched near nuclear pore complexes when components of the mRNA export machinery
      were mutated. These data show that alterations to various nuclear processes lead
      to the retention of mRNAs at discrete locations within the nucleus.

PMID- 27385344
TI  - Interaction of Gcn4 with target gene chromatin is modulated by proteasome
      function.
AB  - The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) influences gene transcription in multiple
      ways. One way in which the UPS affects transcription centers on transcriptional
      activators, the function of which can be stimulated by components of the UPS that
      also trigger their destruction. Activation of transcription by the yeast
      activator Gcn4, for example, is attenuated by mutations in the ubiquitin ligase
      that mediates Gcn4 ubiquitylation or by inhibition of the proteasome, leading to
      the idea that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of Gcn4 is required for its
      activity. Here we probe the steps in Gcn4 activity that are perturbed by
      disruption of the UPS. We show that the ubiquitylation machinery and the
      proteasome control different steps in Gcn4 function and that proteasome activity
      is required for the ability of Gcn4 to bind to its target genes in the context of
      chromatin. Curiously, the effect of proteasome inhibition on Gcn4 activity is
      suppressed by mutations in the ubiquitin-selective chaperone Cdc48, revealing
      that proteolysis per se is not required for Gcn4 activity. Our data highlight the
      role of Cdc48 in controlling promoter occupancy by Gcn4 and support a model in
      which ubiquitylation of activators-not their destruction-is important for
      function.

PMID- 27385345
TI  - Cofilin-mediated actin dynamics promotes actin bundle formation during Drosophila
      bristle development.
AB  - The actin bundle is an array of linear actin filaments cross-linked by actin
      bundling proteins, but its assembly and dynamics are not as well understood as
      those of the branched actin network. Here we used the Drosophila bristle as a
      model system to study actin bundle formation. We found that cofilin, a major
      actin disassembly factor of the branched actin network, promotes the formation
      and positioning of actin bundles in the developing bristles. Loss of function of
      cofilin or AIP1, a cofactor of cofilin, each resulted in increased F-actin levels
      and severe defects in actin bundle organization, with the defects from cofilin
      deficiency being more severe. Further analyses revealed that cofilin likely
      regulates actin bundle formation and positioning by the following means. First,
      cofilin promotes a large G-actin pool both locally and globally, likely ensuring
      rapid actin polymerization for bundle initiation and growth. Second, cofilin
      limits the size of a nonbundled actin-myosin network to regulate the positioning
      of actin bundles. Third, cofilin prevents incorrect assembly of branched and
      myosin-associated actin filament into bundles. Together these results demonstrate
      that the interaction between the dynamic dendritic actin network and the
      assembling actin bundles is critical for actin bundle formation and needs to be
      closely regulated.

PMID- 27385347
TI  - The risk to the cutaneous nerve branches in the anterior (Wagner) and snuff-box
      approaches to the trapezium: a cadaveric study.
AB  - We compared the risk with the subcutaneous nerves with the anterior (Wagner) and
      snuff-box approaches to the trapezium in cadavers. Branches that crossed tattooed
      incision markings or lay within 1 cm of the markings were identified on six
      matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric hands. Their distance from the proximal
      end of the incision was recorded. For anterior incisions, there were 20
      vulnerable branches in total, at a mean distance of 22 mm from the proximal end
      of the incision. A total of 13 lay in the distal half of the incision. For snuff
      box incisions, there were 18 vulnerable branches in total, at a mean distance of
      11 mm from the proximal end of the incision, with 17 of them lying in the
      proximal half of the incision. Neither incision is without risk to nerve braches,
      but our study suggests a lesser risk of subcutaneous nerve damage with the snuff
      box approach and highlights the greater risk in the proximal half of this
      incision. 

PMID- 27385346
TI  - MSK1 triggers the expression of the INK4AB/ARF locus in oncogene-induced
      senescence.
AB  - The tumor suppressor proteins p15(INK4B), p16(INK4A), and p14(ARF), encoded by
      the INK4AB/ARF locus, are crucial regulators of cellular senescence. The locus is
      epigenetically silenced by the repressive Polycomb complexes in growing cells but
      is activated in response to oncogenic stress. Here we show that the mitogen- and
      stress-activated kinase (MSK1) is up-regulated after RAF1 oncogenic stress and
      that the phosphorylated (activated) form of MSK1 is significantly increased in
      the nucleus and recruited to the INK4AB/ARF locus. We show that MSK1 mediates
      histone H3S28 phosphorylation at the INK4AB/ARF locus and contributes to the
      rapid transcriptional activation of p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A) in human cells
      despite the presence of the repressive H3K27me3 mark. Furthermore, we show that
      upon MSK1 depletion in oncogenic RAF1-expressing cells, H3S28ph presence at the
      INK4 locus and p15(INK4B) and p16(INK4A) expression are reduced. Finally, we show
      that H3S28-MSK-dependent phosphorylation functions in response to RAF1 signaling
      and that ERK and p38alpha contribute to MSK1 activation in oncogene-induced
      senescence.

PMID- 27385350
TI  - A letter to the Editor on 'Validation protocols for blood pressure-measuring
      devices: status quo and development needs' by Beime et al., Blood Press Monit
      2016; 21:1-8.

PMID- 27385351
TI  - Response to the letter to the Editor regarding 'Validation protocols for blood
      pressure-measuring devices: status quo and development needs' by Bruce Alpert.

PMID- 27385349
TI  - Comparison of immunogenicity and persistence between inactivated hepatitis A
      vaccine Healive(r) and Havrix(r) among children: A 5-year follow-up study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Inactivated vaccines for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection are widely
      used in China. Mass vaccination programs drive the need for data on long-term
      persistence of vaccine-induced protection. METHODS: A prospective, randomized,
      open-label clinical trial was conducted to compare geometric mean concentrations
      (GMCs) and seroconversion rates (SRs) of anti-HAV antibody elicited by the
      inactivated vaccines Healive and Havrix for 5 y post immunization, in which 400
      healthy children were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive 2 doses of
      Healive or Havrix at 0 and 6 month. Anti-HAV antibody concentration was detected
      by microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) during the study. Furthermore, an
      attempt was made to predict persistence of protective immunogenicity by using a
      suitable statistical model. RESULTS: The GMCs were significantly higher after
      vaccination with Healive than after Havrix as comparator vaccine at 1, 6, 7, 18,
      30, 42, 54 and 66 month (P < 0.01) with the peak point at 7 month (3427.2 mIU/ml
      for Healive and 1441.9 mIU/ml for Comparator). Similarly significant differences
      of SRs were found between the 2 groups at 1 and 6 month (P < 0.01). Afterwards,
      the SRs of both groups reached 100% at 7 month and did not decline until 66
      month(99.1% for Healive and 97.5% for Comparator). A linear mixed model with a
      change point at 18 month(Model 3) was found to be suitable to predict persistence
      of protective immunogenicity induced by vaccines. It was estimated that the
      duration of protection for Healive was at least 20 y with a lower limit of GMC
      95% confidence interval (CI) no less than 20 mIU/mL. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with
      Havrix, the new preservative-free inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (Healive) in 2
      doses showed better persistence of antibody concentrations for 5 y after full
      course immunization among children and the persistence of protective
      immunogenicity was estimated for at least 20 y.

PMID- 27385352
TI  - William M. Gelbart: An Appreciation.

PMID- 27385354
TI  - Colleagues of William M. Gelbart.

PMID- 27385353
TI  - Biography of William M. Gelbart.

PMID- 27385355
TI  - Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae of William M. Gelbart.

PMID- 27385356
TI  - Publications of William M. Gelbart.

PMID- 27385357
TI  - Quantitative filter forensics for indoor particle sampling.
AB  - Filter forensics is a promising indoor air investigation technique involving the
      analysis of dust which has collected on filters in central forced-air heating,
      ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) or portable systems to determine the
      presence of indoor particle-bound contaminants. In this study, we summarize past
      filter forensics research to explore what it reveals about the sampling technique
      and the indoor environment. There are 60 investigations in the literature that
      have used this sampling technique for a variety of biotic and abiotic
      contaminants. Many studies identified differences between contaminant
      concentrations in different buildings using this technique. Based on this
      literature review, we identified a lack of quantification as a gap in the past
      literature. Accordingly, we propose an approach to quantitatively link
      contaminants extracted from HVAC filter dust to time-averaged integrated air
      concentrations. This quantitative filter forensics approach has great potential
      to measure indoor air concentrations of a wide variety of particle-bound
      contaminants. Future studies directly comparing quantitative filter forensics to
      alternative sampling techniques are required to fully assess this approach, but
      analysis of past research suggests the enormous possibility of this approach.

PMID- 27385358
TI  - Outdoor PM2.5, Ambient Air Temperature, and Asthma Symptoms in the Past 14 Days
      among Adults with Active Asthma.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Relationships between air quality and health are well-described, but
      little information is available about the joint associations between particulate
      air pollution, ambient temperature, and respiratory morbidity. OBJECTIVES: We
      evaluated associations between concentrations of particulate matter <= 2.5 MUm in
      diameter (PM2.5) and exacerbation of existing asthma and modification of the
      associations by ambient air temperature. METHODS: Data from 50,356 adult
      respondents to the Asthma Call-back Survey from 2006-2010 were linked by
      interview date and county of residence to estimates of daily averages of PM2.5
      and maximum air temperature. Associations between 14-day average PM2.5 and the
      presence of any asthma symptoms during the 14 days leading up to and including
      the interview date were evaluated using binomial regression. We explored
      variation by air temperature using similar models, stratified into quintiles of
      the 14-day average maximum temperature. RESULTS: Among adults with active asthma,
      57.1% reported asthma symptoms within the past 14 days, and 14-day average PM2.5
      >= 7.07 MUg/m3 was associated with an estimated 4-5% higher asthma symptom
      prevalence. In the range of 4.00-7.06 MUg/m3 of PM2.5, each 1-MUg/m3 increase was
      associated with a 3.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 5.7] increase in
      symptom prevalence; across categories of temperature from 1.1 to 80.5 degrees F,
      each 1-MUg/m3 increase was associated with increased symptom prevalence (1.1-44.4
      degrees F: 7.9%; 44.5-58.6 degrees F: 6.9%; 58.7-70.1 degrees F: 2.9%; 70.2-80.5
      degrees F: 7.3%). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that each unit increase in
      PM2.5 may be associated with an increase in the prevalence of asthma symptoms,
      even at levels as low as 4.00-7.06 MUg/m3. Citation: Mirabelli MC, Vaidyanathan
      A, Flanders WD, Qin X, Garbe P. 2016. Outdoor PM2.5, ambient air temperature, and
      asthma symptoms in the past 14 days among adults with active asthma. Environ
      Health Perspect 124:1882-1890; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP92.

PMID- 27385359
TI  - Potential toxicity of engineered nanoparticles in mammalian germ cells and
      developing embryos: treatment strategies and anticipated applications of
      nanoparticles in gene delivery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) offer technological advantages for a
      variety of industrial and consumer products as well as show promise for
      biomedical applications. Recent progress in the field of nanotechnology has led
      to increased exposure to nanoparticles by humans. To date, little is known about
      the adverse effects of these ENPs on reproductive health, although interest in
      nanotechnology area is growing. A few biocompatible ENPs have a high loading
      capacity for exogenous substances, including drugs, DNA or proteins, and can
      selectively deliver molecular cargo into cells; however, they represent a
      potential tool for gene delivery into gametes and embryos. OBJECTIVE AND
      RATIONALE: Understanding the reprotoxicological aspects of these ENPs is of the
      utmost importance to reliably estimate its potential impact on human health. In
      addition, a search for protective agents to combat ENP-mediated reproductive
      toxicity is warranted. Therefore, in this review we summarize the toxic effects
      of a few ENPs (metal and metal oxides, carbon-based nanoparticles, quantum dots
      and chitosan) in mammalian germ cells and developing embryos, and propose some
      treatment strategies that could mitigate nanoparticle-mediated toxicity. In
      addition, we outline the anticipated applications of ENPs in transgenic animal
      production in order to generate models for investigations into the mechanisms for
      human disease. SEARCH METHODS: A literature search was performed using the
      National Center for Biotechnology Information PubMed database up until March 2016
      and relevant keywords were used to obtain information regarding mammalian germ
      cell-specific toxicity and embryotoxicity of ENPs, possible treatment strategies,
      as well as the anticipated applications of nanoparticles in gene delivery in germ
      cells and embryos. Only English language publications were included. OUTCOMES:
      Here, we demonstrate the toxicological effects of ENPs in mammalian germ cells
      and developing embryos by considering both in vitro and in vivo experimental
      models based on the existing literature. The biodistribution and cellular uptake
      of ENPs and the observed toxicities are mostly dependent on ENP size and surface
      coating agents (surface functional groups/surface charge). ENPs have been shown
      to induce toxicity via oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in both
      human and mouse germ cells. Use of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory drugs and
      selective metal chelators would be beneficial against nanoparticle-induced
      toxicity. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: Our review provides the reproductive scientists a
      mechanistic insight into the reprotoxicological aspects of ENPs to reliably
      estimate its potential impact on human health and help to select/design
      protective agents to combat ENP-mediated toxicity. Furthermore, research
      regarding the detailed mechanism(s) of ENP toxicity in mammalian germ cells and
      developing embryos as well as the search for protective agents to combat ENP
      mediated reproductive toxicity is warranted. Furthermore, we anticipate that
      investigations into the possibility of applying nanovectors to gene delivery in
      germ cells and early embryos will open new horizons in reproductive biology.

PMID- 27385361
TI  - In Vivo Monitoring of H2O2 with Polydopamine and Prussian Blue-coated
      Microelectrode.
AB  - In vivo monitoring of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the brain is of importance for
      understanding the function of both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signal
      transmission. Producing a robust microelectrode for in vivo measurement of H2O2
      is challenging due to the complex brain environment and the instability of
      electrocatalysts employed for the reduction of H2O2. Here, we develop a new kind
      of microelectrode for in vivo monitoring of H2O2, which is prepared by, first,
      electrodeposition of Prussian blue (PB) onto carbon nanotube (CNT) assembled
      carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) and then overcoating of the CFEs with a thin
      membrane of polydopamine (PDA) through self-polymerization. Scanning electron
      microscopic and X-ray proton spectroscopic results confirm the formation of
      PDA/PB/CNT/CFEs. The PDA membrane enables PB-based electrodes to show high
      stability in both in vitro and in vivo studies and to stably catalyze the
      electrochemical reduction of H2O2. The microelectrode is selective for in vivo
      measurements of H2O2, interference-free from O2 and other electroactive species
      coexisting in the brain. These properties, along with good linearity, high
      biocompatibility, and stability toward H2O2, substantially enable the
      microelectrode to track H2O2 changes in vivo during electrical stimulation and
      microinfusion of H2O2 and drug, which demonstrates that the microelectrode could
      be well suited for in vivo monitoring of dynamic changes of H2O2 in rat brain.

PMID- 27385362
TI  - Group B streptococcal immunisation of pregnant women for the prevention of early
      and late onset Group B streptococcal infection of the neonate as well as adult
      disease.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Early onset neonatal Group B streptococcal disease is preventable.
      Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has resulted in a significant reduction in
      neonatal mortality and morbidity. National guidelines for the selection of women
      eligible for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, whether screening-based or risk
      based, differ according to the local burden of disease. Despite the introduction
      of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, there remains a significant burden of
      disease, which can be resolved by better adherence to guidelines, rapid
      identification of maternal colonization or in the future, vaccination. Areas
      covered: The introduction of a vaccine to women in the third trimester is likely
      to further reduce the burden of disease and provide benefits beyond the
      prevention of early neonatal disease, including meningitis and disability
      following late onset disease. Development of specific polyvalent vaccines
      continues, but testing has challenges and may require surrogate markers or
      molecular-based techniques to manipulate antigenicity and immunogenicity. Expert
      commentary: Group B streptococcal vaccination using conjugated polyvalent
      vaccines against the major disease causing serotypes of Group B streptococcus,
      either alone, or in combination with a policy of intrapartum antibiotic
      prophylaxis, may decrease the burden of Group B streptococcus beyond that
      achieved by current use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis alone.

PMID- 27385363
TI  - Socioeconomic Disparities in the Presentation and Treatment of Graves' Disease
      and Thyroid Eye Disease.
AB  - Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory, autoimmune orbitopathy with
      multifactorial etiology. Clinical presentation of TED spans a range from mild
      surface irritation to vision threatening compressive optic neuropathy. Potential
      vision loss underscores the importance of understanding genetic and environmental
      factors influencing the severity of TED presentation. This review will describe
      the classic risk factors for TED, outline treatments for Graves' disease (GD) and
      TED, and describe newer evidence of socioeconomic disparities in TED
      presentation. 

PMID- 27385364
TI  - Trauma informed care: a radical shift or basic good practice?
AB  - OBJECTIVE: There is significant multidisciplinary work contributing to the
      implementation of trauma informed care (TIC) into mental health policy and
      practice in Australia. Within psychiatry, there may be potential confusion about
      how to navigate the integration of TIC into a speciality built upon treating
      psychological distress; creating dismissive reactions of a patronising approach
      and paradoxical radicalism. This paper aims to discuss the need for psychiatry to
      view TIC as a significant and urgent paradigm shift required to integrate
      existing knowledge about the prevalence and effects of trauma into a progressive
      articulation of the relational and interpersonal underpinnings of modern
      psychiatric practice; and to lead and support its widespread implementation.
      CONCLUSION: Active consideration of the intent of TIC may aid in reducing
      misunderstanding and misaligned resistance while allowing services and
      individuals an important opportunity to reflect on how to deliver mental health
      treatment that is universally sensitive to the dynamics of trauma in the care
      environment.

PMID- 27385360
TI  - G-Protein-coupled receptors as potential drug candidates in preeclampsia:
      targeting the relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 for treatment and
      prevention.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Important roles for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been
      identified in the maternal physiological adaptations to pregnancy and in the
      pathogenesis of preeclampsia. On this basis, GPCRs are potential therapeutic
      targets for preeclampsia. OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE: In this review, vasopressin
      and apelin are initially considered in this context before the focus on the
      hormone relaxin and its cognate receptor, the relaxin/insulin-like family peptide
      receptor 1 (RXFP1). Based on both compelling scientific rationale and a promising
      safety profile, the relaxin ligand-receptor system is comprehensively evaluated
      as a potential therapeutic endpoint in preeclampsia. SEARCH METHODS: The
      published literature relating to the topic was searched through January 2016
      using PubMed. OUTCOMES: Relaxin is a peptide hormone secreted by the corpus
      luteum; it circulates in the luteal phase and during pregnancy. Activation of
      RXFP1 is vasodilatory; thus, relaxin supplementation is expected to at least
      partly restore the fundamental vasodilatory changes of normal pregnancy, thereby
      alleviating maternal organ hypoperfusion, which is a major pathogenic
      manifestation of severe preeclampsia. Specifically, by exploiting its pleiotropic
      hemodynamic attributes in preeclampsia, relaxin administration is predicted to
      (i) reverse robust arterial myogenic constriction; (ii) blunt systemic and renal
      vasoconstriction in response to activation of the angiotensin II receptor, type
      1; (iii) mollify the action of endogenous vasoconstrictors on uterine spiral
      arteries with failed remodeling and retained smooth muscle; (iv) increase
      arterial compliance; (v) enhance insulin-mediated glucose disposal by promoting
      skeletal muscle vasodilation and (vi) mobilize and activate bone marrow-derived
      angiogenic progenitor cells, thereby repairing injured endothelium and improving
      maternal vascularity in organs such as breast, uterus, pancreas, skin and fat. By
      exploiting its pleiotropic molecular attributes in preeclampsia, relaxin
      supplementation is expected to (i) enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthesis and
      bioactivity, as well as directly reduce vascular smooth muscle cytosolic calcium,
      thus promoting vasodilation; (ii) improve the local angiogenic balance by
      augmenting arterial vascular endothelial and placental growth factor (VEGF and
      PLGF) activities; (iii) ameliorate vascular inflammation; (iv) enhance placental
      peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (PCG1alpha)
      expression, and hence, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR
      gamma) activity and (v) confer cytotrophoblast and endothelial cytoprotection.
      Insofar as impaired endometrial maturation (decidualization) predisposes to the
      development of preeclampsia, relaxin administration in the late secretory phase
      and during early pregnancy would be anticipated to improve decidualization, and
      hence trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling, thereby reducing the
      risk of preeclampsia. Relaxin has a favorable safety profile both in the non
      pregnant condition and during pregnancy. WIDER IMPLICATIONS: There is a strong
      scientific rationale for RXFP1 activation in severe preeclampsia by
      administration of relaxin, relaxin analogs or small molecule mimetics, in order
      to mollify the disease pathogenesis for safe prolongation of pregnancy, thus
      allowing time for more complete fetal maturation, which is a primary therapeutic
      endpoint in treating the disease. In light of recent data implicating deficient
      or defective decidualization as a potential etiological factor in preeclampsia
      and the capacity of relaxin to promote endometrial maturation, the prophylactic
      application of relaxin to reduce the risk of preeclampsia is a plausible
      therapeutic approach to consider. Finally, given its pleiotropic and beneficial
      attributes particularly in the cardiovascular system, relaxin, although
      traditionally considered as a 'pregnancy' hormone, is likely to prove salutary
      for several disease indications in the non-pregnant population.

PMID- 27385365
TI  - How Large Is the Role of Emotion in Judgments of Moral Dilemmas?
AB  - Moral dilemmas often pose dramatic and gut-wrenching emotional choices. It is now
      widely accepted that emotions are not simply experienced alongside people's
      judgments about moral dilemmas, but that our affective processes play a central
      role in determining those judgments. However, much of the evidence purporting to
      demonstrate the connection between people's emotional responses and their
      judgments about moral dilemmas has recently been called into question. In the
      present studies, we reexamined the role of emotion in people's judgments about
      moral dilemmas using a validated self-report measure of emotion. We measured
      participants' specific emotional responses to moral dilemmas and, although we
      found that moral dilemmas evoked strong emotional responses, we found that these
      responses were only weakly correlated with participants' moral judgments. We
      argue that the purportedly strong connection between emotion and judgments of
      moral dilemmas may have been overestimated. 

PMID- 27385367
TI  - The Effects of Salicylic Acid on Juvenile Zebrafish Danio rerio Under Flow
      Through Conditions.
AB  - The aquatic environment is becoming increasingly contaminated with
      pharmaceuticals. Salicylic acid (SA), which can be used individually or appear as
      a degradation product of the widely used acetylsalicylic acid was chosen for
      testing. Juvenile zebrafish Danio rerio were subjected to OECD test No. 215
      (fish, juvenile growth test) with salicylic acid concentrations of 0.004; 0.04;
      0.4; 4 and 40 mg/L. Specific growth rate (SGR), histological changes, and
      parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated. SA had no effects on histological
      changes, SGR, glutathione reductase, and lipid peroxidation. Increased catalytic
      activity of GPx was found at 0.04 mg/L compared to control, increased catalytic
      activity of catalase was found at 0.04 and 4 mg/L compared to control, and
      increased catalytic activity of glutathione-S-transferase was found at 0.004 and
      0.04 mg/L compared to control (P < 0.05). Juvenile zebrafish turned out to be
      relatively insensitive to both environmentally relevant (0.004 mg/L) and higher
      concentrations of salicylic acid. 

PMID- 27385366
TI  - A miR-335/COX-2/PTEN axis regulates the secretory phenotype of senescent cancer
      associated fibroblasts.
AB  - Senescent cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) develop a senescence-associated
      secretory phenotype (SASP) that is believed to contribute to cancer progression.
      The mechanisms underlying SASP development are, however, poorly understood. Here
      we examined the functional role of microRNA in the development of the SASP in
      normal fibroblasts and CAF. We identified a microRNA, miR-335, up-regulated in
      the senescent normal fibroblasts and CAF and able to modulate the secretion of
      SASP factors and induce cancer cell motility in co-cultures, at least in part by
      suppressing the expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN).
      Additionally, elevated levels of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (PTGS2; COX-2) and
      prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion were observed in senescent fibroblasts, and
      inhibition of COX-2 by celecoxib reduced the expression of miR-335, restored PTEN
      expression and decreased the pro-tumourigenic effects of the SASP. Collectively
      these data demonstrate the existence of a novel miRNA/PTEN-regulated pathway
      modulating the inflammasome in senescent fibroblasts.

PMID- 27385368
TI  - Evaluation of Molecular Markers and Analytical Methods Documenting the Occurrence
      of Mustard Gas and Arsenical Warfare Agents in Soil.
AB  - The chemicals warfare agents (CWAs) are an extremely toxic class of molecules
      widely produced in many industrialized countries for decades, these compounds
      frequently contained arsenic. The plants where the CWAs have been produced or the
      plants where they have been demilitarized after the Second World War with
      unacceptable techniques can represent a serious environmental problem. CWAs
      standards are difficult to find on market so in present work an environmental
      assessment method based on markers has been proposed. Triphenylarsine,
      phenylarsine oxide and thiodiglycol have been selected as markers. Three reliable
      analytical methods based on gaschromatography and mass detection have been
      proposed and tested for quantitative analysis of markers. Methods performance
      have been evaluated testing uncertainty, linearity, recovery and detection limits
      and also comparing detection limits with exposure limits of reference CWAs.
      Proposed assessment methods have been applied to a case study of a former
      industrial plant sited in an area characterized by a high background of mineral
      arsenic. 

PMID- 27385369
TI  - Determination of PCB Elimination Coefficients in Round Goby and Tubenose Goby.
AB  - Whole-body elimination coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were
      determined in two Great Lakes invasive fish species, round goby (Neogobius
      melanostomus) and tubenose goby (Proterorhinus semilunaris). Elimination rates
      were determined for a set of model PCB congeners (n = 12 congeners) dosed to fish
      by intraperitoneal injection and allowed to depurate at a temperature of 21.4
      degrees C for 90 days. Eight PCBs (PCB 6, 21, 57, 62, 68, 89, 112 and 125)
      exhibited significant elimination by round goby and had corresponding half lives
      ranging from 13 to 39.8 days. For tubenose goby, four congeners (PCBs 21, 57, 62
      and 68) exhibited significant elimination with half lives in the range from 18.8
      to 48.8 days. Whole-body elimination rate coefficients were significantly higher
      for round gobies compared to tubenose goby. In both cases, PCB elimination rate
      coefficients were negatively related to chemical log KOW. 

PMID- 27385370
TI  - Bioaugmentation-Assisted Phytostabilisation of Abandoned Mine Sites in South West
      Sardinia.
AB  - Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation implies the administration of selected
      plant growth promoting bacteria, which significantly improve plant growth and
      sequestration of heavy metals. In this work, 184 bacterial strains associated
      with roots of Pistacia lentiscus were isolated from plants spontaneously growing
      in the abandoned Sardinian mining areas (SW Sardinia, Italy) and phylogenetically
      characterised. Twenty-one bacterial isolates were assayed for properties relevant
      for plant growth promotion and metal tolerance. Five different strains, belonging
      to the genera Novosphingobium, Variovorax, Streptomyces, Amycolatopsis,
      Pseudomonas, were selected based on their properties for the greenhouse
      phytoremediation tests. Among the tested inocula, the strain Variovorax sp.
      RA128A, able to produce ACC deaminase and siderophore, was able to significantly
      enhance germination and increase length and weight of shoots and roots.
      Irrespective of the applied treatment, mastic shrub was able to accumulate Cd, Pb
      and Zn especially in roots.

PMID- 27385371
TI  - Joint Toxicity of Two Phthalates with Waterborne Copper to Daphnia magna and
      Photobacterium phosphoreum.
AB  - Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are two widely
      used phthalates, while Cu(II) is a common valence state of copper. They have been
      ubiquitously detected in the aquatic environment, but information on their joint
      toxicity to aquatic organisms is scarce. In this study, we evaluated the combined
      effects of copper and these two phthalates to Daphnia magna and Photobacterium
      phosphoreum by quantifying the acute toxicity expressed by the EC50 (the
      concentration causing 50 % of maximal effect) value. The toxicity order was DEHP
      + Cu(II) > DBP + Cu(II) > Cu(II) > DEHP > DBP for both test species. Antagonism
      effects were found in the joint toxicity of Cu(II) combined with DBP or DEHP
      using the toxic unit method. These findings have important implications in
      environmental risk assessment for phthalates in the aquatic environment in the
      presence of heavy metals. 

PMID- 27385372
TI  - Quantitative Biomonitoring in the Detroit River Using Elliptio complanata:
      Verification of Steady State Correction Factors and Temporal Trends of PCBs in
      Water Between 1998 and 2015.
AB  - Quantitative biomonitoring methods were applied to determine PCB concentrations
      in water from the Detroit River over a 17 year period. During 2014, mussels were
      deployed for and extended duration (21-364 days) and time dependent PCB
      concentrations were fit to a bioaccumulation model to estimate elimination
      coefficients (ktot) and provide site specific calibration of mussel
      toxicokinetics. The site specific calibration and different ktot versus KOW
      relationships from the literature were used to correct for steady state. ?PCB
      concentrations in water were not significantly dependent on the ktot values used
      indicating that individual variation exceeds error contributed by steady state
      correction factors. The model was then applied to estimate ?PCB concentrations in
      water using the long term (1998-2015) data. ?PCBs concentrations in water
      exhibited a significant decreasing trend with a half life of 9.12 years resulting
      in a drop in yearly geometric mean residues from 198.1 to 43.6 pg/L.

PMID- 27385373
TI  - The safety of autologous and metabolically fit bone marrow mesenchymal stromal
      cells in medically refractory Crohn's disease - a phase 1 trial with three doses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stromal cells ability to reset immune functionalities may
      be useful in Crohn's disease. AIM: To perform a first-in-human phase 1 safety
      clinical trial of metabolically fit autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal
      stromal cells in 12 subjects with Crohn's disease utilising three doses. METHODS:
      Autologous mesenchymal stromal cells were derived from marrow aspirate and
      propagated for 2-3 weeks with fibrinogen depleted human platelet lysate and
      subsequently administered to subjects without interval cryobanking. Twelve
      subjects received a single mesenchymal stromal cell intravenous infusion of 2, 5
      or 10 million cells/kg BW(n = 4/group). Infused mesenchymal stromal cells were
      analysed for cell surface marker expression, IDO(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase)
      upregulation by IFNgamma stimulation, and inhibition of third party peripheral
      blood mononuclear cell proliferation in vitro. The primary end point measured was
      safety and tolerability; clinical response was assessed as a secondary endpoint.
      RESULTS: All patients tolerated the mesenchymal stromal cell infusion well and no
      dose limiting toxicity was seen. Seven patients had serious adverse events of
      which five were hospitalisations for Crohn's disease flare. Two of these serious
      adverse events were possibly related to the mesenchymal stromal cells infusion.
      Five subjects showed clinical response 2 weeks after the infusion. Mesenchymal
      stromal cell phenotype, cytokine responsiveness, and peripheral blood mononuclear
      cell proliferation blockade were not different among the patients. CONCLUSION:
      Single infusion of fresh autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells
      propagated ex vivo using human platelet lysate-supplemented media was safe and
      feasible at intravenous doses of up to 10 million cells/kg BW in patients with
      Crohn's disease.

PMID- 27385374
TI  - Efficacy, safety and cost per responder of biologics in the treatment of non
      radiographic axial spondyloarthritis.
AB  - Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents are recommended as second-line therapy
      for patients with axial spondyloarthropathies. This analysis reviewed data on
      studies investigating the efficacy and tolerability of anti-TNF agents in
      patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) who had failed
      first-line non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) treatment. Efficacy data from
      RCTs were used to calculate the number needed to treat (NNT) for individual anti
      TNFs and then the cost per responder was determined to provide an indication of
      the value of each therapy. A systematic literature review and analysis of search
      results over the period January 2008 to September 2014 identified four randomised
      placebo-controlled trials that were included in the analysis. Adalimumab,
      etanercept and certolizumab pegol were all effective and well tolerated in
      patients with nr-axSpA. A patient was more likely to reach ASAS20 or ASAS40 when
      treated with etanercept or adalimumab, the NNT was lowest for adalimumab, and the
      risk of adverse events was higher with certolizumab pegol 200 mg every 2 weeks.
      The cost per responder (NNT) was lowest for adalimumab, followed closely by
      certolizumab 400 mg every 4 weeks, intermediate for certolizumab 200 mg every 2
      weeks and highest for etanercept. Although all anti-TNF agents were associated
      with clinical improvement in patients with nr-axSpA, adalimumab presented a
      better cost per responder than etanercept and certolizumab pegol.

PMID- 27385376
TI  - Identifying non-pharmacological risk factors for falling in older adults with
      type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.
AB  - PURPOSE: To identify the non-pharmacological risk factors for falling in older
      adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). METHODS: A systematic review of
      randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies
      and before/after studies was conducted. Eligible studies identified non
      pharmacological risk factors for falling in older adults with DM2. Medline,
      Embase, Pubmed and CINAHL were searched for relevant studies published through
      December 2015. Reference lists were also searched for relevant studies. Search
      terms were DM2, risk factors, falls and falling, older adults, aging, non-insulin
      dependent diabetes mellitus, accidental falls and trip. Publication language was
      restricted to English. RESULTS: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria: four
      cross-sectional, six prospective cohorts, two randomized controlled trials and
      one before/after study. These studies included a total of 13,104 participants,
      >=50 years. The most common risk factors for falling were impaired balance,
      reduced walking velocity, peripheral neuropathy and comorbid conditions. However,
      lower extremity pain, being overweight and comorbid conditions had the greatest
      impact on fall risk. CONCLUSION: Interventions to reduce falling in older adults
      with type 2 diabetes mellitus should focus on reducing lower extremity pain,
      reducing body weight and managing comorbid conditions. Implications for
      Rehabilitation    Diabetes mellitus:   * Older adults with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus (DM2) have a higher risk for falling than older adults without.   *
      Older adults with DM2 are more likely to suffer serious injuries when they fall. 
      * Comprehensive risk factor identification is necessary for rehabilitation
      professionals to accurately determine whether their clients are at risk for
      falling.   * Rehabilitation professionals also need to tailor interventions based
      on the client's risk factors in order to effectively reduce falls and fall
      related injuries.

PMID- 27385375
TI  - Impact of genetic deletion of platform apolipoproteins on the size distribution
      of the murine lipoproteome.
AB  - Given their association with cardiovascular disease protection, there has been
      intense interest in understanding the biology of high density lipoproteins (HDL).
      HDL is actually a family of diverse particle types, each made up of discrete -
      but as yet undetermined - combinations of proteins drawn from up to 95 lipophilic
      plasma proteins. The abundant apolipoproteins (apo) of the A class (apoA-I, apoA
      II and apoA-IV) have been proposed to act as organizing platforms for auxiliary
      proteins, but this concept has not been systematically evaluated. We assessed the
      impact of genetic knock down of each platform protein on the particle size
      distribution of auxiliary HDL proteins. Loss of apoA-I or apoA-II massively
      reduced HDL lipids and changed the plasma size pattern and/or abundance of
      several plasma proteins. Surprisingly though, many HDL proteins were not
      affected, suggesting they assemble on lipid particles in the absence of apoA-I or
      apoA-II. In contrast, apoA-IV ablation had minor effects on plasma lipids and
      proteins, suggesting that it forms particles that largely exclude other
      apolipoproteins. Overall, the data indicate that distinct HDL subpopulations
      exist that do not contain, nor depend on, apoA-I, apoA-II or apoA-IV and these
      contribute substantially to the proteomic diversity of HDL. BIOLOGICAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: Plasma levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL) are inversely
      correlated with cardiovascular disease. These particles are becoming known as
      highly heterogeneous entities that have diverse compositions and functions that
      may impact disease. Unfortunately, we know little about the forces that maintain
      the composition of each particle in plasma. It has been suggested that certain
      'scaffold' proteins, such as apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apoA-II and apoA-IV, may
      act as organizing centers for the docking of myriad accessory proteins. To test
      this hypothesis, we took advantage of the genetic tractability of the mouse model
      and ablated these three proteins individually. We then tracked the abundance and
      size profile of the remaining HDL proteins by gel filtration chromatography
      combined with mass spectrometry. The results clearly show that certain cohorts of
      proteins depend on each scaffold molecule to assemble normal sized HDL particles
      under wild-type conditions. This work forms the basis for more detailed studies
      that will define the specific compositions of HDL subspecies with the possibility
      of connecting them to specific functions or roles in disease.

PMID- 27385377
TI  - Combined Foley's catheter with vaginal misoprostol for pre-induction cervical
      ripening: A randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pre-induction cervical ripening greatly influences the outcome of
      induction of labour (IOL). AIMS: To compare the efficacy of combined Foley's
      catheter and vaginal misoprostol with Foley's catheter or low-dose vaginal
      misoprostol alone for cervical ripening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Women with a
      singleton pregnancy admitted at term for cervical ripening and IOL based on
      clinical indication were randomised into three groups. Oxytocin augmentation was
      done in the groups as indicated. Significant tests were done using chi square,
      Fisher's exact and analysis of variance tests. RESULTS: A total of 210 women were
      randomised into the study. Women in the combined group (Foley's catheter and
      vaginal misoprostol) had significantly higher postcervical ripening Bishop's
      score than the women in the other two groups; P = 0.001. Cervical ripening time,
      induction-delivery time and cervical ripening-delivery interval were
      significantly shorter in the combined group compared to the other two groups; P =
      0.001. Also, women in the combined group required significantly lesser oxytocin
      augmentation than the other two groups; P = 0.001. There was no difference in
      Apgar scores at 1 or 5 minutes or in special baby care unit admission among the
      groups. There were no reported cases of uterine contractile abnormalities or
      rupture in this study. CONCLUSION: Combined Foley's catheter and vaginal
      misoprostol provide a shorter duration to the achievement of cervical ripening.

PMID- 27385378
TI  - Respiratory motion correction in 4D-PET by simultaneous motion estimation and
      image reconstruction (SMEIR).
AB  - In conventional 4D positron emission tomography (4D-PET), images from different
      frames are reconstructed individually and aligned by registration methods. Two
      issues that arise with this approach are as follows: (1) the reconstruction
      algorithms do not make full use of projection statistics; and (2) the
      registration between noisy images can result in poor alignment. In this study, we
      investigated the use of simultaneous motion estimation and image reconstruction
      (SMEIR) methods for motion estimation/correction in 4D-PET. A modified ordered
      subset expectation maximization algorithm coupled with total variation
      minimization (OSEM-TV) was used to obtain a primary motion-compensated PET (pmc
      PET) from all projection data, using Demons derived deformation vector fields
      (DVFs) as initial motion vectors. A motion model update was performed to obtain
      an optimal set of DVFs in the pmc-PET and other phases, by matching the forward
      projection of the deformed pmc-PET with measured projections from other phases.
      The OSEM-TV image reconstruction was repeated using updated DVFs, and new DVFs
      were estimated based on updated images. A 4D-XCAT phantom with typical FDG
      biodistribution was generated to evaluate the performance of the SMEIR algorithm
      in lung and liver tumors with different contrasts and different diameters (10-40
      mm). The image quality of the 4D-PET was greatly improved by the SMEIR algorithm.
      When all projections were used to reconstruct 3D-PET without motion compensation,
      motion blurring artifacts were present, leading up to 150% tumor size
      overestimation and significant quantitative errors, including 50% underestimation
      of tumor contrast and 59% underestimation of tumor uptake. Errors were reduced to
      less than 10% in most images by using the SMEIR algorithm, showing its potential
      in motion estimation/correction in 4D-PET.

PMID- 27385379
TI  - Areca Nut Chewing and an Impaired Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate as
      Significant Risk Factors for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Recurrence.
AB  - The present study sought to investigate the predictive value of preoperative
      clinicopathological variables, with a special focus on areca nut chewing, on
      disease recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder
      cancer (NMIBC). Data from 242 patients diagnosed with NMIBC between 2008 and 2013
      were analyzed retrospectively. Fifteen clinicopathological variables were
      analyzed to evaluate their prognostic value. During a mean observation period of
      21 months, disease recurrence occurred in 140 patients (57.9%). On multivariate
      analysis, heavy-areca nut chewing (HR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.37-3.47), current smoking
      (HR = 3.09, 95% CI: 1.99-4.80), moderately impaired estimated glomerular
      filtration rate (eGFR) (HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.09-2.83), severely impaired eGFR (HR
      = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.70-6.48) and tumor grade (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.36-2.77) were
      independent factors for recurrence, based on which a risk factor model was
      developed to stratify patients into high, medium and low risk groups. In
      conclusion, our study suggests that in addition to quitting smoking, quitting
      areca nut chewing may also reduce the risk of first recurrence in NMBIC patients,
      monitoring and preserving their renal function may be beneficial as well. Further
      prospective studies are needed to verify the prognostic significance of these
      factors and the risk stratification model in this population.

PMID- 27385380
TI  - Fixed dose of long-acting erythropoietic stimulating agents at higher frequency
      improves appetite, reduces inflammation and corrects anaemia in patients on
      haemodialysis.
AB  - Anaemia is an important issue in patients undergoing haemodialysis. We aimed to
      identify a better dosing schedule of a fixed monthly dose of continuous
      erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) in patients with chronic kidney disease
      (CKD) on haemodialysis. The CERA dosing schedule included 100 MUg once monthly
      for 2 months, 50 MUg twice monthly for 2 months and then 100 MUg once monthly for
      two months. The effectiveness was determined by comparing haematocrit,
      nutritional status (serum protein and albumin) and inflammatory markers (tumour
      necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and Hepcidin) at the
      beginning of the study with those at the end of the study. Forty-seven out of 67
      patients completed the trial. At the end, haematocrit was significantly higher
      (34.51 vs 33.22%, P=.004), levels of inflammatory markers were significantly
      lower (TNF-alpha (30.71 vs 35.67 ng/mL, P=.007), IL-6 (5.12 vs 7.95 ng/mL,
      P=.033), hepcidin (60.39 vs 74.39 ng/mL, P=.002)), blood glucose levels were
      significantly lower (112.40 vs 139.02 mg/dL, P=.003) and albumin was
      significantly higher (4.11 vs 3.98, P=.001). Patients with a better than average
      response had a lower initial number of red blood cells (3.3 vs 3.6 * 10(6) /mm(3)
      , P=.025) and a lower IL-1 (3.8 vs 12.9 ng/mL, P=.01). They also had
      significantly lower blood glucose levels at the end. (91.3 vs 124.0 mg/dL,
      P=.03). We demonstrate that a fixed monthly dose of CERA at a twice monthly
      dosing schedule improves nutrition, reduces the inflammation and corrects anaemia
      in patients on haemodialysis. This finding may provide a new strategy for
      treating CKD-related anaemia.

PMID- 27385382
TI  - Distribution of chloramphenicol to tissues, plasma and urine in pigs after oral
      intake of low doses.
AB  - Toxic effects of chloramphenicol in humans caused the ban for its use in food
      producing animals in the EU. A minimum required performance level (MRPL) was
      specified for chloramphenicol at 0.3 MUg kg(-1) for various matrices, including
      urine. In 2012, residues of chloramphenicol were found in pig urine and muscle
      without signs of illegal use. Regarding its natural occurrence in straw, it was
      hypothesised that this might be the source, straw being compulsory for use as
      bedding material for pigs in Sweden. Therefore, we investigated if low daily
      doses of chloramphenicol (4, 40 and 400 MUg/pig) given orally during 14 days
      could result in residues in pig tissues and urine. A dose-related increase of
      residues was found in muscle, plasma, kidney and urine (showing the highest
      levels), but no chloramphenicol was found in the liver. At the lowest dose,
      residues were below the MRPL in all tissues except in the urine. However, in the
      middle dose, residues were above the MRPL in all tissues except muscle, and at
      the highest dose in all matrices. This study proves that exposure of pigs to
      chloramphenicol in doses occurring naturally in straw could result in residues
      above the MRPL in plasma, kidney and especially urine. 

PMID- 27385383
TI  - Parvalbumin Interneurons of Central Amygdala Regulate the Negative Affective
      States and the Expression of Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone During Morphine
      Withdrawal.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is a crucial component of
      the neuronal circuitry mediating aversive emotion. Its role in the negative
      affective states during drug withdrawal includes changes in opioidergic,
      GABAergic, and corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission. However, the
      modulation of the neurobiological interconnectivity in the CeA and its effects in
      the negative reinforcement of drug dependents are poorly understood. METHOD: We
      performed electrophysiological recordings to assess the membrane excitability of
      parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons in the CeA during chronic morphine withdrawal. We
      tested the morphine withdrawal-induced negative affective states, such as the
      aversive (assessed by conditioned place aversion), anxiety (assessed by elevated
      plus maze), and anhedonic-like (assessed by saccharin preference test) behaviors,
      as well as the mRNA level of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) via
      optogenetic inhibition or activation of PV+ interneurons in the CeA. RESULT:
      Chronic morphine withdrawal increased the firing rate of CeA PV+ interneurons.
      Optogenetic inhibition of the activity of CeA PV+ interneurons attenuated the
      morphine withdrawal-induced negative affective states, such as the aversive,
      anxiety, and anhedonic-like behaviors, while direct activation of CeA PV+
      interneurons could trigger those negative affective-like behaviors. Optogenetic
      inhibition of the CeA PV+ interneurons during the morphine withdrawal
      significantly attenuated the elevated CRH mRNA level in the CeA. CONCLUSION: The
      activity of PV+ interneurons in the CeA was up-regulated during chronic morphine
      withdrawal. The activation of PV+ interneurons during morphine withdrawal was
      crucial for the induction of the negative emotion and the up-regulation of CRH
      mRNA levels in the CeA.

PMID- 27385384
TI  - Detailed description of a prepregnancy care program and its impact on maternal
      glucose control, weight gain, and dropouts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and metabolic
      changes observed during a prepregnancy care (PPC) program. METHODS: We performed
      a retrospective, observational, cohort study of 104 women with type 1 diabetes
      initiating a PPC program from 2011 to 2014. The outcomes measured were changes in
      HbA1c levels, weight and hypoglycemic events during PPC. Risk factors associated
      with severe hypoglycemia events, achieving the HbA1c target and dropouts were
      evaluated. RESULTS: HbA1c decreased from 7.2 +/- 0.8% (55.3 +/- 8.8 mmol/mol) to
      6.7 +/- 0.9% (49.8 +/- 10.3 mmol/mol) (P < .001) within a median of 14.2 months
      (interquartile interval 5.4-23.2); 71.2% obtained HbA1c  < 7% (53 mmol/mol).
      HbA1c at the end of PPC was associated with baseline HbA1c (beta = .318, P =
      .001) and the number of previous pregnancies (beta = .224, P = .038), PPC was
      accompanied by 1.4 +/- 4.0 kg weight gain (P = .003) without changes in severe
      hypoglycemic events. The risk factors for severe hypoglycemia were severe
      hypoglycemic events during the 2 years before (odds ratio [OR] 11.99, confidence
      interval 95% 1.89-75.95) and PPC duration (OR 1.09, 1.03-1.16). A total of 33
      patients (31.7%) dropped out from PPC during follow-up, with dropout being
      associated with age (OR 1.17, 1.04-1.36) and PPC duration (OR 1.06, 1.02-1.11).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our PPC program was associated with an improvement in glycemic
      control without a significant increase in severe hypoglycemic events, although
      with some weight gain. A considerable number of patients dropped out during
      follow-up, this being related to older age and a longer duration of the program.
      This information could be of help to design new and more effective PPC
      approaches. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PMID- 27385385
TI  - [Tonnis and Kalchschmidt triple pelvic osteotomy].
AB  - BACKGROUND: The Tonnis and Kalchschmidt triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) has been
      performed at the Klinikum Dortmund for more than 30 years. In more than 5000
      cases the TPO has proven its potential to deal with even severe dysplastic hips.
      TPO can be easily combined with other hip procedures as intertrochanteric
      osteotomies and even impingement treatment can easily be done. As an elaborate
      technique TPO respects the growth plates and can therefore also be used for
      treating Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. PROCEDURE: In most cases only conventional X
      rays are needed for proving the indication. Further imaging like MRI or CT-scans
      are only needed in certain cases. In addition EOS(r) is becoming an increasingly
      useful tool in planning and performing the surgery. For adequate movement of the
      acetabulum, three clearly defined osteotomies are needed. Current osteosynthesis
      methods provide an enhanced stability due to a novel technique of screw fixation.
      This is in line with the general trends towards short hospitalization and early
      mobilization. THERAPY: A successful treatment requires not only experience in
      performing the surgical technique, but furthermore an experienced team, including
      care, physical examination and also pain management. The surgeon should be aware
      that he is performing highly elective surgery and complications or a poor outcome
      can significantly reduce the quality of life of the mainly young patients.

PMID- 27385386
TI  - [Hip arthroplasty after corrective osteotomies : Pelvis and proximal femur].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Pelvic and femoral osteotomies are frequently performed in patients
      with hip dysplasia. The aim of these surgeries are optimal biomechanical
      conditions of the hip joint thereby avoiding the occurrence of hip osteoarthritis
      or the delay of initial hip osteoarthritis progression. THERAPY: Nevertheless
      even with good biomechanical conditions of the hip joint, progression of hip
      osteoarthritis can be recognized postoperatively. A total hip arthroplasty is
      indicated even more after a time period with conservative treatment. In
      preparation for the operation, a detailed documentation of the initial clinical
      situation, appropriate imaging, implant selection and preoperative planning are
      mandatory. In addition, a biomechanical model representing the desired pre- and
      postoperative situation can be included in the preoperative planning. According
      to the previous osteotomy, the size and shape of the acetabulum after the
      osteotomy and the current pivot centre of the hip joint should be considered.
      Depending on these observations the acetabular cup can be directly inserted into
      the bone stock of the acetabulum or an acetabular plasty is necessary before
      implantation of the acetabular cup. With respect to the previous osteotomy of the
      femur, it needs to be clarified wether hardware removal will be necessary before
      total hip replacement; moreover, the anatomy of the proximal femur is critical.
      In addition, if necessary, a re-osteotomy of the femur is required to enable a
      hip stem implantation. CONCLUSION: Cementless total hip replacement should be
      preferred due to the younger patient age. The load of the hip replacement depends
      on the osseous anchoring and primary stability of the acetabular and femoral
      component.

PMID- 27385387
TI  - [Validation of the German version of the Oxford Elbow Score : A cross-sectional
      study].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Elbow complaints are complex problems leading to severe consequences
      for affected people and the healthcare system. The German version of the Oxford
      Elbow Score (OES) is the first German-speaking instrument that specifically
      measures elbow complaints from the patient's perspective and changes of their
      health status. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is the validation of the German
      version of the OES. In this context the internal consistency and the construct
      validity were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 59 patients with elbow
      complaints completed the German version of the OES, the DASH and the SF-36 in a
      cross-sectional study. The internal consistency was calculated with Cronbach's
      alpha coefficients. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to confirm
      construct validity. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha for pain, function and
      psychological subscales was 0.88, 0.81 and 0.90, respectively. The whole
      questionnaire presents a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.93. Convergent construct
      validity was confirmed with correlation coefficients containing values of -0.84, 
      0.77 and -0.82 compared to DASH and values ranging from 0.41 to 0.80 compared
      with the physical domains of the SF-36. The divergent construct validity
      presented values ranging from 0.07 to 0.20 with the SF-36 domains of "general
      health perception" and "mental health". CONCLUSION: The German OES is an internal
      consistent instrument with good convergent and divergent construct validity.
      Other aspects of the validity, the reliability and the responsiveness should be
      confirmed through further studies.

PMID- 27385388
TI  - [Acetabuloplasty - The Dega and Pemberton technique].
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hip dysplasia is the most common congenital deformity requiring
      surgical correction osteotomy in order to prevent early onset of secondary hip
      arthrosis. The shape of the acetabulum can be modified by Dega or Pemberton
      osteotomy and is indicated for hip dysplasia and luxation with irregularities of
      the socket for children aged between 2 and 12 when the y-physis is still open.
      METHOD: We will describe indication, contra-indication, preoperative planning as
      well as details of the Pemberton technique. In addition, we will provide
      practical advice based on our long-standing experience. RESULTS: We present long
      term results from the literature and also from our department. In addition, we
      will explain and critically discuss our own experiences and the risks and
      complications of surgical techniques. Good long-term results are reported for
      acetabuloplasties and Salter osteotomy which are preferred for surgical treatment
      of hip dysplasia in early life. Advantages and disadvantages of both surgical
      techniques will be compared in the discussion section. CONCLUSION: Dega and
      Pemberton acetabuloplasty shows good long-term results regarding prevention of a
      secondary coxarthrosis. However, correct indication is crucial since this
      surgical technique is more difficult compared to Salter osteotomy but is also
      associated with a higher correction potential and a lower complication rate.

PMID- 27385389
TI  - Quantified Pore-Scale Nanoparticle Transport in Porous Media and the Implications
      for Colloid Filtration Theory.
AB  - This study evaluates the pore-scale distribution of silver nanoparticles during
      transport through a sandy porous medium via quantitative synchrotron X-ray
      computed microtomography (qSXCMT). The associated distributions of nanoparticle
      flow velocities and mass flow rates were obtained by coupling these images with
      computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. This allowed, for the first time,
      the comparison of nanoparticle mass flow with that assumed by the standard
      colloid filtration theory (CFT) modeling approach. It was found that (i) 25% of
      the pore space was further from the grain than assumed by the CFT model; (ii) the
      average pore velocity agreed well between results of the coupled qSXCMT/CFD
      approach and the CFT model within the model fluid envelope, although the former
      were 2 times larger than the latter in the centers of the larger pores and
      individual velocities were upwards of 20 times those in the CFT model at
      identical distances from grain surfaces ; and (iii) approximately 30% of all
      nanoparticle mass and 38% of all nanoparticle mass flow occurred further away
      from the grain surface than expected by the CFT model. This work suggests that a
      significantly smaller fraction of nanoparticles than expected will contact a
      grain surface by diffusion via CFT models, likely contributing to inadequate CFT
      model nanoparticle transport predictions.

PMID- 27385390
TI  - Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Three Immersion Chemical
      Disinfectants on Clinically Derived Poly(Vinyl Siloxane) Impressions.
AB  - PURPOSE: To comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of freshly prepared
      electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) with that of 2.4% glutaraldehyde (GA) and 1%
      sodium hypochlorite (SH) on clinically derived poly vinyl siloxane (PVS)
      impressions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four clinically derived PVS impressions each
      were obtained from 10 subjects. One impression from each subject was randomly
      kept as control (group I), without disinfection. The remaining three impressions
      were randomly disinfected by immersion in either 2.4% GA (group II), 1% SH (group
      III), or freshly prepared EOW (group IV). The samples were subjected to microbial
      culture individually on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar medium. The organisms
      isolated were confirmed by visual examination and gram staining. Mean colony
      forming units (CFU) were counted, log10 reduction obtained and compared. Data
      were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by multiple comparisons
      using Tukey-HSD post hoc tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Streptococci, Staphylococci,
      Pseudomonas, Candida, Proteus, Klebsiella, and E. coli were isolated from all
      impressions including the controls, except those disinfected by EOW. All three
      disinfectants showed significant reduction in CFU and log10 reduction values as
      compared to the controls. EOW showed significantly higher reduction in log10
      values compared to GA and SH, whereas GA and SH showed similar reductions. EOW,
      GA, and SH showed kill rates of 100%, 99.60%, and 99.82%, respectively.
      CONCLUSION: EOW showed significant antimicrobial efficacy as evidenced by
      reduction in log10 values when used as an immersion disinfectant for PVS
      impressions when compared with the results obtained using GA and SH. These
      results need further investigation. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: EOW shows high
      antimicrobial efficacy when used as an immersion disinfectant as compared to GA
      and SH for clinically derived PVS impressions.

PMID- 27385391
TI  - Cross-Validation of Two Commonly Used Self-Stigma Measures, Taiwan Versions of
      the Internalized Stigma Mental Illness Scale and Self-Stigma Scale-Short, for
      People With Mental Illness.
AB  - Self-stigma instruments investigate how people with mental illness internalize
      public stigma. However, information is limited for the psychometric properties of
      their scores, especially cross-validating scores from different instruments.
      Thus, we used confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) and item-response theory (IRT)
      models to examine the Internalized Stigma Mental Illness (ISMI) scale and the
      Self-Stigma Scale-Short (SSS-S). Participants with mental illness ( n = 347)
      completed both instruments. The CFAs that simultaneously accounted for both the
      instrument (ISMI and SSS-S) and the trait (Affect, Cognitive, and Behavior
      concepts) effects outperformed those that accounted only for the instrument
      effect or only the trait effect. All item scores fit the IRT model and were fit
      with ordered, progressing hierarchies in their step difficulties. We conclude
      that both instruments are feasible for measuring the self-stigma and that future
      research can combine the items of both.

PMID- 27385392
TI  - Image guided portal vein access techniques in TIPS creation and considerations
      regarding their use.
AB  - Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a difficult procedure to
      perform and accessing the portal vein is a very challenging step. There are three
      broad categories of image guided TIPS creation techniques. Each technique has its
      advantages and disadvantages. TIPS procedure carries some risk of complications
      regardless of the guidance technique employed. The technology for TIPS has
      evolved in parallel with the expanding indications for TIPS. Ultrasound guidance
      technique offers a safe option, particularly for patients with challenging
      anatomy. Patient safety should always come first and the US guided technique
      should be more routinely used. Experience is the main factor in the success of
      TIPS. Other factors to consider in reducing the all-cause morbidity and mortality
      are patient selection, patient management and the clinical setting. 

PMID- 27385393
TI  - Lipid emulsion layering in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit.

PMID- 27385394
TI  - Human metapneumovirus in lung transplant recipients: characteristics and
      outcomes.
AB  - Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) causes serious respiratory tract infections in lung
      transplant recipients (LTRs). We evaluated the characteristics and adverse drug
      reactions (ADR) of oral ribavirin therapy for hMPV infections in LTRs. LTRs with
      respiratory symptoms or suspected infection of unknown origin were routinely
      sampled with nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) for virological and bacteriological
      analysis as part of a diagnostic workup. Medical records of hMPV polymerase chain
      reaction (PCR)-positive LTRs at the University Hospital of Zurich were reviewed
      retrospectively. Between January 2012 and June 2014, 12 (80%) of 15 consecutive
      patients with documented hMPV infection received oral ribavirin therapy (800
      mg/d, after 48 h: 400 mg/d). Mean duration of therapy was 28.6 days (range: 11
      54). Mean duration of viral shedding was 16.3 days (range: 5-48). In general,
      oral ribavirin was well tolerated in LTRs. The most common ADR was moderate
      anaemia. All patients recovered from infection without immediate serious sequelae
      within 3 months of infection. 

PMID- 27385395
TI  - Monitoring of kidney function in elderly HIV-positive patients.

PMID- 27385397
TI  - Visible Light Photocatalytic Radical-Radical Cross-Coupling Reactions of Amines
      and Carbonyls: A Route to 1,2-Amino Alcohols.
AB  - An intermolecular radical-radical cross-coupling reaction of secondary and
      tertiary amines with aryl ketones and aldehydes has been developed using visible
      light photoredox catalysis. This reaction provides an efficient and
      straightforward approach to some useful 1,2-amino alcohols in moderate to good
      yields under mild conditions.

PMID- 27385396
TI  - Altered redox mitochondrial biology in the neurodegenerative disorder fragile X
      tremor/ataxia syndrome: use of antioxidants in precision medicine.
AB  - A 55-200 expansion of the CGG nucleotide repeat in the 5'-UTR of the fragile X
      mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) is the hallmark of the triplet nucleotide
      disease known as the "premutation" as opposed to those with >200 repeats, known
      as the full mutation or fragile X syndrome. Originally, premutation carriers were
      thought to be free of phenotypic traits; however, some are diagnosed with
      emotional and neurocognitive issues and, later in life, with the
      neurodegenerative disease fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS).
      Considering that mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in fibroblasts and
      post-mortem brain samples from carriers of the premutation, we hypothesized that
      mitochondrial dysfunction-derived ROS may result in cumulative oxidative
      nitrative damage. Fibroblasts from premutation carriers (n=31, all FXTAS-free
      except 8), compared to age- and sex-matched controls (n=25), showed increased
      mitochondrial ROS production, impaired Complex I activity, lower expression of
      MIA40 (rate-limiting step of the redox-regulated mitochondrial-disulfide-relay
      system), increased mtDNA deletions, and increased biomarkers of lipid and protein
      oxidative-nitrative damage. Most of the outcomes were more pronounced in FXTAS
      affected individuals. Significant recovery of mitochondrial mass and/or function
      was obtained with superoxide or hydroxyl radicals' scavengers, a glutathione
      peroxidase analog, or by overexpressing MIA40. The effects of ethanol (a hydroxyl
      radical scavenger) were deleterious, while others (by N-acetyl-cysteine,
      quercetin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate) were outcome- and/or carrier-specifics.
      The use of antioxidants in the context of precision medicine is discussed with
      the goal of improving mitochondrial function in carriers with the potential of
      decreasing the morbidity and/or delaying FXTAS onset.

PMID- 27385398
TI  - Impact of comorbidity and anemia in patients with oropharyngeal cancer primarily
      treated with surgery in the human papillomavirus era.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Comorbidity and anemia strongly influence treatment and outcome of
      oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), but respective data are frequently
      lacking in clinical studies. We evaluated 149 cases of oropharyngeal SCC
      primarily treated with surgery regarding the impact of these factors on disease
      free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). METHODS: Data were recorded during
      treatment and follow-up visits. Human papillomavirus (HPV) association of
      oropharyngeal SCC was detected by p16 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Patients
      with p16-positive disease were significantly less comorbid and anemic, and
      treated more aggressively. Comorbidity and anemia, but not p16 status,
      significantly influenced DFS and had more impact on OS than p16 status.
      CONCLUSION: In our study, p16-positive seems a good surrogate marker for
      healthier patients. Patients with p16-positive disease showed improved survival,
      but this was limited to none/mild comorbid and/or nonanemic individuals in this
      group. On the basis of our results, we strongly suggest the inclusion of these
      factors in risk stratification for clinical studies. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
      Inc. Head Neck 39: 7-16, 2017.

PMID- 27385399
TI  - Rhodium/Yanphos-Catalyzed Asymmetric Interrupted Intramolecular
      Hydroaminomethylation of trans-1,2-Disubstituted Alkenes.
AB  - The first interrupted asymmetric hydroaminomethylation reaction was developed.
      The challenging trans-1,2-disubstituted olefins were employed as substrates, and
      a series of valuable chiral pyrrolidinones and pyrrolidines were obtained in high
      yields with high regioselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities. Several
      synthetic transformations were conducted, demonstrating the high synthetic
      utility of our method. A creative route for the synthesis of vernakalant and
      Enablex was also developed.

PMID- 27385400
TI  - Effect of Standardised Scoring Conventions on Inter-rater Reliability in the
      Endoscopic Evaluation of Crohn's Disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity [CDEIS] and
      Simplified Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease [SES-CD] demonstrate consistent
      overall intra- and inter-rater reliability. However, the reliability of some
      index items is relatively poor. We evaluated scoring conventions to improve the
      reliability of these items. METHODS: Five gastroenterologists with no previous
      experience scoring the CDEIS or SES-CD were trained on their use. A total of 65
      video recordings of colonoscopies were scored blindly by each gastroenterologist
      before and after additional training on index scoring conventions. Intra-class
      correlation coefficients [ICCs] assessed the effect of application of these
      conventions on the reliability of the CDEIS, SES-CD, and a Global Evaluation of
      Lesion Severity [GELS] score. RESULTS: Following training on scoring conventions,
      inter-rater ICCs (95% confidence interval [CI]) for the total SES-CD score
      increased from 0.78 [0.71, 0.85] to 0.85 [0.79, 0.89]. The ICCs for the total
      CDEIS and GELS scores were not affected: corresponding inter-rater ICCs were 0.74
      [0.65, 0.81] and 0.49, [0.38, 0.61] before and 0.73 [0.65, 0.81] and 0.53 [0.42,
      0.64] following application of scoring conventions. Estimations of ulcer depth,
      surface area, anatomical location, and stenosis were important sources of
      variability. CONCLUSIONS: Use of scoring conventions previously developed by
      expert central readers enhanced the reliability of the SES-CD but did not
      similarly affect the CDEIS or GELS. As the SES-CD is more likely to be reliable
      than the CDEIS and can be optimised with targeted training, it is the preferred
      instrument for use in clinical trials.

PMID- 27385401
TI  - A Pitfall to Avoid: Hyperlipasemia, Azathioprine, and Autoimmune Pancreatitis.

PMID- 27385403
TI  - Raman-based noninvasive metabolic profile evaluation of in vitro bovine embryos.
AB  - The timing of the first embryonic cell divisions may predict the ability of an
      embryo to establish pregnancy. Similarly, metabolic profiles may be markers of
      embryonic viability. However, in bovine, data about the metabolomics profile of
      these embryos are still not available. In the present work, we describe Raman
      based metabolomic profiles of culture media of bovine embryos with different
      developmental kinetics (fast x slow) throughout the in vitro culture. The
      principal component analysis enabled us to classify embryos with different
      developmental kinetics since they presented specific spectroscopic profiles for
      each evaluated time point. We noticed that bands at 1076  cm(-1) (lipids), 1300 
      cm(-1) (Amide III), and 2719  cm(-1) (DNA nitrogen bases) gave the most relevant
      spectral features, enabling the separation between fast and slow groups. Bands at
      1001  cm(-1) (phenylalanine) and 2892  cm(-1) (methylene group of the
      polymethylene chain) presented specific patterns related to embryonic stage and
      can be considered as biomarkers of embryonic development by Raman spectroscopy.
      The culture media analysis by Raman spectroscopy proved to be a simple and
      sensitive technique that can be applied with high efficiency to characterize the
      profiles of in vitro produced bovine embryos with different development kinetics
      and different stages of development.

PMID- 27385402
TI  - COG lobe B sub-complex engages v-SNARE GS15 and functions via regulated
      interaction with lobe A sub-complex.
AB  - The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is a peripheral membrane protein
      complex which orchestrates tethering of intra-Golgi vesicles. We found that COG1
      4 (lobe A) and 5-8 (lobe B) protein assemblies are present as independent sub
      complexes on cell membranes. Super-resolution microscopy demonstrates that COG
      sub-complexes are spatially separated on the Golgi with lobe A preferential
      localization on Golgi stacks and the presence of lobe B on vesicle-like
      structures, where it physically interacts with v-SNARE GS15. The localization and
      specific interaction of the COG sub-complexes with the components of vesicle
      tethering/fusion machinery suggests their different roles in the vesicle
      tethering cycle. We propose and test a novel model that employs
      association/disassociation of COG sub-complexes as a mechanism that directs
      vesicle tethering at Golgi membranes. We demonstrate that defective COG assembly
      or restriction of tethering complex disassembly by a covalent COG1-COG8 linkage
      is inhibitory to COG complex activity, supporting the model.

PMID- 27385404
TI  - Improving Screening Mammography Outcomes Through Comparison With Multiple Prior
      Mammograms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of
      comparison with multiple prior mammograms on the outcomes of screening
      mammography relative to comparison with a single prior mammogram. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 46,288 consecutive screening mammograms
      performed at our institution for 22,792 women. We divided these examinations into
      three groups: those interpreted without comparison with prior mammograms, those
      interpreted in comparison with one prior examination, and those interpreted in
      comparison with two or more prior examinations. For each group, we determined the
      rate of examination recall. We also calculated the positive predictive value of
      recall (i.e., positive predictive value level 1 [PPV1]) and the cancer detection
      rate (CDR) for both the group of examinations compared with a single prior
      mammogram and the group compared with multiple prior mammograms. Generalized
      estimating equations with the logistic link function were used to determine the
      relative odds ratio of recall as a function of the number of comparisons, with
      adjustment made for age as a confounding variable. The Fisher exact test was
      performed to compare the PPV1 and the CDR in the different cohorts. RESULTS: The
      recall rate for mammograms interpreted without comparison with prior examinations
      was 16.6%, whereas that for mammograms compared with one prior examination was
      7.8% and that for mammograms compared with two or more prior examinations was
      6.3%. After adjustment was made for age, the odds ratio of recall for the group
      with multiple prior examinations relative to the group with a single prior
      examination was 0.864 (95% CI, 0.776-0.962; p = 0.0074). Statistically
      significant increases in the PPV1 of 0.05 (p = 0.0009) and in the CDR of 2.3
      cases per 1000 examinations (p = 0.0481) were also noted for mammograms compared
      with multiple prior examinations relative to those compared with a single prior
      examination. CONCLUSION: Comparison with two or more prior mammograms resulted in
      a statistically significant reduction in the screening mammography recall rate
      and increases in the CDR and PPV1 relative to comparison with a single prior
      mammogram.

PMID- 27385406
TI  - Use of spirometry among chest physicians and primary care physicians in India.
AB  - Although spirometry is the gold-standard diagnostic test for obstructive airways
      diseases, it remains poorly utilised in clinical practice. We aimed to
      investigate the use of spirometry across India, the change in its usage over a
      period of time and to understand the reasons for its under-utilisation. Two
      nationwide surveys were conducted in the years 2005 and 2013, among four groups
      of doctors: chest physicians (CPs), general physicians (GenPs), general
      practitioners (GPs) and paediatricians (Ps). A total of 1,000 physicians from
      each of the four groups were randomly selected from our database in the years
      2005 and 2013. These surveys were conducted in 52 cities and towns across 15
      states in India. A questionnaire was administered to the physicians, which
      captured information about their demographic details, type of practice and use of
      spirometry. The overall response rates of the physicians in 2005 and 2013 were
      42.8% and 54.9%, respectively. Spirometry was reported to be used by 55% CPs, 20%
      GenPs, 10% GPs and 5% Ps in 2005, and this increased by 30.9% among CPs (P value
      <0.01), 18% among GenPs (P value=0.01), 20% among GPs (P value: not significant)
      and 224% among Ps (P value <0.01). The reasons for not using spirometry varied
      between 2005 and 2013. In all, 32.2% of physicians were unaware of which
      predicted equation they were using. The use of spirometry in India is low,
      although it seems to have improved over the years. The reasons identified in this
      study for under-utilisation should be used to address initiatives to improve the
      use of spirometry in clinical practice.

PMID- 27385405
TI  - Ac-Trp-DPhe(p-I)-Arg-Trp-NH2, a 250-Fold Selective Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R)
      Antagonist over the Melanocortin-3 Receptor (MC3R), Affects Energy Homeostasis in
      Male and Female Mice Differently.
AB  - The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) has been indicated as a therapeutic target for
      metabolic disorders such as anorexia, cachexia, and obesity. The current study
      investigates the in vivo effects on energy homeostasis of a 15 nM MC4R antagonist
      SKY2-23-7, Ac-Trp-DPhe(p-I)-Arg-Trp-NH2, that is a 3700 nM melanocortin-3
      receptor (MC3R) antagonist with minimal MC3R and MC4R agonist activity. When
      monitoring both male and female mice in TSE metabolic cages, sex-specific
      responses were observed in food intake, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and
      energy expenditure. A 7.5 nmol dose of SKY2-23-7 increased food intake, increased
      RER, and trended toward decreasing energy expenditure in male mice. However, this
      compound had minimal effect on female mice's food intake and RER at the 7.5 nmol
      dose. A 2.5 nmol dose of SKY2-23-7 significantly increased female food intake,
      RER, and energy expenditure while having a minimal effect on male mice at this
      dose. The observed sex differences of SKY2-23-7 administration result in the
      discovery of a novel chemical probe for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of
      the sexual dimorphism present within the melanocortin pathway. To further explore
      the melanocortin sexual dimorphism, hypothalamic gene expression was examined.
      The mRNA expression of the MC3R and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) were not
      significantly different between sexes. However, the expression of agouti-related
      peptide (AGRP) was significantly higher in female mice which may be a possible
      mechanism for the sex-specific effects observed with SKY2-23-7.

PMID- 27385407
TI  - Effects of Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty as Preoperative Palliation for
      Tetralogy of Fallot.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV)
      as a palliative procedure for patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). METHODS:
      This was a retrospective single-center study conducted between 2008 and 2014. We
      classified patients into three groups according to palliation: treatment with BPV
      (group I), with a Blalock-Taussig shunt (group II), and with infundibulectomy
      (group III). The growth of the pulmonary valve (PV) annulus and need for
      transannular patching (TAP) during total correction were compared between groups.
      RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were enrolled: 31, 10, and 7 in groups I, II, and
      III, respectively. The mean ages at palliation were 26.3 +/- 23.6, 21.5 +/- 16.4,
      and 15.2 +/- 4.2 days in groups I, II, and III, respectively (P = .867). The
      success rate of BPV was 90.3%. The initial PV z-score before palliation did not
      differ between groups I, II, and III (-3.14 +/- 1.44, -3.84 +/- 1.47, and -3.71
      +/- 1.68; P = .494); the preoperative PV z-score before total correction was
      larger in group I than in group II (-1.19 +/- 1.14 and -3.05 +/- 1.19; P = .001),
      and also larger in group III than in group II (group III: -1.10 +/- 0.90; P =
      .003). The change in pulse oxygen saturation differed significantly between the
      three groups (P = .031), particularly between groups I and II (P = .010), and the
      change in PV z-score was greater in groups I and III than in group II (P < .001).
      TAP during total correction was performed in 29.0%, 90.0%, and 16.7% of groups I,
      II, and III, respectively (P = .001; group I vs. II, P = .001; group II vs. III,
      P = .008). CONCLUSION: BPV was an effective and safe palliation that increased
      pulmonary blood flow and promoted growth of the PV annulus in selected
      symptomatic newborns with TOF.

PMID- 27385408
TI  - Comorbidity burden is not associated with higher mortality after out-of-hospital
      cardiac arrest.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether comorbidity burden of comatose survivors of
      out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) affects outcome and if comorbidity modifies
      the effect of target temperature management (TTM) on final outcome. DESIGN: The
      TTM trial randomized 939 patients to 24 h of TTM at either 33 or 36  degrees C
      with no difference regarding mortality and neurological outcome. This post-hoc
      study of the TTM-trial formed a modified comorbidity index (mCI), based on
      available comorbidities from the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). RESULTS:
      Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decreased with higher comorbidity
      group, p = 0.01. Comorbidity groups were univariately associated with higher
      mortality compared to mCI0 (HRmCI1: 1.55, CI: 1.25-1.93, p < 0.001, HRmCI2: 2.01,
      CI: 1.55-2.62, p < 0.001, HRmCI >= 3: 2.16, CI: 1.57-2.97, p < 0.001). When
      adjusting for confounders there was a consistent, nonsignificant association
      between level of comorbidity and mortality (HRmC11: 1.17, CI: 0.92-1.48, p =
      0.21, HRmCI2: 1.28, CI: 0.96-1.71, p = 0.10, HRmCI >= 3: 1.37, CI: 0.97-1.95, p =
      0.08). There was no interaction between comorbidity burden and level of TTM on
      outcome, p = 0.61. CONCLUSION: Comorbidity burden was associated with higher
      mortality following OHCA, but when adjusting for confounders, the influence was
      no longer significant. The association between mCI and mortality was not modified
      by TTM. Comorbidity burden is associated with lower rates of bystander
      cardiopulmonary resuscitation after OHCA.

PMID- 27385409
TI  - Polypeptides from the Skin of Rana chensinensis Exert the Antioxidant and
      Antiapoptotic Activities on HaCaT Cells.
AB  - Studies have shown that frog skin secretes many types of peptides that are good
      for human skin. In this study, acid and enzymatic extracts of Rana skin peptides
      (acid/enzymatic Rana skin peptides, ARPs/ERPs) were obtained. The chemical and
      physical properties of the ARPs and ERPs were identified through UV scanning,
      HGLC, FRIT, and MS. MTS and flow cytometry were used to test the proproliferative
      and antiapoptotic effects of the ARPs and ERPs on human immortalized
      keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). To elucidate the antiapoptotic mechanisms, the mRNA
      and protein levels of EGF (epidermal growth factor, which enhances stimulation of
      cellular proliferation in both cells and epithelial tissues) and caspase-3 were
      evaluated using quantitative RT-PCR. The results indicated that the ARPs and ERPs
      were extracted from the Rana skin with yields of 0.65% and 0.52%, respectively.
      Treatment with ARPs (1.6 g/L) and ERPs (0.8 g/L) showed a 1.66-fold (p < 0.001)
      and 2.1-fold (p < 0.001) enhancement in the proliferation rates of HaCaT cells.
      The rate of apoptosis decreased by 2.6 fold (p < 0.01) and 3.4 fold (p < 0.01)
      under the UVB stimulation, respectively, at the same time, the up-regulation of
      EGF and down-regulation of caspase-3 were found. These results suggested that we
      can dig into the potential value of ARPs/ERPs in a new field.

PMID- 27385411
TI  - Promoting Accurate Variability of Social Skills in Children With Autism Spectrum
      Disorder.
AB  - Restricted and repetitive behavior is a central feature of autism spectrum
      disorder (ASD), with such behaviors often resulting in lack of reinforcement in
      social contexts. The present study investigated training multiple exemplars of
      target behaviors and the utilization of lag schedules of reinforcement in the
      context of social skills training to promote appropriate and varied social
      behavior in children with ASD. Five participants with ASD between the ages of 7
      and 9 attended a twice-weekly social skills group for 8 weeks. A multiple probe
      design across skills was utilized to assess intervention effects. During
      baseline, participants demonstrated low levels of skill accuracy and low
      appropriate variability in responding. During continuous reinforcement with one
      trained exemplar, skill accuracy increased while appropriate variability remained
      low. Training of three exemplars of target skills resulted in minimal
      improvements in appropriate variability. Introduction of a Lag 2 schedule with
      three trained exemplars was generally associated with increased appropriate
      variability. Further appropriate variability was observed during Lag 4 with three
      trained exemplars. Limitations and implications are discussed.

PMID- 27385410
TI  - Application of an in vitro-amplification assay as a novel pre-screening test for
      compounds inhibiting the aggregation of prion protein scrapie.
AB  - In vitro amplification assays, such as real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT
      QuIC) are used to detect aggregation activity of misfolded prion protein (PrP) in
      brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine samples from patients with a prion
      disease. We believe that the method also has a much broader application spectrum.
      In the present study, we applied RT-QuIC as a pre-screening test for substances
      that potentially inhibit the aggregation process of the cellular PrP (PrP(C)) to
      proteinase (PK)-resistant PrP(res). We chose doxycycline as the test substance as
      it has been tested successfully in animal models and proposed in clinical studies
      as a therapeutic for prion diseases. The RT-QuIC-reaction was seeded with brain
      tissue or CSF from sCJD patients and doxycycline was then added in different
      concentrations as well as at different time points. In both experiments, we
      observed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the RT-QuIC seeding response
      and a decrease of PK resistant PrP(res) when doxycycline was added. In contrast,
      ampicillin or sucrose had no effect on the RT-QuIC seeding response. Our study is
      the first to apply RT-QuIC as a pre-screening assay for compounds inhibiting the
      PrP aggregation in vitro and confirms that doxycycline is an efficient inhibitor
      of the PrP aggregation process in RT-QuIC analysis.

PMID- 27385412
TI  - Predictors of Dropout From Cognitive-Behavioral Group Treatment for Panic
      Disorder With Agoraphobia: An Exploratory Study.
AB  - Panic disorder and agoraphobia are both characterized by avoidance behaviors,
      which are known correlates of treatment discontinuation. The aim of this
      exploratory study is to distinguish the profile of participants suffering from
      panic disorder with agoraphobia that complete treatment from those who
      discontinue therapy by assessing four categories of predictor variables: the
      severity of the disorder, sociodemographic variables, participants' expectations,
      and dyadic adjustment. The sample included 77 individuals diagnosed with panic
      disorder with agoraphobia who completed a series of questionnaires and
      participated in a cognitive-behavioral group therapy consisting of 14 weekly
      sessions. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed the importance of
      anxiety, prognosis, and role expectations as well as some individual variables as
      predictors of therapeutic dropout, either before or during treatment. Among the
      most common reasons given by the 29 participants who discontinued therapy were
      scheduling conflicts, dissatisfaction with treatment, and conflicts with their
      marital partner. These results suggest that expectations and dyadic relationships
      have an impact on therapeutic discontinuation. The clinical implications of these
      findings are discussed.

PMID- 27385413
TI  - Inferring phylogeny and speciation of Gymnosporangium species, and their
      coevolution with host plants.
AB  - Gymnosporangium species (Pucciniaceae, Pucciniales) cause serious diseases and
      significant economic losses to apple cultivars. Most of the reported species are
      heteroecious and complete their life cycles on two different plant hosts
      belonging to two unrelated genera, i.e. Juniperus and Malus. However, the
      phylogenetic relationships among Gymnosporangium species and the evolutionary
      history of Gymnosporangium on its aecial and telial hosts were still
      undetermined. In this study, we recognized species based on rDNA sequence data by
      using coalescent method of generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) and Poisson
      Tree Processes (PTP) models. The evolutionary relationships of Gymnosporangium
      species and their hosts were investigated by comparing the cophylogenetic
      analyses of Gymnosporangium species with Malus species and Juniperus species,
      respectively. The concordant results of GMYC and PTP analyses recognized 14
      species including 12 known species and two undescribed species. In addition, host
      alternations of 10 Gymnosporangium species were uncovered by linking the derived
      sequences between their aecial and telial stages. This study revealed the
      evolutionary process of Gymnosporangium species, and clarified that the aecial
      hosts played more important roles than telial hosts in the speciation of
      Gymnosporangium species. Host switch, losses, duplication and failure to
      divergence all contributed to the speciation of Gymnosporangium species.

PMID- 27385415
TI  - Hispidulin alleviated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion by acting at alpha6
      subunit-containing GABAA receptors in the cerebellum.
AB  - RATIONALE: Hispidulin is a flavonoid we isolated from Clerodendrum inerme, an
      herb that effectively remitted a case of intractable motor tic disorders.
      Hispidulin was shown to be a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of GABAA
      receptors, including the alpha6 subunit-containing subtype (alpha6GABAAR) that is
      predominantly expressed in cerebellar granule cells and insensitive to diazepam.
      OBJECTIVES: We explored the action mechanism(s) of hispidulin using
      hyperdopaminergic mouse models induced by methamphetamine and apomorphine, based
      on the hyperdopaminergic nature of tic disorders. RESULTS: Hispidulin
      significantly inhibited methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (MIH) at i.p.
      doses without affecting apomorphine-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypy
      behaviors or having significant benzodiazepine-like effects (BZLE), including
      sedation, anxiety, and motor impairment. When given by intracerebellar (i.c.b.)
      microinjection, hispidulin also alleviated MIH and this effect was prevented by
      i.c.b. coadministration of furosemide, an alpha6GABAAR antagonist, and mimicked
      by i.c.b. Ro 15-4513, an alpha6GABAAR PAM. Conversely, i.c.b. diazepam did not
      affect MIH while it reduced MIH at i.p. doses having significant BZLE. In a
      screening assay for 92 neurotransmitter receptors/degradation
      enzymes/transporters, hispidulin displayed significant (>50 % inhibition of
      radiolabeled ligand binding at 10 MUM) binding affinity only at the
      benzodiazepine binding site of GABAARs (IC50 0.73~1.78 MUM) and catecholamine-o
      methyl-transferase (COMT) (IC50 1.32 MUM). OR-486, a more potent COMT inhibitor
      than hispidulin, did not affect MIH. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that hispidulin
      alleviates MIH via acting as a PAM of cerebellar alpha6GABAARs, but not through
      COMT inhibition or affecting dopamine receptor responsiveness. Thus, selective
      alpha6GABAAR PAMs may have the potential to be a novel treatment for
      hyperdopaminergic disorders.

PMID- 27385416
TI  - Alterations in alpha5* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors result in midbrain- and
      hippocampus-dependent behavioural and neural impairments.
AB  - RATIONALE: Evidence links alterations in alpha5-containing nicotinic receptors
      (alpha5*-nAChRs) to nicotine addiction. Notably, the rs16969968 polymorphism in
      the alpha5 gene (alpha5SNP) increases the risk for heavy smoking and impairs
      nicotine-rewarding properties in mice. Additional work is needed to understand
      how native and polymorphic alpha5*-nAChRs contribute to processes associated with
      the risk for nicotine addiction. OBJECTIVES: We aimed at understanding the
      contribution of alpha5*-nAChRs to endophenotypes like increased responses to
      novelty and anxiety, known to promote vulnerability to addiction, and to the
      response of the dopamine and serotonin systems to nicotine. METHODS: Behavioural
      phenotypes were investigated in mice lacking the alpha5 gene (alpha5(-/-)).
      Nicotine injections were performed to test the consequences of nicotine exposure
      on the phenotypes identified. Dopamine and serotonin signalling were assessed
      using in vivo microdialysis and electrophysiology. We used lentiviral vectors to
      compare the consequences of re-expressing either the alpha5 wild-type allele or
      the alpha5SNP in specific brain areas of alpha5(-/-) mice. RESULTS: alpha5(-/-)
      mice did not exhibit high responses to novelty but showed decreased novelty
      induced rearing behaviour together with high anxiety. Exposure to high doses of
      nicotine rescued these phenotypes. We identified altered spontaneous and nicotine
      elicited serotonin and dopamine activity in alpha5(-/-) mice. Re-expression of
      alpha5 in the ventral tegmental area and hippocampus rescued rearing and anxiety
      levels in alpha5(-/-) mice, respectively. When expressing the alpha5SNP instead,
      this resulted in a knockout-like phenotype for both behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: We
      propose that altered alpha5*-nAChR cholinergic signalling contributes to
      emotional/behavioural impairments that may be alleviated by nicotine consumption.

PMID- 27385418
TI  - Efficacy of sutureless aortic valves in minimally invasive cardiac surgery: an
      evolution of the surgical technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Sutureless aortic valve prostheses have the potential of shortening
      surgical time, but if this results in improved clinical outcome remains to be
      determined. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of patients
      undergoing conventional vs. minimally invasive AVR, with either a stented or
      sutureless bioprosthesis. METHODS: From 2007 to 2015, 627 patients underwent
      elective isolated AVR and were divided into three groups: patients who underwent
      sutureless-AVR via J sternotomy (group A, N.=206) and patients who underwent
      stented-AVR via J sternotomy (group B, N.=247) or full-sternotomy (group C,
      N.=174). RESULTS: Patients in group A were significantly older than groups B and
      C (77+/-5 vs. 74+/-7 and 70+/-8 years; P<0.001). Aortic cross-clamp and
      cardiopulmonary bypass times were shorter in group A than in groups B and C. As
      expected, aortic cross-clamp time was prolonged in group B as compared to groups
      A and C (60+/-18 vs. 36+/-10 and 54+/-16 min; P<0.001). After multivariate
      adjustment, minimally invasive AVR resulted in significantly fewer postoperative
      complications in terms of drainage bleeding and the need for blood transfusions
      (385+/-287 vs. 500+/-338 mL, P=0.006; and 1.3+/-2.1 vs. 1.8+/-2.6 IU, P=0.001,
      respectively). No differences in postoperative outcomes were observed among
      groups. CONCLUSIONS: The minimally invasive approach confers a protective effect
      against bleeding complications, but it is time-consuming. The use of sutureless
      valves is associated with significantly shorter surgical times compared with
      stented bioprostheses. In addition, no differences in mortality were observed
      among groups, and patients who received a sutureless valve, though significantly
      older, showed a better clinical outcome than patients who received a stented
      valve.

PMID- 27385417
TI  - Antidepressant-like effects of standardized gypenosides: involvement of brain
      derived neurotrophic factor signaling in hippocampus.
AB  - RATIONALE: Gypenosides have been reported to produce neuroprotective effects and
      increase monoamine neurotransmitter levels in the brain. OBJECTIVE: Considering
      that depression is involved in monoamine reduction, this study evaluated the
      antidepressant-like effects of gypenosides in mice exposed to chronic
      unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). METHODS: The sucrose preference test and forced
      swimming test were performed after administration of gypenosides (at 25, 50, or
      100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and
      its downstream targets were analyzed by western blot. Additionally, hippocampal
      neuronal proliferation was measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Four-week
      treatment with fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) and gypenosides (at either 50 or 100 mg/kg)
      increased sucrose preference and decreased the immobility time in mice exposed to
      CUMS. In addition, gypenosides (at either 50 or 100 mg/kg) also increased BDNF
      expression and neuronal proliferation in the hippocampus of CUMS animals.
      Further, we showed that treating CUMS mice with K252a, which is an inhibitor of
      the BDNF receptor TrkB, blocked the effects of gypenosides (100 mg/kg), including
      behavioral improvements, neuronal proliferation, and up-regulation of p-TrkB, p
      ERK, and p-Akt proteins. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that gypenosides
      exhibit antidepressant-like effects in mice, which may be mediated by activation
      of the BDNF-ERK/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus.

PMID- 27385419
TI  - Cold-adapted influenza viruses as a promising platform for viral-vector vaccines.

PMID- 27385420
TI  - Sieve estimation of Cox models with latent structures.
AB  - This article considers sieve estimation in the Cox model with an unknown
      regression structure based on right-censored data. We propose a semiparametric
      pursuit method to simultaneously identify and estimate linear and nonparametric
      covariate effects based on B-spline expansions through a penalized group
      selection method with concave penalties. We show that the estimators of the
      linear effects and the nonparametric component are consistent. Furthermore, we
      establish the asymptotic normality of the estimator of the linear effects. To
      compute the proposed estimators, we develop a modified blockwise majorization
      descent algorithm that is efficient and easy to implement. Simulation studies
      demonstrate that the proposed method performs well in finite sample situations.
      We also use the primary biliary cirrhosis data to illustrate its application.

PMID- 27385421
TI  - Electroactive biomimetic collagen-silver nanowire composite scaffolds.
AB  - Electroactive biomaterials are widely explored as bioelectrodes and as scaffolds
      for neural and cardiac regeneration. Most electrodes and conductive scaffolds for
      tissue regeneration are based on synthetic materials that have limited
      biocompatibility and often display large discrepancies in mechanical properties
      with the surrounding tissue causing problems during tissue integration and
      regeneration. This work shows the development of a biomimetic nanocomposite
      material prepared from self-assembled collagen fibrils and silver nanowires
      (AgNW). Despite consisting of mostly type I collagen fibrils, the homogeneously
      embedded AgNWs provide these materials with a charge storage capacity of about
      2.3 mC cm(-2) and a charge injection capacity of 0.3 mC cm(-2), which is on par
      with bioelectrodes used in the clinic. The mechanical properties of the materials
      are similar to soft tissues with a dynamic elastic modulus within the lower kPa
      range. The nanocomposites also support proliferation of embryonic cardiomyocytes
      while inhibiting the growth of both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram
      positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. The developed collagen/AgNW composites thus
      represent a highly attractive bioelectrode and scaffold material for a wide range
      of biomedical applications. 

PMID- 27385422
TI  - Small-Molecule Carbohydrate-Based Immunostimulants.
AB  - In this review, we discuss small-molecule, carbohydrate-based immunostimulants
      that target Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and cluster of differentiation 1D (CD1d)
      receptors. The design and use of these molecules in immunotherapy as well as
      results from their use in clinical trials are described. How these molecules work
      and their utilization as vaccine adjuvants are also discussed. Future
      applications and extensions for the use of these analogues as therapeutic agents
      will be outlined.

PMID- 27385423
TI  - "Ene" Reactions of Singlet Oxygen at the Air-Water Interface.
AB  - Prenylsurfactants [(CH3)2C?CH(CH2)nSO3(-) Na(+) (n = 4, 6, or 8)] were designed
      to probe the "ene" reaction mechanism of singlet oxygen at the air-water
      interface. Increasing the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic chain caused
      an increase in the regioselectivity for a secondary rather than tertiary
      surfactant hydroperoxide, arguing for an orthogonal alkene on water. The use of
      water, deuterium oxide, and H2O/D2O mixtures helped to distinguish mechanistic
      alternatives to homogeneous solution conditions that include dewetting of the pi
      bond and an unsymmetrical perepoxide transition state in the hydroperoxide
      forming step. The prenylsurfactants and a photoreactor technique allowed a
      certain degree of interfacial control of the hydroperoxidation reaction on a
      liquid support, where the oxidant (airborne (1)O2) is delivered as a gas.

PMID- 27385424
TI  - Identification of the Mtus1 Splice Variant as a Novel Inhibitory Factor Against
      Cardiac Hypertrophy.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In cardiac hypertrophy and failure, there is a widespread alteration
      in mRNA splicing, but the role of splice variants in cardiac hypertrophy has not
      yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we used an exon array to identify novel
      splice variants associated with cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS: We
      performed genome-wide exon array analysis and developed a splicing profile in
      murine hearts with hypertrophy induced by transverse aortic constriction for 8
      weeks. Following global analysis of splice variants using the Mouse Exon 1.0 ST
      Array, we identified 46 spliced genes and narrowed our focus to 1 gene,
      mitochondrial tumor suppressor 1 (Mtus1), whose splice variants were registered
      in the NCBI RefSeq database. Notably, one of the splice variants Mtus1A was
      specifically upregulated, although the total expression of the Mtus1 gene
      remained unchanged. We showed that Mtus1A was localized in the mitochondria, and
      its expression level increased with the degree of cardiac hypertrophy. In
      cultured cardiomyocytes, Mtus1A overexpression reduced phenylephrine-induced
      reactive oxygen species production and consequent ERK phosphorylation, resulting
      in a decrease in both cell size and protein synthesis. In vivo, cardiac-specific
      Mtus1A transgenic mice showed left ventricle wall thinning and a reduced
      hypertrophic response to pressure overload and phenylephrine treatment.
      CONCLUSIONS: We found that Mtus1 is specifically spliced in hypertrophic hearts
      and that the Mtus1A variant has an inhibitory effect on cardiac hypertrophy.
      Mtus1A is, therefore, a possible diagnostic and therapeutic target for cardiac
      hypertrophy and failure.

PMID- 27385426
TI  - Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Overexpressing Mutant Human Hypoxia
      Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF1-alpha) in an Ovine Model of Acute Myocardial
      Infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) are cardioprotective
      in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) because of release of paracrine angiogenic
      and prosurvival factors. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-alpha), rapidly
      degraded during normoxia, is stabilized during ischemia and upregulates various
      cardioprotective genes. We hypothesized that BMMSCs engineered to overexpress
      mutant, oxygen-resistant HIF1-alpha would confer greater cardioprotection than
      nontransfected BMMSCs in sheep with AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: Allogeneic BMMSCs
      transfected with a minicircle vector encoding mutant HIF1-alpha (BMMSC-HIF) were
      injected in the peri-infarct of sheep (n=6) undergoing coronary occlusion. Over 2
      months, infarct volume measured by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging
      decreased by 71.7+/-1.3% (P<0.001), and left ventricular (LV) percent ejection
      fraction (%EF) increased near 2-fold (P<0.001) in the presence of markedly
      decreased end-systolic volume. Sheep receiving nontransfected BMMSCs (BMMSC; n=6)
      displayed less infarct size limitation and percent LVEF improvement, whereas in
      placebo-treated animals (n=6), neither parameters changed over time. HIF1-alpha
      transfected BMMSCs (BMMSC-HIF) induced angio-/arteriogenesis and decreased
      apoptosis by HIF1-mediated overexpression of erythropoietin, inducible nitrous
      oxide synthase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiopoietin-1. Cell
      tracking using paramagnetic iron nanoparticles in 12 additional sheep revealed
      enhanced long-term retention of BMMSC-HIF. CONCLUSIONS: Intramyocardial delivery
      of BMMSC-HIF reduced infarct size and improved LV systolic performance compared
      to BMMSC, attributed to increased neovascularization and cardioprotective effects
      induced by HIF1-mediated overexpression of paracrine factors and enhanced
      retention of injected cells. Given the safety of the minicircle vector and the
      feasibility of BMMSCs for allogeneic application, this treatment may be
      potentially useful in the clinic.

PMID- 27385425
TI  - Dietary Nitrate and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Report From a
      National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop.

PMID- 27385427
TI  - Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor 23: Clinical Correlates and Association With
      Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the Framingham Heart Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is emerging as a novel biomarker
      of bone metabolism, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
      However, its clinical correlates and potential predictive role in a community
      based setting are incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated
      participants of the Framingham Heart Study (seventh examination cycle of the
      Offspring cohort plus second examination cycle of the multiethnic Omni cohort) to
      identify clinical correlates of plasma FGF23 (N=3236) and examine its cross
      sectional association with vascular function (N=2209), and longitudinal
      association with 10-year incidence of CVD (N=2823), and all-cause mortality
      (N=3223).Circulating FGF23 concentrations were positively related to African
      American and Asian ethnicity, waist circumference, current smoking, serum
      glucose, history of CVD, and antihypertensive medication use; and negatively
      related to male sex, hormone replacement therapy, and estimated glomerular
      filtration rate. Multivariable-adjusted cross-sectional analyses showed no
      consistent association of FGF23 with vascular function measures. During a median
      follow-up time of 10.8 years, 347 incident CVD events and 412 deaths occurred.
      Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models revealed a positive association of
      FGF23 with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] per SD increase, 1.31; 95% CI,
      1.20-1.42), but not with incident CVD (HR per SD increase, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.94
      1.17). CONCLUSIONS: In our large, community-based sample, FGF23 was associated
      with mortality risk, but not with vascular function or incident CVD.

PMID- 27385428
TI  - Systematic Review of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Apheresis for the
      Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Apheresis is an important treatment for reducing low-density
      lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia
      (FH). We systematically reviewed the current literature surrounding LDL-C
      apheresis for FH. METHODS AND RESULTS: Electronic databases were searched for
      publications of LDL-C apheresis in patients with FH. Inclusion criteria include
      articles in English published in 2000-2013 that provide descriptions of practice
      patterns, efficacy/effectiveness, and costs related to LDL-C apheresis in
      patients with FH. Data were stratified by country and FH genotype where possible.
      Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria: 8 open-label clinical trials, 11
      observational studies, 17 reviews/guidelines, and 2 health technology
      assessments. The prevalence of FH was not well characterized by country, and
      underdiagnosis was a barrier to FH treatment. Treatment guidelines varied by
      country, with some guidelines recommending LDL-C apheresis as first-line
      treatment in patients with homozygous FH and after drug therapy failure in
      patients with heterozygous FH. Additionally, guidelines typically recommended
      weekly or biweekly LDL-C apheresis treatments conducted at apheresis centers that
      may last 2 to >3 hours per session. Studies reported a range for mean LDL-C
      reduction after apheresis: 57-75% for patients with homozygous FH and 58-63% for
      patients with heterozygous FH. Calculated annual costs (in US$2015) may reach
      US$66 374 to US$228 956 per patient for weekly treatment. CONCLUSIONS: LDL-C
      apheresis treatment may be necessary for patients with FH when drug therapy is
      inadequate in reducing LDL-C to target levels. While apheresis reduces LDL-C,
      high per-session costs and the frequency of guideline-recommended treatment
      result in substantial annual costs, which are barriers to the optimal treatment
      of FH.

PMID- 27385429
TI  - Acute Kidney Injury Definition and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Undergoing
      Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial
      Infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been associated with increased
      mortality in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. We compared the
      mortality predictive accuracy of the 3 AKI definitions used most widely for
      patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary
      percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 3771
      patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary
      percutaneous coronary intervention at 2 Italian hospitals. AKI incidence was
      evaluated according to creatinine increases of >=25% (AKI-25), >=0.3 mg/dL (AKI
      0.3), and >=0.5 mg/dL (AKI-0.5). The primary end point was in-hospital mortality.
      Overall, 557 (15%), 522 (14%), and 270 (7%) patients developed AKI-25, AKI-0.3,
      and AKI-0.5, respectively (P<0.01). All AKI definitions independently predicted
      in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio 4.9 [95% CI 3.1-7.8], 5.4 [95% CI 3.3
      8.6], and 8.3 [95% CI 5.1-13.3], respectively; P<0.01 for all). At receiver
      operating characteristic analysis, the addition of each AKI definition to
      combined clinical predictors of mortality (age, sex, left ventricular ejection
      fraction, admission creatinine, creatine kinase-MB peak) found at stepwise
      analysis significantly improved mortality prognostication (area under the curve
      increased from 0.89 for clinical predictor combination alone to 0.92 for AKI-25,
      0.92 for AKI-0.3, and 0.93 for AKI-0.5; P<0.01 for all). At reclassification
      analysis, AKI-0.5 added to clinical predictors, provided the highest score in
      mortality (net reclassification improvement +10% versus AKI-0.3 [P=0.01] and +8%
      versus AKI-25 [P=0.05]). CONCLUSIONS: Each AKI definition significantly improved
      the mortality prediction beyond major clinical variables. AKI-0.5 showed a
      mortality discrimination advantage, suggesting it should be the preferred
      definition in studies addressing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and
      focusing on short-term mortality.

PMID- 27385430
TI  - The feasibility of determining the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of
      medication organisation devices compared with usual care for older people in a
      community setting: systematic review, stakeholder focus groups and feasibility
      randomised controlled trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Medication organisation devices (MODs) provide compartments for a
      patient's medication to be organised into the days of the week and the
      recommended times the medication should be taken. AIM: To define the optimal
      trial design for testing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of
      MODs. DESIGN: The feasibility study comprised a systematic review and focus
      groups to inform a randomised controlled trial (RCT) design. The resulting
      features were tested on a small scale, using a 2 * 2 factorial design to compare
      MODs with usual packaging and to compare weekly with monthly supply. The study
      design was then evaluated. SETTING: Potential participants were identified by
      medical practices. PARTICIPANTS: Aged over 75 years, prescribed at least three
      solid oral dosage form medications, unintentionally non-adherent and self
      medicating. Participants were excluded if deemed by their health-care team to be
      unsuitable. INTERVENTIONS: One of three MODs widely used in routine clinical
      practice supplied either weekly or monthly. OBJECTIVES: To identify the most
      effective method of participant recruitment, to estimate the prevalence of
      intentional and unintentional non-adherence in an older population, to provide a
      point estimate of the effect size of MODs relative to usual care and to determine
      the feasibility and acceptability of trial participation. METHODS: The systematic
      review included MOD studies of any design reporting medication adherence, health
      and social outcomes, resource utilisation or dispensing or administration errors.
      Focus groups with patients, carers and health-care professionals supplemented the
      systematic review to inform the RCT design. The resulting design was implemented
      and then evaluated through questionnaires and group discussions with participants
      and health-care professionals involved in trial delivery. RESULTS: Studies on
      MODs are largely of poor quality. The relationship between adherence and health
      outcomes is unclear. Of the limited studies reporting health outcomes, some
      reported a positive relationship while some reported increased hospitalisations
      associated with MODs. The pre-trial focus groups endorsed the planned study
      design, but suggested a minimum recruitment age of 50-60 years. A total of 35.4%
      of patients completing the baseline questionnaire were excluded because they
      already used a MOD. Active recruitment yielded a higher consent rate, but passive
      recruitment was more cost-effective. The prevalence of intentional non-adherence
      was 24.7% [n = 71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 19.7% to 29.6%] of participants.
      Of the remaining 76 participants, 46.1% (95% CI 34.8% to 57.3%) were
      unintentionally non-adherent. There was no indication of a difference in
      adherence between the study arms. Participants reported a high level of
      satisfaction with the design. Five adverse/serious adverse events were identified
      in the MOD study arms and none was identified in the control arms. There was no
      discernible difference in health economic outcomes between the four study arms;
      the mean intervention cost was L20 per month greater for MOD monthly relative to
      usual supply monthly. CONCLUSIONS: MOD provision to unintentionally non-adherent
      older people may cause medication-related adverse events. The primary outcome for
      a definitive MOD trial should be health outcomes. Such a trial should recruit
      patients by postal invitation and recruit younger patients. FUTURE WORK: A study
      examining the association between MOD initiation and adverse effects is necessary
      and a strategy to safely introduce MODs should be explored. A definitive study
      testing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of MODs is also
      required. STUDY REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN 30626972 and UKCRN
      12739. FUNDING: This project was funded by National Institute for Health Research
      (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Programme and will be published in full in
      Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 20, No. 50. See the NIHR Journals Library
      website for further project information.

PMID- 27385431
TI  - The Rtt107 BRCT scaffold and its partner modification enzymes collaborate to
      promote replication.
AB  - Faithful duplication of the entire genome during each cell cycle is key for
      genome maintenance. Each stage of DNA replication, including initiation,
      progression, and termination, is tightly regulated. Some of these regulations
      enable replisomes to overcome tens of thousands of template obstacles that block
      DNA synthesis. Previous studies have identified a large number of proteins that
      are dedicated to this mission, including protein modification enzymes and
      scaffold proteins. Protein modification enzymes can bestow fast and reversible
      changes on many substrates, and thus are ideal for coordinating multiple events
      needed to promptly overcome replication impediments. Scaffold proteins can
      support specific protein-protein interactions that enable protein complex
      formation, protein recruitment, and partner enzyme functions. Taken together with
      previous studies, our recent work elucidates that a group of modification and
      scaffold proteins form several complexes to aid replication progression and are
      particularly important for synthesizing large replicons. Additionally, our work
      reveals that the intrinsic plasticity of the replication initiation program can
      be used to compensate for deficient replication progression. (1). 

PMID- 27385432
TI  - Changes in health-related quality of life with treatment of longer-acting
      clotting factors: results in the A-LONG and B-LONG clinical studies.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: In haemophilia, prophylactic infusion of replacement factor can
      result in improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) when compared
      with episodic treatment. The Haemophilia-specific Quality of Life (Haem-A-QoL)
      questionnaire assessed HRQoL in adults with severe haemophilia A or B who
      received prophylactic or episodic treatment with recombinant factor VIII or IX Fc
      fusion protein (rFVIIIFc or rFIXFc) in the A-LONG or B-LONG clinical studies.
      AIMS: Understand changes in HRQoL during the A-LONG and B-LONG trials. METHODS:
      Group-level and individual-level changes over time for the Haem-A-QoL key domains
      of 'Physical Health' and 'Sports & Leisure,' and 'Total Score' were evaluated in
      adults through baseline and 6-month HRQoL assessments. Previously determined
      responder definitions (RDs) were used for evaluating meaningful subject-level
      HRQoL improvements. RESULTS: The analysis included 67 A-LONG and 51 B-LONG
      subjects who completed the Haem-A-QoL (baseline and 6 months). While HRQoL
      improvements were observed among all treatment groups, greater improvements in
      HRQoL were observed among subjects who received episodic treatment pre-study (and
      prophylaxis on-study) compared to those who received hyphenate prophylaxis.
      Applying the RDs for interpreting 6-month changes, 47.4%/33.3% ('Physical
      Health'), 35.9%/50.0% ('Sports & Leisure') and 23.9%/33.3% ('Total Score') of A
      LONG subjects who received individualized or weekly prophylaxis were classified
      as HRQoL responders. In B-LONG, 69.2%/57.9% ('Physical Health'), 44.4%/56.7%
      ('Sports & Leisure') and 41.7%/44.1% ('Total Score') of subjects who received
      individualized or weekly prophylaxis were classified as HRQoL responders.
      CONCLUSION: Changes in Haem-A-QoL key domains and 'Total Score' suggest that
      prophylaxis with long-acting rFVIIIFc or rFIXFc resulted in meaningful HRQoL
      improvements.

PMID- 27385433
TI  - Gold-catalysed reactions of diynes.
AB  - In this critical review the reactivity patterns observed with different types of
      diyne substrates in gold catalysis are discussed. Apart from the many examples
      from homogeneous catalysis, the few examples from heterogeneous gold catalysis
      are also included. With a proper arrangement of the two alkynes unique and
      exciting reactivity patterns like 1,3-carbonyl transpositions, carbene transfer
      reactions, cascade annulations, macrocyclisations or the formation of gold
      vinylidene intermediates are observed. These reactions are of interest for
      organic synthesis, for pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry and for material
      science. 

PMID- 27385434
TI  - Using probit regression to disclose the analytical performance of qualitative and
      semi-quantitative tests.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The analytical performance of qualitative and semi-quantitative tests
      is usually studied by calculating the fraction of positive results after
      replicate testing of a few specimens with known concentrations of the analyte. We
      propose using probit regression to model the probability of positive results as a
      function of the analyte concentration, based on testing many specimens once with
      a qualitative and a quantitative test. METHODS: We collected laboratory data
      where urine specimens had been analyzed by both a urine albumin ('protein')
      dipstick test (Combur-Test strips) and a quantitative test (BN ProSpec System).
      For each dipstick cut-off level probit regression was used to estimate the
      probability of positive results as a function of urine albumin concentration. We
      also used probit regression to estimate the standard deviation of the continuous
      measurement signal that lies behind the binary test response. Finally, we used
      probit regression to estimate the probability of reading a specific semi
      quantitative dipstick result as a function of urine albumin concentration.
      RESULTS: Based on analyses of 3259 specimens, the concentration of urine albumin
      with a 0.5 (50%) probability of positive result was 57 mg/L at the lowest
      possible cut-off limit, and 246 and 750 mg/L at the next (higher) levels. The
      corresponding standard deviations were 29, 83, and 217 mg/L, respectively. Semi
      quantitatively, the maximum probability of these three readings occurred at a u
      albumin of 117, 420, and 1200 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Probit regression
      is a useful tool to study the analytical performance of qualitative and semi
      quantitative tests.

PMID- 27385435
TI  - Pleosporalone A, the first azaphilone characterized with aromatic A-ring from a
      marine-derived Pleosporales sp. fungus.
AB  - A fungal strain, Pleosporales sp. CF09-1, was isolated from marine sediment
      collected from the Bohai Sea. A novel azaphilone derivative, named pleosporalone
      A (1), along with two known analogues, cohaerins A and B (2 and 3), were obtained
      and identified from the culture extract of Pleosporales sp. CF09-1. Their planar
      structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of spectroscopic data and by
      comparison with related known compounds. Pleosporalone A (1) represents the first
      azaphilone derivative characterised with A-ring aromatisation. Compound 1 showed
      strong antifungal activity against three plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea,
      Rhizopus oryzae and Phytophthora capsici with the MIC values of 0.39, 0.78 and
      0.78 MUM, respectively. 

PMID- 27385437
TI  - Limits of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells for Gene Expression-Based Biomarkers
      in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.
AB  - Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is one of the most common chronic disease
      conditions affecting children in the USA. As with many rheumatic diseases, there
      is growing interest in using genomic technologies to develop biomarkers for
      either diagnosis or to guide treatment ("personalized medicine"). Here, we
      explore the use of gene expression patterns in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
      (PBMC) as a first step approach to developing such biomarkers. Although PBMC
      carry many theoretical advantages for translational research, we have found that
      sample heterogeneity makes RNASeq on PBMC unsuitable as a first-step method for
      screening biomarker candidates in JIA. RNASeq studies of homogeneous cell
      populations are more likely to be useful and informative.

PMID- 27385439
TI  - Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecules: more than death-receptor antagonists in the
      nervous system.
AB  - The importance of death receptor (DR) signaling in embryonic development and
      physiological homeostasis is well established, as is the existence of several
      molecules that modulate DRs function, among them Fas Apoptotis Inhibitory
      Molecules. Although FAIM1, FAIM2, and FAIM3 inhibit Fas-induced cell death, they
      are not structurally related, nor do they share expression patterns. Moreover,
      they inhibit apoptosis through completely different mechanisms. FAIM1 and FAIM2
      protect neurons from DR-induced apoptosis and are involved in neurite outgrowth
      and neuronal plasticity. FAIM1 inhibits Fas ligand- and tumor necrosis factor
      alpha-induced apoptosis by direct interaction with Fas receptor and through the
      stabilization of levels of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, a potent anti
      apoptotic protein that inhibits caspases. Low FAIM1 levels are found in
      Alzheimer's disease, thus sensitizing neurons to tumor necrosis factor alpha and
      prompting neuronal loss. FAIM2 protects from Fas by direct interaction with Fas
      receptor, as well as by modulating calcium release at the endoplasmic reticulum
      through interaction with Bcl-xL. Several studies prove the role of FAIM2 in
      diseases of the nervous system, such as ischemia, bacterial meningitis, and
      neuroblastoma. The less characterized member of the FAIM family is FAIM3, which
      is expressed in tissues of the digestive and urinary tracts, bone marrow and
      testes, and restricted to the cerebellum in the nervous system. FAIM3 protects
      against DR-induced apoptosis by inducing the expression of other DR-antagonists
      such as CFLAR or through the interaction with the DR-adaptor protein Fas
      associated via death domain. FAIM3 null mouse models reveal this protein as an
      important mediator of inflammatory autoimmune responses such as those triggered
      in autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Given the differences between FAIMs and the
      variety of processes in which they are involved, here we sought to provide a
      concise review about these molecules and their roles in the physiology and
      pathology of the nervous system. Even though they share name and inhibit Fas
      induced cell death, Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecules (FAIMs) are not
      structurally related and inhibit apoptosis through completely different
      mechanisms. In this review, we describe FAIM1, FAIM2, and FAIM3 functions in the
      nervous system, and their implication in diverse pathologies such as
      neurodegenerative disease, cancer, or autoimmune diseases.

PMID- 27385440
TI  - Stepwise diagnosis in covert hepatic encephalopathy: critical flicker frequency
      and MELD-score as a first-step approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) by means of
      portosystemic encephalopathy syndrome (PSE) test is costly and therefore
      infrequently performed. AIM: To determine the ability of critical flicker
      frequency (CFF) alone or in combination with laboratory findings, as an initial
      test to pre-select which patients should undergo further testing for the
      diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy. METHODS: This single-centre study
      included all patients with cirrhosis who underwent PSE and CFF in 2011. CHE was
      defined by abnormal PSE test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to
      identify predictors of CHE. ROC curves were used to identify cut-offs of these
      independent predictors. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen patients were
      included. Seventy (60%) had CHE with a higher MELD [16 (IQR 13-21); P = 0.001]
      and lower CFF [38 Hz (IQR 36-41) P = 0.0011]. On multivariate analyses, CFF [OR
      0.83 (95% CI 0.74-0.94)] and MELD [OR 1.13 (95% CI 1.04-1.22)] were identified as
      independent predictors of CHE. Sensitivity and specificity of a CFF cut-off of 43
      Hz was 93.5% and 42.9%, and for a MELD cut-off of 24, it was 97.5% and 32.8%
      respectively. Most patients with a MELD-Score <24 and a CFF >43 Hz did not have
      CHE (78%) and with a MELD-Score >24 and CFF <43 Hz most patients had CHE (85%).
      Therefore, 27% of patients could avoid further testing with a diagnostic accuracy
      of 81%. CONCLUSION: The combination of MELD-score and critical flicker frequency
      may be used as a first diagnostic step to filter patients, in whom further covert
      hepatic encephalopathy testing could be avoided.

PMID- 27385438
TI  - The adipokine lipocalin-2 in the context of the osteoarthritic osteochondral
      junction.
AB  - Obesity and osteoarthritis (OA) form a vicious circle in which obesity
      contributes to cartilage destruction in OA, and OA-associated sedentary behaviour
      promotes weight gain. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a novel adipokine with catabolic
      activities in OA joints, contributes to the obesity and OA pathologies and is
      associated with other OA risk factors. LCN2 is highly induced in osteoblasts in
      the absence of mechanical loading, but its role in osteoblast metabolism is
      unclear. Therefore, because osteochondral junctions play a major role in OA
      development, we investigated the expression and role of LCN2 in osteoblasts and
      chondrocytes in the OA osteochondral junction environment. Our results showed
      that LCN2 expression in human osteoblasts and chondrocytes decreased throughout
      osteoblast differentiation and was induced by catabolic and inflammatory factors;
      however, TGF-beta1 and IGF-1 reversed this induction. LCN2 reduced osteoblast
      viability in the presence of iron and enhanced the activity of MMP-9 released by
      osteoblasts. Moreover, pre-stimulated human osteoblasts induced LCN2 expression
      in human chondrocytes, but the inverse was not observed. Thus, LCN2 is an
      important catabolic adipokine in osteoblast and chondrocyte metabolism that is
      regulated by differentiation, inflammation and catabolic and anabolic stimuli,
      and LCN2 expression in chondrocytes is regulated in a paracrine manner after
      osteoblast stimulation.

PMID- 27385441
TI  - Quantifying the effect of tissue deformation on diffusion-weighted MRI: a
      mathematical model and an efficient simulation framework applied to cardiac
      diffusion imaging.
AB  - Cardiac motion presents a major challenge in diffusion weighted MRI, often
      leading to large signal losses that necessitate repeated measurements. The
      diffusion process in the myocardium is difficult to investigate because of the
      unqualified sensitivity of diffusion measurements to cardiac motion. A rigorous
      mathematical formalism is introduced to quantify the effect of tissue motion in
      diffusion imaging. The presented mathematical model, based on the Bloch-Torrey
      equations, takes into account deformations according to the laws of continuum
      mechanics. Approximating this mathematical model by using finite elements method,
      numerical simulations can predict the sensitivity of the diffusion signal to
      cardiac motion. Different diffusion encoding schemes are considered and the
      diffusion weighted MR signals, computed numerically, are compared to available
      results in literature. Our numerical model can identify the existence of two time
      points in the cardiac cycle, at which the diffusion is unaffected by myocardial
      strain and cardiac motion. Of course, these time points depend on the type of
      diffusion encoding scheme. Our numerical results also show that the motion
      sensitivity of the diffusion sequence can be reduced by using either spin echo
      technique with acceleration motion compensation diffusion gradients or stimulated
      echo acquisition mode with unipolar and bipolar diffusion gradients.

PMID- 27385444
TI  - The effect of construal level on unethical behavior.
AB  - : Construal level theory predicts that people will judge immoral events more
      harshly when these are presented in a way that elicits a higher construal level,
      relative to a lower construal level. Previous research supported this prediction
      using an Israeli sample but not a U.S. SAMPLE: This article compared Israeli and
      U.S. samples with respect to the interactive effect of utility and construal
      level on unethical behavioral intentions. We found that construal level did not
      affect unethical behavioral intentions in either the U.S. samples for low-utility
      level or the Israeli samples for low- and high-utility levels. In contrast,
      construal level affected unethical behavioral intentions in the U.S. sample for
      high-utility level: unethical behavioral intentions were higher in the low
      construal level compared to the high-construal level. We discuss these findings
      and suggest additional factors that challenge arguments concerning the direct
      effect of construal level on unethical behavior.

PMID- 27385445
TI  - Embedding technology into inter-professional best practices in home safety
      evaluation.
AB  - PURPOSE: To explore inter-professional home evaluators' perspectives and needs
      for building useful and acceptable decision-support tools for the field of home
      modifications. METHOD: Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with a
      range of home modification professionals from different regions of the United
      States. The interview transcripts were analyzed with a qualitative, descriptive,
      perspective approach. RESULTS: Technology supports current best practice and has
      potential to inform decision making through features that could enhance home
      evaluation processes, quality, efficiency and inter-professional communication.
      CONCLUSIONS: Technological advances with app design have created numerous
      opportunities for the field of home modifications. Integrating technology and
      inter-professional best practices will improve home safety evaluation and
      intervention development to meet client-centred and societal needs. Implications
      for rehabilitation Understanding home evaluators technology needs for home safety
      evaluations contributes to the development of app-based assessments. Integrating
      inter-professional perspectives of best practice and technological needs in an
      app for home assessments improves processes. Novice and expert home evaluators
      would benefit from decision support systems embedded in app-based assessments.
      Adoption of app-based assessment would improve efficiency while remaining client
      centred.

PMID- 27385443
TI  - How antibodies alter the cell entry pathway of dengue virus particles in
      macrophages.
AB  - Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus (DENV) infection plays an
      important role in the exacerbation of DENV-induced disease. To understand how
      antibodies influence the fate of DENV particles, we explored the cell entry
      pathway of DENV in the absence and presence of antibodies in macrophage-like
      P388D1 cells. Recent studies unraveled that both mature and immature DENV
      particles contribute to ADE, hence, both particles were studied. We observed that
      antibody-opsonized DENV enters P388D1 cells through a different pathway than non
      opsonized DENV. Antibody-mediated DENV entry was dependent on FcgammaRs, pH,
      Eps15, dynamin, actin, PI3K, Rab5, and Rab7. In the absence of antibodies, DENV
      cell entry was FcgammaR, PI3K, and Rab5-independent. Live-cell imaging of
      fluorescently-labeled particles revealed that actin-mediated membrane protrusions
      facilitate virus uptake. In fact, actin protrusions were found to actively search
      and capture antibody-bound virus particles distantly located from the cell body,
      a phenomenon that is not observed in the absence of antibodies. Overall, similar
      results were seen for antibody-opsonized standard and antibody-bound immature
      DENV preparations, indicating that the maturation status of the virus does not
      control the entry pathway. Collectively, our findings suggest that antibodies
      alter the cell entry pathway of DENV and trigger a novel mechanism of initial
      virus-cell contact.

PMID- 27385447
TI  - Isolation of Four New Indole-3-acetic Acid (IAA) Oxidative Metabolites, a Pair of
      Diasteromers 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 3,5-Dihydroxy-2-indolinone-3-acetic Acid
      and 5-O-beta-D-cellobiosyl 3,5-Dihydroxy-2-indolinone-3-acetic Acid from Rice
      Bran.
AB  - Four new metabolites related to IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) were isolated from an
      aqueous methanol extract of rice bran and were elucidated by spectroscopic
      methods to be a pair of diastereomers of 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl 3,5-dihydroxy
      2-indolinone-3-acetic acid (A-1 and A-2) and of 5-O-beta-D-cellobiosyl 3,5
      dihydroxy-2-indolinone-3-acetic acid (B-1 and B-2). Compound B-1 was also a
      diastereomer of compound B-2 at the C3 position with an asymmetric carbon atom on
      an indolinone skeleton, like the relationship between compounds A-1 and A-2. 

PMID- 27385446
TI  - Resveratrol administration increases Transthyretin protein levels ameliorating AD
      features- importance of transthyretin tetrameric stability.
AB  - Previous in vivo work showed that resveratrol has beneficial effects in the AD
      pathology, resulting in increased expression of transthyretin (TTR). TTR binds
      Abeta peptide avoiding its aggregation and toxicity, and is reduced in the CSF
      and plasma, in AD. Further, resveratrol binds TTR, stabilizing the native TTR
      tetrameric structure. To further explore the mechanism of neuroprotection
      conferred by TTR in AD, resveratrol was administrated, in the diet, to 5-8 months
      old AD transgenic female mice carrying just one copy of the mouse TTR gene, for
      two months. Effects in brain Abeta burden were evaluated by immunohistochemistry,
      and in total brain Abeta levels by ELISA, showing a striking decrease in both
      parameters in treated animals. In addition, total brain LRP1 protein levels were
      increased in treated animals, although its gene expression was unaltered. To
      further understand the mechanism(s) underlying such improvement in AD features,
      we measured TTR plasma levels showing that TTR increased in resveratrol-treated
      mice, whereas liver TTR gene transcription was not altered. These results
      strengthen the stability hypothesis, which postulates that TTR is unstable in AD
      leading to accelerated clearance and lower levels. Therefore, resveratrol which
      stabilizes the TTR tetramer results in TTR normalized clearance, thus increasing
      the protein plasma levels. In turn, stabilized TTR binds more strongly to Abeta
      peptide, avoiding its aggregation. Our results represent a step forward to the
      understanding of the mechanism underlying TTR protection in AD and highlight the
      possibility of using TTR stabilization as a therapeutic target in AD.

PMID- 27385448
TI  - Relationship between the Physical Properties and Surface Area of Cellulose
      Derived from Adsorbates of Various Molecular Sizes.
AB  - An aqueous suspension of bacterial cellulose (BC) has such physical properties as
      higher viscosity, emulsion-stabilizing effect and filler retention than cellulose
      of other origins. The specific surface areas of BC, microfibrillated cellulose
      and wood pulp were evaluated by determining the maximum amounts of adsorption of
      Congo red, cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) and xyloglucan. There was a positive
      linear correlation between the above-mentioned physical properties of each
      cellulose sample and the specific surface area derived from the maximum amount of
      CDH adsorbed. The highest physical property values for BC result from the largest
      external surface area of the fibrils of BC to which CDH was adsorbed. 

PMID- 27385449
TI  - Enhancing Effect of beta-Lactoglobulin on the Antioxidative Activity of alpha
      Tocopherol in an Emulsion of Linoleic Acid.
AB  - The antioxidative activity of alpha-tocopherol and Trolox, a water-soluble
      carboxylic acid derivative of alpha-tocopherol, in an emulsion stabilized with
      the hydrophilic emulsifier, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate, was
      evaluated by measuring the changes in linoleic acid content, peroxide value, and
      thiobarbituric acid value. The activity of alpha-tocopherol and Trolox to depress
      the autoxidation of linoleic acid was stronger when they were added in the
      aqueous phase than when added in the oil phase, and Trolox in the aqueous phase
      was the most effective. The results of interfacial-tension measurements support
      the idea that the affinity of phenolic antioxidants to the surface layer of oil
      droplets might be related to their antioxidative activity. The antioxidative
      activity of alpha-tocopherol and Trolox added in the oil phase was markedly
      enhanced by using beta-lactoglobulin together with Tween 20 to stabilize a
      linoleic acid emulsion. The results of a linoleic acid determination with cold
      and radioactive linoleic acid indicate that linoleic acid in a complex with the
      beta-lactoglobulin molecule would be effectively protected by the phenolic
      antioxidants, alpha-tocopherol and Trolox, against autoxidation. 

PMID- 27385450
TI  - Characterization of Molecular Structure of Starch Granules in Suspension-cultured
      Cells from Ipomoea cordatotriloba Denn.
AB  - The molecular structure of starch granules formed in suspension-cultured cells of
      Ipomoea cordatotriloba Denn. was characterized by its chain length distribution,
      which was compared to those of the starches from the root and leaf of the
      original plant. The cultured cell starches were spherical and had a very small
      granule size (about 2 MUm). The debranched starches roughly separated into three
      fractions during gel-permeation chromatography, and the fractions were defined as
      Fr.1, 2, and 3, respectively. The chain length distribution of the debranched
      cultured cell starch showed that the high molecular weight fraction (Fr.1),
      referred to as an amylose fraction, was much less than those of the root and leaf
      starches. The ratio of the two lower fractions (Fr.3/Fr.2) of the cultured cell
      starch, which was mainly derived from unit chains of amylopectin, was greatest
      among the starches, suggesting that the amylopectin from the cultured cell starch
      has much shorter unit chains. By X-ray diffraction analysis, it was found that
      both cultured cell and leaf starch granules have low crystallinity. 

PMID- 27385451
TI  - NADPH Oxidase System as a Superoxide-generating Cyanide-Resistant Pathway in the
      Respiratory Chain of Corynebacterium glutamicum.
AB  - The respiratory chain of Corynebacterium glutamicum was investigated, especially
      with respect to a cyanide-resistant respiratory chain bypass oxidase. The
      membranes of C. glutamicum had NADH, succinate, lactate, and NADPH oxidase
      activities, and menaquinone, and cytochromes a 598, b 562(558), and c 550 as
      respiratory components. The NADH, succinate, lactate, and NADPH oxidase systems,
      all of which were more cyanide-resistant than N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylene
      diamine oxidase activity (cytochrome aa 3 terminal oxidase), had different
      sensitivities to cyanide; the cyanide sensitivity of these oxidase systems
      increased in the order, NADPH, lactate, NADH, and succinate. Taken together with
      the analysis of redox kinetics in the cytochromes and the effects of respiratory
      inhibitors, the results suggested that there is a cyanide-resistant bypass
      oxidase branching at the menaquinone site, besides cyanide-sensitive cytochrome
      oxidase in the respiratory chain. H(+)/O measurements with resting cells
      suggested that the cyanide-sensitive respiratory chain has two or three coupling
      sites, of which one is in NADH dehydrogenase and the others between menaquinone
      and cytochrome oxidase, but the cyanide-resistant bypass oxidase may not have any
      proton coupling site. NADPH and lactate oxidase systems were more resistant to UV
      irradiation than other systems and the UV insensitivity was highest in the NADPH
      oxidase system, suggesting that a specific quinone resistant to UV or no such a
      quinone works in at least NADPH oxidase system while the UV-sensitive menaquinone
      pool does in other oxidase systems. Furthermore, superoxide was generated in well
      washed membranes, most strongly in the NADPH oxidase system. Thus, it was
      suggested that the cyanide-resistant bypass oxidase system of C. glutamicum is
      related to the NADPH oxidase system, which may be involved in generation of
      superoxide anions and probably functions together with superoxide dismutase and
      catalase. 

PMID- 27385452
TI  - Solanapyrones, Phytotoxins Produced by Alternaria solani: Biosynthesis and
      Isolation of Minor Components.
AB  - Two minor components of solanapyrones D and E, phytotoxins from Alternaria
      solani, were isolated. The absolute stereochemistry of D and the optical purity
      of solanapyrones A and D were determined by chemical transformation and
      measurement of the CD spectrum. In addition, complete signal assignment of the
      (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectra of solanapyrones A and D, and their solution
      conformations were studied. Feeding experiments with various isotopically labeled
      acetates and methionine established the biosynthetic pathway of solanapyrones.
      The phytotoxicity of solanapyrones on lettuce seedlings is discussed. 

PMID- 27385453
TI  - Inhibition of Photosystem II of Spinach by Lichen-derived Depsides.
AB  - Barbatic acid, a lichen-derived depside, inhibited oxygen evolution in spinach
      thylakoid membranes. It also affected parameters of Chl fluorescence, (Fm'-F)/F
      and Fv/Fm. Using specific donors and acceptors of electrons, we found two sites
      of inhibition in the PS II complex. The primary site, which is responsible for
      the inhibition of oxygen evolution, is at the reducing side of QA, possibly at
      QB. The other site is at the oxidizing side of P680 but not in the oxygen
      evolving complex, suggesting Yz as the target. At both sites, irreversible
      binding of the depside to the targets seems to be responsible for the
      inhibitions. Among the 8 lichen acids compared, barbatic acid was the most potent
      inhibitor for both the reducing site and oxidizing site. 

PMID- 27385454
TI  - New Aldobiuronic Acid, 3-O-alpha-D-Glucopyranuronosyl-L-rhamnopyranose, from an
      Acidic Polysaccharide of Chlorella vulgaris.
AB  - The new aldobiuronic acid, 3-O-alpha-D-glucopyranuronosyl-L-rhamnopyranose, was
      isolated from the acid hydrolyzate of an acidic polysaccharide in cells of
      Chlorella vulgaris K-22. Its structure was elucidated by NMR spectroscopic
      analyses. 

PMID- 27385455
TI  - Morphological Changes in Insect BM-N4 Cells Induced by Nocardamine.
AB  - Nocardamine, a kind of siderophore, was isolated as an inducer of morphological
      changes in the insect cells, BM-N4. It changed the morphology of the cells from
      round to an unusual spindle shape. This activity of nocardamine was inhibited by
      adding the ferric ion. 

PMID- 27385456
TI  - Isolation of An Aroma Precursor of Benzaldehyde from Tea Leaves (Camellia
      sinensis var. sinensis cv. Yabukita).
AB  - The cyanoglycoside, prunasin, was isolated for the first time as an aroma
      precursor of benzaldehyde from fresh tea leaves (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis
      cv. Yabukita). Prunasin was readily hydrolyzed by a crude enzyme prepared from
      the fresh tea leaves to liberate benzaldehyde. The isomerization of prunasin
      under neutral conditions was also recognized. 

PMID- 27385457
TI  - Prevention of Copper-mediated Lipoprotein Oxidation by Heme-containing Proteins
      from the Plasma of Japanese Eel Anguilla japonica.
AB  - A brown-colored fraction containing heme was separated from the lipoprotein-free
      plasma of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). This fraction prevented the oxidation
      of very-low-density lipoprotein incubated with CuSO4 ranging in concentration
      from 0.5 to 3 MUM. The antioxidant activity seemed to derive from the heme
      binding proteins of the brown-colored fraction. 

PMID- 27385458
TI  - Syntheses of Sphingomyelins and Ceramides Bearing a Docosahexaenoyl or
      Arachidonoyl Group.
AB  - Sphingomyelins and ceramides bearing a docosahexaenoyl or arachidonoyl group were
      synthesized from sphingosylphosphorylcholine and sphingosine, respectively, by
      dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-mediated acylation. 

PMID- 27385459
TI  - Isolation and Some Properties of the Antimicrobial Peptide (Pa-AMP) from the
      Seeds of Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana).
AB  - An antimicrobial peptide, designated Pa-AMP, was purified by gel filtration on
      Sephadex G-75 followed by S-Sepharose, Cosmosil-SP, and reverse-phase HPLC from
      the seeds of pokeweed (Phytolacca americana). Pa-AMP is a basic peptide having an
      isoelectric point of over 10 and its extinction coefficient at 280 nm of 1%
      aqueous solution was 7.7. Pa-AMP has a molecular mass of 4 kDa and 3.4 kDa on
      tricine SDS-PAGE under nonreducing and reducing conditions, respectively. The N
      terminal amino acid of Pa-AMP was blocked. The concentrations of peptide required
      for 50% inhibition (IC50) of the growth of plant pathogenic fungi, Gram-positive,
      and Gram-negative bacteria were 3 to 41 MUg/ml. Differing from other peptides, Pa
      AMP inhibited the growth of some Gram-negative bacteria. 

PMID- 27385460
TI  - High consumption of tetracyclines for acne treatment among young Danish adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tetracyclines are used as acne treatment in adolescents worldwide. A
      large increase in the consumption of antimicrobial agents in Danish primary
      health care was recently linked to high levels of tetracycline use in
      adolescents. METHODS: Here we closely examine how demographic factors influenced
      tetracycline use from 2005 to 2014 using consumption data from primary health
      care expressed as defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID)
      and number of persons treated per 1000 inhabitants. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2013,
      tetracycline consumption increased by 54% followed by a decrease of 14% in 2014.
      Increases were especially pronounced in persons aged 15-39 years where nearly
      9000 additional persons were treated with tetracyclines. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      shows a long-lasting high consumption of tetracyclines in young Danes with a
      notable recent decrease breaking the otherwise worrying trend. To obtain a
      further decrease, focus on public awareness and suitable acne treatment
      guidelines are highly important.

PMID- 27385461
TI  - Postponing parenthood to advanced age.
AB  - The aim of the Postponing Parenthood project was to investigate several aspects
      of the delaying of childbearing phenomenon in Sweden and Norway, such as medical
      risks and parental experiences. Data were retrieved from the Swedish and
      Norwegian Medical Birth Registers and three different cohorts: the Swedish Young
      Adult Panel Study, the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort, and the Swedish Women's
      Experiences of Childbirth cohort. Postponing childbirth to age 35 years and later
      increased the risk of rare but serious pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth and
      very preterm birth. Older first-time parents were slightly more anxious during
      pregnancy, and childbirth overall was experienced as more difficult, compared
      with younger age groups. First-time mothers' satisfaction with life decreased
      from about age 28 years, both when measured during pregnancy and early
      parenthood. Delaying parenthood to mid-30 or later was more related to lifestyle
      than socioeconomic factors, suggesting that much could be done in terms of
      informing young persons about the limitations of fertility and assisted
      reproductive techniques, and the risks associated with advanced parental age.

PMID- 27385462
TI  - Unconventional Electronic Structure and Chlorination/Dechlorination Mechanisms of
      (#1911)C64 Fullerene.
AB  - We report a computational work on the electronic structure and derivatization of
      (#1911)C64. By means of computations based on density functional theory, we find
      that (#1911)C64 in states of closed-shell singlet (CS), open-shell singlet (OS),
      and triplet are iso-energetic with an energy difference less than 0.1 kcal mol(
      1). The regioselective chlorine additions on CS, OS, and triplet C64 are studied,
      and the formation of experimentally observed C64Cl4 and C64Cl8 have been
      successfully elucidated for the first time. In addition, the dechlorination
      processes of formed chlorofullerenes are also explored. In contrast to the
      radical Cl addition, the reverse reaction is a themolysis process, and the
      decomposition sequence is proved to be simply determined by the C-Cl bond length.

PMID- 27385463
TI  - Plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulins and bethametasone - a combined
      protocol to treat autoimmune congenital heart block: a prospective cohort study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: At the moment there are no standard guidelines for the treatment of
      autoimmune congenital heart block (CHB). We set out to carry out a prospective
      cohort study to evaluate the benefits, limits, and safety of a combined therapy
      protocol to treat antibody-related CHB. METHODS: Twelve consecutive pregnant
      patients positive to anti-SSA/Ro +/- anti-SSB/La antibodies in whom CHB was
      detected were prospectively evaluated from 2009 to 2014. The treatment protocol
      consisted of: weekly plasmapheresis, fortnightly intravenous immunoglobulins
      (IVIG), and daily 4 mg betamethasone from CHB detection until delivery; IVIG was
      administered to the neonates soon after birth. RESULTS: At the time CHB was
      detected, six of the foetuses presented atrioventricular blocks of 2(nd) degree
      type and six of 3(rd) degree type. Two of the foetuses with a 2(nd) degree block
      reverted to a 1st degree block and one to a normal atrioventricular conduction.
      The condition was stable throughout the pregnancy in the other three cases of
      2(nd) degree block. All six 3(rd) degree blocks were stable during pregnancy and
      confirmed at birth. After a mean of 37.6 months +/- 19.6 SD post-birth, the
      infants with 1st, normal sinus rhythm, and 2(nd) degree blocks at birth were all
      found to be stable. During the follow-up (29 months +/- 19.8 SD), pacemakers were
      implanted in three of the six infants with 3(rd) degree blocks. CONCLUSIONS: This
      combined therapy seems to be effective and safe in treating 2(nd) degree CHB,
      while its efficacy in treating 3rd degree CHB remains to be established.

PMID- 27385465
TI  - Monitoring of kidney function in older people living with HIV.

PMID- 27385464
TI  - Biospectroscopy of Nanodiamond-Induced Alterations in Conformation of Intra- and
      Extracellular Proteins: A Nanoscale IR Study.
AB  - The toxicity of nanomaterials raises major concerns because of the impact that
      nanomaterials may have on health, which remains poorly understood. We need to
      explore the fate of individual nanoparticles in cells at nano and molecular
      levels to establish their safety. Conformational changes in secondary protein
      structures are one of the main indicators of impaired biological function, and
      hence, the ability to identify these changes at a nanoscale level offers unique
      insights into the nanotoxicity of materials. Here, we used nanoscale infrared
      spectroscopy and demonstrated for the first time that nanodiamond-induced
      alterations in both extra- and intracellular secondary protein structures lead to
      the formation of antiparallel beta-sheet, beta-turns, intermolecular beta-sheet,
      and aggregation of proteins. These conformational changes of the protein
      structure may result in the loss of functionality of proteins and in turn lead to
      adverse effects.

PMID- 27385466
TI  - Robust Maleimide-Functionalized Gold Surfaces and Nanoparticles Generated Using
      Custom-Designed Bidentate Adsorbates.
AB  - A series of custom-designed alkanethioacetate ligands were synthesized to provide
      a facile method of attaching maleimide-terminated adsorbates to gold
      nanostructures via thiolate bonds. Monolayers on flat gold substrates derived
      from both mono- and dithioacetates, with and without oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG)
      moieties in their alkyl spacers, were characterized using X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy, polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption
      spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and contact angle goniometry. For all adsorbates, the
      resulting monolayers revealed that a higher packing density and more homogeneous
      surface were generated when the film was formed in EtOH, but a higher percentage
      of bound thiolate was obtained in THF. A series of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
      capped with each adsorbate were prepared to explore how adsorbate structure
      influences aqueous colloidal stability under extreme conditions, as examined
      visually and spectroscopically. The AuNPs coated with adsorbates that include OEG
      moieties exhibited enhanced stability under high salt concentration, and AuNPs
      capped with dithioacetate adsorbates exhibited improved stability against ligand
      exchange in competition with dithiothreitol (DTT). Overall, the best results were
      obtained with a chelating dithioacetate adsorbate that included OEG moieties in
      its alkyl spacer, imparting improved stability via enhanced solubility in water
      and superior adsorbate attachment owing to the chelate effect.

PMID- 27385467
TI  - Early Feeding Practices and Weight Status at One Year of Age: A Comparison of
      Hispanic Immigrant Mother-Infant Dyads with Participants of the Infant Feeding
      Practices Study II.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hispanic preschoolers have higher rates of BMI >=85th percentile than
      any other racial/ethnic group. To identify underpinnings of this disparity, we
      compared early feeding practices and subsequent weight status for a sample of
      infants of low-income, Hispanic immigrant mothers with participants from the
      Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFPS II). METHODS: Proyecto de Bebes Hispanos
      Saludables (PBHS) collected medical record data for mother-infant dyads (n = 550)
      from a large pediatric clinic for low-income families and merged it with IFPS II
      data (n = 1502) to compare early feeding practices and late infancy weight
      status. RESULTS: Mode of milk delivery for PBHS mothers was less likely to be
      exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months (9.0% vs. 27.5%), but more likely to be both
      breast and bottle feeding (43.5% vs. 26.3%) compared to IFPS II mothers. No
      difference was found in age for solid food introduction. Weight for age of PBHS
      infants was more likely to be >=85th percentile at 12 months than IFPS II infants
      (39.1% vs. 25.4%). Both PBHS and IFPS II infants were more likely to be >=85th
      percentile at 1 year if mode of milk delivery was bottle only at 6 months
      compared to those who were breastfed only, even after adjusting for potential
      confounders. CONCLUSION: Differences in PBHS and IFPS II feeding practices and
      weight status suggest additional studies of modifiable, early life risk factors
      are needed to inform clinical and public health interventions that reduce
      childhood obesity for this growing sector of the US population.

PMID- 27385469
TI  - First report of monomicrobial Candida parapsilosis necrotizing fasciitis.
AB  - Candida parapsilosis is an emerging pathogen worldwide. It commonly causes soft
      tissue infection; however, to our knowledge there has been no previous report of
      monomicrobial necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) secondary to C.
      parapsilosis. We report the first case of NSTI caused by C. parapsilosis in an
      immunocompromised renal transplant patient, with the diagnosis proven both
      histologically and microbiologically. Our patient required aggressive surgical
      intervention and antifungal therapy, with postoperative survival at 90 days.

PMID- 27385468
TI  - FOXM1 regulates proliferation, senescence and oxidative stress in keratinocytes
      and cancer cells.
AB  - Several transcription factors, including the master regulator of the epidermis,
      p63, are involved in controlling human keratinocyte proliferation and
      differentiation. Here, we report that in normal keratinocytes, the expression of
      FOXM1, a member of the Forkhead superfamily of transcription factors, is
      controlled by p63. We observe that, together with p63, FOXM1 strongly contributes
      to the maintenance of high proliferative potential in keratinocytes, whereas its
      expression decreases during differentiation, as well as during replicative
      induced senescence. Depletion of FOXM1 is sufficient to induce keratinocyte
      senescence, paralleled by an increased ROS production and an inhibition of ROS
      scavenger genes (SOD2, CAT, GPX2, PRDX). Interestingly, FOXM1 expression is
      strongly reduced in keratinocytes isolated from old human subjects compared with
      young subjects. FOXM1 depletion sensitizes both normal keratinocytes and squamous
      carcinoma cells to apoptosis and ROS-induced apoptosis. Together, these data
      identify FOXM1 as a key regulator of ROS in normal dividing epithelial cells and
      suggest that squamous carcinoma cells may also use FOXM1 to control oxidative
      stress to escape premature senescence and apoptosis.

PMID- 27385470
TI  - Understanding individual differences in representational abstraction: The role of
      working memory capacity.
AB  - Several studies have reported differences in categorization strategies among
      participants: some learn a category by making abstraction across the category
      members while others use a memorization strategy. Despite the prevalence of these
      differences, little attention has been paid to investigating what influences some
      to use an abstraction strategy and others a memorization strategy. The current
      study had two goals: in a first experiment we investigated whether these
      differences were stable across time, using the parallel form method often used in
      psychometric research, and in a second experiment we investigated whether the
      individual differences in categorization strategy were related to working memory
      capacity. We used a modelling strategy, in which we not only focused on full
      abstraction and memorization strategies, but also on intermediate strategies in
      which some category members are abstracted and others are not. The first study
      revealed that the individual abstraction strategy of individual participants in
      two different experiments, performed at different times, correlate significantly,
      and second study showed that these individual differences were related to the
      working memory capacity of the participants. 

PMID- 27385471
TI  - Sex-linked differences in the course of chronic kidney disease and congestive
      heart failure: a study in 5/6 nephrectomized Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats
      with volume overload induced using aorto-caval fistula.
AB  - The role of hypertension and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in sex-related
      differences in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and congestive heart
      failure (CHF) remain unclear, especially when the two diseases are combined. In
      male and female Ren-2 transgenic rats (TGR), a model of hypertension with
      activation of endogenous RAS, CKD was induced by 5/6 renal mass reduction (5/6
      NX) and CHF was elicited by volume overload achieved by creation of an aorto
      caval fistula (ACF). The primary aim of the study was to examine long-term CKD-
      and CHF-related mortality, especially in animals with CKD and CHF combined, with
      particular interest in the potential sex-related differences. The follow-up
      period was 23 weeks after the first intervention (5/6 NX). We found, first, that
      TGR did not exhibit sexual dimorphism in the course of 5/6 NX-induced CKD.
      Second, in contrast, TGR exhibited important sex-related differences in the
      course of ACF-induced CHF-related mortality: intact female TGR showed higher
      survival rate than male TGR. This situation is reversed in the course of combined
      5/6 NX-induced CKD and ACF-induced CHF-related mortality: intact female TGR
      exhibited poorer survival than male TGR. Third, the survival rate in animals with
      combined 5/6 NX-induced CKD and ACF-induced CHF was significantly worsened as
      compared with rat groups that were exposed to 'single organ disease'.
      Collectively, our present results clearly show that CKD aggravates long-term
      mortality of animals with CHF. In addition, TGR exhibit remarkable sexual
      dimorphism with respect to CKD- and CHF-related mortality, especially in animals
      with combined CKD and CHF.

PMID- 27385473
TI  - Adherence to a Low-Support Cognitive Remediation Training Program for Psychosis.
AB  - Cognitive remediation (CR) has emerged as the treatment of choice for impaired
      cognition in psychosis. However, little is known about adherence rates and
      factors predicting adherence to CR, particularly in clinical settings where high
      level therapist support is unavailable. This study aimed to establish adherence
      rates and examine variables predicting adherence to a computerized CR program for
      psychosis (with minimal support). Patients with psychosis (n = 61) participated
      in an 8-week CR program. Results showed 46% completed a meaningful amount of CR
      training. The fully adherent (>80% of the prescribed amount) and nonadherent
      groups differed where adherent participants had poorer working-memory and higher
      negative symptom scores. These findings suggest that approximately half of the
      sample were adherent to treatment despite minimal therapist support. Furthermore,
      higher cognitive deficits and negative symptoms did not impede adherence, and may
      have contributed to patients' motivation to complete the program.

PMID- 27385472
TI  - Risk and Protective Factors, Perceptions of Family Environment, Ethnicity, and
      Schizophrenia Symptoms.
AB  - The family environment can play either a detrimental or a protective role in
      symptom severity for people with schizophrenia. The current study examined both
      patient and caregiver perspectives of the family environment in an ethnically
      diverse sample of 221 patients with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that
      environments characterized by high levels of perceived caregiver criticism, low
      perceived caregiver warmth, and low family cohesion (from both the patient and
      caregiver perspective) would predict greater symptom severity. As expected,
      results demonstrated that lower patient ratings of family cohesion and caregiver
      warmth were associated with greater symptom severity. However, once put into a
      hierarchical regression analysis, only patient ratings of family cohesion
      remained significant. Ethnic patterns were also examined and revealed that family
      cohesion may be particularly protective for ethnic minorities. Study implications
      are discussed.

PMID- 27385474
TI  - Work out by Walking: A Pilot Exercise Program for Individuals With Schizophrenia
      Spectrum Disorders.
AB  - The health benefits of exercise are well documented, yet annual health care costs
      related to physical inactivity are well within the billions. Furthermore,
      individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) are more likely to lead
      sedentary lives, exercise less than the general population, and die prematurely
      from preventable causes. Previous research examining the effects of exercise on
      individuals with SSDs has been encouraging yet limited in creating accessible and
      sustainable interventions. The current pilot study developed and evaluated the
      impact of Work out by Walking (WOW), a multicomponent group walking intervention
      on the health of 16 individuals with SSDs. Results indicated improvements in
      indicators of physical health, activity level, social support, and mental health
      and a high level of program satisfaction. Future research should examine
      multicomponent group walking programs for individuals with SSDs in larger samples
      and with the inclusion of a comparison condition.

PMID- 27385475
TI  - Negative Consequences of Family Caregiving for Veterans With PTSD and Dementia.
AB  - Recent research shows veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are
      twice as likely as other veterans to develop dementia. However, no studies to
      date have examined the impact of co-existing PTSD and dementia on family
      caregivers, who provide the majority of care to these veterans. Using the Stress
      Process Model, the current investigation explored the similarities and
      differences in psychosocial, health, and service use outcomes among caregivers
      assisting veterans with PTSD and dementia compared with caregivers assisting
      veterans with dementia only. Caregivers of veterans with PTSD and dementia
      indicated that their relative exhibited more difficult behavior symptoms and used
      more community services. These caregivers also reported more difficulties
      understanding veterans' memory problems and more physical strain. Together,
      results suggested caregivers of veterans with both PTSD and dementia were at
      greater risk of negative caregiving consequences. Implications and suggestions
      for future research are discussed.

PMID- 27385476
TI  - A sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction method for HNA-2 genotyping:
      homozygous c.843A>T mutation predicts the absence of CD177.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human neutrophil antigen-2 is located on a
      glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored receptor, CD177. Humans not expressing
      CD177 on their neutrophils may, under defined conditions, form isoantibodies. The
      genetic background for the absence of CD177 is not fully understood, and genetic
      screening of patients and donors is currently unavailable. A recent study has
      documented two mutations associated with CD177 absence: a nonsense polymorphism
      c.843A>T and a single-base deletion c.1011delG. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: First,
      we aimed to demonstrate that these newly described mutations are indeed
      associated with the absence of CD177. DNA fragments from isoimmunized, CD177
      negative individuals were sequenced (n = 5). An additional five negative and 10
      positive individuals were also analyzed. Second, we aimed to establish a sequence
      specific primer (SSP) polymerase chain reaction method for easy and rapid
      detection of these mutations. RESULTS: None of 10 CD177-positive individuals, but
      four of 10 CD177-negative individuals were homozygous for the A>T mutation at
      Position c.843, including three of five isoimmunized individuals. This finding is
      supportive for the reported association. Surprisingly, and in contrast to the
      initial report, c.1011delG was not detected in our cohort. Furthermore, a two
      step SSP method for c.843A>G was successfully established. CONCLUSION: c.843A>T,
      but not c.1011delG, is associated with the absence of CD177 in a significant
      number of individuals, including CD177-isoimmunized women. The c.843A>T mutation
      is easily detectable by a newly established SSP, but screening for this mutation
      will only provide sufficient evidence for a final diagnosis in case of
      homozygosity for the c.843T allele.

PMID- 27385477
TI  - Endocytosis Mechanism of Nano Metal-Organic Frameworks for Drug Delivery.
AB  - The pathway of internalization and final fate of a specific metal-organic
      framework (MOF) in cells has been investigated for the first time. This study is
      based on two calcein-loaded UiO-66 samples with particle sizes of 150 and 260 nm
      (i.e., cal@150 UiO-66 and cal@260 UiO-66, respectively), and shows that the
      active trafficking of cal@150 UiO-66 is done almost exclusively through clathrin
      mediated endocytosis, whereas the uptake of cal@260 UiO-66 is a combination of
      both clathrin and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Colocalization studies with a
      lysosomal marker showed that cal@150 UiO-66 is located mostly in lysosomes for
      further degradation, whereas cal@260 UiO-66 seems to avoid the lysosomal
      degradation and potentially deliver the cargo molecules in the cytosol, allowing
      their distribution to different cellular organelles. This study reveals the
      importance of the internalization processes of MOFs, particularly the relevance
      of their particle size, and also the critical significance of their final fate to
      become an efficient drug delivery system. Based on these results, it is possible
      that extremely small particle-sized MOFs are not the most efficient carriers and
      instead relatively medium-sized particles are required.

PMID- 27385478
TI  - Quality of life in patients with allergic rhinitis: a clinical trial comparing
      the use of bilastine versus loratadine.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether there were differences
      in health-related quality of life of patients with allergic rhinitis treated with
      bilastine 20 mg compared to those treated with loratadine 10 mg. DESIGN: This was
      a prospective randomised double-blinded study. SETTING: Otolaryngology outpatient
      clinics in Criciuma, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-three
      patients, aged between 18 and 63 years, of whom 36 were treated with loratadine
      10 mg and 37 with bilastine 20 mg with medication administered once a day for 10
      days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome was quality of life as assessed by the
      modified Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQm), which was
      applied at baseline and after 10 days of treatment. RESULTS: The use of bilastine
      20 mg or loratadine 10 mg significantly reduced RQLQm scores after 10 days of
      treatment (P < 0.001); however, there was no statistically significant difference
      between the two treatment groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Health-related quality
      of life in patients with allergic rhinitis improved significantly after 10 days
      of treatment with loratadine and bilastine, and the effectiveness of both was
      equivalent.

PMID- 27385479
TI  - Long-term impact of stroke on patients' health-related quality of life.
AB  - PURPOSE: This international study aims to examine the size and determinants of
      the impact of stroke on five-year survivors' health-related quality of life
      (HRQoL) in four different European countries. METHOD: Patients were recruited
      consecutively in four European rehabilitation centers. Five years after stroke,
      the EuroQol-visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) was administered in 226 first-ever
      stroke patients. Impact of stroke was determined by calculating EQ-VAS z-norm
      scores (= deviation - expressed in SD - of patients' EQ-VAS level relative to
      their age-and gender-matched national population norms). Determinants of EQ-VAS z
      norm scores were identified using multivariate linear regression analysis.
      RESULTS: Five years post-stroke, patients' mean EQ-VAS was 63.74 (SD = 19.33).
      Mean EQ-VAS z-norm score was -0.57 [95%CI: (-0.70)-(-0.42)]. Forty percent of the
      patients had an EQ-VAS z-norm score <-0.75 SD; 52% had an EQ-VAS z-norm score
      between -0.75 and +0.75 SD, only 8% scored >+0.75 SD. Higher patients' levels of
      depression, anxiety and disability were associated with increasingly negative EQ
      VAS z-norm scores (adjusted R2 = 0.392). CONCLUSIONS: Five years after stroke,
      mean HRQoL of stroke survivors showed large variability and was more than 1/2 SD
      below population norm. Forty percent had a HRQoL level below, 52% on, and 8%
      above population norm. The variability could only partially be explained by the
      variables considered in this study. Longitudinal studies are needed to increase
      our understanding of the size and determinants of the impact of stroke on the
      HRQoL of long-term stroke survivors. Implications for rehabilitation The current
      European concept of stroke rehabilitation is focused on the acute and sub-acute
      rehabilitation phase, i.e., in the first months after stroke. The results of this
      study show that at five years after stroke, the mean level of HRQoL of stroke
      survivors remains below the healthy population level. This finding shows the need
      for continuation of rehabilitation in the chronic phase. At five years after
      stroke, higher patients' levels of depression, anxiety and disability were
      associated with lower scores for HRQoL. This finding implicates that chronic
      rehabilitation programs should be multi-faceted in order to increase long-term
      survivors' psychosocial outcomes.

PMID- 27385480
TI  - Thermal and magnetic anomalies of alpha-iron: an exploration by extended x-ray
      absorption fine structure spectroscopy and synchrotron x-ray diffraction.
AB  - The local structure and dynamics of alpha-iron have been investigated by extended
      x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction (XRD)
      in order to shed light on some thermal and magnetic anomalies observed in the
      last decades. The quantitative EXAFS analysis of the first two coordination
      shells reveals a peculiar local vibrational dynamics of alpha-iron: the second
      neighbor distance exhibits anharmonicity and vibrational anisotropy larger than
      the first neighbor distance. We search for possible distortions of the bcc
      structure to justify the unexplained magnetostriction anomalies of alpha-iron and
      provide a value for the maximum dislocation of the central Fe atom. No thermal
      anomalies have been detected from the current XRD data. On the contrary, an
      intriguing thermal anomaly at about 150 K, ascribed to a stiffening of the Fe-Fe
      bonds, was found by EXAFS.

PMID- 27385481
TI  - Angiographic underestimation of disease severity in the left anterior descending
      artery: a fractional flow reserve analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study compared the prevalence of angiographic underestimation of
      left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesions with non-LAD lesions. BACKGROUND:
      Coronary angiography cannot assess the functional severity of a coronary
      stenosis. Previous studies suggested that lesions of the LAD are more often
      angiographically underestimated, but evidence is limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Fractional flow reserve (FFR) was performed in 335 coronary lesions (187 LAD
      lesions and 148 non-LAD lesions). A visually estimated diameter stenosis of at
      least 70% was considered functionally significant. An FFR value of up to 0.80 was
      considered significant. Multivariable analyses were carried out. RESULTS:
      Angiographically, LAD lesions as well as non-LAD lesions were considered
      functionally significant in 29% (P=0.94). FFR showed significant stenosis of the
      LAD in 52% compared with 24% in non-LAD lesions (P<0.001). Underestimation was
      observed in 30% of LAD lesions compared with 11% in non-LAD lesions (P<0.001).
      The adjusted odds ratio for underestimation in LAD lesions in comparison with non
      LAD lesions was 3.48 (95% confidence interval 1.89-6.41; P<0.001). CONCLUSION:
      Underestimation of the functional severity of a coronary stenosis is more common
      in LAD lesions. FFR should be performed more often for intermediate stenosis of
      the LAD.

PMID- 27385482
TI  - Molecular clock integration of brown adipose tissue formation and function.
AB  - The circadian clock is an essential time-keeping mechanism that entrains internal
      physiology to environmental cues. Despite the well-established link between the
      molecular clock and metabolic homeostasis, an intimate interplay between the
      clock machinery and the metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) is only
      emerging. Recently, we came to appreciate that the formation and metabolic
      functions of BAT, a key organ for body temperature maintenance, are under an
      orchestrated circadian clock regulation. Two complementary studies from our group
      uncover that the cell-intrinsic clock machinery exerts concerted control of brown
      adipogenesis with consequent impacts on adaptive thermogenesis, which adds a
      previously unappreciated temporal dimension to the regulatory mechanisms
      governing BAT development and function. The essential clock transcriptional
      activator, Bmal1, suppresses adipocyte lineage commitment and differentiation,
      whereas the clock repressor, Rev-erbalpha, promotes these processes. This newly
      discovered temporal mechanism in fine-tuning BAT thermogenic capacity may enable
      energy utilization and body temperature regulation in accordance with external
      timing signals during development and functional recruitment. Given the important
      role of BAT in whole-body metabolic homeostasis, pharmacological interventions
      targeting the BAT-modulatory activities of the clock circuit may offer new
      avenues for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, particularly
      those associated with circadian dysregulation. 

PMID- 27385483
TI  - Risk Factors for Conversion of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Surgery: A
      New Predictive Statistical Model.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently the standard
      treatment for benign gallbladder pathologies, some cases still require conversion
      to open cholecystectomy. Since open cholecystectomy has a significantly higher
      morbidity rate and a lengthier stay in the hospital compared with laparoscopic
      surgery, predicting this conversion would grant a great advantage in the
      management of cholecystitis. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop a
      predictive statistical model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2006 and
      January 2011, 1335 laparoscopic cholecystectomies were initiated at the General
      Surgery Department of Hacettepe University. One hundred four of these cases were
      started as laparoscopic surgeries, but converted to open cholecystectomies. In
      our study, we randomly chose 104 laparoscopically completed cases and compared
      them with the 104 converted cases. We used 31 parameters, including demographics,
      ultrasonographic findings, and laboratory values, to compare groups. These
      parameters were later included in a logistic regression analysis to create a
      statistical model that predicts conversion to open cholecystectomy. RESULTS:
      Among the 1335 laparoscopically started cases, 104 (7.7%) were converted to open
      surgery. In our study, we found age, gender, ultrasonographic findings of acute
      cholecystitis, history of choledocolithiasis, history of abdominal surgery, and
      alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels to be significant risk factors. By using a
      receiver operating characteristic curve, we found that the risk significantly
      increases after 55 years of age and an ALP over 80 IU/L. DISCUSSION: Using four
      parameters-age, gender, history of abdominal surgery, and ALP-in our statistical
      model, we were able to predict the conversion from laparoscopic to open
      cholecystectomy with 70% sensitivity and 79% specificity.

PMID- 27385486
TI  - Mutant p53 and mTOR/PKM2 regulation in cancer cells.
AB  - Mutations of TP53 gene are the most common feature in aggressive malignant cells.
      In addition to the loss of the tumor suppressive role of wild-type p53, hotspot
      mutant p53 isoforms display oncogenic proprieties notoriously referred as gain of
      functions (GOFs) which result in chemoresistance to therapies, genomic
      instability, aberrant deregulation of cell cycle progression, invasiveness and
      enhanced metastatic potential, and finally, in patient poor survival rate. The
      identification of novel functional oncogenic pathways regulated by mutant p53
      represent and intriguing topic for emerging therapies against a broad spectrum of
      cancer types bearing mutant TP53 gene. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as
      well as pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) are master regulators of cancer growth,
      metabolism, and cell proliferation. Herein, we report that GOF mutant R175H and
      R273H p53 proteins trigger PKM2 phosphorylation on Tyr 105 through the
      involvement of mTOR signaling. Our data, together with the newly discovered
      connection between mutant p53 and mTOR stimulation, raise important implications
      for the potential therapeutic use of synthetic drugs inhibiting mTOR/PKM2 axis in
      cancer cells bearing mutant TP53 gene. We further hypothesize that mTOR/PKM2
      pathway stimulation serves to sustain the oncogenic activity of mutant p53
      through both the enhancement of chemoresistance and of aerobic glycolysis of
      cancer cells. (c) 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(9):722-726, 2016.

PMID- 27385485
TI  - Citrate Accumulation-Related Gene Expression and/or Enzyme Activity Analysis
      Combined With Metabolomics Provide a Novel Insight for an Orange Mutant.
AB  - 'Hong Anliu' (HAL, Citrus sinensis cv. Hong Anliu) is a bud mutant of 'Anliu'
      (AL), characterized by a comprehensive metabolite alteration, such as lower
      accumulation of citrate, high accumulation of lycopene and soluble sugars in
      fruit juice sacs. Due to carboxylic acid metabolism connects other metabolite
      biosynthesis and/or catabolism networks, we therefore focused analyzing citrate
      accumulation-related gene expression profiles and/or enzyme activities, along
      with metabolic fingerprinting between 'HAL' and 'AL'. Compared with 'AL', the
      transcript levels of citrate biosynthesis- and utilization-related genes and/or
      the activities of their respective enzymes such as citrate synthase, cytosol
      aconitase and ATP-citrate lyase were significantly higher in 'HAL'. Nevertheless,
      the mitochondrial aconitase activity, the gene transcript levels of proton pumps,
      including vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, vacuolar H(+)-PPase, and the juice sac
      predominant p-type proton pump gene (CsPH8) were significantly lower in 'HAL'.
      These results implied that 'HAL' has higher abilities for citrate biosynthesis
      and utilization, but lower ability for the citrate uptake into vacuole compared
      with 'AL'. Combined with the metabolites-analyzing results, a model was then
      established and suggested that the reduction in proton pump activity is the key
      factor for the low citrate accumulation and the comprehensive metabolite
      alterations as well in 'HAL'.

PMID- 27385487
TI  - Lateral Temperature-Gradient Method for High-Throughput Characterization of
      Material Processing by Millisecond Laser Annealing.
AB  - A high-throughput method for characterizing the temperature dependence of
      material properties following microsecond to millisecond thermal annealing,
      exploiting the temperature gradients created by a lateral gradient laser spike
      anneal (lgLSA), is presented. Laser scans generate spatial thermal gradients of
      up to 5  degrees C/MUm with peak temperatures ranging from ambient to in excess
      of 1400  degrees C, limited only by laser power and materials thermal limits.
      Discrete spatial property measurements across the temperature gradient are then
      equivalent to independent measurements after varying temperature anneals.
      Accurate temperature calibrations, essential to quantitative analysis, are
      critical and methods for both peak temperature and spatial/temporal temperature
      profile characterization are presented. These include absolute temperature
      calibrations based on melting and thermal decomposition, and time-resolved
      profiles measured using platinum thermistors. A variety of spatially resolved
      measurement probes, ranging from point-like continuous profiling to large area
      sampling, are discussed. Examples from annealing of III-V semiconductors, CdSe
      quantum dots, low-kappa dielectrics, and block copolymers are included to
      demonstrate the flexibility, high throughput, and precision of this technique.

PMID- 27385489
TI  - Traumatic dental injury research: on children or with children?
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIM: It is widely acknowledged that children should participate in
      healthcare decisions, service development and even setting research agendas.
      Dental traumatology is a major component of paediatric dentistry practice and
      research. However, little is known about young patients' contribution to new
      knowledge in this field. The aim of the study was to establish the extent to
      which children are involved in contemporary dental trauma research and to
      evaluate the quality of the related literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A
      systematic review of the dental trauma literature was conducted from 2006 to
      2014. The electronic databases, MEDLINE and Scopus, were used to identify
      relevant studies. The selected papers were independently examined by five
      calibrated reviewers. Studies were categorized by the degree of children's
      involvement and appraised using a validated quality assessment tool. RESULTS: The
      initial search yielded 4374 papers. After application of the inclusion and
      exclusion criteria, only 96 studies remained. Research on children accounted for
      87.5% of papers, and a proxy was involved in 4.2%. Children were engaged to some
      degree in only 8.3% of studies, and there were no studies where children were
      active research participants. In the quality assessment exercise, papers scored,
      on average, 57% (range = 14-86%). CONCLUSION: There is scope to encourage more
      active participation of children in dental trauma research in the future.
      Furthermore, there are some areas where the quality of research could be improved
      overall.

PMID- 27385490
TI  - A case of cervicogenic headache caused by C5 nerve root derived shwannoma: Case
      report.
AB  - Introduction We report a case of cervicogenic headache caused by an intradural
      extramedullary tumor of the middle cervical spine, which has not previously been
      reported. Case presentation The patient was a 73-year-old male who visited a
      physician for a chief complaint of pain from the left lower jaw to the auricle
      and occipital region. The headache was induced with retroflexion of the neck. On
      cervical magnetic resonance imaging, an intradural extramedullary tumor was noted
      on the left side at the C4/5 level. The intradural tumor, which arose from the C5
      nerve root, was excised and the pain was resolved. The pathological diagnosis was
      schwannoma. Conclusion Previously reported cases of spinal cord tumor-induced
      cervicogenic headache were due to upper cervical spinal tumors. This is the first
      report that a middle-lower cervical intradural extramedullary tumor caused
      cervicogenic headache.

PMID- 27385484
TI  - Monocyte polarization in children with falciparum malaria: relationship to nitric
      oxide insufficiency and disease severity.
AB  - We earlier established that nitric oxide (NO) is protective against severe
      malaria and that arginine and NO levels are reduced in malaria patients. We now
      show that an M2-like blood monocyte phenotype is significantly associated with
      hypoargininemia, NO insufficiency, and disease severity in Tanzanian children
      with falciparum malaria. Compared to control children (n = 106), children with
      moderately severe (n = 77) and severe falciparum malaria (n = 129) had
      significantly higher mononuclear cell arginase 1 mRNA, protein, and enzyme
      activity; lower NOS2 mRNA; lower plasma arginine; and higher plasma IL-10, IL-13,
      and IL-4. In addition, monocyte CD206 and CD163 and plasma soluble CD163 were
      elevated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant
      correlation of risk of severe malaria with both plasma IL-10 and soluble CD163
      levels. Monocyte M2 skewing likely contributes to NO bioinsufficiency in
      falciparum malaria in children. Treatments that reverse the M2 polarization may
      have potential as adjunctive treatment for malaria.

PMID- 27385491
TI  - Modified Guanines as Constituents of Smart Ligands for Nucleic Acid Quadruplexes.
AB  - Repetitive guanine-rich nucleic acid sequences play a crucial role in maintaining
      genome stability and the cell life cycle and represent potential targets for
      regulatory drugs. Recently, it has been demonstrated that guanine-based ligands
      with a porphyrin core can be used as markers of G-quadruplex assemblies in cell
      tissues. Herein, model systems of guanine-based ligands are explored by DFT
      methods. The energies of formation of modified guanine tetrads and those of
      modified tetrads stacked on the top of natural guanine tetrads have been
      calculated. The interaction energy has been decomposed into contributions from
      hydrogen bonding, stacking, and ion coordination and a twist-rise potential
      energy scan has been performed to find the individual local minima. Energy
      decomposition analysis reveals the impact of various substituents (F, Cl, Br, I,
      Me, NMe2 ) on individual energy terms. In addition, cooperative reinforcement in
      forming the modified and stacked tetrads, as well as the frontier orbitals
      participating in the hydrogen-bonding framework involving the HOMO-LUMO gap
      between the occupied sigmaHOMO on the proton-accepting C=O and =N- groups and
      unoccupied sigmaLUMO on the N-H groups, has been studied. The investigated
      systems are demonstrated to have a potential in ligand development, mainly due to
      stacking enhancement compared with natural guanine, which is used as a reference.

PMID- 27385492
TI  - Stereoselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of alpha,alpha-Difluoro-gamma,gamma
      Disubstituted Butenals.
AB  - A highly stereoselective reaction of alpha,alpha-difluoro-gamma,gamma
      disubstituted butenals 2 bearing two different substituents at the gamma position
      has been developed with an organocatalytic system of l-proline (30 mol %) and
      salicylic acid (60 mol %). This novel reaction demonstrated a wide substrate
      scope and excellent E stereoselectivity in most cases. The obtained difluorinated
      aldehyde 2a was applied as a useful synthetic precursor for constructing 3,3
      disubstituted allylic difluoride moieties.

PMID- 27385493
TI  - Metallic implant geometry and susceptibility estimation using multispectral B0
      field maps.
AB  - PURPOSE: To estimate the susceptibility and the geometry of metallic implants
      from multispectral imaging (MSI) information, to separate the metal implant
      region from the surrounding signal loss region. THEORY AND METHODS: The
      susceptibility map of signal-void regions is estimated from MSI B0 field maps
      using total variation (TV) regularized inversion. Voxels with susceptibility
      estimates above a predetermined threshold are identified as metal. The accuracy
      of the estimated susceptibility and implant geometry was evaluated in
      simulations, phantom, and in vivo experiments. RESULTS: The proposed method
      provided more accurate susceptibility estimation compared with a previous method
      without TV regularization, in both simulations and phantom experiments. In the
      phantom experiment where the actual implant was 40% of the signal-void region,
      the mean estimated susceptibility was close to the susceptibility in literature,
      and the precision and recall of the estimated geometry was 85% and 93%. In vivo
      studies in subjects with hip implants also demonstrated that the proposed method
      can distinguish implants from surrounding low-signal tissues, such as cortical
      bone. CONCLUSION: The proposed method can improve the delineation of metallic
      implant geometry by distinguishing metal voxels from artificial signal voids and
      low-signal tissues by estimating the susceptibility maps. Magn Reson Med 77:2402
      2413, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27385494
TI  - Improving outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with cancer
      requires a systematic approach to understanding patients' experiences of care.
AB  - Indigenous Australians experience a greater burden of cancer than other
      Australians, but there is little systematic information about their experiences
      of cancer care. Patient-centred care is increasingly recognised as one of the
      core domains of quality care, alongside clinical effectiveness and patient
      safety. Qualitative studies have identified significant issues relating to
      Indigenous patients' experiences of cancer care, but these data are often
      insufficient to inform and evaluate health service improvement. We need to
      establish appropriate methods that will lead to systematic, routinely collected,
      accurate, population-based data on the experiences of care of Indigenous people
      with cancer, and determine how best to translate these data into improvements in
      the delivery of care to this population. Genuine Indigenous leadership and
      involvement will be necessary, with the whole approach underpinned by the primary
      aim of improving health outcomes for this population.

PMID- 27385495
TI  - Correlating clinical and radiological assessment of joints in haemophilia:
      results of a cross sectional study.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to determine the correlation between the
      radiological changes in haemophilic arthropathy [X-ray, Ultrasound (US) and MRI]
      and clinical assessment as determined by the Hemophilia Joint Health Score
      (HJHS); and to document the US and MRI changes in joints that appear normal on
      plain X-ray and clinical evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 55 study joints
      (22 knees and 33 ankles) in 51 patients with haemophilia/von Willebrand disease,
      with a median age of 15 years (range: 5-17) were assessed using X-rays
      (Pettersson score) and clinical examination (HJHS) at two centres (Toronto,
      Canada; Vellore, India). MRI and ultrasonographic scoring was done through a
      consensus assessment by imagers at both centres using the IPSG MRI and US scores.
      RESULTS: The HJHS had a good correlation with the Pettersson score (rs = 0.66).
      Though the HJHS had moderate correlation with the osteochondral component of the
      MRI and US scores (rs 0.51, 0.45 respectively), its correlation with the soft
      tissue component was poor (rs 0.19; 0.26 respectively). Of the 18 joints with a
      Pettersson score of zero, 88.9% had changes that were detected clinically by the
      HJHS. Osteochondral abnormalities were identified in 38.9% of these joints by the
      MRI, while US images of the same joints were deemed abnormal in 83.3% by the
      current criteria. US identified haemosiderin and other soft tissue changes in all
      of the joints, while the same changes were noted in 94.4% of these joints on MRI.
      There were four joints with a HJHS of zero, all of which had soft tissue changes
      on MRI (score 1-7) and US (score 2-7). Osteochondral changes were detected in
      three of these joints by US and in 2 by MRI. There were four joints with an MRI
      score of 0-1 that had significant US scores (3-5) and HJHS scores (0-6).
      CONCLUSION: US and MRI are able to identify pathological changes in joints with
      normal X-ray imaging and clinical examination. However, further studies are
      required to be able to differentiate early abnormalities from normal. Clinical
      (HJHS) and radiological assessment (US/MRI) provide complimentary information and
      should be considered conjointly in the assessment of early joint arthropathy.

PMID- 27385496
TI  - Thermoelectric plastics: from design to synthesis, processing and structure
      property relationships.
AB  - Thermoelectric plastics are a class of polymer-based materials that combine the
      ability to directly convert heat to electricity, and vice versa, with ease of
      processing. Potential applications include waste heat recovery, spot cooling and
      miniature power sources for autonomous electronics. Recent progress has led to
      surging interest in organic thermoelectrics. This tutorial review discusses the
      current trends in the field with regard to the four main building blocks of
      thermoelectric plastics: (1) organic semiconductors and in particular conjugated
      polymers, (2) dopants and counterions, (3) insulating polymers, and (4)
      conductive fillers. The design and synthesis of conjugated polymers that promise
      to show good thermoelectric properties are explored, followed by an overview of
      relevant structure-property relationships. Doping of conjugated polymers is
      discussed and its interplay with processing as well as structure formation is
      elucidated. The use of insulating polymers as binders or matrices is proposed,
      which permit the adjustment of the rheological and mechanical properties of a
      thermoelectric plastic. Then, nanocomposites of conductive fillers such as carbon
      nanotubes, graphene and inorganic nanowires in a polymer matrix are introduced. A
      case study examines poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) based materials,
      which up to now have shown the most promising thermoelectric performance.
      Finally, a discussion of the advantages provided by bulk architectures e.g. for
      wearable applications highlights the unique advantages that thermoelectric
      plastics promise to offer.

PMID- 27385497
TI  - Morphological and Hemodynamic Effectiveness of Stenting for Pulmonary Artery
      Stenosis - Subanalysis of JPIC Stent Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Percutaneous stenting for branch pulmonary artery stenosis is an
      established interventional choice in congenital heart disease. The apparent
      morphologic change in the vessel diameter often differs from the hemodynamic
      result. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a subanalysis of the data from the
      Japanese Society of Pediatric Interventional Cardiology (JPIC) stent survey. The
      factors that may have contributed to morphologic effectiveness included reference
      vessel diameter (RVD), minimum lumen diameter (MLD) and percent diameter stenosis
      (%DS) and the relation between morphologic and hemodynamic effectiveness was
      evaluated in 206 lesions treated with stenting. We defined a "50% increase in
      MLD" as "morphologically effective", while "achievement of either a reduced
      pressure gradient greater than 50% or an increase of perfusion ratio to the
      affected side to the contralateral side greater than 20%" as "hemodynamically
      effective". Morphologic effectiveness was achieved in 84% of patients. Before
      stenting, %DS was significantly larger, while RVD was smaller in the "effective"
      group than in the "non-effective" group. The cutoff value for effective stenting
      was 51% for %DS and 14.7 mm for RVD before stenting. Hemodynamic effectiveness
      was obtained more often in the "morphologic effective" group. CONCLUSIONS: RVD
      and %DS were the 2 main contributors to acute morphologic effectiveness. There
      was a significant relationship between "morphologic effectiveness" and
      "hemodynamic effectiveness", judging from increased perfusion of the affected
      lung and/or decreased pressure gradient. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1852-1856).

PMID- 27385498
TI  - Relationship of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function to Obesity and Overweight in
      a Japanese Population With Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity has been found to be associated with future development of
      diastolic heart failure. Other evidence has indicated that the effect of obesity
      on left ventricular (LV) mass varies among ethnicities. However, there are few
      data on the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and LV diastolic
      dysfunction in the Japanese population. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed
      echocardiography in 788 subjects without valvular disease or LV systolic
      dysfunction. They were divided into 3 groups by BMI: normal weight, overweight,
      and obese. We used multivariable linear regression analysis to assess the
      clinical variables associated with diastolic parameters, including BMI. We also
      assessed the risk of diastolic dysfunction associated with BMI using
      multivariable logistic models. Overweight and obese subjects had significantly
      worse LV diastolic function and greater LV mass than normal weight subjects. In
      the multivariable analysis, BMI was independently associated with diastolic
      parameters. Furthermore, after adjusting for clinical factors, the increased
      risks of diastolic dysfunction in overweight subjects (adjusted odds ratio: 2.02,
      95% confidence interval 1.21-3.36) and obese subjects (4.85, 3.36-16.27) were
      greater than those previously observed in Western populations. CONCLUSIONS: The
      Japanese population might be more susceptible than Western subjects to the effect
      of BMI on LV diastolic function. Differences between ethnicities should be taken
      into consideration in strategies for the prevention of diastolic heart failure.
      (Circ J 2016; 80: 1951-1956).

PMID- 27385499
TI  - Transtubular Potassium Concentration Gradient as a Surrogate Measure of Arterial
      Underfilling in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The monitoring of tissue hypoperfusion and the subsequent
      neurohumoral activation (ie, arterial underfilling) during decongestion is
      important for the management of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The
      transtubular potassium concentration gradient (TTKG) has been reported to be a
      marker of renal aldosterone bioactivity. This study tested the hypothesis that
      TTKG can be a surrogate of arterial underfilling in patients with ADHF. METHODS
      AND RESULTS: We measured TTKG at discharge in 100 ADHF patients. The primary
      outcome measure was the occurrence of tissue hypoperfusion events (defined
      according to the "Cold Modified 2014" definition criteria) within 1 month after
      discharge. The secondary outcome measure was the occurrence of cardiac death or
      ADHF readmission within 3 months after discharge. On receiver operating
      characteristic curve analysis, TTKG predicted tissue hypoperfusion events with
      high accuracy (C-statistic, 0.889) for a cut-off of 6.0. Multivariate Cox
      regression analyses demonstrated independent relationships between TTKG and both
      the primary and secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: TTKG has utility as a surrogate
      of arterial underfilling, and spot TTKG at discharge may be a prognostic marker
      in ADHF patients. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1965-1970).

PMID- 27385500
TI  - Overview of the 80(th) Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation
      Society - The Past, Present and Future of Cardiovascular Medicine in Japan - -
      The 5(th) Anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake.
AB  - The 80(th)Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society was held
      in Sendai, Japan, on March 18-20, 2016, which coincided with the 5(th)anniversary
      of the Great East Japan Earthquake that hit the Tohoku area on March 11, 2011.
      Thus, the main themes for this meeting were "The Past, Present and Future of
      Cardiovascular Medicine in Japan" and "The 5(th)Anniversary of the Great East
      Japan Earthquake". Despite the provincial location, approximately 15,000 people
      attended during the 3-day meeting, and there were in-depth discussions in each of
      the various sessions on these themes. Especially, to our great pleasure, the
      Japanese Royals, Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko, kindly visited the panel
      exhibition of the Great East Japan Earthquake and spoke words of appreciation to
      us. The meeting successfully completed and we sincerely appreciate the great
      cooperation and support from all affiliates. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1689-1694). 

PMID- 27385501
TI  - A Multifunctional Biomaterial with NIR Long Persistent Phosphorescence,
      Photothermal Response and Magnetism.
AB  - There are many reports on long persistent phosphors (LPPs) applied in bioimaging.
      However, there are few reports on LPPs applied in photothermal therapy (PTT), and
      an integrated system with multiple functions of diagnosis and therapy. In this
      work, we fabricate effective multifunctional phosphors Zn3 Ga2 SnO8 : Cr(3+) ,
      Nd(3+) , Gd(3+) with NIR persistent phosphorescence, photothermal response and
      magnetism. Such featured materials can act as NIR optical biolabels and magnetic
      resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents for tracking the early cancer cells, but
      also as photothermal therapeutic agent for killing the cancer cells. This new
      multifunctional biomaterial is expected to open a new possibility of setting up
      an advanced imaging-guided therapy system featuring a high resolution for
      bioimaging and low side effects for the photothermal ablation of tumors. 

PMID- 27385502
TI  - Effects of topical combinations of clonidine and pentoxifylline on capsaicin
      induced allodynia and postcapsaicin tourniquet-induced pain in healthy
      volunteers: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study.
AB  - This double-blind randomized controlled study was designed to evaluate the
      analgesic effects of topical treatments with clonidine (CLON) and pentoxifylline
      (PTX) tested alone or as low- and high-dose combinations in a human experimental
      model of pain. Of 69 healthy subjects aged 18 to 60 years, 23 each were randomly
      allocated to low-dose (0.04% + 2%) and high-dose (0.1% + 5%) CLON + PTX groups.
      Both of these groups also received their corresponding placebos in one of 2
      treatment periods separated by at least 48 hours. Twenty-three additional
      subjects received either CLON (0.1%) or PTX (5%) as single drug treatments, in
      each of 2 treatment periods. Assessment of analgesic efficacy was based on
      allodynic effects of previous intraepidermal capsaicin injection, as well as
      postcapsaicin tourniquet-induced pain 50 minutes following capsaicin injection.
      Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ratings of pain intensity and the area of dynamic
      mechanical allodynia were the primary outcome measures, whereas area of punctate
      mechanical allodynia (PMA) served as a secondary outcome measure. Topical
      treatments with high- or low-dose combinations significantly reduced VAS ratings
      compared with corresponding placebo treatments throughout the period of
      postcapsaicin tourniquet-induced pain. Importantly, the high-dose combination
      produced lower VAS ratings than CLON alone, which were lower than PTX alone.
      Results also revealed significant inhibition of postcapsaicin dynamic mechanical
      allodynia and PMA for the high-dose combination compared with placebo, and of PMA
      for CLON compared with the low-dose combination. Hence, the present data are
      supportive of further clinical investigation of the high-dose topical combination
      of CLON + PTX in complex regional pain syndrome and neuropathic pain patients,
      for which our preclinical data predict efficacy.

PMID- 27385503
TI  - Why does depression promote long-term opioid use?

PMID- 27385505
TI  - Illness perceptions of leprosy-cured individuals in Surinam with residual
      disfigurements - "I am cured, but still I am ill".
AB  - Objective Leprosy has rarely been the subject of health psychology research
      despite its substantial impact. Our aim was to explore illness perceptions in
      patients and their health care providers in Surinam. The Common Sense Model (CSM)
      was the guiding theoretical model. Design Patients with biomedically cured
      leprosy and their health care providers completed the B-IPQ and took part in semi
      structured interviews. The literature on illness perceptions in patients with
      leprosy was reviewed. Main outcome measures Patients' B-IPQ scores were compared
      with samples of patients with other (chronic) illnesses, and with health care
      providers completing the questionnaire as if they were visibly disfigured
      patients. Quotations from the semi-structured interviews were used to
      contextualise the illness perceptions. Results Patients' B-IPQ scores reflected
      the chronic nature of leprosy and were comparable with those with other chronic
      illnesses. Health care providers perceived leprosy to have a greater negative
      impact than did the patients. Perceived understanding of causes differed
      considerably between patients and health care providers. Conclusion Leprosy
      continues to be experienced as an illness with major psychological and social
      consequences such as stigmatisation, even after biomedical cure. Interventions
      that target patients, health care providers, and society at large may help reduce
      perceived shame and stigma. The CSM is a helpful theoretical model in studying
      this population.

PMID- 27385506
TI  - Static Magnetowetting of Ferrofluid Drops.
AB  - We report results of a comprehensive study of the wetting properties of sessile
      drops of ferrofluid water solutions at various concentrations deposited on flat
      substrates and subjected to the action of permanent magnets of different sizes
      and strengths. The amplitude and the gradient of the magnetic field experienced
      by the ferrofluid are changed by varying the magnets and their distance to the
      surface. Magnetic forces up to 100 times the gravitational one and magnetic
      gradients up to 1 T/cm are achieved. A rich phenomenology is observed, ranging
      from flattened drops caused by the magnetic attraction to drops extended normally
      to the substrate because of the normal traction of the magnetic field. We find
      that the former effect can be conveniently described in terms of an effective
      Bond number that compares the effective drop attraction with the capillary force,
      whereas the drop's vertical elongation is effectively expressed by a
      dimensionless number S, which compares the pressure jump at the ferrofluid
      interface because of the magnetization with the capillary pressure.

PMID- 27385508
TI  - Sensitivity of tissue properties derived from MRgFUS temperature data to input
      errors and data inclusion criteria: ex vivo study in porcine muscle.
AB  - This study evaluates the sensitivity of two magnetic resonance-guided focused
      ultrasound (MRgFUS) thermal property estimation methods to errors in required
      inputs and different data inclusion criteria. Using ex vivo pork muscle MRgFUS
      data, sensitivities to required inputs are determined by introducing errors to
      ultrasound beam locations (r error  =  -2 to 2 mm) and time vectors (t error  =  
      2.2 to 2.2 s). In addition, the sensitivity to user-defined data inclusion
      criteria is evaluated by choosing different spatial (r fit  =  1-10 mm) and
      temporal (t fit  =  8.8-61.6 s) regions for fitting. Beam location errors
      resulted in up to 50% change in property estimates with local minima occurring at
      r error  =  0 and estimate errors less than 10% when r error  <  0.5 mm. Errors
      in the time vector led to property estimate errors up to 40% and without local
      minimum, indicating the need to trigger ultrasound sonications with the MR image
      acquisition. Regarding the selection of data inclusion criteria, property
      estimates reached stable values (less than 5% change) when r fit  >  2.5  * 
      FWHM, and were most accurate with the least variability for longer t fit.
      Guidelines provided by this study highlight the importance of identifying
      required inputs and choosing appropriate data inclusion criteria for robust and
      accurate thermal property estimation. Applying these guidelines will prevent the
      introduction of biases and avoidable errors when utilizing these property
      estimation techniques for MRgFUS thermal modeling applications.

PMID- 27385507
TI  - An investigation of the antibacterial ability and cytotoxicity of a novel cu
      bearing 317L stainless steel.
AB  - In order to solve the challenging problem of microbial infections caused by
      microorganisms on medical implants, it is imperative to develop novel
      antimicrobial biomaterials. This work demonstrated that 317L-Cu stainless steel
      (SS), created by adding copper through a solution and aging heat treatment
      process, exhibited good antibacterial properties against staphylococcus aureus,
      achieving 2 log reduction of planktonic cells after 5 days of incubation. In this
      study, the antibacterial test was performed using the plate count method, the
      fluorescence cell staining method and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction
      (qPCR) method. It is well known that a high concentration of copper ion can lead
      to cytotoxicity. This work explored the cytotoxicity of 317L-Cu SS through real
      time cell analysis (RTCA). Experimental results demonstrated that the 317L-Cu SS
      possessed a satisfactory antibacterial ability against S. aureus, and the
      antibacterial rate based on the reduction of sessile cell count reached 98.3%
      after 24-hour treatment. The bacterial adhesion and the biofilm thickness were
      considerably reduced by the 317L-Cu SS. The results of RTCA suggested that 317L
      Cu SS did not introduce cytotoxicity to mouse cells, indicating its suitability
      as a medical implant material.

PMID- 27385510
TI  - Uncoupling proteins of invertebrates: A review.
AB  - Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) mediate inducible proton conductance in the
      mitochondrial inner membrane. Herein, we summarize our knowledge regarding UCPs
      in invertebrates. Since 2001, the presence of UCPs has been demonstrated in
      nematodes, mollusks, amphioxi, and insects. We discuss the following important
      issues concerning invertebrate UCPs: their evolutionary relationships, molecular
      and functional properties, and physiological impact. Evolutionary analysis
      indicates that the branch of vertebrate and invertebrate UCP4-5 diverged early in
      the evolutionary process prior to the divergence of the animal groups. Several
      proposed physiological roles of invertebrate UCPs are energy control, metabolic
      balance, and preventive action against oxidative stress. (c) 2016 IUBMB Life,
      68(9):691-699, 2016.

PMID- 27385509
TI  - Toothbrushing, Blood Glucose and HbA1c: Findings from a Random Survey in Chinese
      Population.
AB  - Both diabetes and periodontal disease are prevalent in China. Poor oral hygiene
      practice is the major cause of periodontal disease. An association between oral
      hygiene practice and blood glucose level was reported in individuals with
      diabetes, but not in the general population. We examined the association in a
      population-based random survey recruiting 2,105 adults without previously
      diagnosed diabetes in Chongqing city, China. Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c
      (HbA1c) were measured, and a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted for
      each respondent. Self-reported toothbrushing frequency was used as a proxy for
      oral hygiene practice. In a linear model controlling for potential confounders
      (demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, lifestyle risk factors, BMI,
      dental visit frequency, etc.), urban residents who barely brushed their teeth had
      an increase of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.10-0.90) mmol/L in fasting plasma glucose, and an
      increase of 0.26% (0.04-0.47%) in HbA1c, relative to those brushing >=twice
      daily; for rural residents, the effects were 0.26 (0.05-0.48) mmol/L in fasting
      plasma glucose and 0.20% (0.09-0.31%) in HbA1c. Individuals with better oral
      practice tended to have lower level of blood glucose and HbA1c. Establishing good
      oral health behavioral habits may be conducive to diabetes prevention and control
      in the general population.

PMID- 27385512
TI  - Abnormal spermatogenesis and male infertility in testicular zinc finger protein
      Zfp318-knockout mice.
AB  - Zfp318, a mouse gene with a Cys2/His2 zinc finger motif, is mainly expressed in
      germ cells in the testis. It encodes two alternative transcripts, which regulate
      androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional activation or repression by
      overexpression of them. However, the role of Zfp318 is still obscure in vivo,
      especially in spermatogenesis. To elucidate the role of Zfp318 during gamete
      production, we established a knockout mouse line. Zfp318-null male mice exhibited
      infertility, whereas Zfp318-null female mice displayed normal fertility. ZFP318
      was expressed during multiple stages of spermatogenesis, from spermatocytes to
      round spermatids. The nuclei of secondary spermatocytes showed high levels of
      expression. Histological analysis and quantitative analysis of DNA content showed
      decreased numbers of both spermatids in the seminiferous tubules and mature
      spermatozoa in the epididymides of Zfp318-null mice. These results suggest that
      Zfp318 is expressed as a functional protein in testicular germ cells and plays an
      important role in meiosis during spermatogenesis. 

PMID- 27385511
TI  - Age, time living with diagnosed HIV infection, and self-rated health.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: An increasing proportion of people living with HIV are older adults,
      who may require specialized care. Adverse physical and psychological effects of
      HIV infection may be greatest among older people or those who have lived longer
      with HIV. METHODS: The ASTRA study is a cross-sectional questionnaire study of
      3258 HIV-diagnosed adults (2248 men who have sex with men, 373 heterosexual men
      and 637 women) recruited from UK clinics in 2011-2012. Associations of age group
      with physical symptom distress (significant distress for at least one of 26
      symptoms), depression and anxiety symptoms (scores >= 10 on PHQ-9 and GAD-7,
      respectively), and health-related functional problems (problems on at least one
      of three domains of the Euroqol 5D-3L)) were assessed, adjusting for time with
      diagnosed HIV infection, gender/sexual orientation and ethnicity. RESULTS: The
      age distribution of participants was: < 30 years, 5%; 30-39 years, 23%; 40-49
      years, 43%; 50-59 years, 22%; and >= 60 years, 7%. Overall prevalences were:
      physical symptom distress, 56%; depression symptoms, 27%; anxiety symptoms, 22%;
      functional problems, 38%. No trend was found in the prevalence of physical
      symptom distress with age [adjusted odds ratio (OR) for trend across age groups,
      0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89, 1.04; P = 0.36]. The prevalence of
      depression and anxiety symptoms decreased with age [adjusted OR 0.86 (95% CI
      0.79, 0.94; P = 0.001) and adjusted OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.77, 0.94; P = 0.001),
      respectively], while that of functional problems increased (adjusted OR 1.28; 95%
      CI 1.17, 1.39; P < 0.001). In contrast, a longer time with diagnosed HIV
      infection was strongly and independently associated with a higher prevalence of
      symptom distress, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and functional problems
      (P < 0.001 for trends, adjusted analysis). CONCLUSIONS: Among people living with
      HIV, although health-related functional problems were more common with older age,
      physical symptom distress was not, and mental health was more favourable. These
      results suggest that a longer time with diagnosed HIV infection, rather than age,
      is the dominating factor contributing to psychological morbidity and lower
      quality of life.

PMID- 27385513
TI  - Decoupling the effects of confinement and passivation on semiconductor quantum
      dots.
AB  - Semiconductor (SC) quantum dots (QDs) have recently been fabricated by both
      chemical and plasma techniques for specific absorption and emission of light.
      Their optical properties are governed by the size of the QD and the chemistry of
      any passivation at their surface. Here, we decouple the effects of confinement
      and passivation by utilising DC magnetron sputtering to fabricate SC QDs in a
      perfluorinated polyether oil. Very high band gaps are observed for fluorinated
      QDs with increasing levels of quantum confinement (from 4.2 to 4.6 eV for Si, and
      2.5 to 3 eV for Ge), with a shift down to 3.4 eV for Si when oxygen is introduced
      to the passivation layer. In contrast, the fluorinated Si QDs display a constant
      UV photoluminescence (3.8 eV) irrespective of size. This ability to tune the size
      and passivation independently opens a new opportunity to extending the use of
      simple semiconductor QDs. 

PMID- 27385514
TI  - Unprecedented Dual Light-Switching Response of a Metal Dipyridophenazine Complex
      toward Amyloid-beta Aggregation.
AB  - Probes for monitoring protein aggregation with a variety of photophysical
      properties are of importance for the fundamental understanding of the aggregation
      process as well as for drug discovery. In this manuscript we report the
      photoluminescence response of the metal dipyridophenazine complex
      [Re(CO)3(dppz)(Py)](+) in the presence of aggregated Abeta.
      [Re(CO)3(dppz)(Py)](+) shows an instantaneous increase in photoluminescence with
      fibrillar Abeta (primary light-switching), and an unprecedented further increase
      in photoluminescence upon light irradiation at 362 nm (secondary light
      switching). The total increase in photoluminescence amounts to 105-fold, which we
      show can be used to monitor Abeta aggregation in real time.

PMID- 27385515
TI  - Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Version of the Signs of Depression Scale.
AB  - The early detection of depression after stroke is essential for the optimization
      of recovery in aphasic stroke patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      the psychometric properties of the Signs of Depression Scale (SODS), a non
      language-based screening instrument. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a
      sample of 58 stroke patients in a rehabilitation center. The internal consistency
      and interrater reliability were good (alpha = .71 and intraclass correlation
      coefficient [ICC] = .79). The pre-defined hypotheses confirmed the construct
      validity, and the correlation between the SODS and the Patient Health
      Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was moderate ( rb = .32). At a cutoff score of >=1, the
      sensitivity was 0.80, and the specificity was 0.39. These findings indicate that
      the SODS is appropriate to screen for depressive symptoms and can be used by
      nurses to identify symptoms of depression in patients with aphasia who require
      further assessment.

PMID- 27385516
TI  - Variation in health warning effectiveness on cigarette packs: a need for
      regulation?
AB  - The Tobacco Products Directive allows the possibility of strategic placement of
      health warnings on cigarette packs by manufacturers to reduce overall warning
      effectiveness. Information regarding health warning effectiveness was assessed in
      an online survey, and the prevalence of warnings on cigarette packs was assessed
      in a shop survey. Although we find no evidence of a strong correlation between
      health warning effectiveness ratings and their frequency on cigarette packs (r = 
      0.17, P = 0.56), there may be other ways this possibility is exploited. We
      suggest that this potential loophole is addressed and monitoring of the placement
      of health warnings on cigarette packs is continued.

PMID- 27385517
TI  - The integrative role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in nociceptive perception and
      analgesic regulation.
AB  - The level of wakefulness is one of the major factors affecting nociception and
      pain. Stress-induced analgesia supports an animal's survival via prompt defensive
      responses against predators or competitors. Previous studies have shown the
      pharmacological effects of orexin peptides on analgesia. However, orexin neurons
      contain not only orexin but also other co-transmitters such as dynorphin,
      neurotensin and glutamate. Thus, the physiological importance of orexin neuronal
      activity in nociception is unknown. Here we show that adult-stage selective
      ablation of orexin neurons enhances pain-related behaviors, while pharmacogenetic
      activation of orexin neurons induces analgesia. Additionally, we found
      correlative activation of orexin neurons during nociception using fiber
      photometry recordings of orexin neurons in conscious animals. These findings
      suggest an integrative role for orexin neurons in nociceptive perception and pain
      regulation.

PMID- 27385518
TI  - LysGH15 kills Staphylococcus aureus without being affected by the humoral immune
      response or inducing inflammation.
AB  - The lysin LysGH15, derived from the staphylococcal phage GH15, exhibits a wide
      lytic spectrum and highly efficient lytic activity against methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Here, we found that LysGH15 did not induce
      resistance in MRSA or methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains after
      repeated treatment. Although LysGH15 triggered the generation of LysGH15-specific
      antibodies in mice, these antibodies did not block lytic activity in vitro (nor
      the binding capacity of LysGH15). More importantly, when the antibody titre was
      highest in mice immunized with LysGH15, a single intravenous injection of LysGH15
      was sufficient to protect mice against lethal infection with MRSA. These results
      indicated that LysGH15-specific antibodies did not affect the killing efficiency
      of LysGH15 against MRSA in vitro or in vivo. LysGH15 also reduced pro
      inflammatory cytokines in mice with lethal infections. Furthermore, a high-dose
      LysGH15 injection did not cause significant adverse effects or pathological
      changes in the main organs of treated animals. These results provide further
      evidence for the administration of LysGH15 as an alternative strategy for the
      treatment of infections caused by MRSA.

PMID- 27385520
TI  - Allergic contact cheilitis caused by menthol in toothpaste and throat medication:
      a case report.

PMID- 27385519
TI  - The reproducibility of nickel, cobalt and chromate sensitization in patients
      tested at least twice in the period 1992-2014 with TRUE Test(r).

PMID- 27385521
TI  - Assessment of chromium(VI) release from 848 jewellery items by use of a
      diphenylcarbazide spot test.

PMID- 27385522
TI  - ESSCA results with nickel, cobalt and chromium, 2009-2012.

PMID- 27385523
TI  - Allergic contact dermatitis caused by rotigotine in a transdermal therapeutic
      system.

PMID- 27385525
TI  - Fixed alcohol eruption.

PMID- 27385524
TI  - Contact dermatitis caused by pharmaceutical ointments containing 'ozonated' olive
      oil.

PMID- 27385527
TI  - Direct Structural Identification of Gas Induced Gate-Opening Coupled with
      Commensurate Adsorption in a Microporous Metal-Organic Framework.
AB  - Gate-opening is a unique and interesting phenomenon commonly observed in flexible
      porous frameworks, where the pore characteristics and/or crystal structures
      change in response to external stimuli such as adding or removing guest
      molecules. For gate-opening that is induced by gas adsorption, the pore-opening
      pressure often varies for different adsorbate molecules and, thus, can be applied
      to selectively separate a gas mixture. The detailed understanding of this
      phenomenon is of fundamental importance to the design of industrially applicable
      gas-selective sorbents, which remains under investigated due to the lack of
      direct structural evidence for such systems. We report a mechanistic study of gas
      induced gate-opening process of a microporous metal-organic framework, [Mn(ina)2
      ] (ina=isonicotinate) associated with commensurate adsorption, by a combination
      of several analytical techniques including single crystal X-ray diffraction, in
      situ powder X-ray diffraction coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (XRD
      DSC), and gas adsorption-desorption methods. Our study reveals that the
      pronounced and reversible gate opening/closing phenomena observed in [Mn(ina)2 ]
      are coupled with a structural transition that involves rotation of the organic
      linker molecules as a result of interaction of the framework with adsorbed gas
      molecules including carbon dioxide and propane. The onset pressure to open the
      gate correlates with the extent of such interaction. 

PMID- 27385528
TI  - A qualitative investigation of decision making during help-seeking for adult
      hearing loss.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The Any Qualified Provider framework in the National Health Service
      has changed the way adult audiology services are offered in England. Under the
      new rules, patients are being offered a choice in geographical location and
      audiology provider. This study aimed to explore how choices in treatment are
      presented and to identify what information patients need when they are seeking
      help with hearing loss. DESIGN: This study adopted qualitative methods of
      ethnographic observations and focus group interviews to identify information
      needed prior to, and during, help-seeking. Observational data and focus group
      data were analysed using the constant comparison method of grounded theory. STUDY
      SAMPLE: Participants were recruited from a community Health and Social Care Trust
      in the west of England. This service incorporates both an Audiology and a Hearing
      Therapy service. Twenty seven participants were involved in focus groups or
      interviews. RESULTS: Participants receive little information beyond the detail of
      hearing aids. Participants report little information that was not directly
      related to uptake of hearing aids. CONCLUSIONS: Participant preferences were not
      explored and limited information resulted in decisions that were clinician-led.
      The gaps in information reflect previous data on clinician communication and
      highlight the need for consistent information on a range of interventions to
      manage hearing loss.

PMID- 27385529
TI  - A New Freshwater Naked Lobose Amoeba Korotnevella venosa n. sp. (Amoebozoa,
      Discosea).
AB  - A new freshwater species of naked lobose amoebae Korotnevella venosa n. sp.
      isolated from freshwater pond in St. Petersburg, Russia was studied with light
      and transmission electron microscopy. Basket scales of this species have six
      vertical columns supporting perforated rim. The latter has tongue-like broadening
      with membranous region. Vertical columns bifurcate at both ends so that
      neighboring columns are connected by their bifurcations forming combined
      structure. Basket scales of K. venosa are similar to those of Korotnevella
      hemistylolepis in having six full-length vertical columns and perforated rim. At
      the same time, they are different in having tongue-like broadening of perforated
      rim with membranous region and absence of six half-length columns and an
      intermediate crosspiece. Phylogenetic trees based on 18S rDNA gene placed K.
      venosa either at the base of the whole Korotnevella clade, next to K.
      hemistylolepis, or as a sister to the clade comprising Korotnevella species with
      latticework basket in large scales.

PMID- 27385530
TI  - Characterization of perfluorocarbon relaxation times and their influence on the
      optimization of fluorine-19 MRI at 3 tesla.
AB  - PURPOSE: To characterize and optimize 19 F MRI for different perfluorocarbons
      (PFCs) at 3T and quantify the loss of acquisition efficiency as a function of
      different temperature and cellular conditions. METHODS: The T1 and T2 relaxation
      times of the commonly used PFCs perfluoropolyether (PFPE), perfluoro-15-crown-5
      ether (PFCE), and perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) were measured in phantoms and in
      several different conditions (cell types, presence of fixation agent, and
      temperatures). These relaxation times were used to optimize pulse sequences
      through numerical simulations. The acquisition efficiency in each cellular
      condition was then determined as the ratio of the signal after optimization with
      the reference relaxation times and after optimization with its proper relaxation
      times. Finally, PFC detection limits were determined. RESULTS: The loss of
      acquisition efficiency due to parameter settings optimized for the wrong
      temperature and cellular condition was limited to 13%. The detection limits of
      all PFCs were lower at 24  degrees C than at 37  degrees C and varied from 11.8
      +/- 3.0 mM for PFCE at 24  degrees C to 379.9 +/- 51.8 mM for PFOB at 37  degrees
      C. CONCLUSION: Optimizing 19 F pulse sequences with a known phantom only leads to
      moderate loss in acquisition efficiency in cellular conditions that might be
      encountered in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Magn Reson Med 77:2263-2271,
      2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27385531
TI  - Low amplitude of inverted T-waves in lead aVR characterise patients with
      arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.

PMID- 27385532
TI  - Room-temperature and temperature-dependent QSRR modelling for predicting the
      nitrate radical reaction rate constants of organic chemicals using ensemble
      learning methods.
AB  - Experimental determinations of the rate constants of the reaction of NO3 with a
      large number of organic chemicals are tedious, and time and resource intensive;
      and the development of computational methods has widely been advocated. In this
      study, we have developed room-temperature (298 K) and temperature-dependent
      quantitative structure-reactivity relationship (QSRR) models based on the
      ensemble learning approaches (decision tree forest (DTF) and decision treeboost
      (DTB)) for predicting the rate constant of the reaction of NO3 radicals with
      diverse organic chemicals, under OECD guidelines. Predictive powers of the
      developed models were established in terms of statistical coefficients. In the
      test phase, the QSRR models yielded a correlation (r(2)) of >0.94 between
      experimental and predicted rate constants. The applicability domains of the
      constructed models were determined. An attempt has been made to provide the
      mechanistic interpretation of the selected features for QSRR development. The
      proposed QSRR models outperformed the previous reports, and the temperature
      dependent models offered a much wider applicability domain. This is the first
      report presenting a temperature-dependent QSRR model for predicting the nitrate
      radical reaction rate constant at different temperatures. The proposed models can
      be useful tools in predicting the reactivities of chemicals towards NO3 radicals
      in the atmosphere, hence, their persistence and exposure risk assessment. 

PMID- 27385533
TI  - MicroRNA-Responsive Drug Release System for Selective Fluorescence Imaging and
      Photodynamic Therapy In Vivo.
AB  - Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive strategy to treat diseases by light
      triggered activation of a photosensitizer (PS). One aim of the recent researches
      on PDT is to overcome the limitation of conventional PDT by improving selective
      activation of PS on targeted region. Here, a microRNA (miRNA)-responsive drug
      activation system is developed which focuses on the role of endogenous miRNA as
      an internal cancer specific stimulus for initiating drug release in cancer
      treatment. The present system consists of PS chlorin e6 (Ce6) conjugated to
      peptide nucleic acid (PNA) having complementary sequence to cancer specific miRNA
      and dextran coated reduced graphene oxide nanocolloid (Dex-RGON). In the presence
      of oncogenic miR-21 in cancer cells, Ce6-PNA drug gets hybridized with miR-21,
      resulting in the release of Ce6-PNA from Dex-RGON and subsequent recovery of Ce6
      fluorescence and activation of Ce6 as a photosensitizer under near IR
      irradiation. It is demonstrated that the Ce6-PNA/Dex-RGON complex shows sequence
      specific fluorescence in response to miR-21 and selective cytotoxic effect for
      tumor growth inhibition. The present study will pave a new way for utilizing PDT
      in cancer treatment with tightly regulated activation of a photosensitizer by
      oncogenic miRNA as an internal stimulus to reduce potential risk associated with
      conventional PDT.

PMID- 27385535
TI  - Flexible nasendoscopy: the use of smartphones as an immediate light source.

PMID- 27385534
TI  - cis Retinol oxidation regulates photoreceptor access to the retina visual cycle
      and cone pigment regeneration.
AB  - KEY POINTS: This study explores the nature of the cis retinol that Muller cells
      in the retina provide to cones for the regeneration of their visual pigment. We
      report that the retina visual cycle provides cones exclusively with 11-cis
      chromophore in both salamander and mouse and show that this selectivity is
      dependent on the 11-cis-specific cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP)
      present in Muller cells. Even though salamander blue cones and green rods share
      the same visual pigment, only blue cones but not green rods are able to dark
      adapt in the retina following a bleach and to use exogenous 9-cis retinol for
      pigment regeneration, suggesting that access to the retina visual cycle is cone
      specific and pigment-independent. Our results show that the retina produces 11
      cis retinol that can be oxidized and used for pigment regeneration and dark
      adaptation selectively in cones and not in rods. ABSTRACT: Chromophore supply by
      the retinal Muller cells (retina visual cycle) supports the efficient pigment
      regeneration required for cone photoreceptor function in bright light.
      Surprisingly, a large fraction of the chromophore produced by dihydroceramide
      desaturase-1, the putative all-trans retinol isomerase in Muller cells, appears
      to be 9-cis retinol. In contrast, the canonical retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
      visual cycle produces exclusively 11-cis retinal. Here, we used the different
      absorption spectra of 9-cis and 11-cis pigments to identify the isoform of the
      chromophore produced by the visual cycle of the intact retina. We found that the
      spectral sensitivity of salamander and mouse cones dark-adapted in the isolated
      retina (with only the retina visual cycle) was similar to that of cones dark
      adapted in the intact eye (with both the RPE and retina visual cycles) and
      consistent with pure 11-cis pigment composition. However, in mice lacking the
      cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP), cone spectral sensitivity
      contained a substantial 9-cis component. Thus, the retina visual cycle provides
      cones exclusively with 11-cis chromophore and this process is mediated by the 11
      cis selective CRALBP in Muller cells. Finally, despite sharing the same pigment,
      salamander blue cones, but not green rods, recovered their sensitivity in the
      isolated retina. Exogenous 9-cis retinol produced robust sensitivity recovery in
      bleached red and blue cones but not in red and green rods, suggesting that cis
      retinol oxidation restricts access to the retina visual cycle to cones.

PMID- 27385536
TI  - Mitochondria in aging cell differentiation.

PMID- 27385537
TI  - A molecular dynamics study of the effect of glycosidic linkage type in the
      hemicellulose backbone on the molecular chain flexibility.
AB  - The macromolecular conformation of the constituent polysaccharides in
      lignocellulosic biomass influences their supramolecular interactions, and
      therefore their function in plants and their performance in technical products.
      The flexibility of glycosidic linkages from the backbone of hemicelluloses was
      studied by evaluating the conformational freedom of the phi and psi dihedral
      angles using molecular dynamic simulations, additionally selected molecules were
      correlated with experimental data by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
      Three types of beta-(1->4) glycosidic linkages involving the monosaccharides
      (Glcp, Xylp and Manp) present in the backbone of hemicelluloses were defined.
      Different di- and tetrasaccharides with combinations of such sugar monomers from
      hemicelluloses were simulated, and free energy maps of the phi - psi space and
      hydrogen-bonding patterns were obtained. The glycosidic linkage between Glc-Glc
      or Glc-Man (C-type) was the stiffest with mainly one probable conformation; the
      linkage from Man-Man or Man-Glc (M-type) was similar but with an increased
      probability for an alternative conformation making it more flexible, and the
      linkage between two Xyl-units (X-type) was the most flexible with two almost
      equally populated conformations. Glycosidic linkages of the same type showed
      essentially the same conformational space in both disaccharides and in the
      central region of tetrasaccharides. Different probabilities of glycosidic linkage
      conformations in the backbone of hemicelluloses can be directly estimated from
      the free energy maps, which to a large degree affect the overall macromolecular
      conformations of these polymers. The information gained contributes to an
      increased understanding of the function of hemicelluloses both in the cell wall
      and in technical products.

PMID- 27385539
TI  - Tetramer spin singlet instability in the fluorine-substituted pyrochlore
      superconducting system Cd2Re2O7-x F x.
AB  - We synthesized polycrystalline samples of the fluorine-substituted pyrochlore
      rhenates Cd2Re2O7-x F x , and investigated their magnetic, transport and
      structural properties. The transition temperature T s1, where each Re4
      tetrahedron in the Re pyrochlore network alternately expands and contracts,
      decreases with increasing x from 200 K at x  =  0 to 100 K at x  =  0.5. The
      strong x dependence of the magnetic and transport properties at the low
      temperature phase indicates that the driving force of structural phase transition
      is fluctuations of the tetramer spin singlet formation in order to release the
      spin frustration in the pyrochlore lattice. Furthermore, we found unconventional
      superconducting properties in Cd2Re2O7-x F x . It was found that the
      superconducting phase transition temperature T c markedly decreases with
      increasing x, suggesting that the addition of imperfection suppresses a
      condensation of Cooper-pair. In addition, the estimated upper critical field at
      zero temperature exceeds the Pauli paramagnetic limit and increases with
      increasing x in spite of the reduction of T c. Hence, Cd2Re2O7-x F x is suggested
      to be an exotic superconductor realized in the itinerant electron systems on a
      spin frustrated lattice.

PMID- 27385538
TI  - A candidate gene study identifies a haplotype of CD2 as novel susceptibility
      factor for systemic sclerosis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease (AID) with a
      complex genetic etiology. Evidence for a shared pathogenesis across AIDs is given
      by the well-known pleiotropism of autoimmune genes. Recently, several unbiased
      approaches have identified an association between polymorphisms of the CD2 gene,
      and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility. The objective of this study was to
      investigate whether CD2 polymorphisms are associated with SSc. METHODS: Two SNPs
      of CD2, rs624988 and rs798036, were genotyped in a total of 1,786 SSc patients
      and 2,360 healthy individuals from two European populations (France and Italy).
      Meta-analyses were performed to assess whether an association exists between CD2
      polymorphisms or haplotypes and SSc or its main subtypes. RESULTS: The combined
      analyses revealed an association between the rs624988 A allele and SSc
      susceptibility: padj=0.023, OR=1.14 (95%CI 1.04-1.25). Single marker analysis did
      not reveal any association between rs798036 and SSc. Haplotype analysis
      identified that the A-T haplotype, previously described in RA, was associated
      with higher susceptibility for SSc (padj=0.029, OR=1.14, 95%CI 1.04-1.25) and
      with the positive anti-centromere antibody sub-group of SSc patients (padj=0.009,
      OR=1.19 95%CI 1.07-1.32). Genotype-mRNA expression correlations revealed that the
      CD2 risk haplotype was associated with decreased CD2 mRNA expression in SSc
      patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study establishes CD2 as a new susceptibility factor
      for SSc, in a European Caucasian population, confirming the sharing of autoimmune
      risk factors by SSc and RA.

PMID- 27385540
TI  - Supporting Caregivers of Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia via a
      Smartphone App: A Pilot Study of Usability and Effectiveness.
AB  - Smartphone applications are widely used for self-help interventions in adult
      cancer survivors. However, applications for parents of pediatric cancer patients
      are limited. We developed an applications to assist parents of children with
      acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the app's
      usability and effectiveness in a preliminary way. A stepwise approach and mixed
      methods were used. The application was initially tested by healthcare providers,
      and their comments and suggestions were used to develop an updated version. This
      version was tested by parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
      Comments and nonverbal expressions of parents were recorded during a 2-week pilot
      test. The qualitative study was followed by a quantitative study using audit log
      data from the administration portal to understand how parents use the
      application. Six healthcare providers and 15 parents participated. Parents gained
      a greater knowledge of leukemia, confidence in caregiving, social support, and
      information on how to reduce stress. Over usability was rated as stable, useful,
      simple, and self-explanatory. No software failure occurred. Applications have the
      potential to support caregivers of pediatric cancer patients. We plan to address
      limitations and perform an empirical interventional study to examine its clinical
      effectiveness.

PMID- 27385541
TI  - Homeostasis Model Assessment-Adiponectin: the role of different types of physical
      exercise in obese adolescents.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Homeostasis Model Assessment-Adiponectin (HOMA-AD) is suggesting a
      new biomarker of insulin resistance in obese population. In this way, the purpose
      of this study was to investigate the effects of different kinds of exercise in
      the sensitive index predictor of insulin resistance. METHODS: A total of 148
      obese adolescents were enrolled in the program. They aged 15-19 y, with Body Mass
      Index (BMI) >=P95th and were submitted to 1 year of interdisciplinary weight loss
      therapy, randomized in two groups, aerobic training (AT) (N.=51) and aerobic plus
      resistance training (N.=97). Blood samples were collected to analyze adiponectin,
      glucose and insulin concentrations. The insulin resistance was measured by HOMA
      AD and Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance Index (HOMA-IR). RESULTS:
      Both kinds of exercise training promoted a decrease in body mass, body mass
      index, fat mass, visceral and subcutaneous fat. However, only aerobic plus
      resistance training was effective to reduce HOMA-AD, insulin and glucose
      concentration; and increase insulin sensibility and adiponectin concentration.
      CONCLUSIONS: The aerobic plus resistance training was more effective than AT
      alone to improve the HOMA-AD, suggesting clinical application on obesity,
      diabetes, atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome control in the pediatric
      population.

PMID- 27385542
TI  - Level of functional capacities following soccer-specific warm-up methods among
      elite collegiate soccer players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Different methods of warm-up may have implications in improving
      various aspects of soccer performance. The present study aimed to investigate
      acute effects of soccer specific warm-up protocols on functional performance
      tests. METHODS: This study using randomized within-subject design, investigated
      the performance of 22 collegiate elite soccer player following soccer specific
      warm-ups using dynamic stretching, static stretching, and FIFA 11+ program. Post
      warm-up examinations consisted: 1) Illinois Agility Test; 2) vertical jump; 3) 30
      meter sprint; 4) consecutive turns; 5) flexibility of knee. RESULTS: Vertical
      jump performance was significantly lower following static stretching, as compared
      to dynamic stretching (P=0.005). Sprint performance declined significantly
      following static stretching as compared to FIFA 11+ (P=0.023). Agility time was
      significantly faster following dynamic stretching as compared to FIFA 11+
      (P=0.001) and static stretching (P=0.001). Knee flexibility scores were
      significantly improved following the static stretching as compared to dynamic
      stretching (P=016). No significant difference was observed for consecutive turns
      between three warm-up protocol. CONCLUSIONS: The present finding showed that a
      soccer specific warm-up protocol relied on dynamic stretching is preferable in
      enhancing performance as compared to protocols relying on static stretches and
      FIFA 11+ program. Investigators suggest that while different soccer specific warm
      up protocols have varied types of effects on performance, acute effects of
      dynamic stretching on performance in elite soccer players are assured, however
      application of static stretching in reducing muscle stiffness is demonstrated.

PMID- 27385543
TI  - Body composition changes in an endurance athlete using two different training
      strategies.
AB  - Swimming, running and cycling are among the most popular and fastest growing
      sports in the world. Inherent in these sports is a desire to favorably alter body
      composition. Here we report a ~5.4 kg and ~5.3 kg fat tissue mass (FTM) loss in
      two separate interventions (12-16 weeks), in the same athlete, separated by 5
      years. Whole body composition was assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
      Dietary analysis for intervention 2 was completed using Mc Cance and Widdowson's
      composition of foods. In 2010, the male athlete (23 years, weight 85 kg, height
      195 cm, 18.1% body fat) had a reduction of ~5.4 kg of FTM (15.4 vs. 10.0 kg) and
      an increase of ~5.1 kg of lean tissue mass (LTM) following 16 weeks of moderate
      intensity running (213+/-53 min/week) and circuit training (64+/-46 min/week). In
      2015, the same athlete (28 years, 90.6 kg, 195 cm; 18.2%) had a ~5.3 kg loss of
      FTM and a ~0.8 kg increase in LTM after 12 weeks, predominately (75%) non-weight
      bearing exercise (49% cycling, 215+/-88 min/week; 25% running 110+/-47 min/week;
      19% swimming, 83+/-27 min/week; 7% rowing machine, 29+/-26 min/week). Weekday and
      weekend dietary intake during intervention 2 were estimated as 2560 kcal and 3240
      kcal per day, respectively. This report provides support for the hypothesis that
      an extended period of energy deficit is required to reduce body fat levels in
      amateur athletes independent of the mode of exercise.

PMID- 27385545
TI  - Exploring the biomechanical load of a sliding on the skin: understanding the
      acute skin injury mechanism of player-surface interaction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a shortage of biomechanical data regarding acute
      skin injury mechanisms that are involved in player-surface contact in soccer on
      artificial turf. It is hypothesized that peak loads on the skin during the
      landing phase are an important factor in causing an acute skin injury. METHODS:
      Simultaneously, video analysis and load measurements using an in-ground force
      plate of the landing phase of a sliding tackle were recorded and correlated with
      observed clinical skin lesions. RESULTS: Video analysis revealed two sliding
      techniques: a horizontal jump and a sliding-in technique. The first technique
      resulted in both significantly higher vertical and horizontal peak forces during
      impact on the knee (2.3+/-0.4 kN and 1.4+/-0.5 kN) and thigh (4.9+/-0.9 kN and
      1.8+/-0.5 kN). In combination with the observed skin lesion areas, a combined
      normal-shear stress of at least 24 and 14 N.cm-2 induce abrasion injuries on dry
      artificial turf. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study confirm that high peak
      stresses during the landing phase of a sliding is critical for inducing skin
      injuries on the knee and thigh. Reducing these peak shear stresses could be an
      important first step towards preventive measures.

PMID- 27385544
TI  - Circuit resistance training in women with normal weight obesity syndrome: body
      composition, cardiometabolic and echocardiographic parameters, and cardiovascular
      and skeletal muscle fitness.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Normal weight obesity (NWO) syndrome has been characterized in
      subjects with normal Body Mass Index (BMI) and high body fat mass percentage
      (BF%>30 for women) being a risk factor for cardiometabolic dysregulation and
      cardiovascular mortality. This study evaluated whether circuit resistance
      training (CRT) improves body composition, heart size and function,
      cardiometabolic parameters, and cardiorespiratory, cardiovascular and skeletal
      muscle fitness in women with NWO. METHODS: Data are means (95% Confidence
      Interval). Twenty-three women participated: 10 NWO-CRT (baseline: BMI=22.4 [21.4
      23.3] kg/m2; BF%=44.5 [41.0-48.0]%) performed CRT; and 13 untrained NWO-control
      (baseline: BMI=21.7 [20.8-22.7] kg/m2; BF%=37.8 [34.6-41.1]%). At baseline and
      after 10 weeks were performed/measured dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,
      echocardiography, blood tests, arterial pressure, exercise testing, and total
      overload-by-training-session (TOL). RESULTS: At baseline, the NWO-CRT exhibited
      larger BF (27.28 [23.9-30.6] kg) than NWO-control (22.41 [19.5-25.3] kg)
      (P=0.0227). After training, NWO-CRT: reduced 8 kg of BF (P=0.000002); became BF%
      lower than NWO-control (33.1 [30.1-36.0] <37.0 [34.3-39.6]%, P=0.0423), with 30%
      of NWO-CRT subjects becoming without-obesity; reduced 3 kg in trunk fat mass
      (P=0.000005); showed fasting glucose (72.8 [69.4-76.2] mg/dL) smaller than NWO
      control (81.7 [78.6-84.8] mg/dL) (P=0.004); increased TOL (5087.5 [4142.5-6032.5]
      to 6963.3 [6226.4-7700.2] rep.kg, P=0.0004); increased load at VO2peak (122.5
      [106.8-138.2] to 137.5 [118.18-156.82] W, P=0.0051); reduced double product/load
      at VO2peak ratio (277.4 [222.1-332.8] to 237.7 [194.2-281.2] mmHg.bpm/W,
      P=0.0015); and increased left ventricular mass/body surface area ratio (84.29
      [78.98-89.6] to 90.29 [81.45-99.12] g/m2, P=0.0215). CONCLUSIONS: CRT reduced BF%
      and generated cardiometabolic, cardiac, skeletal muscle and cardiovascular
      benefits, being a useful strategy to combat the normal weight obesity syndrome in
      women.

PMID- 27385546
TI  - Physical performance and positional differences among young female volleyball
      players.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among
      anthropometric, physical performance parameters, and dynamic postural control
      attributes of young female volleyball athletes, and to determine if differences
      exist in these attributes according to playing position. METHODS: Forty-three
      young female volleyball players participated in this study. Players were divided
      by position into hitters (N.=17), middle blockers (N.=8), setters (N.=10), and
      liberos (N.=8). Stature, body mass, vertical jump (VJ), peak power, horizontal
      jump (HJ), sit-and-reach (SRT), star excursion balance (SEBT), and agility (e.g.
      shuttle run and Illinois agility test) tests were assessed on non-consecutive
      days in randomized order. RESULTS: No difference was found between groups for
      SRT, peak power, VJ, and HJ (P<=0.05). Middle blockers and hitters were taller
      than setters (P<=0.05). Middle blockers were also taller than liberos (P=0.017).
      Significant differences were observed among groups for agility tests, with
      hitters significantly faster than setters (P=0.023) and middle blockers
      (P=0.037). In addition, liberos were significantly faster than setters (P=0.032)
      and middle blockers (P=0.046), during the Illinois agility test. No difference
      was observed between groups for reach distance scores in the SEBT. CONCLUSIONS:
      These results demonstrate important positional differences in agility measures of
      young female volleyball players. Coaches can use this information to determine
      the type of physical profile that is needed for specific positions and to design
      training programs to maximize strength, power, and neuromuscular development of
      young female volleyball athletes.

PMID- 27385547
TI  - Effect of exercise in air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned environment in
      cardiac autonomic control.

PMID- 27385548
TI  - Predicting race time in male amateur marathon runners.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between
      anthropometry, training characteristics, muscular strength and effort-related
      cardiovascular response and marathon race time in male amateur runners. METHODS:
      A total of 84 male amateur marathon runners aged between 23 and 70 years took
      part in this study (41.0+/-9.5 years). All of them competed in the 2013 edition
      of the Madrid Marathon with a finish time between 169.8 and 316 minutes (226.0+/
      28.5 minutes). Age, running experience, number of marathon races finished, mean
      kilometers run weekly in the last three months, and previous personal best time
      in the 10 km, half marathon and marathon were recorded. Moreover, anthropometric
      characteristics, and the results from the Ruffier Test and a whole-body isometric
      force test were measured. After the marathon, the race time was registered.
      RESULTS: Training volume (r=-0.479; P=0.001), previous running milestones
      (marathon r=0.756; half-marathon r=0.812; 10-km r=0.732; P<0.001), cardiovascular
      fitness (r=0.371; P=0.001) and anthropometric variables (body mass, Body Mass
      Index, body fat percentage, skinfolds and lower leg volume) were correlated to
      marathon performance (P<0.05). Two regression models appeared from the data with
      r2>0.50. The best, including body fat percentage, heart rate change during the
      recovery after the Ruffier Test and the half-marathon race time, was strongly
      correlated with real marathon performance (r=0.77; P<0.001). A second regression
      model was proposed replacing the half-marathon performance with the 10-km race
      time, reducing the correlation to 0.73 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Marathon
      performance could be partially predicted by two different equations, including
      body fat percentage, recovery heart rate in the Ruffier Test and a half-marathon
      or 10-km performance.

PMID- 27385549
TI  - Effects of exercise training experience on hand grip strength, body composition
      and postural stability in fitness pole dancers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the growing popularity of pole dance as a leisure-time
      activity of people of all ages, the problem of physical effects of exercise on
      the pole is not considered in the scientific literature. The aim of this study
      was to evaluate and compare the hand grip strength, body composition and postural
      stability of fitness pole dancers with different training experience. METHODS:
      The inclusion criteria for this study were met by 52 female pole dancers. The
      research program included assessment of body composition (using BC-418 Segmental
      Body Composition Analyzer, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan), hand grip strength by hydraulic
      dynamometer JAMAR, and postural stability using ALFA stabilometric platform.
      RESULTS: Significant differences depending on the pole dance advancement level
      were found in postural stability and hand-grip strength. The average values of
      the surface area and the length sway indicated by feet center of pressure were
      significantly decreasing with the increasing group experience (P<0.05). Strength
      level was increasing with the consecutive advancement level (right hand
      chi2=9.595, P=0.008, left hand chi2=8.936, P=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Regular
      practice of pole dance fitness can contribute to a significant increase of
      strength and improvement of the postural stability, which is important for the
      entire musculoskeletal system. However, further studies on the beneficial and
      negative (e.g. injuries) impact of exercises on the pole on the musculoskeletal
      system are required, including larger group of respondents, their diverse age
      and, above all, longitudinal studies.

PMID- 27385550
TI  - Versatile Room-Temperature-Phosphorescent Materials Prepared from N-Substituted
      Naphthalimides: Emission Enhancement and Chemical Conjugation.
AB  - Purely organic materials with room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) are
      currently under intense investigation because of their potential applications in
      sensing, imaging, and displaying. Inspired by certain organometallic systems,
      where ligand-localized phosphorescence ((3) pi-pi*) is mediated by ligand-to
      metal or metal-to-ligand charge transfer (CT) states, we now show that donor-to
      acceptor CT states from the same organic molecule can also mediate pi-localized
      RTP. In the model system of N-substituted naphthalimides (NNIs), the relatively
      large energy gap between the NNI-localized (1) pi-pi* and (3) pi-pi* states of
      the aromatic ring can be bridged by intramolecular CT states when the NNI is
      chemically modified with an electron donor. These NNI-based RTP materials can be
      easily conjugated to both synthetic and natural macromolecules, which can be used
      for RTP microscopy.

PMID- 27385552
TI  - Detection of Retinal Hemangioblastomas in von Hippel-Lindau Disease Using Three
      Dimensional Arterial Spin Labeling MR Imaging at 3T.

PMID- 27385554
TI  - Correction to Structural Investigation of B-Raf Paradox Breaker and Inducer
      Inhibitors.

PMID- 27385553
TI  - Image Non-Uniformity Correction for 3-T Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced MR Imaging of the
      Liver.
AB  - PURPOSE: Image non-uniformity may cause substantial problems in magnetic
      resonance (MR) imaging especially when a 3-T scanner is used. We evaluated the
      effect of image non-uniformity correction in gadolinium ethoxybenzyl
      diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MR imaging using a 3-T
      scanner. METHODS: Two commercially available methods for image non-uniformity
      correction, surface coil intensity correction (SCIC), and phased-array uniformity
      enhancement (PURE), were applied to Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced images acquired at 3-T
      in 20 patients. The calibration images were used for PURE and not for SCIC.
      Uniformity in the liver signal was evaluated visually and using histogram
      analysis. The liver-to-muscle signal ratio (LMR) and liver-to-spleen signal ratio
      (LSR) were estimated, and the contrast enhancement ratio (CER) was calculated
      from the liver signal, LMR, and LSR. RESULTS: Without non-uniformity correction,
      hyperintensity was consistently observed near the liver surface. Both SCIC and
      PURE improved uniformity in the liver signal; however, the superficial
      hyperintensity remained after the application of SCIC, especially in the
      hepatobiliary-phase images, and focal hyperintensity was shown in the lateral
      segment of the left hepatic lobe after the application of PURE. PURE increased
      LMR dramatically and LSR mildly, with no changes in CERs. SCIC depressed temporal
      changes in LMR and LSR and obscured contrast effects, regardless of the method
      used for calculation of CER. CONCLUSION: SCIC improves uniformity in the liver
      signal; however, it is not suitable for a quantitative assessment of contrast
      effects. PURE is indicated to be a useful method for non-uniformity correction in
      Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging using a 3-T scanner.

PMID- 27385555
TI  - Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Azonia Aromatic Heterocycles.
AB  - Azonia aromatic heterocycles are an important subclass of aza-heterocyles as they
      are the structural motif of relevant cationic alkaloids, and they have a wide
      range of potential applications such as bioactive compounds and organic
      materials. In this Synopsis, recent and novel approaches to their synthesis are
      surveyed, with particular emphasis on ring-closing metathesis reactions and
      annulation reactions based on C-H activation.

PMID- 27385551
TI  - Systems view of adipogenesis via novel omics-driven and tissue-specific activity
      scoring of network functional modules.
AB  - The investigation of the complex processes involved in cellular differentiation
      must be based on unbiased, high throughput data processing methods to identify
      relevant biological pathways. A number of bioinformatics tools are available that
      can generate lists of pathways ranked by statistical significance (i.e. by p
      value), while ideally it would be desirable to functionally score the pathways
      relative to each other or to other interacting parts of the system or process. We
      describe a new computational method (Network Activity Score Finder - NASFinder)
      to identify tissue-specific, omics-determined sub-networks and the connections
      with their upstream regulator receptors to obtain a systems view of the
      differentiation of human adipocytes. Adipogenesis of human SBGS pre-adipocyte
      cells in vitro was monitored with a transcriptomic data set comprising six time
      points (0, 6, 48, 96, 192, 384 hours). To elucidate the mechanisms of
      adipogenesis, NASFinder was used to perform time-point analysis by comparing each
      time point against the control (0 h) and time-lapse analysis by comparing each
      time point with the previous one. NASFinder identified the coordinated activity
      of seemingly unrelated processes between each comparison, providing the first
      systems view of adipogenesis in culture. NASFinder has been implemented into a
      web-based, freely available resource associated with novel, easy to read
      visualization of omics data sets and network modules.

PMID- 27385556
TI  - Platelet abnormalities in a family with von Willebrand disease type 2B (V1316M)
      and association with bleeding score.

PMID- 27385557
TI  - The Physician-as-Stakeholder: An Exploratory Qualitative Analysis of Physicians'
      Motivations for Using Shared Decision Making in the Emergency Department.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Shared decision making (SDM) is increasingly recognized as an
      important facet of patient-centered care. Despite growing interest in SDM in the
      emergency department (ED), little is known about emergency physicians' (EPs')
      motivations for using SDM. Understanding current patterns of SDM use and EP's
      rationale for using SDM is essential for the development of interventions to
      increase use. OBJECTIVES: Recognizing the EP as an important stakeholder in SDM
      research, we sought to identify and explore factors that may motivate EPs'
      engagement in SDM. METHODS: In this qualitative study, informed by the Theory of
      Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory, we conducted semistructured
      interviews with a purposeful sample of EPs. Interviews were recorded and
      transcribed verbatim. Using a directed qualitative content analysis approach,
      three members of the research team performed open coding of the transcripts in an
      iterative process, building a provisional code book as coding progressed.
      Respondent validation was employed to ensure methodologic rigor. RESULTS: Fifteen
      EPs, ages 31-65, from both academic and community practice settings, were
      interviewed. Several had not heard of the specific phrase "shared decision
      making," but all understood the concept and felt that they used SDM techniques to
      some degree. Most noted they had often had an agenda when they used SDM, which
      often motivated them to have the conversation. Agendas described included
      counteracting an algorithmic or defensive approach to diagnosis and treatment,
      avoiding harmful tests, or sharing uncertainty. All participants believed that
      patients benefited from SDM in terms of satisfaction, engagement, or education.
      Nearly all participants identified research outcomes that they felt would
      encourage their use of SDM (e.g., improvements in patient engagement, mitigation
      of risk) and many prioritized patient-centered outcomes over systems outcomes
      such as improved resource utilization. Little consensus was seen, however,
      regarding the importance of individual outcomes: of eight potential research
      outcomes participants endorsed, no single outcome was endorsed by even half of
      the physicians interviewed. CONCLUSION: Emergency physicians identified many
      factors that motivated them to use SDM. This study informs current research on
      SDM in the ED, particularly regarding the motivations of the physician-as
      stakeholder.

PMID- 27385558
TI  - Effect of thermal processing on the profile of bioactive compounds and
      antioxidant capacity of fermented orange juice.
AB  - Previously, we reported that alcoholic fermentation enhanced flavanones and
      carotenoids content of orange juice. The aim of this work was to evaluate the
      influence of pasteurization on the qualitative and quantitative profile of
      bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of fermented orange juice.
      Ascorbic acid (203 mg/L), total flavanones (647 mg/L), total carotenoids (7.07
      mg/L) and provitamin A (90.06 RAEs/L) values of pasteurized orange beverage were
      lower than those of fermented juice. Total phenolic remained unchanged (585 mg/L)
      and was similar to that of original juice. The flavanones naringenin-7-O
      glucoside, naringenin-7-O-rutinoside, hesperetin-7-O-rutinoside, hesperetin-7-O
      glucoside and isosakuranetin-7-O-rutinoside, and the carotenoids karpoxanthin and
      isomer, neochrome, lutein, zeta-carotene, zeaxanthin, mutatoxanthin epimers, beta
      cryptoxanthin and auroxanthin epimers were the major compounds. Pasteurization
      produced a decrease in antioxidant capacity of fermented juice. However, TEAC
      (5.45 mM) and ORAC (6353 MUM) values of orange beverage were similar to those of
      original orange juice. The novel orange beverage could be a valuable source of
      bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity and exert potential beneficial
      effects. 

PMID- 27385559
TI  - Synthesis of thiolate-protected Au nanoparticles revisited: U-shape trend between
      the size of nanoparticles and thiol-to-Au ratio.
AB  - We report a new understanding of the factors controlling the size of thiolate
      protected gold nanoparticles (Au NPs): the formation and the state of a
      protecting layer (Au(i)-thiolate motifs) outside the gold core determine the size
      of Au NPs, depending on the feeding thiol-to-Au ratio. As a result, a U-shape
      trend is identified between the size of Au NPs and the thiol-to-Au ratio as
      opposed to the commonly expected decreasing trend. 

PMID- 27385560
TI  - Effects of four-month handbike training under free-living conditions on physical
      fitness and health in wheelchair users.
AB  - PURPOSE: Recognizing the encouraging effect of challenging events, the
      HandbikeBattle (HBB) was created to promote exercise among wheelchair users. The
      purpose of this study was to reveal the effects on physical fitness and health
      outcomes of four-month handbike training under free-living conditions in
      preparation for the event. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 59
      relatively inexperienced handyclists participated in the HBB of 2013 or 2014.
      Incremental exercise tests were conducted, respiratory function was tested and
      anthropometrics were measured before and after the preparation period. Main
      outcome measures were peak power output (POpeak), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak)
      and waist circumference, of which the changes were tested using repeated measures
      ANOVA. To detect possible determinants of changes in physical fitness, a linear
      regression analysis was conducted with personal characteristics, executed
      training volume and upper-extremity complaints during the training period as
      independent variables. RESULTS: POpeak, VO2peak and waist circumference improved
      significantly with 17%, 7% and 4.1%, respectively. None of the included variables
      were significant determinants for the changes in POpeak found as a result of the
      training. CONCLUSION: A challenging event such as the HBB provokes training
      regimes among participants of sufficient load to realize substantial improvements
      in physical fitness and health outcomes. Implications for Rehabilitation Due to
      the often impaired muscle function in the lower-limbs and an inactive lifestyle,
      wheelchair users generally show considerably lower levels of fitness compared to
      able-bodied individuals. This prospective cohort study showed that four months of
      handbike training under free-living conditions in preparation for this event
      resulted in substantial improvements in physical fitness and health outcomes in
      wheelchair users. The creation of a challenging event such as the HandbikeBattle
      as part of a follow-up rehabilitation practice can therefore be a useful tool to
      help wheelchair users initiate or keep training to improve their physical fitness
      and health.

PMID- 27385562
TI  - The Rosen-Cunningham debate: another, alternative view.

PMID- 27385561
TI  - Joint eigenvector estimation from mutually anisotropic tensors improves
      susceptibility tensor imaging of the brain, kidney, and heart.
AB  - PURPOSE: To develop a susceptibility-based MRI technique for probing
      microstructure and fiber architecture of magnetically anisotropic tissues-such as
      central nervous system white matter, renal tubules, and myocardial fibers-in
      three dimensions using susceptibility tensor imaging (STI) tools. THEORY AND
      METHODS: STI can probe tissue microstructure, but is limited by reconstruction
      artifacts because of absent phase information outside the tissue and noise. STI
      accuracy may be improved by estimating a joint eigenvector from mutually
      anisotropic susceptibility and relaxation tensors. Gradient-recalled echo image
      data were simulated using a numerical phantom and acquired from the ex vivo mouse
      brain, kidney, and heart. Susceptibility tensor data were reconstructed using
      STI, regularized STI, and the proposed algorithm of mutually anisotropic and
      joint eigenvector STI (MAJESTI). Fiber map and tractography results from each
      technique were compared with diffusion tensor data. RESULTS: MAJESTI reduced the
      estimated susceptibility tensor orientation error by 30% in the phantom, 36% in
      brain white matter, 40% in the inner medulla of the kidney, and 45% in
      myocardium. This improved the continuity and consistency of susceptibility-based
      fiber tractography in each tissue. CONCLUSION: MAJESTI estimation of the
      susceptibility tensors yields lower orientation errors for susceptibility-based
      fiber mapping and tractography in the intact brain, kidney, and heart. Magn Reson
      Med 77:2331-2346, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in
      Medicine.

PMID- 27385563
TI  - Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Active Plasmonic Nanoparticles with Ultrasmall
      Interior Nanogap for Multiplex Quantitative Detection and Cancer Cell Imaging.
AB  - Due to its large enhancement effect, nanostructure-based surface-enhanced Raman
      scattering (SERS) technology had been widely applied for bioanalysis and cell
      imaging. However, most SERS nanostructures suffer from poor signal
      reproducibility, which hinders the application of SERS nanostructures in
      quantitative detection. We report an etching-assisted approach to synthesize SERS
      active plasmonic nanoparticles with 1 nm interior nanogap for multiplex
      quantitative detection and cancer cell imaging. Raman dyes and methoxy
      poly(ethylene glycol) thiol (mPEG-SH) were attached to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
      to prepare gold cores. Next, Ag atoms were deposited on gold cores in the
      presence of Pluronic F127 to form a Ag shell. HAuCl4 was used to etch the Ag
      shell and form an interior nanogap in Au@AgAuNPs, leading to increased Raman
      intensity of dyes. SERS intensity distribution of Au@AgAuNPs was found to be more
      uniform than that of aggregated AuNPs. Finally, Au@AgAuNPs were used for
      multiplex quantitative detection and cancer cell imaging. With the advantages of
      simple and rapid preparation of Au@AgAuNPs with highly uniform, stable, and
      reproducible Raman intensity, the method reported here will widen the
      applications of SERS-active nanoparticles in diagnostics and imaging.

PMID- 27385564
TI  - CD4+ T cell-dominant insulitis in acute-onset Type 1 diabetes mellitus associated
      with intraductal papillary mucinous adenoma.
AB  - The loss of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells in Type 1 diabetes mellitus
      (DM) is presumably the result of a T cell-mediated process. In general, CD8+ T
      cells are the predominant lymphocytes in the insulitis lesions, and CD4+ T cell
      dominant insulitis is very rare. We present a case of a 72-year-old woman
      presented with excessive thirst and a 3-month history of weight loss. She was in
      a state of ketosis, and her plasma glucose concentration and HbA1c value were
      elevated. Moreover, anti-islet autoantibodies were positive, thus acute-onset
      Type 1 DM was diagnosed. At the time of diagnosis, a tumour was detected in the
      pancreas; total pancreatectomy was carried out 2 months later. The pathological
      diagnosis was intraductal papillary mucinous adenoma. Immunohistochemical
      staining of a sample of non-tumorous pancreatic tissue revealed 13 insulitis
      lesions infiltrated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and interestingly there were
      more CD4+ T cells than CD8+ T cells in the lesions. Moreover, B cells and
      macrophages had also infiltrated the lesions, and these two cell frequencies were
      both positively correlated with CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cell frequencies. This was
      a rare case with acute-onset Type 1 DM characterized by CD4+ T cell-dominant
      insulitis. Proinflammatory cytokines that can promote beta-cell apoptosis or CD8+
      T cell function are reported to be secreted from CD4+ T cells. Thus, together
      with B cells and macrophages, CD4+ T cell-associated immune responses may have,
      directly and/or indirectly, played a role in the pathogenesis of the Type 1 DM in
      this patient.

PMID- 27385565
TI  - Insight into the CH3NH3PbI3/C interface in hole-conductor-free mesoscopic
      perovskite solar cells.
AB  - Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with hole-conductor-free mesoscopic architecture
      have shown superb stability and great potential in practical application. The
      printable carbon counter electrodes take full responsibility of extracting holes
      from the active CH3NH3PbI3 absorbers. However, an in depth study of the
      CH3NH3PbI3/C interface properties, such as the structural formation process and
      the effect of interfacial conditions on hole extraction, is still lacking.
      Herein, we present, for the first time, an insight into the spatial confinement
      induced CH3NH3PbI3/C interface formation by in situ photoluminescence
      observations during the crystallization process of CH3NH3PbI3. The derived
      reaction kinetics allows a quantitative description of the perovskite formation
      process. In addition, we found that the interfacial contact between carbon and
      perovskite was dominant for hole extraction efficiency and associated with the
      photovoltaic parameter of short circuit current density (JSC). Consequently, we
      conducted a solvent vapor assisted process of PbI2 diffusion to carefully control
      the CH3NH3PbI3/C interface with less unreacted PbI2 barrier. The improvement of
      interface conditions thereby contributes to a high hole extraction proved by the
      charge extraction resistance and PL lifetime change, resulting in the increased
      JSC valve. 

PMID- 27385566
TI  - Existence of Two Kinds of Sulfur-reducing Systems in Iron-oxidizing Bacterium
      Thiobacillus ferrooxidans.
AB  - Intact cells of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans NASF-1 incubated under anaerobic
      conditions in a reaction mixture containing 0.5% colloidal sulfur produced
      hydrogen sulfide (H2S) extracellularly. The amount of H2S produced by cells
      increased corresponding to the cell amounts and colloidal sulfur. Two activity
      peaks of H2S production were observed at pH 1.5 and 7.5. We tentatively called
      the enzyme activities pH 1.5- and pH 7.5-sulfur reducing systems, respectively.
      Seven strains of T. ferrooxidans tested had both the activities of pH 1.5- and pH
      7.5-sulfur reducing systems, but at different levels. T. ferrooxidans NASF-1
      showed the highest activity of the pH 1.5-sulfur reducing system and strain 13598
      from ATCC showed the highest activity of the pH 7.5-sulfur reducing system.
      Further characteristics of H2S production were studied with intact cells of NASF
      1. The optimum temperatures for pH 1.5- and pH 7.5-sulfur reducing systems of
      NASF-1 were 40 degrees C. Hydrogen sulfide production continued for 8 days and
      total amounts of H2S produced at pH 7.5 and 1.5 were 832 and 620 nmol/mg protein,
      respectively. The pH 7.5-sulfur reducing system used only colloidal sulfur as the
      electron acceptor. However, the pH 1.5-sulfur reducing system used both colloidal
      sulfur and tetrathionate. Thiosulfate, dithionate, and sulfite could not be used
      as the electron acceptor for both of the sulfur reducing systems. Potassium
      cyanide activated by 3- fold the pH 1.5-sulfur reducing system activity at 0.5 mM
      but did not affect the activity of the pH 7.5-sulfur reducing system. An
      inhibitor of sulfite reductase, p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid, did not
      affect either enzyme activity. Sodium molybdate and monoiodoacetic acid strongly
      inhibited the activity of the pH 1.5-sulfur reducing system at 1.0 mM, but not
      the activity of pH 7.5-sulfur reducing system. 

PMID- 27385567
TI  - Structure-activity Relationship for the Insect Antifeedant Activity of Benzofuran
      Derivatives.
AB  - Coumaran (2,3-dihydrobenzofuran), a secondary metabolite of Cyperus nipponicus,
      inhibits the feeding of polyphagous insects. This secondary metabolite is
      regarded as one of the defensive systems of the Cyperaceae. A number of naturally
      occurring benzofurans that differ in their substitution pattern and oxidation
      state have been investigated for their ability to inhibit insect feeding by a
      bioassay with the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura F. Noctuidae) that applies
      the leaf disk method. The evaluation of the antifeedant activity of each test
      compound used the ED50 value based on the dose-response curve that was calculated
      with the probit method. The 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran derivative, 7-acetyl-4,6
      dimethoxy-2-isopropenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, had an ED50 value of 1.3 MUg
      (5.4*10(-9) mol)/cm(2) against the common cutworm. The introduction of methoxy
      and acetyl groups increased the insect antifeedant activity. Furthermore, the
      insect antifeedant activity increased with decreasing lipophilicity of the test
      compounds. 

PMID- 27385568
TI  - Formation Mechanism for Potent Antioxidative o-Dihydroxyisoflavones in Soybeans
      Fermented with Aspergillus saitoi.
AB  - The formation mechanism for the potent antioxidative o-dihydroxyisoflavones, 8
      hydroxydaidzein (8-OHD) and 8-hydroxygenistein (8-OHG), was studied by incubating
      whole soybeans in a solid culture and a soybean extract in a liquid culture with
      Aspergillus saitoi. Analyses of changes in the isoflavone analogue content, beta
      glucosidase activity, and isoflavone hydroxylation ability indicated that 8-OHD
      and 8-OHG were formed from daidzein and genistein, respectively, by microbial
      hydroxylation, being respectively liberated from daidzin and genistin by beta
      glucosidase from A. saitoi during incubation. No selective hydroxylation reaction
      at the 8-position of daidzein and genistein were apparent during the vegetative
      stage, but were induced at the stage of sporulation. 

PMID- 27385569
TI  - Autoxidation of Linoleic Acid Encapsulated with Polysaccharides of Differing
      Weight Ratio.
AB  - Linoleic acid was encapsulated with pullulan, maltodextrin and gum arabic at
      various weight ratios of the fatty acid to wall material by the hot-air-drying
      method. The autoxidative process of the encapsulated linoleic acids was observed
      at 37 degrees C and at a relative humidity of 75%. The weight ratio strongly
      affected the autoxidative process, autoxidation being more suppressed with
      smaller ratios. The autoxidation process of encapsulated linoleic acid leveled
      off at fraction Yinfinity of the unoxidized substrate within 15 days. The
      Yinfinity value strongly depended on both the ratio and the wall material, and
      steeply decreased near the ratio of 0.75 for every wall material. The dependence
      of the Yinfinity value on the weight ratio was analyzed by the two- and three
      dimensional models for percolation theory. The two-dimensional model expressed
      well the experimentally observed dependence. 

PMID- 27385570
TI  - Production of Biodegradable Polyester by a Transgenic Tobacco.
AB  - The acetoacetyl-CoA reductase gene (phbB) of Ralstonia eutropha and the poly[(R)
      (-)-3-hydroxyalkanoate] synthase gene (phaCAC) of Aeromonas caviae were
      introduced into tobacco plant by Agrobacterium mediated transformation method.
      The resulting transgenic tobacco expressed both introduced genes and the
      expression of these genes was confirmed by enzymatic analysis and western
      blotting. GC-MS analysis of the chloroform extract of tobacco leaves indicated
      that the transgenic plant produced biodegradable polyester, poly-[(R)-(-)-3
      hydroxybutyrate]. GPC analysis indicated that the number-average molecular
      weights (Mn) and polydispersity (Mw/Mn) were 32,000 and 1.90, respectively. 

PMID- 27385571
TI  - Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as Modulators of Appressorium Formation in
      Magnaporthe grisea.
AB  - Appressorium formation in germinating conidia of Magnaporthe grisea was inhibited
      on inductive and on noninductive surfaces by monounsaturated fatty acids with
      chain lengths of 16, 18, or 20 carbon atoms. On a noninductive surface, the
      inhibition was only observed upon stimulation with 1,16-hexadecanediol or oleyl
      alcohol, but not upon stimulation with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine-3',5'
      monophosphate. In the C18-series, fatty acids with a double bond in position 9
      were the most active ones. At 1 MUg/ml of oleic or elaidic acid, less than 30% of
      the germinated conidia formed appressoria. The mode of inhibition was competitive
      to the inducing agent. On an inductive surface, compared to a noninductive
      surface the concentrations of oleic and elaidic acid needed for inhibition of
      appressorium formation were one order of magnitude higher. Methyl esters of
      inhibitory fatty acids and acids with two double bonds were not active. Like
      oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol and petroselinyl alcohol stimulated infection
      structure formation on the noninductive surface. 

PMID- 27385572
TI  - Four Novel Taxane Diterpenoids from the Needles of Japanese Yew, Taxus cuspidata.
AB  - Four novel taxane diterpenes were isolated from the needles of the Japanese yew,
      Taxus cuspidata. Their structures were established as 1-hydroxy taxuspine C,
      2alpha,7beta,9alpha, 10beta,13alpha-pentaacetoxy-5alpha-cinnamoyloxy-4beta,20
      epoxy- taxa-11-en-1beta-ol, 2alpha,9alpha,10beta,13alpha-tetraacetoxy-taxa-4(20),
      11-dien-5alpha-ol and 10-deacetyl taxinine on the basis of spectral analyses. 

PMID- 27385573
TI  - Cell Layer-Specific Accumulation of Anthocyanins in Response to Gibberellic Acid
      in Tepals of Hyacinthus orientalis.
AB  - Anthocyanin-producing cells in the tepals of flower buds of Hyacinthus orientalis
      were investigated. In field-grown flowers, anthocyanins were only produced in L2
      cells (cells in the sub-epidermis) of tepals. However, when early-stage flower
      buds were cultured on medium containing GA3, anthocyanins were produced not only
      in L2 cells but also in L1 cells (cells in the epidermal layer) of tepals. The
      same anthocyanins were produced in tepals of both field-grown flowers and flower
      buds cultured in vitro. 

PMID- 27385574
TI  - Isolation of an Antioxidative Substance Produced by Aspergillus repens.
AB  - The acidic fraction of an extract of the culture liquid of Aspergillus repens
      MA0197 showed strong antioxidative activity when tested by the ferric thiocyanate
      and TBA methods. Chromatographic purification of this acidic fraction gave an
      active substance identified as Neoechinulin A. This compound showed higher
      antioxidative activity than alpha-tocopherol and could be expected to act as an
      antioxidant in Katsuobushi. 

PMID- 27385575
TI  - Reidentification of Facultatively Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125 to Bacillus
      halodurans.
AB  - Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C-125 was taxonomically characterized by physiological
      and biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence similarity, and DNA-DNA
      hybridization analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of strain C-125 based on comparison
      of 16S rDNA sequences showed that this strain is closely related to Bacillus
      halodurans. DNA-DNA hybridization analysis was done comparing C-125 and related
      Bacillus reference strains. The highest level of DNA-DNA relatedness (86%) was
      found between strain C-125 and B. halodurans. Our findings demonstrate that
      strain C-125 is a member of the species B. halodurans. 

PMID- 27385576
TI  - A New Affinity Chromatography Using Yeast Invertase-Sepharose 4B for Purification
      of Plant Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases.
AB  - For the purification of plant endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, in this report,
      we introduce a new affinity chromatography using the reduced and
      carboxymethylated yeast invertase (cm-YI) as a ligand. Two plant endo-beta-N
      acetylglucosaminidases (endo-LE from tomato fruits (Kimura, Y., et al. Biochim.
      Biophys. Acta 1381, 27-36 (1998)) and endo-GB from Ginkgo biloba seeds (Kimura,
      Y., et al. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 62, 253-261 (1998)) could completely
      bind to the high-mannose type N-glycans linked to the immobilized yeast invertase
      and the activities of both enzymes could be recovered by increasing the
      concentration of NaCl. By using this purification procedure with some other
      purification procedures, endo-LE could be purified 1,700-fold and endo-GB was
      purified to apparent homogeneity at 63 kDa as reported previously. 

PMID- 27385577
TI  - 16-O-Demethyl Fusicoccin J and Its 3-Epimer from Fusicoccum amygdali, and Their
      Seed Germination-stimulating Activity in the Presence of Abscisic Acid.
AB  - Our search for new metabolites biosynthetically related to fusicoccin with potent
      plant growth-stimulating activity from the culture filtrate of Fusicoccum
      amygdali F6 resulted in the isolation of a new derivative of fusicoccin J, as
      well as fusicoccin J and 16-O-demethyl 3-epifusicoccin J. Its structure was
      analyzed by 600 MHz NMR spectrometry and identified as 16-O-demethyl fusicoccin
      J. The biosynthetic relationships among 16-O-demethyl fusicoccin J and its 3
      epimer, and fusicoccin J are discussed in connection with the co-occurrence of
      both of the 3-epimers of 16-O-demethyl fusicoccin J. 16-O-Demethyl fusicoccin J
      and its 3-epimer showed only low germination-stimulating activity toward lettuce
      seeds in the presence of abscisic acid (20 MUM), the latter being slightly more
      active than the former. 

PMID- 27385578
TI  - Ion-transport Activity of Phenylpentanoic Acids Occurring in the Roots of
      Athyrium yokoscense.
AB  - 5-(3'-Hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid (1) and 5-(3'-methoxyphenyl)pentanoic acid (2)
      occurring in the roots of Athyrium yokoscense showed transport activity to
      alkaline and alkaline earth metal ions and heavy divalent metal ions. 

PMID- 27385579
TI  - Total Synthesis of (+)-(2S,3R)-Piscidic Acid via Catalytic Asymmetric
      Dihydroxylation of a Trisubstituted Olefin.
AB  - (+)-(2S,3R)-Piscidic acid was efficiently synthesized with high optical purity
      (90% e.e.) via Sharpless catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of a trisubstituted
      olefin in only 6 steps from commercially available 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid as
      the starting material. The reaction proceeded with high optical purity by using
      the chiral ligands, dihydroquinidine 2,5-diphenyl-4,6-pyrimidinediyl diether or
      dihydroquinidine 1,4-anthraquinonediyl diether. 

PMID- 27385580
TI  - Errata.
AB  - p. 592, right column, line 13, anti-asthmatic p. 592, right column, line 10 from
      the bottom, thiosulfinates p. 593, right column, line 21 and 23, and in Table 1,
      MUg/ml Wrong:anti-asthmatictiosulfinates mg/ml Right:anti-asthmatic
      thiosulfinates MUg/ml. 

PMID- 27385581
TI  - Dy3+ -, Sm3+ -, Ce3+ - and Tb3+ -activated optical properties of microcrystalline
      BaMgP2 O7 phosphors.
AB  - Photoluminescence (PL) and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of rare earth (RE)
      ion (RE = Dy3+ , Sm3+ , Ce3+ , Tb3+ ) activated microcrystalline BaMgP2 O7
      phosphors are presented in this work. Non-doped and doped samples of BaMgP2 O7
      were prepared using a solid state diffusion method and characterized by X-ray
      diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), PL and TL. The XRD
      measurement confirmed the phase purity of the BaMgP2 O7 host matrix. The average
      particle size was found through SEM measurement to be around 2 MUm. All
      activators using the PL technique displayed characteristic excitation and
      emission spectra that corresponded to their typical f -> f and f -> d transitions
      respectively. Thermoluminescence measurements showed that BaMgP2 O7 :RE (RE =
      Dy3+ , Sm3+ , Tb3+ , Ce3+ ) and co-doped BaMgP2 O7 :Ce3+ ,Tb3+ phosphors have
      also TL behaviour.

PMID- 27385582
TI  - Occupational balance in health professionals in Sweden.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Health care employees are often women, a group that has high degrees
      of sick leave and perhaps problems attaining occupational balance. However,
      people think differently about their everyday activities and it is therefore
      important to take their perceptions into account but occupational balance has not
      yet been measured in health professionals. The aim was to describe occupational
      balance in three different samples of health professionals in Sweden. A further
      aim was to investigate whether occupational therapists (OTs) rate their
      occupational balance differently from other health professionals. MATERIAL AND
      METHOD: Four hundred and eighty-two health professionals, employees in public
      dentistry, mental health care and OTs, aged 21-70 years participated. The
      participants' occupational balance was measured using the occupational balance
      questionnaire (OBQ). RESULTS: The ratings of occupational balance were similar to
      earlier studies and did not differ significantly between the samples. The OTs'
      occupational balance was also similar to that of the other health professionals.
      CONCLUSION: The similarities in occupational balance indicate the same
      difficulties in attaining it. SIGNIFICANCE: The result highlights the possibility
      that working people face similar difficulties in achieving occupational balance.
      Further research is warranted about how to attain it.

PMID- 27385583
TI  - Controlled Synthesis of Au@AgAu Yolk-Shell Cuboctahedra with Well-Defined Facets.
AB  - The synthesis of Au@AgAu yolk-shell cuboctahedra nanoparticles formed by galvanic
      replacement in a seed-mediated method is described. Initially, single-crystal Au
      seeds are used for the formation of Au@Ag core-shell nanocubes, which serve as
      the template material for the deposition of an external Au layer. The well
      controlled synthesis yields the formation of cuboctahedra nanoparticles with
      smooth inner and outer Au/Ag surfaces. The deposition/oxidation process is
      described to understand the formation of cuboctahedra and octahedra
      nanoparticles. The Au core maintains the initial morphology of the seed and
      remains static at the center of the yolk-shell because of residual Ag. Structural
      analysis of the shell indicates intrinsic stacking faults (SFs) near the surface.
      Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
      (XPS) compositional analysis show an Au-Ag nonordered alloy forming the shell.
      The three-dimensional structure of the nanoparticles presented open facets on the
      [111] as observed by electron tomography SIRT reconstruction over a stack of high
      angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM)
      images. The geometrical model was validated by analyzing the direction of streaks
      in coherent nanobeam diffraction (NBD). The catalytic activity was evaluated
      using a model reaction based on the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NTP) by NaBH4
      in the presence of Au@AgAu yolk-shell nanoparticles.

PMID- 27385584
TI  - Systemic inflammatory response syndrome following burns is mediated by brain
      natriuretic peptide/natriuretic peptide A receptor-induced shock factor 1
      signaling pathway.
AB  - The aim of this study was to determine whether systemic inflammatory response
      syndrome (SIRS) in burn patients is mediated by the brain natriuretic peptide
      (BNP)/natriuretic peptide A receptor (NPRA)-induced heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1)
      signalling pathway. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) that were isolated from patients
      with burn injuries and SIRS mouse models and a RAW264.7 cell line were treated
      with normal serum or serum obtained from animals with burn injuries. In parallel,
      small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against BNP or NPRA were transfected in both cell
      types. Western blotting (WB) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were
      used to detect protein expression and inflammatory factor levels, respectively.
      We found that interleukin (IL)-12, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, C-reactive
      protein (CRP), and BNP levels were increased and IL-10 levels were decreased in
      the plasma and MNCs in vivo in the animal model of SIRS. Additionally, NPRA was
      upregulated, whereas HSF-1 was downregulated in monocytes in vivo. Treatment of
      RAW264.7 cells with burn serum or BNP induced IL-12, TNF-alpha, and CRP secretion
      as well as HSF-1 expression. Finally, silencing BNP with shRNA interrupted the
      effect of burn serum on RAW264.7 cells, and silencing NPRA blocked burn serum-
      and BNP-mediated changes in RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that the
      interaction of NPRA with BNP secreted from circulatory MNCs as well as
      mononuclear macrophages leads to inflammation via HSF-1 during SIRS development
      following serious burn injury.

PMID- 27385585
TI  - Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS Treatment Guideline 2016
      update: antiretroviral therapy recommended for all children living with HIV.

PMID- 27385586
TI  - Parkinson Disease-linked Vps35 R524W Mutation Impairs the Endosomal Association
      of Retromer and Induces alpha-Synuclein Aggregation.
AB  - Endosomal sorting is a highly orchestrated cellular process. Retromer is a
      heterotrimeric complex that associates with endosomal membranes and facilitates
      the retrograde sorting of multiple receptors, including the cation-independent
      mannose 6-phosphate receptor for lysosomal enzymes. The cycling of retromer on
      and off the endosomal membrane is regulated by a network of retromer-interacting
      proteins. Here, we find that Parkinson disease-associated Vps35 variant, R524W,
      but not P316S, is a loss-of-function mutation as marked by a reduced association
      with this regulatory network and dysregulation of endosomal receptor sorting.
      Expression of Vps35 R524W-containing retromer results in the accumulation of
      intracellular alpha-synuclein-positive aggregates, a hallmark of Parkinson
      disease. Overall, the Vps35 R524W-containing retromer has a decreased endosomal
      association, which can be partially rescued by R55, a small molecule previously
      shown to stabilize the retromer complex, supporting the potential for future
      targeting of the retromer complex in the treatment of Parkinson disease.

PMID- 27385587
TI  - Functional Human alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Generated from
      Escherichia coli.
AB  - Human Cys-loop receptors are important therapeutic targets. High-resolution
      structures are essential for rational drug design, but only a few are available
      due to difficulties in obtaining sufficient quantities of protein suitable for
      structural studies. Although expression of proteins in E. coli offers advantages
      of high yield, low cost, and fast turnover, this approach has not been thoroughly
      explored for full-length human Cys-loop receptors because of the conventional
      wisdom that E. coli lacks the specific chaperones and post-translational
      modifications potentially required for expression of human Cys-loop receptors.
      Here we report the successful production of full-length wild type human
      alpha7nAChR from E. coli Chemically induced chaperones promote high expression
      levels of well-folded proteins. The choice of detergents, lipids, and ligands
      during purification determines the final protein quality. The purified
      alpha7nAChR not only forms pentamers as imaged by negative-stain electron
      microscopy, but also retains pharmacological characteristics of native
      alpha7nAChR, including binding to bungarotoxin and positive allosteric modulators
      specific to alpha7nAChR. Moreover, the purified alpha7nAChR injected into Xenopus
      oocytes can be activated by acetylcholine, choline, and nicotine, inhibited by
      the channel blockers QX-222 and phencyclidine, and potentiated by the alpha7nAChR
      specific modulators PNU-120596 and TQS. The successful generation of functional
      human alpha7nAChR from E. coli opens a new avenue for producing mammalian Cys
      loop receptors to facilitate structure-based rational drug design.

PMID- 27385589
TI  - Sneaker Male Squid Produce Long-lived Spermatozoa by Modulating Their Energy
      Metabolism.
AB  - Spermatozoa released by males should remain viable until fertilization. Hence,
      sperm longevity is governed by intrinsic and environmental factors in accordance
      with the male mating strategy. However, whether intraspecific variation of
      insemination modes can impact sperm longevity remains to be elucidated. In the
      squid Heterololigo bleekeri, male dimorphism (consort and sneaker) is linked to
      two discontinuous insemination modes that differ in place and time. Notably, only
      sneaker male spermatozoa inseminated long before egg spawning can be stored in
      the seminal receptacle. We found that sneaker spermatozoa exhibited greater
      persistence in fertilization competence and flagellar motility than consort ones
      because of a larger amount of flagellar glycogen. Sneaker spermatozoa also showed
      higher capacities in glucose uptake and lactate efflux. Lactic acidosis was
      considered to stabilize CO2-triggered self-clustering of sneaker spermatozoa,
      thus establishing hypoxia-induced metabolic changes and sperm survival. These
      results, together with comparative omics analyses, suggest that postcopulatory
      reproductive contexts define sperm longevity by modulating the inherent energy
      levels and metabolic pathways.

PMID- 27385591
TI  - Film clips and narrative text as subjective emotion elicitation techniques.
AB  - Film clips and narrative text are useful techniques in eliciting emotion in a
      laboratory setting but have not been examined side-by-side using the same
      methodology. This study examined the self-identification of emotions elicited by
      film clip and narrative text stimuli to confirm that selected stimuli
      appropriately target the intended emotions. Seventy participants viewed 30 film
      clips, and 40 additional participants read 30 narrative texts. Participants
      identified the emotion experienced (happy, sad, angry, fearful, neutral-six
      stimuli each). Eighty-five percent of participants self-identified the target
      emotion for at least two stimuli for all emotion categories of film clips, except
      angry (only one) and for all categories of narrative text, except fearful (only
      one). The most effective angry text was correctly identified 74% of the time.
      Film clips were more effective in eliciting all target emotions in participants
      for eliciting the correct emotion (angry), intensity rating (happy, sad), or both
      (fearful).

PMID- 27385588
TI  - A Novel Allosteric Activator of Free Fatty Acid 2 Receptor Displays Unique Gi
      functional Bias.
AB  - The short chain fatty acid receptor FFA2 is able to stimulate signaling via both
      Gi- and Gq/G11-promoted pathways. These pathways are believed to control distinct
      physiological end points but FFA2 receptor ligands appropriate to test this
      hypothesis have been lacking. Herein, we characterize AZ1729, a novel FFA2
      regulator that acts as a direct allosteric agonist and as a positive allosteric
      modulator, increasing the activity of the endogenously produced short chain fatty
      acid propionate in Gi-mediated pathways, but not at those transduced by Gq/G11
      Using AZ1729 in combination with direct inhibitors of Gi and Gq/G11 family G
      proteins demonstrated that although both arms contribute to propionate-mediated
      regulation of phospho-ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling in FFA2-expressing 293 cells,
      the Gq/G11-mediated pathway is predominant. We extend these studies by employing
      AZ1729 to dissect physiological FFA2 signaling pathways. The capacity of AZ1729
      to act at FFA2 receptors to inhibit beta-adrenoreceptor agonist-promoted
      lipolysis in primary mouse adipocytes and to promote chemotaxis of isolated human
      neutrophils confirmed these as FFA2 processes mediated by Gi signaling, whereas,
      in concert with blockade by the Gq/G11 inhibitor FR900359, the inability of
      AZ1729 to mimic or regulate propionate-mediated release of GLP-1 from mouse
      colonic preparations defined this physiological response as an end point
      transduced via activation of Gq/G11.

PMID- 27385590
TI  - Recognition of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class Ib Molecule H2
      Q10 by the Natural Killer Cell Receptor Ly49C.
AB  - Murine natural killer (NK) cells are regulated by the interaction of Ly49
      receptors with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules (MHC-I).
      Although the ligands for inhibitory Ly49 were considered to be restricted to
      classical MHC (MHC-Ia), we have shown that the non-classical MHC molecule (MHC
      Ib) H2-M3 was a ligand for the inhibitory Ly49A. Here we establish that another
      MHC-Ib, H2-Q10, is a bona fide ligand for the inhibitory Ly49C receptor. H2-Q10
      bound to Ly49C with a marginally lower affinity (~5 MUm) than that observed
      between Ly49C and MHC-Ia (H-2K(b)/H-2D(d), both ~1 MUm), and this recognition
      could be prevented by cis interactions with H-2K in situ To understand the
      molecular details underpinning Ly49.MHC-Ib recognition, we determined the crystal
      structures of H2-Q10 and Ly49C bound H2-Q10. Unliganded H2-Q10 adopted a
      classical MHC-I fold and possessed a peptide-binding groove that exhibited
      features similar to those found in MHC-Ia, explaining the diverse peptide binding
      repertoire of H2-Q10. Ly49C bound to H2-Q10 underneath the peptide binding
      platform to a region that encompassed residues from the alpha1, alpha2, and
      alpha3 domains, as well as the associated beta2-microglobulin subunit. This
      docking mode was conserved with that previously observed for Ly49C.H-2K(b)
      Indeed, structure-guided mutation of Ly49C indicated that Ly49C.H2-Q10 and
      Ly49C.H-2K(b) possess similar energetic footprints focused around residues
      located within the Ly49C beta4-stand and L5 loop, which contact the underside of
      the peptide-binding platform floor. Our data provide a structural basis for
      Ly49.MHC-Ib recognition and demonstrate that MHC-Ib represent an extended family
      of ligands for Ly49 molecules.

PMID- 27385593
TI  - The Relationship Between Glutathione S-Transferase-P1 and Beta-2 Adrenoreceptor
      Genotypes with Asthmatic Patients in the Turkish Population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Individual differences in the activity of enzymes that metabolize
      xenobiotics can impact health and disease. Beta-2 adrenoreceptor (ADRB2) is a
      functional G-coupled protein expressed in the vascular endothelium of lungs,
      alveolar walls, and the ganglions of cholinergic nerves which induces
      bronchodilation in response to catecholamines. Glutathione S-Transferase-P1
      (GSTP1) is a candidate pi class GST gene, which controls pi class glutathione S
      transferase activity. AIMS: In this study we determined the relationship between
      the ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism and GSTP1 polymorphisms, involved in
      bronchodilator response and oxidative stress, respectively, with susceptibility
      to asthma. METHODS: In this study, 129 asthmatic patients and 127 healthy control
      cases were recruited to determine ADRB2 and GSTP1 genotypes by allele-specific
      polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism assays,
      respectively. RESULTS: The ADRB2 genotype frequencies of the patients and control
      cases were found to be 10.9% (Arg16Arg), 48.8% (Arg16Gly), and 40.3% (Gly16Gly)
      and 24.4% (Arg16Arg), 36.2% (Arg16Gly), and 39.4% (Gly16Gly), respectively. GSTP1
      genotype frequencies of patients and control cases were found to be 55%
      (Ile105Ile), 43.4% (Ile105Val), and 1.6% (Val105Val) and 75.6% (Ile105Ile), 22%
      (Ile105Val), and 2.4% (Val105Val), respectively. In the case of the GSTP1 gene,
      we found statistically significant differences in the genotype frequency of
      Ile105Val and the allele frequency of Val105 in the asthmatic group compared with
      the controls. Moreover, we observed a relationship between allele frequencies and
      clinical phenotypes including atopia nocturnal dyspnea, and steroid dependency in
      the asthmatic patients. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the GSTP1 Ile105Val
      polymorphism may be linked to the severeness of airway dysfunction.

PMID- 27385592
TI  - Protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) enhances Src-mediated tyrosine
      phosphorylation of NMDA receptor in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
AB  - It has been demonstrated that Src could modulate NMDA receptor, and PAR1 could
      also affect NMDAR signaling. However, whether PAR1 could regulate NMDAR through
      Src under ICH has not yet been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated the
      role of Src-PSD95-GluN2A signaling cascades in rat ICH model and in vitro
      thrombin challenged model. Using the PAR1 agonist SFLLR, antagonist RLLFS and Src
      inhibitor PP2, electrophysiological analysis showed that PAR1 regulated NMDA
      induced whole-cell currents (INMDA) though Src in primary cultured neurons. Both
      in vivo and in vitro results showed the elevated phosphorylation of tyrosine in
      Src and GluN2A and enhanced interaction of the Src-PSD95-GluN2A under model
      conditions. Treatment with the PAR1 antagonist RLLFS, AS-PSD95 (Antisense
      oligonucleotide against PSD95) and Src inhibitor PP2 inhibited the interaction
      among Src-PSD95-GluN2A, and p-Src, p-GluN2A. Co-application of SFLLR and AS
      PSD95, PP2, or MK801 (NMDAR inhibitor) abolished the effect of SF. In conclusion,
      our results demonstrated that activated thrombin receptor PAR1 induced Src
      activation, enhanced the interaction among Src-PSD95-GluN2A signaling modules,
      and up-regulated GluN2A phosphorylation after ICH injury. Elucidation of such
      signaling cascades would possibly provide novel targets for ICH treatment.

PMID- 27385594
TI  - Original Research: Feasibility and safety of two surgical techniques for the
      development of an animal model of jugular vein occlusion.
AB  - To date, no studies have explored the effect of abnormal cerebral venous
      circulation on brain disorders, whereas many studies have investigated
      neurodegenerative brain anomalies associated with arterial diseases. The aim of
      our study was to demonstrate the feasibility of different surgical techniques to
      induce venous obstruction of cerebral brain drainage. Six C57/black mice
      underwent bilateral occlusion of the external jugular vein (group EJV), six
      underwent bilateral occlusion of the internal jugular vein (group IJV), and six
      underwent bilateral occlusion of both the EJV and the IJV (group EJV/IJV). Within
      each group, the interruption of blood flow was obtained via monopolar electro
      coagulation (ME) in three mice and via surgical ligation (SL) in the remaining
      three mice. A "sham group" of two mice was used as the control. High-frequency
      ultrasound (HFUS) was used to detect the absence of blood flow in the examined
      vessel. The ME procedure led to successful results in two of nine (22%) mice, one
      in the EJV group, one in the EJV/IJV group, and zero in the IJV group, and 4 of
      18 (22%) mice when considering individual veins (i.e., total number of EJVs and
      IJVs occluded). The SL procedure was successful in two of three (67%) mice in the
      EJV group, in three of three (100%) mice in the IJV and in three of four (75%)
      mice in the EJV/IJV group. Therefore, the overall success rate was 8/10 (80%)
      when considering mice, and 20/26 (77%) when considering individual veins. The
      monopolar electro-coagulation method exhibited a high mortality due to
      cardiorespiratory arrest, while the results of the bilateral surgical ligation of
      EJVs and IJVs show that it is technically feasible and safe.

PMID- 27385597
TI  - Direct Regulation of Extracellular Chitinase Production by the Transcription
      Factor LeClp in Lysobacter enzymogenes OH11.
AB  - Lysobacter enzymogenes is a gram-negative bacterial biological control agent that
      produces abundant extracellular enzymes capable of degrading the cell walls of
      fungal pathogens. In strain OH11, an isolate from China, the global regulator
      LeClp controls the production of extracellular chitinase by regulating the
      transcription of the chitinase-encoding gene chiA. Using a combination of
      bioinformatic, genetic, and biochemical methods, we show that LeClp regulates
      chiA transcription by directly binding to the chiA promoter region. Although
      LeClp appears to be important in this role, it is not the sole regulator of chiA
      transcription. Furthermore, the sequence analysis of putative LeClp binding sites
      indicated that the LeClp homolog could be involved in the regulation of
      extracellular chitinase production in diverse Lysobacter spp. by a mechanism
      similar to that in L. enzymogenes. Our findings present new insights into the
      molecular mechanism of LeClp in controlling extracellular chitinase activity,
      providing a fundamental road to elucidate how LeClp regulates the production of
      other extracellular lytic enzymes in L. enzymogenes.

PMID- 27385595
TI  - Cell sources for in vitro human liver cell culture models.
AB  - In vitro liver cell culture models are gaining increasing importance in
      pharmacological and toxicological research. The source of cells used is critical
      for the relevance and the predictive value of such models. Primary human
      hepatocytes (PHH) are currently considered to be the gold standard for hepatic in
      vitro culture models, since they directly reflect the specific metabolism and
      functionality of the human liver; however, the scarcity and difficult logistics
      of PHH have driven researchers to explore alternative cell sources, including
      liver cell lines and pluripotent stem cells. Liver cell lines generated from
      hepatomas or by genetic manipulation are widely used due to their good
      availability, but they are generally altered in certain metabolic functions. For
      the past few years, adult and pluripotent stem cells have been attracting
      increasing attention, due their ability to proliferate and to differentiate into
      hepatocyte-like cells in vitro However, controlling the differentiation of these
      cells is still a challenge. This review gives an overview of the major human cell
      sources under investigation for in vitro liver cell culture models, including
      primary human liver cells, liver cell lines, and stem cells. The promises and
      challenges of different cell types are discussed with a focus on the complex 2D
      and 3D culture approaches under investigation for improving liver cell
      functionality in vitro Finally, the specific application options of individual
      cell sources in pharmacological research or disease modeling are described. 

PMID- 27385596
TI  - Inhibition of microRNA-34a prevents IL-1beta-induced extracellular matrix
      degradation in nucleus pulposus by increasing GDF5 expression.
AB  - Accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs, a class of small non-coding RNAs,
      are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases such as cancer and
      intervertebral disc degeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the
      expression and the biological function of microRNA-34a in intervertebral disc
      degeneration. In this study, microRNA-34a expression was assessed in nucleus
      pulposus specimens and in IL-1beta-stimulated nucleus pulposus cells by real-time
      polymerase chain reaction. microRNA-34a functions were investigated by using gain
      and loss of function experiments in nucleus pulposus cells and a dual luciferase
      reporter assay in 293T cells. microRNA-34a was dramatically up-regulated in
      degenerative nucleus pulposus tissues and in IL-1beta-stimulated nucleus pulposus
      cells when compared with controls. Furthermore, growth differentiation factor 5
      was identified as a target of microRNA-34a. Aberrant expression of microRNA-34a
      inhibited growth differentiation factor 5 expression by direct binding to its 3'
      untranslated region. This inhibition was abolished by mutation of the microRNA
      34a binding sites. In addition, microRNA-34a silencing reversed IL-1beta-induced
      decrease in type II collagen and aggrecan expression in nucleus pulposus cells.
      This effect was substantially suppressed by growth differentiation factor 5
      silencing. Our results suggested that microRNA-34a inhibition prevents IL-1beta
      induced extracellular matrix degradation in human nucleus pulposus by increasing
      growth differentiation factor 5 expression. microRNA-34a inhibition may be a
      novel molecular target for intervertebral disc degeneration treatment through the
      prevention of nucleus pulposus extracellular matrix degradation.

PMID- 27385598
TI  - Novel Alleviation Mechanisms of Aluminum Phytotoxicity via Released Biosilicon
      from Rice Straw-Derived Biochars.
AB  - Replacing biosilicon and biocarbon in soil via biochar amendment is a novel
      approach for soil amelioration and pollution remediation. The unique roles of
      silicon (Si)-rich biochar in aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity alleviation have not
      been discovered. In this study, the alleviation of Al phytotoxicity to wheat
      plants (root tips cell death) by biochars fabricated from rice straw pyrolyzed at
      400 and 700  degrees C (RS400 and RS700) and the feedstock (RS100) were studied
      using a slurry system containing typical acidic soils for a 15-day exposure
      experiment. The distributions of Al and Si in the slurry solution, soil and plant
      root tissue were monitored by staining methods, chemical extractions and SEM-EDS
      observations. We found that the biological sourced silicon in biochars served
      dual roles in Al phytotoxicity alleviation in acidic soil slurry. On one hand,
      the Si particles reduced the amount of soil exchangeable Al and prevented the
      migration of Al to the plant. More importantly, the Si released from biochars
      synchronously absorbed by the plants and coordinated with Al to form Al-Si
      compounds in the epidermis of wheat roots, which is a new mechanism for Al
      phytotoxicity alleviation in acidic soil slurry by biochar amendment. In
      addition, the steady release of Si from the rice straw-derived biochars was a
      sustainable Si source for aluminosilicate reconstruction in acidic soil.

PMID- 27385599
TI  - Leukoreduced red blood cell transfusions do not induce platelet glycoprotein
      antibodies in patients with sickle cell disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alloimmunization to red blood cell (RBC) antigens after transfusion
      is well described in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). We recently
      demonstrated that leukocyte-reduced RBC transfusions appeared to induce human
      leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies in some children with SCD; now, we hypothesize
      that residual platelets contained in transfused RBC products may lead to platelet
      glycoprotein antibody formation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional
      study was conducted among never pregnant pediatric patients with SCD who either
      had received many RBC transfusions or had never received any transfusions. Serum
      was tested for antibodies to platelet-specific glycoproteins using a commercial
      enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Platelet-specific glycoprotein antibodies were found
      in 12 of 90 patients (13%) in the transfused group versus 5 of 24 patients (21%)
      in the never transfused group (p = 0.35). The prevalence of antibodies as well as
      the median standardized optical density for these two groups was not
      significantly different for any of the studied platelet glycoprotein antigens.
      There was no association with the presence of platelet-specific glycoprotein
      antibodies with either RBC or HLA antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Leukocyte-reduced RBC
      transfusions do not appear to induce platelet-specific glycoprotein antibodies.
      The positive platelet-specific glycoprotein antibody results from this study may
      represent platelet autoantibodies, platelet alloantibodies, or false-positive
      reactions. A better understanding of the immunobiology of patients with SCD at
      baseline and after blood product exposure may help improve future transfusion and
      transplantation.

PMID- 27385600
TI  - Periodontitis May Deteriorate Sinus of Valsalva Dilatation in Marfan Syndrome
      Patients.
AB  - Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a systemic connective tissue disorder that is caused by
      mutations of fibrillin-1. While MFS patients are at a high risk of periodontitis
      and aortic diseases, little causal information has been provided to date. To
      clarify the relationship, their oral condition and sinus of Valsalva (SoV) were
      evaluated.The subjects were patients with MFS (n = 33) who attended the
      University of Tokyo Hospital. We divided them into two groups; MFS patients with
      highly dilated (the diameters were equal to or more than 39 mm) SoV (high group,
      n = 18) and MFS patients with mildly dilated (less than 39 mm) SoV (mild group, n
      = 15). Blood examinations, echocardiograms, and full-mouth clinical measurements,
      including number of teeth, probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP),
      and community periodontal index (CPI) were performed.We found that the high group
      patients had greater rates of BOP compared to that of the mild group.
      Furthermore, the high group tended to have higher serum levels of C-reactive
      protein, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and transforming growth factor-beta compared
      to the mild group.Periodontitis may deteriorate SoV dilatation in MFS patients. 

PMID- 27385601
TI  - Synchronization of the Flow and Pressure Waves Obtained With Non-Simultaneous
      Multipoint Measurements.
AB  - The use of measured data as boundary conditions renders hemodynamic simulations
      more patient-specific. However, synchronized acquisition of data at multiple
      locations is often difficult in clinical practice. This study proposes a method
      for resynchronizing measured data for use as boundary conditions for flow
      simulations using frequency analyses, and discusses the optimal cut-off frequency
      for differentiating cardiac and respiratory variation in hemodynamic data during
      resynchronization. To demonstrate the utility of the method, a Fontan
      circulation, which is the final palliative result with single-ventricle
      physiology, was used. The results suggest that it is optimal to set a cut-off
      frequency that gives a local minimum in the power spectrum that is slightly lower
      than the peak frequency of the heartbeat. Additionally, the total energy loss
      depended on the cut-off frequency, although the overall flow patterns appeared to
      be similar. The method is applicable to cardiovascular systems other than the
      Fontan circulation, where hemodynamic data with multifactorial fluctuations are
      required at various locations but simultaneous measurements are not possible. 

PMID- 27385602
TI  - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Accompanied by Spinocerebellar Atrophy With a Novel
      Mutation in Troponin I Gene.
AB  - We report the case of a 66 year-old woman with chronic atrial fibrillation,
      hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and spinocerebellar atrophy (SCA). Her mother
      and first-born son had died of heart disease at the ages of 65 and 16 years,
      respectively. Four of her 8 siblings had died suddenly of unknown cause or of
      heart disease, and 2 others of cerebral infarction by the 7th decade. Genetic
      testing revealed that she had a novel mutation (c. 482C > A, p. Ala161Asp) in the
      troponin I gene (TNNI3), and no abnormality of the GAA repeat in the frataxin
      gene. Her older brother with SCA but without HCM was also analyzed, with no
      abnormality noted in either gene. The Ala161Asp mutation in TNNI3 was implicated
      in the pathogenesis of her HCM, though an association between HCM and SCA was not
      revealed. 

PMID- 27385603
TI  - Comparative Effectiveness of Oral Medications for Pulmonary Arterial
      Hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease that imposes a significant
      burden on patients. Although multiple treatment options for PAH are available,
      head-to-head comparisons are difficult to conduct. Network meta-analysis (NMA)
      can be a useful alternative for direct comparison to estimate the relative
      effectiveness of multiple treatments. The objective of the present study was to
      conduct a systematic review and NMA to evaluate the relative effectiveness among
      oral PAH medications.Data collection was performed by searching the Cochrane
      Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Ichushi-Web. Randomized
      controlled trials (RCTs) assessing at least 1 of the following 3 outcome
      measurements; 6-minute walk distance test (6MWD), WHO functional class (WHOFC),
      and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) were included (PROSPERO registration
      number: CRD42015016557). Outcomes were evaluated by estimating the differences in
      the mean change from baseline or by estimating the odds ratios. Analyses were
      performed using WinBUGS 1.4.3.Seven double-blind RCTs were eligible. NMA results
      showed similar improvements in 6MWD for all medications assessed. Bosentan and
      sildenafil caused a statistically significant improvement in WHOFC compared to
      other medications.The relative effectiveness of oral PAH medications could be
      compared using NMA, which suggested the superiority of bosentan and sildenafil in
      the improvement of WHOFC. 

PMID- 27385604
TI  - Restoration of Mitral Inflow Velocity Until Blanking Period Is Associated With
      Successful Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.
AB  - Radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) is a useful therapeutic option for atrial
      fibrillation (AF), although outcomes are less effective for persistent AF. The
      aim of this study was to elucidate the echocardiographic parameters associated
      with successful RFCA in patients with persistent AF.A total of 159 patients (mean
      age, 60.8 +/- 9.6 years, 125 males [78.6%]) who underwent RFCA for persistent AF
      from April 2009 to May 2014 were included, retrospectively. Transthoracic
      echocardiography was performed at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year
      following RFCA. The subjects were divided into 2 groups, a recurrence group and a
      non-recurrence group. One hundred eleven of the 159 patients (69.8%) remained
      free from recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia during follow-up (mean, 20.6 +/- 17.4
      months). Peak A wave velocity (38.1 +/- 14.1 in the recurrence group; 48.0 +/-
      20.7 in the non-recurrence group, P = 0.01), peak E wave velocity (76.4 +/- 19.1
      versus 68.8 +/- 19.5, P = 0.03), deceleration time (196.3 +/- 54.4 versus 219.9
      +/- 64.1, P = 0.04), and left atrial (LA) diameter (44.5 +/- 7.3 versus 41.0 +/-
      5.6, P = 0.01) at 3 months after ablation were significantly different between
      the two groups. Among echocardiographic parameters, peak A wave velocity (OR
      0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-0.99) and LA diameter (OR 1.13, 95% CI
      1.011.25) were associated with AF recurrence.After RFCA for persistent AF, LA
      anatomical and functional changes occurred during a 3-month blanking period.
      Restoration of peak A wave velocity and LA size are associated with successful
      ablation. 

PMID- 27385605
TI  - Late-Onset Postoperative Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia in Nonsurgical
      Procedures.
AB  - Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a narrow complex
      tachycardia and most frequently occurs during and after surgical repair of
      certain types of congenital heart defects. Postoperative junctional ectopic
      tachycardia may produce unfavorable hemodynamics that prolongs stays in the
      cardiac intensive care unit and hospital, prolongs time on a ventilator, and
      occasionally requires the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as
      rescue therapy. The present report describes a rare case of late-onset
      postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia, which occurred 13 days after the
      deployment of a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (PmVSD) occluder in a 17
      year-old female teenager. To the best of our knowledge, late-onset postoperative
      junctional ectopic tachycardia has not previously been reported as a complication
      in nonsurgical procedures. In this case, the junctional ectopic tachycardia
      remained resistant to medicines and the haemodynamic imbalance caused a serious
      life-threatening situation in the patient. The occluder was removed by an
      emergent thoracotomy; then, the patient was successfully cured by being supported
      with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The findings suggest that during follow
      up management, the physician should pay attention postoperatively to junctional
      ectopic tachycardia even after discharge from the hospital. 

PMID- 27385606
TI  - Fontan-Like Hemodynamics Complicated With Ventricular Fibrillation During Left
      Ventricular Assist Device Support.
AB  - We experienced a patient who had received an implantable continuous-flow left
      ventricular assist device (LVAD) (HeartMate II, Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, CA,
      USA) and was admitted to our hospital because of repeated ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias refractory to electrical defibrillation as well as intensive
      pharmacological therapy. We decided to discontinue defibrillating, but under
      ventricular fibrillation his hemodynamics were maintained without end-organ
      dysfunction during LVAD support (mean right atrial pressure 18 mmHg; pulmonary
      vascular resistance 1.6 WU; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 11 mmHg; cardiac
      index 2.04 L/minute/m(2)) due to optimization of the rotation speed (from 8800 to
      9200 rpm). Such "Fontan-like circulation" could be accomplished by adequate
      volume control, lowering pulmonary vascular resistance, and potent LV blood
      removal by optimal rotation speed of the LVAD, although the precise conditions to
      maintain the Fontan-like circulation during LVAD therapy remained uncertain.
      Considering the severe donor heart shortage and high degree of difficulty of the
      catheter ablation procedure to manage ventricular tachyarrhythmias, constructing
      a Fontan-like circulation in the presence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias may be
      one unique strategy. Longterm prognosis in patients with sustained ventricular
      tachyarrhythmias during LVAD support would be a future concern. 

PMID- 27385607
TI  - Real-Time Assessment of Autonomic Nerve Activity During Adaptive Servo
      Ventilation Support or Waon Therapy.
AB  - Adaptive servo-ventilation support and Waon therapy are recently developed non
      pharmacological and noninvasive therapies for patients with heart failure
      refractory to guideline-directed medical therapy. These therapies decrease both
      preload and afterload, increase cardiac output, and appear to ameliorate
      autonomic nerve activity. However, the time course of autonomic nerve activity
      during these therapies remains unclear. We performed heart rate variability
      analysis using the MemCalc power spectral density method (MemCalc system; Suwa
      Trust Co, Tokyo) to assess autonomic nerve activity during adaptive servo
      ventilation support and Waon therapy in two different cases and determined the
      time course of autonomic nerve activity during these therapies. During both
      therapies, we found a drastic increase in parasympathetic nerve activity and
      continuous suppression of sympathetic nerve activity. Heart rate variability
      analysis using the MemCalc method may be promising for the assessment of the
      efficacy of various treatments, including adaptive servo-ventilation support and
      Waon therapy, from the viewpoint of autonomic nerve activity. 

PMID- 27385608
TI  - Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic
      diet in overweight and obese men.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity posits that habitual
      consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet sequesters fat within adipose tissue
      because of hyperinsulinemia and results in adaptive suppression of energy
      expenditure (EE). Therefore, isocaloric exchange of dietary carbohydrate for fat
      is predicted to result in increased EE, increased fat oxidation, and loss of body
      fat. In contrast, a more conventional view that "a calorie is a calorie" predicts
      that isocaloric variations in dietary carbohydrate and fat will have no
      physiologically important effects on EE or body fat. OBJECTIVE: We investigated
      whether an isocaloric low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) is associated with
      changes in EE, respiratory quotient (RQ), and body composition. DESIGN: Seventeen
      overweight or obese men were admitted to metabolic wards, where they consumed a
      high-carbohydrate baseline diet (BD) for 4 wk followed by 4 wk of an isocaloric
      KD with clamped protein. Subjects spent 2 consecutive days each week residing in
      metabolic chambers to measure changes in EE (EEchamber), sleeping EE (SEE), and
      RQ. Body composition changes were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
      Average EE during the final 2 wk of the BD and KD periods was measured by doubly
      labeled water (EEDLW). RESULTS: Subjects lost weight and body fat throughout the
      study corresponding to an overall negative energy balance of ~300 kcal/d.
      Compared with BD, the KD coincided with increased EEchamber (57 +/- 13 kcal/d, P
      = 0.0004) and SEE (89 +/- 14 kcal/d, P < 0.0001) and decreased RQ (-0.111 +/-
      0.003, P < 0.0001). EEDLW increased by 151 +/- 63 kcal/d (P = 0.03). Body fat
      loss slowed during the KD and coincided with increased protein utilization and
      loss of fat-free mass. CONCLUSION: The isocaloric KD was not accompanied by
      increased body fat loss but was associated with relatively small increases in EE
      that were near the limits of detection with the use of state-of-the-art
      technology. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01967563.

PMID- 27385609
TI  - Genetic and environmental influences on food preferences in adolescence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Food preferences vary substantially among adults and children. Twin
      studies have established that genes and aspects of the shared family environment
      both play important roles in shaping children's food preferences. The transition
      from childhood to adulthood is characterized by large gains in independence, but
      the relative influences of genes and the environment on food preferences in late
      adolescence are unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to quantify the
      contribution of genetic and environmental influences on food preferences in older
      adolescents. DESIGN: Participants were 2865 twins aged 18-19 y from the TEDS
      (Twins Early Development Study), a large population-based cohort of British twins
      born during 1994-1996. Food preferences were measured by using a self-report
      questionnaire of 62 individual foods. Food items were categorized into 6 food
      groups (fruit, vegetables, meat or fish, dairy, starch foods, and snacks) by
      using factor analysis. Maximum likelihood structural equation modeling
      established genetic and environmental contributions to variations in preferences
      for each food group. RESULTS: Genetic factors influenced a significant and
      substantial proportion of the variation in preference scores of all 6 food
      groups: vegetables (0.54; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.59), fruit (0.49; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.55),
      starchy foods (0.32; 95% CI: 0.24, 0.39), meat or fish (0.44; 95% CI: 0.38,
      0.51), dairy (0.44; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.50), and snacks (0.43; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.49).
      Aspects of the environment that are not shared by 2 twins in a family explained
      all of the remaining variance in food preferences. CONCLUSIONS: Food preferences
      had a moderate genetic basis in late adolescence, in keeping with findings in
      children. However, by this older age, the influence of the shared family
      environment had disappeared, and only aspects of the environment unique to each
      individual twin influenced food preferences. This finding suggests that shared
      environmental experiences that influence food preferences in childhood may not
      have effects that persist into adulthood.

PMID- 27385610
TI  - The vitamin D status of the US population from 1988 to 2010 using standardized
      serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D shows recent modest increases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Temporal trends in the US population's vitamin D status have been
      uncertain because of nonstandardized serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]
      measurements. OBJECTIVE: To accurately assess vitamin D status trends among those
      aged >=12 y, we used data from the cross-sectional NHANESs. DESIGN: A liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for measuring 25(OH)D
      (sum of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3), calibrated to standard
      reference materials, was used to predict LC-MS/MS-equivalent concentrations from
      radioimmunoassay data (1988-2006 surveys; n = 38,700) and to measure LC-MS/MS
      concentrations (2007-2010 surveys; n = 12,446). Weighted arithmetic means and the
      prevalence of 25(OH)D above or below cutoff concentrations were calculated to
      evaluate long-term trends. RESULTS: Overall, mean predicted 25(OH)D showed no
      time trend from 1988 to 2006, but during 2007-2010 the mean measured 25(OH)D was
      5-6 nmol/L higher. Those groups who showed the largest 25(OH)D increases (7-11
      nmol/L) were older, female, non-Hispanic white, and vitamin D supplement users.
      During 1988-2010, the proportions of persons with 25(OH)D <40 nmol/L were 14-18%
      (overall), 46-60% (non-Hispanic blacks), 21-28% (Mexican Americans), and 6-10%
      (non-Hispanic whites). CONCLUSIONS: An accurate method for measuring 25(OH)D
      showed stable mean concentrations in the US population (1988-2006) and recent
      modest increases (2007-2010). Although it is unclear to what extent supplement
      usage compared with different laboratory methods explain the increases in
      25(OH)D, the use of higher vitamin D supplement dosages coincided with the
      increase. Marked race-ethnic differences in 25(OH)D concentrations were apparent.
      These data provide the first standardized information about temporal trends in
      the vitamin D status of the US population.

PMID- 27385611
TI  - Postprandial alterations in whole-blood DNA methylation are mediated by changes
      in white blood cell composition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: DNA methylation is an essential nuclear process associated with
      genomic functions such as transcription factor binding and the regulation of gene
      expression. DNA methylation patterns can also serve as potential biomarkers for
      disease progression and response to therapy. However, the full dynamics of DNA
      methylation across daily physiologic events have not been fully elucidated.
      OBJECTIVE: We sought to study how ingesting a standardized meal acutely affects
      peripheral blood DNA methylation. DESIGN: We performed an observational study in
      healthy men (n = 26) on DNA methylation and gene expression in whole blood before
      and 160 min after the ingestion of a standardized meal. Cytosine-phosphate
      guanine (CpG) methylation was assayed on the HumanMethylation450k microarray, and
      gene expression was measured with the Human Gene 2.1 ST Array. RESULTS:
      Differential methylation after food intake was detected in 13% of the analyzed
      probes (63,207 CpG probes) at a 5% false discovery rate (FDR). This effect was
      driven by changes in leukocyte fractions as estimated from comparisons against
      methylation datasets generated from sorted leukocytes. When methylation values
      were adjusted for estimated leukocyte fractions, 541 probes were observed to be
      altered in the postprandial state (5% FDR). CONCLUSIONS: Apparent alterations in
      DNA methylation 160 min after meal ingestion mainly reflect changes in the
      estimated leukocyte population in whole blood. These results have major
      methodologic implications for genome-wide methylation studies because they
      highlight the strong underlying effects of changes in leukocyte fractions on CpG
      methylation patterns as well as the potential importance of meal-standardized
      sampling procedures for future investigations when alterations in white blood
      cell fractions are unavailable. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov
      as LSF008786.

PMID- 27385612
TI  - Achieving the WHO sodium target: estimation of reductions required in the sodium
      content of packaged foods and other sources of dietary sodium.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Excess sodium intake is one of the top 2 dietary risk factors
      contributing to the global burden of disease. As such, many countries are now
      developing national sodium reduction strategies, a key component of which is a
      sodium reduction model that includes sodium targets for packaged foods and other
      sources of dietary sodium. OBJECTIVE: We sought to develop a sodium reduction
      model to determine the reductions required in the sodium content of packaged
      foods and other dietary sources of sodium to reduce adult population salt intake
      by ~30% toward the optimal WHO target of 5 g/d. DESIGN: Nationally representative
      household food-purchasing data for New Zealand were linked with branded food
      composition information to determine the mean contribution of major packaged food
      categories to total population sodium consumption. Discretionary salt use and the
      contribution of sodium from fresh foods and foods consumed away from the home
      were estimated with the use of national nutrition survey data. Reductions
      required in the sodium content of packaged foods and other dietary sources of
      sodium to achieve a 30% reduction in dietary sodium intakes were estimated.
      RESULTS: A 36% reduction (1.6 g salt or 628 mg Na) in the sodium content of
      packaged foods in conjunction with a 40% reduction in discretionary salt use and
      the sodium content of foods consumed away from the home would reduce total
      population salt intake in New Zealand by 35% (from 8.4 to 5.5 g/d) and thus meet
      the WHO 2025 30% relative reduction target. Key reductions required include a
      decrease of 21% in the sodium content of white bread, 27% for hard cheese, 42%
      for sausages, and 54% for ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. CONCLUSIONS: Achieving
      the WHO sodium target in New Zealand will take considerable efforts by both food
      manufacturers and consumers and will likely require a national government-led
      sodium reduction strategy.

PMID- 27385613
TI  - A prospective study of caffeine and coffee intake and premenstrual syndrome.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clinically significant premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects 15-20% of
      premenopausal women, substantially reducing quality of life. Women with PMS often
      are counseled to minimize caffeine intake, although only limited evidence
      supports this recommendation. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between
      total caffeine, coffee, and tea intake and the development of PMS in a case
      control study nested within the prospective Nurses' Health Study II. DESIGN: All
      participants were free from PMS at baseline (1991). PMS cases reported a new
      clinician-made diagnosis of PMS on biennial questionnaires between 1993 and 2005,
      and then confirmed symptom timing and moderate-to-severe impact and severity of
      symptoms with the use of a retrospective questionnaire (n = 1234). Controls did
      not report PMS and confirmed experiencing no symptoms or few mild symptoms with
      limited personal impact (n = 2426). Caffeine, coffee, and tea intake was measured
      by food-frequency questionnaires every 4 y, and data on smoking, body weight, and
      other factors were updated every 2-4 y. Logistic regression was used to evaluate
      the associations of total caffeine intake and frequency of coffee and tea
      consumption with PMS. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, smoking, and other
      factors, total caffeine intake was not associated with PMS. The OR comparing
      women with the highest (quintile median = 543 mg/d) to the lowest (quintile
      median = 18 mg/d) caffeine intake was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.61, 1.04; P-trend = 0.31).
      High caffeinated coffee intake also was not associated with risk of PMS or
      specific symptoms, including breast tenderness (OR for >=4 cups/d compared with
      <1/mo: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.48, 1.12; P-trend = 0.44). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings
      suggest that caffeine intake is not associated with PMS, and that current
      recommendations for women to reduce caffeine intake may not help prevent the
      development of PMS.

PMID- 27385615
TI  - Efficient Iterative Synthesis of O-Acetylated Tri- to Pentadecasaccharides
      Related to the Lipopolysaccharide of Shigella flexneri Type 3 a through Di- and
      Trisaccharide Glycosyl Donors.
AB  - Protection against bacterial infections, including shigellosis, can be achieved
      by antibodies against the bacterial surface polysaccharide. In line with our
      efforts to develop vaccine candidates for shigellosis, we report herein the
      synthesis of penta-, deca-, and pentadecasaccharides as well as tri-, octa-, and
      tridecasaccharides as the endchain and intrachain fragments, respectively, of the
      surface polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri 3 a, a prevalent serotype. The
      syntheses relied on the efficiency of the trichloroacetimidate glycosylation
      chemistry, whereby iteration with di- and trisaccharide building blocks provided
      fragments made of up to three mono-O-acetylated polysaccharide repeating units.
      Pd(OH)2 -mediated hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis enabled the concomitant removal or
      conversion of up to 31 protecting groups of 4 different origins to provide the
      targets as propyl glycosides. Oligosaccharides comprising the octasaccharide
      segment were shown to display high conformational similarities in solution.

PMID- 27385616
TI  - Reconstruction in pediatric orthopedic trauma: the role of primary cross leg flap
      cover.
AB  - Composite defects of the leg often involve microsurgical reconstruction.
      Microsurgery is technically demanding in post-trauma situations in very young
      children. There is renewed interest in cross leg flaps in this scenario. Children
      aged up to 5 years, who had open fractures or exposed bones in the leg, were
      followed up prospectively. Eight children, with a mean age of 4 years, underwent
      nine flaps for extensive tissue defects over the leg and foot. Six of these flaps
      were cross leg flaps. No flap failed and all wounds acquired early stable cover.
      The cross leg flap is a useful alternative in the pediatric population in lieu of
      microsurgical tissue transfer.

PMID- 27385614
TI  - Predominantly nighttime feeding and weight outcomes in infants.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The influence of circadian feeding patterns on weight outcomes has
      been shown in animal and human studies but not in very young children. OBJECTIVE:
      We aimed to examine the association of infant circadian feeding patterns at 12 mo
      of age with subsequent growth and weight status after 1 y. DESIGN: Mothers from a
      Singapore birth cohort (n = 349) reported the food given to their infants and the
      feeding time at 12 mo of age. Predominantly daytime (pDT) (0700-1859; n = 282)
      and predominantly nighttime (pNT) (1900-0659; n = 67) feeding infants were
      defined by whether daytime energy intake was >50% or <50% of total energy intake
      as assessed with the use of a 24-h recall. Body mass index-for-age z scores
      (BAZs) were computed with the use of the WHO Child Growth Standards 2006 to
      determine changes in BAZs from 12 to 24 mo of age and weight status at 24 mo of
      age. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed.
      RESULTS: Compared with pDT feeding, pNT feeding was associated with a higher BAZ
      gain from 12 to 24 mo of age (adjusted beta = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.65; P =
      0.006) and increased risk of becoming overweight at 24 mo of age (adjusted OR:
      2.78; 95% CI: 1.11, 6.97; P = 0.029) with adjustments for maternal age,
      education, ethnicity, monthly household income, parity, infant BAZ at 12 mo of
      age, feeding mode in the first 6 mo of life, and total daily energy intake.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the role of the daily distribution of energy
      consumption in weight regulation begins in infancy. The feeding of infants
      predominantly during nighttime hours was associated with adiposity gain and risk
      of overweight in early childhood. The inclusion of advice on the appropriate
      feeding time may be considered when implementing strategies to combat childhood
      obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.

PMID- 27385617
TI  - Factors Associated With the Likelihood of Hospitalization Following Emergency
      Department Visits for Behavioral Health Conditions.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Behavioral health-related emergency department (ED) visits have been
      linked with ED overcrowding, an increased demand on limited resources, and a
      longer length of stay (LOS) due in part to patients being admitted to the
      hospital but waiting for an inpatient bed. This study examines factors associated
      with the likelihood of hospital admission for ED patients with behavioral health
      conditions at 16 hospital-based EDs in a large urban area in the southern United
      States. METHODS: Using Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Service Use for
      guidance, the study examined the relationship between predisposing
      (characteristics of the individual, i.e., age, sex, race/ethnicity), enabling
      (system or structural factors affecting healthcare access), and need (clinical)
      factors and the likelihood of hospitalization following ED visits for behavioral
      health conditions (n = 28,716 ED visits). In the adjusted analysis, a logistic
      fixed-effects model with blockwise entry was used to estimate the relative
      importance of predisposing, enabling, and need variables added separately as
      blocks while controlling for variation in unobserved hospital-specific practices
      across hospitals and time in years. RESULTS: Significant predisposing factors
      associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization following an ED visit
      included increasing age, while African American race was associated with a lower
      likelihood of hospitalization. Among enabling factors, arrival by emergency
      transport and a longer ED LOS were associated with a greater likelihood of
      hospitalization while being uninsured and the availability of community-based
      behavioral health services within 5 miles of the ED were associated with lower
      odds. Among need factors, having a discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia/psychotic
      spectrum disorder, an affective disorder, a personality disorder, dementia, or an
      impulse control disorder as well as secondary diagnoses of suicidal ideation
      and/or suicidal behavior increased the likelihood of hospitalization following an
      ED visit. CONCLUSION: The block of enabling factors was the strongest predictor
      of hospitalization following an ED visit compared to predisposing and need
      factors. Our findings also provide evidence of disparities in hospitalization of
      the uninsured and racial and ethnic minority patients with ED visits for
      behavioral health conditions. Thus, improved access to community-based behavioral
      health services and an increased capacity for inpatient psychiatric hospitals for
      treating indigent patients may be needed to improve the efficiency of ED services
      in our region for patients with behavioral health conditions. Among need factors,
      a discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia/psychotic spectrum disorder, an affective
      disorder, a personality disorder, an impulse control disorder, or dementia as
      well as secondary diagnoses of suicidal ideation and/or suicidal behavior
      increased the likelihood of hospitalization following an ED visit, also
      suggesting an opportunity for improving the efficiency of ED care through the
      provision of psychiatric services to stabilize and treat patients with serious
      mental illness.

PMID- 27385618
TI  - Methotrexate treatment may prevent uveitis onset in patients with juvenile
      idiopathic arthritis: experiences and subgroup analysis in a cohort with frequent
      methotrexate use.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To re-evaluate the ability of methotrexate (MTX) to prevent the onset
      of uveitis in Russian children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS:
      The clinical charts for all consecutive patients who received a stable management
      for at least 2 years with or without MTX were reviewed. Patients who were given
      systemic medications other than MTX (except NSAID) and patients with systemic
      arthritis, rheumatoid factor-positive arthritis, or enthesitis-related arthritis
      were excluded. Each patient was examined after at least a 2-year follow-up period
      after the first visit to establish whether uveitis had occurred. RESULTS: A total
      of 281 patients with a median disease duration of 3.8 years were included. 191
      patients (68%) were treated with MTX. During the observation period, 64 patients
      (22.8%) developed uveitis, a median of 1.6 year after disease onset. The
      frequency of uveitis was lower in MTX-treated than in MTX-untreated patients
      (11.5% vs. 46.7%, respectively, OR=6.7 (95%CI:3.7-12.3), p=0.0000001). Survival
      analysis confirmed that patients treated with MTX had a lower probability of
      developing uveitis (HR=4.35, p=0.000001). In subgroup analysis it was shown that
      MTX was more preventive in boys than in girls, and in patients with JIA onset age
      of over 5 years compared to those with disease onset less than 5 years. The data
      of survival analysis of MTX prevention has shown that benefits do not depend on
      the number of active joints and ANA status. CONCLUSIONS: MTX therapy may prevent
      the onset of uveitis in children with JIA. Further randomised controlled trials
      are required to confirm our results.

PMID- 27385619
TI  - Contribution of past and future self-defining event networks to personal
      identity.
AB  - Personal identity is nourished by memories of significant past experiences and by
      the imagination of meaningful events that one anticipates to happen in the
      future. The organisation of such self-defining memories and prospective thoughts
      in the cognitive system has received little empirical attention, however. In the
      present study, our aims were to investigate to what extent self-defining memories
      and future projections are organised in networks of related events, and to
      determine the nature of the connections linking these events. Our results reveal
      the existence of self-defining event networks, composed of both memories and
      future events of similar centrality for identity and characterised by similar
      identity motives. These self-defining networks expressed a strong internal
      coherence and frequently organised events in meaningful themes and sequences
      (i.e., event clusters). Finally, we found that the satisfaction of identity
      motives in represented events and the presence of clustering across events both
      contributed to increase in the perceived centrality of events for the sense of
      identity. Overall, these findings suggest that personal identity is not only
      nourished by representations of significant past and future events, but also
      depends on the formation of coherent networks of related events that provide an
      overarching meaning to specific life experiences.

PMID- 27385620
TI  - Cobalt release and complications resulting from the use of dental prostheses.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cobalt release from dental prostheses has been shown to elicit
      allergic reactions in cobalt-allergic patients. It is therefore important to
      investigate whether these prostheses are possible sources of sensitization.
      OBJECTIVES: To assess (i) cobalt release from dental prostheses and (ii) allergic
      reactions to components of dental prostheses, and (iii) to investigate the oral
      mucosa for inflammation 1-5 years after insertion of the prostheses. METHOD:
      Clinical oral examination was conducted in 66 patients with 84 dental prostheses.
      Cobalt release from 84 functional (used) and 32 non-functional (new) prostheses
      was investigated with the cobalt spot test. Contact allergy was assessed by patch
      testing. Smear tests for Candida spp. were performed in patients showing signs of
      inflammation of the oral mucosa. The prostheses were assessed for biological and
      technical complications. RESULTS: None of the functional prostheses released
      cobalt, whereas this was observed in 24 of 32 non-functional prostheses. None of
      the patients had contact allergy to cobalt. Of the 66 patients, 11 showed signs
      of inflammation of the oral mucosa, 2 had oral candidiasis, 16 had ill-fitting
      prostheses, and all had insufficient oral hygiene. CONCLUSIONS: Dental prostheses
      released cobalt during the fabrication stages, but not 1-5 years after insertion.
      No allergic reactions were observed. Signs of inflammation were related to
      candidiasis, insufficient oral hygiene, and ill-fitting prostheses.

PMID- 27385621
TI  - Antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in hospitalised companion animals and
      their hospital environment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern with implications for
      animal health. This study investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance
      among commensal and environmental Escherichia coli isolated from animals sampled
      in referral hospitals in the UK. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Resistant Escherichia
      coli isolated from animal faeces and practice environments were tested for
      susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. PCR and sequencing techniques were used
      to identify extended spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC-producer genotypes.
      RESULTS: In total, 333 faecal and 257 environmental samples were collected. Multi
      drug resistant Escherichia coli were found in 13.1% of faecal and 8.9% of
      environmental samples. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase and AmpC genes were
      identified 14% and 7.7% of faecal samples and 8.6% and 8.6% of environmental
      samples, respectively. The most common extended spectrum beta-lactamase gene type
      detected was blaCTX-M -15 , although blaTEM-158 was detected in faecal and
      environmental samples from one practice. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Escherichia coli
      resistant to key antimicrobials were isolated from hospitalised animals and the
      practice environment. We identified the emergence of the inhibitor resistant and
      extended spectrum beta-lactamase blaTEM-158 in companion animals. Further
      investigation to determine risk factors for colonisation with antimicrobial
      resistant bacteria is needed to provide evidence for antimicrobial stewardship
      and infection control programmes.

PMID- 27385622
TI  - A review of anaemia of inflammatory disease in dogs and cats.
AB  - Anaemia of inflammatory disease is a common cause of anaemia in routine
      veterinary practice. It is most often mild to moderate, normocytic, normochromic
      and non-regenerative. Shortened red cell life span, inhibition of iron metabolism
      and impaired bone marrow response to erythropoietin all contribute to its
      development. Although anaemia of inflammatory disease is a well-known cause of
      anaemia in dogs and cats, there is a lack of epidemiological information because
      specific diagnostic criteria have not been established in veterinary species.
      Anaemia of inflammatory disease is associated with a poor outcome in various
      disease states in human medicine; however, its clinical significance and
      treatment in veterinary medicine are not well understood. This review article
      describes anaemia of inflammatory disease in dogs and cats and considers its
      potential significance. 

PMID- 27385624
TI  - No evidence that medicinal honey reduces bacterial skin colonisation at a
      peripheral catheter insertion site in dogs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To determine whether topical exit-site application of medicinal honey
      at the catheter insertion place reduces bacterial skin colonisation. MEASUREMENTS
      AND RESULTS: Dogs were selected at random and divided into the honey or the
      control group. When the catheter was removed, an area of approximately 3*3 cm of
      the skin at the insertion site was sampled with a sterile cotton swab. The
      catheter stayed in place for a median of 84 hours. Out of 46 patients, 6 patients
      in the honey group and 5 out of 54 patients in the control group had a positive
      skin culture at the time of catheter removal (P=0.547). Infection was clinically
      suspected in 1 of those 11 dogs; catheter-associated complications were observed
      in 8 additional dogs that did not have a positive skin culture. CLINICAL
      SIGNIFICANCE: Few catheter-associated complications were observed. Extra
      attention to hygiene by working with a standardised catheter placement and
      handling protocol might have resulted in this low incidence. In this study
      topical application of a medicinal honey did not reduce bacterial skin
      colonisation at the insertion site of peripheral catheters in dogs.

PMID- 27385623
TI  - Treatment of canine aural haematoma by UK veterinarians.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To survey the current treatment techniques of aural haematomas in
      dogs and investigate veterinary opinion regarding treatment success. METHODS:
      Totally 2386 emails were sent to veterinary surgeons and practices inviting them
      to complete an online survey. Questions investigated treatment selection for
      initial and repeat presentations of aural haematoma in dogs and their opinion of
      treatment success to prevent recurrence and for good cosmesis. RESULTS: Totally
      312 email addresses were invalid, 259 questionnaires were completed (12.5%
      response rate) and 251 were included in analysis. On initial presentation,
      treatments included needle drainage with local deposition of corticosteroids
      (43%), surgery (29%) and needle drainage without corticosteroids (16%). Surgical
      procedures included linear incision with sutures alone (35%) or sutures plus
      stents (24%) and an S-shaped incision with sutures (23%). The most common reason
      to select a particular treatment was previous success (76%). Recurrent haematoma
      was treated more commonly with surgery (67%) than that of the initial
      presentation. Cosmetic results with medical management were excellent and with
      surgical treatment were good. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes the
      relative popularity and perceived success of treatments used for aural haematoma
      in the dog. Surgery is considered more likely to definitively treat the condition
      with good cosmetic results.

PMID- 27385625
TI  - Conservative management of an atlantoaxial subluxation using thermoplastic
      material.

PMID- 27385626
TI  - Comparison of radiologically and histologically determined thickness of bone
      overlying the superior semicircular canal in sixty-six cadaveric specimens:
      impact on the diagnosis of Minor's Syndrome.

PMID- 27385627
TI  - Bioinspired synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles.
AB  - Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a widespread magnetic iron oxide encountered in many
      biological and geological systems, and also in many technological applications.
      The magnetic properties of magnetite crystals depend strongly on the size and
      shape of its crystals. Hence, engineering magnetite nanoparticles with specific
      shapes and sizes allows tuning their properties to specific applications in a
      wide variety of fields, including catalysis, magnetic storage, targeted drug
      delivery, cancer diagnostics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However,
      synthesis of magnetite with a specific size, shape and a narrow crystal size
      distribution is notoriously difficult without using high temperatures and non
      aqueous media. Nevertheless, living organisms such as chitons and magnetotactic
      bacteria are able to form magnetite crystals with well controlled sizes and
      shapes under ambient conditions and in aqueous media. In these biomineralization
      processes the organisms use a twofold strategy to control magnetite formation:
      the mineral is formed from a poorly crystalline precursor phase, and nucleation
      and growth are controlled through the interaction of the mineral with
      biomolecular templates and additives. Taking inspiration from this biological
      strategy is a promising route to achieve control over the kinetics of magnetite
      crystallization under ambient conditions and in aqueous media. In this review we
      first summarize the main characteristics of magnetite and what is known about the
      mechanisms of magnetite biomineralization. We then describe the most common
      routes to synthesize magnetite and subsequently will introduce recent efforts in
      bioinspired magnetite synthesis. We describe how the use of poorly ordered, more
      soluble precursors such as ferrihydrite (FeH) or white rust (Fe(OH)2) can be
      employed to control the solution supersaturation, setting the conditions for
      continued growth. Further, we show how the use of various organic additives such
      as proteins, peptides and polymers allows for either the promotion or inhibition
      of magnetite nucleation and growth processes. At last we discuss how the
      formation of magnetite-based organic-inorganic hybrids leads to new functional
      nanomaterials. 

PMID- 27385628
TI  - Self-Assembled Heterojunction Carbon Nanotubes Synergizing with Photoimmobilized
      IGF-1 Inhibit Cellular Senescence.
AB  - Synthesis of artificial and functional structures for bone tissue engineering has
      been well recognized but the associated cell senescence issue remains much less
      concerned so far. In this work, surface-modified polycaprolactone-polylactic acid
      scaffolds using self-assembled heterojunction carbon nanotubes (sh-CNTs) combined
      with insulin-like growth factor-1 are synthesized and a series of structural and
      biological characterizations are carried out, with particular attention to cell
      senescence mechanism. It is revealed that the modified scaffolds can up-regulate
      the expressions of alkaline phosphates and bone morphogenetic proteins while down
      regulate the expressions of senescence-related proteins in mesenchymal stem
      cells, demonstrating the highly preferred anti-senescence functionality of the sh
      CNTs modified scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Furthermore, it is also found
      that with sh-CNTs, scaffolds can accelerate bone healing with extremely low
      toxicity in vivo.

PMID- 27385629
TI  - Thrombotic Events in Asymptomatic FXII Deficiency versus Symptomatic FXI
      Deficiency: Surprising Observations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of an asymptomatic congenital clotting defect
      (FXII deficiency) versus that of a similar but symptomatic defect (FXI
      deficiency) on protection from thrombosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients
      with FXII or FXI deficiency and thrombosis were gathered from a time-unlimited
      PubMed search that was carried out twice and from personal records. Combined
      defects were excluded. The defect had to be proven by the demonstration of a
      suited hereditary pattern and by a specific clotting assay. Only patients with a
      factor activity level of <30% of normal were selected. RESULTS: Twenty-eight
      patients with an FXII deficiency presented with arterial thrombosis, mainly
      myocardial infarction, and 29 showed venous thrombosis; for FXI deficiency, these
      figures were 43 and 10, respectively. The ratio of arterial and venous thrombosis
      was 0.96 and 4.3, respectively, for FXII and FXI deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Factor
      FXII deficiency supplies no protection from arterial or venous thrombosis. FXI
      deficiency shows no protection from arterial thrombosis but appears to guarantee
      protection from venous thrombosis. A symptomatic, namely bleeding, condition (FXI
      deficiency) provides protection from venous thrombosis whereas an asymptomatic
      one (FXII deficiency) does not.

PMID- 27385630
TI  - In vitro evaluation of the mutagenic and cytostatic effect of Tamaron, Lannate
      and Manzate alone and in mixture.
AB  - Pesticides are often used in agriculture, especially in floriculture. They are
      frequently applied in binary or ternary mixtures. Nevertheless, their impact on
      the genetic material has been scarcely explored. In this study, the mutagenic and
      cytostatic effect of three widely used pesticides, alone and combined, were
      analyzed. Briefly, lymphocytes cultures were obtained from peripheral blood
      samples of five healthy donors to determine the sister chromatid exchange and the
      replicative index (RI). Then, lymphocytes were exposed to Tamaron (100 ppm),
      Lannate (200 ppm) and Manzate (300 ppm) alone and combined. For the binary
      mixtures, the concentrations used were 50 ppm of Tamaron, 100 ppm of Lannate and
      150 ppm of Manzate. For the ternary mixtures the following concentrations were
      used: Tamaron (33 ppm), Lannate (70 ppm) and Manzate (100 ppm). Finally,
      differential staining was performed. It was found that the frequency of SCE/cell
      showed a significant difference (P <= 0.05) between the control (2.66) and the
      individual treatments of Tamaron (4.87), Lannate: (5.12) and Manzate (4.23).
      Also, the values of the SCE in the binary mixture of Tamaron+Lannate (5.57),
      Tamaron+Manzate (6.06) and Lannate+Manzate (6.22) and the ternary mixture (6.63)
      were statistically different compared to the control. In the RI there was a
      significant difference between the control (1.98) and the Manzate (1.87). RI
      differences were also statistically significant (P <= 0.05) in mixtures of
      Tamaron+Lannate (1.64), Tamaron+Manzate (1.63), Lannate+Manzate (1.69) and total
      mixture (1.53). Therefore, it is suggested that these pesticides alone and in
      mixtures have both mutagenic and cytostatic synergistic effect in human
      lymphocytes in vitro. 

PMID- 27385632
TI  - Annulation of Alkynyl Aryl Ethers with Allyl Pivalates To Give 2,3
      Bismethylenechromanes through Double C-H Bond Cleavage.
AB  - The treatment of silylethynyloxyarenes with allylic pivalates in the presence of
      a palladium catalyst led to efficient C-H bond cleavage in both substrates and a
      novel annulation reaction to give 2,3-bismethylenechromanes. When ortho-allylated
      silylethynyloxybenzenes were used as the substrates, the same products were
      obtained. This result shows that site-selective intramolecular hydrovinylation is
      involved in the annulation reaction. The synthetic utility of the products was
      demonstrated by the construction of condensed polycycles.

PMID- 27385633
TI  - Sensitive proton-detected solid-state NMR spectroscopy of large proteins with
      selective CH3 labelling: application to the 50S ribosome subunit.
AB  - Solid-state NMR spectroscopy allows the characterization of the structure,
      interactions and dynamics of insoluble and/or very large proteins. Sensitivity
      and resolution are often major challenges for obtaining atomic-resolution
      information, in particular for very large protein complexes. Here we show that
      the use of deuterated, specifically CH3-labelled proteins result in significant
      sensitivity gains compared to previously employed CHD2 labelling, while line
      widths increase only marginally. We apply this labelling strategy to a 468 kDa
      large dodecameric aminopeptidase, TET2, and the 1.6 MDa-large 50S ribosome
      subunit of Thermus thermophilus. 

PMID- 27385634
TI  - Effect of Peptide Sequences on Supramolecular Interactions of
      Naphthaleneimide/Tripeptide Conjugates.
AB  - In this study, we reported a significant difference in the supramolecular
      hydrogelation of newly discovered NI-GFF (NI-Gly-l-Phe-l-Phe) and NI-FFG (NI-l
      Phe-l-Phe-Gly) on the basis of their phase diagrams. With a small difference in
      the peptide chain between NI-GFF and NI-FFG, we observed a significant difference
      in their self-assembly properties; NI-GFF formed a stable gel at neutral pH,
      whereas NI-FFG did not, under the same conditions. From spectroscopic and
      computational studies, intermolecular pi-pi interactions and extended hydrogen
      bonding interactions might reinforce the intermolecular interactions of NI-GFF,
      which may facilitate the formation of the self-assembled nanostructures and the
      hydrogel. In addition, the aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active NI-GFF
      reveals relatively good biocompatibility compared with that of NI-FFG for two
      commonly used cell lines, suggesting that it is a promising candidate for use as
      a supramolecular material in biomedical applications. Our results highlight the
      importance of tripeptide sequences in a self-assembling hydrogel system.

PMID- 27385635
TI  - Collaborative goal setting with and for children as part of therapeutic
      intervention.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study explored collaborative goal setting with children, parents,
      and teachers, and children's reasons for their goals based on their perceived
      self-efficacy, using the Austrian-German Perceived Efficacy and Goal Setting
      System (AG-PEGS). METHOD: Thirty-eight children from age 5 to 10 years (referred
      to occupational therapists because of difficulties in performing everyday
      activities), their parents and teachers participated in this mixed methods study.
      Participants' goals were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content
      analysis. Data were grouped into thematic categories, and attributed to health
      factors according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability,
      and Health-Children & Youth Version (ICF-CY). RESULTS: Children's responses
      underlined the significance of self-efficacy and participation for a child's
      health and well-being. They gave priority to their independence, competence, and
      joy in meaningful everyday activities and indicated social motives such as
      belonging to and being accepted by others for their mainly participation-oriented
      goals. Parents' main concerns were related to school task performance, whereas
      teachers mainly chose body functions and school activities to be the focus of
      occupational therapy intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Exploring clients' priorities,
      the meanings they attributed to activities in daily life, and their underlying
      motives for goals should be part of therapeutic intervention. Children and their
      caregivers are valid and important sources for therapeutic goal setting. Basic
      human needs, e.g., for relatedness, competence (self-efficacy), autonomy, and
      meaningful personal orientation, should be considered when prioritizing goals for
      intervention. Implications for Rehabilitation Children are a valid and important
      source for therapeutic goal setting. Children's goals focused on activities and
      participation in all life areas, and half of the parents' goals on activities as
      relevant for productivity (followed by self-care and leisure), while teachers
      tended to prioritize goals at the body functions and structures level. The
      experience of their task performance affecting participation, and the basic needs
      for independence, relatedness (belonging to and being accepted by others),
      competence (self-efficacy), and joy through engagement in personally meaningful
      activities are main motives for children with developmental disabilities to
      choose their goals for intervention. A client-centred approach in working with
      children with developmental disabilities requires time and attention for
      exploring meaning-attributed activities for children and their proxies when
      collaboratively setting goals.

PMID- 27385636
TI  - Amide proton transfer imaging of brain tumors using a self-corrected 3D fast spin
      echo dixon method: Comparison With separate B0 correction.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the quantitative performance of three-dimensional (3D) fast
      spin-echo (FSE) Dixon amide proton transfer (APT) imaging of brain tumors
      compared with B0 correction with separate mapping methods. METHODS: Twenty-two
      patients with brain tumors (54.2 +/- 18.7 years old, 12 males and 10 females)
      were scanned at 3 Tesla (T). Z-spectra were obtained at seven different frequency
      offsets at +/-3.1 ppm, +/- 3.5 ppm, +/- 3.9 ppm, and -1560 ppm. The scan was
      repeated three times at +3.5 ppm with echo shifts for Dixon B0 mapping. The APT
      image corrected by a three-point Dixon-type B0 map from the same scan (3D-Dixon)
      or a separate B0 map (2D-separate and 3D-separate), and an uncorrected APT image
      (3D-uncorrected) were generated. We compared the APT-weighted signals within a
      tumor obtained with each 3D method with those obtained with 2D-separate as a
      reference standard. RESULTS: Excellent agreements and correlations with the 2D
      separate were obtained by the 3D-Dixon method for both mean (ICC = 0.964, r =
      0.93, P < 0.0001) and 90th-percentile (ICC = 0.972, r = 0.95, P < 0.0001) APT
      weighted signals. These agreements and correlations for 3D-Dixon were better than
      those obtained by the 3D-uncorrected and 3D-separate methods. CONCLUSION: The 3D
      FSE Dixon APT method with intrinsic B0 correction offers a quantitative
      performance that is similar to that of established two-dimensional (2D) methods.
      Magn Reson Med 77:2272-2279, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic
      Resonance in Medicine.

PMID- 27385637
TI  - Experimental and molecular docking investigation on DNA interaction of N
      substituted phthalimides: antibacterial, antioxidant and hemolytic activities.
AB  - A series of Schiff base molecules derived from a phthalimide scaffold was
      investigated as efficient antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA-interacting agents.
      The spectroscopic characterization of these derivatives was studied in detail
      using elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques. The DNA-binding profile of
      title molecules against Ct-DNA (calf thymus) was investigated by absorbance,
      fluorescence, hydrodynamics and thermal denaturation investigations. The
      bacterial inhibition potential of these molecules was investigated against
      Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecule 3c emerged as the most
      active against S. aureus (IC50 : 14.8 MUg/mL), whereas compounds 3a and 3b
      displayed potential antibacterial activities against E. coli (IC50 : 49.7 and
      67.6 MUg/mL). Molecular docking studies of these compounds against GlcN-6-P
      synthase were carried out to rationalize antibacterial efficiency of these
      molecules. These newly synthesized molecules were screened for their scavenging
      capacity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and H2 O2 free radicals
      and the results were compared with ascorbic acid as synthetic antioxidant. The
      title molecules 3a, 3b and 3e showed less than 20% hemolysis, which indicated
      their significant non-toxic behavior.

PMID- 27385638
TI  - Magnetotransport and magnetothermal properties of the ternary intermetallic
      compound TbFe2Al10.
AB  - We have studied the temperature and field dependences of electrical resistivity
      and heat capacity of TbFe2Al10, and have also complimented the above studies with
      low field magnetization measurements. In zero magnetic field, TbFe2Al10 exhibits
      paramagnetic (PM) to ferrimagnetic (Ferri-I) and Ferri-I to antiferromagnetic
      (AFM) phase transitions below 17.6 and 10 K respectively. We have found that the
      electrical resistivity of TbFe2Al10 exhibits a sharp rise across the PM to Ferri
      I phase transition in this compound. Our analysis indicates that this sharp rise
      of electrical resistivity is related to the formation of new zone boundaries
      (across the PM to Ferri-I phase transition) that reduce the area of the Fermi
      surface. We have found that TbFe2Al10 exhibits large magnetoresistance (MR) below
      100 K. Overall, the MR behaviour of TbFe2Al10 below 17.6 K in different magnetic
      fields reveals strong competition between AFM and ferromagnetic (FM)
      correlations, which seems to be quite intrinsic to the magnetic structure of the
      compound. Our analysis indicates that the large MR and magnetocaloric effect
      persisting deep inside the PM regime of TbFe2Al10 is mainly related to the
      presence of FM spin fluctuations and the formation of a Griffiths like (GL) phase
      consisting of FM clusters within the PM regime. The formation of the GL phase may
      be mediated by the static crystal defects in the midst of the competing inter and
      intra layer magnetic interactions.

PMID- 27385639
TI  - EcoTILLING revealed SNPs in GhSus genes that are associated with fiber- and seed
      related traits in upland cotton.
AB  - Cotton is the most important textile crop in the world due to its cellulose
      enriched fibers. Sucrose synthase genes (Sus) play pivotal roles in cotton fiber
      and seed development. To mine and pyramid more favorable alleles for cotton
      molecular breeding, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GhSus family genes
      were investigated across 277 upland cotton accessions by EcoTILLING. As a result,
      a total of 24 SNPs in the amplified regions of eight GhSus genes were identified.
      These SNPs were significantly associated with at least one fiber- or seed-related
      trait measured in Nanjing, Anyang and Kuche in 2007-2009. Four main-effect
      quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) and five epistatic QTNs, with 0.76-3.56% of
      phenotypic variances explained by each QTN (PVE), were found to be associated
      with yield-related traits; six epistatic QTNs, with the 0.43-3.48% PVE, were
      found to be associated with fiber quality-related traits; and one main-effect QTN
      and one epistatic QTN, with the PVE of 1.96% and 2.53%, were found to be
      associated with seed oil content and protein content, respectively. Therefore,
      this study provides new information for molecular breeding in cotton.

PMID- 27385640
TI  - Peptide Synthesis on a Next-Generation DNA Sequencing Platform.
AB  - Methods for displaying large numbers of peptides on solid surfaces are essential
      for high-throughput characterization of peptide function and binding properties.
      Here we describe a method for converting the >10(7) flow cell-bound clusters of
      identical DNA strands generated by the Illumina DNA sequencing technology into
      clusters of complementary RNA, and subsequently peptide clusters. We modified the
      flow-cell-bound primers with ribonucleotides thus enabling them to be used by
      poliovirus polymerase 3D(pol) . The primers hybridize to the clustered DNA thus
      leading to RNA clusters. The RNAs fold into functional protein- or small molecule
      binding aptamers. We used the mRNA-display approach to synthesize flow-cell
      tethered peptides from these RNA clusters. The peptides showed selective binding
      to cognate antibodies. The methods described here provide an approach for using
      DNA clusters to template peptide synthesis on an Illumina flow cell, thus
      providing new opportunities for massively parallel peptide-based assays.

PMID- 27385641
TI  - Control of Electronic Structures and Phonon Dynamics in Quantum Dot Superlattices
      by Manipulation of Interior Nanospace.
AB  - Quantum dot (QD) superlattices, periodically ordered array structures of QDs, are
      expected to provide novel photo-optical functions due to their resonant couplings
      between adjacent QDs. Here, we computationally demonstrated that electronic
      structures and phonon dynamics of a QD superlattice can be effectively and
      selectively controlled by manipulating its interior nanospace, where quantum
      resonance between neighboring QDs appears, rather than by changing component QD
      size, shape, compositions, etc. A simple H-passivated Si QD was examined to
      constitute one-, two-, and three-dimensional QD superlattices, and thermally
      fluctuating band energies and phonon modes were simulated by finite-temperature
      ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The QD superlattice exhibited a
      decrease in the band gap energy enhanced by thermal modulations and also
      exhibited selective extraction of charge carriers out of the component QD,
      indicating its advantage as a promising platform for implementation in solar
      cells. Our dynamical phonon analyses based on the ab initio MD simulations
      revealed that THz-frequency phonon modes were created by an inter-QD crystalline
      lattice formed in the QD superlattice, which can contribute to low energy
      thermoelectric conversion and will be useful for direct observation of the
      dimension-dependent superlattice. Further, we found that crystalline and ligand
      originated phonon modes inside each component QD can be independently controlled
      by asymmetry of the superlattice and by restriction of the interior nanospace,
      respectively. Taking into account the thermal effects at the finite temperature,
      we proposed guiding principles for designing efficient and space-saving QD
      superlattices to develop functional photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices. 

PMID- 27385642
TI  - Dimer/monomer status and in vivo function of salt-bridge mutants of the plant UV
      B photoreceptor UVR8.
AB  - UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) is a photoreceptor for ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light
      that initiates photomorphogenic responses in plants. UV-B photoreception causes
      rapid dissociation of dimeric UVR8 into monomers that interact with
      CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) to initiate signal transduction.
      Experiments with purified UVR8 show that the dimer is maintained by salt-bridge
      interactions between specific charged amino acids across the dimer interface.
      However, little is known about the importance of these charged amino acids in
      determining dimer/monomer status and UVR8 function in plants. Here we evaluate
      the use of different methods to examine dimer/monomer status of UVR8 and show
      that mutations of several salt-bridge amino acids affect dimer/monomer status,
      interaction with COP1 and photoreceptor function of UVR8 in vivo. In particular,
      the salt-bridges formed between arginine 286 and aspartates 96 and 107 are key to
      dimer formation. Mutation of arginine 286 to alanine impairs dimer formation,
      interaction with COP1 and function in vivo, whereas mutation to lysine gives a
      weakened dimer that is functional in vivo, indicating the importance of the
      positive charge of the arginine/lysine residue for dimer formation. Notably, a
      UVR8 mutant in which aspartates 96 and 107 are conservatively mutated to
      asparagine is strongly impaired in dimer formation but mediates UV-B responses in
      vivo with a similar dose-response relationship to wild-type. The UV-B
      responsiveness of this mutant does not correlate with dimer formation and
      monomerisation, indicating that monomeric UVR8 has the potential for UV-B
      photoreception, initiating signal transduction and responses in plants.

PMID- 27385643
TI  - Quality of initial HIV care in Canada: extension of a composite programmatic
      assessment tool for HIV therapy.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To document the quality of initial HIV care in Canada using the
      Programmatic Compliance Score (PCS), to explore the association of the PCS with
      mortality, and to identify factors associated with higher quality of care.
      METHODS: We analysed data from the Canadian Observational Cohort Collaboration
      (CANOC), a multisite Canadian cohort of HIV-positive adults initiating
      combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) from 2000 to 2011. PCS indicators of
      noncompliance with HIV treatment guidelines include: fewer than three CD4 count
      tests in the first year of ART; fewer than three viral load tests in the first
      year of ART; no drug resistance testing before initiation; baseline CD4 count <
      200 cells/mm3 ; starting a nonrecommended ART regimen; and not achieving viral
      suppression within 6 months of initiation. Indicators are summed for a score from
      0 to 6; higher scores indicate poorer care. Cox regression was used to assess the
      association between PCS and mortality and ordinal logistic regression was used to
      explore factors associated with higher quality of care. RESULTS: Of the 7460
      participants (18% female), the median score was 1.0 (Q1-Q3 1.0-2.0); 21% scored 0
      and 8% scored >= 4. In multivariable analysis, compared with a score of 0, poorer
      PCS was associated with mortality for scores > 1 [score = 2: adjusted hazard
      ratio (AHR) 1.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-2.36; score = 3: AHR 2.02;
      95% CI 1.38-2.97; score >= 4: AHR 2.14; 95% CI 1.43-3.21], after adjustments for
      age, sex, province, ART start year, hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection, and
      baseline viral load. Women, individuals with HCV coinfection, younger people, and
      individuals starting ART earlier (2000-2003) had poorer scores. CONCLUSIONS: Our
      findings further validate the PCS as a predictor of all-cause mortality.
      Disparities identified suggest that further efforts are needed to ensure that
      care is equitably accessible.

PMID- 27385644
TI  - Renal cellular hypoxia in adenine-induced chronic kidney disease.
AB  - We determined whether adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) in rats is
      associated with renal tissue hypoxia. Adenine (100 mg) or its vehicle was
      administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats, daily by oral gavage, over a 15-day
      period. Renal function was assessed before, and 7 and 14 days after, adenine
      treatment commenced, by collection of a 24-hour urine sample and a blood sample
      from the tail vein. On day 15, arterial pressure was measured in conscious rats
      via the tail artery. Renal tissue hypoxia was then assessed by pimonidazole
      adduct immunohistochemistry and fibrosis was assessed by staining tissue with
      picrosirius red and Masson's trichrome. CKD was evident within 7 days of
      commencing adenine treatment, as demonstrated by increased urinary albumin to
      creatinine ratio (30 +/- 12-fold). By day 14 of adenine treatment plasma
      creatinine concentration was more than 7-fold greater, and plasma urea more than
      5-fold greater, than their baseline levels. On day 15, adenine-treated rats had
      slightly elevated mean arterial pressure (8 mmHg), anaemia and renomegaly.
      Kidneys of adenine-treated rats were characterised by the presence of tubular
      casts, dilated tubules, expansion of the interstitial space, accumulation of
      collagen, and tubulointerstitial hypoxia. Pimonidazole staining (hypoxia) co
      localised with fibrosis and was present in both patent and occluded tubules. We
      conclude that renal tissue hypoxia develops rapidly in adenine-induced CKD. This
      model, therefore, should prove useful for examination of the temporal and spatial
      relationships between tubulointerstitial hypoxia and the development of CKD, and
      thus the testing of the 'chronic hypoxia hypothesis'.

PMID- 27385645
TI  - A single-centre study of haemostatic outcomes of joint replacement in von
      Willebrand disease and control patients and an analysis of the literature.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Haemostatic assessments of patients with von Willebrand disease
      (VWD) who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA)
      have mainly relied on subjective parameters. AIMS: To compare objective
      haemostatic outcomes of TKA/THA in VWD patients and controls without bleeding
      disorders. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed haemostatic outcomes in VWD
      patients undergoing TKA/THA from 1993 to 2011 and compared them with two matched
      controls per operation. Using one-way analysis of variance, we tested the effect
      of VWD on bleeding risk after TKA and THA. RESULTS: Twelve VWD patients (6 type
      1, 3 type 2M, 1 each of types 2A/2B/3) undergoing 19 operations (12 TKA, 7 THA)
      were matched to 38 controls. One (5%) of 19 operations in VWD patients and none
      of the control operations met clinical criteria for major bleeding. Baseline and
      postoperative day 1 haemoglobin levels, postoperative blood loss, transfused red
      blood cells (RBCs) and mean hospitalization days were not significantly
      different. More VWD patients than controls received RBC transfusions [12 (63%)
      vs. 12 (32%)]. Only 9 (47%) VWD patients vs. 38 (100%) controls received
      pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. No postoperative symptomatic VTE occurred in
      either group. CONCLUSION: In this largest, single-institutional study, von
      Willebrand factor replacement based on daily levels resulted in low frequency of
      major bleeding in VWD patients after TKA/THA. RBC transfusion was more frequent
      compared with matched controls, but other objective measures of haemostasis were
      similar. Lack of sufficient details in published reports precluded comparison of
      haemostatic outcomes.

PMID- 27385646
TI  - Low transfusion transmission of hepatitis E among 25,637 single-donation, nucleic
      acid-tested blood donors.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus genotype-3 (HEV-gt-3) causes autochthonous
      infections in western countries, with a primary reservoir in animals, especially
      pigs. HEV transfusion transmission has been reported, and HEV-gt-3 prevalence is
      high in some European countries. The prevalence of HEV RNA was investigated among
      Danish blood donors, and the prevalence of HEV transfusion-transmitted infection
      (TTI) was investigated among recipients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Samples from
      25,637 consenting donors collected during 1 month in 2015 were screened
      retrospectively using an individual-donation HEV RNA nucleic acid test with a 95%
      detection probability of 7.9 IU/mL. HEV-positive samples were quantified by real
      time polymerase chain reaction and genotyped. Transmission was evaluated among
      recipients of HEV RNA-positive blood components. Phylogenetic analyses compared
      HEV sequences from blood donors, symptomatic patients, and swine. RESULTS: Eleven
      donations (0.04%) were confirmed as positive for HEV RNA (median HEV RNA level,
      13 IU/mL). Two donations were successfully genotyped as HEV-gt-3. Only one donor
      had a travel history outside Europe. Nine of 11 donors were male, but the gender
      ratio was nonsignificant compared with the total donor population. Seven
      available recipients tested negative for HEV RNA and anti-HEV immunoglobulin M in
      follow-up samples. One recipient was HEV RNA-negative but anti-HEV immunoglobulin
      G-positive. HEV TTI was considered unlikely, but a transfusion-induced secondary
      immune response could not be excluded. Phylogenetic analysis showed relatively
      large sequence differences between HEV from donors, symptomatic patients, and
      swine. CONCLUSIONS: Despite an HEV RNA prevalence of 0.04% in Danish blood
      donations, all HEV-positive donations carried low viral loads, and no evidence of
      TTI was found.

PMID- 27385647
TI  - Domestic dog exposure at birth reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is complex and poorly
      understood, neonatal exposures are important for disease occurrence. However, the
      effect of dog exposure on the risk of atopic dermatitis is unresolved. OBJECTIVE:
      We investigated whether domestic dog exposure affected the risk of atopic
      dermatitis in children during the first 3 years of life. METHODS: Copenhagen
      Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) are ongoing prospective
      clinical birth cohort studies. Data from 411 children born to mothers with asthma
      (COPSAC2000 ) and 700 unselected children (COPSAC2010 ) were analyzed following
      the same protocols at the same research site. Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed
      prospectively according to the Hanifin-Rajka criteria. Parental history of
      asthma, eczema, or rhinitis was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis. In
      the COPSAC2000 , maternal specific serum IgE against eight inhalant allergens was
      sampled after the children's birth and at pregnancy week 24 in the COPSAC2010
      cohort. Associations between dog exposure and atopic dermatitis were analyzed by
      Cox proportional hazard regression models and adjusted for lifestyle confounders.
      RESULTS: In the COPSAC2000 and COPSAC2010 cohorts, the risk of atopic dermatitis
      was significantly lower in children with domestic dog exposure (adjusted HR =
      0.46 [0.25-0.87], P = 0.02; and adjusted HR = 0.58 [0.36-0.93], P = 0.03,
      respectively). The risk of atopic dermatitis decreased in a dose-dependent manner
      with increasing number of dogs (adjusted HR = 0.58 [0.38-0.89], P = 0.01) in the
      COPSAC2010 . The protective effect was restricted to children born to mothers
      with atopic disease in the unselected COPSAC2010 cohort (adjusted HR = 0.39 [0.19
      0.82], P = 0.01), as no effect was observed in children born to mothers without
      atopic disease (adjusted HR = 0.92 [0.49-1.73], P = 0.79). Paternal atopic status
      did not affect the risk of atopic dermatitis. We found no significant interaction
      between the CD14 T/T genotype and domestic dog exposure in either cohort
      (COPSAC2000 , P = 0.36; and COPSAC2010 cohort, P = 0.42). CONCLUSION: Neonatal
      domestic dog exposure was associated with a strongly reduced risk of atopic
      dermatitis in two independent birth cohorts and in a dose-dependent manner. While
      the mechanisms involved are unclear, our findings raise the question of whether
      in utero exposures may affect the risk of atopic dermatitis and emphasize the
      importance of the early environment for disease trajectory.

PMID- 27385648
TI  - Discrimination, HIV among People Who Use Drugs, and the UNGASS 2016 on the World
      Drug Problem.

PMID- 27385649
TI  - A Ni(iii) complex stabilized by silica nanoparticles as an efficient
      nanoheterogeneous catalyst for oxidative C-H fluoroalkylation.
AB  - We have developed Ni(III)-doped silica nanoparticles ([(bpy)xNi(III)]@SiO2) as a
      recyclable, low-leaching, and efficient oxidative functionalization nanocatalyst
      for aromatic C-H bonds. The catalyst is obtained by doping the complex
      [(bpy)3Ni(II)] on silica nanoparticles along with its subsequent electrooxidation
      to [(bpy)xNi(III)] without an additional oxidant. The coupling reaction of arenes
      with perfluoroheptanoic acid occurs with 100% conversion of reactants in a single
      step at room temperature under nanoheterogeneous conditions. The catalyst content
      is only 1% with respect to the substrates under electrochemical regeneration
      conditions. The catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and
      reused a minimum of five times. The results emphasize immobilization on the
      silica support and the electrochemical regeneration of Ni(III) complexes as a
      facile route for developing an efficient nanocatalyst for oxidative
      functionalization. 

PMID- 27385650
TI  - Bilateral vagal automatic periodic stimulation in single-incision transaxillary
      robotic total thyroidectomy.

PMID- 27385651
TI  - A Versatile and Clearable Nanocarbon Theranostic Based on Carbon Dots and
      Gadolinium Metallofullerene Nanocrystals.
AB  - Nanocarbons such as carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, and carbon nanohorns
      have illustrated their potential uses as cancer theranostics owing to their
      intrinsic fluorescence or NIR absorbance as well as superior cargo loading
      capacity. However, some problems still need to be addressed, such as the fates
      and long-term toxicology of different nanocarbons in vivo and the improvement of
      their performance in various biomedical imaging-guided cancer therapy systems.
      Herein, a versatile and clearable nanocarbon theranostic based on carbon dots
      (CDs) and gadolinium metallofullerene nanocrystals (GFNCs) is first developed, in
      which GFNCs enhance the tumor accumulation of CDs, and CDs enhance the relaxivity
      of GFNCs, leading to an efficient multimodal imaging-guided photodynamic therapy
      in vivo without obvious long-term toxicity. Furthermore, biochemical analysis
      reveals that the novel nanotheranostic can harmlessly eliminate from the body in
      a reasonable period of time after exerting diagnostic and therapeutic function.

PMID- 27385652
TI  - Structured Exercise in Obese Diabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A
      Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and chronic
      kidney disease (CKD) are generally physically inactive and may benefit from
      exercise. Our objective was to determine the effects of structured exercise on
      physical fitness, kidney function, endothelial function, inflammation, and body
      composition in such patients. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled trial, 36
      male patients (age 49-81) were randomly assigned to exercise + diet management (n
      = 18) or diet alone (n = 18). Participants were eligible if they had type 2 DM,
      body mass index >30 kg/m2, CKD stages 2-4, and persistent proteinuria (>200 mg/g
      creatinine for >3 months). The exercise intervention was a 12-week (3 days per
      week) program of aerobic and resistance training followed by 40 weeks of home
      exercise. The primary outcome measure was change from baseline in urine protein
      to creatinine ratio (UPCR) at 12 and 52 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty-two participants
      completed the study (14 exercise + diet, 18 diet-alone group). The change from
      baseline in UPCR was slightly greater in the diet-alone group at 12 weeks but not
      at 52 weeks. Changes in both symptom-limited and constant-workrate treadmill
      times were significantly higher in the exercise + diet group at 12 weeks but not
      at 52 weeks. There were no significant differences in urine albumin to creatinine
      ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate, endothelial function, inflammation,
      or body composition between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In obese diabetic subjects
      with CKD, structured exercise improved exercise capacity but not body composition
      or renal function. This is a work of the US Government and is not subject to
      copyright protection in the USA. Foreign copyrights may apply. Published by S.
      Karger AG, Basel.

PMID- 27385653
TI  - Progressive Abdominal Pain Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

PMID- 27385654
TI  - Fragment-Based Discovery of Dual JC Virus and BK Virus Helicase Inhibitors.
AB  - There are currently no treatments for life-threatening infections caused by human
      polyomaviruses JCV and BKV. We therefore report herein the first crystal
      structure of the hexameric helicase of JCV large T antigen (apo) and its use to
      drive the structure-based design of dual JCV and BKV ATP-competitive inhibitors.
      The crystal structures obtained by soaking our early inhibitors into the JCV
      helicase allowed us to rapidly improve the biochemical activity of our inhibitors
      from 18 MUM for the early 6-(2-methoxyphenyl)- and the 6-(2-ethoxyphenyl)
      [1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole hits 1a and 1b to 0.6 MUM for
      triazolopyridine 12i. In addition, we were able to demonstrate measurable
      antiviral activity in Vero cells for our thiazolopyridine series in the absence
      of marked cytotoxicity, thus confirming the usefulness of this approach.

PMID- 27385655
TI  - Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of chlorpyrifos and its impurity
      sulfotep in liquid pesticide formulations.
AB  - An analytical method for simultaneous determination of the active substance
      (chlorpyrifos) and its relevant impurity (sulfotep) in commercial pesticide
      formulations has been developed and validated. The proposed method entails
      extraction of the analytes from samples by sonication with acetone and analysis
      by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The proposed method
      was characterized by satisfactory accuracy and precision. The repeatability
      expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) was lower than the acceptable
      values calculated from the modified Horwitz equation whereas individual
      recoveries were in the range of 98-102% and 80-120% for chlorpyrifos and
      sulfotep, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the impurity
      (sulfotep) was 0.003 mg mL(-1) corresponding to the maximum permitted level
      according to Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
      specifications for the active substance (chlorpyrifos) being 3 g kg(-1) of the
      chlorpyrifos content found. The main advantage of the proposed method was a
      considerable reduction in the analysis time since both analytes were determined
      based on a single injection into the GC-FID. Analysis of real samples of
      commercial pesticide formulations confirmed fitness-for-purpose of the proposed
      method. 

PMID- 27385656
TI  - Evaluation of the clinical utility of the Home Falls and Accidents Screening Tool
      (HOME FAST).
AB  - PURPOSE: The HOME FAST was developed and trialled in Australia as a screening
      tool designed to be used by any health professional to identify older people at
      increased risk of falls and to facilitate referral for more detailed assessment
      and intervention. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of the HOME
      FAST from the perspective of users. METHOD: A mixed-methods approach using survey
      data (n = 32), focus group data (n = 46) and interview data (n = 5) from
      occupational therapists, physiotherapists, community nurses and other health
      professionals working in hospitals, community services and private practice,
      located in the UK, Canada and Australia. Data were integrated using a matrix of
      quantitative and qualitative data that aligned the findings with established
      theoretical constructs of clinical utility. RESULTS: Findings across the data
      sources provide evidence of the clinical utility of the HOME FAST, and these
      findings align with theoretical constructs about how a tool such as the HOME FAST
      is adopted in practice. CONCLUSION: The HOME FAST can be used in a variety of
      international setting in developed countries and by different health
      professionals as a screening tool. A manual would assist in the consistent
      application of the HOME FAST. Implications for Rehabilitation Hazards in the home
      environment are a key contributor to falls risk for older people The Home Falls
      and Accidents Screening Tool (HOME FAST) was designed for any health professional
      to screen older people at increased risk of falling because of home hazards. Even
      with psychometric evidence of the reliability and validity of a tool, it is
      critical that the tool can be easily adopted by clinicians (clinical utility),
      otherwise its applicability to practice and research is limited. An international
      mixed-method study has provided evidence of the clinical utility of the HOME
      FAST.

PMID- 27385657
TI  - A simple procedure for the production of large ferromagnetic cobalt
      nanoparticles.
AB  - Epsilon cobalt (epsilon-Co) nanoparticles in a number of octahedral morphologies
      have been synthesised. The particles are polycrystalline, with sizes in the order
      of 30 nm. Magnetic studies reveal the particles are ferromagnetic, with a room
      temperature saturation magnetisation of 131 emu g(-1). Unlike other large cubic
      epsilon-Co syntheses, we have not added an additional co-surfactant. Instead, we
      have modified the heating regime and reaction agitation. This alternative method
      highlights the complex chemistry associated with the formation of cobalt
      nanoparticles by thermal decomposition. 

PMID- 27385658
TI  - Vestibular migraine screening in a migraine-diagnosed patient population, and
      assessment of vestibulocochlear function.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study is to do a vestibular migraine scan in a
      population of patients with migraine diagnosis using the most recent standardized
      diagnosis criterion which is International Classification of Headache Disorders
      (ICHD) 3 Beta and to identify the epidemiological data. The second part of the
      study involves performing several vestibulocochlear tests on patients who
      received vestibular migraine (VM) diagnosis to collect data that may be important
      for diagnostic purposes by comparing the patients with normal population when
      necessary. DESIGN: Blind, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tertiary referral
      hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred patients were scanned for VM using ICHD 3
      Beta guideline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In order to evaluate the vestibulocochlear
      functions of the patients with VM diagnosis, audiometry, tympanometry,
      electrocochleography (EcochG), computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) and video
      head impulse test (vHIT) were performed; besides in order to evaluate the
      significance of the results of the tests, second group was formed with migraine
      patients without any vestibular complaints and control group was formed from
      healthy population when needed. RESULTS: VM prevalence was determined to be 21%
      in migraine patients which is much higher than stated in current literature. No
      significant difference was observed between migraine and VM patients with respect
      to audiometric and tympanometric measurements. According to the CDP results,
      balance defects were present in VM patients, even during attack-free periods.
      EcochG data suggests average SP/AP scores of VM patients are significantly higher
      than migraine patients. Furthermore, the number of patients who exceeded a limit
      value of 0.4 or 0.5 in SP/AP scores was significantly higher in VM patients than
      in migraine patients. Also vHIT results show that nearly half the VM patients,
      which is a significant ratio, have saccadic movements and this is thought to be
      compatible with peripheral vestibular involvement. CONCLUSION: Our results
      suggest VM disease is more common than previously thought. We believe that
      further EcochG-based studies would shed light on the controversial topic on the
      intersection and disjunction sets of MD and VM diseases. Although the results of
      the present study are compatible with peripheral vestibular effects, it is not
      possible to rule out another central mechanism at some other level.

PMID- 27385659
TI  - Refugee child oral health.
AB  - The number of people forced to flee their homes and move around the world is
      increasing rapidly. Such refugee populations are not only more likely to have
      poor physical, mental and social health outcomes but also to experience
      difficulties accessing health services in their new country. In particular,
      children from refugee backgrounds are at increased risk of poor oral health which
      in time is associated with poor adult oral health and impacts on child health
      (e.g. growth and development) and well-being. To date, there is little evidence
      about the nature and extent of their oral health problems nor interventions to
      improve their oral health status. This article summarises the evidence
      surrounding the oral health status of children from refugee backgrounds. In
      addition, a systematic review of the international literature over the past 10
      years is presented which identifies interventions to improve the oral health of
      these vulnerable paediatric populations. Based on this evidence, potential
      strategies available to dental service providers to optimise provision of
      responsive dental care are discussed.

PMID- 27385660
TI  - Father, Though I Am Strong.

PMID- 27385662
TI  - Uncontrolled blood pressure as an independent risk factor of early impaired left
      ventricular systolic function in treated hypertension.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) is commonly observed in patients
      receiving antihypertensive agents. However, its relationship with early left
      ventricular (LV) dysfunction has not been elucidated. METHODS: This study
      enrolled 276 patients with treated hypertension and 85 healthy controls. The
      140/90 mm Hg was used to define controlled (HT1 group, n=145) or uncontrolled BP
      (HT2 group, n=131) according to the concurrent guidelines. LV myocardial function
      was assessed by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging, and the circumferential
      end-systolic wall stress (cESS)-corrected mid-wall fraction shortening (MWFS),
      systolic longitudinal (epsilonLs-18), circumferential (epsilonCs-18), and radial
      (epsilonRs-18) strain were measured. RESULTS: Despite similar ejection fraction,
      the HT1 and HT2 groups displayed an overall reduction in the cESS-corrected MWFS
      (13.4+/-2.7 vs 11.7+/-1.7 vs 15.5+/-1.2), epsilonLs-18 (15.6+/-2.8 vs 13.0+/-2.2
      vs 17.4+/-2.8), epsilonCs-18 (17.3+/-3.4 vs 14.1+/-2.7 vs 18.9+/-3.3), and
      epsilonRs-18 (18.4+/-4.0 vs 14.8+/-3.1 vs 20.5+/-4.5) %.cm2 /kdyne.10-2 when
      compared with the control group (all P<.001). The changes were more obvious in
      the HT2 group, regardless of LV hypertrophy. Reductions in the cESS-corrected
      MWFS and epsilonLs-18 were seen in 68 (25%) and 52 (19%) patients, respectively.
      Uncontrolled BP were 4.365 times (95% CI 2.203-8.648, P<.001) and 3.928 times
      (1.851-8.337, P<.001) more likely to be associated with the changes. CONCLUSIONS:
      Uncontrolled BP in hypertensive patients is associated with further reduction in
      LV myocardial function detected by advanced echocardiographic techniques, which
      cannot be explained by the increase in afterload. It might be regarded as a
      composite risk factor for earlier and faster development of clinical heart
      failure, therefore, a simplified treatment target.

PMID- 27385661
TI  - Atypical Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 fluorescence in-situ hybridization
      signal patterns in bone and soft tissue tumours: diagnostic experience with 135
      cases.
AB  - AIMS: Recurrent Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1) gene rearrangements
      characterize a select group of bone and soft tissue tumours. In our routine
      diagnostic practice with fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), we have
      occasionally observed EWSR1 gene rearrangements in tumours not associated
      classically with EWSR1 translocations. This study aimed to review our
      institutional experience of this phenomenon and also to highlight the occurrence
      of unusual EWSR1 FISH signals (i.e. 5' centromeric region or 3' telomeric region
      signals) that do not fulfil the published diagnostic criteria for rearrangements.
      METHODS AND RESULTS: Using an EWSR1 break-apart probe, we performed FISH assays
      on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 135 bone and soft tissue
      specimens as part of their routine diagnostic work-up. EWSR1 gene rearrangements
      were identified in 51% of cases, 56% of which also showed an abnormal FISH signal
      pattern (in addition to classically rearranged signals). However, atypical FISH
      signals were present in 45% of the non-rearranged cases. In addition, we observed
      tumours unrelated to those described classically as EWSR1-associated that were
      technically EWSR1-rearranged in 6% of cases. Borderline levels of rearrangement
      (affecting 10-30% of lesional cells) were present in an additional 17% of these
      cases. CONCLUSIONS: While our study confirmed that FISH is a sensitive and
      specific tool in the diagnosis of EWSR1-associated tumours, atypical FISH signals
      and classical rearrangement in entities other than EWSR1-associated tumours can
      occur. Therefore, it is essential that the FISH result not be used as an isolated
      test, but must be evaluated in the context of clinical features, imaging,
      pathological and immunohistochemical findings.

PMID- 27385663
TI  - Selective Deoxygenation of Biomass-Derived Bio-oils within Hydrogen-Modest
      Environments: A Review and New Insights.
AB  - Research development of processes for refining bio-oils is becoming increasingly
      popular. One issue that these processes possess is their high requirement for H2
      gas. In response, researchers must develop catalysts that perform deoxygenation
      while minimizing H2 consumption-selective deoxygenation. Unlike traditional
      deoxygenation processes, selective deoxygenation reactions and catalysts
      represent an information gap that, prior to this publication, has yet to be
      reviewed. This review addresses the gap by providing both a summary of recent
      research developments and insight into future developments of new catalytic
      materials. Bifunctional catalysts containing a combination of oxophilicity and an
      active metal phase appear to be the most beneficial for selective deoxygenation
      processes in a H2 -modest environment. It is important that catalysts have a
      supply of disassociated hydrogen, because without such, activity and stability
      will suffer. The authors recommend to maximize the use of internally available
      hydrogen in bio-fuel, which may be the only viable approach for deoxygenation if
      external H2 gas is limited. This would be possible through the development of
      catalysts that promote both the water-gas-shift and deoxygenation reactions.

PMID- 27385665
TI  - Podoconiosis in Rural Tanzania.

PMID- 27385666
TI  - Rapid Progressive Chagasic Myocarditis: A Multifactorial Condition.

PMID- 27385664
TI  - Patient/Family Education for Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Oncology Patients.
AB  - There is a paucity of data to support evidence-based practices in the provision
      of patient/family education in the context of a new childhood cancer diagnosis.
      Since the majority of children with cancer are treated on pediatric oncology
      clinical trials, lack of effective patient/family education has the potential to
      negatively affect both patient and clinical trial outcomes. The Children's
      Oncology Group Nursing Discipline convened an interprofessional expert panel from
      within and beyond pediatric oncology to review available and emerging evidence
      and develop expert consensus recommendations regarding harmonization of
      patient/family education practices for newly diagnosed pediatric oncology
      patients across institutions. Five broad principles, with associated
      recommendations, were identified by the panel, including recognition that (1) in
      pediatric oncology, patient/family education is family-centered; (2) a diagnosis
      of childhood cancer is overwhelming and the family needs time to process the
      diagnosis and develop a plan for managing ongoing life demands before they can
      successfully learn to care for the child; (3) patient/family education should be
      an interprofessional endeavor with 3 key areas of focus: (a) diagnosis/treatment,
      (b) psychosocial coping, and (c) care of the child; (4) patient/family education
      should occur across the continuum of care; and (5) a supportive environment is
      necessary to optimize learning. Dissemination and implementation of these
      recommendations will set the stage for future studies that aim to develop
      evidence to inform best practices, and ultimately to establish the standard of
      care for effective patient/family education in pediatric oncology.

PMID- 27385667
TI  - Disease Priorities in Zambia.

PMID- 27385668
TI  - In Response.

PMID- 27385670
TI  - In Response.

PMID- 27385669
TI  - Direct Dried Stool Sampling on Filter Paper for Molecular Analyses of Cholera.

PMID- 27385671
TI  - Long-lasting extreme anemia during the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in
      a Jehovah's Witness patient.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The treatment of patients with acute leukemia, who due to their
      religious beliefs refuse to accept blood transfusion, is a great challenge for
      hematologists. CASE REPORT: We present a case of acute pre-T-lymphoblastic
      leukemia in a Jehovah's Witness who did not accept blood transfusion during
      chemotherapy. Standard induction and consolidation chemotherapy was used
      (according to the PALG ALL-6 regiment). RESULTS: During consolidation cycles,
      darbepoietin alfa, intravenous iron, and total parenteral nutrition was
      administered. Extreme (Hb < 5 g/dL), long-lasting (41 days) anemia was observed
      with the lowest Hb concentration amounting to 1.3 g/dL (lasting 7 days).
      CONCLUSION: We believe this to be the lowest Hb value observed, particularly one
      that persisted for such a long period of time and resulted in the patient
      surviving without consequences. The patient remains in complete remission for
      more than 2 years after diagnosis.

PMID- 27385672
TI  - Mechanoassisted Synthesis of Sulfonated Covalent Organic Frameworks with High
      Intrinsic Proton Conductivity.
AB  - It is challenging to introduce pendent sulfonic acid groups into modularly built
      crystalline porous frameworks for intrinsic proton conduction. Herein, we report
      the mechanoassisted synthesis of two sulfonated covalent organic frameworks
      (COFs) possessing one-dimensional nanoporous channels decorated with pendent
      sulfonic acid groups. These COFs exhibit high intrinsic proton conductivity as
      high as 3.96 * 10(-2) S cm(-1) with long-term stability at ambient temperature
      and 97% relative humidity (RH). In addition, they were blended with nonconductive
      polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) affording a series of mixed-matrix membranes
      (MMMs) with proton conductivity up to 1.58 * 10(-2) S cm(-1) and low activation
      energy of 0.21 eV suggesting the Grotthuss mechanism for proton conduction. Our
      study has demonstrated the high intrinsic proton conductivity of COFs shedding
      lights on their wide applications in proton exchange membranes. 

PMID- 27385673
TI  - Organic Transistor Arrays Integrated with Finger-Powered Microfluidics for
      Multianalyte Saliva Testing.
AB  - A compact multianalyte biosensing platform is reported, composed of an organic
      electrochemical transistor (OECT) microarray integrated with a pumpless "finger
      powered" microfluidic, for quantitative screening of glucose, lactate, and
      cholesterol levels. A biofunctionalization method is designed, which provides
      selectivity towards specific metabolites as well as minimization of any
      background interference. In addition, a simple method is developed to facilitate
      multi-analyte sensing and avoid electrical crosstalk between the different
      transistors by electrically isolating the individual devices. The resulting
      biosensing platform, verified using human samples, offers the possibility to be
      used in easy-to-obtain biofluids with low abundance metabolites, such as saliva.
      Based on our proposed method, other types of enzymatic biosensors can be
      integrated into the array to achieve multiplexed, noninvasive, personalized point
      of-care diagnostics.

PMID- 27385674
TI  - Learning to Like Exercising: Evaluative Conditioning Changes Automatic
      Evaluations of Exercising and Influences Subsequent Exercising Behavior.
AB  - This multistudy report used an experimental approach to alter automatic
      evaluations of exercise (AEE). First, we investigated the plasticity of AEE
      (study 1). A computerized evaluative conditioning task was developed that altered
      the AEE of participants in two experimental groups (acquisition of
      positive/negative associations involving exercising) and a control group (eta2
      part. = .11). Second, we examined connections between changes in AEE and
      subsequent exercise behavior (chosen intensity on a bike ergometer; study 2) in
      individuals that were placed in groups according to their baseline AEE. Group
      differences in exercise behavior were detected (eta2 part. = .29). The effect was
      driven by the performance of the group with preexisting negative AEE that
      acquired more positive associations. This illustrates the effect of altered AEE
      on subsequent exercise behavior and the potential of AEE as a target for exercise
      intervention. 

PMID- 27385675
TI  - Threatening faces fail to guide attention for adults with autistic-like traits.
AB  - Individuals diagnosed with autistic spectrum conditions often show deficits in
      processing emotional faces relative to neurotypical peers. However, little is
      known about whether similar deficits exist in neurotypical individuals who show
      high-levels of autistic-like traits. To address this question, we compared
      performance on an attentional blink task in a large sample of adults who showed
      low- or high-levels of autistic-like traits on the Autism Spectrum Quotient. We
      found that threatening faces inserted as the second target in a rapid serial
      visual presentation were identified more accurately among individuals with low-
      compared to high-levels of autistic-like traits. This is the first study to show
      that attentional blink abnormalities seen in autism extend to the neurotypical
      population with autistic-like traits, adding to the growing body of research
      suggesting that autistic-related patterns of behaviors extend into a subset of
      the neurotypical population. Autism Res 2017, 10: 311-320. (c) 2016 International
      Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID- 27385676
TI  - Preface to the Special Section on the Impact of Thomas Waters on the Field of
      Ergonomics.

PMID- 27385678
TI  - Introducing JBJS Open Access.

PMID- 27385677
TI  - Great Expectations: How Role Expectations and Role Experiences Relate to
      Perceptions of Group Cohesion.
AB  - Many athletes experience a discrepancy between the roles they expect to fulfill
      and the roles they eventually occupy. Drawing from met expectations theory, we
      applied response surface methodology to examine how role expectations, in
      relation to role experiences, influence perceptions of group cohesion among
      Canadian Interuniversity Sport athletes (N = 153). On the basis of data from two
      time points, as athletes approached and exceeded their role contribution
      expectations, they reported higher perceptions of task cohesion. Furthermore, as
      athletes approached and exceeded their social involvement expectations, they
      reported higher perceptions of social cohesion. These response surface patterns
      pertaining to task and social cohesion-were driven by the positive influence of
      role experiences. On the basis of the interplay between athletes' role
      experiences and their perception of the group environment, efforts to improve
      team dynamics may benefit from focusing on improving the quality of role
      experiences, in conjunction with developing realistic role expectations. 

PMID- 27385679
TI  - Bone Morphogenetic Protein Use and Cancer Risk Among Patients Undergoing Lumbar
      Arthrodesis: A Case-Cohort Study Using the SEER-Medicare Database.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are growth factors
      utilized in lumbar arthrodeses. Limited data from randomized trials suggest that
      BMP may increase cancer risk. We sought to evaluate cancer risk and mortality
      following the use of BMP in lumbar arthrodesis. METHODS: Within the linked
      Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program-Medicare cohort, we
      conducted a case-cohort study of 7,278 individuals who were >=65 years of age and
      had undergone a lumbar arthrodesis from 2004 to 2011. Of these patients, 3,627
      were individuals in a 5% random subcohort of Medicare enrollees in SEER areas
      including 191 who developed cancer, and there were 3,651 individuals outside the
      subcohort who developed cancer. Weighted Cox proportional-hazards regression was
      used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for
      cancer on the basis of exposure to BMP. RESULTS: In the SEER-Medicare subcohort,
      30.7% of individuals who underwent a lumbar arthrodesis received BMP. BMP was not
      associated with overall cancer risk in univariate analyses (HR, 0.92 [95% CI,
      0.82 to 1.02]) or after adjustment for demographic characteristics,
      comorbidities, hospital size, history of cancer, and calendar year (adjusted HR,
      0.94 [95% CI, 0.84 to 1.05]). Individual cancer types were also not significantly
      elevated (p > 0.05 for all) in BMP users compared with nonusers. In addition, BMP
      use was not associated with a new cancer in people who had cancer prior to
      undergoing lumbar arthrodesis (adjusted HR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.71 to 1.52]) or with
      mortality after a cancer diagnosis (adjusted HR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.93 to 1.19]).
      CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of elderly U.S. adults undergoing lumbar
      arthrodesis, BMP use was not associated with cancer risk or mortality. LEVEL OF
      EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete
      description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 27385680
TI  - Avoidance of "Final" Surgical Fusion After Growing-Rod Treatment for Early-Onset
      Scoliosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Definitive "final" surgical fusion is the common end point for
      growing-rod treatment of early-onset scoliosis. However, final surgical fusion
      may be unnecessary for patients who have reached skeletal maturity with good
      alignment. This study characterizes patients who completed growing-rod treatment
      but did not undergo final surgical fusion. METHODS: Using a multicenter early
      onset-scoliosis database, we identified 167 patients who received growing-rod
      treatment from 1995 through 2010, reached skeletal maturity, and had a minimum 2
      year follow-up after their last surgery. Thirty patients did not undergo final
      surgical fusion (observation group) and were compared clinically and
      radiographically with 137 patients who did undergo final fusion (final surgical
      fusion group). RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the groups
      with regard to the age at which treatment was initiated (p = 0.127), distribution
      of diagnoses (p = 0.84), or number of lengthening procedures (p = 0.692). In the
      observation group, 26 patients retained the growing rods and 4 patients had them
      removed at the last surgery because of infection. The mean primary curve
      correction at the end of treatment was 48% (from an initial mean magnitude of 79
      degrees  to a mean final curve of 41 degrees ) in the observation group compared
      with 38% (from 74 degrees  to 46 degrees ) in the final surgical fusion group.
      There was no significant difference in final curve magnitude (41 degrees  in the
      observation group and 46 degrees  in the final surgical fusion group; p = 0.182).
      The mean increase in trunk height was 30.5% in the observation group and 35% in
      the final surgical fusion group. The final trunk height in the observation group
      was not significantly less than that in the final surgical fusion group (p =
      0.142). CONCLUSIONS: Because of progressive ankylosis, avoiding final surgical
      fusion at skeletal maturity is a viable option for patients treated with growing
      rods for all diagnostic subgroups of early-onset scoliosis who have satisfactory
      final alignment and trunk height, a minimal gain in length at the last
      distraction, and no clinical or radiographic evidence of implant-related
      problems. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors
      for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 27385681
TI  - Surgical Technique Trends in Primary ACL Reconstruction from 2007 to 2014.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The surgical technique for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
      reconstruction has evolved as a result of improved understanding of ligament
      biomechanics, anatomy, device development, and failed reconstructions. Studies on
      surgical technique preferences have been limited to surgeon surveys, which are
      subject to selection and recall bias. The purpose of this study was to evaluate
      ACL reconstruction surgical technique and yearly revision rate trends in a
      community-based setting. METHODS: A population-based epidemiological study was
      conducted using data on primary ACL reconstruction procedures registered in an
      ACL reconstruction registry from 2007 to 2014. Changes in the incidence rates of
      different types of femoral tunnel drilling methods, different types of grafts and
      graft fixation, and revisions were studied. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs)
      are provided. RESULTS: Of the 21,686 ACL reconstructions studied, 72.4% were
      performed by sports medicine fellowship-trained surgeons. The incidence rate of
      femoral tunnel drilling via a tibial tunnel decreased at an adjusted rate of 26%
      per year (IRR = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.71 to 0.78), from 56.4% to
      17.6% during the study period. The incidence rate of medial portal drilling
      increased from 41.3% to 65.1% at an adjusted rate of 11% per year (IRR = 1.11,
      95% CI = 1.09 to 1.13), and the incidence rate of drilling through a lateral
      approach increased from 2.3% to 17.3% at an adjusted rate of 53% per year (IRR =
      1.53, 95% CI = 1.39 to 1.67). There was no change in the use of hamstring
      autograft, bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft, or tibial tendon allograft. Use
      of first-generation bioabsorbable femoral and tibial fixation decreased for all
      graft types. For soft-tissue grafts, usage of suspensory metal femoral fixation
      increased 12% to 13% per year (IRR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.15 for tibial
      tendon grafts; IRR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.15 for hamstring grafts). For bone
      patellar tendon-bone autografts, the use of femoral fixation with interference
      biocomposite screws increased 7% per year (IRR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.10). On
      the tibial side, utilization of biocomposite screws increased for all graft
      types. No association was found between revision rate and the year of the primary
      operation. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons changed their femoral tunnel drilling technique
      over the study period, whereas the incidence rates of specific graft utilization
      remained stable. There has been a shift away from first-generation bioabsorbable
      fixation and increasing use of biocomposite fixation across all graft types.
      Early cumulative revision rates remained stable.

PMID- 27385682
TI  - Clinical and Radiographic Results of an All-Polyethylene Pegged Bone-Ingrowth
      Glenoid Component.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Loosening of the glenoid component continues to be the main cause of
      medium and long-term failure of shoulder replacements. The purpose of this study
      was to evaluate the early clinical and radiographic results following use of an
      all-polyethylene pegged glenoid component designed for hybrid (biological and
      cement) fixation. METHODS: Eighty-three shoulders in 77 patients (mean age, 68.6
      years) underwent total shoulder arthroplasty with a pegged hybrid-fixation
      component (bone-ingrowth glenoid and cemented peg). Outcomes were determined with
      the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score and the Oxford shoulder
      score. A detailed analysis of radiographs and fine-slice computed tomography (CT)
      images was performed to determine the extent of bone ingrowth between the flanges
      and the extent of radiolucent lines at the prosthesis-bone interface. RESULTS:
      The mean duration of follow-up was 46.7 months (range, 24 to 99 months). At the
      time of final follow-up, the median ASES score was 97 points (range, 43 to 100
      points) and the median Oxford score was 48 points (range, 24 to 48 points). The
      median active forward elevation was 130 degrees  (range, 65 degrees  to 170
      degrees ), median external rotation was 45 degrees  (range, 5 degrees  to 80
      degrees ), and median internal rotation was to T11 (range, buttock to T4).
      Seventy-eight shoulders demonstrated a perfect Lazarus score for radiolucency (0,
      indicating no radiolucency). Sixty-eight shoulders demonstrated complete
      osseointegration, with bone ingrowth between all of the flanges seen on coronal
      CT; 5 demonstrated partial osseointegration; and 10 demonstrated osteolysis
      around the central peg. Most radiolucent lines were in the inferior Yian zones.
      There were no correlations between the Yian CT scores and either the ASES or
      Oxford score (rho = 0.13 and 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Total shoulder
      arthroplasty with an all-polyethylene pegged glenoid component, utilizing hybrid
      fixation, demonstrated excellent clinical and radiographic results at the time of
      early follow-up. Radiolucent lines were seen most commonly around the inferior
      pegs of the prosthesis, and this may represent an incipient mode of failure.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a
      complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 27385683
TI  - Outcomes of Low-Energy Basicervical Proximal Femoral Fractures Treated with
      Cephalomedullary Fixation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Basicervical peritrochanteric fractures are relatively rare, with
      1.8% to 7.6% of hip fractures being identified as true basicervical fractures.
      The compression hip screw traditionally has been considered the "gold standard"
      for operative fixation of peritrochanteric fractures, with generally good
      results. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of basicervical
      peritrochanteric fractures of the proximal part of the femur treated with
      cephalomedullary nailing (CMN). METHODS: We reviewed medical records and
      radiographs of all patients at our institution with a peritrochanteric fracture
      treated with CMN from 2010 to 2012 (246 patients). Fourteen patients with a 2
      part basicervical fracture were identified. Two of them died less than 6 weeks
      after injury and another patient did not return for follow-up. Eleven patients
      were included in the reported series. RESULTS: Five of the 11 patients had
      fracture-healing without complications. Their average tip-apex distance was 14.9
      mm. The fixation failed in the remaining six patients, all of whom had a tip-apex
      distance of <25 mm, with an average of 17.4 mm. Four of the failures followed an
      anatomic reduction, and the other 2 followed a nearly anatomic reduction.
      CONCLUSIONS: CMN may be inadequate for fixation of 2-part basicervical fractures.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a
      complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 27385684
TI  - Anatomic Investigation of Commonly Used Landmarks for Evaluating Rotation During
      Forearm Fracture Reduction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Evaluating rotation during open reduction and internal fixation of a
      forearm fracture is of paramount importance. In challenging cases, surgeons may
      utilize radiographic relationships between proximal and distal radial and ulnar
      landmarks to assess rotational position. However, to our knowledge, limited
      anatomic data are available to confirm these relationships. METHODS: Six hundred
      cadaveric radii and ulnae were obtained. Digital representations of the bicipital
      tuberosity, the radial styloid, the coronoid process, and the ulnar styloid were
      acquired, and the rotational profiles between respective landmarks were
      calculated. In order to validate the results and investigate the ability to
      differentiate rotated osseous positions, each bone was imaged in increments of 10
      degrees  of rotation and the profile of each landmark was measured. RESULTS: The
      radial styloid was at a mean of 158 degrees  +/- 14 degrees  of supination
      relative to the bicipital tuberosity. The ulnar styloid was at a mean of 185
      degrees  +/- 14 degrees  of supination relative to the coronoid process. Imaging
      of the bones in increments of 10 degrees  of rotation supported the relationships
      above. It was also found that a 1-mm difference in profile size corresponded to
      up to 60 degrees  of rotation for the average ulna, compared with 10 degrees  for
      the average radius. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that using the bicipital
      tuberosity and the radial styloid to assess intraoperative rotation of the radius
      on anteroposterior radiographs may be of limited value; the landmarks were not
      generally 180 degrees  apart. Although the rotational positions of the coronoid
      process and the ulnar styloid were, on average, closer to 180 degrees , surgeons
      should be aware of the wide range of normal anatomy as well as the inability to
      judge rotation by as much as 60 degrees , even for an "ideal" ulna. CLINICAL
      RELEVANCE: This study, to our knowledge, represents the first anatomic
      investigation of the rotational profiles between the osseous landmarks used to
      assess forearm rotation after fracture. We recommend that surgeons first image
      the bicipital tuberosity at its largest profile, supinate the arm 20 degrees ,
      and confirm that the radial styloid is at its largest profile. The ulna can then
      be assessed to support the lack of rotational deformity in the forearm.

PMID- 27385685
TI  - Talar Osteonecrosis Related to Adult Sickle Cell Disease: Natural Evolution from
      Early to Late Stages.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the rate of, and factors affecting, progression
      of talar osteonecrosis related to sickle cell disease. Adult patients with sickle
      cell disease who presented with hip osteonecrosis were evaluated for talar
      osteonecrosis with radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Forty-five
      of them (75 tali) were diagnosed with talar osteonecrosis, and this group was
      evaluated for factors influencing the progression of the disease. METHODS: Forty
      five patients with sickle cell disease and osteonecrosis of the talus were
      identified with radiographs and MRI between 1985 and 1995. Seven of these
      patients were homozygous for hemoglobin S (S/S genotype), 26 had hemoglobin
      S/hemoglobin C, and 12 had hemoglobin S/beta-thalassemia. The talar osteonecrosis
      was graded with radiographs and MRI. The patients were followed with clinical
      examination and radiographs every 6 months until talar collapse and every year
      after the collapse. RESULTS: The osteonecrosis was unilateral in 15 patients and
      bilateral in 30 at the time of the initial examination. Forty-five ankles were
      asymptomatic and 30 were symptomatic at the initial evaluation. MRI performed at
      the time of the most recent follow-up, and compared with MRI performed at
      diagnosis, did not show partial or total regression of the osteonecrosis in any
      of the patients, even those with asymptomatic stage-I osteonecrosis. At the time
      of the most recent follow-up (mean, 20 years; range, 15 to 25 years), pain and
      collapse had developed in all except 12 ankles. The stage of the osteonecrosis at
      the initial visit, pain, the genotype of the sickle cell disease, and the extent
      and location of the lesion in the talus were risk factors for progression of the
      disease. CONCLUSIONS: In the majority of the patients with sickle cell disease,
      osteonecrosis of the talus should be expected to show relevant clinical and
      radiographic evidence of progression over a long period. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Prospective Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of
      levels of evidence.

PMID- 27385686
TI  - HIF-1-Dependent IL-6 Activation in Articular Chondrocytes Initiating Synovitis in
      Femoral Head Ischemic Osteonecrosis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in children is associated
      with chronic hip synovitis and increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine
      interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the synovial fluid due to unknown mechanisms. The purpose
      of this study was to investigate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activation as
      a molecular mechanism linking the induction of ischemic osteonecrosis to IL-6
      production and the initiation of hip synovitis. METHODS: Ischemic osteonecrosis
      was surgically induced in the right femoral head of 6 piglets. A histologic
      score, synovial fluid volume, and IL-6 level were used to assess hip synovitis.
      IL-6 immunostaining of articular cartilage and synovial tissue was performed as
      well. To study the role of HIF-1 in IL-6 activation, in vitro experiments using
      an HIF-1alpha activator (deferoxamine) and inhibitor (HIF-1 small interfering-RNA
      [siRNA]) were carried out. Synovial cell responses to hypoxic chondrocyte
      conditioned media with and without an IL-6 receptor blocker (tocilizumab) were
      assessed on the basis of IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
      gene expressions and with a synovial cell-proliferation assay. RESULTS: Induction
      of ischemic osteonecrosis produced hip synovitis and increased IL-6 levels in the
      synovial fluid. Immunostaining and protein analysis demonstrated articular
      chondrocytes as a source of increased IL-6 production. When articular
      chondrocytes were cultured under hypoxic conditions, significantly increased HIF
      1alpha and IL-6 expressions were observed. Under hypoxic culture conditions, IL-6
      gene expression was significantly increased by HIF-1alpha activation using
      deferoxamine and inhibited by HIF-1alpha inhibition using HIF-1 siRNA. Synovial
      cells exposed to hypoxic chondrocyte-conditioned medium showed significant
      increases in IL-1beta and TNF-alpha gene expressions and cell proliferation,
      which were inhibited by the IL-6 receptor blocker tocilizumab. CONCLUSIONS:
      Induction of ischemic osteonecrosis results in IL-6 production in the articular
      cartilage through an HIF-1-dependent pathway. IL-6 produced by hypoxic articular
      chondrocytes stimulates inflammatory cytokine responses in synovial cells, which
      were significantly decreased by tocilizumab. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study
      provides new insight into the inherent relationship between the induction of
      ischemia and the initiation of hip synovitis following ischemic osteonecrosis and
      suggests a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of the synovitis.

PMID- 27385689
TI  - Global Forum: An International Perspective on Outpatient Surgical Procedures for
      Adult Hip and Knee Reconstruction.
AB  - Outpatient surgical procedures for adult hip and knee reconstruction are gaining
      interest on a worldwide basis and have been progressively increasing over the
      last few years. Preoperative screening needs to concentrate on both the patient's
      comorbidities and home environment to provide a proper alignment of expectations
      of the surgeon, the patient, and the patient's family. Preoperative
      multidisciplinary patient information covering all aspects of the upcoming
      treatment course is a mandatory step, focusing on pain management and early
      mobilization. Perioperative pain management includes both multimodal and
      preventive analgesia. Preemptive medications, minimization of narcotics, and
      combination of general and regional anesthesia are the techniques required in
      joint arthroplasty performed as an outpatient surgical procedure. A multimodal
      blood loss management program should be used with preoperative identification of
      anemia and attention directed toward minimizing blood loss, considering the use
      of tranexamic acid during the surgical procedure. Postoperative care extends from
      the initial recovery from anesthesia to the physical therapist's evaluation of
      the patient's ambulatory status. After the patient has met the criteria for
      discharge and has been discharged on the same day of the surgical procedure, a
      nurse should call the patient later at home to check on wound status, pain
      control, and muscle weakness, which will be further addressed by physiotherapy
      and education. Implementing outpatient arthroplasty requires monitoring safety,
      patient satisfaction, and economic impact. 

PMID- 27385687
TI  - Tissue Engineering in Orthopaedics.
AB  - ?It is important to carefully select the most appropriate combination of
      scaffold, signals, and cell types when designing tissue engineering approaches
      for an orthopaedic pathology.?Although clinical studies in which the tissue
      engineering paradigm has been applied in the treatment of orthopaedic diseases
      are limited in number, examining them can yield important lessons.?While there is
      a rapid rate of new discoveries in the basic sciences, substantial regulatory,
      economic, and clinical issues must be overcome with more consistency to translate
      a greater number of technologies from the laboratory to the operating room. 

PMID- 27385690
TI  - Trends in Bone-Block Augmentation Among Recently Trained Orthopaedic Surgeons
      Treating Anterior Shoulder Instability.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Shoulder instability is a common entity requiring surgical
      stabilization. Although arthroscopic soft-tissue stabilization has been the most
      common surgical treatment, increased attention is now being paid to Latarjet
      coracoid transfers and bone-block augmentation, particularly with glenoid bone
      loss. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the current status of arthroscopic
      soft-tissue stabilization and bone-block augmentation stabilization techniques
      among newly trained orthopaedic surgeons in the United States. METHODS: The
      American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) database was utilized to identify
      shoulder instability cases submitted by ABOS Part-II Board Certification
      examination candidates. Cases were dichotomized into two groups: isolated soft
      tissue stabilizations and bone-block augmentation procedures, including coracoid
      transfer. The two groups were then analyzed to determine trends in annual
      incidence, complication rates, types of complications, concomitant procedures,
      surgeon fellowship training, and geographic region of practice. RESULTS: From
      2004 to 2013, 6,854 surgeons submitted 7,587 shoulder instability surgical cases
      that met all inclusion criteria. Of these, 7,515 (99.1%) were isolated soft
      tissue stabilizations, and 72 (0.95%) were bone-block glenoid augmentations.
      Surgeons with sports medicine fellowship training performed 61.85% of isolated
      soft-tissue stabilization procedures and 58.33% of bone-block stabilization
      procedures. The percentage of stabilization cases that utilized bone-block
      augmentation increased tenfold from 0.14% to 1.4% (p = 0.029) during the study
      period. The overall annual incidence of isolated soft-tissue stabilizations (p =
      0.037) and bone-block procedures (p = 0.016) increased from 2004 to 2013.
      Although the complication rate of the bone-block procedures remained steady (mean
      rate, 20.8%; p = 0.932), the isolated soft-tissue stabilization complication rate
      rose from 4.9% to 9.0% (mean rate, 5.4%; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: A trend exists
      toward increased utilization of bone-block stabilization for the treatment of
      shoulder instability among recently trained orthopaedic surgeons. Complication
      rates remained relatively high (20.8%) for these procedures, but did not increase
      as was seen with the isolated soft-tissue stabilizations. Residency and
      fellowship programs should continue to focus on methods to optimize training for
      these procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for
      Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

PMID- 27385691
TI  - Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Lumbar Arthrodesis: What Is All the Debate About?
      Commentary on an article by Daniel C. Beachler, PhD, MHS, et al.: "Bone
      Morphogenetic Protein Use and Cancer Risk Among Patients Undergoing Lumbar
      Arthrodesis: A Case-Cohort Study Using the SEER-Medicare Database".

PMID- 27385692
TI  - Words, cultural competence matter in LGBT patient care.

PMID- 27385693
TI  - New Drugs and Dosage Forms.

PMID- 27385694
TI  - Opioid control law in Vermont addresses provider status for pharmacists.

PMID- 27385695
TI  - ASHP 2016 Official Board and Section Elections.

PMID- 27385696
TI  - Advancing responsible use of medicines globally: The revised Basel Statements.

PMID- 27385697
TI  - Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli resistant to ceftazidime-avibactam: The
      need for a commercially available testing product.

PMID- 27385698
TI  - Mild hyperamylasemia and early-phase drug-induced pancreatitis.

PMID- 27385699
TI  - Falsely elevated acetaminophen levels in a patient with extreme
      hyperbilirubinemia.

PMID- 27385700
TI  - Using computerized prescriber order entry to limit overrides from automated
      dispensing cabinets.

PMID- 27385701
TI  - Olaparib for the treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: The pharmacology, clinical efficacy, safety, dosage and administration,
      and role in therapy of olaparib, a first-in-class treatment for advanced
      treatment-refractory ovarian cancer, are reviewed. SUMMARY: Olaparib (Lynparza,
      AstraZeneca) is an oral inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins
      that play a key role in DNA repair and genomic stability. Olaparib is indicated
      for use in treating certain patients with advanced, recurrent ovarian cancer who
      have mutations of the breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) or breast cancer 2 gene
      (BRCA2). In patients with BRCA-mutated cancers, olaparib blocks vital PARP
      mediated tumor cell DNA repair mechanisms, leading to "synthetic lethality" and
      selective tumor cell death. In Phase II clinical trials including patients with
      platinum-sensitive, platinum-resistant, and platinum-refractory ovarian cancers,
      olaparib significantly improved progression-free survival, with similar rates of
      response reported in patients with BRCA1- and BRCA2-mutated disease. Olaparib is
      generally well tolerated; the most commonly reported adverse events in clinical
      trials were mild nausea, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea. Severe anemia and
      severe fatigue can occur in association with olaparib treatment. Concurrent
      administration of olaparib and strong or moderate inducers or inhibitors of
      cytochrome P-450 isozyme 3A should be avoided, as use of those agents may alter
      plasma concentrations of olaparib. CONCLUSION: Olaparib is a novel PARP inhibitor
      that is efficacious and well tolerated in patients with BRCA-mutated advanced
      ovarian cancers who have received three or more lines of prior treatment.

PMID- 27385702
TI  - Prasugrel hypersensitivity with respiratory distress and rash.
AB  - PURPOSE: An adverse drug reaction associated with the use of prasugrel for dual
      antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent
      placement is reported. SUMMARY: About one week after starting prasugrel use
      following angioplasty and a stent revision procedure, a 61-year-old woman arrived
      in the emergency department with wheezing, shortness of breath, a feeling of
      throat closure, and a widespread erythematous, maculopapular, pruritic rash. She
      reported that the respiratory symptoms had started to develop the previous day,
      with the onset of rash occurring about 24 hours after initiation of prasugrel
      therapy. The patient's symptoms subsided after administration of 0.3 mg
      epinephrine subcutaneously, diphenhydramine 50 mg i.v., and methylprednisolone
      125 mg i.v. Prasugrel was discontinued, and the patient was switched to another
      P2Y12 inhibitor (ticagrelor) for continued dual antiplatelet therapy. Analysis of
      the case using the adverse drug reaction probability scale of Naranjo et al.
      indicated that prasugrel was the probable cause of the hypersensitivity reaction.
      Hypersensitivity manifesting as a rash has been previously reported in patients
      receiving prasugrel, a thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor. Desensitization may be an
      option for thienopyridine-allergic patients undergoing PCI with stenting;
      alternatively, the nonthienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor ticagrelor may be used in a
      dual antiplatelet therapy regimen. CONCLUSION: A patient who had undergone PCI
      with stenting developed shortness of breath and rash associated with prasugrel
      therapy. Symptoms abated after supportive therapy and discontinuation of
      prasugrel, the probable offending agent. Treatment was safely switched to
      ticagrelor.

PMID- 27385703
TI  - Stability of dronabinol capsules when stored frozen, refrigerated, or at room
      temperature.
AB  - PURPOSE: Results of a study to determine the 90-day stability of dronabinol
      capsules stored under various temperature conditions are reported. METHODS: High
      performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was used
      to assess the stability of dronabinol capsules (synthetic delta-9
      tetrahydrocannabinol [Delta9-THC] mixed with high-grade sesame oil and other
      inactive ingredients and encapsulated as soft gelatin capsules) that were frozen,
      refrigerated, or kept at room temperature for three months. The dronabinol
      capsules remained in the original foil-sealed blister packs until preparation for
      HPLC-UV assessment. The primary endpoint was the percentage of the initial Delta9
      THC concentration remaining at multiple designated time points. The secondary aim
      was to perform forced-degradation studies under acidic conditions to demonstrate
      that the HPLC-UV method used was stability indicating. RESULTS: The appearance of
      the dronabinol capsules remained unaltered during frozen, cold, or room
      temperature storage. Regardless of storage condition, the percentage of the
      initial Delta9-THC content remaining was greater than 97% for all evaluated
      samples at all time points over the three-month study. These experimental data
      indicate that the product packaging and the sesame oil used to formulate
      dronabinol capsules efficiently protect Delta9-THC from oxidative degradation to
      cannabinol; this suggests that pharmacies can store dronabinol capsules in
      nonrefrigerated automated dispensing systems, with a capsule expiration date of
      90 days after removal from the refrigerator. CONCLUSION: Dronabinol capsules may
      be stored at room temperature in their original packaging for up to three months
      without compromising capsule appearance and with minimal reduction in Delta9-THC
      concentration.

PMID- 27385704
TI  - Prediction of inventory sustainability during a drug shortage.
AB  - PURPOSE: A methodology for predicting how long the on-hand inventory of a given
      medication will last during a supply shortage is described; a practical example
      of application of the methodology is provided. METHODS: Single-site data on
      consumption of i.v. tobramycin over an eight-month evaluation period were
      collected using commercial software that tabulates barcode-assisted medication
      administration (BCMA) events; administered doses were standardized as 1200-mg
      "vial-equivalents" and summed over the review period. The total number of vial
      equivalents consumed was divided by the number of "non-zero weeks of consumption"
      (i.e., weeks during which any tobramycin use occurred) to obtain a mean +/- S.D.
      weekly consumption rate; this rate was multiplied by the total i.v. tobramycin on
      hand supply (in vial-equivalents) to determine the mean number of potentially
      sustainable weeks of therapy in the event a shortage were to restrict the future
      supply of the drug. RESULTS: Overall, 99.6 vial-equivalents of i.v. tobramycin
      were used during the evaluation period. The mean +/- S.D. number of vial
      equivalents used per non-zero week of consumption was 3.11 +/- 1.26. A manual
      count of pharmacy inventory revealed that 102.9 vial-equivalents were available
      at the time of analysis. The mean predicted duration of supply was 33 weeks (95%
      confidence interval, -126 to 192 weeks). CONCLUSION: Available BCMA data on
      tobramycin consumption over eight months were used to calculate the mean number
      of weeks the on-hand supply of the drug could be expected to last during a
      persistent drug shortage.

PMID- 27385706
TI  - Athlete Characteristics and Team Competitive Performance as Moderators for the
      Relationship Between Coach Transformational Leadership and Athlete Performance.
AB  - The goal of this study is to examine the effects of coaches' transformational
      leadership on player performance. To advance existing research, we examine (a)
      effects on individual and team performance and (b) consider joint moderating
      effects of players' win orientation and teams' competitive performance on the
      leadership- individual performance link. In a three-source sample from German
      handball teams, we collected data on 336 players and 30 coaches and teams.
      Results showed positive main effects of transformational leadership's facet of
      articulating a vision (AV) on team and individual performance and negative main
      effects of providing an appropriate model (PAM) on team performance. With regard
      to moderating effects, AV increased and PAM decreased individual performance when
      both moderators were low, and intellectual stimulation had a positive effect when
      both were high. This study expands insights into the potential and limitation of
      transformational leadership with a strong focus on the role of situational
      contingencies.

PMID- 27385707
TI  - Performance of a Cartridge-Based Assay for Detection of Clinically Significant
      Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection: Lessons from VALGENT (Validation of HPV
      Genotyping Tests).
AB  - The Validation of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotyping Tests (VALGENT) studies
      offer an opportunity to clinically validate HPV assays for use in primary
      screening for cervical cancer and also provide a framework for the comparison of
      analytical and type-specific performance. Through VALGENT, we assessed the
      performance of the cartridge-based Xpert HPV assay (Xpert HPV), which detects 14
      high-risk (HR) types and resolves HPV16 and HPV18/45. Samples from women
      attending the United Kingdom cervical screening program enriched with
      cytologically abnormal samples were collated. All had been previously tested by a
      clinically validated standard comparator test (SCT), the GP5+/6+ enzyme
      immunoassay (EIA). The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert HPV for
      the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN2+) and
      CIN3+ relative to those of the SCT were assessed as were the inter- and
      intralaboratory reproducibilities according to international criteria for test
      validation. Type concordance for HPV16 and HPV18/45 between the Xpert HPV and the
      SCT was also analyzed. The Xpert HPV detected 94% of CIN2+ and 98% of CIN3+
      lesions among all screened women and 90% of CIN2+ and 96% of CIN3+ lesions in
      women 30 years and older. The specificity for CIN1 or less (<=CIN1) was 83% (95%
      confidence interval [CI], 80 to 85%) in all women and 88% (95% CI, 86 to 91%) in
      women 30 years and older. Inter- and intralaboratory agreements for the Xpert HPV
      were 98% and 97%, respectively. The kappa agreements for HPV16 and HPV18/45
      between the clinically validated reference test (GP5+/6+ LMNX) and the Xpert HPV
      were 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. The clinical performance and reproducibility of
      the Xpert HPV are comparable to those of well-established HPV assays and fulfill
      the criteria for use in primary cervical cancer screening.

PMID- 27385708
TI  - Antimicrobial Stewardship in the Microbiology Laboratory: Impact of Selective
      Susceptibility Reporting on Ciprofloxacin Utilization and Susceptibility of Gram
      Negative Isolates to Ciprofloxacin in a Hospital Setting.
AB  - The objective of this study was to determine the impact of selective
      susceptibility reporting on ciprofloxacin utilization and Gram-negative
      susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in a hospital setting. Historically at our
      institution, the microbiology laboratory practice was to report ciprofloxacin
      susceptibility for all Enterobacteriaceae regardless of susceptibility to other
      agents. A selective reporting policy was implemented which involved the
      suppression of ciprofloxacin susceptibility to Enterobacteriaceae when there was
      lack of resistance to the antibiotics on the Gram-negative panel. Ciprofloxacin
      utilization (measured in defined daily doses [DDD] per 1,000 patient days) was
      collected before and after the intervention and compared to moxifloxacin,
      trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and amoxicillin-clavulanate.
      Monthly susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli to
      ciprofloxacin was tabulated. An interrupted time series analysis using segmented
      regression was performed. The mean monthly ciprofloxacin utilization decreased
      from 87 (95% CI, 83.7 to 91.2) to 39 (95% CI, 35.0 to 44.0) DDD per 1,000 patient
      days before and after the implementation of selective reporting, respectively.
      There was an immediate and sustained reduction in ciprofloxacin usage at 1, 3, 6,
      12, and 24 months postintervention (P < 0.001). A compensatory increase in
      amoxicillin-clavulanate use was noted starting at 6 months postintervention and
      persisted for the study period (P < 0.027). Susceptibility of E. coli, but not
      that of P. aeruginosa, to ciprofloxacin was higher than predicted starting 12
      months after the intervention (P < 0.05). In conclusion, selective reporting of
      ciprofloxacin susceptibly may be a useful intervention to reduce targeted
      antimicrobial utilization and improve Gram-negative susceptibility to
      ciprofloxacin. This approach should be considered as part of a broader multimodal
      antimicrobial stewardship program.

PMID- 27385710
TI  - Gods from the machine of medicine.

PMID- 27385709
TI  - Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies for Comprehensive
      Assessment of Full-Length Hepatitis C Viral Genomes.
AB  - Affordable next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies for hepatitis C virus
      (HCV) may potentially identify both viral genotype and resistance genetic motifs
      in the era of directly acting antiviral (DAA) therapies. This study compared the
      ability of high-throughput NGS methods to generate full-length, deep, HCV
      sequence data sets and evaluated their utility for diagnostics and clinical
      assessment. NGS methods using (i) unselected HCV RNA (metagenomics), (ii)
      preenrichment of HCV RNA by probe capture, and (iii) HCV preamplification by PCR
      implemented in four United Kingdom centers were compared. Metrics of sequence
      coverage and depth, quasispecies diversity, and detection of DAA resistance
      associated variants (RAVs), mixed HCV genotypes, and other coinfections were
      compared using a panel of samples with different viral loads, genotypes, and
      mixed HCV genotypes/subtypes [geno(sub)types]. Each NGS method generated near
      complete genome sequences from more than 90% of samples. Enrichment methods and
      PCR preamplification generated greater sequence depth and were more effective for
      samples with low viral loads. All NGS methodologies accurately identified mixed
      HCV genotype infections. Consensus sequences generated by different NGS methods
      were generally concordant, and majority RAVs were consistently detected. However,
      methods differed in their ability to detect minor populations of RAVs.
      Metagenomic methods identified human pegivirus coinfections. NGS provided a
      rapid, inexpensive method for generating whole HCV genomes to define infecting
      genotypes, RAVs, comprehensive viral strain analysis, and quasispecies diversity.
      Enrichment methods are particularly suited for high-throughput analysis while
      providing the genotype and information on potential DAA resistance.

PMID- 27385711
TI  - Turning Virchow upside down: medicine is politics on a smaller scale.

PMID- 27385712
TI  - Mindfulness may have risks as well as benefits.

PMID- 27385713
TI  - The importance of the loss of junior doctor's hours monitoring under the new
      contract.

PMID- 27385714
TI  - Medical intelligence, security and global health: the foundations of a new health
      agenda.
AB  - Medical intelligence, security and global health are distinct fields that often
      overlap, especially as the drive towards a global health security agenda gathers
      pace. Here, we outline some of the ways in which this has happened in the recent
      past during the recent Ebola epidemic in West Africa and in the killing of Osama
      Bin laden by US intelligence services. We evaluate medical intelligence and the
      role it can play in global health security; we also attempt to define a framework
      that illustrates how medical intelligence can be incorporated into foreign policy
      action in order delineate the boundaries and scope of this growing field. 

PMID- 27385715
TI  - J Guy Scadding and the move from alternation to randomisation.

PMID- 27385720
TI  - Furthering the debate on the role of interstitial cells of Cajal in enteric
      inhibitory neuromuscular neurotransmission.
AB  - The gut, a muscular organ, performs a critical role in transporting ingested
      contents, yet it is also controlled to periodically stop transport to maximize
      digestion and toxin detection. The complex intraluminal composition and rheology
      challenge the mechanistic requirements of inhibitory neuromuscular
      neurotransmission. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs)-generated slow wave may
      tune the promiscuous luminal chemical environment, which prepares the smooth
      muscle membrane potential for a depolarizing or hyperpolarizing response as
      needed. Slow waves are abolished during stimulation-induced inhibitory junction
      potentials (IJPs) due to purinergic-nitrergic tandem neurotransmission. Recent
      data demonstrating intact IJPs in a genomic knockout of ICCs provide rigorous
      evidence of the noncontribution of ICCs during evoked neurotransmission. This
      perspective article discusses the priority areas of investigations in enteric
      musculomotor transmission, for understanding its near-perfect design for chemical
      space sensing, as well as diseases in which the luminal transport braking process
      becomes dysfunctional, leading to delayed gastric emptying or intestinal transit.

PMID- 27385719
TI  - Dose-Response and Time Course Effects of Acute Resistance Exercise on Executive
      Function.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to examine possible dose-response and time course
      effects of an acute bout of resistance exercise on the core executive functions
      of inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Twenty-eight
      participants (14 female; Mage = 20.5 +/- 2.1 years) completed a control condition
      and resistance exercise bouts performed at 40%, 70%, and 100% of their individual
      10-repetition maximum. An executive function test battery was administered at 15
      min and 180 min postexercise to assess immediate and delayed effects of exercise
      on executive functioning. At 15 min postexercise, high-intensity exercise
      resulted in less interference and improved reaction time (RT) for the Stroop
      task, while at 180 min low- and moderate-intensity exercise resulted in improved
      performance on plus-minus and Simon tasks, respectively. These findings suggest a
      limited and task-specific influence of acute resistance exercise on executive
      function in healthy young adults.

PMID- 27385721
TI  - 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal: a critical target in oxidative stress?
AB  - In this perspective, we summarize and discuss critical advancements in the study
      of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) as it relates to diseases and clinical
      complications either caused or exacerbated by oxidative stress. Since its
      identification in 1980, 4-HNE has been extensively studied with an emphasis on
      its formation, its role in pathology, and its targets. As a reactive aldehyde,
      and a product of lipid peroxidation, studies corroborate its ability to disrupt
      signal transduction and protein activity, as well as induce inflammation and
      trigger cellular apoptosis in conditions of oxidative stress. Notably, we discuss
      the role of natural enzymes involved in the regulation of 4-HNE, and how they can
      be applied to its detoxification in various physiological conditions.

PMID- 27385722
TI  - EXPRESS: F-actin links Epac-PKC signaling to purinergic P2X3 receptors
      sensitization in dorsal root ganglia following inflammation.
AB  - Sensitization of purinergic P2X3 receptors (P2X3Rs) contributes to the production
      of exaggerated nociceptive responses following inflammatory injury. We showed
      previously that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) potentiates P2X3R-mediated ATP currents
      in dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from both control and complete Freund's
      adjuvant-induced inflamed rats. PGE2 potentiation of ATP currents depends only on
      PKA signaling in control neurons, but it depends on both PKA and PKC signaling in
      inflamed neurons. We further found that inflammation evokes an increase in
      exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epacs) in dorsal root ganglions.
      This increase promotes the activation of PKC to produce a much enhanced PGE2
      effect on ATP currents and to elicit Epac-dependent flinch nocifensive behavioral
      responses in complete Freund's adjuvant rats. The link between Epac-PKC signaling
      and P2X3R sensitization remains unexplored. Here, we show that the activation of
      Epacs promotes the expression of phosphorylated PKC and leads to an increase in
      the cytoskeleton, F-actin, expression at the cell perimeter. Depolymerization of
      F-actin blocks PGE2-enhanced ATP currents and inhibits P2X3R-mediated nocifensive
      responses after inflammation. Thus, F-actin is dynamically involved in the Epac
      PKC-dependent P2X3R sensitization. Furthermore, Epacs induce a PKC-dependent
      increase in the membrane expression of P2X3Rs. This increase is abolished by F
      actin depolymerization, suggesting that F-actin mediates Epac-PKC signaling of
      P2X3R membrane expression. Thus, after inflammation, an Epac-PKC dependent
      increase in F-actin in dorsal root ganglion neurons enhances the membrane
      expression of P2X3Rs to bring about sensitization of P2X3Rs and abnormal pain
      behaviors.

PMID- 27385723
TI  - EXPRESS: Voltage-dependent sodium (NaV) channels in group IV sensory afferents.
AB  - Patients with intermittent claudication suffer from both muscle pain and an
      exacerbated exercise pressor reflex. Excitability of the group III and group IV
      afferent fibers mediating these functions is controlled in part by voltage
      dependent sodium (NaV) channels. We previously found tetrodotoxin-resistant
      NaV1.8 channels to be the primary type in muscle afferent somata. However, action
      potentials in group III and IV afferent axons are blocked by TTX, supporting a
      minimal role of NaV1.8 channels. To address these apparent differences in NaV
      channel expression between axon and soma, we used immunohistochemistry to
      identify the NaV channels expressed in group IV axons within the gastrocnemius
      muscle and the dorsal root ganglia sections. Positive labeling by an antibody
      against the neurofilament protein peripherin was used to identify group IV
      neurons and axons. We show that >67% of group IV fibers express NaV1.8, NaV1.6,
      or NaV1.7. Interestingly, expression of NaV1.8 channels in group IV somata was
      significantly higher than in the fibers, whereas there were no significant
      differences for either NaV1.6 or NaV1.7. When combined with previous work, our
      results suggest that NaV1.8 channels are expressed in most group IV axons, but
      that, under normal conditions, NaV1.6 and/or NaV1.7 play a more important role in
      action potential generation to signal muscle pain and the exercise pressor
      reflex.

PMID- 27385724
TI  - EXPRESS: Histone hyperacetylation modulates spinal type II metabotropic glutamate
      receptor alleviating stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in female rats.
AB  - Stress is often a trigger to exacerbate chronic pain including visceral
      hypersensitivity associated with irritable bowel syndrome, a female predominant
      functional bowel disorder. Epigenetic mechanisms that mediate stress responses
      are a potential target to interfere with visceral pain. The purpose of this study
      was to examine the effect of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide
      hydroxamic acid, on visceral hypersensitivity induced by a subchronic stressor in
      female rats and to investigate the involvement of spinal glutamate receptors.
      Three daily sessions of forced swim induced visceral hypersensitivity.
      Intrathecal suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid prevented or reversed the stress
      induced visceral hypersensitivity, increased spinal histone 3 acetylation and
      increased mGluR2 and mGluR3 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
      analysis revealed enrichment of H3K9Ac and H3K18Ac at several promoter Grm2 and
      Grm3 regions. The mGluR2/3 antagonist LY341495 reversed the inhibitory effect of
      suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid on the stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity.
      In surprising contrast, stress and/or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid had no
      effect on spinal NMDA receptor expression or function. These data reveal histone
      modification modulates mGluR2/3 expression in the spinal cord to attenuate
      stressinduced visceral hypersensitivity. HDAC inhibitors may provide a potential
      approach to relieve visceral hypersensitivity associated with irritable bowel
      syndrome.

PMID- 27385725
TI  - P66Shc, a key regulator of metabolism and mitochondrial ROS production, is
      dysregulated by mouse embryo culture.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Do high oxygen tension and high glucose concentrations
      dysregulate p66Shc (Src homologous-collagen homologue adaptor protein) expression
      during mouse preimplantation embryo culture? SUMMARY ANSWER: Compared with mouse
      blastocysts in vivo, P66Shc mRNA and protein levels in blastocysts maintained in
      vitro increased under high oxygen tension (21%), but not high glucose
      concentration. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Growth in culture adversely impacts
      preimplantation embryo development and alters the expression levels of the
      oxidative stress adaptor protein p66Shc, but it is not known if p66Shc expression
      is linked to metabolic changes observed in cultured embryos. STUDY DESIGN,
      SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS: We used a standard wild-type CD1 mouse model of
      preimplantation embryo development and embryo culture with different atmospheric
      oxygen tension and glucose media concentrations. Changes to p66Shc expression in
      mouse blastocysts were measured using quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting and
      immunofluorescence followed by confocal microscopy. Changes to oxidative
      phosphorylation metabolism were measured by total ATP content and superoxide
      production. Statistical analyses were performed on a minimum of three
      experimental replicates using Students' t-test or one-way ANOVA. MAIN RESULTS AND
      THE ROLE OF CHANCE: P66Shc is basally expressed during in vivo mouse
      preimplantation development. Within in vivo blastocysts, p66Shc is primarily
      localized to the cell periphery of the trophectoderm. Blastocysts cultured under
      atmospheric oxygen levels have significantly increased p66Shc mRNA transcript and
      protein abundances compared to in vivo controls (P < 0.05). However, the ratio of
      phosphorylated serine 36 (S36) p66Shc to total p66Shc decreased in culture
      regardless of O2 atmosphere used, supporting a shift in the mitochondrial
      fraction of p66Shc. Total p66Shc localized to the cell periphery of the
      blastocyst trophectoderm and phosphorylated S36 p66Shc displayed nuclear and
      cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, suggesting distinct compartmentalization of
      phosphorylated S36 p66Shc and the remaining p66Shc fraction. Glucose
      concentration in the culture medium did not significantly change p66Shc mRNA or
      protein abundance or its localization. Blastocysts cultured under low or high
      oxygen conditions exhibited significantly decreased cellular ATP and increased
      superoxide production compared to in vivo derived embryos (P < 0.05).
      LIMITATIONS/REASONS FOR CAUTION: This study associates embryonic p66Shc
      expression levels with metabolic abnormalities but does not directly implicate
      p66Shc in metabolic changes. Additionally, we used one formulation of embryo
      culture medium that differs from that used in other mouse model studies and from
      clinical media used to support human blastocyst development. Our findings may,
      therefore, be limited to this media, or may be a species-specific phenomenon.
      WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This is the first study to show distinct
      immunolocalization of p66Shc to the trophectoderm of mouse blastocysts and that
      its levels are abnormally increased in embryos exposed to culture conditions.
      Changes in p66Shc expression and/or localization could possibly serve as a
      molecular marker of embryo viability for clinical applications. The outcomes
      provide insight into the potential metabolic role of p66Shc. Metabolic anomalies
      are induced even under the current optimal culture conditions, which could
      negatively impact trophectoderm and placental development. LARGE SCALE DATA: Not
      applicable. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS: Canadian Institutes of Health
      Research (CIHR) operating funds, Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS). There are no
      competing interests.

PMID- 27385726
TI  - Microfluidic devices for the study of sperm migration.
AB  - Microfluidics technology offers us an opportunity to model the biophysical and
      biochemical environments encountered by sperm moving through the female
      reproductive tract and, at the same time, to study sperm swimming dynamics at a
      quantitative level. In humans, coitus results in the deposition of sperm in the
      vagina at the entrance to the cervix. Consequently, sperm must swim or be drawn
      through the cervix, uterus, uterotubal junction and oviductal isthmus to reach
      the oocyte in the oviductal ampulla. Only a very small percentage of inseminated
      sperm reach the ampulla in the periovulatory period, indicating that strong
      selection pressures act on sperm during migration. A better understanding of how
      sperm interact with the female tract would inspire improvements in diagnosis of
      fertility problems and development of novel-assisted reproductive technologies
      that minimize damage to sperm and mimic natural selection pressures on sperm.

PMID- 27385727
TI  - BMP signalling in human fetal ovary somatic cells is modulated in a gene-specific
      fashion by GREM1 and GREM2.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Do changes in the expression of bone morphogenetic proteins
      (BMPs) 2 and 4, and their antagonists Gremlin1 (GREM1) and Gremlin2 (GREM2)
      during human fetal ovarian development impact on BMP pathway activity and lead to
      changes in gene expression that may influence the fate and/or function of ovarian
      somatic cells? STUDY FINDING: BMPs 2 and 4 differentially regulate gene
      expression in cultured human fetal ovarian somatic cells. Expression of some, but
      not all BMP target genes is antagonised by GREM1 and GREM2, indicating the
      existence of a mechanism to fine-tune BMP signal intensity in the ovary. Leucine
      rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a marker of immature
      ovarian somatic cells, is identified as a novel transcriptional target of BMP4.
      WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Extensive re-organisation of the germ and somatic cell
      populations in the feto-neonatal ovary culminates in the formation of primordial
      follicles, which provide the basis for a female's future fertility. BMP growth
      factors play important roles at many stages of ovarian development and function.
      GREM1, an extracellular antagonist of BMP signalling, regulates the timing of
      primordial follicle formation in the mouse ovary, and mRNA levels of BMP4
      decrease while those of BMP2 increase prior to follicle formation in the human
      fetal ovary. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS: Expression of genes
      encoding BMP pathway components, BMP antagonists and markers of ovarian somatic
      cells were determined by quantitative (q)RT-PCR in human fetal ovaries (from 8 to
      21 weeks gestation) and fetal ovary-derived somatic cell cultures. Ovarian
      expression of GREM1 protein was confirmed by immunoblotting. Primary human fetal
      ovarian somatic cell cultures were derived from disaggregated ovaries by
      differential adhesion and cultured in the presence of recombinant human BMP2 or
      BMP4, with or without the addition of GREM1 or GREM2. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE
      OF CHANCE: We demonstrate that the expression of BMP antagonists GREM1, GREM2 and
      CHRD  increases in the lead-up to primordial follicle formation in the human
      fetal ovary, and that the BMP pathway is active in cultured ovarian somatic
      cells. This leads to differential changes in the expression of a number of genes,
      some of which are further modulated by GREM1 and/or GREM2. The positive
      transcriptional regulation of LGR5 (a marker of less differentiated somatic
      cells) by BMP4 in vitro suggests that increasing levels of GREM1 and reduced
      levels of BMP4 as the ovary develops in vivo may act to reduce LGR5 levels and
      allow pre-granulosa cell differentiation. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: While
      we have demonstrated that markers of different somatic cell types are expressed
      in the cultured ovarian somatic cells, their proportions may not represent the
      same cells in the intact ovary which also contains germ cells. WIDER IMPLICATIONS
      OF THE FINDINGS: This study extends previous work identifying germ cells as
      targets of ovarian BMP signalling, and suggests BMPs may regulate the development
      of both germ and somatic cells in the developing ovary around the time of
      follicle formation. LARGE SCALE DATA: Not applicable. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING
      INTERESTS: This work was supported by The UK Medical Research Council (Grant No.:
      G1100357 to RAA), and Medical Research Scotland (Grant No. 345FRG to AJC). The
      authors have no competing interests to declare.

PMID- 27385728
TI  - ID2 mediates the transforming growth factor-beta1-induced Warburg-like effect
      seen in the peritoneum of women with endometriosis.
AB  - STUDY QUESTION: Is inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 2 (ID2) a mediator of the
      transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced Warburg-like effect seen in the
      peritoneum of women with endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER: The TGF-beta1-induced
      changes in the metabolic phenotype of peritoneal mesothelial cells from women
      with endometriosis are mediated through the ID2 pathway. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:
      TGF-beta1 induces the metabolic conversion of glucose to lactate via aerobic
      glycolysis (the 'Warburg effect') in the peritoneum of women with endometriosis,
      through increased expression of the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor
      alpha (HIF-1alpha). ID proteins are transcriptional targets of TGF-beta1. STUDY
      DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS: Expression of ID2 was investigated in luteal
      phase peritoneal biopsies from women with regular menstrual cycles, with and
      without endometriosis (n = 8-10 each group) by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and
      immunohistochemistry. ID2 mRNA expression in primary human peritoneal mesothelial
      cells (HPMC) and immortalized mesothelial cells (MeT-5A) was assessed by qRT-PCR
      (n = 6). The effects of TGF-beta1 and ID2 siRNA on HIF-1alpha mRNA expression and
      lactate secretion was assessed using qRT-PCR and a colorimetric lactate assay.
      MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: ID2 is localized to peritoneal mesothelial
      and stromal cells of women with and without endometriosis. ID2 mRNA expression is
      lower in peritoneum adjacent to the endometriosis lesions compared to distal
      sites (P < 0.01). Exposure of HPMC and MeT-5A cells to physiological
      concentrations of TGF-beta1 decreases ID2 mRNA expression (P < 0.01, P < 0.001,
      respectively, versus control). ID2 knockdown increases HIF-1alpha mRNA expression
      (P < 0.01) and lactate secretion (P < 0.05 versus scrambled control) to the same
      degree as with exposure to TGF-beta1. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Primary
      human cell cultures and a cell line were used in this study, and thus the results
      may not fully represent the situation in vivo. The results should also be
      replicated using a larger number of samples. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS:
      Novel therapeutics that target the TGFbeta/ID pathway offer a potential role in
      the treatment of endometriosis. LARGE SCALE DATA: None. STUDY FUNDING AND
      COMPETING INTERESTS: This work was funded by a Wellbeing of Women research grant
      (R42533) awarded to A.W.H., J.K.B. and W.C.D.; and an MRC Centre Grant G1002033.
      V.J.Y. received grant support from Federation of Women Graduates (134225) and a
      PhD studentship from the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine at the
      University of Edinburgh. There are no competing interests to declare.

PMID- 27385729
TI  - Pharmacological Characterization of the Spectrum of Antiviral Activity and
      Genetic Barrier to Drug Resistance of M2-S31N Channel Blockers.
AB  - Adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) are one of the two classes of Food and
      Drug Administration-approved antiviral drugs used for the prevention and
      treatment of influenza A virus infections. They inhibit viral replication by
      blocking the wild-type (WT) M2 proton channel, thus preventing viral uncoating.
      However, their use was discontinued due to widespread drug resistance. Among a
      handful of drug-resistant mutants, M2-S31N is the predominant mutation and
      persists in more than 95% of currently circulating influenza A strains. We
      recently designed two classes of M2-S31N inhibitors, S31N-specific inhibitors and
      S31N/WT dual inhibitors, which are represented by N-[(5-cyclopropyl-1,2-oxazol-3
      yl)methyl]adamantan-1-amine (WJ379) and N-[(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)methyl]adamantan
      1-amine (BC035), respectively. However, their antiviral activities against
      currently circulating influenza A viruses and their genetic barrier to drug
      resistance are unknown. In this report, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of
      these two classes of M2-S31N inhibitors (WJ379 and BC035) by profiling their
      antiviral efficacy against multidrug-resistant influenza A viruses, in vitro drug
      resistance barrier, and synergistic effect with oseltamivir. We found that M2
      S31N inhibitors were active against several influenza A viruses that are
      resistant to one or both classes of Food and Drug Administration-approved anti
      influenza drugs. In addition, M2-S31N inhibitors display a higher in vitro
      genetic barrier to drug resistance than amantadine. The antiviral effect of WJ379
      was also synergistic with oseltamivir carboxylate. Overall, these results
      reaffirm that M2-S31N inhibitors are promising antiviral drug candidates that
      warrant further development.

PMID- 27385730
TI  - A Teacher-Focused Intervention to Decrease PE Students' Amotivation by Increasing
      Need Satisfaction and Decreasing Need Frustration.
AB  - Intervention-induced gains in need satisfaction decrease PE students'
      amotivation. The present study adopted a dual-process model to test whether an
      intervention could also decrease need frustration and hence provide a second
      supplemental source to further decrease students' PE amotivation. Using an
      experimental, longitudinal research design, 19 experienced PE teachers (9
      experimental, 10 control) and their 1,017 students participated in an
      intervention program to help teachers become both more autonomy supportive and
      less controlling. Multilevel repeated measures analyses showed that students of
      teachers in the experimental group reported greater T2, T3, and T4 perceived
      autonomy support, need satisfaction, and engagement and lesser T2, T3, and T4
      perceived teacher control, need frustration, and amotivation than did students of
      teachers in the control group. Multilevel structural equation modeling analyses
      confirmed the hypothesized dual-process model in which both intervention-induced
      increases in need satisfaction and intervention-induced decreases need
      frustration decreased students' end-of-semester amotivation. We discuss the
      theoretical and practical implications of this new finding on the dual
      antecedents of diminished amotivation.

PMID- 27385731
TI  - Oxidized fish oil in rat pregnancy causes high newborn mortality and increases
      maternal insulin resistance.
AB  - Fish oil is commonly taken by pregnant women, and supplements sold at retail are
      often oxidized. Using a rat model, we aimed to assess the effects of
      supplementation with oxidized fish oil during pregnancy in mothers and offspring,
      focusing on newborn viability and maternal insulin sensitivity. Female rats were
      allocated to a control or high-fat diet and then mated. These rats were
      subsequently randomized to receive a daily gavage treatment of 1 ml of unoxidized
      fish oil, a highly oxidized fish oil, or control (water) throughout pregnancy. At
      birth, the gavage treatment was stopped, but the same maternal diets were fed ad
      libitum throughout lactation. Supplementation with oxidized fish oil during
      pregnancy had a marked adverse effect on newborn survival at day 2, leading to
      much greater odds of mortality than in the control (odds ratio 8.26) and
      unoxidized fish oil (odds ratio 13.70) groups. In addition, maternal intake of
      oxidized fish oil during pregnancy led to increased insulin resistance at the
      time of weaning (3 wks after exposure) compared with control dams (HOMA-IR 2.64
      vs. 1.42; P = 0.044). These data show that the consumption of oxidized fish oil
      is harmful in rat pregnancy, with deleterious effects in both mothers and
      offspring.

PMID- 27385733
TI  - Thermal conditions experienced during differentiation affect metabolic and
      contractile phenotypes of mouse myotubes.
AB  - Central pathways regulate metabolic responses to cold in endotherms to maintain
      relatively stable internal core body temperatures. However, peripheral muscles
      routinely experience temperatures lower than core body temperature, so that it
      would be advantageous for peripheral tissues to respond to temperature changes
      independently from core body temperature regulation. Early developmental
      conditions can influence offspring phenotypes, and here we tested whether
      developing muscle can compensate locally for the effects of cold exposure
      independently from central regulation. Muscle myotubes originate from
      undifferentiated myoblasts that are laid down during embryogenesis. We show that
      in a murine myoblast cell line (C2C12), cold exposure (32 degrees C) increased
      myoblast metabolic flux compared with 37 degrees C control conditions.
      Importantly, myotubes that differentiated at 32 degrees C compensated for the
      thermodynamic effects of low temperature by increasing metabolic rates, ATP
      production, and glycolytic flux. Myotube responses were also modulated by the
      temperatures experienced by "parent" myoblasts. Myotubes that differentiated
      under cold exposure increased activity of the AMP-stimulated protein kinase
      (AMPK), which may mediate metabolic changes in response cold exposure. Moreover,
      cold exposure shifted myosin heavy chains from slow to fast, presumably to
      overcome slower contractile speeds resulting from low temperatures. Adjusting
      thermal sensitivities locally in peripheral tissues complements central
      thermoregulation and permits animals to maintain function in cold environments.
      Muscle also plays a major metabolic role in adults, so that developmental
      responses to cold are likely to influence energy expenditure later in life.

PMID- 27385732
TI  - Ventral tegmental area orexin 1 receptors promote palatable food intake and
      oppose postingestive negative feedback.
AB  - Hypothalamic orexin neurons project to numerous brain areas, including the
      ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is involved in motivation and food-seeking
      behavior. Here we address how exogenously administered orexin-A and endogenous
      orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) activation in the VTA affects feeding behavior. We
      hypothesized that orexin-A and OX1R antagonist SB334867 delivered to the VTA, at
      doses that were subthreshold for effect when injected into the ventricle, would
      affect intake of palatable foods in multiple test situations. We first used a
      hedonic feeding model in which satiated rats selectively consume a high-fat diet
      (HFD). Intra-VTA orexin-A stimulated additional consumption of chow and increased
      HFD intake in this model. In ad libitum-fed rats given daily 30-min test
      sessions, intra-VTA orexin-A also increased intake of HFD and 0.1 M sucrose.
      Further analysis of licking patterns revealed that that VTA orexin-A increased
      meal size and licking burst size only toward the end of the meal. Consistent with
      this finding, a subthreshold dose of VTA orexin-A prevented intake suppression
      induced by gastrointestinal nutrient infusion. Surprisingly, intra-VTA orexin-A
      had no effect on operant responding for sucrose pellets on a progressive ratio
      schedule of reinforcement. A role for endogenous VTA OX1R stimulation is
      supported by our finding that bilateral VTA injection of the selective OX1R
      antagonist SB334867 suppressed 0.1 M sucrose intake. Together, our data suggest
      that OX1R activity in the VTA facilitates food intake, potentially by
      counteracting postingestive negative feedback that would normally suppress
      feeding later in a meal.

PMID- 27385735
TI  - The Effects of Acute Exercise on Memory and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
      (BDNF).
AB  - Acute exercise benefits cognition, and some evidence suggests that brain-derived
      neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in this effect. The purpose of this study
      was to explore the dose-response relationship between exercise intensity, memory,
      and BDNF. Young adults completed 3 exercise sessions at different intensities
      relative to ventilator threshold (Vt) (VO2max, Vt - 20%, Vt + 20%). For each
      session, participants exercised for approximately 30 min. Following exercise,
      they performed the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) to assess short-term
      memory, learning, and long-term memory recall. Twenty-four hours later, they
      completed the RAVLT recognition trial, which provided another measure of long
      term memory. Blood was drawn before exercise, immediately postexercise, and after
      the 30-min recall test. Results indicated that long-term memory as assessed after
      the 24-hr delay differed as a function of exercise intensity with the largest
      benefits observed following maximal intensity exercise. BDNF data showed a
      significant increase in response to exercise; however, there were no differences
      relative to exercise intensity and there were no significant associations between
      BDNF and memory. Future research is warranted so that we can better understand
      how to use exercise to benefit cognitive performance.

PMID- 27385734
TI  - Bladder urine oxygen tension for assessing renal medullary oxygenation in
      rabbits: experimental and modeling studies.
AB  - Oxygen tension (Po2) of urine in the bladder could be used to monitor risk of
      acute kidney injury if it varies with medullary Po2 Therefore, we examined this
      relationship and characterized oxygen diffusion across walls of the ureter and
      bladder in anesthetized rabbits. A computational model was then developed to
      predict medullary Po2 from bladder urine Po2 Both intravenous infusion of
      [Phe(2),Ile(3),Orn(8)]-vasopressin and infusion of N(G)-nitro-l-arginine reduced
      urinary Po2 and medullary Po2 (8-17%), yet had opposite effects on renal blood
      flow and urine flow. Changes in bladder urine Po2 during these stimuli correlated
      strongly with changes in medullary Po2 (within-rabbit r(2) = 0.87-0.90).
      Differences in the Po2 of saline infused into the ureter close to the kidney
      could be detected in the bladder, although this was diminished at lesser ureteric
      flow. Diffusion of oxygen across the wall of the bladder was very slow, so it was
      not considered in the computational model. The model predicts Po2 in the pelvic
      ureter (presumed to reflect medullary Po2) from known values of bladder urine
      Po2, urine flow, and arterial Po2 Simulations suggest that, across a
      physiological range of urine flow in anesthetized rabbits (0.1-0.5 ml/min for a
      single kidney), a change in bladder urine Po2 explains 10-50% of the change in
      pelvic urine/medullary Po2 Thus, it is possible to infer changes in medullary Po2
      from changes in urinary Po2, so urinary Po2 may have utility as a real-time
      biomarker of risk of acute kidney injury.

PMID- 27385736
TI  - SREBP inhibition ameliorates renal injury after unilateral ureteral obstruction.
AB  - Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is a major feature associated with declining kidney
      function in chronic kidney disease of diverse etiology. No effective means as yet
      exists to prevent the progression of fibrosis. We have shown that the
      transcription factor sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) is an
      important mediator of the profibrotic response to transforming growth factor-beta
      (TGF-beta) and angiotensin II, both key cytokines in the fibrotic process. Here,
      we examined the role of SREBP in renal interstitial fibrosis in the unilateral
      ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. The two isoforms of SREBP (-1 and -2) were
      activated by 3 days after UUO, with SREBP-1 showing a more sustained activation
      to 21 days. We then examined whether SREBP1/2 inhibition with the small-molecule
      inhibitor fatostatin could attenuate fibrosis after 14 days of UUO. SREBP
      activation was confirmed to be inhibited by fatostatin. Treatment decreased
      interstitial fibrosis, TGF-beta signaling, and upregulation of alpha-smooth
      muscle actin (SMA), a marker of fibroblast activation. Fatostatin also attenuated
      inflammatory cell infiltrate and apoptosis. Associated with this, fatostatin
      preserved proximal tubular mass. The significant increase in atubular glomeruli
      observed after UUO, known to correlate with irreversible renal functional
      decline, was also decreased by treatment. In cultured primary fibroblasts, TGF
      beta1 induced the activation of SREBP-1 and -2. Fatostatin blocked TGF-beta1
      induced alpha-SMA and matrix protein upregulation. The inhibition of SREBP is
      thus a potential novel therapeutic target in the treatment of fibrosis in chronic
      kidney disease.

PMID- 27385737
TI  - 4-PBA improves lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus by attenuating ER
      stress.
AB  - Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in some types of glomerular
      and tubular disorders. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the role of
      ER stress in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and to
      investigate whether attenuation of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA)
      improves urinary concentrating defect in lithium-treated rats. Wistar rats
      received lithium (40 mmol/kg food), 4-PBA (320 mg/kg body wt by gavage every
      day), or no treatment (control) for 2 wk, and they were dehydrated for 24 h
      before euthanasia. Lithium treatment resulted in increased urine output and
      decreased urinary osmolality, which was significantly improved by 4-PBA. 4-PBA
      also prevented reduced protein expression of aquaporin-2 (AQP2), pS256-AQP2, and
      pS261-AQP2 in the inner medulla of kidneys from lithium-treated rats after 24-h
      dehydration. Lithium treatment resulted in increased expression of ER stress
      markers in the inner medulla, which was associated with dilated cisternae and
      expansion of ER in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) principal cells.
      Confocal immunofluorescence studies showed colocalization of a molecular
      chaperone, binding IgG protein (BiP), with AQP2 in principal cells.
      Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased intracellular expression of BiP and
      decreased AQP2 expression in IMCD principal cells of kidneys from lithium-treated
      rats. 4-PBA attenuated expression of ER stress markers and recovered ER
      morphology. In IMCD suspensions isolated from lithium-treated rats, 4-PBA
      incubation was also associated with increased AQP2 expression and ameliorated ER
      stress. In conclusion, in experimental lithium-induced NDI, 4-PBA improved the
      urinary concentrating defect and increased AQP2 expression, likely via
      attenuating ER stress in IMCD principal cells.

PMID- 27385738
TI  - A Reciprocal Effects Model of Children's Body Fat Self-Concept: Relations With
      Physical Self-Concept and Physical Activity.
AB  - This study investigated a reciprocal effects model (REM) of children's body fat
      self-concept and physical self-concept, and objectively measured school physical
      activity at different intensities. Grade four students (N = 376; M age = 9.07, SD
      = .61; 55% boys) from the midwest region of the United States completed measures
      of physical self-concept and body fat self-concept, and wore accelerometers for
      three consecutive school days at the beginning and end of one school year.
      Findings from structural equation modeling analyses did not support reciprocal
      effects. However, children's body fat self-concept predicted future physical self
      concept and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Multigroup analyses
      explored the moderating role of weight status, sex, ethnicity, and sex*ethnicity
      within the REM. Findings supported invariance, suggesting that the observed
      relations were generalizable for these children across demographic groups. Links
      between body fat self-concept and future physical self-concept and MVPA highlight
      self-enhancing effects that can promote children's health and well-being.

PMID- 27385739
TI  - The Effects of Elaboration on the Strength of Doping-Related Attitudes:
      Resistance to Change and Behavioral Intentions.
AB  - This experiment analyzed whether attitudes toward the legalization of several
      doping behaviors would resist change and predict behavioral intentions when they
      were initially formed through thoughtful (i.e., high elaboration) versus
      nonthoughtful (i.e., low elaboration) processes. Participants were randomly
      assigned first to a persuasive message either against or in favor of the
      legalization, which they read with relatively high or low degrees of deliberative
      thinking. Attitudes and intentions regarding legalization were assessed following
      that message. Next, each participant received a second message that was opposed
      to the first one, serving as an attack against the attitude that participants had
      just formed. Finally, attitudes were again assessed. As hypothesized,
      participants showed greater attitude-consistent intentions when they formed their
      initial attitudes through thoughtful (vs. nonthoughtful) consideration of the
      first message. Moreover, the second message resulted in greater resistance to
      attitude change when participants formed their initial attitudes through
      thoughtful (vs. nonthoughtful) processes.

PMID- 27385741
TI  - Value of patient-reported symptoms in the diagnosis of transient loss of
      consciousness.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Epileptic seizures, syncope, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
      (PNES) account for over 90% of presentations with transient loss of consciousness
      (TLOC). The patient's history is crucial for the diagnosis, but the diagnostic
      value of individual semiologic features is limited. This study explores the
      diagnostic potential of a comprehensive questionnaire focusing on TLOC-associated
      symptoms. METHODS: A total of 386 patients with proven epilepsy, 308 patients
      with proven PNES, and 371 patients with proven syncope were approached by post to
      recruit 100 patients in each diagnostic group. Symptoms were self-reported on an
      86-item questionnaire (the Paroxysmal Event Profile [PEP]) using a 5-point Likert
      scale (always to never). Data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
      followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Factors were used to
      differentiate between diagnoses by pairwise and multinomial regression. RESULTS:
      Patients with PNES reported more and more frequent TLOC-associated symptoms than
      those with epilepsy or syncope (p < 0.001). EFA/CFA identified a 5-factor
      structure based on 74/86 questionnaire items with loadings >=0.4. Pairwise
      logistic regression analysis correctly classified 91% of patients with epilepsy
      vs those with syncope, 94% of those with PNES vs those with syncope, and 77% of
      those with epilepsy vs those with PNES. Multinomial logistic regression analysis
      yielded a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Clusters of self-reported TLOC symptoms
      can be used to direct patients to appropriate investigation and treatment
      pathways for syncope on the one hand and seizures on the other, although
      additional information is required for a reliable distinction, especially between
      epilepsy and PNES.

PMID- 27385742
TI  - The diagnostic discrimination of cutaneous alpha-synuclein deposition in
      Parkinson disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic discrimination of cutaneous alpha
      synuclein deposition in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) with and without
      autonomic dysfunction on autonomic testing, in early and late stages of the
      disease, and of short and long duration. METHODS: Twenty-eight participants with
      PD and 23 control participants were studied by skin biopsies at multiple sites,
      autonomic function testing, and disease-specific scales. RESULTS: Skin biopsies
      provide >90% sensitivity and >90% specificity to distinguish PD from control
      participants across all biopsies sites with quantification of either pilomotor or
      sudomotor alpha-synuclein deposition. All individuals with PD have significantly
      higher cutaneous alpha-synuclein deposition than control participants, even those
      individuals with PD and no evidence of autonomic dysfunction. Deposition of alpha
      synuclein is most prominent in sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers innervating
      the arrector pili muscles, but is also present in sudomotor (sympathetic
      cholinergic) nerve fibers. alpha-Synuclein is present even in the early stages of
      disease and disease of short duration. alpha-Synuclein ratios were higher in
      individuals with autonomic failure, with more advanced stages of disease and
      disease of longer duration. CONCLUSIONS: The alpha-synuclein ratio provides a
      sensitive and specific diagnostic biomarker of PD even in patients without
      autonomic failure. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III
      evidence that cutaneous alpha-synuclein deposition accurately identifies patients
      with PD.

PMID- 27385743
TI  - The origins and progression of CNS autoimmunity: Nature, nurture, and tumor.

PMID- 27385745
TI  - Spontaneous limb withdrawal heralding hyperacute stroke or stroke worsening.

PMID- 27385744
TI  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with brain atrophy and hypometabolism in
      the ADNI cohort.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We investigated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a risk factor for
      brain atrophy and glucose hypometabolism in older adults with or at risk of
      cognitive impairment. METHODS: Participants with the T2DM were identified from
      the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI-1/GO/2 cohorts). Analysis
      of covariance models were used to compare participants with and without T2DM,
      controlling for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Whole brain volume and
      whole brain [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake were significantly different
      as a function of T2DM status, independent of baseline clinical diagnosis. On post
      hoc analysis, a lower whole brain volume was seen in participants with both mild
      cognitive impairment (MCI) and T2DM (n = 76) compared with participants who had
      MCI but not T2DM (n = 747; p = 0.009). Similarly, mean FDG uptake in gray matter
      and white matter was lower in participants with both MCI and T2DM (n = 72) than
      in participants with MCI without T2DM (n = 719; p = 0.04). Subsequent regional
      analysis revealed that the decreased FDG uptake in participants with both MCI and
      T2DM was mainly manifested in 3 brain regions: frontal lobe, sensory motor
      cortex, and striatum. CONCLUSIONS: T2DM may accelerate cognition deterioration in
      patients with MCI by affecting glucose metabolism and brain volume.

PMID- 27385746
TI  - Impaired self-agency in functional movement disorders: A resting-state fMRI
      study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying impaired self-agency
      in patients with functional movement disorders using resting-state functional MRI
      (fMRI). METHODS: We obtained resting-state fMRI on 35 patients with clinically
      definite functional movement disorders and 35 age- and sex-matched healthy
      controls. Between-group differences in functional connectivity from the right
      temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), a region previously demonstrated to play a
      critical role in self-agency by comparing internal predictions of movement with
      actual external events, were assessed using t tests. All participants were
      screened for psychiatric diagnoses using a structured clinical interview and
      completed the Beck Depression Inventory and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.
      RESULTS: Compared to the healthy controls, patients with functional movement
      disorders showed decreased functional connectivity between the right TPJ and the
      right sensorimotor cortex, cerebellar vermis, bilateral supplementary motor area,
      and right insula. These findings were independent of depression, anxiety, and
      childhood trauma scores included in our assessment as covariates. CONCLUSIONS:
      The decreased functional connectivity between the right TPJ and bilateral
      sensorimotor regions observed in patients with functional movement disorders
      supports a model whereby impaired motor feed-forward together with altered
      sensory feedback from sensorimotor regions and areas of sensorimotor integration
      to the right TPJ contributes to patients' impaired sense of self-agency.

PMID- 27385747
TI  - Multiple sequential antibody-associated syndromes with a recurrent mutated
      neuroblastoma.

PMID- 27385748
TI  - New insights into the neural basis of functional movement disorders.

PMID- 27385740
TI  - Polygenic risk of Alzheimer disease is associated with early- and late-life
      processes.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between aggregate genetic risk and Alzheimer
      disease (AD) markers in stages preceding the clinical symptoms of dementia using
      data from 2 large observational cohort studies. METHODS: We computed polygenic
      risk scores (PGRS) using summary statistics from the International Genomics of
      Alzheimer's Project genome-wide association study of AD. Associations between
      PGRS and AD markers (cognitive decline, clinical progression, hippocampus volume,
      and beta-amyloid) were assessed within older participants with dementia.
      Associations between PGRS and hippocampus volume were additionally examined
      within healthy younger participants (age 18-35 years). RESULTS: Within
      participants without dementia, elevated PGRS was associated with worse memory (p
      = 0.002) and smaller hippocampus (p = 0.002) at baseline, as well as greater
      longitudinal cognitive decline (memory: p = 0.0005, executive function: p = 0.01)
      and clinical progression (p < 0.00001). High PGRS was associated with AD-like
      levels of beta-amyloid burden as measured with florbetapir PET (p = 0.03) but did
      not reach statistical significance for CSF beta-amyloid (p = 0.11). Within the
      younger group, higher PGRS was associated with smaller hippocampus volume (p =
      0.05). This pattern was evident when examining a PGRS that included many loci
      below the genome-wide association study (GWAS)-level significance threshold
      (16,123 single nucleotide polymorphisms), but not when PGRS was restricted to
      GWAS-level significant loci (18 single nucleotide polymorphisms). CONCLUSIONS:
      Effects related to common genetic risk loci distributed throughout the genome are
      detectable among individuals without dementia. The influence of this genetic risk
      may begin in early life and make an individual more susceptible to cognitive
      impairment in late life. Future refinement of polygenic risk scores may help
      identify individuals at risk for AD dementia.

PMID- 27385749
TI  - Multiphase CT angiography increases detection of anterior circulation
      intracranial occlusion.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the use of multiphase CT angiography (CTA)
      improves interrater agreement for intracranial occlusion detection between stroke
      neurology trainees and an expert neuroradiologist. METHODS: A neuroradiologist
      and 2 stroke neurology fellows independently reviewed 100 prospectively collected
      single-phase and multiphase CTA scans from acute ischemic stroke patients with
      mild symptoms (NIH Stroke Scale score <=5). The presence and location of a
      vascular occlusion(s) were documented. Interrater agreement single- and
      multiphase CTA was quantified using unweighted kappa statistics. We assessed for
      any occlusions, anterior vs posterior occlusions, and pial vessel asymmetry.
      RESULTS: Using multiphase CTA, the neuroradiologist detected 50 scans with
      anterior circulation occlusions and 15 scans with posterior circulation
      occlusions. Median reading time was 2 minutes per scan. Median reading time for
      the neurologists was 3 minutes per multiphase CTA scan. Interrater agreement was
      fair between the 2 neurologists and neuroradiologist when using single-phase CTA
      (kappa = 0.45 and 0.32). Agreement improved minimally when stratified by anterior
      vs posterior circulation. When using multiphase CTA, agreement was high for
      detection of occlusion or asymmetry of pial vessels in the anterior circulation
      (kappa = 0.80 and 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Multiphase CTA improves diagnostic accuracy
      in minor ischemic stroke for detection of anterior circulation intracranial
      occlusion. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that
      multiphase CTA, compared to single-phase CTA, improves the interrater agreement
      between stroke neurology trainees and an expert neuroradiologist for detecting
      anterior circulation intracranial vascular occlusion in patients with minor acute
      ischemic strokes.

PMID- 27385751
TI  - Professor Robert McNeill Alexander CBE FRS (1934-2016).
AB  - Robert McNeill Alexander, known to friends and colleagues as 'Neill', was a
      zoologist with an engineer's eye for how animals work. He used mathematical
      models to show how evolution has produced optimal designs. His skill was to
      choose appropriate models: realistic enough to contain the essence of a problem
      and yet simple enough to be tractable. He wrote fluently and easily: 23 books,
      280 papers and a CD-ROM entitled How Animals Move.

PMID- 27385750
TI  - Quantitative strength testing in ALS clinical trials.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the attributes of quantitative strength testing using hand
      held dynamometry (HHD) as an efficacy measure in 2 large phase 3 amyotrophic
      lateral sclerosis (ALS) trials. METHODS: In the phase 3 trials of ceftriaxone and
      dexpramipexole, 513 and 943 patients, respectively, were enrolled in double
      blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials with planned follow-up of at least 1
      year. Patients were studied every 3 months in the ceftriaxone study and every 2
      months in the dexpramipexole study. Evaluators of HHD were trained and had to
      show evidence of adequate performance of strength testing; the testing paradigm
      involved testing 9 muscle groups in the upper and lower extremity bilaterally.
      Neither drug significantly affected any outcome measure. Strength measurements
      were evaluated by individual muscle and by megascores, which averaged scaled
      strength measures to produce an overall measure of muscle strength. RESULTS: A
      measure combining rate of decline with both within- and between-patient
      variabilities of measurement, the coefficient of variation for rate of change,
      was calculated, and showed that HHD overall performed slightly less well than
      Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-revised (ALSFRS-R) but
      better than vital capacity. Individual muscles were highly correlated to the
      identical muscles on the contralateral side, as well as to other muscles in the
      same body region. Strength decline was correlated both with ALSFRS-R and vital
      capacity. CONCLUSION: Quantitative strength testing using HHD is a reliable and
      reproducible measure of decline in ALS.

PMID- 27385752
TI  - The temperature dependence of electrical excitability in fish hearts.
AB  - Environmental temperature has pervasive effects on the rate of life processes in
      ectothermic animals. Animal performance is affected by temperature, but there are
      finite thermal limits for vital body functions, including contraction of the
      heart. This Review discusses the electrical excitation that initiates and
      controls the rate and rhythm of fish cardiac contraction and is therefore a
      central factor in the temperature-dependent modulation of fish cardiac function.
      The control of cardiac electrical excitability should be sensitive enough to
      respond to temperature changes but simultaneously robust enough to protect
      against cardiac arrhythmia; therefore, the thermal resilience and plasticity of
      electrical excitation are physiological qualities that may affect the ability of
      fishes to adjust to climate change. Acute changes in temperature alter the
      frequency of the heartbeat and the duration of atrial and ventricular action
      potentials (APs). Prolonged exposure to new thermal conditions induces
      compensatory changes in ion channel expression and function, which usually
      partially alleviate the direct effects of temperature on cardiac APs and heart
      rate. The most heat-sensitive molecular components contributing to the electrical
      excitation of the fish heart seem to be Na(+) channels, which may set the upper
      thermal limit for the cardiac excitability by compromising the initiation of the
      cardiac AP at high temperatures. In cardiac and other excitable cells, the
      different temperature dependencies of the outward K(+) current and inward Na(+)
      current may compromise electrical excitability at temperature extremes, a
      hypothesis termed the temperature-dependent depression of electrical excitation.

PMID- 27385753
TI  - Lubricating the swordfish head.
AB  - The swordfish is reputedly the fastest swimmer on Earth. The concave head and
      iconic sword are unique characteristics, but how they contribute to its speed is
      still unknown. Recent computed tomography scans revealed a poorly mineralised
      area near the base of the rostrum. Here we report, using magnetic resonance
      imaging and electron microscopy scanning, the discovery of a complex organ
      consisting of an oil-producing gland connected to capillaries that communicate
      with oil-excreting pores in the skin of the head. The capillary vessels transport
      oil to abundant tiny circular pores that are surrounded by denticles. The oil is
      distributed from the pores over the front part of the head. The oil inside the
      gland is identical to that found on the skin and is a mixture of methyl esters.
      We hypothesize that the oil layer, in combination with the denticles, creates a
      super-hydrophobic layer that reduces streamwise friction drag and increases
      swimming efficiency.

PMID- 27385754
TI  - Altitude matters: differences in cardiovascular and respiratory responses to
      hypoxia in bar-headed geese reared at high and low altitudes.
AB  - Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) fly at high altitudes during their migration
      across the Himalayas and Tibetan plateau. However, we know relatively little
      about whether rearing at high altitude (i.e. phenotypic plasticity) facilitates
      this impressive feat because most of what is known about their physiology comes
      from studies performed at sea level. To provide this information, a comprehensive
      analysis of metabolic, cardiovascular and ventilatory responses to progressive
      decreases in the equivalent fractional composition of inspired oxygen (FiO2 :
      0.21, 0.12, 0.09, 0.07 and 0.05) was made on bar-headed geese reared at either
      high altitude (3200 m) or low altitude (0 m) and on barnacle geese (Branta
      leucopsis), a low-altitude migrating species, reared at low altitude (0 m). Bar
      headed geese reared at high altitude exhibited lower metabolic rates and a
      modestly increased hypoxic ventilatory response compared with low-altitude-reared
      bar-headed geese. Although the in vivo oxygen equilibrium curves and blood-oxygen
      carrying capacity did not differ between the two bar-headed goose study groups,
      the blood-oxygen carrying capacity was higher than that of barnacle geese.
      Resting cardiac output also did not differ between groups and increased at least
      twofold during progressive hypoxia, initially as a result of increases in stroke
      volume. However, cardiac output increased at a higher FiO2  threshold in bar
      headed geese raised at high altitude. Thus, bar-headed geese reared at high
      altitude exhibited a reduced oxygen demand at rest and a modest but significant
      increase in oxygen uptake and delivery during progressive hypoxia compared with
      bar-headed geese reared at low altitude.

PMID- 27385755
TI  - Jumping mechanisms and performance in beetles. I. Flea beetles (Coleoptera:
      Chrysomelidae: Alticini).
AB  - The present study analyses the anatomy, mechanics and functional morphology of
      the jumping apparatus, the performance and the kinematics of the natural jump of
      flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). The kinematic
      parameters of the initial phase of the jump were calculated for five species from
      five genera (average values from minimum to maximum): acceleration 0.91-2.25
      (*10(3)) m s(-2), velocity 1.48-2.80 m s(-1), time to take-off 1.35-2.25 ms,
      kinetic energy 2.43-16.5 uJ, G: -force 93-230. The jumping apparatus is localized
      in the hind legs and formed by the femur, tibia, femoro-tibial joint, modified
      metafemoral extensor tendon, extensor ligament, tibial flexor sclerite, and
      extensor and flexor muscles. The primary role of the metafemoral extensor tendon
      is seen in the formation of an increased attachment site for the extensor
      muscles. The rubber-like protein resilin was detected in the extensor ligament,
      i.e. a short, elastic element connecting the extensor tendon with the tibial
      base. The calculated specific joint power (max. 0.714 W g(-1)) of the femoro
      tibial joint during the jumping movement and the fast full extension of the hind
      tibia (1-3 ms) suggest that jumping is performed via a catapult mechanism
      releasing energy that has beforehand been stored in the extensor ligament during
      its stretching by the extensor muscles. In addition, the morphology of the femoro
      tibial joint suggests that the co-contraction of the flexor and the extensor
      muscles in the femur of the jumping leg is involved in this process.

PMID- 27385756
TI  - The significance of respiration timing in the energetics estimates of free
      ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca).
AB  - Respiration rate has been used as an indicator of metabolic rate and associated
      cost of transport (COT) of free-ranging cetaceans, discounting potential
      respiration-by-respiration variation in O2 uptake. To investigate the influence
      of respiration timing on O2 uptake, we developed a dynamic model of O2 exchange
      and storage. Individual respiration events were revealed from kinematic data from
      10 adult Norwegian herring-feeding killer whales (Orcinus orca) recorded with
      high-resolution tags (DTAGs). We compared fixed O2 uptake per respiration models
      with O2 uptake per respiration estimated through a simple 'broken-stick' O2
      uptake function, in which O2 uptake was assumed to be the maximum possible O2
      uptake when stores are depleted or maximum total body O2 store minus existing O2
      store when stores are close to saturated. In contrast to findings assuming fixed
      O2 uptake per respiration, uptake from the broken-stick model yielded a high
      correlation (r(2)>0.9) between O2 uptake and activity level. Moreover, we found
      that respiration intervals increased and became less variable at higher swimming
      speeds, possibly to increase O2 uptake efficiency per respiration. As found in
      previous studies, COT decreased monotonically versus speed using the fixed O2
      uptake per respiration models. However, the broken-stick uptake model yielded a
      curvilinear COT curve with a clear minimum at typical swimming speeds of 1.7-2.4
      m s(-1) Our results showed that respiration-by-respiration variation in O2 uptake
      is expected to be significant. And though O2 consumption measurements of COT for
      free-ranging cetaceans remain impractical, accounting for the influence of
      respiration timing on O2 uptake will lead to more consistent predictions of field
      metabolic rates than using respiration rate alone.

PMID- 27385757
TI  - Why vascular siphons with sub-atmospheric pressures are physiologically
      impossible in sauropod dinosaurs.

PMID- 27385758
TI  - Can giraffes be supersized? Response to 'Why vascular siphons with sub
      atmospheric pressures are physiologically impossible in sauropod dinosaurs'.

PMID- 27385759
TI  - A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist affects honey bee sucrose
      responsiveness and decreases waggle dancing.

PMID- 27385760
TI  - Compared with Raw Bovine Meat, Boiling but Not Grilling, Barbecuing, or Roasting
      Decreases Protein Digestibility without Any Major Consequences for Intestinal
      Mucosa in Rats, although the Daily Ingestion of Bovine Meat Induces Histologic
      Modifications in the Colon.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cooking may impair meat protein digestibility. When undigested
      proteins are fermented by the colon microbiota, they can generate compounds that
      potentially are harmful to the mucosa. OBJECTIVES: This study addressed the
      effects of typical cooking processes and the amount of bovine meat intake on the
      quantity of undigested proteins entering the colon, as well as their effects on
      the intestinal mucosa. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 88) aged 8 wk were fed 11
      different diets containing protein as 20% of energy. In 10 diets, bovine meat
      proteins represented 5% [low-meat diet (LMD)] or 15% [high-meat diet (HMD)] of
      energy, with the rest as total milk proteins. Meat was raw or cooked according to
      4 processes (boiled, barbecued, grilled, or roasted). A meat-free diet contained
      only milk proteins. After 3 wk, rats ingested a (15)N-labeled meat meal and were
      killed 6 h later after receiving a (13)C-valine injection. Meat protein
      digestibility was determined from (15)N enrichments in intestinal contents. Cecal
      short- and branched-chain fatty acids and hydrogen sulfide were measured.
      Intestinal tissues were used for the assessment of protein synthesis rates,
      inflammation, and histopathology. RESULTS: Meat protein digestibility was lower
      in rats fed boiled meat (94.5% +/- 0.281%) than in the other 4 groups (97.5% +/-
      0.0581%, P < 0.001). Cecal and colonic bacterial metabolites, inflammation
      indicators, and protein synthesis rates were not affected by cooking processes.
      The meat protein amount had a significant effect on cecal protein synthesis rates
      (LMD > HMD) and on myeloperoxidase activity in the proximal colon (HMD > LMD),
      but not on other outcomes. The ingestion of bovine meat, whatever the cooking
      process and the intake amount, resulted in discrete histologic modifications of
      the colon (epithelium abrasion, excessive mucus secretion, and inflammation).
      CONCLUSIONS: Boiling bovine meat at a high temperature (100 degrees C) for a long
      time (3 h) moderately lowered protein digestibility compared with raw meat and
      other cooking processes, but did not affect cecal bacterial metabolites related
      to protein fermentation. The daily ingestion of raw or cooked bovine meat had no
      marked effect on intestinal tissues, despite some slight histologic modifications
      on distal colon.

PMID- 27385761
TI  - Modest U-Shaped Association between Dietary Acid Load and Risk of All-Cause and
      Cardiovascular Mortality in Adults.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Conflicting evidence associates diet acidity with the incidence of
      chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, and bone-mineral
      disorders. It is currently unknown whether dietary acidity is associated with
      death. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association of dietary acid load with the
      risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. METHODS: We used
      data from 2 prospective cohorts, the Swedish Mammography Cohort and the Cohort of
      Swedish Men, which included 36,740 women and 44,957 men aged 45-84 y at the start
      of a 15-y follow-up period (1998-2012). Acid load was estimated from food
      frequency questionnaires by use of the validated potential renal acid load (PRAL)
      algorithm. Deaths were ascertained via record linkage. Associations of PRAL with
      mortality were modeled by use of restricted cubic splines. RESULTS: The median
      PRAL was 0.65 mEq/d (range: -109 to 81.5 mEq/d) in women and 12.3 mEq/d (-111 to
      121 mEq/d) in men. During a mean of 13.5 +/- 3.3 y of follow-up, there were 8576
      and 13,332 deaths, of which 3203 and 5427 were attributed to cardiovascular
      causes in woman and men, respectively. In both sexes, a nonlinear U-shaped
      relation was observed, with higher mortality rates for both dietary acid and
      alkali excess. Compared with neutral PRAL (0 mEq/d), the HRs for all-cause
      mortality for the 10th and 90th percentiles of PRAL were 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01,
      1.10) and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.08), respectively, in women. The corresponding
      results for men were HRs 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.02) and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.08)
      respectively. This relation was slightly stronger for CVD mortality. CONCLUSIONS:
      Excess diet alkalinity and acidity both showed weak associations with higher
      mortality in Swedish adults. An acid-base balanced diet was associated with the
      lowest mortality, but the magnitude of mortality reduction was modest. The
      Swedish Mammography Cohort was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01127698
      The Cohort of Swedish Men was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01127711.

PMID- 27385764
TI  - Dietary Supplementation with alpha-Ketoglutarate Activates mTOR Signaling and
      Enhances Energy Status in Skeletal Muscle of Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged
      Piglets.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle undergoes rapid loss in response to inflammation.
      alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) has been reported to enhance muscle growth in piglets,
      but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study tested
      the hypothesis that dietary AKG supplementation activates mechanistic target of
      rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and improves skeletal muscle energy metabolism in
      lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged piglets. METHODS: Forty-eight male piglets
      (Duroc * Landrace * Yorkshire) were weaned at 21 d of age to a corn- and soybean
      meal-based diet. After a 3-d period of adaptation, piglets with a mean weight of
      7.21 kg were randomly assigned to control, LPS (intraperitoneal administration of
      80 MUg LPS/kg body weight on days 10, 12, 14, and 16), or LPS plus 1% dietary AKG
      (LPS+AKG) groups. On day 16, blood samples were collected from 8 piglets/group 3
      h after LPS administration. On day 17, piglets were killed to obtain
      gastrocnemius muscle from 8 piglets/group for biochemical analysis. RESULTS:
      Compared with the control group, LPS administration increased (P < 0.05) plasma
      concentrations of globulin (by 14%) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (by 59%) and
      the intramuscular ratio of AMP to ATP (by 93%) and abundance of phosphorylated
      acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) beta protein (by 64%). Compared with the
      control group, LPS administration reduced (P < 0.05) weight gain (by 15%); plasma
      concentrations of glutamine (by 20%), glucose (by 23%), insulin, insulin-like
      growth factor I, and epidermal growth factor; intramuscular concentrations of
      glutamine (by 27%), ATP (by 12%), ADP (by 22%), and total adenine nucleotides;
      and intramuscular ratios of phosphorylated mTOR to total mTOR (by 38%) and of
      phosphorylated 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) to total p70S6K (by
      39%). These adverse effects of LPS were ameliorated (P < 0.05) by AKG
      supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary AKG supplementation activated mTOR
      signaling, inhibited ACC-beta, and improved energy status in skeletal muscle of
      LPS-challenged piglets. These results provide a biochemical basis for the use of
      AKG to enhance piglet growth under inflammatory or practical postweaning
      conditions.

PMID- 27385765
TI  - Nevin Stewart Scrimshaw, PhD, MD, MPH (1918-2013).

PMID- 27385762
TI  - Tissue Concentrations of Vitamin K and Expression of Key Enzymes of Vitamin K
      Metabolism Are Influenced by Sex and Diet but Not Housing in C57Bl6 Mice.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There has been limited characterization of biological variables that
      impact vitamin K metabolism. This gap in knowledge can limit the translation of
      data obtained from preclinical animal studies to future human studies. OBJECTIVE:
      The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of diet, sex, and housing
      on serum, tissue, and fecal vitamin K concentrations and gene expression in
      C57BL6 mice during dietary vitamin K manipulation. METHODS: C57BL6 4-mo-old male
      and female mice were randomly assigned to conventional or suspended-wire cages
      and fed control [1400 +/- 80 MUg phylloquinone (PK)/kg] or deficient (31 +/- 0.45
      MUg PK/kg) diets for 28 d in a factorial design. PK and menaquinone (MK) 4 plasma
      and tissue concentrations were measured by HPLC. Long-chain MKs were measured in
      all matrices by LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry.
      Gene expression was quantified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
      in the liver, brain, kidney, pancreas, and adipose tissue. RESULTS: Male and
      female mice responded differently to dietary manipulation in a tissue-dependent
      manner. In mice fed the control diet, females had ~3-fold more MK4 in the brain
      and mesenteric adipose tissue than did males and 100% greater PK concentrations
      in the liver, kidney, and mesenteric adipose tissue than did males. In mice fed
      the deficient diet, kidney MK4 concentrations were ~4-fold greater in females
      than in males, and there were no differences in other tissues. Males and females
      differed in the expression of vitamin K expoxide reductase complex 1 (Vkorc1) in
      mesenteric adipose tissue and the pancreas and ubiA domain-containing protein 1
      (Ubiad1) in the kidney and brain. There was no effect of housing on serum,
      tissue, or fecal concentrations of any vitamin K form. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin K
      concentrations and expression of key metabolic enzymes differ between male and
      female mice and in response to the dietary PK concentration. Identifying factors
      that may impact study design and outcomes of interest is critical to optimize
      study parameters examining vitamin K metabolism in animal models.

PMID- 27385763
TI  - Maternal Macronutrient Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Neonatal
      Abdominal Adiposity: The Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO)
      Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Infant body composition has been associated with later metabolic
      disease risk, but few studies have examined the association between maternal
      macronutrient intake and neonatal body composition. Furthermore, most of those
      studies have used proxy measures of body composition that may not reflect body
      fat distribution, particularly abdominal internal adiposity. OBJECTIVE: We
      investigated the relation between maternal macronutrient intake and neonatal
      abdominal adiposity measured by using MRI in a multiethnic Asian mother-offspring
      cohort. METHODS: The macronutrient intake of mothers was ascertained by using a
      24-h dietary recall at 26-28 wk gestation. Neonatal abdominal adiposity was
      assessed by using MRI in week 2 of life. Mother-offspring dyads with complete
      macronutrient intake and adiposity information (n = 320) were included in the
      analysis. Associations were assessed by both substitution and addition models
      with the use of multivariable linear regressions. RESULTS: Mothers (mean age: 30
      y) consumed (mean +/- SD) 15.5% +/- 4.3% of their energy from protein, 32.4% +/-
      7.7% from fat, and 52.1% +/- 9.0% from carbohydrate. A higher-protein, lower
      carbohydrate or -fat diet during pregnancy was associated with lower abdominal
      internal adipose tissue (IAT) in the neonates [beta (95% CI): -0.18 mL (-0.35, 
      0.001 mL) per 1% protein-to-carbohydrate substitution and -0.25 mL (-0.46, -0.04
      mL) per 1% protein-to-fat substitution]. These associations were stronger in boys
      than in girls (P-interaction < 0.05). Higher maternal intake of animal protein,
      but not plant protein, was associated with lower offspring IAT. In contrast,
      maternal macronutrient intake was not associated consistently with infant
      anthropometric measurements, including abdominal circumference and subscapular
      skinfold thickness. CONCLUSIONS: Higher maternal protein intake at the expense of
      carbohydrate or fat intake at 26-28 wk gestation was associated with lower
      abdominal internal adiposity in neonates. Optimizing maternal dietary balance
      might be a new approach to improve offspring body composition. This trial was
      registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.

PMID- 27385766
TI  - Protein N-terminal acetylation is required for embryogenesis in Arabidopsis.
AB  - Early embryonic development generates precursors of all major cell types in
      Arabidopsis. Among these precursors, the hypophysis divides asymmetrically to
      form the progenitors of the quiescent center and columella stem cells. A great
      deal has been learnt about the mechanisms that control the asymmetric division of
      the hypophysis and embryogenesis at the transcriptional level; however, no
      evidence of regulation at the co- or post-translational level has been reported.
      Here, we show that mutation of the catalytic subunit (Naa10) or auxiliary subunit
      (Naa15) of NatA, an N-terminal acetyltransferase that catalyzes protein N
      terminal acetylation, produces an embryo-lethal phenotype. In addition, Naa10 and
      Naa15 were found to interact physically in planta Further analysis revealed that
      the observed embryonic patterning defects started at the early globular stage and
      that the asymmetric division of the hypophysis was irregular; thus, no quiescent
      center progenitor cells were generated in naa10 and naa15 embryos. We further
      observed that the polar distributions of auxin and its efflux carrier PIN1 were
      disturbed in naa10 embryos. Our results suggest that NatA is required for
      asymmetric division of the hypophysis and early embryonic patterning in
      Arabidopsis, and provides a link between protein N-terminal acetylation and
      embryogenesis in plants.

PMID- 27385768
TI  - Declines in the diagnosis of primary progressive MS: A critical change in
      phenotype or critical measurement error?

PMID- 27385767
TI  - Cadmium accumulation is enhanced by ammonium compared to nitrate in two
      hyperaccumulators, without affecting speciation.
AB  - Nitrogen fertilization could improve the efficiency of Cd phytoextraction in
      contaminated soil and thus shorten the remediation time. However, limited
      information is available on the effect of N form on Cd phytoextraction and
      associated mechanisms in plants. This study examined the effect of N form on Cd
      accumulation, translocation, and speciation in Carpobrotus rossii and Solanum
      nigrum Plants were grown in nutrient solution with 5-15 MUM Cd in the presence of
      1000 uM NH4 (+) or NO3 (-) Plant growth and Cd uptake were measured, and Cd
      speciation was analyzed using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy.
      Shoot Cd accumulation was 30% greater with NH4 (+) than NO3 (-) supply.
      Carpobrotus rossii accumulated three times more Cd than S. nigrum. However, Cd
      speciation in the plants was not influenced by N form, but it did vary with
      species and tissues. In C. rossii, up to 91% of Cd was bound to S-containing
      ligands in all tissues except the xylem sap where 87-95% were Cd-OH complexes.
      Furthermore, the proportion of Cd-S in shoots was substantially lower in S.
      nigrum (44-69%) than in C. rossii (60-91%). It is concluded that the application
      of NH4 (+) (instead of NO3 (-)) increased shoot Cd accumulation by increasing
      uptake and translocation, rather than changing Cd speciation, and is potentially
      an effective approach for increasing Cd phytoextraction.

PMID- 27385769
TI  - Factors associated with suicides in Wolverhampton: Relevance of local audits
      exploring preventability.
AB  - Suicide rates and associated risk factors are known to change over time. The
      periodic evaluation of suicides in a particular locality may identify specific
      issues that may help in prevention efforts. The profile of 146 consecutive cases
      with suicide, open and narrative verdicts between January 2004 and July 2011 in
      Wolverhampton was studied in order to explore associated factors. Specific
      information about methods, mental health issues and stressors was collected.
      There was considerable variation in suicides in different wards of the city, with
      higher occurrences in inner-city areas. Male suicides were three times more
      common, and they were significantly younger than in female suicides. Common
      methods were hanging (52.7%) and poisoning (21.9%) involving a wide range of
      drugs. Life events were reported in 52.1% suicides, most frequently relational
      problems (28.1%), followed by physical illness and bereavement. Mental-health
      factors were associated with 63.0% of suicides, predominantly depression (45.9%)
      and alcohol and drug abuse (6.8%). The majority of the suicide victims (63.0%)
      were not in contact with mental-health services, including: most men (68.8%),
      young suicides up to age 34 (78.6%), the elderly (69.2%) and Asians (70.0%). A
      considerable proportion of these suicides had mental-health issues, mainly
      depression (42.4%) and alcohol or drug abuse (6.5%). Significantly more of them
      (69.6% vs. 22.2%) had stressors compared with suicides known to mental-health
      services. The findings of the study highlighted risk factors that may help
      prioritising intervention initiatives. It appears that local suicide audits may
      complement national information on suicide in designing appropriate local suicide
      prevention strategies.

PMID- 27385770
TI  - Spinal Infections Among Patients With Long-Term Central Venous Catheters for Home
      Parenteral Nutrition.
AB  - Spinal infections are a rare yet serious metastatic complication of bacteremia
      among patients with long-term central venous catheters (CVCs) for which
      clinicians must remain vigilant. We performed a retrospective review of all cases
      of spinal infection occurring in the context of a CVC for long-term parenteral
      nutrition (PN) managed in our department between January 2010 and October 2013, a
      cohort of 310 patients over this time period. Six patients were identified (mean
      age, 65 years; 5 male). One hundred percent of patients presented with spinal
      pain (5/6 cervical, 1/6 thoracic). Organisms were cultured from the CVC in 5 of 6
      patients. In all cases, the white blood cell count was normal, and in 5 of 6, C
      reactive protein was normal. All diagnoses were confirmed on magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI), and in 3 of 6 cases, an MRI was repeated (on the advice of
      neurosurgical colleagues) to confirm resolution of changes after a period of
      antimicrobial therapy. There was no clear correlation between duration of PN or
      number of days following CVC insertion and onset of infection. The CVC was
      replaced in 4 of 6 patients at the time of diagnosis, delayed removal in 1 of 6,
      and salvaged in the remaining case. Although rare, a high index of suspicion is
      needed in patients receiving long-term PN who present with spinal pain.
      Peripheral inflammatory markers may not be elevated. MRI should be performed and
      patients should be treated with antibiotics alongside involvement of local
      microbiology and neurosurgical teams. Multidisciplinary discussion on CVC salvage
      in these cases is important, especially in cases of challenging vascular anatomy.

PMID- 27385771
TI  - Orchid conservation: further links.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Due in great part to their often complex interactions with
      mycorrhizal fungi, pollinators and host trees, Orchidaceae present particular
      challenges for conservation. Furthermore, orchids, as potentially the largest
      family of angiosperms with >26000 species, species complexes and frequent hybrid
      formation, are complex to catalogue. Following a highlight in 2015, a further
      seven papers focusing on orchids, their interactions with beneficial organisms,
      pollinators and mycorrhiza, and other factors relating to their conservation,
      including threats from human utilization and changing land use, are presented
      here. CONCLUSIONS: The production of an online flora of all known plants and an
      assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species as far as
      possible, to guide conservation action are the first two targets of the Global
      Strategy for Plant Conservation Without knowing how many species there are and
      how they should be circumscribed, neither of these targets is achievable. Orchids
      are a fascinating subject for fundamental research with rapid species evolution,
      specific organ structure and development, but they also suffer from high levels
      of threat. Effective orchid conservation must take account of the beneficial
      interactions with fungi and pollinators and the potentially detrimental effects
      of over-collection and changes in land use.

PMID- 27385774
TI  - Density measurements with computed tomography in patients with extra-axial
      hematoma can quantitatively estimate a degree of brain compression.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Extra-axial hematoma can cause significant brain compression.
      Guidelines for surgical evacuation include imaging findings (midline shift and
      hematoma thickness/volume) in conjunction with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores
      and/or intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Physiologically, overall brain
      density should also change with compression. In our observational study, we
      explored whether overall brain density, defined using computed tomography
      Hounsfield Units (CT HU), changes after surgical evacuation of extra-axial
      hematoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Only patients with a surgical acute epidural
      hematoma or subacute/chronic subdural hematoma were considered. Other exclusion
      criteria were concurrent intraparenchymal pathology, bilateral pathology, or
      incomplete follow-up imaging. Between fall 2012 and spring 2015, 22 patients were
      included in the study. CT head imaging (preoperative, postoperative, and at ~1-
      to 2-month clinic visit) were loaded into OsiriX (Pixmeo, Switzerland). All the
      intracranial regions were selected and all extra-axial features were removed;
      subsequently, software was used to calculate a global CT HU value. RESULTS: A
      repeated-measures ANOVA found significant time effect, p < 0.01, with
      significance between preoperative versus postoperative CT (p = 0.03) and
      preoperative versus clinic visit CT (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results from this
      study suggest that extra-axial hematomas, which deform the brain, can cause an
      elevation in global CT HU value; moreover, surgical decompression is associated
      with lower global CT HU values. The use of global CT HU values in selected
      populations may serve as an adjunct for the evaluation of surgical lesions.

PMID- 27385775
TI  - Fluctuating locked-in syndrome as a presentation of a bilateral pontine
      infarction.
AB  - The "pontine warning syndrome" is characterized by recurrent episodes of motor
      hemiparesis, dysarthria and horizontal gaze palsy associated with basilar artery
      branch infarction. We report a case of a patient who presented with recurrent,
      self-limited episodes of locked-in syndrome, related to a bilateral pontine
      infarction. As far as we know, this clinical presentation as a subtype of pontine
      warning syndrome has never been described. We discuss the case, the differential
      diagnosis of the neuroimaging and the possible underlying mechanism. 

PMID- 27385776
TI  - Whole Body Vibration Exposures and Health Status among Professional Truck
      Drivers: A Cross-sectional Analysis.
AB  - Many professional truck drivers suffer from low back pain (LBP) which is thought
      to be associated with exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV). The objectives of
      this study were to: (i) characterize general health, regional body pain and WBV
      exposures, (ii) evaluate the associations between different WBV parameters and
      health outcomes, and (iii) determine whether there were factors which affect a
      truck driver's WBV exposures. This study analyzed WBV exposures from 96 long-haul
      truck drivers over their regular work shift (6-15h) per International Standards
      Organization (ISO) 2631-1 and 2631-5 WBV standards. This study also evaluated
      regional body pain (10-point scale), low back disability (the Oswestry Disability
      Index), and physical and mental health (the Short Form 12-item Health Survey).
      The results demonstrated that the daily vector sum WBV exposures [A(8), VDV(8)
      and Sed(8)] were above action limits while the predominant z-axis exposures were
      below action limits. Among all the musculoskeletal outcomes, LBP was the most
      prevalent (72.5%) with average LBP score of 2.9 (SD: 2.0). The SF-12 health
      scores demonstrated that truck drivers in general had lower physical health
      status than the general US population (P's < 0.04) and that physical health
      status decreased as WBV exposures increased (P = 0.03). In addition, the
      correlations between the WBV measures and health outcomes indicated that A(8)
      exposure measures had a stronger link to musculoskeletal (LBP) and other health
      outcomes than the VDV(8) and Sed(8) measures. Finally, seat manufacturer and seat
      age were two factors which had a strong influence on WBV exposures. 

PMID- 27385777
TI  - Lineage-Specific Effector Signatures of Invariant NKT Cells Are Shared amongst
      gammadelta T, Innate Lymphoid, and Th Cells.
AB  - Invariant NKT cells differentiate into three predominant effector lineages in the
      steady state. To understand these lineages, we sorted undifferentiated invariant
      NK T progenitor cells and each effector population and analyzed their
      transcriptional profiles by RNAseq. Bioinformatic comparisons were made to
      effector subsets among other lymphocytes, specifically Th cells, innate lymphoid
      cells (ILC), and gammadelta T cells. Myc-associated signature genes were enriched
      in NKT progenitors, like in other hematopoietic progenitors. Only NKT1 cells, but
      not NKT2 and NKT17 cells, had transcriptome similarity to NK cells and were also
      similar to other IFN-gamma-producing lineages such as Th1, ILC1, and
      intraepithelial gammadelta T cells. NKT2 and NKT17 cells were similar to their
      analogous subsets of gammadelta T cells and ILCs, but surprisingly, not to Th2
      and Th17 cells. We identified a set of genes common to each effector lineage
      regardless of Ag receptor specificity, suggesting the use of conserved regulatory
      cores for effector function.

PMID- 27385778
TI  - Active Caspase-1 Induces Plasma Membrane Pores That Precede Pyroptotic Lysis and
      Are Blocked by Lanthanides.
AB  - Canonical inflammasome activation induces a caspase-1/gasdermin D (Gsdmd)
      dependent lytic cell death called pyroptosis that promotes antimicrobial host
      defense but may contribute to sepsis. The nature of the caspase-1-dependent
      change in plasma membrane (PM) permeability during pyroptotic progression remains
      incompletely defined. We assayed propidium(2+) (Pro(2+)) influx kinetics during
      NLRP3 or Pyrin inflammasome activation in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages
      (BMDMs) as an indicator of this PM permeabilization. BMDMs were characterized by
      rapid Pro(2+) influx after initiation of NLRP3 or Pyrin inflammasomes by
      nigericin (NG) or Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB), respectively. No Pro(2+)
      uptake in response to NG or TcdB was observed in Casp1(-/-) or Asc(-/-) BMDMs.
      The cytoprotectant glycine profoundly suppressed NG and TcdB-induced lysis but
      not Pro(2+) influx. The absence of Gsdmd expression resulted in suppression of NG
      stimulated Pro(2+) influx and pyroptotic lysis. Extracellular La(3+) and Gd(3+)
      rapidly and reversibly blocked the induced Pro(2+) influx and markedly delayed
      pyroptotic lysis without limiting upstream inflammasome assembly and caspase-1
      activation. Thus, caspase-1-driven pyroptosis requires induction of initial
      prelytic pores in the PM that are dependent on Gsdmd expression. These PM pores
      also facilitated the efflux of cytosolic ATP and influx of extracellular Ca(2+)
      Although lanthanides and Gsdmd deletion both suppressed PM pore activity and
      pyroptotic lysis, robust IL-1beta release was observed in lanthanide-treated
      BMDMs but not in Gsdmd-deficient cells. This suggests roles for Gsdmd in both
      passive IL-1beta release secondary to pyroptotic lysis and in
      nonlytic/nonclassical IL-1beta export.

PMID- 27385779
TI  - A Critical Role for CD200R Signaling in Limiting the Growth and Metastasis of
      CD200+ Melanoma.
AB  - CD200 is a cell surface glycoprotein that functions through engaging CD200R on
      cells of the myeloid lineage and inhibits their functions. Expression of CD200
      was implicated in a variety of human cancer cells, including melanoma cells;
      however, its roles in tumor growth and immunity are not clearly understood. In
      this study, we used CD200R-deficient mice and the B16 tumor model to evaluate
      this issue. We found that CD200R-deficient mice exhibited accelerated growth of
      CD200(+), but not CD200(-), B16 tumors. Strikingly, CD200R-deficient mice
      receiving CD200(+) B16 cells i.v. exhibited massive tumor growth in multiple
      organs, including liver, lung, kidney, and peritoneal cavity, whereas the growth
      of the same tumors in wild-type mice was limited. CD200(+) tumors grown in CD200R
      deficient mice contained higher numbers of CD11b(+)Ly6C(+) myeloid cells,
      exhibited increased expression of VEGF and HIF1alpha genes with increased
      angiogenesis, and showed significantly reduced infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+)
      T cells, presumably as the result of reduced expression of T cell chemokines,
      such as CXCL9 and CXCL16. The liver from CD200R-deficient mice, under metastatic
      growth of CD200(+) tumors, contained significantly increased numbers of
      CD11b(+)Gr1(-) myeloid cells and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and reduced numbers
      of NK cells. Liver T cells also had a reduced capacity to produce IFN-gamma or
      TNF-alpha. Taken together, we revealed a critical role for CD200R signaling in
      limiting the growth and metastasis of CD200(+) tumors. Thus, targeting CD200R
      signaling may potentially interfere with the metastatic growth of CD200(+)
      tumors, like melanoma.

PMID- 27385780
TI  - Protein Translation Activity: A New Measure of Host Immune Cell Activation.
AB  - We describe the in vivo ribopuromycylation (RPM) method, which uses a puromycin
      specific Ab to fluorescently label ribosome-bound puromycylated nascent chains,
      enabling measurement of translational activity via immunohistochemistry or flow
      cytometry. Tissue staining provides a unique view of virus-induced activation of
      adaptive, innate, and stromal immune cells. RPM flow precisely quantitates virus
      induced activation of lymphocytes and innate immune cells, and it provides a
      unique measure of immune cell deactivation and quiescence. Using RPM we find that
      high endothelial cells in draining lymph nodes rapidly increase translation in
      the first day of vaccinia virus infection. We also find a population of
      constitutively activated splenic T cells in naive mice and further that most bone
      marrow T cells activate 3 d after vaccinia virus infection. Bone marrow T cell
      activation is nonspecific, IL-12-dependent, and induces innate memory T cell
      phenotypic markers. Thus, RPM measures translational activity to uniquely
      identify cell populations that participate in the immune response to pathogens,
      other foreign substances, and autoantigens.

PMID- 27385781
TI  - Structure of the Adenovirus Type 4 (Species E) E3-19K/HLA-A2 Complex Reveals
      Species-Specific Features in MHC Class I Recognition.
AB  - Adenoviruses (Ads) subvert MHC class I Ag presentation and impair host anti-Ad
      cellular activities. Specifically, the Ad-encoded E3-19K immunomodulatory protein
      targets MHC class I molecules for retention within the endoplasmic reticulum of
      infected cells. We report the x-ray crystal structure of the Ad type 4 (Ad4) E3
      19K of species E bound to HLA-A2 at 2.64-A resolution. Structural analysis shows
      that Ad4 E3-19K adopts a tertiary fold that is shared only with Ad2 E3-19K of
      species C. A comparative analysis of the Ad4 E3-19K/HLA-A2 structure with our x
      ray structure of Ad2 E3-19K/HLA-A2 identifies species-specific features in HLA-A2
      recognition. Our analysis also reveals common binding characteristics that
      explain the promiscuous, and yet high-affinity, association of E3-19K proteins
      with HLA-A and HLA-B molecules. We also provide structural insights into why E3
      19K proteins do not associate with HLA-C molecules. Overall, our study provides
      new information about how E3-19K proteins selectively engage with MHC class I to
      abrogate Ag presentation and counteract activation of CD8(+) T cells. The
      significance of MHC class I Ag presentation for controlling viral infections, as
      well as the threats of viral infections in immunocompromised patients, underline
      our efforts to characterize viral immunoevasins, such as E3-19K.

PMID- 27385782
TI  - Dimeric FcgammaR Ectodomains as Probes of the Fc Receptor Function of Anti
      Influenza Virus IgG.
AB  - Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, and Ag presentation are key
      mechanisms of action of Abs arising in vaccine or naturally acquired immunity, as
      well of therapeutic mAbs. Cells expressing the low-affinity FcgammaRs (FcgammaRII
      or CD32 and FcgammaRIII or CD16) are activated for these functions when receptors
      are aggregated following the binding of IgG-opsonized targets. Despite the
      diversity of the Fc receptor proteins, IgG ligands, and potential responding cell
      types, the induction of all FcgammaR-mediated responses by opsonized targets
      requires the presentation of multiple Fc regions in close proximity to each
      other. We demonstrated that such "near-neighbor" Fc regions can be detected using
      defined recombinant soluble (rs) dimeric low-affinity ectodomains (rsFcgammaR)
      that have an absolute binding requirement for the simultaneous engagement of two
      IgG Fc regions. Like cell surface-expressed FcgammaRs, the binding of dimeric
      rsFcgammaR ectodomains to Ab immune complexes was affected by Ab subclass,
      presentation, opsonization density, Fc fucosylation, or mutation. The activation
      of an NK cell line and primary NK cells by human IgG-opsonized influenza A
      hemagglutinin correlated with dimeric rsFcgammaRIIIa binding activity but not
      with Ab titer. Furthermore, the dimeric rsFcgammaR binding assay sensitively
      detected greater Fc receptor activity to pandemic H1N1 hemagglutinin after the
      swine influenza pandemic of 2009 in pooled human polyclonal IgG. Thus these
      dimeric rsFcgammaR ectodomains are validated, defined probes that should prove
      valuable in measuring the immune-activating capacity of IgG Abs elicited by
      infection or vaccination or experimentally derived IgG and its variants.

PMID- 27385783
TI  - Trophoblast Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Expression Is Associated
      with Immune-Mediated Rejection of Bovine Fetuses Produced by Cloning.
AB  - Trophoblast cells from bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) conceptuses
      express major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) proteins early in
      gestation, and this may be one cause of the significant first-trimester embryonic
      mortality observed in these pregnancies. MHC-I homozygous-compatible (n = 9),
      homozygous-incompatible (n = 8), and heterozygous-incompatible (n = 5) SCNT
      pregnancies were established. The control group consisted of eight pregnancies
      produced by artificial insemination. Uterine and placental samples were collected
      on Day 35 +/- 1 of pregnancy, and expression of MHC-I, leukocyte markers, and
      cytokines were examined by immunohistochemistry. Trophoblast cells from all SCNT
      pregnancies expressed MHC-I, while trophoblast cells from age-matched control
      pregnancies were negative for MHC-I expression. Expression of MHC-I antigens by
      trophoblast cells from SCNT pregnancies was associated with lymphocytic
      infiltration in the endometrium. Furthermore, MHC-I-incompatible conceptuses,
      particularly the heterozygous-incompatible ones, induced a more pronounced
      lymphocytic infiltration than MHC-I-compatible conceptuses. Cells expressing
      cluster of differentiation (CD) 3, gamma/deltaTCR, and MHC-II were increased in
      the endometrium of SCNT pregnancies compared to the control group. CD4(+)
      lymphocytes were increased in MHC-I-incompatible pregnancies compared to MHC-I
      compatible and control pregnancies. CD8(+), FOXP3(+), and natural killer cells
      were increased in MHC-I heterozygous-incompatible SCNT pregnancies compared to
      homozygous SCNT and control pregnancies.

PMID- 27385785
TI  - Improving the measurement of dielectric function by TEM-EELS: avoiding the
      retardation effect.
AB  - We investigated an improved Kramers-Kronig analysis (KKA) routine for measuring
      the dielectric function of alpha-Al2O3, avoiding the retardation effect arising
      in electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). The EELS data differed from the
      optical data in the energy range of 10-20 eV due to the retardation effect, even
      though Cerenkov loss was thoroughly suppressed. The calculated differential cross
      section indicates that the influence of the retardation appears at scattering
      angles less than 0.2 mrad in the loss energy range of 10-15 eV. Using the
      improved KKA routine, we obtained the correct dielectric function that agreed
      with the optical data. The present technique is especially useful in measuring
      the dielectric function by EELS with a small collection semi-angle.

PMID- 27385786
TI  - Live correlative light-electron microscopy to observe molecular dynamics in high
      resolution.
AB  - Fluorescence microscopy (FM) is a powerful tool for observing specific molecular
      components in living cells, but its spatial resolution is relatively low. In
      contrast, electron microscopy (EM) provides high-resolution information about
      cellular structures, but it cannot provide temporal information in living cells.
      To achieve molecular selectivity in imaging at high resolution, a method
      combining EM imaging with live-cell fluorescence imaging, known as live
      correlative light-EM (CLEM), has been developed. In this method, living cells are
      first observed by FM, fixed in situ during the live observation and then
      subjected to EM observation. Various fluorescence techniques and tools can be
      applied for FM, resulting in the generation of various modified methods that are
      useful for understanding cellular structure in high resolution. Here, we review
      the methods of CLEM and live-cell imaging associated with CLEM (live CLEM). Such
      methods can greatly advance the understanding of the function of cellular
      structures on a molecular level, and thus are useful for medical fields as well
      as for basic biology.

PMID- 27385784
TI  - Prenatal Testosterone Exposure Decreases Aldosterone Production but Maintains
      Normal Plasma Volume and Increases Blood Pressure in Adult Female Rats.
AB  - Plasma testosterone levels are elevated in pregnant women with preeclampsia and
      polycystic ovaries; their offspring are at increased risk for hypertension during
      adult life. We tested the hypothesis that prenatal testosterone exposure induces
      dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is known to play
      an important role in water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
      Female rats (6 mo old) prenatally exposed to testosterone were examined for
      adrenal expression of steroidogenic genes, telemetric blood pressure, blood
      volume and Na(+) and K(+) levels, plasma aldosterone, angiotensin II and
      vasopressin levels, and vascular responses to angiotensin II and arg(8)
      vasopressin. The levels of Cyp11b2 (aldosterone synthase), but not the other
      adrenal steroidogenic genes, were decreased in testosterone females. Accordingly,
      plasma aldosterone levels were lower in testosterone females. Plasma volume and
      serum and urine Na(+) and K(+) levels were not significantly different between
      control and testosterone females; however, prenatal testosterone exposure
      significantly increased plasma vasopressin and angiotensin II levels and arterial
      pressure in adult females. In testosterone females, mesenteric artery contractile
      responses to angiotensin II were significantly greater, while contractile
      responses to vasopressin were unaffected. Angiotensin II type-1 receptor
      expression was increased, while angiotensin II type-2 receptor was decreased in
      testosterone arteries. These results suggest that prenatal testosterone exposure
      downregulates adrenal Cyp11b2 expression, leading to decreased plasma aldosterone
      levels. Elevated angiotensin II and vasopressin levels along with enhanced
      vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II may serve as an underlying mechanism to
      maintain plasma volume and Na(+) and K(+) levels and mediate hypertension in
      adult testosterone females.

PMID- 27385787
TI  - Follow-up review: recent progress in the development of super-resolution optical
      microscopy.
AB  - The advent of super-resolution microscopy brought a huge impact to various
      research fields ranging from the fundamental science to medical and industrial
      applications. The technological development is still ongoing with involving
      different scientific disciplines and often changing the standard of optical
      imaging. In this review, I would like to introduce the recent research progress
      in super-resolution microscopy as a follow-up for the featured issue in
      Microscopy (Vol. 64, No. 4, 2015) with discussions especially on the current
      trends and new directions in the technological development.

PMID- 27385788
TI  - Atomic resolved phase map of monolayer MoS2 retrieved by spherical aberration
      corrected transport of intensity equation.
AB  - An atomic resolution phase map, which enables us to observe charge distribution
      or magnetic properties at an atomic scale, has been pointed out to be retrieved
      by transport of intensity equation (TIE) when taking two atomic-resolved
      transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of small defocus difference. In
      this work, we firstly obtained the atomic-resolved phase maps of an exfoliated
      molybdenum disulfide sheet using spherical aberration-corrected transmission
      electron microscope. We successfully observed 60 degrees  grain boundary of
      mechanically exfoliated monolayer molybdenum disulfide sheet. The relative phase
      shift of a single molybdenum atomic column to the column consisting of two sulfur
      atoms was obtained to be about 0.01 rad on average, which was about half lower
      than the simulated TIE phase map, indicating that the individual atomic sites can
      be distinguished qualitatively. The appropriate condition for retrieving atomic
      resolved TIE phase maps was briefly discussed.

PMID- 27385789
TI  - Lymphovenous hemostasis and the role of platelets in regulating lymphatic flow
      and lymphatic vessel maturation.
AB  - Aside from the established role for platelets in regulating hemostasis and
      thrombosis, recent research has revealed a discrete role for platelets in the
      separation of the blood and lymphatic vascular systems. Platelets are activated
      by interaction with lymphatic endothelial cells at the lymphovenous junction, the
      site in the body where the lymphatic system drains into the blood vascular
      system, resulting in a platelet plug that, with the lymphovenous valve, prevents
      blood from entering the lymphatic circulation. This process, known as
      "lymphovenous hemostasis," is mediated by activation of platelet CLEC-2 receptors
      by the transmembrane ligand podoplanin expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells.
      Lymphovenous hemostasis is required for normal lymph flow, and mice deficient in
      lymphovenous hemostasis exhibit lymphedema and sometimes chylothorax phenotypes
      indicative of lymphatic insufficiency. Unexpectedly, the loss of lymph flow in
      these mice causes defects in maturation of collecting lymphatic vessels and
      lymphatic valve formation, uncovering an important role for fluid flow in driving
      endothelial cell signaling during development of collecting lymphatics. This
      article summarizes the current understanding of lymphovenous hemostasis and its
      effect on lymphatic vessel maturation and synthesizes the outstanding questions
      in the field, with relationship to human disease.

PMID- 27385790
TI  - Integrating clinical features and genetic lesions in the risk assessment of
      patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.
AB  - Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative
      neoplasm with variable clinical course. To predict the clinical outcome, we
      previously developed a CMML-specific prognostic scoring system (CPSS) based on
      clinical parameters and cytogenetics. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that
      accounting for gene mutations would further improve risk stratification of CMML
      patients. We therefore sequenced 38 genes to explore the role of somatic
      mutations in disease phenotype and clinical outcome. Overall, 199 of 214 (93%)
      CMML patients carried at least 1 somatic mutation. Stepwise linear regression
      models showed that these mutations accounted for 15% to 24% of variability of
      clinical phenotype. Based on multivariable Cox regression analyses, cytogenetic
      abnormalities and mutations in RUNX1, NRAS, SETBP1, and ASXL1 were independently
      associated with overall survival (OS). Using these parameters, we defined a
      genetic score that identified 4 categories with significantly different OS and
      cumulative incidence of leukemic evolution. In multivariable analyses, genetic
      score, red blood cell transfusion dependency, white blood cell count, and marrow
      blasts retained independent prognostic value. These parameters were included into
      a clinical/molecular CPSS (CPSS-Mol) model that identified 4 risk groups with
      markedly different median OS (from >144 to 18 months, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.69)
      and cumulative incidence of leukemic evolution (from 0% to 48% at 4 years, HR =
      3.84) (P < .001). The CPSS-Mol fully retained its ability to risk stratify in an
      independent validation cohort of 260 CMML patients. In conclusion, integrating
      conventional parameters and gene mutations significantly improves risk
      stratification of CMML patients, providing a robust basis for clinical decision
      making and a reliable tool for clinical trials.

PMID- 27385791
TI  - Therapeutic regulatory T-cell adoptive transfer ameliorates established murine
      chronic GVHD in a CXCR5-dependent manner.
AB  - Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic
      hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In cGVHD, alloreactive T cells and
      germinal center (GC) B cells often participate in GC reactions to produce
      pathogenic antibodies. Although regulatory T cells (Tregs) can inhibit GC
      reactions, Treg numbers are reduced in cGVHD, contributing to cGVHD pathogenesis.
      Here, we explored 2 means to increase Tregs in cGVHD: interleukin-2/monoclonal
      antibody (IL-2/mAb) complexes and donor Treg infusions. IL-2/mAb complexes given
      over 1 month were efficacious in expanding Tregs and treating established cGVHD
      in a multi-organ-system disease mouse model characterized by GC reactions,
      antibody deposition, and lung dysfunction. In an acute GVHD (aGVHD) model, IL
      2/mAb complexes given for only 4 days resulted in rapid mortality, indicating IL
      2/mAb complexes can drive conventional T-cell (Tcon)-mediated injury. In
      contrast, Treg infusions, which uniformly suppress aGVHD, increased Treg
      frequency and were effective in preventing the onset of, and treating,
      established cGVHD. Efficacy was dependent upon CXCR5-sufficient Tregs homing to,
      and inhibiting, GC reactions. These studies indicate that the infusion of Tregs,
      especially ones enriched for GC homing, may be desirable for cGVHD therapy.
      Although IL-2/mAb complexes can be efficacious in cGVHD, a cautious approach
      needs to be taken in settings in which aGVHD elements, and associated Tcon, are
      present.

PMID- 27385792
TI  - Presaccadic motion integration between current and future retinotopic locations
      of attended objects.
AB  - Object tracking across eye movements is thought to rely on presaccadic updating
      of attention between the object's current and its "remapped" location (i.e., the
      postsaccadic retinotopic location). We report evidence for a bifocal, presaccadic
      sampling between these two positions. While preparing a saccade, participants
      viewed four spatially separated random dot kinematograms, one of which was cued
      by a colored flash. They reported the direction of a coherent motion signal at
      the cued location while a second signal occurred simultaneously either at the
      cue's remapped location or at one of several control locations. Motion
      integration between the signals occurred only when the two motion signals were
      congruent and were shown at the cue and at its remapped location. This shows that
      the visual system integrates features between both the current and the future
      retinotopic locations of an attended object and that such presaccadic sampling is
      feature specific.

PMID- 27385794
TI  - Oculomotor inhibition covaries with conscious detection.
AB  - Saccadic eye movements occur frequently even during attempted fixation, but they
      halt momentarily when a new stimulus appears. Here, we demonstrate that this
      rapid, involuntary "oculomotor freezing" reflex is yoked to fluctuations in
      explicit visual perception. Human observers reported the presence or absence of a
      brief visual stimulus while we recorded microsaccades, small spontaneous eye
      movements. We found that microsaccades were reflexively inhibited if and only if
      the observer reported seeing the stimulus, even when none was present. By
      applying a novel Bayesian classification technique to patterns of microsaccades
      on individual trials, we were able to decode the reported state of perception
      more accurately than the state of the stimulus (present vs. absent). Moreover,
      explicit perceptual sensitivity and the oculomotor reflex were both susceptible
      to orientation-specific adaptation. The adaptation effects suggest that the
      freezing reflex is mediated by signals processed in the visual cortex before
      reaching oculomotor control centers rather than relying on a direct subcortical
      route, as some previous research has suggested. We conclude that the reflexive
      inhibition of microsaccades immediately and inadvertently reveals when the
      observer becomes aware of a change in the environment. By providing an objective
      measure of conscious perceptual detection that does not require explicit reports,
      this finding opens doors to clinical applications and further investigations of
      perceptual awareness.

PMID- 27385795
TI  - Representing multiple object weights: competing priors and sensorimotor memories.
AB  - When lifting an object, individuals scale lifting forces based on long-term
      priors relating external object properties (such as material and size) to object
      weight. When experiencing objects that are poorly predicted by priors, people
      rapidly form and update sensorimotor memories that can be used to predict an
      object's atypical size-weight relation in support of predictively scaling lift
      forces. With extensive experience in lifting such objects, long-term priors,
      assessed with weight judgments, are gradually updated. The aim of the present
      study was to understand the formation and updating of these memory processes.
      Participants lifted, over multiple days, a set of black cubes with a normal size
      weight mapping and green cubes with an inverse size-weight mapping. Sensorimotor
      memory was assessed with lifting forces, and priors associated with the black and
      green cubes were assessed with the size-weight illusion (SWI). Interference was
      observed in terms of adaptation of the SWI, indicating that priors were not
      independently adjusted. Half of the participants rapidly learned to scale lift
      forces appropriately, whereas reduced learning was observed in the others,
      suggesting that individual differences may be affecting sensorimotor memory
      abilities. A follow-up experiment showed that lifting forces are not accurately
      scaled to objects when concurrently performing a visuomotor association task,
      suggesting that sensorimotor memory formation involves cognitive resources to
      instantiate the mapping between object identity and weight, potentially
      explaining the results of experiment 1 These results provide novel insight into
      the formation and updating of sensorimotor memories and provide support for the
      independent adjustment of sensorimotor memory and priors.

PMID- 27385793
TI  - Cognitive dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a possible role for
      neuromodulatory immune molecules.
AB  - Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X chromosome-linked disease characterized
      by progressive physical disability, immobility, and premature death in affected
      boys. Underlying the devastating symptoms of DMD is the loss of dystrophin, a
      structural protein that connects the extracellular matrix to the cell
      cytoskeleton and provides protection against contraction-induced damage in muscle
      cells, leading to chronic peripheral inflammation. However, dystrophin is also
      expressed in neurons within specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, a
      structure associated with learning and memory formation. Linked to this, a subset
      of boys with DMD exhibit nonprogressing cognitive dysfunction, with deficits in
      verbal, short-term, and working memory. Furthermore, in the genetically
      comparable dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse model of DMD, some, but not all, types
      of learning and memory are deficient, and specific deficits in synaptogenesis and
      channel clustering at synapses has been noted. Little consideration has been
      devoted to the cognitive deficits associated with DMD compared with the research
      conducted into the peripheral effects of dystrophin deficiency. Therefore, this
      review focuses on what is known about the role of full-length dystrophin (Dp427)
      in hippocampal neurons. The importance of dystrophin in learning and memory is
      assessed, and the potential importance that inflammatory mediators, which are
      chronically elevated in dystrophinopathies, may have on hippocampal function is
      also evaluated.

PMID- 27385797
TI  - Contribution of intravestibular sensory conflict to motion sickness and dizziness
      in migraine disorders.
AB  - Migraine is associated with enhanced motion sickness susceptibility and can cause
      episodic vertigo [vestibular migraine (VM)], but the mechanisms relating migraine
      to these vestibular symptoms remain uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that the
      central integration of rotational cues (from the semicircular canals) and
      gravitational cues (from the otolith organs) is abnormal in migraine patients. A
      postrotational tilt paradigm generated a conflict between canal cues (which
      indicate the head is rotating) and otolith cues (which indicate the head is
      tilted and stationary), and eye movements were measured to quantify two behaviors
      that are thought to minimize this conflict: suppression and reorientation of the
      central angular velocity signal, evidenced by attenuation ("dumping") of the
      vestibuloocular reflex and shifting of the rotational axis of the vestibuloocular
      reflex toward the earth vertical. We found that normal and migraine subjects, but
      not VM patients, displayed an inverse correlation between the extent of dumping
      and the size of the axis shift such that the net "conflict resolution" mediated
      through these two mechanisms approached an optimal value and that the residual
      sensory conflict in VM patients (but not migraine or normal subjects) correlated
      with motion sickness susceptibility. Our findings suggest that the brain normally
      controls the dynamic and spatial characteristics of central vestibular signals to
      minimize intravestibular sensory conflict and that this process is disrupted in
      VM, which may be responsible for the enhance motion intolerance and episodic
      vertigo that characterize this disorder.

PMID- 27385796
TI  - Glutamatergic drive facilitates synaptic inhibition of dorsal vagal motor neurons
      after experimentally induced diabetes in mice.
AB  - The role of central regulatory circuits in modulating diabetes-associated glucose
      dysregulation has only recently been under rigorous investigation. One brain
      region of interest is the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), which contains
      preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurons that regulate subdiaphragmatic
      visceral function. Previous research has demonstrated that glutamatergic and
      GABAergic neurotransmission are independently remodeled after chronic
      hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia. However, glutamatergic circuitry within the dorsal
      brain stem impinges on GABAergic regulation of the DMV. The present study
      investigated the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in synaptic GABAergic
      control of DMV neurons after streptozotocin (STZ)-induced
      hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia by using electrophysiological recordings in vitro.
      The frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) was
      elevated in DMV neurons from STZ-treated mice. The effect was abolished in the
      presence of the ionotropic glutamate receptor blocker kynurenic acid or the
      sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin, suggesting that after STZ-induced
      hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia, increased glutamatergic receptor activity occurs
      at a soma-dendritic location on local GABA neurons projecting to the DMV.
      Although sIPSCs in DMV neurons normally demonstrated considerable amplitude
      variability, this variability was significantly increased after STZ-induced
      hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia. The elevated amplitude variability was not related
      to changes in quantal release, but rather correlated with significantly elevated
      frequency of sIPSCs in these mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that
      GABAergic regulation of central vagal circuitry responsible for the regulation of
      energy homeostasis undergoes complex functional reorganization after several days
      of hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia, including both glutamate-dependent and 
      independent forms of plasticity.

PMID- 27385798
TI  - The compensatory interaction between motor unit firing behavior and muscle force
      during fatigue.
AB  - Throughout the literature, different observations of motor unit firing behavior
      during muscle fatigue have been reported and explained with varieties of
      conjectures. The disagreement amongst previous studies has resulted, in part,
      from the limited number of available motor units and from the misleading practice
      of grouping motor unit data across different subjects, contractions, and force
      levels. To establish a more clear understanding of motor unit control during
      fatigue, we investigated the firing behavior of motor units from the vastus
      lateralis muscle of individual subjects during a fatigue protocol of repeated
      voluntary constant force isometric contractions. Surface electromyographic
      decomposition technology provided the firings of 1,890 motor unit firing trains.
      These data revealed that to sustain the contraction force as the muscle fatigued,
      the following occurred: 1) motor unit firing rates increased; 2) new motor units
      were recruited; and 3) motor unit recruitment thresholds decreased. Although the
      degree of these adaptations was subject specific, the behavior was consistent in
      all subjects. When we compared our empirical observations with those obtained
      from simulation, we found that the fatigue-induced changes in motor unit firing
      behavior can be explained by increasing excitation to the motoneuron pool that
      compensates for the fatigue-induced decrease in muscle force twitch reported in
      empirical studies. Yet, the fundamental motor unit control scheme remains
      invariant throughout the development of fatigue. These findings indicate that the
      central nervous system regulates motor unit firing behavior by adjusting the
      operating point of the excitation to the motoneuron pool to sustain the
      contraction force as the muscle fatigues.

PMID- 27385799
TI  - Membrane potential resonance frequency directly influences network frequency
      through electrical coupling.
AB  - Oscillatory networks often include neurons with membrane potential resonance,
      exhibiting a peak in the voltage amplitude as a function of current input at a
      nonzero (resonance) frequency (fres). Although fres has been correlated to the
      network frequency (fnet) in a variety of systems, a causal relationship between
      the two has not been established. We examine the hypothesis that combinations of
      biophysical parameters that shift fres, without changing other attributes of the
      impedance profile, also shift fnet in the same direction. We test this
      hypothesis, computationally and experimentally, in an electrically coupled
      network consisting of intrinsic oscillator (O) and resonator (R) neurons. We use
      a two-cell model of such a network to show that increasing fres of R directly
      increases fnet and that this effect becomes more prominent if the amplitude of
      resonance is increased. Notably, the effect of fres on fnet is independent of the
      parameters that define the oscillator or the combination of parameters in R that
      produce the shift in fres, as long as this combination produces the same
      impedance vs. frequency relationship. We use the dynamic clamp technique to
      experimentally verify the model predictions by connecting a model resonator to
      the pacemaker pyloric dilator neurons of the crab Cancer borealis pyloric network
      using electrical synapses and show that the pyloric network frequency can be
      shifted by changing fres in the resonator. Our results provide compelling
      evidence that fres and resonance amplitude strongly influence fnet, and
      therefore, modulators may target these attributes to modify rhythmic activity.

PMID- 27385800
TI  - Integration of autopatching with automated pipette and cell detection in vitro.
AB  - Patch clamp is the main technique for measuring electrical properties of
      individual cells. Since its discovery in 1976 by Neher and Sakmann, patch clamp
      has been instrumental in broadening our understanding of the fundamental
      properties of ion channels and synapses in neurons. The conventional patch-clamp
      method requires manual, precise positioning of a glass micropipette against the
      cell membrane of a visually identified target neuron. Subsequently, a tight
      "gigaseal" connection between the pipette and the cell membrane is established,
      and suction is applied to establish the whole cell patch configuration to perform
      electrophysiological recordings. This procedure is repeated manually for each
      individual cell, making it labor intensive and time consuming. In this article we
      describe the development of a new automatic patch-clamp system for brain slices,
      which integrates all steps of the patch-clamp process: image acquisition through
      a microscope, computer vision-based identification of a patch pipette and
      fluorescently labeled neurons, micromanipulator control, and automated patching.
      We validated our system in brain slices from wild-type and transgenic mice
      expressing channelrhodopsin 2 under the Thy1 promoter (line 18) or injected with
      a herpes simplex virus-expressing archaerhodopsin, ArchT. Our computer vision
      based algorithm makes the fluorescent cell detection and targeting user
      independent. Compared with manual patching, our system is superior in both
      success rate and average trial duration. It provides more reliable trial-to-trial
      control of the patching process and improves reproducibility of experiments.

PMID- 27385801
TI  - Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing
      cerebellorubral system.
AB  - The development of the cerebellar system depends in part on the emergence of
      functional connectivity in its input and output pathways. Characterization of
      spontaneous activity within these pathways provides insight into their functional
      status in early development. In the present study we recorded extracellular
      activity from the interpositus nucleus (IP) and its primary downstream target,
      the red nucleus (RN), in unanesthetized rats at postnatal days 8 (P8) and P12, a
      period of dramatic change in cerebellar circuitry. The two structures exhibited
      state-dependent activity patterns and age-related changes in rhythmicity and
      overall firing rate. Importantly, sensory feedback (i.e., reafference) from
      myoclonic twitches (spontaneous, self-generated movements that are produced
      exclusively during active sleep) drove neural activity in the IP and RN at both
      ages. Additionally, anatomic tracing confirmed the presence of cerebellorubral
      connections as early as P8. Finally, inactivation of the IP and adjacent nuclei
      using the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol caused a substantial decrease in neural
      activity in the contralateral RN at both ages, as well as the disappearance of
      rhythmicity; twitch-related activity in the RN, however, was preserved after IP
      inactivation, indicating that twitch-related reafference activates the two
      structures in parallel. Overall, the present findings point to the contributions
      of sleep-related spontaneous activity to the development of cerebellar networks.

PMID- 27385802
TI  - Optimal visuotactile integration for velocity discrimination of self-hand
      movements.
AB  - Illusory hand movements can be elicited by a textured disk or a visual pattern
      rotating under one's hand, while proprioceptive inputs convey immobility
      information (Blanchard C, Roll R, Roll JP, Kavounoudias A. PLoS One 8: e62475,
      2013). Here, we investigated whether visuotactile integration can optimize
      velocity discrimination of illusory hand movements in line with Bayesian
      predictions. We induced illusory movements in 15 volunteers by visual and/or
      tactile stimulation delivered at six angular velocities. Participants had to
      compare hand illusion velocities with a 5 degrees /s hand reference movement in
      an alternative forced choice paradigm. Results showed that the discrimination
      threshold decreased in the visuotactile condition compared with unimodal (visual
      or tactile) conditions, reflecting better bimodal discrimination. The perceptual
      strength (gain) of the illusions also increased: the stimulation required to give
      rise to a 5 degrees /s illusory movement was slower in the visuotactile condition
      compared with each of the two unimodal conditions. The maximum likelihood
      estimation model satisfactorily predicted the improved discrimination threshold
      but not the increase in gain. When we added a zero-centered prior, reflecting
      immobility information, the Bayesian model did actually predict the gain increase
      but systematically overestimated it. Interestingly, the predicted gains better
      fit the visuotactile performances when a proprioceptive noise was generated by
      covibrating antagonist wrist muscles. These findings show that kinesthetic
      information of visual and tactile origins is optimally integrated to improve
      velocity discrimination of self-hand movements. However, a Bayesian model alone
      could not fully describe the illusory phenomenon pointing to the crucial
      importance of the omnipresent muscle proprioceptive cues with respect to other
      sensory cues for kinesthesia.

PMID- 27385804
TI  - Choosing Dialysis Modality-Patient Choice or Physician Bias?

PMID- 27385805
TI  - Do Dialysis Decision Aids Improve Treatment Decision-Making?

PMID- 27385803
TI  - Selenium and Prostate Cancer: Analysis of Individual Participant Data From
      Fifteen Prospective Studies.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some observational studies suggest that a higher selenium status is
      associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer but have been generally too small
      to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by disease stage and
      grade. METHODS: Collaborating investigators from 15 prospective studies provided
      individual-participant records (from predominantly men of white European
      ancestry) on blood or toenail selenium concentrations and prostate cancer risk.
      Odds ratios of prostate cancer by selenium concentration were estimated using
      multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression. All statistical tests
      were two-sided. RESULTS: Blood selenium was not associated with the risk of total
      prostate cancer (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [OR] per 80 percentile
      increase = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83 to 1.23, based on 4527 case
      patients and 6021 control subjects). However, there was heterogeneity by disease
      aggressiveness (ie, advanced stage and/or prostate cancer death, Pheterogeneity =
      .01), with high blood selenium associated with a lower risk of aggressive disease
      (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.87) but not with nonaggressive disease. Nail
      selenium was inversely associated with total prostate cancer (OR = 0.29, 95% CI =
      0.22 to 0.40, Ptrend < .001, based on 1970 case patients and 2086 control
      subjects), including both nonaggressive (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.50) and
      aggressive disease (OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.31, Pheterogeneity = .08).
      CONCLUSIONS: Nail, but not blood, selenium concentration is inversely associated
      with risk of total prostate cancer, possibly because nails are a more reliable
      marker of long-term selenium exposure. Both blood and nail selenium
      concentrations are associated with a reduced risk of aggressive disease, which
      warrants further investigation.

PMID- 27385806
TI  - Telemedicine and Remote Monitoring: Supporting the Patient on Peritoneal
      Dialysis.

PMID- 27385807
TI  - Stability of Cefepime in pH-Neutral Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions Packaged in
      Dual-Compartment Bags.
AB  - Intraperitoneal cefepime is used for the treatment of peritoneal dialysis (PD)
      associated peritonitis caused by gram-negative bacteria. The current study
      investigated the stability of cefepime in a pH-neutral PD solution. A
      reconstituted solution of cefepime was injected into a total of 9 PD bags and
      stored at 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C or 37 degrees C for various time points.
      Cefepime retained more than 90% of its initial concentration for 168, 96, and 12
      hours at 4 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C, respectively. No apparent
      physical precipitation or pH change was observed during the study. This study
      provides crucial information to healthcare professionals on the physical and
      chemical stability of cefepime in the pH-neutral solution to help them in
      preparing such admixtures in advance where required.

PMID- 27385808
TI  - The Enigmatic Fallopian Tube: A More Common Cause of Catheter Malfunction than
      Previously Recognized.
AB  - Successful performance of peritoneal dialysis (PD) depends on a properly
      functioning PD catheter. Catheter malfunction remains a significant cause of
      technique failure, especially early in the course of therapy. Common causes of
      catheter malfunction include catheter displacement, omental or bowel wrapping,
      and fibrin clots. Less commonly, various intraperitoneal structures have been
      reported to lead to obstruction, including appendices epiploicae of sigmoid colon
      and the fallopian tube. Peritoneal dialysis catheter blockage due to fimbriae of
      the fallopian tube is being recognized as an important cause of catheter
      malfunction in females due to the increasing availability of diagnostic
      laparoscopy. We report 5 episodes of catheter malfunction in 4 patients on PD
      from a single center as a result of obstruction by the fallopian tube.

PMID- 27385809
TI  - Diagnosing Tuberculous Peritonitis Early in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis: Use
      of Xpert MTB/RIF Assay.
AB  - Diagnosing tuberculous peritonitis can be challenging, with mycobacterial culture
      potentially taking weeks for a positive result. This report describes 2 cases
      where a prompt diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis was made employing the Xpert
      MTB/RIF assay (Cepheid Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA).

PMID- 27385810
TI  - A Qualitative Assessment of Mismatch Between Dialysis Modality Selection and
      Initiation.
AB  - At our institution, we have noted that end-stage renal disease patients choosing
      a home dialysis modality after education often initiate renal replacement therapy
      with in-center hemodialysis (HD) instead. We interviewed 24 such patients (23
      choosing peritoneal dialysis [PD], one choosing home HD) to determine reasons for
      this mismatch. The most common reasons cited for not starting home dialysis were:
      lack of confidence/concerns about complications, lack of space or home-related
      issues, a feeling of insufficient education, and perceived medical or social
      contraindications. We propose several potential strategies to help patients start
      with their preferred modality.

PMID- 27385811
TI  - Randomized n-of-1 Trials: Quality Improvement, Research, or Both?
AB  - The regulatory demarcations between clinical research and quality improvement
      (QI) are ambiguous and controversial. Some projects that were undertaken as a
      form of QI were deemed by regulatory agencies to be research and thus to require
      institutional review board approval. In the era of personalized medicine, some
      physicians may ask some patients to participate in n-of-1 trials in an effort to
      personalize and optimize each patient's medical treatment. Should such activities
      be considered research, QI, or just excellent personalized medicine? Experts in
      research, research regulation, and bioethics analyze these issues.

PMID- 27385812
TI  - Practice Patterns in Medicaid and Non-Medicaid Asthma Admissions.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With American children experiencing increased Medicaid
      coverage, it has become especially important to determine if practice patterns
      differ between Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients. Auditing such potential
      differences must carefully compare like patients to avoid falsely identifying
      suspicious practice patterns. We asked if we could observe differences in
      practice patterns between Medicaid and non-Medicaid patients admitted for asthma
      inside major children's hospitals. METHODS: A matched cohort design, studying 17
      739 matched pairs of children (Medicaid to non-Medicaid) admitted for asthma in
      the same hospital between April 1, 2011 and March 31, 2014 in 40 Children's
      Hospital Association hospitals contributing data to the Pediatric Hospital
      Information System database. Patients were matched on age, sex, asthma severity,
      and other patient characteristics. RESULTS: Medicaid patient median cost was
      $4263 versus $4160 for non-Medicaid patients (P < .001). Additionally, the median
      cost difference (Medicaid minus non-Medicaid) between individual pairs was only
      $84 (95% confidence interval: 44 to 124), and the mean cost difference was only
      $49 (95% confidence interval: -72 to 170). The 90th percentile costs were also
      similar between groups ($10 710 vs $10 948; P < .07). Length of stay (LOS) was
      also very similar; both groups had a median stay of 1 day, with a similar
      percentage of patients exceeding the 90th percentile of individual hospital LOS
      (7.1% vs 6.7%; P = .14). ICU use was also similar (10.1% vs 10.6%; P = .12).
      CONCLUSIONS: For closely matched patients within the same hospital, Medicaid
      status did not importantly influence costs, LOS, or ICU use.

PMID- 27385813
TI  - CORRECTION.

PMID- 27385815
TI  - Divide and Conquer: Introducing a Novel Player in Cell Plate Formation.

PMID- 27385814
TI  - In Planta Single-Molecule Pull-Down Reveals Tetrameric Stoichiometry of HD
      ZIPIII:LITTLE ZIPPER Complexes.
AB  - Deciphering complex biological processes markedly benefits from approaches that
      directly assess the underlying biomolecular interactions. Most commonly used
      approaches to monitor protein-protein interactions typically provide
      nonquantitative readouts that lack statistical power and do not yield information
      on the heterogeneity or stoichiometry of protein complexes. Single-molecule pull
      down (SiMPull) uses single-molecule fluorescence detection to mitigate these
      disadvantages and can quantitatively interrogate interactions between proteins
      and other compounds, such as nucleic acids, small molecule ligands, and lipids.
      Here, we establish SiMPull in plants using the HOMEODOMAIN LEUCINE ZIPPER III (HD
      ZIPIII) and LITTLE ZIPPER (ZPR) interaction as proof-of-principle. Colocalization
      analysis of fluorophore-tagged HD-ZIPIII and ZPR proteins provides strong
      statistical evidence of complex formation. In addition, we use SiMPull to
      directly quantify YFP and mCherry maturation probabilities, showing these differ
      substantially from values obtained in mammalian systems. Leveraging these
      probabilities, in conjunction with fluorophore photobleaching assays on over 2000
      individual complexes, we determined HD-ZIPIII:ZPR stoichiometry. Intriguingly,
      these complexes appear as heterotetramers, comprising two HD-ZIPIII and two ZPR
      molecules, rather than heterodimers as described in the current model. This
      surprising result raises new questions about the regulation of these key
      developmental factors and is illustrative of the unique contribution SiMPull is
      poised to make to in planta protein interaction studies.

PMID- 27385816
TI  - CLAUSA Is a MYB Transcription Factor That Promotes Leaf Differentiation by
      Attenuating Cytokinin Signaling.
AB  - Leaf morphogenesis and differentiation are highly flexible processes, resulting
      in a large diversity of leaf forms. The development of compound leaves involves
      an extended morphogenesis stage compared with that of simple leaves, and the
      tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant clausa (clau) exposes a potential for
      extended morphogenesis in tomato leaves. Here, we report that the CLAU gene
      encodes a MYB transcription factor that has evolved a unique role in compound
      leaf species to promote an exit from the morphogenetic phase of tomato leaf
      development. We show that CLAU attenuates cytokinin signaling, and that clau
      plants have increased cytokinin sensitivity. The results suggest that flexible
      leaf patterning involves a coordinated interplay between transcription factors
      and hormones.

PMID- 27385817
TI  - Local Auxin Biosynthesis Mediated by a YUCCA Flavin Monooxygenase Regulates
      Haustorium Development in the Parasitic Plant Phtheirospermum japonicum.
AB  - Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae cause serious agricultural problems
      worldwide. Parasitic plants develop a multicellular infectious organ called a
      haustorium after recognition of host-released signals. To understand the
      molecular events associated with host signal perception and haustorium
      development, we identified differentially regulated genes expressed during early
      haustorium development in the facultative parasite Phtheirospermum japonicum
      using a de novo assembled transcriptome and a customized microarray. Among the
      genes that were upregulated during early haustorium development, we identified
      YUC3, which encodes a functional YUCCA (YUC) flavin monooxygenase involved in
      auxin biosynthesis. YUC3 was specifically expressed in the epidermal cells around
      the host contact site at an early time point in haustorium formation. The spatio
      temporal expression patterns of YUC3 coincided with those of the auxin response
      marker DR5, suggesting generation of auxin response maxima at the haustorium
      apex. Roots transformed with YUC3 knockdown constructs formed haustoria less
      frequently than nontransgenic roots. Moreover, ectopic expression of YUC3 at the
      root epidermal cells induced the formation of haustorium-like structures in
      transgenic P. japonicum roots. Our results suggest that expression of the auxin
      biosynthesis gene YUC3 at the epidermal cells near the contact site plays a
      pivotal role in haustorium formation in the root parasitic plant P. japonicum.

PMID- 27385818
TI  - The PHD Finger Protein MMD1/DUET Ensures the Progression of Male Meiotic
      Chromosome Condensation and Directly Regulates the Expression of the Condensin
      Gene CAP-D3.
AB  - Chromosome condensation, a process mediated by the condensin complex, is
      essential for proper chromosome segregation during cell division. Unlike rapid
      mitotic chromosome condensation, meiotic chromosome condensation occurs over a
      relatively long prophase I and is unusually complex due to the coordination with
      chromosome axis formation and homolog interaction. The molecular mechanisms that
      regulate meiotic chromosome condensation progression from prophase I to metaphase
      I are unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana meiotic PHD-finger
      protein MMD1/DUET is required for progressive compaction of prophase I
      chromosomes to metaphase I bivalents. The MMD1 PHD domain is required for its
      function in chromosome condensation and binds to methylated histone tails.
      Transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR showed that several condensin genes exhibit
      significantly reduced expression in mmd1 meiocytes. Furthermore, MMD1
      specifically binds to the promoter region of the condensin subunit gene CAP-D3 to
      enhance its expression. Moreover, cap-d3 mutants exhibit similar chromosome
      condensation defects, revealing an MMD1-dependent mechanism for regulating
      meiotic chromosome condensation, which functions in part by promoting condensin
      gene expression. Together, these discoveries provide strong evidence that the
      histone reader MMD1/DUET defines an important step for regulating the progression
      of meiotic prophase I chromosome condensation.

PMID- 27385820
TI  - Recent Progress in Understanding the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant
      Cell Signaling.

PMID- 27385822
TI  - Plant Physiology 90th Anniversary.

PMID- 27385819
TI  - Salt Stress Reveals a New Role for ARGONAUTE1 in miRNA Biogenesis at the
      Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Levels.
AB  - Plants as sessile organisms have developed prompt response mechanisms to react to
      rapid environmental changes. In addition to the transcriptional regulation of
      gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) are key posttranscriptional regulators of the
      plant stress response. We show here that the expression levels of many miRNAs
      were regulated under salt stress conditions. This regulation occurred at the
      transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. During salinity stress, the
      levels of miRNA161 and miRNA173 increased, while the expression of pri-miRNA161
      and pri-miRNA173 was down-regulated. Under salt stress conditions, miRNA161 and
      miRNA173 were stabilized in the cytoplasm, and the expressions of MIR161 and
      MIR173 were negatively regulated in the nucleus. ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) participated
      in both processes. We demonstrated that AGO1 cotranscriptionally controlled the
      expression of MIR161 and MIR173 in the nucleus. Our results suggests that AGO1
      interacts with chromatin at MIR161 and MIR173 loci and causes the disassembly of
      the transcriptional complex, releasing short and unpolyadenylated transcripts.

PMID- 27385821
TI  - Aquaporins Link ROS Signaling to Plant Immunity.

PMID- 27385823
TI  - Cellular heterogeneity mediates inherent sensitivity-specificity tradeoff in
      cancer targeting by synthetic circuits.
AB  - Synthetic gene circuits are emerging as a versatile means to target cancer with
      enhanced specificity by combinatorial integration of multiple expression markers.
      Such circuits must also be tuned to be highly sensitive because escape of even a
      few cells might be detrimental. However, the error rates of decision-making
      circuits in light of cellular variability in gene expression have so far remained
      unexplored. Here, we measure the single-cell response function of a tunable logic
      AND gate acting on two promoters in heterogeneous cell populations. Our analysis
      reveals an inherent tradeoff between specificity and sensitivity that is
      controlled by the AND gate amplification gain and activation threshold. We
      implement a tumor-mimicking cell-culture model of cancer cells emerging in a
      background of normal ones, and show that molecular parameters of the synthetic
      circuits control specificity and sensitivity in a killing assay. This suggests
      that, beyond the inherent tradeoff, synthetic circuits operating in a
      heterogeneous environment could be optimized to efficiently target malignant
      state with minimal loss of specificity.

PMID- 27385824
TI  - Higher thermoelectric performance of Zintl phases (Eu0.5Yb0.5)1-xCaxMg2Bi2 by
      band engineering and strain fluctuation.
AB  - Complex Zintl phases, especially antimony (Sb)-based YbZn0.4Cd1.6Sb2 with figure
      of-merit (ZT) of ~1.2 at 700 K, are good candidates as thermoelectric materials
      because of their intrinsic "electron-crystal, phonon-glass" nature. Here, we
      report the rarely studied p-type bismuth (Bi)-based Zintl phases (Ca,Yb,Eu)Mg2Bi2
      with a record thermoelectric performance. Phase-pure EuMg2Bi2 is successfully
      prepared with suppressed bipolar effect to reach ZT ~ 1. Further partial
      substitution of Eu by Ca and Yb enhanced ZT to ~1.3 for Eu0.2Yb0.2Ca0.6Mg2Bi2 at
      873 K. Density-functional theory (DFT) simulation indicates the alloying has no
      effect on the valence band, but does affect the conduction band. Such band
      engineering results in good p-type thermoelectric properties with high carrier
      mobility. Using transmission electron microscopy, various types of strains are
      observed and are believed to be due to atomic mass and size fluctuations. Point
      defects, strain, dislocations, and nanostructures jointly contribute to phonon
      scattering, confirmed by the semiclassical theoretical calculations based on a
      modified Debye-Callaway model of lattice thermal conductivity. This work
      indicates Bi-based (Ca,Yb,Eu)Mg2Bi2 is better than the Sb-based Zintl phases.

PMID- 27385825
TI  - CCR7 expression alters memory CD8 T-cell homeostasis by regulating occupancy in
      IL-7- and IL-15-dependent niches.
AB  - C-C receptor 7 (CCR7) is important to allow T cells and dendritic cells to
      migrate toward CCL19- and CCL21-producing cells in the T-cell zone of the spleen
      and lymph nodes. The role of this chemokine receptor in regulating the
      homeostasis of effector and memory T cells during acute viral infection is poorly
      defined, however. In this study, we show that CCR7 expression alters memory CD8 T
      cell homeostasis following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Greater
      numbers of CCR7-deficient memory T cells were formed and maintained compared with
      CCR7-sufficient memory T cells, especially in the lung and bone marrow. The CCR7
      deficient memory T cells also displayed enhanced rates of homeostatic turnover,
      which may stem from increased exposure to IL-15 as a consequence of reduced
      exposure to IL-7, because removal of IL-15, but not of IL-7, normalized the
      numbers of CCR7-sufficient and CCR7-deficient memory CD8 T cells. This result
      suggests that IL-15 is the predominant cytokine supporting augmentation of the
      CCR7(-/-) memory CD8 T-cell pool. Taken together, these data suggest that CCR7
      biases memory CD8 T cells toward IL-7-dependent niches over IL-15-dependent
      niches, which provides insight into the homeostatic regulation of different
      memory T-cell subsets.

PMID- 27385826
TI  - Numerous proteins with unique characteristics are degraded by the 26S proteasome
      following monoubiquitination.
AB  - The "canonical" proteasomal degradation signal is a substrate-anchored
      polyubiquitin chain. However, a handful of proteins were shown to be targeted
      following monoubiquitination. In this study, we established-in both human and
      yeast cells-a systematic approach for the identification of monoubiquitination
      dependent proteasomal substrates. The cellular wild-type polymerizable ubiquitin
      was replaced with ubiquitin that cannot form chains. Using proteomic analysis, we
      screened for substrates that are nevertheless degraded under these conditions
      compared with those that are stabilized, and therefore require polyubiquitination
      for their degradation. For randomly sampled representative substrates, we
      confirmed that their cellular stability is in agreement with our screening
      prediction. Importantly, the two groups display unique features:
      monoubiquitinated substrates are smaller than the polyubiquitinated ones, are
      enriched in specific pathways, and, in humans, are structurally less disordered.
      We suggest that monoubiquitination-dependent degradation is more widespread than
      assumed previously, and plays key roles in various cellular processes.

PMID- 27385827
TI  - Source-sink plasmid transfer dynamics maintain gene mobility in soil bacterial
      communities.
AB  - Horizontal gene transfer is a fundamental process in bacterial evolution that can
      accelerate adaptation via the sharing of genes between lineages. Conjugative
      plasmids are the principal genetic elements mediating the horizontal transfer of
      genes, both within and between bacterial species. In some species, plasmids are
      unstable and likely to be lost through purifying selection, but when alternative
      hosts are available, interspecific plasmid transfer could counteract this and
      maintain access to plasmid-borne genes. To investigate the evolutionary
      importance of alternative hosts to plasmid population dynamics in an ecologically
      relevant environment, we established simple soil microcosm communities comprising
      two species of common soil bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas
      putida, and a mercury resistance (Hg(R)) plasmid, pQBR57, both with and without
      positive selection [i.e., addition of Hg(II)]. In single-species populations,
      plasmid stability varied between species: although pQBR57 survived both with and
      without positive selection in P. fluorescens, it was lost or replaced by
      nontransferable Hg(R) captured to the chromosome in P. putida A simple
      mathematical model suggests these differences were likely due to pQBR57's lower
      intraspecific conjugation rate in P. putida By contrast, in two-species
      communities, both models and experiments show that interspecific conjugation from
      P. fluorescens allowed pQBR57 to persist in P. putida via source-sink transfer
      dynamics. Moreover, the replacement of pQBR57 by nontransferable chromosomal
      Hg(R) in P. putida was slowed in coculture. Interspecific transfer allows plasmid
      survival in host species unable to sustain the plasmid in monoculture, promoting
      community-wide access to the plasmid-borne accessory gene pool and thus
      potentiating future evolvability.

PMID- 27385828
TI  - Structure and function of the yeast listerin (Ltn1) conserved N-terminal domain
      in binding to stalled 60S ribosomal subunits.
AB  - The Ltn1 E3 ligase (listerin in mammals) has emerged as a paradigm for
      understanding ribosome-associated ubiquitylation. Ltn1 binds to 60S ribosomal
      subunits to ubiquitylate nascent polypeptides that become stalled during
      synthesis; among Ltn1's substrates are aberrant products of mRNA lacking stop
      codons [nonstop translation products (NSPs)]. Here, we report the reconstitution
      of NSP ubiquitylation in Neurospora crassa cell extracts. Upon translation in
      vitro, ribosome-stalled NSPs were ubiquitylated in an Ltn1-dependent manner,
      while still ribosome-associated. Furthermore, we provide biochemical evidence
      that the conserved N-terminal domain (NTD) plays a significant role in the
      binding of Ltn1 to 60S ribosomal subunits and that NTD mutations causing
      defective 60S binding also lead to defective NSP ubiquitylation, without
      affecting Ltn1's intrinsic E3 ligase activity. Finally, we report the crystal
      structure of the Ltn1 NTD at 2.4-A resolution. The structure, combined with
      additional mutational studies, provides insight to NTD's role in binding stalled
      60S subunits. Our findings show that Neurospora extracts can be used as a tool to
      dissect mechanisms underlying ribosome-associated protein quality control and are
      consistent with a model in which Ltn1 uses 60S subunits as adapters, at least in
      part via its NTD, to target stalled NSPs for ubiquitylation.

PMID- 27385829
TI  - Dynamics and architecture of the NRBF2-containing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
      complex I of autophagy.
AB  - The class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) is central to
      autophagy initiation. We previously reported the V-shaped architecture of the
      four-subunit version of PI3KC3-C1 consisting of VPS (vacuolar protein sorting)
      34, VPS15, BECN1 (Beclin 1), and ATG (autophagy-related) 14. Here we show that a
      putative fifth subunit, nuclear receptor binding factor 2 (NRBF2), is a tightly
      bound component of the complex that profoundly affects its activity and
      architecture. NRBF2 enhances the lipid kinase activity of the catalytic subunit,
      VPS34, by roughly 10-fold. We used hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass
      spectrometry and negative-stain electron microscopy to map NRBF2 to the base of
      the V-shaped complex. NRBF2 interacts primarily with the N termini of ATG14 and
      BECN1. We show that NRBF2 is a homodimer and drives the dimerization of the
      larger PI3KC3-C1 complex, with implications for the higher-order organization of
      the preautophagosomal structure.

PMID- 27385831
TI  - Rationalizing spatial exploration patterns of wild animals and humans through a
      temporal discounting framework.
AB  - Understanding the exploration patterns of foragers in the wild provides
      fundamental insight into animal behavior. Recent experimental evidence has
      demonstrated that path lengths (distances between consecutive turns) taken by
      foragers are well fitted by a power law distribution. Numerous theoretical
      contributions have posited that "Levy random walks"-which can produce power law
      path length distributions-are optimal for memoryless agents searching a sparse
      reward landscape. It is unclear, however, whether such a strategy is efficient
      for cognitively complex agents, from wild animals to humans. Here, we developed a
      model to explain the emergence of apparent power law path length distributions in
      animals that can learn about their environments. In our model, the agent's goal
      during search is to build an internal model of the distribution of rewards in
      space that takes into account the cost of time to reach distant locations (i.e.,
      temporally discounting rewards). For an agent with such a goal, we find that an
      optimal model of exploration in fact produces hyperbolic path lengths, which are
      well approximated by power laws. We then provide support for our model by showing
      that humans in a laboratory spatial exploration task search space systematically
      and modify their search patterns under a cost of time. In addition, we find that
      path length distributions in a large dataset obtained from free-ranging marine
      vertebrates are well described by our hyperbolic model. Thus, we provide a
      general theoretical framework for understanding spatial exploration patterns of
      cognitively complex foragers.

PMID- 27385830
TI  - Deletion of a dehydratase important for intracellular growth and cording renders
      rough Mycobacterium abscessus avirulent.
AB  - Mycobacterium abscessus (Mabs) is a rapidly growing Mycobacterium and an emerging
      pathogen in humans. Transitioning from a smooth (S) high-glycopeptidolipid (GPL)
      producer to a rough (R) low-GPL producer is associated with increased virulence
      in zebrafish, which involves the formation of massive serpentine cords,
      abscesses, and rapid larval death. Generating a cord-deficient Mabs mutant would
      allow us to address the contribution of cording in the physiopathological signs
      of the R variant. Herein, a deletion mutant of MAB_4780, encoding a dehydratase,
      distinct from the beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase HadABC complex, was
      constructed in the R morphotype. This mutant exhibited an alteration of the
      mycolic acid composition and a pronounced defect in cording. This correlated with
      an extremely attenuated phenotype not only in wild-type but also in
      immunocompromised zebrafish embryos lacking either macrophages or neutrophils.
      The abolition of granuloma formation in embryos infected with the dehydratase
      mutant was associated with a failure to replicate in macrophages, presumably due
      to limited inhibition of the phagolysosomal fusion. Overall, these results
      indicate that MAB_4780 is required for Mabs to successfully establish acute and
      lethal infections. Therefore, targeting MAB_4780 may represent an attractive
      antivirulence strategy to control Mabs infections, refractory to most standard
      chemotherapeutic interventions. The combination of a dehydratase assay with a
      high-resolution crystal structure of MAB_4780 opens the way to identify such
      specific inhibitors.

PMID- 27385832
TI  - An interdisciplinary clinic in rural Tanzania - observations on chiropractic care
      in a developing nation.
AB  - It appears that a great many chiropractors and chiropractic institutions are
      involved in health care initiatives in developing countries. Developing nations
      present extraordinary opportunities to do good, but also carry risks, for
      practitioners and organizations, which may not be obvious prior to actual local
      engagement. This paper describes the guiding principles under which one
      international collaboration has evolved in rural Tanzania, a so-called 'low
      resource' setting where the majority of families subsist in extreme poverty.
      Several challenges to effective care are also identified. 

PMID- 27385833
TI  - Effect of two consecutive spinal manipulations in a single session on myofascial
      pain pressure sensitivity: a randomized controlled trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the summative effect of two consecutive spinal
      manipulative therapy (SMT) interventions within the same session on the pain
      pressure sensitivity of neurosegmentally linked myofascial tissues. METHODS: 26
      participants were recruited and assessed for the presence of a clinically
      identifiable myofascial trigger point in the right infraspinatus muscle.
      Participants were randomly assigned to test or control group. Test group received
      two consecutive real cervical SMT interventions to C5-C6 segment while controls
      received one real SMT followed by one validated sham SMT intervention to C5-C6
      segment. Participants received the two consecutive SMT interventions 30 minutes
      apart. Pain pressure threshold (PPT) readings were recorded at pre-SMT1 and 5,
      10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes post-SMT1 and post-SMT2. PPT readings were normalized
      to pre-SMT1 values and averaged. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a
      significant main effect of SMT intervention [F(1,24)=8.60, p<0.05] but not group
      [F(1.24)=0.01] (p=0.91). Post-hoc comparisons demonstrated a statistically
      significant (p<0.05) increase in SMT2 versus SMT1 (18%) in the test group but not
      in controls (4%) (p=0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Two consecutive SMT interventions evoke
      significant decreases in mechanical pressure sensitivity (increased PPT) within
      neurosegmentally linked myofascial tissues. The antinociceptive effects of SMT
      may be summative and governed by a dose-response relationship in myofascial
      tissues.

PMID- 27385834
TI  - The reliability of lumbar motion palpation using continuous analysis and
      confidence ratings: choosing a relevant index of agreement.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Most studies show motion palpation unreliable. This study's primary
      objective was assessing its reliability using a continuous measure methods, most
      fixated level paradigm, stratified by examiners' confidence; and the secondary
      objective was comparing various indices of examiner agreement. METHODS: Thirty
      four minimally symptomatic participants were palpated in side posture by two
      experienced examiners. Interexaminer differences in identifying the most-fixated
      level and degree of examiner confidence were recorded. Indices of agreement were:
      Intraclass correlation coefficient, Mean and Median Examiner Absolute Examiner
      Differences, Root-Mean-Square Error and Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement.
      RESULTS: Three of four reliability indices (excluding intraclass correlation)
      suggested on average examiners agreed on the most fixated motion segment, and
      agreement increased with confidence. Statistical measures of data dispersion were
      low. The analyses of subgroups were "fragile" due to small sample size.
      DISCUSSION: Although subject homogeneity lowered ICC levels, the other
      reliability measures were not similarly impacted. Continuous measures statistical
      analysis demonstrates examiner agreement in situations where discrete analysis
      with kappa may not. CONCLUSION: Continuous analysis for the lumbar most-fixated
      level is reliable. Future studies will need a larger sample size to properly
      analyze subgroups based on examiner confidence.

PMID- 27385835
TI  - The use of spinal manipulation to treat an acute on field athletic injury: a case
      report.
AB  - This case describes the utilization of spinal manipulative therapy for an acute
      athletic injury during a Taekwondo competition. During the tournament, an athlete
      had a sudden, non-traumatic, ballistic movement of the cervical spine. This
      resulted in the patient having a locked cervical spine with limited active motion
      in all directions. The attending chiropractor assessed the athlete, and deemed
      manipulation was appropriate. After the manipulation, the athlete's range of
      motion was returned and was able to finish the match. Spinal manipulation has
      multiple positive outcomes for an athlete with an acute injury including the
      increase of range of motion, decrease in pain and the relaxation of hypertonic
      muscles. However, there should be some caution when utilizing manipulation during
      an event. In the article the authors propose four criteria that should be met
      before utilizing manipulation for an acute, in competition, athletic injury.
      These include the lack of red flags, limited time for the intervention,
      preexisting doctor-patient relationship and the athlete has experience receiving
      spinal manipulation. Clinicians should be aware that manipulation may be an
      effective tool to treat an acute in competition athletic injury. The criteria set
      out in the article may help a practitioner decide if manipulation is a good
      option for them. 

PMID- 27385836
TI  - Conservative management of posterior ankle impingement: a case report.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To describe the pain and functional improvements of a patient with
      posterior ankle impingement following a treatment plan incorporating soft tissue
      therapy, chiropractic adjustment and a progressive rehabilitation program.
      CLINICAL FEATURES: A 37-year- old male presented with posterolateral ankle pain
      exacerbated by plantar flexion two weeks after sustaining an inversion ankle
      sprain. Oedema was present and the patient was describing a sensation of
      instability while walking. The initial diagnosis of lateral ankle sprain was
      found to be complicated by a posterior ankle impingement caused by a
      tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis longus sheath suspected during the physical
      examination and confirmed by MRI. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The patient was
      treated over a 14-week period. Soft tissue therapy, a rehabilitation program and
      cortisone injection were used to treat this condition. A precise description of
      the rehabilitation program that contains open kinetic chain, closed kinetic
      chain, proprioception, and conditioning exercises prescribed to the patient is
      given. After the treatment plan, the patient returned to play pain free and had
      no daily living restrictions. SUMMARY: A protocol including rest, soft tissue
      therapy, open and closed kinetic chain exercises, sport-specific exercises and
      cortisone injection appeared to facilitate complete recovery of this patient's
      posterior ankle impingement.

PMID- 27385837
TI  - Identification and management of chronic shoulder pain in the presence of an MRA
      confirmed humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (HAGL) lesion.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To present the assessment and conservative management of chronic
      shoulder pain in the presence of a humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral
      ligament (HAGL) lesion in an active individual. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 47 year-old
      female office-worker with constant, deep, right shoulder pain with occasional
      clicking and catching claimed to have "tore something" in her right shoulder five
      years ago while performing reverse bicep curls. A physical exam led to
      differential diagnoses of a Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior (SLAP) lesion,
      Bankart lesion, and bicipital tendinopathy. A Magnetic Resonance Arthrogram
      revealed a HAGL lesion. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: A conservative chiropractic
      treatment plan in addition to physical therapy was initiated. The patient
      reported 75% improvement in symptoms after 4 treatments over a four-week
      duration. SUMMARY: This case demonstrates the successful implementation of a
      conservative plan of management suggesting that the treatment provided to this
      patient should be considered and attempted prior to arthroscopic surgery.

PMID- 27385838
TI  - High incidence of persistence of sacral and coccygeal intervertebral discs in
      South Indians - a cadaveric study.
AB  - The sacrum, by virtue of its anatomic location plays a key role in providing
      stability and strength to the pelvis. Presence of intervertebral discs in sacrum
      and coccyx is rare. Knowledge of its variations is of utmost importance to
      surgeons and radiologists. The current study focused on the presence of
      intervertebral discs between the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae in south Indian
      cadaveric pelvises. We observed 56 adult pelvises of which, 34 (61%) pelvises
      showed the presence of intervertebral discs between the sacral vertebrae and
      between the coccygeal vertebrae, while 22 (39%) pelvises did not have the
      intervertebral discs either in the sacrum or the coccyx. We also found that most
      of the specimens had discs between S1 and S2 vertebrae (39%), followed by,
      between S4 and S5 (18%), between S2-S3 (14%) and least being between S3-S4 (13%).
      In the coccyx it was found that 7% of pelvises had disc between Co1-Co2, 4% of
      them had between Co2-Co3 and 4% had between Co3-Co4. Knowledge regarding such
      anatomic variations in the sacro-coccygeal region is important to note because
      they require alterations in various instrumentation procedures involving the
      sacrum. 

PMID- 27385839
TI  - Subluxation and semantics: a corpus linguistics study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to analyze the curriculum of one
      chiropractic college in order to discover if there were any implicit consensus
      definitions of the term subluxation. METHODS: Using the software WordSmith Tools,
      the corpus of an undergraduate chiropractic curriculum was analyzed by reviewing
      collocated terms and through discourse analysis of text blocks containing words
      based on the root 'sublux.' RESULTS: It was possible to identify 3 distinct
      concepts which were each referred to as 'subluxation:' i) an acute or
      instantaneous injurious event; ii) a clinical syndrome which manifested post
      injury; iii) a physical lesion, i.e. an anatomical or physiological derangement
      which in most instances acted as a pain generator. CONCLUSIONS: In fact, coherent
      implicit definitions of subluxation exist and may enjoy broad but subconscious
      acceptance. However, confusion likely arises from failure to distinguish which
      concept an author or speaker is referring to when they employ the term
      subluxation.

PMID- 27385840
TI  - Classification of psychotropic drugs: Problems, solutions, and more problems.

PMID- 27385841
TI  - Mental health legislation: A journey back to "madhouses era?".

PMID- 27385842
TI  - Undergraduate psychiatry training in India; past, present, and future looking for
      solutions within constraints!!

PMID- 27385843
TI  - The rights of persons with Disability Bill, 2014: How "enabling" is it for
      persons with mental illness?
AB  - India ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Person with
      Disabilities (UNCRPD) in 2007. This is a welcome step towards realizing the
      rights of the persons with disability. The UNCRPD proclaims that disability
      results from interaction of impairments with attitudinal and environmental
      barriers which hinders full and active participation in society on an equal basis
      with others. Further, the convention also mandates the signatory governments to
      change their local laws, to identify and eliminate obstacles and barriers and to
      comply with the terms of the UNCRPD in order to protect the rights of the person
      with disabilities, hence the amendments of the national laws. Hence, the
      Government of India drafted two important bill the Right of Persons with
      Disabilities Bill, 2014 (RPWD Bill, 2014) and Mental Health Care Bill, 2013 (MHC
      Bill, 2013). There is no doubt that persons with mental illness are stigmatized
      and discriminated across the civil societies, which hinders full and active
      participation in society. This situation becomes worse with regard to providing
      mental health care, rehabilitation and social welfare measures to persons with
      mental illness. There is an urgent need to address this issue of attitudinal
      barrier so that the rights of persons with mental illness is upheld. Hence, this
      article discusses shortcomings in the Right of Persons with Disabilities Bill,
      2014 (RPWD Bill, 2014) from the perspective of persons with mental illness.
      Further, the article highlights the need to synchronize both the RPWD Bill, 2014
      and Mental Health Care Bill, 2013 to provide justice for persons with mental
      illness. 

PMID- 27385844
TI  - A study on phenomenology of Dhat syndrome in men in a general medical setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: "Dhat syndrome" is believed to be a culture-bound syndrome of the
      Indian subcontinent. Although many studies have been performed, many have
      methodological limitations and there is a lack of agreement in many areas. AIMS:
      The aim is to study the phenomenology of "Dhat syndrome" in men and to explore
      the possibility of subtypes within this entity. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: It is a
      cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at a sex and marriage counseling
      clinic of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Northern India. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: An operational definition and assessment instrument for "Dhat syndrome"
      was developed after taking all concerned stakeholders into account and review of
      literature. It was applied on 100 patients along with socio-demographic profile,
      Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Mini
      International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and Postgraduate Institute Neuroticism
      Scale. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics,
      group comparisons, and Pearson's product moment correlations were carried out.
      Factor analysis and cluster analysis were done to determine the factor structure
      and subtypes of "Dhat syndrome." RESULTS: A diagnostic and assessment instrument
      for "Dhat syndrome" has been developed and the phenomenology in 100 patients has
      been described. Both the health beliefs scale and associated symptoms scale
      demonstrated a three-factor structure. The patients with "Dhat syndrome" could be
      categorized into three clusters based on severity. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to
      be a significant agreement among various stakeholders on the phenomenology of
      "Dhat syndrome" although some differences exist. "Dhat syndrome" could be
      subtyped into three clusters based on severity.

PMID- 27385846
TI  - A case-control study of psychological distress in survivors of farmers' suicides
      in Wardha District in central India.
AB  - CONTEXT: Lack of literature on psychological aspects of survivors of farmers'
      suicides is hurdle in devising effective helping strategies for rising number of
      survivors across the country. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the psychological
      distress and its correlates in survivors of farmers' suicides. SETTINGS AND
      DESIGN: Case-control study design was used in Wardha District of Vidarbha region
      in the central India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A predesigned and pretested
      semistructured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographic variables. Self
      Reporting Questionnaire-20 was used to evaluate psychological distress in 98
      survivors of farmers' suicides and 98 age, sex, and occupation-matched controls.
      STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Significance of differences between case and control groups
      were assessed using Chi-square test or Fisher's two-tailed exact test for class
      variables. For continuous variables, Student's t-test was used P < 0.05 was
      considered significant. RESULTS: Significantly higher proportion of survivors had
      psychological distress than controls. Female survivors, spouse and parents of
      suicide victims had a high risk of distress. Psychological distress was commonly
      expressed by depressive and somatic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Survivors of farmers'
      suicides are suffering from significant psychological distress.

PMID- 27385845
TI  - Suicide in hospitalized early psychosis patients at the time of discharge from
      hospital: An exploratory study of attempters and nonattempters.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early intervention programs for psychosis are gateways for suicide
      prevention. These programs offer an excellent opportunity for prevention due to
      easy access, early identification, and provisions for continuity of care. These
      programs have been found effective in reducing rates of suicide after discharge
      to communities. The objective of this study was to examine suicide risk level
      among early psychosis patients admitted with and without previous suicide
      attempts. We hypothesized that all patients admitted with early psychosis would
      be at high risk of suicide, regardless of a previous suicide attempt.
      METHODOLOGY: Suicide risk was compared between patients admitted with a suicide
      attempt (n = 30) and patients admitted without a suicide attempt (n = 30). The
      primary outcome measure of interest was suicide risk which was measured with the
      Scale for Impact of Suicidality-Management, Assessment and Planning of Care
      clinical interview. All patients met DSM-IV TR criteria for schizophrenia.
      Psychopathology was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and level
      of depression was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The data
      were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Patients admitted with a previous attempt
      (mean = 29.5, standard deviation [SD] =12.0) did not differ significantly in
      suicide risk from those admitted without a previous attempt (mean = 27.5, SD =
      12.5), (t[58] =0.63, P = 0.53). Patients admitted without a suicide attempt
      scored higher in depressive symptoms (t[58] =10.62, P < 0.001) than that of
      admitted with a suicide attempt. There were no significant differences between
      patients admitted with and without suicide attempts on any comorbidity, other
      than a trend toward a higher prevalence of personality disorder in patients with
      no suicide attempt. Attempters and nonattempters did not differ on any
      demographic variables either. CONCLUSIONS: Of those admitted without a previous
      suicide attempt, our findings suggest that it is critical that all patients
      discharged from an acute psychiatric unit must receive comprehensive community
      care. The identification of risk, and subsequent intervention for suicidal and
      self-harm behaviors, should be a central part of treatment for all mental
      disorders.

PMID- 27385847
TI  - A novel approach in the detoxification of intravenous buprenorphine dependence.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Opioid dependence remains a significant problem in India, and of late
      intravenous (IV) buprenorphine use has increased in India, especially in
      combination with antihistamines and benzodiazepines. Its usage has many serious
      consequences in the form of needle-transmitted hepatitis and HIV, which is
      showing an increasing trend. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at MU-opioid
      receptors. In tablet form (and rarely as IV), it is widely used in the treatment
      of opioid detoxification. We assessed the safety and efficacy of transdermal
      patch of buprenorphine with week long duration of action in the treatment of
      detoxification of IV buprenorphine dependence in view of its many advantages.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six consecutive patients with International Classification
      of Diseases diagnosis of Opioid Dependence Syndrome (IV buprenorphine) were given
      a buprenorphine patch for treatment of withdrawal symptoms after receiving
      consent. Severity of opioid dependence was assessed by using Severity of Opioid
      Dependence Questionnaire on the day of presentation. Subjective and objective
      rating for opioid withdrawal was done by subjective opiate withdrawal scale
      (SOWS) and objective opiate withdrawal scale (OOWS) prepatch and postpatch 3(rd)
      and 7(th) day. Buprenorphine side effect checklist was applied on a daily basis.
      RESULTS: The patients had a mean age of 30 years, of whom 83.3% are males. All
      were educated and 50% were currently employed. All of them had additional
      comorbid substance use as well as a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis. Each of them
      received a patch of varying dosage. The patch dose used initially was based on
      clinical considerations alone and was fairly adequate in controlling acute
      withdrawal symptoms. There is a significant improvement in SOWS and OOWS while
      comparing the baseline (prepatch) with 3(rd) and 7(th) day (postpatch) (P <=
      0.05). None of the patients reported any side effect with the patch. CONCLUSION:
      This study shows that transdermal buprenorphine is safe, useful, and clinically
      effective, and a 7-day application may provide an alternative means of
      detoxification. However, the result of the study needs to be replicated in a
      larger sample in a clinical setting, and a control group receiving a conventional
      mode of treatment needs to be included.

PMID- 27385848
TI  - Alcohol use among school-going adolescent boys and girls in an industrial town of
      Assam, India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Some people in Northeast India prepare rice-based alcoholic drinks in
      the household. People use these drinks in religious and social functions, and
      these are taken even in the presence of parents and elders. Easy access to
      illicit substances in industrial towns and lack of social inhibition for intake
      of homemade alcohol might increase the vulnerability of youth to these habits.
      OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of alcoholic drink user among school-going
      adolescent students in an industrial town of Assam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A
      cross-sectional survey was designed to collect the data using a predesigned
      questionnaire. Personal interview was conducted to collect the data about pattern
      of alcohol use, type of alcoholic drinks they use, duration, and information
      about parents and peer. Data were analyzed using Epi-info 17 and Statistical
      Package for Social Sciences-17.0 (Chicago, USA, SPSS Inc.). RESULTS: About 36%
      out of 1285 students have tasted/used homemade alcoholic drinks (HADs) and 12.3%
      used commercially available alcoholic drinks (CADs). Significantly higher numbers
      (P < 0.001) of adolescent students (>=15 years) used CAD in comparison to
      children (<15 years). However, the number of younger students was higher in using
      HAD. Minimum age at first experience of CAD was 7 years and that of HAD was 4
      years; the duration varied from 1 to 8 years and 1-15 years, respectively.
      Parent's behavior of taking tobacco and/or alcohol influenced the habit of their
      children. Father's habit was found to be associated with male offspring's habit
      of taking CAD. About 16% of the students used one or more substances along with
      alcohol. CONCLUSION: High percentage of adolescents in the industrial town of
      Assam use alcoholic drinks with a male preponderance. They taste alcoholic drinks
      at a very young age. Parent's indulgence in taking tobacco, alcohol, or both was
      found to influence higher intake by their offspring.

PMID- 27385849
TI  - Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among
      college students of Bhavnagar, Gujarat.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of
      premenstrual syndrome (PMS) characterized by mood changes, anxiety, and somatic
      symptoms experienced during the specific time of menstrual cycle. Prevalence data
      of PMS and PMDD is sparse among college girls in India. AIMS: The aim of this
      study is to study the prevalence of PMS and PMDD among college students of
      Bhavnagar (Gujarat), its associated demographic and menstrual factors, to rank
      common symptoms and compare premenstrual symptom screening tool (PSST) with
      Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR defined PMDD (SCID-PMDD) for
      sensitivity and specificity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was
      done in five colleges of Bhavnagar. Of 529 subjects approached, 489 college girls
      were finally analyzed for sociodemographic data, menstrual history, and PSST.
      SCID-PMDD was applied among those who were positive on PSST and 20% of those who
      were negative. The data were analyzed using OpenEpi Version 2. Chi-square test
      was done for qualitative variables and analysis of variance for quantitative
      variables. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for
      PSST. RESULTS: The prevalence of PMS was 18.4%. Moderate to severe PMS was 14.7%
      and PMDD was 3.7% according to DSM IV-TR and 91% according to International
      Classification of Diseases, 10(th) edition criteria. The symptoms commonly
      reported were "fatigue/lack of energy," "decrease interest in work," and
      "anger/irritability." The most common functional impairment item was "school/work
      efficiency and productivity." PSST has 90.9% sensitivity, 57.01% specificity, and
      97.01% predictive value of negative test. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of PMS among
      college students is similar to other studies from Asia. PSST is a useful
      screening tool for PMS, and it should be confirmed by more specific tool as by
      SCID-PMDD. Routine screening with PSST can identify college girls who can improve
      with treatment.

PMID- 27385850
TI  - A review of reception order in the management of mentally ill persons in a
      psychiatric institute.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mentally ill prisoners, when requiring admission in a psychiatric
      facility, have to be admitted only by a reception order of a judicial magistrate
      and convicts by warrants issued by the Government to jail superintendents and the
      superintendent of the hospital. Both can be only under Section 27 of The Mental
      Health Act, 1987. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A study of the contents of reception
      order and warrants regarding the acts and section under which they were issued
      over 1 year period for the admission of the patients in the criminal ward of the
      Institute of Mental Health was carried out. RESULTS: Only three reception orders
      quoted Section 27 out of 54 patients admitted under a reception order. Nineteen
      patients were admitted by the jail superintendents. DISCUSSION: Various issues
      that were found in the reception order and their consequences are discussed, and
      a possible response to these issues is mooted. CONCLUSION: Almost none of the
      reception orders were found to be proper. This deficit needs to be rectified by
      sensitizing the various authorities.

PMID- 27385851
TI  - Substance use and criminality among juveniles-under-enquiry in New Delhi.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is an intimate relationship between drugs and criminal
      behavior. The drug-violence relationship is further complicated by intoxicating
      doses and/or withdrawal effects of specific drugs. Understanding this
      relationship is important for both healthcare workers and policy makers.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in Prayas observation home for
      boys, a short stay home for juveniles-under-enquiry in New Delhi. The present
      study aims to correlate substance use and criminal behavior by investigating the
      sociodemographic characteristics and the current trend of substance use among
      juveniles in New Delhi. In this study, 487 detained juveniles aged between 8 and
      18 years were included. The information was obtained by face-to-face semi
      structured interviews and juvenile case records maintained by the juvenile home.
      RESULTS: Out of 487 juveniles-under-enquiry booked under different crimes, 86.44%
      of the sample had a history of substance use. Consumption of tobacco and cannabis
      were higher when compared to other drugs. Consumption of psychotropic drugs
      though relatively lesser was related with more serious crimes. There is an
      increasing trend in serious crimes such as rape, murder/attempt to murder, and
      burglary committed by juveniles. Drug-crime correlation has been noted among
      consumption of cannabis with murder, inhalants with rape and opioids with
      snatching-related crimes. CONCLUSION: Substance use and criminal behavior are
      clearly interrelated. Greater the involvement in substance abuse, more severe is
      the violence and criminality. This paper highlights this complex relationship and
      suggests possible scope of interventions.

PMID- 27385852
TI  - Frequency and pattern of radiological and laboratory investigations in patients
      with mental illnesses: A study from North Rajasthan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There are widespread perceptions that excessive and unnecessary
      investigations are done in many patients with mental illnesses. There are no
      studies from India looking into this issue. AIMS: (i) To study the frequency and
      pattern of various investigations such as electroencephalography (EEG),
      computerized tomography (CT) scan of head, magnetic resolution imaging (MRI) scan
      of brain, and blood investigations carried out by the previous doctors on
      patients seeking treatment in three different settings. (ii) To study the socio
      demographic and clinical correlates of investigations carried out on these
      patients. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS: A cross-sectional study in a community
      outreach clinic, a district level psychiatric hospital, and psychiatry outpatient
      clinic of a medical college. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 160 newly registered patients
      seeking treatment at these settings were assessed using a semi-structured pro
      forma regarding various investigations that they had undergone before seeking the
      current consultation. Frequency of investigations was analyzed. RESULTS: About
      47.5% of patients had at least one of the three brain investigations done. EEG,
      CT head, and MRI brain had been done in 37.5%, 20.0%, and 8.8% of the patients,
      respectively. Only 1.8% of the patients had blood tests done before current
      consultation. CONCLUSION: This study results raise question whether certain
      investigations such as EEG and CT head were carried out excessively and blood
      investigations were done infrequently. Further studies on larger samples with
      prospective study design to evaluate the appropriateness of current practices of
      carrying out investigations in patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms are
      required.

PMID- 27385853
TI  - Effect of age and anticonvulsants on seizure threshold during bilateral
      electroconvulsive therapy with brief-pulse stimulus: A chart-based analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Efficacy and adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
      depend on the extent to which the electrical stimulus exceeds patients' seizure
      thresholds (STs). Titration method of estimating ST is recommended. Age and co
      prescribed anticonvulsants (ACs) are known to affect ST. Literature on ST in
      bilateral ECT (BLECT) is sparse. OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical and
      demographic determinants of ST in a clinically representative sample of patients
      prescribed with BLECT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ECT records of 640 patients who
      received BLECT in 2011 in an academic psychiatric setting were studied.
      Demographic, clinical, pharmacological, and ECT details were analyzed. As per the
      standard practice, during the 1(st) ECT session, ST was determined by titration
      method, starting with 30 milli-Coulombs (mC) and increasing by 30 mC and thence
      in steps of 60 mC. Increase in ST over up to 6(th) session of ECT was noted.
      Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to find age cut-off with high
      specificity for ST >=120 mC. The associations of ST and increase in ST with the
      age cut-off and other clinical factors were assessed using Chi-square test and
      logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age was 30.98 years (+11.23
      years) and mean ST at 1(st) ECT session was 130.36 mC (+51.96 mC). There was
      significantly high positive correlation (r = 0.37, P < 0.001) between age and ST.
      Cut-off age of 45 years had high specificity: Only 4.6% of those older than 45
      years had ST <120 mC. Higher proportion of patients on AC had ST >=120 mC. These
      associations were seen even after controlling for potential confounds of each
      other using logistic regression analysis. The results were similar for increase
      in ST over the course of ECT. Sex, diagnosis, use of antipsychotics,
      antidepressants, lithium, and benzodiazepines (BZPs) had no effect on ST or its
      increase. CONCLUSIONS: For BLECT using brief-pulse stimulus, ST depends on age
      and use of AC. For patients above the age of 45 years, ST estimation may be
      started at 120 mC with least risk of using unduly higher stimulus. Other
      medications including BZPs have little influence on ST.

PMID- 27385854
TI  - Early effects of modern electroconvulsive therapy on subjective memory in
      patients with mania or depression.
AB  - CONTEXT: Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered a very effective
      tool for the treatment of psychiatric diseases, memory disturbances are among the
      most important adverse effects. AIMS: This study aimed to assess prospectively
      early subjective memory complaints in depressive and manic patients due to
      bilateral, brief-pulse ECT, at different stages of the treatment, compare the
      associations between psychiatric diagnosis, sociodemographic characteristics, and
      ECT characteristics. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This prospective study was done with
      patients undergoing ECT between November 2008 and April 2009 at a tertiary care
      psychiatry hospital of 2000 beds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 140 patients,
      scheduled for ECT with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (depressive or manic
      episode) or unipolar depression according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
      Mental Disorders IV diagnostic criteria, were included in the study and invited
      to complete the Squire Subjective Memory Questionnaire (SSMQ) before ECT, after
      the first and third sessions and end of ECT treatment. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Mean
      values were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test and comparison of the
      longitudinal data was performed with a nonparametric longitudinal data analysis
      method, F1_LD_F1 design. RESULTS: SSMQ scores of the patients before ECT were
      zero. SSMQ scores showed a decrease after the first and third ECT sessions and
      before discharge, showing a memory disturbance after ECT and were significantly
      less severe in patients with mania in comparison to those with depression.
      CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest an increasing degree of subjective memory
      complaints with bilateral brief-pulse ECT parallel to the increasing number of
      ECT sessions.

PMID- 27385855
TI  - "Why not psychiatry??" Interns of a medical college in Northern Kerala responds.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study is to assess the attitude of the medical interns toward
      psychiatry, psychiatrists and patients with mental health problems. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: A personal data sheet and the Balon et al. questionnaire was used to
      assess the attitude among medical interns (n = 44) of a medical college in
      Northern Kerala. RESULTS: There was modestly good attitude toward psychiatry
      throughout the study. Data were compared between interns who have completed their
      posting in psychiatry and those who have not. There was no significant difference
      except for their awareness about consultation liaison services and the
      authoritative power of psychiatrists in mental health field. The stigma toward
      psychiatry is on the decline at least among medical professionals, and more
      interns are interested in taking up psychiatry as a future specialty. CONCLUSION:
      Although the study has evidenced a positive attitude to psychiatry, there is
      still room to improve. A clearer picture could be attained by conducting similar
      studies in a bigger sample size. A structured curriculum and compulsory
      internship during the undergraduate course have greatly contributed toward
      building a more positive opinion of the subject.

PMID- 27385856
TI  - Impact of differences in psychiatry curriculum of undergraduate medical and
      physiotherapy students on their attitude towards psychiatry.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Negative attitude toward psychiatry (ATP) among medical students is a
      serious concern. Some studies have concluded that after training in the subject,
      attitude changes toward positive side. Currently in India, medical students have
      a less intense course without separate exam or binding to attend training whereas
      physiotherapy students have more intense course with separate subject exam and
      binding to attend training in psychiatry. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain and compare the
      positive and negative ATP in final year MBBS students and final year
      physiotherapy (BPTh) students who have completed psychiatry curriculum. METHODS:
      This is a cross-sectional study with semi-structured pro forma for
      sociodemographic variables and ATP-30 questionnaire to evaluate ATP of 94 medical
      and physiotherapy students each. Nonparametric methods were used for statistical
      analysis with appropriate tests of significance and P value was set at 0.05.
      RESULTS: Mean ATP-30 score for medical students was 91.9 (standard deviation [SD]
      =7.0) and that of physiotherapy students was 105.8 (SD = 9.7), this difference in
      two groups was highly significant (Kruskal-Wallis H = 81.3, df = 1, P < 0.001).
      Of all medical students, 36 (41.4%) had negative attitude while only 2 (2.1%) of
      the physiotherapy students had negative ATP (chi(2) = 41.7, P < 0.001). Boys were
      2.6 times more likely to have negative ATP than girls (relative risk = 2.6, P =
      0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Physiotherapy students with intense and planned training in
      psychiatry as an exam subject have significantly more positive ATP than medical
      students.

PMID- 27385857
TI  - How bad was unmodified electroconvulsive therapy! A retrospective study.
AB  - "Unmodified"-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) being considered unethical remained
      away from the scientific literature, but continued in practice in many parts of
      the world. The Mental Health Care Bill, 2011, proposed for its banning in India.
      The aim of this study is to retrospectively observe "how bad was unmodified-ECT"
      to the patients in a naturalistic setting. The study was done at the Central
      Institute of Psychiatry, India. Files of patients receiving unmodified ECT during
      1990-1995 were retrospectively reviewed. Outcome was evaluated in terms of
      desired effectiveness and the side effects as noted in the files by the treating
      team. Six hundred and thirty-seven patients (6.94% of total admission) received
      ECT with meticulous standard-of-care except provision of anesthesia. Satisfactory
      improvement was noted in 95.45% patients with no noticeable/reported complication
      in 89.05%. Premature termination of ECT for complications occurred in 2.19%
      patients. "Unmodified"-ECT, though unethical, still could ensure favorable
      outcome with proper case selection and meticulous standard-of-care. 

PMID- 27385858
TI  - Effect of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its
      predictors.
AB  - CONTEXT: Aggression and negative affectivity (NA) are known for moderating
      relationship between job stressors and counterproductive work behavior. Yoga has
      been demonstrated earlier to reduce the parameters of aggression and negative
      emotions. AIM: The present study examined the effectiveness of yoga practices in
      reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors such as aggression
      and NA. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A pretest-posttest randomized controlled design.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study sample included yoga group (n = 80) and control
      group (n = 80). Yoga module that included asanas, pranayama, meditation, and
      yogic theory were taught to the yoga group. Mild to moderate physical exercises
      and management theories were taught to the control group. Both groups received
      intervention for 10 weeks, covering 1 h daily, 5 days a week. Measurements of
      self-reported counterproductive work behaviors, aggression, and NA were taken as
      baseline and postintervention for assessment. RESULTS: Yoga group reported
      significant reductions in aggression, NA, and counterproductive work behavior in
      comparison with the control group after 10 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: This study
      contributes by introducing a cost-effective way to prevent the heavy losses
      organizations are incurring due to counterproductive work behavior and its
      predictors. The findings support that yoga at workplace may result in positive
      psychological empowerment of the employees as well.

PMID- 27385859
TI  - Dermatitis artifacta of tongue: A rare case report.
AB  - Dermatitis artifacta is a psychiatric disorder in which the patient deliberately
      produces self-inflicted skin lesions to satisfy an unconscious psychological or
      emotional need, often a desire to receive medical treatment. We present a case of
      a 20-year-old female with pain in abdomen, pain during urination, and multiple
      skin lesions, mostly in the reach of her dominant hand and in tongue. She gave a
      history of several episodes of similar illnesses with admission in various
      hospitals. She was improved with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,
      supportive and insight-oriented psychotherapy. 

PMID- 27385860
TI  - Indian psychiatric society initiated travel fellowship training in psychiatry: A
      unique opportunity for young psychiatrists.

PMID- 27385861
TI  - The Burgholzli Hospital: Its history and legacy.
AB  - The Burgholzli Hospital Zurich has a very important place in history, as part of
      of modern era in Psychiatry. Founded in 1870 by the efforts of Griesinger, it was
      here many eminent path breakers in Psychiatry like Bleuler, Jung, Adolf Meyer and
      others once worked. From here, Bleuler coined the term "Schizophrenia". Now the
      University Hospital of Zurich, Burgholzli's transformation from a mental hospital
      to a centre of excellence speaks of a rich legacy. It is a model worth emulating
      in many parts of the world. 

PMID- 27385862
TI  - Manimekalai: The ancient Buddhist Tamil epic, its relevance to psychiatry.
AB  - This article refers to materials of psychiatric interest found in the Manimekalai
      written by the 2(nd) Century CE Buddhist poet Sathanar. From the early
      description of a wandering psychotic in the streets of Pukar, the ancient
      maritime capital of the Cholas it is opined that this description fits that of
      present-day schizophrenia. A drunkard making fun of a Jain monk and a cross
      dressed individual are also found in the same streets. Manimekalai's request to
      the Chola king to convert the prison to a place of piety with Buddhist monks is
      mentioned. Lord Buddha's teachings on the compassionate way of life are
      presented. 

PMID- 27385863
TI  - Oxcarbazepine - induced hyponatremia in bipolar disorder: A report of two cases.

PMID- 27385864
TI  - Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome as an unusual cause of cyclic vomiting.

PMID- 27385865
TI  - WhatsApp addiction and borderline personality disorder: A new therapeutic
      challenge.

PMID- 27385866
TI  - Erratum: Author's reply.
AB  - [This corrects the article on p. 329 in vol. 57, PMID: 26600599.]. 

PMID- 27385867
TI  - Pandemic of Publications and Predatory Journals: Another Nail in the Coffin of
      Academics.

PMID- 27385868
TI  - Doctors for Tribal Areas: Issues and Solutions.
AB  - Health parameters of tribal population had always been a concern for India's
      march towards Millennium development Goals (MDG's). Tribal population contributes
      8.6% of total population, in spite of efforts and commitment of Government of
      India towards MGD, India lagged far behind from achieving and optimal health of
      tribal population will be a concern for achieving Sustainable development Goals
      SDG's also. Some of the common health problems of the tribal population face are
      deficiency of essential components in diet like energy malnutrition, protein
      calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Goiter, Gastrointestinal
      disorders, particularly dysentery and parasitic infections are very common. High
      prevalence of genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia and others are endemic in
      few tribes of India. Tribal Health is further compounded issues by social issues
      like excessive consumption of alcohol, poor access to contraceptive, substance
      abuse and gender based violence. Besides other reasons, like poor budget
      allocation, difficult to reach, poor access to health care facility, severe
      shortage of qualified health workers and workforce led to poor governance of
      health sector in tribal areas. Present view point reflects on the issues of
      inadequacy of doctors in tribal area and suggests possible solutions. 

PMID- 27385869
TI  - Twin Studies: A Unique Epidemiological Tool.
AB  - Twin studies are a special type of epidemiological studies designed to measure
      the contribution of genetics as opposed to the environment, to a given trait.
      Despite the facts that the classical twin studies are still being guided by
      assumptions made back in the 1920s and that the inherent limitation lies in the
      study design itself, the results suggested by earlier twin studies have often
      been confirmed by molecular genetic studies later. Use of twin registries and
      various innovative yet complex software packages such as the (SAS) and their
      extensions (e.g., SAS PROC GENMOD and SAS PROC PHREG) has increased the potential
      of this epidemiological tool toward contributing significantly to the field of
      genetics and other life sciences. 

PMID- 27385870
TI  - Evaluation of Skill-oriented Training on Enhanced Syndromic Case Management
      (ESCM) of Reproductive Tract Infections / Sexually Transmitted Infections
      (RTI/STIs) of Care Providers from Three-tier Health-care System of Gujarat.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Enhanced syndromic case management (ESCM) deals with reproductive
      tract and sexually transmitted infections. Capacity building of service providers
      not only boosts the program but also inputs from them improve the quality of
      services. OBJECTIVES: To (1) identify problem areas from providers' perspectives
      and the gaps in knowledge and application and (2) assess the gains (if any)
      through pre and post-training evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 121
      participants (medical/para medical) from various medical colleges, district/sub
      district hospitals/ community health centers, and urban dispensaries across
      Gujarat were trained at a teaching institute. Trainings were of 2-3 days duration
      involving different learning methodology. Pre- and post-training evaluation were
      done on a designed pro forma and data were entered in MS office Excel 2007. Gains
      in knowledge/skills if any were assessed by comparing pre-/post-evaluation
      responses and applying test of significance (x(2) test). OBSERVATIONS: Out of
      total 121 participants, half (60) were doctors and the rest were paramedics
      [staff nurse (SN) and lab technicians (LT)]. Doctors revealed significant gain in
      basics of reproductive tract infections (RTI) and sexually transmitted infections
      (STI), syndrome identification, STI/HIV co-infection, and ESCM and less gain in
      asymptomatic STI/ complications, vulnerability, male reproductive organs, causes
      of vaginal/urethral discharge, STI complications, cervical cancer screening, and
      limitation of syndromic management. Gain was statistically significant in basics
      of RTI/STI amongst adolescent in paramedics; lab technicians showed significant
      gain in knowledge of laboratory-related areas. CONCLUSION: Assessment revealed
      (1) poor baseline knowledge and (2) gains following training sometimes
      significant and other times not significant even in core areas. Quality
      monitoring and contents/ methodologies modification are essential for robust
      trainings. Gains in skills could not be assessed through this evaluation.

PMID- 27385871
TI  - Correlates of the Use of Different Tobacco Cessation Methods by Smokers and
      Smokeless Tobacco Users According to Their Socio-Demographic Characteristics:
      Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) India 2009-10.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tobacco control has two aspects. One involves preventing non-tobacco
      users from using tobacco and the second involves tobacco cessation (quitting) by
      existing tobacco users. There are various methods of tobacco cessation.
      Pharmacotherapy [e.g., nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and medications such as
      bupropion] and behavioral counselling are some of the internationally approved
      methods of tobacco cessation. OBJECTIVE: This paper intends to study how age,
      gender, residence (rural/urban), education, and occupation influence the use of
      various tobacco cessation methods by smokers and smokeless tobacco users.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional secondary data analysis of
      the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) India 2009-2010. There were 3725 smokers
      and 6354 smokeless tobacco users included in the study who made attempts to quit
      in the 12 months prior to the survey by use of different cessation methods (NRT,
      drugs such as bupropion, counselling, and other methods). RESULTS: A significant
      association was demonstrated between increasing educational attainment and use of
      cessation methods for all the methods among smokers. Being employed (Govt. or non
      Govt.) was positively associated with the use of NRT as a cessation method by
      smokers. Students and homemakers had higher odds of using pharmacotherapy methods
      among smokers. A significant association was demonstrated for the gender and age
      of tobacco users with the use of counselling as a cessation method among
      smokeless tobacco users. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study have important
      implications for tobacco cessation service providers in view of supporting their
      decision of choosing a particular tobacco cessation method for tobacco users
      according to certain kinds of sociodemographic characteristics.

PMID- 27385872
TI  - Evaluation of Pharmacists' Services for Dispensing Emergency Contraceptive Pills
      in Delhi, India: A Mystery Shopper Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although emergency contraceptive pills are available over the
      counter, the quality of consultation, including key areas of contraceptive
      counseling and prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STI), has not been
      well documented. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate actual pharmacist services while
      dispensing emergency contraception through a mystery shopper technique. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 81 pharmacies situated
      in Delhi by 4 trained mystery shoppers posed as customers over a period of 6
      months. RESULTS: None of the pharmacists asked about the time lapsed since last
      unprotected sexual intercourse or last menstrual period before deciding the
      eligibility of the customer. The majority were unclear about side effects
      associated with emergency contraception (78.57%) or with anticipated changes in
      menstrual flow (78.57%); 85.71% did not know whether subsequent unprotected
      intercourse would be protected. Only 15.71% counseled shoppers regarding risk of
      STI on asking leading questions and 88.5% did not provide any contraceptive
      advice. CONCLUSION: There is a huge gap in the technical knowledge and mindset of
      the pharmacists when it comes to checking for the eligibility of the client and
      providing advice regarding use of regular contraception and barrier for
      protection from STI, which needs to be addressed in order to realize the full
      benefit of making emergency contraceptive pills available over the counter.

PMID- 27385873
TI  - Intimate Partner Violence: Associated Factors and Acceptability of Contraception
      Among the Women.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of various types of domestic violence and
      to find out the impact of intimate partner violence (IPV) on adoption of
      contraceptive measures among the women who are victim to this. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: This questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in the
      department of obstetrics and gynecology of a tertiary care hospital in Delhi.
      Four hundred and one postpartum females were randomly selected over a period of 5
      months and were questioned about their age, parity, educational status,
      occupation, husband's education, monthly family income, and, if present, IPV in
      detail. These study participants were enquired about their contraceptive
      knowledge and use. RESULTS: Sexual violence was seen in 38.4% of the cases,
      physical violence in 22.4% of the cases, and verbal abuse was seen in nearly
      32.7% of the cases. In response to any of the three violence faced, only 23 women
      (11.79%) reacted by discussing with parents and friends. In 4.61% of the cases,
      the violence was so severe that she had to inform police. This study showed that
      higher percentage of women without IPV accepted immediate postpartum
      contraception methods as compared to those with IPV (35.9% vs. 25%, P = 0.023),
      but the overall frequency of using contraceptive methods was higher in those with
      IPV as compared to those without IPV (49% vs. 47%, P = 0.690). CONCLUSION: IPV is
      associated with increased contraceptive adoption.

PMID- 27385874
TI  - Profiles and Factors Associated with Poor Glycemic Control Among Inpatients with
      Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 as a Primary Diagnosis in a Teaching Hospital.
AB  - CONTEXT: Diabetes mellitus is a growing health problem in most countries. In
      Malaysia, there was an increase in prevalence over the years. This makes diabetes
      also a growing concern in Malaysia, which warrants strengthening of the
      prevention and control programme. AIMS: This paper aims to describe the profiles
      of diabetes mellitus type 2 in tertiary setting and to identify the risk factors
      for high level of HbA1c among the study population. The findings will give a
      glimpse on current status of diabetes in our country and may reflect the
      achievement of the country in combating this disease. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A
      cross-sectional study was conducted in UKM Medical Centre. METHODS AND MATERIAL:
      Medical records of patient with E11 ICD-10 code were collected using Case Report
      Form. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Descriptive analysis done of mean and median
      while test of association were done using Spearman correlation and logistic
      regression. RESULTS: The results showed that majority of inpatients of DMT2
      showed mean age of 58.8 + 12.6 years and most were males (56.7%) with secondary
      level of education (41.7%). Median duration of disease was 12.0 + 11.0 years with
      median HbA1c level of 8.9 +/- 4.4%. Only small proportion of patients achieved
      the desired level of HbA1c <6.5% (21.3%) and significant association was found
      with tertiary level of education [AOR = 0.10, 95%CI = 0.01-0.96] and with type of
      anti-diabetic therapy [AOR = 15.90, 95%CI=1;2.03-124.30]. CONCLUSIONS: In
      conclusion, diabetes mellitus type 2 inpatients still showed unsatisfactory
      glycemic control and holistic approach using health education should be advocated
      continuously in the future in view of education being one of the predictors for
      the good HbA1c outcome.

PMID- 27385875
TI  - Evaluation of Antenatal to Neonatal Continuum Care Services Affecting Neonatal
      Health in a Tertiary Health-Care Setup.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Maternal and child mortality and morbidity continue to be high
      despite existence of various national health programmes in India. Annually 41% of
      all Under 5 mortality is comprised of neonates, 3/4 of who die within the first
      week of life. Even though effective programmes are existing, optimum utilization
      is still a question. So the present study was planned to assess utilisation of
      maternal and neonatal health services and its influence on neonatal health.
      OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the utilization of MCH services before admission to
      SNCU. 2. To analyse the process of implementation of IMNCI before referral and
      during the admission. 3. To observe the impact on neonatal health and give
      necessary recommendations. METHODOLOGY: The information regarding utilization of
      MCH services was obtained by conducting in depth interviews with the responsible
      adults accompanying the sick neonate. The Pre-treatment and referral slips were
      verified and compared with that of the prescribed guidelines laid down by the
      IMNCI for young infants (0-2 months) at SNCU. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Some of the
      important observations were mentioned here. 100% women had TT immunization
      whereas 72% had the full ANC, 58.7% had full course of IFA, 76% had utilized JSY
      benefits and 48.34% had their PNC. 84% neonates had required immunization, 59.01%
      were on exclusive breast feeding. 38.9% were paid home visits, only 42% had an
      idea about the danger signs of neonatal period. 23% sick babies were treated
      under IMNCI guideline. Among them 98% given initial treatment, only 34% given
      proper diagnosis/classification, 56% were given adequate advice.

PMID- 27385876
TI  - Seniors' Recreation Centers in Rural India: Need of the Hour.
AB  - AIM: To empower and bring the underprivileged senior citizens in the rural areas
      to the mainstream of life through setting up of model "senior citizens'
      recreation centers" that can be replicated in the other parts of the country.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six senior citizens' recreation centers are run in six
      villages under a community health program of a leading Medical College in South
      India, which were started by looking into their perceived needs and in a location
      where organized self-help women groups (SHGs) showed willingness to take the role
      of caretakers. Together there are 140 members in 6 centers and the most deserving
      members were identified using a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) method. These
      centers are open for 5 days a week and the main attraction of the center has been
      provision of one good, wholesome, noon-meal a day, apart from several
      recreational activities. The members were also assessed for chronic energy
      deficiency (CED) and quality of life at the beginning of enrolment using body
      mass index (BMI) and WHO-BREF scale. RESULTS: The attendance to these centers was
      nearly 90% of the enrolled beneficiaries. A statistically significant improvement
      was noticed in quality of life in the physical, psychological, social, and
      environmental domain (P < 0.05). There was also a significant increase in the
      average BMI after 1 year of the intervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Care of
      underprivileged senior citizens is a growing need in the rural areas and the
      "Recreation centers" proved to be a beneficial model that can be easily
      replicated.

PMID- 27385877
TI  - Dietary Calcium Intake, Serum Calcium Level, and their Association with
      Preeclampsia in Rural North India.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia in pregnancy has been shown to be associated with low
      serum calcium level. Though the evidence is abundant, it is equivocal.
      OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to estimate the dietary calcium intake and serum
      calcium status among pregnant women, and to document the association of the
      dietary calcium intake and serum calcium status with incidence of preeclampsia in
      the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A community-based cross
      sectional study was conducted in the Health and Demographic Surveillance System
      (HDSS) site, Ballabgarh, Haryana, India. All pregnant women between 28 weeks and
      36 weeks of gestation were interviewed. A semi-structured interview schedule and
      a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire were administered to assess the dietary
      calcium intake. AutoAnalyser (Biolis 24i) was used for measuring serum calcium.
      RESULTS: We enrolled 217 pregnant women. The mean [standard deviation (SD)]
      dietary calcium intake was 858 (377) mg/day. The mean (SD) serum calcium level
      was 9.6 mg/dL (0.56). Incidence of preeclampsia was 13.4%. Preeclampsia was not
      associated with hypocalcemia [odds ratio (OR) = 1.2 95% confidence interval (CI);
      0.27-3.98]. CONCLUSION: The majority of pregnant women had inadequate dietary
      calcium intake. The prevalence of hypocalcemia was low. Low serum calcium level
      was not associated with preeclampsia. Calcium supplementation may not reduce
      preeclampsia in this population.

PMID- 27385878
TI  - Adaptation of Locally Available Portion Sizes for Food Frequency Questionnaires
      in Nutritional Epidemiological Studies: How Much Difference does it Make?
AB  - INTRODUCTION: There is need for employing strategies to minimize measurement
      errors while administering semi-quantitative FFQ. The current study was planned
      to adapt and standardize locally available portion sizes for semi-quantitative
      FFQ to improve its validity and document the process of standardization of
      portion sizes. METHODOLOGY: The study was conducted in 9 villages of the INCLEN
      SOMAARTH DDESS (Demographic, Development and Environmental Surveillance Site),
      Palwal district, Haryana, India. The subjects in these nine villages are part of
      a cohort study to assess the interaction between societal and household factors
      with food intake and physical activity of children. Systematic utensil survey was
      undertaken in 3 randomly chosen households per village i.e. 27 households and the
      portion sizes were derived from a total of 74 serving utensils. The derived sizes
      were classified as small (240 ml), medium (320 ml) and large (600 ml). The semi
      quantitative FFQ with locally derived portion sizes was then administered to 63
      children in 6-12 year age group. RESULTS: The volume of food measured by the
      reference portion sizes generally being employed in the national surveys, would
      have been underestimated the food consumed by the child by 55-60% as compared to
      what was being consumed by the children in the study area. The correlation
      between food intake assessed by 24-hr recall method and FFQ using derived (local)
      portion sizes was better as compared to that obtained with the semi-quantitative
      FFQ done with reference portions. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, local portion size
      adaptation of FFQ for semi-quantification is useful to mitigate measurement
      errors associated with this technique.

PMID- 27385879
TI  - Patient Safety in Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments of two Teaching Hospitals
      in Delhi.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A healthy safety culture is integral to positive health care. A sound
      safety climate is required in Obstetrics and Gynecology to prevent adverse
      outcomes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess and compare
      patient safety culture in two departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology. MATERIALS
      AND METHODS: Using a closed-ended standard version of Hospital Survey on Patient
      Safety Culture (HSOPS), respondents were asked to answer 42 survey items, grouped
      into 10 dimensions and two outcome variables in two tertiary care teaching
      hospitals in Delhi. Qualitative data were compared using Fisher's exact test and
      chi-square test wherever applicable. Mean values were calculated and compared
      using unpaired t-test. RESULTS: The overall survey response rate was 55%. A
      positive response rate of 57% was seen in the overall perception of patient
      safety that ranged from very good to acceptable. Sixty-four percent showed
      positive teamwork across hospital departments and units, while 36% gave an
      affirmative opinion with respect to interdepartmental handoffs. However, few
      adverse events (0-10) were reported in the last 12 months and only 38% of
      mistakes by doctors were reported. Half of the respondents agreed that their
      mistakes were held against them. There was no statistical difference in the
      safety culture between the two hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Although the perception of
      patient safety and standards of patient safety were high in both the hospitals'
      departments, there is plenty of scope for improvement with respect to event
      reporting, positive feedback, and nonpunitive error.

PMID- 27385880
TI  - Why do Patients in Pre-Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) Care Default: A Cross
      Sectional Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Approximately, 40% of the patients registered in the
      National AIDS Control Program in India are not on antiretroviral therapy (ART),
      i.e., are in pre-ART care. However, there are scarce data regarding the retention
      of pre-ART patients under routine program conditions. The main objective of this
      study was to find out the reasons for default among patients in pre-ART care.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients enrolled in the ART Centre, Banaras Hindu
      University (BHU) between January and December 2009 and in pre-ART care were
      included in the study. Defaulters were those pre-ART patients who missed their
      last appointment of CD4 count by more than 1 month. Defaulters were traced
      telephonically in 2011 and those who returned and gave their consent for the
      study were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Out of 620
      patients in pre-ART care, 384 (68.2%) were defaulters. One hundred forty-four of
      the defaulters were traced and only 83 reached the ART center for interview.
      Among defaulters who did not reach the ART center, illiterate and unmarried were
      significantly more and mean duration from registration to default was also
      significantly less as compared to those who came back for the interview. Most
      defaulters gave more than one reason for defaulting that were as follows:
      Inconvenient clinic timings (98%), need for multiple mode of transport (92%),
      perceived improved health (65%), distance of center from home (61%), lack of
      social support (62%), and financial difficulty (59%). INTERPRETATION AND
      CONCLUSION: Active tracing of pre-ART patients through outreach and strengthening
      of the Link ART centers will improve the retention of patients in the program.

PMID- 27385881
TI  - IAPSM World Health Day 2016 Quiz Report.

PMID- 27385882
TI  - Developing a personalized treatment model based on molecular biomarkers and
      imaging in breast cancer: Has the time come?

PMID- 27385883
TI  - 2-(fluorine-18)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed
      tomography after breast conserving surgery: Correlation with molecular markers of
      breast cancer.
AB  - AIM: To investigate the role of 2-(fluorine-18)-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F
      FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) early after breast
      conserving surgery (BCS) in patients with breast cancer (BC) and whether we can
      determine which molecular biomarkers of breast carcinoma put the patients at
      risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study involved 88 patients with
      histologically proven T1 or T2 BC, who were treated with BCS and underwent (18)F
      FDG PET/CT study. The correlation between biological markers (estrogen receptor,
      progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2], and Ki
      67) of the primary tumor and (18)F-FDG PET/CT findings was analyzed. RESULTS:
      (18)F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated the presence of BC disease (locoregional disease
      [LRD], distant metastases, or contralateral BC) in 26 of 88 patients (29.5%).
      Regarding immunohistochemical profiles, BC expressing high levels of Ki-67 were
      associated with an increased percentage of LRD, which was the major recurrence
      pattern on (18)F-FDG PET/CT. Although the BC disease was observed more commonly
      in patients with HER2 positivity compared to those of HER2 negative, the
      difference did not reach statistical significance. The patients with T2 tumor or
      a higher histopathological grade had a higher percentage of BC disease.
      CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that patients with early stage BC treated
      with BCS have a remarkable risk of the presence of BC even early after surgery,
      and there was a clinically important relationship between (18)F-FDG PET/CT
      findings and biological markers of BC. These findings suggest that high-risk
      molecular biomarkers (Ki-67, HER2) can be taken into account in the decision
      making the process for both preoperative imaging and planning of the surgical
      approach.

PMID- 27385884
TI  - Impact of sweating on equivalent dose of patients treated with (131)Iiodine.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Radioiodine therapy is used for the treatment of patients with
      differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) who undergo total thyroidectomy. After
      radioiodine administration, regulations require to quarantine these patients
      until their retained activity reduces to <33 mCi. Some of the injected
      radioiodine is excreted by perspiration which helps dose reduction so that
      performing the activities which stimulate sweating such as exercise may shorten
      the time of dose reduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study
      in the literature that has evaluated the impact of specific exercise program on
      the ambient equivalent dose of (131)I gamma rays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients
      with DTC without metastasis who had undergone total thyroidectomy and were
      treated with radioiodine were included in this study. 30 patients were chosen
      among patients who were able to exercise, did not have renal failure, and did not
      use diuretics. Patients were divided into two control and intervention groups.
      Intervention group members walked on treadmills under a specific program, in 3
      time intervals. The control group did not have any specific activity. Immediately
      after each exercise process, both groups took a shower, and their doses were
      measured by a survey dosimeter. RESULTS: It was revealed that there was a
      significant difference between mean values before and after each exercise time.
      The calculated P value which evaluates the overall impact was 0.939 which
      revealed that there was no significant difference between total ambient
      equivalent dose reductions of both groups. CONCLUSION: According to the study, it
      may conclude that sweating is an effective alternative way for radioiodine
      excretion, and if sweating is accompanied with well-hydrated status they may have
      synergism effect to shorten quarantine period. This could be an important
      consideration in patients which over-hydration is intolerable especially those
      with cardiac, liver, or renal problems.

PMID- 27385885
TI  - Therapeutic applications of radioactive (131)iodine: Procedures and incidents
      with capsules.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatments for thyrotoxicosis and carcinoma thyroid are carried out
      by oral administration of radioactive iodine ((131)I) in the form of liquid or
      capsules. The liquid form of (131)I has higher risk factors such as
      vapourization, spillage and need for management of higher activity wastes. Use of
      (131)I in capsule form simplify procedures of handling compared to liquid form of
      (131)I. The guidelines of safe handling and quality assurance aspects for
      therapeutic use (131)I are well outlined by International Atomic Energy Agency
      (IAEA) reports. AIM: A few unusual incidents with I-131 capsules encountered in
      the past need to be highlighted from health physics point of view. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: In Royal Hospital, Oman, I-131 is imported in capsules, and the total
      activity handled/year steadily increased over 10 years. Discrete activities range
      from 185 MBq (5 mCi) up to 7.4 GBq (200 mCi). In four incidents deviations in
      standard operational procedures were recorded. RESULTS: Nature of incidents is
      described as follows: (1) After assay of activity, the capsule was directly put
      in the lead container with missing of inner cap. (2) Patient poured water in the
      Perspex tube, when the capsule was handed over to her, making an emergency
      situation. (3) In 3 high activity capsules (2 nos 2.96 GBq, 1 no. 4.26 GBq),
      observed sticky behavior in capsule holder on the 2(nd) day post receipt, which
      were in order on the 1(st) day. (4) A capsule could not be swallowed by a
      patient, which was taken back from the mouth. Monitoring of patient later did not
      show residual ingested activity. CONCLUSIONS: The report documents some of the
      unusual incidents for information to other centers engaged in such radioactive
      administrations.

PMID- 27385886
TI  - Micronucleus frequencies in groups receiving external or internal radiation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: In the current study, we aimed to explore whether there is alteration
      between pre- and post-treatment micronucleus (MN) frequencies induced by internal
      and external ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled a
      total of 67 patients including patients admitted to our hospital for treatment of
      hyperthyroidism (n = 17), scanning with low-dose I-131 (n = 15), and ablative
      therapy with high-dose I-131 (n = 15) at Department of Nuclear Medicine as well
      as patients with different diagnoses receiving external radiotherapy with various
      doses and durations at Department of Radiation Oncology (n = 20). Thirty-two
      patients who received radioactive iodine and returned for a follow-up visit at 1
      month. RESULTS: Considering both pre- and post-treatment MN frequencies of each
      group, lowest MN frequencies were detected for patients undergoing screening with
      low-dose I-131, and highest MN frequencies were found in radiotherapy patients.
      Comparison of pre- and post-treatment MN frequencies among hyperthyroidism, when
      pre- and post-treatment MN frequencies compared among hyperthyroidism, I-131
      whole body scanning, ablation, and radiotherapy patient groups differences
      between MN frequencies were significant for each group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:
      Our study showed that MN analysis might be of value in determining chromosome
      damage that could potentially occur in patients exposed to internal and external
      radiation.

PMID- 27385887
TI  - Metastatic mimics on bone scan: "All that glitters is not metastatic".
AB  - In this pictorial review, cases where benign diseases caused a diagnostic dilemma
      on bone scan are illustrated. This review highlights the value of correlative
      imaging- single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (CT), CT,
      and magnetic resonance imaging in solving the diagnostic problem by exact
      localization and characterization of the lesions. All these eventually lead to
      increased diagnostic confidence, better and more accurate reporting and avoidance
      of delay in initiation of treatment due to equivocal results. The imaging
      features of these benign pathologies - which are "mimics of metastatic disease,"
      are elaborated so that the reader can incorporate them while reporting so as to
      avoid mis-interpretations. 

PMID- 27385888
TI  - Usefulness of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed
      tomography in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans on treatment with imatinib.
AB  - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare locally aggressive tumor with
      distant metastases being unusual. We present a case of metastatic DFSP treated
      with imatinib showing complete metabolic response to treatment. 

PMID- 27385889
TI  - Primary pulmonary lymphoma-role of fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission
      tomography-computed tomography in the initial staging and evaluating response to
      treatment - case reports and review of literature.
AB  - Primary pulmonary lymphoma (PPL) is an uncommon entity of non-Hodgkin lymphoma,
      which accounts for <1% of all cases of lymphoma. We present two rare cases of PPL
      of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which underwent (18)fluorine fluoro-deoxy
      glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography for initial staging and
      response evaluation after chemotherapy. 

PMID- 27385890
TI  - A case of sarcoidosis diagnosed by positron emission tomography/computed
      tomography.
AB  - Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown cause which may
      affect any organ or system but primarily involve the lungs and the lymphatic
      system. Extrapulmonary sarcoidosis represents approximately 30-50% of patients.
      We report the case of a 51-year-old female who presented with increasing
      complaints of a cough, weakness, weight loss, and chest pain and who was found to
      have a suspicious lesion on thorax computed tomography(CT). Fluorodeoxyglucose
      (FDG) positron emission tomography/CT performed for diagnostic purposes
      demonstrated increased FDG accumulation at the bilateral enlarged parotid and
      lacrimal gland and in the reticulonodular infiltration area located in the left
      lung as well as multiple lymphadenopathies with increased FDG accumulation. There
      were also hepatosplenomegaly and splenic uptake. Skin biopsy showed noncaseating
      granulomas, and the patient was diagnosed as stage 2 sarcoidosis. 

PMID- 27385891
TI  - Unusual case of infantile fibrosarcoma evaluated on F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose
      positron emission tomography-computed tomography.
AB  - Infantile fibrosarcoma (IFS) is a rare soft-tissue sarcoma originating from
      extremities and occasionally from axial soft tissue. The prognosis is good with
      favorable long-term survival. It is rarely metastasizing tumor, the chances being
      lesser with IFS originating from extremities. Use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
      (NACT) as a treatment regime further reduces the chances of local relapse and
      distant metastasis. The organs commonly affected in metastatic IFS are lungs and
      lymph nodes. We report an unusual case of an IFS originating from extremity,
      which received NACT, yet presented with an early metastatic disease involving
      soft tissues and sparing lungs and lymph nodes, as demonstrated on
      fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography. 

PMID- 27385892
TI  - Late metastatic recurrence of penile carcinoma after 10 years: Demonstration with
      (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography.
AB  - Penile cancer is rare cancer. While inguinal and pelvic nodal metastasis is
      common, distant metastasis is rare. We here present the interesting case of a 59
      year-old male patient with penile carcinoma, previously treated with penectomy
      and inguinal lymphadenectomy 10 years earlier. He presented with bone pains and
      given history of malignancy he was referred for an (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose
      ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). PET/CT
      demonstrated multiple (18)F-FDG avid bone and lung metastases. No locoregional
      disease was seen. Biopsy from a lung nodule confirmed the diagnosis, and the
      patient was started on palliative chemotherapy. 

PMID- 27385893
TI  - Utility of (18)F-choline photon emission tomography/computed tomography in the
      diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma.
AB  - Recently, the role of (18)F-choline in the detection of parathyroid adenomas has
      been reported. At our institution, we are currently studying the role of this
      tracer in comparison to the standard methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile.(MIBI) scan with
      single photon emission tomography/computed tomography. Our initial results show
      that (18)F-choline is at least as good as 99mTc-MIBI scan. We present here a
      representative case of a 45-year-old woman with multiple skeletal lytic lesions
      and a high parathyroid hormone.(PTH) who underwent both these imaging techniques
      with concordant results, further confirmed by histopathology and postoperative
      fall in serum PTH levels. 

PMID- 27385894
TI  - A case report of hyperfunctioning metastatic thyroid cancer and rare I-131 avid
      liver metastasis.
AB  - Thyroid cancer is usually, relatively hypofunctional; most patients with thyroid
      cancer are clinically euthyroid. The combination of thyroid cancer and
      thyrotoxicosis is not common. We herein, report a case of follicular thyroid
      cancer with hyperfunctioning metastasis in a 43-year-old woman who presented with
      thyrotoxicosis, a cold right thyroid nodule, and low I-131 uptake at the thyroid
      bed. An additional total body scan with I-131 revealed a large radioiodine avid
      osteolytic bone metastasis with soft tissue masses and liver metastasis. The
      patient received treatment with total thyroidectomy, methimazole, and I-131 at a
      cumulative dose of 600 mCi along with recombinant human thyroid-stimulating
      hormone before the first I-131 treatment and palliative radiation. The patient
      had normal liver function test and experienced a mild degree of bone marrow
      suppression after I-131. At the 2-year follow-up, the patient was still alive
      with the progression of bone metastases but was doing well with less severe
      thyrotoxicosis, good ambulation, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
      performance status of 2. Clinicians should be aware of the unusual concurrent
      presentation of thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer, a differential diagnosis in
      patients with thyrotoxicosis and low or normal radioiodine uptake over the neck
      and also potential pitfalls during radionuclide treatment. 

PMID- 27385895
TI  - A rare case of extensive skeletal muscle metastases in adenocarcinoma cervix
      identified by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed
      tomography scan.
AB  - Adenocarcinoma cervix is an uncommon histological subtype of carcinoma cervix;
      further incidence of skeletal muscle metastases is even rarer. We report the
      identification of extensive fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avid metastatic skeletal
      muscle deposits in a known case of adenocarcinoma cervix. The largest lesion
      representative of muscle deposit in the right deltoid was histopathologically
      confirmed to be metastatic poorly differentiated carcinoma. This report also
      serves to highlight the importance of (18)F-FDG positron emission
      tomography/computed tomography (CT) as compared to conventional imaging
      modalities such as CT and ultrasonography and comments better over the
      description of invasiveness as well as the extent of disease in carcinoma cervix.

PMID- 27385896
TI  - Rare case of thoracic kidney detected by renal scintigraphy.
AB  - Intrathoracic kidney is a rare congenital abnormality with lowest frequency among
      all renal ectopias. Patients with thoracic kidneys are usually asymptomatic, and
      the condition is usually discovered incidentally during radiological evaluation
      for other conditions or during thoracic surgery. We report a case of a 62-year
      old male who was referred to our department for renal scintigraphy for a
      nonvisualized left kidney on ultrasonography report. Both Tc-99m
      dimercaptosuccinic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid scans revealed a
      left thoracic kidney which was confirmed by CT scan of the thorax and abdomen. 

PMID- 27385897
TI  - Metastasis in urothelial carcinoma mimicking prostate cancer metastasis in Ga-68
      prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography-computed
      tomography in a case of synchronous malignancy.
AB  - Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in man. It commonly presents
      with urinary symptoms, bone pain, or diagnosed with elevated prostate-specific
      antigen.(PSA) levels. Correct staging and early diagnosis of recurrence by a
      precise imaging tool are the keys for optimum management. Molecular imaging of
      prostate cancer with Ga-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen.(PSMA), positron
      emission tomography-computed tomography.(PET-CT) has recently received
      significant attention and frequently used with a signature to prostate cancer
      specific remark. However, this case will highlight the more cautious use of it. A
      72-year-old male treated earlier for synchronous double malignancy.(invasive
      papillary urothelial carcinoma right ureter and carcinoma prostate) presented
      with rising PSA.(0.51.ng/ml) and referred for Ga-68 PSMA PET-CT, which showed a
      positive enlarged left supraclavicular lymph node. Lymph node biopsy microscopic
      and immunohistochemistry examination revealed metastatic carcinoma favoring
      urothelial origin. Specificity of PSMA scan to prostate cancer has been seen to
      be compromised in a certain situation mostly due to neoangiogenesis, and false
      positives emerged in renal cell cancer, differentiated thyroid cancer,
      glioblastoma, breast cancer brain metastasis, and paravertebral schwannomas.
      Understanding the causes of false positive will further enhance the confidence of
      interpretating PSMA scans. 

PMID- 27385898
TI  - Compression type stress fracture of femoral neck with equivocal X-ray features
      diagnosed on (99m)Tc-MDP SPECT/CT in a case of trivial hip pain.
AB  - Stress insufficiency fracture is usually diagnosed clinically and on the basis of
      routine X-ray imaging findings. However, the absence of any known predisposing
      factors and negative or occult radiographic findings pose diagnostic challenges.
      We report the case of an elderly male patient who presented with a chief
      complaint of trivial left hip pain and with equivocal radiographic findings.
      Triphasic (99m)Tc-methylene diphosphonate bone scan and single-photon emission
      computed tomography/computed tomography helped in arriving at the diagnosis of
      stress insufficiency fracture involving femoral neck. 

PMID- 27385899
TI  - Intrathoracic toxic thyroid nodule causing hyperthyroidism with a multinodular
      normal functional cervical thyroid gland.
AB  - Radionuclide scintigraphy with I-131 and Tc-99m pertechnetate ((99)mTc04) has
      been widely used in detecting toxic nodules. Intrathoracic goiter usually
      presents as an anterior mediastinal mass. Mostly the connection between
      intrathoracic mass and the cervical thyroid gland is clearly and easily
      identified occurring as a result of inferior extension of thyroid tissue in the
      neck, which is called as secondary intrathoracic goiter. Completely separated,
      aberrant or in other words primary intrathoracic goiters arise as a result of
      abnormal embryologic migration of ectopic thyroid closely associated with aortic
      sac and descend into the mediastinum. Intrathoracic goiters are generally
      nontoxic nodules existing with mass effect without causing hyperthyroidism.
      However, mostly reported cases had enlarged thyroid glands in the neck. This
      report demonstrates the usefulness of I-131 and (99)mTc04 scintigraphy for
      detecting intrathoracic goiter causing hyperthyroidism with a normal functioned
      cervical thyroid gland. 

PMID- 27385900
TI  - Renal metastasis from papillary carcinoma thyroid detected by whole body iodine
      scan: A case report and review of the literature.
AB  - Papillary carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy. Usual sites of
      metastasis include lungs and bone, but renal metastasis is very rare. Here we
      present a case of a follicular variant of papillary carcinoma with renal and lung
      metastasis at presentation. 

PMID- 27385901
TI  - Role of FDG PET/CT in Baastrup's disease.
AB  - Baastrup's disease is a benign condition, which presents as chronic low back
      pain. It is also known as "kissing spine syndrome" and refers to close
      approximation of adjacent spinous processes producing inflammation and back pain.
      This condition is often misdiagnosed, resulting in incorrect treatment and
      persistence of symptoms. Diagnosis of Baastrup's disease is verified with
      clinical examination and imaging studies. Conventionally, clinicians resort to
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of spine rather than X-ray or computed
      tomography (CT) in the evaluation of back pain. MRI can additionally identify
      flattening, sclerosis, enlargement, cystic lesions, and bone edema at the
      articulating surfaces of the two affected spinous processes. Studies have
      reported that (18)Fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT
      (FDG-PET/CT) can detect a bursitis or an inflammation as a form of stress
      reaction despite a negative MRI and (99m)Tc Methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone
      scan. PET/CT is usually not a recommended investigation for this condition.
      However, this case report highlights the benefit of FDG-PET/CT in identifying the
      site of inflammatory pathology. It is also known to identify the exact site of
      inflammation where steroid or local anesthetic injection can be administered to
      alleviate pain, especially in patients with multilevel vertebral involvement. 

PMID- 27385902
TI  - 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography finding
      of left gonadal vein thrombosis in a case of renal cell carcinoma.
AB  - Tumor thrombus from renal cell carcinoma is commonly reported in renal vein and
      inferior vena cava with a few reports of gonadal vein involvement. Here, we
      report a case of an elderly female who underwent fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)
      positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan for initial staging of left
      renal cell carcinoma. Along with an FDG avid left renal mass lesion, scan also
      revealed FDG avid tumor thrombus in the entire length of the left gonadal vein. 

PMID- 27385903
TI  - Objective improvement in renal function post-Dietl's crisis: Documented on renal
      dynamic scintigraphy.
AB  - Dietl's crisis is one of the treatable causes of intermittent abdominal pain. The
      pain is due to acute hydronephrosis that leads to stretching of the pelvis. The
      most common cause of this intermittent hydronephrosis is aberrant renal vessel at
      lower pole that causes pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction.(PUJO). High insertion
      of the ureter is one of the other rare causes. We present a case of 5-year-old
      boy with intermittent abdominal pain and distension with ultrasonography features
      of gross left hydronephrosis. Renal dynamic scan.(RDS) with ethylene dicysteine
      showed negligible functioning left kidney. On third follow-up day, the patient
      passed a lot of urine with decrease in abdominal pain and distension. Then, again
      the patient was sent to us 8.days after the first study for repeat RDS, which
      showed significant improvement in function and decreased in the size of left
      kidney though with persistent PUJO. On exploration high insertion of the ureter
      at pelvis was found to be the cause and was treated. 

PMID- 27385904
TI  - Bilateral generalised synovial chondromatosis of the knee: Bone scintigraphic
      demonstration with radiologic correlation.
AB  - A 67-year-old woman with a history of bilateral progressive knee pain and
      swelling was referred for (99m)Tc-methyl diphosphonate bone scintigraphy. Flow
      and blood pool images showed bilateral heterogeneous increased uptake and delayed
      phase revealed mass-looking lobulated heterogeneous increased activity in both of
      knees extending distal part of the femoral shaft, but no other pathologic uptake
      was found in rest of the body. A diagnosis of synovial chondromatosis was made
      when correlated with X-ray and computed tomography.(CT) images. This is a rare
      presentation of generalized synovial chondromatosis involving both knees which
      demonstrated on bone scintigraphy with X-ray and CT correlation. 

PMID- 27385905
TI  - Importance of assessing nonattenuation-corrected positron emission tomography
      images in treatment response evaluation of primary cutaneous lymphoma.
AB  - Studies have shown previously that nonattenuated corrected (AC) positron emission
      tomography (PET) images improve detection of superficial lesions when compared to
      AC images. We present a case of cutaneous lymphoma to demonstrate the importance
      of assessing nonattenuation-corrected PET images in treatment response
      evaluation. 

PMID- 27385906
TI  - Depiction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt obstruction with single-photon emission
      computed tomography/computed tomography.
AB  - An 83-year-old male patient with ventriculoperitoneal shunt underwent
      radionuclide shunt study using single-photon emission computed
      tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) to evaluate the shunt patency. The
      planar images showed activity at the cranial region and spinal canal but no
      significant activity at the peritoneal cavity. However, SPECT/CT images clearly
      demonstrated accumulation of activity at the superior part of bifurcation level
      with no activity at the distal end of shunt as well as no spilling of radiotracer
      into the peritoneal cavity indicating shunt obstruction. SPECT/CT makes the
      interpretation of radionuclide shunt study more accurate and easier as compared
      with traditional planar images. 

PMID- 27385907
TI  - Left lobe hypoplasia of thyroid with right lobe ectopia: Radionuclide thyroid
      scan and ultrasonographic correlation.

PMID- 27385908
TI  - Dopamine transporter single-photon emission computed tomography brain scan: A
      reliable way to distinguish between degenerative and drug-induced parkinsonism.

PMID- 27385909
TI  - An Integrated Approach for RNA-seq Data Normalization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: DNA copy number alteration is common in many cancers. Studies have
      shown that insertion or deletion of DNA sequences can directly alter gene
      expression, and significant correlation exists between DNA copy number and gene
      expression. Data normalization is a critical step in the analysis of gene
      expression generated by RNA-seq technology. Successful normalization
      reduces/removes unwanted nonbiological variations in the data, while keeping
      meaningful information intact. However, as far as we know, no attempt has been
      made to adjust for the variation due to DNA copy number changes in RNA-seq data
      normalization. RESULTS: In this article, we propose an integrated approach for
      RNA-seq data normalization. Comparisons show that the proposed normalization can
      improve power for downstream differentially expressed gene detection and generate
      more biologically meaningful results in gene profiling. In addition, our findings
      show that due to the effects of copy number changes, some housekeeping genes are
      not always suitable internal controls for studying gene expression. CONCLUSIONS:
      Using information from DNA copy number, integrated approach is successful in
      reducing noises due to both biological and nonbiological causes in RNA-seq data,
      thus increasing the accuracy of gene profiling.

PMID- 27385910
TI  - Role of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Management of Pulmonary
      Hypertension.
AB  - Pulmonary hypertension is a severe and debilitating disease with no definite
      cure, and the domain of targeted therapies is a promising field for better
      management of this severe condition. The disease comprises pulmonary arterial
      remodeling, hypoxia, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation, with subsequent
      organ damage including right heart and liver dysfunction. Biomarkers have a
      valuable role at different levels of the disease, from diagnosis to risk
      assessment and management, in order to decrease the burden of the disease in
      terms of both morbidity and mortality. 

PMID- 27385911
TI  - S2M: A Stochastic Simulation Model of Poliovirus Genetic State Transition.
AB  - Modeling the molecular mechanisms that govern genetic variation can be useful in
      understanding the dynamics that drive genetic state transition in quasispecies
      viruses. For example, there is considerable interest in understanding how the
      relatively benign vaccine strains of poliovirus eventually revert to forms that
      confer neurovirulence and cause disease (ie, vaccine-derived poliovirus). This
      report describes a stochastic simulation model, S2M, which can be used to
      generate hypothetical outcomes based on known mechanisms of genetic diversity.
      S2M begins with predefined genotypes based on the Sabin-1 and Mahoney wild-type
      sequences, constructs a set of independent cell-based populations, and performs
      in-cell replication and cell-to-cell infection cycles while quantifying genetic
      changes that track the transition from Sabin-1 toward Mahoney. Realism is
      incorporated into the model by assigning defaults for variables that constrain
      mechanisms of genetic variability based roughly on metrics reported in the
      literature, yet these values can be modified at the command line in order to
      generate hypothetical outcomes driven by these parameters. To demonstrate the
      utility of S2M, simulations were performed to examine the effects of the rates of
      replication error and recombination and the presence or absence of defective
      interfering particles, upon reaching the end states of Mahoney resemblance
      (semblance of a vaccine-derived state), neurovirulence, genome fitness, and cloud
      diversity. Simulations provide insight into how modeled biological features may
      drive hypothetical outcomes, independently or in combination, in ways that are
      not always intuitively obvious. 

PMID- 27385912
TI  - Toward a Learning Health-care System - Knowledge Delivery at the Point of Care
      Empowered by Big Data and NLP.
AB  - The concept of optimizing health care by understanding and generating knowledge
      from previous evidence, ie, the Learning Health-care System (LHS), has gained
      momentum and now has national prominence. Meanwhile, the rapid adoption of
      electronic health records (EHRs) enables the data collection required to form the
      basis for facilitating LHS. A prerequisite for using EHR data within the LHS is
      an infrastructure that enables access to EHR data longitudinally for health-care
      analytics and real time for knowledge delivery. Additionally, significant
      clinical information is embedded in the free text, making natural language
      processing (NLP) an essential component in implementing an LHS. Herein, we share
      our institutional implementation of a big data-empowered clinical NLP
      infrastructure, which not only enables health-care analytics but also has real
      time NLP processing capability. The infrastructure has been utilized for multiple
      institutional projects including the MayoExpertAdvisor, an individualized care
      recommendation solution for clinical care. We compared the advantages of big data
      over two other environments. Big data infrastructure significantly outperformed
      other infrastructure in terms of computing speed, demonstrating its value in
      making the LHS a possibility in the near future. 

PMID- 27385913
TI  - Increasing Tumor Accessibility with Conjugatable Disulfide-Bridged Tumor
      Penetrating Peptides for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.
AB  - Tumor-homing peptides with tissue-penetrating properties increase the efficacy of
      targeted cancer therapy by delivering an anticancer agent to the tumor interior.
      LyP-1 (CGNKRTRGC) and iRGD (CRGDKGPDC) are founding members of this class of
      peptides. The presence of the cysteines forming the cyclizing disulfide bond
      complicates conjugation of these peptides with other molecules, such as drugs.
      Here, we report the synthesis of conjugatable disulfide-bridged peptides and
      their conjugation to biologically important molecules. We have synthesized the
      LyP-1, iRGD, and CRGDC (GACRGDCLGA) peptides with a cysteine or maleimidohexanoic
      acid added externally at N-terminus of the sequences. Subsequent conjugation to
      payloads yielded stable compounds in which the tumor-homing properties of the
      peptide and the biological activity of the payload were retained. 

PMID- 27385914
TI  - The Effects of the UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity Trial Intervention
      on Dietary Patterns in Obese Pregnant Women Participating in a Pilot Randomized
      Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the UK
      Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity Trial (UPBEAT) behavioral intervention on
      dietary patterns in obese pregnant women. METHODS: Dietary patterns were derived
      from Food Frequency Questionnaires using principal component analysis in 183
      UPBEAT pilot study participants. RESULTS: Two unhealthy dietary patterns,
      processed and traditional, predominantly characterized by foods high in sugar and
      fat, improved [processed -0.54 (-0.92 to -0.16), P = 0.006 and traditional -0.83
      (-1.20 to -0.45), P < 0.001] following the intervention, while a cultural pattern
      that was found to be associated with the Black African/Caribbean participants did
      not change [-0.10 (-0.46 to 0.26), P = 0.589]. CONCLUSION: Unhealthy dietary
      patterns are evident in obese pregnant women. The UPBEAT intervention was
      effective in improving maternal dietary patterns; however, obese pregnant women
      from minority ethnic groups may be less receptive to intervention.

PMID- 27385916
TI  - Subclinical LV Dysfunction Detection Using Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in
      Hypertensive Patients with Preserved LV Ejection Fraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early detection of subclinical left ventricular (LV) systolic
      dysfunction in hypertensive patients is important for the prevention of
      progression of hypertensive heart disease. METHODS: We studied 60 hypertensive
      patients (age ranged from 21 to 49 years, the duration of hypertension ranged
      from 1 to 18 years) and 30 healthy controls, all had preserved left ventricular
      ejection fraction (LVEF), detected by two-dimensional speckle tracking
      echocardiography (2D-STE). RESULTS: There was no significant difference between
      the two groups regarding ejection fraction (EF) by Simpson's method. Systolic
      velocity was significantly higher in the control group, and global longitudinal
      strain was significantly higher in the control group compared with the
      hypertensive group. In the hypertensive group, 23 of 60 patients had less
      negative global longitudinal strain than -19.1, defined as reduced systolic
      function, which is detected by 2D-STE (subclinical systolic dysfunction), when
      compared with 3 of 30 control subjects. CONCLUSION: 2D-STE detected substantial
      impairment of LV systolic function in hypertensive patients with preserved LVEF,
      which identifies higher risk subgroups for earlier medical intervention.

PMID- 27385915
TI  - Targeting MAPK Signaling in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
AB  - Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible blindness
      affecting elderly people in the world. AMD is a complex multifactorial disease
      associated with demographic, genetics, and environmental risk factors. It is well
      established that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis play critical
      roles in the pathogenesis of AMD. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
      signaling pathways are activated by diverse extracellular stimuli, including
      growth factors, mitogens, hormones, cytokines, and different cellular stressors
      such as oxidative stress. They regulate cell proliferation, differentiation,
      survival, and apoptosis. This review addresses the novel findings from human and
      animal studies on the relationship of MAPK signaling with AMD. The use of
      specific MAPK inhibitors may represent a potential therapeutic target for the
      treatment of this debilitating eye disease. 

PMID- 27385917
TI  - Impaired Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Uptake and Release Promote
      Electromechanically and Spatially Discordant Alternans: A Computational Study.
AB  - Cardiac electrical dynamics are governed by cellular-level properties, such as
      action potential duration (APD) restitution and intracellular calcium (Ca)
      handling, and tissue-level properties, including conduction velocity restitution
      and cell-cell coupling. Irregular dynamics at the cellular level can lead to
      instabilities in cardiac tissue, including alternans, a beat-to-beat alternation
      in the action potential and/or the intracellular Ca transient. In this study, we
      incorporate a detailed single cell coupled map model of Ca cycling and
      bidirectional APD-Ca coupling into a spatially extended tissue model to
      investigate the influence of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca uptake and release
      properties on alternans and conduction block. We find that an intermediate SR Ca
      uptake rate and larger SR Ca release resulted in the widest range of stimulus
      periods that promoted alternans. However, both reduced SR Ca uptake and release
      promote arrhythmogenic spatially and electromechanically discordant alternans,
      suggesting a complex interaction between SR Ca handling and alternans
      characteristics at the cellular and tissue level. 

PMID- 27385918
TI  - "C.R.E.A.T.E."-ing Unique Primary-Source Research Paper Assignments for a
      Pleasure and Pain Course Teaching Neuroscientific Principles in a Large General
      Education Undergraduate Course.
AB  - A large (250 registrants) General Education lecture course, Pleasure and Pain,
      presented basic neuroscience principles as they related to animal and human
      models of pleasure and pain by weaving basic findings related to food and drug
      addiction and analgesic states with human studies examining empathy, social
      neuroscience and neuroeconomics. In its first four years, the course grade was
      based on weighted scores from two multiple-choice exams and a five-page review of
      three unique peer-reviewed research articles. Although well-registered and well
      received, 18% of the students received Incomplete grades, primarily due to
      failing to submit the paper that went largely unresolved and eventually resulted
      in a failing grade. To rectify this issue, a modified version of the C.R.E.A.T.E.
      (Consider, Read, Elucidate hypotheses, Analyze and interpret data, Think of the
      next Experiment) method replaced the paper with eight structured assignments
      focusing on an initial general-topic article, the introduction-methods, and
      results-discussion of each of three related peer-review neuroscience-related
      articles, and a final summary. Compliance in completing these assignments was
      very high, resulting in only 11 INC grades out of 228 students. Thus, use of the
      C.R.E.A.T.E. method reduced the percentage of problematic INC grades from 18% to
      4.8%, a 73% decline, without changing the overall grade distribution. Other
      analyses suggested the students achieved a deeper understanding of the scientific
      process using the C.R.E.A.T.E. method relative to the original term paper
      assignment. 

PMID- 27385919
TI  - Illuminating the Undergraduate Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory: A Guide for
      the in vivo Application of Optogenetics in Mammalian Model Organisms.
AB  - Optogenetics is a technology that is growing rapidly in neuroscience,
      establishing itself as a fundamental investigative tool. As this tool is
      increasingly utilized across the neuroscience community and is one of the primary
      research techniques being presented at neuroscience conferences and in journals,
      we believe that it is important that this technology is introduced into the
      undergraduate neuroscience research laboratory. While there has been a
      significant body of work concentrated to deploy optogenetics in invertebrate
      model organisms, little to no work has focused on brining this technology to
      mammalian model organisms in undergraduate neuroscience laboratories. The
      establishment of in vivo optogenetics could provide for high-impact independent
      research projects for upper-level undergraduate students. Here we review the
      considerations for establishing in vivo optogenetics with the use of rodents in
      an undergraduate laboratory setting and provide some cost-saving guidelines to
      assist in making optogenetic technologies financially accessible. We discuss
      opsin selection, cell-specific opsin expression strategies, species selection,
      experimental design, selection of light delivery systems, and the construction of
      implantable optical fibers for the application of in vivo optogenetics in
      rodents. 

PMID- 27385921
TI  - Breadboard Amplifier: Building and Using Simple Electrophysiology Equipment.
AB  - Electrophysiology is a valuable skill for the neuroscientist, but the learning
      curve for students can be steep. Here we describe a very simple electromyography
      (EMG) amplifier that can be built from scratch by students with no electronics
      experience in about 30 minutes, making it ideal for incorporating into a
      laboratory activity. With few parts and no adjustments except the gain, students
      can begin physiology experiments quickly while having the satisfaction of having
      built the equipment themselves. Because the output of the circuit goes to a
      computer sound card, students can listen to electrophysiological activity as they
      see it on the computer screen, a feature many of our students greatly
      appreciated. Various applications are discussed, including dual channel
      recording, using streaming media platforms with remote lab partners and acquiring
      data in the field on a smart phone. Our students reported that they enjoyed being
      able to build a working device and using it to record from their own muscles. 

PMID- 27385920
TI  - Evaluation of Changes in Ghanaian Students' Attitudes Towards Science Following
      Neuroscience Outreach Activities: A Means to Identify Effective Ways to Inspire
      Interest in Science Careers.
AB  - The scientific capacity in many African countries is low. Ghana, for example, is
      estimated to have approximately twenty-three researchers per a million
      inhabitants. In order to improve interest in science among future professionals,
      appropriate techniques should be developed and employed to identify barriers and
      correlates of science education among pre-university students. Young students'
      attitudes towards science may affect their future career choices. However, these
      attitudes may change with new experiences. It is, therefore, important to
      evaluate potential changes in students' attitudes towards science after their
      exposure to experiences such as science outreach activities. Through this, more
      effective means of inspiring and mentoring young students to choose science
      subjects can be developed. This approach would be particularly beneficial in
      countries such as Ghana, where: (i) documented impacts of outreach activities are
      lacking; and (ii) effective means to develop scientist-school educational
      partnerships are needed. We have established an outreach scheme, aimed at helping
      to improve interaction between scientists and pre-university students (and their
      teachers). Outreach activities are designed and implemented by undergraduate
      students and graduate teaching assistants, with support from faculty members and
      technical staff. Through this, we aim to build a team of trainee scientists and
      graduates who will become ambassadors of science in their future professional
      endeavors. Here, we describe an approach for assessing changes in junior high
      school students' attitudes towards science following classroom neuroscience
      outreach activities. We show that while students tended to agree more with
      questions concerning their perceptions about science learning after the delivery
      of outreach activities, significant improvements were obtained for only two
      questions, namely "I enjoy science lessons" and "I want to be a scientist in the
      future." Furthermore, there was a generally strong trend towards a change in
      attitude for questions that sought information about students' perceptions about
      scientists (both positive and negative perceptions). In addition, outreach
      providers reported that their involvement in this public engagement scheme helped
      them acquire several transferable skills that will be beneficial in their studies
      and career development. These include vital skills in project and time
      management, teamwork and public speaking. Altogether, our findings provide novel
      indications that the development of scientist-school outreach partnerships in
      Ghana has valuable implications for science education and capacity development. 

PMID- 27385923
TI  - Lights! Camera! Action Projects! Engaging Psychopharmacology Students in Service
      based Action Projects Focusing on Student Alcohol Abuse.
AB  - Alcohol abuse continues to be an issue of major concern for the health and well
      being of college students. Estimates are that over 80% of college students are
      involved in the campus "alcohol culture." Annually, close to 2000 students die in
      the United States due to alcohol-related accidents, with another 600,000
      sustaining injury due to alcohol-related incidents (NIAAA, 2013). Students
      enrolled in a Psychopharmacology course engaged in action projects (community
      outreach) focused on alcohol abuse on our campus. Research has indicated that
      these types of projects can increase student engagement in course material and
      foster important skills, including working with peers and developing involvement
      in one's community. This paper describes the structure and requirements of five
      student outreach projects and the final projects designed by the students,
      summarizes the grading and assessment of the projects, and discusses the rewards
      and challenges of incorporating such projects into a course. 

PMID- 27385922
TI  - Using Cultured Mammalian Neurons to Study Cellular Processes and
      Neurodegeneration: A Suite of Undergraduate Lab Exercises.
AB  - Cell culture is a powerful tool for exploring cellular function. Culturing
      primary neurons has revealed how neurons communicate in learning and memory
      (Kandel, 2006) and provided insights into the mechanisms of neurodegenerative
      diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease (Alberio et al., 2012;
      Trinchese, et al., 2004). Here we describe a series of four modular laboratory
      exercises to integrate this neuroscience technique in undergraduate teaching
      laboratories. First, we describe the modular approach. Then we provide educators
      with simple techniques for culturing rat primary neurons, performing
      immunohistochemistry to label cellular components, and illustrating
      neurodegeneration caused by reactive oxygen species. We describe teaching
      exercises that culminate in student-generated research projects. Finally, we
      describe potential barriers students may face when integrating modern cell
      culture experiments into teaching laboratories. 

PMID- 27385924
TI  - A Quantitative Examination of Undergraduate Neuroscience Majors Applying and
      Matriculating to Osteopathic Medical School.
AB  - Undergraduates choose to become neuroscience majors for a number of reasons
      including future career goals. Faculty and administration of undergraduate
      neuroscience programs understand that many neuroscience majors have aspirations
      of applying and matriculating to medical school (Prichard, 2015); however a
      quantitative understanding of this particular student population remains unknown,
      especially in the context of the national growth in undergraduate neuroscience
      education (Ramos et al., 2011). In the present report, we use medical school
      application data to establish a novel quantitative understanding of the number of
      neuroscience majors that apply and matriculate to osteopathic medical school. Our
      data indicate that a substantial number of neuroscience majors do indeed apply
      and matriculate to medical school compared to other majors in the life sciences,
      math and physical sciences, and humanities. These data are relevant to faculty
      and administration of undergraduate neuroscience programs and suggest that when
      programmatic, curricular, and training decisions are made, they should be made in
      the context of the diverse motivations and professional goals of neuroscience
      majors including careers in medicine. Finally, our novel quantitative approach of
      determining student motivation and professional goals based on
      application/matriculation data, can complement traditional methods such as
      surveys and questionnaires and can be used to determine the extent to which
      neuroscience majors apply to other professional and graduate degree programs. 

PMID- 27385925
TI  - Incorporating an ERP Project into Undergraduate Instruction.
AB  - Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a relatively non-invasive, simple technique, and
      recent advances in open source analysis tools make it feasible to implement EEG
      as a component in undergraduate neuroscience curriculum. We have successfully led
      students to design novel experiments, record EEG data, and analyze event-related
      potentials (ERPs) during a one-semester laboratory course for undergraduates in
      cognitive neuroscience. First, students learned how to set up an EEG recording
      and completed an analysis tutorial. Students then learned how to set up a novel
      EEG experiment; briefly, they formed groups of four and designed an EEG
      experiment on a topic of their choice. Over the course of two weeks students
      collected behavioral and EEG data. Each group then analyzed their behavioral and
      ERP data and presented their results both as a presentation and as a final paper.
      Upon completion of the group project students reported a deeper understanding of
      cognitive neuroscience methods and a greater appreciation for the strengths and
      weaknesses of the EEG technique. Although recent advances in open source software
      made this project possible, it also required access to EEG recording equipment
      and proprietary software. Future efforts should be directed at making publicly
      available datasets to learn ERP analysis techniques and making publicly available
      EEG recording and analysis software to increase the accessibility of hands-on
      research experience in undergraduate cognitive neuroscience laboratory courses. 

PMID- 27385926
TI  - The BRAIN Initiative Provides a Unifying Context for Integrating Core STEM
      Competencies into a Neurobiology Course.
AB  - The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN)
      Initiative introduced by the Obama Administration in 2013 presents a context for
      integrating many STEM competencies into undergraduate neuroscience coursework.
      The BRAIN Initiative core principles overlap with core STEM competencies
      identified by the AAAS Vision and Change report and other entities. This
      neurobiology course utilizes the BRAIN Initiative to serve as the unifying theme
      that facilitates a primary emphasis on student competencies such as scientific
      process, scientific communication, and societal relevance while teaching
      foundational neurobiological content such as brain anatomy, cellular
      neurophysiology, and activity modulation. Student feedback indicates that the
      BRAIN Initiative is an engaging and instructional context for this course. Course
      module organization, suitable BRAIN Initiative commentary literature, sample
      primary literature, and important assignments are presented. 

PMID- 27385927
TI  - Nora's Medulla: A Problem-Based Learning Case for Neuroscience Fundamentals.
AB  - Students work through this Problem-Based Learning Case in order to discover how
      Nora ended up blue lipped and non-responsive. By exploring fundamental mechanisms
      of neuronal communication, students examine facts, research concepts, and propose
      hypotheses about how Nora's physiology was disrupted to cause her respiratory
      distress. The dramatic context supports student learning at many levels - from
      systems neurophysiology to synaptic pharmacology. The case as written is used in
      an undergraduate course for non-science majors, but because the case focuses on
      basic fundamental neuroscience concepts, the case could be easily used in high
      school or other undergraduate courses that cover basic neuroscience. 

PMID- 27385928
TI  - Case Studies and Neuroscience Education: Tools for Effective Teaching.

PMID- 27385929
TI  - Career Advice: Finding a Job at a Predominantly Undergraduate Institution.
AB  - Seeking a teaching job at a predominantly undergraduate college or university can
      be a daunting proposition. Although reports from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
      suggest that the job market for teaching positions at postsecondary institutions
      will be healthy over the coming decade, competition for these positions will
      likely be intense. This essay explores the profiles of predominantly
      undergraduate institutions (PUIs), the nature of faculty positions at PUIs, the
      elements that make for a competitive job applicant, and strategies to consider
      during negotiations. Seeking a position at a PUI may be arduous at times, but the
      rewards reaped from a successful search for a PUI position are well worth the
      investment. 

PMID- 27385930
TI  - Diversity is Inclusion.

PMID- 27385931
TI  - Teaching as THE Oldest Profession.

PMID- 27385932
TI  - Developing Science Communication in Africa: Undergraduate and Graduate Students
      should be Trained and Actively Involved in Outreach Activity Development and
      Implementation.
AB  - Despite recent improvements in scientific research output from Africa, public
      understanding of science in many parts of the continent remains low. Science
      communication there is faced with challenges such as (i) lack of interest among
      some scientists, (ii) low availability of training programs for scientists, (iii)
      low literacy rates among the public, and (iv) multiplicity of languages. To
      address these challenges, new ways of training and motivating scientists to
      dialogue with non-scientists are essential. Developing communication skills early
      in researchers' scientific career would be a good way to enhance their public
      engagement abilities. Therefore, a potentially effective means to develop science
      communication in Africa would be to actively involve trainee scientists (i.e.,
      undergraduate and graduate students) in outreach activity development and
      delivery. These students are often enthusiastic about science, eager to develop
      their teaching and communication skills, and can be good mentors to younger
      students. Involving them in all aspects of outreach activity is, therefore,
      likely to be a productive implementation strategy. However, science communication
      training specifically for students and the involvement of these students in
      outreach activity design and delivery are lacking in Africa. Here, we argue that
      improving the training and involvement of budding scientists in science
      communication activities would be a good way to bridge the wide gap between
      scientists and the African public. 

PMID- 27385933
TI  - Nu Rho Psi, The National Honor Society in Neuroscience: A decade of progress.
AB  - Nu Rho Psi, the National Honor Society in Neuroscience, celebrates its 10th
      anniversary by reflecting back upon a decade's worth of growth, successes, and
      accomplishments of its membership. Fundamentally, Nu Rho Psi seeks to engage the
      nation's best and brightest science students early in their educational pursuits
      and steer them towards future careers in neuroscience, thereby driving higher
      quality neuroscience education and research at all levels. This article details
      the history of Nu Rho Psi since its founding by the Faculty for Undergraduate
      Neuroscience (FUN) and reviews the current programs, benefits, and future
      initiatives of the Society. We make the case that Nu Rho Psi has enhanced the
      opportunities for undergraduate students of neuroscience and created a new
      culture among this vital cohort of budding scientists, reminiscent of the
      substantial network of faculty educators and departments of neuroscience
      established by FUN. 

PMID- 27385934
TI  - Running Wheel for Earthworms.
AB  - We describe the construction and use of a running wheel responsive to the
      movement of the earthworm. The wheel employs readily available, inexpensive
      components and is easily constructed. Movement of the wheel can be monitored
      visually or via standard behavioral laboratory computer interfaces. Examples of
      data are presented, and possibilities for use in the teaching classroom are
      discussed. 

PMID- 27385935
TI  - The Stakes Are Higher Than Ever for Delivery of Quality Care.

PMID- 27385936
TI  - Blunt Force May be an Effective Treatment for Ganglion Cysts.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Ganglion cysts are the most common soft tissue tumors of the hand and
      wrist. There is currently no data available for the recurrence or complication
      rate of patients that self treat ganglion cysts by using an extrinsic force.
      Despite this absence of evidence, patients are still using this mode of
      treatment. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the
      efficacy of blunt force as a treatment modality for disrupting ganglion cysts.
      METHODS: We analyzed videos of patients attempting to disrupt their ganglion
      cysts of the wrist by blunt force on Youtube.com and surveyed them anonymously.
      Candidates were contacted through YouTube's email server and given a link to an
      online questionnaire. RESULTS: Two hundred fourteen individuals were reviewed
      with a total of 1,008,913 views. Eighty three percent of videos were effective in
      treating the cyst. All 38 individuals that responded to the survey reported that
      the blunt force was effective in immediate elimination of the cyst in an average
      of 1.6 attempts (range 1-5). A majority (N = 21, 55%) reported no recurrence
      since the initial disruption of the cyst at a follow-up of 24 months.
      CONCLUSIONS: YouTube.com was found to be an effective outlet to study a treatment
      modality that would otherwise be limited by practical considerations. The study
      showed that a subset of patients is utilizing blunt force trauma to successfully
      treat wrist ganglion cysts.

PMID- 27385937
TI  - Outcomes of Proximal Humerus Fracture Open Reduction Internal Fixation with
      Concomitant Ipsilateral Shoulder Girdle Injuries: a Case Control Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Proximal humerus fractures treated in the face of ipsilateral
      injuries to the shoulder girdle may be predisposed to worse clinical outcomes.
      QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of this investigation was to examine outcomes of
      proximal humerus fractures treated with open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
      using an endosteal augment in the presence of a concomitant shoulder girdle
      injury in comparison to isolated proximal humerus fractures treated with ORIF and
      endosteal augment. METHODS: A prospective database was used to identify proximal
      humerus fractures with ipsilateral shoulder girdle injuries (glenohumeral and
      acromioclavicular dislocation, fractures of the acromion, clavicle, scapula, or
      humeral diaphysis). These were compared to isolated proximal humerus fractures
      treated in the same fashion (ORIF with endosteal augment). Minimum of 1 year
      follow-up was required for inclusion. Outcomes assessed included range of motion
      (ROM), development of avascular necrosis (AVN), hardware-related complications,
      reoperation, and subjective outcome assessments including the Disabilities of Arm
      Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (DASH), Constant score, UCLA rating scale, and
      the Short Form-36 (SF-36). RESULTS: Fifteen ipsilateral injuries were seen in 14
      patients. Seventy-seven isolated proximal humerus fractures were available for
      comparison. The ipsilateral injury group had significantly worse forward flexion
      (141 vs 156 degrees , p = 0.02), external rotation (56 vs 64 degrees , p = 0.03),
      higher rates of avascular necrosis (4 of 14, 28.6% vs 1 of 77, 1.3%, p = 0.002),
      and inferior SF-36 physical health scores (48.5 vs 63.5; p = .04). Despite these
      differences, no significant differences were seen with hardware-related
      complications or DASH, Constant score, or UCLA rating scale results. No patients
      required secondary reconstructive procedures. CONCLUSION: Despite a statistically
      higher rate of AVN and decreased ROM, patient-based outcomes of proximal humerus
      fractures with ipsilateral shoulder injuries approached those seen in isolated
      proximal humerus fractures. This suggests that these injuries can achieve
      similarly good clinical results provided any associated shoulder pathology is
      identified and treated appropriately.

PMID- 27385938
TI  - Fast-Pitch Softball Pitchers Experience a Significant Increase in Pain and
      Fatigue During a Single High School Season.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fast-pitch softball is one of the fastest growing sports, but there
      is little research regarding pitcher fatigue. Currently, there are no pitch
      limits or game counts. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: To study the effect of fatigue on
      youth fast-pitch softball pitchers during a high school season, we hypothesized
      increased games pitched during the season would correlate with increased player
      reported pain and fatigue and decreased with upper extremity strength and range
      of motion (ROM). METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study evaluated pre-
      and postgame shoulder and elbow strength, ROM, pain, and fatigue in 17 high
      school fast-pitch softball pitchers. These measures were recorded at two games,
      one at the beginning and one at the end of the season. Pitch count and number of
      games pitched during the season were recorded. We compared pre- and postgame
      measurements and measurements made at the beginning and end of the season.
      RESULTS: Supraspinatus, forward flexion strength, and external rotation strength
      in abduction decreased significantly postgame compared to pregame. Pregame pain
      and fatigue increased with a greater number of games pitched during the season.
      Forward flexion, supraspinatus, and external rotation strength decreased with
      increasing number of games pitched during the season. CONCLUSIONS: Fast-pitch
      softball pitchers experience increased pain and fatigue during a single game and
      over the entire season. The increase in fatigue may predispose the player to
      injury. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship of pain and
      fatigue with predisposition to injury.

PMID- 27385939
TI  - Evaluating the Diagnostic Yield of Computed Tomography-Guided Aspirations in
      Suspected Post-operative Spine Infections.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Early detection of surgical site infection (SSI) following spinal
      surgery would allow for prompt treatment and would improve overall outcome, yet
      early diagnosis is a challenge. Computed tomography (CT) guided aspiration of
      fluid collections may aid in diagnosis, as its diagnostic utility has previously
      been demonstrated in the setting of hip SSI, knee SSI, and spontaneous diskitis.
      There is no literature on its use in post-operative spinal SSIs.
      QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The current study aims to (1) determine the diagnostic value
      of CT-guided aspiration in evaluating suspected SSI; (2) identify the
      characteristics of the clinical presentation that are predictive of SSI; and (3)
      identify characteristics of the hematologic workup that are predictive of SSI.
      METHODS: Thirty patients who underwent CT-guided aspiration of paraspinal post
      operative fluid collections and culture of aspirate fluid over the 6-year period
      from 2006 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Aspirate fluid culture results
      were compared to intraoperative cultures, which were used as the "gold standard"
      for diagnosing SSI. The diagnostic value was evaluated by determining the
      sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative
      predictive value (NPV) of aspirate fluid cultures. Clinical presentation, patient
      demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory values were reviewed for association
      with infection risk. RESULTS: Eleven of thirty patients undergoing CT-guided
      aspiration were subsequently confirmed to have SSI through positive cultures.
      Wound drainage, wound erythema, elevated ESR, and cloudiness of aspirate fluid
      were associated with SSI. The sensitivity and specificity of aspirate cultures
      were 36.4 and 89.5%, respectively, and the respective positive predictive value
      (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 66.7 and 70.8%. CONCLUSIONS:
      Cloudy aspirate fluid was highly suggestive of infection, while wound erythema,
      drainage, and elevated ESR were also suggestive of SSI. CT-guided aspirations are
      a useful adjunct tool in evaluating for SSI but further studies are necessary
      before it can be considered a stand-alone diagnostic procedure.

PMID- 27385940
TI  - The Effect of Regional Analgesia on Vascular Tone in Hip Arthroplasty Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While it is assumed that neuraxial analgesia and pain management may
      beneficially influence perioperative hemodynamics, few studies provided data
      quantifying such effects and none have assessed the potential contribution of the
      addition of a nerve block. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: This clinical trial compared the
      visual analog scale (VAS) scores and measurement of arterial tone using
      augmentation index of patients who received combined spinal-epidural (CSE) only
      to patients who received both CSE and lumbar plexus block. METHODS: After
      obtaining written consent, 92 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty were
      randomized to receive either CSE or CSE with lumbar plexus block (LPB).
      Perioperative pain and arterial tone were measured using VAS scores and
      augmentation index (AI) respectively, at baseline and at various times
      postoperatively. RESULTS: After the exclusion of 2 patients, 44 patients received
      CSE alone and 46 patients received CSE and LPB. Patient demographics and
      perioperative characteristics were similar in both groups. AI continuously
      decreased after placement of a CSE with or without LBP, beyond full resolution of
      neuraxial and peripheral blockade. Although the LPB group demonstrated a
      statistically significant reduction of VAS pain scores in the postanesthesia care
      unit (PACU; P < 0.05), overall, the addition of a LPB did not significantly
      reduce the AI when compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The addition of a
      LPB provided better pain control in the PACU but did not reduce the AI, compared
      to the control group. We conclude that the addition of a LPB may have limited
      ability to affect arterial tone in the presence of a continuous infusion of
      epidural analgesics. In summary, the addition of a LPB in patients undergoing
      total hip arthroplasty is clinically effective and provided better pain control,
      especially in the immediate postoperative period. The continuous decrease on the
      AI in both groups beyond the full resolution of the neuroaxial and LPB will
      require further studies.

PMID- 27385941
TI  - Duplex Ultrasonography Has Limited Utility in Detection of Postoperative DVT
      After Primary Total Joint Arthroplasty.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Duplex ultrasound is routinely used to evaluate suspected deep venous
      thrombosis after total joint arthroplasty. When there is a clinical suspicion for
      a pulmonary embolism, a chest angiogram (chest CTA) is concomitantly obtained.
      QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: Two questions were addressed: First, for the population of
      patients who receive duplex ultrasound after total joint arthroplasty, what is
      the rate of positive results? Second, for these patients, how many of these also
      undergo chest CTA for clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolus and how many of
      these tests are positive? Furthermore, what is the correlation between duplex
      ultrasound results and chest CTA results? METHODS: A retrospective chart review
      was conducted of total joint replacement patients in 2011 at a single
      institution. Inclusion criteria were adult patients who underwent a postoperative
      duplex ultrasonography for clinical suspicion of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
      Demographic data, result of duplex scan, clinical indications for obtaining the
      duplex scan, and DVT prophylaxis used were recorded. Additionally, if a chest CTA
      was obtained for clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolus, results and clinical
      indication for obtaining the test were recorded. The rate of positive results for
      duplex ultrasonography and chest CTA was computed and correlated based on
      clinical indications. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-five patients underwent duplex
      ultrasonography of which only 0.7% were positive for a DVT. One hundred three
      patients underwent a chest CTA for clinical suspicion of a pulmonary embolism
      (PE) of which 26 revealed a pulmonary embolus, none of which had a positive
      duplex ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Postoperative duplex scans have a low rate of
      positive results. A substantial number of patients with negative duplex results
      subsequently underwent chest CTA for clinical suspicion for which a pulmonary
      embolus was found, presumably resulting from a DVT despite negative duplex
      ultrasound result. A negative duplex ultrasonography should not rule out the
      presence of a DVT which can embolize to the lungs and thus should not preclude
      further workup when clinical suspicion exists for a pulmonary embolus.

PMID- 27385942
TI  - The Efficacy of Bisphosphonates with Core Decompression and Mesenchymal Stem
      Cells Compared with Bisphosphonates Alone in the Treatment of Osteonecrosis of
      the Hip: a Retrospective Study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a devastating disease
      with complete collapse of the femoral head often reported in greater than 70% of
      patients within 3 to 4 years of diagnosis. Early intervention prior to collapse
      may improve the chance of success of joint preserving procedures.
      QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether core
      decompression with mesenchymal stem cells combined with bisphosphonate therapy
      can improve the clinical outcomes and reduce the risk of hip replacement when
      compared to treatment with bisphosphonate therapy alone. METHODS: Between 2006
      and 2014, 84 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with ONFH were identified
      from our institution's registry. Of these 84 patients, 49 patients (62 hips), fit
      inclusion/exclusion criteria. Twenty-nine patients (40 hips) were treated with
      bisphosphonate therapy only. Twenty patients (20 hips) were treated with
      bisphosphonates, core decompression, and mesenchymal stem cells. Functional
      outcomes were assessed using the Modified Harris Hip Score (MHHS), the visual
      analog score (VAS), and evaluation of support system. Clinical failure was
      defined as deterioration of the MHHS/VAS scores and support system used severe
      enough to require THR. Radiologic outcome measures included the XR and MR imaging
      staging of the hip. Survival analysis was performed with total hip replacement as
      the end point failure. Collapse was defined as progression from Ficat stage I or
      II to stage III and from Steinberg I, II, III to IV, V, VI. RESULTS: Failure
      requiring THR occurred in 21/40 (52.5%) of bisphosphonates (BP)-treated hips at a
      mean follow-up of 25.3 +/- 11.5 months and 5/22 (22.73%) of BP + CD + MSC-treated
      hips at a mean follow-up of 22.7 +/- 19.5 months. The median (Q1, Q3) time to
      collapse was 24.9 (7.4, 33.0) months in BP-treated hips and 27.3 (27.3) months in
      BP + CD + MSC-treated hips. There was no evidence of a difference in functional
      outcomes between the two treatment groups. After adjusting for baseline Ficat
      stage, age, and sex, an unreplaced hip treated with BP + CD + MSC had 0.42 (95%
      CI 0.11, 1.57) times the risk of being replaced in the next moment compared to an
      unreplaced hip treated with bisphosphonates only (P = 0.196). CONCLUSION: Our
      results demonstrate that treatment with BP alone or BP + CD + MSC can postpone
      the need for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the first 24 months in patients with
      ONFH compared to previously reported data, but there is no statistically
      significant difference between the two treatment groups. Combination therapy of
      BP + CD + MSC may be more effective in delaying the progression of collapse in
      early stage ONFH. Future prospective studies are warranted to determine the
      efficacy of these treatment strategies in the long term.

PMID- 27385943
TI  - Is There a Threshold for Stiffness Complaints Following TKA on the WOMAC
      Stiffness Subscale?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Stiffness complaints after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are
      frequent, yet poorly understood and can be challenging for surgeons to address.
      The WOMAC stiffness subscale is a widely used measure of stiffness and can serve
      as a simple screening tool for complaints. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We aimed to
      identify a threshold for stiffness complaints on the WOMAC stiffness subscale and
      investigate its overlap with range of motion (ROM) in TKA patients. METHODS: TKA
      patients were enrolled preoperatively and followed for 6 months. At follow-up,
      patients reported their ROM, completed the WOMAC stiffness subscale (range 1-8
      with 8 continuous stiffness) and indicated whether they experienced more
      stiffness than expected. To identify a threshold for complaints, we compared
      patients' WOMAC stiffness scores to when they experienced more stiffness than
      expected, visually, and statistically. We also mapped ROM limitations at 6 months
      to WOMAC stiffness scores. Finally, we determined if baseline characteristics
      were associated with stiffness complaints. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-six TKA
      patients were enrolled preoperatively with 82% follow-up rate at 6 months. Our
      results showed that patients with a WOMAC stiffness score = 3+ were significantly
      more likely to experience more stiffness than expected. Patients reporting full
      ROM (54%) reported a wide range of WOMAC stiffness subscale scores (1-6).
      Baseline WOMAC pain and function scores were the only factors associated with
      stiffness complaints. CONCLUSIONS: ROM is a poor surrogate of patient-reported
      stiffness, and the patients' perception of "stiffness" is clearly more complex
      than just ROM. We identified a WOMAC threshold that could potentially easily
      serve this purpose.

PMID- 27385944
TI  - Low Levels of Vitamin D have a Deleterious Effect on the Articular Cartilage in a
      Rat Model.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Vitamin D appears to play an important role in bone and cartilage
      metabolism since its receptors are widely found in human articular chondrocytes.
      Thus, effects of variation of vitamin D may directly impact cartilage and bone
      biology. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The aims of this study are to compare (1) articular
      cartilage structure and composition and (2) trabecular and cortical bone
      microstructure in rats with normal versus insufficient vitamin D levels. METHODS:
      Twenty-five mature, male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to two groups: (1)
      control arm (vitamin D replete-12 rats) and (2) an experimental arm (vitamin D
      deficient-13 rats). Vitamin D deficiency was induced using a vitamin D-deficient
      diet and UV light restriction. Rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks vitamin D
      deficiency was confirmed. The right knee was harvested for analysis of both the
      medial (MFC) and lateral femoral condyles (LFC). A region of interest was
      established on both condyles to correlate subchondral bone architecture and the
      overlying cartilage. Histological analysis was performed and graded using the
      modified Mankin score. Subchondral and cortical bony architecture was evaluated
      with micro-CT. RESULTS: After 4 weeks, the vitamin D-deficient group had
      statistically significant changes in cartilage structure in both the MFC and LFC
      [1.55 +/- 0.6 vs. 4.23 +/- 4.1 (p = 0.035) and 1.55 +/- 0.6 vs. 3.53 +/- 2.4 (p =
      0.009), respectively]. Micro-CT analysis revealed no correlation between
      subchondral bone values and the overlying cartilage Mankin score (p = 0.460). No
      significant difference was evident between the subchondral bone of the control
      and study group. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of vitamin D have a deleterious effect
      on the cartilage. Given the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the
      general population, these findings raise important questions about the potential
      role of vitamin D in articular cartilage health.

PMID- 27385945
TI  - Fringe Benefits Among US Orthopedic Residency Programs Vary Considerably: a
      National Survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Residency programs compete to attract applicants based on numerous
      factors. Previous research has suggested that medical students consider quality
      of life among the most important factors in selecting a program. One aspect of
      workplace quality of life is the cadre of non-monetary benefits offered to
      employees. However, with federal funding for graduate medical education (GME)
      under consideration for spending cuts, the source and continuation of such
      benefits may be in question. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: This study aimed to determine
      the level and variability of benefits beyond standard salary and insurance
      options available to trainees at US orthopedic residency programs and to assess
      the source of funding for those benefits. METHODS: A 26-question survey
      investigating various benefits and funding sources was circulated by email to all
      ACGME-accredited orthopedic residency programs. RESULTS: The survey was sent to
      153 programs and 69 responded (45%). The majority offers their residents
      discretionary funds (77%) and conference funding (96%), most of which comes from
      the department, followed by the hospital or GME funding. Forty-one percent of
      respondents permit their residents to moonlight. The majority of respondents
      provide meal stipends (93%), free parking (71%), gym benefits (63%), surgical
      loupes (53%), and maternity/paternity leave beyond vacation time (55%). No
      statistically significant differences were found among top ranked residencies,
      top ranked orthopedic hospitals, or academic centers compared to their
      counterparts. CONCLUSION: While some benefits are commonly offered, there is
      great variation in the availability and level of others. However, these
      differences were independent of program and hospital reputation as well as
      academic center status. Departments currently bear a substantial amount of the
      cost of these benefits internally.

PMID- 27385946
TI  - Direct Repair of the Superior Band of Bigelow's Ligament After Hip Arthroplasty:
      a Surgical Technique.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The posterolateral approach is one of the most common approaches used
      during hip arthroplasty. A posterior soft tissue repair is necessary to limit the
      risk of postoperative dislocation. For a trapezoidal capsulotomy, the proximal
      limb divides the superior band of the iliofemoral ligament (Bigelow's ligament).
      A transosseous repair frequently leaves a defect in this region, which may
      elevate the risk for dislocation. The purpose of this article is to describe a
      simple, rational technique for reinforcing the posterior capsular repair.
      DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUE: A meticulous exposure of the hip capsule is performed
      during the posterolateral surgical approach. A trapezoidal capsulotomy is
      performed. After implantation of the arthroplasty implants, retractors are placed
      to expose the superior capsule. Prior to transosseous repair of the capsule and
      short external rotator tendons, the proximal limb of the capsulotomy is
      reapproximated anatomically and repaired with non-absorbable sutures. If
      anatomical repair is not possible, leg length and femoral offset should be
      reassessed carefully. DISCUSSION: The described modification may further minimize
      the risk of dislocation following hip arthroplasty, as the superior band of
      Bigelow's ligament is an additional checkrein to internal and external rotation.
      This repair provides a secondary intraoperative assessment of leg length and
      femoral offset to ensure proper biomechanical reconstruction of the hip joint. It
      is the authors' preferred technique of all hip hemiarthroplasties and total hip
      arthroplasties, whenever possible.

PMID- 27385947
TI  - A Systematic Review of Preoperative Fatty Infiltration and Rotator Cuff Outcomes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fatty infiltration (FI) of the muscle as graded by the Goutallier
      classification (GC) is a well-known sequela following rotator cuff injury. The
      degree to which this predicts the success of rotator cuff repair is unknown.
      QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: We conducted a systematic review to address the following
      questions: (1) Does the grade of FI of the rotator cuff muscles present
      preoperatively predict retear rates postoperatively? (2) Are amounts of
      preoperative FI predictive of functional outcomes following repair? METHODS:
      Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and
      the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials online databases were searched
      for all literature published between January 1966 and March 2015. Keywords were
      chosen to achieve a broad search category. All articles were reviewed by three of
      the authors, and those meeting the study inclusion criteria were selected for
      data abstraction. RESULTS: The systematic literature review yielded 11 studies
      reporting on a total of 925 shoulders. Rotator cuffs with moderate or significant
      FI preoperatively (grades 2-4) had a significantly higher retear rate than those
      with no or minimal FI (grades 0-1) (59 vs. 25%, p = 0.045). Four studies reported
      postoperative Constant scores and preoperative GC scores. One study found that
      lower GC scores were associated with higher Constant scores postoperatively, one
      found no association, and the data was inconclusive in the other two.
      CONCLUSIONS: While lower preoperative GC scores are associated with lower rates
      of rotator cuff retear following repair, there is insufficient data to make
      conclusions on the effects of FI on functional outcomes following repair.

PMID- 27385948
TI  - Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Patient with Multicentric Carpotarsal Osteolysis: a
      Case Report.

PMID- 27385949
TI  - Successful Immediate Re-implantation of an Extruded Femoral Segment: a Case
      Report.

PMID- 27385951
TI  - Diagnosing Septic Arthritis in the Synovial White Cell Count "Gray Zone".
AB  - Differentiating septic arthritis of the pediatric hip from other causes of hip
      pain and effusion continues to present a diagnostic challenge for the clinician.
      Although septic arthritis traditionally has been reported to have a synovial
      white blood cell count of 75,000 cells/mm3 or greater, lower counts can be seen
      in this condition. In cases where a synovial sample has been obtained and the
      cell count falls in the intermediate range between 25,000 and 75,000 cells/mm(3),
      it is unclear what proportion of these cases may be truly septic hips. In this
      evidence-based review, we examine Heyworth et al's study focusing on the
      predictive value of this intermediate white cell count range in a Lyme-endemic
      region. 

PMID- 27385950
TI  - Thoracic Spine Degeneration Following Microlaminotomy for Spinal Cord Stimulator
      Placement and Subsequent Removal-a Case Report.

PMID- 27385952
TI  - New Joints, Same Old Weight: Weight Changes After Total Hip and Knee
      Arthroplasty.
AB  - Obesity is a well-known risk factor for postoperative complications following
      total joint arthroplasty. However, because the operation is often successful,
      orthopedic surgeons continue to operate on obese individuals, and many surgeons
      do so under the assumption that patients will lose weight after they are able to
      walk and exercise without pain. In this article, we review a recent study by Ast
      et al., who performed a retrospective review, using a single-center institutional
      registry, to determine (1) whether patients do actually lose weight after total
      hip and/or total knee arthroplasty, (2) whether there are predictors of
      postoperative weight change, and (3) whether postoperative weight changes affect
      patient-reported clinical outcomes. The principle conclusion was that most
      patients maintained their body mass index (BMI) after total hip and total knee
      arthroplasty (73 and 69%, respectively). However, patients undergoing total knee
      arthroplasty, patients who had a higher preoperative BMI, and female patients
      were more likely to lose weight postoperatively. When examined in the context of
      the current literature, this study provides valuable information for the
      preoperative counseling of total joint arthroplasty candidates, especially in the
      setting of obesity. 

PMID- 27385953
TI  - Farewell, Sam Delgado.

PMID- 27385955
TI  - Beyond the joints in rheumatoid arthritis: Effects of adalimumab on hematologic
      and lipid indices.
AB  - Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a multifunctional cytokine which plays
      a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Apart from its
      well recognized proinflammatory properties, it is known to interfere with lipid
      metabolism and erythropoiesis. We evaluated the effects of adalimumab on
      hematologic, lipid and inflammatory parameters using data from patients on
      adalimumab 40 mg fortnightly from 2 centers in Malaysia. Mean changes in
      laboratory values from baseline to Weeks 4, 12 and 24 were compared using paired
      T test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. We studied 18 patients with RA who were on
      adalimumab 40 mg fortnightly. The inflammatory markers i.e. erythrocyte
      sedimentation rate and C reactive protein showed significant changes as early as
      at week 4 compared to baseline with p values of 0.003 and 0.005, respectively.
      From a baseline of high disease activity with a mean Disease Activity Score using
      28 joint counts (DAS 28) of 5.3, there was a steady improvement in the disease
      activity and remission was achieved at week 24 with a DAS 28 of 2.4. The
      hemoglobin level improved at week 12 (p=0.013) and this was sustained till week
      24. As opposed to previous studies, the LDL level significantly decreased at week
      12 (p=0.015) and this change persisted till week 24 (p=0.001). The total
      cholesterol showed a similar pattern as the LDL. The pharmacodynamics of
      adalimumab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis extend beyond the joints with
      favorable effects on haemoglobin and lipid profile. 

PMID- 27385954
TI  - Neuroprotective effect of nitric oxide donor isosorbide-dinitrate against
      oxidative stress induced by ethidium bromide in rat brain.
AB  - This study investigated the effect of systemic administration of isosorbide
      dinitrate (ISDN) on oxidative stress and brain monoamines in a toxic model of
      brain demyelination evoked by intracerebral injection (i.c.i) of ethidium bromide
      (10 ul of 0.1 %). Rats received saline (control) or ISDN at 5 or 10 mg/kg for 10
      days prior to injection of ethidium bromide. Rats were euthanized one day later,
      and then the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation
      (malondialdehyde; MDA), nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate), acetylcholinesterase
      (AChE) activity, paraoxonase activity as well as monoamine levels (serotonin,
      dopamine and noradrenaline) were assessed in the brain cortex in different
      treatment groups. The i.c.i of ethidium bromide resulted in increased oxidative
      stress in the cortex one day after its injection; (i) MDA increased by 36.9 %;
      (ii) GSH decreased by 20.8 %, while (iii) nitric oxide increased by 60.3 %; (iv)
      AChE and paraoxonase activities in cortex decreased by 35.9 % and 29.4 %,
      respectively; (v) serotonin was significantly increased. In ethidium bromide
      treated rats, pretreatment with ISDN at 10 mg/kg decreased cortical MDA by 23.9
      %. Reduced glutathione was increased by 25.1 % ISDN at 10 mg/kg, while nitric
      oxide showed a 32.8 and 41.7 % decrease after 5 and 10 mg/kg of ISDN,
      respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activity increased by 24.3 % by 10 mg/kg of
      ISDN. Paraoxonase activity showed further decrease by 72.2 and 83.8 % after
      treatment with 5 and 10 mg/kg of ISDN, respectively. The administration of ISDN
      decreased the level of serotonin and noradrenaline compared with the ethidium
      bromide only treated group. Overall, the present findings suggest neuroprotective
      effect of ISDN against oxidative stress in this model of chemical demyelination. 

PMID- 27385956
TI  - Effects of acute and chronic psychological stress on isolated islets' insulin
      release.
AB  - This study investigated the effects of acute and chronic psychological stress on
      glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from isolated pancreatic islets. Male Wistar
      rats were divided into two control and stressed groups; each further was
      allocated into fed and fasted groups. Stress was induced by communication box for
      one (acute), fifteen and thirty (chronic) days. After islet isolation, their
      number, size and insulin output were assessed. Plasma corticosterone level was
      determined. In fasted animals, acute stress increased basal and post stress
      plasma corticosterone level, while 30 days stress decreased it compared to day 1.
      In fed rats, acute stress increased only post stress plasma corticosterone
      concentration, however, after 15 days stress, it was decreased compared to day 1.
      Acute stress did not change insulin output; however, the insulin output was
      higher in the fed acutely stressed rats at 8.3 and 16.7 mM glucose than fasted
      ones. Chronic stress increased insulin output on day 15 in the fasted animals but
      decreased it on day 30 in the fed animals at 8.3 and 16.7 mM glucose. In the
      fasted control rats insulin output was lower than fed ones. In the chronic
      stressed rats insulin output at 8.3 and 16.7 mM glucose was higher in the fasted
      than fed rats. The number of islets increased in the fasted rats following 15
      days stress. This study indicated that the response of the isolated islets from
      acute and chronically stressed rats are different and depends on the feeding
      status. 

PMID- 27385957
TI  - The role of protein kinase C in ischemic tolerance induced by hyperoxia in rats
      with stroke.
AB  - Recent studies suggest that normobaric hyperoxia (HO) protects the rat brain from
      ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key signaling
      molecule involved in protection against IR injury but its role in protective
      effect of HO in brain injury in unknown. In this study we attempted to see if PKC
      is involved in the effect of HO. Rats were divided into four main experimental
      groups. The first two were exposed to 95 % oxygen (HO) in a chamber 4 h/day for 6
      consecutive days. Each of these groups had a control group exposed to 21 %
      oxygen. To investigate the role of PKC during HO, chelerythrin chloride (CHEL, 1
      mg/kg/day), a PKC inhibitor, or its vehicle was given to animals for 6 days.
      After 24 h, the rats were subjected to 60 min of right middle cerebral artery
      occlusion (MCAO). After 24 h reperfusion neurological deficit scores, infarct
      volume, brain edema and blood-brain Barrier (BBB) permeability were assessed. HO
      decreased the infarct volume and brain edema in comparison with controls. PKC
      inhibition was associated with a significant increase in infarct size in both HO
      and control animals. PKC inhibition was unable to change brain edema in the
      experimental groups. Both HO and PKC inhibition reduced the BBB permeability
      within 24 h post occlusion of middle cerebral artery. Although both HO and PKC
      inhibition were associated with inhibition of BBB permeability during ischemic
      brain injury in rats, the neuroprotective effect of HO was independent of PKC in
      the MCAO model. 

PMID- 27385958
TI  - Biological activities of extracts from cultivated Granadilla Passiflora alata.
AB  - Research conducted in this study showed the influence of ethanol, acetone and
      ethyl acetate extracts of the outgrowth of cultivated Passiflora alata on
      microorganisms, as well as the antioxidant activity and the concentrations of
      total phenols, flavonoids and tannins. In vitro antimicrobial activities of
      extracts were studied on 27 species of microorganisms, of which 17 species of
      bacteria and 10 species of fungi. The strongest antimicrobial activity was
      detected on G+ bacteria while the activities on other species were moderate.
      Ethyl acetate extract showed the strongest effect. The concentrations of total
      phenols were examined by using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the obtained values
      ranged from 14.04 to 34.22 mg GA/g. By using aluminium chloride method, the
      concentrations of flavonoids were obtained and the values ranged from 33.19 to
      62.30 mg RU/g. In determining the amount of tannins we used the method with
      buthanol-HCl reagent and the obtained value was 5.1 % of dry matter. The
      efficiency of antioxidation, which we identified through the reduction of DPPH,
      was in the range from 808.69 to 1107.79 ug/ml for a particular IC50, and AAI
      values were between 0.07 and 0.10. The best parameters were shown by ethanol
      extract. All data were statistically analyzed. Overall, extracts showed potential
      for further investigation and use. 

PMID- 27385959
TI  - Changes in apoptotic factors in hypothalamus and hippocampus after acute and
      subchronic stress induction during conditioned place preference paradigm.
AB  - The hypothalamus (HYP) and hippocampus (HIP) are important regions involved in
      stress responses. These areas are also associated with reward processing. In this
      study, the effects of acute and subchronic stress on the changes in apoptotic
      factors (Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 activation and PARP degradation) in the HYP
      and HIP during conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm were evaluated. Male
      Wistar rats were divided into two saline- and morphine-treated supergroups. Each
      supergroup contained control, acute stress (AS) and subchronic stress (SS)
      groups. In all groups, CPP paradigm was done and thereinafter alterations of
      apoptotic factors were measured by western blot. The results revealed that in the
      HYP, all mentioned factors increased significantly in saline- or morphine-treated
      animals during AS and SS. On the other hand, in the HIP, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in
      saline-treated animals increased significantly during AS and SS, while in
      morphine-treated animals this ratio did not have any significant alteration
      during AS and was decreased during SS compared with morphine-control group.
      Caspase-3 and PARP increased during AS and SS in saline- or morphine-treated
      animals. For example, caspase-3 increased during AS and SS in morphine-treated
      animals by 2.4 folds and PARP (89 KDa) increased by 3.1 and 3.5 folds,
      respectively. Interestingly, the increase of apoptotic factors in morphine
      treated animals was more considerable than that of saline-treated animals. These
      results strongly implied that AS and SS trigger apoptotic events in the HYP and
      HIP of saline- and/or morphine-treated animals as well as morphine reinforces the
      effect of stress on the induction of apoptosis. 

PMID- 27385960
TI  - The Growing Complexity of the Monosomy 1p36 Syndrome.

PMID- 27385963
TI  - RASopathies: Presentation at the Genome, Interactome, and Phenome Levels.
AB  - Clinical symptoms often reflect molecular correlations between mutated proteins.
      Alignment between interactome and phenome levels reveals new disease genes and
      connections between previously unrelated diseases. Despite a great potential for
      novel discoveries, this approach is still rarely used in genomics. In the present
      study, we analyzed the data of 6 syndromes belonging to the RASopathy class of
      disorders (RASopathies) and presented them as a model to study associations
      between genome, interactome, and phenome levels. Causative genes and clinical
      symptoms were collected from OMIM and NCBI GeneReviews databases for 6 syndromes:
      Noonan, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, neurofibromatosis type 1,
      cardiofaciocutaneous, and Legius and Costello syndrome. The STRING tool was used
      for the identification of protein interactions. Six RASopathy syndromes were
      found to be associated with 12 causative genes. We constructed an interactome of
      RASopathy proteins and their neighbors and developed a database of 328 clinical
      symptoms. The collected data was presented at genome, interactome, and phenome
      levels and as an integrated network of all 3 data types. The present study
      provides a baseline for future studies of associations between interactome and
      phenome in RASopathies and could serve as a novel approach to analyze
      phenotypically and genetically related diseases. 

PMID- 27385961
TI  - Cytogenomic Aberrations in Congenital Cardiovascular Malformations.
AB  - Congenital cardiovascular malformations are the most common birth defects, with a
      complex multifactorial etiology. Genetic factors play an important role,
      illuminated by numerous cytogenetically visible abnormalities, as well as
      submicroscopic genomic imbalances affecting critical genomic regions in the
      affected individuals. Study of rare families with Mendelian forms, as well as
      emerging next-generation sequencing technologies have uncovered a multitude of
      genes relevant for human congenital cardiac diseases. It is clear that the
      complex embryology of human cardiac development, with an orchestrated interplay
      of transcription factors, chromatin regulators, and signal transduction pathway
      molecules can be easily perturbed by genomic imbalances affecting dosage
      sensitive regions. This review focuses on chromosomal abnormalities contributing
      to congenital heart diseases and underscores several genomic disorders linked to
      human cardiac malformations in the last few decades. 

PMID- 27385962
TI  - Bardet-Biedl Syndrome.
AB  - Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder. It is
      characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations including primary features
      of the disease (rod-cone dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, genital abnormalities,
      renal defects, and learning difficulties) and secondary BBS characteristics
      (developmental delay, speech deficit, brachydactyly or syndactyly, dental
      defects, ataxia or poor coordination, olfactory deficit, diabetes mellitus,
      congenital heart disease, etc.); most of these symptoms may not be present at
      birth but appear and progressively worsen during the first and second decades of
      life. At least 20 BBS genes have already been identified, and all of them are
      involved in primary cilia functioning. Genetic diagnosis of BBS is complicated
      due to lack of gene-specific disease symptoms; however, it is gradually becoming
      more accessible with the invention of multigene sequencing technologies. Clinical
      management of BBS is largely limited to a symptomatic treatment. Mouse
      experiments demonstrate that the most debilitating complication of BBS,
      blindness, can be rescued by topical gene therapy. There is a published case
      report describing the delay of BBS symptoms by nutritional compensation of the
      disease-related biochemical deficiencies. Progress in DNA testing technologies is
      likely to rapidly resolve all limitations in BBS diagnosis; however, much slower
      improvement is expected with regard to BBS treatment. 

PMID- 27385964
TI  - Prolidase Deficiency in a Mexican-American Patient Identified by Array CGH
      Reveals a Novel and the Largest PEPD Gene Deletion.
AB  - Prolidase deficiency (PD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the
      peptidase D (PEPD) gene, affecting collagen degradation. Features include lower
      extremity ulcers, facial dysmorphism, frequent respiratory infections, and
      intellectual disability, though there is significant intra- and interfamilial
      variability. Twenty-eight mutations have been previously reported, all either
      small deletions/duplications or point mutations discovered by enzyme or DNA
      assays. PD has been reported in patients of various ethnic backgrounds, but never
      in the Mexican-American population. We describe the first Mexican-American
      patient with PD, who presented with typical facial features, developmental delay,
      microcephaly, and xerosis. Chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) revealed a
      homozygous deletion in the region of 19q13.11, estimated to be between 124.79 and
      195.72 kb in size, representing the largest PEPD gene deletion reported to date
      and the first discovered by CMA. 

PMID- 27385966
TI  - A New Case of an Extremely Rare 3p21.31 Interstitial Deletion.
AB  - Interstitial 3p21.31 deletions have been very rarely reported. We describe a 7
      year-old boy with global developmental delay, specific facial characteristics,
      hydronephrosis, and hypothyreosis with a de novo deletion of 3p21.31,
      encompassing 29 OMIM genes. Despite the wide use of microarrays, no similar case
      has been reported in the literature so far. Five overlapping cases are deposited
      in the DECIPHER database, 2 of which have significant overlapping chromosomal
      aberrations. They both share some phenotypic characteristics with our case, e.g.
      developmental delay, intellectual disability and facial dysmorphism (arched
      eyebrows, hypertelorism, low-set ears, and a large nose tip). In addition, loss
      of-function mutations in the SETD2 gene (OMIM 612778) of the deleted region have
      been described in 3 patients, presenting with some similar clinical features,
      namely overgrowth, intellectual disability, speech delay, hypotonia, autism, and
      epilepsy. Therefore, SETD2 may explain part of the phenotype in our case. We
      focused on 3 other genes in the deleted region, based on their known functions,
      namely CSPG5 (OMIM 606775), PTH1R (OMIM 168468) and SMARCC1 (OMIM 601732), and
      assessed their potentially important role in describing the patient's phenotype.
      Additional cases with haploinsufficiency of this region are needed to elucidate
      further genotype-phenotype correlations. 

PMID- 27385965
TI  - Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals a Mutation in CRYBB2 in a Large Mexican Family
      with Autosomal Dominant Pulverulent Cataract.
AB  - Congenital cataract, an important cause of reversible blindness, is due to
      several causes including Mendelian inheritance. Thirty percent of cataracts are
      hereditary with participation of the gamma crystallin genes. Clinical and genetic
      heterogeneity is observed in patients with gene mutations and congenital
      cataract; about 40 genetic loci have been associated with hereditary cataract. In
      this study, we identified the underlying genetic cause of an autosomal dominant
      pulverulent cataract (ADPC) in a large Mexican family. Twenty-one affected
      patients and 20 healthy members of a family with ADPC were included. Genomic DNA
      was analyzed by whole exome sequencing in the proband, a normal daughter, and in
      an affected son, whereas DNA Sanger sequencing was performed in all members of
      the family. After the bioinformatics analysis, all samples were genotyped using
      Sanger sequencing to eliminate variants that do not cosegregate with the
      cataract. We observed a perfect cosegregation of a nonsense mutation c.475C>T
      (p.Q155*) in exon 6 of the CRYBB2 gene with ADPC. We calculated a logarithm of
      the odds score of 5.5. This mutation was not detected in healthy members of the
      family and in 100 normal controls. This is the first Mexican family with ADPC
      associated with a p.Q155* mutation. Interestingly, this specific mutation in the
      CRYBB2 gene seems to be exclusively associated with pulverulent/cerulean cataract
      (with some clinical variability) independent of the population's genetic
      background. 

PMID- 27385967
TI  - Comparison of Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Inflammatory Markers Between Women
      With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Healthy Pregnant Control.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D appears to be involved in regulation of glycemic and
      inflammatory responses in gestational diabetes. The purpose of this study was to
      compare the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), inflammatory
      biomarkers and glycemic profile between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and
      normal glucose tolerance (NGT) pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this
      cross-sectional study, fasting serum levels of 25(OH)D, insulin, glucose, HOMA
      IR, hs-CRP and TNF-alpha were measured in 45 GDM and 45 NGT women at week 20-30
      gestation whom referred to Reference Medical Laboratory of Ahvaz, Iran in 1394.
      RESULTS: Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower (p = 0.003 ) in the GDM
      group compared to the NGT group which remained even after controlling for
      confounders. Insulin and TNF-alpha levels were not statistically different
      between groups (p > 0.05). However, in unadjusted model, HOMA-IR and hs-CRP were
      significantly different between groups that disappeared in adjusted model. In the
      GDM group, there was a negative significant correlation between 25 (OH) D and
      fasting blood sugar (p = 0.009) and pre pregnancy BMI (p < 0.001). Levels of
      25(OH)D were also negatively correlated with pre pregnancy BMI (p < 0.001) and hs
      CRP levels (p = 0.003) in the NGT group. CONCLUSION: The lower level of vitamin D
      may be responsible for impairments of some glycemic and inflammatory markers in
      pregnant women. This is more important in overweight pregnant women. However,
      further studies with larger sample size are recommended in this regards.

PMID- 27385968
TI  - Validity and Reliability of Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Assessment Tool
      Among Vulnerable Women Concerning Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to design and evaluate the content and face validity,
      and reliability of knowledge, attitude, and behavior questionnaire on preventive
      behaviors among vulnerable women concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in two phases
      of an action research. In the first phase, to explain STDs preventive domains, 20
      semi- structured interviews were conducted with the vulnerable women, residing at
      women prison and women referred to counseling centers. After analyzing content of
      interviews, three domains were identified: improve their knowledge, modify their
      attitude and change their behaviors. In the second phase, the questionnaire was
      designed and tested in a pilot study. Then, its content validity was evaluated.
      Face validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed by test re- test
      method and Cronbach alpha respectively. RESULTS: Index of content validity in
      each three domain of the questionnaire (knowledge, attitude and behavior
      concerning STDs) was obtained over 0.6. Overall content validity index was 0.86
      in all three domains of the questionnaire. The Cronbach's alpha as reliability of
      questionnaire was 0.80 for knowledge, 0.79 for attitude and 0.85 for behavior.
      CONCLUSION: The results showed that the designed questionnaire was a valid and
      reliable tool to measure knowledge, attitude and behavior of vulnerable women,
      predisposed to risk of STDs.

PMID- 27385969
TI  - Association of Smoking With Semen Quality and u-Calpain Level in Normospermia: A
      Case-Control Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Calpains are a family of Ca(2+) dependent proteases. There is some
      evidence that calpains involved in fusion process that occurs between spermatozoa
      and the oocyte. The current study aimed to investigate the association of smoking
      with semen quality and u-calpain level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control
      study was conducted on 117 normospermia males between June 2013 and march 2014 in
      Jahad Laboratory in ahvaz, Iran. The semen samples were collected from male
      smokers (n = 50) and non-smokers (n = 67). We divided these participants as
      light, moderate, or heavy smokers based on their cigarettes per day (CPD). ELISA
      assays were used to measure u-calpain concentration. All semen samples were
      analyzed according to World Health Organization guidelines. RESULTS: The analysis
      of semen showed the volume, concentration, motility and morphology of semen were
      significantly lower among the smoker men than the non-smoker men. Also this
      significant difference was observed based on the number (light, moderate and
      heavy smokers) and duration (short term and long term smoker) of smoking.
      Although, showed no significant difference between u-calpain of smoker men and
      non-smoker men. CPD showed negatively correlation with semen volume,
      concentration, motility and morphology of sperm. CONCLUSION: Sperm quality was
      negatively correlated with CPD and duration of smoking. However, there is no
      significant correlation between smoking and u-calpain concentration.

PMID- 27385970
TI  - Comparison of the Effects of Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream (EMLA) and Lidocaine
      Injection on Reduction of Perineal Pain During Perineum Repair in Normal Vaginal
      Delivery.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of EMLA cream and lidocaine injection to
      reduce pain during episiotomy repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 46
      primiparous women with normal pregnancy who referred for normal vaginal delivery
      and needed episiotomy repair were selected and randomly divided into two groups.
      For EMLA group, one hour before the estimated time of delivery, 5g of EMLA cream
      was applied to perinealmediolateral incision, and after the delivery of the fetus
      and placenta, again 5g of EMLA cream was applied to healthy skin around the
      episiotomy for repair. In the other group, lidocaine 2% was used before
      episiotomy and for its repair, too. RESULTS: Only 8 people (19%) were in need of
      further analgesia. The mean +/- SD of pain during repair of episiotomy on the VAS
      scale in all cases was 4.2 +/- 2.3 cm. Most people (97%) were satisfied with
      their episiotomy repair. Comparing the two groups of EMLA and lidocaine, there
      was no difference between the two groups in terms of the duration of episiotomy
      repair, need for further analgesia, pain on the VAS scale, and satisfaction with
      the repair method. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that the use of
      EMLA cream in the site of episiotomy incision in primiparous women can induce a
      level of analgesia equal to that of lidocaine, and cause a similar level of
      satisfaction.

PMID- 27385971
TI  - Comparison of the Effects of Two Auditory Methods by Mother and Fetus on the
      Results of Non-Stress Test (Baseline Fetal Heart Rate and Number of
      Accelerations) in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of two auditory methods by mother and fetus on
      the results of NST in 2011-2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this single-blind
      clinical trial, 213 pregnant women with gestational age of 37-41 weeks who had no
      pregnancy complications were randomly divided into 3 groups (auditory
      intervention for mother, auditory intervention for fetus, and control) each
      containing 71 subjects. In the intervention groups, music was played through the
      second 10 minutes of NST. The three groups were compared regarding baseline fetal
      heart rate and number of accelerations in the first and second 10 minutes of NST.
      The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and paired T-test.
      RESULTS: The results showed no significant difference among the three groups
      regarding baseline fetal heart rate in the first (p = 0.945) and second (p =
      0.763) 10 minutes. However, a significant difference was found among the three
      groups concerning the number of accelerations in the second 10 minutes. Also, a
      significant difference was observed in the number of accelerations in the
      auditory intervention for mother (p = 0.013) and auditory intervention for fetus
      groups (p < 0.001). The difference between the number of accelerations in the
      first and second 10 minutes was also statistically significant (p = 0.002).
      CONCLUSION: Music intervention was effective in the number of accelerations which
      is the indicator of fetal health. Yet, further studies are required to be
      conducted on the issue.

PMID- 27385972
TI  - Comparison Pregnancy Outcomes Between Minimal Stimulation Protocol and
      Conventional GnRH Antagonist Protocols in Poor Ovarian Responders.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To compare the pregnancy outcomes achieved by in vitro fertilization
      (IVF) between minimal stimulation and conventional antagonist protocols in poor
      ovarian responders (PORs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this randomized controlled
      trial, 77 PORs undergoing IVF were selected and divided into two groups. First
      group was the minimal stimulation group (n = 42) receiving 100 mg/day clomiphene
      citrate on day 2of the cycle for 5 day that was followed by150IU/day human
      menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) on day 5 of the cycle. Second group was the
      conventional group (n = 35) receiving at least 300 IU/daygonadotropin on day 2 of
      the cycle. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol was applied
      for both groups according to flexible protocol. Number of retrieved oocytes and
      chemical pregnancy rate were the main outcomes. RESULTS: There was no difference
      in number ofretrieved oocyte and pregnancy rate (2.79 +/- 1.96 vs. 2.20 +/- 1.71
      and 5.6% vs. 4.1%; p > 0.05) between both groups. The gonadotropin dose used in
      the minimal stimulation group was lower than conventional group (1046 +/- 596 vs.
      2806 +/- 583). CONCLUSION: Minimal stimulation protocol with lower gonadotropin
      used is likely to be considered as a patient- friendly and cost-effective
      substitute for PORs.

PMID- 27385973
TI  - Recombinant FSH Compared to Clomiphene Citrate as the First-Line in Ovulation
      Induction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Using Newly Designed Pens: A Randomized
      Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Since there is still controversy regarding the best first-line choice
      for ovulation induction (OI) other than clomiphene citrate (CC) in infertile
      women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the aim of the present
      study was to compare recombinant human FSH with CC as the first course of OI in
      these women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this pilot randomized controlled trial,
      104 infertile women diagnosed with PCOS were randomized in two groups to receive
      either CC with the dose of 100mg per day from day 3 of a spontaneous or progestin
      induced menstruation for 5 days or rFSH with the starting dose of 50 IU daily
      {and weekly dose increment of as low as 12.5 IU}, on the day4 of the cycle. They
      were assessed during a single OI course. The pregnancy rate (PR) and live birth
      rate (LBR) were the primary outcomes. The follicular response, endometrial
      thickness, cancellation of the cycles and ovarian hyper stimulation (OHSS) rate
      were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Analyzing data of 96 patients using Chi(2)
      and Fischer's Exact test (44 in rFSH group and 52 in CC group), both PR and LBR
      were comparable in the two groups {13.6% vs. 9.6% and 11.4% vs. 9.6%
      respectively}, with the difference not to be significant (p > 0.05). No cases of
      OHSS or multiple gestations happened during the treatment course. CONCLUSION: It
      seems that rFSH is as efficacious as CC while not with more complications for the
      first-line OI in infertile women with PCOS. However, due to the limitations of
      the present study including the small population and the single cycle of
      treatment, our results did not come out to prove this and more studies with
      larger study population are needed to compare the cumulative PR and LBR.

PMID- 27385974
TI  - Isolated Vaginal Neurofibroma Presenting as Vaginal Wall Cyst: A Rare Case Report
      With Review of Literature.
AB  - Neurofibromas commonly involve peripheral nervous system. Isolated neurofibroma
      of vagina is very rare tumor and usually associated with Von Recklinghausen's
      disease. Vulva is the most frequent location of neurofibroma of genital tract
      followed by clitoris and labia. We present a rare case of neurofibroma of vaginal
      wall presented as vaginal cyst in a 52 year old female with no history of any
      other symptoms related to Recklinghausen's disease. Excision biopsy was done and
      on the histopathological examination non-encapsulated, well circumscribed mass
      composed of spindle shaped cells with wavy nuclei and bland nuclear chromatin was
      noted. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong positivity with S-100. 

PMID- 27385975
TI  - Influence of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile in Platycodonis Radix
      (Jiegeng).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Over recent decades, sulfur fumigation is becoming abused in
      processing some freshly harvested herbs used as both medicine and food, although
      it has been questioned whether sulfur fumigation will change the efficacy and
      safety of the herbs. One of the herbs commonly processed by sulfur fumigation is
      Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese). Glycosides are the main bioactive
      components of Jiegeng. Up to the present, no study has been carried out to
      evaluate the impact of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile of Jiegeng.
      METHODS: A rapid and versatile ultra-high performance liquid chromatography
      coupled with ultra-high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
      (UHPLC UHD Q-TOF MS/MS) method was developed for comprehensive analysis of the
      glycoside profiles of sulfur-fumigated and air-dried Jiegeng samples. RESULTS:
      Twenty-three glycosides were detected in air-dried and sulfur-fumigated Jiegeng
      samples. After sulfur fumigation, the peak heights of eight glycosides, namely
      platycogenin A, platycodin D, platycodin D2, platycodin D3, polygalacin D,
      polygalacin D2, deapio-platycodin D and 3"-O-acetylplatycodin D2, remarkably
      decreased; while peak heights of five glycosides, namely syringin, lobetyolin,
      platycoside E, deapio-platycodin D2 and deapio-platycoside E, slightly increased;
      in addition, peaks of ten glycosides, platycodin A, platycodin C, platycodin V,
      platycoside C, 16-oxoplatycodin D, 2"-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 2"-O
      acetylpolygalacin D2, 3"-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 3"-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, and
      platycogenic acid B, disappeared. CONCLUSION: Sulfur fumigation caused
      significant changes of glycoside components of Jiegeng. Further investigations
      are warranted to explore how these chemical changes occurred and whether these
      changes would affect the efficacy and safety of Jiegeng.

PMID- 27385976
TI  - Psychosocial wellbeing and physical health among Tamil schoolchildren in northern
      Sri Lanka.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mental disorders contribute to the global disease burden and have an
      increased prevalence among children in emergency settings. Good physical health
      is crucial for mental well-being, although physical health is multifactorial and
      the nature of this relationship is not fully understood. Using Sri Lanka as a
      case study, we assessed the baseline levels of, and the association between,
      mental health and physical health in Tamil school children. METHODS: We conducted
      a cross sectional study of mental and physical health in 10 schools in
      Kilinochchi town in northern Sri Lanka. All Grade 8 children attending selected
      schools were eligible to participate in the study. Mental health was assessed
      using the Sri Lankan Index for Psychosocial Stress - Child Version. Physical
      health was assessed using Body Mass Index for age, height for age Z scores and
      the Multi-stage Fitness Test. Association between physical and mental health
      variables was assessed using scatterplots and correlation was assessed using
      Pearson's R. RESULTS: There were 461 participants included in the study. Girls
      significantly outperformed boys in the MH testing t (459) = 2.201, p < 0.05. Boys
      had significantly lower average Body Mass Index for age and height for age Z
      scores than girls (BMI: t (459) = -4.74, p <0.001; Height: t (459) = -3.54, p <
      0.001). When compared to global averages, both sexes underperformed in the Multi
      Stage Fitness Test, and had a higher prevalence of thinness and stunting. We
      identified no meaningful association between the selected variables. CONCLUSIONS:
      Our results do not support the supposition that the selected elements of physical
      health are related to mental health in post-conflict Sri Lanka. However, we
      identified a considerable physical health deficit in Tamil school children.

PMID- 27385977
TI  - The IL-23/IL-22/IL-18 axis in murine Campylobacter jejuni infection.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Human Campylobacter jejuni infections are worldwide on the rise.
      Information about the distinct molecular mechanisms underlying
      campylobacteriosis, however, are scarce. In the present study we investigated
      whether cytokines including IL-23, IL-22 and IL-18 sharing pivotal functions in
      host immunity were involved in mediating immunopathological responses upon C.
      jejuni infection. RESULTS: To address this, conventionally colonized IL-23p19(-/
      ), IL-22(-/-) and IL-18(-/-) mice were perorally infected with C. jejuni strain
      ATCC 43431. Respective gene-deficient, but not wildtype mice were susceptible to
      C. jejuni infection and could be readily colonized with highest pathogenic loads
      in the terminal ileum and colon at day 14 postinfection (p.i.). In IL-23p19(-/-),
      IL-22(-/-) and IL-18(-/-) mice viable C. jejuni were detected in MLNs, but did
      not translocate to spleen, liver, kidney and blood in the majority of cases.
      Susceptible IL-22(-/-), but neither IL-23p19(-/-), nor IL-18(-/-) mice harbored
      higher intestinal commensal E. coli loads when compared to resistant wildtype
      mice. Alike C. jejuni, commensal E. coli did not translocate from the intestinal
      to extra-intestinal tissue sites. Despite C. jejuni infection, mice lacking IL
      23p19, IL-22 or IL-18 exhibited less apoptotic cells, but higher numbers of
      proliferating cells in their colonic epithelium as compared to wildtype mice at
      day 14 p.i. Less pronounced apoptosis was parallelled by lower abundance of
      neutrophils within the colonic mucosa and lamina propria of infected IL-23p19(-/
      ) and IL-22(-/-) as compared to wildtype control mice, whereas less distinct
      colonic TNF secretion could be measured in IL-22(-/-) and IL-18(-/-) than in
      wildtype mice at day 14 p.i. Notably, in infected IL-22(-/-) mice, colonic IL
      23p19 mRNA levels were lower, whereas the other way round, colonic IL-22
      expression rates were lower in IL-23p19(-/-) mice as compared to wildtype
      controls. Moreover, IL-18 mRNA was less distinctly expressed in large intestines
      of naive and infected IL-22(-/-) mice, but not vice versa, given that IL-22 mRNA
      levels did not differ between in IL-18(-/-) and wildtype mice. CONCLUSION:
      Cytokines belonging to the IL-23/IL-22/IL-18 axis mediate immunopathological
      responses upon murine C. jejuni infection in a differentially orchestrated
      manner. Future studies need to further unravel the underlying regulatory
      mechanisms orchestrating pathogenic-host interaction.

PMID- 27385978
TI  - Rapamycin-induced autophagy sensitizes A549 cells to radiation associated with
      DNA damage repair inhibition.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Autophagy has been reported to increase in cancer cells after
      radiation. However, it remains unknown whether increased autophagy as a result of
      radiation affects DNA damage repair and sensitizes cancer cells. In this study,
      the radiosensitization effect of rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin
      inhibitor that induces autophagy, on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells was
      investigated. METHODS: A549 cells were treated with different concentrations of
      rapamycin. Cell viability was evaluated by methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay.
      Survival fraction values of A549 cells after radiotherapy were detected by colony
      formation assay. Autophagosome was observed by a transmission electron
      microscope. Furthermore, Western blot was employed to examine alterations in
      autophagy protein LC3 and p62, DNA damage protein gamma-H2AX, and DNA damage
      repair proteins Rad51, Ku70, and Ku80. Rad51, Ku70, and Ku80 messenger
      ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels were examined by real-time polymerase
      chain reaction. RESULTS: Rapamycin suppressed A549 cell proliferation in dose and
      time-dependent manners. An inhibitory concentration (IC) 10 dose of rapamycin
      could induce autophagy in A549 cells. Rapamycin combined with radiation
      significantly decreased the colony forming ability of cells, compared with
      rapamycin or radiation alone. Rapamycin and radiation combined increased gamma
      H2AX expression levels and decreased Rad51 and Ku80 expression levels, compared
      with single regimens. However, rapamycin treatment did not induce any change in
      Rad51, Ku70, and Ku80 mRNA levels, regardless of radiation. CONCLUSIONS: These
      findings indicate that increasing autophagy sensitizes lung cancer cells to
      radiation.

PMID- 27385979
TI  - Body mass index and long-term risk of death from esophageal squamous cell
      carcinoma in a Chinese population.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Studies based on Western populations have found that body mass index
      (BMI) is positively related to the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma but
      inversely associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Little
      reliable evidence exists of an association between BMI and ESCCin China, where
      ESCC incidence is high but BMI is low. METHODS: We evaluated the BMI-ESCC
      association in a population-based prospective study of 29 446 Chinese aged 40-69
      with 27 years of follow-up. China-specific BMI cut-offs (underweight < 18.5,
      healthy >= 18.5 to <24, overweight >= 24 to <28, and obese >= 28) and quartile
      categories were used to define BMI subgroups. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and
      confidence intervals (CIs) for death from ESCC by BMI subgroups were calculated
      using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up
      duration of 21.2 years (555 439 person-years), 2436 ESCC deaths were identified.
      BMI was protective for death from ESCC with an HR of 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.99) for
      each unit increase in BMI. Relative to healthy weight, HRs for BMI were 1.21 (95%
      CI 1.02-1.43) for the underweight group and 0.87 (95% CI 0.78-0.98) for the
      overweight. Categorical quartile analyses found people with BMIs in the Q3 and Q4
      groups had 16% and 13% reductions in the risk of ESCC, respectively. Gender
      specific analyses found that clear effects were evident in women only.
      CONCLUSIONS: Higher BMI was associated with a reduced risk of ESCC in aChinese
      population.

PMID- 27385980
TI  - Predictors of survival in patients who underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery
      talc pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with malignant pleural effusion have a limited life
      expectancy. An increase in pleural and oncological treatment options and more
      accurate prognostic evaluation may help individualize treatment strategies. The
      aim of this study was to identify the prognostic indicators of overall survival
      (OS) after video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) talc pleurodesis for malignant
      pleural effusion. METHODS: We examined the medical records of all consecutive
      patients with malignant pleural effusion who underwent VATS talc pleurodesis from
      2006 to 2008 at the Samsung Medical Center. Univariate and multivariate analyses
      were used to identify predictors of OS after VATS talc pleurodesis. RESULTS:
      During the study period, 91 patients underwent VATS talc pleurodesis to treat
      malignant pleural effusion. Early (within 30 days) and late (within 90 days)
      postoperative mortality rates were 9.9% (9 patients), and 25.3% (23),
      respectively. Median survival time after VATS talc pleurodesis was 10.5 months.
      The postoperative respiratory complication rate was 11% (10 patients), and
      included pneumonia (9) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (4). Multivariate
      analysis revealed that preoperative chemotherapy (P = 0.012), preoperative
      radiotherapy (P = 0.003), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG)
      performance score 3 or 4 (P = 0.013) were independent risk factors of OS after
      VATS talc pleurodesis. CONCLUSIONS: We identified previous chemotherapy or
      radiotherapy and poor performance status (ECOG 3 or 4) as significant predictors
      of OS after VATS talc pleurodesis. These prognostic factors can help surgeons
      select candidates for VATS pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion.

PMID- 27385981
TI  - Exploration of optimal time for initiating adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical
      resection: A retrospective study in Chinese patients with stage IIIA non-small
      cell lung cancer in a single center.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) can reduce the risk of recurrence and
      improve survival after surgical resection in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
      patients. We explore the optimal time from surgery to initiation of ACT in
      Chinese patients with stage IIIA NSCLC. METHODS: Patients pathologically
      diagnosed with IIIA NSCLC who underwent radical surgery were included in this
      study. The cut-off point of time to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy (TTAC)
      was determined by maximally selected log-rank statistics. Patients were divided
      into two groups according to the TTAC cut-off point. Propensity score matching
      (PSM) was used to eliminate confounding variables, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was
      used to analyze the impact of TTAC on disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS: The
      cut-off time was 46 days from surgery to the first ACT. Prior to PSM, baseline
      characteristic variables were balanced with no statistical difference between the
      groups, except for pathologic subtype and smoking history. No difference in DFS
      was found between the two groups prior to PSM (P = 0.529); after PSM, the median
      DFS was consistent between the two (P = 0.822). N2 lymph node station involvement
      was an independent factor associated with poor survival compared with patients
      with N0 lymph node involvement. Moderate differentiation and postoperative
      radiotherapy could improve survival; however, TTAC was not significantly
      correlated with DFS. Subgroup analyses showed no significant correlation between
      DFS and different TTAC programs. CONCLUSION: No survival difference was obtained
      as to when ACT was initiated for patients with stage IIIA NSCLC.

PMID- 27385982
TI  - Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is especially
      beneficial to patients with exon 19 deletion compared with exon 21 L858R mutation
      in non-small-cell lung cancer: Systematic review and meta analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The correlation between epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine
      kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) and EGFR sensitive mutation subtypes in advanced or
      metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains uncertain. We performed
      this meta-analysis to determine different clinical outcomes between patients with
      exon 19 deletion accepting EGFR-TKI therapy compared with those with exon 21
      L858R mutation. METHODS: PubMed and Web of Science were analyzed for eligible
      trials. Raw data were extracted to give pooled estimates of the effect of EGFR
      TKI therapy on objective response rate (ORR), one-year progression-free survival
      (PFS), and two-year overall survival (OS). RESULTS: We identified 13 eligible
      trials involving 912 patients. Prospective meta-analysis demonstrated that the
      ORR of the 19 deletion group was significantly higher than the 21 L858R mutation
      group (odds ratio [OR] 1.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-3.33; P = 0.01),
      but no statistical significance between the one-year PFS rate of the 19 deletion
      and 21 L858R groups (OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.96-2.18; P = 0.08) was found. However,
      retrospective meta-analysis demonstrated that a significantly higher one-year PFS
      rate was associated with the 19 deletion group (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.17-2.56; P =
      0.006). The two-year survival rate of the 19 deletion group was significantly
      higher than the 21 L858R group (OR 5.27, 95 % CI 1.76-15.71; P = 0.003).
      CONCLUSIONS: In advanced NSCLC patients, an exon 19 deleton may provide superior
      ORR, PFS, and OS after EGFR-TKI treatment compared with an exon 21 L858R
      mutation.

PMID- 27385983
TI  - Prognostic significance of RelB overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer
      patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a major public health issue in most countries,
      including China. The expression of RelB is associated with poor prognosis in
      diverse cancers. However, whether RelB expression could be an indicator of poor
      prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. METHODS: The
      expression of RelB in NSCLC tumor tissue and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues were
      examined by immunohistochemistry. Chi-square or two-tailed Fisher's exact tests
      were used to analyze possible associations between qualitative
      clinicopathological variables and RelB expression. Kaplan-Meier analysis and a
      Cox regression model were employed to determine independent prognostic factors.
      RESULTS: The expression of RelB was increased in tumor tissue compared with
      adjacent non-neoplastic tissue in NSCLC patients. High RelB expression was
      significantly correlated with degree of differentiation (P = 0.023), depth of
      tumor invasion (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.017), distant metastases
      (P = 0.004), and tumor node metastasis stage (P < 0.001) in patients with NSCLC.
      NSCLC patients with high RelB expression had significantly shorter overall
      survival than those with low RelB expression (P < 0.001). Our results indicate
      that high RelB expression is an independent prognostic factor for patients with
      NSCLC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High RelB expression could provide a basis for
      judgment of prognosis in patients with NSCLC.

PMID- 27385984
TI  - Pilot study of radiofrequency hyperthermia in combination with gefitinib in
      gefitinib-effective patients with advanced NSCLC.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of death from
      cancer in China. Gefitinib is effective for patients with positive epidermal
      growth factor receptor gene mutation; however, acquired drug resistance
      counteracts the duration response. Hyperthermia is widely clinically applied in
      the treatment of solid tumors. This pilot study was designed to evaluate the
      feasibility of the combination of gefitinib and hyperthermia. METHODS: Patients
      newly diagnosed with advanced NSCLC were screened. Eleven patients who responded
      to first-line gefitinib treatment were enrolled in the study. Along with 250 mg
      gefitinib daily, local radiofrequency hyperthermia was administered twice a week
      until tumor progression was observed. The serum, heat shock protein (HSP)70, was
      also frequently detected during the course. RESULTS: The most common toxicity
      included skin rash (81.8%) and abnormal liver function (45.5%) when treated with
      gefitinib, and fatty scleroma (36.4%) was observed when combined with
      hyperthermia. Grade 3 side effects (skin rash) occurred in only one patient.
      Median progression-free survival was 22 months (95% confidence interval [CI]:
      12.95-31.05 months) and median overall survival was 26 months (95% CI: 22.81
      29.19 months). Serum HSP70 concentration increased and maintained a significantly
      high level compared with the baseline before hyperthermia administration.
      CONCLUSIONS: The novel therapy of gefitinib combined with radiofrequency
      hyperthermia is safe and effective for advanced NSCLC patients. Whether an
      improvement in therapeutic efficacy is associated with the elevation of serum
      HSP70 concentration requires further study.

PMID- 27385985
TI  - Evaluation of a novel saliva-based epidermal growth factor receptor mutation
      detection for lung cancer: A pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This article describes a pilot study evaluating a novel liquid biopsy
      system for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The electric field
      induced release and measurement (EFIRM) method utilizes an electrochemical
      biosensor for detecting oncogenic mutations in biofluids. METHODS: Saliva and
      plasma of 17 patients were collected from three cancer centers prior to and after
      surgical resection. The EFIRM method was then applied to the collected samples to
      assay for exon 19 deletion and p.L858 mutations. EFIRM results were compared with
      cobas results of exon 19 deletion and p.L858 mutation detection in cancer
      tissues. RESULTS: The EFIRM method was found to detect exon 19 deletion with an
      area under the curve (AUC) of 1.0 in both saliva and plasma samples in lung
      cancer patients. For L858R mutation detection, the AUC of saliva was 1.0, while
      the AUC of plasma was 0.98. Strong correlations were also found between
      presurgery and post-surgery samples for both saliva (0.86 for exon 19 and 0.98
      for L858R) and plasma (0.73 for exon 19 and 0.94 for L858R). CONCLUSION: Our
      study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing EFIRM to rapidly, non-invasively,
      and conveniently detect epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in the saliva
      of patients with NSCLC, with results corresponding perfectly with the results of
      cobas tissue genotyping.

PMID- 27385986
TI  - Icotinib as initial treatment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain
      metastases.
AB  - BACKGROUND: To evaluate the antitumor activity and toxicity of icotinib as
      initial treatment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastases. METHODS:
      Twenty-one patients with histologically or pathologically documented brain
      metastatic lung cancer were administered icotinib as initial treatment from 2011
      to 2015 at the Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical
      Sciences. Chemotherapy response was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in
      Solid Tumors and toxicity was evaluated according to National Cancer Institute
      Common Toxicity Criteria. Icotinib was administered three times per day at a dose
      of 125mg. RESULTS: The median overall and progression-free survival rates were
      15.2 (1.2-31.5 months, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.6-23.7 months) and 8.9
      months (0.6-30.5 months, 95% CI 3.4-14.3 months), respectively. The overall
      response and disease control rates were 61.9% and 90.5%, respectively. Icotinib
      was well tolerated, and no grade 3/4 adverse events were observed. The most
      common grade 1/2 adverse events included acneiform eruptions (38.1%), diarrhea
      (19.0%), and stomatitis (9.5%). CONCLUSION: Icotinib is effective and well
      tolerated as initial treatment in lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain
      metastases.

PMID- 27385987
TI  - Clinical outcomes of video-assisted thoracic surgery and stereotactic body
      radiation therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: We compared video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy and
      stereotactic body radiation therapy (SABR) to explore clinical outcomes in the
      treatment of patients with early stage NSCLC. METHODS: Major medical databases
      were systematically searched to identify studies on VATS and SBRT published
      between January 2010 and October 2015. English publications of stage I and II
      NSCLC with adequate patients and SBRT doses were included. A multivariate random
      effects model was used to perform meta-analysis to compare overall survival (OS)
      and disease-free survival (DFS) between VATS and SBRT, adjusting for median age
      and operable patient numbers. RESULTS: Thirteen VATS (3436 patients) and 24 SBRT
      (4433) studies were eligible. The median age and follow-up duration was 68 years
      and 42 months for VATS and 74 years and 29.4 months for SBRT patients. After
      adjusting for the proportion of operable patients and median age, the estimated
      OS rates at one, two, three, and five years with VATS were 94%, 89%, 84%, and 69%
      compared with 96%, 94%, 89%, and 82% for SBRT. The estimated DFS rates at one,
      two, three, and five years with VATS were 97%, 93%, 87%, and 77% compared with
      86%, 80%, 73%, and 58% for SBRT. CONCLUSION: Before adjustment, patients treated
      with SBRT had poorer clinical outcomes compared to those treated with VATS. A
      substantial difference between median age and operability exists between patients
      treated with SBRT and VATS. After adjusting for these differences, OS and DFS did
      not differ significantly between the two techniques.

PMID- 27385988
TI  - Clinical effect of pemetrexed as the first-line treatment in Chinese patients
      with advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The efficacy of pemetrexed-based first-line chemotherapy in
      anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has
      been demonstrated in several studies; however, there is a lack of data from
      Chinese populations. METHODS: The clinicopathological characteristics and
      treatment outcomes of 52 patients with ALK-positive advanced NSCLC who received
      pemetrexed as first-line chemotherapy at the Department of Medical Oncology,
      Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were retrospectively
      reviewed. The primary end points were response rate and progression-free survival
      (PFS). RESULTS: The gender proportion was balanced and the median age was 51
      years (range 26-76). Of the 52 patients, 46 (88.5%) had stage IV disease,
      predominantly adenocarcinoma (98.1%). Sixteen patients were current/former
      smokers and 36 were never/light smokers. The most common sites of metastasis were
      the pleura (36.5%), bone (30.8%), lung (26.9%), and brain (17.3%). The median PFS
      was 9.5 months (95% confidence interval 7.454-11.536). At the time of analysis,
      partial remission was achieved in 18 (34.6%) patients, stable disease in 26
      (50.0%), and progressive disease in eight (15.4%); none of the patients achieved
      complete remission. The objective response rate was 34.6% and the disease control
      rate was 84.6%. Common adverse events with pemetrexed were neutropenia (53.8%),
      nausea and vomiting (51.9%), leukopenia (32.7%), and fatigue (25.0%), mainly at
      grades 1 or 2. CONCLUSIONS: Pemetrexed is efficient and tolerated as first-line
      treatment for ALK-positive NSCLC in a cohort of Chinese patients and may prove to
      be an alternative option for the treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC.

PMID- 27385989
TI  - Fibrobronchoscopic cryosurgery for secondary malignant tumors of the trachea and
      main bronchi.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with secondary malignant tracheal and main bronchial tumors
      may suffer severe symptoms as a result of major airway obstruction. Curative
      surgical resection is usually not suitable because of the presence of metastatic
      disease and poor performance status. In this study, the use of bronchoscopic
      cryosurgery to reopen the airway is analyzed. METHODS: The clinical records of 37
      patients who experienced secondary maglinancies from December 2001 to January
      2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Low temperature cryotherapy (-50 degrees C to
      -70 degrees C) was delivered to the central part of the tumor by cryoprobe for
      four to six minutes causing destruction of the tumor mass (Cryo-melt method).
      Subsequently, the edge of the tumor was frozen for 30 seconds to two minutes,
      followed by piecemeal removal of the frozen tumor tissue (Cryo-resection method).
      RESULTS: The endpoints of the study were degree of symptomatic improvement and
      survival. The rates of dramatic and partial symptomatic alleviation were 57.1%
      and 28.6%, respectively, there were no intraoperative deaths, and median survival
      was 16.0 months. Prolonged survival was significantly correlated to age (under 60
      years of age 22.2% vs. over 60 100%, P = 0.011), tumor location (main bronchi 0%
      vs. trachea 77.8%, P = 0.003), and cryorecanalization times (once 33.3% vs. twice
      or more 80.0%, P = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Bronchoscopic cryorecanalization is a
      safe, effective, non-invasive choice for improving the symptoms of malignant
      airway obstruction. In addition to achieving local-regional control, the
      technique may also contribute to improved survival.

PMID- 27385990
TI  - Prospective study of the UGT1A1*27 gene polymorphism during irinotecan therapy in
      patients with lung cancer: Results of Lung Oncology Group in Kyusyu (LOGIK1004B).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1*27) is known
      to impair the effect of UGT in basic research; however, little clinical
      investigation has been conducted. To evaluate the effect of the UGT1A1*27
      polymorphism in irinotecan therapy, we conducted a prospective study. METHODS:
      Eligibility criteria included: lung cancer patients; scheduled irinotecan therapy
      doses of single >= 80, combination >= 50, radiation with single >= 50, or
      radiation with combination >= 40 mg/m(2); age >= 20; and Eastern Cooperative
      Oncology Group performance score (PS) 0-2. Patients were examined for UGT1A1*28
      and *6 polymorphisms and received irinotecan. When the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism was
      detected, a search for UGT1A1*27 was conducted. Fifty patients were enrolled,
      with 48 patients determined eligible. RESULTS: UGT1A1 polymorphisms *28/*28,
      *6/*6, *28/*6, *28/-, *6/-, -/- observed 0 (0%), 1 (2%), 1 (2%), 7 (15%), 17
      (35%) and 22 (46%), respectively. UGT1A1*27 were examined in nine patients
      including one ineligible patient; however, no polymorphisms were found. The study
      ceased after interim analysis. In an evaluation of the side effects of
      irinotecan, patients with UGT1A1*28 and UGT1A1*6 polymorphisms had a higher
      tendency to experience febrile neutropenia than wild type (25% and 32% vs. 14%).
      Incidences of grade 3/4 leukopenia and neutropenia were significantly higher in
      patients with UGT1A1*28 polymorphisms compared with wild type (75% vs. 32%, P =
      0.049; 75% vs. 36%, P = 0.039, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our prospective study
      did not locate the UGT1A1*27 polymorphism, suggesting that UGT1A1*27 does not
      significantly predict severe irinotecan toxicity in cancer patients.

PMID- 27385991
TI  - Identification of false-negative and false-positive diagnoses of lymph node
      metastases in non-small cell lung cancer patients staged by integrated (18F
      )fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography: A
      retrospective cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of
      integrated (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed
      tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in hilar and mediastinal lymph node (HMLN) staging of non
      small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to investigate potential risk factors for
      false-negative and false-positive HMLN metastases. METHODS: We examined the data
      of 388 surgically resected NSCLC patients preoperatively staged by integrated FDG
      PET/CT. Risk factors for false-negative and false-positive HMLN metastases were
      analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses of clinicopathological
      factors. RESULTS: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value,
      negative predictive value, and accuracy of integrated FDG-PET/CT in detecting
      HMLN metastases were 47.4%, 91.0%, 56.3%, 87.7%, and 82.5%, respectively. On
      multivariate analysis, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the
      tumor (P = 0.042), adenocarcinoma (P = 0.003), and tumor size (P = 0.017) were
      risk factors for false-negative HMLN metastases, and history of lung disease (P =
      0.006) and tumor location (central; P = 0.025) were risk factors for false
      positive HMLN metastases. CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified risk factors
      for false-negative and false-positive HMLN metastases in NSCLC patients staged by
      preoperative integrated FDG-PET/CT. These findings would be helpful in selecting
      appropriate candidates for mediastinoscopy or endobronchial ultrasound-guided
      transbronchial needle aspiration.

PMID- 27385992
TI  - Small activating ribonucleic acid reverses tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance
      in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant lung cancer by increasing the
      expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI
      EGFRs) present a new prospect for the treatment of lung cancer. However, in
      clinical application, the majority of patients become TKI resistant within a
      year. More and more studies have shown that a loss of phosphatase and tensin
      homolog (PTEN) expression is associated with TKI resistance. An alternative
      method of upregulating PTEN expression may reverse TKI resistance. METHODS: We
      designed five candidate small activating ribonucleic acids (saRNAs) to target
      PTEN, and transfected them into H-157 cells to screen out functional saRNA. We
      used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot to evaluate
      the effect of saRNA to PTEN expression. We then analyzed the growth and apoptosis
      of cells transfected with saRNA under the treatment of TKI to investigate whether
      saRNAs can reverse TKI resistance by upregulating PTEN expression. RESULTS: The
      functional saRNA we designed could upregulate PTEN expression. The H-157 cells
      transfected with saRNA grew slower in the presence of TKI drugs than the cells
      that were not transfected with saRNA. The apoptosis rate was also obviously
      higher. CONCLUSIONS: Our study proves that loss of PTEN expression is an
      important mechanism of TKI resistance. It is possible to control TKI resistance
      by upregulating PTEN expression using RNA activation technology.

PMID- 27385993
TI  - Topoisomerase I expression is associated with prognosis in postoperative non
      small cell lung cancer patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biomarkers may help to improve non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
      prognosis. However, the prognostic effect of topoisomerase I (Topo I) on NSCLC is
      unknown. We evaluated the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of tumor
      Topo I and thymidylate synthase (TS) protein expression in postoperative NSCLC
      patients. METHODS: One hundred and fifteen patients with postoperative NSCLC were
      enrolled. Topo I and TS protein were detected in removed tumors by
      immunohistochemistry. The correlations between Topo I/TS protein expression and
      clinicopathologic characters and outcomes of patients were analyzed. RESULTS:
      Increased expression of Topo I was found in 57 (49.6%) tumors. The largest
      diameter of the tumor was significantly different between patients with high and
      low Topo I expression (P = 0.035). TS staining showed that 35 (30.4%) carcinomas
      were TS positive. The level of TS expression was correlated with tumor
      differentiation (P = 0.037). Patients with low Topo I expression had
      significantly longer overall survival (OS) than those with high expression (P =
      0.004). The correlation between Topo I expression and OS was demonstrated among
      patients with squamous cell carcinoma (P = 0.030) and patients in pathological
      tumor node metastasis stage I (P = 0.027). Topo I expression was positively
      correlated with TS expression in tumor tissue (R = 0.251, P = 0.007).
      CONCLUSIONS: Low Topo I expression is an independent favorable prognostic factor
      for longer OS in postoperative NSCLC patients, especially in squamous cell
      carcinoma. There is a correlation between the expression of TS and Topo I in
      removed tumor tissue.

PMID- 27385994
TI  - Thoracoscopic tracheal reconstruction without surgical field intubation.
AB  - A cross-filed endotracheal intubation is usually applied to maintain single lung
      ventilation during both open and thoracoscopic tracheal resection and
      reconstruction. Herein, we report a case of thoracoscopic tracheal resection and
      reconstruction with interrupted ventilation via transoral endotracheal intubation
      in a patient with thoracic tracheal adenocarcinoma. Tracheal anastomosis was
      accomplished using a running suture with a 3-0 Prolene stitch. 

PMID- 27385995
TI  - Gefitinib for asymptomatic brain metastasis from advanced non-small cell lung
      cancer: Report of a favourable outcome.
AB  - Brain metastasis (BM) is common in patients with non-small cell lung cancer
      (NSCLC). Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase
      inhibitors (TKIs) have now been included as standard treatment options for NSCLC
      harboring EGFR-activating mutations, only a few prospective reports demonstrate
      the efficacy of these agents in a BM setting. We report a case of a patient with
      advanced NSCLC, in which oral gefitinib documented a significant antitumor effect
      on parallel progression of extracranial lesion and BM occurred during
      chemotherapy. 

PMID- 27385996
TI  - Pulmonary malignant melanoma with distant metastasis assessed by positron
      emission tomography-computed tomography.
AB  - Melanoma is a cutaneous malignant neoplasm of melanocytes. Primary malignant
      melanoma (MM) of the lung is very rare. Although previous reports have described
      the radiologic features of pulmonary MM, its rarity means that many factors are
      unknown. Thus, radiologic diagnosis is very difficult. Furthermore, there is
      little information regarding diagnostic application and/or the usefulness of
      [(18)F]-fluorine-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography-computed
      tomography (FDG-PET-CT) for primary pulmonary MM. A 69-year-old patient with a
      productive cough lasting three weeks was admitted to our hospital. Chest CT
      showed a large single mass with a multi-lobulated margin and homogeneous
      enhancement in the right upper lobe, which was subsequently diagnosed as a
      primary pulmonary MM with multiple metastases. On PET-CT images, the pulmonary
      mass and multiple bone lesions showed very increased uptakes of FDG. Considering
      that pulmonary metastasis from a mucocutaneous melanoma is the main differential
      diagnosis of primary pulmonary MM, systemic assessment of the whole body is more
      important than for other types of lung malignancies. This report introduces PET
      CT as a useful diagnostic modality for pulmonary MM, especially in cases of
      distant multiple metastases.

PMID- 27385997
TI  - Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma mimicking lung cancer: Case report and review
      of the literature.
AB  - Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP) is a rare benign neoplasm that
      predominantly affects middle-aged Asian women. PSP is often asymptomatic and
      demonstrates a solitary pulmonary nodule on radiologic examination. We report a
      case of PSP initially misdiagnosed as lung cancer because of strong (18)F
      fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake revealed by (18)F-FDG positron emission
      tomography-computed tomography scan. After surgery, pathology revealed that the
      tumor cells were immunopositive for epithelial membrane antigen and thyroid
      transcription factor-1. The patient has been followed up without complication or
      recurrence.

PMID- 27385998
TI  - Effect of CO2, Nd:YAG and Er:YAG Lasers on Microtensile Bond Strength of
      Composite to Bleached-Enamel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tooth restoration immediately after bleaching is challenging due to
      the potential problems in achieving adequate bond strength. OBJECTIVE: The aim of
      this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment with ER:YAG, ND:YAG,
      CO2 lasers and 10% sodium ascorbate solution on immediate microtensile bond
      strength of composite resin to recently bleached enamel. MATERIALS & METHODS:
      Ninety sound molar teeth were randomly divided into three main groups (n:30) : NB
      (without bleaching), HB (bleached with 38% carbamide peroxide) and OB (bleached
      with Heydent bleaching gel assisted by diode laser). Each group was divided into
      five subgroups (n:6) : Si (without surface treatment), Er (Er:YAG laser), CO2
      (CO2 laser), Nd (Nd:YAG laser) and As (Immersion in 10% sodium ascorbate
      solution). The bonding system was then applied and composite build-ups were
      constructed. The teeth were sectioned by low speed saw to obtain enamel- resin
      sticks and submitted to microtensile bond testing. Statistical analyses were done
      using two- way ANOVA, Tukey and Tamhane tests. RESULTS: uTBS of bleached teeth
      irradiated with ND:YAG laser was not significantly different from NB-Nd group.
      Microtensile bond strength of OB-Er group was higher than NB-Er and HB-Er groups.
      The mean uTBS of HB-CO2 group was higher than NB-CO2 group; the average uTBS of
      HB-As and OB-As groups was also higher than NB-As group. CONCLUSION: Use of
      Nd:YAG, CO2 lasers and 10% sodium ascorbate solution could improve the bond
      strength in home-bleached specimens. Application of ND:YAG laser on nonbleached
      specimens and Er:YAG laser on office-bleached specimens led to the highest uTBS
      in comparison to other surface treatments in each main group.

PMID- 27385999
TI  - Editorial: Natural Products in Oral Health.

PMID- 27386000
TI  - Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Azadirachta Indica, Commiphora
      Myrrha, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Against Enterococcus Faecalis using Real Time PCR.
AB  - AIM: To compare the antibacterial efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem),
      Commiphora myrrha (Myrrh), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) with 2% Chlorhexidine
      (CHX) against E. faecalis by using Real Time PCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total
      of fifty teeth specimens (n=50) were inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days.
      Specimens were divided into five groups (Group 1: Myrrh, Group 2: Neem, Group 3:
      Liquorice, Group 4: 2% CHX and Group 5: Saline (negative control)). The
      intracanal medicaments were packed inside the tooth. After 5 days, the remaining
      microbial load was determined by using real time PCR. RESULTS: Threshold cycle
      (Ct) values of Myrrh extract, Neem extract, Liquorice Extract, 2% CHX and saline
      were found to be 30.94, 23.85, 21.38, 30.93 and 17.8 respectively. CONCLUSION:
      Myrrh extract showed inhibition of E.faecalis equal to that of 2% CHX followed by
      Neem, Liquorice and Saline.

PMID- 27386001
TI  - Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis): Chemistry and Oral Health.
AB  - Green tea is a widely consumed beverage worldwide. Numerous studies have
      suggested about the beneficial effects of green tea on oral conditions such as
      dental caries, periodontal diseases and halitosis. However, to date there have
      not been many review articles published that focus on beneficial effects of green
      tea on oral disease. The aim of this publication is to summarize the research
      conducted on the effects of green tea on oral cavity. Green tea might help reduce
      the bacterial activity in the oral cavity that in turn, can reduce the
      aforementioned oral afflictions. Furthermore, the antioxidant effect of the tea
      may reduce the chances of oral cancer. However, more clinical data is required to
      ascertain the possible benefits of green tea consumption on oral health. 

PMID- 27386003
TI  - Dentin Cleaning Ability of an Amazon Bioactive: Evaluation by Scanning Electron
      Microscopy.
AB  - The role of dentin cleaning is to remove debris that may impair adaptation and
      marginal sealing, quantitatively reducing microorganisms. The aim of this study
      was to investigate through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the morphology of
      the dentin surface, cut and treated with copaiba oil emulsions (CO) and
      suspension of ethanol extract of propolis (EP). Twenty four upper pre-molars
      teeth, divided into eight groups (n=3), were used: G1: no cleaning, G2: air/water
      spray, G3: 10% CO, G4: 10% CO + A, G5: 30% CO, G6: 30% CO + A, G7: 1% EP, G8: 2%
      Chlorhexidine. The specimens were dentin discs (1 mm O). The SEM photomicrographs
      were classified and the results were: G1 - Debris dentin on the entire image /
      countless microorganisms, G2 and G7 - 50-100 debris / countless microorganisms
      and G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8 - 0-50 debris / countable microorganisms (50-100
      colonies). CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that copaiba oil emulsions
      (CO) and suspension of ethanol extract of propolis (EP) have feasibility to be
      used as bioactive dental cleaning agents.

PMID- 27386002
TI  - Platelet Rich Fibrin in Periodontal Regeneration.
AB  - Periodontitis is a chronic bacterial infection resulting in destruction of the
      supporting structures of the teeth. Regeneration of the lost tissues has faced
      difficulties primarily due to the lack of support during the intricate healing
      processes. A surgical additive which can 'jump start' the healing process to a
      more predictable regenerative process is always on the wish list of any
      periodontist. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second generation platelet
      concentrate that has been considered to be an important, easy to obtain,
      predictable surgical additive for periodontal regeneration. This autologous
      scaffold provides the much needed bio-chemical mediators which has the potential
      for enhancing reconstruction of the periodontium. This review article tries to
      understand as to why PRF would be an important link to reach predictable
      periodontal regeneration. 

PMID- 27386004
TI  - Antibacterial Activity of Copaiba Oil Gel on Dental Biofilm.
AB  - Amazonian biodiversity products that have been used for years in folk medicine,
      have emerged as feasible and promising alternatives for the inhibition of
      microorganisms in dental biofilm. Copaiba oil, a phytotherapic agent widely used
      by the Amazonian populations, is known for its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,
      anesthetic, healing and antitumor medicinal properties. OBJECTIVE: The aim of
      this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of copaiba oil
      (Copaifera multijuga) gel against strains of Streptococcus sp present in dental
      biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The copaiba oil was obtained and the chemical
      components were identified. The oil emulsions were formulated and used with the
      Brain Heart Infusion agar diffusion method with strains of Streptococcus mitis,
      Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus salivarius isolated from patients as
      well as standard strains of S. mitis (ATCC903), S. mutans (ATCC10449), S.
      sanguinis (ATCC15300) and S. oralis (ATCC10557). The study groups were as
      follows: experimental copaiba oil gel, 1% chlorhexidine gel (positive control)
      and base gel (negative control). The seeded plates were incubated at 37oC for 12,
      24 and 48 hours, respectively. The results obtained were analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk
      and Friedman Tests (p<0.05) for non parametric data and the Tukey test was used
      for pH values with 5% level of significance. RESULTS: The experimental copaiba
      oil gel and 1% chlorhexidine gel showed antibacterial activity against the tested
      microorganisms. CONCLUSION: The copaiba oil gel demonstrated antibacterial
      activity against all the strains of Streptococcus sp tested, suggesting that it
      can be used for dental biofilm control.

PMID- 27386005
TI  - Ozone- A Biological Therapy in Dentistry- Reality or Myth?????
AB  - The usage of ozone in dentistry has been proposed because of its antimicrobial,
      disinfectant, biocompatibility and healing properties. In the last decade a
      number of therapeutic protocols with ozone have been developed to address common
      dental infections associated with periodontal disease, RCT and caries. Despite
      these advantages, therapeutic ozone's application in dentistry is limited because
      of its possible side effects. Hence, dental practitioners need to know the proper
      usage of ozone therapy that can provide better patient care and considerably cut
      down the time and cost of the treatment. 

PMID- 27386006
TI  - Comparison of Dill Seed Oil Mouth Rinse and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinse on Plaque
      Levels and Gingivitis - A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Mouthrinses have been in use for centuries as breath fresheners,
      medicaments, and antiseptics. Dill is said to be a good source of calcium,
      manganese and iron. It contains flavonoids known for their antioxidant, anti
      inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Dill can help with microbial infections
      in the mouth; and its anti-oxidants minimize damage caused by free radicals to
      the gums and teeth. Being a good source of calcium, dill also helps with bone and
      dental health. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of commercially
      available 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse and dill seed oil mouthrinse on
      plaque levels and gingivitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized controlled,
      double blind parallel arm study was conducted over 90 days on 90 subjects. The
      subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups and baseline data was collected
      using Loe and Silness gingival index and Quigley Hein plaque index and oral
      prophylaxis was performed on all the subjects. The mouthrinses included in the
      present study were dill seed oil and Hexodent (0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate).
      Intervention regarding the mouthrinsing was given to the subjects and were
      followed up for 45 days and 90 days, after this post intervention changes were
      assessed using the respective indices. RESULTS: It was observed that there is no
      significant difference in gingival & plaque scores among two mouthrinses from
      baseline to 45 days and 90 days. It was observed that there is statistical
      difference in gingival and plaque scores when compared with baseline to 45 days
      (p<0.001), baseline to 90 days (p<0.001) and 45 days to 90 days (p<0.001) when
      intergroup comparisons were done. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that dill seed oil
      and Hexodent (0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate) mouthrinse have similar antiplaque
      and antigingival effectiveness.

PMID- 27386008
TI  - The Promising Applications of Stem Cells in the Oral Region: Literature Review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: For a long time researchers have tried to find out a way to grow
      tissues back to the human body in order to solve transplantation problems by
      offering the unique opportunity to have their organs back, working properly, in
      search of life dignity. LITERATURE REVIEW: Stem cells seem to be present in many
      other tissues than researchers had once thought; and in some specific sites they
      can be easily collected, without the need of expensive interventions. The oral
      cavity is one of these regions where their collection can be accomplished, with
      plenty of accessible sites enriched with these precious cells. AIM: The aim of
      this literature review is to research where in the mouth can scientists find stem
      cells to be used in the near future. KEY-MESSAGE: The aim of this literature
      review is to research where stem cells can be found and collected in the oral
      cavity.

PMID- 27386007
TI  - Natural Therapeutic Options in Endodontics - A Review.
AB  - Complete eradication of microbial biofilms and elimination of the smear layer are
      the key factors during endodontic treatment. Various chemical irrigants have been
      proposed in the literature for the same. The major setback with these chemical
      irrigants is that they are not bio-friendly to the dental and peri-radicular
      tissues. In the recent years, research to use natural products for root canal
      disinfection has gained importance. The aim of this article is to compile various
      herbal products that have been used as an irrigants and intracanal medicaments in
      the field of Endodontics to eradicate the biofilm and remove smear layer. 

PMID- 27386009
TI  - Orthodontic Treatment of Malocclusion and its Impact on Oral Health-Related
      Quality of Life.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Malocclusion, though not life-threatening, has vast impact on
      individual's social interactions and self-esteem. Therefore, the aim of the
      current study was to assess whether orthodontic treatment of adolescents with
      malocclusion had any association with their oral health-related quality of life
      (OHRQoL). METHODS: The subjects for this study were recruited at a state-funded
      university clinic. Data were collected from 100 participants aged 17 to 21 with
      moderate to severe malocclusion. Experimental group comprised of 50 subjects who
      were in the retention phase of their orthodontic treatment and the control group
      comprised of 50 untreated subjects. The shortened version of the Oral Health
      Impacts Profile (OHIP-14) as used to assess the subjects' oral health-related
      impact. T-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann Whitney tests were used to analyze the
      data and p-value was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: In general, oral health-related
      quality of life of all subjects significantly improved after orthodontic
      treatment. (p<0.001) Subjects with moderate malocclusion showed better
      improvement than severe malocclusion subjects. (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study
      showed that oral health-related quality of life improves with the treatment of
      malocclusion.

PMID- 27386011
TI  - Torque Loss After Miniscrew Placement: An In-Vitro Study Followed by a Clinical
      Trial.
AB  - To evaluate torque loss a week after insertion, both in an in vivo and an in
      vitro experimental setup were designed. In the in vivo setup a total of 29
      miniscrews were placed in 20 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment.
      Maximum insertion torque (MIT) was evaluated at insertion time (T1). A week
      later, insertion torque was measured again by applying a quarter turn (T2); no
      load was applied on the screw during the first week. In the in vitro setup a
      total of 20 miniscrews were placed in pig rib bone samples. MIT was evaluated at
      insertion time (T1). Bone samples were kept in saline solution and controlled
      environment for a week during which the solution was refreshed every day.
      Afterwards, torque was measured again by applying a quarter turn (T2). The
      comparison of MIT over time was done calculating the percentage difference of the
      torque values between pre- and post-treatment and using the parametric two
      independent samples t-test or the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. After a week
      unloaded miniscrews showed a mean loss of rotational torque of 36.3% and 40.9% in
      in vitro and in in vivo conditions, respectively. No statistical differences were
      found between the two different setups. Torque loss was observed after the first
      week in both study models; in vitro experimental setup provided a reliable study
      model for studying torque variation during the first week after insertion. 

PMID- 27386010
TI  - Clinical and Spectrophotometric Evaluation of LED and Laser Activated Teeth
      Bleaching.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Auxiliary power sources (LED and laser) are used in in-office teeth
      bleaching techniques to accelerate the redox reaction of the whitening gel to
      increase ease of use, to improve comfort and safety, and to decrease the
      procedure time. OBJECTIVE: The aim this study is to evaluate the efficiency of
      the teeth whitening procedures performed with hydrogen peroxide and carbamide
      peroxide, LED or Laser activated. METHOD: 18 patients, affected by exogenous
      dyschromia, were treated with a bleaching agent composed by 35% hydrogen peroxide
      and 10% carbamide peroxide. They were divided into two groups: in the first group
      the bleaching agent was activated by a LED lamp; in the second group it was
      activated by a Laser diode lamp. Both groups were subjected to 3 bleaching cycle
      of 15' each. The chromatic evaluations were performed before and after one week
      from the treatment, using a chromatic scale and a spectrophotometer. The mean
      value of pre, post bleaching and follow-up were analyzed using a T-test, with
      results statistically significant for P<0,05. RESULTS: Results showed that the
      variations in brightness, chroma and hue are significantly influenced by the
      interaction between the whitening agent and the original colour of the teeth.
      Laser-activation has marginally improved the bleaching effectiveness. All
      patients treated with laser activation complained an increase in dental
      sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The use of laser-activating systems did not improve the
      efficacy of bleaching.

PMID- 27386012
TI  - Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis Caused by Denture Lining Material.
AB  - We report a case of chronic maxillary sinusitis caused by denture lining material
      entering through an oroantral fistula after tooth extraction. The patient was an
      80-year-old female who visited us with a complaint of pus discharge from the
      right posterior maxilla. She had extraction of the upper right second molar and
      had her upper denture relined with silicone lining material. The patient noticed
      swelling of the right cheek and purulent rhinorrhea 20 days before her first
      visit to our clinic. Oral examination showed an oroantral fistula with a diameter
      of 3 mm in the posterior alveolar ridge of the right maxilla. Computed tomography
      revealed a hyperdense foreign body in the right maxillary sinus and thickening of
      the mucosal lining. Under diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis caused by a foreign
      body, endoscopic maxillary surgery was performed simultaneously with the removal
      of the foreign body. The foreign body removed was 12 * 6 mm in size, oval in
      shape, light pink in color, and compatible with silicone denture lining material.
      During the follow-up it was observed that the oroantral fistula closed
      spontaneously after the removal of the foreign body. The maxillary sinus was in a
      good shape without recurrence of sinusitis seven months after surgery. 

PMID- 27386013
TI  - Biological and Immunogenicity Property of IgY Anti S. mutans ComD.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This study aims to elucidate the effect of IgY anti ComD on the
      biological properties of Streptococcus mutans. (S. mutans) ComD is an
      interspecies quorum-sensing signaling receptor that plays an important role in
      biofilm formation by S. mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: Egg yolk IgY was
      produced by the immunization of chickens with a DNA vaccine containing the ComD
      DNA coding region. We evaluated the effect of the antibody on biofilm formation
      by S. mutans isolated from subjects with or without dental caries. We also
      assessed the immunoreactivity of the antibody against all isolates, and analyzed
      the protein profile of S. mutans by SDS-PAGE. RESULTS: The ComD antibody was
      successfully induced in the hens' eggs. It inhibited biofilm formation by all S.
      mutans isolates. In addition, the expression of some protein bands was affected
      after exposure to the antibody. CONCLUSION: IgY anti-S. mutans ComD reduces
      biofilm formation by this bacterium and alters the protein profile of S. mutans.

PMID- 27386014
TI  - HIV Infection Care and Viral Suppression Among People Who Inject Drugs, 28 U.S.
      Jurisdictions, 2012-2013.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Assess outcomes along the care continuum for HIV-infected people who
      inject drugs (PWID), by type of facility and stage of infection at diagnosis.
      METHODS: Data reported by 28 jurisdictions to the National HIV Surveillance
      System by December 2014 were used to identify PWID aged >=13 years, diagnosed
      with HIV infection before December 31, 2013. Analyses used the CDC definition of
      linkage to care (LTC), retention in care (RIC), and viral suppression (VS), and
      are stratified by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and type of facility and stage of HIV
      infection at diagnosis. RESULTS: Of 1,409 PWID diagnosed with HIV in 2013, 1,116
      (79.2%) were LTC with the lowest percentages among males (78.4%); blacks (77.5%)
      ages 13-24 years (69.0%); those diagnosed in early stage infection (71.6%); and
      at screening, diagnostic, or referral agencies (60.0%). Of 80,958 PWID living
      with HIV in 2012, 40,234 (49.7%) were RIC and 34,665 (42.8%) achieved VS. The
      lowest percentages for RIC and VS were among males (47.1% and 41.3%
      respectively); those diagnosed with late stage disease (47.1% and 42.4%); and
      young people. Whites had the lowest RIC (47.0%) while blacks had the lowest VS
      (41.1%). CONCLUSION: Enhanced LTC activities are needed for PWID diagnosed at
      screening, diagnostic or referral agencies versus those diagnosed at inpatient or
      outpatient settings, especially among young people and blacks diagnosed in early
      stage infection. Less than half of PWID are retained in care or reach viral
      suppression indicating the need for continued engagement and return to care
      activities over the long term.

PMID- 27386016
TI  - Hematoma of the psoas muscle, in prostatic cancer patient: a case report.
AB  - We report a case of 64-year-old male with prostate cancer and coagulation
      disorder presented with abdominal distension. He underwent abdomen and pelvis
      ultrasound for assessment of ascites, which showed localized fluid collections
      identified at the left and right iliac fossa. After that, non enhanced abdomen
      and pelvis CT scan was performed and showed heterogeneous organized collections
      identified along the psoas muscles bilaterally, causing focal contour bulge
      representing haematoma. 

PMID- 27386015
TI  - [Complete third nerve palsy revealing Tolosa Hunt Syndrome].

PMID- 27386017
TI  - A comparative study of the diagnostic methods for Group A streptococcal sore
      throat in two reference hospitals in Yaounde, Cameroon.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Sore throat is a common complaint in general practice which is more
      frequent in children. The most frequent pathogenic bacteria associated with this
      infection is Streptococcus pyogenes. Rapid Antigen Diagnostic Test (RADT)
      facilitates the rapid identification and consequently prompt treatment of
      patients, prevents complications, and also reduces the risk of spread of Group A
      Streptococcus (GAS). The main objective of this study was to assess the
      diagnostic value of a rapid streptococcal antigen detection test in patients with
      sore throat. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out from
      January to April 2011 on patients aged 3 to 72 years consulting for pharyngitis
      or sore throat at the paediatric and Ear, Nose and Throat units of the University
      Teaching Hospital Yaounde and the Central Hospital Yaounde. Two throat swabs were
      collected per patient. One was used for the rapid test and the other for standard
      bacteriological analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of GAS in the study population
      was 22.5%. Out of the 71 samples collected, the RADT detected group A
      streptococcal antigens in 12 of 16 positive cultures giving a sensitivity of 75%.
      The specificity of the rapid test was 96%, with positive predictive value of
      85.7%, and negative predictive value of 93% respectively. CONCLUSION: Rapid test
      may have an additional value in the management of patients with high risk of
      having GAS infection. However, tests with a higher sensitivity are needed for
      accurate and reliable results for early diagnosis of patients with sore throat
      caused by GAS.

PMID- 27386018
TI  - PTCH-1 and MDM2 expression in ameloblastoma from a West African sub-population:
      implication for chemotherapeutics.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Ameloblastoma is a slow growing, painless odontogenic swelling
      which can attain sizes that result in severe deformities of the craniofacial
      complex. It is the most commonly encountered odontogenic tumor in Nigeria.
      Surgical intervention is currently the method of treatment; however
      identification of altered molecular pathways may inform chemotherapeutic
      potential. The Protein Patched homolog 1 (PTCH-1) is overexpressed in
      ameloblastoma. Also, mutation in the MDM2 gene can reduce the tumor suppressor
      function of p53 and promote ameloblastoma growth. No study however has
      characterized the molecular profile of African cases of ameloblastoma with a view
      to developing chemotherapeutic alternatives. The objective was to characterize
      the PTCH-1 genetic profile of Ameloblastoma in Nigerian patients as a first step
      in investigating its potential for chemotherapeutic intervention. METHODS: Twenty
      eight FFPE blocks of ameloblastoma cases from Nigerian patients were prepared for
      antibody processing to PTCH-1 (Polyclonal Anti-PTCH antibody ab39266) and MDM2
      (Monoclonal Anti-MDM2 antibody (2A10) ab16895). Cytoplasmic brown staining was
      considered as positive for PTCH while nuclear staining was positive for MDM2.
      RESULTS: Moderate and strong expressions for PTCH in ameloblast and stellate
      reticulum were 78.6% and 60.7% respectively. Only 3 (10.7%) cases expressed MDM2.
      CONCLUSION: The importance of our study is that it supports, in theory, anti
      PTCH/SHH chemotherapeutics for Nigerian ameloblastoma cases and also infers the
      possible additional use of anti-p53 agents.

PMID- 27386019
TI  - [Dehydration revealing 3betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: report of a
      case].

PMID- 27386021
TI  - [Schamberg purpura].

PMID- 27386020
TI  - Knowledge, attitudes and practices of contraception by HIV positive women
      followed in a Cameroon region with high illiteracy rate: a cross sectional study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of contraception
      by HIV positive women. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was
      carried out in the Maroua Regional Hospital (Cameroon) from September 1(st), 2012
      to February 28(th), 2013. All HIV positive women aged between 15 and 49 years who
      were received in the HIV clinic were recruited. The variables recorded included
      maternal age, number of living children, marital status, religion, the
      educational level, and the use of antiretroviral treatment (HAART), the
      knowledge, attitude and practice of contraception. Analyses were done using SPSS
      18.0. Fisher exact test was used for comparison. The level of significance was P
      < 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 200 HIV positive women were recruited and 98% knew at
      least one method of contraception The need of a contraceptive method was present
      in 84% of HIV positive women, as soon as the women were >= 30 years (OR 2.6,
      95%CI 1.3-4.9), on HAART (OR 2.8, 95%CI 0.8-9.2), divorced (OR 1.7, 95%CI 0.8
      3.7), had >= 3 living children (OR 1.2, 95%CI 0.6-2.4) and when the women were
      educated (OR 1.2, 95%CI 0.6-2.4). The rate of condom use was 50.7%. CONCLUSION:
      The knowledge of contraception as well as the contraception need among HIV
      positive women was high in this region despite high illiteracy rate. Therefore,
      all contraceptive methods should be made available to these women. Towards these
      women and their partner(s), more emphasis should be made on the systematic condom
      use even when using other contraceptive methods (dual protection).

PMID- 27386022
TI  - Noninvasive predictors of presence and grade of esophageal varices in viral
      cirrhotic patients.
AB  - Predicting the presence and the grade of varices by non-invasive methods is
      likely to predict the need for prophylactic beta blockers or endoscopic variceal
      ligation. The factors related to the presence of varices are not well-defined.
      Therefore, the present study has been undertaken to determine the appropriateness
      of the various factors in predicting the existence and also the grade of
      esophageal varices. Patients with diagnosis of liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C
      or B were included in a retrospective study between January 2001 and January
      2010. All the patients underwent detailed clinical evaluation, appropriate
      investigations, imaging studies (ultrasound with Doppler) and endoscopy at our
      center. Five variables considered relevant to the presence and grade of varices
      were tested using univariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression).
      Three hundred and seventy two patients with viral liver cirrhosis were included,
      with 192 (51.6%) males. Platelet count and abundance of ascites were
      significantly associated with the presence of esophageal varices. However,
      abundance of ascites, prothrombin time, diameter of the spleen and portal vein
      were significantly associated with a large varice. In multivariate analysis,
      platelet count inferior to 100000 was associated with presence of varices (p =
      0.04) and only abundance of ascites was associated with large varice. Low
      Platelet count (< or equal 100000) is associated with the presence of varices in
      viral cirrhotic patients and abundance of ascites is correlated with the presence
      of large varices. 

PMID- 27386023
TI  - [A bullous tattoo].

PMID- 27386024
TI  - [Bacteriological profile of diabetic foot and its impact on the choice of
      antibiotics].

PMID- 27386025
TI  - [Panfaciale fracture: a therapeutic challenge: about a case report and review of
      literature].

PMID- 27386026
TI  - [Intestinal cystic pneumatosis secondary to a peptic ulcer: report of three
      cases].

PMID- 27386027
TI  - Health care utilization among rural women of child-bearing age: a Nigerian
      experience.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Despite the availability of primary health care services in
      virtually every community and village in Nigeria, clients travel long distances
      to reach secondary and tertiary health care institutions. Against this backdrop,
      the researcher sought to find the factors that influence choice of health
      institutions among pregnant women. METHODS: A descriptive study was carried out
      across three levels of health care institutions with a total sample size of 160
      clients who were randomly selected. A thoroughly validated 45- item questionnaire
      was used to explore clients' perceptions about what factors influence where they
      access health care services. RESULTS: Major findings revealed that level of
      education, proximity to place of residence, affordability and quality of services
      rendered, spousal and significant other's influences were active determinants of
      choice for health institutions among pregnant women in Nigeria. CONCLUSION: This
      study elicited information on why some types of institutions were preferred. The
      study has implications for community health nurses and policy makers on what
      should be done to make health institutions appropriately utilized by community in
      Nigeria.

PMID- 27386028
TI  - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast: a case report and review of
      literature.
AB  - Primary squamous cell carcinoma is a well known malignancy of the skin and other
      organs composed of squamous cells, which are normally not found inside the
      breast. Therefore, a primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast is an
      exceedingly uncommon phenomen and the management of this type of disease is still
      unclear. We report the case of a 43-year-old Moroccan woman, without significant
      medical history, presented an infected mass of 9 cm in the left breast associated
      with ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy. The mass's surgical biopsy revealed a
      triple negative primary squamous cell carcinoma of the breast. She underwent a
      neoadjuvant chemotherapy using 5 Fluoro-Uracil and platinum. After three courses,
      she presented a contralateral breast progression and apparition of metastasis at
      D10. She received one course of a palliative chemotherapy based on weekly
      paclitaxel stopped because of her peformans status deterioration. She died 7
      months after her admission. 

PMID- 27386029
TI  - Severe ocular sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis: huge macular scar.
AB  - Retinochoroiditis is the most common ocular manifestation of congenital
      toxoplasmosis, but other associated ophthalmological pathologies can also occur.
      Ophthalmologists are rarely able to distinguish between toxoplasmic
      retinochoroiditis due to infection acquired before or after birth, unless other
      clinical or serological indications are present. This article reports a case of a
      3-year-old boy with abnormalities suggestive of congenital toxoplasmosis. The
      clinical and complementary examinations are discussed. The education of pregnant
      women is crucial for the prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis. Awareness of
      antenatal and postnatal presenting signs and symptoms is important for
      clinicians, because early diagnosis and treatment may minimize sequelae.
      Untreated, the majority of affected infants will develop chorioretinitis,
      deafness and/or neurological symptoms. 

PMID- 27386030
TI  - [Bilateral primitive non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of the breast: about a case].

PMID- 27386031
TI  - Fertility desires, unmet need for family planning, and unwanted pregnancies among
      HIV-infected women in care in Kinshasa, DR Congo.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We assessed the fertility desires, utilization of family planning
      (FP) methods, and incidence of pregnancies among HIV-infected women receiving
      care in an HIV clinic with an onsite FP services in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic
      of Congo. METHODS: Between November 2011 and May 2012, all HIV-infected women who
      attended a routine visit at the clinic were interviewed about their fertility
      desires and utilization of contraceptive methods using a structured
      questionnaire. Routine follow-up visit data were used to identify pregnancies
      recorded between the interview and June 2013. RESULTS: Overall, of the 699 HIV
      infected women interviewed. 249 (35.7%) reported not wanting another child. Of
      the 499 (72.2%) participants who were sexually active at the time of interview,
      177 (35.5%) were using an effective contraceptive method, including 70 (14.0%)
      women who reported using condoms consistently and 104 (20.8%) who were using
      injectable contraception. Overall, 88 (17.6%) sexually active participants who
      did not want another child were not using an effective FP method, and thus are
      considered to have had unmet need. During the median follow-up time of 22.2 (IQR:
      20.2, 23.6) months, among all women interviewed, 96 (14.1%) became newly pregnant
      [pregnancy rate 9.3 (95%CI: 7.6, 11.4) per 100 women-years] including 21 (8.7%)
      among women who initially reported not wanting another child [unwanted pregnancy
      rate 5.8 (95%CI: 3.6, 9.3) per 100 women-years]. CONCLUSION: The persistence of
      relatively high unmet need among women receiving HIV care in a clinic with onsite
      FP services suggests the existence of barriers that must be identified and
      addressed.

PMID- 27386032
TI  - Changes in potassium and sodium concentrations in stored blood.
AB  - Potassium is the principal intracellular cation with sodium being the principal
      extracellular cation. Maintenance of the distribution of potassium and sodium
      between the intracellular and the extracellular compartments relies on several
      homeostatic mechanisms. This study analysed the effect of blood storage on the
      concentrations of potassium and sodium in stored blood and also determine any
      variations that may exist in their concentrations. 50 mls of blood was sampled
      each from 28 units of evenly mixed donated blood in citrate phosphate dextrose
      adenine (CPDA-1) bags immediately after donation into satellite bag and stored at
      4oC. Potassium and sodium concentration determinations were done on each of the
      28 samples on day 0 (before blood was initially stored in the fridge), day 5, day
      10, day 15 and day 20 of storage using the Roche 9180 ISE Electrolyte Analyser
      (Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Switzerland). data analysis showed significant changes in
      the potassium and sodium concentrations with a continuous rise in potassium and a
      continuous fall in sodium. A daily change of 0.59 mmol/l and 0.50 mmol/l was
      observed in the potassium and sodium concentrations respectively. We showed
      steady but increased daily concentrations of potassium and decrease
      concentrations of sodium in blood stored over time at 4oC.

PMID- 27386034
TI  - Ossified chronic epidural hematoma of the posterior fossa.

PMID- 27386033
TI  - Supportive supervision for medicines management in government health facilities
      in Kiambu County, Kenya: a health workers' perspective.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Effective supportive supervision is widely recognized as essential
      for optimal management of medicines in government health facilities and also in
      contributing towards improved access and utilization of health services. This
      study sought to examine the extent supportive supervision for medicines
      management in government health facilities from a health worker perspective.
      METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done targeting health workers managing
      medicines in government health facilities in Kiambu County. One hundred and
      thirty eight respondents took part in the study which explored the quality of
      supportive supervision from a health worker's perspective, and also examined the
      factors influencing their contentment with the level of supervision received. A
      statistical analysis was done using SPSS 21 and Excel 2013. RESULTS: Supervisory
      visits from all levels of health management were not regularly done, standard
      checklists were not routinely used, and action plans irregularly developed and
      followed up. Only 54 (38.6%) respondents were satisfied with the levels of
      supportive supervision that they received, with satisfaction significantly
      differing across the professional cadres, chi (2) (12, n = 138) = 29.762, p =
      .003; across the different tiers of health facilities, r s (138) = 0.341, p <
      .001; and with the education levels of the respondents, r s (138) = 0.381, p <
      .001. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that supportive supervision for medicines
      management that government health facilities received was still inadequate, and
      health workers were dissatisfied with the level of supervision that they
      received. The study recommends a review of the support supervision policy at the
      county level to address the unearthed inefficiencies and improve supervision for
      medicines management in government health facilities.

PMID- 27386035
TI  - Pregnancy related breast diseases in a developing African country: Initial
      Sonographic Evaluation.
AB  - Benign diseases are more common than malignant diseases in pregnant and lactating
      women. Fibroadenomas are the most commonly identified benign breast tumour in
      pregnant and lactating women. Pregnancy related breast cancer is defined as
      breast cancer that occurs during pregnancy or within 1 year of delivery. Its
      incidence is estimated at 1 in 3000 to 1 in 10 000 pregnancies. Several
      reproductive factors like age at menarche, age at menopause, age at full-term
      pregnancy, parity, age at any birth and spacing of pregnancies, breast feeding,
      characteristics of the menstrual cycle, infertility, spontaneous and induced
      abortions, characteristics of the menstrual cycle and infertility are some of the
      factors that have been incriminated as risk factors for breast cancer. We sought
      to describe the predominant breast pattern, sonographic array of pregnancy
      related breast diseases in women referred to the breast imaging unit in the
      department of Radiology at the University College Hospital, Ibadan south west
      Nigeria. Socio-demographic characteristics in these women were also evaluated.
      Archived images were reviewed and documented and data was analysed with SPSS
      version 17 and presented with descriptives. In this descriptive study, we
      retrospectively retrieved the sonomammographic records of 21 women (pregnant or
      lactating) referred to and imaged in the department of radiology, University
      college hospital Ibadan, between 2006 and 2013. Diagnostic breast sonograms
      performed by MO and ATS; Consultant radiologists with 7-10 years' experience
      utilized a 7-10 MHz transducer of the General electric GE Logiq P5 machine for
      the scans. Twenty-one women with ages between 22-42 years (Mean 31.4 +/- 5.4 SD)
      pregnant or lactating were referred to the radiology department for
      sonomammographic evaluation. Majority of the women were in the 3rd decade.
      Referral was mainly (11) by family Physicians from the general outpatient clinic,
      5 were self-referred, 2 from radiotherapy department, 2 from obstetrics and
      gynaecology department and 1 from the surgical outpatient clinic. Nineteen
      (89.5%) were lactating and breastfeeding while 2 (10.5%) were pregnant. Nipple
      discharge (89.5%) was the predominant presenting complaint in the study. They
      were all married with the majority attaining menarche at age 14.6 +/- 2.1 SD
      years. Most of the women were multi-parous 17(89.5%) and possessed higher level
      of Education 17 (81.0%). Twenty (96.0%) women had no previous breast disease
      while only 1 (4.0%) woman had a positive family history of breast cancer. They
      weighed between 44-102 kg (mean 69.84 kg +/- 15.33 SD). Their mean height was
      159.8 cm. Waist hip ratio was between 0.69-0.93 (Mean 0.83). The heterogeneous
      fibroglandular pattern was predominant in 15 (71.4%) women. Final BIRADS
      assessment of 2 was most frequent (11/21) 52.4% while 19.0% were assigned to
      BIRADS categories 0 and 1 (4/21). Histological diagnosis of Invasive ductal
      carcinoma was made in the 3 women with final BIRADS of 5 breast diseases found in
      most pregnant and lactating women were benign. It is important to note that
      malignant breast lesions can also occur in this group of women who may assume
      that the changes noted in their breast are due to lactation.

PMID- 27386036
TI  - Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea: a clinico-pathological analysis.
AB  - Primary malignant tracheal tumors are not common and adenoid cystic carcinoma
      (ACC) of trachea is very rare. The diagnosis is often delayed due to the atypical
      symptoms. We report an extremely rare case of ACC of proximal trachea, in a 55
      year-old female who presented with a 12 month history of progressive dyspnea.
      Laryngoscopy and computed tomography revealed a broad-based polypoidal mass
      arising from posterior wall of the proximal trachea. Biopsy confirmed the
      diagnosis of ACC. The patient underwent a complete surgical resection and post
      operative radiotherapy. Six months follow-up of the patient did not reveal local
      recurrence or distant metastases. The literature of tracheal ACC is reviewed. 

PMID- 27386038
TI  - Training the trainers in emergency medicine: an advanced trauma training course
      in Rwanda's medical simulation center.

PMID- 27386037
TI  - Hematologic features among anemic Cameroonian pregnant women: a cross sectional
      study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency anemia is the leading cause of anemia worldwide. It
      may also be the leading cause of anemia in pregnancy, although this has not yet
      been demonstrated in our country. The aim of the study was to describe
      hematologic features of Cameroonian anemic pregnant women. METHODS: This cross
      sectional analytical study was carried out in the maternity of the Yaounde
      University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon, from March 1(st), 2011 to February
      28(th), 2013. Two hundred women with singleton pregnancies and Hb concentration
      at booking <10 g/dl were recruited. Main variables recorded were maternal age,
      parity, marital status, gestational age, Hb concentration, blood group, Hb
      electrophoresis, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin
      concentration (MCHC), pack cell volume (PCV). Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0.
      P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Figures for 110 women
      (55%) showed microcytosis, hypochromia was observed in 122 (61%) women and
      megaloblastic anemia in eight women (4%). Thrombopenia was observed in 16 women
      (8%) and thrombocytosis in six women (3%). Anemia was microcytic hypochromic in
      110 women (55%), megaloblastic in eight women (4%), normocytic hypochromic in 12
      women (6%), and normocytic normochromic in 70 women (35%). CONCLUSION:
      Hematologic features of Cameroonian anemic pregnant women showed that although
      iron deficiency anemia is the leading cause of anemia, megaloblastic anemia is
      also present in our environment. A normal hematologic feature in more than the
      third of women shows that the cause of anemia is not always nutritional.

PMID- 27386039
TI  - Experiences, perceptions and preferences of mothers towards childhood
      immunization reminder/recall in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Immunization reminder/recall system is proven as one of the
      effective ways of improving immunization rates. Prior to the development and
      implementation of an immunization reminder/recall system intervention, we
      explored the experiences, preferences and perceptions towards childhood
      immunization reminder/recall among 614 mothers of infants in Ibadan, Nigeria.
      METHODS: A cross-sectional health facility-based survey utilizing a semi
      structured questionnaire was conducted in four Primary Health Care centers.
      Descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS. Logistic models were used to
      investigate the relationships with specific outcomes. RESULTS: Only 3.9% had ever
      heard of immunization reminder/recall and 1.5% had ever received one. However,
      97.9% were willing to record their cellphone numbers in the clinics for
      immunization reminder/recall and 95.1% were willing to receive. Their preferred
      communication modes were cell phone calls (57.6%) or text messages/SMS (35.6%).
      Only 2.2% preferred home-visits and 0.4%, e-mails. About 4% were not willing to
      receive any form of immunization reminder/recall. Mothers with post-secondary
      education were more likely to prefer SMS than other mothers (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7
      3.3, p. CONCLUSION: This study provided critical baseline data for designing a
      reminder/recall intervention for routine childhood immunization in the study
      communities. The findings may serve as a guide for public health professionals in
      designing reminder/recall strategies to improve childhood immunization.

PMID- 27386041
TI  - Eosinophilic bioactivities in severe asthma.
AB  - Asthma is clearly related to airway or blood eosinophilia, and asthmatics with
      significant eosinophilia are at higher risk for more severe disease. Eosinophils
      actively contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses and inflammatory
      cascades through the production and release of diverse chemokines, cytokines,
      lipid mediators and other growth factors. Eosinophils may persist in the blood
      and airways despite guidelines-based treatment. This review details eosinophil
      effector mechanisms, surface markers, and clinical outcomes associated with
      eosinophilia and asthma severity. There is interest in the potential of
      eosinophils or their products to predict treatment response with biotherapeutics
      and their usefulness as biomarkers. This is important as monoclonal antibodies
      are targeting cytokines and eosinophils in different lung environments for
      treating severe asthma. Identifying disease state-specific eosinophil biomarkers
      would help to refine these strategies and choose likely responders to
      biotherapeutics. 

PMID- 27386042
TI  - Defining Field Cancerization of the Skin Using Noninvasive Optical Coherence
      Tomography Imaging to Detect and Monitor Actinic Keratosis in Ingenol Mebutate
      0.015%- Treated Patients.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the ability of optical
      coherence tomography to detect clinical and subclinical actinic keratoses
      confirmed by histopathology. The efficacy of ingenol mebutate treatment of
      actinic keratosis was also evaluated using optical coherence tomography, and
      correlation of treatment efficacy with severity of local skin reactions was
      determined. DESIGN: Single-arm, open-label, split-face study. SETTING: Hospital
      outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Male subjects (N=30) with seven actinic
      keratoses. MEASUREMENTS: A suspected actinic keratosis and the normal-appearing,
      perilesional skin were imaged, biopsied for histopathologic analysis, and the
      results compared with the clinical and a blinded optical coherence tomography
      diagnosis. Treatment with ingenol mebutate gel 0.015% was randomly administered
      to three clinically suspected actinic keratoses and the perilesional skin; three
      additional, suspected actinic keratoses lesions and perilesional areas were left
      untreated. Clinical and optical coherence tomography images were obtained for all
      lesions. Severity of local skin reactions was recorded to evaluate the
      relationship between local skin reaction and treatment effect. RESULTS: Optical
      coherence tomography analysis had a 100-percent (28/28) correlation with the
      clinical diagnosis of actinic keratosis and detected 16 of 22 (73%)
      histopathologically confirmed subclinical lesions from perilesional skin sites.
      By optical coherence tomography assessment, the clearance rate for clinically
      observed lesions was 76 percent for ingenol mebutate-treated areas versus 11
      percent for untreated areas; the clearance rate for treated subclinical lesions
      was 88 percent versus 43 percent for untreated areas. Clearance rates did not
      vary with the severity of the local response. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence
      tomography is effective at detecting clinical and subclinical actinic keratoses
      and monitoring their response to treatment.

PMID- 27386044
TI  - Use of Polypodium leucotomas Extract in Clinical Practice: A Primer for the
      Clinician.
AB  - Polypodium leucotomas extract is a natural product derived from a tropical fern
      that is available as an over-the-counter product in the United States and several
      other countries. A designated brand of oral Polypodium leucotomas extract has
      been shown in several research studies to exhibit a variety of antioxidant and
      photoprotective properties. Clinical research with this same formulation of
      Polypodium leucotomas extract has demonstrated multiple potential therapeutic
      applications. This article provides a thorough overview of research completed
      with Polypodium leucotomas extract and outlines suggested approaches for clinical
      use. 

PMID- 27386045
TI  - The Incidence of Hypertrophic Scarring and Keloid Formation Following Laser
      Tattoo Removal with a Quality-switched Nd:YAG Laser.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Laser tattoo removal using quality switched technology is widely
      accepted as the standard of care. Determining the risk of hypertrophic scarring
      and keloid formation more precisely delineates the safety of this procedure and
      improves patient education regarding the risk of scarring. OBJECTIVE: To
      investigate the incidence of hypertrophic scarring and keloids in a large patient
      population following treatment with a Q-switched neodymium-doped:yttrium-aluminum
      garnet laser. DESIGN: In November 2012, after a single Institutional Review Board
      approved retrospective chart review, 1,041 charts demonstrating greater than five
      treatment sessions were analyzed. All patients in the current retrospective study
      were treated under one study protocol. RESULTS: An overall incidence of 0.28
      percent (3/1,041) of patients receiving a minimum of five laser tattoo treatments
      with a Q-switched neodymium-doped:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser developed
      clinical evidence of hypertrophic scarring. None of the 1,041 patients in this
      study developed keloid scars. CONCLUSION: With the Q-switched neodymium
      doped:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser utilizing accurate, protocol-based settings,
      the incidence of hypertrophic scarring following laser tattoo removal treatments
      was 0.28 percent (3/1,041) and the incidence of keloid scarring was 0.00 percent
      (0/1,041).

PMID- 27386043
TI  - Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review of Existing and Emerging Nonsurgical
      Therapies.
AB  - Basal cell carcinoma is the most commonly occurring cancer in the world and
      overall incidence is still on the rise. While typically a slow-growing tumor for
      which metastases is rare, basal cell carcinoma can be locally destructive and
      disfiguring. Given the vast prevalence of this disease, there is a significant
      overall burden on patient well-being and quality of life. The current mainstay of
      basal cell carcinoma treatment involves surgical modalities, such as
      electrodessication and curettage, excision, cryosurgery, and Mohs micrographic
      surgery. Such methods are typically reserved for localized basal cell carcinoma
      and offer high five-year cure rates, but come with the risk of functional
      impairment, disfigurement, and scarring. Here, the authors review the evidence
      and indications for nonsurgical treatment modalities in cases where surgery is
      impractical, contraindicated, or simply not desired by the patient. 

PMID- 27386046
TI  - Silicone Granulomas, a Growing Problem?
AB  - The formation of granulomas is known to be a possible adverse effect of liquid
      silicone administration, used for soft tissue augmentation. Its plumping effects
      provide enhancement of certain body parts, such as the lips, hips, and buttocks.
      The desire for enhancement, perhaps influenced by popular culture and an
      unrealistic standard of beauty, leads individuals to seek silicone injections.
      There is a growing population of women and men receiving injections by
      unlicensed, unskilled "practitioners" not related to the healthcare profession.
      Complications under such circumstances are not uncommon, particularly the
      emergence of silicone granulomas, and the authors' medical center has seen an
      increase in such cases. In this case report, the authors illustrate a young
      patient with significant complications from her silicone injections, review
      current therapies for silicone granulomas, and discuss this growing medical
      problem. 

PMID- 27386047
TI  - Status Report from the Scientific Panel on Antibiotic Use in Dermatology of the
      American Acne and Rosacea Society: Part 3: Current Perspectives on Skin and Soft
      Tissue Infections with Emphasis on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,
      Commonly Encountered Scenarios when Antibiotic Use May Not Be Needed, and
      Concluding Remarks on Rational Use of Antibiotics in Dermatology.
AB  - In this third article of the three-part series, management of skin and soft
      tissue infections is reviewed with emphasis on new information on methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Due to changes in the evolution of methicillin
      resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones, previous distinctions between healthcare
      acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and community-acquired
      methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are currently much less clinically
      relevant. Many nosocomial cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
      infection are now caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant
      Staphylococcus aureus, with changing patterns of antibiotic susceptibility and
      resistance. Also reviewed are clinical scenarios where antibiotics may not be
      needed and suggestions for optimal use of antibiotic therapy for dermatologie
      conditions, including recommendations on perioperative antibiotic use. 

PMID- 27386048
TI  - Staged Excision for Lentigo Maligna and Lentigo Maligna Melanoma: Analysis of
      Surgical Margins and Long-term Recurrence in 68 Cases from a Single Practice.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Lentigo maligna is a form of in situ melanoma that occurs commonly
      on sun-exposed skin of middle-aged to elderly adults. Margin-control surgery
      offers the highest cure rate for lentigo maligna/lentigo maligna melanoma.
      MATERIALS AND METHODS: Charts from the authors' private office from the 20-year
      period from January 1986 to December 2005 were reviewed to identify patients with
      histologically confirmed lentigo maligna or lentigo maligna melanoma treated by
      staged excision. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients (39 men, 29 women; mean age at
      diagnosis 67.4+/-10.2 years, range 48-87 years) with 68 tumors were treated in
      the authors' office for lentigo maligna (58) or lentigo maligna melanoma (10)
      between January 1986 and December 2005. After excision, patients were followed
      clinically for a minimum of three years. The mean follow-up duration was 138
      months (median 139 months; range 37-330 months). The overall margin for tumor
      clearance was 7.0+/-0.55mm with a recurrence rate of 5.9 percent. LIMITATIONS:
      The limitations of this study include the retrospective nature of the authors'
      review, and data collected from a single, private practice setting. CONCLUSION:
      The authors' findings support staged excision as an effective method of treating
      lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma, offering a high cure rate while
      maximally preserving normal tissue.

PMID- 27386049
TI  - A Six-week Low-level Laser Therapy Protocol is Effective for Reducing Waist, Hip,
      Thigh, and Upper Abdomen Circumference.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of low-level laser therapy for noninvasive body
      contouring has been previously demonstrated in clinical trials leading to its
      market clearance. Subjects achieved these beneficial effects following three
      weekly low-level laser therapy treatments for two weeks. The objective of this
      study was to determine if the same aesthetic benefit can be achieved following
      one weekly low-level laser therapy treatment for six weeks. SETTING: Two private
      dermatology practices. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy adults with a body mass index of 25
      to 40kg/m(2) (N=54). MEASUREMENTS: Subjects underwent one weekly low-level laser
      therapy procedure for six consecutive weeks using a device consisting of six
      17mW, 635nm red diodes. Waist, hip, thigh, and upper abdomen circumference were
      measured weekly. Study success criteria was a 4.5-inch mean decrease in combined
      body circumference. RESULTS: The mean decrease in combined circumference
      reduction at six weeks was 5.4 inches (p<0.001), and most subjects (72.2%)
      achieved a >=4.5-inch decrease. Most subjects (81.0%) were Satisfied (27%) or
      Very Satisfied (54%) with the aesthetic results they achieved. There were no
      adverse events. CONCLUSION: One weekly low-level laser therapy treatment for six
      weeks is clinically effective for reducing waist, hip, thigh, and upper abdomen
      circumference and may be more effective than the previous two-week treatment
      protocol. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02109107.

PMID- 27386040
TI  - Particularities of allergy in the Tropics.
AB  - Allergic diseases are distributed worldwide and their risk factors and triggers
      vary according to geographical and socioeconomic conditions. Allergies are
      frequent in the Tropics but aspects of their prevalence, natural history, risk
      factors, sensitizers and triggers are not well defined and some are expected to
      be different from those in temperate zone countries. The aim of this review is to
      investigate if allergic diseases in the Tropics have particularities that deserve
      special attention for research and clinical practice. Such information will help
      to form a better understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of
      allergic diseases in the Tropics. As expected, we found particularities in the
      Tropics that merit further study because they strongly affect the natural history
      of common allergic diseases; most of them related to climate conditions that
      favor permanent exposure to mite allergens, helminth infections and stinging
      insects. In addition, we detected several unmet needs in important areas which
      should be investigated and solved by collaborative efforts led by the emergent
      research groups on allergy from tropical countries. 

PMID- 27386050
TI  - Psoriasis and Associated Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review on
      Etiopathogenesis and Clinical Correlation.
AB  - INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease with a high
      impact on self-esteem and patients' health-related quality of life. In the last
      decades some studies have pointed out mental disorders associated with psoriasis
      and the etiopathogenic mechanisms behind that co-existence. This work compiles
      psychopathology associated with psoriasis and further analyzes the
      etiopathogenesis of psoriasis and mental disorders. METHODS: A systematic review
      of the literature was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for
      Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and using the "5S" levels of
      organization of evidence from healthcare research, as previously described.
      RESULTS: Psoriasis is linked with many mental disorders, both in the psychotic
      and neurotic sprectrum. Chronic stress diminishes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
      axis and upregulates sympathetic-adrenal-medullary responses, stimulating pro
      inflammatory cytokines. Then, it maintains and exacerbates psoriasis and some of
      its mental disorders. High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines connect
      psoriasis, psychiatric conditions, and other comorbidities of psoriasis (such as
      atherosclerosis) within a vicious cycle. Furthermore, the etiopathogenesis of the
      link between each psychiatric comorbidity and psoriasis has its own subtleties,
      including the cooccurrence of other comorbidities, the parts of the body affected
      by psoriasis, treatments, and biological and psychosocial factors. CONCLUSION:
      The study of psychopathology can amplify our understanding about the
      etiopathogenesis of psoriasis and associated mental disorders. Patients would
      benefit from a psychodermatologic approach. The adequate treatment should take
      into account the mental disorders associated with psoriasis as well as the
      circumstances under which they occur.

PMID- 27386051
TI  - Finasteride in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A "Male" Therapy for a Predominantly
      "Female" Disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Hidradenitis suppurativa is associated with obesity and metabolic
      syndrome, and a hormonal component has been implicated. Finasteride is an anti
      androgenic agent used for benign prostatic hypertrophy, androgenic alopecia, and,
      in females, hirsutism. Finasteride is an inhibitor of type II5 alpha-reductase
      that reduces dihydrotestosterone levels and appears to alter end-organ
      sensitivity of the folliculopilosebaceous unit. The objective is to review the
      use of finasteride for hidradenitis suppurativa. DESIGN: Review of the
      literature. SETTING: Clinical treatment of patients with hidradenitis
      suppurativa. Measurement/participants: Five publications described the use for
      hidradenitis suppurativa. Four global case reports cited 13 individual patients,
      four male and nine female. Females included three adolescent patients and a child
      aged seven with precocious puberty. In the United States, finasteride in obese
      male adults was mentioned to be helpful. RESULTS: Oral finasteride, as
      monotherapy or additional therapy was utilized for advanced hidradenitis
      suppurativa. The outcomes were largely favorable, with complete resolution in
      three patients. A latency period was evident in a majority. Limited, or
      continuous use for up to six years, was detailed. Response to reintroduction was
      successful. A benign safety profile with excellent tolerability was described.
      Teratogenicity of finasteride was addressed and contraception advocated in female
      patients. Sexual adverse effects were not ascertained. CONCLUSION: In
      hidradenitis suppurativa, finasteride could be considered in adults of both sexes
      as well as in select female children and adolescents, particularly those with
      concurrent metabolic and hormonal alterations present. Finasteride provides
      another highly effective, durable, relatively safe, and inexpensive option in the
      treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa.

PMID- 27386052
TI  - Use of Kaolin-impregnated Gauze for Improvement of Intraoperative Hemostasis and
      Postoperative Wound Healing in Blepharoplasty.
AB  - PURPOSE: Kaolin is a mineral shown to be effective in controlling hemorrhage when
      combined with standard gauze and applied to wounds. This study investigates the
      application of kaolin to control intraoperative bleeding and promote wound
      healing in eyelid surgery. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double-blind
      study recruited patients who underwent eyelid surgery. Following skin incision,
      kaolin-impregnated gauzewas placed in one eyelid wound bed and cotton gauze in
      the other, then removed. Distinct, individual areas of bleeding were recorded.
      Standardized photographs were obtained postoperatively on Day 1, 4, and 7.
      Photographs were graded for edema and ecchymosis by four blinded observers.
      Patients also completed a survey inquiring which side had more bruising,
      swelling, and pain at each return visit. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients
      completed the study. The number of intraoperative bleeding sites for kaolin
      versus plain gauze was not significantly different (p=0.96). Photographic grading
      by blinded observers did not identify any statistically significant differences
      in postoperative edema at any time point between lids. There was a statistically
      significant difference for ecchymosis at postoperative Day 4 (p=0.009) and Day 7
      (p=0.016). Patient surveys did not show any difference in perceived edema,
      ecchymosis, or pain between lids. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative hemostasis was not
      affected by the use of kaolin-impregnated gauze. The effectiveness of kaolin in
      wound healing showed improved ecchymosis at Days 4 and 7 when assessed by blinded
      observers. Patients did not notice any improvement in postoperative edema,
      ecchymosis, or pain.

PMID- 27386053
TI  - Nodular Scleroderma Revisited: Systemic Sclerosis Presenting as Annular Keloidal
      Sclerotic Plaques.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Nodular scleroderma, also known as keloidal scleroderma, is a rare
      variant of systemic sclerosis. PURPOSE: The clinical features, pathologic
      findings and postulated pathogenesis of nodular scleroderma are discussed.
      METHODS: A woman with previously undiagnosed systemic sclerosis who presented
      with nodular scleroderma is described. Using the PubMed database, a literature
      search was performed on keloidal scleroderma, nodular scleroderma, and systemic
      sclerosis. RESULTS: Nodular scleroderma is characterized by firm plaques or
      nodules, which can mimic a keloid, that are typically located on the anterior
      orposterior upper trunk and the arms; they show pathologic changes of
      scleroderma, keloid, or hypertrophic scar. Akeloidal response of inflamed skin
      that is involved in an active fibrotic process inherent to systemic sclerosis, in
      individuals who are genetically predisposed to keloid formation, is the
      hypothesized pathogenesis. CONCLUSION: Nodular scleroderma is rare. The authors'
      patient presented with diarrhea, dysphagia, fatigue, Raynaud's phenomenon,
      shortness of breath, and annular keloidal plaques of morphea whose biopsy showed
      features of hypertrophic scar; additional studies confirmed the diagnosis of the
      nodular scleroderma variant of systemic sclerosis. The possibility of systemic
      sclerosis should be entertained in patients who present with nodularor keloidal
      plaques that morphologically resemble morphea and have histologic findings of a
      scar or a keloid-especially if there are associated symptoms suggestive for
      systemic sclerosis.

PMID- 27386054
TI  - Validation of disease states in schizophrenia: comparison of cluster analysis
      between US and European populations.
AB  - BACKGROUND: There is controversy as to whether use of statistical clustering
      methods to identify common disease patterns in schizophrenia identifies patterns
      generalizable across countries. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare
      disease states identified in a published study (Mohr/Lenert, 2004) considering US
      patients to disease states in a European cohort (EuroSC) considering English,
      French, and German patients. METHODS: Using methods paralleling those in
      Mohr/Lenert, we conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) on Positive and
      Negative Syndrome Scale items in the EuroSC data set (n=1,208), followed by k
      means cluster analyses and a search for an optimal k. The optimal model structure
      was compared to Mohr/Lenert by assigning discrete severity levels to each cluster
      in each factor based on the cluster center. A harmonized model was created and
      patients were assigned to health states using both approaches; agreement rates in
      state assignment were then calculated. RESULTS: Five factors accounting for 56%
      of total variance were obtained from PCA. These factors corresponded to positive
      symptoms (Factor 1), negative symptoms (Factor 2), cognitive impairment (Factor
      3), hostility/aggression (Factor 4), and mood disorder (Factor 5) (as in
      Mohr/Lenert). The optimal number of cluster states was six. The kappa statistic
      (95% confidence interval) for agreement in state assignment was 0.686 (0.670
      0.703). CONCLUSION: The patterns of schizophrenia effects identified using
      clustering in two different data sets were reasonably similar. Results suggest
      the Mohr/Lenert health state model is potentially generalizable to other
      populations.

PMID- 27386055
TI  - Efficacy and safety of conventional long acting beta2- agonists: systematic
      review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is usually considered
      one of the leading causes of death worldwide, so finding proper therapeutic
      strategies for this disease is of high importance. In this meta-analysis, we
      reviewed the existing literature on the efficacy and safety of conventional long
      acting beta agonists (LABAs) in COPD patients. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE and
      Google scholar to identify relevant articles. We limited data to double-blinded
      randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data of 14, 832 COPD subjects including 7540
      patients under a beta2 agonist (cases) and 7292 taking placebo (controls)
      retrieved from 20 randomized controlled trials and were enrolled into this meta
      analysis. Evaluated outcomes included overall mortality, exacerbations and
      tolerance to the drug. RESULTS: The analysis of survival showed no significant
      difference between those taking LABAs or placebo (relative risk (RR): 0.945, 95%
      confidence interval (CI): 0.821-1.088, P=0.432). Exacerbation rate, however, was
      significantly lower among the cases than among the controls (RR: 0.859, 95%CI:
      0.800-0.922, p<0.001). Similar observation was detected in analyzing the rate of
      drug withdrawal in patients of the two groups with patients under placebo having
      significantly higher rate of drug discontinuation due to adverse events or
      disease symptoms (RR:0.821, 95% CI: 0.774-0.871; p<0.007). CONCLUSION: In
      conclusion, we found that the use of conventional LABA therapy in COPD patients
      is associated with a lower exacerbation rate of the disease as well as higher
      tolerance to the drug, but no survival advantage is expectable. Substitution of
      LABAs with new agents is recommended.

PMID- 27386056
TI  - Candida infections among neutropenic patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Systemic candidiasis is a major complication in neutropenic cancer
      patients undergoing treatment. Most systemic fungal infections emerge from
      endogenous microflora so the aim of the present study was to identify Candida
      species isolated from the different regions of body in neutropenic patients in
      compare with the control group. METHODS: A total of 309 neutropenic cancer
      patients and 584 patients without cancer (control group) entered in the study.
      Molecular identification of clinical isolates was performed by PCR-RFLP
      technique. RESULTS: Twenty-two out of 309 patients had candidiasis (7.1%). Male
      to female ratio was 1/1 and age ranged from 23 to 66 years. Colorectal cancer and
      acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were the most common cancers. Candida albicans was
      the most prevalent Candida species among neutropenic patients (50%) and control
      group (57.9%). Mortality rate in cancer patients was 13.6% in comparison with
      control group (5.2%). CONCLUSION: Since candidiasis is an important cause of
      morbidity and mortality in neutropenic patients, precise identification of
      Candida species by molecular techniques can be useful for the appropriate
      selection of antifungal drugs particularly in high risk patients.

PMID- 27386057
TI  - Addition of clidinium-C to the 14-day proton-pump inhibitor-based triple therapy
      for Helicobacter pylori eradication.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Triple therapy with a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics in
      Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication is widely accepted, but this combination
      fails in a considerable number of cases. The aim of this study was to assess the
      effect of clidinium-C addition on HP eradication and to investigate the efficacy
      and safety of clidinium-C in prevention of drugs' side effects. METHODS: A total
      of 200 histopathologically confirmed HP positive peptic ulcer enrolled in this
      study which were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: OAC (20 mg omeprazole
      bid, 1000 mg amoxicillin bid and 500 mg clarithromycin bid) and OAC + clidinium
      C. The effect of treatment and adverse effects were compared 6 weeks after
      completion of treatment. A13C-urea breath test was performed to confirm HP
      eradication. RESULTS: A total of 184 patients (90 in group A and 94 in group B)
      completed the treatment protocols. HP eradication was achieved in 71.1% in OAC
      versus 72.3% in OCA+clidinium-C, (P=0.73). The frequencies of abdominal pain and
      stool abnormality, among the side effects recorded during the therapy period,
      were significantly lower in group B (OCA+clidinium-C) (P=0.01 and P=0.001,
      respectively). CONCLUSION: Addition of clidinium-C to OCA triple therapy
      decreases abdominal pain and frequency of stool abnormalities without affecting
      HP eradication rate. Based on these findings addition of clidinium-C may increase
      patient's compliance.

PMID- 27386058
TI  - Comparison study of QuantiFERON test with tuberculin skin testing to diagnose
      latent tuberculosis infection among nurses working in teaching hospitals of
      Ahvaz, Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prompt diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection
      (LTBI) are needed to control TB. The aim of the study was to compare the
      performance of Quanti FERON-TB test (QFT) with conventional TST for the diagnosis
      of LTBI. METHODS: In this analytical - comparison study, we enrolled 87 nurses
      working in teaching hospitals in Ahvaz. All study subjects were tested by TST.
      TST results were interpreted as positive if induration was more than 10 mm. If
      the level of QFT after stimulation was equal or greater than 0.35 IU/ml, test was
      considered as positive. Data were analyzed with SPSS program. QFT results
      compared with induration in TST and its relation to all variables were
      investigated. RESULTS: The rate of LTB diagnosis by TST and QFT was 31% and
      35.6%, respectively. There was no significant difference between TST and QFT in
      LTB diagnosis (P=0.62). Among the 56 subjects who were TST- negative, 14 cases
      (approximately 25%) were QFT- positive and 42 (75%) were QFT- negative. Among the
      31 cases (35.6%) that had TST- positive, 13 (42%) were QFT-positive and 18 (58%)
      were QFT- negative. The overall percent agreement was 63.2% (k=0.139, P=0.69),
      discordance %=15.9-20.7, sensitivity= 41.5% and specificity=75.5%. CONCLUSION:
      Diagnostic value of QFT is similar to TST, when there is strong clinical and
      epidemiological evidence of LTB in a nurse with negative TST, adding QFT to
      diagnostic evaluation is associated with increased rate of LTB diagnosis.

PMID- 27386059
TI  - Altered plasma marker of oxidative DNA damage and total antioxidant capacity in
      patients with Alzheimer's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that oxidative stress (OS) is the most
      important indicator in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the
      results in previous studies are conflicting. This study aimed to assess the
      plasma levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as DNA oxidative damage
      marker and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in patients with AD versus control
      group. METHODS: Thirty patients with AD and 30 sex-and age-matched healthy
      subjects were studied. Diagnosis of AD was based on National Institute of
      Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's disease
      and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS/ADRDA) criteria. Also for the patients,
      Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), computed tomography (CT) scan and brain
      magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were done. Plasma levels of 8-OHdG and TAC were
      measured by competitive ELISA method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)
      assay, respectively. RESULTS: Plasma levels of 8-OHdG was significantly higher in
      AD compared to control group (p<0.001), while the total antioxidant was
      significantly lower in patients compared to controls (p=0.002). The value of area
      under the ROC curve for 8-OHdG and TAC in discriminating AD from controls were
      0.87 and 0.32, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate a link between
      oxidative stress and AD indicating a possible contributive role of these markers
      in the development of AD and as an indicator in the discrimination of AD from
      healthy controls.

PMID- 27386060
TI  - Influence of supplemental vitamin D on intensity of benign paroxysmal positional
      vertigo: A longitudinal clinical study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is linked to vitamin D
      deficiency. This clinical trial aimed to determine the influence of vitamin D
      supplementation on intensity of BPPV. METHODS: The study population was selected
      consecutively and the diagnosis of BPPV was made by history and clinical
      examination and exclusion of other conditions. Intensity of BPVV was assessed
      based on VAS score (0-10). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) was measured using
      ELISA method and levels < 20 ng/ml was considered a deficiency. All patients
      received rehabilitation treatment using Epley's maneuver one time per week for
      one month. Serum 25-OHD deficient patients were classified as treated and non
      treated groups (rehabilitation with or without 50.000 IU cholecalciferol weekly
      for two months).The results of treatment were compared with vitamin D sufficient
      group as control. All patients were followed-up for 6 months. RESULTS: After two
      months of treatment, in both vitamin D treated and non-treated groups the
      intensity of BPPV decreased significantly as compared with control (P=0.001 for
      both groups) but at endpoint, the intensity of BPPV aggravated and regressed to
      the baseline value in vitamin D deficient non-treated group (P=0.001) whereas, in
      vitamin D treated group, improvement of BPPV remained stable and unchanged over
      the study period. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that correction of vitamin D
      deficiency in BPPV provides additional benefit to rehabilitation therapy (Epley
      maneuver) regarding duration of improvement. These findings suggest serum 25-OHD
      measurement in recurrent BPPV.

PMID- 27386061
TI  - Efficiency and outcome of non-invasive versus invasive positive pressure
      ventilation therapy in respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary
      disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Application noninvasive ventilation in the patients with exacerbation
      of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) reduced mortality. This case
      control study was designed to compare efficiency and outcome of non-invasive
      (NIV) versus invasive positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in respiratory failure
      due to COPD. METHODS: The patients were assigned to NIV or IPPV
      intermittantly.The clinical parameters, including RR (respiratory rate), BP
      (blood pressure), HR (heart rate) and PH, PaCO2, PaO2 before and 1, 4 and 24 h
      after treatment were measured. Demographic information such as age, sex, severity
      of disease based on APACHE score, length of stay and outcome were recorded.
      RESULTS: Fifty patients were enrolled in the NIV group and 50 patients in IPPV.
      The mean age was 70.5 in NIV and 63.9 in invasive ventilation group (p>0.05). In
      IPPV group, the average values of PH: PCO2: and PO2, were 7.22+/-0.11, 69.64 +
      24.25: and 68.86+/-24.41 .In NIV, the respective values were 7.30+/-0.07, 83.94+/
      18.95, and 60.60+/-19.88. In NIV group, after 1, 4 and 24 h treatment, the
      clinical and ventilation parameters were stable. The mean APACHE score in was
      IPPV, 26.46+/-5.45 and in NIV was 12.26+/-5.54 (p<0.05). The average length of
      hospital stay in IPPV was 15.90+/-10 and in NIV 8.12+/-6.49 days (p<0.05). The
      total mortality in the NIV was 4 (8%) and in IPPV, 27 patients (54%) (p<0.05).
      CONCLUSION: This study indicates that using NIPPV is a useful therapeutic mode of
      treatment for respiratory failure with acceptable success rate and lower
      mortality. The application of NIPPV reduces hospital stay, intubation and its
      consequent complications.

PMID- 27386062
TI  - The acute lymphoblastic leukemia prognostic scoring whether it is possible by BCL
      2, BAX gene promoter genotyping.
AB  - BACKGROUND: BCL-2 is the most important anti-apoptotic regulator and Bax is a pro
      apoptotic protein. The status of these parameters or the ration of BCL-2 to BAX
      is important in malignant cell fate as well as normal cells. METHODS: Sixty-two
      ALL patients and 62 healthy sex-and age-matched controls were studied. After
      genotyping, the promoter region of the BAX and BCL-2 genes by RFLP-PCR method the
      patients were classified in nine prognostic groups, after that, the overall
      survival ratio of each score was compared with others pair-wise or between
      groups. RESULTS: The frequencies of the AA, AC, CC alleles of the BCL-2 C-938A
      polymorphism in patient group were 33 (53.23%), 18 (29.03%), 11 (17.74%), and in
      the control group were 13 (21.0%), 27 (43.5%), 22 (35.5%), respectively
      (P=0.003). Also, the frequencies of AA, AG, GG alleles of the BAX G-248A SNP were
      15 (24.2%), 24 (38.7%), 23 (37.1%) in ALL group and 13 (21.0%), 25 (40.3%), 24
      (38.7%) (p>0.05) in the control group. The survival time estimation and ratio
      were significantly different between different SNPs in BCL-2 (P=0.002).
      CONCLUSION: These findings showed that the BCL-2 promoter region polymorphism is
      more reliable than BAX gene promoter polymorphism in any ALL scoring system. But
      the establishment of complete scoring system requires further more clinical and
      laboratory findings along with genetic polymorphisms is necessary.

PMID- 27386063
TI  - Multidrug resistance pattern of bacterial agents isolated from patient with
      chronic sinusitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic sinusitis is complicated due to increase of
      antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the
      multidrug resistance (MDR) pattern of the bacteria causing chronic sinusitis in
      north of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out on patients
      with chronic sinusitis. Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was
      determined according to the CLSI 2013 standards. Double-disk synergy (DDS) test
      was performed for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)
      producing bacteria; also methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) strains were
      identified by MRSA screen agar. The MDR isolates were defined as resistant to 3
      or more antibiotics. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17 software. Descriptive
      statistics was used to describe the features of the data in this study. RESULTS:
      The rate of ESBL-producing bacteria was 28.75-37.03% among enterobacteriaceae and
      the rate of MRSA was 42.75%-60% among Staphylococcus strains. The most detectable
      rate of the MDR bacterial isolates was Gram-negative bacteria 39 (76.47%) and
      Enterobacter spp. 19(70.37%) was the most multidrug resistant isolate among Gram
      negative bacteria. Also 36 (73.46%) of the gram positive bacterial isolated were
      multidrug resistance and Staphylococcus aureus 9(90%) was the most MDR among Gram
      positive bacteria. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance is increasing in chronic
      bacterial sinusitis. The emergence of MRSA and ESBL bacteria causing chronic
      sinusitis is increasing.

PMID- 27386064
TI  - Associated factors of headache in an unstudied cohort of elderly subjects.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Headache and depression are prevalent among general population. The
      aim of this study was to determine the associated factors of headache in elderly
      subjects with emphasis to depression. METHODS: All cohort of elderly individuals
      of the Amirkola Health Study Project were included. Data regarding several
      clinical and demographic characteristics were provided via fill in
      quesstionnaire, interview and clinical examination. Presence and duration as well
      as severity of headache were collected through an interview based on self
      reported data. Diagnosis of depression was confirmed according to standard
      Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) criteria. In statistical analyses chi-square
      test with logistic regression analysis was used for association. RESULTS: A total
      of 832 men and 667 women aged >/= 60 years old were studied. Headache and
      depression were diagnosed in 42% and 42.4% respectively. In depressed subjects,
      headache was significantly higher by OR=3.1(95% CI, 2.5-3.83, P=0.001).
      Proportions of headache increased by severity of depression with a dose-response
      pattern of relationship from 53.3% in mild depression to 72.6% in severe
      depression. The magnitude of OR for headache increased from 2.59 (95% CI, 2.03
      3.31) in patients with mild depression to 6.04 (95% CI, 3.54-10.3) in patients
      with severe depression. After adjustment for all covariates, headache was
      significantly associated with female gender and back pain as well as with
      depression with a significant dose-response relationship. CONCLUSION: The
      findings of this study indicated an independent association between headache and
      psychological factors in elderly subjects, particularly in women.

PMID- 27386065
TI  - Gender differences in the health status of elderly living alone compared to those
      who are not alone: Evidence of the AHAP study, North of Iran.
AB  - BACKGROUND: One of the factors that have impact on the health status of elderly
      people is living alone. This study was conducted to examine the living condition
      of elderly population in Babol and probable differences which this condition
      induced on the health disorders of elderly people. METHODS: This cross-sectional
      study was performed on 1544 elderly people aged 60 and over in Amirkola, Babol.
      Demographic characteristics, the incidence of falls, chronic diseases,
      polypharmacy, headache with uncertain cause, chronic pains and back pain were
      collected by the study questionnaire; social support, physical activity,
      depression and cognitive disorders were assessed with standard questionnaires.
      RESULTS: 6.8% of elderly people were living alone. Lack of social support,
      cognitive disorders, depression, multiple chronic diseases, occurrence of falls
      and headache with uncertain cause were significantly higher among those elderly
      who live alone (p<0.05). Regardless of age and educational level, headache and
      depressive symptoms in male individuals living alone, and falls occurrence in
      female individuals were significantly more than those who did not live alone
      (p<0.05). Also, in female elderly subjects, the effect of the marital status
      factor on health-related disorders was more than the effect of living alone
      factor. CONCLUSION: Many disorders and disabilities are higher in the elderly
      people who live alone; also there is a difference in the health status of elderly
      people who live alone, according to their gender.

PMID- 27386066
TI  - "Influence of methadone on clopidogrel in addicts on methadone maintenance
      therapy" Drug interaction between methadone and clopidogrel.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Clopidogrel is a prodrug that converts in the liver to an active
      thiol metabolite, which irreversibly inhibits the platelet P2Y12 adenosine
      diphosphate receptor. It seems that methadone as CYP2C19 inhibitor affects
      ticlopidine activity in vivo. This study aimed to test the ability of methadone
      in changing ticlopidine pharmacokinetics. METHODS: We conducted a case-control
      study in 10 subjects. The cases (5 subjects) in our study were addicts who were
      receiving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for preventing opium withdrawal
      symptoms. The control group were opiate users before starting MMT. In both
      groups, the patients received clopidogrel (75mg/day) for 5 days. On the 6(th)
      day, the subjects returned to the clinic, blood samples were taken up to 12 hours
      following clopidogrel dosing in case and control groups. Plasma concentration of
      clopidogrel was measured by GC-MAS. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was
      performed using Microsoft Excel software to estimate PK parameters. RESULTS: In
      this study, methadone decreased clopidogrel clearance by 25% and increased the
      AUC0-inf nearly 1.3 fold during the coadministration of clopidogrel as an
      antiplatelet drug. CONCLUSION: A significant decrease in the clearance of
      clopidogrel during the coadministration of methadone consistent with a decrease
      in clopidogrel conversion to its active metabolite and this may decrease its
      efficacy and may have life-threatening consequences for the patients undergoing
      clopidogerel maintenance therapy.

PMID- 27386068
TI  - Deep vein thrombosis in a patient of adenomatous polyposis coli treated
      successfully with aspirin: A case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis is an important cause of morbidity and
      mortality. However, its association with adenomatous polyposis coli is extremely
      rare. Here we present an interesting case of deep vein thrombosis associated with
      adenomatous polyposis coli. CASE PRESENTATION: A 15 year old female who was
      having fever and diarrhea for 5 months developed bilateral asymmetric painful
      swelling of lower limbs for 1 month. Doppler ultrasound of lower limbs revealed
      presence of thrombosis from inferior vena cava up to popliteal vein. Colonoscopy
      and biopsy were suggestive of adenomatous polyposis coli. However, she could not
      tolerate anticoagulant therapy and was put on aspirin therapy for 6 months to
      which she responded well with the resolution of thrombus. CONCLUSION: Role of
      aspirin therapy may be considered whenever a patient of venous thrombosis cannot
      tolerate anticoagulant therapy.

PMID- 27386067
TI  - Female gender and Helicobacter pylori infection, the most important
      predisposition factors in a cohort of gastric cancer: A longitudinal study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common Cancers in the world
      and Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is considered a causative factor. The aim
      of this study was to determine the characteristics and the associated factors of
      (GC) in a small cohort. METHODS: Overall, 54 patients with diagnosed gastric
      cancer were followed-up at the Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology at
      Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences. 37 (68.5%) of them were positive for
      H pylori infection in histopathological evaluations. Univariate and multivariate
      regression analyses were used to determine the associations of demographic
      features and HP infection status with GC characteristics and prognosis. RESULTS:
      Univariate analysis showed female gender (odds ratio (OR): 6.53; 95% confidence
      interval (95%CI): 1.59-26.8; P=0.008), and illiteracy (compared to intermediate
      education; OR: 5.9, 95%CI: 1.37-25.43; p=0.05) were associated significantly with
      higher rate of HP infection. After a mean+/-SD follow-up duration of 254+/-329
      months, only female gender was significantly associated with HP infection in GC
      (OR:4.56; 95% CI: 1.0-21.76; P=0.05). H pylori positive patients had
      significantly higher grade of GC (OR: 3.97; 95% CI: 1.0-16.16; P=0.05), and a
      trend toward greater GC stage (OR: 4.46, 95% CI: 9.39-21.23; p=0.06). There was
      no association between survival rate and H pylori infection. CONCLUSION: In the
      current study, we found a significant association of female gender with GN and an
      association of higher grade of GC with female gender. These findings may indicate
      a sex disparity in susceptibility to HP infection regarding GC future studies of
      larger populations are recommended.

PMID- 27386069
TI  - Huge epithelial nonparasitic splenic cyst: A case report and a review of
      treatment methods.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Splenic cysts are rare in all age groups and there are a few reports
      in the world literature. Primary cysts occur most frequently in children and
      young adults, comprising around 25% of all nonparasitic splenic cysts. Various
      techniques are suggested for the treatment of splenic cysts. In this case report,
      a huge epithelial splenic cyst in a 17-year-old female is presented and different
      treatment methods of splenic cysts are evaluated. CASE PRESENTATION: A 17-year
      old female presented with progressive abdominal mass in left upper quadrant
      associated with abdominal pain and food intolerance of duration of several
      months. There was no history of trauma. On physical examination, there was a huge
      mass located in the upper left side of abdomen. Computerized tomography scan
      revealed that a large cystic lesion had occupied the spleen with dimensions of
      32x21xI5.6 cm. After patient preparation laparotomy was performed and complete
      cyst excision was done with splenectomy, patient was discharged after 2 days.
      This is a report of a case of epithelial splenic cyst of the spleen in a 17-year
      old female. CONCLUSION: The management of splenic cysts continues to evolve and
      the optimum treatment of patients with nonparasitic splenic cysts is
      controversial, as a principle preservation technique of the spleen with minimally
      invasive methods such as laparoscopy is preferred to splenectomy with the
      exception of very large cysts and when splenic hilum is involved in cyst wall.
      However, significant cyst recurrences were encountered with these techniques.
      Recently open partial splenectomy has been proposed as a safe and effective
      method in the management of NPSCs it ensures complete cyst removal, lack of cyst
      recurrence, and preservation of the spleen functions.

PMID- 27386070
TI  - Association of CD166 expression with clinicopathologic characteristics of
      colorectal cancer.

PMID- 27386071
TI  - The effect of diet and time after bacterial infection on fecundity, resistance,
      and tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster.
AB  - Mounting and maintaining an effective immune response in the face of infection
      can be costly. The outcome of infection depends on two host immune strategies:
      resistance and tolerance. Resistance limits pathogen load, while tolerance
      reduces the fitness impact of an infection. While resistance strategies are well
      studied, tolerance has received less attention, but is now considered to play a
      vital role in host-pathogen interactions in animals. A major challenge in
      ecoimmunology is to understand how some hosts maintain their fitness when
      infected while others succumb to infection, as well as how extrinsic,
      environmental factors, such as diet, affect defense. We tested whether dietary
      restriction through yeast (protein) limitation affects resistance, tolerance, and
      fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster. We predicted that protein restriction would
      reveal costs of infection. Because infectious diseases are not always lethal, we
      tested resistance and tolerance using two bacteria with low lethality:
      Escherichia coli and Lactococcus lactis. We then assayed fecundity and
      characterized bacterial infection pathology in individual flies at two acute
      phase time points after infection. As expected, our four fecundity measures all
      showed a negative effect of a low-protein diet, but contrary to predictions, diet
      did not affect resistance to either bacteria species. We found evidence for diet
      induced and time-dependent variation in host tolerance to E. coli, but not to L.
      lactis. Furthermore, the two bacteria species exhibited remarkably different
      infection profiles, and persisted within the flies for at least 7 days
      postinfection. Our results show that acute phase infections do not necessarily
      lead to fecundity costs despite high bacterial loads. The influence of intrinsic
      variables such as genotype are the prevailing factors that have been studied in
      relation to variation in host tolerance, but here we show that extrinsic factors
      should also be considered for their role in influencing tolerance strategies. 

PMID- 27386072
TI  - Mate choice for neutral and MHC genetic characteristics in Alpine marmots:
      different targets in different contexts?
AB  - Sexual selection through female mate choice for genetic characteristics has been
      suggested to be an important evolutionary force maintaining genetic variation in
      animal populations. However, the genetic targets of female mate choice are not
      clearly identified and whether female mate choice is based on neutral genetic
      characteristics or on particular functional loci remains an open question. Here,
      we investigated the genetic targets of female mate choice in Alpine marmots
      (Marmota marmota), a socially monogamous mammal where extra-pair paternity (EPP)
      occurs. We used 16 microsatellites to describe neutral genetic characteristics
      and two MHC loci belonging to MHC class I and II as functional genetic
      characteristics. Our results reveal that (1) neutral and MHC genetic
      characteristics convey different information in this species, (2) social pairs
      show a higher MHC class II dissimilarity than expected under random mate choice,
      and (3) the occurrence of EPP increases when social pairs present a high neutral
      genetic similarity or dissimilarity but also when they present low MHC class II
      dissimilarity. Thus, female mate choice is based on both neutral and MHC genetic
      characteristics, and the genetic characteristics targeted seem to be context
      dependent (i.e., the genes involved in social mate choice and genetic mate choice
      differ). We emphasize the need for empirical studies of mate choice in the wild
      using both neutral and MHC genetic characteristics because whether neutral and
      functional genetic characteristics convey similar information is not universal.

PMID- 27386073
TI  - Scrophularia arguta, a widespread annual plant in the Canary Islands: a single
      recent colonization event or a more complex phylogeographic pattern?
AB  - Many studies have addressed evolution and phylogeography of plant taxa in oceanic
      islands, but have primarily focused on endemics because of the assumption that in
      widespread taxa the absence of morphological differentiation between island and
      mainland populations is due to recent colonization. In this paper, we studied the
      phylogeography of Scrophularia arguta, a widespread annual species, in an attempt
      to determine the number and spatiotemporal origins of dispersal events to Canary
      Islands. Four different regions, ITS and ETS from nDNA and psbA-trnH and psbJ
      petA from cpDNA, were used to date divergence events within S. arguta lineages
      and determine the phylogenetic relationships among populations. A haplotype
      network was obtained to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among
      haplotypes. Our results support an ancient origin of S. arguta (Miocene) with
      expansion and genetic differentiation in the Pliocene coinciding with the
      aridification of northern Africa and the formation of the Mediterranean climate.
      Indeed, results indicate for Canary Islands three different events of
      colonization, including two ancient events that probably happened in the Pliocene
      and have originated the genetically most divergent populations into this species
      and, interestingly, a recent third event of colonization of Gran Canaria from
      mainland instead from the closest islands (Tenerife or Fuerteventura). In spite
      of the great genetic divergence among populations, it has not implied any
      morphological variation. Our work highlights the importance of nonendemic species
      to the genetic richness and conservation of island flora and the significance of
      the island populations of widespread taxa in the global biodiversity. 

PMID- 27386074
TI  - Genetic differentiation of the pine processionary moth at the southern edge of
      its range: contrasting patterns between mitochondrial and nuclear markers.
AB  - The pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) is an important pest of
      coniferous forests at the southern edge of its range in Maghreb. Based on
      mitochondrial markers, a strong genetic differentiation was previously found in
      this species between western (pityocampa clade) and eastern Maghreb populations
      (ENA clade), with the contact zone between the clades located in Algeria. We
      focused on the moth range in Algeria, using both mitochondrial (a 648 bp fragment
      of the tRNA-cox2) and nuclear (11 microsatellite loci) markers. A further
      analysis using a shorter mtDNA fragment and the same microsatellite loci was
      carried out on a transect in the contact zone between the mitochondrial clades.
      Mitochondrial diversity showed a strong geographical structure and a well-defined
      contact zone between the two clades. In particular, in the pityocampa clade, two
      inner subclades were found whereas ENA did not show any further structure.
      Microsatellite analysis outlined a different pattern of differentiation, with two
      main groups not overlapping with the mitochondrial clades. The inconsistency
      between mitochondrial and nuclear markers is probably explained by sex-biased
      dispersal and recent afforestation efforts that have bridged isolated
      populations. 

PMID- 27386075
TI  - The effect of local land use and loss of forests on bats and nocturnal insects.
AB  - Land-use intensification at local and landscape level poses a serious threat to
      biodiversity and affects species interactions and ecosystem function. It is thus
      important to understand how interrelated taxa respond to land-use intensification
      and to consider the importance of different spatial scales. We investigated
      whether and how local land-use intensity and landscape features affect the
      predator-prey interaction of bats and insects. Bats and nocturnal insects were
      assessed on 50 grassland sites in the Schorfheide-Chorin. We analyzed the effect
      of local land use and distance to forested areas as a proxy for site
      accessibility on bats and insects and their biological interaction measured in
      bat's feeding activity. Insect abundance increased with higher land-use
      intensity, while size and diversity of insects decreased. In contrast, bat
      activity, diversity, and species composition were determined by the distance to
      forested areas and only slightly by land-use intensity. Feeding attempts of bats
      increased with higher insect abundance and diversity but decreased with insect
      size and distance to forested areas. Finally, our results revealed that near
      forested areas, the number of feeding attempts was much lower on grassland sites
      with high, compared to those with low land-use intensity. In contrast, far from
      forests, the feeding attempts did not differ significantly between intensively
      and extensively managed grassland sites. We conclude that the two interrelated
      taxa, bats and insects, respond to land-use intensification on very different
      scales. While insects respond to local land use, bats are rather influenced by
      surrounding landscape matrix. Hereby, proximity to forests reveals to be a
      prerequisite for higher bat species diversity and a higher rate of feeding
      attempts within the area. However, proximity to forest is not sufficient to
      compensate local high land-use intensity. Thus, local land-use intensification in
      combination with a loss of forest remnants weakens the interaction of bats and
      insects.

PMID- 27386076
TI  - Dispersal by rodent caching increases seed survival in multiple ways in canopy
      fire ecosystems.
AB  - Seed-caching rodents have long been seen as important actors in dispersal
      ecology. Here, we focus on the interactions with plants in a fire-disturbance
      community, specifically Arctostaphylos species (Ericaceae) in California
      chaparral. Although mutualistic relationships between caching rodents and plants
      are well studied, little is known how this type of relationship functions in a
      disturbance-driven system, and more specifically to systems shaped by fire
      disturbance. By burying seeds in the soil, rodents inadvertently improve the
      probability of seed surviving high temperatures produced by fire. We test two
      aspects of vertical dispersal, depth of seed and multiple seeds in caches as two
      important dimensions of rodent-caching behavior. We used a laboratory
      experimental approach to test seed survival under different heating conditions
      and seed bank structures. Creating a synthetic soil seed bank and synthetic
      fire/heating in the laboratory allowed us to have control over surface heating,
      depth of seed in the soil, and seed cache size. We compared the viability of
      Arctostaphylos viscida seeds from different treatment groups determined by these
      factors and found that, as expected, seeds slightly deeper in the soil had
      substantial increased chances of survival during a heating event. A key result
      was that some seeds within a cache in shallow soil could survive fire even at a
      depth with a killing heat pulse compared to isolated seeds; temperature
      measurements indicated lower temperatures immediately below caches compared to
      the same depth in adjacent soil. These results suggest seed caching by rodents
      increases seed survival during fire events in two ways, that caches disrupt heat
      flow or that caches are buried below the heat pulse kill zone. The context of
      natural disturbance drives the significance of this mutualism and further expands
      theory regarding mutualisms into the domain of disturbance-driven systems. 

PMID- 27386077
TI  - Nuclear locus divergence at the early stages of speciation in the Orchard Oriole
      complex.
AB  - As two lineages diverge from one another, mitochondrial DNA should evolve fixed
      differences more rapidly than nuclear DNA due to its smaller effective population
      size and faster mutation rate. As a consequence, molecular systematists have
      focused on the criteria of reciprocal monophyly in mitochondrial DNA for
      delimiting species boundaries. However, mitochondrial gene trees do not
      necessarily reflect the evolutionary history of the taxa in question, and even
      mitochondrial loci are not expected to be reciprocally monophyletic when the
      speciation event happened very recently. The goal of this study was to examine
      mitochondrial paraphyly within the Orchard Oriole complex, which is composed of
      Icterus spurius (Orchard Oriole) and Icterus fuertesi (Fuertes' Oriole). We
      increased the geographic sampling, added four nuclear loci, and used a range of
      population genetic and coalescent methods to examine the divergence between the
      taxa. With increased taxon sampling, we found evidence of clear structure between
      the taxa for mitochondrial DNA. However, nuclear loci showed little evidence of
      population structure, indicating a very recent divergence between I. spurius and
      I. fuertesi. Another goal was to examine the genetic variation within each taxon
      to look for evidence of a past founder event within the I. fuertesi lineage.
      Based on the high amounts of genetic variation for all nuclear loci, we found no
      evidence of such an event - thus, we found no support for the possible founding
      of I. fuertesi through a change in migratory behavior, followed by peripheral
      isolates speciation. Our results demonstrate that these two taxa are in the
      earliest stages of speciation, at a point when they have fixed differences in
      plumage color that are not reflected in monophyly of the mitochondrial or nuclear
      DNA markers in this study. This very recent divergence makes them ideal for
      continued studies of species boundaries and the earliest stages of speciation. 

PMID- 27386078
TI  - Consequences of elevated temperature and pCO2 on insect folivory at the ecosystem
      level: perspectives from the fossil record.
AB  - Paleoecological studies document the net effects of atmospheric and climate
      change in a natural laboratory over timescales not accessible to laboratory or
      ecological studies. Insect feeding damage is visible on well-preserved fossil
      leaves, and changes in leaf damage through time can be compared to environmental
      changes. We measured percent leaf area damaged on four fossil leaf assemblages
      from the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, that range in age from 56.1 to 52.65 million
      years (Ma). We also include similar published data from three US sites 49.4 to
      ~45 Ma in our analyses. Regional climate was subtropical or warmer throughout
      this period, and the second oldest assemblage (56 Ma) was deposited during the
      Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a geologically abrupt global warming
      event caused by massive release of carbon into the atmosphere. Total and leaf
      chewing damage are highest during the PETM, whether considering percent area
      damaged on the bulk flora, the average of individual host plants, or a single
      plant host that occurs at multiple sites. Another fossil assemblage in our study,
      the 52.65 Ma Fifteenmile Creek paleoflora, also lived during a period of globally
      high temperature and pCO 2, but does not have elevated herbivory. Comparison of
      these two sites, as well as regression analyses conducted on the entire dataset,
      demonstrates that, over long timescales, temperature and pCO 2 are uncorrelated
      with total insect consumption at the ecosystem level. Rather, the most important
      factor affecting herbivory is the relative abundance of plants with nitrogen
      fixing symbionts. Legumes dominate the PETM site; their prevalence would have
      decreased nitrogen limitation across the ecosystem, buffering generalist
      herbivore populations against decreased leaf nutritional quality that commonly
      occurs at high pCO 2. We hypothesize that nitrogen concentration regulates the
      opposing effects of elevated temperature and CO 2 on insect abundance and thereby
      total insect consumption, which has important implications for agricultural
      practices in today's world of steadily increasing pCO 2.

PMID- 27386079
TI  - Plant-fungus competition for nitrogen erases mycorrhizal growth benefits of
      Andropogon gerardii under limited nitrogen supply.
AB  - Considered to play an important role in plant mineral nutrition, arbuscular
      mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a common relationship between the roots of a great
      majority of plant species and glomeromycotan fungi. Its effects on the plant host
      are highly context dependent, with the greatest benefits often observed in
      phosphorus (P)-limited environments. Mycorrhizal contribution to plant nitrogen
      (N) nutrition is probably less important under most conditions. Moreover,
      inasmuch as both plant and fungi require substantial quantities of N for their
      growth, competition for N could potentially reduce net mycorrhizal benefits to
      the plant under conditions of limited N supply. Further compounded by increased
      belowground carbon (C) drain, the mycorrhizal costs could outweigh the benefits
      under severe N limitation. Using a field AM fungal community or a laboratory
      culture of Rhizophagus irregularis as mycorrhizal inoculants, we tested the
      contribution of mycorrhizal symbiosis to the growth, C allocation, and mineral
      nutrition of Andropogon gerardii growing in a nutrient-poor substrate under
      variable N and P supplies. The plants unambiguously competed with the fungi for N
      when its supply was low, resulting in no or negative mycorrhizal growth and N
      uptake responses under such conditions. The field AM fungal communities
      manifested their potential to improve plant P nutrition only upon N
      fertilization, whereas the R. irregularis slightly yet significantly increased P
      uptake of its plant host (but not the host's growth) even without N supply.
      Coincident with increasing levels of root colonization by the AM fungal
      structures, both inoculants invariably increased nutritional and growth benefits
      to the host with increasing N supply. This, in turn, resulted in relieving plant
      P deficiency, which was persistent in non-mycorrhizal plants across the entire
      range of nutrient supplies.

PMID- 27386080
TI  - Merging and comparing three mitochondrial markers for phylogenetic studies of
      Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).
AB  - Phylogenetic analyses provide information that can be useful in the conservation
      of genetic variation by identifying intraspecific genetic structure.
      Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships requires the use of markers with the
      appropriate amount of variation relative to the timeframe and purpose of the
      study. Here, genetic structure and clustering are inferred from comparative
      analyses of three widely used mitochondrial markers, the CR, cytb and the COI
      region, merged and separately, using Eurasian reindeer as a model. A Bayesian
      phylogeny and a MJ network, both based on the merged dataset, indicate several
      distinct maternal haplotype clusters within Eurasian reindeer. In addition to
      confirm previously described clusters, two new subclusters were found. When
      comparing the results from the merged dataset with the results from analyses of
      the three markers separately, similar clustering was found in the CR and COI
      phylogenies, whereas the cytb region showed poor resolution. Phylogenetic
      analyses of the merged dataset and the CR revealed congruent results, implying
      that single sequencing analysis of the CR is an applicable method for studying
      the haplotype structure in Eurasian reindeer.

PMID- 27386081
TI  - Scaling up functional traits for ecosystem services with remote sensing: concepts
      and methods.
AB  - Ecosystem service-based management requires an accurate understanding of how
      human modification influences ecosystem processes and these relationships are
      most accurate when based on functional traits. Although trait variation is
      typically sampled at local scales, remote sensing methods can facilitate scaling
      up trait variation to regional scales needed for ecosystem service management. We
      review concepts and methods for scaling up plant and animal functional traits
      from local to regional spatial scales with the goal of assessing impacts of human
      modification on ecosystem processes and services. We focus our objectives on
      considerations and approaches for (1) conducting local plot-level sampling of
      trait variation and (2) scaling up trait variation to regional spatial scales
      using remotely sensed data. We show that sampling methods for scaling up traits
      need to account for the modification of trait variation due to land cover change
      and species introductions. Sampling intraspecific variation, stratification by
      land cover type or landscape context, or inference of traits from published
      sources may be necessary depending on the traits of interest. Passive and active
      remote sensing are useful for mapping plant phenological, chemical, and
      structural traits. Combining these methods can significantly improve their
      capacity for mapping plant trait variation. These methods can also be used to map
      landscape and vegetation structure in order to infer animal trait variation. Due
      to high context dependency, relationships between trait variation and remotely
      sensed data are not directly transferable across regions. We end our review with
      a brief synthesis of issues to consider and outlook for the development of these
      approaches. Research that relates typical functional trait metrics, such as the
      community-weighted mean, with remote sensing data and that relates variation in
      traits that cannot be remotely sensed to other proxies is needed. Our review
      narrows the gap between functional trait and remote sensing methods for ecosystem
      service management.

PMID- 27386082
TI  - Are the metabolomic responses to folivory of closely related plant species linked
      to macroevolutionary and plant-folivore coevolutionary processes?
AB  - The debate whether the coevolution of plants and insects or macroevolutionary
      processes (phylogeny) is the main driver determining the arsenal of molecular
      defensive compounds of plants remains unresolved. Attacks by herbivorous insects
      affect not only the composition of defensive compounds in plants but also the
      entire metabolome. Metabolomes are the final products of genotypes and are
      constrained by macroevolutionary processes, so closely related species should
      have similar metabolomic compositions and may respond in similar ways to attacks
      by folivores. We analyzed the elemental compositions and metabolomes of needles
      from three closely related Pinus species with distant coevolutionary histories
      with the caterpillar of the processionary moth respond similarly to its attack.
      All pines had different metabolomes and metabolic responses to herbivorous
      attack. The metabolomic variation among the species and the responses to folivory
      reflected their macroevolutionary relationships, with P. pinaster having the most
      divergent metabolome. The concentrations of terpenes were in the attacked trees
      supporting the hypothesis that herbivores avoid plant individuals with higher
      concentrations. Our results suggest that macroevolutionary history plays
      important roles in the metabolomic responses of these pine species to folivory,
      but plant-insect coevolution probably constrains those responses. Combinations of
      different evolutionary factors and trade-offs are likely responsible for the
      different responses of each species to folivory, which is not necessarily
      exclusively linked to plant-insect coevolution.

PMID- 27386083
TI  - The effect of terrain and female density on survival of neonatal white-tailed
      deer and mule deer fawns.
AB  - Juvenile survival is a highly variable life-history trait that is critical to
      population growth. Antipredator tactics, including an animal's use of its
      physical and social environment, are critical to juvenile survival. Here, we
      tested the hypothesis that habitat and social characteristics influence coyote
      (Canis latrans) predation on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule
      deer (O. hemionus) fawns in similar ways during the neonatal period. This would
      contrast to winter when the habitat and social characteristics that provide the
      most safety for each species differ. We monitored seven cohorts of white-tailed
      deer and mule deer fawns at a grassland study site in Alberta, Canada. We used
      logistic regression and a model selection procedure to determine how habitat
      characteristics, climatic conditions, and female density influenced fawn survival
      during the first 8 weeks of life. Fawn survival improved after springs with
      productive vegetation (high integrated Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
      values). Fawns that used steeper terrain were more likely to survive. Fawns of
      both species had improved survival in years with higher densities of mule deer
      females, but not with higher densities of white-tailed deer females, as predicted
      if they benefit from protection by mule deer. Our results suggest that
      topographical variation is a critical resource for neonates of many ungulate
      species, even species like white-tailed deer that use more gentle terrain when
      older. Further, our results raise the possibility that neonatal white-tailed
      fawns may benefit from associating with mule deer females, which may contribute
      to the expansion of white-tailed deer into areas occupied by mule deer.

PMID- 27386084
TI  - The oceanic concordance of phylogeography and biogeography: a case study in
      Notochthamalus.
AB  - Dispersal and adaptation are the two primary mechanisms that set the range
      distributions for a population or species. As such, understanding how these
      mechanisms interact in marine organisms in particular - with capacity for long
      range dispersal and a poor understanding of what selective environments species
      are responding to - can provide useful insights for the exploration of
      biogeographic patterns. Previously, the barnacle Notochthamalus scabrosus has
      revealed two evolutionarily distinct lineages with a joint distribution that
      suggests an association with one of the two major biogeographic boundaries (~30
      degrees S) along the coast of Chile. However, spatial and genomic sampling of
      this system has been limited until now. We hypothesized that given the strong
      oceanographic and environmental shifts associated with the other major
      biogeographic boundary (~42 degrees S) for Chilean coastal invertebrates, the
      southern mitochondrial lineage would dominate or go to fixation in locations
      further to the south. We also evaluated nuclear polymorphism data from 130 single
      nucleotide polymorphisms to evaluate the concordance of the signal from the
      nuclear genome with that of the mitochondrial sample. Through the application of
      standard population genetic approaches along with a Lagrangian ocean connectivity
      model, we describe the codistribution of these lineages through a simultaneous
      evaluation of coastal lineage frequencies, an approximation of larval behavior,
      and current-driven dispersal. Our results show that this pattern could not
      persist without the two lineages having distinct environmental optima. We suggest
      that a more thorough integration of larval dynamics, explicit dispersal models,
      and near-shore environmental analysis can explain much of the coastal
      biogeography of Chile.

PMID- 27386085
TI  - Major histocompatibility complex class II DAB alleles associated with intestinal
      parasite load in the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes).
AB  - The maintenance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphism has been
      hypothesized to result from many mechanisms such as rare-allele advantage,
      heterozygote advantage, and allele counting. In the study reported herein, 224
      vulnerable Chinese egrets (Egretta eulophotes) were used to examine these
      hypotheses as empirical results derived from bird studies are rare. Parasite
      survey showed that 147 (65.63%) individuals were infected with 1-3 helminths, and
      82.31% of these infected individuals carried Ascaridia sp. Using asymmetric
      polymerase chain reaction technique, 10 DAB1, twelve DAB2, and three DAB3 exon 2
      alleles were identified at each single locus. A significant association of the
      rare allele Egeu-DAB2*05 (allele frequency: 0.022) with helminth resistance was
      found for all helminths, as well as for the most abundant morphotype Ascaridia
      sp. in the separate analyses. Egeu-DAB2*05 occurred frequently in uninfected
      individuals, and individuals carrying Egeu-DAB2*05 had significantly lower
      helminth morphotypes per individual (HMI) (the number of HMI) and the fecal egg
      count values. Further, the parasite infection measurements were consistently
      lower in individuals with an intermediate number of different alleles in the
      duplicated DAB loci. Significantly, heterozygosity within each DAB locus was not
      correlated with any parasite infection measurements. These results indicate that
      the diversity in MHC Egeu-DAB gene is associated with intestinal parasite load
      and maintained by pathogen-driven selection that probably operate through both
      the rare-allele advantage and the allele counting strategy, and suggest that Egeu
      DAB2*05 might be a valuable indicator of better resistance to helminth diseases
      in the vulnerable Chinese egret. 

PMID- 27386086
TI  - Late Pleistocene climate change promoted divergence between Picea asperata and P.
      crassifolia on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau through recent bottlenecks.
AB  - Divergence during the early stage of speciation can be driven by a population
      bottleneck via reduced gene flow and enhanced lineage sorting. In this study, we
      aimed to examine whether such bottlenecks occurred during the initial speciation
      of two closely related spruce species Picea asperata and P. crassifolia occurring
      on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). We analyzed sequences of three chloroplast,
      two mitochondrial DNA fragments and a further 13 nuclear loci from 216
      individuals of the two species. Both species showed a low level of genetic
      diversity in contrast to other congeners occurring in the QTP and adjacent
      regions. The estimated population sizes of P. asperata and P. crassifolia are
      less than the ancestral population size before splitting. These results together
      with multiple statistical tests (Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D* and F*) suggest that
      these two species underwent recent bottlenecks. Based on approximate Bayesian
      computation (ABC), we also determined that the period of the population shrinkage
      was consistent with the interspecific divergence during the late Pleistocene. The
      reduced population sizes and the divergent selection may together have triggered
      the initial divergence under high gene flow between these two species. Our
      results therefore highlight the importance of climatic oscillations during the
      late Pleistocene in promoting speciation through changing demographic sizes of
      the ancestral species on the QTP and in adjacent regions.

PMID- 27386087
TI  - Frogs in the spotlight: a 16-year survey of native frogs and invasive toads on a
      floodplain in tropical Australia.
AB  - Although widespread declines in anuran populations have attracted considerable
      concern, the stochastic demographics of these animals make it difficult to detect
      consistent trends against a background of spatial and temporal variation. To
      identify long-term trends, we need datasets gathered over long time periods,
      especially from tropical areas where anuran biodiversity is highest. We conducted
      road surveys of four anurans in the Australian wet-dry tropics on 4637 nights
      over a 16-year period. Our surveys spanned the arrival of invasive cane toads
      (Rhinella marina), allowing us to assess the invader's impact on native anuran
      populations. Our counts demonstrate abrupt and asynchronous shifts in abundance
      and species composition from one year to the next, not clearly linked to rainfall
      patterns. Typically, periods of decline in numbers of a species were limited to 1
      2 years and were followed by 1- to 2-year periods of increase. No taxa showed
      consistent declines over time, although trajectories for some species showed
      significant perturbations coincident with the arrival of toads. None of the four
      focal frog species was less common at the end of the study than at the beginning,
      and three of the species reached peak abundances after toad arrival. Survey
      counts of cane toads increased rapidly during the initial stage of invasion but
      have subsequently declined and fluctuated. Distinguishing consistent declines
      versus stochastic fluctuations in anuran populations requires extensive time
      series analysis, coupled with an understanding of the shifts expected under local
      climatic conditions. This is especially pertinent when assessing impacts of
      specific perturbations such as invasive species. 

PMID- 27386088
TI  - A recipe for postfledging survival in great tits Parus major: be large and be
      early (but not too much).
AB  - Survival of juveniles during the postfledging period can be markedly low, which
      may have major consequences on avian population dynamics. Knowing which factors
      operating during the nesting phase affect postfledging survival is crucial to
      understand avian breeding strategies. We aimed to obtain a robust set of
      predictors of postfledging local survival using the great tit (Parus major) as a
      model species. We used mark-recapture models to analyze the effect of hatching
      date, temperatures experienced during the nestling period, fledging size and body
      mass on first-year postfledging survival probability of great tit juveniles. We
      used data from 5192 nestlings of first clutches ringed between 1993 and 2010.
      Mean first-year postfledging survival probability was 15.2%, and it was lower for
      smaller individuals, as well as for those born in either very early or late
      broods. Our results stress the importance of choosing an optimum hatching period,
      and raising large chicks to increase first-year local survival probability in the
      studied population.

PMID- 27386089
TI  - Weighing the relative potential impacts of climate change and land-use change on
      an endangered bird.
AB  - Climate change and land-use change are projected to be the two greatest drivers
      of biodiversity loss over the coming century. Land-use change has resulted in
      extensive habitat loss for many species. Likewise, climate change has affected
      many species resulting in range shifts, changes in phenology, and altered
      interactions. We used a spatially explicit, individual-based model to explore the
      effects of land-use change and climate change on a population of the endangered
      Red-cockaded Woodpecker (RCW; Picoides borealis). We modeled the effects of land
      use change using multiple scenarios representing different spatial arrangements
      of new training areas for troops across Fort Benning. We used projected climate
      driven changes in habitat and changes in reproductive output to explore the
      potential effects of climate change. We summarized potential changes in habitat
      based on the output of the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS, run for multiple
      climate change scenarios through the year 2100. We projected potential changes in
      reproduction based on an empirical relationship between spring precipitation and
      the mean number of successful fledglings produced per nest attempt. As modeled in
      our study, climate change had virtually no effect on the RCW population.
      Conversely, simulated effects of land-use change resulted in the loss of up to 28
      breeding pairs by 2100. However, the simulated impacts of development depended on
      where the development occurred and could be completely avoided if the new
      training areas were placed in poor-quality habitat. Our results demonstrate the
      flexibility inherent in many systems that allows seemingly incompatible human
      land uses, such as development, and conservation actions to exist side by side.

PMID- 27386090
TI  - Do differences in life-history traits and the timing of peak mating activity
      between host-associated populations of Chilo suppressalis have a genetic basis?
AB  - The development of host races, genetically distinct populations of the same
      species with different hosts, is considered to be the initial stage of ecological
      speciation. Ecological and biological differences consistent with host race
      formation have been reported between water-oat and rice-associated populations of
      Chilo suppressalis. In order to confirm whether these differences have a genetic
      basis, we conducted experiments to determine the extent to which various life
      history traits and the time of peak mating activity of these populations were
      influenced by the species of host plant larvae were raised on. Individuals from
      each population were reared for three consecutive generations on either water-oat
      fruit pulp or rice seedlings. Descendants of both populations had higher larval
      survival rates, shorter larval developmental periods, higher pupal weight, and
      longer adult forewings, when reared on water-oats than when reared on rice. The
      time of peak of mating activity differed between the descendants of each
      population, irrespective of whether they were raised on water-oats or rice. These
      results indicate that although some life-history traits of host-associated
      populations of C. suppressalis are influenced by the host plant larvae are raised
      on, time of peak mating activity is not. Because it is a stable, objective,
      phenotypic trait, further research on difference in the time of peak mating
      activity between host-associated populations of C. suppressalis should be
      conducted to clarify the mechanism responsible for host race formation in this
      species. 

PMID- 27386092
TI  - Digital fragment analysis of short tandem repeats by high-throughput amplicon
      sequencing.
AB  - High-throughput sequencing has been proposed as a method to genotype
      microsatellites and overcome the four main technical drawbacks of capillary
      electrophoresis: amplification artifacts, imprecise sizing, length homoplasy, and
      limited multiplex capability. The objective of this project was to test a high
      throughput amplicon sequencing approach to fragment analysis of short tandem
      repeats and characterize its advantages and disadvantages against traditional
      capillary electrophoresis. We amplified and sequenced 12 muskrat microsatellite
      loci from 180 muskrat specimens and analyzed the sequencing data for precision of
      allele calling, propensity for amplification or sequencing artifacts, and for
      evidence of length homoplasy. Of the 294 total alleles, we detected by
      sequencing, only 164 alleles would have been detected by capillary
      electrophoresis as the remaining 130 alleles (44%) would have been hidden by
      length homoplasy. The ability to detect a greater number of unique alleles
      resulted in the ability to resolve greater population genetic structure. The
      primary advantages of fragment analysis by sequencing are the ability to
      precisely size fragments, resolve length homoplasy, multiplex many individuals
      and many loci into a single high-throughput run, and compare data across projects
      and across laboratories (present and future) with minimal technical calibration.
      A significant disadvantage of fragment analysis by sequencing is that the method
      is only practical and cost-effective when performed on batches of several hundred
      samples with multiple loci. Future work is needed to optimize throughput while
      minimizing costs and to update existing microsatellite allele calling and
      analysis programs to accommodate sequence-aware microsatellite data. 

PMID- 27386091
TI  - Is individual consistency in body mass and reproductive decisions linked to
      individual specialization in foraging behavior in a long-lived seabird?
AB  - Individual specialization in diet or foraging behavior within apparently
      generalist populations has been described for many species, especially in polar
      and temperate marine environments, where resource distribution is relatively
      predictable. It is unclear, however, whether and how increased environmental
      variability - and thus reduced predictability of resources - due to global
      climate change will affect individual specialization. We determined the within-
      and among-individual components of the trophic niche and the within-individual
      repeatability of delta(13)C and delta(15)N in feathers and red blood cells of
      individual female southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) across 7
      years. We also investigated the effect of environmental variables (Southern
      Annular Mode, Southern Oscillation Index, and local sea surface temperature
      anomaly) on the isotopic values, as well as the link between stable isotopes and
      female body mass, clutch initiation dates, and total clutch mass. We observed
      consistent red blood cell delta(13)C and delta(15)N values within individuals
      among years, suggesting a moderate degree of within-individual specialization in
      C and N during the prebreeding period. However, the total niche width was reduced
      and individual specialization not present during the premolt period. Despite
      significant interannual differences in isotope values of C and N and
      environmental conditions, none of the environmental variables were linked to
      stable isotope values and thus able to explain phenotypic plasticity.
      Furthermore, neither the within-individual nor among-individual effects of stable
      isotopes were found to be related to female body mass, clutch initiation date, or
      total clutch mass. In conclusion, our results emphasize that the degree of
      specialization within generalist populations can vary over the course of 1 year,
      even when being consistent within the same season across years. We were unable to
      confirm that environmental variability counteracts individual specialization in
      foraging behavior, as phenotypic plasticity in delta(13)C and delta(15)N was not
      linked to any of the environmental variables studied.

PMID- 27386094
TI  - Distribution and diversity of diatom assemblages in surficial sediments of
      shallow lakes in Wapusk National Park (Manitoba, Canada) region of the Hudson Bay
      Lowlands.
AB  - The hydrology of shallow lakes (and ponds) located in the western Hudson Bay
      Lowlands (HBL) is sensitive to climate warming and associated permafrost thaw.
      However, their biological characteristics are poorly known, which hampers
      effective aquatic ecosystem monitoring. Located in northern Manitoba along the
      southwestern coast of Hudson Bay, Wapusk National Park (WNP) encompasses numerous
      shallow lakes representative of the subarctic zone. We analyzed the distribution
      and diversity of diatom (microscopic algae; class Bacillariophyceae) assemblages
      in surficial sediments of 33 lakes located in three different ecozones spanning a
      vegetation gradient, from NE to SW: the Coastal Fen (CF), the Interior Peat
      Plateau (IPP), and the Boreal Spruce Forest (BSF). We found significant
      differences (P < 0.05) in diatom community composition between CF and IPP lakes,
      and CF and BSF lakes, but not between IPP and BSF lakes. These results are
      consistent with water chemistry measurements, which indicated distinct
      limnological conditions for CF lakes. Diatom communities in CF lakes were
      generally dominated by alkaliphilous taxa typical of waters with medium to high
      conductivity, such as Nitzschia denticula. In contrast, several IPP and BSF lakes
      were dominated by acidophilous and circumneutral diatom taxa with preference for
      low conductivity (e.g., Tabellaria flocculosa, Eunotia mucophila, E. necompacta
      var. vixcompacta). This exploratory survey provides a first detailed inventory of
      the diatom assemblages in the WNP region needed for monitoring programs to detect
      changes in shallow lake ecosystems and ecozonal shifts in response to climate
      variations.

PMID- 27386093
TI  - Genomic heterogeneity of historical gene flow between two species of newts
      inferred from transcriptome data.
AB  - The role of gene flow in species formation is a major unresolved issue in
      speciation biology. Progress in this area requires information on the long-term
      patterns of gene flow between diverging species. Here, we used thousands of
      single-nucleotide polymorphisms derived from transcriptome resequencing and a
      method modeling the joint frequency spectrum of these polymorphisms to
      reconstruct patterns of historical gene flow between two Lissotriton newts: L.
      vulgaris (Lv) and L. montandoni (Lm). We tested several models of divergence
      including complete isolation and various scenarios of historical gene flow. The
      model of secondary contact received the highest support. According to this model,
      the species split from their common ancestor ca. 5.5 million years (MY) ago,
      evolved in isolation for ca. 2 MY, and have been exchanging genes for the last
      3.5 MY Demographic changes have been inferred in both species, with the current
      effective population size of ca. 0.7 million in Lv and 0.2 million in Lm. The
      postdivergence gene flow resulted in two-directional introgression which affected
      the genomes of both species, but was more pronounced from Lv to Lm.
      Interestingly, we found evidence for genomic heterogeneity of interspecific gene
      flow. This study demonstrates the complexity of long-term gene flow between
      distinct but incompletely reproductively isolated taxa which divergence was
      initiated millions of years ago. 

PMID- 27386095
TI  - Mating system, population growth, and management scenario for Kalanchoe pinnata
      in an invaded seasonally dry tropical forest.
AB  - Ecological invasions are a major issue worldwide, where successful invasion
      depends on traits that facilitate dispersion, establishment, and population
      growth. The nonnative succulent plant Kalanchoe pinnata, reported as invasive in
      some countries, is widespread in remnants of seasonally dry tropical forest on a
      volcanic outcrop with high conservation value in east-central Mexico where we
      assessed its mating system and demographic growth and identified management
      strategies. To understand its local mating system, we conducted hand-pollination
      treatments, germination, and survival experiments. Based on the experimental
      data, we constructed a life-stage population matrix, identified the key traits
      for population growth, weighted the contributions of vegetative and sexual
      reproduction, and evaluated management scenarios. Hand-pollination treatments had
      slight effects on fruit and seed setting, as well as on germination. With natural
      pollination treatment, the successful germination of seeds from only 2/39 fruit
      suggests occasional effective natural cross-pollination. The ratios of the
      metrics for self- and cross-pollinated flowers suggest that K. pinnata is
      partially self-compatible. Most of the pollinated flowers developed into fruit,
      but the seed germination and seedling survival rates were low. Thus, vegetative
      propagation and juvenile survival are the main drivers of population growth.
      Simulations of a virtual K. pinnata population suggest that an intense and
      sustained weeding campaign will reduce the population within at least 10 years.
      Synthesis and applications. The study population is partially self-compatible,
      but sexual reproduction by K. pinnata is limited at the study site, and
      population growth is supported by vegetative propagation and juvenile survival.
      Demographic modeling provides key insights and realistic forecasts on invasion
      process and therefore is useful to design management strategies.

PMID- 27386096
TI  - Application of Concanavalin A during immune responsiveness skin-swelling tests
      facilitates measurement interpretation in mammalian ecology.
AB  - The skin-swelling test is a simple and widespread method used in field ecological
      research to estimate cellular immune responsiveness in animals. This
      immunoecological test is based on measuring the magnitude of tissue swelling
      response at specific times following subcutaneous application of an experimental
      pro-inflammatory stimulant. In the vast majority of studies across vertebrate
      taxa, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is used as a universal stimulant. Given the
      complexity of immune response activation pathways of PHA, however, interpretation
      of test results can be ambiguous. Goal of this study was to improve methodology
      of the skin-swelling test to decrease this ambiguity. Here, we present an
      alternative protocol aimed at facilitating interpretation of skin-swelling data
      for mammals. Based on previous evidence suggesting that mammalian T cells are
      readily activated by Concanavalin A (ConA) in vitro, we compared cellular immune
      responses in vivo to PHA and ConA as an alternative pro-inflammatory stimulant in
      mice. We measured magnitude of tissue swelling and compared it with intensity of
      blood cell infiltration into tissue over a 72-hour interval. Our results
      corroborate that PHA and ConA show important differences in both dynamics and
      response amplitude in rodents. ConA induces stronger swelling with a distinct
      leukocyte activity pattern and higher pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 6
      [IL-6] and interferon gamma[IFN-gamma]) expression than PHA during peak response
      (24-h post-treatment). Furthermore, unlike PHA, magnitude of swelling was
      positively associated with cellular activity (number of neutrophils infiltrating
      tissue) following ConA injection. We conclude that ConA is the more suitable
      stimulant for skin-swelling tests in mammals. This is because of the molecular
      binding specificity in the two lectins, that is, ConA specifically activates T
      cells while PHA also triggers erythroagglutination. We propose that ConA be used
      in all future ecological testing in mammals as it exhibits better performance and
      its application facilitates immunological interpretation of skin-swelling test
      results.

PMID- 27386097
TI  - Bud phenology and growth are subject to divergent selection across a latitudinal
      gradient in Populus angustifolia and impact adaptation across the distributional
      range and associated arthropods.
AB  - Temperate forest tree species that span large geographical areas and climatic
      gradients often have high levels of genetic variation. Such species are ideal for
      testing how neutral demographic factors and climate-driven selection structure
      genetic variation within species, and how this genetic variation can affect
      ecological communities. Here, we quantified genetic variation in vegetative
      phenology and growth traits in narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, using
      three common gardens planted with genotypes originating from source populations
      spanning the species' range along the Rocky Mountains of North America (ca. 1700
      km). We present three main findings. First, we found strong evidence of divergent
      selection (Q ST > F ST) on fall phenology (bud set) with adaptive consequences
      for frost avoidance. We also found evidence for selection on bud flush duration,
      tree height, and basal diameter, resulting in population differentiation. Second,
      we found strong associations with climate variables that were strongly correlated
      with latitude of origin. More strongly differentiated traits also showed stronger
      climate correlations, which emphasizes the role that climate has played in
      divergent selection throughout the range. We found population * garden
      interaction effects; for some traits, this accounted for more of the variance
      than either factor alone. Tree height was influenced by the difference in climate
      of the source and garden locations and declined with increasing transfer
      distance. Third, growth traits were correlated with dependent arthropod community
      diversity metrics. Synthesis. Overall, we conclude that climate has influenced
      genetic variation and structure in phenology and growth traits and leads to local
      adaptation in P. angustifolia, which can then impact dependent arthropod species.
      Importantly, relocation of genotypes far northward or southward often resulted in
      poor growth, likely due to a phenological mismatch with photoperiod, the
      proximate cue for fall growth cessation. Genotypes moved too far southward suffer
      from early growth cessation, whereas those moved too far northward are prone to
      fall frost and winter dieback. In the face of current and forecasted climate
      change, habitat restoration, forestry, and tree breeding efforts should utilize
      these findings to better match latitudinal and climatic source environments with
      management locations for optimal future outcomes. 

PMID- 27386098
TI  - Behavioral buffering of global warming in a cold-adapted lizard.
AB  - Alpine lizards living in restricted areas might be particularly sensitive to
      climate change. We studied thermal biology of Iberolacerta cyreni in high
      mountains of central Spain. Our results suggest that I. cyreni is a cold-adapted
      thermal specialist and an effective thermoregulator. Among ectotherms, thermal
      specialists are more threatened by global warming than generalists. Alpine
      lizards have no chance to disperse to new suitable habitats. In addition,
      physiological plasticity is unlikely to keep pace with the expected rates of
      environmental warming. Thus, lizards might rely on their behavior in order to
      deal with ongoing climate warming. Plasticity of thermoregulatory behavior has
      been proposed to buffer the rise of environmental temperatures. Therefore, we
      studied the change in body and environmental temperatures, as well as their
      relationships, for I. cyreni between the 1980s and 2012. Air temperatures have
      increased more than 3.5 degrees C and substrate temperatures have increased by 6
      degrees C in the habitat of I. cyreni over the last 25 years. However, body
      temperatures of lizards have increased less than 2 degrees C in the same period,
      and the linear relationship between body and environmental temperatures remains
      similar. These results show that alpine lizards are buffering the potential
      impact of the increase in their environmental temperatures, most probably by
      means of their behavior. Body temperatures of I. cyreni are still cold enough to
      avoid any drop in fitness. Nonetheless, if warming continues, behavioral
      buffering might eventually become useless, as it would imply spending too much
      time in shelter, losing feeding, and mating opportunities. Eventually, if body
      temperature exceeds the thermal optimum in the near future, fitness would
      decrease abruptly. 

PMID- 27386099
TI  - Ungulate browsers promote herbaceous layer diversity in logged temperate forests.
AB  - Ungulates are leading drivers of plant communities worldwide, with impacts linked
      to animal density, disturbance and vegetation structure, and site productivity.
      Many ecosystems have more than one ungulate species; however, few studies have
      specifically examined the combined effects of two or more species on plant
      communities. We examined the extent to which two ungulate browsers (moose [Alces
      americanus]) and white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus]) have additive
      (compounding) or compensatory (opposing) effects on herbaceous layer composition
      and diversity, 5-6 years after timber harvest in Massachusetts, USA. We
      established three combinations of ungulates using two types of fenced exclosures 
      none (full exclosure), deer (partial exclosure), and deer + moose (control) in
      six replicated blocks. Species composition diverged among browser treatments, and
      changes were generally additive. Plant assemblages characteristic of closed
      canopy forests were less abundant and assemblages characteristic of
      open/disturbed habitats were more abundant in deer + moose plots compared with
      ungulate excluded areas. Browsing by deer + moose resulted in greater herbaceous
      species richness at the plot scale (169 m(2)) and greater woody species richness
      at the subplot scale (1 m(2)) than ungulate exclusion and deer alone. Browsing by
      deer + moose resulted in strong changes to the composition, structure, and
      diversity of forest herbaceous layers, relative to areas free of ungulates and
      areas browed by white-tailed deer alone. Our results provide evidence that
      moderate browsing in forest openings can promote both herbaceous and woody plant
      diversity. These results are consistent with the classic grazing-species richness
      curve, but have rarely been documented in forests. 

PMID- 27386100
TI  - Effect of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seed on antioxidant activity,
      phytocompounds, physicochemical characteristics, and sensory acceptability of
      enriched cookies and mango juice.
AB  - Tamarind seeds are not consumed despite their high antioxidative activity. In
      this study, 0-10% tamarind seed powder (TSP) was incorporated into mango juice
      and cookies. Total phenolics (Folin-Ciocalteu assay), antioxidant activity (2,2
      diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay), flavonoid (aluminum
      chloride assay), condensed tannins content (Vanillin-HCl assay), and consumer
      acceptability (n = 50) of the products were determined. TSP increased the pH and
      viscosity and reduced titratable acidity of juice. Incorporation of TSP increased
      the: total phenolic content (6.84 +/- 0.21 to 88.44 +/- 0.8 mg GAE/100 mL);
      flavonoid (4.64 +/- 0.03-21.7 +/- 0.36 mg CE/100 mL); condensed tannins (0.24 +/-
      0.01-21.81 +/- 0.08 mg CE/100 mL) and total antioxidant activity (4.65 +/- 0.88
      21.70 +/- 0.03 mg VCE/100 mL) of juice. A similar trend was observed for cookies.
      Maximum sensorially acceptable TSP levels were 1.5% and 6%, respectively, for
      juice and cookies. TSP can thus be utilized as a source of natural antioxidants
      in food products. 

PMID- 27386101
TI  - Effect of environment and genotypes on the physicochemical quality of the grains
      of newly developed wheat inbred lines.
AB  - To meet the increased demand for wheat consumption, wheat cultivation in Sudan
      expanded southward to latitudes lower than 15 degrees N, entering a new and
      warmer environment. Consequently, wheat breeders developed several wheat
      genotypes with high yields under these environmental conditions; however, the
      evaluation of the end-use quality of these genotypes is scarce. In this study, we
      assessed the end-use quality attributes of 20 wheat genotypes grown in three
      different environments in the Sudan (Wad Medani, Hudeiba, and Dongola). The
      results showed significant differences (P <= 0.01) in all quality tests among
      environments, genotypes and genotypes Versus environments. The findings obtained,
      covered wide ranges of test weight (TW, 76.6-85.25 kg/hL), thousand kernel weight
      (TKW, 28.70-48.48 g), protein (PC, 9.96-14.06%), wet gluten (WG, 28.63-46.53%),
      gluten index (GI, 36.36-92.77%), water holding capacity (WHC, 168.42-219.32%),
      falling number (FN, 508.00-974.67 sec), and sedimentation value (SV, 19.00-40.00
      mL). Analysis of the traits, genotypes, and traits versus genotypes showed varied
      correlations in the three growing environments. The genotype G3 grown in either
      one or all of the three environments exhibits worthy performance and stability
      for most of the tested quality traits. The crossing of this genotype with high
      yield genotypes could produce cultivars with sufficient quality and
      marketability. 

PMID- 27386102
TI  - Quality changes and freezing time prediction during freezing and thawing of
      ginger.
AB  - Effects of different freezing rates and four different thawing methods on
      chemical composition, microstructure, and color of ginger were investigated.
      Computer simulation for predicting the freezing time of cylindrical ginger for
      two different freezing methods (slow and fast) was done using ANSYS ((r))
      Multiphysics. Different freezing rates (slow and fast) and thawing methods
      significantly (P < 0.05) affected the color and composition of essential oil in
      ginger. Fresh ginger was found to contain 3.60% gingerol and 18.30% zingerone. A
      maximum yield of 7.43% gingerol was obtained when slow frozen gingers when thawed
      by infrared method. Maximum zingerone content of 38.30% was achieved by thawing
      slow frozen gingers using infrared-microwave method. Microscopic examination
      revealed that structural damage was more pronounced in slow frozen gingers than
      fast frozen gingers. Simulated freezing curves were in good agreement with
      experimental measurements (r = 0.97 for slow freezing and r = 0.92 for fast
      freezing). Slow freezing damaged ginger's cellular structure. Data obtained will
      be helpful in selecting appropriate thawing method to increase desirable
      essential oil components in ginger. Computer simulation for predicting freezing
      time may help in developing proper storage system of ginger. 

PMID- 27386103
TI  - Effect of conventional milling on the nutritional value and antioxidant capacity
      of wheat types common in Ethiopia and a recovery attempt with bran
      supplementation in bread.
AB  - The effect of wheat flour refined milling on nutritional and antioxidant quality
      of hard and soft grown in Ethiopia was evaluated. Bread was prepared with the
      supplementation of the white wheat flour with different levels (0%, 10%, 20%, and
      25%) of wheat bran. Whole (100% extraction) and white wheat (68% extraction)
      flours were analyzed for proximates, minerals, and antioxidants. Results
      indicated that at a low extraction rate (68%), the protein, fat, fiber, ash,
      iron, zinc, phosphorous, and antioxidant contents of the samples significantly (P
      < 0.05) decreased by milling. The TPC (total phenolic content) of the white wheat
      flours, which ranged from 3.34 to 3.49 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/g, was
      significantly (P < 0.005) lower than those of the whole wheat flours, whose TPC
      ranged from 7.66 to 8.20 GAE/g). At 50 mg/mL, the DPPH (2-diphenyl-1
      picrylhydrazyl) scavenging effect of the wheat extracts decreased in the order of
      soft whole, hard whole, soft white, and hard white wheat flour, which was 90.39,
      89.89, 75.80, and 57.57%, respectively. Moreover, the proximate and mineral
      contents of the bran-supplemented breads increased significantly (P < 0.05) with
      the bran level of the bread, and the highest values (protein, 12.0 g/100 g; fat,
      2.6 g/100 g; fiber, 2.5 g/100 g; ash, 3.3 g/100 g; iron, 4.8 mg/100 g and zinc,
      2.33 mg/100 g) were found in 25% bran supplemented bread. The sensory evaluation
      of bread showed that all the supplementation levels had a mean score above 4 for
      all preferences on a 7- point hedonic scale. The results indicated that refined
      milling at 68% extraction significantly reduces the nutritional and antioxidant
      activity of the wheat flours. Bread of good nutritional and sensory qualities can
      be produced from 10% and 20% bran supplementations.

PMID- 27386104
TI  - Procedure of brewing alcohol as a staple food: case study of the fermented cereal
      liquor "Parshot" as a staple food in Dirashe special woreda, southern Ethiopia.
AB  - For most brews, alcohol fermentation and lactic fermentation take place
      simultaneously during the brewing process, and alcohol fermentation can progress
      smoothly because the propagation of various microorganisms is prevented by lactic
      fermentation. It is not necessary to cause lactic fermentation with a thing
      generated naturally and intentionally. The people living in the Dirashe area in
      southern Ethiopia drink three types of alcoholic beverages that are prepared from
      cereals. From these alcoholic beverages, parshot is prepared by the addition of
      plant leaves for lactic fermentation and nech chaka by adding cereal powder for
      lactic fermentation before alcohol fermentation. People living in the Dirashe
      area partake of parshot as part of their staple diet. The brewing process used
      for parshot and a food culture with alcoholic beverages as parts of the staple
      diet are rare worldwide. This article discusses the significance of using lactic
      fermentation before alcoholic fermentation and focuses on lactic fermentation in
      the brewing methods used for the three kinds of alcoholic beverages consumed in
      the Dirashe area. We initially observed the brewing process and obtained
      information about the process from the people in that area. Next, we determined
      the pH and analyzed the lactic acid (g/100 g) and ethanol (g/100 g) content
      during lactic fermentation of parshot and nech chaka; the ethyl acetate (mg/100
      g) and volatile base nitrogen (mg/100 g) content during this period was also
      analyzed. In addition, we compared the ethanol (g/100 g) content of all three
      kinds of alcoholic beverages after completion of brewing. The results showed that
      it was possible to consume large quantities of these alcoholic beverages because
      of the use of lactic fermentation before alcoholic fermentation, which improved
      the safety and preservation characteristics of the beverages by preventing the
      propagation of various microorganisms, improving flavor, and controlling the
      alcohol level. 

PMID- 27386105
TI  - Use of the wetting method on cassava flour in three konzo villages in Mozambique
      reduces cyanide intake and may prevent konzo in future droughts.
AB  - Konzo is an irreversible paralysis of the legs that occurs mainly in children and
      young women associated with large cyanide intake from bitter cassava coupled with
      malnutrition. In East Africa outbreaks occur during drought, when cassava plants
      produce much more cyanogens than normal. A wetting method that removes cyanogens
      from cassava flour was taught to the women of three konzo villages in Mozambique,
      to prevent sporadic konzo and konzo outbreaks in the next drought. The
      intervention was in three villages with 72 konzo cases and mean konzo prevalence
      of 1.2%. The percentage of children with high (>350 MUmol/L) urinary thiocyanate
      content and at risk of contracting konzo in Cava, Acordos de Lusaka, and Mujocojo
      reduced from 52, 10, and 6 at baseline to 17, 0, and 4 at conclusion of the
      intervention. Cassava flour showed large reductions in total cyanide over the
      intervention. The percentage of households using the wetting method was 30-40% in
      Acordos de Lusaka and Mujocojo and less in Cava. If the wetting method is used
      extensively by households during drought it should prevent konzo outbreaks and
      chronic cyanide intoxication. We recommend that the wetting method be taught in
      all konzo areas in East Africa. 

PMID- 27386106
TI  - Impact of type of child growth intervention program on caregivers' child feeding
      knowledge and practices: a comparative study in Ga West Municipality, Ghana.
AB  - Community-based growth promotion (CBGP) delivered by community volunteers aims at
      enhancing the traditional growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) program delivered
      by community health nurses through the promotion of optimum infant and young
      child feeding (IYCF) leading to improved child growth. This study compared IYCF
      knowledge and practices among caregiver-child pairs (0-24 months) receiving child
      welfare services from CBGP (n = 124) and GMP (n = 108) programs. Semistructured
      questionnaires were used to interview caregivers on IYCF knowledge/practices and
      validated food frequency questionnaire used to record infants' food intakes.
      Group differences were determined using Chi-square and independent samples t
      tests (P < 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]). Mean IYCF knowledge scores were
      similar (CBGP: 10.84 +/- 1.69 vs. GMP: 10.23 +/- 1.38, P = 0.062). However, more
      CBGP caregivers (17%) were highly knowledgeable than their GMP counterparts (5%)
      (P = 0.011). Early breastfeeding initiation (CBGP: 54% vs. GMP: 28%, P < 0.0001),
      exclusive breastfeeding (CBGP: 73% vs. GMP: 56%, P = 0.001), and timely
      complementary feeding (CBGP: 72% vs. GMP: 49%, P = 0.014) were reportedly higher
      among CBGP caregivers. Underweight was 11% (CBGP: 8% vs. GMP: 14%, P = 0.154).
      Mean dietary diversity scores (10 food groups) were similar (CBGP: 4.49 +/- 1.89
      vs. GMP: 3.87 +/- 1.89, P = 0.057) but more CBGP caregivers (77%) achieved
      minimum dietary diversity than their GMP counterparts (61%) (P = 0.035). Few
      caregivers achieved minimum meal frequency (CBGP: 31% vs. GMP: 29%, P = 0.486)
      and minimum acceptable diet (CBGP: 23% vs. GMP: 21%, P = 0.464) indicators.
      Number of children under 5 years owned by caregiver (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]:
      0.405; 95% CI: 1.13-78.53, P = 0.038), her educational level (AOR: 0.112; 95% CI:
      0.02-0.90, P = 0.040), and IYCF knowledge (AOR: 0.140; 95% CI: 0.03-0.79, P =
      0.026) significantly predicted optimum child feeding. Nutrition education on
      optimum complementary feeding and birth spacing strategies should intensify. 

PMID- 27386107
TI  - Rheological, baking, and sensory properties of composite bread dough with
      breadfruit (Artocarpus communis Forst) and wheat flours.
AB  - The rheological (Pasting, farinograph, and alveograph) properties of wheat flour
      (WF) replaced with breadfruit four (05-40%) was analyzed. Baking and sensory
      qualities of the resulting bread were evaluated. Differences in baking properties
      of loaves produced under laboratory and industrial conditions were analyzed with
      t-test, whereas ANOVA was used for other analyses. Peak and final viscosities in
      the composite blends (CB) ranged from 109.20 to 114.06 RVU and 111.86 to 134.40
      RVU, respectively. Dough stability decreased from 9.15 to 0.78 min, whereas
      farinograph water absorption increased 59.7-65.9%. Alveograph curve configuration
      ratio increased from 1.27 to 7.39, whereas specific volume (Spv) of the loaves
      decreased from 2.96 to 1.32 cm(3)/g. The Spv of WF loaves were not significantly
      different (P > 0.05) from that of the 5% CB, whereas production conditions had no
      significant effects on absorbed water (t = 0.532, df = 18 P = 0.3005), weight
      loss during baking (t = 0.865, df = 18, P = 0.199), and Spv (t = 0.828, df =
      14.17, P = 0.211). The sensory qualities of the 5% blend were not significantly
      different from the WF. 

PMID- 27386108
TI  - Rapid detection of bovine adipose tissue using lateral flow strip assay.
AB  - Currently no rapid immunoassays are developed to identify the species content of
      fat tissue in mixtures. We report a simple protocol enabling the effective
      detection of bovine fat in highly processed materials using a lateral flow (LF)
      immunoassay which targets a ruminant-specific muscle protein. A portion (50 gm)
      of muscle-free fat samples was rendered to separate the molten fat from the
      proteinaceous residue, then soluble proteins were extracted from the solid
      residue with 0.5 mol/L NaCl for the LF analysis. The assay could detect 2% bovine
      fat-in-pork fat, 1% bovine fat-in-porcine meat-and-bone meal, and 0.5% bovine fat
      in-soy meal mixtures. Rendered bovine fat could be detected up to 213 degrees C.
      These results demonstrate that low levels of bovine fat tissue can be detected in
      processed materials using an immunoassay based on the presence of the muscle
      protein which serves as a species marker in the fat tissue. 

PMID- 27386109
TI  - Antioxidant activity and phenolic profiles of the wild currant Ribes magellanicum
      from Chilean and Argentinean Patagonia.
AB  - The Patagonian currant Ribes magellanicum is highly valued due to its pleasant
      flavor and sweet taste. The aim of this study was to characterize its
      constituents and to assess their antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. For
      the fruit phenolic-enriched extract (PEE), total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids
      (TF), and antioxidant activity (DPPH, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP),
      and Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC)) were determined. Argentinean
      samples presented better activity in the DPPH and FRAP assays. Best
      cytoprotection against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in AGS cells was found in
      one Argentinean sample at 500 MUg mL(-1) (65.7%). HPLC MS/MS analysis allowed the
      tentative identification of 59 constituents, including eight anthocyanins, 11
      conjugates of caffeic-, ferulic-, and coumaric acid, and 38 flavonoids, most of
      them quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. Argentinean samples showed a more
      complex pattern of anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA), and flavonoids.
      Cyanidin rhamnoside hexoside and cyanidin hexoside were the main anthocyanins,
      accounting for 35 and 55% for the Argentinean and 60 and 27% for the ripe Chilean
      fruits. HCA content was about three times higher in Argentinean samples. The
      phenolic profiles of Chilean and Argentinean Ribes magellanicum show remarkable
      differences in chemical composition with higher HCA and flavonoid content in
      Argentinean samples. 

PMID- 27386110
TI  - A study on the physicochemical parameters for Penicillium expansum growth and
      patulin production: effect of temperature, pH, and water activity.
AB  - Penicillium expansum is among the most ubiquitous fungi disseminated worldwide,
      that could threaten the fruit sector by secreting patulin, a toxic secondary
      metabolite. Nevertheless, we lack sufficient data regarding the growth and the
      toxigenesis conditions of this species. This work enables a clear differentiation
      between the favorable conditions to the P. expansum growth and those promising
      for patulin production. A mathematical model allowing the estimation of the P.
      expansum growth rate according to temperature, a W, and pH, was also developed.
      An optimal growth rate of 0.92 cm/day was predicted at 24 degrees C with pH level
      of 5.1 and high a W level of 0.99. The model's predictive capability was tested
      successfully on artificial contaminated apples. This model could be exploited by
      apple growers and the industrialists of fruit juices in order to predict the
      development of P. expansum during storage and apple processing.

PMID- 27386111
TI  - Quality attributes of sweet potato flour as influenced by variety, pretreatment
      and drying method.
AB  - The effect of pretreatment methods (soaking in water, potassium metabisulphite
      solution, and blanching) and drying methods (sun and oven) on some quality
      attributes of flour from ten varieties of sweet potato roots were investigated.
      The quality attributes determined were chemical composition and functional
      properties. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics, multivariate
      analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation. The range of values for
      properties of sweet potato flour were: moisture (8.06-12.86 +/- 1.13%), starch
      (55.76-83.65 +/- 6.82%), amylose (10.06-21.26 +/- 3.92%), total sugar (22.39
      125.46 +/- 24.68 MUg/mg), water absorption capacity (140-280 +/- 26), water
      solubility (6.89-26.18 +/- 3.80), swelling power (1.66-5.00 +/- 0.50), peak
      viscosity (24.50-260.92 +/- 52.61 RVU), trough (7.08-145.83 +/- 34.48 RVU),
      breakdown viscosity (11.00-125.33 RVU), final viscosity (10.21-225.50 +/- 60.55
      RVU), setback viscosity (3.04-92.21 RVU), peak time (6.07-9.06 min) and pasting
      temperature (69.8-81.3 degrees C). Variety had a significant (P < 0.001) effect
      on all the attributes of sweet potato flour. Pretreatment did not significantly
      (P > 0.05) affect moisture, fat and lightness (L*). Drying method did not
      significantly (P > 0.05) affect fiber and L*. The interactive effect of variety,
      pretreatment and drying method had a significant (P < 0.001) effect on all the
      attributes except fat and fiber. Total sugar correlated significantly (P < 0.01)
      with water solubility (r = 0.88) of the flour samples. Variety was a dominant
      factor influencing attributes of sweet potato flour and so should be targeted at
      specific end uses. 

PMID- 27386112
TI  - Effect of hydrocolloids and emulsifiers on the shelf-life of composite cassava
      maize-wheat bread after storage.
AB  - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydrocolloids and/or
      emulsifiers on the shelf-life of composite cassava-maize-wheat (ratio 40:10:50)
      reference bread during storage. Added hydrocolloids were carboxymethylcellulose
      (CMC) and high methoxyl pectin (HM pectin) at a 3% level (w/w) and/or the
      emulsifiers diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglycerides (DATEM), lecithin
      (LC), and monoglycerides (MG) at a 0.3% level (w/w). After 4 days of storage,
      composite breads with MG had comparatively lower crumb moisture while crumb
      density was similar in all breads. The reference bread crumb firmness was 33.4 N,
      which was reduced with an addition of DATEM (23.0 N), MG (29.8 N), CMC (24.6 N)
      or HM pectin (22.4 N). However, the CMC/DATEM, CMC/LC, and HM pectin/DATEM
      combinations further reduced crumb firmness to <20.0 N. The melting peak
      temperature was increased from 52 C to between 53.0 C and 57.0 C with added
      hydrocolloids and/or emulsifiers. The melting enthalpy of the retrograded
      amylopectin was lower in composite bread with hydrocolloids and emulsifiers, 6.7
      11.0 J/g compared to 20.0 J/g for the reference bread. These results show that
      emulsifiers in combination with hydrocolloids can improve the quality and extend
      the shelf-life of composite cassava-maize-wheat breads.

PMID- 27386113
TI  - Effects of processing on carbendazim residue in Pleurotus ostreatus.
AB  - Samples of Pleurotus ostreatus were exposed to fungicide carbendazim to study the
      effect of processing on the residues. In most cases, processing operations led to
      a significant decrease in residue levels in the finished products, particularly
      through washing, drying, and cooking processes. The results indicated that
      rinsing under running tap water led to more than 70.30% loss in carbendazim
      residues. When dried under sunlight could remove more than 70.30% residues. There
      was a 63.90-97.14% reduction after steaming, with processing time extending, the
      removal rates increased especially for lower initial residue level samples. The
      residue was almost completely removed by frying combined with microwave heating.
      Furthermore, boiling the mushrooms reduced the residue in the mushroom and no
      carbendazim residues were determined in the broth. 

PMID- 27386114
TI  - Effect of selected spices on chemical and sensory markers in fortified rye
      buckwheat cakes.
AB  - The aim of this study was to find out the effect of selected spices on chemical
      and sensorial markers in cakes formulated on rye and light buckwheat flour
      fortified with spices. Among collection of spices, rye-buckwheat cakes fortified
      individually with cloves, nutmeg, allspice, cinnamon, vanilla, and spice mix
      revealed the highest sensory characteristics and overall quality. Cakes fortified
      with cloves, allspice, and spice mix showed the highest antioxidant capacity,
      total phenolics, rutin, and almost threefold higher available lysine contents.
      The reduced furosine content as well as free and total fluorescent intermediatory
      compounds were observed as compared to nonfortified cakes. The FAST index was
      significantly lowered in all cakes enriched with spices, especially with cloves,
      allspice, and mix. In contrast, browning index increased in compare to cakes
      without spices. It can be suggested that clove, allspice, vanilla, and spice mix
      should be used for production of safety and good quality cakes. 

PMID- 27386116
TI  - Clinical impact of increasing left ventricular pacing output in cardiac
      resynchronization therapy - the new optimization strategy.
AB  - We report a patient who did not improve after standard optimization of
      atrioventricular and intraventricular pacing timing, but showed response to
      cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) after increasing left ventricular (LV)
      pacing output. Increasing LV pacing output is one of the useful optimization
      methods for CRT nonresponder.

PMID- 27386117
TI  - Torsion of left main bronchus during general anesthesia for posterior
      instrumented spinal fusion.
AB  - Pulmonary function tests such as flow-volume loops and reconstructive
      radiological imaging may aid the detection of large airway obstruction prior to
      corrective surgery for severe scoliosis. Intraoperative use of halo-gravity
      traction may help to reduce the severity of the scoliosis, and thus the extrinsic
      compression or torsion of the airways. 

PMID- 27386115
TI  - International pooled study on diet and bladder cancer: the bladder cancer,
      epidemiology and nutritional determinants (BLEND) study: design and baseline
      characteristics.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In 2012, more than 400,000 urinary bladder cancer cases occurred
      worldwide, making it the 7(th) most common type of cancer. Although many previous
      studies focused on the relationship between diet and bladder cancer, the evidence
      related to specific food items or nutrients that could be involved in the
      development of bladder cancer remains inconclusive. Dietary components can either
      be, or be activated into, potential carcinogens through metabolism, or act to
      prevent carcinogen damage. METHODS/DESIGN: The BLadder cancer, Epidemiology and
      Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) study was set up with the purpose of collecting
      individual patient data from observational studies on diet and bladder cancer. In
      total, data from 11,261 bladder cancer cases and 675,532 non-cases from 18 case
      control and 6 cohort studies from all over the world were included with the aim
      to investigate the association between individual food items, nutrients and
      dietary patterns and risk of developing bladder cancer. DISCUSSION: The
      substantial number of cases included in this study will enable us to provide
      evidence with large statistical power, for dietary recommendations on the
      prevention of bladder cancer.

PMID- 27386118
TI  - Congenital cataract associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous and
      persistent tunica vasculosa lentis in a sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) - clinical,
      ultrasonographic, and histological findings.
AB  - Ultrasonography suggested the diagnosis of cataract associated with persistent
      fetal intraocular vasculature in a 26-day-old sambar deer. The deer was ill and
      died despite intense critical care. Globes were removed. Histological
      characteristics of persistent fetal vasculature and secondary cataract are
      reported expanding the knowledge of ophthalmic disorders in wild ungulates. 

PMID- 27386120
TI  - Late prostatic metastasis of an uveal melanoma in a miniature Schnauzer dog.
AB  - This manuscript describes a previously unreported clinical case of canine uveal
      melanoma in a miniature Schnauzer dog with an unusual location of metastasis
      (prostate) and delayed occurrence (3 years after primary tumor diagnosis and
      enucleation). Immunohistochemical labeling of both tumors with Melan A, Ki-67,
      and c-kit added some valuable information. 

PMID- 27386119
TI  - Soft tissue swelling in children: case report, differential diagnosis, and
      diagnostic delay.
AB  - A general practitioner faces regularly soft tissue swelling in otherwise healthy
      children. Delay in diagnosis of soft tissue malignancies is often due to
      asymptomatic nature and the unfamiliarity with the age-dependent differential
      diagnosis. Hence, an accurate knowledge is important to prevent important delay
      in diagnosis of potential malignancies.

PMID- 27386121
TI  - Case report: successful retreatment of hepatitis C genotype 1b infection with
      sofosbuvir + simeprevir in a patient with cirrhosis who had prior virologic
      relapse after treatment with daclatasvir and asunaprevir.
AB  - There is currently minimal clinical experience regarding retreatment options for
      patients failing direct-acting antiviral combination regimens. Here, we report
      the outcomes of a HCV genotype 1b-infected patient with virologic failure
      following treatment with daclatasvir and asunaprevir, who was successfully
      retreated with sofosbuvir plus simeprevir.

PMID- 27386122
TI  - Immunoglobulin G4-related disease: a rare disease with an unusual presentation.
AB  - IgG4-RD can also present in the skeletal muscle, mimicking several other
      diseases. It is unusual for this relatively new classification of diseases to
      present in the muscles and can be mistakenly diagnosed as other autoimmune
      diseases rendering a delay in the appropriate management and progression of the
      disease. 

PMID- 27386123
TI  - Choledocholithiases in a child with Hemoglobin Evans [alpha2 62(E11) Val->Met].
AB  - We present the first description of choledocholithiases in a 10-year-old boy with
      Hemoglobin Evans. Although biliary stones are much less common in children than
      in adults, epigastric pain in children with known hemolytic status should alert
      the physician to the possibility of biliary colic. 

PMID- 27386124
TI  - Managing adipsic diabetes insipidus following anterior communicating artery
      aneurysm in a subtropical climate.
AB  - Diabetes insipidus without perception of thirst, as may follow an anterior
      communicating artery aneurysm, requires prescription of fluid intake as well as
      desmopressin. The management goal of maintaining a normal serum sodium is
      rendered more challenging in a humid subtropical environment, where insensible
      losses are higher.

PMID- 27386125
TI  - Prenatal diagnosis of the rare association of common arterial trunk and double
      aortic arch.
AB  - Common arterial trunk with associated double aortic arch is a very rare
      constellation of congenital heart disease. Prenatal diagnosis allows for surgical
      repair prior to development of respiratory morbidity, which is otherwise
      described in all cases with this association. 

PMID- 27386126
TI  - Thrombocytopenia-associated multiorgan failure occurring in an infant at the
      onset of type 1 diabetes successfully treated with fresh frozen plasma.
AB  - TAMOF is a devastating microangiopathy that can occur in association with the new
      onset of T1DM, and should be considered with the onset of thrombocytopenia, renal
      failure, and raised LDH. Treatment with fresh frozen plasma should be considered
      as a first-line option in such cases prior to plasma exchange. 

PMID- 27386127
TI  - Infantile spasms with periventricular nodular heterotopia, unbalanced chromosomal
      translocation 3p26.2 -10p15.1 and 6q22.31 duplication.
AB  - Patients presenting with infantile spasms, dysmorphic features, and
      periventricular nodular heterotopia may benefit from genetic copy number
      variation microarray, or whole-exome sequencing to identify candidate genes. This
      will allow personalized diagnosis and prognostication and the eventual
      understanding of single and combined gene functions in brain health and disease. 

PMID- 27386128
TI  - Spontaneous bilateral patellar tendon rupture: case report and review of
      fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy.
AB  - The present case emphasizes the importance of adhering to strict indications when
      prescribing fluoroquinolones. Although rare, drug-induced tendinopathy is not
      confined to fluoroquinolones. The patient's and physician's awareness should be
      increased to reduce fluoroquinolones-associated morbidity, particularly in
      patients with previously described risk factors. 

PMID- 27386129
TI  - Monochorionic-diamniotic discordant growth in a twin pregnancy with one fetus
      affected by Ebstein's anomaly of tricuspid leaflets.
AB  - Our patient was diagnosed as having discordant twin growth with Ebstein's anomaly
      in the larger fetus. Cardiac function was deteriorated in accordance with
      progression of gestational age. Our observation indicated cardiac failure of the
      larger fetus. The most important issue in this situation is management of the
      timing of delivery. 

PMID- 27386130
TI  - A transient increase and subsequent sharp decrease of chemo-refractory liver
      metastasized uterine cervical small cell carcinoma to autologous formalin-fixed
      tumor vaccine plus anti-PD-1 antibody.
AB  - Uterine cervical small cell carcinoma is rare and aggressive with no standardized
      therapy. A patient bearing the advanced chemo-refractory carcinoma, treated with
      a tumor vaccine combined with 1 mg/kg of pembrolizumab, showed a transient
      increase and subsequent sharp decrease of the liver-metastasized lesion to less
      than half its maximum diameter. 

PMID- 27386131
TI  - Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon and prenatal counseling: a case series.
AB  - Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon can be encountered in the perinatal period. No
      consensus exists regarding prenatal management. We report one prenatal case
      leading to therapeutic abortion and one neonatal case, successfully treated by a
      multimodal therapy. Prenatal counseling should include the possibility of
      neonatal multimodal treatment that can lead to favorable outcomes.

PMID- 27386132
TI  - Whole exome sequencing reveals EP300 mutation in mildly affected female:
      expansion of the spectrum.
AB  - Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is associated with intellectual and physical features.
      CREBBP and EP300 are causative. Few cases of EP300 mutations are reported. We
      report a case with mild features of RSTS and EP300 mutation on exome sequencing.
      This illustrates the utility of exome sequencing to expand every genetic
      phenotype. 

PMID- 27386133
TI  - Acute complete uterine inversion after controlled cord traction of placenta
      following vaginal delivery: a case report.
AB  - Early recognition and active management of the third stage of labor will reduce
      the risks associated with uterine inversion. All staff members in the maternal
      unit should be updated with Green-Top guidelines No. 52 and be appropriately
      trained in the PROMPT course to provide a standardized approach in obstetric
      emergencies. 

PMID- 27386134
TI  - Diagnosis of congenital von Willebrand disease during a preoperative assessment
      in a multiple myeloma patient without bleeding history.
AB  - We report a rare case of type 2M von Willebrand disease diagnosed in an elderly
      multiple myeloma patient who had no personal and family bleeding history. This
      case report emphasis the importance to not systematically exclude a congenital
      vWD in adult patients when coagulation screening tests indicate toward a vWD. 

PMID- 27386135
TI  - Kussmaul's sign and rapid X-Y descents in constrictive pericarditis.
AB  - Right-sided heart failure is not uncommon. A careful jugular venous examination
      looking for the distinct Kussmaul's sign and rapid X-Y descents, which are highly
      indicative of constrictive pericarditis, is markedly helpful in guiding the
      correct diagnosis and proper management. 

PMID- 27386136
TI  - Should the clinician do the tests for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo even
      in the presence of spontaneous nystagmus at primary gaze?
AB  - Different balance problems may occur in the same patient simultaneously, and the
      other problem may be overlooked if the clinician does not pay much attention.
      Spontaneous nystagmus of Meniere's disease and positional nystagmus of posterior
      canal BPPV in the same patient is presented. Positional tests must always be
      considered even in the presence of spontaneous nystagmus. 

PMID- 27386137
TI  - Each worm to his taste: some prefer to eat nettles - a giant gastric phytobezoar.
AB  - Nettle consumption, as well as persimmon, orange, coconut etc. can lead to
      phytobezoar formation. Coke and cellulase-resistant phytobezoars should be
      removed either endoscopically or surgically, depending on their dimensions. The
      treatment of choice for giant phytobezoars (more than 10 cm) is gastrotomy. 

PMID- 27386138
TI  - Analyzing subcomponents of affective dysregulation in borderline personality
      disorder in comparison to other clinical groups using multiple e-diary datasets.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Affective dysregulation is widely regarded as being the core problem
      in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Moreover, BPD is the
      disorder mainly associated with affective dysregulation. However, the empirical
      confirmation of the specificity of affective dysregulation for BPD is still
      pending. We used a validated approach from basic affective science that allows
      for simultaneously analyzing three interdependent components of affective
      dysregulation that are disturbed in patients with BPD: homebase, variability, and
      attractor strength (return to baseline). METHODS: We applied two types of
      multilevel models on two e-diary datasets to investigate group differences
      regarding three subcomponents between BPD patients (n = 43; n = 51) and patients
      with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; n = 28) and those with bulimia nervosa
      (BN; n = 20) as clinical control groups in dataset 1, and patients with panic
      disorder (PD; n = 26) and those with major depression (MD; n = 25) as clinical
      control groups in dataset 2. In addition, healthy controls (n = 28; n = 40) were
      included in the analyses. In both studies, e-diaries were used to repeatedly
      collect data about affective experiences during participants' daily lives. In
      study 1 a high-frequency sampling strategy with assessments in 15 min-intervals
      over 24 h was applied, whereas the assessments occurred every waking hour over 48
      h in study 2. The local ethics committees approved both studies, and all
      participants provided written informed consent. RESULTS: In contradiction to our
      hypotheses, BPD patients did not consistently show altered affective
      dysregulation compared to the clinical patient groups. The only differences in
      affective dynamics in BPD patients emerged with regard to one of three
      subcomponents, affective homebase. However, these results were not even
      consistent. Conversely, comparing the patients to healthy controls revealed a
      pattern of more negative affective homebases, higher levels of affective
      variability, and (partially) reduced returns to baseline in the patient groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that affective dysregulation constitutes a
      transdiagnostic mechanism that manifests in similar ways in several different
      mental disorders. We point out promising prospects that might help to elucidate
      the common and distinctive mechanisms that underlie several different disorders
      and that should be addressed in future studies.

PMID- 27386139
TI  - No sweat: African American adolescent girls' opinions of hairstyle choices and
      physical activity.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Obesity prevalence is higher among African American adolescent (AAA)
      girls than among non-black girls. Lower levels of physical activity (PA) likely
      contribute to this disparity; this may be impacted by hairstyle concerns.
      METHODS: In 2011, focus groups were conducted with AAA girls 14-17 years old (n =
      36) in Michigan (n = 9), California (n = 11), and Georgia (n = 16). Groups
      addressed perceptions of hairstyles, exercise, and relationships between the two.
      Groups were recorded, transcripts reviewed, and themes identified. Adolescents
      completed a standardized ethnic identity (EI) measure and a survey addressing
      demographics and PA. Linear regression was used to examine associations between
      self-reported activity and participants' characteristics. RESULTS: Four themes
      emerged: 1) between ages 8 and 15, when concerns about hairstyles began,
      participants changed from "juvenile" (natural) styles to "adult" (straightened)
      styles; 2) participants avoided getting wet or sweating during exercise because
      their straightened hair became "nappy;" 3) braids with extensions and natural
      styles were viewed as better for exercise but not very attractive; 4)
      participants almost universally selected long, straight hairstyles as most
      attractive. In Michigan and California, EI was positively associated with levels
      of PA (p < 0.05) and overall having extensions was also positively associated
      with levels of PA. CONCLUSIONS: A preference for straight hair may contribute to
      AAA girls avoiding certain activities due to concerns about sweat affecting their
      hair. Furthermore, EI and hairstyle choice appear to be associated with levels of
      PA for some participants. Efforts to increase AAA girls' PA may benefit from
      approaches that address hairstyle choices and EI.

PMID- 27386140
TI  - Efficacy and safety of warfarin in dialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: a
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To systematically review and meta-analyse the risk-benefit ratio of
      warfarin users compared with non-warfarin users in patients with atrial
      fibrillation (AF), who are undergoing dialysis. METHODS: We searched
      PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, grey
      literature, conference proceedings, trial registrations and also did handsearch.
      Cohort studies without language restrictions were included. Two investigators
      independently conducted a full abstraction of data, risk of bias and graded
      evidence. Effect estimates were pooled using random-effect models. MAIN OUTCOME
      MEASURE: All-cause mortality, total stroke/thromboembolism and bleeding
      complications. RESULTS: 14 studies included 37 349 dialysis patients with AF, of
      whom 12 529 (33.5%) were warfarin users. For all-cause mortality: adjusted
      HR=0.99 (95% CI 0.89 to 1.10; p=0.825), unadjusted risk ratio (RR)=1.00 (95% CI
      0.96 to 1.04; p=0.847). For stroke/thromboembolism: adjusted HR=1.06 (95% CI 0.82
      to 1.36; p=0.676), unadjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR)=1.23 (95% CI 0.94 to
      1.61; p=0.133). For ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack, adjusted HR=0.91
      (95% CI 0.57 to 1.45; p=0.698), unadjusted IRR=1.16 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.62;
      p=0.370). For haemorrhagic stroke, adjusted HR=1.60 (95% CI 0.91 to 2.81;
      p=0.100), unadjusted IRR=1.48 (95% CI 0.92 to 2.36; p=0.102). Major bleeding was
      increased among warfarin users; adjusted HR=1.35 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.64; p=0.003)
      and unadjusted IRR=1.22 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.40; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Among
      dialysis patients with AF, warfarin therapy was not associated with mortality and
      stroke/thromboembolism, but significantly increased the risk of major bleeding.
      More rigorous studies are essential to demonstrate the effect of warfarin for
      stroke prophylaxis in dialysis patients with AF.

PMID- 27386142
TI  - History of Research on Pharmacopuncture in Korea.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This study introduces the history and types of Korean
      pharmacopuncture and reports trends of research on Korean pharmacopuncture.
      METHODS: Pharmacopuncture studies were searched from the first year of each
      search engine to 2014 by using seven domestic and foreign search databases.
      Selected studies were divided into the history of pharmacopuncture, kinds and
      features of pharmacopuncture, research types, and experimental and clinic studies
      and were then classified by year of publication, type of pharmacopuncture,
      disease, and topic. RESULTS: Pharmacopuncture can be classified into four large
      groups: meridian field pharmacopuncture (MFP), eight-principles pharmacopuncture
      (EPP), animal-based pharmacopuncture (ABP) and mountain- ginseng
      pharmacopuncture, which is a single-co mpound pharmacopuncture (SCP). The largest
      numbers of studies were reported from 1997 to 2006, after which the numbers
      decreased until 2014. Of experimental studies, 51.9%, 18.7%. 14.3%, 9% and 3.4%
      were on SCP, ABP, MFP, formula pharmacopuncture (FP), and EPP, respectively. Of
      clinical studies, 54.7%, 15.3%. 14.9% 10.0% and 1.5% were on ABP, MFP, EPP, SCP,
      and FP (1.5%), respectively. Among clinical studies, case reports and case series
      accounted for 76.5%, followed by randomized controlled trials (RCTs, 16.4%) and
      non-RCT (13.9%). Musculoskeletal diseases, toxicity and safety tests, anti-cancer
      effects, and nervous system diseases were mainly treated in experimental studies
      while musculoskeletal diseases, nervous system diseases, toxicity and safety
      tests, and autonomic nerve function tests were addressed in clinical studies. Bee
      venom (BV) was the most frequently-used pharmacopuncture in mechanism studies.
      Pharmacopuncture was mainly used to treat musculoskeletal diseases. CONCLUSION:
      Pharmacopuncture and studies of it have made great progress in Korea. Studies on
      BV pharmacopuncture and musculoskeletal diseases accounted for most of the
      studies reported during the review period. Research on the types of
      pharmacopuncture and diseases has to be expanded. Especially, studies on the use
      of MFP and EPP for treating patients with various diseases are needed.

PMID- 27386141
TI  - Antibacterial potency of different deposition methods of silver and copper
      containing diamond-like carbon coated polyethylene.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Antibacterial coatings of medical devices have been introduced as a
      promising approach to reduce the risk of infection. In this context, diamond-like
      carbon coated polyethylene (DLC-PE) can be enriched with bactericidal ions and
      gain antimicrobial potency. So far, influence of different deposition methods and
      ions on antimicrobial effects of DLC-PE is unclear. METHODS: We quantitatively
      determined the antimicrobial potency of different PE surfaces treated with direct
      ion implantation (II) or plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) and doped with
      silver (Ag-DLC-PE) or copper (Cu-DLC-PE). Bacterial adhesion and planktonic
      growth of various strains of S. epidermidis were evaluated by quantification of
      bacterial growth as well as semiquantitatively by determining the grade of
      biofilm formation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally silver
      release kinetics of PIII-samples were detected. RESULTS: (1) A significant (p <
      0.05) antimicrobial effect on PE-surface could be found for Ag- and Cu-DLC-PE
      compared to untreated PE. (2) The antimicrobial effect of Cu was significantly
      lower compared to Ag (reduction of bacterial growth by 0.8 (Ag) and 0.3 (Cu)
      logarithmic (log)-levels). (3) PIII as a deposition method was more effective in
      providing antibacterial potency to PE-surfaces than II alone (reduction of
      bacterial growth by 2.2 (surface) and 1.1 (surrounding medium) log-levels of PIII
      compared to 1.2 (surface) and 0.6 (medium) log-levels of II). (4) Biofilm
      formation was more decreased on PIII-surfaces compared to II-surfaces. (5) A
      silver-concentration-dependent release was observed on PIII-samples. CONCLUSION:
      The results obtained in this study suggest that PIII as a deposition method and
      Ag-DLC-PE as a surface have high bactericidal effects.

PMID- 27386143
TI  - The History of Liquid Ear Acupuncture and the Current Scientific State of the
      Art.
AB  - This short review article presents a current overview of existing publications
      and scientific results regarding liquid (ear) acupuncture. The injection of
      liquids into defined acupuncture points of the ear is not a method commonly used
      in the Western world. The term liquid acupuncture has different definitions,
      which makes understanding each definition and differentiating one from the other
      difficult. General terms like pharmacopuncture, homeosiniatry, and liquid
      acupuncture, which all describe the method of injecting different kinds of drugs
      into a defined body acupuncture point, are used. This article presents the
      history of liquid acupuncture, as well as the current scientific state of the
      art, from the point of view of two European researchers. Some articles are
      discussed and a few practical examples are presented. 

PMID- 27386144
TI  - Biosynthesized Platinum Nanoparticles Inhibit the Proliferation of Human Lung
      Cancer Cells in vitro and Delay the Growth of a Human Lung-Tumor Xenograft in
      vivo: -In vitro and in vivo Anticancer Activity of bio-Pt NPs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Lung cancer remains a deadly disease with unsatisfactory overall
      survival. Cisplatin, a standard platinum (Pt)-based chemotherapeutic agent, has
      the potential to inhibit the growth of lung cancer. Its use, however, is
      occasionally limited by severe organ toxicity. However, until now, no systematic
      study has been conducted to verify its efficacy with proper experimental support
      in vivo. Therefore, we examined whether biosynthesized Pt nanoparticles (NPs)
      inhibited human lung cancer in vitro and in vivo to validate their use in
      alternative and complementary medicine. METHODS: We evaluated the in vitro and
      the in vivo anticancer efficiencies of biosynthesized Pt NPs in a subcutaneous
      xenograft model with A549 cells. Severe combined immune deficient mice (SCID)
      were divided into four groups: group 1 being the vehicle control group and groups
      2, 3 and 4 being the experimental groups. Once the tumor volume had reached 70 ?
      75 mm(3), the progression profile of the tumor growth kinetics and the body
      weights of the mice were measured every week for 6 weeks after oral
      administration of Pt NPs. Doses of Pt NPs of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg of body
      weight were administered to the experimental groups and a dose of honey was
      administered to the vehicle control group. The efficacy was quantified by using
      the delay in tumor growth following the administration of Pt NPs of A549 human
      lung-cancer xenografts growing in SCID mice. RESULTS: The in vitro cytotoxicity
      evaluation indicated that Pt NPs, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited the
      growth of A549 cells, and the in vivo evaluation showed that Pt NPs at the mid
      and high doses effectively inhibited and delayed the growth of lung cancer in
      SCID mice. CONCLUSION: These findings confirm the antitumor properties of
      biosynthesized Pt NPs and suggest that they may be a cost-effective alternative
      for the treatment of patients with lung cancer.

PMID- 27386145
TI  - Cornu cervi pantotrichum Pharmacopuncture Solution Facilitate Hair Growth in
      C57BL/6 Mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Cornu cervi pantotrichum (CCP) has been widely used in Korean and
      China, as an anti-fatigue, anti-aging, and tonic agent to enhance the functions
      of the reproductive and the immune systems. Because CCP has various growth
      factors that play important roles in the development of hair follicles, we
      examined whether CCP pharmacopuncture solution (CCPPS) was capable of promoting
      hair growth in an animal model. METHODS: One day after hair depilation, CCPPS
      were topically applied to the dorsal skin of C57BL/6 mice once a day for 15 days.
      Hair growth activity was evaluated by using macro- and microscopic observations.
      Dorsal skin tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Expressions of
      bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and
      fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-7 were examined by using immunohistochemical
      staining. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was
      also conducted to measure the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of FGF-7. RESULTS:
      CCPPS induced more active hair growth than normal saline. Histologic analysis
      showed enlargement of the dermal papilla, elongation of the hair shaft, and
      expansion of hair thickness in CCPPS treated mice, indicating that CCPPS
      effectively induced the development of anagen. CCPPS treatment markedly increased
      the expressions of BrdU and PCNA in the hair follicles of C57BL/6 mice. In
      addition, CCPPS up regulated the expression of FGF-7, which plays an important
      role in the development of hair follicles. CONCLUSION: These results reveal that
      CCPPS facilitates hair re-growth by proliferation of hair follicular cells and up
      regulation of FGF-7 and suggest that CCPPS can potentially be applied as an
      alternative treatment for patients with alopecia.

PMID- 27386146
TI  - Inductions of Caspase-, MAPK- and ROS-dependent Apoptosis and Chemotherapeutic
      Effects Caused by an Ethanol Extract of Scutellaria barbata D. Don in Human
      Gastric Adenocarcinom Cells.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The crude extracts of Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SB) have
      traditionally demonstrated inhibitory effects on numerous human cancers both in
      vitro and in vivo. Gastric cancer is one of the most common types of cancer on
      world. The authors investigated the effects of an ethanol extract of Scutellaria
      barbata D. Don (ESB) on the growth and survival of MKN-45 cells (a human gastric
      adenocarcinoma cell line). METHODS: The MKN-45 cells were treated with different
      concentrations of ESB, and cell death was examined using an MTT (3-[4,5
      dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Analyses of sub-G1
      peaks, caspase-3 and -9 activities, and mitochondrial membrane depolarizations
      were conducted to determine the anti-cancer effects of SB on MKN-45 cells. Also,
      intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was investigated. RESULTS:
      ESB inhibited the growth of MKN-45 cells, caused cell cycle arrest, and increased
      the sub-G1 population. In addition, ESB markedly increased mitochondrial membrane
      depolarization and the activities of caspase-3 and -9. ESB exerted anti
      proliferative effects on MKN-45 cells by modulating the mitogen-activated protein
      kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and by increasing the generation of ROS.
      Furthermore, combinations of anti-cancer drugs plus ESB suppressed cell growth
      more than treatments with an agent or ESB, and this was especially true for
      cisplatin, etoposide, and doxorubicin. CONCLUSION: ESB has a dose-dependent
      cytotoxic effect on MKN-45 cells and this is closely associated with the
      induction of apoptosis. ESB-induced apoptosis is mediated by mitochondria- ,
      caspase- and MAPK dependent pathways. In addition, ESB enhances ROS generation
      and increases the chemosensitivity of MKN-45 cells. These results suggest that
      treatment with ESB can inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of
      human gastric adenocarcinoma cells by modulating the caspase-, MAPK- and ROS
      dependent pathway.

PMID- 27386147
TI  - Cinnamaldehyde Attenuates Cataractogenesis via Restoration of Hypertension and
      Oxidative Stress in Fructose-Fed Hypertensive rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Several studies have revealed that systemic hypertension is strongly
      associated with cataractogenesis. However, the pathophysiology and treatment is
      often unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cataractogenic effect of
      cinnamaldehyde (CA), a natural organic compound, in rats with fructose-induced
      hypertension. METHODS: The rats were divided into six groups. For six weeks, the
      normal group received a suspension of 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (10
      mL/kg/day, p.o.) while five other groups received a 10% (w/v) fructose solution
      in their drinking water to induce hypertension. By the end of the third week
      hypertension had been induced in all the animals receiving fructose. From the
      beginning of the fourth week to the end of the sixth week, one of those five
      groups (control) continued to receive only 10% (w/v) fructose solution, one group
      (standard) received ramipril (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) plus 10% (w/v) fructose
      solution, and three groups (experimental) received CA at doses of 20, 30, and 40
      mg/kg/day p.o., plus 10% (w/v) fructose solution. Blood pressure was measured
      weekly using a non-invasive blood pressure apparatus. After six weeks, the
      animals were sacrificed, and the anti-cataractogenic effects on the eye lenses
      were evaluated. RESULTS: Administration of fructose elevated both the systolic
      and the diastolic blood pressures, which were significantly reduced by CA at all
      dose levels. In the control group, a significant increase in the malonaldehyde
      (MDA) level and decreases in the total protein, Ca(2+)adenosine triphosphate
      (ATP)ase activity, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and
      glutathione levels, as compared to the normal group, were observed.
      Administration of CA at all doses significantly restored the enzymatic, non
      enzymatic, antioxidants, total protein, and Ca(2+)ATPase levels, but decreased
      the MDA level, as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The present study
      revealed that CA modulated the antioxidant parameters of the serum and lens
      homogenates in hypertension-induced cataractogenic animals.

PMID- 27386148
TI  - Vasorelaxation Study and Tri-Step Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Malaysian
      Local Herbs.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to investigate the activities of Malaysian
      local herbs (Clinacanthus nutans Lindau, Strobilanthes crispus, Murdannia
      bracteata, Elephantopus scaber Linn., Pereskia bleo, Pereskia grandifolia Haw.,
      Vernonia amygdalina, and Swietenia macrophylla King) for anti-hypertensive and
      vasorelaxant activity. An infrared (IR) macro-fingerprinting technique consisting
      of conventional fourier transform IR (FTIR), second-derivative IR (SD-IR), and
      two-dimensional correlation IR (2D-correlation IR) analyses were used to
      determine the main constituents and the fingerprints of the Malaysian local
      herbs. METHODS: The herbs were collected, ground into powder form, and then
      macerated by using three different solvents: distilled water, 50% ethanol, and
      95% ethanol, respectively. The potentials of the extracts produced from these
      herbs for use as vasorelaxants were determined. Additionally, the fingerprints of
      these herbs were analyzed by using FTIR spectra, SD-IR spectra, and 2D
      correlation IR spectra in order to identify their main constituents and to
      provide useful information for future pharmacodynamics studies. RESULTS:
      Swietenia macrophylla King has the highest potential in terms of vasorelaxant
      activity, followed by Vernonia amygdalina, Pereskia bleo, Strobilanthes crispus,
      Elephantopus scaber Linn., Pereskia grandifolia Haw., Clinacanthus nutans Lindau,
      and Murdannia bracteata. The tri-step IR macro-fingerprint of the herbs revealed
      that most of them contained proteins. Pereskia bleo and Pereskia grandifolia Haw.
      were found to contain calcium oxalate while Swietenia macrophylla King was found
      to contain large amounts of flavonoids. CONCLUSION: The flavonoid content of the
      herbs affects their vasorelaxant activity, and the tri-step IR macro- fingerprint
      method can be used as an analytical tool to determine the activity of a herbal
      medicine in terms of its vasorelaxant effect.

PMID- 27386149
TI  - Study of Intravenous Single-Dose Toxicity Test of Bufonis venonum
      Pharmacopuncture in Sprague-Dawley Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Bufonis venonum (BV) is toad venom and is the dried, white secretions
      of the auricular and the skin glands of toads. This study was performed to
      evaluate the toxicity of intravenous injection of Bufonis venonum
      pharmacopuncture (BVP) through a single- dose test with sprague-dawley (SD) rats.
      METHODS: Twenty male and 20 female 6-week-old SD rats were injected intravenously
      in the caudal vein with BVP or normal saline. The animals were divided into four
      groups with five female and five male rats per group: the control group injected
      with normal saline, the low-dosage group injected with 0.1 mL/animal of BVP, the
      medium-dosage group injected with 0.5 mL/ animal of BVP and the high-dosage group
      injected with 1.0 mL/animal of BVP. We performed clinical observations every day
      and body weight measurements on days 3, 7 and 14 after the injection. We also
      conducted hematology, serum biochemistry, and histological observations
      immediately after the observation period. RESULTS: No mortalities were observed
      in any experimental group. Paleness occurred in the medium- and the high-dosage
      groups, and congestion on tails was observed in females in the medium- and the
      high-dosage groups. No significant changes in weight, hematology, serum
      biochemistry, and histological observations that could be attributed to the
      intravenous injection of BVP were observed in any experimental group. CONCLUSION:
      The lethal dose of intravenously-administered BVP in SD rats is over 1.0
      mL/animal.

PMID- 27386150
TI  - Modulation of the Expression of the GABAA Receptor beta1 and beta3 Subunits by
      Pretreatment with Quercetin in the KA Model of Epilepsy in Mice: -The Effect of
      Quercetin on GABAA Receptor Beta Subunits.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Quercetin is a flavonoid and an important dietary constituent of
      fruits and vegetables. In recent years, several pharmacological activities of
      quercetin, such as its neuroprotective activity and, more specifically, its anti
      convulsant effects in animal models of epilepsy, have been reported. This study
      evaluated the role of quercetin pretreatment on gene expression of gamma-amino
      butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor beta subunits in kainic acid (KA)-induced
      seizures in mice. METHODS: The animals were divided into four groups: one saline
      group, one group in which seizures were induced by using KA (10 mg/kg) without
      quercetin pretreatment and two groups pretreated with quercetin (50 and 100
      mg/kg) prior to seizures being induced by using KA. Next, the messenger
      ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of the GABAA receptor beta subunits in the
      hippocampus of each animal were assessed at 2 hours and 7 days after KA
      administration. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay
      was used to detect mRNA content in hippocampal tissues. RESULTS: Pretreatments
      with quercetin at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg prevented significant increases in
      the mRNA levels of the beta 1 and the beta 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor at 2
      hours after KA injection. Pretreatment with quercetin (100 mg/kg) significantly
      inhibited beta 1 and beta 3 gene expression in the hippocampus at 7 days after KA
      injection. But, this inhibitory effect of quercetin at 50 mg/kg on the mRNA
      levels of the beta 3 subunit of the GABAA receptor was not observed at 7 days
      after KA administration. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that quercetin (100
      mg/kg) modulates the expression of the GABAA receptor beta 1 and beta 3 subunits
      in the KA model of epilepsy, most likely to prevent compensatory responses. This
      may be related to the narrow therapeutic dose range for the anticonvulsant
      activities of quercetin.

PMID- 27386153
TI  - An siRNA-based method for efficient silencing of gene expression in mature brown
      adipocytes.
AB  - Brown adipose tissue is a promising therapeutic target for opposing obesity,
      glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. The ability to modulate gene
      expression in mature brown adipocytes is important to understand brown adipocyte
      function and delineate novel regulatory mechanisms of non-shivering
      thermogenesis. The aim of this study was to optimize a lipofection-based small
      interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection protocol for efficient silencing of gene
      expression in mature brown adipocytes. We determined that a critical parameter
      was to deliver the siRNA to mature adipocytes by reverse transfection, i.e.
      transfection of non-adherent cells. Using this protocol, we effectively knocked
      down both high- and low-abundance transcripts in a model of mature brown
      adipocytes (WT-1) as well as in primary mature mouse brown adipocytes. A
      functional consequence of the knockdown was confirmed by an attenuated increase
      in uncoupled respiration (thermogenesis) in response to beta-adrenergic
      stimulation of mature WT-1 brown adipocytes transfected with uncoupling protein 1
      siRNA. Efficient gene silencing was also obtained in various mouse and human
      white adipocyte models (3T3-L1, primary mouse white adipocytes, hMADS) with the
      ability to undergo "browning." In summary, we report an easy and versatile
      reverse siRNA transfection protocol to achieve specific silencing of gene
      expression in various models of mature brown and browning-competent white
      adipocytes, including primary cells. 

PMID- 27386152
TI  - Surgical injury induces local and distant adipose tissue browning.
AB  - The adipose organ, which comprises brown, white and beige adipocytes, possesses
      remarkable plasticity in response to feeding and cold exposure. The development
      of beige adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT), a process called browning,
      represents a promising route to treat metabolic disorders. While surgical
      procedures constantly traumatize adipose tissue, its impact on adipocyte
      phenotype remains to be established. Herein, we studied the effect of trauma on
      adipocyte phenotype one day after sham, incision control, or surgical injury to
      the left inguinal adipose compartment. Caloric restriction was used to control
      for surgery-associated body temperature changes and weight loss. We characterized
      the trauma-induced cellular and molecular changes in subcutaneous, visceral,
      interscapular, and perivascular adipose tissue using histology,
      immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and flow cytometry analysis. After one
      day, surgical trauma stimulated adipose tissue browning at the site of injury
      and, importantly, in the contralateral inguinal depot. Browning was not present
      after incision only, and was largely independent of surgery-associated body
      temperature and weight loss. Adipose trauma rapidly recruited monocytes to the
      injured site and promoted alternatively activated macrophages. Conversely, PDGF
      receptor-positive beige progenitors were reduced. In this study, we identify
      adipose trauma as an unexpected driver of selected local and remote adipose
      tissue browning, holding important implications for the biologic response to
      surgical injury. 

PMID- 27386151
TI  - Fatty acid metabolism and the basis of brown adipose tissue function.
AB  - Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, leading to severe associated
      pathologies such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, cancer and type 2
      diabetes. Adipose tissue has become crucial due to its involvement in the
      pathogenesis of obesity-induced insulin resistance, and traditionally white
      adipose tissue has captured the most attention. However in the last decade the
      presence and activity of heat-generating brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult
      humans has been rediscovered. BAT decreases with age and in obese and diabetic
      patients. It has thus attracted strong scientific interest, and any strategy to
      increase its mass or activity might lead to new therapeutic approaches to obesity
      and associated metabolic diseases. In this review we highlight the mechanisms of
      fatty acid uptake, trafficking and oxidation in brown fat thermogenesis. We focus
      on BAT's morphological and functional characteristics and fatty acid synthesis,
      storage, oxidation and use as a source of energy. 

PMID- 27386154
TI  - Visfatin expression analysis in association with recruitment and activation of
      human and rodent brown and brite adipocytes.
AB  - Human brown adipocytes are able to burn fat and glucose and are now considered as
      a potential strategy to treat obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic disorders.
      Besides their thermogenic function, brown adipocytes are able to secrete
      adipokines. One of these is visfatin, a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
      involved in nicotinamide dinucleotide synthesis, which is known to participate in
      the synthesis of insulin by pancreatic beta cells. In a therapeutic context, it
      is of interest to establish whether a potential correlation exists between brown
      adipocyte activation and/or brite adipocyte recruitment, and adipokine
      expression. We analyzed visfatin expression, as a pre-requisite to its secretion,
      in rodent and human biopsies and cell models of brown/brite adipocytes. We found
      that visfatin was preferentially expressed in mature adipocytes and that this
      expression was higher in brown adipose tissue of rodents compared to other fat
      depots. However, using various rodent models we were unable to find any
      correlation between visfatin expression and brown or brite adipocyte activation
      or recruitment. Interestingly, the situation is different in humans where
      visfatin expression was found to be equivalent between white and brown or brite
      adipocytes in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, visfatin can be considered only
      as a rodent brown adipocyte biomarker, independently of tissue activation. 

PMID- 27386155
TI  - 14-3-3zeta: A numbers game in adipocyte function?
AB  - Molecular scaffolds are often viewed as passive signaling molecules that
      facilitate protein-protein interactions. However, new evidence gained from the
      use of loss-of-function or gain-of-function models is dispelling this notion. Our
      own recent discovery of 14-3-3zeta as an essential regulator of adipogenesis
      highlights the complex roles of this member of the 14-3-3 protein family.
      Depletion of the 14-3-3zeta isoform affected parallel pathways that drive
      adipocyte development, including pathways controlling the stability of key
      adipogenic transcription factors and cell cycle progression. Going beyond
      adipocyte differentiation, this study opens new avenues of research in the
      context of metabolism, as 14-3-3zeta binds to a variety of well-established
      metabolic proteins that harbor its canonical phosphorylation binding motifs. This
      suggests that 14-3-3zeta may contribute to key metabolic signaling pathways, such
      as those that facilitate glucose uptake and fatty acid metabolism. Herein, we
      discuss these novel areas of research, which will undoubtedly shed light onto
      novel roles of 14-3-3zeta, and perhaps its related family members, on glucose
      homeostasis. 

PMID- 27386157
TI  - Morphogenetics in brown, beige and white fat development.
AB  - Brown and beige (or brite) fat cells are capable of evoking non-shivering
      thermogenesis in response to cold and beta-adrenergic stimulation. By
      metabolizing lipids and carbohydrate via uncoupled respiration these cells
      directly convert energy to heat. The discovery of brown and brown-like adipocytes
      in adult humans has reinvigorated interest in stimulating brown and beige fat
      development to combat the obesity epidemic. This review focuses on the role that
      cytoskeleton dynamics play in the regulation of adipocyte biology, specifically
      beige and brown fat development and how newly discovered adipogenic morphogens
      affect these processes. 

PMID- 27386156
TI  - Adrenergic regulation of cellular plasticity in brown, beige/brite and white
      adipose tissues.
AB  - The discovery of brown adipose tissue in adult humans along with the recognition
      of adipocyte heterogeneity and plasticity of white fat depots has renewed the
      interest in targeting adipose tissue for therapeutic benefit. Adrenergic
      activation is a well-established means of recruiting catabolic adipocyte
      phenotypes in brown and white adipose tissues. In this article, we review
      mechanisms of brown adipocyte recruitment by the sympathetic nervous system and
      by direct beta-adrenergic receptor activation. We highlight the distinct modes of
      brown adipocyte recruitment in brown, beige/brite, and white adipose tissues,
      UCP1-independent thermogenesis, and potential non-thermogenic, metabolically
      beneficial effects of brown adipocytes. 

PMID- 27386159
TI  - Exercise regulation of adipose tissue.
AB  - Exercise training results in adaptations to numerous organ systems and offers
      protection against metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes, and
      recent reports suggest that adipose tissue may play a role in these beneficial
      effects of exercise on overall health. Multiple studies have investigated the
      effects of exercise training on both white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose
      tissue (BAT), as well as the induction of beige adipocytes. Studies from both
      rodents and humans show that there are exercise training-induced changes in WAT
      including decreased cell size and lipid content, and increased mitochondrial
      activity. In rodents, exercise training causes an increased beiging of WAT.
      Whether exercise training causes a beiging of human scWAT, as well as which
      factors contribute to the exercise-induced beiging of WAT are areas of current
      investigation. Studies investigating the effects of exercise training on BAT mass
      and function have yielded conflicting data, and hence, is another area of
      intensive investigation. This review will focus on studies aimed at elucidating
      the mechanisms regulating exercise training induced-adaptations to adipose
      tissue. 

PMID- 27386158
TI  - What induces watts in WAT?
AB  - Excess calories stored in white adipose tissue (WAT) could be reduced either
      through the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) or the development of brown
      like cells ("beige" or "brite") in WAT, a process named "browning." Calorie
      dissipation in brown and beige adipocytes might rely on the induction of
      uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which is absent in white fat cells. Any increase in
      UCP1 is commonly considered as the trademark of energy expenditure. The
      intracellular events involved in the recruitment process of beige precursors were
      extensively studied lately, as were the effectors, hormones, cytokines, nutrients
      and drugs able to modulate the route of browning and theoretically affect fat
      mass in rodents and in humans. The aim of this review is to update the
      characterization of the extracellular effectors that induce UCP1 in WAT and
      potentially provoke calorie dissipation. The potential influence of metabolic
      cycling in energy expenditure is also questioned. 

PMID- 27386160
TI  - The protein source determines the potential of high protein diets to attenuate
      obesity development in C57BL/6J mice.
AB  - The notion that the obesogenic potential of high fat diets in rodents is
      attenuated when the protein:carbohydrate ratio is increased is largely based on
      studies using casein or whey as the protein source. We fed C57BL/6J mice high fat
      high protein diets using casein, soy, cod, beef, chicken or pork as protein
      sources. Casein stood out as the most efficient in preventing weight gain and
      accretion of adipose mass. By contrast, mice fed diets based on pork or chicken,
      and to a lesser extent mice fed cod or beef protein, had increased adipose tissue
      mass gain relative to casein fed mice. Decreasing the protein:carbohydrate ratio
      in diets with casein or pork as protein sources led to accentuated fat mass
      accumulation. Pork fed mice were more obese than casein fed mice, and relative to
      casein, the pork-based feed induced substantial accumulation of fat in classic
      interscapular brown adipose tissue accompanied by decreased UCP1 expression.
      Furthermore, intake of a low fat diet with casein, but not pork, as a protein
      source reversed diet-induced obesity. Compared to pork, casein seems unique in
      maintaining the classical brown morphology in interscapular brown adipose tissue
      with high UCP1 expression. This was accompanied by increased expression of genes
      involved in a futile cycling of fatty acids. Our results demonstrate that intake
      of high protein diets based on other protein sources may not have similar
      effects, and hence, the obesity protective effect of high protein diets is
      clearly modulated by protein source. 

PMID- 27386161
TI  - Adipose tissue depot specific differences of PLIN protein content in endurance
      trained rats.
AB  - Adipose tissue is classified as either white (WAT) or brown (BAT) and differs not
      only by anatomical location but also in function. WAT is the main source of
      stored energy and releases fatty acids in times of energy demand, whereas BAT
      plays a role in regulating non-shivering thermogenesis and oxidizes fatty acids
      released from the lipid droplet. The PLIN family of proteins has recently emerged
      as being integral in the regulation of fatty acid storage and release in adipose
      tissue. Previous work has demonstrated that PLIN protein content varies among
      adipose tissue depots, however an examination of endurance training-induced depot
      specific changes in PLIN protein expression has yet to be done. Male Sprague
      dawley rats (n = 10) underwent 8-weeks of progressive treadmill training (18-25
      m/min for 30-60 min at 10% incline) or remained sedentary as control. Following
      training, under isoflurane induced anesthesia epidydmal (eWAT), inguinal
      subcutaneous (iWAT) and intrascapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) was excised, and
      plasma was collected. Endurance training resulted in an increase in BAT PLIN5 and
      iWAT PLIN3 content, while there was no difference in PLIN protein content in
      endurance trained eWAT. Interestingly, endurance training resulted in a robust
      increase in ATGL and CGI-58 in eWAT alone. Together these results suggest the
      potential of a depot specific function of PLIN3 and PLIN5 in adipose tissue in
      response to endurance training. 

PMID- 27386162
TI  - Wnt inhibition enhances browning of mouse primary white adipocytes.
AB  - The global epidemic in obesity and metabolic syndrome requires novel approaches
      to tackle. White adipose tissue, traditionally seen as a passive energy-storage
      organ, can be induced to take on certain characteristics of brown fat in a
      process called browning. The "browned" white adipose tissue, or beige fat, is a
      potential anti-obesity target. Various signaling pathways can enhance browning.
      Wnt is a key regulator of adipocyte biology, but its role in browning has not
      been explored. In this study, we found that in primary mouse adipocytes derived
      from the inguinal depot, Wnt inhibition by both chemical and genetic methods
      significantly enhanced browning. The effect of Wnt inhibition on browning most
      likely targets the beige precursor cells in selected adipose depots. 

PMID- 27386163
TI  - Liver X receptor beta: new player in the regulatory network of thyroid hormone
      and 'browning' of white fat.
AB  - The recent discovery of browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has raised great
      research interest because of its significant potential in counteracting obesity
      and type II diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying browning are still
      poorly understood. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are one class of nuclear receptors,
      which play a vital role in regulating cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose
      metabolism. Following our previous finding that LXRs serve as repressors of UCP1
      in classic brown adipose tissue in female mice, we found that LXRs, especially
      LXRbeta, also repress the browning process of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT)
      in male rodents fed a normal diet. Depletion of LXRs activated thyrotropin
      releasing hormone positive neurons in the paraventricular area of the
      hypothalamus, and thus stimulated secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone from
      the pituitary. Consequently production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland
      and circulating thyroid hormone level were increased. Moreover, the activity of
      thyroid signaling in SAT was markedly increased. One unexpected finding of our
      study is that LXRs are indispensable in the thyroid hormone negative feedback
      loop at the level of the hypothalamus. LXRs maintain expression of thyroid
      receptors in the brain and when they are inactivated there is no negative
      feedback of thyroid hormone in the hypothalamus. Together, our findings have
      uncovered the basis of increased energy expenditure in male LXR knock-out mice
      and provided support for targeting LXRs in treatment of obesity. 

PMID- 27386164
TI  - A joint graph inference case study: the C. elegans chemical and electrical
      connectomes.
AB  - We investigate joint graph inference for the chemical and electrical connectomes
      of the Caenorhabditis elegans roundworm. The C. elegans connectomes consist of
      [Formula: see text] non-isolated neurons with known functional attributes, and
      there are two types of synaptic connectomes, resulting in a pair of graphs. We
      formulate our joint graph inference from the perspectives of seeded graph
      matching and joint vertex classification. Our results suggest that connectomic
      inference should proceed in the joint space of the two connectomes, which has
      significant neuroscientific implications. 

PMID- 27386165
TI  - Hitting two birds with one stone: The unforeseen consequences of nested gene
      knockouts in Caenorhabditis elegans.
AB  - Nested genes represent an intriguing form of non-random genomic organization in
      which the boundaries of one gene are fully contained within another, longer host
      gene. The C. elegans genome contains over 10,000 nested genes, 92% of which are
      ncRNAs, which occur inside 16% of the protein coding gene complement. Host genes
      are longer than non-host coding genes, owing to their longer and more numerous
      introns. Indel alleles are available for nearly all of these host genes that
      simultaneously alter the nested gene, raising the possibility of nested gene
      disruption contributing to phenotypes that might be attributed to the host gene.
      Such dual-knockouts could represent a source of misinterpretation about host gene
      function. Dual-knockouts might also provide a novel source of synthetic
      phenotypes that reveal the functional effects of ncRNA genes, whereby the host
      gene disruption acts as a perturbed genetic background to help unmask ncRNA
      phenotypes. 

PMID- 27386166
TI  - Interplay between redox and protein homeostasis.
AB  - The subcellular compartments of eukaryotic cells are characterized by different
      redox environments. Whereas the cytosol, nucleus and mitochondria are more
      reducing, the endoplasmic reticulum represents a more oxidizing environment. As
      the redox level controls the formation of intra- and inter-molecular disulfide
      bonds, the folding of proteins is tightly linked to its environment. The
      proteostasis network of each compartment needs to be adapted to the compartmental
      redox properties. In addition to chaperones, also members of the thioredoxin
      superfamily can influence the folding of proteins by regulation of cysteine
      reduction/oxidation. This review will focus on thioredoxin superfamily members
      and chaperones of C. elegans, which play an important role at the interface
      between redox and protein homeostasis. Additionally, this review will highlight
      recent methodological developments on in vivo and in vitro assessment of the
      redox state and their application to provide insights into the high complexity of
      redox and proteostasis networks of C. elegans. 

PMID- 27386167
TI  - Cancer cachexia-when proteasomal inhibition is not enough.

PMID- 27386169
TI  - Espindolol for the treatment and prevention of cachexia in patients with stage
      III/IV non-small cell lung cancer or colorectal cancer: a randomized, double
      blind, placebo-controlled, international multicentre phase II study (the ACT-ONE
      trial).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cancer cachexia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with no
      widely approved treatment. METHODS: The ACT-ONE trial is a randomized, double
      blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, phase II multicentre trial in patients
      (25-80 years) with stages III or IV colorectal cancer or non-small cell lung
      cancer-related cachexia that tested two doses of espindolol (a novel non
      selective beta blocker with central 5-HT1a and partial beta2 receptor agonist
      effects). The primary endpoint was the difference in the rate of weight change
      over 16 weeks (linear mixed-effect model for repeated measures) between high-dose
      espindolol and placebo. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients were randomized centrally
      in blocks in a ratio 3:2:1 [42 high dose, 10 mg twice daily (bd):31 placebo:14
      low dose, 2.5 mg bd]. High-dose espindolol produced a statistically and
      clinically significant weight gain (+0.54 kg/4 weeks, 95% CI 0.38-0.70) compared
      with a weight loss on placebo (-0.21 kg/4 weeks, 95% CI -0.37-0.05); P < 0.0001.
      High-dose espindolol produced a statistically significant increase in lean body
      mass, whilst changes in fat mass were neutral. Hand grip strength significantly
      (high dose -1.15 +/- 0.7 kg, placebo -3.51 +/- 0.8 kg change per 4 weeks; P =
      0.0134), stair climbing power, and 6-min walk test non-significantly were all
      directionally in favour of high-dose espindolol. There were no clinically
      significant differences in safety signals or survival between treatment groups,
      although a numerical excess of dyspnoea was seen with high-dose espindolol
      (19.1%) compared with placebo (3.2%). CONCLUSIONS: This positive trial showed
      that espindolol 10 mg bd significantly reversed weight loss, improved fat free
      mass, and maintained fat mass in advanced colorectal cancer and non-small cell
      lung cancer-related cachexia. This was associated with a significant improvement
      in handgrip strength, supporting the further investigation of 10 mg bd espindolol
      for the treatment of cancer cachexia. Although not powered to look at dose
      response, most treatment effects for low dose lay between high dose and placebo,
      suggesting that there may be a dose response in the effects of espindolol.

PMID- 27386170
TI  - Breast carcinoma detection modes and death in a female population in relation to
      population-based mammography screening.
AB  - PURPOSE: Associations between population-based screening, breast carcinoma
      detection modes and breast carcinoma death have not been studied using nationwide
      data at individual level. We evaluated these in Finland, where invitational age
      is gradually expanding from 50-59 to 50-69 years in 2008-2017. We also predicted
      breast carcinoma patterns in 2020 to assess the impact of changing invitational
      policy on breast carcinoma incidence and mortality. METHODS: The data included
      breast carcinomas in 2000-2010 (n = 48 040), and deaths due to these carcinomas
      (n = 4722). We divided carcinomas into those detected before or after the
      screening age, and those detected at the screening age. The latter was further
      divided into screen-detected and interval carcinomas, and carcinomas in the non
      attendees. The prediction of future patterns was based on incidence data from the
      ten-year period 1998-2007 preceding the period of expanding invitational age in
      the national programme. RESULTS: Approximately 13% of in situ carcinomas were
      detected before, 29% after, and 57% at the screening age. In invasive cancers,
      the percentages were 16%, 42%, and 42%, respectively. At the screening age, more
      than half of invasive cancers were screening-detected, one quarter interval
      cancers, and one out of six cancers in the non-attendees. Almost 60% of breast
      cancer deaths were due to cancers detected after the screening age. By 2020,
      breast cancers detected at the screening age will increase from 42% to 65%, and
      breast cancers detected by screening from 23% to 38%. CONCLUSIONS: The study
      demonstrates a novel approach to examine associations between breast carcinoma
      incidence and mortality within and outside population-based screening. The
      results show mammography screening having a distinct role in overall breast
      carcinoma incidence and mortality.

PMID- 27386172
TI  - MicroRNA-target interactions in neurodegenerative diseases.

PMID- 27386171
TI  - Hybrid repair of an aortocaval fistula and inferior vena cava external
      compression caused by an inflammatory aortoiliac aneurysm: a case study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We report a case of aortocaval fistula successfully treated by
      hybrid operation. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 73-year-old female suffering from malignant
      lymphoma and painful leg edema was transferred to our institution. Computed
      tomography revealed an aortoiliac aneurysm. The inferior vena cava was compressed
      by displacement of the abdominal aortic aneurysm. The bilateral internal iliac
      and ovarian veins were markedly dilated. Diagnosis was an aortoiliac aneurysm
      with aortocaval fistula. The treatment options were open surgery or an
      intervention with bypass surgery. Because of narrow iliac access for a bifurcated
      stent graft, aorto-uni stentgraft treatment followed by bypass surgery was
      finally decided. Following stent graft insertion and iliofemoral artery bypass,
      the aneurysms and fistula were successfully excluded without endoleaks. To treat
      the inferior vena cava compression, the kissing technique was used to place bare
      metallic stents across the bilateral common iliac veins and inferior vena cava,
      which improved the clinical symptoms. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: In this
      aortocaval fistula caused by AAA, a minimally invasive treatment of stentgraft
      and bypass surgery with venous flow recovery was chosen as a hybrid treatment.
      Intravascular intervention was the most suitable in this situation. Bare stent
      placement for venous occlusion was also effective for revascularization of vena
      cava flow. CONCLUSION: Recent advances in endovascular devices, including stent
      grafts and bare metallic stents, will be helpful for effective noninvasive
      treatment for aortocaval fistula circulation.

PMID- 27386173
TI  - Purinergic transmission in brain tumors and its impact on drug development.

PMID- 27386174
TI  - Cannabinoid signalling in glioma cells.

PMID- 27386168
TI  - Cardiac cachexia: hic et nunc.
AB  - Cardiac cachexia (CC) is the clinical entity at the end of the chronic natural
      course of heart failure (HF). Despite the efforts, even the most recent
      definition of cardiac cachexia has been challenged, more precisely, the addition
      of new criteria on top of obligatory weight loss. The pathophysiology of CC is
      complex and multifactorial. A better understanding of pathophysiological pathways
      in body wasting will contribute to establish potentially novel treatment
      strategies. The complex biochemical network related with CC and HF
      pathophysiology underlines that a single biomarker cannot reflect all of the
      features of the disease. Biomarkers that could pick up the changes in body
      composition before they convey into clinical manifestations of CC would be of
      great importance. The development of preventive and therapeutic strategies
      against cachexia, sarcopenia, and wasting disorders is perceived as an urgent
      need by healthcare professionals. The treatment of body wasting remains an
      unresolved challenge to this day. As CC is a multifactorial disorder, it is
      unlikely that any single agent will be completely effective in treating this
      condition. Among all investigated therapeutic strategies, aerobic exercise
      training in HF patients is the most proved to counteract skeletal muscle wasting
      and is recommended by treatment guidelines for HF.

PMID- 27386175
TI  - The role of integrins in glioma biology and anti-glioma therapies.

PMID- 27386176
TI  - Drosophila modelling axonal transport in the face of tau pathology.

PMID- 27386177
TI  - The oligodendroglia cytoskeleton in health and disease.

PMID- 27386178
TI  - Tau regulates the localization and function of End Binding proteins in neuronal
      cells.

PMID- 27386179
TI  - Multiple signaling pathways of orexin receptors.

PMID- 27386180
TI  - Galanin receptor ligands.

PMID- 27386181
TI  - Application of fluorescence methods for characterization of ligand binding to G
      protein coupled receptors.

PMID- 27386182
TI  - Reacquisition of cocaine conditioned place preference and its inhibition by
      previous social interaction: Neurochemical and electrophysiological correlates in
      the nucleus accumbens corridor.

PMID- 27386183
TI  - Imaging of alpha2C-adrenoceptors in the living brain: a method to monitor
      noradrenaline release?

PMID- 27386184
TI  - The other side of opioid receptor signaling: regulation by protein-protein
      interaction.

PMID- 27386185
TI  - Autism as a disease of the synapse: search for mechanistic insight.

PMID- 27386186
TI  - Elucidating the mechanisms of TDP-43 aggregation in a cellular model of motor
      neuron disease.

PMID- 27386187
TI  - The role of dynein mediated transport in the clearance of misfolded proteins
      responsible for motoneuron diseases.

PMID- 27386188
TI  - Effects of novel synthetic microneurotrophins in diabetic retinopathy.

PMID- 27386189
TI  - Unravelling carbon monoxide protection in cerebral ischemia: from the organelle
      to the organism.

PMID- 27386190
TI  - The effect of different modes of hypobaric hypoxia on the expression of
      transcription factor pCREB and pro-survival proteins BDNF and BCL-2 in rat
      neocortex and hippocampus.

PMID- 27386191
TI  - Ankrd11 is a chromatin regulator involved in autism that is essential for neural
      development.

PMID- 27386192
TI  - Active endocannabinoids are secreted on the surface of microglial microvesicles.

PMID- 27386193
TI  - Peripheral nerve implants enriched with chemotactic factors for peripheral
      nervous tissue engineering.

PMID- 27386194
TI  - Uptake, metabolism and toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles in cultured
      microglia, astrocytes and neurons.

PMID- 27386195
TI  - Regulation of mitochondrial trafficking, function and quality control by the
      mitochondrial GTPases Miro1 and Miro2.

PMID- 27386196
TI  - Principles of mitochondrial fusion and fission cycle in neurons.

PMID- 27386197
TI  - Bioenergetic failure, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy.

PMID- 27386198
TI  - Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP): from autism to Alzheimer's
      disease.

PMID- 27386199
TI  - Neuronal-activity regulated gene expression: emphasis on BDNF.

PMID- 27386200
TI  - Epigenetic mechanisms of hypoxic preconditioning.

PMID- 27386201
TI  - Altered developmental neuroplasticity due to polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII
      deficiency in mice leads to schizophrenia-like phenotype.

PMID- 27386202
TI  - Role of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in regulation of neuronal genes.

PMID- 27386203
TI  - Anti-inflammatory activities of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) in
      the brain.

PMID- 27386204
TI  - Carbon monoxide targeting mitochondria in astrocytes: modulation of cell
      metabolism, redox response and cell death.

PMID- 27386205
TI  - Transcription Factor Nrf2: a novel target to modulate inflammatory and
      neuroprotective responses in Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 27386206
TI  - Neuroprotective effert of carbon monoxide and Nrf2 in cerebral ischemia.

PMID- 27386207
TI  - The lipogenic regulator Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Factor-1c is required
      to maintain peripheral nerve structure and function.

PMID- 27386208
TI  - The molecular control of GnRH neuron development.

PMID- 27386209
TI  - The role of microvascular endothelial WNT signaling the formation of the blood
      brain barrier.

PMID- 27386210
TI  - WNT signaling mechanisms in nociception and sensitization of afferent neurons.

PMID- 27386211
TI  - WNT signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neuron development and cell replacement
      therapies for Parkinson's disease.

PMID- 27386212
TI  - Two steps forward, one step back: successes and failures in structure-based
      discovery of GPCR ligands.

PMID- 27386213
TI  - WNT signaling in microglia and the glioma microenvironment.

PMID- 27386214
TI  - Translational repression in the pathogenesis of FUS- and C9orf72-dependent ALS.

PMID- 27386215
TI  - Post-transcriptional modifications caused by TDP-43 mutations in mouse and man.

PMID- 27386216
TI  - Sm-like proteins in the pathogenesis of Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

PMID- 27386217
TI  - Diverse roles of FUS in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

PMID- 27386218
TI  - The protein quality control system in motoneuron diseases.

PMID- 27386219
TI  - Neurochemical changes in different brain regions induced by PACAP - relations to
      neuroprotection.

PMID- 27386220
TI  - Contribution of the galanin system to inflammation.

PMID- 27386221
TI  - Characterization of neuropeptides which control cerebellar granule cell survival,
      migration and differentiation.

PMID- 27386222
TI  - A new face of orexins action - neuroprotection.

PMID- 27386223
TI  - Comparison of A1 and A2A receptor dynamics using FRET based receptor sensors.

PMID- 27386224
TI  - Defining the organizational structure of dopamine and muscarninic acetylcholine
      receptors.

PMID- 27386225
TI  - Investigation of GPCR allosterism and dimerization in single living cells using
      fluorescent ligands.

PMID- 27386226
TI  - Gliomas and epilepsy: Insights from neuropathological studies in humans.

PMID- 27386227
TI  - The excitement of conducting research and the practical implications.

PMID- 27386228
TI  - How to innovate and make successful business.

PMID- 27386229
TI  - Toxicities of docetaxel: original drug versus generics-a comparative study about
      81 cases.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Docetaxel is a chemotherapy drug widely prescribed in oncology that
      recognizes a variety of manufactured generics whose toxicity is increasingly
      reported. The aim of this study was to compare the toxicities between the
      original and a generics docetaxel in a Moroccan center. METHODS: In a cross
      sectional study, we enrolled patients treated with docetaxel from the oncology
      department of the military hospital of Rabat over a period of 2 years (2013
      2014). We compared the prevalence of hypersensitivity reactions, febrile
      neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and hematologic
      toxicities, between four different presentations of docetaxel including the
      original drug. Only grade II or worse adverse events related to chemotherapy were
      considered. Treatments discontinuations due to toxicity were also compared.
      Unusual skin toxicities were included. RESULTS: 81 patients were eligible for
      analysis [43/generics arm vs. 38/original drug arm. Hematological toxicity was
      significantly more frequent in the generic arm than in the original drug (32.6
      vs. 13.2 %; p = 0.04)]. Also, a signifying higher rate of treatment
      discontinuation was observed in the generic arm (39.5 vs. 7.9 %, p = 0.001). The
      use of specific generic increase numerically the skin toxicities (17.6 vs. 0 %, p
      = 0.026). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that generics of docetaxel are associated
      with an increase of hematological and cutaneous toxicities, an increase of
      treatment discontinuation rate and emphasize the need of a regulation of
      generics' manufacture.

PMID- 27386230
TI  - Assessment of selected nutrients and toxic metals in fruits, soils and irrigation
      waters of Awara Melka and Nura Era farms, Ethiopia.
AB  - The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of essential
      nutrients (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn) and toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in
      selected varieties of fruits (banana, grape, guava, mandarin and orange),
      farmland soils and irrigation waters to assess nutritional impact on health. The
      freeze dried fruits were digested using HNO3 and HClO4 and the levels of the
      elements determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The highest
      amount of K (3480) and Mg (281) and the lowest amount of Na (6.4) and Ca (75)
      ug/g were obtained in banana compared to other analyzed fruits. Cd was detected
      in guava (0.2 ug/g), orange (0.3 ug/g) and mandarin (0.1 ug/g), but not detected
      in banana and grape. Pb was not detected in all the fruits. Appreciable amount of
      total ascorbic acid was found in guava (1170 ug/g) compared to that of other
      fruits. Furthermore, farmland soils and irrigation waters were analyzed for the
      selected metals and physico-chemical properties of soils including pH, electrical
      conductivity, cation exchange capacity, texture and available phosphorus
      determined to elucidate factors controlling the availability of metals in fruits.
      Applying statistical packages, analysis of variances and Pearson correlation,
      links between metal levels in fruits and those in soil and water samples were
      evaluated. 

PMID- 27386231
TI  - Hybrid photonic crystal fiber in chemical sensing.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this article, a hybrid photonic crystal fiber has been proposed
      for chemical sensing. A FEM has been applied for numerical investigation of some
      propagation characteristics of the PCF at a wider wavelength from 0.7 to 1.7 um.
      The geometrical parameters altered to determine the optimized values. The
      proposed PCF contains three rings of circular holes in the cladding where the
      core is formulated with microstructure elliptical holes. RESULTS: The simulation
      result reveals that our proposed PCF exhibits high sensitivity and low
      confinement loss for benzene, ethanol and water than the prior PCFs. We have also
      shown that our proposed PCF shows high birefringence for benzene 1.544 * 10(-3),
      for ethanol 1.513 * 10(-3) and for water 1.474 * 10(-3) at lambda = 1.33 um.
      CONCLUSION: The proposed PCF is simple with three rings which can be used for the
      sensing applications of industrially valuable lower indexed chemicals.

PMID- 27386232
TI  - Optimal injection rate of ultrasound contrast agent for evaluation of focal liver
      lesions using an automatic power injector: a pilot study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal bolus injection rate of ultrasound (US)
      contrast agent in vascular imaging for focal liver lesions. METHODS: Thirteen
      patients with 13 focal liver lesions (5 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) with
      cirrhosis, 4 liver metastases, 2 hemangiomas, 1 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,
      1 focal nodular hyperplasia) received two bolus injections of Sonazoid (at 0.5
      and 2.0 mL/s) using an automatic power injector. The lesion-to-liver contrast
      ratio at peak enhancement was quantitatively evaluated. Enhancement of the
      lesions compared to liver parenchyma was assessed by two independent readers
      using a five-point scale and qualitatively evaluated by receiver operating
      characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: For all lesions, the contrast ratio was
      not significantly different between the two injection rates. For HCCs, the
      contrast ratio was higher at 0.5 mL/s (7.41 +/- 6.56) than at 2.0 mL/s (4.28 +/-
      4.66, p = 0.025). For all lesions, the mean area under the ROC curve (AUC) was
      not significantly different between the two injection rates. For HCCs, the AUC
      was greater at 0.5 mL/s than at 2.0 mL/s (AUC: 0.86, p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: In
      contrast-enhanced US, an injection rate of 0.5 mL/s is superior to an injection
      rate of 2.0 mL/s for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of HCCs in the
      cirrhotic liver.

PMID- 27386233
TI  - Screening regional management options for their impact on climate resilience: an
      approach and case study in the Venen-Vechtstreek wetlands in the Netherlands.
AB  - Freshwater systems provide various resources and services. These are often
      vulnerable to climate change and other pressures. Therefore, enhancing resilience
      to climate change is important for their long term viability. This paper explores
      how management options can be evaluated on their resilience implications. The
      approach included five steps: (1) characterizing the system, (2) characterizing
      the impacts of climate change and other disturbances, (3) inventorying management
      options, (4) assessing the impacts of these on climate resilience, and (5) follow
      up analysis. For the resilience assessment, we used a set of 'resilience
      principles': homeostasis, omnivory, high flux, flatness, buffering, and
      redundancy. We applied the approach in a case study in a Dutch wetlands region.
      Many options in the region's management plan contribute to resilience, however,
      the plan underutilised several principles, particularly flatness, but also
      redundancy and omnivory for agriculture, and high flux for nature. Co-benefits
      was identified as an important additional criterion to obtain support for
      adaptation from local stakeholders, such as farmers. The approach provided a
      relatively quick and participatory way to screen options. It allowed us to
      consider multiple impacts and sectors, multiple dimensions of resilience, and
      stakeholder perspectives. The results can be used to identify gaps or pitfalls,
      and set priorities for follow-up analyses. 

PMID- 27386234
TI  - An investigation on NO removal by wet scrubbing using NaClO2 seawater solution.
AB  - The experiments were conducted to investigate the NO removal by wet scrubbing
      using NaClO2 seawater solution in a cyclic scrubbing mode. Results show that,
      when the concentration of NaClO2 in scrubbing solution is higher than 10 mM, a
      complete removal of NO can be achieved during the cyclic scrubbing process. The
      breakthrough time for seawater with 15 mM NaClO2 is enhanced by 34.3 % compared
      with that for NaClO2 freshwater. The extension of the breakthrough time for
      NaClO2 seawater is mainly ascribed to the improved utilization of NaClO2 in the
      solution. The good buffering ability of seawater could suppress the acidic
      decomposition of NaClO2 into ClO2 effectively. The analysis of reaction products
      indicates that the main anions in the spent liquor are chloride ions and nitrate
      ions. The calculation of NaClO2 utilization according to the ion chromatography
      also agrees well with the experimental results of breakthrough times. 

PMID- 27386235
TI  - Large deflection response of restrained steel beams under fire and explosion
      loads.
AB  - A numerical study on the response of steel beams to fire and explosion is
      presented in this paper. First, a unified computing model, which can be used to
      simulate the behaviour of beams under four loading scenarios that involve fire
      and explosion or impact, is constructed. The proposed technique allows complete
      transparency of the influence of the various parameters on the structural
      behaviour. Second, the effects of load level on critical temperature are analyzed
      for various static and explosion load ratios. Two cases of explosion and fire
      loading sequences are compared, it is shown that the critical temperature of the
      beam subjected to fire followed by an explosion is lower than that of the beam
      subjected to an explosion followed by fire. The influence of temperature on the p
      i diagram is investigated, an iso-damage surface is introduced to distinguish
      safe and unsafe regions. Third, the limiting temperature criteria are further
      examined. That is, the first and second limiting temperatures can be determined
      when the dimensional catenary force is equal to zero or to one, which corresponds
      to the bending or stretching plastic hinge, respectively. 

PMID- 27386236
TI  - Fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination in maize collected from Gedeo zone,
      Ethiopia.
AB  - Aflatoxins contamination of maize exhibits a serious threat to human and animal
      health over the past few decades. To protect the safety of food commodities,
      regular monitoring for afltoxins in food is necessary. In the proposed study, we
      have followed a rapid and sensitive biosensor approach as well as thin layer
      chromatography method for quantification of aflatoxins. Our data demonstrate that
      all the samples tested were beyond the safety level of aflatoxins as determined
      by Food and Drug Administration and European Union. Results of fungal mycoflora
      evidenced the massive presence of Aspergillus species (75 %) followed by Fusarium
      (11 %), Penicillium (8 %) and Trichoderma (6 %) as characterized by biochemical
      and sporulation properties. Use of internationally developed biosensor for
      detection of fungal toxin in this work is the first approach that was utilized in
      the developing country like Ethiopia. In the end, we conclude that fungal
      contaminant and there metabolites are potential threat to the agricultural
      industry and require urgent intervention. 

PMID- 27386237
TI  - Experimental determination of TRIP-parameter K for mild- and high-strength low
      alloy steels and a super martensitic filler material.
AB  - A combined experimental numerical approach is applied to determine the
      transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-parameter K for different strength low
      alloy steels of grade S355J2+N and S960QL as well as the super martensitic filler
      CN13-4-IG containing 13 wt% chromium and 4 wt% nickel. The thermo-physical
      analyses were conducted using a Gleeble ((r)) 3500 facility. The thermal
      histories of the specimens to be tested were extracted from corresponding
      simulations of a real gas metal arc weldment. In contrast to common TRIP
      experiments which are based on complex specimens a simple flat specimen was
      utilized together with an engineering evaluation method. The evaluation method
      was validated with literature values for the TRIP-parameter. It could be shown
      that the proposed approach enables a correct description of the TRIP behavior. 

PMID- 27386238
TI  - Numerical investigation of soil plugging effect inside sleeve of cast-in-place
      piles driven by vibratory hammers in clays.
AB  - During driving sleeve of cast-in-place piles by vibratory hammers, soils were
      squeezed into sleeve and then soil plugging was formed. The physic-mechanical
      properties of the soil plug have direct influence on the load transmission
      between the sleeve wall and soil plug. Nevertheless, the researches on this issue
      are insufficient. In this study, finite element and infinite element coupling
      model was introduced, through the commercial code ABAQUS, to simulate the full
      penetration process of the sleeve driven from the ground surface to the desired
      depth by applying vibratory hammers. The research results indicated that the
      cyclic shearing action decreases both in soil shear strength and in granular
      cementation force when the sleeve is driven by vibratory hammers, which leads to
      a partially plugged mode of the soil plug inside the sleeve. Accordingly, the
      penetration resistance of sleeve driven by vibratory hammers is the smallest
      compared to those by other installation methods. When driving the sleeve, the
      annular soil arches forming in the soil plug at sleeve end induce a significant
      rise in the internal shaft resistance. Moreover, the influence of vibration
      frequencies, sleeve diameters, and soil layer properties on the soil plug was
      investigated in detail, and at the same time improved formulas were brought
      forward to describe the soil plug resistance inside vibratory driven sleeve. 

PMID- 27386239
TI  - Risk factors and influence of carbapenem exposure on the development of
      carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections and infections
      at sterile sites.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections from blood or sterile
      sites were evaluated to determine risk factors associated with carbapenem
      resistance (CRPA) compared to carbapenem sensitivity (CSPA) as well as prior
      carbapenem use and the development of resistance. FINDINGS: Retrospective chart
      review of 80 patients hospitalized with a documented P. aeruginosa infection
      during 2010-2011. Stored isolates were retested with both Kirby-Bauer disk
      diffusion and E-tests. Clinical characteristic of patients in the CRPA (N = 21)
      and the CSPA (N = 59) groups were similar. Hospital acquired (HA) infections were
      more common in the CRPA group compared to the CSPA group (71 vs 44 %, p = 0.04)
      and CRPA patients were more likely to have a Foley catheter at the time of
      infection (71 vs 37 %, p = 0.01). There was more carbapenem use in the CRPA group
      prior to onset of infection (59 vs 22 %, OR 5.1, 95 % CI 1.3-20.8, p = 0.01).
      Length of stay was significantly longer in the CRPA group (mean 44 days) compared
      to the CSPA group (mean 23 days), p = 0.02. Mortality between the two groups was
      similar and there were no differences between groups for death attributable to
      Pseudomonas. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CRPA were more likely to have HA
      infections and to have a multidrug resistant profile. Other identifiable risks
      included a Foley catheter in place at the time of infection and exposure to a
      carbapenem prior to infection. Prompt removal of devices and judicious use of
      antibiotics may be interventions that can impact the development of this kind of
      infections.

PMID- 27386240
TI  - Fast entropy-based CABAC rate estimation for mode decision in HEVC.
AB  - High efficiency video coding (HEVC) seeks the best code tree configuration, the
      best prediction unit division and the prediction mode, by evaluating the rate
      distortion functional in a recursive way and using a "try all and select the
      best" strategy. Further, HEVC only supports context adaptive binary arithmetic
      coding (CABAC), which has the disadvantage of being highly sequential and having
      strong data dependencies, as the entropy coder. So, the development of a fast
      rate estimation algorithm for CABAC-based coding has a great practical
      significance for mode decision in HEVC. There are three elementary steps in CABAC
      encoding process: binarization, context modeling, and binary arithmetic coding.
      Typical approaches to fast CABAC rate estimation simplify or eliminate the last
      two steps, but leave the binarization step unchanged. To maximize the reduction
      of computational complexity, we propose a fast entropy-based CABAC rate estimator
      in this paper. It eliminates not only the modeling and the coding steps, but also
      the binarization step. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed
      estimator is able to reduce the computational complexity of the mode decision in
      HEVC by 9-23 % with negligible PSNR loss and BD-rate increment, and therefore
      exhibits applicability to practical HEVC encoder implementation. 

PMID- 27386242
TI  - mCAF: a multi-dimensional clustering algorithm for friends of social network
      services.
AB  - In recent years, social network services have grown rapidly. The number of
      friends of each user using social network services has also increased
      significantly and is so large that clustering and managing these friends has
      become difficult. In this paper, we propose an algorithm called mCAF that
      automatically clusters friends. Additionally, we propose methods that define the
      distance between different friends based on different sets of measurements. Our
      proposed mCAF algorithm attempts to reduce the effort and time required for users
      to manage their friends in social network services. The proposed algorithm could
      be more flexible and convenient by implementing different privacy settings for
      different groups of friends. According to our experimental results, we find that
      the improved ratios between mCAF and SCAN are 35.8 % in similarity and 84.9 % in
      F 1 score. 

PMID- 27386241
TI  - Failure patterns and survival outcomes in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): a
      15 year comparison of 448 non-Hispanic black and white women.
AB  - PURPOSE: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a distinct subtype of breast
      cancer with unique pathologic, molecular and clinical behavior. It occurs more
      frequently in young blacks and has been reported to have a shorter disease-free
      interval. We undertook this study to analyze the demographic characteristics,
      failure patterns, and survival outcomes in this disease. METHODS: A total of 448
      non-Hispanic black and white women were identified over a 15 year period from
      1996 to 2011. Demographic and clinical information including age, race,
      menopausal status, stage, tumor characteristics, and treatments were collected.
      Fisher's exact test and multivariable Cox regression were used to compare failure
      patterns and survival outcomes between races. RESULTS: 49 % (n = 223) were black.
      59 % patients were between 41 and 60 years, with 18 % <=40 years. 57 % were
      premenopausal and 89 % had grade 3 tumors. Stage II (47 %) was most frequent
      stage at diagnosis followed by stage III (28 %). 32 % had lymphovascular
      invasion. Adjusting for age, stage, and grade, there was no difference in
      survival outcomes (OS, DFS, LFFS, and DFFS) between the two races. 62 (14 %)
      patients failed locally either in ipsilateral breast or chest wall, and 19 (4 %)
      failed in the regional lymphatics. Lung (18 %) was the most frequent distant
      failure site with <12 % each failing in brain, liver and bones. CONCLUSION:
      Failure patterns and survival outcomes did not differ by race in this large
      collection of TNBC cases. Lung was the predominate site of distant failure
      followed by brain, bone, and liver. Few patients failed in the regional
      lymphatics.

PMID- 27386243
TI  - Study of streptomycin-induced ototoxicity: protocol for a longitudinal study.
AB  - Hearing impairment is due to various causes including ototoxicity from
      aminoglycosides. The susceptibility to aminoglycosides increases in the presence
      of certain mitochondria gene mutations. There is unrestrained use of
      aminoglycosides in many developing nations which may worsen the burden of hearing
      impairment in these countries but there is lack of data to drive required policy
      changes. Streptomycin (an aminoglycoside) is part of the drug regimen in re
      treatment of tuberculosis. Exploring the impact of streptomycin ototoxicity in
      tuberculosis patients provides a unique opportunity to study aminoglycoside
      ototoxicity within the population thus providing data that can inform policy.
      Also, since streptomycin ototoxicity could adversely affect treatment adherence
      in tuberculosis patients this study could enable better pre-treatment counseling
      with subsequent better treatment adherence. Patients on tuberculosis re-treatment
      will be recruited longitudinally from Direct Observation Therapy-Short course
      centers. A baseline full audiologic assessment will be done before commencement
      of treatment and after completion of treatment. Early detection of ototoxicity
      will be determined using the American Speech and Hearing Association criteria and
      genetic analysis to determine relevant mitochondria gene mutations will be done.
      The incidence of ototoxicity in the cohort will be analyzed. Both Kaplan-Meier
      survival curve and Cox proportional hazards tests will be utilized to determine
      factors associated with development of ototoxicity and to examine association
      between genotype status and ototoxicity. This study will provide data on the
      burden and associated predictors of developing aminoglycoside induced
      ototoxicity. This will inform public health strategies to regulate aminoglycoside
      usage and optimization of treatment adherence and the management of drug-induced
      ototoxicity among TB patients. Furthermore the study will describe mitochondrial
      gene mutations associated with ototoxicity in the African population. 

PMID- 27386244
TI  - Effect of water stress on growth of three linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)
      varieties.
AB  - Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an annual oil crop that accounts for
      approximately 1 % of the world's oilseed supplies. It produces seeds that are
      rich in the health-promoting omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic. In Kenya,
      linseed is grown in the Rift Valley and Western regions, places which often
      experience drought. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of water stress
      on growth of three linseed cultivars and to establish the extent of drought
      tolerance in the three cultivars. A greenhouse pot experiment in a completely
      randomized design was conducted at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
      Technology, Kenya. The pots were well watered until the fourth week when watering
      was completely withheld to a half of the pots (stressed) while the other half
      (well watered control) was maintained at 90 % field capacity. Destructive
      harvesting was done when the stressed pots were at 90, 70, 60, 50, 40 % field
      capacities and at permanent wilting point. The experiment was replicated thrice
      and was repeated twice (February-May and August-November 2014). There were no
      significant differences in production of leaves, plant height, number of tillers
      and biomass between the three varieties in both seasons. Subjecting the linseed
      varieties to permanent wilting resulted in reduced production of leaves, growth
      in height, production of tillers and dry weight by 20-40 %. Decline in all growth
      parameters begun when 30-80 % of available soil water had been used up. There
      existed linear relationships between the various evaluated growth parameters.
      These relationships were not influenced either by the water status of soil or the
      varieties. Relative water content for the three linseed varieties declined after
      25-67 % of available soil water had been used up. 

PMID- 27386245
TI  - Influence of preactivation on fascicle behavior during eccentric contraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Because muscle fascicle behavior affects to the force-generating
      capability, understanding of muscle fascicle length changes during dynamic
      movements is important. Preactivation may affect the muscle fascicle length
      changes, especially in the case of eccentric contraction. However, its influence
      has not been clarified. To this end, muscle fascicle behavior during eccentric
      contraction was compared between preactivation and no-preactivation conditions.
      RESULTS: Seven healthy men (24.6 +/- 2.2 years, 169 +/- 2 cm, 68.0 +/- 5.1 kg)
      participated in this study. An eccentric knee extension controlled by a Biodex
      system was adopted as the testing motion. Muscle fascicle behavior of vastus
      lateralis during eccentric knee extensions was compared following two conditions.
      In preactivation condition, isometric preactivation was conducted before
      initiating eccentric contraction. On the other hand, in no-preactivation
      condition, muscle contraction was initiated immediately after initiating the knee
      angle change induced by a dynamometer. The muscle fascicle length at the onset of
      eccentric contraction was significantly shorter in preactivation condition than
      in no-preactivation condition (Cohen's d = 0.98, p < 0.001) although that at the
      end of eccentric contraction was not different (Cohen's d = 0.08, p = 0.844). The
      muscle fascicle was elongated throughout the eccentric contraction phase in
      preactivation condition. On the other hand, muscle fascicle was shortened in the
      first part, and then elongated in the latter part of the eccentric contraction
      phase in no-preactivation condition. CONCLUSIONS: The muscle fascicle is
      shortened even during eccentric contraction phase. However, this shortening is
      disappeared when preactivation is conducted.

PMID- 27386246
TI  - Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced miR-132 regulates TNFalpha expression in THP-1
      derived macrophages.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease induced by
      periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). MicroRNAs
      (miRNAs) are small single-stranded noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression
      at the level of translation. MiRNAs have been reported to be involved in
      inflammatory processes. In this study, we examined the effects of P. gingivalis
      induced inflammatory miRNAs expression on TNFalpha production in THP-1 derived
      macrophages. RESULTS: Porphyromonas gingivalis induced the expression of miR-132.
      P. gingivalis-induced miR-132 expression was significantly inhibited by TLR2/4
      knock-down and NF-kappaB inhibitor. Additionally, miR-132 antagomir strongly
      repressed production of TNFalpha. The expression of NFE2L2 and NFAT5, the
      putative target genes of miR-132 involved in regulation of TNFalpha, decreased in
      response to P. gingivalis. Furthermore, miR-132 antagomir rescued P. gingivalis
      induced suppression of NFE2L2 and NFAT5. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that
      the induction of miR-132 by P. gingivalis can modulate the pathogenesis of
      periodontitis induced via regulatory expression of TNFalpha.

PMID- 27386247
TI  - Studies on the alterations in haematological indices, micronuclei induction and
      pathological marker enzyme activities in Channa punctatus (spotted snakehead)
      perciformes, channidae exposed to thermal power plant effluent.
AB  - The present study was conducted to assess the toxicity of thermal power plant
      effluent containing heavy metals (Fe > Cu > Zn > Mn > Ni > Co > Cr) on
      haematological indices, micronuclei, lobed nuclei and activity of pathological
      marker enzymes [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transferase (AST), alanine
      transferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK)] in Channa punctatus. Total
      erythrocyte count (-54.52 %), hemoglobin (-36.98 %), packed cell volume (-36.25
      %), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (-1.41 %) and oxygen (O2) carrying
      capacity (-37.04 %) declined significantly over reference fish, however total
      leukocyte count (+25.43 %), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (+33.52 %) and mean
      corpuscular volume (+35.49 %) showed elevation. High frequency of micronuclei
      (1133.3 %) and lobed nuclei (150 %) were observed in exposed fish which may
      indicate mutagenesis. Activities of pathological marker enzymes ALP, AST, ALT and
      CK increased significantly in serum of exposed fish. The ratio of ALT: AST in
      exposed fish was beyond 1 which indicates manifestation of pathological
      processes. These biomarkers show that fish have macrocytic hypochromic anemia.
      Leukocytosis showed general defence response against heavy metal toxicity and
      marker enzymes showed tissue degeneration. In conclusion, thermal power plant
      effluent has strong potential to induce micronuclei, tissue pathology, making the
      fish anemic, weak, stressed and vulnerable to diseases. 

PMID- 27386248
TI  - Biodegradation of different formulations of polyhydroxybutyrate films in soil.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Petroleum polymers contribute to non-degradable waste materials and
      it would therefore be desirable to produce ecofriendly degradable materials.
      Biodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in the presence of oligomer hydrolase
      and PHB depolymerase gave 3-hydroxybutyric acid which could be oxidized to acetyl
      acetate. Several bacteria and fungi can degrade PHB in the soil. RESULTS:
      Biodegradation of PHB showed a significant decrease in the molecular weight (Mw),
      number-average molecular weight (Mn) and the dispersity (Mw/Mn) for all the film
      formulations. Nanofibers of PHB and its composites showed faster degradation
      compared to other films and displayed complete degradation after 3 weeks. The SEM
      micrographs showed various surface morphology changes including alterations in
      appearance of pores, cavity, grooves, incisions, slots and pointers. Such changes
      were due to the growth of microorganisms that secreted PHB depolymerase enzyme
      which lead to the biopolymer films degradation. However, PHB nanofibers and its
      composites films in the presence of TiO2 demonstrated more surface changes with
      rupture of most nanofibers in which there was a drop in fibres diameter.
      CONCLUSIONS: The degradation of biopolymers help to overcome some of the
      pollution problems associated with the use of petroleum polymers. PHB nanofiber
      and its TiO2 composite were degraded faster compared to other PHB film types due
      to their three dimensional and high surface area structures. The presence of TiO2
      nanoparticles in the composite films slowdown the degradation process compared to
      PHB films. Additionally, the PHB and its composite films that were prepared from
      UV treated PHB films led to acceleration of the degradation.Graphical
      abstractBiodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate films in soil.

PMID- 27386249
TI  - Preclinical study of diagnostic performances of contrast-enhanced spectral
      mammography versus MRI for breast diseases in China.
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate diagnostic performances of CESM for breast diseases with
      comparison to breast MRI in China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-eight patients
      with 77 breast lesions underwent MR and CESM. Two radiologists interpreted either
      MRI or CESM images, separately and independently. BI-RADS 1-3 and BI-RADS 4-5
      were classified into the suspicious benign and suspicious malignant groups.
      Diagnostic accuracy parameters were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic
      (ROC) curves were constructed for the two modalities. The agreement and
      correlation between maximum lesion diameter based on CESM and MRI, or CESM and
      pathology were analyzed. RESULTS: Diagnostic accuracy parameters for CESM were
      sensitivity 95.8 %, specificity 65.5 %, PPV 82.1 %, NPV 90.5 % and accuracy 84.4
      %. The diagnostic accuracy parameters for breast MRI were sensitivity 93.8 %,
      specificity 82.8 %, PPV 88.2 %, NPV 92.3 %and accuracy 89.6 %. Area under the
      curve (AUC) of ROC was 0.96 for breast MRI and 0.88 for CESM. The Bland-Altman
      plots showed a mean difference of 0.7 mm with 95 % limits of agreement of 11.4 mm
      in tumor diameter measured using CESM and breast MRI. The differences of size
      measurement between CESM and breast MRI were significant, whereas no difference
      was observed between CESM and pathology as well as between breast MRI and
      pathology. The better correlation with pathological results was found in CESM
      than breast MRI. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that CESM possesses better
      diagnostic performances than breast MRI in terms of diagnostic sensitivity and
      lesion size assessment. And CESM is a good alternative method of screening breast
      cancer in high-risk people.

PMID- 27386250
TI  - Effects of permissive hypercapnia on pulmonary and neurodevelopmental sequelae in
      extremely low birth weight infants: a meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and
      safety of permissive hypercapnia in extremely low birth weight infants. METHODS:
      A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of randomized
      trials. Eligibility and quality of trials were assessed, and data on study
      design, patient characteristics, and relevant outcomes were extracted. RESULTS:
      Four studies that enrolled a total of 693 participants were selected. Meta
      analysis revealed no effect of permissive hypercapnia on decreasing rates of
      bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Permissive hypercapnia also had no significant
      effect on mortality, intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), IVH (grade 3-4),
      periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy
      of prematurity (ROP) or air leaks in extremely low birth weight infants.
      Neurodevelopmental outcomes were comparable at 18-22 months' corrected age in two
      studies. permissive hypercapnia did not increase the risk of cerebral palsy,
      Mental Developmental Index <70, Psychomotor Developmental Index <70, visual
      deficit, or hearing deficit. CONCLUSIONS: Permissive hypercapnia did not reduce
      the rate of BPD in extremely low birth weight infants. The rates of mortality,
      IVH, PVL, NEC, ROP and neurodevelopmental outcomes did not differ between these
      two groups. These results suggest that permissive hypercapnia does not bring
      extra benefits in extremely low birth weight infants.

PMID- 27386251
TI  - Automated vision system for fabric defect inspection using Gabor filters and
      PCNN.
AB  - In this study, an embedded machine vision system using Gabor filters and Pulse
      Coupled Neural Network (PCNN) is developed to identify defects of warp-knitted
      fabrics automatically. The system consists of smart cameras and a Human Machine
      Interface (HMI) controller. A hybrid detection algorithm combing Gabor filters
      and PCNN is running on the SOC processor of the smart camera. First, Gabor
      filters are employed to enhance the contrast of images captured by a CMOS sensor.
      Second, defect areas are segmented by PCNN with adaptive parameter setting.
      Third, smart cameras will notice the controller to stop the warp-knitting machine
      once defects are found out. Experimental results demonstrate that the hybrid
      method is superior to Gabor and wavelet methods on detection accuracy. Actual
      operations in a textile factory verify the effectiveness of the inspection
      system. 

PMID- 27386252
TI  - On implementation of DCTCP on three-tier and fat-tree data center network
      topologies.
AB  - A data center is a facility for housing computational and storage systems
      interconnected through a communication network called data center network (DCN).
      Due to a tremendous growth in the computational power, storage capacity and the
      number of inter-connected servers, the DCN faces challenges concerning
      efficiency, reliability and scalability. Although transmission control protocol
      (TCP) is a time-tested transport protocol in the Internet, DCN challenges such as
      inadequate buffer space in switches and bandwidth limitations have prompted the
      researchers to propose techniques to improve TCP performance or design new
      transport protocols for DCN. Data center TCP (DCTCP) emerge as one of the most
      promising solutions in this domain which employs the explicit congestion
      notification feature of TCP to enhance the TCP congestion control algorithm.
      While DCTCP has been analyzed for two-tier tree-based DCN topology for traffic
      between servers in the same rack which is common in cloud applications, it
      remains oblivious to the traffic patterns common in university and private
      enterprise networks which traverse the complete network interconnect spanning
      upper tier layers. We also recognize that DCTCP performance cannot remain
      unaffected by the underlying DCN architecture hence there is a need to test and
      compare DCTCP performance when implemented over diverse DCN architectures. Some
      of the most notable DCN architectures are the legacy three-tier, fat-tree, BCube,
      DCell, VL2, and CamCube. In this research, we simulate the two switch-centric DCN
      architectures; the widely deployed legacy three-tier architecture and the
      promising fat-tree architecture using network simulator and analyze the
      performance of DCTCP in terms of throughput and delay for realistic traffic
      patterns. We also examine how DCTCP prevents incast and outcast congestion when
      realistic DCN traffic patterns are employed in above mentioned topologies. Our
      results show that the underlying DCN architecture significantly impacts DCTCP
      performance. We find that DCTCP gives optimal performance in fat-tree topology
      and is most suitable for large networks. 

PMID- 27386254
TI  - Keys to active ageing: new communication technologies and lifelong learning.
AB  - The purpose of this study is to describe the creation and implementation of an
      ICT education program for the elderly in various Active Participation Centers in
      Almeria (Spain), assessing its impact on quality of life. From a randomized
      sample of 200 individuals over the age of 55. Results reveal a high degree of
      participant satisfaction (76.6 %), as well as improvements in quality of life as
      compared to the control group after the 3 month program health factor: p = 0.004;
      leisure and activity factor: p = 0.001; Satisfaction with Life Factor: p < 0.001.
      The analysis conducted to determine the influence of age and gender on quality of
      life indicates that there are statistically significant differences in regards to
      age (the younger groups had higher scores) and gender (the males). This study may
      serve to facilitate similar works that promotes on-going education in different
      locations and across the lifespan. 

PMID- 27386253
TI  - Association of HOMER1 rs2290639 with suicide attempts in Hong Kong Chinese and
      the potentially functional role of this polymorphism.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Animal evidence and genetic studies suggest that HOMER1 (homer homolog
      1) is involved in the etiology of suicidal behavior and major depression disorder
      (MDD). However, most of genetic studies were performed in Caucasians and the
      potentially functional role of associated polymorphisms in HOMER1 was seldom
      reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of a
      HOMER1 polymorphism rs2290639 with suicide attempts (SA) and MDD in Hong Kong
      Chinese, and then briefly elucidate the potentially functional role of the
      associated polymorphism. METHODS: NEO personality inventory, impulsiveness and
      depression rating scales were completed by the subjects. The association studies
      of HOMER1 rs2290639 with SA or MDD were performed by case-control association
      studies. The bioinformatics analyses were adapted to predict potential
      transcription factors binding sites for the associated polymorphism. RESULTS: The
      association studies and meta-analysis suggested that the HOMER1 rs2290639 was
      significantly associated with susceptibility to SA but seemed not to be
      associated with MDD in Hong Kong Chinese. This polymorphism might affect the
      transcription of the HOMER1 gene through interacting with a reliable
      transcription factor as found by three of four bioinformatics tools. In addition,
      close correlations between impulsiveness and NEO personality five factors were
      found in SA and MDD patients, which provide a possible way to assess the
      impulsiveness of patients through subjects' personality profiles for Hong Kong
      Chinese. CONCLUSIONS: The HOMER1 rs2290639 polymorphism was significantly
      associated with susceptibility to SA in Hong Kong Chinese affected by psychiatric
      disorders, which might be explained by the potentially functional role of this
      polymorphism.

PMID- 27386255
TI  - GFP as a marker for transient gene transfer and expression in Mycoplasma
      hyorhinis.
AB  - Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) is an opportunistic pathogen of pigs and has
      been shown to transform cell cultures, which has increased the interest of
      researchers. The green florescence proteins (GFP) gene of Aquorea victoria,
      proved to be a vital marker to identify transformed cells in mixed populations.
      Use of GFP to observe gene transfer and expression in M. hyorhinis (strain HUB-1)
      has not been described. We have constructed a pMD18-O/MHRgfp plasmid containing
      the p97 gene promoter, origin of replication, tetracycline resistance marker and
      GFP gene controlled by the p97 gene promoter. The plasmid transformed into M.
      hyorhinis with a frequency of ~4 * 10(-3) cfu/ug plasmid DNA and could be
      detected by PCR amplification of the GFP gene from the total DNA of the
      transformant mycoplasmas. Analysis of a single clone grown on KM2-Agar containing
      tetracycline, showed a green fluorescence color. Conclusively, this report
      suggests the usefulness of GFP to monitor transient gene transfer and expression
      in M. hyorhinis, eventually minimizing screening procedures for gene transfer and
      expression. 

PMID- 27386256
TI  - Efficient reference-free adaptive artifact cancellers for impedance cardiography
      based remote health care monitoring systems.
AB  - In this paper, a new model for adaptive artifact cancelation in impedance
      cardiography (ICG) signals is presented. It is a hybrid model based on wavelet
      decomposition and an adaptive filter. A novel feature of this model is the
      implementation of reference-free adaptive artifact cancellers (AAC). For this
      implementation, the reference signal is constructed using a wavelet
      transformation. During critical conditions the filter weights may be negative and
      cause an imbalance in the convergence. To overcome this problem, we introduce non
      negative adaptive algorithms in the proposed artifact canceller. To accelerate
      the performance of the AAC, we propose exponential non-negative and normalized
      non-negative algorithms to update the filter coefficients. The computational
      complexity of the filtering section in a remote health care system is important
      to avoid inter-symbol interference of the incoming samples. This can be achieved
      by combining sign-based algorithms with the adaptive filtering section. Finally,
      several AACs are developed using variants of the non-negative algorithms and
      performance measures are computed and compared. All of the proposed AACs are
      tested on actual ICG signals. Among the AACs evaluated, sign regressor normalized
      non-negative LMS (SRN(3)LMS) based adaptive artifact canceller achieves highest
      signal to noise ratio (SNR). The SNR achieved by this algorithm in baseline
      wander artifact elimination is 8.5312 dBs, in electrode muscle artifact
      elimination is 7.5908 dBs and in impedance measurement artifact elimination is
      8.4231 dBs. 

PMID- 27386257
TI  - Conceptual design of a high-speed electromagnetic switch for a modified flux
      coupling-type SFCL and its application in renewable energy system.
AB  - The modified flux-coupling-type superconducting fault current (SFCL) is a high
      efficient electrical auxiliary device, whose basic function is to suppress the
      short-circuit current by controlling the magnetic path through a high-speed
      switch. In this paper, the high-speed switch is based on electromagnetic
      repulsion mechanism, and its conceptual design is carried out to promote the
      application of the modified SFCL. Regarding that the switch which is consisting
      of a mobile copper disc, two fixed opening and closing coils, the computational
      method for the electromagnetic force is discussed, and also the dynamic
      mathematical model including circuit equation, magnetic field equation as well as
      mechanical motion equation is theoretically deduced. According to the
      mathematical modeling and calculation of characteristic parameters, a feasible
      design scheme is presented, and the high-speed switch's response time can be less
      than 0.5 ms. For that the modified SFCL is equipped with this high-speed switch,
      the SFCL's application in a 10 kV micro-grid system with multiple renewable
      energy sources are assessed in the MATLAB software. The simulations are well able
      to affirm the SFCL's performance behaviors. 

PMID- 27386258
TI  - An Information System for European culture collections: the way forward.
AB  - Culture collections contain indispensable information about the microorganisms
      preserved in their repositories, such as taxonomical descriptions, origins,
      physiological and biochemical characteristics, bibliographic references, etc.
      However, information currently accessible in databases rarely adheres to common
      standard protocols. The resultant heterogeneity between culture collections, in
      terms of both content and format, notably hampers microorganism-based research
      and development (R&D). The optimized exploitation of these resources thus
      requires standardized, and simplified, access to the associated information. To
      this end, and in the interest of supporting R&D in the fields of agriculture,
      health and biotechnology, a pan-European distributed research infrastructure,
      MIRRI, including over 40 public culture collections and research institutes from
      19 European countries, was established. A prime objective of MIRRI is to unite
      and provide universal access to the fragmented, and untapped, resources,
      information and expertise available in European public collections of
      microorganisms; a key component of which is to develop a dynamic Information
      System. For the first time, both culture collection curators as well as their
      users have been consulted and their feedback, concerning the needs and
      requirements for collection databases and data accessibility, utilised. Users
      primarily noted that databases were not interoperable, thus rendering a global
      search of multiple databases impossible. Unreliable or out-of-date and, in
      particular, non-homogenous, taxonomic information was also considered to be a
      major obstacle to searching microbial data efficiently. Moreover, complex
      searches are rarely possible in online databases thus limiting the extent of
      search queries. Curators also consider that overall harmonization-including
      Standard Operating Procedures, data structure, and software tools-is necessary to
      facilitate their work and to make high-quality data easily accessible to their
      users. Clearly, the needs of culture collection curators coincide with those of
      users on the crucial point of database interoperability. In this regard, and in
      order to design an appropriate Information System, important aspects on which the
      culture collection community should focus include: the interoperability of data
      sets with the ontologies to be used; setting best practice in data management,
      and the definition of an appropriate data standard. 

PMID- 27386259
TI  - Hypothetical granulin-like molecule from Fasciola hepatica identified by
      bioinformatics analysis.
AB  - Fasciola hepatica is considered an emergent human pathogen, causing liver
      fibrosis or cirrhosis, conditions that are known to be direct causes of cancer.
      Some parasites have been categorized by WHO as carcinogenic agents such as
      Opisthorchis viverrini, a relative of F. hepatica. Although these two parasites
      are from the same class (Trematoda), the role of F. hepatica in carcinogenesis is
      unclear. We hypothesized that F. hepatica might share some features with O.
      viverrini and to be responsible to induce proliferation of host cells. We
      analyzed the recently released genome of F. hepatica looking for a gene coding a
      granulin-like growth factor, a protein secreted by O. viverrini (Ov-GRN-1), which
      is a potent stimulator of proliferation of host cells. Using computational
      biology tools, we identified a granulin-like molecule in F. hepatica, here termed
      FhGLM, which has high sequence identity level to Ov-GRN-1 and human progranulin.
      We found evidence of an upstream promoter compatible with the expression of
      FhGLM. The FhGLM architecture showed to have five granulin domains, one of them,
      the domain 3, was homologue to Ov-GRN-1 and human GRNC. The structure of the
      FhGLM granulin domain 3 resulted to have the overall folding of its homologue the
      human GRNC. Our findings show the presence of a homologue of a potent modulator
      of cell growth in F. hepatica that might have, as other granulins, a
      proliferative action on host cells during fascioliasis. Future experimental
      assays to demonstrate the presence of FhGLM in F. hepatica are needed to confirm
      our hypothesis. 

PMID- 27386260
TI  - Saudi adults satisfaction with community pharmacy services.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Community pharmacists play a significant role in patient health care
      in Saudi Arabia and are directly responsible for medication-related counseling.
      Aim To assess Saudi Adults satisfaction with community pharmacy services and the
      secondary objective is obtaining an insight of their needs in patient counseling
      service. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted via a questionnaire
      distributed to a representative sample of 650 Saudi adults approached at
      pharmacists and public places in areas of Riyadh during March 2014. RESULTS: 500
      Complete questionnaires were collected, and the response rate was 77 %. Around 41
      % were satisfied with Saudi pharmacy services. Out of these, 57 % attributed
      their satisfaction to pharmacist counseling on current medication, 96 % to
      appropriate dosage regimen explanation and 73 % to appropriate time spent in
      counseling (p < 0.001). When asked about reasons for dissatisfaction, 82 % of the
      unsatisfied group stated that pharmacists fail to ask about comorbid diseases and
      78 % reported unavailability of dedicated pharmacist for patient counseling (p <
      0.001). CONCLUSION: Saudi adults have variable levels of satisfaction with
      community pharmacy services. To increase levels of satisfaction, it is necessary
      to provide adequate pharmacist training in community pharmacies.

PMID- 27386261
TI  - A comparative study of the photosynthetic capacity in two green tide macroalgae
      using chlorophyll fluorescence.
AB  - Green tides have occurred in the Yellow Sea, China, every year from 2007 to 2015.
      The free-floating Ulva prolifera (Muller) J. Agardh was the causative macroalgal
      species. The co-occurring, attached U. intestinalis was also observed.
      Photosynthetic capacities were determined using chlorophyll fluorescence in situ
      and after 7 days lab acclimation, and a significant differences were noted.
      Pigment composition showed no obvious differences, but concentrations varied
      significantly, especially chlorophyll b in U. prolifera two times increase was
      observed after acclimation. The optimal photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm)
      was significantly higher in U. prolifera. Photosynthetic rate (alpha), maximum
      relative electron transport rate (rETRmax), and minimum saturating irradiance
      (Ek), obtained from rapid light response curves (RLCs), showed almost the same
      photosynthetic physiological status as Fv/Fm. Quenching coefficients and low
      temperature (77 K) chlorophyll fluorescence emission spectra of thylakoid
      membranes analysis showed U. prolifera has a better recovery activity and
      plasticity of PSII than U. intestinalis. Furthermore, energy dissipation via non
      photochemical quenching (NPQ) and state transitions showed efficacious
      photoprotection solution especially in U. prolifera suffered from the severe
      stresses. Results in the present study suggested that U. prolifera's higher
      photosynthetic capacity would contribute to its free-floating proliferation, and
      efficacious photoprotection in addition to favorable oceanographic conditions and
      high nutrient levels support its growth and aggregation. 

PMID- 27386262
TI  - Accumulation of heavy metals and human health risk assessment via the consumption
      of freshwater fish Mastacembelus armatus inhabiting, thermal power plant effluent
      loaded canal.
AB  - Bioaccumulation of six heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) in the muscle of
      highly consumed fish species (Mastacembelus armatus) were measured using atomic
      absorption spectrometer. Fe (213.29 mg/kg dry weight) concentration was the most,
      followed by Zn (186.19 mg/kg dry weight), Ni (58.98 mg/kg dry weight), Cu (41.36
      mg/kg dry weight), Co (9.06 mg/kg dry weight) and Mn (9.03 mg/kg dry weight).
      Estimated daily intake of heavy metals was calculated by mean fish consumption
      rate 19.5 * 10(-3) kg/day, on the basis of a calculation of the amount of fish
      consumed by adult individuals (male and female). The studied fish species pose
      non carcinogenic risk for Co and Ni [target hazard quotient (THQ) > 1] only.
      Hazard index (HI) was high. Carcinogenic risk (TR) posed by this fish for male
      and female was 3.43 * 10(-3) and 3.91 * 10(-3), respectively for Ni (the
      carcinogenic potency slope factor was available for Ni only). The study is an
      alert indicating that inhabitants who consume these fishes (particularly females)
      were at risk of Co and Ni toxicity. In India recommended guidelines have yet not
      been established for these heavy metals, which is essential for setting of
      toxicological standards. 

PMID- 27386264
TI  - Risk analysis of gravity dam instability using credibility theory Monte Carlo
      simulation model.
AB  - Risk analysis of gravity dam stability involves complicated uncertainty in many
      design parameters and measured data. Stability failure risk ratio described
      jointly by probability and possibility has deficiency in characterization of
      influence of fuzzy factors and representation of the likelihood of risk
      occurrence in practical engineering. In this article, credibility theory is
      applied into stability failure risk analysis of gravity dam. Stability of gravity
      dam is viewed as a hybrid event considering both fuzziness and randomness of
      failure criterion, design parameters and measured data. Credibility distribution
      function is conducted as a novel way to represent uncertainty of influence
      factors of gravity dam stability. And combining with Monte Carlo simulation,
      corresponding calculation method and procedure are proposed. Based on a dam
      section, a detailed application of the modeling approach on risk calculation of
      both dam foundation and double sliding surfaces is provided. The results show
      that, the present method is feasible to be applied on analysis of stability
      failure risk for gravity dams. The risk assessment obtained can reflect influence
      of both sorts of uncertainty, and is suitable as an index value. 

PMID- 27386263
TI  - Interleukin-21 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and severity of type I
      autoimmune hepatitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recently, the number of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells
      expressing interleukin (IL)-21 was found to increase in peripheral blood of human
      and murine models of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). IL-21, the most recently
      discovered member of the type-I cytokine family, exerts various effects on the
      immune system, including B cell activation, plasma cell differentiation, and
      immunoglobulin production. We aimed to assess the relationship of serum IL-21
      levels in patients with type I AIH with clinical and laboratory parameters and
      histology. METHODS: Ninety-two Japanese patients with liver disease (22 AIH, 20
      primary biliary cholangitis, 19 drug-induced liver injury, 8 acute hepatitis B, 8
      chronic hepatitis C, 10 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 5 viral hepatitis) and 10
      healthy volunteers were recruited. Serum IL-21 levels were detected by enzyme
      linked immunosorbent assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction measured mRNA
      levels of Bcl-6, IL-21, and CXCR5 (Tfh-related factors) in peripheral mononuclear
      cells. RESULTS: Mean age at diagnosis of AIH was 58.6 years, male-to-female ratio
      was 4:18, 18.2 % of participants had cirrhosis, and 22.7 % had severe disease. IL
      21 levels were significantly increased in the serum of patients with AIH compared
      to those with other liver diseases and controls (p < 0.0001). Particularly, serum
      IL-21 levels were significantly increased in severe AIH cases compared to non
      severe cases (p < 0.05). Serum IL-21 levels correlated positively with total
      serum bilirubin levels (r = 0.46, p < 0.05), grading of necroinflammatory
      activity (r = 0.68, p < 0.005) and negatively with serum albumin levels in
      patients with AIH (r = -0.49, p < 0.05). In patients with biochemical remission
      of AIH, serum IL-21 levels remained elevated and correlated positively with serum
      IgG levels (r = 0.84, p < 0.01). Expression of Tfh-related factors, such as Bcl-6
      and IL-21, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with AIH was
      significantly higher than that in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: IL-21 may play
      an important role in the pathogenesis and severity of AIH, and may present a
      promising target for AIH therapy.

PMID- 27386265
TI  - Increased expression of Tbet in CD4(+) T cells from clinically isolated syndrome
      patients at high risk of conversion to clinically definite MS.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The ability to identify clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients
      at high risk of progression to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS)
      would be clinically beneficial. The initiation of T cell mediated autoimmune
      diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) requires the initial inappropriate
      activation and differentiation of auto-reactive CD4(+) T cells. The quiescence of
      naive T cells is actively maintained by molecules such as TOB1, which control the
      threshold of activation. Upon activation, CD4(+) T cells can differentiate into
      various subsets depending on the milieu present. Th1 and Th17 cells are strongly
      implicated in MS, while regulatory T (Treg) cells constrain autoimmune
      inflammation and prevent autoimmunity. FINDINGS: We therefore investigated the
      expression of TOB1, CD44 and Treg, Th1 and Th17 transcription factors in relation
      to CIS progression. The expression of TOB1, CD44, FOXP3, TBX21 and RORC genes
      were measured in CD4(+) T cells from 10 healthy controls, 20 CIS patients within
      3 months of initial clinical presentation and 10 relapsing remitting MS patients
      sampled within 2 months of relapse. CIS patients were subsequently grouped into
      those who converted to CDMS within 1 year and those who remained CIS. No
      differences in the expression of TOB1, CD44, FOXP3 and RORC were observed. There
      was a significant increase in the expression of the Th1 transcription factor
      Tbet, encoded by TBX21, in CIS patients that converted within 1 year compared
      with those who did not. CONCLUSION: This pilot data suggests a role for Th1 cells
      in CIS progression and warrants further evaluation in a larger cohort.

PMID- 27386266
TI  - Automated volumetric breast density estimation out of digital breast
      tomosynthesis data: feasibility study of a new software version.
AB  - BACKGROUND: A new software version of VolparaDensity (Volpara Algorithm version
      1.5.1) is capable of calculating volumetric breast density (VBD) using either
      full-field digital mammography (FFDM) or digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT)
      images. In this preliminary study, we evaluated the feasibility and consistency
      of this new automated software. FINDINGS: Raw data from both DBT and FFDM were
      acquired from women breast cancer screening at our institution between April and
      August 2015 using. The DBT and FFDM images obtained under a single compression
      were collected and VBD was measured using fully automated software. A paired t
      test was used to analyze differences in the VBD calculated from paired FFDM and
      DBT images. The correlation coefficient (R value) was calculated and p < 0.05 was
      considered significant. Dualmodality images were acquired in 160 women; VBD data
      were available for all but one. There was a significant difference in the VBD of
      individual breasts calculated from DBT and FFDM and when data were compared per
      case (<0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). There were very good to excellent
      correlations between data from FFDM and from DBT (R = 0.78, p < 0.0001; per
      breast, R = 0.89, p < 0.0001, per case, R = 0.91, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: VBD
      from DBT was well correlated to that from FFDM, though significant differences
      were observed between the two.

PMID- 27386267
TI  - Breast findings incidentally detected on body MRI.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate breast findings incidentally detected on body MRI.
      METHODS: A retrospective review of the institutional database identified 1752
      body MRI performed between January 2015 and September 2015. MRI of women with
      breast tissue visible in the field-of-view were reviewed for breast findings.
      Breast findings were classified with the breast imaging reporting and data system
      (BI-RADS) lexicon. The standard statistic, costs of additional work-up, and the
      clinical relevance were used to describe breast findings, and we calculated 95 %
      exact confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: 440 body MRI of 440 women (mean age:
      57 +/- 20 years) included breast tissue in the field-of-view. A total of 41
      breast findings were identified in 41 patients. Breast findings were classified
      BI-RADS 2 N = 25, BI-RADS 3 N = 13, BI-RADS 4 N = 3. A total of 3.6 % [95 % CI
      1.6 %, 5.6 %] women with breast tissue visible on MRI had a recommendation for
      further imaging work-up for a breast finding. The 18.7 % (3 of 16) of these
      patients had a clinically important finding (breast cancer). Further imaging
      evaluation increased costs of ?108.3 per patient with a breast finding.
      CONCLUSIONS: Clinically important breast findings could be detected on body MRI
      in up to 0.7 % (3 of 440) of women.

PMID- 27386268
TI  - Extensive ischemic ulcers due to limb occlusion after endovascular aneurysm
      repair: a case report.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Limb occlusion after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a well
      known complication. However, extensive ischemic ulcers due to limb occlusion are
      extremely rare. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a rare case of extensive ischemic
      ulcers that developed seven months after EVAR in an 85-year-old Japanese man. He
      had been taking appropriate anticoagulant therapy because of paroxysmal atrial
      fibrillation. Angiography showed a left limb occlusion and superficial femoral
      artery (SFA) chronic total occlusion (CTO), and intravascular ultrasound showed
      limb kinking. Endovascular therapy (EVT) was performed, and stent placement was
      used to cover a large amount of thrombi and correct the limb kinking, leading to
      complete recovery of left limb blood flow. After additional EVT was performed for
      the SFA CTO, outflow improved and the ulcers healed completely. DISCUSSION AND
      EVALUATION: It seemed that the combination of poor inflow and poor outflow led to
      limb thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we describe an extremely rare case of
      extensive ischemic ulcers due to limb occlusion after EVAR. Patients should
      undergo careful follow-up after EVAR to monitor blood flow to the lower
      extremities. Additionally, the early detection and correction of limb kinking and
      poor outflow are essential to prevent the development of ischemic ulcers.

PMID- 27386269
TI  - A probabilistic bridge safety evaluation against floods.
AB  - To further capture the influences of uncertain factors on river bridge safety
      evaluation, a probabilistic approach is adopted. Because this is a systematic and
      nonlinear problem, MPP-based reliability analyses are not suitable. A sampling
      approach such as a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) or importance sampling is often
      adopted. To enhance the efficiency of the sampling approach, this study utilizes
      Bayesian least squares support vector machines to construct a response surface
      followed by an MCS, providing a more precise safety index. Although there are
      several factors impacting the flood-resistant reliability of a bridge, previous
      experiences and studies show that the reliability of the bridge itself plays a
      key role. Thus, the goal of this study is to analyze the system reliability of a
      selected bridge that includes five limit states. The random variables considered
      here include the water surface elevation, water velocity, local scour depth, soil
      property and wind load. Because the first three variables are deeply affected by
      river hydraulics, a probabilistic HEC-RAS-based simulation is performed to
      capture the uncertainties in those random variables. The accuracy and variation
      of our solutions are confirmed by a direct MCS to ensure the applicability of the
      proposed approach. The results of a numerical example indicate that the proposed
      approach can efficiently provide an accurate bridge safety evaluation and
      maintain satisfactory variation. 

PMID- 27386270
TI  - Cup implantation accuracy using the HipCOMPASS mechanical intraoperative support
      device.
AB  - BACKGROUND: While navigation systems have been developed to increase implantation
      accuracy in total hip arthroplasty (THA), they are not yet sufficiently versatile
      or commonly used. Therefore, to elevate the appeal of such systems, we have
      developed HipCOMPASS, a simple and effective mechanical angle indicator for use
      in supine THA. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: How accurate is the mean cup orientation [in
      terms of errors in radiographic anteversion (RA) and inclination (RI)] in cases
      where HipCOMPASS is used for intraoperative support? Does HipCOMPASS increase
      this cup orientation accuracy compared to THA cases without it? Does HipCOMPASS
      increase mean operation time? METHODS: We measured cup orientation in 97 THA
      cases with HipCOMPASS and in 80 cases without it. Then we compared the angles
      determined in preoperative planning with the angles revealed by postoperative
      computed tomography (CT) for both groups. The discrepancy between them was
      defined as an error. Errors greater than 10 degrees  were considered outliers.
      Additionally, mean operative time with and without the Hip COMPASS were compared.
      RESULTS: With the use of HipCOMPASS, the mean absolute error values in
      radiographic anteversion and inclination were 2.9 degrees  +/- 2.3 degrees 
      (range 0 degrees -12.8 degrees ) and 2.9 degrees  +/- 2.1 degrees  (0.1 degrees 
      7.7 degrees ), respectively. In contrast, without the use of HipCOMPASS,
      radiographic anteversion and inclination error values were 8.8 degrees  +/- 5.8
      degrees  (0.1 degrees -25.4 degrees ) and 6.1 degrees  +/- 4.5 degrees  (0.2
      degrees -21.0 degrees ), respectively. Outlier occurrence rates were 1.0 % with
      HipCOMPASS and 48.8 % without it. Mean operative times with and without
      HipCOMPASS use were 109.2 +/- 23.8 min (74-199 min) and 137.6 +/- 40.6 min (71
      298 min), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study has found that HipCOMPASS
      dramatically increases implantation accuracy and it is also a simple and highly
      versatile tool that can be implemented quickly. Given its low cost in addition to
      its favourable accuracy, simple implementation, and short operative time,
      HipCOMPASS can be regarded as a very useful and effective THA support device.
      LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective comparative study, Level 3.

PMID- 27386271
TI  - History, problems, and prospects of Islamic insurance (Takaful) in Bangladesh.
AB  - This study explains the history, current problems, and future possibilities of
      Islamic insurance (takaful) in Bangladesh. To articulate these issues, the
      researcher has adopted the qualitative method, and data has been collected
      through secondary sources i.e. articles, books, and online resources. The study
      reveals that Islamic insurance in Bangladesh is regulated by the Insurance Act
      2010 which is contradictory with Islamic insurance causing numerous problems for
      Islamic insurance. This study also points out that Islamic insurance is a fast
      growing industry with huge prospects in Bangladesh. The government should
      introduce separate regulations for both Islamic and conventional insurance. The
      research concludes with suggestions for the further development of Islamic
      insurance in Bangladesh. 

PMID- 27386273
TI  - Newton-Raphson preconditioner for Krylov type solvers on GPU devices.
AB  - A new Newton-Raphson method based preconditioner for Krylov type linear equation
      solvers for GPGPU is developed, and the performance is investigated. Conventional
      preconditioners improve the convergence of Krylov type solvers, and perform well
      on CPUs. However, they do not perform well on GPGPUs, because of the complexity
      of implementing powerful preconditioners. The developed preconditioner is based
      on the BFGS Hessian matrix approximation technique, which is well known as a
      robust and fast nonlinear equation solver. Because the Hessian matrix in the BFGS
      represents the coefficient matrix of a system of linear equations in some sense,
      the approximated Hessian matrix can be a preconditioner. On the other hand, BFGS
      is required to store dense matrices and to invert them, which should be avoided
      on modern computers and supercomputers. To overcome these disadvantages, we
      therefore introduce a limited memory BFGS, which requires less memory space and
      less computational effort than the BFGS. In addition, a limited memory BFGS can
      be implemented with BLAS libraries, which are well optimized for target
      architectures. There are advantages and disadvantages to the Hessian matrix
      approximation becoming better as the Krylov solver iteration continues. The
      preconditioning matrix varies through Krylov solver iterations, and only flexible
      Krylov solvers can work well with the developed preconditioner. The GCR method,
      which is a flexible Krylov solver, is employed because of the prevalence of GCR
      as a Krylov solver with a variable preconditioner. As a result of the performance
      investigation, the new preconditioner indicates the following benefits: (1) The
      new preconditioner is robust; i.e., it converges while conventional
      preconditioners (the diagonal scaling, and the SSOR preconditioners) fail. (2) In
      the best case scenarios, it is over 10 times faster than conventional
      preconditioners on a CPU. (3) Because it requries only simple operations, it
      performs well on a GPGPU. In addition, the research has confirmed that the new
      preconditioner improves the condition of matrices from a mathematical point of
      view by calculating the condition numbers of preconditioned matrices, as
      anticipated by the theoretical analysis. 

PMID- 27386272
TI  - Different settings of place of midwife-led birth: evaluation of a midwife-led
      birth centre.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The claimed advantages of home deliveries, including fewer medical
      interventions, are potentially counter balanced by the small additional risk on
      perinatal adverse outcome compared to hospital deliveries in low risk women.
      Homelike birth centres have been proposed a new setting for low risk women
      combining the advantages of home and hospital, resulting in lower intervention
      rates with equal safety. This paper addresses whether the introduction of a
      midwife-led birth centre adjacent to the hospital combines the advantages of home
      and hospital deliveries. Additionally, we investigate whether the introduction of
      a midwife-led birth centre leads to a different risk selection of women planning
      their delivery either at home, at the hospital or at the birth centre. METHODS:
      Anonymized data, between January 2007 and June 2012, was collected from the four
      participating midwife practices. Women (n = 5558) were categorized according to
      intended place of birth. Women's characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were
      compared between the period before and after its introduction using Chi square
      and Fisher's Exact tests. Direct and indirect standardized rates were calculated
      for different outcomes [(1) intrapartum and neonatal mortality (<24 h), (2)
      composite outcome of neonatal morbidities, (3) composite outcome of maternal
      morbidities, and (4) medical intervention], taking the period before introduction
      as reference. RESULTS: After the introduction of the birth centre a different
      risk selection was observed. Women's characteristics were most unfavourable for
      intended birth centre births. Additionally, an higher neonatal risk load was seen
      within these women. After its introduction neonatal morbidities decreased (5.0
      vs. 3.8 %) and maternal morbidities decreased (8.3 vs. 7.3 %). Interventions were
      about equal. Direct and indirect standardization provided similar results.
      CONCLUSION: Neonatal morbidity and maternal morbidity tended to decrease, while
      overall intervention rates were unaffected. The introduction of the midwife-led
      birth centre seems to benefit the outcome of midwife-led deliveries. We interpret
      this change by the redistribution of the higher risk women among the low risk
      population intending birth at the birth centre instead of home.

PMID- 27386274
TI  - Response of a Mu-class glutathione S-transferase from black tiger shrimp Penaeus
      monodon to aflatoxin B1 exposure.
AB  - Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of multifunctional phase II
      enzymes that are involved in the detoxification of exogenous and endogenous
      compounds. In this study, a full-length cDNA of Mu-class GST (PmMuGST) was
      isolated from the hepatopancreas of Penaeus monodon using rapid amplification of
      cDNA ends method. The full length cDNA of PmMuGST is 867 bp, contains an open
      read frame of 660 bp, and encodes a polypeptide of 219 amino acids with a
      molecular mass of 25.61 kDa and pI of 6.15. Sequence analysis indicated that the
      predicted protein sequence of PmMuGST was very similar to (86 %) that of
      Litopenaeus vannamei. A conserved domain of GST_N_Mu_like (PSSM: cd03075) and
      GST_C_family_superfamily_like (PSSM: cl02776) was indentified in PmMuGST. Real
      time quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that PmMuGST was present in all of
      the tested tissues. PmMuGST transcripts both in the hepatopancreas and in the
      muscle were significantly induced after 14 days of treatment with a low dosage of
      AFB1 (50 MUg/kg) exposure and were significantly inhibited after 42 and 56 days
      of a high dosage of AFB1 (1000, 2500 MUg/kg AFB1) exposure. Taken together, the
      Mu-class GST from P. monodon was inducible and was involved in the response to
      AFB1 exposure. 

PMID- 27386275
TI  - Interactive music composition driven by feature evolution.
AB  - Evolutionary music composition is a prominent technique for automatic music
      generation. The immense adaptation potential of evolutionary algorithms has
      allowed the realisation of systems that automatically produce music through
      feature and interactive-based composition approaches. Feature-based composition
      employs qualitatively descriptive music features as fitness landmarks.
      Interactive composition systems on the other hand, derive fitness directly from
      human ratings and/or selection. The paper at hand introduces a methodological
      framework that combines the merits of both evolutionary composition
      methodologies. To this end, a system is presented that is organised in two
      levels: the higher level of interaction and the lower level of composition. The
      higher level incorporates the particle swarm optimisation algorithm, along with a
      proposed variant and evolves musical features according to user ratings. The
      lower level realizes feature-based music composition with a genetic algorithm,
      according to the top level features. The aim of this work is not to validate the
      efficiency of the currently utilised setup in each level, but to examine the
      convergence behaviour of such a two-level technique in an objective manner.
      Therefore, an additional novelty in this work concerns the utilisation of
      artificial raters that guide the system through the space of musical features,
      allowing the exploration of its convergence characteristics: does the system
      converge to optimal melodies, is this convergence fast enough for potential human
      listeners and is the trajectory to convergence "interesting' and "creative"
      enough? The experimental results reveal that the proposed methodological
      framework represents a fruitful and robust, novel approach to interactive music
      composition. 

PMID- 27386276
TI  - Towards early software reliability prediction for computer forensic tools (case
      study).
AB  - Versatility, flexibility and robustness are essential requirements for software
      forensic tools. Researchers and practitioners need to put more effort into
      assessing this type of tool. A Markov model is a robust means for analyzing and
      anticipating the functioning of an advanced component based system. It is used,
      for instance, to analyze the reliability of the state machines of real time
      reactive systems. This research extends the architecture-based software
      reliability prediction model for computer forensic tools, which is based on
      Markov chains and COSMIC-FFP. Basically, every part of the computer forensic tool
      is linked to a discrete time Markov chain. If this can be done, then a
      probabilistic analysis by Markov chains can be performed to analyze the
      reliability of the components and of the whole tool. The purposes of the proposed
      reliability assessment method are to evaluate the tool's reliability in the early
      phases of its development, to improve the reliability assessment process for
      large computer forensic tools over time, and to compare alternative tool designs.
      The reliability analysis can assist designers in choosing the most reliable
      topology for the components, which can maximize the reliability of the tool and
      meet the expected reliability level specified by the end-user. The approach of
      assessing component-based tool reliability in the COSMIC-FFP context is
      illustrated with the Forensic Toolkit Imager case study. 

PMID- 27386277
TI  - Generally recognized as safe (GRAS) Lactococcus lactis strains associated with
      Lippia sidoides Cham. are able to solubilize/mineralize phosphate.
AB  - Eight strains isolated from the stems of Lippia sidoides were identified as
      belonging to Lactococcus lactis, a bacterial species considered as "generally
      recognized as safe". Their capacity to solubilize/mineralize phosphate was tested
      in vitro with different inorganic and organic phosphorus (P) sources. All strains
      were able to solubilize calcium phosphate as an inorganic P source, and the best
      result was observed with strain 003.41 which solubilized 31 % of this P source.
      Rock phosphate, a mined rock containing high amounts of phosphate bearing
      minerals, was solubilized by five strains. When calcium phytate was the organic P
      source used, the majority of the strains tested showed phosphate mineralization
      activity. Moreover, all strains were able to solubilize/mineralize phosphate from
      poultry litter, a complex P source containing inorganic and predominantly organic
      P. The presence of genes coding for phytase and alkaline phosphatase was searched
      within the strains studied. However, only gene sequences related to alkaline
      phosphatase (phoA and phoD) could be detected in the majority of the strains
      (excepting strain 006.29) with identities varying from 67 to 88 %. These results
      demonstrate for the first time the potential of L. lactis strains for phosphate
      solubilization/mineralization activity using a broad spectrum of P sources;
      therefore, they are of great importance for the future development of more safe
      bioinoculants with possible beneficial effects for agriculture. 

PMID- 27386278
TI  - The relationship between quantitative measures of disc height and disc signal
      intensity with Pfirrmann score of disc degeneration.
AB  - PURPOSE: To assess the relationship between quantitative measures of disc height
      and signal intensity with the Pfirrmann disc degeneration scoring system and to
      test the inter-rater reliability of the quantitative measures. METHODS:
      Participants were 76 people who had recently recovered from their last episode of
      acute low back pain and underwent MRI scan on a single 3T machine. At all 380
      lumbar discs, quantitative measures of disc height and signal intensity were made
      by 2 independent raters and compared to Pfirrmann scores from a single
      radiologist. For quantitative measures of disc height and signal intensity a
      "raw" score and 2 adjusted ratios were calculated and the relationship with
      Pfirrmann scores was assessed. The inter-tester reliability of quantitative
      measures was also investigated. RESULTS: There was a strong linear relationship
      between quantitative disc signal intensity and Pfirrmann scores for grades 1-4,
      but not for grades 4 and 5. For disc height only, Pfirrmann grade 5 had
      significantly reduced disc height compared to all other grades. Results were
      similar regardless of whether raw or adjusted scores were used. Inter-rater
      reliability for the quantitative measures was excellent (ICC > 0.97).
      CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative measures of disc signal intensity were strongly related
      to Pfirrmann scores from grade 1 to 4; however disc height only differentiated
      between grade 4 and 5 Pfirrmann scores. Using adjusted ratios for quantitative
      measures of disc height or signal intensity did not significantly alter the
      relationship with Pfirrmann scores.

PMID- 27386279
TI  - Farmers' perception and adaptation practice to climate variability and change: a
      case study of the Vea catchment in Ghana.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Rain-fed agriculture remains the source of employment for a majority
      of Ghana's population, particularly in northern Ghana where annual rainfall is
      low. The purpose of this study is to examine farmers' perceptions and adaptation
      practices to climate change and variability in accordance with actual recorded
      weather data of the Vea catchment in Upper East Region of northern Ghana during
      the time interval from 1972 to 2012. METHODS: Climatic data over 41-years (1972
      2012) from four stations in vicinity of the catchment was evaluated to identify
      actual weather outcomes. A survey questionnaire targeting farmers with at least
      30-years of farming experience in the area was administered in six of the eleven
      agricultural enumeration areas in the catchment covering 305 km(2). Of the 466
      farmers interviewed, 79 % utilized rain-fed practices while 21 % utilized some
      form of irrigation. RESULTS: Results indicate that nearly 90 % of the farmers
      interviewed believe that temperature increased over the past 30-years, while over
      94 % of the farmers believe that amount of rainfall, duration, intensity and
      rainy days has decreased. Nearly 96 % of the farmers believe that their farms are
      extremely vulnerable to decreased rainfall, droughts and changed timing of
      rainfall events. Climatic data of the catchment indicates a rising trend in
      temperature but no long-term changes in annual and monthly rainfall, thereby
      possibly increasing levels of evapotranspiration. While no statistical
      differences were found between rain-fed and irrigation agricultural types
      regarding receipt of external support, their approaches to climatic change
      adaptation do differ. Patently, 94 and 90 % of farmers relying on rain-fed and
      irrigation strategies respectively receive some form of support, primarily via
      extension services. Farmers using rain-fed practices adjust to climate
      variability by varying crop types via rotation without fertilizer while farmers
      employing irrigation practices are more likely to offset climate variability with
      a greater use of fertilizer application. CONCLUSION: The Vea catchment faces
      rising temperature and evapotranspiration trends. Farmers are aware of these
      climatic changes and are adapting strategies to cope with the effects but require
      support. Adequate extension services and irrigation facilities are needed to
      assist farmers in order to sustain their livelihoods on the long run.

PMID- 27386280
TI  - Vertical transportation systems embedded on shuffled frog leaping algorithm for
      manufacturing optimisation problems in industries.
AB  - Response surface methods via the first or second order models are important in
      manufacturing processes. This study, however, proposes different structured
      mechanisms of the vertical transportation systems or VTS embedded on a shuffled
      frog leaping-based approach. There are three VTS scenarios, a motion reaching a
      normal operating velocity, and both reaching and not reaching transitional
      motion. These variants were performed to simultaneously inspect multiple
      responses affected by machining parameters in multi-pass turning processes. The
      numerical results of two machining optimisation problems demonstrated the high
      performance measures of the proposed methods, when compared to other optimisation
      algorithms for an actual deep cut design. 

PMID- 27386281
TI  - An efficient classification method based on principal component and sparse
      representation.
AB  - As an important application in optical imaging, palmprint recognition is
      interfered by many unfavorable factors. An effective fusion of blockwise bi
      directional two-dimensional principal component analysis and grouping sparse
      classification is presented. The dimension reduction and normalizing are
      implemented by the blockwise bi-directional two-dimensional principal component
      analysis for palmprint images to extract feature matrixes, which are assembled
      into an overcomplete dictionary in sparse classification. A subspace orthogonal
      matching pursuit algorithm is designed to solve the grouping sparse
      representation. Finally, the classification result is gained by comparing the
      residual between testing and reconstructed images. Experiments are carried out on
      a palmprint database, and the results show that this method has better robustness
      against position and illumination changes of palmprint images, and can get higher
      rate of palmprint recognition. 

PMID- 27386282
TI  - Ideals and primitive elements of some relatively free Lie algebras.
AB  - Let F be a free Lie algebra of finite rank over a field K. We prove that if an
      ideal [Formula: see text] of the algebra [Formula: see text] contains a primitive
      element [Formula: see text] then the element [Formula: see text] is primitive. We
      also show that, in the Lie algebra [Formula: see text] there exists an element
      [Formula: see text] such that the ideal [Formula: see text] contains a primitive
      element [Formula: see text] but, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are
      not conjugate by means of an inner automorphism. 

PMID- 27386283
TI  - Measuring the operational efficiency of individual theme park attractions.
AB  - This study assesses the operation efficiency of theme park attractions using the
      data envelopment analysis, utilizing actual data on 15 attractions at Samsung
      Everland located in Yongin-si, Republic of Korea. In particular, this study
      identifies crowding and waiting time as one of the main causes of visitor's
      satisfaction, and analyzes the efficiency of individual attractions in terms of
      waiting time. The installation area, installation cost, and annual repair cost
      are set as input factors and the number of annual users and customer satisfaction
      as output factors. The results show that the roller coaster-type attractions were
      less efficient than other types of attractions while rotating-type attractions
      were relatively more efficient. However, an importance performance analysis on
      individual attraction's efficiency and satisfaction showed that operational
      efficiency should not be the sole consideration in attraction installation. In
      addition, the projection points for input factors for efficient use of
      attractions and the appropriate reference set for benchmarking are provided as
      guideline for attraction efficiency management. 

PMID- 27386284
TI  - Three-dimensional reconstruction of vascular arrangement including the hepatic
      artery and left gastric vein during gastric surgery.
AB  - BACKGROUND: During gastric surgery, precise recognition of the anatomical
      variations and relationships among gastric tumors and vessels, including the
      hepatic artery (HA) and left gastric vein (LGV), is required. We utilized a three
      dimensional (3D) reconstructed image as a preoperative simulation for gastric
      surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 84 patients who underwent
      gastrectomy at Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital. This cohort was sequentially
      divided into a without-3D group (n = 42) and with-3D group (n = 42), and the
      perioperative outcomes were compared. The 3D image could be used to classify the
      HA or LGV arrangement pattern. RESULTS: Regarding the HA arrangement, the right
      HA of 1 patient (2.3 %) was arising from the superior mesenteric artery, the left
      HA of 8 patients (19 %) was arising from the left gastric artery, 29 patients (69
      %) presented a normal rearrangement, and 4 patients (9.5 %) exhibited other
      arrangements. The analysis of the LGV arrangement revealed that the LGV in 15
      patients (36 %) was located on the dorsal side of the common HA, the LGV in 5
      patients (12 %) was located on the ventral side of the common HA, the LGV in 12
      patients (29 %) was found on the ventral side of the splenic artery, the LGV in 6
      patients (14 %) was located on the dorsal side of the splenic artery, and 4
      patients (9.5 %) presented other arrangements. The intraoperative blood loss in
      the without-3D and with-3D groups was 276 +/- 430 and 157 +/- 170 g, respectively
      (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: The 3D reconstruction technique was useful for
      understanding and sharing anatomic information during gastric surgery.

PMID- 27386286
TI  - Chemical characterization of carbonaceous carbon from industrial and semi urban
      site of eastern India.
AB  - Rigorous campaign was carried out from July 2013 to June 2014 at the remote and
      industrial site (Adityapur and Seraikela Kharsawan) in the eastern India aiming
      to identify and quantify the changes of aerosol chemical composition in the
      presence of industrial and biomass burning influence. The 24-h PM10 filter
      samples were analyzed by mass, carbonaceous species, organic ions. The results
      suggested that the average PM10 concentrations were 165 +/- 43.93, 141 +/- 30.86
      MUg/m(3) in industrial and remote site respectively. Secondary organic ions (SOC)
      were the dominant pollutants of PM10. Total carbon was a significant component
      explaining above 15 % of PM10. The annual average mass concentration of EC, OC,
      WSOC 26.39 +/- 4.56, 5.11 +/- 1.82, 18.56 +/- 5.30 and 16.27 +/- 5.75, 7.70 +/-
      2.1, 9.65 +/- 1.92 ug/m(3), OC/EC, WSOC/OC 5.29 +/- 1.08, 0.71 +/- 0.17 and 2.34
      +/- 0.75, 0.67 +/- 0.16) of industrial and remote site were respectively; and
      OC/EC particularly in industrial site it reached the highest 5.29 +/- 1.08 which
      demonstrated that SOC should be a significant composition of PM10. The mass
      fraction of the highlighted species varies seasonally, resulting the air mass
      trajectories and corresponding cause severe strength. Based on exact mass
      concentration ratios of EC/OC, WSOC/OC, we predicted that industries and
      biofuel/biomass burning are a major source of atmospheric aerosols in the eastern
      part of India. This study provides the scientific baseline data of carbonaceous
      aerosols for eastern Jharkhand, India. 

PMID- 27386285
TI  - Quality of Life in Spanish advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients:
      determinants of global QL and survival analyses.
AB  - PURPOSE: This paper studies the Quality of Life (QL) of Spanish advanced non
      small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving platinum-doublet chemotherapy,
      compares our results with those from studies from other cultural areas, and
      identifies factors associated with global QL and survival prognostic variables.
      METHODS: EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-LC13 questionnaires were completed three times by
      39 patients along treatment and follow-up. Univariate and multivariate logistic
      regression analyses were performed to study global QL determinants (<=50 points
      considered low global-QL score). Analyses of prognostic variables for death were
      performed (Cox proportional hazards models). RESULTS: QL mean scores in the whole
      sample were moderately high, with limitations (>30) in physical, role, social
      functioning, emotional areas, fatigue, pain, neuropathy and global QL.
      Differences with studies from other cultural areas were mainly found in the lower
      score for dyspnoea (>=15 points). There were no significant differences in QL
      scores between the first and second assessments. In six areas, the third
      assessment was lower than the first and second: fatigue, hair loss (>20 points);
      physical, social functioning, neuropathy (10-20 points); emotional functioning (5
      10 points). The best model to explain the chances of low QL includes, as
      explanatory variables, high emotional functioning as protective factor and
      fatigue as risk factor (R(2) = 0.70). Eight QL areas (four pain-related) and
      performance status showed a statistically significant association with survival.
      CONCLUSION: Patients adapted well to their disease and treatments. Platinum
      doublet can be administered in advanced NSCLC patients. Our QL data are in line
      with those from other cultural areas.

PMID- 27386287
TI  - Effect of heat wave at the initial stage in spark plasma sintering.
AB  - Thermal effects are important considerations at the initial stage in spark plasma
      sintering of non-conductive Al2O3 powders. The generalized thermo-elastic theory
      is introduced to describe the influence of the heat transport and thermal
      focusing caused by thermal wave propagation within a constrained space and
      transient time. Simulations show that low sintering temperature can realize high
      local temperature because of the superposition effect of heat waves. Thus,
      vacancy concentration differences between the sink and the cross section of the
      particles increase relative to that observed during pressure-less and hot
      pressure sintering. Results show that vacancy concentration differences are
      significantly improved during spark plasma sintering, thereby decreasing the time
      required for sintering. 

PMID- 27386288
TI  - A production planning model considering uncertain demand using two-stage
      stochastic programming in a fresh vegetable supply chain context.
AB  - Production planning models are achieving more interest for being used in the
      primary sector of the economy. The proposed model relies on the formulation of a
      location model representing a set of farms susceptible of being selected by a
      grocery shop brand to supply local fresh products under seasonal contracts. The
      main aim is to minimize overall procurement costs and meet future demand. This
      kind of problem is rather common in fresh vegetable supply chains where producers
      are located in proximity either to processing plants or retailers. The proposed
      two-stage stochastic model determines which suppliers should be selected for
      production contracts to ensure high quality products and minimal time from farm
      to-table. Moreover, Lagrangian relaxation and parallel computing algorithms are
      proposed to solve these instances efficiently in a reasonable computational time.
      The results obtained show computational gains from our algorithmic proposals in
      front of the usage of plain CPLEX solver. Furthermore, the results ensure the
      competitive advantages of using the proposed model by purchase managers in the
      fresh vegetables industry. 

PMID- 27386289
TI  - Intervention on whole grain with healthy balanced diet to manage childhood
      obesity (GReat-ChildTMtrial): study protocol for a quasi-experimental trial.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The rapid increase in childhood obesity is a serious public health
      problem, and has led to the development of many interventions. However, no
      intervention has emphasized whole grains as a strategy to manage childhood
      obesity. Therefore, this article describes the protocol of a 12-week multi
      component, family-based intervention on whole grain, using a healthy balanced
      diet for managing childhood obesity. METHODS: The GReat-Child trial utilize a
      quasi-experimental method in which two schools in Kuala Lumpur are assigned to
      intervention and control groups. The eligibility criteria are overweight/obese
      children, aged 9 through 11 years, who has no serious co-morbidities. The
      children who report consuming whole-grain foods in their 3-day diet-recall during
      the screening will be excluded. The study sample is characterized by
      anthropometric measurements (weight, height, percentage of body fat and waist
      circumference), whole grain and nutrient intakes (3-day 24-h diet recalls), and
      their knowledge, attitudes and practices towards whole grain. The 12-week
      intervention is comprised of three components addressing behaviour, personal and
      environmental factors, based on social cognitive theory: (1) individual diet
      counselling for the parents; (2) six 30-min nutrition education classes and (3)
      school delivery of whole-grain foods; The control school does not receive any
      interventions, however, for ethical purposes, a health talk is conducted after
      the entire GReat-Child Trial is completed. CONCLUSION: The GReat-Child trial
      represents a novel approach to examining the effectiveness of the intervention of
      whole grain in a healthy balanced diet on managing childhood obesity. We
      anticipate that this trial will reveal not only whether whole grain intervention
      will be effective in managing childhood obesity, but also provide greater
      insights into the acceptance of whole grain among Malaysian children.

PMID- 27386290
TI  - Detection of a numeric value predictive of increased dose to left anterior
      descending coronary artery (LAD) in radiotherapy of breast cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: We have evaluated thoracic conformation of patients in order to derive a
      numeric value predictive of an increased dose to left anterior descending
      coronary artery (LAD), critical structure for the development of late radio
      induced cardiac morbidity. METHODS: We have evaluated 91 patients (36-88 years)
      affected by breast cancer stage I-II (Tis-T1-2 N0-1), undergoing adjuvant
      radiotherapy with conventional fractionation. For each patient on CT images was
      measured the distance between the back face of the sternum (manubrium) and the
      anterior face of body of the corresponding vertebra (a), and the distance
      measured on the line at 45 degrees  between the vertebral body of the same
      vertebra and the back face of the rib corresponding (b). The a/b ratio showed
      values between 0.626 and 1.123. We used the median value (0.821) as cut-off to
      divide the patients in two groups. We calculated in both groups: Volume (Vol)
      heart, Vol LAD with an expansion of 0.6 mm; Dmean LAD (Gy); Dmax LAD (Gy); V10
      V20-V30 (%) LAD and we correlated these values with parametric and non-parametric
      tests. RESULTS: The Pearson test has showed a statistically significant
      correlation between Vol breast and V10, V20, V30 with borderline significance (p
      = 0.006; p = 0.02; p = 0.05). The data were confirmed by testing non-parametric
      Kendall (tau = 0.004; tau = 0.015; tau = 0.016) and Spearman (rho = 0.003; rho =
      0.016; rho = 0.015). We conducted categorizing into quartiles of breast volume
      and evaluated the correlation with a/b. We have found a significative correlation
      (p = 0.01) between small Vol breast (<=660.23 cc) and a/b < 0.0821 and greater
      Vol breast (>660.23 cc) with a/b > 0.0821. From the evaluation of the
      distribution of V10 in the two groups taking account of the Dmean <=5 or >5
      significance was found with a/b; Chi square 0.009 (0.01). Values <=5 were
      observed in women with a/b < 0.0821. Values >5 in women with a/b > 0.0821.
      CONCLUSIONS: The geometric conformity of chest thorax considering a/b and the
      value of 0.0821 can reveals an important parameter in the selection of patients
      suitable for radiation therapy on left breast in order to evaluate the risk of
      late cardiac events. This consideration during treatment planning can change the
      technique or the set-up allowing the development of a customized plan.

PMID- 27386291
TI  - Evaluation of antibacterial activity of honey against multidrug resistant
      bacteria in Ayder Referral and Teaching Hospital, Northern Ethiopia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistance is a global health issue. Hence integration of
      traditional medicine like honey and modern medicine could be a best option in the
      treatment of patients infected with drug resistant bacteria. Despite the multi
      floral and huge honey production in the region, there are no studies that
      evaluate the antibacterial activity of honey against multidrug resistant
      bacteria. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of honey against
      multidrug resistant human pathogenic bacterial isolates of wound and ear
      infections. METHODS: Red and white honeys were obtained from three districts
      Eastern Zone of Tigray namely Temben, Atsbi and Samre. The antibacterial
      potential of these honeys was determined against multidrug resistant isolates of
      clinical isolates of bacterial species of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
      coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Coagulase negative
      Staphylococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia, and five
      controls bacterial using tube dilutions methods. Undiluted and twofold serial
      dilutions of honeys were tested to determine minimum inhibitory concentration
      (MIC) using broth tube dilution methods through visual inspection and minimum
      bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by sub-culturing tubes showing no
      visible sign of growth/turbidity in MIC. RESULTS: The mean MIC of red honeys for
      control and test bacteria was 7.7-8.9 and 12.6-17.9 % (v/v) respectively. Whilst
      the MIC of white honey was 12.2-12.5 % (v/v) for control and 16.1-27.7 % (v/v)
      for test bacteria. Mean MBC of red honeys for control and test isolates was from
      25-40 to 30.4-62.5 % (v/v) respectively, and 40-55 and 60.7-75 % (v/v) for white
      honeys. Honey collected from Samre area has shown better antibacterial activity
      than other sites. Similarly red honeys from all areas were found to have better
      antibacterial activity against the multidrug bacteria than the white honey. Over
      all the MIC and MBC of all isolates was between 6.25-50 and 12.5-100 % (v/v)
      respectively. CONCLUSION: Red honey from all sites showed better antibacterial
      activity than the white honey. Likewise, honey from Samre area showed better
      antibacterial activity than Temben and Atsbi districts. All collected honeys
      showed varied bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities, and none of the
      isolates was resistant to tested honeys.

PMID- 27386292
TI  - A retrospective analysis of characteristics of visual field damage in patients
      with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.
AB  - The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics and the
      evolution of visual field damage caused by Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
      (LHON) and to provide clinical data for the diagnosis of LHON. Parameters of
      visual field in 32 consecutive patients (49 eyes) with LHON who were confirmed by
      genetic diagnostic tests were retrospectively measured within 1 week, between
      three to six months, and at six months after onset. Visual field defects revealed
      central scotoma in 26 eyes (53.1 %), paracentral scotoma in 12 eyes (24.5 %),
      ceco-central defects in 6 eyes (12.2 %), blind spot enlargenment in 3 eyes (6.1
      %), quadrantanopia in 2 eyes (4.1 %) within 1 week after onset. After 3 to 6
      months, ceco-central defects were detected in 22 eyes (44.9 %), central isopter
      constriction in 10 eyes (20.4 %), hemianopia or quadrantanopia in 5 eyes (10.2
      %), central scotoma in 4 eyes (8.2 %), and paracentral scotoma in 1 eye (2.0 %).
      After 6 months, central isopter constriction was observed in 18 eyes (36.7 %),
      diffuse defects in 21 eyes (42.9 %), ceco-central defects in 3 eyes (6.1 %),
      hemianopia or quadrantanopia in 5 eyes (10.2 %), and central scotoma in 2 eyes
      (4.1 %). LHON at different stages was characterized by different focal visual
      field defects: visual field defects in LHON patients within 1 week after onset
      were mostly central or paracentral scotoma, which was enlarged around the ceco
      central defect, or connected to form a blind spot after 3-6 months. Diffuse and
      central isopter constriction defects were usually developed after 6 months.
      Damages firstly appeared in papillomacular bundle and gradually expanded outward.
      These characteristics of visual field defects reported in this study might
      provide a clinical basis for better diagnosis of LHON. 

PMID- 27386293
TI  - Identification of new deep sea sinuous channels in the eastern Arabian Sea.
AB  - Deep sea channel systems are recognized in most submarine fans worldwide as well
      as in the geological record. The Indus Fan is the second largest modern submarine
      fan, having a well-developed active canyon and deep sea channel system. Previous
      studies from the upper Indus Fan have reported several active channel systems. In
      the present study, deep sea channel systems were identified within the middle
      Indus Fan using high resolution multibeam bathymetric data. Prominent
      morphological features within the survey block include the Raman Seamount and
      Laxmi Ridge. The origin of the newly discovered channels in the middle fan has
      been inferred using medium resolution satellite bathymetry data. Interpretation
      of new data shows that the highly sinuous deep sea channel systems also extend to
      the east of Laxmi Ridge, as well as to the west of Laxmi Ridge, as previously
      reported. A decrease in sinuosity southward can be attributed to the
      morphological constraints imposed by the elevated features. These findings have
      significance in determining the pathways for active sediment transport systems,
      as well as their source characterization. The geometry suggests a series of
      punctuated avulsion events leading to the present array of disconnected channels.
      Such channels have affected the Laxmi Basin since the Pliocene and are
      responsible for reworking older fan sediments, resulting in loss of the original
      erosional signature supplied from the river mouth. This implies that distal fan
      sediments have experienced significant signal shredding and may not represent the
      erosion and weathering conditions within the onshore basin at the time of
      sedimentation. 

PMID- 27386294
TI  - Communication practices in the US and Syria.
AB  - This study highlights Syrian communication practices using comparative tests with
      the United States communication as a baseline. Additionally, theoretical findings
      on individualism and collectivism theory are extended to include findings from
      Syria. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance was used to test culture's effect in
      demographically similar (in age, SES, and education) student convenience samples,
      with the covariate communication adaptability, on dependent variables: empathy,
      social confirmation, social composure, friendships, non-verbal immediacy, social
      self-efficacy, and general self-efficacy. Results indicated that Syrians possess
      more empathy, social confirmation, and perceived general self-efficacy in
      comparison to U.S. citizens who have greater social composure, friendships, non
      verbal immediacy and social self-efficacy. These results indicate that Syrians
      have the strength of self-efficacy to succeed in intercultural relationships
      while U.S. Americans have the assets of warmth and sociability to enable
      successful interactions with Syrians. 

PMID- 27386295
TI  - Comparison of the effects of Mitomycin-C and sodium
      hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose [NH/CMC] (Seprafilm) on abdominal adhesions.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Intra-abdominal adhesions (IA) may occur after abdominal surgery
      and also may lead to complications such as infertility, intestinal obstruction
      and chronic pain. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of Mitomycin-C
      (MM-C) and sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose [NH/CMC] on abdominal
      adhesions in a cecal abrasion model and to investigate the toxicity of MM-C on
      complete blood count (CBC) and bone marrow analyses. METHODS: The study comprised
      forty rats in four groups (Control, Sham, Cecal abrasion + MM-C, and Cecal
      abrasion + NH/CMC). On postoperative day 21, all rats except for the control (CBC
      + femur resection) group, were sacrificed. Macroscopical and histopathological
      evaluations of abdominal adhesions were performed. In order to elucidate the side
      effects of MM-C; CBC analyses and femur resections were performed to examine bone
      marrow cellularity. RESULTS: CBC analyses and bone marrow cellularity assessment
      revealed no statistically significant differences between MM-C, NH/CMC and
      control groups. No significant differences in inflammation scores were observed
      between the groups. The MM-C group had significantly lower fibrosis scores
      compared to the NH/CMC and sham groups. Although the adhesion scores were lower
      in the MM-C group, the differences were not statistically significant.
      CONCLUSION: Despite its potential for systemic toxicity, MM-C may show some anti
      fibrosis and anti-adhesive effects. MM-C is a promising agent for the prevention
      of IAs, and as such, further trials are warranted to study efficacy.

PMID- 27386296
TI  - Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Comoe River Basin (West
      Africa).
AB  - Climate change is impacting water users in many sectors: water supply, farming,
      industry, hydropower, fishing, housing, navigation and health. Existing
      situations, like population growth, movement of populations from rural to urban
      areas, poverty and pollution can aggravate the impacts of climate change. The aim
      of the study is to evaluate the vulnerability of different water user groups to
      climate change and define communities' adaptation strategies in the Comoe River
      Basin. Information was collected on communities' concerns and perception on
      changes in climate and potential adaptation measures and strategies. Results show
      that 95 % of the sample in the study communities had heard of it and are aware
      that climate change is occurring. They have been experiencing changes in economic
      activity and cropping pattern, reduced water level in rivers, crop failure, delay
      in cropping season, new pests and diseases, food insecurity, drop in income and
      decline in crop yield. Results also show that communities employ various
      adaptation strategies including crops diversification, substitution and calendar
      redefinition, agroforestry, borrowing from friends and money lenders and
      increasing fertilizer application. 

PMID- 27386297
TI  - Apparent diffusion coefficient value for estimating clinicohistological factors
      in bladder cancer including infiltration style and lymphatic invasion.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values
      measured from diffusion-weighted imaging we investigated its association with
      clinicopathological tumor characteristics of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND
      METHODS: Diffusion-weighted MRI at 1.5 Tesla using b-values of 0, 1000 s/mm(2)
      was taken before transurethral resection by 114 bladder urothelial tumor
      patients. ADC value was measured and its relationship with pathological factors
      including T stage, tumor grade, infiltration style (INF) and lymphatic invasion
      (ly) was analyzed. RESULTS: Median ADC value was significantly lower in Grade 3
      than in Grade 1 (P < 0.001) or in Grade 2 (P = 0.002), in INFb than in INFa (P =
      0.004), in INFc than in INFa (P < 0.001), in ly1 than in ly0 (P < 0.001) and
      lower in T2? than in T1? (P < 0.001), respectively. Receiver operating curve
      demonstrated the accuracy of detecting muscle invasive bladder cancer or ly+ by
      using area under curve (AUC), showing 0.758 and 0.748. CONCLUSION: ADC value is
      likely to serve as a useful biomarker showing clinicopathological characterictics
      of bladder cancer.

PMID- 27386298
TI  - Scale adaptive compressive tracking.
AB  - Recently, the compressive tracking (CT) method (Zhang et al. in Proceedings of
      European conference on computer vision, pp 864-877, 2012) has attracted much
      attention due to its high efficiency, but it cannot well deal with the scale
      changing objects due to its constant tracking box. To address this issue, in this
      paper we propose a scale adaptive CT approach, which adaptively adjusts the scale
      of tracking box with the size variation of the objects. Our method significantly
      improves CT in three aspects: Firstly, the scale of tracking box is adaptively
      adjusted according to the size of the objects. Secondly, in the CT method, all
      the compressive features are supposed independent and equal contribution to the
      classifier. Actually, different compressive features have different confidence
      coefficients. In our proposed method, the confidence coefficients of features are
      computed and used to achieve different contribution to the classifier. Finally,
      in the CT method, the learning parameter lambda is constant, which will result in
      large tracking drift on the occasion of object occlusion or large scale
      appearance variation. In our proposed method, a variable learning parameter
      lambda is adopted, which can be adjusted according to the object appearance
      variation rate. Extensive experiments on the CVPR2013 tracking benchmark
      demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method compared to state-of
      the-art tracking algorithms. 

PMID- 27386299
TI  - Dynamics of the functions [Formula: see text] with the real parameter.
AB  - In this paper, the dynamics of the functions [Formula: see text] with the real
      parameter is studied. We say that a real parameter [Formula: see text] belongs to
      the set [Formula: see text] for a positive integer n if [Formula: see text] has
      an attracting cycle of n-order. We prove that the Fatou set [Formula: see text]
      is a completely invariant attracting basin for every parameter [Formula: see
      text]. Further, regarding the set [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], we
      prove the following results: (1) There exists [Formula: see text] such that
      [Formula: see text]. (2) For every positive integer [Formula: see text], the set
      [Formula: see text] is non-empty. (3) For every prime number [Formula: see text],
      the set [Formula: see text] has at least two components. 

PMID- 27386300
TI  - Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors in and around
      Alage district, Ethiopia.
AB  - Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with economic and public health impact,
      particularly for human and animal populations within developing countries that
      relay on livestock production. A cross sectional study was conducted between
      October 2013 and March 2014 in and around Alage district to determine the
      seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis and associated risk factors. A total of 804
      sera samples; 421 from cattle managed under extensive production system and 383
      from cattle managed under intensive production system were collected. Multistage
      cluster sampling method was employed to sample unvaccinated cattle above 6 months
      of age. Rose Bengal Plate Test and c-ELISA were used in serial for detection of
      antibodies against Brucella species. The overall seroprevalence was 2.4 %, and
      herd level seroprevalence was 45.9 %. A prevalence of 3.3 and 1.3 % was recorded
      in the extensive and intensive farms respectively. Among the three sites,
      seropositivity of 3.4 % in Naka, 3.3 % in Negelewudisha and 1.3 % in Alage were
      recorded. Risk factors such as age, sex, number of service per conception,
      calving interval and reproductive status were associated with serostatus of
      brucellosis. Taken as a whole, cattle in both intensive and extensive production
      systems are endemically infected by brucellosis at low level in the study areas.
      This warrants the need of integrated intervention strategies to minimize the
      spread of the disease in animals and reduce the risk of transmission to humans. 

PMID- 27386301
TI  - Age-dependent effects in the association between monetary delay discounting and
      risky sexual behavior.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Monetary delay discounting is a measure of impulsivity associated
      with substance use and abuse, problem gambling, and other health-related
      outcomes. More recently, delay discounting has been shown to be associated with
      risky sexual behavior. We analyzed survey data from men who have sex with men who
      completed a monetary discounting task and reported sexual behaviors in the
      previous 12 months. FINDINGS: Monetary delay discounting was associated with
      condomless anal intercourse among young (18-24 years), but not older, men who
      have sex with men. CONCLUSIONS: Monetary delay discounting may identify young men
      at increased risk of engaging in HIV risk behaviors.

PMID- 27386302
TI  - Common carotid artery diameter responds to intravenous volume expansion: an
      ultrasound observation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In case of intravascular fluid depletion, large veins react to volume
      expansion with dilation. Little is known about the reaction of arterial vessels.
      We herein report on the effect of a standardized fluid bolus on the diameter of
      the common carotid artery (CCA) and its association with hemodynamic parameters,
      assessed in 20 mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery. CCA was
      visualized using ultrasound, and the percentage increase in diastolic diameter
      was calculated by measuring before and after administration of crystalloid
      infusion solution. Invasive arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure variation
      (PPV) were assessed in parallel. RESULTS: Median diastolic CCA diameter was 6.2
      (Q1-Q3: 5.4-7.1) mm, and it significantly increased to 6.7 (5.8-7.3) mm upon
      fluid administration [5.0 (1.9-10.5) % increase]. Mean arterial blood (MAP)
      pressure likewise increased from 68 (70-73) to 85 (71-100) mmHg, whereas PPV was
      significantly reduced from 17.6 (16.8-23.9) to 13.2 (6.7-18.1) %. There was a
      significant association between the change in CCA diameter and the hemodynamic
      response (delta-MAP: r = 0.53, delta-PPV: r = 0.56; p < 0.05). Furthermore,
      carotid diameter measured before volume expansion significantly correlated with
      the delta-PPV upon fluid administration (r = -0.5; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS:
      Diameter of the CCA increases in response to intravascular volume expansion.
      Additional studies on the interplay between carotid geometry and intravascular
      fluid status are necessary.

PMID- 27386303
TI  - Predictors of neonatal abstinence syndrome in buprenorphine exposed newborn: can
      cord blood buprenorphine metabolite levels help?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid used for the treatment of
      opioid dependence. Opioid use, including buprenorphine, has been increasing in
      recent years, in the general population and in pregnant women. Consequently,
      there has been a rise in frequency of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS),
      associated with buprenorphine use during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was
      to investigate correlations between buprenorphine and buprenorphine-metabolite
      concentrations in cord blood and onset of NAS in buprenorphine exposed newborns.
      METHODS: Nineteen (19) newborns who met inclusion criteria were followed after
      birth until discharge in a double-blind non-intervention study, after maternal
      consent. Cord blood and tissue samples were collected and analyzed by liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for buprenorphine and metabolites.
      Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine relationships
      between buprenorphine and buprenorphine metabolite concentrations in cord blood
      and onset of NAS, need for morphine therapy, and length of stay. RESULTS: Each
      increase in 5 ng/ml level of norbuprenorphine in cord blood increases odds of
      requiring treatment by morphine 2.5 times. Each increase in 5 ng/ml of
      buprenorphine-glucuronide decreases odds of receiving morphine by 57.7 %. Along
      with concentration of buprenorphine metabolites, birth weight and gestational age
      also play important roles, but not maternal buprenorphine dose. CONCLUSIONS: LC
      MS analysis of cord blood concentrations of buprenorphine and metabolites is an
      effective way to examine drug and metabolite levels in the infant at birth. Cord
      blood concentrations of the active norbuprenorphine metabolite and the inactive
      buprenorphine-glucuronide metabolite show promise in predicting necessity of
      treatment of NAS. These finding have implications in improving patient care and
      reducing healthcare costs if confirmed in a larger sample.

PMID- 27386304
TI  - The possibility of coexistence and co-development in language competition:
      ecology-society computational model and simulation.
AB  - Language is characterized by both ecological properties and social properties,
      and competition is the basic form of language evolution. The rise and decline of
      one language is a result of competition between languages. Moreover, this rise
      and decline directly influences the diversity of human culture. Mathematics and
      computer modeling for language competition has been a popular topic in the fields
      of linguistics, mathematics, computer science, ecology, and other disciplines.
      Currently, there are several problems in the research on language competition
      modeling. First, comprehensive mathematical analysis is absent in most studies of
      language competition models. Next, most language competition models are based on
      the assumption that one language in the model is stronger than the other. These
      studies tend to ignore cases where there is a balance of power in the
      competition. The competition between two well-matched languages is more
      practical, because it can facilitate the co-development of two languages. A third
      issue with current studies is that many studies have an evolution result where
      the weaker language inevitably goes extinct. From the integrated point of view of
      ecology and sociology, this paper improves the Lotka-Volterra model and basic
      reaction-diffusion model to propose an "ecology-society" computational model for
      describing language competition. Furthermore, a strict and comprehensive
      mathematical analysis was made for the stability of the equilibria. Two languages
      in competition may be either well-matched or greatly different in strength, which
      was reflected in the experimental design. The results revealed that language
      coexistence, and even co-development, are likely to occur during language
      competition. 

PMID- 27386305
TI  - Treatment of high-strength ethylene glycol waste water in an expanded granular
      sludge blanket reactor: use of PVA-gel beads as a biocarrier.
AB  - Industrial-scale use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-gel beads as biocarriers is still
      not being implemented due to the lack of understanding regarding the optimal
      operational parameters. In this study, the parameters for organic loading rate
      (OLR), alkalinity, recycle rate, and addition of trace elements were investigated
      in an expanded granular sludge blanket reactor (EGSB) treating high-strength
      ethylene glycol wastewater (EG) with PVA-gel beads as biocarrier. Stable chemical
      oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies of 95 % or greater were achieved, and
      continuous treatment was demonstrated with appropriate parameters being an OLR of
      15 kg COD/m(3)/day, NaHCO3 added at 400 mg/L, a recycle rate of 15 L/h, and no
      addition of trace elements addition. A biogas production yield rate of 0.24
      m(3)/kg COD was achieved in this study. A large number of long rod-shaped
      bacteria (Methanosaeta), were found with low acetate concentration in the EGSB
      reactor. 

PMID- 27386306
TI  - Assessment of technological level of stem cell research using principal component
      analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In general, technological levels have been assessed based on
      specialist's opinion through the methods such as Delphi. But in such cases,
      results could be significantly biased per study design and individual expert.
      FINDINGS: In this study, therefore scientific literatures and patents were
      selected by means of analytic indexes for statistic approach and technical
      assessment of stem cell fields. The analytic indexes, numbers and impact indexes
      of scientific literatures and patents, were weighted based on principal component
      analysis, and then, were summated into the single value. Technological
      obsolescence was calculated through the cited half-life of patents issued by the
      United States Patents and Trademark Office and was reflected in technological
      level assessment. As results, ranks of each nation's in reference to the
      technology level were rated by the proposed method. Furthermore we were able to
      evaluate strengthens and weaknesses thereof. CONCLUSIONS: Although our empirical
      research presents faithful results, in the further study, there is a need to
      compare the existing methods and the suggested method.

PMID- 27386307
TI  - Adpositions and presuppositions.
AB  - This paper looks at presuppositions of adpositions, a topic which has not been
      examined much, in spite of the very large body of work on presuppositions. Some
      earlier assertions about adpositional presuppositions turn out not to be
      relevant, because (1) they are incorrect (2) presuppose and/or presupposition are
      not used in a technical sense in them, or (3) the presuppositions involved are
      not unique to adpositions. Some adpositions, e.g. despite, have been claimed to
      be factive, and thus could be presupposition triggers, but it is difficult to
      determine this, due to the fact that their complements are arguably always
      themselves presupposition triggers. On the other hand, directional adpositions
      are clearly presuppositional, as they trigger presuppositions about the location
      of an object/or entity before or after the motion whose description they are
      partly responsible for. Such facts may lead one to speculate about word classes
      and presuppositionality in general, and I will briefly discuss this issue. 

PMID- 27386308
TI  - Trace metals health risk appraisal in fish species of Arabian Sea.
AB  - Fish is a vital food for humans and many animals. We report an environmental
      monitoring study to assess the trace metals in fish species caught from Arabian
      Sea and commercially available in the coastal city Karachi, Pakistan. Heavy
      metals such as copper, iron, lead and cadmium were determined in the skin, fillet
      and heart of the fish species Pampus argenteus, Epinephelus chlorostigma,
      Rachycentron canadum, Scomberomorus commerson, Johnius belangerii, Labeo rohita,
      Lutjanus argentimaculatus, Trachinotus blochii, Pomadsys olivaceum and
      Acanthopagrus berda by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration
      (mg kg(-1), dry weight) range was: Cd (0.00-0.041), Cu (0.006-0.189), Fe (0.413
      4.952) and Pb (0.00-0.569). Cadmium, copper and iron levels were below the
      tolerable limits whereas concentration of lead in the skins of S. commerson, E.
      chlorostigma, J. belangerii, A. berda; L. argentimaculatus, fillets of J.
      belangerii, E. chlorostigma and in the heart of J. belangerii exceeded the
      recommended limits. Therefore fish skin should be discouraged as food for humans
      or animals. The results indicate that a number of fish species have higher
      concentration of heavy metals dangerous for human health. Since the fish P.
      olivaceum (Dhotar) has the lowest level of trace metals therefore we recommend it
      for breeding and human consumption. 

PMID- 27386309
TI  - A new generalization of Apostol type Hermite-Genocchi polynomials and its
      applications.
AB  - By using the modified Milne-Thomson's polynomial given in Araci et al. (Appl Math
      Inf Sci 8(6):2803-2808, 2014), we introduce a new concept of the Apostol Hermite
      Genocchi polynomials. We also perform a further investigation for aforementioned
      polynomial and derive some implicit summation formulae and general symmetric
      identities arising from different analytical means and generating functions
      method. The results obtained here are an extension of Hermite-Bernoulli
      polynomials (Pathan and Khan in Mediterr J Math 12:679-695, 2015a) and Hermite
      Euler polynomials (Pathan and Khan in Mediterr J Math 2015b, doi:10.1007/s00009
      015-0551-1) to Apostol type Hermite-Genocchi polynomials defined in this paper. 

PMID- 27386310
TI  - Process optimization for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Sclerotinia
      sclerotiorum MTCC 8785 and evaluation of its antibacterial properties.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Eco-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles is viewed as an alternative
      to the chemical method and initiated the use of microorganisms for synthesis. The
      present study has been designed to utilize plant pathogenic fungi Sclerotinia
      sclerotiorum MTCC 8785 strain for synthesis and optimization of silver
      nanoparticles (AgNPs) production as well as evaluation of antibacterial
      properties. The AgNPs were synthesized by reduction of aqueous silver nitrate
      (AgNO3) solution after incubation of 3-5 days at room temperature. The AgNPs were
      further characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared
      spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Reaction
      parameters including media, fungal biomass, AgNO3 concentration, pH and
      temperature were further optimized for rapid AgNPs production. The antibacterial
      efficacy of AgNPs was evaluated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and
      Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 by disc diffusion and growth kinetics assay at
      the concentration determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
      RESULTS: AgNPs synthesis was initially marked by the change in colour from pale
      white to brown and was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Optimization studies
      showed that potato dextrose broth (PDB) media, 10 g of biomass, addition of 2 mM
      AgNO3, pH 11 and 80  degrees C temperature resulted in enhanced AgNPs synthesis
      through extracellular route. TEM data revealed spherical shape AgNPs with size in
      the range of 10 nm. Presence of proteins capped to AgNPs was confirmed by FTIR.
      AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus at 100 ppm
      concentration, corresponding MIC value. CONCLUSION: S. sclerotiorum MTCC 8785
      mediated AgNPs was synthesized rapidly under optimized conditions, which showed
      antibacterial activity.

PMID- 27386312
TI  - Measurement of neutron energy spectrum at the radial channel No. 4 of the Dalat
      reactor.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Several compositions of neutron filters have been installed at the
      channel No. 4 of the Dalat research reactor to produce quasi-monoenergetic
      neutron beams. However, this neutron facility has been proposed to enhance the
      quality of the experimental instruments, and to characterize the neutron spectrum
      parameters for new filtered neutron beams of 2 keV, 24 keV, 59 keV and 133 keV.
      CASE DESCRIPTION: In order to meet the demand of neutron spectrum information for
      calculation and design of filtered neutron facilities at the Dalat nuclear
      research reactor (DNRR), the experimental determinations of neutron flux and
      energy spectrum, up to 8 MeV, has been performed at the inner entrance of the
      horizontal channel No. 4 from the core of DNRR. The Westcott neutron fluxes as
      well as the alpha-parameter that represents the deviation of epithermal neutron
      distribution from the 1/E law were measured by applying the cadmium ratio and the
      multi-foils activation methods. The fast neutron spectrum was measured based on
      the iterative adjustment procedure with threshold reactions. DISCUSSION AND
      EVALUATION: A set of pure metal thin foils with the diameter of 1.27 cm and
      thickness of 0.125 mm were used as threshold detectors to measure the integrated
      fluxes, and a calculation procedure on iterative adjustment was implemented to
      derive the differential neutron energy spectrum from the integrated values.
      CONCLUSIONS: The neutron fluxes and spectrum parameters were characterized with
      the measured values of 4.80 * 10(9), 1.98 * 10(7), 5.06 * 10(8) cm(-2) s(-1) and
      0.0448 for the thermal, epithermal, fast neutron fluxes and the alpha-shape
      factor, respectively. The present result has been significantly applied to the
      input data for the Monte Carlo simulations in the developments of filtered mono
      energetic neutron beam facility at the institute.

PMID- 27386311
TI  - Habitual dietary protein intake affects body iron status in Japanese female
      college rhythmic gymnasts: a follow-up study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many rhythmic gymnasts stay lean by reducing their body weight (BW);
      however, this may result in iron deficiency (ID). Our previous cross-sectional
      study reported an association between ID incidence and protein intake in gymnasts
      during the pre-season. The present study aimed to examine the association between
      dietary protein intake and ID incidence in a 2-year follow-up study. METHODS:
      Elite Japanese female college rhythmic gymnasts [mean age +/- standard deviation
      (SD): 18.4 +/- 0.5 years] were recruited on a voluntary basis every August for 9
      years. Anthropometric, dietary intake, and hematological parameters were measured
      at baseline and 2 years later. A total of 20 participants without ID at baseline
      were divided into either a lower (L, n = 11) or higher (H, n = 9) protein group
      based on median protein intake (1.3 g protein/kg BW). RESULTS: Participants
      consumed 1.08 +/- 0.16 and 1.55 +/- 0.14 g/kg BW of protein in the L and H
      groups, respectively. No significant changes in the intake of protein and other
      nutrients were observed between baseline and 2-year follow-up in both groups. ID
      was observed in a total of eight (72.8 %) participants in the L group and one
      (11.2 %) in the H group at follow-up. The incidence of ID was significantly lower
      in the H group than the L group (Fisher's exact test, odds ratio, 0.043; 95 % CI
      0.004-0.552; p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: During the pre-season weight loss period,
      habitually higher protein intake may reduce ID incidence among elite college
      female rhythmic gymnasts.

PMID- 27386313
TI  - Uncovering the differences in linguistic network dynamics of book and social
      media texts.
AB  - Complex network studies span a large variety of applications including linguistic
      networks. To investigate the differences in book and social media texts in terms
      of linguistic typology, we constructed both sequential and sentence collocation
      networks of book, Facebook and Twitter texts with undirected and weighted edges.
      The comparisons are performed using the basic parameters like average degree,
      modularity, average clustering coefficient, average path length, diameter,
      average link weight etc. We also presented the distribution graphs for node
      degrees, edge weights and maximum degree differences of the pairing nodes. The
      degree difference occurrences are furtherly detailed with the grayscale
      percentile plots with respect to the edge weights. We linked the network analysis
      with linguistic aspects like word and sentence length distributions. We concluded
      that linguistic typology demonstrates a formal usage in book that slightly
      deviates to informal in Twitter. Facebook interpolates between these media by the
      means of network parameters, while the informality of Twitter is mostly
      influenced by the character limitations. 

PMID- 27386314
TI  - A new Sumudu transform iterative method for time-fractional Cauchy reaction
      diffusion equation.
AB  - In this paper, a new Sumudu transform iterative method is established and
      successfully applied to find the approximate analytical solutions for time
      fractional Cauchy reaction-diffusion equations. The approach is easy to implement
      and understand. The numerical results show that the proposed method is very
      simple and efficient. 

PMID- 27386315
TI  - Experimental studies on the effects of bolt parameters on the bearing
      characteristics of reinforced rock.
AB  - Roadways supported by bolts contain support structures that are built into the
      rock surrounding the roadway, referred to as reinforced rocks in this paper.
      Using physical model simulation, the paper investigates the bearing
      characteristics of the reinforced rock under different bolt parameters with
      incrementally increased load. The experimental results show that the stress at
      the measurement point inside the structure varies with the kinetic pressure. The
      stress increases slowly as the load is initially applied, displays accelerated
      growth in the middle of the loading application, and decreases or remains
      constant in the later stage of the loading application. The change in
      displacement of the surrounding rock exhibits the following characteristics: a
      slow increase when the load is first applied, accelerated growth in the middle
      stage, and violent growth in the later stage. There is a good correlation between
      the change in the measured stress and the change in the surrounding rock
      displacement. Increasing the density of the bolt support and the length and
      diameter of the bolt improves the load-bearing performance of the reinforced
      rock, including its strength, internal peak stress, and residual stress. Bolting
      improves the internal structure of the surrounding rocks, and the deterioration
      of the surrounding rock decreases with the distance between the bolt supports. 

PMID- 27386316
TI  - A quantum chemical study of the mechanisms of olefin addition to group 9
      transition metal dioxo compounds.
AB  - The mechanistic aspects of ethylene addition to MO2(CH2)(CH3) (M=Co, Rh, Ir) have
      been investigated with a Hartree-Fock/DFT hybrid functional at the MO6/LACVP* and
      B3LYP/LACVP* levels of theory to elucidate the reaction pathways on the singlet,
      doublet and triplet potential energy surfaces (PES). In the reaction of the
      IrO2CH2CH3 complex with ethylene, [3 + 2]C,O addition is the most plausible
      pathway on the singlet PES, the [3 + 2]O,O addition is the most favoured pathway
      on the doublet surface whiles the stepwise [1 + 1] addition involving the oxygen
      atom of the complex in the first step and the carbon atom of the complex in the
      second step is the most plausible pathway on the triplet PES. For the reaction of
      the RhO2(CH2)(CH3) complex, the [2 + 2]Rh,O addition pathway is the most favoured
      on the singlet surface, the [2 + 2]Rh,C is the most plausible pathway on the
      triplet PES and [3 + 2]C,O is the most plausible on the doublet surface. For the
      reactions of the CoO2(CH2)(CH3) complex, the [1 + 2]O addition is the most
      plausible on the singlet PES, [3 + 2]C=Co=O cycloaddition to form the five
      membered intermediate is the most preferred pathway on the doublet PES, whiles on
      the triplet PES the preferred pathway is the [3 + 2] addition across the O=Co=O
      bond of the metal complex. The reactions of olefins with the Co dioxo complex
      have lower activation barriers for the preferred [3 + 2] and [2 + 2] addition
      pathways as well as fewer side reactions than those of the rhodium and iridium
      systems. This could imply that the cobalt dioxo complexes can efficiently and
      selectively catalyze specific reactions in oxidation of olefins than Rh and Ir
      oxo complexes will do and therefore Co oxo complexes may be better catalysts for
      specific oxidation reactions of olefins than Rh and Ir complexes are. The
      activation barriers for the formation of the four-or five-membered metallacycle
      intermediates through [2 + 2] or [3 + 2] cyclo-addition are lower on the triplet
      PES than on the singlet PES for the formation of similar analogues. There are
      fewer competitive reaction pathways on the triplet surface than on the singlet
      PES. Also, cycloadditions that seem impossible on the singlet PES seem possible
      on the doublet and or triplet PESs, this is the case typically for the Rh and Co
      complexes, illustrating the importance of multiple spin states in organometallic
      reactions.Graphical AbstractTable of Contents Synopsis: A study of the mechanism
      of ethylene addition to MO2(CH2)(CH3)(M=Co,Rh,Ir) shows the reactions of the Co
      complex have lower activation barriers for the preferred [3+2] and [2+2] addition
      pathways and fewer side reactions than those of Rh and Ir. Reactions are more
      feasible and selective on the triplet PES than on the singlet PES. These
      illustrate the importance of multiple spin states in organometallic reactions and
      shows catalyst activity and selectivity decreases down the group. 

PMID- 27386317
TI  - An intermediate significant bit (ISB) watermarking technique using neural
      networks.
AB  - Prior research studies have shown that the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is
      the most frequent watermarked image quality metric that is used for determining
      the levels of strength and weakness of watermarking algorithms. Conversely,
      normalised cross correlation (NCC) is the most common metric used after attacks
      were applied to a watermarked image to verify the strength of the algorithm used.
      Many researchers have used these approaches to evaluate their algorithms. These
      strategies have been used for a long time, however, which unfortunately limits
      the value of PSNR and NCC in reflecting the strength and weakness of the
      watermarking algorithms. This paper considers this issue to determine the
      threshold values of these two parameters in reflecting the amount of strength and
      weakness of the watermarking algorithms. We used our novel watermarking technique
      for embedding four watermarks in intermediate significant bits (ISB) of six image
      files one-by-one through replacing the image pixels with new pixels and, at the
      same time, keeping the new pixels very close to the original pixels. This
      approach gains an improved robustness based on the PSNR and NCC values that were
      gathered. A neural network model was built that uses the image quality metrics
      (PSNR and NCC) values obtained from the watermarking of six grey-scale images
      that use ISB as the desired output and that are trained for each watermarked
      image's PSNR and NCC. The neural network predicts the watermarked image's PSNR
      together with NCC after the attacks when a portion of the output of the same or
      different types of image quality metrics (PSNR and NCC) are obtained. The results
      indicate that the NCC metric fluctuates before the PSNR values deteriorate. 

PMID- 27386318
TI  - Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in soils and drinking water
      sources from cocoa farms in Ghana.
AB  - Residues of organochlorine pesticides were determined in soils and drinking water
      sources in cocoa growing areas in Ghana. Soil samples analysed showed the
      presence of four organochlorine pesticide residues namely lindane (0.005-0.05
      mg/kg), beta-HCH (<0.01-0.05 mg/kg), dieldrin (0.005-0.02 mg/kg), and p,p'-DDT
      (0.005-0.04 mg/kg), with dieldrin occurring most frequently. Similarly,
      organochlorine pesticide residues detected in the water samples were lindane
      (0.01-0.03 ug/l), alpha-endosulfan (0.01-0.03 ug/l), endosulfan-sulphate (0.01
      0.04 ug/l), dieldrin (0.01-0.03 ug/l) and p,p'-DDT (0.01-0.04 ug/l), with
      heptachlor occurring most frequently. The concentrations of the detected
      organochlorine residues in the soil samples were below their respective US
      maximum residues limits (MRLs) for agricultural soils, except for lindane
      recorded at Kwakuanya (S4) and beta-HCH recorded at Krakrom (S3) and Kwakuanya
      (S4). Similarly, the organochlorine pesticide residues recorded in the water
      samples were below and within their respective WHO MRLs for drinking water except
      for alpha-endosulfan at Diabaa (S2) and Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 0-15 m and
      Kwakuanya (S4) at distance 16-30 m, endosulfan-sulfate at Nkrankwanta (S1) and
      Diabaa (S2) at distance 0-15 m and heptachlor at Krakrom (S3) at distance 16-30 m
      which were above their WHO MRLs. The presence of the banned organochlorine
      pesticide residues in soil and water samples from the study area indicates that
      these chemicals are still being used, illegally, on some cocoa farms. Routine
      monitoring of pesticide residues in the study area is necessary for the
      prevention, control and reduction of environmental pollution to minimize health
      risks. 

PMID- 27386319
TI  - Survey of coccidial infection of rabbits in Sichuan Province, Southwest China.
AB  - Coccidiosis is a challenging disease of wild and domestic rabbits both, caused by
      Eimeria and thereby leads enormous economic losses at rabbit farms. The present
      study carried out to survey the prevalence and intensity of coccidial infection
      among the rabbits in Sichuan Province, southwest China. A total of 110 faecal
      samples were collected from 11 farms situated in eight main rabbits rearing
      administrative regions. Oocysts in faecal samples were purified, sporulated and
      identified according to morphological features. The overall prevalence of
      infection was 56.4 % (62/110), with prevalence of 64 % (47/75) for local meat
      breeds of rabbit and 51.4 % (18/35) for Rex Rabbits (local fur rabbits). Weanling
      rabbits had the highest prevalence (74 %, 37/50), followed by young rabbits (45
      %, 13/29) and the adult rabbits showed the lowest prevalence (42 %, 13/31).
      Concurrent infection with two to seven Eimeria species was found. In total, 9
      species of Eimeria were identified from oocyst-positive samples. E. perforans was
      the most prevalent specie (42.73 %), followed in order by Eimiera media, E.
      irresidua, E. magna, and E. intestinalis with prevalences of 35.45, 34.55, 31.82,
      and 23.64 %, respectively. Results of the present investigation indicated that
      the prevalence of coccidial infection is high among the rabbit population in
      southwest China. This study also elucidate about the coccidial infection and
      emphasis to adopt control strategies in commercial rabbitories. 

PMID- 27386321
TI  - On the pth moment estimates of solutions to stochastic functional differential
      equations in the G-framework.
AB  - The aim of the current paper is to present the path-wise and moment estimates for
      solutions to stochastic functional differential equations with non-linear growth
      condition in the framework of G-expectation and G-Brownian motion. Under the
      nonlinear growth condition, the pth moment estimates for solutions to SFDEs
      driven by G-Brownian motion are proved. The properties of G-expectations,
      Holder's inequality, Bihari's inequality, Gronwall's inequality and Burkholder
      Davis-Gundy inequalities are used to develop the above mentioned theory. In
      addition, the path-wise asymptotic estimates and continuity of pth moment for the
      solutions to SFDEs in the G-framework, with non-linear growth condition are
      shown. 

PMID- 27386320
TI  - The support of medication reviews in hospitalised patients using a clinical
      decision support system.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: First, to estimate the added value of a clinical decision support
      system (CDSS) in the performance of medication reviews in hospitalised elderly.
      Second, to identify the limitations of the current CDSS by analysing generated
      drug-related problems (DRPs). METHODS: Medication reviews were performed in
      patients admitted to the geriatric ward of the Zuyderland medical centre.
      Additionally, electronically available patient information was introduced into a
      CDSS. The DRP notifications generated by the CDSS were compared with those found
      in the medication review. The DRP notifications were analysed to learn how to
      improve the CDSS. RESULTS: A total of 223 DRP strategies were identified during
      the medication reviews. The CDSS generated 70 clinically relevant DRP
      notifications. Of these DRP notifications, 63 % (44) were also found during the
      medication reviews. The CDSS generated 10 % (26) new DRP notifications and
      conveyed 28 % (70) of all 249 clinically relevant DRPs that were found.
      Classification of the CDSS generated DRP notifications related to 'medication
      error type' revealed that 'contraindications/interactions/side effects' and
      'indication without medication' were the main categories not identified during
      the manual medication review. The error types 'medication without indication',
      'double medication', and 'wrong medication' were mostly not identified by the
      CDSS. CONCLUSIONS: The CDSS used in this study is not yet sufficiently advanced
      to replace the manual medication review, though it does add value to the manual
      medication review. The strengths and weaknesses of the current CDSS can be
      determined according to the medication error types.

PMID- 27386322
TI  - A double-hurdle model estimation of cocoa farmers' willingness to pay for crop
      insurance in Ghana.
AB  - Agriculture is an important sector in Ghana's economy, however, with high risk
      due to natural factors like climate change, pests and diseases and bush fires
      among others. Farmers in the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana which is known as one of
      the major cocoa producing regions, face these risks which sometimes results in
      crop failure. The need for farmers to therefore insure their farms against crop
      loss is crucial. Insurance has been a measure to guard against risk. The aim of
      this study was to assess cocoa farmers' willingness to access crop insurance, the
      factors affecting willingness to pay (WTP) for crop insurance scheme and
      insurance companies' willingness to provide crop insurance to cocoa farmers.
      Multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample 240 farmers from four
      communities in the Dormaa West District in Brong-Ahafo Region. The double-hurdle
      model shows that age, marital status and education significantly and positively
      influenced cocoa farmer's willingness to insure their farms whiles household size
      and cropped area negatively influenced farmers' willingness to insure their
      farms. Similarly, age, household size and cropped area significantly and
      positively influenced the premium cocoa farmers were willing to pay whiles
      marital status and cocoa income negatively influenced the premium farmers were
      willing to pay. The contingent valuation method shows that the maximum, minimum
      and average amounts cocoa farmers are willing to pay for crop insurance per
      production cost per acre was GHc128.40, GHc32.10 and GHc49.32 respectively.
      Insurance companies do not have crop insurance policy but willing to provide crop
      insurance policy to cocoa farmers on a condition that farmers adopt modern
      cultivation practices to reduce the level of risk. The study recommends that
      cocoa farmers should be well educated on crop insurance and should be involved in
      planning the crop insurance scheme in order to conclude on the premium to be paid
      by them. 

PMID- 27386323
TI  - Cytogenetic analysis of spontaneously discharged products of conception by array
      based comparative genomic hybridization.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Cytogenetic analysis of products of conception (POC) is essential for
      the management of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), but the currently-performed G
      banding method is not necessarily applicable to spontaneously discharged POC
      because of poor quality for culture. We analyzed the karyotypes of 15
      spontaneously discharged POC by array-based comparative genomic hybridization
      (array-CGH). RESULTS: All specimens were successfully analyzed and 10 cases had
      abnormal results: gain in copy number (n = 7) and loss in copy number (n = 3).
      Most of them were estimated to be whole chromosome aneuploidy, whereas one case
      was compatible with microdeletion. Two cases were suspected to be male diploid
      contaminated by maternal DNA or triploid because of the unsatisfactory signal
      patterns on X/Y chromosomes. Two of three cases with normal female DNA pattern
      were identified to be contaminated with maternal DNA by the additional analysis
      of short tandem repeats. CONCLUSIONS: Given the potential to analyze non-viable
      POC specimens, array-CGH is a feasible cytogenetic tool for women, in particular,
      with a history of RPL who desire non-surgical or expectant management of
      miscarriages and/or a thorough investigation on the cause for recurrent
      miscarriage, although it needs to take into account high incidence of maternal
      contamination in spontaneously discharged POC.

PMID- 27386324
TI  - Schizophrenia-like psychosis and gitelman syndrome: a case report and literature
      review.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Gitelman syndrome(GS) is a rare inherited tubular disorder which is
      characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, and
      hypocalciuria. Here, we report a case of schizophrenia-like psychosis concomitant
      with GS and related literatures are reviewed. CASE DESCRIPTION: An 18-year-old
      male patient with 1-week history of auditory hallucinations, sense of insecurity,
      delusions of reference and feelings of being followed and controlled by others
      unknown, insomnia was admitted to Psychiatry department in December, 2013.
      Hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia were noted. He was diagnosed as schizophrenia-like
      psychosis. Treatment with paliperidone at the dose of 6 mg/day and magnesium and
      potassium supplementations was commenced. However, electrolyte disturbances
      failed to improve following psychosis remission. Therefore, other underlying
      diseases resulting in electrolyte disturbances were suspected. Along with
      hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia, additional investigation showing metabolic
      alkalosis, hypocalciuria, renal loss of potassium, were consistent with GS. Gene
      analysis revealed this patient carried out c. 2687 G > A homozygous mutation of
      exon 23 in the SLC12A3 gene which led to p.Arg896Gln. Eventually, GS was
      identified. Thus, additional spironolactone (40 mg/day) combined with increased
      doses of oral potassium chloride sustained-release tablets (3.0 g/day) and
      potassium magnesium aspartate (0.3 g/day) were administered. During next half a
      year, fatigue resolved, paliperidone gradually tapered and eventually
      discontinued while psychosis maintained complete remission. His serum potassium
      was near normal (3.2-3.5 mmol/L), hypomagnesemia significantly improved (0.57
      0.67 mmol/L). DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: Electrolyte abnormalities secondary to
      GS might cause or contribute to development of neuropsychiatric symptoms. In
      turn, hypokalemia was common among acute psychiatric inpatients. As a
      consequence, when concomitant with psychosis, GS was readily concealed.
      CONCLUSION: Electrolyte disturbances are common in acute psychiatric patients.
      However, when electrolyte disturbances are not improved following psychosis
      remission, other underlying diseases such as GS should be considered.

PMID- 27386325
TI  - Fine needle aspiration cytology guided by ultrasound in the diagnosis of
      subcentimetre thyroid nodules.
AB  - BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the value of fine needle aspiration
      biopsy (FNAB) under ultrasound guidance in diagnosis of thyroid nodules. In a
      retrospective analysis of FNAB in 1050 cases of patients with 1100 nodules,
      patients were divided according to the maximum diameter of their nodules into two
      groups: >1.0 and <=1.0 cm. The ultrasound-guided FNAB cytology results were
      compared between two groups. RESULTS: Ultrasound findings showed that among 1100
      thyroid nodules, 547 were highly suspicious, 358 were moderately, 175 were low,
      and 19 were very low. Cytology results showed papillary carcinomas in 453,
      possible papillary cancer in 126 cases, follicular tumors in 26, suspicious
      follicular tumors in 6, atypical cells in 7, nodular goiter in 289, colloid in
      13, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in 175, and undiagnosed specimen in 5.
      Ultrasound diagnosis of thyroid nodules had an overall sensitivity of 86.0 %, and
      a specificity of 81.9 %. In nodules larger than 1.0 cm, the sensitivity was 92.8
      %, and the specificity 92.3 %. In nodules <=1.0 cm, the sensitivity was 82.4 %,
      and the specificity was 81.7 %. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with highly suspicious
      thyroid nodules on ultrasonography, regardless of nodule sizes, should receive
      ultrasound-guided FNAB to confirm their natures and direct clinical managements.

PMID- 27386326
TI  - Elevated C-reactive protein is associated with disease progression in patients
      with mild Crohn's disease.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted on the progression of mild Crohn's
      disease (CD). We aimed to investigate the natural course in mild CD patients with
      or without bowel damage, to identify predictors of bowel resection and to
      calculate the requirement for rescue medication. METHODS: A total of 104 patients
      with mild activity (150 < CDAI < 220) with or without bowel damage were
      identified from among 1050 CD patients between January 2008 and May 2014.
      Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with
      bowel resection. The cumulative probabilities of bowel resection and rescue
      medication such as steroids or anti-TNF agents were calculated. RESULTS: The
      median follow-up duration was 28.2 months (IQR 26.7). Cumulative probabilities of
      bowel resection were 0.2, 11.8 and 42.4 % at 1, 3 and 5 years respectively. The
      CD patients with bowel damage had a higher bowel resection rate than those
      without bowel damage (P < 0.001). The cumulative probabilities of corticosteroid
      requirement were 3.0, 19.6 and 78.4 % of patients at 1, 3 and 5 years,
      respectively, and 2.1, 11.9 and 56.1 %, in terms of the cumulative probabilities
      of requiring anti-TNF agents. Patients with elevated CRP (>1.6 mg/dL) were more
      likely to undergo bowel resection (P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Even in CD patients
      with mild disease activity, the cumulative probability of bowel resection is not
      low if they have bowel damage or elevated CRP at baseline. Mild CD patients with
      bowel damage or elevated CRP at baseline need special attention.

PMID- 27386328
TI  - The aesthetic values of silence and its impacts on romanticism and contemporary
      artists.
AB  - In our modern world, where people suffer from self-alienation and are after the
      meaning of existence in their mechanical and flamboyant outside world, finding a
      discernible language is very important. People's dejected minds are the products
      of miserable modern societies that have changed them into taciturn and
      uncommunicative creatures in search of meaning. The significance of language,
      specifically poetic or living language, is undeniable in different eras.
      Therefore, it would be easier for artists to communicate with people by letting
      them get the maximum meaning with the least amount of words. This is something
      that happens in the discourse of modern people. This article shows the aesthetic
      values of silence and its impacts on romantic and contemporary artists, who for
      us here will be represented by Samuel Taylor Coleridge as a romantic artist
      versus Harold Pinter as a contemporary dramatist. 

PMID- 27386327
TI  - Re-irradiation of recurrent pediatric ependymoma: modalities and outcomes: a
      twenty-year survey.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Standard treatment for recurrent ependymomas is not defined. Re-
      irradiation has been proposed but its modalities and results are still to be
      explored. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 1994 to December 2013, 32 pediatric
      patients with ependymoma were re-irradiated for local (n = 15) or metastatic (n =
      17) relapses. Files were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Local relapses were
      treated with hypofractionated focal radiotherapy (hypoFFRT) (n = 8) or focal
      fractionated radiotherapy (FFRT) (n = 7). Metastatic relapses were treated with
      hypoFFRT (n = 3), FFRT (n = 3), spinal radiotherapy (n = 4) and craniospinal
      irradiation (CSI) (n = 7). Median PFS and OS after re-irradiation were 1.2 and
      3.5 years respectively with a median follow-up of 2.1 years (0.2-11.4). For local
      relapses, median PFS was 2.5 years for patients treated with hypoFFRT versus 1.2
      years for patients treated with FFRT (p = 0.2). For metastatic relapses, median
      PFS was 0.7 years for patients treated with focal radiotherapy (hypoFFRT, FFRT,
      spinal radiotherapy) versus 6.8 years for patients treated with CSI (p = 0.073).
      15 patients achieved greater PFS after second radiotherapy (RT2) than after first
      radiotherapy (RT1). 27 patients (84 %) had surgery before re-irradiation. PFS was
      better for patients with GTR before RT2 (14.7 vs 6.7 months) (p = 0.05). 5
      patients developed radionecrosis; only one required corticosteroids. CONCLUSION:
      Re-irradiation at relapse is a safe, feasible and potentially curative treatment.
      Metastatic relapse may require CSI even when isolated and re-operated. For local
      relapses, considering conflicting results in the literature, a randomized trial
      is warranted to explore fractionated focal radiotherapy versus hypofractionated
      focal irradiation.

PMID- 27386329
TI  - New hybrid conjugate gradient methods with the generalized Wolfe line search.
AB  - The conjugate gradient method was an efficient technique for solving the
      unconstrained optimization problem. In this paper, we made a linear combination
      with parameters beta k of the DY method and the HS method, and putted forward the
      hybrid method of DY and HS. We also proposed the hybrid of FR and PRP by the same
      mean. Additionally, to present the two hybrid methods, we promoted the Wolfe line
      search respectively to compute the step size alpha k of the two hybrid methods.
      With the new Wolfe line search, the two hybrid methods had descent property and
      global convergence property of the two hybrid methods that can also be proved. 

PMID- 27386330
TI  - On two fractional differential inclusions.
AB  - We investigate in this manuscript the existence of solution for two fractional
      differential inclusions. At first we discuss the existence of solution of a class
      of fractional hybrid differential inclusions. To illustrate our results we
      present an illustrative example. We study the existence and dimension of the
      solution set for some fractional differential inclusions. 

PMID- 27386331
TI  - Compact filtering monopole patch antenna with dual-band rejection.
AB  - In this paper, a compact ultra-wideband patch antenna with dual-band rejection is
      proposed. The proposed antenna filters 3.3-3.8 GHz WiMAX and 5.15-5.85 GHz WLAN
      by respectively rejecting these bands through a C-shaped slit and a lambdag/4
      resonator. The lambdag/4 resonator is positioned as a pair, centered around the
      microstrip line, and a C-type slit is inserted into an elliptical patch. The
      impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 2.9-9.3 GHz, which satisfies the
      bandwidth for ultra-wideband communication systems. Further, the proposed antenna
      provides dual-band rejection at two bands: 3.2-3.85 and 4.7-6.03 GHz. The
      radiation pattern of the antenna is omnidirectional, and antenna gain is
      maintained constantly while showing -8.4 and -1.5 dBi at the two rejected bands,
      respectively. 

PMID- 27386332
TI  - Electrical muscle stimulation in thomboprophylaxis: review and a derived
      hypothesis about thrombogenesis-the 4th factor.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is an FDA-approved
      thromboprophylactic method. Thrombus pathogenesis is considered to depend on
      factors related to components of the vessel wall, the velocity of blood, and
      blood consistency-collectively known as, the Virchow's triad. OBJECTIVE: The
      testimony supporting the thromboprophylactic effects of the EMS is reviewed. An
      emphasis is placed on the fact that, EMS has demonstrated, in certain
      circumstances, an efficacy rate that cannot be fully explained by the Virchow's
      triad; also that, in reviewing relevant evidence and the theorized
      pathophysiological mechanisms, several findings collectively point to a
      potentially missed point. Remarkably, venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is
      extremely more common in the lower versus the upper extremities even when the
      blood velocities equalize; EMS had synergistic effects with intermittent
      compressive devices, despite their presumed identical mechanism of action; sleep
      is not thrombogenic; non-peroperative EMS is meaningful only if applied >=5 times
      daily; neural insult increases VTEs more than the degree expected by the
      hypomobility-related blood stasis; etc. These phenomena infer the presence of a
      4th thrombogenetic factor: neural supply to the veins provides direct
      antithrombic effects, by inducing periodic vessel diameter changes and/or by
      neuro-humoral, chemically acting factors. EMS may stimulate or substitute the 4th
      factor. This evidence-based hypothesis is analyzed. CONCLUSION: A novel
      pathophysiologic mechanism of thrombogenesis is supported; and, based on this,
      the role of EMS in thromboprophylaxis is expanded. Exploration of this mechanism
      may provide new targets for intervention.

PMID- 27386333
TI  - Heavy metal exposure, in combination with physical activity and aging, is related
      with oxidative stress in Japanese women from a rural agricultural community.
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between oxidative stress and heavy
      metal exposure (lead [Pb] and cadmium [Cd]), as well as co-factors such as
      physical activity and age, in Japanese women. This study was conducted with
      female subjects from a rural agricultural community in Japan. Subjects were asked
      to complete lifestyle-related questionnaires and undergo a group health
      examination. Physical activity, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and other
      demographic information were collected. Blood and urine samples were collected to
      measure urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels and blood and urinary Cd
      and Pb concentrations. Urine samples were analyzed using high performance liquid
      chromatography and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry; blood samples were
      analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Age, physical
      activity, and blood and urinary Cd and Pb concentrations were included in
      structural equation modeling analysis. Two latent factors for heavy metal
      exposure and physical activity were produced to predict the total influence of
      the variables. The final model was good: CMIN/DF = 0.775, CFI = 1.000, GFI =
      0.975, AGFI = 0.954, RMSEA = 0.000. 8-OHdG levels were positively associated with
      heavy metal exposure, physical activity, and age (standard beta of path analysis:
      0.33, 0.38, and 0.20, respectively). Therefore, oxidative stress is associated
      with both, environmental and lifestyle factors, in combination with aging. 

PMID- 27386334
TI  - HIV-1 diversity in infected individuals in Suzhou and Suqian, China.
AB  - Jiangsu is one province with severe HIV-1 epidemic in China. However, the
      molecular epidemiological characterizations of HIV-1 in many cities of Jiangsu
      remain unclear. A molecular epidemiological investigation was performed based on
      38 HIV-positive samples collected from Suzhou and Suqian during 2011-2013. Five
      HIV-1 genomic fragments, p17, pol, vif-vpr, vpr-env, and C2V3 were amplified and
      sequenced from these samples. HIV-1 group M subtype of each sample was determined
      by phylogenetic analyses with the standard reference sequences. Among these
      infected individuals, 81.6 % (31/38) self-reported to be infected via sexual
      contacts, including 50.0 % (19/38) via heterosexual contact and 31.6 % (12/38)
      via homosexual contact. Among 34 samples with available pol or vif-env sequence,
      19 (55.9 %) CRF01_AE, 7 (20.6 %) CRF07_BC, 3 (8.8 %) CRF08_BC, and 5 (14.7 %)
      inter-subtype recombinants were identified. No pure B, B' and C subtypes were
      found in this cohort. The five recombinants contain one B/C, three CRF01/B and
      one CRF01/B/C recombinants. These results suggest that CRF01_AE was the most
      predominant HIV-1 group M subtype and CRF01_AE-involved recombinants were the
      major recombinant forms. Comparison showed that there was no obvious difference
      in HIV-1 group M subtype distribution between Jiangsu (including Suzhou and
      Suqian) and the surrounding provinces (e.g., Shanghai, Anhui, and Shandong).
      CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC were the top two predominant HIV-1 genotypes in Jiangsu,
      and less and/or no pure subtype B and C was currently circulating here. We
      predicted that more CRF01/CRF07 recombinants, but fewer B/C recombinants will be
      generated in Jiangsu in future. 

PMID- 27386335
TI  - Ammonium chloride catalyzed synthesis of novel Schiff bases from spiro[indoline
      3,4'-pyran]-3'-carbonitriles and evaluation of their antimicrobial and anti
      breast cancer activities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Indolinone and spiro-indoline derivatives have been employed in the
      preparation of different important therapeutic compounds required for treatment
      of anticonvulsants, antibacterial, Antitubercular, and anticancer activities.
      Schiff bases have been found to possess various pharmacological activities such
      as antitubercular, plant growth inhibiting, insecticsidal, central nerve system
      depressant, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial.
      Mannich bases have a variety of biological activities such as antibacterial and
      antifungal activities. RESULTS: In this study, a green, rapid and efficient
      protocol for the synthesis of a new series of Schiff bases from spiro[indoline
      3,4'-pyran]-3'-carbonitrile derivatives using ammonium chloride as a very
      inexpensive and readily available reagent. The prepared compounds were assessed
      in vitro for their antimicrobial activity. Also, the cytotoxic activity of the
      prepared compounds was assessed in vitro against human cells line MCF7 breast
      cancer. CONCLUSION: Good activity was distinguished for Schiff bases from
      spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyran]-3'-carbonitriles, with some members recorded higher
      antimicrobial and anti-breast cancer activities.Graphical abstractNovel Schiff
      bases from spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyran]-3'-carbonitriles.

PMID- 27386337
TI  - Development of a qualitative real-time PCR method to detect 19 targets for
      identification of genetically modified organisms.
AB  - As the amount of commercially available genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
      grows recent years, the diversity of target sequences for molecular detection
      techniques are eagerly needed. Considered as the gold standard for GMO analysis,
      the real-time PCR technology was optimized to produce a high-throughput GMO
      screening method. With this method we can detect 19 transgenic targets. The
      specificity of the assays was demonstrated to be 100 % by the specific
      amplification of DNA derived from reference material from 20 genetically modified
      crops and 4 non modified crops. Furthermore, most assays showed a very sensitive
      detection, reaching the limit of ten copies. The 19 assays are the most
      frequently used genetic elements present in GM crops and theoretically enable the
      screening of the known GMO described in Chinese markets. Easy to use, fast and
      cost efficient, this method approach fits the purpose of GMO testing
      laboratories. 

PMID- 27386336
TI  - Effects of dietary lysine levels on plasma free amino acid profile in late-stage
      finishing pigs.
AB  - Muscle growth requires a constant supply of amino acids (AAs) from the blood.
      Therefore, plasma AA profile is a critical factor for maximizing the growth
      performance of animals, including pigs. This research was conducted to study how
      dietary lysine intake affects plasma AA profile in pigs at the late production
      stage. Eighteen crossbred (Large White * Landrace) finishing pigs (nine barrows
      and nine gilts; initial BW 92.3 +/- 6.9 kg) were individually penned in an
      environment controlled barn. Pigs were assigned randomly to one of the three
      dietary treatments according to a randomized complete block design with sex as
      block and pig as experiment unit (6 pigs/treatment). Three corn- and soybean meal
      based diets contained 0.43 % (lysine-deficient, Diet I), 0.71 % (lysine-adequate,
      Diet II), and 0.98 % (lysine-excess, Diet III) l-lysine, respectively. After a 4
      week period of feeding, jugular vein blood samples were collected from the pigs
      and plasma was obtained for AA analysis using established HPLC methods. The
      change of plasma lysine concentration followed the same pattern as that of
      dietary lysine supply. The plasma concentrations of threonine, histidine,
      phenylalanine, isoleucine, valine, arginine, and citrulline of pigs fed Diet II
      or III were lower (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed Diet I. The plasma
      concentrations of alanine, glutamate, and glycine of pigs fed Diet II or III were
      higher (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed Diet I. The change of plasma leucine and
      asparagine concentrations followed the patterns similar to that of plasma lysine.
      Among those affected AAs, arginine was decreased (P < 0.05) in the greatest
      proportion with the lysine-excess diet. We suggest that the skeletal muscle
      growth of finishing pigs may be further increased with a lysine-excess diet if
      the plasma concentration of arginine can be increased through dietary
      supplementation or other practical nutritional management strategies. 

PMID- 27386338
TI  - Speed-up hyperspheres homotopic path tracking algorithm for PWL circuits
      simulations.
AB  - In the present work, we introduce an improved version of the hyperspheres path
      tracking method adapted for piecewise linear (PWL) circuits. This enhanced
      version takes advantage of the PWL characteristics from the homotopic curve,
      achieving faster path tracking and improving the performance of the homotopy
      continuation method (HCM). Faster computing time allows the study of complex
      circuits with higher complexity; the proposed method also decrease,
      significantly, the probability of having a diverging problem when using the
      Newton-Raphson method because it is applied just twice per linear region on the
      homotopic path. Equilibrium equations of the studied circuits are obtained
      applying the modified nodal analysis; this method allows to propose an algorithm
      for nonlinear circuit analysis. Besides, a starting point criteria is proposed to
      obtain better performance of the HCM and a technique for avoiding the reversion
      phenomenon is also proposed. To prove the efficiency of the path tracking method,
      several cases study with bipolar (BJT) and CMOS transistors are provided.
      Simulation results show that the proposed approach can be up to twelve times
      faster than the original path tracking method and also helps to avoid several
      reversion cases that appears when original hyperspheres path tracking scheme was
      employed. 

PMID- 27386339
TI  - Analytical multi-soliton solutions of a (2+1)-dimensional breaking soliton
      equation.
AB  - The analytical solutions for a (2+1)-dimensional breaking solution equation is
      proposed in this paper by using mapping and projective method darboux
      transformation, and Some exact propagating solutions are constructed for this
      Breaking equation, and the M * N multi-soliton could be obtained by using
      Weierstrassp function and setting the perfect parameters. The potential
      application of breaking Soliton equation will be of great interest in future
      research. 

PMID- 27386340
TI  - Clinical profile of tetanus patients attended at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital,
      Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, disease caused by an exotoxin
      produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is characterized by generalized
      rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles. Tetanus remains a major
      public health problem in Ethiopia like other developed nations. The aim of the
      present study was to assess the clinical profile and outcome of tetanus patients
      in a referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: This is a retrospective
      cross sectional study in which we collected, compiled and analyzed medical
      records of patients aged greater than 15 years who were admitted at Felege Hiwot
      Referral Hospital from Sep 2012 to Sep 2015. Tetanus was diagnosed using clinical
      observations. Data were entered, cleared, and analyzed using SPSS statistical
      software package. RESULTS: Among 110 tetanus cases 84 (76.4 %) were males. Trauma
      was the most common antecedent cause. Most of the patients had no history of
      tetanus toxoid immunization. Aspiration pneumonia at 34.5 % and dysautonomia at
      11.8 % were found to be the most frequently observed complications. About 36
      (32.7 %) patients were died due to tetanus and the most common immediate cause of
      death was respiratory failure at (83.3 %). Patients' area of residence (p =
      0.004), type of complications (p = 0.00) and severity of tetanus (p = 0.00) were
      found to be statistically associated with the type of treatment outcomes.
      CONCLUSIONS: In the study, the case-fatality rate was found to be very high.
      Therefore, there is a need to universal tetanus immunization and health
      information dissemination.

PMID- 27386341
TI  - Some properties for integro-differential operator defined by a fractional formal.
AB  - Recently, the study of the fractional formal (operators, polynomials and classes
      of special functions) has been increased. This study not only in mathematics but
      extended to another topics. In this effort, we investigate a generalized integro
      differential operator [Formula: see text] defined by a fractional formal
      (fractional differential operator) and study some its geometric properties by
      employing it in new subclasses of analytic univalent functions. 

PMID- 27386342
TI  - Frequencies of ALK rearrangements in lung adenocarcinoma subtypes: a study of
      2299 Chinese cases.
AB  - PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the relationship between ALK status and
      lung adenocarcinoma subtypes, according to the IALSC/ATS/ERS classification in
      Chinese patients. METHODS: A reclassification of 2299 surgically resected lung
      adenocarcinomas was performed, and ALK status was detected by
      immunohistochemistry (Ventana Medical Systems) in Shanghai Chest Hospital.
      RESULTS: ALK rearrangements were identified in 93 of 2299 tumors (4.0 %). The ALK
      rearrangements frequencies were: 14.8 % (16/108), 10.3 % (20/195), 7.6 %
      (13/170), 2.8 % (29/1035), 2.5 % (3/119), 2.0 % (11/539), 0.9 % (1/114), and 0 %
      (0/19) for variants of invasive adenocarcinoma, solid predominant, micropapillary
      predominant, acinar predominant, minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, papillary
      predominant, lepidic predominant, and adenocarcinoma in situ, respectively.
      CONCLUSIONS: We reported significant discrepancies of ALK status in lung
      adenocarcinoma subtypes in Chinese patients.

PMID- 27386343
TI  - The income-based disparities in preeclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage: a study
      of the Korean National Health Insurance cohort data from 2002 to 2013.
AB  - There is limited evidence on the effects of relatively low socioeconomic status
      on maternal health. Additionally, the global economic recession that began in
      2008 could have worsened disparities in maternal complications. To explore
      disparities in maternal health, we analyzed the occurrence of preeclampsia and
      postpartum hemorrhage according to level of household income. A population-based
      cohort data set from the Korean National Health Insurance was used to calculate
      the age-adjusted incidence, slope index of inequality, and Kunst and Mackenbach
      relative index of inequality (RIIKM) for preeclampsia and postpartum hemorrhage
      from 2002 to 2013. In the aggregated data of 65,479 live births, women with lower
      household income showed a higher risk of developing preeclampsia and postpartum
      hemorrhage than those with higherhigher incomes after adjusting for conventional
      risk factors. The absolute and relative inequalities for both complications
      showed no significant change over the period from 2002 to 2013. Considering the
      difference in the trends and risks of major obstetric complications according to
      level of household income, policies to monitor and reduce disparities in maternal
      health across different economic levels need to be implemented. 

PMID- 27386345
TI  - Variable-intercept panel model for deformation zoning of a super-high arch dam.
AB  - This study determines dam deformation similarity indexes based on an analysis of
      deformation zoning features and panel data clustering theory, with comprehensive
      consideration to the actual deformation law of super-high arch dams and the
      spatial-temporal features of dam deformation. Measurement methods of these
      indexes are studied. Based on the established deformation similarity criteria,
      the principle used to determine the number of dam deformation zones is
      constructed through entropy weight method. This study proposes the deformation
      zoning method for super-high arch dams and the implementation steps, analyzes the
      effect of special influencing factors of different dam zones on the deformation,
      introduces dummy variables that represent the special effect of dam deformation,
      and establishes a variable-intercept panel model for deformation zoning of super
      high arch dams. Based on different patterns of the special effect in the variable
      intercept panel model, two panel analysis models were established to monitor
      fixed and random effects of dam deformation. Hausman test method of model
      selection and model effectiveness assessment method are discussed. Finally, the
      effectiveness of established models is verified through a case study. 

PMID- 27386344
TI  - A systematic review of association studies of common variants associated with
      idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (ICTEV) in humans in the past 30 years.
AB  - The genetic cause of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (ICTEV) is largely
      unknown. We performed a systematic review to describe the findings from 21
      studies that have examined the genetic variants related to ICTEV, and to evaluate
      the quality of reporting. We found that ICTEV was positively associated with Hox
      family genes, collagen family genes, GLI3, N-acetylation genes, T-box family
      genes, apoptotic pathway genes, and muscle contractile family genes. Negative and
      controversial results were also discussed, and several genes associated with
      ICTEV were identified. Due to the limitation of the included studies, rare coding
      variants should be further investigated, sample size should be enlarged, and
      candidate genes should be replicated in larger ICTEV populations. Epigenetic
      study, pathways, chromosome capture, and detailed gene-environment interaction
      will also allow further elucidation of factors involved in ICTEV pathogenesis and
      may shed light on diagnosis and timely and accurate interventions. 

PMID- 27386346
TI  - The effect of discrepancy between radiologic size and pathologic tumor size in
      renal cell cancer.
AB  - To investigate the difference between preoperative radiologic tumor size (RTS)
      and postoperative pathologic tumor size (PTS) in patients who underwent
      nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. We retrospectively reviewed 257 patients
      who received preoperative computed tomography (CT) before radical or partial
      nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma from January 2010 to May 2015 in Huashan
      Hospital, Shanghai. RTS was defined as the largest diameter of tumor measured by
      CT and PTS as the largest diameter of tumor measured in the surgical specimens.
      Among all subjects, mean RTS was larger than PTS (4.57 +/- 2.15 vs. 4.02 +/- 2.15
      cm, P = 0.004) with a discrepancy of 0.55 cm. When the patients were categorized
      according to T stage, the mean RTS was greater than PTS in the following groups:
      <=4 cm group (2.90 vs. 2.59 cm, P = 0.02), >4 and <=7 cm group (5.08 vs. 4.38 cm,
      P < 0.0001), except for >7 cm (8.9 vs. 8.0 cm, P = 0.142). Among patients with
      clear cell RCC, the mean RTS was larger than the mean PTS (4.57 vs. 3.98 cm, P =
      0.004), similar result was also seen in non-clear cell group (4.54 vs. 4.16 cm, P
      = 0.045). The mean RTS was larger than PTS for the approach of radical
      nephrectomy (RN) (5.26 vs. 4.64 cm, P = 0.01), but not for the partial
      nephrectomy (PN) (3.34 vs. 2.92 cm, P = 0.067). Of the 257 renal cancers, 76
      tumors were down-staged when comparing radiographic and pathologic tumor maximal
      diameter. The proportion of down-staged tumors had no difference between
      different genders (P = 0.283), different surgery approaches (P = 0.102), and
      different pathology types (P = 0.209). In this study, we found that renal tumor
      size was overestimated by radiography compared with pathologic results, and the T
      staging of some tumors was down-staged. But for patients who underwent PN, there
      was no difference between RTS and PTS. These results suggested that the PN should
      be considered first for the T1b renal tumor when tumor size was close to 4 cm,
      while the recommendation level of PN for T1b tumor was grade B according to EAU
      guidelines. 

PMID- 27386347
TI  - Antibacterial activities and structure-activity relationships of a panel of 48
      compounds from Kenyan plants against multidrug resistant phenotypes.
AB  - In the current study forty eight compounds belonging to anthraquinones,
      naphthoquinones, benzoquinones, flavonoids (chalcones and polymethoxylated
      flavones) and diterpenoids (clerodanes and kauranes) were explored for their
      antimicrobial potential against a panel of sensitive and multi-drug resistant
      Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration
      (MIC) determinations on the tested bacteria were conducted using modified rapid
      INT colorimetric assay. To evaluate the role of efflux pumps in the
      susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to the most active compounds, they were
      tested in the presence of phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide (PAbetaN) (at
      30 ug/mL) against selected multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. The
      anthraquinone, emodin, naphthaquinone, plumbagin and the benzoquinone, rapanone
      were active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains of
      bacteria with MIC values ranging from 2 to 128 MUg/mL. The structure activity
      relationships of benzoquinones against the MDR Gram-negative phenotype showed
      antibacterial activities increasing with increase in side chain length. In the
      chalcone series the presence of a hydroxyl group at C3' together with a methoxy
      group and a second hydroxyl group in meta orientation in ring B of the chalcone
      skeleton appeared to be necessary for minimal activities against MRSA. In most
      cases, the optimal potential of the active compounds were not attained as they
      were extruded by bacterial efflux pumps. However, the presence of the PAbetaN
      significantly increased the antibacterial activities of emodin against Gram
      negative MDR E. coli AG102, 100ATet; K. pneumoniae KP55 and KP63 by >4-64 g/mL.
      The antibacterial activities were substantially enhanced and were higher than
      those of the standard drug, chloramphenicol. These data clearly demonstrate that
      the active compounds, having the necessary pharmacophores for antibacterial
      activities, including some quinones and chalcones are substrates of bacterial
      efflux pumps and therefore should be combined to efflux pump inhibitors in the
      fight against MDR bacterial infections. 

PMID- 27386348
TI  - Impact of adjustable cryogel properties on the performance of prostate cancer
      cells in 3D.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biochemical and physical characteristics of extracellular environment
      play a key role in assisting cell behavior over different molecular pathways. In
      this study, we investigated how the presence of chemical binding sites, the pore
      network and the stiffness of designed scaffolds affected prostate cancer cells.
      METHODS: A blend of poly hydroxyethyl methacrylate-alginate-gelatin scaffold was
      synthesized by cryogelation process using polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGda)
      and glutaraldehyde as cross linkers. The chemical and mechanical scaffold
      properties were varied by concentration of gelatin and PEGda, respectively. The
      pore network was modified by applying different 'freezing time'. Growth, spheroid
      formation and localization of androgen receptor (AR) were measured to evaluate
      cell response within various cryogel types. RESULTS: Insufficient porosity in
      combination with a brittle nature affects cell growth negatively. Spheroid size
      was reduced by porosity, elasticity as well as by the absence of the cell
      adhesive motif composed of arginine, glycine und aspartic acid (RGD).
      Localization of AR indicates its activity and should be under normal culture
      conditions in the nucleus. But in this study, we could investigate for the first
      time that AR remains in the cytoplasm when AR positive prostate cancer cells are
      cultured in scaffolds without RGD as well as in case of an insufficient pore
      network (total porosity under 10 %) and a too less stiffness of around 10 kPa.
      CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that for getting a reliable preclinical drug
      screening a three-dimensional prostate model system with appropriate biochemical
      and physical surrounding is needed.

PMID- 27386349
TI  - Editorial behaviors in peer review.
AB  - Editors play a critical role in the peer review system. How do editorial
      behaviors affect the performance of peer review? No quantitative model to date
      allows us to measure the influence of editorial behaviors on different peer
      review stages such as, manuscript distribution and final decision making. Here,
      we propose an agent-based model in which the process of peer review is guided
      mainly by the social interactions among three kinds of agents representing
      authors, editors and reviewers respectively. We apply this model to analyze a
      number of editorial behaviors such as decision strategy, number of reviewers and
      editorial bias on peer review. We find out that peer review outcomes are
      significantly sensitive to different editorial behaviors. With a small fraction
      (10 %) of biased editors, the quality of accepted papers declines 11 %, which
      indicates that effects of editorial biased behavior is worse than that of biased
      reviewers (7 %). While several peer review models exist, this is the first
      account for the study of editorial behaviors that is validated on the basis of
      simulation analysis. 

PMID- 27386350
TI  - Characteristics of safety information obtained from postmarketing observational
      studies for re-examination in Japan.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In Japan, postmarketing surveillance (PMS) studies are required for
      newly approved drug products to further collect safety information in clinical
      settings. "PMS study" is a general term encompassing both postmarketing
      observational (PMO) studies and postmarketing intervention studies for re
      examination. Each PMS study is conducted under contracts between the
      pharmaceutical company and medical institutions in accordance with Good
      Postmarketing Study Practice. It has been reported that the safety information
      collected postmarketing is limited because of underreporting. The objective of
      this investigation was to identify differences among profiles of the drug product
      safety information collected through intervention studies and observational
      studies before and after approval. Our study addressed whether the issue of
      underreporting, generally considered as associated with observational studies,
      occurs in PMO studies for re-examination. In addition, we considered potential
      causes of such underreporting. RESULTS: The overall adverse reaction rate was
      lower in PMO studies than in intervention studies before approval in almost all
      cases. The adverse reaction rate in intervention studies exhibited similar
      profiles regardless of whether they were conducted prior to or following
      approval. In addition, we found that one reason for a lower adverse reaction rate
      in PMO studies was that the number of reports of adverse reactions that had
      occurred frequently prior to approval decreased postmarketing. CONCLUSIONS:
      Underreporting was observed even in PMO studies for re-examination under the
      Japanese regulation. Although it was suggested that expected and common adverse
      reactions were more likely to be subject to underreporting, further investigation
      is warranted to explore the reasons for the under-reporting in PMO studies.

PMID- 27386351
TI  - Evaluation of sphenopalatine ganglion blockade via intra oral route for the
      management of atypical trigeminal neuralgia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) may be involved in persistent
      idiopathic facial pain and unilateral headaches. The role of SPG blockade via
      intra oral route in the management of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is worthy of
      study. METHODS: In this retrospective study, patient records included patients
      with atypical TN (type 2) that persisted in spite of conservative treatment for
      at least 2 years, and an average pain intensity from the craniofacial region
      visual analogue scale (VAS) before examination. In group I the patients received
      carmapazepin 800 mg a day for at least 2 years. In group II 3 ml of local
      anesthetic agent consisting 2 ml bupivacaine and 1 ml prilocain in addition to 1
      ml fentanyl, 0.5 ml betametasone disodium phosphate and 0.5 ml opaque was
      injected by the intraoral route. In this group, injection procedures were
      performed under local anesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. The Kruskal-Wallis
      and Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction were used for intergroup
      analysis. Age and sex differences were evaluated with one-way ANOVA and Fisher's
      exact tests, respectively. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between
      pre-op and 3rd day VAS values and also pre-op and 1st month VAS values. No
      significant differences were found between pre-op and 6th month VAS values.
      CONCLUSION: The SPG blockade improves the quality of life of patients and a
      minimally-invasive procedure to management of TN, when compared to other methods.

PMID- 27386352
TI  - Dietary effects of lutein-fortified chlorella on milk components of Holstein
      cows.
AB  - This study was conducted to investigate the dietary effect of conventional or
      lutein-fortified chlorella on milk production and lutein incorporation in milk.
      Fifteen Holstein cows in mid-lactation were used in a 3 * 3 Latin square design
      each with a 21-day period. Cows were top-dressed daily with 30 g of conventional
      or lutein-fortified chlorella for 3 weeks. Cows without chlorella served as the
      control. The feed intake and milk yield were not affected by dietary treatments.
      The concentrations of milk protein and solids non-fat in groups fed diets
      containing both conventional and lutein-fortified chlorella were significantly
      higher than those of the control group (P < 0.001). There was no significant
      difference in content of milk fat among groups. The levels of plasma glutamic
      oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, interferon-gamma and
      interleukin-2 were not influenced by the dietary treatments. Lutein content in
      milk was significantly increased in groups fed lutein-fortified chlorella as
      compared with those of conventional chlorella and control, respectively (P <
      0.01). These results imply that conventional and lutein-fortified chlorella has
      positive effects on milk components and the use of lutein-fortified chlorella in
      a dairy diet is effective in the production of milk enriched with lutein. 

PMID- 27386353
TI  - Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying of the Chinese wolfberry fruits.
AB  - The conventional methods of drying Chinese wolfberry fruits cause loss of active
      ingredients and the drying time is very long. In order to explore and investigate
      the new method of drying Chinese wolfberry fruits, electrohydrodynamic (EHD)
      drying system was used to drying for Chinese wolfberry fruits with a multiple
      needle-to-plate electrode on five levels alternating voltage at 0, 20, 24, 28 and
      32 kV and a multiple needle-to-plate electrode on a level direct voltage at 28
      kV. The drying rate, the moisture rate, shrinkage rate, rehydration ratio, and
      Vitamin C contents of Chinese wolfberry were measured. Ten different mathematical
      drying models were also determined and compared to simulate drying curves based
      on the root mean square error, reduced mean square of the deviation and the
      coefficient of correlation. Each drying treatment was carried out at (25 +/- 2) 
      degrees C, the drying relative humidity was (30 +/- 5) % and all samples were
      dehydrated until they reached the final moisture content (17 +/- 1)/100 g. The
      results showed that the drying rate of Chinese wolfberry was notably greater in
      the EHD system when compared to control, and improved by 1.8777, 2.0017, 2.3676
      and 2.6608 times, respectively, at 20, 24, 28 and 32 kV, compared to that of the
      control in the 5 h. The drying rate with multiple needles-to-plate electrode
      under AC electric field is faster than that with a multiple needle-to-plate
      electrode under DC electric field and the mass transfer enhancement factor
      heightened with the increase of voltage. The EHD drying treatments have a
      significant effect on rehydration ratio, and Vitamin C contents of Chinese
      wolfberry, but no significant differences was observed in shrinkage rate of
      Chinese wolfberry. The specific energy consumption of EHD drying (kJ.kg(-1)
      water) were significantly influenced by the alternating voltage, it heightened
      with the increase of voltage. The Parabolic model was best suited for describing
      the drying rate curve of Chinese wolfberry fruits. Therefore, this work presents
      a facile and effective clue for experimentally and theoretically determining the
      EHD drying properties of Chinese wolfberry. 

PMID- 27386354
TI  - Fractional calculus and application of generalized Struve function.
AB  - A new generalization of Struve function called generalized Galue type Struve
      function (GTSF) is defined and the integral operators involving Appell's
      functions, or Horn's function in the kernel is applied on it. The obtained
      results are expressed in terms of the Fox-Wright function. As an application of
      newly defined generalized GTSF, we aim at presenting solutions of certain general
      families of fractional kinetic equations associated with the Galue type
      generalization of Struve function. The generality of the GTSF will help to find
      several familiar and novel fractional kinetic equations. The obtained results are
      general in nature and it is useful to investigate many problems in applied
      mathematical science. 

PMID- 27386356
TI  - Convergence theorems for generalized nonexpansive multivalued mappings in
      hyperbolic spaces.
AB  - In this paper, we establish the existence of a fixed point for generalized
      nonexpansive multivalued mappings in hyperbolic spaces and we prove some
      [Formula: see text]-convergence and strong convergence theorems for the iterative
      scheme proposed by Chang et al. (Appl Math Comp 249:535-540, 2014) to approximate
      a fixed point for generalized nonexpansive multivalued mapping under suitable
      conditions. Our results are the extension and improvements of the recent well
      known results announced in the current literature. 

PMID- 27386355
TI  - Relationship between the microbiota in different sections of the gastrointestinal
      tract, and the body weight of broiler chickens.
AB  - In the poultry industry, many efforts have been undertaken to further improve the
      growth performance of broilers and identification and modulation of body weight
      (BW)-related bacteria could be one of the strategies to improve productivity.
      However, studies regarding the relationship between microbiota and BW are scarce.
      The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between
      microbiota and BW in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). A
      total of twenty 18-day-old birds were selected based on the BW, and samples were
      collected from the three different sections of the GIT, which included the crop,
      ileum and cecum. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted from the samples, and the V4
      region of 16S rRNA gene were amplified. Amplicons were sequenced on Illumina
      MiSeq, and microbial communities were analyzed by using QIIME. In principal
      coordinate analysis, bacterial communities were clustered into three groups,
      based on the sections of GIT. Several BW-related bacterial groups were identified
      from linear regression analysis. At the genus level, Streptococcus from the ileum
      as well as Akkermansia in both ileum and cecum, were negatively related to BW,
      whereas Bifidobacterium in the ileum and Lactococcus in the cecum showed a
      positive correlation. The results from the present study showed that particular
      bacterial communities in the GIT were related to BW, and the study has broadened
      the understanding of the intestinal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. 

PMID- 27386357
TI  - Natural deep eutectic solvents: cytotoxic profile.
AB  - The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic profiles of different
      ternary natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) containing water. For this
      purpose, five different NADESs were prepared using choline chloride as a salt,
      alongside five hydrogen bond donors (HBD) namely glucose, fructose, sucrose,
      glycerol, and malonic acid. Water was added as a tertiary component during the
      eutectics preparation, except for the malonic acid-based mixture. Coincidentally,
      the latter was found to be more toxic than any of the water-based NADESs. A trend
      was observed between the cellular requirements of cancer cells, the viscosity of
      the NADESs, and their cytotoxicity. This study also highlights the first time
      application of the conductor-like screening model for real solvent (COSMO-RS)
      software for the analysis of the cytotoxic mechanism of NADESs. COSMO-RS
      simulation of the interactions between NADESs and cellular membranes'
      phospholipids suggested that NADESs strongly interacted with cell surfaces and
      that their accumulation and aggregation possibly defined their cytotoxicity. This
      reinforced the idea that careful selection of NADESs components is necessary, as
      it becomes evident that organic acids as HBD highly contribute to the increasing
      toxicity of these neoteric mixtures. Nevertheless, NADESs in general seem to
      possess relatively less acute toxicity profiles than their DESs parents. This
      opens the door for future large scale utilization of these mixtures. 

PMID- 27386358
TI  - A systematic determination of polyphenols constituents and cytotoxic ability in
      fruit parts of pomegranates derived from five Chinese cultivars.
AB  - Plant polyphenols derived from pomegranates are natural health-promoting
      components, and their bioactivities are well proved. However, the systematic
      studies of polyphenols constituents and cytotoxic ability in fruit parts of
      pomegranates derived from different Chinese cultivars have not been studied yet.
      In this report, a validated and sensitive HPLC-DAD method and fluorescence
      spectrophotometric method was established for quantitative analysis of four
      polyphenols and total phenolic content (TPC) in fruit parts of pomegranates
      (including peels, flesh, seeds, juices and leaves) derived from five Chinese
      cultivars, respectively. HPLC analysis was performed on the YMC ODS-A C18 column
      with gradient elution of MeOH and 0.1 % TFA. Four polyphenols including gallic
      acid, ellagic acid, punicalagin A&B and punicalin A&B exhibited satisfactory
      linearity in the concentration ranges of 20-320, 39-624, 74-1184 and 38-608
      MUg/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated that the amounts of TPC and four
      polyphenols in different fruit parts of pomegranates varied significantly. Peels
      of Sour-YRP possessed the highest content of punicalagin A&B (125.23 mg/g),
      whereas other three polyphenols exhibited only trace. Among the five Chinese
      cultivars, Sour-YRP contained the highest content of TPC (688.61 mg/g) and could
      be considered as the desirable botanical source to obtain polyphenols. It is also
      discovered that low-maturity pomegranate might possessed much higher TPC than
      high-maturity pomegranate. The optimized HPLC-DAD method could be used for
      quality control of different pomegranates by identification and quantification of
      its main polyphenolic components. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity of
      different pomegranates fruit parts to cancer cells was evaluated. We discovered
      that peels and flesh extract of Sour-YRP significantly inhibited the
      proliferation of HepG2 and Hela cancer cells lines. The results of this work are
      promising for further investigation and development of pomegranates as
      therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. 

PMID- 27386359
TI  - Prevalence of pathologies related to impacted mandibular third molars.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Prevalence of cysts and tumors related to impacted third molars has
      been considered important because the risk justifies prophylactic extraction.
      This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cysts or tumors
      associated with impacted mandibular third molars (IMTMs) according to patients'
      age and gender. METHODS: Over the period from August 2006 to August 2011, 20,802
      third molars from 17,535 patients were removed. Among these, IMTMs without cysts
      nor tumors were classified as non-pathology group, and IMTMs with cysts and
      tumors were classified into pathology group. The prevalence of IMTMs and
      associated cysts or tumors was analyzed in patient groups stratified by age and
      gender. The pathology group patients were also classified according to
      histopathological findings and the corresponding age groups. RESULTS:
      Radiographic signs of disease were detected for 176 lesions (0.846 %) in 165
      patients. Of these, 135 (76.4 %) lesions were diagnosed as dentigerous cysts, 31
      (17.6 %) as keratocysticodontogenic tumors, and 10 (5.7 %) as ameloblastomas. The
      prevalence of cysts or tumors tended to increase after 50 years of age, such as
      7.27 % in 6th decades, 18.60 % in 7th decades, and 11.53 % in 8th decades, with a
      male predominance in older patients. CONCLUSIONS: IMTMs in old age patients more
      than 50 years old has high possibilities of developing cyst or tumors especially
      in male patients. However, these results should not be used as the only evidence
      for justifying prophylactic extraction, and further studies should investigate
      the survival rate of IMTMs without any pathologic in older populations.

PMID- 27386360
TI  - Metastatic cerebellar tumor of papillary thyroid carcinoma mimicking cerebellar
      hemangioblastoma.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma generally (PTC)
      have a favorable prognosis. This metastasis is rare in the central nervous
      system. Brain metastasis has a relatively poor prognosis. We present a rare case
      of cerebellar metastasis, one that mimics a solid type cerebellar
      hemangioblastoma and because of which it was very hard to reach accurate
      preoperative diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis was challenging because of the similar
      imaging and histopathological findings for these two tumors. CASE DESCRIPTION: A
      brain lesion was detected by routine medical checkup of the brain with MRI in a
      49-year-old woman 2 years after thyroidectomy for well-differentiated PTC.
      Gadolinium-enhanced MRI showed a homogeneous prominently enhanced lesion with
      surrounding enhanced dilated vessels in the left cerebellar hemisphere. Digital
      subtraction angiography showed a strongly stained lesion fed by the peripheral
      branch of the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery with drainage into the
      inferior vermian vein, revealing arteriovenous shunting. The most like likely
      preoperative diagnosis was felt to be that of a solid cerebellar
      hemangioblastoma. Gross total resection of the tumor was achieved by bilateral
      suboccipital craniotomy, and intraoperative pathological analysis suggested
      hemangioblastoma. Histopathological findings showed proliferation of vacuolated
      sheeted tumor cells with clear and eosinophilic cytoplasm and numerous thin
      walled microvessels, consistent with hemangioblastoma. However, the final
      diagnosis was brain metastasis of the follicular variant of PTC due to a partial
      thyroid follicle-like pattern including eosinophilic fluid pathologically and
      positive TTF-1 immunostaining. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: Since presented rare
      case of cerebellar metastasis of PTC was very similar to solid type cerebellar
      hemangioblastoma on imaging and histopathological findings, accurate diagnosis
      was challenging. Moreover, it is extremely rare for a cerebellar metastasis to
      occur as an initial distant metastasis of PTC, and hemangioblastoma is the most
      common primary cerebellar neoplasm in adults. This epidemiological data was also
      one of the reason of difficulty to reach preoperative accurate diagnosis.
      CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, there are no other reports of
      challenging diagnosis case of these two tumors in the literature. Brain
      metastasis of a well-differentiated PTC could be a relatively poor prognostic
      factor, and accurate diagnosis and suitable surgical therapy or radiotherapy are
      needed.

PMID- 27386361
TI  - Travelling wave analysis in chemotaxis: case of starvation.
AB  - In this paper we investigate the existence of travelling wave solutions for a
      chemotaxis model under the scenarios of zero growth and constant growth rate. We
      use Lie symmetry analysis to generate generalized travelling wave solutions, a
      wider class of solutions than that obtained from the standard ansatz. Unlike
      previous approaches, we allow for diffusivity and signal degradation. We study
      the influence of cell growth, diffusivity and signal degradation on the behaviour
      of the system. We apply realistic boundary conditions to explicitly provide
      biologically relevant solutions. Our results generalize known results. 

PMID- 27386362
TI  - Geostatistical characterization of the soil of Aguascalientes, Mexico, by using
      spatial estimation techniques.
AB  - Four spatial estimation techniques available in commercial computational packages
      are evaluated and compared, namely: regularized splines interpolation, tension
      splines interpolation, inverse distance weighted interpolation, and ordinary
      Kriging estimation, in order to establish the best representation for the shallow
      stratigraphic configuration in the city of Aguascalientes, in Central Mexico.
      Data from 478 sample points along with the software ArcGIS (Environmental Systems
      Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI), ArcGIS, ver. 9.3, Redlands, California 2008) to
      calculate the spatial estimates. Each technique was evaluated based on the root
      mean square error, calculated from a validation between the generated estimates
      and measured data from 64 sample points which were not used in the spatial
      estimation process. The present study shows that, for the estimation of the hard
      soil layer, ordinary Kriging offered the best performance among the evaluated
      techniques. 

PMID- 27386363
TI  - Research on regularized mean-variance portfolio selection strategy with modified
      Roy safety-first principle.
AB  - We propose a consolidated risk measure based on variance and the safety-first
      principle in a mean-risk portfolio optimization framework. The safety-first
      principle to financial portfolio selection strategy is modified and improved. Our
      proposed models are subjected to norm regularization to seek near-optimal stable
      and sparse portfolios. We compare the cumulative wealth of our preferred proposed
      model to a benchmark, S&P 500 index for the same period. Our proposed portfolio
      strategies have better out-of-sample performance than the selected alternative
      portfolio rules in literature and control the downside risk of the portfolio
      returns. 

PMID- 27386364
TI  - Genome-wide identification of soybean WRKY transcription factors in response to
      salt stress.
AB  - Members of the large family of WRKY transcription factors are involved in a wide
      range of developmental and physiological processes, most particularly in the
      plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. Here, an analysis of the soybean
      genome sequence allowed the identification of the full complement of 188 soybean
      WRKY genes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that soybean WRKY genes were
      classified into three major groups (I, II, III), with the second group further
      categorized into five subgroups (IIa-IIe). The soybean WRKYs from each group
      shared similar gene structures and motif compositions. The location of the
      GmWRKYs was dispersed over all 20 soybean chromosomes. The whole genome
      duplication appeared to have contributed significantly to the expansion of the
      family. Expression analysis by RNA-seq indicated that in soybean root, 66 of the
      genes responded rapidly and transiently to the imposition of salt stress, all but
      one being up-regulated. While in aerial part, 49 GmWRKYs responded, all but two
      being down-regulated. RT-qPCR analysis showed that in the whole soybean plant, 66
      GmWRKYs exhibited distinct expression patterns in response to salt stress, of
      which 12 showed no significant change, 35 were decreased, while 19 were induced.
      The data present here provide critical clues for further functional studies of
      WRKY gene in soybean salt tolerance. 

PMID- 27386365
TI  - Successful closure of spontaneous esophageal rupture (Boerhaave's syndrome) by
      endoscopic ligation with snare loops.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous esophageal rupture is a rare condition with a high
      mortality rate, and it is generally treated by surgery. In the present report,
      successful non-surgical closure of spontaneous esophageal rupture by endoscopic
      ligation with snare loops in a patient with pyopneumothorax and septicemia is
      presented. CASE DESCRIPTION: The case of an 80-year-old man patient with
      spontaneous esophageal rupture who was cured by endoscopic ligation with snare
      loops is reported. The patient was admitted with severe chest pain. Chest CT scan
      revealed pneumomediastinum, and an upper gastrointestinal series using
      gastrografin showed leakage of contrast medium from the lower esophagus.
      Therefore, a diagnosis of spontaneous esophageal rupture to the thorax was made.
      Since the family refused surgery, the patient was treated conservatively. Since
      extensive blood in the stool was noted on day 5, an emergency endoscopic
      examination was performed. Clipping was performed around the perforation, and the
      clips were ligated with snare loops. The patient was discharged on day 83 without
      recurrence. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: We suggest that endoscopic ligation with
      snare loops should be chosen for elderly people and high-risk cases.

PMID- 27386366
TI  - An LFMCW detector with new structure and FRFT based differential distance
      estimation method.
AB  - This paper describes a linear frequency modulated continuous wave (LFMCW)
      detector which is designed for a collision avoidance radar. This detector can
      estimate distance between the detector and pedestrians or vehicles, thereby it
      will help to reduce the likelihood of traffic accidents. The detector consists of
      a transceiver and a signal processor. A novel structure based on the intermediate
      frequency signal (IFS) is designed for the transceiver which is different from
      the traditional LFMCW transceiver using the beat frequency signal (BFS) based
      structure. In the signal processor, a novel fractional Fourier transform (FRFT)
      based differential distance estimation (DDE) method is used to detect the
      distance. The new IFS based structure is beneficial for the FRFT based DDE method
      to reduce the computation complexity, because it does not need the scan of the
      optimal FRFT order. Low computation complexity ensures the feasibility of
      practical applications. Simulations are carried out and results demonstrate the
      efficiency of the detector designed in this paper. 

PMID- 27386367
TI  - Esterification of glycerol from biodiesel production to glycerol carbonate in non
      catalytic supercritical dimethyl carbonate.
AB  - Conversion of glycerol from biodiesel production to glycerol carbonate was
      studied by esterification with dimethyl carbonate in a non-catalytic
      supercritical condition. It was found that in a non-catalytic supercritical
      condition, glycerol at higher purity gave higher yield of glycerol carbonate at
      98 wt% after reaction at 300  degrees C/20-40 MPa/15 min. The yield of glycerol
      carbonate was observed to increase with molar ratio, temperature, pressure and
      time until a certain equilibrium limit. The existence of impurities such as water
      and remnants of alkaline catalyst in crude glycerol will direct the reaction to
      produce glycidol. Although impurities might not be desirable, the non-catalytic
      supercritical dimethyl carbonate could be an alternative method for conversion of
      glycerol from biodiesel production to value-added glycerol carbonate.Graphical
      abstractPlausible reaction scheme for conversion of glycerol to glycerol
      carbonate in non-catalytic supercritical dimethyl carbonate. 

PMID- 27386368
TI  - Influence of long (16L:8D) and short (8L:16D) photoperiods on blood metabolites
      and hepatic metabolism in Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.
AB  - In the present study the influence of long photoperiod (LP, 16L:8D) and short
      photoperiod (SP, 8L:16D) on hepatic energy metabolism in the olive flounder
      (Paralichthys olivaceus) was investigated. Flounders were maintained under LP or
      SP conditions for 2 weeks then plasmatic and hepatic parameters were assessed. At
      the plasmatic level, the concentration of cortisol was enhanced in flounder
      maintained under LP compared to SP. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme activities in
      plasma also increased in LP flounder. There was no significant difference in
      plasma glucose levels between the two experimental groups. Plasma osmotic
      pressure, Na and Cl levels were significantly higher in LP compared to the SP
      group. In liver, a significant decrease of triglycerides together with an
      increase in glycogen was observed in the LP group. Hepatic hsl and pepck and
      muscle hsl mRNA expression in LP was significantly higher in the SP group.
      Overall the results indicate that the LP treatment caused a mild stress response
      and increased hepatic energy metabolism in the flounder, which in turn could
      affect osmoregulation. In conclusion, it would appear that LP treatment can
      adversely influence hepatic energy metabolism in adult olive flounder under
      fasting condition. 

PMID- 27386369
TI  - How relevant is environmental quality to per capita health expenditures?
      Empirical evidence from panel of developing countries.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Developing countries have witnessed economic growth as their GDP
      keeps increasing steadily over the years. The growth led to higher energy
      consumption which eventually leads to increase in air pollutions that pose a
      danger to human health. People's healthcare demand, in turn, increase due to the
      changes in the socioeconomic life and improvement in the health technology. This
      study is an attempt to investigate the impact of environmental quality on per
      capital health expenditure in 125 developing countries within a panel
      cointegration framework from 1995 to 2012. RESULTS: We found out that a long-run
      relationship exists between per capita health expenditure and all explanatory
      variables as they were panel cointegrated. The explanatory variables were found
      to be statistically significant in explaining the per capita health expenditure.
      The result further revealed that CO2 has the highest explanatory power on the per
      capita health expenditure. The impact of the explanatory power of the variables
      is greater in the long-run compared to the short-run. Based on this result, we
      conclude that environmental quality is a powerful determinant of health
      expenditure in developing countries. CONCLUSION: Therefore, developing countries
      should as a matter of health care policy give provision of healthy air a priority
      via effective policy implementation on environmental management and control
      measures to lessen the pressure on health care expenditure. Moreover more
      environmental proxies with alternative methods should be considered in the future
      research.

PMID- 27386370
TI  - Analysis of credit linked demand in an inventory model with varying ordering
      cost.
AB  - In this paper, we have considered an economic order quantity model for
      deteriorating items with two-level trade credit policy in which a delay in
      payment is offered by a supplier to a retailer and also an another delay in
      payment is offered by the retailer to his/her all customers. Here, it is proposed
      that the demand function is dependent on the length of the customer's credit
      period and also the duration of offering the credit period. In this article, it
      is considered that the retailer's ordering cost per order depends on the number
      of replenishment cycles. The objective of this model is to establish a
      deterministic EOQ model of deteriorating items for the retailer to decide the
      position of customers credit period and the number of replenishment cycles in
      finite time horizon such that the retailer gets the maximum profit. Also, the
      model is explained with the help of some numerical examples. 

PMID- 27386371
TI  - Simultaneous determination of six active metabolites in Astragalus mongholicus
      (Fisch.) Bge. under salt stress by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography with
      tandem mass spectrometry.
AB  - Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao (A. mongholicus,
      family Leguminosae) is one of the most important traditional Chinese herbs
      because it contains lots of bioactive metabolites, which have beneficial and
      pharmacological effects on health. Simultaneously, it has been proved to be a
      salt-tolerant plant-one of the potential species to control the soil
      salinization. Therefore, a sensitive and specific ultra-pressure liquid
      chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) method was
      developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six main bioactive
      metabolites, astragaloside IV, cycloastragenol, calycosin-7-O-beta-d-glucoside,
      calycosin, ononin and formononetin in different organs of A. mongholicus. The
      detection was accomplished by multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) scanning via
      electrospray ionization source operating in the positive ionization mode.
      Calibration curves offered linear ranges of two orders of magnitude with R(2) >
      0.99. The method was fully validated for the linearity, intra-day and inter day
      precisions, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect and stability. Then this method was
      successfully applied to detect the content of major bioactive metabolites in
      different plant organs of A. mongholicus under salt stress. Significant
      variations in the content of six bioactive metabolites were observed after been
      processed by different levels of salinity in different part of plant. The results
      support for further exploration of the salt-tolerant mechanisms in A. mongholicus
      and its possibility as the species that control the soil salinization. Meanwhile,
      we established a UPLC-MS/MS assay of the trace components in seedling of A.
      mongholicus in this study. 

PMID- 27386372
TI  - Modeling solubility and acid-base properties of some amino acids in aqueous NaCl
      and (CH3)4NCl aqueous solutions at different ionic strengths and temperatures.
AB  - New potentiometric experiments have been performed in NaCl and in (CH3)4NCl
      media, to determine the protonation constants, the protonation enthalpy changes
      and the solubility of six natural alpha-amino acids, namely Glycine (Gly),
      Alanine (Ala), Valine (Val), Leucine (Leu), Serine (Ser) and Phenylalanine (Phe).
      The aim of the work is the rationalization of the protonation thermodynamics (log
      [Formula: see text], solubility and [Formula: see text]) in NaCl, determining
      recommended, tentative or provisional values in selected experimental conditions
      and to report, for the first time, data in a weak interacting medium, as
      (CH3)4NCl. Literature data analysis was performed selecting the most reliable
      values, analyzed together with new data here reported. Significant trends and
      similarities were observed in the behavior of the six amino acids, and in some
      cases it was possible to determine common parameters for the ionic strength and
      temperature dependence. In general, the first protonation step, relative to the
      amino group, is significantly exothermic (average value is [Formula: see text] = 
      44.5 +/- 0.4 kJ mol(-1) at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K), and the second,
      relative to the carboxylate group, is fairly close to zero ([Formula: see text] =
      -2.5 +/- 1.6, same conditions). In both cases, the main contribution to the
      proton binding reaction is mainly entropic in nature. For phenylalanine and
      leucine, solubility measurements at different concentrations of supporting
      electrolyte allowed to determine total and specific solubility values, then used
      to obtain the Setschenow and the activity coefficients of all the species
      involved in the protonation equilibria. The values of the first protonation
      constant in (CH3)4NCl are lower than the corresponding values in NaCl, due to the
      weak interaction between the deprotonated amino group and (CH3)4N(+). In this
      light, differences between the protonation functions in NaCl and (CH3)4NCl were
      used for the quantification of the stability of the weak [(CH3)4N(+)-L(-)]
      complexes that resulted log K = -0.38 +/- 0.07 as an average value for the six
      amino acids. 

PMID- 27386373
TI  - Clinical characteristics of adverse reactions to nonionic low osmolality contrast
      media in patients transferred from the CT room to the emergency room.
AB  - Nonionic low osmolality contrast media (LOCMs) are used universally in computed
      tomography (CT) imaging. Although adverse reactions due to nonionic LOCMs are a
      common cause of emergency room (ER) admissions, few studies have investigated
      these adverse reactions. In the present study, we evaluated the characteristics
      of patients who were transferred from the CT room to the ER due to adverse
      reactions to contrast media, and we determined the risk factors for severe
      adverse reactions. A single-center retrospective study was conducted over a 41
      month period. Baseline and clinical characteristics were evaluated and analyzed
      according to moderate and severe severity. In particular, risk factors of severe
      reactions were determined using logistic regression analysis. In total, 70
      patients were admitted to the ER with adverse reactions due to nonionic LOCMs. Of
      these, 33 developed a moderate reaction, and 37 developed a severe reaction.
      Compared with the moderate reaction group, the severe reaction group was older,
      had higher blood pressures, showed more symptoms indicating the cardiovascular
      and central nervous system, and developed faster reactions to LOCMs. According to
      the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the age of the patient and time to
      onset of reaction demonstrated a statistical relationship with severe adverse
      reactions. In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the optimal cutoff
      values for age and time to onset were 60 years and 5 min. In conclusion,
      clinicians should be attentive to anaphylaxis due to nonionic LOCM, in
      particular, for elderly patients aged older than 60 years and a time to reaction
      onset of less than 5 min. 

PMID- 27386374
TI  - Effect of cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate on some human cancer cell lines.
AB  - The present study investigates the anti-proliferative and apoptosis inducing
      mechanism of CoCl2.6H2O in PC-3 cancer cell line. Preliminary, three different
      forms of cobalt i.e., cobaltous (CoCl2.6H2O), macro-Co(II,III) oxide and nano
      Co(II,III) oxide were screened for antiproliferative activity in PC-3 cell line.
      The CoCl2.6H2O being the most effective antiproliferative agent, hence it was
      further tested against lung (A549), prostrate (PC-3) and brain (IMR-32) cell
      lines. Human embryonic kidney cell line (293T) was used as a normal cell line to
      compare the toxicity of CoCl2.6H2O. The CoCl2.6H2O induced morphological and
      anatomical changes in PC-3 cancer cell which were studied using light, confocal
      and scanning electron microscopy. The lactate dehydrogenase was estimated which
      showed mild necrotic mode of cell death. The Annexin/PI staining confirmed the
      apoptotic mode of cell death in PC-3 cells. Further, production of reaction of
      reactive oxygen species and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential was also
      assessed spectrofluorimetrically. The cell cycle arrest was also investigated
      using flow cytometery. Finally, the caspase activity was estimated in CoCl2.6H2O
      treated PC-3 cancer cell line. Interestingly, it was found that CoCl2.6H2O
      induces more cell death in cancerous cells as compared to normal non-cancerous
      cells. These findings presented CoCl2.6H2O as potential antiproliferative agent. 

PMID- 27386375
TI  - Equation-Method for correcting clipping errors in OFDM signals.
AB  - Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the digital modulation
      technique used by 4G and many other wireless communication systems. OFDM signals
      have significant amplitude fluctuations resulting in high peak to average power
      ratios which can make an OFDM transmitter susceptible to non-linear distortion
      produced by its high power amplifiers (HPA). A simple and popular solution to
      this problem is to clip the peaks before an OFDM signal is applied to the HPA but
      this causes in-band distortion and introduces bit-errors at the receiver. In this
      paper we discuss a novel technique, which we call the Equation-Method, for
      correcting these errors. The Equation-Method uses the Fast Fourier Transform to
      create a set of simultaneous equations which, when solved, return the amplitudes
      of the peaks before they were clipped. We show analytically and through
      simulations that this method can, correct all clipping errors over a wide range
      of clipping thresholds. We show that numerical instability can be avoided and new
      techniques are needed to enable the receiver to differentiate between correctly
      and incorrectly received frequency-domain constellation symbols. 

PMID- 27386376
TI  - Performance analysis of different surface reconstruction algorithms for 3D
      reconstruction of outdoor objects from their digital images.
AB  - 3D reconstruction of geo-objects from their digital images is a time-efficient
      and convenient way of studying the structural features of the object being
      modelled. This paper presents a 3D reconstruction methodology which can be used
      to generate photo-realistic 3D watertight surface of different irregular shaped
      objects, from digital image sequences of the objects. The 3D reconstruction
      approach described here is robust, simplistic and can be readily used in
      reconstructing watertight 3D surface of any object from its digital image
      sequence. Here, digital images of different objects are used to build sparse,
      followed by dense 3D point clouds of the objects. These image-obtained point
      clouds are then used for generation of photo-realistic 3D surfaces, using
      different surface reconstruction algorithms such as Poisson reconstruction and
      Ball-pivoting algorithm. Different control parameters of these algorithms are
      identified, which affect the quality and computation time of the reconstructed 3D
      surface. The effects of these control parameters in generation of 3D surface from
      point clouds of different density are studied. It is shown that the reconstructed
      surface quality of Poisson reconstruction depends on Samples per node (SN)
      significantly, greater SN values resulting in better quality surfaces. Also, the
      quality of the 3D surface generated using Ball-Pivoting algorithm is found to be
      highly depend upon Clustering radius and Angle threshold values. The results
      obtained from this study give the readers of the article a valuable insight into
      the effects of different control parameters on determining the reconstructed
      surface quality. 

PMID- 27386377
TI  - Comparison of protein and energy supplementation to mineral supplementation on
      feeding behavior of grazing cattle during the rainy to the dry season transition.
AB  - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of protein-energy or mineral
      supplementation on the ingestive behavior of dairy steers on pasture in the post
      weaning phase during the rainy to dry season transition. Twenty-two 1/2 Holstein
      Zebu dairy steers with an average initial body weight of 234 +/- 16 kg were
      distributed into a completely randomized design into two groups: protein-energy
      supplementation and mineral supplementation offered ad libitum. The steers
      receiving protein-energy supplementation showed higher (P < 0.05) intake of dry
      matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than those fed diets composed of
      mineral salt only. In addition, the animals that received protein-energy
      supplementation had longer period in grazing and spent on average more time per
      period eating at the trough (P < 0.05), however no significant differences were
      observed in the time per period in rumination and time per period in idle (P >
      0.05). The supply of protein-energy supplement does not change the feeding
      behavior, except for an increase in the time spent feeding at the trough. The
      intake of protein-energy supplement improved the of DM and NDF feed efficiencies
      in grazing cattle during the rainy to the dry season transition. 

PMID- 27386378
TI  - Phosphorylated-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase expression is associated with
      clinical factors in invasive breast cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) level is an important
      prognostic factor in breast cancer. This study was performed to detect the
      expressions of P-p38 MAPK expression in breast cancer and explore their
      correlations with clinicopathological factors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Tumor samples
      from 355 Chinese patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and adjacent non
      cancerous tissue were collected between 2003 and 2010. The expression of P-p38
      MAPK was analyzed using immunohistochemical staining. The correlations between P
      p38 MAPK expression and clinicopathological findings including age, AJCC Stage,
      Histologic characters, ER, PR, and HER2 were analyzed using the parametric
      correlation method. P-p38 MAPK was selected as dependent variable to perform
      multivariate analysis respectively at last. RESULTS: Overall, 161 (45 %) and 183
      (52 %) of the 355 specimens showed positive P-p38 MAPK staining in the cytoplasm
      and nucleus respectively, which were significant higher than that in the adjacent
      non-cancerous tissues in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. High P-p38 MAPK
      expression of cytoplasm and nucleus were both associated with positive PR status
      in luminal A/B type of breast cancer, and were both associated with positive HER2
      status in HER2-positive type of breast cancer. The result of multivariate
      analysis demonstrated that HER2 and PR were both significantly association with P
      p38 MAPK expression of cytoplasm and nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests
      that P-p38 MAPK expression were significantly associated with clinicopathological
      factors and PR/HER2 might association with phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in
      different types of breast cancer.

PMID- 27386379
TI  - Dynamic effect of metro-induced vibration on the rammed earth base of the Bell
      Tower.
AB  - Xi'an Bell Tower (the Bell Tower) is a state-level ancient relic in China. The
      vibration caused by metro will exert adverse effect on the Bell Tower. This paper
      aims at presenting 3D-FEM models to predict the peak period velocity (PPV) of
      rammed earth base when the metro passing through the Bell Tower. The calculation
      results are compared with those of field test. Both results were found to be in
      good agreement. Furthermore, the results indicated that the effect of shock
      absorption measures is significant. The shock absorption tracks can obviously
      decrease the vibration of the Bell Tower, and the maximum decrease of PPV of the
      rammed earth base is 78.91 %. The proposed prediction has the potential to be
      developed as a decision and management tool for the evaluation of the risk
      associated with the influence of vibration caused by metro on buildings in urban
      areas. 

PMID- 27386380
TI  - Genetic linkage map construction and QTL mapping of seedling height, basal
      diameter and crown width of Taxodium 'Zhongshanshan 302' * T. mucronatum.
AB  - Taxodium is a genus renowned for its fast growth, good form and tolerance of
      flooding, salt, alkalinity, disease and strong winds. In this study, a genetic
      linkage map was constructed using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP)
      and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers based on an F1 population containing 148
      individuals generated from a cross between T. 'Zhongshanshan 302' and T.
      mucronatum. The map has a total length of 976.5 cM, with a mean distance of 7.0
      cM between markers, and contains 34 linkage groups with 179 markers (171 SRAPs
      and 8 SSRs). Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting growth traits, such as
      seedling height, basal diameter and crown width, were detected based on the
      constructed linkage map. Four significant QTLs were identified, three of which,
      namely qtSH-1 for seedling height, qtBD-1 for basal diameter and qtCW-1 for crown
      width, were located at 2.659 cM of LG7 with logarithm odds values of 3.72, 3.49
      and 3.93, respectively, and explained 24.9, 27.0 and 21.7 % of the total
      variation of the three grown traits, respectively. Another QTL for crown width
      (qtCW-2) was detected at 1.0 cM on LG13, with a logarithm of odds value of 3.15,
      and explained 31.7 % of the total variation of crown width. This is the first
      report on the construction of a genetic linkage map and QTL analysis in Taxodium,
      laying the groundwork for the construction of a high-density genetic map and QTL
      mapping in the genus Taxodium. 

PMID- 27386381
TI  - Association of inflammatory gene polymorphisms with mechanical heart valve
      reoperation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Various complications lead to reoperation in patients who undergo
      prosthetic valve replacement where inflammatory process could be involved. The
      goals of this study were to identify risk factors that correlate with reoperation
      in patients with prosthetic heart valves and to investigate the relationship
      between reoperation and inflammatory gene polymorphisms. RESULTS: The study
      included 228 patients from the EwhA-Severance Treatment Group of Warfarin. Single
      nucleotide polymorphisms of c-reactive protein (CRP), interferon-gamma,
      interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, transforming growth factor
      beta 1, and tumor necrosis factor genes were genotyped by means of SNaPshot and
      TaqMan assays. Thirty-nine patients (17.1 %) underwent more than one heart valve
      operation. A threefold increased risk for heart valve reoperation was evident in
      homozygous variant-type (TT) carriers as compared with ancestral allele carriers
      of CRP rs1205. Logistic regression analysis revealed that CRP rs1205 (OR 2.68, 95
      % CI 1.22-5.90, p = 0.014), valve position (mitral valve OR 2.80, 95 % CI 1.01
      7.80, p = 0.048; tricuspid valve OR 9.24, 95 % CI 2.46-34.70, p = 0.001;
      reference: aortic valve) and time after first operation (OR 1.13, 95 % CI 1.06
      1.20, p < 0.001) affected the risk of reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory gene
      polymorphisms could be a possible marker of risk for reoperation in patients with
      prosthetic heart valve surgery.

PMID- 27386382
TI  - Prevalence and characteristics of chronic body pain in China: a national study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chinese citizens regularly experience some form of bodily pain, yet
      little is known regarding the epidemiology of pain. METHODS: We conducted a
      nationally representative sample cross sectional study to estimate the prevalence
      of pain and identify risk factors of pain among 19,665 community residents aged
      18-65 years in China. The China Sub-optimal Health Survey (CSHS) data was used to
      estimate pain prevalence. Body pain was also estimated by self-reports from the
      sample population. A logistical regression model was applied to estimate the odds
      ratio and 95 % CIs of acute pain and chronic pain to explore the potential risk
      factors. RESULTS: Women had a higher prevalence of pain than men (39.92 vs. 32.17
      % for chronic pain). The prevalence of pain increased with age (29.72 % for ages
      18-25 vs. 42.23 % for ages 45-65). The most common complaints were head,
      neck/shoulder, and waist/back pain. Females (OR 1.57, 95 % CI 1.44-1.71) ages 25
      or older (25-45: OR 1.19, 95 % CI 1.04-1.36; 45-65: OR 1.47, 95 % CI 1.26-1.73)
      were more likely to report having chronic pain. Subjects' living areas, and their
      drinking status (OR 1.32, 95 % CI 1.13-1.53) or smoking status (OR 1.01, 95 % CI
      0.91-1.11), were also factors that were significantly associated with increased
      reporting of chronic pain. CONCLUSION: Women had a higher prevalence of chronic
      pain than men, although both sexes had a high prevalence for chronic pain. There
      were significant differences between the two sexes and the location of chronic
      pain in the body, most notably in the shoulders, stomach, abdomen, and waist.

PMID- 27386383
TI  - Clinical malaria diagnosis: rule-based classification statistical prototype.
AB  - In this study, we identified predictors of malaria, developed data mining,
      statistically enhanced rule-based classification to diagnose malaria and
      developed an automated system to incorporate the rules and statistical models.
      The aim of the study was to develop a statistical prototype to perform clinical
      diagnosis of malaria given its adverse effects on the overall healthcare, yet its
      treatment remains very expensive for the majority of the patients to afford.
      Model validation was performed using records from two hospitals (training and
      predictive datasets) to evaluate system sensitivity, specificity and accuracy.
      The overall sensitivity of the rule-based classification obtained from the
      predictive dataset was 70 % [68-74; 95 % CI] with a specificity of 58 % [54-66;
      95 % CI]. The values for both sensitivity and specificity varied by age,
      generally showing better performance for the data mining classification rules for
      the adult patients. In summary, the proposed system of data mining classification
      rules provides better performance for persons aged at least 18 years. However,
      with further modelling, this system of classification rules can provide better
      sensitivity, specificity and accuracy levels. In conclusion, using the system
      provides a preliminary test before confirmatory diagnosis is conducted in
      laboratories. 

PMID- 27386384
TI  - Nonsurgical periodontal treatment reduced aortic inflammation in ApoE(-/-) mice
      with periodontitis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Although the correlation between periodontal infection and
      atherosclerotic lesions has been well recognized, whether and how the nonsurgical
      periodontal treatment (NSPT) can improve the vascular inflammation has not been
      investigated clearly. METHODS: Thirty-two apolipoprotein E(-/-) (apoE(-/-)) mice
      were randomly divided into four groups: (1) Con group: no treatment, blank
      control group; (2) Lig group: ligature-induced-periodontitis group; (3) Lig-N
      group: ligatures were removed on the 7th day; (4) Lig-SRP group: ligatures were
      removed on the 7th day, and scaling and root planing (SRP) were performed on the
      9th day. All the animals were euthanized on the 30th day. Alveolar bone loss
      (ABL) was assessed under microcomputed tomography. Systemic inflammatory status
      and lipid contents in the plasma were detected. Expression of several surrogate
      markers for vascular inflammation was evaluated by immunohistology and
      quantitative real time PCR. RESULTS: NSPT reduced ABL, improved lipid profile,
      and inhibited systemic inflammation with reduced plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6)
      level in apoE(-/-) mice; in addition, reduced inflammation in arterial wall was
      observed in NSPT treated mice, showing less vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
      expression and less macrophage adhesion; furthermore, NSPT improved elastic fiber
      fragmentation disorder in the aortic wall, thus preserved elasticity of aortic
      artery. CONCLUSION: Ligature-induced periodontitis can lead to inflammatory
      response in the vascular wall and NSPT has beneficial effect on the early stage
      of atherosclerosis process in the articular wall by reducing systemic
      inflammation and improving lipid profile.

PMID- 27386385
TI  - Strong convergence theorems for a common zero of a finite family of H-accretive
      operators in Banach space.
AB  - The aim of this paper is to study a finite family of H-accretive operators and
      prove common zero point theorems of them in Banach space. The results presented
      in this paper extend and improve the corresponding results of Zegeye and Shahzad
      (Nonlinear Anal 66:1161-1169, 2007), Liu and He (J Math Anal Appl 385:466-476,
      2012) and the related results. 

PMID- 27386386
TI  - Computing symmetrical strength of N-grams: a two pass filtering approach in
      automatic classification of text documents.
AB  - The contiguous sequences of the terms (N-grams) in the documents are
      symmetrically distributed among different classes. The symmetrical distribution
      of the N-Grams raises uncertainty in the belongings of the N-Grams towards the
      class. In this paper, we focused on the selection of most discriminating N-Grams
      by reducing the effects of symmetrical distribution. In this context, a new text
      feature selection method named as the symmetrical strength of the N-Grams (SSNG)
      is proposed using a two pass filtering based feature selection (TPF) approach.
      Initially, in the first pass of the TPF, the SSNG method chooses various
      informative N-Grams from the entire extracted N-Grams of the corpus.
      Subsequently, in the second pass the well-known Chi Square (chi(2)) method is
      being used to select few most informative N-Grams. Further, to classify the
      documents the two standard classifiers Multinomial Naive Bayes and Linear Support
      Vector Machine have been applied on the ten standard text data sets. In most of
      the datasets, the experimental results state the performance and success rate of
      SSNG method using TPF approach is superior to the state-of-the-art methods viz.
      Mutual Information, Information Gain, Odds Ratio, Discriminating Feature
      Selection and chi(2). 

PMID- 27386387
TI  - Is DVT prophylaxis necessary after oncology lower limb surgery? A pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been independently associated with
      both malignant diseases and orthopaedic surgery. Therefore, orthopaedic oncology
      patients may be at a high risk for thromboembolic events. However, less emphasis
      is given to this group of patients compared to the patients undergoing total hip
      and knee replacement. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence
      of DVT and their risk factors in patients undergoing orthopaedic oncology lower
      limb surgery without prophylaxis. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) What is the incidence
      of DVT in patients who underwent orthopaedic oncology surgery for the lower limb?
      (2) What are the risk factors related to DVT in patients who underwent oncology
      surgery of the lower limb surgery? (3) This is a pilot study to determine if
      further trial is warranted. METHODS: This is a prospective study. All sequential
      patients undergoing orthopaedic oncology operations from the period of 1st
      October 2013 till 30th September 2014 were recruited for the study with their
      consent. Their demographic data, diagnosis and surgery were documented. Thirty
      eight patients who underwent lower limb surgeries for orthopaedic oncology
      indications were included in the study. No tourniquet was used in these lower
      limb surgeries. There were 24 men and 14 women with a mean age of 36 years (11
      75). All potential risk factors were also identified and documented. All patients
      were not given any form of DVT prophylaxis (mechanical and chemical) before and
      after operation as this is a standard protocol in our center and a Medical Ethics
      Committee approval was taken for this study. DVT surveillance was performed 1 day
      before operation and 2 weeks after operation with ultrasound Doppler. Patients
      diagnosed with DVT via ultrasound Doppler were subsequently scheduled for CTPA to
      look for pulmonary embolism (PE). RESULTS: DVT was detected in two patients (5
      %). Both patients were asymptomatic and they both had proximal thrombosis. One
      patient (2.6 %) was diagnosed with non-fatal PE and was asymptomatic. PE was
      detected incidentally by staging computed tomography scan and the patient had
      negative ultrasound Doppler of the operated and non-operated limb for DVT. We did
      not carry out a statistical analysis as the study population with DVT and
      pulmonary embolism is small. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of DVT in patients after
      undergoing orthopaedic oncology lower limb surgery was low even without
      prophylaxis at our center. Further investigation with larger sample size is
      needed to validate our results and identify the risk factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
      Level III descriptive study.

PMID- 27386388
TI  - The Indian Basket Trick: a case of delayed paraplegia with complete recovery,
      caused by misplaced thoracic pedicle screw.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Pedicle screw fixation allows purchase of all three spinal columns
      without encroaching into the spinal canal improving fracture fixation, as well as
      deformity correction. Fortunately, neurologic injury associated with pedicle
      screw malposition is rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A 19-year-old boy was surgically
      treated for severe right thoracic scoliosis associated with a Chiari Type 1
      malformation and a C6 to T7 syringomyelia. Six months after the initial surgery,
      the patient was referred to our institution after three weeks of gait
      disturbances and repeated falls. Imaging showed the gross misplacement of the
      left T5 pedicle screw, which crossed the center of the vertebral canal. The
      initial surgery used a freehand technique of pedicle screw insertion, with
      anteroposterior and lateral postoperative X-ray control. During the surgery, no
      SEP modifications were noted during pedicle screw placement. However, after
      insertion of the second rod and scoliosis correction by posterior translation
      technique, SEP responses decreased considerably. Revision surgery was performed
      to remove the misplaced screw. During the first three months after screw removal,
      repeated clinical examinations showed progressive recovery of the neurological
      deficits. Gait and bladder functions were normal six months after screw removal,
      and clinical signs of spasticity disappeared. SEP explorations performed at final
      follow-up showed similar responses to those performed before the initial surgery
      for scoliosis correction. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: Neurologic injury associated
      with pedicle screw malposition is rare. In early or delayed neurological status
      worsening, intraoperative or postoperative imaging must be done to detect pedicle
      screw misplacement. In the current case, thanks to cobalt-chromium and titanium
      use, MRI and CT scan allowed good visualization of the spinal canal and spinal
      cord. Experimental studies have shown that neurophysiological monitoring of the
      spinal cord does not detect moderate compression. In that way, neurophysiological
      monitoring is an all-or-nothing technique which can misdiagnose early stage of
      spinal cord injuries. Major penetration of the spinal canal by pedicle screw may
      conduct to hardware removal. CONCLUSIONS: In early or delayed neurological status
      worsening, intraoperative or postoperative imaging must be done to detect pedicle
      screw misplacement. In the current case, thanks to cobalt-chromium and titanium
      use, MRI and CT scan allowed good visualization of the spinal canal and spinal
      cord. Major penetration of the spinal canal by pedicle screw may conduct to
      hardware removal.

PMID- 27386389
TI  - Pipe flow of pumping wet shotcrete based on lubrication layer.
AB  - Wet shotcrete can reduce dust and improve supporting strength, however, safe and
      efficient pipage is a key technical part of wet shotcrete process. The paper
      studied the pipe flow law of wet shotcrete based on lubrication layer by build
      the experimental pumping circuit of wet shotcrete that can carry out a number of
      full-scale pumping tests. The experimental results show there was a linear
      relationship between pressure loss and flow rate. Combined with the Buckingham
      rheological equation, the computing equations of the yield shear stress and
      plastic viscosity were deduced through linear regression. A simple analytical
      method allowing for a rough estimation of the pumping pressure was proposed and
      used when considering the lubrication layer of wet shotcrete in pipes. In
      addition, two kinds of particulate distributive models were established along the
      time axial to analyze the formation of lubrication layer which is related with
      particles migration. By computational fluid dynamics simulation, the lubrication
      layer thickness of different mix proportions was estimated. A new method for
      measuring the thickness of lubrication layer was proposed to verify it by
      binarization processing. Finally, according to the comparative analysis of
      experiments, simulation and computed value, it can be seen that the lubrication
      layer plays a key role in the process of wet shotcrete flow and with the increase
      of lubrication layer thickness pipe pressure declines gradually. 

PMID- 27386390
TI  - A rational cubic trigonometric approximation scheme of the generalized Cornu
      spirals.
AB  - The [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]-approximation schemes are
      introduced to approximate the popular generalized Cornu spirals with the help of
      the parametric rational cubic trigonometric Bezier curves. The [Formula: see
      text]-approximation scheme has two free parameters whereas [Formula: see text]
      approximation scheme has four free parameters. To approximate the generalized
      Cornu spirals, the values of these free parameters are optimized by the
      minimization of the maximum relative curvature error of approximation. By
      comparing the relative curvature errors of approximation schemes, the developed
      approximation schemes are found less erroneous and more efficient than the
      existing GCS approximation schemes. 

PMID- 27386391
TI  - A randomized phase I trial of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel with or
      without mifepristone for advanced breast cancer.
AB  - PURPOSE: Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) overexpression is associated with poor
      prognosis ER-negative breast cancer. GR antagonism with mifepristone increases
      chemotherapy-induced breast cancer cell death, therefore we conducted a phase I
      clinical trial of mifepristone and nab-paclitaxel in advanced breast cancer.
      METHODS: A novel randomized phase I design was used to assess the effect of
      mifepristone on nab-paclitaxel pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Patients were
      randomized to placebo or mifepristone for the first cycle; mifepristone was given
      to all for subsequent cycles. RESULTS: Nine patients were enrolled. All were
      found to have a twofold or greater increase in serum cortisol after mifepristone
      administration, reflecting effective GR inhibition. Neutropenia occurred at both
      nab-paclitaxel dose levels studied (100 and 80 mg/m(2)), and was easily managed
      with dose reduction and/or growth factor administration. Pharmacokinetic data
      suggest an interaction between nab-paclitaxel and mifepristone in some patients.
      Two patients had complete responses (CR), three partial responses (PR), one
      stable disease (SD), and three progressive disease (PD). Immunohistochemical
      staining for GR found six of nine tumors were GR-positive. All six GR-positive
      tumors were triple-negative at the time of recurrence. Of these six patients, two
      had CRs, two PRs, one SD, and one PD. CONCLUSIONS: GR appears to be a promising
      target in TNBC, and GR inhibition plus chemotherapy produces manageable toxicity.
      While neutropenia was observed in some, a nab-paclitaxel dose of 100 mg/m(2) plus
      mifepristone 300 mg was found to be tolerable, and a randomized phase II trial of
      nab-paclitaxel with/without mifepristone is planned in GR-positive advanced TNBC.

PMID- 27386392
TI  - Evaluation of Brevibacillus brevis as a potential plant growth promoting
      rhizobacteria for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) crop.
AB  - The present investigation was undertaken to isolate, screen and evaluate a
      selected promising PGPR Brevibacillus brevis on cotton crop. Out of 156 bacterial
      isolates one of the most promising isolate was analyzed for the various PGP
      traits. A seed germination analysis was conducted with cotton seeds to evaluate
      the potential of the isolate to promote plant growth. The bacterial isolate was
      checked for its growth and survival at high temperatures. The isolate was also
      analyzed for the PGP traits exhibited after the heat treatment. To identify the
      isolate morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization was performed.
      The isolate was found positive for many of the PGP attributes like IAA, ARA, anti
      fungal activity and ammonia production. Effect of seed bacterization on various
      plant growth parameters was used as an indicator. The isolate showed significant
      growth and exhibited various PGP traits at high temperature making it suitable as
      an inoculant for cotton crop. Isolate was identified as Brevibacillus brevis
      [SVC(II)14] based on phenotypic as well as genotypic attributes and after
      conducting this research we propose that the B. brevis which is reported for the
      first time for its PGP potential in cotton, exerts its beneficial effects on
      cotton crop through combined modes of actions. 

PMID- 27386393
TI  - Cultural transmission of civic attitudes.
AB  - In this empirical paper we attempt to measure the separate influence on civic
      engagement of educational attainment and cultural transmission of civic
      attitudes. Unlike most of the previous empirical works on this issue, we are able
      to approximate the cultural transmission of civic attitudes. We observe that
      civic returns to education are overstated when the transmission of civic
      attitudes is ignored. Moreover, the transmission of civic attitudes significantly
      enhances civic involvement and reinforces civic returns to education. Our
      findings are in line with the proposals of civic virtue theorists or grass
      movements who suggest that citizenship education should be included in the
      compulsory school curricula since, if not, families or local communities will
      only transmit their particular view of the world. 

PMID- 27386394
TI  - Physical activity in light of affordances in outdoor environments: qualitative
      observation studies of 3-5 years olds in kindergarten.
AB  - This article examines the characteristic of affordances of different outdoor
      environments, related to the influences of children's physical activity levels.
      Qualitative observation studies in a Norwegian kindergarten were conducted of 3-
      to 5-year-olds into the natural environment and in the kindergarten's outdoor
      area. An ecological approach was important from both an analytical and
      theoretical point of view, using concepts from Gibson's (The ecological approach
      to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin Company, Bosten, 1979) theory of
      affordances. The concepts of affordances in an environment can explain children's
      movement behaviour. The findings reveal that situations with high physical
      activity levels among the children are more often created in natural environments
      than in the kindergarten's outdoor environment. Natural environments offer
      potential qualities that are a catalyst for physical activity. The study shows
      that certain characteristic of the physical outdoor environment are important for
      children's opportunities and inspiration for physical active play. The findings
      also show that social possibilities and opportunities, human interactions, in the
      environment have the greatest influence on the duration and intensity of
      physically active play. The need for knowledge on physical and social
      opportunities in outdoor environments, educational practice and the content of
      outdoor time in kindergartens should be given greater attention. 

PMID- 27386395
TI  - Hepatocellular adenoma: comparison between real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound
      and dynamic computed tomography.
AB  - PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)
      features of histologically proven HCA with those of contrast-enhanced computed
      tomography (CECT). METHODS: Eighteen patients with proven hepatic adenoma by
      pathology were retrospectively selected from the CEUS database. Fourteen of them
      had undergone liver CECT exams. The basic features on unenhanced imaging and the
      enhancement level and specific features on contrast-enhanced imaging were
      retrospectively analyzed, and the differences between CEUS and CECT were
      compared. RESULTS: All the HCAs showed hyper-enhancement in the arterial phase.
      During the portal and late phases, 12 HCAs (12/18, 66.7 %) on CEUS and 11 (11/14,
      78.6 %) on CT showed washout. On CEUS, 10 (10/18, 55.5 %) showed centripetal
      filling in the arterial phase and persistent peripheral rim enhancement. Five of
      them (61.1 %, 11/18) showed delayed central washout in the portal or late phase.
      However, on CECT, 2 (14.3 %, 2/14) and 4 (28.6 %, 4/14) HCAs showed persistent
      enhancement of the peripheral rim and central non-enhancing hemorrhage areas,
      respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with dynamic CT, CEUS was superior at
      characterizing specific dynamic features. Considering that it is radiation-free,
      readily availability and easy to use, CEUS is suggested as the first line imaging
      tool to diagnose HCA.

PMID- 27386396
TI  - Prevention of intraocular pressure elevation with oleuropein rich diet in
      rabbits, during the general anaesthesia.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Oleuropein is known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory
      effects. An important aim of anesthetic management in ocular surgery is to keep
      the intraocular pressure under control. Studies have researched a variety of
      prophylactic materials used to prevent increases in intraocular pressure. We
      aimed to research the effects of oleuropein on intraocular pressure (IOP) during
      general anaesthesia. METHODS: Fourteen New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided
      into two groups of seven. The rabbits in Group O were given olive leaf extract
      (OLE) equivalent to a daily dose of 20 mg/kg oleuropein for 15 days. HPLC method
      used for oleuropein standardization. For anaesthesia induction 1 mg/kg rocuronium
      was given and after muscle relaxation all animals had a V-gel Rabbit inserted.
      Anesthetic maintenance was provided by 1 MAC isoflurane. Twenty minutes after
      rabbits were given 10 mg/kg ketamine, basal IOP values were measured. After the V
      gel rabbit was inserted, in the 5th, 10th, 20th, 25th and 30th minutes
      measurements were repeated. RESULTS: IOP data variation of OLE group was compared
      with control group and the measured levels were lower in Group O during the
      anaesthesia. IOP was 33.8 +/- 4 mmHg in Group C and 24.1 +/- 8 mmHg in Group O in
      25th minute and the difference between the two groups was statistically
      significant at this time. CONCLUSION: We observed that consumption of
      prophylactic OLE had a reducing effect on IOP in the period before waking in
      anaesthesia. We believe it is necessary to investigate the effects of OLE on IOP
      in broad participation patient groups.

PMID- 27386397
TI  - The coordinating contracts of supply chain in a fuzzy decision environment.
AB  - The rapid change of the product life cycle is making the parameters of the supply
      chain models more and more uncertain. Therefore, we consider the coordination
      mechanisms between one manufacturer and one retailer in a fuzzy decision marking
      environment, where the parameters of the models can be forecasted and expressed
      as the triangular fuzzy variables. The centralized decision-making system, two
      types of supply chain contracts, namely, the revenue sharing contract and the
      return contract are proposed. To obtain their optimal policies, the fuzzy set
      theory is adopted to solve these fuzzy models. Finally, three numerical examples
      are provided to analyze the impacts of the fuzziness of the market demand, retail
      price and salvage value of the product on the optimal solutions in two contracts.
      It shows that in order to obtain more fuzzy expected profits the retailer and the
      manufacturer should seek as low fuzziness of demand, high fuzziness of the retail
      price and the salvage value as possible in both contracts. 

PMID- 27386398
TI  - Computation of instant system availability and its applications.
AB  - The instant system availability [Formula: see text] of a repairable system with
      the renewal equation was studied. The starting point monotonicity of [Formula:
      see text] was proved and the upper bound of [Formula: see text] is also derived.
      It was found that the interval of instant system availability monotonically
      decreases. In addition, we provide examples that validate the analytically
      derived properties of [Formula: see text] based on the Lognormal, Gamma and
      Weibull distributions and the results show that the value of T is slightly
      smaller than its value defined in Theorem 2. The procedure of using a bathtub as
      application for this article is also discussed. 

PMID- 27386400
TI  - On the existence of positive solutions for fractional differential inclusions at
      resonance.
AB  - In this paper, we discuss the existence of positive solutions for a boundary
      value problem of fractional differential inclusions with resonant boundary
      conditions. By using the Leggett-Williams theorem for coincidences of multi
      valued operators due to O'Regan and Zima, results on the existence of positive
      solutions are established. An example is given to illustrate the efficiency of
      the main theorems. 

PMID- 27386399
TI  - Effect of thymoquinone on the healing of left colon anastomosis: an experimental
      study.
AB  - AIM: To evaluate the effect of thymoquinone on the healing of experimental left
      colon anastomosis in rats. METHODS: Forty Wistar albino rats weighing 250-300 g
      were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats/group). Group 1 (control group)
      rats were not administered Thymoquinone (TQ) for 3 days after the operation.
      Group 2 was administered daily TQ for 3 days starting from the first day after
      the operation. Group 3 was not administered TQ for 7 days after the operation.
      Group 4 was administered daily TQ for 7 days starting from the first day after
      the operation. Thymoquinone was administered as a single dose oral gavage through
      a 4F feeding catheter per each day. The bursting strength of the anastomosis was
      measured on 3rd and 7th postoperative days (POD) and resection was performed.
      Subsequently, the hydroxyproline level in the resected tissue was measured and a
      histological evaluation was performed. RESULTS: The bursting pressures of the
      anastomoses were measured to be statistically significantly greater on 7th POD in
      TQ administered groups compared to those without TQ administration. Tissues were
      stained with Masson's trichrome dye in order to evaluate the amount of fibrous
      tissue reaction for histopathological examination; there was no significant
      difference in the amount of fibrous tissue between groups 1 and 2, while a very
      marked increase in the fibrous tissue was detected in groups 3 and 4. Mean tissue
      hydroxyproline levels of the groups 3 and 4 on 7th POD were 1.30 and 2.72 MUg/g
      protein, respectively. The difference between the groups was statistically
      significant (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TQ significantly increased the bursting
      pressure of the anastomosis, tissue hydroxyproline level, and fibrous tissue
      production.

PMID- 27386401
TI  - A simulation study of the impact of the public-private partnership strategy on
      the performance of transport infrastructure.
AB  - The choice of investment strategy has a great impact on the performance of
      transport infrastructure. Positive projects such as the "Subway plus Property"
      model in Hong Kong have created sustainable financial profits for the public
      transport projects. Owing to a series of public debt and other constraints,
      public-private partnership (PPP) was introduced as an innovative investment model
      to address this issue and help develop transport infrastructure. Yet, few studies
      provide a deeper understanding of relationships between PPP strategy and the
      performance of such transport projects (particularly the whole transport system).
      This paper defines the research scope as a regional network of freeway. With a
      popular PPP model, travel demand prediction method, and relevant parameters as
      input, agents in a simulation framework can simulate the choice of PPP freeway
      over time. The simulation framework can be used to analyze the relationship
      between the PPP strategy and performance of the regional freeway network. This
      study uses the Freeway Network of Yangtze River Delta (FN-YRD) in China as the
      context. The results demonstrate the value of using simulation models of complex
      transportation systems to help decision makers choose the right PPP projects.
      Such a tool is viewed as particularly important given the ongoing transformation
      of functions of the Chinese transportation sector, including franchise rights of
      transport projects, and freeway charging mechanism. 

PMID- 27386402
TI  - miR-125b-1 is repressed by histone modifications in breast cancer cell lines.
AB  - PURPOSE: Downregulation of miR-125b-1 is associated with poor prognosis in breast
      cancer patients. In this work we investigated the effect of histone modifications
      on the regulation of this gene promoter. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated the
      enrichment of two histone modifications involved in gene repression, H3K9me3 and
      H3K27me3, on the miR-125b-1 promoter in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF7
      (luminal A subtype) and MDA-MB-231 (triple-negative subtype), compared to the non
      transformed breast cell line MCF10A. H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 were enriched in MCF7
      and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. Next, we used an EZH2 inhibitor to examine
      the reactivation of miR-125b-1 in MCF7 cells and evaluated the transcriptional
      levels of pri-miR-125b-1 and mature miR-125b by qRT-PCR. pri-miRNA and mature
      miRNA transcripts were both increased after treatment of MCF7 cells with the EZH2
      inhibitor, whereas no effect on miR-125b-1 expression levels was observed in MDA
      MB-231 and MCF10A cells. We subsequently evaluated the effect of miR-125b-1
      reactivation on the expression and protein levels of BAK1, a target of miR-125b.
      We observed 60 and 70 % decreases in the expression and protein levels of BAK1,
      respectively, compared to cells that were not treated with the EZH2 inhibitor. We
      over-expressed KDM4B/JMJD2B to reactivate this miRNA, resulting in a three-fold
      increase in miR-125b expression compared with the same cell line without
      KDM4B/JMJD2B over-expression. CONCLUSION: The miR-125b-1 is repressed by
      different epigenetic mechanisms depending on the breast cancer subtype and that
      miR-125b-1 reactivation specifically eliminates the effect of repressive histone
      modifications on the expression of an pro-apoptotic target.

PMID- 27386403
TI  - Hemiarch versus total aortic arch replacement in acute type A dissection: a
      systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite recent advances in aortic surgery, acute type A aortic
      dissection remains a surgical emergency associated with high mortality and
      morbidity. Appropriate management is crucial to achieve satisfactory outcomes but
      the optimal surgical approach is controversial. The present systematic review and
      meta-analysis sought to access cumulative data from comparative studies between
      hemiarch and total aortic arch replacement in patients with acute type A aortic
      dissection. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature using six databases.
      Eligible studies include comparative studies on hemiarch versus total arch
      replacement reporting short, medium and long term outcomes. A meta-analysis was
      performed on eligible studies reporting outcome of interest to quantify the
      effects of hemiarch replacement on mortality and morbidity risk compared to total
      arch replacement. RESULT: Fourteen retrospective studies met the inclusion
      criteria and 2,221 patients were included in the final analysis. Pooled analysis
      showed that hemiarch replacement was associated with a lower risk of post
      operative renal dialysis [risk ratio (RR) =0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI):
      0.56-0.94; P=0.02; I(2)=0%]. There was no significant difference in terms of in
      hospital mortality between the two groups (RR =0.84; 95% CI: 0.65-1.09; P=0.20;
      I(2)=0%). Cardiopulmonary bypass, aortic cross clamp and circulatory arrest times
      were significantly longer in total arch replacement. During follow up, no
      significant difference was reported from current studies between the two
      operative approaches in terms of aortic re-intervention and freedom from aortic
      reoperation. CONCLUSIONS: Within the context of publication bias by high volume
      aortic centres and non-randomized data sets, there was no difference in mortality
      outcomes between the two groups. This analysis serves to demonstrate that for
      those centers doing sufficient total aortic arch activity to allow for
      publication, excellent and equivalent outcomes are achievable. Conclusions on
      differences in longer term outcome data are required. We do not, however,
      advocate total arch as a primary approach by all centers and surgeons
      irrespective of patient characteristics, but rather, a tailored approach based on
      surgeon and center experience and patient presentation.

PMID- 27386404
TI  - Guilt by association: a paradigm for detection of silent aortic disease.
AB  - Detection of clinically silent thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is challenging due
      to the lack of symptoms (until aortic rupture or dissection occurs). A large
      proportion of TAA are identified incidentally while imaging a patient for other
      reasons. However, recently several clinical "associates" of TAA have been
      described that can aid in identification of silent TAA. These "associates"
      include intracranial aneurysm, aortic arch anomalies, abdominal aortic aneurysm
      (AAA), simple renal cysts (SRC), bicuspid aortic valve, temporal arteritis, a
      positive family history of aneurysm disease, and a positive thumb-palm sign. In
      this article we examine these associates of TAA and the data supporting their
      involvement with asymptomatic TAA. 

PMID- 27386405
TI  - Acute aortic syndrome.
AB  - Acute aortic syndrome (AAS) is a term used to describe a constellation of life
      threatening aortic diseases that have similar presentation, but appear to have
      distinct demographic, clinical, pathological and survival characteristics. Many
      believe that the three major entities that comprise AAS: aortic dissection (AD),
      intramural hematoma (IMH) and penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU), make up a spectrum
      of aortic disease in which one entity may evolve into or coexist with another.
      Much of the confusion in accurately classifying an AAS is that they present with
      similar symptoms: typically acute onset of severe chest or back pain, and may
      have similar radiographic features, since the disease entities all involve injury
      or disruption of the medial layer of the aortic wall. The accurate diagnosis of
      an AAS is often made at operation. This manuscript will attempt to clarify the
      similarities and differences between AD, IMH and PAU of the ascending aorta and
      describe the challenges in distinguishing them from one another. 

PMID- 27386406
TI  - The utility of the aortic dissection team: outcomes and insights after a decade
      of experience.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mortality rates following acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD)
      repair are reduced when operations are performed by a high-volume acute aortic
      dissection (AAD) team, leading to efforts to centralize ATAAD care. Here, we
      describe our experience with ATAAD repair by our AAD team over the last 10 years,
      with a focus on patient selection, transfer protocols, operative approach, and
      volume trends over time. METHODS: An AAD team was implemented at our institution
      in 2005, with dedicated high-volume AAD surgeons, a multidisciplinary approach to
      thoracic aortic disease management, and a standardized protocol for ATAAD repair.
      Further process improvements were made in 2013 to facilitate the rapid transfer
      of ATAAD patients to our institution using stream-lined triage, diagnostic, and
      transfer protocols for patients with suspected ATAAD (RACE-AD protocol). Volume
      trends and outcomes were assessed longitudinally over this period. RESULTS:
      Institutional ATAAD repair volume remained constant at 12+/-2 cases per year from
      2005-2013, but increased nearly two-fold to 22+/-6 cases per year (P=0.004) from
      2013-2015 following implementation of the RACE-AD protocol. To accommodate this
      increased volume, two additional surgeons were added to the AAD team. Surgeon
      ATAAD repair volume was unchanged over the 10-year interval (7.9+/-3.9 cases per
      year from 2005-2013 versus 5.5+/-1.5 cases per year from 2013-2015; P=0.36), and
      all AAD team surgeons consistently met or exceeded the high-volume surgeon
      threshold of 5 ATAAD repairs per year. Thirty-day/in-hospital mortality rates of
      less than 10% were maintained over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Centralization
      of ATAAD care has begun to occur at our center, with maintenance of low mortality
      rates for ATAAD repair. These data confirm a net positive impact on regional
      ATAAD outcomes through transfer of patients to a high-volume center with
      dedicated AAD surgeons.

PMID- 27386407
TI  - Differential outcomes of type A dissection with malperfusion according to
      affected organ system.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The management of malperfusion in patients with acute Stanford type A
      aortic dissection is controversial. We sought to determine the rate of resolution
      of malperfusion following primary repair of the dissection and to identify
      anatomic sites of malperfusion that may require additional management. METHODS:
      We reviewed the hospital records of patients who presented to our institution
      with acute type A aortic dissection. Patient demographics, operative details and
      post-operative course were retrospectively extracted from our institutional
      electronic database. Depending upon the anatomic site, malperfusion was
      identified by a combination of radiographic and clinical definitions. Data were
      analyzed using standard univariable and multivariable methods. RESULTS: Between
      1997-2013, 101 patients underwent repair of an acute type A dissection. Thirty
      day mortality was 14.9% (15/101); there were five intraoperative deaths. There
      was no difference in 30-day mortality between patients with or without
      malperfusion (15.4% vs. 14.7%, P=0.93). Twenty-five patients (24.7%), who
      survived surgery, presented with 31 sites of malperfusion. Anatomic sites
      included extremities [14], renal [10], cerebral [5] and intestinal [2]. Of these
      31 sites, malperfusion resolved in 18 (58.1%) with primary aortic repair. Renal
      malperfusion resolved radiographically in 80.0%, with no difference in the
      incidence of insufficiency (44.0% vs. 35.2%; P=0.44) or dialysis (20.0% vs.
      15.5%; P=0.61) between malperfusion and non-malperfusion patients. Extremity
      malperfusion resolved postoperatively in six out of 14 patients. Of the remaining
      eight, concomitant revascularization was performed in four, one had an amputation
      and three required postoperative interventions. Advanced patient age (OR: 1.06,
      95% CI: 1.01-1.12, P=0.02) was an independent predictor of 30-day mortality,
      while preoperative malperfusion was not (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.18-3.31, P=0.73).
      CONCLUSIONS: Malperfusion complicating acute type A dissection can be managed in
      many patients by aortic replacement alone with low overall mortality. Most cases
      of renal and cerebral malperfusion resolved following aortic surgery.
      Revascularization was frequently necessary in patients with extremity
      malperfusion. Patients presenting with intestinal ischemia had very poor
      outcomes. A patient-specific approach is recommended in such complex patients.

PMID- 27386408
TI  - Repair of type A dissection-benefits of dissection rota.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute type A aortic dissection repair is a surgical emergency
      associated with high mortality. In 2007, Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital was the
      first institution in the United Kingdom to implement a thoracic aortic on-call
      dissection rota. We set out to investigate whether the dissection rota improved
      hospital quality outcomes and long-term survival. METHODS: Data from a
      prospectively collected database was analysed following case note validation. Two
      hundred patients underwent acute type A aortic dissection repair between October
      1998 and November 2015. To assess the effect of the post-dissection rota on
      operative and postoperative outcomes, propensity matching of pre- and post
      dissection rota patients was used. RESULTS: Eighty patients were identified from
      the pre-dissection rota era and 120 from the post-dissection rota era. Sixty
      patients from each era were then propensity matched. Comparative analyses showed
      that patients who underwent acute type A dissection repair in the post-dissection
      rota period were less likely to suffer in-hospital mortality in both the matched
      and unmatched groups (30% vs. 13.3%; P=0.004 and 28.3% vs. 11.7%; P=0.055,
      respectively). A similar improvement was shown in acute renal failure (26.3% vs.
      14.2%; P=0.033 and 31.7% vs. 15.0%; P=0.044, respectively). However,
      cardiopulmonary bypass times and aortic cross clamp times were still
      significantly longer in the matched post-dissection rota cohort. There was a
      significant improvement in 5-year survival for the pre- and post-dissection rota
      in both the matched and unmatched patients (P=0.004 and P=0.034). CONCLUSIONS:
      Reorganization of surgical expertise, activity and implementation of a dissection
      rota within our hospital have resulted in lower in-hospital mortality and better
      survival outcomes in this group of patients.

PMID- 27386409
TI  - Total aortic repair: the new paradigm in the treatment of acute type A aortic
      dissection.
AB  - The surgical management of acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is in a period
      of rapid evolution. Understanding the complex physiology and anatomy of both
      acute and chronic dissection has been enhanced by the ready availability of state
      of the art imaging techniques. Technical advances in the intraoperative
      monitoring of organ perfusion, together with adjuncts to limit organ injury and
      increasing sophistication in open and endovascular surgery have led to a major
      reduction in both perioperative morbidity and mortality. In many centers, there
      has been a transition in mindset and surgical approach away from a purely central
      aortic operation focusing on the ascending aorta and a 'live to fight another
      day' philosophy. The current more global perspective recognizes the importance of
      aortic valve function, malperfusion, false lumen (FL) patency and the potential
      for future complex aneurysm development. The time is now right to transition into
      the next phase of sophistication in the management of ATAAD with the aim of
      achieving not only a safe acute operation, but to either entirely prevent chronic
      complications or to greatly simplify their management by the creation of an
      anatomical situation that facilitates future endovascular intervention in place
      of complex re-do surgery. We present our view on the evolution of surgery for
      ATAAD leading to our current technique of Branch First Arch replacement and Total
      Aortic Repair, which not only provides a safe immediate operation, but also
      offers the hope of a simplified future management if not a total cure for the
      pathology. 

PMID- 27386410
TI  - Descending endograft for DeBakey type 1 aortic dissection: pro.
AB  - The surgical management of patients with DeBakey type 1 acute aortic dissection
      (DBT1-AAD) represents a major challenge for aortic surgeons. It has been
      demonstrated that the distal false lumen remains patent in about 70% to 80% of
      patients undergoing DBT1-AAD surgery and that a patent false lumen worsens the
      prognosis. In order to improve long term outcomes and reduce the frequency of
      late aneurysm formation and reoperation, a more aggressive primary operation
      involving total arch replacement (TAR) and concomitant antegrade stenting of the
      descending thoracic aorta (DTA) with a frozen elephant trunk (FET) has been
      introduced. Such extensive operations, however, remain controversial due to their
      increased technical complexity and perceived higher operative mortality and
      morbidity. This perspective article will overview the rationale behind, and the
      potential advantages and current evidence for, FET surgery in acute aortic
      dissection. 

PMID- 27386411
TI  - Descending endografts for type A dissections: con.
AB  - An important goal of surgical repair of type A aortic dissection is to resect the
      intimal tear. Studies on the fate of residual dissection after acute type A
      aortic dissection repair in the past decade have driven surgeons to seek
      procedures to avoid distal reoperation. Aggressive surgical approach with total
      arch replacement in acute type A dissection has demonstrated lower incidence of
      distal reoperation and slower aortic growth rate compared to less aggressive
      ascending/hemiarch repair. Recently, successful results of thoracic endovascular
      aortic repair (TEVAR) in type B aortic dissection have encouraged surgeons to
      further attack acute type A aortic dissection with hybrid approach: antegrade
      endografting in the descending thoracic true lumen as an adjunct to hemiarch or
      total arch repair. However, is the hybrid approach with simultaneous descending
      endografting justified in all the acute type A aortic dissection cases? The
      outcomes of the hybrid approach reported by the several groups have demonstrated
      80-100% of false lumen thrombus formation in the proximal descending aorta
      (stented segment); however, the complete obliteration of the false lumen is only
      17-50%. The incidence of distal reoperation/reintervention after hybrid approach
      is as high as 14% and an adjunctive procedure is often performed. Moreover, there
      are concerns about additional risks associated with the hybrid procedures, such
      as spinal cord injury (SCI), stent graft induced new entry and stroke. The data
      on this new approach are still very limited. Hence, further study is warranted to
      prove its safety and durability. 

PMID- 27386412
TI  - Surgical techniques in type A dissection.
AB  - Acute aortic dissection is a surgical emergency that must be urgently managed,
      with the primary goal of restoring flow to the dominant true lumen in the
      downstream aorta. Our preference at the Cleveland Clinic is for an open distal
      anastomosis technique without aortic clamping, as it permits more accurate
      approximation of dissected layers and more homeostatically secure anastomosis.
      During this procedure we employ right axillary end-to-side graft perfusion,
      followed by deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade brain perfusion.
      The distal anastomosis is performed without felt strips or glue. Critical to
      achieving a successful outcome is meticulous de-airing of the arch, diligent
      myocardial protection, and a water-tight anastomosis prior to discontinuing
      cardiopulmonary bypass. 

PMID- 27386413
TI  - Surgical management of acute type A aortic dissection: branch-first arch
      replacement with total aortic repair.
AB  - Acute type A dissection (ATAAD) remains a morbid condition with reported surgical
      mortality as high as 25%. We describe our surgical approach to ATAAD and discuss
      the indications for adjunct techniques such as the frozen elephant trunk or
      complete aortic repair with endovascular methods. Arch replacement using the
      "branch-first technique" allows for complete root, ascending aorta, and arch
      replacement. A long landing zone is created for proximal endografting with a
      covered stent. Balloon-assisted intimal disruption and bare metal stenting of all
      residual dissected aorta to the level of the aortic bifurcation is then performed
      to obliterate the false lumen (FL) and achieve single true lumen (TL) flow.
      Additional branch vessel stenting is performed as required. 

PMID- 27386414
TI  - Routine use of hemiarch during acute type A aortic dissection repair.

PMID- 27386415
TI  - Technical aspects of total aortic repair in the surgical management of acute type
      A aortic dissection.

PMID- 27386416
TI  - Frozen elephant trunk for DeBakey type 1 dissection: the Cleveland Clinic
      technique.

PMID- 27386417
TI  - Type A aortic dissection.

PMID- 27386418
TI  - Sedentary images in a popular US based parenting magazine: 2010-2015.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Parenting magazines serve as a platform for advertisers to target
      children and their caregivers. The purpose of this study was to analyze and
      describe the number of pictures of sedentary and non-sedentary children pictured
      in the popular parenting magazine, Parents. METHODS: Our sample consisted of 72
      issues from Parents magazine from January 2010 to December 2015. The sampling
      frame consisted of all printed issues over this time period. All pictures of
      children, whether they were in advertisements or models appearing throughout the
      magazine were included. There were a total of 11 018 children images reviewed.
      RESULTS: The overwhelming majority included sedentary children (n = 9734, 88.3%),
      while the minority showed children engaged in some kind of activity (n = 1284,
      11.7%). CONCLUSION: Parents are encouraged to discuss with their pediatricians
      which activities are most beneficial for their children's health.

PMID- 27386419
TI  - Testing multi-theory model (MTM) in predicting initiation and sustenance of
      physical activity behavior among college students.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Most college students do not adequately participate in enough
      physical activity (PA) to attain health benefits. A theory-based approach is
      critical in developing effective interventions to promote PA. The purpose of this
      study was to examine the utility of the newly proposed multi-theory model (MTM)
      of health behavior change in predicting initiation and sustenance of PA among
      college students. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, a valid and reliable
      survey was administered in October 2015 electronically to students enrolled at a
      large Southern US University. The internal consistency Cronbach alphas of the
      subscales were acceptable (0.65-0.92). Only those who did not engage in more than
      150 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic PA during the past week
      were included in this study. RESULTS: Of the 495 respondents, 190 met the
      inclusion criteria of which 141 completed the survey. The majority of
      participants were females (72.3%) and Caucasians (70.9%). Findings of the
      confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed construct validity of subscales
      (initiation model: chi2 = 253.92 [df = 143], P < 0.001, CFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.07,
      SRMR = 0.07; sustenance model: chi2= 19.40 [df = 22], P < 0.001, CFI = 1.00,
      RMSEA = 0.00, SRMR = 0.03). Multivariate regression analysis showed that 26% of
      the variance in the PA initiation was explained by advantages outweighing
      disadvantages, behavioral confidence, work status, and changes in physical
      environment. Additionally, 29.7% of the variance in PA sustenance was explained
      by emotional transformation, practice for change, and changes in social
      environment. CONCLUSION: Based on this study's findings, MTM appears to be a
      robust theoretical framework for predicting PA behavior change. Future research
      directions and development of suitable intervention strategies are discussed.

PMID- 27386420
TI  - Psycho-socioeconomic bio-behavioral associations on all-cause mortality: cohort
      study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the cumulative effects of
      psychological,socioeconomic, biological and behavioral parameters on mortality.
      METHODS: A prospective design was employed. Data from the 2005-2006 National
      Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used (analyzed in 2015);
      follow-up mortality status evaluated in 2011. Psychological function was assessed
      from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) as a measure of depression.
      Socioeconomic risk was assessed from poverty level, education, minority status,
      and social living status. Biological parameters included cholesterol, weight
      status, diabetes, hypertension and systemic inflammation. Behavioral parameters
      assessed included physical activity (accelerometry), dietary behavior, smoking
      status (cotinine) and sleep. These 14 psycho-socioeconomic bio-behavioral (PSBB)
      parameters allowed for the calculation of an overall PSBB Index, ranging from 0
      14. RESULTS: Among the evaluated 2530 participants, 161 died over the unweighted
      median follow-up period of 70.0 months. After adjustment, for every 1 increase in
      the overall PSBB index score,participants had a 15% reduced risk of all-cause
      mortality (HR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76-0.96). After adjustment, the Behavioral Index
      (HR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.60-0.88) and the Socioeconomic Index(HR = 0.82; 95% CI:
      0.68-0.99) were significant, but the Psychological Index (HR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.29
      1.51) and the Biological Index (HR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.89-1.18) were not.
      CONCLUSION: Those with a worse PSBB score had an increased risk of all-cause
      mortality.Promotion of concurrent health behaviors may help to promote overall
      well-being and prolong survival.

PMID- 27386421
TI  - Validation and psychometric evaluation of physical activity belief scale among
      patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an application of health action process
      approach.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Moderate increase in physical activity (PA) may be helpful in
      preventing or postponing the complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
      The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of a health
      action process approach (HAPA)-based PA inventory among T2DM patients. METHODS:
      In 2015, this cross-sectional study was carried out on 203 participants recruited
      by convenience sampling in Isfahan, Iran. Content and face validity was confirmed
      by a panel of experts. The comments noted by 9 outpatients on the inventory were
      also investigated. Then,the items were administered to 203 T2DM patients.
      Construct validity was conducted using exploratory and structural equation
      modeling confirmatory factor analyses. Reliability was also assessed with
      Cronbach alpha and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Content
      validity was acceptable (CVR = 0.62, CVI = 0.89). Exploratory factor analysis
      extracted seven factors (risk- perception, action self-efficacy, outcome
      expectancies, maintenance self-efficacy, action and coping planning, behavioral
      intention, and recovery self-efficacy) explaining 82.23% of the variation. The
      HAPA had an acceptable fit to the observations (chi2 = 3.21, df = 3, P = 0.38;
      RMSEA = 0.06; AGFI = 0.90; PGFI = 0.12). The range of Cronbach alpha and ICC for
      the scales was about 0.63 to 0.97 and 0.862 to 0.988, respectively. CONCLUSION:
      The findings of the present study provided an initial support for the reliability
      and validity of the HAPA-based PA inventory among patients with T2DM.

PMID- 27386422
TI  - An analysis of weight loss articles and advertisements in mainstream women's
      health and fitness magazines.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Magazines are a commonly used source for health and fitness
      information. Little is known about the nature and extent of weight loss
      strategies and products presented in mainstream women's health and fitness
      magazines. METHODS: This preliminary cross-sectional study evaluated the
      prevalence of articles and advertisements featuring weight loss content and
      products in mainstream US-based health and fitness magazines, as well as assessed
      weight loss themes presented. Thirty-one US health and fitness-focused magazine
      issues were coded. Prevalence of, product type, and themes related to weight loss
      in articles and advertisements were assessed. RESULTS: Among the 31 issues of the
      five US-based women's magazines examined, we identified 39 articles (4.8% [95% CI
      = 3.3% to 5.5%] of 819 articles) related to weight loss with 14 identified weight
      loss topics. The most prevalent article topics covered were exercising/workouts
      (32.0% [95% CI = 28.8% to 33.6%]) followed by dieting (18.6% [95% CI = 15.9% to
      19.9%]).The most common product advertised was weight loss pills (46.0% [95% CI =
      42.6% to 47.7%]). Fat burners were also frequently advertised (14.9% [95% CI =
      12.5% to 16.1%]) followed by hunger reduction strategies (10.3% [95% CI = 8.2% to
      11.3%]) and fat blockers (6.9% [95% CI= 5.2% to 7.8%]). CONCLUSION: Articles
      presented information about exercise and dieting whereas advertisements supported
      potentially harmful health beliefs and behaviors. As a well-utilized American
      media format, health and fitness-focused magazines have an opportunity to
      communicate frequent,accurate messaging about healthy weight reduction and limit
      advertisements that may include misleading claims.

PMID- 27386423
TI  - Response costs of mammography adherence: Iranian women's perceptions.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mammography as the most common secondary prevention method has known
      to be helpful in detecting breast cancer at the early stages. Low level of
      participation among women toward mammography uptake due to cultural beliefs is a
      great concern. This study aimed at exploring the perceptions of women about
      response costs of mammography adherence (MA) in Yazd, Iran. METHODS: A
      qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was performed. Fourteen
      women,one oncology nurse, and a breast cancer survivor were purposefully
      interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by directed
      content analysis method based on protection motivation theory (PMT). RESULTS: One
      main theme was emerged from the analysis namely called "response costs".Two main
      categories were also emerged from the data; (1) psychological barriers with six
      subcategories including "embarrassment," "worry about being diagnosed with
      cancer," "preoccupation with underlying disease," "misconception about
      mammography," "need for an accompanying person," and "internalizing the
      experiences of the others," and (2) maladaptive coping modes which encompassed
      three subcategories: "religious faith," "fatalism," and"avoidance and denial."
      CONCLUSION: Useful information was provided about the response costs of
      mammography utilization based on the perceptions of women. Cognitive barriers may
      be decreased by conducting modifications in women's awareness and attitude toward
      MA as well as changing the national health system infrastructures. Incorporating
      religious and cultural belief systems into MA educational programs through
      motivational messages is recommended.

PMID- 27386424
TI  - Media coverage of the Ebola virus disease in four widely circulated Nigerian
      newspapers: lessons from Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The importance of the media in the coverage of Ebola virus disease
      (EVD) in Nigeria and its implications (negative or positive) amongst the populace
      cannot be overemphasized.This study was conducted to assess the role of media in
      the Ebola reportage and its implication in creating awareness and stopping the
      spread amongst the populace. METHODS: The nature and extent of media coverage
      about Ebola in four major national newspapers were examined. The four major
      national newspapers were The Sun, The Vanguard, The Nation and The Punch
      newspapers. The period of study ranged from 20 July (when the index case came to
      Nigeria) to 20 October 2014. Analysis of the newspaper article was according to
      content. RESULTS: A total of 1625 articles were published between July 2014 to
      October 2014 and these were divided into news (1127; 69.4%), features (267;
      16.4%), opinion (76; 4.7%), editorials (149; 9.2%) and interviews (6; 0.4%). The
      most common topic was Ebola cases in Nigeria (17.5%) followed by discrimination
      due to Ebola (10.8%) and least of all the use of salt and or Kola for the cure of
      Ebola (5.2%). CONCLUSION: Although the World Health Organization (WHO) declared
      Nigeria Ebola free on the 20th October 2014, continual reportage of the Ebola
      disease for effective awareness, prevention and control of the virus is
      recommended.

PMID- 27386425
TI  - Assessment of operators' mental workload using physiological and subjective
      measures in cement, city traffic and power plant control centers.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate the operators' mental workload
      (MW) of cement, city traffic control and power plant control centers using
      subjective and objective measures during system vital parameters monitoring.
      METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to February 2015
      at the cement, city traffic control and power plant control centers.
      Electrocardiography and electroencephalography data were recorded from forty
      males during performing their daily working in resting, low mental workload
      (LMW), high mental workload (HMW) and recovery conditions (each block 5 minutes).
      The NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) was used to evaluate the subjective workload of
      the operators. RESULTS: The results showed that increasing MW had a significant
      effect on the operators subjective responses in two conditions ([1,53] = 216.303,
      P < 0.001, eta2 = 0.803). Also,the Task-MW interaction effect on operators
      subjective responses was significant (F [3, 53] = 12.628,P < 0.001, eta2 =
      0.417). Analysis of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that
      increasing mental demands had a significant effect on heart rate, low
      frequency/high frequency ratio, theta and alpha band activity. CONCLUSION: The
      results suggested that when operators' mental demands especially in traffic
      control and power plant tasks increased, their mental fatigue and stress level
      increased and their mental health deteriorated. Therefore, it may be necessary to
      implement an ergonomic program or administrative control to manage mental
      probably health in these control centers. Furthermore, by evaluating MW, the
      control center director can organize the human resources for each MW condition to
      sustain the appropriate performance as well as improve system functions.

PMID- 27386427
TI  - Heterogeneity and Subclassification of Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Stage B.

PMID- 27386426
TI  - Domestic elder abuse in Yazd, Iran: a cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Social changes due to urbanism, acculturation, and fading of values
      have led to some challenges in family relationships, including domestic elder
      abuse. This study was conducted to determine elder abuse status in Yazd, Iran.
      METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 elderly people over 60
      years in Yazd in 2014-2015. Clustered random sampling was used to recruit the
      participants from 10 clusters in Yazd (25 individuals from each cluster). The
      data were gathered by the 49-item,Iranian Domestic Elder Abuse Questionnaire
      which was filled out through private interviews with the participants. RESULTS:
      Mean score of elder abuse was 11.84 (SD: 12.70) of total 100. Of the
      participants,79.6% (95% CI: 74.5-84.6) experienced at least one type of abuse.
      Emotional neglect was the most reported abuse and physical abuse was the least
      reported. Abuse score was associated with age, education level, living status,
      and insurance status of elders. Further, those who reported history of
      gastrointestinal problems, dyslipidemia, respiratory diseases, sleep disorders,
      audiovisual problems, joints pain, hypertension, dental/oral problems,
      cardiovascular disease,urinary incontinence and disability, reported a
      statistically significant higher abuse score. CONCLUSION: Despite overall low
      rate of domestic elder abuse, its high prevalence indicates that some
      interventions are necessary to decrease domestic elder abuse. Emotional neglect
      of elders should be addressed more than other abuse types.

PMID- 27386428
TI  - National Cancer Centre Singapore Consensus Guidelines for Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma.
AB  - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 6th most common cancer in the world, but
      the second most common cause of cancer death. There is no universally accepted
      consensus practice guidelines for HCC owing to rapid developments in new
      treatment modalities, the heterogeneous epidemiology and clinical presentation of
      HCC worldwide. However, a number of regional and national guidelines currently
      exist which reflect practice relevant to the epidemiology and collective
      experience of the consensus group. In 2014, clinicians at the multidisciplinary
      Comprehensive Liver Cancer Clinic (CLCC) at the National Cancer Centre Singapore
      (NCCS) reviewed the latest published scientific data and existing international
      and regional practice guidelines, such as those of the National Comprehensive
      Cancer Network, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the
      Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver, and modified them to
      reflect local practice. These would serve as a template by which treatment
      outcomes can be collated and benchmarked against international data. The NCCS
      Consensus Guidelines for HCC have been successfully implemented in the CLCC since
      their publication online on 26(th) September 2014, and the guidelines allow
      outcomes of treatment to be compared to international data. These guidelines will
      be reviewed periodically to incorporate new data. 

PMID- 27386430
TI  - Selection Criteria and Current Issues in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular
      Carcinoma.
AB  - Liver transplantation (LT) is an ideal treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma
      (HCC) because it not only resects HCCs but it also replaces the underlying
      damaged liver with normal tissue. However, the selection criteria are still a
      matter of debate. After the introduction of the Milan criteria, some expanded
      criteria focusing on tumor size and number have been proposed. In addition, new
      expanded criteria considering tumor biology have been proposed using tumor
      markers and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. This review
      summarizes the selection criteria in LT for HCC and introduces current issues
      focusing on the treatment for hepatitis C virus infection and the significance of
      sarcopenia in this field. 

PMID- 27386429
TI  - Outcomes of Hepatic Resection in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients with
      Diabetes, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia: Significance of Routine Follow-Up.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The outcomes of hepatic resection in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
      (ICC) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), and dyslipidemia
      (DL) (metabolic components) remain unclear. METHODS: The outcomes of 43 ICC
      patients without known risk factors for ICC who underwent hepatic resection were
      retrospectively reviewed. These patients were divided into three groups: those
      followed-up for metabolic components at least every 6 months (follow-up group,
      n=16), those not followed-up for metabolic components (no follow-up group, n=14),
      and those without metabolic components (control group, n=13). RESULTS: In the
      follow-up group, 13 (81%) patients were further examined for ICC during follow-up
      because of abnormal screening results, such as elevated serum gamma-glutamyl
      transpeptidase and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) concentrations or detection
      of hepatic tumor on ultrasonography and/or computed tomography, whereas most
      patients in the other two groups exhibited ICC-related symptoms. No patient in
      the follow-up group exhibited lymph node metastasis, whereas 43% of those in the
      no follow-up group and 46% in the control group had lymph node metastasis
      (p=0.005 and 0.004 vs. the follow-up group, respectively). All 16 patients in the
      follow-up group were diagnosed as International Union Against Cancer pathologic
      stage I or II (early stage). There were no significant differences in the
      incidence of postoperative recurrence between the three groups; however, the
      incidence of extrahepatic recurrence was lower in the follow-up group than in the
      no follow-up group and the control group (13% vs. 78% vs. 63%, p=0.0232). The 1-,
      3-, and 5-year overall survivalrates in the follow-up group were better than
      those in the no follow-up and control groups (93/93/66% vs. 77/34/34% and
      85/24/0%, p=0.034 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Routine measurement of
      serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and/or CA19-9 levels and imaging examinations
      every 12 months (or 6 months, if possible) are recommended during follow-up for
      DM, HT, and DL to detect ICC at an early stage.

PMID- 27386431
TI  - Tumor Heterogeneity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Facing the Challenges.
AB  - Tumor heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), such as that found in
      second primary tumors after curative treatment, synchronous multifocal tumors of
      different clonality, or intratumor heterogeneity, poses severe challenges for the
      development and administration of systemic molecular targeted therapies. Various
      methodologies, including historical DNA ploidy analysis, integrated hepatitis B
      virus DNA analysis, DNA fingerprinting, and next-generation sequencing
      technologies, are used to explore tumor heterogeneity in HCC. It is estimated
      that 30%-60% of recurrent or metastatic tumors harbor clones different from the
      primary tumor, 22%-79% of synchronous tumors vary clonally, and 12%-66% of single
      tumors contain intratumor heterogeneity. Substantial intertumor and intratumor
      heterogeneity renders biomarker identification, which is critical for the
      development and administration of molecular targeted therapy, challenging when
      applied to a single tumor biopsy specimen. The use of circulating tumor cells or
      circulating tumor DNA to evaluate overall tumor heterogeneity may help resolve
      this problem. This article reviews previous studies of tumor heterogeneity and
      discusses the implications and future opportunities regarding tumor heterogeneity
      in HCC. 

PMID- 27386433
TI  - Impact of ATM and SLC22A1 Polymorphisms on Therapeutic Response to Metformin in
      Iranian Diabetic Patients.
AB  - Metabolic syndrome and its pathological sequel, type 2 diabetes are considered as
      important global health problems. Metformin is the most common drug prescribed
      for patients with this disorder. Consequently, understanding the genetic pathways
      involved in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this drug can have a
      considerable effect on the personalized treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this
      study, we evaluated the association between rs11212617 polymorphism of ATM gene
      and rs628031 of SLC22A1 gene with response to treatment in newly diagnosed type 2
      diabetes patients. We genotyped rs11212617 and rs628031 polymorphism by PCR based
      restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and assessed the role of this
      polymorphisms on response to treatment in 140 patients who have been recently
      diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and were under monotherapy with metformin for 6
      months. Response to metformin was defined by HbA1c and fasting blood sugar (FBS)
      values. Based on such evaluations, patients were divided into two groups:
      responders (n= 63) and non-responders (n= 77). No significant association was
      found between these polymorphisms and response to treatment (OR= 0.86, [95% CI
      0.52-1.41], P= 0.32) for rs11212617 and (OR= 0.45, [95% CI 0.64-1.76], P= 0.45)
      for rs 628031. The reported gene variants in ATM and SLC22A1 are not
      significantly associated with metformin treatment response in type 2 diabetic
      patients in an Iranian population. 

PMID- 27386434
TI  - Zinc Finger 259 Gene Polymorphism rs964184 is Associated with Serum Triglyceride
      Levels and Metabolic Syndrome.
AB  - Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by a cluster of cardiovascular risk
      factors that include: abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, insulin
      resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Recent genome wide association studies
      have identified several susceptibility regions involved in lipid metabolism that
      are also associated with MetS. We have explored the association of 9 genetic
      polymorphisms involved in lipid metabolism and hypertension, including: MTHFR
      C677T, SELE L554F, FGB - 455G>A, GNB3 C825T, ZNF259 C>G, PSRC-1 A>G, CETP I405V,
      LPL S447X and LPA C>T in 97 subjects with MetS and 96 individuals without MetS
      who were recruited randomly from Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic
      disorder (MASHAD) study using a stratified cluster random sampling technique.
      Anthropometric parameters and biochemical measurements were determined in all the
      subjects. Genotyping was carried out followed by univariate and multivariate
      analyses. The subjects with MetS had a higher triglyceride and lower HDL- C. CG+
      GG genotypes of ZNF259 polymorphism (rs964184 C>G) and TT+CT genotypes of MTHFR
      C677T (rs1801133) were associated with MetS, and individuals carrying the G
      allele for ZNF259 or the T allele for MTHFR polymorphisms were associated with
      MetS (e.g, odds ratio (OR) for CG+GG genotypes vs. CC wild type: 2.52, CI=1.33
      4.77; P=0.005). However, after multiple comparison adjustment, this relationship
      remained significant only for CG+ GG genotypes of ZNF259 polymorphism. Moreover,
      the ZNF259 CG+ GG genotypes were associated with increased serum concentrations
      of triglycerides and LDL-C, compared to the wild type. These data support the
      necessity for further studies in larger multicenter settings. 

PMID- 27386432
TI  - Optimal Selection of Radiotherapy as Part of a Multimodal Approach for
      Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
AB  - A multimodal approach to treatment is a basic oncologic principle with proven
      survival benefits for most cancer types. However, existing guidelines recommend
      single modalities for treating each stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
      Nonetheless, multimodal approaches can be considered for HCC, depending on the
      characteristics of the disease in individual cases. Radiotherapy (RT), an
      effective local modality, is a critical element of most multimodal approaches.
      Improved RTtechnology and increased understanding of the tolerance of the liver
      to radiation have contributed to the popularity of RT for treating liver tumors
      in clinical practice. Consequently, numerous reports have described the effects
      of RT on liver cancer, despite a lack of stringent evidence for its benefits. RT
      can be delivered using various technologies and approaches, which may be the
      source of some confusion. For example, high-dose ablative RT can be curative on
      its own, or high-dose ablative or conventional RT can complement other treatments
      such as radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization. Combinations
      of systemic agents and RT can also be applied. This review discusses the optimal
      selection of RT as part of a multimodal approach for HCC. 

PMID- 27386435
TI  - The Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Bisphenol-A (BPA) in MCF-7 Cell Line and
      Amniocytes.
AB  - Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an industrial xenoestrogen used widely in our living
      environment. Recently, several studies suggested that BPA has destructive effects
      on DNA and chromosomes in normal body cells via estrogen receptors (ER).
      Therefore, BPA could be considered as an important mediator in many diseases such
      as cancer. However, there are still many controversial issues which need
      clarification. In this study, we investigated the BPA-induced chromosomal damages
      in MCF-7 cell line, ER-positive and negative amniocyte cells. Cytotoxicity and
      genotoxicity effects of BPA were also compared between these three cell groups.
      Expression of estrogen receptors was determined using immunocytochemistry
      technique. The cell cytotoxicity of BPA was measured by MTT assay. Classic
      cytogenetic technique was carried out for the investigation of chromosome damage.
      BPA, in addition to cytotoxicity, had remarkable genotoxicity at concentrations
      close to the traceable levels in tissues or biological fluids. Although some
      differences were observed in the amount of damages between ER-positive and
      negative fetal cells, interestingly, these differences were not significant. The
      present study showed that BPA could lead to chromosomal aberrations in both ER
      dependent and independent pathways at some concentrations or in cell types yet
      not reported. Also, BPA could probably be considered as a facilitator for some
      predisposed cells to be cancerous by raising the chromosome instability levels.
      Finally, estrogen receptor seems to have a different role in cytotoxicity and
      genotoxicity effects. 

PMID- 27386436
TI  - A Pilot Study of CK19, CK20 and GCC mRNA in the Peripheral Blood as a Colorectal
      Cancer Biomarker Panel.
AB  - Colorectal cancer remains one of the major cancer- related deaths despite
      progress in the treatment during past decades. Detection of disease at earlier
      stages reduces its mortality. The aim of current study was to investigate
      expression of Cytokeratin 19 (CK19), Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and Guanylyl Cyclase C
      (GCC) mRNA in peripheral blood of non- metastatic colorectal cancer patients
      which may result into introducing of an early detection test. 25 patients with
      colorectal cancer and 25 healthy controls were recruited. Blood was obtained from
      all individuals. Expression of CK19 and CK20 and GCC mRNA and 18SrRNA (as
      reference gene) were determined based on real- time RT-PCR on total RNA from
      blood. CK19, CK20 and GCC expression had been detected in 68%, 76% & 52% of
      patient group, respectively, which was higher than healthy group, with 8%, 32%
      and 0% expression, respectively (p<0.05). CK20 was over-expressed 8- fold more in
      patients compared to controls. Similar result was found for CK19 with 4- fold
      over- expression. Sensitivity and specificity of combination of markers were 88%
      and 68%, respectively. Current data suggest that the detection of CK20 & CK19 as
      relative sensitive markers may become a valuable tool for primary diagnosis of
      colorectal cancer in early stages. GCC could be considered as a specific tumor
      marker for detection of colorectal cancer. Higher expression of these markers in
      patients may be considered as a relative good tool for the diagnosis of disease
      in non- metastatic stages. 

PMID- 27386437
TI  - High Yield Overexpression, Refolding, Purification and Characterization of
      Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type B-Flagellin: An Improved Method Without Sonication.
AB  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an opportunistic pathogen is a significant cause of
      acute and chronic infections in patients with compromised defenses. This
      bacterium is motile via a single polar flagellum made of polymerized flagellin
      subunits differentiated into two major serotypes: A and B. flagellin plays an
      important role as a virulence factor in the adhesion, colonization and invasion
      of P. aeruginosa into host epithelial cells. To develop a functional vaccine that
      can be used in practical application to prevent and treat infection, type B
      flagellin was produced as recombinant protein. In this work, the fliC gene was
      introduced into a pET28a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The
      expressed recombinant protein was purified by a modified method without
      sonication using a HisTrap affinity column. The functional activities of produced
      flagellin were confirmed by ELISA, western blot analysis, motility inhibition
      assay and opsonophagocytosis test. The purification process of the type B
      flagellin was lead to a high yield. The produced recombinant type B-flagellin
      showed high biological activity in all of these standard assays. In conclusions,
      this report provides the new protocol to efficiently obtain the type B-flagellin
      with high biological activity and immunogenicity. This immunogen can be
      introduced as an adjuvant or vaccine in the future study. 

PMID- 27386438
TI  - Orosomucoid-1 Expression in Ameloblastoma Variants.
AB  - Odontogenic tumors constitute a group of heterogeneous lesions of benign and
      malignant neoplasms with variable aggressiveness. Ameloblastomas are a group of
      benign but locally invasive neoplasms that occur in the jaws and are derived from
      epithelial elements of the tooth-forming apparatus. We previously described
      orosomucoid-1 protein expression in odontogenic myxomas. However, whether
      orosomucoid-1 is expressed in other odontogenic tumors remains unknown. Since
      orosomucoid-1 belongs to a group of acute-phase proteins and has many functions
      in health and disease, we identified and analyzed orosomucoid-1 expression in
      ameloblastoma variants and ameloblastic carcinoma using western blot and
      immunohistochemical techniques. Thirty cases of ameloblastoma were analyzed for
      orsomucoid-1; five specimens were fresh for western blot study (four benign
      ameloblastomas and one ameloblastic carcinoma), and 25 cases of benign
      ameloblastoma for immunohistochemical assays. Orosomucoid-1 was widely expressed
      in each tumor variant analyzed in this study, and differential orosomucoid-1
      expression was observed between benign and malignant tumor. Orosomucoid-1 may
      play an important role in the behavior of ameloblastomas and influence the
      biology and development of the variants of this tumor. 

PMID- 27386440
TI  - Return to sport after injuries: no answer to the main question.

PMID- 27386439
TI  - Practice of Consanguinity and Unusual Cases of Inherited Familial Chromosome
      Abnormalities: A Case Report.
AB  - We present 2 cases of likely rare event. In case 1, 3(rd) degree consanguineous
      marriage revealed inv(6) with same break points in parents who were found to be
      phenotypically normal. The same inv(6) being inherited in progeny but presented
      with low AMH (anti Mullerian hormone) and high level of FSH (follicular
      stimulating hormone) leading to polycystic ovarian syndrome/premature ovarian
      failure. In case 2, a couple was presented with 2(nd) degree consanguineous
      marriage and referred for 2 recurrent/ missed abortions. The amounts of shared
      genes are suggestive of more lethal genetic outcomes and inferred endogamy is a
      major driver to reproductive fiascoes, the ancestries of which are deeply tied at
      the meiotic level. 

PMID- 27386441
TI  - Opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy: a seven - to twelve-year study.
AB  - PURPOSE: medial opening-wedge osteotomy is a widely performed procedure used to
      treat moderate isolated medial knee osteoarthritis. Historically, the literature
      has contained reports showing satisfactory mid-term results when accurate patient
      selection and precise surgical techniques were applied. This study was conducted
      to investigate the clinical and radiographic seven- to twelve-year results of
      opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy in a consecutive series of patients affected
      by varus knee malalignment with isolated medial compartment degenerative joint
      disease. METHODS: we reviewed a case series of 147 medial opening-wedge high
      tibial osteotomies at an average follow-up of 9.5 years. Endpoints for evaluation
      included the reporting of adverse effects, radiographic evidence of bone union,
      radiographic changes in the correction angle during union, and clinical and
      functional final outcomes. RESULTS: good or excellent results were obtained in
      94% of the cases: the patients reported no major complications related to the
      opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy surgical technique, bone graft resorption,
      implant choice or postoperative rehabilitation protocol. At final follow-up, the
      average hip-knee angle was 4 degrees  of valgus without major loss of correction
      during the healing process. A statistically significant change in the patellar
      height was detected postoperatively, with a trend towards patella infera.
      CONCLUSIONS: medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy is still a reliable
      method for correcting varus deformity while producing stable fixation, thus
      allowing satisfactory stability, adequate bone healing and satisfactory mid- to
      long-term results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic cases series.

PMID- 27386442
TI  - The influence of graft placement on clinical outcome in anterior cruciate
      ligament reconstruction.
AB  - PURPOSE: the aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of graft
      tunnel position on both clinical outcome and instrumental knee stability in
      patients submitted to arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using a bone-patellar
      tendon-bone (BPTB) graft. METHODS: thirty patients (24 men and 6 women) who
      underwent ACL reconstruction performed using an autologous bone-patellar tendon
      bone graft were studied at a mean follow-up of 18 months. Clinical outcome was
      assessed on the basis of the Lysholm score, Tegner activity level, International
      Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective form and the Short Form-36.
      Clinical outcomes were correlated with both femoral and tibial tunnel placement
      measured on standard anteroposterior and lateral knee radiographs, in accordance
      with established guidelines. RESULTS: tibial tunnel position on the lateral view
      correlated significantly with both the IKDC subjective form (r = -0.72; p<0.05)
      and the Lysholm score (r=-0.73; p<0.05). Tibial tunnel position on the lateral
      view also correlated with stability measured using a KT-1000 arthrometer at 30N
      of force (r=0.57; p<0.05). No correlation was found between alpha angle and
      anteroposterior (AP) laxity measured by KT-1000 arthrometer. No significant
      correlation was found between femoral tunnel position (on either view) and
      Lysholm score, IKDC score and Tegner activity level. Similarly, no correlation
      was found between AP laxity measured by KT-1000 arthrometer and femoral tunnel
      position. CONCLUSIONS: these results suggest that the more anterior the placement
      of the tibial tunnel, the better the clinical outcome will be. On the basis of
      literature data and our findings, we discuss the hypothesis that there exists a
      "correct area" for tunnel placement, making it possible to obtain the best
      results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

PMID- 27386444
TI  - Failed vascularized fibular graft in treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral
      head. A histopathological analysis.
AB  - PURPOSE: vascularized fibular grafting has been used to treat osteonecrosis of
      the femoral head in younger patients. Although the results described in the
      literature are promising, the failure rate is still significant, especially in
      steroid users. This study was undertaken to learn more, on a histopathological
      level, about the mechanism of vascularized fibular graft failure. METHODS:
      fifteen femoral heads removed at conversion to total hip arthroplasty were
      analyzed. The case load comprised 10 men and 5 women. They ranged in age from 28
      to 39 years and had a median age of 35 years. The interval between the
      vascularized fibular implant procedure and the conversion to total hip
      arthroplasty ranged from 22 months to 30 months; the median interval was 26
      months. All the patients were steroid users. The heads were sectioned and axial
      and coronal sections were taken and stained using the WHO method (hematoxylin,
      phloxine, saffron and Alcian green). A quantitative and qualitative analysis of
      graft-host interaction at the head (zone 1), neck (zone 2) and epiphysis (zone 3)
      was performed. RESULTS: all the specimens showed recognizable collapse of the
      articular surface over the area of necrosis. Thirteen femoral heads showed the
      presence of an osteochondral flap attached only at the margins of the area of
      avascular necrosis, and 10 of these 13 femoral heads also showed loss of the
      articulating surface with an ulcer crater corresponding to the exposed area of
      avascular necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: vascularized fibular graft failure seems to be
      related to a negative effect of creeping substitution: the revascularization
      becomes a negative force as it supports unbalanced bone resorption, which, as is
      well known, is enhanced by corticosteroids. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: creeping
      substitution is an undermining force in the repair and revascularization of the
      necrotic area in the femoral head.

PMID- 27386443
TI  - Platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of acute hamstring injuries in professional
      football players.
AB  - PURPOSE: muscle injuries have a high incidence in professional football and are
      responsible for the largest number of days lost from competition. Several in
      vitro studies have confirmed the positive role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in
      accelerating recovery and in promoting muscle regeneration, and not fibrosis, in
      the healing process. This study examines the results of intralesional
      administration of PRP in the treatment of primary hamstring injuries sustained by
      players belonging to a major league football club. METHODS: twenty-five hamstring
      injuries (grade 2 according to MRI classification) sustained by professional
      football players during a 31-months observation period were treated with PRP and
      analyzed. Sport participation absence (SPA), in days, was considered to
      correspond to the healing time, and we also considered the re-injury rate, and
      tissue healing on MRI. The mean follow-up was 36.6 months (range 22-42). RESULTS:
      there were no adverse events. The mean SPA for the treated muscle injuries was
      36.76+/-19.02 days. The re-injury rate was 12%. Tissue healing, evaluated on MRI,
      was characterized by the presence of excellent repair tissue and a small scar.
      CONCLUSIONS: this study confirmed the safety of PRP in treating hamstring lesions
      in a large series of professional football players. PRP-treated lesions did not
      heal more quickly than untreated lesions described in the literature, but they
      showed a smaller scar and excellent repair tissue. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV,
      therapeutic case series.

PMID- 27386445
TI  - Coracoid syndrome: a neglected cause of anterior shoulder pain.
AB  - PURPOSE: the present prospective open-label study was designed to gain further
      insights into a condition thought to constitute a neglected but not uncommon
      syndrome characterized by anterior shoulder pain and tenderness to palpation over
      the apex of the coracoid process, not related to rotator cuff or pectoralis minor
      tendinopathy, long head of the biceps tendon disorders, or instability. The aim
      was to clarify its prevalence, clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis
      and response to corticosteroid injections. METHODS: patients with primary
      anterior shoulder pain precisely reproduced by deep pressure on the apex of the
      coracoid process were recruited. Patients with clinical or instrumental signs of
      other shoulder disorders were excluded. Patients were given an injection of
      triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg/ml 1 ml at the coracoid trigger point. They were
      evaluated after 15, 30 and 60 days and at 2 years using Equal Visual Analog Scale
      (EQ-VAS) and the Italian version of the Simple Shoulder Test (SST). RESULTS:
      between January 1 and December 31 2010, we treated 15 patients aged 26-66 years.
      The majority were women (86.67%). At 15 days, 6 (40%) patients reported complete
      resolution of their symptoms, while 9 (60%) complained of residual symptoms and
      received another injection. At 30 days, 14 (93.33%) patients were pain-free and
      very satisfied. At 2 years, the 14 patients who had been asymptomatic at 30 days
      reported that they had experienced no further pain or impaired shoulder function.
      The analysis of variance for repeated measures showed a significant effect of
      time on EQ-VAS and SST scores. CONCLUSIONS: the present study documents the
      existence, and characteristics, of a "coracoid syndrome" characterized by
      anterior shoulder pain and tenderness to palpation over the apex of the coracoid
      process and showed that the pain is usually amenable to steroid treatment. This
      syndrome should be clearly distinguished from anterior shoulder pain due to other
      causes, in order to avoid inappropriate conservative or surgical treatment. LEVEL
      OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

PMID- 27386446
TI  - An update on the grading of muscle injuries: a narrative review from clinical to
      comprehensive systems.
AB  - Muscle injuries are recognized to be among the most frequent injuries occurring
      in the sporting and athletic population, and they account for more than 30% of
      all injuries in professional soccer players. Despite their considerable frequency
      and impact, there is still a lack of uniformity in the categorization,
      description and grading of muscle injuries. Dozens of systems based on clinical
      signs, ultrasound imaging (US) appearance or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
      findings have been proposed over the years. Most of them are three-grade systems
      that take into account pain, ROM limitation, swelling and hematoma, hypoechoic or
      hyperintense areas on US or MRI, and muscle gap or tendon involvement; however,
      they still lack evidence-based prognostic value. Recently, new comprehensive
      classification systems have been proposed, with the aim of developing uniform
      muscle injury terminology and giving each severity grade prognostic value. The
      systems that combine detailed MRI and US features with the clinical presentation,
      such as the Munich Muscle Injury Classification, the ISMuLT classification, and
      the British Athletic Classification, if used extensively, could improve the
      diagnosis, prognosis and management of muscle injuries. 

PMID- 27386447
TI  - Acute patellofemoral instability in children and adolescents.
AB  - Patellofemoral problems are considered to be among the most frequent causes of
      knee pain in children and adolescents. Correcting bone abnormalities through
      specific and targeted interventions is mandatory in skeletally immature patients.
      Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is the preferred procedure,
      but there are several important precautionary considerations that the surgeon
      must take into account. It must always be remembered that MPFL rupture is the
      result, not the cause, of an altered extensor mechanism; therefore, patellar
      stabilization with MPFL reconstruction is only the first step to be accomplished
      in the management of an MPFL rupture. If other anatomical alterations are
      encountered, alternative/additional surgical procedures should be considered. If
      MPFL rupture occurs without associated anatomical or functional knee alterations,
      an appropriate rehabilitation program after MPFL reconstruction should be
      sufficient to achieve a good outcome. In conclusion, an acute patellar
      dislocation should be managed conservatively unless there is evidence of
      osteochondral damage or medial retinaculum lesions. Osseous procedures are
      contraindicated in children, while MPFL anatomical reconstruction with "physeal
      sparing" is the primary surgical option. 

PMID- 27386449
TI  - Two cases of chronic knee pain caused by unusual injuries to the popliteus
      tendon.
AB  - Injuries to the popliteus tendon are less frequent than injuries to the menisci
      or ligamentous structures of the knee. When they do occur, injuries to the
      popliteus tendon tend to be the result of trauma and associated with injuries to
      other components of the knee. The most commonly seen injuries include tears at
      the musculotendinous junction and avulsion tears at the lateral femoral condyle
      insertion site. This report presents two unusual injuries of the popliteus tendon
      in patients with chronic knee pain: an isolated split tear of the tendon and a
      subluxed tendon residing within the lateral joint space. 

PMID- 27386450
TI  - Current Understandings of Spontaneous Isolated Superior Mesenteric Artery
      Dissection.
AB  - Spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD) has been
      known as a rare vascular disease. However it is increasingly reported in these
      days with the development of advanced imaging technology. Underlying etiology,
      natural course or an optimal management strategy of SISMAD is not exactly known
      at the moment. During the past 10 years, we have had an interest in this rare
      vascular disease and collected clinical and image data in 100 or more patients
      with SISMAD. In this review article, I would like to describe my current
      understanding of SISMAD on the base of our recent publications in the major
      vascular surgery journals. 

PMID- 27386448
TI  - Outcome evaluation after Achilles tendon ruptures. A review of the literature.
AB  - The optimal treatment and the best rehabilitation protocol after an acute
      Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) remain a matter of controversy in orthopaedic and
      sports medicine. The use of validated injury-specific outcome instruments is the
      only way to clarify these issues, in order to ensure that patients receive the
      best possible treatment. This article describes the most commonly reported
      outcome measures used to assess patients treated for ATR. On the basis of the
      available evidence, the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) is the most
      appropriate outcome measure for evaluating the management of acute ATR. 

PMID- 27386451
TI  - Risk Factor Analysis for Buttock Claudication after Internal Iliac Artery
      Embolization with Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair.
AB  - PURPOSE: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs)
      involving the common iliac artery requires extension of the stent-graft limb into
      the external iliac artery. For this procedure, internal iliac artery (IIA)
      embolization is performed to prevent type II endoleak. In this study, we
      investigated the frequency and risk factor of buttock claudication (BC) in
      patients having interventional embolization of the IIA. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      From January 2010 to December 2013, a total of 110 patients with AAA were treated
      with EVAR in our institution. This study included 27 patients (24.5%) who had
      undergone unilateral IIA coil embolization with EVAR. We examined hospital charts
      retrospectively and interviewed by telephone for the occurrence of BC. RESULTS:
      Mean age of total patients was 71.9+/-7.0 years and 88.9% were males. During a
      mean follow-up of 8.65+/-9.04 months, the incidence of BC was 40.7% (11 of 27
      patients). In 8 patients with claudication, the symptoms had resolved within 1
      month of IIA embolization, but the symptoms persisted for more than 6 months in
      the remaining 3 patients. In univariate and multivariate analysis, risk factors
      such as age, sex, comorbidity, patency of collateral arteries, and anatomical
      characteristics of AAA were not significantly related with BC. CONCLUSION: In
      this study, BC was a frequent complication of IIA embolization during EVAR and
      there was no associated risk factor. Certain principles such as checking
      preoperative angiogram, proximal and unilateral IIA embolization may have
      contributed to reducing the incidence of BC.

PMID- 27386452
TI  - Upper Arm Basilic Vein Transposition for Hemodialysis: A Single Center Study for
      300 Cases.
AB  - PURPOSE: The population of end-stage renal failure patients dependent on
      hemodialysis continues to expand with an increasing number of patients having an
      unsuitable cephalic vein or failed radio- and brachio-cephalic fistula. In these
      patients, the transposed basilic vein to brachial artery arteriovenous fistula
      (BaVT) provides autologous choice for hemodialysis. The results of basilic vein
      transposition arteriovenous fistula were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three
      hundred cases of BaVT performed at a single center during the period of January
      2005 to December 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. Data including demographics
      and postoperative complications were collected. Primary and secondary patency
      rates were determined by using Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS: The median age of
      patients was 57.4+/-13.1 years, and 154 patients were male. Renal failure was
      associated with hypertension in 88.7%, and with diabetes in 34.0%. The mean
      follow-up was 27.4+/-20.0 (12 to 72) months. There was no operation-related
      death. Eighteen patients required prosthetic graft interposition because of short
      vein. Thirty-five postoperative complications developed in 41 patients (148
      cases), including thrombosis, stenosis, hematoma, seroma, arm swelling, steal
      syndrome, infection and aneurysm formation. Primary patency of BaVT was 69%, 60%,
      53%, 52%, 44%, and 22% at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years, respectively. Secondary
      patency was 99%, 97%, 97%, 97%, 95%, and 95%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Chronic
      renal failure patients with hemodialysis may benefit from BaVT, because of high
      patency, less radiologic procedure, and less infection rate. The BaVT fistula
      should be used in preference to polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for secondary
      access.

PMID- 27386453
TI  - Aortobifemoral Reconstruction with Right Extra-Anatomic Obturator Foramen Bypass
      due to a Septic Groin.
AB  - The aortic bifurcation and iliac vessels are common sites of atherosclerotic
      occlusive disease causing the clinical expression known as "Leriche's syndrome".
      An aortobifemoral bypass grafting in the setting of a septic groin remains a
      significant challenge to vascular surgeons. We present a 65-year-old male with
      complete occlusion of the distal aorta and iliac arteries; he had undergone a
      left axillo-femoral and femoral-femoral artery bypass 2 years prior to our
      evaluation. Owing to a complex graft infection in the right groin and worsening
      lower extremity ischemia, we performed an aortobifemoral reconstruction through
      the right obturator membrane. This report highlights the safety and efficacy of
      the obturator bypass for avoiding infected groins while preserving vascular
      continuity and durability with 78 months of secondary patency rate. 

PMID- 27386454
TI  - Left Subclavian Artery Occlusion: Femoro-Axillary Artery Retrograde Bypass.
AB  - The treatment tactics for subclavian artery occlusion include the more commonly
      used endovascular therapy rather than surgical intervention. We present a case of
      a 61-year-old woman with dialysis-dependent chronic renal failure who experienced
      left finger necrosis in the left upper extremity. To salvage the limb, we
      performed femoro-axillary (fem-ax) artery bypass using an autologous saphenous
      vein graft. However, 10 months later, she experienced coldness in the left
      forearm. Angiography revealed chronic total occlusion of the venous bypass.
      Despite emergent thrombectomy, redo fem-ax artery bypass operation was performed
      using a prosthetic graft. Upper limb salvage can be achieved by fem-ax artery
      retrograde bypass. 

PMID- 27386455
TI  - Recurrent Arterial Thrombosis as a Presenting Feature of a Variant M3-Acute
      Promyelocytic Leukemia.
AB  - Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is a common vascular emergency. Hematologic
      malignancies are commonly associated with derangement of normal hemostasis and
      thrombo-hemorrhagic symptoms during the course of the disease are common.
      However, ALI as an initial presenting feature of acute leukemia is rare. Due to
      the rarity of this presentation, there is a scarcity of prospective randomized
      data to optimally guide the management of these patients. Current knowledge is
      mainly based on isolated cases. We report our experience managing a patient who
      presented with ALI and was found to have occult leukemia. A review of all cases
      with ALI as a presenting feature of acute leukemia is also presented. 

PMID- 27386456
TI  - Delayed Presentation of Endovenous Heat-Induced Thrombosis Treated by
      Thrombolysis and Subsequent Open Thrombectomy.
AB  - Although endovenous heat-induced thrombosis (EHIT) is frequently reported after
      endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), the incidence and timing of occurrence of EHIT
      are not fully understood. We present a case of EHIT successfully treated with a
      combination of surgical and endovascular treatments. A 57-year-old woman, two
      months post bilateral EVLA, presented with a swollen leg. Deep vein thrombosis
      was diagnosed by Doppler ultrasonography and computerized tomographic venography.
      We treated the patient with catheter-directed thrombolysis with urokinase after
      insertion of an inferior vena cava filter. After thrombolytic treatment, we
      performed surgical venous thrombectomy, due to the presence of a large thrombus
      in the femoral vein. During the operation, we found organized old thrombus at the
      great saphenous vein which connected to the deep femoral vein. From these
      findings, we confirmed the presence of EHIT despite a long time having passed
      after EVLA. The patient was placed on anticoagulation therapy with oral
      rivaroxaban for three months. 

PMID- 27386457
TI  - Double Nail of the Little Toe.
AB  - A rudimentary accessory or double nail of the little toe is not rare, although
      only described three times before. Most cases are accidentally detected and only
      few patients seek help because they have discomfort or pain. Some have a positive
      family history, but most patients cannot give any information concerning
      heredity. Clinically, the nail of the little toe is abnormally wide and is split
      or shows a longitudinal depression corresponding to a slight protuberance of the
      cuticle. Histopathology shows a complete though short nail. The treatment of
      choice is segmental excision of the entire accessory nail unit with mobilization
      of the lateral skin and primary suture. 

PMID- 27386458
TI  - Erratum.
AB  - [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1159/000441569.]. 

PMID- 27386459
TI  - Successful Treatment of Paecilomyces lilacinus Onychomycosis with Efinaconazole
      and Tavaborole.
AB  - Paecilomyces lilacinus, also known as Purpureocillium lilacinum, is a non
      dermatophyte mold found in the soil and used as nematocide for crops. P.
      lilacinus can cause rare opportunistic infections in humans ranging from
      endocarditis, keratitis, to onychomycosis with significant resistance to
      conventional antifungals. There are only two cases of onychomycosis caused by P.
      lilacinus reported in the literature and none that were successfully treated.
      Here we present a case of successfully treated onychomycosis caused by P.
      lilacinus with efinaconazole and tavaborole in a patient who had failed treatment
      with oral fluconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and topical ciclopirox and
      naftifine. 

PMID- 27386460
TI  - Use of Low-Cost Videomicroscopy versus Standard Videodermatoscopy in Trichoscopy:
      A Controlled, Blinded Noninferiority Trial.
AB  - Affordable (USD ~30) handheld USB digital microscopes, or videomicroscopes (VMs),
      that provide *10-200 magnification are available on the web for nonmedical uses
      such as in botany, entomology, microelectronics or, recently, for hair/scalp
      evaluation. The aim of this study was to compare the reliability of low-cost VMs
      versus standard, medically marketed videodermatoscopes (VDs) in trichoscopy.
      Twenty-five patients affected by different types of hair loss were enrolled in a
      controlled, blinded noninferiority trial. All patients underwent examination by
      two low-cost VMs as well as by standard VD in order to evaluate any variability
      in the detection of common trichoscopic features. At the end of the study, the
      two low-cost VMs enabled a correct identification of all hair shaft alterations;
      as regards follicular and/or perifollicular examination, black dots were easily
      recognized by both equipments, but other follicular features, such as yellow
      dots, white dots and perifollicular scales, were not always adequately visualized
      because of low color quality and/or reduced brightness and/or resolution. In
      conclusion, our study suggests that the potential accuracy of low-cost VMs in the
      evaluation of hair loss may have some pitfalls. Therefore, a low-cost VM should
      not be routinely used for reliable scalp trichoscopy, unless supported by
      individual controlled noninferiority trials. 

PMID- 27386461
TI  - Periungual Pyogenic Granuloma: The Importance of the Medical History.
AB  - Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a common, benign vascular proliferation that can arise
      on the skin or subcutaneous tissue. It is more frequent in the early decades of
      life, and the most common locations are the digits of both hands and feet. The
      most common cause of periungual PG is drug intake, but many other trigger factors
      have been described in the literature. Treatment should be chosen according to
      the cause. We describe 2 particular cases of periungual PG in which the clinical
      history has been fundamental. In the first case, there was an underlying hand
      eczema, and in the second case, a foreign body was present. 

PMID- 27386463
TI  - Longitudinal 'Half-and-Half Nails' or True Leukonychia.

PMID- 27386462
TI  - Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia and Increased Scalp Sweating: Is Neurogenic
      Inflammation the Common Link?
AB  - Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is an uncommon scarring hair loss disorder that
      is characterized by a band-like recession of the frontal hair line with eyebrow
      hair loss. We present a series of patients with FFA and increased sweating
      predominantly localized to the scalp, and potential explanations for this
      association are discussed. We hypothesize that the reported increase in sweating
      seen in our patients may be in part related to the inflammatory process occurring
      locally within the skin, either inducing a local axonal sweating reflex or
      through direct modulation of sweat gland secretion by neuropeptides. 

PMID- 27386465
TI  - Titanium Pigment and Yellow Nail Syndrome.

PMID- 27386464
TI  - Treatment of Seborrhoeic Dermatitis in Asia: A Consensus Guide.
AB  - Seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) is common in Asia. Its prevalence is estimated to be
      1-5% in adults. However, larger population-based studies into the epidemiology of
      SD in Asia are lacking, and the aetiology of SD may differ widely from Western
      countries and in different parts of Asia. In addition, clinically significant
      differences between Asian and Caucasian skin have been reported. There is a need
      to define standardized clinical diagnostic criteria and/or a grading system to
      help determine appropriate treatments for SD within Asia. With this in mind,
      experts from India, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Singapore, Thailand,
      the Philippines, Indonesia, and Italy convened to define the landscape of SD in
      Asia at a meeting held in Singapore. The consensus group developed a
      comprehensive algorithm to aid clinicians to recommend appropriate treatment of
      SD in both adults and children. In most cases, satisfactory therapeutic results
      can be accomplished with topical antifungal agents or topical corticosteroids.
      Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents with antifungal properties have been shown
      to be a viable option for both acute and maintenance therapy. 

PMID- 27386466
TI  - The Postpartum Telogen Effluvium Fallacy.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Postpartum telogen effluvium (PPTE) is a commonly described entity,
      but few studies deal with the real incidence and pathogenesis of this claimed
      common disease. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the objective data published and to define
      the real incidence of the so-called PPTE. METHOD: A retrospective review of the
      published data was conducted. RESULTS: No statistically significant data were
      found in any of the papers reviewed, which could support the conclusion that the
      amount of hair shedding between pregnant and postpartum women is different.
      CONCLUSION: PPTE is not a well-defined entity, and the exact incidence is
      unknown. From our literature review, we could state that the frequency of PPTE is
      so low and undefined that we dare say that PPTE does not exist.

PMID- 27386467
TI  - Giant Onychomatricoma of the Great Toenail: Case Report and Review Focusing on
      Less Common Variants.
AB  - Onychomatricoma is a rare benign fibroepithelial filamentous tumor originating
      from the nail matrix. It typically presents with the clinical tetrad of
      xanthonychia, pachyonychia, proximal splinter hemorrhages and increased
      transverse overcurvature of the nail plate. The giant variant can easily confuse
      the clinician due to its extensive nail dystrophy that can mask the
      characteristic features of this tumor. Benign (fibrokeratoma, ungual fibroma,
      onycholytic matricoma) and malignant entities (Bowen's disease, squamous cell
      carcinoma, onycholytic carcinoma) are mimics of the disease. Nail surgery can
      facilitate the diagnosis, which should always be confirmed by histology, as rare
      variants do exist. 

PMID- 27386468
TI  - Onychomycosis and Onychomatricoma.
AB  - Nail dermoscopy is helpful in the differential diagnosis of nail disorders
      including onychomycosis and pigmented and nonpigmented nail tumors. We report two
      cases of onychomatricoma with concurrent onychomycosis of the same digit. In both
      cases, dermoscopy of the nail plate exhibited features of onychomatricoma,
      whereas dermoscopy of the distal free edge revealed features of onychomycosis. It
      is not uncommon for patients with onychomatricoma to develop coexisting
      onychomycosis, as channels created by the tumor render the nail plate susceptible
      to invasion by fungi. 

PMID- 27386469
TI  - Dystrophy of the Great Toenail by Subungual Exostosis and Hyperostosis: Three
      Case Reports with Different Clinical Presentations.
AB  - Subungual exostoses and hyperostoses of the great toenail are a differential
      diagnosis of nail tumors. We present 3 cases of subungual exostosis/hyperostosis
      with secondary nail dystrophy: a 36- and a 37-year-old woman as well as an 8-year
      old boy. Two of the 3 patients suffered from pain. The 2 female patients
      presented with the classic dorsolateral firm protrusion, while the child
      presented with bilateral nail dystrophy with lateral wall hypertrophy. In this
      later case, a bony ridge was identified, which is an unusual subungual,
      nonprotruding type of exostosis. The hypertrophic lateral walls were removed by
      the Vandenbos technique. In the 2 former cases, complete excision of the bony
      lesions was performed with a proximal block. Healing by second intention was
      uneventful. 

PMID- 27386471
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreaticobiliary intervention in patients with
      surgically altered anatomy and inaccessible papillae: A review of current
      literature.
AB  - The management of pancreaticobiliary disease in patients with surgically altered
      anatomy is a growing problem for gastroenterologists today. Over the years,
      endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has emerged as an important diagnostic and
      therapeutic modality in the treatment of pancreaticobiliary disease. Patient
      anatomy has become increasingly complex due to advances in surgical resection of
      pancreaticobiliary disease and EUS has emerged as the therapy of choice when
      endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography failed cannulation or when the
      papilla is inaccessible such as in gastric obstruction or duodenal obstruction.
      The current article gives a comprehensive review of the current literature for
      EUS-guided intervention of the pancreaticobiliary tract in patients with altered
      surgical anatomy. 

PMID- 27386470
TI  - European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
      guidelines 2015 on interventional endoscopic ultrasound.

PMID- 27386473
TI  - Comparing cost-effectiveness between endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic
      retrograde cholangiopancreatography in diagnosis of common bile duct stone in
      patients with predefined risks: A study from a developing country.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) achieves results
      comparable to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the
      diagnosis of common bile duct (CBD) stone, but studies from the western have
      shown EUS to be less expensive in patients with intermediate risk for CBD stones.
      The aim of this study was to compare the costs of EUS and ERCP in the diagnosis
      of CBD stones in a developing country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study
      was done with 141 patients with suspected CBD stones, categorized as having high
      or intermediate risk for CBD stone. All underwent EUS, and the high-risk patients
      had ERCP after the EUS. For intermediate-risk patients, an ERCP was done at the
      discretion of the attending physician. The CBD stone was confirmed by ERCP in
      patients who underwent both EUS and ERCP. Patients who received EUS only were
      followed up every 3 months for 1 year. The false negative rate in patients with
      EUS and ERCP was estimated in the clinical follow-up. RESULT: One hundred and
      forty-one patients (141: 83 females, 58 males) with a mean age +/- standard
      deviation (SD) of 55.71 +/-18.68 years were recruited. Ninety-four (94) patients
      underwent both EUS and ERCP. ERCP confirmed the diagnosis in 83 of 85 patients
      (97.6%) with CBD stone detected by EUS. Forty-seven (47) patients with a negative
      EUS and no ERCP done were symptom-free during the follow-up. The overall
      sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive
      value of EUS were 97.6%, 80%, 97.6%, and 80% respectively. An EUS-based strategy
      for high-risk patients was 15% more expensive than an ERCP-based strategy, but
      the EUS-based strategy reduced the cost to 37.78% less than the ERCP-based
      strategy in intermediate-risk patients. The EUS-based strategy was cost-saving
      when the CBD stone prevalence was less than 52.5%. CONCLUSION: EUS is safer and
      less costly than ERCP for CBD stone diagnosis in patients with intermediate risk.

PMID- 27386472
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration skill acquisition of
      gastrointestinal submucosal tumor by trainee endoscopists: A pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration
      (EUS-FNA) is an effective method for tissue diagnosis of gastrointestinal
      submucosal tumors (SMTs) that are difficult to diagnose by standard endoscopic
      biopsy. However, the learning curve, especially for gastrointestinal SMT, has not
      been sufficiently established. The aim of our study was to assess the skill
      acquisition and diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNA for gastrointestinal SMT in
      trainee endoscopists in order to elucidate the optimal starting standards of EUS
      FNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 51 EUS-FNA procedures for
      gastrointestinal SMT between May 2010 and March 2014. The procedure was performed
      by two trainee endoscopists and two expert endoscopists. We investigated the
      diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA and the factors associated with the accuracy between
      the trainee endoscopists and expert endoscopists. RESULTS: The rate of adequate
      EUS-FNA materials for histological examination was 86.3%. Although infections
      occurred in two cases (3.9%), which were managed conservatively, no severe
      complications were identified. Comparing the trainee endoscopists with expert
      endoscopists, there was no significant difference in the rate of gaining adequate
      specimen (76.5% vs. 82.3%, P = 0.4626). However, the mean number of passes of the
      trainees tended to be more than that of the expert endoscopists (2.1 pass vs. 1.7
      pass, P = 0.0511), and lesions located in the middle third of the stomach were
      the predictive factors for nondiagnostic tumors by the trainee endoscopists (P =
      0.0075). CONCLUSION: EUS-FNA for gastrointestinal SMT by trainee endoscopists can
      be safely performed under the supervision of EUS-FNA expert endoscopists.

PMID- 27386474
TI  - Evaluation of the diagnostic utility of endobronchial ultrasound-guided
      transbronchial needle aspiration for metastatic mediastinal tumors.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The mediastinum is a relatively uncommon site of
      distant metastases, which typically appear as peripheral lung nodules. We chose
      to assess the utility of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle
      aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for the diagnosis of distant metastases to the
      mediastinum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over the period 2008-2013, a total of 446
      patients with concurrent or previously diagnosed and treated extrathoracic
      malignancies were evaluated. RESULTS: Surgical treatment was carried out in 414
      patients (156 women and 237 men aged 26-68 years, mean age of 56.5 years)
      presenting with distant metastases to the lungs: Thoracoscopic wedge resection
      was completed in 393 patients and lobectomy and segmentectomy were performed in 7
      and 14 patients, respectively. The median time from primary tumor resection was
      6.5 years (range: 4.5 months to 17 years). Thirty-two of these patients underwent
      EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal manifestation of the underlying disease. EBUS-TBNA
      specimens were aspirated from the subcarinal or right paratracheal lymph node
      stations in 26 (81%) patients and from the hilar lymph nodes in 6 (18.8%)
      patients only. Metastases to lymph nodes were confirmed in 14 of these patients
      (43.8%). Primary lung cancer was diagnosed in seven patients. Mediastinoscopy was
      performed in two patients to reveal either lymph node metastasis or sarcoidosis.
      Thoracotomy for pulmonary metastases resection and mediastinal lymph node biopsy
      was performed in nine patients. Lymph node metastasis was confirmed in five
      patients (15.6%). The diagnostic efficacy, sensitivity, specificity, and negative
      predictive value (NPV) of EBUS-TBNA were 78.8%, 93.3%, 100%, and 87.5%,
      respectively. CONCLUSION: EBUS-TBNA is a valuable diagnostic tool in a selected
      group of patients with secondary tumors in the mediastinum and lungs.

PMID- 27386475
TI  - Pathologic evaluation of a new endoscopic ultrasound needle designed to obtain
      core tissue samples: A pilot study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Standard endoscopic ultrasound-fine-needle aspiration
      (EUS-FNA) needles are in widespread use. Meaningful differences between the
      available needles have been difficult to identify. Recently, a new EUS needle
      (Shark Core(r), Covidien, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland), has been introduced in an
      attempt to improve diagnostic accuracy, tissue yield, and to potentially obtain a
      core tissue sample. We performed a pilot study prospectively to evaluate this new
      needle when compared to a standard EUS-FNA needle. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
      Analysis of the first 15 patients undergoing EUS-FNA with the Shark Core needle
      was performed and it was compared to EUS-FNA in 15 patients who underwent EUS-FNA
      with a standard needle. RESULTS: The Shark Core needle required fewer needle
      passes to obtain diagnostic adequacy than the standard needle [(chi(2)(1) = 11.3,
      P < 0.001]. The Shark Core needle required 1.5 passes to reach adequacy, whereas
      the standard needle required three passes. For cases with cell blocks, the Shark
      Core needle produced diagnostic material in 85% of cases [95% confidence interval
      (CI): 54-98], whereas the standard needle produced diagnostic material in 38% of
      the cases (95% CI: 9-76). The Shark Core needle produced actual tissue cores 82%
      of the time (95% CI: 48-98) and the standard needle produced no tissue cores (95%
      CI: 0-71) (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: This pilot study found that the Shark Core
      needle had a high rate of producing adequate cytologic material for the diagnosis
      of pancreatic and peri-pancreatic lesions sampled by EUS with fewer passes
      required to obtain a definitive diagnosis and with a high rate of tissue cores
      being obtained when compared to a standard FNA needle.

PMID- 27386476
TI  - Characteristic endoscopic ultrasound findings of ampullary lesions that predict
      the need for surgical excision or endoscopic ampullectomy.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The management of ampullary lesions has evolved to
      include endoscopic ampullectomy (EA) as a curative approach to cancers of the
      ampulla of Vater. With this change comes a need to risk-stratify patients at
      initial diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with verified ampullary
      lesions (N = 50) were analyzed in a case-control design. We evaluated endoscopic
      ultrasound (EUS) data to define characteristics that yield a high sensitivity in
      selecting candidates for EA. RESULTS: Using data from previously published
      studies yielded a sensitivity of 0.765 in appropriately identifying the 34
      surgical cases. Expanding these characteristics increased the sensitivity of EUS
      to 0.971 in identifying surgical candidates. Additionally, of advanced disease
      cases, the expanded characteristics correctly identified these cases with a
      sensitivity of 1.0-improved over 0.708 using prior published data. CONCLUSION: EA
      should be strongly considered if ampullary lesions are found to fit the following
      characteristics after EUS evaluation: lesion size <2.5 cm, invasion <=4 mm,
      pancreatic duct dilatation <=3 mm, <=T1 lesion, no lymph nodes present, and no
      ductal stent in place. Furthermore, EUS data can be used to identify all high
      risk lesions. With these characteristics identified, clinicians are better able
      to risk-stratify patients using EUS as either appropriate for or too high-risk
      for endoscopic resection.

PMID- 27386477
TI  - Efficacy and safety of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy with or without
      radial endobronchial ultrasound for peripheral lung lesions.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) is a
      promising new technology to increase the diagnostic yield of peripheral lung and
      mediastinal lesions. Conventional flexible bronchoscopy has a limited yield in
      peripheral pulmonary lesions, even in experienced hands. Radial endobronchial
      ultrasound (r-EBUS) with its real-time imaging capability can help to diagnose
      peripheral pulmonary lesions. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the
      diagnostic yield and safety of ENB with or without r-EBUS for peripheral lung
      lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in a tertiary medical
      center, and 56 consecutive patients who were thought to be the best candidates
      for bronchoscopic biopsies at a multidisciplinary meeting were enrolled. ENB was
      performed under conscious sedation by using an electromagnetic tracking system
      with multiplanar reconstruction of previously acquired computed tomography (CT)
      data. Sampling was performed by biopsy forceps, endobronchial brush, and
      bronchoalveolar lavage. RESULTS: Fifty-six patients (50 men and 6 women; mean
      age, 60 +/- 9 years) were studied. While an electromagnetic navigation system was
      used in all patients, r-EBUS was used in 26 of 56 patients. The median diameter
      of the lesions was 30 mm (interquartile range: 23-44 mm). Mean distance of the
      lesions from the pleura was 14.9 +/- 14.6 mm. Mean procedure time was 20 +/- 11.5
      min. Mean registration error was 5.8 +/- 1.5 mm. Mean navigation error was 1.2 +/
      0.5 mm. The diagnostic yield of the procedure was 71.4% for peripheral lesions
      (non-small cell lung cancer = 23, small cell lung cancer = 3, benign diseases =
      14). Pneumothorax occurred in only 1 patient (1.7%). CONCLUSION: ENB with or
      without r-EBUS is a safe, efficient, and easily applied method for sampling of
      peripheral lung lesions, with high diagnostic yield independent of lesion size
      and location.

PMID- 27386478
TI  - Time-of-day effect and the yield of endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The timing of the endoscopic procedures has been
      recently proposed to be a factor in the quality of colonoscopic polyp detection.
      We aimed to investigate whether the time-of-day has an effect on the diagnostic
      yield and specimen adequacy of endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration (EUS
      FNA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective study was set in a safety net
      community hospital. The 212 EUS-FNAs performed at our institution between July
      2011 and January 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Pancreatic masses,
      pancreatic cysts, and lymphadenopathy were most common indications for EUS-FNAs.
      Data were collected with regard to the timing of the procedure, presence of on
      site cytopathologic evaluation, the number of needle passes, diagnosis, and
      specimen adequacy for cytopathologic evaluation. Statistical analysis was
      performed using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. RESULTS: There was no
      difference in the diagnostic yield for malignancy across all indications between
      the AM and PM groups. In the morning group 31/87 (36%) procedures and in the
      afternoon group 50/125 (40%) procedures were diagnostic for malignancy (P =
      0.522). There was no difference in the specimen adequacy for cytopathologic
      evaluation across all indications between the AM and PM groups. In the morning
      group, 58/87 (67%) procedures and in the afternoon group 90/125 (72%) procedures
      were adequate for cytopathologic evaluation (P = 0.408). On-site cytopathologist
      was more available for AM than PM procedures; however, the lack of AM vs. PM
      difference in the yield and specimen adequacy persisted regardless of on-site
      cytopathologist presence. CONCLUSIONS: Time-of-day of the procedure (morning vs.
      afternoon) does not affect EUS-FNA diagnostic yield for malignancy or specimen
      adequacy for cytopathologic evaluation.

PMID- 27386479
TI  - Failed common bile duct cannulation during pregnancy: Rescue with endoscopic
      ultrasound guided rendezvous procedure.
AB  - Common bile duct (CBD) stones can lead to serious complications and require
      intervention with either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or
      laparoscopic techniques for urgent relief. On an average 10%-20% of the patients
      with gall bladder stones can have associated CBD stones. CBD stones during
      pregnancy can be associated with hazardous complications for both the mother and
      the fetus. Failed cannulation while performing ERCP during pregnancy is a
      technically demanding situation, which requires immediate rescue with special
      techniques. Conventional rescue techniques may not be feasible and can be
      associated with hazardous consequences. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guided
      rendezvous technique has now emerged as a safe alternative, and in one of our
      patients, this technique was successfully attempted. To the best of our
      knowledge, this is the first case report in the literature on EUS-guided
      rendezvous procedure during pregnancy. 

PMID- 27386480
TI  - Thymic carcinoma diagnosed by using endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle
      aspiration.
AB  - There is a paucity of literature on the use of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for
      evaluating superior mediastinal structures, especially the thymus gland. We
      report a case of thymic carcinoma diagnosed by using EUS elastography with strain
      ratio and fine-needle aspiration (FNA). A 64-year-old woman presented with
      altered mental status and was diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis. Further
      work-up suggested a superior mediastinal mass, for which she underwent EUS. A
      hypoechoic mass was found in the superior mediastinum at the level of the aortic
      arch. Real-time EUS elastography showed a predominantly blue hue to the mass
      concerning for malignancy. FNA of the mass was performed, which revealed numerous
      large neoplastic cells under a background of a small lymphoid infiltrate.
      Immunohistochemistry was strongly positive for PAX8, pancytokeratin, and CAM5.2.
      The pathologic and immunohistochemical stains were consistent with thymic
      carcinoma. 

PMID- 27386481
TI  - Disseminated lymphangiomatosis presenting as chylous ascites and diagnosed with
      endoscopic ultrasound.

PMID- 27386482
TI  - Endoscopic ultrasound elastography to diagnose sarcoidosis.

PMID- 27386483
TI  - Detection of HER2 polymorphism and expression using circulating DNA and RNA as a
      tool in lung adenocarcinoma patients: a case control study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Circulating DNA and RNA is an important prognostic tool for
      noninvasive malignant disease detection and in disease prognosis. Study aimed to
      evaluate the possible prognostic role of HER2 (-3444C/T) promoter polymorphism
      and its mRNA expression in Lung adenocarcinoma patients using circulating DNA and
      RNA. METHODS: One hundred newly diagnosed lung adenocarcinoma patients and 100
      age and sex matched healthy controls were included and allele specific (AS)
      polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for genotyping and expression was
      analyzed by quantitative real time PCR. Overall survival of patients was analyzed
      by Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: We observed a statistically significant
      difference in the frequency of HER2 CC, CT, and CT genotype among lung
      adenocarcinoma cases vs. healthy controls (P=0.001). Compared to the CC genotype,
      OR 2.51 (1.4-4.51), 5.97 (1.17-30.41) and RR 1.56 (1.17-2.07), 2.83 (0.82-9.73)
      for heterozygous CT and homozygous TT genotypes suggesting possible dominant
      effect on risk of lung adenocarcinoma. Cases with CC genotype showed 9.29 fold
      increased mRNA expression while cases with heterozygous CT and homozygous TT
      genotype showed 16.26, 16.72 fold increased mRNA expression (P<0.0001). We
      observed 13.92 fold increased HER2mRNA expression Lung adenocarcinoma patients.
      Patients in different TNM stages showed significant difference in HER2 mRNA
      expression which was found to be significantly associated (P<0.0001). Patients
      with distant metastases and without distant metastases had 17.44 and 11.16 fold
      increased HER2 mRNA expression was also found to be significantly associated
      (P<0.0001). It was also observed that patients with pleural effusion and without
      pleural effusion showed significant difference in HER2 mRNA expression (P=0.03).
      We also analysed patients with CC, TT, CT (P=0.02) and CT + TT (P=0.008) genotype
      showed 15.8, 7.9, 9.5 and 7.9 months of overall median survival time and found to
      be significantly associated, respectively. Patients with >13 and <=13 fold
      increased HER mRNA expression also showed 7.9 and 11.5 months of overall median
      survival time was also found to be significantly associated (P=0.01).
      CONCLUSIONS: Our work provides evidence that circulating DNA and RNA may be a
      potential prognostic tool in Lung adenocarcinoma patients. Promoter polymorphism
      of HER2 (-3444C/T) gene had significant impact on higher HER2 mRNA expression
      could be a predictive factor for patients' worse overall survival and metastatic
      behaviour.

PMID- 27386484
TI  - Plasma alkaline phosphatase and survival in diabetic patients with acute
      myocardial infarction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) removes phosphate groups from many types
      of molecules. The aim of the present research was to study the relation between
      plasma ALP and survival in diabetic patients with myocardial infarction. METHODS:
      Retrospective study: from 954 admissions (15 months period) in a coronary care
      unit, we selected 200 admissions corresponding to 195 patients with myocardial
      infarction and diabetes mellitus. Survival after no less than 48 months, and up
      to 61 months, after the myocardial infarction episode, was under study, in
      association with ALP levels. RESULTS: A relatively weak but significant
      correlation was seen between the peak plasma cardiac troponin I and ALP levels
      (r: 0.21, significance level: 0.003). Using the median value for ALP as cut-off
      (74 IU/L), plasma creatinine was significantly higher in patients with higher
      values for ALP. Patients with elevated ALP had decreased survival in Kaplan-Meier
      analysis (significance level in log-rank test: 0.032). This finding was noted for
      male patients (significance level in log-rank test: 0.035), but not for female
      patients (significance level in log-rank test: 0.497). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated ALP
      acts as a prognostic indicator of decreased survival in diabetic patients with
      acute myocardial infarction, possibly in association to decreased renal function.
      This finding is limited to male patients, pointing to a possible different role
      for phosphatase activity in cardiovascular disease in male and female diabetic
      patients.

PMID- 27386485
TI  - Bioaerosols in the lungs of subjects with different ages-part 1: deposition
      modeling.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In this contribution the inhalation and deposition of bioaerosols
      including particles with various shapes and sizes were investigated for probands
      with different ages (1, 5, 15 and 20 y). The study should help to increase our
      knowledge with regard to the behavior of variably shaped and sized particles in
      lungs being subject to different developmental stages. METHODS: Simulation of
      particle transport and deposition in single structures of the respiratory tract
      was conducted by using a stochastic model of the tracheobronchial tree and well
      validated analytical and empirical deposition formulae. Possible effects of
      particle geometry on deposition were taken into consideration by application of
      the aerodynamic diameter concept. Age-dependent lung morphometry and breathing
      parameters were computed by using appropriate scaling factors. RESULTS:
      Theoretical simulations came to the result that bioparticle deposition in infants
      and children clearly differs from that in adolescents and adults insofar as the
      amount of deposited mass exhibits a positive correlation with age. Nose breathing
      results in higher extrathoracic deposition rates than mouth breathing and, as a
      consequence of that, lower particle amounts are enabled to enter the lung
      structures after passing the nasal airways. Under sitting breathing conditions
      highest alveolar deposition rates were calculated for particles adopting
      aerodynamic diameters of 10 nm and 4 um, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The study
      comes to the conclusion that bioparticles have a lower chance to reach the
      alveoli in infants' and children's lungs, but show a higher alveolar deposition
      probability in the lungs of adolescents and adults. Despite of this circumstance
      also young subjects may increasingly suffer from biogenic particle burden, when
      they are subject to a long-term exposure to certain bioaerosols.

PMID- 27386486
TI  - Elevated d-dimer cut-off values for computed tomography pulmonary angiography-d
      dimer correlates with location of embolism.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a potentially fatal condition, and
      making a timely diagnosis can be challenging. Computed tomography pulmonary
      angiography (CTPA) has become the modality of choice, and this contributes to the
      increasing load on emergency room CT scanners. Our purpose was to investigate
      whether an elevated d-dimer cut-off could reduce the demand for CTPA while
      maintaining a high sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV). METHODS: We
      retrospectively reviewed all patients referred for CTPA with suspicion of APE in
      2012, and collected d-dimer values and CTPA results. We investigated the
      diagnostic performance of d-dimer using a 0.5 mg/L cut-off and an age adjusted
      cut-off. We also evaluated a new and elevated cut-off. Cases were categorized
      according to their CTPA result into: no embolism, peripheral embolism, lobar
      embolism and central embolism. Finally we investigated a possible correlation
      between d-dimer values and location of embolism. RESULTS: We included 1,051
      CTPAs, from which 216 (21%) showed pulmonary embolism. There were concomitant d
      dimer analyses in 822 CTPA examinations. The current 0.5 mg/L cut-off achieved a
      sensitivity and NPV of 99%. The age-adjusted cut-off achieved a sensitivity and
      NPV of 98%, and our suggested cut-off of 0.9 mg/L achieved a sensitivity and NPV
      of 97%. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the elevated d-dimer cut-off of 0.9 mg/L
      achieved a high sensitivity and NPV, while reducing the number of CTPA by 27%.
      The correlation between d-dimer values and location of embolisms supports the
      suggestion of an elevated d-dimer value.

PMID- 27386488
TI  - PDX1 associated therapy in translational medicine.
AB  - Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an extremely poor
      prognosis and a low median survival due to lack of the early and reliable
      detection and effective therapeutic options, despite improvements observed for
      many other cancers in last decade. Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1),
      which is a homeodomain-containing transcription factor and a key regulator for
      insulin gene expression, beta cell maturation and proper beta cell function
      maintenance in the pancreas. Our previous studies revealed that PDX1 promotes
      tumorigenesis and it is a promising therapeutic target for PDAC. For
      translational purposes, we developed three therapeutic platforms utilizing RNA
      interference (RNAi), gene therapy and small inhibitory drug targeting PDX1, and
      further validated them in PDAC preclinical models both in vitro and in vivo.
      These PDX1 targeted therapies significantly inhibited PDX1 expression in PDAC
      cells, ablated PDX1-expressing human PDAC xenograft tumor growth, and prolonged
      survival in the PDAC mouse models. The data from these preclinical studies proved
      the translational potentials of PDX1 targeted therapies in PDAC and suggest that
      the strategy of developing PDX1 targeted therapies would permit a rapid bench-to
      bedside translation of other relevant gene therapies, which would eventually
      benefit the patients suffering from this deadly disease. 

PMID- 27386487
TI  - Management and postoperative outcome in primary lung cancer and heart disease co
      morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Co-morbidity of primary lung cancer (LC) and heart disease (HD), both
      requiring surgical therapy, characterizes a high risk group of patients
      necessitating prompt diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study is the review
      of available evidence guiding the management of these patients. METHODS:
      Postoperative outcome of patients operated for primary LC (first meta-analysis)
      and for both primary LC and HD co-morbidity (second meta-analysis), were studied.
      Parameters examined in both meta-analyses were thirty-day postoperative
      mortality, postoperative complications, three- and five-year survival
      probabilities. The last 36 years were reviewed by using the PubMed data base.
      Thirty-seven studies were qualified for both meta-analyses. RESULTS: The pooled
      30-day mortality percentages (%) were 4.16% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.68
      5.95] (first meta-analysis) and 5.26% (95% CI: 3.47-7.62) (second meta-analysis).
      Higher percentages of squamous histology and lobectomy, were significantly
      associated with increased (P=0.001) and decreased (P<0.001) thirty-day
      postoperative mortality, respectively (first meta-analysis). The pooled
      percentages for postoperative complications were 34.32% (95% CI: 24.59-44.75)
      (first meta-analysis) and 45.59% (95% CI: 35.62-55.74) (second meta-analysis).
      Higher percentages of squamous histology (P=0.001), lobectomy (P=0.002) and p-T1
      or p-T2 (P=0.034) were associated with higher proportions of postoperative
      complications (second meta-analysis). The pooled three- and five- year survival
      probabilities were 68.25% (95% CI: 45.93-86.86) and 52.03% (95% CI: 34.71-69.11),
      respectively. Higher mean age (P=0.046) and percentage lobectomy (P=0.009)
      significantly reduced the five-year survival probability. CONCLUSIONS: Lobectomy
      and age were both accompanied by reduced five-year survival rate. Also, combined
      aorto-coronary bypass grafting (CABG) with lobectomy for squamous pT1 or pT2 LC
      displayed a higher risk of postoperative complications. Moreover, medical
      decision between combined or staged surgery is suggested to be individualized
      based on adequacy of coronary arterial perfusion, age, patient's preoperative
      performance status (taking into account possible co-morbidities per patient),
      tumor's staging and extent of lung resection.

PMID- 27386490
TI  - In vitro reactivity ("organ chamber") of guinea pig tracheal rings-methodology
      considerations.
AB  - The present text was motivated by the difficulties faced by our postgraduate
      students when using airways studies protocols and will take into consideration
      the three mechanisms of relaxation: (I) guanosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate
      (cGMP)/NO-dependent; (II) adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)/PGI2
      dependent, and (III) hyperpolarization-dependent. Tracheal rings are studied in
      an organ bath containing a gassed physiological salt solution, usually at a
      temperature of 37  degrees C. An agent or procedure that causes contraction
      [acetylcholine (Ach) or metacholine] of the smooth muscle is needed before study
      airway dilator drugs. The presented airways studies protocols are useful to study
      the bronchial epithelial-dependent reactivity. 

PMID- 27386489
TI  - The role of pembrolizumab in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung
      cancer.
AB  - Lung cancer is the leading cause of death cancer related worldwide. The standard
      therapies have unmet medical needs both due to the limited activity and relevant
      toxicity of platinum-based chemotherapy and to the low frequency of specific
      alterations required to use targeted therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibition due
      to restoring the immune system's capacity to eradicate tumors is undergoing in
      extensive investigation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a new treatment
      approach. Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed cell
      death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have recently led to significantly and durable
      improvements in the clinical outcome of several kind of tumors including lung
      cancer. Pembrolizumab, approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of advanced
      NSCLC progressed after other therapies and with expression of PD-L1, has
      demonstrated durable response and prolonged overall survival (OS) especially in
      patients with high PD-L1 expression. Further investigation are needed to improve
      treatment outcomes through combination of immunotherapy or combined with other
      targeted therapies. 

PMID- 27386492
TI  - Introduction to machine learning: k-nearest neighbors.
AB  - Machine learning techniques have been widely used in many scientific fields, but
      its use in medical literature is limited partly because of technical
      difficulties. k-nearest neighbors (kNN) is a simple method of machine learning.
      The article introduces some basic ideas underlying the kNN algorithm, and then
      focuses on how to perform kNN modeling with R. The dataset should be prepared
      before running the knn() function in R. After prediction of outcome with kNN
      algorithm, the diagnostic performance of the model should be checked. Average
      accuracy is the mostly widely used statistic to reflect the kNN algorithm.
      Factors such as k value, distance calculation and choice of appropriate
      predictors all have significant impact on the model performance. 

PMID- 27386491
TI  - The implication and potential applications of high-mobility group box 1 protein
      in breast cancer.
AB  - High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a highly conserved, non-histone and
      ubiquitous chromosomal protein found enriched in active chromatin forming part of
      the high mobility group family of proteins and is encoded by the HMGB1 gene
      (13q12) in human beings. It has various intranuclear and extracellular functions.
      It plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer.
      In 2012, there was approximately 1.67 million new breast cancer cases diagnosed
      which makes it the second most frequent cancer in the world after lung cancer
      (25% of all cancers) and the commonest cancer among women. Both pre-clinical and
      clinical studies have suggested that HMGB1 might be a useful target in the
      management of breast cancer. This review summarises the structure and functions
      of HMGB1 and its dual role in carcinogenesis both as a pro-tumorigenic and anti
      tumorigenic factor. It also sums up evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies
      using breast cancer cell lines and samples which demonstrate its influence in
      radiotherapy, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy in breast cancer. It may have
      particular importance in HER2 positive and metastatic breast cancer. It might
      pave the way for new breast cancer treatments through development of novel drugs,
      use of microRNAs (miRNAs), targeting breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) and breast
      cancer immunotherapy. It may also play a role in determining breast cancer
      prognosis. Thus HMGB1 may open up novel avenues in breast cancer management. 

PMID- 27386493
TI  - Anterior cruciate ligament ganglion causing flexion restriction: a case report
      and review of literature.
AB  - Ganglion cysts originating from the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are
      uncommon. Often asymptomatic, they infrequently present with non-specific
      symptoms such as knee pain, stiffness, clicks, locking or restriction of knee
      extension. However, the patient we report presented with knee flexion
      restriction. A 37-year-old Chinese gentleman, with no history of knee trauma,
      presented with left knee pain. Left knee range of motion (ROM) was from 0 to 110
      degrees. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan revealed a 1.5 cm * 3.3 cm * 1.7
      cm cyst located in the intercondylar region arising from the ACL and extending
      predominantly posteriorly. Arthroscopy confirmed an intrasubstance ACL ganglion
      cyst, which was extending posteriorly. Complete excision of the cyst was
      performed. At 1-year follow-up, the patient regained knee flexion of 130 degrees.
      We describe one of the largest ACL ganglion cysts. Such cysts often extend
      anteriorly and impinge onto the roof of the intercondylar notch during knee
      extension, thus restricting extension. The restriction in knee motion in our
      patient was in flexion instead; this was because the cyst took an unusual course
      of extension predominantly in the posterior direction. Although rare, it must be
      included as a possible differential diagnosis when patients present with such
      knee symptoms. 

PMID- 27386494
TI  - Primary extraskeletal pleural osteosarcoma: a rare pleural identity.
AB  - A 69-year-old female with a history of a heart transplant 16 years prior,
      presented with a large left chest mass identified on fluoroscopy in the cardiac
      catheterization lab. The patient noted a 40 pound weight loss in one year. A
      chest X-ray (CXR) and chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a large complex
      cystic mass in the left chest. A CT guided aspiration was performed, and the
      cytology for the cyst fluid was negative for malignancy. The patient continued to
      have worsening shortness of breath, a repeat chest CT scan and magnetic resonance
      imaging (MRI) three months later, demonstrated a recurrence of the left pleural
      mass. Further, work-up was negative for tumor. A left video assisted thoracotomy
      exploration was performed and left thoracotomy was needed for the mass resection.
      The final pathology demonstrated a high grade osteosarcoma. The post-operative
      course was unremarkable. 

PMID- 27386496
TI  - Which clinical significance has automatic detection of very low levels of
      nucleated red blood cells in the peripheral blood?

PMID- 27386495
TI  - Lifelong protection mediated by stem cell-like CD8(+) T memory subset cells
      (Tscm) induced by vaccination.

PMID- 27386497
TI  - "Graves disease" behind glucose fluctuation.

PMID- 27386498
TI  - Predictors of time to initiation of symptomatic therapy in early Parkinson's
      disease.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical and biological variables that predict time to
      initiation of symptomatic therapy in de novo Parkinson's disease patients.
      METHODS: Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative is a longitudinal case
      control study of de novo, untreated Parkinson's disease participants at
      enrolment. Participants contribute a wide range of motor and non-motor measures,
      including biofluids and imaging biomarkers. The machine learning method of random
      survival forests was used to examine the ability of baseline variables to predict
      time to initiation of symptomatic therapy since study enrollment (baseline).
      RESULTS: There were 423 PD participants enrolled in PPMI and 33 initial baseline
      variables. Cross-validation results showed that the three-predictor subset of
      disease duration (time from diagnosis to enrollment), the modified Schwab and
      England activities of daily living scale, and the Movement Disorder Society
      Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) total score modestly
      predicted time to initiation of symptomatic therapy (C = 0.70, pseudo-R (2) =
      0.13). Prediction using the three variables was similar to using the entire set
      of 33. None of the biological variables increased accuracy of the prediction. A
      prognostic index for time to initiation of symptomatic therapy was created using
      the linear and nonlinear effects of the three top variables based on a post hoc
      Cox model. INTERPRETATION: Our findings using a novel machine learning method
      support previously reported clinical variables that predict time to initiation of
      symptomatic therapy. However, the inclusion of biological variables did not
      increase prediction accuracy. Our prognostic index constructed, based on the
      group-level survival curve can provide an indication of the risk of initiation of
      ST for PD patients based on functions of the three top predictors.

PMID- 27386499
TI  - IVIg attenuates complement and improves spinal cord injury outcomes in mice.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) elicits immediate neural cell
      death, axonal damage, and disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier, allowing
      circulating immune cells and blood proteins into the spinal parenchyma. The
      inflammatory response to SCI involves robust complement system activation, which
      contributes to secondary injury and impairs neurological recovery. This study
      aimed to determine whether intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), an FDA-approved
      treatment for inflammatory conditions, can scavenge complement activation
      products and improve recovery from contusive SCI. METHODS: We used functional
      testing, noninvasive imaging, and detailed postmortem analysis to assess whether
      IVIg therapy is effective in a mouse model of severe contusive SCI. RESULTS: IVIg
      therapy at doses of 0.5-2 g/kg improved the functional and histopathological
      outcomes from SCI, conferring protection against lesion enlargement,
      demyelination, central canal dilation, and axonal degeneration. The benefits of
      IVIg were detectable through noninvasive diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), with
      IVIg treatment counteracting the progressive SCI-induced increase in radial
      diffusivity (RD) in white matter. Diffusion indices significantly correlated with
      the functional performance of individual mice and accurately predicted the degree
      of myelin preservation. Further experiments revealed that IVIg therapy reduced
      the presence of complement activation products and phagocytically active
      macrophages at the lesion site, providing insight as to its mechanisms of action.
      INTERPRETATION: Our findings highlight the potential of using IVIg as an
      immunomodulatory treatment for SCI, and the value of DTI to assess tissue damage
      and screen for the efficacy of candidate intervention strategies in preclinical
      models of SCI, both quantitatively and noninvasively.

PMID- 27386500
TI  - A microRNA-328 binding site in PAX6 is associated with centrotemporal spikes of
      rolandic epilepsy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Rolandic epilepsy is a common genetic focal epilepsy of childhood
      characterized by centrotemporal sharp waves on electroencephalogram. In previous
      genome-wide analysis, we had reported linkage of centrotemporal sharp waves to
      chromosome 11p13, and fine mapping with 44 SNPs identified the ELP4-PAX6 locus in
      two independent US and Canadian case-control samples. Here, we aimed to find a
      causative variant for centrotemporal sharp waves using a larger sample and higher
      resolution genotyping array. METHODS: We fine-mapped the ELP4-PAX6 locus in 186
      individuals from rolandic epilepsy families and 1000 population controls of
      European origin using the Illumina HumanCoreExome-12 v1.0 BeadChip. Controls were
      matched to cases on ethnicity using principal component analysis. We used
      generalized estimating equations to assess association, followed up with a
      bioinformatics survey and literature search to evaluate functional significance.
      RESULTS: Homozygosity at the T allele of SNP rs662702 in the 3' untranslated
      region of PAX6 conferred increased risk of CTS: Odds ratio = 12.29 (95% CI: 3.20
      47.22), P = 2.6 * 10(-4) and is seen in 3.9% of cases but only 0.3% of controls.
      INTERPRETATION: The minor T allele of SNP rs662702 disrupts regulation by
      microRNA-328, which is known to result in increased PAX6 expression in vitro.
      This study provides, for the first time, evidence of a noncoding genomic variant
      contributing to the etiology of a common human epilepsy via a posttranscriptional
      regulatory mechanism.

PMID- 27386501
TI  - Deep sequencing of mitochondrial genomes reveals increased mutation load in
      Friedreich's ataxia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive trinucleotide
      repeat expansion disorder caused by epigenetic silencing of the frataxin gene
      (FXN). Current research suggests that damage and variation of mitochondrial DNA
      (mtDNA) contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of FRDA. We sought to establish
      the extent of the mutation burden across the mitochondrial genome in FRDA cells
      and investigate the molecular mechanisms connecting FXN downregulation and the
      acquisition of mtDNA damage. METHODS: Damage and mutation load in mtDNA of a
      panel of FRDA and control fibroblasts were determined using qPCR and next
      generation MiSeq sequencing, respectively. The capacity of FRDA and control cells
      to repair oxidative lesions in their mtDNA was measured using a quantitative DNA
      damage assay. Comprehensive RNA sequencing gene expression analyses were
      conducted to assess the status of DNA repair and metabolism genes in FRDA cells.
      RESULTS: Acute or prolonged downregulation of FXN expression resulted in a
      significant increase in mtDNA damage that translated to a significant elevation
      of mutation load in mtDNA. The predominant mutations identified throughout the
      mtDNA were C>T, G>A transitions (P = 0.007). Low FXN expression reduced capacity
      to repair oxidative damage in mtDNA. Downregulation of FXN expression strongly
      correlated (r = 0.73) with decreased levels of base excision repair (BER) DNA
      glycosylase NTHL1. INTERPRETATION: Downregulation of FXN expression in FRDA cells
      elevates mtDNA damage, increases mutation load of the mitochondrial genome, and
      diminishes DNA repair capacity. Progressive accumulation of mtDNA mutations in
      vulnerable FRDA patient cells reduces mitochondrial fitness ultimately leading to
      cell death.

PMID- 27386502
TI  - Impaired muscle uptake of creatine in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the pathomechanism underlying the
      reduction of serum creatinine (Cr) concentrations in spinal and bulbar muscular
      atrophy (SBMA). METHODS: We evaluated blood chemistries, motor function, and
      muscle mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in male subjects with
      SBMA (n = 65), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; n = 27), and healthy controls
      (n = 25). We also examined the intramuscular concentrations of creatine, a
      precursor of Cr, as well as the protein and mRNA expression levels of the
      creatine transporter (SLC6A8) in autopsy specimens derived from subjects who had
      SBMA and ALS and disease controls. Furthermore, we measured the mRNA expression
      levels of SLC6A8 in cultured muscle cells (C2C12) transfected with the
      polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor (AR-97Q). RESULTS: Serum Cr
      concentrations were significantly lower in subjects with SBMA than in those with
      ALS (P < 0.001), despite similar muscle mass values. Intramuscular creatine
      concentrations were also lower in with the autopsied specimen of SBMA subjects
      than in those with ALS subjects (P = 0.018). Moreover, the protein and mRNA
      expression levels of muscle SLC6A8 were suppressed in subjects with SBMA. The
      mRNA levels of SLC6A8 were also suppressed in C2C12 cells bearing AR-97Q.
      INTERPRETATION: These results suggest that low serum Cr concentration in subjects
      with SBMA is caused by impaired muscle uptake of creatine in addition to being
      caused by neurogenic atrophy. Given that creatine serves as an energy source in
      skeletal muscle, increasing muscle creatine uptake is a possible therapeutic
      approach for treating SBMA.

PMID- 27386503
TI  - Neonatal Fc receptor promoter gene polymorphism does not predict pharmacokinetics
      of IVIg or the clinical course of GBS.
AB  - Treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome with a standard course of high-dose
      intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) results in a variable clinical recovery which
      is associated with changes in serum IgG levels after treatment. The neonatal Fc
      receptor protects IgG from degradation, and a genetic polymorphism in its
      promoter region that influences the expression of Fc-receptor, may in part
      explain the variation in IgG levels and outcome. This polymorphism was determined
      by polymerase chain reaction in a cohort of 257 patients with Guillain-Barre
      syndrome treated with IVIg. We could not demonstrate a relation between this
      polymorphism, the pharmacokinetics of IVIg, or the clinical course and outcome.

PMID- 27386504
TI  - Rituximab in refractory myasthenia gravis: a prospective, open-label study with
      long-term follow-up.
AB  - We examined the clinical effectiveness of rituximab in fourteen patients with
      refractory myasthenia gravis (MG). Manual muscle testing (MMT) score was recorded
      at baseline and followed during the course of the study. Steroid dose, frequency
      of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusions, and plasma exchange (PLEX) were
      also monitored throughout the duration of the study. All patients responded
      dramatically to rituximab, as measured by a change in MMT score, prednisone dose,
      or the frequency of IVIG infusions or PLEX. Rituximab appears safe and effective
      for the treatment of refractory MG. It should be considered as a therapeutic
      option in refractory patients. 

PMID- 27386505
TI  - Arterial ischemic stroke in HIV: Defining and classifying etiology for research
      studies.
AB  - HIV infection, and potentially its treatment, increases the risk of an arterial
      ischemic stroke. Multiple etiologies and lack of clear case definitions inhibit
      progress in this field. Several etiologies, many treatable, are relevant to HIV
      related stroke. To fully understand the mechanisms and the terminology used, a
      robust classification algorithm to help ascribe the various etiologies is needed.
      This consensus paper considers the strengths and limitations of current case
      definitions in the context of HIV infection. The case definitions for the major
      etiologies in HIV-related strokes were refined (e.g., varicella zoster
      vasculopathy and antiphospholipid syndrome) and in some instances new case
      definitions were described (e.g., HIV-associated vasculopathy). These case
      definitions provided a framework for an algorithm to help assign a final
      diagnosis, and help classify the subtypes of HIV etiology in ischemic stroke. 

PMID- 27386506
TI  - Absence of systemic oxidative stress and increased CSF prostaglandin F2alpha in
      progressive MS.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the
      progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: We determined by liquid
      chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry nonenzymatic (F2-isoprostanes) and
      enzymatic oxidation products of arachidonic acid (prostaglandin F2alpha
      [PGF2alpha]) in plasma and CSF of 45 controls (other neurologic disease [OND]
      with no signs of inflammation) and 62 patients with MS. Oxidation products were
      correlated with disease severity and validated biomarkers of inflammation
      (chemokine ligand 13; matrix metalloproteinase-9; osteopontin) and axonal damage
      (neurofilament light protein). RESULTS: Compared with OND controls, plasma
      concentrations of F2-isoprostanes and PGF2alpha were significantly lower in
      patients with progressive disease, and decreased with increasing disability score
      (Expanded Disability Status Scale). In contrast, CSF concentrations of PGF2alpha,
      but not F2-isoprostanes, were significantly higher in patients with progressive
      disease than OND controls (p < 0.01). The content of PGF2alpha in CSF increased
      with disease severity (p = 0.044) and patient age (p = 0.022), although this
      increase could not be explained by age. CSF PGF2alpha decreased with natalizumab
      and methylprednisolone treatment and was unaffected by the use of nonsteroidal
      anti-inflammatory drug in secondary progressive MS. CSF PGF2alpha did not
      associate with validated CSF markers of inflammation and axonal damage that
      themselves did not associate with the Expanded Disability Status Scale.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that MS progression is associated with low systemic
      oxidative activity. This may contribute to immune dysregulation with CNS
      inflammation accompanied by increased local cyclooxygenase-dependent lipid
      oxidation.

PMID- 27386507
TI  - Macroecological drivers of archaea and bacteria in benthic deep-sea ecosystems.
AB  - Bacteria and archaea dominate the biomass of benthic deep-sea ecosystems at all
      latitudes, playing a crucial role in global biogeochemical cycles, but their
      macroscale patterns and macroecological drivers are still largely unknown. We
      show the results of the most extensive field study conducted so far to
      investigate patterns and drivers of the distribution and structure of benthic
      prokaryote assemblages from 228 samples collected at latitudes comprising 34
      degrees N to 79 degrees N, and from ca. 400- to 5570-m depth. We provide evidence
      that, in deep-sea ecosystems, benthic bacterial and archaeal abundances
      significantly increase from middle to high latitudes, with patterns more
      pronounced for archaea, and particularly for Marine Group I Thaumarchaeota. Our
      results also reveal that different microbial components show varying
      sensitivities to changes in temperature conditions and food supply. We conclude
      that climate change will primarily affect deep-sea benthic archaea, with
      important consequences on global biogeochemical cycles, particularly at high
      latitudes. 

PMID- 27386508
TI  - Pre-Gondwanan-breakup origin of Beauprea (Proteaceae) explains its historical
      presence in New Caledonia and New Zealand.
AB  - New Caledonia and New Zealand belong to the now largely submerged continent
      Zealandia. Their high levels of endemism and species richness are usually
      considered the result of transoceanic dispersal events followed by
      diversification after they re-emerged from the Pacific Ocean in the mid-Cenozoic.
      We explore the origin and evolutionary history of Beauprea (Proteaceae), which is
      now endemic to New Caledonia but was once spread throughout eastern Gondwana,
      including New Zealand. We review the extensive Beauprea-type pollen data in the
      fossil records and analyze the relationship of these fossil taxa to extant genera
      within Proteaceae. We further reconstruct the phylogenetic relations among nine
      extant species of Beauprea and estimate the age of the Beauprea clade. By
      incorporating extinct taxa into the Beauprea phylogenetic tree, we reconstruct
      the ancient distribution of this genus. Our analysis shows that Beauprea
      originated c. 88 Ma (million years ago) in Antarctica-Southeastern Australia and
      spread throughout Gondwana before its complete breakup. We propose that Beauprea,
      already existing as two lineages, was carried with Zealandia when it separated
      from the rest of Gondwana c. 82 Ma, thus supporting an autochthonous origin for
      Beauprea species now in New Caledonia and historically in New Zealand up to 1 Ma.
      We show that the presence of Beauprea through transoceanic dispersal is
      implausible. This means that neither New Caledonia nor New Zealand has been
      entirely submerged since the Upper Cretaceous; thus, possible vicariance and
      allopatry must be taken into account when considering the high levels of endemism
      and species richness of these island groups. 

PMID- 27386509
TI  - Surface-atmosphere decoupling limits accumulation at Summit, Greenland.
AB  - Despite rapid melting in the coastal regions of the Greenland Ice Sheet, a
      significant area (~40%) of the ice sheet rarely experiences surface melting. In
      these regions, the controls on annual accumulation are poorly constrained owing
      to surface conditions (for example, surface clouds, blowing snow, and surface
      inversions), which render moisture flux estimates from myriad approaches (that
      is, eddy covariance, remote sensing, and direct observations) highly uncertain.
      Accumulation is partially determined by the temperature dependence of saturation
      vapor pressure, which influences the maximum humidity of air parcels reaching the
      ice sheet interior. However, independent proxies for surface temperature and
      accumulation from ice cores show that the response of accumulation to temperature
      is variable and not generally consistent with a purely thermodynamic control.
      Using three years of stable water vapor isotope profiles from a high altitude
      site on the Greenland Ice Sheet, we show that as the boundary layer becomes
      increasingly stable, a decoupling between the ice sheet and atmosphere occurs.
      The limited interaction between the ice sheet surface and free tropospheric air
      reduces the capacity for surface condensation to achieve the rate set by the
      humidity of the air parcels reaching interior Greenland. The isolation of the
      surface also acts to recycle sublimated moisture by recondensing it onto fog
      particles, which returns the moisture back to the surface through gravitational
      settling. The observations highlight a unique mechanism by which ice sheet mass
      is conserved, which has implications for understanding both past and future
      changes in accumulation rate and the isotopic signal in ice cores from Greenland.

PMID- 27386510
TI  - Saturation of recognition elements blocks evolution of new tRNA identities.
AB  - Understanding the principles that led to the current complexity of the genetic
      code is a central question in evolution. Expansion of the genetic code required
      the selection of new transfer RNAs (tRNAs) with specific recognition signals that
      allowed them to be matured, modified, aminoacylated, and processed by the
      ribosome without compromising the fidelity or efficiency of protein synthesis. We
      show that saturation of recognition signals blocks the emergence of new tRNA
      identities and that the rate of nucleotide substitutions in tRNAs is higher in
      species with fewer tRNA genes. We propose that the growth of the genetic code
      stalled because a limit was reached in the number of identity elements that can
      be effectively used in the tRNA structure. 

PMID- 27386511
TI  - Optical pi phase shift created with a single-photon pulse.
AB  - A deterministic photon-photon quantum logic gate is a long-standing goal.
      Building such a gate becomes possible if a light pulse containing only one photon
      imprints a phase shift of pi onto another light field. We experimentally
      demonstrate the generation of such a pi phase shift with a single-photon pulse. A
      first light pulse containing less than one photon on average is stored in an
      atomic gas. Rydberg blockade combined with electromagnetically induced
      transparency creates a phase shift for a second light pulse, which propagates
      through the medium. We measure the pi phase shift of the second pulse when we
      postselect the data upon the detection of a retrieved photon from the first
      pulse. This demonstrates a crucial step toward a photon-photon gate and offers a
      variety of applications in the field of quantum information processing. 

PMID- 27386512
TI  - Inner solar system material discovered in the Oort cloud.
AB  - We have observed C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS), a recently discovered object on a
      cometary orbit coming from the Oort cloud that is physically similar to an inner
      main belt rocky S-type asteroid. Recent dynamical models successfully reproduce
      the key characteristics of our current solar system; some of these models require
      significant migration of the giant planets, whereas others do not. These models
      provide different predictions on the presence of rocky material expelled from the
      inner solar system in the Oort cloud. C/2014 S3 could be the key to verifying
      these predictions of the migration-based dynamical models. Furthermore, this
      object displays a very faint, weak level of comet-like activity, five to six
      orders of magnitude less than that of typical ice-rich comets on similar Orbits
      coming from the Oort cloud. For the nearly tailless appearance, we are calling
      C/2014 S3 a Manx object. Various arguments convince us that this activity is
      produced by sublimation of volatile ice, that is, normal cometary activity. The
      activity implies that C/2014 S3 has retained a tiny fraction of the water that is
      expected to be present at its formation distance in the inner solar system. We
      may be looking at fresh inner solar system Earth-forming material that was
      ejected from the inner solar system and preserved for billions of years in the
      Oort cloud. 

PMID- 27386514
TI  - Retraction of the Research Article: "Individualistic sensitivities and exposure
      to climate change explain variation in species' distribution and abundance
      changes".
AB  - [This retracts the article on p. e1400220 in vol. 1, PMID: 26601276.]. 

PMID- 27386513
TI  - Reduced evolutionary rate in reemerged Ebola virus transmission chains.
AB  - On 29 June 2015, Liberia's respite from Ebola virus disease (EVD) was interrupted
      for the second time by a renewed outbreak ("flare-up") of seven confirmed cases.
      We demonstrate that, similar to the March 2015 flare-up associated with sexual
      transmission, this new flare-up was a reemergence of a Liberian transmission
      chain originating from a persistently infected source rather than a
      reintroduction from a reservoir or a neighboring country with active
      transmission. Although distinct, Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes from both flare-ups
      exhibit significantly low genetic divergence, indicating a reduced rate of EBOV
      evolution during persistent infection. Using this rate of change as a signature,
      we identified two additional EVD clusters that possibly arose from persistently
      infected sources. These findings highlight the risk of EVD flare-ups even after
      an outbreak is declared over. 

PMID- 27386515
TI  - Genetic markers for antioxidant capacity in a reef-building coral.
AB  - The current lack of understanding of the genetic basis underlying environmental
      stress tolerance in reef-building corals impairs the development of new
      management approaches to confronting the global demise of coral reefs. On the
      Great Barrier Reef (GBR), an approximately 51% decline in coral cover occurred
      over the period 1985-2012. We conducted a gene-by-environment association
      analysis across 12 degrees  latitude on the GBR, as well as both in situ and
      laboratory genotype-by-phenotype association analyses. These analyses allowed us
      to identify alleles at two genetic loci that account for differences in
      environmental stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity in the common coral
      Acropora millepora. The effect size for antioxidant capacity was considerable and
      biologically relevant (32.5 and 14.6% for the two loci). Antioxidant capacity is
      a critical component of stress tolerance because a multitude of environmental
      stressors cause increased cellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Our
      findings provide the first step toward the development of novel coral reef
      management approaches, such as spatial mapping of stress tolerance for use in
      marine protected area design, identification of stress-tolerant colonies for
      assisted migration, and marker-assisted selective breeding to create more
      tolerant genotypes for restoration of denuded reefs.

PMID- 27386516
TI  - Mutation at a distance caused by homopolymeric guanine repeats in Saccharomyces
      cerevisiae.
AB  - Mutation provides the raw material from which natural selection shapes
      adaptations. The rate at which new mutations arise is therefore a key factor that
      determines the tempo and mode of evolution. However, an accurate assessment of
      the mutation rate of a given organism is difficult because mutation rate varies
      on a fine scale within a genome. A central challenge of evolutionary genetics is
      to determine the underlying causes of this variation. In earlier work, we had
      shown that repeat sequences not only are prone to a high rate of expansion and
      contraction but also can cause an increase in mutation rate (on the order of
      kilobases) of the sequence surrounding the repeat. We perform experiments that
      show that simple guanine repeats 13 bp (base pairs) in length or longer (G 13+ )
      increase the substitution rate 4- to 18-fold in the downstream DNA sequence, and
      this correlates with DNA replication timing (R = 0.89). We show that G 13+
      mutagenicity results from the interplay of both error-prone translesion synthesis
      and homologous recombination repair pathways. The mutagenic repeats that we study
      have the potential to be exploited for the artificial elevation of mutation rate
      in systems biology and synthetic biology applications.

PMID- 27386517
TI  - Structural basis of Dscam1 homodimerization: Insights into context constraint for
      protein recognition.
AB  - The Drosophila neural receptor Dscam1 (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule 1)
      plays an essential role in neuronal wiring and self-avoidance. Dscam1 potentially
      encodes 19,008 ectodomains through alternative RNA splicing and exhibits
      exquisite isoform-specific homophilic binding, which makes it an exceptional
      example for studying protein binding specificity. However, structural information
      on Dscam1 is limited, which hinders illumination of the mechanism of Dscam1
      isoform-specific recognition. Whether different Dscam1 isoforms adopt the same
      dimerization mode remains a subject of debate. We present 12 Dscam1 crystal
      structures, provide direct evidence indicating that all isoforms adopt a
      conserved homodimer geometry in a modular fashion, identify two mechanisms for
      the Ig2 binding domain to dispel electrostatic repulsion during dimerization,
      decode Ig2 binding specificity by a central motif at its symmetry center, uncover
      the role of glycosylation in Dscam1 homodimerization, and find electrostatic
      potential complementarity to help define the binding region and the antiparallel
      binding mode. We then propose a concept that the context of a protein may set
      restrictions to regulate its binding specificity, which provides a better
      understanding of protein recognition.

PMID- 27386518
TI  - Broadband and chiral binary dielectric meta-holograms.
AB  - Subwavelength structured surfaces, known as meta-surfaces, hold promise for
      future compact and optically thin devices with versatile functionalities. By
      revisiting the concept of detour phase, we demonstrate high-efficiency holograms
      with broadband and chiral imaging functionalities. In our devices, the apertures
      of binary holograms are replaced by subwavelength structured microgratings. We
      achieve broadband operation from the visible to the near infrared and efficiency
      as high as 75% in the 1.0 to 1.4 MUm range by compensating for the inherent
      dispersion of the detour phase with that of the subwavelength structure. In
      addition, we demonstrate chiral holograms that project different images depending
      on the handedness of the reference beam by incorporating a geometric phase. Our
      devices' compactness, lightness, and ability to produce images even at large
      angles have significant potential for important emerging applications such as
      wearable optics.

PMID- 27386519
TI  - Pan-ice-sheet glacier terminus change in East Antarctica reveals sensitivity of
      Wilkes Land to sea-ice changes.
AB  - The dynamics of ocean-terminating outlet glaciers are an important component of
      ice-sheet mass balance. Using satellite imagery for the past 40 years, we compile
      an approximately decadal record of outlet-glacier terminus position change around
      the entire East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) marine margin. We find that most
      outlet glaciers retreated during the period 1974-1990, before switching to
      advance in every drainage basin during the two most recent periods, 1990-2000 and
      2000-2012. The only exception to this trend was in Wilkes Land, where the
      majority of glaciers (74%) retreated between 2000 and 2012. We hypothesize that
      this anomalous retreat is linked to a reduction in sea ice and associated impacts
      on ocean stratification, which increases the incursion of warm deep water toward
      glacier termini. Because Wilkes Land overlies a large marine basin, it raises the
      possibility of a future sea level contribution from this sector of East
      Antarctica.

PMID- 27386521
TI  - Far-field super-resolution imaging of resonant multiples.
AB  - We demonstrate for the first time that seismic resonant multiples, usually
      considered as noise, can be used for super-resolution imaging in the far-field
      region of sources and receivers. Tests with both synthetic data and field data
      show that resonant multiples can image reflector boundaries with resolutions more
      than twice the classical resolution limit. Resolution increases with the order of
      the resonant multiples. This procedure has important applications in earthquake
      and exploration seismology, radar, sonar, LIDAR (light detection and ranging),
      and ultrasound imaging, where the multiples can be used to make high-resolution
      images.

PMID- 27386520
TI  - Octopamine connects nutrient cues to lipid metabolism upon nutrient deprivation.
AB  - Starvation is probably the most common stressful situation in nature. In
      vertebrates, elevation of the biogenic amine norepinephrine levels is common
      during starvation. However, the precise role of norepinephrine in nutrient
      deprivation remains largely unknown. We report that in the free-living nematode
      Caenorhabditis elegans, up-regulation of the biosynthesis of octopamine, the
      invertebrate counterpart of norepinephrine, serves as a mechanism to adapt to
      starvation. During nutrient deprivation, the nuclear receptor DAF-12, known to
      sense nutritional cues, up-regulates the expression of tbh-1 that encodes
      tyramine beta-hydroxylase, a key enzyme for octopamine biosynthesis, in the RIC
      neurons. Octopamine induces the expression of the lipase gene lips-6 via its
      receptor SER-3 in the intestine. LIPS-6, in turn, elicits lipid mobilization. Our
      findings reveal that octopamine acts as an endocrine regulator linking nutrient
      cues to lipolysis to maintain energy homeostasis, and suggest that such a
      mechanism may be evolutionally conserved in diverse organisms.

PMID- 27386523
TI  - Topological nature of nonlinear optical effects in solids.
AB  - There are a variety of nonlinear optical effects including higher harmonic
      generations, photovoltaic effects, and nonlinear Kerr rotations. They are
      realized by strong light irradiation to materials that results in nonlinear
      polarizations in the electric field. These are of great importance in studying
      the physics of excited states of the system as well as for applications to
      optical devices and solar cells. Nonlinear properties of materials are usually
      described by nonlinear susceptibilities, which have complex expressions including
      many matrix elements and energy denominators. On the other hand, a nonequilibrium
      steady state under an electric field periodic in time has a concise description
      in terms of the Floquet bands of electrons dressed by photons. We show
      theoretically, using the Floquet formalism, that various nonlinear optical
      effects, such as the shift current in noncentrosymmetric materials, photovoltaic
      Hall response, and photo-induced change of order parameters under the continuous
      irradiation of monochromatic light, can be described in a unified fashion by
      topological quantities involving the Berry connection and Berry curvature. We
      found that vector fields defined with the Berry connections in the space of
      momentum and/or parameters govern the nonlinear responses. This topological view
      offers a route to designing nonlinear optical materials.

PMID- 27386522
TI  - Ricci curvature: An economic indicator for market fragility and systemic risk.
AB  - Quantifying the systemic risk and fragility of financial systems is of vital
      importance in analyzing market efficiency, deciding on portfolio allocation, and
      containing financial contagions. At a high level, financial systems may be
      represented as weighted graphs that characterize the complex web of interacting
      agents and information flow (for example, debt, stock returns, and shareholder
      ownership). Such a representation often turns out to provide keen insights. We
      show that fragility is a system-level characteristic of "business-as-usual"
      market behavior and that financial crashes are invariably preceded by system
      level changes in robustness. This was done by leveraging previous work, which
      suggests that Ricci curvature, a key geometric feature of a given network, is
      negatively correlated to increases in network fragility. To illustrate this
      insight, we examine daily returns from a set of stocks comprising the Standard
      and Poor's 500 (S&P 500) over a 15-year span to highlight the fact that
      corresponding changes in Ricci curvature constitute a financial "crash hallmark."
      This work lays the foundation of understanding how to design (banking) systems
      and policy regulations in a manner that can combat financial instabilities
      exposed during the 2007-2008 crisis.

PMID- 27386524
TI  - Monitoring southwest Greenland's ice sheet melt with ambient seismic noise.
AB  - The Greenland ice sheet presently accounts for ~70% of global ice sheet mass
      loss. Because this mass loss is associated with sea-level rise at a rate of 0.7
      mm/year, the development of improved monitoring techniques to observe ongoing
      changes in ice sheet mass balance is of paramount concern. Spaceborne mass
      balance techniques are commonly used; however, they are inadequate for many
      purposes because of their low spatial and/or temporal resolution. We demonstrate
      that small variations in seismic wave speed in Earth's crust, as measured with
      the correlation of seismic noise, may be used to infer seasonal ice sheet mass
      balance. Seasonal loading and unloading of glacial mass induces strain in the
      crust, and these strains then result in seismic velocity changes due to
      poroelastic processes. Our method provides a new and independent way of
      monitoring (in near real time) ice sheet mass balance, yielding new constraints
      on ice sheet evolution and its contribution to global sea-level changes. An
      increased number of seismic stations in the vicinity of ice sheets will enhance
      our ability to create detailed space-time records of ice mass variations.

PMID- 27386525
TI  - North Atlantic salinity as a predictor of Sahel rainfall.
AB  - Water evaporating from the ocean sustains precipitation on land. This ocean-to
      land moisture transport leaves an imprint on sea surface salinity (SSS). Thus,
      the question arises of whether variations in SSS can provide insight into
      terrestrial precipitation. This study provides evidence that springtime SSS in
      the subtropical North Atlantic ocean can be used as a predictor of terrestrial
      precipitation during the subsequent summer monsoon in Africa. Specifically,
      increased springtime SSS in the central to eastern subtropical North Atlantic
      tends to be followed by above-normal monsoon-season precipitation in the African
      Sahel. In the spring, high SSS is associated with enhanced moisture flux
      divergence from the subtropical oceans, which converges over the African Sahel
      and helps to elevate local soil moisture content. From spring to the summer
      monsoon season, the initial water cycling signal is preserved, amplified, and
      manifested in excessive precipitation. According to our analysis of currently
      available soil moisture data sets, this 3-month delay is attributable to a
      positive coupling between soil moisture, moisture flux convergence, and
      precipitation in the Sahel. Because of the physical connection between salinity,
      ocean-to-land moisture transport, and local soil moisture feedback, seasonal
      forecasts of Sahel precipitation can be improved by incorporating SSS into
      prediction models. Thus, expanded monitoring of ocean salinity should contribute
      to more skillful predictions of precipitation in vulnerable subtropical regions,
      such as the Sahel.

PMID- 27386526
TI  - Dehydration of chlorite explains anomalously high electrical conductivity in the
      mantle wedges.
AB  - Mantle wedge regions in subduction zone settings show anomalously high electrical
      conductivity (~1 S/m) that has often been attributed to the presence of aqueous
      fluids released by slab dehydration. Laboratory-based measurements of the
      electrical conductivity of hydrous phases and aqueous fluids are significantly
      lower and cannot readily explain the geophysically observed anomalously high
      electrical conductivity. The released aqueous fluid also rehydrates the mantle
      wedge and stabilizes a suite of hydrous phases, including serpentine and
      chlorite. In this present study, we have measured the electrical conductivity of
      a natural chlorite at pressures and temperatures relevant for the subduction zone
      setting. In our experiment, we observe two distinct conductivity enhancements
      when chlorite is heated to temperatures beyond its thermodynamic stability field.
      The initial increase in electrical conductivity to ~3 * 10(-3) S/m can be
      attributed to chlorite dehydration and the release of aqueous fluids. This is
      followed by a unique, subsequent enhancement of electrical conductivity of up to
      7 * 10(-1) S/m. This is related to the growth of an interconnected network of a
      highly conductive and chemically impure magnetite mineral phase. Thus, the
      dehydration of chlorite and associated processes are likely to be crucial in
      explaining the anomalously high electrical conductivity observed in mantle
      wedges. Chlorite dehydration in the mantle wedge provides an additional source of
      aqueous fluid above the slab and could also be responsible for the fixed depth
      (120 +/- 40 km) of melting at the top of the subducting slab beneath the
      subduction-related volcanic arc front.

PMID- 27386527
TI  - Exopolysaccharide biosynthetic glycoside hydrolases can be utilized to disrupt
      and prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.
AB  - Bacterial biofilms present a significant medical challenge because they are
      recalcitrant to current therapeutic regimes. A key component of biofilm formation
      in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the biosynthesis of
      the exopolysaccharides Pel and Psl, which are involved in the formation and
      maintenance of the structural biofilm scaffold and protection against
      antimicrobials and host defenses. Given that the glycoside hydrolases PelAh and
      PslGh encoded in the pel and psl biosynthetic operons, respectively, are utilized
      for in vivo exopolysaccharide processing, we reasoned that these would provide
      specificity to target P. aeruginosa biofilms. Evaluating these enzymes as
      potential therapeutics, we demonstrate that these glycoside hydrolases
      selectively target and degrade the exopolysaccharide component of the biofilm
      matrix. PelAh and PslGh inhibit biofilm formation over a 24-hour period with a
      half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 69.3 +/- 1.2 and 4.1 +/- 1.1 nM,
      respectively, and are capable of disrupting preexisting biofilms in 1 hour with
      EC50 of 35.7 +/- 1.1 and 12.9 +/- 1.1 nM, respectively. This treatment was
      effective against clinical and environmental P. aeruginosa isolates and reduced
      biofilm biomass by 58 to 94%. These noncytotoxic enzymes potentiated antibiotics
      because the addition of either enzyme to a sublethal concentration of colistin
      reduced viable bacterial counts by 2.5 orders of magnitude when used either
      prophylactically or on established 24-hour biofilms. In addition, PelAh was able
      to increase neutrophil killing by ~50%. This work illustrates the feasibility and
      benefits of using bacterial exopolysaccharide biosynthetic glycoside hydrolases
      to develop novel antibiofilm therapeutics.

PMID- 27386529
TI  - The earliest herbivorous marine reptile and its remarkable jaw apparatus.
AB  - Newly discovered fossils of the Middle Triassic reptile Atopodentatus unicus call
      for a radical reassessment of its feeding behavior. The skull displays a
      pronounced hammerhead shape that was hitherto unknown. The long, straight
      anterior edges of both upper and lower jaws were lined with batteries of chisel
      shaped teeth, whereas the remaining parts of the jaw rami supported densely
      packed needle-shaped teeth forming a mesh. The evidence indicates a novel feeding
      mechanism wherein the chisel-shaped teeth were used to scrape algae off the
      substrate, and the plant matter that was loosened was filtered from the water
      column through the more posteriorly positioned tooth mesh. This is the oldest
      record of herbivory within marine reptiles.

PMID- 27386530
TI  - On-demand transfer of trapped photons on a chip.
AB  - Photonic crystal nanocavities, which have modal volumes of the order of a cubic
      wavelength in the material, are of great interest as flexible platforms for
      manipulating photons. Recent developments in ultra-high quality factor
      nanocavities with long photon lifetimes have encouraged us to develop an ultra
      compact and flexible photon manipulation technology where photons are trapped in
      networks of such nanocavities. The most fundamental requirement is the on-demand
      transfer of photons to and from the trapped states of arbitrary nanocavities. We
      experimentally demonstrate photon transfer between two nearly resonant
      nanocavities at arbitrary positions on a chip, triggered by the irradiation of a
      third nonresonant nanocavity using an optical control pulse. We obtain a high
      transfer efficiency of ~90% with a photon lifetime of ~200 ps.

PMID- 27386531
TI  - A global quantification of "normal" sleep schedules using smartphone data.
AB  - The influence of the circadian clock on sleep scheduling has been studied
      extensively in the laboratory; however, the effects of society on sleep remain
      largely unquantified. We show how a smartphone app that we have developed,
      ENTRAIN, accurately collects data on sleep habits around the world. Through
      mathematical modeling and statistics, we find that social pressures weaken and/or
      conceal biological drives in the evening, leading individuals to delay their
      bedtime and shorten their sleep. A country's average bedtime, but not average
      wake time, predicts sleep duration. We further show that mathematical models
      based on controlled laboratory experiments predict qualitative trends in sunrise,
      sunset, and light level; however, these effects are attenuated in the real world
      around bedtime. Additionally, we find that women schedule more sleep than men and
      that users reporting that they are typically exposed to outdoor light go to sleep
      earlier and sleep more than those reporting indoor light. Finally, we find that
      age is the primary determinant of sleep timing, and that age plays an important
      role in the variability of population-level sleep habits. This work better
      defines and personalizes "normal" sleep, produces hypotheses for future testing
      in the laboratory, and suggests important ways to counteract the global sleep
      crisis.

PMID- 27386528
TI  - Carbon sequestration potential of second-growth forest regeneration in the Latin
      American tropics.
AB  - Regrowth of tropical secondary forests following complete or nearly complete
      removal of forest vegetation actively stores carbon in aboveground biomass,
      partially counterbalancing carbon emissions from deforestation, forest
      degradation, burning of fossil fuels, and other anthropogenic sources. We
      estimate the age and spatial extent of lowland second-growth forests in the Latin
      American tropics and model their potential aboveground carbon accumulation over
      four decades. Our model shows that, in 2008, second-growth forests (1 to 60 years
      old) covered 2.4 million km(2) of land (28.1% of the total study area). Over 40
      years, these lands can potentially accumulate a total aboveground carbon stock of
      8.48 Pg C (petagrams of carbon) in aboveground biomass via low-cost natural
      regeneration or assisted regeneration, corresponding to a total CO2 sequestration
      of 31.09 Pg CO2. This total is equivalent to carbon emissions from fossil fuel
      use and industrial processes in all of Latin America and the Caribbean from 1993
      to 2014. Ten countries account for 95% of this carbon storage potential, led by
      Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. We model future land-use scenarios to
      guide national carbon mitigation policies. Permitting natural regeneration on 40%
      of lowland pastures potentially stores an additional 2.0 Pg C over 40 years. Our
      study provides information and maps to guide national-level forest-based carbon
      mitigation plans on the basis of estimated rates of natural regeneration and
      pasture abandonment. Coupled with avoided deforestation and sustainable forest
      management, natural regeneration of second-growth forests provides a low-cost
      mechanism that yields a high carbon sequestration potential with multiple
      benefits for biodiversity and ecosystem services.

PMID- 27386532
TI  - Chemical vapor deposition synthesis of near-zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes
      with stable tube-catalyst interface.
AB  - Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth is regarded as the most promising method
      for realizing structure-specific single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) growth. In
      the past 20 years, many efforts dedicated to chirality-selective SWNT growth
      using various strategies have been reported. However, normal CVD growth under
      constant conditions could not fully optimize the chirality because the randomly
      formed cap structure allows the nucleation of all types of SWNTs and the
      chirality of an SWNT is unlikely to be changed during the following elongation
      process. We report a new CVD process that allows temperature to be periodically
      changed to vary SWNT chirality multiple times during elongation to build up the
      energetically preferred SWNT-catalyst interface. With this strategy, SWNTs with
      small helix angles (less than 10 degrees ), which are predicted to have lower
      interfacial formation energy than others, are enriched up to ~72%. Kinetic
      analysis of the process suggests a multiple redistribution feature whereby a
      large chiral angle SWNT tends to reach the near-zigzag chirality step by step
      with a small chiral angle change at each step, and hence, we named this method
      "tandem plate CVD." This method opens a door to synthesizing chirality-selective
      SWNTs by rational catalyst design.

PMID- 27386533
TI  - Measurement of a vacuum-induced geometric phase.
AB  - Berry's geometric phase naturally appears when a quantum system is driven by an
      external field whose parameters are slowly and cyclically changed. A variation in
      the coupling between the system and the external field can also give rise to a
      geometric phase, even when the field is in the vacuum state or any other Fock
      state. We demonstrate the appearance of a vacuum-induced Berry phase in an
      artificial atom, a superconducting transmon, interacting with a single mode of a
      microwave cavity. As we vary the phase of the interaction, the artificial atom
      acquires a geometric phase determined by the path traced out in the combined
      Hilbert space of the atom and the quantum field. Our ability to control this
      phase opens new possibilities for the geometric manipulation of atom-cavity
      systems also in the context of quantum information processing.

PMID- 27386534
TI  - Experimental river delta size set by multiple floods and backwater hydrodynamics.
AB  - River deltas worldwide are currently under threat of drowning and destruction by
      sea-level rise, subsidence, and oceanic storms, highlighting the need to quantify
      their growth processes. Deltas are built through construction of sediment lobes,
      and emerging theories suggest that the size of delta lobes scales with backwater
      hydrodynamics, but these ideas are difficult to test on natural deltas that
      evolve slowly. We show results of the first laboratory delta built through
      successive deposition of lobes that maintain a constant size. We show that the
      characteristic size of delta lobes emerges because of a preferential avulsion
      node-the location where the river course periodically and abruptly shifts-that
      remains fixed spatially relative to the prograding shoreline. The preferential
      avulsion node in our experiments is a consequence of multiple river floods and
      Froude-subcritical flows that produce persistent nonuniform flows and a peak in
      net channel deposition within the backwater zone of the coastal river. In
      contrast, experimental deltas without multiple floods produce flows with uniform
      velocities and delta lobes that lack a characteristic size. Results have broad
      applications to sustainable management of deltas and for decoding their
      stratigraphic record on Earth and Mars.

PMID- 27386535
TI  - Ecosystem context and historical contingency in apex predator recoveries.
AB  - Habitat loss, overexploitation, and numerous other stressors have caused global
      declines in apex predators. This "trophic downgrading" has generated widespread
      concern because of the fundamental role that apex predators can play in ecosystem
      functioning, disease regulation, and biodiversity maintenance. In attempts to
      combat declines, managers have conducted reintroductions, imposed stricter
      harvest regulations, and implemented protected areas. We suggest that full
      recovery of viable apex predator populations is currently the exception rather
      than the rule. We argue that, in addition to well-known considerations, such as
      continued exploitation and slow life histories, there are several
      underappreciated factors that complicate predator recoveries. These factors
      include three challenges. First, a priori identification of the suite of trophic
      interactions, such as resource limitation and competition that will influence
      recovery can be difficult. Second, defining and accomplishing predator recovery
      in the context of a dynamic ecosystem requires an appreciation of the timing of
      recovery, which can determine the relative density of apex predators and other
      predators and therefore affect competitive outcomes. Third, successful recovery
      programs require designing adaptive sequences of management strategies that
      embrace key environmental and species interactions as they emerge. Consideration
      of recent research on food web modules, alternative stable states, and community
      assembly offer important insights for predator recovery efforts and restoration
      ecology more generally. Foremost among these is the importance of a social
      ecological perspective in facilitating a long-lasting predator restoration while
      avoiding unintended consequences.

PMID- 27386537
TI  - Laser vaporization of cirrus-like ice particles with secondary ice
      multiplication.
AB  - We investigate the interaction of ultrashort laser filaments with individual 90
      MUm ice particles, representative of cirrus particles. The ice particles fragment
      under laser illumination. By monitoring the evolution of the corresponding
      ice/vapor system at up to 140,000 frames per second over 30 ms, we conclude that
      a shockwave vaporization supersaturates the neighboring region relative to ice,
      allowing the nucleation and growth of new ice particles, supported by laser
      induced plasma photochemistry. This process constitutes the first direct
      observation of filament-induced secondary ice multiplication, a process that
      strongly modifies the particle size distribution and, thus, the albedo of typical
      cirrus clouds.

PMID- 27386536
TI  - Synchronization of optical photons for quantum information processing.
AB  - A fundamental element of quantum information processing with photonic qubits is
      the nonclassical quantum interference between two photons when they bunch
      together via the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) effect. Ultimately, many such photons must
      be processed in complex interferometric networks. For this purpose, it is
      essential to synchronize the arrival times of the flying photons and to keep
      their purities high. On the basis of the recent experimental success of single
      photon storage with high purity, we demonstrate for the first time the HOM
      interference of two heralded, nearly pure optical photons synchronized through
      two independent quantum memories. Controlled storage times of up to 1.8 MUs for
      about 90 events per second were achieved with purities that were sufficiently
      high for a negative Wigner function confirmed with homodyne measurements.

PMID- 27386538
TI  - Multiple hot-carrier collection in photo-excited graphene Moire superlattices.
AB  - In conventional light-harvesting devices, the absorption of a single photon only
      excites one electron, which sets the standard limit of power-conversion
      efficiency, such as the Shockley-Queisser limit. In principle, generating and
      harnessing multiple carriers per absorbed photon can improve efficiency and
      possibly overcome this limit. We report the observation of multiple hot-carrier
      collection in graphene/boron-nitride Moire superlattice structures. A record-high
      zero-bias photoresponsivity of 0.3 A/W (equivalently, an external quantum
      efficiency exceeding 50%) is achieved using graphene's photo-Nernst effect, which
      demonstrates a collection of at least five carriers per absorbed photon. We
      reveal that this effect arises from the enhanced Nernst coefficient through
      Lifshtiz transition at low-energy Van Hove singularities, which is an emergent
      phenomenon due to the formation of Moire minibands. Our observation points to a
      new means for extremely efficient and flexible optoelectronics based on van der
      Waals heterostructures.

PMID- 27386539
TI  - Representing higher-order dependencies in networks.
AB  - To ensure the correctness of network analysis methods, the network (as the input)
      has to be a sufficiently accurate representation of the underlying data. However,
      when representing sequential data from complex systems, such as global shipping
      traffic or Web clickstream traffic as networks, conventional network
      representations that implicitly assume the Markov property (first-order
      dependency) can quickly become limiting. This assumption holds that, when
      movements are simulated on the network, the next movement depends only on the
      current node, discounting the fact that the movement may depend on several
      previous steps. However, we show that data derived from many complex systems can
      show up to fifth-order dependencies. In these cases, the oversimplifying
      assumption of the first-order network representation can lead to inaccurate
      network analysis results. To address this problem, we propose the higher-order
      network (HON) representation that can discover and embed variable orders of
      dependencies in a network representation. Through a comprehensive empirical
      evaluation and analysis, we establish several desirable characteristics of HON,
      including accuracy, scalability, and direct compatibility with the existing suite
      of network analysis methods. We illustrate how HON can be applied to a broad
      variety of tasks, such as random walking, clustering, and ranking, and we
      demonstrate that, by using it as input, HON yields more accurate results without
      any modification to these tasks.

PMID- 27386540
TI  - Arrays of microscopic organic LEDs for high-resolution optogenetics.
AB  - Optogenetics is a paradigm-changing new method to study and manipulate the
      behavior of cells with light. Following major advances of the used genetic
      constructs over the last decade, the light sources required for optogenetic
      control are now receiving increased attention. We report a novel optogenetic
      illumination platform based on high-density arrays of microscopic organic light
      emitting diodes (OLEDs). Because of the small dimensions of each array element (6
      * 9 MUm(2)) and the use of ultrathin device encapsulation, these arrays enable
      illumination of cells with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We show that
      adherent eukaryotic cells readily proliferate on these arrays, and we demonstrate
      specific light-induced control of the ionic current across the membrane of
      individual live cells expressing different optogenetic constructs. Our work paves
      the way for the use of OLEDs for cell-specific optogenetic control in cultured
      neuronal networks and for acute brain slices, or as implants in vivo.

PMID- 27386542
TI  - Biomimetic gyroid nanostructures exceeding their natural origins.
AB  - Using optical two-beam lithography with improved resolution and enhanced
      mechanical strength, we demonstrate the replication of gyroid photonic
      nanostructures found in the butterfly Callophrys rubi. These artificial
      structures are shown to have size, controllability, and uniformity that are
      superior to those of their biological counterparts. In particular, the elastic
      Young's modulus of fabricated nanowires is enhanced by up to 20%. As such, the
      circular dichroism enabled by the gyroid nanostructures can operate in the near
      ultraviolet wavelength region, shorter than that supported by the natural
      butterfly wings of C. rubi. This fabrication technique provides a unique tool for
      extracting three-dimensional photonic designs from nature and will aid the
      investigation of biomimetic nanostructures.

PMID- 27386541
TI  - Remarkable enhancement of charge carrier mobility of conjugated polymer field
      effect transistors upon incorporating an ionic additive.
AB  - Organic semiconductors with high charge carrier mobilities are crucial for
      flexible electronic applications. Apart from designing new conjugated frameworks,
      different strategies have been explored to increase charge carrier mobilities. We
      report a new and simple approach to enhancing the charge carrier mobility of DPP
      thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-conjugated polymer by incorporating an ionic additive,
      tetramethylammonium iodide, without extra treatments into the polymer. The
      resulting thin films exhibit a very high hole mobility, which is higher by a
      factor of 24 than that of thin films without the ionic additive under the same
      conditions. On the basis of spectroscopic grazing incidence wide-angle x-ray
      scattering and atomic force microscopy studies as well as theoretical
      calculations, the remarkable enhancement of charge mobility upon addition of
      tetramethylammonium iodide is attributed primarily to an inhibition of the
      torsion of the alkyl side chains by the presence of the ionic species,
      facilitating a more ordered lamellar packing of the alkyl side chains and
      interchain pi-pi interactions.

PMID- 27386543
TI  - Proton conductivity in ampullae of Lorenzini jelly.
AB  - In 1678, Stefano Lorenzini first described a network of organs of unknown
      function in the torpedo ray-the ampullae of Lorenzini (AoL). An individual
      ampulla consists of a pore on the skin that is open to the environment, a canal
      containing a jelly and leading to an alveolus with a series of electrosensing
      cells. The role of the AoL remained a mystery for almost 300 years until research
      demonstrated that skates, sharks, and rays detect very weak electric fields
      produced by a potential prey. The AoL jelly likely contributes to this
      electrosensing function, yet the exact details of this contribution remain
      unclear. We measure the proton conductivity of the AoL jelly extracted from
      skates and sharks. The room-temperature proton conductivity of the AoL jelly is
      very high at 2 +/- 1 mS/cm. This conductivity is only 40-fold lower than the
      current state-of-the-art proton-conducting polymer Nafion, and it is the highest
      reported for a biological material so far. We suggest that keratan sulfate,
      identified previously in the AoL jelly and confirmed here, may contribute to the
      high proton conductivity of the AoL jelly with its sulfate groups-acid groups and
      proton donors. We hope that the observed high proton conductivity of the AoL
      jelly may contribute to future studies of the AoL function.

PMID- 27386544
TI  - Rapid oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere 2.33 billion years ago.
AB  - Molecular oxygen (O2) is, and has been, a primary driver of biological evolution
      and shapes the contemporary landscape of Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Although
      "whiffs" of oxygen have been documented in the Archean atmosphere, substantial O2
      did not accumulate irreversibly until the Early Paleoproterozoic, during what has
      been termed the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE). The timing of the GOE and the rate
      at which this oxygenation took place have been poorly constrained until now. We
      report the transition (that is, from being mass-independent to becoming mass
      dependent) in multiple sulfur isotope signals of diagenetic pyrite in a
      continuous sedimentary sequence in three coeval drill cores in the Transvaal
      Supergroup, South Africa. These data precisely constrain the GOE to 2.33 billion
      years ago. The new data suggest that the oxygenation occurred rapidly-within 1 to
      10 million years-and was followed by a slower rise in the ocean sulfate
      inventory. Our data indicate that a climate perturbation predated the GOE,
      whereas the relationships among GOE, "Snowball Earth" glaciation, and
      biogeochemical cycling will require further stratigraphic correlation supported
      with precise chronologies and paleolatitude reconstructions.

PMID- 27386545
TI  - Hydrogen atoms can be located accurately and precisely by x-ray crystallography.
AB  - Precise and accurate structural information on hydrogen atoms is crucial to the
      study of energies of interactions important for crystal engineering, materials
      science, medicine, and pharmacy, and to the estimation of physical and chemical
      properties in solids. However, hydrogen atoms only scatter x-radiation weakly, so
      x-rays have not been used routinely to locate them accurately. Textbooks and
      teaching classes still emphasize that hydrogen atoms cannot be located with x
      rays close to heavy elements; instead, neutron diffraction is needed. We show
      that, contrary to widespread expectation, hydrogen atoms can be located very
      accurately using x-ray diffraction, yielding bond lengths involving hydrogen
      atoms (A-H) that are in agreement with results from neutron diffraction mostly
      within a single standard deviation. The precision of the determination is also
      comparable between x-ray and neutron diffraction results. This has been achieved
      at resolutions as low as 0.8 A using Hirshfeld atom refinement (HAR). We have
      applied HAR to 81 crystal structures of organic molecules and compared the A-H
      bond lengths with those from neutron measurements for A-H bonds sorted into bonds
      of the same class. We further show in a selection of inorganic compounds that
      hydrogen atoms can be located in bridging positions and close to heavy transition
      metals accurately and precisely. We anticipate that, in the future, conventional
      x-radiation sources at in-house diffractometers can be used routinely for
      locating hydrogen atoms in small molecules accurately instead of large-scale
      facilities such as spallation sources or nuclear reactors.

PMID- 27386548
TI  - Experimental evidence supports mantle partial melting in the asthenosphere.
AB  - The low-velocity zone (LVZ) is a persistent seismic feature in a broad range of
      geological contexts. It coincides in depth with the asthenosphere, a mantle
      region of lowered viscosity that may be essential to enabling plate motions. The
      LVZ has been proposed to originate from either partial melting or a change in the
      rheological properties of solid mantle minerals. The two scenarios imply
      drastically distinct physical and geochemical states, leading to fundamentally
      different conclusions on the dynamics of plate tectonics. We report in situ
      ultrasonic velocity measurements on a series of partially molten samples,
      composed of mixtures of olivine plus 0.1 to 4.0 volume % of basalt, under
      conditions relevant to the LVZ. Our measurements provide direct compressional (V
      P) and shear (V S) wave velocities and constrain attenuation as a function of
      melt fraction. Mantle partial melting appears to be a viable origin for the LVZ,
      for melt fractions as low as ~0.2%. In contrast, the presence of volatile
      elements appears necessary to explaining the extremely high V P/V S values
      observed in some local areas. The presence of melt in LVZ could play a major role
      in the dynamics of plate tectonics, favoring the decoupling of the plate relative
      to the asthenosphere.

PMID- 27386547
TI  - Structural basis for regulation of human calcium-sensing receptor by magnesium
      ions and an unexpected tryptophan derivative co-agonist.
AB  - Ca(2+)-sensing receptors (CaSRs) modulate calcium and magnesium homeostasis and
      many (patho)physiological processes by responding to extracellular stimuli,
      including divalent cations and amino acids. We report the first crystal structure
      of the extracellular domain (ECD) of human CaSR bound with Mg(2+) and a
      tryptophan derivative ligand at 2.1 A. The structure reveals key determinants for
      cooperative activation by metal ions and aromatic amino acids. The unexpected
      tryptophan derivative was bound in the hinge region between two globular ECD
      subdomains, and represents a novel high-affinity co-agonist of CaSR. The
      dissection of structure-function relations by mutagenesis, biochemical, and
      functional studies provides insights into the molecular basis of human diseases
      arising from CaSR mutations. The data also provide a novel paradigm for
      understanding the mechanism of CaSR-mediated signaling that is likely shared by
      the other family C GPCR [G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding
      protein)-coupled receptor] members and can facilitate the development of novel
      CaSR-based therapeutics.

PMID- 27386549
TI  - Anticyclonic eddies are more productive than cyclonic eddies in subtropical gyres
      because of winter mixing.
AB  - Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous features of ocean circulation that modulate the
      supply of nutrients to the upper sunlit ocean, influencing the rates of carbon
      fixation and export. The popular eddy-pumping paradigm implies that nutrient
      fluxes are enhanced in cyclonic eddies because of upwelling inside the eddy,
      leading to higher phytoplankton production. We show that this view does not hold
      for a substantial portion of eddies within oceanic subtropical gyres, the largest
      ecosystems in the ocean. Using space-based measurements and a global
      biogeochemical model, we demonstrate that during winter when subtropical eddies
      are most productive, there is increased chlorophyll in anticyclones compared with
      cyclones in all subtropical gyres (by 3.6 to 16.7% for the five basins). The
      model suggests that this is a consequence of the modulation of winter mixing by
      eddies. These results establish a new paradigm for anticyclonic eddies in
      subtropical gyres and could have important implications for the biological carbon
      pump and the global carbon cycle.

PMID- 27386546
TI  - Fundamentals of cancer metabolism.
AB  - Tumors reprogram pathways of nutrient acquisition and metabolism to meet the
      bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and redox demands of malignant cells. These
      reprogrammed activities are now recognized as hallmarks of cancer, and recent
      work has uncovered remarkable flexibility in the specific pathways activated by
      tumor cells to support these key functions. In this perspective, we provide a
      conceptual framework to understand how and why metabolic reprogramming occurs in
      tumor cells, and the mechanisms linking altered metabolism to tumorigenesis and
      metastasis. Understanding these concepts will progressively support the
      development of new strategies to treat human cancer.

PMID- 27386550
TI  - Prebiotic chemicals-amino acid and phosphorus-in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov
      Gerasimenko.
AB  - The importance of comets for the origin of life on Earth has been advocated for
      many decades. Amino acids are key ingredients in chemistry, leading to life as we
      know it. Many primitive meteorites contain amino acids, and it is generally
      believed that these are formed by aqueous alterations. In the collector aerogel
      and foil samples of the Stardust mission after the flyby at comet Wild 2, the
      simplest form of amino acids, glycine, has been found together with precursor
      molecules methylamine and ethylamine. Because of contamination issues of the
      samples, a cometary origin was deduced from the (13)C isotopic signature. We
      report the presence of volatile glycine accompanied by methylamine and ethylamine
      in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured by the ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter
      Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) mass spectrometer, confirming the
      Stardust results. Together with the detection of phosphorus and a multitude of
      organic molecules, this result demonstrates that comets could have played a
      crucial role in the emergence of life on Earth.

PMID- 27386552
TI  - Oxyhalides: A new class of high-T C multiferroic materials.
AB  - Magnetoelectric multiferroics have attracted enormous attention in the past years
      because of their high potential for applications in electronic devices, which
      arises from the intrinsic coupling between magnetic and ferroelectric ordering
      parameters. The initial finding in TbMnO3 has triggered the search for other
      multiferroics with higher ordering temperatures and strong magnetoelectric
      coupling for applications. To date, spin-driven multiferroicity is found mainly
      in oxides, as well as in a few halogenides. We report multiferroic properties for
      synthetic melanothallite Cu2OCl2, which is the first discovery of multiferroicity
      in a transition metal oxyhalide. Measurements of pyrocurrent and the dielectric
      constant in Cu2OCl2 reveal ferroelectricity below the Neel temperature of ~70 K.
      Thus, melanothallite belongs to a new class of multiferroic materials with an
      exceptionally high critical temperature. Powder neutron diffraction measurements
      reveal an incommensurate magnetic structure below T N, and all magnetic
      reflections can be indexed with a propagation vector [0.827(7), 0, 0], thus
      discarding the claimed pyrochlore-like "all-in-all-out" spin structure for
      Cu2OCl2, and indicating that this transition metal oxyhalide is, indeed, a spin
      induced multiferroic material.

PMID- 27386551
TI  - Tumor-homing peptides as tools for targeted delivery of payloads to the placenta.
AB  - The availability of therapeutics to treat pregnancy complications is severely
      lacking mainly because of the risk of causing harm to the fetus. As enhancement
      of placental growth and function can alleviate maternal symptoms and improve
      fetal growth in animal models, we have developed a method for targeted delivery
      of payloads to the placenta. We show that the tumor-homing peptide sequences
      CGKRK and iRGD bind selectively to the placental surface of humans and mice and
      do not interfere with normal development. Peptide-coated nanoparticles
      intravenously injected into pregnant mice accumulated within the mouse placenta,
      whereas control nanoparticles exhibited reduced binding and/or fetal transfer. We
      used targeted liposomes to efficiently deliver cargoes of carboxyfluorescein and
      insulin-like growth factor 2 to the mouse placenta; the latter significantly
      increased mean placental weight when administered to healthy animals and
      significantly improved fetal weight distribution in a well-characterized model of
      fetal growth restriction. These data provide proof of principle for targeted
      delivery of drugs to the placenta and provide a novel platform for the
      development of placenta-specific therapeutics.

PMID- 27386553
TI  - Pre-Clovis occupation 14,550 years ago at the Page-Ladson site, Florida, and the
      peopling of the Americas.
AB  - Stone tools and mastodon bones occur in an undisturbed geological context at the
      Page-Ladson site, Florida. Seventy-one radiocarbon ages show that ~14,550
      calendar years ago (cal yr B.P.), people butchered or scavenged a mastodon next
      to a pond in a bedrock sinkhole within the Aucilla River. This occupation surface
      was buried by ~4 m of sediment during the late Pleistocene marine transgression,
      which also left the site submerged. Sporormiella and other proxy evidence from
      the sediments indicate that hunter-gatherers along the Gulf Coastal Plain
      coexisted with and utilized megafauna for ~2000 years before these animals became
      extinct at ~12,600 cal yr B.P. Page-Ladson expands our understanding of the
      earliest colonizers of the Americas and human-megafauna interaction before
      extinction.

PMID- 27386554
TI  - Encapsulation-free controlled release: Electrostatic adsorption eliminates the
      need for protein encapsulation in PLGA nanoparticles.
AB  - Encapsulation of therapeutic molecules within polymer particles is a well
      established method for achieving controlled release, yet challenges such as low
      loading, poor encapsulation efficiency, and loss of protein activity limit
      clinical translation. Despite this, the paradigm for the use of polymer particles
      in drug delivery has remained essentially unchanged for several decades. By
      taking advantage of the adsorption of protein therapeutics to poly(lactic-co
      glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, we demonstrate controlled release without
      encapsulation. In fact, we obtain identical, burst-free, extended-release
      profiles for three different protein therapeutics with and without encapsulation
      in PLGA nanoparticles embedded within a hydrogel. Using both positively and
      negatively charged proteins, we show that short-range electrostatic interactions
      between the proteins and the PLGA nanoparticles are the underlying mechanism for
      controlled release. Moreover, we demonstrate tunable release by modifying
      nanoparticle concentration, nanoparticle size, or environmental pH. These new
      insights obviate the need for encapsulation and offer promising, translatable
      strategies for a more effective delivery of therapeutic biomolecules.

PMID- 27386555
TI  - Enhanced economic connectivity to foster heat stress-related losses.
AB  - Assessing global impacts of unexpected meteorological events in an increasingly
      connected world economy is important for estimating the costs of climate change.
      We show that since the beginning of the 21st century, the structural evolution of
      the global supply network has been such as to foster an increase of climate
      related production losses. We compute first- and higher-order losses from heat
      stress-induced reductions in productivity under changing economic and climatic
      conditions between 1991 and 2011. Since 2001, the economic connectivity has
      augmented in such a way as to facilitate the cascading of production loss. The
      influence of this structural change has dominated over the effect of the
      comparably weak climate warming during this decade. Thus, particularly under
      future warming, the intensification of international trade has the potential to
      amplify climate losses if no adaptation measures are taken.

PMID- 27386556
TI  - Organic core-sheath nanowire artificial synapses with femtojoule energy
      consumption.
AB  - Emulation of biological synapses is an important step toward construction of
      large-scale brain-inspired electronics. Despite remarkable progress in emulating
      synaptic functions, current synaptic devices still consume energy that is orders
      of magnitude greater than do biological synapses (~10 fJ per synaptic event).
      Reduction of energy consumption of artificial synapses remains a difficult
      challenge. We report organic nanowire (ONW) synaptic transistors (STs) that
      emulate the important working principles of a biological synapse. The ONWs
      emulate the morphology of nerve fibers. With a core-sheath-structured ONW active
      channel and a well-confined 300-nm channel length obtained using ONW lithography,
      ~1.23 fJ per synaptic event for individual ONW was attained, which rivals that of
      biological synapses. The ONW STs provide a significant step toward realizing low
      energy-consuming artificial intelligent electronics and open new approaches to
      assembling soft neuromorphic systems with nanometer feature size.

PMID- 27386558
TI  - Global warming without global mean precipitation increase?
AB  - Global climate models simulate a robust increase of global mean precipitation of
      about 1.5 to 2% per kelvin surface warming in response to greenhouse gas (GHG)
      forcing. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity to aerosol cooling is robust as
      well, albeit roughly twice as large. This larger sensitivity is consistent with
      energy budget arguments. At the same time, it is still considerably lower than
      the 6.5 to 7% K(-1) decrease of the water vapor concentration with cooling from
      anthropogenic aerosol because the water vapor radiative feedback lowers the
      hydrological sensitivity to anthropogenic forcings. When GHG and aerosol forcings
      are combined, the climate models with a realistic 20th century warming indicate
      that the global mean precipitation increase due to GHG warming has, until
      recently, been completely masked by aerosol drying. This explains the apparent
      lack of sensitivity of the global mean precipitation to the net global warming
      recently found in observations. As the importance of GHG warming increases in the
      future, a clear signal will emerge.

PMID- 27386557
TI  - Edge-selenated graphene nanoplatelets as durable metal-free catalysts for iodine
      reduction reaction in dye-sensitized solar cells.
AB  - Metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)
      are sufficiently active in Co(II)/Co(III) electrolytes but are not satisfactory
      in the most commonly used iodide/triiodide (I(-)/I3 (-)) electrolytes. Thus,
      developing active and stable metal-free electrocatalysts in both electrolytes is
      one of the most important issues in DSSC research. We report the synthesis of
      edge-selenated graphene nanoplatelets (SeGnPs) prepared by a simple
      mechanochemical reaction between graphite and selenium (Se) powders, and their
      application to the counter electrode (CE) for DSSCs in both I(-)/I3 (-) and
      Co(II)/Co(III) electrolytes. The edge-selective doping and the preservation of
      the pristine graphene basal plane in the SeGnPs were confirmed by various
      analytical techniques, including atomic-resolution transmission electron
      microscopy. Tested as the DSSC CE in both Co(bpy)3 (2+/3+) (bpy = 2,2'
      bipyridine) and I(-)/I3 (-) electrolytes, the SeGnP-CEs exhibited outstanding
      electrocatalytic performance with ultimately high stability. The SeGnP-CE-based
      DSSCs displayed a higher photovoltaic performance than did the Pt-CE-based DSSCs
      in both SM315 sensitizer with Co(bpy)3 (2+/3+) and N719 sensitizer with I(-)/I3 (
      ) electrolytes. Furthermore, the I3 (-) reduction mechanism, which has not been
      fully understood in carbon-based CE materials to date, was clarified by an
      electrochemical kinetics study combined with density functional theory and
      nonequilibrium Green's function calculations.

PMID- 27386559
TI  - Efficient and selective degradation of polyethylenes into liquid fuels and waxes
      under mild conditions.
AB  - Polyethylene (PE) is the largest-volume synthetic polymer, and its chemical
      inertness makes its degradation by low-energy processes a challenging problem. We
      report a tandem catalytic cross alkane metathesis method for highly efficient
      degradation of polyethylenes under mild conditions. With the use of widely
      available, low-value, short alkanes (for example, petroleum ethers) as cross
      metathesis partners, different types of polyethylenes with various molecular
      weights undergo complete conversion into useful liquid fuels and waxes. This
      method shows excellent selectivity for linear alkane formation, and the
      degradation product distribution (liquid fuels versus waxes) can be controlled by
      the catalyst structure and reaction time. In addition, the catalysts are
      compatible with various polyolefin additives; therefore, common plastic wastes,
      such as postconsumer polyethylene bottles, bags, and films could be converted
      into valuable chemical feedstocks without any pretreatment.

PMID- 27386560
TI  - A highly shape-adaptive, stretchable design based on conductive liquid for energy
      harvesting and self-powered biomechanical monitoring.
AB  - The rapid growth of deformable and stretchable electronics calls for a deformable
      and stretchable power source. We report a scalable approach for energy harvesters
      and self-powered sensors that can be highly deformable and stretchable. With
      conductive liquid contained in a polymer cover, a shape-adaptive triboelectric
      nanogenerator (saTENG) unit can effectively harvest energy in various working
      modes. The saTENG can maintain its performance under a strain of as large as
      300%. The saTENG is so flexible that it can be conformed to any three-dimensional
      and curvilinear surface. We demonstrate applications of the saTENG as a wearable
      power source and self-powered sensor to monitor biomechanical motion. A bracelet
      like saTENG worn on the wrist can light up more than 80 light-emitting diodes.
      Owing to the highly scalable manufacturing process, the saTENG can be easily
      applied for large-area energy harvesting. In addition, the saTENG can be extended
      to extract energy from mechanical motion using flowing water as the electrode.
      This approach provides a new prospect for deformable and stretchable power
      sources, as well as self-powered sensors, and has potential applications in
      various areas such as robotics, biomechanics, physiology, kinesiology, and
      entertainment.

PMID- 27386561
TI  - Dopamine D1 signaling organizes network dynamics underlying working memory.
AB  - Local prefrontal dopamine signaling supports working memory by tuning pyramidal
      neurons to task-relevant stimuli. Enabled by simultaneous positron emission
      tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI), we determined whether
      neuromodulatory effects of dopamine scale to the level of cortical networks and
      coordinate their interplay during working memory. Among network territories, mean
      cortical D1 receptor densities differed substantially but were strongly
      interrelated, suggesting cross-network regulation. Indeed, mean cortical D1
      density predicted working memory-emergent decoupling of the frontoparietal and
      default networks, which respectively manage task-related and internal stimuli. In
      contrast, striatal D1 predicted opposing effects within these two networks but no
      between-network effects. These findings specifically link cortical dopamine
      signaling to network crosstalk that redirects cognitive resources to working
      memory, echoing neuromodulatory effects of D1 signaling on the level of cortical
      microcircuits.

PMID- 27386564
TI  - Women's connectivity in extreme networks.
AB  - A popular stereotype is that women will play more minor roles than men as
      environments become more dangerous and aggressive. Our analysis of new
      longitudinal data sets from offline and online operational networks [for example,
      ISIS (Islamic State)] shows that although men dominate numerically, women emerge
      with superior network connectivity that can benefit the underlying system's
      robustness and survival. Our observations suggest new female-centric approaches
      that could be used to affect such networks. They also raise questions about how
      individual contributions in high-pressure systems are evaluated.

PMID- 27386563
TI  - Synergistic roles of climate warming and human occupation in Patagonian
      megafaunal extinctions during the Last Deglaciation.
AB  - The causes of Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions (60,000 to 11,650 years
      ago, hereafter 60 to 11.65 ka) remain contentious, with major phases coinciding
      with both human arrival and climate change around the world. The Americas provide
      a unique opportunity to disentangle these factors as human colonization took
      place over a narrow time frame (~15 to 14.6 ka) but during contrasting
      temperature trends across each continent. Unfortunately, limited data sets in
      South America have so far precluded detailed comparison. We analyze genetic and
      radiocarbon data from 89 and 71 Patagonian megafaunal bones, respectively, more
      than doubling the high-quality Pleistocene megafaunal radiocarbon data sets from
      the region. We identify a narrow megafaunal extinction phase 12,280 +/- 110 years
      ago, some 1 to 3 thousand years after initial human presence in the area.
      Although humans arrived immediately prior to a cold phase, the Antarctic Cold
      Reversal stadial, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until the stadial finished
      and the subsequent warming phase commenced some 1 to 3 thousand years later. The
      increased resolution provided by the Patagonian material reveals that the
      sequence of climate and extinction events in North and South America were
      temporally inverted, but in both cases, megafaunal extinctions did not occur
      until human presence and climate warming coincided. Overall, metapopulation
      processes involving subpopulation connectivity on a continental scale appear to
      have been critical for megafaunal species survival of both climate change and
      human impacts.

PMID- 27386565
TI  - Efficient solar-driven water splitting by nanocone BiVO4-perovskite tandem cells.
AB  - Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has been widely regarded as a promising photoanode
      material for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting because of its low cost,
      its high stability against photocorrosion, and its relatively narrow band gap of
      2.4 eV. However, the achieved performance of the BiVO4 photoanode remains
      unsatisfactory to date because its short carrier diffusion length restricts the
      total thickness of the BiVO4 film required for sufficient light absorption. We
      addressed the issue by deposition of nanoporous Mo-doped BiVO4 (Mo:BiVO4) on an
      engineered cone-shaped nanostructure, in which the Mo:BiVO4 layer with a larger
      effective thickness maintains highly efficient charge separation and high light
      absorption capability, which can be further enhanced by multiple light scattering
      in the nanocone structure. As a result, the nanocone/Mo:BiVO4/Fe(Ni)OOH
      photoanode exhibits a high water-splitting photocurrent of 5.82 +/- 0.36 mA cm(
      2) at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode under 1-sun illumination.
      We also demonstrate that the PEC cell in tandem with a single perovskite solar
      cell exhibits unassisted water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen conversion
      efficiency of up to 6.2%.

PMID- 27386562
TI  - Novel multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci implicated in epigenetic regulation.
AB  - We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on multiple sclerosis (MS)
      susceptibility in German cohorts with 4888 cases and 10,395 controls. In addition
      to associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, 15 non
      MHC loci reached genome-wide significance. Four of these loci are novel MS
      susceptibility loci. They map to the genes L3MBTL3, MAZ, ERG, and SHMT1. The lead
      variant at SHMT1 was replicated in an independent Sardinian cohort. Products of
      the genes L3MBTL3, MAZ, and ERG play important roles in immune cell regulation.
      SHMT1 encodes a serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzing the transfer of a
      carbon unit to the folate cycle. This reaction is required for regulation of
      methylation homeostasis, which is important for establishment and maintenance of
      epigenetic signatures. Our GWAS approach in a defined population with limited
      genetic substructure detected associations not found in larger, more
      heterogeneous cohorts, thus providing new clues regarding MS pathogenesis.

PMID- 27386566
TI  - Waveguide metatronics: Lumped circuitry based on structural dispersion.
AB  - Engineering optical nanocircuits by exploiting modularization concepts and
      methods inherited from electronics may lead to multiple innovations in optical
      information processing at the nanoscale. We introduce the concept of "waveguide
      metatronics," an advanced form of optical metatronics that uses structural
      dispersion in waveguides to obtain the materials and structures required to
      construct this class of circuitry. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate
      that the design of a metatronic circuit can be carried out by using a waveguide
      filled with materials with positive permittivity. This includes the
      implementation of all "lumped" circuit elements and their assembly in a single
      circuit board. In doing so, we extend the concepts of optical metatronics to
      frequency ranges where there are no natural plasmonic materials available. The
      proposed methodology could be exploited as a platform to experimentally validate
      optical metatronic circuits in other frequency regimes, such as microwave
      frequency setups, and/or to provide a new route to design optical nanocircuitry.

PMID- 27386567
TI  - Interfacial gauge methods for incompressible fluid dynamics.
AB  - Designing numerical methods for incompressible fluid flow involving moving
      interfaces, for example, in the computational modeling of bubble dynamics,
      swimming organisms, or surface waves, presents challenges due to the coupling of
      interfacial forces with incompressibility constraints. A class of methods,
      denoted interfacial gauge methods, is introduced for computing solutions to the
      corresponding incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. These methods use a type of
      "gauge freedom" to reduce the numerical coupling between fluid velocity,
      pressure, and interface position, allowing high-order accurate numerical methods
      to be developed more easily. Making use of an implicit mesh discontinuous
      Galerkin framework, developed in tandem with this work, high-order results are
      demonstrated, including surface tension dynamics in which fluid velocity,
      pressure, and interface geometry are computed with fourth-order spatial accuracy
      in the maximum norm. Applications are demonstrated with two-phase fluid flow
      displaying fine-scaled capillary wave dynamics, rigid body fluid-structure
      interaction, and a fluid-jet free surface flow problem exhibiting vortex shedding
      induced by a type of Plateau-Rayleigh instability. The developed methods can be
      generalized to other types of interfacial flow and facilitate precise computation
      of complex fluid interface phenomena.

PMID- 27386568
TI  - Debris-carrying camouflage among diverse lineages of Cretaceous insects.
AB  - Insects have evolved diverse methods of camouflage that have played an important
      role in their evolutionary success. Debris-carrying, a behavior of actively
      harvesting and carrying exogenous materials, is among the most fascinating and
      complex behaviors because it requires not only an ability to recognize, collect,
      and carry materials but also evolutionary adaptations in related morphological
      characteristics. However, the fossil record of such behavior is extremely scarce,
      and only a single Mesozoic example from Spanish amber has been recorded;
      therefore, little is known about the early evolution of this complicated behavior
      and its underlying anatomy. We report a diverse insect assemblage of
      exceptionally preserved debris carriers from Cretaceous Burmese, French, and
      Lebanese ambers, including the earliest known chrysopoid larvae (green
      lacewings), myrmeleontoid larvae (split-footed lacewings and owlflies), and
      reduviids (assassin bugs). These ancient insects used a variety of debris
      material, including insect exoskeletons, sand grains, soil dust, leaf trichomes
      of gleicheniacean ferns, wood fibers, and other vegetal debris. They convergently
      evolved their debris-carrying behavior through multiple pathways, which expressed
      a high degree of evolutionary plasticity. We demonstrate that the behavioral
      repertoire, which is associated with considerable morphological adaptations, was
      already widespread among insects by at least the Mid-Cretaceous. Together with
      the previously known Spanish specimen, these fossils are the oldest direct
      evidence of camouflaging behavior in the fossil record. Our findings provide a
      novel insight into early evolution of camouflage in insects and ancient
      ecological associations among plants and insects.

PMID- 27386570
TI  - Gravel-bed river floodplains are the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain
      landscapes.
AB  - Gravel-bed river floodplains in mountain landscapes disproportionately
      concentrate diverse habitats, nutrient cycling, productivity of biota, and
      species interactions. Although stream ecologists know that river channel and
      floodplain habitats used by aquatic organisms are maintained by hydrologic
      regimes that mobilize gravel-bed sediments, terrestrial ecologists have largely
      been unaware of the importance of floodplain structures and processes to the life
      requirements of a wide variety of species. We provide insight into gravel-bed
      rivers as the ecological nexus of glaciated mountain landscapes. We show why
      gravel-bed river floodplains are the primary arena where interactions take place
      among aquatic, avian, and terrestrial species from microbes to grizzly bears and
      provide essential connectivity as corridors for movement for both aquatic and
      terrestrial species. Paradoxically, gravel-bed river floodplains are also
      disproportionately unprotected where human developments are concentrated.
      Structural modifications to floodplains such as roads, railways, and housing and
      hydrologic-altering hydroelectric or water storage dams have severe impacts to
      floodplain habitat diversity and productivity, restrict local and regional
      connectivity, and reduce the resilience of both aquatic and terrestrial species,
      including adaptation to climate change. To be effective, conservation efforts in
      glaciated mountain landscapes intended to benefit the widest variety of organisms
      need a paradigm shift that has gravel-bed rivers and their floodplains as the
      central focus and that prioritizes the maintenance or restoration of the intact
      structure and processes of these critically important systems throughout their
      length and breadth.

PMID- 27386569
TI  - Genomic agonism and phenotypic antagonism between estrogen and progesterone
      receptors in breast cancer.
AB  - The functional role of progesterone receptor (PR) and its impact on estrogen
      signaling in breast cancer remain controversial. In primary ER(+) (estrogen
      receptor-positive)/PR(+) human tumors, we report that PR reprograms estrogen
      signaling as a genomic agonist and a phenotypic antagonist. In isolation,
      estrogen and progestin act as genomic agonists by regulating the expression of
      common target genes in similar directions, but at different levels. Similarly, in
      isolation, progestin is also a weak phenotypic agonist of estrogen action.
      However, in the presence of both hormones, progestin behaves as a phenotypic
      estrogen antagonist. PR remodels nucleosomes to noncompetitively redirect ER
      genomic binding to distal enhancers enriched for BRCA1 binding motifs and sites
      that link PR and ER/PR complexes. When both hormones are present, progestin
      modulates estrogen action, such that responsive transcriptomes, cellular
      processes, and ER/PR recruitment to genomic sites correlate with those observed
      with PR alone, but not ER alone. Despite this overall correlation, the
      transcriptome patterns modulated by dual treatment are sufficiently different
      from individual treatments, such that antagonism of oncogenic processes is both
      predicted and observed. Combination therapies using the selective PR
      modulator/antagonist (SPRM) CDB4124 in combination with tamoxifen elicited 70%
      cytotoxic tumor regression of T47D tumor xenografts, whereas individual therapies
      inhibited tumor growth without net regression. Our findings demonstrate that PR
      redirects ER chromatin binding to antagonize estrogen signaling and that SPRMs
      can potentiate responses to antiestrogens, suggesting that cotargeting of ER and
      PR in ER(+)/PR(+) breast cancers should be explored.

PMID- 27386571
TI  - Ultrasensitive interferometric on-chip microscopy of transparent objects.
AB  - Light microscopes can detect objects through several physical processes, such as
      scattering, absorption, and reflection. In transparent objects, these mechanisms
      are often too weak, and interference effects are more suitable to observe the
      tiny refractive index variations that produce phase shifts. We propose an on-chip
      microscope design that exploits birefringence in an unconventional geometry. It
      makes use of two sheared and quasi-overlapped illuminating beams experiencing
      relative phase shifts when going through the object, and a complementary metal
      oxide-semiconductor image sensor array to record the resulting interference
      pattern. Unlike conventional microscopes, the beams are unfocused, leading to a
      very large field of view (20 mm(2)) and detection volume (more than 0.5 cm(3)),
      at the expense of lateral resolution. The high axial sensitivity (<1 nm) achieved
      using a novel phase-shifting interferometric operation makes the proposed device
      ideal for examining transparent substrates and reading microarrays of biomarkers.
      This is demonstrated by detecting nanometer-thick surface modulations on glass
      and single and double protein layers.

PMID- 27386572
TI  - The transition from linear to highly branched poly(beta-amino ester)s: Branching
      matters for gene delivery.
AB  - Nonviral gene therapy holds great promise but has not delivered treatments for
      clinical application to date. Lack of safe and efficient gene delivery vectors is
      the major hurdle. Among nonviral gene delivery vectors, poly(beta-amino ester)s
      are one of the most versatile candidates because of their wide monomer
      availability, high polymer flexibility, and superior gene transfection
      performance both in vitro and in vivo. However, to date, all research has been
      focused on vectors with a linear structure. A well-accepted view is that
      dendritic or branched polymers have greater potential as gene delivery vectors
      because of their three-dimensional structure and multiple terminal groups.
      Nevertheless, to date, the synthesis of dendritic or branched polymers has been
      proven to be a well-known challenge. We report the design and synthesis of highly
      branched poly(beta-amino ester)s (HPAEs) via a one-pot "A2 + B3 + C2"-type
      Michael addition approach and evaluate their potential as gene delivery vectors.
      We find that the branched structure can significantly enhance the transfection
      efficiency of poly(beta-amino ester)s: Up to an 8521-fold enhancement in
      transfection efficiency was observed across 12 cell types ranging from cell
      lines, primary cells, to stem cells, over their corresponding linear poly(beta
      amino ester)s (LPAEs) and the commercial transfection reagents polyethyleneimine,
      SuperFect, and Lipofectamine 2000. Moreover, we further demonstrate that HPAEs
      can correct genetic defects in vivo using a recessive dystrophic epidermolysis
      bullosa graft mouse model. Our findings prove that the A2 + B3 + C2 approach is
      highly generalizable and flexible for the design and synthesis of HPAEs, which
      cannot be achieved by the conventional polymerization approach; HPAEs are more
      efficient vectors in gene transfection than the corresponding LPAEs. This
      provides valuable insight into the development and applications of nonviral gene
      delivery and demonstrates great prospect for their translation to a clinical
      environment.

PMID- 27386573
TI  - High functional diversity stimulates diversification in experimental microbial
      communities.
AB  - There is a growing awareness that biodiversity not only drives ecosystem services
      but also affects evolutionary dynamics. However, different theories predict
      contrasting outcomes on when do evolutionary processes occur within a context of
      competition. We tested whether functional diversity can explain diversification
      patterns. We tracked the survival and diversification of a focal bacterial
      species (Pseudomonas fluorescens) growing in bacterial communities of variable
      diversity and composition. We found that high functional diversity reduced the
      fitness of the focal species and, at the same time, fostered its diversification.
      This pattern was linked to resource competition: High diversity increased
      competition on a portion of the resources while leaving most underexploited. The
      evolved phenotypes of the focal species showed a better use of underexploited
      resources, albeit at a cost of lower overall growth rates. As a result,
      diversification alleviated the impact of competition on the fitness of the focal
      species. We conclude that biodiversity can stimulate evolutionary
      diversification, provided that sufficient alternative niches are available.

PMID- 27386575
TI  - Domain morphology, boundaries, and topological defects in biophotonic gyroid
      nanostructures of butterfly wing scales.
AB  - Many organisms in nature have evolved sophisticated cellular mechanisms to
      produce photonic nanostructures and, in recent years, diverse crystalline
      symmetries have been identified and related to macroscopic optical properties.
      However, because we know little about the distributions of domain sizes, the
      orientations of photonic crystals, and the nature of defects in these structures,
      we are unable to make the connection between the nanostructure and its
      development and functionality. We report on nondestructive studies of the
      morphology of chitinous photonic crystals in butterfly wing scales. Using
      spatially and angularly resolved x-ray diffraction, we find that the domains are
      highly oriented with respect to the whole scale, indicating growth from scale
      boundaries. X-ray coherent diffractive imaging reveals two types of crystalline
      domain interfaces: abrupt changes between domains emerging from distinct
      nucleation sites and smooth transitions with edge dislocations presumably
      resulting from internal stresses during nanostructure development. Our study of
      the scale structure reveals new aspects of photonic crystal growth in butterfly
      wings and shows their similarity to block copolymer materials. It opens new
      avenues to exploration of fundamental processes underlying the growth of
      biological photonic nanostructures in a variety of species.

PMID- 27386574
TI  - Oil droplet self-transportation on oleophobic surfaces.
AB  - Directional liquid transportation is important for a variety of biological
      processes and technical applications. Although surface engineering through
      asymmetric chemical modification or geometrical patterning facilitates effective
      liquid manipulation and enables water droplet self-transportation on synthetic
      surfaces, self-transportation of oil droplets poses a major challenge because of
      their low surface tension. We report oil droplet self-transportation on
      oleophobic surfaces that are microtextured with radial arrays of undercut
      stripes. More significantly, we observe three modes of oil motion on various
      sample surfaces, namely, inward transportation, pinned, and outward spreading,
      which can be switched by the structure parameters, including stripe intersection
      angle and width. Accompanying theoretical modeling provides an in-depth
      mechanistic understanding of the structure-droplet motion relationship. Finally,
      we reveal how to optimize the texture parameters to maximize oil droplet self
      transportation capability and demonstrate spontaneous droplet movement for
      liquids down to a surface tension of 22.4 mN/m. The surfaces presented here open
      up new avenues for power-free liquid transportation and oil contamination self
      removal applications in various analytical and fluidic devices.

PMID- 27386576
TI  - A Devonian predatory fish provides insights into the early evolution of modern
      sarcopterygians.
AB  - Crown or modern sarcopterygians (coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods) differ
      substantially from stem sarcopterygians, such as Guiyu and Psarolepis, and a lack
      of transitional fossil taxa limits our understanding of the origin of the crown
      group. The Onychodontiformes, an enigmatic Devonian predatory fish group, seems
      to have characteristics of both stem and crown sarcopterygians but is difficult
      to place because of insufficient anatomical information. We describe the new
      skull material of Qingmenodus, a Pragian (~409-million-year-old) onychodont from
      China, using high-resolution computed tomography to image internal structures of
      the braincase. In addition to its remarkable similarities with stem
      sarcopterygians in the ethmosphenoid portion, Qingmenodus exhibits coelacanth
      like neurocranial features in the otic region. A phylogenetic analysis based on a
      revised data set unambiguously assigns onychodonts to crown sarcopterygians as
      stem coelacanths. Qingmenodus thus bridges the morphological gap between stem
      sarcopterygians and coelacanths and helps to illuminate the early evolution and
      diversification of crown sarcopterygians.

PMID- 27386577
TI  - Noninvasive, near-field terahertz imaging of hidden objects using a single-pixel
      detector.
AB  - Terahertz (THz) imaging can see through otherwise opaque materials. However,
      because of the long wavelengths of THz radiation (lambda = 400 MUm at 0.75 THz),
      far-field THz imaging techniques suffer from low resolution compared to visible
      wavelengths. We demonstrate noninvasive, near-field THz imaging with
      subwavelength resolution. We project a time-varying, intense (>100 MUJ/cm(2))
      optical pattern onto a silicon wafer, which spatially modulates the transmission
      of synchronous pulse of THz radiation. An unknown object is placed on the hidden
      side of the silicon, and the far-field THz transmission corresponding to each
      mask is recorded by a single-element detector. Knowledge of the patterns and of
      the corresponding detector signal are combined to give an image of the object.
      Using this technique, we image a printed circuit board on the underside of a 115
      MUm-thick silicon wafer with ~100-MUm (lambda/4) resolution. With subwavelength
      resolution and the inherent sensitivity to local conductivity, it is possible to
      detect fissures in the circuitry wiring of a few micrometers in size. THz imaging
      systems of this type will have other uses too, where noninvasive measurement or
      imaging of concealed structures is necessary, such as in semiconductor
      manufacturing or in ex vivo bioimaging.

PMID- 27386578
TI  - Role of scaffold network in controlling strain and functionalities of
      nanocomposite films.
AB  - Strain is a novel approach to manipulating functionalities in correlated complex
      oxides. However, significant epitaxial strain can only be achieved in ultrathin
      layers. We show that, under direct lattice matching framework, large and uniform
      vertical strain up to 2% can be achieved to significantly modify the magnetic
      anisotropy, magnetism, and magnetotransport properties in heteroepitaxial
      nanoscaffold films, over a few hundred nanometers in thickness. Comprehensive
      designing principles of large vertical strain have been proposed. Phase-field
      simulations not only reveal the strain distribution but also suggest that the
      ultimate strain is related to the vertical interfacial area and interfacial
      dislocation density. By changing the nanoscaffold density and dimension, the
      strain and the magnetic properties can be tuned. The established correlation
      among the vertical interface-strain-properties in nanoscaffold films can
      consequently be used to tune other functionalities in a broad range of complex
      oxide films far beyond critical thickness.

PMID- 27386580
TI  - Off-axis magmatism along a subaerial back-arc rift: Observations from the Taupo
      Volcanic Zone, New Zealand.
AB  - Continental rifting and seafloor spreading play a fundamental role in the
      generation of new crust. However, the distribution of magma and its relationship
      with tectonics and volcanism remain poorly understood, particularly in back-arc
      settings. We show evidence for a large, long-lived, off-axis magmatic intrusion
      located on the margin of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geodetic data
      acquired since the 1950s show evidence for uplift outside of the region of active
      extension, consistent with the inflation of a magmatic body at a depth of ~9.5
      km. Satellite radar interferometry and Global Positioning System data suggest
      that there was an increase in the inflation rate from 2003 to 2011, which
      correlates with intense earthquake activity in the region. Our results suggest
      that the continued growth of a large magmatic body may represent the birth of a
      new magma chamber on the margins of a back-arc rift system.

PMID- 27386579
TI  - Time-gated FRET nanoassemblies for rapid and sensitive intra- and extracellular
      fluorescence imaging.
AB  - Time-gated Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) using the unique material
      combination of long-lifetime terbium complexes (Tb) and semiconductor quantum
      dots (QDs) provides many advantages for highly sensitive and multiplexed
      biosensing. Although time-gated detection can efficiently suppress sample
      autofluorescence and background fluorescence from directly excited FRET
      acceptors, Tb-to-QD FRET has rarely been exploited for biomolecular imaging. We
      demonstrate Tb-to-QD time-gated FRET nanoassemblies that can be applied for intra
      and extracellular imaging. Immunostaining of different epitopes of the epidermal
      growth factor receptor (EGFR) with Tb- and QD-conjugated antibodies and
      nanobodies allowed for efficient Tb-to-QD FRET on A431 cell membranes. The broad
      usability of Tb-to-QD FRET was further demonstrated by intracellular Tb-to-QD
      FRET and Tb-to-QD-to-dye FRET using microinjection as well as cell-penetrating
      peptide-mediated endocytosis with HeLa cells. Effective brightness enhancement by
      FRET from several Tb to the same QD, the use of low nanomolar concentrations, and
      the quick and sensitive detection void of FRET acceptor background fluorescence
      are important advantages for advanced intra- and extracellular imaging of
      biomolecular interactions.

PMID- 27386581
TI  - Tuning ice nucleation with counterions on polyelectrolyte brush surfaces.
AB  - Heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) on ionic surfaces is ubiquitous in a wide
      range of atmospheric aerosols and at biological interfaces. Despite its great
      importance in cirrus cloud formation and cryopreservation of cells, organs, and
      tissues, it remains unclear whether the ion-specific effect on ice nucleation
      exists. Benefiting from the fact that ions at the polyelectrolyte brush
      (PB)/water interface can be reversibly exchanged, we report the effect of ions on
      HIN on the PB surface, and we discover that the distinct efficiency of ions in
      tuning HIN follows the Hofmeister series. Moreover, a large HIN temperature
      window of up to 7.8 degrees C is demonstrated. By establishing a correlation
      between the fraction of ice-like water molecules and the kinetics of structural
      transformation from liquid- to ice-like water molecules at the PB/water interface
      with different counterions, we show that our molecular dynamics simulation
      analysis is consistent with the experimental observation of the ion-specific
      effect on HIN.

PMID- 27386582
TI  - The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness.
AB  - Artificial lights raise night sky luminance, creating the most visible effect of
      light pollution-artificial skyglow. Despite the increasing interest among
      scientists in fields such as ecology, astronomy, health care, and land-use
      planning, light pollution lacks a current quantification of its magnitude on a
      global scale. To overcome this, we present the world atlas of artificial sky
      luminance, computed with our light pollution propagation software using new high
      resolution satellite data and new precision sky brightness measurements. This
      atlas shows that more than 80% of the world and more than 99% of the U.S. and
      European populations live under light-polluted skies. The Milky Way is hidden
      from more than one-third of humanity, including 60% of Europeans and nearly 80%
      of North Americans. Moreover, 23% of the world's land surfaces between 75 degrees
      N and 60 degrees S, 88% of Europe, and almost half of the United States
      experience light-polluted nights.

PMID- 27386583
TI  - Tunable room-temperature spin-selective optical Stark effect in solution
      processed layered halide perovskites.
AB  - Ultrafast spin manipulation for opto-spin logic applications requires material
      systems that have strong spin-selective light-matter interaction. Conventional
      inorganic semiconductor nanostructures [for example, epitaxial II to VI quantum
      dots and III to V multiple quantum wells (MQWs)] are considered forerunners but
      encounter challenges such as lattice matching and cryogenic cooling requirements.
      Two-dimensional halide perovskite semiconductors, combining intrinsic tunable MQW
      structures and large oscillator strengths with facile solution processability,
      can offer breakthroughs in this area. We demonstrate novel room-temperature,
      strong ultrafast spin-selective optical Stark effect in solution-processed
      (C6H4FC2H4NH3)2PbI4 perovskite thin films. Exciton spin states are selectively
      tuned by ~6.3 meV using circularly polarized optical pulses without any external
      photonic cavity (that is, corresponding to a Rabi energy of ~55 meV and
      equivalent to applying a 70 T magnetic field), which is much larger than any
      conventional system. The facile halide and organic replacement in these
      perovskites affords control of the dielectric confinement and thus presents a
      straightforward strategy for tuning light-matter coupling strength.

PMID- 27386585
TI  - Diverse rupture processes in the 2015 Peru deep earthquake doublet.
AB  - Earthquakes in deeply subducted oceanic lithosphere can involve either brittle or
      dissipative ruptures. On 24 November 2015, two deep (606 and 622 km) magnitude
      7.5 and 7.6 earthquakes occurred 316 s and 55 km apart. The first event (E1) was
      a brittle rupture with a sequence of comparable-size subevents extending
      unilaterally ~50 km southward with a rupture speed of ~4.5 km/s. This earthquake
      triggered several aftershocks to the north along with the other major event (E2),
      which had 40% larger seismic moment and the same duration (~20 s), but much
      smaller rupture area and lower rupture speed than E1, indicating a more
      dissipative rupture. A minor energy release ~12 s after E1 near the E2
      hypocenter, possibly initiated by the S wave from E1, and a clear aftershock ~165
      s after E1 also near the E2 hypocenter, suggest that E2 was likely dynamically
      triggered. Differences in deep earthquake rupture behavior are commonly
      attributed to variations in thermal state between subduction zones. However, the
      marked difference in rupture behavior of the nearby Peru doublet events suggests
      that local variations of stress state and material properties significantly
      contribute to diverse behavior of deep earthquakes.

PMID- 27386586
TI  - The Aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi Accident: a Perspective from   the British
      Embassy in Tokyo.
AB  - The British Embassy in Tokyo was at the heart of providing information in the
      immediate aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Richard Oppenheim, who was
      present at the time, and Keith Franklin, who joined the Embassy shortly
      afterwards, give their perspectives on communicating information on radiation to
      the public and what lessons can be learned. Richard Oppenheim was head of the
      Climate Change and Energy team at the British Embassy in Tokyo from 2011 to 2015
      and part of the Embassy team responding to the crisis. He travelled to Sendai on
      12 March 2011. Keith Franklin has been on secondment to the British Embassy in
      Tokyo from the National Nuclear Laboratory since the accident at Fukushima
      Daiichi.

PMID- 27386584
TI  - Matrix-bound nanovesicles within ECM bioscaffolds.
AB  - Biologic scaffold materials composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) have been used
      in a variety of surgical and tissue engineering/regenerative medicine
      applications and are associated with favorable constructive remodeling properties
      including angiogenesis, stem cell recruitment, and modulation of macrophage
      phenotype toward an anti-inflammatory effector cell type. However, the mechanisms
      by which these events are mediated are largely unknown. Matrix-bound nanovesicles
      (MBVs) are identified as an integral and functional component of ECM
      bioscaffolds. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potent vehicles of intercellular
      communication due to their ability to transfer RNA, proteins, enzymes, and
      lipids, thereby affecting physiologic and pathologic processes. Formerly
      identified exclusively in biologic fluids, the presence of EVs within the ECM of
      connective tissue has not been reported. In both laboratory-produced and
      commercially available biologic scaffolds, MBVs can be separated from the matrix
      only after enzymatic digestion of the ECM scaffold material, a temporal sequence
      similar to the functional activity attributed to implanted bioscaffolds during
      and following their degradation when used in clinical applications. The present
      study shows that MBVs contain microRNA capable of exerting phenotypical and
      functional effects on macrophage activation and neuroblastoma cell
      differentiation. The identification of MBVs embedded within the ECM of biologic
      scaffolds provides mechanistic insights not only into the inductive properties of
      ECM bioscaffolds but also into the regulation of tissue homeostasis. 

PMID- 27386587
TI  - Reclaiming Our Lives in the Wake of a Nuclear Plant Accident.
AB  - Ryoko Ando lives and works in Iwaki-shi, which is located in the coastal area of
      Fukushima Prefecture. On 11 March 2011, Iwaki was hit by the Great East Japan
      Earthquake and tsunami. Then the nuclear plant accident at Fukushima No. 1
      nuclear power plant, also located in the coastal area of Fukushima Prefecture,
      added to the woes of Iwaki residents. Although Iwaki-shi is outside of the
      'restricted area' set up by the government in the 20 km radius around the nuclear
      power plant, some municipalities in Iwaki-shi lie within the 30 km radius zone.
      The residents of Iwaki were naturally concerned about the effects of radioactive
      contamination. On top of these, they had to confront a wide range of issues,
      including confusion and miscommunication, reputation risk and infrastructural
      constraints due to the influx of residents from the 'restricted area'.

PMID- 27386588
TI  - Clarification: Half-Life of Heroin.

PMID- 27386589
TI  - [Moyamoya disease].
AB  - Moya-moya is a rare cerebrovascular disease characterized by the progressive
      occlusion of cerebral vessels with partial switching off the circle of Willis and
      arteries that feed it. The article provides a review of literature, modern
      diagnostic criteria and a description of a single clinical case. The onset of the
      disease in this patient was characterized by headache and speech disorders.An
      analysis of speech disorders showed that they were systemic. They were registered
      at all language levels (phonetic, lexical,morphological, syntactic). A long
      diagnostic search may be explained by clinical manifestations that are atypical
      for other cerebrovascular diseases and by the rarity of the disease.

PMID- 27386590
TI  - [The etioiogy, pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of benign paroxysmal
      positional vertigo].
AB  - Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common peripheral
      vestibular disorder. The confirmation of BPPV is easy and based on a set of
      positioning tests. The authors present the recent data concerning the-etiology,
      pathophysiology a:nd the most effective positioning tests for the posterior,
      horizontal and anterior semicircular canals. The differential diagnosis of BPPV
      from other diseases, manifesting with positional vertigo, is discussed as well.

PMID- 27386591
TI  - [A choice of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with regard to
      gastrointestinal  and cardiovascular' risks].
AB  - NSAIDs are effective drugs among analgesics and antiinflammatory drugs used
      widely in clinical practice. It is important to emphasize that the range of users
      of NSAIDs in population are patients with chronic disorders of the joints and
      spine. However,when prescribing NSAIDs one should consider risk factors of side
      effects not only from the gastrointestinal tract, but cardiovascular events as
      well. The potential negative risks of using NSAIDs promote an active research on
      creation of ne...y medicinal substances which are able to minimize NSAID-induced
      complications. The use of oxide-nitrogen-associated NSAIDs, in particular
      amtolmetin guacil1in patients with risk factors of side-effects from the
      gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system seems to be promising.It is
      noted that amtolmetin guacil has balanced analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects
      and is well tolerated.

PMID- 27386592
TI  - [Comorbid states in Parkinson's disease: an effect of MAO-B inhibitors].
AB  - The comorbidity in Parkinson's disease (PD), which is closely related to the
      tolerability of antiparkinsonian drugs, is-'analyzed. The authors present the
      results of the studies that have confirmed the greater safety of rasagiline
      compared to dopamine receptor agonists in elderly patients. The effects of
      rasagiline, including combinations of this drug with antidepressants, on
      depression in PD and the low risk,of the serotonin -syndrome caused by these
      combinations are considered. The studies demonstrated the effect of rasagiline on
      fatigue and cognitive functions in PD patients are described. Single cases of the
      development of impulsive compulsive disorders:in patients treated with-
      rasagiline are presented.

PMID- 27386593
TI  - [Farmacological effects of anti-S 100 in release-active form and mechanisms of
      their realization].
AB  - Antibodies to 5100 proteins (anti-5100) in release-active form (RA anti-5100) are
      an active component of some domestic drugs(tenoten, tenoten for children, divaza,
      brizantin, kolofort and proproten-100). The authors present the results of
      preclinical and clinical trials (with detailed consideration of experimental
      data) which demonstrated a wide spectrum of specific pharmacological activity and
      safety as well as mechanisms of anti-5100 action.

PMID- 27386594
TI  - [Between depression and fibroniyalgia: the fate of the antidepressant].
AB  - The authors present the information about one of the least studied
      antidepressants- milnacipran. Recommendations of its clinical use have been long
      based on incorrect conceptions of its pharmacological properties. Currently,
      milnacipran is considered as ancirepinephrine and serotonin (to a lesser degree)
      reuptake inhibitor and NMDA receptor blocker. Milnacipran can be successfully
      used in apatic, asthenic, adynamic and anhedonic depressions as well as in
      fibromyalgia in patients with marked fatigability and pain. However the
      recommendations for the latter are not registered in Russia (maybe due to the
      differences in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia which is traditionally more often
      diagnosed as neurasthenia).

PMID- 27386595
TI  - [M.A. Piradov (the 60th anniversary of birth)].

PMID- 27386596
TI  - [V.S, Goidenko (the 80th anniversary of birth)].

PMID- 27386597
TI  - Red cell agglutination in infectious mononucleosis.

PMID- 27386598
TI  - Editorial.

PMID- 27386599
TI  - [What is really important].

PMID- 27386600
TI  - [The call of the ancestors].

PMID- 27386601
TI  - High Doses of Vitamin D  Linked to Increased Risk  of Falls.

PMID- 27386602
TI  - Involving Family Members to  Reduce Hospital Readmissions.

PMID- 27386603
TI  - Reading Problems  Linked to Possible  Alzheimer's Disease  Misdiagnosis.

PMID- 27386604
TI  - Zinc Supplement Boosts Immunity in Older Adults.

PMID- 27386605
TI  - Strategies for Achieving Measurement Assurance for Cell Therapy Products.
AB  - The cell therapy industry has identified the inability to reliably characterize
      cells as possibly its greatest challenge and has called for standards and
      reference materials to provide assurance for measurements of cell properties. The
      challenges in characterization of cell therapy products can be largely addressed
      with systematic approaches for assessing sources of uncertainty and improving
      confidence in key measurements. This article presents the many strategies that
      can be used to ensure measurement confidence and discusses them in terms of how
      they can be applied to characterization of cell therapy products. SIGNIFICANCE:
      Application of these strategies to cell measurements will help to establish
      qualified assays for cell characterization, which may help streamline regulatory
      approval and enable more efficient development of cell therapy products.

PMID- 27386606
TI  - Genomic Plasticity of Multidrug-Resistant NDM-1 Positive  Clinical Isolate of
      Providencia rettgeri.
AB  - We performed a detailed whole-genome sequence analysis of Providencia rettgeri
      H1736, a multidrug-resistant clinical pathogen isolated in Israel in 2011. The
      objective was to describe the genomic flexibility of this bacterium that has
      greatly contributed to its pathogenicity. The genome has a chromosome size of
      4,609,352 bp with 40.22% GC content. Five plasmids were predicted, as well as
      other mobile genetic elements (MGEs) including phages, genomic islands, and
      integrative and conjugative elements. The resistome consisted of a total of 27
      different antibiotic resistance genes including blaNDM-1, mostly located on MGEs.
      Phenotypically, the bacteria displayed resistance to a total of ten different
      antimicrobial classes. Various features such as metabolic operons (including a
      novel carbapenem biosynthesis operon) and virulence genes were also borne on the
      MGEs, making P. rettgeri H1736 significantly different from other P. rettgeri
      isolates. A large quantity of the genetic diversity that exists in P. rettgeri
      H1736 was due to extensive horizontal gene transfer events, leading to an
      enormous presence of MGEs in its genome. Most of these changes contributed toward
      the pathogenic evolution of this bacterium.

PMID- 27386607
TI  - Blacklisting: The dirty side of travel nursing.
AB  - With the dearth of dialysis travel nurses, you can't afford to blacklist one
      unless it is for a legitimate egregious clinical or professional reason affecting
      patient care. In a case like that, most reputable staffing agencies would not
      want to employ the travel nurse either.

PMID- 27386609
TI  - Top-paid executives at publicly traded healthcare companies. Ranked by total
      compensation for 2015 as reported to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

PMID- 27386608
TI  - Top 30 Medicare Advantage insurers. Ranked by total enrollment in March 2016.

PMID- 27386610
TI  - Highest-cost metro areas in joint replacement bundled payment program. Ranked by
      joint replacement cost percentage above the regional average.

PMID- 27386618
TI  - Announcement: National Kidney Month - March 2016.
AB  - March is designated National Kidney Month to raise awareness about the prevention
      and early detection of kidney disease. Approximately 10% (20 million) of U.S.
      adults aged >=20 years have chronic kidney disease (CKD), and most of them are
      unaware of their condition. If left untreated, CKD can lead to kidney failure,
      requiring dialysis or transplantation for survival.

PMID- 27386619
TI  - In This Issue: Confronting Constraints on Individual  Behavior & Outcomes.

PMID- 27386620
TI  - [Reconstructive investigations and identification measures in unknown soldiers of
      the Second World War].
AB  - The article reports on the exhumation and identification of unknown soldiers from
      the Second World War. With the help of medicolegal investigation and
      reconstruction methods an American pilot presumably murdered by a shot to the
      head (lynch law) and an interned Italian soldier could be identified after about
      70 years and brought back home.

PMID- 27386621
TI  - [Skull fracture or accessory suture in a child?].
AB  - Differentiation between accessory sutures and fractures in the skull of an infant
      can be difficult. Apart from the regular sutures there is a multitude of
      variations that may be mistaken for a fracture line. Such variations include for
      instance the intraparietal suture between the two ossification centers of the
      parietal bone or the mendosal suture between the supraoccipital and interparietal
      bone of the occipital squama. The presented case refers to an approximately 20
      month-old female child. During autopsy, a discontinuity in the right paramedian
      posterior cranial fossa parallel to the internal occipital crest with connection
      to the foramen magnum was observed. The macroscopic findings suggested a fracture
      line because of its course. However, neither a hemorrhage in the soft tissue nor
      callus formation was discernible. The discontinuity was preserved with the
      adjacent parts of the occipital bone for further histological examination. In the
      report of a cranial CT, which was carried out five days before the child's death,
      an accessory suture paramedially in the right posterior cranial fossa was
      described. When the clinical CT records were re-evaluated, a similar
      discontinuity at the corresponding position on the other side was detected,
      though of noticeably shorter length. Additionally, the preserved occipital bone
      fragment including the discontinuity was histologically processed. In the
      radiological literature, precise (radiological) criteria for differential
      diagnosis are indicated. A zigzag pattern with sclerotic borders and a bilateral
      and fairly symmetric occurrence indicate a suture, whereas a sharp lucency with
      non-sclerotic edges and a unilateral occurrence indicate a fracture. Taking all
      the findings into account, the depicted discontinuity was regarded as an
      accessory suture. This case demonstrates that differentiation between a fracture
      and an accessory suture may be difficult in the autopsy of a child and underlines
      the importance of a postmortem CT examination.

PMID- 27386623
TI  - [True color accuracy in digital forensic photography].
AB  - Forensic photographs not only need to be unaltered and authentic and capture
      context-relevant images, along with certain minimum requirements for image
      sharpness and information density, but color accuracy also plays an important
      role, for instance, in the assessment of injuries or taphonomic stages, or in the
      identification and evaluation of traces from photos. The perception of color not
      only varies subjectively from person to person, but as a discrete property of an
      image, color in digital photos is also to a considerable extent influenced by
      technical factors such as lighting, acquisition settings, camera, and output
      medium (print, monitor). For these reasons, consistent color accuracy has so far
      been limited in digital photography. Because images usually contain a wealth of
      color information, especially for complex or composite colors or shades of color,
      and the wavelength-dependent sensitivity to factors such as light and shadow may
      vary between cameras, the usefulness of issuing general recommendations for
      camera capture settings is limited. Our results indicate that true image colors
      can best and most realistically be captured with the SpyderCheckr technical
      calibration tool for digital cameras tested in this study. Apart from aspects
      such as the simplicity and quickness of the calibration procedure, a further
      advantage of the tool is that the results are independent of the camera used and
      can also be used for the color management of output devices such as monitors and
      printers. The SpyderCheckr color-code patches allow true colors to be captured
      more realistically than with a manual white balance tool or an automatic flash.
      We therefore recommend that the use of a color management tool should be
      considered for the acquisition of all images that demand high true color accuracy
      (in particular in the setting of injury documentation).

PMID- 27386622
TI  - [Sepsis due to fusobacteria in a young adult].
AB  - Fusobacteria belong to the normal population of the pharyngeal mucosa as well as
      the mucosa of the upper airways and the gastrointestinal tract. Infections are
      comparatively rare. The most common causative organism is Fusobacterium
      necrophorum. A well-known infection caused by this germ is Lemierre's syndrome.
      In the presented case, a 19-year-old man (123 kg body weight, 186 cm body length)
      was found dead in his bed in the morning after having complained of muscular
      fatigue and vomiting the previous day. Autopsy was carried out only two days
      after death. At that time, the body showed marked putrefaction with partial
      greenish discoloration and marbling of the skin although it had been stored in a
      refrigerator at +2 degrees C in the meantime. While the autopsy itself revealed
      no cause of death, microbiological examination of a smear from the left lower
      pulmonary lobe demonstrated Staphylococcus aureus and Fusobacterium necrophorum.
      Toxicological investigations produced negative results throughout. The cause of
      death was defined as sepsis caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum.

PMID- 27386624
TI  - [Stature estimation from sagittal and coronal suture lengths for Central European
      individuals].
AB  - $Human skulls frequently represent the only skeletal remains of an unidentified
      corpse available for forensic osteological examination. Skulls are very useful in
      reliably determining sex and also yield fairly good clues to an individual's age
      and ancestry. To date, however, a sufficiently accurate correlation between skull
      measurements and stature could not be found. In contrast, the results of a study
      by Rao et al. (2009) seemed to be promising, by finding a good correlation
      between the length of the coronal and sagittal sutures and stature in a male
      Indian population. In an attempt to verify the transferability of their results
      to a Central European population, the authors measured the length of the sagittal
      and coronal sutures with a tape measure along with body height in the course of
      117 autopsies performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University
      of Giessen during 2009 and 2010. The age of the individuals measured ranged from
      15 to 96 years (mean value 52.8, median 51 years). Of these individuals, 82 were
      male and 35 were female. The length of the sagittal suture with respect to body
      length yielded a correlation coefficient of only r = 0.045 (p = 0.617) in the
      regression analysis. Similar results were found for the coronal suture: In this
      case the correlation coefficient was r = 0.015. With an assumed maximum
      permissible probability of error of alpha = 0.05, none of the performed
      regression analyses were found to be statistically significant. As expected, our
      results suggest that neither the length of the sagittal nor the length of the
      coronal suture is suitable for a forensic estimation of stature for Central
      European individuals.

PMID- 27386625
TI  - [An unusual bodily injury].
AB  - In most cases, bodily harm results from the use of sharp objects or blunt force.
      This paper deals with a 42-year-old pharmacist who was known to the police and
      the courts because of several previous convictions for bodily injury. The man had
      visited a pub just before it closed and was therefore not served any drinks. He
      got angry about this and returned to his pharmacy (within walking distance) to
      fetch three disposable syringes which he filled with phosphoric acid (85%).
      Through the open pub window, he splattered the acid from the syringes on two
      guests and the host, who were hit on the upper part of their bodies and the arms.
      All the victims developed dermal alterations such as focal erythema and small
      blisters (pemphigus-like efflorescences, as already described by Weyrich). At
      first, the pharmacist denied the use of phosphoric acid and claimed to have used
      a mixture of urine and water. Examinations of spots on the still unwashed clothes
      revealed very low pH-values (ca. 2.0; pH-Indicator-Stripes, Merck; Medi-Test,
      Machery & Nagel). Tests for substances typical of urine produced completely
      negative results. However, very high phosphate concentrations were found on the
      spots in question. Thus, the probability that the pharmacist had used phosphoric
      acid to commit the offence was very high. The pharmacist was sentenced to one
      year and two months' imprisonment for dangerous bodily harm according to Section
      224 German Criminal Code. In accordance with the law, phosphoric acid was
      classified as "poison", for which application on the skin is sufficient.

PMID- 27386626
TI  - Automated Region-based Prostate Cancer Cell Nuclei Localization. Part of a
      Prognostic Modality Tool for Prostate Cancer Patients.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a disease of disrupted cell genomes.
      Quantification of DNA from cytology preparations can yield prognostic information
      about tissue biological behaviors; however, this process is very labor-intensive
      to perform. Quantitative digital pathology can measure the structural chromatin
      changes associated with neoplasia and can enable prognostic and predictive assays
      based on imaging of sectioned prostate tissue. OBJECTIVE: To design an automated
      system to recognize and localize cell nuclei in images of stained sectioned
      tissue (first step in enabling quantitative digital pathology). STUDY DESIGN:
      Images of Feulgen-thionin-stained prostate cancer tissue microarray constructed
      from the surgical specimens of 33 prostate cancer patients were acquired for this
      study. We implemented a new image segmentation technique to overcome tissue
      complexity, cell clusters, background noise, image and tissue inhomogeneities,
      and other imaging issues that introduce uncertainties into the segmentation
      method and developed a fully automated system to localized prostate cell nuclei.
      RESULTS: We applied our algorithm on our dataset and obtained a 96.6% true
      positive rate and a 12% false-positive rate. CONCLUSION: In this paper we present
      a new method to automatically localize thionin-stained prostate cancer cells,
      enabling the extraction of various nuclear and cell sociology features with high
      precision.

PMID- 27386627
TI  - Distribution and Developmental Changes of Neuropeptide Y and Its Y1 Receptor-like
      Immunoreactive Cells in the Duck Thymus.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution and developmental changes of
      Neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and its Y1 receptor (NPYY1)-like immunoreactivity cells in
      the duck thymus using immunohistochemistry associated with morphological
      analysis. STUDY DESIGN: Studies were carried out on Tianfu ducks on days 14, 18,
      22, and 26 of embryogenesis (E14, E18, E22, and E26) as well as at 0 (neonatal
      stage), 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 26, 29, and 32 weeks of postnatal development
      (P0, P1, P3, P5, P8, P11, P14, P17, P20, P26, P29, and P32). RESULTS: NPY-like
      immunoreactivity (NPY-ir) was detected mainly in the epithelial reticular cells
      and vascular smooth muscles, slightly in the lymphocytes from E26 onwards. On
      E26, NPY-ir was restricted to the epithelial reticular cells of diffuse forms of
      Hassall's corpuscle (DHC). The integral optical density (IOD) values of NPY-ir
      cells in the cortex and medulla did not significantly change from P0 to P17, but
      then dramatically rose from P20 to P32. NPYY1-like immunoreactivity (NPYY1-ir)
      was observed mainly in the lymphocytes, slightly in the epithelial reticular
      cells of DHC and the vascular smooth muscles from E18 onwards. The IOD values of
      NPYY1-ir cells significantly increased from E18 to E22, then kept unchanged until
      P0, greatly increased on P3, and then remained stable until P17 but dramatically
      increased from P20 to P32. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the possible
      interaction between NPY and NPYY1 may take place within the duck thymus chiefly
      during postembryonic development, which might be of great importance for the
      function of thymocytes, as well as duck thymus involution.

PMID- 27386628
TI  - Immunohistochemical Expression and Clinical Significance of Wnt11 and BCL2A1 in
      Complete Moles.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate Wnt11 and BCL2A1 immunohistochemical expression in
      complete moles and normal villi. STUDY DESIGN: The expression of Wnt11 and BCL2A1
      in 84 complete moles and 30 normal first-trimester villi were detected by
      Envision immunohistochemistry. Quantitative evaluation according to color
      deconvolution and immunoreactive score was performed. Data was analyzed using
      Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson test, and ROC curve. RESULTS: Of 84 complete moles,
      14 developed to post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, and the others
      regressed spontaneously. Both proteins showed cytoplasmic pattern, whereas the
      DAB wt% of BCL2A1 and Wnt11 expression was highest in moles that developed to
      GTN, gradually reduced in spontaneously regressed moles and normal villi (all p <
      0.01). We considered a 23.17% cutoff valuefor Wnt11 DAB wt% and 16.31% for BCL2A1
      DAB wt% to assess molar progression to GTN. There was positive correlation
      between expressions of the 2 proteins (r = 0.403). CONCLUSION: Our findings
      demonstrated immunohistochemical expression of Wnt11 and BCL2A1 in complete moles
      and normal villi. Both proteins may be included as part of an immunohistochemical
      panel to identify postmolar outcome when other trophoblastic markers yield
      ambiguous results.

PMID- 27386629
TI  - Protective Effects of Vitamin E on Methotrexate-Induced Jejunal Mucosal Damage in
      Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible protective effects of Vitamin E (Vit E) on
      oxidative stress and jejunal damage in the rat intestinal mucosa after
      methotrexate (MTX)-induced enterotoxicity. STUDY DESIGN: Rats were divided into 3
      groups: control, MTX, and MTX+ Vit E; each group contained 8 animals. The control
      group was given physiological serum in addition to sunflower oil for 3 days. The
      second group was given sunflower oil with intragastric tube daily, followed by
      MTX injection (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally). To the third group, starting 3 days
      before injection, Vit E was given dissolved in sunflower oil (600 mg/kg orally)
      in addition to MTX injection. Four days after MTX injection the anesthetized rats
      were sacrificed, and the tissue samples obtained from their jejunums were
      investigated for histological and biochemical analysis. RESULTS: Vit E treatment
      significantly decreased the elevated tissue malondialdehyde levels and increased
      the reduced glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in
      comparison to the MTX-treated group. MTX treatment caused severe
      histopathological injury including mucosal erosions, inflammatory cell
      infiltration, necrosis, hemorrhage, and villous congestion. Vit E treatment
      significantly attenuated the severity of intestinal injury caused by MTX via
      inhibiting induced nitric oxide synthase levels and NF-kappaB p65 activation.
      CONCLUSION: Because of its reconstructing and antioxidant effects, Vit E
      pretreatment may have protective effects in the intestinal tissue of MTX-treated
      rats.

PMID- 27386631
TI  - Effects of Cyclooxygenase on the Urothelium of the Urinary Bladder of Mice
      Exposed to Pelvic Radiation.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in the
      urothelium of the urinary bladder during radiation injury caused by pelvic
      radiotherapy for cancer therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-four male Swiss Albino mice
      were separated into 4 groups. The first group was the control group (Group 1) and
      the second, third, and fourth groups were euthanized after 24 hours (Group 2), 48
      hours (Group 3), and 7 days (Group 4), respectively. A single-fractioned 10 Gy of
      ionizing radiation was applied to all mice's pelvic zone with Co-60. Bladders
      were removed completely from the pelvic region. Histochemical analysis using
      hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical analysis using anti-COX-1 and COX-2
      antibodies were performed on tissue samples. The immunoreactivities of the
      urinary bladder were quantified using H-score measurement, and statistical
      comparison was performed. RESULTS: In the immunohistochemical examination the COX
      1 immunoreactivities were found to be higher in the urothelium of the bladder in
      the radiation exposed groups than in the normal control group (group 1) (p <
      0.005). Additionally, high immunoreactivity of COX-2 molecule was established in
      groups 2, 3, and 4 of radiation groups as compared to group 1 (p < 0.005) in
      examination of the urothelium. COX-1 and COX-2 immunoreactivities in the
      submucosa were detected higher in group 4 than in the other groups (p < 0.005).
      CONCLUSION: COX-1 and COX-2 expressions in the urothelium and subepithelium of
      the urinary bladder were investigated in mice during the acute radiation
      response. The expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in the urothelium seems to prevent
      bladder damage from radiation, supplying differentiation and restoration of the
      urothelium.

PMID- 27386630
TI  - Effects of Low-Intensity Treadmill Exercise on Sciatic Nerve in Experimental
      Diabetic Neuropathy.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential beneficial effects of low-intensity
      exercise on histopathological changes of sciatic nerves in streptozotocin (STZ)
      induced diabetic rats. STUDY DESIGN: The rats were allotted randomly into 3
      experimental groups: A (control), B (diabetic untreated), and C (diabetic treated
      with low-intensity exercise); each group contained 8 animals. Groups B and C
      received STZ. Diabetes was induced in 2 groups by a single intraperitoneal
      injection of STZ (40 mg/kg, freshly dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 4.2).
      Two days after STZ treatment, diabetes in 2 experimental groups was confirmed by
      measuring blood glucose levels. Rats with blood glucose levels >= 250 mg/dL were
      considered to be diabetic. Animals in the exercise group were made to run the
      treadmill once a day for 4 consecutive weeks. Exercise started 3 days prior to
      STZ administration. RESULTS: The treatment of low-intensity exercise caused a
      sharp decrease in the elevated serum glucose and an increase in the lowered serum
      insulin concentrations in STZ-induced diabetic rats. STZ induced a significant
      decrease in the area of insulin-immunoreactive beta cells. Low-intensity exercise
      treatment resulted in increased area of insulin-immunoreactive beta cells
      signficantly. Myelin breakdown decreased significantly after treatment with low
      intensity exercise. The ultrastructural features of degenerated axons also showed
      remarkable improvement. CONCLUSION: We believe that further preclinical research
      into low-intensity exercise may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment
      for peripheral neuropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

PMID- 27386632
TI  - Effects of Potentilla fulgens as a Prophylactic Agent in Tibial Defects in Rats.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Potentilla fulgens as a prophylactic
      agent on tibial defects in the rat. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-eight male Wistar albino
      rats weighing 200-215 g each were divided into 3 experimental groups. The tibial
      bone defect group served as the control group. The experimental groups were
      Potentilla fulgens with tibial defect (14 days) and Potentilla fulgens with
      tibial defect (28 days). Extract of Potentilla fulgens was mixed with water (400
      mg/kg/day) and given to groups 14 and 28 as drinking water. The histopathological
      and immunohistochemical characteristics of each tibial bone cavity within each
      group were observed. The trabecular new bone formation was evaluated by
      expression rate of osteonectin and osteopontin. RESULTS: In the Potentilla
      fulgens + tibial defect group (14 days), trabecular bone had started combining
      extensive new bone formation, osteocyte cells were evident, and lamellar bone was
      formed. Osteoblasts showed a positive reaction with osteonectin. Osteopontin
      expression was positively observed between fibrous structures and in the
      osteoblast and osteocyte cells. This can be considered indicative of new bone
      formation. In the Potentilla fulgens + tibial defect group (28 days), an increase
      in expansion in trabecular bone and myeloid tissue was observed. Osteoblastic
      activity and osteocyte cells began to be observed in new bone fragments.
      CONCLUSION: In our study we show that Potentilla fulgens extract provided a
      protective effect on new bone formation and aided in the development of
      osteocytes and secretion of matrix in osteoblasts. Additionally, we show the
      inductive effect of the extract on new bone formation. In particular, the
      expression of osteopontin and osteonectin was also supported with the Western
      blot technique on the development of osteoblasts and osteocytes, showing a
      similar trend with our results.

PMID- 27386633
TI  - Effect of Zoledronic Acid Application on Different Graft Materials in Calvarial
      Bone Defect Models. An Experimental Analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of zoledronic acid on graft materials in bone
      calvarial defects. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty adult (12 weeks) Sprague-Dawley male rats
      weighing from 300-350 g were divided into groups: calvarial defect, calvarial
      defect + synthetic graft, and calvarial defect + xenograft. All groups received
      zoledronate intravenously for a week after surgery and were sacrificed at either
      6 or 12 weeks after their operation. The rat calvariae were fixed in 10% neutral
      buffered formalin before decalcification in 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
      for 20 days. Calvarial bone samples were then dehydrated and processed for
      embedding in paraffin wax. Sections 5 MUm thick were stained with hematoxylin and
      eosin and examined by light microscopy. RESULTS: The effects of zoledronic acid,
      a third-generation nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, on different graft
      materials in rats with critical-size calvarial defects were analyzed and
      compared. Significantly less graft resorption was identified in zoledronic acid
      treated rats that had received a xenograft than in either the untreated rats or
      those with a synthetic graft. In the xenograft group primary ossification was
      visible at week 12, and the graft had entered the bone to a greater extent than
      in the other experimental groups or in the control group. Osseous structures were
      also observed more clearly in this group than in the others. CONCLUSION:
      Zoledronic acid histopathologic bone graft stimulates bone formation. Zoledronic
      acid may be considered among the therapeutic methods available to improve the
      bone formation process in calvarial bone formation.

PMID- 27386634
TI  - Influence of Radiation Exposure During Radiotherapy. Evidence for the Increase of
      Versican and Heparin-Binding EGF-like Growth Factor Concentrations.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reaction of versican and heparin-binding EGF-like
      growth factor (HB-EGF) molecule concentrations to acute radiation exposure in
      normal bladder and rectal tissue samples in order to gain more insight into the
      effects of cancer radiotherapy. STUDY DESIGN: Four groups with 6 male adult Swiss
      Albino mice per group were investigated. The mice bladder and rectum tissue
      samples were subjected to a 10-Gy single-dose radiation exposure in the pelvic
      region with a Co-60 teletherapy device and investigated 1, 2, and 7 days after
      radiation exposure, with 1 reference group which was not exposed to radiation.
      RESULTS: In the immunohistochemical examination of the tissue samples with anti
      versican and anti-HB-EGF primary antibodies was observed a statistically
      significant increase 7 days after radiation exposure. CONCLUSION: The observed
      increase of versican and HB-EGF concentrations in the normal tissue matrix after
      radiation exposure may play a role in the side effects of radiotherapy.

PMID- 27386635
TI  - Malignant Bilateral Basifrontal Solitary Fibrous Tumor. A Case Report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Solitary fibrous tumors are rare benign mesenchymal neoplasms
      characterized by involvement of many sites all over the body with uncommon
      presentation within the cranium. Furthermore, malignant bilateral basifrontal
      solitary fibrous tumor is extremely rare. Although uncommon, this rare entity may
      be included in the differential diagnosis of frontal tumors in adults, to ensure
      complete surgical resection. The tumor falls under the spectrum of fibroblastic
      proliferation and shares close morphological overlap with meningiomas and
      hemangiopericytomas, posing a diagnostic challenge for the histopathologist.
      CASE: We report a case of a malignant solitary fibrous tumor in the bilateral
      basifrontal region in a 50-year-old woman who presented with intermittent
      headache and vomiting and was clinicoradiologically diagnosed with meningioma.
      CONCLUSION: Clinicoradiological and pathological correlation is required for
      recognizing the aggressive behavior of this tumor and aiding the clinician for
      appropriate surgical management (complete surgical resection) and close
      sequential follow-up.

PMID- 27386636
TI  - Gentian Violet Used as an Epithelial Cell Monolayer Stain in the Scratch Wound
      Healing Assay.

PMID- 27386637
TI  - Report from Council on Advanced Practice.

PMID- 27386638
TI  - [Discussion on Clinical and Diagnosis Program of Integrative Medicine].
AB  - Facing current situation of integrative medicine (IM), authors put forward that
      clinical and diagnosis program of IM could be carried out from clinical path,
      pathogenesis, treatment theory and philosophy, and so on, but with different
      integration degrees. Meanwhile, formulation of concrete program should be disease
      targetedly set up, and adjusted from person to person, from place to place, from
      time to time. As for settled IM program , authors could evaluate it from whether
      Chinese medicine and Western medicine have formed complementary, synergistic,
      excitatory actions, and toxicity attenuation; whether more problems could be
      solved in efficacy, safety, practicability, and economy than previous single
      mode.

PMID- 27386640
TI  - [Life in Attendance--Record of Prof. WANG Xue-mei, Peking University First
      Hospital].

PMID- 27386639
TI  - [Perspective on the Development of Integrative Medicine Based on the Paradigm
      Theory: On the Connotation and Extension of Integrative Medicine].
AB  - Integrative medicine (IM) has made great progress after more than half a century
      practice. However, many issues are yet to be in-depth explored. How to define
      clinical connotation and extension of IM, how to define feasible methods and
      means for diagnosis and treatment of IM, how to train more skilled talents of IM,
      how to elevate clinical efficacy of IM, these are all topics in need of further
      study. In this paper authors explored the clinical development mode of IM,
      extracted connotation and extension of IM clinics, hoping to promote the
      development of IM clinics.

PMID- 27386641
TI  - [Effect of Telbivudine Tablet Combined Jianpi Bushen Recipe on HBV Specific
      Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte and HBeAg Seroconversion in Patients with HBeAg Positive
      Chronic Hepatitis B].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Telbivudine (LDT) Tablet combined with Jianpi
      Bushen Recipe (JBR) on serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) specific cytotoxic T
      lymphocyte (CTL) and HBeAg seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.
      METHODS: Totally 90 HBeAg-positive and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2 positive
      CHB patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group and the control group,
      45 cases in each group. Patients in the treatment group took LDT Tablet (600 mg,
      once per day) combined with JBR granule (twice per day), while those in the
      control group took LDT Tablet alone. The therapeutic course for all was one year.
      HBV DNA negative conversion rate, HBeAg seroconversion rate, and level of HBV
      specific CTL were compared after 1 year treatment; liver function, drug
      resistance mutations, and adverse reactions were also compared between the two
      groups. RESULTS: After 1 year treatment, HBV DNA negative conversion rate and
      HBeAg seroconversion rate were 88.89% (40/45) and 40.00% (18/45) in the treatment
      group, higher than those of the control group [68.89% (31/45) and 20.00% (9/45)],
      with statistical difference (P < 0.05). Level of HBV specific CTL in the
      treatment group was 0.78% +/- 0.09% after treatment, higher than that of the
      control group after 1 year treatment (0.54% +/- 0.11%) and that before treatment
      (0.36% +/- 0.07%), with statistical difference (P < 0.01). Level of HBV specific
      CTL in 27 patients with HBeAg seroconversion was 0.81% 0.10%, higher than that of
      63 patients without HBeAg seroconversion (0.60% +/- 0.09%), with statistical
      difference (P < 0.01). ALT returned to normal in 44 cases of the treatment group
      (97.78%), while it was 42 cases (93.33%) of the control group, with no
      statistical difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Total bilirubin (TBil)
      in the two groups all turned to normal. rtM204I variation occurred in 1 case
      (2.22%) of the treatment group and 2 cases (4.44%) in the control group. No
      obvious adverse reaction occurred in the two groups. CONCLUSION: LDT Tablet
      combined with JBR could elevate levels of HBV specific CTL and HBeAg
      seroconversion in CHB patients.

PMID- 27386642
TI  - [Efficacy Observation of Yiguanjian Decoction Combined Adefovir Dipivoxil Tablet
      in Treating HBeAg Negative Chronic Viral Hepatitis B Active Compensated Liver
      Cirrhosis Patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore clinical efficacy of Yiguanjian Decoction (YD) combined
      Adefovir Dipivoxil Tablet (ADT) in treating HBeAg negative chronic viral
      hepatitis B (CVHB) active compensated liver cirrhosis (LC) patients. METHODS:
      Totally 68 HBeAg negative CVHB active compensated LC patients initially treated
      were assigned to the treatment group and the control group using random digit
      table, 34 in each group. Patients in the control group took ADT alone, 10 mg each
      time, once per day. Those in the treatment group additionally took YD, one dose
      per day. The therapeutic course for all was 48 weeks. Levels of alanine
      aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil)
      were detected once in every two weeks. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-DNA and four items
      of serum liver fibrosis [procollagen type I (PCN), hyaluronidase (HA),
      procollagen III peptide (PCIII), laminin (LN)] were detected once per every 4
      weeks. Abdominal ultrasound B was performed before and after treatment. The inner
      diameter of the portal vein and the size of spleen were recorded. The fibrosis
      degree of liver was evaluated using Fibroscan. Efficacy of Chinese medicine (CM)
      was evaluated between the two groups before and after treatment using CM syndrome
      integrals. Efficacy of Western medicine (WM) was also evaluated between the two
      groups using Child-Pugh grading. Results Compared with before treatment in the
      same group, ALT and AST levels restored to normal levels, HBV-DNA turned negative
      (HBV-DNA < or = 1 x 10(2)) in the two groups after 48-week treatment. Besides,
      levels of TBil, ALB, PCIV, HA, PCIII, and LN obviously decreased (P < 0.05, P <
      0.01). Results of ultrasound B showed the inner diameter of the portal vein and
      the size of spleen decreased. Fibroscan results showed that the elasticity value
      of the liver obviously decreased (P < 0.05). Besides, post-treatment levels of
      PCIV, HA, PCEJ, and LN, and the elasticity value of the liver decreased more
      obviously in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.01). There was
      no statistical difference in post-treatment levels of ALT, AST, TBil, ALB, inner
      diameter of the portal vein, or the size of spleen between the two groups (P >
      0.05). Compared with before treatment in the same group, scores of Chinese
      medical syndrome and Child-Pugh scores decreased in the two groups after
      treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Besides, scores of Chinese medical syndrome
      decreased more obviously in the treatment group than in the control group (P <
      0.05). The effective rate was 8824% (30/34) in the treatment group, higher than
      that of the control group [67.65% (23/34)] with statistical difference (P <0.05).
      Conclusion Combined treatment of YD and ADT could significantly improve symptoms
      of CM and fibrosis degree of liver of HBeAg negative CVHB active compensated LC
      patients.

PMID- 27386643
TI  - [Correlation between Constitution of Yin Deficiency Syndrome and Polymorphism of
      HLA-DQA1/Treatment Response of Peg-IFNalpha Therapy in HBeAg Positive Chronic
      Hepatitis B Patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the correlation between constitution of yin deficiency
      syndrome (YDS) and polymorphism of HLA-DQA1/treatment response of Peg-lFNalpha
      therapy in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and to explore
      constitution of Chinese medicine (CM) in response of interferon therapy. METHODS:
      Totally 120 HBeAg positive CHB patients who were treated with Peg-IFNalpha were
      enrolled, and assigned to YDS group (59 cases) and non-YDS group (61 cases)
      according to classification of CM constitutions. All patients were subcutaneously
      injected with Peg-IFNalpha-2b (1.0 microg/kg body weight) or Peg-IFNalpha-2a (180
      microg), once per week. Effective efficacy was primarily judged when complete
      response (CR) or partial response (PR) was obtained at month 6. Those with CR or
      PR completed 1 year therapeutic course. HLA-DQA1 gene types were detected by
      polymerase chain reaction sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). The distribution
      difference of CM constitutions in patients with CR or PR and their inter-group
      HLA-DQA1 allele frequency were compared. RESULTS: Different treatment responses
      of Peg-IFNalpha were observed in CHB patients of two different CM constitutions.
      The ratio of CR + PR was 61.0% (36/59) in YDS group, obviously lower than that in
      NYDS group [78.7% (48/61), P < 0. 05]. Patients with CR had a lower allele
      frequency of HLA-DQA1 * 0501 than those with no-response [14.8% (8/54) vs. 30.6%
      (22/72)] with statistical difference (P < 0.05). Patients with CR had a higher
      allele frequency of HLA-DQA1 * 0601 than those with no-response [18.5% (10/54)
      vs. 5.6% (4/72)] with statistical difference (P < 0.05). The allele frequency of
      HLA-DQA1 * 0301 was lower in YDS group than in non-YDS group [2. 5% (3/118) vs.
      9.8% (12/122)] with statistical difference (P < 0.05). The allele frequency of
      HLA-DQA1 * 0501 was higher in YDS group than in non-YDS group [33.9% (40/118) vs.
      18.9% (23/122)] with statistical difference (P < 0.05). Yet statistical
      significance was lost after adjustment (Pc > 0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Both
      constitutions of CM and HLA-DQA1 gene polymorphism af- fect HBeAg positive CHB
      patients' response to Peg-INFalpha. Constitutions of YDS and HLA-DQA1 * 0501 was
      not favorable to response, their association needed to be further studied.

PMID- 27386644
TI  - [Efficacy of Zaozhu Yinchen Recipe for Treating Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis and
      its Effect on Free Fatty Acid and TNF-alpha].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy of Zaozhu Yinchen Recipe (ZZYCR) on non
      alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients, and to explore its effect on serum
      free fatty acid (FFA) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). METHODS:
      Totally 120 patients with NASH were randomly assigned to the treatment group (60
      cases, treated with ZZYCR, one dose per day) and the control group (60 cases,
      treated with Silibin Meglumine Tablets, 20 mg each time, thrice per day). The
      therapeutic course for all was 24 weeks. Serum levels of ALT and AST activities,
      TC and TG levels were detected before and after treatment. Peritoneal CT was
      performed in all patients, and CT ratios of liver and spleen calculated. NAFLD
      activity score (NAS) and degree of hepatic fibrosis were assessed using
      pathological examinations of liver tissue, and efficacy also evaluated. Serum
      contents of FFA and TNF-alpha were also detected. RESULTS: Compared with before
      treatment in the same group, activities of ALT and AST, serum levels of TC, TG,
      FFA, and TNF-alpha, NAS, scores of symptoms and signs all obviously decreased,
      degree of hepatic fibrosis was obviously improved in the two groups (P < 0.05, P
      < 0.01). These changes were more obviously seen in the treatment group (P <
      0.05). After 24-week treatment, the total effective rate and total clinical
      efficacy were 80.00% (48/60 cases) and 85.00% (51/60 cases) in the treatment
      group, obviously higher than those in the control group [60.00% (36/60 cases) and
      73.33% (44/60 cases) respectively], with significant difference (P < 0.05, P <
      0.01). CONCLUSION: ZZYCR could improve the clinical efficacy of NASH patients,
      and its mechanism might be associated with inhibiting serum levels of FFA and TNF
      alpha.

PMID- 27386645
TI  - [Analysis of Compatibility Laws for Acupoint Selection of Acupuncture in Treating
      Diabetic Gastroparasis].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the compatibility laws for acupoint selection
      of acupuncture in treating diabetic gastroparasis (DGP) in modern literatures of
      clinical researches. METHODS: Retrieved were literatures related to treating DGP
      by acupuncture or acupuncture combined other therapies from PubMed, CNKI, and WF
      from 1982 to 2014. Analyzed were frequency of acupoint use, meridians selected
      acupoints belonged to, regions selected, association laws of selected compatible
      acupoints. RESULTS: Retrieved were 35 with compatibility frequencies more than 15
      listed as follows: compatibility frequency of Zusanli (ST36) and Zhongwan (CV12)
      was 33 (94.29%); compatibility frequency of Zusanli (ST36) and Neiguan (PC6) was
      23 (65.71%), compatibility frequency of Zhongwan (CV12) and Neiguan (PC6) was 22
      (62.86%), compatibility frequency of Zusanli (ST36), Zhongwan (CV12), and Neiguan
      (PC6) was 22 (62.86%); compatibility frequency of Zusanli (ST36) and Sanyinjiao
      (SP6) was 16 (45.71%); compatibility frequency of Zhongwan (CV12) and Sanyinjiao
      (SP6) was 16 (45.71%); compatibility frequency of Zusanli (ST36), Zhongwan
      (CV12), and Sanyinjiao (SP6) was 15 (42.86%). Meridians selected acupoints
      belonged to were sequenced as Foot Yangming Stomach channel, Ren channel, Foot
      Taiyang Bladder channel, and so on. Acupoints selected were mainly in lower
      limbs, chest and abdomen, waist and back. The compatibility of Zusanli (ST36) and
      Zhongwan (CV12) was the most often used with the highest frequency. CONCLUSIONS:
      The compatibility laws for acupoint selection of acupuncture in treating DGP were
      mainly dominated as upper-lower selection, three regions selection, local
      selection, anterior-posterior selection. The compatibility laws for acupoint
      selection of acupuncture along meridians were mainly dominated as the convergence
      points and exterior-interior meridian points.

PMID- 27386646
TI  - [Amplitude Changes of Low Frequency Fluctuation in Brain Spontaneous Nervous
      Activities Induced by Needling at Hand Taiyin Lung Channel].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe amplitude changes of low frequency fluctuation in brain
      spontaneous nervous activities induced by needling at Hand Taiyin Lung Channel,
      and to preliminarily explore the possible brain function network of Hand Taiyin
      Lung Channel. METHODS: By using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 16
      healthy volunteers underwent resting-state scanning (R1) and scanning with
      retained acupuncture at Hand Taiyin Lung Channel (acupuncture, AP). Data of fMRI
      collected were statistically calculated using amplitude of low frequency
      fluctuations (ALFF). RESULTS: Under R1 significantly enhanced ALFF occurred in
      right precuneus, left inferior parietal lobule, bilateral superior temporal
      gyrus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, left inferior
      frontal gyrus, left medial frontal gyrus. Under AP significantly enhanced ALFF
      occurred in right precuneus, bilateral superior frontal gyrus, cerebellum,
      bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus, and so on. Compared
      with R1, needing at Hand Taiyin Lung Channel could significantly enhance ALFF in
      right gyrus subcallosum and right inferior frontal gyrus. Significant decreased
      ALFF appeared in right postcentral gyrus, left precuneus, left superior temporal
      gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, and so on. CONCLUSION: Needing at Hand Taiyin
      Lung Channel could significantly change fixed activities of cerebral cortex,
      especially in right subcallosal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, and so on.

PMID- 27386647
TI  - [Effect of Tanshinone IIA in Preventing and Treating Oxaliplatin Induced
      Peripheral Neuropathy].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe preventive and therapeutic effects of Tanshinone IIA (T II
      A) on oxaliplatin induced peripheral neuropathy (OlPN) and to explore its effects
      on the expression of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and never growth
      factor (NGF). METHODS: Totally 36 phase II - III patients with malignant tumor of
      digestive tract undergoing chemotherapy program with oxaliplatin, were equally
      assigned to the T II A group (using THA at 80 mg/day 1 day before oxaliplatin
      chemotherapy for 3 successive days) and the control group (using chemotherapy
      program with oxaliplatin alone) by segmented randomization. After 4 cycles of
      chemotherapy, the incidence degree and incidence of OlPN were evaluated. Sensory
      nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and motor nerve conduction velocity ( MNCV) were
      tested by EMG evoked potential device. Serum levels of CGRP and NGF were also
      detected in the two groups before and after chemotherapy. The correlation of
      serum levels of CGRP and NGF to OIPN was assessed using linear correlation
      analysis. RESULTS: After chemotherapy the OlPN incidence was 27.8% (5/18 cases)
      in the T II A group, obviously lower than that in the control group (55.6%, 10/18
      cases; P < 0.05). Compared with before treatment in the same group, SNCV and MNCV
      of common peroneal nerve were slowed down, serum NGF levels decreased, and serum
      CGRP levels obviously increased in the two groups (all P < 0.05). Compared with
      the control group after treatment, SNCV and MNCV of common peroneal nerve were
      obviously accelerated, serum NGF levels increased, and serum CGRP levels
      obviously decreased in the THA group (all P < 0.05). Results of linear
      correlation analysis indicated serum NGF level was negatively correlated with
      peripheral neuropathy (PN), serum CGRP expression was positively correlated with
      neurotoxicity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: T II A could reduce the incidence of OlPN,
      which might be associated with inhibiting the expression of CGRP and up
      regulating NGF activities.

PMID- 27386648
TI  - [Relationship between Life Habits and Constitution Types of Chinese Medicine in
      the Senile Living at Home in Beijing Downtown].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of constitution types of Chinese
      medicine (CM) in the elderly living at home in Beijing downtown, and to explore
      its relationship with life habits. METHODS: A total of 3894 senile more than 60
      years old were enrolled in this study. Their constitution types of CM were typed
      using CM constitution questionnaire. Meanwhile, their demographic features,
      disease condition, diet habits, exercise habits, sleep habits, and so on were
      investigated. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the
      relationship between life habits and constitution types of CM. RESULTS: The
      number of mild type constitution senile was 1111 (28.53%) and the number of
      biased constitutions 2783 (71.47%). Biased constitutions of the top three were qi
      deficiency constitution (662, 17.00%), yang deficiency constitution (445,
      11.43%), and blood stasis constitution (363, 9.32%). Univariate analysis showed
      that different habits of diet, exercise, and sleep exist among the senile of
      different constitutions (P < 0.05). By taking mild type constitution,
      multivariate Logistic regression analysis (except demographic indices and chronic
      history) showed that significantly positive correlation existed between qi
      deficiency constitution and favor for hot food (OR = 1.349, P = 0.015), yang
      deficiency constitution and favor for hot food (OR = 2.448, P < 0.01), phlegm
      wetness constitution and favor for barbecue food (OR = 2.144, P = 0.003), wet
      heat constitution and favor for sweet food (OR = 1.355, P = 0.032), wet-heat
      constitution and favor for tea (OR = 1.359, P = 0.047), blood stasis constitution
      and favor for hot food (OR = 1.422, P = 0.017), and qi depression constitution
      and favor for hot food (OR = 1.446, P = 0.031). Regular exercise had negative
      correlation with qi deficiency constitution (OR = 0.397, P < 0.01), yang
      deficiency constitution (OR = 0.522, P < 0.01) , phlegm-wetness constitution (OR
      = 0.475, P < 0.01), wet-heat constitution (OR = 0.647, P = 0.015), blood stasis
      constitution (OR = 0.608, P = 0.001), qi depression constitution (OR = 0.541, P =
      0.001), and special diathesis constitution (OR = 0.466, P < 0.01). Early sleep
      and rise habit had negative with phlegm-wetness constitution (OR = 0.414, P <
      0.01), wet-heat constitution (OR = 0.536, P = 0.015), blood stasis constitution
      (OR = 0.515, P = 0.004), and special diathesis constitution (OR = 0.526, P =
      0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Different constitution types of CM might be highly related
      to specific life habits. Cultivating better life habits can improve biased
      constitutions of CM.

PMID- 27386649
TI  - [Correlation between Signs of Living Body in Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities and
      Syndrome Typing of Chinese Medicine in Colorectal Cancer Patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between signs of living body in abdominal
      and pelvic cavities and syndrome typing of Chinese medicine (CM) in colorectal
      cancer patients. METHODS: Totally 112 colorectal cancer patients undergoing open
      abdominal surgery or laporoscopic surgery were syndrome typed as five types,
      i.e., inner-accumulation of damp and heat, blockage of stasis and toxin, Pi-Shen
      yang deficiency, blood-qi deficiency, Gan-Shen yin deficiency. Signs of living
      body in abdominal and pelvic cavities were collected. The correlation between
      signs of living body in abdominal and pelvic cavities and syndrome typing of CM
      were analyzed. RESULTS: Red colorectal canals or mass were dominated in
      colorectal cancer patients with inner-accumulation of damp and heat syndrome.
      Dark purple colorectal canals or mass were dominated in colorectal cancer
      patients with blockage of stasis and toxin syndrome. Reddish colorectal canals or
      mass were dominated in colorectal cancer patients with blood-qi deficiency
      syndrome. Pale colorectal canals or mass were dominated in colorectal cancer
      patients with Pi-Shen yang deficiency syndrome. Whitish or red-white stripes were
      dominated in colorectal cancer patients with Gan-Shen yin deficiency syndrome.
      Dropsy colorectal canal was associated with Pi-Shen yang deficiency syndrome.
      Intracavitary effusion was often seen in colorectal cancer patients with inner
      accumulation of damp and heat syndrome. The effusion was yellowish in less
      amount. Intracavitary adhesion was often seen in colorectal cancer patients with
      blockage of stasis and toxin syndrome. There was no correlation between the
      maximum diameter of mass or each syndrome type of CM. CONCLUSION: There existed
      correlation between signs of living body in abdominal and pelvic cavities and
      syndrome typing of CM, which could be taken as one of references for syndrome
      typing of colorectal cancer patients.

PMID- 27386650
TI  - [Effect of Osthole on Adrenocortical Function in Y1 Mouse Adrenocortical Tumor
      Cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of osthole (Ost) on adrenocortical function in Y1
      mouse adrenocortical tumor cells. METHODS: Y1 mouse adrenocortical tumor cells
      were taken as subjects in this experiment. In 10.0%, 1.0%, and 0.1% serum DMEM
      F12 medium, Y1 cells were treated with 1, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 micromol/L Ost
      for 24 and 48 h. 0.1% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) was taken as negative control
      group and 1 mmol/L (Bu) 2cAMP as positive control group. Cell growth morphology
      was observed under inverted microscope. Contents of corticosterone were tested by
      ELISA. Expression levels of steroids synthase such as Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp21a1,
      Hsd3b2, Cyp11b1, Cyp11b2, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3 mRNA were detected by Real time
      quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Y1 cell proliferation was obviously
      inhibited by 100 and 200 micromol/L Ost, and its inhibitory effect was more
      significant in 0.1% serum medium. Compared with the negative control group, gene
      expressions of Star, Cyp11a1 , Cyp21a1, Hsd3b2, Cyp11b1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3
      were significantly enhanced in the posi- tive control group (P < 0.05). Y1 cell
      corticosterone levels significantly increased in 50 micromol/L Ost treatment
      group after 24-and 48-h intervention (P < 0.05). Contents of corticosterone
      increased more obviously in 25 and 50 +/- mol/L Ost treatment groups after 48-h
      intervention, as compared with 24-h intervention (P < 0.01). After 24-h
      intervention, expression levels of Star, Cyp21a1, and Hsd3b2 genes were
      significantly up-regulated in 25 and 50 lLmol/L Ost groups (P < 0.05). Star gene
      expression was further enhanced after 48-h intervention (P < 0.05). However, Ost
      showed no effect on Cyp11a1 (P > 0.05). Additionally, gene expressions of Cyp11b1
      and Cyp17a1 were significantly enhanced by 10, 25, and 50 pLmolIL Ost after
      treatment for 24 and 48 h (P < 0.05). Ost showed no obvious effect on Cyp11b2 and
      Hsd17b3 expressions. CONCLUSION: Ost could regulate adrenal cortex function and
      promote corticosterone synthesis and secretion through strengthening gene
      expressions of steroidogenic enzymes.

PMID- 27386651
TI  - [Effect of Pinggan Qianyang Recipe Containing Serum on Angiotensin II Induced
      Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration and DNA Methylation].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Pinggan Qianyang Recipe (PQR) on inhibiting
      angiotensin II (Ang II) induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth
      muscle cells (VSMCs) and changes of DNA methylation. METHODS: VSMCs were cultured
      using tissue explant method, and PQR containing serum was prepared. Primarily
      cultured VSMCs were divided into four groups, the normal group, the model group,
      the folate group (folic acid intervention) , and the PQR group. The proliferation
      and migration of VSMCs was duplicated by Ang II. After 24-h Ang II induced
      culture, 40 microg/mL folic acid was added to the folate group for 48 h, while 5%
      PQR containing serum was added to the PQR group for 48 h. The cell growth curve
      of VSMCs was drawn by using Cell Counting Kit (CCK-8). The proliferative activity
      of VSMC was determined by MTT assay. The migration of VSMCs was measured by
      Millicell chamber. The general level of cytosine methylation in cell nucleus was
      detected via 5-mC antibodies immunofluorescence, and mRNA expression levels of
      DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) were measured by Real-time q-polymerase chain
      reaction (q-PCR). RESULTS: VSMCs were promoted by Ang II at 10(-6) mol/L for 24
      h. Compared with the normal group, the proliferative activity and migration
      quantity of VSMCs obviously increased, and DNA methylation level obviously
      decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the cell growth,
      proliferative activity and migration quantity of VSMCs obviously decreased and
      the general DNA methylation level increased in the folate group and the PQR group
      (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the normal group, the mRNA expression of
      DNMT1 decreased in the model group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group,
      mRNA expression of DNMT1 in Ang II induced VSMCs was obviously enhanced in the
      folate group and the PQR group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: PQR could inhibit Ang II
      induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs, and cause high genomic DNA
      methylation level. Changes of DNA methylation might be associated with DNMT1
      expression.

PMID- 27386652
TI  - [Effects of Shoutai Pill Containing Serum on Bioactivity Behavior of Trophoblast
      Cells of Spontaneous Abortion Patients].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Shoutai Pill (STP) containing serum on
      bioactivity behaviors of trophoblast cells in spontaneous abortion (SA) patients
      such as cell proliferation, invasion, migration and secretion. METHODS:
      Trophoblast cells in artificial abortion in normal pregnancy and SA patients were
      isolated and cultured in vitro, which were then treated with STP containing serum
      at various concentrations (5%, 10%, 20%, respectively). Blank serum was taken as
      the normal control group and dydrogesterone containing serum as the
      dydrogesterone control group. The proliferation, cycle distribution, invasion and
      migration capacity, and beta human chorionic gonadotropin (p-HCG) level were
      detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetry, flow cytometry (FCM),
      Transwell experiments, and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the normal
      control group, the activity of cell proliferation obviously decreased, ratios of
      apoptotic cells (SubGO/G1) and G2/M phase were obviously elevated, S phase cell
      ratio was obviously reduced (all P < 0.05). Transwell experiments indicated
      invasion and migration capacity obviously decreased, secreted beta-HCG level were
      obviously reduced after 72-h intervention (P < 0.05). Compared with the SA group,
      the activity of cell proliferation obviously increased, ratios of apoptotic cells
      and G2/M phase were obviously reduced, S phase cell ratio was obviously elevated,
      invasion and migration capacity were obviously enhanced, secreted beta-HCG level
      were obviously elevated after 72-h intervention in the dydrogesterone control
      group and each STP containing serum group (all P < 0.05). The activity of
      trophoblastic cell proliferation, S phase cell ratio, invasion and migration
      capacity, and secreted beta-HCG level were strengthened along with increased STP
      containing serum. Besides, the effects of 20% STP containing serum group were
      significantly superior to those of the dydrogesterone control group (P < 0.05).
      CONCLUSION: STP containing serum could dose-dependently enhance the proliferative
      activity of trophoblastic cells, invasion and migration capacity, secretion of
      beta-HCG, and reduce the apoptosis of trophoblast cells, which might be one of
      mechanisms for STP preventing and treating SA.

PMID- 27386653
TI  - [Effect of Modified Hangqi Chifeng Decoction Containing Serum on the Expression
      of Col IV, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 in Glomerular Mesangial Cells Induced by LPS].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Modified Hangqi Chifeng Decoction (MHCD) on
      levels of collagen type IV (Col IV), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue
      inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in extracellular matrix (ECM) of
      glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) in LPS induced mice. METHODS: Normal serum and
      telmisartan, high, medium, low dose MHCD containing serums were prepared by using
      serum pharmacology method. GMCs were cultured in vitro. The proliferation of
      mesangial cells were induced using LPS as stimulating factor. GMCs were divided
      into six groups, i.e., the normal group, the model group, the telmisartan group,
      high, medium and low dose MHCD groups. Col IV content in the supernatant of
      mesangial cells was detected using ELISA. Protein expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2
      were detected using Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, Col IV
      content obviously increased in the model group after 72-h LPS stimulation;
      protein expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were obviously up-regulated, and MMP
      2/TIMP-2 ratio was down-regulated in the model group (P < 0.01). Compared with
      the model group, Col IV content obviously decreased in high and medium dose MHCD
      groups and the telmisartan group (P < 0.01); protein expressions of MMP-2 were
      obviously down-regulated in medium and low dose MHCD groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05);
      the protein expression of TIMP-2 was obviously down-regulated in high, medium,
      low dose MHCD groups and the telmisartan group (P < 0.01). The pro- tein
      expression of TIMP-2 was obviously lower in the high dose MHCD group than in the
      low dose MHCD group (P < 0.01). MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio was obviously up-regulated in
      the telmisartan group, high and medium dose MHCD groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION:
      MHCD could regulate disordered MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio in LPS induced ECM, inhibit
      excessive production of Col IV in ECM, promote the degradation of ECM, reduce the
      accumulation of ECM, thereby, delaying the process of glomerular sclerosis.

PMID- 27386654
TI  - [Learning and Memory Capacity and NMDA Receptor Expression in Shen Deficiency
      Constitution Rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore material bases and neurobiological mechanisms of "Shen
      storing will" by observing learning and memory capacities and N-methyl-D-aspartic
      acid (NMDA) receptor expressions in Shen deficiency constitution (SDC) rats.
      METHODS: Totally 40 SD rats were randomly divided into the model group, the
      Zuogui Pill (ZP) group, the Yougui Pill (YP) group, the blank control group
      (consisting of normal pregnant rats), 10 in each group. SDC young rat model
      (inherent deficiency and postnatal malnutrition) was prepared by the classic way
      of "cat scaring rat". Medication started when they were scared by cat. Rats in
      the ZP group and the YP group were administered by gastrogavage with ZP
      suspension 0.1875 g/mL and YP suspension 0.0938 g/mL respectively. Equal volume
      of normal saline was administered to rats in the blank control group and the
      model group by gastrogavage. All medication was given once per day, 5 days in a
      week for 2 consecutive months. Learning and memory capacities were detected by
      Morris water maze test. Expressions of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B in
      hippocamus were detected by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS: Compared with
      the blank control group, the latency period, total distance in Morris water maze
      test were longer in the model group (P < 0.05). All the aforesaid indices all
      decreased in the ZP group and the YP group, with statistical difference when
      compared with the model group (P < 0.05). The protein expressions of NR2A and
      NR2B in hippocamus were lower in the model group than in the blank control group
      (P < 0.05). But when compared with the model group, they were obviously higher in
      the ZP group and the YP group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: SDC rats had degenerated
      learning and memory capacities and lowered NMDA receptor expressions. ZP and YP
      could up-regulate learning and memory capacities and NMDA receptor expressions,
      thereby improving deterioration of brain functions in SDC rats.

PMID- 27386655
TI  - [Effect of Wenyang Huoxue Lishul Recipe Containing Serum on Expression of
      Cathepsin L in Puromycin Aminonucleoside-induced Injury of Mouse Glomerular
      Podocytes].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Wenyang Huoxue Lishui Recipe (WHLR)
      containing serum on the expression of cathepsin L (CatL) in puromycin
      aminonucleoside-induced injury of mouse glomerular podocytes. METHODS: Mouse
      podocyte cells (MPCs) in vitro cultured were divided into the normal control
      group, the model group, the dexamethasone (DEX) group, 10% WHLR containing serum
      group, 20% WHLR containing serum group, the vehicle serum control group. MPCs in
      the normal control group were cultured at 37 degrees C culture solution for 24 h.
      45 mg/L puromycin was acted on MPCs in the model group for 24 h. On the basis of
      puromycin intervention, 1 limol/L DEX was co-incubated in MPCs of the DEX group
      for 24 h; 10% or 20% WHLR containing serum was co-incubated in MPCs of the 10%
      WHLR containing serum group and 20% WHLR containing serum group for 24 h. The
      vehicle serum control group was also set up by incubating with WHLR containing
      serum alone for 24 h. The expression of CatL and its substrate Synaptopodin in
      podocytes were detected by cell immunofluorescence staining. FITC-conjugated
      phalloidin was used to stain F-actin. A cortical F-actin score index (CFS index)
      was designed to quantify the degree of cytoskeletal reorganization in cultured
      podocytes. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, the expression of
      synaptopodin significantly decreased and the expression of CatL significantly
      increased in the model group. F-actin arranged in disorder, gradually forming
      pericellular F-actin ring. CFS index was obviously elevated (P < 0.01). Compared
      with the model group, the epression of synaptopodin increased, the expression of
      CatL decreased, and CFS index also decreased in the DEX group, 10% WHLR
      containing serum group, and 20% WHLR containing serum group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).
      Compared with the DEX group, the expression of synaptopodin decreased in 10% WHLR
      containing serum group, CFS index also decreased in 20% WHLR containing serum
      group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: WHLR could up-regulate the expression of
      synaptopodin, down-regulate the expression of CatL, and alleviate cytoskeletal
      reorganization of F-actin. It was helpful to stabilize the cytoskeleton of F
      actin and improve the merging of podocytes.

PMID- 27386656
TI  - [Preventive Effect of Different Compatibilities of Ramulus Cinnamomi and Radix
      Paeomlae alba in Guizhi Decoction on Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation Induced by 6
      OHDA].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the preventive effect of different compatibilities of
      Ramulus Cinnamomi (RC) and Radix Paeomiae alba (RPA) in Guizhi Decoction (GZD) on
      neurotransmitters and their rate-limiting enzymes, and neurotrophic factors of
      cardiac sympathetic denervation model rats induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).
      METHODS: Totally 54 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, i.e.,
      the blank control group, the model group, the methycobal group, the 2:1 (RC/RPA)
      Guishao group, the 1:2 Guishao group, and the 1:1 Guishao group, 9 in each group.
      Sympathetic denervation was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 6-OHDA for
      three successive days. Rats in the methycobal group and GZD groups were
      administered with corresponding decoction by gastrogavage 1 week before modeling
      (methycobal at the daily dose 0.15 mg/kg; GZD at the daily dose of 4.0, 5.5, 5.5
      g crude drugs/kg for GZD 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 groups). All medication lasted for 10
      successive days. Levels of norepinephrine (NE), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH),
      choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT), nerve growth factor (NGF), growth associated
      protein43 (GAP-43) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in myocar- dial
      homogenates of right atrium and ventricular septum were detected by ELISA.
      RESULTS: Compared with the blank control group, levels of NE, TH, TH/ChAT ratio,
      and GAP-43 in myocardial homogenates of right atrium and ventricular septum
      decreased in the model group, and level of NGF increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.05).
      Compared with the model group, levels of NE and GAP-43 increased in the right
      atrium and interventricular septum; NGF level of the ventricular septum decreased
      in the methycobal group and each GZD groups. TH and TH/ChAT ratio in the right
      atrium increased in the 2:1 Guishao group and the 1:2 Guishao group (P < 0.01, P
      < 0.05); NGF levels in the right atrium and interventricular septum decreased
      only in the 1:1 Guishao group (P < 0.01, P< 0.05). Compared with the methycobal
      group, levels of NE, TH, and GAP-43 in the right atrium and interventricular
      septum increased, and NGF levels in the right atrium and interventricular septum
      decreased in the 1:1 Guishao group (P < 0.05). Compared with the methycobal
      group, levels of NE and GAP-43 in interventricular septum increased in the 2:1
      Guishao group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: GZD (with the proportion between RC and RPA
      2:1 and 1:1) could improve contents of neurotransmitters and their rate-limiting
      enzymes, as well as neurotrophic factors in cardiac sympathetic denervation model
      rats induced by 6-OHDA, alleviate cardiac sympathetic denervation induced by 6
      OHDA, and maintain the balance of sympathetic-vagal nerve system.

PMID- 27386657
TI  - [Effect of Total Ravonoids of Herba Epimedium on BMP-2/RunX2/OSX Signaling
      Pathway during Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of total flavonoids of Herba Epimedium (FHE) on
      BMP-2/RunX2/OSX signaling pathway in promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone
      marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). METHODS: Passage 3 BMSCs were randomly
      divided into the control group, the experimental group, and the inhibitor group.
      BMSCs in the control group were cultured in 0.2% dimethyl sulfoxide +
      Osteogenuxic Supplement (OS) fluid + DMEM/F12 culture media. BMSCs in the
      experimental group were intervened by 20 microg/mL FHE. BMSCs in the inhibitor
      group were intervened by 20 microg/mL FHE and 1 microg/mL NOGGIN recombinant
      protein. At day 9 alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured. Calcium
      nodules were stained by alizarin red staining and the density was observed. The
      transcription expression of osteogenic differentiation-related proteins (type I
      collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin) and related factors of BMP-2/RunX2/OSX
      signaling pathway was assayed by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Compared with the control
      group, ALP activities were enhanced and the density of calcium nodules
      significantly increased; type I collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin expression
      levels were increased in the experimental group. The expression of osteogenesis
      related transcription factor was also increased in the experimental group. Noggin
      recombinant protein inhibited FHE promoting BMSCs osteogenesis in the inhibitor
      group. Compared with the experimental group, ALP activity decreased (P < 0.05),
      the density of calcium nodules was lowered, expression levels of type I collagen,
      osteocalcin, osteopontin significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the inhibitor
      group. CONCLUSION: 20 microg/mL FHE promoted osteogenic differentiation process
      of BMSCs by BMP-2/RunX2/OSX signaling pathway.

PMID- 27386658
TI  - [Effect of Yangxue Qingnao Granule on the Expression of CD11b in CA1 Region of
      Hippocampus of Vascular Dementia Rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Yangxue Qingnao Granule (YQG) on the
      expression of CD11b in CA1 region of hippocampus of vascular dementia rats, and
      to explore its regulation on microglias. METHODS: Totally 144 SD rats were
      randomly divided into the sham-operation group, the vascular dementia model group
      (model), and the YQG treated group (treated). The vascular dementia rat model was
      prepared by modified Pulsinelli's four-vessel occlusion. Rats in the sham
      operation group and the model group were administered with normal saline -(at the
      daily dose of 10 mL/kg) by gastrogavage, while those in the treated group were
      administered with YQG (0.32 g/mL, at the daily dose of 10 mL/kg) by gastrogavage.
      All administration was performed once per day for 8 successive weeks. The
      expression of CD11b in CA1 region of hippocampus of vascular dementia rats was
      detected at week 1, 2, 4, and 8, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the sham
      operation group, the expression of CD11b in CA1 region of hippocampus of vascular
      dementia rats were significantly enhanced in the model group at each time point
      (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the expression of CD11b in CA1 region
      of hippocampus of vascular dementia rats significantly decreased in the treated
      group at each time point (P < 0.01), especially at week 2. CONCLUSION: Obvious
      activation and proliferation of microglias could be seen in CA1 region of
      hippocampus of vascular dementia rats, and YQG could inhibit activation and
      proliferation of microglias.

PMID- 27386659
TI  - [Effect of Jinwu Jiangu Recipe on Expressions of NF-kappaB and IL-17 in Collagen
      Induced Arthritis Model Rats].
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Jinwu Jiangu Recipe (JJR) on the expression
      of synovial cells' nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and serum interleukin 17 (IL
      17) in collagen induced arthritis (CIA) rats. METHODS: Totally 60 Wistar rats
      were randomly divided into 6 groups, i.e., the blank control group, the model
      group, high, middle, and low dose JJR treatment groups, and the tripterygium
      control group, 10 in each group. Except rats in the blank control group, CIA
      model was established in rats of the rest 5 groups. Then they were treated from
      the 7th day of modeling. After 4 weeks of medication they were sacrificed, serum
      collected, and synovium of joints were isolated. The expression of serum IL-17
      was detected in synovium of joints by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
      And the expression of NF-kappaB/P65, Ikappabetaalpha and NF-KappaB/P50 were
      detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with the blank control group, the
      serum IL-17 level increased in the model group (P <0. 01). Compared with the
      model group, the serum IL-17 level obviously decreased in high and middle dose
      JJR groups and the tripterygium control group (P < 0.01). Results of Western blot
      showed, when compared with the blank control group, protein activities of NF
      kappaB/P65 and NF-kappaB/P50 were significantly enhanced in the model group (P <
      0.01). Compared with the model group, protein activities of NF-kappaB/P65 and NF
      kappaB/P50 significantly decreased in high and middle dose JJR groups and the
      tripterygium control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). All indices mentioned above were
      higher in the low dose JJR group than in the tripterygium control group (P <
      0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: JJR could lower the expression of serum IL-17 in CIA
      model rats, and inhibit protein activities of NF-kappaB/P65 and NF-kappaB/P50.

PMID- 27386660
TI  - [Progress of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy Mechanism for Treating Functional
      Dyspepsia].

PMID- 27386661
TI  - EBOLA in America: An Epidemic or a Pandemic?

PMID- 27386662
TI  - Knowledge, Beliefs and Feelings about Breast Cancer: The Perspective of African
      American Women.
AB  - A naturalistic qualitative research study was conducted focusing on young African
      American women with breast cancer and their biological mothers. Semistructured
      interviews were conducted with 14 participants to identify their knowledge,
      beliefs and feelings of breast cancer. Several women reported issues of medical
      distrust; limited treatment options; breast cancer is a death warrant. Social
      support was essential for survival. Implications of the research for nursing
      education and the medical profession are discussed.

PMID- 27386664
TI  - Visiting the Republic of Cuba: An Experience to Remember.
AB  - A few years ago, I was privileged to visit the Republic of Cuba as a summer
      vacation. Officially, this Spanish island is the largest island in the Caribbean,
      with more than 12 million people. It is only second as being most populous after
      Hispaniola with its people, culture and customs. Havana is the capital and Cuba's
      largest city. The United States lies to the immediate north only about 95 miles
      away, and the Bahamas and Mexico to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are
      on the southern end, and Haiti and the Dominion Republic are in the southeastern
      area. The history of this island is truly amazing. I was able to vist a hospital,
      and ride public transportation (bus). The trip was made at the time when Cuba was
      not open to travelers coming direct from the United States. I traveled to
      Montreal, Canada to board Cabana Arlines to Havana, Cuba.

PMID- 27386663
TI  - Mothers' Perceptions of Child Vulnerability in Previous Preterm Infants.
AB  - This research examined whether the same predictive variables of
      mothers'perceptions of child vulnerability are present for extremely low birth
      weight (ELBW) and very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants. Data were collected using
      120 infants and 119 mothers. In ELBW infants, days until first bottle feeding,
      feeding problems, and feeding practices accounted for 69.9% of the variance (p <
      .001) at four months; feeding problems 49.9% (p < .001) at six months; and days
      until the first bottle feeding and feeding problems were 41.9% (p < .001) at
      twelve months. In the VLBW infants, feeding problems and length of stay accounted
      for 46.9% of the variance (p < .001) at four months; infant length of stay was
      15.1% (p < .001) at six months; and there was no significance at twelve months.
      Mothers' perceptions of child vulnerability can be predicted at four, six and
      twelve months. The predictive variables may depend on the birth weight category
      of the infant.

PMID- 27386665
TI  - Measles in Memphis.

PMID- 27386666
TI  - Chikungunya in Mississippi: The Health Department Response to Imported Cases.
AB  - Chikungunya (CHIK), a newly recognized mosquito-borne disease in the Western
      Hemisphere, has resulted in well over a million cases since December 2013. Only
      about a dozen locally-acquired cases thus far have been reported in the U. S.
      (Florida), but approximately 1500 imported cases have been seen in returning
      travelers from the Caribbean and Central and South America. Public health
      officials are concerned that imported cases may lead to infection of local
      mosquitoes and, thus disease transmission. This paper documents 9 confirmed CHIK
      cases in Mississippi: 5 resulting from travel to the Dominican Republic, 2 from
      Haiti, 1 from Honduras, and 1 from Puerto Rico. In addition, the Mississippi
      State Department of Health response to those cases is presented and discussed.

PMID- 27386667
TI  - Top 10 Facts You Should Know about Hearing Loss and Cognitive Decline.

PMID- 27386668
TI  - You are the Guardians at the Gate.

PMID- 27386669
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27386670
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27386671
TI  - [DESCRIPTION OF A RETROPERITONEAL ACCESS ROUTE TO THE VESSELS OF THE SPLEEN FOR
      SPLENORENAL ARTERIAL AND VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS].
AB  - To perform arterial or venous spleno-renal anastomoses, surgeons have so far
      systematically used the transperitoneal way whic is burdened by a high mortality
      an morbility percentage. On the basis of anatomo-surgical considerations, a
      retroperitoneal approach has been found reaching the hilus of the spleen via the
      lumbar region; the first arterial spleno-renal anastomosis by this way was
      performed in 1972 and the first venous spleno-renal anastomosis due to portal
      hipertension also by this way was performed in 1974, the alter proving to be the
      least aggresive by avoiding damaging the pancreas, the most surgical and direct
      for reaching the splenic vessels thereby enabling a better exposure and an easier
      performing of the anastomoses. By being retroperitoneal, the loss or infeccion of
      the ascitic liquid in the cirrhotic patient is prevented.

PMID- 27386672
TI  - [BODY AND CORPORALITY IN THE HUMAN BEING: SOME INTERDISCIPLINARY REFLECTIONS].
AB  - The major purpose of this contribution is to illustrate some differential aspects
      between the human and the animal bodies, in order to understand the main
      distinctive characteristic of the human being: his or her rationality. Thus, we
      firstly deal with some considerations about the general anthropological framework
      in which the human body is going to be analysed. Next, we briefly explain the
      importance of the body for an adequate understanding of the intimacy and the
      biographical perspectives of the person. Here we show some examples of the
      altered human corporality to stress the importance of the relation to oneself and
      others as a key and fundamental aspect to look at our rational corporality.

PMID- 27386673
TI  - [LIGHT AND SHADOWS OF PSYCHIATRIC NOSOLOGY].
AB  - Psychiatry is going through a deep crisis, both as a scientific discipline as a
      medical specialty. In the present paper we consider in length what we consider to
      be the two aspects that could explain the situation: the recurring disappointment
      with classification systems and the persistence of a localizacionism inadequate
      to explain normal and pathological behavior. Psychiatry lacks a definition of
      mental disorder that covers all situations, there are difficulties in drawing a
      precise distinction between normality and psychopathology, and the majority of
      these "diagnostic" categories are not validated by biological criteria.
      Furthermore, there is still a debate on the nature of the symptoms of mental
      disorders, a confusion classification and diagnosis and a preoccupation with the
      growing inflation of diagnostic categories. Localizationism, that is, the
      approach to brain function considering that particular pychological functions are
      carried out by particular brain areas or centers, helps to understand many
      clinical and psychological phenomena, but have largely failed to explaining the
      nature of most mental disorders. The crisis should be confronted by putting
      emphasis on psychopathology instead than in classification, in functions rather
      than in diagnostic criteria, to be aware in the progress in neuroscientific
      monistic perspectives and by importing the methods of the emerging connectomics.

PMID- 27386674
TI  - [THE GLOBAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS. AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT].
AB  - The Global and economic crisis and Health Management The Health care process
      discussed are 4 steps: assessment, planing, intervention and evaluation. The
      identify association between social factors linked to social vulnerability (socio
      economic status, unemployed, poverty) and objective health relate quality of
      life. The poverty rate is 24.2%, unemployed 26.26%, youth unemployed 56.13%.ratio
      worker/retired 2.29. Debts 100% GDP The health inequality influence on health
      related quality of life. The Health System efficiency index. according Bloomber
      rate (2,013) Spain is 5 degrees in the world, points 68.3 on 100, for the life
      expectancy 82.3 years, the personal cost of health care 2,271?. Health care 10%
      GDP (public 7%,private 3%), SS protected population 92.4%, retired person cost
      9.2% GDP, p. capita GDP 23,737?. Cost of Care: Hospital/specialist 54%, P. Care
      15%, Pharmaceutical 19.8%, P. Health 3.1%.

PMID- 27386675
TI  - [THE MICROSCOPIC ALGAE AS HUMAN PATHOGENS].
AB  - Some microscopic algae can cause different infectious diseases in humans,
      including skin, bone, and disseminated. These little-known emerging disease are
      more severe in immunocompromised patients. The confirmatory microbiological
      diagnosis must be done differential with yeast-like fungi that can be confused.
      Anti-fungal drugs and surgery, being quite frequent treatment failure have been
      used in the treatment. Given the increase of immunosuppression in the current
      medicine and new possibilities of microbiological diagnostics, it is logical that
      these diseases tend to increase, by which all physician should know them.

PMID- 27386676
TI  - [PASSIVE TACTILE STIMULATION AS A WAY OF SPATIAL RECOGNITION IN SUBJECTS WITH
      SEVERE VISUAL IMPAIRMENT OR BLINDNESS].
AB  - Regular tactile passive stimulation increases the lasting activation of a greater
      number of synaptic connections (neuroplasticity) in posterior cortical areas in
      subjects with blidness with duration and permanence of the neuroplasticity
      process. Assuming that the lack of stimulation logically involves a deficit due
      to the cerebral hypofunctionality; in the case of blind subjects such deficit
      should be more pronounced in the occipital lobe responsible of human vision. We
      found, after long period of tactile stimulation, that the occipital lobe was
      activated while having at the same time a visual "qualia" subjective sensation
      using transcranial magnetic stimulation occipital lobe inhibition decreases
      visual response.

PMID- 27386677
TI  - [ANTIAGING TREATMENTS: WHAT ARE WE TALKING ABOUT?].
AB  - Antiaging medicine is nowadays an equivocal topic frequently used in geriatric
      medicine. It is, also, one of the most important sources of medical costs. With
      the words "antiaging medicine" we may express several different desires: a) to
      arrive at advanced age in the best possible physical and mental conditions, b) to
      act in order to slowing the aging process associated changes, c) to revert some
      of these negative changes. Prevention is the only positive successful way to
      achieve any of these possibilities. It means to emphasize any sort on
      interventions acting over health habits as physical activity, nutrition, to avoid
      toxic habits (tobacco) and to take primary and secondary diseases preventive
      measures. There is not medical evidence of effectiveness with any other measures,
      as hormonal therapies or reconstructive surgery.

PMID- 27386679
TI  - [FROM THE CT-PET TO THE MRI-PET].
AB  - CT-PET is a multimodality imaging technique which diagnostic utility has been
      demostrated especially in oncology and neurosciences. There is about 100
      equipments of this modality in Spain. MRI-PET ia a new multimodality imaging
      technique recently installed in Spain. Its main advantages over CT-PET are: the
      reduction in the absorbed dose of radiations and the better contrast between
      normal and pathological tissues, especially in soft tissue tumors and
      neurological disorders.

PMID- 27386678
TI  - [THE THALAMIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM. A NOVEL SYSTEM IN THE PRIMATE BRAIN].
AB  - The human and macaque monkey thalamus receives an abundant dopamine innervation,
      as revealed by immunolabeling of axons for molecules specific for the
      dopaminergic phenotype. The distribution of the innervation is highly
      heterogeneous, with specific association, limbic and motor nuclei receiving the
      densest innervation. The origin of thalamic dopamine is multiple; it includes
      dopaminergic nuclei in the hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, ventral
      mesencephalon and lateral parabrachial nucleus. This novel dopaminergic system,
      notably developed in the primate brain, is rudimentary in rodents. Studying the
      thalamic dopaminergic system in primates opens new avenues for understanding
      neurological and psychiatric conditions.

PMID- 27386680
TI  - [RADIATION ONCOLOGY: CONTEXT IN CANCER MEDICINE AND CLINICAL TRASLATIONAL
      RESEARCH MODELS].
AB  - Radiation Oncology is a clinical speciality supported by technological
      development including biomedical imaging, ionizing radiation generators and
      radiobiology of cancer and normal tissues. Translational research and development
      opportunities incorporate clinical models available in hospital practice with
      academic interest in health care innovative approaches. Examples of mature
      research projects in translational radiation oncology are described: a) molecular
      imaging and expression for radioresponse assessment; b) oligorecurrent cancer
      results after rescue surgery and intensified radiotherapy; c) stereotactic
      surgical navigation for intraoperative radiotherapy.

PMID- 27386681
TI  - [CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPASIA].
AB  - It is presented the clinical and physiopathological characteristics of most
      relevant CAH during pediatric ages. Also it is discussed the dauting benefit
      derived from analysing in all newborns 17-OH-progesterone in a few blood drops
      embedded filter-paper. In addition it is emphasized the interest of treating risk
      pregnancies before delivery.

PMID- 27386682
TI  - [MEDICINE IN THE LITERARY WORK OF MIGUEL TORCA].
AB  - Miguel Torga (Sao Martinho de Anta 1907 - Coimbra 1995) was one of the most
      important portuguese writers of the twentieth century. There is such identity
      between his medical and literary activity that he used to say that "his own hand
      not only writes but also prescribes". Reading his work, mainly autobiographical,
      allows us to analyze their vision of medicine, the patient physician relationship
      and how a doctor lives his own disease. In the first case medicine constitute an
      essential tool to help nature and, therefore, an instrument that makes hope
      possible. In the second case indicates that in the patient physician relationship
      are present sadness, stress, anxiety and a supreme exercise of the human
      condition which is the anamnesis when the patients open their intimity to the
      doctor. In the third case Torga's work illustrates how a physician can live his
      own illness as an advantage, as a judicial sentence or as a possibility.
      Approaching to the medicine under perspective of Miguel Torga, doctor and writer,
      will help us to understand medicine in a more human context in which the life of
      the doctor is not stranger to their patients, or to the nature and the concrete
      world that both share.

PMID- 27386683
TI  - [THE FRENCH ANATOMICAL XAVIER BICHAT (1771 - 1802). FUNDATOR OF DOCTRINE OF
      TISSUES. BIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY BEFORE HIS GRAVE].
AB  - It is reminded to Marie Francois Xavier Bichat (1771-1802), French physician who
      figure in the pages of the history of the Universal Medicine. With him begins the
      anatomic mentality in the nineteenth century, which in 1801 introduced the
      concept of tissue in his book "Anatomie Generale". With unprecedented nature is
      disclosed his tomb in Paris' Pere Lachaise cemetery visited by the author, fact
      that motivated before it about his memories and historical work, which appears in
      the communication, as a tribute to his memory.

PMID- 27386684
TI  - [MEDICOLEGAL ASSESSMENT OF THE AGGRESSOR TO PREVENT ADVERSE OUTCOMES IN WOMEN
      VIOLENCE].
AB  - Violence against women is a health care problem because it is very prevalent and
      its consequences are serious. The number of deaths due to this problem keep being
      alarming. Measures to prevent this could be:--Make victims and their families
      know that complaint is very important.--After complaint, protect the victim and
      solve her situation quickly. A medicolegal assessment is needed, with a medical
      psychological-and psychiatric exploration of the aggressor, to detect alcohol or
      substances abuse, and to know his personality profile. Risk features are
      emotional instability, suspicion, pride, sense of abandonment, sense of injustice
      about the complaint, anxiety, emotional stress or depression. These features mean
      risk of lethal or very serious damage. Anxiety and depression can also means
      homicide followed by suicide of the aggressor. An adequate and early medico-legal
      assessment of the possible aggressor can prevent these adverse outcomes.

PMID- 27386685
TI  - [OROPHARYS CANCER: THE SQUAMOUS CELL].
AB  - The Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma is the most frequent non Hodgkin Lymphoma. The
      role of CT/PET in this relatively homogeneous group of lymphomas is
      controversial. It rarely changes the management of the patients in the initial
      staging. Recents publications, clinical trials and experts consensus meetings
      have demonstrated its utility in the evaluation of the response at the end of the
      treatment. The interest of CT/PET in the evaluation of the response during the
      treatment, with the objective of implement a "Risk Adapted Therapy", in
      increasing.

PMID- 27386686
TI  - [NEUROSPIRITUALITY].
AB  - Neurospirituality refers to the fact that the brain is able to produce spiritual
      experiences. The hypothesis put forward here is that the origin of spiritual
      experiences lies in the hyperactivity of limbic structures within the depth of
      the temporal lobe. The characteristics of these phenomena are the common
      denominator of the mystic experiences, the near to death experiences, the
      symptoms of the temporal lobe epilepsy and those following the consumption of
      entheogen drugs. Experiments with electromagnetic stimulation of the temporal
      lobe support this hypothesis since they also induce spiritual experiences.

PMID- 27386687
TI  - DEALING WITH DISRUPTIVE PHYSICIANS.

PMID- 27386688
TI  - How do you motivate employees who are maxed out at salary level?.

PMID- 27386689
TI  - REACHING A 95% COPAY COLLECTION RATE WITH TEAMWORK, PROCESS REVAMPS.

PMID- 27386690
TI  - Physician-hospital alignment models: An evolving lexicon.

PMID- 27386691
TI  - Advance care directives bring healthcare full circle for patients, providers.

PMID- 27386692
TI  - PHOs: An ideal vehicle to create ACOs.

PMID- 27386693
TI  - Timely patient access affects appointment retention.

PMID- 27386694
TI  - Cybersecurity: The board's role in oversight.

PMID- 27386695
TI  - "We must nurture the potential of nurses".

PMID- 27386696
TI  - England's CNO to launch new nursing framework.

PMID- 27386698
TI  - 'Strong' support to regulate new nursing role.

PMID- 27386697
TI  - Nurse procurement experts hope to save millions and improve care.

PMID- 27386699
TI  - DH reveals ambition to reform professional regulation system.

PMID- 27386700
TI  - Nurse-led scheme launched to ensure consistent high-quality care.

PMID- 27386701
TI  - Bursary removal could reduce nursing applications, warn MPs.

PMID- 27386702
TI  - Students 'go digital' with training in vital signs monitoring system.

PMID- 27386703
TI  - Risk of patients getting 'harmful' levels of oxygen.

PMID- 27386705
TI  - "Nurses who become ACPs should not be mini medics".

PMID- 27386704
TI  - "Nursing and patients will suffer if there are no nurses in the DH".

PMID- 27386706
TI  - Changing our view of older people's continence care.
AB  - An assumption is often made that incontinence is inevitable in older people, or
      those with dementia or other long-term conditions. However, research has
      highlighted strategies that can help them to remain continent. A working group
      was established to develop a resource to promote continence for people with
      dementia and long-term conditions. This article explores the resource's key
      messages, as well as the importance of changing how incontinence is viewed, and
      what health professionals and the public expect of continence services.

PMID- 27386707
TI  - Childhood incontinence: risk factors and impact.
AB  - Continence problems in children can persist into later childhood and have a
      serious effect on quality of life. Research into its causes and impact is scarce,
      and useful resources are limited. A Medical Research Council grant is funding a
      project at the University of Bristol, which aims to improve understanding of the
      risk factors and outcomes of continence problems in children and adolescents.
      This article outlines the initial findings, which could help in the production of
      resources for parents, children and young people.

PMID- 27386708
TI  - Managing the weaning of a temporary tracheostomy.
AB  - The second article of this four-part series on tracheostomy care describes the
      process of weaning patients off a tracheostomy, decannulation of the tube and
      aftercare. The role of the multidisciplinary team is discussed, as well as the
      importance of psychological care of patients who may be anxious about their
      ability to breathe without a tube.

PMID- 27386710
TI  - 60 seconds with Julie Hamilton.

PMID- 27386709
TI  - Identifying the learning needs of senior nurses.
AB  - There has been a drive to encourage nurses into positions of leadership but,
      despite the importance of considering how the senior nurse role should be
      developed and the needs of senior nurses, little literature exists on the
      subject. To explore senior nurse development, one health. board in Scotland
      invited senior nurses to participate in a "development conversation". Key points
      were noted during each conversation and themed. This article outlines the needs
      identified and explores how they could be addressed.

PMID- 27386711
TI  - Fieldworking from home.

PMID- 27386712
TI  - EDITORIAL.

PMID- 27386714
TI  - A YANKEE AT OXFORD: JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER AT THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE
      ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE AT OXFORD, 30 JUNE 1860.
AB  - This paper contributes to the revisionist historiography on the legendary
      encounter between Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Henry Huxley at the 1860 meeting
      in Oxford of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. It discusses
      the contents of a series of letters written by John William Draper and his family
      reflecting on his experience at that meeting. The letters have recently been
      rediscovered and have been neither published nor examined at full length. After a
      preliminary discussion on the historiography of the Oxford debate, the paper
      discloses the contents of the letters and then assesses them in the light of
      other contemporary accounts. The letters offer a nuanced reinterpretation of the
      event that supports the growing move towards a revisionist account.

PMID- 27386713
TI  - AN AUTOPSIC ART: DRAWINGS OF 'DR GRANVILLE'S MUMMY' IN THE ROYAL SOCIETY
      ARCHIVES.
AB  - In 1821 Augustus Bozzi Granville FRS unwrapped and dissected an ancient Egyptian
      mummy, presenting the results of his examination to the Royal Society in 1825. He
      commissioned artist Henry Perry to draw the process in stages; these drawings
      were subsequently engraved by James Basire for publication in Philosophical
      Transactions. This article presents the original drawings for the first time,
      allowing comparison with their engravings. Taken together with Granville's
      accounts of the unwrapping of the mummy, the drawings demonstrate the significant
      role of illustration and other visual practices in anatomical argumentation in
      the early nineteenth century, as well as the prestige that commissioned
      illustrations lent to the performance and dissemination of scientific expertise.
      Moreover, the drawings include one of the key visual tropes of race science--a
      skull in left-facing profile, mapped with a facial angle--and thus indicate the
      early incorporation of Egyptian mummies into typologies of race.

PMID- 27386715
TI  - 'DIRTY WORK', BUT SOMEONE HAS TO DO IT: HOWARD P. ROBERTSON AND THE REFEREEING
      PRACTICES OF PHYSICAL REVIEW IN THE 1930S.
AB  - In the 1930s the mathematical physicist Howard P. Robertson was the main referee
      of the journal Physical Review for papers concerning general relativity and
      related subjects. The rich correspondence between Robertson and the editors of
      the journal enables a historical investigation of the refereeing process of
      Physical Review at the time that it was becoming one of the most influential
      physics periodicals in the world. By focusing on this case study, the paper
      investigates two complementary aspects of the evolution of the refereeing
      process: first, the historical evolution of the refereeing practices in
      connection with broader contextual changes, and second, the attempts to define
      the activity of the referee, including the epistemic virtues required and the
      journal's functions according to the participants' categories. By exploring the
      tension between Robertson's idealized picture about how the referee should behave
      and the desire to promote his intellectual agenda, I show that the evaluation
      criteria that Robertson employed were contextually dependent and I argue that, in
      the 1930s, through his reports the referee had an enormous power in defining what
      direction future research should take.

PMID- 27386716
TI  - ANDREWES'S CHRISTMAS FAIRY TALE: ATYPICAL THINKING ABOUT CANCER AETIOLOGY IN
      1935.
AB  - This paper uses a short 'Christmas fairy-story for oncologists' sent by
      Christopher Andrewes with a 1935 letter to Peyton Rous as the centrepiece of a
      reflection on the state of knowledge and speculation about the viral aetiology of
      cancer in the 1930s. Although explicitly not intended for public circulation at
      the time, the fairy-story merits publication for its significance in the history
      of ideas about viruses, which are taken for granted today. Andrewes and Rous were
      prominent members of the international medical research community and yet faced
      strong resistance to their theory that viruses could cause such tumours as
      chicken sarcomas and rabbit papillomas. By looking at exchanges between these men
      among themselves and other proponents of their theories and with their oncologist
      detractors, we highlight an episode in the behind-the-scenes workings of medical
      science and show how informal correspondence helped keep alive a vital but then
      heterodox idea about the role of viruses in causing cancer.

PMID- 27386718
TI  - FDA Implements New Labeling for Medications Used During Pregnancy and Lactation.

PMID- 27386721
TI  - Common Questions About Streptococcal Pharyngitis.
AB  - Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) infection causes 15% to 30% of sore
      throats in children and 5% to 15% in adults, and is more common in the late
      winter and early spring. The strongest independent predictors of GABHS
      pharyngitis are patient age of five to 15 years, absence of cough, tender
      anterior cervical adenopathy, tonsillar exudates, and fever. To diagnose GABHS
      pharyngitis, a rapid antigen detection test should be ordered in patients with a
      modified Centor or FeverPAIN score of 2 or 3. First-line treatment for GABHS
      pharyngitis includes a 10-day course of penicillin or amoxicillin. Patients
      allergic to penicillin can be treated with firstgeneration cephalosporins,
      clindamycin, or macrolide antibiotics. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are
      more effective than acetaminophen and placebo for treatment of fever and pain
      associated with GABHS pharyngitis; medicated throat lozenges used every two hours
      are also effective. Corticosteroids provide only a small reduction in the
      duration of symptoms and should not be used routinely. 

PMID- 27386723
TI  - Diagnosis and Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures.
AB  - Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are the most common complication of
      osteoporosis, affecting more than 700,000 Americans annually. Fracture risk
      increases with age, with four in 10 white women older than 50 years experiencing
      a hip, spine, or vertebral fracture in their lifetime. VCFs can lead to chronic
      pain, disfigurement, height loss, impaired activities of daily living, increased
      risk of pressure sores, pneumonia, and psychological distress. Patients with an
      acute VCF may report abrupt onset of back pain with position changes, coughing,
      sneezing, or lifting. Physical examination findings are often normal, but can
      demonstrate kyphosis and midline spine tenderness. More than two-thirds of
      patients are asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally on plain radiography. Acute
      VCFs may be treated with analgesics such as acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti
      inflammatory drugs, narcotics, and calcitonin. Physicians must be mindful of
      medication adverse effects in older patients. Other conservative therapeutic
      options include limited bed rest, bracing, physical therapy, nerve root blocks,
      and epidural injections. Percutaneous vertebral augmentation, including
      vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, is controversial, but can be considered in
      patients with inadequate pain relief with nonsurgical care or when persistent
      pain substantially affects quality of life. Family physicians can help prevent
      vertebral fractures through management of risk factors and the treatment of
      osteoporosis. 

PMID- 27386722
TI  - Cardiac Rehabilitation: Improving Function and Reducing Risk.
AB  - Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive multidisciplinary program individually
      tailored to the needs of patients with cardiovascular disease. The overall goals
      focus on improving daily function and reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
      Cardiac rehabilitation includes interventions aimed at lowering blood pressure
      and improving lipid and diabetes mellitus control, with tobacco cessation,
      behavioral counseling, and graded physical activity. The physical activity
      component typically involves 36 sessions over 12 weeks, during which patients
      participate in supervised exercise under cardiac monitoring. There are also
      intensive programs that include up to 72 sessions lasting up to 18 weeks,
      although these programs are not widely available. Additional components of
      cardiac rehabilitation include counseling on nutrition, screening for and
      managing depression, and assuring up-to-date immunizations. Cardiac
      rehabilitation is covered by Medicare and recommended for patients following
      myocardial infarction, bypass surgery, and stent placement, and for patients with
      heart failure, stable angina, and several other conditions. Despite proven
      benefits in mortality rates, depression, functional capacity, and medication
      adherence, rates of referral for cardiac rehabilitation are suboptimal. Groups
      less likely to be referred are older adults, women, patients who do not speak
      English, and persons living in areas where cardiac rehabilitation is not locally
      available. Additionally, primary care physicians refer patients less often than
      cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons. 

PMID- 27386724
TI  - Pruritic Rash on the Forearm and Legs.

PMID- 27386725
TI  - Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Therapy for Acute Respiratory Infections.

PMID- 27386729
TI  - Topical NSAIDs for Acute Musculoskeletal Pain in Adults.

PMID- 27386730
TI  - Strep Throat.

PMID- 27386731
TI  - Reversible Structural Swell-Shrink and Recoverable Optical Properties in Hybrid
      Inorganic-Organic Perovskite.
AB  - Ion migration in hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites has been suggested to be an
      important factor for many unusual behaviors in perovskite-based optoelectronics,
      such as current-voltage hysteresis, low-frequency giant dielectric response, and
      the switchable photovoltaic effect. However, the role played by ion migration in
      the photoelectric conversion process of perovskites is still unclear. In this
      work, we provide microscale insights into the influence of ion migration on the
      microstructure, stability, and light-matter interaction in perovskite
      micro/nanowires by using spatially resolved optical characterization techniques.
      We observed that ion migration, especially the migration of MA(+) ions, will
      induce a reversible structural swell-shrink in perovskites and recoverably affect
      the reflective index, quantum efficiency, light-harvesting, and photoelectric
      properties. The maximum ion migration quantity in perovskites was as high as
      approximately 30%, resulting in lattice swell or shrink of approximately 4.4%.
      Meanwhile, the evidence shows that ion migration in perovskites could gradually
      accelerate the aging of perovskites because of lattice distortion in the
      reversible structural swell-shrink process. Knowledge regarding reversible
      structural swell-shrink and recoverable optical properties may shed light on the
      development of optoelectronic and converse piezoelectric devices based on
      perovskites.

PMID- 27386732
TI  - Identification of Targets of the HIF-1 Inhibitor IDF-11774 Using Alkyne
      Conjugated Photoaffinity Probes.
AB  - We developed a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) inhibitor, IDF-11774, as a
      clinical candidate for cancer therapy. To understand the mechanism of action of
      IDF-11774, we attempted to isolate target proteins of IDF-11774 using
      bioconjugated probes. Multifunctional chemical probes containing sites for click
      conjugation and photoaffinity labeling were designed and synthesized. After
      fluorescence and photoaffinity labeling of proteins, two-dimensional
      electrophoresis (2DE) was performed to isolate specific molecular targets of IDF
      11774. Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 was identified as a target protein of IDF
      11774. We revealed that IDF-11774 inhibited HSP70 chaperone activity by binding
      to its allosteric pocket, rather than the ATP-binding site in its nucleotide
      binding domain (NBD). Moreover, IDF-11774 reduced the oxygen consumption rate
      (OCR) and ATP production, thereby increasing intracellular oxygen tension. This
      result suggests that the inhibition of HSP70 chaperone activity by IDF-11774
      suppresses HIF-1alpha refolding and stimulates HIF-1alpha degradation. Taken
      together, these findings indicate that IDF-11774-derived chemical probes
      successfully identified IDF-11774's target molecule, HSP70, and elucidated the
      mode of action of IDF-11774 in inhibiting HSP70 chaperone activity and
      stimulating HIF-1alpha degradation in cancer cells.

PMID- 27386733
TI  - Follow your nose: Implicit spatial processing within the chemosensory systems.
AB  - Although most studies agree that humans cannot smell in stereo, it was recently
      suggested that olfactory localization is possible when assessed implicitly. In a
      spatial cueing paradigm, lateralized olfactory cues impaired the detection of
      congruently presented visual targets, an effect contrary to the typical
      facilitation observed in other sensory domains. Here, we examined the specificity
      and the robustness of this finding by studying implicit localization abilities in
      another chemosensory system and by accounting for possible confounds in a
      modified paradigm. Sixty participants completed a spatial cueing task along with
      an explicit localization task, using trigeminal (Experiment 1) and olfactory
      (Experiment 2) stimuli. A control task was implemented to control for residual
      somatosensory stimulation (Experiment 3). In the trigeminal experiment, stimuli
      were localized with high accuracy on the explicit level, while the cueing effect
      in form of facilitation was limited to response accuracy. In the olfactory
      experiment, responses were slowed by congruent cues on the implicit level, while
      no explicit localization was observed. Our results point to the robustness of the
      olfactory interference effect, corroborating the implicit-explicit dissociation
      of olfactory localization, and challenging the view that humans lost the ability
      to extract spatial information from smell. The absence of a similar interference
      for trigeminal cues suggests distinct implicit spatial processing mechanisms
      within the chemosensory systems. Moreover, the lack of a typical facilitation
      effect in the trigeminal domain points to important differences from spatial
      information processing in other, nonchemosensory domains. The possible mechanisms
      driving the effects are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

PMID- 27386735
TI  - Future Papers.

PMID- 27386734
TI  - Remote Plasma Oxidation and Atomic Layer Etching of MoS2.
AB  - Exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is shown to chemically oxidize in a
      layered manner upon exposure to a remote O2 plasma. X-ray photoelectron
      spectroscopy (XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and atomic force
      microscopy (AFM) are employed to characterize the surface chemistry, structure,
      and topography of the oxidation process and indicate that the oxidation mainly
      occurs on the topmost layer without altering the chemical composition of
      underlying layer. The formation of S-O bonds upon short, remote plasma exposure
      pins the surface Fermi level to the conduction band edge, while the MoOx
      formation at high temperature modulates the Fermi level toward the valence band
      through band alignment. A uniform coverage of monolayer amorphous MoO3 is
      obtained after 5 min or longer remote O2 plasma exposure at 200  degrees C, and
      the MoO3 can be completely removed by annealing at 500  degrees C, leaving a
      clean ordered MoS2 lattice structure as verified by XPS, LEED, AFM, and scanning
      tunneling microscopy. This work shows that a remote O2 plasma can be useful for
      both surface functionalization and a controlled thinning method for MoS2 device
      fabrication processes. 

PMID- 27386736
TI  - Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: Autonomic instability and muscle over
      activity following severe brain injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Children who suffer from moderate-to-severe brain injury can develop
      a complicating phenomenon known as paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH),
      characterized by autonomic instability and identified clinically as a cluster of
      symptoms that can include recurrent fever without a source of infection,
      hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, agitation, diaphoresis and dystonia.
      Studies with adults have demonstrated that this cluster of symptoms is associated
      with poorer clinical outcomes (prolonged hospitalizations, poorer cognitive and
      motor function). However, there have been limited studies in children with PSH.
      OBJECTIVE: To present a literature review regarding PSH following severe brain
      injury and highlight research needs in children with PSH. METHODOLOGY: Electronic
      databases (CINAHL, Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were
      searched. RESULTS: Thirty-one research articles met the criteria for inclusion.
      Several themes emerged regarding the phenomenon of interest during the review:
      nomenclature, symptoms, management and differences between children and adults.
      IMPLICATIONS: The majority of the research regarding PSH following severe brain
      injury has been descriptive in nature. Few studies, however, have explored PSH in
      children with brain injury; therefore, little is known about whether the outcomes
      of children with PSH are different and, if so, in what ways.

PMID- 27386737
TI  - Interconversion of Peptide Mass Spectral Libraries Derivatized with iTRAQ or TMT
      Labels.
AB  - Derivitization of peptides with isobaric tags such as iTRAQ and TMT is widely
      employed in proteomics due to their compatibility with multiplex quantitative
      measurements. We recently made publicly available a large peptide library derived
      from iTRAQ 4-plex labeled spectra. This resource has not been used for
      identifying peptides labeled with related tags with different masses, because
      values for virtually all masses of precursor and most product ions would differ
      for ions containing the different tags as well as containing different tag
      specific peaks. We describe a method for interconverting spectra from iTRAQ 4
      plex to TMT (6- and 10-plex) and to iTRAQ 8-plex. We interconvert spectra by
      appropriately mass shifting sequence ions and discarding derivative-specific
      peaks. After this "cleaning" of search spectra, we demonstrate that the converted
      libraries perform well in terms of peptide spectral matches. This is demonstrated
      by comparing results using sequence database searches as well as by comparing
      search effectiveness using original and converted libraries. At 1% FDR TMT
      labeled query spectra match 97% as many spectra against a converted iTRAQ library
      as compared to an original TMT library. Overall this interconversion strategy
      provides a practical way to extend results from one derivatization method to
      others that share related chemistry and do not significantly alter fragmentation
      profiles.

PMID- 27386738
TI  - Cytotoxic cardenolides and sesquiterpenoids from the fruits of Reevesia
      formosana.
AB  - Bioassay-guided fractionation of the fruits of Reevesia formosana led to
      isolation of three cardenolides (reevesioside J, reevesioside K, and epi
      reevesioside K), three sesquiterpenoids (reevesiterpenol C, reevesiterpenol D,
      and reevesiterpenol E), and two glycosides (reevesianin A and reevesianin B),
      along with 46 known compounds. Their structures were determined using
      spectroscopic techniques. In addition to the reported cytotoxic cardenolides,
      reevesioside J and strophanthidin exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against the
      cell lines MCF-7, NCI-H460, and HepG2, with IC50 values of 0.39 +/- 0.06 MUM and
      1.06 +/- 0.12 MUM for MCF-7, 0.12 +/- 0.01 MUM and 0.29 +/- 0.01 MUM for NCI
      H460, and 1.09 +/- 0.02 MUM and 1.72 +/- 0.02 MUM for HepG2, respectively.
      Reevesiterpenol E also exhibited the best selective cytotoxicity to the NCI-H460
      cell line, with an IC50 value of 3.15 +/- 0.22 MUM. 

PMID- 27386739
TI  - Prevalence and factors associated with discordant intima-media thickness and
      arterial stiffness combined measurements in people living with HIV.

PMID- 27386740
TI  - Social connectedness and life satisfaction: Comparing mean levels for 2
      undergraduate samples and testing for improvement based on brief counseling.
AB  - OBJECTIVES: Comparing the mean levels of social connectedness and life
      satisfaction, and analyzing their relationship for 2 undergraduate samples, and
      testing for an increase in their means for a brief counseling sample.
      PARTICIPANTS: Between October 2013 and May 2015, 3 samples were collected: not-in
      counseling (NIC; n = 941), initial counseling session (ICS; ie, triage session
      only; n = 168), and brief counseling (BC; ie, median of 4 additional counseling
      sessions; n = 28). METHODS: Online surveys measuring demographic and background
      control variables, social connectedness, and life satisfaction. RESULTS: NIC
      students exhibited higher social connectedness and life satisfaction than ICS
      students. Social connectedness significantly explained life satisfaction beyond
      controlled-for variables for both samples. There was a significant increase in
      social connectedness and life satisfaction for the BC sample. CONCLUSIONS: Social
      connectedness is an important antecedent of life satisfaction for undergraduates.
      Brief counseling can increase transition students' social connectedness and life
      satisfaction.

PMID- 27386741
TI  - Unmet Learning Needs of Physicians in Specialty Training in Palliative Care: A
      Japanese Nationwide Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite the urgent need for a quality training system in palliative
      care, learning needs among physicians in palliative care specialty training have
      not been systematically explored in Japan. AIM: To clarify unmet learning needs
      among Japanese physicians in specialty training in palliative care and the
      potential solutions they favor to meet those needs. DESIGN: A Japanese nationwide
      survey. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Participants were physicians in specialty training
      in palliative care. The questionnaire included unmet learning needs and potential
      solutions. Factor analysis was performed to identify underlying subscales of
      unmet needs. RESULTS: In total, 253 of 735 institutions (34%) responded; of 284
      physicians, 253 (89%) responded and 229 were eligible. The most prevalent unmet
      needs included the following: "to learn areas other than medicine" (89%), "to
      obtain research support from a data center" (87%), and "to learn ways to educate
      students and residents about palliative medicine" (87%). The potential solutions
      most participants favored to meet those needs included the following: "to develop
      a comprehensive training program" (74%), "to develop systems which reflect
      trainees' opinions on the improvement of training programs" (71%), and "to
      increase the number of training institutions" (69%). CONCLUSION: Physicians in
      palliative care specialty training had markedly unmet needs regarding training on
      comprehensive contents, education, and research support; they considered
      increasing the number of comprehensive quality training programs as a potential
      solution. Our findings may help physicians in palliative care training, faculty
      physicians, training programs, academic societies, and the government to develop
      collaborative efforts to fulfill the unmet needs of trainees.

PMID- 27386742
TI  - Effects of a randomized controlled trial to assess the six-months effects of a
      school based smoking prevention program in Saudi Arabia.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of a smoking prevention program which aimed to
      address smoking related cognitions and smoking behavior among Saudi adolescents
      age 13 to 15. METHOD: A randomized controlled trial was used. Respondents in the
      experimental group (N=698) received five in-school sessions, while those in the
      control group (N=683) received no smoking prevention information (usual
      curriculum). Post-intervention data was collected six months after baseline.
      Logistic regression analysis was applied to assess effects on smoking initiation,
      and linear regression analysis was applied to assess changes in beliefs and
      analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess intervention effects. All
      analyses were adjusted for the nested structure of students within schools.
      RESULTS: At post-intervention respondents from the experimental group reported in
      comparison with those from the control group a significantly more negative
      attitude towards smoking, stronger social norms against smoking, higher self
      efficacy towards non-smoking, more action planning to remain a non-smoker, and
      lower intentions to smoke in the future. Smoking initiation was 3.2% in the
      experimental group and 8.8% in the control group (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The
      prevention program reinforced non-smoking cognitions and non-smoking behavior.
      Therefore it is recommended to implement the program at a national level in Saudi
      Arabia. Future studies are recommended to assess long term program effects and
      the conditions favoring national implementation of the program.

PMID- 27386743
TI  - Invited Commentary: Corporate social responsibility and public health: An
      unwanted marriage.

PMID- 27386745
TI  - Cerebrovascular and cognitive benefits of high-oleic peanut consumption in
      healthy overweight middle-aged adults.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Peanuts contain bioactive nutrients beneficial for vascular function.
      This study investigated whether consumption of unsalted peanuts (with skins)
      would enhance cerebrovascular perfusion and cognitive performance. METHOD: In a
      randomized crossover trial, 61 volunteers (29 males/32 females, 65 +/- 7 years,
      BMI 31 +/- 4 kg/m2) consumed their habitual diet +/- high-oleic peanuts (56-84
      g/day), each for 12 weeks. Nutrient intakes, vascular and cognitive function were
      assessed at baseline and at the end of each 12-week phase. Differences between
      the ends of each phase were compared by general linear repeated measures ANOVA
      controlling for baseline. Pearson's correlation analyses determined relationships
      between differences in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and cognitive function.
      RESULTS: Intakes of bioactive nutrients increased during the peanut phase. CVR
      was 5% greater in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and 7% greater in the
      right MCA. Small artery elasticity was 10% greater after peanut consumption;
      large artery elasticity and blood pressure did not differ between phases.
      Measures of short-term memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed were also
      higher following the peanut phase; other cognitive measures did not change.
      Differences in CVR in the left MCA correlated with differences in delayed memory
      and recognition. DISCUSSION: Regular peanut consumption improved cerebrovascular
      and cognitive function; increased intakes of bioactive nutrients may have
      mediated these improvements. This clinical trial was registered with the
      Australian Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12612000192886).

PMID- 27386753
TI  - The National Early Warning Score: Translation, testing and prediction in a
      Swedish setting.
AB  - The National Early Warning Score - NEWS is a "track and trigger" scale designed
      to assess in-hospital patients' vital signs and detect clinical deterioration. In
      this study the NEWS was translated into Swedish and its association with the need
      of intensive care was investigated. A total of 868 patient charts, recorded by
      the medical emergency team at a university hospital, containing the parameters
      needed to calculate the NEWS were audited. The NEWS was translated into Swedish
      and tested for inter-rater reliability with a perfect agreement (weighted
      kappa=1.0) among the raters. The median score for patients admitted to the ICU
      were higher than for those who were not (10 vs. 8, p<0.0001). AUROC for
      discriminating admittance to the ICU was 0.68 (95% CI: 0.622-0.739, p<0.0001). A
      regression analysis showed that lower oxygen saturation and a lower level of
      consciousness were significantly associated with ICU admission (OR 1.27 [1.06
      1.52], p=0.01 and OR 1.77 [1.12-2.82], p=0.02) and may predict admission to the
      ICU better than the other parameters. The Swedish translated NEWS seems to have
      excellent inter-rater reliability and can be used without risk of linguistic
      misinterpretation. High scores for the parameters oxygen saturation and level of
      consciousness in the NEWS may predict admission to the ICU.

PMID- 27386744
TI  - What can errors tell us about body representations?
AB  - In this review, we examine how tactile misperceptions provide evidence regarding
      body representations. First, we propose that tactile detection and localization
      are serial processes, in contrast to parallel processing hypotheses based on
      patients with numbsense. Second, we discuss how information in primary
      somatosensory maps projects to body size and shape representations to localize
      touch on the skin surface, and how responses after use-dependent plasticity
      reflect changes in this mapping. Third, we review situations in which our body
      representations are inconsistent with our actual body shape, specifically
      discussing phantom limb phenomena and anesthetization. We discuss problems with
      the traditional remapping hypothesis in amputees, factors that modulate perceived
      body size and shape, and how changes in perceived body form influence tactile
      localization. Finally, we review studies in which brain-damaged individuals
      perceive touch on the opposite side of the body, and demonstrate how
      interhemispheric mechanisms can give rise to these anomalous percepts.

PMID- 27386754
TI  - Intrauterine Contraception Continuation in Adolescents and Young Women: A
      Systematic Review.
AB  - STUDY OBJECTIVE: Adolescents are at high risk for unintended pregnancies.
      Although intrauterine devices (IUDs), long-acting reversible contraceptives
      (LARCs), are known to be highly effective in preventing pregnancy, little is
      known about IUD adherence in adolescents. In this systematic review (SR) we
      examined IUD continuation rates compared with other forms of contraception in
      young women aged 25 years and younger. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS,
      INTERVENTIONS, AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A systematic search of Ovid Medline,
      Cochrane Library, and Embase was conducted for the years 1946-2015. Included
      studies examined IUD use in women 25 years of age and younger, compared IUD use
      with another form of contraception, and measured continuation rates at 12 months.
      The quality of each study was appraised using the Downs and Black criteria, and
      12-month continuation rates among studies were pooled and analyzed according to
      contraceptive type. RESULTS: Of 3597 articles retrieved, 9 studies met criteria
      for SR. Synthesized across studies, 12-month continuation was significantly
      higher for IUD users (86.5%, 12,761/14,747) compared with oral contraceptives
      (39.6%, 1931/4873), Depo-Provera (Pfizer Inc, New York, NY) hormonal injection
      (39.8%, 510/1282), vaginal ring (48.9%, 196/401), and transdermal patch (39.8%,
      37/93; all P values < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in
      12-month continuation between the IUD and another LARC method, the subdermal
      etonogestrel implant (85.3%, 4671/5474). CONCLUSION: Findings of this SR suggest
      that continuation rates for IUDs are generally higher compared with other
      contraceptive methods for women aged 25 years and younger. In a population with
      high rates of unintended pregnancies, generally low adherence, and imperfect use
      with other non-LARCs, IUD use should be encouraged.

PMID- 27386755
TI  - Neonatal tolerance induction enables accurate evaluation of gene therapy for MPS
      I in a canine model.
AB  - High fidelity animal models of human disease are essential for preclinical
      evaluation of novel gene and protein therapeutics. However, these studies can be
      complicated by exaggerated immune responses against the human transgene. Here we
      demonstrate that dogs with a genetic deficiency of the enzyme alpha-l-iduronidase
      (IDUA), a model of the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis type I
      (MPS I), can be rendered immunologically tolerant to human IDUA through neonatal
      exposure to the enzyme. Using MPS I dogs tolerized to human IDUA as neonates, we
      evaluated intrathecal delivery of an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 vector
      expressing human IDUA as a therapy for the central nervous system manifestations
      of MPS I. These studies established the efficacy of the human vector in the
      canine model, and allowed for estimation of the minimum effective dose, providing
      key information for the design of first-in-human trials. This approach can
      facilitate evaluation of human therapeutics in relevant animal models, and may
      also have clinical applications for the prevention of immune responses to gene
      and protein replacement therapies.

PMID- 27386757
TI  - Physical therapy management of infants and children with hypophosphatasia.
AB  - Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare inborn error of metabolism resulting in
      undermineralization of bone and subsequent skeletal abnormalities. The natural
      history of HPP is characterized by rickets and osteomalacia, increased propensity
      for bone fracture, early loss of teeth in childhood, and muscle weakness. There
      is a wide heterogeneity in disease presentation, and the functional impact of the
      disease can vary from perinatal death to gait abnormalities. Recent clinical
      trials of enzyme replacement therapy have begun to offer an opportunity for
      improvement in survival and function. The role of physical therapy in the
      treatment of the underlying musculoskeletal dysfunction in HPP is
      underrecognized. It is important for physical therapists to understand the
      disease characteristics of the natural history of a rare disease like HPP and how
      the impairment and activity limitations may change in response to medical
      interventions. An understanding of when and how to intervene is also important in
      order to optimally impact body function, lessen structural impairment, and
      facilitate increased functional independence in mobility and activities of daily
      living. Individualizing treatment to the child's needs, medical fragility, and
      setting (home/school/hospital), while educating parents, caregivers, and school
      staff regarding approved activities and therapy frequency, may improve function
      and development in children with HPP.

PMID- 27386756
TI  - Expression of FBN1 during adipogenesis: Relevance to the lipodystrophy phenotype
      in Marfan syndrome and related conditions.
AB  - Fibrillin-1 is a large glycoprotein encoded by the FBN1 gene in humans. It
      provides strength and elasticity to connective tissues and is involved in
      regulating the bioavailability of the growth factor TGFbeta. Mutations in FBN1
      may be associated with depleted or abnormal adipose tissue, seen in some patients
      with Marfan syndrome and lipodystrophies. As this lack of adipose tissue does not
      result in high morbidity or mortality, it is generally under-appreciated, but is
      a cause of psychosocial problems particularly to young patients. We examined the
      role of fibrillin-1 in adipogenesis. In inbred mouse strains we found significant
      variation in the level of expression in the Fbn1 gene that correlated with
      variation in several measures of body fat, suggesting that mouse fibrillin-1 is
      associated with the level of fat tissue. Furthermore, we found that FBN1 mRNA was
      up-regulated in the adipose tissue of obese women compared to non-obese, and
      associated with an increase in adipocyte size. We used human mesenchymal stem
      cells differentiated in culture to adipocytes to show that fibrillin-1 declines
      after the initiation of differentiation. Gene expression results from a similar
      experiment (available through the FANTOM5 project) revealed that the decline in
      fibrillin-1 protein was paralleled by a decline in FBN1 mRNA. Examination of the
      FBN1 gene showed that the region commonly affected in FBN1-associated
      lipodystrophy is highly conserved both across the three human fibrillin genes and
      across genes encoding fibrillin-1 in vertebrates. These results suggest that
      fibrillin-1 is involved as the undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells transition
      to adipogenesis but then declines as the developing adipocytes take on their
      final phenotype. Since the C-terminal peptide of fibrillin-1 is a glucogenic
      hormone, individuals with low fibrillin-1 (for example with FBN1 mutations
      associated with lipodystrophy) may fail to differentiate adipocytes and/or to
      accumulate adipocyte lipids, although this still needs to be shown
      experimentally.

PMID- 27386758
TI  - The International Survey of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Transitional Countries
      (ISACS-TC): 2010-2015.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Central and East European (CEE) patients with acute coronary
      syndromes (ACS) have worse outcomes than US and West European patients, including
      higher mortality rates. The aim of the International Survey of Acute Coronary
      Syndrome in Transitional Countries (ISACS-TC) was to define patient and treatment
      characteristics in order to examine whether differences in clinical and ethnic
      factors or healthcare organization may mediate the observed disparities in
      outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between October 2010 and December 2015, 14,326
      patients with ACS were prospectively enrolled. Of these patients 8650 (60%) had
      ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Patients were enrolled from
      41 centers in 12 countries in Europe. Standardized electronic case report forms
      were completed by trained study coordinators, and included fields relating to
      demographic factors, medical history and processes of inpatient care,
      supplemented with a detailed baseline interview on time delays to hospital
      admission. Blood sampling for genetic data were obtained at hospital discharge.
      Prospective individual patient follow-up was carried out with a focus on patient
      health (symptoms) and vital status. Thirty day follow-up was 100% complete.
      Difficulties were found for recruitment of patients at 6months. Publications are
      available at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01218776. CONCLUSIONS: ISACS-TC is a novel
      ACS registry with detailed information on CEE patients' clinical, demographic,
      treatment, and metabolic characteristics and health status. The concurrent
      enrollment of patients from some European Union founding members provides greater
      generalizability of the data. ISACS-TC may help to make an additional improvement
      in clinical outcomes of countries with economy in transition.

PMID- 27386759
TI  - Retraction Notice to: Can be galectin-3 a novel marker in determining mortality
      in hemodialysis patients?

PMID- 27386762
TI  - Trauma and pregnancy: What anesthesiologist should know.

PMID- 27386761
TI  - Zero-valent Fe confined mesoporous silica nanocarriers (Fe(0) @ MCM-41) for
      targeting experimental orthotopic glioma in rats.
AB  - Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) impregnated with zero-valent Fe (Fe(0) @
      MCM-41) represent an attractive nanocarrier system for drug delivery into tumor
      cells. The major goal of this work was to assess whether MSNs can penetrate the
      blood-brain barrier in a glioblastoma rat model. Synthesized MSNs nanomaterials
      were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, measurements of X-ray
      diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Mossbauer spectroscopy. For the
      detection of the MSNs by MR and for biodistribution studies MSNs were labeled
      with zero-valent Fe. Subsequent magnetometry and nonlinear-longitudinal-response
      M2 (NLR-M2) measurements confirmed the MR negative contrast enhancement
      properties of the nanoparticles. After incubation of different tumor (C6 glioma,
      U87 glioma, K562 erythroleukemia, HeLa cervix carcinoma) and normal cells such as
      fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) MSNs rapidly get
      internalized into the cytosol. Intracellular residing MSNs result in an enhanced
      cytotoxicity as Fe(0) @ MCM-41 promote the reactive oxygen species production.
      MRI and histological studies indicated an accumulation of intravenously injected
      Fe(0) @ MCM-41 MSNs in orthotopic C6 glioma model. Biodistribution studies with
      measurements of second harmonic of magnetization demonstrated an increased and
      dose-dependent retention of MSNs in tumor tissues. Taken together, this study
      demonstrates that MSNs can enter the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in
      tumorous tissues.

PMID- 27386763
TI  - Intensive care and pregnancy: Epidemiology and general principles of management
      of obstetrics ICU patients during pregnancy.
AB  - In developed countries, the rate of obstetric ICU admissions (admission during
      pregnancy or the postpartum period) is between 0.5 and 4 per 1000 deliveries and
      the overall case-fatality rate is about 2%. The most two common causes of
      obstetric ICU admissions concerned direct obstetric pathologies: obstetric
      hemorrhage and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This review summarized the
      principles of management of critically ill pregnant patient. Its imply taking
      care of two patients in the same time. A coordinated multidisciplinary team
      including intensivists, anesthesiologists, obstetricians, pediatricians and
      pharmacists is therefore necessary. This team must work effectively together with
      regular staff aiming to evaluate daily the need to maintain the patient in
      intensive care unit or to prompt delivery. Keeping mother and baby together and
      fetal well-being must be balanced with the need of specialized advanced life
      support for the mother. The maternal physiological changes imply various
      consequences on management. The uterus aorto-caval compression implies tilting
      left the parturient. In case of cardiac arrest, uterus displacement and urgent
      cesarean delivery are needed. The high risk of aspiration and difficult tracheal
      intubation must be anticipated. Even during acute respiratory distress syndrome,
      hypoxemia and permissive hypercapnia must be avoided due to their negative impact
      on the fetus. Careful analysis of the benefit-risk ratio is needed before all
      drug administration. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and perineal fasciitis
      must be feared and a high level of suspicion of sepsis must be maintained.
      Finally the potential benefits of an ultrasound-based management are detailed.

PMID- 27386764
TI  - Fever and pregnancy.
AB  - Severe infections during pregnancy and postpartum are rare, despite a high
      frequency of bacteraemia, but remain on of the leading cause of maternal death.
      Therapeutic guidelines validated in general population should be applied to
      pregnant women, with regards to their specificities: insidious clinical signs and
      rapid onset, clinical presentation often as respiratory failure due to
      physiological changes during pregnancy; most frequent causes: pneumonia,
      pyelonephritis, genitary tract infections; sensibility to virus, Listeria,
      malaria, due to immunological changes during pregnancy; caesarean section is the
      single most important risk factor of postpartum infection; aggressive treatment
      should be started promptly, including fluid infusion and early administration of
      vasoactive agents (Norepinephrine); broad-spectrum intravenous empirical
      antibiotic therapy must be established immediately (within the first hour), and
      chosen according to frequent microorganisms involved in sepsis during pregnancy;
      infectious source, mostly pelvic, is often accessible to surgery; if foetal
      extraction does not improve maternal outcomes, it remains necessary for
      obstetrical or foetal reasons and mandatory if chorioamnionitis is confirmed;
      specific attention should be drawn to streptococcus A invasive infection which
      experiments a recent resurgence and is correlated to a high morbidity and
      mortality for both the mother and the foetus; protocols should be written in
      every maternity.

PMID- 27386765
TI  - Triggering and modulation of the host-parasite interplay by Echinococcus
      multilocularis: a review - CORRIGENDUM.

PMID- 27386767
TI  - True or False: Prognosis Is Excellent for Sudden Cardiac Death Survivors Due to
      Variant Angina.

PMID- 27386768
TI  - End of the Road for Vagus Nerve Stimulation?

PMID- 27386766
TI  - Prognosis of Variant Angina Manifesting as Aborted Sudden Cardiac Death.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The long-term prognosis of patients with variant angina presenting
      with aborted sudden cardiac death (ASCD) is unknown. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of
      this study was to evaluate the long-term mortality and ventricular
      tachyarrhythmic events of variant angina with and without ASCD. METHODS: Between
      March 1996 and September 2014, 188 patients with variant angina with ASCD and
      1,844 patients with variant angina without ASCD were retrospectively enrolled
      from 13 heart centers in South Korea. The primary endpoint was cardiac death.
      RESULTS: Predictors of ASCD manifestation included age (odd ratio [OR]: 0.980 by
      1 year increase; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96 to 1.00; p = 0.013),
      hypertension (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.70; p < 0.001), hyperlipidemia (OR:
      0.38; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.58; p < 0.001), family history of sudden cardiac death
      (OR: 3.67; 95% CI: 1.27 to 10.6; p = 0.016), multivessel spasm (OR: 2.06; 95% CI:
      1.33 to 3.19; p = 0.001), and left anterior descending artery spasm (OR: 1.40;
      95% CI: 1.02 to 1.92; p = 0.04). Over a median follow-up of 7.5 years, the
      incidence of cardiac death was significantly higher in ASCD patients (24.1 per
      1,000 patient-years vs. 2.7 per 1,000 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio [HR]:
      7.26; 95% CI: 4.21 to 12.5; p < 0.001). Death from any cause also occurred more
      frequently in ASCD patients (27.5 per 1,000 patient-years vs. 9.6 per 1,000
      patient-years; adjusted HR: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.92 to 4.67; p < 0.001). The incidence
      rate of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmia in ASCD patients was 32.4 per 1,000
      patient-years, and the composite of cardiac death and ventricular tachyarrhythmia
      was 44.9 per 1,000 patient-years. A total of 24 ASCD patients received
      implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). There was a nonsignificant trend
      of a lower rate of cardiac death in patients with ICDs than those without ICDs (p
      = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of patients with variant angina with ASCD was
      worse than other patients with variant angina. In addition, our findings
      supported ICDs in these high-risk patients as a secondary prevention because
      current multiple vasodilator therapy appeared to be less optimal.

PMID- 27386770
TI  - Transthyretin Amyloidosis: A "Zebra" of Many Stripes.

PMID- 27386769
TI  - Genotype and Phenotype of Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: THAOS (Transthyretin
      Amyloid Outcome Survey).
AB  - BACKGROUND: Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a heterogeneous disorder with
      multiorgan involvement and a genetic or nongenetic basis. OBJECTIVES: The goal of
      this study was to describe ATTR in the United States by using data from the THAOS
      (Transthyretin Amyloidosis Outcomes Survey) registry. METHODS: Demographic,
      clinical, and genetic features of patients enrolled in the THAOS registry in the
      United States (n = 390) were compared with data from patients from other regions
      of the world (ROW) (n = 2,140). The focus was on the phenotypic expression and
      survival in the majority of U.S. subjects with valine-to-isoleucine substitution
      at position 122 (Val122Ile) (n = 91) and wild-type ATTR (n = 189). RESULTS: U.S.
      subjects are older (70 vs. 46 years), more often male (85.4% vs. 50.6%), and more
      often of African descent (25.4% vs. 0.5%) than the ROW. A significantly higher
      percentage of U.S. patients with ATTR amyloid seen at cardiology sites had wild
      type disease than the ROW (50.5% vs. 26.2%). In the United States, 34 different
      mutations (n = 201) have been reported, with the most common being Val122Ile (n =
      91; 45.3%) and Thr60Ala (n = 41; 20.4%). Overall, 91 (85%) of 107 patients with
      Val122Ile were from the United States, where Val122Ile subjects were younger and
      more often female and black than patients with wild-type disease, and had similar
      cardiac phenotype but a greater burden of neurologic symptoms (pain, numbness,
      tingling, and walking disability) and worse quality of life. Advancing age and
      lower mean arterial pressure, but not the presence of a transthyretin mutation,
      were independently associated with higher mortality from a multivariate analysis
      of survival. CONCLUSIONS: In the THAOS registry, ATTR in the United States is
      overwhelmingly a disorder of older adult male subjects with a cardiac-predominant
      phenotype. Val122Ile is the most common transthyretin mutation, and neurologic
      phenotypic expression differs between wild-type disease and Val122Ile, but
      survival from enrollment in THAOS does not. (Transthyretin-Associated Amyloidoses
      Outcome Survey [THAOS]; NCT00628745).

PMID- 27386771
TI  - Dissection and Aneurysm in Patients With Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Findings From
      the U.S. Registry for FMD.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a noninflammatory arterial disease
      that predominantly affects women. The arterial manifestations may include
      beading, stenosis, aneurysm, dissection, or tortuosity. OBJECTIVES: This study
      compared the frequency, location, and outcomes of FMD patients with aneurysm
      and/or dissection to those of patients without. METHODS: The U.S. Registry for
      FMD involves 12 clinical centers. This analysis included clinical history,
      diagnostic, and therapeutic procedure results for 921 FMD patients enrolled in
      the registry as of October 17, 2014. RESULTS: Aneurysm occurred in 200 patients
      (21.7%) and dissection in 237 patients (25.7%); in total, 384 patients (41.7%)
      had an aneurysm and/or a dissection by the time of FMD diagnosis. The
      extracranial carotid, renal, and intracranial arteries were the most common sites
      of aneurysm; dissection most often occurred in the extracranial carotid,
      vertebral, renal, and coronary arteries. FMD patients with dissection were
      younger at presentation (48.4 vs. 53.5 years of age, respectively; p < 0.0001)
      and experienced more neurological symptoms and other end-organ ischemic events
      than those without dissection. One-third of aneurysm patients (63 of 200)
      underwent therapeutic intervention for aneurysm repair. CONCLUSIONS: Patients
      with FMD have a high prevalence of aneurysm and/or dissection prior to or at the
      time of FMD diagnosis. Patients with dissection were more likely to experience
      ischemic events, and a significant number of patients with dissection or aneurysm
      underwent therapeutic procedures for these vascular events. Because of the high
      prevalence and associated morbidity in patients with FMD who have an aneurysm
      and/or dissection, it is recommended that every patient with FMD undergo one-time
      cross-sectional imaging from head to pelvis with computed tomographic angiography
      or magnetic resonance angiography.

PMID- 27386772
TI  - People Have the Power: Fibromuscular Dysplasia Complications.

PMID- 27386773
TI  - Functional Status, Pulmonary Artery Pressure, and Clinical Outcomes in Heart
      Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction have
      functional impairment resulting in reduced quality of life. Specific pathological
      mechanisms underlying symptoms have not yet been defined. OBJECTIVES: The aim of
      this study was to identify hemodynamic and other patient-related variables that
      are associated with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class and to
      analyze functional class in perspective with other clinical, laboratory, imaging,
      and hemodynamic parameters with respect to its influence on outcomes. METHODS:
      Between January 2011 and February 2015, 193 patients with confirmed heart failure
      with preserved ejection fraction were enrolled. RESULTS: Those in more advanced
      NYHA functional classes (III and IV; n = 136) were older (p = 0.008), had higher
      body mass indexes (p = 0.004), and had higher levels of N-terminal pro-brain
      natriuretic peptide (p = 0.001) compared with less symptomatic patients (NYHA
      class II; n = 57). Furthermore, parameters reflecting left ventricular diastolic
      dysfunction were more pronounced in advanced NYHA classes (early mitral inflow
      velocity/early diastolic mitral annular velocity; p = 0.023) as well as
      parameters reflecting right ventricular afterload (diastolic pulmonary artery
      pressure; p < 0.001). By multivariate regression analysis, age (p = 0.007), body
      mass index (p = 0.002), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (p < 0.001),
      early mitral inflow velocity/mitral peak velocity of late filling (p = 0.031),
      and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (p < 0.001) were independently associated
      with advanced NYHA class. After 21.9 months of follow-up, 64 patients (33.2%)
      reached the combined endpoint, defined as hospitalization for heart failure
      and/or cardiac death. By multivariate Cox analysis, NYHA functional class was
      independently associated with outcome (hazard ratio: 2.133; p = 0.040), as well
      as N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (hazard ratio: 1.655; p < 0.001) and
      impaired right ventricular function (hazard ratio: 2.360; p = 0.001).
      CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms of breathlessness in patients with heart failure with
      preserved ejection fraction are multifactorial and largely related to body mass
      index, left ventricular diastolic function, and the pulmonary vasculature.
      Clinically meaningful therapeutic interventions should target body weight, left
      ventricular stiffness, and concomitant pulmonary vascular disease.

PMID- 27386774
TI  - The HFpEF Obesity Phenotype: The Elephant in the Room.

PMID- 27386776
TI  - A Baby in the Bathwater: Preserving Evidence-Based Medicine.

PMID- 27386775
TI  - Achievements and Limitations of Evidence-Based Medicine.
AB  - Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has a long history, but was revived in the early
      1990s by a campaign mounted by a movement that took its name. The EBM movement
      focused attention on the need for greater objectivity in medical decision-making
      and led to the Cochrane Collaboration, which provides reviews of evidence on the
      basis of comparative research. Important limitations of EBM's effect on medicine
      have also emerged. Failure to acknowledge the limitations of clinical trials and
      systematic reviews has limited their applicability to individual patients'
      circumstances. An almost exclusive focus on drugs and devices has left vast areas
      of health care in an evidence vacuum. An overdependence on commissions for its
      research may have limited its independence in selecting what it investigates. EBM
      needs to widen its scope beyond drugs and devices to address many areas that
      often lack evidence at present, notably, health policy, management, and reforms.

PMID- 27386777
TI  - Management of Periprocedural Anticoagulation: A Survey of Contemporary Practice.
AB  - Interruption of oral anticoagulation (AC) for surgery or an invasive procedure is
      a complicated process. Practice guidelines provide only general recommendations,
      and care of such patients occurs across multiple specialties. The availability of
      direct oral anticoagulants further complicates decision making and guidance here
      is limited. To evaluate current practice patterns in the United States for
      bridging AC, a survey was developed by the American College of Cardiology
      Anticoagulation Work Group. The goal of the survey was to assess how general and
      subspecialty cardiologists, internists, gastroenterologists, and orthopedic
      surgeons currently manage patients who receive AC and undergo surgery or an
      invasive procedure. The survey was completed by 945 physicians involved in the
      periprocedural management of AC. The results provide a template for educational
      and research projects geared toward the development of clinical pathways and
      point-of-care tools to improve this area of health care.

PMID- 27386778
TI  - Reading the Tea Leaves: Where Will Cardiology Be in 2050?

PMID- 27386779
TI  - Demystifying the New Statistical Recommendations: The Use and Reporting of p
      Values.

PMID- 27386780
TI  - Statin-Induced Anti-HMGCR-Associated Myopathy.

PMID- 27386781
TI  - Effects of Prasugrel Versus Clopidogrel on Coronary Microvascular Function in
      Patients Undergoing Elective PCI.

PMID- 27386782
TI  - Peripheral Artery Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: The Dangerous Combination.

PMID- 27386783
TI  - Reply: Peripheral Artery Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: The Dangerous
      Combination.

PMID- 27386784
TI  - Post-TAVR Valve Hemodynamic Deterioration.

PMID- 27386785
TI  - Maximizing the spatial representativeness of NO2 monitoring data using a
      combination of local wind-based sectoral division and seasonal and diurnal
      correction factors.
AB  - This article describes a new methodology for increasing the spatial
      representativeness of individual monitoring sites. Air pollution levels at a
      given point are influenced by emission sources in the immediate vicinity. Since
      emission sources are rarely uniformly distributed around a site, concentration
      levels will inevitably be most affected by the sources in the prevailing upwind
      direction. The methodology provides a means of capturing this effect and
      providing additional information regarding source/pollution relationships. The
      methodology allows for the division of the air quality data from a given
      monitoring site into a number of sectors or wedges based on wind direction and
      estimation of annual mean values for each sector, thus optimising the information
      that can be obtained from a single monitoring station. The method corrects for
      short-term data, diurnal and seasonal variations in concentrations (which can
      produce uneven weighting of data within each sector) and uneven frequency of wind
      directions. Significant improvements in correlations between the air quality data
      and the spatial air quality indicators were obtained after application of the
      correction factors. This suggests the application of these techniques would be of
      significant benefit in land-use regression modelling studies. Furthermore, the
      method was found to be very useful for estimating long-term mean values and wind
      direction sector values using only short-term monitoring data. The methods
      presented in this article can result in cost savings through minimising the
      number of monitoring sites required for air quality studies while also capturing
      a greater degree of variability in spatial characteristics. In this way, more
      reliable, but also more expensive monitoring techniques can be used in preference
      to a higher number of low-cost but less reliable techniques. The methods
      described in this article have applications in local air quality management,
      source receptor analysis, land-use regression mapping and modelling and
      population exposure studies. 

PMID- 27386787
TI  - Microstructured Hydrogel Templates for the Formation of Conductive Gold Nanowire
      Arrays.
AB  - Microstructured hydrogel allows for a new template-guided method to obtain
      conductive nanowire arrays on a large scale. To generate the template, an
      imprinting process is used in order to synthesize the hydrogel directly into the
      grooves of wrinkled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The resulting poly(N
      vinylimidazole)-based hydrogel is defined by the PDMS stamp in pattern and size.
      Subsequently, tetrachloroaurate(III) ions from aqueous solution are coordinated
      within the humps of the N-vinylimidazole-containing polymer template and reduced
      by air plasma. After reduction and development of the gold, to achieve conductive
      wires, the extension perpendicular to the long axis (width) of the gold strings
      is considerably reduced compared to the dimension of the parental hydrogel
      wrinkles (from ~1 MUm down to 200-300 nm). At the same time, the wire-to-wire
      distance and the overall length of the wires is preserved. The PDMS templates and
      hydrogel structures are analyzed with scanning force microscopy (SFM) and the
      gold structures via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X
      ray spectroscopy. The conductivity measurements of the gold nanowires are
      performed in situ in the SEM, showing highly conductive gold leads. Hence, this
      method can be regarded as a facile nonlithographic top-down approach from
      micrometer-sized structures to nanometer-sized features. 

PMID- 27386786
TI  - Feasibility of interim positron emission tomography (PET)-adapted therapy in HIV
      positive patients with advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (HL): a sub-analysis of SWOG
      S0816 Phase 2 trial.

PMID- 27386788
TI  - Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Corneal Ectasia: Management and a Case for
      Association.
AB  - PURPOSE: To report the occurrence of corneal ectasia (ECT) in patients with
      history of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and to make the case for an
      association between these 2 diagnoses. We also report the impact of prosthetic
      replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem (PROSE) treatment on visual acuity
      (VA) in these patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: A
      manufacturing database of PROSE patients from 2002 to 2014 at Boston Foundation
      for Sight (BFS), a single-center clinical practice, was reviewed to identify
      patients with diagnoses of both SJS and ECT. RESULTS: Nine patients were
      identified with diagnoses of both SJS and ECT. In each case, review of the
      medical record revealed that diagnosis of SJS preceded that of ECT. The
      prevalence of ECT in this population exceeded that in the general population (P <
      .0001). Videokeratography was available for 13 eyes in 7 patients; using
      Krumeich's classification of keratoconus, 3 eyes were found to be at stage 1, 3
      at stage 2, 1 at stage 3, and 6 at stage 4. Sixteen of 18 eyes underwent PROSE
      treatment. Of these 16 eyes, initial median VA was 20/200 (range, count fingers
      to 20/20; logMAR 1.0). Median VA after PROSE customization was 20/30 (range,
      20/60-20/15; logMAR 0.1761, P < .0025). CONCLUSIONS: ECT occurs at a higher-than
      expected rate in patients with a history of SJS. PROSE treatment improves VA in
      these patients. The basis of the association between SJS and ECT is considered,
      as well as the role of plausible contributory factors such as corneal microtrauma
      and matrix metalloproteinases.

PMID- 27386789
TI  - Potential applications of metagenomics to assess the biological effects of food
      structure and function.
AB  - Metagenomics, or the collective study of genomes is an important emerging area in
      microbiology and related fields, and is increasingly being recognized as a tool
      to characterize the microbial community structure and function of diverse sample
      types. Metagenomics compares sequences to existing databases to enable the
      identification of potential microbial reservoirs and predict specific functions;
      yet, metagenomics has not been widely applied to understand how changes in the
      food structure and composition affect microbial communities and their function in
      the human gut. Studies are needed to understand the digestion of food products,
      and to measure their effectiveness in preserving a healthy microbiome, as well as
      intestinal function. We suggest the use of metagenomics with validation
      techniques such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), cloning and functional assays
      to assess the biological effects of food structure and function.

PMID- 27386791
TI  - New aspects of developing a dry powder inhalation formulation applying the
      quality-by-design approach.
AB  - The current work outlines the application of an up-to-date and regulatory-based
      pharmaceutical quality management method, applied as a new development concept in
      the process of formulating dry powder inhalation systems (DPIs). According to the
      Quality by Design (QbD) methodology and Risk Assessment (RA) thinking, a mannitol
      based co-spray dried formula was produced as a model dosage form with meloxicam
      as the model active agent. The concept and the elements of the QbD approach
      (regarding its systemic, scientific, risk-based, holistic, and proactive nature
      with defined steps for pharmaceutical development), as well as the experimental
      drug formulation (including the technological parameters assessed and the methods
      and processes applied) are described in the current paper. Findings of the QbD
      based theoretical prediction and the results of the experimental development are
      compared and presented. Characteristics of the developed end-product were in
      correlation with the predictions, and all data were confirmed by the relevant
      results of the in vitro investigations. These results support the importance of
      using the QbD approach in new drug formulation, and prove its good usability in
      the early development process of DPIs. This innovative formulation technology and
      product appear to have a great potential in pulmonary drug delivery. 

PMID- 27386790
TI  - Morphologically and Functionally Distinct Lipid Droplet Subpopulations.
AB  - Lipid droplet (LD), a multi-functional organelle, is often found to associate
      with other cellular membranous structures and vary in size in a given cell, which
      may be related to their functional diversity. Here we established a method to
      separate LD subpopulations from isolated CHO K2 LDs into three different size
      categories. The subpopulation with smallest LDs was nearly free of ER and other
      membranous structures while those with larger LDs contained intact ER. These
      distinct subpopulations of LDs differed in their protein composition and ability
      to recruit proteins. This method was also applicable to LDs obtained from other
      sources, such as Huh7 cells, mouse liver and brown adipose tissue, et al. We
      developed an in vitro assay requiring only isolated LDs, Coenzyme A, and ATP to
      drive lipid synthesis. The LD subpopulation nearly depleted of ER was able to
      incorporate fatty acids into triacylglycerol and phospholipids. Together, our
      data demonstrate that LDs in a given cell are heterogeneous in size and function,
      and suggest that LDs are one of cellular lipid synthetic organelles.

PMID- 27386792
TI  - Development of nanoemulsions for topical delivery of vitamin K1.
AB  - Vitamin K1 (VK1) is a natural and lipophilic compound currently used in
      dermatological formulations. In this work, nanoemulsions containing VK1 have been
      proposed to overcome some issues associated to semisolid VK1-incorporating
      formulations. The study has been focused on the design of a lipid-free aqueous
      formulation, easy to prepare and with low cost of production. Thus, a simply
      protocol, using a low-energy method, has been used to spontaneously form the
      nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsion composition has been optimized to improve its
      physical stability during storage in different conditions. Then, the possibility
      to administer VK1-containing nanoemulsions by nebulization without significant
      alteration of the formulation was tested. Moreover, the VK1 accumulation into the
      skin layers have been evaluated through permeation experiments on Franz cells,
      ATR-FITR analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observations, and
      high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The study demonstrated
      that NEs represent an interesting option for the commercial development of an
      aqueous spray formulation for the topical delivery of VK1. 

PMID- 27386794
TI  - Effectiveness of the Ponseti method for treating clubfoot associated with
      myelomeningocele: 3-9 years follow-up.
AB  - Clubfoot in myelomeningocele patients is characterized by its stiffness, severe
      rigidity and has traditionally been treated with extensive soft-tissue release
      surgery with poor outcomes. We present our experience using the Ponseti method to
      treat clubfoot associated with myelomeningocele. This was a retrospective,
      consecutive review over a 10-year period in our tertiary centre. On initial
      presentation, patients were assessed using the Pirani scoring system and the
      standard Ponseti method was initiated. Our outcome measures were successful
      functional correction of deformity defined as achieving a plantigrade pain-free
      foot. Secondary outcome measures included relapse and the need for surgical
      procedures. A total of 11 children with 18 myelomeningocele-associated clubfeet
      were included, with an average follow-up duration of 4.5 years (range 3-9 years).
      The average age at presentation was 4.7 weeks, with an average Pirani score of
      5.5. Initial correction was achieved in all children with an average of 7 (range
      4-9) Ponseti casts and tendo-achilles tenotomy was performed in 17 of 18 feet
      (94.4%). Nine children with 15 of 18 (83.3%) myelomeningocele-associated clubfeet
      achieved a satisfactory outcome at the final follow-up, with functional, pain
      free feet. Recurrence occurred in five of 15 (33.3%) feet, which was managed
      successfully with a second tendo-achilles tenotomy and further Ponseti casting.
      Two children three of 18 (16.7%) failed Ponseti treatment. Ponseti method is an
      effective first-line treatment for myelomeningocele-associated clubfoot to
      achieve functional painless feet; children will often require more casts and have
      a higher risk of relapse.

PMID- 27386793
TI  - A global test for gene-gene interactions based on random matrix theory.
AB  - Statistical interactions between markers of genetic variation, or gene-gene
      interactions, are believed to play an important role in the etiology of many
      multifactorial diseases and other complex phenotypes. Unfortunately, detecting
      gene-gene interactions is extremely challenging due to the large number of
      potential interactions and ambiguity regarding marker coding and interaction
      scale. For many data sets, there is insufficient statistical power to evaluate
      all candidate gene-gene interactions. In these cases, a global test for gene-gene
      interactions may be the best option. Global tests have much greater power
      relative to multiple individual interaction tests and can be used on subsets of
      the markers as an initial filter prior to testing for specific interactions. In
      this paper, we describe a novel global test for gene-gene interactions, the
      global epistasis test (GET), that is based on results from random matrix theory.
      As we show via simulation studies based on previously proposed models for common
      diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and breast cancer, our
      proposed GET method has superior performance characteristics relative to existing
      global gene-gene interaction tests. A glaucoma GWAS data set is used to
      demonstrate the practical utility of the GET method.

PMID- 27386795
TI  - Authors' reply: Escherichia coli harbouring mcr-1 gene isolated from poultry not
      exposed to polymyxins in Brazil.

PMID- 27386796
TI  - Immediate response to prasugrel loading in patients with ST-elevation myocardial
      infarction: Predictors and outcome.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Information regarding immediate response to novel P2Y12 inhibitors
      in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is scarce and has been associated
      with adequate reperfusion. Recent studies have shown that the onset of anti
      platelet effects of novel P2Y12 inhibitors in patients with STEMI might be slower
      and more variable than in stable coronary syndrome. We aimed to assess the
      predictors and significance of immediate platelet response to prasugrel loading
      in STEMI. METHODS: Platelet aggregation (PA) was prospectively evaluated in STEMI
      patients upon prasugrel loading and at primary percutaneous coronary intervention
      (PPCI). Early platelet responsiveness was defined as percent reduction of PA from
      baseline to PPCI, divided by the time lapse from loading to PPCI. High- and low
      platelet responsiveness was defined as above and below the median value
      respectively. RESULTS: Fifty consecutive STEMI patients (age 58+/-8, 90% male)
      underwent PPCI with a mean door-to-balloon time of 42+/-15min. Mean PA upon
      prasugrel loading and at PPCI was 76+/-9% and 63+/-19%, respectively. Older age
      and prior aspirin use were predictors of low platelet responsiveness to prasugrel
      [beta=(-0.33), p=0.02 and beta=(-0.28), p=0.04, respectively]. Fast compared with
      slow responders demonstrated more frequent early ST resolution (93% vs. 72%,
      p=0.02) and lower peak troponin levels (76+/-62MUg/L vs. 48+/-28MUg/L, p=0.05).
      CONCLUSIONS: Immediate platelet responsiveness to prasugrel among STEMI patients
      is highly variable and inversely associated with older age and prior aspirin use.
      Fast compared with slow responders have improved reperfusion and infarct size
      markers.

PMID- 27386797
TI  - Acoustic-Phonetic Versus Lexical Processing in Nonnative Listeners Differing in
      Their Dominant Language.
AB  - PURPOSE: Nonnative listeners have difficulty recognizing English words due to
      underdeveloped acoustic-phonetic and/or lexical skills. The present study used
      Boothroyd and Nittrouer's (1988)j factor to tease apart these two components of
      word recognition. METHOD: Participants included 15 native English and 29 native
      Russian listeners. Fourteen and 15 of the Russian listeners reported English (ED)
      and Russian (RD) to be their dominant language, respectively. Listeners were
      presented 119 consonant-vowel-consonant real and nonsense words in speech
      spectrum noise at +6 dB SNR. Responses were scored for word and phoneme
      recognition, the logarithmic quotient of which yielded j. RESULTS: Word and
      phoneme recognition was comparable between native and ED listeners but poorer in
      RD listeners. Analysis of j indicated less effective use of lexical information
      in RD than in native and ED listeners. Lexical processing was strongly correlated
      with the length of residence in the United States. CONCLUSIONS: Language
      background is important for nonnative word recognition. Lexical skills can be
      regarded as nativelike in ED nonnative listeners. Compromised word recognition in
      ED listeners is unlikely a result of poor lexical processing. Performance should
      be interpreted with caution for listeners dominant in their first language, whose
      word recognition is affected by both lexical and acoustic-phonetic factors.

PMID- 27386798
TI  - Hepatic myelolipoma in two Goeldi's monkeys from South America held captive.
AB  - Two cases of hepatic myelolipoma in Goeldi's monkeys from South America are
      described. One was a female evaluated due progressive abdominal distension.
      Ultrasound and computed tomography detected hepatic mass. Partial hepatectomy was
      performed, but the monkey died after surgery. Case 2 was a male that died
      suddenly, showing non-specific clinical signs.

PMID- 27386800
TI  - Cobalt phosphide nanowires: an efficient electrocatalyst for enzymeless hydrogen
      peroxide detection.
AB  - In this letter, we demonstrate for the first time that cobalt phosphide nanowires
      (CoP NWs) exhibit remarkable catalytic activity toward electrochemical detection
      of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). As an enzymeless H2O2 sensor, such CoP NWs show a
      fast amperometric response within 5 s and a low detection limit of 0.48 MUM. In
      addition, this nonenzymatic sensor displays good selectivity, long-term stability
      and excellent reproducibility. 

PMID- 27386801
TI  - What's New for Tranexamic Acid?

PMID- 27386799
TI  - Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatic cell lines as a new model for
      host interaction with hepatitis B virus.
AB  - Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not eradicated by current antiviral therapies due to
      persistence of HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in host cells, and
      thus development of novel culture models for productive HBV infection is urgently
      needed, which will allow the study of HBV cccDNA eradication. To meet this need,
      we developed culture models of HBV infection using human induced pluripotent stem
      cell-derived hepatocyte lineages, including immature proliferating hepatic
      progenitor-like cell lines (iPS-HPCs) and differentiated hepatocyte-like cells
      (iPS-Heps). These cells were susceptible to HBV infection, produced HBV
      particles, and maintained innate immune responses. The infection efficiency of
      HBV in iPS-HPCs predominantly depended on the expression levels of sodium
      taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), and was low relative to iPS-Heps:
      however, long-term culture of iPS-Heps was difficult. To provide a model for HBV
      persistence, iPS-HPCs overexpressing NTCP were established. The long-term
      persistence of HBV cccDNA was detected in iPS-HPCs overexpressing NTCP, and
      depended on the inhibition of the Janus-kinase signaling pathway. In conclusion,
      this study provides evidence that iPS-derived hepatic cell lines can be utilized
      for novel HBV culture models with genetic variation to investigate the
      interactions between HBV and host cells and the development of anti-HBV
      strategies.

PMID- 27386802
TI  - High-Efficiency Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells with Medium Bandgap Polymer
      Donor and Narrow Bandgap Organic Semiconductor Acceptor.
AB  - A nonfullerene polymer solar cell with a high efficiency of 9.26% is realized by
      using benzodithiophene-alt-fluorobenzotriazole copolymer J51 as a medium-bandgap
      polymer donor and the low-bandgap organic semiconductor ITIC with high extinction
      coefficients as the acceptor.

PMID- 27386803
TI  - Development of minimally invasive surgery for sinonasal malignancy.
AB  - Sinonasal malignancies are rare and histologically heterogeneous. Treatment is
      complicated by tumor aggressiveness and location near critical anatomic
      structures (orbita, skull base, etc.). This low incidence and histologic
      diversity make prospective studies unfeasible, and thus therapeutic guidelines
      difficult to establish. The gold standard for surgery is a transfacial approach,
      with craniofacial resection in case of skull-base involvement. However, these
      techniques are associated with non-negligible perioperative morbidity. In the
      past two decades, endoscopic surgery has made major progress, extending its
      indications: initially developed for functional sinus surgery, it is now applied
      in benign skull-base pathologies (CSF leakage, meningocele, etc.) and, more
      recently, in sinonasal malignancy. Literature analysis shows a significant
      decrease in morbidity and improved quality of life associated with endoscopic
      endonasal surgery, with oncologic safety and efficacy in well-selected cases,
      although dependent on operator experience. Additional studies with longer follow
      up and comparison between histologic subtypes will be needed.

PMID- 27386804
TI  - Hand Robotic Therapy in Children with Hemiparesis: A Pilot Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand the impact of training with a
      hand robotic device on hand paresis and function in a population of children with
      hemiparesis. METHODS: Twelve children with hemiparesis (mean age, 9 [SD, 3.64]
      years) completed participation in this prospective, experimental, pilot study.
      Participants underwent clinical assessments at baseline and again 6 weeks later
      with instructions to not initiate new therapies. After these assessments,
      participants received 6 weeks of training with a hand robotic device, consisting
      of 1-hour sessions, 3 times weekly. Assessments were repeated on completion of
      training. RESULTS: Results showed significant improvements after training on the
      Assisting Hand Assessment (mean difference, 2.0 Assisting Hand Assessment units;
      P = 0.011) and on the upper-extremity component of the Fugl-Meyer scale (raw
      score mean difference, 4.334; P = 0.001). No significant improvements between
      pretest and posttest were noted on the Jebsen-Taylor Test of Hand Function, the
      Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test, or the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability
      Inventory after intervention. Total active mobility of digits and grip strength
      also failed to demonstrate significant changes after training. INTERPRETATION:
      Participants tolerated training with the hand robotic device, and significant
      improvements in bimanual hand use, as well as impairment-based scales, were
      noted. Improvements were carried over into bimanual skills during play. TO CLAIM
      CME CREDITS: Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at
      http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this
      article, the reader should be able to: (1) Understand key components of
      neuroplasticity; (2) Discuss the benefits of robotic therapy in the recovery of
      hand function in pediatric patients with hemiplegia; and (3) Appropriately
      incorporate robotic therapy into the treatment plan of pediatric patients with
      hemiplegia. LEVEL: Advanced ACCREDITATION: The Association of Academic
      Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical
      Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association
      of Academic Physiatrists designates this activity for a maximum of 1.5 AMA PRA
      Category 1 Credit(s)TM. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the
      extent of their participation in the activity.

PMID- 27386805
TI  - The Impact of the Immediate Postoperative Prosthesis on Patient Mobility and
      Quality of Life after Transtibial Amputation.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The immediate postoperative prosthesis has been purported to allow
      early mobilization with potential physical and psychologic benefits to patients.
      This study used accelerometers and validated questionnaires to prospectively
      examine activity level and quality of life data for patients receiving an
      immediate postoperative prosthesis after transtibial amputation. METHODS: A total
      of 10 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 58 yrs (range, 22-69
      yrs), there were 9 men and 1 woman, and reason for amputation was nonhealing
      gangrenous ulcer in 9 patients and ischemic limb in 1 patient. Patients were
      followed for 6 wks. Activity data were collected on ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers
      and analyzed using ActiLife 6 Data Analysis Software. At the 6-wk postoperative
      visit, an Amputee Mobility Predictor clinician-rated performance evaluation was
      conducted and a Short Form-36 questionnaire was completed. RESULTS: Patients in
      the cohort spent an average of 88% (range, 83%-92%) of their time sedentary,
      11.5% (range, 7.6%-16.9%) of their time in light physical activity, and 0.3%
      (range, 0.12%-1.36%) of their time in moderate to vigorous physical activity. No
      statistically significant relationships were observed between expected level of
      function and recorded activity level. Patients had low physical and emotional
      Short Form-36 component scores. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with transtibial
      amputations were extremely sedentary in the early postoperative period despite
      their immediate postoperative prosthesis dressings.

PMID- 27386806
TI  - Kinematic Manifestation of Arm-Trunk Performance during Symmetric Bilateral
      Reaching After Stroke: Within vs. Beyond Arm's Length.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of target distance
      (within vs. beyond arm's length) on arm and trunk movements during symmetric
      bilateral reaching in patients with stroke. DESIGN: Eighteen stroke patients and
      18 age-matched control participants reached bilaterally to press desk bells
      placed at 90% and 125% of arm's length. The kinematics of paretic arm and trunk
      movements and trunk contribution slopes were measured in the start, mid, and end
      phases of reaching. RESULTS: Target distance significantly affected arm (shoulder
      flexion and abduction, elbow extension) and trunk (flexion, rotation, and lateral
      shift) movements in patients with stroke. Significant group differences were also
      found in trunk contribution slopes in the start and mid phases of reaching to
      targets beyond arm's length. CONCLUSIONS: Bilateral reaching for targets beyond
      arm's length may increase shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, elbow extension,
      and trunk flexion, but it may also induce unsymmetric trunk rotation and lateral
      shift to the paretic side, as well as early and excessive trunk contributions in
      patients with stroke. The findings suggest that for beyond-arm-length reaching,
      therapists may restrain the trunk until the end phase of reaching and prevent
      trunk rotation and lateral shift to the paretic side.

PMID- 27386807
TI  - Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: The Changing Landscape of Residency and
      Career.

PMID- 27386808
TI  - Effects of Home-based Telesupervising Rehabilitation on Physical Function for
      Stroke Survivors with Hemiplegia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aims of this work were to evaluate the effects of home-based
      telesupervising rehabilitation on physical function for stroke survivors with
      hemiplegia and to determine if the rehabilitation therapy can relieve the burden
      on caregivers. DESIGN: This study is a randomized, controlled, assessor-blinded
      trial. Stroke survivors were randomly assigned to either home-based
      telesupervising rehabilitation group or conventional rehabilitation group to
      receive physical exercise and electromyography-triggered neuromuscular
      stimulation. Modified Barthel Index, Berg Balance Scale, modified Rankin Scale,
      Caregiver Strain Index, root mean square of extensor carpi radialis longus and
      tibialis anterior muscle were measured at 3 time points: baseline,
      postintervention (12 weeks), and 12-week follow-up (24 weeks). RESULTS: Both the
      home-based telerehabilitation and conventional rehabilitation groups demonstrated
      significant effects within groups over the 3 time points in increasing Modified
      Barthel Index, Berg Balance Scale, and root mean square value of extensor carpi
      radialis longus and tibialis anterior, as well as decreasing Caregiver Strain
      Index (P < 0.001), but none of the between-group differences was significant. For
      modified Rankin Scale, the percentage of participants of grades 0 and 1 in 2
      groups increased over time without significant difference between the groups.
      CONCLUSIONS: Home-based telesupervising rehabilitation is most likely as
      effective as the conventional outpatient rehabilitation for improving functional
      recovery in stroke survivors and could ease the burden of caregivers as
      conventional rehabilitation.

PMID- 27386809
TI  - Velopharyngeal Incoordination Caused by Phenytoin-Induced Toxicity.
AB  - Phenytoin induces lymphoid proliferation, resulting in complications that can
      range from tissue hyperplasia to lymphoma. Some of the complications resolve
      spontaneously after drug discontinuation. This report describes for the first
      time a case of dysphagia with lack of velopharyngeal coordination and
      nasopharyngeal reflux combined with massive palatine tonsillar hypertrophy. The
      condition did not develop before phenytoin administration, was induced by
      phenytoin, and spontaneously resolved upon drug discontinuation. The patient was
      referred for a video-fluoroscopic swallowing study owing to a recurring nasal
      reflux of foods that had developed since phenytoin administration. The video
      fluoroscopic swallowing study revealed incidentally that the large bilateral
      elongated masses extended downward into the larynx and disturbed velar elevation.
      This finding was confirmed by computed tomography of the neck, which showed that
      palatine tonsillar hypertrophy disturbed the laryngopharynx on both sides. The
      symptoms (sleep apnea and nasal reflux) and the abnormal imaging findings
      disappeared without surgery approximately 1 month after drug discontinuation.
      This case suggests that dysphagia related to phenytoin-induced lymphoid
      hypertrophy may be treated by phenytoin discontinuation followed by a sufficient
      amount of time to allow symptom resolution rather than by prompt surgery.

PMID- 27386810
TI  - Accelerated Arterial Stiffening Change in Early Years of Spinal Cord Injury.
AB  - Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) possess higher arterial stiffness index
      (SI) than the healthy population. This study aimed to clarify the effect of post
      morbid duration on arterial stiffening change among SCI sufferers. Seventy-one
      SCI patients were recruited. The demographic data including age, gender, level of
      injury, body mass index, American Spinal Cord Injury Association Impairment
      Scale, and post-morbid duration were collected. The age was 36.4 +/- 11.7 years
      and the duration was 87.5 +/- 106.4 months. SI was assessed with digital volume
      pulse analysis. Correlation matrix demonstrated that age is the most significant
      determinant of SI (R = 0.503). The scatter plot of duration versus SI showed that
      they were correlated significantly, but in a logarithmic rather than linear
      trend. Partial correlation showed that the natural log of duration (Lnduration)
      has higher adjusted correlation coefficient (0.357) than duration when the effect
      of age and other factors were eliminated. Multiple linear regression modeling
      also exhibited that Lnduration is the only factor that significantly increases
      the explanation of SI by age. In conclusion, Lnduration is an independent
      determinant of SI. SCI accelerates vascular aging especially in the early several
      years. Therefore, there should be emphasis on primary prevention of
      cardiovascular disorders during early years of SCI.

PMID- 27386811
TI  - Effectiveness of Aquatic Exercises in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A
      Randomized, Controlled, 16-Week Intervention-The HydRA Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of land
      based (LB) and water-based (WB) aerobic exercises in women with rheumatoid
      arthritis (RA). DESIGN: A total of 133 women with RA were included in this
      randomized, blinded, prospective, 16-week controlled trial. The subjects were
      randomized into 3 groups: WB (n = 33), LB (n = 33), and control (n = 34). Muscle
      strength (MS) was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Disease activity (DAS
      28) and functional ability (health assessment questionnaire) were measured by an
      expert rheumatologist. Total body densitometry was used to assess body
      composition. The intervention was performed 3 times per week, and all groups were
      evaluated at baseline and after 8 and 16 weeks. Compliance, concomitant
      medications, and adverse events were recorded. The data were analyzed by
      intention to treat. P < 0.05 was set as significant. RESULTS: Of the 133 patients
      recruited, 100 were randomized and 82 completed the study. In the first
      evaluation, the 3 groups were matched to age, body composition, functional
      capacity, MS, and concomitant medications. After 16 weeks, there were no
      significant changes of knee MS neither body composition among the groups.
      However, there was a significant improvement in disease activity and functional
      ability in the WB after 8 and 16 weeks. CONCLUSION: Aquatic exercises provided
      significant improvement in disease activity, pain, and functional capacity.

PMID- 27386813
TI  - Hemodynamic, Autonomic, Ventilatory, and Metabolic Alterations After Resistance
      Training in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to evaluate the hemodynamic, autonomic, and
      metabolic responses during resistance and dynamic exercise before and after an 8
      week resistance training program using a low-intensity (30% of 1 repetitium
      maximum), high-repetition (3 sets of 20 repetitions) model, added to an aerobic
      training program, in a coronary artery disease cohort. DESIGN: Twenty male
      subjects with coronary artery disease (61.1 +/- 4.7 years) were randomly assigned
      to a combined training group (resistance + aerobic) or aerobic training group
      (AG). Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, minute ventilation, blood
      lactate, and parasympathetic modulation indices of heart rate (square root of the
      mean squared differences of successive RR intervals [RMSSD] and dispersion of
      points perpendicular to the line of identity that provides information about the
      instantaneous beat-to-beat variability [SD1]) were obtained before and after an 8
      week RT program while performing exercise on a cycle ergometer and a 45-degree
      leg press. RESULTS: Resistance training resulted in an increase in maximal and
      submaximal load tolerance (P < 0.01), a decreased hemodynamic response (P <
      0.01), and a reduction in blood lactate in the combined training group compared
      to the aerobic training group during the 45-degree leg press. During exercise on
      a cycle ergometer, there was a decreased hemodynamic response and increased
      minute ventilation (P < 0.01). The 8-week RT program resulted in greater
      parasympathetic tone (RMSSD and SD1) and an increase in the SDNN index during
      exercise on a cycle ergometer and 45-degree leg press (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An
      8-week resistance training program associated with aerobic training may attenuate
      hemodynamic stress, and modify metabolic and autonomic responses during
      resistance exercise. The training program also appeared to elicit beneficial
      cardiovascular and autonomic effects during exercise.

PMID- 27386812
TI  - The Diagnostic Accuracy of Special Tests for Rotator Cuff Tear: The ROW Cohort
      Study.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim was to assess diagnostic accuracy of 15 shoulder special tests
      for rotator cuff tears. DESIGN: From February 2011 to December 2012, 208
      participants with shoulder pain were recruited in a cohort study. RESULTS: Among
      tests for supraspinatus tears, Jobe test had a sensitivity of 88% (95% confidence
      interval [CI], 80%-96%), specificity of 62% (95% CI, 53%-71%), and likelihood
      ratio of 2.30 (95% CI, 1.79-2.95). The full can test had a sensitivity of 70%
      (95% CI, 59%-82%) and a specificity of 81% (95% CI, 74%-88%). Among tests for
      infraspinatus tears, external rotation lag signs at 0 degrees had a specificity
      of 98% (95% CI, 96%-100%) and a likelihood ratio of 6.06 (95% CI, 1.30-28.33),
      and the Hornblower sign had a specificity of 96% (95% CI, 93%-100%) and
      likelihood ratio of 4.81 (95% CI, 1.60-14.49). CONCLUSIONS: Jobe test and full
      can test had high sensitivity and specificity for supraspinatus tears, and
      Hornblower sign performed well for infraspinatus tears. In general, special tests
      described for subscapularis tears have high specificity but low sensitivity.
      These data can be used in clinical practice to diagnose rotator cuff tears and
      may reduce the reliance on expensive imaging.

PMID- 27386814
TI  - Effects of Game-Based Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Balance in Patients
      with Stroke: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aims of this work were to determine whether game-based constraint
      induced movement therapy (CIMT) is effective at improving balance ability in
      patients with stroke, and to provide clinical knowledge of game-based training
      that allows application of CIMT to the lower extremities. DESIGN: Thirty-six
      patients with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to game-based CIMT (n = 12),
      general game-based training (n = 12), and conventional (n = 12) groups. All
      interventions were conducted 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The static balance
      control and weight-bearing symmetry were assessed, and the Functional Reach Test
      (FRT), modified Functional Reach Test (mFRT), and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test were
      performed to evaluate balance ability. RESULTS: All 3 groups showed significant
      improvement in anterior-posterior axis (AP-axis) distance, sway area, weight
      bearing symmetry, FRT, mFRT, and TUG test after the intervention (P < 0.05). Post
      hoc analysis revealed significant differences in AP-axis, and sway area, weight
      bearing symmetry of the game-based CIMT group compared with the other group (P <
      0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Although the general game-based training and the game-based
      CIMT both improved on static and dynamic balance ability, game-based CIMT had a
      larger effect on static balance control, weight-bearing symmetry, and side-to
      side weight shift.

PMID- 27386815
TI  - Effectiveness of Global Postural Re-education for Treatment of Spinal Disorders:
      A Meta-analysis.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of global
      postural re-education (GPR) on the treatment of spinal disorders by performing a
      systematic review and a meta-analysis. DESIGN: MEDLINE, Scopus, and PEDro
      databases were searched without language or publication date restrictions. Data
      on pain and function were used to evaluate the effectiveness of GPR. Randomized
      controlled trials and controlled clinical trials analyzing the effectiveness of
      GPR on spinal disorders were selected. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and
      the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. The meta
      analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-analysis 3.3 software.
      RESULTS: Seven randomized controlled trials and 4 controlled clinical trials were
      included in the meta-analysis. The results showed a medium improvement on pain
      (SMD = -0.63; 95% CI, -0.43 to -0.83) and function (SMD = -0.48; 95% CI, -0.25 to
      -0.72) after GPR treatment. The positive effect, which was greater in patients
      with ankylosing spondylitis followed by low back pain and neck pain, was more
      significant during the intermediate follow-up than immediately after treatment.
      CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides reliable evidence that GPR may be an
      effective method for treating spinal disorders by decreasing pain and improving
      function.

PMID- 27386816
TI  - Demonstration of Injury of the Corticospinal Tract in a Patient with Suspected
      Motor Conversion Disorder.

PMID- 27386817
TI  - Evaluation of Posterosuperior Labral Tear with Shoulder Sonography After Intra
      articular Injection: A Case Series.
AB  - Detection of a posterior glenoid labral lesion can be challenging. Clinicians may
      overlook this diagnosis because of its vague symptoms, unlike rotator cuff tear
      or adhesive capsulitis. Together with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, shoulder
      MR arthrography is considered the imaging method of choice for the detection of
      posterior glenoid labral lesions. However, MR arthrography is associated with
      high cost and low accessibility, and to circumvent these shortcomings, efforts
      are being made to use sonography (US). However, prior experience in shoulder US
      is required to evaluate glenoid labrum using US because glenoid labrum is not
      located superficially and is surrounded by the rotator cuff musculature. There
      were a few studies that reported the potential for arthrosonography in finding
      the tear of anterior glenoid labrum and rotator cuff. Until now, however, there
      was no report regarding arthrosonography in posterosuperior glenoid labral tear
      and its efficacy and potential for overcoming the limitations of conventional US.
      In this report, we described 3 cases with posterosuperior glenoid labral tear
      that were not diagnosed by conventional US but by arthrosonography. In addition,
      the authors also present their history, physical examinations, and response to
      treatment, which may be helpful in the diagnosis of posterosuperior glenoid
      labral tear.

PMID- 27386818
TI  - Ultrasound Imaging for Prompt Clinical Decision Making Before Interventions.

PMID- 27386820
TI  - Magnetoresistive polyaniline-silicon carbide metacomposites: plasma frequency
      determination and high magnetic field sensitivity.
AB  - The Drude model modified by Debye relaxation time was introduced to determine the
      plasma frequency (omegap) in the surface initiated polymerization (SIP)
      synthesized beta-silicon carbide (beta-SiC)/polyaniline (PANI) metacomposites.
      The calculated plasma frequency for these metacomposites with different loadings
      of beta-SiC nanoparticles was ranging from 6.11 * 10(4) to 1.53 * 10(5) rad s(
      1). The relationship between the negative permittivity and plasma frequency
      indicates the existence of switching frequency, at which the permittivity was
      changed from negative to positive. More interestingly, the synthesized non
      magnetic metacomposites, observed to follow the 3-dimensional (3-D) Mott variable
      range hopping (VRH) electrical conduction mechanism, demonstrated high positive
      magnetoresistance (MR) values of up to 57.48% and high MR sensitivity at low
      magnetic field regimes. 

PMID- 27386819
TI  - Fractalkine restores the decreased expression of StAR and progesterone in
      granulosa cells from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
AB  - Low progesterone levels are associated with luteal phase deficiency in women with
      polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The mechanisms regulating progesterone
      biosynthesis in the granulosa cells from women with PCOS is largely unknown.
      Fractalkine is expressed in human ovaries, and is reported to regulate
      progesterone production in granulosa cells of healthy women. In the current
      study, we aimed to examine the role of fractalkine in women with PCOS. Reduced
      fractalkine levels were found in follicular fluid and granulosa cells,
      accompanied by decreased progesterone production and reduced steroidogenic acute
      regulatory protein (StAR) expression in the granulosa cells of patients with
      PCOS. Administration of fractalkine reversed the inhibition of progesterone and
      StAR expression. The mechanism mediating these effects may be associated with the
      inhibition of ERK activity in the granulosa cells from women with PCOS. Our
      findings revealed that fractalkine regulated steroidogenesis in follicular
      granulosa cells of women with PCOS.

PMID- 27386821
TI  - The Glycated Albumin (GA) to HbA1c Ratio Reflects Shorter-Term Glycemic Control
      than GA: Analysis of Patients with Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glycated albumin (GA) reflects shorter-term glycemic control than
      HbA1c. We have reported that HbA1c is paradoxically increased in diabetic
      patients whose glycemic control deteriorated before ameliorating. In this study,
      we analyzed paradoxical increases of glycemic control indicators after treatment
      in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1D). We also investigated whether
      the GA/HbA1c ratio may reflect shorter-term glycemic control than GA. METHODS:
      Five FT1D patients whose post-treatment HbA1c and GA levels were measured were
      enrolled. We also used a formula to estimate HbA1c and GA from the fictitious
      models of changes in plasma glucose in FT1D patients. In this model, the periods
      during which HbA1c, GA, and the GA/HbA1c ratio were higher than at the first
      visit were compared. In addition, the half-life for the GA/HbA1c ratio was
      calculated in accordance with the half-lives for HbA1c and GA (36 and 14 days,
      respectively). RESULTS: In all FT1D patients, HbA1c levels 2-4 weeks after
      treatment were increased, with three patients (60%) experiencing an increase of
      GA levels. In contrast, an increase of the GA/HbA1c ratio was observed in only
      one patient. In all of the different models of changes in plasma glucose in FT1D
      patients, the length of time during which the values were higher than at the
      first visit was in the order of HbA1c > GA > GA/HbA1c ratio. The half-life for
      the GA/HbA1c ratio was 9 days, shorter than GA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings
      suggest that the GA/HbA1c ratio reflects shorter-term glycemic control than GA.

PMID- 27386822
TI  - Jitter values in infants.

PMID- 27386824
TI  - CE-C(4)D method development and validation for the assay of ciprofloxacin.
AB  - A capillary electrophoresis method with capacitively coupled contactless
      conductivity detection (CE-C(4)D) has been developed, optimized and validated for
      the determination of ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is a member of the
      fluoroquinolone antibiotics with a broad spectrum bactericidal activity and
      recommended for complicated respiratory infections, sexually transmitted
      diseases, tuberculosis, bacterial diarrhea etc. Method development was conducted
      with major focus on the quality by design (QbD) approach. During method
      development, multiple buffers were tried at different ionic strength. However,
      the optimized method finally involved a very simple background electrolyte,
      monosodium citrate at a concentration of 10mM without pH adjustment. The
      optimized CE-C(4)D method involved an uncoated fused silica capillary (59/39cm,
      50MUm i.d.) and hydrodynamic sample injection at a pressure of 0.5 p.s.i. for 5s.
      The actual separation was conducted for 10min at normal polarity with a voltage
      of 20kV corresponding to 5.9MUA current. LiCl (1mg/mL) was used as an internal
      standard. The optimized method is robust and accurate (recovery >98%) which
      rendered the ciprofloxacin peak within five minutes with good linearity
      (R(2)>0.999) in the concentration range of 0.0126-0.8mg/mL. The repeatability is
      expressed by percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) of the relative peak
      areas (RPA) and it showed good repeatability both intra-day (<3%) and inter-day
      (3.1%). This method, proven to be free of matrix interference, showed that the
      estimated percent content of ciprofloxacin (102%) was within the official
      requirements. Moreover, due to its ease of use and robustness, the method should
      also be applicable in less well controlled laboratory environments. 

PMID- 27386825
TI  - Identification of a reference gene for the quantification of mRNA and miRNA
      expression during skin wound healing.
AB  - AIM: Wound healing is a coordinated process to restore tissue homeostasis and
      reestablish the protective barrier of the skin. miRNAs may modulate the
      expression of target genes to contribute to repair processes, but due to the
      complexity of the tissue it is challenging to quantify gene expression during the
      distinct phases of wound repair. Here, we aimed to identify a common reference
      gene to quantify changes in miRNA and mRNA expression during skin wound healing.
      METHODS: Quantitative real-time PCR and bioinformatic analysis tools were used to
      identify suitable reference genes during skin repair and their reliability was
      tested by studying the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs. RESULTS: Morphological
      assessment of wounds showed that the injury model recapitulates the distinct
      phases of skin repair. Non-degraded RNA could be isolated from skin and wounds
      and used to study the expression of non-coding small nuclear RNAs during wound
      healing. Among those, RNU6B was most constantly expressed during skin repair.
      Using this reference gene we could confirm the transient upregulation of IL-1beta
      and PTPRC/CD45 during the early phase as well as the increased expression of
      collagen type I at later stages of repair and validate the differential
      expression of miR-204, miR-205, and miR-31 in skin wounds. In contrast to Gapdh
      the normalization to multiple reference genes gave a similar outcome. CONCLUSION:
      RNU6B is an accurate alternative normalizer to quantify mRNA and miRNA expression
      during the distinct phases of skin wound healing when analysis of multiple
      reference genes is not feasible.

PMID- 27386823
TI  - Integrative functional genomics identifies regulatory mechanisms at coronary
      artery disease loci.
AB  - Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity,
      driven by both genetic and environmental risk factors. Meta-analyses of genome
      wide association studies have identified >150 loci associated with CAD and
      myocardial infarction susceptibility in humans. A majority of these variants
      reside in non-coding regions and are co-inherited with hundreds of candidate
      regulatory variants, presenting a challenge to elucidate their functions. Herein,
      we use integrative genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic profiling of perturbed
      human coronary artery smooth muscle cells and tissues to begin to identify causal
      regulatory variation and mechanisms responsible for CAD associations. Using these
      genome-wide maps, we prioritize 64 candidate variants and perform allele-specific
      binding and expression analyses at seven top candidate loci: 9p21.3, SMAD3,
      PDGFD, IL6R, BMP1, CCDC97/TGFB1 and LMOD1. We validate our findings in expression
      quantitative trait loci cohorts, which together reveal new links between CAD
      associations and regulatory function in the appropriate disease context.

PMID- 27386826
TI  - Strategies to improve outcomes for hepatitis C virus/human immunodeficiency virus
      coinfected liver transplant candidates.

PMID- 27386827
TI  - The report on the Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening Program in Poland between
      2003 and 2015.
AB  - The Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening Program (UNHSP) has been operating in
      the whole Poland since 2003. Its main goals are to perform a screening hearing in
      the 2-3 day of life in every newborn baby in Poland and to gather information on
      risk factors of hearing loss. In total, 505 centers participate in the UNHSP on
      three reference levels. As of January 19th 2016, the central data base (CDB) of
      the UNHSP has records of 4,845,036 children, which comprises 96% of all children
      born in Poland. Hearing loss was diagnosed in 12,974 children, i.e. in 3 out of
      1000 children. Here, we present the most important results and conclusions of the
      UNHSP. 

PMID- 27386828
TI  - Nose underdevelopment - etiology, diagnosis and treatment.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Clinical picture of nose underdevelopment is very polymorphic. It
      can exist from partial disturbances of nose development, through unilateral
      hypoplasia of the nose to congenital absence of the nose (arhinia). AIM: The aim
      of this study is to present own experience of treatment of patients with
      different types of nose underdevelopment. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Plastic Surgery
      Out-patient Clinic has under care 13 patients with isolated nose
      underdevelopment. In this group there were 5 men and 8 women. The patients' age,
      at the time of first consultation, was from 6 months to 19 years. RESULTS: The
      most frequent type of defect in analyzed group was congenital saddle nose (6
      persons). Three patients were diagnosed with absence of the quadrilateral
      cartilage of the nasal septum, two with isolated underdevelopment of the alar
      cartilage and one with bilateral underdevelopment of the nasal bones. The most
      advanced disturbance was observed in 6 months old girl, who had unilateral
      hypoplasia of the nose. Nine patients were surgically treated. CONCLUSIONS: Nose
      underdevelopment is rare congenital anomaly and is characterized by variable
      clinical picture. Medical history and precise physical examination are
      fundamental in proper diagnosis. Disturbances in nose development can lead to
      serious functional consequences and require individual plan of treatment.

PMID- 27386829
TI  - Correlations between Apnea/Hypopnea Index and selected morphological and clinical
      parameters in patients with unilateral or bilateral impairment of nasal patency.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlation between
      Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) and selected parameters of morphological and clinical
      character in the patients with a unilateral or bilateral impairment of nasal
      patency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study covered 60 adults, including 37 male and
      23 female subjects, 19-69 years of age. In the Department, these subjects were
      divided into 3 groups: I - 20 patients with unilateral impairment of nasal
      patency, II - 20 patients with bilateral impairment of nasal patency, III -
      controls with normal nasal patency. METHODOLOGY: A subjective examination
      (questionnaire with a sleepiness scale), an objective examination (general
      examination of the neck and waist diameter, body weight, height, length of the
      uvula), otorhinolaryngological examination (Pirquet test of the palatine
      tonsils), X-ray and CT of the head and paranasal sinuses) to determine the cause
      and location of the obturation of air passages, physiological tests and
      polysomnography. The correlations between the neck circumferenceheight ratio
      (NHR) and AHI, waist-hip ratio (WHR) and AHI. The statistical analysis of the
      study results was conducted in Stata(r)/Special Edition Program, 14.1 version
      (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). RESULTS: Clinically, the study group
      revealed: shallow breathing in 47.5% and apnea in 52.5% of the studied patients
      whereas the control group did not show any sleep disorders. Statistical
      fluctuations between controls and the study groups were noticed (p<0.001).
      CONCLUSION: By the Epworth scale, moderate and severe sleepiness was found in
      merely 12.5% of the patients. The differences in the length of the uvula and the
      size of the pharyngeal tonsils between the studied groups were not statistically
      significant. No statistical significance was found between NHR and AHI, BMI and
      AHI, WHR and AHI in the studied group.

PMID- 27386830
TI  - Deep neck infections - still important diagnostic and therapeutic problem.
AB  - Deep neck infections (DNI) are serious problem because of variable clinical
      manifestations. This condition affects fascial compartments of the head and neck
      and organs that they contain. Nowadays the incidence of DNI have decreased
      because of antibiotics use and improvements in oral hygiene. But it may still
      lead to many life-threatening complications due to numerous portals of entry and
      proximity to vital structures. Furthermore, the inappropriate use of antibiotics,
      steroids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may mask signs of infection
      and change the clinical presentation, and also lead to a different courses of
      disease. In the literature, especially in complicated cases, the mortality may
      range up to 42%. 

PMID- 27386831
TI  - Polysomnographic evaluation of sleep apnea in patients with unilateral or
      bilateral impaired nasal patency.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: The aim of this work was to describe the polysomnographic
      evaluation of sleep apnea in patients suffering from unilateral or bilateral
      impaired nasal passage patency. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study covered 60 adult,
      including 23 women and 37 men aged 19-69, admitted to the Hospital Department.
      The subjects were divided into 3 groups: I - 20 patients with unilateral impaired
      nasal patency, II - 20 patients with bilateral impaired nasal patency, III - 20
      controls with correct nasal passage patency. The methodology of the study
      included: a subjective examination, a questionnaire with questions about main
      night symptoms, e.g. dyspnea, noisy snoring, polynuria, an objective examination,
      blood tests (morphology, CRP, fibrinogen, IL-6, glucose level), imaging tests
      (RTG, CT and MRI of the head/paranasal sinuses) to determine the cause and site
      of respiratory obturation, physiological tests as a part of polysomnogram. The
      analysis described: the level of sleep disorders, causes associated with impaired
      nasal patency and the Mladina's classification of the nasal septum deviation.
      RESULTS: Due to the conducted polysomnogram and analysis of the additional tests,
      sleep apnea was diagnosed in the studied patients with impaired nasal patency:
      shallow breathing u 19 patients (47,5%) with unilateral impaired patency and 9
      patients (22,5%) with bilateral impaired patency, whereas apnea in 21 patients
      (52,5%) with unilateral impaired patency and 11 patients (27,5%) with bilateral
      impaired patency. In both groups I and II, the impaired nasal passage patency was
      caused by nasal septum deviation in 18 cases (34%) and in 15 cases (28,3%),
      respectively. The control group did not show any sleep disorders in
      polysomnographic tests. Each patient from group I and II was referred for surgery
      to improve the nasal patency due to its cause. CONCLUSION: The conducted tests
      revealed shallow breathing in 47,5% of the studied patients whereas sleep apnea
      in 52,5% cases. The most frequent cause of impaired nasal patency was nasal
      septum deviation, which was found in 82,5% of the patients, including 45% with
      unilateral impaired patency and 37,5% with bilateral nasal patency.

PMID- 27386832
TI  - Non-human leukocyte antigen-specific antibodies in thoracic transplantation.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Development of donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-specific
      antibodies is associated with graft loss, yet the role of non-HLA antibodies in
      solid organ transplant needs to be further defined. It is suggested that HLA
      antibodies and non-HLA antibodies collaborate together to impact graft outcome.
      This review focuses on the latest findings on antibodies against these non-HLA
      antigens in thoracic organ transplant. RECENT FINDINGS: These non-HLA antigens
      include signaling proteins expressed on the cell surface, such as angiotensin II
      type 1 receptor (AT1R), endothelin type A receptor, and structure proteins, such
      as myosin, vimentin, and Kalpha1 tubulin, and extracellular matrix protein
      collagen. Antibodies against these antigens may impact the allograft in different
      ways. Although these non-HLA antibodies can damage the allograft through
      complement-mediated or cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibodies against AT1R and
      endothelin type A receptor can also alter the endothelial cell function by
      activating intracellular signals. The presence of these non-HLA antibodies may
      predispose the patient to develop HLA-specific antibodies. Recently, it has been
      shown patients with AT1R antibodies pretransplant have a higher chance to develop
      de-novo donor-specific HLA antibodies. SUMMARY: The findings suggest it is
      important to stratify the patient's immunologic risk by assessing both the HLA
      and non-HLA-specific antibodies.

PMID- 27386833
TI  - A New Approach in Applying Systems Engineering Tools and Analysis to Determine
      Hepatocyte Toxicogenomics Risk Levels to Human Health.
AB  - There is an increasing backlog of potentially toxic compounds that cannot be
      evaluated with current animal-based approaches in a cost-effective and
      expeditious manner, thus putting human health at risk. Extrapolation of animal
      based test results for human risk assessment often leads to different
      physiological outcomes. This article introduces the use of quantitative tools and
      methods from systems engineering to evaluate the risk of toxic compounds by the
      analysis of the amount of stress that human hepatocytes undergo in vitro when
      metabolizing GW7647 1 over extended times and concentrations. Hepatocytes are
      exceedingly connected systems that make it challenging to understand the highly
      varied dimensional genomics data to determine risk of exposure. Gene expression
      data of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) 2 binding
      was measured over multiple concentrations and varied times of GW7647 exposure and
      leveraging mahalanombis distance to establish toxicity threshold risk levels. The
      application of these novel systems engineering tools provides new insight into
      the intricate workings of human hepatocytes to determine risk threshold levels
      from exposure. This approach is beneficial to decision makers and scientists, and
      it can help reduce the backlog of untested chemical compounds due to the high
      cost and inefficiency of animal-based models.

PMID- 27386834
TI  - Lessons of Risk Communication and Health Promotion - West Africa and United
      States.
AB  - During the response to the 2014-2016 Ebola virus disease (Ebola) epidemic in West
      Africa, CDC addressed the disease on two fronts: in the epidemic epicenter of
      West Africa and at home in the United States. Different needs drove the demand
      for information in these two regions. The severity of the epidemic was reflected
      not only in lives lost but also in the amount of fear, misinformation, and stigma
      that it generated worldwide. CDC helped increase awareness, promoted actions to
      stop the spread of Ebola, and coordinated CDC communication efforts with multiple
      international and domestic partners. CDC, with input from partners, vastly
      increased the number of Ebola communication materials for groups with different
      needs, levels of health literacy, and cultural preferences. CDC deployed health
      communicators to West Africa to support ministries of health in developing and
      disseminating clear, science-based messages and promoting science-based
      behavioral interventions. Partnerships in West Africa with local radio,
      television, and cell phone businesses made possible the dissemination of messages
      appropriate for maximum effect. CDC and its partners communicated evolving
      science and risk in a culturally appropriate way to motivate persons to adapt
      their behavior and prevent infection with and spread of Ebola virus.
      Acknowledging what is and is not known is key to effective risk communication,
      and CDC worked with partners to integrate health promotion and behavioral and
      cultural knowledge into the response to increase awareness of the actual risk for
      Ebola and to promote protective actions and specific steps to stop its spread.
      The activities summarized in this report would not have been possible without
      collaboration with many U.S. and international partners
      (http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/partners.html). 

PMID- 27386835
TI  - Hospitalization and mortality due to hepatitis A in Taiwan: a 15-year nationwide
      cohort study.
AB  - Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common food-borne hepatitis in the world. The
      study objectives were (i) to describe the epidemiology of HAV-related
      hospitalizations during 1997-2011 in Taiwan, (ii) to examine the age effect on
      the length of stay (LOS) in hospital and (iii) to study the factors associated
      with death. The hospitalized cases were identified from the Taiwan National
      Health Insurance Research Database between 1997 and 2011 by ICD-9-CM code of
      070.0/070.1. Patient sex, birthday, dates of hospitalization and death were
      analysed. A total of 3990 HAV-hospitalized cases, males 2467 (62%), were
      identified. The LOS increased as patients' age increased. The overall mortality
      rate was 16.8 per 1000 hospitalizations. Males had significantly higher case
      fatality rate than females (20.7 vs 10.5 per 1000 cases). The adjusted odds ratio
      (aOR) for death rose by age and increased rapidly over 40 years of age. The aOR
      and 95% confidence interval [95%CI] for aged 40-59 years and aged over 60 years
      were 7.89 (1.06-58.98) and 14.88 (2.02-109.40) compared to aged 0-19 years,
      respectively. Patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis had significantly
      higher risk of death (aOR=1.03 [1.01-1.04]), compared to those without liver
      disease. However, patients with liver disease, but no cirrhosis did not have
      higher risk of death (aOR=1.00 [0.99-1.01]). The aOR [95%CI] for LOS >9 day was
      3.26 (1.96-5.40) compared to cases with LOS <=9 days. Male sex, age over 40
      years, cirrhotic liver and long LOS are significant factors associated with death
      in HAV-hospitalized cases.

PMID- 27386836
TI  - Short-term predictive ability of selected cardiovascular risk prediction models
      in a rural Bangladeshi population: a case-cohort study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prediction of absolute risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has
      important clinical and public health significance, but the predictive ability of
      the available tools has not yet been tested in the rural Bangladeshi population.
      The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that both laboratory
      based (Framingham equation and WHO/ISH laboratory-based charts) and non
      laboratory-based tools may be used to predict CVDs on a short-term basis.
      METHODS: Data from a case-cohort study (52989 cohort and 439 sub-cohort
      participants), conducted on a rural Bangladeshi population, were analysed using
      modified Cox PH model with a maximum follow-up of 2.5 years. The outcome
      variable, coronary heart diseases (CHDs), was assessed in 2014 using
      electrocardiography, and it was used as a surrogate marker for CVDs in
      Bangladesh. The predictive power of the models was assessed by calculating C
      statistics and generating ROC curves with other measures of diagnostic tests.
      RESULTS: All the models showed high negative prediction values (NPVs, 84 % to 92
      %) and these did not differ between models or gender. The sensitivity of the
      models substantially changed based on the risk prediction thresholds (between 5
      30 %); however, the NPVs and PPVs were relatively stable at various threshold
      levels. Hypertension and dyslipidaemia were significantly associated with CHD
      outcome in males and ABSI (a body shape index) in females. All models showed
      similar C-statistics (0.611-0.685, in both genders). Overall, the non-laboratory
      based model showed better performance (0.685) in women but equal performance in
      men. CONCLUSIONS: Existing CVD risk prediction tools may identify future CHD
      cases with fairly good confidence on a short-term basis. The non-laboratory-based
      tool, using ABSI as a predictor, may provide better predictive accuracy among
      women.

PMID- 27386837
TI  - Development of solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography for
      analysis of tramadol in brain tissue using its molecularly imprinted polymer.
AB  - In this work, performance of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a selective
      solid-phase microextraction sorbent for the extraction and enrichment of tramadol
      in aqueous solution and rabbit brain tissue, is described. Binding properties of
      MIPs were studied in comparison with their nonimprinted polymer (NIP). Ten
      milligrams of the optimized MIP was then evaluated as a sorbent, for
      preconcentration, in molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction (MISPME)
      of tramadol from aqueous solution and rabbit brain tissue. The analytical method
      was calibrated in the range of 0.004 ppm (4 ng mL-1 ) and 10 ppm (10 MUg mL-1 )
      in aqueous media and in the ranges of 0.01 and 10 ppm in rabbit brain tissue,
      respectively. The results indicated significantly higher binding affinity of MIPs
      to tramadol, in comparison with NIP. The MISPME procedure was developed and
      optimized with a recovery of 81.12-107.54% in aqueous solution and 76.16-91.20%
      in rabbit brain tissue. The inter- and intra-day variation values were <8.24 and
      5.06%, respectively. Finally the calibrated method was applied for determination
      of tramadol in real rabbit brain tissue samples after administration of a lethal
      dose. Our data demonstrated the potential of MISPME for rapid, sensitive and cost
      effective sample analysis.

PMID- 27386838
TI  - Dual focused coherent beams for three-dimensional optical trapping and continuous
      rotation of metallic nanostructures.
AB  - Metallic nanoparticles and nanowires are extremely important for nanoscience and
      nanotechnology. Techniques to optically trap and rotate metallic nanostructures
      can enable their potential applications. However, because of the destabilizing
      effects of optical radiation pressure, the optical trapping of large metallic
      particles in three dimensions is challenging. Additionally, the photothermal
      issues associated with optical rotation of metallic nanowires have far prevented
      their practical applications. Here, we utilize dual focused coherent beams to
      realize three-dimensional (3D) optical trapping of large silver particles.
      Continuous rotation of silver nanowires with frequencies measured in several
      hertz is also demonstrated based on interference-induced optical vortices with
      very low local light intensity. The experiments are interpreted by numerical
      simulations and calculations.

PMID- 27386840
TI  - A new strategy for the decellularisation of large equine tendons as biocompatible
      tendon substitutes.
AB  - Tendon ruptures and/or large losses remain to be a great clinical challenge and
      often require full replacement of the damaged tissue. The use of auto- and
      allografts or engineered scaffolds is an established approach to restore severe
      tendon injuries. However, these grafts are commonly related to scarce
      biocompatibility, site morbidity, chronic inflammation and poor biomechanical
      properties. Recently, the decellularisation techniques of allo- or xenografts
      using specific detergents have been studied and have been found to generate
      biocompatible substitutes that resemble the native tissue. This study aims to
      identify a novel decellularisation protocol for large equine tendons that would
      produce an extracellular matrix scaffold suitable for the regeneration of injured
      tendons in humans. Specifically, equine tendons were treated either with tri (n
      butyl) phosphate alone, or associated to multiple concentrations of peracetic
      acid (1, 3 and 5 %), which has never before been tested in vitro.Samples were
      then analysed by histology and with biochemical, biomechanical, and cytotoxicity
      tests. The best decellularisation protocol, resulting from these examinations,
      was selected and the chosen scaffold was re-seeded with murine fibroblasts.
      Resulting grafts were tested for cell viability, histologic analysis, DNA and
      collagen content. The results identified 1 % tri (n-butyl) phosphate combined
      with 3 % peracetic acid as the most suitable decellularised matrix in terms of
      biochemical and biomechanical properties. Moreover, the non-cytotoxic nature of
      the decellularised matrix allowed for good fibroblast reseeding, thus
      demonstrating a biocompatible matrix that will be suitable for tendon tissue
      engineering and hopefully as substitutes in severe tendon damages.

PMID- 27386839
TI  - Obstetric and offspring risks of women's morbid conditions linked to prior
      anticancer treatments.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Literature shows the effects of type of cancer and/or anticancer
      treatment on live birth percentages and/or pregnancy and neonatal complications
      in female cancer survivors. However, studies analyzing the obstetric and
      offspring risks of the morbid conditions associated with previous anti-cancer
      treatments are missing. The present review aims to uncover these risks. METHODS:
      A literature search based on publications up to March 2016 identified by PubMed
      and references cited in relevant articles. RESULTS: The morbid conditions
      associated with prior anticancer treatments including chemotherapy, radiotherapy,
      surgery, and/or hematopoietic stem-cell transplant may induce not only obstetric
      and neonatal complications but also long-term effects on offspring. Whereas some
      risks are predominantly evidenced in untreated women others are observed in both
      treated and untreated women. These risks may be superimposed on those induced by
      the current women's trend in Western societies to postpone maternity.
      CONCLUSIONS: Medical professionals should be aware and inform female cancer
      survivors wishing to have a child not only of the short- and long-term risks to
      themselves and their prospective offspring of previous anticancer treatments,
      fertility-preservation technologies, and pregnancy itself, but also of those
      risks linked to the morbid conditions induced by prior anticancer treatments.
      Once female cancer survivors wishing to have a child have been properly informed
      about the risks of reproduction, they will be best placed to make decisions of
      whether or not to have a biological or donor-conceived child. In addition, when
      medical professionals be aware of these risks, they will be also best placed to
      provide appropriate treatments before/during pregnancy in order to prevent or
      alleviate the impact of these morbid conditions on maternal and offspring health.

PMID- 27386841
TI  - Effects of macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) on the vascularisation of
      implanted polyurethane scaffolds seeded with microvascular fragments.
AB  - The seeding of scaffolds with adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments
      represents a promising strategy to establish a sufficient blood supply in tissue
      constructs. Herein, we analysed whether a single application of macrophage
      activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) at the implantation site further improves the
      early vascularisation of such microvessel-seeded constructs. Microvascular
      fragments were isolated from epididymal fat pads of C57BL/6 mice. The fragments
      were seeded on polyurethane scaffolds, which were implanted into mouse dorsal
      skinfold chambers exposed to MALP-2 or vehicle (control). The inflammatory host
      tissue response and the vascularisation of the scaffolds were analysed using
      intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. We found
      that the numbers of microvascular adherent leukocytes were significantly
      increased in MALP-2-treated chambers during the first 3 days after scaffold
      implantation when compared to controls. This temporary inflammation resulted in
      an improved vascularisation of the host tissue surrounding the implants, as
      indicated by a higher density of CD31-positive microvessels at day 14. However,
      the MALP-2-exposed scaffolds themselves presented with a lower functional
      microvessel density in their centre. In addition, in vitro analyses revealed that
      MALP-2 promotes apoptotic cell death of endothelial and perivascular cells in
      isolated microvascular fragments. Hence, despite the beneficial pro-angiogenic
      properties of MALP-2 at the implantation site, the herein evaluated approach may
      not be recommended to improve the vascularisation capacity of microvascular
      fragments in tissue engineering applications.

PMID- 27386843
TI  - VSGBI abstracts from The Vascular Societies' Annual Scientific Meeting, 11-13
      November 2015.

PMID- 27386842
TI  - Impact of Combination Epidural and General Anesthesia on the Long-Term Survival
      of Gastric Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND Whether regional anesthesia is associated with tumor-free and long
      term survival is controversial. Here, we focused on whether epidural anesthesia
      affects the long-term survival of gastric cancer patients after surgery. MATERIAL
      AND METHODS We obtained the records of 273 patients undergoing gastric cancer
      surgery between August 2006 and December 2010. All patients received elective
      surgery, and the end-point was death. The general anesthesia group comprised 116
      patients and the epidural-supplemented group comprised 157 patients. The results
      were analyzed using a multivariable model to determine the relationship between
      epidural use and long-term survival. RESULTS No obvious association was detected
      between epidural use and long-term survival according to the Cox model (P=0.522);
      the adjusted estimated hazard ratio was 0.919 (95% CI 0.71-1.19). However,
      according to Kaplan-Meier analysis, epidural anesthesia was associated with long
      term survival among younger patients (age up to 64) (p=0.042, log-rank) (but not
      among older patients (p=0.203, log-rank). A lower American Society of
      Anesthesiologists (ASA) class and less chemoradiotherapy exposure were also
      associated with a longer survival. However, advanced tumor stage still has a
      significant negative impact on survival. CONCLUSIONS No obvious difference was
      detected between the 2 anesthesia groups, but younger patients may benefit from
      epidural anesthesia. 

PMID- 27386844
TI  - Metabolic syndrome is associated with advanced prostate cancer in patients
      treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy: results from a multicentre
      prospective study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common non-skin cancer in USA and
      the second leading cause of cancer death in Western Countries. Despite the high
      mortality associated with PCa, the only established risk factors are age, race
      and family history. A possible association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and
      PCa was firstly described in 2004 and several subsequent studies in biopsy
      cohorts have shown conflicting results. Aim of our multicentre prospective study
      was to investigate the association between MetS and PCa in men undergoing radical
      prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: From January 2012 to June 2015, 349 consecutive men
      undergoing RP for PCa at three centres in Italy were enrolled into a prospective
      database. Body Mass Index (BMI) as well as waist circumference was measured
      before RP. Blood samples were also collected and tested for total PSA, fasting
      glucose, triglycerides and HDLs. Blood pressure was also recorded. We evaluated
      the association between MetS, defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III, PCa
      stage (advanced stage defined as pT >= 3 or N1) and grade (high grade defined as
      Gleason Score >= 4 + 3) using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: Median age
      and preoperative PSA levels were 66 years (IQR: 61-69) and 7 ng/ml (IQR: 5-10),
      respectively. Median BMI was 26.12 kg/m(2) (IQR 24-29) with 56 (16 %) obese (BMI
      >= 30 kg/m(2)) patients and 87 (25 %) patients with MetS. At pathological
      evaluation, advanced PCa and high-grade disease were present in 126 (36 %) and
      145 (41.5 %) patients, respectively. MetS was significantly associated with
      advanced PCa (45/87, 51 % vs 81/262, 31 %; p = 0.008) and high-grade disease
      (47/87, 54 % vs 98/262, 37 %; p = 0.001). On multivariable analysis, MetS was an
      independent predictor of pathological stage >= pT3a or N1 (OR: 2.227; CI: 1.273
      3.893; p = 0.005) and Gleason score >= 4 + 3 (OR: 2.007, CI: 1.175-3.428; p =
      0.011). CONCLUSIONS: We firstly demonstrated in a European radical retropubic
      prostatectomy cohort study that MetS is associated with an increased risk of high
      grade and advanced prostate cancer. Further studies with long term follow-up
      should evaluate the impact of Mets on PCa survival.

PMID- 27386845
TI  - Characterization of CDH3-Related Congenital Hypotrichosis With Juvenile Macular
      Dystrophy.
AB  - IMPORTANCE: Congenital hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy (HJMD) is a
      rare disorder presenting in childhood and adolescence with central visual
      disturbance and sparse scalp hair. Reported retinal imaging is lacking, and
      whether the condition is progressive remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate a
      series of patients with HJMD due to biallelic mutations in CDH3 and thereby
      characterize the disorder. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Ten patients from
      10 families underwent detailed clinical assessment, including serial retinal
      imaging and electrophysiologic evaluation, at Moorfields Eye Hospital, St James's
      University Hospital, and Calderdale Royal Infirmary. Patients ranged in age from
      3 to 17 years at onset and 5 to 57 years at last assessment. The molecular
      genetic investigation included bidirectional Sanger sequencing of all exons and
      intron-exon boundaries of CDH3 and whole-exome sequencing in 2 patients. The
      study was conducted from June 5, 2013, to January 15, 2016, with final follow-up
      completed on December 15, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Results of clinical
      assessment and molecular genetic testing. RESULTS: All 10 patients (7 male and 3
      female) presented with central visual disturbance in childhood and had lifelong
      sparse scalp hair with normal facial hair. Fundus examination revealed
      chorioretinal atrophy of the posterior pole contiguous with the disc in all but 1
      patient that was associated with marked loss of autofluorescence on fundus
      autofluorescence imaging. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated
      variable degrees of atrophy of the outer retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and
      choroid, with outer retinal tubulations frequently observed. One patient had mild
      disruption of the inner segment ellipsoid band on OCT and additional mild digit
      abnormalities. Electrophysiologic evaluation in 5 patients demonstrated macular
      dysfunction with additional mild, generalized retinal dysfunction in 2 patients.
      Eight patients had more than 1 evaluation; of these, 5 patients showed
      deterioration of visual acuity over time, 1 patient remained stable, and 2
      patients had severe visual loss at presentation that precluded assessment of
      visual deterioration. The area of atrophy did not progress with time, but retinal
      thickness decreased on OCT. Electrophysiologic evaluation in 1 patient found
      deterioration of macular function after 13 years of follow-up, but the mild,
      generalized photoreceptor dysfunction remained stable. Biallelic mutations were
      identified in all patients, including 6 novel mutations. CONCLUSIONS AND
      RELEVANCE: These results suggest that CDH3-related disease is characterized by a
      childhood-onset, progressive chorioretinal atrophy confined to the posterior
      pole. The disease is readily distinguished from other juvenile macular
      dystrophies by the universally thin and sparse scalp hair. Patients may have
      additional limb abnormalities.

PMID- 27386846
TI  - Expression and methylation patterns partition luminal-A breast tumors into
      distinct prognostic subgroups.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease comprising several
      biologically different types, exhibiting diverse responses to treatment. In the
      past years, gene expression profiling has led to definition of several "intrinsic
      subtypes" of breast cancer (basal-like, HER2-enriched, luminal-A, luminal-B and
      normal-like), and microarray based predictors such as PAM50 have been developed.
      Despite their advantage over traditional histopathological classification,
      precise identification of breast cancer subtypes, especially within the largest
      and highly variable luminal-A class, remains a challenge. In this study, we
      revisited the molecular classification of breast tumors using both expression and
      methylation data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). METHODS:
      Unsupervised clustering was applied on 1148 and 679 breast cancer samples using
      RNA-Seq and DNA methylation data, respectively. Clusters were evaluated using
      clinical information and by comparison to PAM50 subtypes. Differentially
      expressed genes and differentially methylated CpGs were tested for enrichment
      using various annotation sets. Survival analysis was conducted on the identified
      clusters using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The
      clusters in both expression and methylation datasets had only moderate agreement
      with PAM50 calls, while our partitioning of the luminal samples had better five
      year prognostic value than the luminal-A/luminal-B assignment as called by PAM50.
      Our analysis partitioned the expression profiles of the luminal-A samples into
      two biologically distinct subgroups exhibiting differential expression of immune
      related genes, with one subgroup carrying significantly higher risk for five-year
      recurrence. Analysis of the luminal-A samples using methylation data identified a
      cluster of patients with poorer survival, characterized by distinct hyper
      methylation of developmental genes. Cox multivariate survival analysis confirmed
      the prognostic significance of the two partitions after adjustment for commonly
      used factors such as age and pathological stage. CONCLUSIONS: Modern genomic
      datasets reveal large heterogeneity among luminal breast tumors. Our analysis of
      these data provides two prognostic gene sets that dissect and explain tumor
      variability within the luminal-A subgroup, thus, contributing to the advancement
      of subtype-specific diagnosis and treatment.

PMID- 27386847
TI  - Psychosocial impact of prognostic genetic testing in the care of uveal melanoma
      patients: protocol of a controlled prospective clinical observational study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Uveal melanoma patients with a poor prognosis can be detected through
      genetic analysis of the tumor, which has a very high sensitivity. A large number
      of patients with uveal melanoma decide to receive information about their
      individual risk and therefore routine prognostic genetic testing is being carried
      out on a growing number of patients. It is obvious that a positive prediction for
      recidivism in the future will emotionally burden the respective patients, but
      research on the psychosocial impact of this innovative method is lacking. The aim
      of the current study is therefore to investigate the psychosocial impact
      (psychological distress and quality of life) of prognostic genetic testing in
      patients with uveal melanoma. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study is a non-randomized
      controlled prospective clinical observational trial. Subjects are patients with
      uveal melanoma, in whom genetic testing is possible. Patients who consent to
      genetic testing are allocated to the intervention group and patients who refuse
      genetic testing form the observational group. Both groups receive cancer therapy
      and psycho-oncological intervention when needed. The psychosocial impact of
      prognostic testing is investigated with the following variables: resilience,
      social support, fear of tumor progression, depression, general distress, cancer
      specific and general health-related quality of life, attitude towards genetic
      testing, estimation of the perceived risk of metastasis, utilization and
      satisfaction with psycho-oncological crisis intervention, and sociodemographic
      data. Data are assessed preoperatively (at initial admission in the clinic) and
      postoperatively (at discharge from hospital after surgery, 6-12 weeks, 6 and 12
      months after initial admission). Genetic test results are communicated 6-12 weeks
      after initial admission to the clinic. DISCUSSION: We created optimal conditions
      for investigation of the psychosocial impact of prognostic genetic testing. This
      study will provide information on the course of disease and psychosocial outcomes
      after prognostic genetic testing. We expect that empirical data from our study
      will give a scientific basis for medico-ethical considerations.

PMID- 27386848
TI  - Antibacterial and antibiotic-resistance modifying activity of the extracts and
      compounds from Nauclea pobeguinii against Gram-negative multi-drug resistant
      phenotypes.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Multi-drug resistance of Gram-negative bacteria constitutes a major
      obstacle in the antibacterial fight worldwide. The discovery of new and effective
      antimicrobials and/or resistance modulators is necessary to combat the spread of
      resistance or to reverse the multi-drug resistance. In this study, we
      investigated the antibacterial and antibiotic-resistance modifying activities
      against 29 Gram-negative bacteria including multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes
      of the methanol extracts from Nauclea pobeguiinii leaves (NPL), Nauclea
      pobeguiinii bark (NPB) and six compounds from the bark extract, identified as 3
      acetoxy-11-oxo-urs-12-ene (1), p-coumaric acid (2), citric acid trimethyl ester
      (3), resveratrol (4), resveratrol beta- D -glucopyranoside (5) and strictosamide
      (6). METHODS: The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimal
      inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of
      crude extracts and compounds as well as the antibiotic-resistance modifying
      effects of MPB and 4. RESULTS: MIC determinations indicate values ranging from 32
      1024 MUg/mL for NPB and NPL on 89.7 % and 69.0 % of the tested bacterial strains
      respectively. MIC values below 100 MUg/mL were obtained with NPB against
      Escherichia coli ATCC10536, AG100 and Enterobacter aerogenes CM64 strains. The
      lowest MIC value for crude extracts of 32 MUg/mL was obtained with NPB against E.
      coli ATCC10536. Compound 4 was active all tested bacteria, whilst 1, 3 and 6
      displayed weak and selective inhibitory effects. The corresponding MIC value (16
      MUg/mL) was obtained with 4 against Klebsiella pneumoniae KP55 strain.
      Synergistic effects of the combination of NPB with chloramphenicol (CHL),
      kanamycin (KAN) as well as that of compound 4 with streptomycin (STR) and
      ciprofloxacin (CIP) were observed. CONCLUSION: The present study provides
      information on the possible use of Nauclea pobeguinii and compound 4 in the
      control of Gram-negative bacterial infections including MDR phenotypes. It also
      indicates that NPB and 4 can be used as naturally occurring antibiotic-resistance
      modulators to tackle MDR bacteria.

PMID- 27386850
TI  - Retraction Note: Efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for
      dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PMID- 27386851
TI  - Hemoglobin A1c and Race: Should Therapeutic Targets and Diagnostic Cutoffs Differ
      among Racial Groups?

PMID- 27386849
TI  - Excessive visit-to-visit glycemic variability independently deteriorates the
      progression of endothelial and renal dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes
      mellitus.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Glycemic variability (GV) creates challenges to glycemic control and
      may be an independent marker for unfavorable outcome in management of patients
      with diabetes. This study was designed to investigate the effect of excessive
      visit-to-visit GV on the progression of endothelial and renal dysfunction in
      patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Two hundred and thirty
      nine patients with T2DM, who were recruited from outpatient, completed 48-month
      follow-up visit. Visit-to-visit GV was calculated by the standard deviation (SD)
      and coefficient of variation (CV) of serially measured HbA1c and fasting plasma
      glucose (FPG). Endothelial and renal function was assessed at baseline and end of
      follow-up. RESULTS: At end of follow-up, brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD),
      nitric oxide (NO), creatinine-based estimated glomeruar filtration rate (eGFR
      Cr), and cystatin C-based estimated glomeruar filtration rate (eGFR-Cys C)
      increased, and endothelin-1 and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) declined as
      compared with baseline in overall (P < 0.05). The increment of FMD, NO, eGFR-Cr,
      and eGFR-Cys C and the decrement of endothelin-1 and ACR in first tertile group
      were significantly greater than those in third tertile group classified by
      tertile of either SD of HbA1c or SD of FPG. Change percentage of FMD, NO, eGFR
      Cr, and eGFR-Cys C were positively, and change percentage of endothelin-1 and ACR
      were negatively correlated with SDs of HbA1c and FPG, and CVs of HbA1c FPG (P <
      0.01, respectively). After adjusted for mean HbA1c, mean FPG, baseline
      demographic, and clinical characteristics, SD of HbA1c and SD of FPG were always
      statistically correlated with change percentage of FMD, NO, endothelin-1, ACR,
      eGFR-Cr, and eGFR-Cys C. CONCLUSION: Excessive visit-to-visit GV independently
      deteriorates the progression of endothelial and renal dysfunction in patients
      with T2DM.

PMID- 27386853
TI  - Chemical shift assignments of the homodimer protein SP_0782 (7-79) from
      Streptococcus pneumoniae.
AB  - The protein SP_0782 from Streptococcus pneumonia is a small homodimeric protein
      that belongs to a protein family containing representative members with single
      stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding functions. The ssDNA binding of the homolog YdbC
      from Lactococcus lactis was previously characterized when bound to a 20-mer of
      pyridine-rich ssDNA, sharing an overall similar structural fold with the human
      transcription coactivator PC4. We report that SP_0782 exhibits distinct
      differences in ssDNA binding properties from YdbC as revealed by NMR titration
      experiments. Unlike the binding of the ssDNA dT19G1 to PC4 and YdbC, SP_0782
      resulted in aggregation. In addition, SP_0782 exhibits favorable binding to
      shorter ssDNA such as dT6. The reason is unclear, and the SP_0782 structure
      function relationship remains to be elucidated. Here, we report the complete
      (1)H, (13)C, and (15)N backbone and side chain NMR assignments of SP_0782,
      residues 7-79.

PMID- 27386854
TI  - (1)H, (13)C and (15)N backbone resonance assignment for the 40.5 kDa catalytic
      domain of Ubiquitin Specific Protease 7 (USP7).
AB  - The deubiquitinase Ubiquitin Specific Protease 7 (USP7) is part of the regulatory
      cascade of proteins that modulates the activity of the tumor suppressor protein
      p53. Deubiquitination of its target Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) leads to
      increased proteosomal degradation of p53. Consequently, USP7 has emerged as an
      attractive oncology target because its inhibition stabilizes p53, thereby
      promoting p53-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. Here we report the backbone
      resonance assignment for the 40.5 kDa catalytic domain of USP7.

PMID- 27386852
TI  - Nonrecurrent PMP22-RAI1 contiguous gene deletions arise from replication-based
      mechanisms and result in Smith-Magenis syndrome with evident peripheral
      neuropathy.
AB  - Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) and Smith-Magenis
      syndrome (SMS) are genomic disorders associated with deletion copy number
      variants involving chromosome 17p12 and 17p11.2, respectively. Nonallelic
      homologous recombination (NAHR)-mediated recurrent deletions are responsible for
      the majority of HNPP and SMS cases; the rearrangement products encompass the key
      dosage-sensitive genes PMP22 and RAI1, respectively, and result in
      haploinsufficiency for these genes. Less frequently, nonrecurrent genomic
      rearrangements occur at this locus. Contiguous gene duplications encompassing
      both PMP22 and RAI1, i.e., PMP22-RAI1 duplications, have been investigated, and
      replication-based mechanisms rather than NAHR have been proposed for these
      rearrangements. In the current study, we report molecular and clinical
      characterizations of six subjects with the reciprocal phenomenon of deletions
      spanning both genes, i.e., PMP22-RAI1 deletions. Molecular studies utilizing high
      resolution array comparative genomic hybridization and breakpoint junction
      sequencing identified mutational signatures that were suggestive of replication
      based mechanisms. Systematic clinical studies revealed features consistent with
      SMS, including features of intellectual disability, speech and gross motor
      delays, behavioral problems and ocular abnormalities. Five out of six subjects
      presented clinical signs and/or objective electrophysiologic studies of
      peripheral neuropathy. Clinical profiling may improve the clinical management of
      this unique group of subjects, as the peripheral neuropathy can be more severe or
      of earlier onset as compared to SMS patients having the common recurrent
      deletion. Moreover, the current study, in combination with the previous report of
      PMP22-RAI1 duplications, contributes to the understanding of rare complex
      phenotypes involving multiple dosage-sensitive genes from a genetic mechanistic
      standpoint.

PMID- 27386855
TI  - Resonance assignments of a VapC family toxin from Clostridium thermocellum.
AB  - Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems widely exist in bacterial plasmids, phages, and
      chromosomes and play important roles in growth persistence and host-pathogen
      interaction. Virulence associated protein BC (VapBC) family TAs are the most
      abundant TAs in bacteria and many pathogens contain a large number of vapBC loci
      in the genome which have been extensively studied. Clostridium thermocellum, a
      cellulolytic anaerobic gram-positive bacterium with promising applications in
      biofuel production, also contains a VapBC TA in the genome. Despite the
      structures of several VapBC family TAs have been determined, the toxin and anti
      toxin components of C. thermocellum VapBC have very low sequence identity to the
      proteins in PDB. Therefore, the structure and functional mechanism of this TA is
      largely unknown. Here we reported the NMR resonance assignments of the VapC toxin
      from C. thermocellum as a basis for further structural and functional studies.

PMID- 27386856
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27386857
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27386858
TI  - Comparison of the Risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding among Different Statin
      Exposures with Concomitant Administration of Warfarin: Electronic Health Record
      Based Retrospective Cohort Study.
AB  - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patients who should be treated with both warfarin and a
      statin are frequently seen in vascular clinics. The risk for bleeding and
      potential drug interactions should be considered when prescribing both
      medications together. This study aimed to compare the risk for gastrointestinal
      bleeding among different statin exposures with concomitant administration of
      warfarin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a single-hospital retrospective cohort
      study. We included patients who were concomitantly exposed to one of four statins
      (pravastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and rosuvastatin) and warfarin for up to
      2 years (730 days). The observation period ended when a gastrointestinal bleeding
      event occurred or the observation was censored. Within-class comparisons were
      used, and 1:1 matching using a propensity score was performed for comparisons
      between each statin and all of the other statins. Kaplan-Meier analyses with log
      rank tests and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted to
      determine associations with the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. RESULTS: Data
      were analyzed for 1,686 patients who were concomitantly administered a statin and
      warfarin. Log-rank tests for the gastrointestinal bleeding-free survival rate
      showed that the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly lower in the
      pravastatin group (p = 0.0499) and higher in the rosuvastatin group (p = 0.009).
      In the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, the hazard ratio of 5.394 for
      gastrointestinal bleeding based on statin exposure in the rosuvastatin group was
      significant (95% confidence interval, 1.168-24.916). CONCLUSIONS: There was a
      relatively high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding with rosuvastatin when
      administered concomitantly with warfarin.

PMID- 27386859
TI  - Association between Subclinical Malaria Infection and Inflammatory Host Response
      in a Pre-Elimination Setting.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Subclinical infections in endemic areas of Southeast Asia sustain
      malaria transmission. These asymptomatic infections might sustain immunity
      against clinical malaria and have been considered benign for the host, but if
      they are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation this could be harmful. We
      conducted a case-control study to explore the association between subclinical
      malaria and C-reactive protein (CRP), an established biomarker of inflammation.
      METHODS: Blood samples from asymptomatic villagers in Pailin, Western Cambodia
      were tested for malaria by high-volume ultra-sensitive polymerase chain reaction
      (uPCR) to determine the Plasmodium species. Plasma CRP concentration was measured
      in 328 individuals with parasitaemia (cases) and compared with: i) the same
      individual's value at the first time point when they had no detectable parasites
      (n = 282); and ii) age- sex- and village-matched controls (n = 328) free of
      Plasmodium infection. Plasma CRP concentrations were compared against thresholds
      of 3mg/L and 10mg/L. Subgroup analysis was carried out for cases with P vivax and
      P falciparum mono-infections. RESULTS: Median plasma CRP level for all samples
      was 0.59mg/L (interquartile range: 0.24-1.64mg/L). CRP concentrations were higher
      in parasitaemic individuals compared with same-person-controls (p = 0.050); and
      matched-controls (p = 0.025). 4.9% of samples had CRP concentrations above 10mg/L
      and 14.6% were above 3mg/L. Cases were more likely to have plasma CRP
      concentrations above these thresholds than age/sex matched controls, odds ratio
      3.5 (95%CI 1.5-9.8) and 1.8 (95%CI 1.1-2.9), respectively. Amongst cases,
      parasite density and CRP were positively correlated (p<0.001), an association
      that remained significant when controlling for age and fever. Individuals with
      P.vivax mono-infections had the highest plasma CRP concentrations with the
      greatest association with parasitaemia. DISCUSSION: In this setting persistent
      malaria infections in asymptomatic individuals were associated with moderately
      elevated plasma CRP concentrations; chiefly evident in cases with P.vivax mono
      infections. As well as interrupting malaria transmission within the community,
      treatment of asymptomatic malaria infections, in particular radical cure of vivax
      malaria, may benefit the health of infected individuals.

PMID- 27386860
TI  - Economic interventions to improve population health: a scoping study of
      systematic reviews.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Recognizing the close relationship between poverty and health,
      national program managers, policy-makers and donors are increasingly including
      economic interventions as part of their core strategies to improve population
      health. However, there is often confusion among stakeholders about the
      definitions and operational differences between distinct types of economic
      interventions and financial instruments, which can lead to important differences
      in interpretation and expectations. METHODS: We conducted a scoping study to
      define and clarify concepts underlying key economic interventions - price
      interventions (taxes and subsidies), income transfer programs, incentive
      programs, livelihood support programs and health-related financial services - and
      map the evidence currently available from systematic reviews. RESULTS: We
      identified 195 systematic reviews on economic interventions published between
      2005 and July 2015. Overall, there was an increase in the number of reviews
      published after 2010. The majority of reviews focused on price interventions,
      income transfer programs and incentive programs, with much less evidence
      available from systematic reviews on livelihood support programs and health
      related financial services. We also identified a lack of evidence on: health
      outcomes in low income countries; unintended or perverse outcomes; implementation
      challenges; scalability and cost-effectiveness of economic interventions.
      CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that while more research is clearly needed to assess
      suitability and effectiveness of economic interventions in different contexts,
      before interventions are tested and further systematic reviews conducted, a
      consistent and accurate understanding of the fundamental differences in
      terminology and approaches is essential among researchers, public health policy
      makers and program planners.

PMID- 27386861
TI  - Insights into How Longicorn Beetle Larvae Determine the Timing of Metamorphosis:
      Starvation-Induced Mechanism Revisited.
AB  - Larvae of holometabolous insects must determine the timing of their
      metamorphosis. How they determine this timing has only been studied in detail for
      a few insect species. In a few species of Coleoptera, starvation is known to be a
      cue for metamorphosis, leading to the formation of smaller adults (starvation
      induced pupation, SiP). We investigated the occurrence of SiP in the beetle
      Psacothea hilaris. When P. hilaris larvae were starved late in the feeding phase
      of the last (5th) instar, they exhibited typical SiP characterized by constancy
      of the time from food deprivation to pupation (TTP) irrespective of the body
      weight upon food deprivation or the length of prior feeding. In contrast, when
      larvae were starved early in the feeding phase, TTP decreased by roughly 1 day as
      the feeding became 1 day longer. The change in the response to starvation was
      estimated to occur on day 5.9 in the last instar. A series of refeeding
      experiments suggested that whereas SiP occurred readily in the larvae starved in
      the late feeding phase, activation of SiP was suspended until day 5.9 in the
      larvae starved early in the feeding phase. When P. hilaris larvae were fed
      continuously, they eventually ceased feeding spontaneously and pupated. The time
      length between spontaneous cessation of feeding and pupation was approximately
      equal to the TTP in SiP. This suggests that the same mechanism was activated by
      food deprivation in the late feeding phase and by spontaneous cessation of ad
      libitum feeding. 

PMID- 27386862
TI  - Post-Transcriptional Regulation of KLF4 by High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses Is
      Necessary for the Differentiation-Dependent Viral Life Cycle.
AB  - Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are epithelial tropic viruses that link their
      productive life cycles to the differentiation of infected host keratinocytes. A
      subset of the over 200 HPV types, referred to as high-risk, are the causative
      agents of most anogenital malignancies. HPVs infect cells in the basal layer, but
      restrict viral genome amplification, late gene expression, and capsid assembly to
      highly differentiated cells that are active in the cell cycle. In this study, we
      demonstrate that HPV proteins regulate the expression and activities of a
      critical cellular transcription factor, KLF4, through post-transcriptional and
      post-translational mechanisms. Our studies show that KLF4 regulates
      differentiation as well as cell cycle progression, and binds to sequences in the
      upstream regulatory region (URR) to regulate viral transcription in cooperation
      with Blimp1. KLF4 levels are increased in HPV-positive cells through a post
      transcriptional mechanism involving E7-mediated suppression of cellular miR-145,
      as well as at the post-translational level by E6-directed inhibition of its
      sumoylation and phosphorylation. The alterations in KLF4 levels and functions
      results in activation and suppression of a subset of KLF4 target genes, including
      TCHHL1, VIM, ACTN1, and POT1, that is distinct from that seen in normal
      keratinocytes. Knockdown of KLF4 with shRNAs in cells that maintain HPV episomes
      blocked genome amplification and abolished late gene expression upon
      differentiation. While KLF4 is indispensable for the proliferation and
      differentiation of normal keratinocytes, it is necessary only for differentiation
      associated functions of HPV-positive keratinocytes. Increases in KLF4 levels
      alone do not appear to be sufficient to explain the effects on proliferation and
      differentiation of HPV-positive cells indicating that additional modifications
      are important. KLF4 has also been shown to be a critical regulator of lytic
      Epstein Barr virus (EBV) replication underscoring the importance of this cellular
      transcription factor in the life cycles of multiple human cancer viruses.

PMID- 27386863
TI  - Telomere Length and the Cancer-Atherosclerosis Trade-Off.
AB  - Modern humans, the longest-living terrestrial mammals, display short telomeres
      and repressed telomerase activity in somatic tissues compared with most short
      living small mammals. The dual trait of short telomeres and repressed telomerase
      might render humans relatively resistant to cancer compared with short-living
      small mammals. However, the trade-off for cancer resistance is ostensibly
      increased age-related degenerative diseases, principally in the form of
      atherosclerosis. In this communication, we discuss (a) the genetics of human
      telomere length, a highly heritable complex trait that is influenced by genetic
      ancestry, sex, and paternal age at conception, (b) how cancer might have played a
      role in the evolution of telomere biology across mammals, (c) evidence that in
      modern humans telomere length is a determinant (rather than only a biomarker) of
      cancer and atherosclerosis, and (d) the potential influence of relatively recent
      evolutionary forces in fashioning the variation in telomere length across and
      within populations, and their likely lasting impact on major diseases in humans.
      Finally, we propose venues for future research on human telomere genetics in the
      context of its potential role in shaping the modern human lifespan.

PMID- 27386864
TI  - Carbon ion therapy (C12) for high-grade malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGTs)
      of the head and neck: do non-ACCs profit from dose escalation?
AB  - PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of high-dose radiotherapy using carbon ions (C12) on
      non-adenoid cystic malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGT). PATIENTS AND METHODS:
      Between 2009 and 2013, patients with biopsy-proven non-ACC MSGT histologies of
      the head and neck received a combined regimen of IMRT plus C12 boost. Treatment
      toxicity (CTC v3), response (RECIST 1.1), control and survival rates were
      retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: 40 patients with pathologically confirmed non
      ACC MSGT (T4: 45 %; N+: 40 %; gross residual: 58 %; mucoepidermoid carcinoma
      (MEC): 45 %; adenocarcinoma: 20 %) were treated with a median of 74 GyE (80 Gy
      BED). Chemoradiation was given in 5 patients with MEC. Grade III acute toxicity
      was observed in up to 15 % (mucositis, dermatitis, dysphagia), no higher-grade
      late toxicity occurred to date. At a follow-up of 25.5 months, LC, and PFS at 2
      and 3 years are 81.5 % (LC) and 66.8 % (PFS), OS at 2 and 3 years is 83.6 % and
      72.8 %. Most frequent site of disease progression was distant metastasis.
      Histologic subtype correlated with LC and PFS. Resection status (gross vs
      microscopic disease) had no significant effect on LC, PFS, or OS. CONCLUSION: The
      treatment is well tolerated, no higher grade late effects were observed.
      Considering the negative pre-selection, LC, PFS and OS are promising. While
      histology and site of origin significantly influenced control and survival rates,
      resection status did not, potentially due to the effect of dose escalation.

PMID- 27386865
TI  - Effect of Perioperative Dexamethasone and Different NSAIDs on Anastomotic Leak
      Risk: A Propensity Score Analysis.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Perioperative use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is
      associated with risk of anastomotic leak (AL). However, concomitant use of other
      drugs could infer a bias in risk assessment. Thus, we aimed to interrogate the
      risk of AL associated with NSAIDs and steroids used perioperatively. METHODS:
      This study includes a consecutive series of patients having surgery involving an
      intestinal anastomosis from Jan 2007 to Dec 2009. Data records included
      demographic, perioperative, and surgical characteristics; AL rates; and use of
      NSAIDs and steroids. Risk of leak were estimated using unadjusted and
      multivariable (propensity score)-adjusted logistic regression models and reported
      as odds ratios (ORs). RESULTS: A total of 376 patients underwent 428 operations
      of which 67 (15.7 %) had AL. With no medication receivers as reference, the OR
      for leak when adjusted for age, sex, and propensity score was 1.07 (p = 0.92) for
      ketorolac, 1.63 (p = 0.31) for diclofenac and 0.41 (p = 0.19) for dexamethasone.
      Risk was increased for malignancy (OR 1.88, p = 0.023), use of a vasopressor (OR
      2.52, p = 0.007), blood transfusions (OR 1.93, p = 0.026), and regular use of
      steroids (OR 7.57, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Other factors than perioperative
      drugs are crucial for risk of AL. Perioperative dexamethasone was associated with
      a nonsignificant reduced risk of AL.

PMID- 27386866
TI  - Injury Characteristics and Outcomes in Elderly Trauma Patients in Sub-Saharan
      Africa.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Traumatic injury in the elderly is an emerging global problem with an
      associated increase in morbidity and mortality. This study sought to describe the
      epidemiology of elderly injury and outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: We
      conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients (>= 18 years) with traumatic
      injuries presenting to the Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe, Malawi,
      over 5 years (2009-2013). Elderly patients were defined as adults aged >=65 years
      and compared to adults aged 18-44 and 45-64 years. We used propensity score
      matching and logistic regression to compare the odds of mortality between age
      groups using the youngest age group as the reference. RESULTS: 42,816 Adult
      patients with traumatic injuries presented to KCH during the study period. 1253
      patients (2.9 %) were aged >=65 years with a male preponderance (77.4 %).
      Injuries occurred more often at home as age increased (25.3, 29.5, 41.1 %, p <
      0.001) and falls were more common (14.1, 23.8, 36.3 %, p < 0.001) for elderly
      patients. Elderly age was associated with a higher proportion of hospital
      admissions (10.6, 21.3, 35.2 %, p < 0.001). Upon propensity score matching and
      logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of mortality for patients aged >=65
      was 3.15 (95 % CI 1.45, 6.82, p = 0.0037) compared to the youngest age group (18
      44 years). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly trauma in a resource-poor area in sub-Saharan
      Africa is associated with a significant increase in hospital admissions and
      mortality. Significant improvements in trauma systems, pre-hospital care, and
      hospital capacity for older, critically ill patients are imperative.

PMID- 27386867
TI  - Integrative Health: Implications from a Report That Medical Errors Are the USA's
      Third Leading Cause of Death.

PMID- 27386869
TI  - US has worst traffic accident death rate among high income countries.

PMID- 27386868
TI  - Dynamic corset versus three-point brace in the treatment of osteoporotic
      compression fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a prospective,
      comparative study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The three-point orthosis is the most commonly used brace in the
      conservative treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The Spinomed(r)
      dynamic orthosis represents an alternative. AIMS: We compared efficacy and safety
      of these two types of brace in treating osteoporotic vertebral fractures.
      METHODS: One hundred forty patients, aged 65-93 years, sustaining osteoporotic
      vertebral fracture were consecutively recruited and divided into two groups, and
      treated with either three-point orthosis or dynamic corset. Patients were
      evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale, Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability
      Questionnaire, and measurement of forced expiratory volume in the first second.
      Regional kyphosis angle, Delmas Index, and height of the fractured vertebral body
      were also measured on full-spine X-rays. Follow-up intervals were 1, 3, and 6
      months after trauma. The complications encountered during the 6-month follow-up
      were recorded. RESULTS: At the 3- and 6-month follow-ups, there was a significant
      difference (p < 0.05) in pain, disability, and respiration in favor of the
      dynamic orthosis group. At 6-month follow-up, there was no significant difference
      (p > 0.05) in all the radiological parameters between groups. Complications were
      reported for 28 patients in the three-point orthosis group, and for eight
      patients in the dynamic corset group (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Biofeedback
      activation of back muscles is probably a key factor in improving functional
      outcome with dynamic orthosis. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to three-point orthosis,
      patients treated with dynamic orthosis had a greater reduction in pain and a
      greater improvement in quality of life and respiratory function, with equal
      effectiveness in stabilizing the fracture, and fewer complications.

PMID- 27386870
TI  - Dopamine in plasma - a biomarker for myofascial TMD pain?
AB  - BACKGROUND: Dopaminergic pathways could be involved in the pathophysiology of
      myofascial temporomandibular disorders (M-TMD). This study investigated plasma
      levels of dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) in patients with M-TMD and in healthy
      subjects. METHODS: Fifteen patients with M-TMD and 15 age- and sex-matched
      healthy subjects participated. The patients had received an M-TMD diagnosis
      according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD. Perceived mental stress,
      pain intensity (0-100-mm visual analogue scale), and pressure pain thresholds
      (PPT, kPa) over the masseter muscles were assessed; a venous blood sample was
      taken. RESULTS: Dopamine in plasma differed significantly between patients with M
      TMD (4.98 +/- 2.55 nM) and healthy controls (2.73 +/- 1.24 nM; P < 0.01). No
      significant difference in plasma 5-HT was observed between the groups (P = 0.75).
      Patients reported significantly higher pain intensities (P < 0.001) and had lower
      PPTs (P < 0.01) compared with the healthy controls. Importantly, dopamine in
      plasma correlated significantly with present pain intensity (r = 0.53, n = 14, P
      < 0.05) and perceived mental stress (r = 0.34, n = 28, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:
      The results suggest that peripheral dopamine might be involved in modulating
      peripheral pain. This finding, in addition to reports in other studies, suggests
      that dopaminergic pathways could be implicated in the pathophysiology of M-TMD
      but also in other chronic pain conditions. More research is warranted to
      elucidate the role of peripheral dopamine in the pathophysiology of chronic pain.

PMID- 27386871
TI  - Measurement of Ether Phospholipids in Human Plasma with HPLC-ELSD and LC/ESI-MS
      After Hydrolysis of Plasma with Phospholipase A1.
AB  - Ethanolamine ether phospholipid (eEtnGpl) and choline ether phospholipid
      (eChoGpl) are present in human plasma or serum, but the relative concentration of
      the ether phospholipids in plasma is very low as compared to those in other
      tissues. Nowadays, measurement of ether phospholipids in plasma depends on tandem
      mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), but a system for LC/MS/MS is generally too
      expensive for usual clinical laboratories. Treatment of plasma with phospholipase
      A1 (PLA1) causes complete hydrolysis of diacylphospholipids, but ether
      phospholipids remain intact. After the treatment of plasma with PLA1, both
      eEtnGpl and eChoGpl are detected as independent peaks by high-performance liquid
      chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The same
      sample used for HPLC-ELSD can be applied to detect eEtnGpl and eChoGpl with
      electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Presence of alkylacylphospholipids in
      both eChoGpl and eEtnGpl in human plasma was indicated by sequential hydrolysis
      of plasma with PLA1 and hydrochloric acid.

PMID- 27386873
TI  - [Not Available].

PMID- 27386872
TI  - Neuroprotective Fatty Acids from the Stem Bark of Sorbus commixta.
AB  - Phytochemical investigation of the bark from the stems of Sorbus commixta led to
      the isolation and characterization of a new fatty acid, sorcomic acid (1), along
      with nine known analogues (2-10). The structure of the new compound (1) was
      determined through NMR ((1)H and (13)C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY), MS, and
      specific optical rotation. The known compounds (2-10) were identified by
      comparison of their spectroscopic data with those in the literature. The
      biological activities of all the isolated compounds (1-10) were evaluated:
      compounds 1, 5, and 7 potently induced NGF secretion from C6 glioma cells (233.40
      +/- 12.82, 194.40 +/- 8.05, and 185.74 +/- 10.25 %, respectively) and compound 10
      reduced NO levels with an IC50 value of 71.25 MUM in murine microglia BV2 cells
      stimulated by LPS.

PMID- 27386875
TI  - Repair of Neurological Function in Response to FK506 Through CaN/NFATc1 Pathway
      Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.
AB  - Tacrolimus (FK506), an immunophilin ligand, has been widely shown to be
      neuroprotective in a posttraumatic period. The nuclear factor of activated T
      cells (NFATc1) pathway plays an important role in regenerating neurological
      function following traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the precise mechanism
      underlying FK506-induced repair of neurological functions remains unclear. In the
      present study, a total of 210 SD rats were enrolled and randomly divided into
      sham group, TBI group and FK506 group. The rats in the TBI and FK506 groups were
      inflicted with moderate TBI left lateral fluid percussion impact. A modified
      neurological severity score (mNSS) system was used to evaluate the severity of
      effects on nerve function. mNSS levels were significantly lower in the FK506
      group than in the TBI group. The zaccumulation of cerebral water content was
      lower, cerebral Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) mRNA level was lower, the number of growth
      associated protein-43 (GAP-43)-positive cells was higher, and the distribution of
      vesicles containing excitatory neurotransmitters was altered in the injured
      cortex in the FK506 group. Moreover, the cortical mRNA and serum protein
      expression levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were
      decreased in FK506 group, especially at 6 h and at 1 day after TBI. At days 1-28
      after TBI, the expression of cleaved-caspase 3, which indicates apoptosis, was
      lower in the FK506 group than in the TBI group. Mechanistically, FK506
      significantly down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of calcium-regulated
      phosphatase (calcineurin, CaN) and inhibited the activation of NFATc1. These
      results demonstrate that FK506 relieved inflammatory responses by regulating the
      NFATc1 signaling pathway and promoting the synaptic reconstruction of neurons and
      glial cells by regulating cell apoptosis, thereby facilitated improvements in
      neurological function.

PMID- 27386874
TI  - Neuroprotective Effect of Hydrogen-Rich Saline in Global Cerebral
      Ischemia/Reperfusion Rats: Up-Regulated Tregs and Down-Regulated miR-21, miR-210
      and NF-kappaB Expression.
AB  - Recently, it has been suggested that molecular hydrogen (H2) can selectively
      reduce the levels of hydroxyl radicals (.OH), and ameliorate oxidative and
      inflammatory injuries to organs in global cerebral ischemia reperfusion models.
      Global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can induce a sudden activation of
      inflammatory cytokines and later influence the systemic immunoreactivity which
      may contribute to a worse outcome. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in
      several pathological aspects of cerebral I/R. In addition, miRNA took part in the
      processes of cellular response to hypoxia. Since the expression of a specific set
      of miRNA called "hypoxamirs" is upregulated by hypoxia. Therefore, the aim of
      this study was to analyze the effect of HRS on I/R inducing cerebral damage,
      Tregs, and specific miRNA. Our results showed that rats undergone global cerebral
      I/R and treated with HRS have milder injury than I/R animals without HRS
      treatment. miR-210 expression in the hippocampus of the I/R group at 6, 24 and 96
      h after reperfusion was significantly increased at each time point, while its
      expression in the group treated with HRS was significantly decreased. In
      addition, Tregs number in group I/R was decreased at each time points, while its
      number in the group treated with HRS was increased at 24 and 96 h after
      reperfusion. We focus on the relationship among Tregs, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha and
      NF-kappaB at 24 h, and we found that there is a high correlation among them.
      Therefore, our results indicated that the brain resuscitation mechanism in the
      HRS-treated rats may be related with the effect of upregulating the number of
      Treg cells.

PMID- 27386876
TI  - In vivo micronucleus screening in zebrafish by flow cytometry.
AB  - Micronucleus (MN) assay is extensively used to biomonitor aneuploidy and
      clastogenicity of genotoxic compounds. However, the suitability of this assay for
      early life stages of model fish species is still poorly documented. In this
      study, the determination of MN using flow cytometry was successfully applied for
      the first time to zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Mitomycin C (MMC), etoposide
      (ETO), cyclophosphamide, demecolcine (COL), benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and
      dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) were selected as model genotoxicants. The method was
      first confirmed in human HepG2 liver cells and then applied in vivo on isolated
      cells from exposed 4 days post fertilisation zebrafish larvae. All tested
      compounds induced MN formation. The flow cytometry results were validated by a
      strong correlation with results from a standard MN microscopy analysis (P =
      0.002). Moreover, flow cytometry analysis enabled the detection of an up to 3.7
      fold increase of hypodiploidy in zebrafish exposed to MMC, COL, BP or DBC. MMC,
      COL and DBC induced more than a 2-fold MN increase by flow cytometry and were
      therefore considered as the most suitable positive controls for in vivo zebrafish
      MN determination. These findings make important contribution by proposing a new
      reliable and sensitive method for using zebrafish as a model for genotoxicity
      monitoring.

PMID- 27386877
TI  - Environmental concentration of carbamazepine accelerates fish embryonic
      development and disturbs larvae behavior.
AB  - Environmental pollution caused by pharmaceuticals has been recognized as a major
      threat to the aquatic ecosystems. Carbamazepine, as the widely prescribed
      antiepileptic drug, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment and
      has created concerns about its potential impacts in the aquatic organisms. The
      effects of carbamazepine on zebrafish embryos were studied by examining their
      phenotype, behavior and molecular responses. The results showed that
      carbamazepine disturbed the normal growth and development of exposed zebrafish
      embryos and larvae. Upon exposure to carbamazepine at 1 MUg/L, the hatching rate,
      body length, swim bladder appearance and yolk sac absorption rate were
      significantly increased. Embryos in treatment groups were more sensitive to touch
      and light stimulation. At molecular level, exposure to an environmentally
      relevant concentration (1 MUg/L) of carbamazepine disturbed the expression
      pattern of neural-related genes of zebrafish embryos and larvae. This study
      suggests that the exposure of fish embryo to antiepileptic drugs, at
      environmentally relevant concentrations, affects their early development and
      impairs their behavior. Such impacts may have future repercussions by affecting
      fish population structure. 

PMID- 27386879
TI  - Sexist Humor and Rape Proclivity: The Moderating Role of Joke Teller Gender and
      Severity of Sexual Assault.
AB  - Three experiments examined the effect of sexist humor on men's self-reported rape
      proclivity (RP). Pilot study demonstrated that people differentiate the five rape
      scenarios of Bohner et al.'s. RP Scale based on the degree of physical violence
      perpetrated against the victim. Experiment 1 demonstrated that men higher in
      hostile sexism report greater RP upon exposure to sexist jokes when a woman (vs.
      a man) delivers them, and that this effect is limited to rape scenarios depicting
      a moderate versus a high level of physical violence. Experiment 2 further
      demonstrated that the relationship between hostile sexism and rape proclivity in
      response to a moderately violent rape scenario after exposure to sexist humor
      generalizes beyond women in the immediate humor context to women as a whole.

PMID- 27386878
TI  - Influence of chloride on the chronic toxicity of sodium nitrate to Ceriodaphnia
      dubia and Hyalella azteca.
AB  - While it has been well established that increasing chloride concentration in
      water reduces the toxicity of nitrite to freshwater species, little work has been
      done to investigate the effect of chloride on nitrate toxicity. We conducted
      acute and chronic nitrate (as sodium nitrate) toxicity tests with the cladoceran
      Ceriodaphnia dubia and the amphipod Hyalella azteca (chronic tests only) over a
      range of chloride concentrations spanning natural chloride levels found in
      surface waters representative of watersheds of the Great Lakes Region. Chronic
      nitrate toxicity test results with both crustaceans were variable, with H. azteca
      appearing to be one of the more sensitive invertebrate species tested and C.
      dubia being less sensitive. While the variability in results for H. azteca were
      to an extent related to chloride concentration in test water that was distinctly
      not the case for C. dubia. We concluded that the chloride dependent toxicity of
      nitrate is not universal among freshwater crustaceans. An additional sodium
      chloride chronic toxicity test with the US Lab strain of H. azteca in the present
      study suggested that when present as predominantly sodium chloride and with
      relatively low concentrations of other ions, there is a narrow range of chloride
      concentrations over which this strain is most fit, and within which toxicity test
      data are reliable. 

PMID- 27386880
TI  - "I Fear I'm a Checkbox": College and University Victim Advocates' Perspectives of
      Campus Rape Reforms.
AB  - This study explores campus-based victim advocates' perspectives on the process of
      implementing campus rape reforms mandated by federal policy. Interviews with 14
      victim advocates and sexual assault prevention specialists were analyzed
      qualitatively using thematic analysis techniques. Participants described an
      increased focus on compliance as a means of managing the liability risks
      associated with inadequate policy implementation. These shifts toward compliance
      not only increased the motivation to accomplish reform but also limited those
      reforms by narrowing the focus. Participants described how narrow compliance
      resulted in decisions that may actually harm victims. Suggestions for improving
      policy and the implementation process are discussed.

PMID- 27386881
TI  - Effect of sous vide processing on physicochemical, ultrastructural, microbial and
      sensory changes in vacuum packaged chicken sausages.
AB  - The processing of sous vide chicken sausages was optimized under vacuum packaging
      condition and cooking at 100 C for 30 min (SV30), 60 min (SV60) and 120 min
      (SV120) and compared with aerobically cooked control at 100 C for 30 min. Sous
      vide processing of chicken sausages (SV30) produced higher (p < 0.05) cooking
      yield, Hunterlab a* values and sensory attributes without affecting proximate
      composition and shear force values relative to control. The sodium dodecyl
      sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and scanning electron microscopy
      results revealed no significant changes in protein quality and emulsion ultra
      structure due to SV30 processing relative to control sausages. Sous vide
      processing of chicken sausages enriched with rosemary diterpene phenols retained
      the freshness and quality up to 120 days during storage at 4 +/- 1 C relative to
      control sausages that were spoiled on 20th day. Lipid oxidation and microbial
      growth remained below the spoilage levels for all the SV-processed sausages
      throughout the storage and addition of rosemary diterpene mixture at 0.02% v/w
      reduced the microbial growth and improved (p < 0.05) the sensory attributes. Our
      results demonstrate that sous vide processing minimizes lipid oxidation and
      microbial growth of chicken sausages with improved product quality and shelf-life
      at 4 +/- 1 C.

PMID- 27386882
TI  - Effect of process technology on the nutritional, functional, and physical quality
      of grapefruit powder.
AB  - The health properties of fruit are widely known. Powdered fruit may be a
      practical format to be offered to the consumer. Nevertheless, the process used to
      obtain the powder must ensure the maximum retention of the bioactive compounds
      and the functional value of the fruit while retaining adequate physical
      properties. The aim of this study was to compare freeze-drying and spray drying
      as the drying technologies to obtain grapefruit powder. The obtained results
      allow freeze-drying to be proposed as a better technology than spray drying in
      order to obtain a product with a higher content of vitamin C and total
      carotenoids. Moreover, all of the edible part of the fruit is used in this case,
      so a greater quantity of healthy compounds is preserved and by-product generation
      is avoided. Adding about 6 g water, 4 g Arabic gum and 0.6 g bamboo fibre/100 g
      grapefruit pulp is recommended before freeze-drying.

PMID- 27386885
TI  - Sexual Violence History and Welfare in Transgender People.
AB  - This study focuses on sexual violence experiences suffered by Spanish transgender
      individuals throughout the life span. Using a cross-sectional design, 33 face-to
      face semi-structured interviews were conducted which included questions regarding
      the presence and/or absence of sexual violence, the nature of said sexual
      violence, by whom sexual violences were committed, coping mechanisms used, and
      certain mental health indicators. Results found a high percentage of transgender
      individuals to have been victims of sexual violence during childhood, to use
      avoidance as a coping mechanism for said experiences, as well as the frequent
      recurrence of experiences of sexual violence, showing victimization processes. In
      addition, the relationship between said experiences and mental health indicators
      were observed. This study highlights the importance of and need for addressing
      sexual violence among this population, and discusses and analyzes possible
      components of future educative and clinical intervention strategies.

PMID- 27386883
TI  - Association of pre-ablation level of potential blood markers with atrial
      fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation: a meta-analysis.
AB  - Aims: The meta-analysis was aimed to search for candidate blood markers whose pre
      ablation level was associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after
      radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Methods and results: A systematic
      literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Springer Link, Web of Science, Wiley
      Cochrane library, and supplemented with Google scholar search engine was
      performed. Thirty-six studies covering 11 blood markers were qualified for this
      meta-analysis. Compared with the nonrecurrence group, the recurrence group had
      increased pre-ablation level of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain
      natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP),
      interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and
      tissue inhibitor of metal loproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) [standardized mean difference
      (95% confidence interval): 0.37 (0.13-0.61), 0.77 (0.40-1.14), 1.25 (0.64-1.87),
      0.37 (0.21-0.52), 0.35 (0.10-0.60), 0.24 (0.07-0.42), 0.17 (0.00-0.34),
      respectively], while no statistical difference of pre-ablation level of white
      blood cell, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and transforming growth factor-beta1
      was found. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that ANP was associated with AF
      recurrence in participants who had no concomitant structural heart diseases
      (SHD); however, not in participants who had SHD, C-reactive protein was
      associated with AF recurrence in Asian studies, whereas not in European studies.
      Conclusion: Increased pre-ablation level of ANP, BNP, NT-pro-BNP, IL-6, C
      reactive protein, LDL, and TIMP-2 was associated with greater risk of AF
      recurrence after RFCA.

PMID- 27386886
TI  - To Stay in or Leave an Abusive Relationship: Losses and Gains Experienced by
      Battered Filipino Women.
AB  - The present study aimed to describe and analyze the losses and gains experienced
      by battered Filipino women as a result of their decision to stay in or leave an
      abusive relationship. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 60
      battered women, 30 of the women were still living with their abusive
      husbands/partners and 30 have left their abusive husbands/partners. Results from
      the phenomenological data analysis of the qualitative data revealed that the
      women who stayed in and left their abusive partners experienced both losses and
      gains. For the women who stayed in an abusive relationship, they lost a sense of
      self, the opportunity for a better life, peace of mind, psychological well-being,
      and love for their partners. However, these women had the benefits of having a
      complete family and a partner to help raise their children. In contrast, despite
      not having a complete family or a partner to help them raise their children,
      women who left an abusive relationship gained back their sense of self, peace of
      mind, freedom, inner strength, and hope. Implications for counseling practice
      were discussed.

PMID- 27386887
TI  - Psychological Distress and Revictimization Risk in Youth Victims of Sexual Abuse.
AB  - Psychological distress, including depression and anxiety, has been associated
      with increased risk for sexual revictimization in youth who have experienced
      child sexual abuse. The present study utilized assessment information from
      treatment seeking youth with histories of sexual abuse to explore specific risk
      indicators for revictimization-risk taking, social problems, maladaptive
      cognitions, and posttraumatic stress-that may be indicated by self-reported
      distress. The relationship between initial levels of distress and change in
      symptoms over a 12-week course of treatment was also explored. Participants were
      101 youth referred to a child-focused therapeutic group for victims of sexual
      abuse, 65 youth referred to an adolescent-focused group, and their non-offending
      caregivers. Results revealed that when combined into a distress score, depression
      and anxiety were associated with delinquent behaviors, interpersonal
      difficulties, maladaptive cognitions, and posttraumatic stress symptoms for child
      and adolescent group participants at presentation to treatment. Children
      exhibited improvement on measures of interpersonal difficulties, maladaptive
      cognitions, and self-reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.
      Adolescents exhibited less change over time, with significant improvement on self
      reported social problems and PTSD only. Higher psychological distress was
      associated with less improvement in regard to negative expectations of abuse
      impact for child group participants. The findings suggest that distress indicates
      the presence of specific revictimization risk indicators, helping to identify
      targetable symptoms for intervention. Therefore, screening for psychological
      distress after discovery of sexual abuse may help detect youth at higher risk for
      revictimization and guide treatment.

PMID- 27386888
TI  - Two-Step Freezing in Alkane Monolayers on Colloidal Silica Nanoparticles: From a
      Stretched-Liquid to an Interface-Frozen State.
AB  - The crystallization behavior of an archetypical soft/hard hybrid nanocomposite,
      that is, an n-octadecane C18/SiO2-nanoparticle composite, was investigated by a
      combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and variable-temperature
      solid-state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (VT solid-state (13)C NMR) as a
      function of silica nanoparticles loading. Two latent heat peaks prior to bulk
      freezing, observed for composites with high silica loading, indicate that a
      sizable fraction of C18 molecules involve two phase transitions unknown from the
      bulk C18. Combined with the NMR measurements as well as experiments on alkanes
      and alkanols at planar amorphous silica surfaces reported in the literature, this
      phase behavior can be attributed to a transition toward a 2D liquid-like
      monolayer and subsequently a disorder-to-order transition upon cooling. The
      second transition results in the formation of a interface-frozen monolayer of
      alkane molecules with their molecular long axis parallel to the nanoparticles'
      surface normal. Upon heating, the inverse phase sequence was observed, however,
      with a sizable thermal hysteresis in accord with the characteristics of the first
      order phase transition. A thermodynamic model considering a balance of
      interfacial bonding, chain stretching elasticity, and entropic effects
      quantitatively accounts for the observed behavior. Complementary synchrotron
      based wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) experiments allow us to document the
      strong influence of this peculiar interfacial freezing behavior on the
      surrounding alkane melts and in particular the nucleation of a rotator phase
      absent in the bulk C18.

PMID- 27386890
TI  - Future Papers.

PMID- 27386889
TI  - Geophysical Monitoring of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils Remediated with a
      Bioelectrochemical System.
AB  - Efficient noninvasive techniques are desired for monitoring the remediation
      process of contaminated soils. We applied the direct current resistivity
      technique to image conductivity changes in sandbox experiments where two sandy
      and clayey soils were initially contaminated with diesel hydrocarbon. The
      experiments were conducted over a 230 day period. The removal of hydrocarbon was
      enhanced by a bioelectrochemical system (BES) and the electrical potentials of
      the BES reactors were also monitored during the course of the experiment. We
      found that the variation in electrical conductivity shown in the tomograms
      correlate well with diesel removal from the sandy soil, but this is not the case
      with the clayey soil. The clayey soil is characterized by a larger specific
      surface area and therefore a larger surface conductivity. In sandy soil, the
      removal of the diesel and products from degradation leads to an increase in
      electrical conductivity during the first 69 days. This is expected since diesel
      is electrically insulating. For both soils, the activity of BES reactors is
      moderately imaged by the inverted conductivity tomogram of the reactor. An
      increase in current production by electrochemically active bacteria activity
      corresponds to an increase in conductivity of the reactor.

PMID- 27386891
TI  - Growth Twinning and Generation of High-Frequency Surface Nanostructures in
      Ultrafast Laser-Induced Transient Melting and Resolidification.
AB  - The structural changes generated in surface regions of single crystal Ni targets
      by femtosecond laser irradiation are investigated experimentally and
      computationally for laser fluences that, in the multipulse irradiation regime,
      produce sub-100 nm high spatial frequency surface structures. Detailed
      experimental characterization of the irradiated targets combining electron back
      scattered diffraction analysis with high-resolution transmission electron
      microscopy reveals the presence of multiple nanoscale twinned domains in the
      irradiated surface regions of single crystal targets with (111) surface
      orientation. Atomistic- and continuum-level simulations performed for
      experimental irradiation conditions reproduce the generation of twinned domains
      and establish the conditions leading to the formation of growth twin boundaries
      in the course of the fast transient melting and epitaxial regrowth of the surface
      regions of the irradiated targets. The observation of growth twins in the
      irradiated Ni(111) targets provides strong evidence of the role of surface
      melting and resolidification in the formation of high spatial frequency surface
      structures. This also suggests that the formation of twinned domains can be used
      as a sensitive measure of the levels of liquid undercooling achieved in short
      pulse laser processing of metals.

PMID- 27386892
TI  - Immunoproteomic Analysis of Antibody Responses to Extracellular Proteins of
      Candida albicans Revealing the Importance of Glycosylation for Antigen
      Recognition.
AB  - During infection, the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans undergoes a yeast
      to-hypha transition, secretes numerous proteins for invasion of host tissues, and
      modulates the host's immune response. Little is known about the interplay of C.
      albicans secreted proteins and the host adaptive immune system. Here, we applied
      a combined 2D gel- and LC-MS/MS-based approach for the characterization of C.
      albicans extracellular proteins during the yeast-to-hypha transition, which led
      to a comprehensive C. albicans secretome map. The serological responses to C.
      albicans extracellular proteins were investigated by a 2D-immunoblotting approach
      combined with MS for protein identification. On the basis of the screening of
      sera from candidemia and three groups of noncandidemia patients, a core set of 19
      immunodominant antibodies against secreted proteins of C. albicans was
      identified, seven of which represent potential diagnostic markers for candidemia
      (Xog1, Lip4, Asc1, Met6, Tsa1, Tpi1, and Prx1). Intriguingly, some secreted,
      strongly glycosylated protein antigens showed high cross-reactivity with sera
      from noncandidemia control groups. Enzymatic deglycosylation of proteins secreted
      from hyphae significantly impaired sera antibody recognition. Furthermore,
      deglycosylation of the recombinantly produced, secreted aspartyl protease Sap6
      confirmed a significant contribution of glycan epitopes to the recognition of
      Sap6 by antibodies in patient's sera.

PMID- 27386893
TI  - Nanotherapeutics of PTEN Inhibitor with Mesoporous Silica Nanocarrier Effective
      for Axonal Outgrowth of Adult Neurons.
AB  - Development of therapeutic strategies such as effective drug delivery is an
      urgent and yet unmet need for repair of damaged nervous systems. Phosphatase and
      tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) regulates axonal regrowth of
      central and peripheral nervous systems; its inhibition, meanwhile, facilitates
      axonal outgrowth of injured neurons. Here we show that nanotherapeutics based on
      mesoporous silica nanoparticles loading PTEN-inhibitor bisperoxovanadium (BpV)
      are effective for delivery of drug molecules and consequent improvement of axonal
      outgrowth. Mesoporous nanocarriers loaded BpV drug at large amount (27 MUg per 1
      mg of carrier), and released sustainably over 10 d. Nanocarrier-BpV treatment of
      primary neurons from the dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) of rats and mice at various
      concentrations induced them to actively take up the nanocomplexes with an uptake
      efficiency as high as 85%. The nanocomplex-administered neurons exhibited
      significantly enhanced axonal outgrowth compared with those treated with free-BpV
      drug. The expression of a series of proteins involved in PTEN inhibition and
      downstream signaling was substantially up-/down-regulated by the nanocarrier-BpV
      system. Injection of the nanocarriers into neural tissues (DRG, brain cortex, and
      spinal cord), moreover, demonstrated successful integration into neurons, glial
      cells, oligodendrocytes, and macrophages, suggesting the possible
      nanotherapeutics applications in vivo. Together, PTEN-inhibitor delivery via
      mesoporous nanocarriers can be considered a promising strategy for stimulating
      axonal regeneration in central and peripheral nervous systems. 

PMID- 27386894
TI  - Detection of Zika virus RNA in whole blood of imported Zika virus disease cases
      up to 2 months after symptom onset, Israel, December 2015 to April 2016.
AB  - Zika virus RNA presence in serum, whole-blood and urine samples from six Israeli
      travellers symptomatic for Zika virus disease was examined. Whole-blood samples
      were positive for as late as 2 months (58 days) post-symptom onset, longer than
      for urine (26 days) and serum (3 days). These findings suggest the utility of
      whole blood in Zika infection diagnosis. 

PMID- 27386895
TI  - Measles seroprevalence, outbreaks, and vaccine coverage in Rwanda.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Measles outbreaks are reported after insufficient vaccine coverage,
      especially in countries recovering from natural disaster or conflict. We compared
      seroprevalence to measles in blood donors in Rwanda and Sweden and explored
      distribution of active cases of measles and vaccine coverage in Rwanda. METHODS:
      516 Rwandan and 215 Swedish blood donors were assayed for measles-specific
      immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data on
      vaccine coverage and acute cases in Rwanda from 1980 to 2014 were collected, and
      IgM on serum samples and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on nasopharyngeal (NPH)
      swabs from suspected measles cases during 2010-2011 were analysed. RESULTS: The
      seroprevalence of measles IgG was significantly higher in Swedish blood donors
      (92.6%; 95% CI: 89.1-96.1%) compared to Rwandan subjects (71.5%; 95% CI: 67.6
      75.4%) and more pronounced <35 years of age. The OD values were significantly
      lower in the Rwandan blood donors as compared to Swedish subjects (p < 0.00001).
      However, effective measles vaccine coverage was concomitant with decrease in
      measles cases in Rwanda, with the exception of an outbreak in 1995 following the
      1994 genocide. 76/544 serum samples were IgM positive and 21/31 NPH swabs were
      PCR positive for measles, determined by sequencing to be of genotype B3.
      CONCLUSIONS: Measles seroprevalence was lower in Rwandan blood donors compared to
      Swedish subjects. Despite this, the number of reported measles cases in Rwanda
      rapidly decreased during the study period, concomitant with increased vaccine
      coverage. Taken together, the circulation of measles was limited in Rwanda and
      vaccine coverage was favourable, but seroprevalence and IgG levels were low
      especially in younger age groups.

PMID- 27386897
TI  - The Center of Chaos.

PMID- 27386896
TI  - Computerized dynamic posturography detects balance deficits in individuals with a
      history of chronic severe traumatic brain injury.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Mild balance deficits can be challenging to detect in individuals
      with long-standing traumatic brain injuries. This study compared Computerized
      Dynamic Posturography (CDP) scores from individuals with traumatic brain injuries
      (TBI) to controls to determine if CDP could differentiate between the two groups
      and determine if there was a learning effect associated with testing that could
      be used to guide evaluation of baseline balance. METHODS: Ten ambulatory
      individuals with a history of severe TBI and 10 individuals without participated
      in three CDP sessions (24-72 hours apart). During each session, participants
      performed the Berg Balance Test, Dynamic Gait Index and three trials of a
      standardized balance assessment and Dynamic Movement Analysis (DMA) scores were
      recorded for each test. RESULTS: Individuals with TBI scored 93% higher (i.e.
      reflecting poorer balance) than the control group. The group with TBI exhibited
      6.6-times more variability compared to the control group, with estimated
      variances of 0.3407 and 0.0517, respectively. A learning effect was detected in
      the group with TBI on the first day of testing (betaTBI F = -0.1241, p-value <
      0.01). DISCUSSION: The CDP system detected balance differences between
      individuals with TBI and controls. Given the documented learning effect, the best
      of three trials should be used to accurately assess baseline scores.

PMID- 27386899
TI  - First-line treatment in NSCLC harboring EGFR common mutations: EGFR TKI in
      monotherapy or in combination with anti-VEGF?

PMID- 27386898
TI  - The Theory of Planned Behavior as it predicts potential intention to seek mental
      health services for depression among college students.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Between 9.5% and 31.3% of college students suffer from depression
      (American college health association national college health assessment II:
      reference group executive summary spring 2013. Amer. Coll. Health Assoc. 2013;
      Eagan K, Stolzenberg EB, Ramirez JJ, Aragon, MC, Suchard, RS, Hurtado S. The
      American freshman: national norms fall 2014. Higher Educ. Res. Inst.; 2015).
      Universities need to understand the factors that relate to care-seeking behavior.
      OBJECTIVE: Across 3 studies, to relate attitudes, social norms, and perceived
      behavioral control to intention to seek mental health services, and to
      investigate barriers to care-seeking. PARTICIPANTS: University college students
      (N = 845, 64% female, 26% male, and 10% unspecified). METHODS: New measures were
      created in Studies 1 and 2, and were examined using structural equation modeling
      in Study 3. RESULTS: Partially consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior
      (Ajzen, I, Fishbein, M. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior.
      Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1980), a model with an excellent fit
      revealed that more positive attitudes about care and higher perceived behavioral
      control directly predicted higher intention to seek mental health services.
      CONCLUSIONS: Educating college students about mental health disorders and
      treatments, enhancing knowledge about available services, and addressing limited
      access to long-term care might improve treatment rates for students suffering
      from depression.

PMID- 27386900
TI  - HIV P24 antigen among HIV antibody seronegative blood donors in Osogbo Osun
      State, South Western Nigeria.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Efforts to curb the spread of HIV transmission through transfusion of
      blood and its products is still a problem because of challenge in countries using
      antibody-based rapid methods to detect infection during window period.
      Transmission of HIV through infected blood and its products accounts for
      approximately 10% in African region. METHODS: This study analyzed true negativity
      of HIV infection in blood donors screened by ELISA test based on p24 core antigen
      detection. Four hundred and eighty (480) blood donors initially negative for HIV
      antibody by rapid screening kit, DetermineTM HIV-1/2 (Abbott Laboratory, IL, USA)
      and re-screened with Immuno Comb(r) II HIV 1 and 2 (Bispot kit PBS Organics and
      Israel 2005). The samples were further tested for the presence of HIV antibody
      and p24 HIV core antigen using ELISA kits (Genscreen TM ULTRA HIV Ag-Ab)
      following manufacturer's instructions. All donors initially tested negative for
      Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus. RESULT: Two (0.42%) of 480 blood donors
      tested positive for the p24 HIV core antigen. The two positive donors for the p24
      antigen had multiple sexual partners and recent sexually transmitted infections.
      CONCLUSION: The association of the HIV p24 antigen with blood donation was highly
      significant (p = 0.000) and pose a great risk to recipients if screening of blood
      donor is only carried out by HIV antibody detection.

PMID- 27386909
TI  - Risks of UpToDate medicine.

PMID- 27386901
TI  - Cationic liposomes produced via ethanol injection method for dendritic cell
      therapy.
AB  - Cationic liposomes can be designed and developed in order to be an efficient gene
      delivery system for mammalian cells. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines can be used to
      treat cancer, as cationic liposomes can deliver tumor antigens to cells while
      cells remain active. However, most methods used for liposome production are not
      able to reproduce in large scale the physicochemical and biological properties of
      liposomes produced in laboratory scale. In this context, ethanol injection method
      achieved promising results, although requiring post-treatment for size reduction
      and/or to remove residual ethanol. Thus, the purpose of this study was to
      generate cationic liposomes suitable for gene therapies via ethanol injection
      method in only one step (VEI) and compared to those submitted to a size reduction
      processes by microfluidization (MFV). For this, the method to produce cationic
      liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-3
      trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP) and 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE)
      was optimized using a statistical design approach. As a result, the size of VEI
      decreased from 290 nm to 110 nm and the polydispersity from 0.54 to 0.17. In the
      case of MFV, size decreased from 128 nm to 107 nm and polydispersity from 0.40 to
      0.18. ST and MFV before and after optimization were also characterized in terms
      of morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and structure by
      differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Finally, to show their potential in
      gene/immune therapies applications, DCs were stimulated by such liposomes. Cells
      internalized liposomes, increasing expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86
      and inducing T lymphocyte proliferation.

PMID- 27386910
TI  - [Les risques de la medecine fondee sur les donnees les plus recentes].

PMID- 27386912
TI  - [Message du president. L'urbanisation des soins medicaux].

PMID- 27386911
TI  - President's message. The urbanization of medical care.

PMID- 27386913
TI  - Use of Admail and a geographic information system to send surveys to target
      populations.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: This paper briefly describes the use of Canada Post Unaddressed
      Admail and a geographic information system (GIS) for survey distribution to a
      specific target population in a large, sparsely populated geographic area, and
      the effectiveness of this approach. METHODS: Surveys were sent as Unaddressed
      Admail via Canada Post to a target population of people living within 5 km of a
      wind turbine in southwestern Ontario. RESULTS: The overall response rate from 8
      wind farms (in 8 counties) was 8.1%. CONCLUSION: This approach has the potential
      to save time and money, but low response rates are common, distribution is not
      precise and there is potential for selection bias. Despite these flaws,
      Unaddressed Admail is worth consideration for delivery of information, study
      recruitment materials and surveys to rural, remote and specific target
      populations.

PMID- 27386914
TI  - Rural residence and risk of dementia.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: We sought to determine whether residence in a rural region is
      associated with a higher risk of dementia and a higher risk of developing
      dementia over a 5-year period than residence in an urban region. METHODS: This
      was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. In 1991 and 1992, 1751
      adults aged 65 years and older and residing in the community were sampled from a
      representative population-based registry, which included the entire province
      (time 1). Follow-up occurred 5 years later (time 2). Age, sex and education were
      selfreported. Rurality was determined by the population of the Census
      subdivision, with a population greater than 19 999 considered urban. Cognition
      was assessed using the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination, with those scoring
      below 78 invited to undergo a clinical examination to determine the presence of
      dementia. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted for participants with complete
      data at time 1. Prospective analyses were conducted for participants with normal
      cognition at time 1, who had complete data and survived until time 2. Logistic
      regression models were constructed for the outcome of dementia at times 1 and 2.
      RESULTS: Residence in a rural region was not associated with dementia in the
      cross-sectional analyses (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval
      [CI] 0.61-1.91) and did not predict dementia 5 years later (adjusted OR 1.05, 95%
      CI 0.66-1.68). CONCLUSION: We found no difference in the risk of dementia among
      older adults living in urban and rural regions of Manitoba.

PMID- 27386915
TI  - The occasional regional nerve block of the hand.

PMID- 27386916
TI  - Digital nerve block.

PMID- 27386917
TI  - Digital nerve block - The author responds.

PMID- 27386918
TI  - Extending the line: the First Nations Telehealth Expansion Project.

PMID- 27386919
TI  - A new fun and robust version of an fMRI localizer for the frontotemporal language
      system.
AB  - A set of brain regions in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes supports high
      level linguistic processing. These regions can be reliably identified in
      individual subjects using fMRI, by contrasting neural responses to meaningful and
      structured language stimuli vs. stimuli matched for low-level properties but
      lacking meaning and/or structure. We here present a novel version of a language
      'localizer,' which should be suitable for diverse populations including children
      and/or clinical populations who may have difficulty with reading or cognitively
      demanding tasks. In particular, we contrast responses to auditorily presented
      excerpts from engaging interviews or stories, and acoustically degraded versions
      of these materials. This language localizer is appealing because it uses (a)
      naturalistic and engaging linguistic materials, (b) auditory presentation,

PMID- 27386921
TI  - Direct imaging discovery of a Jovian exoplanet within a triple-star system.
AB  - Direct imaging allows for the detection and characterization of exoplanets via
      their thermal emission. We report the discovery via imaging of a young Jovian
      planet in a triple-star system and characterize its atmospheric properties
      through near-infrared spectroscopy. The semimajor axis of the planet is closer
      relative to that of its hierarchical triple-star system than for any known
      exoplanet within a stellar binary or triple, making HD 131399 dynamically unlike
      any other known system. The location of HD 131399Ab on a wide orbit in a triple
      system demonstrates that massive planets may be found on long and possibly
      unstable orbits in multistar systems. HD 131399Ab is one of the lowest mass (4 +/
      1 Jupiter masses) and coldest (850 +/- 50 kelvin) exoplanets to have been
      directly imaged. 

PMID- 27386920
TI  - Early-life nutrition modulates the epigenetic state of specific rDNA genetic
      variants in mice.
AB  - A suboptimal early-life environment, due to poor nutrition or stress during
      pregnancy, can influence lifelong phenotypes in the progeny. Epigenetic factors
      are thought to be key mediators of these effects. We show that protein
      restriction in mice from conception until weaning induces a linear correlation
      between growth restriction and DNA methylation at ribosomal DNA (rDNA). This
      epigenetic response remains into adulthood and is restricted to rDNA copies
      associated with a specific genetic variant within the promoter. Related effects
      are also found in models of maternal high-fat or obesogenic diets. Our work
      identifies environmentally induced epigenetic dynamics that are dependent on
      underlying genetic variation and establishes rDNA as a genomic target of
      nutritional insults. 

PMID- 27386922
TI  - Crystal structure of Zika virus NS2B-NS3 protease in complex with a boronate
      inhibitor.
AB  - The ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak is linked to severe neurological
      disorders. ZIKV relies on its NS2B/NS3 protease for polyprotein processing;
      hence, this enzyme is an attractive drug target. The 2.7 angstrom; crystal
      structure of ZIKV protease in complex with a peptidomimetic boronic acid
      inhibitor reveals a cyclic diester between the boronic acid and glycerol. The P2
      4-aminomethylphenylalanine moiety of the inhibitor forms a salt-bridge with the
      nonconserved Asp(83) of NS2B; ion-pairing between Asp(83) and the P2 residue of
      the substrate likely accounts for the enzyme's high catalytic efficiency. The
      unusual dimer of the ZIKV protease:inhibitor complex seen in the crystal may
      provide a model for assemblies formed at high local concentrations of protease at
      the endoplasmatic reticulum membrane, the site of polyprotein processing. 

PMID- 27386923
TI  - Light-dependent chlorophyll f synthase is a highly divergent paralog of PsbA of
      photosystem II.
AB  - Chlorophyll f (Chl f) permits some cyanobacteria to expand the spectral range for
      photosynthesis by absorbing far-red light. We used reverse genetics and
      heterologous expression to identify the enzyme for Chl f synthesis. Null mutants
      of "super-rogue" psbA4 genes, divergent paralogs of psbA genes encoding the D1
      core subunit of photosystem II, abolished Chl f synthesis in two cyanobacteria
      that grow in far-red light. Heterologous expression of the psbA4 gene, which we
      rename chlF, enables Chl f biosynthesis in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Because
      the reaction requires light, Chl f synthase is probably a photo-oxidoreductase
      that employs catalytically useful Chl a molecules, tyrosine YZ, and plastoquinone
      (as does photosystem II) but lacks a Mn4Ca1O5 cluster. Introduction of Chl f
      biosynthesis into crop plants could expand their ability to use solar energy.

PMID- 27386925
TI  - Fatal ischemic stroke following Tityus serrulatus scorpion sting in a patient
      with essential thrombocythemia.
AB  - CONTEXT: Stroke following scorpion stings is rare. We report a fatal envenomation
      involving multiple, extensive brain infarcts in a patient with a previous
      diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia (ET) who was stung by Tityus serrulatus
      (T. serrulatus). CASE DETAILS: A 44-year-old woman with a diagnosis of low-risk
      ET (platelets <1,000,000/mm3, age <60 years and no history of thrombosis;
      positive JAK2V617F mutation) was admitted to a local ED 1 h after being stung by
      T. serrulatus on the left foot. She developed signs of severe envenomation,
      including several episodes of profuse vomiting, pallor and confusion soon after
      the sting, followed by shock (BP: 90/60 to 60/40 mmHg) and was treated with
      scorpion antivenom, vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. A brain computed
      tomography (CT) scan (54-h poststing) revealed diffuse bilateral cerebellar
      hypodensity, with partial involvement of both occipital lobes and thalamus,
      obstructive hydrocephaly with signs of cerebrospinal fluid extravasation, and
      ascending transtentorial herniation, suggestive of bilateral ischemia involving
      the posterior cerebral circulation. External ventricular drainage resulted in no
      improvement and brain death was confirmed on day 10. DISCUSSION: Several
      mechanisms have been proposed to explain stroke following scorpion stings, such
      as sympathetic stimulation, myocardial dysfunction, hypotension/shock,
      arrhythmias and coagulopathy. Ischemic stroke is one of the most serious
      complications of ET. The risk factors for thrombotic/ischemic events in patients
      with ET include age (>=60 years) and previous vascular events. Severe scorpion
      envenomation resulting in myocardial dysfunction and systemic inflammatory
      response syndrome may increase the overall risk of arterial thrombosis in this
      patient.

PMID- 27386924
TI  - Novel Monoclonal Antibodies for Studies of Human and Rhesus Macaque Secretory
      Component and Human J-Chain.
AB  - Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies exist in monomeric, dimeric, and secretory
      forms. Dimerization of IgA depends on a 15-kD polypeptide termed "joining (J)
      chain," which is also part of the binding site for an epithelial glycoprotein
      called "secretory component (SC)," whether this after apical cleavage on
      secretory epithelia is ligand bound in secretory IgA (SIgA) or in a free form.
      Uncleaved membrane SC, also called the "polymeric Ig receptor," is thus crucial
      for transcytotic export of SIgA to mucosal surfaces, where it interacts with and
      modulates commensal bacteria and mediates protective immune responses against
      exogenous pathogens. To evaluate different forms of IgA, we have produced mouse
      monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against human J-chain and free SC. We found that J
      chain MAb 9A8 and SC MAb 9H7 identified human dimeric IgA and SIgA in enzyme
      linked immunoassay and western blot analysis, as well as functioning in
      immunohistochemistry to identify cytoplasmic IgA of intestinal lamina propria
      plasmablasts/plasma cells and crypt epithelium of distal human intestine.
      Finally, we demonstrated that SC MAb 9H7 cross-reacted with rhesus macaque SIgA.
      These novel reagents should be of use in the study of the biology of various
      forms of IgA in humans and SIgA in macaques, as well as in monitoring the
      production and/or isolation of these forms of IgA. 

PMID- 27386926
TI  - Risk factors for recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma.
AB  - Pleomorphic adenoma is the most frequent benign tumor of the salivary glands. It
      is characterized by a tendency to recur, which is determined by the biological
      characteristics of the tumor as well as the mode of its treatment. Recurrence of
      the tumor is associated with a high risk of postoperative facial palsy, risk of
      subsequent recurrence after revision surgery, and an increased risk of malignant
      transformation. Knowledge of the recurrence risk factors could allow selection of
      treatments that minimize the risk. Among the factors in this study the most
      important are: incomplete excision, intraoperative capsule rupture, myxoid
      subtype, presence of the satellite nodules and tumor extensions (pseudopodia),
      lack of the glandular tissue margin and the experience of the surgeon. The
      possible factors are: the female sex, young age, location and size of the tumor,
      and the duration of the tumor growth. The technique of tumor enucleation of
      pleomorphic adenoma carries a high risk of recurrence and should be replaced by
      parotidectomy. In cases of recurrence the treatment is individually tailored and
      may: further follow up, limited resection of the tumor, lateral parotidectomy or
      extended radical parotidectomy with concurrent reconstruction of the facial
      nerve. The role of radiotherapy is discussed. 

PMID- 27386927
TI  - Do we need a new classification of parotid gland surgery?
AB  - BACKGROUND: In February 2016 the European Salivary Gland Society (ESGS) presented
      and recommended classification of parotidectomies based on the anatomical I-V
      level division of parotid gland. The main goal of this paper is to present the
      new classification, and to answer the question if it is more precise compared to
      classic one. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 607 patients (315 man, 292 women) operated on
      for parotid tumours in a tertiary referral centre, Department of Otolaryngology,
      Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Poznan (502 benign and 105 malignant
      tumours). Parotid surgery descriptions provided by retrospective analysis of all
      operating protocols covering the years 2006-2015 were "translated" into the new
      classification proposed by the ESGS. RESULTS: Analysis of operating protocols and
      fitting them into the new classification proposed by the ESGS show some
      discrepancies, in both benign and malignant tumours. Based on the re-evaluation
      of 607 cases, in 94 procedures for benign tumors the only information available
      was that "surgery was performed within the superficial lobe". Thus, the new
      classification forces the surgeon to be much more precise than previously. In 3
      cases the whole superficial lobe was removed, together with the upper part of the
      deep lobe. Because the classification lacked parotidectomy I-II-IV, it indicated
      that the new classification was insufficient in the aforementioned three cases.
      In 6 cases of ECD more than one parotid gland tumour was removed. Among malignant
      tumours, total parotidectomy was the predominant procedure. In 3/13 cases of
      expanded parotidectomy the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was additionally removed
      and it seems that the acronym TMJ should be included among the additional
      resected structures. It is also necessary to supplement the description of the
      treatment with casuistically resected anatomical structures for oncological
      purposes (RT planning) and follow-up imaging. Currently, since 2015 in Poland
      there has been the National Cancer Registry of benign salivary gland tumours
      (https://guzyslinianek.pcss.pl). New surgical anatomy and classification based on
      it will be very helpful in unequivocal, albeit brief and not laborious, reporting
      of procedures. To summarize, the classification is: easy to use, precise, and
      forced the surgeon to make a detailed description saving time at the same time.
      Although it is broad and accurate, it did not cover all clinically rare cases,
      multiple foci and it does not contain key information about the rupture of the
      tumour's capsule, so it is necessary to complement the type of surgery by this
      annotations. The simple, clear and comprehensive classification is especially
      valuable for centres that lead registration. Thus, we are personally grateful for
      this new classification, which facilitates multicentre communication.

PMID- 27386928
TI  - The rising incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma and is completion
      surgery necessary or not?
AB  - Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is defined as a papillary cancer that is
      1 cm or less in its maximal diameter. The incidence of thyroid cancer has
      increased during the past 30 years. The aim of this study is to evaluate the
      rising incidence of PTMC (papillary thyroid microcarcinoma) and whether is
      lobectomy enough or not. The data of 462 consecutive patients who underwent
      thyroidectomy (hemithyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy) at the Hacettepe
      University Hospitals Department of ENT from 2000 to 2015 were analyzed. Surgical
      procedure, histopathologic examinations, postoperative complications, follow-up
      time and mortality were recorded. USG and FNAC were performed on all cases. Of
      the 344 patients with thyroid malignancy and 118 patients underwent total
      laryngectomy with thyroidectomy. 364 patients with TT and 98 patients with HT.
      The first group included 204 patients (Surgery time 2000-2007), 91 of them (
      44.6%) had PTMC. The second group included 258 patients, 192of them (74,4%) had
      PTMC (p<0.001). 22 Patients with PTMC underwent completion surgery and 40 of them
      just followed by hemithyroidectomy. There was no recurrence. PTMC has been rising
      incidence because of ,pathological and radiological, increased awareness and
      completion surgery is not necessary for all PTMC cases especially incidental
      PTMC. 

PMID- 27386929
TI  - GJB2 sequencing in deaf and profound sensorineural hearing loss children.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: GJB2 mutations are the most frequent reason of genetic congenital
      hearing loss. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of GJB2 mutations
      in the deaf and profound hearing loss children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The
      material of the study was a group of 61 patients divided into two groups. Group I
      - 35 deaf or with profound sensorineural hearing loss children (the pupils of the
      deaf and hard of hearing school), aged 5-17 years (average 9.2 years), 14 males,
      21 females, II - control group comprised 26 normal hearing patients, aged 5-16
      years (average 10.4years), 14 males, 12 females (patients of Department of
      Pediatric Otolaryngology, Audiology and Phoniatrics, Medical University of Lodz).
      In both groups, exon 2 sequencing of GJB2 gene was performed. RESULTS: In group I
      in 6 patients (17%) 35delG in GJB2 gene was found. The patients were homozygotes,
      with negative family history of hearing loss. No other mutations in GJB2 gene
      were found. In group II no mutations in GJB2 were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The most
      frequent cause of hearing impairment in the deaf and profound sensorineural
      hearing loss children was 35delG mutation in GJB2 gene. No other mutations in
      GJB2 gene were detected.

PMID- 27386930
TI  - Analysis of hearing improvement in the patients operated on due to otosclerosis
      in the Otolaryngology Department of Jagiellonian University of Cracow, Poland.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Otosclerosis is the most common cause of condactive hearing loss
      between 15 and 50 years old. The most common symptoms are hearinglosss and
      tinnitus. Surgery is currently the preferred treatment method. AIM: The aim of
      our study was to analyze the outcomes of patients treated surgically due to
      otosclerosis in terms of the observed changes in pure tone audiometry and speech
      audiometry Material and methods: We observated 300 patients operated on middle
      ear for the fist time in the Department of Otolarygology at the Jagiellonian
      University of Cracow from 2010 to 2011. We used a special questinnaire which
      includes diagnostics of the ear"s disease,pure tone audiometry, speech
      audiometrii and longterm effects. RESULTS: We discuss 53 operated ears and
      analyze changes in pure tone audiometry. We divided patients into 2 groups
      depending on 100% speech understanding in speech auodiometry or not. CONCLUSION:
      1. Lack of 100% speech understanding in speech audiometry correlated with greater
      sensorineural hearing loss than in patients who achieved 100% speech
      understanding prior to surgery. 2. Lack of 100% speech understanding in speech
      audiometry is a predictive factor for worse prognosis in improving hearing in
      patients operated on for otosclerosis. 3. Reconstruction of the ossicular chain
      in patients, regardless of the degree of speech understanding, did not produce
      significant changes in the average values of bone conduction.

PMID- 27386931
TI  - Matrix metalloproteinases MMP1, MMP2, MMP9 and their tissue inhibitors TIMP1,
      TIMP2, TIMP3 in head and neck cancer: an immunohistochemical study.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic
      enzymes implicated in the invasion and metastasis of many kinds of cancer because
      of their ability to degrade components of extracellular matrix. Specific tissue
      inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate their activity. MMPs and
      TIMPs were identified in many neoplasm, including cancers of head and neck, lung,
      breast and colon cancer. In most researches a strong relation between MMPs and
      TIMPs expression and a clinical course of disease was observed, although there
      were many discrepancies between the authors. The aim of this research was to
      evaluate the expression of MMP1, MMP2, MMP9 and TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3 in head and
      neck cancer and to investigate the prognostic impact of these factors in patients
      with these tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 210 patients with head and neck cancer
      that underwent surgical treatment with at least a 5-year follow-up were included
      in the study. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on formalin fixed,
      paraffin embedded sections by using monoclonal antibodies against MMP1, MMP2,
      MMP9 and TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3 antigens and Dako EnVision detection system.
      RESULTS: For all of the markers diffusion, cytoplasmatic staining of tumor cells
      and some surrounding stromal cells was observed. There was a correlation between
      TIMP2 and TIMP3 overexpression and tumors staged as III/IV (p=0,037 and p=0,022,
      respectively). Also, we observed a strong association between MMP2 expression and
      the presence of nodal metastases (p=0,013). It was found that the TIMP2
      overexpression was significantly more frequent in the tumors of patients facing
      nodal recurrences during the follow-up period (p=0,05). Positive immunostainings
      of MMP1, MMP2, MMP9 and TIMP1, TIMP2 were significantly related to the higher
      tumor grade (G3). Specially strong correlation was seen between high TIMP2
      expression and low histological differentiation (G3) (p<0,001). In univariate
      analysis the overall survival rate was shorter in cases with positive MMP2 and/or
      MMP9 expression. Patients with TIMP2 positive expression diminished both overall
      and disease-free survival (p=0,049). In multivariate analysis positive TIMP2 and
      MMP2 expressions were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Only
      advanced nodal metastatic tumors (N3) were related to disease free survival.
      CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest the conclusion that imbalance between matrix
      metalloproteinases and their inhibitors play the important role in progression of
      head and neck cancer and patients' prognosis.

PMID- 27386932
TI  - Recombination Processes and Nonlinear Markov Chains.
AB  - Bacteria are known to exchange genetic information by horizontal gene transfer.
      Since the frequency of homologous recombination depends on the similarity between
      the recombining segments, several studies examined whether this could lead to the
      emergence of subspecies. Most of them simulated fixed-size Wright-Fisher
      populations, in which the genetic drift should be taken into account. Here, we
      use nonlinear Markov processes to describe a bacterial population evolving under
      mutation and recombination. We consider a population structure as a probability
      measure on the space of genomes. This approach implies the infinite population
      size limit, and thus, the genetic drift is not assumed. We prove that under these
      conditions, the emergence of subspecies is impossible. 

PMID- 27386933
TI  - Early Identification and Prevention of the Spread of Ebola - United States.
AB  - In response to the 2014-2016 Ebola virus disease (Ebola) epidemic in West Africa,
      CDC prepared for the potential introduction of Ebola into the United States. The
      immediate goals were to rapidly identify and isolate any cases of Ebola, prevent
      transmission, and promote timely treatment of affected patients. CDC's technical
      expertise and the collaboration of multiple partners in state, local, and
      municipal public health departments; health care facilities; emergency medical
      services; and U.S. government agencies were essential to the domestic
      preparedness and response to the Ebola epidemic and relied on longstanding
      partnerships. CDC established a comprehensive response that included two new
      strategies: 1) active monitoring of travelers arriving from countries affected by
      Ebola and other persons at risk for Ebola and 2) a tiered system of hospital
      facility preparedness that enabled prioritization of training. CDC rapidly
      deployed a diagnostic assay for Ebola virus (EBOV) to public health laboratories.
      Guidance was developed to assist in evaluation of patients possibly infected with
      EBOV, for appropriate infection control, to support emergency responders, and for
      handling of infectious waste. CDC rapid response teams were formed to provide
      assistance within 24 hours to a health care facility managing a patient with
      Ebola. As a result of the collaborations to rapidly identify, isolate, and manage
      Ebola patients and the extensive preparations to prevent spread of EBOV, the
      United States is now better prepared to address the next global infectious
      disease threat.The activities summarized in this report would not have been
      possible without collaboration with many U.S. and international partners
      (http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/partners.html). 

PMID- 27386934
TI  - Symptoms and delay times during myocardial infarction in 694 patients with and
      without diabetes; an explorative cross-sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: In myocardial infarction (MI) a short pre-hospital delay, prompt
      diagnosis and timely reperfusion treatment can improve the prognosis. Despite the
      importance of timely care seeking, many patients with MI symptoms delay seeking
      medical care. Previous research is inconclusive about differences in symptom
      presentation and pre-hospital delay between patients with and without diabetes
      during MI. The aim of this study was to describe symptoms and patient delay
      during MI in patients with and without diabetes. METHODS: Swedish cross-sectional
      multicentre survey study enrolling MI patients in 5 centres within 24 h from
      admittance. RESULTS: Chest pain was common in patients both with and without
      diabetes and did not differ after adjustment for age and sex. Patients with
      diabetes had higher risk for shoulder pain/discomfort, shortness of breath, and
      tiredness, but lower risk for cold sweat. The three most common symptoms reported
      by patients with diabetes were chest pain, pain in arms/hands and tiredness. In
      patients without diabetes the most common symptoms were chest pain, cold sweat
      and pain in arms/hands. Median patient delay time was 2 h, 24 min for patients
      with diabetes and 1 h, 15 min for patients without diabetes (p = 0.024).
      CONCLUSION: Chest pain was common both in patients with and without diabetes.
      There were more similarities than differences in MI symptoms between patients
      with and without diabetes but patients with diabetes had considerably longer
      delay. This knowledge is important not only for health care personnel meeting
      patients with suspected MI, but also for the education of people with diabetes.

PMID- 27386935
TI  - Do the Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- Mice Yield the Same Insight on Atherogenesis?
AB  - Murine models of atherosclerosis are useful for investigating the environmental
      and genetic influences on lesion formation and composition. Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/
      ) mice are the 2 most extensively used models. The models differ in important
      ways with respect to the precise mechanism by which their absence enhances
      atherosclerosis, including differences in plasma lipoproteins. The majority of
      the gene function studies have utilized only 1 model, with the results being
      generalized to atherogenic mechanisms. In only a relatively few cases have
      studies been conducted in both atherogenic murine models. This review will
      discuss important differences between the 2 atherogenic models and will point out
      studies that have been performed in the 2 models where results are comparable and
      those where different results were obtained.

PMID- 27386936
TI  - Osteoclastogenic Differentiation of Macrophages in the Development of Abdominal
      Aortic Aneurysms.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Arterial calcification is common and contributes to the pathogenesis
      of occlusive vascular disease. Similar to the dynamics of bone, it is a tightly
      controlled process that maintains a balance between osteogenesis and osteolysis.
      However, whether calcium homeostasis plays a role in the development of aneurysms
      has not been explored. We hypothesized that macrophages differentiate into
      osteoclasts in aneurysmal arteries and that protease byproducts contribute to
      aneurysm pathophysiology. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We performed histological and
      immunohistochemical analyses and showed that macrophages positive for several
      osteoclast markers, including tartrate acid phosphatase, occur in great numbers
      in the human aneurysmal aorta, but very few occur in the human stenotic aorta and
      none in the nondiseased human aorta. Moreover, in situ zymography showed elevated
      protease activity in these cells compared with undifferentiated macrophages.
      Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and calcium phosphate stimulated this
      osteoclastogenic differentiation process through nuclear factor-kappaB, mitogen
      activated protein kinases, and intracellular calcium signaling but not the
      receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kappaB ligand. Inhibition of
      osteoclastogenic differentiation by bisphosphonate inhibits aneurysm development
      in a mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that differentiation of
      macrophages into osteoclasts contributes to the pathophysiology of aneurysmal
      disease.

PMID- 27386937
TI  - 2014 Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award Lecture: Transcriptional Control of Monocyte
      Development.
AB  - Monocytes and macrophages are key immune cells involved in the early progression
      of atherosclerosis. Transcription factors that control their development in the
      bone marrow are important therapeutic targets to control the numbers and
      functions of these cells in disease. This review highlights what is currently
      known about the transcription factors that are critical for monocyte development.

PMID- 27386938
TI  - S100A6 Regulates Endothelial Cell Cycle Progression by Attenuating
      Antiproliferative Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 1 Signaling.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: S100A6, a member of the S100 protein family, has been described as
      relevant for cell cycle entry and progression in endothelial cells. The molecular
      mechanism conferring S100A6's proliferative actions, however, remained elusive.
      APPROACH AND RESULTS: Originating from the clinically relevant observation of
      enhanced S100A6 protein expression in proliferating endothelial cells in
      remodeling coronary and carotid arteries, our study unveiled S100A6 as a
      suppressor of antiproliferative signal transducers and activators of
      transcription 1 signaling. Discovery of the molecular liaison was enabled by
      combining gene expression time series analysis with bioinformatic pathway
      modeling in S100A6-silenced human endothelial cells stimulated with vascular
      endothelial growth factor A. This unbiased approach led to successful
      identification and experimental validation of interferon-inducible transmembrane
      protein 1 and protein inhibitors of activated signal transducers and activators
      of transcription as key components of the link between S100A6 and signal
      transducers and activators of transcription 1. CONCLUSIONS: Given the important
      role of coordinated endothelial cell cycle activity for integrity and
      reconstitution of the inner lining of arterial blood vessels in health and
      disease, signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 suppression by
      S100A6 may represent a promising therapeutic target to facilitate
      reendothelialization in damaged vessels.

PMID- 27386939
TI  - New Functional Tools for Antithrombogenic Activity Assessment of Live Surface
      Glycocalyx.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: It is widely accepted that the presence of a glycosaminoglycan-rich
      glycocalyx is essential for endothelialized vasculature health; in fact, a
      damaged or impaired glycocalyx has been demonstrated in many vascular diseases.
      Currently, there are no methods that characterize glycocalyx functionality, thus
      limiting investigators' ability to assess the role of the glycocalyx in vascular
      health. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We have developed novel, easy-to-use, in vitro
      assays that directly quantify live endothelialized surface's functional heparin
      weights and their anticoagulant capacity to inactivate Factor Xa and thrombin.
      Using our assays, we characterized 2 commonly used vascular models: native rat
      aorta and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayer. We determined
      heparin contents to be ~10 000 ng/cm(2) on the native aorta and ~10-fold lower on
      cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Interestingly, human umbilical
      vein endothelial cells demonstrated a 5-fold lower anticoagulation capacity in
      inactivating both Factor Xa and thrombin relative to native aortas. We verified
      the validity and accuracy of the novel assays developed in this work using liquid
      chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our assays are of high
      relevance in the vascular community because they can be used to establish the
      antithrombogenic capacity of many different types of surfaces such as vascular
      grafts and transplants. This work will also advance the capacity for glycocalyx
      targeting therapeutics development to treat damaged vasculatures.

PMID- 27386940
TI  - Endothelial Dysfunction, and A Prothrombotic, Proinflammatory Phenotype Is Caused
      by Loss of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase in Endothelium.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Although the investigation on the importance of mitochondria-derived
      reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial function has been gaining momentum,
      little is known on the precise role of the individual components involved in the
      maintenance of a delicate ROS balance. Here we studied the impact of an ongoing
      dysregulated redox homeostasis by examining the effects of endothelial cell
      specific deletion of murine thioredoxin reductase 2 (Txnrd2), a key enzyme of
      mitochondrial redox control. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We analyzed the impact of an
      inducible, endothelial cell-specific deletion of Txnrd2 on vascular remodeling in
      the adult mouse after femoral artery ligation. Laser Doppler analysis and
      histology revealed impaired angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. In addition,
      endothelial loss of Txnrd2 resulted in a prothrombotic, proinflammatory vascular
      phenotype, manifested as intravascular cellular deposits, as well as
      microthrombi. This phenotype was confirmed by an increased leukocyte response
      toward interleukin-1 in the mouse cremaster model. In vitro, we could confirm the
      attenuated angiogenesis measured in vivo, which was accompanied by increased ROS
      and an impaired mitochondrial membrane potential. Ex vivo analysis of femoral
      arteries revealed reduced flow-dependent vasodilation in endothelial cell Txnrd2
      deficient mice. This endothelial dysfunction could be, at least partly, ascribed
      to inadequate nitric oxide signaling. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the
      maintenance of mitochondrial ROS via Txnrd2 in endothelial cells is necessary for
      an intact vascular homeostasis and remodeling and that Txnrd2 plays a vitally
      important role in balancing mitochondrial ROS production in the endothelium.

PMID- 27386941
TI  - Vascular Inflammation Evaluated by [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission
      Tomography/Computed Tomography Is Associated With Endothelial Dysfunction.
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Endothelial dysfunction is an initial step in atherosclerotic
      cardiovascular disease. However, involvement of vascular inflammation in
      endothelial dysfunction is not fully investigated in humans because of the lack
      of diagnostic modality to noninvasively evaluate vascular inflammation. We
      assessed the relationship between endothelial function and vascular inflammation
      evaluated by [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed
      tomographic imaging. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We examined endothelial function and
      vascular inflammation by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery and
      [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomographic
      imaging of carotid arteries, respectively, in 145 subjects (95 men and 50 women;
      mean age, 61.8+/-9.5 years) who underwent a risk-screening test for
      cardiovascular disease in Kurume University Hospital. Vascular inflammation was
      measured by blood-normalized standardized uptake value, known as a
      target:background ratio (TBR). We investigated whether absolute changes from
      baseline of %FMD after antihypertensive treatment for 6 months (Delta%FMD) were
      correlated with those of TBR in 33 drug-naive patients with essential
      hypertension. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age (odds
      ratio, 1.767 for 10-year increase), male sex (odds ratio, 0.434), low-density
      lipoprotein-cholesterol (odds ratio, 1.630 for 26-mg/dL increase), and TBR values
      (odds ratio, 1.759 for 0.2 increase) were independently associated with %FMD in
      145 patients. There was an inverse correlation between Delta%FMD and DeltaTBR;
      DeltaTBR was a sole independent associate of Delta%FMD in hypertensive patients
      (r=-0.558; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that vascular
      inflammation in the carotid arteries evaluated by [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose
      positron emission tomography/computed tomography was one of the independent
      correlates of decreased %FMD, thus suggesting the association of vascular
      inflammation with endothelial dysfunction in humans.

PMID- 27386942
TI  - Vision-targeted health related quality of life in older adults: patient-reported
      visibility problems in low luminance activities are more likely to decline than
      daytime activities.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Commonly used vision-targeted health-related quality of life
      questionnaires almost exclusively focus items on vision under daytime conditions.
      Older adults even when in good eye health frequently report experiencing vision
      problems at night and under low environmental light levels, and psychophysical
      studies also document these visibility problems. Here we compare the progression
      of self-reported low luminance visibility problems and self-reported visibility
      problems under daytime conditions in older adults. METHODS: Trained interviewers
      administered two questionnaires to older adults in normal eye health: the
      National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire - 25 (NEI VFQ-25) where
      items are almost entirely focused on difficulties in daytime activities, and the
      Low Luminance Questionnaire (LLQ) where items are focused on difficulties seeing
      at night and under low luminance conditions. The following visual functions were
      also measured: visual acuity, low luminance visual acuity, low luminance deficit,
      contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity in the macula, and rod-mediated dark
      adaptation. The protocol was repeated 3 years later. RESULTS: Scores on the NEI
      VFQ-25 composite and its subscales were unchanged between baseline and 3-year
      follow-up, whereas scores on the LLQ composite and 5 of 6 subscales significantly
      decreased (corresponding to less functionality) at the 3-year follow-up.
      Participants were more likely to display a >= 5 point decrease on the LLQ
      composite than on the NEI VFQ-25 over 3 years. Visual functional tests were
      largely unrelated to changes in NEI VFQ-25 and LLQ scores from baseline to follow
      up. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults' vision-targeted quality of life as measured by
      questionnaire is more likely to exhibit a practically significant decrease over 3
      years using a questionnaire that focused on low luminance activities (LLQ) than
      one focused on daytime activities (NEI VFQ-25). That the results of visual
      functional testing did not correspond to older adults' decline in self-reported
      problems in low luminance activities emphasizes the importance of questionnaires
      in understanding visual difficulties from the patients' own perspective.

PMID- 27386943
TI  - Objectively recorded physical activity in pregnancy and postpartum in a multi
      ethnic cohort: association with access to recreational areas in the
      neighbourhood.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Physical activity may reduce the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes;
      however, compared to non-pregnant women, a lower proportion of pregnant women
      meet the physical activity guidelines. Our objectives were to explore overall
      changes and ethnic differences in objectively recorded moderate-to-vigorous
      intensity physical activity (MVPA) during pregnancy and postpartum and to
      investigate the associations with objective and perceived access to recreational
      areas. METHODS: We analysed 1,467 person-observations from 709 women in a multi
      ethnic population-based cohort, with MVPA data recorded with the SenseWearTM
      Pro(3) Armband in early pregnancy (mean gestational week (GW) 15), mid-pregnancy
      (mean GW 28) and postpartum (mean postpartum week 14). MVPA was limited to bouts
      >=10 min. Women were nested within 56 neighbourhoods defined by postal code area.
      We derived neighbourhood-level objective access to recreational areas (good vs
      limited) by geographic information systems. We collected information about
      perceived access (high vs low perception) to recreational areas in early
      pregnancy. We treated ethnicity, objective and perceived access as explanatory
      variables in separate models based on linear mixed effects regression analyses.
      RESULTS: Overall, MVPA dropped between early and mid-pregnancy, followed by an
      increase postpartum. Western women performed more MVPA than women in other ethnic
      groups across time points, but the differences increased postpartum. Women
      residing in neighbourhoods with good objective access to recreational areas
      accumulated on average nine additional MVPA minutes/day (p < 0.01) compared with
      women in neighbourhoods with limited access. Women with perceptions of high
      access to recreational areas accumulated on average five additional MVPA
      minutes/day (p < 0.01) compared with women with perceptions of low access. After
      mutual adjustments, perceived and objective access to recreational areas remained
      significantly associated with MVPA. The association between MVPA and access to
      recreational areas did not differ by time point, ethnic group or socio-economic
      position. CONCLUSIONS: In all ethnic groups, we observed a decline in MVPA
      between early and mid-pregnancy. However, at both time points during pregnancy,
      and especially three months postpartum, Western women were more physically active
      than ethnic minority women. In all ethnic groups, and at all three time points,
      both objective and perceived access to recreational areas were positively
      associated with MVPA levels.

PMID- 27386944
TI  - Self-assembly of Ni-NTA-modified beta-annulus peptides into artificial viral
      capsids and encapsulation of His-tagged proteins.
AB  - beta-Annulus peptides bearing Cys at the N-terminal from tomato bushy stunt virus
      were synthesised using a standard Fmoc-protected solid-phase method, and the
      peptide was modified with Ni-NTA at the N-terminal. The Ni-NTA-modified beta
      annulus peptide self-assembled into virus-like nanocapsules of approximately 40
      nm in diameter. The critical aggregation concentration of these nanocapsules in
      10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.3) at 25  degrees C was 0.053 MUM, which is 470 times
      lower than that of unmodified beta-annulus peptides. Moreover, size exclusion
      chromatography of the peptide assembly indicated encapsulation of His-tagged
      green fluorescent protein in the Ni-NTA-modified artificial viral capsid. 

PMID- 27386945
TI  - Institutional delivery and postnatal care services utilizations in Abuna
      Gindeberet District, West Shewa, Oromiya Region, Central Ethiopia: A Community
      based cross sectional study.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Delivery at health institutions under the care of trained health-care
      providers and utilization of postnatal cares services plays vital roles in
      promoting child survival and reducing the risk of maternal mortality. More than
      80 % of maternal deaths can be prevented if pregnant women access to essential
      maternity cares like antenatal care, institutional delivery and postnatal care
      services. Thus, this study aimed to assess institutional delivery and postnatal
      care services utilizations in Abuna Gindeberet District, West Shewa, Oromiya
      Regional State, Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study design
      was employed among 703 randomly identified mothers of Abuna Gindeberet district
      in March, 2013. Data were collected through interviewer-administered
      questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive, bivariate and
      multivariate analyses were used to determine prevalence and to identify
      associated factors with institutional delivery and postnatal care, considering p
      value of less than 0.05 as significant. The results were presented in a narrative
      forms, tables and graphs. RESULTS: One hundred one (14.4 %) of mothers gave birth
      to their last baby in health institutions. From 556 (79.1 %) of respondents who
      heard about postnatal care services, only 223 (31.7 %) of them utilized postnatal
      care services for their recent childbirth. From the total postnatal care users,
      204 (91.5 %) of them took the services from health extension workers. Decision
      making styles, household distances from health institutions, household being
      model family and ANC services utilizations were found to be statistically
      significant with both institutional delivery and postnatal care services
      utilizations. But educational status of husbands was statistically significant
      with only postnatal care services utilizations. CONCLUSIONS: Both institutional
      delivery and postnatal care services utilizations from health institutions were
      low. Decision-making styles, household distances from health institutions,
      household being model family and ANC services utilizations were the common
      factors that affect institutional delivery and postnatal care services
      utilizations from health institutions. Therefore, giving attention to the
      identified factors could improve and sustain institutional delivery and postnatal
      care services utilizations from health institutions.

PMID- 27386946
TI  - Hominis Placenta facilitates hair re-growth by upregulating cellular
      proliferation and expression of fibroblast growth factor-7.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Hominis Placenta (HP) known as a restorative medicine in Traditional
      Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been widely applied in the clinics of Korea and China
      as an anti-aging agent to enhance the regeneration of tissue. This study was
      conducted to investigate whether topical treatment of HP promotes hair regrowth
      in the animal model. METHODS: The dorsal hairs of 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were
      depilated to synchronize hair follicles to the anagen phase. HP was applied
      topically once a day for 15 days. Hair growth was evaluated visually and
      microscopically. The incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and expression of
      proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7) in
      dorsal skin tissue was examined by immunohistochemical analysis. Reverse
      transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure the mRNA
      expression of FGF-7. RESULTS: HP exhibited potent hair growth-promoting activity
      in C57BL/6 mice. Gross examination indicated that HP markedly increased hair
      regrowth as well as hair density and diameter. Histologic analysis showed that HP
      treatment enhanced the anagen induction of hair follicles. Immunohistochemical
      analysis revealed that BrdU incorporation and the expressions of PCNA were
      increased by treatment of HP. HP treatment significantly increased the expression
      of FGF-7, which plays pivotal roles to maintain anagen phase both protein and
      mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results indicate that HP has a
      potent hair growth-promoting activity; therefore, it may be a good candidate for
      the treatment of alopecia.

PMID- 27386947
TI  - Isoform D of vascular endothelial growth factor in systemic capillary leak
      syndrome: a case report.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Systemic capillary leak syndrome is a rare condition characterized by
      episodic attacks of hypovolemia due to systemic capillary hyperpermeability,
      which results in profound hypotension and edema. Although the implication of
      vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10
      has been suggested, the pathogenesis of systemic capillary leak syndrome remains
      unclear. In this report, we describe a case of systemic capillary leak syndrome
      in which serum isoform D of vascular endothelial growth factor was elevated. To
      the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of systemic capillary
      leak syndrome in which isoform D of vascular endothelial growth factor is
      suggested as the plausible biomarker. CASE PRESENTATION: A 41-year-old Japanese
      man was transferred to our emergency department. He was hypotensive, tachycardic,
      and edematous over the trunk and all four limbs. He received aggressive
      intravenous fluid therapy and underwent fasciotomy of the right forearm to
      prevent muscle necrosis. A diagnosis of systemic capillary leak syndrome was
      suspected. The presence of serum monoclonal immunoglobulin G and kappa light
      chain supported this diagnosis. Prevention of hypotensive crises was
      unsuccessfully attempted with theophylline, intravenous immunoglobulin, high-dose
      dexamethasone, bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisolone; however, the patient's
      attacks dramatically disappeared after the introduction of thalidomide. The serum
      of the patient was stored soon after the onset of hypotensive crisis and analyzed
      to profile possible mediators responsible for the capillary leak. The
      concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and C-X-C
      motif chemokine 10 were all within normal ranges. Meanwhile, we found that
      isoform D of vascular endothelial growth factor was elevated, which was
      normalized after the introduction of thalidomide. CONCLUSIONS: In our patient,
      isoform D of vascular endothelial growth factor (instead of vascular endothelial
      growth factor) may have been a causative factor of hypotensive crises, since
      isoform D contributes to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling,
      which is the major mediator of the permeability-enhancing effects of vascular
      endothelial growth factor. We suggest the measurement of isoform D of vascular
      endothelial growth factor in patients with systemic capillary leak syndrome in
      whose serum vascular endothelial growth factor is not elevated.

PMID- 27386948
TI  - Increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with disease-specific
      mortality in patients with penile cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a simple marker of the
      systemic inflammatory response, has been demonstrated to correlate with patient
      outcomes for various solid malignancies. We investigated the utility of the
      pretreatment NLR as a prognosticator in patients who presented with penile
      cancer. METHODS: A total of 41 patients who underwent complete blood count with
      differential and subsequent radical penectomy from 1988 to 2014 were analyzed. We
      assessed the correlation between the NLR and the prognosis of penile cancer.
      RESULTS: The median and mean (+/- SD) NLRs in 41 penile cancer patients were 3.42
      and 5.03 +/- 4.99, respectively. Based on the area under receiver operator
      characteristic curve, the cut-off value of NLR was determined to be 2.82.
      Patients with a high NLR (>=2.82) showed a significantly poorer cancer-specific
      survival (p = 0.023) than those with a low NLR. CONCLUSIONS: The pretreatment NLR
      may function as a biomarker that precisely predicts the prognosis in patients
      with penile cancer.

PMID- 27386949
TI  - Widespread parainflammation in human cancer.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation has been recognized as one of the hallmarks of
      cancer. We recently showed that parainflammation, a unique variant of
      inflammation between homeostasis and chronic inflammation, strongly promotes
      mouse gut tumorigenesis upon p53 loss. Here we explore the prevalence of
      parainflammation in human cancer and determine its relationship to certain
      molecular and clinical parameters affecting treatment and prognosis. RESULTS: We
      generated a transcriptome signature to identify parainflammation in many primary
      human tumors and carcinoma cell lines as distinct from their normal tissue
      counterparts and the tumor microenvironment and show that parainflammation
      positive tumors are enriched for p53 mutations and associated with poor
      prognosis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) treatment suppresses
      parainflammation in both murine and human cancers, possibly explaining a
      protective effect of NSAIDs against cancer. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that
      parainflammation, a low-grade form of inflammation, is widely prevalent in human
      cancer, particularly in cancer types commonly harboring p53 mutations. Our data
      suggest that parainflammation may be a driver for p53 mutagenesis and a guide for
      cancer prevention by NSAID treatment.

PMID- 27386950
TI  - The health and well-being of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Britain: Evidence
      from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3).
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date, research on men who have sex with men (MSM) has largely
      focused on their sexual health needs and on men recruited from gay-orientated
      venues. National probability survey data provide a rare opportunity to examine
      the broader sociodemographic, behavioural, and health profiles of MSM, defined as
      men who reported >=1 male sexual partner(s) in the past 5 years, and thus
      regardless of their sexual identity, in comparison to men reporting sex
      exclusively with women (MSEW) during this time, and also the extent that health
      inequalities cluster. METHODS: Britain's third National Survey of Sexual
      Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), a probability sample survey, interviewed
      15,162 people aged 16-74 years (6,293 men) during 2010-2012 using computer
      assisted personal-interviewing with a computer-assisted self-interview. We used
      multivariable regression to compare MSM relative to MSEW in their reporting of
      variables, individually and collectively, corresponding to three domains:
      physical, mental, and sexual health. RESULTS: Among all men, 2.6 % (n = 190) were
      defined as MSM, of whom 52.5 % (95 % CI: 43.6 %-61.2 %) identified as gay. MSM
      were as likely as MSEW (n = 5,069) to perceive their health was 'bad'/'very bad',
      despite MSM being more likely to report a long-standing
      illness/disability/infirmity (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.46, 95 % CI:1.02-2.09),
      treatment for depression/past year (2.75, 1.69-4.47), and substance use (e.g.,
      recreational drug use/past year: 3.46, 2.22-5.40). MSM were more likely to report
      harmful sexual health behaviours, e.g., condomless sex with >=2 partners/past
      year (3.52, 2.13-5.83), and poor sexual health outcomes, including STI
      diagnosis/es (5.67, 2.67-12.04), poorer sexual function (2.28, 1.57-3.33), both
      past year, and ever-experience of attempted non-volitional sex (6.51, 4.22
      10.06). MSM were also more likely than MSEW to report poor health behaviours and
      outcomes both within and across the three health domains considered. Of all MSM,
      8.4 % had experienced poor health outcomes in all three domains - physical,
      mental, and sexual health - in contrast to 1.5 % of all MSEW. CONCLUSIONS: MSM
      are disproportionately affected by a broad range of harmful health behaviours and
      poor health outcomes. Although often observed for a minority of MSM, many health
      inequalities were seen in combination such that policies and practices aimed at
      improving the health and well-being of MSM require a holistic approach,
      regardless of clinical specialty.

PMID- 27386951
TI  - From Ewald sphere to Ewald shell in nonlinear optics.
AB  - Ewald sphere is a simple vector scheme to depict the X-ray Bragg diffraction in a
      crystal. A similar method, known as the nonlinear Ewald sphere, was employed to
      illustrate optical frequency conversion processes. We extend the nonlinear Ewald
      sphere to the Ewald shell construction. With the Ewald shell, a variety of quasi
      phase-matching (QPM) effects, such as the collective envelope effect associated
      with multiple QPM resonances, the enhanced second- harmonic generation due to
      multiple reciprocal vectors etc., are suggested theoretically and verified
      experimentally. By rotating the nonlinear photonic crystal sample, the dynamic
      evolution of these QPM effects has also been observed, which agreed well with the
      Ewald shell model.

PMID- 27386952
TI  - A review of carrier thermoelectric-transport theory in organic semiconductors.
AB  - Carrier thermoelectric-transport theory has recently become of growing interest
      and numerous thermoelectric-transport models have been proposed for organic
      semiconductors, due to pressing current issues involving energy production and
      the environment. The purpose of this review is to provide a theoretical
      description of the thermoelectric Seebeck effect in organic semiconductors.
      Special attention is devoted to the carrier concentration, temperature, polaron
      effect and dipole effect dependence of the Seebeck effect and its relationship to
      hopping transport theory. Furthermore, various theoretical methods are used to
      discuss carrier thermoelectric transport. Finally, an outlook of the remaining
      challenges ahead for future theoretical research is provided. 

PMID- 27386953
TI  - Prioritization of treatments for lower extremity peripheral artery disease in low
      and middle-income countries.
AB  - INTRODUCTION: Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is increasing in
      prevalence in low- and middle-income countries creating a large health care
      burden. Clinical management may require substantial resources but little
      consideration has been given to which treatments are appropriate for less
      advantaged countries. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The aim of this review was to
      systematically appraise published data on the costs and effectiveness of PAD
      treatments used commonly in high-income countries, and for an international
      consensus panel to review that information and propose a hierarchy of treatments
      relevant to low- and middle-income countries. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Pharmacotherapy
      for intermittent claudication was found to be expensive and improve walking
      distance by a modest amount. Exercise and endovascular therapies were more
      effective and exercise the most cost-effective. For critical limb ischemia,
      bypass surgery and endovascular therapy, which are both resource intensive,
      resulted in similar rates of amputation-free survival. Substantial reductions in
      cardiovascular events occurred with use of low cost drugs (statins, ACE
      inhibitors, anti-platelets) and smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: The panel
      concluded that, in low- and middle-income countries, cardiovascular prevention is
      a top priority, whereas a lower priority should be given to pharmacotherapy for
      leg symptoms and revascularisation, except in countries with established vascular
      units.

PMID- 27386954
TI  - Integrated network-diversity analyses suggest suppressive effect of Hodgkin's
      lymphoma and slightly relieving effect of chemotherapy on human milk microbiome.
AB  - We aim to investigate the effects of Hodgkin's lymphoma and the chemotherapy for
      treating the disease on the human milk microbiome through integrated network and
      community diversity analyses. Our analyses suggest that Hodgkin's lymphoma seems
      to have a suppressing effect on the milk microbiome by lowering the milk
      microbial community diversity, as measured by the Hill numbers profiles. Although
      the diversity analysis did not reveal an effect of chemotherapy on community
      diversity, bacterial species interaction network analysis shows that chemotherapy
      may help to slightly restore the milk microbiome impacted by Hodgkin's lymphoma
      through its influence on the interactions among species (or OTUs). We further
      constructed diversity-metabolites network, which suggests that the milk microbial
      diversity is positively correlated with some beneficial milk metabolites such as
      DHA (DocosaHexaenoic Acid), and that the diversity is negatively correlated with
      some potentially harmful metabolites such as Butanal. We hence postulate that
      higher milk microbial diversity should be a signature of healthy mothers and
      beneficial to infants. Finally, we constructed metabolites OTU correlation
      networks, from which we identified some special OTUs. These OTUs deserve further
      investigations given their apparent involvements in regulating the levels of
      critical milk metabolites such as DHA, Inositol and Butanal.

PMID- 27386956
TI  - Subsurface to substrate: dual-scale micro/nanofluidic networks for investigating
      transport anomalies in tight porous media.
AB  - Micro/nanofluidic experiments in synthetic representations of tight porous media,
      often referred to as "reservoir-on-a-chip" devices, are an emerging approach to
      researching anomalous fluid transport trends in energy-bearing and fluid
      sequestering geologic porous media. We detail, for the first time, the
      construction of dual-scale micro/nanofluidic devices that are relatively large
      scale, two-dimensional network representations of granular and fractured
      nanoporous media. The fabrication scheme used in the development of the networks
      on quartz substrates (master patterns) is facile and replicable: transmission
      electron microscopy (TEM) grids with lacey carbon support film were used as
      shadow masks in thermal evaporation/deposition and reactive ion etch (RIE) was
      used for hardmask pattern transfer. The reported nanoscale network geometries are
      heterogeneous and composed of hydraulically resistive paths (throats) meeting at
      junctures (pores) to mimic the low topological connectivity of nanoporous
      sedimentary rocks such as shale. The geometry also includes homogenous microscale
      grid patterns that border the nanoscale networks and represent microfracture
      pathways. Master patterns were successfully replicated with a sequence of
      polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA) 63 polymers. The
      functionality of the fabricated quartz and polymer nanofluidic devices was
      validated with aqueous imbibition experiments and differential interference
      contrast microscopy. These dual-scale fluidic devices are promising predictive
      tools for hypothesis testing and calibration against bulk fluid measurements in
      tight geologic, biologic, and synthetic porous material of similar dual-scale
      pore structure. Applications to shale/mudrock transport studies in particular are
      focused on herein.

PMID- 27386955
TI  - CpsR, a GntR family regulator, transcriptionally regulates capsular
      polysaccharide biosynthesis and governs bacterial virulence in Streptococcus
      pneumoniae.
AB  - Transcriptional regulation of capsule expression is critical for pneumococcal
      transition from carriage to infection, yet the underlying mechanism remains
      incompletely understood. Here, we describe the regulation of capsular
      polysaccharide, one of the most important pneumococcal virulence factor by a GntR
      family regulator, CpsR. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays have shown the
      direct interaction between CpsR and the cps promoter (cpsp), and their
      interaction could be competitively interfered by glucose. DNase I footprinting
      assays localized the binding site to a region -146 to -114 base pairs relative to
      the transcriptional start site of the cps locus in S. pneumoniae D39. We found
      that CpsR negatively controlled the transcription of the cps locus and hence CPS
      production, which was confirmed by fine-tuning expression of CpsR in a DeltacpsR
      complemented strain. Increased expression of CpsR in complemented strain led to a
      decreased resistance to the whole-blood-mediated killing, suggesting a protective
      role for CpsR-cpsp interaction in the establishment of invasive infection.
      Finally, animal experiments showed that CpsR-cpsp interaction was necessary for
      both pneumococcal colonization and invasive infection. Taken together, our
      results provide a thorough insight into the regulation of capsule production
      mediated by CpsR and its important roles in pneumococcal pathogenesis.

PMID- 27386957
TI  - Local food web management increases resilience and buffers against global change
      effects on freshwaters.
AB  - A major challenge for ecological research is to identify ways to improve
      resilience to climate-induced changes in order to secure the ecosystem functions
      of natural systems, as well as ecosystem services for human welfare. With respect
      to aquatic ecosystems, interactions between climate warming and the elevated
      runoff of humic substances (brownification) may strongly affect ecosystem
      functions and services. However, we hitherto lack the adaptive management tools
      needed to counteract such global-scale effects on freshwater ecosystems. Here we
      show, both experimentally and using monitoring data, that predicted climatic
      warming and brownification will reduce freshwater quality by exacerbating
      cyanobacterial growth and toxin levels. Furthermore, in a model based on long
      term data from a natural system, we demonstrate that food web management has the
      potential to increase the resilience of freshwater systems against the growth of
      harmful cyanobacteria, and thereby that local efforts offer an opportunity to
      secure our water resources against some of the negative impacts of climate
      warming and brownification. This allows for novel policy action at a local scale
      to counteract effects of global-scale environmental change, thereby providing a
      buffer period and a safer operating space until climate mitigation strategies are
      effectively established.

PMID- 27386958
TI  - Application of nanodisc technology for direct electrochemical investigation of
      plant cytochrome P450s and their NADPH P450 oxidoreductase.
AB  - Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome P450 containing systems has primarily
      focused on investigating enzymes from microbes and animals for bio-sensing
      applications. Plant P450s receive electrons from NADPH P450 oxidoreductase (POR)
      to orchestrate the bio-synthesis of a plethora of commercially valuable
      compounds. In this report, full length CYP79A1, CYP71E1 and POR of the dhurrin
      pathway in Sorghum bicolor were reconstituted individually in nanoscale lipid
      patches, "nanodiscs", and directly immobilized on unmodified gold electrodes.
      Cyclic voltammograms of CYP79A1 and CYP71E1 revealed reversible redox peaks with
      average midpoint potentials of 80 +/- 5 mV and 72 +/- 5 mV vs. Ag/AgCl,
      respectively. POR yielded two pairs of redox peaks with midpoint potentials of 90
      +/- 5 mV and -300 +/- 10 mV, respectively. The average heterogeneous electron
      transfer rate constant was calculated to be ~1.5 s(-1). POR was electro
      catalytically active while the P450s generated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These
      nanodisc-based investigations lay the prospects and guidelines for construction
      of a simplified platform to perform mediator-free, direct electrochemistry of non
      engineered cytochromes P450 under native-like conditions. It is also a prelude
      for driving plant P450 systems electronically for simplified and cost-effective
      screening of potential substrates/inhibitors and fabrication of nano-bioreactors
      for synthesis of high value natural products.

PMID- 27386959
TI  - Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Designing Pediatric Studies of Proteins,
      Antibodies, and Plasma-Derived Products.
AB  - Ignoring the principles of pediatric pharmacology can have serious consequences.
      Therefore, it is necessary to understand and recognize the impact of
      developmental processes in children. It is now well recognized that age and the
      disease state can alter the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of a drug, as a result
      adjustment in dosing regimen in children as compared with the adults is
      essential. This review emphasizes on the importance of PK studies in pediatric
      population for macromolecules. Macromolecules differ from small molecules in many
      respects, and it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the behavior of
      macromolecules in the body across different age groups. The review highlights
      that like small molecules, the PKs of macromolecules in pediatric population also
      differ from adults, hence, a PK study is essential in pediatrics for appropriate
      dose selection in this population. The review also takes a critical look on the
      many extrapolation techniques to predict PK parameters in pediatrics from adult
      data. 

PMID- 27386960
TI  - Broad-Spectrum Beta-Lactams for Patients Allergic to Penicillin.

PMID- 27386961
TI  - The Discovery of Statins.

PMID- 27386962
TI  - Resistance Training Priming Activity Improves Upper-Body Power Output in Rugby
      Players: Implications for Game Day Performance.
AB  - Mason, BRJ, Argus, CK, Norcott, B, and Ball, NB. Resistance training priming
      activity improves upper-body power output in rugby players: implications for game
      day performance. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 913-920, 2017-"Priming" or
      preactivation strategies performed in the hours leading into competition have
      been suggested to improve game day performance. Therefore, this study assessed
      the effectiveness of a resistance training priming activity on eliciting changes
      in lower- and upper-body power output, along with perceptual measures. To assess
      these changes, 13 state-level rugby players (aged 18.5 +/- 0.5 years) completed a
      test-retest protocol using a counterbalanced crossover design. Perceptual
      (readiness to perform questionnaire) and performance measures (20-kg
      countermovement jump [CMJ], 20-kg bench throw) were completed before either a
      control (rest) or priming activity (4 sets of 3 banded back squats and banded
      bench press). After a 1-hour and 45-minute recovery period, perceptual and
      performance measures were repeated. Readiness to perform showed no meaningful
      differences pre- and postintervention. Bench throw peak power (8.5 +/- 5.8%, 90%
      confidence limit; p <= 0.05) improved after the priming activity when compared
      with the control trial. Countermovement jump peak power (3.4 +/- 4.9%; p > 0.05)
      had a small decrease after the priming activity when compared with the control
      trial. Therefore, completing a priming activity 1 hour and 45 minutes before
      competition is recommended to improve upper-body power output. However, further
      research into lower-body priming protocols should be conducted before
      implementing a lower-body priming activity before competition.

PMID- 27386963
TI  - Effects of Energy Drinks on Economy and Cardiovascular Measures.
AB  - Peveler, WW, Sanders, GJ, Marczinski, CA, and Holmer, B. Effects of energy drinks
      on economy and cardiovascular measures. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 882-887, 2017
      The use of energy drinks among athletes has risen greatly. Caffeine and taurine
      are the 2 primary performance enhancing ingredients found in energy drinks. The
      number of emergency department visits involving energy drinks doubled over the
      past 5 years. Reviews of the health complications have highlighted adverse
      cardiovascular events. The literature reveals that caffeine is known to
      moderately increase blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). The purpose of this
      study was to determine the effect of 3 different energy drinks on cardiovascular
      and performance measures. Fifteen recreational runners completed 5 trials. The
      first trial consisted of a graded exercise protocol. The 4 remaining trials
      consisted of 15-minute economy trials at a treadmill speed consistent with 70% of
      subject's V[Combining Dot Above]O2max. An hour before subjects ingested 1 of the
      3 energy drinks or a placebo. HR, BP, V[Combining Dot Above]O2, and rating of
      perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during the 15-minute trial. Mean values
      for dependent measures were compared using repeated-measures analysis of
      variance. Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the
      placebo trials (156.93 +/- 15.50) in relation to the 3 energy drink trials
      (163.87 +/- 13.30, 166.47 +/- 13.71, and 165.00 +/- 15.23). There were no
      significant differences in diastolic BP and HR. There were no significant
      differences found in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 or RPE measures. Ingestion of
      energy drinks demonstrated no change in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 or RPE during
      the economy trials. The findings show no performance benefits under the
      conditions of this study. However, there does appear to be a significant increase
      in systolic BP.

PMID- 27386964
TI  - Optimal Loads for Power Differ by Exercise in Older Adults.
AB  - Potiaumpai, M, Gandia, K, Rautray, A, Prendergast, T, and Signorile, JF. Optimal
      loads for power differ by exercise in older adults. J Strength Cond Res 30(10):
      2703-2712, 2016-Power training in older adults has been shown to increase muscle
      strength, power, and physical function, and decrease the risk of falls and
      related injuries. Although there are clear indications that optimal loads for
      power vary due to biomechanical factors, no studies have attempted to determine
      the optimal loads for specific exercises used to improve muscle power. Using the
      load that maximizes power output for individual exercises can maximize power
      gains, improve training efficiency, and augment gains in physical function.
      Seventy community-dwelling older adults (age = 70.5 +/- 5.7 years) participated
      in strength and power testing during 2 sessions, each lasting for 1.5 hours.
      Participants were tested on 6 different pneumatic resistance machines to
      determine their one repetition maximum (1RM) and power. Power testing was
      performed at loads between 30 and 90% of each participant's 1RM. For the chest
      press and seated row, the optimal load range was between 40 and 60% 1RM, with
      peak power at 50% (p < 0.001) for both machines. The LAT pull-down optimal load
      range was between 30 and 50%, with peak power occurring at 40% (p < 0.001). The
      leg curl and leg press optimal load range was between 50 and 70%, with peak power
      occurring at 60% (p < 0.001). Peak power for the calf raise occurred at 60% (p <
      0.001). We conclude that different exercise movements require the use of
      different optimal load ranges to maximize muscle power in older persons. 

PMID- 27386965
TI  - Metagenomic Analysis of Sputum Microbiome as a Tool toward Culture-Independent
      Pathogen Detection of Patients with Ventilator-associated Pneumonia.

PMID- 27386967
TI  - Pediatric dermatology: advancement in management and targeted therapy.

PMID- 27386966
TI  - Frizzled 7 and PIP2 binding by syntenin PDZ2 domain supports Frizzled 7
      trafficking and signalling.
AB  - PDZ domain-containing proteins work as intracellular scaffolds to control spatio
      temporal aspects of cell signalling. This function is supported by the ability of
      their PDZ domains to bind other proteins such as receptors, but also
      phosphoinositide lipids important for membrane trafficking. Here we report a
      crystal structure of the syntenin PDZ tandem in complex with the carboxy-terminal
      fragment of Frizzled 7 and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). The
      crystal structure reveals a tripartite interaction formed via the second PDZ
      domain of syntenin. Biophysical and biochemical experiments establish co
      operative binding of the tripartite complex and identify residues crucial for
      membrane PIP2-specific recognition. Experiments with cells support the importance
      of the syntenin-PIP2 interaction for plasma membrane targeting of Frizzled 7 and
      c-jun phosphorylation. This study contributes to our understanding of the biology
      of PDZ proteins as key players in membrane compartmentalization and dynamics.

PMID- 27386969
TI  - Blistering diseases in neonates.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neonatal blistering diseases are rare yet potentially fatal.
      Therefore, it is crucial for clinicians to know its broad range of differential
      diagnoses. This review discusses the recent literature on the causes and the most
      appropriate clinical approach to neonatal blistering diseases. RECENT FINDINGS:
      Neonatal infections are the commonest causes for neonatal blistering. On the
      other hand, autoimmune blistering diseases are extremely rare with the literature
      limited to case reports and one systematic review only. Inherited genodermatoses
      are also rare, with recent developments in epidermolysis bullosa classification.
      SUMMARY: In conclusion, as neonatal infections are the commonest cause for
      blistering, any neonate with blistering should have their blister fluid
      investigated for infection, while an antimicrobial should be initiated early.
      Autoimmune blistering diseases should be considered in neonates with a maternal
      history of autoimmune blistering disease. Although pemphigus and bullous
      pemphigoid have overall good prognoses, linear IgA bullous dermatoses has a poor
      prognosis and requires aggressive treatment. Inherited genodermatoses should be
      suspected when there is a family history of genodermatoses or consanguinity. In
      this case, the clinician should not hesitate to seek dermatology advice, perform
      a skin biopsy and consider genetic testing.

PMID- 27386970
TI  - Advancement in management of epidermolysis bullosa.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Epidermolysis bullosa is a hereditary skin disorder
      characterized by skin fragility. However, the disease can manifest in many
      different organ systems, therefore children born with epidermolysis bullosa may
      have life long, complex medical needs. In this review, we will use a system-based
      approach to highlight important aspects of disease management and recent
      advancements in each of the areas. In addition, we will overview some of the
      cutting edge therapeutic developments in epidermolysis bullosa. RECENT FINDINGS:
      Recent advancements in supportive care of epidermolysis bullosa with focus on
      wound, pain, pruritus and nutrition status were discussed. Clinical surveillance
      and complication prevention are critical to improve clinical outcomes.
      Generalized epidermolysis bullosa is a systemic disease with increased morbidity
      and mortality; therefore, complex care using a multidisciplinary approach will
      provide the greatest benefits for patients. Current targeted treatments for
      epidermolysis bullosa aim at restoring the skin integrity using protein, cell,
      and gene therapies. SUMMARY: Improvement in care of epidermolysis bullosa in
      recent years results from keen clinical observation, novel molecular targeting,
      and the embracement of translational research.

PMID- 27386968
TI  - Immunogenetics of cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypic
      autoimmune condition, often affecting multiple organ systems, including the skin.
      Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is distinct from SLE and may be skin limited
      or associated with systemic disease. Histopathologically, the hallmark of lupus
      specific manifestations of SLE and CLE is an interface dermatitis. The cause of
      SLE and CLE is likely multifactorial and may include shared genetic factors. In
      this review, we will discuss the genetic findings related to the cutaneous
      manifestations of SLE and isolated CLE, with a particular focus on the lupus
      specific CLE subtypes. RECENT FINDINGS: Several major histocompatibility complex
      and nonmajor histocompatibility complex genetic polymorphisms have been
      identified which may contribute to the cutaneous manifestations of SLE and to
      CLE. Most of these genetic variants are associated with mechanisms attributed to
      the pathogenesis of SLE, including pathways involved in interferon and vitamin D
      regulation and ultraviolet light exposure. Although there is overlap between the
      genetic factors associated with SLE and CLE, there appear to be unique genetic
      factors specific for CLE. SUMMARY: Improved understanding of the genetics of CLE
      may lead to the creation of targeted therapies, improving outcomes for patients
      with this challenging dermatologic condition.

PMID- 27386971
TI  - Endocrinology and metabolism 2016.

PMID- 27386972
TI  - New clinical and molecular insights into Silver-Russell syndrome.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of review is to summarize new outcomes for the
      clinical characterization, molecular strategies, and therapeutic management of
      Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). RECENT FINDINGS: Various teams have described the
      clinical characteristics of SRS patients by genotype. A clinical score for the
      definition of SRS and for orienting molecular investigations has emerged. Insulin
      like growth factor 2 (a major fetal growth factor) has been implicated in the
      pathophysiology of SRS, as the principle molecular mechanism underlying the
      disease is loss of methylation of the 11p15 region, including the imprinted
      insulin-like growth factor 2 gene. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7
      and recently identified rare molecular defects have also been reported in
      patients with SRS. However, 40% of patients still have no molecular diagnosis.
      SUMMARY: The definition of SRS has remained clinical since the first description
      of this condition, despite the identification of various molecular causes. The
      clinical issues faced by these patients are similar to those faced by other
      patients born small for gestational age (SGA), but patients with SRS require
      specific multidisciplinary management of their nutrition, growth, and metabolism,
      as they usually present an extreme form of SGA. Molecular analyses can confirm
      SRS, and are of particular importance for genetic counseling and prenatal
      testing.

PMID- 27386973
TI  - Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: cause, clinical manifestations, diagnosis,
      and management.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is characterized
      by a thin or absent pituitary stalk, hypoplasia of the adenohypophysis, and
      ectopic neurohypophysis. PSIS manifestations include a wide spectrum of clinical
      phenotypes and pituitary hormone deficiencies of variable degree and timing of
      onset. In this review, recent advances with respect to the cause of PSIS,
      clinical characteristics leading to earlier diagnosis, and management are
      outlined. RECENT FINDINGS: Diagnosis of PSIS is often delayed probably because
      clinical findings such as neonatal hypoglycemia, cholestasis, and/or micropenis
      as well as decreasing growth velocity are not appropriately and timely validated.
      Recently, molecular defects in various genes have been associated with PSIS
      albeit in a small number of cases. These findings suggest that PSIS belongs to
      the spectrum of holoprosencephaly-related defects. Phenotype-genotype discordance
      and the existence of asymptomatic carriers of a given molecular aberration
      indicate that penetrance may be modified favorably or unfavorably by the presence
      of other genetic and/or environmental factors. SUMMARY: PSIS constitutes an
      antenatal anatomical defect. Neonatal hypoglycemia, cholestasis, and/or
      micropenis with or without growth deficit should raise the possibility of
      combined pituitary hormone deficiency, a life-threatening condition in cases of
      coexisting cortisol deficiency. It is important to search for molecular defects
      in all PSIS cases, as precise identification of the cause is a prerequisite for
      genetic counseling.

PMID- 27386974
TI  - Control of the onset of puberty.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The mechanism of puberty initiation remains an enigma, despite
      extensive research in the field. Pulsatile pituitary gonadotropin secretion under
      the guidance of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) constitutes a
      sine qua non for pubertal onset. In turn, the secretion of GnRH in the human
      hypothalamus is regulated by kisspeptin and its receptor as well as by permissive
      or opposing signals mediated by neurokinin B and dynorphin acting on their
      respective receptors. These three supra-GnRH regulators compose the Kisspeptin,
      Neurokinin B and Dynorhin neurons (KNDy) system, a key player in pubertal onset
      and progression. RECENT FINDINGS: The recent discovery that makorin ring finger
      protein 3 is also involved in puberty initiation provided further insights into
      the regulation of the KNDy pathway. In fact, the inhibitory (gamma-amino butyric
      acid, neuropeptide Y, and RFamide-related peptide-3) and stimulatory signals
      (glutamate) acting upstream of KNDy called into question the role of makorin ring
      finger protein 3 as the gatekeeper of puberty. Meanwhile, the findings that
      'neuroestradiol' produced locally and endocrine disruptors from the environment
      may influence GnRH secretion is intriguing. Finally, epigenetic mechanisms have
      been implicated in pubertal onset through recently discovered mechanisms.
      SUMMARY: The exact molecular machinery underlying puberty initiation in humans is
      under intensive investigation. In this review, we summarize research evidence in
      the field, while emphasizing the areas of uncertainty and underlining the impact
      of current information on the evolving theory regarding this fascinating
      phenomenon.

PMID- 27386975
TI  - Long-term neurodevelopmental benefits of breastfeeding.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends exclusive
      breastfeeding for the first 6 months of an infant#$#apos;s life, with
      continuation of breastfeeding for at least a year or as mutually desired by
      mother and child. A robust body of research literature documenting the short-term
      medical, developmental, and emotional benefits of breastfeeding for infants and
      toddlers supports this position. This article reviews the neurodevelopmental
      benefits of breastfeeding as it relates to preschool and school-age children,
      with particular emphasis on cognitive development, attention
      deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. RECENT FINDINGS:
      The majority of research studies examining breastfeeding and long-term
      neurodevelopmental outcomes suggest that children who breastfeed for longer than
      6 months have better cognitive outcomes, lower risk of developing attention
      deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and lower risk of being diagnosed with autism
      spectrum disorder. SUMMARY: Pediatricians play a critical role in educating and
      counseling families about infant nutrition and feeding. Along with the many
      positive short-term medical effects that breastfeeding confers, physicians should
      be aware of the growing body of research suggesting that there are also
      significant long-term neurodevelopmental benefits of breastfeeding.

PMID- 27386976
TI  - The ins and outs of managing avoidance diets for food allergies.
AB  - PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Food allergic reactions have become more prevalent and
      management of food allergies requires dietary avoidance of triggers that may
      place children at nutritional risk. RECENT FINDINGS: Immunoglobulin E and non
      immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergies lead to dietary avoidance. Although some
      children outgrow food allergies or become tolerant to cooked/baked versions of
      the allergen, many do not. Multiple food avoidance increases the risk for
      inadequate nutrient intake, including protein, calcium, vitamin D, and others.
      Multidisciplinary management of patients requires careful attention to growth,
      particularly height, and nutrition. SUMMARY: Although attention to accurate
      diagnosis of food allergy is key, understanding nutritional risks of children
      with food allergies can lead to opportunities to address potential deficiencies
      resulting from food allergen avoidance.

PMID- 27386978
TI  - A review on sludge dewatering indices.
AB  - Dewatering of sludge from sewage treatment plants is proving to be a significant
      challenge due to the large amounts of residual sludges generated annually. In
      recent years, research and development have focused on improving the dewatering
      process in order to reduce subsequent costs of sludge management and transport.
      To achieve this goal, it is necessary to establish reliable indices that reflect
      the efficiency of sludge dewatering. However, the evaluation of sludge
      dewaterability is not an easy task due to the highly complex nature of sewage
      sludge and variations in solid-liquid separation methods. Most traditional
      dewatering indices fail to predict the maximum cake solids content achievable
      during full-scale dewatering. This paper reviews the difficulties in assessing
      sludge dewatering performance, and the main techniques used to evaluate
      dewatering performance are compared and discussed in detail. Finally, the paper
      suggests a new dewatering index, namely the modified centrifugal index, which is
      demonstrated to be an appropriate indicator for estimating the final cake solids
      content as well as simulating the prototype dewatering process. 

PMID- 27386977
TI  - Titanium peroxide nanoparticles enhanced cytotoxic effects of X-ray irradiation
      against pancreatic cancer model through reactive oxygen species generation in
      vitro and in vivo.
AB  - BACKGROUND: Biological applications of nanoparticles are rapidly increasing,
      which introduces new possibilities to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy. Here,
      we synthesized titanium peroxide nanoparticles (TiOxNPs) and investigated their
      efficacy as novel agents that can potently enhance the effects of radiation in
      the treatment of pancreatic cancer. METHODS: TiOxNPs and polyacrylic acid
      modified TiOxNPs (PAA-TiOxNPs) were synthesized from anatase-type titanium
      dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs). The size and morphology of the PAA-TiOxNPs was
      evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering.
      The crystalline structures of the TiO2NPs and PAA-TiOxNPs with and without X-ray
      irradiation were analyzed using X-ray absorption. The ability of TiOxNPs and PAA
      TiOxNPs to produce reactive oxygen species in response to X-ray irradiation was
      evaluated in a cell-free system and confirmed by flow cytometric analysis in
      vitro. DNA damage after X-ray exposure with or without PAA-TiOxNPs was assessed
      by immunohistochemical analysis of gamma-H2AX foci formation in vitro and in
      vivo. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by a colony forming assay in vitro. Xenografts
      were prepared using human pancreatic cancer MIAPaCa-2 cells and used to evaluate
      the inhibition of tumor growth caused by X-ray exposure, PAA-TiOxNPs, and the
      combination of the two. RESULTS: The core structures of the PAA-TiOxNPs were
      found to be of the anatase type. The TiOxNPs and PAA-TiOxNPs showed a distinct
      ability to produce hydroxyl radicals in response to X-ray irradiation in a dose-
      and concentration-dependent manner, whereas the TiO2NPs did not. At the highest
      concentration of TiOxNPs, the amount of hydroxyl radicals increased by >8.5-fold
      following treatment with 30 Gy of radiation. The absorption of PAA-TiOxNPs
      enhanced DNA damage and resulted in higher cytotoxicity in response to X-ray
      irradiation in vitro. The combination of the PAA-TiOxNPs and X-ray irradiation
      induced significantly stronger tumor growth inhibition compared to treatment with
      either PAA-TiOxNPs or X-ray alone (p < 0.05). No apparent toxicity or weight loss
      was observed for 43 days after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: TiOxNPs are potential
      agents for enhancing the effects of radiation on pancreatic cancer and act via
      hydroxyl radical production; owing to this ability, they can be used for
      pancreatic cancer therapy in the future.

PMID- 27386979
TI  - Sewage sludge ash characteristics and potential for use in bricks, tiles and
      glass ceramics.
AB  - The characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) and its use in ceramic
      applications pertaining to bricks, tiles and glass ceramics have been assessed
      using the globally published literature in the English medium. It is shown that
      SSA possesses similar chemical characteristics to established ceramic materials
      and under heat treatment achieves the targeted densification, strength increases
      and absorption reductions. In brick and tile applications, technical requirements
      relating to strength, absorption and durability are achievable, with merely
      manageable performance reductions with SSA as a partial clay replacement. Fluxing
      properties of SSA facilitate lower firing temperatures during ceramics
      production, although reductions in mix plasticity leads to higher forming water
      requirements. SSA glass ceramics attained strengths in excess of natural
      materials such as granite and marble and displayed strong durability properties.
      The thermal treatment and nature of ceramic products also effectively restricted
      heavy metal leaching to low levels. Case studies, predominantly in bricks
      applications, reinforce confidence in the material with suitable technical
      performances achieved in practical conditions. 

PMID- 27386980
TI  - Model of an aquaponic system for minimised water, energy and nitrogen
      requirements.
AB  - Water and nutrient savings can be established by coupling water streams between
      interacting processes. Wastewater from production processes contains nutrients
      like nitrogen (N), which can and should be recycled in order to meet future
      regulatory discharge demands. Optimisation of interacting water systems is a
      complex task. An effective way of understanding, analysing and optimising such
      systems is by applying mathematical models. The present modelling work aims at
      supporting the design of a nearly emission-free aquaculture and hydroponic system
      (aquaponics), thus contributing to sustainable production and to food security
      for the 21st century. Based on the model, a system that couples 40 m(3) fish
      tanks and a hydroponic system of 1,000 m(2) can produce 5 tons of tilapia and 75
      tons of tomato yearly. The system requires energy to condense and recover
      evaporated water, for lighting and heating, adding up to 1.3 GJ/m(2) every year.
      In the suggested configuration, the fish can provide about 26% of the N required
      in a plant cycle. A coupling strategy that sends water from the fish to the
      plants in amounts proportional to the fish feed input, reduces the standard
      deviation of the NO3(-) level in the fish cycle by 35%. 

PMID- 27386981
TI  - Optimizing Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution by magnetic nanoparticles
      immobilized on activated carbon using Taguchi method.
AB  - This study synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe(3)O(4)) immobilized on
      activated carbon (AC) and used them as an effective adsorbent for Cu(II) removal
      from aqueous solution. The effect of three parameters, including the
      concentration of Cu(II), dosage of Fe(3)O(4)/AC magnetic nanocomposite and pH on
      the removal of Cu(II) using Fe(3)O(4)/AC nanocomposite were studied. In order to
      examine and describe the optimum condition for each of the mentioned parameters,
      Taguchi's optimization method was used in a batch system and L9 orthogonal array
      was used for the experimental design. The removal percentage (R%) of Cu(II) and
      uptake capacity (q) were transformed into an accurate signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)
      for a 'larger-the-better' response. Taguchi results, which were analyzed based on
      choosing the best run by examining the S/N, were statistically tested using
      analysis of variance; the tests showed that all the parameters' main effects were
      significant within a 95% confidence level. The best conditions for removal of
      Cu(II) were determined at pH of 7, nanocomposite dosage of 0.1 gL(-1) and initial
      Cu(II) concentration of 20 mg L(-1) at constant temperature of 25  degrees C.
      Generally, the results showed that the simple Taguchi's method is suitable to
      optimize the Cu(II) removal experiments.

PMID- 27386982
TI  - Mainstream partial nitritation and anammox in a 200,000 m3/day activated sludge
      process in Singapore: scale-down by using laboratory fed-batch reactor.
AB  - A laboratory fed-batch reactor has been used to study under controlled conditions
      the performance of partial nitritation/anammox for the 200,000 m(3)/day step-feed
      activated sludge process at the Changi Water Reclamation Plant, Singapore. The
      similarity of the concentrations of NH(4), NO(2), NO(3), PO(4), suspended
      chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), pH, and alkalinity (ALK) between the on-site
      process and laboratory reactor illustrates that the laboratory fed-batch reactor
      can be used to simulate the site performance. The performance of the reactor fed
      by primary effluent illustrated the existence of anammox and heterotrophic
      denitrification and apparent excessive biological phosphorus removal as observed
      from the site. The performance of the reactor fed by final effluent proved the
      presence of anammox process on site. Both the laboratory reactor and on-site
      process showed that higher influent 5-day biochemical oxygen demand/total
      nitrogen (BOD(5)/TN) (COD/TN) ratio increases the nitrogen removal efficiency of
      the process.

PMID- 27386983
TI  - Flocculation kinetics mechanism and floc formation prepared by poly aluminum
      chloride coupled with polyacrylamide for ship ballast water.
AB  - The performance of flocculants prepared by poly aluminum chloride (PAC) and
      polyacrylamide (PAM) on treating ballast water collected at the Dalian new port
      area, the evaluation depending on the values of reaction parameters, and kinetics
      mechanism of flocculation were investigated in this study. Accordingly, the
      flocculants of 0.1 g.L(-1), prepared by mixing PAC of 10% with PAM of 2.00/00,
      enabled the removal rate of zooplankton and phytoplankton to reach 91% in ballast
      water at 20  degrees C. Based on flocculation kinetics mechanism analysis, the
      efficient vortex size during stirring should be larger than the floc particles,
      and gradient of fluctuating velocity provide the impetus for turbulence
      flocculation. The results of this study could be relevant to understanding
      particle-floc interactions during developmental flocculation, and during
      application of ballast water treatment. 

PMID- 27386984
TI  - Development of slow sponge sand filter (SpSF) as a post-treatment of UASB-DHS
      reactor effluent treating municipal wastewater.
AB  - In this study, conventional slow sand filter (SSF) and modified slow sponge sand
      filter (SpSF) were investigated for the post-treatment of up-flow anaerobic
      sludge blanket (UASB)-down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor effluent. The
      seasonal variation did not show significant differences in removal efficiencies
      of both filters. However in summer, both filters were able to achieve high total
      suspended solids and total biochemical oxygen demand removal averaging 97% and
      99%, respectively. Contrary to organic removal, total nitrogen removal efficiency
      was satisfactory, showing increased removal efficiencies averaging 58% and 62%
      for SSF and SpSF in summer. On the other hand, average total coliform removal of
      SSF and SpSF was 4.2 logs and 4.4 logs and corresponding Escherichia coli removal
      was 4.0 logs and 4.1 logs, respectively. From our observation, it could be
      concluded that the relative performance of SpSF for nutrients and coliforms was
      better than SSF due to the effectiveness of sponge media over fine sands.
      Moreover, microbial community analysis revealed that the members of phylum
      Proteobacteria were predominant in the biofilms of both filters, which could have
      contributed to pollutant removal. Therefore, SpSF could be concluded to be a
      suitable post-treatment of UASB-DHS system in warmer conditions. 

PMID- 27386985
TI  - Innovative method for recovery and valorization of hydroxytyrosol from olive mill
      wastewaters.
AB  - The nutritional properties of olive oil can be attributed to its oleic acid and
      phenolic compounds content, acting as natural oxidants to prevent human diseases.
      In particular, hydroxytyrosol has an anti-inflammatory action similar to omega 3
      fatty acids from fish oil. The olive oil production was conducted by two
      extraction procedures: first, a two-phase extraction giving extra-virgin olive
      oil and humid pomace, second, a three-phase working process of humid pomace,
      obtaining another minimum quantity of extra-virgin olive oil, 'dry' pomace devoid
      of polyphenols, and mill wastewaters rich in anti-oxidant compounds. The aim of
      this processing was to employ water to extract the highest concentration of
      polyphenols from humid pomace and convey them in oil mill wastewaters for
      extraction. Processed olives were 37,200 kg, pomace deprived of polyphenols was
      equal to 20,400 kg and processing was performed with 500 kg of olives per hour.
      This method offers advantages of using cheap equipment and technical simplicity. 

PMID- 27386986
TI  - Optimization of permeate flux produced by solar energy driven membrane
      distillation process using central composite design approach.
AB  - Membrane distillation (MD) is considered as a relatively high-energy requirement.
      To overcome this drawback, it is recommended to couple the MD process with solar
      energy as the renewable energy source in order to provide heat energy required to
      optimize its performance to produce permeate flux. In the present work, an
      original solar energy driven direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) pilot
      plant was built and tested under actual weather conditions at Jeddah, KSA, in
      order to model and optimize permeate flux. The dependency of permeate flux on
      various operating parameters such as feed temperature (46.6-63.4 degrees C),
      permeate temperature (6.6-23.4 degrees C), feed flow rate (199-451L/h) and
      permeate flow rate (199-451L/h) was studied by response surface methodology based
      on central composite design approach. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed
      that all independent variables had significant influence on the model (where P
      value <0.05). The high coefficient of determination (R(2) = 0.9644 and R(adj)(2)
      = 0.9261) obtained by ANOVA demonstrated good correlation between experimental
      and predicted values of the response. The optimized conditions, determined using
      desirability function, were T(f) = 63.4 degrees C, Tp = 6.6 degrees C, Q(f) =
      451L/h and Q(p) = 451L/h. Under these conditions, the maximum permeate flux of
      6.122 kg/m(2).h was achieved, which was close to the predicted value of 6.398
      kg/m(2).h.

PMID- 27386987
TI  - Role of low molecular weight organic acids on pyrite dissolution in aqueous
      systems: implications for catalytic chromium (VI) treatment.
AB  - A systematic study combining batch experiments with spectroscopic analyses was
      carried out to better understand the effects of various organic acids on pyrite
      dissolution and subsequent Cr(VI) removal in aqueous systems. Our results suggest
      that organic acids had no effect on total Fe dissolution from pyrite relative to
      systems containing no acid. However, while nearly 100% of total Fe dissolved from
      pyrite was in Fe(II) form in the absence of ligands, the addition of organic
      acids led to significant oxidation of Fe(II) species to Fe(III). The degree and
      extent of Fe(II) oxidation increased in the order: tartrate < salicylate <
      oxalate ~ citrate < EDTA. Except for salicylate (an aromatic compound), this
      stimulatory effect observed in Fe(II) oxidation was well correlated with the
      strength of Fe-ligand complexes. In systems containing Cr(VI), the amount of Fe
      dissolved increased significantly relative to non-Cr(VI) containing system, and
      the ligands enhanced the dissolution of surface oxidation products from pyrite.
      Overall, it is clear that the dissolution of pyrite with organic acids had very
      little effect on solution phase Cr(VI) removal, but significantly stimulated
      surface phase Cr(VI) reduction by removing surface oxidation products, and thus
      creating new surface sites for extended Cr(VI) removal. 

PMID- 27386988
TI  - Methods for increasing the rate of anammox attachment in a sidestream
      deammonification MBBR.
AB  - Deammonification (partial nitritation-anammox) is a proven process for the
      treatment of high-nitrogen waste streams, but long startup time is a known
      drawback of this technology. In a deammonification moving bed biofilm reactor
      (MBBR), startup time could potentially be decreased by increasing the attachment
      rate of anammox bacteria (AMX) on virgin plastic media. Previous studies have
      shown that bacterial adhesion rates can be increased by surface modification or
      by the development of a preliminary biofilm. This is the first study on
      increasing AMX attachment rates in a deammonification MBBR using these methods.
      Experimental media consisted of three different wet-chemical surface treatments,
      and also media transferred from a full-scale mainstream fully nitrifying
      integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor. Following startup of a
      full-scale deammonification reactor, the experimental media were placed in the
      full-scale reactor and removed for activity rate measurements and biomass testing
      after 1 and 2 months. The media transferred from the IFAS process exhibited a
      rapid increase in AMX activity rates (1.1 g/m(2)/day NH(4)(+) removal and 1.4
      g/m(2)/day NO(2)(-) removal) as compared to the control (0.2 g/m(2)/day NH(4)(+)
      removal and 0.1 g/m(2)/day NO(2)(-) removal) after 1 month. Two out of three of
      the surface modifications resulted in significantly higher AMX activity than the
      control at 1 and 2 months. No nitrite oxidizing bacteria activity was detected in
      either the surface modified media or IFAS media batch tests. The results indicate
      that startup time of a deammonification MBBR could potentially be decreased
      through surface modification of the plastic media or through the transfer of
      media from a mature IFAS process.

PMID- 27386989
TI  - Simulation of infiltration facilities using the SEEP/W model and quantification
      of flood runoff reduction effect by the decrease in CN.
AB  - In this study, four infiltration facilities (permeable pavement, infiltration
      gutter, infiltration trench, and infiltration well) have been investigated and
      compared with their flood runoff reduction effect. The SEEP/W model was used to
      estimate the infiltration amount of each facility, and the flood runoff reduction
      effect was quantified by the decrease in curve number (CN). As a result of this
      study, we found that: (1) the infiltration could be successfully simulated by the
      SEEP/W model, whose result could also be quantified effectively by the decrease
      in CN; (2) among the four infiltration facilities considered in this study, the
      infiltration well and infiltration trench were found to be most efficient and
      economical; (3) finally, the intervention effect of the nearby infiltration
      facility was found not so significant. In an extreme case where the infiltration
      wells were located at 1 m interval, the intervention effect was found to be just
      1%. 

PMID- 27386990
TI  - Effects of FeCl3 addition on the operation of a staged anaerobic fluidized
      membrane bioreactor (SAF-MBR).
AB  - The effects on sulfur removal and membrane fouling resulting from FeCl(3)
      addition to an anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor (AFMBR) in a staged AFMBR
      (SAF-MBR) was investigated. Total sulfur removal in the SAF-MBR was 42-59%
      without FeCl(3) addition, but increased to 87-95% with FeCl(3) addition. Sulfide
      removal in the AFMBR increased to 90% with addition of FeCl(3) at a molar
      Fe(3+)/S ratio of 0.54 and to 95% when the ratio was increased to 0.95. Effluent
      sulfide concentration then decreased to 0.3-0.6 mg/L. Phosphate removals were
      only 19 and 37% with the above added FeCl(3) ratios, indicating that iron removed
      sulfide more readily than phosphate. Neither chemical oxygen demand nor
      biochemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies were affected by the addition of
      FeCl(3). When the AFMBR permeate became exposed to air, light brown particles
      were formed from effluent Fe(2+) oxidation to Fe(3+). FeCl(3) addition, while
      beneficial for sulfide removal, did increase the membrane fouling rate due to the
      deposition of inorganic precipitates in the membrane pores.

PMID- 27386991
TI  - Performance of a fixed-bed biofilm reactor with microbubble aeration in aerobic
      wastewater treatment.
AB  - Microbubble aeration is supposed to be highly efficient for oxygen supply in
      aerobic wastewater treatment. In the present study, the performance of a fixed
      bed biofilm reactor microbubble-aerated using a Shirasu porous glass (SPG)
      membrane system was investigated when treating synthetic municipal wastewater.
      The biofilm formation on the carriers was enhanced with microbubble aeration due
      to the strong adhesion of microbubbles to the solid surface. The dissolved oxygen
      concentration, the removals of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen, and the
      oxygen utilization efficiency were influenced by the organic loading rate at a
      certain oxygen supply capacity. The relatively optimal organic loading rate was
      determined as 0.82 kgCOD/(m(3)d) when the oxygen supply capacity was 0.93
      kgO(2)/(m(3)d), where COD and ammonia removal efficiencies were 91.7% and 53.9%,
      respectively. The corresponding SPG membrane area-based COD removal capacity was
      6.88 kgCOD/(m(2)d). The oxygen utilization efficiency of microbubble aeration was
      obviously higher compared to conventional bubble aeration. The simultaneous
      nitrification and denitrification occurred in the biofilm reactor and the total
      nitrogen removal efficiency of 50.4% was achieved under these conditions. In
      addition, the increase in air supply capacity of the SPG membrane system was
      suggested to improve its energy utilization efficiency.

PMID- 27386992
TI  - A venturi device reduces membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor.
AB  - In this study, for the first time, a venturi device was integrated into a
      submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) to improve membrane surface cleaning and
      bioreactor oxygenation. The performances of a blower and the venturi device were
      compared in terms of membrane fouling and bioreactor oxygenation. Upon comparing
      membrane fouling, the performances were similar for a low operation flux (18
      L/m(2).h); however, at a medium flux (32 L/m(2).h), the venturi system operated
      3.4 times longer than the blower system, and the final transmembrane pressure was
      one-third that of the blower system. At the highest flux studied (50 L/m(2).h),
      the venturi system operated 5.4 times longer than the blower system. The most
      notable advantage of using a venturi device was that the dissolved oxygen (DO)
      concentration of the MBR was in the range of 7 to 8 mg/L at a 3 L/min aeration
      rate, while the DO concentration of the MBR was inadequate (a maximum of 0.29
      mg/L) in the blower system. A clean water oxygenation test at a 3 L/min aeration
      rate indicated that the standard oxygen transfer rate for the venturi system was
      9.5 times higher than that of the blower system. 

PMID- 27386994
TI  - Application of Fe-Cu binary oxide nanoparticles for the removal of hexavalent
      chromium from aqueous solution.
AB  - The adsorption process has been used as an effective technique for the removal of
      metal ions from aqueous solutions. Groundwater remediation by nanoparticles has
      received interest in recent years. In the present study, a binary metal oxide of
      Fe-Cu was prepared and used for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous
      solution. Batch experiments were performed to investigate the effects of initial
      Cr (VI) concentration, dose of adsorbent, and pH of solution on the removal
      efficiency of Cr (VI). The prepared nanostructured Fe-Cu binary oxides were able
      to reduce the concentration of Cr (VI) in aqueous solution. Binary metal oxides
      nanoparticle exhibited an outstanding ability to remove Cr (VI) due to high
      surface area, low particle size, and high inherent activity. The percentage
      removal efficiency of Cr (VI) increased with nanoparticles doses (0.1 g L(-1)-2.5
      g L(-1)), whereas it decreased with initial Cr (VI) concentration (1 mg L(-1)-25
      mg L(-1)) and with pH (3-9). The Freundlich model was found to be the better fit
      for adsorption isotherm. The prepared nanomaterial was characterized using powder
      X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet (UV)
      visible spectroscopy. It showed that the Fe-Cu binary oxides were formed in
      single phase. SEM micrograph showed aggregates with many nano-sized particles. UV
      visible spectroscopy showed quantum confinement effect. 

PMID- 27386993
TI  - Migration and transformation characteristics of DOM in fine sand and marl rock.
AB  - This paper mainly studied migration and transformation characteristics of
      dissolved organic matter (DOM) in underground aquifers. To achieve the research
      purpose, we carried out the dynamic column experiments of the DOM at different
      conditions indoors. In the experiment, the water of Wujiang River from
      Pingdingshan Coal-field is used as water sample, meanwhile, fine sand and marl
      rock are used as testing rock sample. A comparative study on migration and
      transformation characteristics of the DOM in different rock samples is done. The
      results show that, in the fine sand, the main effects are convection and
      dispersion, while the adsorption and biological effects are very weak. However,
      in the marl rock, besides existing convection and dispersion, the adsorption and
      biological effect are quite significant. And in the marl rock, convection and
      dispersion plays a major role in the early experiment, while adsorption is the
      main effect in the medium term, then the biodegradation dominates the final
      stage. With the increasing of temperature and seepage velocity in the fine sand,
      the impact of the convection effect becomes gradually weak, the dispersion effect
      gradually enhances, and, however, convection effect is still playing a dominant
      role. With the temperature rising in the marl rock, the adsorption effect becomes
      weak, but biodegradation is enhanced. As the seepage velocity increases in the
      marl rock, the adsorption and biodegradation both decrease. 

PMID- 27386995
TI  - An expert system with radial basis function neural network based on decision
      trees for predicting sediment transport in sewers.
AB  - In this study, an expert system with a radial basis function neural network (RBF
      NN) based on decision trees (DT) is designed to predict sediment transport in
      sewer pipes at the limit of deposition. First, sensitivity analysis is carried
      out to investigate the effect of each parameter on predicting the densimetric
      Froude number (Fr). The results indicate that utilizing the ratio of the median
      particle diameter to pipe diameter (d/D), ratio of median particle diameter to
      hydraulic radius (d/R) and volumetric sediment concentration (C(V)) as the input
      combination leads to the best Fr prediction. Subsequently, the new hybrid DT-RBF
      method is presented. The results of DT-RBF are compared with RBF and RBF-particle
      swarm optimization (PSO), which uses PSO for RBF training. It appears that DT-RBF
      is more accurate (R(2) = 0.934, MARE = 0.103, RMSE = 0.527, SI = 0.13, BIAS = 
      0.071) than the two other RBF methods. Moreover, the proposed DT-RBF model offers
      explicit expressions for use by practicing engineers.

PMID- 27386996
TI  - Application of central composite design and artificial neural network in modeling
      of reactive blue 21 dye removal by photo-ozonation process.
AB  - The present study deals with use of central composite design (CCD) and artificial
      neural network (ANN) in modeling and optimization of reactive blue 21 (RB21)
      removal from aqueous media under photo-ozonation process. Four effective
      operational parameters (including: initial concentration of RB21, O(3)
      concentration, UV light intensity and reaction time) were chosen and the
      experiments were designed by CCD based on response surface methodology (RSM). The
      obtained results from the CCD model were used in modeling the process by ANN.
      Under optimum condition (O(3) concentration of 3.95 mg L(-1), UV intensity of
      20.5 W m(-2), reaction time of 7.77 min and initial dye concentration of 40.21 mg
      L(-1)), RB21 removal efficiency reached to up 98.88%. A topology of ANN with a
      three-layer consisting of four input neurons, 14 hidden neurons and one output
      neuron was designed. The relative significance of each major factor was
      calculated based on the connection weights of the ANN model. Dye and ozone
      concentrations were the most important variables in the photo-ozonation of RB21,
      followed by reaction time and UV light intensity. The comparison of predicted
      values by CCD and ANN with experimental results showed that both methods were
      highly efficient in the modeling of the process.

PMID- 27386997
TI  - Pollutant characteristics of road deposited sediments collected by road sweeping.
AB  - Road deposited sediments (RDS) swept from highways in South Korea were
      characterized to quantitatively evaluate the reduction in non-point source
      pollutants by sweeping. The swept RDS consisted primarily of sand (63 MUm to 2
      mm) particles (80.34 +/- 8.33% of total weight) highly contaminated by organics,
      nutrients and heavy metals. The average concentrations of total organic carbon
      (TOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), volatile solids (VS), total nitrogen (T
      N), and total phosphorus (T-P) were 20.17 +/- 9.13, 1.04 +/- 0.62, 39.92 +/-
      16.55, 1.99 +/- 0.96, and 0.54 +/- 0.19 g kg(-1) (+/-one standard deviation),
      respectively, for 63 MUm to 2 mm RDS. The concentrations of the pollutants were
      high for RDS smaller than 63 MUm, but most of the mass was associated with the 63
      MUm to 2 mm RDS. The results suggest that the pollutants associated with RDS
      swept from highways originated mainly from engine wear, exhaust emissions, and
      tire wear. These results were different from the RDS on roads in residential and
      commercial areas, where natural particles and brake wear contribute significantly
      to RDS. In addition, the reductions in TOC, BOD, VS, T-N, T-P, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe,
      and As based on the swept RDS measurements were calculated to be 3,355.3, 175.1,
      6,621.4, 323.0, 88.3, 30.3, 13.7, 1.0, 303.4, 11,198.7, and 0.4 g km(-1),
      respectively.